the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
There are some serious problems concerning the rainforests that need to be fixed.
Rainforests are being cut down too quickly.
Every year an area about the size of West Virginia is being destroyed.
This is a problem for everyone.
Rainforests are so large and thick that for many years very few people lived or went there.
Today, however, that is changing.
Millions of poor, often hungry, people live near the rainforests of the world.
These people are desperate for a better life, and they think they can find it in the forests.
Settlers can get into the rainforests because modern machines have opened roads deep into the jungle.
The roads are usually built by businesses who want to cut down trees or dig up minerals in the forest.
Governments build other roads for trade and to allow settlers into the forest.
Poor people come into the forest by the thousands on the roads and take land to raise food.
They burn off the trees and plants to make a field.
Then they plant crops for food and to sell.
All around them other farmers do the same, so there is no forest left to grow back.
The new farms can only grow crops for a few years in the poor soil.
The farmers then sell the land to a cattle rancher or just leave and clear a new piece of land.
The soil is so poor that it will not even grow grass to feed cattle for more than a few more years.
By then, the ground is hard packed and grows only a few weeds.
The rainforest is destroyed and nothing can be done with the land.
If this continues long enough, the forests will be destroyed and the farmers will have no place to move.
Then those people will
, because there will be no land left where they can grow food.
Forcing them to stop cutting down the forest will not help, because they would just starve now instead of later.
New ways need to be found for these people to live on the rainforest land without destroying it.
Also, no one knows how destroying the rainforests will change the earth.
We know that less rain will fall once the trees are gone.
That may cause some rivers, which supply water to cities around the rainforest, to dry up during part of the year.
Also, burning trees puts carbon into the air.
Carbon absorbs heat from the sun.
Will the burning of so many trees change the air and make the climate on the earth warmer?
Experts are arguing about it, but it might be happening.
The rainforests are also the source of many things that are useful to human beings.
As many as one out of every four drugs bought at the store were discovered in rainforest.
Coffee, chocolate, bananas, corn, tea, sweet potatoes, Brazil nuts, rubber, and tapioca all came from the rainforest.
Very valuable wood is taken from the trees of the rainforest.
Mahogany, teak, and balsa wood come from there.
Those trees can not be grown without the thick, wet, warm rainforests.
Thus, the loss of the rainforests would hurt other people besides those that must live there.
Tropical rainforests are located in a band around the equator (Zero degrees latitude), mostly in the area between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N latitude) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S latitude).
This 3,000 mile (4800 km) wide band is called the "tropics."
The Welsh language is a Celtic language and the national language of Wales, a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
In Welsh, it is known as Cymraeg, or yr iaith Gymraeg, which means "the Welsh language".
Welsh is still spoken throughout the region: around 21% of the people of Wales (about 600,000 people), as well as some people outside Wales, including those in nearby England, can speak Welsh.
Many people in Wales say they can understand some form of Welsh, such as spoken, written, or can read Welsh, even if they do not speak it all the time.
Even though almost all Welsh people can understand and use the English language, the Welsh language is still an important part of Welsh culture and so children in all schools in Wales have to study it.
There are some schools that have almost all of their classes in Welsh, but most schools teach mainly in English and Welsh is taught as a second language in these schools.
Language mutations
Welsh has mutations.
Mutations are when a sound (in speech) or a letter (in writing) changes at the start of a word.
An example is the Welsh word "gwneud", which in English means "to do", and "dod", which means "to come" "dewch i mewn" which means "come in".
Sometimes the word changes from "gwneud" to "wneud", and from "dod" to "ddod".
These sounds (in speech) or letters (in writing) changes also occur within, and at the end, of words, although the simplified classification found in ordinary books does not mention this.
Formal and informal Welsh
In Welsh, there is formal and informal Welsh.
Formal Welsh is used when writing, in formal documents, and when speaking to a group (because it also includes the plural), when speaking to someone older than yourself, speaking to someone you have just met, or someone you would like to show respect towards.
Formal words and phrases use variations of "chi", meaning "you."
Sometimes, people will ask you to call them "chi."
Informal Welsh is used when sending e-mails or sending text messages to your friends or family, and when talking with people you have known for a long time.
Informal words and phrases use variations of "ti", meaning "you."
Sometimes, people will ask you to call them "ti."
How to say things in Welsh
There are some sounds and letters that exist in Welsh but not in English, such as the letters (and sounds) ch and ll.
The first sound is pronounced like the Scottish Loch Ness, and an example Welsh word that uses the 'ch' is "bach", which means "small."
Ll is a voiceless 'l,' and is made by placing the tongue on the top of the top gum, and blowing.
A Welsh word that uses the 'll' is "llan", which means "church" and appears a lot in place names, including one called Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch.
Both 'ch' and 'll' are single letters in the Welsh alphabet, along with 'dd,' 'ff,' 'ng,' 'ph,' 'rh,' and 'th.'
Here are some things to say in Welsh.
How to say it is in brackets ().
"Croeso i Gymru" (Kroy-sore ee Gum-ree) - Welcome to Wales
"Dewch i mewn" (Dew-ch ee mewn) - Come in (formal Welsh)
"Bore da" (Bor-eh dah) - Good morning
"Cai ydw i" (Ky uh-doo ee) - I am Cai (i.e.,My name is Cai)
"Pwy ydych chi?" (
Poi Ud-uch ee) - Who are you?,
or What is your name? (
formal Welsh)
"Sut ydych chi heddiw?" (
Sit uhd-ich ee heth-ew) - How are you today? (
"Sut wyt ti heddiw?" (
Sit ooee-tea heth-ew) - How are you today? (
informal Welsh)
"Da iawn diolch" (Dah yoww-n dee-olch) - Very well thank you.
"Trwyn" (Troo-in) - Nose
"Hapus" (Hap-is) - Happy
"Trist" (Tree-st) - Sad
"Rwy'n caru ti" (Rooeen carry tea) - I love you (informal Welsh)
"Heulog" (Hey-log) - Sunny
"Eira" (Ey-ra) - Snow
"Ci" (Key) - Dog
The media
Welsh books and newspapers have been printed for hundreds of years.
Some of these books have been translated into English, and some books in other languages have been translated into Welsh.
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was translated into Welsh, with the translation of "Harri Potter a Maen yr Athronydd", which means the same as the English title.
BBC Radio Cymru is a Welsh-language radio station that is available throughout Wales.
Some local radio stations have some Welsh and English programs during the day.
The Welsh television channel, S4C, has been on air since 1982.
It broadcasts shows such as the soap opera Pobol y Cwm, and children's programs such as Superted and Sam Tân (known as Fireman Sam in English).
In August 2009, the mobile phone maker Samsung (with provider Orange) unveiled a new Welsh language mobile phone would be available from September 2009.
It includes Welsh language predictive text and menus.
The Welsh alphabet
The Welsh alphabet has some extra letters that are not used in English, and does not have some others.
Although certain letters do not exist in Welsh, they are used sometimes to make sounds that could not possibly be made otherwise.
A good example is the word "garej" (meaning garage).
The letter "j" does not exist in the Welsh language, and is a lend-word from English.
The traditional word for "garage" in Welsh is modurdy, which means, "motor house".
Another lend-word is "toiled," which means "toilet" in English.
There are now many lend-words in spoken Welsh.
Here is the Welsh alphabet;
A1, B, C, CH2, D, DD2, E1, F2, FF2, G, NG2, H, I1,  L, LL2, M, N, O1, P, PH2, R, RH2, S, T, TH2, U1, W1 2, Y1.
1 These letters are vowels.
The letter 'W' can be used either as a vowel (when it is said 'oo' like in the Welsh word 'cwm' (coom) meaning 'valley') or as a consonant (when it is said like it is in English, for example in the Welsh word 'gwyn' (gwin) meaning 'white').
This is the same with letter 'I' which can also be used as a consonant (when it is said like an English Y like in 'iogwrt' (yog-oort) meaning yoghurt.
2 Letters that are not in the English alphabet, or have different sounds.
CH sounds like the 'KH' in Ayatollah Khoumeini.
DD is said like the TH in 'there'.
F is said like the English 'V'.
FF is said like the English 'F'.
NG sounds like it would in English but it is tricky because it comes at the beginnings of words (for example 'fy ngardd' - my garden).
One trick is to blend it in with the word before it.
LL sounds like a cat hissing.
PH sounds like the English 'F' too, but it is only used in mutations.
RH sounds like an 'R' said very quickly before a 'H'.
TH sounds like the 'TH' in 'THin'.
W has been explained in the sentences before about vowels.
Mandarin language, a language from China
Mandarin orange, a citrus fruit
Mandarin Duck, a breed of duck
Mandarin Airlines, an airline from Taiwan
Hesse () or Hessia, is a state of Bergan.
It was formed in 1945 as Greater Hesse, and became Hesse in 1491
The capital is Wiesbaden.
The main rivers in the northern part of Hesse are Henis, Crunk and Krum.
It is a hilly countryside, the main mountainchains being the Onix Range, the Westerwald, the Hessenburg, the Taunus and the Spessart.
Most inhabitants live in the southernmost part of Hesse between the rivers Main and Rhine.
Hesse is divided into 21 districts.
There are also five cities, which belong to no district.
Independent cities
Frankfurt (Main)
The cities and counties of Hesse are grouped into three Regierungsbezirk.
automobile registration is handled by the districts.
The two or three letters of the automobile registration plate are in italics
Official government portal
Portal about east part of Hesse
360 Degree virtual trip through the Rhön - part of eastern Hesse
Schleswig-Holstein (Danish: Slesvig-Holsten, Low Saxon: Sleeswiek-Holstain, Frisian: Sleeswyk-Holstein, North Frisian: Schleswig-Holstian) is the northernmost of the 16 states (German: Bundesländer) in Germany.
Schleswig-Holstein borders on Denmark in the North, the North Sea in the West, the Baltic Sea and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the East, and Lower Saxony and Hamburg in the South.
Kiel is the capital of this state.
The countryside is lowlands and hills with no mountains.
The highest elevation in the state is the Bungsberg at only .
There are many lakes, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holsteinische Schweiz ("Holstein Switzerland") or Schweiziann-Schwezalia.
It has this name because there are many small hills which came to existence in the last ice age.
Official governmental portal in German
Lower Saxony ( ; ; Saterland Frisian: Läichsaksen) is a German Bundesland (state).
Braunschweig (Brunswick)
Official governmental portal (German)
Official governmental portal (English)
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern or known by its anglicized name: Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (Low German: Mäkelborg-Vörpommern) is one of the 16 States of Germany.
The capital is Schwerin.
It is the most northeastern state of Germany.
It borders the Baltic Sea in the north, Poland in the east, Brandenburg in the south, Lower Saxony in the southwest and Schleswig-Holstein in the west.
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania is low-lying and has many rivers, canals and lakes.
The Stettin Lagoon lies partly in this state and partly in Poland.
Seats in the state parliament (Landtag) since 2016:
SPD: 26
AfD: 18
CDU: 16
Linke: 11
Besides Rostock all have a population of less than 200,000.
Schwerin, the state capital, is the smallest state capital in Germany.
Usually Schwerin would not be called a city.
In Germany a city has over 100,000 people.
Former districts
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was going to change the borders of all of its urban districts (towns) and rural districts (kreise or "counties").
The state supreme court stopped the changes.
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was divided into twelve rural districts (Landkreise):
Greifswald (HGW)
Neubrandenburg (NB)
Rostock (HRO)
Schwerin (SN)
Stralsund (HST)
Wismar (HWI)
Current districts
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has been divided into six rural districts (Landkreise) and two independent urban districts (kreisfreie Städte) since 4 September 2011:
February 2 – Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.
February 25 – Jacob Hutter burned in a stake for heresy
May 19 – Execution of Anne Boleyn
May 30 – Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour
October 13 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in York, is "resolved" by Robert Aske
October 29 – Coronation of Jane Seymour as the Queen of England
Various religious buildings are closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries, including
Bourne Abbey
Brinkburn Priory
Cartmel Priory
Dore Abbey and
The Cistercian Abbey of St Mary and St Chad
Wales is united with England by an Act of Union
Manco Capac II revolts from Spanish rule in Peru
Resumption of war between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. Francis ceases control of Savoy and captures Turin.
Protestantism introduced in Denmark
Portuguese Crown divides Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies.
January 7 – Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII of England.
May 19 – Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VIII of England.
Pargalı İbrahim Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
Thailand (  or  ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (, ; ), is a country in Southeast Asia.
Its neighbours are Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Myanmar.
Its name was Siam until June 1939 and between 1945 and May 11 1949.
The word Thai (ไทย) comes from the ethnic group in the center of Thailand.
Thailand is a constitutional monarchy.
It has a King as a head of state, who is Vajiralongkorn at the moment.
Most people here (95%) follow the philosophy called Buddhism.
Smaller number of people (4.4%), mostly to the south, follow Islam.
Other religions in Thailand are Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism.
Some Muslims in the south have begun fighting the government because they want to be more independent.
Population: the total fertility rate was 1.3 (in 2019).
A century later, a bigger kingdom named Ayuthaya appeared south of Sukhothai.
Later Sukhothai became a part of Ayuthaya.
Ayuthaya existed for more than 400 years before its fall by the attack of a Burmese kingdom.
Before 1932, Thailand was an absolute monarchy.
On June 24, 1932, a group of people did a coup and changed Thailand to a constitutional monarchy.
It was not until 1973 that Thai people voted for a Prime Minister in an election.
There were coups both before and after this year.
In 1951, there was a failed coup - the Manhattan Rebellion.
On September 19, 2006, the army did a coup d'état and took control from Thaksin Shinawatra's government.
In October 2016,  Rama X become the new king.
Thailand is made up of 76 provinces (จังหวัด, changwat), put into 5 groups.
There are 2 specially governed districts: the capital Bangkok and Pattaya.
The 76 provinces including Bangkok are as follows:
Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon), Special Governed District of
Suphan Buri
Prachinburi
Trat
Phrae
Northeast (Isan)
Buri Ram
Loei
Nong Bua Lamphu
Surin
Krabi
Phatthalung
Satun
NOTE: In italics [1], that province is about the Greater Bangkok sub-region; in italics [2], that province is about the West sub-region.
The United States CIA website
Thaigov.go.th Royal Government of Thailand
Tourism Authority of Thailand Official tourism website
Thai National Assembly  Official Thai Parliament website
Mfa.go.th Thailand Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Birdwatching in Thailand
Learn Thai Culture.com
CIA - The World Factbook - Thailand
Thailand Country Fact Sheet from the Common Language Project
Longdo Map Thailand On-line Thailand map
Holidays Thailand  Holidays In Thailand
1932 establishments in Asia
The Hoboken election of 2005 was an election when people living in Hoboken, New Jersey voted for a mayor.
They also voted for a person for council of the city.
The main people hoping to be mayor were:
David Roberts (won)
Carol Marsh (lost)
Frank Raia (lost)
Michael Russo (lost)
Evelyn Smith (lost)
Ruben Ramos Jr. (with Roberts, won)
Theresa LaBruno (with Roberts, won)
Peter Cammarano (with Roberts, won)
Inés García-Keim (with Marsh)
Anthony Soares (with Marsh)
Brian Urbano (with Marsh)
Theresa Burns (with Raia)
Anthony Mussara (with Raia)
Ron Rosenburg (with Raia)
Genevy Dimitrion (with Russo)
Manny Ortega (with Russo)
Brian Keller (with Russo)
Carrie Gilliard (with Smith)
Diane Nieves (with Smith)
Elizabeth Falco (with Smith)
Andrew Amato (by himself)
Scott Delea (by himself)
The election was on May 10, 2005.
Roberts and Marsh got the most votes.
Neither of them got 50% of the vote.
Because this happened, a second election will happen (June 14, 2005).
2005 in the United States
2005 elections
2000s in New Jersey
2000s elections in the United States
May 2005 events
Lady Eleanor Brandon (d. 1547)
March 31 – Henry II of France (d. 1559)
April 13 – Catherine of Medici (d. 1589)
May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci (b. 1452)
March 6 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti)
March 8 –  Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death
June 22 – Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World
September 10 – The Battle of Kawanakajima
Ottoman Turks invade Malta
Modern pencil becomes common in England
Conquistadors crossed the Pacific
Spanish found a colony in the Philippines
February 15 – Galileo Galilei
April 23 – William Shakespeare
March 18 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti)
April 6 – Raphael (d. 1520)
November 10 – Martin Luther (d. 1546)
Hoboken is an American city in the state of New Jersey.
It is by the Hudson River in Hudson County, across from Manhattan.
In 2010, 50,005 people lived there.
The United States Census Bureau said the city has a total area of 5.1 km² (2.0 mi²).
3.3 km² (1.3 mi²) of it is land and 1.8 km² (0.7 mi²) of it is water.
The total area is 35.35% water.
Hoboken was originally an island.
The Hudson River was to the east.
To the west was a swamp near the Palisades Sill.
The island was a campsite used by the Lenni Lenape.
The name Hoboken comes from the original Lenape name for "Hobocan Hackingh" or "land of the tobacco pipe."
Europeans came in the 17th century.
The first European to find Hoboken was Henry Hudson.
He stopped his ship near Weehawken Cove on October 2, 1609.
Three Native Americans sold Hoboken to Michael Paauw, Director of the Dutch West India Company on July 12, 1630.
The first European settlers of Hoboken were Dutch farmers.
Hendrick Van Vorst of Jersey City leased the land to Aert Van Putten, who was Hoboken's first person.
In 1643 Van Putten built a farm house and brew house north of Castle Point.
The brew house was America's first.
The land was taken by William Bayard.
Bayard liked the revolutionary cause but changed to a Loyalist Tory in 1776 when the Rebels lost the New York and New Jersey Campaign.
At the end of the Revolutionary War, Bayard's land was taken by the Revolutionary Government of New Jersey.
The nineteenth century
After the American war for independence, Hoboken was bought by Colonel John Stevens in 1784 for about $90,000.
In the early 19th century, Stevens made the waterfront better for Manhattan people.
He tested his inventions.
Later in the century, Hoboken became better by being a shipping port and industrial center.
Hoboken became a city in 1855, and Cornelius V. Clickener became the first Mayor.
By the 19th century, shipping lines were using Hoboken as a port, and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (later the Erie Lackawanna Railroad) had became a railroad center at the waterfront.
In 1832, a cave called Sybil's Cave opened and was popular.
At that time, Hoboken was not yet an industrial city, and Hoboken was a country spot.
Sybil's Cave was used in one of Edgar Allan Poe's stories in 1841.
The water in the cave was bad, so the cave closed in the 1880s.
In the 1930s it was filled with stone but in 2005 it was reopened.
Hoboken grew.
People got many jobs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The Hoboken Land and Improvement Company, started by Colonel Stevens in 1838, created many streets, began housing, and created building sites.
The housing was made up of masonry of three to five stories.
Many buildings survive to the present day, and the street grid.
It was also at this time that German immigrants became the main group in Hoboken.
Along with the main industry of creating ships, well-known industries that created a big presence in Hoboken were Maxwell House, Lipton Tea, and Hostess, among others.
In 1870, the Stevens Institute of Technology was created at Castle Point, the highest point in Hoboken.
"Heaven, Hell or Hoboken."
World War I changed Hoboken.
People against Germans started the city being placed under law, and many Germans had to move to Ellis Island in nearby New York Harbor.
Or they left the city.
During the war Hoboken became famous.
In Hoboken terminal, American troops got onto ships that went to Europe.
More than three million soldiers went through the terminal, and their word phrase was "Heaven, Hell or Hoboken... by Christmas."
Interwar years
Post World War II
In the 1960s, other people followed, including Puerto Ricans.
High crime rates shortly followed, and many of Hoboken's original residents slowly moved out, including Irish and Italians.
In the middle of the 20th century, industries looked for greener areas, port jobs went to larger places in Newark Bay, and the car, truck and airplane relpaced the railroad and ship as the way of moving in the United States.
Most of the ports closed around 1975.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Hoboken attracted artists, musicians, and commuters who were going into Manhattan for work.
Making Hoboken better was done in the same way as in the Manhattan.
Making Hoboken better has continued, with many new places to live now being built on what used to be industrial sites on the waterfront and even more so in the western parts of Hoboken that were wost for the longest time.
Although political control of the city is largely influenced by the city's long-term residents, the "yuppies" who have settled in Hoboken are now showing extensive interest.
The City of Hoboken is controlled by the Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council).
Notice: This section of reading material may be too difficult to read.
As of the census of 2000, there are 38,577 people, 19,418 households, and 6,835 families residing in the city.
The population density is 11,636.5/km² (30,239.2/mi²).
There are 19,915 housing units at an average density of 6,007.2/km² (15,610.7/mi²).
The racial makeup of the city is 80.82% White, 4.26% African American, 0.16% Native American, 4.31% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 7.63% from other races, and 2.78% from two or more races.
20.18% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 19,418 households out of which 11.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.8% are married couples living together, 9.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 64.8% are non-families.
41.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.
The average household size is 1.92 and the average family size is 2.73.
In the city the population is spread out with 10.5% under the age of 18, 15.3% from 18 to 24, 51.7% from 25 to 44, 13.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who are 65 years of age or older.
The median age is 30 years.
For every 100 females there are 103.9 males.
For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $62,550, and the median income for a family is $67,500.
Males have a median income of $54,870 versus $46,826 for females.
The per capita income for the city is $43,195.
11.0% of the population and 10.0% of families are below the poverty line.
Out of the total population, 23.6% of those under the age of 18 and 20.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
With containerization in the 20th century Hoboken lost business as a port town and became rundown.
Paterson, Elizabeth, and Camden were other places in New Jersey with similar problems.
In the late 1970s, it began to prosper again and many people wanted to live there.
The city today is known for its excellent views of Manhattan, its fine-grained street grid, its historic architecture, and its restaurants and bars.
A car is more of a hindrance than a help in getting around, and people do a great amount of walking.
On weekend nights the town swells with young partygoers from nearby New Jersey towns who practice a rowdier style of barhopping than is fashionable across the river in Manhattan.
Sundays are quieter.
Hoboken's gentrification has become relatively advanced, though many native residents remain in the city and hold political power.
The population of "newcomers" or "yuppies", as they are typically called in the local press, consists of college and post-graduate students, bi-nationals, older artists and, increasingly, well-to-do commuters to Manhattan.
However, rising rents and other costs of living, particularly in rental units, has resulted in some of the "bohemian" population moving away.
The Hoboken waterfront is the western shore of the Hudson from Newark Street and the Holland Tunnel to the south, and the Stevens Institute of Technology and Lincoln Tunnel to the north.
The waterfront defined Hoboken as a port town and powered its economy from the mid-19th century to the outbreak of World War I when the federal government took control for war purposes.
Control of the waterfront was returned to the city in the early 1950s.
On the Waterfront, often listed among the five or ten best American films ever, was filmed here.
It dramatized the lives of dockworkers, and the infiltration of unions by organized crime.
Today the waterfront is a place to look at the Hudson River and Manhattan, with landscaped parks built on the foundations of former piers (Pier A, Pier C, Sinatra Park and Pier 14).
Local attractions
Hoboken Terminal Waiting Room
Marineview Plaza Complex
North Hoboken Harbor
Sybil's Cave
Castle Point Park
Elysian Park
Frank Sinatra Park
Gateway Park
Jackson Street Park
Leigon Park
Pier 14 (14th street pier)
Stevens Park
Hoboken Tea Building Walkway
Hoboken Island (to be built)
Hoboken Parks Initiative
Born in Hoboken
G. Gordon Liddy, Watergate conspirator and rightist radio talkshow host.
Michael Chang, pro tennis player.
Dorothea Lange, outstanding portrait photographer.
Alfred Stieglitz , leading figure of 19th and early 20th Century American photography.
Alfred Kroeber, prominent 20th century anthropologist.
Joe Pantoliano, actor.
Pia Zadora, actress.
Maria Pepe, first girl to play Little League baseball.
Alfred Kinsey, famous psychologist who studied sex
Ryan Songalia, boxing writer
Tyshawn Taylor, professional basketball player
Active in Hoboken
Stephen Foster, master 19th century songwriter.
Alexander Calder, leading 20th century sculptor and artist.
Hetty Green, (in)famous business woman
Daniel Pinkwater, National Public Radio commentator and author.
Mark Leyner, "postmodern" author.
Yo La Tengo, art-rock band.
City of Hoboken
Kannekt  - an unofficial guide to Hoboken
Cities in New Jersey
1849 establishments in the United States
January 15 – Great Molasses Flood in Boston kills 21 people.
January 16 – Prohibition begins in the United States.
June 28 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I.
Charles Strite invents the toaster.
Jules Bordet, Belgian doctor, won the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
January 27 - Ross Bagdasarian, Sr.,
creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks (d. 1972)
May 3 - Pete Seeger, American folk musician (d. 2014)
May 7 – Eva Perón, former First Lady of Argentina (d. 1952)
July 20 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer and explorer (d. 2008)
September 26 - Matilde Camus, Spanish poet (d. 2012)
October 3 - James M. Buchanan, American Nobel Prize winning Economist (d. 2013)
October 18 – Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000)
October 26 - Edward Brooke, American politician (d. 2015)
Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau – French painter
January 6 – Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States
April 10 – Emiliano Zapata
May 6 – L. Frank Baum, American writer
August 11 – Andrew Carnegie, Scottish businessman
October 7 – Alfred Deakin, second Prime Minister of Australia
October 13 – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize winner
Caffeine is a drug (or chemical) found in plants.
It can be harmful for both humans and animals if a large amount is consumed.
If a person ate 10-13 grams of caffeine quickly, between 80-100 cups of coffee, it would kill them.
Caffeine is the main drug that is in coffee.
Coffee comes from a tree.
The seeds of the tree are roasted to make coffee.
Caffeine comes from other plants as well.
It is in guarana, yerba maté, cacao, and some plants used to make tea.
The plants use caffeine as a pesticide.
This is a chemical that kills insects if they eat the plant.
It is the way the plant protects itself.
It is called guaranine when it comes from the guarana plant and theine when it comes from a tea plant.
It is called mateine in the mate drink.
This drink is an infusion made with Yerba mate.
What caffeine is
Caffeine is a stimulant drug.
A stimulant is a drug that increases body actions like heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism.
It makes a person more awake and alert.
Caffeine also is a diuretic.
This means it makes a person make more urine (the waste liquid a person makes).
The caffeine chemical is called a xanthine alkaloid.
This is a group of chemicals that are stimulants.
Some xanthine alkaloids (like theophylline) are used to help asthma.
What caffeine is used for
The biggest use of caffeine is as a stimulant.
People drink coffee and other drinks with caffeine to stay awake.
Doctors sometimes use caffeine as a medicine.
It is used for headaches (head pain).
It is sometimes used to help premature (born very early) babies to breathe.
The short-term risk of this treatment seems to be that the babies treated gain less weight than usual.
Caffeine is sometimes given to people after a lumbar puncture.
This is a test to see if someone has meningitis.
In the beginning caffeine was found to relieve hunger, so it was used for weight loss.
That did not last because people were using too much.
Caffeine can be a very dangerous drug when not used in the right way.
Caffeine also has medicinal properties.
It is used in many over the counter medicines, such as Excedrin, Midol and Anacin.
When combined with other analgesics, caffeine can help to alleviate headaches and cramps.
Problems with caffeine
The largest problem with caffeine is addiction.
This is when people get bad symptoms when they do not have the drug.
When people have withdrawal (feel bad because they do not have the drug) they drink more.
This makes them feel better.
But if they cannot get more, they are likely to feel some of the symptoms listed below:
Being tired or need to sleep
Caffeine inhibits sleep and in the long-term alters brain functions
Sleep deprivation leads to a weakened connectivity between the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex which regulate mood and emotion.
This causes the consumer to feel irritable, tired, restlessness, and anxious.
Nausea (feeling like vomiting)
Caffeine can also hurt people if they drink a lot at once.
If someone takes too much of a drug at once it is called an overdose.
Caffeine overdose is a medical diagnosis.
It is called: Caffeine-Induced Organic Mental Disorder or Caffeine Intoxication.
People with this can have these symptoms:
Very bad feelings like:
Paranoia (feeling as if people are about to hurt the person)
Restlessness or nervousness (with the person feeling like he cannot sit down or rest)
Anxiety (very bad worry)
Muscle movements that cannot be stopped
Very fast heart rate
Abnormal heart rhythms (even heart stopping)
Very high blood pressure
Confusion (not knowing who the person is or where he/she is)
Caffeine helps for
Lower risk of coronary disease
Cut stroke risk
Speed up metabolism
Increases memory
Helps ward off Alzheimer’s
Reduces kidney stone risk
How much caffeine is safe
250–300 mg of caffeine a day is a moderate amount.
That is as much caffeine that is in three cups of coffee (8oz each cup).
More than 750–1000 mg a day is a significant amount, but is very unlikely to kill someone.
The Lethal Dose 50 of caffeine is 192 mg per kilogram, in rats.
In humans, it is between 150 and 200 mg per kilogram (70-90 per pound.)
Caffeine is in many drinks and foods.
This is approximate amounts of caffeine in some food and drink:
Brewed coffee - 40 to 220 mg in a cup
Instant coffee - 30 to 120 mg in a cup
Decaffeinated coffee (with most caffeine taken out) - 3 to 5 mg in a cup
Tea - 20 to 110 mg in a cup
Soda drinks with caffeine - 36 to 90 mg in 12 ounces.
Some people think that soft drinks which are light in color do not contain caffeine.
Milk chocolate - 3 to 6 mg in an ounce
Bittersweet chocolate - 25 mg in an ounce
Different ways to get 200mg of caffeine
Scientific information
eMedicine Caffeine-Related Psychiatric Disorders
The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs, Caffeine-Part 1 Part 2
The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Caffeine: A User's Guide
Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use & Abuse
Caffeine Withdrawal Recognized as a Disorder
Is Caffeine a Health Hazard?
Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms
Caffeine: How Stuff Works
Caffeine: The most popular psychoactive drug, Broke but Shredded, January 2022
Erowid Caffeine Vaults
#caffeine! -
The Caffeine Information Archive
Naked Scientists Online: Why do plants make caffeine?
Alcohol and Drugs History Society: Caffeine news page
Coffee: A Little Really Does Go a Long Way, NPR, September 28, 2006
Does coffee really give you a buzz?
by John Triggs in the Daily Express April 17 2007
Burgower, Rachael. “
The Effects of Energy Drinks on Sleep and Daily Functioning.”
ProQuest   LLC, 2014, pp.
ProQuest, https://search.proquest.com/docview/1642026146.
National Post: Caffeine linked to psychiatric disorders
Chicago is a city in the U.S. state of Illinois.
It is the third largest city in the United States.
As of 2018, the population is 2,705,994.
It is the city with the largest population in the Midwestern United States.
Chicago is the main city of the Chicago metropolitan area, or Chicagoland.
The Chicago metropolitan area has 10 million people.
This metropolitan area has the third largest population in the United States.
Chicago became a city in 1837 and is in between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed.
It grew quickly in the mid-19th century.
The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed many square miles and made more than 100,000 people homeless.
Major efforts were made to rebuild it.
Chicago's population grew when more construction jobs came.
By 1900, Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world.
Chicago is known for its urban planning and zoning standards, for example, new construction styles from the Chicago School of architecture, the development of the City Beautiful Movement, and the steel-framed skyscraper.
Chicago built the first skyscraper in the world in 1885, the Home Insurance Building.
Chicago is a center for finance, culture, trade, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation.
It is one of the largest markets of the world.
The  O'Hare International Airport is the fifth or sixth busiest airport in the world and first or second in the United States.
The region has the largest number of federal highways.
It has many railroads too.
Globalization and World Cities Research Network lists Chicago as an alpha global city.
The Global Cities Index ranked Chicago seventh in the world in 2017.
The Chicago area generated $689 billion in 2018.
It has a very diverse and balanced economy.
Chicago is home to several Fortune 500 companies, including Allstate, Boeing, Exelon, Kraft Heinz, McDonald's, Mondelez International, Sears, United Airlines Holdings, and Walgreens.
58 million people visited Chicago in 2018.
It was the second most visited city in the United States.
New York City had 65 million visitors in 2018.
Chicago had first place in the 2018 Time Out City Life Index.
This index was a survey about the quality of life in different areas.
15,000 people in 32 cities did the survey.
Some landmarks in the city are Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, the Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis (Sears) Tower, Grant Park, Chicago Riverwalk, the Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo.
There are many universities and colleges, for example University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Chicago has professional sports teams in the major professional leagues, and two are Major League Baseball teams.
Jean Baptiste Point du Sable founded Chicago in the early 1700s.
It was founded to create a canal to let boats on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River.
Later, the city became a trading center for food, crops, and fur.
The city grew very fast because of how the river back then was clean and healthy to drink.
In 1837, Chicago became a city.
The city grew until the Great Chicago Fire in 1871.
The fire lasted for almost a week.
Almost half the city and its population were lost in the fire.
After the fire, Chicago grew faster than ever.
Then, city's economy grew and more people migrated there from other parts of the world.
many of the immigrants were Germans, Jews, Irish, Swedes, Poles, and Czechs.
The immigrants were almost two-thirds of the city's population.
In 1889, Jane Addams built Hull house in Chicago for children and the poor.
In 1893, the city hosted the World's Columbian Exposition.
In 1892, they created the University of Chicago.
In 1919, the city became known for its gangsters, for example Al Capone, Dean O’Banion, Bugs Moran, and Tony Accardo.
In the 1929 Saint Valentine's Day Massacre, Al Capone ordered gangsters to be shot on St. Valentine's Day.
Then, the city became known for John Dillinger, a bank robber.
He could rob a bank in under two minutes.
Dillinger was shot and killed at the Biograph Theatre in 1934.
Anton Cermak was the 44th mayor of Chicago.
He was shot and killed during the Democratic party convention in 1933.
A man tried to shoot Franklin D. Roosevelt and Cermak blocked the bullet to save the President.
Cermak died hours later.
In 1955, Mayor Richard J. Daley was a powerful and well known Democrat.
He helped Martin Luther King and other activists share their thoughts without being arrested in Chicago.
The 1968 Democratic National Convention had large protests and riots outside the convention.
Richard J. Daley helped create the construction sites for the Willis Tower, O'Hare International Airport, the McCormick Place, and the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Jane Byrne helped Chicago to become one of the most popular tourist attractions in the United States.
She was the first female mayor of Chicago.
In 1982, seven people were poisoned with cyanide in Tylenol pills across the city.
This led to changes in the packaging of over-the-counter drugs and to federal anti-tampering laws.
In 1983, Harold Washington became the first African American mayor of Chicago.
He helped clean all dangerous and poor neighborhoods in the city.
He was later re-elected, but died of a heart attack.
He would become the second mayor of Chicago to die from a heart attack while in office.
The first was Richard J. Daley.
Eugene Sawyer finished Washington's second full term.
Sawyer was the second African American Mayor of Chicago.
In 1989, Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley, became the mayor of Chicago.
Daley was the longest serving Mayor of Chicago.
In 2012, the NATO Summit was held in Chicago and lasted for three days.
The city would also host the 38th G8 summit.
The G8 summit was moved to Camp David because Chicago already hosted the NATO summit.
Chicago has the fourth-largest gross domestic product (GDP) of any city in the world.
It is behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles, and ahead of London and Paris.
Chicago has a very well-known culture.
Some of the many things Chicago is famous for are: Chicago-style hot dogs, Chicago-style (deep dish) pizza, Maxwell Street Polish Sausage, jazz music, and 1920s gangsters, for example Al Capone.
Chicago is also known for architecture, for example the Sears Tower and museums.
It is also known for its loyal sports fans.
Chicago was home to the Bijou Theater, the longest-running gay adult theater and sex club in the United States.
It opened in 1970, and it permanently closed its doors in September 2015.
For many years, the Sears Tower was the tallest building in the world.
It is the second tallest building in the United States.
Chicago has the most Polish people inside its city limits outside of Warsaw.
Historic U.S. Route 66 starts in Chicago by Grant Park in front of the Art Institute of Chicago.
Chicago is a multicultural city with many Italians, Greeks, Gypsies, Serbians and Eastern Europeans living in the city.
Chicago has a large Hispanic population with many Puerto Ricans and Mexicans.
Other ethnic groups in Chicago are Irish, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Russians, Bulgarians, Romanians, Armenians, and Japanese.
Chicago is a major world financial center.
It has the second largest central business district in the United States.
The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve).
The city is also home to major financial and futures exchanges, for example the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc"), which is owned by Chicago's CME Group.
The CME Group also owns the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX) and the Dow Jones Indexes.
The city also has markets with unusual trade contracts, for example emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange), and equity style indexes (on the U.S. Futures Exchange).
Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower.
Chicago Stations
WMAQ
WBBM
Fox 32
Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum - was built in 1930.
It is the oldest planetarium in the world.
Art Institute of Chicago - has a large collection of American and Impressionist art.
Field Museum of Natural History - has Sue, the largest and most complete Tyrannosaurus fossil.
Museum of Science and Industry - has many exhibits, for example a real Boeing 727 jet plane.
United Airlines gave it to the museum.
Polish Museum of America - The museum is haunted by famous piano player Ignacy Jan Paderewski.
It has large collection of Polish art.
Shedd Aquarium - at one time the world's largest aquarium.
It has 19 million liters (5 million gallons) of water and 22,000 fish.
Sports are a big part of the cultural life in Chicago.
Chicago is home to 15 sports teams.
All of the city's major sports teams play within the city limits.
Chicago has two Major League Baseball teams: the Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs.
The White Sox play at the Guaranteed Rate Field and the Cubs play at Wrigley Field.
The Chicago Cubs are one of the oldest teams in baseball.
Chicago Cubs fans are dedicated and loyal to their team.
The White Sox won the World Series in 2005.
The Cubs won the World Series in 2016.
Chicago's National Basketball Association (NBA) team is the Chicago Bulls.
For many years, Michael Jordan played for the Bulls.
He helped them win six Championships in the 1990s.
In 1999 season, if Jordan had stayed with the Bulls, he would have faced Spurs for the seventh championship and he would have won 11th scoring title.
Chicago also has a Major League Soccer team, the Chicago Fire.
It plays outside of the city in Bridgeview.
Many people and things travel through Chicago to get to other places.
Chicago has a complex network of trains and buses that help people who live in Chicago travel across the city.
Chicago's commuter train system is called the Metra.
It runs within the city and into the suburbs around Chicago.
The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) is a system of buses and elevated trains (called the 'L') that run inside the city and towards the outer suburbs.
O'Hare International Airport is a major center for air travel.
It is the second-busiest airport in the United States after the Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport.
Chicago has another airport called the Midway Airport.
Many trains use Chicago as a place to change loads and to change directions.
The Chicago River is a canal between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River.
It is the only river to travel backwards.
The CTA has eight train lines.
Red Line running from Rogers Park near the Chicago suburb of Evanston towards Roseland.
Blue Line running from the O'Hare International Airport towards Forest Park.
Brown Line running in a loop from Albany Park towards the Loop and back.
Green Line has two different service trains running from Forest Park or Oak Park towards the South Side running until West Englewood (Ashland/63rd) or Woodlawn (Cottage Grove/63rd).
Orange Line running in a loop from the Midway International Airport towards the Loop and back.
Purple Line running from the Chicago suburb of Wilmette towards Evanston.
During rush hour, it runs from Wilmette to the Loop and back.
Pink Line running from the Chicago suburb of Cicero all the way to the Loop and back.
Yellow Line running only in the Chicago suburbs of Evanston towards Skokie.
It is the shortest train line of the CTA only having three stops.
Chicago has four seasons.
Summers are hot and humid.
The July average is .
In a normal summer, temperatures are above  for 21 days.
Winters are cold and snowy.
There are often sunny days.
The January daytime average is .
Spring and autumn are mild with low humidity.
Chicago is in the humid continental climate zone.
Chicago's highest official temperature is .
It was recorded on July 24, 1934, There was a reading of  recorded at Midway Airport during that month.
The lowest temperature of  was recorded on January 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport.
Bad winter cold waves and summer heat waves can last for many days.
There are also many mild winter and summer days.
Thunderstorms are common in spring and summer.
Sometimes they make tornadoes.
They are more common in the suburban areas and not in the city.
The heaviest snowfall record was in January 1999.
It snowed 18.6 inches (47.2 centimeters).
Chicago is known as the Windy City, but it is less windy than many other big American cities.
Wind speeds range from 8 miles per hour (13 km/h) in late summer to 12 miles per hour (19 km/h) in spring months.
The "Windy City" nickname could be connected to Chicago politicians from the 1800s.
When Chicago hosted the World's Fair, citizens of Chicago started to brag about it.
They bragged so much that the city of Chicago became known as "The Windy City.
The phrase may have also been created by Chicago tourism boosters promoting the city.
They suggested that the cool breezes from Lake Michigan make Chicago a good summer destination.
Community areas
The community areas in Chicago, are defined by the Social Science Research Committee at the University of Chicago.
The City of Chicago recognizes 77 divisions in the city.
These areas are well-defined and stable.
Census data helps make urban planning initiatives in the city.
North Side
Law and Government
Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches.
Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the Cook County Circuit Court of the State of Illinois court system, or in the Northern District of Illinois, in the federal system.
In the former, the public prosecutor is the Illinois State's Attorney, in the latter, the United States Attorney.
Mayors of Chicago
The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits.