the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
These Interstates generally go from coast to coast or from the bottom to the top of the U.S. For example, Interstate 5 goes from the Mexican Border at San Diego, California to the Canadian Border at Blaine, Washington.
Likewise, Interstate 10, the southernmost cross-country Interstate Highway, goes from Santa Monica, California on the west coast to Jacksonville, Florida on the east coast.
The longest Interstate Highway in the United States is Interstate 90.
There are five sets of numbers that are used more than once throughout the system; the highways whose numbers are used more than once are separated by big distances to avoid confusion.
Below, these are made separate from each other by West and East.
Three-digit Interstates are spur or loop Interstates that usually are in big cities and areas outside of cities.
The last two digits of a three-digit Interstate are always the number of the route it is related to.
If the first digit is odd (1, 3, 5, 7, or 9), the Interstate is usually a spur route while if the first digit is even (2, 4, 6, 8, or 0), the Interstate is usually a loop route.
Primary Interstates
A total of 67 primary Interstates are in the table below, with 43 of them having three-digit routes.
The lengths in the table are as of December 31, 2013.
Routes ending in 0 or 5 are marked in  green.
Interstates outside of the mainland
Hawaiian Interstates
The Interstate Highways in the island of Oahu, Hawaii are signed with the normal Interstate shield, with the letter "H-" added before the number.
They are fully controlled-access routes built to the same standards as the Interstate routes in the main part of the United States.
Alaska and Puerto Rico
The Federal Highway Administration gives money to four routes in Alaska and three routes in Puerto Rico under the same program as the rest of the Interstate Highway System.
However, these routes do not have to meet the same standards as the Interstate routes in the main part of the United States.
Interstate A-1
Interstate A-2
Interstate A-3
Interstate A-4
Like Alaska, Puerto Rico signs its Interstates as territorial routes, and the numbers are not the same as their official Interstate designations.
Interstate PR-1
Interstate PR-2
Interstate PR-3
List of business routes of the Interstate Highway System
Alaska Roads - Interstate ends photos
Puerto Rico road photos
The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways Route Log and Finder List
3-digit Interstate Highways
Andrew Barry Casson Gaze (born 24 July 1965) is a famous Australian basketball player.
He has been very successful in his career.
Andrew is the son of Lindsay Gaze, who coached and played basketball himself.
Andrew started playing in the NBL when he was 18 years old.
He won the 'rookie of the year' prize in 1984.
He scored the most points out of everyone in a season 14 times.
This was because he was very good at shooting, including 'three-point' shots.
Gaze played with Lanard Copeland at the Melbourne Tigers for most of his career.
He often through 'alley oop' passes to Copeland.
Gaze helped the Tigers reach the finals almost every year.
He also helped them win two championships.
Gaze played in the Olympic Games for Australia in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996 and 2000.
In 2000 he became only the third basketball player to play in 5 Olympic Games.
He led the team to 4th place at the 1988, 1996 and 2000 Olympics.)
He was chosen to be the flag-bearer for the Australian team at the opening ceremony at the 2000 Sydney Olympics.
He has scored more points at the Olympics than any other player.
He is the second-highest scorer of all-time in World Championship play.
In 1988–99, Gaze played for a season college basketball at Seton Hall.
His team reached the 1989 NCAA finals.
They lost in overtime to Michigan.
He tried out with the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics, but did not make the team.
In 1993–94 he played seven games for the Washington Bullets.
He also played with the San Antonio Spurs in 1998, but became hurt at the end of the season.
The Spurs won the title and Gaze was given a championship ring.
After the Sydney Olympics, Gaze retired from playing overseas.
He retired from the NBL on May 12th 2005.
He had played for more than 20 years.
Soon after, he wrote his autobiography, A Kid, a Ball, a Dream, with help from Grantley Bernard.
Nowadays, Gaze often takes part in TV advertisements.
He also commentates for channel 7, SEN 1116 and (occasionally) Fox Sports.
Gaze now coaches for the Melbourne Tigers' junior basketball club.
Gaze took part in series five of Dancing with the Stars He is now also working as a presenter on Channel Seven's Guide to the Good Life.
Records and awards
Record for most Olympic Games for an Australian basketballer (5)
Scored 18,908 points in the NBL over 612 games in a 22-season span at an average of 30.9 points per game
Received Most Valuable Player (MVP) award a record 7 times
Australian International Player of the Year (1990, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000)
won the NBL Most Efficient Player award every year from 1990 to 1997.
The award was then stopped, making Gaze the only ever person to win the award.
Crowned Moomba Monarch (usually called King of Moomba) by the Melbourne festival committee in 1994.
Former Consultation Committee Member of the Human Rights Consultation Committee of Vicotria which formulated the Draft Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities, a precursor to the Victorian Charter of Rights.
http://www.interbasket.net/players/gaze.htm
Sports-Reference Profile
Andrew Gaze's Full Biography
Gaze.com.au – Official Homepage
Follow the Bouncing Ball – interview with Andrew Gaze Radio Interview
Gaze's NBA Statistics
Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 – December 6, 1955 ) was an American Major League Baseball shortstop.
He was nicknamed "The Flying Dutchman" because he was German and very fast.
He played in the National League from 1897 to 1917.
He played for the Louisville Colonels for two years, and then for the Pittsburgh Pirates for 17 years.
Wagner won eight batting titles, the most in National League history.
He held the league record for slugging percentage six times, and the record for stolen bases five times.
He was inducted (added to) the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936.
He was one of the first five members of the hall of fame.
He received the second-highest vote total to be added.
Ty Cobb is the only person to get more votes.
Babe Ruth tied with Wagner for second-highest.
Most historians think that Ty Cobb is the greatest player of the dead-ball era.
But some think that Wagner was a better all-around player.
Most baseball historians think that Wagner was the greatest shortstop ever.
Cobb said that Wagner was "maybe the greatest star ever to take the diamond."
Johannes Wagner was born on February 24, 1874 in the Chartiers neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (
Chartiers is now part of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.)
His parents were Peter and Katheryn Wagner.
His father was a coal miner and his mother was a housewife.
Both of his parents were German immigrants.
Wagner was one of five children.
His mother called him Hans as a child.
This name evolved (change into over time) into Honus.
When he was 12, Wagner dropped out of school to work in the coal mines with his father.
In their free time, Honus and his brothers played sandlot baseball.
They became so good that three of Honus's brothers also became professional baseball players.
Honus's older brother, Albert "Butts" Wagner, was a professional baseball player.
In 1895, he was playing for the Inter-State League.
He got Honus a tryout with the league.
In 1894, Honus married Bessie Baine Smith.
They had three daughters: Elva Katrina (b. 1918), Betty Baine (b. 1919), and Virginia Mae (b. 1922).
Minor league career
Honus started playing for the Inter-State League in 1895.
He played for five different teams in his first year.
The towns he played for were Steubenville, Akron, Mansfield, Adrian, and Warren.
Ed Barrow, a manager from the Atlantic League, saw Honus play.
He convinced Honus to come play for the Paterson Silk Weavers of Paterson, New Jersey.
In 1896, Wagner had a batting average of .313.
In 1897, Wagner played 74 games and hit .375.
Pittsburgh Pirates managers
Klaipėda is a city in Lithuania.
It is where the Nemunas River  flows into the Baltic Sea.
Klaipėda is the third largest city in Lithuania and the capital of Klaipėda County.
The German name of the city is Memel.
Until 1920, this city was the northernmost city of the German Empire.
The city's history is complicated.
The Port of Klaipėda is important in the area.
It is a usually ice-free port on the Baltic Sea.
It has been controlled by the Teutonic Knights, the Duchy of Prussia, the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Entente States, Lithuania, and the Third Reich.
The city became part of Lithuania while it was a Soviet Socialist Republic.
Klaipėda remained part of Lithuania after it again became independent state.
The population shrank from 207,100 in 1992 to 177,823 in 2011.
Popular seaside resorts found close to Klaipėda are Nida to the south on the Curonian Spit, and Palanga to the north.
Sister cities and areas
JIT, Just-In-Time compilation is a way to translate bytecode instructions to instructions the processor understands.
Bytecode is a set of computer instructions for a processor that only exists on paper.
The alternative to a JIT is an interpreter that looks at each bytecode instruction individually and then decides what to with it.
When you run over the same part of the program again, an interpreter has to make the decisions again.
While a JIT makes the decisions on how to handle the bytecode once, and then stores it as native processor instructions (this takes memory).
Properly deciding how to translate bytecode take some time, so you have some minor slowdown in startup speed.
A proper modern JIT first runs a regular interpreter, and then does the JIT step once it knows something is used frequently.
Hınıs is a town in Erzurum district in east of Turkey.
Over 30,000 people live there, mainly Kurdish.
Avro 683 Lancaster was developed out of Avro 679 Manchester.
It was the most used RAF bomber in the Second World War.
The changes made on Avro 679, like four Rolls-Royce Merlin X instead of two powerplants and longer wings, have led to the new name Avro 683.
Royal Air Force ordered 1070 pieces of this airplane.
After the success on the war places, Avro sold the production licence to other companies.
One of those was Packard, who bought the licence for powerplant production and improved them.
The variant with the most produced pieces was Avro 683 B I, a plane which was the base of RAF Bomber Command at that time.
Technical data (Lancaster B I)
20./21.
February 1945 - The last flight of RAF PD421 IQ-F. Historical research of an Avro 683 lost near Hagen, Germany German
Indre is a department in the centre of France in the Centre-Val de Loire region.
It is named after the Indre river, the most important river in the department.
The new department had six  districts: Issoudun, Châteauroux, Argenton, Le Blanc, La Châtre and Marennes.
The capital (now prefecture) was Châteauroux.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into four arrondissements: Saintes, Châteauroux, Le Blanc, La Châtre and Issoudun.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Issoudun was eliminated but in 1942 it was made again an arrondissement.
Indre is part of the Centre-Val de Loire region.
The highest point of the department is Terrior Randoin (), in the commune of Pouligny-Notre-Dame, and that is   above sea level.
Creuse, a tributary of the Vienne, is  long.
Claise,  long and a tributary of the Creuse.
Indre, that flows centrally through the department from south to north, through the major towns of La Châtre, Châteauroux and Loches.
It is a tributary of the Loire, joining it at Chinon in the neighbouring department of Loir-et-Cher.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Châteauroux is .
The average temperature for the year in Châteauroux is .
The department is managed by the Departmental Council of the Indre in Châteauroux.
Indre is part of the region of Centre-Val de Loire.
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 13 cantons and 243 communes (municipalities) in Indre.
Ardentes (3601)
Argenton-sur-Creuse (3602)
Le Blanc (3603)
Buzançais (3604)
Châteauroux-1 (3605)
Châteauroux-2 (3606)
Châteauroux-3 (3607)
La Châtre (3608)
Issoudun (3609)
Levroux (3610)
Neuvy-Saint-Sépulchre (3611)
Saint-Gaultier (3612)
Valençay (3613)
The inhabitants of Indre are known, in French, as Indriens (women: Indriennes).
Indre has a population, in 2014, of 226,175, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Châteauroux, with 126,428 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
Indre Nature
Blackburn B-103 Buccaneer was made for the Royal Navy, the naval part of the United Kingdom´s armed forces.
It was also by the Royal Air Force starting in 1968.
That was the first airplane with some technical innovations like a system for increased buoyancy, a split rudder (which widens to be an air brake), and rotating magazine for nuclear or conventional weapons.
After tests, this plane was selected and put in use by Royal Navy in 1962.
This aircraft was retired in 1994.
It was used in the 1991 Gulf War.
Technical data (Buccaneer S 2B)
Southern is a train operating company in the south of England.
They operate routes around the southeast such as London, Kent, West Sussex, East Sussex and more.
It is a division of Govia.
Ann Lennox OBE (born 25 December 1954) is an Academy Award-winning Scottish pop-rock singer.
She is best known for being the lead singer of the Eurythmics.
Lennox has also released five albums on her own.
Michael Sheard (born 18 June 1940 Aberdeen) is a Scottish actor.
He as been in a many movies and television programmes.
Sir John Steell (1804 - 1891) was a Scottish sculptor born in Aberdeen, but moved to Edinburgh at an early age.
A number of the public statues there are by him including the one of the Duke of Wellington outside Register House and that of Sir Walter Scott at the Scott Monument.
Auldjo was born in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1758.
He came to Montreal around 1778.
He became a fur trader.
Later he exported wheat and imported goods from England.
In 1796, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Montreal West.
He also became a Justice of the Peace.
Auldjo was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel during the War of 1812.
In 1817, he became a shareholder in the Bank of Montreal.
His brother George was Lord Provost of Aberdeen.
Neuromancer is a science fiction novel by William Gibson.
It was published in 1984.
It is an important book that started the cyberpunk genre.
It was Gibson's first novel and the beginning of the Sprawl trilogy.
Neuromancer was the first novel to win all three of the important awards in science fiction — the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award.
Terry Carr asked Gibson to write the book for the third series of Ace Science Fiction Specials.
This was a series for authors' first novels.
Neuromancer at the William Gibson Aleph, featuring cover art and adaptations
Neuromancer at Worlds Without End
Study Guide for William Gibson: Neuromancer (1984)  by Paul Brians of Washington State University
Gibson on the influence of Blade Runner
Neuromancer, reviewed by Ted Gioia (Conceptual Fiction)
The Giver is a novel by Lois Lowry.
It is science fiction.
Bantam Books published the book in 1993.
It won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American literature for children in 1994.
The Giver has sold more than 5 million copies.
People have been complaining that the novel "The Giver" is unsuitable for children, simply because it is too dark.
This is why the book has been often challenged.
The Giver is the first book in a quartet.
Gathering Blue, Messenger, and Son are the books.
Alex Rafael da Silva Antônio (born  1 January 1988 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian footballer.
He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as striker.
He started playing football in the youth teams of Corinthians São Paulo.
In 2007, he went on to the local rival  Palmeiras.
After the foundation of Red Bull Brasil, he played with this team and was promoted two times till they played in the Série A2, the second league in the province of São Paulo.
In 2010, he played in the final of the Copa Paulista.
In 2011, he and his team mate Jefferson were invited to practice with FC Red Bull Salzburg in Austria.
He played in test matches versus Bayer Leverkusen and Olympique Lyonnais.
He could convince the coaches and so he signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg in Austrias Bundesliga.
1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (3rd  league): 2010
1x final Copa Paulista: 2010
Southern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne corroboree
Northern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne pengilleyi
en:Corroboree frog
The northern corroboree frog is one of two species of corroboree frog (Pseudophryne pengilleyi).
The other is the southern corroboree frog.
The two frogs were believed to be the same.
But in 1996 they were recognised as two different species.
The northern corroboree frog is a very small black frog with either light green or yellow stripes.
Unlike the southern species, these stripes are sometimes broken.
It lives in the subalpine areas of south eastern Australia, an area of about  including the Kosciusko National Park, Namadgi National Park, the Brindabella Mountains and the Fiery Ranges.
The northern corroboree frog has not suffered as badly as the southern as it has a much larger habitat.
It lives above above sea level and with higher population numbers at the lower level.
It has recently been downgraded from critical to an endangered species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Galaxy Science Fiction was an American science fiction magazine.
It was published from 1950 to 1980.
Editors and authors
H. L. Gold was the first editor.
He made Galaxy the leading science fiction magazine of its time.
He published stories about social issues, not just technology.
Gold published many well-known and important stories, including: Robert A. Heinlein's The Puppet Masters and Alfred Bester's The Demolished Man.
He also published Ray Bradbury's "The Fireman", which later became the novel Fahrenheit 451.
By the late 1950s, Frederik Pohl was helping Gold with the magazine.
When Gold became ill, Pohl became editor.
He started officially at the end of 1961, but had been doing most of the editing for a while.
Galaxy continued to be successful.
Pohl often published fiction by important writers such as Cordwainer Smith, Jack Vance, Harlan Ellison, and Robert Silverberg.
However, Pohl never won the annual Hugo Award for his work at Galaxy.
He did win three Hugos for another magazine, If.
In 1969, Galaxy was sold to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD) and Pohl quit.
Later editors included  Ejler Jakobsson and James Baen.
The George Medal (GM) is the second highest civil award of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth.
It ranks below the George Cross.
It is only awarded for non-combat acts of bravery.
The GM was created on 24 September 1940 by King George VI.
At this time, during the height of The Blitz, there was a desire to reward acts of civilian courage.
It was decided that the George Cross and the GM would recognise civilian bravery in the face of enemy action and brave deeds more widely.
"In order that they should be worthily and promptly recognised, I have decided to create, at once, a new mark of honour for men and women in all walks of civilian life.
I propose to give my name to this new distinction, which will consist of the George Cross, which will rank next to the Victoria Cross, and the George Medal for wider distribution".
The Warrant for the GM was published in the London Gazette on 31 January 1941.
The GM was originally not issued posthumously, but the warrant was amended in 1977 to allow posthumous awards, several of which have been subsequently made.
The medal is primarily a civilian award, but it may be awarded to military personnel for gallant conduct that is not in the face of the enemy.
As the Warrant states:
"The Medal is intended primarily for civilians and award in Our military services is to be confined to actions for which purely military Honours are not normally granted".
Bars are awarded to the GM in recognition of the performance of further acts of bravery meriting the award.
In undress uniform or on occasions when the medal ribbon alone is worn, a silver rosette is worn on the ribbon to indicate each bar.
Recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters GM.
The details of all awards to British and Commonwealth recipients are published in the London Gazette.
The George Cross (GC) is the highest civil decoration of the United Kingdom, and many other countries of the Commonwealth of Nations.
The GC is the civilian counterpart of the Victoria Cross (VC).
It is the highest gallantry award for civilians.
Also, it may be awarded to military personnel in actions not in the face of the enemy or for which purely military honours would not normally be granted.
Living holders of the George Cross
The list of living holders of the George Cross is small.
John Bamford, GC
James Beaton, GC, CVO
Arthur Butson, GC
Matt Croucher, GC
Christopher Finney, GC
Henry Flintoff, GC
Anthony Gledhill, GC
John Gregson, GC
Kim Hughes, GC
Barry Johnson, GC
Derek Kinne, GC
Alfred Lowe, GC
Peter Norton, GC
Michael Pratt, GC
Margaret Purves, GC
Awang Anak Raweng, GC
Samuel Shephard, GC
Henry Stevens, GC
Carl Walker, GC
Ernie Wooding, GC
George Cross Encyclopaedia, by Marion Hebblethwaite, comprehensive illustrated bibliographies of all recipients, 2021
Land Rover is a brand of the British Jaguar Land Rover company.
The brand is used on cars (SUV's).
Land Rover vehicles are supplied to the British Army.
The original Land Rover car dates back to 1948, and was designed by Maurice Wilks.
As of 2021, the Land Rover brand is used on seven ranges of vehicle: the Defender, Discovery, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque, Range Rover Sport, Range Rover, and Range Rover Velar.
The Croix de guerre (English translation: Cross of War) is a military medal of both France and Belgium.
It was first created in 1915 in both countries.
It consists of a square-cross medal on two crossed swords, hanging from a ribbon with various degree pins.
The decoration was awarded during World War I, again in World War II, and in other conflicts.
The Croix de guerre was also often awarded to foreign military forces allied to France and Belgium.
The Croix de guerre may be given to a unit or to individuals who for acts of heroism involving combat with enemy forces.
The medal is also awarded to those who have been "mentioned in despatches".
This means a heroic deed was performed meriting a citation from an individual's headquarters unit.
The unit award of the Croix de guerre was issued to military commanders who performed heroic deeds in combat and were subsequently recognized by headquarters.
Orders, decorations, and medals of France
A scallop is a marine bivalve mollusc of the family Pectinidae.
Scallops live in all the world's oceans.
This is one of the largest families of living bivalves.
There are over 300 living species of scallop.
Their main adaptation is the ability to swim by clapping their valves together.
In this way they escape from most of their predators.
They have a good reputation as a food source.
As bivalves they have one hinged shell; each half is known as a valve.
The lower valve is usually white (about 95%).
It can also be orange (4%) or Lemon Yellow (1%).
The name "scallop" comes from the Old French escalope, which means "shell".
Their shells can be up to 15 centimetres (6 inches) across.
Their ability to swim.
However, a few species attach to rocks as adults by a filament.
Most species lie on sandy beds, and swim off when touched by a starfish or other predator.
They have eyes round the edges of their mantle.
Their eyes cannot see shapes, but they can detect  changing patterns of light and motion.
The scallop eyes fringing the edge of its shell detect moving objects as they pass successive eyes.
Semi-circular ridged shape to the shell.
The valves are similar, and fit closely together to make a tight-fitting shell.
At some stage in their lives, all scallops all have a ridge of tiny teeth near the notch where the byssus comes out in other bivalves.
This is called the ctenolium.
Its importance is that only scallops have it, and it can be seen in fossils.
So that tells palaeontologists when they have a fossil scallop.
Scallops have a central adductor muscle.
This is the same as true oysters (family Ostreidae).
The inside of their shell has a scar in the middle.
This shows where this muscle attaches to the shell.
The adductor muscle of scallops is larger and more developed than the adductor muscle of oysters.
This is because they swim.
Food and digestion
Most scallops are filter feeders.
They eat plankton.
The plankton sometimes has scallop larvae in it.
Siphons bring water over a filtering structure.
Mucus then traps the food.
Next, the cilia on the structure moves the food to the mouth.
Then, the scallop digests the food in the stomach and digestive gland.
Waste goes through the intestine and exits through the anus.
Some scallops, such as the Atlantic bay scallop Argopecten irradians do not live for a long time.
Others can live 20 years or more.
The scallop family is unusual because of the variety in arrangements for sexual reproduction.
In some species, a scallop has only one sex.
They are either male or female.
Other species are hermaphrodites so a single scallop has both male and female reproductive organs at the same time.
A few scallops are male when they are young and they become female when they grow older.
Red roe comes from female scallops.
White roe comes from males.
Scallops release Spermatozoa and ova freely into the water during the mating season.
Fertilized ova sink to the bottom.
The immature scallop hatches after a few weeks.
The larvae drift in the plankton until they go to the bottom again to grow.
They may attach by means of byssal threads.
There are many Pectinidae species, living and fossil.
True Pectinidae (ones with a ctenolium) first appeared in the Upper or Middle Triassic over 200 million years ago (mya), and perhaps as early as 240 mya.
The Pectinidae family had a large number of species in the Mesozoic era, but they almost disappeared at the end of the Cretaceous period.
The survivors evolved rapidly during the Tertiary period.
There are nearly 7,000 species and subspecies for the fossil and recent Pectinidae.
The evolution of bivalves that swim is a consequence of the so-called "Mesozoic marine revolution".
In the Mesozoic era sea-floor predators evolved various new forms which fed on the abundant shellfish (brachiopods and bivalves).
These predators are still abundant today: they are mostly the starfish, the gastropods, and the crabs.
Each predator has its own methods.
Crabs break the shells by force.
Some gastropods make holes in the shell and put in a paralysing or relaxing substance; others work on small cracks in the edge of the shell.
Once they get their proboscis in, they eat the shellfish.
Starfish are the most common predators.
Consequently, there was a great reproductive advantage for any prey which had even the slightest defence to these predators.
Many shellfish developed extra-tough shells.
Some burrowed into the sand.
Scallops must had had some elementary movement, which developed rapidly under selection.
They became extremely common in the Mesozoic.
There are some other methods used by a few scallops.
Chlamys hastata often carry sponges on their shell.
It is a kind of mutualism.
The sponge makes it difficult for starfish to get their tube feet on, and camouflages Chlamys hastata from predators.
When scallops move off the sand they are open to new predators such as rays, which patrol just above the ocean floor.
They may also be picked up by seabirds which open shells by dropping them on rock.
Evidently the main advantage lies in getting away from the starfish, which are very numerous on inshore and continental shelf habitats.
Studies have shown the Pectinidae family is monophyletic, developing from a single common ancestor.
The direct ancestors of Pectinidae were scallop-like bivalves of the family Entoliidae.
Wild fisheries and aquaculture
The largest wild scallop fishery is for the Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) off northeastern United States and eastern Canada.
Most of the rest of the world's production of scallops is from Japan (wild, enhanced, and aquaculture), and China (mostly cultured Atlantic bay scallops).
In 2005, China accounted for 80% of the global scallop and pecten catch, according to a Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) study.
Scallops are popular in both Eastern and Western cooking.
They have two types of meat in one shell.
The adductor muscle is white and meaty.
The roe, called "coral", is red, orange or white and soft.
In Western cuisine, scallops are often sautéed in butter, or breaded and deep fried.
The byssus (also called the beard) is often tough.
It is usually discarded or used later on for stock.
Sometimes, markets sell scallops already prepared in the shell, with only the adductor muscle.
Outside the U.S. the scallop is often sold whole, and people eat the adductor muscle and roe.
In Japanese cuisine, scallops may be served in soup or prepared as sashimi or sushi.
In a sushi bar, hotategai (帆立貝, 海扇) is the traditional scallop on rice.
Kaibashira (貝柱) might be scallop, but it can also be the adductor muscle of any kind of shellfish, such as mussels, oysters, or clams.
Shell of Saint James
The scallop shell is the traditional emblem of James, son of Zebedee.
It is popular with pilgrims on the Way of St James to the apostle's shrine at Santiago de Compostela in Spain.
Fertility symbol
Throughout antiquity, scallops and other hinged shells have symbolized the feminine principle.
Many paintings of Venus, the Roman goddess of love and fertility, included a scallop shell in the painting to identify her.
This is clear in Botticelli's classically inspired The Birth of Venus
Use as a design
Heraldry included the scallop shell symbol as a badge for people who had made the pilgrimage to Compostela.
Later it became a symbol of pilgrimage in general.
Winston Churchill's family coat of arms includes scallops.
However, symbols in heraldry do not always have the same meaning.
Sometimes no family member has been on a pilgrimage but there are still scallops on the coat of arms.
The U.S. state of New York has had the Atlantic bay scallop as its state shell since 1988.
In design, scalloped edges or ridges means a wavy pattern which reminds people of the edge of a scallop's shell.
Shell petroleum company has had a logo with a scallop shell on it since 1904.
Barucca M. et al 2004.
Molecular phylogeny of the family Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
NOAA Fisheries: Northeast Fisheries Science Center  - Research on Bay Scallop Aquaculture and Enhancement
Classification of Pectinoidea (Propeamussiidae and Pectinidae) - includes partly different genera, with subfamilies and tribes.
"Too Few Jaws: Shark declines let rays overgraze scallops" , Science News, March 31, 2007
QWOP is a Flash game created by Bennett Foddy and released on the Internet in 2008 to his website called "Foddy.net".
Players play as an athlete named "Qwop", who is participating in a 100-meter sprint event at the Olympic Games.
Using only the Q, W, O and P keys, players must control the movement of the legs to make the character move forward.
When the player has successfully reached 50 meters they must jump a hurdle, and at 100 meters the player is encouraged to perform a long jump, although simply passing the finish line is sufficient to complete the game.
The game has been criticized for being too hard to get good at.
In early December 2010, the game had a viral popularity outbreak after video blogger Ray William Johnson reviewed a YouTube video that annotates the game, becoming the subject of an Internet meme.
Despite this, the game helped Foddy’s site reach 30 million views.
After the success of the game, Foddy created another flash game called "GIRP", which was released on his site in 2011.
QWOP website
GIRP website
His Highness Karīm al-Ḥussayni Shah, Aga Khan IV KBE (born 13 December 1936) is the 49th and current Imam of the Shia  Ismaili Muslims.
He has held this position under the title of Aga Khan since 11 July 1957, when, at the age of 20, he succeeded his grandfather, Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah Aga Khan.
He is responsible for the interpretation of the faith for his followers and helps to improve the quality of their lives and communities.
Unlike his grandfather, the present Aga Khan's higher education was in the United States at Harvard University.
His children have also been educated in the U.S.
Since he became imam, the Aga Khan has followed the political and economic changes which have affected his followers.
These events included the independence of African countries from colonial rule, the expulsion of Asians from Uganda, the independence of Central Asian countries such as Tajikistan from the former Soviet Union and the continuous turmoil in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
The Aga Khan is interested in the elimination of global poverty; the advancement of women; the promotion of Islamic culture, art, and architecture; and promoting pluralistic values in society.
He is the founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network, one of the largest private development networks in the world.
This works for the environment, health, education, architecture, culture, microfinance, rural development, and disaster reduction.
Goals include promotion of private-sector enterprise and the revitalisation of historic cities.
The Aga Khan has been married twice, and has four children.
His main residence is a vast walled compound and chateau, the Aiglemont estate near Chantilly, France.
His Highness has many awards.
Especially notable are the Nishan-e-Pakistan, Pakistan's highest civil award (1983), and the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.
The Aga Khan is the first Muslim to receive this honour (1977).
Quran reciters
Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr. (
born October 8, 1941) is an American church minister, activist and politician.
Jackson was born Jesse Louis Burns, in Greenville, South Carolina.
His mother, Helen Burns, was 16 years old at the time he was born.
She never married his father, Noah Louis Robinson.
When Jackson was two, his mother married Charles Jackson.
Jesse was raised by his grandmother Matilda until he was 13.
In 1957, he returned home when his step-father adopted him.
Early life and civil rights
After he graduated from high school, Jackson had an offer to play professional baseball from the Chicago White Sox.
He also received a scholarship to play college football at the University of Illinois, which he accepted.
He later transferred to North Carolina A&T. He was one of Martin Luther King Jr.'s main organizers in Chicago for the Southern Christian Leadership Conferences.
After King was shot, Jackson formed several civil rights organizations of his own.
Two of these were Operation PUSH and the Rainbow Coalition.
Jackson was also active in civil rights movements outside the United States.
He also served as a Baptist minister.
Jackson ran for President in 1984 and 1988, coming in second in the 1988 Democratic party.
Both times, he ran on a very liberal platform that wanted people of all races to co-operate, as well as more emphasis on education, urban issues and infrastructure.
He wanted to be chosen as the Democrat's Vice-Presidential nominee, but Lloyd Bentsen was chosen instead.
From 1991 to 1997, he was a shadow senator from the District of Columbia.
People thought Jackson might run against Bill Clinton in the 1996 primaries, but he did not.
In 2016, during the 2016 United States presidential election he endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton.
In 2020, during the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he endorsed Bernie Sanders to be the democratic nominee.
He is known for saying some things that are controversial.
Some things he said were offensive to Jews.
He also said that Barack Obama was "acting like he's white" and "talking down to black people."
Jackson's eldest son, Jesse Jackson Jr., is a former congressman from Illinois.
In August 2021, Jackson and his wife were hospitalized at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, with COVID-19.
United States Shadow senators from District of Columbia
The structured program theorem is a theorem in programming and computer science.
A computer program can be split into pieces of code that do a certain task.
According to the structured program theorem, these smaller tasks can be combined in only three ways to get any larger task done.
A program gets a large task done by splitting it into many smaller tasks that the computer can do easily.
These smaller tasks are called subprograms in computer science.
According to the structured program theorem, the three ways subprograms can be combined are:
In sequence.
Executing (running) one subprogram, and then executing another subprogram.
By selection.
Executing a subprogram based on a certain condition.
In repetition.
Executing the same subprogram over and over again.
The theorem was first published in 1966 by Corrado Böhm and Guiseppe Jacopini.
It comes from the 1946 description of the von Neumann architecture and the normal form theorem developed by Stephen Kleene.
The Lower Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic period.
It lasted from about 252.2 million years ago (mya) to ~247.2 mya.
The Lower Triassic is the oldest epoch of the Mesozoic era.
These rocks were laid down just after the great Permian–Triassic extinction event.
The Lower Triassic was called the Scythian stage, which can be found in older literature.
In Europe, most of the Lower Triassic is composed of sandstone.
It is a lithostratigraphic unit of continental red beds.
They were formed on land under desert conditions.
The massive extinctions that ended the Paleozoic era caused extreme hardship for the surviving species.
The most common hard-shelled marine invertebrates were bivalves, gastropods, ammonites, echinoids, and a few articulate brachiopods.
The most common land animal was the herbivorous synapsid Lystrosaurus.
The earliest Triassic faunas lacked biodiversity and were like that throughout the epoch.
Recovery on land took 30 million years.
The climate during the Lower Triassic (especially in the interior of the supercontinent Pangaea) was generally dry.
Deserts were widespread.
The poles had a temperate climate.
The relatively hot climate of the epoch may have been caused by widespread volcanic eruptions.
The Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period.
It lasted from about 247.2 million years ago (mya) to ~237 mya.
Once the middle series in the Triassic was known as the Muschelkalk.
This name is now only used for a unit of rock strata of Middle Triassic age, found in western Europe.
Archosaurs were initially rarer than the therapsids which had dominated Permian terrestrial ecosystems, but they began to displace therapsids in the Middle Triassic.
This 'Triassic takeover' may have contributed to the evolution of mammals.
It forced the surviving therapsids and their mammalian successors to live as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores.
Nocturnal life probably forced the proto-mammals to develop fur and higher metabolic rates.
In their burrows, keeping warm, looking after the young and feeding them with milk were keys to their later success.
In the Tethys Ocean, the first sauropterygia were present, the nothosaurs and early plesiosaurs.
Ichthyosaurs had arrived in the Lower Triassic.
Shahāb al-Dīn Yahya ibn Habash as-Suhrawardī (, also known as Sohrevardi) was a 12th-century Persian poet, philosopher and Sufi.
He was the founder of the Illuminationist philosophy or "Oriental Theosophy", or the Suhrawardi Order of Sufism.
He is sometimes also called Sheikh al Maqtul (The Murdered Master/Sage) as he was executed for his beliefs and practices by orthodox Islamic authorities.
1191 deaths
Adduction is a form of movement in animal biology which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the sagittal plane of the body.
The opposite of adduction is abduction.
Muscles of adduction
of arm at shoulder (lowering arm)
Subscapularis
Teres major
Pectoralis major
Infraspinatus
Triceps brachii (caput longum)
Coracobrachialis
of hand at wrist
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi ulnaris
of fingers
Palmar interossei
of thumb
Adductor pollicis
of thigh at hip
medial compartment of thigh/adductor muscles of the hip
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Pectineus
Gracilis
of toes (S2-S3)
Adductor hallucis
Plantar interossei
vocal folds
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
Superior rectus muscle
Inferior rectus muscle
Medial rectus muscle
Adduction in Scallops
It lets them open and close their shells.
It is quite large and developed compared to other bivalves because they swim a lot.
16th century - 20th century
Malaye Jaziri (Melayê Cizîrî),(1570–1640), Kurdish poet and sufi
Sherefxan Bidlisi (1543–1599), historian and poet, author of Sharafnama.
Faqi Tayran (Feqîyê Teyran), (1590–1660), poet, author of Sheik San'an and Battle of DimDim.
Ali Taramakhi (Elî Teremaxî), (16th century), linguist and writer.
Mustafa Besarani, (1642-1701),Kurdish poet
Ahmad Khani (Ehmedê Xanî), (1651–1707), Kurdish poet and a Muslim scholar, author of Mem û Zîn.
Khana Qubadi (Xana Qubadî), (1700–1759), Kurdish poet, author of  Şîrîn û Xesrew.
Mahmud Bayazidi (1797–1859), Kurdish writer, translator and historian.
Nali (1797–1869), Kurdish poet.
Mastoura Ardalan (1805–1848), Kurdish poet and historiographer.
Mawlawi Tawagozi (1806–1882), Kurdish poet and sufi.
Haji Qadir Koyi (1817–1897), Kurdish poet.
Mahwi (1830–1906), Kurdish poet and sufi.
Sheikh Rezza Talabani (1835–1910), Kurdish, Iraq.
Wafaei (1844–1902), Kurdish poet, Iran.
Edeb (1860–1918), Kurdish poet, Iran
Piramerd (1867–1950), Kurdish poet, writer, novelist and journalist, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Muhamed Amin Zaki (1880–1948), writer, historian and politician, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Taufiq Wahby (1891–1984), writer and linguist, Iraq.
Celadet Bedir Khan (Celadet Alî Bedirxan), (1893–1951), linguist, journalist and politician, founder of the Latin-based Kurdish alphabet.
Nuri Barzinji (1896–1958), poet, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Arab Shamilov (Erebê Şemo) (1897–1978), Kurdish writer and novelist, Armenia.
Rafiq Hilmi (1898–1960), Kurdish writer, literary analyst and politician, Iraq.
Cigerxwîn (Cegerxwîn), (1903–1984), Kurdish poet and writer, Turkey/Syria.
Abdulla Goran (1904–1962), Kurdish poet.
Osman Sabri (1905–1993), Kurdish poet, writer and journalist, Turkey/Syria.
Emînê Evdal (1906–1964), Kurdish writer and linguist, Armenia.
Alaaddin Sajadi (1907–1984), Kurdish writer, poet and academic, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Hecîyê Cindî (1908–1990), Kurdish writer, linguist and researcher, Armenia.
Qanate Kurdo (1909–1985), Kurdish writer, linguist and academic, Russia.
Qedrîcan (1911–1972), Kurdish poet and writer, Turkey/Syria.
Ibrahim Ahmad (1914–2000), Kurdish writer, novelist and translator, Iraqi Kurdistan/England.
Dildar, (Yonis Reuf), (1917–1948), Kurdish poet, Iraq
Hejar (Abdurrahman Sharafkandi), (1920–1990), Kurdish poet, writer, translator and linguist, Iran.
Hemin Mukriyani (Hêmin Mukriyanî), (1921–1986), Kurdish journalist and poet, Iran.
Ahmad Hardi (1922–2006), Kurdish poet, Iraqi Kurdistan/UK.
Karim Hisami (1926–2001), Kurdish writer, Iran/Iraq/Sweden.
Muhamad Salih Dilan (1927–1990), One of the founders of modern Kurdish poetry.
Shamil Asgarov (1928–2005), poet, researcher on the history and culture of the Kurds in Azerbaijan, translator.
Mahmud Baksi (1944–2001), Kurdish writer and journalist, Sweden.
FC Barcelona advanced to the Round of 16.
Strength Through Joy was a large state controlled program of rest and play in Nazi Germany.
It made the tourism industry richer after a long time of no tourists.
Many cruise ships were created specifically for this program, such as the MV Wilhelm Gustloff.
Strength Through Joy was paused during the Second World War, and never restarted.
A Hospital ship is a big boat which is built to cure patients.
Most are operated by militaries, or by governments.
Attacking one is a war crime, but Hospital ships are not allowed to carry any weapons, and enemy navies (if the owner of the Hospital ship is at war) are allowed to inspect them.
The Volkswagen Beetle is a car manufactured by the Volkswagen company.
It was designed by Dr. Ferdinand Porsche.
When it was introduced, it had gone through over a million miles of testing - more than any other car at the time.
The history of the car is the history of the Volkswagen company - the company was created to make that car.
Other than some military vehicles during WWII, it was the only car the company made at first.
The car was made from 1949 to 2003, over 23 million of them.
For many years, it held the record as the most-sold car ever.
It took the record from the Model T Ford in 1971, and held it until 2000 when the Toyota Corolla took it away.
The basic shape and design of the car did not change.
It was also powered by an engine in the rear, had a small trunk up front, and was air-cooled (no radiator).
More recently, the company made the New Beetle, which looked similar, followed by the present-day Beetle from 2012.
These are completely different cars however, since they have a water-cooled engine in the front, and are very similar underneath to the Volkswagen Golf.
Disney made a series of films about a Beetle called Herbie.
Ferdinand Porsche (September 3, 1875January 30, 1951) was born in Austria.
He was a talented and well-known car designer, especially of race cars.
But he always wanted to make a small car useful for a family.
Finally Adolf Hitler gave him the opportunity to make the Volkswagen Beetle in 1936.
But by the time the car started production, war broke out, and the company started making army vehicles instead.
After World War II he was put in a French jail for almost 2 years but never convicted of a crime.
He was released, but his health had been damaged and he died not long afterwards.
He lived long enough to see his beloved small car being successfully produced by the Volkswagen company, but not to see the great success it eventually became.
He started the Porsche company in 1931.
At first it made designs and prototypes for others (including the Volkswagen Beetle).
Later, under his son Ferry Porsche's leadership, it started making high-end cars.
It continues to produce high power cars to this day.
Barber, Chris (2003).
Birth of the Beetle: The Development of the Volkswagen by Ferdinand Porsche.
Haynes Publishing. .
Ludvigsen, Karl E. (2008).
Porsche: Excellence Was Expected – The Comprehensive History of the Company, Its Cars and Its Racing Heritage.
Brooklands Books.
Hans Mommsen; Manfred Grieger: Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich, ECON Verlag, Düsseldorf 1996,
Peter Müller: Ferdinand Porsche.
Der Vater des Volkswagens, 4.
Martin Pfundner: Austro Daimler und Steyr.
Rivalen bis zur Fusion.
Die frühen Jahre des Ferdinand Porsche.
Böhlau, Wien 2007.
West Ham's Cedes Stoll Trolleybus Porsche design
Porsche facts website
Website of the Society of Automotive Historians about him
Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Lohner-Porsche.
Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Landwehr and C-train
George Balanchine (Saint Petersburg, January 22, 1904 – New York, April 30, 1983) was a ballet dancer and choreographer.
His father was Georgian and his mother Russian.
He was one of the 20th century's most famous choreographers.
He developed over 200 ballets, mostly in the United States.
He was the co-founder and balletmaster of the New York City Ballet.
He was a choreographer known for his musicality.
He often with Igor Stravinsky: 39 of his ballets were choreographed to music by Stravinsky.
Balanchine was trained at the Imperial Ballet School in St Petersburg.
After the Revolution he joined what is now the Mariinsky Ballet.
He escaped when the company toured Germany.
He was picked up by Sergei Diaghilev to be a dancer and choreographer for the Ballets Russes.
After Diaghilev's death, Balanchine stayed in Europe until 1933.
Then he was taken to New York by a wealthy patron, Lincoln Kirstein.
Together they formed the American Ballet School.
Later they formed the American Ballet Company.
This company became the 'house' dance group of the New York Metropolitan Opera.
Later, in 1938, Balanchine moved the company to Hollywood.
In 1948 he moved back to New York.