the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
These include Tess of the d'Urbervilles, The Mayor of Casterbridge and Far from the Madding Crowd.
After the publication of Jude the Obscure in 1895 Hardy gave up novel writing but continued to write poetry including an epic poem called The Dynasts.
Hardy set his novels in South West England, calling it 'Wessex'.
He invented names for the towns, e.g. "Casterbridge" is Dorchester in Dorset.
Hardy died in Dorchester.
His ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey.
A manhole (also called a utility hole, cable chamber, maintenance hole ,  inspection chamber,  access chamber or confined space) is a hole for a person to go into to fix underground services.
Some examples of these are sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains and gas.
The opening is protected by a manhole cover.
A manhole cover can also be called a "biscuit".
It is designed to stop people falling down the hole and to stop people going underground if they are not allowed to.
Manholes usually have metal or polypropylene steps on the wall to make it easier to get into the manhole.
Manholes are usually found in urban areas, in streets and sometimes under sidewalks.
They are usually circular to stop the manhole cover from falling into the hole.
Hazards
In urban areas, electricity being in places it is not supposed to be (stray voltage) has become a big concern.
In 2004, Jodie S. Lane was electrocuted after stepping on a metal manhole cover.
She was walking her dog in New York City when it happened.
Glass-reinforced plastic
Sewers are underground pipes that take away dirty water and human waste from homes, offices and many other places.
The sewers lead to sewage treatment plants that remove the harmful and unwanted parts, returning clean water to the environment.
Many rules and regulations exist for how clean the final discharge (effluent) must be.
Cleaning crews use special trucks and tools to help keep the sewers clear of grease, tree roots, and other blockages.
More rural areas may have septic systems where sewers do not yet exist.
In many urban areas, street gutters to carry rainwater are combined with sewers.
Around 3000 BCE however, in Skara Brae (a settlement in Scotland), there is evidence of a small ‘cell-like’ room in homes that may have been used as a primitive-style toilet.
These rooms appeared to be connected to an indoor, tree bark lined, stone fresh and wastewater system, moving liquids around the small area.
In Ancient China, evidence of some of the earliest water wells by humans has been found (as early as 6000 to 7000 years ago).
Plumbing evidence has also been found that dates back to the Qin (221 to 206 BCE) and Han (206 BCE to 220 AD) dynasties.
The Indus Valley Civilisation in East Asia has quite a lot of early evidence in relation to sewage treatment.
This Bronze Age civilization lasted from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE (in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE) and had homes made of mud or mud bricks, and clay bricks.
Most houses had their own private toilet, and sewage was disposed through underground drains built with carefully laid bricks.
As part of a trend of municipal sanitation programs in the late 19th and 20th centuries, many cities constructed extensive sewer systems to help control outbreaks of disease such as typhoid and cholera.
Pajamas (pyjamas in the United Kingdom) are loose clothes that people wear while they are sleeping.
Pyjamas usually include trousers and a shirt.
Pyjamas are often made of cotton.
They are usually worn without underwear.
The word comes from , Pajāmā; .
Pajamas are often worn without underwear.
Barter is trading one thing for another without using money.
Usually the things that are traded are worth the same amount of money, but no money is used in the trade.
Barter is useful when two people each have something the other wants, so they agree on an amount of stuff and then swap it.
This can also happen with services, for example a plumber can fix a tap in a winery and be given a crate of wine.
The problem with barter is one person may not want what the other person has.
For instance,  Bob needs a new pair of shoes and John has those shoes.
But Bob has eggs and John needs milk.
This is where money becomes useful because anything can be traded for a set amount of money.
Bob could pay John for the shoes and John could go to the store and buy some milk.
Carlsile United F.C. is an English football team in Football League Two.
Jordan McDowall is the manager.
1904 establishments in England
Baroque pop is a rock music subgenre that mixes both rock and classical music.
It was created by musicians in the 1960s by adding classical instruments like harpsichord, French horns, oboes, and string sections.
It became popular with both teenagers and adults at the time.
Examples can be found on The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds and recordings made by Phil Spector.
It is also referred to as chamber pop, among other names.
The 290s decade ran from January 1, 290, to December 31, 299.
Diocletian, Roman Emperor
Maximian, Roman Emperor
Companies of Germany
2011 (twenty eleven) (MMXI) was .
According to the North Korean Minguo calendar, this was Juche year 100.
This year was also the 100th of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Era year (民國100年).
January 1 – Estonia starts using the euro currency.
January 1 – Start of Hungary's Presidency of the European Union
January 1 – Dilma Rousseff becomes Brazil's first female President.
January 4 – A solar eclipse is seen over most of Europe, North Africa and western Asia.
January 4 – Tunisian fruit seller Mohamed Bouazizi dies after setting himself on fire in an act of protest.
January 7 – The 2011 AFC Asian Cup is held in Qatar, until January 29, won by Japan.
January 8 – Twenty people are shot in Tucson, Arizona, six of whom are killed.
One of the victims was congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords.
January 9 – South Sudan holds a referendum on independence.
January 9 – Iran Air Flight 227 crashes, killing 77 people.
January 10 – Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia and the Lockyer Valley flood with more than 16 people killed.
January 11 – More than 480 people are killed in flooding and mudslides in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro.
January 14 – In the wake of anti-government demonstrations, Tunisia's President Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali dissolves the government and resigns from office.
Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi takes over as caretaker-President, before being replaced by Fouad Mebazaa.
January 24 – A terrorist bombing at Moscow's Domodedovo Airport kills at least 35 people.
January 25 – 2011 Egyptian protests: Pro-democracy demonstrations begin in Egypt against the rule of President Hosni Mubarak.
January 28 – 2011 Egyptian protests: Hosni Mubarak cuts internet access.
February 1 – 2011 Egyptian protests: Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak announces his intention to resign after elections in September.
The following day, pro-Mubarak and anti-Mubarak protesters clash violently in central Cairo.
February 3 – Tropical Cyclone Yasi hits Queensland, Australia.
February 6 – A centennial celebration is held all over the United States to celebrate the 100th birthday of Ronald Reagan.
February 11 – 2011 Egyptian protests: President Hosni Mubarak resigns, as the Egyptian government falls.
Egypt is left in control of the military until elections can be held.
February 14 – It is announced that the economy of the People's Republic of China overtook the Japanese economy as the world's second largest.
Pro-democracy protests begin in Bahrain and Libya, with violent crackdowns being reported.
February 19 – April 2 – The Cricket World Cup is held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, and is won by India.
February 22 – Christchurch, New Zealand is struck by an earthquake measuring 6.3, causing a lot of damage, and killing at least 181 people.
March 9 – Enda Kenny becomes Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland.
Space Shuttle Discovery returns from its last space mission before its retirement.
March 10 – Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, announces his intention to stand down from his official powers, and to transfer them to an elected official.
March 11 – An earthquake of magnitude 9.1 strikes near Sendai on the east coast of the island of Honshu, Japan, causing a lot of damage and triggering tsunamis, with warnings issued around the Pacific Ocean.
Thousands of people have been killed, and thousands more are missing.
A heavy nuclear accident was also result of the earthquake, prompting fears over radiation levels.
March 17 – 2011 Libyan protests: The United Nations resolution for a no-fly zone over Libya is passed.
March 18 – NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft arrives in orbit around Mercury.
NASA's Pluto probe New Horizons crosses the orbit of Uranus, after a five-year journey.
This is faster than Voyager 2, which took eight years.
March 19 – The Moon makes its closest approach to Earth, by nearly 3,000 miles, in 18 years.
March 19 – 2011 Libyan protests: United Nations-authorised military intervention in Libya begins.
March 23 – Portugal's Prime Minister Jose Socrates announces his resignation, as a result of the financial crisis.
March 24 – 2011 Burma earthquake: An earthquake of magnitude 6.8 centred in Burma kills 75 people.
March 27 – Bulgaria and Romania fully implement the Schengen Agreement.
March 31 – After months of crisis following a disputed Presidential election, intense fighting breaks out around Ivory Coast's largest city, Abidjan, between forces loyal to Alassane Ouattara and those loyal to Laurent Gbagbo.
April 7 – A school shooting in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, leaves 13 dead, including the gunman.
April 9 – A gunman opens fire at a shopping centre in Alphen an den Rijn, Netherlands, leaving 7 dead.
April 11 – Ivory Coast crisis: Laurent Gbagbo is arrested in his bunker in Abidjan by troops from France, the United Nations, and troops supporting Alassane Ouattara.
April 12 – Four Space Shuttles (including the Endeavor, the Discovery, Enterprise, and Atlantis) are sent to Florida, New York, California, and Washington D.C..
April 22 – Hundreds of people are killed as police move in on anti-government demonstrations in Syria.
April 27 – Hundreds of people are killed in a tornado outbreak across the southern and central United States.
April 29 – Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge marry at Westminster Abbey in London.
May 1 – U. S. Forces capture and kill al-Qaeda terrorist leader Osama bin Laden in northern Pakistan.
May 6 – The Scottish National Party wins an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament.
May 11 – Two earthquakes kill at least nine people in southeastern Spain.
May 12 – John Demjanjuk is convicted in Germany of supervising the killings of thousands of Jews in Concentration Camps.
May 14 – Ell & Nikki of Azerbaijan win the Eurovision Song Contest.
May 15 – Head of the International Monetary Fund Dominique Strauss-Kahn is arrested in New York on charges of sexual assault.
He resigns his post a few days later.
He is released in August.
May 17 – Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom makes a state visit to the Republic of Ireland.
May 21 – The Grimsvotn volcano in Iceland erupts, causing some flight disruption in Northern Europe.
May 22 – A tornado kills at least 125 people in Joplin, Missouri.
May 26 – Bosnian Serb general Ratko Mladic is arrested in Serbia on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
late May – At least 20 people die in an E. coli outbreak centred in Germany.
It was originally attributed to Spanish cucumbers, but is suspected to come from bean sprouts.
June 1 – Sepp Blatter is controversially chosen to serve a third term as President of FIFA, amidst a major corruption scandal.
June 4 – The eruption of the Puyehue Cordon Caulle volcanic structure in southern Chile causes an ash cloud, disrupting flights in southern South America, and as far away as Oceania.
June 5 – Yemen's President Ali Abdullah Saleh leaves for Saudi Arabia to be treated for injuries sustained in an attack on the Presidential Palace.
Demonstrators celebrate while powers are temporarily transferred to Vice President Abd al-Rab al-Mansur al-Hadi.
June 12 – Thousands of Syrians flee into Turkey as Syrian troops lay siege to the town of Jisr-ash Shugur.
June 15 – 2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot
June 22 – American fugitive criminal Whitey Bulger is arrested in Los Angeles.
June 26 - July 17 – 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany, won by Japan
July 1 – Start of Poland's Presidency of the European Union
July 2 – Albert II, Prince of Monaco marries Charlene Wittstock.
July 3 – The United Nations appeals for aid for parts of East Africa that are affected by a severe drought.
July 7 – The world's first synthetic organ transplant is carried out, using an artificial windpipe coated in stem cells.
July 8 – The  is launched on the last-ever Space Shuttle launch.
July 10 – British tabloid newspaper, the News of the World, ends publication, after a major phone-hacking scandal.
July 12 – Neptune completes its first full orbit around the Sun since its official discovery.
July 13 – Three serial coordinated bomb explosions occur in different locations of Mumbai, the financial capital of India, killing 24 and leaving more than 130 people injured.
July 14 – The United Nations admits South Sudan as the 193rd member nation.
July 20 – Goran Hadzic is detained in Serbia, being arrested on war crimes charges.
The United Nations declares that Somalia is in a state of famine.
July 21 – The  returns to Earth in the last mission of the Space Shuttle programme.
July 22 – Two attacks in Norway kill 77 people; 8 people at an explosion in the government quarter of Oslo, and 69 are shot dead at a Summer Youth Camp on the island of Utoya.
July 23 – Singer Amy Winehouse is found dead at her home in London.
July 28 – Ollanta Humala becomes President of Peru.
July 31 – Because of uncertainties over a clampdown on press freedom, there is believed to be at least 121 people killed in a Syrian army tank raid on the town of Hama, and over 150 people are reportedly killed in a crackdown in the whole country.
August 1 – The United States narrowly avoids defaulting on its debt.
August 5 – Yingluck Shinawatra becomes Prime Minister of Thailand.
NASA announces that its Mars Reconnaissance orbiter has captured photographic evidence of liquid water on the planet Mars during warm seasons.
August 5 – Juno, the first solar powered spacecraft to be sent to the planet Jupiter, is launched, from Cape Canaveral.
August 13 – Germany commemorates 50 years since the building of the Berlin Wall.
August 20 – Hurricane Irene forms.
It causes a lot of destruction and flooding in many Caribbean countries and the Eastern United States over the following days.
August 22 – The 2011 Libyan civil war intensifies as rebel forces enter Tripoli.
August 26 – Naoto Kan announces his resignation as Prime Minister of Japan.
August 29 – Hurricane Irene dissolves over Eastern Canada.
Yoshihiko Noda is chosen as the next Prime Minister of Japan, taking office in September.
August 31 – The end of analog television broadcasting in Canada translation to Digital Televisions.
September 2 – A Chilean Air Force plane crashes in the Pacific Ocean, killing all 21 people on board.
September 7 – India and Bangladesh sign an agreement ending their border dispute.
A plane carrying the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl ice hockey team crashes just after take-off near Yaroslavl, Russia, killing 43 of the 45 people on board.
September 9 - October 23 – The 2011 Rugby World Cup is held in New Zealand, won by New Zealand.
September 10 – More than 190 people die when a ferry capsizes off the coast of Tanzania.
September 11 – Commemorations marking the 10th anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attacks take place.
September 12 – Around 100 people die after an oil pipeline explosion in Nairobi, Kenya.
September 18 – An earthquake centred near the Sikkim-Nepal border kills an estimated 111 people.
September 19 – The United Nations launches an appeal for aid after the 2011 Sindh floods.
September 20 – Former President of Afghanistan Burhanuddin Rabbani is killed in a bomb attack.
September 23 – President of Yemen Ali Abdullah Saleh returns home after being treated in Saudi Arabia for injuries sustained in an attack on his compound in June.
September 29 – China launches the Tiangong 1 space laboratory, its first space station module, from the launch pad in Gansu province.
October 3 – The winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine are announced as Bruce Beutler, Jules Hoffmann and Ralph Steinman.
Steinman had died three days earlier, unknown to the Nobel committee.
It was later announced that he could remain as a Nobel laureate.
October 3 – Helle Thorning-Schmidt becomes Prime Minister of Denmark.
October 4 – 139 people are killed in a car bombing in Mogadishu.
October 4 – Major floods affect parts of Thailand and Cambodia.
October 7 – The Nobel Peace Prize is shared between Liberian President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Liberian activist Leymah Gbowee and Yemeni activist Tawakel Karman.
October 15 – Occupy campaign: In cities around the world, many people protest against economic mismanagement, also in support of the Occupy Wall Street campaign.
October 18 – Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit is released after five years of captivity.
In return, Israel releases 1,027 Palestinian prisoners.
October 20 – 2011 Libyan civil war: Forces loyal to the National Transitional Council take control of Sirte, the last pro-Gaddafi stronghold.
Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, who ruled Libya since 1969, is captured and killed.
October 23 – A magnitude 7.2 earthquake strikes eastern Turkey, near the City of Van, killing at least 575 people, and damaging many buildings.
October 27 – Michael D. Higgins is elected to succeed Mary McAleese as President of Ireland.
October 27 – EU leaders hold an emergency meeting in Brussels on the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, where they decide to write off 50% of Greek bonds, recapitalisation of European banks, and an increase of the bailout fund of the European Financial Stability Facility, totalling a trillion Euros.
October 31 – According to the United Nations, the world population reaches 7 billion.
November 7 – Dr. Conrad Murray is found guilty of involuntary manslaughter in relation to the death of Michael Jackson.
November 10 – Lucas Papademos is chosen to lead a caretaker government in Greece.
November 11 – Michael D. Higgins becomes President of Ireland.
November 12 – As the result of an economic crisis, Silvio Berlusconi resigns as Prime Minister of Italy.
November 13 – Mario Monti is chosen to become Prime Minister of Italy.
November 19 – Muammar al-Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi is captured in southern Libya, near the border with Niger.
November 19 – 2011 Egyptian protests: Protestors demonstrate in central Cairo against the military rulers, and several are killed when police open fire.
November 20 – Mariano Rajoy's Partido Popular score a landslide victory in Spain's parliamentary election.
Rajoy is therefore elected to become the next Prime Minister of Spain.
November 22 – The American Samoa national football team scores its first-ever official win, defeating the Tonga national football team 2-1 in the Oceanian FIFA World Cup qualifiers.
November 26 – John Key is elected to a second term as Prime Minister of New Zealand.
November 26 – The Mars Science Laboratory is launched on board an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and is set to arrive on Mars in August 2012.
December 4 – Zoran Jankovic's party wins the most seats in the Slovenian Parliament.
December 4 – 45,000 people in Koblenz, Germany, are evacuated in order for a World War II bomb to be defused.
December 5 – NASA announces the discovery of the earth-like planet Kepler 22-b orbiting around another star.
December 6 – Elio Di Rupo becomes Prime Minister of Belgium.
Prior to this, Belgium did not have an official government for 589 days.
December 9 – Croatia signs an agreement that will allow it to become a member of the EU on July 1, 2013.
December 12 – Moncef Marzouki becomes President of Tunisia.
December 13 – At least 5 people are killed and 124 wounded at a grenade and gun attack in Liege, Belgium.
The gunman, Nordine Amrani, commits suicide shortly after.
December 15 – The United States ends its military involvement in Iraq.
December 17 – Tropical typhoon Washi hits Mindanao in the southern Philippines, killing over 1,000 people, with many more reported missing.
December 19 – North Korean state television announces the death of Kim Jong-il, who had led the country since 1994.
His son, Kim Jong-un, is designated as his successor.
December 19 – Liechtenstein implements the Schengen Agreement.
December 22 – Several suicide bombings occur in Baghdad.
December 23 – Around 40 people are killed in a bomb attack in Damascus.
December 25 – Four churches across Nigeria are hit by bombs, killing at least 40 people.
The Islamist group Boko Haram claims responsibility.
December 29 – Kim Jong-un is installed as North Korea's leader at the end of a two-day state funeral for Kim Jong-il.
December 29 – The International Date Line is shifted to the west of Samoa and Tokelau, both of which do not observe December 30, 2011 as a result.
The change is made to improve trade with the main partners of Australia and New Zealand.
Physiology or Medicine: Bruce Beutler, Jules Hoffmann, Ralph Steinman
Physics: Saul Perlmutter, Adam G. Riess, Brian P. Schmidt
Chemistry: Dan Shechtman
Literature: Tomas Transtromer
Peace: Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, Tawakel Karman
Economics: Christopher A. Sims, Thomas J. Sargent
January 6 – Epiphany, Three Kings Day (Christianity)
January 7 – Christmas (Eastern Christianity) (on January 6 in Armenia)
January 14 – Makar Sankranti, Hinduism
February 1 – Imbolc, a Cross-quarter day
February 3 – Chinese New Year
March 8 – Shrove Tuesday/Mardi Gras, end of Carnival season (Christianity)
March 9 – Ash Wednesday and beginning of Lent (Christianity)
March 17 – Saint Patrick's Day
March 21 – (Northern hemisphere) Vernal Equinox, also known as Ostara
April 17 – Palm Sunday (Christianity)
April 18 – Beginning of Passover (Judaism)
April 22 – Good Friday (Christianity)
April 24 – Easter (Christianity)
May 1 – Beltane, a Cross-quarter day
June 7 – Shavuot begins (Judaism)
June 24 – Saint John's Day, northern Midsummer celebrations
August 1 – Lammas, a cross-quarter day
August 1 – Beginning of Ramadan (Islam)
August 31 – Eid ul-Fitr (Islam)
September 23 – Northern Autumnal Equinox, also known as Mabon
September 28 – Rosh Hashanah begins at sundown (Judaism)
October 7 – Yom Kippur begins at sundown (Judaism)
October 26 – Diwali (Hinduism)
November 1 – All Saints Day
November 6 – Eid al-Adha (Islam)
November 26 – Islamic New Year
November 27 – First Sunday of Advent (Western Christianity)
December 20 – Hanukkah (Judaism)
December 25 – Christmas (Western Christianity)
The Taiwanese movie Millennium Mambo (2001) where a woman narrates from 2011 about her life 10 years earlier.
The movie Revengers Tragedy (2003) is set in a dystopian Liverpool in the year 2011, following the aftermath of a natural disaster which has destroyed the southern half of Great Britain.
The Heroes television series visits 2011 in several different potential futures.
In the Aeon Flux television series and movie, 99% of the world's population is wiped out by a mysterious virus in the year 2011.
Computer and video games
Call of Duty: Black Ops (2011)
S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky (2008)
Persona 4 (2008)
Fallout 3 (2008)
Operation Flashpoint: Dragon Rising  (2009)
Max Payne 3 (2010)
Heavy Rain (2010)
Fallout: New Vegas (2010)
Homefront (2011)
In K. A. Applegate's Remnants book series, 2011 is the year life on Earth becomes extinct after a 73-mile-wide asteroid nicknamed "The Rock" impacts Portugal.
Eighty other humans are placed in a shuttle named the Mayflower'' mere hours before impact and put into artificial hibernation, while a handful of humans in shelters survive the impact on Earth.
"", meaning "Army March" is the national anthem (song) of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
It was created in 1944 by Nguyễn Văn Cao, the famous Vietnamese composer (person who writes music).
Vietnamese music
The national anthem has went through many changes ever since the 1940s.
Though there are two verses, the first verse is usually only sung as the anthem.
Recently, the Vietnam Center for Music Copyright stated that they will "collect royalty" from the song, meaning that it would be under copyright.
The Blizzard of 2003, also called the Presidents' Day Storm of 2003, or Presidents' Day Storm II, was a very big snowstorm on the East Coast of the United States and Canada, which started on February 15 and ended on February 18, 2003.
Lots of snow fell in the big cities in the Northeast US, making it the biggest snowstorm of the snowy winter of 2002-2003.
All cities from Washington DC to Boston were covered in a lot of snow, and people could not go around because of the bad weather.
In Baltimore and Boston, this was the biggest snowstorm ever recorded.
The life of the storm
The storm started in the southern Rockies on February 14, and moved to southern Missouri and the Lower Tennessee Valley in a few days.
It brought heavy rain and bad weather to the Deep South, including the nation's first tornado of 2003.
In the north, snow and ice affected the Midwest.
Southern Iowa and eastern Illinois also got lots of snow, with 11 inches (28 cm) in Des Moines.
In Kentucky this was mostly an ice storm, with some places getting up to 3/4" (2 cm) of ice.
At the same time, Washington, D.C. and Baltimore got a little bit of  snow on February 15.
The weather was very cold, and the storm moved very slowly.
But early on February 16, lots of snow started falling in those two cities, and the snow started in Philadelphia.
Heavy snow kept coming, falling very fast.
It was also very cold, so the snow kept piling up.
The heavy snow continued all day, and it reached New York City in the evening.
At about the same time, the snow changed to sleet in Washington, D.C., and that's why the city got less snow than other cities.
In the rest of the Northeast, however, the snow stayed for much of the night.
The sleet changed back to snow by the next morning in Washington, D.C., and soon ended.
Blizzard Warnings were given in New York City and Boston, and the snow began in Boston that day.
In the evening, the heavy snow ended in New York City, and it ended in Boston on the morning of February 18.
After that, the storm weakened and brought a few inches of snow to other parts of New England.
This snowstorm slowed down much of the East Coast with its heavy snow.
Washington's Reagan National Airport, Baltimore-Washington International Airport, Philadelphia International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport in New York were closed, and Dulles Airport had one runway open.
With snow falling, driving was almost impossible.
In Baltimore, the roof of the historic B&O Railroad Museum broke, destroying many valuable engines, railroad cars and train souvenirs.
In Depth Case Study
CNN Article of the Storm
CBS Article of the Storm
The Presidents’ Day Weekend Snowstorm of 2003
Snow storm, February 16-17, 2003
2003 in weather
2003 in the United States
2003 in Canada
Historic blizzards in the United States
Natural disasters in Canada
Many people and politicians of different countries of North America and South America had thought of an organization of their countries.
These countries have also formed different organizations from time to time.
Beginning from 1889-1890, these countries held meetings known as the International Conference of American States.
At its first conference, 18 countries formed the International Union of American Republics.
In 1910, these countries held the Fourth International Conference of American States at Buenos Aires.
They changed the name of the International Union of American Republics to the Union of American Republics.
These countries held the ninth International Conference of American States between March and May 1948 at Bogotá.
On 30th April 1948, 21 countries signed an agreement.
They called this agreement the Charter of the Organization of American States.
This was the beginning of the Organization of American States (OAS).
OAS started functioning from December 1951.
The Charter of the OAS states the goals for forming the OAS.
There are many goals.
Some important goals relate to peace and security for these countries; development of democratic governments; and economic cooperation.
All 35 independent nations of America are members of the OAS.
Upon foundation on 5 May 1948 there were 21 members:
The later expansion of the OAS included the newly independent nations of the Caribbean (most of whom gained independence only after World War II) and Canada.
Members with later admission dates (sorted chronologically):
(member since 1967)
Political organizations based in the United States
Politics of North America
Politics of South America
Gustav Holst (21 September 1874 - 25 May 1934) was a famous English composer.
He was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.
He studied composition at the Royal College of Music in London.
He also learned to play the trombone.
He became Director of Music at St Paul’s Girls’ School, Hammersmith, (London).
Some of his music was written for the pupils at this school: for example, the popular St Paul’s Suite (1912-1913) for string orchestra.
His most famous work is The Planets (1918).
This is a suite of seven movements for orchestra, each about a different planet (the Earth is not included, and Pluto had not yet been discovered).
The music does not really describe the planets, it describes the Roman gods after which the planets are named.
Mars, for example, is the “Bringer of War”.
It has a very exciting rhythm with five beats in a bar.
Jupiter has a tune which has become famous as the hymn “I Vow to Thee, My Country”.
He died of heart failure in London.
www.GustavHolst.info
List of compositions
Gustav Holst: The Lost Films (Discovered 2009)
Holst Birthplace Museum, Cheltenham
Nelson's Column is a national monument of the United Kingdom based in Trafalgar Square, London.
The column was built between 1840 and 1843 to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson's death at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
1840s establishments in England
A cousin is a term in  genealogy.
It is not a direct ancestor or descendant, but is a relative who shares a common ancestor.
The word 'cousin' is often used to mean a person's first cousin  the child of someone's aunt or uncle.
The family line of the cousin with smallest number of generations to the most recent common ancestor is used to determine the degree (if they are the same use either one).
The number of generations from the parrents to the common ancestor (number of generations minus one) is the degree.
When the cousins are separated by a different number of generations from the most recent common ancestor, the cousin relationship is "removed".
The difference between the number of generations for each cousin is the removal.
Ancestry.com - cousin removal
Geni.com - Defining the Genealogical Term, 'Removed'
SearchforAncestors.com - Cousin Relationship Calculator
Eastman's Online Genealogy Newsletter - What Is "Second Cousin Once Removed?"
Persian scientist, Rhazes, distinguished smallpox from measles in the course of his writings.
Holding against any sort of orthodoxy, particularly Aristotle's physics, he maintained "the conception of an 'absolute' time, regarded by him as a never-ending flow".
Gyeonhwon formally establishes the kingdom of Hubaekje in southwestern Korea.
Merchants from southwest Asia and India settle on the east-African coast, trading gold, beads and metal for ivory and slaves.
Harold I of the Yngling or Scilfing dynasty subdues the petty kings of Norway and conquers the Orkney and Shetland islands.
March/April – Pope John XV dies before being able to crown Otto III, King of Germany as Holy Roman Emperor.
Otto resides in Pavia while waiting for the election of the next Pope.
May 3 – Twenty-four year old Bruno of Carinthia, grandson of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor and first cousin of Otto III, is elected Pope Gregory V. He is the first German Pope.
May 21 – Sixteen year old Otto III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by his cousin Pope Gregory V.
October 24 – Hugh Capet, King of France dies and is succeeded by his son Robert II of France.
Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, fifth Caliph in Egypt dies and is succeeded by his son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
November 1 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi (Austria in Old High German).
Niujie Mosque constructed in Beijing
June 5 – John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in the Battle of Worringen — one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages — thus winning possession of the duchy of Limburg.
August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.
The Scots Parliament creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during leap years; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.
The oldest surviving bell in the clocks atop the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome dates to 1288.
Vietnamese general Tran Hung Dao sinks the entire fleet of an invading Yuan dynasty Mongol army by placing steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the Bach Dang River, near Halong Bay.
The Japanese era Koan ends, and the Shōō era begins.
Miracle of the Host
Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland are inherited by emperor Louis IV of the Holy Roman Empire and becomes part of the imperial crown domain, until 1347.
The Black Death ravages Europe (1347-1351)
Roman Commoner Cola di Rienzo proclaims himself a new Roman dictator in Capitoline Hill in Rome; Pope Clement VI denounces him as a pagan and a heretic and he is driven out of the city by the end of the year
March 1 – the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded.
April 27 – Cebu City is established becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
May 18 – The Ottoman troops landed on the island of Malta.
The Great Siege of Malta began.
June 17 – Matsunaga Hisahide assassinates the 13th Ashikaga Shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiteru.
August 28 – St. Augustine, Florida (named after St. Augustine), established.
It is the oldest remaining European settlement in the United States.
September 4 – Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés lands on modern-day Florida to oust the French under Jean Ribault.
He later destroys the French colony of Fort Caroline.
September 8 – Pedro Menéndez de Avilés settles in St. Augustine, Florida.
September 8 – The Knights of Malta lift the Turkish Siege of Malta (siege started on May 18).
Livestock are domestic animals that are kept by people.
Their uses are for meat, milking, wool, leather, or labor.
Taking care of livestock is animal husbandry.
Some types of livestock are: cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens.
Chickens produce eggs; pigs produce meat; cattle, goats and sheep create milk, and sheep also create wool.
Horses, cattle, camels, llamas, water buffalo, and other large animals do work for people, such as pulling wagons and other vehicles.
The breeding, keeping alive, and killing of livestock is called animal husbandry.
Animal husbandry have been practiced by humans for a long time.
There are different animal husbandry practices used by different cultures.
It is an important part of the economy and culture of many countries.
Intensive animal farming, which is sometimes called "factory farming" is mostly used today.
99% of livestock in the US are now raised with intensive animal farming.
Intensive animal farming increases the amount of things we can get from the livestock but it has also led to bad effects on animal welfare, the environment, and public health.
Livestock as a word was first used between 1650 and 1660.
Today, cattle means domesticated bovines, while livestock now means domesticated animals.
Animal husbandry started when humans stopped hunting and gathering and settled in farming communities.
Animals are domesticated when the way they breed and live are controlled by humans.
After a long time, the way they act and the way they look changes.
Today, many farm animals cannot live in the wild.
The dog was domesticated in Europe and the Far East from about 15,000 years ago.
Goats and sheep were domesticated between 11,000 and 5,000 years ago in Southwest Asia.
Pigs were domesticated by 8,500 BC in the Near East and 6,000 BC in China.
Domestication of the horse dates to around 4000 BC.
Cattle have been domesticated since approximately 10,500 years ago.
Chickens and other poultry may have been domesticated around 7000 BC.
Some common livestock
See Breed (song) for the song by Nirvana.
See Breed (video game) for the video game by Brat Designs.
A breed is a domesticated race or type of an animal or plant.
The term may also be used as a verb.
In this way, to breed an animal is to make sure that it has descendants that improve the next generation’s qualities.
This is also often referred to as breeding.
A breeder is a person who maintains and creates different breeds of animals or plants.
Methods include inbreeding and crossbreeding.
Common breeds
Variety (plant)
Selective breeding
A storm is a violent meteorological phenomenon in which there is heavy rain, and wind due to moisture in the air.
Hail and Lightning are also common in storms.
More rarely, Tornadoes can occur in storms.
Hurricanes, typhoons, and tornadoes are, often, called storms too but they have special names because they are very, very strong.
Storms are studied by scientists called meteorologists.
The idea of shipping forecasts started with a concern to save ships from unexpected storms in the North Atlantic.
A storm is associated with severe weather and may be marked by strong wind,  thunder, lightning and heavy precipitation such as ice.
Therefore, the knowledge of the weather condition is extremely important.
There are many varieties and names for storms: icestorm, blizzard, snowstorm, ocean-storm, firestorm, etc.
The storms called thunderstorms develop in hot, humid tropical areas like  Mexico  very frequently.
The rising temperatures produce strong upward rising winds.
These winds carry water droplets upwards, where they freeze, and fall down again.
The swift movement of the falling water droplets along with the rising air create lighting and sound.
The Northern Hemisphere means everything north of the Equator, which includes, North America, Central America, the northern part of South America, Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and the Middle East.
The Southern Hemisphere means everything south of the Equator, which includes most of South America, most of Africa, Australia, and Antarctica.
The Western Hemisphere includes North America and South America, and has the Pacific Ocean on its western border and the Atlantic Ocean on its eastern border.
The Eastern Hemisphere includes Europe, Asia, and Africa, and has the Atlantic Ocean on its western border and the Pacific Ocean on its eastern border.
It can also mean the land hemisphere or the water hemisphere.
Pressure is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to area.,
so the same amount of force applied by a hand will produce less pressure than when applied by something smaller, like a finger.
It is important to understand the distinction between pressure and force.
Body A may exert a much larger force on a surface than body B, but if that force is spread out over an area larger than that of body B, the pressure exerted will be less than that of body B. More force is not always equal to more pressure, and vice versa
Pressure is also related to density.
If a solid or a fluid is more dense, it has a larger weight, and therefore exerts a larger force, over the same area.
The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa) named after French physicist Blaise Pascal, who did much work on pressure.
1 pascal = a force of 1 newton per square meter.
To measure much larger and much smaller pressures, sub-multiples of the unit, such as kilopascal and megapascal exist.
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by oxygen and other molecules (the atmosphere basically) on a body/point/area at sea level, and is equal to approximately 100000 Newtons or 100Kn.
Atmospheric pressures is measured using instruments such as the barometer which uses the principles of pressure and vaccum to measure the atmospheric pressure.
Pressure -Citizendium
Alligator is a genus in the order Crocodilia.
There are two living species: the American alligator and the smaller Chinese alligator.
Together with the caimans, the gharials, and the crocodiles, they make up the order Crocodilia.
The first alligators existed about 37 million years ago.
However, older species of alligators have become extinct.
An average adult American alligator weighs  and is  long.
However, they can grow to  long and weigh over .
The largest alligator ever recorded, found in Louisiana, was  long.
The Chinese alligator is smaller.
It is rarely longer than .
In addition, it weighs considerably less than the American alligator.
Male Chinese alligators rarely weigh over .
Nobody knows how long alligators live, on average.
An 80-year-old alligator named Muja, living in the Belgrade Zoo in Serbia, is thought to be the oldest alligator living in captivity.
Although the alligator often moves slowly, it can run very fast for short times, especially in very short lunges.
Usually, alligators' main prey are smaller animals they can kill and eat with a single bite.
If the prey is not big enough to eat in one bite, they may drag the animal into the water to drown.
They may also bite their prey and then spin or wildly until bite-sized chunks are torn off.
This is called a "death roll".
Alligators are generally timid towards humans and tend to walk or swim away if a human comes near them.
However, they will attack humans to protect their nests.
In Florida, feeding wild alligators at any time is illegal.
If fed, the alligators will eventually lose their fear of humans and will learn to associate humans with food, thereby becoming both a greater danger to people, and at greater risk from them.
American alligators
American alligators live mostly in the southeast United States.
According to the 2012 Scholastic Book of World Records, Louisiana has the largest alligator population, with about two million.
Most American alligators live in Louisiana or Florida, which is home to about 1.3 million alligators.
Southern Florida is the only place where both alligators and crocodiles live side by side.
American alligators cannot live in saltwater very long because they do not have salt glands.
Because of this, they live in freshwater environments, such as ponds, marshes, wetlands, rivers, lakes, and swamps, as well as in brackish environments.
Once, the American alligator was endangered.
In the 1970s, the United States government protected alligators under the Endangered Species Act.
The species made a major recovery and are now thriving in many wilderness areas.
The alligator is the state reptile of Florida, and is a symbol of the state.
Chinese alligators
The Chinese alligator is extremely endangered.
Scientists believe that only a few dozen Chinese alligators are left in the wild.
Indeed, far more Chinese alligators live in zoos around the world than in the wild.
Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in southern Louisiana has several in captivity in an attempt to preserve the species.
Miami MetroZoo in Florida also has a breeding pair of Chinese alligators.
Protected status
American alligators were once an endangered species in the United States.
By the 1950s, there were fewer alligators in the United States than ever before.
This happened because of alligator hunting and because people were building over alligators' habitats.
In 1967, the United States government listed the alligator as endangered.
This meant the alligator was in danger of becoming extinct.
Today, the American alligator is no longer endangered, but it is still a "protected species."
It is protected because the alligator looks like some species of crocodiles and caimans, which are still endangered.
Because of this, the Fish and Wildlife Service categorizes the American alligator as “threatened due to similarity of appearance.”
Their goal is to prevent people from killing endangered crocodiles and caimans because they have mistaken an alligator for a crocodile or caiman.
Because of this, killing alligators, and trading in products made from alligator meat or skin, are all regulated by the Fish and Wildlife Service.
Differences between alligators and crocodiles
Alligators and crocodiles are different in many ways.
For example, in general:
Crocodiles have salt glands, so they can live in saltwater habitats.
Alligators usually live in freshwater habitats.
Most alligators have wide snouts that are shaped like a U.  Usually, crocodiles'  snouts are longer, narrower, and are shaped like a V.  However, some crocodiles do have wide snouts.
When its mouth is closed, you can see the fourth tooth on a crocodile's jaw.
You cannot see that tooth when an alligator's mouth is closed.
From the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission:
Living with Alligators brochure
Living with Crocodiles brochure
All About Alligators - For Kids
Report an aggressive or "nuisance alligator" in: Florida   *  Georgia  *  Louisiana  *  Mississippi  *  South Carolina  *  Texas
Reptiles of North America
or ) is one of the most important cities in the southern part of Brazil.
Curitiba is the capital of the state of Paraná.
The city has more than 1,800,000 people living in it.
It covers an area of 430.9 km².
It is the 7th largest Brazilian city and 4th largest in the Southern Cone (the south part of South America).
The city has the largest population and the largest economy in Southern Brazil.
The urban area of Curitiba is looked after by 26 local governments and has 3,335,588 people living there.
Curitiba started in 1693 as a small village.
It became an important trading stop because a road was opened.
The road joined the southeast area to Southern Brazil.
In 1853, it became the capital of the newly made province of Paraná.
Since then, the city has seen a lot of urban growth.
During the 19th century, many European people arrived, including Germans, Poles, Ukrainians and Italians.
They added to the cultural mix that still is there.
The city made plans and laws to slow the growth of the city and that led to the city being famous for its new ideas and connection to the environment.
Most of the new ideas had to do with the public transport system.
Today, the city has a sense of cosmopolitan life and is said to be the safest city in Brazil.
It is the Brazilian capital with the best quality of life and is a diversified industrial center that gives Curitiba the rank of 4th largest economy in Brazil; the largest in the southern region.
The city is said to be one of the five best cities to invest in Latin America and the 49th city with the greatest influence in the world.
Large companies have moved their headquarters to the city because of Curitiba's structure, its international airport, which serves the whole southern region (the Afonso Pena International Airport), its access to the Port of Paranaguá, and the junction of highways and railroads linking the south region directly to the southeast of the country.
Many multinational automotive (car) companies are in Greater Curitiba, which makes Curitiba the second largest automotive center in the country.
Curitiba is an important cultural, political, and economic center in the country.
Curitiba has high rates of education and is home to the oldest Brazilian university, the Federal University of Paraná.
People from Curitiba are called curitibanos in Portuguese, and Curitibans in English.
The name Curitiba comes from the large number of Brazilian "Pines", commonly called "Parana Pine" (Araucaria angustifolia) which grew in the region before the city was built.
There are two reasons for the name: the Indians of the Tupi nation, namely the Jê and the Guarani, used the word corae ("pine seed") atuba ("a lot").
It may also come from joining the words kurit ("pine tree") and yba ("large amount"), also from the Tupi language, together.
So, "Curitiba" means something like "Land of Abundant Pines".
The public transport system in Curitiba features large passenger terminals connected by roads used only by the buses Vermelhos ("Red Buses"), the Expressos ("Express Buses"), Articulados ("Articulated buses"), and Biarticulados ("Biarticulated buses").
The biarticulated bus travels on long trips, stopping only on the tube-station stops to pick up or drop off people.