the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1977  Muhammad Ali defends his heavyweight boxing world title against Earnie Shavers.
1988  NASA resumes space shuttle flights, grounded after the Challenger disaster.
1990  Washington National Cathedral is completed.
1991  A military coup occurs in Haiti.
1992  Fernando Collor de Mello, President of Brazil, resigns.
1995  PlayStation goes on sale in Europe.
1996  Super Mario 64, a well-known Nintendo 64 video game, is released in the US.
2002  The 14th Asian Games begin in Busan, South Korea.
2004  The asteroid 4179 Toutatis passes within four lunar distances of Earth.
2006  A plane collision in Brazil kills 154 people on board a Boeing 737.
The cargo plane manages an emergency landing.
2007  Calder Hall power station at Sellafield, Cumbria, England, is demolished.
2008  The Dow Jones Industrial Average index falls by 777.68 points in a single day.
2009  A magnitude 8.1 earthquake causes a tsunami near Samoa and American Samoa, killing at least 189 people, including 9 in Tonga.
2013  At least 42 people are killed by members of Boko Haram in Gujba, Nigeria.
2014  Ashraf Ghani is sworn in as President of Afghanistan.
106 BC  Pompey the Great, Roman politician and general (died 48 BC)
1240  Margaret of England, Queen Consort of Scotland (died 1275)
1276  King Christopher II of Denmark (died 1332)
1328  Joan of Kent, mother of King Richard II of England (died 1385)
1388  Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, son of Henry IV of England (died 1421)
1511  Michael Servetus, Spanish humanist, theologian, and scientist (died 1553)
1518  Tintoretto, Italian painter (died 1594)
1547  Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer (died 1616)
1548  William V, Duke of Bavaria (died 1621)
1561  Adriaan van Roomen, Flemish mathematician (died 1615)
1571  Caravaggio, Italian painter (died 1610)
1636  Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1715)
1678  Adrien-Maurice, 3rd Duke of Noailles, French soldier (died 1766)
1691  Richard Challoner, English bishop (died 1781)
1718  Nikita Ivanovich Panin, Russian statesman (died 1783)
1725  Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, British politician (died 1774)
1735  James Keir, Scottish physician and chemist (died 1820)
1758  Horatio Nelson, British admiral (died 1805)
1766  Charlotte, Princess Royal (died 1828)
1786  Guadalupe Victoria, 1st President of Mexico (died 1843)
1803  Jacques Charles Francois Sturm, French mathematician (died 1855)
1810  Elizabeth Gaskell, English writer (died 1865)
1810  Hugh Allan, Scottish-Canadian businessman (died 1882)
1818  Nathaniel B. Baker, 24th Governor of New Hampshire (died 1876)
1820  Henri, Count of Chambord, claimant to the French throne (died 1883)
1843  Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general (died 1882)
1844  Miguel Angel Juarez Colman, President of Argentina (died 1909)
1853  Princess Thyra of Denmark (died 1933)
1863  Hugo Haase, German politician (died 1919)
1864  Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish writer and philosopher (died 1936)
1866  Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Ukrainian politician (died 1934)
1866  J. E. Casely Hayford, Ghanaian politician, lawyer and writer (died 1930)
1867  Walther Rathenau, German politician (died 1922)
1880  Liberato Pinto, Portuguese general and politician (died 1949)
1881  Ludwig von Mises, Austrian-American economist, sociologist and philosopher (died 1973)
1895  Roscoe Turner, American pilot (died 1970)
1899  László Biró, Hungarian inventor (died 1985)
1899  Billy Butlin, South African-British holiday entrepreneur (d. 1980)
1900  Auguste van Pels, Dutch Holocaust victim (died 1945)
1900  Michel Koliqi, Albanian cardinal (died 1997)
1901  Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1954)
1901  Lanza del Vasto, Italian philosopher, poet and activist (died 1981)
1902  Miguel Aleman Valdes, President of Mexico (died 1983)
1903  Diana Vreeland, American fashion designer (died 1989)
1904  Greer Garson, British actress (died 1996)
1904  Egon Eiermann, German architect and designer (died 1970)
1907  Gene Autry, American country music singer and actor (died 1998)
1908  Eddie Tolan, American athlete (died 1967)
1910  Virginia Bruce, American actress and singer (died 1982)
1911  Charles Court, English-Australian politician, 21st Premier of Western Australia (died 2007)
1912  Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian movie director (died 2007)
1913  Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (died 1996)
1913  Stanley Kramer, American movie director (died 2001)
1913  Trevor Howard, English actor (died 1988)
1915  Brenda Marshall, American actress (died 1992)
1916  Antonio Buero Vallejos, Spanish playwright (died 2000)
1919  Margot Hielscher, German singer and actress (died 2017)
1919  Kira Zvorykina, Belarussian chess player (died 2014)
1920  Peter D. Mitchell, English chemist (died 1992)
1920  Vaclav Neumann, Czech conductor, violinist and violist (died 1995)
1921  Franny Beecher, American guitarist (died 2014)
1922  Esther Brand, South African athlete (died 2015)
1922  Lizabeth Scott, American actress (died 2015)
1923  Stan Berenstain, American writer and illustrator (died 2005)
1924  Marina Berti, Italian actress (died 2002)
1925  Steve Forrest, American actor (died 2013)
1928  Gerhard Stoltenberg, German politician (died 2001)
1928  Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury, English politician (died 2016)
1930  Colin Dexter, English writer (died 2017)
1931  Anita Ekberg, Swedish actress (died 2015)
1931  James Watson Cronin, American nuclear physicist (died 2016)
1931  Paul Oestreicher, German-English priest and theologian
1932  Rainer Weiss, German-American physicist, 2017 Nobel laureate
1932  Mehmood, Indian actor (died 2004)
1932  Robert Benton, American director
1933  Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (died 1986)
1935  Jerry Lee Lewis, American early rock and roll musician
1935  Mylene Demongeot, French actress
1935  Ingrid Noll, German writer
1936  Silvio Berlusconi, former Prime Minister of Italy
1937  Nina Wang, Chinese businesswoman (died 2007)
1938  Wim Kok, Dutch politician, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands (died 2018)
1939  Rhodri Morgan, Welsh politician, former First Minister of Wales (died 2017)
1939  Jim Baxter, Scottish footballer (died 2001)
1939  Larry Linville, American actor (died 2000)
1940  Nicola di Bari, Italian singer
1940  Carlos Morales Troncoso, Vice President of the Dominican Republic (died 2014)
1941  Fred West, British serial killer (died 1995)
1942  Ian McShane, British actor
1942  Jean-Luc Ponty, French jazz violinist
1942  Bill Nelson, American politician
1942  Madeline Kahn, American actress (died 1999)
1942  Felice Gimondi, Italian cyclist (died 2019)
1943  Mohammad Khatami, former President of Iran
1943  Wolfgang Overath, German footballer
1943  Lech Walesa, former President of Poland
1945  Nadezhda Chizhova, Russian athlete
1946  Steve Dalachinsky, American poet (died 2019)
1946  Patricia Hodge, English actress
1947  S. H. Kapadia, Chief Justice of India (died 2016)
1948  Theo Jörgensmann, German jazz clarinet player
1948  Mike Pinera, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer
1951  Maureen Caird, Australian athlete
1951  Michelle Bachelet, former President of Chile
1951  Pier Luigi Bersani, Italian politician
1951  Jutta Ditfurth, German author and activist
1952  Gábor Csupo, Hungarian-born animator
1952  Patrícia Gabancho, Argentine-Spanish writer (d. 2017)
1952  Monika Zehrt, German athlete
1954  Debbie Shapiro, American actress and singer
1955  Ann Bancroft, American adventurer, polar explorer and writer
1955  Gareth Davies, Welsh rugby player
1955  Ken Weatherwax, American actor (died 2014)
1956  Sebastian Coe, English athlete and politician
1957  Chris Broad, English cricketer
1957  Andrew Dice Clay, American comedian and actor
1959  Raffaele Riefoli, Italian singer
1961  Julia Gillard, Welsh-Australian politician, 27th Prime Minister of Australia
1961  Stephanie Miller, American comedienne and radio host
1961  Tom Sizemore, American actor
1962  Janne Andersson, Swedish footballer and manager
1966  Helsey Hawkins, American basketball player
1966  Bujar Nishani, former President of Albania
1968  Luke Goss, English actor and singer
1968  Matt Goss, English singer
1969  Erika Eleniak, American actress and model
1969  Ivica Vastic, Austrian footballer
1970  Emily Lloyd, English actress
1971  Mackenzie Crook, English actor and comedian
1972  Robert Webb, English comedian, actor and screenwriter (Peep Show)
1974  Alexis Cruz, American actor
1975  Albert Celades, Spanish footballer
1976  Andriy Shevchenko, Ukrainian footballer
1977  Heath Bell, American baseball player
1978  Aleš Fućak, Croatian comedian
1979  Gaitana, Ukrainian singer
1980  Patrick Agyemang, English footballer
1980  Zachary Levi, American actor
1980  Dallas Green, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
1981  Shane Smeltz, New Zealand footballer
1982  Amy Williams, British skeleton bobsledder
1984  Per Mertesacker, German footballer
1984  Rune Almenning Jarstein, Norwegian footballer
1985  Dani Pedrosa, Spanish motorcycle racer
1987  Josh Farro, American bassist (Paramore)
1988  Kevin Durant, American basketball player
1989  Yevhen Konoplyanka, Ukrainian footballer
1990  Doug Brochu, American actor
1990  Sara Björk Gunnarsdóttir, Icelandic footballer
1990  Lena Wermelt, German footballer
1993  Carlos Salcedo, Mexican footballer
1994  Halsey, American singer-songwriter
1994  Andy Polo, Peruvian footballer
1999  Juan Valentín Urdangarín, Spanish royal
2008  Emma Tallulah Behn, member of the extended Norwegian Royal Family
48 BC  Pompey the Great, Roman general (assassinated) (b. 106 BC)
722  Leudwinus, Frankish bishop (b. 660)
855  Lothair I, Emperor of the Romans (b. 795)
1364  Charles de Blois, Duke of Brittany (b. 1319)
1560  King Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1496)
1637  Lorenzo Ruiz, Filipino saint (b. 1600)
1800  Michael Denis, Austrian poet (b. 1729)
1804  Michael Hillegas, first Treasurer of the United States (b. 1728)
1833  King Ferdinand VII of Spain (b. 1784)
1862  William "Bull" Nelson, American military officer (b. 1824)
1887  Bernhard von Langenbeck, German surgeon (b. 1810)
1900  Michael Denis, Austrian priest (b. 1729)
1902  Émile Zola, French writer (b. 1840)
1902  William Topaz McGonagall, Scottish poet (b. 1825)
1908  Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, Brazilian writer (b. 1839)
1910  Winslow Homer, American painter (b. 1836)
1913  Rudolf Diesel, German inventor and engineer (b. 1858)
1925  Léon Bourgeois, French politician (b. 1851)
1927  Willem Einthoven, Dutch doctor, won the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1860)
1930  Ilya Repin, Ukrainian painter (b. 1844)
1937  Ray Ewry, American athlete (b. 1873)
1952  John Cobb, British racing driver (b. 1899)
1953  Ernst Reuter, German politician (b. 1889)
1958  Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer (b. 1893)
1964  Fred Tootell, American athlete (b. 1902)
1967  Carson McCullers, American writer (b. 1917)
1970  Edward Everett Horton, actor (b. 1886)
1973  W. H. Auden, English poet (b. 1907)
1975  Casey Stengel, American baseball player and coach (b. 1890)
1981  Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (b. 1913)
1982  Monty Stratton, American Major League Baseball pitcher (b. 1912)
1987  Henry Ford II, American businessman (b. 1917)
1988  Charles Addams, American cartoonist (b. 1912)
1989  August Anheuser Busch, Jr., American brewer (b. 1899)
1993  Gordon Douglas, American movie director (b. 1907)
1994  Cheb Hasni, Algerian singer (b. 1968)
1996  Leslie Crowther, English comedian, actor and game show host (b. 1933)
1997  Roy Lichtenstein, American artist (b. 1923)
1998  Tom Bradley, Mayor of Los Angeles, California (b. 1917)
2001  Nguyen Van Thieu, President of South Vietnam (b. 1923)
2004  Christer Pettersson, Swedish murder suspect (b. 1947)
2006  Louis-Albert Vachon, French-Canadian cardinal and Archbishop of Quebec (b. 1912)
2007  Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress (b. 1927)
2009  Pavel Popovich, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1930)
2010  Georges Charpak, Polish-born physicist (b. 1924)
2010  Tony Curtis, American actor (b. 1925)
2010  Greg Giraldo, American comedian (b. 1965)
2011  Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (b. 1918)
2012  Hebe Camargo, Brazilian actress, singer and television presenter (b. 1929)
2012  Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, American publisher (b. 1926)
2013  Carl Joachim Classen, German scholar (b. 1928)
2014  Miguel Boyer, French-Spanish economist and politician (b. 1939)
2014  Luis Nishizawa, Mexican painter (b. 1918)
2014  George Shuba, American baseball player (b. 1924)
2015  Phil Woods, American jazz musician, bandleader and composer (b. 1931)
2015  Hellmuth Karasek, German literary critic and journalist (b. 1934)
2016  Miriam Defensor Santiago, Filipina politician (b. 1945)
2017  Tom Alter, Indian actor (b. 1950)
2017  Ludmila Belousova, Russian skater (b. 1935)
2017  Magdalena Ribbing, Swedish etiquette expert, writer and journalist (b. 1940)
2017  Dmitry Smolsky, Belarussian composer and teacher (b. 1937)
2018  Alves Barbosa, Portuguese cyclist (b. 1931)
2018  Otis Rush, American blues guitarist and singer (b. 1935)
2019  Beatriz Aguirre, Mexican actress (b. 1925)
2019  Busbee, American songwriter (b. 1976)
2019  Ilkka Laitinen, Finnish military officer and politician (b. 1962)
2019  Yuriy Meshkov, Russian politician (b. 1945)
2020  Mac Davis, American country singer (b. 1942)
2020  Helen Reddy, Australian-American singer (b. 1941)
Christian Feast Day of Michaelmas and Feast day of the three Archangels, honouring St. Michael, St. Gabriel and St. Raphael
Inventors' Day in Argentina
International Coffee Day
Victory of Boquerón Day (Paraguay)
January 3 – The March of Dimes is established by Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
January 11 – Frances Moulton is the first woman to become president of a US national bank.
January 20 – Wedding of King Farouk I of Egypt and Queen Farida Zulficar in Cairo
January 28 – The first ski tow in America begins operation in Vermont.
January 31 – Crown princess Beatrix is born in Netherlands
February 4 – Thornton Wilder's play Our Town opens (New York City).
February 10 – Carol II of Romania takes dictatorial powers
February 12 – World War II: German troops enter Austria
February 24 – A nylon bristle toothbrush becomes the first commercial product to be made with nylon yarn.
March 3 – Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
March 12 – Anschluss: German troops occupy Austria; annexation declared the following day.
March 15 – Soviet Union announces officially that Nikholai Bukharin has been executed
March 18 – Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned oil properties within its borders.
April 12 – Edouard Daladier becomes president of France
April 28 – The towns of Dana, Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott in Massachusetts are disincorporated to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir.
May 5 – Vatican recognizes Franco's government in Spain
June 1 – Action Comics issues the first Superman comic.
June 11 – Fire destroys 212 buildings in Ludes, Latvia
June 23 – The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States.
June 23 – Marineland opens near St. Augustine, Florida.
June 25 – Dr Douglas Hyde is elected the first President of Ireland.
June 28 – A 450-tonne meteorite struck the earth in an empty field near Chicora, Pennsylvania
November 9-10: Kristallnacht happens in Nazi Germany.
The Nazis deport about 30,000 Jews to concentration camps, and destroy over 1,500 synagogues.
January 1 - Frank Langella, American actor
January 5 - Juan Carlos of Spain
January 31 - Beatrix of the Netherlands
February 21 - Lester Bird, former Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
April 26 – Duane Eddy, American guitarist
May 22 - Richard Benjamin, American actor and director
May 31 - John Prescott, British politician
July 13 - David Mitton, English model-maker (d. 2008)
August 21 – Kenny Rogers, American singer (d. 2020)
August 29 – Elliott Gould, American actor
October 23 – H. John Heinz III, American Senator (d. 1991)
October 29 - Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, President of Liberia
November 17 – Gordon Lightfoot, Canadian singer
November 19 - Hank Medress, American singer (The Tokens) (d. 2007)
December 29 - Jon Voight, American actor
January 20 – Émile Cohl, French caricaturist and animator (b. 1857)
January 21 – Georges Méliès, French movie director (b. 1861)
January 28 – Bernd Rosemeyer, German racing driver (b. 1909)
February 2 – Frederick William Vanderbilt, American railway magnate (b. 1856)
February 7 – Harvey Firestone, American manufacturer (b. 1868)
February 18 – David King Udall, American politician (b. 1851)
February 19 – Edmund Landau, German mathematician (b. 1877)
March 1 – Gabriele D'Annunzio, Italian writer, war hero, and politician (b. 1863)
March 2 – Ben Harney, American composer and pianist (b. 1871)
March 13 – Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Soviet politician (b. 1888)
March 13 – Clarence Darrow, American attorney (b. 1857)
April 8 – Joe "King" Oliver, American musician (b. 1885)
April 12 – Feodor Chaliapin, Russian bass (b. 1873)
April 16 – Steve Bloomer, English footballer (b. 1874)
April 21 – Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistani philosopher and poet (b. 1877)
April 26 – Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher (b. 1859)
May 4 – Carl von Ossietzky, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1889)
May 9 – Thomas B. Thrige, Danish industrialist (b. 1866)
May 13 – Charles Edouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
May 26 – John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist (b. 1857)
August 1 – Edmund Charles Tarbell, American artist (b. 1862)
18 July  -   Marie of Romania Queen of Romania wife  of King Ferdinand I of Romania
August 7 – Konstantin Stanislavski, Russian actor (b. 1863)
August 14 – Hugh Trumble, Australian Test Cricketer (b. 1876)
August 16 – Robert Johnson, American musician (b. 1911)
September 17 – Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (b. 1901)
October 22 – May Irwin, Canadian actress and singer (b. 1862)
October 24 – Ernst Barlach, German sculptor and poet (b. 1870)
October 27 – Lascelles Abercrombie, English poet and critic (b. 1881)
November 9 – Vasily Blyukher, Soviet military commander (b.1889)
November 10 – Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey (b. 1881)
November 30 – Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Romanian fascist, leader of the Iron Guard (executed along other Guard activists) (b. 1899)
December 11 – Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1869)
December 25 – Karel Čapek, Czech writer (b. 1890)
December 28 – Florence Lawrence, Canadian actress (b. 1886)
The Adventures of Robin Hood - Errol Flynn
Jezebel - Bette Davis (Best Actress Academy Award)
"Thanks For The Memory" – by Leo Robin and Ralph Rainger, from the movie Big Broadcast 1935, won the Academy Award for the best song.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Belgian doctor, Corneille Heymans
William Booth creates the Salvation Army.
The American Civil War ends.
October 22 – Paul Raud, Estonian painter (d. 1930)
December 8 – Jean Sibelius, Finnish composer (d. 1957)
December 30 – Rudyard Kipling, English writer and poet (d. 1936)
April 15 – United States President Abraham Lincoln.
April 26 – John Wilkes Booth, the man who killed United States President Abraham Lincoln.
Sir Elton Hercules John  (birth name Reginald Kenneth Dwight, born 25 March 1947 in Pinner, Middlesex, England), better known simply as Elton John, is an English singer, songwriter, pianist, and composer.
He started his music career immediately after leaving school.
Elton John was the biggest music star in the 1970s.
Elton John was born in 55 Pinner Hill Road, Pinner, Middlesex.
He was eldest child Stanley Dwight and Sheila Eileen.
He was educated in Pinner.
John became famous in the early 1970s when he and lyricist Bernie Taupin wrote several songs which he performed and recorded.
John became a huge star, not only for his musical abilities, but for his flamboyant stage personality.
He composed several musicals.
He also composed the music for the animated movies The Lion King (1994) and The Road to El Dorado (2000).
He is active in charity work.
In 1997, in honor of Diana, Princess of Wales, John co-wrote and released a version of his hit Candle in the Wind.
That became the world's best-selling single of all time.
It sold 37 million copies within two months.
Outside of music, John has raised millions of pounds for people living with HIV and AIDS through the Elton John AIDS Foundation.
1995: Best Original Song for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" from The Lion King
2020: Best Original Song for “(I’m Gonna) Love Me Again” from Rocketman
1987: Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "That's What Friends Are For", performed by Dionne Warwick & Friends (award shared with Dionne Warwick, Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder)
1991: Best Instrumental Composition for "Basque", performed by James Galway
1995: Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
1997: Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Candle in the Wind 1997"
1999: Grammy Legend Award
2001: Best Musical Show Album for Elton John & Tim Rice's Aida (award shared with Guy Babylon, Paul Bogaev & Chris Montan (producers), Tim Rice (lyricist) and the original Broadway cast with Heather Headley, Adam Pascal, and Sherie Rene Scott)
Tony Awards
2000: Best Original Musical Score for Aida
In 2005, John entered a civil partnership with David Furnish.
They had been together for 12 years.
On 21 December 2014, John and Furnish married.
Guests at their wedding included English former footballer David Beckham along with his wife Victoria Beckham and their younger sons and their daughter.
Their eldest son, who is also John's godson, was not present.
Brit Award winners
English rock musicians
LGBT musicians
Musicians from Middlesex
Singers from London
The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964.
The main lineup from 1964 to 1978 was guitarist Pete Townshend, vocalist Roger Daltrey, bassist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon.
They became known for high energy live shows.
The Who have sold about 100 million records.
Many people think that The Who are the greatest live band of all time.
The Who rose to fame in the United Kingdom with a series of top ten hit singles including: "I Can't Explain", "The Kids Are Alright", "My Generation", "Who Are You", and "Love Reign O'er Me".
The albums "My Generation", "A Quick One" and "The Who Sell Out" followed.
Their fame grew with memorable shows at the Monterey Pop and Woodstock music festivals. "
Tommy," released in 1969, was the first in a series of top ten albums in the United States.
Keith Moon died in 1978.
The band released two more studio albums with drummer Kenney Jones before disbanding in 1983.
They re-formed at events such as Live Aid and for reunion tours such as their 25th anniversary tour and the Quadrophenia tours of 1996 and 1997.
In 2002 planning for recording an album of new material was put on hold after John Entwistle's death at the age of 57.
Townshend and Daltrey continued to perform as The Who and in 2006 they released the studio album titled "Endless Wire."
My Generation (1965)
A Quick One (1966)
The Who Sell Out (1967)
Tommy (1969)
Who's Next (1971)
Quadrophenia (1973)
The Who by Numbers (1975)
Who Are You (1978)
Face Dances (1981)
It's Hard (1982)
Endless Wire (2006)
TBA (2015)
Hear the Who on the Pop Chronicles.
1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
Musical groups established in 1964
Led Zeppelin was an English rock band.
The group was started in 1968 and broke up in 1980.
The members were Robert Plant (vocals), Jimmy Page (lead guitar), John Paul Jones (bass), and John Bonham (drums).
Led Zeppelin ended in 1980 after the accidental death of John Bonham.
After Bonham's death, the band believed that nobody could take his place and decided not to continue.
The band played together again in a tribute concert in London on 10 December 2007 with Jason Bonham, John's son, playing the drums.
The band is one of the most influential rock bands of all time and one of the most successful music artists in history, selling 300 million albums around the world.
Led Zeppelin (1969)
Led Zeppelin II (1969)
Led Zeppelin III (1970)
Led Zeppelin IV (1971)
Houses of the Holy (1973)
Physical Graffiti (1975)
Presence (1976)
In Through the Out Door (1979)
Mothership (2007)
The Song Remains the Same (1976)
Led Zeppelin (DVD) (2003)
Mothership (DVD) (2007)
Led Zeppelin: Official Site
Led Zeppelin at MySpace
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame bio
Rolling Stone Magazine bio
BBC interview with Robert Plant about the Led Zeppelin reunion
1971 interview with Led Zeppelin
Heart-Led Zeppelin Stairway to heaven-kennedy center honors
Musical groups disestablished in 1980
English hard rock bands
English heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 1968
1980s disestablishments in England
A USB flash drive (USB stands for Universal Serial Bus) is a popular way to store digital information.
Flash drives are an easy way to share data (information).
A USB flash drive can be attached to a USB port, and provides a certain amount of storage space, which can be used to store data.
USB flash drives are used with devices found in homes, workplaces and schools.
Below are some examples of these devices:
Digital versatile disc (called DVD) players
Digital picture frames
They are called "flash drive" because they use flash memory to store files.
Flash memory is a type of computer chip.
The first flash drives had 8 megabytes of storage.
Each year, larger flash drives will become available.
In April 2012, 256 gigabyte flash drives were introduced to the market.
USB flash drives have some advantages over other portable storage devices.
They are physically much smaller and more rugged than floppy disks.
They can read data faster, and store more data than floppy disks.
Floppy disks have become obsolete when the price of USBs has become cheaper.
Flash drives are used to store any type of data file, or to move data from one computer to another.
USB flash drives have a lot of storage space.
It is often easier to use a flash drive than to carry many CD-ROMs.
Some computer programs can be run from a USB flash drive.
These special versions of programs are called "portable" versions.
Computer administrators, or people who manage the computer systems, sometimes use flash drives.
Sometimes flash drives are also used to run a computer virus scanner.
They are often used to repair a computer system that was damaged or faulty.
Booting operating systems
Most computers today can boot from a USB drive.
Special operating systems can run from a bootable flash drive.
They are called Live USB versions.
Audio players
Many companies make small digital audio players (usually called an mp3 player).
These are actually flash drives that can make sound.
Examples include the Creative MuVo and the iPod shuffle.
Some of these players are real USB flash drives as well as music players; others just play music.
Many of the smallest players are powered by a permanently fitted rechargeable battery.
The battery power can be charged from the USB port.
Music storage and marketing
Digital audio files can be moved from one computer to another.
The files can be played on a software media player.
Many home and car music systems have a USB port.
A USB flash drive can be connected to play music files.
Music artists have sold or given away USB flash drives.
The first time this happened was in 2004—the German band WIZO released the "Stick EP", only as a USB drive.
It contained five high quality MP3s; it also included a video, pictures, lyrics, and guitar tablature.
Since then, artists including Kanye West, Nine Inch Nails and Ayumi Hamasaki  have released music and promotional material on USB flash drives.
In arcades
In the arcade game In the Groove and In The Groove 2, flash drives are used to transfer high scores, screenshots, dance edits, and combos throughout sessions.
In later versions, players can also store custom songs and play them on any machine on which this feature is enabled.
While use of flash drives is common, the drive must be Linux compatible, causing problems for some players.
In the arcade games Pump it Up NX2 and Pump it Up NX Absolute, a specially produced flash drive is used as a "save file" for unlocked songs, as well as progressing in the WorldMax and Brain Shower sections of the game.
In the arcade game Dance Dance Revolution X, a special USB flash drive was made by Konami, letting players link the Sony PlayStation 2 version.
Brand and product promotion
Flash drives are very cheap to produce.
So, they are sometimes used to promote a product.
At most technical trade fairs, many exhibitors will promote their products by giving away free drives.
The drive may be blank drive, or already have documents or software loaded on to it.
These are called preloaded drives.
For example, one retail till system uses a Flash drive to record details of all of the sales for that day.
The drive is used as a backup medium.
At the close of business each night, the drive is inserted, and a database backup is saved to the drive.
The drive is removed at night and taken offsite.
This is simple for the end-user, and more likely to be done;
The drive is small and convenient, and more likely to be carried off-site for safety;
The drives are less fragile mechanically and magnetically than tapes;
The capacity is often large enough for several backup images of critical data;
Flash drives are cheaper than many other backup systems.
Comparison to other forms of data storage
USB flash drives have replaced a number of other storage technologies, because they are easier to use.
The replaced media include:
Floppy disks
Solutions such as Iomega ZIP, and similar high-capacity disks.
This photograph shows both sides of the printed circuit board (PCB) inside a typical flash drive (circa 2004).
The flash drive in this photograph is a 64 MB USB 2.0 device with its plastic case removed.
One end of the device is fitted with a single type-A USB connector.
Inside the plastic casing is a small, highly cost-engineered, printed circuit board.
Mounted on this board is some simple power circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits (ICs).
Typically, one of these ICs provides an interface to the USB port, another drives the onboard memory, and the other is the flash memory.
Good points and bad points
Flash drives are quite .
They are not damaged by scratches and dust.
This makes them a good choice to move data from one place to another.
Some flash drives can keep the data, even if they are put in water.
Some data may even survive the washing machine, but this is not a designed feature, and people should not rely on it.
Leaving the flash drive out to dry completely before allowing current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future problems.
Channel Five's Gadget Show cooked a flash drive with propane; froze it with dry ice; submerged it in various acidic liquids; ran over it with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar.
A company specializing in recovering lost data from computer drives then managed to recover all the data on the drive.
All data on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed.
Flash drives are available in large sizes.
Currently at the start of 2020, the largest size publicly available is 2 terabytes.
This will increase as the technology gets better.
Flash drives use little power, compared to hard drives and have no moving parts.
They are small and easy to carry.
Most modern operating systems can use a flash drive, without the need to install special software.
To most operating systems, the flash drive looks like a hard drive.
The operating system can use any file system.
Some computers can start from a flash drive.
Flash memory has a limited life.
Data can only be written to and read from a device a few thousand times.
People should keep this in mind when they use a flash drive to run application software or an operating system.
To address this, as well as space limitations, some developers have produced special versions of operating systems (such as Linux in Live USB)  or commonplace applications (such as Mozilla Firefox) designed to run from flash drives.
Flash drives are small and are easily lost or left behind.
This can cause problems of data security.
Flash drives can hold a large amount of information and they are used worldwide.
Many users store information on them that is personal, or that should be protected.
For this reason, more and more flash drives offer biometrics or encryption to control the access to this data.
Users can install passwords on to their flash drives so that when a user tries to open it, the computer prompts the user, to enter a password before they can begin using the device.
There are a number of free and open source programs which can be used to encrypt data including TrueCrypt, pgpdisk and FreeOTFE.
These programs have proved useful in securing data on flash drives.
Most USB flash drives are dumb devices that hold data.
However, like other storage devices, they can carry computer viruses.
Bootable flash drives, like other boot devices, can easily spread them.
Some such devices also have a controller chip comparable to an embedded system.
In other words, the drive is a fully functional computer, which can transmit data as it wants.
There have been cases where controller chips were manipulated, and spread malware.
Some drives with a controller chip encrypt the data, with a secure algorithm, such as AES.
In many cases, it was easy to decrypt the data, even without knowing the decryption key, because the implementation was not done properly.
The ostrich (Struthio camelus) is a large flightless bird that lives in Africa.
They are the largest living bird species, and have the biggest eggs of all living birds.
Ostriches do not fly, but can run faster than any other bird.
They are ratites, a useful grouping of medium to large flightless birds.
Ostriches have the biggest eyes of all land animals.
Ostriches have long legs and a long neck, but they have a small head.
Male ostriches have black feathers and female ostriches have gray and brown feathers.
Both males and females have white feathers on their wings and tails.
Male ostriches can be 1.8 - 2.7 meters / 6 – 9 feet tall, while female ostriches are 1.7 – 2 meters / 5.5 - 6.5 ft tall.
They can run with a speed of about 65 kilometers per hour/40 miles per hour.
]Ostriches now only live in Africa.
They live in open grassland called savanna in the Sahel, and in parts of East Africa and south-west Africa.
Some ostriches live in areas of the Sahara desert.
There used to be ostriches in Middle East in the 20th century and, further back, also
Ostriches mainly eat plant matter, but they also eat insects.
The plant matter consists of seeds, shrubs, grass, fruits and flowers while the insects they eat include locusts.
Ostriches do not have teeth, and so cannot grind food as mammals do.
Instead, they swallow pebbles.
An adult ostrich carries about 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of stones in its gizzard, a special sac just before the stomach.
The pebbles grind the food, and help its digestion.
When eating, their gullet is filled with food.
After that, the food is passed down their esophagus in the form of a ball called a bolus.
The bolus may be as much as 210 ml (7.1 US fl oz).
Ostriches can live without drinking for several days.
Social behavior
Ostriches normally spend the winter months in pairs or alone.
During breeding season and sometimes during extreme rainless periods Ostriches live in nomadic groups of five to 50 birds (led by a top hen) that often travel together with other grazing animals, such as zebras or antelopes.
With their acute eyesight and hearing, Ostriches can sense predators such as lions from far away.
When being pursued by a predator, they have been known to reach speeds in excess of , and can maintain a steady speed of , which makes the Ostrich the world's fastest two-legged animal.
When lying down and hiding from predators, the birds lay their heads and necks flat on the ground, making them appear as a mound of earth from a distance.
This even works for the males, as they hold their wings and tail low so that the heat haze of the hot, dry air that often occurs in their habitat aids in making them appear as a nondescript dark lump.
Ostriches can tolerate a wide range of temperatures.
In much of their habitat, temperatures vary as much as  between night and day.
Their temperature control mechanism relies on action by the bird, which uses its wings to cover the naked skin of the upper legs and flanks to conserve heat, or leaves these areas bare to release heat.
Ostriches become sexually mature when they are 2 to 4 years old; females mature about six months earlier than males.
The mating process differs in different regions.
Territorial males hiss and use other sounds to claim mating rights over a harem of two to seven hens.
Fights usually last just minutes, but they can easily cause death through slamming their heads into opponents.
The successful male will then be allowed to breed with all the females in an area, but will only form a pair bond with the dominant female.
The females lay their fertilized eggs in a single communal nest, a simple pit,  deep and  wide, scraped in the ground by the male.
The dominant female lays her eggs first, and when it is time to cover them for incubation she discards extra eggs from the weaker females, leaving about 20 in most cases.
Ostrich eggs are the largest of all eggs (and by extension, the yolk is the largest single cell), though they are actually the smallest eggs relative to the size of the adult bird. —
on average they are  long,  wide, and weigh , over 20 times the weight of a chicken egg.
The eggs are incubated by the females by day and by the males by night.
This uses the colouration of the two sexes to escape detection of the nest, as the drab female blends in with the sand, while the black male is nearly undetectable in the night.
The incubation period is 35 to 45 days.
Males and females cooperate in rearing chicks.
The male defends the hatchlings and teaches them to feed.
The survival rate is low for the hatchlings, with an average of one per nest surviving to adulthood.
When threatened, the ostrich will either hide itself by lying flat against the ground, or will run away.
If cornered, it can attack with a kick from its powerful legs.
Common predators of nests and young ostriches include jackals, various birds of prey, mongoose and vultures.
Animals that prey on ostriches of all ages include cheetahs, lions, leopards, african dogs, and spotted hyena.
Ostriches can often outrun their predators in a pursuit and can even outpace cheetahs over long distances.
However, they may sometimes fight fiercely against predators, especially when chicks are being defended.
They have sometimes killed lions in such fights.
There is no doubt that the ratites are not a monophyletic group, because they are not descended from a single ancestor.
That means the taxonomy of the group is going to change, and they will not all be placed in the Order Struthioniformes as they have been.
However, as ornothologists have not yet agreed on a new classification, for the time being the useful term 'ratites' is still used.
Unusual morphology
Ostriches are likely to be placed alone in the order Struthioniformes.
They have a number of peculiarities which suggest a separate evolution from the rest of the ratites.
They lack a gallbladder.
They have three stomachs, and the caecum is  long.
Unlike all other living birds, the Ostrich secretes uric acid separately from faeces.
Unlike all other birds, who store the uric acid and faeces together, and excrete them together, ostriches store the faeces at the end of their rectum.
They also have unique pubic bones that are fused to hold their gut.
Unlike most birds the males have a penis, which is retractable and  long.
Their palate (bone on the roof of the mouth) differs from other ratites.
Ostriches and humans
Ostriches are farmed in several countries.
They used to be prized for their feathers, but are now farmed for their meat and eggs.
Their skin can also be used to make leather.
In South Africa, hunters can get one group of feathers from one wild ostrich.
When they are farmed, every seven or eight months farmers can take groups of feathers from the ostriches.
They will grow back and can be collected again a in seven or eight more months.
When threatened, Ostriches run away, but they can cause serious injury and death with kicks from their powerful legs.
Their legs can only kick forward.
Ostriches reared entirely by humans may not direct their courtship behaviour at other Ostriches, but toward their human keepers.
Ostriches live 30 to 40 years on average.
In some countries, people race each other on the back of Ostriches.
The practice is common in Africa and is relatively unusual elsewhere.
The Ostriches are ridden in the same way as horses with special saddles, reins, and bits.
However, they are harder to manage than horses.
Ratites
Sharks are a superorder of fish, the Selachimorpha.
They, like other Chondrichthyes, have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone.
Cartilage is tough, rubbery material which is less rigid than bone.
Cartilaginous fish also include skates and rays.
There are more than 350 different kinds of sharks, such as the great white and whale sharks.
Fossils show that sharks have been around for 420 million years, since the early Silurian.
Most sharks are predators: they hunt and eat fish, marine mammals, and other sea creatures.
However, the largest shark eats krill, like whales.
This is the whale shark, the largest fish in the world.
It is widely believed that sharks are "silent killers".
However, a recent study shows that sharks emit a low growl from their throats which resonates through their scales.
Some common kinds of shark are the hammerhead shark, the great white shark, the tiger shark, and the mako shark.
Most sharks are cold-blooded but some, like the great white shark and the mako shark are partially warm-blooded.
Their teeth are constantly replaced throughout their lives.
Sharks eat so violently they often break a few teeth, so new teeth grow continuously in a groove just inside the mouth and move forward from inside the mouth on "conveyor belts" formed by the skin which they are attached to.
In its lifetime, a shark can lose and regrow as many as 30,000 teeth.
Even with all those teeth, though, sharks can not chew.
So they bite their prey and jerk it around so they can pull off a chunk to swallow.
The chunks of food that a shark swallows end up in its stomach, where they are digested.
This is pretty slow, however, so a meal might take several days to digest.
This is why a shark does not eat every day.
Sharks have different-shaped teeth, depending on what they eat.
For instance, some sharks have sharp, pointy teeth, while bottom dwelling sharks have cone-shaped teeth for crushing shells.
Because there are so many different kinds of sharks, and because each kind has its own kind of special teeth, many people enjoy collecting shark teeth.
Shark teeth collectors can guess how large a shark was by measuring the shark tooth.
First, they measure the length of the tooth in inches.
Every inch of tooth equals 10ft of shark length: so if a shark tooth is 2 inches long, the tooth came from a shark that was 20 ft long!
Even more terrifying is that some of the Megalodon teeth are 6 inches long so that suggests a shark 60 feet long.
Sharks have skin covered in millions of tiny teeth-like scales that point to the tail.
If you rub along a shark towards the tail, it feels smooth, but if you rub the other way, it is rough.
Sharks' teeth can grow back if they are lost.
The fins of sharks are used for stabilizing, steering, lift and swimming.
Each fin is used in a different manner.
There are one or two fins present along the dorsal midline called the first and second dorsal fin.
These fins help the shark from constantly rolling around.
These two fins may, or may not have spines.
When spines are present, they are used for defensive purposes, and may also have skin glands with them that produce an irritating substance.
The pectoral fins are behind the head and extend outwards.
These fins are used for steering during swimming and help to provide the shark with lift.
The tail region itself consists of the caudal peduncle and the caudal fin.
The caudal peduncle sometimes has notches known as "precaudal pits", which are found just ahead of the caudal fin.
The peduncle may also be horizontally flattened into lateral keels.
The caudal fin has both, an upper lobe, and a lower lobe, that can be of different sizes and the shape depends of which species the shark is.
The primary use of the caudal fin is to provide a "push" while the shark swims.
The upper lobe of the caudal fin produces the most amount of the push, and usually forces the shark downwards.
The pectoral fins and the shape of the body (like an airfoil) work together to counter this force.
The strong, non-lunate caudal fin in most benthic shark species allows the shark to swim close to the seabed (such as the nurse shark).
However, the fastest swimming sharks (such as the mako sharks) tend to have lunate-shaped (crescent-shaped) caudal fins.
Sharks have keen olfactory sense organs in the short duct between the front and back nasal openings.
They can detect blood from miles away: as little as one part per million of blood in sea water may be enough.
Sharks have the ability to determine the direction of a given scent based on the timing of scent detection in each nostril.<ref>Jayne M. Gardiner, Jelle Atema 2010.
The function of bilateral odor arrival time differences in olfactory orientation of sharks.
Current Biology 20 (13),<rc-c2d-number> 1187-1191 </rc-c2d-number> </ref> This is similar to the method mammals use to determine direction of sound.
They are more attracted to the chemicals found in the intestines of many species, and as a result often linger near or in sewage outfalls.
Some species, such as nurse sharks, have external barbels that greatly increase their ability to sense prey.
Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates, including similar lenses, corneas and retinas.
Their eyesight is well adapted to the marine environment.
They can contract and dilate their pupils, like humans, something no teleost fish can do.
A tissue behind the retina reflects light back, thereby increasing sight in darker waters.
Sensing electric current
Sharks have tiny holes all over the shark's snout, especially between the eye and the tip of the snout.
In them are nerve receptors which are called the ampullae of Lorenzini.
p23 They can sense electricity in the water.
Animals in the water give off electricity: every time an animal's heart beats or it moves, tiny currents of electricity are made.
These tiny electric currents make signals that travel through water and get sensed.
Sharks may use this sense when they catch their prey, even more than they use their sight.
Although it is hard to test sharks' hearing, they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey many miles away.
A small opening on each side of their heads (not the spiracle) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel.
The lateral line detects changes in water pressure.
It is open to the environment by a line of pores.
This and the sound-detecting organs are grouped together as the 'acoustico-lateralis system', because they have a common origin.
In bony fish and tetrapods the external opening into the inner ear has been lost.
This system is found in other fish as well.
It detects motion or vibrations in water.
The shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 Hz.
Prehistoric sharks
Just a few million years ago, a giant shark called Megalodon swam in the seas.
It was 18 meters long, twice as long as the closely-related great white shark, and it ate whales.
Megalodon died out 1.6 million years ago.
Much of what we understand about prehistoric sharks comes from the study of their fossils.
While sharks have skeletons made of soft cartilage that can fall apart before fossilizing, their teeth are harder and easily fossilized.
Prehistoric sharks, like their modern descendants, would grow and shed many thousands of teeth over their lifetime.
For this reason shark teeth are one of the most common fossils.
Pups are born with a full set of teeth, and are capable of taking care of themselves.
Once born, they quickly swim away from their mothers, who sometimes feed on the pups.
Litters vary from one or two pups (great white shark) to one hundred pups (blue shark and whale shark).
Some sharks are oviparous, laying their eggs in the water.
Shark eggs (sometimes called "mermaid's purses") are covered by a tough, leathery membrane.