the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He held the rank of prince of the blood.
In November 1785, upon his father's death, Philippe, the new Duke of Orléans, became the head of the House of Orléans.
This was one of the wealthiest families of France, and Premier Prince du Sang, addressed as Monsieur le Prince, the most important person of the kingdom after the king's immediate family.
He was next in line to the throne should the main Bourbon line die out.
On 6 June 1769, Louis Philippe married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon at the Chapel of the Palace of Versailles.
Louise Marie Adélaïde brought to the already wealthy House of Orléans a considerable dowry of six million livres, an annual income of 240,000 livres (later increased to 400,000 livres), as well as lands, titles, residences and furniture.
They had five children:
Louis Philippe d'Orléans (later King Louis Philippe I of the French) (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) married Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily.
Antoine Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Montpelier (3 July 1775 – 18 May 1807) died unmarried.
Adélaïde d'Orléans, later made a "Princess of Orléans" (23 August 1777 – 31 December 1847) died unmarried.
Françoise d'Orléans (twin sister of Adélaïde) (1777–1782) died young.
Louis Charles d'Orléans, Count of Beaujolais (17 October 1779 – 30 May 1808) died unmarried.
During the first few months of their marriage, the couple appeared devoted to each other, but the duke went back to the life of "libertinage" he had led before his marriage.
During the summer of 1772, a few months after his wife had given birth to a stillborn daughter, Philippe began a secret relationship with one of her ladies-in-waiting, Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de St-Albin, Countess of Genlis.
Stephanie was the niece of Madame de Montesson his fathers second wife.
In 1778, Philippe served in the squadron of the Count of Orvilliers.
He was present in the Battle of Ushant, a naval battle against the British during the American War of Independence on 27 July 1778.
He was removed from the navy due in part to the queen's hatred of him and also to his own incompetence and alleged cowardice.
As compensation, he was given the honorary post of colonel-general of hussars.
Revolutionary Politics
The part Philippe d'Orléans played during the summer of 1789 is one of the most debated points in the history of the French Revolution.
The royal court said he was at the bottom of every popular movement, and saw the "gold of Orléans" as the cause of the Réveillon riot and the storming of the Bastille.
This was like the subsequent belief held by the Jacobins that everything opposing them relied on the "gold of Pitt the Younger").
His hatred of Marie Antoinette, his previous disgrace at court, and his liberalism (alongside his friendship with Duport and Choderlos de Laclos), all seem to point towards his involvement.
The Duke is also said to have deliberately withheld grain from the people of Paris, being a direct cause of the 5 October "March on Versailles".
The Duke is also thought to have lied about where he was when the Palace at Versailles was stormed in the early hours of the morning on the 6th of October.
He said he was at the General Assembly in Paris, yet several witness (including the Marquise de la Tour du Pin) saw him lead the bloodthirsty mob to a staircase leading to the Queen's bedroom, protected by Swiss Guard.
The mob cried "Long live our King d'Orléans" during the raid.
The Marquis de La Fayette, apparently jealous of Philippe's popularity, persuaded the king to send the duke to Britain on a mission, where he remained in England from October 1789 to July 1790.
On 7 July 1790, he took his seat in the National Constituent Assembly.
On 2 October, both he and Honoré Mirabeau were declared by the Assembly entirely free of any involvement in the events of 5–6 October 1789.
Citoyen Égalité
Philippe d'Orléans tried to keep himself distant from the political world, but he was still suspect to the King and subject to pressures from his supporters to replace Louis XVI.
His lack of political aspirations could be proven by noting that he did not attempt to obtain any leading position after the King's flight to Varennes in June 1791.
In fact, Louis Philippe attempted to reconcile with the King in January 1792, but was rejected, and refused to aid the King any further.
In an attempt to show his support of democratic and Enlightenment philosophies, he changed his name to Philippe Citoyen Egalité, meaning equality.
During the Grand Terror
After the fall of the monarchy, Philippe risked his own life by saving suspects of the revolutionary regime.
At the request of Grace Elliott, he saved the life of Louis René Quentin de Richebourg de Champcenetz, the governor of the Tuileries Palace, who was his personal enemy.
He accepted the title Citoyen Égalité given to him by the Commune.
He was elected 20th and last deputy for Paris to the National Convention, where he again made no notable contribution other than voting in the king's trial.
He voted in support of the death sentence for Louis XVI.
Many citizens of Paris saw this as an attempt by Philippe to overthrow the crown and take power himself.
They believed that not only was the Palais-Royal the center for revolutionary and philosophical debates, but that it was also his ground for recruiting and financing riots and rebellious activity.
As a member of the House of Bourbon, Louis Philippe was shortlisted for a trial, and effectively tried and guillotined in the space of one day on 6 November 1793.
Accounts of his time in prison and execution mention his exceptional courage.
Philippe d'Orléans was buried in the Madeleine cemetery (closed in 1794), in Paris, where Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and hundreds executed on the Place de la Révolution during the Terror had been buried.
His remains have never never found.
13 April 1747 – 4 February 1752: His Most Serene Highness the Duke of Montpensier (Monseigneur le duc de Montpensier)
4 February 1752 – 18 November 1785: His Most Serene Highness the Duke of Chartres (Monseigneur le duc de Chartres)
18 November 1785 – 6 November 1793: His Most Serene Highness the Duke of Orléans (Monseigneur le duc d'Orléans)
A 9x19mm Parabellum is a nine millimeter wide bullet.
It is usually used in handguns or submachine guns.
The nine millimeter is often referred to as a "nine", "9mm", or "9x19".
It is one of the most widely used bullets in history originating with the 9x19 Luger, invented in Germany.
Many guns fire the 9mm, including the Luger, Walther P38, the Sten Mk II, the MP-40, the Uzi, the MP5, the Beretta 92, and the Glock 18.
It is the standard handgun bullet for all NATO countries.
Pistol and rifle cartridges
Military cartridges
A Dangerous Path is the fifth book in the Warriors series by Erin Hunter.
This book, and some following books in this series, takes place in the New Forest, in Great Britain.
However some mountains have been added as the real New Forest has no mountains around it.
Fireheart continues to struggle to care for ThunderClan, one of the warrior Clans in the forest, as Tigerstar tries to destroy ThunderClan.
Bluestar is no help at all, because she is still insane from Tigerstar's previous betrayal.
Tigerstar has plans of his own; this time to use a pack of dogs.
He hunts rabbits in ThunderClan territory, and leaves a trail from Snakerocks to the ThunderClan camp, with Brindleface at the end.
Once Fireheart discovers this, he takes ThunderClan to Sunningrocks.
A patrol of fast warriors lead the dogs to their deaths in the gorge (a hole that extends wide, with water at the bottom).
Fireheart is the last in line, and has a good lead until Tigerstar leaps out of nowhere and holds Fireheart down, letting the dogs get very close, before letting him go.
Fireheart gets trapped in the lead dog's mouth, but is rescued by Bluestar.
She bowls over the lead dog, who in turn releases Fireheart, and the two go down into the gorge.
Fireheart saves Bluestar and brings her to the shore, where she eventually dies.
Fireheart is filled with sadness for his leader.
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., (; November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American writer.
He influenced many other writers.
He combined satire, black comedy, and science fiction in his writing.
Some of his works include  Slaughterhouse-Five (1969), Cat's Cradle (1963), and Breakfast of Champions (1973).
He was known for his humanist beliefs and was honorary president of the American Humanist Association.
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States.
His parents were Kurt Vonnegut, Sr.,
and Edith Lieber.
His ancestors had come to America from Germany in 1855.
They were prosperous, originally as brewers and merchants.
Both his father and his grandfather attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology and were architects in the Indianapolis firm of Vonnegut & Bohn.
His great-grandfather was the founder of the Vonnegut Hardware Company, an Indianapolis institution.
Vonnegut graduated from Shortridge High School in Indianapolis in May 1940.
He went to Cornell University that autumn.
He studied Chemistry, but he was Assistant Managing Editor and Associate Editor of the university newspaper called The Cornell Daily Sun.
He was a member of the Delta Upsilon Fraternity just like his father.
Vonnegut joined the U.S. Army while he was at Cornell.
The Army transferred him to the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the University of Tennessee to study Mechanical Engineering.
On Mothers' Day in 1944, his mother committed suicide with sleeping pills.
Kurt Vonnegut's experience as a soldier and prisoner of war (POW) had a deep and powerful effect on his writing.
During the war, he was a soldier with a low rank.
He was a private with the 423rd Infantry Regiment, 106th Infantry Division.
Vonnegut was captured during the Battle of the Bulge on December 19, 1944.
He was in prison in the German city of Dresden.
He became a leader among the prisoners because he could speak German a little bit.
But, he told German guards "...just what I was going to do to them when the Russians came…".
The guards beat Vonnegut and stopped him from being a leader.
He experienced the fire bombing of Dresden in February 1945 which destroyed most of the city.
Vonnegut's group of American prisoners of war survived the attack.
The Germans had kept them in an underground room for storing meat at a slaughterhouse.
The Germans called the building Schlachthof Fünf (Slaughterhouse Five) and the Allied POWs used that name for their prison.
Vonnegut said the result of the attack was complete destruction and death that nobody could understand.
This experience gave him ideas for his famous novel, Slaughterhouse-Five.
His experience of death and destruction is a central theme in at least six of his other books.
In Slaughterhouse-Five he described the city as looking like the surface of the moon after the bombing.
He told about how the Germans making the prisoners work.
They had to break into basements and bomb shelters to gather bodies.
They had to bury these dead people all together in large holes while German people threw rocks at them and shouted curses.
Vonnegut said later, "There were too many corpses to bury.
So instead the Germans sent in troops with flamethrowers.
All these civilians' remains were burned to ashes."
Vonnegut was freed by Red Army troops in May 1945 at the Saxony-Czechoslovakian border.
The U. S. Army gave him a Purple Heart.
But he said it was funny because he was not hurt badly at all.
He wrote in Timequake that he was given the award for getting "frostbite".
Work after WWII
After the war, Vonnegut became an anthropology graduate student at the University of Chicago.
He also worked at the City News Bureau of Chicago.
Vonnegut admitted that he was a not a good student.
One professors said that some of the students were going to be professional anthropologists but  he was not one of them.
In the book Bagombo Snuff Box, Vonnegut wrote that the university rejected his first thesis.
It was about Cubist painters and the leaders of Native American uprisings.
The university said it was "unprofessional."
He moved from Chicago to Schenectady, New York.
He worked in public relations for General Electric.
His brother Bernard worked in the research department at the same company.
While in Schenectady, Vonnegut lived in a tiny village called Alplaus.
Vonnegut rented an upstairs apartment across the street from the Alplaus Volunteer Fire Department.
He was an active Volunteer Fire-Fighter for a few years.
That apartment still has his desk in it.
He wrote many of his short stories at that desk carved his name into the bottom of it.
The University of Chicago later accepted his novel Cat's Cradle as his thesis because they said the story was anthropological.
They gave him an M.A. degree in 1971.
In the mid 1950s, Vonnegut worked for Sports Illustrated magazine for a very short time.
He was asked to write about a racehorse that had jumped a fence and tried to run away.
Vonnegut stared at the blank piece of paper on his typewriter all morning.
Then, he typed, "The horse jumped over the fucking fence," and left.
He was almost going to quit writing, but the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop asked him to teach.
While he was there, Cat's Cradle became a best-seller, and he began Slaughterhouse-Five.
That book is now called one of the best American novels of the 20th century.
It is on the 100 best lists of Time magazine and the Modern Library.
In 1961, he published the famous short story Harrison Bergeron.
Vonnegut moved to Barnstable, Massachusetts, a town on Cape Cod.
He was the manager of the first Saab dealership in the U.S.
After coming home from World War II, Kurt Vonnegut married Jane Marie Cox.
They had loved each other since they were very young.
He wrote about their early relationship in several of his short stories.
The couple separated in 1970.
He did not divorce Cox until 1979, but from 1970 Vonnegut lived with another woman, the photographer Jill Krementz.
She became his second wife after Vonnegut divorced Cox.
He raised seven children.
Three were from his first marriage to Cox.
He adopted one daughter named Lily with Krementz.
Three were his sister Alice's children.
Vonnegut adopted them after she died of cancer.
Of Vonnegut's four adopted children, three are his nephews: James, Steven, and Kurt Adams.
Vonnegut adopted them after a terrible week in 1958.
During that week the children's father James Carmalt Adams was killed in a train crash and their mother died two days later.
In his novel Slapstick, Vonnegut told how Alice's husband had died two days before she did.
Her family tried to keep her husband's death a secret.
However, she found out when another patient gave her a newspaper one day before she died.
The three boys had a younger brother named Peter Nice.
He was a baby when their parents died.
Peter went to live with their father's cousin in Birmingham, Alabama.
On January 31, 2001, a fire destroyed the top story of Vonnegut's home.
He had smoke inhalation and was in the hospital in critical condition for four days.
He survived, but his personal papers were destroyed.
Vonnegut smoked unfiltered Pall Mall cigarettes.
He called this habit a "classy way to commit suicide".
Vonnegut fell down at his home in Manhattan and injured his brain.
He died on April 11, 2007.
The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America gives awards for good Science Fiction writing.
Each year they give the Nebula Award for Best Novel.
In this list, the year means the year that the book was published; awards are given the next year.
Winners and other nominees
1 Also a winner of the Hugo Award for Best Novel.
Hugo Award for Best Novel
Nebula Awards Homepage
List of award winners from official site
A list of the most honored Nebula Award nominated novels
Another list of award winners
Scans of the first edition covers of Hugo- and Nebula-winning novels
Each year they give the '“Nebula Award for Best Short Story”'.
The first title is the winner.
Titles below the winner are other nominees (stories that were suggested as possible winners).
Hugo Award for Best Short Story
http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NebulaNomList.html
Hamiltonian mechanics is a mathematical way of understanding the way something  mechanical will behave.
It was invented  in 1833 by Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton.
The value of the Hamiltonian is the total energy of the thing  being described.
For a closed system, it is the sum of its  kinetic and potential energy.
There will be  a set of differential equations known as the Hamilton equations which show how the thing changes through time.
Hamiltonians can be used to describe such simple systems as a bouncing ball, a pendulum or an oscillating spring in which energy changes between  kinetic and  potential energy and back again over time.
Hamiltonians can also be used to study the orbits of planets and in the behaviour of atoms using the principles of quantum mechanics.
Bathilde d'Orléans (Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde;9 July 1750 – 10 January 1822), was a French princess.
She was sister of Philippe Égalité, the mother of the executed duc d'Enghien and aunt of Louis-Philippe King of the French.
She was known as Citoyenne Vérité during the French Revolution.
By birth and marriage she held the rank of a princess of the blood.
Descended from both Louis XIV of France and his younger brother, Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, Bathilde was born a princesse du sang and baptised with the names Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde.
She was the youngest child of Louis Philippe d'Orléans and Louise Henriette de Bourbon.
Bathilde was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud on 9 July 1750.
Her mother died in 1759 when Bathilde was just eight years old.
Her father, pressured by his mistress, Madame de Montesson, sent her to a convent.
During her time at the convent, she became a very spiritual person.
Finally, in 1770, when she was twenty years old, she was allowed to leave the convent and marry her younger cousin, the Louis Henri de Bourbon, son and heir of Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of Condé and his wife Charlotte Élisabeth Godefride de Rohan.
The scandal of her husband's adultery came out in 1778, and the consequences fell entirely on her shoulders.
The couple separated in 1780.
As a separated spouse, she was never received at court and was forced to reorganise her life at the Château de Chantilly.
In her isolation, she discreetly had an illegitimate daughter with a marine officer.
Later, she passed the child off as the daughter of her secretary, in order to keep the little girl close to her.
In 1787, she purchased the Élysée Palace from Louis XVI and had a hamlet constructed there.
During the French Revolution, just like her brother Philippe Égalité, Bathilde discovered democracy.
She fell out with her royalist husband and son, who both chose to leave France after the storming of the Bastille.
As the Ancien Régime crumbled, she took the name, Citoyenne Vérité, "Citizeness Truth".
Threatened by the new revolutionary government, she offered her wealth to the First French Republic before it could be confiscated.
In April 1793, her nephew, the young Duke of Chartres (future Louis Philippe of the French), fled France and sought asylum with the Austrians.
In retribution, the National Convention decreed the imprisonment of all Bourbons remaining in France.
While other members of the Orléans family still in France were kept under house arrest, Bathilde, Philippe Égalité and his sons were imprisoned in the Fort Saint-Jean in Marseille.
Badly rewarded for her fidelity to the democratic ideals of the Revolution, she survived a year and a half in a prison cell.
In November of the same year, her brother was guillotined.
Miraculously spared during the Reign of Terror, Bathilde was freed during the Thermidorian Reaction and returned to her Élysée residence in Paris.
Poverty-stricken, she was forced to rent out most of the palace.
In 1797, the Directoire decided to exile the last of the Bourbons still living in France.
With her sister-in-law, Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, she went to Spain with her illegitimate daughter.
Despite being forty-seven years old at the time, during the months which this journey took, she had an amorous intrigue with a handsome twenty-seven year old police officer (gendarme) under whose responsibility she had been put.
The two maintained a correspondence during her exile.
Relegated to a place near Barcelona, Bathilde founded, despite her small means, a pharmacy and dispensary for the poor, and her house became a gathering place for those who needed aid.
She became completely republican during this time period, despite her exile.
In 1804, she learned that Napoléon I, whom she admired, had had her only son, Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien, kidnapped, and executed by firing squad in the moat of the Château de Vincennes.
For ten years, the emperor kept the mother of his most famous victim from setting foot in France.
Bathilde got her revenge in 1814, when the people, seeing in her the mother of the "Martyr of Vincennes," cheered her as she travelled the route back to Paris.
In 1815, at the start of the Bourbon Restoration, she returned to France.
Louis XVIII traded with her the Hôtel Matignon for the Élysée Palace.
Bathilde promptly installed a community of nuns on the premises and charged them with praying for the souls of the victims of the Revolution.
Her family, in the new moral order of the day, wanted to see her rejoin her husband after a separation of thirty-five years, but she refused.
Instead, she resumed her affair with the police officer who had escorted her to Spain in 1797.
In 1822, while she was taking part in a march towards the Panthéon, she lost consciousness, and drew her last breath in the home of a law professor who taught at the Sorbonne.
After her death, her nephew, Louis-Philippe, wanting to give an air of respectability to her bohemian lifestyle, burned the manuscript of her memoirs and a file on her young police officer located in the war archives.
Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, (2 August 1772 – 21 March 1804) titled the Duke of Enghien;
Titles and Styles
9 July 1750– 24 April 1770 Her Serene Highness Mademoiselle
24 April 1770 – 2 August 1772 His Serene Highness The Duchess of Enghien
2 August 1772 – 18 May 1818 Her Serene Highness The Duchess of Bourbon
18 May 1818 – 10 January 1822 Her Serene Highness The Princess of Condé
Dukes and Duchesses of Bourbon
Robert Del Naja (pron. ;
born 21 January 1966, in Bristol, England), also known as 3D, is an English artist and musician.
Originally famous as a graffiti artist and a member of the Bristol group known as "The Wild Bunch", Del Naja went on to become a founding member of the band Massive Attack where he is active to this day.
However he has also admitted that he got his own way by "being stubborn, throwing tantrums — the usual fucking childish behaviour."
Entertainers from Bristol
Sue Gardner (born May 11, 1967) is the former executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in San Francisco from 2007 to 2014.
She was the director of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's website and online news outlets.
She is currently the executive director of The Markup.
Life and journalism career
Gardner grew up in Port Hope, Ontario, Canada.
She is the daughter of an Anglican minister and school principal.
Gardner earned a degree in journalism from Ryerson University.
She began her career on Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) radio in 1990.
She worked on the program As It Happens at first.
Gardner  worked for more than a decade as a producer, reporter and documentary-maker for CBC Radio current-affairs.
She also worked for Newsworld International.
Her time at Newsworld dealt mainly with pop culture and social issues.
In March 2006, she replaced Claude Galipeau as Senior Director.
She was in charge of 150 people who worked on CBC.ca, the CBC website.
Wikimedia and recent work
In May 2007, Gardner left CBC.
Soon after that, she started working with the Wikimedia Foundation.
She helped as an advisor on how the foundation worked and how it was governed.
In December 2007, she was hired as the Foundation's Executive Director.
Over the next two years, the number of employees of the foundation grew.
This included the addition of a fundraising team.
She also guided the foundation as it moved its office from Tampa to San Francisco.
In October 2009, the Huffington Post said Gardner was as one of ten 'media game changers of the year'.
They said this because of the affect she had on new media because of her work for Wikimedia.
Sue Gardner's personal blog
"Sue Gardner to lead Wikipedia"  Canadian Broadcasting Company
Radio documentary by Gardner about Al Purdy, Canadian poet, for This Morning Sunday
"Wikipedia struggles with funding" , United Press International
Wikipedia's Librarian to the World Fast Company interview
Video interview with Gardner on CNET News
Audio (RAM-file) interview with Gardner  on radio station Sounds Like Canada, April 8, 2008
Interview  with Gardner on the Wikipedia Weekly community podcast from Wikimania 2008
Journalism is going to look different (CanadaEast.com)
Chiba Lotte Marines are the baseball team in Chiba, Japan.
Their stadium, QVC Marine Field, is placed in Makuhari, Chiba Prefecture.
They were founded in 1950 as the "Mainichi Orions".
In 1958, they changed their name to the "Daimai Orions", the "Tokyo Orions" in 1964, the "Lotte Orions" in 1969, and finally the Chiba Lotte Marines since 1992.
Chiba Lotte Marines has been a Pacific league champion six times, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1974, 2005, and 2010.
Then, 4 times they won Japan series, 1950, 1974, 2005, and 2010.
Tsuyoshi Nishioka entered into Chiba Lotte Marines in 2002 and played for 8 years in Japan.
He was a captain of Chiba Lotte Marines in the 2010 season.
He transferred to the Minnesota Twins after Chiba Lotte Marines won the Japan series in 2010.
He is well known as switch hitter and recorded high averaged hitting in WBC-2006.
Baseball in Japan
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Na+/K+-ATPase}}
Na+/K+-ATPase is an enzyme found in the plasma membrane.
It is sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, also known as the 'Na+/K+ pump', 'sodium-potassium pump', or simply 'sodium pump', for short.
It was first discovered by Jens Christian Skou who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997.
The enzyme moves Na+ (sodium) ions out of the cell and replaces them with K+ (potassium) ions.
This keeps the Na+ ions outside of the cell membrane, and keeps the K+ ions on the inside of the cell membrane.
The process works in the opposite direction of diffusion.
For every three sodium ions that get pumped out of the cell, two potassium ions get pumped into the cell.
One phosphate group is still bound to the pump.
Man Bites Dog is a 1992 Belgian mockumentary crime movie.
It was released in 1993 in the United States.
This movie is rated NC-17 due to strong graphic violence.
The story of the movie is a crew of movie makers who follow a serial killer.
They record his horrific crimes for a documentary they are making.
At first they are only watching.
Then they find themselves caught up in the increasingly chaotic and nihilistic violence.
Since its release the picture has become an international cult film.
Belgian crime movies
Belgian comedy movies
Movies set in Belgium
A geological basin is a large low-lying area.
It is often below sea level.
Geological basins are one of the two most common places inland which collect sediment (the other is lakes).
The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent.
The geology is of interest to oil prospectors, hydrologists and palaeontologists.
One cause is stretching of the lithosphere (crust + upper mantle).
Examples: North Sea; Nevada basin; Death Valley; Red Sea.
Overthrusting of a continental plate, at a plate boundary, causes the plate to flex.
Part goes up, and part goes down.
The downward part becomes a foreland basin.
Examples: the Ebro basin next to the Pyrenees in Spain; the Molasse and Po River basins next to the Alps.
Rifting can cause basins, as with the Dead Sea rift.
Death Valley example
Starting around 16 million years ago in the Miocene, and continuing into the present, a large part of the North American Plate has been stretched by being pulled apart.p611 The result has been the creation of a large and still-growing region of relatively thin crust; the region grew an average of  per year initially and then slowed to  per year in the last 5 million years.
Geologists call this region the Basin and Range Province.
Because the basin is low-lying, it collects sediment.
Rivers may run down into the basin from surrounding mountains.
Floods or lakes may form with no outlet to the sea.
Evaporation occurs; more sediment arrives, and so on.
The strata which forms gives clues as to the palaeoclimate.
Other terms that are used to describe a basin are: drainage basin, catchment, catchment area, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin, water basin, endorheic basin and watershed.
Some basins, such as the Great Basin, do not drain to the sea.
The water may drain into underground aquifers, or evaporate to form salt lakes.
Most basins, however, are drainage basins with rivers bringing their water into the sea.
Many such rivers meander through a web of islands at the river delta, and bring along a huge amount of sediment in the form of mud, clay and sand.
The Amazon and the Mississippi river systems are like this.
The strata which form are quite different from inland basin lakes.
When an electron is removed from a core level of an atom, a higher energy level electron may fall in the vacancy.
If the energy released by the fall is transferred to another electron, the latter (called Auger electron) will be emitted from the atom, in what is called the Auger effect, after the French physicist who discovered the phenomenon, Pierre Auger.
The kinetic energy levels of the Auger electrons depend on the type of the atoms from which the electrons were ejected, and the chemical environment of the atoms.
AES consists of bombarding a sample with energetic electrons and measuring the energy of the Auger electrons, obtaining a spectra that can be used to get information about the identity and environment of the emitting atoms.
Lee Joseph Fogolin (born February 7, 1955 in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Thunder Bay, Ontario), is a retired defenceman who played in the National Hockey League.
He played for the Buffalo Sabres and the Edmonton Oilers, playing in 924 NHL regular season games between 1974 and 1987, winning the Stanley Cup in 1984 and 1985.
Background and early career
Fogolin was born in Chicago while his father, Lee Fogolin Sr.,
was a member of the Chicago Blackhawks.
His son, Michael Fogolin, played for the Prince George Cougars in the WHL and died in his sleep on May 26, 2004 of a possible heart condition.
Fogolin played from 1972–1974 with the Oshawa Generals of the OHA, scoring 52 points in 102 games with 240 PIM.
He was drafted in the first round, 11th overall, of the 1974 NHL Entry Draft by the Buffalo Sabres.
Although Fogolin was raised in Canada, he was chosen to play for Team USA in the 1976 Canada Cup, since he was born in the U.S..  He was invited again in 1984, but this time chose not to play.
NHL playing career
Fogolin played his first professional season (1974–75) in Buffalo, but played parts of the next season with the Sabres and the AHL Hershey Bears.
He was acquired by the Edmonton Oilers for the 1979–1980 season.
Fogolin played seven full seasons with Edmonton, and was named as captain for the 1981–82 season.
He would be the first of four captains to lead the Oilers to the Stanley Cup finals, in 1983, where they lost to the New York Islanders.
While a solid defenceman in his own right, he was overshadowed by many of the young stars on the Oilers' roster, most notably scoring superstar Wayne Gretzky.
Fogolin gave up the captaincy to Gretzky for the 1983–84 season onwards.
Fogolin was a member of the Oilers' Stanley Cup wins in 1984 and 1985.
Fogolin also played in the 1986 National Hockey League All-Star Game.
1983–84 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
1984–85 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
1985–86 - National Hockey League All-Star Game
Oilers Heritage biography.
Fogolin's profile at hockeydraftcentral.com
Anthony J. "Tony" Hrkac () (born July 7, 1966 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre currently playing for the Houston Aeros of the AHL.
Hobey Baker Award (top player in NCAA): 1986–1987 season
Led the IHL in points scored (132) and was named league MVP as a member of the Indianapolis Ice in 1992–93.
Hrkac's #26 was retired by the AHL's Milwaukee Admirals on March 14, 2008.
The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover is a 1989 British independent movie starring Richard Bohringer, Alan Howard, Michael Gambon and Helen Mirren and directed by Peter Greenaway.
This movie was originally tagged by the MPAA under an X rating, due to which commercial distribution of this movie was limited.
The X rating was then surrendered, and this movie was released with no rating.
It was later released onto video with two versions, one rated NC-17, and the other under an R rating.
1989 romance movies
French romance movies
Dutch romance movies
Dutch drama movies
Movies directed by Peter Greenaway
Independent movies
Howard Zinn (August 24, 1922 – January 27, 2010) was an American historian and professor from Brooklyn, New York.
Zinn considered himself to be a radical.
1980, he wrote A People's History of the United States, which is a book that tells the history of the United States from the perspective of common people instead of people who were in power.
This included people who were oppressed.
As of the time of Zinn's death, the book had sold almost two million copies.
He was born a Prince of Savoy in Turin to Victor Amadeus II of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans.
His maternal grandparents were (Prince) Philippe of France and his first wife Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England and Queen Henrietta Maria.
At the time of his birth, Charles Emmanuel was styled the Duke of Aosta as his older brother Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont was the Heir apparent.
His older brother, the Prince of Piedmont died in 1715 and then Charles Emmanuel became Heir apparent.
In 1730 his father abdicated on 3 September leaving the throne to Charles.
He was not loved by Victor Amadeus, and consequently received an incomplete education.
He however acquired noteworthy knowledge in the military field along his father.
A god ruler, he married three times and had eleven children in total.
Charles Emmanuel died in Turin in 1773.
He was buried in the Basilica of Superga.
Marriages and issue
He married three times, but his three wives all died before their 30th birthday.
There were plans for him to marry Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans but his mother declined the offer.
Amalia d'Este was also a candidate, daughter of Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena.
Anne Christine of Sulzbach (1704–1723), daughter of Theodore Eustace of Sulzbach and Maria Eleonore of Hesse-Rotenburg.
She died a few days later after giving birth to a son:
Prince "Vittorio Amedeo" Theodore of Savoy (1723–1725) died in infancy;
Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg (1706–1735) She was the daughter of Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg and his wife Maria Anna of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort.
Polyxena was the aunt of the famous princesse de Lamballe.
The couple married on  20 August 1724 in Thorn.
Polyxena bore him six children:
Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (1726–1796); married Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain and had children.
They were the ancestors of Henri, Count of Chambord;
Princess Eleonora Maria Teresa of Savoy (1728–1781), unmarried.
Princess Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy (1729-d.1767), a nun.
Princess Maria Felicita of Savoy (1730–1801), unmarried.
Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Duke of Aosta (1731–1735) died in infancy;
Prince "Carlo" Francesco Romualdo of Savoy, Duke of Chablais (1733-1733) died in infancy;
Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine (1711–1741) daughter of Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (niece of Louis XIV of France) and Leopold, Duke of Lorraine.
The couple married in 1737.
Elisabeth Therese was a younger sister of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, Elisabeth Therese bore him three children:
Prince "Carlo" Francesco Maria Augusto of Savoy, Duke of Aosta (1738–1745) died in infancy;
Princess Maria "Vittoria" Margherita of Savoy (1740–1742) died in infancy;
Prince "Benedetto" Maria Maurizio of Savoy (1741–1808), Duke of Chablais (-1796) and Marquis of Ivrea (1796–1808).
He married his niece Princess Maria Anna of Savoy (1757–1824), daughter of  his older half-brother Victor Amadeus III, no children.
27 April 1701 – 22 March 1715 His Highness the Duke of Aosta
22 March 1715 – 3 September 1730 His Royal Highness The Prince of Piedmont
3 September 1730 – 20 February 1773 His Majesty the King of Sardinia
Rickettsia is a unique genus classified between a virus and a bacteria.
The organism is unique in that it has a cell wall and exists only in living cells like a virus, but is susceptible to antibiotics like bacteria.
The method of growing Rickettsia in chicken embryos was invented by Ernest William Goodpasture and his colleagues at Vanderbilt University in the early 1930s.
Richard Charles Albert Holbrooke (April 24, 1941 - December 13, 2010) was an American diplomat.
He became well-known when he helped broker the Dayton peace agreement, together with Carl Bildt.
This agreement of 1995 helped end the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Holbrooke was born to Dan and Trudi Holbrooke on April 24, 1941 in Manhattan, New York.
He had a brother, Andrew, who
Deaths from aortic dissection
She was the daughter of Philip IV, King of Spain and Elisabeth of France.
She was Queen of France as wife of King Louis XIV and mother of Le Grand Dauphin.
During her lifetime in Spain, she was painted by the renowned painter, Diego Velázquez.
Married to Louis XIV in 1660 following the Franco-Spanish War she played little part in politics during her lifetime.
The Bourbon Claim to the Spanish Throne which sparked of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1700 stems from her.
She also acted as regent of France for her husband at least once during her tenure as queen consort.
María Teresa married Louis XIV of France by proxy on 3 June 1660 at Fuenterrabia.
Her father Philip IV and the entire Spanish court accompanied the María Teresa to the Isle of Pheasants in Bidassoa, where Louis XIV and his court met her.
On 7 June 1660, she departed from her native country of Spain.
On 9 June she married Louis XIV in a religious ceremony at Saint-Jean-de-Luz in the Saint Jean Baptiste church, which had recently been rebuilt for the occasion.
She had a six children with Louis XIV but he would never love her.
Marie Thérèse lived a quiet life with her Spanish attendants and had to put up with her husbands various affairs, notably with Louise de La Vallière and Madame de Montespan.
She is a direct ancestor of the present Spainish King Felipe VI.
During the last week of July 1683, Marie Thérèse fell ill.
She died a painful death on 30 July 1683 at Versailles in the arms of Madame de Maintenon.
She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis outside Paris on 3 September 1683.
Her tomb was destroyed during the French Revolution.
Namesakes
Her third daughter was named after her.
As well as a "Princess of the French royal blood" Marie Thérèse, Princess of Conti.
Ryan M. Johnson (born June 14, 1976) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently a free agent in the National Hockey League.
Johnson also played for the Florida Panthers from 1996 to 2000, the Tampa Bay Lightning in 1999 to 2001, another stint with the Florida Panther from 2001 to 2003, the St. Louis Blues from 2002 to 2008, the Vancouver Canucks from 2008 to 2010 and the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.
Louis of France (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712) was the eldest son of Louis, Dauphin of France, known as le Grand Dauphin and, as such, was known as le Petit Dauphin.
He became Dauphin of France upon his father's death in 1711.
Louis de France was born in the Palace of Versailles, the eldest son of Louis, le Grand Dauphin, and his wife Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria.
At birth, he received the  title of Duke of Burgundy.
At the age of 15, he married his second cousin, Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans.
This match had been decided as part of the Treaty of Turin, which ended Franco-Savoyard conflicts during the Nine Years' War.
The marriage took place on 7 December 1697 at the Palace of Versailles.
The two were in love with one another, a rarity at the court of Versailles.
The Duke of Burgundy, who dearly loved his wife and who had stayed by her side throughout the fatal illness, contracted the disease and died on 18 February, six days after her at the Château de Marly.
Both of his sons also became infected, the eldest, Louis, Duke of Brittany, the latest in a series of Dauphins, succumbed to it on 8 March.
The only one to survive was the two-year old Duke of Anjou, the future King Louis XV of France.
16 August 1682 – 14 April 1711 His Royal Highness The Duke of Burgundy
14 April 1711 – 18 February 1712 His Royal Highness The Dauphin of France
Guy VIII, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and had been nicknamed le Dauphin (French for dolphin).
The title of Dauphin of Viennois descended in his family until 1349, when Humbert II sold his signeurie, called the Dauphiné, to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assumed the title of le Dauphin and govern this territory.
The Dauphin retained the title only.
The estates belonged to the crown.
On the death of the Dauphin, his eldest son inherits the title.
If there is no son, his oldest brother succeeds him.
If the king does not have a son the title does not go to anyone.
It is never given to a brother of the king.
The wife of the Dauphin was known as the Dauphine.
The first French Dauphin was Charles V. The title is roughly equivalent to the English title Prince of Wales.
The Dauphin was entitled to the use of the style of Royal Highness but this was only ever used in written form.
The title of Dauphin of Auvergne was used by the Count of Clermont.
Dauphins of France, 1349-1830
Charles V of France 1349–1364
Charles, eldest son and heir of Charles V; future Charles VI 1368-1380
Charles 1389
Charles 1392–1401
Louis, 1401–1415
John, 1415–1417
Charles VII of France  1417–1422
Louis XI of France 1423–1461
Charles VIII of France 1470–1483
Charles Orland 1492–1495
Charles 1496
François 1497–1498
François 1518–1536
Henry II of France 1536–1547
Francis II of France 1547–1559
Louis XIII of France 1601–1610
Louis XIV of France 1638–1643
Louis, Grand Dauphin 1661–1711
Louis, Petit Dauphin 1711-1712
Louis 1712
Louis XV of France 1712–1715
Louis 1729–1765
Louis XVI of France 1765–1774
Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France 1781–1789
Louis XVII of France 1789–1791 (in 1791 his title was changed to "Prince Royal")
Louis XIX of France 1824–1830
Ranks in the old Kingdom of France
Titles in the old Kingdom of France
The plague doctor's costume was the clothes worn by a plague doctor to protect him from diseases spread through the air.
The costume was made up of a coat which went down to the ankles and a mask.
The mask looked like a bird's beak.
The beak was often filled with things which smelled sweet or strong (often lavender).
Along with this, gloves, boots, a hat and something else to go over the jacket was worn.
The beak was held in front of the doctor's nose by straps.
There were two holes in the mask, filled with glass at eye level, so that the doctor could see properly.
The mask had two smaller holes for the doctor to breathe.
It was a type of respirator which was often filled with strong, nice smelling things.
Dried flowers (such as roses and carnations), herbs (such as mint), spices, camphor or a vinegar sponge could all be placed in the beak.
The mask was supposed to keep away bad smells.
At that time, it was thought that bad smells caused infection.
Doctors believed the herbs would take away the "evil" smells of the plague and stop them from getting it.
The costume had a wide brimmed leather hood to show that they were doctors.
They used wooden canes to point out areas needing medical attention.
This was also used to look at patients without touching them.
The canes were also used to keep people away, to take clothes off plague victims without having to touch them and to take a patient's pulse.
Wearing these clothes actually helped make sure that the doctors were not infected by fleas or rats.
Fleas could not bite through the leather jacket and infected people could not touch the doctor, which was also because of his leather jacket.
Some modern writers have said that fourteenth-century plague doctors wore masks which looked like birds.
However, medical historians say that the plague doctor costume was invented by Charles de Lorme.
In 1619 he used the idea of full head-to-toe protective clothing.
It was modelled after a soldier's armour.
This was made up of a bird-like mask and a long leather (Moroccan or Levantine) or waxed-canvas gown.
The gown went from the neck to the ankles.
The clothing which went on top of the gown, as well as leggings, gloves, boots and a hat, were made of waxed leather.
The garment was impregnated with similar fragrant items as the beak mask.
This poem was written in the seventeenth century.
It describes the plague doctor's costume.
As may be seen on picture here,
In Rome the doctors do appear,
When to their patients they are called,
In places by the plague appalled,
Their hats and cloaks, of fashion new,
Are made of oilcloth, dark of hue,
Their caps with glasses are designed,
Their bills with antidotes all lined,
That foulsome air may do no harm,
Nor cause the doctor man alarm,
The staff in hand must serve to show
Their noble trade where'er they go.
Jean-Jacques Manget, in his 1721 book Treatise on the Plague,  written just after the Great Plague of Marseille, talks about the costumes that plague doctors wore at Nijmegen in 1636-1637.
A picture of the costume is at the front of the book.
The plague doctors of Nijmegen also wore beaked masks.
Their robes, leggings, hats, and gloves were made of morocco leather.
This costume was also worn by plague doctors during the Plague of 1656.
This plague killed 145,000 people in Rome and 300,000 in Naples.
The costume made people very scared because it was a sign that they would die soon.
The costume was worn by a commedia dell'arte character called Il Medico della Peste (the Plague Doctor).
He wears a special plague doctor's mask.
The Venetian mask was normally white.
It was made up of a beak and round eye-holes.
The eye-holes were covered with clear glass.
It is one of the most unique masks worn during the Carnival of Venice.
Center for Advanced Study in Theatre Arts, Western European stages, Volume 14, CASTA, 2002,
Dolan, Josephine,  Goodnow's History of Nursing , W. B. Saunders 1963 (Philadelphia and London), Library of Congress No.
16-25236
Goodnow, Minnie,  Goodnow's history of nursing , W.B. Saunders Co., 1968, OCLC Number: 7085173
Hall, Manly Palmer, Horizon, Philosophical Research Soceity, Inc., 1949
Hirst, Leonard Fabian, The conquest of plague: a study of the evolution of epidemiology, Clarendon Press, 1953,
Infectious Diseases Society of America, Reviews of infectious diseases, Volume 11, University of Chicago Press, 1989
Nohl, Johannes, The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague, J. & J. Harper Edition 1969, Library of Congress No.
79-81867
Manget, Jean-Jacques, Traité de la peste recueilli des meilleurs auteurs anciens et modernes, Geneva, 1721, online as PDF, 28Mb download
O'Donnell, Terence, History of life insurance in its formative years, American Conservation Company, 1936
Paton, Alex, "Cover image", QJM: An International Journal of Medicine , 100.4, 4 April 2007. (
A commentary on the issue's cover photograph of The Posy Tree, Mapperton, Dorset.)
Time-Life Books, What life was like in the age of chivalry: medieval Europe, AD 800-1500, 1997
Walker, Kenneth,  The story of medicine '', Oxford University Press, 1955
Bust-A-Move 2 is the first sequel to Bust-A-Move, and is also known as Puzzle Bobble 2 outside Europe and North America.
Released into the arcades in 1995, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Nintendo 64 and PC conversions followed.
The game was included in Taito Legends 2, but the US arcade version was included on US PS2 version instead.
The game is a spin-off from Bubble Bobble.