the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
August 9 – The Manson Family murders the actress Sharon Tate and members of her family.
August 15 – The Woodstock music festival starts in Upstate New York.
August 17 – Hurricane Camille hits Mississippi, killing 248 people.
August 31 – Boxer Rocky Marciano dies in a plane crash on the day before his 46th birthday.
September 1 – King Idris I of Libya is removed from power in a coup.
September 7 – Monty Python's Flying Circus airs for the first time on British television.
October 15 – Hundreds of thousands of people across the US protest against the Vietnam War by not going to work.
October 21 – Willy Brandt becomes the first SPD-Chancellor of Germany
November 9 – A group of American Indians takes over Alcatraz Island and holds it for 19 months.
November 10 - Sesame Street first aired.
November 13 – Up to 500,000 anti-war protesters march and protest in Washington DC.
December 1 – The United States holds the first "draft lottery", to pick who is going to be sent to fight in Vietnam.
January 2 – Christy Turlington, American model
January 3 – Michael Schumacher, German Formula one driver
January 5 – Marilyn Manson, American singer
January 14 – Dave Grohl, American musician
January 16 – Roy Jones, Jr., American professional boxer
January 18 – Dave Bautista, American professional wrestler
February 1 – Brian Krause, American actor
February 11 – Jennifer Aniston, American actress
March 6 – Greg Scott, English television presenter
April 25 – Renée Zellweger, American actress
May 14 – Cate Blanchett, Australian actress
May 25 – Stacy London, American fashion consultant
June 14 – Steffi Graf, German tennis player
June 15 – Oliver Kahn, German football player
June 27 – Colleen Fitzpatrick, American singer and actress
July 17 - Kazuki Kitamura, Japanese actor
July 20 – Josh Holloway, American actor
July 24 – Jennifer Lopez, American singer and actress
July 27 – Triple H, American professional wrestler
August 6 – Elliott Smith, American singer and musician (d. 2003)
August 18 – Edward Norton, American actor
August 19 – Matthew Perry, American actor
August 28 – Jack Black, American actor, comedian, and musician
October 24 - Adela Noriega, Mexican television actress
November 10 – Jens Lehmann, German football player
December 4 – Jay-Z, American rapper
December 9 – Bixente Lizarazu, French footballer
December 19 – Kristy Swanson, American actress
December 28 – Linus Torvalds, Finnish computer scientist
Buckethead, American musician
January 1 – Barton MacLane, American actor (b. 1902)
January 31 – Meher Baba, Indian mystic (b. 1894)
February 26 – Levi Eshkol, 3rd Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1895)
March 28 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States (b. 1890)
June 2 – Leo Gorcey, American actor (b. 1917)
June 22 – Judy Garland, American actress and singer (b. 1922)
August 9 – Sharon Tate, American actress (b. 1943)
August 31 – Rocky Marciano, American boxer (b. 1923)
September 2 – Ho Chi Minh, President of North Vietnam (b. 1890)
October 21 – Jack Kerouac, American writer and poet (b. 1922)
Nobel Prize in Physics – Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist (for his work on the theory of elementary particles)
Chemistry – Derek H R Barton, Odd Hassel
Medicine – Max Delbrück, Alfred D Hershey, Salvador E Luria
Literature – Samuel Beckett, Irish writer
Peace – International Labour Organization
Economics – Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen
Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice
"Aquarius"/"Let The Sunshine In" – Fifth Dimension
"The Ballad of John and Yoko" – The Beatles
"But You Know I Love You" – Kenny Rogers and The First Edition
"The Boxer" – Simon and Garfunkel
"In The Ghetto" – Elvis Presley
"Cloud Nine" – The Temptations
"Come Together" – The Beatles
"Get Back" – The Beatles
"Good Times Bad Times" – Led Zeppelin
"Honky Tonk Women" – Rolling Stones
"I'd Wait A Million Years" – The Grass Roots
"Listen to the Band" – The Monkees
"Pinball Wizard" – The Who
"Proud Mary" – Creedence Clearwater Revival
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head" – B.J. Thomas
"Something" – The Beatles
"Suspicious Minds" – Elvis Presley
"Touch Me" – The Doors
"Whole Lotta Love" – Led Zeppelin
Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle – Vladimir Nabokov
The Andromeda Strain – Michael Crichton
The Edible Woman – Margaret Atwood
The Godfather – Mario Puzo
The Green Man – Kingsley Amis
Saarbrücken (;  ; Rhine Franconian: Saarbrigge [zaːˈbʁɪɡə]; ) is a German city and a district in the state of Saarland.
The city is also the capital of the Saarland.
Saarbrücken has 180,000 inhabitants and is on the river Saar.
Saarlouis is a town in the Saarland, Germany.
It has 38,400 inhabitants and is on the Saar.
From 1936 to 1945 it was called Saarlautern.
Ford Motor Company has a plant here; it produces the Focus, C-Max and Kuga.
Brandenburg (Low Sorbian: Bramborska, Low German: Brannenborg) is a state (Bundesland) in Germany.
It has been a state since 1990.
It is 29,056 km² in area.
It has about 2.6 million inhabitants.
Until 1945 it was the biggest province in Prussia, with 38,278 km² and 3 million inhabitants.
From 1949 to 1952 it was a state in the German Democratic Republic.
In 1952 it became divided into three Bezirke (Potsdam, Frankfurt and Cottbus).
The capital of Brandenburg is Potsdam.
Berlin is in the middle of Brandenburg.
But it is not part of Brandenburg.
It is a city state.
1373 Karl IV bought Brandenburg for his sons from the Wittelsbacher
1539 Protestant Reformation
1618 United with Prussia
1815 Brandenburg became a province in Prussia
1945 Brandenburg lost 32% to Poland
1949 State in East Germany
1952 Divided into three Bezirke (Districts)
1990 State of the reunited Germany
Brandenburg is divided into fourteen Kreise (districts):
Also Brandenburg has four Kreisfreie Städte (district-free city):
Frankfurt an der Oder
List of Minister-Presidents
1945 - 1949: Karl Steinhoff
1949 - 1952: Rudi Jahn
1990 - 2002: Manfred Stolpe (SPD)
2002 - 2013: Matthias Platzeck (SPD)
since 2013: Dietmar Woidke (SPD)
Cities and counties
Brandenburg is divided into fourteen (rural) counties (Landkreise),
and four urban districts (kreisfreie Städte),
Anything related to the country Russia
Russians, the people of Russia
Russian dressing, a sauce put on salads
Russian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.
It is the main language spoken in Russia.
It is also spoken in by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.
Russian, like other Slavic languages, is an Indo-European language.
Russian is one of the three main East Slavic languages; the others are Ukrainian and Belarusian.
More people speak Russian than any other Slavic language.
Written Russian does not use the Latin alphabet that English and the West Slavic languages do - some people do however, learn to write it in Latin letters.
It mostly uses the Cyrillic alphabet, whose letters, like those of Latin, came from Greek, but are different from them.
The other East Slavic languages and some of the South Slavic languages use the Cyrillic alphabet as well.
Russian is an official language of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.
It is one of the six official languages of the United Nations, along with English, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Chinese.
Standard Russian
Standard Russian is also called modern literary Russian (Современный русский литературный язык).
It first appeared at the beginning of the 18th century.
Peter the Great was then working to make the state more modern.
Standard Russian grew out of the dialect of Russian that was spoken by people in and around Moscow.
In some ways, Standard Russian was also like the Russian used in government offices in earlier centuries.
Mikhail Lomonosov wrote the first book on Russian grammar in 1755.
The Russian Academy of Sciences published the first full dictionary of Russian in 1783.
The grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation of Russian became stable and were standardized at the end of the 18th century and during the 19th century.
That was called the "Golden Age" of Russian literature because it was a good period for the subject, which became very famous across the world.
All of Russia began to use Russian as the language of literature, education, and official communication.
Until the 20th century, only the upper classes and people in cities spoke the literary language.
Russians from the countryside continued to speak their local dialects.
In the 20th century, all children were required to go to school.
Many people had radios and televisions, which helped to spread Standard Russian.
By the mid-20th century, Russian dialects had mostly disappeared.
Standard Russian replaced them almost completely especially to talk to people from different oblasts.
Parents choose the first name for their child.
Some common Russian names for boys are Ivan, Vladimir, Mikhail and Nikolai.
Some common Russian names for girls are Anna, Anastasia, Svetlana and Yekaterina.
The second name is the patronymic (Russian: otchestvo) and comes from one's father's first name.
For example, a boy whose father is Ivan would havae as patronymic is Ivanovich.
If a boy's father is Nikolai, his patronymic is Nikolaevich.
If a girl's father is Ivan, her patronymic is Ivanovna.
If her father is Nikolai, her patronymic is Nikolaevna.
The patronymic of a boy ends with -ovich or -evich.
The patronymic of a girl ends with -ovna or -evna.
Boys have the same family name as their fathers.
Girls use their father's family name but an -a is added to the end of the name.
A man whose family name is Romanov would have a son with the family name Romanov and a daughter with the family name Romanova.
If a man's name is Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov and has a son, Aleksei, and a daughter, Anastasia, the son's full name is Aleksei Nikolaevich Romanov, and the daughter's full name is Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova.
There are also many people in Russia whose family names are not Russian.
Some of the family names have only one form, which is the same for both sons and daughters.
Some examples are Glushko (a Ukrainian name), Rubinstein (a German/Jewish name) or Shevardnadze (a Georgian name).
Like Latin, Greek, and German, Russian has a case system.
In Russian, it applies to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, numerals and participles with a set of word endings (sounds/letters attached to the ends of words) that show the grammatical roles of words in a sentence.
Because the grammatical roles are shown by the endings, word order is freer in than in English.
There are six cases in Russian.
The nominative case, the form listed in the dictionary, is used for the subject of the sentence.
The genitive case often shows ownership.
The accusative case is used for a direct object, the dative case for an indirect object.
The instrumental case is used for the tool or instrument with which something is done.
The prepositional case is used after certain prepositions, such as "in" and "on", but other prepositions may require the use of other cases.
Each case has other uses than those listed.
Gender and number
In Russian, nouns have one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neutral.
This is the same for languages like French, Spanish, etc.
Masculine nouns usually end in consonants, neutral nouns usually end in -o or -e, and feminine nouns usually end in -a or -я.
The plural acts like a fourth gender because gender does not change plural words.
In Russian, an adjective must agree with the word that it describes in gender, case and number.
In the nominative case, adjectives that describe feminine words usually end in -ая or -яя.
Those that describe masculine words usually end in -ый, -ий or -ой.
Those that describe neuter words usually end in -ое or -ее.
Those that describe plural words usually end in -ые or -ие.
The endings change depending on case.
Languages of Azerbaijan
January 14 – The Sex Pistols played their final show (until a 1996 reunion) at San Francisco's Winterland
March 1 - The Princesses series by Universal Studios.
April 22 – The Blues Brothers make their first appearance on Saturday Night Live.
The duo of Jake & Elwood Blues (John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd) are introduced by Paul Shaffer (as Don Kirschner) and perform "Hey Bartender"
April 26 – Ringo Starr's, Ringo, a musical version of The Prince and the Pauper airs on American television.
Starr's fellow former Beatle George Harrison provides the narration
May 8 – Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler are the first humans on the Mount Everest without oxygen tanks
July 25 – First human birth from in vitro fertilization
August 6 – Pope Paul VI dies at the age of 80.
Albino Luciani become the new pope, Pope John Paul I
August 17 – Double Eagle II becomes the first balloon to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
August 26 – The first Canada Jam Festival is held in Ontario, featuring sets by the Doobie Brothers, the Commodores, Kansas, Dave Mason, and the Atlanta Rhythm Section
September 28 – Pope John Paul I dies after 34 days in office
October 1 – Vietnam attacks Cambodia
October 16 – Karol Wojtyła elected pope, and calls himself Pope John Paul II
November 18 – Jim Jones and his followers commit suicide
November 27 – San Francisco politician Dan White assassinates Harvey Milk and George Moscone
December 21 - John Wayne Gacy is arrested for the killings of 33 boys and young men.
Garfield, a comic strip, debuts
Space Invaders is created by the Taito Corporation
January 13 – Tinga, Brazilian footballer
January 28 – Gianluigi Buffon, Italian footballer
January 30 – Daniel Lindström, Swedish singer
February 7 – Ashton Kutcher, American actor
March 11 – Didier Drogba, Ivorian footballer
March 21 – Kevin Federline, American doofus
April 4 - Sam Moran, Australian musician (The Wiggles)
April 6 – Myleene Klass, English musician
April 30 – Tom Fulp, Newgrounds creater
May 22 – Katie Price, English model and singer
June 9 – Matthew Bellamy, English singer
June 9 – Miroslav Klose, Polish footballer
June 11 – Joshua Jackson, Canadian actor
June 19 – Dirk Nowitzki,
June 21 – Frank Lampard, English footballer
June 29 – Nicole Scherzinger, American singer and actress
July 19 – Chiara Zanni, Canadian actress
August 22 – Jeff Stinco, Canadian Musician- Simple Plan
August 23 – Kobe Bryant, NBA star (d. 2020)
September 25 – Rafał Wiechecki, Polish politician
September 28 – Bushido, German singer
September 30 – Candice Michelle, American model and wrestler
October 2 – Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese singer
October 6 – Carolina Gynning, Swedish model
October 5 – Gerald Asamoah, German footballer
October 7 – Alesha Dixon, English singer
October 26 - CM Punk, American professional wrestler
November 25 – Ringo Shiina, Japanese singer
December 2 – Nelly Furtado, Canadian singer
December 2 – Chris Wolstenholme, English musician
December 18 – Katie Holmes, American actress
Alison Balsom, English musician
Miri Ben-Ari, Israeli violinist
January 14 – Kurt Gödel, Czech mathematician (b. 1906)
March 21 – Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, 5th President of Ireland (b. 1911)
May 14 – Robert Menzies, 12th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1894)
May 17 – Armin T. Wegner, German writer (b. 1886)
August 6 – Pope Paul IV, heart attack (b. 1897)
September 7 - Keith Moon, English drummer (The Who) (b. 1946)
September 28 – Pope John Paul I (b. 1912)
November 19 – Jim Jones, American cult leader (b. 1931)
F.I.S.T.
Jaws II
The Lord of the Rings, animated movie by Ralph Bakshi
Superman, starring Marlon Brando and Christopher Reeve
Nobel Prize in Physics – Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson
Chemistry – Peter D Mitchell
Medicine – Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O Smith
Literature -Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polnish writer and journalist
Peace – Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat and Menachem Begin
Economics – Herbert Simon
January 15 – K.C. and the Sunshine Band's Harry Wayne Casey is seriously injured in an automobile accident in Miami, Florida.
January 17 – Tommy Tucker, writer of "Hi Heel Sneakers", dies of carbon tetrachloride poisoning sustained while he was finishing floors in his home.
January 20 – Ozzy Osbourne bites the head off of a live bat thrown at him during a performance.
Osbourne is hospitalized with rabies.
January 21 – B.B. King donates his personal record collection, which includes nearly 7,000 rare blues records, to the University of Mississippi's Center for the Study of Southern Culture.
February 13 – A 300-pound gravestone from the grave of Lynyrd Skynyrd singer Ronnie Van Zant is stolen from an Orange Park, Florida cemetery.
Police found the gravestone two weeks later in a dry river bed.
February 20 – Pat Benatar marries her guitarist, Neil Giraldo on the Hawaiian island of Maui.
March 4 – Frank Zappa's son Dweezil and daughter Moon Unit form Fred Zeppelin.
March 5 – Comedian and Blues Brother John Belushi is found dead of an apparent drug overdose in the Chateau Marmont Hotel in Los Angeles, California.
March 18 – Teddy Pendergrass is severely injured in a car accident in Philadelphia.
Pendergrass' injuries result in him being paralyzed from the waist down.
March 19 – Ozzy Osbourne's lead guitarist, Randy Rhoads is killed in a freak accident in Leesburg, Florida when the plane he's riding in buzzes Osbourne's tour bus and crashes into a house.
The plane's pilot and a female passenger are also killed.
March 28 – In Los Angeles, California, David Crosby is arrested for possession of Quaaludes and drug paraphernalia, driving under the influence of cocaine and carrying a concealed weapon.
March 29 – Stevie Wonder and Paul McCartney release their single "Ebony and Ivory".
March 31 – The Doobie Brothers announce that they are breaking up.
April 2 – The Falklands War begins.
April 15 – Billy Joel is seriously injured in a motorcycle accident in Long Island, New York.
Joel spends over a month in the hospital undergoing physical therapy for his hand.
April – Amy Grant marries Gary Chapman.
April 26 – Rod Stewart is mugged in Los Angeles, California.
Stewart loses his $50,000 Porsche to the mugger, but was not hurt.
June 20 – The Falklands War ends.
August 17 – The first mass production of compact discs begins in Langenhagen near Hanover, Germany.
September 7 – The musical Cats begins its 18-year run on Broadway.
September 30 – The TV show Cheers premieres.
November 5 – First broadcast of The Tube was shown on Channel 4 in the UK.
November 13 – Vietnam Veterans Memorial dedicated.
February 14 – Marián Gáborík, Slovak professional ice hockey player
April 10 - Chyler Leigh, American actress, singer and model
June 21 – Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
August 6 - David Knazovicky
November 20 - Nathan Vetterlein, American YouTube personality
January 10 – Paul Lynde, comedian
February 12- Victor Jory, Canadian actor (born 1902)
March 5 – John Belushi, actor
March 29 – Carl Orff, German composer
August 12 – Henry Fonda, actor
September 5 – Douglas Bader, RAF Fighter pilot
November 10 – Leonid Brezhnev, leader of the Soviet Union
August 27 – Sri Anandamayi Ma,Hindu spiritual teacher and Guru from Bengal
Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean
Class of 1984
Fanny and Alexander
Friday the 13th, Part 3
Megaforce
Richard Pryor Live on Sunset Strip
Rocky III, starring Sylvester Stallone
Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan
"867-5309 Jenny" – Tommy Tutone
"Always On My Mind" – Willie Nelson
"Believer" – Ozzy Osbourne
"Body Language" – Queen
"The Day Before You Came" – ABBA
"Don't Talk To Strangers" – Rick Springfield
"Electric Eye" – Judas Priest
"Even the Nights are Better" – Air Supply
"Eye In The Sky" – Alan Parsons Project
"Flying High Again" – Ozzy Osbourne
"Freeze Frame" – J. Geils Band
"Gloria" – Laura Branigan
"Gypsy" – Fleetwood Mac
"Head Over Heels" – ABBA
"Heart Attack" – Olivia Newton-John
"Heat Of The Moment" – Asia
"Hold Me" – Fleetwood Mac
"Hungry Like The Wolf" – Duran Duran
"Hurts So Good" – John Cougar
"I'm Afraid of Me" – Culture Club
"Invisible Sun" – The Police
"Love Will Turn You Around" – Kenny Rogers
"Make A Move On Me" – Olivia Newton-John
"The Message" – Grandmaster Flash
"Open Arms" – Journey
"Our Lips Are Sealed" – The Go-Gos
"Over The Mountain" – Ozzy Osbourne
"Planet Rock" – Afrika Bambaataa
"Pressure" – Billy Joel
"Quiero Ser" – Menudo
"Rock The Casbah" – The Clash
"Rosanna" – Toto
"Shake It Up" – The Cars
"Since You're Gone" – The Cars
"Spirits In The Material World" – The Police
"Still They Ride" – Journey
"Sube A Mi Motora" – Menudo
"Time (Clock of the Heart)" – Culture Club
"TV Party" – Black Flag
"Twilight Zone" – Golden Earring
"Vacation" – The Go-Gos
"Valley Girl" – Frank Zappa
"We Got The Beat" – The Go-Gos
"White Boy" – Culture Club
"You Can't Hurry Love" – Phil Collins
"You Should Hear How She Talks About You" – Melissa Manchester
"You've Got Another Thing Comin'" – Judas Priest
Jumanji by Chris Van Allsburg
Physics – Kenneth G. Wilson, American physicist
Chemistry – Aaron Klug
Physiology or Medicine – Sune K Bergström, Bengt I Samuelsson, John R Vane
Literature – Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian novelist and journalist
Peace – Alva Myrdal and Alfonso García Robles
Economics – George Stigler
Professor (commonly abbreviated as prof.)
is an academic rank at most universities and colleges.
The word professor comes from Latin.
It means a "person who professes", being usually an expert in arts or sciences.
A professor is a teacher of the highest rank.
Professors are often active in research.
In many institutions, the job title 'professor' is synonymous with that of an instructor.
A professor is an accomplished and recognized academic.
In most Commonwealth nations, as well as northern Europe, the title professor is the highest academic rank at a university.
In the United States and Canada, the title of professor is also the highest rank, but a higher percentage achieve it.
In these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees (typically Ph.D. degrees) or equivalent qualifications, though some have masters degrees.
Most professors teach in four-year colleges and universities.
An emeritus professor is a title given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature and ongoing research.
Emeritus professors do not receive a salary.
However, they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, and so on.
The term professor is also used in the titles assistant professor and associate professor, which are not considered non-tenured professors.
In Australia, the title associate professor is used in place of reader, ranking above senior lecturer and below full professor.
Beyond holding the proper academic title, universities in many countries also give notable artists, athletes and foreign dignitaries the title honorary professor, even if these persons do not have the academic qualifications typically necessary for professorship and they do not take up professorial duties.
However, such "professors" usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution.
In general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis.
An adjunct professor, also called an  adjunct lecturer or adjunct instructor is a non-tenure position in the U.S. and Canada.
They usually rank below a full professor.
They are usually hired on a contract basis.
They are often hired as part-time instructors especially at universities and colleges with tightening budgets.
The position of an adjunct can often lead to a full-time professorship.
It is also an opportunity for professionals to teach part-time.
A professor's salary can vary by education, school, subject taught and country.
A professor typically earns a base salary and a range of benefits.
In addition, a professor who undertakes additional roles in her institution (e.g., department chair, dean, head of graduate studies, etc.)
earns additional income.
In the United States, in 2014, a tenured Law professor made an average of $143,509 a year.
By comparison, those teaching history, English, the Arts or Theology make about half that amount.
But both are far above the median income for a person in the US.
Average by country
Reader (academic rank)
Academic tenure
Visiting scholar
What is a professor?;
Education occupations
An area of ground that tends evenly upward or downward
The degree to which a surface tends upward or downward
In mathematics, the ratio of the vertical and horizontal distances between two points on a line
California, officially the State of California, is a state in the western part of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.
It is the third biggest US state by land area (after Alaska and Texas) with 163,696 square mi (423,970 km2).
It has more people than any other state with over 39 million people as of 2019.
It also has more people than Canada.
Its largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, and San Francisco.
The capital is Sacramento.
The states around its borders are Arizona to the southeast, Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south.
California is the US state with the largest economy.
California's Silicon Valley is home to some of the world's most valuable technology companies, including Apple, Alphabet Inc., and Facebook.
What is now California was first settled by Native Californian tribes.
Before that, it was explored by Europeans in the 16th and 17th century.
It became the 31st state of the United States in 1850.
39% of Hispanics live in the state.
California hosts a large Mexican American population.
Hispanics are expected to number 23.7 million in 2050.
Many celebrities and rich people live in California.
Los Angeles attracts tourists from all over the world due to its celebrity culture.
Many movies and television shows are filmed in Los Angeles.
The geography of California varies depending on region.
Southwestern California has small mountain ranges and the cities of San Diego and Los Angeles.
Southeastern California has the Mojave Desert and Death Valley, the lowest place in the United States.
The eastern part of the state has the highest point in the United States outside of Alaska: Mount Whitney, in the Sierra Nevada mountain range.
The cities of Sacramento, Bakersfield, and Fresno are in the Central Valley.
The valley has the Sierra Nevada to the east and the Pacific Coast Ranges to the west.
It is California's single most productive agricultural region and one of the most productive in the world.
It produces more than half the fruit, vegetables, and nuts grown in the United States.
More than seven million acres (28,000 km2) of the valley are irrigated by an extensive system of reservoirs and canals.
The west-central part of the state has some small mountains and the cities of San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland.
Northern California has the Cascade Range, the Klamath Mountains, and the Modoc Plateau.
Far northern California does not have many people, but the San Francisco region and the Sacramento region are often thought of as part of northern California.()
Flora and fauna
California is home to many animals such as racoons, the California condor and the mountain lion.
California’s official flower is the California poppy.
California was once home to the Grizzly bear and the jaguar.
The state is a leader in three businesses: farming, movie-making, and high technology, mostly software and websites.
Aerospace used to be a large industry there, but it has been downsized in the last 20 years.
California is very diverse.
Today it has high numbers of Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans and Armenian Americans.
There are many earthquakes in California.
They happen when two tectonic plates (parts of the Earth's crust) shift underground.
Californians need to be prepared for earthquakes and often store extra food, water, flashlights, and first aid supplies in case of such an emergency.
California has more people than any other state in the United States.
If California was a separate country, it would have the sixth largest economy in the world.
California is probably the state with the most ethnic groups.
It also has many different geographic features – mountains, deserts, and coasts.
It is often called The Golden State.
The state flower is the golden poppy.
The post office uses "CA" as a shorthand for California, and the Associated Press uses "Calif." or "Cali."
California has a large population of Mexican Americans.
Mexican Americans have influenced Californian cuisine and Californian culture.
California also has a large Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Indian and Chinese population.
White people are becoming less country in the state but there is still many Russians, Spaniards, Germans, English people, Scottish people, French people, Portuguese, Italians, Dutch people, Irish people and French in the state.
Other ethnic groups in California are Serbians, Persians, Bulgarians and Romani people.
California is popular among celebrities.
Celebrities such as Kim Kardashian, Dwayne Johnson, Kylie Jenner and Jennifer Aniston are from California.
Protestantism and Catholicism are the most practice religions in California.
A smaller population are Jews, Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists.
Californian cuisine is influenced by Spanish cuisine, Mexican cuisine and Asian cuisine.
Mexican food is very popular in California.
California is popular for it’s tourism.
Hollywood and Disneyland are popular tourist destinations in California.
Most tourists in Los Angeles come from Mexico, China, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, France, Germany, Scandinavia, Middle East, and most recently, India, Spain, Italy and Southeast Asia.
In 2019, Gavin Newsom became the governor of California.
Before him, the governor was Jerry Brown.
On November 4, 1992, Dianne Feinstein became one of California's United States senators.
On January 3, 2017, Kamala Harris became the other one.
California was more conservative during the 1960s and 1980s when its former governor, Ronald Reagan, ran for president as a Republican.
Today, California is more liberal and less conservative.
The people in Coastal California were Native Americans.
The original Californians were a diverse population, separated by language into as many as 135 distinct dialects.
Tribes included the Karok, Maidu, Cahuilleno, Mojave, Yokuts, Pomo, Paiute, and Modoc.
In the past, the area that was called "California" was not just today's California.
This area covered the Mexican lands south of it, as well as Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona and Wyoming.
The Spanish called the part of the land that later became part of the United States Alta California (Upper California) when it was split from what became Baja California (Lower California).
In these early times, the borders of the Sea of Cortez and the Pacific coast were not well known, so the old maps wrongly showed California to be an island.
The name comes from Las sergas de Espladián (Adventures of Spladian), a 16th-century book by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo, where there is an island paradise called California.
The first European who visited parts of the coast, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, came from Portugal in 1542.
The first European who saw the entire coast was Sir Francis Drake, in 1579, and he decided that the British owned it.
But starting in the late 1700s, Spanish religious leaders of the Roman Catholic Church ("missionaries") got large gifts of land in the area north of Baja California, from the Spanish king and queen.
These religious people set up small towns and villages, the famous California Missions.
When Mexico was no longer controlled by Spain, the Mexican government took over the villages, and they soon became empty.
In 1846, as the Mexican-American War was starting, some Americans in California hoped to create a California Republic.
These men flew a "Bear flag" that had a golden bear with a star on it.
This Republic ended suddenly, however, when Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into San Francisco Bay.
He said that California was now part of the United States.
After the war with Mexico ended, California was split between the two countries.
The Mexican portion became the Mexican states of Baja California Norte (north) and Baja California Sur (south). ("
Baja" means "lower" in Spanish.)
The western part of the part given to the United States became today's state of California.
In 1848, there were about 4,000 Spanish-speaking people in today's California on the American side. (
Today the state has a total of nearly 40,000,000 people.)
In 1849, gold was suddenly found and the number of people went up very fast as the Gold Rush took hold.
Slavery also spread there as people hoping to find gold brought African slaves and either forced them to work in gold mines or hired them out for other work.
In 1850, California became a state in the Union (the United States).
During the American Civil War (1861-1865), many people in California, especially in the southern part of California, thought the South was right and slavery should be protected.
Some people in Southern California even wanted Southern California to leave the rest of the state and join the Confederate States of America.
California joined the war to and helped the North (the Union) and sent many troops east to fight the Confederacy.
At first, travel between the far west and the east coast of the United States was dangerous and took a lot of time.
Going by land was very difficult, because there were no roads and no trains, and many Native Americans were attacking American people heading West in wagons.
The only other way was to travel by boat around the Cape Horn, at the southern end of South America.
This took months, since the trip was thousands of miles long and the Panama Canal had not yet been built either.
But in 1869, the connection got better quickly, because the first railroad across the continent was finished.
Meanwhile, more people in California were learning that the land there was very good to grow fruit and other crops.
Oranges were grown in many parts of California.
This was the beginning of the huge farming business that California has today.
The economy of the State of California is the largest in the United States.
It has a gross state product (GSP) of US$3.0 trillion as of 2020.
It has many sectors.
The most dominant are finance, business services, government and manufacturing.
If California were a sovereign nation, according to 2019 statistics, it would rank as the world's fifth largest economy, lying between Germany and India.
Over 10% of the Fortune 1000 companies were based in California in 2018.
Present day
In 1900, there were only a million people in California and 105,000 in Los Angeles.
Today, California has more people than any other U.S. state.
Starting in 1965, the variety of people became much greater as many different people from around the world came to the United States and often decided to live in California.
California is thought to be a very liberal state, but there are still a lot of people who are Republicans and view Ronald Reagan as a hero.
Technology is very advanced and many new cultural trends begin there.
Engineering and computers play a big part in the state's life.
For over a hundred years, film has been one of the most important businesses in California.
By the 1950s, television had also become an important business in California.
Many Latinos especially Mexicans and Salvadorans live in the state.
1850 establishments in the United States
Propaganda is a form of communication to distribute information.
It is always biased.
The information is designed to make people feel a certain way or to believe a certain thing.
The information is often political.
It is hard to tell whether the information is true or false.
Very often, the information is confusing and unfair.
Propaganda does tend to make disputes last longer, and be more difficult to resolve.
It can take the form of posters, TV advertisements, and radio announcements.
The word 'propaganda' comes from Latin.
At first, it meant 'ideas to be spread around'.
But in the First World War, it came to mean political ideas that are supposed to be misleading.
Propaganda is like advertising in some ways.
For example, it uses the mass media to spread its ideas.
But advertising is usually trying to sell something, whereas propaganda is about ideas.
It is often political, and used by states or political parties, not private companies.
Propaganda is often used during wars.
There it can be very useful.
Sometimes it keeps the people of a country happy  telling them that their country is fighting well and telling them how important it is that the enemy is defeated.
Sometimes it tries to make people hate the enemy.
The information could tell people that the enemy is evil or make them seem not human.
Sometimes a government gives propaganda to the enemy  telling them that the war is going badly for them and that they should stop fighting.
When a country is not at war, propaganda can still be used.
The government may use propaganda to change what people think about a political situation.
A group may try to change the way people act towards an issue.
Propaganda under some countries, like dictatorships, is used along with censorship.
While propaganda tries to give people false ideas, censorship forces the ones who disagree with propaganda to keep quiet.
Then the propaganda can say everything, because nobody can question it in public.
Propaganda is also used to win people by tricking them.
Some people say that cults use propaganda to get people to join them.
Examples of propaganda:
British propaganda against Germany in the First World War.
German propaganda against Poland to start the Second World War, see Attack on Sender Gleiwitz
Propaganda through mass media (print, radio and movies) was used by the Soviet Union from beginning to end.
Some great artists, like Sergei Eisenstein and El Lissitzky, helped them do it.
Many others, such as Solzhenitsyn, did not.
Propaganda has been used in every known civilisation.
It was used by Rameses II on his monuments in Ancient Egypt; it was used by Ancient Greek orators; it was used by Julius Caesar, and all Roman Emperors.
The word itself is formed from propagate, meaning to multiply.
Propaganda was carried much further  by the Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide of the Catholic Church.
This committee, founded in 1622 by Pope Gregory XV, had action branches in most European countries.
These were the local branches of the Inquisition, which sought out heretics.
With torture and the threat of death by burning at the stake, they forced heretics to recant (to publicly withdraw their previous beliefs).
The objective was to remove all challenges to the supremacy of the Church in matters of belief.
The 1578 handbook for inquisitors noted  "Punishment does not take place primarily and for the correction and good of the person punished, but for the public good in order that others may become terrified and weaned away from the evils they would commit".
Topology is an area of Mathematics, which studies how spaces are organized and how they are structured in terms of position.
It also studies how spaces are connected.
It is divided into algebraic topology, differential topology and geometric topology.
Topology has been called rubber-sheet geometry.
In a topology of two dimensions there is no difference between a circle and a square.
A circle made out of a rubber band can be stretched into a square.
There is a difference between a circle and a figure eight.
A figure eight cannot be stretched into a circle without tearing.
The spaces studied in topology are called topological spaces.
They vary from familiar manifolds to some very exotic constructions.
Natural Origin
In many problems, we often divide a large space into smaller areas.
For instance, a house is divided into rooms, a nation into states, a type of quantity into numbers, and so on.
Each of these smaller areas (room, state, number) is next to other small areas (other rooms/states/numbers).
The places where the areas meet are connections.
If we write down on paper a list of spaces, and the connections between them, we have written down a description of a space -- a topological space.
All topological spaces have the same properties such as connections, and are made of the same structure (a list of smaller areas).
This makes it easier to study how spaces behave.
It also makes it easier to write algorithms.
For instance, to program a robot to navigate a house, we simply give it a list of rooms, the connections between each room (doors), and an algorithm that can work out which rooms to go through to reach any other room.
For more examples of this type of problem, look at Graph theory.
We can go further by creating subdivisions of subdivisions of space.
For instance, a nation divided into states, divided into counties, divided into city boundaries, and so on.
All this kind of information can be described using topology.
January 28 – Choudhary Rahmat Ali chose the name Pakistan in his pamphlet for a Muslim state in northwest India
January 30 – Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg
February 17 – Newsweek magazine is published for the first time in the United States
Earthquake in Japan kills 3.000 people
Ching Yun University was established
March 10 – Earthquake in Long Beach, California
March 20 – Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, is completed
April 2 – In a cricket test match against New Zealand, England batsman Wally Hammond scores a record 336 runs.
May 8 – Mahatma Gandhi begins a 21-day fast in protest for India
July 6 – The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game is played at Comiskey Park in Chicago
July 8 – The first rugby union test match is played between the Wallabies of Australia and the Springboks of South Africa at Newlands in Cape Town
August 2 – Opening of the Stalin White Sea–Baltic Sea Canal, connecting the White Sea with Lake Onega and the Baltic
September 26 – Hurricane in Tampico, Mexico kills 1.000 people
October 7 – Air France is formed
December 5 – Prohibition ends in the United States
The Toyota company starts in Japan
January 25 – Corazon Aquino, 11th President of the Philippines (d. 2009)
February 18 – Yoko Ono, singer, artist, wife of John Lennon
March 10 - Elizabeth Azcona Cranwell, Argentine poet (d. 2004)
March 13 - Pee Wee Gaskins, American serial killer (d. 1991)
April 7 – Wayne Rogers, actor
James Brown, African-American soul musician (I Feel Good) (d. 2006)
Steven Weinberg, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
June 6 – Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)
June 11 – Gene Wilder, American actor (d. 2016)
July 2 – Kenny Wharram, Canadian ice hockey player
July 16 – John Baddeley, British diplomat
July 17 – Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici, 9th Prime Minister of Malta
August 18 – Roman Polanski, movie director
August 25 – Tom Skerritt, actor
September 29 – Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (d. 1986)
October 10 – Jay Sebring, hairstylist
November 3 – Amartya Sen, Indian economist, Nobel Prize laureate
November 12 – Jalal Talabani, President of Iraq (d. 2017)
December 11 – Aquilino Pimentel, Jr.
December 23 – Akihito, Emperor of Japan
January 5 – Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (b. 1872)
January 31 – John Galsworthy, English writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)
February 12 – Henri Duparc, French composer (b. 1848)
March 1 – Uładzimir Žyłka, Belarusian poet (b. 1900)
April 17 – Harriet Brooks, Canadian physicist (b. 1876)
May 2 – Leonard Huxley, English writer (b. 1860)
July 3 – Hipólito Yrigoyen, 18th President of Argentina (b. 1852)
August 15 – Christie Fuller, Australia singer
September 8 – Faisal I of Iraq, king of Iraq
October 16 – Ismael Montes, 26th President of Bolivia (b. 1861)
November 3 – Émile Roux, French physician (b. 1853)
December 16 – Robert W. Chambers, American writer (b. 1865)
Nobel Prize in Physics won by Erwin Schrödinger, Austrian physicist, and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, English physicist
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Thomas Hunt Morgan, American biologist
Nobel Prize in Literature won by Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin, Russian writer
Nobel Peace Prize won by Sir Norman Angell, British lecturer, writer, and Member of Parliament for the Labour Party
Little Women, starring Kathrine Hepburn
The Private Life of Henry VIII, starring Charles Laughton
The Prizefighter and the Lady, starring Max Baer, Myrna Loy, Primo Carnera and Jack Dempsey
Queen Christina, starring Greta Garbo
Secret of the Blue Room, starring Paul Lukas, Gloria Stuart and Lionel Atwill
Secrets, starring Mary Pickford
She Done Him Wrong, starring Cary Grant amd Mae West
The Son of Kong, starring Robert Armstrong and Helen Mack
Sons of the Desert, starring Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy
State Fair, starring Janet Gaynor, Will Rogers and Lew Ayres
"Did You Ever See A Dream Walking?"
by Eddy Duchin
"Just An Echo In the Valley" by Bing Crosby; also version by Rudy Vallee
"Lazy Bones" by Ted Lewis Band; also version by Don Redman's band
"Let's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing" by Ben Bernie
"Night and Day" by Eddy Duchin
"Shadow Waltz" by Bing Crosby
"Stormy Weather" by Ethel Waters
"You're Getting To Be A Habit With Me" by Bing Crosby with Guy Lombardo's Royal Canadians
Los Angeles (L.A.), officially the City of Los Angeles, is a city in Southern California, in the United States.
There are 3,847,400 people living in the city, and over 18 million people in the L.A. region.
The city has an area of .
Los Angeles is the city with the second biggest population in the United States after New York, overtaking Chicago in the 1970s.
It is also the biggest city of California.
Due to being built on a fault line, which runs through the downtown, it has few skyscrapers and tall structures and is one of the most spread out cities in the world.
Greater Los Angeles is home to many movie stars and many of the biggest rock bands in the history of the United States.
Los Angeles is surrounded by East Los Angeles, Huntington Park, Maywood, Walnut Park, Commerce, Bell, Glendale, South Pasadena, Monterey Park, South Gate, Cudahy, West Hollywood, Alhambra, Bell Gardena and Westmont.
Los Angeles has Spanish and Mexican influences due to being a former colony of Mexico and Spain.
Los Angeles is a diverse city with many ethnic groups such as Mexican, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Salvadoran, Iranian and Armenian.
Mexican and Spanish architecture can be seen in Los Angeles.
Many celebrities live in Los Angeles.
Los Angeles is known to be the entertainment capital of the world.
Many movies, television shows and fashion shows are set in Los Angeles.
Los Angeles has the second largest Hispanic and Latino population in the United States, only behind New York City.
Many are of Mexican and Central American descent.
Los Angeles is one of the most expensive cities to live in.
The area comprising present-day Los Angeles County was first settled by small groups of Native Americans for centuries before the first European contact in 1769 when Gaspar de Portola and a group of missionaries camped on what is now the banks of the Los Angeles River.
The name Los Angeles comes from the Spanish language,and it means "The Angels".
The name is an abbreviation from the original name of the place.
The original name is "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río Porciúncula" (in English, "The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of the River Porciúncula"), giving it both one of the longest and shortest (referring to its shortening of "LA") place names in the world.
Los Angeles was founded in 1781 while the area was within the borders of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
The area had earlier been explored by two Franciscan priests named Junipero Serra and Juan Crespi and following the Mexican War of Independence the region passed into the hands of Mexico which subsequently ceded control of California to the U.S. in 1848.
On April 4, 1850 California became a State of the USA.
Los Angeles began half a century of rapid growth after railroads arrived in the city in the 1870s.
Los Angeles was home to the Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984.
It will host the Olympic Games in 2028.
Three times the city broke out in riots, in 1943, in 1965, and in 1992, all due to racism.
In 1994, an earthquake killed 72 people and damaged many buildings.
Los Angeles is a very large city, and the edges of the city are very far from the center, going from the beaches to the mountains.
The Santa Monica Mountains run through the city, separating it into the San Fernando Valley to the north and the Los Angeles Basin to the south.
The Los Angeles River also runs through the city some .
Los Angeles moves about one-quarter of an inch (6.3 millimeters) to the east every year.