the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Monteverdi probably had to obey, as he was still a Mantuan citizen (Italy did not become one country until more than two centuries later).
He wrote music for important events such as weddings and carnivals at Mantua.
By 1619 Monteverdi had published his seventh book of madrigals.
However, he then started to publish less music.
Perhaps it was because he was so busy, or perhaps because he no longer needed to look for fame.
He probably wrote a lot of church music which is now lost.
During the 1620s continued his work in Venice, although he may have tried to get other jobs.
His hobbies include alchemy.
He welcomed the composer Heinrich Schütz who visited Venice for a second time.
After the Duke of Mantua died in 1626 Monteverdi wrote less music for Mantua.
He was supposed to receive an annual salary from them, but he often did not get it.
There was a war in Mantua, a lot of buildings were destroyed and the invading armies brought the plague.
Monteverdi became a priest in 1632.
It is not clear whether he did this because he really was religious or whether he thought it would help his career.
In 1637 public opera was started in Venice.
Monteverdi, who was now in his 70s, wrote operas for Venice.
Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (1640) and L'incoronazione di Poppea (1642) form a brilliant end to his career.
After the performance of this opera he made a six-month trip to Lombard and Mantua, where again he had to argue at the court about not being paid his pension.
After he returned to Venice he was ill for nine days and then died.
1567 births
People from Cremona
Charles Stuart "Charlie" Kaufman (born November 1, 1958) is an American screenwriter.
Some of the movies he wrote screenplays for are Being John Malkovich, Adaptation, Human Nature, and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind.
Charlie Kaufman is known for writing very surreal movies - that is, movies where the plot has things in it that could never happen in real life, or that make the audience notice that they are watching a movie.
He is one of the most celebrated screenwriters for now.
An oxbow lake is a lake, or area of water, in a U-shape.
It is made by special bends in a river, called meanders, getting farther away from the river until they become separate.
The river becomes straight and the bend becomes a lake.
This happens due to floods or when a meander's neck gets too thin.
Water flows at different speeds at different parts of the river.
In the middle, farthest away from the sides (or banks), the water flows fastest.
At the banks, the water flows slowest.
When the river bends, water flows faster on the outside of the bend than the inside.
The fast water on the outside 'erodes' the outside of the bend.
This means it breaks bits of the bank off.
At the same time, the slow water on the inside of the bend leaves behind mud, sand and parts of plants (deposition).
Together, these make the bend move in the direction of the outside of the bend.
The bend moves farther and farther along until it leaves the river.
The river becomes straight and the bend is left as an oxbow lake.
A sequel is a story, book, play, video game, or movie that comes or takes place after another story, book, play, video game, or movie.
The opposite is called a prequel.
A combination of the two makes a midquel.
When there are many sequels, this is called a film series.
A sequel has important parts of the first story like characters and places.
Audiences like sequels because they have more of the characters and places they like.
Storytellers and publishers like sequels because they are popular and people buy them.
Sequel names are often similar to the name of a first story or other stories in a series.
They often have a second title or a number to show that they are alike or different from a first story or other stories in a series.
Sometimes sequels have different names in different countries because they mean different things to different audiences.
Major League Soccer (MLS) is an American soccer league that started in 1996.
As of the upcoming 2022 season, 28 teams will play in the league.
One other team plans to join in 2023.
The commissioner of the league (the person in charge) is Don Garber.
MLS, founded in the United States, is a fully professional league with 28 teams, three of which are based in Canada.
The United States Soccer Federation (USSF or U.S. Soccer), which runs soccer in that country, considers MLS to be the country's top men's league.
The Canadian Soccer Association (CSA), which runs soccer in Canada, considers the Canadian Premier League as its top men's league, but MLS has much greater Canadian media coverage and is seen as having a higher level of play.
Referees are approved by U.S. Soccer and the CSA.
In turn, both national governing bodies are members of FIFA, which governs all play between national teams and sets the rules for the sport along with the national governing bodies of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.
MLS was formed in 1993 as a professional league, with play starting with 10 teams in 1996.
The MLS regular season starts in late February and ends in November, with each team playing 34 games.
The regular season is followed by a 14-team playoff tournament to decide the league champion.
Former teams
MLS Cup Winners
Best Players in Major league Soccer (MLS) in 2012.
hub, n.d.
18 Dec. 2012.
Major League Soccer.
Princeton, n.d.
An Overview of American Soccer History.
Dave Litterer, n.d.
Soccer Politics / The Politics of Football.
Duke University, n.d.
Soccer in the United States
Sports organizations of the United States
1996 establishments in the United States
Chicago Fire FC (officially Chicago Fire Football Club, and before 2020 Chicago Fire Soccer Club) is a soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Chicago.
They started in 1998 and won an MLS Cup in that year.
The club is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.
Major League Soccer : 1
Sports in Chicago, Illinois
1990s establishments in Illinois
The Columbus Crew (known from 2015 to 2021 as Columbus Crew SC, and briefly in 2021 as Columbus SC) are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Columbus, Ohio.
They started play in 1996, playing at Ohio Stadium on the campus of Ohio State University until opening the new Columbus Crew Stadium in 1999.
That stadium would be renamed Mapfre Stadium in 2015 and Historic Crew Stadium in late 2020.
The Crew played their first match at the new Lower.com Field on July 3, 2021.
Shortly after the start of the 2021 season, the team announced a name change to Columbus SC.
Fan reaction was extremely negative.
On May 17, 2021, only a week after the change to Columbus SC, the team announced that it would return to the original name of Columbus Crew, without the "SC".
MLS Cup (league championship): 2 (2008, 2020)
MLS Supporters' Shield (best regular-season record): 3 (2004, 2008, 2009)
Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 1 (2002)
20th-century establishments in Ohio
They started out as the Kansas City Wiz, before changing their name to the Kansas City Wizards in 1997.
Later, in November 2010, they changed their name again to Sporting Kansas City, as the team was moving into a new stadium in the 2011 season.
The stadium has been known by several names, first Livestrong Sporting Park, then Sporting Park, and now Children's Mercy Park.
MLS Cup (league champions): 2 (2000, 2013)
Supporters' Shield (best regular-season record): 1 (2000)
Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2 (2004, 2012)
Official Website of Supporters Section: The Cauldron
Official Wizards board, courtesy of BigSoccer
20th-century establishments in Kansas
The New England Revolution are a United States football (soccer) team from Foxborough, Massachusetts that plays in the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer.
They share the Gillette Stadium with the New England Patriots, a football team in the NFL.
The team won their first major trophy when they won the U.S. Open Cup in 2007.
They won the North American SuperLiga in 2008.
1990s establishments in Massachusetts
The New York Red Bulls are an American soccer team.
They play in Major League Soccer in Harrison, New Jersey.
Until 2006, they were known as the MetroStars.
Their homeground is the Red Bull Arena in Harrison.
The club was founded in 1995 by John Werner Kluge  and  Stuart Subotnick, two managers for MetroMedia, under the name MetroStars.
The club was a founding member of Major League Soccer.
In 2006 the team was sold to the Austrian company Red Bull and renamed the New York Red Bulls.
The team is the only one in the MLS which never reached a major title.
There were a lot of well-known soccer players on the team from all over the world such as Roberto Donadoni, Lothar Matthäus (FIFA World Cup 1990, UEFA Champion 1980), Adolfo Valencia, Youri Djorkaeff, Amado Guevara, Juan Pablo Angel,Daniel Rodriguez, Thierry Henry, and  Rafael Márquez.
International players
Former players Tony Meola, Tab Ramos, Tim Howard, Alexi Lalas, Clint Mathis, Jozy Altidore, Michael Bradley, Claudio Reyna, Eddie Pope, and Tim Ream have all played for the U.S. national team.
Current players Juan Agudelo,Daniel Rodriguez, Dax McCarty, and Kenny Cooper have also played for the USMNT.
Runners-up (1): 2008
Supporters' Shield (best regular-season record)
Winners (3): 2013, 2015, 2018
MLS Eastern Conference
Winners (Regular Season) (2): 2000, 2010
MLS Western Conference
Winners (Playoff) (1): 2008
Runners-up (1): 2003
Minor Trophies
Atlantic Cup (2): 2003, 2010
Walt Disney World Pro Soccer Classic (1): 2010
Eddie Firmani (1996)
Carlos Queiroz (1996)
Carlos Alberto Parreira (1997)
Alfonso Mondelo (1998)
Bora Milutinović (1998–99)
Octavio Zambrano (2000–02)
Bob Bradley (2003–05)
Mo Johnston (2005–06)
Richie Williams (2006), (Interim)
Bruce Arena (2006–07)
Juan Carlos Osorio (2008–09)
Richie Williams (2009), (Interim)
Hans Backe (2010–2012)
Mike Petke (2013-2014)
Jesse Marsch (2015-2017)
Chris Armas (2018-2020)
Bradley Carnell (2020)
Gerhard Struber (2020- present)
Football clubs owned by Red Bull
The Colorado Rapids are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer.
They are one of the founding clubs of the MLS.
The hometown  of Rapids is Denver, Colorado.
The club was formed in 1996.
Mile High Stadium; Denver, Colorado (1996–2001)
Invesco Field at Mile High; Denver, Colorado (2002–2006)
North Area Athletic Complex; Arvada, Colorado (2003) 1 game in US Open Cup
Dick's Sporting Goods Park; Commerce City, Colorado (2007–present)
The Rapids play their home games at Dick's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, Colorado (ca.
8 miles north of the center of Denver).
The stadium capacity is 19,680 and cost $131 million to construct.
It is a stadium for football only.
The soccer stadium opened on April 7, 2007.
Before moving to DSG Park in 2007, Colorado Rapids shared Mile High Stadium and then Invesco Field at Mile High with the Denver Broncos an American football team.
Winners (1): 2010
Runners-up (1): 1997
Winners (Playoff) (1): 2010
Winners (Playoff) (1): 1997
Runners-up (1): 1999
MLS Reserve Division (2) 2006, 2007
Rocky Mountain Cup (2) 2005, 2006
Year-by-year results
Year-by-year stats
By opponent
Dissolved after 2001 season.
Dissolved after 2014 season.
International tournaments
1998 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
Qualifying Play-off v.  Club León – 1:0, 2:4 (León advances 4:3 on aggregate)
2011–12 CONCACAF Champions League:
Group Stage v.  Isidro Metapán – 3:2
Group Stage v.  Real España – 1:1
Group Stage v.  Santos Laguna – 1:4
Group Stage v.  Real España – 1:2
Group Stage v.  Isidro Metapán – 1:3
Group Stage v.  Santos Laguna – 2:0
2018 CONCACAF Champions League:
http://www.coloradorapids.com Official Homepage
1990s establishments in Colorado
FC Dallas is an American soccer team.
They play in Major League Soccer (MLS) in Frisco, Texas, a suburb of Dallas, Texas.
The team is a founding member of the MLS.
Before 2005, they were known as the Dallas Burn.
The team is owned by the Hunt Sports Group, which also owns the National Football League team Kansas City Chiefs.
Players and staff
Year-by-year
MLS Scoring Champion/Golden Boot
Top goalscorers
1998 CONCACAF Cup Winners' Cup
Group stage v.  Necaxa – 1–4
Group stage v.  Cruz Azul – 1–2
2004 La Manga Cup
Group stage v.  Odd Grenland – 1–2
Group stage v.  Dynamo Kyiv – 2–2
Semi-finals v.  Stabæk – 2–1
Fifth place match v.  Bodø/Glimt – 1–3
2007 North American SuperLiga
Group stage v.  Guadalajara – 1–1
Group stage v.  Pachuca – 1–1
Group stage v.  Los Angeles Galaxy – 5–6
2011–12 CONCACAF Champions League
Preliminary Round v.  Alianza – 1–0
Group stage v.  UNAM – 1–0
Group stage v.  Toronto FC – 1–0
Group stage v.  Tauro F.C. – 1–1
Group stage v.  UNAM – 0–2
Group stage v.  Tauro F.C. – 3–5
Group stage v.  Toronto FC – 0–3
2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League
Group stage v.  Real Estelí – 2–1
Group stage v.  Real Estelí – 1–1
Group stage v.  Suchitepéquez – 0–0
Group stage v.  Suchitepéquez – 5–2
Quarter-finals v.  Árabe Unido – 4–0
Quarter-finals v.  Árabe Unido – 1–2
Semi-finals v.  Pachuca – 2–1
Semi-finals v.  Pachuca – 1–3
2018 CONCACAF Champions League
Round of 16 v.  Tauro F.C. – 0–1
Round of 16 v.  Tauro F.C. – 3–2
Cotton Bowl; Dallas, Texas (1996–2002, 2004–2005)
Dragon Stadium; Southlake, Texas (2003)
Toyota Stadium; Frisco, Texas (2005–present; known as Pizza Hut Park through the 2011 season and FC Dallas Stadium in the 2012 season and most of the 2013 season)
From 1996–2002 the team played in the 92,100-capacity Cotton Bowl in Dallas.
To save money the club played its 2003 home games at Dragon Stadium, a high school stadium in Southlake, a Fort Worth suburb.
The club lost money in the high school stadium because Texas law does not allow the sale of alcohol on a public high school campus.
The team moved back to the Cotton Bowl for the 2004 season.
In August 2005, the club moved into Pizza Hut Park, a soccer stadium in the northern suburb of Frisco.
The contract that allowed Pizza Hut to put its name on the stadium ended in January 2012, and the stadium was renamed FC Dallas Stadium.
In September 2013, a new sponsorship contract was signed with Toyota, and the stadium was renamed Toyota Stadium.
Following renovations to the south end of Toyota Stadium, the relocated National Soccer Hall of Fame opened at the stadium in October 2018.
Sports in Dallas, Texas
1990s establishments in Texas
The Houston Dynamo are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Houston, Texas.
In late 2005, the San Jose Earthquakes moved to the city because of financial problems in San Jose, California.
Major League Soccer : 2
Sports in Houston, Texas
2005 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Texas
The San Jose Earthquakes are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in San Jose, California.
In December 2005, they moved to Houston, Texas to become the Houston Dynamo.
Failure to secure funding for a new stadium caused the team to move.
In July 2007, they were granted an expansion team, which would bring them back in 2008.
From 1994 to 1999 they were known as the San Jose Clash.
By agreement between MLS, the Dynamo, and the Earthquakes, the history of the original San Jose franchise belongs to the current Earthquakes.
1994-1999 San Jose Clash
1999-present San Jose Earthquakes
Sports in San Jose, California
The Los Angeles Galaxy, branded as the LA Galaxy,  are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Carson, California.
They shared their home field, Dignity Health Sports Park, with Chivas USA before that team folded at the end of the 2014 season.
Until he left when his contract ended after the 2012 season, the team's best-known player was English icon David Beckham, signed from Real Madrid in 2007.
Landon Donovan, the joint all-time leading goal scorer for the US national team, played with the Galaxy from 2005 until his first retirement in 2014, and briefly returned to the team in the last part of the 2016 season.
Robbie Keane, the Republic of Ireland's captain, leading scorer, and most-capped (most games) player, was a Galaxy captain.
The team also included longtime Liverpool and England star Steven Gerrard.
Currently, the Galaxy's best-known player is Sweden all-time leading scorer Zlatan Ibrahimović.
MLS Cup (Major League Soccer champion): 5
MLS Supporters' Shield (best regular-season record): 4
Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2
Current Players
Notable Former Players
Gyasi Zardes
Sports in Los Angeles
Real Salt Lake is an American soccer team.
They play in Major League Soccer in Salt Lake City, Utah.
They began playing in 2005.
Their head coach is Jason Kreis.
They play at Rio Tinto Stadium in Sandy, Utah.
Their rival is the Colorado Rapids.
Current Roster
As of January 15, 2009.
John Ellinger (2005–2007)
Jason Kreis (2007—)
Games:  Andy Williams, 55
Goals:  Jeff Cunningham, 18
Assists:  Javier Morales, 17
Shutouts:  Nick Rimando 7
Single Season Goals:  Jeff Cunningham, 16 (2006)
Single Season Assists:  Javier Morales, 15 (2008)
MLS regular season only, through 2006 season
All-Time regular season record:  21-50-23 (Through Oct. 21, 2007)
Average attendance
regular season/playoffs
2005: 18,037/missed playoffs
2006: 16,366/missed playoffs
2007: 15,960/missed playoffs
2008: 16,179/19,632
2004 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Utah
Toronto Football Club, usually known as Toronto FC, is a soccer club based in Toronto, Ontario.
They have played in the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer (MLS) since the 2007 season.
They were the first Canadian soccer team to join MLS.
They play their home games at BMO Field in Downtown Toronto.
The team is coached by Greg Vanney and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment.
Toronto FC has won the Canadian Championship five times, most recently in 2016.
They also made it to the 2016 MLS Cup but lost to Seattle Sounders 4-5 in penalties.
They were also semi-finalists of the 2011-2012 CONCACAF Champions League.
Sport in Toronto
Canadian soccer teams
2005 establishments in Canada
The President of Germany (German: Bundespräsident, literally: federal president) is the head of state of the Federal Republic of Germany.
His functions are mostly supervising and representative, because of the negative experiences with the office of its predecessor the Reich President (Reichskanzler).
Theodor Heuss (FDP), 1949 – 1959
Heinrich Lübke (CDU), 1959 – 1969
Gustav Heinemann (SPD), 1969 – 1974
Walter Scheel (FDP), 1974 – 1979
Karl Carstens (CDU), 1979 – 1984
Richard von Weizsäcker (CDU), 1984 – 1994
Roman Herzog (CDU), 1994 – 1999
Johannes Rau (SPD), 1999 – 2004
Horst Köhler (CDU), 2004 – 2010
Christian Wulff (CDU), 2010 – 2012
Joachim Gauck (Independent), 2012 – 2017
Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD), since 2017
Lists of national presidents
The Miami Fusion were an American soccer team that played in Major League Soccer from 1998 to 2001.
They played in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
Tampa Bay Mutiny was an American soccer team that played in Major League Soccer from 1996 to 2001.
They played in Tampa, Florida.
Their stadium was the Raymond James Stadium.
Sports in Tampa, Florida
1996 establishments in Florida
Global Gillette (formerly The Gillette Company) is an American company famous for making shaving products.
It has been merged recently into Procter & Gamble's operations.
1900s establishments in Massachusetts
1901 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Boston, Massachusetts
Abkhazia  is an unrecognised country in the caucuses.
The country fought a war with Georgia for its independence in 1991, the Georgian–Abkhaz conflict.
Since its declaration of independence from Georgia in 1991, it has been ruled by the partly-recognized Republic of Abkhazia.
The Republic of Abkhazia, with Sukhumi as its capital, is a client state of Russia.
It is formally recognised by Russia and by  Nicaragua, and the de facto independent republics of South Ossetia and Transnistria.
The European Union, OSCE, and NATO recognise Abkhazia as an integral part of the territory of Georgia.
The secessionist movement of the Abkhaz minority led to the Georgian–Abkhaz conflict.
The War in Abkhazia resulted in a Georgian military defeat and the mass exodus and ethnic cleansing of the Georgian population from Abkhazia.
There was a 1994 ceasefire agreement.
There is a UN-monitored and Russian-dominated CIS peacekeeping operation.
The sovereignty dispute has not been resolved.
The dispute is a source of conflict between Georgia and Russia.
Autonomous republics of Georgia (country)
Heinrich Schütz (born Köstritz, Saxony, 8 October 1585; died Dresden, Germany, 6 November 1672) was the greatest German composer of his time.
As a young man he travelled to Italy to learn the art of composition from the great Italian composers.
He had lessons from Giovanni Gabrieli.
When Gabrieli died in 1612 Schütz returned to Germany.
He visited Italy a second time in 1628 to learn from the music of Claudio Monteverdi.
He also visited Copenhagen.
For much of his life he was a court composer at the Electoral Chapel in Dresden.
Most of his work consists of choral works especially motets and madrigals.
He was very good at writing counterpoint and his music has some very striking effects.
His  Christmas Oratorio  is particularly famous.
1672 deaths
Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (born Naples, Italy, on 26 October 1685; died Madrid, Spain, on 23 July 1757) was an Italian composer and harpsichordist.
He was the son of the famous composer Alessandro Scarlatti.
Part of his life he spent in Venice and Rome.
His father Alessandro was a famous composer who wrote many operas.
Domenico became famous for his sonatas for harpsichord.
He wrote over 550 of them.
They are mostly quite short pieces in one movement, most written in an early Classical style, which influenced many future Classical composers.
He had some unusual effects in his music such as the crossing of hands as they leap wildly from one end of the keyboard to another.
He also liked crunchy chords which sound like the strumming of Spanish guitars.
He gave harpsichord lessons to the Infanta Maria Barbara at the Royal Court in Lisbon in Portugal.
When she married she took Scarlatti, her harpsichord teacher, with her to Madrid in Spain where he spent the rest of his life.
1757 deaths
He was the son of Johann Sebastian Bach, who taught him to play the harpsichord and organ.
Johann Sebastian wrote some pieces and put them in a book called Notebook for Wilhelm Friedemann Bach.
Although they are in order of increasing difficulty, it is not known if these were used to teach him to play, or how to write music.
The book does contain two allemandes and four preludes written by Wilhelm Friedemann.
He also learned to play the violin.
Wilhelm Friedemann was an excellent organist, and took over teaching some of his father's students.
In 1733 he was appointed as the organist at the Dresden Sophienkirche (St. Sophia's Church).
While living in Dresden he continued to write music including harpsichord concertos, sinfonias, trio sonatas, harpsichord sonatas, and other smaller works for keyboard.
He published his first music in 1745.
In 1746 became organist of the Liebfrauenkirche at Halle.
This was an important position and he was paid twice as much as he had earned at Dresden.
He was expected to provide music for feast days, and so he began to compose cantatas which could be reused each year.
He still visited his father, and often used parts of his music.
After his father's death in 1750, Wilhelm Friedemann inherited as lot of his father's music, and tried to make people think they were his compositions.
He was in trouble with the church when he went to Leipzig to sort out his father's estate.
They felt that he was away for too long and was not fulfilling his proper duties.
He had a lot of talent which he did not use.
He was a very good improviser, but was careless when playing music by other composers, including his father's.
1710 births
Wilhelm Friedemann
People from Weimar
Indiana Jones is also the general name given to the series as a whole, which has four movies, a TV series, novels, comics, video games, and other media.
Indiana Jones (1992)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).
Raiders of the Lost Ark - (Atari 2600)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom arcade - (Atari System 1)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game - (C64, NES, Amiga, Macintosh, PC)
Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures - (SNES)
Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis: The Graphic Adventure - (PC, Amiga, Macintosh)
Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - (PC, Nintendo 64, Nintendo Game Boy Color)
Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb - (PC, PlayStation 2, Microsoft Xbox)
Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings - (Wii, Nintendo DS, PSP, PlayStation 2)
Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - (PC, Nintendo 64, Gameboy Color)
Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures - (PC, Macintosh)
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles - (NES)
LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures (PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Macintosh)
LEGO Indiana Jones 2: The Adventures Continues (PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii)
Indiana Jones Adventure World - (Facebook)
Official Indiana Jones site
Movie characters
A Lord Protector is a British title for heads of state.
It has two different meanings at different times in history.
The title of Lord Protector was first used by royal princes or other nobles who ruled as regent while the English monarch was still too young to rule or was not able to rule for some other reason, in this case the Lord Protector would make all the decisions for the country, and the young monarch would decide whether they agree or not.
The Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland was the title of the head of state during the Interregnum, following the first period of the Commonwealth under Council of State government.
It was held by Oliver Cromwell (December 1653 – September 1658), leader of the roundheads and his son Richard Cromwell (September 1658 – May 1659) during what is now known as the Protectorate.
Fantasy is a genre of fiction (make believe) that shows some form of magic, or supernatural elements.
Often fantasy also means that the story happens in a fictional place, a world different from our own (e.g. Middle-earth or Narnia).
Although the word fantasy is most often applied to low-tech worlds, it also can depict high tech worlds, overlapping with science fiction (science fantasy).
Or it is used for historical fiction, if it is magical in some way.
Materialism is the philosophical belief that the world is made of material, and that there are no other types of entity (things).
Everything is composed of material.
Things that are not made of material, such as consciousness, are the result of actions by material.
In other words, matter is the only real substance.
Physicalism is a related term.
Especially, a materialist does not believe in supernatural entities.
Many of history's materialists thinkers have found the idea of a spirit either meaningless or not scientifically proven.
By definition, these thinkers are therefore also atheists, though not all atheists are materialists, and there have even been some historically important Materialist thinkers who believe in a Pantheist idea of God (such as Baruch Spinoza and Friedrich Engels).
Modern philosophical materialists extend the definition to include other basic entities proven by science, such as energy, forces, and the curvature of space.
Matter and energy are known to be interchangeable, and much else, such as gravity, is caused by matter.
However, the concept of matter is itself not entirely clear.
Other types of philosophy share some of the aims of materialism.
Examples would include reductionism, logical positivism and empiricism.
The origin of materialism is in a type of Ancient Greek philosophy.
Thales, Epicurus, and Lucretius are early materialist philosophers.
The idea also appeared in other ancient cultures.
Northern Cyprus (), officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC; , KKTC), is a de facto state in the northern half of the island of Cyprus.
It is internationally recognised as part of the Republic of Cyprus and only Turkey recognises it as a separate state.
Three hundred thousand Muslim Turkish Cypriots live in its 3,335 km².
Turkey is the only country which recognizes the territory as an independent republic despite the international sanctions and embargos in place.
Cyprus was conquered and became part of the Ottoman Empire from 1570–1914.
Many Ottoman Turks became settlers.
As the Ottoman Empire sided against the British empire in World War I, the British annexed Cyprus.
In 1923, by the Treaty of Lausanne Turkey gave up the island to the British Empire which in 1925 converted it to a crown colony.
Cypriot Turk males are circumcised, because Sunni Islam is the main religion.
In 1974, in response to a growing conflict with Greece, the Turkish army invaded and occupied Cyprus.
Many settlers from mainland Turkey came from Turkey into the northern part of the island.
The move drew international condemnation and Northern Cyprus remains unrecognized by the United Nations.
Since 1974, the United Nations has established a ceasefire line between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots.
The ''Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus'' was formed in 1983 and Rauf Denktash became the first president.
Zypern Times
Nordzypern Almanac
North Cyprus Information Map  - A directory and information source for Northern Cyprus.
Company information including location maps.
General and specific questions for residences and tourists
Government of the TRNC
New Caledonia (; popular name: Le caillou) () is a "sui generis collectivity" (in practice an overseas territory) of France, made up of a main island (Grande Terre) and several smaller islands.
It is in the region of Melanesia in the southwest Pacific.
At about half the size of Taiwan, it has a land area of 18,575.5 square kilometres (7,172 sq mi).
At the 2004 census, 230,789 people lived there.
It has an internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of .nc.
The capital and largest city of the territory is Nouméa.
The currency is the CFP franc.
The inflation rate is -0.6%.
The unemployment rate is 17.1%
A referendum was held in November 2018 to see if New Caledonia should declare independence from France.
The results were more people wanted to stay in France than leave.
A dam is a large wall or barrier that blocks or stops the flow of water, forming a reservoir or a lake.
Most dams have a section called a spillway or weir over which, or through which, water flows, either sometimes or always.
Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water.
The tallest dam in the world is the 300 meter high Nurek Dam in Tajikistan.
Some of the first dams were built in Mesopotamia up to 7,000 years ago.
Modern dams are built with arched walls of steel rod-reinforced concrete.
The arched wall is a very strong shape which helps the wall to withstand the huge weight of the water.
Reasons for building dams
There are a number of reasons that people build dams.
Some countries build dams to control the flow of water in the downstream river systems, and prevent flooding.
Other countries build dams to generate electricity using hydroelectric turbine generators.
Other countries use dams to store water for use in irrigation (for farming) or drinking by people.
David Beckham (born 2 May 1975) is a retired English association football player.
He is currently the owner of MLS team Inter Miami CF.
In June 2003, Queen Elizabeth II gave Beckham an OBE.
In January 2005, Beckham became a UNICEF ambassador.
Since his move from Manchester United F.C. to Real Madrid in 2003, he has been the highest paid footballer in the world.
Beckham was born at Whipps Cross University Hospital in London, England.
He was the son of Ted and Sandra Georgina West.
He grew up in the Manchester football youth system along with Ryan Giggs, Nicky Butt, Phil Neville, Gary Neville and Paul Scholes who all turned out to be famous footballers.
From 2007 to 2012, he played for LA Galaxy in the United States.
He was loaned out to AC Milan of Italy for the 2008-09 and the 2009-10 seasons before joining the Galaxy again.
He played for Paris Saint-Germain in Ligue 1 until the end of the 2012/13 season.
After the season ended, he retired.
He played for England for 13 years, from 1996 until 2009.
He was dropped from the England team after giving up his England captaincy, but regained his place in the England squad when Fabio Capello became the England manager in 2008.
Beckham's wife is singer Victoria Beckham.
Some people call her Posh Spice because she was a member of the Spice Girls.
The couple have three sons: Brooklyn Joseph Beckham (born 4 March 1999 in London), Romeo James Beckham (born 1 September 2002 in London), and Cruz David Beckham (born 20 February 2005 in Madrid, Spain), and a daughter Harper Beckham (born 2 July 2011).
She is also the youngest member of the Beckham family.
|1997||9||0
|2001||10||5
|2002||9||3
Total||115||17
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Manchester United F.C. players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
A sonata is a piece of music for one instrument or one instrument with another instrument accompanying.
The word comes from the Italian “sonare” which means “to sound”.
A composer could call any solo instrumental piece “sonata” if he or she wants to, but usually a sonata is quite a long piece with several movements.
A sonatina is a simple and short sonata.
In the Baroque period (17th and early 18th centuries) many composers like Arcangelo Corelli wrote sonatas with several movements.
There were two types: “sonata da camera” (“room sonata” i.e. “chamber sonata”) which were for playing in people’s homes, and “sonata da chiesa” (“church sonata”) which were for being played in churches.
The first type would have harpsichord accompaniment and the second type organ accompaniment.
There would also be a cello playing the bass line.
The solo instrument might be a violin, flute, recorder or oboe.
At the end of the Baroque period Domenico Scarlatti wrote over 500 sonatas for harpsichord.
These are all short pieces in binary form (two sections).
By the time we come to the Classical period sonatas have become longer pieces with three or four movements.
They would usually start with a fast movement, then a slow one, and then a fast one at the end.
If there were four movements the extra one would be a minuet and trio or a scherzo, either before or after the slow movement.
The first movement would be in sonata form.
The most important composers of sonatas at this time were Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven
piano sonata
Sonata form is a way of organizing a piece of music.
It has been used in several pieces since the Classical period (from the middle of the 18th century onwards).
Listening to  pieces of music in sonata form will help to understand it fully and it is helpful to know something about the different keys.
Sonata form is not just used in sonatas.
It can be the form for movements from symphonies, concertos, overtures etc.
In the Baroque period composers like Bach and Handel wrote pieces with dance movements such as minuets.
These were in “binary form”.
This meant that there were two sections.
The two sections were often the same length, and were separated by a double bar line which meant that each section was repeated.
The music would not be in the same key all the time.
The first section could modulate (change key) and then the second section would gradually modulate back again so that it sounded finished at the end.
Domenico Scarlatti wrote sonatas for harpsichord also in binary form, but long and with additional complexity.
The first section would start with a theme in the main key, and then modulate to another key for contrast.
The second section might be longer than the first second, starting off by modulating to remote keys before arriving back to repeat the main theme.
This kind of piece is the beginning of sonata form.
Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven developed the idea of sonata form.
A movement in sonata form has three sections called: “exposition”, “development” and “recapitulation”.
In the exposition we hear all the main material: the first tune- or group of tunes - in the main key, then a contrasting tune or tunes in a related key (normally the “dominant” i.e. the key on the 5th note of the scale of the main key, or the relative minor).
Or in the case of a first section in a minor key, one might frequently hear the second subject or subjects in the relative major.
In the development section the music is developed, going into several different keys.
The music here feels unstable.
There is a feeling of tension.
The listener wants to get back to the main key.
In the recapitulation the exposition is repeated, but it changes towards the end so that it finishes in the main key.
It feels as if the tension has gone and the listener feels happy.
This way of building a piece of music was used by almost every composer from the mid 18th century onwards – well into the 20th century.
It gives scope for a very dramatic piece.
Of course, composers sometime use it differently.
There is often a sense of development during the whole piece, not just during the so-called “development section”.
The first movement of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony spends all the time developing the famous idea heard at the beginning: the first four notes (short-short-short-long).
Even the other three movements carry on developing this idea.
The Lord of the Rings (1978 movie), an animated movie directed by Ralph Bakshi
The Return of the King (1980 movie)
The Lord of the Rings (movie series), a trilogy of movied directed by Peter Jackson
Music and theatre
The Lord of the Rings (musical) (2006-2007)
The Lord of the Rings (soundtrack), the soundtrack for the 1978 movie by Ralph Bakshi
A euphemism for the planet Saturn
An aria is a long song accompanying a solo voice.
An aria is usually in an opera.
It is an Italian word of the 18th century meaning “air” (i.e. a tune).
A small amount of text is used in an aria.
Characteristics include the use of melismas, repetition and sequences.
Typically there would be full accompaniment to the solo voice in the aria although this is not the case in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas where the majority of its arias are only accompanied by the continuo part.
In operas of the Baroque period most of the music was either “recitative” or “aria”.
Recitative (from a word meaning: “to recite” i.e. “to tell”) was sung quickly, almost as if it were being spoken.
The singer was accompanied just by a few supporting chords, usually on a harpsichord.
The story was being told in the recitative.
Once the situation in the story had changed there would be an aria.
The singer would sing a song which expressed his or her feelings.
The aria had more musical interest than the recitative.
Arias were usually in what we call “ABA” form or “Da Capo” form.
There was a main section, then a middle part, then the main section was repeated (“Da Capo” means: “back to the beginning”).
In the Da Capo section the singer usually improvised, adding many embellishments and ornaments.
The aria gave performers the opportunity to show off their virtuosity.
The word “aria” is not just used in opera.
Arias can be found in cantatas or just by themselves.
Sometimes pieces for instruments are called “aria”.
These are often a tune with variations, such as Handel's famous "Air with Variations" for harpsichord, also known as The Harmonious Blacksmith.
In the 19th century the difference between recitative and aria in opera started to disappear.
Composers like Richard Wagner made the music much more continuous.
He did not want audiences clapping in the middle of his operas.
He wanted the music to develop dramatically and continuously.
He has been a professional actor since he was nine years old.
Wood is best known for his role of Frodo Baggins in the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.
Back to the Future Part II (1989)
North (1994)
Oliver Twist (1997)
The Ice Storm (1997)
Deep Impact (1998)
The Faculty (1998)
All I Want (2003)
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)
Everything Is Illuminated (2005)
Green Street Hooligans (2005)
Sin City (2005)
Happy Feet (2006)
Day Zero (2007)
The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night (2007)
The Oxford Murders (2008)
The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon (2008)
9 (2009/I)
Beyond All Boundaries (2009)
The Romantics (2010)
Elijah Wood at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
Sir Ian Murray McKellen  (born 25 May 1939) is an English actor.
He has had a Tony Award and two Oscar nominations.
McKellen was born on 25 May 1939 in Burnley, Lancashire.
In 1939, he moved to Wigan.
In 1951, he moved to Bolton.
In a television movie role in 1970 titled Edward II, he and his co-star, James Laurenson kissed in British television's first gay kiss.
Best known for his roles as Gandalf in the 2001-2003 Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, as Sir Leigh Teabing in The Da Vinci Code, and as Magneto in the X-Men series of movies.
He is openly gay and is a prominent activist for the rights of LGBT people.
He said that the reason why he took the role in the X-Men movies was because of his sexuality.
He said: "Mutants are like gays.
They’re cast out by society for no good reason".
He was made a CBE in 1979 and knighted in 1990 for his outstanding work and contributions to the theatre.
In 2008 he was made a Companion of Honour.
McKellen once signed an autograph to a fan stating "Fuck off, I’m gay."
The person given the autograph was politician Michael Howard.
Apt Pupil (1998)
Gods and Monsters (1998)
X-Men (2000)
X2: X-Men United (2003)
Emile, (2005)
Asylum, (2005)
The Magic Roundabout, as Zebedee (2005) (movie known as "Dougal" in the United States)
Flushed Away, (2006)
The Da Vinci Code, (as Sir Leigh Teabing) (2006)
X-Men: The Last Stand (2006)
The Good Liar (2019)
Cats (2019)
The papers of Sir Ian McKellen, actor are held by the Victoria and Albert Museum Theatre and Performance Department.
Biography of Sir Ian McKellen, CH, CBE, Debrett's
Drama Desk Award winners
People from Bolton
Gandalf the Grey wanted Bilbo Baggins to let him go an adventure with him and the Company of Thorin Oakenshield to take back Erebor from Smaug.
Decades later, he would help Bilbo's nephew Frodo bring the One Ring back to the fires of Mount Doom.
In the Peter Jackson movie adaptations of both books, Gandalf was played by Ian McKellen.
In The Hobbit movies, which were written as a prequel to The Lord of the Rings movies, he figures out that the Necromancer happens to be Sauron.
Fictional characters with immortality
Viggo Peter Mortensen, Jr. (born October 20, 1958, in New York City) is an American theater and movie actor, poet, musician, photographer and painter.
He is best known for his role as Aragorn in Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.
Witness (1985)
G.I. Jane (1997)
Hidalgo (2004)
A History of Violence (2005)
Sean Astin (born February 25, 1971 in Santa Monica, California, U.S.) is an American movie actor.
Astin is also a director and Oscar nominated producer.
He is the son of Patty Duke and John Astin.
Astin married Christine Harrell on July 11, 1992.
They have three daughters, Alexandra (born November 27, 1996), Elizabeth (born August 6, 2002) and Isabella (born July 22, 2005), all with the same middle name of Louise.
The Goonies (1985)
Toy Soldiers (1991)
Sean Astin's official home page
Sir Ian Holm Cuthbert CBE (12 September 1931 – 19 June 2020), known professionally as Ian Holm was a  retired English actor.
Alien (1979)
References-
Sir Ian Holm (inoffiziell)
Luigi Boccherini (born in Lucca, 19 February 1743; died Madrid, 28 May 1805) is an Italian cellist and composer.
As a boy he showed great talent and was sent to Rome to study music.
When he returned to Lucca he entered the theatre orchestra and the town band.
He travelled a lot, visiting France, Spain, and Germany.
In Berlin he was offered the job of chamber composer to the King of Prussia.
He took the job, but had to promise only to work for the king, and no one else.
When the king died he found himself without a job, so he went back to Madrid.
There he found work at times, but a lot of the time he was very poor.
Boccherini is famous for his chamber music.
He wrote more than 100 quintets for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos.
He also wrote 4 cello concertos.
Boccherini is sometimes nicknamed "Haydn’s wife" because his music sounds similar to that of Haydn.
They may have known one another, but we cannot be sure.
Cellists
People from Lucca
George Frideric Handel (German (Deutsch) : Georg Friedrich Händel) (23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a German composer who went to live in England when he was a young man and later became a naturalised Briton.
Johann Sebastian Bach and Handel were born in the same year.
They were the greatest composers of their time, but they never met.
Handel changed his name to George Frideric Handel when he became British; he removed the dots above the "a" and changed the spelling of Georg and Friedrich.
The German spelling of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is still used by German writers.
Although they both lived in the late Baroque period, Bach and Handel’s music developed differently.
Handel wrote many operas and oratorios and by them became very famous.
He took many trips, including to Italy where he learned a lot about composition.
Bach never left central Germany, and most of the time he was a church musician who was not well known by the general public.
Handel wrote over 42 operas.
Later he wrote oratorios.
His most famous oratorio is the Messiah.
He wrote anthems, chamber music and orchestral music including the Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks.
Handel was born in Halle in the northeast of Germany, in today's Saxony-Anhalt.
His father was a barber and a surgeon.
He started playing the harpsichord and the organ when he was very young.
He was given a clavichord when he was seven and he used to practice it in the attic where his father could not hear him.
At the age of nine he was already composing.
He had a teacher called Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow who was the organist of the big church, the Marienkirche, in Halle.
He learned the organ, harpsichord and violin as well as composition, harmony.
Handel’s father did not want him to study music; he wanted him to be a lawyer.
Although Handel's father died in 1697, Handel enrolled at the University of Halle in 1703.
He studied law for a year because his father wanted him to do so.
After that year, Handel was unhappy studying law.
He decided to stop studying law and become a musician.
He became organist at the Protestant Cathedral in Halle.
The next year he moved to Hamburg where he got a job as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the opera-house.
Here his first two operas, Almira and Nero, were produced early in 1705.
Two other early operas, Daphne and Florindo, were produced at Hamburg in 1708.
Handel was becoming a good opera composer, but he wanted to learn more, so he went to Italy in 1707.
He spent four years there.
His opera Rodrigo was produced in Florence in 1707, and his Agrippina at Venice in 1709.
Agrippina was very popular and had 26 performances.
It made Handel famous.
He also had three oratorios produced in Rome.
He wrote sacred music (church music) and other pieces in an operatic style, e.g. Dixit Dominus (1707).
Move to England
In 1710 Handel became Kapellmeister (music director) to George, Elector of Hanover, who would soon be King George I of Great Britain.
The Elector agreed that Handel could have an immediate leave of 12 months so that he could go to London.
He visited London for eight months.
His opera Rinaldo was performed in 1711.
It was the first time an Italian opera had been performed in England.
Handel returned to Hanover in the summer of 1711 and spent a year writing chamber and orchestral music because there was no opera in Hanover.
He was also trying to learn English.
In 1712 the Elector allowed him to make another visit to England.
In England he had patrons (rich people who gave him money).
He had a yearly income of £200 from Queen Anne (while Bach earned as little as eighty pounds in a year).
He was having a lot of success, and so stayed in England instead of returning to his job in the Hanover Court.
In 1712 Queen Anne died and the Elector of Hanover became King of Great Britain.
Handel might have been in trouble for staying in Britain.
According to one story the King forgave Handel because he wrote some lovely music called Water Music which was performed on a boat on the Thames at a royal water party.
This story about the king forgiving Handel is probably not true.
George would have known that Queen Anne was about to die and he would become King of Great Britain and therefore Handel's master again.
In fact, the new king doubled Handel’s salary.