the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The 99 Names of Allah (, translit: ) also known as the 99 attributes of Allah, according to Islamic tradition, are the names of Allah  revealed by the Creator (الله) (Allah) in the Qur'an.
These are considered to be the attributes of Allah.
According to Islamic tradition, whoever memorizes and acts upon the 99 names of Allah, will enter Paradise.
‘Allah’ is a title for All-Mighty Allah.
The word Allah means One and only Allah in Arabic.
It is a combination of ‘Ilah’ in Arabic which means Allah, and ‘al’ the alif and laam letters of the Arabic alphabet which denote the definite article, meaning the,Allah the only one.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah
For single-player card games, see solitaire.
A single-player game, when talking about computer games or video games, means a game that is played by one player.
It involves playing against and/or with computer-controlled (AI) characters.
The fallopian tubes (also known as oviducts and uterine tubes) connect the ovaries to the uterus, and let the ovum pass into the uterus where they are able to be fertilized by sperm during sexual intercourse.
There are two Fallopian tubes attached to either side of the uterus.
They are named after the 16th century Italian anatomist, Gabriele Falloppio.
The Greek word salpinx (σαλπιγξ) means "trumpet".
There are two Fallopian tubes attached to either side of the end of the uterus.
Each tube will end near one ovary.
This place is called the fimbria.
The Fallopian tubes are not attached to the ovaries, but open into the peritoneal cavity.
The fimbria
Infundibulum
Ampulla - where the ovum is fertilized
Mucosa - these are folded walls with ciliated cells along them.
Muscularis externa
When an ovum is ready to be released from the ovary, the ovary wall breaks open and the ovum goes into the fallopian tube.
There, it starts moving towards to uterus with the help of liquids and cilia on the inside walls.
This can take hours or days.
Treating blocked fallopian tubes
If a patient's fallopian tubes are blocked by a small amount of scar tissue or adhesions, your Doctors use laparoscopic surgery (keyhole surgery) for removing the blockage and opening the tubes.
If your fallopian tubes are blocked by a large amount of scar tissue or adhesions, treatment may not be possible to clear the blockages.
Surgery may be an option to repair tubes damaged by an ectopic pregnancy or infection.
If the blockage occurs because part of the fallopian tube is damaged, a doctor can remove the damaged part and connect the two healthy parts.
Causes of Blocked Fallopian Tubes
Blocked fallopian tubes symptoms
January 3: Venus occulted (block from view) Jupiter.
February 12: Chile became independent from Spain.
December 3: Illinois becomes a state.
Carmen Miranda (February 9, 1909 – August 5, 1955) was a Portuguese-Brazilian singer and actress.
She was best known for her exotic costumes and hats made of fruit.
Brazilian actors
Brazilian singers
Portuguese singers
Magnum, P.I. is an American crime drama television series.
It stars Tom Selleck and John Hillerman.
It was on TV from 1980 to 1988.
It is about Thomas Magnum III, a smooth private detective working in Hawaii.
1980 establishments in the United States
1980 television series debuts
1988 disestablishments in the United States
1988 television series endings
1980s American drama television series
1980s crime television series
Detective television series
Twin Peaks was an American television series that ran from 1990 to 1991.
It told the story of an FBI agent who comes to the strange small town of Twin Peaks, Washington, to investigate the murder of a teenage girl.
It was made by David Lynch.
The show was successful around the world.
In 1992, a Twin Peaks movie 'Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me' was released.
Dana Ashbrook
1990 American television series debuts
1991 television series endings
American crime drama television series
FBI in fiction
Mystery television series
Washington (U.S. state)
McDonald's has over 36,000 stores in 119 countries and territories, the second-most stores out of all fast food chains worldwide behind only the submarine sandwich chain Subway.
They serve almost 54 million people each day.
The first McDonald's restaurant was opened by Richard and Maurice (Mac) McDonald in 1940.
It was located on Route 66 in San Bernardino, California.
The McDonald brothers later sold their company to Ray Kroc in Des Plaines, Illinois.
McDonald's restaurants mainly serve hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken nuggets, burgers, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milk shakes and desserts.
They also have options such as salads, apples, milk, and Snack Wraps on the menu.
And kids meals are available too.
More McDonald's food is sold in the United States than in any other area, which means that it is McDonald's largest market.
Europe is McDonald's second largest market.
The restaurants are either operated directly by McDonalds or more often by a franchisee, where the business is owned and operated by someone else to the standards set by McDonald's and with support from the McDonald's company.
The company provides a central source of supply for food items and standardized menu.
McDonald's used to make their fries in beef tallow.
People liked the flavor the tallow gave to the fries.
Criticisms about its high saturated fat content have came up in late 80s.
In 1990, McDonald's switched to using vegetable oil.
In 2014, McDonald's in Europe used chicken meat which was produced by using genetically modified animal feed, which it had not done since 2001.
Greenpeace states that McDonald's saves less than one Eurocent for each Chickenburger and goes down a path not desired by its customers.
Barbados (No longer operates)
Belgium¨
Iceland (No longer operates)
Iran (No longer operates)
North Macedonia (No longer operates)
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (Cuba)
U.S. Virgin Islands
How McDonald's makes a burger in 60 seconds and Mcdonald's burger price
Companies based in Illinois
1940 establishments in Illinois
English people sometimes live in England, which is one of the nations of the island of Great Britain, which they share with Scottish people and the Welsh.
Originally they were descended from Anglo-Saxons and Celts.
Nowadays most of them have forebears from another European countries and from the rest of the world, after England and the rest of UK received large waves of Immigrants.
Many people leave England to emigrate to former British colonies, such as USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Belize and South Africa, for example.
Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
To Kill a Mockingbird is an American novel written by Harper Lee.
It was published in 1960.
It won the Pulitzer Prize.
The book was adapted and made into a 1962 movie starring Gregory Peck.
The movie won three Academy Awards.
Lee based the story and characters on her family and neighbors, and something that happened near her hometown in 1936.
This was when she was 10 years old.
To Kill a Mockingbird is a Southern Gothic novel and a bildungsroman (a story where the main character develops and grows).
Its main themes are white/black racism and innocence.
Lee also writes about bravery, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South.
The book has been taught in many schools in English-speaking countries with lessons about being patient and fair.
It is set during the Great Depression (world depression) of the 1930s.
It was first published in 1960 and made into a movie in 1962.
It tells the story of a young girl, Jean Louise Finch (known as "Scout") and her brother Jeremy Atticus Finch (known as "Jem").
They live in the Southern United States with their father Atticus Finch, who is a lawyer.
In the story, Atticus defends a black man, Tom Robinson, who has been accused of raping a white woman.
Background and publication
Harper Lee was born in 1926 and grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama.
There, she became close friends with Truman Capote, who became a famous writer later.
She went to Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944–45), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945–49).
When she went to college, she wrote for literary magazines, like Huntress and Rammer Jammer.
At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial unfairness, which was not usually written about in colleges at the time.
In 1950, Lee moved to New York City, where she worked as a clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation.
While she was there, she began writing essays and short stories about people in Monroeville.
In 1957, Lee showed her writing to a literary agent whom Capote had told her about.
An editor at J.B. Lippincott suggested to her that she should stop working at the airline and focus on writing instead.
Her friends gave her money to help her continue writing for a year.
Lee spent two and a half years writing To Kill a Mockingbird.
The National Endowment for the Arts describes how Lee once became so unhappy that she threw her manuscript out the window into the snow.
Her agent made her take her writing back again.
The book was printed on July 11, 1960.
It was first titled Atticus, but Lee changed its name because the story was more than simply about one character.
The editors at Lippincott told Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies.
In 1964, Lee said, "I never expected any sort of success with 'Mockingbird.'
... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement.
Public encouragement.
I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected."
Instead of a "quick and merciful death", Reader's Digest Condensed Books chose part of the book to be printed again.
This immediately made many more people read it.
After it was first published, the book never stopped being printed.
To Kill a Mockingbird was written by Alabama Author Harper Lee in 1960.
The story comes from the perspective of 8 year old girl Scout Finch, she has an older brother, Jem, who is 4 years her elder.
They live with their father , Atticus, who is a lawyer and they are looked after by Calpurnia, their black maid during the day.
The story takes place in a sleepy little town called Maycomb, in Alabama, it takes place during the Great Depression (1933-1935).
At the beginning of the story Scout and Jem are introduced to Dill, he comes to live with his aunt every summer.
The kids are intrigued by a person they call Boo Radley (real name, Arthur Radley), the rumor around the town is that Boo only goes outside of his house at night and hunts squirrels with his bare hands.
Dill thinks of a plan to lure him out and dares Jem to pound on the front door, Jem refuses but Dill calls him a coward, Jem has not backed out of a dare since he was born so he ends up doing it.
After pounding on the door they all run back to their own house, but for a split second Scout swears she saw a flicker of light in the house, as if they were being watched.
Now the kids have grown obsessed with the house, they wonder what Boo looks like and why he doesn't come out.
One night they try to break in from the back door to get a glimpse of Boo, however his brother Nathan Radley hears the commotion and fires a shot from his shotgun.
the bullets don't hit but the kids learn their lesson.
When school starts Scout and Jem are ridiculed by the other kids because their father is protecting a black man, when they ask about it, Atticus tells them that is his client and his name is called Tom Robinson, a black man falsely accused of the rape of a young white woman.
Scout and Jem don't understand why their father is defending a black man since it makes the entire town despise them.
Around this time their Aunt Alexandra moves in to help take care of the kids, she doesn't approve of Atticus defending a black man.
Every Christmas, the Finch family has a gathering at Finch's Landing, their great-grandfather's early home.
There Atticus teaches Scout how to shoot a bb gun, but tells her to remember she can shoot all the bluejays she wants if she can hit them, but it's a sin to kill a mockingbird.
As the date of the trial comes closer, the kids get a better understanding of the situation and why their father would deliberately choose to take this case if it meant the hardships he would have to ensure.
There neighbour Miss Maudie tells them that though Atticus is old, he is still the strongest person in the town, and will take on the burden that no one in town will take.
On the day of the trial, Scout, Jem and Dill sneak into the amphitheater where they are having the hearing even though Atticus told them to stay home.
They watch the trial on the porch with the colored people, they see Atticus but he doesn't see them.
Atticus begins the trial politely and addresses the jury, Judge Taylor and the prosecutor in a well mannered way.
Mayella Ewell and her father Bob Ewell are rash when Atticus shows more evidence and justification that Tom didn’t do anything, rather it was Bob Ewell who hit his daughter when he found the pair together.
Atticus creates an image of the Ewells for the jury, a family with no mother, an alcoholic father and 7 kids living in a small dilapidated house lacking many essentials.
The Ewell’s don’t have any defense rather than he said she said, but the jury still finds Tom guilty.
Atticus leaves promptly after the trial and takes the kids with him, he is bitter but he does see light in the dark situation.
He tells the kids that he’s angry about what the verdict was, however the jury deliberated for a couple hours before reaching a decision.
Normally when a black man was accused by a white man, the verdict would be guilty, no questions asked, in a matter of seconds.
Atticus says today was a small step forward, the children are upset about the extreme racism that they witnessed especially Jem, who pukes at the thought of the situation.
Jem asks his neighbour Miss Maudie how a world like this "could exist" and how they could treat a person like that.
She tells him that it might seem at times the entire town is racist and evil, but there are always good people even when it seems everything is dark.
She also reminds Jem that Judge Taylor chose Atticus for this case , because he also hopes to see some change in this town.
Jem nods, and before he goes to sleep he tells Scout that he’s beginning to understand why Boo Radley doesn’t leave his house.
Things in Maycomb are relatively back to normal after the trial, however Bob Ewell isn’t satisfied and tells Atticus he’s going to get back at him if it takes his life, Atticus pays very little attention to this and tells the kids Bob was just angry that he made a fool of him in the court.
At school Scout and Jem aren’t ridiculed anymore, since all the parents tell their children that Scout and Jem are already going through enough having a father who is crazy enough to defend a black man.
Every October the town has a Halloween festival, and this year the elementary school is having a performance so Scout has to go.
Jem takes her and when they walk there, they are scared by Cecil Jacobs, one of their classmates.
Scout goes to the performance but forgets her lines and as they walk back home, Jem tells Scout to hush, but he hears someone following them.
Scout thinks it’s just Cecil trying to scare them again, but Jem doesn’t think so.
They keep on walking and reach the Radley place when someone jumps on Jem, Scout screams and hears a snap, the person tries to attack her but is stopped by another person, Scout thinks it was Jem but it was actually Boo Radley who heard the scream outside his house, he takes Scout and Jem back to their house, and Atticus calls Dr.Reynolds and the sheriff, Heck Tate.
Heck goes back to the Radley place and finds Bob Ewell dead from a knife to the chest.
Scout tells the sheriff that when they were walking back someone jumped them, and attacked Jem and she heard a snap and screamed, the snap was the sound of Jem’s arm breaking.
She than recalls Jem defending her from the attacker not knowing that Jem could not function and passed out right after the snap, and that it was Boo Radley who saved her.
The sheriff tells Atticus that Bob Ewell fell on his knife, but Atticus is stubborn and still believes Jem killed him.
The sheriff and Atticus are both stubborn and the sheriff tells him to think again, it could not have been Jem, he has already passed out, he points to the corner of the room, and Scout sees for the first time, Boo Radley.
His face was pale from not seeing the sun in years, and he was standing akwardly not knowing what to say or do.
Atticus is still not convinced, and he says "Boo would be a hero for saving his kids, but the sheriff tells him, Boo has not left his house in 15 years, all the attention would do an introvert like him no good."
Scout tells Atticus that giving Boo the attention would be like killing a mockingbird, Atticus understands what she says and goes with the sheriff’s story.
Boo whispers to Scout if she can take him home, because he’s afraid of the dark and she agrees.
She realises that Boo is still much like a child, she wonders about the times where she, Jem, and Dill tried to make Boo come out, and what he thought of watching them.
When she gets back home, she asks Atticus if there are good people in the world, and Atticus tells her that most people are.
Johnson, Claudia.
To Kill a Mockingbird: Threatening Boundaries.
Twayne Publishers: 1994.
Understanding To Kill a Mockingbird: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historic Documents.
Greenwood Press: 1994.
Lee, Harper.
To Kill a Mockingbird.
HarperCollins: 1960 (Perennial Classics edition: 2002).
Mancini, Candice, (ed.) (
Racism in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, The Gale Group.
Murphy, Mary M. (ed.)
Scout, Atticus, and Boo: A Celebration of Fifty Years of To Kill a Mockingbird, HarperCollins Publishers: 2010.
Noble, Don (ed.).
Critical Insights: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Salem Press: 2010.
Petry, Alice. "
Introduction" in On Harper Lee: Essays and Reflections.
University of Tennessee Press: 1994.
Shields, Charles.
Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee.
Henry Holt and Co.: 2006.
1960 books
Abigail Loraine Hensel and Brittany Lee Hensel (born March 7, 1990 in Minnesota, United States) are conjoined twins with mostly one body and two heads.
They are joined at the pelvis and each one controls one side of their body, which means they have to do things together.
Brittany is on the left, and Abigail is on the right.
They have two spines that join at the pelvis.
They have two stomachs and four lungs, and at birth they had a third arm in between their heads.
The third arm was not properly developed, so it was removed.
Sites in German language with photos
"Conjoined twins: Together vs. Apart" from Teen Newsweek
BBC Science on conjoined twins
The Most Intimate Bond  from Time magazine , March 25 1996.
Hensel documentary videos for sale
1990 births
People from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Year 52 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pompeius and Scipio (or, less frequently, year 702 Ab urbe condita).
This year has been called 52 BC since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the most common method in Europe for naming years.
Julius Caesar conquers Paris.
Cape Town is the second biggest city of South Africa.
It is also home to the South African Parliament where the country's representatives assemble.
It is at the Cape of Good Hope on the south-west coast.
It has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate.
It was originally called the "Cape of Storms" by Bartolomeu Dias in 1486, a Portuguese explorer but was changed by King John II of Portugal to "Cape of Good Hope".
The town was started as the center of the Dutch Cape Colony in 1652.
Drugs that act on the nervous system, such as the brain, and impact a person's mental state may be loosely and informally classified into categories.
The following categories are not fully agreed upon globally:
Hard drugs are drugs that lead to physical and psychological addiction and potentially death.
Making, selling, or using drugs other than for approved medical purposes is illegal in most countries.
Hard drugs include opioids like heroin, hydrocodone, oxycodone (Oxycontin) and morphine.
Benzodiazepines are another class of hard drugs and include diazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, and lorazepam.
Hard stimulant drugs include methamphetamine (meth), cocaine, and nicotine.
Drugs such as alcohol and nicotine are legal to sell in many countries and are often taxed.
Soft drugs are not thought to cause physical or psychological addiction or dependence to the extent of hard drugs, however they are still considered unsafe.
Examples of soft drugs are hallucinogens like cannabis, mescaline, psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, iboga, and DMT.
While they do not cause physical addiction, some of them may still lead to psychological dependence.
There is some evidence suggesting some hallucinogens have therapeutic uses.
Some drugs do not fit perfectly as either a soft or hard drug and have characteristics of both.
Examples for such drugs are MDMA (known as Ecstasy/Molly), ketamine, PCP (phencyclidine), DXM (dextromethorphan), synthetic cannabis (known as Spice or K2), and caffeine.
Effects of drug addiction on the brain
All drugs–nicotine, cocaine, marijuana and others–affect the brain’s “reward” circuit, which is part of the limbic system.
This area of the brain affects instinct and mood.
Drugs target this system, which causes large amounts of dopamine—a brain chemical that helps regulate emotions and feelings of pleasure—to flood the brain.
This flood of dopamine is what causes a “high.”
It’s one of the main causes of drug addiction.
Although initial drug use may be voluntary, drugs can alter brain chemistry.
This can actually change how the brain performs and interfere with a person’s ability to make choices.
It can lead to intense cravings and compulsive drug use.
Over time, this behavior can turn into a substance dependency or drug and alcohol addiction.
The effects of drugs on health
A weakened immune system, increasing the risk of illness and infection
Heart conditions ranging from abnormal heart rates to heart attacks and collapsed veins and erectile dysfunction and blood vessel infections from injected drugs
Nausea and abdominal pain, which can also lead to changes in appetite and weight loss
Increased strain on the liver, which puts the person at risk of significant liver damage or liver failure
Seizures, stroke, mental confusion and brain damage
Lung disease
Problems with memory, attention and decision-making, which make daily living more difficult
Global effects of drugs on the body, such as breast development in men and increases in body temperature, which can lead to other health problems.
Legal Implications
Charges involved for hard drugs are usually, but not always, harsher than for soft drugs.
Opioid trading and trafficking are treated seriously by the law in many countries due to the potential harm.
In the United States, marijuana, or cannabis, is classified as a abusable and highly addictive chemical and is heavily charged on the federal level, even if it goes against scientific evidence or laws varying by state.
This is reversed for alcohol, which can cause major dependence and addiction but is normally charged with minimal or no penalty and is sold widely in the western world.
Marsh P. et al.
Attachment, autonomy, and multifinality in adolescent internalizing and risky behavioral symptoms Dev.
Psychopathol.,
15: 451-467.
Robins L.N. 1995.
The natural history of substance use as a guide to setting drug policy.
J. Public Health.
85(1): 12–13
opioid
The origin of the name Tehran is unknown.
The word Tehran means warm mountain slope.
Tehran is at the foot of the Alborz mountain range.
Tehran is the 32nd National Capital of Iran.
It is the largest city in the Middle East & Western Asia.
It is the 16th most populated city in the world.
It has about 8 million people.
Tehran has 4 counties: Tehran, Shemiranat, Rey & Islamshahr.
Tehran has a large  network of highways.
Tehran was well known as a village in the 9th century, but was less well-known than the city of Rhages (Ray).
Tehran today, replaces Ray, the ancient capital of Iran destroyed by the Mongols in 1220 A.D., the ruins of which can be seen 6 km south of Tehran.
In 1869/70 A.D., Tehran acquired considerable prestige and was enclosed in an 8 km rampart which had 12 gates.
During the Safavid period, Shah Safi created a military base in Tehran, and had two great towers erected therein, which became known as Ghaleh Meydan and Ghaleh Hessa.
Karim Khan Zand lived in Tehran.
for 4 years.
In the early 18th century, Karim Khan Zand, ordered a palace, and a government office to be built in Tehran.
Later he moved his government capital to Shiraz.
Tehran became the capital of Iran, in 1795, when Agha Mohammad Khan, became King.
It is still the capital.
During the reign of Agha Mohammad khan, the government headquarters were built north of Emam_zade Zayd.
Agha Mohammad Khan became King of Iran in Khalvat Karimkhani Palace in Tehran.
During the reign of Fath Ali Shah, the soltani mosque, the Abbas_abad bazaar, and the Ilchi garden (the site of today`s Russian embassy) were added.
Nasser_e_din_Shah changed the palace from center of Tehran to Sadabad.
He changed the view of Tehran from a town to a modern capital.
In the Russia Embassy in Iran, the Tehran Conference was held.
The Tehran Conference (codenamed Eureka) was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943.
Most of it was held at the Soviet Embassy in Tehran, Iran.
It was the first World War II conference amongst the Big Three (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom) where Stalin was present.
The aim of the Tehran conference was to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies.
The discussion was mostly about the opening of a second front in Western Europe.
During 1980–88, Tehran was attacked by scud missiles and air strikes.
After the Islamic Revolution in Iran and during war between Iran and Iraq, many people left Tehran.
In recent years, many professional people who lived in Tehran, left Iran for freedom and a better life in other countries.
Traffic, crime, drugs and lack of freedom in Tehran, are most important reasons.
Last Mayors of Tehran
Mohammadbagher Ghalibaf
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (President of Iran)
Mohammad Malekmadani
Morteza Alviri (Member of Kargozaran Sazandegi Party)
Gholamhossein Karbaschi (President of Kargozaran Sazandegi Party)
Mohmmadnabi Habibi (Current President of Islamic Motalefeh Party)
Tehran is the center of most Iranian industries and services.
Modern industries of this city include the making of automobiles, electronics, weaponry, textiles, sugar, cement, and chemicals.
Tehran is also a leading center for the sale of carpets and furniture.
Tehran has a semi-arid (steppe) climate (BSh in the Köppen climate classification).
Summers are hot and dry; winters are cold with moderate precipitation, which also falls as snow.
Spring and autumn are mild with moderate rainfall.
In this vast city, many historic sites can be admired, the most famous of which are the palaces of Sadabad, Niavaran, Sahebqaranyyeh and Golestan, the mosque of Seyyed Azizollah, the great Bazar of Tehran and many museums, such as Reza Abbasi museum, the carpet museum of Iran, Abguineh (glass and ceramics) museum, the Azadi museum, etc.
Tehran has 740 parks.
9th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in Iran
Philadelphia is the sixth-largest city in the United States and the largest city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.
In spoken English, the city is sometimes called Philly.
The population of the city was 1,517,550 people in 2000, in 2010 census it was up to 1,526.006 people.
Philadelphia was the capital of the United States from 1790 to 1800.
It was replaced by Washington, D.C. in 1800 after the White House was built.
Before Europeans came to the area, Philadelphia was home to the Lenape people.
The first Europeans to come were the Dutch, who built towns and a fort in the area.
The English took over the city in 1664.
In 1681, Charles II of England gave a large piece of land to William Penn, to pay back some money he owed to Penn's father.
William Penn had a dream of a land where people would be free to live and work no matter what religion they were.
He built a city in the new land called Philadelphia.
Soon Philadelphia was the largest city in North America.
The first library and the first hospital in the country were built in Philadelphia.
Many ships sailed in and out of the city's port, and people came to the city to buy and sell all sorts of things.
One of the most famous people in Philadelphia was Benjamin Franklin.
He started a newspaper and invented many things, such as bifocal glasses.
He started a library that was free for everyone to use, and also a free hospital.
He helped to write the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution.
In 1774, the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia to talk about their disputes with the United Kingdom.
The British were not happy about this and soon a war began, called the American Revolutionary War.
In 1776, the Americans again met in Philadelphia and signed the Declaration of Independence.
In 1777 George Washington lost the Battle of Germantown and Philadelphia was occupied by British troops.
They left in 1778.
After the war was won, a Constitutional Convention (United States) met in Philadelphia in 1787 to write the United States Constitution which states the most important laws of the United States.
Philadelphia is in the state of Pennsylvania, named after William Penn.
It is on the west bank of the Delaware River, across from New Jersey.
Another big river, the Schuylkill, flows into the Delaware River at Philadelphia.
The city has only a few small hills, and most of it is flat.
The summers are usually hot in Philadelphia and the winters are normal to cold.
Philadelphia has a large art museum, the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
It also has some smaller museums of art, such as the Academy of Fine Arts, and the Barnes Foundation.
The Franklin Institute is a science museum named after Benjamin Franklin.
The Philadelphia Orchestra is famous for its concerts.
Some famous jazz musicians, such as John Coltrane, came from Philadelphia.
Most of the skyscrapers in downtown Philadelphia were designed by Louis Kahn.
Independence National Historic Park is in the oldest part of Philadelphia.
Most of the buildings from the time when American was fighting for its freedom are there.
Independence Hall is where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States were written.
Nearby is a building where the Liberty Bell is kept.
In the same neighborhood, there are many houses dating from the days of the American Revolution.
Elfreth's Alley is one of the oldest streets in the United States.
Christ Church is the church where many famous early Americans worshipped.
Well-known people from Philadelphia
Born in Philadelphia
Grace Kelly (d. 1982), princess of Monaco, American actress
Stan Getz (d. 1991), musician, saxophone player
Pete Conrad (d. 1999), astronaut
C. Delores Tucker (d. 2005), civil rights activist, politician
Arthur Penn (d. 2010), director of film and television
Sidney Lumet (d. 2011), director of film
Angelo Dundee (d. 2012), trainer of boxing
Herbert Scarf (d. 2015), mathematician
Vera Rubin (d. 2016), astronomer
Edith Windsor (d. 2017), lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights activist
Jimmy Heath (died 2020), musician, jazzmusician
Noam Chomsky (1928-), linguist
Richard T. Schulze (1929-), politician
Bill Cosby (1937-), comedian
Philadelphia around 1770
1680s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1682 establishments
County seats in Pennsylvania
The Clash were an English punk band.
The band was formed in London in 1976.
Their lead singer was Joe Strummer (1952-2002).
The group was one of the most popular punk bands in England in the mid-1970s.
Music style
Although The Clash are known as an early punk rock band, they were willing to experiment with different styles, which they added to their music.
Some of these styles were ska, reggae, and funk.
Lyrics in their songs often dealt with political issues or stories in the news.
In 2003, the band entered the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
In 2004, Rolling Stone made a list of the Top 500 Rock Songs of All Time, and London Calling, a song by The Clash, was listed as song No.
15 on the list.
No song by a punk rock band was higher on the list.
Joe Strummer - Vocals and rhythm guitar
Mick Jones - Lead guitar and vocals
Paul Simonon - Bass guitar
Topper Headon - Drums
The Clash - (8 April 1977) #12 UK, #126 U.S.[1] [2]
Give 'Em Enough Rope - (10 November 1978) #2 UK, #128 U.S.
London Calling (2LP) - (14 December 1979) #9 UK, #27 U.S.
Sandinista! (
3LP) - (12 December 1980) #19 UK, #24 U.S.
Combat Rock - (14 May 1982) #2 UK, #7 U.S.
Cut The Crap - (4 November 1985)
1976 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
mzn:کلش (نمین)
For the pepper, see Chilli pepper.
Red Hot Chili Peppers are an American rock band.
The band started in 1983 in Los Angeles, California.
The state of California has been a theme in many of their songs.
The members of the band are singer Anthony Kiedis, bass guitarist Flea, guitarist John Frusciante, and drummer Chad Smith.
The Red Hot Chili Peppers have released eleven studio albums.
Their early albums were a mix of Rock and Funk, and were not very successful.
The band's membership changed several times during this period, but Kiedis and Flea have been with the band since it started.
When Frusciante and Smith joined in 1989, Red Hot Chili Peppers' next album, Mother's Milk, was successful.
It was the band's first album to appear on the Billboard music chart.
While Red Hot Chili Peppers were on tour in 1992 after their fifth and most successful album, Blood Sugar Sex Magik, Frusciante left the band because of a drug addiction.
Dave Navarro became the new guitarist after Frusciante.
Navarro and the other members of Red Hot Chili Peppers did not work together very well.
The other members asked Navarro to leave the band in 1998, after one album, called One Hot Minute.
At this time, Frusciante had been making albums by himself.
He was also suffering from a heroin addiction.
When he was feeling better, Flea asked him to join Red Hot Chili Peppers again and Frusciante said yes.
The band's next album, Californication (1999), was one of their most popular so far.
Red Hot Chili Peppers kept recording and released another album soon afterwards.
In 2002, they released By the Way, which was also successful.
After this, the band went on a concert tour around the world.
While they were doing so they released a best of album.
After the tour, the band recorded and released the album Stadium Arcadium in 2006, which consisted of twenty-eight songs.
After the tour of this album, the band activity was paralyzed for some time, because Frusciante left the band to, again, focus on his career.
The band went out to find a new guitarist, with Klinghoffer joining them.
They have produced a new album, called I'm With You, and another album called The Getaway.
Frusciante has since rejoined the group replacing Klinghoffer as the guitarist.
Red Hot Chili Peppers were originally called Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem.
The band was started in 1983 for a single performance.
They were so popular that they were asked to come back again the next week.
The first members of the band were Anthony Kiedis (singer), Flea (bass), Hillel Slovak (guitar), and Jack Irons (drums).
They all knew each other from Fairfax High School in Los Angeles.
After becoming popular in Los Angeles, Red Hot Chili Peppers got a recording contract with record label EMI.
Irons and Slovak thought Red Hot Chili Peppers was a  side project.
They left just before the first album to work more on their original band, "What Is This?".
Kiedis and Flea did not think their band was a side project, and decided to look for new members.
They hired guitarist Jack Sherman and drummer Cliff Martinez.
Andy Gill, usually a guitarist, was hired to be a producer for the band's first album.
Their first album was called The Red Hot Chili Peppers.
It did not sell many copies, but it got the band a small number of dedicated fans.
Critics such as Robert Christgau liked the album, but the tour that came after it did not do well.
Sherman was fired by the band after the tour, and Slovak came back to replace him.
Red Hot Chili Peppers hired George Clinton to produce their second album, Freaky Styley.
They released the album in 1985.
It was only a little bit more successful than the one before it.
After the album, Martinez was fired from the band.
After firing him, Kiedis said he thought that Martinez had wanted to leave.
Red Hot Chili Peppers hired another drummer, Chuck Biscuits, but Irons came back to replace him.
The band began work with producer Michael Beinhorn on a new album.
The album The Uplift Mofo Party Plan was released in 1987.
It was the band's most successful so far.
The album entered the Billboard 200 chart, but only at number 148.
During this time, Kiedis and Slovak had problems with drugs.
Slovak died on June 25, 1988.
Because of this, Irons left the band.
He said that he did not want to be part of a band where his friends were dying.
Kiedis and Flea agreed to keep going with the band.
Mainstream success
After Slovak died and Irons left the band, D. H. Peligro (from the band Dead Kennedys) and DeWayne "Blackbyrd" McKnight joined Red Hot Chili Peppers.
Neither of these two worked very well with the band, so they were replaced.
Peligro told a friend of his, John Frusciante, to audition to join the band.
His audition went well and he joined as guitarist.
A friend of the band then told them about Chad Smith.
Smith had a very good audition and joined.
During the recording of their next album, Frusciante argued with Michael Beinhorn, the producer.
Beinhorn wanted Frusciante to play his guitar very loud, like heavy metal music, but Frusciante did not like this style.
Red Hot Chili Peppers' next album, Mother's Milk, became very successful.
It sold well and songs from it played often on radio.
It also appeared on MTV, because the band did a popular cover of Stevie Wonder's song "Higher Ground".
The album reached number 52 on the Billboard 200 chart, and was certified "gold" by the RIAA.
After Mother's Milk, Red Hot Chili Peppers changed their record label to Warner Music.
The band chose to work with Rick Rubin as their next producer.
Rubin thought they needed to work outside a studio.
They recorded their next album in Rubin's mansion.
Smith did not stay in the mansion because he thought it was a haunted house.
The rest of the band did not leave the house for a month.
The name of the new album, Blood Sugar Sex Magik, was taken from the tenth song on the album.
Rubin chose the name because the band could not agree on a title.
He chose the name because he thought "Blood Sugar Sex Magik" was the best song on the album.
The first single from the album, "Give It Away", won a Grammy Award for "Best Hard Rock Performance".
It was the band's first Grammy Award. "
Give It Away" did well on the music charts.
It was the band's first song to go to number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.
The second single, "Under the Bridge", was the band's most successful song; it charted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number two.
The other singles from the album also did well.
The band's success made life difficult for Frusciante, who also had a drug addiction.
He quit the band while they were on tour in May 1992.
He was replaced by Arik Marshall.
Marshal was later replaced by Jesse Tobias.
The band played at the Lollapalooza festival in 1992.
They also appeared on an episode of The Simpsons.
Neither of the band's new members stayed for long.
Tobias was replaced in 1993 by Dave Navarro, from the band Jane's Addiction.
Dave Navarro era
Dave Navarro first appeared with the band at the 1994 Woodstock Festival.
They found it hard to work with him.
Flea said it was because of "the fact that we grew up listening to different music".
Red Hot Chili Peppers spent three months in Hawaii making a new album, and One Hot Minute was released in 1995.
Its content was sadder than the band's earlier albums.
It also sounded more like hard rock than the band's earlier work.
During this time, Kiedis had troubles with heroin again.
Navarro also took drugs.
At one practice session with the band, he fell over his amplifier because he was over-excited because he had taken too many drugs—he was "high".
Because of this, the band asked Navarro to leave.
They told the media it was "mutual" because the band members disagreed on the music they liked to make.
Frusciante's return
After leaving Red Hot Chili Peppers, Frusciante made some albums by himself.
He was also addicted to heroin.
He was so addicted that he was close to poverty and death at times.
Frusciante went into a clinic for therapy.
His life slowly improved.
In April 1998, Flea asked Frusciante to join the band again.
The rest of the band were happy to see him return.
Kiedis called it the "defining moment" of the band's career so far.
The band were happy to have Frusciante rejoin, but it was a while before they began making songs again.
This was because he had sold all of his guitars for money to buy drugs.
It also took him a while to get used to playing music as part of a band again.
The band released their seventh album, Californication, in 1999.
It had fewer songs based on rap and funk than their previous albums.
The album focused more on melodic guitar riffs.
Californication was very popular.
It sold over 15 million copies.
Three of the singles on the album, "Scar Tissue", "Otherside", and "Californication", reached number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart.
After touring in Spring 2001, Red Hot Chili Peppers began recording a new album.
The band worked with Rubin again.
They recorded in band members' homes.
Frusciante did a lot more work on recording the new album, By the Way, than he had done on Californication.
By the Way was released in 2002.
It was the best seller of any album by the band so far.
It sold over one million copies in the first week in which it could be bought.
The album was rated very highly on charts.
Some people thought that the music on By the Way was similar to the music on Californication.
A review by Blender magazine called it "Californication 2, a reprise of their last album".
However, Entertainment Weekly said By the Way was a lot more serious than Californication.
A review from Stylus Magazine said that Red Hot Chili Peppers showed no passion in making the album and that it was "stunningly awful".
Compilations and Stadium Arcadium
In 2003, Red Hot Chili Peppers released a "best of" compilation album called Greatest Hits.
It had songs from the last five albums they released.
It also had two new songs.
The album got to number 18 on the Billboard 200 chart.
The band also released two live video albums in 2003 and 2004; Live at Slane Castle and Live in Hyde Park.
The Red Hot Chili Peppers concerts at Hyde Park were the most profitable in 2004.
After releasing By the Way, Red Hot Chili Peppers played concerts around the world for two years.
In 2004, the band began recording a new album with Rubin.
They first wrote 38 songs for this album.
They had planned to release three different albums; one every six months.
They later changed their minds and decided to make one album with two discs, and 28 songs in total.
The two-disc album was called Stadium Arcadium.
The discs were called "Jupiter" and "Mars".
Red Hot Chili Peppers released Stadium Arcadium in 2006.
It was their first album to be number one in the United States.
It was also number one on two other Billboard charts and in 12 other countries.
The album won the Grammy Award for "Best Rock Album" in 2006. "
Dani California", the first single, won the award for "Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal".
The music on Stadium Arcadium was more mature than on previous albums, according to Tim Chester from NME.
He said this was because most of the band members had families.
He also said, and Brian Hiatt from Rolling Stone agreed, that the songs on Stadium Arcadium were similar to the band's other work, and were not very original.
However, both reviewers said the music was very good.
In an Allmusic review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine said Flea and Frusciante did excellent work on the album.
He also said that "the string instruments are the reason to listen to Stadium Arcadium".
Erlewine agreed that the band had not done a lot of new things on the album, but instead did what they were good at.
Frusciante departure and I'm With You
After the tour of Stadium Arcadium, the band took a break.
During this break, Frusciante decided to leave the band to work on his solo recording.
The band chose Josh Klinghoffer to be their new guitarist in 2009 and began working on a new album, called I'm With You.
According to their producer, the band wrote enough songs to make a double album, like the previous one, but the band decided not to.
Released in 2011, the album received good reviews from the critics, who said that the album was very different.
The members of the band stated that the album was a revolutionary album, as it consisted on elements as samba and funk.
The critics also praised the new member of the band, saying that it was adequate and that he played a lot of new elements in his guitar that led to a whole new sound of the album.
In 2016, the band released another album, called The Getaway, their second with Josh Klinghoffer.
It was not a large chart success, but it sold fairly well.
Frusciante's second return
Red Hot Chili Peppers website
The place where there is vegetation in the desert is an oasis
Oasis were an English rock band started in Manchester in 1991.
The band came from an earlier group, the Rain, and its first members were Liam Gallagher (lead vocals, tambourine), Paul Arthurs (guitar), Paul McGuigan (bass guitar), and Tony McCarroll (drums).
Noel Gallagher (lead guitar, vocals) later joined as a fifth member.
While the band were active, they had many different members, though the Gallagher brothers stayed as a part of the band up until their break-up in 2009, which was minutes before they were about to play a concert.
1994 - Definitely Maybe
1995 - (What's the Story) Morning Glory?
1997 - Be Here Now
1998 - The Masterplan
2000 - Standing on the Shoulder of Giants
2000 - Familiar to Millions
2001 - Familiar to Millions - (dvd)
2002 - Heathen Chemistry
2005 - Don't Believe the Truth
2006 - Stop the Clocks
2008 - Dig Out Your Soul
Singles & E.P.
1994 - Supersonic
1994 - Shakermaker
1994 - Live Forever
1994 - Cigarettes & Alcohol
1994 - Whatever
1995 - Some Might Say1995 - Roll with It
1995 - Morning Glory (only in Australia)
1995 - Wonderwall
1996 - Don't Look Back in Anger
1996 - Champagne Supernova
1997 - D'You Know What I Mean?
1997 - Stand by Me
1998 - All Around the World
1998 - Don't Go Away
2000 - Go Let It Out
2000 - Who Feels Love?
2000 - Sunday Morning Call
2002 - The Hindu Times
2002 - Stop Crying Your Heart Out
2002 - Little by Little / She Is Love
2003 - Songbird
2005 - Lyla
2005 - The Importance of Being Idle
2005 - Let There Be Love
2006 - Stop the Clocks E.P. - Acquiesce/The Masterplan
2007 - Lord Don’t Slow Me Down
2008 - The Shock of the Lightning
2008 - I'm Outta Time
2009 - Falling Down
2020 -  Don't  Stop... (Released by Noel Gallagher)
1991 establishments in England
2009 disestablishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups from Greater Manchester
Rush was a Canadian rock band.
They formed in the late 1960s in Toronto.
The last and longest members of the group were Geddy Lee, the singer, who also plays the bass guitar and synthesizers, Alex Lifeson, who plays the guitar, and Neil Peart, who played the drums.
In 2013 Rush were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Rush (1974)
Fly by Night (1975)
Caress of Steel (1975)
2112 (1976)
A Farewell to Kings (1977)
Hemispheres (1978)
Permanent Waves (1980)
Moving Pictures (1981)
Signals (1982)
Grace Under Pressure (1984)
Power Windows (1985)
Hold Your Fire (1987)
Presto (1989)
Roll the Bones (1991)
Counterparts (1993)
Test for Echo (1996)
Vapor Trails (2002)
Snakes & Arrows (2007)
Clockwork Angels (2012)
Rush's official website
1980s Canadian music groups
1990s Canadian music groups
2000s Canadian music groups