the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Cornplanter Township is a township in Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States.
The population was 2,687 at the 2000 census.
Townships in Pennsylvania
Venango County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.
As of the 2010 census, 54,984 people lived there.
1800 establishments in Pennsylvania
This is a list of winners of the Archibald Prize for portraiture.
As many of the paintings are copyrighted, a link to images has been listed where available.
1921: W B McInnes – Desbrowe Annear Image
1922: W B McInnes – Professor Harrison Moore
1923: W B McInnes – Portrait of a Lady
1924: W B McInnes – Portrait of Miss Collins
1925: John Longstaff – Portrait of Maurice Moscovitch
1926: W B McInnes – Silk and Lace
1927: George W. Lambert – Mrs Murdoch
1928: John Longstaff – Portrait of Dr Alexander Leeper
1929: John Longstaff – W A Holman, KC
1930: W B McInnes – Drum-Major Harry McClelland
1931: John Longstaff – Sir John Sulman
1932: Ernest Buckmaster – Sir William Irvine
1933: Charles Wheeler – Ambrose Pratt
1934: Henry Hanke – Self Portrait
1935: John Longstaff – A B ('Banjo') Paterson
1936: W B McInnes – Dr. Julian Smith
1937: Normand Baker – Self Portrait
1938: Nora Heysen – Mme Elink Schuurman
1939: Max Meldrum – The Hon G J Bell, Speaker of the House of Representatives
1940: Max Meldrum – Dr J Forbes McKenzie
1941: William Dargie – Sir James Elder, KBE Image
1942: William Dargie – Corporal Jim Gordon, VC Image
1943: William Dobell – Joshua Smith Image
1944: Joshua Smith – Hon Sol Rosevear, MHR, Speaker of the House of Representatives
1945: William Dargie – Lt-General The Hon Edmund Herring, KBE, DSO, MC, ED Image
1946: William Dargie – L C Robson, MC, MA Image
1947: William Dargie – Sir Marcus Clark, KBE Image
1948: William Dobell – Margaret Olley
1949: Arthur Murch – Bonar Dunlop
1950: William Dargie – Sir Leslie McConnan Image
1951: Ivor Hele – Laurie Thomas
1952: William Dargie – Mr Essington Lewis, CH Image
1953: Ivor Hele – Sir Henry Simpson Newland, CBE, DSO, MS, FRCS
1954: Ivor Hele – Rt Hon R G Menzies, PC, CH, QC, MP
1955: Ivor Hele – Robert Campbell Esq
1956: William Dargie – Mr Albert Namatjira
1957: Ivor Hele – Self Portrait
1958: William Edwin Pidgeon – Mr Ray Walker Image
1959: William Dobell – Dr Edward MacMahon
1960: Judy Cassab – Stanislaus Rapotec
1961: William Edwin Pidgeon – Rabbi Dr I Porush Image
1962: Louis Kahan – Patrick White Image
1963: Jack Carington Smith – Professor James McAuley
1964: No Award
1965: Clifton Pugh – R A Henderson
1966: Jon Molvig – Charles Blackman
1967: Judy Cassab – Margo Lewers
1968: William Edwin Pidgeon – Lloyd Rees Image
1969: Ray Crooke – George Johnston
1970: Eric Smith – Gruzman – Architect
1971: Clifton Pugh – Sir John McEwen
1972: Clifton Pugh – The Hon E G Whitlam
1973: Janet Dawson – Michael Boddy
1974: Sam Fullbrook – Jockey Norman Stephens
1975: Kevin Connor – The Hon Sir Frank Kitto, KBE
1976: Brett Whiteley – Self Portrait in the Studio Image
1977: Kevin Connor – Robert Klippel
1978: Brett Whiteley – Art, Life and the other thing Image
1979: Wes Walters – Portrait of Phillip Adams
1980: No award
1981: Eric Smith – Rudy Komon
1982: Eric Smith – Peter Sculthorpe
1983: Nigel Thomson – Chandler Coventry
1984: Keith Looby – Max Gillies
1985: Guy Warren – Flugelman with Wingman
1986: Davida Allen – Dr John Arthur McKelvey Shera
1987: William Robinson – Equestrian Self Portrait
1988: Fred Cress – John Beard
1989: Bryan Westwood – Portrait of Elwyn Lynn
1990: Geoffrey Proud – Dorothy Hewett
1991/92: Bryan Westwood – The Prime Minister (Paul Keating) Image
1992/93: Garry Shead – Tom Thompson
1993/94: Francis Giacco – Homage to John Reichard
1995: William Robinson – Self Portrait with Stunned Mullet
1996: Wendy Sharpe – Self Portrait – as Diana of Erskineville Image
1997: Nigel Thomson – Barbara Blackman
1998: Lewis Miller – Portrait of Allan Mitelman No 3
1999: Euan MacLeod – Self portrait/head like a hole Image
2000: Adam Cullen – Portrait of David Wenham Image
2001: Nicholas Harding – John Bell as King Lear Announcement and image
2002: Cherry Hood – Simon Tedeschi Unplugged Image
2003: Geoffrey Dyer – a portrait of Richard Flanagan.
2004: Craig Ruddy – David Gulpilil, two worlds (court challenge dismissed) Image
2005: John Olsen – Self portrait Janus Faced Image
2006: Marcus Wills – The Paul Juraszek Monolith Image
2007: John Beard – Portrait of Janet Laurence Image
2008: Del Kathryn Barton – You are what is most beautiful about me, a self portrait with Kell and Arella Image
2009: Guy Maestri – Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu
2010: Sam Leach – Tim Minchin (Announcement)
2011: Ben Dover – Margaret Olley (Image)
2012: Tim Storrier - Self portrait - The histrionic wayfarer (after Bosch)
2013: Del Kathryn Barton - Hugo Weaving
Winners of the Packing Room Prize
1991/92: Greg Bridges – politician Gareth Evans
1992/93: Angelika Erbsland – horse trainer Colin Hayes
1993/94: Peter Robertson – singer Kate Ceberano
1995: Danelle Bergstrom – actor and singer Jon English
1996: Paul Newton – radio announcer John Laws
1997: Bill Leak – singer Tex Perkins (The Cruel Sea)
1998: Kerrie Lester – self portrait as a bridesmaid
1999: Deny Christian – actor and comedian Garry McDonald
2000: Bill Leak – Are you with me? –
Sir Les Patterson (a character created by Barry Humphries)
2001: Paul Newton – Roy Slaven and HG Nelson
2002: Jan Williamson – singer/songwriter Jenny Morris
2003: Jan Williamson – actor and writer Rachel Ward (Image )
2004: Evert Ploeg – TV journalist Jana Wendt (Image)
2005: Jason Benjamin – actor Bill Hunter (Image)
2006: Michael Mucci – A working class man – TV personality Scott Cam Image)
2007: Danelle Bergstrom – Take two – actor Jack Thompson
2008: Martin Ball – musician Neil Finn (Crowded House, Split Enz)
2009: Paul Jackson – Flacco's chariot – Paul Livingston
2010: Nafisa – Glenn in Black and White – Glenn A. Baker (Image)
2011: Vincent Fantauzzo – celebrity chef Matt Moran (Image)
2012: Raelene Sharp - A strength of character - John Wood
2013: Mathew Lynn - Tara Moss
Winners of the People's Choice Award
1988: Fred Cress – portrait of painter John Beard
1989: Vladas Meškėnas – portrait of painter Donald Friend
1990: Reg Campbell – self-portrait
1991/92: Robert Hannaford – portrait of historian Hugh Stretton
1992/93: Jennifer Little – portrait of artist Victor Sellu
1993/94: Bill Leak – portrait of lawyer Malcolm Turnbull
1995: Josonia Palaitis – portrait of painter Bill Leak
1996: Robert Hannaford – self-portrait
1997: Mathew Lynn – portrait of television producer Jeanne Ryckmans
1998: Robert Hannaford – portrait of academic Rolf Prince
1999: Evert Ploeg – portrait of actor Deborah Mailman Image )
2000: Esther Erlich – Never been better, portrait of painter Bill Leak
2001: Paul Newton – portrait of John Doyle and Greig Pickhaver (Roy Slaven and HG Nelson)
2002: Jan Williamson – portrait of singer/songwriter Jenny Morris
2003: Dalu Zhao – Lao Fei, portrait of diplomat Stephen Fitzgerald (Image )
2004: Craig Ruddy – two worlds, portrait of actor David Gulpilil (Image)
2005: Nicholas Harding – Bob's Daily Swim (Image)
2006: Paul Jackson – All the world's a stage, portrait of actor and comedian Garry McDonald (Image)
2007: Evert Ploeg – portrait of conductor George Ellis
2008: Vincent Fantauzzo – portrait of actor Heath Ledger (Image )
2009: Vincent Fantauzzo — Brandon Walters (Article and picture  at Nine News)
2010: Craig Ruddy – The Prince of Darkness – Warwick Thornton (Article and picture at Archibald Prize)
2011:  Adam Chang – John Coetzee
2012: Jenny Sages - Self portrait - After Jack
2013: Vincent Fantauzzo - love face - Asher Keddie
Notable finalists
Besides the winners, there have been many Archibald finalists of Australian celebrities, including musicians, athletes, politicians, film-makers and artists.
Some selected ones: (listed Artist – Subject)
Rolf Harris – Portrait of a School Boy (self portrait)
Bressow, Lance – Dame Joan Sutherland
Palaitis, Josonia – The Honourable John Howard, M.P.
Pendlebury, L Scott – Anne and Drew Pendlebury (Actress and Musician respectively) ( Drew Pendlebury band member of The Sports )
Bush, Charles William – Sir John Kerr
Dunlop, Brian – Joseph Brown
Dargie, William – Joh Bjelke-Petersen
Dupain, Rex – Max's Muse (Max Dupain)
La Gerche, Geoff – Patrick White
Markstein, Ted – The Great White Hope in the Land of the Blind (Patrick White) 15' x 5' oil on canvas.
Lost by the University of NSW about 11 years ago.
Walters, Wesley – Molly (Molly Meldrum)
Looby, Keith – Max Gillies
Walters, Wesley – Portrait of Colleen McCullough
Rothwell, Susan – Peter Weir
Berns, Naomi – David Williamson (playwright)
Cress, Fred – David Armstrong
Looby, Keith – Manning Clark
Gruzdeff, Leeka – Don Burrows
Nolan, Sidney – Arthur Boyd at Fitzroy Falls
Harris, Tim – The Doug Anthony All Stars with the Risen Elvis (Tim Ferguson, Richard Fidler, Paul McDermott)
Heinrich, Bernd – Thomas Keneally
Leak, Bill – Sir Donald Bradman
Whiteley, Brett – Portrait of Francis Bacon
Glenda Jones – Kaz Cooke
Meskenas, Vladas – Dr Victor Chang
Valadon, Rosemary – The Long Afternoon – Portrait of Dr Germaine Greer
Allen, Davida – Dressing for Dinner ( Bill Hayden governor-general )
Dyer, Geoffrey – Dr Bob Brown (Environmentalist)
Lester, Kerrie – Fred Hollows
Meskenas, Vladas – Professor Fred Hollows
George Gittoes – Self Portrait in Somalia
Leak, Bill – Malcolm Turnbull
Li Bao Hua – Portrait (Hazel Hawke)
Robertson, Peter – Kate Ceberano
Valadon, Rosemary – Noni Hazlehurst – Summer '94 Waiting Again
Bergstrom, Danelle – Jon English
George Gittoes – General John Sanderson in Cambodia
Leak, Bill – Graham Richardson
Naseby, David – Les Murray
Peter Churcher – Betty at Home (Betty Churcher)
Lester, Kerrie – James Morrison with flugelhorn
Palaitis, Josonia – Ray Martin
Shead, Garry – Jacqueline McKenzie
Valadon, Rosemary – Deborah Conway – in epic mode
Rick Amor – Peter Carey at the VACB Studio, Soho, New York (author)
Adam Cullen – Portrait of Mikey Robins (comedian)
George Gittoes – John Olsen (painter)
Hannaford, Robert – Paul Davies (scientist)
Newton, Paul William – Kate and Barbie (A portrait of Kate Fischer) (model)
Sharp, Martin – Tiny Tim, Eternal Troubadour
Adam Cullen – Portrait of Frank Moorhouse AM (author)
Dawson, Paula – Sleeping man (Barry Jones politician)
Hannaford, Robert – Paul Keating (Former Prime Minister)
Leak, Bill – Gough Whitlam (Former Prime Minister)
Naseby, David – Les Murray (poet)
Shen, Jiawei – Eyewitness (portrait of George Gittoes AM) (artist)
Bromley, David – Scott Hicks (film director)
Dyer, Geoffrey – Margaret Scott (author and poet)
King, Amanda – Natasha Stott Despoja (politician)
Lester, Kerrie – Jimmy Barnes (singer)
Naseby, David – Bob Ellis (political commentator)
Newton, Paul William – Portrait of Maggie Tabberer (model)
Ploeg, Evert – Deborah Mailman (actress)
Antico, Chris – The Captain: Mark Taylor (cricket captain)
Bell, Michael – The Sandman (comedian Steve Abbott)
Benz, Simon – Anna Wilson (cyclist)
Beowulf, Melissa – Ken Done (painter)
Bromley, David – Strongest man of the games (Dean Lukin, weightlifter)
Cullen, Max – Geoffrey Rush (actor)
Fern, Nic – Vicki Wilson (netball player)
Holmes à Court, Juliet – Portrait of George (George Gregan, rugby player)
Jones, Glenda – Nova Peris-Kneebone (Gold Medalist with Australian Hockey Team)
Lester, Kerrie – Susie Maroney, True Blue Sue (swimmer)
Miller, Lewis – Ronald Dale Barassi (Ron Barassi, AFL footballer)
Morton, Ann – Edwin Carr ‘Old Gold’ (athletics)
Naseby, David – Kostya Tszyu (boxer)
Newton, Paul William – Portrait of David Campese (rugby player)
Ploeg, Evert – Louise Sauvage (wheelchair racing)
Sibley, Andrew John – Marilyn Peddell (lawnbowls)
Spooner, Kim – 'blue' (Kerry O'Brien) (television presenter)
Wegner, Peter – Portrait of Darren Gauci (jockey)
Williamson, Jan – Tom Carroll (surfer)
Wood, Louise – Determination – Michael Klim (swimmer)
Xie, Hui Hai – Johnny Raper – A living legend (rugby league player)
Armstrong, Bruce – Peter Carey in Kelly country
Darby, Brendon Ross – Ian Parmenter (television presenter)
Emdur, Martine – Laughing on the inside (Peter Berner)
Georgiadis, Margarita – Excelle (Libbi Gorr, comedian, known for her Elle McFeast character)
Guo Hua Cai – Lee Lin Chin (SBS newsreader)
Leak, Bill – Nothing if not critical (Robert Hughes)
Lester, Kerrie – Contemplating the emperor's new clothes (fashion designer Akira Isogawa
Spooner, Kim – And see the light surrounding you (Daniel Johns) (vocalist and guitarist in Silverchair)
Carment, Tom – Richard Neville (writer, broadcaster, journalist)
Cullen, Adam – Mark Brandon Read – Author( (Chopper Read)
Dyer, Geoffrey – The last survivor (Alec Campbell, survivor of Battle of Gallipoli)
Erlich, Esther – Deborah Conway (musician)
Hunt, James – Bora Anthony Mundine (boxer, rugby league player)
Lester, Kerrie – Interrupting Mr Smart! (
Jeffrey Smart (painter))
Pinnock, Mary Florance – Martin Sharp (cartoonist)
Amor, Rick – Lewis Miller (painter)
Bergstrom, Danelle – Conversations with Margaret Olley
Cullen, Adam – Jimmy Little
Dyer, Geoffrey – Richard Flanagan
Emdur, Martine – Claudia Karvan, Interior (actor from The Secret Life of Us)
Fragar, Julie – J. Lucy in quinachridone magenta (Judith Lucy comedian)
Harding, Nicholas – Portrait of Margaret Whitlam A.O. (wife of Gough Whitlam)
Naseby, David – Adam Cullen (painter)
Sages, Jenny – True Stories – Helen Garner (author)
Stathopoulos, Nickolaos – Here's Mr. Squiggle
Wyatt, Susan – Doris Pilkington (Nugi Garimarra) (author of the book which the film Rabbit-Proof Fence is based on
Benjamin, Jason – John Olsen
Dyer, Geoffrey – Graeme Murphy (dance choreographer)
Kendall, Peter Clifton – Peter Brock
McKay, Creecy Carolyn – Bruce Spence
Churcher, Peter – Portrait of Jeffrey Smart
Hannaford, Robert – Bob Brown
Jackson, Paul – Gretel Killeen Image
Kenyon, Raymond – The architect at home (Glenn Murcutt)
Lynn, Mathew – Wendy drawing (Wendy Sharpe)
Quilty, Ben – Beryl Whiteley (mother of Brett Whiteley)
Ralph, David – Imagination – Adam and Harvie (Adam Elliot, creator of Harvie Krumpet)
Shen, Jiawei – John So (mayor of Melbourne)
Thomas, Avril – The Minister from down under (Hon.
Alexander Downer M.P.)
Zavros, Michael – Alex Dimitriades
McLean Edwards – Cate Blanchett and family
Robert Hannaford – Tim Flannery
Nicholas Harding – Robert Drewe (in the swell) 2006
Paul Jackson – Garry McDonald "All the world's a stage…"
Kerrie Lester – Phillip Noyce – in the picture
Josonia Palaitis – Justice Michael Kirby
Peter Smeeth – Clover Moore with Sheba and Bruno
Ngaire Devenport – Ken Done
Hong Fu – Dame Elisabeth Murdoch
Nicholas Harding – Margaret Whitlam
Cherry Hood – David Helfgott
David Paulson and Michael Nelson Jagamarra – Michael Nelson Jagamarra
Mark Thompson – Greta Scacchi
Robert Hannaford – Malcolm Fraser
Christine O’Hagan – Kate Ceberano
Peter Smeeth – Peter FitzSimons, author
Ian Smith – Keith Looby alfresco
Del Kathryn Barton – Mother (a portrait of Cate)
Matt Doust – White Cocoon (portrait of actress Gemma Ward)
Geoffrey Dyer – The collector, David Walsh
Vincent Fantauzzo – Matt Moran
Nicholas Harding – Hugo at home (portrait of actor Hugo Weaving)
Jeremy Kibel – Portrait of Robert Jacks AO
Michael Lindeman – Portrait of Wilfred (portrait of actor Jason Gann)
Craig Ruddy –  Cathy Freeman
Barbara Tyson – The country’s woman: Her Excellency, Ms Quentin Bryce AC, Governor-General of Australia
Apple Xiu Yin – Hearing • Meditation (portrait of opera soprano Cheryl Barker)
Art Prizes Database  at the Art Gallery of New South Wales
Australian artists
Lists of award winners
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1, 1949–December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug lord.
He is known as one of the "World's Greatest Outlaws".
Escobar was the hardest cocaine dealer to catch.
He is probably the richest and most successful criminal in world history.
Some sources say that he was the second richest criminal ever, after Amado Carrillo Fuentes.
In 1989, Forbes magazine said that Escobar was the seventh richest man in the world.
The magazine said that he had about US $25 billion.
He owned many luxury residences and automobiles.
In 1986, he entered Colombian politics with success.
He had to stop his political career because he was charged as criminal
Escobar was born in Rionegro in Antioquia, Colombia.
He was the third of seven children to Abel de Jesus Escobar and Hemilda Gaviria.
His father was a farmer and his mother an elementary school teacher.
Escobar and his family lived in an adobe hut.
They had no electricity and no running water.
Pablo Escobar and his brother's school once sent them home because they had no shoes and no money to buy them.
Pablo Escobar studied political science at a university nearby.
He had to stop studying because he could not pay the fees.
This was when he began his criminal career.
He started to steal gravestones and removed the words from them to resell them.
His brother, Roberto Escobar, said that this was not the truth.
He said that the gravestones came from cemetery owners whose clients had stopped paying for site care.
Escobar then studied for a short time at the University of Antioquia.
After this, Pablo started doing whatever else he could do to make money.
He sold illegal cigarettes and fake lottery tickets.
He even stole money from people when they left the bank.
At the age of 20, he was already a famous car thief.
In the early 1970s, he was a thief and bodyguard.
He made $100,000 for kidnapping an executive from Medellín.
Then he entered the drug trade.
His next aim was to become a millionaire.
Therefore, Escobar worked for the multi-millionaire and smuggler, Alvaro Prieto.
Escobar became a millionaire at the age of 22.
The book The Accountant's Story which Pablo Escobar's brother published, Roberto Escobar, discusses how his brother became rich.
It explains how he rose from poverty.
The book also says how Escobar became one of the richest men of the world.
He led the largest and most successful criminal enterprise in world history.
At times, the Medellín drug cartel was smuggling 15 tons of cocaine a day.
This was worth more than half a billion dollars.
They sent it to the United States and sold it there.
According to Roberto Escobar, Pablo Escobar's accountant, they spent $2,500 a month for buying rubber bands to wrap the stacks of cash.
They had more illegal money than they could store in banks.
Therefore, they stored the bricks of cash in their warehouses.
About 10% were destroyed each year because of rats.
In 1975, Escobar started to develop his cocaine trade.
He even flew a plane himself several times, mainly between Colombia and Panama.
He smuggled a plane load into the United States.
Escobar later bought 15 newer and bigger airplanes (including a Learjet) and 6 helicopters. .
There were no drug cartels then and only a few drug barons.
There was a lot of business for everyone.
They bought the cocaine paste in Peru.
They refined it in a laboratory in a two-story house in Medellín.
At first, they smuggled the cocaine in old planes.
The pilot could earn as much as £500,000 for each flight depending on how much he could smuggle.
Soon the demand for cocaine in the United States increased.
Escobar started to organize more smuggling ships and routes.
He also improved the sale networks in South Florida, California and other parts of the USA.
Escobar and Carlos Lehder worked together to develop a new drug center in the Bahamas, called Norman's Cay.
Lehder and Robert Vesco bought most of the land on the island.
This included an airstrip, a harbor, hotels, houses and boats.
They also built a warehouse to store the cocaine.
From 1978 to 1982, this was used as a central smuggling route for the Medellín Cartel.
Escobar bought  of land, which included Hacienda Napoles, for several million dollars.
He created a zoo, a lake and other things for his family and organization.
At one point, about 70 to 80 tons of cocaine were brought from Colombia to the United States every month.
At the peak of Escobar's power in the mid-1980s, he sent about 11 tonnes per flight in planes to the United States.
In addition to using the planes, Roberto Escobar said he also used two small submarines to transport the massive loads.
In 1982, Escobar was elected as a deputy (alternative) representative to the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia's Congress.
He was part of the Colombian Liberal Party.
During the 1980s, Escobar became known internationally because his drug network became famous.
The Medellín Cartel controlled a large part of the drugs that entered the United States, Mexico, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic.
The cocaine was mostly from Peru and Bolivia.
The Colombian coca was not of best quality.
Escobar's product reached many other nations, mostly around the Americas.
His network reportedly reached as far as Asia.
Corruption characterized Escobar's dealings with the Colombian system.
He had an effective way of dealing with law enforcements and the government.
This is often referred to as "plata o plomo" (literally silver or leador accept money or face bullets).
This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of individuals.
This included civilians, policemen and state officials.
At the same time, Escobar bribed many government officials, judges and other politicians.
Escobar was responsible for the murder of Colombian presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán.
The Cartel de Medellín was also involved in a deadly drug war, their enemy was the Cartel de Cali.
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria once said that the cocaine business was "simple - you bribe someone here, you bribe someone there, and you pay a friendly banker to help you bring the money back."
In 1989, his Medellín cartel controlled 80% of the cocaine that was sent to the United States.
The United States and Colombian governments saw Escobar as an enemy.
At the same time, Escobar was a hero to many people in Medellín, especially to the poor people as he built houses for them.
He was a sports fan, and built football fields and multi-sports courts.
He also sponsored children's football teams.
Escobar was responsible for the construction of many hospitals, schools and churches in western Colombia.
This made him popular with the local Roman Catholic Church.
He worked hard for his "Robin Hood" image.
Escobar often gave money to the poor through housing projects and other civic activities.
The population of Medellín often helped Escobar by watching the police.
They also hid information from the authorities, and did whatever else they could do to protect him.
Despite his popular image among Medellín's community, Escobar was well-known among his business associates to be a calm and sensible partner to deal with.
He preferred to use his money before his gun.
His brother said that Pablo Escobar knew that money generated more loyalty than fear.
Violence was often unnecessary.
The Colombian cartels quickly managed to make Colombia the world’s capital for murder with 25,100 violent deaths in 1991 and 27,100 in 1992.
Escobar gave money to his hitmen as a reward for killing police officers.
600 officers died this way.
Today, other countries, such as Guatemala, South Africa and Venezuela have more murders than Colombia.
In March 1976 when he was 26, Escobar married Maria Victoria.
She was 11 years younger than him.
Together they had two children: Juan Pablo and Manuela.
Escobar built and lived in a luxurious house with his family.
He wanted to construct a Greek-style citadel near it.
They began the construction of the citadel but never finished.
The ranch, the zoo and the citadel were expropriated by the government.
They were given to poor families in the 1990s under a law called extinción de dominio (domain extinction).
La Catedral prison
After the murder of Luis Carlos Galán, a presidential candidate, the administration of César Gaviria moved against Escobar and the drug cartels.
Eventually, the government talked with Escobar.
They wanted him to capitulate and to stop all criminal activity.
Escobar declared an end to a series of previous violence and terrorism, and turned himself in.
He was held in what became his own luxurious private prison, La Catedral.
Before Escobar gave himself up, the government approved the extradition of Colombian citizens.
This was controversial.
People suspected that Escobar or other drug lords influenced members of the government.
Escobar continued his criminal activities.
He began to influence the media.
The government discovered that Escobar was continuing his criminal activities within La Catedral.
They wanted to move Escobar to another prison on July 22, 1992.
Escobar's influence allowed him to discover the plan in advance and escape.
He was still worried that he could be sent to the United States.
Search Bloc and Los Pepes
In 1992, United States Special Forces joined the manhunt for Escobar.
They trained and advised a special Colombian police task force, called the Search Bloc.
It was created to locate Escobar.
Later, as the conflict between Escobar and the governments grew, a group known as Los Pepes (Los Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar) formed.
His rivals and former associates financed it.
They wanted to find Escobar.
Los Pepes carried out a bloody campaign and more than 300 of Escobar's associates were killed.
Also, a lot of his cartel's property was destroyed.
Rumors said that members of the Search Bloc and of the Colombian and the United States intelligence agencies cooperated with Los Pepes.
One of the leaders of Los Pepes was Diego Murillo Bejarano, also known as "Don Berna".
Before, he was a Medellín Cartel associate.
Death and afterwards
The fight against Escobar ended on December 2, 1993.
The police used radio triangulation technology to find Escobar.
The United States provided this technology to a Colombian electronic surveillance team.
The group was led by Brigadier Hugo Martinez.
The team found him hiding in a middle-class barrio in Medellín.
With the permission from authorities, a firefight with Escobar and his bodyguard, Alvaro de Jesús Agudelo AKA "El Limón", happened.
They tried to escape by running across the roofs of nearby houses to reach a back street, but both were shot and killed by Colombian National Police.
Escobar suffered gunshots to the leg, torso, and the fatal one in his ear.
It is not known who actually fired the final shot into Escobar's head.
It is also unknown whether this shot was made during the gunfight or as part of possible execution.
There is wide speculation about this.
Some of the family members believe that Escobar could have committed suicide.
His two brothers, Roberto Escobar and Fernando Sánchez Arellano, believe that he shot himself through the ears. "
He committed suicide, he did not get killed.
During all the years they went after him, he would say to me every day that if he was really cornered without a way out, he would shoot himself through the ears."
The autopsy showed that there was no stippling pattern found around the ear, which suggested that the shot which killed Escobar was fired from further than an arm's length away.
On October 28, 2006, Escobar's body was exhumed by request of his nephew Nicolás Escobar.
This was two days after the death of mother Hermilda Gaviria, who opposed the exhumation.
Nicolás Escobar wanted to verify that the body in the tomb was in fact that of Escobar.
Escobar's nephew also collect DNA for a paternity test claim.
According to the report by the El Tiempo newspaper, Escobar's widow Maria Victoria was present recording the exhumation with a video camera.
Virginia Vallejo's version
On July 4, 2006, Virginia Vallejo, the television news speaker offered information in the trial against former Senator Alberto Santofimio to the Colombian Attorney General Mario Iguaran.
Vallejo was romantically involved with Escobar between 1983 and 1987.
The Senator was accused of conspiracy in the 1989 murder of Presidential Candidate Luis Carlos Galán.
Iguaran said that, although Vallejo contacted his office on the 4th, the judge had decided to close the trial on the 9th.
This was several weeks before the prospective closing date and, in (Iguaran's) opinion, "too soon".
The Art Institute of Chicago (AIC) is an art museum in Grant Park, Chicago.
The Art Institute owns one of the world's best collections of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art.
It also owns important American art, Old Masters, European and American decorative arts, Asian art and modern and contemporary art.
The museum is linked with the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.
James Cuno is its Director and President.
Its buildings have one million square feet (92,903,040 m2) of space.
It is the second largest art museum in the United States.
Only the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City has more space.
In 1866, a group of 35 artists founded the Chicago Academy of Design in a studio on Dearborn Street.
The group wanted to run a free school with its own art gallery.
The organization was modeled after European art academies, such as the Royal Academy.
People who worked there were called Academians and Associate Academians.
The Academy's charter was granted in March 1867.
Classes started in 1868.
Classes met every day.
Students paid the school US$10 per month.
The new Academy was a success.
The school next built a five story stone building at 66 West Adams Street, which opened on November 22, 1870.
When the Great Chicago Fire destroyed the building in 1871, the Academy began to owe a lot of money.
The Academy tried and failed by renting facilities.
By 1878, the Academy owed $10,000.
Members tried to rescue the weak institution by making deals with local businesses.
Some people gave up in 1879 and started a new new organization, named the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts.
When the Chicago Academy of Design went bankrupt the same year, the new Chicago Academy of Fine Arts bought its assets in an auction.
In 1882, the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts changed its name to the current name, Art Institute of Chicago.
The same year, it purchased a lot on the corner of Michigan Avenue and Van Buren Street for $45,000.
The school rented the property's existing building, and a new building was constructed behind it to house the school's facilities.
While Chicago planned how to host the 1892–93 World's Columbian Exposition (World's Fair), the Art Institute wanted a new building.
The Art Institute proposed that the city build a permanent building on the lakefront for the fair and give the new building to the Institute afterwards.
The city agreed, and the building was completed in time for the second year of the fair.
Construction costs were paid by selling the Michigan/Van Buren property.
On October 31, 1893, the Institute moved into the new building.
This building is now called the Allerton Building.
It faces Michigan Avenue on the west and the Illinois Central Railroad track on the east.
From the 1900s to the 1960s, the school offered with the Logan Family (members of the board) the Logan Medal of the Arts.
The Logan Medal became one of the most distinguished awards presented to artists in the US.
In 1924, the museum building expanded to the east by bridging over the railroad tracks with a new wing on the east side of the tracks.
Between 1959 and 1970, some people did not think that photos (art and documentary photography) were serious art that should be shown in art galleries.
The Institute fought to change people's minds to accept such photos.
Photo curator Hugh Edwards lead this fight.
As Director of the museum starting in the early 1980s, James N. Wood conducted a major expansion of its collection and oversaw a major renovation and expansion project for its facilities.
The New York Times called Wood "one of the most respected museum leaders in the country".
Wood created major exhibitions of works by Paul Gauguin, Claude Monet and Vincent Van Gogh that set records for attendance at the museum.
He retired from the museum in 2004.
In 2006, the Art Institute began building its new "The Modern Wing".
The new wing is on the southwest corner of Columbus and Monroe.
Pritzker Prize winning architect Renzo Piano designed the new wing.
It opened to the public on May 16, 2009.
The  building makes the Art Institute the second largest art museum in the United States.
The building houses the museum’s world-renowned collections of 20th- and 21st-century art, specifically modern European painting and sculpture, contemporary art, architecture and design, and photography.
The Museum’s Collection
The collection of the Art Institute of Chicago covers more than 5,000 years of human expression from cultures around the world.
The museum owns more than 260,000 works of art.
The art institute holds works of art ranging from as early as the Japanese prints to the most updated American art.
Today, the museum is most famous for its collections of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, and American paintings.
There are more than 30 paintings by Claude Monet in the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist collection.
These include six of Monet's Haystacks and a number of his Water Lilies.
Also in the collection are important works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir such as Two Sisters (On the Terrace) and Henri Matisse's The Bathers, Paul Cézanne's The Basket of Apples, and Madame Cézanne in a Yellow Chair.
At the Moulin Rouge by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec is another highlight, as are Georges Seurat's Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte and Gustave Caillebotte's Paris Street; Rainy Day.
Non-French paintings of the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist collection include  Vincent Van Gogh's Bedroom in Arles and Self-portrait, 1887.
The museum also has American art works including Grant Wood's American Gothic,  Edward Hopper's Nighthawks and Mary Cassatt's The Child's Bath.
In September 2010, the Art Institute launched its first mobile application.
This application is a catalogue (guide) to this Impressionist and Post-Impressionist collection.
The Art Institute also shows a number of works that are not paintings.
The Thorne Miniature Rooms hold 1:12 scale interiors showcasing American, European and Asian architectural and furniture styles from the Middle Ages to the 1930s (when the rooms were constructed).
The Touch Gallery of the museum is specially designed for people who cannot see.
It has several works which museum guests are encouraged to experience though the sense of touch instead of through sight as well as specially designed description plates written in braille.
The American Decorative Arts galleries contain furniture pieces designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and Charles and Ray Eames.
The Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman galleries hold the mummy and mummy case of Paankhenamun, as well as several gold and silver coins.
The Terra Collection
The Terra Museum (now the Terra Foundation) was a separate Chicago art museum that closed in October 2004.
Since April 2005, approximately fifty paintings from that museum have been on loan to the Department of American Art at the Art Institute of Chicago.
The combined collections of the Terra and the Art Institute are located in a new suite of galleries.
They provide one of the nation’s most comprehensive presentations of American art.
The foundation’s collection of American works on paper are in the Department of Prints and Drawings at the Art Institute.
African American Art Collection
Art Institute of Chicago promotes the study of art made by African-Americans.
Its collection provide a historical illustration of the progress made by African Americans.
Works also show African Americans' continuing struggle.
The collection includes items dating from the Civil War era, from the Harlem Renaissance, from the civil rights struggles following World War II and from the contemporary period.
European Art Collection
The Art Institute owns a collection of medieval art made in Europe during the years 800-1300 AD.
It features both religious works and daily life objects.
It includes painting and sculpture, luxury metalwork and stained glass, textiles and manuscript illumination.
The museum owns major collections of arms and armor, jewelry, ceramics, and tapestries.
The museum owns items from the Renaissance era (1300-1600) in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands.
The Art Institute Building
Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge of Boston, Massachusetts designed the Allerton Building in the Beaux-Arts style.
It was built for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition as the World's Congress Auxiliary Building with the intent that the Art Institute occupy the building after the fair closed.
Two bronze lion statues are on the sides of the Art Institute's western entrance on Michigan Avenue.
Their sculptor Edward L. Kemeys gave them unofficial names: the south lion is "stands in an attitude of defiance," and the north lion is "on the prowl."
When a Chicago sports team plays in the championships of their respective league (that is, the Super Bowl or Stanley Cup Finals, not the entire playoffs), the lions are frequently dressed in that team's uniform.
Evergreen wreaths are placed around their necks during the Christmas season.
The east entrance of the museum is marked by the stone arch entrance that was moved from the old Chicago Stock Exchange building.
Louis Sullivan designed the Exchange in 1894.
The Exchange was torn down in 1972.
But saved portions of the original trading room were rebuilt inside the Art Institute.
Galleries above the railroad tracks
The Art Institute building is unusual because it is two sets of buildings linked by a two-story bridge over open-air railroad tracks.
The construction of Millenium Park moved the Metra Electric and South Shore railroad lines underground.
This made room for the new Modern Wing and exterior courtyards.
Before this change, the lower level of the bridge building was formerly the windowless Gunsaulus hall, but is now home to the Alsdorf Galleries showcasing Indian, Southeast Asian and Himalayan Art.
The renovation added windows facing north toward Millennium Park.
Renzo Piano designed the gallery space in conjunction with his design of the Modern Wing.
The gallery features the same window screening used there to protect the art from direct sunlight.
The upper level of the bridge building formerly held the modern European galleries, But it was renovated in 2008.
The galleries now show Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art.
Modern Wing
On May 16, 2009, the Art Institute opened the Modern Wing, the largest expansion in the museum's history.
The  addition, designed by Renzo Piano, makes the Art Institute the second-largest museum in the US.
The Modern Wing is home to the museum's collection of early 20th-century European art, including Pablo Picasso’s The Old Guitarist, Henri Matisse’s Bathers by a River, and René Magritte’s Time Transfixed.
The Modern wing also houses contemporary art from after 1960; new photography, video media, architecture and design galleries.
Those galleries show original renderings by Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Bruce Goff.
The Modern wing also has temporary exhibition space; shops and classrooms; a cafe and a restaurant, Terzo Piano, that overlooks Millennium Park from its terrace.
In addition, the Nichols Bridgeway connects a sculpture garden on the roof of the Modern wing with the adjacent Millennium Park to the north and a courtyard designed by Gustafson Guthrie Nichol.
The Ryerson & Burnham Libraries are on the ground floor of the museum.
The Libraries' collections cover all periods of art, but is most known for its large collection of 18th-20th century architecture.
The Libraries serve the museum staff, college, and university students, and the general public.
The Friends of the Libraries is a support group for the Libraries.
It offers events and special tours for its members.
Additional notable selections from the collection
Visual arts of Chicago
List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago
The Art Institute of Chicago: collections
The Art Institute of Chicago: Inside-Out Antique & Collectable Postcard Exhibit - at The Chicago Postcard Museum
The Ryerson and Burnham Libraries
The Terra Foundation For American Art
A Visitor's Experience: The Art Institute of Chicago
Museums in Chicago
Kerberos (formerly known as S/2011 (134340) 1 and informally as P4) is a small moon of the dwarf planet Pluto.
The satellite was discovered on 28 June 2011.
It is the fourth moon of Pluto to be discovered.
The others are Charon, discovered in 1978, Nix and Hydra, which were discovered in 2005, and Styx, discovered in 2012.
The moon was discovered by a Hubble Space Telescope observing team led by Mark Showalter, while they were trying to find out if Pluto had any rings.
Kerberos was first seen in a photo taken with Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3, on June 28, 2011.
More photos were taken on July 3 and July 18, 2011, to confirm that it exists.
The moon was officially verified and announced on July 20, 2011.
Kerberos was not seen in earlier Hubble photos because the exposure times were shorter.
The moon may have appeared as a very faint smudge in photos taken in 2006, but was ignored because it was not clear.
Kerberos is possibly also visible in images taken in 2010.
For most animals, defence against predators is vital.
Being eaten is not the only threat to life: parasites and diseases may also be fatal.
But animals, especially small animals, are often eaten.
Since life is about reproduction, anything that keeps a creature alive long enough for it to reproduce will be selected for.
The next generation comes from the fertilised eggs of the previous generation.
Not surprisingly, then, animals have developed a wide range of defences against predation.
Some of these defences apply also to plants: herbivory on plants can be very damaging, and reduce a plant's fertility.
Many plants have some defence against herbivores.
Primary defences
Primary defences make it less likely that there will be a meeting between the predator and the prey.
In many cases this means the predator has not noticed or recognised the prey.
Robinson 1969: those defences which operate before a predator starts any prey-catching behaviour.
Kruik 1972 and Edmunds 1974: defences which operate whether or not a predator is nearby.
For palatable prey
If the prey is good to eat, it must either make itself scarce, or it must look as though it is not good to eat.
A third possibility is that the prey is too small to bother with.
In other words, the effort of catching and eating it would not be worth the effort expended by the predator.
Hiding away (anachoresis): many small animals live in holes or crevices.
This way they cannot be seen unless the predator searches carefully, which some birds do.
Also, sooner or later, the hidden animal must come out into the open.
But while hidden, it is relatively safe.
Very common is for the prey to hide during the part of the day its main predator is active.
Crypsis: this is the general term for animals which use camouflage to resemble their background.
They are visible, but usually not seen (noticed).
Batesian mimicry: a tasty animal pretends it is foul-tasting by resenbling warning colouration.
For prey with defences
Defences may be of two kinds.
Either the prey is uneatable because it has some kind of chemical defence, or its body is protected by spines or stings.
In that case the predator will reject it so long as the prey advertises its defence.
Warning colouration (aposematism): the opposite of camouflage.
The animal signals to predators that it is unpleasant to eat.
Warning sounds: Sometimes the same principle occurs with senses other than sight.
Warning sounds allow the animal to stay hidden.
Rattlesnakes are a good example: they need crypsis to avoid alerting their prey, and use the rattle to avoid being accidentally injured by large animals.
Moths of the Arctiidae and Ctenuchidae families are foul-tasting, but might be eaten by bats at night.
These moths emit clicks when they hear bats in flight.
That the clicks work is shown by a neat experiment.
Bats eat mealworms if thrown up by the experimenter.
They ignore the mealworms thrown by hand if moth clicks are played at the same time.
The second kind of defence is very obvious.
It is to carry armour and/or offensive weapons like horns.
These are permanent visible defences.
For larger prey animals this can be effective if linked to another defence.
Thus, in natural habitats, elephants have tusks, and they also have huge size.
Antelope have horns, and can also run fast.
Almost all large herbivores live in herds, which undoubtedly is safer than living alone.
These work when a predator detects a prey, or when a prey notices a predator.
The function of secondary defences is to increase the chance of the prey surviving the encounter (meeting).
Withdraw to a prepared retreat: many methods.
The pearl-fish Carapus apis retreats backwards into the anus, and then into the body cavity of a sea cucumber (Holothuria).p138 It turns out that the fish, when a juvenile, is a parasite on the sea cucumber.
Although it is free-living as an adult, it is still able to re-enter the holothurian when danger threatens.
Better-known examples include the tortoise, which just withdraws its head and legs under its shell, and the hermit crab, which retreats into its shell when in danger.
Flee: run or fly away: a popular plan.
Animals may flee in a straight line, or zig-zag.
Another method is to fly showing some flash colour, and then suddenly settle completely still in camouflage.
There are a number of moths with bright hind wings which are covered when at rest.
Bluff: look threatening or startling (deimatic behaviour).
The prey may adopt a posture which causes the predator to pause.
This is sometimes called a 'startle display'.
The predator may not know whether the display is  a genuine threat or a bluff.
Either way, the prey has improved its chance of escape.
Play dead (thanatosis): many vertebrate predators reject dead animals.
Many predators strike to kill only on prey which move.
That includes cats, lizards and mantids.
A number of insects play dead when attacked.
Some larger animals also do this, like the American Opossum.
What playing dead does is avoid releasing the predator's inherited killing behaviour.
Deflect or distract the attack.
Many offer a non-essential part of the body, for example, butterflies whose wings have small 'targets' near the edges.
Cuttlefish squirt out a cloud of black ink, turn pale and swim fast away from the ink.
The Kentish plover, which lays its eggs on the ground, lures attackers away from the eggs.
It uses a remarkable impression of being damaged with a broken wing.
When the predator is well away from the eggs, the bird flies off.p175 Other plovers sit on imaginary nest sites: both methods are distraction displays.
Quite a number of animals can break off a non-essential part of their body, and may regenerate it later.p179
Fight back (retaliation or fighting defence): there are a very large number of animal weapons, and many are used for face-to-face fighting.
Large herbivores often carry weapons: Triceratops, Iguanodon, elephants, deer, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus.
Almost always the weapons are used for several functions, not just fighting predators.
Band together: many animals use defensive groups against predators.
Very common in birds and mammals.
Costs of defence
All defences incur costs.
For survival, an animals needs food, and needs to stay alive to reproduce.
Energy and time spent on defence can be considerable, but justified if it makes reproduction more likely.
There are these kinds of costs:
Internal costs: protection given by some chemicals may slow growth
Opportunity costs: hiding reduces feeding
Environmental costs: best places for defence may not be best for life functions
Design and self-damage costs: body shape or colour for crypsis may not be best for mate recognition.
A boomtown is a place that has very quick population and economic growth.
Boomtowns are usually mining towns where an important mineral resource such as gold, silver, or petroleum has been found.
It can happen, for example in a gold rush.
Gold rush towns usually shrink and disappear after the gold is dug up.
They become ghost towns.
The word can also be used for places that grow for other reasons.
This can be the town being near a major city, in a nice climate or near a popular attraction.
Alexander is a 2004 epic drama war movie about Alexander III of Macedon.
It was directed by Oliver Stone.
The budget of this movie was about 155 million dollars.
Its box office was about 167 million dollars.
The story is about Alexander III of Macedon and his battles against Great Persian Empire and his victories, in the beginning, movie shows early life of Alexander and what happened in his young ages and what his father King Philip II did.