the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
There were other compositions that C. P. E. Bach wrote for himself, to develop his ideas and theories of music.
After leaving Berlin and moving to Hamburg in 1768 he began writing music with more emotion, which he described as "Empfindsamer" meaning "sentimental".
This was a time of great changes in musical style, from the baroque work of his father, to the classical works of Mozart and Haydn.
His music has elements of both, and does not easily fit into the categories that have been created since.
Because of this, his music is not played as much in modern times.
His father's music has become much more famous, but C. P. E. Bach's music had a greater influence on the composers that came after him.
Ragarding the instruments that C.P.E.Bach was using for composing and performing, the majority of them (clavichord and fortepiano) were made by Gottfried Silbermann, at that time a well-known builder of keyboard instruments.
In XXI century people have a chance to hear the instruments used by Bach, because the are being recreated by some modern piano builders.
Bach wrote his book, the Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments in 1755 while in Berlin.
This book is important for two reasons.
It was the first book to teach players to use their thumbs, which is now standard practice.
Secondly it was the first to talk about emotion as being an important part of a performer's skills; as important as technical ability.
It is still in use today as the reference book on how to correctly play the ornamentation and how to improvise in the late baroque style.
Bach wrote his autobiography in 1773.
This shows that where his father was mainly influenced by religion, Bach was influenced by ideas from art and philosophy.
He had a collection of 400 paintings of people whose ideas and works he admired.
1788 deaths
Carl Philipp Emanuel
Maria Barbara Bach (20 October 1684–7 July 1720) was the wife of the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach.
She was also the mother of the composers Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and Wilhelm Friedemann Bach.
1684 births
1720 deaths
Maria Barbara
Ligue 1 is the top league of French football.
A.S. Monaco F.C. from the Principality of Monaco, on the south coast of France, is in the league.
Football leagues
Football in France
1932 establishments in Europe
From 1929 to 2004, Serie A has got 16 or 18 teams.
The Only Exception was in the years from 1946 to 1952, where in the Serie A there were 20-21 teams.
The top four teams in the Serie A qualify for the UEFA Champions League (from the 2017–18 season).
The 5th and the winner of Coppa Italia qualify for the UEFA Europa League tournament.
The 6th or the 7th ranked club, depending if the winner of Coppa Italia is qualified yet, joins the preliminary round of the UEFA Europa Conference League.
Serie A Clubs
Seasons of Serie A
Lega Pro Prima Divisione
Football in Italy
1898 establishments in Italy
An oath (from Anglo-Saxon āð) is a promise.
An oath is spoken out loud in front of other people who can see and hear what is done and said.
They are witnesses to the oath.
A person who cannot speak can make a sign that they are "taking an oath".
Another way of saying that a person is "taking an oath" is to say that they are "swearing an oath".
When a person swears an oath they often show that the oath is very important to them by calling God to see and remember the promise, and to show that the promise is true, and cannot be taken back later.
When a person takes an oath they sometimes raise their right hand, or put their hand on their heart, on the Bible or on another holy book.
A person often swears an oath when they get married that they will love, care for and be true to their partner.
A person is often asked to take an "oath" that they will tell the truth in court.
A person who has an important position like mayor or governor swears an oath that they will serve their people and country.
When a person becomes a citizen of a country where they were not born, they take an "oath of allegiance" and promise that they will be a good and true citizen of their new country.
Courtroom oaths  from the North Dakota Supreme Court adding social workers to oath for their state it’s there responsibility website (jury oath, witness oath and so on)
Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau  has several publications for Australia dealing with multi-faith issues and A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services  covers oaths as well as many other topics (in review as of 12/2/2006) but the 2nd Edition is available.
North Carolina faith leaders supporting Quran oath
for comments about John Quincy Adams' Oath of Office.
Jeffrey Howard Archer, Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare (born 15 May 1940) is a British author and politician.
He was a member of Parliament, Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party and since 1992 is a life peer.
His political career ended after an indictment for perjury.
He is married to Mary Archer, a prominent scientist in solar power.
Jeffrey Howard Archer was born in the City of London Maternity Hospital.
When he was two weeks old he and his family moved to the seaside town of Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, where he spent most of his young life.
At Oxford he was successful in athletics, competing in sprinting and hurdling.
He also made a name for himself in raising money for the then little-known charity Oxfam, famously claiming to have obtained the support of The Beatles in a charity fundraising drive (it was actually Pat Davidson of Oxfam).
The band accepted the invitation to visit the Senior Common Room of his Brasenose College, where they were photographed with Archer and dons of the college, although they did not play there.
It was during this period that he met his future wife, Mary.
His parents were John and Mary Archer who gave birth to him in 1940.
Jeffery Archer only had one sibling and that was his brother, Thomas Archer who is a renowned politician for the conservative party.
In Parliament, Archer was on the left of the Conservative Party, rebelling against some of his party's policies.
He urged free TV licences for the elderly and was against museum charges.
Archer voted against restoring the death penalty saying it was barbaric and obscene.
Archer had to resign because of a scandal in October 1986 when the Sunday newspaper The News of the World led on the story "Tory boss Archer pays vice-girl".
The article claimed that Archer had paid Monica Coghlan, a prostitute, £2000 through another person at Waterloo Station to go abroad.
Unlike the Daily Star, the newspaper did not allege that Archer had actually slept with Coghlan.
Archer sued the Daily Star.
Perjury and downfall
Archer had been selected by the Conservative Party as their candidate for the London mayoral election of 2000.
He was forced to withdraw from the race when it was revealed that he was facing a charge of perjury.
On 4 February, 2000 Archer was expelled from the Conservative Party for five years.
On 26 September, 2000 he was charged with perjury and perverting the course of justice (obstruction of justice) during the 1987 libel trial.
A few months before the beginning of the perjury trial, Archer began performing in the star role in a courtroom play (which he also wrote) called The Accused.
The play was staged at London's Theatre Royal Haymarket and concerns the court trial of an alleged murderer from beginning to end.
The play used the innovation of assigning the role of jury in the trial to the audience, with theatre-goers voting on whether Archer's character was innocent or guilty at the end of each night's performance.
Archer would attend his real trial during the day and be judged in his fictional trial at the theatre in the evening.
The real life trial began on 30 May, 2001.
On 19 July, 2001 Lord Archer was found guilty of perjury.
He was sentenced to a total of four years' imprisonment by Mr. Justice Potts.
The most ironic aspect of his trial was that he had fabricated the alibi for the wrong date.
Archer never spoke during the trial.
Ted Francis was found not guilty of perverting the course of justice.
In addition, Archer lost an £8m libel case about false accusations in his book twist of tales, portraying Major General James Oluleye to be a thief.
Oluleye was a man who left a legacy of honesty and integrity for the future generations of Nigerians, See his book "Architecturing a Destiny" and "Military Leadership in Nigeria".
1975 - In the Lap of the Gods
1976 - Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less
1977 - Shall We Tell the President?
1979 - Kane and Abel
1980 - Willy visits the Square World
1980 - A Quiver Full of Arrows (Short story collection)
1982 - The Prodigal Daughter
1984 - First Among Equals
1986 - A Matter of Honour
1988 - A Twist in the Tale (Short story collection)
1991 - As the Crow Flies
1993 - Honour Among Thieves
1994 - Twelve Red Herrings (Short story collection)
1996 - The Fourth Estate
1998 - The Eleventh Commandment
2000 - To Cut A Long Story Short (Short story collection)
2002 - Sons of Fortune
2002 - A Prison Diary
2003 - A Prison Diary Volume 2
2004 - A Prison Diary Volume 3
2006 - False Impression
2006 - Cat O'Nine Tales (Short story collection)
2007 - The Gospel According to Judas (with Francis J. Moloney)
Interview about becoming Mayor of London at BBC News
Jeffrey Archer's official Web site
News In Depth: The Archer trial at BBC News
"The Times" - "Activists demand tough line on crime - Conservative Party conference" - October 7 1993.
Coverage of the Archer trial at The Guardian
Review of Jeffrey Archer's 2000 courtroom play, The Accused at Curtain Up
Anglia shares at BBC News
Archer in DTI shares inquiry at The Guardian
The webpage for the book 'The Wonga Coup'
Real Audio interview with Jeffrey Archer  by Don Swaim at Wired For Books
Return to Oz is a 1985 Disney movie.
It is considered to be a sequel of The Wizard of Oz.
1980s fantasy movies
Mordred is a character from Arthurian legend.
In some of the legends, he betrayed King Arthur and killed him.
He is said to be Arthur's son by his half-sister Morgan le Fay (also called Morgana or Morgaine).
Mordred was born at Caerlon.
Mordred was also said to have been killed by Arthur after he stole Excalibur from him.
He was killed while Arthur was fatally wounded.
His name comes from old Welsh.
He was not a knight of the round table.
In some legends he is a chimera made by Morgana with Arthur's blood and a range of magics, Mordred in multiple legends was known to be the thief of king Arthur's second sword Clarent, which was known as Arthur's Sword of Peace.
This being the reason why it is not as well known as Excalibur, which was Arthur's Sword of War that was used to protect of Camelot.
Clarent was a sword that would be present whenever Arthur would make a covenant of peace.
The exception to the usually peaceful status of Clarent being the legend in which Morderd stole it and later used it to mortally wound Arthur just before being cut down in turn by Arthur.
Miss America is an American beauty contest.
It is an annual competition open to women from the United States between the ages of 17 and 24.
Contestants are judged on talent and interviews in addition to their physical attractiveness.
It is run by the Miss America Organization, a non-profit organization based in Linwood, New Jersey.
The corporation has developed the "Miss America Scholarship Program", which awards educational scholarships to successful competitors.
The contest began in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1921.
It was an idea of newspaper reporter, Harry Finley, to increase newspaper sales and to promote Atlantic City.
The first competition had eight entrants.
The entrants were selected by their local city newspapers and their prize was a holiday in Atlantic City, and to take part in the "Intercity Beauty Contest".
This was held as part of the second annual Atlantic City Pageant.
Margaret Gorman, "Miss Washington D.C.", a school girl from Washington D.C was selected by the Washington Herald.
She won the "Inter-City Beauty, Amateur" and "The Most Beautiful Bathing Girl in America" contests.
She was given the Golden Mermaid Trophy.
Because these were awkward titles, in 1922 Gorman was renamed as "Miss America".
Lists of American people
In terms of computer security, a firewall is a piece of  software.
This software monitors the network traffic between the inside and outside.
The firewall is placed between the network that is to be protected (trusted) and the outside network (less trusted) aka WAN or Internet.
A firewall has a set of rules which are applied to each packet.
The rules decide if a packet can pass, or whether it is discarded.
When a large network needs to be protected, the firewall software often runs on a computer that does nothing else.
Different kinds of Firewalls
Packet filtering / Network Layer
Data travels on the internet in small pieces; these are called packets.
Each packet has certain metadata attached, like where it is coming from, and where it should be sent to.
The easiest thing to do is to look at the metadata.
Based on rules, certain packets are then dropped or rejected.
All firewalls can do this.
It is done at the network layer.
Stateful packet inspection
In addition to the simple packet filtering (above) this kind of firewall also keeps track of connections.
A packet can be the start of a new connection, or it can be part of an existing connection.
If it is neither of the two, it is probably useless and can be dropped.
Application-layer firewalls
Application-layer firewalls do not just look at the metadata; they also look at the actual data transported.
They know how certain protocols work, for example  FTP or HTTP.
They can then look if the data that is in the packet is valid (for that protocol).
If it is not, it can be dropped.
Other things firewalls are used for
Firewalls can provide a secure connection between two networks.
This is called tunnellng.
The data may be encrypted.
It is decrypted at the other end.
Since the firewalls are doing this, the rest of the network is unaware of it.
An alternative is to provide a secure access (to the corporate network).
Very often, firewalls can translate IP addresses.
That way, many computers can share a few public IP addresses.
The firewall translates between the public and the private IP addresses.
Types of firewalls
Software-based firewalls: these are often run as additional programs on computers that are used for other things.
They are often known as personal firewalls which can be updates on personal computers.
Hardware-based firewalls: Hardware based firewalls run on a dedicated computer (or appliance).
Often, these offer a better performance than software firewalls, but they are also more expensive.
What firewalls cannot protect against
Firewalls can protect against some problems (viruses and attacks) that come from the internet.
They cannot protect against viruses, that come from infected media (like an infected office document on an USB flash drive).
"The Cask of Amontillado" (sometimes spelled "The Casque of Amontillado") is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe.
It was first published in Godey's Lady's Book in November 1846.
The narrator [Montressor] talks to a priest about his sin.
Montresor wants to take revenge on Fortunato for an insult.
During a masquerade (ball where people wear masks) in the city.
Fortunato is dressed in a jester's costume.
Montresor tells Fortunato he has bought a wine called amontillado.
He wants Fortunato to test it to be sure it is real.
Montresor leads Fortunato into his underground  catacombs/wine cellar to test the wine.
When there, Montressor chains Fortunato  and then walls him up alive in a niche.
Fortunato cries out "For the love of God, Montresor!"
to which Montresor replies, "Yes, for the love of God!"
He twice calls out for a reply but hears nothing.
Before placing the last stone, he drops a burning torch through the gap, but hears only the jester's bells ringing.
The crime took place 50 years before... Montressor express no regrets except for remarking about Fortunato: In pace requiescat! ("
May he rest in peace!").
"The Cask of Amontillado" - Full text of the first printing, from Godey's Lady's Book, 1846
The Cask of Amontillado, found online at Ye Olde Library
The Cask of Amontillado  at American Literature
Full text on PoeStories.com with hyperlinked vocabulary words.
Free-to-download MP3 dramatisation of the story  (Yuri Rasovsky)
Osei Bonsu (died January 21, 1824) was the Asantehene (King of the Ashanti).
He ruled from 1804 to 1824.
1824 deaths
Uther Pendragon is the father of King Arthur in the Arthurian legend.
His name, Pendragon, means the "Chief-Dragon", which means he is the "foremost leader" or "chief of warriors".
He is mentioned briefly in Old Welsh poems, but his biography was first written down by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain).
Geoffrey's description of him has been used in most later stories.
Chocolate milk, also known as cocoa milk, hot cocoa drink, or just syruped chocolate milkshake, is a kind of cold, sweetened milk drink.
Chocolate milk may be made by mixing cold milk with chocolate syrup or cocoa powder and sugar.
Similar beverages
A mixture of hot milk and melted chocolate (or cocoa powder and sugar) is called hot chocolate.
A mixture of ice cream, cold milk, and chocolate syrup is called a milkshake.
How To Make Chocolate Milk
Chocolate syrup is a thick, sweet, chocolate-flavored liquid.
It is made from sugar and cocoa (or chocolate).
Chocolate syrup is used to sweeten and flavor hot and cold drinks such as hot chocolate, chocolate milk, chocolate milk shakes, and poured on desserts.
Chocolate syrup is used in many different types of drinks.
Coffee shops add chocolate syrup and other flavored syrups  to coffee drinks.
Chocolate syrup is also used in many desserts.
Ice cream parlors pour chocolate syrup on bowls of ice cream.
A wetsuit is a garment used by scuba divers, snorkelers, windsurfers, and surfers to keep themselves warm when they are in cold ocean water.
Wetsuits act as insulation invented by Jack O'Neill, and help the body to retain its heat.
Wetsuits are made of plastic or rubber materials such as neoprene.
Wetsuits include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings.
Partial wetsuits
Full wetsuits
Deepwater divers often wear full wetsuits that include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings.
In very cold water, a scuba diver may need to wear a dry suit.
Dry suit - a type of protective clothing for scuba divers that keeps the diver dry.
Dry suits do not allow water to touch the diver's body.
This means that dry suits can be worn for scuba diving in very cold ocean water, such as the Arctic Ocean.
Touch rugby, also named Touch or Touch Football, is a sport which is derived from rugby league.
It minimizes body contact so that rugby players practice over the preseason and improve their handling skills without any risk of injuries.
It also eliminates body contact to allow inclusion of both genders and people from all ages.
Touch rugby was started in South Sydney in the late 1960s, pursued as a non-contact off season sport and as a fitness program for Rugby League players.
The game was introduced in Europe in the 1980s and the first Touch league began in Ireland in 2005.
Size of The Field
According to official rules, each team can have up to 14 players, with 6 players per team in the field at one time.
Therefore, total 12 players get to play on a field.
It is possible to interchange players as many as they want.
Start of The Game
By tossing a coin, starting team is decided and an attacking team gets to have six chances to make a score.
These chances are called touches.
Players can score by grounding the ball in goal areas.
The definition of grounding is holding a ball and letting it touch the ground.
Turn over
If the attacking team drops a ball, the possession is changed to the other team and the game starts over with rollball by using hands or feet.
The definition of rollball is rolling the ball slightly backward by using your hand or feet.
Penalty Situations
Forward pass
Team which has possession can pass a ball to teammates who is at sideways or backwards.
If it is passed forward, it is a penalty and they lose the possession.
The game starts over by a tap kick, which is kicking the ball by using your foot.
Touch and Pass
Off the mark
How to touch?
In Touch, tackle from traditional rugby is replaced with touch by using a hand.
It allows any part of body to be touched and must use minimum force.
Touch rugby encourages many people to join the rugby world.
No matter who you are, how old you are.
It is used as a tool to promote rugby to new players such as youth players or girls and women.
Coven is a word that first meant any type of meeting or gathering.
It is used today to mean a group of witches.
The First Geneva Convention is one of several Geneva Conventions.
It is more formally known as the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, 1864.
It covers the treatment of battlefield injuries and was made in 1864 as part of the making of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
19th-century treaties
History of Geneva
19th century in Europe
The Second Geneva Convention of 1906 is one of the Geneva Conventions.
Its full title is  Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field.
It was made in Geneva, on 6 July 1906.
It extended the principles from the First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties.
The Convention of 1906 should not be confused with "Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (Geneva, 12 August 1949).
First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties
Third Geneva Convention of 1929 on the treatment of prisoners of war
Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 on the treatment of civilians during wartime
Protocol I, 1977 Geneva Convention amendment about the protection of victims in international conflicts
Protocol II, 1977 Geneva Convention amendment about the protection of victims in non-international armed conflicts
Protocol III, 2005 Geneva Convention amendment about the adoption of the Red Crystal emblem
International Committee of the Red Cross: Full text of Convention (II) with commentaries
List of countries that have ratified Convention (II)
Final Act of the Second Peace Conference, The Hague, 18 October 1907
1906 in Europe
20th century in Geneva
Types of DJs
There are several types of DJs.
A radio DJ plays music files (like mp3) or recorded CDs on a radio station and announces the names of the songs.
A club DJ plays music files or recorded CDs over a PA system (an amplifier and loudspeakers) at a nightclub, rave, or disco.
A hip hop DJ uses turntables and vinyl records to do scratching and make music while other hip hop musicians do rapping (rhythmic type of singing).
A Reggae DJ plays recordings of rhythm instruments and then rap on top of the prerecorded track with a microphone.
A Electronic Dance Music DJ creates their own music and some can even remix their own songs on the fly.
similar to different types of musicians in other genres like people who play baroque music Vs people who play Jazz or People who like Death Metal vs People who like Screamo, depending on the genre some DJs tend to act quite differently, for example, Dubstep DJs are more rowdy and prefer faster more zappy treble, While House producers are the opposite and prefer slower and more natural melodys and then you also have Psytrance DJs who prefer more techno driven white noise delivered in high beats per minute with whale songs and sound effects.
History of DJing
The term "disc jockey" was ostensibly coined by radio gossip commentator Walter Winchell in 1935, and the phrase first appeared in print in a 1941 Variety magazine, used to describe radio personalities who introduced phonograph records on the air.
Playing recorded music for dancing and parties rose with the mass marketing of home phonographs in the late 19th century.
British radio disc jockey Jimmy Savile hosted his first live dance party in 1943 using a single turntable and a makeshift sound system.
Four years later, Savile began using two turntables welded together to form a single DJ console.
In 1947, the Whiskey A Go-Go opened in Paris as the first discotheque.
In the 1960s, Rudy Bozak began making the first DJ mixers, mixing consoles specialized for DJing.
In the late 1960s to early 1970s Jamaican sound system culture, producer and sound system operator (DJ), (Jamaican) King Tubby and producer Lee "Scratch" Perry were pioneers of the genre known as dub music.
They experimented with tape-based composition; emphasized repetitive rhythmic structures (often stripped of their harmonic elements); electronically manipulated spatiality; sonically manipulated pre-recorded musical materials from mass media; and remixed music among other innovative techniques.
It is widely known that the Jamaican dancehall culture has had and continues to have a significant impact on the American hip hop culture.
Vintage DJ Station.
A DJ mixer is placed between the two turntables.
DJ turntablism has origins in the invention of direct-drive turntables.
Early belt-drive turntables were unsuitable for turntablism and mixing, since they had a slow start-up time, and they were prone to wear-and-tear and breakage, as the belt would break from backspinning or scratching.
The first direct-drive turntable was invented by engineer at Matsushita (now Panasonic), based in Osaka, Japan.
It eliminated belts, and instead employed a motor to directly drive a platter on which a vinyl record rests.
In 1969, Matsushita released it as the SP-10, the first direct-drive turntable on the market, and the first in their influential Technics series of turntables.
In 1972, Technics started making their SL-1200 turntable, which became the most popular turntable for DJs due to its high torque direct drive design.
The SL-1200 had a rapid start and its durable direct drive enabled DJs to manipulate the platter, as with scratching techniques.
Hip hop DJs began using the Technics SL-1200s as musical instruments to manipulate records with turntablism techniques such as scratching and beat juggling rather than merely mixing records.
These techniques were developed in the 1970s by DJ Kool Herc, Grand Wizard Theodore, and Afrika Bambaataa, as they experimented with Technics direct-drive decks, finding that the motor would continue to spin at the correct RPM even if the DJ wiggled the record back and forth on the platter.
Although Technics stopped producing the SL-1200 in 2010, they remain the most popular DJ turntable due to their high build quality and durability.
In 1980, Japanese company Roland released the TR-808, an analog rhythm/drum machine, which has unique artificial sounds, such as its booming bass and sharp snare, and a metronome-like rhythm.
Yellow Magic Orchestra's use of the instrument in 1980 influenced hip hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa, after which the TR-808 would be widely adopted by hip hop DJs, with 808 sounds remaining central to hip hop music ever since.
The Roland TB-303, a bass synthesizer released in 1981, had a similar impact on electronic dance music genres such as techno and house music, along with Roland's TR-808 and TR-909 drum machines.
In 1982, the Compact Disc (CD) format was released, popularizing digital audio.
In 1998, the first MP3 digital audio player, the Eiger Labs MPMan F10, was introduced.
In January of that same year at the BeOS Developer Conference, N2IT demonstrated FinalScratch, the first digital DJ system to allow DJs control of MP3 files through special time-coded vinyl records or CDs.
While it would take some time for this novel concept to catch on with the "die-hard Vinyl DJs," this would become the first step in the Digital DJ revolution.
Manufacturers joined with computer DJing pioneers to offer professional endorsements, the first being Professor Jam (a.k.a.
William P. Rader), who went on to develop the industry's first dedicated computer DJ convention and learning program, the "CPS (Computerized Performance System) DJ Summit", to help spread the word about the advantages of this emerging technology.
In 2001, Pioneer DJ began producing the CDJ-1000 CD player, making the use of digital music recordings with traditional DJ techniques practical for the first time.
As the 2000s progressed, laptop computers became more powerful and affordable.
DJ software, specialized DJ sound cards, and DJ controllers were developed for DJs to use laptops as a source of music rather than turntables or CDJs.
In the 2010s, like laptops before them, tablet computers and smartphones became more powerful & affordable.
DJ software was written to run on these more portable devices instead of laptops, although laptops remain the more common type of computer for DJing.
Padniewko is a village in Poland in Kuyavia-Pomerania voivodship.
It has about 400 inhabitants and 4.95 km2.
For the mountain range in Spain see Sierra Nevada (Spain)
The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "Snowy Range") is a mountain range that is almost entirely in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of California.
The range is also known as The Sierra and The Sierras.
The Sierra Nevada stretches 400 miles (650 km), from Fredonyer Pass in the north to Tehachapi Pass in the south.
It is bounded on the west by California's Central Valley, and on the east by the Great Basin.
List of Sierra Peaks at climber.org
The Mountains of California
Geological Time Line for the Sierra Nevada, National Park Service
Mountains of California
Flurbereinigung (pronounce: FLOOER-be-rye-nee-gung) is a word used in Germany to refer to the rearranging of fields in agriculture.
During the second half of the 20th century, Flurbereinigung led to major changes in the landscape in the German countryside.
Many German farmers used to have several small fields which were not together but were in different places, some of them maybe two or three miles away from where they lived.
This was particularly a problem in the area to the left of the Rhine which had been ruled by Napoleon, because in the 19th century, when a farmer and his wife had died, their land was shared between all their children, so it got divided into smaller pieces.
In other parts of Germany only the eldest son inherited the land.
Since the 1960s, people understood that it would be much easier for a farmer to have all his fields together so that he did not have to keep making journeys between lots of small fields.
Larger fields are easier to manage and more economical.
The German government encouraged farmers to swap some of their fields among themselves so that each farmer had his land all in one place.
In the last few years the government have realized that the way the changes have been made are not always good.
Nature often suffers when hedgerows are taken away to make fields bigger.
Flurbereinigung today tries to keep some of the hedgerows and small groups of trees which sometimes stand in the middle of fields.
They are good places for birds to nest and other animals like to live there, too.
Winegrowers do not always find it a good thing to have all their land together.
This is because the soil in one field may be slightly different from the soil in a field just farther up the road, and this gives the wine a slightly different taste.
Also, if all their land is on one hillside and a storm hits that hillside and ruins the crops, then they have lost everything.
If they have several pieces of land in different places they are less likely to lose all their crops because of one disaster.
Live 8 was a rock concert organized by activist Bob Geldof.
The concert took place in nine places at once on July 2, 2005.
Like Bob's Live Aid concert, Live 8 was made for helping out African citizens who were not getting enough food and medicine.
However, this concert was not for charity.
Instead, it was held to make people aware of the famine in Africa.
Bob wanted to make the political group named the G8 give more to Africa.
The concerts featured singers like Paul McCartney, Juan Diego Flórez and U2.
In November 2005, the concerts were released on DVD.
The money used to buy the DVD sets was also used to help Africans.
2005 in music
'RUGHVED' is an ancient Indian religious book.
It is counted as one of the four sacred Hindu writings, which are called Vedas.
It is  the world's oldest religious writings.
It is also one of the oldest writings in Sanskrit language.
Rigveda is very important to Hindus, especially Hindus in India and Nepal.
Its words are said during prayers and religious gatherings.
It is dated up to 4000 years ago but on the basis of astronomical calculations it is dated back to 8000 years and some calculations date back it to 10,000 years.
Rig Veda mainly contains various hymns for praying to Vedic Gods such as Agni (Fire God), Indra (The lord of Heavens), Mitra, Varuna (Water God), Surya (Sun God) etc.
These hymns are called Riks.
Hence the Veda is called Rik-Veda or RigVeda.
This writing consists of 10 writings.
The Rigveda has 1,028 hymns and 10,600 verses.
A Simple Translation of Hymns from Rig Veda
These divisions are based on the historic and evolutionary distribution of plants and animals.
Ecozones represent large areas of the Earth surface where plants and animals developed in relative isolation over long periods of time, and are separated from one another by geologic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that formed barriers to plant and animal migration.
Ecozones correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of mammal zoology.
Ecozones are characterized by the evolutionary history of the plants and animals they contain.
As such, they are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the earth's surface based on life form, or the adaptation of plants and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions.
Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation, regardless of the evolutionary lineage of the specific plants and animals.
Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes.
A tropical forest in Central America, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type, but these forests are inhabited by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories.
The term ecozone, as used here, is a fairly recent development, and other terms, including kingdom, realm, and region, are used by other authorities with the same meaning.
J. Schultz uses the term "ecozone" to refer his classification system of biomes.
Biogeographical realms
In 1975 Miklos Udvardy proposed a system of 203 biogeographical provinces, which were grouped into eight biogeographical realms (Afrotropical, Antarctic, Australian, Indomalayan, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceanian, and Palaearctic).
Udvardy's goal was to create an integrated ecological land classification system that could be used for conservation purposes.
WWF Ecozones
The WWF ecozones are based largely on the biogeographic realms of Pielou (1979) and Udvardy (1975).
A team of biologists convened by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) developed a system of eight biogeographic realms (ecozones) as part of their delineation of the world's over 800 terrestrial ecoregions.
Nearctic 22.9 mil.
km² (including most of North America)
Palearctic 54.1 mil.
km² (including the bulk of Eurasia and North Africa)
Afrotropic 22.1 mil.
km² (including Sub-Saharan Africa)
Indomalaya 7.5 mil.
km² (including the South Asian subcontinent and Southeast Asia)
Australasia 7.7 mil.
km² (including Australia, New Guinea, and neighbouring islands).
The northern boundary of this zone is known as the Wallace line.
Neotropic 19.0 mil.
km² (including South America and the Caribbean)
Oceania 1.0 mil.
km² (including Polynesia, Fiji and Micronesia)
Antarctic 0.3 mil.
km² (including Antarctica).
The WWF scheme is broadly similar to Udvardy's system, the chief difference being the delineation of the Australasian ecozone relative to the Antarctic, Oceanic, and Indomalayan ecozones.
In the WWF system, The Australasia ecozone includes Australia, Tasmania, the islands of Wallacea, New Guinea, the East Melanesian islands, New Caledonia, and New Zealand.
Udvardy's Australian realm includes only Australia and Tasmania; he places Wallacea in the Indomalayan Realm, New Guinea, New Caledonia, and East Melanesia in the Oceanian Realm, and New Zealand in the Antarctic Realm.
Cox, C. Barry & Peter D. Moore 1985.
4th ed, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Dinerstein, Eric; David Olson; Douglas J. Graham; et al.
A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean.
World Bank, Washington DC.
Ricketts, Taylor H. et al.
Terrestrial ecoregions of North America: a conservation assessment.
Island Press, Washington DC.
Schultz J. 2005.
The Ecozones of the World.
2nd ed, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York.
Udvardy M.D.F. 1975.
A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world.
IUCN Occasional Paper #18.
Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.
Wikramanayake, Eric; et al.
Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment.
Island Press; Washington DC.
An amorphous solid does not have a definite geometric or crystalline shape.
It is a solid in which there is no long-term order in the positions of the atoms.
Most classes of solid materials can be found or prepared in an amorphous form.
For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers are amorphous, and even foods such as cotton candy and cotton are amorphous solids.
An amorphous solid is any noncrystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern.
Such solids include glass, plastic, and gel.
Solids and liquids are both forms of condensed matter; both are composed of atoms in close proximity to each other.
But their properties are, of course, enormously different.
While a solid material has both a well-defined volume and a well-defined shape, a liquid has a well-defined volume but a shape that depends on the shape of the container.
Stated differently, a solid exhibits resistance to shear stress while a liquid does not.
Externally applied forces can twist or bend or distort a solid’s shape, but (provided the forces have not exceeded the solid’s elastic limit) it “springs back” to its original shape when the forces are removed.
A liquid flows under the action of an external force; it does not hold its shape.
These macroscopic characteristics constitute the essential distinctions: a liquid flows, lacks a definite shape (though its volume is definite), and cannot withstand a shear stress; a solid does not flow, has a definite shape, and exhibits elastic stiffness against shear stress.
Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher Equation Parameters
Fragility thy name is glass
Climate commitment describes the fact that climate reacts slowly to factors ("climate forcings") such as greenhouse gases.
Climate commitment studies attempt to measure the amount of future warming that is "committed" under the assumption of some constant level of forcings.
Airplane, a is a powered fixed-wing aircraft
Airliner, a large fixed-wing aircraft for transporting passengers and cargo
Platanus, the plane tree.
Plane (tool), a woodworking tool to smooth surfaces
Plane (mathematics), a term in geometry
Planes, two Disney movies that are a spin-off of Cars
Planes, the 2013 movie
Planes: Fire & Rescue, the 2014 movie
Slipknot is an American heavy metal band from Des Moines, Iowa.
Slipknot has nine members in the band.
The current band members are Sid Wilson, Jim Root, Craig Jones, Shawn Crahan, Mick Thomson, Corey Taylor, Alessandro Venturella and Jay Weinberg.
The first bassist from Slipknot, Paul Gray, died from an accidental drug overdose in 2010.
Also, Joey Jordison was forced to leave the band in 2013.
He died on July 26, 2021.
All of the band members wear masks.
Percussionist Chris Fehn also left the band due to suing band mates Shawn Crahan and Corey Taylor for keeping money from him.
The band has sold almost 15 million records worldwide.
In September 1995 a band was formed called The Pale Ones.
The band had Shawn Crahan on drums, Paul Gray on bass, Anders Colsefini on vocals and Donnie Steele on guitar.
Later Joey Jordison joined and became drummer, Crahan became a Percussionist.
The band also hired guitarist Josh Brainard and moved Colsefini to percussion and vocals.
The band performed their first concert on December 4, 1995, then they were called Meld.
Joey Jordison suggested naming the band Slipknot, after a song they had made.
The band started wearing masks because Shawn Crahan wore a clown mask and to get better into the music.
In February Steele left the band because of religious beliefs.
Craig Jones was hired as a replacement.
Jones later became their full-time sampler.
They hired Mick Thomson as a replacement guitarist.
On October 31, 1996, Slipknot released their first demo Mate.
The band realized that their new songs needed more vocal melody, so they hired Corey Taylor.
Colsefini became just a percussionist.
At a show Colsefini announced that he was leaving the band.
He was replaced by Greg Welts but he was fired from the band because he was lazy.
Chris Fehn was hired as percussionist.
In 1997 the band gave themselves numbers and wore coveralls while performing.
In 1998 DJ Sid Wilson joined after impressing the band.
In 1999 Brainard decided to leave the band for personal reasons.
Jim Root was his replacement.
This left the band with the line-up they kept until 2010.
They became better known after giving some labels a five-song demo.
They signed to Roadrunner records in summer 1998.
They released their first album, named after the band (self titled) one year after signing to Roadrunner.
The album had two singles (songs released separately from the album, but is still on the album).
They went on tour and played at the Ozzfest.
This made their fan base bigger.
In early 2000, the album was certified platinum (selling 1,000,000 copies).
Their fans were waiting impatiently for a second release (Iowa), and recording started early 2001 in California.
Band members argued over how long to go on live shows and recording times.
Even so, they went ahead and released the album, and toured for it.
The album had three singles, one of them appearing in a movie (Resident Evil).
They sold all the seats in large arenas due to the large fan base.
In 2002, the band took a break, and some members remade or started new bands and projects.
With delays of recording another album (Vol.
3: The Subliminal Verses), the band went back to California for recording.
When early 2004 came around, the album was finished and touring began.
The album was released in May.
The album had six singles.
From the tour, the band created a live album (an album made up of live versions of songs).
Some band members were in the Roadrunner United: The All-Stars Sessions, a mix album of artists signed to Roadrunner.
In 2006 the band won their only Grammy Award for their song "Before I Forget."
The band took another break, with various members going to other projects and bands.
The fourth album (All Hope is Gone) was started in late 2007, but recording began in early 2008.
The album was done in early summer 2008.
The album had five singles.
2009 was 10 years since the release of their first album, so the first album was re-released as a special version.
The tour for All Hope is Gone ended on Halloween night, 2009, and ended a third break for the band.
Members went back to other projects and bands with singer Corey Taylor creating the band Junk Beer Kidnap Band.
On May 24, 2010, bass player Paul Gray died.
Investigation showed a drug overdose killed him.
Band members hesitated, or to have another thought about, speaking about the future of the band.
Drummer Joey Jordison said another record was 'kinda already in the making.'
Corey Taylor, however, said that he didn't know whether or not to continue with Slipknot.
Former member Donnie Steele will do Paul Gray's part while the band is playing live shows.
Taylor told NME that he wants to continue, as it is what Paul would want.
The band will complete and release a fifth album, but Taylor doesn't see recording soon.
Jordison said that the band will go on without Taylor if he is to leave the band.
In 2013 Joey Jordison left the band.
The band made and brought out a new album in 2014 called ".5: The Gray Chapter".
Donnie Steele played the bass on some songs on the album, but did not want to fully rejoin, so a new bass player and drummer were brought in to replace Steele and Jordison.
The band would not say at first who the new members were, though their names were soon discovered to be Alessandro Venturella (bass player) and Jay Weinberg (drummer)
(#0) Sid Wilson – turntables (1998–present)
(#4) Jim Root – guitars (1999–present)
(#5) Craig "133" Jones – samples, media (1996–present)
(#6) Shawn "Clown" Crahan – custom percussion, backing vocals (1995–present)
(#7) Mick Thomson – guitars (1996–present)
(#8) Corey Taylor – lead vocals (1997–present)
Donnie Steele – guitars (1995–1996)
Anders Colsefini – vocals, custom percussion (1995–1997)
Greg "Cuddles" Welts – custom percussion (1997)
Josh Brainard – guitars, backing vocals (1995–1999)
(#3) Chris Fehn – custom percussion, backing vocals (1997–2019)
(#2) Paul Gray – bass, backing vocals (1995–2010)
(#1) Joey Jordison – drums (1995–2013)
Slipknot (1999)
Iowa (2001)
3: (The Subliminal Verses) (2004)
All Hope Is Gone (2008)
.5: The Gray Chapter (2014)
We Are Not Your Kind (2019)
Among the main influences of the band can be named to Black Sabbath, Pantera, Metallica, Slayer, Sepultura, Iron Maiden, Carcass, Judas Priest, Korn, AC/DC, Kiss, Beastie Boys and Mushroomhead.
Thrash metal has been mentioned several times as a great influence to define them, together with nu metal.
Slipknot uses three types of guitars (main, rhythm and bass), two percussionists in addition to drums, and electronics (samplers and turntables).
The band's sound has been described as "a threshing machine devouring a military drum corps."
In their early work, the vocals vary widely, from clean singing, to raps, to screaming.
Their most recent works include more melodic vocals, and raps have left.
The words are almost always very aggressive, characterized by darkness, nihilism, anger, hatred, love, misanthropy and psychosis.
Rick Anderson of Allmusic said the lyrics to Slipknot are "not generally quotable on a family website."
Paul Gray said about their style: "The only word I hate is 'nu metal,' we have death metal, thrash metal, grindcore, is a bit of everything, you know?"
Archie Moore (December 13, 1913 or 1916   – December 9, 1998) was an American boxer.
He held the light heavyweight championship between 1952 and 1962.
Moore won the title from Joey Maxim by unanimous decision in 1952.
He later lost the belt because he did not defend the title twice a year.
Moore fought for the heavyweight championship twice, was the only person to fight 3 champions from 3 generations.
He lost to Rocky Marciano on September 22 1955 and to Floyd Patterson on November 30 1956 (when Rocky's championship officially ended), in both of those attempts.
One of his last fights was to Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali.
Afterwards, Moore was Ali's trainer for a short time.
They split because of differences on fighting styles.
Joseph William Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011) was an American boxer.
He held the world heavyweight championship from 1968 to 1973.
Frazier also won a gold medal in boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
Frazier was born in Beaufort, South Carolina.
He moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
He learned to box in Philadelphia.
Frazier won the vacant world heavyweight title by beating Buster Mathis.
He lost the title to George Foreman whom had knocked out Frazier in a 3 punch combo, breaking his eye socket, jaw, and collar bone.
Frazier's most famous fights were rematches with Muhammad Ali.
He beat Ali in their first fight in 1971 but lost the other two.
The third fight was known as the "Thrilla in Manila".
Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, is a cancer of the lymphatic system, also known as a lymphoma.
It was first discovered by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832.
It is one of many kinds of cancers of the lymphatic system.
Most of the time, the cancer develops in a single lymph node before it spreads to the rest of the body.
The symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma change as the disease progresses.
At the first stage of the disease, the person may feel a lump on the affected lymph node that does not hurt when touched.