the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||20||1
|2005/06||Galatasaray||Süper Lig||18||3
|2006/07||Saint-Étienne||Ligue 1||28||4
|2007/08||Nantes Atlantique||Ligue 2||16||1
|2008/09||Brno||Gambrinus liga||21||2
|2009/10||Kapfenberger SV||Bundesliga||||
|2004||14||2
Total||30||5
Gakuya Horii (born 3 July 1975) is a former Japanese football player.
|1998||rowspan="2"|Ventforet Kofu||Football League||15||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||17||1
|1999||J. League 2||34||7||2||2||2||1||38||10
|2000||rowspan="2"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||35||7||2||3||1||0||38||10
|2001||31||10||0||0||2||1||33||11
|2001||rowspan="5"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||6||1||0||0||0||0||6||1
|2002||14||1||1||0||5||0||20||1
|2003||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||41||8||3||2||colspan="2"|-||44||10
|2004||33||1||4||2||colspan="2"|-||37||3
|2005||11||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||2
|2006||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 1||16||1||0||0||3||0||19||1
The House of Bonaparte is an imperial and royal European dynasty founded by Napoleon I of France in 1804, a Corsican military leader who rose to power and transformed the French Republic into the French Empire.
The dynasty ruled from 1804 to 1815 and again from 1852 to 1870.
Current head Jean-Christophe Napoléon is ironically from a Bourbon mother.
Napoleon I of France
Napoleon Bonaparte is the most significant person associated with the Bonaparte family because he created the First French Empire that conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century.
He was elected as first consul of France on November 10, 1799 with the help of his brother, Lucien Bonaparte, speaker of the Council of Five Hundred.
He later crowned himself Emperor of the French in December 2, 1804 and King of Italy in May 26 1805.
He then made his elder brother Joseph (1768–1844) king of Naples (1806–1808) and then of Spain (1808–1813), his third brother Louis, king of Holland (1806–1810), and his youngest brother Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia(1807-1813).
Napoleon's son Napoleon François Charles Joseph (1811–1832) was created king of Rome (1811–1814) and was later styled Napoleon II by loyalists of the dynasty, though he only ruled for two weeks after his father's abdication.
Charles Louis Napoléon (1808–1873), son of Louis Napoléon, was president of France in 1848 and emperor in 1852 until 1870, reigning as Napoléon III.
A political movement for Corsican independence surfaced in the 1990s which included a Bonapartist restoration in its programme.
Crowns held by the family
Emperors of the French
Napoleon I (1804–1814, 1815), also King of Italy (1805–1814)
Napoleon II (1815), styled King of Rome from birth, but never reigned
Napoleon III (1852–1870), nephew of Napoleon I and son of Louis I of Holland
Kings of Holland
Louis I (1806–1810)
Louis II (1810), also Grand Duke of Berg (1809–1813)
Kings of Naples
Joseph I (1806–1808)
Joachim I (1808–1815), also Grand Duke of Berg (1806–1808)
King of Westphalia
Jérôme I (1807–1813)
Joseph I (1808–1813)
Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Elisa Bonaparte (1809–1814)
Bonaparte, House of
1815 disestablishments
Li Lianjie (born April 26, 1963), better known by his stage name Jet Li, is a Chinese martial artist, actor, wushu champion, and movie star.
He currently lives in Singapore and became a citizen there.
Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel (Sciurillus pusillus) is a very small squirrel species from South America.
It is the only living member of the genus Sciurillus and the subfamily Sciurillinae.
I'm Breathless - Music from and Inspired by the movie Dick Tracy is the second soundtrack album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on May 22, 1990, by Sire Records.
Madonna albums
Burnout Legends is the fifth game in the popular Burnout franchise, specifically released for the PlayStation Portable on September 13, 2005, and the Nintendo DS on November 29, 2005.
Racing video games
Like A Virgin is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna.
It was released on November 12, 1984 by Sire Records.
Blue is a small unincorporated community in the U.S. state of Arizona.
It is in Greenlee County.
The community was first named for Nat Whittum, an original settler who was killed at the site in 1891.
A post office was made at Whittum in 1894.
Its name was changed to Blue in 1898.
It is close to the Blue River.
Unincorporated communities in Arizona
Jenson Alexander Lyons Button, MBE (born 19 January 1980 in Frome, Somerset) is a British Formula One driver currently signed to McLaren Mercedes.
Button won the Formula One World Drivers' Champion in 2009.
His father John Button (1943-2014) was a racing driver.
In 2000, Button joined the BMW WilliamsF1 Team at the age of 20, with Ralf Schumacher.
He became the youngest driver to score a point at the Brazilian Grand Prix.
He scored points six times during 2000, his highest place finish being in Germany where he finished fourth.
His highest place on the grid for the start of the race was 3rd position in Belgium.
He scored 12 points that year, and finished 8th in the championship.
In 2001, he changed teams to the Benetton team, and raced alongside Giancarlo Fisichella.
He did not have much success.
His best finish was 5th place at Hockenheim.
Some people thought that Button would move teams because of his bad results, but stayed at the team for 2002, which was now called Renault.
His results were much better than in 2001, scoring in the points many times and doing better than his teammate Jarno Trulli.
He almost scored a podium result in Barcelona, but could not finish the race.
Even though Button was doing well, Briatore signed Fernando Alonso for 2003, and Button had to find a new team.
In July 2002, he signed for the BAR team, and would race with Jacques Villeneuve, who won the championship in 1997.
Button finished the season in seventh with fourteen points, just ahead of Trulli.
British American Racing was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005.
BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell, and used Supertec engines for their first year.
Subsequently they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years.
Bruce Leslie McLaren (30 August 1937 – 2 June 1970) was a race-car designer, driver, engineer and inventor.
he was born on 30 August 1937 Auckland, New Zealand.
Bruce McLaren was the founder of the company McLaren.
As a child Bruce McLaren was interested in vehicles.
While growing up he spent all of his spare time in his parents workshop, around all the vehicles.
Over time Bruce McLaren developed his interest on vehicles.
Bruces parents Les McLaren and Ruth Mclaren owned a service station in Remura Rd, Remura.
Les McLaren had been interested in motorcycles and had, had  an injury before Bruce was born, which put an end to his motorcycling hobby.
Bruce McLarens races
in 1952 young bruce was only 14 and had entered his first race in an Austin 7 Ulster.
It was a hillclimb.
Two years later he took part in a proper race in a Ford 10.
Bruce McLaren died while testing out one of his cars.
The car had no wing causing the car to flip and crash.
The engine of the car rammed into Bruce McLaren.
The car then went up in flames.
All this happened at the Goodwood Circuit.
Sir Stirling Craufurd Moss OBE (17 September 1929 – 12 April 2020) was an English racing driver.
His success in a variety of categories placed him among the world's elite – he was often called "the greatest driver never to win the World Championship".
In 1957 he won the Pescara Grand Prix.
Moss was knighted in 1999.
In December 2016, Moss was hospitalized in Singapore with a serious chest infection.
As a result, Moss announced his retirement from public life in January 2018.
Christijan Albers () (born April 16, 1979 in Eindhoven) is a Dutch racing driver.
After success in the DTM he drove in Formula One from  until the 2007 British Grand Prix, shortly after which he was dropped by his Spyker F1 team.
In 2008, he returned to the DTM-series as a driver for the Audi Futurecom TME-team.
Michele Alboreto (23 December 1956 – 25 April 2001 ) was an Italian racing driver.
He is famous for finishing runner up to Alain Prost in the 1985 Formula One World Championship, as well as winning the 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans and 2001 12 Hours of Sebring sports car races.
Alboreto competed in Formula One from  until , racing for a number of teams, most notably the Ferrari factory team.
Italian racecar drivers
Satoru Nakajima (Japanese name: 中嶋 悟 ; born February 23, 1953) is a Japanese professional athlete.
He is best known as a racecar driver.
He is the father of two sons who are also racecar drivers.
Kazuki Nakajima and Daisuke Nakajima are each Formula One competitors.
Japanese racecar drivers
James Blunt (born James Hillier Blount, 22 February 1974) is an English singer-songwriter whose debut album, Back to Bedlam, and single  releases, especially "You're Beautiful", brought him to fame in 2005.
His repertoire is a mix of pop, rock and acoustic-tinged soft rock.
Recording for Linda Perry's independent American label Custard Records, Blunt won two BRIT Awards and two Ivor Novello Awards, and was nominated for five Grammy Awards in 2006.
He released his second album All The Lost Souls, in 2007.
James Blunt was also in the British Army until 2002.
Back to Bedlam (2004)
All the Lost Souls (2007)
Some Kind of Trouble (2010)
Moon Landing (2013)
| rowspan=5 | 2007 || James Blunt || Best New Artist ||
| rowspan=3 | "You're Beautiful" || Record of the Year||
| Best Male Pop Vocal Performance ||
| Back to Bedlam || Best Pop Vocal Album ||
MTV Europe Music Awards – Best New Act
Q Awards – Best New Act
Digital Music Awards – Best Pop Act
NRJ Music Awards (France) – Best International Newcomer
BRIT Awards – Best pop act and Best Male Vocalist
ECHO Awards (Germany) – Best International Newcomer
NME Awards – Worst Album
MTV Australia Video Music Awards – Song of the Year for You're Beautiful
Ivor Novello Awards – Most Performed Work and International Hit of the Year
MTV Video Music Awards – Best Male Video and Best Cinematography
World Music Awards – Best New Artist in the World and Biggest Selling British Artist in the World
Teen Choice Awards (United States) – Choice Music Male Artist
ECHO Awards (Germany) – Best International Male Artist
Virgin Media Music Awards – The Hottest Male
Regenbogen Awards (Germany) – Best International Male Artist
Gerhard Berger, (born August 27, 1959 in Wörgl) is an Austrian former Formula One racing driver, who used to own 50% of the Scuderia Toro Rosso Formula One team until he sold his share back to energy drink owner Dietrich Mateschitz.
People from Tyrol (state)
The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is an insect in the Nymphalidae family.
It is the best-known butterfly in North America.
Monarchs are known for their long annual migrations.
In North America, they travel long distances south in the fall, and north in the spring.
They start to migrate south in about August.
They must get to frost-free areas.
Freezing will kill them.
A migration towards the north starts in the spring.
No single individual makes the whole round trip.
The monarch is famous for its southward migration and northward return in summer.
The migration north spans the life of three to four generations of the butterfly.
A longer-lived "super generation" flies from the northern-most parts of the butterfly's range in Canada all the way to Mexico.
It overwinters in the south, and breeds in the spring to start the next generation flying north.
The following reference gives a map of the migration routes.
The monarch caterpillar is banded with yellow, black, and white stripes.
The head is also striped with yellow and black.
There are four black body extensions, two on each end of the body.
They look similar to antennae.
The caterpillar will be as long as 5 cm (2 inches).
The upper side of the wings are orange with black edges and veins.
There are white spots in the black wing margins.
The male has a spot on his bottom wing.
The spot gives out scents which attract females.
The viceroy butterfly (Limenitis archippus) is similar.
It has an extra black band across the bottom wing.
The underside of the wings is a tan-orange color with black veins.
The wing margins are black with white spots in them.
A white form of the monarch has been seen in Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia and the United States.
It has been seen as early as 1896.
It was named nivosus by lepidopterists (a lepidopterist is a person who studies butterflies and moths).
It is grayish white in all areas of the wings that are normally orange.
The white form makes up about 1% or less of all monarchs except for on Oahu, Hawaii where it has kept populations as high as 10%.
The existence of two or more forms of a species in the same area is quite common, and is called polymorphism.
In North America, the monarch is found from southern Canada to northern South America.
It sometimes wanders to western Europe, sometimes as far as Greece.
It reaches Europe from being transported by USA ships.
It can also wander to Europe by flying there if weather and wind conditions are right.
It has also been found in Bermuda, Hawaii, the Solomons, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea, Ceylon, India, the Azores, and the Canary Islands.
Monarch butterflies are known for their long annual migration.
In North America, they make large migrations towards the south starting in August until the first frost.
A migration towards the north takes place in the spring.
Female monarchs lay eggs for the next generation during these migrations.
By the end of October, the monarchs that are east of the Rocky Mountains migrate to Mexico.
Many thousands from the Great Lakes region pass through Point Pelee National Park.
They migrate to the sanctuaries of the Mariposa Monarca Biosphere Reserve in the Mexican states of Michoacán and Mexico.
Most of the monarchs that are west of the Rocky Mountains do not travel all the way down to Mexico.
Instead, they overwinter (spend the winter) in many places in central and southern California.
While in Mexico, the monarchs gather in very large numbers to rest.
They perch on suitable trees and bushes by clinging (hold on to tightly) with their feet.
They cling to each other making layers and layers of resting Monarchs overwintering.
This was discovered by Fred Urquhart of the University of Toronto, who studied monarch butterflies for nearly forty years.
He knew the Monarchs migrated because he would stop seeing them after a certain time of the year.
He put a label on each Monarch he found.
On this label was his name, address, and a request to send him the butterfly if it was found.
A few months later, people from all over North America and Mexico began returning his labelled butterflies to him.
Mexico was the southernmost area from which he had received a butterfly, so he started traveling there to look for the Monarchs.
For many years, he traveled to Mexico.
There he climbed through jungles, walked through forests, and talked to the people he found.
He finally heard there was a place west of Mexico City where people had seen lots of monarchs all together.
After a long search, He finally found millions of monarch butterflies covering every part of the area.
During the spring migration, the population that is east of the Rocky Mountains may reach as far north as Texas and Oklahoma.
The second, third and fourth generations return to their northern places in the United States and Canada in the spring.
The Monarch can be found in many different kinds of habitats.
When it is breeding, it is found in habitats with milkweed (a kind of plant).
Some of these habitats include, fields, meadows, prairies, parks in or near cities, gardens, and roadsides.
The monarch can be found in almost any kind of habitat during migration.
It overwinters in pine, cypress, and eucalyptus groves in California.
It overwinters in fir forests and pine groves in Mexico.
Much of the monarch's breeding habitat is not good anymore.
In some states and provinces, milkweed is thought to be a weed.
In these places, the milkweed is killed to keep livestock from eating it and becoming sick.
Moreover, herbicides use, especially with genetically modified herbicide-resistant plants, eliminate milkweed.
With fewer milkweed plants, the monarch does not have as much habitat to breed in.
Habitat destruction has been a concern as the number of monarch butterflies that completed an annual migration to their winter home in a Mexican forest sank in 2013 to its lowest level in at least two decades, due mostly to extreme weather and changed farming practices in North America.
The Mexican forest occupied by the butterflies, once as high at , dwindled to  in the annual census conducted December 2012.
The female lays her eggs one by one.
They are laid on the underside of the leaves of caterpillar's food plant.
The eggs are light yellow.
Freshly laid eggs are creamy-white.
After three to four days, they turn dark gray.
The egg usually weighs about 0.54 milligrams.
It is about 1.2 millimeters long.
Its diameter is about 0.87 millimeters (average on 55 eggs).
The caterpillar hatches out of the egg.
The young caterpillar is a gray-black color with a black head.
After the first molt (shedding its skin) the caterpillar is banded with yellow, black, and white stripes.
The caterpillar will reach a length of 5 centimeters (2 inches).
The caterpillar eats the leaves and flowers of the food plant.
It make no nests or shelters.
It grows very quickly, and because of this, it molts four to five times.
After the caterpillar molts one last time, it makes a chrysalis.
A chrysalis is not the same as a cocoon.
The monarch caterpillar attaches its back end (posterior) to a support, and hangs downward in the shape of the letter 'J'.
The inside of the caterpillar's body begins to change and it splits its skin to form the blue-green chrysalis.
The blue-green chrysalis has a band of black and bright gold near the top.
There are other gold spots lower down.
After spending many weeks in the chrysalis, the adult finally comes out as a butterfly.
Species similar in appearance
The viceroy (Limenitis archippus) is similar to but is smaller than the monarch.
It has an extra black band across the bottom wing that the monarch does not have.
The queen (Danaus gilippus) is dark reddish-brown instead of orange.
It does not have black veins.
There are white spots on the top wing submarginal (near the edge of the wing) area.
These spots are on both the upper side and the underside.
The soldier (Danaus eresimus) is also dark reddish-brown instead of orange.
It has thin, black veins.
The underside of the bottom wing has a dark center.
It has light brown, square-shaped spots around the dark center.
Monarchs are bad-tasting and poisonous because they contain a chemical known as cardenolide (cardiac glycoside).
The chemical slows the heart-beat of vertebrates.
Monarch caterpillars get this chemical when they feed on milkweed.
When the monarch becomes a butterfly, it no longer eats milkweed, but it still has the chemical in its body.
The butterfly shows that they are not good to eat with their bright orange and black wings.
This is warning coloration.
A bird may try to eat a monarch, but it will become sick and vomit after eating it.
After this experience, the bird learns not to eat another monarch, and also any other butterfly which is similar in appearance.
The viceroy is similar looking to the monarch, but does not have the milkweed poison in its body.
Birds that have had the bad experience of eating a monarch will usually not eat a viceroy.
It is an example of Müllerian mimicry.
Overwintering Monarchs in Mexico are often eaten by black-headed grosbeaks.
These birds are immune to the glycoside.
Other birds, such as orioles and jays, have learned to eat only the thoracic muscles and the body parts inside the abdomen.
These parts have less poison than the rest of the body.
Some mice are also immune to large amounts of the poison.
Over time, overwintering monarchs become less poisonous.
This makes them more likely to be eaten by predators.
In Mexico, about 14% of the overwintering Monarchs are eaten by birds and mice.
On Oahu, Hawaii, there is a white form of the Monarch.
This is because two species of birds have been introduced.
The two birds are known as the red-vented bulbul and the red-whiskered bulbul.
They were introduced in 1965 and 1966.
They are now the most common insectivorous birds.
They are probably the only birds that eat insects as big as the monarch.
Monarchs in Hawaii have low cardiac glycoside levels, but the birds may be immune to the chemical.
The two bird species eat the caterpillars and sometimes the chrysalids.
They look for them on branches and the underside of leaves in milkweed bushes.
The birds also eat resting adults and egg-laying females.
They eat flying monarchs less often.
The white form has a higher chance of living than the orange one.
The white form does not fit the birds' search image of a normal monarch, and so it is not eaten.
This kind of defense is known as apostatic selection.
The white form is also camouflaged in patches of light shining through groups of leaves.
Parasites include the tachinid flies Sturmia convergens and Lesperia archippivora.
Caterpillars that have the Lesperia archippivora maggots inside them will finish their last molt.
They will then hang upside down on a horizontal surface.
They die before they turn into a chrysalis.
At that time one white maggot comes out of the caterpillar.
The maggot then forms a brown pupa on the ground.
The bacteria Micrococcus flacidifex danai also infects the caterpillar and causes “black death”.
Just before turning into a chrysalis, the caterpillar will find a horizontal surface.
They die a few hours later.
The body turns black shortly after.
The bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes infections in weakened insects.
It is a common cause of death in insects that are raised in laboratories.
The monarch is the state insect of Alabama, Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota, and Texas.
It is the state butterfly of
It was nominated in 1990 as the national insect of the United States of America.
It was nominated along with the honeybee (Apis mellifera).
However, the legislation did not pass.
Many people like to attract monarchs by growing a butterfly garden with the plant Asclepias physocarpa.
Others like raising them for fun or for educational purposes.
have been made for migrating Monarchs.
The sanctuaries are found at the monarch's favorite overwintering places.
These migrations can create a lot of tourism revenue.
Many schools also enjoy caring for monarchs.
They start with caterpillars.
When the caterpillars mature into butterflies, they are then set free into the wild.
Some organizations, such as the Cape May Bird Observatory, have monarch labeling programs.
Labels are placed on the wing of the butterfly.
The labels have information on them.
This helps scientists track the monarchs during their migration.
It also helps the scientists study the paths that the monarchs take on their migration.
Adult Monarchs have been seen on a number of different nectar plants.
Apocynum cannabinum – Indian hemp
Asclepias incarnata – Swamp milkweed
Asclepias syriaca – Common milkweed
Asclepias tuberosa – Butterfly weed
Aster sp. –
asters
Cirsium sp. –
thistles
Conyza canadensis – Canadian horseweed
Daucus carota – Wild carrot
Dipsacus fullonum – Fuller's teasel
Eupatorium perfoliatum – Common boneset
Eutrochium maculatum – Spotted joe-pye weed
Hesperis matronalis – Dame's rocket
Solidago sp. –
golden rods
Syringa vulgaris – Lilac
Trifolium pratense – Red clover
Vernonia gigantea – Tall ironweed
Males will also take in water and minerals from damp soil and small, wet rocks.
This is known as puddling.
The Monarch has also been seen puddling at an oil stain on pavement.
Asclepias amplexicaulis – Clasping milkweed
Asclepias asperula – Antelope horns
Asclepias californica – California milkweed
Asclepias cordifolia – Heart-leaf milkweed
Asclepias curassavica – Scarlet milkweed
Asclepias curtissii – Curtiss' milkweed
Asclepias eriocarpa – Woollypod milkweed
Asclepias erosa – Desert milkweed
Asclepias exaltata – Poke milkweed
Asclepias fascicularis – Narrow-leaf milkweed
Asclepias humistrata – Sandhill milkweed
Asclepias nivea – Caribbean milkweed
Asclepias physocarpa – Swan plant
Asclepias purpurascens – Purple milkweed
Asclepias speciosa – Showy milkweed
Asclepias subverticillata – Horsetail milkweed
Asclepias verticillata – Whorled milkweed
Calotropis gigantea – Crown flower
Calotropis procera – Apple of Sodom
Cynanchum laeve – Sand vine
Sarcostemma clausum – White vine
Danaus
Naturalism is "the idea or belief that nothing exists beyond the natural world".
It is the belief that "the natural world is the whole of reality".
The term was first used this way in English in 1750.
Method and science
Many scientists use the scientific method for their research.
Hypotheses are be explained and tested only by reference to natural causes and events.
Explanations for observations are only useful when they are based on hypotheses of natural causes.
An explanation that relies on a natural mechanism that works according to certain rules is usable.
Explanations that need miracles to work are not.
Methodological naturalism is the principle underlying all of modern science.
Some philosophers extend this idea, so that it applies to all of philosophy as well.
Science and philosophy, according to this view, are said to form a continuum.
W.V. Quine, George Santayana, and other philosophers have advocated this view.
Naturalism David Papineau, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Naturalism Jon Jacobs, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Naturalism article in the Catholic Encyclopedia
His work includes award-winning movies like Lords of the Forest (better known in the USA under its title Masters of the Congo Jungle (1959), the English version narrated by Orson Welles, Galapagos - Dream Island in the Pacific (1962), Vanishing Wilderness, and The Mystery of Animal Behavior.
His series Expeditionen ins Tierreich (Expeditions into the Animal Kingdom) broadcast on national German Television from 1965 to 1991, made him well known in Germany.
International Herald Tribune Europe - German naturalist and documentary filmmaker Heinz Sielmann dies
Green Screen is an international wildlife movie festival.
Since 2007 it takes place every year in Eckernförde, Germany.
The festival shows full-length and short movies about animals.
It is the only festival of its kind in Germany.
Lars Petrus (born in 1960) is a speedcuber from Sweden.
He invented a method of solving the Rubik's Cube very quickly.
He became the Swedish national champion of speedcubing in 1982.
He finished fourth overall at the first official Rubik's Cube World Championships held in Budapest.
He later published his own special method, known as the Petrus method, on the internet.
Swedish people
sv:Rubiks kub#Petrus-metoden
The Rite of Spring (Le Sacre du Printemps) is a ballet in two parts.
It was written for the 1913 Paris season of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes company.
The music was written by Igor Stravinsky.
The dances, which Stravinsky hated, were choreographed by Vaslav Nijinsky.
The style of the dance was not in traditional ballet form, but as what Nijinsky imagined to be a primitive ritual.
Stravinsky complained that Nijinsky had no understanding of the rudiments of music.
The set and costumes were designed by Nicholas Roerich.
The ballet was first performed by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes at the Theatre du Champs-Élysées in  Paris on 29 May 1913.
The dress rehearsal met with approval from critics and invited guests, but the premiere was greeted with tumult and riot, only stilled by the performance of Marie Piltz as the sacrificial maiden.
Subsequent performances were received with growing appreciation, but the ballet's great difficulties forced it to be presented only six times.
The ballet was revived in 1920 by the Ballets Russes, but the music had been performed in its entirety in concert before the revival.
Nijinsky's dances had been forgotten so Leonide Massine (who had not seen the original performances) designed the dances anew.
These met with Stravinsky's approval.
In 1940, Walt Disney used the music to accompany a segment of the animated movie Fantasia.
This segment depicted lumbering dinosaurs and smoldering volcanoes.
Stravinsky's music
The music lasts about 40 minutes, and is divided into two parts.
It has the subtitle "Pictures from Pagan Russia".
Stravinsky had the idea of composing music which was about country people from old times in Russia who danced a fertility rite.
This means: a ceremony which is supposed to bring good luck to the next year’s harvest.
In this ancient Russian dance, one young girl is chosen to dance and dance until she dies.
She is the sacrifice.
She is sacrificed to the god of spring.
How Stravinsky wrote the score
The painter Nicholas Roerich talked with Stravinsky about the idea for this ballet in 1910.
Stravinsky started writing down musical ideas while he was still working on his ballet The Firebird.
Then he worked on Petrushka.
In 1912 he was able to concentrate on The Rite of Spring.
All these ballets were composed for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.
The Rite of Spring was first performed by the Ballets Russes on 29 May 1913 at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris.
The conductor was Pierre Monteux.
The audience were shocked at the primitive kind of dancing and the irregular rhythms and strange orchestral sounds and unusual chords.
Nijinsky’s choreography was so different from classical ballet.
Nijinsky found it difficult to work with Stravinsky and difficult to work with the music.
"A certain part of the audience was thrilled by what it considered to be a blasphemous attempt to destroy  music as an art, and, swept away with wrath, began very soon after the rise of the curtain, to make cat-calls and to offer audible suggestions as to how the performance should proceed.
The orchestra played unheard, except occasionally when a slight lull occurred.
The young man seated behind me in the box stood up during the course of the ballet to enable himself to see more clearly.
The intense excitement under which he was labouring betrayed itself presently when he began to beat rhythmically on top of my head with his fists.
My emotion was so great that I did not feel the blows for some time".
Marie Rambert heard someone in the gallery call out: "Un docteur … un dentiste … deux docteurs…".
The second performance (June 4) was fortunately less eventful and, according to Maurice Ravel, the entire work could actually be heard.
The complicated music and violent dance steps caused some to boo.
They started to shout and whistle.
They argued, and other people who liked it argued back.
Then some people started to fight.
In the end the police were called.
Stravinksy was very upset and ran out of the theatre.
The performance was a scandal, but this actually made people curious and soon the ballet became very famous.
It was performed six times that season, and there were no more interruptions during the other performances.
The Rite of Spring is divided into two parts, and each part has several sections:
Part 1: The Adoration of the Earth
In the Introduction we hear the coming of spring.
A bassoon starts all by itself on a very high note.
Gradually other instruments join in until it sounds like the swarming of insects and other spring noises.
In The Auguries of Spring – Dances of the Young Girls we hear two chords played together, each chord is in a different key.
This chord which is in two keys at once is stamped out by the strings and eight horns.
A rocking tune is heard on the cor anglais.
This leads to The Game of Capture in which we hear a piccolo trumpet (a small kind of trumpet) play a quick, flutter-tongue melody.
Round-dances of Spring is a country tune on high and low clarinets followed by a slow dance for strings and woodwinds.
The music is then repeated with immense loud intensity, soon followed by quiet flute trills.
Games of the Rival Tribes uses timpani, low brass instruments and horns to describe the furious tribes.
The Procession of the Sage is the entry of the wise man (the sage).
It builds into a big climax.
Adoration of the Earth-The Sage is a short bit of very quiet music, leading to
Dance of the Earth which leads Part One to a wild end.
Part 2: The Sacrifice
The  Introduction  describes the night.
Lots of chords in several keys at once leads to a tune in the strings.
Mysterious Circles of the Young Girls.
This is where one girl is chosen to die.
Six solo violas play the tune, an alto flute is heard.
Trumpets and horns with mutes interrupt the circling.
Then eleven heavy thumps on the strings and drums lead to…
Glorification of the Chosen One.
This is a big, exciting dance with noisy horns and timpani and bass drum.
Evocation of the Ancestors.
The elders (the wise old men) arrive to majestic chords on wind and brass.
Ritual Action of the Ancestors.
We hear quiet, ticking chords and a duet for cor anglais and alto flute.
Then trumpets and horns, and finally clarinets.
Sacrificial Dance of the Chosen One.
The “Chosen One” dances herself to death.
The music is very energetic, with very irregular rhythms and time signatures which keep changing almost every bar.
The work ends in a huge climax.
Musical characteristics
Stravinsky's music has many complex harmonies with dissonant sounds.
There are passages with polyrhythms (several rhythms at once) as well as polytonality (music in several keys at once).
The time signatures keep changing, and he often uses ostinati (repeated patterns).
Stravinsky wanted his music to describe the releasing of lots of energy.
Most composers would have done this by using a lot of percussion instruments.
However, although two players are needed for the timpani, there are not many other percussion instruments.
Instead, the whole orchestra becomes a kind of percussion instrument.
Also, the music often sounds like Russian folkmusic.
The Rite of Spring uses a very large orchestra with some unusual instruments.
There are almost 100 people playing the piece.
Here is a list of the instruments used:
woodwinds: piccolo, 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo 2), alto flute, 4 oboes (4th doubling cor anglais 2), cor anglais, clarinet in E-flat and D, 3 clarinets in B-flat, A (3rd doubling bass clarinet 2), bass clarinet, 4 bassoons (4th doubling contrabassoon 2), contrabassoon
brass: 8 horns in F (7th and 8th doubling Wagner tubas in B-flat), trumpet in D, 4 trumpets in C (4th doubling bass trumpet in E-flat), 3 trombones, 2 tubas
percussion: timpani (2 players, with a minimum of 5 drums including a piccolo timpano), bass drum, cymbals, tam-tam, crotales (antique cymbals) in A-flat and B-flat, triangle, tambourine, guiro
strings: violins i, ii (16), (14), violas (12), violoncellos (10), double basses (8)
Nijinsky's choreography was thought almost as shocking as the music.
The idea is: a tribe sacrifices a young virgin each year in the Spring to please their gods, and make sure crops grow well.
The dancers adopt a pigeon-toed stance (position); their moves are heavy.
They move together in groups; their movements are like a ritual.
They look like a primitive tribe performing a ritual.
The ritual moves towards the sacrifice of the girl.
The Rite of Spring is a link between classical ballet and modern dance.p395
Reconstruction of the ballet
The Royal Ballet in London has a compact disc which discusses Bronislava Nijinska's directions for the dance in a modern (post WWII) production of the ballet.
The Rite of Spring became even more popular when Walt Disney used some of the music in his animated movie Fantasia in 1940.
It is used in the film to describe early life on planet earth with dinosaurs roaming about.
Robert, Grace.
The Borzoi Book of Ballets.
25963.
Igor Stravinsky "The Rite of Spring" - Malcolm Hayes 2003, printed in programme for BBC Promenade Concert 16 August 2004
Hewett, Ivan 2013.
Did The Rite of Spring really spark a riot?
BBC News Magazine.
Ballets choreographed by Nijinsky
Étienne Serres first proposed this idea in 1824–26.
In 1886 Ernst Haekel suggested that the embryonic development of an organism (its ontogeny) followed the same path as the evolutionary history of its species (its phylogeny).
It is also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism
It was a theory (idea) that tied evolution (the change in organisms over time) with embryology (the way organisms develop before they are born).
The theory stated that before they are born, organisms pass through developmental stages that look like adult animals of other species, in roughly the same order that these other species split off during evolution.
Haeckel's theory
Haeckel formulated his theory as "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny".
Ontogeny is the steps an organism takes in its development before it is born, starting as a single cell and ending as a baby.
Phylogeny is the steps a species takes in its development, starting as a very simple organism and evolving into the current organism. "
Recapitulates" is a synonym for "reflects" and implies that the ontogeny of an organism is similar to the phylogeny of its species.
For example, Haeckel realized that before they are born, there is a time when humans have slits in their necks.
These slits look like the gills on adult fishes.
Haeckel took this to mean that some time before our species became human, we were fish-like.
This view is supported by the fossil record and other evidence.
As the unborn human gets closer to being born, it develops a tail.
In fact, some human babies are even born with tails.
Haeckel concluded, again correctly, that at some time in humanities more recent evolutionary past (after we had gone through our fish stage) the species that would go on to become humans had a tail.
However, not all of Haeckel's evidence or conclusions were this good.
Haeckel produced several embryo drawings that often overemphasized similarities between embryos of related species.
These found their ways into many biology textbooks, and into popular knowledge, even though they were wrong.
Furthermore, Haeckel used this "evidence" to conclude that white people were evolutionary superior to people of other races.
Not only is this a racist view, but we know today that it is not true.
Today, scientists think that Haeckel overstated the case.
For example, the "gills" of a developing human do not work (though Haekel never said they did).
Furthermore, as better observations were made, it was discovered that developing babies don't look exactly like the pictures Haeckel drew.
He may have exaggerated what he saw in order to support his point better.
Also, Haekel's discussion was entirely about morphology: he did not discuss the evolution and development of animal behaviour.
However, this is not to say that nothing about the theory makes sense.
It is true that our ontogeny gives clues about our phylogeny.
However, the relationship is not nearly as direct as Haeckel said it was.
In fact, Haekel's over-emphatic claims led in due course to over-emphatic rejections.
Modern observations
Today, scientists agree that some parts of Haeckel's theory still make sense.
Before they are born, developing organisms of different species look similar.
This similarity lasts longer in species which split from each other rather recently.
Before they are born, developing organisms may have traits which they do not have when born, but which the organisms that they evolved from had when they were adults.
Of Parts and Wholes: Self-similarity and Synecdoche in Science, Culture and Literature
"Ontology Recapitulates Philology", a parody phrase
Mount Tambora (8°14’41”S, 117°59’35”E) is an active volcano in Indonesia.
It is on top of a subduction zone.
Tambora was taller before its explosive volcanic eruption in 1815.
This killed tens of thousands of people around the world.
Later eruptions have been smaller.
When the volcano erupted in 1815, it climaxed on 10 April.
It was the most destructive volcanic eruption in modern history.
It has been estimated that it was four times larger than the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, between Java and Sumatra, in terms of volume of magma ejected.
Before the explosion, Tambora was 4,300 m (14,100 ft) high, now it is only 2,722 m (8,930 ft) high.
Its massive crater is therefore a caldera.
The eruption destroyed a small Asian culture, known to archaeologists as the Tamboran kingdom.
Most deaths from the eruption were from starvation and disease, as the fallout ruined farming in the local region.
The death toll was at least 71,000 people, of whom 11,000–12,000 were killed directly by the eruption.
The often-cited figure of 92,000 people killed is believed to be overestimated.
It launched 160 cubic kilometers    of ash into the upper atmosphere.
This caused famine around the world.
Tambora's 1815 outburst was the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history.
The explosion was heard on Sumatra island more than  away.
Heavy volcanic ash falls were observed as far away as Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku islands.
The eruption caused a global climate change known as the "volcanic winter".
1816 became known as the "Year without a summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather.
Crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in the worst famine of the 19th century.
Louis of France, Dauphin of France ( 1 November 1661  14 April 1711) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV, King of France and of his spouse, Marie Therese of Austria.
He was known as le Grand Dauphin because he had a son, Louis Duke of Burgundy, while still the Dauphin of France.
His wife was Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria.
He never became king as he died before his father did.
He married Marie Émilie de Joly in secret.
Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy (16 August 1682 - 18 February 1712), Duke of Burgundy and later Dauphin of France; married second cousin Maria Adelaide of Savoy and had the future Louis XV of France;
Philippe of France (19 December 1683 -  9 July 1746), Duke of Anjou, (later King of Spain); became King of Spain in 1700; married second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy and had issue; married again Elisabeth Farnese and had issue such as the future Dauphine of France, Infanta Maria Theresa;
Charles of France (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714), Duke of Berry, Alençon and of Angoulême Count of Ponthieu; married his first cousin Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans and had issue but none survived over a year;
Lahaye, Matthieu, Louis, Dauphin de France.
Fils de roi, père de roi, jamais roi, DEA directed by Joël Cornette, University of Paris VIII, 2005.
Lahaye, Matthieu, Louis Ier d'Espagne (1661-1700) : essai sur une virtualité politique, Revue historique, Numéro 647, PUF, Paris, Novembre 2008.
1711 deaths
Heirs apparent who never acceded
The northern pintail or pintail (Anas acuta) is a widely occurring duck which breeds in the northern areas of Europe, Asia and North America.
It is strongly migratory and winters south of its breeding range to the equator.
Unusually for a bird with such a large range, it has no geographical subspecies if the possibly conspecific Eaton's Pintail is considered to be a separate species.
Tupac: Resurrection (Original Soundtrack) was released by Amaru Entertainment as the soundtrack for the 2003 documentary Tupac: Resurrection.
It includes remixed versions of several previously released 2Pac recordings, including "Death Around the Corner" from Me Against the World, "Secretz of War" from Still I Rise.
and "Holler if You Hear Me" from Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.; and unreleased 2Pac verses re-constructed into new tracks such as "Ghost", "One Day at a Time", and "Runnin (Dying to Live)".
The album sold more than 420,000 copies in its first week.
Album singles
The land was part of the Donington Hall estate.
Tom Wheatcroft owns it.
It is mainly used as a motor racing track, but the land is also used for music festivals and a Sunday market.
In July 2009, it was announced that the Formula One British Grand Prix would be at Donington Park from 2010 until 2020.
However, by November that year, money had not been raised to improve the track and the hosting of the Grand Prix remained in doubt.
The European Grand Prix (sometimes called the Grand Prix of Europe) is a Formula One race.
It was reintroduced during the mid-1980s.
It has been held regularly since 1999.
In earlier years, one of the national Grands Prix was also called the European Grand Prix.
The first race to be so named was the 1923 Italian Grand Prix, held at Monza and won by Carlo Salamano in a Fiat.
Since , the European Grand Prix is a separate race.
It is usually held in a country that also holds a national Grand Prix.
Winners of the European Grands Prix
Repeat winners  (drivers)
The Formula One season as a standalone event
The Formula One season as an honorary designation
Omote-sandō Station (表参道駅、おもてさんどうえき) is a railway station of Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan.
Panasonic Toyota Racing was a Formula One team owned by the Japanese car maker Toyota and based in Cologne, Germany.
Toyota announced their plans to join F1 in 1999, and after a long time testing with their TF101 car, the team raced for the first time in 2002.
The new team has grown from Toyota's long standing European Toyota Motorsport organisation, which has previously competed in the World Rally Championship and the 24 hours of Le Mans.
Despite a point in their first ever race, Toyota F1 have not yet won a grand prix, their best finish so far being 2nd place in 2005, during which they achieved three podiums and a pole position, as well as finishing fourth in the world constructors' championship with 88 points.
As a works (factory) team
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
At the 2004 Canadian Grand Prix, both race cars were disqualified.
Illegal brake cooling ducts were found on the cars in the inspection after the race.
At the 2005 United States Grand Prix, neither race car started the race.
Michelin told their teams the tires were not safe to race with.
At the 2002 Japanese Grand Prix, Allan McNish crashed during Saturday qualifying.
He did not start the race, and never raced in Formula One again.
At the 2009 Japanese Grand Prix, Timo Glock crashed during Saturday qualifying.
He did not start the race.
As an engine supplier
Philip Toll Hill, Jr., (April 20, 1927 – August 28, 2008) was an American automobile racer and the only American-born driver to win the Formula One World Drivers' Championship.
Hill was described as a "thoughtful, gentle man" and once said, "I'm in the wrong business.
I don't want to beat anybody, I don't want to be the big hero.
Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve, OQ (born April 9, 1971 in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec) is a Canadian automobile racing driver.
He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve, and is the namesake of his uncle (also a racer).
He raced in Formula One from 1996 to 2006, driving for Williams, BAR, Renault and BMW Sauber.
He won the world championship in 1997 with Williams, in only his second season, the first person to do so that quickly (except for the 1950 season, the very first season in F1).
Anthony Wayne Stewart (born May 20, 1971 in Columbus, Indiana) is an American race car driver.
He drives the #14 Chevrolet SS in the NASCAR Sprint Cup series.
For most of his career in NASCAR, Stewart was driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, but now owns his own team called Stewart Haas Racing.
Hurt in August, he could not take a NASCAR start til the end of 2013.
Tony Stewart started racing in Go-Karts.
Then, in 1991, he moved into the United States Auto Club (USAC) series where he won the Rookie of the Year award.
This award is given to the best first year driver in the series.
Stewart started racing in the Winston Cup series (now called the Sprint Cup series) in 1999.
He drove for Joe Gibbs Racing.
He finished in second place in his first race.
Stewart went on to win the Sprint Cup Championship in 2002.
In 2009, Stewart began racing for his own team, named Stewart Haas Racing.
Stewart won the 2011 Sprint Cup Championship, beating Carl Edwards.
Stewart and Edwards finished the season tied in points, but Tony had won more races during the year then Edwards, so Stewart was given the championship.
In 2015, Stewart said that 2016 would be his final year racing in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.
IndyCar Series drivers
Wantage is a town in the Vale of the White Horse, near the Thames Valley, in the English county of Oxfordshire (earlier on it belonged to Berkshire), and about  south-southwest of Oxford.
It is famous for being the birthplace of King Alfred the Great.