the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
By inhibiting NMDA receptors in inhibitiory neurons in the brain, it causes increased CNS activity and sympathomimetic effects.
As a result, there is not only an anaesthetic effect, but also activation of the CNS unlike other anaesthetics.
This is beneficial in surgical settings because it maintains blood pressure, airway reflexes, bronchioles remain dilated and airways patent.
Making this a particularly useful drug in shock and surgery patients because of blood pressure maintained with ketamine use, unlike typical anaesthetics which cause decreased BP and respiratory suppression.
Treating addiction
The same scientist found that ketamine might also be useful for treating heroin addiction.
Patients who had been treated for their addiction with multiple sessions of ketamine fared much better than those who had only had one session of ketamine with abstinence rates of 50% and 22.2% respectively.
As an antidepressant
Some small studies have been done which found that a single dose of ketamine was able to improve treatment resistant depression after just a few hours with the effects lasting for one week.
The rapid anti-depressant effects of ketamine may prove to be a useful alternative compared to current anti-depressants which can take several weeks to have their effects.
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine which has a relatively long half-life.
It is mostly used to treat anxiety, certain  forms of epilepsy, muscle spasms (where the muscle moves on its own, causing pain), and sleeping problems.
Like with other benzodiazepines, there is a risk of addiction if used for long periods of this.
For this reason the drug is used to treat acute cases (2-4 weeks maximum) to avoid dependence.
According to the World Health Organization diazepam is an essential drug.
Diazepam is marketed under a number of names; its original trade name was Valium.
It has been the most prescribed medicine in the United States many times.
It is sometimes used recreationally to cause a calming effect.
Fluoxetine hydrochloride is an antidepressant medication.
It is used as a drug against various illnesses, like depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Panic disorder, and other illnesses.
Fluoxetine is a one of a group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
It is commonly known as Prozac.
There are newer drugs available to treat these conditions.
Nevertheless, it remains very popular.
Over 23.1 million prescriptions for fluoxetine were filled in the United States in 2006.
This makes it the third most prescribed antidepressant.
he:SSRI#תרופות ממשפחת SSRI
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format for storing documents on a computer.
Adobe created it in 1993 to make it easier to exchange documents.
PDF is often used to make documents print-ready.
PDF documents can have stylised text and images in them.
Ascension Island is an isolated and relatively young volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean, some  west of the mid-Atlantic Ridge,  from Liberia (Cape Palmas), and  from Brazil (Recife).
The nearest land is Saint Helena,  to the south-east.
The Ascension Island is named after the day of its recorded discovery, Ascension Day.
It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, of which the main island is St Helena.
The island is the location of a Royal Air Force station with a United States Air Force presence, a European Space Agency station and the BBC World Service Atlantic Relay Station.
There is in the island one antenna of the five that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigational system (others are on Kwajalein Island, Diego Garcia, Colorado Springs and Hawaii).
The Galician explorer João da Nova, working for Portugal, saw the Ascension island in the South Atlantic in 1501, when he was going to India; named it ilha da Conceição (Conception Island).
En 1503 when the Portuguese navigator Afonso de Albuquerque saw the island on Ascension Day, in the church calendar, he named it after the feast day.
In 1836, Charles Darwin visited the Saint Helena and Ascension islands during his voyage in the Beagle.
He described Ascension as an arid treeless island, with nothing growing near the coast.
Sparse vegetation inland supported "about six hundred sheep, many goats, a few cows & horses", and large numbers of guineafowl imported from the Cape Verde islands, as well as rats, mice and land crabs.
In 1843, botanist and explorer Joseph Hooker visited the island.
Four years later, Hooker advised the Royal Navy that with the help of Kew Gardens, they should develop a long-term plan of shipping trees to Ascension.
So, from 1850 and continuing year on year, ships came each with different plants from botanical gardens in Argentina, Europe and South Africa.
By the late 1870s Norfolk pines, eucalyptus, bamboo, and banana trees grew at the highest point of the island, Green Mountain, creating a tropical forest covered with clouds.
In 1899, the Eastern Telegraph Company (now part of Vodafone) installed the first underwater cable from the island, connecting the UK with its colonies in South Africa.
In 1922, the Ascension island was made a dependency of Saint Helena.
The island was managed by the head of the Eastern Telegraph Company on the island until 1964 when the British Government appointed an Administrator to represent the Governor of Saint Helena on Ascension.
an area of , and has about 100 km of coastline.
While the west and north-west coasts have sandy beaches, the south and southeast coasts form steep cliffs.
The highest point of the island is Green Mountain, or just The Peak (), which is  high.
Other high mountains are Weather Post (680 m - 1,995 ft), White Hill (525 m - 1,722 ft) and Sisters Peak (445 m - 1,460 ft).
There are several small islands (islets) and rocks surrounding the Ascension Island; the largest is Boatswainbird Island,  north of the eastern part of the island.
Ascension island has a tropical but oceanic climate, with little changes from one season to another.
The island is in the path of the South-East Trade Winds, and southeast and easterly winds blow for more than half of every month.
The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is Am (Tropical Monsoon Climate).
The temperature is constant throughout the year.
Monthly average maximum temperatures at sea-level vary only between about 27 °C and 31 °C.
At 660 m on Green Mountain maximum temperatures are typically about 13 °C lower and minimum temperatures about 7 °C lower than
at sea-level.
The relative humidity at sea-level is around 70%.
The average temperature for the year in Georgetown is 25.6 °C (78.0 °F).
The warmest month, on average, is March with an average temperature of 27.8 °C (82.0 °F).
The coolest month on average is August, with an average temperature of 24.4 °C (76.0 °F).
working for the RAF and USAF, and a small number of military personnel.
The personnel are mainly from the UK, USA and St Helena, none of whom are permanent residents.
Georgetown (the main civilian settlement and capital of the island)
Two Boats (a civilian village, with its school)
Cat Hill (the United States' main base on the island)
Traveller's Hill (Royal Air Force base)
Wideawake Airfield (with the Royal Air Force station)
Official Ascension Island Government site
Ascension Island Government
Ascension Island Newsletter
Ascension Conservation
Encyclopedia Astronautica - Rocket launches from Ascension
Global Volcanism Program: Ascension Island
Detailed description of the BBC Atlantic Relay Station
Colonial History of Ascension Island
Ascension Island at Britlink – British Islands & Territories
Army Ornithological Society Ascension Island Research
Ascension Island & St Helena community website
The Territory of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands () is the collective name for two groups of small low-lying uninhabited tropical islands.
The islands are in the Indian Ocean north-west of Australia and south of the Indonesian island of Roti.
The Australian mainland is about  to the southwest, the island of Timor (and Roti next to it) is about  to the north.
The territory includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island  east with, a total area of  within the reefs and including the lagoons, and  of dry land.
They have a long coastline, over , but there are no ports or harbours, only offshore anchorage.
Nearby Hibernia Reef,  northeast of Ashmore Reef, is not part of the territory, because it has no permanently dry land area, although large parts of the reef become exposed during low tide.
The territory is administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage.
Therefore, it is a dependency within the commonwealth.
The islands are visited by seasonal caretakers.
The Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT) is the part of Antarctica claimed by Australia and is the largest part of Antarctica claimed by any nation.
The area is about 6.119.818 km².
Only the staff of research stations live in the territory.
Victoria Land was first claimed for Britain on 9 January 1841 and Britain claimed Enderby Land in 1930.
In 1933, a British imperial order transferred territory south of 60° S and between meridians 160 E and 45 E to Australia.
On 13 February 1954 , Mawson Station was set up.
It was the first Australian station on the continent proper.
Australia's claim to sovereignty over the Australian Antarctic Territory is recognised by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, France and Norway  .
As Australia is part of the Antarctic Treaty System, which accommodates differences of opinions over the status of Antarctic territorial claims which pre-dated the 1959 Antarctic Treaty - effectively placing claims in abeyance - Australia only exercises its sovereignty in ways that in its view are consistent with good relations under the Antarctic Treaty.
The first issues came in 1957, and sporadically thereafter, settling into a pattern of an annual issue by the 1990s.
All have been Antarctic-themed, and all are valid for postage in Australia, so in practice they are just Australian stamps with a different inscription.
Telephone connections
Assigned the country calling code +672, four Antarctic bases operated by Australia can be reached by direct calling from anywhere in the world.
The area codes are 10-6 for Davis, 11-7 for Mawson, 12-8 for Casey and 13-9 for Macquarie Island, in each case followed by three additional digits.
Australian Antarctic Division
PDF-Map of the AAT
Australian Antarctic Gazetteer
Russian stations
Antarctic territorial claims
The British Antarctic Territory is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom and is a British overseas territory.
It is a triangle in Antarctica from the South Pole to 60° S latitude between longitudes 20° W and 80° W. The Territory was formed on March 3, 1962, although the UK first claimed this part of the Antarctic in 1908.
Before 1962, the area now covered by the Territory comprised three separate dependencies of the Falkland Islands;
Graham Land
the South Orkney Islands and
the South Shetland Islands.
The United Kingdom has had a presence in the South Atlantic since 1833 when it occupied the Falkland Islands.
In 1908 the UK claimed the territory that is British Antarctic Territory today, as well as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
The territory was governed as three separate dependencies; Graham Land, the South Orkneys, and the South Shetlands, administered from Falkland Islands by the Governor.
It is administered by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO).
A Commissioner is appointed and is always the Head of the FCO's Overseas Territories Department.
The Territory has a full suite of laws, and legal and postal administrations.
Given the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, the Territory does not enforce its laws on foreign nations who maintain scientific bases within the Territory.
It is self-financing, with income from the sale of postage stamps and income tax.
Rothera
Signy
UK Foreign Office homepage
1962 establishments
1962 establishments in the United Kingdom
Establishments in Antarctica
The British Indian Ocean Territory is a dependency of the United Kingdom.
It includes many small islands in the Indian Ocean.
The territory is the seven atolls of the Chagos Archipelago with over 1,000 individual islandsmany very small.
There is a total land area of .
The largest island is Diego Garcia.
Both India and Mauritius claim the territories, and do not recognise the United Kingdom's authority over the Chagos Archipelago.
India does not recognise Anglo sovereignty over these "Cultural Indo-Indian/Indies islands" and has disputed their status since 1947.
The natives of these islands were deported (made to leave their homes) by the British government.
They were sent to Mauritius and the Seychelles.
This happened in 1968 to 1973, to allow the United States to build a joint UK/US military base.
In 2000, the High Court of the UK first ruled that the natives had the right to return home, but the government have been fighting hard against this court decision, and many of the natives are still said to be trying to move back to the islands.
The Territory of Christmas Island is a small island that belongs to Australia.
It is in the Indian Ocean, 2600 kms northwest of Perth in Western Australia and 500 km south of Jakarta, Indonesia.
Flying Fish Cove (also known as Kampong)
Poon Saan
Drumsite
Christmas Island is far from other islands.
That is why many of the plants and animals are only found on that Island.
Much of it is undisturbed by humans.
Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company ship, the Royal Mary, gave the island its name because they arrived on Christmas Day, 25 December 1643.
The earliest recorded visit was in March 1688 by William Dampier of the British ship Cygnet.
Dampier was blown away from the direction he wanted to go, and he got lost.
After 28 days he arrived on Christmas Island.
Two of his crewmen were the first recorded people to set foot on Christmas Island.
There were several visits and explorations of the island, but it was only when valuable phosphate of lime was discovered that the island was annexed to (claimed by) the British Crown on 6 June 1888.
Settlement and exploitation
Japanese invasion
Transfer to Australia
Australia asked the United Kingdom to allow them to rule the island; in 1957, the Australian government paid the government of Singapore £2.9 million in compensation.
This amount of money was decided by guessing how much the phosphate given up by Singapore was worth.
The first Australian Official Representative arrived in 1958 and was replaced by an Administrator in 1968 .
Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands together are called the Australian Indian Ocean Territories and since 1997 share one Administrator who lives on Christmas Island.
Since the late 1980s boatloads of refugees have gone to Christmas Island, mostly from Indonesia.
During 2001, Christmas Island received a large number of asylum seekers travelling by boat, most of them from the Middle East and intending to apply for asylum in Australia.
The Norwegian cargo vessel MV Tampa rescued people from a sinking Indonesian fishing-boat Palapa.
The ship had 420 asylum seekers from Afghanistan, 13 from Sri Lanka, and five from Indonesia.
The captain of the ship asked to let the refugees leave the ship at Christmas Island.
The Australian SAS boarded and took control.
The asylum seekers were sent to Nauru.
Another boatload of asylum seekers was taken from Christmas Island to Papua New Guinea.
It was said that many of the adult asylum seekers threw their children into the water in protest at being turned away.
This was later proved to be untrue.
Many of the refugees were accepted by New Zealand.
The Australian Parliament later passed a law to ban people who  arrive on Christmas Island from being able automatically to claim refugee status.
This allows the Australian navy to move them to other countries (Papua New Guinea's Manus Island, and Nauru).
In 2005, the Department of Immigration began to build an "Immigration Reception and Processing Centre", completed in 2007 at the cost of $210 million.
It has 800 beds.
Christmas Island is a non-self governing territory of Australia.
The Queen of Australia is represented by an administrator appointed by the Governor-General.
Neil Lucas was appointed administrator on 28 January 2006.
The Western Australian Government and other contractors provide state government services, but  because Christmas Island is a territory the Commonwealth (federal) Australian Government pay the costs.
The local government is the Shire of Christmas Island.
This council has 9 members, half the members are elected every two years.
Christmas Island residents who are Australian citizens also vote in Commonwealth elections for the Northern Territory's Lingiari constituency of the House of Representatives.
They are represented in the Senate by Northern Territory Senators.
The Christmas Island National Park covers 63% of the island.
This means that for the visitor interested in plants and animals there is a great deal to see.
There is also lots of amazing marine life in the sea.
Christmas Island Pipistrelle is a very small bat that only lives on Christmas Island.
It is listed as a Critically endangered species.
In 2008 there were only about 20 bats left and scientists thought that they could become extinct during 2009.
There has been a number of searches for the bat, but none have been seen since 27 August 2009.
The ICUN believes that the bat is now extinct.
CIA World Factbook 2002
W. Andrews, A Description of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean).
Geographical Journal, 13(1), 17-35 (1899).
Charles W. Andrews, A Monograph of Christmas Island, London,1900.
National Library of Australia, The Indian Ocean: a select bibliography.
W. J. L. Wharton, Account of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean.
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, 10 (10), 613-624 (1888).
Christmas Island Shire official website
Christmas Island Act 1958
Christmas Island  in the CIA World Factbook
Christmas Island Travel Guide from Unearth Travel a creative commons travel wiki
The Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands () is a territory of Australia.
There are two atolls and twenty-seven coral islands in the group.
The islands are in the Indian Ocean, about one-half of the way from Australia to Sri Lanka.
Captain William Keeling was the first European to see the islands, in 1609, but they remained uninhabited until the nineteenth century, when they became a possession of the Clunies-Ross Family.
Slaves were brought to work the coconut plantation from Indonesia, the Cape of Good Hope and East Asia by Alexander Hare who had taken part in Stamford Raffles' takeover of Java in 1811.
A Scottish merchant seaman called Captain John Clunies-Ross, who had also served under Raffles in the takeover, set up a compound and Hare's severely mistreated slaves soon escaped to work under better conditions for Clunies-Ross.
On November 23 1955, the islands were transferred to Australian control under the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955.
In the 1970s, Australian government dissatisfaction with the Clunies-Ross feudal style of rule of the island increased.
In 1978, Australia forced the family to sell the islands for the sum of AU$6,250,000, using the threat of compulsory purchase.
By agreement the family retained ownership of Oceania House, their home on the island.
However, in 1983 the Australian government moved to dishonour this agreement, and told the former last ruler, John Clunies-Ross, that he should leave the Cocos.
The following year the High Court of Australia ruled that the government could not buy Oceania House.
Instead the Australian government ordered that no government business was to be given to his shipping company, an action which contributed to his bankruptcy.
John Clunies-Ross lives in exile in Perth, Australia, but his successors still live on the Cocos.
In 2004 there were 629 people living on the Cocos (Keeling) islands.
There are about 120 Europeans on West Island and 500 Malays on Home Island.
A Cocos dialect of Malay and English are the main languages spoken and 80% of Cocos Islanders are Sunni Muslim.
India does not recognise Anglo annexation of these Cultural Indo-Indian/Indies islands as part of Australia and disputes it's status to counterbalance regional hegemonic sea power.
The capital of the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is West Island while the largest settlement is the village of Bantam (Home Island).
Governance of the islands is based on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955
Atoll Research Bulletin vol.
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Tourism website
Cocos (Keeling) Islands  entry from the CIA World Factbook
Shire of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Noel Crusz, The Cocos Islands mutiny, Reviewed by: PETER STANLEY, Principal Historian, Australian War Memorial
History of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Areas of individual islets
The man who lost a 'coral kingdom'
The Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands (abbreviated as HIMI ) is a territory of Australia.
They are islands in the Indian Ocean.
They are about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica.
The islands were discovered in 1833 by the British sailor Peter Kemp.
They have been territories of Australia since 1947.
Big Ben is an active volcano.
The volcano is also known as "Mawson Peak".
"Heard and McDonald Islands" at CIA World Factbook
Protected areas of Australia
The Ross Dependency is an area of Antarctica (and other land masses in the Southern Ocean) claimed by New Zealand.
The Dependency takes its name from Sir James Clark Ross, who discovered the Ross Sea.
The Dependency includes part of Victoria Land, and most of the Ross Ice Shelf.
Ross Island, Balleny Islands and the small Scott Island also form part of the Dependency, as does the ice-covered Roosevelt Island.
The scientific bases of Scott Base (New Zealand) and McMurdo Station (USA) are the only permanently occupied human settlements in the area – apart from the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station at the very edge of the territory.
The Dependency has a snow runway at Williams Field, and depending on conditions and time of year, two ice runways.
This allows wheeled and ski equipped aircraft to come and go, year round.
The British government took possession of the territory in 1923 and entrusted it to the administration of New Zealand.
Under the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, to which New Zealand is a signatory, no nation may make efforts to enforce sovereignty or territorial claims over the Antarctic continent proper.
If one accepts the claim, the Ross Dependency comprises the bulk of the territory of New Zealand, far larger than the North Island and the South Island combined.
However, the actual amount of land mass claimed is not large; most of the area defined as being in the Ross Dependency is either in the Ross Sea or the Antarctic Ocean.
It is the smallest of the claims which were made prior to the implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System and the suspension of all territorial claims to Antarctica proper.
The Governor-General of New Zealand is also the Governor of Ross Dependency.
Officers of the Government of the Ross Dependency are annually appointed to run the Dependency.
In the late 1980s, the British non-governmental exploratory vessel Southern Quest sank in the Ross Sea, United States Coast Guard helicopters rescued the crew, who were taken to McMurdo Station.
Government of the Ross Dependency  — official description
Antarctica New Zealand — Crown entity charged with administering, developing and managing Ross Dependency
50 years of Scott Base
History - From University of Canterbury
http://www.south-pole.com/homepage.html
Stamps of Ross Dependency
map of Ross Dependency (central part)
Tristan da Cunha is a group of remote volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and also the main island of that group.
Tristan da Cunha is the most remote archipelago (group of islands) and the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world; it is at  from the nearest land, South Africa, and  from South America.
The territory consists of the main island of Tristan da Cunha itself, which measures about  across and has an area of , along with the uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible Island and Gough Island.
Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
This includes Saint Helena  to its north and equatorial Ascension Island even further north.
The island has a permanent population of 275 (2009 figures).
The islands were first seen in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristan da Cunha (), but he did not go to land because rough seas.
He gave its name to the principal island of the group () but it was soon changed by to Tristan da Cunha.
In 1643 the crew of the Dutch ship Heemstede made the first recorded landing.
In 1656 Jan van Riebeeck, the governor of Cape Town, sent a ship to the archipelago to see if it was possible to establish a military station but the project was abandoned.
Tristan da Cunha also discovered in 1506 the Inaccessible Island; its present name was given by French Capt.
d'Escheverry (or d'Etchevery).
In that same year, the Portuguese Gonçalo Alvarez discovered the Gough Island and named the island after him.
It was re-discovered by the British Capt.
Charles Gough who also gave its name to the island.
The Nightingale Island was discovered by Dutch sailors in 1656 and named it Gebroocken Eiland.
The British Capt.
Gamaliel Nightingale, who visited the group in 1760, gave his name to the island.
The first study of the archipelago was made by the French frigate L'Heure du Berger in 1767.
The results of the survey were published by A. Dalrymple in 1781.
The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who came to the islands in December 1810.
He declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment.
Lambert's rule was short-lived, as he died in 1812.
In 1816 the United Kingdom formally annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa.
It was a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena.
The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a base, as they had during the War of 1812.
In 1867, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria, visited the islands.
Lewis Carroll's youngest brother, the Rev. Edwin H. Dodgson, served as an Anglican missionary and school teacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s.
On 12 January 1938, the Tristan da Cunha archipelago was made a dependency of Saint Helena.
The 1961 eruption of Queen Mary's Peak forced the evacuation of the entire population via Cape Town to England.
The following year a Royal Society expedition went to the islands to assess the damage, and reported that the settlement of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had been only marginally affected.
Most families returned in 1963.
The islands of Tristan da Cunha are the peaks of volcanoes associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
At 200,000 years old, the main island is the youngest of the group, while Nightingale is the oldest: 12 million years.
Inaccessible and Gough are 3 to 5 million years old.
Tristan da Cunha (main island and the islands close to the it)
Tristan da Cunha (), the main island and largest, area:
Inaccessible Island (), area:
Nightingale Islands, area:
Nightingale Island (), area:
Middle Island, area:
Stoltenhoff Island, area:
Gough Island (Diego Alvarez Island) (), area:
Inaccessible Island and the Nightingale Islands are located  southwest of the main island, while Gough Island is located  south-southeast.
The main island is quite mountainous; the only flat area is the location of the capital, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, on the northwest coast.
The highest point is a volcano called Queen Mary's Peak ; it is covered by snow in winter.
The other islands of the group are uninhabited, except for the weather station on Gough Island, which has been operated by South Africa since 1956 (since 1963 at its present location at Transvaal Bay on the southeast coast), with a staff of six.
The climate of the islands is temperate and oceanic, with a mean air temperature at sea level at Tristan of 15 °C (59 °F), with relatively small daily and seasonal variation.
On Gough it is a few degrees colder.
Rainfall is high: 1700 mm annually at the Tristan Settlement, and 3300 mm at Gough.
Strong winds are common.
Mean wind speed is about 40 km/h. Wind speed increases strongly with altitude, while temperature decreases.
Thus, while the lowlands experience quite pleasant weather, the uplands may be covered in snow or battered by very strong winds.
The average temperature for the year in Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, with an elevation of 23 m, is 13.9 °C (57.0 °F).
The warmest month, on average, is February with an average temperature of 17.8 °C (64.0 °F).
The coolest month on average is August, with an average temperature of 10.6 °C (51.0 °F).
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is 1612.9 mm.
The month with the most precipitation on average is August with 160 mm of precipitation.
The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of 91.4 mm.
The islands have a population of about 275.
The only settlement is Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (known locally as "The Settlement of Edinburgh" or, more common, just "The Settlement").
The only religion is Christianity, with denominations of Anglican and Roman Catholic.
The current population is thought to have descended from 15 ancestors, eight males and seven females, who arrived on the island at various times between 1816 and 1908.
The male founders originated from Scotland, England, The Netherlands, the United States and Italy and share just eight surnames: Glass (Scottish), Green (Dutch), Hagan (Irish), Lavarello (Italian, a typical Ligurian surname), Patterson (Scottish), Repetto (Italian, another typical Ligurian surname), Rogers (English) and  Swain (English).
A frozen dinner is a kind of ready-to-prepare meal, or convenience food.
Frozen dinners are prepared in bulk, cooked until ready to serve, divided into single servings for freezing, to be reheated later.
An entrée of meat or other protein is included, along with vegetables, a carbohydrate food (such as potatoes or rice), and a sweet dessert.
Frozen dinners are helpful for people who do not have time to cook, or who lack meal-planning or cooking skills.
They are also known as "TV dinners", because they were long advertised as suitable to warm up and eat while watching television.
Both inventions became popular at around the same time (during the 1950s), and each one sold more of the other.
For many years, frozen dinners came packaged with a shaped aluminium foil cooking tray.
This made them easy to reheat in a normal gas or electric stove's oven.
The trays were sometimes reused or recycled by users.
When microwave ovens became common, frozen dinners could not be cooked in them because the metal tray would damage the oven.
Early packaged foods for the microwave often could not be cooked in a regular oven, because the heat would make the package catch fire or fall apart.
New packaging had to be developed, so the same frozen dinner could be heated in both kinds of ovens.
This succeeded during the 1980s.
Some new trays can be reused, while others are made of paper and meant to be thrown away.
The quality of food in frozen dinners has also improved steadily through the years.
Early potato dishes would sometimes have a chalk-like quality to them, and vegetables poor texture.
Newer dinners taste much more like they are freshly cooked.
Vegetarian meals have also been introduced.
Linda McCartney started a popular line of frozen vegetarian dishes during the 1990s.
Věž is a village near Humpolec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic.
796 people live in Věž.
It covers 14.43 km².
The southern lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) is a large long-legged bird.
Lapwings are shorebirds.
It is a common in Central and South America, except in the jungles of the Amazon and the Andes.
It is the national bird of Uruguay.
Reinforced concrete is concrete with long bars inside to make it stronger.
The reinforcing material has greater tensile strength than concrete has.
Usually the bars are steel.
Galvanizing saves the steel from rusting and corrosion.
In rich countries, almost all concrete in buildings and roads is reinforced.
Reinforced concrete is stronger, and can be even stronger if the steel is stretched to make prestressed concrete.
A courthouse is a building that holds a court.
Some courthouses also have offices for the prosecutor and prosecutor's assistants.
In small cities, some courthouses have other offices for local government officials.
State may mean:
A state in politics, which is the same as a country or a nation.
A city-state in politics, which is a city that is an independent nation.
A nation state in politics, where the people living in a country have the same nationality.
A sovereign state in politics
A U.S. state, one of the 50 members of the United States.
A U.S. state is like a province, prefecture, or district in another country.
A state of matter in chemistry.
For example, solid, liquid, or gas.
An equation of state in thermodynamics.
An oxidation state in chemistry, referring to the number of electrons added or subtracted from an atom
State (computer science), a unique configuration of information in a program or machine
Program state, in computer science, a snapshot of the measure of various conditions in the system
State pattern, in computer science, a behavioral design pattern
State (printmaking), a unique form of a print, caused by a deliberate change to a matrix
State (software), animation software for YouTube and social media sites
A prosecutor is a lawyer who argues in a court that the defendant should be found guilty of a crime.
The prosecutor represents a client, which is sometimes the state (government).
It is the prosecutor's job to do what he can to have criminals punished for their crimes.
Ibiza (in Catalan Eivissa) is an island which is part of the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, which all belong to Spain.
It is famed for its nightclubs and nightlife.
Consell Insular d'Eivissa i Formentera (local government)
Official City Council Site
Octave Mirbeau (1848–1917) was a French writer.
His most famous novels are Le Jardin des supplices (in English: The Torture Garden) (1899) and Le Journal d'une femme de chambre (in English: Diary of a Chambermaid) (1900).
His best known comedy is Les affaires sont les affaires (in English: Business is business) (1903).
Société Octave Mirbeau.
Dictionnaire Octave Mirbeau .
Christmas Island, an Australian island territory in the Indian Ocean
Kiritimati, an island of Kiribati in the Pacific Ocean
Christmas Island, Nova Scotia, Canada a community on Cape Breton Island
Christmas Island (album) a Christmas album by singer Jimmy Buffett
A tumulus (one tumulus, several tumuli) is a certain type of grave.
This way of burying people was common in the Stone age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.
There are different layouts.
Sometimes sarcophaguses were used, at other times, urns were placed in the grave.
There are layouts with one or with multiple chambers.
Sometimes the location is privileged, and stone circles can be found nearby.
The Zapotec people of Mexico
The Zapotec civilisation
The Zapotec language
The Zapotec civilization was an indigenous pre-Columbian civilization.
It was mainly in the Valley of Oaxaca of southern Mesoamerica.
Archaeologists think their culture goes back at least 2500 years.
The Zapotec left traces at the ancient city of Monte Albán.
There are buildings, ball courts, magnificent tombs and grave goods.
In the graves, finely worked gold jewellery was found.
Monte Albán was the first major city in the western hemisphere.
It was the center of a Zapotec state that dominated much of what is now the state of Oaxaca.
The name Zapotec comes from Nahuatl tzapotēcah (singular tzapotēcatl).
This word means "inhabitants of the place of sapote".
The Zapotec referred to themselves as Be'ena'a, which means "The People."
The Zapotec developed a calendar and a special system of writing.
This system has a separate glyph for each of the syllables of the language.
It is one of several candidates thought to have been the first writings system of Mesoamerica.
It is the predecessor of the writing systems developed by the Maya, Mixtec, and Aztec civilizations.
Currently there is some debate if Olmec symbols, dated to 650 BC, are actually a form of writing which is older than the earliest Zapotec writing dated to about 500 BC.
In the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, there were Zapotec and Mixtec artisans who made jewellery for the Aztec rulers (tlatoanis), including Moctezuma II.
Relations with central Mexico go back much further.
This can be proven by archaeological remains of a Zapotec neighborhood within Teotihuacan and a Teotihuacan style "guest house" in Monte Albán.
Other important pre-Columbian Zapotec sites include Lambityeco, Dainzu, Mitla, Yagul, San José Mogote, El Palmillo and Zaachila.
The Zapotec were a sedentary culture.
They were a well-advanced in civilization, living in large villages and towns, in houses constructed with stone and mortar.
They recorded the principal events in their history by means of hieroglyphics, and in warfare they made use of a cotton armour.
The well-known ruins of Mitla have been attributed to them and were claimed to be the tombs of their ancestors.
Like most Mesoamerican religious systems, the Zapotec religion was polytheistic.
Two principal deities include Cocijo, the rain god (similar to the Aztec god Tlaloc), and Coquihani, the god of light.
It is believed that the Zapotec sometimes used human sacrifice in their rituals.
The Zapotecs tell that their ancestors emerged from the earth, from caves, or that they turned from trees or jaguars into people, while the elite that governed them believed that they descended from supernatural beings that lived among the clouds, and that upon death they would return to such status.
In fact, the name by which Zapotecs are known today resulted from this belief.
In Central Valley Zapotec "The Cloud People' is "Be'ena' Za'a."
The last battle between the Aztecs and the Zapotecs occurred between 1497 and 1502, under the Aztec ruler Ahuizotl.
At the time of Spanish conquest of Mexico, when news arrived that the Aztecs were defeated by the Spaniards, King Cosijoeza ordered his people not to confront the Spaniards so they would avoid the same fate.
They were defeated by the Spaniards only after several campaigns between 1522 and 1527.
However, uprisings against colonial authorities occurred in 1550, 1560, and 1715.
In 1850 there was another rebellion against the local government of Oaxaca, followed in 1866 by one against the Royal French Army, during the French invasion of Mexico.
In recent times, there was an uprising against the local governor Manuel Zárate Aquino in the late 1970s.
"Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley".
Joyce Marcus and Kent Flannery.
Thames and Hudson, New York, 1996
The Olmecs were a group of people who lived about 3000 years ago in what is today south-central Mexico.
The Olmec were the first civilization in the ancient area known as Mesoamerica.
Because they were the first civilization, many later Mesoamerican civilizations used and repeated Olmec features and characteristics.
The Olmec people discovered and made use of many natural resources in the area, including rubber and corn.
Dozens of mysterious stone heads were discovered in the Olmec territory as well; archaeologists are still not sure what their purposes were.
The Olmecs lived from 1200 BC to about 400 BC.
They had two important cities, first San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan and then La Venta.
The Olmecs were able to thrive due to the fertile land around the Coatzacoalcos river basin.
The reason for the fall of the Olmec empire is unknown.
They developed many different cultures.
Colossal heads
The Olmec colossal heads are the most recognized symbol of the Olmec civilization.
The height and weights of the heads vary, but the largest head is about twice the height of an average human male.
They include seventeen heads found in the southern Mexican cities of La Venta, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Tres Zapotes, and Rancho la Cobata.
Each head shows a unique facial expression and wears a helmet bearing distinctive decorations.
The origins and meaning of the heads are mysterious, and they are the subject of much speculation among scholars and archaeologists.
Scholars have tried to explain how the Olmecs might have made and moved such big objects.
The heads were sculpted out of a hard, dense rock called basalt.
Archaeologists think the Olmecs found most of the basalt in the Tuxtlas Mountain range.
According to this theory, the basalt heads were sculpted roughly in the mountains and then either floated or dragged by thousands of people from the construction site to the Olmec cities.
Perhaps the most notable features of the sculptures – and a clue as to their meaning – are the helmets worn by all the Olmec heads.
These helmets, and the rubber balls found near the sculptures, may be evidence that the Mesoamerican ball game originated with the Olmec civilization.
The Mesoamerican ball game was a team sport with profound religious and cultural significance for the indigenous people of Mexico and Central America.
The Olmec heads were once thought to have represented Mesoamerican ball players who were sacrificed after losing a match.
The current theory, however, is that the heads honor Olmec rulers.
http://www.crystalinks.com/olmec.html
The Mixe-Zoque languages is a group of languages and dialects.
They are currently all spoken in Mexico.
There are about 350.000 people speaking one of the languages.
Depending on who is asked, there are between 12 and 16 languages, with several dialects.
Some languages that have become extinct are not counted in these.
Step pyramids are a form of pyramid.
They are usually large.
Several civilisations developed them.
Several step pyramids can be found in Egypt, what is now Mexico, and what is now Sudan.
Chichen Itza was a large Mayan city by the Maya civilization.
It is on the Yucatán Peninsula, about 120 km to the east of Mérida.
the temple of Kukultán, the Plumed Serpent (pictured).
This is called El Castillo: in Spanish.
It has four sides, and each side has 91 steps.
It is one of the seven wonders of the world.
There are many temples and pyramids in Chichen Itza.
Tourists, or visitors, were once able to climb some of the pyramids, but it was quite challenging because the steps are very steep and small.
Climbing is no longer permitted.
Temple of the Warriors is a big temple with hundreds of columns.
The columns used to hold up the roof of the temple.
These columns are carved on all four sides with figures of warriors wearing feathers.
The Great Ballcourt is the largest known ancient sports field in Central America.
It is 545 feet in length and 225 feet in width.
Each end has a raised temple area.
The sounds in the ballcourt are remarkable: a whisper from one end can be clearly heard at the other.
Sacred Cenote (pronounced sen-O-tay): a cenote is an underground lake or river.
This cenote is where royalty gave gifts to the gods.
Chichen Itza means at the mouth of the well of enchanted water.
Archaeological sites in Mexico
''For the pamphlet by Thomas Paine see Common Sense (pamphlet)
Common sense means what people would agree about.
It is a personal judgement based on the facts of a situation.
Common sense is usually the simplest and most direct account of a situation.
It is the knowledge and experience which most people have, or should have.
The Cambridge Dictionary defines it as, "the basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to help us live in a reasonable and safe way".
"Common sense" has at least two philosophical meanings.
One is a capability of the mind to perceive things like movement and size.
The second is our natural sense for other humans and the community.
Both of these refer to a type of basic awareness and ability to judge.
Most people are expected to share these things naturally, even if they can not explain why.
It is quite possible for common sense to be wrong, and science often explains things in quite a different way from common sense.
People lack any common-sense intuition of the universe at subatomic distances, or of speeds approaching that of light.
Today it is well known that the Earth travels around the Sun but before the scientific revolution people thought that the Sun going around the Earth was common sense.
Magic User’s Club is an anime created by Junichi Sato.
There were two manga released for it.
One is for girls and the other is for boys.
A huge spaceship called "the Bell" comes to Earth.
People try to stop the Bell, but they are not able to.
A group of high school students called the "Magic User’s Club" fight the Bell using magic.
Sae Sawanoguchi: Sae is a new member in the Magic Club.
She wants to do magic, but she is very clumsy.
She loves Takeo, but she is too shy to tell him.
Nanaka Nakatomi: Nanaka is a new member of the Magic Club.
She is Sae’s best friend.
Nanaka does not want to be in the Magic Club.
She stays in the Magic Club because Sae loves the Magic Club.
Nanaka loves Aburatsubo, but she doesn’t think he will love her back.
Akane Aikawa: Akane is a new member of the Magic Club.
She is rich and pretty.
She thinks magic is easy.
She works as a model.
Takeo Takakura: Takeo is the leader of the Magic Club.
He loves Sae, but he is too nervous to tell her.
Ayanojyo Aburatsubo: Aburatsubo is a member of the Magic Club.
He is good at magic.
He is good at tennis and acting too.
He loves Takeo, but Takeo doesn’t love him back.
Deryck Whibley (born March 21, 1980) is a Canadian singer and musician from the band Sum 41.
He was married to Avril Lavigne but on October 9, 2009, Lavigne filed for divorce.
Glam rock is a genre of rock music that was popular in the early 1970s.
It was made famous by acts such as David Bowie, Elton John, T. Rex, Alice Cooper, Slade, Gary Glitter, Queen and Sweet.
Glam fans (usually referred to as the "glitter people") and performers distinguished themselves from the denim-clad hippie-hordes with sci-fi/mythological/Hollywood glamour/ambisexual-inspired costumes, which were perceived as glamorous by the press.
They symbolized that they were decadent by wearing platform shoes.
The music was characterised by languid, narcotic ballads and raunchy, high-energy Rolling Stones–influenced rock n‘ roll stylings.
Suzi Quarto
The Polish Aviation Museum () is a big museum of old airplanes and airplane engines.
It is in Kraków, Poland.
It is in place of the no-longer used Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport.
Museum shows to people over 200 planes, and plane engines.
Some of them one can see only there.
List of things shown in museum
Planes with wings and engine
Aero L-60 Brigadýr
Albatros B.II
Albatros C.I
Albatros H.1
Avia B.33 (Czech-built Ilyushin Il-10)
Bleriot XI (copy)
Bücker Bü 131B Jungmann
Cessna A-37B Dragonfly
Cessna UC-78A Bobcat
Curtiss Export Hawk II
Dassault Mirage 5
De Havilland 82A Tiger Moth II
DFW C.V
Farman IV
Ilyushin Il-14S (VEB)
Ilyushin Il-28R
Ilyushin Il-28U
Yakovlev Yak-11
Yakovlev Yak-17UTI (Jak-17W)
Yakovlev Yak-23
Let L-200A Morava
Levavasseur Antoinette
LFG Roland D.VI
LVG B.II
LWD Szpak-2
LWD Żuraw
The MAK - 30 flying target which can fly faster than sound
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 PM
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 F-13
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 MF
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 bis
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 PF
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 PFM
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 R
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 U
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 UM
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 US
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 MF
North American T-6G Texan
Northrop F-5E Tiger II
Piper L-4A Grasshopper
Polikarpov Po-2 LNB
WSK-Mielec M-15 Belphegor
PZL P.11c
PZL S-4 Kania 3
PZL Szpak 4T
PZL-104 Wilga
PZL-105 Flaming
PZL-106A Kruk
PZL-130 Orlik
RWD-21
Saab J 35J Draken
Saab JASF37 Viggen
Sopwith F.1 Camel
Sukhoi Su-7 BKL
Sukhoi Su-7 BM
Sukhoi Su-7 UM
Sukhoi Su-22 M4
Supermarine Spitfire LF Mk XVIE
Tupolev Tu-2S
WSK Lim-1
WSK Lim-2
WSK Lim-5
WSK Lim-6bis
WSK Lim-6M
WSK Lim-6MR
WSK MD-12F
WSK SB Lim-2
WSK SB Lim-2A
TS-11 Iskra bis B
Zlin Z-26 Trener
Flying machines which do not have engine
IS-1 Sęp bis
IS-3 ABC
IS-4 Jastrząb
IS-A Salamandra
IS-B Komar 49
IS-C Żuraw
S-1 Swift
SZD-6X Nietoperz
SZD-8 bis Jaskółka
SZD-9 bis Bocian 1A
SZD-10 bis Czapla