the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It was in Central and North Netherlands and East Friesland in Germany.
It was a puppet state created by France.
The king of Holland was Louis Bonaparte.
Puppet states
19th-century establishments in the Netherlands
19th-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Victor Emmanuel III (11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was king of Italy from 29 July 1900 to 9 May 1946.
He was the son and successor of King Umberto I. He was a member of the House of Savoy.
Victor was born in Naples.
His mother was Queen Margherita of Savoy.
He became king in 1900, at age 31, after his father was killed by Gaetano Bresci.
After World War I, Benito Mussolini started the March on Rome and Victor Emmanuel III supported him.
Mussolini became the Prime Minister and dictator.
Because people said Victor Emmanuel III had worked together with Mussolini too much, Italy became a republic in 1946.
11 November 1869 - 29 July 1900: His Royal Highness The Prince of Naples
29 July 1900 - 9 May 1946: His Majesty The King of Italy
9 May 1936 - 5 May 1941: His Imperial Majesty The Emperor of Ethiopia
16 April 1939 - 8 September 1943: His Majesty The King of the Albanians
9 May 1946 - 28 December 1947 His Majesty King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy
King Vittorio Emanuele III
Kings and Queens of Italy
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
An alter ego (from Latin, "other I") is another self — a second personality within a person.
It is also called leading a double life.
The term "alter ego" was first used in the 19th century.
It was inventory by psychologists in talking about dissociative identity disorder.
For example, in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Mr. Hyde was Dr. Jekyll's evil alter ego (same person, different personalities).
The term is also used in popular fiction, like comic books, for the secret identity of a superhero, vigilante, or crimefighter.
The character would do this so people won't know that he or she is fighting crime.
Examples of characters using alter egos include:
Superman's alter ego is Clark Kent,
Bruce Wayne’s is Batman,
Peter Parker’s is Spider-Man
Ziggy Stardust was an alter ego from David Bowie
Marilyn Manson is the stage name of Brian Warner
Ziggy Stardust is a fictional character.
Ziggy was created and used by David Bowie, from 1970 to 1973.
Bowie used Ziggy Stardust as a second personality (alter ego).
Ziggy appeared to be neither male nor female.
Ziggy's band was The Spiders From Mars.
They recorded a couple of albums:
The Rise And Fall Of Ziggy Stardust And The Spiders From Mars (1972)
Ziggy's 'life' came to an end in a live concert at Hammersmith Odeon, on July 3, 1973.
This show was in 1983 released in a movie: Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture.
A 30th anniversary edition was released in 2003.
Fictional characters
The Spiders from Mars was a Rock band from 1970 to 1973.
It was a project from David Bowie.
Bowie himself was the lead-singer.
He created a secondary personality (alter ego) for this purpose: Ziggy Stardust.
A re-release of this movie was in 2003: 30th Anniversary Edition.
Trevor Bolder - Bass guitar
David Bowie - Guitar, Keyboards, Saxophone, Vocals
Mick Ronson - Guitar, Piano, Vocals
Mick "Woody" Woodmansey - Drums
The Ziggy Stardust Companion
Michael Schumacher (born 3 January 1969 in Hürth, near Cologne) is a German Formula 1 driver.
He is widely considered the greatest Formula 1 driver of all time.
He has won seven world championship titles and has the most Grand Prix victories in the world.
This champion, nicknamed campionissimo by Italian fans of Ferrari, is considered the most popular German personality in the world.
Michael's younger brother Ralf is also a Formula 1 driver.
When he was small, his father gave him a little kart.
It had a small motor bike engine in it.
He started getting interest from that time.
Pre-F1 career
In 1984 Michael won the German Kart Championship and went on to win many more.
In 1987 he won the German and European Kart Championship.
Schumacher signed up with Will Weber's Formula 3 race team and won the 1990 championship.
F1 career
Jordan (1991)
He made his debut in the Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August.
He impressed many fans as he qualified 7th on a track where he had never previously(before) driven with an inferior car.
At the start he burnt the clutch and retired.
Benetton (1991-1995)
He followed it up with 6th in both Portugal and at the then new Circuit de Catalunya in Spain.
He then crashed out in Japan and spun in the torrential rain at the season finale in Australia.
In the 6 races he entered, he scored 4 points and 14th in the championship.
He started the season off well with 4th in South Africa followed by his maiden podium finish in 3rd at the Mexican Grand Prix.
He followed it up with another 3rd place in Brazil and 2nd in Spain.
In San Marino he crashed out, then came 4th in Monaco and 2nd in Canada.
He spun off in the rain at the French Grand Prix and finished 4th in Britain and 3rd in Germany.
He retired again in Hungary but at Spa Francorchamps, where he made his debut, he won a rain-affected race.
He came 3rd in Italy, 7th in Portugal, retired in Japan and came 2nd in Australia.
He finished the season in 3rd place overall (in front of Senna) with a total of 53 points.
Williams dominated the season with it's active suspension, and Benetton quickly made a similar one to match Williams.
Schumacher won the Portuguese Grand Prix, and finished 9 times on the podium.
However, with 7 retirements, he failed to finish 3rd in the championship.
Comeback 2010-2012
In 2010 Schumacher returned to F1 with the Mercedes team.
In total he spent 3 years with the team in which he scored 1 pole in Monaco (but he was stripped of it due to a penalty), 1 fastest lap, and 1 podium.
He was replaced by Lewis Hamilton for the 2013 season and retired from Formula One.
Racing record
Career summary
Source: Hilton, Christopher (2006).
Michael Schumacher: The Whole Story.
Haynes. .
Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Formula One records
As of the end of the  Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Michael Schumacher holds the following Formula One records:
Record shared with Alberto Ascari ( Belgian Grand Prix– Argentine Grand Prix).
Some sources credit Ascari with nine consecutive wins, disregarding the  Indianapolis 500 race, in which Ascari did not compete.
The American race formed part of the world championship, but was not run to the same regulations as the other races and was very rarely attended by world championship drivers.
Record shared with Alain Prost ( and ) and Kimi Räikkönen ().
Record shared with Kimi Räikkönen ( and ).
2013 skiing accident
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
German racecar drivers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
is a Japanese city in Kanagawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.
Yokohama is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture in the Kantō region.
Yokohama is a neighbor city of Tokyo.
It has been the second largest city of Japan since the 1980s.
Yokohama has an international trade seaport.
It is the largest port in Japan.
Many cars and machinery are exported from the port.
The downtown area is around the port.
Today, the area of Yokohama city includes its former suburb areas like Hodogaya or Totsuka.
In Minato Mirai, there are a lot of places for sightseeing.
For example, there are amusement parks and shopping malls.
Yokohama was an entrance for foreign cultures for a long time.
Still today Yokohama has the largest Chinatown in Japan.
The Yokohama port was created in the middle of the 19th century for foreigners.
It was five ports opened to foreign countries who demanded Japan to open ports.
And Yokohama was the nearest port to Tokyo, which was then called Edo.
In the Edo period, Hodogaya-juku was one of the fifty-three shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.
Two other Tōkaidō rest stops are within the boundaries of modern Yokohama—in Kanagawa ward and Totsuka ward.
Wards of Yokohama
Aoba-ku, Yokohama
Asahi-ku, Yokohama
Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama
Isogo-ku, Yokohama
Izumi-ku, Yokohama
Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama
Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama
Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama
Kounan-ku, Yokohama
Midori-ku, Yokohama
Minami-ku, Yokohama
Naka-ku, Yokohama
Nishi-ku, Yokohama
Sakae-ku, Yokohama
Seya-ku, Yokohama
Totsuka-ku, Yokohama
Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama
Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama
City of Yokohama website
Kanagawa Prefecture Tourism website
19th-century establishments in Japan
Axis countries and Axis Powers are the names for some countries that fought together against the Allies during World War II.
The war ended in 1945 with the Axis powers losing and their alliances broken.
Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers
The most important Axis countries formed an alliance called the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers (1922 to 1945).
They included:
Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler
Kingdom of Italy under Benito Mussolini
Empire of Japan under Emperor Hirohito
All three countries had authoritarian governments, which were (and still are) often referred to as fascist.
Other countries
Subsequent signatories of the Tripartite Pact
Co-belligerent states
Finland fought against the Soviet Union and participated in the Siege of Leningrad.
Client states
Philippines (Second Republic)
Vietnam (Empire of Vietnam)
Manchukuo (Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia)
Province of Ljubljana
Controversial cases
Denmark signed treaty of mutual non-aggression.
Spain was neutral, but gave non-military assistance.
Vichy France agreed not to resist after Northern France was conquered.
Allowed (forced?)
to allow Japan to occupy French Indochina.
Burma (Ba Maw regime)
India (Provisional Government of Free India)
WW2DB: Tripartite Pact
WW2DB: Axis Countries
20th century in Japan
20th century in Italy
Military alliances
In mathematics, an axis (mathematics) is a straight line around which a geometric figure can be rotated, or the axis of a graph.
In anatomy, an axis (anatomy) is a vertebra.
In history, the Axis countries were a group of countries that worked together in World War II.
The Axis of Evil
It is a Germanic language.
It comes from the Old Norse language, the language spoken by the Vikings.
Because Iceland is far away from other countries, the language has not changed much.
Icelandic people can still read words from hundreds of years ago.
Icelandic uses four characters that are not used in English: þ (thorn), (like 'th' in thin), ð (edh), (like 'th' in this), æ (pronounced like I) and ö (pronounced like the French U).
It can also be said that ð is a "softer" version of þ.
Passu is a small village by the Khunjerab River in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
It lies at an altitude of 2500m (8202.1 feet).
The Batura and Passu glaciers and the Karakoram Highway are close to the village.
The people speak the Wakhi language and follow the Ismaili sect of Islam.
Passu Village
around Passu Hunza pakistan
Passu mentioned on ExplorePak.com
Geography of Kashmir
Villages in Pakistan
The equator is a line which is not real drawn around a sphere or planet, such as the Earth.
It is one of the lines known as a line of latitude, or circle of latitude.
The name "equator" is Latin for "even-maker"; at equator the day and night are exactly the same length around the year.
The equator is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole.
There, the surface of the planet is parallel to the axis of rotation.
The equator divides the surface into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.
Northern hemisphere
Solstice and equinox
Lines of latitude
A rocket may be a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which is pushed by a rocket engine.
Some big rockets are launch vehicles and some are manned (e.g. Saturn V).
Other rockets, for example missiles, are unmanned.
("Manned" means that a person is in it; "unmanned" means that the machine goes without a person.)
Most rockets can be launched from the ground because exhaust thrust from the engine is bigger than the weight of the vehicle on Earth.
Some are used to bring satellites into orbit.
Some rockets such as ion thrusters are too weak and heavy to lift themselves.
They work after other rockets bring them to outer space.
The rocket was invented by the Chinese while using gunpowder.
The first rockets were shaped like arrows and were not very fast.
Most rockets still work by fire.
The fire makes hot exhaust gases that expand and shoot out the back.
This makes the rocket go forward.
Most rockets still use solid fuel to make the fire.
The biggest ones use liquid fuel because it makes a hotter fire so the rocket is more powerful.
However, handling the liquid fuel safely is difficult and expensive.
Some satellite launch vehicles use both.
Manned rockets, similar to other manned flying machines, are designed to limit their acceleration and vibration to protect the crew.
Unmanned rockets however are not bound by the limits of humans.
Some rockets go faster than the speed of sound ().
Those that go into Low Earth orbit go .
Yuri Gagarin was a Soviet cosmonaut who, on 12 April 1961, became the first human to fly into outer space.
He was in the R-7 rocket launched by the Soviet Union.
An advisor (or adviser) is someone who gives advice. (
Someone who advises.)
The job of an advisor is to give good advice that helps the person that he or she is advising.
Usually, only certain people, like businessmen or politicians, have advisors.
This is because these kinds of people are usually very busy, and they do not have the time to make decisions alone.
In the United States, the President's advisors are called his "Cabinet."
Some well-known cabinet members, current and former, from the Bush Administration are:
macOS, formerly Mac OS X from 2001 to 2012 and OS X until 2016, is the name of an operating system for computers made by Apple Inc. These are called Macintosh computers, or Macs.
It differs from other computers, as macOS is supposed to run only on Macs and not on other computers.
However, people have made the OS run on computers that are not Macs.
This is called Hackintosh and violates macOS' license agreement.
macOS first came out in 2001, and is completely different than the "classic" Mac OS that it replaced.
Unlike that old (original) operating system, macOS (since OS X) is based on the Unix operating system (current versions have UNIX 03 certification) and on technologies developed between 1985 and 1997 at NeXT, a company that Apple co-founder Steve Jobs created after leaving Apple in 1985.
The "X" in Mac OS X and OS X is the Roman numeral for the number 10 and is pronounced as such.
The core of macOS is an open source OS called Darwin, but Darwin itself cannot run macOS software.
macOS releases are named after kinds of big cats, or California landmarks, and have a version number that starts with 10.
The latest versions of macOS code name is macOS Big Sur (11.0).
Throughout the early 1990s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to succeed its classic Mac OS.
The current macOS is a Unix operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT from the 1980s until Apple purchased the company in early 1997.
That company was also founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985.
There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989 (the "classic" "Mac OS" is much older, came out in 1984).
The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and low-level user space code derived from parts of BSD.
Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the  programming language.
Public Beta: "Kodiak"
On September 13, 2000, Apple released a $29.95 preview of Mac OS X to ask users what they think of the new operating system so far.
Apple stopped the Public Beta in March 2001 because of the recent release of OS X 10.0.
Version 10.0: "Cheetah"
On March 24, 2001 Apple released Mac OS X for the first time aka OS X v10.0 (codename Cheetah), but unfortunately, it was a failure due to its many computer bugs and glitches and its slow performance.
Luckily this operating system version only stayed on the market up until September when it was moved up to a "higher level".
Version 10.1: "Puma"
Due to many problems and complaints about Cheetah, Apple directly got to work on releasing Puma, the next big cat in Mac OS X. It was released on September 24, 2001.
Apple gave 10.0 users a free Mac OS X v10.1 install CD to make up for the flawed operating system before.
As of January 7, 2002, Apple said Mac OS 9 and other previous operating systems from Apple were "going in the computer scrapyard" by the end of the month (January 31, 2002) and OS X would be the default and only operating system available on all Macs.
Version 10.2: "Jaguar"
Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar was released on August 24, 2002 and was the first to have its codename in the version branding.
The Happy Mac (which formerly appeared when a Mac was starting up) was replaced with a large gray apple logo with the startup sequence of OS X 10.2 Jaguar.
Version 10.3: "Panther"
Mac OS X 10.3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003 and was one of the biggest updates to OS X yet.
It featured a new brushed metal interface, an updated Finder, and many more features from Jaguar the year before.
Version 10.4: "Tiger"
Tiger was released on April 29, 2005 and as stated by Apple, featured more than 200 new features.
Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automaton, Voice-over, Core Image and Core Video.
Apple released the first Power Intel Macs for Tiger on January 10, 2006.
Tiger ran swell on these computers.
It was also the last operating system to support the Aqua color scheme.
Version 10.5: "Leopard"
Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007.
It was completely redesigned featuring a 3D Dock, a new purple color scheme, and over 200 new features.
It had both support for PowerPC and Intel Macs too.
Leopard was the last release to have support for PowerPC.
Version 10.6: "Snow Leopard"
Mac OS X Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009, and rather than featuring changes to the appearance, it featured "Under the hood" changes.
Snow Leopard dropped support for PowerPC Macs too.
Version 10.7: "Lion"
OS X Lion was first shown to the public at the "Back to The Mac" event in 2010, announced more at WWDC 2011, and released on July 20, 2011.
It featured iOS like features such as a launchpad, the magic trackpad coming to MacBooks, and a new solar system color scheme.
Apple also removed Rosetta making it impossible to use PowerPC.
Version 10.8: "Mountain Lion"
OS X Mountain Lion was announced on February 18, 2012, and released on July 25, 2012.
It adds more features from iOS 5 and 6 to the Mac such as notifications, messaging, game center, and gaming with people on iPhones, iPods, and iPads.
Version 10.9: "Mavericks"
OS X Mavericks was announced on June 10, 2013 at the 2013 Worldwide Developers Conference.
It adds the Maps and iBooks applications, as well as new Finder features, better multi-display support, power improvements, and a new version of Safari.
It was released on October 22, 2013.
It was the first macOS version that was free.
Version 10.10: "Yosemite"
OS X Yosemite was announced in June 2014 at the 2014 Worldwide Developers Conference.
It was in beta form for developers and those enrolled in the public beta programme to test until October 16, 2014 when it was released.
It introduces a new flat design, following the aesthetic introduced with iOS 7.
Version 10.11: "El Capitan"
OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015 after being announced on June 8, 2015.
Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as containing "refinements to the Mac experience" and "improvements to system performance" rather than new features.
Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI improvements to the Notes application, adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of System Integrity Protection.
The Metal API, first introduced in iOS 8, was also included in this operating system for "all Macs since 2012".
Version 10.12: "Sierra"
macOS 10.12 Sierra was announced on June 12, 2016 and released to the public on September 20, 2016.
New features include the addition of Siri, Optimized Storage, and updates to Photos, Messages, and iTunes
Version 10.13: "High Sierra"
The fall release of macOS 10.13 High Sierra was announced on June 5, 2017 at Apple's WWDC event.
On September 12, 2017 at Apple's iPhone event, they announced its release to be September 25, 2017.
Like OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion, High Sierra is a refinement-based update having very few new features.
High Sierra uses the new Apple File System and includes enhancements to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other changes.
Version 10.14: "Mojave"
Released on September 24, 2018.
There are many additional features to the existing macOS apps.
Some highlights are Dark Mode (UI theme & appearance), time shifts reflecting the hour of the day (desktop background), file stacks, edit features in quick look, continuity camera and Group FaceTime features also adds the screenshot app.
Version 10.15: "Catalina"
Released on October 7, 2019.
This OS is included with lots of additional new features like sharing your screen to iPad (Sidecar) and is capable of running iPad apps.
Catalina is the first version of macOS to exclusively support 64-bit applications.
MacOS Catalina also split up iTunes into 3 apps: Music, Podcasts and Movies.
Because of the removal of iTunes, syncing your devices is done in Finder.
Version 11.0: "Big Sur"
Released on November 12, 2020, macOS Big Sur changes the version number from 10 to 11.
It now supports the ARM64 instruction set architecture (ISA), as Apple is transitioning the Mac to its own Apple Silicon based on the ARM64 platform.
It brings the biggest design changes since the introduction of macOS (then called Mac OS X).
Version 12.0: "Monterey"
Released on October 25, 2021.
macOS Monterey changes the version number from 11 to 12.
At macOS's core is a POSIX-compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel, with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface.
Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin.
On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the Aqua interface and the Finder, to complete the GUI-based operating system which is macOS.
The Darwin subsystem in macOS is in charge of managing the file system, which includes the Unix permissions layer.
In 2003 and 2005, two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions "the most common frustration" in macOS, while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day, a process which can take up to 15 minutes.
More recently, another Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused.
He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference, and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems emerge.
the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks.
Apple provides its own software development tools, most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode.
Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C, C++, Objective-C, and Swift.
For the Apple–Intel transition, it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary, which provides compatibility with both the Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines.
First and third-party applications can be controlled programatically using the AppleScript framework, retained from the classic Mac OS, or using the newer Automator application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge.
Rendsburg (Danish: Rendsborg) is a town in Schleswig-Holstein with 30,000 people.
Jacques René Chirac (29 November 1932 – 26 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of the French Republic and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007.
He was re-elected in 2002.
Before that, he was Prime Minister of France twice, and Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995.
On 14 July 2002, during Bastille Day celebrations, a man tried to shoot Chirac.
A lone gunman with a rifle hidden in a guitar case, the would-be assassin fired a shot toward the presidential motorcade.
He was then overpowered by bystanders.
The gunman, Maxime Brunerie, had psychiatric testing.
After Presidency
On 15 December 2011, Chirac was found guilty for corruption.
He was allowed to serve his 2-year sentence without prison time.
As a former president, Chirac had a lifetime pension.
He was a member for life of France's Constitutional Council.
In 1956, he married Bernadette Chodron de Courcel.
They had two daughters: Laurence (1958–2016) and Claude (born 1962).
Claude is a public relations assistant and personal adviser.
Laurence, who had anorexia nervosa in her youth, did not participate in the political activities of her father.
In 2005, Chirac suffered a stroke.
He had been suffering from memory loss and was in ill health.
On 10 December 2015, Chirac was hospitalized in Paris for undisclosed reasons, and although his state of health did not "give any cause for concern", he would remain under the intensive care unit.
2019 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
French Roman Catholics
Mayors of Paris
Presidents of France
From 1997 to 2003, Jeckle attended the University of Applied Science in Augsburg.
In 1998, he received his computer science degree for his thesis (paper) "Prozeßkettenmodellierung am Beispiel der Gießwerkzeugentwicklung und prototypische Implementierung auf Basis des EDM/PDM - Systems Metaphase" (An example of process chain modelling in  casting tool development and prototype implementation on basis of the EDM/PDM - Systems Metaphase).
At Augsburg, he taught Java, Java Threads, XML and software engineering.
In 2003, Jeckle became a professor at the University of Applied Sciences in Furtwangen.
He taught about XML, databases, software engineering, and "eBusiness" (electronic business).
Jeckle was also a W3C and OMG representative of DaimlerChrysler Research and developed technical standards for XML, UML 2.0, and others.
At the beginning of 2004, he was a member of the Technical Architecture Group of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Jeckle was also an author of books and a well-known speaker at conferences and seminars (information groups).
On 11 June 2004, he died while giving aid to others who had a car accident on a German highway.
While helping, another driver lost control and hit Jeckle and another man.
Associate Editor of International Journal of Web Services Research
Associate Editor of International Journal on Web Services
Chairman of the mailinglist of GOOAL.net
Editor of W3C-Dokuments Composite Capability/Preference Profiles (CC/PP): Processing and Protocol Requirements 1.0
Executive Committee Member of the IEEE Technical Community for Services Computing
DaimlerChrysler Research member of the Advisory Committee des World Wide Web Consortiums (W3C)
Headleader of the Masters of System Architekture in Furtwangen.
Member of the Device Independence Working Group (W3C)
Member of the Technical Architecture Group (W3C)
Member of the Web Service Architecture Working Group (W3C)
Member of the Editorial Boards des International Journal of Grid and Utility Computing
Member of the Advisory Board des International Journal on Cases on Electronic Commerce
Member of the Editorial Board des International Journal for Infonomics
Member of the Editorial Board des International Journal of IT Standards & Standardization Research
Member of the Fachbeirat the lecture "Java Spektrum"
Member of the German Architect Board of ASQF
Member of the IBM Developer Works Research Panel
Member of the Java Community Process
Member of the Technical Advisory Board der Gentleware AG
private Homepage of Mario Jeckle (in German)
Informatikpreis 1998  (in German)
Tim Berners-Lee to the death of Mario Jeckle (W3C)
In Memoriam: Mario Jeckle (W3C)
German computer scientists
The Eighty Years' War, also called Dutch Revolt, was a war between the Netherlands and Spain.
It lasted from 1568 to 1648 but was interrupted by a truce between 1609 and 1621.
The Peace of Westphalia ended the war.
The Netherlands achieved independence in the Eighty Years' War.
Wars involving England
Wars involving France
Wars involving the Netherlands
Wars involving Spain
16th century in Europe
17th century in Europe
For example, in the number , 5 is the base and 4 is the exponent.
This can be read as "5 to the power of 4".
Therefore, in this example, four copies of 5 are multiplied together, which means that .
In general, given two numbers  and , the number  can be read as " raised to the power of " or " to the th power", where  is the exponent.
Bases raised to the power of two, , can be read the base "squared", because the area of a square with a side length of x is .
Similarly, bases raised to the power of three, , can be called the base "cubed", because the area of a cube with a side length of x is .
Exponents are used in algebra.
Exponentiation is a way of shortening the process/equation of repeatedly multiplying many copies of a number.
An exponent is a number or symbol, placed above and to the right of the expression to which it applies, that indicates the number of times the expression is used as a factor.
the exponent x in  indicates x copies of  are multiplied together.
Product Rule:
Proof - When multiplying a base term by two different exponents , there are m number of a's and n number of a's.
therefore  .
This is true because at first, we had 2 threes times 4 threes which, when multiplied together, gives us 3 multiplied by itself 6 times, or 4+2 times.
Quotient Rule:
Proof (when m > n) -
By grouping the corresponding a’s, we get:
Since corresponding a’s become 1, we are then left with
therefore, .
Notice that , which confirms the proof.
In fact, this property holds when m < n as well, but in that case, we get negative exponents instead.
When m < n, the format of the problem becomes .
Zero Rule:
Proof: we showed in #1 that  .
This equation holds true for  as well, so
If this statement is true where , then  must equal one.
That is:
Negative exponents
A negative exponent is the reciprocal of a number with a positive exponent which can be mathematically represented as  In the same way that regular exponents are considered repeated multiplication, negative exponents can be considered repeated division.
Negative exponents can also be different from -1.
In this case the negative exponent can be separated from the positive exponent,  so
The formula for a negative exponent in terms of a whole number exponent is  There are more than one ways to prove this.
The first proof involves a pattern form.
It is not always a good idea to use patterns because in cases like exponents they may not be complete patterns for every case, but the proof still holds.
Proof #1: Why is   ?
***(see zero rule for proof of this!)
divide both sides by
Proof #2:
If we also have a multiplication, like in , it would be written as
Complex exponentiation
A complex number can also be taken to the power of another complex number.
The relationship between imaginary numbers and trigonometry, which produces the multiplication formula
There are some relationships between functions and “infinite degree polynomials”, that are called series representations of the functions.
The important series representations that we will focus on are:
From these representations, you should notice that the terms of the sine and cosine series combine, along with some sign changes, to make the exponential series.
By introducing the number i into the equation, we get
There are some cases where we are raising other numbers to the power i. For example, we can use the following relationship .
Here using base 2 and exponent i, we get
We can rewrite the  in the trigonometric form .
By the relationship we found between trigonometry and complex exponent, we can rewrite the equation in complex exponential form, .
Substituting this equation in the exponent in our original equation, we get
This can be simplified to be
The real and imaginary parts of the exponent can be simplified separately to obtain to result
Because there are many ways to describe the angle P, this formula can give many answers.
If we allow the variable P to vary by multiples of , we get the final result
Moresnet or Neutral Moresnet () was a very small territory that existed from 1816 to 1919.
It had a size of 3.5 km².
It existed because its neighbours could not agree on who should own it, so they decided to make it a neutral territory where both neighbours would both have power.
It was 7 km Southwest of Aix-la-Chapelle (Germany), and south of the points were the borders of Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands come together on the Vaalserberg.
At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 many borders and countries changed.
One of the borders was the one between the new United Kingdom of the Netherlands and Prussia.
For the most part Prussia and the Netherlands agreed on the border, because it was mostly the same as the old border.
Around Moresnet there was a problem.
Between the villages of Moresnet and Neu-Moresnet was the zinc mine of Vieille Montagne (in French) / Altenberg (in German).
Both countries wanted to have this mine.
In 1816 it was decided that the village of Moresnet itself would become part of the Netherlands, Neu-Moresnet would become part of Prussia and the mine and the village of Kelmis around it would become neutral territory where both countries shared the power.
Neutral Moresnet was shaped more or less like a triangle.
The southern border was the road between Aix-la-Chapelle and Liège.
The mine was just to the north of this road.
The most northerly point of the country was the Vaalserberg.
When Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830, the land on the Dutch side became Belgian.
So from 1830 Belgium and Prussia were in power in Moresnet.
At first Moresnet was governed by two royal commissioners, one from each neighbour.
Later Moresnet got its own rulers: a mayor and a council of ten members were installed.
The mayor was the Head of State, he was appointed by the council.
Most people in Moresnet worked in the zinc mine.
Many people from the neighbouring countries also worked in the zinc mine.
Because Moresnet was neutral, there were very low taxes and there were no import-tariffs (like in Andorra now).
The people from Moresnet were allowed to choose in which army they wanted to serve, but they were not allowed to have their own army.
The mine was exhausted by 1885, so people from Moresnet had to find a new way to find money.
Some wanted to start a casino, or issue their own stamps.
Dr. Wilhelm Molly, wanted to change Moresnet into a country where everyone would speak Esperanto.
He wanted to name the country Amikejo ("place of friendship").
None of these plans succeeded.
Belgium and Prussia (which became a part of Germany in 1871) both wanted to take over the territory.
In 1914, in the First World War, Germany invaded Belgium and occupied Moresnet.
In 1915 they officially annexed it, so Neutral Moresnet did not exist any more.
In 1919, after the war, in the Treaty of Versailles it was decided that Moresnet would become part of Belgium.
From 1940 to 1944, during World War II, Moresnet was occupied by Germany again, but since 1944 it has been part of Belgium again.
1816 establishments in Europe
1920 disestablishments in Europe
19th century in Germany
Former countries in Europe
History of Belgium
States and territories established in the 19th century
MacGyver was an American television series.
It was first shown in September 1985 on the television network, ABC.
The main character, Angus MacGyver (played by Richard Dean Anderson), often prevented inevitable defeats, saved lives, distracted enemies, made weapons, and even performed everyday tasks usually using very few objects that seemed irrelevant or abnormal to use in such situations.
His use of duct tape has led some parts of the world to call it "MacGyver tape."
1985 American television series debuts
1992 American television series endings
1992 television series endings
Action television series
Spy television series
69 - Roman Emperor Vitellius is captured and murdered at the Gemonian Stairs in Rome.
401 - Pope Innocent I is elected.
856 - An earthquake, near Donghan, Persia, kills an estimated 200,000 people.
880 - China: Luoyang, eastern capital of the Tang Dynasty, is captured by rebel leader Huang Chao during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang.
1135 - Stephen of Blois becomes King of England.
1603 – Mehmed III Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Ahmed I.
1622 - The city of Bucaramanga in present-day Colombia is founded.
1647 - A hurricane strikes the Canary Islands, with Fuerteventura being hit particularly hard.
1711 - Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned.
1769 - The Sino-Burmese War of 1765-1769 ends with an uneasy truce.
1789 - Revolutionary France is divided into departments.
1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Alexander Suvorov and his Russian armies.
1807 – The Embargo Act, forbidding trade with all foreign countries, is passed by the United States Congress, at the urging of President Thomas Jefferson.
1809 – The Non-Intercourse Act, lifting the Embargo Act except for the United Kingdom and France, passes the United States Congress.
1849 – The execution of Fyodor Dostoevsky is canceled at the last second.
1851 – The first freight train is operated in Roorkee in India.
1857 - Mountaineering: The Alpine Club is founded in London.
1864 – Savannah, Georgia falls to General William Tecumseh Sherman during the American Civil War.
1885 – Ito Hirobumi, a samurai, becomes the first Prime Minister of Japan.
1891 - Asteroid 323 Brucia becomes the first asteroid discovered by the use of photography
1894 – The Dreyfus affair begins, in France, when Alfred Dreyfus is wrongly convicted of treason, on antisemitic grounds.
1894 - The United States Golf Association is founded.
1910 – Chicago Union Stock Yards Fire, 21 firemen were killed.
1937 – The Lincoln Tunnel opens to traffic in New York City.
1939 - Worst day in history of German train travel: Two separate accidents kill 287 people in total.
1942 - World War II: Adolf Hitler orders the development of the V-2 rocket as a weapon.
1944 – World War II: German troops demand the surrender of United States troops at Bastogne, Belgium.
See Battle of the Bulge
1944 – World War II: Vietnam People's Army is formed to resist Japanese occupation of Vietnam.
1947 - The Constituent Assembly of Italy approves the country's new constitution.
1956 - Colo, the first gorilla to be bred in captivity, is born at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in Ohio.
1963 – Cruise ship Lakonia burns 180 miles north of Madeira with the loss of 128 lives.
1964 – Comedian Lenny Bruce is convicted of obscenity.
1965 – A 65 miles per hour speed limit is introduced on country roads and motorways in the United Kingdom.
1968 - Cultural Revolution: People's Daily posted the instructions of Mao Zedong that it is "The intellectual youth must go to the country, and will be educated from living in rural poverty.
"(Down to the Countryside Movement)
1974 – Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli vote to become the independent nation of Comoros.
Mayotte remains under French administration.
1974 - The house of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Edward Heath is attacked by members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army.
1979 - Catalonia is given autonomy within Spain.
1984 – Subway vigilante Bernhard Hugo Goetz shoots four African-American youths on an express train in The Bronx borough of New York City.
1988 – Chico Mendes, a Brazilian rubber tapper, unionist and environmental activist, is assassinated.
1988 – Yitzhak Shamir present his 3rd government in front of the Israeli Parliament
1989 – After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as president of Romania, ending Nicolae Ceauşescu's Communist dictatorship.
1989 – Berlin's Brandenburg Gate re-opens after nearly 30 years, effectively ending the division of East and West Germany.
1989 – Two Tourist coaches collide on the Pacific Highway north of Kempsey NSW (Kempsey Bus Crash).
1990 – The Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia become independent after the end of their trusteeship.
1990 – Lech Wałęsa is sworn in as President of Poland.
1991 - Armed opposition groups launch a military coup against President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia.
1992 – An MiG23 and a Boeing 727 of Libyan Arab Airlines collide near Tripoli, killing 157 people.
1997 – Acteal massacre: Attendees at a prayer meeting of Roman Catholic activists for indigenous causes in the small village of Acteal in the Mexican state of Chiapas were massacred by paramilitary forces.
1999 – The Spanish Civil Guard finds near Calatayud (Zaragoza) another van loaded by ETA with 750 kg of explosives (see related event on December 21 1999).
1999 – Tandja Mamadou becomes President of Niger.
2001 – Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance, handed over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by Hamid Karzai.
2001 – Richard Reid attempts to destroy a passenger airliner by igniting explosives hidden in his shoes aboard American Airlines Flight 63.
2001 – CC the cat, the first cloned pet, is born.
2002 - Janez Drnovsek becomes President of Slovenia.
2005 - Astronomers announce the discovery of two more rings around the planet Uranus.
2008 – President of Guinea Lansana Conté dies.
Following his death, Moussa Dadis Camara takes power in a coup.
2010 – The end of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy regarding Homosexuals in the United States Military is signed into law by Barack Obama.
2011 – Baghdad is struck by a series of bomb explosions.
2015 - SpaceX lands a first stage Falcon 9 rocket on ground after reaching low-Earth orbit, for the first time in history.
2016 - A study finds the VSV-EBOV vaccine against the Ebola virus between 70 and 100% effective, and therefore making it the first proven vaccine against the disease.
2017 - A typhoon hits the southern Philippines, killing almost 200 people.
2017 - The United Nations Security Council votes 15-0 in favour of additional sanctions (punishments) against North Korea.
244 – Diocletian, Roman Emperor (d. 311)
1095 – King Roger II of Sicily (d. 1154)
1178 – Emperor Antoku of Japan (d. 1185)
1183 - Chagatai Khan, Mongol ruler (d. 1242)
1546 - Kuroda Yoshitaka, Japanese daimyo (d. 1604)
1550 - Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher (d. 1631)
1639 – Jean Racine, French dramatist (d. 1699)
1666 – Gobind Singh, Sikh guru (d. 1708)
1694 – Hermann Samuel Reimarus, German writer and philosopher (d. 1768)
1696 – James Oglethorpe, English general, founder of the State of Georgia (d. 1785)
1723 – Carl Friedrich Abel, German composer (d. 1787)
1765 – Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician (d. 1825)
1798 - George W. Crawford, American politician, Governor of Georgia (d. 1872)
1805 - John Obadiah Westwood, English entomologist and archaeologist (d. 1893)
1807 – Johann Christian Welhaven, Norwegian poet (d. 1873)
1819 – Franz Abt, German composer (d. 1870)
1819 – Pierre Ossian Bonnet, French mathematician (d. 1892)
1848 – Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, German classical philologist (d. 1931)
1850 - Victoriano Huerta, President of Mexico (d. 1916)
1853 - Yevgraf Fyodorov, Russian mathematician (d. 1919)
1856 – Frank B. Kellogg, American lawyer and diplomat, 45th United States Secretary of State (d. 1937)
1858 – Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer (d. 1924)
1862 - Connie Mack, American baseball player, manager and team owner (d. 1956)
1865 - Charles Sands, American golfer and tennis player (d. 1945)
1869 - Dmitri Egorov, Russian mathematician (d. 1931)
1869 - Edwin Arlington Robinson, American poet (d. 1935)
1876 – Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian poet and editor (d. 1944)
1883 – Edgard Varèse, French-American composer (d. 1965)
1887 – Srinivasa Ramanujan, Indian mathematician (d. 1920)
1888 - J. Arthur Rank, 1st Baron Rank, British movie producer (d. 1972)
1892 - Lawrence Sperry, American pilot (d. 1923)
1899 – Gustaf Gründgens, German actor (d. 1963)
1900 – Marc Allégret, French movie director and screenwriter (d. 1973)
1900 - John C. Slater, American chemist and physicist (d. 1976)
1901 - Andre Kostelanetz, American popular music orchestra leader and arranger (d. 1980)
1903 – Haldan Keffer Hartline, American physiologist (d. 1983)
1905 – Pierre Brasseur, French actor (d. 1972)
1907 – Peggy Ashcroft, British actress (d. 1991)
1907 - Fred M. Wilcox, American film director (d. 1964)
1909 - Patricia Hayes, British actress (d. 1998)
1912 – Lady Bird Johnson, First Lady of the United States (d. 2007)
1914 - Colin Hannah, Australian air force commander and 19th Governor of Queensland (d. 1978)
1915 – Barbara Billingsley, American actress (d. 2010)
1917 - Gene Rayburn, American game show host (d. 1999)
1922 - Ruth Roman, American actress (d. 1999)
1922 - Jim Wright, American politician (d. 2015)
1924 - Lefter Küçükandonyadis, Turkish footballer (d. 2012)
1926 - Alcides Ghiggia, Uruguayan footballer (d. 2015)
1928 - Fredrik Barth, Norwegian ethnologist (d. 2016)
1931 - Gisela Birkemeyer, German athlete
1933 - Abel Pacheco, former President of Costa Rica
1935 - Paulo Rocha, Portuguese director and screenwriter (d. 2012)
1936 – Héctor Elizondo, American actor
1936 - Wojciech Frykowski, Polish actor (d. 1969)
1937 – Eduard Uspensky, Russian writer
1938 - Lucien Bouchard, 27th Premier of Quebec
1940 – Luis Francisco Cuéllar, Colombian politician (d. 2009)
1942 - Yasuyuki Kuwahara, Japanese footballer (d. 2017)
1943 – Paul Wolfowitz, former World Bank President
1944 - Barry Jenkins, English drummer (The Animals)
1945 - Diane Sawyer, American journalist and television presenter
1948 - Rick Nielsen, rock musician
1948 – Noel Edmonds, British television presenter
1948 – Lynne Thigpen, American actress (d. 2003)
1949 – Maurice Gibb, British singer and musician (Bee Gees) (d. 2003)
1949 – Robin Gibb, British singer and musician (Bee Gees) (d. 2012)
1951 - Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster.
British businessman (d. 2016)
1952 - Sandra Kalniete, Latvian politician
1955 - Thomas C. Südhof, German-American biochemist, 2013 Nobel Prize winner
1956 - Colo, American-bred Western gorilla (d. 2017)
1958 - Frank Gambale, Australian guitarist, songwriter and musician
1958 - Masaaki Kato, Japanese footballer
1959 – Bernd Schuster, German footballer
1960 - Jean-Michel Basquiat, American artist (d. 1988)
1961 - Yuri Malenchenko, Russian colonel, pilot and astronaut
Andres Cantor, Argentine/American sportscaster
Ralph Fiennes, English actor
1963 – Giuseppe Bergomi, Italian footballer
1963 - Bryan Gunn, British footballer
1967 – Dan Petrescu, Romanian footballer
1967 – Richey James Edwards, Welsh musician (Manic Street Preachers) (disappeared in 1995)
1968 - Luis Hernandez, Mexican footballer
1968 - Lauralee Bell, American actress, director, producer and screenwriter
1969 - Myriam Bédard, Canadian biathlete
1970 - Gary Anderson, Scottish darts player
1970 - Ted Cruz, American lawyer and politician
1972 – Vanessa Paradis, French actress and singer
1972 - Franck Cammas, French sailor
1972 - Steffi Jones, German footballer
1973 - Traci Dinwiddie, American actress
1973 - Heather Donahue, American actress
1975 – Dmitri Khokhlov, Russian footballer
1975 – Stanislav Neckar, Czech ice hockey player
1978 - Joy Ali, Fijian boxer (d. 2015)
1978 – Emmanuel Olisadebe, Nigerian-Polish footballer
1978 - Mia Tyler, American model
1979 - Naotake Hanyu, Japanese footballer
1979 – Jamie Langfield, Scottish footballer
1980 - Chris Carmack, American actor, singer and model
1982 - Teko Modise, South African footballer
1982 - Agbani Darego, Nigerian model
1982 - Alinne Moraes, Brazilian actress
1983 - Jennifer Hawkins, Australian model
1984 – Basshunter, Swedish DJ and singer
1985 - Edurne, Spanish singer, actress, model and presenter
1986 – Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, Nigerian Islamist militant
1987 - Lisa Andreas, English-Cypriot singer
1987 - Eder, Portuguese footballer
1988 – Leigh Halfpenny, Welsh rugby player
1989 – Jordin Sparks, American singer
1989 - Logan Huffman, American actor
1990 – Jean-Baptiste Maunier, French singer and actor
1990 - Josef Newgarden, American racing driver