the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The family Fagaceae, also called beech family, is a family of flowering plants.
It comprises about 900 species of both evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, which are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of nuts.
A heat sink is an object that cools another part that is too hot.
It works with a CPU fan to do this.
The heat sink is in contact with the part that should be cooled.
It takes heat away and dissipates it, for example into the air around it.
Heat sinks are found in most computers.
The chips inside a computer can get very hot.
Therefore, they need to be cooled, so that they don't break.
This is usually done with a heat sink.
Heat sinks are also found in most high fidelity audio amplifiers.
pt:Dissipador
The haka (; plural haka, in both Māori and English) is a ritual dance of the Maori, the native people of New Zealand.
Sometimes, a haka is performed to excite friends and to scare enemies.
In peace time, a haka is performed as a challenge.
voice (chanting)
feet (stamping and leaping)
hand (slapping, waving and clapping)
eyes (rolling)
tongue (poking out)
There are many different haka.
Each tells a story.
The most famous haka is Ka Mate.
The Ka Mate haka is performed by many New Zealand sports teams before games.
Another famous haka is 'Kapo O Pango' which is performed by New Zealand's rugby union team.
This team is called the All Blacks.
Women are not usually allowed to perform haka.
Instead, they sing and chant in support.
Crisis on Infinite Earths was a story told in American comic books in the year 1985.
It lasted for 12 issues.
Marv Wolfman wrote it and George Pérez drew it.
It changed much about the history of the DC Universe, and allowed the editors of DC Comics to simplify  their then 55 year old history.
Endosymbiosis occurs when a symbiont lives inside the body or the cells of another organism.
It is a very widespread phenomenon in living things.
Gut flora (often flagellates) inside the digestive systems of insects and vertebrates which digest plant cellulose.
Endosymbiont theory
Endosymbiont theory is the idea that eukaryote cells arose in evolution by the fusion of previously free-living protists (prokaryotes).p143 The theory was first suggested by the Russian botanist Mereshkovsky in 1905.
The  nature of lichens had been worked out; mitochondria and chloroplasts had been seen in cells, and their similarity to bacteria noted.
The theory was initially dismissed, but was re-examined when more was known about cell biology.
The eukaryote cell is the type of cell all animals and plants are made of.
Some cell organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain DNA.
In each case, this DNA is thought to be the remnant of the  genome of a once independent bacterium.
The theory is that the eukaryote cell evolved by the fusion of several bacteria or archaean organisms.
Together, the new cells survived, prospered and evolved into new and complex forms of life.
The origin of other organelles in the eukaryotic cell is still under review: the cell nucleus, its membrane, chromosomes and centromeres; the Golgi body; the flagella or cilia; the intracellular membranes.
Some of these may also have had a symbiotic origin.
Mitochondria live inside the cells of all animals, plants, and fungi.
They make a fuel for the cells called ATP; it is the most common fuel in the body.
Mitochondria were once bacteria, but now they cannot live outside animal cells.
Choroplasts are plastids which live inside the cells of photosynthetic organisms.
They contain chlorophyll, which grabs energy from sunlight and makes it into sugar.
Chloroplasts were once cyanobacteria.
Glaucophytes are an algae with chloroplasts that are more like blue-green bacteria: the cell walls are still sensitive to antibiotics.
Kelp and other brown algae are different from other endosymbiotic associations.
A brown algae cell fused with the cell of a green algae, which already had an endosymbiont.
This is called secondary endosymbiosis.
The endosymbiont for some dinoflagellates was once a brown algae.
This is called tertiary (third) endosymbiosis.
Endosymbiosis in prokaryotes
There is evidence that symbiosis happened between ancient bacteria to produce the double-membrane class known as gram-negative bacteria.
The four-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine.
The four strokes are:
The pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is a species of hickory nut, native to south-central North America, in the United States from southern Iowa, Illinois and Indiana east to western Kentucky, North Carolina and western Tennessee, south through Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas; and in Mexico from Coahuila south to Jalisco and Veracruz.
Pecans are often used in cooking in the Southern United States.
A common dessert there is pecan pie.
A tariff is a tax charged on goods as they pass between one country and another.
A tariff can be placed on goods being brought into the country (imports), and goods being exported from the country to another.
It is usually done to make money for the government.
It may also be done for protectionism.
Protectionism makes it easier for local products to sell by making products from foreign countries more expensive.
Often, one government will have an agreement with another not to place any tariffs on goods that are traded between them.
This kind of agreement is called free trade.
Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich (German: Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein) (May 15, 1773 – June 11, 1859) was an Austrian politician.
He is thought of as one of the most important diplomats of all time.
Metternich was Foreign Minister for Austria from 1809 to 1848.
He got Austria out of a bad treaty with Napoleon, which forced Austria to fight for France.
Metternich then helped to build a system in Europe that kept the peace for most of the next 100 years.
In 1809, when Metternich became foreign minister, Napoleon had control of most of Europe.
France had taken over some of the closest countries directly.
In more distant countries like Austria and Prussia, Napoleon forced them to sign treaties that would make them fight on his side in wars.
Metternich thought that was bad for Austria.
When Napoleon declared war and raised a huge army for the French invasion of Russia, Metternich told the Russians that Austria would not attack but only defend.
Napoleon lost badly in Russia, and Metternich used that excuse to get out of the treaty.
In 1814, troops of the Quadruple Alliance (Prussia, Russia, Austria and the United Kingdom) had entered France, and Napoleon had lost the war.
For the next year, diplomats from all over Europe met at the Congress of Vienna to decide the future after Napoleon.
Metternich believed that the best way to keep Europe peaceful was to create a balance of power, with no country being strong enough to beat all the other countries.
To make sure that happened, he made some countries stronger so that other countries, especially France, would think twice about going to war.
For example, he added Belgium and Luxembourg to the
After making that new order, Metternich also did a lot to keep it together.
For example, he Alexander I of Russia Alexander wanted to send troops to Greece to protect Orthodox Christians there fighting the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, which was Muslim.
The Ottomans had become weak, and Alexander would probably have won.
Metternich was afraid that if the Ottoman Empire fell apart, all of the powerful countries in Europe would start fighting to get its land.
That would upset Metternich's balance and start a huge war.
Also, Russia might get too big and too powerful.
Therefore, Metternich convinced the Alexander attacking now would make the Ottomans would fall apart before Alexander was ready to take it for himself, and the United Kingdom and France would get most of it.
Alexander agreed to help keep the Ottoman Empire going so that Russia could later take all of it.
Also, he was talked out of sending troops to Greece.
Metternich kept peace in Europe for a long time, but there were still some revolts in Europe.
Finally in 1848, many revolts happened at the same time.
One of them was in Austria, and the rebels had Metternich taken out of office.
After he was gone, Otto von Bismarck in Prussia managed to become powerful, take over the German Confederation and start a big German country, which still exists.
Having one big Germany, however, upset Metternich's balance and helped to cause World War I.
Ambassadors of Austria
People from Koblenz
The German Confederation replaced the Holy Roman Empire in Central Europe.
After the Holy Roman Empire fell, Germany had fallen into over 300 different small kingdoms.
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna decided that these weak kingdoms were not strong enough to keep France from trying to take them over, which it had already done once under Napoleon.
So the Congress combined all those little countries into 39 larger countries, which were still very small compared to the powerful countries of Europe.
The problem was that the Congress did not want to make them too strong, or they'd start taking over other countries.
So they put the 39 countries into a confederation which meant that they were all separate countries, but they agreed to help defend each other, and in some ways acted like one big country.
The Confederation would not be strong enough to attack another country; only strong enough to preserve the European balance of power.
The German Confederation lasted until 1866, when the members fought each other.
The winners formed a new North German Confederation.
In 1871 after winning the Franco-Prussian War, Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of Prussia, combined all the countries of Germany into the German Empire.
1866 disestablishments
WrestleMania XXIV is the twenty-sixth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event put on by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
It took place on March 28th, 2010 at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona.
Global Spectrum, University of Phoenix Stadium's operator, had worked in past years with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) to get the event to its venue.
On January 18, 2008, Global Spectrum publicly announced that it wants to hold WrestleMania in 2010.
The event became more widely known weeks prior when a photo of Wayne Gretzky wearing a shirt showing the event was seen in the Swedish newspaper Expressen.
A press conference happened on February 24, 2009 at the University of Phoenix Stadium to officially tell people about the event for Glendale, Arizona at the University of Phoenix Stadium; this event is the first time WrestleMania would happen in the state of Arizona.
Tickets for the event went on sale November 7, 2009 at 10:00am MST.
Advertisements telling people about the date tickets would go on sale used the song "Welcome to the World" by Kevin Rudolf.
Along with WrestleMania XXVI, a group of events known as "WrestleMania Week" was held in the week before the event.
The third yearly WrestleManiArt, an art show and auction featuring work by WWE superstars, was held on March 24.
WrestleMania's yearly fan convention, WrestleMania Axxess, was held from March 25 through to March 27.
On March 27, WWE hosted its yearly WWE Hall of Fame ceremony at the Dodge Theater, where the 2010 members were made an official member of the hall of fame.
The Official Website of WrestleMania
WrestleMania 26
2010 in professional wrestling
2010s in Arizona
Ice pellets are known as sleet in North America, and hail in Great Britain.
They are a type of frozen precipitation, little balls of ice.
Large ice pellets are called hailstones.
Sometimes, ice pellets bounce when they hit the ground.
A howitzer is a special type of big gun used by an army.
It has a short barrel, and is used fire a shell over a short distance.
The barrel length of a howitzer is 15 to 25 times of the caliber.
Howitzers are special because they're made to fire higher than a cannon but lower than a mortar.
Howitzers are almost always used to shoot at targets on the ground, but they can be used for targets on water, or in the air.
The name howitzer comes from an old Czech word, haufnice, which was a catapult that could fire many stones.
John Updike (March 18, 1932 - January 27, 2009) was an American author of works including Rabbit, Run and Couples.
He was born in Reading, Pennsylvania.
He died of lung cancer in Danvers, Massachusetts in January 2009.
A clog is a kind of shoe.
There are different kinds of clogs.
They can be shoes, sandals or completely made out of wood.
Dendrites are the branches of neurons that receive signals from other neurons.
The signals go into the cell body (or soma).
A cell may have hundreds of dendrites, but may have only one axon.
The dendrites carry signals from other neurons into the soma, and the axon carries a single signal from the soma to the next neuron or to a muscle fiber.
A dendrite from one neuron and an axon from another neuron meet at a synapse, which is a very narrow gap between the two cells.
When electrical impulses reach the end of an axon, they trigger the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters.
These chemicals cross the synapse to the dendrite, where they trigger the flow of ions into or out of the cell.
If the dendrites get lots of signals from axons, then it sets off a chain reaction.
The chain reaction is a strong electrical current called an action potential that flows down the axon to the next synapse.
Fully differentiated neurons do not divide.
However, stem cells in the adult brain may regenerate functional neurons throughout the life of an organism.
Generally, once born, neurons do not divide.
Many will live the whole lifetime of the animal.
The Sons of Eilaboun is a documentary movie by the Palestinian artist and movie maker Hisham Zreiq (Zrake).
It was released in 2007.
It tells the story of one of the massacres committed by the newly formed Israeli army during Operation Hiram.
The massacres were committed in Eilaboun, a village in the northern Galilee between Nazareth and the Sea of Galilee.
In the Eilabun massacre, fourteen men were killed, and twelve of them were executed.
The village people were expelled to Lebanon and became refugees for a few months.
The villagers eventually managed to return secretly.
“I hope God will bring peace to this land, and let the peoples live together - a good life.
I hope there will be peace.”
Ilan pappe takes about Plan Dalet, a plan that David Ben-Gurion and the Haganah leaders in Palestine worked out during autumn 1947 to spring 1948, and explains the details of the plan, and how was it performed.
In October 30th, 1948, the Israeli army entered Eilaboun at approximately 5 AM.
They then forced the people of Eilaboun together in the main square of the village.
They chose seventeen young men.
Five of them were taken as human shield, and the rest of the twelve were killed, each in a different location.
This all happened after the expulsion of the rest of the village to Lebanon, where they became refugees after a five days forced march to Lebanon.
After a UN peace keeper observed and reported Israel was forced to allow the people back.
That same night, the Israeli army entered Eilaboun, a then Christian village in the northern Galilee between Nazareth and the sea of Galilee.
Most of the villagers were hiding in the two village churches.
The soldiers ordered the people to gather in the village square, while going out of the Catholic Church the soldiers shot at the people killing an old man, making him the first victim.
The soldiers chose seventeen men, and ordered the village to walk to Maghar, a village five kilometers to the north of Eilaboun.
Shortly after the people left the village, the soldiers executed twelve of the young men, and five were taking to drive an army vehicle as human shields and later sent to a prisoners of war camp.
The Israeli army had looted Eilaboun but left the houses.
When the villagers reached Maghar, the soldiers ordered them to continue to Kafr 'Inan, where the near Kafr Inan another man was killed, making the number of victims fourten.
Kafr 'Inan and Eilaboun were both expelled to Farradiyya, a nearby village.
The Israeli soldiers gathered the people of Eilaboun, Kafr 'Inan and Farradiyya (al-Farradiyya), looted the people and took all worthy.
They spent the night in Farradiyya.
In the morning the Israeli soldiers separated the women, children and the old from the men.
The young men from the three villages were sent to prisoner of war camps.
The women, children and the old of the three villages were marched to Mirun where they spent three nights without any food or water.
At Mirun, the Israelis put everyone in two cattle trucks, and took them to Rmeish (in Lebanon).
Kafr 'Inan and Farradiyya were later razed to the ground by the Israeli army.
About 52 villagers were left in the village, mainly old people and children.
The priests complained about the expulsion of the villagers and demanded their return.
Following a UN investigation and pressure activated by the Vatican, the villagers eventually managed to return clandestinely.
After 6 months from the massacre most of the villagers managed to come back from Lebanon, and all the men were released from the prisoners of war camps.
Awards and festivals
Sixth Annual International Al-Awda Convention 2008, USA
Boston Palestine Film Festival 2008, USA
Remembering the Nakba: 60 Years of Dispossession
Regards Palestiniens, Montreal, Canada
International İzmir Short Film Festival 2008, Izmir, Turkey
Amal The International Euro-Arab film Festival 2008, Spain
Carthage Film Festival 2008 (Palestine: To remember section), Carthage, Tunisia
Chicago Palestine Film Festival, 2009
When it all began (The long version of The sons of Eilaboun)
Red Hat, Inc. is an American software company.
It makes open source software products.
The company was founded in 1993.
Red Hat has its headquarters in Raleigh, North Carolina, with other offices worldwide.
Red Hat contributions
Mischief night is a tradition in some parts of the world; a night when people do mischief to their neighbours.
This is usually 30 October, the day before Halloween night.
Traditional practice
Knocking and tapping on doors and windows
Throwing paint
Putting treacle on door handles
Tying door handles together to stop them opening
Moving gates
Egging houses
Toilet papering houses
Current Day Practice
In northern New Jersey and the Philadelphia region, October 30 is referred to as "Mischief Night," where mischievous teens soap car windows, egg houses, adorn trees with toilet paper, and run away after ringing doorbells.
In other parts of New Jersey, October 30 is also known as "Cabbage Night" or "Goosey Night."
In Camden, New Jersey.
Over 130 arsons were committed in that city on the night of October 30, 1991.
It is known as "Gate Night" in Trail, British Columbia, Winnipeg, Canada and as Mat Night in Quebec, Canada, always on the 30 October, the eve of Halloween.
It is also commonly known as "Devil's Night" in many places throughout Canada.
In Yorkshire, it is also known as "mischievous night", "Miggy Night", "Tick-Tack Night", "Corn Night", "Trick Night" and "Micky Night".
In Liverpool, it is known as "Mizzy Night"(but unlike in Yorkshire, where it is celebrated on October 30th).
It was celebrated on Nov 4 in Merseyside during the 1970s, as well as in Manchester after the war.
Mischief night is becoming popular in Ireland, where teenagers get the week around Halloween off school.
This means that many of the nights before 31 October are used by teenagers for vandalism.
Modern mischief includes toilet papering gardens and buildings, flouring and egging of cars, people, and homes, "forking" gardens, setting off fireworks and smashing pumpkins and jack-o'-lanterns.
Local shops do not sell eggs to chavs around the time of Halloween.
Sometimes the damage includes spray-painting of buildings and homes.
Confessions from a Mischief Night brat  BBC Yorkshire report — November 2006
Police Patrol for Mischief Night BBC Merseyside report — November 2006
Dialect Survey Results  US terms;prevalence and distribution
Dengue fever (pronounced "DEN-gi") is a  tropical infectious disease caused by the dengue virus.
People get the dengue virus from mosquitoes.
Dengue fever is also called break-bone fever, because it can cause so much pain that people feel like their bones are breaking.
Most people with dengue fever can get better just by drinking enough water.
However, a small number of people get dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome.
These are medical emergencies and can kill a person if they do not get medical treatment.
There is no vaccine that can keep people from getting the dengue virus.
There is also no treatment to cure dengue fever.
Doctors can only provide "supportive care," which means they can only treat dengue's symptoms.
Since the 1960s, many more people have been getting dengue fever.
Since World War II, dengue has become a problem around the world.
It is common in more than 110 countries.
Every year, between 50 million and 100 million people get dengue fever.
Most people who get the dengue virus (80%) have no symptoms, or have only mild symptoms (like a basic fever).
About 5% of infected people (or 5 out of every 100) get much sicker.
A small number of these people have symptoms that could kill them.
After a person gets the dengue virus from a mosquito, it takes between 3 and 14 days for them to get sick.
(This is called the virus's incubation period.)
Most often, people start to feel sick after 4 to 7 days.
Often, when children have dengue fever, their symptoms are the same as gastroenteritis (stomach flu), like vomiting and diarrhea, or the common cold.
However, children are more likely to have bad complications from dengue fever.
The febrile stage
In the febrile stage, people with dengue usually have a high fever.
("Febrile" means that a person has a fever.)
The fever is often over 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).
Sometimes the fever gets better, and then comes back.
Pain all over their bodies
A rash (this happens in 50% to 80% of people who get sick from dengue)
Petechiae (small red spots on the skin).
These are caused by capillaries (which carry blood) breaking.
This makes the blood leak out and show up under the skin.
Small amounts of bleeding from the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose
The febrile stage usually lasts 2 to 7 days.
This stage ends when a person's high fever is gone.
The critical stage
In about 5% of people with dengue fever, the disease goes into a critical stage next.
("Critical" means "very dangerous.")
The critical phase usually lasts 1 to 2 days.
During this stage, plasma (the liquid part of blood) leaks out of the body's small blood vessels.
The plasma can build up in the chest and abdomen.
This is a serious problem for a few reasons.
Plasma carries blood cells, glucose (sugar), electrolytes (salts), and many other important things to the whole body.
Every part of the body needs these things to survive.
If too much plasma leaks out of the blood vessels, there will not be enough left to carry these things to the body's most important organs.
Without these things, the organs cannot work normally.
This is called dengue shock syndrome.
Plasma also carries platelets, which help the blood clot (they help stop bleeding).
If a person does not have enough platelets, they can have dangerous bleeding.
With dengue fever, this bleeding usually happens in the gastrointestinal tract.
When a person has bleeding, leaking plasma, and not enough platelets, they have dengue hemorrhagic fever.
("Hemorrhage" means "dangerous bleeding.")
The recovery stage
The recovery stage is when the patient's body is overcoming the disease process.
In this stage, the plasma that leaked out of the blood vessels is taken back up into the bloodstream.
This stage usually lasts 2 to 3 days.
During this stage, people with dengue often feel much better.
However, they can have very bad itching and a slow heart rate.
Serious problems can also happen during the recovery stage.
If a person's body takes too much fluid back up into the bloodstream, this can cause "fluid overload."
This can cause fluid to build up in the lungs, which causes breathing problems.
Fluid overload can also cause seizures or an altered mental status (changes in a person's thinking and behavior).
Every once in a while, dengue can affect other systems in the body.
For example, dengue can cause:
Altered mental status: This happens in 0.5% to 6% of people with very bad dengue fever.
It can happen when the dengue virus causes an infection in the brain.
It can also happen when important organs, like the liver, are not working correctly because of dengue.
Neurological disorders: These are problems with the brain and the nerves, like Guillain–Barré syndrome  and Post-dengue acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.
Infection of the heart, or sudden liver failure (these are very uncommon).
Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus.
In the scientific system that classifies viruses, the dengue virus is part of the family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus.
Other viruses that belong to the same family and can make humans sick include yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus.
Most of these viruses are spread by mosquitoes or ticks.
How dengue is spread
Dengue virus is spread mostly by mosquitoes from the Aedes genus, especially the Aedes aegypti species of mosquito.
Aides aegypti is the most likely type of mosquito to spread dengue, because it likes to live close to humans and feed off of people instead of animals.
A person can get the dengue virus from just one mosquito bite.
Sometimes, mosquitoes can also get dengue from humans.
If a female mosquito bites someone with dengue, the mosquito may get the dengue virus from the person's blood.
After about 8 to 10 days, the virus spreads to the mosquito's salivary glands, which make saliva (or "spit").
Now the mosquito will make saliva that is infected with the dengue virus.
When the mosquito bites a human, its infected saliva goes into the human and can give that person dengue.
A person can also get the dengue virus if they get a blood transfusion or organ donation from someone who has the virus.
In some countries where dengue is common, like Singapore, between 1.6 and 6 blood transfusions out of every 10,000 spread dengue.
The dengue virus can also be spread from a mother to her fetus during pregnancy, or when the child is born.
This is called vertical transmission.
Dengue virus in the human body
Once a person gets the dengue virus from a mosquito, the virus attaches to and enters the person's white blood cells.
(The white blood cells are part of the immune system, which defends the body by fighting off threats, like infections.)
As the white blood cells move around the body, the virus makes copies of itself.
The white blood cells react by making many special proteins, like interferon, which tell the immune system to work harder because there is a threat in the body.
These proteins cause the fever, flu-like symptoms, and severe pains that happen with dengue.
If a person has a bad infection, the virus makes copies of itself much more quickly inside the body.
Because there is a lot more of the virus, it can affect many more organs (like the liver and the bone marrow).
The virus can stop the bone marrow from making platelets normally.
This makes very bad bleeding much more likely to happen.
Babies and young children with dengue are more likely than adults to become very sick.
Women are more likely than men to get very sick.
Dengue can be life-threatening in people with chronic (long-lasting) diseases, like diabetes and asthma.
There are four different types of the dengue virus.
Once a person has had one type of the virus, he usually is protected from that type for the rest of his life.
However, he will only be protected against the other three types of the virus for a short time.
If he later gets one of those three types of the virus, he will be more likely to have serious problems, like dengue shock syndrome or dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Usually, doctors diagnose dengue by examining the infected person and realizing that their symptoms match dengue.
However, when dengue is in its early stages, it can be difficult to tell the difference between this disease and other infections caused by viruses.
He has a fever; AND
He has two of these symptoms:
Nausea and vomiting;
A rash;
Pain all over the body;
A low number of white blood cells; or
A positive tourniquet test.
(To do this test, a doctor wraps a blood pressure cuff around a person's arm for five minutes, then counts any red spots on the skin.
If the person has many spots, they are more likely to have dengue fever.)
Some blood tests show changes when a person has dengue fever.
The earliest change is a low number of white blood cells in the blood.
A low number of platelets can also signal dengue.
Special blood tests can look for the dengue virus itself; the virus's nucleic acids; or the antibodies that the immune system makes to fight off the virus.
However, these special tests are expensive.
Also, in many areas where dengue is common, most doctors and clinics do not have laboratories for blood tests or special machines.
It can be difficult to tell the difference between dengue fever and chikungunya.
Chikungunya is a similar viral infection that has many of the same symptoms of dengue, and happens in the same parts of the world.
Dengue can also have some of the same symptoms as other diseases, like malaria, leptospirosis, typhoid fever, and meningococcal disease.
Often, before a person is diagnosed with dengue, their doctor will do tests to make sure they do not actually have one of these diseases instead.
WHO classification systems
In 1997, the World Health Organization (WHO) created a system for describing the different types of dengue fever.
Eventually, the WHO decided that this old way of dividing dengue needed to be simpler.
It also decided that not everyone with dengue fever fit into the old categories.
In 2009, the WHO changed its system for classifying (dividing) dengue fever.
However, the older system often is still used.
Undifferentiated fever
Dengue hemorrhagic fever.
This was then divided into four stages, called grades I-IV:
In Grade I, the person has a fever.
He also bruises easily or has a positive tourniquet test.
In Grade II, the person bleeds into the skin and other parts of the body.
In Grade III, the person shows signs of circulatory shock.
In Grade IV, the person has shock so severe that his blood pressure and heartbeat cannot be felt.
This is a more serious version of dengue shock syndrome.
The new system
Uncomplicated: People who just have the febrile stage of dengue fever, and never go into the critical phase.
They get better on their own or just need basic medical help.
Severe: People who have symptoms that could kill them, or have serious complications from dengue.
There are no vaccines that can keep people from getting the dengue virus.
The best ways to prevent dengue are to protect people from mosquito bites and to control the mosquito population.
The best way to control the mosquito is to get rid of its (the places it lives)  The best way to do this is to get rid of areas with standing water (water that does not move).
Mosquitoes like standing water and often lay its eggs, to prevent getting bitten by mosquitoes, people can:
Wear clothing that fully covers their skin
Use bug spray
Use mosquito netting when they are resting.
Integrated Vector Control
Advocacy, people working together, and legislation (laws) should be used to make public health organizations and communities stronger.
All parts of society should work together.
This includes the public sector (like the government), the private sector (like businesses and corporations), and the health care field.
All ways of controlling disease should be brought together.
Decisions should be make based on evidence.
This will help make sure that the things that are done to address dengue are helpful.
Areas where dengue is a problem should be given help, so that they can build their abilities to respond well to the disease on their own.
There are no specific treatments for dengue fever.
No known anti-viral medications (medicines which kill viruses) will kill the dengue virus.
Health workers can give "supportive treatment" - treat dengue's symptoms to try to make patients feel better.
Different people need different treatments, depending on their symptoms.
Some people can get better just by drinking fluids at home, and checking with their doctor to make sure they are getting better.
Treating dehydration is very important.
Sometimes, people are so dehydrated that they need intravenous fluids - fluids given through a needle placed into a vein.
Usually, people only need intravenous fluids for a day or two.
Doctors can give medicines like acetaminophen (paracetamol) for fever and pain.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and aspirin should not be used because they make bleeding more likely.
People with bad dengue may need blood transfusions.
Having extra blood will help a person if their blood pressure is getting very low (like it does in dengue shock syndrome) or if they do not have enough red blood cells in their blood (because they are bleeding from dengue hemorrhagic fever).
When people reach the recovery stage of dengue, doctors usually stop giving intravenous fluids to prevent fluid overload (having too much fluid in the body).
If a person gets fluid overload, doctors can give a type of medication called a diuretic, which will make the patient urinate out the extra fluid.
Without treatment, 1% to 5% of infected people (1 to 5 out of every 100) die from dengue.
With good treatment, less than 1% die.
However, 26% of people with severe dengue die.
Dengue is common in more than 110 countries.
Every year, it infects 50 to 100 million people around the world.
It also causes half a million hospitalizations and about 12,500 to 25,000 deaths around the world each year.
However, the World Health Organization says that dengue fever is not taken as seriously as it should be.
It calls dengue one of 16 "neglected tropical diseases" - diseases which do not get enough attention.
In every million people, dengue causes about 1600 years of life to be lost.
This is about the same as other tropical and deadly diseases, like tuberculosis.
However, the WHO says the neglected tropical diseases, like dengue, do not get the attention and money that is needed to find treatments and cures.
Dengue is becoming much more common around the world.
It is the most common viral disease that is spread by arthropods.
In 2010, dengue was 30 times more common than it was in 1960.
Scientists think dengue may be getting more common because:
More people are living in cities.
There are more people in the world.
The world's population is growing.
More people are travelling internationally (between countries).
Global warming is thought to play a part in the increase in dengue.
Dengue happens most around the equator.
2.5 billion people live in areas where dengue happens.
70% of these people live in Asia and the Pacific.
In the United States, 2.9% to 8% of people who come back from traveling in areas where dengue happens, and have a fever, were infected while traveling.
In this group of people, dengue is the second most common infection to be diagnosed, after malaria.
Dengue fever is probably a very old disease.
An ancient Chinese medical encyclopedia from the Jin Dynasty (which existed from 265 to 420 AD) talked about a person who probably had dengue.
The book talked about a "water poison" that had to do with flying insects.
Written records from the 17th century talk about what may have been epidemics of dengue (where the disease spread very quickly in a short time).
The most likely early reports of dengue epidemics are from 1779 and 1780.
These reports talk about an epidemic that spread across Asia, Africa, and North America.
From that time until 1940, there were not many more epidemics.
In 1906, scientists proved that people were getting infections from Aedes mosquitoes.
In 1907, scientists showed that a virus causes dengue.
This was just the second disease that was shown to be caused by a virus. (
The first was yellow fever.)
John Burton Cleland and Joseph Franklin Siler kept studying the dengue virus, and figured out the basics of how the virus spreads.
Dengue began to spread much more quickly during and after World War II.
Different types of dengue also spread to new areas.
For the first time, people started to get dengue hemorrhagic fever.
The first case of dengue hemorrhagic fever happened in the Philippines in 1953.
By the 1970s, dengue hemorrhagic fever had become a major cause of death in children.
It also spread to the Pacific and the Americas.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome were first reported in Central America and South America in 1981.
It is not clear where the word "dengue" came from.
Some people think that it comes from the Swahili phrase Ka-dinga pepo.
This phrase talks about the disease being caused by an evil spirit.
The Swahili word dinga is thought to come from the Spanish word dengue, which means "careful."
That word may have been used to describe a person having bone pain from dengue fever; that pain would make the person walk carefully.
However, it is also possible that the Spanish word came from the Swahili word, and not the other way around.
Other people think that the name "dengue" comes from the West Indies.
In the West Indies, slaves that had dengue were said to stand and walk like "a dandy."
Because of this, the disease was also called "dandy fever."
The name "breakbone fever" was first used by Benjamin Rush, a doctor and United States "Founding Father."
In 1789, Rush used the name "breakbone fever" in a report about the 1780 dengue outbreak in Philadelphia.
In his official report, Rush mostly used the more formal name "bilious remitting fever".
The term "dengue fever" was not commonly used until after 1828.
Before that, different people used different names for the disease.
For example, dengue was also called "breakheart fever" and "la dengue."
Other names were also used for severe dengue: for example, "infectious thrombocytopenic purpura", "Philippine," "Thai," and "Singapore hemorrhagic fever."
Scientists keep doing research on ways to prevent and treat dengue.
People are also working on controlling mosquitoes, creating a vaccine, and creating drugs to fight the virus.
Many simple things have been done to control mosquitoes.
Some of these things have worked.
For example, guppies (Poecilia reticulata) or copepods can be put in standing water to eat the mosquito larvae (eggs).
Scientists also keep working on creating antiviral drugs to treat attacks of dengue fever and keep people from getting severe complications.
They are also working on figuring out how the virus's proteins are structured.
This may help them create medications that work well for dengue.
Shrove Tuesday is a holiday in which the christian has ash put on their head in the shape of a cross in the United Kingdom, Canada, The United States and Australia for the day before Ash Wednesday.
Ash Wednesday is the first day of the Christian season of prayer and fasting called Lent.
On Shrove Tuesday people traditionally cook and eat pancakes.
The reason for this was to use up foods such as fat, eggs and milk before Lent.
It is also called Pancake Tuesday or Pancake Day.
In some other countries, such as the United States, it is called Mardi Gras.
The Sicilian language () is a language spoken in Sicily island and central Calabria.
It is currently spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of Sicily and by emigrants.
10 million people speak the language.
It has three stocks: the Sicilian, the Calabro-Sicilian and Salentinu.
Differences with Italian
Compared to Italian, it is a distinctly separate form of verbal communication patterned by many years of foreign influence.
Efforts to force Sicilians to speak conventional Italian include schools, television and radio.
Italians maintain that Sicilian is simply a subset dialect of Italian, while Sicilians see their spoken word as a true and separate language.
A portmanteau word () is made of other words, or parts of words.
It comes from putting  two (or more) other words together, like motel, from motor and hotel.
Portmanteau originally meant a type of suitcase with two separate parts for storage.
The first use as a word combination appeared in Lewis Carroll's book Through the Looking-Glass.
There Humpty Dumpty explains that some of the unusual words in Jabberwocky are other words packed together into one word, as two parts of a portmanteau suitcase are packed together.
Portmanteau itself is an example, combining the French words for carry (porter) and coat (manteau) into a coat carrier.
Wikipedia is a portmanteau of wiki (Hawaiian for fast) and encyclopedia.
Most programs are stored in special ways to make them smaller, or to gather all the different pieces of a program up into one big piece.
Before it can be used, though, the program needs to have these changes undone.
Some programs also need to know extra information about the computer it is going to run on, so while it is installing, it will figure out what it needs to know and write it down for later.
ru:Гомология (топология)#Когомологии
The Laplace transform is a way to turn functions into other functions in order to do certain calculations more easily.
This way of turning functions to other functions is very similar to U Substitution.
The aim of this change is to be able to turn the hard work of integration into a simple algebraic addition and subtraction, just as logarithms allow one to add and subtract instead of multiplying and dividing.
An example of its use is in ruin theory, which is a subject of actuarial science with regards to insurance.
Functions usually take a variable (say t) as an input, and give some output (say f).
The Laplace transform converts these functions to take some other input (s) and give some other output (F).
Because of certain shared properties of Laplace transforms, this makes it very easy to manipulate the original function into something useful.
The Laplace transform of a function , written as  or , is often formulated as:
f(t) is the input function
t is the old domain
s is the new domain
The Lorentz factor is the factor by which time, length, and mass change for an object moving at speeds close to the speed of light (relativistic speeds).
It is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz.
where v is the speed of the object and c is the speed of light.
The quantity (v/c) is often labeled  (beta) and so the above equation can be rewritten:
Classical relativity
Classical or Galilean relativity is the idea that if you throw a ball at 50 mph while running at 5 mph, the ball travels 55 mph.
Of course, the ball still moves away from you at 50 mph, so if one were to ask you, you saw the ball traveling 50 mph.
Meanwhile, your friend Rory saw that you happened to be running at 5 mph.
He would say that the ball was traveling 55 mph.
Both of you are right, you just happened to be moving with the ball.
The speed of light, c, is 670,616,629 mph.
So if you are in a car traveling half the speed of light (0.5c) and you turn on your headlights, the light moves away from you at 1 c... or is it 1.5 c?
It ends up that c is c no matter what.
The next section explains why it's not c - 0.5c.
When a clock is in motion, it ticks slower by a tiny factor of .
The famous twin paradox says that if there were two twins and twin A stayed on earth while twin B traveled near c for a few years, when twin B got back to earth, he would be many years younger than twin A (because he experienced less time).
For example, if twin B left when he was 20 and traveled at .9c for 10 years, then when he got back to earth, twin B would be 30 (20 years + 10 years) and twin A would be almost 43:
Twin B would not notice that time had slowed at all.
To him, if he looked out a window, it would seem like the universe was moving past him, and therefore slower (remember, to him, he's at rest).
So time is relative.
Length contraction
Things get shorter in the direction of movement when they travel at relativistic speeds.
During twin B's journey, he would notice something strange about the universe.
He would notice that it got shorter (contracted in the direction of his motion).
And the factor by which things get shorter is .
Relativistic mass
Relativistic mass also increases.
It makes them harder to push.
So by the time you reach 0.9999c, you need a very big force to make you go faster.
This makes it impossible for anything to reach the speed of light.
Still, if you travel a bit slower, say 90% of the speed of light, your mass only grows by 2.3 times.
So, while it may be impossible to reach the speed of light, it may still be possible to get close to it—that is, if you have enough fuel.
The family Cyperaceae, or the sedges, is a taxon of flowering plants.
They look like grasses or rushes, but are not.
They are monocot plants (as are grasses), but belong to a different family.
The family is large, with some 5,500 species described in about 109 genera.
The largest is the Carex genus of "true sedges", with over 2,000 species.
Sedges include many wild marsh and grassland plants, and some cultivated ones such as water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) and papyrus sedge (Cyperus papyrus).
These species are widely distributed, with many in tropical Asia and tropical South America.
Sedges may be found growing in almost all environments.
Many are wetlands, or have poor soils.
Objective-C was created in the early 1980s by two programmers named Brad Cox and Tom Love.
However, it didn't become popular until it was bought by NeXT in 1988 for their NeXTSTEP operating system.
After NeXT was bought by Apple in 1996, it became the main programming language for Mac OS X and later the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad.
In recent years, swift has been more popular than Objective-C.
Objective-C is a strict superset of C, meaning that any code that can be written in C can be used in Objective-C programs without changing it.
However, it adds some features of its own that can't be used in a traditional C program.
In Objective-C, functions are called using messages, a feature inspired by the SmallTalk programming language.
Messages look like "blocks" of code similar to the one shown below:
[object messageToObject];
[[object messageToSendToObject] messageToSendToResultOfInnerMessage];
Interfaces and Implementations
Unlike other programming languages such as C and Java, Objective-C classes are divided into two separate parts:
Interface, which contains the initial declarations of variables and functions.
Implementation, which contains the actual code for functions.
Objective-C++
Objective-C++ allows for C++ code to be used in Objective-C applications.
Objective-C 2.0
Objective-C 2.0 is an improved version of Objective-C. It adds many features, such as garbage collection (automatic memory management), fast enumeration and properties (the automatic generation of variable methods).
It is one of the seven particle detector experiments (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, TOTEM, LHCb, and LHCf) built at the LHC.
LHC is a new particle accelerator at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland.
ATLAS is 46 metres long and 25 metres in diameter, weighing about 7,000 tonnes.
The project is led by Fabiola Gianotti.
The project has 2,000 scientists and engineers at 165 institutions in 35 countries.
The project began operation on 10 September 2008.
ATLAS studies highly massive particles which could not be studied using earlier lower-energy accelerators.
ATLAS may start new theories of particle physics beyond the Standard Model.
A Taser is a weapon that is not meant to kill.
Tasers use electricity to shock people so they fall on the ground.
If a person is shot by a Taser, they feel like they are hurt and cannot move their arms and legs.
Tasers are used by police officers to stop people who want to hurt them, and to stop people who are running away.
How Tasers work
Tasers shoot two small pieces of metal called prongs.
These prongs are connected to long pieces of metal string.
When the Taser is shot, the prongs hit the person and electricity moves along the metal string to shock the person.
Even though a Taser is a weapon that is not meant to kill, the prongs can still hurt people.
There are some times when people die after they are shot with a Taser.
This is because some people get hurt differently by electricity.
Owning Tasers