the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
This required the demolition of a number of houses at Hyde Park Corner.
It claimed land previously in Hyde Park to make room for the multi-lane carriageway.
The result was to diminish the appeal of Park Lane as a residential address, as it became one of the busiest and noisiest roads in central London.
It has little or none of the countryside atmosphere that once made it popular.
The widening of the road distanced the houses on the east side of Park Lane from Hyde Park itself, access to which is now by underpass.
Alghero (Italian pronunciation: [alˈɡɛro]; , IPA: [ɫəɫˈɣe], locally: [lalˈɣe]; ; ), is a city of about 44,000 citizens in Italy.
It lies in the province of Sassari in northwestern Sardinia, next to the sea.
In the 1930s, the Swedish writer Amelie Posse Brazdova wrote a book entitled Sardinia Side Show, where she told the complete story of 2 years she spent "interned" in Alghero old town during World War I.
City of Alghero Official website
Official Alghero tourism web site
Alghero Tourist Informations and Webcam Live
Alghero Tourism and Town Information
Alghero Tourism and Hotels Informations
The names of triangulation stations vary regionally; they are generally known as trigonometrical stations in North America, trig points in the United Kingdom, New Zealand  and Australia, and trig beacons in South Africa; triangulation pillar is the more formal term for the concrete columns found in the UK.
His grandmother was a sister of Leo X.
In 1569, Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, sent Father Medici to be the ambassador of Florence in the court of Pope Pius V.  For 15 years in Rome, Father Medici was the representative of the city and the Medici family.
Gregory XIII made him Bishop of Pistoia in 1573.
He was named Archbishop of Florence in 1574.
On 1 April 1605, Cardinal Medici was elected pope.
He chose to be called Leo XI in honor of his uncle Pope Leo X.
When he was elected, Leo XI was almost seventy years of age, and he died within the month.
His death came as a result of fatigue and cold in the ceremony of taking possession of the Basilica of St John Lateran.
He was called Papa Lampo ("Lightning Pope") because his papacy was so short.
"Leo XI" in Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Leo XI
Leo XI at St Peter's Basilica
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim is a  football club based in Hoffenheim, a suburb of Sinsheim, Baden-Württemberg.
They play in the German Bundesliga In the year 2000 they played in the 5th division but in  2008 they promoted to the Bundesliga.
It was possible with the financial help of the software mogul Dietmar Hopp, who had played in the club's youth system.
The financial help was widely criticized by other clubs, fans and by some in the German press.
The most important points were the lack of tradition and the small fan base.
Hoffenheim has only 3,300 inhabitants, and Sinsheim, where they play their home games, has only about 35,000 residents.
Fußball-Regionalliga
Runners-up: 2007
Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (IV)
Champions: 2001
Runners-up: 2010‡
Verbandsliga Nordbaden (V)
Champions: 2000
Runners-up: 2003‡
North Baden Cup
Winners: (4) 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
'German Under 17 championship
Champions: 2008
U17 Bundesliga South/Southwest
Runners-up: 2011
‡ Won by reserve team.
Recent coaches of the club:
*As caretaker coach.
Mimosa pudica  is a
well-known species of Mimosa.
It is a creeping annual or perennial herb often grown for its curiosity value: the compound leaves fold inward and droop when touched or shaken, re-opening minutes later.
The species is native to South America and Central America, but is now a widespread weed.
The stem is erect in young plants, but becomes creeping or trailing with age.
The leaves of the Mimosa pudica are compound leaves.
The leaves are bipinnately compound, with one or two pinnae pairs, and 10-26 leaflets per pinna.
The round-shaped flower heads, which are inflorescences, are 8–10 mm in diameter (excluding the stamens).
The floret petals are red in their upper part and the filaments are pink to lavender.
The fruit consists of clusters of 2-8 pods from 1–2 cm long each.
The pods break into 2-5 segments and contain pale brown seeds some 2.5 mm long.
The flowers are pollinated by the wind and insects.
Plant movement
Mimosa pudica is well known for its rapid plant movement.
Like a number of other plant species, it undergoes changes in leaf orientation termed "sleep".
The foliage closes during darkness and reopens in light.
The leaves also close when touched, warmed, blown, or shaken.
When the plant is disturbed, specific regions on the stems release potassium ions which force water out of the cell vacuoles.
The water diffuses out of the cells, producing a loss of cell pressure and cell collapse; this differential turgidity between different regions of cells results in the closing of the leaflets and the collapse of the leaf petiole.
This is quite a common trait in the Mimosoideae subfamily of the legume family, Fabaceae.
The stimulus can also be transmitted to neighbouring leaves.
The function of this trait is not known.
The plant may use its ability as a defense from predators.
Animals may be afraid of a fast moving plant and would rather eat a less active one.
Another possible explanation is that the sudden movement dislodges harmful insects.
Barneby, R.C. 1992. "
Sensitivae Censitae: a description of the genus Mimosa Linnaeus (Mimosaceae) in the New World."
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 65.
Tn 1816, Pius VII created him  cardinal.
"Leo XII", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Leo XII
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal della Genga
James Albert "Jim" Varney (June 15, 1949 - February 10, 2000) was an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, musician, voice actor and comedian.
He was born and raised in Lexington, Kentucky.
Varney is best remembered for his role as Ernest P. Worrell in many movies and television programs.
He died of lung cancer in White House, Tennessee.
Bishop Popo became pope on July 17, 1048; and he took the name Damasas II.
He died within a month of his election.
1048 deaths
Muhammad Ali Pasha  (4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was an Albanian commander in the Ottoman army.
He became Wāli, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan.
Though not a modern nationalist, he was the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms he made to the army, economy, and culture of Egypt.
He also ruled some Levantine territories outside Egypt.
The dynasty he established ruled Egypt and Sudan until the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.
Muhammed Ali was born in the Ottoman Empire, in the area which is now the Greek province of Macedonia.
His Ancestors was from İliç a City in Asia Minor.
He led a group of Albanian troops sent to Egypt.
They were part of an Ottoman force that reoccupied Egypt after Napoleon's French troops left.
The Ottomans had ruled Egypt by a Wali (Governor) with Mamluk troops.
The Mamluks were former slaves.
The French Capitulation of Alexandria left a power vacuum in the Ottoman province.
Mamluk power had been weakened, but not destroyed, and Ottoman forces clashed with the Mamluks for power.
During this period of anarchy Muhammad Ali used his loyal Albanian troops to play both sides, gaining power and prestige for himself.
As the conflict drew on, the local populace grew weary of the power struggle.
A group of prominent Egyptians demanded that the then Wāli, Ahmad Khurshid Pasha, step down and Muhammad Ali be installed as the new Wāli in 1805.
Reforming Egypt
Muhammad Ali’s goal was to establish a powerful, European-style state.
To do that, he had to reorganize Egyptian society, streamline the economy, train a professional bureaucracy, and build a modern military.
In practice, Muhammad Ali’s land reform amounted to a monopoly on trade in Egypt.
He required all producers to sell their goods to the state.
The state in turn resold Egyptian goods, and kept the surplus.
This was very profitable for Egypt, especially with their cotton, which was of high quality.
The new-found profits also extended down to the individual farmers, as the average wage increased fourfold.
Beyond building a more modern economy, Muhammad Ali started to train a professional military and bureaucracy.
He sent promising men to Europe to study.
Students were sent to study European languages, primarily French, so they could translate military manuals into Arabic.
He then used both educated Egyptians and imported European experts to establish schools and hospitals in Egypt.
European education also provided talented Egyptians with social mobility.
Bright boys from poor families could work their way up, and become successful.
A byproduct of Muhammad Ali’s training program was the establishment of a Civil service.
Establishing an efficient central bureaucracy was needed for Muhammad Ali’s other reforms.
In the process of destroying the Mamluks, the Wāli had to fill the posts that the Mamluks had previously filled.
He divided Egypt into ten provinces, each leader responsible for collecting taxes and maintaining order.
Muhammad Ali installed his sons in most key positions; however, his reforms did offer Egyptians opportunities beyond agriculture and industry.
Horse stud
Military campaigns
At the start, Muhammad Ali waged war on behalf of the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud II, in Arabia and Greece.
Later, he came into open conflict with the Ottoman Empire.
His first military campaign was an expedition into the Arabian Peninsula.
The holy cities of Mecca, and Medina had been captured by the House of Saud, who held a form of Islam called Wahhabism.
Armed with their new religious zeal, the Muhammad ibn Saud began conquering parts of Arabia.
With the main Ottoman army busy in Europe, Mahmud II turned to Muhammad Ali to recapture the Arabian territories.
Muhammad Ali in turn appointed his son, Tosun Pasha, to lead a military expedition in 1811.
The campaign was turned back in Arabia; however, a second attack was launched in 1812 that recaptured Hejaz.p43-44 After a two-year campaign, the Saudis were crushed and most of the Saudi family was captured.
The family leader, Abdullah ibn Saud, was sent to Istanbul, and executed.p48
Muhammad Ali next turned his attention to military campaigns of his own design, beginning with the Sudan which he viewed as a valuable addition of territory, gold, and slaves.
Sudan at the time had no real central authority and used primitive weaponry in its tribal infighting.
In 1820 Muhammad Ali dispatched an army of 5,000 troops commanded by his third son, Ismail, south into Sudan with the intent of conquering the territory and subjugating it to his authority.p51 Ali's troops made headway into Sudan in 1821, but met with fierce resistance.
Ultimately, Egyptian troops and firearms ensured the conquest of Sudan.
Ali now had an outpost from which he could expand to the source of the Nile in Ethiopia, and Uganda.
His administration captured slaves from the Sudan, who were then made into a foot regiment of soldiers.
Ali's harsh reign in Sudan, and that of his immediate successors, led eventually to the popular independence struggle of the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammed Ahmed, in 1881.
As Muhammad Ali was expanding his authority into Africa, the Ottoman Empire faced ethnic rebellions in its European territories.
The Greek rebellion against Ottoman rule began in 1821.
The Ottoman army failed to put down the revolt, and ethnic violence spread as far as Constantinople.
Sultan Mahmud II offered Muhammad Ali the island of Crete in exchange for his support in putting down the revolt.
Muhammed Ali sent 16,000 soldiers, 100 transports, and 63 escort vessels under command of his son, Ibrahim Pasha.p71.
Britain, France, and Russia intervened to protect the Greeks.
On 20 October 1827 at the Navarino, the entire Egyptian navy was sunk by the European Allied fleet under the command of Admiral Edward Codrington (1770–1851).
Muhammad Ali suffered the loss of his competent, expensive navy.
With its fleet destroyed, Egypt had no way to support its forces in Greece and was forced to withdraw.
Ultimately the campaign cost Muhammad Ali his navy for no gains.
To compensate for his and Egypt's losses, the conquest of Syria was set in motion.
Like other rulers of Egypt before him, Ali desired to control the Levant, both for its strategic value and for its rich natural resources.
Not only had Syria abundant natural resources, it also had a thriving international trading community with well-developed markets throughout the Levant.
It would be a captive market for the goods now being produced in Egypt.
Perhaps best of all, Syria was desirable as a buffer state between Egypt and the Ottoman Sultan.
A new fleet was built, a new army was raised and on 31 October 1831, under Ibrahim Pasha, the Egyptian invasion of Syria started the First Turko-Egyptian War.
The Egyptians overran most of Syria with ease.
The strongest and only really significant resistance was put up at the port city of Acre.
The Egyptian force eventually captured the city after a six-month siege.
Unrest on the Egyptian home front increased during the course of the siege.
Ali was forced to squeeze Egypt more and more to support his campaign, and his people resented the increased burden.
After the fall of Acre, the Egyptian army marched north into Anatolia.
At the Battle of Konya (21 December 1832), Ibrahim Pasha soundly defeated the Ottoman army led by the Grand Vizier Reshid Pasha.
There were now no military obstacles between Ibrahim's forces and Constantinople itself.
Through the course of the campaign, Muhammad Ali watched the European powers carefully.
Fearing another intervention that would reverse all his gains, he proceeded slowly and cautiously.
For example, he continued the practice of using the Sultan’s name at Friday prayers in the newly captured territories.
He continued to circulate Ottoman coins instead of issuing new ones bearing his likeness.p111 So long as Muhammad Ali’s march did not threaten the complete collapse of the Ottoman state, the powers in Europe remained passive observers.
Despite this show, Muhammad Ali's goal was now to remove the current Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II and replace him with the sultan's son, the infant Abdülmecid.
This possibility so alarmed Mahmud II that he accepted Russia's offer of military aid.
This led to the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi.p72 Russia's gain dismayed the British and French governments, so they worked for a negotiated solution.
In May 1833 the Convention of Kutahya was signed.
The terms of the peace were that Muhammad Ali would withdraw his forces from Anatolia and receive the territories of Crete and the Hejaz as compensation.
Ibrahim Pasha would be appointed Wāli of Syria.
The peace agreement fell short, however, of granting Muhammad Ali an independent kingdom for himself, leaving him wanting.p122
Ottoman people
He is best known as a  Paralympian Track and field competitor.
He competes in category long distance events.
In 2011, he won the wheelchair division of the New York City Marathon.
He completed the course in 1 hour 31 minutes 41 seconds (1:31:41).
He dedicated his race to the children in Japan, who were affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
Bayesian probability figures out the likelihood that something will happen based on available evidence.
This is different from frequency probability which determines the likelihood something will happen based on how often it occurred in the past.
As an example, say you want to classify an email as "spam" or "not spam".
One thing you know about this email is that it has an emoji in the subject line.
Say it's the year 2017, and 80% of the emails you got with emoji in them were spam.
So you can look at an email with emoji in the subject and say it's 80% likely to be spam.
He studied at the high schools, Robert College in Istanbul and École Normale Supérieure in Paris and then at the universities, Harvard University and Princeton University in the United States of America learning economics.
He graduated from Harvard University and got his Ph.D. and Professorship from Princeton University.
Dani Rodrik is one of the most important Turkish economists and has made several important contributions to economics.
He looks at international economics, economic development and political economy,  and has published many articles about them.
The main questions of his research are: what makes a good economic policy and why some governments are better than others in adopting it.
He does not like globalization, because he feels it only helps rich people get richer by making poor people poorer and that people lose their jobs.
He also thinks that international organizations like the World Bank and the IMF have made it harder for poorer countries to get richer, or even do not allow them to get richer.
He writes critical articles against globalization.
Dani Rodrik's home page
Who is Dani Rodrik
Tiffani Thiessen (born January 23, 1974) is an American sitcom and television actress.
She played Valerie Malone in Beverly Hills, 90210.
Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom.
It aired on NBC on Saturday mornings from August 1989 to May 1993.
The show performed extremely well, although many TV critics did not like it.
The show is set in Los Angeles at a fictional high school.
Teofillato was the son of Gregory, Count of Tusculum.
He was the brother of Pope John XIX.
He was related to Pope Sergius IV and the Conti family.
Benedict was supported by King Henry II of Saxony.
Benedict crowned Henry Holy Roman Emperor in 1014.
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Benedict VIII
The Knights of St. Patrick is a British order of chivalry associated with Ireland.
Founded by King George III of Great Britain and Ireland in 1783.
Irish-born British General Herbert Kitchener was a Knight of St. Patrick
Orders of knighthood
King George III (born George William Frederick 4 June 1738  29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 to 1 January 1801, when he became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death.
He was also Elector of Hanover, which made him a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.
During George's reign, he lost control of the United States of America.
His two kingdoms, Great Britain and Ireland, were merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Also during his reign, the British were at war with republican and Napoleon I's France.
The Electorate of Hanover eventually became a Kingdom.
George suffered from periodic bouts of mental illness.
One of them caused a crisis in 1788, and attempts were made to nominate his son George IV as regent.
The king quickly recovered and prevented that from happening.
George signed the Quebec Act of 1774, which abolished William III's anti-Catholic laws in the American colonies.
Also during his reign, George III signed legislation abolishing some of the anti-Catholic Laws in Great Britain and Ireland.
For example, the Catholic Relief Acts of 1772 and 1774 allowed Roman Catholics to have land leases in Great Britain.
In 1793, Hogart's Act allowed Roman Catholics to vote in Irish elections, but George blocked a proposal in 1800 to allow Catholics to sit in the British Parliament.
In the later part of his life, George suffered from recurrent mental illness, which was eventually permanent.
Although it has since been suggested that he suffered from a genetic blood disease, porphyria, the cause of his illness is not certain.
After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, and George's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, ruled as Prince Regent.
On George III's death, the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV.
Because of "his plain, homely, thrifty manners and tastes", George III has had the nickname of Farmer George.
4 June 1738 – 31 March 1751: His Royal Highness Prince George
31 March 1751 – 20 April 1751: His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh
20 April 1751 – 25 October 1760: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820: His Majesty The King
The Script are an Irish pop rock group from Dublin.
They are currently based out of London.
They are signed to the Sony Label Group.
Their music has been featured in video games and popular TV programs.
The Script (2008)
Science & Faith (2010)
#3 (2012)
No Sound Without Silence (2014)
These have all gone to the top of the Irish charts.
They also did really well in the UK charts, with the first two albums reaching number 1 and #3 reaching the second position.
Their 2012 single Hall of Fame, made with will.i.am, was a worldwide success.
The Abercrombie River is a river in New South Wales, Australia.
It flows west from Mount Werong to the Wyangala Dam near Cowra.
The river is a tributary of the Lachlan, which it joins at Wyangala lake.
The Abercrombie River is  in length, and passes through the Abercrombie River National Park.
It provides habitat for platypus and rakali.
The first people to live alongside the river were Aborigines of the Wiradjuri and Gundungara tribes.
They may have used the river as a trading route.
The first European to visit the river was explorer Charles Throsby on 5 May 1819, during an expedition from Sydney to the Central West of New South Wales.
Alluvial gold was discovered in and along the river in 1851.
This started a small gold rush.
It was difficult to find gold because of the rough terrain, and changing water levels in the river.
Early miners found up to  of gold a day along the river.
By 1862 about 45 mining parties were working at Milburne Creek, a minor tributary of the Abercrombie.
In 1317, Fourier was made bishop of Pamiers.
Pope John XXIII made Fourier a cardinal  in 1327.
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XII
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Fourier
1342 deaths
French popes
La Toya Jackson (born May 29, 1956, near Gary, Indiana) is an American singer, songwriter, writer, actress, television personality and a former model.
She was the fifth of ten offspring born to Joseph and Katherine Jackson.
She wanted to be an attorney but her father insisted that she work in show business like her siblings.
She sang background vocals with The Jackson Five, her brothers' band.
She had many musical hits during the 1980s and 1990s and returned in 2004.
In 1989 Jackson was on the cover of Playboy magazine.
Early life and careers
In 1980 Jackson's first album La Toya Jackson was released.
Jackson wanted the album to be called "La Toya" but her dad would not let her.
Her second single "Night Time Lover" was produced by La Toya's brother Michael.
Jackson's third album was released in 1984.
She sung backing vocals on Michael's single ""P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".
In 1985 Jackson sung on "We Are the World" as part of USA for Africa.
In 1991 Jackson's first book La Toya, Growing Up In The Jackson Family was published.
Jackson released her ninth album From Nashville to You in 1994.
In July 2009 Jackson released the single "Home" in dedication to her brother Michael Jackson, who died on June 25 2009.
All of the money from people buying the single went to AIDS_Project Los Angeles, which was one of Michael's favourite charities.
She released a new EP for 2011, Starting Over.
In the same year a best-selling memoir written by Jackson of the same name was released.
In 2010 she released Dream Cream, a hand cream for Alessandro International.
On April 13, 2013 a reality series about Jackson's life called Life with La Toya started on the Oprah Winfrey Network.
Jackson did not move out of the Jackson family home until she was 31 years old.
In 1989 she married her manager Jack Gordon.
She did not want to.
In 1993 Gordon beat Jackson with a chair many times.
She had to have 12 stitches in her mouth.
In 1996 Jackson escaped from Gordon with the help of her brother Randy.
She sued Gordon under the Violence Against Women Act.
Models from Indiana
Abercrombie River National Park is a national park in New South Wales, Australia.
The Abercrombie and Retreat Rivers flow through the park.
The park protects a large area of open forest, the largest area in this part of New South Wales.
There are large trees, Casuarina cunninghamia, growing along the river.
The river is normally a series of deep waterholes.
In the park there are platypuses, rakalis, wallaroos, red-necked wallabies, swamp wallabies and Eastern Grey Kangaroos.
UNEP-WCMC WDPA Site Sheet
List of all animals found in the park
The rakali (Hydromys chrysogaster), also known as the water-rat, is an Australian native rodent.
The species lives in burrows on the banks of rivers, lakes and estuaries.
It feeds on aquatic insects, fish, crustaceans, mussels, snails, frogs, birds' eggs and water birds.
Rakali are  in length with a thick tail measuring around .
They have webbed hind legs, waterproof fur, a flattened head, a long blunt nose, many whiskers and small ears and eyes.
They are black to brown in colour with an orange to white belly, and dark tail with a white tip.
Until the 1980s, this species was commonly known as water-rat.
During the 1990s there was a push for English common names to be replaced with indigenous names.
In 1995 the Australian Nature Conservation Agency recommended that the name rakali be used as the common name.
The Australian Department of Environment and Heritage has taken up this suggestion and both common names are now used.
Australian Museum Factsheet
The Gila River Arena is a sports arena in Glendale, Arizona.
The arena opened on December 26, 2003, and is the current home to the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL).
The arena was originally known as Glendale Arena until online company Jobing.com acquired naming rights in late 2006 for 10 years, which cost a reported $30 million.
The building became Jobing.com Arena on January 1, 2007.
In 2014, the team ended the contract with Jobing.com and reached a new deal with the Gila River Casinos, owned by a local tribe of Native Americans.
The new arena name became official on September 10, 2014.
The arena currently seats 17,125 people (17,534 with standing room).
The Arizona Sting of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) also played in the arena from 2003 to 2007.
2003 establishments in Arizona
The Stockholm Bloodbath () or Swedish Massacre (8–9 November 1520) was the mass killing of Swedish nobility by the Danish King Christian II (1481–1559).
Denmark, Norway and Sweden were part of the Kalmar Union.
There had been conflict in Sweden between those who supported the union, and those who wanted independence.
In 1520 Christian II had invaded Sweden.
The regent of Sweden, Sten Sture the Younger, was killed in battle.
Christian II besieged Stockholm for four months.
When the city gave in, he made himself king and beheaded 82 leading Swedes, including two bishops for heresy.
The reason for heresy was the people of Stockholm had replaced Archbishop Gustav Trolle; this was said to be a crime against the Church.
Sture the Younger's body was dug up and burned at the stake.
The killings made people so angry that he became known as "Christian the Tyrant".
He was chased out of Sweden in 1523.
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson (born May 29, 1950 in Gary, Indiana) is an American singer.
She is the eldest of the Jackson siblings.
Maureen was born at 2300 Jackson Street in Gary, Indiana, She began performing on stage in 1974 and later appeared in the television program  "The Jacksons".
In 1984 Rebbie released her debut album Centipede, her most successful album.
The single "Centipede" reached number 4 in the US R&B chart.
It has backing vocals from siblings La Toya and Michael Jackson and The Weather Girls.
In 1976 she was in the TV series The Jacksons.
It was the first TV show starring an African-American family.
She then released two more albums in the 1980s and then went on hiatus, returning in 1998 with Yours Faithfully.
She has not had an album released since 1998.
She married Nathaniel Brown in 1968.
He died in 2013 of cancer.
They have three children, Austin, Stacee (who has Jackson's only grandchild, London), and Yashi Brown.
The Battle of White Mountain in 1620, was the first battle of the Thirty Years War.
Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria defeated the forces of Frederick V, Elector of Palantine, King of Bohemia and Moravia.
The cause of the battle was a revolt by a group of Czech lords who threw two governors and a secretary out of the windows of Prague Castle.
This incident is known as the Defenestration of Prague.
They quickly built up an army of 30,000 to make an independent Protestant country.
The Czechs were defeated by a well trained Imperial army, the battle lasting less than one hour.
Emperor Ferdinand II replaced Frederick as King of Bohemia, and then killed many who had opposed him.
Others were given a choice, convert to Catholicism or leave the country.
White Mountain is now in the city of Prague.
There is an open space and monument.
Lana Turner (February 8, 1921 - June 29, 1995) was an American actress.
She was born in Wallace, Idaho.
She was first discovered and signed into movie contract by MGM when she was 16.
She played mainly feature roles and was one of Hollywood's first scream queens.
She would become very popular in the 1940s and 1950s.
Turner appeared in the television series Falcon Crest during 1982 and 1983.
The actress died from throat cancer in 1995 in Century City, Los Angeles.
Gansus is a genus of  aquatic birds that lived during the Lower Cretaceous period, between 115 to 105 million years ago (mya).
It was found in what is now Gansu province, western China.
It is the oldest-known of the Ornithurae, the group which includes modern birds (Neornithes) and extinct related groups, such as Confuciusornis, Ichthyornis and Hesperornis.
The genus Gansus contains a single species, G. yumenensis, which was about the size of a pigeon and similar in appearance to loons and diving ducks.
It had many features common among modern birds, and also retained some primitive traits such as its clawed wings.
Gansus was discovered in the form of a single fossil foot in 1981.
Five more well-preserved fossils were found in 2003–2004 in mudstone at the site of an ancient lake at Changma, Gansu; the geological stratum in which the fossils were found is the Xiagou Formation.
Their bodies had settled in anoxic mud and were soon covered with further extremely fine silty sediments.
Without oxygen, their remains resisted decay: these specimens preserved remains of flight feathers and traces of the webbing between their toes.
Marumo no Okite is a Japanese television drama starring Sadao Abe and Mana Ashida.
Eleven episodes were broadcast by Fuji Television between April 24 and July 3, 2011.
This City is the first solo mainstream radio single released by American pop singer-songwriter Patrick Stump off the debut album Soul Punk under Island Def Jam Records on July 26, 2011 on his blog.
The song features American rapper and songwriter and producer Lupe Fiasco.
The original track does not feature Fiasco's addition to the rap versus in the single.
In January 2010, Stump announced that he was producing his debut solo album, titled Soul Punk.
This came after Fall Out Boy (his main band)'s hiatus in late 2009.
His album is a complete solo effort as he is doing everything: performing, composing all music, penning all lyrics, playing over ten instruments and producing, with the album's recording is funded by his own Fall Out Boy earnings.
Its musical direction is generally pop/R&B orientated and has been described by Stump as "soul punk" and "smart pop," drawing influence from a wide scope of artists including Prince, Michael Jackson and David Bowie.
According to Stump, the song changed the entire course of Soul Punk. "
I had written a while draft of the album and then at the 11th hour came up with "This City," I really loved the song but felt like, conceptually, it didn't fit on the album.
I had to go back and make an album for that song because I loved it so much.
So one of the holdups on [the album] was re-writing the record around [it]."
With Soul Punk originally due in February 2011, Stump delayed it to October 18 and rebuilt the album with the song, releasing Truant Wave EP in the meanwhile for its delay in February 2011. "
I had this feeling that the album was disjointed, and right before I was mastering, I played "This City" for my manager — I really liked it, but I was unsure about it, although I thought it was what I wanted to say — and he was like, 'Put it on, it's great!
Then I thought, 'Well, if I'm going to put that on the record, then I really need to go back to the drawing board.'
Basically I took "This City", "Everybody Wants Somebody", "Allie", and a song called "Dance Miserable", and rebuilt the album around those four songs."
A music video for the remix has been released, directed by Ken Koller.
On September 13, Patrick Stump announced that the music video for "This City" (remix) would premiere on September 20 on Vevo with a teaser on Idolitor.
Prior to that he Tweeted about the video in the making Twitter and a behind-the-scenes clip was reported by MTV on their website.
The video features Stump dancing and performing the song in a room with flashing lights, projections and heavy use of special effects, alternating with brief grayscale flashes of a city.
Despite not being available at first, Lupe Fiasco appears for one scene by himself.
Stump and Koller made the video simplistic to let the music do the talking rather than the video.
"There's not really a plot, there's not really a story to it.
The song's called 'This City,' and it describes a lot of these images in a city, and I feel like those images are already there; it would be kind of redundant to take a camera into a city; it's almost like the colors and the lights and the images that are going to be around this are going to be representing the life in a city.
One thing that Ken and I were talking about is that a city is so complicated, so ... we wanted to do something a bit different with it, and a bit more abstract [...] the treatment was really funny to look at; it was literally one sentence, like 'Patrick stands in a room and sings and we project all these images and lights on the walls.
'"—Stump, reported by MTV.
Ornithurae (meaning 'bird tails' in Greek) is the name of a natural group which includes all modern birds as well as their extinct relatives with plough-shaped pygostyles (†Ichthyornis, †Hesperornithes, †Limenavis).
This is a bone at the end of the tail which allows the tail feathers to fan and retract.
Gansus, from the Lower Cretaceous of China is the earliest known at 110 million years ago.
Neornithes: modern birds: the most recent common ancestor of all living birds (class Aves) and all its descendants.
Palaeognathae (tinamous and flightless ratites)
Neognathae (all other modern birds)
Kitchener was Sirdar (British Commander in Chief) of the Egyptian Army.
He defeated the Mahdist rebels against Egyptian rule in 1898 and conquered the Sudan for Britain and (nominally) Egypt.
He was Chief of Staff during the Boer War of 1899-1902.
From 1899-1900 he was also Commander-in-Chief of the forces in southern Africa.
He was given many orders of chivalry, both British and foreign, including Knight of St. Patrick and Knight of the Garter.
At the start of the First World War, the Prime Minister, Asquith, quickly appointed Lord Kitchener Secretary of State for War.
A massive recruitment campaign began, featuring his image in a famous advertisement.
Kitchener was drowned in 1916 when the HMS Hampshire sunk near the Orkney Islands after hitting a German mine.
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was the name of the Sudan when it was a colony of the United Kingdom and Egypt.
It was officially under the joint rule of both countries, but really the British controlled the government from the beginning.
Every Governor was British, and all decisions about the country were made by the British, although many of the administrators of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan were Egyptians.
The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was created in 1899 when the Egyptian Army under Herbert Kitchener recaptured the Sudan, which was before an Egyptian colony, from the Madhists, a group of Islamic rebels against Egypt.
Condominium means a colony ruled jointly by two or more countries.
Examples include the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, which was in name under the joint rule of the United Kingdom and Egypt, although in fact a British colony with all political decisions up to the British despite having many Egyptians involved in administering the country, and New Hebrides, which was under the joint rule of the UK and France.
Pope Urban I (c. 222–230), a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
Pope Urban II (1088–1099)
Pope Urban III (1185–1187)
Pope Urban IV (1261–1264)
Pope Urban V (1362–1370)
Pope Urban VI (1378–1389)
Pope Urban VII (1590), the shortest papacy
Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644)
Neornithes are the most recent common ancestor of all living birds and all their descendants.
There are about 9,000 to 10,000 known living species in the world.
It is generally agreed that the Neornithes evolved in the Cretaceous and that the split between the Palaeognathae and Neognathae, and then the split between fowl and the other Neognathae, occurred before the K/T extinction event.
The earliest fossil remains of the Neornithes might be about ten million years after the start of the Cretaceous.
Gallornis may be the first fossil, but its remains are only a worn partial femur and a fragment of the humerus.
There are different opinions about whether the radiation of the remaining neognathes occurred before or after the extinction of the other dinosaurs.
Molecular dating suggests a Cretaceous radiation, while fossil evidence suggest an early Tertiary radiation.
Attempts made to bring together the molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial.
The classification of modern birds is difficult.
Sibley & Ahlquist's Phylogeny and classification of birds (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds, though it is often debated and revised.
Most evidence suggests that the modern bird orders are accurate taxa.
Antipope is a term of the Roman Catholic Church in the context of its official list of popes.
An antipope is not included in the list of popes in the Vatican's annual directory, Annuario Pontificio
The existence or claims of an antipope produces a schism in the Roman Catholic Church.
A conflict is caused by those who are opposing the authority of the pope.
List of antipopes
Hippolytus 2nd century
Novatian (251)
Felix II (355-365)
Anastasius (855)
Pope Leo VIII (956-963)
Boniface VII (974)
John XVI (10th century)
Gregory VI (1012)
Benedict X (1058)
Honorius II (1061-72)
Clement III (1080-1100)
Gregory VIII (1118)
Anacletus II (1130-38)
Victor IV (1159-64)
Pascal III (1164-68)
Clement VII (1378-1394)
Felix V (1439-1449)
Neognathae are birds in the subclass Neornithes.
The Neognathae include almost all living birds: their sister taxon Palaeognathae has just the tinamou and the flightless ratites.
There are nearly 10,000 species of neognaths.
Since the Cretaceous they have undergone an adaptive radiation.
This has produced the variety of form, function, and behavior which we see today.
The Passeriformes (perching birds) are the largest order of land vertebrates.
They are some 60% of living birds.
The neognaths have fused hand bones, an elongate third finger, and 13 or fewer vertebrae.
They differ from the Palaeognathae in features like the structure of their jawbones. "
Neognathae" means "new jaws" but, ironically, paleognath jaws are one of the few derived) features of that group.
Pope Benedict XIII (; 2 February 1649 – 21 February 1730), born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Friar Vincenzo Maria Orsini, O.P., was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 246th Pope from 1724 until his death in 1730.
He was the third and last member of the Orsini family to be a pope.
He was born in Gravina in Puglia near Naples.
He was the son of Ferdinando III Orsini, Duke of Gravina.
In 1667, Orsini entered the Dominican Order.
As a monk, his name was Vincent Maria.
Pope Clement X raised the monk to the rank of Cardinal of San Sisto on 22 February 1672.
Cardinal Orsini was elected pope on May 28, 1724;  and he chose to be called Benedict XIII.
List of popes from the Orsini family
Catholic Hierarchy,   Pope Benedict XIII
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Orsini
1730 deaths
Occupied territory is territory under military occupation.
Examples of this are the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany, Palestine and Kashmir.
Báthory was the name of an aristocratic family in Europe in the Middle Ages.
Members included Stephen Báthory, King of Poland, Erzsébet Báthory, a countess and wife of General Francis Nadasdy and alleged serial murderer, and Andreas Bathory, a Roman Catholic bishop and prince.
Armenia first took part in the Olympic Games in 1994.
They have taken part in all summer and winter Olympics since then.
Before Armenia became independent, they competed in the Olympics as a part of the Soviet Union team.
After the Soviet Union collapsed, Armenia got their own team.
The Armenian athletes have won twelve medals altogether.
They won these medals in wrestling, weightlifting and boxing.
Medallists
Armenia profile at London2012.com
In 1725, Lambertini was made Bishop of Theodosia.
He became the Bishop of Ancona in 1727.
He was made Bishop of Bologna in 1731.
Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Benedict XIV
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Lambertini
Pope Benedict XIV portrait in the Vatican Museum
1675 births
The Treaty of Northampton signed in 1328 was an agreement between England and Scotland that recognised Scotland as an independent country and Robert the Bruce as its king.
Edward I of England and his son Edward II had been fighting wars against Robert the Bruce for more than 20 years.
Edward II believed that he was the rightful King of Scotland.
In 1327, Edward II was forced from his throne by his wife, Isabella of France and her lover, Roger Mortimer.
Edward's young son, Edward III became King of England at the age of 15.
Robert the Bruce saw a chance in the confusion in England and immediately sent James Douglas to attack the north of England.
The English, scared that they would lose, wanted a peace treaty.
The Treaty of Northampton secured peace between the two countries.
As part of the treaty, Edward II's six year old daughter, Joan of the Tower was married to Robert's four year old son, David II.
Sudan's people liberation army (SPLA) and Sudan's people liberation movement is a political party in South Sudan.
It was founded as a resistance movement / rebel group in 1963.
As Sudan's people liberation army, it fought against the Sudanese government, in the Sudanese Civil War.
This war ended in 2005.
Officially, the movement wanted to create a free secular Sudan, which it called "New Sudan".
In reality, however, many people in the movement wanted to create an independent state, South Sudan.
In 2005, there was a peace treaty.
From that moment, until 2011, the SPLM was part of the Sudanese government.
Since the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the SPLM is de facto the only party in the country.
In the south, the SPLA will become the regular army.
In the north, the SPLM is still part of the government.
In the provinces South Kordofan and Blue Nile, the SPLA is one of the armies fighting the government.
en:Sudan People's Liberation Army
Nancy Ann Grace (born October 23, 1959 in Macon, Georgia) is an American TV host, attorney and author.
She hosts a celebrity TV show (also titled as Nancy Grace Live).
She often discusses issues from what she calls a victim rights' standpoint.
Journalists from Georgia (U.S. state)
The shaheen falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinator) is also known as the Indian peregrine falcon, Other names are the black shaheen, Pakistani shaheen, or simply the shaheen.
It is a non-migratory subspecies of the peregrine falcon found mainly in hilly and mountainous regions of the Indian subcontinent and the nearby island of Sri Lanka.
In Pakistani literature, the shaheen has a special association with the poetry of the country's national poet, Allama Muhammad Iqbal.
The Pakistan Air Force has as a symbol and in Gilgit-Baltistan it is the unofficial bird of the region.
1586 deaths
"Girl You Know It's True" is a 1988 song by Milli Vanilli.
The song hit #3 in the United Kingdom and #2 in the United States.
In 1989, while the duo performed the song during a concert in Connecticut, the record skipped and revealed a case of lip synching.
This created controversy and eventually led to the end of Milli Vanilli.
Milli Vanilli songs
Nanda Devi () is the highest mountain in the Republic of India.
It is also the national mountain of the nation.
It is holy to the Hindus, source of the Ganges river.
Benedict made efforts to encourage peace in World War I. He refused to denounce either side.
In 1918, Pope Benedict was excluded from the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, despite his entreaties to be made part of the talks.
Benedict XV fell ill with pneumonia in early January 1922.
He died on 22 January 1922.
The Italian Government lowered its flags in his honor; Benedict was the first pope to be honored in this way.
"... I remember Pope Benedict XV, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war.
In his footsteps I place my ministry in the service of reconciliation and harmony between peoples."
Peters, Walter H. (1959).
The Life of Benedict XV.
Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing.
OCLC 625633
Pollard, John F. (1999).
The Unknown Pope.
London: Geoffrey Chapman. ;
OCLC 60158637
Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Benedict XV
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal della Chiesa
Vatican webpage, Benedict XV,   biography
Saint Peter's Basilica, Tomb of Benedict XV
The Cardigans are a Swedish pop rock group that started in October 1992.
Their debut studio album Emmerdale gave them very strong base in Sweden.
However, it was not until their 1995 album Life was released that an international reputation was secured.
Their popularity really soared in 1996 when the song Lovefool was released.
They've carried other hit songs in addition to that.
The group went on hiatus in 2006.
Les Invalides is a landmark in Paris, France.
It was built between 1670 and 1676 as a place for retirement of French war veterans.
It was also used as a burial place for French marshals and generals.
Les Invalides is best known for housing the tomb of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Nowadays, the complex houses the Museum of Arms, the Museum of Contemporary History, and the Museum of Plains-Reliefs.
Rakia is a Turkish brandy made from fermented fruit.
It is very popular in North Macedonia and Bulgaria.
It can be made from different fruits.
Rakia is а national drink of Turkey.
Rakia is an alcoholic drink similar to Brandy.
Usually, it has 40% of alcohol, but home-made rakia can be stronger and have from 50 to 60%.
People drink Rakia  from small glasses of 30 to 50 ml.
Swimming is the movement of the body through water using arms and legs.
People can swim in the sea, swimming pools, rivers and lakes.
People swim for exercise, for fun, and as a sport.
There are several styles of swimming, known as "strokes", including: front crawl, breaststroke, freestyle, butterfly, and backstroke.
Swimming works all the muscles simultaneously.
It is impact free.
It also builds up stamina.
Styles of swimming
There are several styles in swimming.
Front crawl: Fastest and most efficient technique; also called freestyle, because swimmers use it in freestyle events.
Backstroke: Only stroke that is swum on the back with the swimmer looking up; uses the same leg movements (flutter kick) as crawl.
Breaststroke: One of the easiest and most relaxing strokes; competitive swimmers find it difficult because it uses more energy when swum at a fast pace.
Butterfly: Powerful and fast; relies on good technique; uses the dolphin kick; the hardest and least popular stroke.
Competitive swimming
The goal of competitive swimming is to improve speed, and to beat other competitors in events.
An athlete goes through several stages of training.
At the beginning, the body is overloaded with work.
The workload becomes less closer to the date of the competition.
This final stage is often referred to as "shave and taper"; the swimmer tapering downs his or her workload to be able to perform at their optimal level.
At the end of this stage, before competition, the swimmer shaves off all exposed hair and dead skin.
Often confused within shaving, swimmers shave to rid the skin of dead skin cells to expose sensitive skin to the water.
The effect of shaving is a decrease in drag from hair and an increase in the sensation of "feeling" the water.
Fins: rubber or plastic and are worn on the foot.
Kickboard: keeps the upper body afloat; allows the swimmer to concentrate on kicking correctly