the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In January 1879, he married a widow named Louisa Hearn, and they spent some time looking for gold near Southern Cross.
In 1881, while looking around Karridale, he discovered Moondyne Cave.
In his later years, he began acting strangely, and became mentally ill.
He died of senile dementia in the Fremantle Lunatic Asylum (now the Fremantle Arts Centre building) on 13 August, 1900.
He was buried in Fremantle Cemetery.
Moondyne Festival
Every year, on the first Sunday of May, the small town of Toodyay remembers the life of Moondyne Joe with the Moondyne Festival.
This festival takes place in the main street with street theatre, markets and performances.
The most recent Moondyne Festival was on Sunday May 1, 2016.
Books, movies, music and art
While Moondyne Joe was bushranging in 1869, an Irish prisoner named John Boyle O'Reilly was in Fremantle Prison.
He must have heard many stories about Joe's escapes.
In September 1869, O'Reilly escaped with help from an American ship.
After he got to the United States, he wrote a novel about convict life called Moondyne: An Australian Tale, whose main character was called Moondyne Joe.
The book is not a true story, and the character and the story are different to the life of Joseph Johns.
In 1913, O'Reilly's book was made into a movie called Moondyne.
Directed by W. J. Lincoln, it starred George Bryant, Godfrey Cass and Roy Redgrave.
Randolph Stow wrote a funny children's book, Midnite: The Story of a Wild Colonial Boy, in 1967.
This told the story of an Australian bushranger based on the lives of Moondyne Joe and a Queensland bushranger, Captain Starlight.
In 2002, Cygnet Books published The Legend of Moondyne Joe, by Mark Greenwood and pictures by Frané Lessac.
The book won the award in the Children's Books section at the 2002 Western Australian Premier's Book Awards.
In the Darling Ranges, many years ago,
There lived a daring outlaw, by the name of ‘Moondyne Joe’....
The Governor's son has got the pip,
The Governor's got the measles.
For Moondyne Joe has give 'em the slip,
AnonymousIt were Moondyne of course
That took Ferguson's horse... ''
Fremantle is a port city in Western Australia.
It is the main city on the ocean and is near Perth.
The city has a population of 26,000 people.
It is at the place where the Swan River runs into the Indian Ocean.
It was established by English people who arrived there in 1829 and established the Swan River Colony.
The city is named after Charles Fremantle who was the captain of the first ship to arrive there.
Standard deviation is a number used to tell how measurements for a group are spread out from the average (mean or expected value).
A low standard deviation means that most of the numbers are close to the average, while a high standard deviation means that the numbers are more spread out.
The reported margin of error is usually twice the standard deviation.
Scientists commonly report the standard deviation of numbers from the average number in experiments.
They often decide that only differences bigger than two or three times the standard deviation are important.
Standard deviation is also useful in money, where the standard deviation on interest earned shows how different one person’s interest earned might be from the average.
Many times, only a sample, or part of a group can be measured.
Then a number close to the standard deviation for the whole group can be found by a slightly different equation called the sample standard deviation, explained below.
In which case, the standard deviation of the whole group is represented by the Greek letter , and that of the sample by .
To calculate the population standard deviation, first find the difference of each number in the list from the mean.
Then square the result of each difference:
Next, find the average of these values (sum divided by the number of numbers).
Last, take the square root:
The answer is the population standard deviation.
The formula is only true if the eight numbers we started with are the whole group.
If they are only a part of the group picked at random, then we can obtain an unbiased estimate of what the population standard deviation is by dividing by  instead of  in the bottom (denominator) of the formula above.
Then the answer is the (bias-corrected) sample standard deviation.
This is called the Bessel's Correction.
We often use this correction because the sample variance, i.e., the square of the sample standard deviation, is an unbiased estimator of the population variance, in other words, the expected value or long-run average of the sample variance equals the population (true) variance.
However, it is not the case that the sample standard deviation is an unbiased estimator of the population standard deviation.
Although Bessel's correction is an unbiased estimate of the variance, this estimate does have a higher mean square error than the biased estimate, or in other words, the biased estimate (that is, dividing by n rather than n-1) is on average closer to the true value.
Here is a slightly harder, real-life example: The average height for grown men in the United States is 70", with a standard deviation of 3".
A standard deviation of 3” means that most men (about 68%, assuming a normal distribution) have a height 3" taller to 3” shorter than the average (67"–73") — one standard deviation.
Almost all men (about 95%) have a height 6” taller to 6” shorter than the average (64"–76") — two standard deviations.
Three standard deviations include all the numbers for 99.7% of the sample population being studied.
This is true if the distribution is normal (bell-shaped).
If the standard deviation were zero, then all men would be exactly 70" tall.
If the standard deviation were 20", then some men would be much taller or much shorter than the average, with a typical range of about 50"–90".
For another example, each of the three groups {0, 0, 14, 14}, {0, 6, 8, 14} and {6, 6, 8, 8} has an average (mean) of 7.
But their standard deviations are 7, 5, and 1.
The third group has a much smaller standard deviation than the other two because its numbers are all close to 7.
In general, the standard deviation tells us how far from the average the rest of the numbers tend to be, and it will have the same units as the numbers themselves.
If, for example, the group {0, 6, 8, 14} is the ages of a group of four brothers in years, the average is 7 years and the standard deviation is 5 years.
Standard deviation may serve as a measure of uncertainty.
In science, for example, the standard deviation of a group of repeated measurements helps scientists know how sure they are of the average number.
When deciding whether measurements from an experiment agree with a prediction, the standard deviation of those measurements is very important.
If the average number from the experiments is too far away from the predicted number (with the distance measured in standard deviations), then the theory being tested may not be right.
For more information, see prediction interval.
Application examples
As a simple example, consider the average daily high temperatures for two cities, one inland and one near the ocean.
It is helpful to understand that the range of daily high temperatures for cities near the ocean is smaller than for cities inland.
These two cities may each have the same average daily high temperature.
However, the standard deviation of the daily high temperature for the coastal city will be less than that of the inland city .
Another way of seeing it is to consider sports teams.
In any sport, there will be teams that are good at some things and not at others.
The teams that are ranked highest will not show a lot of differences in abilities.
They do well in most categories.
The lower the standard deviation of their ability in each category, the more balanced and consistent they are.
Teams with a higher standard deviation, however, will be less predictable.
A team that is usually bad in most categories will have a low standard deviation.
A team that is usually good in most categories will also have a low standard deviation.
However, a team with a high standard deviation might be the type of team that scores many points (strong offense) but also lets the other team score many points (weak defense).
Trying to know ahead of time which teams will win may include looking at the standard deviations of the various team "statistics."
Numbers that are different from expected can match strengths vs. weaknesses to show what reasons may be most important in knowing which team will win.
In racing, the time a driver takes to finish each lap around the track is measured.
A driver with a low standard deviation of lap times is more consistent than a driver with a higher standard deviation.
This information can be used to help understand how a driver can reduce the time to finish a lap.
In money, standard deviation may mean the risk that a price will go up or down (stocks, bonds, property, etc.).
It can also mean the risk that a group of prices will go up or down (actively managed mutual funds, index mutual funds, or ETFs).
Risk is one reason to make decisions about what to buy.
Risk is a number people can use to know how much money they may earn or lose.
As risk gets larger, the return on an investment can be more than expected (the "plus" standard deviation).
However, an investment can also lose more money than expected (the "minus" standard deviation).
For example, a person had to choose between two stocks.
Stock A over the past 20 years had an average return of 10 percent, with a standard deviation of 20 percentage points (pp).
Stock B over the past 20 years had an average return of 12 percent but a higher standard deviation of 30 pp.
Thinking about the risk, the person may decide that Stock A is the safer choice.
Even though they may not make as much money, they probably will not lose much money either.
The person may think that Stock B's 2 point higher average is not worth the additional 10 pp standard deviation (greater risk or uncertainty of the expected return).
Rules for normally distributed numbers
Most math equations for standard deviation assume that the numbers are normally distributed.
This means that the numbers are spread out in a certain way on both sides of the average value.
The normal distribution is also called a Gaussian distribution because it was discovered by Carl Friedrich Gauss.
It is often called the bell curve because the numbers spread out to make the shape of a bell on a graph.
Numbers are not normally distributed if they are grouped on one side or the other side of the average value.
Numbers can be spread out and still be normally distributed.
The standard deviation tells how widely the numbers are spread out.
Relationship between the average (mean) and standard deviation
The average (mean) and the standard deviation of a set of data are usually written together.
Then a person can understand what the average number is and how widely other numbers in the group are spread out.
The way a group of numbers is spread out can also be given by the coefficient of variation (CV), which is the standard deviation divided by the average.
It is a dimensionless number.
Coefficient of variation is often multiplied by 100% and written as a percentage.
The term standard deviation was first used in writing by Karl Pearson in 1894, after he used it in lectures.
It was as a replacement for earlier names for the same idea: for example, Gauss used mean error.
A simple way to understand Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation – an explanation without maths
Standard Deviation, an elementary introduction
Standard Deviation, a simpler explanation for writers and journalists
Year 53 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Calvinus (or sometimes year 701 Ab urbe condita).
This year has been called 53 BC since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the most common way of naming years in Europe.
Marcus Licinus Crassus (115–53 BC) died trying to conquer the Parthians.
Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman general and politician (b. c. 115 BC)
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is the seventh and last book in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series.
The book was released worldwide on 21 July 2007.
It became the fastest-selling book ever, with 8.3 million copies sold in the United States during the first 24 hours.
In Harry potter and the Deathly hallows, Harry and Hermione visit Lily and James Potter's graves.
Ron has left Harry and Hermione for a while.
At the end Voldemort is finally dead once and for all.
Nineteen years later Harry marries Ginny Weasley and Hermione marries Ron Weasley.
They all live happily, knowing nothing can harm them now.
J.K. Rowling's Official Website
Deathly Hallows rumors refuted by J K Rowling (text version)
2007 books
Boiling is the phase change that occurs when a liquid becomes gas throughout the substance.
When bubbles are formed you can tell a substance is boiling.
This is not to be confused with evaporation.
For example, water boils at around 100 °C (Celsius degrees).
When water is boiling, it transforms into a vapor called water vapor.
Uses for boiling
Food can be cooked by boiling.
Germs in a liquid (for example, water) can be killed by boiling the liquid.
Germs on an object can be killed by putting the object in boiling liquid.
He (, unstressed ) is a third-person singular pronoun used to talk about a male. "
He" can be used in place of a male's name.
When the name of a man has been the subject, then "he" can be used instead of that name.
While "he" is the subject form, the word "him" is the object or possessive form (see table below).
The word "he" is used for a man (or boy) where the word "she" would be used for a woman.
In the past, "he" and "him" were often used as gender-neutral pronouns.
In other words, the word may have been used in a general way to refer to any person who is either male or female.
The Swan River is an important river in Western Australia.
It runs past the city of Perth and into the Indian Ocean at Fremantle.
Rivers of Western Australia
Scheinfeld is a town in Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim, in Bavaria, Germany.
It is 14 km northwest of Neustadt (Aisch), and 40 km east of Würzburg.
Schloss Schwarzenberg is next to the town.
The town is home to an Adidas testing factory.
Official town website
Website with information on the Lithuanian refugees
Dirk Werner Nowitzki (born June 19, 1978 in Würzburg, Germany; pronounced durk VER-ner nah-VIT-skee) is a former German basketball player.
He played for the Dallas Mavericks in the United States' National Basketball Association's (NBA).
Nowitzki started playing in the NBA in 1998.
He is only the second player who was born in Germany to play in the  Finals.
He is a 12-time NBA All Star.
Nowitkzi won the 2006-07 NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award.
The Mavericks, led by Nowitzki, defeated the Miami Heat 4-2 in the 2011 NBA Finals.
In addition to performing very well in general in the Finals, his 101-degree fever in Game 4 didn't stop him from scoring the winning basket to tie the series 2-2.
This amazing feat is a lot like when Michael Jordan played well despite the flu in the 1997 Finals against the Utah Jazz.
The Dirk Nowitzki Foundation
Dirk Nowitzki at fiba.com
Dallas Mavericks players
German basketball players
Sportspeople from Bavaria
Volkach is a town in Kitzingen in the Regierungsbezirk Unterfranken (Lower Franconia) in Bavaria, Germany.
It is on the river Main and has a population of around 8,700.
Volkach website
Ochsenfurt  () is a town in Würzburg, in Bavaria, Germany.
Ochsenfurt is on the left edge of the River Main.
This makes it the largest town in the Würzburg district.
The town is on the left edge of the River Main,  south of Würzburg.
The districts of Ochsenfurt are: Darstadt, Erlach, Goßmannsdorf, Hohestadt, Hopferstadt, Kleinochsenfurt, Tückelhausen, and Zeubelried.
Ochsenfurt is twinned with:
Die Kunstdenkmäler von Unterfranken, Bd.
1: Bezirksamt Ochsenfurt.
2nd edition 1983.
Official town website (German)
Website of the Diocese of Würzburg: the Carthusian Museum
Kitzingen is a district in Bavaria, Germany.
The district was last changed in 1973.
The old district of Gerolzhofen was split up, and half of its territory was joined with the old Kitzingen district.
The city of Kitzingen lost its status as an independent city and was put into the district.
Official website (German)
Districts of Bavaria
Haflinger is an all-round breed of horse.
It is a mountain horse but today people use it for spare time.
A Haflinger counts as a pony breed of horse.
The first cloned horse, Prometea is of this breed.
A Haflinger has a gallant dry head with big eyes, wide-dilating nostrils, and small, attentive ears.
People who raise this breed want them to have a good muscled body and a smart neck.
Tyrolean Haflinger Breeding Association
American Haflinger Registry
Haflinger Society of Great Britain
Canadian Haflinger Association
Australian Haflinger Horse Breeders Association
Haflinger Horse Association New Zealand
Collaboration of Haflinger Breeders and Holders of Germany (AGH)
Kevin Kuranyi (born 2 March 1982 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a German football player.
He used to play for the German national team, but was excluded in October 2008 due to improper behaviour.
His team is Dynamo Moscow.
Before playing for Moscow, he played for Stuttgart and Schalke.
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Stuttgart||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||5||1||1||1||0||0||6||2
|2002/03||32||15||2||2||8||4||42||21
|2003/04||33||11||3||1||8||3||44||15
|2004/05||29||13||4||2||5||3||38||100
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Schalke||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||30||10||4||1||12||3||46||14
|2006/07||34||15||2||2||2||0||38||17
|2007/08||32||15||4||2||8||3||44||20
|2008/09||33||13||2||1||4||1||39||15
|2009/10||33||18||||||||||33||18
|2010||Dynamo Moscow||Premier League||||||||||||||||
|2004||13||10
|2005||15||3
|2007||9||5
Total||52||19
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Kickers Wurzburg is one of the most traditional football clubs in Franconia.
It was founded in 1907.
Bernd Hollerbach, Trainer VfB Lübeck
Claus Reitmaier, formerly goal keeper of the VfL Wolfsburg
Peter Sippel, FIFA-Arbitrator
Bayernliga (III)
Champions: 1977
Liga (III)
Third: 2015–16 (Promoted after play-off)
Bayernliga-North (III)
Runners-up (2): 1955, 1960
Regionalliga Bayern (IV)
Champions: 2014–15
Landesliga Bayern-Nord (IV-V)
Champions (3): 1990, 1997, 2012
Runners-up: 2008
Bezirksoberliga Unterfranken (VI)
Champions: 2005
Bezirksliga Unterfranken (VII)
Champions: 2004
Chico is a big city in the Central Valley of the American state of California.
It is in the northern part of the state.
Chico is in the Sacramento Valley close to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range.
The city has a population of 79,091.
People first started living in Chico in 1843.
The city was founded in 1860 and started to govern itself in 1872.
– Tamsui, Taipei, Taiwan 1985
– Pascagoula, Mississippi (U.S.) 2005
Downtown Chico Business Association
Chico Chamber of Commerce
City-data.com info on Chico
1860 establishments in the United States
Settlements in Butte County, California
1860s establishments in California
Repperndorf is a village in Regierungsbezirk, Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.
Since 1977 it is part of the town of Kitzingen.
Repperndorf has a population of 260 people.
The village has a graveyard and two churches, one for Catholics and one for Protestants.
It also has one restaurant and one soccer club.
There was the famous "Schnitzel factory" but now it moved to Kitzingen.
Villages in Bavaria
Kitzingen Rural District
Großlangheim is a municipality in Kitzingen in Bavaria in Germany.
Falun Gong (also known as Falun Dafa) is a spiritual discipline from China with exercises similar to Tai chi chuan.
It was founded by Li Hongzhi in 1992.
People who follow Falun Gong do five exercises and read books written by Li Hongzhi, the movement's founder.
They believe in "Truthfulness, Compassion and Forbearance", and they also believe that the Falun Gong exercises can make them healthy, and make them better people.
In 1999, after a big Falun Gong gathering in front of a Chinese government building, the Communist Party of China said: people cannot practice Falun Gong, it is "illegal".
The police started arresting Falun Gong followers, and according to human rights organizations, over 3000 people have been jailed and tortured to death.
The Chinese government claimed that Falun Gong spread superstitions, while others have suggest that Falun Gong's popularity challenges the rule of the Chinese Communist Party.
Many people and organizations outside of China have called for the Chinese government to stop jailing and killing Falun Gong people.
It is not known how many people practice Falun Gong.
The Chinese government suggests there were 70 million practitioners in China in 1998.
A Falun Gong website claims there are 100 million practitioners in more than 80 countries.
Falun Dafa Website
Deflation means that generally the prices of products are going down.
It is the opposite of inflation.
It is said, that deflation happens when there is less money than there are goods.
It is also said that deflation is a sign of a weak state of that country's economy, because deflation usually happens during an economic collapse.
Deflation is thought to be even worse than inflation.
Deflation starts when people are waiting for prices to go down even more.
They will then spend less money.
Because of that, companies can not afford to keep up the amount of goods that are made, and have to lower that amount, as well as fire workers to make even a small profit.
Even if an economy is growing, there can be some amount of deflation - if the amount of money going around grows slower than the making of goods.
There has not been much deflation in the world since the 1930s, except in Japan.
Deflation can be helped by the country's own government by lowering the companies' tax levels, so they can lower their prices while getting the same profit.
This way normal people are more encouraged to buy the cheap goods they were waiting for, and slowly the companies can make more profit.
Governments do not like deflation, because it means that they can collect less tax.
A chemical symbol is the shortform of the name of an element.
Usually, it is made up of one or two letters, but sometimes it is made up of three letters.
For example, the chemical symbol for oxygen is O. The chemical symbol for calcium is Ca.
Until it is discovered and scientists decide what it will be called, the chemical symbol for ununennium will be Uue.
The chemical symbols are listed with the elements in the periodic table.
Chemical symbols are also used when writing chemical formulas.
For example, the chemical formula for water is H2O, meaning that it contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Secretary of State is a title for a government official.
The title has different meanings in different countries, and in some cases there are several Secretaries of State in the government.
In the United Kingdom a secretary of state is a senior minister in the Cabinet.
In the Vatican City the Cardinal Secretary of State is the head of the Roman Curia which is the cabinet of the Vatican and the Roman Catholic Church.
In the United States federal government, the Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, and is responsible for foreign policy.
In most other countries, this official is called the Foreign Secretary or foreign minister.
The Secretary of State is the highest-ranking member of the Cabinet.
The current U.S. Secretary of State is Antony Blinken.
An official is someone who holds an office (meaning an official position) in an organisation or government.
This doesn't have to mean an office room—it can also just mean an important rank.
An official in government is called a government official or public official .
Officials may be appointed or elected to their position.
Related words
The term officer is close to having the same meaning as "official" (but has more military connotations).
A functionary is someone who carries out a particular role within an organisation—this is quite a close synonym for an official but with connotations closer to a bureaucrat.
A civil servant can also have a similar meaning to an official.
Origins of the word "official" in the Online Etymology Dictionary
professional or official position: Official
Function (mathematics), the relationship between two or more amounts using algebra
Computable function in software programming languages
Function (biology) explains the way a part works in an organism
Function (philosophy), in philosophy, a relation of objects or events to their use or consequences
The Heteroptera is a group of about 40,000 species of insects in the Hemiptera.
They are typical bugs.
The name "Heteroptera" is used in two different ways in modern classifications.
In Linnean nomenclature it is a suborder of the order Hemiptera.
In cladistics it is an unranked clade in the Hemiptera clade.
Selected families of Heteroptera
Assassin bugs
Broad-headed bugs
Bedbugs and flower bugs
Plant bugs
Leaf-footed bugs, squash bugs and sweetpotato bugs
Seed bugs
Stink bugs or shield bugs and related families)
Heteropteran anatomy
Selected families of water bugs
Backswimmers (Notonectidae)
Giant water bugs (Belostomatidae)
Water scorpions (Nepidae)
Water boatmen (Corixidae)
Pond skaters (Gerridae)
Smaller water strider (Veliidae)
Snuff is a kind of tobacco which is sniffed instead of smoked.
People take a bit of snuff between their fingers and put it in their nostrils to smell it.
Not many people use snuff now, but a century or more ago it was very common.
In the novels of 19th century authors like Charles Dickens we often read about people taking snuff.
They kept it in a "snuffbox".
The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind, or just Morrowind, is a video game released in 2002.
In it, players take on the role of a character which they create, and use it to wander around in a big and diverse world.
There is a storyline, but players do not have to follow it, instead doing the side-quests that are included with the game.
Morrowind was released on the PC and the Xbox.
You can also get game of the year edition and get Morrowind, Bloodmoon, and Tribunal expansion packs.
You can go to the official website for help and guides.
The Nose is an opera by Dmitri Shostakovich.
It was written in 1927.
At this time a lot of exciting new movies were being made in the Soviet Union.
There were also some very interesting new plays in the theatres.
The famous theatre director Vsevolod Meyerhold had many new ideas.
However, operas that were being written then were mostly quite uninteresting.
Shostakovich, who was only just twenty years old, started to make Soviet operas interesting again.
He took the story called The Nose which was written by Nikolai Gogol.
It is about a man who wakes up one day to find his nose has gone.
The opera was first performed in 1930.
Unfortunately by then the music critics had changed their ideas because of the political situation in the Soviet Union which was being ruled by the dictator Stalin.
They wrote bad things about the opera and the performances soon had to stop.
It was not until 1974 that it was performed again in the Soviet Union.
The opera is a satire.
It pokes fun at bureaucrats: people in official jobs who think they are more important than they really are.
In the opera the barber Ivan Yakovlevich is seen shaving the Major.
In the morning Ivan wakes up and his wife gives him some fresh bread and onion.
When he cuts the bread open he finds a nose inside.
His wife screams and yells at her husband.
She chases him out of the house.
He runs along the street with the nose, feeling very embarrassed.
He throws the nose in the river, but a policeman catches him.
He tries unsuccessfully to bribe him.
In the next scene the Major wakes up and  finds he has no nose.
He goes to tell the police.
He goes to the cathedral and sees his nose who is dressed up as an important person (the nose is now a person,  sung by a singer).
The Major is not sure what to say to his nose because his nose is now more important than he is.
He can’t speak properly and the nose does not understand him.
The nose speaks very confidently, like a person of high rank.
The Major cannot find the Chief of Police so he goes to the newspaper office.
The people there laugh at him and say that they cannot put a notice in the newspaper about a lost nose because it would make their newspaper look silly.
He is told to see a doctor.
When the Major takes his handkerchief away from his face to show that he really has lost his nose the newspaper staff become interested because they think they have a good story for the newspaper.
They offer him some snuff.
Of course, he cannot sniff it, and gets very cross.
The police, who are looking for the lost nose,  are watching people who are getting into a coach.
They think the nose might be trying to leave the city.
As the coach leaves the nose runs in, tries to stop the coach, frightens thehorses,  the driver tries to shoot the nose, and everyone starts to fight the nose, beating and hitting it until it is back to its normal size.
The policeman wraps it in a piece of paper.
He returns it to the Major and asks for payment.
The Major tries to stick his nose back on his face but he can’t.
Even the doctor can’t do it.
The nose escapes into the crowd.
The Major thinks that Madame Podtochina, who tried to make him marry her daughter, has used witchcraft on him.
He writes to her asking her to stop the spell but she writes back thinking that he wants to marry her daughter.
Large crowds appear on the street to try to see the nose.
In the last part of the opera the Major has got his nose back where it belongs.
He is shaved by the barber and then walks along the street proudly showing everyone his nose.
The music is just right for telling a story which is a satire.
The policeman, for example, sings in a high, squeaky voice.
The music at the beginning sounds rather like circus music.
At the end of the scene when he is unable to bribe the police officer there is music just for percussion instruments.
This bit is very famous and often played as a separate piece.
One of the barber’s songs is accompanied by four balalaikas.
Madame Podtochina’s daughter sings like a romantic opera singer.
The waltz which is sung as the people get on the coach is a parody waltz.
A video game developer is a person or company who makes games on computers and other game systems.
Some developers make games for only one or two types of game systems, others might even make one kind of game.
Some games are only for one system.
Developers might try and make a copy of such a game to another, different system.
Some translate games from one language to another.
Video game developers work in development companies.
There are over 1,000 development companies today.
A big part of that thousand is very small companies, that usually only have one or two workers - these kind of small companies make games for the Internet or mobile phones.
Some development companies are big, too.
They have buildings in many places and hundreds of workers.
Third-party developer
Third-party developers are video game developers that make deals with big publishers to make one game at a time.
The developers are not part of the company: when the game is complete, the developers do not have to make another game for the publisher if they do not want to.
Publishers will tell them exactly what they want third-party developers to do, and the developers do not have very much power to do something else.
In-house developers
In-house developers work directly with the publisher.
They have more freedom in the making of the game than third-party developers have.
Sometimes publishers buy third-party developers, and so they become in-house developers: workers for the publisher.
This is an easy way for the publisher because the developers are workers for the publisher and so the publisher has more control.
Independent developers
Independent developers are usually small groups of people that are not owned by any publisher or another company.
Because of that, most independent developers publish their games themselves.
If they do that, the games usually will not get much attention or money.
Still, independent developers can make exactly the game they want, when there is no publisher to tell them what to do.
These are also sometimes called indie developers.
A video game publisher is a company that publish games that they have made or that they have bought to be made by a video game developer.
The publisher pays for the development of the game.
Because of that, they can tell the developers exactly what kind of game they want.
The publisher is responsible for the making and marketing of the game.
Big publishers also distribute the games that they publish.
Smaller ones pay for other companies to distribute the game for them.
Publishers also usually design and make the copies of the games and write the manual.
Cork is a city in County Cork in Ireland.
It is the country's second largest city, only Dublin is larger.
It is the third largest city on the island of Ireland, as Belfast is also larger.
People from Cork are called Corkonians.
It was founded by Saint Finbarr in the sixth century.
274,000 people live in Cork city and the surrounding urban areas.
The River Lee runs through Cork city.
Famous things in Cork City include Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral, Shandon cathedral, Blackrock castle, Fota wildlife park, Fota house and gardens, and University College Cork.
Many famous sports people come from Cork including Roy Keane, Dennis Irwin and Christy Ring.
Olympic medal winner Sonia O'Sullivan comes from the town of Cobh just outside Cork city in County Cork.
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, Coventry
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Cork City Council site
The Peoples Republic Of Cork
Architecture of Cork
County Cork is the largest county in Ireland in terms of size.
Almost half a million people live there.
The leader of the Irish War of Independence, Michael Collins, was born in the town of Clonakilty in County Cork.
He was killed in Béal na mBláth in west Cork.
West Cork is known for its beautiful scenery.
The main towns in County Cork are Cork City, Youghal, Mallow, Bandon, Clonakilty, Kinsale, Blarney and Cobh.
It is nicknamed "The Rebel County".
Cork County Council
Guide to County Cork for Tourism & Business
Genies or jinns or djinns are supposed to be magical beings or creatures with free will.
They are originally found in ancient myths and legends of the Middle East, especially Arabia.
Nowadays, people in many Muslim countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, Syria,United Arab Emirates, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Iran, parts of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan believe in these Jinns or Djinns.
Jinns are also common in legends and stories from the Middle East, for example in the One Thousand and One Nights.
The holy book of Muslims, the Quran also mentions Jinns, and says that they are made from fire or smoke.
Together, the jinn, humans, devils and angels make up the four wise creations of God.
Like human beings, the jinn can be good or bad.
In movies and on television
A genie who lives in an lamp can be seen in the famous story Aladdin.
When the lamp is rubbed, the genie appears from the lamp with a cloud of dust.
He has the power to grant wishes.
I Dream of Jeannie was a popular television series in the 1960s about a female genie, named Jeannie.
In the famous 1924 film The Thief of Bagdad, there are many Jinnns/Djinns, who are shown with magical powers.
This film was remade in 1940 and 1942, also.
Etymology of "genie"
Sura Al-Jinn from the Qur'an
Visions of the Jinn - a Muslim scholar's experience with Jinn
Satan is a jinn
Cork (city), a city in the Republic of Ireland
County Cork, the largest and southernmost county in Ireland
Cork Harbour, a natural harbour and estuary
Cork International Airport, just outside the Irish city
Metropolitan Cork
Objects and materials
Cork (material), a material used for bottle stoppers and noteboards
Cork is often used to refer to a stopper (plug)
In botany
Cork oak (Quercus suber), a species of tree
Chinese Cork Oak (Quercus variabilis), a species of tree
Cork-tree, Phellodendron, a genus of plants native to east and northeast Asia
Cork cambium, a tissue found in woody plants
Cork City F.C., a football club
Cork GAA Gaelic athletic association
Bruce Cork (died 1994), American physicist
Dominic Cork (born 1971), English cricketer
Corky is a female orca living in captivity
Cork taint, a condition when wine is spoilt by a chemical reaction
Diocese of Cork and Ross (Roman Catholic) formed in the 1950s from two older diocese
is a series of role playing video games made by Japanese company Konami.
There have been five main Suikoden games made.
Suikoden and Suikoden 2 were released on the first PlayStation.
Suikoden 3, Suikoden 4, and Suikoden 5 were released on the PlayStation 2.
In each game the player would play the role of a hero who must free his country from either from a foreign invader or an evil government within his own country.
To do this he would recruit the 108 "stars of destiny" to help him and raise an army.
Unlike Final Fantasy games, every Suikoden game is set in the same world but in different countries.
Elasticity (economics), a general term for a ratio of change.
For more specific economic forms of elasticity, see:
Price elasticity of supply
Income elasticity of demand
Cross elasticity of demand
Output elasticity
Arc elasticity
Beta coefficient
Yield elasticity of bond value
Elasticity (mathematics), a mathematical definition of point elasticity
Elasticity (physics), continuum mechanics of bodies which deform reversibly under stress
Elasticity, a comic book super power
Kendo means the "way of the sword".
The rules and gear of kendo were first created in the 18th century and its modern rules and styles date to 19th century.
An opponent may be struck at seven places: both sides and top of helmet (men), on either hand (gloves, kote) or either side of the body breastplate (do).
There is also one legal thrust (tsuki) on throat.
The "men" can only be struck from face, not from back.
However, only one of the two hands can be struck, it depends on which kind of posture("kamae") your opponent are using.
A struck to the right side of body(one kind of "do") will often be ignored by referee because in the old days samurai will have a smaller sword in this position, which gives this position a good protection.
Very important, because "tsuki" is somehow dangerous, junior practicer perform "tsuki" is forbidden both in match and daily training.
In a match, the attacker must name the location of each strike.
Often, name these locations by Japanese list before("men","kote","do","tsuki"), but some people will name it by Korean or Chinese or other language, or even a meaningless shout.
All these kinds of shout name "kiai".
An effective attack must contains "kiai" besides other essential factors.
The weapon used in kendo is a bamboo sword, called shinai.
The kendo armour, which the players must wear, is called bogu and is made of a helmet (men), breastplate (do), waist protector (tare), and special gloves (kote).
Lesson contents
Lesson is called keiko in kendo.
keiko means that We think about past.
kendo's keiko is distinguished between shinai keiko and kata keiko.
the building which we do kendo is called dojyo.
In particular keiko done in summer is shochugeiko and one done in winter is kangeiko.
keiko which use shinai and bogu
suburi (waiving sword many times to improve your muscle)
kirikaeshi (Striking partner's men consecutively and confirming sword handling)
uchikomi keiko (Training basic strike like men, kote, doetc.)
oikomi keiko
kakari geiko (Striking where partner show a plow as many as possible in time)
ji geiko
shiai geiko
Palaeontology or Paleontology is the study of fossils of living things, and their phylogeny (evolutionary relationships).
It depends on basic sciences such as zoology, botany and historical geology.
The term palaeobiology implies that the study will investigate the palaeoecology of the groups in question.
In palaeozoology, the evolution of those phyla with fossil records are studied: see List of animal phyla.
In palaeobotany, fossil plants are studied.
In historical geology the formation, sequence and dating of rock strata give information about past environments.
A fossil is any kind of life that is more than ten thousand years old and preserved in any form that we can study today.
The fossil record is always incomplete, and later discoveries may extend the known survival of a group.
See Lazarus taxon.
Vertebrate palaeontology: the palaeontology of vertebrate animals
Invertebrate palaeontology: the palaeontology of invertebrate animals
The Cotswolds is a range of hills in central England, sometimes called the "Heart of England", a hilly area reaching over 300 m. The area has been designated as Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
The highest point in the Cotswolds is Cleeve Hill at 330 m (1083 ft).
The Cotswolds lie within the current ceremonial counties of  Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Somerset, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire.
The county of Gloucestershire forms the largest area of the Cotswolds.
The spine of the Cotswolds runs southwest to northeast through six counties, particularly Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and southern Warwickshire.
The northern and western edges of the Cotswolds are marked by steep slopes down to the Severn valley and the River Avon, Avon.
These are a result of the broken edge of the limestone layer.
On the eastern boundary is the city of Oxford and on the west is Stroud.
To the south towns as Cirencester, Lechlade, Tetbury, Beverston and Fairford mark the southern limit of this region.
In the Middle Ages, the wool trade made the Cotswolds prosperous.
Some of this money was put into the building of churches.
The area has a number of large, handsome Cotswold stone "wool churches".
The area is still wealthy and has attracted people who own second homes in the area, or have chosen to retire to the Cotswolds.
Typical Cotswold towns are Bourton-on-the-Water, Broadway, Burford, Chipping Norton, Cirencester, Moreton-in-Marsh, Stow-on-the-Wold and Winchcombe.
The town of Chipping Campden is famous as the home of the Arts and Crafts movement, that was founded by William Morris at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.
The Cotswold Way is a long-distance footpath about 103 miles long (166 km) running the length of the AONB, mainly on the edge of the Cotswold escarpement with good views over the Severn Valley and the Vale of Evesham.
Cotswld stone
The area has attractive small towns and villages built of  Cotswold stone (a yellow limestone).
This limestone is rich in fossils.
The stone  is a yellow oolitic Jurassic limestone.
At the time, this was laid down in a warm tropical sea, about 177 million years ago.
The latitude of Britain was about where North Africa is today.
The stone is full of fossils such as stalked crinoids.
A project is under way to collect examples for the Natural History Museum.
Historical structures
Cotswold District Council — The website of Cotswold District Council
Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Website  (Countryside Agency)
Cotswold Journal Local Cotswolds news and information
Yate and Chipping Sodbury Guide  — A Guide to Yate, Chipping Sodbury on the Southern Edge of the Cotswold Escarpment
Photos of Lower Slaughter in 3d (Anaglyphs)
Cotswold AONB Magic interactive map (slow on first load)
Piauí is one of the 26 states of Brazil.
The capital of Piauí is Teresina.
Piauí shares borders with the states of Maranhão (west), Ceará (east), Pernambuco (east) and Bahia (east and south).
It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north.
Piauí has the shortest coastline of any of the Brazilian states that borders the Atlantic Ocean.
Its coastline is only 66 km long.
The capital, Teresina, is the only state capital in the northeast that is not on the coast.
The reason for this is because, unlike the rest of the area, Piauí state was first colonised away from the coast and slowly expanded towards the ocean.
The other states in the area started on the coast and grew inland.
The flag of Piaui was created on 24 July 1922.
The blue canton and a star is for the state itself.
The green and yellow stripes are for Brazil.
Piauí Official Homepage (Portuguese)
Rio Grande do Norte is one of the 26 states of Brazil.
It is on the edge of the South American continent.
Rio Grande do Norte has a large coastline.
The state is well known for its beaches and sand dunes.
The air is the cleanest in South America.
Because of a large mountain chain called Serra da Borborema, Rio Grande do Norte has two main climates.
The area along most of the coastline is very tropical.
Inland, much of the state is very dry.
The dry climate is not only because by the low amount of rainfall but also because of the fact that it rarely rains at all.
Often years go by with no or very little rain.
Most of the interior of the state is part of the Polygon of Droughts.
This is an area which gets special attention from the federal government.
Rocas Atoll belongs to the state of Rio Grande do Norte.
It is in the Atlantic Ocean, 260 km Northeast of Natal.
The first European to come to the region may have been the Spaniard Alonso de Ojeda in 1499.
The northeastern tip of South America, cape São Roque, was first seen by European navigators in 1501.
This was during a 1501-1502 Portuguese expedition led by Amerigo Vespucci.
He named the spot after the saint of the day.
The Vespucci expedition also named the Potengi river, "Rio Grande".
The name is Portuguese for "Great River".
The area and state were named after the river.
For decades, no permanent European settlement was made in the area.
In the 16th century (between 1535 and 1598), the area was explored by French pirates.
In 1598, the Portuguese built the Forte dos Reis Magos.
The next year, they created the city of Natal.
In 1633, the area was fought over between the Portuguese and the Dutch.
In 1654, the Dutch were finally cast out.
During World War II, Rio Grande do Norte was used as an Allied airbase.
The base was used to attack German-occupied North Africa.
In 1964, Latin America's first space launch site was built in Rio Grande do Norte; Barreira do Inferno (Hell's Barrier).
It is often called the "Brazilian NASA".
Historically, the economy of Rio Grande do Norte has been based on sugar and cattle.
In the 1980s, the state government has realised that tourism is a very good industry.
Since then, more money is being used to build placed for tourists and repairing colonial buildings in major cities.
Fruit is also grown in Rio Grande do Norte.
The state grows 70% of Brazil's melons.
The state is famous for its mango and cashew fields.
The world's largest cashew tree is there.
It has a circumference of 500 metres and an area of 7,300m².
It is 70 times the size of average cashew trees.
Natal is the capital and largest city in the state.
The flag was adopted on December 3 1957.
It is based on a design by Luis de Camara Cascudo.
In the middle of the flag is the coat of arms of the state.
The coat of arms was adopted on July 1 1909.
It shows a sailing boat at the coast in the middle.
This is for the fishing and salt industries.
Above this is a bar which shows two flowers on the sides and two cotton bolls in the center.
To the sides of the shield are a coconut palm to the right and a carnauba palm to the left.
The two palms are connected by two branches of sugar cane.
Rio Grande do Norte Official Website
1499 establishments
Establishments in Brazil
The Brazilian Federal District or Distrito Federal is a part of Brazil, which is used to shelter Brasília, the federal capital.
The government of Brazil was moved to Distrito Federal on April 21, 1960.
Before this, the Brazilian Federal District used to be the municipality of Rio de Janeiro.
Afterwards, the municipality of Rio de Janeiro became the Estado da Guanabara (State of Guanabara), from 1960 until 1975.
In 1975, the State of Guanabara and the State of Rio de Janeiro merged, to be named the state of Rio de Janeiro.
Originally, most of the people were local workers (called "Candangos"), who built the capital, and federal government workers who were sent to the new capital, Brasília.
The capital is a planned city.
It had areas built for homes, business, schools and other uses.
Originally built for up to one million people, the city now has many more than one million people.
Because of how the city was built, it has been hard for the city to grow.
This has caused many people to live in cities around Brasília.