the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Li Yin liked classical, American and European music so much that she says she never sang children's songs when she was a child.
As she grew older, Li Yin became more into pop music than rock music.
She had to secretly listen to pop music because her parents were against it.
When she was twelve, she went to a middle school founded by the Sichuan Music College after scoring the highest with her violin-playing, but she chose to become a singer instead.
She was selected as one of the top-ten teenage singers in a national singing competition in Beijing.
Eventually, her parents began to support her dream to become a singer.
Singles: "Timeless" / "Y (Why...)"
Li Yin was discovered by SM Entertainment.
She started training in 2003 at the age of 13 and for 3 years, she special singing and dance training under SM Entertainment.
While doing so, she discovered her R&B talent.
On 8 September 2006, Li Yin released her first single, "Timeless".
On the first day of release, she ranked #2 on the online charts of SBS Inkigayo.
The song was placed #1 on Daum's Music Video chart as well as hitting the highest search number on the famous Korean search engine Naver.
The PV was ranked #1 on Melon's Video Chart for 30 days .
In early 2007, Li Yin promoted the second track of her debut single called "Y (Why...)", which is a power ballad.
SM Entertainment also released a "Timeless" documentary version of her "Y (Why...)" PV.
It featured her hardships while training, as well as many behind-the-scenes clips of her promotion of "Timeless", including never-before-seen footage of her and Xiah Junsu.
She also performed with boy-band TVXQ at their second Korean concert in Seoul, South Korea on 23 February 2007.
She sang BoA's part in the song "Try-Angle", previously performed by BoA, TVXQ and The TRAX.
She also performed "Timeless" with Xiah Junsu at the Hallyu Expo in Korea on 8 March 2007.
In July, along with Kangta, TVXQ, The Grace and Super Junior, she performed in Korea for the SMTown Summer Concert 2007.
Album: 星愿 - I WILL
After a long year of absence without releasing any records, Zhang Li Yin announced during an interview early December 2007 that her long-awaited debut album will be released in February 2008.
The album is titled 星愿 - I WILL (lit.
Star Wish: I Will ).
It has been released in Korea, China, Japan, Singapore and Malaysia.
People from Sichuan
Nyingma is the name of one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Nyingma school is made up of several different lines that start with Padmasambhava, the legendary founder of Tibetan Buddhism.
The word "Nyingma" means "ancient".
Nyingma followers see themselves as holding the oldest teachings of Vajrayana.
Some of these teachings can be found in the local Bön religion of Tibet.
fi:Nyingmapa
433 Eros is the first Near-Earth asteroid (NEA) that was found.
It was named after the Greek god of love, Eros (Greek Ἔρως).
It is an S-type asteroid about 13 × 13 × 33 km in size, the second-biggest near-Earth asteroid (NEA) after 1036 Ganymed.
It belongs to the Amors.
It is the first asteroid that was known to cross inside the orbit of Mars.
Eros is one of the few NEAs bigger than 10 km across.
It is thought to be bigger than the asteroid that made the Chicxulub crater in the Yucatán and probably caused the extinction of the dinosaurs.
On January 31, 2012, Eros passed close to Earth at 0.1787 astronomical units (16.6 million miles).
This is about 700 times farther from the Earth than the moon is.
It had brightness of +8.1 visual magnitude.
During rare oppositions, every 81 years, such as in 1975 and 2056, Eros will be directly away from the sun, as seen from Earth.
Then, Eros can reach a magnitude of +7.1, which is brighter than Neptune and brighter than any main belt asteroid except 4 Vesta (and sometimes 2 Pallas and 7 Iris).
At opposition, the asteroid actually appears to stop in place when compared to stars in the sky.
Unlike most objects in the solar system, it never appears to be retrograde (back-track across the sky).
Eros was visited by the NEAR Shoemaker probe, which orbited it, taking many pictures of its surface.
On February 12, 2001, at the end of its mission, NEAR landed on the asteroid's surface using its maneuvering jets.
Objects in an orbit like Eros can exist for only a few hundred million years before the orbit is changed by the effects of gravity.
Simulations suggest that Eros may evolve into an Earth-crosser within 2 million years (Michel et al.,
The adjectival form which is not used a lot of the name Eros is Erotian.
Surface gravity depends on the distance from a spot on the surface to the center of a body's mass.
The Erotian surface gravity changes a lot, since Eros is not a sphere but a stretched peanut-shaped (or potato- or shoe-shaped) object.
The daytime temperature on Eros stays at about 100 °C and nighttime measurements at −150 °C.
Eros's density is 2,400 kg/m3, about the same as the density of Earth's crust.
Its day lasts 5.27 hours.
NEAR scientists have found that most of the bigger rocks scattered across Eros were blown from a single crater in a meteorite collision approximately 1 billion years ago.
This impact may also be the reason why nearly half of the Erotian surface doesn't have small craters.
It was first thought that the debris thrown up by the collision filled in the smaller craters (those less than half a kilometer across).
A study of crater on the surface shows that the areas with the fewest craters are within 9 kilometers of the impact point.
This includes the opposite side of the asteroid but still within 9 kilometers.
Eros was found on the same night (13 August 1898) by Gustav Witt in Berlin and Auguste Charlois at Nice.
Witt was taking a 2-hour exposure of beta Aquarius to get astrometric positions of asteroid 185 Eunike.
Eros was one of the first asteroids to be visited by a spacecraft, and the first to be orbited and soft-landed on.
NASA spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker entered orbit around Eros in 2000, and came to rest on its surface in 2001.
PMID 16034412
NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft
NEAR image of the day archive
Movie: NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft landing
The Eros Project (OrbDev's attempts at litigation over their property claim)
NEODys (saved output file) showing distance and magnitude Ephemerides for Eros during rare oppositions
Thelema is the English spelling of the Greek noun : "will", from the verb θέλω: to will, wish, purpose.
Early Christian writings use the word to refer to the will of God, the human will, and even the will of God's opponent, the Devil.
Thelema is also a way of life first written about by François Rabelais (16th century) in his famous books of fiction, Gargantua and Pantagruel.
The core of this way of life was summed up in the phrase "Do what thou wilt" ("fay çe que vouldras"  in the original old French).
This idea was later put into practice in the mid 18th century by Sir Francis Dashwood at Medmenham.
This Thelemic Law of Rabelais was revived by Aleister Crowley in 1904 when Crowley wrote The Book of the Law.
This book contains both the word Thelema in Greek as well as the phrase "Do what thou wilt."
From this, Crowley took Thelema as the name of his own religion.
Thus Shri Gurudev Mahendranath wrote that Rabelais, Dashwood, and Crowley must share the honor of perpetuating Thelema.
Modern Thelema
Breadth of Thelemic thought
The core of Thelemic thought is "Do what thou wilt."
However, people understand and apply this in different ways.
For example, some people accept Crowley as a prophet.
Other people regard Crowley's system to be only one form of Thelema.
Crowley himself shared this view:
I admit that my visions can never mean to other men as much as they do to me.
I do not regret this.
All I ask is that my results should convince seekers after truth that there is beyond doubt something worth while seeking, attainable by methods more or less like mine.
I do not want to father a flock, to be the fetish of fools and fanatics, or the founder of a faith whose followers are content to echo my opinions.
I want each man to cut his own way through the jungle.
Many followers of Thelema learn and use other systems of spiritual thought, blending them according to their own will with Thelema.
Most borrow freely from other traditions.
For example, Nu and Had are thought to be the same as or similar to the Tao and Teh of Taoism, Shakti and Shiva of the Hindu Tantras, Shunyata and Bodhicitta of Buddhism, Ain Soph and Kether in the Qabalah.
Like Crowley, other followers of Thelema make free use of the methods and practices of other traditions, including alchemy, astrology, qabalah, tantra, tarot, and yoga, according to their own wills.
Some groups say that they are true to Crowley's system (such as A∴A∴ and Ordo Templi Orientis).
Some groups build upon his teachings, expanding upon and extending them.
For example, the Fraternitas Saturni (Brotherhood of Saturn), founded in 1928 in Germany, accepts the Law of Thelema, but extends it with the phrase "Mitleidlose Liebe!" ("
Compassionless love!").
The Thelema Society, also located in Germany, accepts Liber Legis and much of Crowley's work on magick, while also including the ideas of other thinkers, such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Charles S. Peirce, Martin Heidegger, and Niklas Luhmann.
In America, the writings of Maggie Ingalls (Nema) have started a movement called Maat Magick, along with a group called the Horus-Maat Lodge, founded in 1979.
This movement combines elements of Thelema with Nema's system based on the Egyptian goddess Ma'at.
She wrote her own holy book titled "Liber Pennae Praenumbra."
The HML aims to combine the current Aeon of Horus with the future Aeon of Ma'at in which mankind will achieve balance.
Modern Thelemic writings
Most of Thelemic writing was written by Aleister Crowley.
Many of them were on the subject of Thelema.
During his time, there were a few other people who wrote on the subject, including Charles Stansfeld Jones and J.F.C. Fuller.
Since his death in 1947 only a few new writers have written on the subject, such as:
Israel Regardie, who not only edited many of Crowley's works, but wrote a biography of him—The Eye in the Triangle—and penned many books on ritual and Qabalah, such as Garden of Pomegranates, Golden Dawn, Middle Pillar, and Tree of Life.
Kenneth Grant, who has written many books on Thelema and the occult, such as The Magical Revival, Aleister Crowley and the Hidden God, Outside the Circles of Time, and Hecate's Fountain.
Nema, whose Liber Pennae Praenumbra announces and explains the Ma'atian current has influenced Thelemites for over 25 years.
She now has several books on Ma'atian Thelema including her book, Maat Magick.
Thelema in comparative religion
Thelema has been attracting more attention in recent years from scholars of religion, especially those interested in new religious movements, contemporary Gnosticisms and Hermeticisms.
References at the end of this article supply a few such sources.
Perhaps the most unusual attempt was made by bishop Federico Tolli, in his German book Thelema – Im Spannungsfeld zwischen Christentum, Logentradition und New Aeon  For Tolli, Thelema is to be regarded as the dialectical consequence of Christianity.
Christianity for Tolli exists as a community in Christ, whereas Tolli sees Thelema as a necessarily individualistic response to the world.
Taken from a 1938 theological dictionary (to the New Testament), the concept of 'salvation history' (Heilsgeschichte) has a great effect on Tolli's thought, and it is in this context that he discusses Crowleyan Thelema.
Tolli regards Crowley's Heilsgeschichte as one in which the whole Universe (ergo the Will of God) is to combine (analogous to the Alchemical formula 'coagula'). "
Love", in the form of combinatory attraction ("Love is the law, love under will"), is a universal principle – therefore akin to the concept of Natural religion.
The main difference (for Tolli) is that in Christianity salvation of the entire Universe ("Ganzheit") cannot be made by 'solipsistic' man.
The bishop sees Crowley as a failed – however talented – artist or "Mystagogie", but not as a "Satanist".
The merit and contribution of bishop Tolli to Thelemic studies lies in the fact that it was he who first expresses that the genuine meaning and idea of Thelema does not necessarily contradict the teachings of Jesus, as Crowley himself affirms.
Coppens, Philip (2006).
Hell, no damnation.
Retrieved July 21, 2006.
Crowley, Aleister. (
Magick: Book 4.
York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser.
De Lupos, Rey.
The Golden Topaz of Radiant Light  in Silver Star , No.
Retrieved April 5 2005.
Del Campo, Gerald.
Rabelais: The First Thelemite .
The Order of Thelemic Knights.
Free Encyclopedia of Thelema (2005).
Thelema .
Retrieved March 12 2005.
Kaczynski, Richard (2002).
Perdurabo: The Life of Aleister Crowley.
Tempe, AZ: New Falcon Publications.
Mahendranath, Shri Gurudev (1991).
The Scrolls of Mahendranath.
Seattle: International Nath Order.
LCCN 97132342.
Melton, J. Gordon (1983). "
Thelemic Magick in America."
Alternatives to American Mainline Churches, ed.
Joseph H. Fichter.
Barrytown, NY: Unification Theological Seminary.
Starr, Martin P. (2003).
The Unknown God: W.T. Smith and the Thelemites.
Bolingbrook, IL: Teitan Press.
Sutin, Lawrence (2000).
New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin.
Towers, Eric (1987).
Dashwood: The Man and the Myth.
Crucible.
van Egmond, Daniel (1998). "
Western Esoteric Schools in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries."
in van den Broek, Roelof and Hanegraaff, Wouter J. Gnosis and Hermeticism From Antiquity To Modern Times.
Voxfire, Thomas (2004). "
Something from Nothing: the Essence of Creation" in Essays for the New Aeon .
Webster, Sam.
Entering the Buddhadharma.
Thelema at the Internet Sacred Texts Archive – a collection of texts on the topic of Thelema
The Law of Thelema – by Alexander Duncan
Ashé Journal – Special Thelema Centennial Edition
Rabelais: The First Thelemite
In the first volume of the TWILIGHT YOGA, Ecstasy, Equipoise, and Eternity, Shri Gurudev Mahendranath wrote,
Sveccha means one's own wish or free will.
Svecchachara means a way of life where one acts as one wishes and does what is right in one's own eyes.
Doing one's own Will.
The concluding Sanskrit expression in the Avadhoota Upanishad is "Svecchachara Paro."
The term "Paro" means a mysterious or secret pattern to that action done by one's own Will.
In other words, we do our Will but with discretion, not making it too obvious, nor to harm or hurt other people.
Yet this is also a typical Nathism; a complete reversal of Vedic morals and philosophy.
Free Encyclopedia of Thelema .
Svecchachara .
Retrieved March 5, 2005.
Ecstasy, Equipoise, and Eternity .
Retrieved Oct. 15, 2004.
Ole Nydahl (born 19 March 1941 in Copenhagen, Denmark) is the founder and leader of Diamond Way Buddhism, an organisation in the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
Since the 1970s he has travelled the world teaching and founding meditation centres.
Ole Nydahl’s first teacher was the Drukpa-Kagyu master Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche.
In December 1969, Ole Nydahl and his late wife, Hannah Nydahl met the 16th Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, a renowned yogi and the head of the Karma Kagyu lineage.
They were among the first Western students of the 16th Karmapa.
Ole Nydahl is also a student of Shamar Rinpoche.
Ngondro: The Four Foundational Practices of Tibetan Buddhism.
Blue Dolphin Publishing (1990).
Riding the Tiger: Twenty Years on the Road - Risks and Joys of Bringing Tibetan Buddhism to the West.
Blue Dolphin Publishing (1992).
Entering the Diamond Way: Tibetan Buddhism meets the West.
Blue Dolphin Publishing (1999).
The Great Seal: Limitless Space and Joy - The Mahamudra View of Diamond Way Buddhism.
Fire Wheel Publishing (2004).
The Way Things Are: A Living Approach to Buddhism.
John Hunt Publishing (2007).
Personal web page, including teaching schedule
Diamond Way Buddhism
Parachute accident -- Asia Times Online
Photographs of Ole Nydahl Teaching
Tank (real name 呂建中 Lǚ Jiàn Zhōng, born February 6 1982) is a Taiwanese singer-songwriter.
He is currently signed to HIM International Music, which also manages famous singers and groups like S.H.E, Fahrenheit and Power Station.
Tank's first album, Fighting 生存之道 was released on 23 February 2006.
Tank was born in Taitung, Taiwan.
He is an aboriginal Taiwanese.
Before releasing his debut album, Tank helped write songs for Vic Zhou and S.H.E, among many other famous C-Pop artists.
By the age of 21, he was already well known for composing more than 200 songs.
He bloomed into fame when two songs he composed, 三國戀 (Romance of Three Kingdoms) and 給我你的愛 (Give Me Your Love), were used as theme songs for Taiwanese TV shows.
Another song, titled as 千年淚, was used as an ending theme for the drama serial 天外飛仙.
His second album Keep Fighting! (
延長比賽) was released on 19 January 2007.
His single, My Angel, was used for an ending theme of romantic comedy series Hana Kimi.
Discorgaphy
Tank is currently writing his third album.
It is set to be released later in 2008
Tank Lyrics
Mayday () is one of the biggest alternative rock bands in the Taiwanese pop culture.
Mayday sing songs mostly in Mandarin and sometimes in Taiwanese language.
Before Mayday's official debut in 1998, the band sung in local restaurants and clubs.
Mayday became famous with their 1999 single "志明與春嬌".
In the same year, on 28 August, they held a concert at the Chungshan Soccer Stadium, gaining fame in other countries such as Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia.
In 2001, they took a break from performing.
In the August of 2003, Mayday was reunited and they held a reunion concert the Chungshan Soccer Stadium, the very place where they held their debut concert.
40,000 fans attended the concert, breaking Taiwan's record for the largest number of fans at a concert, a record previously held by pop star Michael Jackson.
Near the end of 2006, on 29 December, they released their 6th studio album, Born to Love.
They made a surprise announcement not long after the album's release, that they would not hold autograph sessions but instead, would hold concerts in Taiwan.
The tickets were included in albums which the fans bought.
They held ten concerts to let all the fans see them.
On the night after the concert, despite saying that they will not hold any autograph sessions, they did - the sessions lasted for 11 hours from New Year's Eve to New Year's Day, making that autograph session to be the first of the year 2007.
Role in Band: Lead vocalist, composer, lyricist, graphic designer of Mayday merchandise
Real Name: 陳信宏 Chen Hsin Hung
Date of Birth: 6 December 1975
Place of Birth: Taipei, Taiwan
Instrumenta: Vocals, guitar, drum
Ashin is well known for his unique vocals and his insightful lyrics.
He has composed and written songs for other artists, such Fish Leong, Wang Lee Hom and Twins (band).
In 2006, Ashin wrote a book titled Happy.
Day, a collection of "rock poems."
Ashin also designs Mayday's concert shirts.
In addition, he has also designed a perfume.
Role in Band: Leader, producer, guitarist
Real Name: 溫尚翊 Wen Shang Yi
Date of Birth: 28 November 1976
Role in band: guitarist
Real Name: 石錦航 Shi Chin Hang
Date of Birth: 11 December 1976
The first married member of Mayday, Stone is well known for his love for his wife to whom he proposed to at their 2001 concert.
He claims he would leave Mayday if his wife asked him to.
Role in band: Bass guitarist, pianist, harmonica-player
Real Name: 蔡昇晏 Cai Shen Yen
Date of Birth: 25 April 1977
Place of Birth: Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Masa is known for being outspoken.
His is also well known for his eccentric words and wit.
He has also been romantically linked to Fish Leong.
Role: Drummer, keyboards
Real Name: 劉諺明 Liu Yen Ming
Date of Birth: 28 July 1973
Place of Birth: Miaoli, Taiwan
He is the 4th drummer of Mayday.
His birth name is Yan Ming, but he changed his name to Guan You because of a fortune-teller to be luckier.
However, according to him, it does not seemed to have worked.
He proposed to his girlfriend during a Mayday concert in Beijing in November 2005 and was married in June 2006.
His daughter was born in October 2006.
He became the first father among the five members of Mayday.
iMayday.com, Mayday's Official Site
Taiwanese entertainers
Der Dativ ist dem Genitv sein Tod (German: the dative case is the genitive case's death) is a book series written by Bastian Sick which deals with doubtful cases of grammar, orthography, and punctuation.
Because of that, the writer wants to fight against unthinking habit and what he believes to be a change to a lower state of the language.
The book came from a collection of Zwiebelfisch-collumns of Bastian Sick, which appear weekly in the Spiegel Online.
At present, the second and third volumes are available.
The volumes are from one time to another at the top of book sales lists.
Eats, Shoots & Leaves written by Lynne Truss is a book which in a similarly popular style discusses punctuation in English.
In Sweden, a similar book, which is based on Lynne Truss' book, has come out, describing the interesting aspects of the Swedish pronunciation.
Original Book Titles
Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod – Ein Wegweiser durch den Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache.
Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln 2004,  (Hörbuch: )
Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod, Folge 2 – Neues aus dem Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache.
Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln 2005,  (Hörbuch: )
Folge 3.
Noch mehr aus dem Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache.
Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln November 2006,  (Hörbuch: )
21st-century books
Made of Bricks is the first album by the British singer-songwriter, Kate Nash.
It was released on 6 August 2007 on Fiction Records.
It reached number one in the UK album charts.
The album was released five weeks earlier than first planned due to the popularity of the single "Foundations".
In its opening week of sales the album sold over 56,000 copies, and was certified gold.
The album has now been certified Platinum in the UK for sales of over 300,000.
It has sold over 450,000 copies worldwide.
"Play" - 1:11
"Foundations" - 4:05
"Mouthwash" - 5:01
"Dickhead" - 3:42
"Birds" - 4:25
"We Get On" - 4:34
"Mariella" - 4:15
"Shit Song" - 3:05
"Pumpkin Soup" - 2:59
"Skeleton Song" - 5:07
"Nicest Thing" - 4:05
"Merry Happy/Little Red" - 13:10 (UK bonus track)
"A Is For Asthma" - 2:37 (Digital download bonus track)
Matinée is the first album from British singer-'songwriter Jack Peñate.
It was released on October 8, 2007 on XL Recordings.
"Spit At Stars"
"Got My Favourite"
"Have I Been A Fool"
"Torn On The Platform"
"Learning Lines"
"Run For Your Life"
"We Will Be Here"
"Made Of Codes"
"My Yvonne"
"Second, Minute or Hour"
"When We Die"
"Learning Lines (demo) (Hidden Track)
Radio 1's Live Lounge is an album of live tracks played on Jo Whiley's Radio 1 show.
It contains both covers and the bands' own songs.
Foo Fighters - "DOA"
Arctic Monkeys - "Love Machine" (originally by Girls Aloud)
Snow Patrol - "Run"
The Kooks - "Crazy" (originally by Gnarls Barkley)
Razorlight - "Golden Touch"
Corinne Bailey Rae - "Munich" (originally by Editors)
The Automatic - "Gold Digger" (originally by Kanye West feat.
Jamie Foxx)
Editors - "All Sparks"
Boy Kill Boy - "Maneater" (originally by Nelly Furtado)
Queens of the Stone Age - "No One Knows"
Embrace - "How Come" (originally by D12)
James Blunt - "If There's Any Justice" (originally by Lemar)
Natasha Bedingfield - "The Scientist" (originally by Coldplay)
Kings of Leon - "Molly's Chambers"
Jamie Cullum - "Frontin'" (originally by Pharrell Williams)
Sugababes - "Living for the Weekend" (originally by HARD-Fi)
Lemar - "I Believe in a Thing Called Love" (originally by The Darkness)
Will Young - "Hey Ya!" (
originally by OutKast)
Hard-Fi - "Tied Up Too Tight"
Oasis - "Songbird"
Coldplay - "The Scientist"
Lily Allen - "Smile"
Keane - "With or Without You" (originally by U2)
KT Tunstall - "Other Side of the World"
Franz Ferdinand - "What You Waiting For?" (
originally by Gwen Stefani)
Pink - "Family Portrait"
OutKast - "Ms. Jackson"
The Futureheads - "Hounds Of Love" (originally by Kate Bush)
Jamelia - "Numb" (originally by Linkin Park)
Dizzee Rascal - "Jus' a Rascal"
Lemon Jelly - "Nice Weather For Ducks"
Mylo - "In My Arms"
My Chemical Romance - "Song 2" (originally by Blur)
The Coral - "Dreaming of You"
Maxïmo Park - "Going Missing"
The Bravery - "An Honest Mistake"
The Streets - "Let's Push Things Forward"
Basement Jaxx - "Romeo"
Orson - "Push the Button" (originally by Sugababes)
50 Cent - "In Da Club"
Radio 1's Live Lounge – Volume 2
Radio 1.
Established 1967
Sula Sgeir is a small, uninhabited Scottish island in the North Atlantic.
One of the most remote of the British Isles.
The island is inhospitable to humans.
There is a ruined stone house called Taigh Beannaichte (Blessed House) on the east headland Sgeir an Teampall, the island is formed by pieces of rocks, where are often hard to walk on.
Sula Sgeir is a National Nature Reserve since 1956.
It is an important place for birds.
Antidifferentiation (also called indefinite integration) is the process of finding a certain function in calculus.
It is the opposite of differentiation.
It is a way of processing a function to give another function (or class of functions) called an antiderivative.
Antidifferentiation is like integration—but without limits.
This is why it is called indefinite integration.
When represented as single letters, antiderivatives often take the form of capital roman letters such as  and .
In general, an antiderivative is written in the form , where:
The long S, ,  is called an integral sign.
In integration, the integral sign has numbers on it.
Those numbers tell you how to do the integration.
Antiderivatives are different.
They do not have numbers on on their integral signs.
is the equation you are integrating.
The letters  mean "with respect to ".
This tells you how to do the antidifferentiation.
Simple antidifferentiation
A function of the form  can be integrated (antidifferentiated) as follows:
Add 1 to the power , so  is now .
Divide all this by the new power, so it is now .
Add the constant , so it is now .
(also known as the power rule of integral)
(This only works if the parts are being added or taken away.)
Integrating a bracket ("chain rule")
To integrate a bracket like , a different method is needed.
It is called the chain rule.
It is like simple integration, but it only works if the  in the bracket is linear (has a power of 1), such as  or —but not  or .
For example,  can be determined in the following steps:
Add 1 to the power , so that it is now
Divide all this by the new power to get
Divide all this by the derivative of the bracket  to get
Add the constant  to give
Baucau is a city in East Timor (Timor Leste).
It is  east of the capital, Dili.
About 16,000 people live there.
That makes it the second biggest town in East Timor.
It is served by the Cakung Airport.
The town was first started by Portugal as a trading center.
Year 1  was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
Some sources list it as a common year starting on either Friday or Saturday.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Piso.
Emperor Augustus made a peace treaty with Phraates V
Ovid writes the Ars Amatoria
Ping of Han becomes Emperor of China
December 25 - Birth of Jesus as given by Dionysius Exiguus
Ptolemy of Mauretania (d. AD 40)
Dong Xian, a Han Dynasty Chinese official under Emperor Ai of Han (b. 23 BC)
Emperor Ai of Han (b. 27 BC)
Empress Fu
Empress Zhao Feiyan (b. 32 BC)
The Data Protection Act 2018 (c 29) is a law passed by the  British government in 2018, and replaces the one passed in 1998.
It sets out rules for people who use or store data about living people and gives rights to those people whose data has been collected.
The law applies to data held on computers or any sort of storage system, even paper records.
People who use the information are called data controllers.
People who the data is about are called data subjects.
Main points of the Data Protection Act
If you collect data about people for one reason, you must not use it for a different reason;
You must not give people's data to other people or organisations unless they agree;
People have the right to look at data that any organisations store about them;
You must not keep the data for longer than you need to and it must be kept up to date;
You must not send the data to places outside of the European Economic Area unless adequate levels of protection exist;
Organisations that store data about people must register with the Information Commissioner’s Office;
If you store data about people you must make sure that it is secure and well protected;
If an organisation has data about you that is wrong, then you have a right to ask them to change it.
Computer legislation
Computer Misuse Act
Information Commissioner’s Office
Nontrinitarism is a movement that rejects the idea of the Christian Trinity.
That idea says that God is three different persons in one being.
There are several movements which can be classified as Nontrinitarian.
At the First Council of Nicaea, in the year 325, people met and defined the idea of trinity.
Some movements started before the council.
Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, and in Restorationism during the 19th century.
Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe in the Trinity and are known for showing people from the Bible why they believe the idea to be false.
Mormons also do not believe in the Trinity but believe that God the Father, his son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are three separate entities.
Seventh-day Adventists did not believe in the Catholic doctrine of the trinity for the first 50 years of their existence either.
The founders of the world wide Seventh Day Adventist Church believed that: "There is one supreme God of the universe and Jesus Christ: The only begotten Son of God!",
Statement of Believes, 1873.
The change came many years latter, when the founders of the Seventh Day Adventist Church had already 'slept in the Lord"(died).
Daegu (대구, also spelled Taegu, officially called Daegu Metropolitan City) is a city in South Korea.
It is between Seoul and Busan, but is closer to Busan.
Daegu is the fourth largest city in South Korea.
About 2.4 million people live in Daegu.
Of South Korea's 16 cities and provinces, Daegu is the poorest in terms of GDP per capita 2010 at $18,887 according to the IMF.
Daegu residents are also regarded by all other South Koreans as the widely ultraconservative.
In 1995, 101 people were killed by gas explosions.
In 2003, 192 people were killed in a subway fire.
Daegu has a humid subtropical climate (Cwb in the Koeppen climate classification).
Summer is hot, with very high rainfall.
Daegu is one of the hottest cities in Korea.
Winters are dry and cool.
Popular places
Palgong Mountain is north of Daegu.
It is famous for Donghwa Temple and Gatbawi.
Gatbawi is a statue of Buddha.
Apsan(Ap Mountain), also called Daedeok Mountain has many well known restaurants.
It is a good place to hike.
Many hikers visit the Apsan Mountain.
The downtown area of Daegu is Dongseongro.
There is a festival every year in June.
It also is the shopping center of Daegu.
Woobang Tower Land is an amusement park with many rides and roller coasters.
Daegu is also famous for having Daegu Stadium where the World Cup tournament was held in 2002.
Daegu was the known for apples in Korea before 1990.
Daegu has a herbal medicine market located in a street 1 kilometre long.
The textile (cloth) industry was the primary industry from the 1960s but has seen drastic decline to the present day.. People in Daegu enjoy food.
One example is ddeokbokki.
Ddeokboki is a Korean rice cake with spicy red pepper sauce and vegetables.
Foods in Daegu are usually more spicy and salty than in other cities.
Daegu is widely regard by majority of Koreans and its own residents as the most conservative in its approach to values and life.
A fact that is widely broad up and which all of Daegu people are proud of.
Every district within the city shares a similar theme in its collection of business- Phone Retails Shops, Ghim-bab cheap food shops, plant shops, Paris Bagguette or Tour Les Jours chain bakeries, Karaoke dens which sometimes double as "good-time" business clubs, family owned and operated pharmacies, Korean Barbecue eateries.
Non-Korean citizens do not open businesses of any size within the city because city legislation dictates that two or more Koreans are required be partnered to the businesses.
The effect is every functioning business is owned and envisioned solely by a South Korean national.
(1) US Army personnel and their families garrisoned within three giant military bases located in Daegu.
(2) Immigrant workers typically from Uzbekistan and Philippines hired to labour cheaply in Seo-Gu factories (all of West Daegu).
(3) Foreign English teachers from the USA or UK clustering together.
The white-skinned is held by local Daegu beliefs in improved teaching quality derived, and also a point of bragging to others -  a popular Daegu boast, "My son has a white-skinned English teacher.".
Short-term residents:
(1) Japanese & Chinese National exchange or language students (closest neighbours) who will find the racial climate: emotional & touchy.
Japanese: averages 3 to 4 months before permanent departure.
Chinese: 7–9 months before permanent departure, or VISA expiration and deportation.
(2) Adventurous backpackers passing through for two days as they tour the Korean Peninsula.
Interstate 10 (or I-10) is a long Interstate Highway which the west side ends at Santa Monica, California (near Los Angeles), and the other side ends at Jacksonville, Florida.
In Texas, it is one of the routes which the speed limit is  per hour.
The route is  long and travels through 8 states.
It is the fourth longest Interstate Highway in the United States after I-90, I-80, and I-40.
Major cities along the highway
These are ranked lists of the Provinces of Dominican Republic.
Population figures areas are taken from the report on the 2010 census.
By population
By area
By population density
Miranda Taylor Cosgrove (born May 14, 1993) is an American actress and singer.
She first started her career in 1998 in various commercials.
She is best known for her roles as Megan Parker in Drake and Josh, Summer Hathaway in School of Rock and her lead role as Carly Shay in Nickelodeon's iCarly.
She has also guest-starred in shows like Zoey 101.
She also had her debut soundtrack album called Sparks Fly in April 2010 and High Maintenance in March 2011.
In the Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers (, read starovery or staroobryadtsy) became separated after 1666-1667.
They split from the  hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon.
Old Believers continue liturgical practices which the Russian Orthodox Church followed before the reform.
Russian-speakers refer to the schism itself as raskol (раскол).
This word comes from a Russian word расколоться, that means "to cleave apart").
Patriarch Nikon (1605-1681; 1651-1658 as patriarch) wanted to bring the Russian Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church closer together.
For this reason, he changed a few rituals and texts in 1651.
These changes were made to the Russian rituals to be closer to the Greek ones of Nikon's time.
According to the Old Believers, Nikon did this without the support of the clergy.
and without a council.
When the changes were done, people who still practised the old rites were persecuted.
Eighty-one is a number.
It comes between eighty and eighty-two, and is an odd number.
The Province of Florence (in Italian: "Provincia di Firenze") is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.
The province has an area of 3,514 sq.
km and a population of 933,860 (2001) in 44 comuni.
Important cities
Florence - 366.488 inhabitants
Scandicci - 50.003 inhabitants
Sesto Fiorentino - 46.702 inhabitantis
Empoli - 46.017 inhabitants
Campi Bisenzio - 39.176 inhabitants
Bagno a Ripoli - 25.228 inhabitants
Fucecchio - 21.912 inhabitants
Pontassieve - 20.581 inhabitants
Borgo San Lorenzo - 17.350 inhabitants
Careggi
I.O.T
Oftalmico
Hospital of San Giovanni di Dio
Villa d'Ognissanti
Villa Monna Tessa
Hospital of San Giuseppe di Empoli (two different buildings)
Hospital of Santa Verdiana di Castelfiorentino
Hospital of San Pietro Igneo di Fucecchio
Hospital of Santa Maria Annunziata
Province homepage
Province of Arezzo (Italian: Provincia di Arezzo) is the eastern most province in the Tuscany region of Italy.
The capital of province of Arezzo is the city of Arezzo.
The province has an area of 3,232 km², and a total population of 323,288 (2001) in 39 comuni (singular: comune).
Province homepage (in Italian)
Province of Grosseto (Italian: Provincia di Grosseto) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.
The capital of the province is the city of Grosseto.
In the province, there is The Natural Park of Maremma.
It is in the famous area of Maremma.
The province has an area of 4,504 km² and a total population of 211,086 (2001).
There are 28 comuni (singular: comune) in the province
The Old Catholic Church is a name for a group of Christian churches.
Most of them are from German-speaking countries.
Their beliefs are close to that of the Anglican Church.
They split from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1870s.
This was because the First Vatican Council had said the pope was infallible.
The Council was from 1869 to 1870.
The word Old Catholic was first used in 1853 for the See of Utrecht (who was not under the authority of the pope).
Usually, these churches are part of the Union of Utrecht.
The Province of Livorno (Italian: Provincia di Livorno) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.
The capital of the province is the city of Livorno.
The province has an area of 1,218 km², and a total population of 326,444 (2001).
There are 21 comuni (singular: comune) in the province.
Livorno Tourist Board Site
Province of Lucca (Italian: Provincia di Lucca) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.
The capital of the province is the city of Lucca.
The province has an area of 1,773 km², and a total population of 372,244 (2001).
There are 35 comuni (singular: comune) in the province.
The Province of Massa-Carrara (Italian: Provincia di Massa-Carrara) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.
It is named after the two main cities in its territory: Carrara and Massa, its capital.
The province has an area of 1,157 km² and a total population of 200,695 (2005).
There are 17 comuni (singular: comune) in the province.
The main comuni by population are:
The economy of the province is  based on the production of the famous white Carrara marble.
Massa di Carrara
Duchy of Massa and Carrara
The Province of Pisa () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.
The capital of the province is the city of Pisa.
The province has an area of .
In 2005, 394,101 people lived there.
There are 39 comuni in the province.
Pisa photos
Physicists who studied light in the 1700s and 1800s had an argument about whether light was made of particles or waves.
Light seems to act like both.
At times, light seems to go only in a straight line, as if it were made of particles.
But other experiments show that light has a frequency and wavelength, just like a sound wave or water wave.
Until the 20th century, most physicists thought that light was either one or the other, and that the scientists on the other side of the argument were simply wrong.
Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Louis de Broglie, Arthur Compton, Niels Bohr worked on this problem.
Current scientific theory is that all particles act both like waves and like particles.
This has been verified for elementary particles, and for compound particles like atoms and molecules.
For macroscopic particles, because of their extremely short wavelengths, wave properties usually cannot be detected.
In 1909, a scientist named Geoffrey Taylor decided that he was going to settle this argument once and for all.
He borrowed an experiment invented earlier by Thomas Young, where light was shone through two small holes right next to each other.
When bright light was shone through these two small holes, it created an interference pattern that seemed to show that light was actually a wave.
Taylor's idea was to take a photo of the light coming out of the holes with a special camera that was unusually sensitive to light.
When bright light was shone through the holes, the photo showed an interference pattern, just like Young showed earlier.
Taylor then turned down the light to a very dim level.
When the light was dim enough, Taylor's photos showed tiny pinpoints of light scattering out of the holes.
This seemed to show that light was actually a particle.
If Taylor allowed the dim light to shine through the holes for long enough, the dots eventually filled up the photo to make an interference pattern again.
This demonstrated that light was somehow both a wave and a particle.
To make matters even more confusing, Louis de Broglie suggested that matter might act the same way.
Scientists then performed these same experiments with electrons, and found that electrons too are somehow both particles and waves.
Electrons can be used to do Young's double-slit experiment.
Today, these experiments have been done in so many different ways by so many different people that scientists simply accept that both matter and light are somehow both waves and particles.
Scientists are still unsure about how this can be, but they are quite certain it must be true.
Although it seems impossible to understand how anything can be both a wave and a particle, scientists do have a number of equations for describing these things that have variables for both wavelength (a wave property) and momentum (a particle property).
This seeming impossibility is referred to as the wave-particle duality.
Basic theory
Wave–particle duality means that all particles show both wave and particle properties.
This is a central concept of quantum mechanics.
Particles as waves
An electron has a wavelength called the "de Broglie wavelength".
It can be calculated using the equation
is the de Broglie wavelength.
is Planck's constant
is the momentum of the particle.
Waves as particles
The photoelectric effect shows that a light photon which has enough energy (a high enough frequency), can cause an electron to be released off a metal's surface.
Electrons in this case can be called photoelectrons.
The Province of Pistoia (It.
Provincia di Pistoia) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.
The capital of the province is the city of Pistoia.
The province has an area of 965 km² and a total population of 268,503 (2001).
There are 22 communes in the province.
The Province of Prato (Italian: Provincia di Prato) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.
The capital of the province is the city of Prato.
It was formed from part of the province of Florence in 1992.
The province has an area of 365 km² and a total population of 227,886 (2001).
There are 7 comune (municipalities) in the province.
Comuni and population
Famous people born in Prato
Birthplace of Italian football legend Paolo Rossi.
The War of the Pacific (or Saltpeter War) took place from 1879-1883.
It grew out of a dispute between Bolivia and Peru against Chile over control of a part of the Pacific coast.
The disputed area was part of the Atacama Desert that lies between the 23rd and 26th parallels.
The territory contained valuable mineral resources, mainly potassium nitrate, which were exploited by Chilean companies and British interests.
The Bolivian government decided to increase taxes to take advantage of the increasing income of the region, which led to a commercial dispute.
The early part of the war was mostly at sea, and the late part mostly on land.
Chile won, and Bolivia lost its access to the ocean and became landlocked.
History of Bolivia
History of Chile
19th century in South America
History of Peru
The Province of Siena (Italian: Provincia di Siena)is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.
The capital of the province is the city of Siena.
The province has an area of 3,821 km² (1475 mile²) and a total population of 252,288 (2001).
There are 36 comuni (singular: comune) in the province.
At June 30, 2005, the main comuni by population are:
Alta Val d'Elsa
Chianti senese
The urban area of (Monteriggioni and Siena)
Val di Merse
Crete senesi Val d'Arbia
Val di Chiana senese
Val d'Orcia and Amiata
Johannes Ockeghem (born Saint-Ghislain, near Mons, Belgium about 1410; died Tours, France, 6 February 1497), was the most famous composer of the Franco-Flemish School (from around the area which is now Belgium) in the last half of the 15th century, and is often thought of as the most important composer between Dufay and Josquin des Prez.
He was an excellent choirmaster and teacher.
He spent most of his life working for the French royal court.
The name Ockeghem is found with many different spellings in old documents.
He was almost certainly born in the town of Saint-Ghislain.
His native language was probably French.
His first important job was working for Charles I, Duke of Bourbon in Moulins, (France).
Then in 1451 he went to work for King Charles VII of France.
By this time he was well known as a singer and composer.
He worked for the royal court for more than 50 years and was rewarded with promotions and honours.
Charles VII gave him important jobs.
After Charles VII’s death Louis XI became king.
He reigned for a long time and Ockeghem was in favour with the king.
He often travelled with the king, visiting places such as Cambrai and even as far as Spain.
He met famous people including the composers Dufay and Binchois.
He also had other jobs in Paris.
Louis XI died in 1483.
We do not kinow much about where Ockeghem went after that, but he probably died in Tours because that is where he left his will.
Ockeghem was not a composer who wrote lots of music, but it is hard to tell as some of it might have got lost.
There are 14 masses that survive and other vocal works.
His Missa pro Defunctis is the earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem.
Ockeghem based many of his masses on well-known tunes in a way that is called “cantus firmus technique”.
Sometimes he put the borrowed tunes in the lowest part (he sang bass himself).
This was rather unusual.
When Ockeghem died Josquin Des Prez composed a motet called La déploration de la mort de Johannes Ockeghem in his honour.
The music theorist Johannes Tinctoris described him as a great musician and one of the best singers he knew.
Many younger composers used some of Ockeghem’s melodies as a base for their own compositions.
In the Renaissance this kind of borrowing from the music ofc another composer was thought to be a great honour.
Article "Johannes Ockeghem."
London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. (
ISBN 1-56159-174-2)
groves music online
1497 deaths
Group 16 is the third last group in the periodic table.
This group is called the oxygen family or the chalcogens.
The elements in this group are oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium and livermorium.
The first two elements are nonmetals, elements are in between are metalloids and  the last two are metals  Polonium and livermorium are radioactive.
Oxygen (as O2) is a colorless gas.
Magadino is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Maggia River, a river in southern Switzerland
Maggia, municipality, a municipality in southern Switzerland
Maggia (comics), a fictional crime syndicate in the Marvel Comics universe
The Historikerstreit (Historians' dispute) was an intellectual and political controversy in West Germany about the way the Holocaust should be interpreted in history.
It took place between 1986-1989, and pitted left-wing intellectuals against right-wing intellectuals.
Its embers flared up again briefly in 2000 when one of the leading figures, Ernst Nolte, was awarded a literary prize. "
Die Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will" proposed by Ernst Nolte, had to be rejected as inadequate due to their lack of sufficient empirical substance.
Cohen R. Hitler Apologist Wins German Honor, and a Storm Breaks Out
Götz Aly.
The logic of horror
Nolte E. "Streitpunkte"
Schmidt & Paetzel Fernsehfilme GmbH: deutsche Streitfall der Historiker Ernst Nolte
A jury is a group of ordinary people, who aren't employees of the court, who decide the answer to a question in a court room.
Usually, this question is whether a person is guilty or innocent of committing a crime.
A jury may also be responsible for deciding a penalty for the person if they are found guilty.
Normally, all members of the jury have to agree on the decision.