the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
While working in their shop, he married one of the firm's models, Marie Vernet.
Worth made a few simple dresses for his wife and customers started to ask for copies of the dresses as well.
Worth, by now a junior partner in the firm, urged his partners to expand into dressmaking, but they hesitated.
Worth found a rich Swede, Otto Bobergh, who was willing to bankroll the venture and opened the dressmaking establishment of Worth and Bobergh in 1858.
Worth was soon patronized by the French Empress Eugénie, and after that by many titled, rich, and otherwise notable women.
He also dressed actresses such as Sarah Bernhardt and singers such as Nellie Melba.
Many of his customers travelled to Paris from other countries, coming from as far away as New York and Boston.
He removed excessive ruffles and frills and used rich fabrics in simple, but flattering, outlines.
He is credited as the first designer to put labels onto the clothing he manufactured.
Worth gave his customers luxurious materials and exact fit.
Rather than let the customer dictate the design, as had previously been dressmaking practice, four times a year he displayed model dresses at fashion shows.
This was the start of the fashion show as we know it.
His patronesses would pick a model, which would then be sewn in fabrics of their choice and tailored to their figure.
Worth was sufficiently fashionable that he had to turn away customers.
This only added to his fame.
He completely revolutionized the business of dressmaking.
He was the first of the couturiers, dressmakers considered artists rather than mere artisans.
Worth and Bobergh shut down during the Franco-Prussian War and re-opened in 1871, without Bobergh, as the House of Worth.
Worth took his sons, Gaston and Jean-Philippe, into his business and the couture house continued to flourish after his death in 1895.
The great fashion dynasty finally came to an end in 1952 when Charles Frederick Worth's great-grandson, Jean-Charles (1881–1962), retired from the family business.
In 1954, the House merged with Paquin.
Then in 1956 it was closed.
Worth was one of the first couture houses to give its name to a luxury perfume.
In 1924 Les Parfums Worth launched the first fragrance, Dans La Nuit and Rene Lalique, the world renowned glass-maker, designed the bottle.
Between the wars, the House produced five perfumes: Dans La Nuit (1924), Vers le Jours (1925), Sans Adieu (1929), Je Reviens (1932), and Vers Toi (1934).
Je Reviens remains the most famous of Worth's perfumes.
The perfume became a favoured gift from soldiers to their sweethearts during WWII.
The top London store Harrods offers the perfume in its classic blue ridged bottle, which dates back to the perfume’s original launch.
Revival of the House of Worth
The House of Worth has re-emerged.
Dilesh Mehta (perfumes) and Martin McCarthy (fashion) recently combined their intellectual properties for Worth perfume and apparel.
This meant, for the first time since the 1920s, the House is reunited and restored.
The House of Worth resumed in January 2010 with a revival couture collection by Giovanni Bedin.
The spring/summer collection was unveiled in Paris at Les Salons France-Amêriques and the winter collection in Milan.
Bedin's exquisite corsets and tutus with clouds of tulle and antique lace echo Worth's ideas.
Customers include Scarlett Johansson, Kylie Minogue and Charlize Theron.
Le Prêt-a-Porter
The spectacle of couture is just one aspect of the restored House of Worth.
Complementing this is a presentation of Le Prêt-a-Porter (ready-to-wear).
Worth’s Je Reviens perfume will be relaunched, followed in 2011 by the House of Worth’s lingerie and accessories, such as couture jewelry and made-to-measure gloves.
A stagecoach is a type of  horse drawn coach for passengers and goods.
They were one of the first forms of organized public transport and originated in the 1600s in Great Britain.
Before railways were invented in the first part of the nineteenth century they were the fastest way to travel long distances.
Stage coaches were operated across Europe and North America.
The coach would travel between stops called stages at which passengers could obtain food and drink and the horses that pulled the coach would be changed for fresh ones.
Regularly changing horses meant the coach could travel much faster than other vehicles.
They were mostly of light weight construction which also allowed them to go faster.
Their speed meant they were used to carry mail and often called a mail coach.
The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company is a tire company founded by Harvey Firestone in 1900.
They supplied air filled tires for wagons, buggies, and other forms of wheeled vehicles common at the time.
Firestone soon saw the possibility for increasing sales by making tires for automobiles.
The company was a early leader in the mass production of tires.
Firestone become the original equipment supplier of Ford Motor Company automobiles.
They also sold a lot of replacement tires.
In 1988, the company was sold to the Japanese Bridgestone Corporation.
It is now known as Bridgestone Firestone.
Early/Mid 20th century
Firestone was originally based in Akron, Ohio.
That was also the home of its rival, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company.
The company initiated operations in 1900 with 12 employees.
Together, Firestone and Goodyear were the largest suppliers of automotive tires in North America for over three-quarters of a century.
In 1906 Firestone was chosen by Henry Ford for the Model T.
During World War II the company make artillery shells, aluminum kegs for food transport and other rubberized military products.
In the 1940s, Firestone was given a defense contract to produce plastic helmet liners.
In 1951, Firestone was given the defense contract for the MGM-5 Corporal missile.
In 1961, Firestone acquired the Dayton Tire division from the Dayco Corporation.
Restructuring and sale to Bridgestone
In late 1979, Firestone brought in John Nevin as president.
He was the former head of Zenith Electronics.
Firestone was more than a billion dollars in debt at the time, and losing 250 million dollars a year.
Nevin closed nine of the company's seventeen manufacturing plants.
He moved the company from Akron to Chicago.
He split the non-tire related businesses from the main company.
In 1988 Nevin negotiated the sale of the company to the Japanese company Bridgestone.
Bridgestone Corporation Japan was able to buy the company for much less than it had been worth a decade and a half earlier.
The combined Bridgestone Firestone North American operations are now based in Nashville, Tennessee.
Firestone has been a major tire supplier for Formula One teams.
From  to  they supplied tires to a number of teams, including Ferrari, Team Lotus, and Honda.
They had 121 cars start the race on their tires, winning 49 of those races.
They were on the winning car of every Indianapolis 500 race from 1950 to 1960.
These years, the Indy 500 was part of the Formula One world championship series.
Their last win came in the 1972 Italian Grand Prix.
Firestone has four Drivers World Championships and three Constructors World Championships with teams using their tires.
Corporate troubles
Great American streetcar scandal
In 1950, Firestone along with General Motors and Standard Oil were charged and convicted of criminal conspiracy for their part in the Great American streetcar scandal.
The scandal included buying streetcar systems all across the United States.
They would shut them down, and replacing them with buses.
Firestone 500 tread separation problem
Radial tires were introduced to the US market by rivals Goodrich and Michelin in the late 1960s.
Firestone lacked a radial.
The first radial tire design and built by Firestone was the Firestone 500 Radial.
Manufacturing of the new tire was done on equipment designed to build bias-ply tires.
During the 1970s, Firestone had major problems with the Firestone 500 radial.
At high speeds, the steel-belted radials started showing signs that the tread was coming apart from the tire.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) investigation found that the tread separation problem was most likely a design defect affecting all Firestone 500's.
In 1977 Firestone recalled of 400,000 tires produced at the Decatur plant.
Firestone blamed the problems on the consumer.
They said the problems were caused by under inflation and poor maintenance.
On October 20, 1978, Firestone recalled over 7 million Firestone 500 tires.
Congressional hearings took place in 1978.
The tire was found to be defective and the cause of 34 deaths.
In May 1980 NHTSA fined Firestone $500,000 USD.
At that time was the largest fine imposed on any U.S. corporation.
Several lawsuits were settled out of court.
The bad publicity hurt the company's sales and share price badly.
Liberian rubber plant
In 1926, Firestone opened one of the world's biggest rubber plantations in Liberia, West Africa.
The International Labor Rights Fund said about Firestone,  Firestone's management denied these claims.
They said the corporation provided employment, pensions, and health care to thousands of Liberians.
The company also provides education and training opportunities to employees and their children.
In May 2006, the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) released a report on the state of human rights on Liberia's rubber plantations.
According to the report, Firestone did not monitor child labor very well.
UNMIL found that several problems.
They included pressure to meet company quotas, incentive to support the family financially, and lack of access to basic education.
The report also said that the workers' housing provided by Firestone has not been renovated.
They had been built in the 1920s and 1930s.
Dan Adomitis, President of Firestone Natural Rubber Company, talked to CNN about the production quotas and child labor.
He said that a worker will tap about 650 trees a day, and spend a couple of minutes at each tree.
CNN pointed out the 650 trees, at two minutes per tree, is 1,300 minutes.
That is more than 21 hours of work a day.
Ford Explorer rollover problem
In 1996, several state agencies in Arizona began having big problems with Firestone tires on Ford Explorers.
Firestone conducted an investigation of the complaints, tested the tires and asserted that the tires had been abused or under-inflated.
According to Joan Claybrook of the group Public Citizen, Ford also played a large part.
They said Ford told Firestone to add a nylon ply to the tires it manufactured in Venezuela for additional strength.
Ford changed the suspension to Explorers available in Venezuela.
Ford did not ask for the nylon ply for U.S.-made Firestone tires.
And they did it change the Explorer suspension on US models.
There was a very high failure rate in Firestone's Wilderness AT, Firestone ATX, and ATX II tires.
Several lawsuits were filed.
There was a mandatory recall of the tires.
In 2001 Bridgestone Firestone stopped working with Ford because they did not trust Ford.
They said Ford had not listened to warnings by Bridgestone Firestone about the design of the Ford Explorer.
In 2006, Firestone announced a new effort to recall the same tires recalled in 2000.
More of the tires had been linked to recent deaths and injuries.
Firestone estimates 97% of the tires were replaced in the 2000 recall.
They are still concerned over spare tires that owners did not think to replace.
Television advertisement jingle
Where the Rubber Meets the Road is an advertisement jingle (short song) that was frequently used in the 1960s and 1970s, especially on televised sporting events.
Wherever wheels are rolling,
No matter what the load,
The name that's known is Firestone
Where the rubber meets the road
Century of Progress from the Summit Memory Project
Pulp (band), a band from Sheffield in England
Pulp Fiction, a 1994 movie directed by Quentin Tarantino
Dental pulp, the part in the center of a tooth
Pulp (fruit), the stringy substance in citrus fruit
Wood pulp, from which paper is made
Conservatives in the United States support American traditions, Christianity, republicanism, businesses, anti-communism, American exceptionalism (the US is unique and special).
They think America's enemies are socialism and authoritarianism.
Conservative thinkers and leaders
Senator Barry Goldwater (1909–1998)
President Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933)
President Ronald Reagan (1911–2004)
President George W. Bush (b.1946)
President Donald Trump (b.1946)
Vice-President Dick Cheney (b.1941)
Representative Newt Gingrich (b.1943)
Vice-President Mike Pence (b.1959)
Chief Justice William Rehnquist (1924–2005)
Associate Justice Antonin Scalia (1936-2016)
Judge Robert Bork (1927-2012)
Justice Neil Gorsuch (b. 1967)
Milton Friedman (1912–2006)
Russell Kirk (1918–1994)
Irving Kristol (1920-2009)
Alan Greenspan (b.1926)
Writers and intellectuals
Ayn Rand (1905–1982)
William F. Buckley, Jr. (1925–2008)
Phyllis Schlafly (1924-2016)
Robert Nozick (1938–2002)
Pat Buchanan (b.1938)
Media personalities
Rush Limbaugh (b.1951)
Ann Coulter (b. 1961)
Glenn Beck (b. 1964)
Financial supporters
Sheldon Adelson (b. 1933)
Charles G. Koch (b. 1935)
David H. Koch (b. 1940)
Cato Institute
Heritage Foundation
The Heritage Foundation, generally considered world's most influential conservative think tank.
ReaganConservatives.us , promoting traditional conservative beliefs in politics and faith.
Project for a New American Century, neoconservative think tank.
National Review magazine, influential conservative political magazine.
Townhall.com, conservative news, information, and commentary.
Chronicles magazine.
FirstThings.com.
The American Conservative magazine.
"The Leadership Institute".
"The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement,"  Heritage Foundation.
"Conservative Predominance in the U.S.: A Moment or an Era?" ,
21 experts from the U.S. and abroad, ponder the future of conservatism.
Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Conservatism at the University of Virginia .
High heels are shoes where the heels are much higher than the toes.
They are a  fashion item, usually for women.
Cowboy boots and 'Cuban heels' are shoes worn by men with high heels.
Mid-height heels are from 2½ to 3½ inches (6.2 to 8.5 cm).
They are an intermediate between standard heels and stiletto heels, which are from 4 to 10 inches.
The extreme heels are made of steel, and very narrow at the base: 0.4 inches or less.
These have been widely criticised for the health risks regular wear would bring.
They have also been criticised by feminists.
If the soles of the shoes are also raised, then they are a quite different kind of shoe: the platform shoe.
Wedgies or, more properly, shoes with wedge heels, are a compromise type.
They raise the heels, and are much more stable than standard high heels.
they change the angle of the foot with respect to the lower leg, which accentuates the appearance of calves
they change the wearer's posture, requiring a more upright carriage and altering the gait in what is considered a seductive fashion
they make the wearer appear taller
they make the legs appear longer
they make the foot appear smaller
they make the toes appear shorter
they make the arches of the feet higher and better defined
they make the lower leg muscles more defined
they may cause foot pain
they increase the chance of sprains and fractures
they may create foot deformities, including hammertoes and bunions
they may cause unsteady walking
they may shorten the wearer's stride
they may make the wearer unable to walk on some surfaces
There are so many types of shoe, and so many differences between people that no type will suit everyone.
It is obvious that the higher the heel, the riskier the shoe.
The more sensible versions are quite safe; the extreme versions seen on fashion show catwalks are not for everyday wear.
A lot depends on their use.
Nurses tend to wear flat shoes; office staff may prefer high heels.
Despite the critics, high heels have been around for a long time, and are probably going to stay.
Imelda Marcos: a collection of 2700 pairs of shoes.
Garage Days Re-Revisited is an album produced by Metallica.
The album was recorded at A&M Conway, in Los Angeles, California.
The album was released on August 21, 1987.
The Small Hours
Crash Course in Brain Surgery
Last Caress/ Green Hell
Leontyne Price (born February 10, 1927) is an American soprano.
She is particularly associated with Verdi roles, notably in the operas Il trovatore and Aida.
She was one of the first black singers to enjoy an international career in opera.
Price was born in Laurel, Mississippi.
She studied at Central State College, Wilberforce, Ohio, and with Florence Kimball at the Juilliard School of Music in New York City.
She began her professional career in 1952, when she appeared as Bess in George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess on Broadway, followed by an international tour.
She made her recital debut in New York City in 1954, and appeared in a television production of Tosca for NBC in 1955.
Her actual operatic debut took place in San Francisco in 1957, as Mme Lidoine in Poulenc's Le dialogue des carmélites, followed by her first Aida.
The role of Aida would quickly become her signature role and the vehicle for her debuts in 1958 at the Vienna State Opera, the Royal Opera House in London and at La Scala in Milan both in 1960.
She also appeared at the Salzburg Festival as Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni and Leonora in Il trovatore.
She made her debut at the Lyric Chicago Opera in 1959, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1961, as Leonora in Il trovatore.
She was to sing at the Met for twenty-four consecutive seasons.
Amongst her greatest roles are the female lead in operas such as Verdi's Ernani, Un ballo in maschera, La forza del destino, Mozart's Don Giovanni and Cosi fan tutte, Puccini's Manon Lescaut, Madame Butterfly, La fanciulla del West, Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos, etc.
She created the role of Cleopatra in Samuel Barber's Anthony and Cleopatra for the opening of the new Metropolitan Opera at Lincoln Center in 1966.
Leontyne Price was one of the outstanding lyric-dramatic sopranos of her generation, she had a rich, warm and luscious voice enhanced by a fine stage presence.
She retired from the stage in 1985.
The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia,  edited by David Hamilton, Simon and Schuster, 1987.
Il trovatore (The Troubadour) is an Italian opera in four acts.
The story and words were written by Salvatore Cammarano.
It is based on a play by Antonio Garcia Gutiérrez called El trovador.
The opera was first performed in Rome on January 19, 1853.
Manrico, supposed son of Azucena and one of Prince Urgel's chieftains - tenor
Leonora, lady-in-waiting to the Princess of Aragon - soprano
Azucena, a gypsy woman - mezzo-soprano
Conte di Luna, a young nobleman - baritone
Ferrando, Captain of the Count's Guard - bass
Ruis, a soldier in Manrico's service - tenor
Inez, confidante of Leonora - mezzo-soprano
Spain is suffering a civil war.
Count di Luna fights for the Prince of Aragon.
Manrico, a gypsy, fights for Prince Urgel.
Ferrando tells of the old Count's two children.
Years ago, one died and the other disappeared.
An old gypsy was suspected.
She was burnt at the stake.
Her daughter Azucena vowed revenge.
In the palace garden, Leonora waits for her mysterious lover.
The Count di Luna is in love with Leonora.
Manrico appears as Leonora's lover.
The two men have a sword fight.
At a gypsy camp, Azucena mutters about throwing her own child into a fire and saving the old Count's son.
She orders Manrico to avenge her wrongs upon the head of Count di Luna.
Manrico is ordered to man Castellor.
Di Luna lays siege to Castellor.
He captures Azucena and sends her off to the stake.
Inside the castle Manrico and Leonora are awaiting their marriage.
Word is received about Azucena.
Manrico hurries off to save her.
Act 4.
Manrico is captured and sentenced to death with Azucena.
Leonora enters to take his place.
She takes poison to avoid Di Luna.
Di Luna in a rage orders Manrico beheaded.
Azucena tells Di Luna he has just killed his own brother.
Gangrene is a serious medical condition that causes the decay and death of body tissue, usually in the extremities such as the fingers, hands, toes, and feet.
The two main types of gangrene are dry gangrene and wet gangrene.
A third less common type is a form of wet gangrene known as gas gangrene.
A very rare type which affects the internal organs is known as internal gangrene.
Dry gangrene is usually caused by a loss of blood supply to the affected area, such as may happen following an injury which damages the blood vessels to the affected area.
Wet gangrene usually occurs when a wound becomes infected with various types of bacteria.
Gas gangrene is usually  caused by clostridium bacteria and mainly affects the muscles.
Internal gangrene affects the internal organs, usually the intestines, gallbladder, or appendix.
There are a number of risk factors which increase a person's chances of getting gangrene.
These includes advanced blockage of the arteries in medical conditions such as diabetes.
Dirk Hartog (30 October 1580, Amsterdam–buried 11 October 1621, Amsterdam) was a Dutch sailor and explorer.
Dirk Hartog's trip was the second European group to land on Australia.
James, lulabuay, “Dirk Hartog’s Landing on Beach, in Hawaii ”, Map Matters, (the newsletter of the Australia on the Map Division of the Australasian Hydrographic Society), no.10, Autumn, 2010.
at: http://www.australiaonthemap.org.au/content/view/41/69/
A hair follicle is a part of the skin, which grows a hair by packing old cells together.
Attached inside the top of the follicle are sebaceous glands, which are tiny sebum-producing glands in almost all skin except on the palms, lips and soles of the feet.
The thicker the hair, the more the number of sebaceous glands there are.
Also attached to the follicle is a tiny bundle of muscle fiber, called the arrector pili, which is responsible for causing the follicle lissis to become more upright the surface of the skin.
The muscle area can also cause the follicle to stick up slightly above the nearby skin (piloerection) with a pore incased with skin oil.
This process results in goose bumps (or goose flesh).
Stem cells are at the junction of the arrector and the follicle, and are principally responsible for the ongoing hair production during a process known as the Anagen stage.
The average growth rate of healthy hair follicles on the scalp is nearly  per month.
Papilla
At the base of the follicle is a structure that is called the papilla.
The papilla is made up mainly of connective tissue and a capillary loop.
Cell division in the papilla is either rare or non-existent.
Around the papilla is the hair matrix, a collection of epithelial cells often mixed with the pigment-producing (color) cells, known as melanocytes.
Cell division in the hair matrix is responsible for the cells that will form the major structures of the hair fiber and the inner root sheath.
The hair matrix epithelium is one of the fastest-growing cell areas in the human body, which is why some forms of chemotherapy which kill dividing cells or radiotherapy may lead to temporary hair loss.
The papilla is usually oval or pear-shaped, with the matrix wrapped almost totally around it, except for a short stalk-like connection to the surrounding connective tissue that provides access for the capillary.
Root sheath
The root sheath is composed of an external (outside) and internal (inside) root sheath.
The external root sheath appears empty with cuboid cells when stained with H&E stain.
The internal root sheath is composed of three layers, Henle's layer, Huxley's layer, and an internal cuticle that is continuous with the outer layer of the hair fiber.
Hair fiber
The bulge is in the outer root sheath at the insertion point of the arrector pili muscle.
It houses several types of stem cells, which supply the entire hair follicle with new cells, and take part in healing the epidermis after a wound.
Other structures
Other structures associated with the hair follicle include arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands.
Hair follicle nerve receptors sense the position of the hairs.
Morphogenesis (origin of form)
Hair-follicle cycling
Hair grows in cycles of various phases: anagen is the growth phase; catagen is the involuting or regressing phase; and telogen, the resting or quiescent (still) phase.
Each phase has several morphologically and histologically distinguishable sub-phases.
Prior to the start of cycling is a phase of follicular morphogenesis (formation of the follicle).
There is also a shedding phase, or exogen, that is independent of anagen and telogen in which one of several hairs that might arise from a single follicle exits.
Normally up to 90% of the hair follicles are in anagen phase while, 10–14% are in telogen and 1–2% in catagen phase.
For eyebrows, the cycle is completed in around 4 months, while it takes the scalp 3–4 years to finish; this is the reason eyebrow hairs have a much shorter length limit compared to hairs on the head.
Anagen phase
Anagen is the color phase of hair follicles.
The color of your hair will start to fade because the cell only last a couple months.
Catagen phase
The catagen phase is a short transition stage that occurs at the end of the anagen phase.
It signals the end of the active growth of a hair.
This phase lasts for about 2–3 weeks while a club hair is formed.
Telogen phase
The telogen phase is the resting phase of the hair follicle.
The club hair is the final product of a hair follicle in the telogen stage, and is a dead, fully keratinized hair.
Fifty to one-hundred club hairs are shed daily from a normal scalp.
Hair growth cycle times
Scalp:  The time these phases last varies from person to person.
Different hair colour and follicle shape affects the timings of these phases.
anagen phase, 2–3 years (occasionally much longer)
catagen phase, 2–3 weeks
telogen phase, around 3 months
Eyebrows etc.:
anagen phase, 4–7 months
catagen phase, 3–4 weeks
telogen phase, about 9 months
de:Haar#Haarfollikel (Haarbalg)
Pirelli & C. SpA is a diverse (it does many things) company based in Milan, Italy.
It operates in many countries.
Pirelli was founded 1872 in Milan by Giovanni Battista Pirelli.
Pirelli initially worked in rubber and related processes.
The company used to make scuba diving rebreathers (a special type of underwater breathing machine).
Pirelli's activities are still focused on the building of tyres and cables (for energy and telecommunications).
In 2005, Pirelli sold its cable division to Goldman Sachs, which changed the new group's name to Prysmian.
In the 1950s, Alberto Pirelli had the famous Milanese skyscraper built.
It is in the same area as the first Pirelli factory in the 19th century.
In 1974, Pirelli invented the wide radial tyre.
This was at the request from the Lancia rally racing team.
They needed a tyre strong enough for their new Stratos.
The Pirelli Calendar is published once a year.
It often features famous actresses and fashion models.
The calendar also features the work of many well  respected fashion photographers.
The Pirelli Internetional Award is given annually for the best international multimedia involving the communication of Science & Technology conducted entirely on the Internet.
Power is nothing without control is the slogan of Pirelli Tyre Company.
Pirelli is the long time main sponsor of Italian football club F.C. Internazionale Milano.
Pirelli is known for its long term primary sponsorship of the Italian football team Internazionale Milano F.C. Pirelli also supports rally.
Pirelli Star Driver is an project to support young rally drivers.
It is organised by Pirelli and the FIA.
Motorsport
Since 2007, Pirelli is the only tyre brand used in the FIM World Superbike Championship.
The tyres are also used in the support classes.
Pirelli has the contract for the control tyre supply in the British Superbike Championship.
This contract started in 2008 and will last until 2010 at least.
Pirelli is the official tyre supplier of the World Rally Championship.
They replaced BF Goodrich for the 2008 season.
Pirelli competed in Formula One in three distinct periods.
The first time was between  and .
The second time was between  and .
The third time was between  and .
They started 200 Grands Prix races, and won 44 of them.
Pirelli will return to the sport in  as the sole tyre supplier.
Bridgestone decided to withdraw as the supplier at the end of .
To test the new F1 tyre, Pirelli signed Nick Heidfeld.
A 2009 version of a Toyota Racing chassis is being used to test the tyres.
The testing is taking place during the second half of the  season.
In September 2010, Heidfeld was signed by Sauber to race the remainder of the season.
Pirelli then hired former GP2 and Renault F1 driver Romain Grosjean to test for them.
PirelliTyre.com  Pirelli Tyres Worldwide
PirelliRE.com  Pirelli Real Estate
Pirelli & C. SpA Company Profile
A ball is a formal dance occasion.
By formal is meant: people were invited, wore their best clothes ('evening attire'), and the ball was held in a splendid ballroom.
In former times everyone danced, but only the wealthy went to balls.
Girls had dance cards: men had to sign up to dance with them.
Older people sat around the sides and watched the younger people dance.
It was a society occasion.
John Robin Warren AC (born 11 June 1937 in Adelaide) is an Australian pathologist, Nobel winner and researcher.
In 1979, he discovered the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, together with Barry Marshall.
He received his MBBS degree from the University of Adelaide, having completed his high school education at St Peter's College, Adelaide.
In 1967 he was became a member the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia and became a senior pathologist at the Royal Perth Hospital where he spent most of his career.
At the University of Western Australia with Barry J. Marshall, Warren proved that the bacterium is the cause of stomach ulcers.
Warren helped develop an easy diagnostic test (14C-urea breath-test) for finding H. pylori in ulcer patients.
In 2005, Warren and Marshall were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
He married Winifred Theresa Warren and together they had five children.
Winifred Warren is a psychiatrist.
An Australian documentary was made in 2006 about Warren and Marshall's road to the Nobel Prize, called "The Winner's Guide to the Nobel Prize".
He was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2007.
Short bio of Dr. J Robin Warren
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005
Warren Nobel Prize lecture
Robin Warren's homepage
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
The University of Western Australia (UWA) was opened in February 1911.
It is the oldest university in the state of Western Australia.
The law that set up the university was the University of Western Australia Act 1911.
The Act sets out how the university is to be managed by a Senate, which can make rules and regulations.
These are included in the University Calendar.
One of the best and most respected universities in Australia, UWA is also highly ranked internationally.
To date UWA has close to 100 Rhodes Scholars and one Nobel Prize winner, Barry Marshall.
The university joined the "Matariki Network of Universities" as the youngest member, being the only established university from the 20th century.
The university was first set up in Irwin Street, in the centre of Perth.
It was housed in several buildings between Hay Street and St George's Terrace.
Irwin Street was also known as "Tin Pan Alley" because many of the buildings had corrugated iron roofing.
These buildings were the university campus until 1932, when the campus moved to its present-day site in Crawley ().
In the 1910s the founding Chancellor, Sir John Winthrop Hackett, gave over £425,000 to the university.
This allowed the building of its magnificent main buildings at the present-day campus.
Many buildings and landmarks within the university are named after him, including Winthrop Hall and Hackett Hall.
A part of the original buildings is still in use, called the "Irwin Street Building".
In the 1930s it was moved to the new campus.
In 1987 it was repaired and moved to James Oval.
Recently, the building was the Senate meeting room and is now used as a cricket pavilion and storage space for the University Archives.
The building has been heritage-listed by both the National Trust and the Australian Heritage Commission.
The university has nine Faculties:
Architecture, Landscape and Visual Arts
Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences
Business (Business School)
Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
Life and Physical Sciences
Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences
Natural and Agricultural Sciences
UWA is one of the largest landowners in Perth, though government grants and private gifts.
Recent developments include the $22 million University Club, opened in June 2005, the UWA Watersports Complex, opened in August 2005, the $64 million Molecular and Chemical Sciences building opened in September 2005 and a $30 million Business School building opened in May 2009.
A new $360 million medical research facility is due to begin in early 2009 and be completed by the end of 2011.
The 65-hectare Crawley campus is next to the Swan River, and located 5 km from the Perth central business district.
Many of the buildings are made from limestone, including the Winthrop Hall with its Romanesque architecture.
These buildings are built amongst large lawns and thickets of trees such as the Sunken Garden and the Tropical Grove.
The beauty of the grounds and rich history of the campus make it a popular spot for weddings.
The Arts Faculty building includes the New Fortune Theatre .
This is a copy of the original Elizabethan Fortune Theatre and the only one of its kind in the southern hemisphere.
Since 1995 the open air theatre has had regular performances of Shakespeare's plays, put on by the Graduate Dramatic Society  and the University Dramatic Society.
The theatre is also home to a family of peafowl given to the university by the Perth Zoo.
The Berndt Museum of Anthropology, on the ground floor of the Social Sciences Building, holds the finest collection of Aboriginal art in the world according to the Collections Australia Network (CAN).
Its Asian and Melanesian collections are also of strong interest.
Begun in 1976 by Ronald and Catherine Berndt, it works in close collaboration with Aboriginal communities.
The University of Western Australia has seven main subject libraries  on campus.
This includes the architecturally recognised Reid Library building, the largest library on campus with four publicly accessible levels.
Five of the libraries are located on campus, with the other two being located within walking distance.
Residential colleges
Several residential colleges are located close to the campus, including Currie Hall, St George's College, St Catherine's College, Trinity  and St Thomas More College.
Offsite locations
The university started a UWA Albany Centre in 1999 to meet rural education needs.
In 2005, Curtin University of Technology joined UWA in Albany to offer extra courses.
UWA Albany has postgraduate coursework and research programs through the Institute for Regional Development and the Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management.
The UWA Rural Clinical School sends fifth-year medical students to study for a year in Albany, Derby, Broome, Port Hedland, Karratha, Geraldton, Bunbury, Narrogin, Esperance, or Kalgoorlie.
The university is also involved in the Combined Universities Centre for Rural Health in Geraldton.
The university has other buildings across Stirling Highway in Nedlands.
These are linked by pedestrian underpasses beneath the highway, and paths in front of the residential colleges.
The university also has buildings in Claremont, purchased in 2005 from Edith Cowan University.
The university calls this "UWA Claremont".
The university remains a single campus institution.
UWA Claremont is approximately 5 km west of the main Crawley campus.
Further west still, the university also has staff in central Claremont.
Overseas, the university has links with institutions in Malaysia and Singapore, where students can study for The University of Western Australia qualifications.
UWA's students are mainly from Western Australia, and mostly from Perth.
In recent years, numbers of full-fee paying foreign students, mainly from Southeast Asia, have grown.
In 2008, the university had 3,958 international students, part of a total of 19,000 students.
The University of Western Australia has formal agreements with 44 international institutions.
It encourages staff and student exchanges, collaborative research and exchange of teaching materials and methods.
The university also teaches several of its programmes in Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines.
Research strengths
The university has over 80 research centres, including the Crime Research Centre, the Centre for Forensic Science, the Centre for Water Research and the Centre for Oil and Gas Engineering.
A new project is the Zadko Telescope.
A local businessman, James Zadko, and his family gave money to buy a robotically controlled 1-metre modified Ritchey-Chrétien telescope (F/4 equatorially mounted flat field).
The telescope will built at the UWA's Gravity Discovery Centre and Southern Cross Cosmos Centre 70 km north of Perth on Wallingup Plain, near the town of Gingin.
Working together with the European Union's satellites, it will be used to find major supernovas.
The University of Western Australia, with $20 million from the state government, will build an international radio astronomy research centre on UWA's Perth campus.
UWA is behind Australia's bid to be the site of the Square Kilometer Array, a very large internationally funded radio astronomy installation capable of seeing the early stages of the formation of galaxies, stars and planets.
Student Guild
The UWA Student Guild is the main student group on campus.
It is part of the National Union of Students.
The Guild provides many services to students, including running cafes and financial help.
There are also over 80 clubs and societies paid for by the Guild.
The Guild publishes the student newspaper, Pelican, as well as several other publications.
UWA Sports has a recreation centre, a fitness centre, aquatic centre (Human Movement) as well as a watersports complex (on the Swan River), a boat shed, a sports shop and physiotherapy.
Off campus they run the UWA Sports Park (MacGillivray Oval) with athletics, baseball, cricket, football, hockey, rugby, soccer and ultimate frisbee fields.
The UWA Tennis Centre is next to Challenge Stadium & UWA Sports Park.
UWA Shenton Recreation Park also has a gym, indoor sports hall, tennis courts and a hockey turf.
Famous students
UWA has many famous students, particularly in politics and government.
The list includes many premiers of Western Australia including Geoff Gallop, Richard Court and Alan Carpenter; former Deputy Prime Minister Kim Beazley, and his father Kim Edward Beazley, and 23rd Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke.
The university also many famous science and medicine students, including Nobel prize winner Barry Marshall, the Australian of the Year for 2003 Fiona Stanley and the Australian of the Year for 2005 Fiona Wood.
UWA set up a publishing section in 1935, when the university was the only university in Western Australia.
Presence in Second Life
UWA started a Second Life project in mid-2009. (
Second Life is a 3D online virtual world open to the public, free of charge.)
By early 2010 it was the most active Second Life project of any Australian university.
The UWA site covers three islands (projected to expand), with several models of historic buildings from the Crawley campus, a virtual lecture hall which is used to run real lectures, and a facility where the capabilities of Second Life are being explored for use in scientific visualisation research.
During 2009-2010, UWA in Second Life is running a monthly art contest, attracting around 70 artists and many visitors from around the world.
Every month a new set of artworks are submitted and the community, together with a judging panel, select winners in a number of categories, who are then awarded cash prizes.
UWA Student Guild
Notable alumni of UWA
Zadko Telescope project
Brief history of the early campus
University of Western Australia - UWA Motorsport
Glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe's Disease) is a disease that causes glycogen to accumulate in lysosomes.
It I done of the rarest diseases in India.
The Nobel Foundation () is a private institution started on 29 June 1900.
Its job is to manage the money and organize the Nobel Prizes.
The Foundation is based on the last will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.
1900 establishments
Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
It has many possible causes.
The main causes are drinking too much alcohol, or using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (also known as NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen for too long.
Sometimes gastritis starts after major surgery, serious injury, burns, or infections.
People who have had weight loss surgery may also get gastritis.
Long term causes are infection with bacteria, mainly Helicobacter pylori.
Certain diseases, such as pernicious anemia, chronic bile reflux, stress and certain autoimmune disorders can cause gastritis as well.
The most common symptom is abdominal pain.
Other symptoms are indigestion, abdominal bloating, nausea, and vomiting.
Some may have a feeling of fullness or burning in the upper abdomen.
A gastroscopy, blood test, complete blood count test, or a faeces test may be used to diagnose gastritis.
Treatment includes taking antacids or other medicines, such as proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics, and avoiding hot or spicy foods.
For those with pernicious anemia, B12 injections are given.
Susan Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield,  (born Hammersmith, London, 1 October 1950) is a British scientist, writer and broadcaster.
She specializes in studying how the human brain works and has done a lot of research into diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease which are common in older people.
She has written several books and appeared frequently on radio and television.
She is very good at explaining what she does to the wide public, using words that ordinary people (non-scientists) can understand.
In 1994 she gave the series of Christmas lectures on television for young children.
Susan Greenfield was born in Hammersmith, West London.
Her parents were of Russian and Austrian origin.
She studied at the University of Oxford and also got a doctorate degree from the College de France in Paris.
She is Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Oxford and fellow of Lincoln College.
She is the head of a group of 18 scientists who study degenerative brain diseases.
Until recently she was director of the Royal Institution.
Susan Greenfield is very well known to the wider public through the books she has written and the lectures she has given on radio and on television.
In 1994, she was the first woman to give the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures which were sponsored at that time by the BBC.
She called those lectures "Journey to the centre of the brain".
Greenfield frequently lectures about the future of the brain and, in particular, the effect that computers are having in the way we think.
She says that computer could be very useful for old people because it keeps their minds active.
On the other hand she is worried that young people are using computers too much.
Although activities such as video games are good for developing certain skills (such as quick reactions), there are many other skills that we need in life (such as the ability to communicate with people and understand other people’s emotions) that they do not teach us.
Baroness Greenfield sits in the United Kingdom Parliament in the House of Lords as a crossbencher.
She does not belong to any particular party.
Awards and Honours
She has been given many awards, including the CBE for helping the public to understand science.
a Chevalier Légion d'Honneur by the French Government.
She has been given several honorary degrees and in June 2001, she was made a Life peer, as Baroness Greenfield, of Ot Moor in the County of Oxfordshire.
Sébastien Olivier Bourdais (born 28 February 1979 in Le Mans) is a French race car driver.
He is one of the most successful drivers in the history of the Champ Car World Series.
He won four championships in a row, from 2004 to 2007.
He drove in Formula One for the Toro Rosso team during the 2008 and 2009 seasons.
He was unable to repeat his past successes.
Bourdais currently drives for Peugeot Sport in the Le Mans Series and for French football club Olympique Lyonnais in the Superleague Formula series.
Born into a racing family, Bourdais began his racing career at age 10 in kart racing.
Bourdais progressed to single-seater racing in 1995, finishing 9th in the Formula Campus Championship.
He then spent two years in the French Formula Renault Championship.
He finished second in points in 1997.
In 1998, he won five races to become Rookie of the Year (6th overall) in French F3.
He won the series outright in 1999, with eight wins and three poles.
In 2000, Bourdais joined the Prost Junior Team in the International F3000 Championship.
He finished ninth in the series.
In 2001, he moved to the DAMS team and took his first win in the series.
He changed teams again for 2002, joing Super Nova Racing.
Bordais had three victories and seven pole positions.
He won the championship by two points.
Champ Car career
Bourdais moved to Champ Car racing in the United States.
He and joined Newman-Haas Racing for the 2003 CART World Series season.
At St. Petersburg, Florida, Bourdais became the first rookie since Nigel Mansell to claim pole position for his first race.
His first Champ Car victory came at Brands Hatch.
For 2004, Bourdais dominated the Champ Car series.
He had seven wins and eight poles in his Lola.
His won his first championship.
Bourdais won a fourth consecutive Champ Car title in 2007 with victory at Lexmark Indy 300 on October 21.
On 16 March 2008 Bourdais competed in his first Formula One Championship race, the Australian Grand Prix in Melbourne.
He finished the year in 17th place with four points.
Bourdais tested for the Toro Rosso team during the winter.
On 6 February 2009 he was confirmed as a Toro Rosso driver for a second year.
He had two points finishes in at the Australian Grand Prix and the Monaco Grand Prix.
On 16 July 2009, Toro Rosso announced that Bourdais would no longer be driving for the team.
It was reported that Bourdais was thinking about sueing Toro Rosso, claiming that the team breached his contract.
It was then reported that Toro Rosso paid him $2.1 million to avoid legal action.
Bourdais has frequently raced the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans.
He entering for the first time in 1999, at the aged of 20.
He drove a Porsche 911 GT2 run by Larbre Competition.
He returned in 2000, finishing fourth with Emmanuel Clerico and Olivier Grouillard for the Pescarolo team behind the three dominant Audis.
In 2001 his car retired after 271 laps.
The next year, he finished ninth in the LMP900 class.
He missed the 2003 race and returned in 2004, but his car retired after 282 laps.
Bourdais' next race at Le Mans would come in 2007.
He drove a factory-backed Peugeot 908.
The car he shared with Stéphane Sarrazin and Pedro Lamy finished the race second.
In 2009 he drovr for the Peugeot factory team again.
He finished in second place, one lap behind the winning Peugeot.
Bourdais was to drive the pole-winning #3 Peugeot in 2010.
A suspension failure halted the car before Bourdais could turn a lap in the race
Superleague Formula
After leaving Formula One, Bourdais signed up to drive the Sevilla FC car in the Superleague Formula series.
He won on his debut weekend at the 2009 Estoril round in the Super Final.
Bourdais won again at the next round, winning race 1 of the 2009 Monza round.
He returned for the 2010 season racing for Olympique Lyonnais.
Sports and stock car racing career
Bourdais made several appearances in other championships.
He won the Spa 24 Hours in 2002 in a Larbre Compétition Chrysler Viper GTS-R. He also won his class at the 2006 12 Hours of Sebring in a Panoz Esperante.
In 2005 he also competed in the International Race of Champions, winning his first stock car race at Texas Motor Speedway.
In 2009, he set the official lap record at Sebring International Raceway, during the 12 Hours of Sebring.
In 2010, Bourdais raced in a Level 5 Motorsports prepared Daytona Prototype in Rolex 24 at Daytona, held at Daytona International Speedway in Florida.
Motorsports career results