the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Cormorants range in size from as little as 45 cm (18 in) and 340 g (12 oz) to a maximum size 100 cm (40 in) and 5 kg (11 lbs).
Most cormorants, including nearly all northern hemisphere species, have mainly dark feathers.
Some southern hemisphere species are black and white.
A few species are very colorful.
Many species have areas of colored skin on the face.
These areas can be bright blue, orange, red or yellow.
They usually become more brightly colored in the breeding season.
The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked.
Cormorants breed on rocky headlands and islands as well as near inland lakes, marshes and reservoirs.
The birds spend the winter on coasts, estuaries, rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
The 2006 Tour de France was the 93rd Tour de France.
It took place from 1 to 23 July 2006.
The winner was Óscar Pereiro.
Floyd Landis was the first person to finish the race, but was disqualified on 20 September 2007 for taking the drug testosterone during the 17th stage of the race.
The Tour began in Strasbourg, on the French-German border.
It ended Sunday 23 July in Paris.
The distance of the race was 3657 km (2272 mi).
Along the way, the cyclists passed through six different countries including France, The Netherlands (a stop at Valkenburg in Stage 3), Belgium (at Huy, Stages 3 and 4), Luxembourg (at Esch-sur-Alzette, Stages 2 and 3), Germany (though not stopping there, Stage 1) and Spain (Pla-de-Beret, Stage 11).
For the first time since the 1999 race, there was no team time trial.
One day before the start of the Tour, there was a doping scandal.
13 racers were removed from the Tour, because it was believed that they were getting drugs from a doctor named Fuentes.
Two of the 13 riders were the expected to do well in the race.
They were Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso.
Overall standings
General Classification
See the section on Finishing times for full details.
King of the Mountains classification
Young Riders' Classification
Teams Classification
Finishing times
Official Tour de France press releases on Strasbourg
2006 Tour de France coverage on RoadCycling.com
http://www.cycling.tv for the live TdF news show everyday.
Tour de France race news from Bicycling Magazine
2000s in France
Elizabeth Carolan  (born November 24, 1980) better known by her ring name Beth Phoenix, is an American professional wrestling commentator and wrestler  She currently works for WWE as a color commentator under the name Beth Phoenix
Phoenix is a former 3-time WWE Women's Champion and won a Slammy Award in 2008 for Diva of the Year.
She is the actual WWE Divas Champion, she defeated to Kelly Kelly with her "Glam Slam" at Hell in a Cell 2011.
OVW Profile
A cartridge (also called a round, sometimes a shell) is a type of ammunition, consisting of a cylindrical casing (made of metal, usually brass) that has inside of it a bullet, gunpowder and primer.
It is made to fit neatly in the chamber of a gun.
This kind of cartridge became usual in the 19th century.
Hong Kong Island is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong SAR (Special Administrative Region).
Most of the city of Hong Kong was built on the island.
Hong Kong Island is  in size.
In 2008, 1,289,500 people lived on Hong Kong Island (16,390 people per square kilometre).
Years ago, when the British first took over Hong Kong Island, 3,000 people were living there in fishing villages.
China officially gave the island to the United Kingdom in 1842.
The British built a city on it, which they called the city of Victoria.
The northern part of the island has the southern shore of Victoria Harbour.
This area is the historical, political, and economic centre of Hong Kong.
The northern part of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon form the central urban area of Hong Kong.
The island also includes the area of Aberdeen.
There are many famous places on the island, like Victoria Peak and Ocean Park.
There are places that are important to history and large shopping centres.
People like to hike on the mountains around the island.
The Communist Party of China (spelled as 中国共产党/中國共產黨 in Simplified/Traditional Chinese, originally called the Chinese Communist Party) is the dominant political party and founder of the People's Republic of China, and is the only ruling party in People's Republic of China now.
Originally, the party was led by Chen Duxiu, who was the General Secretary of the Central Committee.
In the early stage, the CPC got help from the Communist International, and worked with Kuomintang until 1927.
After the victory of World War II, the CPC led its own army called People's Liberation Army to fight with Kuomintang.
Their fight is called The Chinese Communist Revolution.
The CPC won the war.
In 1949, the CPC drove Kuomintang out from mainland China and established (formed) the People's Republic of China.
Ideologically, it is an communist Marxist-Leninist party.
From 1943 to 1982 the most powerful position in the party was Chairman.
In 1982, members of the Central Committee voted to name the leader of the party General Secretary again.
The current General Secretary is Xi Jinping.
Relationships with other parties
With other communist parties
The CPC tries to keep good relationships(how good or bad they feel with each other) with other communist parties.
Other communist parties also send people to have meets with the CPC.
For example, the chairman of Portuguese Communist Party, Jeronimo de Sousa, met with Liu Qibao, a member of the Central Politburo in 2007.
For another example, Pierre Laurent, the National Secretary of the French Communist Party (FCP), met with Liu Yunshan, a Politburo Standing Committee member.
Also, the CPC gives help to the communist party of Cuba in a wide range and a deep degree.
After the disintegration of the USSR (USSR was not a whole country anymore), the CPC became the only major helpers of Cuba.
With other non-communist parties
Communism had fallen in the Western Europe.
The CPC began to make good party-to-party relations with other non-communist parties.
The CPC also used this way to learn.
In Russia, the Tatar alphabet is Cyrillic by a federal government law passed in 2002.
It has 39 letters, of which 33 are the same as in Russian.
The other 6 (and their positions in the alphabet) are:
Ә (between А and Б)
Җ (after Ж)
Ң (after Н)
Ө (between О and П)
Ү (after У)
Һ (between Х and Ц)
In 2001, the government of the Republic of Tatarstan created a Latin alphabet for the Tatar language called Zamanälif.
But the next year, the federal government did not allow it to be made official.
The Zamanälif alphabet has these 35 letters:
There was another Latin alphabet for Tatar called Yañalif.
It was used from 1928 to 1940, when it was replaced with Cyrillic by a Soviet law.
There have been two Arabic alphabets used to write Tatar: İske imlâ and Yaña imlâ.
İske imlâ is the older of the two and was used until 1920, when it was changed to become Yaña imlâ and remained in use until it was replaced by the Latin Yañalif alphabet.
However, Tatars in China still use İske imlâ.
The House Medici (pronounced med-ee-chee) or Medici family was a very important family in Florence, Italy from the year 1300 to about 1600.
They were the richest family in Europe for many years.
Many leaders of Florence during the Renaissance were Medicis.
The Medicis were important because they ran many banks, including the most important bank in Europe.
They were so powerful they became like a royal family.
4 popes of the Catholic Church were from the Medici.
Their names were Pope Leo X (the 10th), Pope Clement VII(the 7th), Pope Pius IV (the 4th), and Pope Leo XI (the 11th)  2 Queens of France were from the medici- Catherine de’ Medici and Marie de’ Medici.
The heir to the Tuscan throne was traditionally known as the Grand Prince.
Pope Leo X (1513-1521), born Giovanni de' Medici
Pope Clement VII (1523-1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici
Pope Pius IV (1559-1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici
Pope Leo XI (1605), born Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici
Giovanni Bicep de' Medici, (1360-1429), was the first important member of the family.
He invested his money very wisely and became rich.
He and his son, Cosmo de' Medici, (1389-1464), began the Medici Banking Company, which did so well that they soon had branches of the bank in large cities all over Europe, including London and Paris.
Giovanni Bicep and Cosmo were the richest men in Europe, and their family was politically the most powerful in Florence.
Florence already had an industry, the cloth industry.
Florentine merchants (traders) traded with Lombard traders from the north of Italy.
They bought English wool and Chinese silk to be woven into the most magnificent cloth in Europe at the riverside factories of Florence.
Florence was perfectly sited for making cloth.
A lot of water is needed to make cloth.
Other towns nearby are high on the tops of hills, but Florence is in a wide valley, with the broad Arno River flowing through it.
There was a harbor on the coast near Pisa.
The Pisans were not very friendly towards Florence, so Florence took them over.
Then the rich traders of Florence could have their own ships and did not have to worry about the Lombard traders who brought their goods across Europe and over the mountains on the backs of donkeys.
Cosimo de' Medici was a patriot and a patron.
He was a "patriot" because he acted like a father to his city.
He became part of the town council.
They were a group of men called the "signorina" (the seniors or elders).
Cosimo made laws that adjusted the taxes.
Some of the rich people did not like this at all and left the city, making Cosimo more powerful.
He took good care of industry, of trade and of farming, because Florence needed all these things.
He particularly needed the loyalty of all the farms and villages, because a city in a valley is easy for an army to attack.
Cosimo built public buildings and when he had a palace built for himself, he had long stone seats built along the walls for the poor and the elderly to sit on.
He was a patron because he supported the church, and lots of writers, artists, architects and students.
He founded a "Platonic Academy" where students could study the works of Ancient Greek writers and talk about politics, religion and new ideas.
The head of the Academy was a philosopher called Marsillio Ficino.
Cosimo encouraged architects to design buildings in the style of Ancient Rome.
He collected a huge library of books and gave them to the monastery of San Lorenzo to be used by students.
When he wanted some quiet time, he went to friary, (which is like a monastery), Sant Marco's, where he encouraged one of the "brothers", Fra Angelico, to paint beautiful sacred pictures.
After the death of Cosimo, his grandson Lorenzo de' Medici became even more famous.
He was called Lorenzo il Magnifico (the Magnificent).
It was during the time of Lorenzo that some of the most famous artists in world history were alive in Florence, and worked for the Medici:- Botticelli, Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.
List of popes from the Medici family
Papal families
Giordano Bruno (January 1548 – 17 February 1600) was an Italian friar of the Dominican Order.
He was also a philosopher and mathematician.
He is best known for believing in the infinity of the universe.
His cosmological theories went beyond the Copernican model.
Bruno thought the Sun was just one of an infinite number of independently moving heavenly bodies.
He is the first man to have thought the stars we see at night are identical in nature to the Sun.
For publishing beliefs contrary to Roman Catholic dogma about transubstantiation, trinity and other matters, he was burnt at the stake as a heretic by the Inquisition of the Roman Catholic Church.
Holding opinions contrary to the Catholic Faith and speaking against it and its ministers.
Holding wrong opinions about the Trinity, about Christ's divinity and Incarnation.
Holding wrong opinions about Christ.
Holding wrong opinions about Transubstantiation and Mass.
Claiming the existence of a plurality of worlds and their eternity.
Believing in the transmigration of the human soul into brutes.
Dealing in magics and divination.
Denying the Virginity of Mary.
Bruno did accept and promote Copernicus' idea that the Earth revolves round the Sun.
Many believe this was one of main reasons for his downfall; others think his theological beliefs were more critical.
In 1584 he published two dialogues which argued for his idea on astronomy.
Eight years later he was arrested, and his trial took another eight years.
His accusers demanded complete recantation of all his 'erroneous' beliefs.
He refused, and went to his death.
Later the Inquisition used his example to terrify Galileo into withdrawing his works from publication.
1548 births
1600 deaths
Wheel of Fortune is a game show on television.
It was created by Merv Griffin in 1975.
It was first hosted by Chuck Woolery from 1975 until 1981.
Pat Sajak has been hosting the show since 1981 and Susan Stafford and Vanna White replaced in 1982.
The show has been aired in syndicated format since 1983.
The show is currently in its 39th season, which premiered on September 13, 2021
Three contestants compete.
The game combines the game of hangman with a prize wheel.
At the beginning of the show, there is a $1,000 Toss-Up puzzle.
During a Toss-Up puzzle, one letter at a time appears on the board.
Contestants can ring in to solve the puzzle before the last letter is revealed.
An incorrect solution locks out that contestant for the rest of that Toss-Up.
New it Call Triple Toss Up on September 9 2019 Same $2,000 in September 2020 New Thing in Toss Up & Triple Toss Up in Season 37/Season 38
Next, a second Toss-Up is worth $2,000 and determines who starts round one.
There are 24 spaces on the wheel.
A contestant who lands on a cash space is credited with that amount multiplied by how many of a particular letter is in the puzzle.
A contestant can buy a vowel for $250.
A, E, I, O, and  U are the 5 Vowels.
Any contestant who lands on Lose a Turn loses his or her turn but not the winnings they have earned during the round.
Landing on Free Spin space means they must guess a letter in the puzzle to earn it.
If a contestant lands on Bankrupt, he or she will lose all of his or her winnings they have earned during the current round as well as a Wild Card, or any prizes they have at that point, plus loss of turn (unless they possess the Free Spin).
The Wild Card is used to call for another consonant while the wheel is still on the cash space a contestant landed on.
Also on the wheel are two "1/2 Car" tags.
If a contestant wins a round with both tags, they win a car.
Both tokens offer $500 per letter if claimed.
There is also a prize wedge and a Gift Tag.
The prize wedge is a prize announced before the first round.
To win it, a contestant has to land on the wedge, call a correct letter, and solve the puzzle without hitting Bankrupt.
The Gift Tag is $1,000 credit for purchases from a company.
In the first three rounds, there is a special $1,000,000 wedge that, if claimed and brought to the bonus round, allows the contestant a chance to play for $1,000,000 in the bonus round.
If a contestant lands on Free Play, the contestant can do anything without any risk.
They can buy a vowel even if they have no money.
If they do have money, the vowel is free.
If they call a letter that is not in the puzzle, they don't lose their turn.
They can even choose to solve the puzzle, and if they're wrong, they don't lose their turn.
A consonant on the Free Play is worth $500.
The top dollar value on the wheel is $2,500 in round one, $3,500 in the second and third rounds, and $5,000 from the fourth round on.
In round two, two mystery wedges are added to the wheel.
One hides $10,000 and the other hides a Bankrupt.
A contestant who lands on a mystery wedge calls for a letter.
He or she may take $1,000 per letter occurrence or turn over the wedge.
The $10K is a cash prize, and it can only be won if the person who has it solves the puzzle without landing on Bankrupt.
If one wedge was turned over, the other acts as a regular $1,000 space and cannot be turned over.
Round three is the Prize Puzzle round.
The contestant who solves the puzzle wins a prize.
Also in round three is an Express wedge.
If a contestant lands on this wedge and calls a correct letter, they can continue playing the game like normal, or choose to play for $1,000 per letter without spinning.
If a contestant chooses to play for $1,000 per letter without spinning and calls a wrong letter, or takes too long to call a letter, it will count as a Bankrupt.
Starting in Season 37, there is a Triple Toss-Up, in which there are three consecutive puzzles worth $2,000 apiece and under the same category.
The third puzzle determines who starts Round 4.
When time runs short, a bell sounds; starting in Season 39, the contestant in control spins the wheel.
Remaining consonants are worth $1,000 plus the value in front of the left-most contestant.
The contestants take turns calling for letters.
A vowel can be called at no cost.
Then, the contestant in control has three seconds to solve
The contestant with the most cash at the end of the game advances to the bonus round.
If the game ends in a tie, another toss-up puzzle is played to determine who goes to the bonus round.
The contestant who wins the game gets to pick from one of three categories for the bonus round, starting in Season 35.
The contestant spins the bonus wheel, which has 24 prizes, just like the main wheel.
The category is announced.
A bonus puzzle is revealed.
The contestant is given the letters R, S, T, L, N, and E. In the early 1970s and on the 1988 Present Season 6, the contestant then calls for three more consonants and a vowel.
If a contestant has a Wild Card in the bonus round, a fourth consonant is called.
Then, the contestant has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle.
If the puzzle is solved, the contestant wins the prize that they landed on.
If they don't, then the board shows the correct answer.
The host then shows the prize in the envelope regardless of the result.
Prizes include cash amounts ranging from $35,000 to $50,000 in $5,000 amounts, again, prior to season 35, a car with $5,000 cash, and a top prize of $100,000.
If the Million Dollar Wedge is bought to the bonus round, the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 one.
Shalom (שלום) is a Hebrew word which means "peace".
It is also used as a method of greeting like "hello" and "goodbye".
Similar to its use in English, it can mean peace between two persons or entities.
It also means inner peace, being calm or the quietness of a person, well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group.
The root of the word "shalom" can be related to "shalem" which means "wholeness", or to le-shalem which means "to complete, to reward, to pay, to compensate".
This means that it is more than the absence of conflict or struggle or the breaking of unfriendliness: It also means a return to the balance, to justice, and to the complete equality.
In general, one uses the word "shalom" as the short form of the sentence "Shalom Aleichem" (exactly  "Peace is with you") that can be translated as "good day (morning, afternoon, high noon,...)" (a greeting).
This is very similar to the Arabic phrase "Salam Alaykum" (سلام عليكم) which is again a greeting meaning "Peace be with you".
Villa Gordiani is a park in Rome.
Several Roman ruins, some of them still well preserved, are in the park.
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was an English settlement in the 17th century on the east coast of North America.
The colony was later called New England and what is now the cities of Salem and Boston.
The Bay Colony also included what is now known as the States of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
John Winthrop, the founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, continued to work on the colony, and improve it any possible way.
He knew that the Church of England was bad, so he decided to improve it at the New World; either colonizing the natives or getting rid of them.
There were two companies who  brought settlers in the New World.
The first company was the Dorchester Company but was a failure.
The second company was in 1628 and called the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
This was successful and brought approximately 20,000 people to the Colony.
At first the colonists had a good friendship with the Native Americans but as more Europeans moved to these areas there were problems over land borders.
The Native Americans also had many different customs.
These differences led first to the Pequot War (1636–1638), and then to King Philip's War (1675–1676).
After these wars, the Native Americans became peaceful and others moved to different places.
The colony was doing well and made money trading with England.
They also traded with the West Indies.
In 1686 there was a civil war in England.
King James II wanted to have total control over the colonies.
After the war, the colonies remained the same until 1692.
Then Sir William Phips arrived and Massachusetts Bay and the Plymouth Colony were combined.
The colonists helped in the running of the government and how it would spend its money.
From the earliest times many Native American lived in this area.
They farmed and hunted within their own land borders and did not cross each other's land.
Early in the 1600s, explorers, Samuel de Champlain and John Smith made a map of the area.
Living in the New World was very hard work for the first settlers.
Many became ill and died though the cold winter.
There was not enough food, and the rest of the people decided to return to England after one year.
For awhile there was no more talk of settling people in those parts.
English ships did still come to the New England area for fishing and trading with the Indians.
In November 1620, a group of Europeans arrived and started Plymouth Colony.
Other settlements were tried near there but they failed and the people either joined the Plymouth Colony, returned to England, or lived nearby the Colony.
The people of Plymouth faced many problems during the first years and could not pay back their investors.
In 1627 the companies left the colonists to take care of themselves.
Edward Winslow and William Bradford, two of its leaders, wrote about the Mayflower and the colony they created, called Plymouth Colony.
It was published in England in 1622 called Mourt's Relation.
The two men have different opinions but it was written to encourage people to come to the New World to live.
References and further reading
(five volume history of Massachusetts until the early 20th century)
17th century in Massachusetts
About a Girl is a Canadian comedy television series, which was first shown on October 5, 2007 on The N in the United States, and Global in Canada.
It is the first scripted comedy for The N. On February 25, 2008, actor Sandy Robson announced that the show was getting cancelled.
The show ended with 13 episodes in one season.
The series centers around Amy, a young college co-ed who moves in an apartment off campus with four guys, when she finds out her dorm room is a uninhabitable sty.
Her new roommates are wild, unpredictable, and...kind of hot.
Amy - A major overachiever, Amy thought college would be just a walk in the park, but when she's forced to move in with four guys, instead of the mess they called a dorm, things get a little complicated for her.
Jason - The hottie that Amy has a thing for.
He's the loveable-commiment phobe.
If he does not like how a relationship is going, he tries to "fizzle" things out.
He's hot, he's super hot, and did we mention...he hot?
Dude - Flaky and easy-going.
What more can a dude ask for?
Dude has many words to live by.
He's full of advice for his roommates, even though they might not know what he's talking about.
He's afraid of pelicans, because of their "big flapping beaks", and he does not like chiuahuas, because "they shake".
McRitchie - Ever stereotypical, McRitchie is a manly stud.
He's adventurous and does not think about the consequences of his actions.
Benny - As the youngest, smartest, and neatest roommate, Benny kind of ignores the pigsty he lives in.
He figures his little crush on Amy will never work out.
Erin - As Amy's best friend, Erin is always there to give Amy the other point of view...usually the boy crazy, sorority girl point of view.
Chiara Zanni - Amy
Jesse Hutch - Jason
Sandy Robson - Dude
Braden Williams - McRitchie
Marshall Porter - Benny
Kristie Mardsen - Erin
2000s sitcoms
A number line is a line with integers (simply ordinary numbers, ...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...) on it extending forever in both directions.
Usually, zero (0) is placed in the middle of the line.
The numbers have an equal space from each other.
Other numbers in between the numbers on the line represent rational, irrational, and other types of real numbers.
There is another number line, equally valid and useful, that extends vertically through 0 (the origin) at right angles to our traditional number line and uses imaginary numbers (i).
These so-called imaginary numbers extend above and below the traditional number line and are used in very real calculations in many areas of science and technology and also extend in both directions forever (into infinity).
A number line is usually drawn as a simple horizontal line.
Another form is the helical number line.
If the line of numbers is wrapped around a cylinder following an upward helical path, it becomes a helical number line.
They are sea filter-feeders: they live mainly on plankton.
They are called tunicates because the adult form is covered by a leathery tunic.
This tunic supports and protects the animal.
The adults are sessile, stuck to rocks.
Many tunicates are colonial or semi-colonial in their adult stage.
They are quite a large group, containing about 3,000 species.
The adults live mostly on the sea floor, in the littoral zone.
The sea squirt has two openings in its small body.
One opening, called the oral siphon, sucks water into the animal; the other opening, called the atrial siphon, squirts water out of the animal.
Inside is a little basket-like sieve which traps food: so these sea squirts are filter feeders.
The Sea squirt can close the holes in its siphons, like a drawstring can close the opening in a bag.
When in its larval state, it looks like a tadpole and is sometimes called a tadpole larva.
Like many sea creatures, a sea squirt larva looks very different from an adult sea squirt.
The larva swims for a short time and then attaches itself to something on the sea floor, like a rock, transforming into its adult form.
It usually stays in one place for the rest of its life.
Chemical substances which might help fight diseases like cancer or  various viruses have been found in some species.
Scientists have also found out that some species can heal some damage done to them, over several generations.
A similar process might be possible for humans.
Salp: these are noticed in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica.
Their huge swarms may outnumber the krill.
Solomon E. Berg L. & Martin D. 2002.
Brooks/Cole.
Zheng He or Ma He (Chinese 郑和; 1371–1433) was an explorer, diplomat, and admiral from China.
He lived during the  Ming Dynasty.
Zheng He was the leader of a very large fleet of ships that traveled all over the Indian Ocean and Southwest Asia.
Zheng He was an eunuch of China's Imperial Court.
The fleet that Zheng He commanded had 317 ships that were very large.
28,000 Chinese soldiers were on board these ships.
Zheng He was born in Kunyang, a village in Yunnan.
He was born with the name Ma He (Chinese 马三宝).
He and his family were Muslim.
At the time, Yunnan was ruled by Mongols.
In 1381, however, a Ming army invaded and took control of the area.
Ma He was taken as a prisoner by the Ming armies.
He was about 10 years old.
He was castrated and then taken away to serve the Prince, Zhu Di (the future emperor).
Ma He became a servant at the Imperial Court.
The name Zheng He was given to him by the Prince.
He also came to be called "Sanbao", a reference to the Three Jewels of Buddhism.
From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He went on seven journeys to the Indian Ocean, or what the Chinese people called the "Western Ocean".
He was the leader of a large fleet of ships and a big army.
In his first three journeys he visited the countries of Southeast Asia, India and Sri Lanka.
In his fourth to seventh journeys he went as far as the east African coast.
In his journeys he gave the countries he visited gifts of silk, porcelain, gunpowder and other goods.
He got lots of unusual gifts as well, including giraffes and zebras.
He had his first journey from 1405–1407, but it is not known why the journey was made.
He travelled from the mouth of the Yangtze River to Vietnam, as well as the south of India.
His fleet was made up of 317 ships, more than 27,000 men, and the cargo included porcelain, silk, and lacquerware.
He used a treasure fleet which is known as the largest wooden ships ever built, being  long, and about  wide.
On his first voyage, he defeated a famous pirate in the Strait of Malacca.
For the next 28 years, Zheng He traveled on six more voyages.
From 1407–1409, he visited Calicut, Thailand and Java.
From 1409–1411, he saw Ayutthaya, Malaya, Sumatra and Sri Lanka.
From 1413–1415, he went to Sri Lanka, Bengal, India, Hormuz, Arabia and Aden.
On his fifth journey, from 1417–1419, he visited the Ryukyu Islands, Brunei, and east Africa.
Then from 1421–1422, he expanded on his fifth journey.
His final journey, from 1433–1435, he revisited many of the previous places and brought back gifts from many rulers.
Zheng He visited over 30 countries, and is believed to have died in 1433 on the journey home during the final treasure fleet voyage.
After Zheng He died at sea in 1433, his treasure fleet quickly faded, even though his voyages had been a success.
Less than 100 years after his death, all of the ships from China were destroyed.
"Zheng He Maritime Expeditions (Overview)."
"Voyages of Zheng He."
"Cheng Ho."
Explorers & Discoverers of the World.
Gale, 1993.
Biography in Context.
Ancient History Encyclopedia - The Seven Voyages of Zheng He
TIME magazine special feature on Zheng He (August 2001)
1371 births
1433 deaths
Chinese military people
Chinese diplomats
Categories and subcategories in the metal–nonmetal range
The element does not have any stable nuclides, and a value in brackets, e.g. [209], indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element.
However, three elements, Thorium, Protactinium, and Uranium, have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and thus their atomic mass given.
The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens, and the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table.
The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials, which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value.
The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise atomic weight can not be given.
The atomic weight of commercial Lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996–analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value.
This element does not solidify at a pressure of one atmosphere.
The value listed above, 0.95 K, is the temperature at which helium does solidify at a pressure of 25 atmospheres.
This element sublimes at one atmosphere of pressure
The transuranic elements 99 and above do not occur naturally, but some of them can be produced artificially.
The value listed is the conventional value suitable for trade and commerce.
The actual value may differ depending on the isotopic composition of the sample.
Analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value.
Electronegativity on the Pauling scale.
Standard symbol: χ
(for atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers from 1–102)
(for atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers 103–118)
IUPAC (2016). "
Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 are now formally named nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts), and oganesson (Og)"
The Georg Büchner Prize (German: Georg-Büchner-Preis) is the most important literary prize of Germany.
It was created in 1923 in memory of German writer Georg Büchner and was only given to artists who came from or were closely tied to Büchner's home of Hesse.
In 1951, the prize changed to a general literary prize, given yearly by the Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung.
It goes to German language authors, and the annual speech by the recipient takes place in Darmstadt.
Since 2002, the prize has been endowed with 40,000 Euros.
Famous recipients of the literary prize, since 1951
2004 Wilhelm Genazino (1943-2018)
1998 Elfriede Jelinek (1946–)
1986 Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990)
1973 Peter Handke (1942–)
1972 Elias Canetti (1905–1994)
1967 Heinrich Böll (1917–1985)
1965 Günter Grass (1927-2015)
Famous recipients 1923-1950
1947  Anna Seghers (1900-1983)
http://www.deutscheakademie.de/preise_buechner.html
The spell of a tender eel, on 2006 prizewinner Oskar Pastior
Literary awards
Brigham Young University Hawaii, or BYU-Hawaii for short, is an undergraduate university that educates 2,400 students from Asia, the Pacific islands, the United States, and other parts of the world.
The campus is in Laie, Hawaii.
It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
It was founded in 1955 by the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints - David O. McKay.
Austalopithecus africanus was first discovered by Raymond Dart in 1925.
He found a well-preserved skull of a young australopithecine, three to four years old.
This skull is often called the Taung Child, after Taung, South Africa where it was found.
It is perhaps the most complete skull of A. africanus known.
Based on current data A. africanus dates to between 3.03 and 2.04 million years ago.
Australopithecus africanus had a dish shaped facial structure with teeth that were large compared to modern humans.
While it had larger front teeth compared to the back, the emphasis was on back tooth grinding.
Males had a sagital crest on the tops of their skulls.
Large muscles were attached to this ridge that helped to support the heavy jaw.
Australopithecus  is a genus of extinct hominids closely related to humans.
The first Australopithecus described was the Taung Child, discovered by Raymond Dart, and described in 1925.
Their remains are mostly found in East Africa, and the first fossil is from 3.9 million years ago (mya).
The split from other apes would have taken place earlier, perhaps about 5 mya.
It is widely believed that the group of which they are part gave rise to the genus Homo, and hence to human beings.
The genus Australopithecus originally included two rather different forms.
One form was lightweight: the gracile australopithecines.
The other form was bulkier, the robust australopithecines.
It is still under discussion whether they should be put in separate genera.
Here we treat the gracile forms; the robust forms are described elsewhere as Paranthropus.
Gracile australopithecines shared several traits with modern apes and humans.
They were widespread throughout Eastern and Northern Africa 3.9 to 3 million years ago.
Brain size
The brains of most species of Australopithecus were roughly 35% of the size of that of a modern human brain.
This is not much more than the brain of a chimpanzee.
Brain size in hominins does not increase significantly until the arrival of the genus Homo.
Most species of Australopithecus were diminutive and gracile, usually standing between 1.2 and 1.4 m tall (approx.
4 to 4.5 feet).
There is a considerable degree of sexual dimorphism.
Modern hominids do not show sexual dimorphism to the same degree — particularly, modern humans display a low degree of sexual dimorphism, with males being only 15% larger (taller, heavier) than females, on average.
In Australopithecus, however, males can be up to 50% larger than females, though usually less pronounced than this.
Australopithecus africanus used to be regarded as ancestral to the genus Homo (in particular Homo erectus).
However, fossils assigned to the genus Homo have been found that are older than A. africanus.
Thus, the genus Homo either split off from the genus Australopithecus at an earlier date (the latest common ancestor being A. afarensis or an even earlier form, possibly Kenyanthropus platyops), or both developed from a common ancestor independently.
According to the Chimpanzee Genome Project, both human (Ardipithecus, Australopithecus and Homo) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus) lineages diverged from a common ancestor about 5 to 6 million years ago, if we assume a constant rate of evolution.
However, hominins discovered more recently are somewhat older than the molecular clock would suggest.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis, commonly called "Toumai" is about 7 million years old and Orrorin tugenensis lived at least 6 million years ago.
Since little is known of them, they remain controversial because the molecular clock in humans has determined that humans and chimpanzees had an evolutionary split at least a million years later.
One theory suggests that the human and chimpanzee lineages diverged somewhat at first, then some populations interbred around one million years after diverging.
More likely, the assumptions behind molecular clocks do not hold exactly.
Homo is a genus of upright primates that walk on two legs.
The only living species is Homo sapiens (humans).
The genus began about 2.3 million years ago.
Their ancestors were almost certainly some line of Australopithecine apes.
Species of Homo have:
A larger brain (above 900ml)
Improved walking and running ability.
As the process continues, the forehead becomes more vertical, the skull becomes rounder, the teeth are reduced in size, arms are shorter and legs are longer.
The skeleton becomes more delicate.
particularly in our species.
All species used stone tools, but there is no evidence of when language developed.
Human evolution is a much studied topic.
Denisovans
Poverty in India is an important issue.
India has some of the poorest people in the world.
The Government of India says that the poverty line for rural areas is ₹ 816 per month and ₹ 1000 per month in urban areas.
This means that many people do not have enough money.
India's proposed but not yet adopted official poverty line is ₹972 (US$14) a month in rural areas or ₹1,407 (US$21) a month in cities.
In 2012, the latest report by the Planning Commission of India (Tendulkar Committee) reported that 26% of all people in India fall below the international poverty line of US$1.25 per day.
Over the last decade, poverty has been witnessed a consistent decline with the levels dropping from 37.2% in 2004-05 to 29.8% in 2009-10.
The number of poor people is now estimated at 250 million.
In 1947 the average income in India was similar to South Korea.
South Korea became a developed country by the 2000s, but India did not.
For the first 40 years, India followed the Soviet-style economic planning, nationalization programs and government ownership of industry.
Its economic growth averaged about 3.5%, while Asian economies such as South Korea grew on average more than twice that rate annually.
Adjusted for population growth in India, its  income per head grew at 1.49% annually, while incomes of South Koreans - rich and poor - rose rapidly.
India's Soviet-style economy included the "Licence Raj": the elaborate licences, regulations and red tape needed to set up and run a business in India between 1947 and 1990.
The License Raj was a result of India's decision to have a planned economy, where all aspects of the economy are controlled by the state.
Licences were only given to a select few.
Corruption flourished under this system.
Under this system, the country created few jobs and little wealth.
Widespread poverty remained.
The Christian Community (original German name: Die Christengemeinschaft) is a Christian denomination.
It was founded in 1922 in Dornach (Switzerland) by a group of theologians and pastors, led by the Protestant pastor Friedrich Rittelmeyer.
He was helped by Rudolf Steiner, the Austrian philosopher and founder of anthroposophy.
The Christian Community in North America with extensive introductory articles
The Christian Community in the UK and Ireland also with introductory articles
This is a list of the 200 currently operating suburban railway stations (216 including greater metropolitan stations) in Melbourne, Australia.
The stations make up 16 railway lines going out from the city (and 4 greater metropolitan lines), as well as the central City Loop.
There are also a further 19 stations on 3 old, volunteer-operated, tourist railways.
Stations are broken up into 2 Myki ticketing zones (some stations are included in both zones, where tickets for either zone may be used), as well as the City Saver area, which is within Zone 1 and covers the central business district.
On March 4, 2007 zone 3 was made part of zone 2.
Stations listed in bold are "terminus" stations, where trains sometimes stop and change direction.
On some lines, some trains will be timetabled not to go to the end of the line.
Shuttle trains are also run back and forth between terminus stations on some lines.
Stations listed in italics are "premium stations" that are manned first to last train by staff who provide extra help and information to commuters.
Stations followed by a star ( * ) are "host stations".
These stations are manned during peak hours only.
Some are manned only during morning peak, some during both morning and evening peaks.
Listed in brackets after each station is that station's 3-letter code.
These codes are used by the railway control system, but can also be used when looking up the Connex SMS Timetable.
Southern Cross (SSS) – used to be Spencer Street
Flagstaff (underground) (FGS)
Melbourne Central (underground) (MCE) – used to be Museum
Parliament (underground) (PAR)
Southeastern lines (Caulfield group)
Frankston line
Glenhuntly (GHY) *
Ormond (OMD) *
McKinnon (MCK)
Bentleigh (BEN)
Patterson (PAT)
Moorabbin (MRN)
Highett (HIG)
Cheltenham (CTM)
Mentone (MEN) *
Parkdale (PKD)
Mordialloc (MOR)
Aspendale (ASP)
Edithvale (EDI)
Chelsea (CSA)
Bonbeach (BON)
Carrum (CAR)
Seaford (SEA)
Kananook (KAN)
Frankston (FKN)
Pakenham line
Armadale (ARM) *
Malvern (MAL) *
Caulfield (CFD) - Frankston line separates
Carnegie (CNE) *
Murrumbeena (MRB) *
Huntingdale (HUN) *
Noble Park (NPK) *
Dandenong (DNG) - Cranbourne line separates, trains run back and forth to Cranbourne station
Cranbourne line
Merinda Park (MPK)
Cranbourne (CBE)
Sandringham line
South Yarra (SYR) - Pakenham line separates
Prahran (PRA) *
Windsor (WIN) *
Balaclava (BCV) *
Ripponlea (RIP) *
Elsternwick (ELS)
Gardenvale (GVE)
North Brighton (NBN) *
Middle Brighton (MBN) *
Brighton Beach (BBH)
Hampton (HAM)
Sandringham (SHM)
Western and northwestern lines (Northern group)
Craigieburn line
North Melbourne (NME) - Upfield and Sydenham lines separate
Kensington (KEN)
Newmarket (NKT) * - Flemington Racecourse line separates
Ascot Vale (ASV) *
Moonee Ponds (MPD) *
Essendon (ESD) *
Glenbervie (GBV)
Strathmore (SME)
Pascoe Vale (PVL)
Oak Park (OKP)
Glenroy (GRY)
Jacana (JAC)
Broadmeadows (BMS)
Roxburgh Park (RXP)
Craigieburn (CGB)
Upfield line
Macaulay (MAC)
Flemington Bridge (FBD)
Royal Park (RPK)
Jewell (JWL)
Brunswick (BWK)
Anstey (ASY)
Moreland (MLD)
Coburg (COB)
Batman (BAT)
Merlynston (MYN)
Fawkner (FAK)
Gowrie (GOW)
Upfield (UFD)
Sydenham line
South Kensington (SKN)
Footscray (FSY) - Williamstown line separates
Middle Footscray (MFY)
West Footscray (WFY)
Tottenham (TOT)
Sunshine (SUN) - greater metropolitan Melton line separates
Albion (ALB) *Zone 2
Ginifer (GIN)
St Albans (SAB)
Keilor Plans (KPL)
Sydenham/Watergardens (SDM)
Williamstown line
Seddon (SEN)
Yarraville (YVE) *
Spotswood (SPT)
Newport (NPT) - Werribee line separates, trains go back and forth to Williamstown station, separates to Newport railway workshops
North Williamstown (NWN)
Williamstown Beach (WBH)
Williamstown (WIL)
Werribee line
Seaholme (SHE)
Altona (ALT)
Westona (WTO)
Laverton (LAV)Zone 2Aircraft (ACF)
Hoppers Crossing (HCG) *Werribee (WER)
The Geelong and Warrnambool regional lines  join the Werribee line.
Flemington Racecourse line (Special events only)
Separates from the Craigieburn railway line at Newmarket station.
Trains may start running on this line every day, as part of renewing the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds.
Zone 1Showgrounds (SGS)Flemington Racecourse (RCE)
Eastern lines (Burnley group)
Lilydale line
23 stationsZone 1Richmond (RMD)
East Richmond (ERM)
Burnley (BLY) * - Glen Waverley line separates
Hawthorn (HAW)
Glenferrie (GFE)
Auburn (AUB) *Camberwell (CAM) - Alamein line separates, trains run back and forth to Alamein station
East Camberwell (ECM)Zones 1 & 2 overlapCanterbury (CBY)
Chatham (CHM)
Surrey Hills (SHL)
Mont Albert (MAB)Zone 2Box Hill (BOX)
Laburnum (LAB)Blackburn (BBN)
Nunawading (NWG) *
Mitcham (MCH)
Heatherdale (HTD) *Ringwood (RWD) - Belgrave line separates
Ringwood East (RWE)
Croydon (CDN)Mooroolbark (MLK)Lilydale (LIL)
Glen Waverley line
12 stationsZone 1Heyington (HEY)
Kooyong (KYG)
Tooronga (TGA) *
Gardiner (GAR)
Glen Iris (GIR)Zones 1 & 2 overlapDarling (DLG)
East Malvern (EMV)
Holmesglen (HOL) *Zone 2Jordanville (JOR)
Mount Waverley (MWY)
Syndal (SYN) *Glen Waverley (GWY)
Belgrave line
8 stationsZone 2Heathmont (HMT)
Bayswater (BAY)
Boronia (BOR)
Ferntree Gully (FTG)Upper Ferntree Gully (UFG)
Upwey (UPW)
Tecoma (TCM)Belgrave (BEG)
Alamein line
6 stationsZone 1Riversdale (RIV)
Willison (WSN)
Hartwell (HWL)
Burwood (BWD)
Ashburton (ASH)Alamein (ALM)
Northeastern lines (Clifton Hill group)
Hurstbridge line
23 stationsZone 1 & City SaverJolimont (JLI)Zone 1West Richmond (WRM)
North Richmond (NRM)
Collingwood (CWD)
Victoria Park (VPK)
Clifton Hill (CHL) - Epping line separates
Westgarth (WTG)
Dennis (DEN)
Fairfield (FFD) *
Alphington (ALP)
Darebin (DBN)Zones 1 & 2 overlapIvanhoe (IVA)
Eaglemont (EAG)
Heidelberg (HDB)Zone 2Rosanna (ROS)Macleod (MCD)
Watsonia (WAT) *Greensborough (GRN)
Montmorency (MMY)Eltham (ELT)
Diamond Creek (DCK)
Wattle Glen (WTT)Hurstbridge (HBE)
Epping line
14 stationsZone 1Rushall (RUS)
Merri (MER)
Northcote (NCE)
Croxton (CXT)
Thornbury (TBY)
Bell (BEL)Zones 1 & 2 overlapPreston (PRE)
Regent (REG)
Reservoir (RES)Zone 2Ruthven (RUT)
Keon Park (KPK)
Thomastown (TSN)
Lalor (LAL)Epping (EPP)
Greater metropolitan lines
These lines have trains pulled by diesel engines and railcar services, and use Myki tickets.
All trains are run by V/Line, except for the Stony Point line run by Metro Trains Melbourne using engines borrowed from V/Line Passenger.
Stony Point line
9 stationsZone 2Leawarra (LWA)
Baxter (BXR)
Somerville (SVE)
Tyabb (TAB)
Hastings (HST)
Bittern (BIT)
Morradoo (MRO)
Crib Point (CPT)Stony Point (STY)
Melton line
Zone 2Ardeer (ADE)
Deer Park (DRP)
Rockbank (RKB)Melton (MVT)
Sunbury line
Zone 2Diggers Rest (DIT)Sunbury (SBY)
Tourist railways
Puffing Billy Railway
12 stations.
In this list only, a star ( * ) shows stations at which trains do not normally stop, and are there mainly to be historic.
Belgrave (Puffing Billy station)
Selby*
Menzies Creek
Clematis*
Nobelius*LakesideWright*
Fielder*GembrookMornington RailwayMoorooducTanti ParkMorningtonYarra Valley Tourist RailwayYarra GlenTarrawarraHealesville'''
Official map of Melbourne's railway network
Unofficial map of Melbourne's train and tram network
Metlink - official website of Melbourne's public transport
Vicsig - Victorian railways information
RailPage - Australian railways community
Victorian Railway Stations
Rail transport lists
The Flag of Kurdistan (Kurdish: Alaya Kurdistanê) has three colours and are placed horizontally.
The top colour is red, the middle is white and the bottom is green.
In the middle of the white is a sun with 21 rays.
The 21 rays represent Navruz.
Vector graphics (also called graphical modeling, or object-oriented graphics) is a type of computer graphics.
Vector graphics uses geometrical objects, like points, lines, curves, and polygons to model the image.
Mathematics can be used to describe the graphics.
Most often vectors and matrices are used.
The first major use of vector graphics was in the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air defense system.
The other way to model computer graphics is to use raster graphics.
Raster graphics model images as a collection of pixels.
Unlike raster images, vector-based images can be scaled indefinitely without loss of quality.
Vector graphics are most often used for diagrams, and other things that can be described using simple shapes.
Photographs are most often raster images.
Silence is a German rock - heavy metal band.
It was founded in 1995 in Bavaria, Germany.