the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
After he fled to England, Shahi was convicted in absentia, receiving sentences that totaled approximately 59 years.
In February 2002, prior to any decision on appeals filed with the Sindh High Court, Ardeshir Cowasjee claimed in an article he wrote for Dawn newspaper, the Pakistani newspaper, that unnamed people who identified themselves to him as office-bearers of the All-Faith Spiritual Movement told him that Gohar Shahi died abroad, but this report was unconfirmed.
After Shahi's disappearance, his followers largely split into two organisations: the Messiah Foundation International and the Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam.
RAGS International was renamed to Messiah Foundation International shortly after Shahi's disappearance.
Its current leader is Younus AlGohar.
Some sources report his death as of 2001, others as of 2003.
According to the Pakistani Press Foundation Shahi died in 2001 An article from 2006 in the Sunday Telegraph reports that Shahi died in 2003, and a 2009 article in Your Local Guardian also says he was reported to have died in 2003.
But none of these reports are confirmed as there is no physical proof of his body.
However, the Indian news agency PTI reported in 2008 that Shahi was based in the United Kingdom after being convicted of blasphemy by the Sindh High Court.
This view is supported by the Indian Express which reported in 2008 that Shahi had fled to the United Kingdom and was presently based there.
Zee News also supported this claim.
The Hindustan Times has reported that he is "serving a life sentence".
Teachings and followers
Main page: Messiah Foundation International
The teachings of Gohar Shahi have been a source of controversy.
Some orthodox theological scholars say his teachings are blasphemous, while others, such as Hisham Kabbani and Sultan-al Awliya Shaykh Mawlana as-Sayyid Khwaja Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Haqqani al-Rabbani al-Qubrusi al-Firdausi an-Naqshbandi have praised him.
Hisham Kabbani also sat at the feet of Gohar Shahi.
Classical singers such as Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Ghulam Farid Sabri have been presented the message of Shahi, which they have praised.
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan was quoted as saying "The message of Hazrat Riaz Gohar Shahi is the greatest message I have ever heard."
In Qawwali events in Japan and Germany, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan personally distributed leaflets in favour of Shahi.
Aziz Mian has also presented a Qawwali in praise of Shahi at a Jashan-e-Shahi event (which celebrates the day Shahi  supposedly took the rank of Mehdi by Allah) event.
Claims and criticism
Shahi and his followers have made claims that are opposed by some mainstream Islamic theologians in Pakistan and abroad.
Shahi was accused of claiming the status of a prophet but Shahi denied such accusations.
His teachings have been condemned by Muslim religious leaders and the Pakistani government.
Shahi predicts that the world would end in the year 2026 due to a comet heading towards earth.
He claims the comet will be the cause of "total destruction" though mentions that "in order to intimidate [mankind]...God plans destruction on a small scale".
Many attempts were made on the lives of Shahi and Younus AlGohar, including a petrol bomb thrown into AlGohar's residence in Manchester where Shahi stayed when he toured the United Kingdom.
A man tried to attack him with a hand grenade during a discourse at his home in Kotri, Pakistan.
A bounty was put on his head in Pakistan.
Gohar Shahi claimed to have met with Jesus in America.
Shahi's supporters claim that his face became prominent on the moon, sun, nebula star and the Black Stone in Mecca, and that these appearances were signs from God that Gohar Shahi is the awaited Mehdi, Messiah, and Kalki Avatar.
The alleged images induced greater legal and religious opposition.
Shahi has also supported this claim, saying that God had revealed the images of Shahi on the Moon and various locations, for which Shahi himself was not responsible, and if questions should be raised, they should be raised to God.
Messiah Foundation International claims the alleged images to be signs from God, pointing to Shahi being the awaited Mehdi, and quote religious texts as well as sayings from the likes of Nostradamus, and Ja'far al-Sadiq to support it.
"Many believe that you are the Mehdi, and God has revealed signs unto them which say that you are the Mehdi, but you do not officially announce that you are the Mehdi.
Why?"
Shahi gestured towards himself and answered, "Does Imam Mehdi not know the law of Pakistan?
He knows that the law of Pakistan declares that 'whosoever claims to be the Mehdi, put him in jail'.
I have given the signs of his [Mehdi's] characteristics, which the Mehdi knows and none other.
Now, it is up to people to recognize him and believe him".
Of the groups following Shahi, Messiah Foundation International claims that Shahi is the awaited Mehdi, Messiah, and Kalki Avatar while Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam did not.
According to MFI's website, Shahi is the Awaited Messiah, but they deny the notion that Shahi is another form of Jesus and claim that Jesus has also returned to support the Mehdi.
Gohar Shahi has authored a number of books, including one based on Sufi poetry known as Taryāq-e-Qalb, roughly translating to the "'Cure of Hearts'".
One of his most prominent books is Deen-e-Ilahi (The Religion of God), which is banned in Pakistan.
On May 17th, 2012, Messiah Foundation International republished The Religion of God with Hay House.
As of July 1st, 2012, it was #5 on the publisher's Best Seller's List.
Messiah Foundation International considers Shahi to be the author of the "Goharian Philosophy of Divine Love", a set of principles upon which the organisation is founded.
Shahi has also authored a monthly magazine, Hatif-e-Mehdi, which is banned in Pakistan for allegedly containing material offensive to the religious feelings of Muslims there.
Shahi's representative site
Pakistani writers
International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam (ASI) () is a Pakistan-based organisation.
It was made in 1980 by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi.
Its headquarters are in Kotri, Hyderabad, Sindh and Pakistan.
International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam is divided into two branches one for men only and other is for women only.
The ladies wing is led by Mrs. Gulzar.
However, the president of men wing is Mr. Wasi Muhammad Qureshi, who was nominated by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi as President of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam.
Gohar Shahi himself is the Patrorn-in-Chief of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam.
In 1980, when Shahi formed the movement it had only five members, who are called founding members.
Following are the names of the founding members of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam:
Muhammad Arif Memon (Late)
Wasi Muhammad Qureshi
Dr. Abdul Qayoom Shaikh(Late)
Muhammad Anwar Qadri
Maulana Saeed Ahmed Qadri
Web Portal of Gohar Shahi
Gohar Shahi web site
Sarfrosh.org
Islamic organizations
The Roman Curia (Latin Curia Romanae) is usually called "The Curia".
It is the cabinet of Vatican City and the Roman Catholic Church.
Parts of The Curia look after the independent country of the Vatican.
For example, The Curia includes the Vatican's courts.
Other parts of The Curia do jobs that are important for the Catholic Church.
For example, the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity is in charge of meeting other churches.
The Holy See
In God We Trust is one of the national mottos of the United States.
The other is E Pluribus Unum.
In God We Trust has been put on American money since 1864 when it was added to a two-cent coin.
A law passed in 1956 made it a national motto.
It is also the motto of Florida.
Mottos of the United States
An Apostolic Nunciature is the embassy of the Holy See in a foreign country.
The nunciature protects the affairs of the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Vatican City, and also liases between the Holy See and the Roman Catholic Church in that country.
The head of nunciature is called a Nuncio.
The nuncio is the equivalent of an Ambassador, or a High Commissioner (Ambassador) in Commonwealth countries.
Some countries make the Nuncio Dean of the Diplomatic Corps (head of the group of ambassadors to its country).
This is allowed by the international agreement about diplomats.
Usually the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps is the longest serving ambassador in a country.
A pro-Nuncio was the name used for a Nuncio in countries which did not make a Nuncio Dean of the Diplomatic Corps automatically.
The Vatican stopped using the title in 1991.
Software development is the process of creating a computer software.
It includes the software release life cycle of preparing a design, coding the program, and fixing the bugs.
The final goal is software release of a product that serves the wishes of users.
to meet specific needs of a specific client/business;
to meet a need of some set of potential users;
for personal use.
A software development process (model, methodology) is a system that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing information systems.
Each model is defferent, more or less structured and is considered to be suitable to only some kinds of projects.
Analyzing the problem
Gathering requirements for the proposed software
Devising a plan or design for the software
Implementation (coding) of the software
Testing the software
Maintenance and bug fixing
Understanding the need
There are different sources of ideas for software products like market research.
The next step is market evaluation.
It includes a check of cost and time assumptions, economic feasibility, fit with existing channels distribution, effects on existing product lines, required features, fit with the company's marketing objectives.
An important task in creating a software program is understanding the requirements.
The software engineers must accept the client's idea and adapt it to the working process.
After establishing the requirements, the engineers start creating a software design document.
Design of the software means the high-level design of the main modules with a full picture of how the parts fit together.
The language, operating system, and hardware components should be clear at this stage.
Implementation, testing and documenting
implementation — programming the code for the project.
testing — looking for defects
documenting — making documents of the inner design of software, API can be also included
Deployment and maintenance
Software Development Magazine
Gag, a tool which is used to prevent speaking.
Gag reflex, a normal reflex in human's throat.
Gag reflex, also called pharyngeal reflex, is a reflex contraction of the throat in humans that prevents anything to pass through the throat, except during normal swallowing.
It is also named as pharyngeal reflex.
Touching the soft palate results in a very strong gag reflex in most healthy people.
The gag reflex can also be caused by touching the roof of the mouth, or the back part of the tongue.
The gag reflex can be used to make someone vomit as well.
Reflexes
HTTP Cookie, a small amount of information saved on computers by websites.
Cookie, a 1989 comedy movie.
A flame is the visible part of a fire.
It gives light and heat.
It is the result of an exothermic reaction.
The color and temperature of a flame depend on the type of fuel that is used to make the fire.
A blue or white flame is often very hot, while a red, orange, or yellow flame is less hot.
The Moon, Earth's only natural satellite, known as "Luna" in Latin () and other languages
Selene, the goddess of the moon in Greek and Roman mythology
Luna (given name), a common given name
Luna is the name of earth's moon in the famous "Star Trek" series.
Kaliningrad (; ; German: ; ; briefly Russified as  Kyonigsberg) is a seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea.
Kaliningrad is the second-largest city in the Northwestern Federal District, after Saint Petersburg, the third-largest city in the Baltic region and the seventh-largest city on the Baltic Sea.
It is the westernmost Oblast of Russia.
It is surrounded by NATO and European Union members Poland and Lithuania and is geographically separated from the main part of Russia itself.
Borderless connection is only possible by sea or air.
In 2002, it had a population of 430,003 people.
This was more than in 1989, when the last census was done.
At that time, the city only had a population of 401,280.
About 78% of the people there are Russians, 8% Belarusians, and 7.3% Ukrainians.
It was named Königsberg originally.
It was the capital city of the German province of East Prussia, the earlier Duchy of Prussia, and before that of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.
The city had that name from 1254 to 1945.
The people were mostly Germans but they were expelled and replaced during wars.
Roller derby is a sport played on roller skates.
It used to be played by both men and women, but it was restarted by women.
There are now a growing number of men's and mixed (or co-ed) teams around the world who are playing roller derby.
For a long time, many people did not believe roller derby was a real sport.
They thought it was like professional wrestling, because it had fake fighting and other things for TV.
But in 2002, a group of women in Austin, Texas started playing it as a real game, with nothing fake.
A TV show called Rollergirls was made about some of these women.
By 2006, women in every big city in the USA and Canada were starting their own roller derby clubs.
There were even clubs starting up in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.
How roller derby is played
Two teams of roller derby players skate around an oval track.
The track can be flat or banked (raised around the outer edges).
1 jammer, who races around the track faster than the rest of the team
1 pivot, who usually stays in front of the blockers and make them go faster or slower
3 blockers, who try to keep the other team's jammer from passing them
The jammer is the only player that can score points.
The jammer's team gets a point every time the jammer passes one of the other team's players.
To score a point, the jammer has to play fair and stay on the track when they pass someone.
Jammers get a 2-minute time period, called a jam, when they can score points.
Before a jam starts the blockers of both teams line up side-by-side, with both jammers farther back behind their own starting line.
The jam starts when a whistle blows.
Then, everyone, including the jammers get to leave their designated areas.
The jammers and blockers alike are fighting to get their guy/girl through the pack.
The first jammer to get through the pack without leaving the track gets to be the "lead jammer".
The lead jammer can put her hands on her hips when she wants to stop the jam early.
Stopping the jam early keeps the other team from having time to score points.
Blockers and pivots try to help their own team's jammer get through the pack, and they try to slow down the other team's jammer.
When the jammers are near the pack, everyone is allowed to bump into each other.
If someone is trying to push someone from the other team out of the way, then they have to be careful how they do it.
They can only push from the side, and they have to use their shoulders, the top part of their arms, their hips, or the top part of their legs—so tripping, shoving, punching, or pushing the other team's players from behind is not allowed.
Or you will get a penalty
Even with these rules and safety equipment, roller derby players can get knocked down and get badly hurt, so usually only adults play "full contact" roller derby.
There are junior clubs for younger players.
SOME play without trying to knock anyone down.
Others, like the Quad City Orphan Brigade (located in the Quad Cities (Iowa, Illinois)) play FULL contact and TRY to knock others down.
A roller derby game is called a bout.
There are two halves played, which last 30 minutes each.
The teams skate as many jams(runs a maximum of 2 minutes per jam) as they can until time runs out.
Sargon was one of the first people in recorded history to create an empire, or multi-ethnic state.
His empire included the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and part of what is present-day Turkey.
His capital was called  in the Akkadian language.
Sargon of Akkad may have been the same person as the first Sargon of Assyria (also known as Sharrukin or Sharru-kin).
Sargon's empire would probably have included Assyria.
He is listed in the Assyrian king list as the son of Ikunum and the founder of a dynasty.
He became a prominent member of the royal court of Kish, ultimately overthrowing its king before embarking on the conquest of Mesopotamia.
Sargon's vast empire is known to have extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea, including Mesopotamia, parts of modern-day Iran and Syria, and possibly parts of Anatolia and the Arabian peninsula.
He ruled from a new capital, Akkad, which the Sumerian king list claims he built on the left bank of the Euphrates.
He is sometimes regarded as the first person in recorded history to create a multiethnic, centrally ruled empire, although the Sumerians Lugal-anne-mundu and Lugal-zage-si also have a claim.
His dynasty controlled Mesopotamia for around a century and a half.
The Akkadian language was made the official language of international discourse.
During Sargon's reign, Akkadian was standardized and adapted for use with the cuneiform script, which was previously used for the Sumerian language.
A style of calligraphy developed in which text on clay tablets and cylinder seals was arranged amidst scenes of mythology and ritual.
Judea or Judaea (, Yehudah) is the ancient name of the mountainous surrounding Jerusalem.
Its location falls in present-day Israel and the Palestinian West Bank.
Ancient Judea
Judea was the territory of the ancient Kingdom of Judah.
Judea lost its Nationhood to the Romans in the 1st century BC, by becoming first a tributary kingdom, then a province, of the Roman Empire.
After the defeat of Mithridates VI of Pontus, general Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) stayed behind to make the area secure for Rome.
Judea at the time was not a peaceful place.
Queen Alexandra had recently died, and her sons were troubling the country with a civil war for power.
They were Hyrcanus and Aristobulus.
In 63 BC, Aristobulus was surrounded in Jerusalem by his brother's armies, and the situation was bad.
He sent a messenger to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, Pompey's representative in the area.
Aristobulus offered a large bribe to be rescued, that Pompey quickly accepted, but later, he tried to accuse Scaurus of extortion.
This caused his downfall, because Scaurus was Pompey's brother in law and was protected by him.
The general did not like what Aristobulus had done, and put the prince and high priest Hyrcanus in charge of the kingdom.
Judea and Galilee became tributary kingdoms of Rome, which meant that they had to pay tribute to the Roman Republic to buy their protection.
After Caesar's death
Around the same time Pompey was defeated by Julius Caesar, Hyrcanus was followed by a member of his court, Antipater.
Caesar and Antipater were both killed in 44 BC, and Herod, Antipater's son, was appointed as governor (tetrarch) by Rome in 41 BC.
He became the king (basileus) of Judea in 37 BC, and was known as King Herod the Great.
During his reign, the great port of Caesarea Maritima was built.
He died in 4 BC, and his kingdom was divided among his sons.
One of these was Herod Archelaus, who ruled Judea so badly that he was made to quit in 6 AD by the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar, after his own people complained about him.
The kingdom of Judea now became part of a larger Roman province of Ivdaea.
This was one of the few governed by a knight, not a former consul or praetor of senatorial rank, because its income to the Roman treasury was small, and the region was peaceful.
Pontius Pilate was one of these procurators.
Between 41 and 44, Judea won a little more independence again, when Herod Agrippa was made king by emperor Claudius.
After Agrippa's died, the province again went to direct Roman control for a short time.
Judea was returned little by little to Agrippa's son, Marcus Julius Agrippa, in 48.
However, there was still a Roman procurator in the area, responsible for keeping peace and raising taxes.
When he died, around the year 100, the area returned once again to direct Roman control.
Judea was the stage of three major rebellions against the Romans.
They were (see Judea rebellions for a full account):
66-70 - first rebellion, followed by the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple (see Great Jewish Revolt, Josephus)
115-117 - second rebellion, because of too much taxation
132-135 - third rebellion, led by Simon Bar Kokhba
After Bar Kokhba's revolt was stopped by the Roman forces, the emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina, and Jerusalem became Aelia Capitolina in order to embarrass the Jewish people by attempting to erase the nation's name from the region.
Until 63 BC - independent state
63 BC-6 AD - client kingdom of Rome
6-41 - Roman province
26-36 - procurator Pontius Pilatus
41-44 - ruling of Herod Agrippa (client king)
44-48 - Roman province
48-100 - ruling of Herod Agrippa II (client king)
66-70 - First rebellion
100 onwards - Roman province
115-117 - second rebellion
132-135 - third rebellion: Simon Bar Kokhba
135 - Judea renamed Syria Palaestina by emperor Hadrian.
The subjugation of Judea
Judaea 6-66 AD
An incubation period is the time it takes between the day a person is infected with a pathogen (something that causes a disease, like a virus), and the day that the person starts having symptoms of the disease.
For example, if a person is infected with the common cold, it usually takes about one to three days for the person to start having cold symptoms.
This means that the common cold's incubation period is one to three days.
With some diseases, like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV, the virus that causes AIDS), a person can still give other people HIV during the incubation period.
Even though the person with HIV has no symptoms, the virus is making copies of itself during the incubation period.
What affects incubation periods
Many different things affect the incubation period for a disease.
How much of the pathogen a person got
Whether the person was vaccinated against this pathogen, and if they were, which vaccine was used
How fast the pathogen makes copies of itself once it is in the body
How strong the person's immune system is
Examples of incubation periods
Incubation periods are not exactly the same for everyone, because every person is different.
Because of this, an incubation period is always written as a range (for example, "one to three days").
Some diseases have very short incubation periods.
Other diseases have incubation periods of many years.
The New Yorker is an American magazine that publishes articles, essays, stories, and cartoons about many topics.
Though much of the magazine is about New York City, many readers are outside of the city.
The magazine is known for its articles about politics, careful fact-checking, its cartoons, and short stories by many notable authors.
It was founded by Harold Ross and the first issue was released on February 17, 1925.
Though it was formerly a weekly magazine, it now publishes a new issue 47 times a year, with five longer two-week issues.
In 2004, it had about 996,000 subscribers (people who paid to receive it).
The magazine has included short stories by J. D. Salinger,  Vladimir Nabokov, John Updike, E. B. White, John Hersey, whose essay Hiroshima filled an entire issue, and Shirley Jackson, whose story The Lottery drew more mail than any other story published in the magazine.
Cataplexy is a medical condition where people become limp when they are exposed to spontaneous emotions such as laughter, fright, anger, or sadness.
People who have cataplexy will sometimes see that some of their muscles suddenly fail them.
Cataplexy  often affects people who have narcolepsy.
People with narcolepsy tend to suddenly fall asleep.
They cannot control when they fall asleep.
Cataplexy is sometimes confused with epilepsy, where a series of flashes or other stimuli cause superficially similar seizures.
The term Cataplexy originates from the Greek kata, meaning down, and plexis, meaning a stroke or seizure.
One definition of sustainability is the one created by the Brundtland Commission, led by the former Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland.
The Commission defined sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
Sustainability relates to the connection of economic, social, institutional and environmental aspects of human society, as well as the non-human environment.
Some overarching principles of sustainability include minimalism, efficiency, resilience and self-sufficiency.
Sustainability is one of the four Core Concepts behind the 2007 Universal Forum of Cultures.
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Environmental Law for Sustainability: A Reader, Hart Publishing, Oxford.
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Encyclopedia of Earth: Sustainability
(ISC) The Institute for Sustainable Communication—Dedicated to raising awareness and capacity for the sustainable use of print and other communication media.
Grant Thornton International Business Report Energy & Environment focus
SustainLane US City Rankings A flyover tour and comparative sustainability ranking of the 50 largest US cities.
SustainLane Government Urban sustainability "best practices" database (public) and peer network (private; government practitioners).
Appropedia, an active wiki on sustainability, appropriate technology and international development.
SustainUS The U.S. Youth Network for Sustainable Development
Green Progress—Green building and sustainable development news.
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The Brundtland Commission was created  by the United Nations in 1983 to reflect about ways to save the human environment and natural resources and prevent deterioration of economic and social development.
Brundtland Report
The Report of the Brundtland Commission was published by Oxford University Press in 1987.
The full text of the Brundtland Report  can be downloaded as a copy of the UN General Assembly document A/42/427 - a 25 Mbyte [pdf] file.
Also available from Wikisource Brundtland Report.
The report deals with sustainable development and the change of politics needed for achieving that.
The definition of this term in the report is quite well known and often cited:
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
History of the United Nations
1983 establishments
Mosleh Zamani (also referred as Moslah Zamani) was a young Kurdish man from Sanandaj, who was executed for adultery in December 2009 (under Iranian law, every sexual contact outside marriage, even if both people are unmarried, is adulterous).
About Mosleh
Climate change recognises that the climate of Earth does change.
Climate change is now seen as a problem.
It is worth remembering that the Earth's climate has been both hotter and colder than it is today.
It is not a fixed value: it is affected by variations in the Sun and in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, and by activities of the planet's life-forms.
Climate change this century and last century is sometimes called global warming, because the average temperature on the surface has risen.
At times in the past, the temperature was much cooler, with the Ice Age ending about ten thousand years ago.
Over longer time periods, climate change may be caused by variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
The Earth has certainly been much warmer and much cooler than it is today.
In common use, especially in environmental policy, "climate change" usually refers to rapid changes in the climate over recent decades.
These climate changes are due primarily to human-caused generation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere (see global warming).
History of climate change studies
Joseph Fourier in 1824, Claude Poulliet in 1827 and 1838, Eunace Foote (18191888) in 1856, Irish physicist John Tyndall (1820–1893) in 1863 onwards, Svante Arrhenius in 1896, and Guy Stewart Callendar (1898–1964) are credited with discovering the importance of CO2 in climate change.
Foote's work was not appreciated, and not widely known.
Tyndall proved there were other greenhouse gases as well.
Nils Gustaf Ekholm in 1901 invented the term.
The Sun gets a little bit hotter and colder every 11 years.
This is called the 11-year sunspot cycle.
The change is so small that scientists can barely measure how it affects the temperature of the Earth.
If the sun was causing the Earth to warm up, it would warm both the surface and high up in the air.
But the air in the upper stratosphere is actually getting colder, so scientists do not think changes in the sun are causing the global warming which is happening now.
(IPA: ) (born 20 April 1939) is a Norwegian politician, diplomat, and physician.
She is an international leader in sustainable development and public health.
She is a former Prime Minister of Norway.
She was the Director General of the World Health Organization.
In 2007, she became a Special Envoy for Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.
Brundtland has a degree from the University of Oslo.
She also has a master's degree from Harvard University.
Norwegian diplomats
Politicians from Oslo
Prime Ministers of Norway
University of Oslo alumni
Allentown is a city that is in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.
After Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, it is Pennsylvania's third most populous city, with 106,632 residents as of the 2000 census.
It is the county seat of Lehigh County.
Allentown history
The city of Allentown was first home to people in 1735.
It was then named a Northampton town (Northampton-Towne) in 1762 by William Allen, a rich shipping merchant, Chief Justice of the Province of Pennsylvania and mayor, or leader, of Philadelphia in the past.
The town was made on a 5,000-acre area Allen got for money in 1735 from the sons of William Penn.
Allen hoped that Northampton-Towne would become a commercial center because of it being on the Lehigh River and how it was near Philadelphia.
Allen gave the area to his son, James, who built a summer home, Trout Hall, there in 1770.
On March 18 1811, the town became a borough.
On March 6 1812, Lehigh County was made from the west part of Northampton County, and Northampton was made the county seat.
The name of the town became "Allentown" on April 16 1833 because it was liked by people.
Allentown was made a city on March 12 1867.
The Liberty Bell was kept away from the British during the American Revolutionary War in Allentown.
After George Washington lost the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia did not have defense, and got ready for the British to attack.
The Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania said that eleven bells, like the State House bell and the bells from Philadelphia's Christ Church and St. Peter's Church, should be taken down and taken away from the city to stop the British, who would melt the bells down to and make into cannons, from taking the bells.
The bells were moved north to Northampton-Towne, and put in the basement of the Old Zion Reformed Church, in what is now center of Allentown.
Today, a shrine in the church's basement marks the same spot where the Liberty Bell was.
Birthplace of the American Industrial Revolution
Before the 1830s, Allentown was a small town with only local markets.
When the Lehigh Canal was made the economy got bigger.
The town changed with industrialization and became one of the United States' biggest areas for big industry and manufacturing.
While Allentown was not as big as Bethlehem, the city right next to it, the iron industry in the area still gave many jobs to the city.
Railroads, like the Lehigh Valley Railroad, were very important to move raw materials and made goods, and made many new jobs.
Early 20th century to present
Economic recovery in the early 20th century was caused by the silk and textile industry.
The Adelaide Silk Mill, which was one of the biggest mills in the world, opened in Allentown in 1881.
By 1928, there were more than 140 silk and textile mills in the Lehigh Valley which made silk the second biggest industry.
By the 1930s, the silk industry was getting slow in all the world because synthetics were taking the place of silk.
Catoir Silk Mill, the last silk mill in Allentown, closed in 1989.
In 1905, Mack Trucks moved to Macungie, a small suburb of Allentown, which began Allentown's focus on big industrial manufacturing.
Today, Allentown's economy is mostly service industries.
Allentown's climate is called humid continental.
Summers are hot and muggy, fall and spring are mild, and winter is cold.
Precipitation is almost spread throughout the year at the same rate.
Allentown's weather is affected by the Blue Mountain, a mountain ridge from 1,000 to 1,600 feet high about 12 miles north of the city, and South Mountain, a mountain ridge of 500 to 1,000 feet high that is south of the city.
1735 establishments
18th-century establishments in Pennsylvania
Mia Rose (aka Miaarose) is a YouTube artist who sings.
She was born on January 26, 1988.
She has signed a record deal with NextSelection.
Her real name is Maria Antónia Teixeira Rosa.
She says she is Portuguese.
She is currently recording songs with groups.
Rose also works with Prez Wszeborowski, a 17-year-old music composer that has written "You're Pitiful" for Weird Al Yankovic, and also made beats for celebrities like Sean Paul, Busta Rhymes, Silva Sisters, The Millionairs, and The Anarckists.
YouTubers
Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus.
Unlike the other common forms of hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), it does not cause chronic (long-term) liver disease.
How is hepatitis A spread?
When a person has hepatitis A, the virus stays in their feces.
Hepatitis A is usually spread by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with infected feces.
For example, hepatitis A can be spread by:
Using ice that was made from contaminated water
Eating fruits, vegetables, or other foods that are not cooked, which may have gotten contaminated when a person with hepatitis A prepared them
Foods that are not cooked are more likely to spread hepatitis A because cooking food will kill the virus
Eating shellfish that lived in contaminated water, and were not cooked well enough to kill the virus
Nausea and Vomiting
Anorexia (loss of the desire to eat)
Treatment and prognosis
There is no medication that can cure hepatitis A. In most cases, the infection resolves on its own.
In most cases, symptoms last less than 2 months, although some people are sick for as long as six months.
Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver.
It is caused by a virus.
The virus is not spread by food or casual contact.
It can be spread by blood or body fluids from an infected person.
A baby can get it from its mother during childbirth.
It can also be spread by sexual contact, reuse of needles, and transfusions of blood with the virus in it.
Infection with hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination, where an injection is given which makes the body immune to the virus.
It is recommended that all people are given a series of three vaccines over a few months when they are babies to ensure good protection against this virus.
However, vaccination only provides 90% protection, it does not completely remove the risk of infection.
Some people who are infected are able to beat the virus quickly.
Many people are infected for life.
Usually they have few or no symptoms.
Sometimes the liver is damaged severely, causing liver failure.
A common symptom of liver failure is jaundice, where the person's skin and eyes turn yellow due to a build-up of body products which would normally be filtered by the liver.
Another problem with hepatitis B is that it can cause cancer of the liver.
Blood tests can find signs that the liver is being damaged.
If people have those signs, treatment for hepatitis B can prevent the liver damage caused by the virus.
Antiviral medications are given, which prevent the virus from making copies of itself.
However, once the virus is in the liver, it is not possible to get rid of the virus completely.
Mir was a space station created by the Soviet Union and later owned and operated by Russia.
It existed from 1984 to 23 March 2001.
When it was retired, it moved towards the Earth and burned up in its atmosphere.
Mir is now replaced with the International Space Station.
It was the first space station to be made out of multiple modules, unlike the previous Salyut series of space stations, which were only made out of one module.
The May Queen or Queen of May is a word which has two different but related meanings.
It can refer to either  a mythical figure or  to a holiday personification.
The May Queen is also known as The Maiden, the goddess of spring, flower bride, queen of the faeries, and the lady of the flowers.
The May Queen is a symbol of the stillness of nature around which everything revolves.
She stands for purity, strength and the potential for growth, as the plants grow in May.
She is one of many personifications of the energy of the earth.
She was once also known as Maid Marian in the medieval plays of Robin Hood and of the May Games - she is the young village girl, crowned with blossom, attended by children with garlands and white dresses.
Some folklorists have drawn parallels between her and Maia, the Roman Goddess of Springtime, of Growth and Increase whose very name may be the root of "May".
The May Queen is a girl (usually a teenage girl from a specific school year) who is selected to ride or walk at the front of a parade for May Day celebrations.
She wears a white gown to symbolise purity and usually a tiara or crown.
Her duty is to begin the May Day celebrations.
She is generally crowned by flowers and makes a speech before the dancing begins.
Certain age groups dance round a May pole celebrating youth and the spring time.
According to popular British folklore, the tradition once had a sinister twist, in that the May Queen was put to death once the festivities were over.
The veracity of this belief is difficult to establish, but while in truth it might just be an example of anti-pagan propaganda, frequent associations between May Day rituals, the occult and human sacrifice are still to be found in popular culture today.
The Wicker Man, a cult horror film starring Christopher Lee, is a prominent example of this.
An Elizabethan account
Maintaining the tradition
Many areas keep this tradition alive today, most notably the Brentham Garden Suburb, England which hosts it annually.
This has the record of the oldest unbroken tradition although the May Queen of All London Festival at Hayes Common in Bromley is a close contender.
A May queen is selected from a group of 13 upwards girls by the young dancers.
She returns the next year to crown the new May Queen and stays in the procession.
A May Day celebration held annually in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada has the distinction of being the longest running May Day celebration of its kind in the British Commonwealth.
This May Day celebration began in 1870 and is approaching one hundred and forty years of age.
Archival film footage of New Westminster's May Day celebrations from 1932-1962 can be seen online at Quest for the Queens .
Cultural references to the May Queen
A May Queen is mentioned in the Led Zeppelin song "Stairway to Heaven".
May Queen is the name of a ketch-rigged trading vessel built in 1867 at Franklin, Tasmania.
She had a 106-year working life and is the oldest boat of her type afloat in the world.
She is on the International Register of Significant Ships.
"May Queen" is the title of a song song on singer-songwriter Liz Phair's second album Whip-Smart.
"May Queen" is the title of a song by Inkubus Sukkubus.
"The May Queen" is the title of an anthology  of women's writings about being in their thirties edited by Andrea N. Richesin (Tarcher/2006).
The naming of a "Queen of May," including the idea that she would die at the end of the festivities, is a plot device in an episode of BBC's Doctor Who (Series 21) titled "The Awakening" (1984).
May Queen is a Richard Thompson song on the Still album.
May crowning
A mutual fund is a kind of investment that uses money from investors to invest in stocks, bonds or other types of investment.
A fund manager (or "portfolio manager") decides how to invest the money, and for this he is paid a fee, which comes from the money in the fund.
Mutual funds are usually "open ended", meaning that new investors can join into the fund at any time.
When this happens, new units, which are like shares, are given to the new investors.
There are thousands of different kinds of mutual funds, specializing in investing in different countries, different types of businesses, and different investment styles.
There are even some funds that only invest in other funds.
Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)
US SEC answers about mutual funds
Modular Audio Recognition Framework (MARF) is a computer program that tries to understand voice, sound, speech, text and human language in general.
In MARF, scientists and programmers write algorithms using Java.
MARF consists of Lego-like algorithm pieces that can be added or replaced easily.
MARF itself can be piece in other computer programs or used for learning, education, and making MARF itself better.
A few example programs are provided to show how to use MARF.
There is also a lot of documentation of the project.
MARF and its programs are published under a BSD-style license.
Fullmetal Alchemist (in  ) is a popular manga and anime series created by Hiromu Arakawa and serialized in Enix's (now Square Enix) Monthly Shonen Gangan.
The manga has been made into two different anime shows, one in 2003 which follows its own story, and a 2009 show which follows the story of the manga.
A film, The Conqueror of Shamballa was made for the 2003 show, and The Sacred Star of Milos was created for the 2012 show.
The plot focuses on a world where alchemy is a main form of science.
Edward Elric and his brother Alphonse, fail to resurrect their mother.
When Alphonse's body is destroyed, Edward sacrifices his arm and leg during the alchemy in order for Alphonse's soul to be transferred in a suit of armour.
Their friend, Winry Rockbell, makes prosthetic parts for Edward's limbs.
As the series progresses, the brothers solve the case about the Philosopher's Stone, a forbidden material breaking the law of Equivalent Exchange.
Fullmetal Alchemist became one of the most critically acclaimed Japanese franchise.
Edward Elric: The main protagonist of the series.
He is brave and proud, the only thing getting him along is the promise he made to his younger brother, Alphonse, that he will get him his body back, and himself his limbs.
He is shorter than the average teen and hates it when someone comments on his height, mostly getting frustrated or hurting them with his metal fist, even his brother gets the same punishment.
Alphonse Elric: Edward's younger brother, whose soul is attached to an empty suit of armour, after a failed attempt to resurrect their mother.
The deal was his body for hers, though what happened once the transmutation had finished showed it didn't work.
In order to bring back his brother, Edward did his own transmutation, giving away his arm for Alphonse.
Alphonse was then placed into the armour and now their journey takes them to try to find the Philosopher's Stone, the only thing that can defy the rule of equivalent exchange, to give back Alphonse's body and Edward's limbs.
My Dying Bride is an English doom metal band.
They are from West Yorkshire.
The band formed in 1990.
Aaron Stainthorpe - Vocals (1990-)
Hamish Glencross - Guitar (1999-)
Andrew Craighan - Guitar (1990-)
Lena Abé - Bass (2007-)
Shaun MacGowan – violin, keyboards (2009–present)
Rick Miah – drums (1990–1997)
Martin Powell – violin, keyboards (1991–1998)
Calvin Robertshaw – guitar (1990–1999)
Bill Law – drums (1998–1999)
Yasmin Ahmed – keyboards (1998–2002)
Shaun Taylor-Steels – drums (1999–2006)
Adrian Jackson – bass (1991–2007)
Sarah Stanton - Keyboards (2002-)
Katie Stone – violin, keyboards (2008–2009)
Dan Mullins – drums (2007–2012)
As the Flower Withers (1992)
Turn Loose the Swans (1993)
The Angel and the Dark River (1995)
Like Gods of the Sun (1997)
34.788%... Complete (1998)
The Light at the End of the World (1999)
The Dreadful Hours (2001)