the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The metal detector worked, but did not find the bullet because of the metal bedframe the President was lying on.
Bell gave a full description of his experiments in a paper read before the "American Association for the Advancement of Science" in August, 1882.
Bell married Mabel Hubbard on July 11, 1877 and they had four children.
He died of problems caused by anemia and diabetes at his home near Baddeck, Nova Scotia in 1922.
He was 75 years old.
Bell was an active supporter of the eugenics movement in the United States.
He was the honorary president of the "Second International Congress of Eugenics" held at the American Museum of Natural History in New York in 1921.
As a teacher of the deaf, Bell did not want deaf people to teach in schools for the deaf.
He was also against the use of sign language.
These things mean that he is not appreciated by some deaf people in the present day.
Bell Homestead, National Historic Site
Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Biography of Alexander Graham Bell
Deaths from diabetes
Disease-related deaths in Canada
People from Edinburgh
Scottish inventors
Scottish scientists
1847 births
1922 deaths
British inventors
Canadian inventors
Canadian scientists
British scientists
People from Nova Scotia
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Deaths from anemia
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist.
In 1888 he discovered the radio waves previously predicted by Maxwell's equations.
He also proved that light is a kind of electromagnetic waves.
The unit for frequency is named after him.
Hertz was born in Hamburg in 1857.
He studied engineering in Frankfurt and later at the University of Munich.
He completed his PhD at the University of Berlin.
He taught and continued research at the University of Bonn and University of Kiel.
1857 births
1894 deaths
German academics
People from Hamburg
The speed of light in water was observed to be slower than that in air.
The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne
January 21 – Paul Vinzenz Busch, ringmaster (d. 1927)
January 27 – Samuel Gompers, English-born labor leader (d. 1924)
January 27 – Edward J. Smith, Captain of the Titanic (d. 1912)
May 1 – Prince Arthur of the United Kingdom (d. 1942)
May 8 – Ross Barnes, baseball player (d. 1915)
May 12 –  Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. statesman (d. 1924)
May 21 – Giuseppe Mercalli, Italian volcanologist (d. 1914)
July 12 – Otto Schoetensack, German anthropologist (d. 1912)
September 2 – Albert Spalding, baseball player and sporting goods manufacturer (d. 1915)
November 13 – Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish writer (d. 1894)
December 9 – Emma Abbott, American opera singer (d. 1891)
December 21 – Zdenek Fibich, Czech composer (d. 1900)
July 2 – Robert Peel
The Periodic table was developed.
January 1 – Sigma Nu, First Anti-Hazing Honor/Social Fraternity
January 4 – Tommy Corcoran, baseball player
January 10 – Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic
January 15 – Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, poet, painter, and architect
February 11 – Helene Kroller-Muller, Dutch museum founder and patron of the arts
February 14 – Charles Wilson, Scottish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
March 3 – Michael von Faulhaber, German cardinal and archbishop
March 12 – George William Forbes, New Zealand Prime Minister and first leader of the New Zealand National Party
March 14 – Algernon Blackwood, English writer
March 18 – Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
April 2 – Hughie Jennings, baseball player
April 5,6 – Tom Adam, Named number one in the world
April 11 – Gustav Vigeland, Norwegian sculptor
April 27 – May Moss, Activist
May 5 – Hans Pfitzner, German composer
May 20 – John Stone Stone, American physicist and inventor
June 27 – Hans Spemann, German embryologist, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
August 10 – Lawrence Binyon, English poet and scholar
September 3 – Fritz Pregl, Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
September 17 – Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian pacifist, won the Nobel Peace Prize
September 21 - Carlo Airoldi, Italian marathon runner
September 23 – Mary Mallon, "Typhoid Mary"
October 2 – Mahatma Gandhi, Indian political leader, Father of the Nation
October 25 – John Heisman, American football coach
November 11 – Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, King)
November 25 – Herbert Greenfield, Premier of Alberta, Canada
December 16 – Hristo Tatarchev, Bulgarian revolutionary, leader of the revolutionary movement in Macedonia and Eastern Thrace
December 22 – Edwin Arlington Robinson, American poet
December 30 – Stephen Leacock, British-Canadian writer and economist
December 31 – Henri Matisse, French painter
July 18 – Laurent Clerc, co-founder of the first American school for the deaf.
January 1 – Martin W. Bates, U.S. Senator from Delaware (b. 1786)
January 30 – William Carleton, Irish novelist (b. 1794)
February 15 – Mirza Ghalib, poet of Urdu (b. 1796).
March 8 – Hector Berlioz, French composer (b. 1803)
March 24 – Antoine-Henri Jomini, French general (b. 1779)
April 20 – Carl Loewe, German composer (b. 1796)
June 16 – Charles Sturt, Australian explorer (b. 1795)
June 20 – Hijikata Toshizou, Japanese military commander (b. 1835)
August 31 – Mary Ward (scientist), first car accident victim
September 12 – Peter Roget, British lexicographer (b. 1779)
October 13 – Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, French literary critic (b. 1804)
October 23 – Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1799)
December 18 – Louis Moreau Gottschalk, American composer and pianist (b. 1829)
"Little Brown Jug" by R.E. Eastburn
"Now the Day is Over" by Joseph Barnby
"Shoo, Fly!
Don't Bother Me!"
by T. Bringham Bishop
"Sweet Genevieve" by Henry Tucker
February 9 – Gregory XV is elected pope.
February 17 – Miles Standish is appointed as first commander of Plymouth Colony.
March 16 – Samoset, a Wampanoag, visits the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greets them, "Welcome, Englishmen!
My name is Samoset."
March 22 – The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags.
April 5 – The Mayflower sets sail from Plymouth on a return trip to Great Britain.
The Swedish city of Gothenburg is founded by Gustavus Adolphus
Riga falls under rule of Sweden
Willebrord Snell discovers the laws of refraction.
Johannes Kepler proposes his three laws of planetary motion.
March 19 – The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River.
April 4 – King James II of England issues the Declaration of Indulgence, suspending laws against Catholics and non-conformists.
May 6 – Emperor Higashiyama succeeds Emperor Reigen on the throne of Japan.
July 5 –  Isaac Newton's three laws of motion (Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica) is published.
August 12 – Battle of Mohács, fight between Sultan Mehmed IV's Ottoman Turks and Emperor Leopold I's Austrian Habsburgs' forces commanded by Charles of Lorraine.
September 28 – The Parthenon explodes, while being used as a gunpowder store.
December 31 – The first Huguenots set sail from France to the Cape of Good Hope.
Undated
Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mehmed IV (1648-1687) to Suleiman II (1687-1691).
January 27 – Johann Balthasar Neumann, German architect (died 1753)
March 7 – Jean Lebeuf, French historian (died.
June 24 – Johann Albrecht Bengel, German scholar (died 1757)
September 7 – Durastante Natalucci, Italian historian (died 1772)
October 4 – Robert Simson, Scottish mathematician (died 1768)
October 21 – Nicolaus I Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (died 1759)
November 7 – William Stukeley, English archaeologist (died 1765)
December 5 – Francesco Geminiani, Italian violinist and composer (died 1762)
December 26 – Johann Georg Pisendel, German musician (died 1755)
date unknown Shahzada Assadullah Khan Abdali, Persian Governor of Herat (died 1720)
January 13 – Jean Claude, French Protestant clergyman (born 1619)
January 28 – Johannes Hevelius, astronomer (born 1611)
March 19 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, French explorer (born 1643)
March 22 – Jean-Baptiste Lully, French composer (born 1632)
March 28 – Constantijn Huygens, Dutch poet and composer (born 1596)
April 12 – Ambrose Dixon, Virginia Colony pioneer (born c.1628)
April 16 – George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (born 1628)
September 1 – Henry More, English philosopher (born 1614)
September 12 – John Alden, Mayflower pilgrim (born c.1599)
September 28 – Francis Turretin, Swiss theologian (born 1623)
October 13 – Geminiano Montanari, Italian astronomer (born 1633)
October 21 – Edmund Waller, English poet (born 1606)
November 14 – Nell Gwyn, English mistress of Charles II of England (born 1650)
December 16 – Sir William Petty, English philosopher (born 1623)
André-Marie Ampère discovered the attraction between current-carrying wires.
The law of electric current and magnetic field was developed.
Heat was discovered to be transferred from hot to cold objects.
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals founded.
Brauerei C & A Veltins brewery founded
Thomas Jefferson University founded
The first photograph was taken.
John Adams second president, and third president Thomas Jefferson both died same day Independence Day.
January 12 – William Chapman Rawlston, banker and financier
January 26 – Louis Favre, Swiss engineer (d. 1879)
February 16 – Joseph Victor von Scheffel, German poet (d. 1886)
February 16 – Julia Grant, First Lady of the United States (d. 1902)
March 4 – Theodore Judah, railroad engineer (d. 1863)
March 24 – Matilda Joslyn Gage, pioneering feminist (d. 1898)
March 29 – Wilhelm Liebknecht, German journalist and politician (d. 1900)
April 6 – Gustave Moreau, French painter (d. 1898)
May 3 – King Charles XV of Sweden and Norway (d. 1872)
May 4 – Frederic Edwin Church, American painter (b. 1900)
June 24 – George Goyder, Surveyor-General of South Australia (d. 1898)
July 4 – Stephen Foster, American songwriter and poet (d. 1864)
September 17 – Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician (d. 1866)
November 13 – Charles Frederick Worth, English couturier (d. 1895)
November 24 – Carlo Collodi, Italian writer (d. 1890)
July 4 – John Adams, President of the United States
July 4 – Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States
Biographical Sketches and Interesting Anecdotes of Persons of Color – Abigail Mott
The Broken Heart – Catherine Gore
Cinq-Mars – Alfred de Vigny
Deeds of the Olden Time – Anne Hatton
Gaston de Blondeville – Ann Radcliffe
Granby – T.H. Lister
Die Harzreise (The Heart's Journey) – Heinrich Heine
Henry the Fourth of France – Alicia Lefanu
Honor O'Hara – Anna Maria Porter
The Last Man – Mary Shelley
The Last of the Mohicans – James Fenimore Cooper
Tales Round a Winter Hearth – Jane Porter & Anna Maria Porter
Vivian Grey – Benjamin Disraeli
Woodstock – Sir Walter Scott
People see individual particles of water move.
February 5 – Peter Lalor, leader of miners rebellion at Eureka Stockade, Ballarat, Australia
March 26 – Ludwig van Beethoven
Book of Songs  (poetry) – Heinrich Heine
Herzog Theodor von Gotland (play) – Christian Dietrich Grabbe
Hope Leslie – Catharine Maria Sedgwick
Intrigue – Henrietta Rouviere Mosse
I Promessi sposi (The Betrothed) – Alessandro Manzoni
The Lettre de Cachet – Catherine Gore
The O'Briens and The O'Flaherties – Sydney Owenson
The Prairie – James Fenimore Cooper
The Red Rover – James Fenimore Cooper
The Reign of Terror – Catherine Gore
The Wolf of Badenoch – Sir Thomas Dick Lauder
Fresnel developed the theory of light diffraction.
Napoleon loses the Battle of Waterloo and is sent to Saint Helena.
January 10 – John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1891)
February 15 – Constantin von Tischendorf, German Biblical scholar (d. 1874)
April 1 – Otto von Bismarck, German statesman (d. 1898)
April 1 – Edward Clark, Governor of Texas (d. 1880)
April 6 – Robert Volkmann, German composer (d. 1883)
April 24 – Anthony Trollope, British writer (d. 1882)
August 5 – Edward John Eyre, explorer
October 16 – Francis Lubbock, Governor of Texas (d. 1905)
October 31 – Karl Weierstraß, German mathematician (d. 1897)
November 2 – George Boole, English mathematician and philosopher (d. 1864)
December 10 – Augusta Ada King (née Byron), Countess of Lovelace, early English computer pioneer (d. 1852)
November 12 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American women's rights activist (d. 1902)
December 21 – Thomas Couture, French painter (d. 1879)
January 8 – Edward Pakenham, British general (killed in battle) (born 1778)
January 16 – Emma, Lady Hamilton, English mistress of Horatio Nelson (born 1765)
February 24 – Robert Fulton, American inventor (born 1765)
February 26 – Prince Josias of Coburg, Austrian general (born 1737)
March 4 – Frances Abington, English actress (born 1737)
March 5 – Franz Mesmer, German developer of hypnotism (born 1734)
April 21 – Joseph Winston, American patriot and Congressman from North Carolina (born 1746)
June 1 – Louis Alexandre Berthier, French marshal (born 1753)
June 16 – Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick, German noble and general (killed in battle) (born 1771)
June 18 – Thomas Picton, British general (killed in battle) (born 1758)
June 18 – Claude-Etienne Michel, French general (killed in battle) (born 1772)
June 18 – Guillaume Philibert Duhesme, French general (killed in battle) (born 1766)
August 2 – Guillaume Marie Anne Brune, French marshal (murdered) (born 1763)
August 6 – James A. Bayard (elder), U.S. Senator from Delaware (born 1767)
September 9 – John Singleton Copley, American painter (born 1738)
September 20 – Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist (born 1725)
October 13 – Joachim Murat, French marshal and King of Naples (executed) (born 1767)
December 3 – John Carroll (priest), first American Roman Catholic Archbishop (born 1735)
December 7 – Michel Ney, French marshal (executed) (born 1769)
December 29 – Saartjie Baartman, sideshow performer
Deep house is a type of house music.
It has influences from disco music and jazz music.
The BPM of deep house is usually 100 - 128.
Music genres
Cytokines are a group of signalling molecules made by cells.
They help to control the immune system and fight disease.
They are similar to hormones and, as we learn more about each, distinctions between the two are fading.
Cytokines carry signals locally between cells, and these signals have an effect on other cells.
They are made of proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins.
The cytokines are a large family of polypeptide regulators that are produced throughout the body by many groups of cells.
Some well-known cytokines include interferon, prostaglandin and interleukins.
Cytokines can be detected using the ELISA and ELISPOT techniques.
Cytokines work by signal transduction.
Each cytokine has a matching cell-surface receptor.
Then cascades of signals inside the cell changes cell functions.
This may include the regulation of several genes, the production of other cytokines, or an increase in surface receptors for other molecules.
Bristol is a city and ceremonial county in England.
It is home to nearly 430,000 people.
The River Avon runs through it to the Severn estuary.
It is between the counties of Gloucestershire and Somerset.
In 1373, King Edward III ordered that it should be a county itself forever.
However, it lost county status in 1974, the year after its 600-year celebrations.
It became the largest district within the new Avon county.
Avon was never popular and was abolished in 1996, when county status returned to Bristol, which became a unitary council.
The Bristol name means "the place where the bridge is" in Old English.
It has been a port for 800 years.
Now, ships are too big to reach it.
It has a new seaport at Avonmouth.
Historical sites
It has many historic churches and other buildings.
The Clifton Suspension Bridge crosses high above the river.
The University of Bristol is also in Clifton.
Bristol was a centre for the slave trade.
During the 2020 George Floyd protests, a crowd pushed down the statue of 17th century slave trader Edward Colston and threw it in the harbour.
Bristol was badly damaged during World War II.
It now has many new factories and offices.
The Concorde supersonic airliner was made here.
It is also the birthplace of the music genre trip hop.,
with 3 trip hop bands originating there: Massive Attack, Portishead (named after a North Somerset town) and Tricky.
Banksy - graffiti artist
Stephen Merchant - writer and comedian
Russell Howard - comedian and television presenter
Unitary authorities
Ports and harbours of the United Kingdom
This is a link page for towns and cities in England.
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, a town is any settlement which has received a charter of incorporation, more commonly known as a town charter, approved by the monarch.
Cities are indicated in bold.
Dagenham, Dalton in Furness, Darley Dale, Darlington, Dartford, Dartmouth, Darwen, Daventry, Dawlish, Deal, Denholme, Denton, Derby, Dereham, Desborough, Devizes, Dewsbury, Didcot,
Wadebridge, Wadhurst, Wakefield, Wallasey, Wallingford, Walmer, Walsall, Waltham Abbey, Waltham Cross, Walthamstow, Walton-on-Thames, Walton-on-the-Naze, Wandsworth, Wantage, Ware, Wareham, Warminster, Warwick, Washington, Watchet, Watford, Wath-upon-Dearne, Watton, Wednesbury, Wellingborough, Wellington, Wells, Wells-next-the-Sea, Welwyn Garden City, Wem, Wendover, West Bromwich, Westbury, Westerham, West Ham, Westhoughton, West Kirby, West Mersea, Westminster, Weston-super-Mare, Westward Ho!,
Wetherby, Weybridge, Weymouth, Whaley Bridge, Whiston, Whitby, Whitchurch, Whitehaven, Whitley Bay, Whitnash, Whitstable, Whitworth, Wickford, Widnes, Wigan, Wigston, Willenhall, Wimbledon, Wimborne Minster, Wincanton, Winchcombe, Winchelsea, Winchester, Windermere, Winsford, Winslow, Wisbech, Witham, Withernsea, Witney, Wivenhoe, Woburn, Woking, Wokingham, Wolverhampton, Wombwell, Woodbridge, Woodstock, Wooler, Woolwich, Wootton Bassett, Worcester, Workington, Worksop, Worthing, Wotton-under-Edge, Wymondham
List of towns in Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, Wales
List of burghs in Scotland
Charles Darwin proposes the natural selection of species.
A civil war between conservatists and liberals starts in Mexico.
The British Empire or rule, begins in India after the surrender and exile of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II
January 7 – Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, Russian-born advocate of the Hebrew language (d. 1922)
January 10 – Heinrich Zille, German illustrator and photographer (d. 1929)
January 11 – Harry Gordon Selfridge, American department store magnate (d. 1947)
March 10 – Kokichi Mikimoto, Japanese pearl farm pioneer (d. 1954)
March 18 – Rudolf Diesel, German inventor (d. 1913)
March 23 – Ludwig Quidde, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1941)
April 23 – Max Planck, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947)
June 16 – King Gustaf V of Sweden (d. 1950)
June 16 – William Dickson Boyce, founder of the Boy Scouts of America (d. 1929)
July 9 – Franz Boas, German anthropologist (d. 1942)
August 1 – Hans Rott, Austrian composer (d. 1884)
August 11 – Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch physician and pathologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930)
August 27 – Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician (d. 1932)
September 18 – Kate Booth, the oldest daughter of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1955)
October 3 – Eleonora Duse, Italian actress (d. 1924)
October 27 – Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1919)
November 20 – Selma Lagerlöf, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
November 30 – Jagdish Chandra Bose, Indian physicist (d. 1937)
December 22 – Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer (d. 1924)
December 25 – Herman P. Faris, American temperance movement leader (d. 1936)
January 1 – Queens and Staten Island join with New York City.
March 26 - the first electric tram in Moscow.
Thomson measures the charge and mass of an electron.
August/early September-The 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane hits the Bahamas, Florida and North Carolina
May 10 – Fred Astaire
May 24 – Kazi Nazrul Islam
August 28 – Chang Myon
July 7 - George Cukor
July 11 – E.B. White
Bright Eyes is an American indie rock music band.
The people in the band are Conor Oberst, a singer-songwriter; Mike Mogis, a musician and producer; and other friends and session musicians from Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Oberst's singing style and the words to the songs are called desperate or on the verge of tears.
Many people think his songs are always about himself, but Oberst has said that they are not.
For example, one song, "Padraic My Prince", tells the fictional story of a mother drowning her son in a bathtub.
In interviews, Oberst has said that he sings about such things to make rich emotions.
Letting Off the Happiness (1998)
Fevers and Mirrors (2000)
A Collection of Songs: Recorded 1995-1997 (2000)
Lifted or the Story Is in the Soil, Keep Your Ear to the Ground (2002)
Vinyl Box Set (7 LP's) (2003)  This collection contains Oberst's first five releases plus bonus material.
I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning (2005)
Digital Ash in a Digital Urn (2005)
Cassadaga (2007)
The People's Key (2011)
EPs/Singles
Every Day and Every Night EP (1999)
"Don't Be Frightened Of Turning The Page" (2001)
"Oh Holy Fools: The Music of Son, Ambulance & Bright Eyes" (2001)
"Drunk Kid Catholic" CDS (2001)
There Is No Beginning To The Story EP (2002)
Lover I Don't Have To Love CDS (2002)
Home: IV EP (2004)
One Jug of Wine, Two Vessels EP (2004)
"Lua" (2004)
Take It Easy (Love Nothing) (2004)
Four Winds EP (2007)
American rock bands
Indie bands
Electronic music bands
Musical groups from Nebraska
Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska
Musical groups established in 1995
1995 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Nebraska
A honeycomb is a container made by bees out of wax that they produce.
The bees make a honeycomb as a place to keep their honey.
Bees make honey from nectar that they collect from flowers.
After bees collect nectar from flowers, and make it into honey, the bees then put the honey in the small six sided areas of the honeycomb.
Each hexagonal section tessellates with the rest.
Honeycomb wax can be used for making soap and candles.
Some people eat honey that is still in the honeycomb.
A worker bee grows wax in its abdomen.
The wax appears as little spots.
The bee pulls it off with its legs and chews it until it becomes soft.
The wax is then used to make cells for the honeycomb.
Smaller cells are used to raise worker bees.
We can use honey present in honeycombs as remedy for cough etc.
The Greek language is an Indo-European language.
It is the official language of Greece (Hellas) and Cyprus.
It was first spoken in Greece and was also once spoken along the coast of Asia Minor (now a part of Turkey) and in southern Italy.
It was also widely used in Western Asia and Northern Africa at one time.
In Greek, the language is called Ελληνικά (elliniká).
Greeks write their language using the Greek alphabet.
The Latin alphabet (used to write English and many other languages) came from the Greek alphabet.
Many other alphabets around the world also came from the Greek one.
Greek has an unbroken history of being a written language for over 3,000 years.
This is longer than any other Indo-European language spoken today.
This history is often divided into three parts, ancient Greek, medieval Greek, and modern Greek.
The years 330-1453 are called medieval Greek because that's the time of the Byzantine Empire.
Over 13 million people in the world speak Greek as of 2021.
These speakers mostly live in Greece (almost 11 million) and Cyprus (over 1 million).
There are also people in other countries around the world who speak the language.
This is largely because people left Greece and emigrated, meaning they moved to other countries.
Countries like the United States and Australia have a large Greek diaspora.
Greek numbers
Greek Dictionary , from Webster's Dictionary .
Ancient Greek Dictionaries , descriptions of both online dictionaries (with appropriate links) and Greek.
Kami-shibai (Japanese: 紙芝居) is a storytelling performance with picture cards, and is a traditional Japanese entertainment for children.
In Japanese "Kami" means paper and "shibai" means drama or enternainment.
The performer tells a story and shows pictures from scene to scene.
Kami-shibai is a bidirectional media which is comprised of actions and reactions between a performer and audiences.
With the spread of television, kami-shibai went out of date.
The origins of kamishibai are not clear, but its roots can be taced back to various picture storytelling traditions in Japan such as etoki and emaki scrolls and other forms of visual storytelling which date back centuries.
However, the form of Kamishibai that one thinks of today developed around 1929 and was quite popular in the 30s, and 40s, all but dying out with the introduction of television later in the 1950s.
Typical kamishibai consists of a presenter who stands to the right of a small wooden box or stage that holds the 12-20 cards featuring the visuals that accompany each story.
This miniature stage is attached to the storyteller’s bicycle.
The presenter changes the card, varying the speed of the transition to match the flow of the story he is telling.
Entertainment in Japan
was a novelist, poet, and servant of the Imperial Court during the Heian period of Japan.
She is well known as the author of The Tale of Genji, written around year 1003.
Murasaki was born in Kyoto.
She was born into the Fujiwara family.
Her father, Fujiwara Tametoki, was not a very nice father and when Murasaki got older he confessed that he regretted she was not a boy.
In the year 997, Murasaki married her second cousin, Fujiwara Nobutake, at age 20.
In 999, they had a daughter, Kenshi, who also became a poet.
Fujiwara Nobutake died about 1001.
Murasaki started as a writer soon after her husband's unexpected death.
She was recognized immediately, and she was asked to the imperial court as a tutor to Empress Shoshi ( Joto Mon'in, 988–1074), daughter of the statesman Fujiwara Michinaga (966–1027).
Murasaki joined the court of Empress Shōshi in 1006, probably for her skills as an author.
Murasaki started writing her diary in 1008, and finished in 1010.
Her diary describes her Chinese lessons with her brother Nobunori (980?–1011), daily life and how much she missed her husband after his death.
The Tale of Genji is split into 54 different books, and is made up of 795 different poems.
It is one of the earliest novels in Japanese, and is often thought of as the first novel in the world.
It is a classic of Japanese literature.
The masterpiece was about the court life of Prince Genji, and his wife, Aoi in 10th-century Japan.
Prince Genji was the illegitimate son of an emperor, and the text is about his relationships in court.
The Tale of Genji included many beautiful scroll paintings.
970s births
1020s deaths
Writers from Kyoto Prefecture
Pepsin is an enzyme.
It acts on proteins in the stomach, which has a low pH because of the Hydrochloric acid.
It works best at a pH of about 1.5.
It will not work at a pH above 6.
It was the first animal enzyme to be discovered.
Theodor Schwann discovered it in 1836.
pH is a scale of acidity from 0 to 14.
It tells how acidic or alkaline a substance is.
Acids have a pH that is less than 7.
Alkalis have a pH that is greater than 7.
pH is a measure of the concentration of protons (H+) in a solution.
S.P.L. Sørensen introduced this concept in the year 1909.
The p stands for the German potenz, meaning power or concentration, and the H for the hydrogen ion (H+).
[H+] indicates the concentration of H+ ions (also written [H3O+], the equal concentration of hydronium ions), measured in moles per litre (also known as molarity).
where  indicates the activity of H+ ions.
But, this equation in most cases provides the same value as the more common formula, so in introductory chemistry the previous equation is given as the definition of pH.
Most substances have a pH in the range of 0 to 14, although extremely acidic or alkaline substances may have pH < 0, or pH > 14.
Alkaline substances have, instead of hydrogen ions, a concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-).
pH indicators
Certain dyes change colour depending on whether they are in an acid solution or an alkaline solution .
pH indicator is a chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be seen.
The pH indicator is a chemical detector for hydronium ions (H3O+) or hydrogen ions (H+).
Normally, the indicator causes the colour of the solution to change depending on the pH.
Typical indicators are phenolphthalein, methyl orange, methyl red, bromothymol blue, and thymol blue.
They each change colour at different points on the pH scale, and can be used together as a universal indicator.
Another way is to use litmus paper, which is based on a natural pH indicators.
The paper can tell you how strong the chemical is, whether it is a stronger acid or a stronger base.
Some common pH values
+  →
(acid + base → water)
pH-Spectra Database í
pH Test
pH Calculator
Tapeworms are the class Cestoda of segmented flatworms (Platyhelminthes).They are parasitic, which means that they need another larger creature as a host.
Tapeworms live inside the intestines of vertebrate animals.
This includes humans.
When a vertebrate has a tapeworm, they may lose weight and become weaker.
Tapeworms can be up to 30 or 36 feet (10–12 metres) long.
They eat by absorbing material directly through their epidermis (outside layer).
The head of a tapeworm has four suckers and two rings of hooks.
The body of a tapeworm is in segments (pieces that are like each other).
Each segment can produce eggs.
Little segments of the tapeworm sometimes break off and pass out through the stool of the host, with the eggs.
Little segments of its body fall off.
They go out of the host body, and are eaten by the next host, which is another type of vertebrate.
Tapeworms are hermaphrodite, with both sexes.
Cross-fertilization occurs between two tapeworms in the same intestine.
They have a life cycle with a secondary or intermediate host.
For example, human tapeworms have cows or pigs as intermediate hosts.
The 'definitive' host (humans in this case) is the one where fertilization takes place.
Flatworms
Many omnivores change their eating habits during their life cycle.
They are sometimes called "life-history omnivores", because they are only omnivores if their whole life is considered.
Some species, such as grazing waterfowl like geese, are known to eat mainly animals at one stage of their lives, but plants at another.
Also, many insects, such as the beatle family Meloidae, eat animal tissue when they are larvae, but eat plant matter after they mature.
Animal types
All of these animals are omnivores, but have different feeding behaviors and favorite foods.
Being omnivores gives these animals more food security in stressful times.
It also makes it easier for them to live in less consistent environments; (those that change along with the season, for example).
insectivore
semi-vegetarian
Herbivores are animals that only eat plants.
They are herbivorous animals.
Herbivores (such as deer, elephants, horses) have teeth that are adapted to grind vegetable tissue.
Many animals that eat fruit and leaves sometimes eat other parts of plants, for example roots and seeds.
Usually, such animals cannot digest meat.
But some herbivorous animals will eat eggs and occasionally other animal protein.
Some animals are frugivores because they eat mainly fruit.
Browsers eat mostly leaves and sometimes small tree branches.
Animals that eat mostly grass are grazing animals.
The diets of some herbivorous animals change with the seasons.
In the temperate zones of the Earth, some seasons are hot and some are cold, so different plants are available at different times of the year.
Humans are omnivores, because they eat meat as well as plants.
People who eat mostly plants are usually called vegetarian or vegan.
Digesting cellulose
Plant cell walls are mostly made up of cellulose.
No animal can digest cellulose by itself.
They make use of gut flora, some of which produce an enzyme called cellulase.
This is an example of symbiosis.
Herbivore-plant interactions
According to the theory of predator-prey interactions, the relationship between herbivores and plants is cyclic.
When prey (plants) are numerous their predators (herbivores) increase in numbers, reducing the plant population, which in turn causes herbivore number to decline.
The prey population eventually recovers, starting a new cycle.
This suggests that the population of the herbivore fluctuates around the carrying capacity of the food source, in this case the plant.
There will always be pockets of plants not found by herbivores.
This is important for specialist herbivores which feed on only one species of plant: it prevents these specialists from wiping out their food source.
Eating a second plant type helps herbivores’ populations stabilize.
Alternating between two or more plant types provides population stability for the herbivore, while the populations of the plants oscillate.
When an invasive herbivore or plant enters the system, the balance is thrown off and the diversity can change or even collapse.
In some ways it is easier to be an herbivorous animal than a carnivorous (meat-eating) animal.
Carnivorous animals have to find and catch the animals that they eat, and sometimes the animals that they want to eat fight them.
Herbivorous animals have to find the plants that they want to eat, but they do not have to catch them.
Many plants have some defence against herbivores, such as spines, toxins (poisons), or a bad taste.
There are many more herbivorous animals living in the world than carnivorous animals.
Herbivore effects on plant diversity
Herbivores' effects on plant diversity vary across environmental changes.
People used to think herbivores increase plant diversity by avoiding dominance.
Dominant species tend to exclude subordinate species as competitive exclusion.
However, the effects on plant diversity caused by variation in dominance could be beneficial or negative.
Herbivores do increase bio-diversity by consuming dominant plant species, but they can also prefer eating subordinate species according to plants’ palatability and quality.
In addition to the preference of herbivores, herbivores' effects on plant diversity are also influenced by other factors, defense trade-off theory, the predator-prey interaction , and inner traits of the environment and herbivores.
One way that plants could differ in their susceptibility to herbivores is through defense trade-off.
Defense trade-off theory is commonly used to be seen as a fundamental theory to maintain ecological evenness.
Plants can make a trade-off response to resource allocation, such as between defense and growth.
Defenses against herbivory on plant diversity can vary in different situations.
It can be neutral, detrimental or beneficial for plant fitness.
Even in the absence of defensive trade-offs, herbivores may still be able to increase plant diversity, such as herbivores prefer subordinate species rather than dominant species.
The predator-prey interaction, especially the “top-down” regulation.
The predator-prey interaction encourages the adaptation in plant species which the predator prefers.
The theory of “top-down” ecological regulation disproportionately manipulates the biomass of dominant species to increase diversity.
The herbivore effect on plant is universal but still significantly distinguish on each site, can be positive or negative.
In a highly productive system, the environment provides an organism with adequate nutrition and resources to grow.
The effects of herbivores competing for resources on the plant are more complicated.
The existence of herbivores can increase plant diversity by reducing the abundance of dominant species, redundant resources can then be used by subordinate species.
Therefore, in a highly productive system, direct consumption of dominant plants could indirectly benefit those herbivory-resistant and unpalatable species.
But the less productive system can support limited herbivores because of lack of nutrients and water.
Herbivory boosts the abundance of most tolerant species and decreases the less-tolerant species’ existence which accelerates the plant extinction.
Mediate productive system sometimes barely has long-term effects on plant diversity.
Because the environment provides a stable coexistence of different organisms.
Even when herbivores create some disturbances to the community.
The system is still able to recover to the original state.
Light is one of the most important resources in environments for plant species.
Competition for light availability and predator avoidance are equally important.
With the addition of the nutrients, more competition arises among plant species.
But herbivores could buffer the diversity reduction.
Especially large herbivores can enhance the bio-diversity by selectively excluding tall, dominant plant species, and increase light availability.
Body size of herbivores is a key reason underlying the interaction between herbivores and plant diversity, and the body size explains many of the phenomena connected to herbivore-plant interaction.
Small herbivores are less likely to decrease plant diversity.
Because small non-digging animals may not cause many disturbances to the plant and the environment.
Intermediate-sized herbivores mostly increase plant diversity by consuming or influencing the dominant plant species, such as herbivore birds, that can directly use dominant plant species.
Some digging animals at this size local community environmental fluctuations.
And the adaptation of plant species to avoid predators can also adjust the vegetation structure and increase diversity.
Larger herbivores often increase plant diversity.
They use competitively dominant plant species, and disperse seeds and create disorder of the soil.
Besides, their urine position also adjusts the local plant distribution, and prevent light competition.
Therefore, the mechanisms of herbivores’ effects on plant diversity are complicated.
Generally, the existence of herbivores increases plant diversity.
But varies according to different environmental factors, multiple factors combined together to affect how herbivores influence plant diversity.
Hindi is an Indo-Iranian language.
It is the main language in India.
About 800 million people speak Hindi in India.
The Devanāgarī script is used to write Hindi.
Previously Hindi was known as Hindui.
Hindi is widely written, spoken and understood in North India and some other places in India.
In 1997, a survey found that 45% of Indians can speak Hindi.
It has taken words from the Dravidian languages of South India, as well as the Arabic, Persian, Chagatai, English and Portuguese languages.
Hindi and Urdu were considered the same language but have evolved into separate dialects.
However, to this day, both languages are mutually intelligible, meaning their speakers can understand each other without knowing the other language.
Urdu, however, is written in the completely different Arabic alphabet.
Hindi developed from Sanskrit, the ancient language of India.
Hindi started to develop in the 7th century as "Apabhramsha" and became stable by the 10th century.
Some famous Hindi poets are Tulsidas and Kabir.
Hindi is also spoken with regional accents like Haryanvi and Rajasthani.
Bombay Hindi is spreading because Bollywood films use it.
Hindi Diwas is an annual celebration on 14th September.
It commemorates the law of 1949 that made Hindi the legal language of the Republic.
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
January 8 – Miguel Primo de Rivera, dictator of Spain (d. 1930)
January 15 – Pierre S. DuPont, industrialist
February 7 – Alfred Adler, psychologist
March 5 – Frank Norris, writer (d. 1902)
March 17 – Horace Donisthorpe, myrmecologist (d. 1951)
March 20 – Paul Erich von Lettow-Vorbeck, German general (d. 1964)
April 22 – Vladimir Lenin, first leader of the USSR
April 30 – Franz Lehár, composer (d. 1948)
May 19 – Albert Fish, serial killer (d. 1936; executed by electrocution)
June 13  Sophia of Prussia Queen of Greece Grand Daughter of Queen Victoria and sister of Kaiser William II of Germany and mother of future 3 kings George II Alexander I Paul I  ( died  1932
July 3 – Richard Bedford Bennett, eleventh Prime Minister of Canada.
July 12 – Louis II of Monaco
July 29 – George Dixon, Black Canadian boxer, first Black world boxing champion in any weight class.
August 31 – Maria Montessori, educator
September 26 – King Christian X of Denmark
November 21 – Sigfrid Edström, Swedish sports official
December 5 – Vitezslav Novák, composer (d. 1949)
February 11 – Jacob M. de Kempenaer, Dutch Minister of Internal Affairs (1848-1849?).
February 11 – Leopold Eugen Mechura, composer
February 19 – Nathaniel de Rothschild, French wine grower
March 28 – George Henry Thomas, American general
June 9 – Charles Dickens, British novelist
July 20 – Jules Alfred Huot de Goncourt, Prix Goncourt
October 12 – Robert E. Lee, Confederate General.
November 4 – Comte de Lautreamont, French poet and writer.
December 5 – Alexandre Dumas, père, writer
December 27 – General Prim, Spanish dictator.
Henry Rowe – Gothic architect
January 2 – Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
January 18 – Germany becomes a country when states of the North German Confederation unite.
The King of Prussia becomes the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany.
January 10 – France surrenders (gives up) to end the Franco-Prussian War
March 22 – In North Carolina, William Holden is the first American governor (leader of a U.S. state) to be impeached (removed from office)
March 26 – The Paris Commune takes power in Paris.
March 29 – The Royal Albert Hall is opened by Queen Victoria.
April – Stockholms Handelsbank is formed.
January 17 – David Earl Betty of the North Sea and of Brooksby, British admiral (navy leader) (d. 1936)
January 30 – Wilfred Lucas, actor (d. 1940)
February 4 – Friedrich Ebert, president of the Weimar Republic (d. 1925)
March 5 – Rosa Luxemburg, politician (d. 1919)
March 27 – Heinrich Mann, speaker and writer (d. 1950)
May 6 – Christian Morgenstern, writer (d. 1914)
May 27 – Georges Rouault, painter and artist (d. 1958).
July 23 – Tsunesaburō Makiguchi (Japanese old Lunar calendar 6 June was an incorrect date using in Gregorian calendar), First president of Soka Gakkai International (SGI) (d. 1944).
August 19 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers, Americans who invented the airplane.
August 29 – Albert Lebrun, French politician (d. 1950)
September 27 – Grazia Deledda, Sardinian writer – Nobel prize (d. 1936)
December 13 – Emily Carr, Canadian artist and writer.
Richard Turner, Canadian soldier with the Royal Canadian Dragoons, who got the Victoria Cross for bravery during the Second Boer War.
Guangxu, Emperor of the Qing Dynasty in China.
February 20 – Paul Kane, painter
September 23 – Louis-Joseph Papineau, aged 85, Canadian politician and leader of the Patriotes Rebellion.
October 10 - Octavius Catto, aged 32, American black educator.
October 18 – Charles Babbage, aged 79, English mathematician and inventor of computing machines.
May 20 – Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
March 29 – The Knights of Columbus are set up.
Edison builds first power station in the United States.
January 6 – Fan S. Noli, Albanian poet and political figure (d. 1965)
January 18 – A. A. Milne, British writer (d. 1956)
January 25 – Virginia Woolf, writer (d. 1941)
January 30 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States
February 1 – Louis Stephen St. Laurent, twelfth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1973)
February 2 – James Joyce, writer (d. 1941)
February 11 – Gheorghe Cucu composer (d. 1932)
February 15 – John Barrymore, actor (d. 1942)
March 14 – Waclaw Sierpinski Polish mathematician (d. 1969)
March 15 – Jim Lightbody, American middle-distance runner
March 21 – Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson, actor (d. 1971)
March 23 – Emmy Noether, mathematician (d. 1935)
April 17 – Artur Schnabel, pianist (d. 1951)
April 18 – Isabel J. Cox, future spouse of Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1985)
May 6 – Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany, heir of Kaiser Wilhelm II (d. 1951)
May 9 – Henry J. Kaiser, industrialist (d. 1967)
May 9 – George Barker, United States painter (d. 1965)
May 13 – Georges Braque, painter (d. 1963)
May 16 – Anne McCormick, journalist, Pulitzer Prize winner (d. 1954)
May 19 – Mohammed Mossadegh, Iranian prime minister (d. 1967)
May 20 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer (d. 1949)
May 30 – Wyndham Halswelle, British runner
June 9 – Bobby Kerr, Canadian sprinter
June 17 – Igor Stravinsky, composer (d. 1971)
August 14 – Gisela Richter, art historian (d. 1972)
August 25 – Sean T. O'Kelly, second President of Ireland (d. 1966)
October 5 – Robert Goddard, rocket scientist (d. 1945)
October 6 – Karol Szymanowski, composer (d. 1937)
October 14 – Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach and third President of Ireland (d. 1975)
October 22 – N.C. Wyeth, artist
December 9 – Joaquín Turina, composer (d. 1949)
November 11 – King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden (d. 1973)
December 16 – Zoltán Kodály, composer (d. 1967)
February 11 – Gustav Schmidt, composer
March 24 – Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, writer
April 3 – Jesse James, outlaw
April 10 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, poet, painter
April 19 – Charles Darwin, British naturalist
July 16 – Mary Todd Lincoln, former First Lady of the United States
Charles A. Alexander, Victorian architect
China – Guāngxù Emperor of China, Qing Dynasty (1875-1908)
Denmark – Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863-1906)
France – Jules Grévy, President of France (1879-1887)
Germany – Wilhelm I, German Kaiser (1871-1888)
Holy See – Pope Leo XIII, Bishop of Rome (1878-1903)
Japan – Mutsuhito, Meiji emperor (1867-1912)
Norway – Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway (1872-1905)
Ottoman Empire – Abdul Hamid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)
Russia – Alexander III, Tsar of Russia (1881-1894)
Spain – Alfonso XII of Spain, King of Spain (1875-1885)
United States – Chester A. Arthur, President of the United States (1881-1885)
January 6 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivers his Four Freedoms Speech in the State of the Union Address.
January 10 – Lend-Lease is introduced into the United States Congress.
January 19 – British troops attack Italian-held Eritrea.
January 21 – World War II: Australian and British forces attack Tobruk, Libya.
January 22 – World War II: British troops capture Tobruk from the Italians.
January 23 – Charles Lindbergh testifies before the United States Congress and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler.
April 6 – World War II: The German army attacked Yugoslavia.
April 10 – Croatia declares itself independent of Yugoslavia.
June 22 - Nazi German invasion to the Soviet Union.
The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union begins.
September 11 – Building of The Pentagon starts.
December 5 - Soviet counteroffensive near Moscow begins.
December 7 – The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
Following this, the U.S. enters World War II.
January 3 – Van Dyke Parks, musician, composer
January 5 – Miyazaki Hayao, Japanese movie maker
January 5 – Grady Thomas, singer (P-Funk)
January 8 – Graham Chapman, British comedian (d. 1989)
January 9 – Joan Baez, American singer
January 14 – Faye Dunaway, American actress
January 14 – Milan Kučan, Slovene politician, statesman
January 15 – Captain Beefheart, American singer (d. 2010)
January 18 – David Ruffin, singer (died 1991)
January 21 – Richie Havens, American musician (d. 2013)
January 21 – Plácido Domingo, Spanish opera singer
January 26 – Henry Jaglom, director
January 26 – Scott Glenn, actor
January 30 – Dick Cheney, former Vice President of the United States
January 31 - Eugene Terre'Blanche, South African far-right politician (d. 2010)
January 31 – Richard Gephardt, American politician
February 5 – Kaspar Villiger, former member of the Swiss Federal Council
February 8 – Nick Nolte, actor
February 10 – Michael Apted, director
February 11 – Glenn Randall Jr, stuntman
February 11 – Jeremy Mackenzie, general
February 13 – Sigmar Polke, German painter (d. 2010)
February 16 - Kim Jong-il, North Korean supreme commander. (
died 2011)
February 17 – Julia McKenzie, actress
February 17 – Gene Pitney, American singer (d. 2006)
February 20 – Buffy Sainte-Marie, singer
February 27 – Paddy Ashdown, British politician
March 3 – Jutta Hoffmann, actress
March 4 – Adrian Lyne, director
March 6 – Willie Stargell, Baseball Hall of Famer (died 2001)
March 14 – Wolfgang Petersen, director, Das Boot
March 15 – Mike Love, musician ("The Beach Boys")
March 16 – Bernardo Bertolucci, movie director