the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
August 15 – Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1048)
Gissur Ísleifsson, Bishop of Skálholt
Muircheartach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland
Domnall mac Muirchertaig ua Briain, King of Dublin
Rogan mac Domnaill meic Conchobair, King of Ui Failghe
William, Count of Évreux
William III, Count of Angoulême
Lithuise of Blois
Milo II, lord of Montlhéry
Hugh I, Count of Rethel
Gerberge I, Countess of Provence
Philip Halsten, King of Sweden
Maur, Bishop of Krakow
Basil the Physician, Bogomil leader
Arnulf of Chocques, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
Mehmed I of Great Seljuk, Seljuk sultan
Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid caliph
Arslan Shah, Ghaznavid emperor
William Warelwast becomes Bishop of Exeter.
Emperor Toba ascends the throne of Japan.
Chinese money printed in 3 colours to stymie counterfeiting.
Alexander I inherits the Scottish crown with the death of Edgar of Scotland.
The highly cultivated emperor of China, Emperor Huizong of Song, writes his Treatise on Tea.
June 12 — Emperor Gaozong of Song of China (d. 1187)
Henry II of Austria (d. 1177)
January 8 — King Edgar of Scotland (b. 1074)
August 9 — Emperor Horikawa of Japan (b. 1079)
Robert Fitzhamon, Lord of Gloucester
Kilij Arslan I, Sultan of Rüm
Roger Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk
Cheng Yi, Song Dynasty Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher (b. 1033)
Mi Fu, Chinese poet, painter, and calligrapher (born 1051)
The Domesday Book is completed in England.
Emperor Shirakawa of Japan starts his cloistered rule.
The Imam Ali Mosque is rebuilt by the Seljuk Malik Shah I after being destroyed by fire.
May 24 — Pope Victor III succeeds Pope Gregory VII as the 158th pope, though he does not accept election until May 9, 1087.
October 23 – Battle of az-Zallaqah: Alfonso VI of León and Castile is defeated by the Almoravids, who had been called into Spain by Abbad III of Sevilla.
May 21 — Richilde, Countess of Mons and Hainaut
May 21 — Wang Anshi, Chinese statesman, economist and poet (b. 1021)
July 17 — King Canute IV of Denmark (b. 1043)
September 25 — William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 1025)
Sima Guang, Chinese historian and statesman (b. 1019)
June 4 — Henry III becomes King of Germany.
The Abbey of Bec is founded.
Bretislav I of Bohemia invades Poland.
10 March — Eudes of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony
June 4 — Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, Prince of Gwynedd
Unsuri, Persian poet
1030 (MXXX) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used.
It was the thirtieth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.
July 29 — Battle of Stiklestad (Norway): Olav Haraldsson loses to the people he ruled and is killed in the fight.
The city of Kaunas in Lithuania is founded.
The city of Tartu in Estonia is founded.
Thalwil, Switzerland, is talked about for the first time
Henry I of France fights against his father Robert.
The Song Dynasty Chinese historian and scholar Ouyang Xiu earned his jinshi degree at the age of 22 by passing the highest level tests in the country.
Byzantine Emperor Romanus III attacks Syria.
Masud begins to rule the Ghaznavid Empire after the death of his father Mahmud.
July 26 — Stanislaus of Szczepanów, Saint Stanislaw (died 1079)
Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders (died 1070)
Roger I de Montgomery, Norman nobleman, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury (died 1093)
Vsevolod I of Kiev (died 1093)
April 30 — Mahmud of Ghazni
July 19 — Adalberon, bishop of Laon
July 29 — King Olaf II of Norway (born 995)
September 30 — William V, Duke of Aquitaine (born 969)
Events of 1448
January 5/ 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden dies with no designated heir, leaving all three kingdoms with vacant thrones.
Brothers Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna and Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna are selected to serve as co-regents of Sweden.
June 20 – The Regency period of Sweden ends with the election of Karl Knutsson Bonde as King Charles VIII of Sweden.
June 28 – Charles VIII of Sweden is publicly hailed as king at Mora Stones.
September 28 – Christian of Oldenburg, betrothed to Queen Dowager Dorothea of Brandenburg, becomes King Christian I of Denmark.
October 17 – Battle of Kosovo – Hungarian forces under John Hunyadi are defeated by the Turks due to the treachery of Prince Dan of Wallachia and George Brankovic of Serbia.
Queens' College, Cambridge founded by Margaret of Anjou.
Vatican Library founded by Pope Nicholas V.
Vlad III the Impaler becomes reigning Prince of Wallachia for two months before being deposed by Vladislav II.
After a long episode of drought, flood, locust infestation, and famine in Ming Dynasty China since the year 1434, these natural afflicitions finally wane and agriculture and commerce return to a state of normalcy.
November 4 – King Alphonso II of Naples (died 1495)
Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia (died 1478)
Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine (died 1473)
January 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (born 1418)
September 23 – Adolph I, Duke of Cleves (born 1373)
October 31 – John VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (born 1390)
date unknown – Zhu Quan, Prince of Ning, Chinese general (born 1391)
Events of 1449
January 6 – Constantine XI is crowned Byzantine Emperor, at Mistra.
He was the last in a line of rulers that can be traced to the founding of Rome.
April 7 – The last Antipope, Felix V abdicates.
April 19 – Pope Nicholas V elected by the Council of Basel
April 25 – The Council of Basel dissolves itself.
August 13 – Brandenburg Margrave Albrecht Achilles takes the Lichtenau fortress from Nuremberg in the First Margrave War.
September 8 – Battle of Tumu Fortress – the Oirat Mongols defeat the  Ming Dynasty army and capture the Zhengtong Emperor of China; the latter is officially deposed while his brother ascends as the Jingtai Emperor the next year in 1450.
October 29 – French recapture Rouen from the English
January 1 – Lorenzo de' Medici, Italian statesman (died 1492)
October 21 – George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (died 1478)
date unknown – Domenico Ghirlandaio, Italian artist (died 1494)
probable – Ilham Ghali khan of Kazan Khanate, (died 1490)
May 20 – Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra (born 1392)
October 27 – Ulugh Beg, Timurid ruler and astronomer (born 1394)
Anne Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick (born 1443)
Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross, Lord of the Isles
Burma's Pagan empire begins to disintegrate after being defeated by Kublai Khan at the Battle of Ngasaunggyan, at Yunnan near the Chinese border.
Some 50,000 leaders and citizens of the Southern Song Dynasty of China become the first recorded inhabitants of Macau, as they seek refuge from the invading Mongol Empire.
They also stayed for a short period in Kowloon.
Some hundred years later the place where they stayed became Sung Wong Toi.
Mamluk sultan Baibars invades Anatolia and captures the emirates which once composed the Sultanate of Rüm.
Llywelyn ap Gruffyd is subdued by King Edward I of England in the First Welsh War.
St George's cross is first used as the flag of England.
The philosophical doctrine Averroism is banned from Paris at a condemnation at the University of Paris.
In Japan, a 20 kilometer stone wall defending the coast of Hakata Bay in Fukuoka is completed; it is built in response to the attempted invasion by the Mongol Empire in 1274.
November 25 – Pope Nicholas III succeeds Pope John XXI as the 188th pope.
Third Mongol Golden Horde raid against Lithuania.
Sempad of Armenia (died c. 1310)
Isabella of Mar, first wife of Robert Bruce (approximate date; died 1296)
May 1 – Stefan Uros I of Serbia
May 20 – Pope John XXI (born 1215)
July 1 – Baibars, Mameluk sultan of Egypt (born 1223)
October 27 – Walter de Merton, Lord Chancellor of England and founder of Merton College, Oxford
Folke Johansson Ängel, Archbishop of Uppsala
April 22 – The first of the Statutes of Westminster are passed by the English parliament, establishing a series of laws in its 51 clauses, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of bailable and non-bailable offenses.
Eleanor de Montfort is captured by pirates in the employ of Edward I of England to prevent her marriage to Llywelyn the Last, prince of Wales; she is used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.
Scottish forces defeat the Manx of the Isle of Man in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.
Culture, religion, and science
Jean de Meun completes the French allegorical work of fiction, Roman de la Rose, with a second section; the first section was written by Guillaume de Lorris in 1230.
The verge escapement, a simple type of escapement used in clocks, is invented (exact year unknown).
Ramon Llull establishes a school in Majorca to teach Arabic to preachers in an attempt to aid proselytizing to Moors.
He also discovers diethyl ether.
The first main survey of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is finished; it began in 1274.
March – the 200,000 multiethnic troops of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty, headed by the Turkish commander Bayan, face a Chinese Song Dynasty army of 130,000 led by the Song Chancellor Jia Sidao.
The result is a decisive victory for the Yuan Dynasty, and soon after the much-vilified Jia Sidao is stripped of rank and title, and killed by one of his own guards as he is sent to exile in Fujian by the Song court.
Invading Mongol forces capture the Chinese city of Suzhou.
Marco Polo purportedly visits Xanadu, Kublai Khan's summer capital of the Mongol Empire.
The city of Kunming is made capital of the Yunnan province of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
Nestorian monk Rabban Bar Sauma begin his pilgrimage from China towards Jerusalem
Chinese astronomers observe a total eclipse of the Sun in China on March 4.
The era of the tosafot, Medieval commentators on the Talmud, ends (began 1100).
The population of Bushmen in Basutoland (modern-day Lesotho) is estimated at 125,000.
The Japanese era Bun'ei ends, and the Kenji era begins.
September 27 – John II, Duke of Brabant (died 1312)
William of Alnwick, Franciscan theologian (approximate date; died 1333)
Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Lord Badlesmere (died 1322)
Walter V of Brienne, Duke of Athens (approximate date; died 1311)
Edward Bruce, Scottish nobleman (approximate date; died 1318)
Dnyaneshwar, Hindu saint and poet (died 1296)
Gediminas, Duke of Lithuania (approximate date; died 1341)
Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor (approximate date; died 1313)
Mondino de Liuzzi, Italian physician and anatomist (died 1326)
John Menteith, Scottish nobleman (approximate date; died 1323)
Giovanni Villani, Florentine writer (approximate date; died 1348)
Giovanni d'Andrea, Italian jurist
April 13 – Eleanor of England (born 1215)
September 24 – Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, Constable of England (born 1208)
Bohemund VI of Antioch (born 1237)
Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile, Crown Prince of Castile
June 19 – King Louis IX of France orders all Jews found in public without an identifying yellow badge to be fined ten livres of silver.
Pélerin de Maricourt first describes magnetic poles and remarks on the nonexistence of isolated magnetic poles.
King Otakar II of Bohemia inherits Carinthia and part of Carniola, making him the most powerful prince within the Holy Roman Empire; the empire lacking an emperor during the ongoing great interregnum, Otakar II was one of the most powerful men in Europe.
The construction of Blair Castle in Scotland is begun by John Comyn.
The Almohad dynasty of caliphs (not universally accepted) that once ruled most of North Africa and Al-Andalus (Moorish Spain) is extinguished when Idris II is murdered in the dynasty's last remaining possession, Marrakesh.
The Berber Marinid completes the conquest of Morocco, replacing the Almohad dynasty which it defeated in Marrakesh.
The Eastern Orthodox Patriarchy of Antioch returns to Antioch after a 171-year exile, during which it had been replaced by the Latin Patriarch of Antioch.
Philip of Artois
Huang Gongwang, Chinese painter (died 1354)
Vedantadesika, Hindu poet and philosopher
John de Balliol, father of John Balliol, King of Scotland
Svarn, King of Galicia
February 26 – In the Battle of Benevento, an army led by Charles, Count of Anjou, defeats a combined German and Sicilian force led by King Manfred of Sicily.
Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as king of Sicily and Naples.
July – Mary de Ferrers ordered to surrender land and Liverpool Castle to Edmund, second son of Henry III.
October – In England, the Second Barons' War winds down as supporters of the slain rebel leader Simon de Montfort make an offer of peace to the king in the Dictum of Kenilworth; after slight modifications to the peace settlement, it is agreed to the following year.
The war between Scotland and Norway ends as King Alexander III of Scotland and King Magnus VI of Norway agree to the Treaty of Perth, which cedes the Western Isles and Isle of Man to Scotland in exchange for a large monetary payment.
In France, the gold écu and silver grosh coins are minted for the first time.
Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, brother and uncle of Marco Polo reach Kublai Khan's capital Khanbaliq (now Beijing) in China, setting the stage for Marco's famous expedition starting five years later.
Kublai Khan sends the Polos back with a message requesting the pope dispatch western scholars to teach in the Mongol Empire; however, this request is largely ignored.
The Mamluk sultan Baibars expands his domain, capturing the city of Byblos (in present-day Lebanon) and the important castle of Toron from crusader states, and defeating the Armenians at Cilicia.
Hethum II of Armenia (died 1307)
Beatrice Portinari, Dante Alighieri's beloved and guide through Heaven in The Divine Comedy (died 1290)
February 26 – King Manfred of Sicily
October 21 – Birger jarl, Swedish regent and founder of Stockholm (born about 1210)
Berke, khan of the Golden Horde
Hugh Bigod, Justiciar of England
Ariq Boke, regent of the Mongol Empire
Eudes of Burgundy, Count of Nevers (born 1230)
John of Ibelin, jurist of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (born 1215)
Duke Świętopełk II of Pomerania
Marie de Saint-Clair, grand master of the Priory of Sion
May 7 — Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar
All Paraves discovered so far have been coelurosaurs.
It is probable that all coelurosaurs were feathered.
Some diagnostic characteristics of coelurosaurs include elongated arms and well-developed hinge-like ankles (possible rotation of the ankle is reduced, which is helpful during locomotion).
These features may be lost or modified by later coelurosaurs (birds, for example).
Fossil history
A few fossil traces of the Coelurosauria date back as far as the Upper Triassic.
A possible, but not confirmed, example would be the archosaur Protoavis.
What has been found between then and the start of the late Jurassic is fragmentary.
Many nearly complete fossil coelurosaurians are known from the late Jurassic.
Archaeopteryx is known from Solnhofen limestone at 155-150 million years ago (mya).
Ornitholestes, the troodontid WDC DML 110, Coelurus fragilis and Tanycolagreus topwilsoni are all known from the Morrison Formation in Wyoming at about 150 mya.
Epidendrosaurus and Pedopenna are known from the Daohugou Beds in China, whose age is still being debated, but may be about 160 Ma or 145 mya.
In the early Cretaceous, a superb range of coelurosaurian fossils (including avians) are known from the Yixian Formation in Liaoning.
All known theropod dinosaurs from the Yixian Formation are coelurosaurs.
Many of the coelurosaurian lineages survived to the end of the Cretaceous period (about 65 Ma) and fossils of some lineages, such as the Tyrannosauroidea, are best known from the late Cretaceous.
Most coelurosaur groups became extinct in the K/T extinction event.
Only the Neornithes (modern birds) survived, and continued to diversify into the numerous forms found today.
There is consensus among paleontologists that birds are the descendants of coelurosaurs.
Birds are classified by most paleontologists as belonging to the subgroup Maniraptora.
Many paleontologists believe birds evolved from them some 150 or so million years ago.
Hence, according to phylogenetic taxonomy, birds are by definition maniraptors, and the other maniraptors are their closest relatives.
It is now known, from the Jehol biota, that many or all of this clade had feathers.
They are often called dinobirds.
The most primitive (basal) member of the group may be Ornitholestes, and the most advanced (derived) of the non-bird maniraptors is Velociraptor and Deinonychus.
IEEE 802.1 is the name for a number of high-level protocols  for computer networks.
In this context, IEEE 802.1X helps secure such a network.
It defines methods to authenticate devices and to authorise the access to certain resources.
A dedicated server checks information received from a "supplicant".
Depending on the result of the check, access to the given resource is granted or denied.
IEEE page on 802.1X
IEEE standard can be retrieved at no charge through the GetIEEE802 program:
Using 802.1x port authentication to control who can connect to your network
Configure RADIUS for secure 802.1x wireless LAN
How to self-sign a RADIUS server for secure 802.1x PEAP or EAP-TTLS authentication
Configuring  FreeRADIUS for 802.1x
WIRE1x
Deployment of IEEE 802.1X for Wired Networks Using Microsoft Windows
Steve Riley's article on the 802.1x vulnerabilities
Tagged Image File Format (also known as TIFF) is a container format for storing images, including photographs and line art.
It is now under the control of Adobe.
Originally created by the company Aldus for use with what was then called "desktop publishing," TIFF is a popular format for color and black and white images.
The TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition and other applications.
Adobe Systems, which acquired Aldus, now holds the copyright to the TIFF specification.
TIFF has not had a major update since 1992, though several Aldus/Adobe technical notes have been published with minor extensions to the format, and several specifications, including TIFF/EP, have been based on the TIFF 6.0 specification.
Adobe TIFF Resources page : Adobe links to the specification and main TIFF resources
LibTIFF Home Page : Widely used library used for reading and writing TIFF files as well as TIFF file processing command line tools
TIFF File Format FAQ and TIFF Tag Reference: Everything you always wanted to know about the TIFF File Format but were afraid to ask
The BigTIFF File Format Proposal: Breaking the 4 gigabyte boundary
TIFF description at Digital Preservation (The Library of Congress)
TIFF Revision 4.0: Specification for revision 4.0, in HTML (warning: for historical purposes only, the TIFF 6.0 spec contains the full 4.0 revision)
TIFF Revision 5.0: Specification for revision 5.0, in HTML (warning: for historical purposes only, the TIFF 6.0 spec contains the full 5.0 revision)
TIFF Revision 6.0 : Specification for revision 6.0, in PDF (warning: there is an outdated and flawed section (jpeg compression), corrected in supplements, and there are additions to this PDF too – for the full specification, see link to Adobe TIFF Resources)
TIFF Central  More TIFF links and information.
The ounce (abbreviated: oz, the old Italian word onza, now spelled oncia) is a unit of mass or of weight in a number of different systems, including various systems of mass that form part of the imperial and United States customary systems.
Its size can vary from system to system.
The most commonly used ounces used today are the international avoirdupois ounce of about 28.35 grams, and the international troy ounce of about 31.1 grams.
Dictionary of Units: Ounce
Camino was a free, open source web browser, that was designed for the Mac OS X operating system.
It was developed by the Camino Project, a community organization.
It was based on Mozilla's Gecko rendering engine.
Pixels per inch (PPI) or pixel density is a measurement of the resolution of a computer display, related to the size of the display in inches and the total number of pixels in the horizontal and vertical directions.
This measurement is often referred to as dots per inch, though that measurement more accurately refers to the resolution of a computer printer.
PPI may also be used to describe the resolution of an image scanner or digital camera; in this context, it is synonymous with samples per inch.
All About Photo Printing - The Differences between DPI and PPI
cs:PPI
Armenia, via its country code
Armenian language, via its language code
ARM architecture for computers
Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. which can be downloaded free of charge.
It also comes with a Mac computer.
It is based on the WebKit engine, which is a fork of KDE's KHTML engine.
Apple Inc. replaced the previous default web browser, Internet Explorer, with their Safari many years ago.
Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple, said that it would be released in Jan 2003.
Since then, 15 types of Safari have been made.
The newest one was made in Sep 2021 for iOS, iPadOS, and macOS.
Safari has several features.
Some are specific to certain operating systems or platforms.
Email webpage (macOS only)
Save webpage
Topsites (pages most visited)
Support for HTML5
Development features
Opening webpage with another browser
Error console
Disable CSS
mr:ॲपल सफारी#मोबाइल
Netscape Navigator (or just Netscape) was a closed source web browser between 1994 to 1998.
In 1999, they made it open source.
It was first released in 1994.
It was very popular during the 1990s.
In 1998, Internet Explorer gained more market share, due to Microsoft bundling Internet Explorer with Windows 98.
Netscape Communications Navigator Version 0.9B (Mosaic Netscape Navigator 0.9b) got released in June 13, 1994-present (at dejavu.org/1994win.htm).
browser.netscape.com
dejavu.org
This is a list of Treehouse of Horror episodes from the animated television series The Simpsons.
Treehouse of Horror episodes have aired every year since the second season (1990).
Each episode has three separate segments.
These segments usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting.
They always take place outside the normal continuity of the show and are therefore considered to be non-canon.
The first "Treehouse of Horror" episode aired on October 25, 1990 and was inspired by EC Comics Horror tales.
Before "Treehouse of Horror XI", which aired in 2000, every episode was aired in the week preceding or on October 31; "Treehouse of Horror II" and "Treehouse of Horror X" are the only episodes to air on Halloween.
However, due to Fox's current contract with Major League Baseball's World Series, every episode since has aired in November, with the exception of "Treehouse of Horror XX", which aired on October 18, 2009.
From "Treehouse of Horror" to "Treehouse of Horror XIII", all three segments were written by different writers.
In some cases there was a fourth writer that wrote the opening and wraparound segments.
For "Treehouse of Horror", there were even three different directors for the episode.
However, starting with season fifteen's "Treehouse of Horror XIV", only one writer was credited as having written a Treehouse of Horror episode, and the trend has continued since.
As of 2019 there are 30 Treehouse of Horror episodes, with one airing every year.
They are known for being more violent than an average Simpsons episode and contain several different trademarks, including the alien characters Kang and Kodos who have appeared in every episode.
Quite often the segments will parody well-known films, books, radio shows, and television shows.
The Twilight Zone has been parodied quite often and has been the inspiration for many segments.
The 31st season made a Thanksgiving themed episode named "Thanksgiving of Horror".
In the # column:
The first number refers to the order it aired during the entire series.
The second number refers to the episode number within its season: for example, 706 would be the sixth episode of the seventh season.
The production code refers to the code assigned to the episode by the production team.
The first two characters refer to the season the episode was made for.
The second season is 7Fxx, the third is 8Fxx and the fourth is 9Fxx.
After that, the fifth season started with 1F and continued in order until season nine (which was 5F).
Starting with season ten, the production codes started with AABF, with the first letter changing for each season (i.e. BABF, CABF, etc.)
The number at the end of the code is the order in which that episode was produced during that production run.
Official episode guide at the Fox website TheSimpsons.com.
Retrieved on November 10, 2007
Treehouse of Horror I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII
Episode guide from Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood's book "I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide" on the BBC website.
November 10, 2007
Treehouse of Horror I, II , III, IV , V, VI , VII , VIII , IX
Lists of animated television series episodes
English literature began in Old English with the epic poem Beowulf, which dates from sometime between the 8th to the 11th centuries.
It is not written in language people can understand today, but there are several good translations into modern English.
It is the most famous work in Old English, despite being set in Scandinavia.
The poem is written with no rhymes but with alliteration.
The next important landmark is the works of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–1400), especially The Canterbury Tales.
That is in Middle English 1066 to the middle/late 1400s.
Chaucer introduced into English poetry rhyme royal that is a seven-line stanza rhymed ababbcc.
Modern English literature began in 16th century.
Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey wrote first English sonnets.
The last-mentioned invented also blank verse.
Edmund Spenser wrote The Faerie Queene, a long epic poem while Philip Sidney wrote a sequence of sonnets Astrophel and Stella.
William Shakespeare is the author of the most famous sentence written in English: To be, or not to be, that is the question:.
It is the first line of prince Hamlet's monologue from drama The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark that was published in 1603.
King James Version of Bible was published in 1611.
John Bunyan wrote The Pilgrim's Progress which is one of the most popular books ever published.
T.S. Eliot was perhaps the most important poet in 20th century who wrote in English.
His best known work is the poem The Waste Land that was published in 1922.
Another book by him was The Four Ouarters.
The poet himself regarded it as his best work.
Not all English literature was written by writers born in England.
Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Hilaire Belloc was French, Emma Lazarus was Jewish, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V. S. Naipaul is Trinidadian, and Vladimir Nabokov was Russian.
The greatest Portuguese poet of 20th century, Fernando Pessoa wrote some poems in English, too.
In other words, English literature includes all the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world.
English is a language known by many million people.
They can read literary works from any country in English translation.
Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, Introduction to the History of English Literature (1863).
A Website of the Romantic Movement in English Literature
Luminarium: Anthology of Middle English Literature (1350-1485)
Luminarium: 16th Century Renaissance English Literature (1485-1603)
Luminarium: Seventeenth Century English Literature (1603-1660)
BritishLit.com
A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology Ed.
José Ángel García Landa, (University of Zaragoza, Spain)
Groves of Academe A literary theory and criticism discussion board
Georges Auguste Escoffier (28 October 1846 – 12 February 1935) was a French chef, restaurateur and writer who updated traditional French cooking methods and made them more popular.
He was important in the development of modern French cuisine.
A lot of Escoffier's ideas and ways of working were based on Antoine Carême's.
Careme wrote about French Haute cuisine.
Escoffier simplified and modernised Carême's complicated recipes and style.
He organised his kitchens into sections run by chefs de partie.
He also carried on Careme's habit of service à la russe (serving each dish in the order printed on the menu) instead of service à la française (serving all dishes at once).
He was born in the village of Villeneuve-Loubet, near Nice.
At thirteen he became an apprentice at his uncle's restaurant, Le Restaurant Français, in Nice.
In 1865 he moved to Le Petit Moulin Rouge restaurant in Paris.
He stayed there until the start of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, when he became an army chef.
His army experience led him to study the ways of canning food.
Some time before 1878 he opened his own restaurant, Le Faisan d'Or (The Golden Pheasant) in Cannes.
In 1880 he married Delphine Daffis.
In 1884 the couple moved to Monte Carlo, where Escoffier took control of the kitchen at the Grand Hotel.
César Ritz and the London Savoy
During the summers he ran the kitchen of the Hotel National in Lucerne, where he met César Ritz.
At that time the French Riviera was a winter resort.
The two men formed a partnership and in 1890 moved to the Savoy Hotel in London.
From the Savoy they started a number of famous hotels, including the Grand Hotel in Rome, and many Ritz Hotels around the world.
At the London Savoy, Escoffier created many famous dishes.
For example, in 1893 he invented the Pêche Melba (Peach Melba) in honour of the Australian singer Dame Nellie Melba.
Another of his creations was Tournedos Rossini, in honour of the Italian composer Gioacchino Rossini.
He left the Savoy Hotel after taking money from food suppliers.
Ritz and Carlton
In 1898 Escoffier and Ritz opened the Hôtel Ritz in Paris.
The Carlton in London followed in 1899, where Escoffier first introduced the practice of the à la carte menu.
Ritz had a nervous breakdown in 1901, leaving Escoffier to run the Carlton until 1919, shortly after Ritz's death.
For a time one of his pupils was Ho Chi Minh who was training as a pastry chef.
In 1903 Escoffier published his first major book, Le Guide Culinaire.
This "Guide to Cooking" had 5,000 recipes.
Even today it is used as both a cookbook and textbook for classic cooking.
In 1904 and 1912 Escoffier was hired to plan the kitchens for ships belonging to the steam-ship company Hamburg-Amerika Lines.
On the second voyage, Kaiser William II congratulated Escoffier, telling him "I am the Emperor of Germany, but you are the Emperor of chefs."
Legion d'honneur
Le Traité sur L'art de Travailler les Fleurs en Cire (Treatise on the Art of Working with Wax Flowers) (1886)
Le Guide Culinaire (The complete guide to the art of modern cookery) (1903)
Les Fleurs en Cire (new edition, 1910)
Le Carnet d'Epicure (A gourmet's notebook) (1911)
Le Livre des Menus (Recipe book) (1912)
L'Aide-memoire Culinaire (1919)
Le Riz (Rice) (1927)
La Morue (Cod) (1929)
Ma Cuisine (1934)
2000 French Recipes (1965, Translated to English by Marion Howells)
Memories of my life (1996, from his own life souvenirs published by his grandson in 1985 and translated into English by L. Escoffier, his great granddaughter in-law),
Les Tresors Culinaires de la France (2002, collected by L. Escoffier from the original Carnet d'Epicure)
Chastonay, Adalbert.
Cesar Ritz: Life and Work (1997)
Escoffier, Georges-Auguste.
Memories of My Life (1997)
Shaw, Timothy.
The World of Escoffier. (
Fondation Auguste Escoffier  (French and English)
Escoffier Society
Escoffier Biography from the World Culinary Institute
The Escoffier Room at the Culinary Institute of America
Culinary History- Auguste Escoffier at the Chef's Toque Culinaire
It is probably not a fully solid body, since its density is too low for a solid silicate object and much lower than Eunomia or Juno.
Its orbit is less eccentric and inclined than those of its bigger cousins - being indeed the most circular of any asteroid found up to that point - and as a consequence it never becomes as bright as Iris or Hebe, especially as it is much farther from the Sun than those asteroids.
It can reach magnitudes of around +8.6 at a favorable opposition, but more usually is around the binocular limit of +9.5.
Amphitrite was found by Albert Marth on March 1, 1854.
It was the only asteroid he found.
It is named after Amphitrite, a sea goddess in Greek mythology.
31 Euphrosyne is one of the biggest main belt asteroids, found by James Ferguson on September 1, 1854.
It was the first asteroid found from North America.
It is named after Euphrosyne, one of the Charites in Greek mythology.
It is the eighth biggest main belt asteroid and contains around 1% of the mass of the entire asteroid belt, but is a very dark body near the belt's farther edge.
Because of that, Euphrosyne is never visible with binoculars, having a maximum magnitude at the best possible opposition of around +10.2, which is actually fainter than any of the thirty asteroids previously found.
It has not been studied a lot despite being one of the biggest asteroids.
It is a normal C-type asteroid with a primitive surface.
Its orbit, however, is quite unusual.
It's orbit is similar to that of 2 Pallas in its high inclination and eccentricity.
Whereas Pallas and Eris - the only bigger bodies with comparably tilted orbits - have nodes near perihelion and aphelion, Euphrosyne's perihelion lies at the northernmost point of its orbit.
During a rare perihelic opposition Euphrosyne is very high in the sky from northern latitudes, but invisible from such countries as New Zealand and Chile.
Its apparently low density suggests that, unlike 10 Hygiea, 704 Interamnia and 52 Europa, Euphrosyne is a loosely-packed rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken apart by a collision with all the pieces pulled together by gravity).
Its rotation period is very common for big asteroids, but nothing is known of its axial tilt.
Orbital simulation
Chemistry is a Japanese band.
This group is made up of two members: Douchin and Kawabata.
They were the winners of the Asayan audition (similar to the American Idol series) in 2000 organized by Sony Music Entertainment Japan.
It was formed in 2001.
The first single is "PIECES OF A DREAM".
Yoshiyuki Dochin (1978.11.17)
Kaname Kawabata (1979.1.28)
2002-04-10 R.A.W. ~Respect and Wisdom- Chemistry Acoustic Live (in DVD and VHS)
2003-02-14 Chemistry the Videos: 2001-2002 ~What You See is What You Get~ (in DVD and VHS)
2003-09-10 Two as We Stand ~Live and Documentary 2002-2003~ (in DVD and VHS)
2005-01-26 Chemistry in Suntory Hall ~Hibiki~ (in DVD and Universal Media Disc|UMD)
2006-08-09 Chemistry the Videos: 2003-2006 ~We Sing, Therefore We Are~ (in DVD and VHS)
2006-11-22 Chemistry 2006 Tour Fo(u)r (Blu-ray Disc)
Chemistry website on Sony Music Online Japan
Chemistry Official Website
Chemistry Club
Kaname Kawabata Official Website
Yoshikuni Dohchin Official Website
MISIA (born July 7, 1978 in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Kyūshū, Japan) is a Japanese singer who is most popular in Japan.
One of her most famous songs is called "Everything".
She served as an honorary ambassador on the 10th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP10) and the TICAD V (5th Conference on African Development) .
Rhythmedia Misia Web Official site (in Japanese)
Rhythmedia  Official site (in Japanese)
Rhythmedia Tribe  Label Site (in Japanese)
Wiki.theppn page on Misia
Pikaia gracilens is regarded as the earliest known primitive chordate from the Middle Cambrian fossil found near Mount Pika in the Burgess Shale of British Columbia.
It was discovered by Charles Walcott in 1911.
Walcott classified it as a Polychaete worm.
It was about 40 mm in length and swam above the sea-floor.
Pikaia may have filtered particles from the water as it swam along.
Only 60 specimens have been found to date.
Opabinia is a fossil animal found in Cambrian fossil deposits.
Its sole species, Opabinia regalis, is known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia.
The discoverer of Opabinia, Charles Doolittle Walcott, named it after a local mountain, Opabin Peak in the Canadian Rockies.
Thirty specimens of Opabinia are known and each ranges in size from 40 to 70 mm.
The most intriguing feature of Opabinia are its five eyes found on the dorsal surface of the head.
These eyes were used to search for food.
Because of its flexible body it is not known whether Opabinia was pelagic or benthic.
Bergström, J. (1986).
Opabinia and Anomalocaris, unique Cambrian arthropods.
Lethaia 19, 241–246.
Bergström, J. (1987).
The Cambrian Opabinia and Anomalocaris.
Lethaia 20, 187–188.
Briggs, D. E. G. & Whittington, H. B. (1987).
The affinities of the Cambrian animals Anomalocaris and Opabinia.
Lethaia 20, 185–186.
Budd, G. E. (1996).
The morphology of Opabinia regalis and the reconstruction of the arthropod stem-group.
Lethaia 29, 1–14.
Whittington, H. B. (1975).
The enigmatic animal Opabinia regalis, Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 271, 1–43.
Zhang, X. & Briggs, D. E. G. (2007).
The nature and significance of the appendages of Opabinia from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale.
Lethaia 40, 161–173.
Wiwaxia somewhat resembles a very small porcupine (about 30 mm in diameter) with its quills pulled out.
The body is covered by both spines and scales.
The spines are believed to have been used for defence purposes.
Wiwaxia probably grazed or scavenged by walking or crawling along the sediment.
One hundred and forty specimens are known from the Burgess Shale.
Similar scales and spines have turned up in similarly aged sediments from elsewhere around the world suggesting that Wiwaxia was widespread during the Cambrian.
The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Palaeozoic era and the Phanerozoic eon.
It lasted from 541 million years ago to 485.4 million years ago.
Before it came the Ediacaran, and after it the Ordovician.
Biologists have learnt quite a lot about the soft parts of Cambrian animals.
This is because places have been found where soft parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells.
This means our understanding of the Cambrian biota is better than that of some later periods.
Life on Earth changed greatly during the Cambrian period.
Before the Cambrian, life was mostly small and simple.
Complex organisms (metazoa) evolved during the Proterozoic era.
But during the Cambrian period, some organisms used carbonate minerals for shells, so they had hard parts which could become fossils.
There were many different kinds of life during the Cambrian period.
This increase in the diversity of lifeforms was relatively rapid, and is called the Cambrian explosion.
This adaptive radiation produced the first members of the main groups of animals, called phyla.
Almost all of this new life was in the oceans.
There was little life on land except a layer of microbes.
There were shallow seas near several continents, because a supercontinent called Pannotia had broken into smaller pieces.
The seas were warm, and there was no ice at the North and South Pole.
Many animals with hard shells appeared for the first time during the beginning of the Cambrian.
Change in the sea floor
At the start of the Cambrian, the earlier animals (the Ediacaran biota) may have become extinct.
It seems these older life forms were affected by new types which burrowed into the sea floor.
This changed the conditions of life for the older types.
The burrowing must have disturbed the mat of bacteria and algae which covered the sea-floor.
About this time we find the first examples of many phyla.
There are also some fossil traces on what was land at the time, so perhaps a few Cambrian organisms did leave the water.
Fossils from the Cambrian period sometimes show what the soft parts were like, unlike most fossils where the soft parts disappear.
Fossils from the Burgess Shale in Ontario, Canada are examples of fossils with soft parts.
Here are some life forms that first appeared in the Cambrian period, with the oldest ones first:
First Cnidaria, and probable annelids, about 580 million years ago, in the Ediacaran period.
Small shelly fossils (SSF), including first molluscs and brachiopods, about 537 million years ago.
First trilobites, about 526 million years ago.
First echinoderms, about 522 million years ago.
First crustaceans, about 510 million years ago.
It is not always clear which phylum a fossil should be put into.
So there are some fossils which are still being discussed, years after they were discovered.
A conjecture is an idea in mathematics that appears likely to be true but that has not been proven to be true.
Famous conjectures
Until recently, one of the most famous conjectures was Fermat's Last Theorem.
The name was incorrect, because although Fermat said he had a proof for it, none could be found in his notes.
In 1992, British mathematician Andrew Wiles found a proof for it, making it a theorem and not a conjecture.
There are no odd perfect numbers
The twin prime conjecture
The Collatz conjecture
The Riemann hypothesis
The Poincaré conjecture (proven by Grigori Perelman)
Undecidable conjectures
Not every conjecture can be proven true or false.
The continuum hypothesis, which describes the size of certain infinite sets, is an example.
It was shown to be independent of the generally accepted axioms of set theory, which means that it cannot be proven true or false using those axioms.
It is therefore possible to take this statement, or its negation, as a new axiom in a consistent manner (much as we can take Euclid's parallel postulate as either true or false).
In this case, if a proof uses this statement, researchers will often look for a new proof that does not require the hypothesis The one major exception to this in practice is the axiom of choice -- unless studying this axiom in particular, the majority of researchers do not usually worry whether a result requires the axiom of choice.
The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is a passenger aircraft made by Boeing.
Its first flight took place on 15 December 2009.
It was planned to be released earlier, but the first passenger flight of the airplane was in October 2011.
Because of this some airlines will get their aircraft nearly 30 months late.
The aircraft has had some problems.
It is being reviewed by the FAA and the Japanese aviation agency.
On January 16, 2013, the FAA said that no 787s were allowed to fly in the U.S.  The EASA, Japanese Transport Ministry, India's Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), and Chile's Dirección General de Aeronautica Civil (DGAC) also said that the 787 was not allowed to fly in their country.
In the late 1990s Boeing wanted to make a plane called the Sonic Cruiser, which would go very fast.
According to Boeing, the 787 consumes 20% less fuel than the similarly-sized 767.
But after the September 11, 2001 attacks fuel prices went up, so airlines wanted more efficient planes rather than faster ones.
Boeing cancelled the Sonic Cruiser and replaced it in January 2003 with the "7E7," which was the code name for the 787 at the time.
In July 2003, Boeing decided to call the new plane the "Dreamliner."
On April 26, 2004, Japanese airline All Nippon Airways became the launch customer for the 7E7, and they expected to have the plane delivered in 2008.
In 2005 it was renamed the 787.
The 787 was designed to be much more efficient.
It did this by using composite to build most of the plane instead of aluminum, which made the plane lighter.
It also used two new engine types, the General Electric GEnx and the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000.
According to Boeing this made the 787 20% more efficient than the 767.
In December 2006 Boeing said that the 787 was heavier than they expected, so the plane was delayed.
Also, Boeing had tried to shorten the time to make the plane by asking parts suppliers to assemble parts of the plane.
These parts manufacturers were not used to the extra work though, and this delayed the 787 even more.
Boeing started to test the 787 on the ground.
They found more problems and the plane was delayed even more.
Finally on December 15, 2009 the 787 went on its first flight.
Boeing began testing the plane in the air.
There were more problems, like a failure of one of the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engines, and an in flight fire, which delayed the plane even more.
Some airlines wanted to be paid back for all the delays.
Finally in July 2011, Boeing delivered their first 787 to ANA.
One of the most interesting features of the 787 is the sawtooth pattern at the back of the engine.
According to Boeing this makes the plane quieter for people on the plane and on the ground.
The engines also have sound absorbing material at the front of the engine to make the plane even quieter.
The inside of the 787 is the most noticeable feature.
The windows are much bigger on the 787 than on other planes because the plane is made mostly of composite, which is stronger than the aluminum which is used on most other planes.
Also, the windows of the plane don't use slide-down shades like most planes.
Instead they have buttons which can make the window darker or lighter.
The inside of the plane also uses LED lighting.
This lets the plane change the colors of the lights inside.
The fact that the plane is made of composites instead of aluminum makes the passengers more comfortable.
Most passenger planes fly so high that they need to pump air into the cabin so the passengers can breathe.
Most planes pump in enough air so that the passengers feel like they are at about 8000 feet (2400 meters).
But since the 787 uses composites, which are stronger than aluminum, the plane can pump in more air so the passengers feel like they are at about 6000 feet (1800 meters).
The composite is also less vulnerable to corrosion, so the plane can have a higher humidity than most other planes.
Boeing says that these improvements will make passengers feel better after a long flight.
Boeing makes 3 variants of the Dreamliner: the 787-8, the 787-9, and the 787-10.
The 787-10 is in testing.
They were also going to make the 787-3, but it was later cancelled due to low airline demand.
787-8
The -8 is the shortest 787 variant, flying 210 people about 15200 km.
It started flying in 2011.
The -8 will replace the Boeing 767-200ER and Boeing 767-300ER aircraft.
It is meant for very long trips with fewer passengers, where a bigger plane will not make enough money for the airline.
787-9
The -9 is a larger 787 and has a range of about 15750 km.
It will be able to fly about 270 people and started production in 2014.
It will be able to carry more weight than the -8, and it will be longer than the -8.
It will compete against Airbus and their A330-300 aircraft and their A330-200.
It will replace the Boeing 767-400ER.
The -10 is larger than both the 787-8 and the 787-9.
It will carry about 300 people, but to do that it will have less range.
It will compete with the Airbus A350, and it will also replace the Boeing 777-200ER aircraft.
787-3 (Cancelled)
The -3 was going to be the smallest and would have the shortest range at about 5000 km, and would fly about 290 people.
It would have replace the Boeing 747-400D (the D stands for domestic, which means flights that take-off and land in the same country) that was used by two Japanese airlines.
At first these Japanese airlines had ordered the 787-3, but since the plane was late the airlines cancelled their orders.
This made Boeing scrap the 787-3.
In Chinese, he is called Ah-Chu-For.
In Japanese, he is called Ashuku Nyoral and In Tibetan, he is called Mi Kyu Pa, or Sang Gye.
According to the scripture, Akobhyavyha Sutra, it is written that a monk wished to practice the Dharma and made a vow- not to feel angry or disgust at another being and he will manage anger appropriately.
When he succeeded, he became Buddha Akshobya, an immovable one.
He was given charge over the eastern paradise Abhirati Pure Land (the land of Joyous).
It is believed that those who are reborn in this Pure Land will not be born in lower realms of consciousness and are never to be born again.
In the Akshobhya sutra, it is also mentioned that the Buddha Shakyamuni, himself praised the patience of Akshobhya and making his determination a reality.
Akshobya represents Dharma that changes hatred and dislike into wisdom.
He is shown touching the earth with his right hand and holding an upright thunderbolt in his left hand.