the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
This section has examples of code.
The general type of instruction is in the op (operation) field.
It is the highest 6 bits.
J-type (jump) and I-type (immediate) instructions are fully given by op.
R-type (register) instructions include the field funct.
It determines the exact operation of the code.
The fields used in these types are:
6      5     5     5     5      6 bits
[  op  |  rs |  rt |  rd |shamt| funct]  R-type
[  op  |  rs |  rt | address/immediate]  I-type
[  op  |        target address        ]  J-type
rs, rt, and rd indicate register operands.
shamt gives a shift amount.
The address or immediate fields contain an operand directly.
Example: add the registers 1 and 2.
Place the result in register 6.
It is encoded:
[  op  |  rs |  rt |  rd |shamt| funct]
0     1     2     6     0     32     decimal
000000 00001 00010 00110 00000 100000   binary
Load a value into register 8.
Take it from the memory cell 68 cells after the location listed in register 3:
[  op  |  rs |  rt | address/immediate]
35     3     8           68           decimal
100011 00011 01000 00000 00001 000100   binary
[  op  |        target address        ]
2                 1024               decimal
000010 00000 00000 00000 10000 000000   binary
Binary numeral system
Area is the amount of space a two dimensional (flat) surface takes up.
It is useful because it is how much of a material is needed to make a hollow container.
Area is the amount of surface covered by a close object or shape.
The area of a planar figure is often written as .
Areas of regular shapes such as square, rectangle, triangle and circle can be calculated through formulas.
The area of an irregular shape can be approximated through grid or graph paper.
One can use different formulas to find the area of different shapes.
Area of a rectangle is the length of any two touching sides multiplied together.
In other words, length times width.
Area of a triangle is half of the base multiplied by the perpendicular height.
In other words, .
Area of a circle:
Air space is the area of the air that is controlled by a country or organisation.
You have to have the permission of the controller to enter their air space in an airplane.
The air traffic controllers make sure the planes go in the right place and do not hit each other or something else.
Some countries are very protective of their air space.
Swamp coolers are simple type of air conditioning device that can cool a room of a house or a car by using the cooling effect of the evaporation of water.
Swamp coolers can cool the air temperature in a small space by drawing the air through wet pads (some are made of aspen wood) using an electric fan.
Swamp coolers work best in dry climates such as the American Southwest and the American South.
They are usually much cheaper to buy and operate than refrigerated air-conditioning devices.
Home appliances
Saskatoon is a city in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Saskatoon is the biggest city in Saskatchewan.
Saskatoon, though, is not the capital of Saskatchewan.
Regina is the capital of Saskatchewan.
The South Saskatchewan River flows through the centre of the city and many people enjoy boating, biking and walking in this area.
The University of Saskatchewan is also in Saskatoon.
The name Saskatoon [in Cree: sâskwatôn, "Saskatoon"] comes from the Cree inanimate noun misâskwatômina "saskatoon berries", which refers to the sweet, violet-coloured berry that grows in the area.
Saskatoon City Information
Glass rods are often used to spread liquids evenly onto something.
An example would be to coat glass surfaces with liquids to look at them under a microscope.
laboratory equipment
A thermometer is an instrument for measuring or showing temperature (how hot or cold something is).
One type of thermometer is a narrow, concealed glass tube containing mercury or alcohol which extends along the tube as it expands.
Another type is a digital thermometer, which uses electronics to measure temperature.
Early thermometers from the time of Galileo measured the expansion and contraction of air.
After the middle 17th century many used alcohol or mercury.
In the 19th century a mechanical thermometer was in invented that used a bimetallic strip to move a pointer.
This kind is still popular where people like to read temperature from a distance.
Laboratory thermometers
A laboratory thermometer is a tool used in laboratories, places where scientists and science techs perform experiments and measure things.
A laboratory thermometer can measure temperature very closely.
A laboratory thermometer can be put into the liquid or other thing that the scientist wants to measure.
A laboratory thermometer has a long stem with a silver bulb at the end.
The silver color in the bulb usually means there is mercury in it.
Mercury becomes bigger as the temperature becomes hotter.
But mercury is a poison to humans.
Mercury-in-glass thermometers are less used in the 21st century because people want digital, alcohol-filled, and organic-based thermometers instead.
Medical thermometers
In the 20th century, the traditional clinical thermometer was a mercury-in-glass thermometer.
People put the end of this in their mouth (oral temperature), under their arm, or in their rectum (rectal temperature).
It is only possible to find oral temperatures on patients who can hold the thermometer correctly in their mouth.
So small children cannot use this method.
It is also a problem for people with a cough or people who are vomiting.
In the past it was a big problem because mercury thermometers needed a long time to measure the temperature.
Today's digital thermometers are faster.
If a person drinks something hot or cold, one still needs to wait before testing their oral temperature.
When measuring a person's rectal temperature, it helps to use a cream on the thermometer.
Rectal thermometers are usually more reliable since they aren't as much influenced by other factors.
In some countries people think it is embarrassing to use them for people older than two or three.
In other countries, it is considered normal for children and adults to use rectal thermometers.
In the 1990s, people in many countries thought mercury thermometers were too risky, as mercury is dangerous if it leaks out.
Today we use electronic thermometers.
Sometimes thermometers with liquids are used, but not with mercury.
There are other kinds of medical thermometers: tympanic thermometers test the temperature of the tympanic membrane (the eardrum) with infrared; band thermometers test a person's temperature on the front of their head.
Kinds of thermometers
Liquid-in-glass thermometer
Alcohol-in-glass thermometer
Rotary thermometer
Resistance thermometer
Liquid crystal thermometer
Infra-red thermometer
Weather instruments
Thermometers
A week is 7 days in connecting order.
There are usually 52 weeks in a year.
Depending on the law of a country, the week either starts on Monday and ends on Sunday, or starts on Sunday and ends on Saturday.
In most countries, Saturday and Sunday are the weekend.
Friday, Saturday, and Sunday is a religious day for Muslims, Jews, and Christians, respectively.
The Mysterious 7-Day Cycle (history with Christian editorial)
The Week (part of Claus Tøndering's Calendar FAQ)
A suffix is a few letters put at the end of a word to change its meaning.
It is a type of affix mostly used to show Inflection
walked
-est
easiest
Compare to prefix.
Prefixes are letters put at the beginning of a word to change its meaning.
The Japanese language () is the official language of Japan, in East Asia.
Japanese belongs to the Japonic language family, which also includes the endangered Ryukyuan languages.
One theory says Japanese and Korean are related, but most linguists no longer think so.
Other theories about the origin of Japanese are that it is related to the Austronesian languages, the Dravidian languages, or the controversial Altaic language family.
The term used for Japanese as a course of study by citizens is "kokugo" (国語), which means national language.
Nonetheless, Japanese is still referred to as Nihon-go by the Japanese.
Japanese uses three separate writing systems: hiragana, katakana, and kanji.
Hiragana and katakana are phonetic systems and show the pronunciation of Japanese words.
Kanji is the Japanese variation of Chinese characters and shows the meaning of Japanese words.
The three systems are used interchangeably, and all three systems can often be found in the same sentence.
The three systems are each reserved for different purposes.
In English, the order of the words is very important.
For example, the sentences "Is it?"
and "It is."
mean different things.
In Japanese, differences are often made by adding or changing the ending of words (using the previous example, one would say them as そうですか sou desu ka and そうです sou desu, respectively).
A Japanese word has a stem called a "body", and additional parts (called suffixes).
Changing the suffix can change the meaning or the grammar of the word.
After World War II, many English words entered the Japanese language.
An example of one would be “アイスクリーム, aisukurīmu”, meaning “ice cream”.
Japanese has five vowel sounds that can have two different lengths.
They are a, i, u, e, o. In IPA they are transliterated as /a/, /i/, /ɯ/, /e/, /o/; and they are pronounced in English as ah, ee, oo, eh, oh.
Lengthening a vowel can change the meaning of the word: ojisan (おじさん, uncle) and ojiisan (おじいさん, grandfather).
Japanese has a sound that is like the English l, but it is also like the English r. (That is why it can be difficult for many Japanese when to learn to make both sounds when they speak English.)
Japanese has a sound that is not uncommon in English and is usually written Tsu (つ).
This sound appears in "tsunami" (つなみ), the Japanese word for large ocean waves caused by earthquakes or extreme weather.
When foreigners speak Japanese, it is important they know how formal they must be when they speak to people you may or may not know.
In Japan, it could be considered quite impolite (rude) if you are not formal enough.
In Japanese, sentences use subject-object-verb (SOV) word order, so the verb is at the end of the sentence and the subject is at the beginning.
Many sentences have no subject, and the listener can infer the subject based context and the form of a verb.
In Japanese, Japan is called Nihon (日本), and the language is called Nihongo (日本語) (-go means language).
Sometimes, the words Nippon and Nippongo are also used, but both words are now thought of as more nationalist, and Nihon is a more neutral word.
The kanji of the word mean "sun-origin."
Since Japan is at the eastern edge of Asia, to observers in China, the sun rose from the direction of Japan.
That is why Japan is called "The Land of Rising Sun."
Japanese is also agglutinative language, especially in its verbs.
Its words has a short "body," and prefixes or suffixes are easily added to change or to redefine the meaning.
Japanese words come from three main sources.
The first is wago (和語), which are native Japanese words and can also be called yamato kotoba (大和言葉).
The second is kango (漢語), which are Chinese loanwords.
The third is gairaigo (外来語), which are loanwords borrowed from languages other than Chinese (usually English since the Second World War).
Writing System
Hiragana (ひらがな)
Katakana (カタカナ)
Kanji (漢字)
Hiragana is a Syllabary, meaning each character represents a syllable or vowel.
Hiragana is the standard, phonetic writing system in Japanese and is used for grammatical words or particles e.g. は、を (wa - Subject particle, o - Object Particle); words that don't have Kanji characters e.g. こんにちは (kon'nichiwa - hello); or for beginners to write Kanji.
The symbols were originally adopted from Kanji characters and have changed overtime into their distinct, rounded shapes (e.g. 以 →い).
Katakana is also a Syllabary, with each Hiragana character having a character in Katakana (e.g. あ = ア こ = コ).
Katakana is used for impact (similar to italics in English) as well as gairaigo words and direct transliterations from English e.g. メニュー (Menyuu - Menu).
Katakana was originally made by Buddhist Monks to teach Japanese people how to read Chinese.
Kanji is an adaptation of the Chinese logographic writing system, meaning each symbol was originally meant to look like the word it was describing.
Each symbol can represent a word e.g. 音 (oto - sound) or a syllable in a larger word.
There are multiple pronunciations for each Kanji character, categorised into On'yomi (音読み) or Kun'yomi (訓読み), depending on the word's origin.
Spice is an ingredient that adds flavor to food.
It is usually used to enrich or alter the quality of something.
Spices can be used to give food an interesting and exciting taste.
Flavour or flavor (US English) is the main quality of anything which affects the taste.
When someone remarks on the flavor of something they are trying to describe the specific way something tastes.
Flavor can also be used to describe the act of adding a taste alteration (to change the taste) to something.
This is usually done by adding spices or sugars, though in processed food there are oftentimes artificial (fake) flavors.
hu:Aroma
A bank is a financial institution where customers can save or borrow money.
Banks also invest money to build up their reserve of money.
What they do is regulated by laws.
Those laws differ in different countries.
The people who work at a bank are called bank employees.
Certain banks deal directly with the public and they are the only ones which an ordinary person will deal with.
Other banks deal with investments and international currency trading.
Customer's money may be placed in the bank for safe keeping.
Banks may give loans to customers under an agreement to pay the money back to the bank at a later time, with interest.
An example is getting a mortgage to buy a house or apartment.
Banks also can use the money they have from deposit accounts to invest in businesses in order to make more money.
In most countries the rules for banks are made by the government acting through laws.
A central bank (such as the Bank of England) adjusts how much money is issued at a particular time.
This is a factor in the economy of a country, and the government takes the big decisions.
These "banks of issue" take in, and issue out, coins and banknotes.
The word bank comes from an Italian word banco, meaning a bench, since Italian merchants in the Renaissance made deals to borrow and lend money  beside a bench.
They placed the money on that bench.
Elementary financial records are known from the beginning of history.
Baked clay records were done before the invention of writing.
In the 17th century, merchants started storing their gold with goldsmiths in London.
The goldsmiths had their own vaults, and charged a fee for storing the merchants' gold.
The goldsmiths eventually started loaning money using the gold left to them, and also paid interest on the gold.
The Bank of England began issuing banknotes in 1695.
The oldest bank still in existence is Monte dei Paschi di Siena in Siena, Italy, which started in 1472.
Banking activities
Cheque books
Money market account
Certificate of deposit (CD)
Individual retirement account (IRA)
Personal loan
Transactional account
Types of banks
Community development bank: regulated banks that provide financial services and credit to under-served markets or populations.
Land development bank: The special banks providing long term loans are called land development banks, in the short, LDB.
The history of LDB is quite old.
The first LDB was started at Jhang in Punjab in 1920.
The main objective of the LDBs are to promote the development of land, agriculture and increase the agricultural production.
The LDBs provide long-term finance to members directly through their branches.
Credit union or Co-operative bank: not-for-profit cooperatives owned by the depositors and often offering rates more favorable than for-profit banks.
Typically, membership is restricted to employees of a particular company, residents of a defined area, members of a certain union or religious organizations, and their immediate families.
Postal savings: savings banks associated with national postal systems.
Offshore bank: banks located in jurisdictions with low taxation and regulation.
Many offshore banks are essentially private banks.
Savings bank: focuses on accepting savings deposits and paying interest on deposists.
Building society and Landesbanks: institutions that conduct retail banking.
A Direct or internet-only bank is a banking operation without any physical bank branches, conceived and implemented wholly with networked computers.
Halley's Comet (Comet Halley) is a comet which comes round every 75 or 76 years.
When it is near, it can be seen with the naked eye.
It will return in 2061.
The comet is named after Edmond Halley (1656–1742), an English astronomer, who predicted the comet's return.
Halley's Comet was the first comet to be recognized as periodic. (
Periodic means that it comes by Earth regularly.)
When the comet came close to the Earth in 1986, it was visited by several space-probes.
The probe Giotto from the European Space Agency managed the closest approach to the comet.
In 1986, Halley's Comet was the first to be observed in detail by spacecraft.
It gave the first data on the structure of a comet nucleus and how the coma (nebulous envelope around the core or nucleus) and the tail formed.
These observations supported Fred Whipple's "dirty snowball" model.
This correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices – such as water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, – and dust.
The missions also adjusted these ideas.
For example, it is now known that the surface of Halley is mostly dusty, non-volatile materials, and that only a small portion of it is icy.
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is the first big optical space observatory telescope.
Being above the atmosphere means it can see the sky more clearly than a telescope on the ground.
The atmosphere blurs starlight before it reaches Earth.
Named after the astronomer Edwin Hubble, the Hubble Space Telescope can observe 24 hours a day.
The main mirror is 94.5 inches (2.4 meters) across.
The telescope can take pictures of things so far away it would be nearly impossible to see them from anywhere else.
It was made by both NASA and the ESA working together.
It is 600 km in space and was launched on April 24, 1990.
Like other things in low Earth orbit it travels at 5 miles (10 km) per second.
If you were going this speed on Earth, you would be able to get from New York to San Francisco in 10 minutes.
This speed creates difficulty in scheduling observations.
The Hubble itself is the size of a large school bus, but still small enough to fit inside the cargo bay of a Space Shuttle.
It was repaired in 1993 due to problems in the picture quality.
The telescope was launched in 1990 by a space shuttle.
When it entered orbit, everything seemed fine.
But there was a problem with the telescope that was not discovered until it started taking pictures.
When the HST took its first pictures, astronomers were happy to see the images, but they were not as sharp and as crisp as expected.
Telescopes in space can take better pictures than telescopes on Earth, but for some reason, the pictures were not better than the pictures taken on Earth.
They found a problem with the telescope's mirror.
The mirror was not curved right.
It was only wrong by 2.2 microns (1/50th as thick as a piece of paper).
Still, this was enough to cause the images to be blurred.
Some said that Hubble was nearsighted.
Another space shuttle was soon sent up to repair the space telescope.
The repair was not easy.
The astronauts had to install some small mirrors to correct the light from the big mirror.
The big mirror could still be used.
It took five days of space walks.
When an astronaut opened one of the doors on Hubble to install a new camera, the door would not close.
The astronauts had to think of a creative way to get around the problem.
Eventually, Hubble was fixed.
Repairs and servicing missions have been made to the Hubble Space Telescope five times to keep it in orbit and make it even better as technology improved.
The space shuttle program was kept going longer than planned to send an extra trip up to the Hubble Space Telescope for a final fix.
Accomplishments
Early on, in 1994, Hubble stared at what was thought to be an empty area of space for ten days.
It found there were actually many galaxies even there, but very faint and very far away.
No other telescope could have seen that.
In 2004, Hubble looked back several billion years to the first galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
It was able to help settle the age of the universe at about 13.7 billion years.
Before the Hubble, scientists only knew it was between 10 and 20 billion years old.
It took the first picture of a planet outside our solar system, and was able to find what type of atmosphere other planets might have.
Hubble has been replaced by the James Webb Space Telescope which is located even further from Earth.
There are now other telescopes in orbit, like the Herschel Space Observatory, the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Kepler Spacecraft, which was specially made for finding Earth-like planets around other stars.
NASA Hubble Site
HubbleSite (STSI)
Space telescopes
A motion sensor is a sensor device.
It is used for studying motions.
It is connected to a data-logger.
The data-logger is connected to a computer.
The computer runs a data-logging program.
The computer is connected to power, and a security system.
Motion sensors have many uses including security.
An arm is a limb.
Most humans have two arms each, coming out of their body at the shoulder, just below the neck.
On the end of each arm is a hand.
Humans use arms and hands to do things to other objects, this is called manipulation.
The main purpose of the hand is to grasp objects.
Some other primates have arms which they use to move around by holding onto trees or supporting themselves as they walk along the ground.
Fingers and hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, upper arm and shoulder are parts of the arm.
An arrow is a projectile fired with a bow.
A bow and arrow is a weapon used before medieval times and later.
For thousands of years, people all over the world have used bows and arrows for hunting and for defense.
Arrows have a sharp point at one end and usually a flight at the other end.
The flight is usually made of feathers and helps the arrow go through the air straight.
Someone who makes arrows is a fletcher.
A picture of an arrow is often used to point to something.
Arrows look may like this: -->. "
Double-headed" arrows look like this: <-->.
Golf is a game played in an open field where the golfer plays his golf ball into a hole by using different types of clubs (golf instruments).
The book Rules of Golf reads "The Game of Golf consists in playing a ball from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules."
Play of the game
In golf, a golfer plays a number of holes in a given order.
18 holes played in an order controlled by the golf course design, normally make up a game.
On a nine-hole course, two nine-hole rounds make up a normal game.
Each hole starts from the teeing area.
Golfers put the ball on a small stand called a tee and swing a club at it to try and hit it as straight and far as possible.
Once each golfer in the group has done this, the person whose ball landed farthest from the hole hits his again, followed by everyone else, one person at a time, until everyone is on the green.
The green is the area near the hole where the grass is cut very short.
Once on the green the players will try to "putt" the ball into the hole.
Putting is similar to a regular swing except it is not as hard and the player does not want the ball to go in the air.
Once each player has put their ball into the hole, the group moves on to the next hole.
Each time a player swings at his ball, it is considered a "stroke".
Each hole is a certain number of strokes that golfers are expected to need to get their ball into the hole.
This is known as the "par".
If a player gets his ball in the hole in less than the par he gets a "birdie".
If it takes him one more shot then the par it is known as a bogey.
Most holes have a par between 3 and 5.
The two common forms of playing golf are match play and stroke play.
In match play, two golfers (or two teams) play holes one at a time.
The golfer with the lower number of strokes (number of times the golfer used to get his ball in the hole) wins that hole.
If the two have the same number of strokes, the hole is "halved" (drawn).
The golfer that has the greatest number of holes wins.
In stroke play, the golfer (or team) with the smallest number of strokes all together wins.
There are different forms of these rules, some given in the "Rules of Golf" making them "official".
The four different types of clubs used in golf are woods, irons, putters and wedges.
Woods are used to hit the ball very far, usually off the tee (but also on the fairway).
The name of woods is different every number, for example, No.1 wood is called "driver", No.2 is "brassey", No.3 is "spoon" and so on.
There are many types of irons, which can be used to hit varying distances.
They are numbered 1-9 with a 1 iron hitting the ball farther than a 9.
The 1 iron is no longer common in the game.
Even the 2 iron is getting uncommon.
Putters are used when on the green.
The rules do not let the golfer use over 14 clubs in a game.
The Majors
Golfers call the four (or five) biggest tournaments in professional golf "majors", and they play them at nearly the same time every year.
The four majors are:
The Open Championship (British Open)
Kraft Nabisco Championship
LPGA Championship
U.S. Women's Open
Women's British Open
The Evian
In 2013, women's golf added the fifth major.
The Evian Masters, held in France.
Best Players
Rules of Golf
Golf Equipment Reviews
Golf ball aerodynamics
Golfers' Dictionary
A Nice Golf Tips Blog
Golf news
Golf history
Golf trivia
Golf Tips & More
Titleist Golf Clubs
Golf swing tips
Golf Reviews
Online Golf Tips & Biomechanics of the golf swing
Professional Golfers Guild
Spirituality is a name given to matters of the spirit.
These can be any kind of meaningful personal activity or peaceful experience.
There is not one agreed upon way to explain what happens.
It is a concept so people can see and understand it in different ways.
Some people believe spirituality is a part of religion.
Others who are not religious, still seek and have spiritual experiences.
Matters of the spirit
"Matters of the spirit" may include the meaning in a person's life (or in all life), and how to find and improve on it.
They may also include someone's search for God, the supernatural, a divine influence in their lives, or information about the afterlife, and how to best deal with each. "
Matters of the spirit" may also include how to live among others as a group, or in a certain environment.
"Spiritual, but not religious"
This is referred to as spiritual but not religious.
Another common usage refers to people who ascribe to ideals "greater than themselves."
For many, this leads to a pursuit of some form of enlightenment, often through meditation, yoga, philosophy or, in some cases, a study of Metaphysics.
Many philosophers work to find answers to spiritual questions, although some may deny the existence of a 'god' or any supernatural influences.
Throughout the world however, philosophers have often had ideas about spirituality.
The following are a few 20th century examples:
Arne Naess - the founder of deep ecology
Gregory Bateson - philosopher
Jiddu Krishnamurti - renowned Indian thinker
Osho/Shri Rashneesh - Indian scholar who, while a critic of religion, worked to create a new spiritual movement
Felicitas Goodman- researched the subject of trance
List of religions and spiritual traditions
January 1 – The Treaty on Open Skies, initially signed in 1992, officially enters into force.
January 1 – Euro notes and coins started to be used in France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Finland, Luxembourg, Belgium, Austria, the Republic of Ireland, and the Netherlands.
January 5 – A light aircraft crashes into a Tampa, Florida building, bringing fear of a repeat September 11, 2001 attacks.
January 10 – Enrique Bolaños became the President of the Republic of Nicaragua.
January 16 – The UN Security Council agreed to forbid selling arms to Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaida, and the Taliban and freezes their assets.
January 17 – Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic Republic of the Congo erupts, leaving about 400,000 people without a home.
January 23 – Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl is kidnapped in Pakistan, accused of being a CIA agent.
January 31 – A large section of the Antarctic Larsen Ice Shelf begins breaking up, eventually consuming about 3,250 km² (1,254 miles²) after 35 days.
February 8-24 – The 19th Olympic Winter Games were held in Salt Lake City, Utah.
April 28 – Green Party of Pakistan is formed
May 20 – Independence of East Timor.
Chemistry – John B. Fenn
Chemistry – Koichi Tanaka
Chemistry – Kurt Wüthrich
Economics – Daniel Kahneman
Economics – Vernon L. Smith
Literature – Imre Kertész
Medicine – Sydney Brenner
Medicine – H. Robert Horvitz
Medicine – John E. Sulston
Peace – Jimmy Carter
Physics – Raymond Davis Jr.
Physics – Riccardo Giacconi
Physics – Masatoshi Koshiba
January 8 – Dave Thomas, founder of Wendy's fast food chain (b. 1932)
February 13 – Waylon Jennings, American country music singer (b. 1937)
April 5 – Layne Staley, American singer (Alice in Chains) (b. 1967)
May 18 – Davey Boy Smith, British professional wrestler (b. 1962)
June 27 - John Entwistle, English bass guitarist (The Who) (b. 1944)
October 13 – Stephen E. Ambrose, American historian and biographer (b. 1936)
December 22 – Joe Strummer, British musician (The Clash) (b. 1952)
January 1 – Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland.
February 1 – Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed during re-entry.
All seven astronauts on board died.
February 4 the Hindu minority of Bnagladesh declare the sovereign state of Bangabhumi, recognised by UNPO.
July 10 – Wikibooks, a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, was created.
October 30 – Wicked has its first show at the Gershwin Theatre in Broadway.
Chemistry – Peter Agre
Chemistry – Roderick MacKinnon
Economics – Robert F. Engle III
Economics – Clive W.J. Granger
Literature – J. M. Coetzee
Medicine – Paul C. Lauterbur
Medicine – Sir Peter Mansfield
Peace – Shirin Ebadi
Physics – Alexei A. Abrikosov
Physics – Vitaly L. Ginzburg
Physics – Anthony J. Leggett
January 12 – Maurice Gibb, British musician (Bee Gees) (b. 1949)
January 17 - Richard Crenna, American actor (b. 1926)
January 20 – Al Hirschfeld, American cartoonist (b. 1903)
February 1 – Crew of Space Shuttle Columbia: Rick D. Husband, William C. McCool, Michael P. Anderson, Ilan Ramon, Kalpana Chawla, David M. Brown, Laurel Clark
February 27 – Fred Rogers, American children's television host (b. 1928)
June 12 – Gregory Peck, American actor (b. 1916)
June 26 – Strom Thurmond, U.S. Senator (b. 1902)
June 29 – Katharine Hepburn, American actress (b. 1907)
July 25 – John Schlesinger, English movie director (b. 1926)
August 16 – Idi Amin, Ugandan dictator
September 12 – Johnny Cash, American singer and guitarist (b. 1932)
September 23 – Shawn Lane, American musician
January 1 – Euro is established.
January 2 – A snowstorm leaves 14 inches (359 mm) of snow in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and 21 inches (533.4 mm) in Chicago, Illinois, killing 68.
January 4 – Gunmen open fire on Shia Muslims worshiping in a mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 16 and injuring 25.
January 6 – Dennis Hastert becomes Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
January 8 – 3.4 million copies of the movie The Rescuers is recalled after a photo of a topless woman was discovered in two of the 110,000 slides in that scene of the movie.
January 10 – A large piece of the chalk cliff at Beachy Head collapses into the sea.
January 11 – Bülent Ecevit, of DSP forms the new government of Turkey (56th government, an interim government )
January 20 – The China News Service announces new government restrictions on Internet use aimed especially at Internet cafes.
January 21 – In one of the largest drug busts in American history, the United States Coast Guard intercepts a ship with over 9,500 pounds (4.3 tons) of cocaine aboard, headed for Houston, Texas.
January 25 – A 6.1 Richter scale earthquake hits western Colombia, killing at least 1,000.
February 2 – Hugo Chávez becomes President of Venezuela.
February 4 – Unarmed West African immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by NYC police officers on an unrelated stake-out, inflaming race relations in the city.
February 7 – King Hussein of Jordan dies from cancer, and his son Abdullah II inherits the throne.
February 10 – Avalanches in the French Alps near Geneva kill at least 10.
February 11 – Pluto moves along its eccentric orbit further from the Sun than Neptune.
It had been nearer than Neptune since 1979, and will become again in 2231.
February 16 – In Uzbekistan, an apparent assassination attempt against President Islom Karimov takes place at government headquarters.
February 16 – Across Europe, Kurdish rebels take over embassies and hold hostages after Turkey arrests one of their rebel leaders.
February 21 – The Albertinkatu shootings in Helsinki, Finland: Three men are killed and 1 wounded at a shooting range.
February 22 – Moderate Iraqi Shiite cleric Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr is assassinated.
February 23 – Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.
February 23 – White supremacist John William King is found guilty of kidnapping and killing African American James Byrd Jr. by dragging him behind a truck for 2 miles (3 km).
February 23 – An avalanche destroys the village of Galtür, Austria, killing 31.
February 24 – LaGrand Case: The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, a German national involved in an armed robbery that led to a death.
Karl's brother Walter is executed a week later, in spite of Germany's legal action in the International Court of Justice to attempt to save him.
February 27 – While trying to circumnavigate the world in a hot air balloon, Colin Prescot and Andy Elson set a new endurance record after being aloft for 233 hours and 55 minutes.
March 1 – One of 4 bombs detonated in Lusaka, Zambia, destroys the Angolan Embassy.
March 1 – Rwandan Hutu rebels kill and dismember 8 foreign tourists at the Buhoma homestead, Uganda.
March 1 – The Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines comes into force.
March 2 – The brand new Mandalay Bay hotel and casino opens in Las Vegas.
March 3 – Walter LaGrand is executed in the gas chamber in Arizona.
March 4 – In a military court, United States Marine Corps Captain Richard J. Ashby is acquitted of the charge of reckless flying which resulted in the deaths of 20 skiers in the Italian Alps, when his low-flying jet hit a gondola cable.
March 12 – Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic join NATO.
March 15 – In Brussels, Belgium, the Santer Commission resigns over allegations of corruption.
March 17 – The Roth IRA is introduced by U.S. Senator William V. Roth, Jr.
March 21 – Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones become the first to circumnavigate the Earth in a hot air balloon.
March 21 – The 71st Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California with Shakespeare in Love winning Best Picture.
March 23 – Gunmen assassinate Paraguay's Vice President Luis María Argaña.
March 24 – NATO launches air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which refused to sign a peace treaty.
This marks the first time NATO has attacked a sovereign country.
March 24 – Fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel kills 39 people, closing the tunnel for nearly 3 years.
March 25 – Enron energy traders allegedly route 2,900 megawatts of electricity destined for California to the town of Silver Peak, Nevada, population 200.
March 26 – The Melissa worm attacks the Internet.
March 26 – A Michigan jury finds Dr. Jack Kevorkian guilty of second-degree murder for administering a lethal injection to a terminally ill man.
March 27 – Kosovo War: A U.S. F-117 Nighthawk is shot down by Serbian forces.
March 29 – For the first time, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 10,000 mark, at 10,006.78.
April 1 – Nunavut, an Inuit homeland, is created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories to become Canada's third territory.
April 5 – Two Libyans suspected of bringing down Pan Am flight 103 in 1988 are handed over to Scottish authorities for eventual trial in the Netherlands.
The United Nations suspends sanctions against Libya.
April 5 – In Laramie, Wyoming, Russell Henderson pleads guilty to kidnapping and felony murder, in order to avoid a possible death penalty conviction for the apparent hate crime killing of Matthew Shepard.
April 7 – Kosovo War: Kosovo's main border crossings are closed by Serbian forces to prevent ethnic Albanians from leaving.
April 7 – A bomb explodes at the Valley of the Fallen Church in Spain; GRAPO claims responsibility.
April 8 Bill Gates personal fortune exceeds $100 Billion dollars, due to the increased value of Microsoft stock.
April 9 – Ibrahim Baré Maînassara, president of Niger, is assassinated.
April 13 – Tercentenary celebrations of the creation of the Sikh Khalsa are held.
April 17 – A nail bomb explodes in the middle of a busy market in Brixton, South London.
April 20 – Columbine High School massacre: Two Littleton, Colorado teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, open fire on their teachers and classmates, killing 12 students and 1 teacher, and then themselves.
April 25 – The term of Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman as the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.
April 26 – Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj, Sultan of Selangor, becomes the 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
April 26 – British T.V presenter Jill Dando, 37, is shot dead on the doorstep of her home in Fulham, London.
April 30 – Cambodia joins the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), bringing the total members to 10.
April 30 – A third nail bomb (see April 17) explodes in the Admiral Duncan pub in Old Compton Street, Soho, London, killing a pregnant woman and two friends and injuring 70 others, including her husband.
This is part of a hate campaign against ethnic minorities and gay people by David Copeland.
May 1 – Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC).
May 1 – SpongeBob SquarePants made its debut on Nickelodeon (TV Channel) on this day with its first episode is Help Wanted/Reef Blower/Tea at the Treedome.
May 2 – Norman J. Sirnic and Karen Sirnic are murdered by serial killer Angel Maturino Resendiz in Weimar, Texas.
May 3 – 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak: An F5 tornado slams into Moore, Oklahoma, killing 38 people (the strongest tornado ever recorded in world history).
May 3 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 11,000 for the first time, at 11,014.70.
May 5 – Microsoft releases Windows 98 (Second Edition) (from 1998).
May 6 – Elections are held in Scotland and Wales for the new Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales.
May 7 – A jury finds The Jenny Jones Show and Warner Bros. liable in the shooting death of Scott Amedure, after the show deceived Jonathan Schmitz into appearing on a secret same-sex crush episode.
May 7 – Kosovo War: In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 3 Chinese embassy workers are killed and 20 wounded, when a NATO aircraft mistakenly bombs the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade.
May 7 – In Guinea-Bissau, President João Bernardo Vieira is ousted in a military coup.
May 8 – Nancy Mace becomes the first female cadet to graduate from The Military College of South Carolina.
May 12 – David Steel becomes the first Presiding Officer (Speaker) of the modern Scottish Parliament.
May 13 – Carlo Azeglio Ciampi is elected President of Italy.
May 17 – Ehud Barak is elected prime minister of Israel.
May 19 – Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace is released in theaters.
It becomes the highest grossing Star Wars movie.
May 26 – The Indian Air Force launches an attack on intruding Pakistan Army troops and mujahadeen militants in Kashmir.
May 26 – The first Welsh Assembly in over 600 years opens in Cardiff.
May 26 – Manchester United wins the UEFA Champions League at the Nou Camp stadium, Barcelona, beating Bayern Munich.
May 27 – The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands indicts Slobodan Milošević and four others for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo.
May 28 – Bülent Ecevit, of DSP forms the new government of Turkey (57th government, coalition partners MHP and ANAP) This is Ecevit's fifth and last term.
May 28 – Swedish police officers Robert Karlström and Olov Borén are wounded by three bank robbers armed with automatic weapons, and later executed with their own service pistols in Malexander.
May 28 – After 22 years of restoration work, Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper is placed back on display in Milan, Italy.
May 29 – Cathy O'Dowd, a South African mountaineer, becomes the first woman to summit Mount Everest from both the north and south sides.
May 29 – Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Nigerian Fourth Republic is established with Olusegun Obasanjo as president.
May 30 – Travel Midland Metro enters public service.
May 31 – Sean Elliott of the San Antonio Spurs hits the Memorial Day Miracle against the Portland Trail Blazers in the 1999 NBA Playoffs.
June 1 – Napster, a revolutionary music downloading service, debuts.
June 1 - American Airlines Flight 1420 overruns the runway in Little Rock, Arkansas killing 11 people.
June 2 – After decades of fighting off outside technological influences like television, the King of Bhutan allows television transmissions to commence in the Kingdom for the first time, coinciding with the King's Silver Jubilee (see Bhutan Broadcasting Service).
June 5 – The Islamic Salvation Army, the armed wing of the Islamic Salvation Front, agrees in principle to disband in Algeria.
June 6 – In Brazil, 345 prisoners escape from Putim prison through the front gate.
June 8 – The government of Colombia announces it will include the estimated value of the country's illegal drug crops, exceeding half a billion US dollars, in its gross national product.
June 9 – Kosovo War: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and NATO sign a peace treaty.
June 10 – Kosovo War: NATO suspends its air strikes after Slobodan Milošević agrees to withdraw Serbian forces from Kosovo.
June 12 – Kosovo War – Operation Joint Guardian/Operation Agricola begins: NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping forces KFOR enter the province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
June 12 – Texas Governor George W. Bush announces he will seek the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States.
June 14 – Thabo Mbeki is elected President of South Africa.
June 18 – The J18 international anti-globalization protests are organized in dozens of cities around the world, some of which lead to riots.
June 19 – Turin, Italy is awarded the 2006 Winter Olympics.
June 19 – Horror writer Stephen King is hit in a car accident on Route 5 in North Lovell, Maine by Bryan Smith.
June 21 – Apple Computer releases the first iBook, a Laptop designed specifically for average consumers.
June 23 – The Phillips explosion of 1999 kills 2 and injures 3 in Pasadena, Texas.
1 July – The Scottish Parliament is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth on the day that legislative powers are officially transferred from the old Scottish Office in London to the new devolved Scottish Executive in Edinburgh.
July 2 – Benjamin Nathaniel Smith begins a 3-day killing spree targeting racial and ethnic minorities in Illinois and Indiana.
July 5 – U.S. Army Pfc.
Barry Winchell is bludgeoned in his sleep at Fort Campbell, Kentucky by fellow soldiers; he dies the next day from his injuries.
July 7 – In Rome, Hicham El Guerrouj runs the fastest mile ever recorded, at 3:43.13.
July 8 – A major flash flood in Las Vegas swamps hundreds of cars, smashes mobile homes and kills 2 people.
July 10- USA soccer player Brandi Chastain scores the game winning penalty kick against China in the FIFA Women's World Cup.
July 11 – India recaptures Kargil, forcing the Pakistan Army to retreat.
India announces victory, ending the 2-month conflict.
July 16 – Off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, a plane piloted by John F. Kennedy Jr. crashes, killing him and his wife Carolyn Bessette Kennedy and her sister Lauren Bessette.
July 20 – Mercury program: Liberty Bell 7 is raised from the Atlantic Ocean.
July 20 – Falun Gong is banned in the People's Republic of China under Jiang Zemin.
July 22 – The first version of MSN Messenger is released by Microsoft.
July 23 – ANA Flight 61 is hijacked in Tokyo.
July 23 – Mohammed VI of Morocco becomes king upon the death of his father Hassan II.
July 23–25 – The Woodstock 99 festival is held in New York.
July 25 – Lance Armstrong wins his first Tour de France.
July 26 – The last Checker taxi cab is retired in New York City and auctioned off for approximately $135,000.
July 27 – Twenty-one people die in a canyoning disaster near Interlaken, Switzerland.
July 31 – Mark O. Barton kills 9 in Atlanta, Georgia.
July 31 – NASA intentionally crashes the Lunar Prospector spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the lunar surface.
August 7 – Hundreds of Chechen guerrillas invade the Russian republic of Dagestan, triggering a short war.
August 8 – The first Callatis Festival, the largest music & culture festival in Romania, is held.
August 9 – Russian President Boris Yeltsin fires his Prime Minister, Sergei Stepashin, and for the fourth time fires his entire cabinet.
August 10 – Buford O. Furrow, Jr. wounds 5 and kills 1 during the August 1999 Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting.
August 10 – The Atlantique Incident occurs as an intruding Pakistan Navy plane is shot down in India.
The incident sparks tensions between the 2 nations, coming just a month after the end of the Kargil War.
August 11 – A total solar eclipse is seen in Europe and Asia.
August 11 – Salt Lake City tornado: A very rare F2 tornado strikes Salt Lake City, killing 1.
August 17 – 1999 İzmit earthquake: A 7.6-magnitude earthquake strikes İzmit and levels much of northwestern Turkey, killing more than 17,000 and injuring 44,000.
This is the first of a long series of unrelated but frequent earthquakes throughout the world during the years 1999 and 2000.
August 19 – In Belgrade, tens of thousands of Serbians rally to demand the resignation of Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević.
August 22 – Mandarin Airlines Flight 642 crashes in Hong Kong.
August 22 – GPS Week Numbers Reset to 0
August 30 – East Timor voted for independence from Indonesia in a referendum.
August 31 – Apple Computer releases the Power Macintosh G4.
September 7 – A magnitude 5.9 earthquake hits Athens, killing 143 and injuring more than 2,000.
September 7 – Viacom and CBS merge.
September 8 – The first of a series of Russian apartment bombings occurs.
Subsequent bombings occur on September 13 and 16, while a bombing on September 22 fails.
September 9 – Sega releases the Dreamcast.
September 12 – Under international pressure to allow an international peacekeeping force, Indonesian president BJ Habibie announced on 12 September that he would do so.
September 14 – Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga join the United Nations.
September 21 – The 921 earthquake, also known as the Jiji earthquake,(magnitude 7.6 on the Richter scale) kills about 2,400 people in Taiwan.
October – NASA loses one of its probes, the Mars Climate Orbiter.
October 1 – Pudong International Airport opens in Shanghai, China, taking over all international flights to Hongqiao.
October 5 – Thirty-one people die in the Ladbroke Grove rail crash, west of London, England.
October 10 – Elections are held in Portugal.
October 12 – Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif attempts to dismiss Army Chief General Pervez Musharraf and install ISI director Ziauddin Butt in his place.
Senior Army generals refuse to accept the dismissal.
Musharraf, who is out of the country, attempts to return in a commercial airliner.
Sharif orders the Karachi airport to not allow the plane to land.
The generals lead a coup d'état, ousting Sharif's administration and taking over the airport.
The plane lands with only a few minutes of fuel to spare, and Musharraf takes control of the government.