the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The head is attached to the foot.
On the head there are 15 mm stalks.
At the end of the stalks are snail’s eyes.
Snails are found all over the world.
Generally speaking, land snails live in  damp habitats.
They live in caves and dark places.
Snails can be found in dark places such as in a garden under plant's foliage leaves.
Some species live in cold places like the Arctic and a few are found in warm places like beaches and deserts.
Land snails eat vegetables and fruits, such as lettuce, carrots, cucumber and apples.
Aquatic snails are often carnivorous.
Snails use their radula to cut food.
The radula is a hard, rough plate in the mouth.
Radula teeth are like little pieces of sandpaper.
They are good for cutting up plants and if the snail eats meat they are good for tearing the meat apart.
Many animals eat snails.
Fireflies, snakes, beetles, fish, insects, turtles and people eat snails too.
To defend themselves, snails pull back into their shells.
Helix (genus)
O’Neil, Sarah 1999.
Scholastic Canada. .
Keeping minibeasts: snails and slugs.
Sea to Sea. .
Stidworthy, John 2002.
Cool facts: creepy crawlies.
Parragon 2000. .
Ghesquiere, Stijn 1998.
Apple snails.
Gastropods
The Ruwer is a river in Germany with a length of , a tributary of the Mosel River.
The valley of the Ruwer is a part of the wine-growing region Mosel-Saar-Ruwer near Trier in Rhineland-Palatinate.
It is famous for its Riesling wines.
Slugs belong to several different families which also include snails with shells.
Snails are gastropods with a coiled shell large enough for the animal to pull back inside.
The families of land slugs are not very closely related, despite looking similar.
The shell-less slug type is an example of convergent evolution, and so the category "slug" is  not a taxonomic category.
The name "slug" is used for air-breathing land slugs, while the marine forms are usually known as sea slugs.
Land gastropods with a shell that is too small to hide the body are sometimes called semislugs.
Body parts and behaviour
Like land snails, most slugs have four 'feelers' or tentacles on their head.
The upper two (the "optical tentacles") see light and have eyespots at the ends, while the lower two (the "sensory tentacles") are used for smelling.
The tentacles are retractable, and can regrow if lost.
On top of the slug, behind the head, is a body part called the mantle, and under this are the genital opening and anus.
On one side (almost always the right side) of the mantle is a breathing hole, which is easy to see when open, but difficult to see when closed.
Inside the mantle in some species is a very small, flat shell.
The bottom of a snail is called a "foot".
Like other snails, a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscle contraction on the bottom of its foot.
At the same time, it secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels, which helps prevent damage to the foot.
Around the edge of the foot is the 'foot fringe'.
Ruwer River, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Ruwer (municipality), a convention community (Verbandsgemeinde) in Rhineland-Palatinate
Ruwer (suburb), a suburban part of Trier
Ruwer (region), a part of the German wine-growing region Mosel-Saar-Ruwer near Trier
Ruwer is a municipality (a convention community called Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer) on the River Ruwer.
The administrative offices are in the town of Waldrach, and it should not be confused with the nearby town of Ruwer, which is for administrative purposes a part of the city of Trier.
Homepage of the municipality
Touristinformation Ruwer
Gunpowder (or gun powder) is a mix of chemical substances (75%  saltpeter, 15% charcoal and 10% sulfur).
It is used primarily in firearms, burns very quickly, and creates gases.
Those gases use up more space than the gunpowder they come from, so they push outward.
If the gunpowder is in a small space, the gases will push on the walls of the space, building up pressure.
In a gun, the pressure pushes against a bullet, causing it to fly out at high speeds.
If the pressure became too high, it could destroy the gun barrel.
Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese.
The first references of black powder, the original form of gunpowder, date to the 9th century.
According to legend, Chinese alchemists were looking for a formula to create the elixir of life, or the mythical potion that causes whoever drinks it to become immortal, when they accidentally created gunpowder.
Because the powder was highly flammable, or burned very easily, they decided to call it "fire medicine" (Simplified Chinese: 火药 / Traditional Chinese: 火藥).
The Chinese soon weaponized the substance, or made weapons out of it.
In later centuries they made many weapons using gunpowder, including rockets, bombs, flamethrowers, and land mines, before making cannons and guns.
The oldest weapon that uses gunpowder dates back to a bronze handheld cannon made in northeastern China in 1288.
The first mention in Europe was in the 13th century when Roger Bacon described the formula of black powder.
Gunpowder was extremely valuable to the Chinese civilization, in fact so valuable that sometimes it was traded for gold.
Gunpowder -Citizendium
A mayor is a person who is in charge of the administration of a city.
Some mayors are elected by the people who live in that city.
For other cities, a central government body may choose the mayor.
Some large cities have a Lord Mayor.
In federal countries like Germany the mayor can also be head of the government of a city state.
The Mayor of Hamburg runs the government just like the Minister President of Bavaria runs the Bavarian government.
In some big cities such as Tokyo the Mayor is a Governor.
In many countries, such as the United Kingdom and Australia, the mayor is not in charge of the daily functions of a city or town.
That job is done by a Town Clerk or Chief Executive, who is appointed to a full-time paid job.
The mayor works part-time, usually without payment, and represents the city at events and civic functions.
Churning of the Ocean is a mythical story of Hinduism and Hindu mythology.
It is described in many Hindu scriptures, especially in the Mahabharata and the Puranas.
The story tells about the churning of the ocean by the gods and the demons.
From this churning of the ocean, several things came out of the ocean.
Some of them were:
Surabhi: She was a cow.
She was called the cow of plenty.
Varuni: He was the goddess of wine.
Parijata: It was a tree.
The story tells that this tree granted all the wishes of the person standing below it.
Apsaras: They were beautiful women.
They would never grow old.
They used to dance in the court of Indra, a god of the Indo-Aryan period.
The moon: The Hindu scriptures name the moon as the Chandra.
It rose from the ocean when the gods and the demons were churning the ocean.
Kalakuta: It was a dangerous poison.
When it came out of the ocean, Shiva drank it.
Dhanvantari: He was the first physician of Ayurvedic system of medicine and medication.
Lakshmi: She came out of the ocean seated on a lotus.
She is a goddess of Hindus.
Uchchaishravas: It was a horse with seven heads.
The legend states that it pulls the chariot of the sun-god, Surya.
Airavata: It was a three-headed elephant.
It was taken by Indra.
Kaustuba: It was a very important gem.
God Vishnu kept it.
Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (June 2, 1731 – May 2, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first President of the United States.
Although people only started using the term decades after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States.
She was born  on June 2, 1731, at Chestnut Grove Plantation near Williamsburg, Virginia.
Her parents were John Dandridge, an immigrant from England, and his wife Frances Jones.
Her education consisted of the womanly arts such as needlework and playing musical instruments.
Later in life, she would learn to manage a plantation.
At 18, she married Daniel Parke Custis, a tobacco planter 20 years older than her.
Only two, John "Jacky" and Martha "Patsy", survived to young adulthood.
She was widowed in 1757 at age 26.
In 1759, she married George Washington, a colonel in the colonial militia.
Their marriage was one of mutual affection and respect, but not one of passion.
The Washingtons had no biological children.
During the American Revolutionary War, Martha visited the cold and starving Continental troops spending the winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
She donated as much food as possible, and sewed clothing for the soldiers.
She nursed those who were ill or dying.
She urged local women to do the same.
Her commitment to the welfare of the veterans of the Revolution would remain lifelong.
They addressed her as "Lady Washington."
Washington was unanimously elected president in 1789.
Martha served as First Lady from April 30, 1789 to March 4, 1797.
She found the job unpleasant.
She complained of the journalists who followed her everywhere (even to the circus with her grandson), and of the many restrictions placed upon her as First Lady (she was not allowed to accept dinner invitations, for example).
She set many of the customs and standards that were observed by future First Ladies.
She retired to Mount Vernon with her husband after serving her country.
She died in Mount Vernon on May 22, 1802.
Her obituary (death notice) was widely printed in regional newspapers.
She is buried in the vault at Mount Vernon.
She was the first historical female figure to be depicted by the United States government on postage stamps and currency.
1731 births
People from Virginia
Abigail Smith Adams (November 11, 1744–October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, the second President of the United States.
Later on, people started to address the wife of the president as the First Lady.
So, she became the second First Lady of the United States.
She was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts.
She belonged to a famous family of Massachusetts (the Quincy Family).
In 1801, the couple retired and lived in Quincy.
Abigail died in 1818, at age 74 of typhoid fever.
Abigail Adams advocated for an equal education in public schools for boys and girls.
In her earliest years, she was often in poor health.
She spent most of her time reading.
In addition to that, she corresponded to family and friends before getting married.
Adams did not get any formal education in any school or college.
Her father had a big library, so she studied many books and became smart that way.
She married John Adams in 1764.
In the next ten years, she had five children (a sixth was stillborn).
One of her children was John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States.
Political involvement
Adams was a vital confidant and adviser to her husband John Adams.
She opposed slavery and supported women's rights.
In 1776, her husband participated in the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia.
There, Adams wrote her most famous letter to the Founding Fathers "remember the ladies."
In 1784, Adams joined at her husband at his diplomatic post in Paris.
She became interested in the manners of the French.
After 1785, she filled the difficult role of wife of the First US Minister to Great Britain.
She did so with dignity.
1744 births
Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph (September 27, 1772 – October 10, 1836) was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States.
Because her father was a widower, Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph acted as the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1801 to March 3, 1809.
Martha was born in Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia.
She was named Martha Washington in honor of Martha Washington, the wife of the first President of the United States, George Washington.
She was educated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Paris.
In 1790, Martha married Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. They had twelve children.
Shortly before her death, she and her husband developed differences.
She died in 1836 in Albemarle County, Virginia at the age of 64.
Aracaju is the modern capital city of the state of Sergipe in the northeastern region of Brazil.
It has about 470.000 inhabitants (estimate 2003) and lies between the cities of Salvador and Maceio, also in the northeast of Brazil.
It was planned and built to be the state capital in 1855.
Cities in Sergipe
1855 establishments
19th-century establishments in Brazil
1850s establishments in South America
A Midsummer Night's Dream is a play by William Shakespeare.
The exact date the play was written is unknown.
It is generally accepted that the play was written in 1595 or 1596.
It was first printed in 1600.
In 1623, the play was printed in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays.
Shakespeare's sources include works by Plutarch, Apuleius, Ovid,  Geoffrey Chaucer, and Edmund Spenser.
He found a description of Puck in Reginald Scot's The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584).
It is generally believed that the play was written for the festivities surrounding the aristocratic marriage of either Elizabeth Vere, Lord Burghley’s granddaughter, in 1595, or Elizabeth Carey, daughter of Sir George Carey, in 1596.
The play is about four confused young lovers, a group of clumsy workmen, the royal court of Duke Theseus, and the royal fairy court of King Oberon and Queen Titania.
The play is set mostly at night in the woods near Athens.
The play has been made into movies on numerous occasions.
One movie stars Mickey Rooney as the fairy Puck.
Benjamin Britten wrote an opera based on the play, George Balanchine and Frederick Ashton have both made ballets about it, and Felix Mendelssohn wrote many pieces of music for the play which include an "Overture" and a "Wedding March".
Theseus, Duke of Athens and the betrothed of Hippolyta
Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons and the betrothed of Theseus
Philostrate, Master of the Revels at the Court
Egeus, father of Hermia
Hermia, beloved of Lysander and daughter to Egeus
Lysander, beloved of Hermia
Helena, in love with Demetrius
Oberon, King of the Fairies
Titania, Queen of the Fairies
Puck, Oberon's servant
Peaseblossom, a fairy serving Titania
Moth, a fairy serving Titania
Cobweb, a fairy serving Titania
Mustardseed, a fairy serving Titania
Nick Bottom, a weaver
Peter Quince, a carpenter
Robin Starveling, a tailor
Francis Flute, a bellows mender
Snug, a joiner
Tom Snout, a tinker
Egeus wants his daughter Hermia to marry Demetrius.
Hermia does not want to marry him.
She loves another man named Lysander.
Hermia and Lysander decide to run away.
Demetrius follows them.
Helena, Hermia's best friend, is in love with Demetrius.
She follows him.
All four become lost in the woods near Athens.
Meanwhile, Oberon and Titania are having an argument.
Oberon decides to teach Titania a lesson.
He puts a love potion into her eyes while she is asleep.
This potion will make her fall in love with the first thing she sees when she wakes.
Oberon finds Helena and Demetrius.
He tells Puck to give Demetrius some of the  love potion so that he will love Helena.
Puck makes a mistake and puts the potion in Lysander's eyes.
When Lysander wakes up, he loves Helena instead of his real sweetheart Hermia.
The workmen, are practising a play in the woods for the upcoming marriage of Theseus and Hippolyta.
Puck plays a trick on Nick Bottom by giving him donkey ears.
The other actors run away, so Bottom goes to sleep.
He is sleeping near Titania.
She wakes up and falls in love with him.
Oberon realises everything is all mixed up.
He gives some of the love potion to Demetrius.
Now Demetrius and Lysander both love Helena.
Sad and confused, all the lovers fall asleep.
At last, Puck rights all the wrongs.
He makes Lysander love Hermia again, and makes Demetrius love Helena.
The workmen perform their play after the wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta.
Oberon has stopped Titania being in love with Bottom.
They are happy with each other again.
The fairies use their magic to bless all the lovers.
David Strathairn Online: A Midsummer Night's Dream
MIT html version .
First Folio Facsimile – HTML diplomatic transcription of 1623 text.
Midsummer Night's Dream – plain vanilla text from Project Gutenberg.
The Sources and Analogues of 'A Midsummer Night's Dream', 1908 publication compiled by Frank Sidgwick, from Project Gutenberg.
Vodka is a Russian alcoholic drink that is usually about 40% alcohol.
It is clear (but can be flavoured), though it is sometimes mixed with other liquids before people drink it.
It was first popular in the Slavic countries of Eastern Europe and former republics of the Soviet Union.
Things that are made into vodka
Molasses (which comes from the production of sugar) are used to produce the cheapest vodka.
Because of the ingredient, this kind usually tastes sweeter than vodka made from grain.
Soy beans, grapes or sugar beets may also be used, but are less common.
Potatoes have been used for centuries to make vodka.
Grain is used to produce the highest grade vodka - like potatoes, vodka is also traditionally made from grain.
The raw material is crushed and dissolved in water.
This is called mashing
The mash is heated to 60 °C.
All starch will break up into sugars.
Yeast is added and the mash vessel is closed airtight with airlock.
The yeast will ferment the sugar into alcohol.
The fermented mash is then distilled.
It can be made either in simple pot still or sophisticated industrial patent still.
If the still used is a pot still, the distillation is usually repeated at least twice to remove any foul-tasting or poisonous impurities away.
If the still used is a patent still, the result is spirit; very high contents alcohol unsuitable for drinking.
Pure water is added to lower the alcohol contents to desired.
This is called dilution.
Unlike cognac or whisky, vodka is not usually matured in barrels, but bottled immediately.
Some Scandinavian vodkas called akvavit (Latin aqua vitae, "water of life") are matured in oak barrels before they are bottled.
When the vodka is bottled, it is ready for drinking.
Most people think the name vodka comes from the Slavic word for water in its diminutive form, "little water".
The earliest mention of Vodka in Poland is in 1405.
The Russians are known to have first used the word in June 8, 1751.
It is not known if it was the Russians or the Poles who made the first drinks that could be classified as vodka, as sources provide various views on this topic (though it's important to remember that the first mention of the word "vodka" in Cyrillic refers to a medicinal drink bought by the merchants of Kievan Rus from Poland).
It is also worth noting that vodka was first used as medicine.
When it became a popular drink, it was first known in Polish as gorzałka - from the Old Polish word gorzeć, meaning burn.
At first, gorzałka was a people's drink, but in the Slavic countries it soon became common among the nobility as well.
it is worth noting that the common Ukrainian word for vodka is horilka which bears an extremely close resemblance to the Polish gorzalka.
Both words roots have the same meaning (hority - to burn; gorzeć, also to burn)
Different kinds of vodka
There are two basic kinds of Vodka: clear vodka and flavored vodka.
Some types of vodka have plants or herbs added to the unflavored vodka to make it taste better.
Contrary to popular belief, flavoured vodka is not new - it has been a part of Polish drinking tradition for centuries.
It is only relatively recently in history that clear and flavoured vodkas have found their way to Western countries such as the UK or US.
How vodka is consumed
Vodka is either drunk pure, or cocktails are made with it.
The simplest form of cocktail is to mix it with orange or lemon juice.
Usually, vodka is drunk during a longer meal.
Usually salty or sour things (not sweets) are served.
In Poland and Russia (as well as some of their neighbours, such as Ukraine or Lithuania), vodka is drunk from glasses that can hold about 100 grams (0,1 litres) of vodka.
The glass is usually emptied in one draught, while holding the breath.
Directly afterwards something small is eaten.
In most Eastern European countries it is consumed with pickled cucumbers.
Before drinking, a toast is given.
Vodka is a key element of Slavic tradition in some countries of Eastern Europe (especially Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia).
It has also spread to become a part of national culture in Baltic countries like Lithuania and Nordic countries like Sweden.
It's traditional in Russia and other Slavic countries (as well as some Roma communities in Eastern Europe) to put a glass of vodka with a slice of bread (usually black bread) on top on graves or near photos of the deceased in their memory.
This is similar to what people in Western countries do with flowers.
Sexual reproduction is how most animals and plants reproduce.
Some protists and fungi also reproduce this way.
Organisms that reproduce sexually have two different sexes: male and female.
In sexual reproduction, offspring are produced when sperms fertilise eggs from the female.
Various steps are involved in this process.
The cells of an animal or higher plant have two sets of chromosomes: they are diploid.
When gametes (sex cells) are produced, they have only one set of chromosomes: they are haploid.
They have undergone a process of cell division called meiosis.
Two things happen during meiosis, each of which makes the offspring more variable.
That means they are different from the parents and from each other.
Assortment is when the double set of chromosomes becomes a single set in each gamete.
Of each pair of chromosomes, which one goes into a single gamete is random.
Because the gene alleles on each chromosome are not always the same, this means that there is genetic variation between gametes.
This process was Mendel's 'first law', the law of segregation.
Because crossing over occurs during meiosis, this increases the variety of the chromosomes.
This makes recombination possible.
The consequence of assortment and crossing over makes it certain that no two offspring of the same mother and father are identical.
Identical twins are the exception.
They are identical genetically because they developed from the same fertilised egg.
There are advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction, compared to asexual reproduction.
The main issues are:
Advantages: More variation assists with survival.
It increases the chance that at least some offspring of a parent survive.
To give an example, suppose a deadly infection occurs in the population.
Greater variety increases the chance that some of the population will survive.
Disadvantages: Requires two parents.
So, supposing the total number of eggs to be the same, a population reproducing sexually would produce only half as many offspring as a population reproducing asexually.
Various terms
Gonads are specialized sex organs where gametes are formed.
In the male, the gonad is the testes; in the female, the gonad is the ovaries.
Gametes are specialized sex cells formed in gonads by gametogenesis.
The male gamete is the sperm, and the female is ovum.
Spermatogenesis: the process which produces haploid sperm.
Oogenesis: the process which produces haploid egg cells.
Hermaphrodite: an organism with male and female sex organs.
Examples: earthworms, snails, hydra.
Fertilization: sperm penetrates the cell membrane of ovum.
What now exists is a single cell called a zygote.
Internal fertilization: sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract.
External fertilization: eggs are shed by the female which are fertilised by sperm in the external environment.
Cleavage: early stage of embryo development.
Cell number increases by cell division.
Morula: a solid ball of cells
Blastula: a hollow ball of cells filled with fluid
Gastrulation: blastula continues to grow, cells multiply by mitosis.
Several hundred cells on one side begin to move in and form a two-layered embryo.
It develops into a three-layered embryo with endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
Ectoderm develops into the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Also, the linings of various organs: mouth, anus, nostrils, epidermis including sweat glands, hair, nails.
Mesoderm develops into bones, muscles, reproductive system, kidneys, blood, blood vessels, inner layer of skin.
Endoderm develops into lining of digestive system, respiratory system, liver, pancreas, and bladder.
Growth and differentiation: embryonic cells multiply and change into specialized cells in tissues and organs.
Methods of reproduction
Leprosy is a contagious disease.
It has been known for a very long time.
Today, it is mostly called Hansen's disease, named after the person who discovered the bacterium, Gerhard Armauer Hansen.
It is caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae.
A person with leprosy is called a leper.
Getting the disease is hard, since it requires close contact with someone who has it, over a long period of time.
In addition, about 95% of people seem to be naturally immune to it.
Most cases of leprosy occur in India, and other developing countries.
It has known to have been in the US before.
There are practically no cases of leprosy in the developed world.
This is because there are excellent drugs and people regularly take antibiotics which will kill the leprosy bacteria.
The symptoms of leprosy are irregular spots and patches on the skin.
These are either lighter colored than the surrounding skin, or reddish in color.
On those patches, hair will fall out, and they will feel numb to the patient.
Nerves will form knots there.
With the illness progressing the sense of touch will become less and less (until the patient feels completely numb).
So called leptomes and ulcers will eat away the skin, the flesh and the organs on the patches.
For many years there was a leprosy colony on the Hawaiian Island of Molokai called Kalaupapa.
Tens of thousands of people from the United States that had the disease were sent there.
Dolley Payne Todd Madison (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the wife of US President  James Madison.
James Madison was president from 1809 to 1817 while Dolley Madison was the First Lady of the United States.
She is best known for saving Washington's portrait when the British burned the White House in the War of 1814.
Though she is also a famous entertainer, the first to serve ice cream in the White House.
Dolley was born in New Garden.
Now the place is known as Guilford County.
It is in North Carolina.
Some other account tells that she was born in a village named Payne’s Tavern.
It is in Person County, North Carolina.
Her father’s name was John Payne.
As an unsuccessful farmer, he always faced shortage of money.
Dolley’s mother was Mary Coles.
Dolley spent her teenage years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
On January 7, 1790, she married John Todd, Jr. (1764-1793).
Todd was a lawyer.
Their names were John Payne (1792-1852) and William Temple (born and died in 1793).
William died in a yellow fever epidemic.
In the same year, her husband also died of the same yellow fever epidemic.
Dolley Todd married James Madison on September 14, 1794.
They had no children, but they raised Dolley's son from her first marriage, John Payne Todd.
John Payne Todd was a notorious drunkard and gambler, which caused his mother many financial problems, especially after Madison died.
In 1814, the British army had burnt the White House.
Fleeing from her burning home, Dolley saved many records and papers.
Legend states she also saved a painting of George Washington, though had to break it out of its frame.
1768 births
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (1768 - September 23, 1830) was the wife of James Monroe.
James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States.
Elizabeth Monroe was born in an old family of New York.
When she was a girl of 17 years, she married James Monroe.
At that time, Monroe was a lawyer.
He was aged 27 years.
Once, the government sent Monroe as an envoy to Versailles.
She also went along with her husband.
During her last years, Elizabeth Monroe became very sick.
She could not take part in social functions.
She became more distant from people.
Some persons thought her to be a snob.
But, her husband always understood her problems.
After a long illness, she died on September 23, 1830 at her home in Oak Hill at age 62.
Celestia is a free 3D astronomy program for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.
It was created by Chris Laurel and is licensed under the GPL.
The program is based on the Hipparcos Catalogue (120,000 Stars) and allows users to display objects from artificial satellites to entire galaxies in three dimensions in OpenGL.
Different from other planetarium software, the user is free to travel in the universe.
Bill Cullen (February 18, 1920 – July 7, 1990) was an American television game show host.
His full name was William Lawrence Cullen.
Cullen was originally from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
He suffered from polio as a child.
He had a limp for the remainder of his life.
Cullen was best known for hosting the original version of The Price is Right on the television networks NBC and ABC.
That show is now on CBS and hosted by Drew Carey.
He also hosted a version of The $25,000 Pyramid, Child's Play, and Blockbusters.
Rudi Carrell (real name Rudolf Wijbrand Kesselaar) was a very successful comedian, singer and television presenter.
He was born on December 19, 1934 in Alkmaar, in the Netherlands.
He died of lung cancer on July 7, 2006 in Bremen, Germany.
He was very popular in Germany, for shows like Die Rudi Carrell Show.
He was awarded various prizes, amongst others the Goldene Kamera for a lifetime of good work, in February of 2006 (which was his last public appearance) as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz (the only award given by the Federal Republic of Germany, for extraordinary achievements in politics or culture) in 1985.
Cancer deaths in Germany
Dutch singers
Dutch television presenters
People from Alkmaar
Lung cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs.
Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers when smoke gets in the lungs.
Lung cancer kills 1.8 million people each year, more than any other cancer.
It is currently the leading cause of cancer death in men, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women.
The large majority of people who get lung cancer have smoked for many years.
However, there are types of lung cancers that appear in otherwise healthy patients who have never smoked.
People who smoke marijuana more than cigarettes are more likely to contract lung cancer over people who smoke cigarettes.
There are two main types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.
Small cell lung cancer typically responds well to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and non-small cell lung cancer is more commonly treated with surgical removal of the lung tumor.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) account for about 85% to 90% of lung cancer cases.
People who have a deficient low pigment count have a higher chance of contracting lung cancer.
There are three types of non-small cell lung cancer:
Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma
Symptoms:
Coughing
Heart burn
Whitchurch is a small market town in the north of the county of Shropshire, England.
It is the oldest town inhabited in Shropshire.
The town lies 2 miles (3 km) east of the Welsh border.
As of 2011, the town has a population of 9,781.
It has five living species, which are the biggest cats in the Felidae.
The tiger is the largest Panthera species, and the largest of all cats.
The leopard is the smallest Panthera species.
Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard also belongs to the Panthera, a classification that was accepted by IUCN assessors in 2008.
The genus Neofelis is also closely related.
Snow leopard, Uncia uncia, now Panthera uncia
A superpower is a country that is one of the most powerful countries in the world.
It is more powerful than a great power and less powerful than a hyperpower.
Right now, only the United States is a superpower.
However, China may become a superpower in the future.
Some say it is already one.
Others say that it will not become a superpower.
In the years following World War II, the United Nations was formed.
The 5 countries that would later have nuclear bombs – those who would be able to start a nuclear war – were all given permanent seats on the Security Council.
This means they are on the Security Council forever.
They were also all given equal veto power over decisions in the Security Council.
These five countries were: United States, United Kingdom, China, France, and the Soviet Union.
For most of the 1900s, the Soviet Union was a superpower.
After the Soviet Union split into a lot of smaller countries in 1991, it was not a superpower anymore.
Russia got most of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons, and also its permanent seat in the Security Council.
Some other countries also have nuclear weapons now, and can also start a nuclear war just as well, but they are not permanent members with veto power.
The Republic of India, and Pakistan are a few countries like this.
In order to be a superpower, a country must dominate economic, cultural, and military as well as diplomatic influence.
The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), also known as the Irbis and ounce, is a feline, which lives in central Asia.
It used to be thought not to be closely related to the smaller leopard, which is why they were put in different genera before.
However, recent research has discovered this is not correct.
The cat is closely related to the other big cats in the genus Panthera.
Snow leopards are about 2-5 meters long in the body, and have a 90-100 centimeter long tail.
They weigh up to 75 kilograms.
They have grey and white fur with dark rosettes and spots, and their tails have stripes.
Its fur is very long and thick to protect it against the cold.
Their feet are also big and furry, which helps them to walk on snow more easily.
They use their long tails for balance and as blankets to cover sensitive body parts against the severe mountain chill.
They are one of the cats which cannot purr: "In five cat species (lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard and snow leopard) the epihyoideum is an elastic ligament, whereas in all other species of the Felidae the epihyal is completely ossified (bony)... those felids with an elastic epihyoid are able to roar but not purr, while species with a completely ossified hyoid are able to purr but not to roar".
Despite this, it seems now that snow leopards cannot roar, though they can make a number of other sounds.
Snow leopards are well camouflaged, and are crepuscular (most active at dawn and dusk).
They stalk and eat medium-sized prey like Ibex, bharal (mountain sheep) and wild goats.
It can survive on a single sheep for two weeks.
Snow leopards prefer to ambush prey from above, using broken terrain to conceal their approach.
They try to land on the sheep, and kill it directly.
If the sheep runs, they pursue it down steep mountainsides, using the momentum of their initial leap to chase prey for up to .
They kill with a bite to the neck, and may drag the prey to a safe location before feeding.
They consume all edible parts of the carcass, and can survive on a single bharal (blue sheep) for two weeks before hunting again.
Annual prey needs is 20–30 adult bharals.
In summer, snow leopards usually live above the tree line on mountainous meadows and in rocky regions at altitudes from .
In winter, they come down into the forests to altitudes around .
Snow leopards prefer broken terrain, and can travel without difficulty in snow up to  deep, although they prefer to use existing trails made by other animals.
They live alone.
After a pregnancy of about a hundred days the female gives birth to 2 or 3 cubs.
Snow leopards are protected in most of the countries they live in.
However, people do still kill them for their fur, or to protect their cattle.
The snow leopard has a huge range in central Asia.
It is in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kashmir, Kunlun, and the Himalaya to southern Siberia, Mongolia, and Tibet.
Since many estimates are rough and outdated, its numbers could be falsely viewed as low.
The total wild population of the snow leopard was estimated in 2008 as 4,510 to 7,350 individuals.
Taxonomy and evolution
The snow leopard was not thought closely related to the Panthera or other living big cats.
However, recent molecular studies put the species firmly in the genus Panthera: its closest relative is the tiger (Panthera tigris).
MSW3 still refers to the snow leopard as Uncia uncia, but the more recent IUCN classifies it as Panthera uncia.
The snow leopard is an official  symbol of Kazakhstan.
Yonkers is the 4th largest city in the American state of New York.
It is the southwestern part of Westchester County
Yonkers borders the New York City borough of The Bronx and is 2 miles (3 km) north of Manhattan.
Broadway runs through all three, and railroads also connect them to Grand Central Terminal.
The Bronx River separates Yonkers from Mount Vernon, New York on the east.
The Hudson River is on the west.
The city's best-known attraction is Yonkers Raceway, a harness racing track.
There is a large shopping area along Central Park Avenue.
It is sometimes called "Central Avenue" by area residents.
Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the wife of US President John Quincy Adams.
As the wife of the US President, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.
Her mother, Catherine Nuth Johnson was an English lady.
Her father, Joshua Johnson, was from the USA and a citizen of the USA.
Louisa Adams was then the only First Lady not born in the United States.
John Adams, the second president of the USA, was her father-in-law.
In 1794, John Quincy Adams met Louisa in London.
At that time, Adams was a US diplomat.
After about three years, they married.
The couple also lived in Berlin where Adams got a posting.
Louisa along with her husband arrived to the USA in 1801.
They lived in different places before her husband became the President.
She went to school in London and France.
She died in 1852, aged seventy-seven.
She is buried in the United States Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts.
Angelica Singleton Van Buren (February 13, 1818 - December 29, 1877) acted as the First Lady of the United States.
She was the daughter-in-law of Martin Van Buren, the 8th president of the USA.
Angelica Singleton had married the President's son, Abraham Van Buren.
She took over the role of the First Lady, as the president's wife had died 17 years earlier.
Angelica Singleton belonged to a high society.
She was also related to Dolley Madison, wife of US President James Madison.
Angelica brought a special style to her role as the First Lady.
She and Abraham Van Buren married in 1838.
After marriage they took a long tour of Europe.
When they came back to the USA in 1839, she took up the role of the First Lady during the presidency of her father-in-law.
In 1841, Martin Van Buren was defeated, she and her husband shifted to Kinderhook, Lindenwald.
During the winter, they lived in their family home in South Carolina.
From 1848 until her death in 1877, she lived in New York City.
Angelica was from the cream of southern society and was the great-granddaughter of Gen. Richard Richardson and Mary Cantey (Richardson).
Gen. Richardson was the progenitor of six South Carolina governors, three Manning and three Richardson governors.
One descendant, Elizabeth Peyre Richardson, was so closely related to all of these governors that she appears in Ripley's Believe it or Not.
Angelica's sister, Marion, has a bio that, although sad, is actually more interesting than hers.
See "A Tale of Two Sisters," by Joseph C. Elliott, Sandlapper: The Magazine of South Carolina.
Jane Irwin Harrison (July 23, 1804 – May 11, 1846) was the First Lady of the United States for a very brief period.
She was married to William Henry Harrison Jr. William was the son of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States.
As the daughter-in-law of the president, she acted as the First Lady for about a month in 1841.
She acted as his official hostess during his brief tenure in office, which lasted for a month in 1841.
President’s wife Anna Harrison was very ill, and she could not go out of their home in Ohio, when her husband moved to take up the presidency.
1846 deaths
People from Pennsylvania
She was born in Lexington, Kentucky.
Her father was Robert Smith Todd and her mother was Eliza Parker.
Her parents were prominent residents of the city.
Mary's paternal great-grandfather, David Levi Todd, was born in County Longford, Ireland, and emigrated through Pennsylvania to Kentucky.
Her great-great maternal grandfather Samuel McDowell was born in Scotland, and emigrated to Pennsylvania.
Other Todd ancestors came from England.
When she was around twenty years old, Mary came to Illinois where her sister Elizabeth lived.
There she met Abraham Lincoln.
He was a young lawyer at that time.
The Lincolns loved one another very much.
But, at times, their relationship became troubled.
The Lincolns had four children:
Edward (Eddie) Baker Lincoln
William (Willie) Wallace Lincoln
Thomas (Tad) Lincoln
Mary Lincoln was well-educated lady.
She was also interested in public affairs.
She also shared her husband’s ambition.
At times, she became touchy and irritated.
The newspapers sometimes criticized her for spending the government’s money to buy new furniture for the White House.
She went to the hospitals during this time, to help wounded soldiers.
After the assassination of her husband in 1865, the death of her two sons, Willie and Thomas, had made her very sad.
She became very depressed.
His son Robert wanted to take control of his mother's money.
He sent his mother to an insane asylum.
After three months, she was freed.
She never forgave her son.
She spent about four years in France in a city named Pau.
She also traveled to many parts of Europe.
During her last years, her health became very weak.
In 1879, she suffered spinal cord injuries when she fell from a stepladder.
She also got cataracts and her eyesight became weak.
During the early 1880s, Mary Lincoln was confined to the Springfield, Illinois residence of her sister Elizabeth Edwards.
She died there on July 16, 1882, at age 63.
She was interred in the Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield alongside her husband.
Mary Todd Lincoln Research Site
ESPECIALLY FOR STUDENTS: A One Page Summary of Mary Todd Lincoln's Life
White House profile
Mary Todd Lincoln Quotes
Original Manuscript Letters: Mary Todd Lincoln Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Lincoln, Abraham
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis (  ; July 28, 1929May 19, 1994) was an American socialite, writer, photographer and book editor.
She was the First Lady of the United States from 1961 until November 22, 1963 as the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy.
As a popular and famous first lady, she endeared both the American public and people with her fashion choices and devotion to the historical preservation of the White House.
During her lifetime she was well known for being fashionable and was seen both as a fashion icon and influencer.
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929 in Southampton, New York.
In 1951, she graduated from George Washington University and worked for the Washington Times-Herald as a photographer.
A year later, she met United States Representative, John F. Kennedy at a dinner party in Washington D.C.
She married John F. Kennedy in 1953, in Newport, Rhode Island.
Jacqueline had suffered a miscarriage in 1956 with a stillborn girl named Arabella Kennedy, a year later in 1957 she gave birth to a girl named, Caroline Kennedy.
After her husband was elected president in the 1960 presidential election, Jacqueline had gave birth to a boy named, John F. Kennedy Jr. in November 1960.
Two months later, At the age of 31, she was the third-youngest First Lady of the United States when her husband inaugurated as 35th President of the United States on January 20, 1961.
After the assassination and funeral of her husband, Jacqueline and her two children, Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy Jr. retired from public life.
In October 1968, she married a Greek magnate named Aristotle Onassis, which made her less popular and famous.
After his death in 1975, she worked as a book editor in New York City.
As of today, she is seen as one of the most popular and well known first ladies in American history.
In 1999, she was named as one of Gallup's Most-Admired Men and Women of the 20th century.
On May 19, 1994, Jacqueline died in her sleep from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in New York.
Her funeral was on May 23, 1994.
She was later buried next to her husband, President Kennedy at Arlington National Cemetery.
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929 at Stony Brook Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York to John Vernou Bouvier III and Janet Norton Lee.
Her mother was of Irish descent and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry and she was also raised as a Roman Catholic.
Jacqueline lived in Manhattan and at the Bouvier country home in East Hampton on Long Island during her early childhood.
She respected her father and John Vernou Bouvier III called his oldest daughter "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had".
From an early age, Jacqueline was an equestrienne who competed in the sport.
She took ballet lessons and learned many languages.
She spoke English, French, Spanish, and Italian.
In 1935, she began going to Manhattan's Chapin School.
One of her teachers called her "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil".
Her parents' marriage became worse because of her father's alcoholism.
Her parents had financial problems after the Wall Street Crash of 1929.
They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later.
In 1942, her mother married lawyer Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr.. The family moved into his home in McLean, Virginia.
After seven years at Chapin, Jacqueline Bouvier went to Holton-Arms School in Washington, D.C.. She stayed there from 1942 until 1944.
She later went to Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut.
Bouvier stayed there from 1944 to 1947.
In 1947, she began studying at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York.
She studied in France at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble during her junior year.
She also went to the Sorbonne in Paris.
She was part of a program from Smith College.
She transferred to George Washington University in Washington, D.C. and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951.
She later went to George Washington University to take classes on American history.
While at George Washington University, Jacqueline Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at Vogue.
This let her work for six months in the magazine's New York City office and then six months in Paris.
She wrote her autobiography, One Special Summer after the trip.
After working at Vogue, she worked for the Washington Times-Herald as a part-time receptionist.
In 1952, she was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named John Husted but broke-off the engagement because she said he was "boring".
Marriage to John F. Kennedy and Children
Jacqueline Bouvier first met United States Representative, John F. Kennedy at a dinner party in May 1952 after journalist, Charles L. Bartlett helped the two meet up.
The two had many things in common such as their Catholicism, writing, liked reading and lived abroad during college.
John was busy running for the United States Senate in Massachusetts when they first met.
Their relationship became more serious and he ask her to marry him after he was elected Senator.
Bouvier took some time to accept, because she had been asked to report on the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London for The Washington Times-Herald.
After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal.
Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953.
They were married on September 12, 1953 in Newport, Rhode Island by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing.
In the first years of their marriage, the couple had many problems.
John F. Kennedy was diagnosed with Addison's disease and back pain caused by a war injury.
In late 1954, he had surgery on his spine which almost killed him.
Jacqueline Kennedy had a miscarriage in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella Kennedy.
They lived in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. and Boston, Massachusetts.
Jacqueline gave birth to their daughter, Caroline Kennedy on November 27, 1957.