the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Lathen (10,815)
Lengerich (9,083)
Nordhümmling (12,149)
Sögel (15,484)
Spelle (12,653)
Werlte (15,660)
Friesland is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany.
In the east the district is bounded by the Jade Bight, a shallow bay of the North Sea.
The island of Wangerooge, one of the East Frisian Islands, is a part of Friesland.
Gifhorn is a Landkreis (district) in Germany in the state of Lower Saxony.
It has about 175.000 inhabitants.
Gifhorn is located in the north of Braunschweig.
Towns and sub-administrations
Gifhorn, Town, autonomous community  (42.658)
Sassenburg (10.946) [Seat: Westerbeck
Wittingen, Town (12.268)
* Seat of Samtgemeinde government
Giebel (10,36 km²)
Goslar is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany.
Harburg, Hamburg, a borough of Hamburg
Harburg (quarter), the former Hanoveran city of Harburg upon Elbe, now quarter of Hamburg
Harburg (district), Lower Saxony
Harburg, Bavaria, a city in Bavaria
Harburg-Wilhelmsburg, a Hanoveran city (1927–1937), now two quarters of Hamburg
Yip Harburg, US lyricist
George Cleveland was a Canadian actor.
He was born on September 17, 1885 in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada.
He was the Grandfather in the television series Lassie.
He died July 15, 1957.
The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare around 1603.
It was first performed on 1 November 1604 at Whitehall Palace in London.
More recently, Othello was shown on Masterpiece Theater on PBS.
The opera Otello of Giuseppe Verdi is based on this play.
At the start of the play Othello, a Moorish general in the army, promotes Cassio to lieutenant.
Iago, his ensign, is angry and jealous, so he plots against Cassio by making him look bad and making Othello uncertain about keeping him as his lieutenant.
Some of the things he does are to get him drunk and to start a fight with someone else from the army.
Iago also tells Othello that his wife, Desdemona, is cheating on him with Cassio.
Cassio is demoted and Iago is promoted to lieutenant.
Othello kills Desdemona and is then told by Iago's wife, Emilia, that Iago plotted against him.
He goes after Iago, and injures him but does not kill him.
He then kills himself next to his wife after telling Emilia to say sorry to Cassio for what he has done.
Characters of Othello
Roderigo
Montano
Brabantio
The Commonwealth Games is a multinational, multi-sport event.
Held every four years, it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Attendance at the Commonwealth Games is typically around 5,000 athletes.
The idea for a competition between members of the British Empire was first suggested by the Reverend Astley Cooper in 1891.
The first such event, then known as the British Empire Games, was held in 1930.
The name changed to British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1954, to British Commonwealth Games in 1970 and assumed the current name of the Commonwealth Games in 1978.
British Empire Games
1930 British Empire Games - Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
1934 British Empire Games - London, England
1938 British Empire Games - Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
1950 British Empire Games - Auckland, New Zealand
British Empire and Commonwealth Games
1954 - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
1958 - Cardiff, Wales
1962 - Perth, Australia
1966 - Kingston, Jamaica
British Commonwealth Games
1970 - Edinburgh, Scotland
1974 - Christchurch, New Zealand
1978 - Edmonton, Canada
1982 - Brisbane, Australia
1986 - Edinburgh, Scotland
1990 - Auckland, New Zealand
1994 - Victoria, Canada
1998 - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2002 - Manchester, England
2006 - Melbourne, Australia
2010 - Delhi, India
2014 - Glasgow, Scotland
2018 - Gold Coast, Australia
2022 - Birmingham, England
List of Commonwealth Games cities
Doncaster is a large town in the north of England.
It is in South Yorkshire, which is a Metropolitan County (an area of dense population).
Doncaster is an ancient town that developed from a Roman fort called 'Danum'.
It was built on a Roman road Ermine Street, which linked London to York.
The fort was built where Doncaster Minster now stands.
However in the 4th century Roman civilization declined and the last Roman soldiers left Britain in 407 AD.
Later Doncaster developed into a medieval township with a fortified boundary and historic gates.
What remains of the gates can still be seen in the town today.
Doncaster also has a market which has existed for over 750 years.
As the centuries passed, Doncaster became an important staging post on the route between London and Edinburgh.
An ancient road called the Great North Road passed straight through the very centre of Doncaster, and the town grew around and along this road.
When railways were invented, Doncaster became famous for steam trains.
It was an important stop for trains travelling between Scotland and London.
It is still an important stop today.
A big factory for making trains was built in Doncaster.
Some of the finest and fastest steam trains in the world were built in Doncaster.
These trains include The Flying Scotsman, The Mallard, and The Sir Nigel Gresley.
The station also houses a unique Victorian themed bar on platform 3b.
Doncaster was one of the first places in the country that made aeroplanes and had an airport.
The first airshow in the country was held in Doncaster in 1908.
Doncaster has an international airport which was opened in 2005.
The airport is growing very fast and lots of people from across the region and across Europe now use Doncaster as a popular destination – which is something that people have already been doing for the last 2000 years.
Doncaster is famous for horse racing.
Doncaster is one of the oldest racecourses in the world.
It hosts two famous horse races: The Doncaster Cup, which is the oldest horse race in the world, and the St Leger Stakes, which is the oldest classic horse race in the world.
There has been horse racing in Doncaster for over 500 years.
The horse racing started because of the horses that used to pull horse-drawn coaches on the Great North Road.
Famous people from Doncaster
Dianna Rigg
Tan France
Lesley Garret
Darren Hill
Dominic Harrison
Doncaster is also the name of a suburb in eastern Melbourne, Australia.
It is home to two state primary schools: Doncaster Gardens Primary School and Doncaster Primary School.
Towns in South Yorkshire
78violet (formerly Aly & AJ) are an American music group.
The members are Amanda Michalka and her sister, Alyson who is two years older.
Alyson (nicknamed "Aly"): helps writing the music and songs.
She is one of the two guitarists.
Amanda (nicknamed "AJ"): helps writing the songs and constructing the music.
Aly & AJ lived in Seattle, Washington in the early 1990s, then moved back to Southern California.
They learned to play the piano at the age of six.
They both were in the movie My Super Sweet 16 The Movie.
Into the Rush (2005)
Acoustic Hearts of Winter (2006)
Insomniatic (2007)
Middlesbrough is a large town in North Yorkshire in northeast England.
About 135,000 people live there.
It is in the traditional North Riding of Yorkshire.
It used to be administered as part of the county borough of Teesside, then the county of Cleveland, and it is now in the unitary authority of the Borough of Middlesbrough.
The town is abbreviated to Boro by locals.
It has a Championship football club: Middlesbrough F.C..
The lyrics of the Himno Nacional Argentino (the national anthem of Argentina) were written by Vicente López y Planes, and the music was composed by Blas Parera.
This song was adopted as the national anthem on May 11, 1813, three years before the formal declaration of independence from Spain.
May 11 is therefore Anthem Day in Argentina.
Modern Version
Same meaning, somehow more positive
O'Hear Mortals these sacred words...
We Are Free!,
We Are Free!
By The United Provinces of the South.
The Great Argentine people: We Greet!
The original version, Marcha Patriótica, is as follows:
Emily Dickinson (December 10, 1830 - May 15, 1886) was an American poet who also wrote short stories.
She is famous for writing many poems.
Researchers know of almost 1,800 poems that she has written to this day.
However, she published only a few of them while she was living.
Other people changed her unpublished poems before the world could read them.
She was born in Amherst, Massachusetts and died of nephritis there.
People describe her poems as lyrical and unique.
Sources say that she may have grown wild flowers for medicinal purposes and used them to show her mood in her poems.
Today, many think Emily Dickinson's poetry has had a big effect on poetry.
Researchers know little about Dickinson’s life.
Most of what they know about her is from people who knew her and may not all be true.
Her family had a good amount of money and had many friends.
She had a brother and a sister.
She had a normal life when she was a child.
When she became an adult, she spent more and more time alone and started wearing only white.
Only after she died all of her poems were published.
Until 1955, editors changed them to a style of writing that was popular at the time.
Now, most of her poems have been published and can be found at a local library.
Her teachers saw her writing talent.
But she did not win any literary awards during her lifetime.
Some didn't like her work because of its different use of grammar.
In her late twenties, she chose to stay with her family for most of her time.
Her father was a United States Senator.
Edward Dickinson was a lawyer from the Whig party.
Emily's family did not get along with each other.
She described her mother as cold and unloving.
Some researchers said that her father didn't support female scholars.
Dickinson never married.
She had strong relationships with several men as friends, confidantes, and mentors.
She also enjoyed a close relationship with her friend and sister-in-law.
End of her life
She was sick with some health problems, like depression and anxiety disorders.
Later in her life, she began to suffer from pain in her eyes and sensitivity to light.
She died at the age of 55 from a stroke.
She was buried in the West Cemetery, in Amherst, MA.
Hailee Steinfeld plays the role of Emily Dickinson in an future TV show titled Dickinson.
Deaths from nephritis
The Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, which is near Indianapolis, Indiana.
It is one of the biggest racing events in the world.
Every year more than 200,000 people come there to watch the race.
It occurs once a year on the day before Memorial Day.
This event gives its name to the IndyCar class, a type of open-wheel race car that races in it.
Fans of this race sometimes call the race the Indy 500.
The early years
A mahout is a person who drives an elephant.
Usually, a mahout starts as a boy, when he is given a young elephant so that they become attached to each other.
The most common tool used by mahouts is a goad called anlius, or ankusha - a sharp hook used to guide a tamed elephant by prodding on the back of its head.
John Wesley (; 2 March 1791) was one of the founders of the Methodist church.
He was an Anglican minister and Christian theologian.
He was an early leader in the Methodist movement.
Wesley's life had three distinct phases.
The first at Oxford University with the founding of the "Holy Club", the second while Wesley was a missionary priest in Savannah, Georgia; and the third after Wesley's return to England.
Throughout his life, Wesley remained within the Church of England.
He said that his movement was well within the bounds of the Anglican Church.
John Wesley was born in Epworth, England.
He was the son of Samuel Wesley, a graduate of Oxford, and minister of the Church of England.
In 1669, Samuel married Susanna Annesley.
Both Samuel and Susanna were raised in the same town.
In 1696, Samuel Welsey was appointed the rector of Epworth.
This is where John was born.
The Wesley children's early education was given by their parents in the Epworth rectory.
Each child, including the girls, was taught to read as soon as they can could walk and talk.
During his early youth, John Wesley had a deep religious experience.
At the age of five, John was rescued from the burning rectory.
This escape made deep impression on his mind.
He regarded himself as set apart for God, as a "brand plucked from burning".
John was admitted to the Charterhouse School, London.
There he lived (for a while) the religious life in which he had been trained at home.
His biographer, Tyerman, says that he went to Charterhouse a saint, but he became negligent of religious duties and left a sinner.
Oxford Student
In June 1720, Wesley entered Christ Church, Oxford, with an annual allowance of 40 pounds as Charterhouse scholar.
His health was poor and he found it hard to keep out of debt.
There along with his brother Charles, he followed a strict religious life.
He went to church often, prayed and helped people.
He visited prisoners in jail.
Some of them were condemned to be hanged.
He drew up for 1721 a time-table of study, worship and service for each day of the week.
This can still be seen in his earliest diary from April 15, 1725 to February 12, 1727.
The Wesley brothers and a few other scholars in his "Holy Club" were called "Methodists" because they followed this strict method of life.
Missionary to Georgia
John and Charles went to Georgia as missionary priests in the Anglican church.
Their hope of converting many Indians to Christianity was unfulfilled.
After a failed love affair by John, the brothers returned home.
During the Atlantic crossing a strong storm almost sank their boat.
John was very frightened but noticed that some Moravian Christians were at peace.
This made him think that his faith was not the same as theirs.
They were sure that God had forgiven their sins through faith in Christ.
Beginning of Revival
In 1738, he heard a reading of Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans, and penned the now famous lines: "I felt my heart strangely warmed".
He then knew that God had forgiven him and that he  was accepted by God.
This revolutionized his ministry.
Charles had a similar experience of  salvation about the same time.
John Wesley wrote many books about Scripture and the Christian life.
Charles Wesley helped him with many hymns he wrote.
These hymns supported the message that John preached.
Personality and activities
Wesley travelled constantly, usually on horseback.
He preached to many people.
After a while some Anglican leaders told him not to preach in their churches.
After that he preached outdoors.
Sometimes thousands of people listened to his preaching.
His followers stayed in the Anglican Church, but formed "societies" to help each other in faith.
As the movement grew, Wesley examined and sent out preachers, began aid charities, and cared for the sick.
His followers were called Methodists.
They spread to many countries.
Soon there were many in the American Colonies.
After the Revolutionary War there were few Anglican priests in America.
Wesley send two superintendents to care for the Methodists there.
Eventually, the Methodists became a separate denomination in both American and England.
1703 births
Anglican priests
Christian hymnwriters
English priests
Evangelicals
Religious denomination, such as a:
Jewish denomination
Islamic denomination
Buddhist denomination
Denomination (postage stamp)
Protected designation of origin, a protected product name, usually by region of production
Any name can be considered a "denomination" of the thing being named.
Sir Joseph Cook (7 December 1860 – 30 July 1947) was the sixth Prime Minister of Australia from June 1913 until September 1914.
He was Prime Minister when World War I started.
He moved to London when he retired.
Cook, Joseph
An antihero is a main character in a story who does not act like a traditional hero.
The antihero does not show  idealism, courage, and morality.
The antihero became prominent in early 20th century existentialist works such as Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis (1915), Jean-Paul Sartre's La Nausée (1938), and Albert Camus' L'Étranger (1942) ().
The protagonist in these works is an indecisive central character who drifts through his life and is marked by ennui, angst, and alienation.
Examples of antiheroes from modern pop culture are Marvel Comics The Punisher & Deadpool, Sega's "Shadow The Hedgehog", DC's Batman, Catwoman of Batman, Sweeney Todd, Light Yagami from the Death Note manga / anime series, Billy the Kid, Robin Hood, Kratos from the God of War video-game franchise.
From English literature the classic example is Prince Hamlet from Hamlet by William Shakespeare, and from children's literature Discord from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic.
Most of the time it means a character in fiction, television, or movies.
Sometimes it is used to mean a real person.
Sometimes the antihero is linked to the author's social critique or message to the reader: for example, the unnamed protagonist in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Notes from Underground.
The whole concept was the subject of a book by Colin Wilson called The Outsider.
There the author imagines he is in the position of many of his favourite characters in fiction, such as Dostoevsky's Raskolnikov.
Hestia is a virgin Greek goddess of the hearth, home and fire.
It was believed all hearths were her altars.
She also symbolized the alliance between colonies and their mother cities.
Her sacred animal is the donkey.
Hestia is the older sister of Demeter and Hera, and is also the sister of Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades.
Her parents are Titans Rhea and Kronos.
Hestia was originally one of the Twelve Olympians.
Her throne was described as plain, being made of wood with a woolen white cushion.
She did not choose an emblem for herself.
She gave up her throne on Mount Olympus, and gave it to Dionysus to avoid a possible civil war.
Hestia instead tended to the sacred fire on Mount Olympus.
Because she could not leave from the hearth, Hestia did not have many stories centered around her.
In ancient tales, Hestia refused the marriage offers of Apollo and Poseidon.
She vowed on the River Styx to forever be a virgin goddess.
Hestia was always the first to receive offerings at every sacrifice in a household.
Any hearth of a household was forbidden to go out unless the fire was ritually extinguished and ritually revived.
The hearth of the prytaneum was Hestia's official sanctuary.
When a new colony was formed, a flame from Hestia's public hearth in the mother city would be carried to the new settlement.
Vesta (mythology), a Roman version of Hestia.
Alison Balsom (born 7 October 1978, Hertfordshire) is an English trumpeter.
She grew up in Royston, Hertfordshire in England.
She studied the trumpet at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Paris Conservatory, and also with Håkan Hardenberger.
She is a BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artist.
She has made three CD albums with EMI Classics and has been described by many as the best trumpeter of the young generation.
Alison Balsom: Music for Trumpet and Organ (EMI Classics Debut, 2002)
Alison Balsom & Crispian Steele-Perkins: The Fam'd Italian Masters (Hyperion, 2003)
Alison Balsom: Bach works for Trumpet (EMI Classics, 2005)
Alison Balsom: Caprice (EMI Classics, 2006)
Alison Balsom: Haydn and Hummel Trumpet Concertos (EMI Classics, 2008)
Alison Balsom: Italian Concertos (EMI Classics, 2010)
The BBC Music Magazine cover disc for December 2010 has: Haydn & Hummel concertos (not the 2008 EMI recordings); Albinoni's Oboe Concerto Op.
2, transcribed for trumpet; and Vivaldi's Violin Concerto Op.
3 No.
9, arranged for trumpet and instrumental trio.
Concerto finalist in the BBC Young Musicians Competition, 1998
Feeling Musique Prize for quality of sound in the 4th Maurice André International Trumpet Competition.
Young British Performer at the Classical Brit Awards, 2006
Classic FM Listeners' Choice Award, 2006
Alison Balsom Official website
Caprice album microsite
Alison Balsom on MySpace
Continuity is a word used when talking about art, especially serial art.
Serial art is when an artist paints several pictures which all have something to do with each other.
The six Star Wars films tell one long story which continues from part to part.
This is where the word continuity comes from.
Continuity refers to consistency from part to part-- that is, everything should fit together like one whole piece.
At the end of the Star Wars film The Empire Strikes Back, Luke Skywalker loses one of his hands.
In the next film, Return of the Jedi, he has a fake hand to replace the one he lost.
If he had his real hand again, it wouldn't make sense.
The audience would say, did not he lose his hand in the last one?
Continuity is making sure things make sense.
Sometimes the word is used to refer to any work of art, like just one film.
For example, a woman has a full glass of wine in one shot.
In the next shot, the wine is gone.
In a third shot, she has a full glass of wine again.
That scene would have very poor continuity: it does not make sense, and it reminds the audience that they are watching a movie.
Poor continuity is continuity that does not make sense and usually has mistakes.
In American comic books, many different characters live in the same world.
For example, Superman and Aquaman live in the same world.
But if Superman goes to Atlantis and it's different than Aquaman's Atlantis, it does not make sense.
If they are in the same world, Atlantis should be the same no matter who visits it.
Making sure that all the different stories and characters fit together is working with continuity.
Sometimes, the word is used to talk about the stories themselves.
Håkan Hardenberger (born 1961, Malmö) is a Swedish trumpeter.
He started playing the trumpet when he was eight.
His teacher was Bo Nilsson, When he left school he studied in Paris and Los Angeles.
He is one of the world’s most famous trumpeters.
He plays well-known pieces of Classical music and has also asked living composers like Harrison Birtwistle, Hans Werner Henze and Arvo Pärt to write music for him.
Swedish musicians
People from Malmo
Skinks are a family of small lizards, the  Scincidae.
There are over 1,500 different species of skink.
Skinks are different from other lizards.
They have very small legs and necks.
Some have no legs at all; these move more like snakes than lizards.
Their tails can grow back when part of it is cut off.
Skinks are small: most can only grow to be 12cm long.
Some can grow to be 35cm.
A trait  of skinks is a love of digging and burrowing.
Underground they are mostly safe from predators.
Sometimes they dig tunnels for easy navigation.
They also use their tongues to sniff the air and track their prey.
When they encounter their prey, they chase it down until they corner it or manage to land a bite and then swallow it whole.
Some skinks live in trees.
If they do, then they usually have longer fingers.
Many skinks are insectivorous.
They may also eat other small invertebrates like earthworms, millipedes, slugs and snails.
Some skinks supplement their diet with fruit and vegetables.
Skinks have been around a long time: their jawbones appear in the fossil record about 140 million years ago, during the early Cretaceous.
Definitively skink fossils appear later, during the Miocene period.
Geronimo is a character in the Geronimo Stilton series.
He is the publisher of the Rodent's Gazeete.
Italian books by Piemme/Junior.
Geronimo's middle name was never casted in the books.
There are many books of his series.
One of them is All Because of a Cup of Coffee.
There are two stories on how Dionysus was born.
One describes that he was the son of Zeus and Semele, and the other describes that he was the son of Zeus and Persephone, queen of the Underworld.
Either way, in both stories Dionysus is sent to the Underworld by Zeus' jealous wife Hera and then saved and brought to life afterwards.
He was the God of celebrations.
Dionysus was also the god of wine.
According to a myth, the Titans lured Dionysus with toys and wanted to eat him.
When Zeus found out it was too late and they had eaten everything except his heart.
With that Zeus put the heart in the womb of Semele and he was born again.
Bacchus - Roman mythology version of Dionysus
These are the nerve cells which move muscles when we speak, walk, swallow, and move our body.
These diseases get worse with time.
They cause increasing disability and, eventually, death.
There is no known cure.
It is marked by slow but steady death of the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement.
That is, people can no longer move, but their heart still beats.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common of the five types of motor neuron disease.
About 5 to 10% of cases are directly inherited from a person's parents.
The disorder causes muscle weakness and muscle shrinking (atrophy) throughout the body.
Both the upper motor neurons and the lower motor neurons die, making them stop sending messages to the muscles.
Unable to function, the muscles gradually weaken and waste away (atrophy).
Eventually, the ability of the brain to start and control voluntary movement is lost.
However, even patients in later stages of the disease may still have the same intelligence, memory, and personality they had before it started.
Motor neurone disease does not show many symptoms, making it very hard to diagnose.
It usually affects people ages 40-60.
The earliest symptoms may include twitching, cramping, or stiffness of muscles; muscle weakness affecting an arm or a leg; slurred and strange-sounding nasal speech; or having a difficult time chewing or swallowing.
These general symptoms then develop into clear weakness or atrophy that may cause a physician to believe that a person has ALS.
The parts of the body affected by early symptoms of ALS depend on which muscles in the body are affected first.
About 75% of people have limb onset ALS.
In some of these cases, symptoms first affect one of the legs, and patients have awkwardness when walking or running or they notice that they are tripping or stumbling more often.
Other limb onset patients first see the effects of the disease on a hand or arm as they have a difficult time with simple tasks requiring hand dexterity, or ability to move small things, such as buttoning a shirt, writing, or turning a key in a lock.
About 25% of cases are bulbar onset ALS.
These patients first have difficulty speaking clearly.
Speech becomes hard to understand and slurred.
Speaking through the nose and softer talking are often the first symptoms.
Difficulty swallowing, and loss of tongue movement follow.
Eventually total loss of speech and ability to keep the airway clear when swallowing are experienced.
There is no cure for ALS.
However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the first drug treatment for the disease: riluzole.
Riluzole is believed to reduce damage to motor neurons.
Clinical trials with ALS patients showed that riluzole gives a better chance of survival by several months, mainly in those with a hard time swallowing.
The drug also allows more time before a patient needs breathing help by a ventilator or tracheotomy.
Riluzole does not heal the damage already done to motor neurons.
The Fields Medal is a prize given to mathematicians who are not over 40 years of age.
It is given at each International Congress of the International Mathematical Union.
This is a meeting that takes place every four years.
The Canadian mathematician John Charles Fields was the first to propose this medal and it was first awarded in 1936.
It has been regularly awarded since 1950.
Its purpose is to support younger mathematicians who made major contributions.
The Fields Medal is viewed, at least in the media, as the top honor a mathematician can receive.
It comes with a monetary award.
In 2006 the award was C$15,000 (US$13,400 or €10,550).
The Abel Prize has similar prestige, and more money.
Conditions of the award
The Fields Medal is often described as the "Nobel Prize of mathematics".
But there are several differences.
First, it is awarded not only to recognize the valuable contributions of a mathematician but also to encourage him or her to continue their works.
The Fields Medals have generally been awarded for a mathematician's whole work.
Another difference is that the Fields Medal is awarded every four years.
The recipients cannot be over the age of 40.
Fields Medalists
2018: Caucher Birkar (UK-Iran), Alessio Figalli (Italy), Peter Scholze (Germany), Akshay Venkatesh (Australia)
2014: Artur Avila (France), Manjul Bhargava (U.S.), Martin Hairer (UK), Maryam Mirzakhani (U.S.)
2010: Elon Lindenstrauss (Israel), Ngô Bảo Châu (Vietnam/France), Stanislav Smirnov (Russia), Cédric Villani (France)
2006: Andrei Okounkov (Russia), Grigori Perelman (Russia) (declined award), Terence Tao (Australia), Wendelin Werner (France)
2002: Laurent Lafforgue (France), Vladimir Voevodsky (Russia)
1998: Richard Ewen Borcherds (UK), William Timothy Gowers (UK), Maxim Kontsevich (Russia), Curtis T. McMullen (U.S.)
1994: Efim Isakovich Zelmanov (Russia), Pierre-Louis Lions (France), Jean Bourgain (Belgium), Jean-Christophe Yoccoz (France)
1990: Vladimir Drinfeld (USSR), Vaughan Frederick Randal Jones (New Zealand), Shigefumi Mori (Japan), Edward Witten (U.S.)
1986: Simon Donaldson (UK), Gerd Faltings (West Germany), Michael Freedman (U.S.)
1982: Alain Connes (France), William Thurston (U.S.), Shing-Tung Yau (China)
1978: Pierre Deligne (Belgium), Charles Fefferman (U.S.), Grigory Margulis (USSR), Daniel Quillen (U.S.)
1974: Enrico Bombieri (Italy), David Mumford (U.S.)
1970: Alan Baker (UK), Heisuke Hironaka (Japan), Sergei Petrovich Novikov (USSR), John Griggs Thompson (U.S.)
1966: Michael Atiyah (UK), Paul Joseph Cohen (U.S.), Alexander Grothendieck (France), Stephen Smale (U.S.)
1962: Lars Hörmander (Sweden), John Milnor (U.S.)
1958: Klaus Roth (UK), René Thom (France)
1954: Kunihiko Kodaira (Japan), Jean-Pierre Serre (France)
1950: Laurent Schwartz (France), Atle Selberg (Norway)
1936: Lars Ahlfors (Finland), Jesse Douglas (U.S.)
Science awards
A laugh is a way of showing happiness.
It is a  vocal sound which a person makes when something is funny, like a joke, or a tickle.
Sometimes people laugh when they are not happy.
When people are ashamed or embarrassed, sometimes they react by laughing.
There are different ways to laugh.
A person can laugh using mostly their voice, mostly their throat, or mostly their nose.
You can write a laugh in different ways.
Some people write "ha ha ha", or "he he he", or "hehe".
If they are on the internet, they also use "LOL". "
LOL" does not sound like a laugh, but it stands for Laughing Out Loud.
Human babies first laugh at the age of around three or four months, usually as an expression of surprise.
Babies' laughter often produces a positive response in adults who will involuntarily copy the child.
Video footage, on the YouTube site, of babies laughing was shown to Queen Elizabeth II during her visit, on 16 October 2008, to the Google headquarters, where both she and her husband the Duke of Edinburgh were reduced to 'fits of giggles'.
UHF (movie), a 1989 movie starring Weird Al Yankovic
"UHF" (song), a song from the movie
Ultra high frequency, a type of television frequency
Hi-5 is an Australian television show for children that started in 1999.
The members of Hi-5 are Nathan, Kellie, Charli, Tim and Kathleen.
Hi-5 can also be known as a pop music group for young children.
They sing songs, dance and act.
Hi-5 have recently released an album called Boom Boom beat!
The album has 20 tracks.
Hi-5 is very popular with  children but also with many other age groups.
Overall, the show has been designed to have a very bright and happy feel to it.
The show is aired once a week on Australian television.
All the members of Hi-5 had been involved in television before the show had started.
They had done commercials and small roles in other television shows.
But Hi-5 has definitely been their most successful venture.
They have won two Logie Awards (Awards that are voted by the Australian public) for Most Outstanding Children’s Program.
"Friends"
"Rain Rain"
"Three Wishes"
"Robot One"
"Hi-5 theme song"
Australian television
Australian musical groups
Children's musical groups
1999 establishments in Australia
A beaver is a kind of large rodent.
It is semi-aquatic, meaning some of the time it lives in water, some of the time it lives on land.
Beavers can only be found in North America and Europe.
In Europe, they almost became extinct (died off), but they are returning.
There are beavers living in the Elbe and Rhone rivers, as well as in Bavaria, Poland and Scandinavia.
Beavers are known for building and keeping dams in rivers.
Kinds of beavers
Currently there are two different species of beaver, the American beaver (C. canadensis) and the European beaver (C. fiber).
The American beaver
This beaver can be found in North America, in Canada, the United States and in Northern Mexico.
It is the second largest rodent in the world, and the largest found in North America.
The largest rodent of the world is the capybara from South America.
The European beaver
The European beaver is currently an endangered species.
It was hunted almost to extinction.
This was done because of its fur, and because of castoreum.
Castoreum is made by a certain gland, which is also responsible for the smell of the animal.
People are currently (2007) reintroducing the beaver, because the important role of the beaver for the ecology of rivers was discovered.
Beaver dams (or the small lakes that form) provide a habitat for many species.
Beaver fur
Early visitors that met Native Americans saw them wearing animal skin blankets.
The fur on these blankets were good for felting.
The Europeans wanted felt hats, and the Native Americans wanted metal: so, fur trading began.
Beaver was the most popular fur for hats.
At that time in North America, there were about sixty million beavers.
Only the soft inside fur was used for felting.
The best time for collecting the beaver's fur was winter, when the fur was thickest.
It was also a good time to hunt, since the beaver stayed close to its home in the winter and was easy to catch.
The fur trade gave money to the European traders.
The Indians who caught the beavers got the metal tools and other high technology items they wanted, until the beavers were mostly gone.
Ecology of the Beaver
Canadian Heritage - the beaver as a national symbol
The romance of the beaver; being the history of the beaver in the western hemisphere, by A. Radclyffe Dugmore.
Illustrated with photographs from life and drawings by the author.
Publisher: Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott company; London, W. Heinemann 1914 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries)
The urinary bladder is an organ in the human body in charge of storing urine.
It is the part of our urinary system.
All the liquids that are drunk go through the bladder.
The bladder takes in the liquid in order for the body to work.
The bladder works with the kidneys.
The kidneys clean the liquid we drink.
This goes on util the bladder is too full to hold any more.
At this point, it is roughly the size of a softball.
The bladder then tells the brain that it needs to be emptied.
Once this message is received to the brain, the muscles around the bladder start to squeeze and the bladder starts to contract.
At the same time the bladder sends a message to the sphincters to relax and let the liquid pass.
Time travel is the idea of going back in time to the past or forward to the future.
We always travel forward, to the future.
Time travel to the past is not known to be possible, but it is much used in fiction.
The Time Machine (1895) by H. G. Wells was one of the first and most famous stories of time travel.
Much later, the American movie "Back to the Future" tells a fictional story about a professor who builds a machine that can take people into the future or back in the past.
The popular British TV program Doctor Who is about an alien who has adventures by time travelling.
Another TV show about time travel is the series Charmed.
Instead of using machines and science, this one uses magic to go to other times and places.
Some series that are not mainly about time travel have episodes about it, for example Star Trek and Stargate and The Flash.
Books by H. G. Wells
A disciple is a follower and student of a mentor, teacher, or other figure.
It can refer to:
Disciple (Christianity), a student of Jesus Christ
Twelve Apostles of Jesus, sometimes called the Twelve Disciples
The ten principal disciples of Buddha
Disciples of Confucius
A dock is a structure built above water along the shore where boats can be tied.
Docks are often held up by pilings which are often poles driven into the sea floor or riverbed.
lb:Hafebaseng
They Might Be Giants are an alternative rock band that live in Brooklyn, New York.
The two original band members, John Flansburgh and John Linnell, officially formed the band in 1982.
While at first a duo, performing using a drum machine, they gained a backing band in the early 1990s.
The band has been given two Grammy Awards, one for the children's album Here Comes the 123s and the other for the theme song of Malcolm in the Middle.
Charting singles
Official page for their podcast
A website to buy their music
Their website for kids
Solomon is a figure from Abrahamic religions.
He was a King of Israel, the son of King David.
His name means "Peace".
He is written about in the Qur'an, the Bible (2 Samuel) and other scriptures.
He is said to be the author of several Old Testament books.
He wrote Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and much of Proverbs.
He is famous for building the First Temple, having lots of wisdom, being very rich, and having many wives.
Because of his wives, his kingdom became divided right after his death.
His wives worshipped idols of gods because many of them were not of Jewish lineage.
Kings of ancient Judah
Kings of ancient Israel
A proverb is a wise saying.
Many cultures have collections of these, such as the Book of Proverbs in the Old Testament, was said to be written by king Solomon of Israel.
Examples of proverbs
Cultural anthropology
Santiago, Chile (also known as Santiago de Chile) is the capital of Chile and the largest city in the country.
It has a population of around 7 million people, about 35.9 percent of the population of South America.
In Chile, people call the city Gran Santiago (Big Santiago) or Santiago.
It has 26 comunas (municipalities).
With its geographical conditions, because it is located in a valley surrounded by the Andes mountains, Santiago has a large amount of air pollution.
Municipality homepage
Santiago Tourist - An Independent Travel Guide
1541 establishments
16th-century establishments in Chile
Psalms (, Tehillim, or "praises") is a book of 150 Hebrew poems in the Bible.
The Book of Psalms is the first Ketuvim and part of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and it is also in the Old Testament of the Christian translations.
People traditionally believe that many of the Psalms in the Bible were written by King David to God.
Perhaps the most famous one is Psalm 23, which starts "The LORD is my shepherd".
Psalm 23 is often used for funerals.
There are 150 Psalms in the Biblical canon of Jews, Protestants, and Catholics, but there are also more poems that these religions do not think are holy.
Psalm 151 is part of canon of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The names "Psalms" and "Psalter" come from the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament).
There, they were about stringed instruments (for example, the harp, lyre and lute), then to songs sung with them.
The traditional Hebrew title is tehillim.
Tehillim means "praises", though many of the psalms are tephillot ("prayers").
One of the first collections in the book was titled "the prayers of David son of Jesse" (72:20, NIV).
Literary features
The Psalter is poetry, though it has many prayers and not all Old Testament prayers were poetic.
In fact, not all praise was poetic either.
The Psalms are full of images, comparisons and metaphor.
The Hebrew text often plays with words and repeats the same words, adding synonyms (words with the same meaning) to fill out the description.
Important words show the main themes in the prayer or song.
Television programs (British spelling: programme) are something that people watch on television.
Several different kinds are made:
A series of fictional programs with the same title and characters (a television series).
Each television series is made as a series of programs.
These individual programs are called episodes.
Most series are made up of between 12 and 24 episodes for each season.
Some with fewer are called miniseries.
A single show (episode) from a television series.
An ongoing series of non-fiction shows using the same title, for example: local and network news shows.
A single program, for example a sporting event
Television broadcasting presents many different television programs, one after another.
In between television programs, a channel may use an announcer to tell the audience what the next program will be.
On many channels in many countries, advertisements are shown for short periods of time during and between program screenings.
These advertisements are not a part of the television program.
A fatwa (; plural fatāwa), is a legal pronouncement in Islam.
A mufti (a scholar capable of making judgments on Sharia (Islamic law)) pronounces it.
Usually, a fatwa is made to clarify a question where "fiqh" (Islamic jurisprudence) is unclear.
Usually a judge or other person requests it.
Reginald Fils-Aime (born March 25, 1961) is the former president of Nintendo of America.
Before that, he was Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing at Nintendo of America.
William Morris "Billy" Hughes (25 September 1862 – 28 October 1952) was the seventh Prime Minister of Australia.
He became Prime Minister during World War I. He tried to introduce conscription but the public did not want it.
His party, Labor, kicked him out and he formed a new party with the opposition called the Nationalist Party.
He was Prime Minister for over 7 years which was the most of anyone at the time.
He was forced to resign by the Country Party in 1923 but he stayed in Parliament until he died.
Before serving as Prime Minister, Hughes was Minister for External Affairs under Chris Watson.
He was Attorney-General in Andrew Fisher's three Labor governments in 1908–09, 1910–13 and 1914–15.
Nationalist Party of Australia politicians
United Australia Party politicians
Maid Marian was the female companion of the outlaw Robin Hood.
She appears in English folktales, though not in the oldest ones.
, a book
Graphite, like diamond, is an allotrope of carbon.
They are very similar to each other but the different structures of the molecule affect the chemical and physical properties.
Graphite is made of layers of carbon atoms.
These layers can slide over each other very easily.
This means that it is very soft.
It is a dull gray in appearance.
Due to the delocalized electrons between the layers, it can conduct electricity very well.
Graphite can be formed from coal put under high heat and pressure.
Also, graphite can be turned into diamond with enough heat and pressure.
This is how synthetic (man-made) diamonds are made.
Most graphite comes from mines in northeastern China.
It is also found in Sri Lanka, Canada and the United States.
It is also called Lead Black because it looks like the metal lead.
It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 originating from the Greek language.
It can be used as a lubricant to make mechanical devices run smoother.
The most common use of graphite is the "lead" in a pencil, which also has clay.
Allotropy (or allotropism) is when a chemical element can exist in two or more different forms in the same physical state or phase.
These different forms are called allotropes.
Therefore, an allotrope is a different structure in which an element appears.
This happens when the atoms of the element are bonded together in a different way.
diamond, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in a four-cornered lattice arrangement;
graphite, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a six-sided lattice;
graphene, single sheets of graphite; and
fullerenes, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in spheres, cylinders or egg-shaped formations
The term allotropy is used for elements only, not for compounds.
The more general term, used for any crystalline material, is polymorphism.
Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same state (i.e., different solid, liquid or gas forms); these different states are not, themselves, considered examples of allotropy.
A covalent bond is a chemical bond between two non-metal atoms.
An example is water, where hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) bond together to make (H2O).
A full outer shell usually has eight electrons, or two in the case of hydrogen or helium.
Valence electrons are the electrons held comparatively loosely in the outer shell of the atom. (
The structure of electron shells is determined by quantum mechanics.)
The number of electrons in an atom is decided by the number of protons in the atom.
Electrons orbit atomic nuclei, and they are like fuzzy orbital paths around an atomic nucleus.
The first layer has up to two electrons.
The layers after that usually contain up to eight.
Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing valence electrons.
If for example, an atom had nine electrons, the first two  orbit very close to the nucleus, the next seven  orbit a little farther away.
The outer seven electrons  are less tightly held than the inner two electrons because they are further away from the positively charged nucleus.
If this atom gets close to another atom, with a loosely held electron in its outer shell, a new orbital will become available to the loosely held electron.
This new electron orbital is bound to both atomic nuclei and has a lower energy level than the original electron orbital.
The electron can spontaneously jump to it and emit a photon with the excess energy.
Now we have an electron orbiting both atoms which results in the atom that provided the electron having a small net positive charge and the other atom having a small net negative charge.
The two atoms are now held together by the electromagnetic force of attraction between positive and negative charges.
To break this bond needs the same amount of energy as was released when it was formed.
A water molecule consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms held together by a covalent bond.
In this case the oxygen atom shares one electron with each hydrogen atom.
This means that the oxygen atoms has a small net positive charge and the hydrogen atom has a small net negative charge.
As a result, the oxygen and hydrogen atoms are attracted to each other due to the electromagnetic force.
Because of this the water molecule is a polar molecule: its charge is not evenly distributed.
Types of covalent bond
Sigma (σ) bonds are the strongest covalent bonds.
They have head-on overlapping of orbitals on two different atoms.
A single bond is usually a σ bond.
Pi (π) bonds are weaker and are due to lateral overlap between p (or d) orbitals.
A double bond between two given atoms has one σ and one π bond, and
a triple bond has one σ and two π bonds.
Covalent bonds are weaker than ionic bonds, and have a lower melting point.
They are also generally poor conductors of electricity and heat.
Bond length
In chemistry, bond length is the measure of the size of a covalent bond.
Because molecules are very small, they are measured in picometers, or about one millionth of a billionth of a meter.
Financial bonds
Bond (finance), in finance, a debt security, issued by Issuer
Government bond, a bond issued by a national government
Bond market, a financial market for bonds
Investment bond, a life assurance based single premium investment
A surety bond is a three party contract, where the surety promises to pay the obligee for non-performance or dishonesty by the principal.
Workers in many jobs must be bonded.
A performance bond is a surety bond for completion of work under a contract
A bail bond is a surety bond for return of a person to a court
Tenancy bond (or damage deposit), a deposit taken by a landlord in relation to rental of a property
Catastrophe bond (or cat bond), a form of reinsurance
Bonded labor (or debt bondage) is a system of servitude where someone must work to pay off a debt
Bond number, in fluid mechanics, a dimensionless number expressing the ratio of gravitational forces to surface tension forces
Chemical bond, the physical phenomenon of chemical substances being held together by attraction of atoms
Covalent bond, a chemical bond between two non-metals
Ionic bond, bonding of a non-metal and a metal