the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
June 21 – Hermann Scherchen, German conductor (d. 1966)
June 28 – Carl Panzram, serial killer (d. 1930)
June 30 – Man Mountain Dean, American professional wrestler (d. 1953)
July 5 – John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
August 2 – Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky, Russian literary historian, linguist (d. 1971)
August 21 – Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican, longest-lived war veteran ever and last verified person born in 1891 (d. 2007)
September 3 – Bessie Delany, African American physician and writer (d. 1995)
September 12 – Pedro Albizu Campos, advocate of Puerto Rican independence (d. 1965)
September 14 – William F. Friedman, American cryptographer (d. 1969)
Karl Dönitz, President of Germany (d. 1980)
Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Austrian-born German World War II spy (d. 1972)
Julie Winnefred Bertrand, Canadian supercentenarian (d. 2007)
September 26 – Charles Munch, French conductor and violinist (d. 1968)
September 28 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American movie and stage actress (d. 1918)
October 12 – Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1945)
October 20 – James Chadwick, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
October 24 – Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic (d. 1961)
November 14 – Frederick Banting, Canadian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1941)
Vincent Astor, American philanthropist (d. 1959)
Erwin Rommel, German field marshal (d. 1944)
November 28 – Gregorio Perfecto, Filipino jurist & politician (d. 1949)
December 9 – Maksim Bahdanovič, Belarusian poet (d. 1917)
December 10 – Nelly Sachs, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
December 26 – Henry Miller, American writer (d. 1980)
January 5 – Emma Abbott, American opera singer (b. 1849)
January 16 – Léo Delibes, French composer (b. 1836)
January 21 – Calixa Lavallée, Canadian composer (b. 1842)
February 14 – William Tecumseh Sherman, American Civil War General (b. 1820)
Théodore de Banville, French writer (b. 1823)
Sir Joseph Bazalgette, English civil engineer (b. 1819)
March 29 – Georges Seurat, French painter (b. 1859)
April 2 – Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Turkish statesman (b. 1823)
April 7 – P. T. Barnum, American showman (b. 1810)
April 24 – Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Prussian field marshal (b. 1800)
April 25 – Nathaniel Woodard, educationalist (b. 1811)
May 8 – Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Russian-born writer and theosophist (b. 1831)
June 6 – John A. MacDonald, first Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1815)
July 4 – Hannibal Hamlin, Vice President of the United States (b. 1809)
August 12 – James Russell Lowell, American poet and essayist (b. 1819)
August 14 – Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (b. 1803)
August 29 – Pierre Lallement, French inventor of the bicycle (b. 1843?)
September 7 – Lorenzo Sawyer, 9th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California (b. 1820)
September 11 – Antero de Quental, Portuguese poet (b. 1842)
September 15 – Ivan Goncharov, Russian writer (b. 1812)
September 28 – Herman Melville, American novelist (b. 1819)
Charles I of Württemberg (b. 1823)
Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish nationalist leader (b. 1846)
October 15 – Gilbert Arthur a Beckett, English writer (b. 1837)
October 23 – Ambrosius of Optina, Russian Orthodox saint (b. 1812)
November 6 – J. Gregory Smith, Vermont governor (b. 1818)
November 10 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (b. 1854)
December 5 – Pedro II, Brazilian deposed emperor (b. 1826)
May 28 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy
Mineralogy is the study of minerals.
Minerals are things that make rocks.
There are many different types of minerals.
Some are hard, like diamonds.
Some are soft, like talc.
Some are metal, like gold or silver.
Minerals are put into special groups of minerals made of similar chemicals, or that have similar structures inside.
For example, the chemicals that make up some minerals line up in chains, while in other minerals, they make bow-tie shapes.
Studying minerals can be useful for figuring out certain things about a rock.
Sometimes the shape or size of the mineral can tell something about the rock as well.
For example, minerals in igneous rocks can help figure out how long the rock took to cool down (turn from lava into a rock).
Larger minerals mean the rock cooled slowly (probably underground).
Smaller minerals mean the rock cooled down quickly (probably above ground, like from a volcano).
The type of mineral in a rock can also tell what kind of a rock it is, or what has happened to the rock since it formed.
Many rocks are named based on what kinds of minerals they have.
Mineralogists (people who study minerals) study minerals in rocks with hand lenses (a magnifying glass), and in thin section (thin slices of rock) with microscopes.
They record things about the minerals like how big they are, what shape they are, what color they are, and if the mineral changes colors when you turn it.
Mineralogists also record what color minerals turn in a special light.
These details can help mineralogists figure out what minerals they are looking at.
Minerals can be used in a lot of different things, like mining, jewelry, farming, pottery, making metals, and more .
Mineralogists can help find important minerals in the Earth using what they know and learn.
International Mineralogical Association
Mineralogical Association of Canada
Virtual Museum of the History of Mineralogy
The Giant Crystal Project
The Geological Society of America
subfields of geology
A supermarket, grocery store (or just grocery) is a retail store that sells food.
Most grocery stores sell fresh fruit, vegetables, seafood, meat, and other prepared foods.
The person who controls a grocery store is called a grocer.
A grocer will order food from farmers or other people who send out farmers food to other grocery stores and restaurants.
Types of grocery stores
There are a range of different types and sizes of grocery stores.
Some grocery stores are small community stores with a limited range of items.
Other grocery stores are large stores with a vast selection of food items.
They may also sell household cleaning and laundry supplies, and hygiene items (soap, toothpaste, etc.).
They may also contain a pharmacy (known as a drug store or chemist in some places).
Items at a grocery store can be sold in one of two ways.
Most fruits, vegetables, meat, and seafood are usually sold by weight (for example, apples cost 99 cents per pound), while other items are usually sold by quantity (for example, table salt costs $1.59 for each box).
Not all items are the same price at each grocery store.
Also, every week, some items at grocery stores cost less that what it normally would cost (we say that these items are "on sale"), so people would want to go buy them since they don't have to pay as much as they would normally have to get that item.
Many grocery stores print a flyer that shows which items are on sale that week.
These flyers are then sent to other people in the mail, who would read the flyer and go to the store to buy the items shown in it.
Supermarkets are large grocery stores that sell a large variety of fresh and packaged food and other consumer or household products.
Supermarkets are divided into sections, such as bakery, dairy, produce (fruits and vegetables), frozen, meat, and deli, along with a "general grocery" section where one can find packaged goods, cleaning supplies, and personal hygiene items.
Many supermarkets today now also sell hot, prepared food that is ready to eat, or contains a food court with different fast food shops.
The term "supermarket" usually refers to a larger store than the term "grocery store."
Hypermarkets
A hypermarket is a very large supermarket that is part of a larger general merchandise store such as Walmart, which also sells clothes, electronics, household hardware, and other items.
It can be said to be a hybrid (or combination) of a grocery store and a department store.
These stores are mainly found in suburbs where there is a lot of room to build and near where people live.
How to shop at a grocery store
In the past, grocery stores used to be small.
The owner, called a shopkeeper, would ask the customer what he or she would like to buy.
The shopkeeper would then get the items, bring it to the customer, and put them in bags which the customer would take with them.
He would then calculate how much the customer has to pay, and take the money from the customer.
The customer then takes the bags of items out of the store by him/herself.
Today, most groceries stores are too big for one person to take care of.
Because of this, the customer has to find the items he or she wants by him/herself.
Most often, the customer would take a shopping basket or shopping cart and put the items he or she wants to buy into the basket or cart.
For some items, like meat and seafood, the customer still has to have an employee get or prepare the item.
Once the customer is done shopping, he or she then brings the items to the "checkout", where a person called a cashier scans the customer's items into a cash register (or a computer as part of a point of sale system) and then takes the customer's payment.
Supermarkets typically accept payment by cash, debit cards, and/or credit cards.
Recently, there are so-called self-checkout systems where the customer scans the items on his or her own.
Many large supermarkets also have a loyalty program, where a customer can earn points by purchasing products.
When a customer has enough points, a discount or reward is given.
These programs are meant to make customers come back to the same store again and again.
Buildings and structures
Retail markets
Ecuador is a small country in South America.
It used to be part of the Spanish Empire.
Spain was interested in finding gold in Ecuador.
Before Spain, Ecuador was part of the Inca Empire.
Ecuador is along the equator.
There are jungles and mountains such as the Andes mountains.
Ecuador has many active volcanoes and also one of the highest densities of volcanoes in the world.
Ecuador's coast is on the Pacific Ocean.
The capital of the country is Quito.
This city is high up in the Andes, which makes it hard for some new visitors to breathe.
The biggest city is Guayaquil on the coast.
Cuenca is famous for its old buildings and colonial architecture.
Peru borders Ecuador to the south, and Colombia borders it to the north.
The Galápagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean are also part of Ecuador and are famous for lots of animals.
Charles Darwin travelled to the Galápagos Islands.
In 2011, 14,440,000 people lived in Ecuador.
These people are 65% Mestizo, 25% Amerindian, 7% white, and 3% black.
About 27% of the people live below the national poverty line.
Many other indigenous languages are spoken.
Most of the people in Ecuador are Roman Catholics, although Ecuador has religious freedom and people can follow any religion they choose.
Ecuador is divided into 24 provinces.
Each has its own administrative capital.
The provinces are divided into cantons.
The cantons are divided into parishes.
Historic Center of Quito
The Historic Center of Quito, Ecuador is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in the Americas.
This center was, together with the historic centre of Kraków in Poland, the first to be declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.
The Historic Centre of Quito is in the center south of the capital on an area of 320 hectares (790 acres), and is considered one of the most important historic areas in Latin America.
There are about 130 monumental buildings (which hosts a variety of pictorial art and sculpture, mostly of religious inspired in a multi-faceted range of schools and styles) and 5,000 properties registered in the municipal inventory of heritage properties.
Presidential Palace
Carondelet Palace (Spanish: Palacio de Carondelet) is the seat of government of the Republic of Ecuador in the historical center of Quito.
Axis is the nerve of the public space known as Independence Square or Plaza Grande (colonial name), around which were built in addition the Archbishop's Palace, the Municipal Palace, the Hotel Plaza Grande and the Metropolitan Cathedral.
The history of this emblematic building dating back to colonial times, around 1570, with the acquisition of the former royal houses in the city of Quito
During the Republican era, almost all the presidents (constitutional, internees and dictators) have dispatched from this building, which is the seat of Government of the Republic of Ecuador.
In addition to the administrative units in the third level of the Palace is the presidential residence, a luxurious colonial-style apartment in which they live the President and his family.
Rafael Correa, president since 2007, considering that Carondelet Palace and its agencies are Ecuadoran heritages, converted the presidential compound into a museum accessible to all who wish to visit it.
To this end, areas were organized to locate objects within their cultural contexts to make them accessible to the world.
Several rooms and spaces within the palace are used for this purpose.
Church of La Compañía de Jesús
Construction began in 1605, with Mastrilli laying the first stone.
The building was not completed until 1765.
La Compañía is among the best-known churches in Quito because of its large central nave, which is profusely decorated with gold leaf, gilded plaster and wood carvings.
Inspired by two Roman Jesuit churches—the Chiesa del Gesù and the Chiesa di Sant'Ignazio di Loyola—La Compañía is one of the most significant works of Spanish Baroque architecture in South America.
Also known as Big Square (Spanish: Plaza de la Independencia, Plaza Grande).
Historic public square of Quito (Ecuador), in the heart of the old city.
This is the central square of the city and one of the symbols of the executive power of the nation.
Its main feature is the monument to the independence heroes of August 10, 1809, date remembered as the First Cry of Independence of the Royal Audience of Quito from Spanish monarchy.
The environment of the square is flanked by the Carondelet Palace, the Metropolitan Cathedral, the Archbishop's Palace, the Municipal Palace and the Plaza Grande Hotel.
Church of San Fransisco
The Iglesia y Monasterio de San Francisco (English: Church and Monastery of St. Francis), colloquially known as El San Francisco, is a colonial-styled church and monastery in Quito, Ecuador.
Construction of the building began a few weeks after the founding of the city in 1534 and ended in 1604.
The founder of the church was Franciscan missionary Jodoco Ricke.
The building's construction began around 1550, sixteen years after Quito was founded by Spanish conquistadors, and was finished in approximately 1680.
The building was officially inaugurated in 1605.
It is not known who designed the original plans for the complex, though the most-accepted theory is that they were sent from Spain, based on the topographical study of Ricke and Gosseal.
It is also possible that architects came from Spain for the construction of the monastery, or that Ricke and Gosseal managed the entire construction.
Church of El Sagrario
In colonial times, the Church of El Sagrario was one of the largest architectural marvels of Quito.
The construction is of the Italian Renaissance style and was built in the late 17th century.
It has a screen that supports its sculptures and decorations.
This structure was built by Bernardo de Legarda.
Its central arch leads to a dome decorated with frescoes of biblical scenes featuring archangels, work by Francisco Albán.
The altarpiece was gilded by Legarda.
It is on Calle García Moreno, near the Cathedral.
Church of Santo Domingo
Although they arrived in Quito in 1541, in 1580 the Dominicans started to build their temple, using the plans and direction of Francisco Becerra.
The work was completed in the first half of the 17th century.
Inside the church are valuable structures, such as the neo-Gothic main altar.
This was placed in the late 19th century by Italian Dominicans.
The roof of the Mudéjar style church features paintings of martyrs of the Order of Saint Dominic.
The roof of the nave is composed of a pair and knuckle frame, coated inside by pieces of tracery.
In the museum on the north side of the lower cloister are wonderful pieces of great Quito sculptors such as the Saint Dominic de Guzmán by Father Carlos, the Saint John of God by Caspicara, and the Saint Thomas Aquinas by Legarda.
Another Baroque piece that stands is the Chapel of Nuestra Señora del Rosario, which is a recognizable feature of the architecture of Quito.
This chapel was built beside the church, in the gospel side.
In this was founded the largest fraternity in the city of Quito.
El Panecillo
El Panecillo is a hill in the middle west of the city at an altitude of about 3,016 metres (9,895 ft) above sea level.
A monument to the Virgin Mary is on top of El Panecillo and is visible from most of the city of Quito.
In 1976, the Spanish artist Agustín de la Herrán Matorras was commissioned by the religious order of the Oblates to build a 41 metres (135 ft)–tall aluminum monument of a madonna, which was assembled on a high pedestal on the top of Panecillo.
The Quito School
The Quito School originated in the school of Artes y Oficios, founded in 1552 by the Franciscan priest Jodoco Ricke, who together with Friar Pedro Gocial transformed the San Andrés seminary, where the first indigenous artists were trained.
As a cultural expression, it is the result of a long process of acculturation between indigenous peoples and Europeans, and it is one of the richest expressions of miscegenation (mestizaje) and of syncretism, in which the participation of the vanquished Indian is seemingly of minor importance as compared to the dominant European contribution.
The Quito School (Escuela Quiteña) is an artistic tradition that developed in the territory of the Royal Audience of Quito, from Pasto and Popayán in the north to Piura and Cajamarca in the south, during the colonial period (1542-1824).
This artistic production was one of the most important activities in the economy of the Royal Audience of Quito.
Basilica del Voto Nacional
The Basilica of the National Vow is a Roman Catholic church in the historic center of Quito, Ecuador.
It is sometimes also called the Catedral Consagración de Jesús or the Basílica de San Juan.
It is the largest neo-Gothic basilica in the Americas.
The basilica arose from the idea, proposed by father Julio Matovelle in 1883, of building a monument as a perpetual reminder of the consecration of Ecuador to the Sacred Heart, President Luis Cordero issued the decree on July 23, 1883, and it was carried out by president José María Plácido Caamaño on March 5, 1884.
The congress, in accordance with the year's budget, designated 12,000 pesos for the construction - 1,000 pesos per month, beginning in 1884.
By the decree of July 3, 1885, the fourth Quitense Provincial Council turned the construction of the basilica into a religious commitment in the name of the country.
The basilica remains technically "unfinished." &
local legend says that when the Basílica is completed, the end of the world will come.
Church of San Agustín
The cloister and convent have a separate entrance which leads to the garden.
The bell tower reaches a high of twenty-two meters (seventy feet) and houses two bronze bells of the period.
Ecuador is a country of variety.
Its climate and landscape varies from one end of the country to the other.
However, it is more hot and humid along the coast and in the Amazon jungle lowlands than it is in the mountains.
Ecuador is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world.
In addition to the mainland, Ecuador owns the Galápagos Islands.
This is what the country is best known for.
Ecuador has 1,600 bird species and 38 more endemic in the Galápagos.
In addition to over 16,000 species of plants, the country has 106 endemic reptiles, 138 endemic amphibians, and 6,000 species of butterfly.
The Galápagos Islands are famous as the place of birth of Darwin's Theory of Evolution.
They are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Many different kinds of potatoes and corn are grown in Ecuador.
There are also large banana farms.
On the coast, many people eat seafood and fish.
Cuy is a famous indigenous food that means guinea pig.
Ecuador used to have its own currency called the sucre, which was in use from 1884 until 2000.
Since then, the country uses the United States dollar for money, but its coins (not the banknotes) are different from those in the US.
Gallery of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
1809 establishments
19th-century establishments in South America
January 25 – Coronation of Francis I of France
August 25 – Conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar founds Havana, Cuba.
September 22 – Anne of Cleves
March 28 – Mary Tudor, Queen of France (died 1533)
Orlando is a city in the center of the U.S. state of Florida.
It is the county seat of Orange County.
It contains 307,573 people as of 2020.
It is number four among cities in Florida by number of people.
The current mayor, or leader, of Orlando is Buddy Dyer.
Orlando was created in 1836 when someone found a tree where the name "Orlando Reeves" was carved.
Thinking it was a place of burial, they named the site "Orlando's grave".
It was cut to Orlando later.
Before the American Civil War, Orlando was a center of trade in cattle.
After the war, many people came to the town.
Orlando became a city in 1875.
Before 1900, Orlando was a center of orange farming.
After 1900, it became a popular place for visitors.
Orlando was an important base for the military during World War II, as home of Pinecastle Army Air Field.
Lockheed Martin (once Martin Marietta) opened a manufacturing site in Orlando in 1956.
In 1965, Walt Disney said that he would build a large amusement park southwest of the city.
That place, Walt Disney World Resort, opened in 1971.
After Walt Disney World opened, Orlando is now very popular as a tourism city, attracting millions of visitors each year from every place in the world.
Orlando has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).
Summers are hot and wet; winters are warm with moderate rainfall.
A major road in Orlando is Interstate 4.
Another major road is State Road 408.
They meet downtown.
Florida's Turnpike also meets Interstate 4 southwest of the city.
The Orlando Magic are an NBA basketball team in Orlando.
They play at TD Waterhouse Centre.
The Orlando Predators are an football team with the Arena Football League in Orlando.
They play at the TD Waterhouse Centre.
The Orlando Travel & Visitors Bureau
The Orlando Regional Chamber of Commerce
1830s establishments in Florida Territory
Richard II takes revenge on his political opponents, the Lords Appellant.
The word Orlando has several meanings:
There are several places that have the name:
Orlando, Florida, in the United States of America
Orlando, Oklahoma, in the United States of America
Orlando, Soweto, in the Republic of South Africa
There are several artistic works that use the name:
Orlando can be a character in literature or music from the 16th and 17th centuries
Orlando is the name of an opera composed by George Frideric Handel in 1733
Orlando: A Biography is a novel written by Virginia Woolf in 1928
Orlando is the title of a movie based on the above novel, produced in 1992
Orlando is the title of a British television series in the 1960s
Orlando is the name of a British indie-pop band in the 1990s
Orlando is the name of a fictional cat that stars in a series of children's illustrated books by Kathleen Hale
The following people use "Orlando" as their surname, or family name:
Vittorio Orlando, an Italian diplomat and politician
Tony Orlando, an American singer
The following people use "Orlando" as their given name:
Orlando Bloom, a British actor
Orlando Cepeda, a former Hispanic-American baseball player in the Baseball Hall of Fame
Orlando Cabrera, a current Hispanic-American baseball player.
He plays in Major League Baseball for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.
A glossary is a list of words and what they mean.
They are usually found at the end of a book or report that uses hard words to read or special words.
Websites about complicated subjects also sometimes have glossaries.
January 5 – Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, is drowned in the Limmat River in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church.
May 6 – Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome (the infamous Sacco di Roma), forcing Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V.
May 16 – Florentines drive out the Medici for a second time and Florence re-establishes a republic.
Spanish conquest of Guatemala highlands completed; first Guatemala City founded (Ciudad Vieja).
Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo invades Yucatán.
Battle of Tokay: Ferdinand of Austria defeats John Zapolya and takes over most of Hungary.
John appeals to the Turks for help.
Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden.
Ahmed Gragn of Somalia defeats the Ethiopian army with his new firearms.
People of the University of Wittenberg flee plague to Jena.
Bishop Vesey's Grammar School in Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands, UK is founded by Bishop John Vesey.
March 21 – Hermann Finck, German composer and music theorist (died 1558)
April 14 – Abraham Ortelius, cartographer and geographer (died 1598)
July 13 – John Dee, English mathematician, astronomer, and geographer (died 1608)
July 31 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1576)
Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Italian artist (died 1593)
Charles of Guise, French Cardinal and member of the powerful House of Guise (died 1574)
Lawrence Humphrey, president of Magdalen College, Oxford (died 1590)
Luis Ponce de León, Spanish lyric poet (died 1591)
Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai (died 1581)
Annibale Padovano, Italian composer and organist (died 1575)
January 21 – Juan de Grijalva, Spanish conquistador (born 1489)
June 21 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian writer and statesman (born 1469)
July 28 – Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conquistador and explorer (born 1460)
Boabdil, last Moorish king of Granada (of the Nasrid dynasty)
Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne (born 1490)
Francesco Colonna, Italian Dominican priest (born 1433)
Thomas Docwra, Grand Prior of the Knights Hospitaller (born 1458)
Felix Manz, co-founder of the original Swiss Brethren Anabaptist congregation in Zürich
Cristoforo Solari, Italian sculptor and architect
Jan "Ciezki" Tarnowski, Polish nobleman
March 24 – The Treaty of Santarém is signed between D. Fernando of Portugal and Henrique II of Castile, ending the second war between the two countries.
May 13 – Julian of Norwich receives the sixteen Revelations of Divine Love.
Bristol is made an independent county.
The Anglo-Portuguese alliance is signed (currently the oldest active treaty in the world).
The city of Phnom Penh (now the capital city of Cambodia) is founded.
Philip II of Taranto hands over the rule of Achaea (now southern Greece) to his cousin, Joanna I of Naples.
Leo VI succeeds his distant cousin, Constantine VI, as King of Armenian Cilicia (now southern Turkey).
A city wall is built around Lisbon, Portugal to resist invasion by Castile.
Tran Kinh succeeds Tran Phu as King of Vietnam.
Byzantine co-emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos rebels against his father, John V Palaiologos, for agreeing to let Constantinople become a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
After the rebellion fails, Ottoman Emperor Murad I commands John V Palaiologos to blind his son.
The death of Sultan Muhammad as-Said begins a period of political instability in Morocco.
Merton College Library is built in Oxford, England.
The Adina Mosque is built in Bengal.
The Chinese emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor, suspends the traditional civil service examination system after complaining that the 120 new jinshi degree-holders are too incompetent to hold office; he instead relies solely upon a system of recommendations until the civil service exams are reinstated in 1384.
March 29 – Marie of Alencon, French princess (d. 1417)
June 23 – Queen Joan II of Naples (d. 1435)
September 22 – Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (d. 1400)
Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (d. 1415)
Margery Kempe, writer of the first autobiography in English
January 16 – Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (b. 1342)
February – Ibn Kathir, Islamic scholar (b. 1301)
July 23 – Saint Birgitta, Swedish saint (b. 1303)
November 3 – Jeanne de Valois, Queen of Navarre (b. 1343)
December 7 – Rafał z Tarnowa, Polish nobleman (b. c. 1330)
Constantine VI of Armenia (assassinated)
Robert le Coq, French bishop and councillor
A comedian is a person who tells jokes, or acts in comedies.
Some people use the French loanword comedienne to refer to female comedians.
A comedian can also be called a comic or a comic actor.
Turin ( , Piedmontese: ;  ; , then Taurinum) is a major industrial city on the west bank of the Po river in Piedmont, northwest Italy.
Over a 900,000 people live in it.
Turin is the fourth largest city in Italy, after Rome, Milan and Naples.
Turin is the capital of Piedmont.
Fiat's first car factory was in Turin.
The city was the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics.
In Turin there are two major rivers the Po and the Dora, and two minor rivers the Stura and the Sangone.
Turin was the first capital of Italy in 1861.
It had previously been the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia and before that it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy.
Filippo Juvarra designed many churches and palaces in the city.
Hobart (Palawa Kani: Nipaluna) is a city in Australia.
It is the capital city of the state of Tasmania, and it has about 200,000 people.
It is on the western shore of the Derwent River, although some of its suburbs are on the eastern shore.
In the western suburbs of Hobart is Kunyani/Mount Wellington.
Hobart was founded in 1803 as a penal colony.
Today it is a busy seaport, and is the home port of Antarctic expeditions.
Tourist attractions include Salamanca Markets, the Cadbury chocolate factory and the Cascade Brewery.
Hobart has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
19th-century establishments in Australia
The New Testament is part of the Christian Bible, and the most important religious writing of Christianity.
It tells the story of Jesus Christ, his followers, and the beginnings of Christianity.
It was written in Koine Greek.
The New Testament is made up of different parts.
In total, there are 27 texts in the New Testament.
The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches have the same texts, but their arrangement varies; the Syriac Churches and the Ethiopian Churches have different versions.
The Syriac Churches do not put Peter 2, John 2 and 3, Jude and the Revelations in the New Testament.
The Ethopian Churches do not have a common canon.
Each of the Gospels tells the story of Jesus Christ, or the young Messiah, who Christians believe is the "Son of God who is born to save the world from sin".
Each of the Gospels tell this same story, with a little more or less detail from the other.
The other books tell about the history of the church and explain the Christian faith through letters written to persons and groups that have believed in Jesus
The Four Gospels
The Gospel of Matthew, traditionally the Apostle Matthew, son of Alphaeus.
The Gospel of Mark, traditionally Mark, who wrote down the narrative given by the Apostle Simon, called Peter.
The Gospel of Luke, traditionally Luke, who was a companion of the Apostle Paul, who was formerly called Saul.
The Gospel of John, traditionally John the Apostle.
Acts of the Apostles (or Acts), the story of the apostles after the Gospels' story
Pauline epistles, the 13 or 14 letters believed to be written by Saint Paul the Apostle.
They are named for the person or group to which they were sent.
First Corinthians
Second Corinthians
First Thessalonians
Second Thessalonians
First Timothy
Second Timothy
Hebrews was traditionally attributed to Paul, but nowhere is the author mentioned.
General epistles
First Peter
Second Peter
First John
Second John
Third John
The New Testament Gateway
Full text in original Greek
The word gospel came from the Old English word "gōdspel", which literally means "good news", since it narrates Jesus Christ's life and teaching to invite anyone to believe that he was born to save the world from sin and make humans truly know God as a Father.
It includes the Death and Resurrection of Jesus.
Palestine is a region in the Middle East.
It is in the Levant, between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea.
Many cultures have lived in Palestine through history and built their civilizations, such as the Philistines, Phoenicians and Arabs.
It is also called the Holy Land.
It is where Judaism and Christianity began.
Today, the region is divided into two states: Israel and the State of Palestine.
The territories in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip have been disputed between Israel and Palestine.
Many cities in the region are sacred to Abrahamic religions: Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth and Hebron are among the most important.
Now Palestine only owns a quarter of the country.
In English it is usually written Philistine.
The Philistines were a people who invaded the area.
They were probably Romans who did not speak Arabic, not too surprising as the Arabs came to Palestine nearly 2000 years later.
The State of Palestine, also known simply as Palestine, is a de jure sovereign state in the Middle East with Jerusalem as its capital.
It is recognized by 141 UN members.
Since 2012 it has non-member observer state in the United Nations.
This amounts to a de facto, or implicit, recognition of statehood.
The State of Palestine claims the West Bank and the Gaza Strip as its territory.
Its independence was declared on 15 November 1988.
The first people to migrate to the land of Palestine were Canaanites, who came from north of Arabia and normally spoke Arabic.
They have also adopted the idea of alphabets from those who lived in the current Lebanon.
This migration occurred ca.
5000 b.c.
After 3000 years came Israelites who are the sons of Jackob, son of Abraham.
Israelites ruled over the region of today's Palestine, which at the time was in an area known as Southern Canaan or the Land of Palestine.
The area went from Tyre in the north to Beersheba in the south.
After the death of King Solomon, the land was split into a Northern Kingdom known as Samaria and Southern Kingdom known as Judea.
The Northern Kingdom was conquered by Assyrian King Sennacherib, expelling most of its Israelite residents.
Ava was conquered by the Babylonians more than 100 years later, and much of its Jewish population was expelled as well.
However, despite the destruction, some Jews and Samaritans remained in the land.
After Persian takeover of the Babylonian Empire, then Jakereturned to Judea and slowly rebuilt their civilization.
The area remained under direct Persian rule for 200 years more, with Jews having a limited autonomy.
Now most Palestinians go to different countries like Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.
Macedonian period
With conquests of Alexander the Great of Macedon, the area became dominated by Hellenistic rulers - first Alexander himself, later Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt and finally Seleucids.
In second century before common era, the Jewish population of the area revolted against Seleucids and founded an independent Hesmonean kingdom.
The Jewish kingdom expanded over the region in the next decades, conquering neighbouring Samaritans, Edomeans and Nabateans.
Slowly however, the region became dominated by the Roman Empire.
Roman period
After a semi-independent rule of King Herod, Judea was turned into a Roman Province.
Jews violently revolted against the Romans twice, but the Romans reconquered the whole area and finally renamed it Syria-Palaestina after one of Judea's ancient enemies, the Philistines.
After two centuries, the Eastern Roman Empire became known as Byzantium, which became a Christian Empire.
Byzantium kept its rule over the country, with Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda districts of the Oriens Province with majorly Byzantine Christian population and big groups of Samaritans, Jews, Greek Byzantines and Christian Arabs.
Middle Ages and Ottomans
Over the next centuries, the region was briefly conquered by Persians, became part of Arab Muslim Empire, the Crusader kingdom, the Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire.
During World War 1, General Allenby attacked the Turkish army in the valley of Megiddo ( Identified as Armageddon in the Bible), from 19 to 25 September 1918.
Today Jordan comprises 81% and Israel 19% of Palestine Mandate.
Trans-Jordan was established on 25 May 1946, with the intention of Israel being the remaining 19% .
Mandate Palestine is divided into Trans- Jordan/Jordan (81%) and Israel (19%), as today the Jordanian capture of East Jerusalem and West Bank has been reversed.
The Gaza strip was captured by Israel from Egypt in 1967, and Israel withdrew from Gaza in 2005.The region is often named Holy Land, and is sacred for Christians, Jews and Muslims who recognize the Ten Commandments.
Paul the Apostle, (born as Saul of Tarsus) and also often called St Paul (2BC–67), was a Messianic Jewish-Roman writer and rabbi.
He was a convert to Christianity.
It is believed that he wrote thirteen books of the Bible, together called the Pauline epistles.
They are letters to churches and Christians.
He wrote these letters to encourage them, to help them understand Christian teaching, and to help them to live Christian lives.
Paul's name was originally Saul (not to be confused with King Saul from the books of Samuel in the Old Testament).
He grew up learning both the Jewish law and the Greek ways of discussing things.
We are first introduced to Saul in the Bible near the end of Acts 7.
The Christian movement had begun with the resurrection and ascension of Jesus.
Saul was strongly against this, and he was happy as he watched Saint Stephen, the first martyr of Jesus, being killed by stoning after giving a speech that made the Jewish court angry.
He worked for the Roman Government and helped lead the arrests and killing of many Christians in Israel and the nearby area.
Later on, Saul was told to go to Damascus to find and bring back Christians there to be punished.
On the way, God came down from heaven and spoke to Saul.
The Bible tells of what happened like this:
Saul becomes Paul
When Saul reached Damascus, he was taken to Ananias, one of Jesus's disciples, where he got his sight back and was baptized as a Christian.
He spent the next three years studying the Jewish scriptures again to find explanations for the Christian teachings.
His experiences changed his view on Christianity completely.
In Acts 13:9, he begins to be called Paul.
This was the Hellenized version of the name Saul.
He used his earlier education to explain his new faith to other people and to discuss things with people who had other beliefs.
He traveled around the Roman Empire, teaching others about Christianity, and wrote letters back and forth with the churches he helped to begin.
The letters contain many important parts of Christian teaching and have since been part of the New Testament of the Bible, coming between the Acts of the Apostles and the General Epistles.
It is not known whether Paul actually wrote all of these letters, or whether other people could have written the letters for him.
Part of these letters are read at Mass as the second of two readings that come before the Gospel.
Although the Bible does not say how Paul died, it was told of that Paul was put to death by orders of the emperor Nero in Rome, in 67 AD.
He had the rights of a Roman citizen, which meant that he could be put to death by having his head cut off with a sword, rather than by crucifixion.
Online study about the early Christians in simple English
Jewish Encyclopedia: Saul of Tarsus (known as Paul, the Apostle of the Heathen)
"Saint Paul, the Apostle".
0s BC births
67 deaths
New Testament people
In Christianity, the Old Testament is the name of the first part of the Bible which was completed before Jesus Christ was born.
Scholars prefer the term Hebrew Bible.
Tertullian was probably the first person to call these books the "Old Testament."
He used the Latin namevetus testamentum in the 2nd century.
It can be divided into several sections: the Torah, the History of Israel, the Prophets and Wisdom books.
In Judaism, this collection of books is known as Tanakh because it is divided into three parts (Torah, Nevi'im and Ketuvim).
Most Jews and many Christians believe these texts to be holy.
According to them, God inspired people to write them.
Different religious communities include (or exclude) certain books from the Old Testament.
The Catholic Church uses Saint Jerome's Latin translation of the Old Testament called Vulgate.
The Eastern Orthodox church uses the ancient Greek translation of Jewish sacred writings called the Septuagint.
The Eastern Orthodox list of sacred books has a few more books than the Roman Catholic list.
Protestant Bibles stick more closely to the books in the Tanakh but list them in a different order.
In the Old Testament, Almighty God is the one who created the world.
The God of the Old Testament is not always presented as the only God who exists Even though there may be other gods, the God of the Old Testament is always shown as the only God whom Israel is to worship.
The God of the Old Testament is the one "true God"; only Yahweh is Almighty.
Both Jews and Christians have always interpreted the Bible (both the "Old" and "New" Testaments) as an affirmation of the oneness of Almighty God.
The Old Testament stresses the special relationship between God and his chosen people, Israel, but includes instructions for proselytes as well.
This relationship is expressed in the biblical covenant (contract) between the two, received by Moses.
The law codes in books such as Exodus and especially Deuteronomy are the terms of the contract: Israel swears faithfulness to God, and God swears to be Israel's special protector and supporter.
The Jewish Study Bible denies that covenant means contract.
Other themes in the Old Testament include salvation, redemption, divine judgment, obedience and disobedience, faith and faithfulness.
Throughout there is a strong emphasis on ethics and ritual purity.
God demands both.
According to the Old Testament, it is important to be fair and to help those who are vulnerable.
Those in power should not be biased when they judge people.
The Old Testament forbids corruption, deceiving people when trading.
It is also against some sexual practices, which are seen as sinful.
All morality is traced back to God, who is the source of all goodness.
The problem the Old Testament authors faced was that a good God must have had just reason for bringing disaster (meaning notably, but not only, the Babylonian exile) upon his people.
The theme is played out, with many variations, in books as different as the histories of Kings and Chronicles, the prophets like Ezekiel and Jeremiah, and in the wisdom books like Job and Ecclesiastes.
The books of the Bible
Genesis (50 Chapters)
Exodus (40 Chapters)
Leviticus  (27 Chapters)
Numbers  (36 Chapters) good chapter
Deuteronomy  (34 Chapters)
Joshua  (24 Chapters)
Judges  (21 Chapters)
Ruth (4 chapters)
1 Samuel  (31 Chapters)
2 Samuel  (24 Chapters)
1 Kings  (22 Chapters)
2 Kings  (25 Chapters)
1 Chronicles  (29 Chapters)
2 Chronicles  (36 Chapters)
Ezra  (10 Chapters)
Book of Nehemiah  (13 Chapters)
Esther  (10 Chapters)
Job  (42 Chapters)
Psalms  (150 Chapters)
Proverbs  (31 Chapters)
Ecclesiastes (12 Chapters)
The Song of Solomon  (8 Chapters) Song of Songs
Isaiah  (66 Chapters)
Jeremiah  (52 Chapters)
Lamentations  (5 Chapters)
Ezekiel  (48 Chapters)
Daniel  (12 Chapters)
Hosea  (14 Chapters)
Joel  (3 Chapters)
Amos  (9 Chapters)
Obadiah  (1 Chapter)
Jonah  (4 Chapters)
Micah  (7 Chapters)
Nahum  (3 Chapters)
Habakkuk  (3 Chapters)
Zephaniah  (3 Chapters)
Haggai  (2 Chapters)
Zechariah  (14 Chapters)
Malachi  (4 Chapters)
Matthew (28 Chapters)
Mark (16 Chapters)
Luke (24 Chapters)
John (21 Chapters)
Acts (28 Chapters)
Romans (16 Chapters)
1 Corinthians (16 Chapters)
2 Corinthians (13 Chapters)
Galatians (6 Chapters)
Ephesians (6 Chapters)
Philippians (4 Chapters)
Colossians (4 Chapters)
1 Thessalonians (5 Chapters)
2 Thessalonians (3 Chapters)
1 Timothy (6 Chapters)
2 Timothy (4 Chapters)
Titus (3 Chapters)
Philemon (1 Chapters)
Hebrews (13 Chapters)
James (5 Chapters)
1 Peter (5 Chapters)
2 Peter (3 Chapters)
1 John (5 Chapters)
2 John (1 chapter)
3 John (1 Chapter)
Jude (1 Chapter)
Revelation (22 Chapters)
a – Orthodox version: There is an additional book called 1 Ezra, this makes the current Ezra -> 2 Genesis/
b – Catholic and Orthodox versions; lacking in Protestant versions
c – Can only be found in Orthodox version
d – Catholic and Orthodox versions contain verses not found in the original Hebrew
f - The first five books of the Bible are called the Pentateuch.
In the Jewish Bible they are called "the Torah"
Painting is using colors to make visual art.
It is also the word for a painted work of art.
Many kinds of paints are used to create art.
They include watercolors, acrylics and oils.
Other artists like working with pencil or chalk.
Sometimes charcoal can be used.
Famous paintings are often kept in art galleries, like the National Gallery in London and the Louvre (Paris) where one of the most famous paintings in the world hangs, the Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
People do not have to go to a famous gallery to view art.
There are private art galleries in many cities around the world.
There is a basic difference between drawing and painting.
In drawing, a single layer is the entire image.
In painting, one layer is painted over another to get the final image.
As a result, most of the time the image will not be clear until it gets to the final stage.
Preparation: most artists prepare a canvas or other surface.
A thin uniform cover or "wash" of white or other color is laid on the whole surface.
This may help the later layers to get the same fix all over the surface.
Also, the unseen wash may help the refection of light from the surface, thus improving the effect for the viewer.
For really uneven or colored surfaces, such as wood or rough canvas, a more substantial covering is needed.
That is called gesso, traditionally a mixture of chalk and gelatin, but nowadays available as a thick white acrylic.
Painting on some surfaces requires a special technique.
Painting on plaster uses the fresco method.
In the divide stage, the canvas is divided into a few major areas (depending on the image you paint), and background for those areas are plotted.
In the layer stage, a layer is plotted over another layer, to get the desired shape in each area.
By end of this stage, all objects in the image will be clearly identifiable.
The touchup stage needs extra effort.
This stage is to provide an extra look to the image, like precise bordering, merging layers and other visual effects.
Horses are a diverse group of animals of the family Equidae.
They are herbivores, which means they eat grass and other plants.
Some plants are dangerous for them like ragwort, lemongrass (oil grass) and sometimes acorns.
The common horse is the species Equus caballus.
It was domesticated from wild horses by humans at least 5000 years ago.
They are large, strong animals, and some breeds are used to pull heavy loads.
Racehorses can gallop up to 30 miles an hour.
A male horse is a stallion, and a female horse is a mare.
The general term for a young horse is foal.
A young female horse is a filly, and a young male horse is a colt.
A castrated horse is  a gelding.
Horses have hooves which need protection by horseshoes from hard or rough ground.
Early horses
The evolution of horses has been well studied.
Fifty million years ago, there were no horses as we know them now.
Of the earliest fossil horse, the North American one is called Eohippus, and the Eurasian one is called Hyracotherium.
Both were small animals: Eohippus was the larger of the two at twice the size of a terrier dog.
Many changes took place between those little animals and today's horse.
These changes are best explained as adaptations to its changing ecological niche.
From a small forest-dweller eating nuts and fruit to a larger forest browser eating leaves and small branches.
Finally, the modern horse is a grazer on open grassland, with different teeth, legs for running and much larger size.
Major changes happened in the mid-Miocene when the climate became cooler, and grassland began to replace forests.
This change continued, and several groups of mammals changed from browsers to grazers.
Horses and humans