the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Established churches and former state churches in Europe
In 1967, the Albanian government made atheism the "state religion".
This designation remained in effect until 1991.
In Hungary the constitutional laws of 1848 declared five established churches on equal status: the Roman Catholic, Calvinist, Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox and Unitarian Church.
In 1868 the law was ratified again after the Ausgleich.
In 1895 Judaism was also recognized as the sixth established church.
In 1948 every distinction between the different denominations were abolished.
Former state churches in British North America
Protestant colonies
Plymouth Colony was founded by Separatists.
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was founded by Baptists.
Province of Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers.
Catholic colonies
When New France was transferred to Great Britain in 1763, the Roman Catholic Church remained under toleration, but Huguenots were allowed entrance where they had formerly been banned from settlement by Parisian authorities.
Province of Maryland was founded by Irish Catholics in a state known as recusancy, but was stripped of this independence during the English Civil War by Roundheads--much as it was in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
Spanish Florida was ceded to the Great Britain in 1763, the British divided Florida into two colonies.
Both East and West Florida continued a policy of toleration for the Catholic Residents.
"Article IV.
Section 10.
No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged.
No one religious society shall ever be established in this state, in preference to another; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles."
From 1780 Massachusetts had a system which required every man to belong to a church, and permitted each church to tax its members, and did not require that it be a Congregational church.
This was objected to, as in practice establishing the Congregational Church, and was abolished in 1833.
The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church, but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office.
From 1835-1876 it allowed allowed only Christians (including Catholics) to hold public office.
Article VI, Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office.
Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins, when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections.
Religious Tolerance for Catholics with an Established Church of England were policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule.
East Florida was lost to Spain in 1781.
Religious tolerance for Catholics with an established Church of England were policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule.
East Florida was returned to Spain in 1783.
The State of Deseret was a provisional state of the United States, proposed in 1849 by Mormon settlers in Salt Lake City.
The provisional state existed for slightly over two years.
Mass, a physical quantity describing the amount of matter in something (everything it is made of)
Thermal mass, a mass which absorbs heat
Mass (liturgy), the main worship service of many Christian churches
Mass (music), a piece of music for choir, which is sung during the religious service.
The text of this is usually from a religious setting
Mass (movie), a Tollywood movie starring Akkineni Nagarjuna
Mass (theatre), a 1971 musical play by Leonard Bernstein based on Roman Catholic liturgy
Mass (band), a post-punk band who recorded for the 4AD label
The Mass (band), an American jazzcore band
Placenames and geography
Mass., an abbreviation for the U.S. state of Massachusetts
Landmass (also land mass)
Medicine and health
Body mass index, a health indicator to do with to human body weight and height
Muscle mass, a bodybuilding term to do with the configuration of muscles in a person's body
MASS, the common acronym for sports nutrition company Muscle And Sports Science
Mass (medicine), a tumor
Isaac Mass, a Franklin County, Massachusetts politician
Mass, another name for electronic musician Peter Harris, more commonly known as Blu Peter
The working class or the people ("the masses").
See also multitudes.
Masses are disorganized, as opposed to classes (see class consciousness).
Hoi polloi (or "the masses"), a term that usually refers to ordinary, simple people (not important people like rulers and aristocracy)
The Masses, a Socialist magazine
mass production
mass communication
mass education
mass marketing
mass murder
mass suicide
weapons of mass destruction
mass burial
mass hysteria
In music the word mass is used for a piece of music, to be sung by a choir.
The Roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran churches use this.
There are two very broad kinds of masses: Those using the Ordinary are not linked to the Church calendar, they use the same pieces (and words) throughout the year.
The Proper covers the parts of the mass that vary through the year.
At the start, masses were sung in Latin or Greek.
Examples of masses not in English include the Deutsche Messe by Franz Schubert or A German Requiem by Johannes Brahms.
The usual words that are set to music are known as the Ordinary.
These are the words of the service which are the same every day.
The Ordinary consists of five parts: Kyrie (Lord have mercy upon us….),
Gloria (Glory be to thee….),
Credo (I believe in God the Father….),
Sanctus (Holy, Holy, Holy….)
and Agnus Dei (O Lamb of God…).
The words of the mass that are not from the Ordinary are called the Proper.
These are words that may change in the service from day to day.
The Proper consists of the Introit, Gradual, Alleluia, Tract, Offertory and Communion.
There are also some words which are special for particular feast days.
In the Renaissance period church composers set the words of the Ordinary mass to music.
This music was normally polyphonic: the different sections of the choir (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) all had musical lines which shared the melody and were of equal importance.
The words of the Proper were not composed to special music.
They were sung to plainchant.
During the last two centuries many composers have written masses which were not meant to be sung in a church service: they are written as concert pieces.
Some of them are quite long and fill a whole concert program.
Some of the most famous masses are those by Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Berlioz, Dvořák, Verdi, Bruckner, Fauré and Vaughan Williams.
The word is from the Greek language "", which means "inhabited", and was originally an other name for the territory of the Roman Empire, because the earliest councils were all called in by Roman Emperors.
In later times it was used in the sense of "world-wide" or "general."
List of ecumenical councils
The first seven Ecumenical Councils
First Council of Nicaea, (325) adopted the Nicene Creed.
First Council of Constantinople, (381); changed the text of the Nicene Creed into present form.
Council of Ephesus, (431); proclaimed the Virgin Mary as the Theotokos (Greek Η Θεοτόκος, "God-bearer" or more commonly "Mother of God").
Council of Chalcedon, (451); declared the doctrine of monophysitism to be wrong and adopted the Chalcedonian Creed.
This and all following councils are not recognized by the Oriental Orthodox Communion.
Second Council of Constantinople, (553)
Third Council of Constantinople, (680–681); affirmed that Christ had both human and divine wills.
Quinisext Council (= Fifth and Sixth) or Council in Trullo, (692); this council is accepted by the Eastern Orthodox Church as a part of the Third Council of Constantinople, but is rejected by Catholics.
Second Council of Nicaea, (787); restoration of the veneration of icons and end of the first iconoclasm.
It is rejected by many Protestant denominations, who instead prefer the Council of Constantinople of 754, which condemned the veneration of icons.
Tanner, Norman P.  The Councils of the Church, .
Tanner, Norman P.  Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, .
The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Select Online Resources
All Catholic Church Ecumenical Councils - All the Decrees
The Eighth and Ninth Ecumenical Councils
Council in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
Catholic Encyclopedia: The 21 Ecumenical Councils
Catholic Encyclopedia: General Councils
Ecumenical Councils
All Catholic Church Council Decrees including Trent and Vatican II
Camille Saint-Saens (French: Camille Saint-Saëns) (born Paris 9 October 1835, died Algiers, 16 December 1921) was a French composer, pianist and organist.
He was one of the greatest composers of his day.
He composed lots of music of different kinds.
Among his best works are his Symphony no 3 (with organ) , Piano Concerto no 2, Violin Concerto no 3, Cello Concerto no 1, the opera Samson and Delilah and the Danse Macabre.
His most popular work, however, is the Carnival of the Animals.
Saint-Saens hated being thought of as “the composer of the Carnival of the Animals".
He said he had only written it for a bit of fun and he did not want anyone to perform it.
Today it still remains one of the most popular pieces for children.
Three months after Saint-Saens was born his father died.
Saint-Saens was often ill with tuberculosis when he was very small and this carried on throughout his life.
He was brought up by his mother and his aunt.
this illness still didn't hold Saint-Saens back.
at the age of two his aunt taught him the piano.
When he was ten he played piano concertos by Beethoven and Mozart at a public concert, playing everything from memory.
He was very good at school and was interested in lots of subjects including science and philosophy.
In 1858 he published some duets for harmonium and piano and he used the money to buy a telescope.
He studied music at the Paris Conservatoire and was a brilliant student, although he did not win the Prix de Rome.
He soon became known as a composer, pianist and organist and he made many friends, among them Gounod, Berlioz and Rossini.
Liszt thought he was the greatest organist in the world.
Like Liszt, Saint-Saëns was often very kind to other composers and helped them to become known by playing and conducting their music.
He was the first person to conduct Liszt’s symphonic poems in France.
He himself wrote symphonic poems such as Le Rouet d’Omphale (1871) and Danse Macabre (1874).
The idea of music which describes a story was quite a new idea at that time.
He also helped people to like Bach whose music had been forgotten for a long time.
In the 1860s his fame spread and he also did some teaching at the École Niedermeyer which educated young musicians for church music.
His pupils included Faure, Messager and Gigout who all became lifelong friends.
He also founded the Société Nationale de Musique which helped new music to be performed.
Faure, Cesar Franck and Lalo were all members.
The society gave first performances of works by Saint-Saens, Chabrier, Debussy, Dukas and Ravel and others.
Saint-Saens married a 19-year-old girl.
They had two sons who died within six weeks of one another: the baby from an illness and the two-year-old from falling out of a fourth floor window.
Saint-Saens blamed his wife and they eventually divorced.
For many years Saint-Saens travelled all over the world as a famous musician.
Eventually he became less popular in France, but in England and the United States he was still very much admired.
He played for Queen Victoria and spent some time studying original manuscripts of Handel in the library of Buckingham Palace.
He was awarded the title of Doctor by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge and was made a Commander of the Victorian Order because he had composed a march for the coronation of King Edward VII in 1902.
He died in Algiers in 1921.
His funeral was in the cathedral there, and his body was then taken back to Paris where he was given a state funeral at the church of Madeleine.
Saint-Saens was more famous in the concert hall than he was in the theatre.
He wrote 13 operas, but only one of them is still regularly performed: Samson et Dalila (Samson and Delilah).
One of the arias from this opera, Mon cœur s’ouvre à ta voix, is especially famous.
Saint-Saens wrote many concertos, symphonies, sonatas and chamber music.
He often uses the style of dance music and creates a happy atmosphere by repeating certain patterns.
His music is late Romantic, but based on the classical traditions rather than following the style of Wagner like many other French composers were doing at the time.
Camille Saint-Saëns' "Organ-Symphony" (together with works of Debussy and Fauré).
Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra.
Fly to the Sky (hangul:플라이 투 더 스카이) is a South Korean R&B duo.
Its members are Korean American Brian Joo and South Korean Fany (also known as Hwanhee; Korean: 환희 Chinese: 歡喜; meaning "delight").
Since their 1999 debut single "Day by Day," they released six albums.
Although they were marketed as teen idols, the duo later changed their image and style with their third album Sea of Love in 2002.
With their future albums, the duo became known as R&B artists and are known as the first R&B duo of South Korea.
The duo started in late 1998 by Korean record company SM Entertainment.
A friend of Brian Joo signed him up for auditions with Brothers Entertainment without his knowledge.
while he was going to Holy Spirit High School, a Roman Catholic school in New Jersey.
As for Fany, a staff member working for the company recommended him to audition at a school festival.
Their first appeared on television on December 9, 1999.
Their first album Day by Day sold over 250,000 copies.
Their second album The Promise was released in 2001.
The album hit #2 on the charts, but it quickly slipped from the charts.
In the same year, they had their first concert with singer Kim Jo-Han.
The duo released two albums during this time.
Their third album Sea of Love was released while Joo was at New Jersey going to Rutgers University, so Fany performed the songs by himself.
The album featured "Condition of My Heart" which was written by American singer Brian McKnight.
Their fourth album, Missing You came out around the time when his manager died in a car crash.
Fany was especially shocked by his death, because he had been in the same car with his manager just hours before the incident.
Gravity, as their fifth and last album, came out by SM Entertainment.
Their contract to the company ended soon after the release.
Fly to the Sky signed on with PFull Entertainment after their first contract ended in 2004.
They wanted a smaller label that cared less about money.
Fly to the Sky recorded their sixth studio album Transition in January 2006.
The duo started their first tour in Korea called "Fly To The Sky: 2006 The Twice Tour".
Starting from Jamsil Arena in Seoul in May 2006, they had concerts in major Korean cities like Busan, Daegu, Junju, and Kwangju.
When Transition became popular, Fly to the Sky made a special edition, which had more music videos, deleted scenes and the more songs titled "Hwan Sang (Illusion)," "Hot and Cold," and "When I Say."
In 2004 and 2005, there was a rumor that they would break up.
Brian denied to rumours and said that Fly to the Sky was not disbanding.
He said the two had hard time getting along for first few years of their career on the show "Yah Shim Man Man," which aired on July 10.
He said that he felt envy towards Fany, because he received more attention and praise than him.
Brian felt that he was not given his due as Fany.
Eventually he found this difficult to bear, and suggested to Fany that they pursue their separate paths.
Fany responded angrily and that led to a fight that nearly led to the duo breaking up.
The two was on good terms again soon after, understanding each other better.
After the fight, the two decided to try to better understand each other in order to solve their problems together and to support each other.
Brian's eyes were filled with tears when he was talking about the rumour.
Since 2006, the duo has appeared many times in variety shows.
Fany appeared on Korean television drama "Over the Rainbow" during summer of 2006, and Brian released his solo album The Brian in December 2006.
They became more popular but some critics and fans said they were compromising their image as artists.
Day by Day (1999)
The Promise (2001)
Sea of Love (2002)
Missing You (2003)
Gravity (2004)
Transition (2006)
PFull Official Website
Fly to the Sky's official website at ilikepop.com
FLY TO THE SKY Two voices, Two attractions, Four wings that soar once again
Fly to the Sky returning with sixth album Transition
2006 interview with Melon.com
R&B bands
South Korean musical groups
1998 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in South Korea
Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912) was an Irish writer.
He is  best remembered as the author of the classical and influential vampire (or devil) novel Dracula.
He was born on 8 November 1847 at 15 Marino Crescent—then as now called "The Crescent"—in Clontarf, a coastal suburb of Dublin, Ireland.
His parents were Abraham Stoker (born in 1799; married Stoker's mother in 1844; died on 10 October 1876) and the feminist Charlotte Mathilda Blake Thornley (born in 1818; died in 1901).
Stoker was the third of seven children.
Abraham and Charlotte were members of the Church of Ireland and attended the Clontarf parish church (St. John the Baptist) with their children where both were baptised.
Until he started school at the age of seven—when he made a complete, surprising recovery—Stoker was sick.
During that time, Stoker wrote, "I was naturally thoughtful, and the leisure of long illness gave opportunity for many thoughts which were fruitful according to their kind in later years."
After his recovery, he became a normal young man even excelling as an athlete at Trinity College, Dublin (1864–70), from which he was graduated with honors in mathematics.
He was auditor of the College Historical Society and president of the University Philosophical Society, where his first paper was on "Sensationalism in Fiction and Society".
In 1876, while he was employed as a civil servant in Dublin, he wrote theater reviews for The Dublin Mail, a newspaper partly owned by fellow horror writer J. Sheridan Le Fanu.
His interest in theater led to a lifelong friendship with the English actor Henry Irving.
In 1878 Stoker married Florence Balcombe, a celebrated beauty whose former suitor was Oscar Wilde.
The couple moved to London, where Stoker became business manager of Irving's Lyceum Theater, a post he held for 27 years.
The collaboration with Irving was very important for Stoker.
Through him he became involved in London's high society, where he met, among other notables, James McNeil Whistler and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
In the course of Irving's tours he got the chance to travel around the world.
He earned his money by writing a large number of sensational novels, his most famous being the vampire tale Dracula which he published in 1897.
Before writing Dracula, Stoker spent eight years researching European folklore and stories of vampires.
Dracula is an epistolary novel, written as collection of diary entries, telegrams, and letters from the characters, as well as fictional clippings from the Whitby and London newspapers.
Stoker's inspiration for the story was a visit to Slains Castle near Aberdeen.
The bleak spot provided an excellent backdrop for his creation.
Dracula has been the basis for countless movies and plays.
The first was Nosferatu directed by Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau and starring Max Schreck as Count Orlock.
Nosferatu was produced while Florence Stoker, Bram Stoker's widow and literary executrix, was still alive.
Represented by the attorneys of the British Incorporated Society of Authors, she eventually sued the filmmakers.
Her chief legal complaint was that she had been neither asked for permission for the adaptation nor paid any royalty.
The case dragged on for some years, with Mrs Stoker demanding the destruction of the negative and all prints of the movie.
The suit was finally resolved in the widow's favour in July 1925.
Some copies of the movie survived, however, and Nosferatu is now widely regarded as an innovative classic.
The most famous movie version of Dracula is the 1931 production starring Bela Lugosi and which spawned several sequels that had little to do with Stoker's novel.
Stoker wrote several other novels dealing with horror and supernatural themes, but none of them achieved the lasting fame or success of Dracula.
His other novels include The Snake's Pass (1890), The Jewel of Seven Stars (1903), and The Lair of the White Worm (1911).
The Primrose Path (1875)
The Snake's Pass (1890)
The Watter's Mou'  (1895)
The Shoulder of Shasta (1895)
Dracula (1897)
Miss Betty (1898)
The Mystery of the Sea (1902)
The Jewel of Seven Stars (1903)
The Man (AKA: The Gates of Life) (1905)
Lady Athlyne (1908)
Snowbound: The Record of a Theatrical Touring Party (1908)
The Lady of the Shroud (1909)
Lair of the White Worm (1911)
Under the Sunset (1881)
Dracula's Guest (1914) Published posthumously by Florence Stoker
Uncollected stories
Bridal of Dead (alternative ending to The Jewel of Seven Stars)
The Chain of Destiny
The Crystal Cup (1872)- published by 'The London Society'
The Dualitists; or, The Death Doom of the Double Born
The Fate of Fenella (1892), Chapter 10, "Lord Castleton Explains" only.
The Man from Shorrox'''
Midnight Tales The Red Stockade The Seer Non-fiction
The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland (1879)
A Glimpse of America (1886)
Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving (1906)
Famous Impostors (1910)
Blood from the Mummy's Tomb (film adaptation of The Jewel of Seven Stars'')
Bram Stoker cultural Heritage visitor centre , Dublin
"Bram Stoker: A Biography of the Author of Dracula"
h2g2 article on Bram Stoker
Bram Stoker's brief biography and works
The Lair of the White Worm  - dedicated site (film and novel)
20 Common Misconceptions and Other Miscellaneous Information
Full text of Dracura at the Project Gutenberg in various formats.
Bram Stoker Full text and PDF versions of most of Stoker's works.
Bram Stoker Books in HTML format.
Criss Angel (born Christopher Nicholas Sarantakos, December 19, 1967) is an American illusionist, stuntperformer, and musician.
He has done many illusions.
Examples of these include walking on water, making an Asian elephant vanish and then reappear several episodes later, and floating between two buildings.
Angel has had a television program on the American network A&E called Criss Angel Mindfreak.
The program has stunts and street magic, as well as public service announcements about scams that are popular around the United States.
Official Criss Angel website
Official Criss Angel Mindfreak website at A&E
Official Criss Angel MySpace profile
Videos of Criss Angel
American magicians
TVXQ (Tong Vfang Xien Qi) is a two-member K-pop boy band active in South Korea and Japan.
Its members are U-know Yunho, and Max Changmin.
The group is popular in East Asian countries including Taiwan and China.
They debuted in 2004 and belong to Korean record company SM Entertainment.
They are known by different names.
They are known as Dong Bang Shin Ki (abbreviated DBSK, 동방신기, 東方神起) in Korea and Tohoshinki in Japan.
The group has released three Japanese and six Korean albums.
Their fourth Korean album, Mirotic was released in 2008.
It  has sold over 550,000 copies.
Before that, the 2006 album O-Jung.
Hap.
continued to chart in 2007 along with the group's 2005 album Rising Sun.
Their first Japanese album Heart, Mind, and Soul performed modestly.
It peaked at #25 on the Oricon Chart.
The album sold less than 20,000 copies.
Their second album Five in the Black did better.
The album peaked at #2 and sold over 26,000 copies in its first week of release.
The third album T also peaked at #2 and sold 30,003 copies on the first day of its release.
TVXQ has an official fan club, called "cassiopeia", in Korea.
The number of people of this fan club makes it the biggest in the world.
There is also a big fan club in Japan.
Korean studio albums
Tri-angle (2004)
Rising Sun (2005)
"O"-Jung.
Hap. (
Mirotic (2008)
Keep Your Head Down (2011)
Catch Me (2012)
Tense (2014)
Rise as God (2015)
Korean Mini-Albums/Extended Plays
Hug (2004)
The Way U Are (2004)
Christmas Gift from Dong Bang Shin Gi (2004)
2005 Summer (2004)
Japanese studio albums
Heart, Mind and Soul (2006)
Five in the Black (2007)
T (2008)
The Secret Code (2009)
TONE (2011)
Time (2013)
Tree (2014)
With (2014)
Japanese compilation albums
Best Selection 2010 (2010)
Japanese singles
8th Single - miss you /O-Jung.
19th Single - If...!? /
Rainy Night（JUNSU） 2008/02/27
23rd single—どうして君を好きになってしまったんだろう？
27th Single - Share The World / ウィーアー！
29th Single - BREAK OUT!
Awards and achievements
In 2008, TVXQ made the Guinness World Records for having the world's largest official fan club.
Cassiopeia, the band's official fan club, is claimed to have more than 800,000 official members just in South Korea, more than 200,000 official members in Japan (BigEast) and more than 200,000 international fans (iCassies).
They also made Guinness a second time in 2009.
Aside from having the world's largest fan club, the group was also listed as the most photographed celebrities in the world.
From the day of their debut to March 19, 2009, the five members are estimated to have been photographed about 500 million times in magazines, albums jackets, and commercials, etc.
The total figure includes individual photos as well as group pictures.
Korean official website
Japanese official website
Chinese official website
South Korean boy bands
J-pop bands
K-pop music groups
2003 establishments in South Korea
Ayumi Hamasaki ( Hamasaki Ayumi; born October 2, 1978) is a Japanese singer, songwriter, and former actress.
She is also called Ayu by her fans, and called the "Empress of Pop" because her music is very popular in Japan.
She was born and raised in Fukuoka.
When she was fourteen, she moved to Tokyo and began her career as an actress in 1993.
In 1998, she was signed to the label Avex Trax and released a number of singles that were successful.
In 1999, she released her first studio album A Song for XX which was very successful and made her popular in Japan.
Because she changes her appearance and artistry very often, she is popular in other parts of Asia like China, Singapore, and Taiwan.
Many of her songs are used in commercials and advertisements.
She often appears in some of these.
Before she joined Avex Trax, she released a single and an album both called Nothing From Nothing.
But these did not become popular.
Since she debuted in 1998 with "Poker Face," Hamasaki sold more than 50 records in Japan.
This puts her as one of the highest ranking singers in the country.
She holds many records as a female singer.
These include the most number-one hits and highest sales.
Hamasaki dated Tomoya Nagase (a singer and actor) since her short acting career.
They announced they were dating in 2001.
Six years later, there were rumors that Hamasaki and Nagase were going to get married.
But on July 13, 2007 Hamasaki said that they had broken up.
She did not say why, but she said that they will stay as friends.
In 2008, Hamasaki revealed that she had become deaf in her left ear.
This was because of tinnitus or Ménière's disease.
She said that she had the condition in 2006 and that problems with her ear started in 2000.
Hamasaki stated that she wants to continue singing.
She said that she would "not give up" on her fans and that "as a professional", she wanted to "deliver the best performance for everyone".
1999: A Song for XX
1999: LOVEppears
2000: Duty
2002: I Am...
2002: Rainbow
2004: My Story
2006: (miss)understood
2006: Secret
2008: Guilty
2009: Next Level
2010: Rock 'n' Roll Circus
2010: Love Songs
2012: Party Queen
2013: LOVE again
2001: A Best
2003: A Ballads
2007: A Best 2 (White/Black)
2008: A Complete ~All Singles~
LOVE ~Destiny~
Appears
A Song is Born (with Keiko Yamada)
No Way to Say
STEP You/is this LOVE?
Startin'/Born to Be...
Talkin' 2 Myself
GREEN/Days
Sunrise/Sunset ~LOVE IS ALL~
You Were.../BALLAD
Ayumi Hamasaki Fanclub "TeamAyu"
Singers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Love Generation () was a dramatic Japanese television series on Fuji Television.
It first aired in Japan from October 13 1997 to December 22, 1997 every Monday.
It had a very high rating of 30.8%.
It features music by Cagnet.
Katagiri Teppei - Takuya Kimura
Uesugi Riko - Takako Matsu
Takagi Erika - Norika Fujiwara
Katagiri Soichiro - Masaaki Uchino
Mizuhara Sanae - Junna Risa
Yoshimoto
Katagiri Teppei - A talented advertisement designer and a playboy with an egocentric attitude and dislike for anything boring.
He has a girlfriend named Riko, but still misses his past girlfriend Sanae at the same time
Uesugi Riko - She moves out from her family to Tokyo hoping to be more independent.
She is a girl with a lot of spirit, and eventually becomes part of a  love triangle.
Takagi Erika - A flight attendant and Riko's bestfriend.
While she secretly likes Teppei, she frequently gives helpful advice to Riko to maintain her relationship
Katagiri Soichiro - a public prosecutor and Teppei's brother.
He is very serious in his doings unlike Teppei, and thus Soichiro is his brother's role model.
He was engaged to Sanae, Teppei's former girlfriend, but he meets his own past girlfriend and develops an affair with her later on in the story.
Mizuhara Sanae - translates between Mandarin and Japanese.
She was Teppei's highschool sweetheart.
Later, she is engaged to his brother Soichiro, but later finds herself falling in love with Teppei again
Yoshimoto - Teppei's highschool friend, who falls in love with Riko at first sight, but was rejected by her
The show revolves around the relationship of the two leading characters, Katagiri Teppei and Uesugi Riko, who begin their relationship as squabbling colleagues before falling in love.
Katagiri Teppei is a talented designer and very popular among women.
Unfortunately, Teppei, who despises anything boring and repetitive, is forced to move to the sales department for his egocentric behavior.
Throughout the series, he is forced to adapt to the new working environment, which includes cutting his precious locks of hair to create a neater and more professional image.
As he struggles to adapt, he meets Uesugi Riko.
While she does not like him at first, she eventually falls for him.
However, Teppei runs into his highschool sweetheart Mizuhara Sanae, and discovers that his ex-girlfriend is now engaged to his brother Soichiro.
Fortunately, Riko is there to console him, and this eventually blooms into a romance.
Not long after, however, Sanae realizes she still has feelings for Teppei, and thus creates a love triangle.
To make the matter even more complicated, Soichiro starts to have an affair with his past girlfriend.
Crystal apple
Teppei's apartment has many unusual items such as Thai artifact, a 30-year-old refrigerator, and a crystal apple.
The meaning behind the apple is that there is only one true love, between Adam and Eve, that is.
A crystal can be broken easily, and when one would look in it, it appears upside down.
The apple is seen upside down for the 10 of the 11 episodes.
At the last episode, however, the apple is no longer upside down.
The apple is on the album cover of the soundtrack for Love Generation.
True love never runs smooth
The advertising poster appears over and over again.
The model is holding a crystal apple, and reads True love never runs smooth symbolizing the relationship between Riko and Teppei, which constantly faces struggles from when they meet for the very first time to the love triangle.
This advertisement is visible everywhere from the park to Teppei's 30-year-old refrigerator, as "True love never runs smooth" is the unofficial tagline of this television series.
Lover Generation Central
Love Generation - The Dog Shed
SMAP Wonderland Love Generation
Plot for each episode
Japanese television series
Drama television series
Psyche (pronounce: SY-kee) is a former mortal woman and goddess of the soul in Greek mythology.
She is the wife of Eros (Cupid) and the mother of Hedone.
She is always pictured with butterfly wings.
Today, Psyche is known from a story called The Golden Ass, written by Lucius Apuleius in the 2nd century.
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (December 10, 1787 - September 10, 1851) was an American teacher and the founder of the American School for the Deaf.
He founded the school in 1817.
He got his bachelor's degree in 1805 and master's degree in 1808.
He wanted to do many things for example,  study law or study religion.
In 1814, Gallaudet became a preacher.
Gallaudet chose not to become a preacher when he met Alice Cogswell, the nine-year-old deaf daughter of a neighbor, Dr. Mason Cogswell.
He taught her many words by writing them in the dirt.
Cogswell asked Gallaudet to go to Europe to learn ways for teaching deaf people.
While in Great Britain, he met Abbé Sicard, head of a school for deaf people in Paris, and two of its deaf teachers, Laurent Clerc and Jean Massieu.
Sicard asked Gallaudet to go to Paris to study the school's ways of teaching the deaf.
Gallaudet studied with Sicard.
He learned sign language from Massieu and Clerc, who were both graduates of the school.
Gallaudet asked Clerc to go back to America with him.
The two men toured New England and got money to create a school for deaf students in Hartford, Connecticut which later became known as the American School for the Deaf.
Young Alice was one of the first seven students in the United States.
1787 births
Educators from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Annelids are a phylum of invertebrate worms.
They are the segmented worms, with over 17,000 known species.
Well known species are earthworms and leeches.
Annelids can be found in most wet environments.
Some of these species are parasitic or mutualistic.
This means they live together with (or inside) another organism.
A mutualistic relationship is beneficial to both organisms.
Their size varies from under a millimetre to about 3 metres.
The largest known species is the seep tube worm (Lamellibrachia lymnesi), which is related to the giant tube worm.
Annelids are made of one or more body segments.
Each segment has one or more rings.
These rings are called annuli (singular: 'annulus' = 'little ring').
Annelids reproduce sexually by hermaphroditic cross-fertilization.
They can regenerate cut off pieces of their body, unlike sponges, which can come back together if ripped apart.
They have a hydrostatic skeleton, a one-way digestion system, and bilateral symmetry.
Annelid worms have a nervous system.
The brain forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it.
In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections.
The rest of the central nervous system is usually 'ladder-like', with a pair of nerve cords that run along the bottom part of the body cavity.
In each segment there are paired ganglia linked by a cross-connection.
From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body.
Polychaetes: about 12,000 species, free-living
Clitellates: about 5,000 species
Oligochaetes
Hirudinea
They are generally found in a marine environment.
There are more than 10,000 known species in this class.
They are ancient animals, dating back to 518 million years ago.
They are first found in the early Cambrian fossil beds of Sirius Passet in Greenland.
Each of their body segments has some fleshy protrusions that stand out.
These 'parapodia' have many bristles, which are made of chitin.
This is different from the Oligochaeta, which are similar in form, but only have a few bristles.
Common species are the lugworm, and the clam worm Nereis (which is sometimes also called a 'sandworm').
Polychaetes are segmented worms, generally less than  in length, although ranging at the extremes from  to .
They are often brightly coloured, and may be iridescent or even luminescent.
Each segment bears a pair of paddle-like parapodia, which are used for movement.
In many species, the parapodia, well supplied with blood vessels, act as the worm's primary respiratory surfaces.
Bundles of bristles  stick out from the parapodia.
Some bristle worms have poison bristles.
The bristles will break off in the skin of a predator that tries to pick up the animal and sting the predator painfully.
The head, or prostomium, is relatively well developed, compared with other annelids.
It is forward over the mouth, which lies on the animal's underside.
The head normally includes two to four pair of eyes, although there are some blind species.
These eyes are fairly simple structures, capable of distinguishing between light and dark.
Some species have large eyes with lenses that may be capable of real vision.
The head also includes a pair of antennae, tentacle-like palps, and a pair of pits lined with cilia, known as "nuchal organs".
These latter appear to be chemoreceptors which help the worm seek out food.
Polychaetes vary in form and lifestyle.
Most burrow or build tubes in the sediment, some swim among the plankton, and some live as commensals.
A few are parasitic.
A few groups have evolved to live in terrestrial environments, but are restricted to humid areas.
Some have even evolved tubes that open inwards from the skin which work like simple lungs, absorbing oxygen from the air and allowing release of waste gases.
Notable polychaetes
One notable polychaete, the Pompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana) is endemic to the hydrothermal vents of the Pacific Ocean.
Pompeii worms are among the most heat-tolerant metazoan animals known.
A recently discovered genus, Osedax, includes a species nicknamed the "bone-eating snot flower".
Another remarkable polychaete is Hesiocaeca methanicola, which lives on methane clathrate deposits.
Lamellibrachia luymesi is a cold seep tube worm which reaches lengths of over 3 meters, and may be the most long-lived animal at over 250 years old.
A still unclassified multi-legged predatory polychaete worm was identified only by observation from the underwater vehicle Nereus at the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the greatest depth in the oceans, near 10,902 m (35,768 ft) depth.
It was about an inch long visually, but the probe failed to capture it, so it could not be studied in detail.
Eunice aphroditois is a sea-floor predator which catches and eats fish bigger than itself.
Bristle worm diet
Most bristle worms are scavengers, but some are good predators, eating fishes and coral.
Others like to eat algae.
They are usually found hiding in reefs and rocky places.
They crawl along the sea floor or the bottom of a tide pool, looking for something to eat.
The lugworm (Arenicola marina), also known as the sandworm, is a large marine worm of the phylum Annelida.
Lugworms make the coiled tubes of sand that are a familiar sight on a beach at low tide.
The lugworm itself is not seen except by people who dig them up from curiosity or to use as fishing bait.
Arenicola marina can grow to about 5 inches long (13 cm).
Its body is segmented, like that of an earthworm.
It has bristles in the middle of its body.
It is a polychaete.
It also has well-developed blood-vessels, and gills to breathe in the water.
Although the textbook example is usually Arenicola marina, there is a second species, Arenicola defodiens, which lives a similar life.
It grows to about 9 inches long (23 cm)
It is a species of ragworm or sandworm.
The terms can refer to any one of a number of other species.
This worm can reach up to 15 centimeters (6 inches) in length.
Most specimens are smaller than this.
It is brown coloured at the rear, and reddish-brown on the rest of its body.
It has a head with four eyes, two sensory feelers or palps, and eight tentacles.
It is a freeswimming polychaete, scavenging on the bottom of shallow marine waters.
Clam worms are an important food source for bottom-feeding fish and crustaceans.
They can protect themselves by secreting a mucous substance which hardens to form a sheath around them.
Protozoa are small (but not simple) organisms.
They are single-celled heterotrophic eukaryotes, which eat bacteria and other food sources.
It is an old term, and the wider term protist is generally preferred today.
However, 'protozoa' is often used for convenience, especially in junior education.
It is a convenient hold-all term, and most systems of taxonomy  classify 'protozoa' into several different phyla.
The term is problematic because modern biochemical and genetic techniques show that it includes several quite different kinds of cells.
They are found only in moist or aquatic habitats.
Many protozoan species are symbionts, some are parasites, and some are predators of soil bacteria and algae.
About 30,000 protozoan species are known.
A ragworm, of the genus Nereis
A lugworm
Hematophagy is the habit of certain animals to feed on blood.
Blood is rich in proteins.
Examples of animals that feed on blood are mosquitoes, vampire bats and leeches.
The Crinoids are a  class of Echinoderms.
They have two forms, the sea lilies, stalked forms attached to the sea floor, and the feather stars, which are free-living.
All crinoids are marine, and live both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6000 meters.
The basic echinoderm pattern of fivefold symmetry can be recognized, but most crinoids have many more than five arms.
Crinoids have a mouth on the top surface that is surrounded by feeding arms.
The crinoids have a long history.
They were the first echinoderms to appear in the fossil record, and have kept their early structure throughout their long career.
They were extremely common in the Palaeozoic, and some rocks from the Carboniferous consist almost entirely of fossil crinoids.
Crinoids' mouths faces up towards the surface of the ocean, and the stalked forms feed on the detritus which comes down to the bottom.
The mouth is surrounded by many feathery tentacles.
They have a U-shaped gut, and their anus is located next to the mouth.
The crinoids were almost wiped out by the extinction event at the end of the Palaeozoic era.
Four whole classes became extinct, and the few that survived became the only living class, the Articulata.
The stalked members of the class sufered from heavy predation in the Mesozoic.
and now all the remaining sea lilies are in deep water, where the competition is less fierce.
The feather stars have been much more successful.
In 2005, a stalked crinoid was recorded pulling itself along the sea floor off the Grand Bahama Island.
The recording showed a crinoid moving at much faster speeds than was thought possible.
Feather stars
The free-living feather stars first appear in the Upper Triassic.
They are related to starfish.
As juveniles, they are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk, as their ancestors were.
In the adult stage they break away from the stalk and can move about.
Some can swim by undulating movements of the arms.
Usually, feather stars creep about by using projections at the bottom of the crown, called cirri.
They are the only crinoids in shallow water, and are all in the Order Comatulidae.
Their flexible arms and ability to choose their feeding grounds was undoubtedly important in their success and survival.p293
During the day, they roll into a ball.
But at night, they spread out their arms to catch plankton.
Feather stars arrange themselves so the fan faces the flow of the  current.
The posture serves to present the maximum area of food-collecting surfaces to the incoming water flow, so that more particles will settle on them.
They are found mostly in shallow water.
The Yorkshire Dales (also known as the "Dales") is the name given to an upland area, mostly in Yorkshire, in Northern England.
Most of the area falls within the Yorkshire Dales District National Park, created in 1954.
The "Dales" is one of the twelve National parks of England and Wales.
The area is so called because it is a collection of river valleys ("dale" comes from a Danish word for valley), and the hills in between them.
The area is mainly in the historic county of Yorkshire, but today is partly in three modern counties : North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and Cumbria.
List of Dales
Arkengarthdale
Birkdale
Bishopdale
Coverdale
Dentdale
Langstrothdale
Littondale
Malhamdale
Nidderdale
Ribblesdale
Wharfedale
Bolton Castle
Settle-Carlisle Railway
List of peaks in the Yorkshire Dales
Yorkshire Dales Society
Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority
Photos of The Yorkshire Dales on Flickr
Suwanee is a city in the American state of Georgia.
It is in Gwinnett County.
In 2005, about 12,500 people lived in Suwanee.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 25.6 km² (9.9 mi²).
25.4 km² (9.8 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it (0.71%) is water.
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Cumming is a city in the American state of Georgia.
The city is the county seat of Forsyth County.
About 5,800 people live in Cumming.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 15.3 km² (5.9 mi²).
15.3 km² (5.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it (0.34%) is water.
City of Cumming website
Athens-Clarke County: Unified City/County Government Official Site
Athens Convention & Visitors Bureau
Athens Stuff Guide
The University of Georgia
Anaerobic digestion is the way microorganisms break down organic matter without oxygen.
This process happens naturally, but it is called anaerobic digestion when it is supported and contained.
An anaerobic digester is an industrial system that supports this process.
Biodegradation to treat waste is one of the main purposes.
Generating biogas to provide fuel is another.
It also produces soil improving material.
Digestion archives
European Anaerobic Digestion Network
Independent Anaerobic Digestion Website
Thermophilic Anaerobic Digesters
Methane (Biogas) from Anaerobic Digesters
Application of anaerobic digesters
Anaerobic Biodigester Design for Small Tropical Producers
Clarke County is a county in the American state of Georgia.
The county seat of Clarke County is Athens, Georgia.
Clarke county was formed on December 5, 1801 and named after Revolutionary War hero Elijah Clarke.
The University of Georgia is in Clarke County.
Clarke county has 104,439 people.
Georgia (U.S. state) counties
1801 establishments in the United States
1800s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Forsyth County is a county in the American state of Georgia.
The county seat of Forsyth County is Cumming, Georgia.
Forsyth County has one of the fastest growing populations of any county in the United States.
The number of people has grown from 98,407 to 140,393 between 2000 and 2005.
The county was made in 1832 and is named after John Forsyth.
The county has five main high schools including; North Forsyth, West Forsyth, Lambert High, Forsyth Central, and South Forsyth.
Government site
Forsyth County Georgia, Local Web Portal and Directory
John Forsyth, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
History and Records, Forsyth County, GA
North Forsyth High School
Lambert High School
Forsyth Central High School
South Forsyth High School
1832 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Johns Creek is a city in the American state of Georgia.
It was only made a city on December 1, 2006.
It is a suburb in the northeast of Atlanta.
Johns Creek has about 75,000 people living in it.
It is a part of Fulton County.
Johns Creek is the 10th largest city in Georgia.
The Black Parade is a 2006 album by the band My Chemical Romance.
It is the third album from the band.
The songs on this album follow the life of The Patient, a man dying of cancer.
The album takes the listener into The Patient's mind, fears, regrets, and accomplishments.
Much like their first two albums, The Black Parade offers a message of hope.
The Black Parade is: Ray Toro, Mikey Way, Gerard Way, Frank Iero, and Bob Bryar.
"The End." –
"Dead!" –
"This Is How I Disappear" – 3:59