the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1903 – Calamity Jane, American Wild West performer (b. 1852)
1907 - Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro, three-time Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1849)
1911 – Konrad Duden, German teacher and philologist (b. 1829)
1911 - Edwin Austin Abbey, American painter (b. 1852)
1913 – Lesya Ukrainka, Ukrainian poet (b. 1871)
1917 – Frank Little, American labor organizer (lynched) (b. 1879)
1917 – Enric Prat de la Riba, Catalan politician (b. 1870)
1918 – John Riley Banister, American cowboy and Texas Ranger (b. 1854)
1920 – Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Indian nationalist leader (b. 1856)
1929 - Syd Gregory, Australian cricketer (b. 1870)
1943 – Lydia Litvyak, Soviet flying ace (b. 1921)
1944 – Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippines (b. 1878)
1945 – Gyula Csortos, Hungarian movie actor (b. 1883)
1959 - Jean Behra, French racing driver (b. 1921)
1964 – Johnny Burnette, American singer (b. 1934)
1966 – Charles Whitman, American gunman (b. 1941)
1967 – Richard Kuhn, Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900)
1970 – Frances Farmer, American actress (b. 1913)
1970 – Otto Heinrich Warburg, German chemist, won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (b. 1883)
1973 – Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer (b. 1882)
1973 – Walter Ulbricht, leader of East Germany (b. 1893)
1977 – Gary Powers, American spy plane pilot (b. 1929)
1981 – Paddy Chayefsky, American writer (b. 1923)
1986 - Carlo Confalonieri, Italian cardinal (b. 1893)
1987 - Pola Negri, Polish actress (b. 1897)
1989 – John Ogdon, English pianist (b. 1937)
1990 – Graham Young, British serial killer (b. 1947)
1990 – Norbert Elias, German sociologist (b. 1897)
1996 – Frida Boccara, French singer (b. 1940)
1996 – Tadeus Reichstein, Polish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
1996 – Lucille Teasdale-Corti, Canadian physician, surgeon and aid worker (b. 1929)
1996 - Mohamed Farrah Aidid, 5th President of Somalia (b. 1934)
1998 – Eva Bartok, Hungarian-born actress (b. 1927)
1999 – Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Anglo-Indian writer (b. 1897)
2001 – Korey Stringer, American football player (b. 1974)
2001 - Mario Perazzolo, Italian footballer (b. 1911)
2003 – Guy Thys, Belgian football coach (b. 1922)
2003 – Marie Trintignant, French actress (b. 1962)
2004 – Philip Hauge Abelson American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
2005 – Al Aronowitz, American music journalist (b. 1928)
2005 – King Fahd of Saudi Arabia (b. 1923)
2005 – Constant Nieuwenhuys, Dutch painter (b. 1920)
2005 – Wibo, Dutch cartoonist (b. 1918)
2006 - Ferenc Szusza, Hungarian footballer (b. 1923)
2009 – Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines (b. 1933)
2012 – Aldo Maldera, Italian footballer (b. 1953)
2013 - John Amis, British broadcaster and writer (b. 1922)
2013 - Gail Kobe, American actress and producer (b. 1931)
2014 - Mike Smith, English radio and television presenter (b. 1955)
2014 - Rod de'Ath, Welsh drummer (b. 1950)
2014 - Charles T. Payne, American soldier (b. 1925)
2014 - Valyantsin Byalkevich, Belarussian footballer (b. 1973)
2014 - Jan Roar Leikvoll, Norwegian writer (b. 1974)
2014 - Saeed Saleh, Egyptian actor (b. 1938)
2014 - Michael Johns, Australian singer (b. 1978)
2015 - Stephan Beckenbauer, German footballer (b. 1968)
2015 - Chiara Pierobon, Italian cyclist (b. 1993)
2015 - Bob Frankford, Canadian politician (b. 1939)
2015 - Cilla Black, English singer, actress and television presenter (b. 1943)
2016 - Queen Anne of Romania (b. 1923)
2016 - Frank Blas, Guamian politician (b. 1941)
2016 - Dai Dower, Welsh boxer (b. 1933)
2017 - Ana-Maria Avram, Romanian composer (b. 1961)
2017 - Pushpa Mittra Bhargava, Indian writer and administrator (b. 1928)
2017 - Jeffrey Brotman, American businessman (b. 1942)
2017 - Mariann Mayberry, American actress (b. 1965)
2018 - Mary Carlisle, American actress (b. 1914)
2018 - Rick Genest, Canadian fashion model and actor (b. 1985)
2018 - Fakir Musafar, American performance artist (b. 1930)
2018 - Celeste Rodrigues, Portuguese fado singer (b. 1923)
2018 - Umbayee, Indian ghazal singer (b. 1950)
2018 - Hannie van Leeuwen, Dutch politician (b. 1926)
2018 - Jakob Schönenberger, Swiss businessman and politician (b. 1931)
2018 - Nancy Tuckerman, American secretary (b. 1928)
2019 - Gordon Brand Jnr, Scottish golfer (b. 1958)
2019 - Ian Gibbons, English keyboardist (b. 1952)
2019 - Sadou Hayatou, 4th Prime minister of Cameroon (b. 1942)
2019 - Annemarie Huber-Hotz, Swiss politician, Chancellor of Switzerland (b. 1948)
2019 - D. A. Pennebaker, American documentary filmmaker (b. 1925)
2019 - Harley Race, American professional wrestler (b. 1943)
2019 - Anders P. Ravn, Danish computer scientist (b. 1947)
National Day of Switzerland
Independence Day in Benin
Emancipation Day (Barbados, Bermuda, Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago)
Army Day (China)
Armed Forces Day (Lebanon)
Lammas, cross-quarter day in the Celtic calendar
Statehood Day (Colorado)
Yorkshire Day
August 01
322 BC - Battle of Crammon between Athens and Macedon.
461 - Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded  near the river Iria in northwestern Italy.
626 - The Avar and Slav armies leave the Siege of Constantinople.
768 - Pope Stephen III is elected.
936 - Coronation of King Otto I of Germany.
1316 - Pope John XXII is elected.
1420 - Building of the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, Italy begins.
1461 - Ming Dynasty Chinese general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor.
1588 - The English Navy defeats the Spanish Armada.
1679 – The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes of North America.
1714 - Battle of Gangut: First important victory in the Russian Navy.
1782 – George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit to honor soldiers wounded in battle.
It is later renamed to the more poetic Purple Heart.
1789 - The United States Department of War is established.
1794 – Whiskey Rebellion begins: Farmers in the Monoghaela Valley of Pennsylvania rebel against the federal tax on liquor and distilled drinks.
1819 – Simón Bolívar triumphed over Spain in the Battle of Boyacá.
1858 - The first Australian rules football match is played between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College.
1879 - Opening of the Poor Man's Palace in Manchester, England.
1884 - Germany takes control of Southwest Africa, present-day Namibia.
1888 - In the US, Theophilus Van Kannel is given a patent for the Revolving door.
1909 - Alice Huyler Ramsey and three friends become the first women to make a transcontinental car journey, reaching San Francisco, California after setting off from New York City on June 9.
1927 – Peace Bridge opens, between Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York.
1930 - The last confirmed lynchings of African Americans in the Northern United States take place in Marion, Indiana.
1933 - Simele Massacre: Iraqi government forces slaughter over 3,000 Assyrians in the village of Simele.
1942 – World War II: Battle of Guadalcanal begins - US Marines initiate the first American offensive of the war with a landing on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.
1944 – IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I).
1947 – Thor Heyerdahl's balsa wood raft the Kon-Tiki, smashes into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands after a 101-day 7,000 km (4,300 mile) journey across the Pacific Ocean proving that pre-historic peoples could have traveled from South America.
1953 – Ohio admitted to the union, retroactive to 1803 (this is disputed by some).
1959 – Explorer program: The United States launches Explorer 6 from the Atlantic Missile Range in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
1960 – Côte d'Ivoire becomes independent.
1964 – Vietnam War: The United States Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving US President Lyndon B. Johnson broad war powers to deal with North Vietnamese attacks on American forces.
1964 - Prometheus, a bristlecone pine and the oldest tree in the world, is cut down.
1965 – Singapore is expelled and separated from the Federation of Malaysia.
1967 – Vietnam War: The People's Republic of China agrees to give North Vietnam and undisclosed amount of aid in the form of a grant.
1971 - Apollo 15 returns to Earth after a mission to the Moon.
1972 - Idi Amin gives all Asian people in Uganda 90 days to leave.
1974 – French tight-rope walker Philippe Petit crosses from one tower to the other at New York City's World Trade Center.
1976 – Viking program: Viking 2 enters into orbit around Mars.
1978 – United States President Jimmy Carter declares a federal emergency at Love Canal.
1981 – The Washington Star ceases all operations after 128 years of publication.
1983 - The first World Athletics Championships begin in Helsinki, Finland.
1985 – Takao Doi, Mamoru Mori, and Chiaki Mukai are chosen as Japan's first astronauts.
1987 – American swimmer Lynne Cox crosses the so-called 'Ice Curtain' between Alaska (US), and the Soviet Union's far east.
1989 – US Congressman Mickey Leland (D-TX), and 15 others die in a plane crash in Ethiopia.
1990 – At 12:34:56 (both AM and PM) the time and date by British reckoning was 12:34:56 7/8/90.
1990 - César Gaviria becomes President of Colombia.
1994 - Ernesto Samper becomes President of Colombia.
1997 – Fine Air Flight 101, a cargo flight from Miami to Santo Domingo crashes onto NW 72nd Ave near Miami International Airport, killing five people.
1998 - Andrés Pastrana Arango becomes President of Colombia.
1998 – 1998 U.S. embassy bombings: Bombing of the United States embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya kills 224 people and injures over 4,500.
1999 - Southern Russia: Chechnya-based Islamic International Brigade invades nearby Dagestan.
2000 - US Presidential candidate Al Gore chooses Joe Lieberman as his running mate.
2000 - Saturn's moon Ymir is discovered.
2002 - Alvaro Uribe becomes President of Colombia.
2005 - The biggest bank robbery in Brazilian history takes place when 150 million Real (equivalent of 52 million Euros) are stolen from a bank in Fortaleza in the northeast of the country.
2007 - Barry Bonds of the San Francisco Giants breaks baseball great Hank Aaron's record by hitting his 756th home run.
2008 – The Republic of Georgia carries out a military offensive in South Ossetia.
2009 – Typhoon Morakot hits Taiwan.
2010 - Juan Manuel Santos becomes President of Colombia.
2012 - 3 gunmen kill 19 people in a church in Okene, Nigeria.
2018 - US President Donald Trump imposes new sanctions (restrictions) on Iran.
2018 - Ivan Duque becomes President of Colombia.
317 – Constantius II, Roman Emperor (d. 361)
594 - Empress Kogyoku of Japan (d. 661)
1282 - Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, daughter of Edward I of England (d. 1316)
1400 – Guillaume Dufay, French composer (d. 1474) (some sources give August 5, 1397 birthdate)
1533 – Alonso de Ercilla y Zuniga, Basque soldier and poet (d. 1595)
1560 – Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian countess and serial killer (d. 1614)
1574 - Robert Dudley, English writer (d. 1649)
1598 – Georg Stiernhielm, Swedish poet (d. 1672)
1649 - Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (d. 1664)
1726 - James Bowdoin, 2nd Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1790)
1734 - Duchess Maria Anna Josepha of Bavaria (d. 1776)
1742 - Nathanael Greene, American revolutionary general (d. 1786)
1751 – Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange (d. 1820)
1779 – Louis de Freycinet, French explorer (d. 1842)
1779 – Carl Ritter, German geographer (d. 1859)
1783 – Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom (d. 1810)
1783 - John Heathcoat, English inventor (d. 1861)
1804 - Johan Nicolai Madvig, Danish classical philologist and politician (d. 1886)
1811 - Elias Loomis, American mathematician, astronomer and meteorologist (d. 1889)
1819 - Ion Emanuel Florescu, Romanian general and politician (d. 1893)
1832 - Max Lange, German chess player (d. 1899)
1862 – Victoria of Baden, Queen of Sweden (d. 1931)
1863 - Scipione Riva-Ricci, Italian physician (d. 1937)
1867 – Emil Nolde, German painter (d. 1956)
1868 - Ladislaus Bortkiewicz, Russian mathematician (d. 1931)
1870 - Gustav Krupp, German industrialist and war criminal (d. 1950)
1872 - Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff, Dutch politician (d. 1957)
1876 – Mata Hari, Dutch dancer and spy (d. 1917)
1876 - John August Anderson, American astronomer (d. 1959)
1877 – Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (d. 1949)
1878 - Maria Caspar-Filser, German artist (d. 1968)
1883 - Joachim Ringelnatz, German writer and painter (d. 1934)
1884 - Billie Burke, American actress (d. 1970)
1890 - Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, American activist (d. 1964)
1896 - Alberto Demicheli, Uruguayan politician (d. 1980)
1900 - Alan Helffrich, American athlete (d. 1994)
1901 - Ann Harding, American actress (d. 1981)
1903 – Louis Leakey, British-Kenyan archaeologist (d. 1972)
1904 – Ralph Bunche, American diplomat (d. 1971)
1906 – Nelson Goodman, American philosopher (d. 1998)
1907 - Albert Kotin, American abstract painter (d. 1980)
1910 - Freddie Slack, American pianist and bandleader (d. 1965)
1911 - Nicholas Ray, American movie director and writer (d. 1979)
1912 – Vo Chi Cong, President of Vietnam (d. 2011)
1913 - Alicia Penalba, Argentine sculptor, tapestry designer and weaver (d. 1982)
1916 – Kermit Love, American puppeteer (d. 2008)
1918 - Poni Adams, American actress (d. 2014)
1921 - Manitas de Plata, French flamenco guitarist (d. 2014)
1924 - Kenneth Kendall, English journalist (d. 2012)
1925 - M. S. Swaminathan, Indian scientist
1925 – Armand Razafindratandra, Malagasy cardinal (d. 2010)
1926 - Stan Freberg, American actor, comedian and author (d. 2015)
1927 - Edwin Edwards, 50th Governor of Louisiana (d. 2021)
1927 - George Busbee, American politician, Governor of the State of Georgia (d. 2004)
1927 - Rocky Bridges, American baseball player (d. 2015)
1928 - Betsy Byars, American author
1928 - James Randi, Canadian-American stage magician and scientific sceptic
1929 - Jo Baer, American painter
1929 - Don Larsen, American baseball player
1930 - Veljo Tormis, Estonian composer (d. 2017)
1932 – Abebe Bikila, Ethiopian runner (d. 1973)
1932 – Edward Hardwicke, British actor (d. 2011)
1932 - Rien Poortvliet, Dutch painter (d. 1995)
1933 - Eddie Firmani, South African footballer and coach
1933 - Elinor Ostrom, American economist (d. 2012)
1933 - Jerry Pournelle, American science fiction author (d. 2017)
1937 - Magic Slim, American blues musician (d. 2013)
1940 – Jean-Luc Dehaene, Belgian politician, former Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2014)
1941 - Franco Columbu, Italian actor and bodybuilder
1942 – Sigfried Held, German footballer
1942 – B.J. Thomas, American singer
1942 - Caetano Veloso, Brazilian musician
1943 – Alain Corneau, French movie director (d. 2010)
1944 - Robert Mueller, American FBI director
1945 - Kenny Ireland, Scottish actor (d. 2014)
1945 - Alan Page, American football player and judge
1946 - John C. Mather, American physicist
1947 - Sofia Rotaru, Soviet-Ukrainian singer
1948 - Greg Chappell, Australian cricketer and coach
1948 - Antonis Vardis, Greek composer and singer (d. 2014)
1949 - Tim Renwick, British musician
1949 - Walid Junblatt, Lebanese political leader
1950 - Alan Keyes, American conservative political activist, pundit, author and diplomat
1950 - Kessai Note, former President of the Marshall Islands
1950 - Dave Wottle, American athlete
1952 - Gary Schwartz, American actor, voice actor, author and teacher
1952 - Caroline Aaron, American actress
1955 - Vladimir Sorokin, Russian writer
1955 - Greg Nickels, American politician, 51st Mayor of Seattle
1955 - Diana Downs, American murderess
1956 - Kent Rominger, American astronaut
1957 - Alexander Dityatin, Soviet gymnast
1958 – Bruce Dickinson, British singer (Iron Maiden)
1958 – Alberto Salazar, American runner
1960 – Jacquie O'Sullivan, British singer (Bananarama)
1960 – David Duchovny, American actor
1961 - Yelena Davydova, Soviet-Russian gymnast
1961 - Brian Conley, English actor and singer
1962 - Alain Robert, French daredevil
1962 - Alison Brown, American musician, songwriter and producer
1962 - Bruno Pelletier, Canadian singer
1962 - Doon Mackichan, British comedienne and actress
1963 - Harold Perrineau, American actor
1966 – Jimmy Wales, American founder of Wikipedia
1966 - Shobna Gulati, English actress
1966 - Kristin Hersh, American singer-songwriter, musician and author
1966 - David Cairns, Scottish politician (d. 2011)
1967 - Evgeny Platov, Russian ice dancer
1968 - Martin Max, German footballer
1969 - Domino Harvey, English bounty hunter (d. 2005)
1969 – Paul Lambert, Scottish footballer and coach
1971 – Rachel York, American actress and singer
1972 - Karen Disher, American film director
1973 - Kevin Muscat, Australian footballer
1973 – Zane Lowe, New Zealand disc jockey and television presenter
1974 - Michael Shannon, American actor
1975 – Charlize Theron, South African actress
1975 - Edgar Renteria, Colombian baseball player
1975 - Gaahl, Norwegian singer-songwriter
1975 - Koray Candemir, Turkish singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer and actor
1975 - David Hicks, Australian alleged terrorist
1976 - Dimitrios Eleftheropoulos, Greek footballer
1977 - Charlotte Ronson, English fashion designer
1977 - Samantha Ronson, English DJ and songwriter
1978 - Mark McCammon, Barbadian footballer
1979 - Eric Johnson, American actor
1979 - Nenad Djordjevic, Serbian footballer
1980 - Seiichiro Maki, Japanese footballer
1980 - Shane Orio, Belizean footballer
1982 - Yana Klochkova, Ukrainian swimmer
1982 – Marco Melandri, Italian cyclist
1982 - Abbie Cornish, American actress
1983 - Brit Marling, American writer, producer, director and actress
1984 - Yun Hyon-seok, South Korean activist (d. 2003)
1985 - Rick Genest, Canadian fashion model and artist (d. 2018)
1986 – Paul Biedermann, German swimmer
1986 – Valter Birsa, Slovenian footballer
1986 – Nancy Sumari, Tanzanian beauty queen
1987 – Sidney Crosby, Canadian ice hockey player
1988 - Melody Oliveria, American blogger
1990 - Helen Flanagan, English actress
1991 - Mitchell te Vrede, Dutch footballer
1993 - Francesca Eastwood, American actress, model, television presenter and socialite
1996 - Liam James, Canadian actor
461 – Majorian, Roman Emperor (assassinated) (b. 420)
479 - Emperor Yuryaku of Japan
1106 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1050)
1385 - Joan of Kent (b. 1328)
1485 - Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany (b. 1454)
1616 - Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect (b. 1548)
1635 – Friedrich von Spee, German writer (b. 1591)
1661 - Jin Shengtan, Chinese editor, writer and critic (b. 1608)
1809 - Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., Governor of Connecticut (b. 1740)
1817 – Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, French industrialist (b. 1739)
1821 - Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of the United Kingdom (b. 1768)
1834 – Joseph Marie Jacquard, inventor of the Jacquard loom (b. 1752)
1848 – Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Swedish chemist (b. 1779)
1855 – Mariano Arista, President of Mexico (b. 1802)
1864 - Li Xiucheng, Chinese general (b. 1823)
1893 - Alfredo Catalani, Italian musician (b. 1854)
1900 - Wilhelm Liebknecht, German political activist (b. 1826)
1908 - Antonio Starabba, Italian politician (b. 1839)
1912 – François-Alphonse Forel, Swiss hydrologist (born 1841)
1917 - Edwin Harris Dunning, South African-English pilot and commander (b. 1891)
1937 - Takeo Wakabayashi, Japanese footballer (b. 1907)
1938 - Constantin Stanislavski, Russian theatre practitioner (b. 1863)
1941 – Rabindranath Tagore, Indian writer and poet (b. 1861)
1945 - Yi Wu, Korean prince (b. 1912)
1948 - Charles Bryant, American actor and movie director (b. 1879)
1957 – Oliver Hardy, American radio and movie comedian, and actor (born 1892)
1969 - Joseph Kosma, French composer (b. 1905)
1972 – Asposia Manos, wife of King Alexander of Greece (b. 1896)
1972 - Joi Lansing, American model, actress and singer (b. 1929)
1974 - Rosario Castellanos, Mexican poet (b. 1925)
1981 - Gunnar Uusi, Estonian chess player (b. 1931)
1987 – Camille Chamoun, Lebanese President (b. 1900)
1989 - Mickey Leland, American politician (b. 1944)
1994 - Larry Martin, English actor (b. 1934)
1995 – Brigid Brophy, British writer (b. 1929)
1999 – Brion James, American actor (b. 1945)
2004 – Red Adair, American oil well firefighter (b. 1915)
2005 – Peter Jennings, Canadian-American news anchor (b. 1938)
2007 - Angus Tait, New Zealand electronics innovator and businessman (b. 1929)
2008 - Andrea Pininfarina, Italian engineer (b. 1957)
2010 – Bruno Cremer, French actor (b. 1929)
2011 – Hugh Carey, former Governor of New York (b. 1919)
2011 - Mark Hatfield, former Governor of Oregon (b. 1922)
2011 – Harri Holkeri, 57th Prime Minister of Finland (b. 1937)
2011 – Nancy Wake, New Zealand-born spy (b. 1912)
2014 - Denys Williams, British-Barbadian judge, acting Governor-General of Barbados (b. 1929)
2014 - Cristina Deutekom, Dutch opera singer (b. 1931)
2014 - Perry Moss, American football coach (b. 1926)
2014 - Claude Bertrand, Canadian neurosurgeon (b. 1917)
2015 - Frances Oldham Kelsey, Canadian physician (b. 1914)
2015 - Manuel Contreras, Chilean general, convicted of crimes against humanity (b. 1929)
2015 - Terrence Evans, American actor (b. 1934)
2016 - Gustavo Bueno, Spanish philosopher (b. 1924)
2016 - Bryan Clauson, American racing driver (b. 1989)
2017 - Don Baylor, American baseball player (b. 1949)
2017 - Haruo Nakajima, Japanese actor (b. 1929)
2017 - Sigmund Sobolewski, Polish activist and Holocaust survivor (b. 1923)
2017 - Patsy Ticer, American politician (b. 1935)
2018 - John Ciaccia, Italian-born Canadian politician (b. 1933)
2018 - Arvonne Fraser, American women's rights activist (b. 1925)
2018 - Gustavo Giagnoni, Italian footballer and manager (b. 1932)
2018 - M. Karunanidhi, Indian politician and writer (b. 1924)
2018 - Anton Lehmden, Austrian painter (b. 1929)
2018 - Stan Mikita, Slovakian-born Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1940)
2018 - Carlos Almenar Otero, Venezuelan tenor (b. 1926)
Republic Day (Ivory Coast)
Youth Day (Kiribati)
Battle of Boyacá Day (Colombia)
August 07
48 BC  Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus.
Pompey flees to Egypt.
378  Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople - A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens is defeated by the Visigoths.
Valens is killed, along with over half of his army.
681  Bulgaria is founded on the south bank of the Danube after defeating the Byzantine armies of Emperor Constantine IV south of the Danube delta.
1173  Construction of the Leaning Tower of Pisa begins.
1329  Quilon, the first Indian Christian Diocese, is created by Pope John XXII.
French-born Jordanus becomes its first bishop.
1483  The Sistine Chapel opens.
1810  Napoleon Bonaparte annexes the departments of the kingdom of Westphalia into the French Empire.
1842  The Webster-Ashburton Treaty is signed.
It confirms where the US-Canada border runs to the east of the Rocky Mountains.
1854  Henry David Thoreau publishes his work Walden.
1862  American Civil War: Battle of Cedar Mountain - Confederate general Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union general John Pope.
1890  The United Kingdom gives the North Sea island of Heligoland over to German control.
1892  Thomas Edison receives a patent for the two-way telegraph.
1896  German aviator Otto Lilienthal crashes during a flying attempt, dying the next day.
From 1901
1902  Edward VII of the United Kingdom is crowned king, while his consort, Alexandra of Denmark is crowned queen of the United Kingdom.
1907  The first Boy Scout camp ends on Brownsea Island, Dorset, England, UK, having been led by Robert Baden-Powell.
1910  Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition leaves Kristiania, present-day Oslo.
The public does not know that it is destined for the South Pole.
1912  An earthquake of magnitude 7.3 in Persia kills around 5,500 people.
1914  World War I: Start of the Battle of Mulhouse, part of an eventually unsuccessful French attempt to retake Alsace from Germany.
1925  A train robbery occurs in Lucknow, India.
1936  Jesse Owens wins his fourth gold medal of the 1936 Summer Olympics.
1942  Mahatma Gandhi is arrested by British colonial police in Bombay, starting the Quit India Movement for Indian independence.
1942  World War II: Battle of Savo Island - Allied forces are surprised and defeated by the Japanese Imperial Navy cruise force in initial stages of the Battle of Guadalcanal.
1944  The US Forest Service and Wartime Advertising Council release posters featuring Smokey the Bear for the first time.
1945  World War II: The United States drops an atomic bomb, "Fat Man" on the city of Nagasaki.
1965  Singapore gains independence from Malaysia.
1965  A fire at a Titan missile base near Searcy, Arkansas kills 53 construction workers.
1968  British Eagle Flight 802 crashes near Langenbruck, north of Munich, Bavaria, Germany, killing all 48 people on board.
1969  Members of Charles Manson's gang murder Sharon Tate, her unborn son, Abigail Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, Jay Sebring, and Steven Parent.
1970  A Lockheed L-188 Electra plane crashes near Cuzco, Peru, killing 99 of the 100 people on board, as well as 2 people on the ground.
1971  The Troubles: British security forces in Northern Ireland begin Operation Demetrius.
In the violence that followed, hundreds are arrested or interred, thousands are made homeless, and 20 people are killed.
1974  Gerald Ford becomes President of the United States after the resignation of Richard Nixon over the Watergate scandal.
1974  The oil tanker Metula runs aground off Tierra del Fuego.
1988  Wayne Gretzky, star of ice hockey, is transferred from the Edmonton Oilers to the Los Angeles Kings in one of the most controversial transactions in ice hockey history.
1990  The United Nations Security Council declares Iraq's occupation of Kuwait null and void.
1992  The 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona end.
1993  Albert II of Belgium is proclaimed King.
1993  The Liberal Democratic Party of Japan loses a 38-year hold on national leadership.
1999  Boris Yeltsin names Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister of Russia.
1999  Charles Kennedy is elected leader of the British Liberal Democrats.
2001  15 people are killed and 132 are injured in a suicide bombing in Downtown Jerusalem.
2005  Space Shuttle Discovery lands safely back on Earth, after a two-week space mission, following spacewalks to carry out repairs on the Shuttle.
2012  2012 Summer Olympics: Nicola Adams becomes the first Olympic gold medalist in women's boxing.
On the same day, Kenya's David Rudisha sets a new record in the men's 800 meters.
2018  A Saudi airstrike in Dahyan, Yemen, kills at least 51 people, including 29 children.
1201  Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English chronicler (d. 1274)
1537  Francesco Barozzi, Italian mathematician, astronomer and humanist (d. 1604)
1544  Bogislaw III, Duke of Pomerania (d. 1606)
1594  Izaak Walton, English writer (d. 1683)
1603  Johannes Cocceius, German Protestant theologian (d. 1669)
1648  Johann Michael Bach, German composer (d. 1694)
1653  John Oldham, English poet and translator (d. 1683)
1663  Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1713)
1669  Eudoxia Lopukhina, Tsarina of Russia (d. 1731)
1696  Joseph Wenzel I, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1772)
1722  Prince Augustus William of Prussia (d. 1758)
1726  Francesco Cetti, Italian Jesuit scientist (d. 1778)
1736  Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé, French statesman (d. 1818)
1754  Pierre Charles L'Enfant, French architect (d. 1825)
1757  Thomas Telford, Scottish civil engineer (d. 1834)
1757  Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, American political figure (d. 1854)
1759  Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths, German scholar (d. 1839)
1776  Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist (d. 1856)
1783  Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia (d. 1801)
1794  Achille Valenciennes, French zoologist (d. 1865)
1797  Charles Robert Malden, British naval officer who discovered Malden Island (d. 1855)
1805  Joseph Locke, British railway and civil engineer (d. 1860)
1817  Justo Arosemena, Panamanian statesman (d. 1896)
1819  William T. G. Morton, American dentist and anesthesia pioneer (d. 1868)
1834  Manuel Pardo, 20th President of Peru (d. 1878)
1845  André Bessette, Canadian saint (d. 1937)
1847  Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo, Queen of Spain (d. 1876)
1863  Alvaro Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1950)
1867  Evelina Haverfield, Scottish nurse and activist (d. 1920)
1871  Leonid Andreyev, Russian writer (d. 1919)
1872  Archduke Joseph August of Austria, Austrian field marshal (d. 1962)
1874  Reynaldo Hahn, Venezuelan-born composer (d. 1947)
1875  Albert Ketèlbey, English composer (d. 1959)
1884  John S. McCain, Sr.,
American admiral (d. 1945)
1887  Hans Oster, German general and Resistance activist (d. 1945)
1892  S. R. Ranganathan, Indian mathematician (d. 1972)
1894  Mikhail Zoshchenko, Russian writer (d. 1958)
1896  Jean Piaget, Swiss child psychologist (d. 1980)
1899  P. L. Travers, Australian writer, writer of Mary Poppins (d. 1996)
1901  Charles Farrell, American actor (d. 1990)
1902  Zino Francescatti, French violinist (d. 1991)
1903  Tom Tyler, American actor (d. 1954)
1904  Hasso von Boehmer, German military and Resistance activist (d. 1945)
1908  Tommaso Landolfi, Italian writer (d. 1979)
1909  Adam von Trott zu Solz, German jurist, diplomat and Resistance activist (d. 1944)
1910  Robert van Gulik, Dutch sinologist, diplomat, writer and musician (d. 1967)
1911  William Alfred Fowler, American physicist (d. 1996)
1912  Anne Brown, American soprano (d. 2009)
1914  Tove Jansson, Finnish writer of the Moomin books (d. 2001)
1914  Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian conductor (d. 1963)
1914  Joe Mercer, English footballer (d. 1990)
1914  Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, British aristocrat (d. 1943)
1916  Manea Manescu, Romanian politician (d. 2009)
1918  Robert Aldrich, American director (d. 1983)
1919  Joop den Uyl, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1987)
1920  Enzo Biagi, Italian journalist and writer (d. 2007)
1921  J. James Exon, American politician, 33rd Governor of Nebraska (d. 2005)
1922  Philip Larkin, English poet (d. 1985)
1923  Gerrit Kouwenaar, Dutch poet (d. 2014)
1924  Marta Becket, American actress, dancer, choreographer and painter (d. 2017)
1927  Marvin Minsky, American scientist (d. 2016)
1927  Daniel Keyes, American writer (d. 2014)
1927  Robert Shaw, English actor (d. 1978)
1928  Bob Cousy, American professional basketball player (NBA)
1930  Jacques Parizeau, Quebec politician and economist (d. 2015)
1931  Mário Zagallo, Brazilian footballer
1931  James Freeman Gilbert, American geophysicist (d. 2014)
1932  Anand Panyarachun, former Prime Minister of Thailand
1932  Tam Dalyell, Scottish politician (d. 2017)
1933  Tetsuko Kuroyanagi, Japanese television personality, children's writer
1934  Graeme Gibson, Canadian novelist and union leader (d. 2019)
1936  Patrick Tse, Hong Kong-Chinese actor, director, producer and screenwriter
1937  Hans Nowak, German footballer (d. 2012)
1938  Leonid Kuchma, former President of Ukraine
1938  Rod Laver, Australian tennis player
1938  Otto Rehhagel, German football manager
1939  Romano Prodi, former Prime Minister of Italy
1939  The Mighty Hannibal, American singer-songwriter and record producer (d. 2014)
1939  Hércules Brito Ruas, Brazilian footballer
1939  Bulle Ogier, French actress
1942  Tommie Agee, American baseball player (d. 2001)
1943  Ken Norton, American boxer (d. 2013)
1943  Lorenzo Sanz, Spanish businessman
1943  Lubomir Kavalek, Czech-American chess player
1944  John Simpson, English journalist and correspondent
1944  Sam Elliott, American actor
1944  Patrick Depailler, French racing driver (d. 1980)
1945  Posy Simmonds, cartoonist
1947  Roy Hodgson, English football manager
1947  Barbara Mason, American soul singer
1948  William M. Daley, 24th White House Chief of Staff
1949  Jonathan Kellerman, American mystery writer
1951  James Naughtie, Scottish broadcaster
1951  Michaele Schreyer, German politician
1952  Prateep Ungsongtham Hata, Thai politician and activist
1953  Michael Russell, Scottish politician
1953  Kay Stenshjemmet, Norwegian speed skater
1953  Jean Tirole, French economist
1955  Maud Olofsson, Swedish politician
1955  Charlie Morgan, English drummer
1957  Melanie Griffith, American actress (Working Girl, The Bonfire of the Vanities)
1958  Amanda Bearse, American actress
1959  Stuart Hughes, Canadian actor
1959  Kurtis Blow, American rapper
1959  Michael Kors, American fashion designer
1959  Idrissa Seck, former Prime Minister of Senegal
1961  John Key, 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand
1961  Brad Gilbert, American tennis player
1961  Amy Stiller, American actress
1962  Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, German politician, former Prime Minister of Saarland
1962  Kevin Mack, American football player
1962  John "Hot Rod" Williams, American basketball player
1963  Maria Manuela Machado, Portuguese long-distance runner
1963  Petra Pau, German politician
1963  Whitney Houston, American singer and actress (d. 2012)
1963  Jay Leggett, American actor (d. 2013)
1964  Brett Hull, Canadian-American professional hockey player (NHL)
1966  Vinny Del Negro, American basketball player and coach
1967  Dana Vávrová, Czech actress (d. 2009)
1967  Ralph Hasenhüttl, Austrian footballer and manager
1967  Deion Sanders, American football player
1968  Gillian Anderson, American actress
1968  Eric Bana, Australian actor
1968  McG, American director and producer
1969  Troy Percival, Major League Baseball All-Star
1970  Chris Cuomo, American journalist
1970  Thomas Lennon, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter
1972  Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez, Colombian singer and songwriter
1972  Liz Vassey, American actress
1973  Kevin McKidd, Scottish actor
1973  Filippo Inzaghi, Italian footballer
1974  Derek Fisher, American basketball player
1976  Jessica Capshaw, American actress (The Practice)
1976  Rhona Mitra, American actress (The Practice)
1976  Audrey Tautou, French actress
1976  Nawaf al-Hazmi, Saudi Arabian terrorist (d. 2001)
1977  Chamique Holdsclaw, professional basketball player (WNBA)
1977  Adewale Ogunleye, American football player
1977  Mikael Silvestre, French footballer
1978  Daniela Denby-Ashe, British actress
1978  Wesley Sonck, Belgian footballer
1979  Lisa Nandy, English politician
1979  Tony Stewart, American football player
1980  Ryoo Seung-bum, South Korean actor
1981  Jarvis Hayes, American basketball player
1981  Li Jiawei, Singaporean table tennis player
1981  Roland Linz, Austrian footballer
1982  Tyson Gay, American runner
1982  Joel Anthony, American basketball player
1982  Yekaterina Samutsevich, Russian singer and activist (Pussy Riot)
1983  Ashley Johnson, American actress
1985  Luca Filippi, Italian racing driver
1985  Anna Kendrick, American actress
1985  Dennis Marshall, Costa Rican footballer (d. 2011)
1985  Hayley Peirsol, American swimmer
1986  Rafaela Zanella, Brazilian model
1987  Marco Carmona, Mexican artist
1988  Vasilios Koutsianikoulis, Greek footballer
1989  Stefano Okaka, Italian footballer
1989  Jason Heyward, American baseball player
1990  Adelaide Kane, Australian actress
1991  Alexa Bliss, American professional wrestler
1991  Candela Vetrano, Argentine actress and singer
1993  Rydel Lynch, American actress, singer, dancer and musician
1994  Jonathan Espericueta, Mexican footballer
1994  Forrest Landis, American actor
1996  Deborah Burke, Canadian ice hockey player
117  Trajan, Roman emperor (b. 53)
378  Valens, Roman emperor (killed in battle) (b. 328)
378  Traianus, Roman general
803  Byzantine Empress Irene (b. 752)
1048  Pope Damasus II
1107  Emperor Horikawa of Japan (b. 1079)
1250  King Eric IV of Denmark (b. 1216)
1472  Janos Vitez, Croatian humanist (b. 1408)
1534  Thomas Cajetan, Italian theologian (b. 1470)
1580  Metrophanes III, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 1520)
1601  Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia (b. 1558)
1816  Johann August Apel, German jurist and writer (b. 1771)
1837  Xavier Sigalon, French painter (b. 1787)
1854  Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (b. 1797)
1864  John Brown Francis, Governor of Rhode Island (b. 1791)
1880  William Bigler, 12th Governor of Pennsylvania (b. 1814)
1909  Jemima Blackburn, Scottish painter (b. 1823)
1910  Hua Yuan Jia, Chinese martial artist (b. 1868)
1914  Roque Sáenz Peña, President of Argentina (b. 1851)
1919  Ernst Haeckel, German zoologist and philosopher (b. 1834)
1919  Ruggero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (b. 1857)
1927  Stephan G. Stephansson, Western Icelander poet and farmer (b. 1853)
1932  John Charles Fields, Canadian mathematician (b. 1863)
1942  Edith Stein, (St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross) at Auschwitz (b. 1891)
1945  Harry Hillman, American athlete (b. 1881)
1948  Hugo Boss, German fashion designer (b. 1885)
1949  Harry Davenport, American actor (b. 1866)
1956  Tobias Danzig, Russian-American mathematician (b. 1884)
1962  Hermann Hesse, German writer (b. 1877)
1967  Joe Orton, English writer (d. 1933)
1969  Cecil Frank Powell, British physicist (b. 1903)
1969  Murdered by Charles Manson's gang:
Sharon Tate, American actress (murdered) (b. 1943)
Jay Sebring, Hollywood hair stylist (b. 1933)
Abigail Folger, Coffee heiress (b. 1943)
Wojciech Frykowski, Polish writer (b. 1936)
Steven Parent, American student (b. 1951)
1974  Bill Chase, American trumpeter and bandleader (b. 1934)
1975  Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (b. 1906)
1976  José Lezama Lima, Cuban writer (b. 1910)
1979  Walter O'Malley, American baseball executive (b. 1903)
1980  Jacqueline Cochran, American pilot (b. 1906)
1988  Giacinto Scelsi, Italian composer (b. 1905)
1988  Ramon Valdés, Mexican actor (b. 1923)
1990  Wladislaw Orlicz, Polish mathematician (b. 1903)
1990  Joe Mercer, English footballer (b. 1914)
1992  Fereydoun Farrokhzad, Iranian singer and actor (b. 1938)
1995  Jerry Garcia, American guitarist (Grateful Dead) (b. 1942)
1996  Frank Whittle, British engineer and inventor (b. 1907)
1998  Frankie Ruiz, American singer (b. 1958)
1999  Fouad Serageddin, Egyptian politician (b. 1910)
2000  John Harsanyi, Hungarian-born economist (b. 1920)
2003  Ray Harford, English football manager (b. 1945)
2003  Gregory Hines, American actor and dancer (b. 1946)
2004  Robert Lecourt, French politician (b. 1908)
2005  Colette Besson, French athlete (b. 1946)
2006  Rafael Ruiz, Spanish hockey player (b. 1916)
2006  James Van Allen, American physicist (b. 1914)
2008  Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet (b. 1941)
2008  Bernie Mac, American comedian and actor (b. 1957)
2010  Ted Stevens, American politician (b. 1923)
2012  Mel Stuart, American director and producer (b. 1928)
2012  Al Freeman, Jr., American actor (b. 1934)
2013  Regina Resnik, American mezzo-soprano (b. 1923)
2014  Andriy Bal, Ukrainian footballer and coach (b. 1958)
2014  Charles Keating, British actor (b. 1941)
2014  Michael Brown, American shooting victim (b. 1996)
2014  Ed Nelson, American actor (b. 1928)
2014  Jerome Ehlers, Australian actor (b. 1958)
2015  Frank Gifford, American football player (b. 1930)
2015  John Henry Holland, American computer scientist (b. 1929)
2015  Fikret Otyam, Turkish painter and journalist (b. 1926)
2015  Susan Sheridan, British voice actress (b. 1947)
2015  David Nobbs, British comedy writer (b. 1935)
2015  George E. R. Kinnear II, American admiral (b. 1928)
2016  Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster, British aristocrat and landowner (b. 1951)
2016  Kalikho Pul, Indian politician, Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh (b. 1969)
2016  Wang Tuoh, Taiwanese writer (b. 1944)
2016  Ernst Neizvestny, Russian-American sculptor, painter, graphic artist and philosopher (b. 1925)
2017  Patricio Echegaray, Argentine politician (b. 1946)
2017  Al McCandless, American politician (b. 1927)
2017  Peter Weibel, German racing cyclist (b. 1950)
2017  Thomas A. Bird, British World War II army officer and architect (b. 1918)
2018  Manfred Melzer, German Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1944)
2018  Mehrdad Pahlbod, Iranian politician (b. 1917)
2019  Paul Findley, American politician (b. 1921)
2019  Altair Gomes de Figueiredo, Brazilian footballer (b. 1938)
2019  Fahrudin Jusufi, Yugoslavian footballer (b. 1939)
National Day of Singapore
Nagasaki Peace Memorial Ceremony
International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples
National Women's Day (South Africa and Namibia)
August 09
Transgender people are people who identify, or feel, different from their assigned sex at birth.
It's been considered a gender modality in which gender identity differs from the assigned at birth.
The word "transgender" may describe many different people.
People with different ideas about their genders may think of themselves as transgender.
These people use different words to describe their gender.
The term "trans people" is often used as a short version of "transgender people".
Anatomical (biological) sex means whether someone was born with a male or female body.
Cisgender is an antonym of transgender and means a person who identifies as the gender they were assigned at birth
Gender is the way masculinity and femininity are seen or used by all people, separate from anatomical sex.
Gender expression is how a person behaves or acts in ways that affect how others might view them as being male or female.
Gender identity is a person's sense in their mind of whether they are a man, woman, something else or neither (agender).
The gender binary is the idea that a person must be either male or female and that there is no other gender other than those two.
Gender role is society's view of how people should act because of their gender: men and women are expected to act in a certain way.
Gender roles are often enforced by society through disapproval of cross-gender behavior: for example, if a male child wants a doll, he might be told that he is "acting like a girl".
If a female child climbs a tree, she might be called a "tomboy".
Sexuality is usually grouped in with transgender topics, but it is still doesn't dictate whether someone is cisgender or transgender or vice versa.
For example, a person can be heterosexual and trans at the same time.
These definitions are important to help understand that what people look like outside (sex) is not always the same as how they feel inside (gender).
Some people do not fit into the gender binary.
Who is transgender?
There are many subgroups of people who are included in the in the term transgender.
It is important that not all transgender people fit into these groups.
Some of the bigger groups are:
Transsexual – unlike the term 'transgender', this is a more specific term.
It is an older word which existed in medical communities and is preferred to be used by people who seek to change their bodies (such as through surgery or hormones).
Many people prefer the term "transgender" to "transsexual" and see "transsexual" as an offensive term as it used to refer to the identity as a disease, and clinicians are advised to only use the term "transsexual" if their client is okay with it.
AFAB – means 'assigned female at birth.'
It is someone who was assigned a female sex at birth but identifies as male.
Another term used is FTM, meaning 'female-to-male.
'An AFAB person is also sometimes called a transgender man, or a trans man.
AMAB – means 'assigned male at birth.'
It is someone who was assigned male at birth but identifies as female.
Another term used is MTF, meaning 'male-to-female.'
An AMAB person is also sometimes called a transgender woman, or a trans woman.
Genderqueer – is someone who rejects the whole idea of a gender binary and may identify as a number of varied gender terms.
This can sometimes be seen as a controversial word, since ‘’queer’’ has been used as a slur in the past, even if it has mostly been reclaimed in recent times.
Genderqueer people may prefer to use the term "Non-Binary" to describe themselves, which is often shortened to "enby" (from spelling out the acronym "NB" phonetically).
– a term for any person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation; transmasculine is the equivalent term for someone who was assigned female at birth and has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation.
The following groups of people are not necessarily transgender:
Intersex - is a word for people who are born with both some male and some female biological traits.
Cross-dresser – is commonly associated with transgender people but is unrelated.
It’s when female identified people dress to appear as a man, or male identified people dress to appear as a woman.
Transvestite - This is considered to be offensive to most transgender people as “transvestites” will dress very masculine or feminine for sexual satisfaction.
People like those who, in modern Western societies, are now identified as transgender or transsexual, have been documented in many cultures and for thousands of years.
However, only in the last century have science and medicine developed ways to change the bodies of trans people who want this.
People who have traits that are different from the sex they are born with, have been accepted in some societies, both historically and now.
For example, some Native American tribes accepted two-spirit people.
Similarly a Tongan person born with a male body who acts and dresses in a female way is known in the local dialect as a "fakaleiti".
The "hijra" in India are born physically male, but live as women, including dressing and socializing as female.
In the past they used to castrate themselves and even remove the penis in order to urinate through a small hole.
Now, with the arrival of western medicine, many hijari choose to take hormone therapies and sometimes have sex reassignment surgery.
Many of these people still call themselves "hijra", but some now call themselves "transsexuals" or "transgender women".
The role of hijari in society is complex and varied throughout all of India.
In Western Society, there have often been people who have chosen to act and dress in a way that was not gender specific, or was not that of the sex they were assigned at birth.
This is not the same as being transgender.
Cross dressing actors were very popular in the theatre of the late 19th century.
An example of a transgender person is the 19th century military surgeon who was known as James Barry.
It is now believed that Barry was born female but disguised his sex all his adult life.
Barry's work, which saved, and helped thousands of lives by improving treatment of wounds to stop amputations, would not have been possible, as a woman, because as a female he could never have attended medical school or entered the army.
A 20th century example of a transgender person is Jan Morris, a geographer, explorer and journalist, who began life as James Morris.
As "James", Morris married and had children, but felt female and eventually became Jan Morris.
Trans - the "T" in LGBT
Transgender people are not accepted in every society.
They suffer discrimination, violence, and even murder.
Transgender people have fought for and have gained many rights and protections in some societies.
In many places the fight for transgender rights is associated with the fight for gay and bisexual rights.
Together these groups are sometimes described by the acronym LGBT for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender.
However, some transgender people do not want to be a part of the LGB (lesbian, gay and bisexual) community, as they may see themselves as heterosexual and not feel like they belong with gay or queer people, and some LGB people do not want to be a part of the transgender community, as they may be transphobic, which means that they may have a fear or dislike of transgender people, or they may not want heterosexuals to see sexuality and gender identity as the same thing.
However, gay and transgender people often have some of the same problems in society, so many gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people try to work together to solve all of their problems.
Many transgender people have mental health problems.
A 2012 study of British transgender people found that 84% had considered suicide.
55% had been diagnosed with depression.
33% had not been diagnosed with depression, but thought that they had it in the past or at the time of the survey.
53% had self-harmed.
38% of had been diagnosed with anxiety.
31% were using antidepressants and 44% had used them at some time.
A study of 164 Irish transgender people found that 80% had considered suicide.
40% of those had attempted suicide at least once.
44% had self-harmed.
The reason for these high numbers is often seen as a result of discrimination and social problems.
Others believe that it is because transgender people are mentally ill.
Transgender people who want to take medicine and have surgery to change their bodies face several problems.