the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It received critical acclaim and is the highest-grossing movie to be directed by a woman.
Po (voiced by Jack Black) is now the Dragon Warrior and a Kung Fu master protecting the Valley of Peace together with his friends, the Furious Five, but must now find inner peace.
Master Shifu (voiced by Dustin Hoffman) then sends him on a journey with the Furious Five to Gongmen City and stop Lord Shen (voiced by Gary Oldman), an evil albino peacock who has made a new weapon that can stop Kung Fu.
Po has trouble on his journey because he's worried about what happened to his real parents.
An old soothsayer (voiced by Michelle Yeoh) helps Po remember that his parents sent Po away as a baby to protect him when their village was attacked by Lord Shen many years ago because Shen learned he would be defeated by Po, the foretold warrior of black and white.
Now knowing where he came from, Po finds inner peace, destroys Shen's cannons by throwing the cannonballs back at them, defeats Shen (who also gets killed and crushed by his own cannon), and accepts Mr. Ping (voiced by James Hong) as his dad.
Old characters
Po, a panda.
He is the Dragon Warrior, Kung Fu master, and hero of the film.
Jack Black reprises his role.
Shifu, a red panda.
He is Po's Kung Fu teacher and sifu.
Dustin Hoffman reprises his role.
Tigress, a Southern China tiger.
She is a member of the Furious Five and Po's best friend (eventually love interest).
Angelina Jolie reprises her role.
Viper, a green tree viper.
She is a member of the Furious Five.
Lucy Liu reprises her role.
Monkey, a golden langur.
He is a member of the Furious Five.
Jackie Chan reprises his role.
Mantis, a northern praying mantis.
Seth Rogen reprises his role.
Crane, a red crowned crane.
David Cross reprises his role.
Mr. Ping, a swan goose.
He is Po's adoptive father.
James Hong reprises his role.
Shen, a villainous albino peacock.
He is voiced by Gary Oldman.
Soothsayer, a goat.
She predicts Shen will be defeated.
Michelle Yeoh voices this character.
Storming Ox, an ox.
He tries to protect Gongmen City from Lord Shen.
Dennis Haysbert voices this character.
Croc, a Oriental alligator.
Jean-Claude Van Damme voices this character.
Thundering Rhino, a javan rhinoceros.
Victor Garber voices this character.
Panda Dad, a panda.
He is Master Po's biological father and the headman of his village.
Fred Tatasciore voices this character.
Critical Response
Kung Fu Panda 2 was acclaimed by critics.
It holds a rating of 85% in Rotten Tomatoes and a rating of 7 out of 10.
The consensus is "the story arc may seen a tad familiar to fans of the original, but Kung Fu Panda 2 offers enough action, comedy and visual sparkle to compensate".
Just like in the original film, the animation, voice acting and character development were praised.
Box Office
The film became a box office success.
It grossed $667,692,281 on a $150 million budget.
It is the highest grossing animated film of 2011, the 9th highest grossing animated film ever released, the 53rd highest-grossing film of all time and the 6th highest-grossing film of 2011.
It is also the highest grossing animated film directed by a woman (Jennifer Yuh Nelson).
Kung Fu Panda 2 is the soundtrack of the film of the same, scored by Hans Zimmer and John Powell and released in May 24, 2011.
Just like the movie, the soundtrack received positive reviews from music critics.
Pump It - The Black Eyed Peas
Kung Fu Fighting - Cee Lo Green ft Jack Black
Forgiven - Skillet
I'll be Missing You - P. Diddy Feat.
Faith Evans & 112
After the success of Kung Fu Panda 2, DreamWorks Animation confirmed that there will be 6 movies in the franchise.
Kung Fu Panda 3 is confirmed to be released in 2016, with Jennifer Yuh Nelson returning to direct and Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger returning to write the script.
The original cast will return in the movie, and Kung Fu Panda 3 will be the first American animated movie to ever be co-produced by a Chinese firm.
2011 animated movies
2011 comedy movies
Christian Klien (born 7 February 1983 in Hohenems, Vorarlberg) is an Austrian Formula One racing driver.
In total he has scored 14 points in Formula One.
Klien started his motorsport career in his early teens.
He raced in karting championships in both Austria and Switzerland.
He moved up to Formula BMW.
He won several titles in lower Formula series.
Klien moved into Formula One in .
He drove for  the Jaguar Racing team, alongside Mark Webber.
At the end of 2004, Jaguar sold its Formula One team to Red Bull.
The team was renamed Red Bull Racing.
Klien shared a race seat with Italian Vitantonio Liuzzi.
He stayed at Red Bull for  season.
In , Klien was replaced by Mark Webber.
He was the test driver for Honda.
For  and , he was the reserve and test driver for BMW Sauber.
In , Klien moved to become the test driver for HRT.
For the Singapore Grand Prix Kling replaced Sakon Yamamoto.
All Formula One race and championship results are taken from:
Official Formula 1 Website.
Archive: Results for 2004 – Present seasons www.formula1.com Retrieved 6 June 2006
Christian Klien Official website
Christian Klien profile and statistics
Christian Klien statistics
Christian Klien statistics at Driver Database. (
includes pre-F1 career)
People from Vorarlberg
Doabi, which means "the land between two rivers", is one of the Punjabi dialects spoken in Indian Punjab.
This dialects is spoken between the rivers of Beas and Sutlej.
It includes the districts of Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and Nawanshahr (now known Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar).
Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman (21 February 1946 – 14 January 2016) was an English actor and theatre director.
He was a well known stage actor in modern and classical productions and he used to be a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company.
Rickman was known for being in movies.
Rickman was born on 21 February 1946 in Acton, London.
He studied in London at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts.
Rickman married his partner of 50 years, Rima Horton, in 2012.
He lived in London and in Los Angeles, California.
Rickman died in a hospital in London from pancreatic cancer on 14 January 2016 at the age of 69.
He was cremated in the West London Crematorium in Kensal Green on February 3, 2016.
His widow, Rima Horton, kept his ashes.
Hans Gruber in Die Hard
Severus Snape in the Harry Potter movie series
Eamon de Valera in Michael Collins
Phil Allen in Blow Dry
Alexander Dane in Galaxy Quest
Colonel Brandon in Sense and Sensibility
Harry in Love Actually
Judge Turpin in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
Absolem the Caterpillar in Alice in Wonderland and in Alice Through the Looking Glass
Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
President Ronald Reagan in The Butler
In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Sorcerer's Stone) Rickman portrays Severus Snape, a cold and angry professor in Hogwarts who hates Harry.
This is because Severus hated James Potter, Harry's father, because James and his best friend Sirius bullied him when they were both in Hogwarts in their younger years and he sees qualities of his father in Harry.
Another reason he hated Harry's father is because he loved a girl called Lily who James took and later becomes Harry's mother.
However, in Deathly Hallows Part 2it is revealed that Snape is in fact a hero.
He sacrifices himself to save the wizarding world.
Harry recognises this and names a child after him in honour of his braveness.
Alan Rickman at Emmys.com
Aram Ilyich Khachaturian (,  in Tiflis – 1 May 1978 in Moscow) was a significant Soviet-Armenian composer.
He studied the cello in the 1920s and went to the Moscow Conservatory in 1929.
He composed several symphonies and a ballet called Gayane.
His music was largely influenced by the folk music of Armenia.
His most popular piece, the "Sabre Dance" from Gayane, has been used extensively in popular culture and has been covered by a number of musicians worldwide.
The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) was a psychology experiment to see the effects of becoming a prisoner or a prison guard on human behaviour and psychology.
The experiment ran from 15-21 August 1971, led by Dr Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University.
In the experiment, 24 student volunteers were assigned to be either a ‘guard’ or a ‘prisoner’ in a fake prison at the flip of a coin, and Zimbardo was the prison superintendent.
They were paid 15$ a day.
The experiment was intended to run for 2 weeks, but some of the guards quickly became authoritarian and began psychologically torturing the prisoners, and the experiment had to be stopped after only 6 days.
5 prisoners left the experiment early, after having severe psychological stress.
Zimbardo concluded that certain situations can cause good people to behave in a way that they normally would not have predicted.
The Stanford Prison Experiment is used in many introductory psychology textbooks to show the impact of power and authority on human behaviour.
The experiment is controversial for a few reasons: demand characteristics, which causes the participants to behave in the way they think the researcher wants them to behave.
There are other ethical issues with the SPE, and Zimbardo has been criticised for interpreting the results to fit his previous expectations.
Psychological themes
Prisoners were anonymous; they were referred to by a number
Rules were very important; they were also an important means to guide behaviour
Zimbardo and his colleagues made an advert in the Palo Alto City newspaper for a study of the psychological effects of prison life on college students.
The participants were to be paid 15$ a day.
They did psychological tests and interviews to make sure that the participants were psychologically healthy, with no history of crime or drug abuse or any medical disabilities.
The 24 participants were randomly assigned to either be a ‘guard’ or a ‘prisoner’ based on a coin flip.
They made the fake prison in the basement of the Stanford Psychology Department building.
There was a closet which they called ‘the hole’, which served as solitary confinement.
There were no windows or clocks, which meant the 'prisoners' had time-altering experiences.
Three 'prisoners' were in each of the three cells (offices).
The ‘prisoners’ were arrested and held in the detention cells of the Palo Alto Police Department, then escorted to the ‘Stanford County Jail’.
Upon arrival, they were stripped naked, deloused, and given a uniform.
The uniform was a dress with no underclothes, a chain around their ankle, stocking caps to mimic a prisoner’s shaved head, and they were each assigned a prison number which became their new 'name'.
The 'guards' had a uniform of khaki, a baton, reflective sunglasses (to make them more anonymous), and a whistle around their neck.
The 'guards' worked on eight hour shifts, with three 'guards' working at any one time.
The 'prisoners' had to perform 'counts' several times a day and night, where they had to call their prison number out loud, to enforce the feeling of authority from the guards.
The experiment was intended to run for two weeks, but after 6 days had to be abandoned because the guards became more abusive towards the prisoners.
Criticism and response
Demand characteristics
The SPE has been criticised for having strong demand characteristics, which is where participants act the way they think the researchers want them to act.
In an experiment to test the extent of the demand characteristics in the SPE, Banauzzi and Mohavedi asked 150 students to predict the results of the SPE, and 89.9% predicted that the 'guards' would act in an oppressive, hostile nature towards the 'prisoners'.
So, the participants in the experiment could also have predicted how they were supposed to act, and act in this way, to please the researchers.
In his book, The Lucifer Effect, Zimbardo explained that he told the participants how they were supposed to behave:We can create boredom.
We can create a sense of frustration.
We can create fear in them, to some degree.
We can create a notion of the arbitrariness that governs their lives, which are totally controlled by us, by the system, by you, me.…They’ll have no privacy at all, there will be constant surveillance—nothing they do will go unobserved.
They will have no freedom of action.
They will be able to do nothing and say nothing that we don’t permit.
We’re going to take away their individuality in various ways.…In general, what all this should create in them is a sense of powerlessness.
We have total power in the situation.
They have none. (
55)The fact that Zimbardo was both the head researcher and the prison superintendent added to the demand characteristics because the 'guards' wanted to please the 'superintendent', and the overlap between the superintendent and the head psychologist means the participants would have have followed demand characteristics more strongly.
Peter Gray publicly stated why he hasn’t included the SPE in his introductory psychology textbooks, explaining that by remaining silent when the guards abused the prisoners, Zimbardo was approving of their methods of intimidation.
And the guards who were less assertive were instructed to be ‘tougher’- For example, Warden Jaffe (one of Zimbardo’s student research associates) said to one of the ‘nicer’ guards,“The guards have to know that every guard has to be what we call a ‘tough guard.’
The success of this experiment rides on the behavior of the guards to make it seem as realistic as possible” (pp.
65)There was direct instruction to behave more assertively, and approval of the behaviour of the 'tough guards'.
Situationist interpretation of results
About a third of the guards became sadistic, authoritarian guards.
2/3 of the 11 guards acted in a humane way, which critics argue goes against Zimbardo's interpretation of the results that good people can turn evil in the right environment.
Movies about the events
There has been a lot of interest for the events in the media.
At least the following movies were made:
A German movie (Das Experiment/The Experiment), of 2001; based on a book by Mario Giordano
A US movie of 2010 (also called The Experiment)
Wonderwall (movie), a 1968 movie.
Wonderwall Music, George Harrison's soundtrack to the Wonderwall movie.
"Wonderwall" (song), a song by the  band Oasis, from their 1995 album (What's the Story) Morning Glory?.
Wonderwall (band), a German pop band.
"The Wonderwall", the bonus round on the game show Winning Lines.
Alvin and the Chipmunks is an American animated music group.
It was created by Ross Bagdasarian, Sr.
The group is made up of three animated chipmunks who sing and talk.
They are Alvin, Simon and Theodore.
The trio is managed by a fictional man named Dave Seville, who adopted the chipmunks.
In reality, "David Seville" was Bagdasarian's stage name, and the chipmunks themselves are named after the executives of their original record label.
The characters became a success, and were recreated in animated cartoons and eventually movies.
The voices of the group were all done by Bagdasarian.
He recorded his voice and then sped up the playback to create high-pitched voices.
It was so unusual and well-done that it earned the record two Grammy Awards for musical engineering.
Bagdasarian, performing as the Chipmunks, released a long series of albums and singles.
Bagdasarian died in 1972.
The characters were revived in the 1980s and 1990s, with the voices being performed by Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. and his wife Janice Karman.
A computer-animated movie based on the characters was released in 2007, called Alvin and the Chipmunks.
It had three sequels: one in 2009, one in 2011 and one in 2015.
The actors Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler and Jesse McCartney performed the talking voices of the Chipmunks.
Bagdasarian, Jr. and Karman performed the singing voices for Alvin, Theodore and the Chipettes, but Steve Vining does Simon's singing voice.
The project has earned five Grammy Awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Reel Award, and three Kids' Choice Awards, and has been nominated for three Emmy awards.
The Alvin Show (1961-1962)
Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983-1990)
ALVINNN!!!
and the Chipmunks (2015-)
David "Dave" Seville is a the adoptive father of the Chipmunks.
He was played by Ross Bagdasarian, Sr.
and later Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. In the movies, he is played by Jason Lee.
Ian Hawke is the Chipmunks and Chipettes former nemesis and Dave's former arch-rival, he is played by David Cross.
Alvin is the lead singer of the Chipmunks.
He is the oldest of his brothers.
He was voiced by Ross Bagdasarian, Sr.
and later by Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. In the movies, he is voiced by Justin Long.
His singing voice is done by Ross Bagdasarian.
Simon is the second oldest brother.
He is a very intelligent chipmunk.
and later by Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. Matthew Gray Gubler voiced Simon in the movie series.
His singing voice is done by Steve Vining.
Theodore is the youngest of his brothers.
and later by Janice Karman.
In the movies, he is voiced by Jesse McCartney.
His singing voice is done by Ross Bagdasarian, Jr.
The Chipettes is a girl group of chipmunks.
It is made up of Brittany (voiced by Christina Applegate in the movies), Jeanette (voiced by Anna Faris) and Eleanor (voiced by Amy Poehler in the second and third films and Kaley Cuoco in a fourth film).
Agent James Suggs is the Chipmunks nemesis of U.S. Air Marshal, he is played by Tony Hale.
Claire Wilson, played by Cameron Richardson
Gail, played by Jane Lynch
Toby Seville, played by Zachary Levi
Zoe, played by Jenny Slate
Simone, voiced by Alan Tudyk
Samantha, played by Kimberly Williams-Paisley
Ashley Grey, played by Bella Thorne
Miles, played by Josh Green
Chipmunks.com, Bagdasarian Productions' official site
1950s establishments in California
Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007)
In a tree farm, three musically inclined chipmunks, Alvin (Justin Long), the mischievous troublemaker, Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler), the smart one in the trio, and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) the chubby sweethearted chipmunk, find their tree cut down and are transported to Los Angeles.
Once there, they meet frustrated songwriter David Seville (Jason Lee), and despite a poor house-wrecking first impression, they impress him with their singing talent.
Seeing the opportunity for success, both human and chipmunks make a pact for them to sing his songs.
While that ambition proves a frustrating struggle with the difficult trio, the dream does come true after all.
However, that success presents its own trials as their unscrupulous record executive, Ian Hawke (David Cross), plans to break up this family to exploit the boys.
Can Dave and the Chipmunks discover what they really value amid the superficial glamour around them?
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2009)
Pop sensations Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) end up in the care of Dave Seville (Jason Lee)'s twenty-something cousin Toby (Zachary Levi).
The boys must put aside music super stardom to return to school, and are tasked with saving the school's music program by winning the $25,000 prize in a battle of the bands.
But the Chipmunks unexpectedly meet their match in three singing chipmunks known as The Chipettes—Brittany (Christina Applegate), Jeanette (Anna Faris) and Eleanor (Amy Poehler).
Romantic and musical sparks are ignited when the Chipmunks and Chipettes square off.
Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (2011)
Dave (Jason Lee), the Chipmunks, and the Chipettes enjoy fun and mischief on a luxury cruise before their seafaring vacation takes an unexpected detour to an uncharted island.
Now, the harder Alvin (Justin Long) and friends search for a way back to civilization, the more obvious it becomes that they aren't alone on this secluded island paradise.
Through a series of misunderstandings, Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) come to believe that Dave (Jason Lee) is going to propose to his new girlfriend in Miami...and dump them.
They have three days to get to him and stop the proposal, saving themselves not only from losing Dave but possibly from gaining a terrible stepbrother.
Acanthaceae is one of 23 families in the mint order of flowering plants containing approximately 230 genera and nearly 3,500 species distributed predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
The greater part of the Acanthaceae family are herbs or shrubs, but climbers (vines) and trees occur as well.
The range of habitats extends from marshes to extremely dry situations, but most of these plants are found in damp tropical forests.
Gesneriaceae is a one of 23 families in the order Lamiales of flowering plant, consisting of 147 genera and about 3,200 species of mostly tropical and subtropical herbaceous or slightly woody plants.
Many are of economic importance as horticultural ornamentals.
Among these are the African violets and gloxinias.
A novella is a book shorter than a novel, but longer than a short story.
Sometimes it is also called a novellette.
Flatland by Edwin A. Abbot (1884)
Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck (1937)
Bignoniaceae or the Trumpet creeper or catalpa family of the mint order of flowering plants.
It contains about 112 genera and more than 725 species of trees, shrubs, and, most commonly, vines, chiefly of tropical America, tropical Africa, and the Indo-Malayan region.
They form an important part of the tropical forest vegetation because of the numerous climbing vines.
A few are found in temperate regions, notably the catalpa tree (Catalpa), the trumpet creeper (Campsis), and the cross vine (Bignonia).
Super Aguri F1 was a Formula One racing team that competed from  to .
The team was founded by former F1 driver Aguri Suzuki.
They were based in Tokyo, Japan.
They operated from the former Arrows factory in Leafield, UK.
The cars were called Super Aguri-Honda because they used Honda engines.
The team was, to some degree, an unofficial Honda second-team.
In Japan, public pressure convinced Honda to help its former driver Takuma Sato to continue in Formula One.
This lead to the start of Super Aguri F1, and the engine supply from Honda.
The team competed two full years, and part of the third year.
After four races in the  season, the team withdrew due to financial problems.
The team started in September 2005.
on 1 November 2005, the team told the FIA its wanted to enter the  Formula One World Championship.
The FIA did not approved Super Aguri's entry.
It was reported that the team failed to give the required $48 million entry bond on time.
Super Aguri applied for entry again in 2006.
Because they missed the initial registration, the team needed the existing ten teams to agree to its entry.
The other teams gave the required unanimous agreement.
Super Aguri was confirmed by the FIA on 26 January 2006.
In 2006, the chassis, Super Aguri SA05, was based on the 2002 Arrows A23.
The Arrows chassis was bought from ex-Minardi principal Paul Stoddart.
Stoddart had bought them when the Arrows team went bankrupt.
Super Aguri updated their old chassis to become the Super Aguri SA06.
They were used from the German Grand Prix to the end of the year.
Takuma Sato and Yuji Ide were the initial race drivers for the team in the 2006 season.
Franck Montagny as the third driver.
On 4 May, after four races, the team announced that Montagny would be replacing Ide as race driver.
Ide's Super Licence had been revoked after a clash with Christijan Albers.
When the new SA07 car was first tested by the FIA, it failed the crash test.
It was less than 48 hours before the first practice session for the Australian Grand Prix that the SA07 chassis was ready.
At the Spanish Grand Prix the team scored its first point.
Takuma Sato finished in 8th place.
At the Canadian Grand Prix, the team scored its highest finish.
Sato finishing in sixth place and earned three points.
For , Super Aguri kept their drivers Takuma Sato and Anthony Davidson following the acquisition of an unspecified portion of the team by the Magma Group became a part owner of the team.
The team did not attend the final pre-season tests.
Not all the parts had arrived.
Magma canceled their proposed purchase, leaving Super Aguri's future in doubt.
Super Aguri's equipment was denied entry to Istanbul Park for the Turkish Grand Prix.
Honda Racing's CEO Nick Fry reportedly told the race organizers that Super Aguri would not be taking part.
On 6 May 2008, team founder and principal Aguri Suzuki announced that they were withdrawing from the 2008 World Championship due to financial problems.
He said the breach of contract by SS United Group Oil & Gas Company resulting in the loss of financial backing.
The team was in financial difficulties.
A team of corporate recovery partners were appointed to seek a buyer for Super Aguri.
The team's assets were bought by a German businessman named Franz Hilmer.
Hilmer unsuccessfully to enter the  season under the Brabham name.
Team withdrew from championship after race 4.
They did not field any drivers or cars in any further races that season.
Official site on 2 May, 2008 from Internet Archive
Magma Group
Polite society, the etiquette of the upper class
Polite society, the manners of the upper class
Polite Society, a 1995 novel by Melanie Sumner, winner of that year's Whiting Writers' Award
The Polite Society, an American organization that holds shooting events
To compromise is to make a deal where one person gives up part of his or her demand.
In arguments, compromise is a concept of finding agreement through communication, through a mutual acceptance of terms, while often involving variations from an original goal or desire.
Extremism is often considered as antonym to compromise, which, depending on context, may be associated with concepts of balance or tolerance.
In the negative connotation, compromise may be referred to as capitulation, referring to a "surrender" of objectives, principles, or material, in the process of negotiating an agreement.
In human relationships, "compromise" is frequently said to be an agreement that no party is happy with, this is because the parties involved often feel that they either gave away too much or that they received too little.
Studies in compromise
Research has indicated that less-than-optimal compromises are often the result of negotiators failing to realize when they have interests that are completely compatible with those of the other party, and hence, they settle for suboptimal agreements.
Mutually-better outcomes can often be found by careful study of both parties' interests, especially if done early in negotiations.
Three-Fifths Compromise (USA)
Missouri Compromise (USA)
Compromise of 1850 (USA)
Compromise of 1867 (Austria-Hungary)
Defined broadly, a visionary, is one who can envision the future.
For some groups, this can involve the supernatural or use of mind-altering drugs.
A visionary state can be achieved via meditation, drugs, lucid dreams, daydreams, or art.
One example is Hildegard of Bingen, a 12th century artist/visionary and Catholic saint.
Other visionaries in religion are Mohammed (who had a vision of and communed with the Angel Gabriel), St. Bernadette (who had a vision of contact with the Blessed Virgin), and Joseph Smith (who had a vision of contact with the Angel Moroni).
Extended meanings
By extension, a visionary can also be a person with a clear, distinctive and specific (in some details) vision of the future, usually connected with advances in technology or social/political arrangements.
For example, Ted Nelson or U.S. Vice President Al Gore is referred to as a visionary in connection with the Internet.
Other visionaries simply imagine what does not yet exist but might some day, as some forms of visioning (or gazing) can provide a glimpse into the possible future.
Therefore, visioning can mean seeing in a utopian way what does not yet exist on earth, but might exist in another realm, such as the ideal or perfect realm as imagined or thought.
Examples are Buckminster Fuller in architecture and design, and some of the pioneers of personal computing such as Steve Wozniak.
In that sense, a visionary may also function as a secular prophet.
Some visionaries emphasize communication, and some assume a figurehead role in organizing a social group.
Visionary art can be incorrectly defined as a category of primitive art (art of those not formally trained) rather than describing people who have used their visions (or dreams) to create their paintings.
Salvador Dali is one artist who would exemplify visionary art that is neither religious nor primitive.
Celestial Visitations The Art of Gilbert Williams (Pomegranate Artbooks) , 1979
Carlo McCormick Sacred Mirrors: The Visionary Art of Alex Grey, Inner Traditions International, 1990
Joseph Nechvatal William Blakeand Visionary Art
Metamorphosis: 50 Contemporary Surreal, Fantastic and Visionary Artists (beinArt)
John Maizels,Raw Creation: Outsider Art and Beyond (1996).
Elka Spoerri, Daniel Baumann and E. M. Gomez, The Art of Adolf Wolfli (2003).
Geiger, John (2005).
Nothing Is True - Everything Is Permitted: The Life of Brion Gysin.
The Disinformation Company, 130. .
R. Todd Wise The Great Vision of Black Elk as Literary Ritual, in The Black Elk Reader, 2000.
Fantastic Art (Taschen) ( Schurian, Prof. Dr. Walter)  (English edition), 2005
Metamorphosis (beinArt) , 2007
Cosmic Art Ramond & Lila Piper (Hawthorne Books) , 1975
Theodor Holm Nelson (Ted Nelson, born 1937) is an American sociologist, philosopher, and pioneer of information technology.
He coined the terms "hypertext" and "hypermedia" in 1963 and published it in 1965.
He also is credited with first use of the words  transclusion, virtuality, intertwingularity and teledildonics.
The main thrust of his work has been to make computers easily accessible to ordinary people.
His motto is: "A user interface should be so simple that a beginner in an emergency can understand it within ten seconds."
However, he is known for inventing many new words (neologisms) which few other people understand (such as "intertwingularity"), and his remarks contain humor to entertain rather than just inform.
Consequently, some of his ideas have been met with negative reactions.
Nelson started Project Xanadu in 1960.
He wanted to create a new computer network that was easy to use and easy to understand.
He wrote about the project in his books Computer Lib/Dream Machines (1974) and Literary Machines (1981).
He has spent much of his adult life working on Project Xanadu and telling people about its benefits.
The Xanadu project was not very successful.
There were many reasons, but not everyone agrees why the project did not go well.
Journalist Gary Wolf published an unflattering history, "The Curse of Xanadu", on Nelson and his project in the June 1995 issue of Wired.
Nelson expressed his disgust on his website, referring to Wolf as a "Gory Jackal", and threatened to sue him.
He also outlined his objections in a letter to Wired, and released a detailed rebuttal of the article.
Nelson says that Tim Berners-Lee made some ideas from Xanadu become true by inventing the World Wide Web.
But, Nelson dislikes the World Wide Web, XML, and all embedded markup.
Nelson thinks that Berners-Lee's work is a much too simple way of doing his original plan:
HTML is precisely what we were trying to PREVENT– ever-breaking links, links going outward only, quotes you can't follow to their origins, no version management, no rights management. –
Ted Nelson (Ted Nelson one-liners )
Nelson co-founded Itty bitty machine company, or "IBM", which was a small computer retail store operating from 1977 to 1980 in Evanston, Illinois.
The Itty bitty machine company was one of the few retail stores to sell the original Apple I computer.
In 1978 he had a significant impact upon IBM's thinking when he outlined his vision of the potential of personal computing to the team that three years later launched the IBM PC.
Ted Nelson is currently working on a new information structure, ZigZag.
More information about ZigZag is on the Xanadu project website.
That website also has two versions of the Xanadu code that visitors can download.
He is also currently developing XanaduSpace - a system for the exploration of connected parallel documents (an early version of this software may be freely downloaded from .
He is a visiting fellow at Oxford University - based at the Oxford Internet Institute - where he works in the fields of information, computers, and human-machine interfaces.
Education and awards
In 1998, at the Seventh WWW Conference in Brisbane, Australia, Ted Nelson was awarded the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award.
He told the audience that it was the first award that he had ever received for his work.
In 2001 he was knighted by France as "Officier des Arts et Lettres".
In 2004 he was appointed as a Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, and associated with the Oxford Internet Institute, where he is currently conducting his research.
His parents' marriage was brief, and he was mostly raised by his grandparents in Greenwich Village, with relatively little contact with his parents.
He is partly of Norwegian descent.
The anime Serial Experiments Lain cites Project Xanadu as a precursor to The Wired (a fictional internet-like communications network and augmented reality system) and mentions Nelson as the originator of hypertext.
Populitism
Populitism ("pop-u-leet-ism") is another neologism coined by Nelson, as a combination of the word "populism" with "elite".
It refers to treating the general populace with the privileges of elitism.
The word suggests the society-of-text envisioned by theorists like Shoshana Zuboff and Jay David Bolter, a writing space in which traces of authority persist only as local and contingent effects, the social equivalent of the deconstructed author-function.
A "populite" culture might mark the first step toward realization of Jean-Francois Lyotard's "game of perfect information" where all have equal access to the world of data, and where "[g]iven equal competence (no longer in the acquisition of knowledge, but in its production), what extra performativity depends on in the final analysis is 'imagination,' which allows one either to make a new move or change the rules of the game."
This is the utopia of information-in-process, the ultimate wetware dream of the clerisy: discourse converted with 100 percent efficiency into capital, the mechanism of that magical process being nomology or rule-making—admittedly a rather specialized form of "imagination."
Works by Ted Nelson
Life, Love, College, etc. (
Computer Lib: You can and must understand computers now / Dream Machines: New freedoms through computer screens–a minority report (1974), Microsoft Press, rev.
edition 1987:
The Home Computer Revolution (1977)
Literary Machines: The report on, and of, Project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, thinkertoys, tomorrow's intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including knowledge, education and freedom (1981), Mindful Press, Sausalito, California.
Publication dates as listed in the 93.1 (1993) edition: 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993
The Future of Information (1997)
A Cosmology for a Different Computer Universe: Data Model, Mechanisms, Virtual Machine and Visualization Infrastructure .
Journal of Digital Information, Volume 5 Issue 1.
Article No.
298, July 16, 2004
Geeks Bearing Gifts: How The Computer World Got This Way (2008) (Chapter summaries)
Ted Nelson's homepage
Detailed Ted Nelson bibliography
Xanadu project webpage
The Magical Place of Literary Memory: Xanadu  in Screening the Past , July 2005 by Belinda Barnet
Ted Nelson and Xanadu, in The Electronic Labyrinth, 1993
The Curse of Xanadu , June 1995 Wired  article by Gary Wolf
reactions to The Curse of Xanadu, September 1995 Wired magazine, from Vint Cerf, Jonathan Vos Post and Ted Nelson,
Orality and Hypertext: An Interview with Ted Nelson
Way Out Of The Box , by Theodor Nelson, October 8, 1999
Software and Media for a New Democracy  a talk given by Ted Nelson at the File festival Symposium/November/2005
Article/interview with Nelson, Wired, August 2005
The Politics of Internet Software 'Geeks Bearing Gifts' , a talk given by Ted at the Oxford Internet Institute, November 30, 2005
Transclusion: Fixing Electronic Literature , a talk given by Ted at Google, January 29, 2007
Biography at ibiblio.org
Gunnysacking is a metaphor, used in conflict resolution, which involves the act of "storing up" grievances acquired in the course of a relationship, rather than resolve them when they first occurred.
The word is based on the idea of using a gunny sack (burlap bag) storing a number of items.
A typical example might occur in a marriage facing occasional difficulty.
Partners may have small grievances or annoyances, which by themselves are not critical.
However, over time one partner gets less happy and more annoyed.
Then some incident occurs, and a full-blown argument follows.
By analogy, this is the gunny sack bursting, with an 'overblown reaction'.
The term may also refer to bringing up past grievances when trying to resolve some present problem in a relationship.
In which case, gunnysacking (as a tactic) has the dual effect of raising additional problems (in what is typically already a volatile, difficult situation) and presents a side-track obstacle to dealing with the current issues.
Additionally, once the practice becomes a familiar pattern used by one person in a relationship, other persons may avoid reporting new issues or problems for the sake of avoiding a repeat of the gunnysacking behavior.
Conflict resolution is a set of ideas and ways to reduce sources of conflict.
The term "conflict resolution" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "dispute resolution".
The terms conflict and dispute overlap.
As a term, conflict is broader than dispute, more concerned with physical action, and less concerned with verbal arguments.
Processes of conflict resolution generally include negotiation, mediation, and diplomacy.
The processes of arbitration, litigation, and formal complaint processes such as ombudsman processes, are usually described with the term dispute resolution, although some refer to them as "conflict resolution".
Culture-based
Conflict resolution as both a professional practice and academic field is highly sensitive to cultural background.
In Western cultural contexts, such as Canada and the United States, successful conflict resolution usually involves fostering communication among disputants and problem solving that meet their underlying needs.
In these situations, conflict resolvers often talk about finding the win-win solution, or mutually satisfying scenario, for everyone involved (see Fisher and Ury (1981), Getting to Yes).
In many non-Western cultural contexts, such as Afghanistan, Vietnam, and China, it is also important to find "win-win" solutions; however, getting there can be very different.
In these contexts, direct communication between disputants that explicitly addresses the issues at stake in the conflict can be perceived as very rude, making the conflict worse and delaying resolution.
Rather, it can make sense to involve religious, tribal or community leaders, communicate difficult truths indirectly through a third party, and make suggestions through stories (see David Augsberger (1992), Conflict Mediation Across Cultures).
Intercultural conflicts are often the most difficult to resolve because the expectations of the disputants can be very different, and there is much occasion for misunderstanding.
Conflict resolution has also been studied in non-humans, like dogs, cats, monkeys, snakes, elephants, and primates (see Frans de Waal, 2000).
Aggression is more common among animal relatives and within a group, than between groups.
Instead of creating a distance between the individuals, however, the primates were more intimate in the period after the aggressive incident.
These intimacies consisted of grooming and various forms of body contact.
Stress responses, like an increased heart rate, usually decrease after these reconciliatory signals.
Different types of primates, as well as many other species who are living in groups, show different types of conciliatory behaviour.
Resolving conflicts that threaten the interaction between individuals in a group is necessary for survival, hence has a strong evolutionary value.
These findings contradicted previous existing theories about the general function of aggression, i.e. creating space between individuals (first proposed by Konrad Lorenz), which seems to be more the case in conflicts between groups than it is within groups.
In addition to research in primates, biologists are beginning to explore reconciliation in other animals.
Up until recently, the literature dealing with reconciliation in non-primates have consisted of anecdotal observations and very little quantitative data.
Although peaceful, post-conflict behavior had been documented going back to the 1960s, it was not until 1993 that Rowell made the first explicit mention of reconciliation in feral sheep.
Reconciliation has since been documented in spotted hyenas, lions, dolphins, dwarf mongooses, domestic goats, and domestic dogs.
Conflict resolution is an expanding field of professional practice, both in the U.S. and around the world.
The escalating costs of conflict have increased use of third parties who may serve as arbitrators, mediators, facilitators, and ombudsmen or conflict specialists to resolve conflicts.
In fact, relief and development organizations have added peace-building specialists to their teams.
Also, many of the major international NGOs have seen a growing need to hire practitioners trained in conflict analysis and resolution.
Furthermore, this expansion of the field has resulted in the need for conflict resolution practitioners to work in a variety of settings such as  in businesses, court systems, government agencies nonprofit organizations, government agencies and educational institutions serving throughout the world.
Universities worldwide offer programs of study pertaining to conflict research, analysis, and practice.
The Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) houses the Scheinman Institute on Conflict Resolution, which offers undergraduate, graduate, and professional training on conflict resolution.
Additional graduate programs are offered at Georgetown University, Eastern Mennonite University and Trinity College Dublin.
George Mason University’s Institute of Conflict Analysis and Resolution offers undergraduate, certificate and masters programs in Conflict Analysis and Resolution and a Ph.D. program in The Philosophy in Conflict and Conflict Resolution.
Many students completing a doctoral program enter the field as researchers, theorists, analysts, policy makers and professors in higher education.
Collaborative law
Collaborative divorce
Family therapy
Talaq – a last step in marriage, in Islamic jurisprudence.
Augsburger, D. (1992).
Conflict mediation across cultures.
Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster / John Knox Press.
Bannon, I. & Paul Collier (Eds.). (
Natural resources and violent conflict: Options and actions.
Washington, D.C: The World Bank.
Ury, F. & Rodger Fisher. (
Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in.
New York, NY: Penguin Group.
Wilmot,W. & Jouyce Hocker. (
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Bercovitch, Jacob and Jackson, Richard.
Conflict Resolution in the Twenty-first Century: Principles, Methods, and Approaches.
University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
de Waal, Frans B. M. and Angeline van Roosmalen.
Reconciliation and consolation among chimpanzees.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5: 55–66.
de Waal, Frans B. M. 1989.
Peacemaking Among Primates.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Judge, Peter G. and Frans B. M. de Waal.
Conflict avoidance among rhesus monkeys: coping with short-term crowding.
Animal Behaviour 46: 221–232.
Veenema, Hans et al.
Methodological improvements for the study of reconciliation.
Behavioural Processes 31:29–38.
de Waal, Frans B. M. and Filippo Aureli.
Consolation, reconciliation, and a possible cognitive difference between macaques and chimpanzees.
Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes (Eds.
Anne E. Russon, Kim A. Bard, Sue Taylor Parker), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY: 80–110.
Aureli, Filippo.
Post-conflict anxiety in non-human primates: the mediating role of emotion in conflict resolution.
Aggressive Behavior 23: 315–328.
Castles, Duncan L. and Andrew Whiten.
Post-conflict behaviour of wild olive baboons, I. Reconciliation, redirection, and consolation.
Ethology 104: 126–147.
Aureli, Filippo and Frans B. M. de Waal, eds.
Natural Conflict Resolution.
University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
de Waal, Frans B. M. 2000.
Primates––A natural heritage of conflict resolution.
Science 289: 586–590.
Silk, Joan B. 2002.
The form and function of reconciliation in primates.
Annual Review of Anthropology 31: 21–44.
Weaver, Ann and Frans B. M. de Waal.
The mother-offspring relationship as a template in social development: reconciliation in captive brown capuchins (Cebus apella).
Journal of Comparative Psychology 117: 101–110.
Palagi, Elisabetta et al.
Reconciliation and consolation in captive bonobos (Pan paniscus).
American Journal of Primatology 62: 15–30.
Aggression and reconciliation in two captive groups of Lemur catta.
International Journal of Primatology 26: 279–294.
Lorenzen, Michael.
Conflict Resolution and Academic Library Instruction.
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Narrative Mediation: A New Approach to Conflict Resolution.
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From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation.
Party-Directed Mediation: Helping Others Resolve Differences free book PDF download, at the University of California
Search for Common Ground
Jørgen Bent Larsen (4 March 1935–9 September 2010) was a Danish chess Grandmaster.
He was a six-time Danish champion, and a candidate for the World Chess Championship on four occasions: 1965, 1968, 1971, and 1977.
He won three Interzonal tournaments: Amsterdam 1964, Sousse 1967, and Biel 1976.
Larsen won several dozen major international tournaments during his career, and was awarded the first Chess Oscar in 1967.
At his best he was rated (FIDE rating list) fourth in the world.
Larsen was the strongest chess player born in Denmark, and the strongest Scandinavian until the emergence of Magnus Carlsen.
From the early 1970s, he lived for part of the year in Las Palmas, and in Buenos Aires, with his Argentinian-born wife.
Olympiad performances
Bent represented Denmark six times in Chess Olympiads, always on first board, and compiled an aggregate score of 75/109 (+61 =28 −20), for 68.8%, according to olimpbase.org.
He always played a very high number of games, almost all of the rounds, and won three board medals, one gold and two bronze.
Amsterdam 1954, board one, 13½/19 (+11 =5 −3), board bronze medal;
Moscow 1956, board one, 14/18 (+11 =6 −1), board gold medal;
Munich 1958, board one, 13/19 (+11 =4 −4);
Havana 1966, board one, 11/18 (+9 =4 −5);
Lugano 1968, board one, 10½/18 (+8 =5 −5);
Siegen 1970, board one, 13/17 (+11 =4 −2), board bronze medal.
Disaster in Denver
The worst result of his career was his 6–0 defeat by Bobby Fischer in the semi-finals of the Candidates matches in 1971.
The match was played in Denver, Colorado.
Larsen later claimed in a Kasparov.com interview (1998) that his one-sided loss to Fischer was due in part to his condition during the match: "The organizers chose the wrong time for this match.
I was languid with the heat and Fischer was better prepared for such exceptional circumstances... I saw chess pieces through a mist and, thus, my level of playing was not good".
Fischer was the great player of the day, and went on to beat Spassky in 1972 for the World Championship.
Bent Larsen 1970.
Larsen's selected games of chess.
Bell, London.
Lubomir Kavalek: Chess great Bent Larsen dies
Google Search or Google Web Search is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. and is the most-used search engine on the World Wide Web.
Google receives several hundred million queries each day through its various services.
The main purpose of Google Search is to hunt for text in webpages, as opposed to other data, such as with Google Image Search.
Google search was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997, based on earlier search-engine designs.
Google Search provides at least 22 special features beyond the original word-search capability.
These include synonyms, weather forecasts, time zones, stock quotes, maps, earthquake data, movie showtimes, airports, home listings, and sports results. (
see below: Special features).