the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Castling king-side is generally viewed as being safer, while castling queen-side is viewed as being more aggressive.
It is a cognitive bias in which a person overestimates the "agreement grade" that the other people have with them.
In other words, people tend to think that others agree with them.
Most of the time, a person thinks that their own attitudes, beliefs, values and habits are the most common ones.
In reality, the person's thoughts may not be shared by others.
Another effect which can occur with false consensus is called pluralistic ignorance.
In pluralistic ignorance, people support a norm or a belief in public, even though they really think it is wrong.
Changing minds: the false consensus effect
A cherry cake is a soft, creamy cake with firm bread and ripe cherries inside it.
It is served with cherry icing, made of icing sugar, butter, and water.
Sometimes, pink food coloring is added to the icing, to make it look like it is made of cherries.
Walnut cake is a cake made of walnuts.
It is a lightly golden, thick, creamy cake made of coffee cream and chocolate hazelnut spread.
Unfilled Walnut cakes can be preserved and for one month.
Walnut cakes may also be served with a punnet of strawberries, reserving four berries for decoration.
Also, strawberry cream can be spread over the top and sides of the cake.
A nearly complete skeleton was found in 1973.
This showed it was a member of the long-tailed sub-order of pterosaurs, the Rhamphorhynchoidea.
Eudimorphodon was small in size, with 110 teeth packed into a jaw only 6 cms long.
Teeth at the front are fangs, further back the teeth are small and multipointed, many with five cusps.
This is unique among pterosaurs, whose teeth are usually of a simple conical form.
Stomach contents showed it had eaten a small fish, Parapholidophorus.
The top and bottom teeth of Eudimorphodon came into direct contact with each other when the jaws were closed, especially at the back of the jaw.
The teeth were multi-cusped, and tooth wear shows that Eudimorphodon was able to crush or chew its food to some degree.
Wear along the sides of these teeth suggests that Eudimorphodon also fed on hard-shelled invertebrates.
Juvenile Eudimorphodon had somewhat different and fewer teeth, and may have eaten insects.
An unsolved puzzle is the flexibility of the tail, which lacks the very long stiffening vertebral extensions other long-tailed pterosaurs have.
This flexibility is a basal trait; its functional significance in this genus is unknown.
However, it is known that the stiffened tail of Rhamphorhynchus-like pterosaurs is a device which adds stability to their flight.
Without this stability, the animal would be more manoeuvrable, but their flight would need more control by the brain.
The Myall Creek Massacre  was an incident which involved the murders of approximately 30 Wirrayaraay indigenous people by European settlers.
It happened on 10 June 1838 at the Myall Creek near Bingara in northern New South Wales.
Rise Against is an American melodic hardcore  band  from Chicago, Illinois.
Rise Against formed in 1999.
Their current members are Tim McIlrath (vocals, guitar), Joe Principe (bass guitar), Brandon Barnes (drums), and Zach Blair (guitar).
All of the members are straight edge (except Barnes), and the band supports PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals).
They are also vegans.
The band is currently signed to Geffen.
Geffen is a record label owned by Universal Music Group.
As of 2009, Rise Against has had six studio albums, two EPs, and one DVD.
Rise Against spent its first five years signed to the record label "Fat Wreck Chords," on which it released two studio albums.
The band got reviewer popularity with its first two releases on Geffen, Siren Song of the Counter Culture (2004) and The Sufferer & the Witness (2006).
These two albums made many high-charting singles, like "Swing Life Away", "Prayer of the Refugee", and "The Good Left Undone".
Their newest studio album, Appeal to Reason (2008), was released in North America on 7 October.
It got to number three on the U.S Billboard 200 and made the three singles, "Re-Education (Through Labor)", "Audience of One", and "Savior".
Early years (1999–2003)
Rise Against was first made with the name "Transistor Revolt" in 1999 by former members of the bands 88 Fingers Louie and Baxter.
The first group was Tim McIlrath (vocals), Joe Principe (bass and vocals), Toni Tintari (drums), and Mr. Precision (guitar and vocals).
The band never performed live with this group.
Instead, it released a self-made demo or EP.
It was called Transistor Revolt.
They made it in the year 2000, a year before signing with Fat Wreck Chords.
Tintari left shortly after making Transistor Revolt, and was replaced by Brandon Barnes.
Barnes was first from Screeching Weasel and Squirtgun's drummer.
The band changed its name to Rise Against in 2001 and made its first album, The Unraveling (made by veteran punk maker Mass Giorgini) on Fat Wreck Chords that same year.
Mr. Precision then left the band in 2001.
He was replaced by Todd Mohney.
Mohney joined before the band began writing their second full-length album, Revolutions per Minute.
After touring in support of The Unraveling, the band came back to the studio in December 2002 to work on their second full-length album.
The album would be called Revolutions per Minute (made by Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore at The Blasting Room).
The band toured a lot in support of its first two albums.
They also performed in helping roles for "Sick of It All," "NOFX," "Agnostic Front," "No Use for a Name," "AFI," and "Strung Out."
Rise Against also helped out in the 2003 "Warped Tour."
Siren Song of the Counter Culture (2004–2005)
Rise Against signed onto DreamWorks Records in December 2003 and made their third album, Siren Song of the Counter Culture in 2004.
DreamWorks was soon absorbed by the Universal Music Group, and Rise Against found itself with Geffen Records instead.
Shortly after the band signed with Geffen, Mohney left and was replaced by guitarist Chris Chasse.
Rise Against released Siren Song of the Counter Culture in August 2004.
The album was their first to be the band's album on a famous record label, and was their first to reach the Billboard 200 chart.
It also was awarded gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
The album got mostly good reviews from reviewers.
In giving the album three out of five stars, Johnny Loftus from Allmusic said that Siren Song of the Counter Culture sometimes "gets carried away with its own music ."
However, he goes on to say that because of the album being the band's first famous-label release, "maybe the fuller sound and sometimes forays into acoustic guitars and cello overdubs...are OK."
Rise Against toured North America, Europe, Australia, and Japan in support of Siren Song of the Counter Culture.
Some of the best performances are those on the first worldwide "Taste of Chaos" tour in 2005 (with Funeral for a Friend, Story of the Year, The Used, and Killswitch Engage), a worldwide tour to the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Japan, the Give It a Name tour in the United Kingdom, the Reading Festival and Leeds Festival in the United Kingdom a United States tour with Alkaline Trio, and the Warped Tour in North America.
The Sufferer & the Witness (2006–2007)
In January 2006, after touring in support of Siren Song of the Counter Culture, Rise Against started to work on their fourth studio album at the Blasting Room studio in Fort Collins, Colorado.
With makers Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore.
The Sufferer & the Witness was released on 4 July 2006.
The album got to number 10 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, selling 48,397 copies in its first week of release.
It was then awarded gold by the RIAA in 2008.
The Age newspaper said that with The Sufferer & the Witness, the band "returns to their punk roots."
Plus, the album got mostly good reviews by reviewers.
Corey Apar of Allmusic, in giving the album four out of five stars, said of it, "the band's inner grit is aptly drawn out amid all the pit-ready choruses and fist-in-the-air, stirring lyrics."
She goes on to say, "Rise Against continue to muscularly confront political and personal grievances to the tune of swirling guitars, assertive rhythms, and Tim McIlrath's sandpapered vocals."
Then Christine Leonard of Fast Forward Weekly says of the band, "Returning to their old school form with the ballistic intensity of "Bricks," they just as quickly lose focus with questionable efforts such as 'Worth Dying For' and the oh-so-weary 'Prayer of the Refugee'."
A DVD called Generation Lost was released on 5 December 2006 to help the band and their new album.
It is a movie of the careers of the band members, as well as live performance videos and making-of shorts.
Rise Against toured in support of The Sufferer & the Witness through the second half of 2006 and all of 2007.
The band was a big band in the 2006 Warped Tour.
In late 2006, the band said that they would tour with Thursday.
The bands Circa Survive and Billy Talent would also come too.
In early 2007, the band had My Chemical Romance open for them on the first half of their big tour.
On 23 February 2007, Rise Against said guitarist Chris Chasse, would leave.
Chasse was then replaced by longtime friend Zach Blair from Only Crime.
On 15 June 2007, the band started their first big tour in support of The Sufferer & the Witness.
It was a North American tour that lasted throughout the summer months.
During this tour, on 3 July 2007, Rise Against recorded an EP in Canada titled This Is Noise, which was then released in the United States on 15 January 2008.
Appeal to Reason (2008-present)
Before the album was released, Rise Against supported it by performing at the sixteenth yearly KROQ Weenie Roast on 17 May in Irvine, California.
They also performed at the sixth yearly Download Festival on 13 June at Donington Park, England.
They played at Switzerland's Greenfield Festival as well as Germany's Hurricane Festival and Southside Festival.
Like many past years, the band participated in the Vans Warped Tour, although they only performed on the tour's west coast swing from 6 August to
Rise Against's fifth studio album Appeal to Reason was released on 4 October in Australia.
It was then released 6 October across Europe.
Then 7 October in the United States.
The album sold 64,700 copies in its first week.
It also got to number three on the U.S. Billboard 200.
This made it Rise Against's highest scoring album.
Appeal to Reason also got mostly good reviews.
However, reviewers did not rate it as good as The Sufferer & the Witness.
Most people thought this because Rise Against is moving toward slower music and away from faster hardcore punk.
Giving the album a C+ review, Marc Weingarten of Entertainment Weekly says the album is filled with "protest anthems that lean closer to the  angst of such bands as New Found Glory and Fall Out Boy than the genuine outrage of brainy Green Day" and songs that are "peppy but pretty empty, power-chord downers with little bark or bite."
Kyle Anderson from Rolling Stone says that the songs on Appeal to Reason "are driven by an ever-sharpening pop ."
He finishes by saying, "Rise Against may be  about leaving the underground behind, but with sharp songs like these, they're ready for the rest of the world."
Rise Against then went on a North American tour with other bands such as Rancid, Billy Talent, Killswitch Engage, and Riverboat Gamblers in June and July 2009.
They also did a short tour in the United Kingdom in November.
The bands Thursday and Poison the Well helped Rise Against do that tour.
The band also played at KROQ's Almost Acoustic Christmas in December 2009, playing right before AFI.
The band will release a record with Face to Face, but no date has been said.
After finishing a Europen tour from October to November 2009 and an Australian tour in January and February 2010, Rise Against will start working on a new album.
Music style and inspiration
Rise Against's musical style throughout the band's history has been thought by most reviewers as hardcore punk, melodic hardcore, or punk rock.
The band has cited many punk and hardcore bands as inspiration to its music.
In 2004, drummer Brandon Barnes said: "I think we have a lot of different influences from hardcore like old Cave In, to a lot of punk like Face to Face, Screeching Weasel, and Down By Law."
The band's songs focus on melody, catchy hooks, aggressive movements, and fast-paced tempo.
Guitarists McIlrath and Blair focus on speed riffing and multi-layered choruses.
Bassist Principe uses aggressive picking to lock in with the snare and kick of the drums.
Frummer Barnes follows the guitars.
He says: "Sometimes I'll do it naturally, or we'll talk about different ways to accent things - fills from the snare or toms, or some big crashes."
In 2006, Tim McIlrath described the band's style: "We’re  Minor Threat and Black Flag.
Who knows, maybe if Ian MacKaye was wearing eyeliner then I would be."
Other bands that have inspired Rise Against are Descendents, Dead Kennedys, Refused, and Bad Religion.
During the early part of their career, Rise Against's music had a gritty combination of hardcore punk and melodic hardcore.
The Unraveling had a raw punk sound, while Revolutions per Minute had an overall darker tone.
Politics and ethics
All of the group's members are vegetarians.
All of them are also supporters of PETA, an animal rights organization.
Their video for the song "Ready to Fall" has video of factory farming, rodeos, and sport hunting.
It also has videos of deforestation, melting ice caps, and forest fires.
The group said that that video was the most important video they have ever made.
In February 2012, the band released a cover of the Bob Dylan song "Ballad of Hollis Brown".
This was part of a benefit for Amnesty International.
The Director's Cut of the video was first shown on a PETA website.
In 2009, the band was voted Best Animal-Friendly Band by PETA.
All the members of Rise Against (except Brandon Barnes) are straight edge; that is, they do not drink alcohol, and they do not use drugs.
the band has voiced their support for Democratic and libertarian causes.
During the 2004 United States presidential election, the band was part of Punkvoter, a political activist group.
They appeared on the Rock Against Bush, Vol.
1 compilation.
The Rock Against Bush project raised over $1 million for John Kerry.
John Kerry was the Democratic presidential candidate at that time.
During the 2008 presidential election, the band members supported Barack Obama.
In a news bulletin in early 2009, the band said: "Few things are more exciting than watching Bush finally release America as his eight year hostage."
Vans shoes
On 23 May 2007 Rise Against said they have an endorsement of a new line of Vans shoes.
They said that the shoes would be "completely vegan in consideration to [their] animal rights efforts".
Because people criticized them due to rumors that Vans' use sweatshops, Rise Against said on their MySpace profile and website,
The Unraveling (2001)
Revolutions per Minute (2003)
Siren Song of the Counter Culture (2004)
The Sufferer & the Witness (2006)
Appeal to Reason (2008)
End Game (2011)
The Black Market (2014)
Awards given
Siren Song of the Counter Culture is the third album by American punk rock band Rise Against, released on August 10, 2004.
It is the band's first release on a major label.
The album sold very well, mainly because of the success of its single, "Swing Life Away", which reached number 12 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks, making it the band's highest-ranking single at the time.
Also faring well were the album's other three singles, "Give It All" (number 37) and "Life Less Frightening" (number 33) and "Paper Wings".
Despite its big commercial success, Siren Song of the Counter Culture is not Rise Against's highest charting album on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 136; subsequent albums The Sufferer & The Witness and Appeal to Reason both charted higher, peaking at number 10 and number 3.
The album was awarded Gold by the RIAA on March 10, 2009.
"State of the Union" – 2:19
"The First Drop" – 2:39
"Life Less Frightening" – 3:44
"Paper Wings" – 3:43
"Blood to Bleed" – 3:48
"To Them These Streets Belong" – 2:49
"Tip the Scales" – 3:49
"Anywhere But Here" – 3:38
"Give It All" – 2:50
"Dancing for Rain" – 4:01
"Swing Life Away" – 3:20
"Rumors of My Demise Have Been Greatly Exaggerated" – 4:14
Obstructed View" - 2:01
Fix Me (Black Flag cover)" - 0:54
A Redbone Hound is a breed of dog.
The breed is used for hunting bear, raccoon, and other wild game.
Roger Goodell (born February 19, 1959) is the current commissioner of the National Football League (NFL).
He has held this position since August 8, 2006 when he took over duties for the retiring Paul Tagliabue.
Pepper jack cheese is a type of Monterey Jack cheese that is made with spicy hot peppers for flavour.
Pepperjack is a spicy, buttery cheese that is soft and has a tart flavour.
Nick Jr. is a children's television channel.
It was launched on 1999 in the United States.
International versions
Launched on January 4, 1999.
The US version did not had the similar graphs, promos or design as the UK, Italy or Australia except the logo.
The mascots were Moose A. Moose and Zee from April 7, 2003 until February 29, 2012.
Currently it airs some early and late Nick Jr. shows.
The new logo is a lot different then the block's logo.
Launched on September 1, 1988 as the first Nick Jr. channel.
Until 2005 it aired from 6:00a.m.
to 8:00p.m.
Then in 2005 a classic children's programming block called Nick Jr. Classics was launched, airing was also increased to 10:00p.m.
After Nick Jr. Classics was dropped, it began airing for 24 hours.
There is a similar service titled Nick Jr. Too.
It launched in April 2006 as Nick Jr. 2, but the name was changed in November 2014.
Launched on March 2004.
The Australian version includes some PBS Kids series like WordWorld, Sid the Science Kid, or Martha Speaks, and original programming like Ollie.
Similar to the US version.
Launched on January 26, 2010.
Name stylized as Nickelodeon Junior.
Launched on July 1, 2018, like US versión it have the late Nick JR shows, name stylized as Nick JR.
Joey Tempest (born Rolf Magnus Joakim Larsson; August 19, 1963) is the singer and main songwriter of the Swedish rock band Europe.
A Place to Call Home (1995)
Azalea Place (1997)
Joey Tempest (2002)
A commune is a minor administrative subdivision corresponding to an urban or rural zone, or mixed.
It is the equivalent of a municipality, a council, or other instances of local administration.
Communes in the world
Many countries have adopted the name of commune (or similar) for their minor and basic administrative unit.
Some countries are Germany (Gemeinde), Belgium (commune/gemeente), Chile (comuna), Colombia (Comuna), Denmark (kommune), France (commune), Italy (comune), Luxembourg (commune), Netherlands (gemeente), Poland (gmina), Sweden (kommun) and Switzerland (Gemeinde/commune/comune).
Computus (Latin for "computation") is the method for calculating the date of Easter.
In the early 4th century there was confusion about when Christian Easter or the Resurrection should be celebrated.
At the Arles Council, in 314, was obliged to all the Christianity to celebrate Easter the same day, and that this date was going to be assigned by the Pope, that was going to send epistles to all the churches in the world with the necessary instructions.
However, not all the congregations followed those precepts.
Nicaea Council
Easter had to be celebrated on Sunday.
It can not coincide with the Jewish festival of Passover, celebrated independently which day of the week it was.
Christians cannot celebrate Easter twice the same year.
This is explained because the new year started in the spring equinox, so the celebration of Easter before the real equinox was prohibited.
However, there still were discussions between the Roman Church and the Alexandrian Church, while the Nicaea Council said that the Alexandria Church was right, they had to calculate the date (in Alexandria), then communicate it to Rome.
The Roman Church had to spread the computus to the rest of the Christianity.
Let's define 5 variables, a, b, c, d, and e. In addition to two constants, M and N, so the years between 1900 and 2100 take the values 24 and 5, respectively.
We'll call A the year that we want to calculate the Easter date.
a is the remainder of the division , or technically according to the modular arithmetic we should say ,
b is the remainder of the division ,
c is the remainder of the division ,
d is the remainder of the division ,
e is the remainder of the division .
If d + e < 10, the Easter date will be in March (d + e + 22).
If opposed (d + e > 9), will be in April (d + e − 9).
If the obtained date is April 26, the Easter date will be April 19, not April 26.
If the obtained date is April 25, with d = 28, e = 6 and a > 10, then the Easter date will be April 18.
Mosshammer, Alden A. The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. .
Cardenal Caro is a Chilean province.
Is the only province in the Region of O'Higgins that has instant access to the sea.
It has a population of 41,160 inhabitants.
It has a surface of 3.295,07 km².
Its capital is Pichilemu, main turistic place of the region during the summer months.
In the past, it was part of the Province of Colchagua.
The province is named after José Maria Caro, the first Chilean Catholic cardinal.
Communes of the province
Pichilemu (capital)
Litueche
Marchigüe
Paredones
José María Caro
It has a fine and gray sand.
The beach is surrounded by In addition to its fine gray sand, its principal characteristic is that its surrounded by cliffs that are 50 metres high.
The famous rocks of the beach are frequently visited by sea-lions.
The beach is perfect for bathing and shore fishing.
It is also a good place for surfing and kiteboarding practice, especially in winter.
The sea waves at the beach oscillate between the two and three height meters, and allows the surfers to select their perfect waves.
Region of O'Higgins
Henry Fielding wrote the play The Author's Farce and the Pleasures of the Town.
It was first acted on 30 March 1730 in the Haymarket Theatre.
The play responds to the rejection of Fielding's early plays and was his first success.
Harry Luckless is the main character of the play.
He tries to write a play in the first act and completes the play in the second act.
It is a puppet play called "The Pleasures of the Town".
Many theatres do not accept the play but it is later shown within the third act.
The play is about the puppet character Goddess Nonsense who wants a husband.
The end of The Author's Farce combines the characters of the puppet play and the main play for humour.
Fielding became a popular writer in London after The Author's Farce.
The Haymarket Theatre let him experiment with his plays and Fielding changed the comedy genre.
The puppet play within the main play made fun of other London plays.
The Author's Farce was first a success.
Then, it was ignored by critics until the 20th century.
Critics focused on the play's effects on Fielding's work.
The Author's Farce has three acts.
The play begins with Harry Luckless wanting a relationship with his landlady's daughter Harriot.
Also, he is a writer and he is writing a play.
The start of the play is like Fielding's other plays but the rest of the play is different.
Luckless wants to be a good writer but he cannot make money.
Other people want to give Luckless money but he does not want it.
When Luckless's friend Witmore pays Luckless's rent, Luckless steals the money back.
In the second act, Luckless asks for help to finish his puppet play "The Pleasures of the Town".
However, people give him bad advice and theatres reject the play.
Later, a theatre shows the play.
The third act is the puppet play.
The puppets are acted by real people and not puppets.
The third act is the puppet play and is a play within a play.
It takes place along the River Styx and starts with the Goddess of Nonsense wanting a husband.
There are many possible husbands there and they are stupid.
They are Dr Orator, Sir Farcical Comic, Mrs Novel, Bookseller, Poet, Monsieur Pantomime, Don Tragedio, and Signior Opera.
She selects Signior Opera after he sings for her.
He is an opera signior and a castrato.
Mrs Novel claims that she and Signior Opera had a child.
This makes the Goddess of Nonsense angry but she forgives Signior Opera.
The puppet play is stopped by the characters Constable and Murdertext.
They want to arrest Luckless for hurting the Goddess of Nonsense.
Mrs Novel asks for the play to be completed and they agree.
However, a person from the land of Bantam stops the play and says that Luckless is the prince of Bantam.
Another messenger comes and says that the King of Bantam died and Luckless is the new king.
Luckless is told that his landlady is the Queen of Old Brentford and her daughter Harriot is a princess.
The play ends with four poets saying how they would end the play.
They are stopped by a cat that looks like a person.
The cat person ends the play.
The Author's Farce show parts of Fielding's life and experience with the London theatre community.
Some of his other plays were rejected from the Theatre Royal.
The Author's Farce was put on at a small theatre.
This allowed Fielding to experiment.
He could not experiment at larger theatres.
The play was the first to have things found in his later plays.
However, he did not come up with them all.
He got many of his ideas from the Scriblerus Club.
Their members were Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, John Gay, and John Arbuthnot.
One idea is his character Nonsense.
She is similar to Pope's character Dulness in the Dunciad.
Both characters promote bad writing.
Fielding gave Nonsense a sexual aspect.
It is funny when she chooses as a lover a man who is sexless.
Other parts of the play are similar to Gay's Beggar's Opera.
The play is a farce.
Farces use slapstick and physical humour to be funny.
They also use absurd plots.
A farce also makes serious situations funny.
Fielding thought that theatre was becoming bad.
He mocked theatre and theatre audiences in his play.
His character Luckless states that for someone to become successful they must write nonsense.
His only desire is to make money.
Other characters feel that money is all that matters.
They do not care about good writing.
Even Harriot believes that a good lover is one who is rich.
Fielding made the same claims about people when he attacked Samuel Richardson's novel, Pamela.
The ending of the play merges real and fake.
Fielding defends an old view of writing.
He also attacks new types of writing.
He uses puppets to represent various genres.
He made fun of people liking Italian opera.
The puppet character Signior Opera is a castrato.
Castratos are men without testicles.
The character Nonsense wants him as a lover.
Mrs Novel says that Signior Opera had a baby with her.
However, Signior Opera can't have sex or have babies.
Fielding is mocking how women like Italian opera singers.
Other writers mocked Italian opera singers.
William Hogarth says the castratos are related to politics.
Many other writers make fun of women who favour castratos.
The play uses characters and ideas from Fielding's life.
The characters Marplay and Sparkish manage the theatre.
They offer Luckless poor advice on how to write a play.
Then also reject Luckless's play.
This is what Colley Cibber and Robert Wilks did to Fielding.
They rejected his play The Temple Beau.
When Wilks died Fielding changed the play.
He removed Sparkish.
He added a character like Theophilus Cibber, the son of Colley.
The character was like Theopilus during the Actor Rebellion of 1733.
Luckless and Mrs. Moneywood is similar to Fielding with Jan Oson.
Oson was his landlord during 1729.
When staying with Oson, Fielding owed a lot of money.
Fielding fled to London and Oson took his property to pay for the debt.
Mrs Moneywood does the same in the play.
Characters in the puppet play are based on real people.
Mrs Novel is Eliza Haywood.
Signior Opera is Senesino.
Bookweight is similar to Edmund Curll.
Orator is John Henley.
Monsieur Pantomime is John Rich.
Don Tragedio is Lewis Theobald.
Sir Farcical Comick is of Colley Cibber as an actor.
Fielding also used literary sources.
His plot is like George Farquhar's Love and a Bottle (1698).
Both talk about a writing and a landlady.
They have many differences.
Fielding took from the writing of the Scriblerus Club and other plays.
Luckless's life is similar to characters in John Dryden's The Rehearsal (1672), Farquhar's Love and a Bottle (1698), James Ralph's The Touch-Stone (1728), and Richard Savage's An Author to be Lett (1729).
The play has similar ideas to Dunciad Variorum.
He also borrowed from Gay's Three Hours after Marriage (1717) and The Beggar's Opera (1728).
Fielding's play also influenced other works.
They included the revised Dunciad and Gay's The Rehearsal at Goatham.
Fielding became a popular writer.
It was shown with Tom Thumb.
That helped it be liked.
The Pleasures of the Town was the most liked part.
The Daily Post newspaper said it was approved by all.
A newspaper that didn't like Fielding also said that the play was liked.
Many well-known people and royalty in Britain saw the show.
John Perceval, 1st Earl of Egmont said that the play was "full of humour, with some wit."
The play was rarely mentioned later in the 18th century.
This was true in the 19th century.
The play was printed again a few times.
Leslie Stephen and Austin Dobson studied the play.
They looked at what the play said about Fielding's life.
20th-century critics agreed with Dobson.
Many of the critics like Charles Woods talked about the play as part of Fielding's writing career.
He also said the work was not political.
Later critics agreed with Woods.
Many modern critics approved of the play.
They are Wilbur Cross, Frederick Homes Dudden, Ian Donaldson, Pat Rogers, Robert Hume, Martin and Ruthe Battestin, Harold Pagliaro, and Thomas Lockwood.
Some critics liked the play but not all of it.
They are J. Paul Hunter, Matthew Kinservik,
Stage history
Henry Fielding wrote The Author's Farce in 1729.
It was made after the Theatre Royal rejected his plays.
Advertisements were put in the 18 March 1730 Daily Post and in the 21 March 1730 Weekly Medley and Literary Journal.
They said that actors were practicing the play.
An advertisement in the 23 and 26 Daily Post said the play would have a puppet play.
The advertisement also said prices will be high.
That suggests that the play would be popular.
The first show was on 30 March 1730, Easter Monday.
It took place at the Little Theatre and was shown 41 times.
On 6 April 1730, the play The Cheats of Scapin was shown with it.
Fielding changed The Author's Farce.
The new play was shown on 21 April 1730 with Fielding's play Tom Thumb.
They were shown together in May and June 32 times.
They were shown again on 3 July 1730.
On 1 August 1730, the last act of the play was shown for the Tottenham Court fair.
An advertisement in the Daily Post on 17 October 1730 said the play had a new prologue.
The changed play was shown on 21 October.
It was changed again then it was replaced by the play The Beggar's Wedding by Charles Coffey.
The play came back on 18 November 1730.
Only the first and second act were shown between November and January.
During this time, it was shown with the play Damon and Phillida.
Damon and Phillida was stopped and the play The Jealous Taylor was added on 13 January 1731.
The Author's Farce was shown from January to March 1731.
It was shown again with a new prologue on 10 May 1731.
The new prologue is now gone.
The Author's Farce was shown with The Tragedy of Tragedies on 31 March 1731.
They were shown 6 times.
The last regular show at the Little Theatre was 18 June 1731.
It was shown one time on 12 May 1732.
The last show of The Author's Farce as a regular play was on 28 March 1748.
Theophilus Cibber ran the show.
The last act "Pleasures of the Town" was shown on its own.
It was shown 16 times at Norwich after 1749.
Also, it was shown at York in 1751 to 1752.
The whole play was acted by puppets many times.
Thomas Yeates had puppet shows called Punch's Oratory, or The Pleasures of the Town after 1734.
Fielding changed The Author's Farce at the end of 1733.
He added a new prologue and epilogue.
Fielding changed it after the Actor Rebellion of 1733.
The 8 January 1734 Daily Journal had an advertisement.
It said The Author's Farce would be shown at the Theatre Royal.
It was shown six times.
The cast was not as good as the first cast.
It was shown 4 times with the play The Intriguing Chambermade and 2 times with the play The Harlot's Progress.
The changed The Author's Farce was printed with The Intriguing Chambermade and a letter written by an unknown author.
The changed The Author's Farce was printed again in 1750 until 1966.
Arthur Murphy printed the play in 1762 in Works of Henry Fielding.
George Saintsbury printed the play in 1893 in Works of Henry Fielding.
G. H. Maynadier printed act one and two in 1903 in Works of Henry Fielding.
1730 cast
Harry Luckless – playwright, played by Mr. Mullart (William Mullart)
Harriot Moneywood – daughter of Mrs. Moneywood, played by Miss Palms
Mrs Moneywood – Luckless's landlady, played by Mrs. Mullart (Elizabeth Mullart)
Witmore – played by Mr. Lacy (James Lacy)
Marplay – played by Mr. Reynolds
Sparkish – played by Mr. Stopler
Bookweight – played by Mr. Jones
Scarecrow – played by Mr. Marshal
Dash – played by Mr. Hallam
Quibble – played by Mr. Dove
Blotpage – played by Mr. Wells junior
Jack – Luckless's servant, played by Mr. Achurch
Jack-Pudding – played by Mr. Reynolds
Bantomite – played by Mr. Marshal
Player – by Mr. Dove
Constable – by Mr. Wells
Murder-text – by Mr. Hallam
Goddess of Nonsense – by Mrs. Mullart
Charon – by Mr. Ayres
Curry – by Mr. Dove
A Poet – by Mr. W. Hallam
Signior Opera – by Mr. Stopler
Don Tragedio – by Mr. Marshal
Sir Farcical Comick – by Mr. Davenport
Dr. Orator – by Mr. Jones
Monsieur Pantomime – by Mr. Knott
Mrs. Novel – by Mrs. Martin
Robgrave – by Mr. Harris
Saylor – by Mr. Achurch
Somebody – by Mr. Harris junior
Nobody – by Mr. Wells junior
Punch – by Mr. Hicks
Lady Kingcall – by Miss Clarke
Mrs. Cheat'em – by Mrs. Wind
Mrs. Glass-rin – by Mrs. Blunt
Prologue spoken by Mr. Jones
Epilogue spoken by four poets, a player and a cat
1st Poet – played by Mr. Jones
2nd Poet – played by Mr. Dove
3rd Poet – played by Mr. Marshall
4th Poet – played by Mr. Wells junior
Player – played by Miss Palms
Cat – played by Mrs. Martin
1734 changed cast
Index – unlisted actor
Count Ugly – unlisted actor
Prologue spoken by Mrs. Clive
Epilogue spoken by Mrs. Clive
Bateson, Frederick.
English Comic Drama 1700–1750.
New York: Russell & Russell, 1963. .
Battestin, Martin, and Battestin, Ruthe.
Henry Fielding: A Life.
London: Routledge, 1993.
Campbell, Jill.
Natural Masques: Gender and Identity in Fielding's Plays and Novels.
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.
Cross, Wilbur.
The History of Henry Fielding.
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1918. .
Donaldson, Ian.
The World Upside Down: Comedy from Jonson to Fielding.
Oxford: Clarendon, 1970.
Dudden, F. Homes.
Henry Fielding: His Life, Works and Times.
Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1966. .
The Author's Farce.
London: Edward Arnold, 1967. .
Plays Vol.
1 (1728–1731).
Thomas Lockwood.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004.
Freeman, Lisa.
Character's Theatre.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.
Hume, Robert.
Fielding and the London Theater.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.
Hunter, J. Paul.
Occasional Form.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975.
ISBN  	0801816726
Ingrassia, Catherine.
Anti-Pamela and Shamela.
Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2004.
Authorship, Commerce, and Gender in Early Eighteenth-Century England.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Kinservik, Matthew.
Disciplining Satire.
Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2002.
Koon, Helene.
Colley Cibber: A Biography.
Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986. .
Pagliaro, Harold.
Henry Fielding: A Literary Life.
New York: St Martin's Press, 1998.
Rawson, Claude.
Henry Fielding (1707–1754).
Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2008.
Rivero, Albert.
The Plays of Henry Fielding: A Critical Study of His Dramatic Career.
Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989.
Rogers, Pat.
Henry Fielding, A Biography.
New York: Scribner, 1979.
Roose-Evans, James.
London Theatre: From the Globe to the National.
Oxford: Phaidon, 1977.
Speaight, George.
The History of the English Puppet Theatre.
Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1990.
Warner, William.
Licensing Entertainment: the Elevation of the Novel Reading in Britain, 1684–1750.
Woods, Charles. "
Introduction" in The Author's Farce''.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966. .
18th-century plays
1730s works
The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Cruiserweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship in World Wrestling Entertainment.
It is competed for by cruiserweights at no more than a weight of 220 lbs.
and was originally a World Championship Wrestling title.
During its time in WWE, it was only competed for on the SmackDown brand.
Following the title's introduction in 1991, a tournament was held to determine the first champion.
On October 27, Brian Pillman beat Richard Morton in the tournament final to win the title.
However, it was vacated on September 2, 1992, due to Brad Armstrong's knee injury during his reign.
Then, on March 20, 1996, Shinjiro Ohtani beat Chris Benoit in another tournament final to win the WCW Cruiserweight Championship.
In March 2001, World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. purchased World Championship Wrestling.
Following this, the "Invasion" storyline happened, in which WCW was "destroyed".
During the "Invasion", only four WCW championship titles remained active, including the WCW Cruiserweight title.
On July 30, the WCW Cruiserweight Championship and the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship were up for grabs in what was billed as a unification match when the WWF Light Heavyweight Champion, X-Pac, beat the WCW Cruiserweight Champion, Billy Kidman.
However, the titles were still defended separately after that.
After the end of the "Invasion" at Survivor Series 2001, the WCW Cruiserweight Championship remained active and was renamed the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Cruiserweight Championship, while the Light Heavyweight Title was retired.
After six months without a champion, on March 3, 2008, WWE removed the championship from the active championship web page, where originally the title was listed as "vacant."
Afterward, the title was removed from the active titles list on WWE's title histories web page to the defunct (or retired) championship list.
As a result, Hornswoggle is the last WWE Cruiserweight Champion.
WCW/WWE Cruiserweight Title History
Henry Fielding (22 April 1707 – 8 October 1754) was an English writer and magistrate.
He was born in Sharpham, Somerset.
He wrote many plays from 1728 until 1737.
Then, he wrote many famous novels such asTom Jones, Joseph Andrews, and Amelia.
He was friends with the writers Samuel Johnson and Christopher Smart and the politician William Pitt the Elder.
Fielding went to school at Eton College.
In 1728, he left school to go to London and write plays.
The License Act shut down the London theatre in 1737 and Fielding began to write novels.
Then, he became a magistrate and created the Bow Street Runners, London's first police force.
In 1754, he became sick and he went to Lisbon, Portugal to be treated.
He died in Lisbon and was buried in the English Cemetery.
he was also a good person inlife
Lady Susan is an early epistolary novel (novel in letters) by Jane Austen.
It tells the story of an unscrupulous coquette (flirtatious woman) widow who does not care about the feelings of other men.
She wrote it when she was writing her first version of Sense and Sensibility (which was at that time called Elinor and Marianne), and which was also at first, like Lady Susan, written in letter form.
She was at this time 20 years old.
The epistolary novel had been popular in the 18th century, but it was not the best style of writing for Jane Austen's talents (which is why all her major novels were written in the third-person narrative style).
She admired Richardson very much (all of his books are written in letters, like Pamela (novel) and Clarissa (novel)), and she also admired Frances Burney's style, but none of their styles came naturally to her.
She pointed out at the end of Lady Susan: "This correspondence (letter-writing), by a meeting between some of the parties (people) and a separation between the others could not, to the great detriment of the Post Office...be continued longer."
In those days, girls spent some time each day especially to write letters, so a story through letters is much more realistic than it would be today.
People like Frances Burney wrote letters that were witty and full of information, so that her diaries and letters were later published.
The letters of William Cowper, too, are famous.
Jane Austen's letters, however, are private letters about family matters, such as sick babies, partners at balls, beef, and raspberry bushes.
A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story is a 2006 LGBT biography television movie that was directed by Agnieszka Holland and was shown on the Lifetime Television network.
The story is about the real life murder of Gwen Araujo, who was born as Edward Araujo, Jr., a transgender teenager who was murdered after some people that she knew found out that she had male sex organs.
Scenes showing the murder trial are shown alternating with the story of Gwen's life.
The movie stars J.D. Pardo as Gwen, Mercedes Ruehl as her mother, and Avan Jogia as her brother, Danny.
It first aired on the Lifetime Television network on June 19, 2006.
Rolling Stone article about the real life events
Movies directed by Agnieszka Holland
Crime and Punishment  is a novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky.
It was the first great novel of his mature period.
It was first published in the literary journal The Russian Messenger in 12 monthly series in 1866.
It was later published in a single volume.
It is the second of Dostoevsky's novels, written after he returned from his punishment (exile in Siberia).
Crime and Punishment is about the troubles of Raskolnikov, a young man living in St. Petersburg.
He used to be a student, but he became so poor he had to stop studying.
He plans to kill a selfish old pawnbroker for her money, and he acts on his plan.
Raskolnikov argues that with her money he can do good things, and that he was simply killing a person who was not worth anything.
He also murdered her to test his idea that some people are naturally better than others and have the right to murder.
Several times in the novel, Raskolnikov justifies himself by comparing himself to Napoleon, saying that murder is allowed for a higher purpose.
However, after he kills the pawnbroker, questions which he cannot answer and feelings he had not expected terrify him.
He feels separated from mankind, nature, and truth.
Because of this, he decides at last to confess to the police and accept suffering.
Dostoevsky began the idea of Crime and Punishment in the summer of 1865.
This was after he had gambled away much of his money.
Because of this, he could not pay his bills or eat properly.
He owed large sums of money to creditors, and was also trying to help the family of his brother Mikhail.
Mikhail had died in early 1864.
He began writing it under the title The Drunkards.
He wanted to write about "the current problem of drunkenness".
However, when Dostoevsky began writing about Raskolnikov's crime, the theme of crime and punishment became his main subject instead.
Dostoevsky offered his story to the publisher Mikhail Katkov.
At the time, he did not think of Crime and Punishment as a novel.
Famous writers such as Ivan Turgenev and Leo Tolstoy often used Katkov's monthly journal, The Russian Messenger, to print their writings.
Dostoevsky, though, had argued with Katkov in the early 1860s, and had never printed anything in the journal.
Finally, Dostoevsky asked Katkov for help when others would not print his book.
In September 1865, Dostoevsky wrote a letter to Katkov.
In the letter, he explained to him that Crime and Punishment was going to be about a young man who believes in "certain strange, 'unfinished' ideas, yes floating in the air".
He also said that he wanted to study the moral and psychological dangers of "radical" ideas.
In letters written in November 1865 an important change had happened: the "story" has become a "novel", From then on, Dostoevsky always spoke of Crime and Punishment as a novel.
Dostoevsky had to write very quickly to finish both The Gambler and Crime and Punishment.
Anna Snitkina, a stenographer whom he later married, helped him very much.
The first part of Crime and Punishment appeared in January 1866 in The Russian Messenger.
The last part was published in December 1866.
When Dostoevsky's complete writings were published in the Soviet Union, the editors put together the notebooks that Dostoevsky kept while he was working on Crime and Punishment and printed it.
They printed the notebooks in the same order as the book was written.
Through their efforts, there is now a small part of how Dostoevsky first imagined Crime and Punishment to be written.
There are also two other versions of the story.
They are called the Wiesbaden edition, the Petersburg edition, and the final (last) plan.
A part of a change in the story was that instead of the story being told by a character inside it, it was written as if many uninvolved people were writing it (this was a form of writing that Dostoevsky made up).
The Wiesbaden edition is mostly about the reaction of the writer to his murder.
It is quite similar to the story that Dostoevsky described in his letter to Katkov, and was written like a diary or journal.
It had the same story as what later became part II.
Raskolnikov is a mentally insecure student who has stopped going to university.
He lives in a very small, rented room in Saint Petersburg.
He does not let anyone help him, not even his friend Razumihin.
He plans to kill and steal money from an old pawnbroker and moneylender, Alyona Ivanovna, but it is not clear why he wants to kill her yet.
While he is thinking about this plan, Raskolnikov meets Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov, a sad drunkard who recently spent all of his poor family's money on drinking.
He also gets a letter from his mother.
His mother says that she will soon visit St. Petersburg.
She writes about his sister's sudden engagement, saying that they will talk about it when they arrive.
After thinking, Raskolnikov goes to Alyona Ivanovna's apartment.
There, he murders her with an axe.
Her quiet half-sister, Lizaveta, comes inside.
Surprised, Raskolnikov quickly kills her, too.
Frightened by what he has done, he leaves most of Alyona Ivanovna's wealth behind, only stealing a few things and a small purse.
He then runs away without being seen by anybody.
After his murder, Raskolnikov is filled with worry.
He hides the things he stole under a rock and tries to clean away the blood from his clothes.
After a short visit to his friend Razumihin, he becomes sick with a fever and seems to wish to betray himself.
Whenever anyone speaks of the murder of the pawnbroker, he acts strangely.
Peace, Richard.
"Introduction".
Peace, 1–16.
Fanger, Donald. "
Apogee: Crime and Punishment".
Peace, 17–35.
Lindenmeyr, Adele. "
Raskolnikov's City and the Napoleonic Plan".
Peace, 37–49.
Wasiolek, Edward. "
Peace, 51–74.
"Motive and Symbol".
Peace, 75–101.
Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism.
Jessica Bomarito and Russel Whitaker.
Gale.
University of Minnesota study guide
Text and Analysis at Bibliomania
A search engine for the novel's text
Full text, translated by Constance Garnett
Dual Language E-Book - Crime and Punishment English and Russian texts side-by-side (incomplete).
Complete Book Summary of Crime and Punishment .
OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. is a library service and research organization.
It helps people find more information and lessens library costs.
It was incorporated on July 6, 1967 as the not-for-profit Ohio College Library Center.
72,000 libraries in 86 countries use OCLC services to find and save library materials.
The organization was begun by Fred Kilgour.
Its head office is in Dublin, Ohio, U.S.A.
Research organizations in the United States
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a book written by C. S. Lewis.