the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The noun before a pronoun that the pronoun really means is called the antecedent.
There are different types of pronouns in English language.
A famous example is the speech of Hamlet: to be or not to be?
Words that tell you about nouns are called adjectives.
When an adjective is used, you learn more about the noun.
An example would be the words "red" and "juicy" in the phrase "the red apple is juicy."
They do not have any endings.
Even if the noun they talk about is plural, they stay the same.
Determiners
Determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to.
The difference is each noun can only have one determiner and the determiner always comes before all the other parts of the noun phrase.
The most common determiners in English are "the" and "a/an".
Adverbs are words that tell you about words that are not nouns.
An adverb can describe a verb, like the word "quickly" in the sentence "He ran quickly."
They can also describe an adjective.
The adverb "very" describes the adjective "sick" in the sentence "The boy is very sick."
Adverbs can even describe other adverbs, as in the sentence "He ran very quickly."
A preposition is a word that describes how one noun (or pronoun) relates to another in the sentence as a whole.
The preposition usually comes before the noun that it adds to the sentence, which is called the object of the preposition.
An example is the word "over" in the sentence "he walked over the bridge."
A conjunction is a word that connects other parts of a sentence.
It can connect two words that both do the same thing in a sentence. "
And" in the sentence "the boy and the girl run" connects the boy to the girl because they both run.
Conjunctions can even connect two clauses that would normally be different sentences together.
The word "but" in the sentence "I like cats, but he likes dogs" is a conjunction doing this.
Interjections are words that do not fit normal grammar rules.
Interjections can and often do take the place of an entire sentence, as they can give they meaning of a whole sentence in a single word.
These can be used to show emotions, such as the word "Hooray," which means that the speaker is happy or likes something.
They are also used to shorten common phrases that would otherwise need a full sentence to talk about.
For example, saying the word "yes" is much simpler than saying "what you say is true," so it is usually used instead.
Interjections like these can be helpful for saving time and making complex sentences very simple.
Often, though, interjections may have no meaning at all, such as the word "um."
Grammar also studies how the parts of language work together.
This is called "syntax."
Some common ways in which the words fit together are sentences, phrases, clauses, and paragraphs.
Modern English Grammar by Daniel Kies
Linguapress online English grammar
Lingolía English Grammar
The following is a list of the 286 communes of the Corrèze département in France.
(CAB) Communauté d'agglomération de Brive, created in 2002.
Correze
Edward is an English male given name.
It is an old name, dating from before the Norman conquest of England in 1066.
It means "wealthy" (rich) and "guard".
Ted, Teddy, and Ned are often used as nicknames for people called Edward, such as Ted Kennedy, or Ned Kelly.
There have been many kings of England called Edward, such as Edward the Confessor, and Edward VIII.
Variations of "Edward" in other languages
Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese: Eduardo
Spanish and Portuguese also use Duarte
Italian also uses Edoardo
French: Édouard
Norwegian: Edvard
People named Edward
Edward the Elder (c. 874–924), the son of Alfred the Great
Edward the Martyr (c. 962–978), English king and Christian martyr
St. Edward the Confessor (c. 1003–1066), English King; patron saint of England until 1348
Edward I of England (1239–1307), called Longshanks; conqueror of Wales
Edward II of England (1284–1327), deposed in January 1327, probably murdered
Edward III of England (1312–1377), one of the most successful English kings of medieval times
Edward, the Black Prince (1330–1376), eldest son of King Edward III
Edward, Duke of Guelders (1336–1371)
Edward IV of England (1442–1483), older brother of Richard III, father of Edward V
Edward V of England (1470–c. 1483), one of the princes in the Tower
Edward VI of England (1537–1553), the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
Edward VII of the United Kingdom (1841–1910), the son of Queen Victoria
Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (1894–1972), the son of George V, abdicated
Edward Balliol (c. 1283–1367), pretender to the Scottish throne during the reign of David II
Ed Gainey, American player of Canadian football
Edward Gierek (1913-2001), First Secretary of Polish United Workers Party from 1970-1980
Edward Heath (1916–2005), former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Edward Stanley Kellogg (1870-1948), 16th Governor of American Samoa
Ed Miliband (born 1969), former leader of the UK Labour Party
Edward Snowden (born 1983), American who disclosed National Security Agency secrets
Edward Stettinius, Jr. (1900–1949), former United States Secretary of State
Holiday Inn is a brand of hotels.
Holiday Inn is one of the world's most recognized hotel brands.
It is part of the InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG).
Kemmons Wilson had the idea for the business after a family road trip to Washington, D.C.. During the trip, he was disappointed by the quality of roadside motels at that time.
Mr. Wilson partnered with Wallace E. Johnson to build the first four motels on roads entering Memphis, Tennessee.
Eddie Bluestein was the architect who designed these first hotels.
Holiday Inn Hotels review
Walter Kogler (born 12 December 1967 in Wolfsberg, Carinthia) is a retired Austrian football defender and coach.
At the moment he is coach of FC Wacker Innsbruck, which is playing in the Austrian Bundesliga.
In his youth years he played for FC St. Michael and Wolfsberger AC.
He start as professional player with SK Sturm Graz.
His next club was Austria Wien, where he started also his team career.
After one year in France with AS Cannes he came back to Austria, where he played for LASK Linz, Austria Salzburg and FC Kärnten.
After his professional career he became football coach starting in the football academy of FC Kärnten.
His first team was SK St. Andrä in the Regionalliga (3rd level).
After one year with DSV Leoben he went to FC Wacker Innsbruck.
With this team he reached in 2010 the championship and was promoted to the Bundesliga.
Walter Kogler played 28 matches for the Austrian team and scored one goal.
He was member of the Austrian team for the FIFA World Cup 1998.
As player he was 5 times Austrian Champion (with Austria Wien, Austria Salzburg and Wacker Innsbruck).
In 17 years as professional he played 495 matches in the Austrian Bundesliga.
as player
Austrian Bundesliga (5):
1993, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002
Fifa World Cup 1998
Member of the Austrian team
as coach
Austrian 1.Division
Champion 2010 with FC Wacker Innsbruck
April Jeanette "AJ" Brooks (born Mendez, March 19, 1987) is an American retired professional wrestler.
She is best known for her time in WWE under the ring name AJ Lee.
She competed on the third season of NXT but finished fourth overall.
Even though she did not win NXT she was still given a contract with the WWE and debuted in her first match for the SmackDown brand on May 27, 2011 edition where she teamed with Kaitlyn in a losing effort against Alicia Fox and Tamina.
AJ Lee held the Divas Championship 3 times in the WWE, successfully retaining her title at WrestleMania XXX.
the night after on 'Raw' she was defeated and lost her title to NXT Woman's Champion, Paige.
On the June 30, 2014 episode of Raw, Lee returned to the WWE.
She challenged Paige for the Divas Championship and won her second championship.
FCW Divas Championship (1 time)[25]
Queen of FCW (1 time)[22]
PWI ranked her #43 of the top 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2013[145]
WSU Tag Team Championship (1 time)[13] — with Brooke Carter
WSU/NWS King and Queen of the Ring (2004)[18] — with Jay Lethal
Worst Worked Match of the Year (2013)[146] with Aksana, Alicia Fox, Kaitlyn, Rosa Mendes, Summer Rae and Tamina Snuka vs. Cameron, Eva Marie, JoJo, Naomi, Natalya and The Bella Twins at Survivor Series on November 24
WWE Divas Championship (4 time)
Slammy Award for Diva of the Year (2011)
Slammy Award for Kiss of the Year (2012) — with John Cena
NXT Women's championship
The Basset Hound is a short-legged dog, of the hound family.
Bassets are used in hunting to detect the scent of game.
The name Basset comes from French words meaning "rather low".
Basset Hounds usually have coats of brown, black or white and are most often spotted.
Sometimes they can be other colors.
Basset Hounds have been bred from the nineteenth century.
They are said to descend from the Basset d'Artois.
Basset Hounds are  tall, and can weight up to .
Alvin Plantinga (born November 15, 1932, Ann Arbor, Michigan ) is an American epistemologist, philosopher of religion and professor at the University of Notre Dame.
He is a founding member of the Society of Christian Philosophers.
Plantinga's aim in philosophy is to defend believing in God as rational.
His epistemology is one that tries to say that knowledge is only possible if you accept the possibility of some form of intelligent design by God.
People from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Educators from Michigan
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) also known as radiation poisoning, radiation sickness or radiation toxicity, is a syndrome or group of health effects which occur within months of exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation.
The term generally refers to acute (serious, rapid onset) problems rather than ones that develop after a prolonged period.
It is mainly damage to the blood, digestive system, and nervous system.
Its fossil was found in lakebed sediments of the Daohugou Beds of Inner Mongolia.
Castorocauda was highly specialized, with adaptations like those of modern semi-aquatic mammals such as beavers, otters, and the platypus (convergent evolution).
It is the earliest animal found with fur.
Castorocauda is one of the near-mammals in a group called the Docodonta.
Although Castorocauda was not a crown group mammal, it is important in the study of how mammals evolved.
It was the first find with an almost complete skeleton.
Also it is not a "small nocturnal insectivore".
It was larger than most Mesozoic mammaliaform fossils  about  from its nose to the tip of its  tail, and may have weighed .
It is the earliest absolutely certain evidence of hair and fur.
Previously the earliest was Eomaia, a crown group mammal from about 125M years ago.
It had aquatic adaptations including flattened tail bones and remnants of soft tissue between the toes of the back feet, suggesting that they were webbed.
Previously the earliest known semi-aquatic mammaliaforms were from the Eocene, about 110 million years later.
Castorocauda's powerful forelimbs look adapted for digging.
This feature and the spurs on its ankles make it resemble the platypus, which also swims and digs.
Its teeth look adapted for eating fish: the first two molars had cusps in a straight row, which made them more suitable for gripping and slicing than for grinding.
These molars are curved backwards, which helps in grasping slippery prey.
Docodonts
Element Skateboards (sometimes shortened to Element) is an American company.
It is known for making skateboards and swimwear.
It was founded in 1992 by Johnny Schillereff.
The company is based out of Irvine, California.
The company was originally known as Underworld Element Skateboards but Schillereff decided to drop the "Underworld" part due to the company being absorbed because of financial problems.
The Element company also sponsors professional skateboarders like Bucky Lasek, Bam Margera, Chad Muska, Ray Barbee, Vanessa Torres, Mark Appleyard, Nyjah Huston and
Paul Gustave Doré (; January 6, 1832 – January 23, 1883) was a French artist, engraver, illustrator and sculptor.
Most of Doré's work was wood engraving and steel engraving.
Doré was born in Strasbourg.
His first illustrated story was published at the age of fifteen.
As a young man, he began work as a literary illustrator in Paris.
He was hired to illustrate scenes from books by Rabelais, Balzac, Milton and Dante.
In 1853, Doré was asked to illustrate the works of Lord Byron.
British publishers asked him to do more work, including a new illustrated English Bible.
Ten years later, he illustrated a French edition of Cervantes's Don Quixote.
His images of the knight and Sancho Panza have influenced later readers, artists, and stage and film directors' ideas of how the two characters looked.
Doré also illustrated an edition of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven" with larger than usual pages.
He was paid 30,000 francs by the publisher Harper & Brothers in 1883.
Doré's English Bible (1866) was a great success, and in 1867 Doré had a major exhibition of his work in London.
The Doré Gallery in Covelant Bond Street opened after the show.
In 1869, Blanchard Jerrold suggested that they work together to make a complete portrait of London.
Jerrold got the idea from The Microcosm of London produced by Rudolph Ackermann, William Pyne, and Thomas Rowlandson in 1808.
Doré signed a five-year contract with the publishers Grant & Co. He had to stay in London for three months each year.
He was paid £10,000 a year for the project.
The completed book, London: A Pilgrimage, was published in 1872.
It had 180 engravings.
The book was successful financially and influenced many people.
However, many critics at the time disliked it.
Some of these critics wrote that Doré paid too much attention to the poverty  in parts of London.
His  later works included Coleridge's Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Milton's Paradise Lost, Tennyson's The Idylls of the King, The Works of Thomas Hood, and The Divine Comedy.
His work also appeared in the Illustrated London News.
He continued to illustrate books until he died in Paris after a short illness in 1883.
He is buried in  Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
Doré made many works of art.
This list is very long, but does not include every piece of art that Doré made.
It does not include his sculptures and paintings.
Also, many journal illustrations are not listed.
(80 illustrations, earliest photogravures of Dore paintings)
(141 illustrations)
(138 illustrations)
(314 illustrations)
(103 illustrations)
(30 illustrations)
(521 illustrations, reprinting most of the Delorme photogravures)
(exhibition book: 591 illustrations)
(343 illustrations)
(500 illustrations)
(exhibition book: 250 illustrations, 40 in full-color, sometimes incorrectly listed as, “40 b/w, 120 color illustrations”)
(annual  listing of the books published in France)
Doré's grave site at Cimetière du Père Lachaise
German FTP with Dore illustrations
Dore Bible Gallery
SurLaLune Fairy Tale Illustrations of Gustave Doré
The "Dore Vase" in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, a massive bronze that was exhibited to acclaim at Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition and later moved to San Francisco
Gustave Doré's Illustrations for 'Don Quixote'
More of Gustave Doré's Illustrations for 'Don Quixote'
World of Dante Doré Dante illustrations in the World of Dante gallery
Elbert Hubbard's account of the
French illustrators
WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 is a wrestling video game that was published by THQ.
It is available for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, Wii and Xbox 360 systems.
The game is also featured as a mobile phone game which can be downloaded.
It featured new features like the Inferno match, a newer tag team match, and also four new game modes: Create-a-Finisher, Road to WrestleMania, Career and multiplayer season.
Triple H and Shawn Michaels both as member of D-Generation X are on the cover.
SmackDown vs. Raw 2009
Sylvester Ritter (December 13, 1952 – June 2, 1998) was an American professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the ring names, Junkyard Dog and JYD for short.
He died in Forest, Mississippi on June 2, 1998 after he fell asleep at the wheel of the car he was driving home in and crashed into another car.
Mid-South Louisiana Championship (three times)
Mid-South North American Heavyweight Championship (four times)
Mid-South Tag Team Championship (eight times) – with Buck Robley (one), Terry Orndorff (one), Killer Karl Kox (one), Dick Murdoch (three), Mike George (one), and Jerry Stubbs (one)
NWA Mid-America
NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship (one time) – with Gypsy Joe
PWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year in 1980.
PWI ranked him #51 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003.
WCW World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (one time) with Ricky Morton and Tommy Rich
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2004)
Wrestling Classic tournament winner in 1985.
Slammy Award – Best Single Performer in 1986.
Feud of the Year in 1982 (vs. Ted DiBiase)
Worst Feud of the Year in 1990 (vs. Ric Flair)
Worst Tag Team in 1986 (with George Steele)
Full Dark, No Stars (2010) is a book of four novellas that was written by Stephen King.
The book was published on November 9, 2010.
The four novellas are 1922, Big Driver, Fair Extension and A Good Marriage.
About the book from King's website
Cell (2006) is a novel by Stephen King.
The book was published on January 24, 2006.
It is about Clayton Riddell, an artist from New England who tries to reunite with his son after a signal is sent out over the global cell phone network which turns every cell phone user into a murderer.
About the novel from King's website
Lisey's Story (2006) is a novel that was written by Stephen King.
The novel was published on October 24, 2006.
The novel was nominated for the World Fantasy Award in 2007.
Guéret () is a commune of France.
It is the prefecture of the  Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
In 1514, Guéret became the capital of the County of Marche,  a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern Creuse department.
Guéret is in a plateau between the Creuse and the Gartempe rivers, at the foot of two hills: the Puy de Gaudy,  high, and the Maupuy,  high.
The city of Guéret is at about  from Bordeaux, at  from Toulouse, at  from Paris and at  from Lyon.
The communes that are around Guéret are Saint-Fiel, Sainte-Feyre, Savennes, Saint-Christophe, La Chapelle-Taillefert, Saint-Léger-le-Guérétois and Saint-Sulpice-le-Guérétois.
The inhabitants of Guéret are known, in French, as Guérétois (women: Guérétoises).
The commune of Guéret has a population, in 2014, of 13,342; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.
Guéret forms, together with Saint-Fiel, the urban area of Guéret with a population of 14,157 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Guéret, formed by 32 communes with a population of 31,499 inhabitants and an area of .
Guéret is the prefecture of the Creuse department, the capital of the arrondissement of Guéret and the administrative centre () of two cantons:
Guéret-1, with 9,332 inhabitants (2014).
Guéret-2, with 9,724 inhabitants (2014).
It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Guéret ().
Stein, Germany since 1991
The Hotel de Moneyroux.
This building, of Gothic style, was built in the fifteenth century.
It is now the headquarters of the General Council of the Creuse.
The Presidial, dating from the seventeenth century, now is the town hall.
The Museum of the Sénatorerie.
The building served as house for senators under Napoleon.
Since 1832, the Society of Archaeological and Natural Sciences of the Creuse has been housed here.
Courtille lake, a recreation area south of Guéret, is an artificial lake along a shaded path.
Chabrières forest is a large forest to the south of Guéret.
It has a zoo, where one can see wolves in semi-liberty in large espaces with walls.
Here  there are some big dolmens.
Ville de Guéret - official website
La Communauté d’Agglomération du Grand-Guéret
Conseil Départamental de la Creuse
Préfecture de la Creuse
Communes in Creuse
The following is a list of the 260 communes of the Creuse département of France.
Périgueux () is a commune in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.
It is the capital, prefecture, of the Dordogne department.
Périgueux is in the centre of the Dordogne department, in the tourist region named as Périgord Blanc.
The Isle river flows through the city.
The city is at about  from Angoulême,  from Limoges,  from Agen,  from Bordeaux and  from Cahors.
The commune of Périgueux has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
Périgueux is surrounded by the communes Château-l'Évêque, Champcevinel, Trélissac, Boulazac, Notre-Dame-de-Sanilhac, Coulounieix-Chamiers, Marsac-sur-l'Isle and Chancelade.
The inhabitants of Périgueux are known, in French, as Pétrocoriens (women: Pétrocoriennes).
Another name for the inhabitants of Périgueux is Périgourdins.
With a population of 30,069 (2014), Périgueux has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Périgueux forms, together with 8 other communes, the urban area of Périgueux with a population of 66,895 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Périgueux, formed by 55 communes with a population of 102,855 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Périgueux is a prefecture of the Dordogne and the capital of the arrondissement of Périgueux.
The commune is the administrative centre () of two cantons
Périgueux-1, formed with a part of Périgueux; and
Périgueux-2, formed with the remaining part of Périgueux.
It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Périgueux ().
Amberg, Germany
Ville de Périgueux - Official site
Office de Tourism, Périgueux
The following is a list of the 557 communes of the Dordogne département in France.
(CAP) Communauté d'agglomération Périgourdine, created in 2000.
Évreux is a commune.
It is found in the Eure department in France.
Rugby, England
Rüsselsheim, Germany
Sueca, Spain
Djougou, Benin
The following is a list of the 675 communes of the Eure département in France.
(CAE) Communauté d'agglomération d'Évreux, created in 2000.
(CAL) Communauté d'agglomération Seine-Eure, created in 2001.
(CAV) Communauté d'agglomération des Portes de l'Eure, created in 2003.
Eric Nickulas (born March 25, 1975 in Hyannis, Massachusetts) is an American professional ice hockey right winger who last played for the ERC Ingolstadt of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL).
Nickulas has also played a total of 7 seasons in the NHL; 4 with the Boston Bruins, 2 with the St. Louis Blues and 1 with the Chicago Blackhawks.
He won the Calder Cup in 1998 while he was apart of the Boston Bruins farm team, the Providence Bruins.
Eric Nickulas at The Internet Hockey Database
Halteres are small knobbed structures modified from the hind wings in flies.
They vibrate during flight, and help the insect fly better.
The halteres evolved from wings.
Ancestral flying insects had two pairs of wings, like dragonflies, hymenoptera and lepidoptera still do.
Flies have only the front pair of wings.
Halteres help balancing and improve flight.
They help flies to perform their fast aerobatics.
In addition to providing rapid feedback to the muscles steering the wings, they also help stabilise the head during flight.
Every vibrating object tends to maintain its plane of vibration, a result of the Coriolis effect.
If the body of the insect changes direction in flight or rotates about its axis, the vibrating halteres exert a force on the body.
The insect detects this force with sensory organs at the base of the halteres.
The two halteres vibrate in different planes, each forming an angle of about 45 degrees with the long axis of the insect.
This increases the information got from the halteres.
In Diptera, the formation of the haltere during metamorphosis is dependent on the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx).
If this gene is experimentally deactivated, the haltere will develop into a fully developed wing.
This is an excellent illustration of an important mechanism of evolutionary development; a simple homeotic gene change can result in a radically different phenotype.
The Strepsiptera, small insects parasitic on bees, wasps and cockroaches, also have halteres.
We know the evolution was independent because in the Strepsiptera the forewings evolved into halteres while, in the Diptera, the hindwings changed into halteres.
This is a classic case of convergent evolution.
Chartres is a French commune in the Eure-et-Loir department.
About 39,000 people live there.
Speyer, Germany
Bethlehem, Palestinian Authority
Évora, Portugal
Jethou is a small island that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands.
The island's name contains the -hou suffix, which means "a small island".
In 1416, it became part of Henry V of England's estate.
It is still a Crown lease, and is owned by the States of Guernsey.
The British 1957 musical Free as Air by Dorothy Reynolds & Julian Slade was set on the fictitious island of 'Terhou', which was based on Jethou.
It is said that in earlier times, pirates were hanged on it with chains, like nearby Crevichon.
From September 1964 until December 1971 the island was occupied by the Faed family consisting of Mr Angus Faed, his wife Susan Faed and their four children, Colin, Erik, Colette and Amanda.
Mrs. Susan Faed was the 22nd tenant of Jethou.
It is flanked by two islets, Crevichon to the north and Fauconniere to the south.
There is one house on the island and two cottages as well as a large garage where vehicles such as quad bikes and tractors are stored.
Unlike the largely autonomous islands of Sark and Alderney within the Bailiwick, Jethou cannot pass its own laws.
It is administered by the States of Guernsey, and elects members to the States of Deliberation as part of the St. Peter Port South electoral district.
List of tenants of Jethou
Jethou Homepage
Free Gutenberg Project book, a Crusoe-like novel on Jethou
Stamps from Isle of Jethou
Island of Jethou at Britlink
The following is a list of the 403 communes of the Eure-et-Loir département, in France.
(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération de Chartres, created in 2000.
(CAD) Communauté d'agglomération du Drouais, created in 2003.
Not to be confused with Lihou Reef National Nature Reserve
Lihou () is a small tidal island (95 vergées; 38½ acres; 15.6 hectares) that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, Channel Islands.
Coordinates: .
The island was bought by the States of Guernsey in January 1995.
Lihou is connected to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone causeway between the island and L'Eree headland.
Lihou's bird and marine life makes it an important conservation area.
Like many other Channel Islands, Lihou's name contains the Norman language suffix "-hou" of Old Norse origin.
The island has the ruins of the priory of St. Mary which is believed to have been set up by Benedictine monks in the 12th century.
The monks of the priory were not very popular with the local people, who thought they were devil worshippers.
This animosity may be due to the monks' insistence on rights of wreck.
Until 1415 it was under the control of Mont Saint Michel and then Eton College until the Reformation when it was closed and fell into disrepair.
The house on Lihou was used for target practice by heavy artillery during the German Occupation of the Channel Islands during World War II.
It has now been rebuilt as accommodation for school groups, and is used as an educational resource.
Vraic (seaweed) was harvested and dried on frames set up on the beach.
A 1927 factory building produced iodine from seaweed.
All traces of the industry disappeared during the German Occupation.
The Lihou family name is included in parish records which go back as far as the early 15th century and there are a number of groups who study the ancestry of the Lihou's.
More recently a group was set up using the social networking site 'Facebook' which links Lihou's around the world.
Lihou Island
-hou is a suffix (part added to the end of a word) found in many Channel Islands and Norman names.
It is the Norman language version of the Old Norse holmr, meaning a small island, and often found anglicised elsewhere as "holm".
It can still be found in modern Scandinavian languages, e.g. Stockholm.
The Norman hommet/houmet also comes from this suffix.
In Parisian French, the equivalent is îlot, which is the same as the English "islet".
Off Guernsey
Les Houmets including - Houmet Benest/Benet, Houmet Paradis & Houmet Hommetol (Omptolle).
Off Alderney
Off Herm
Le Plat Houmet
Off Sark
Les Écréhous
Le Plat Hommeit
Le Hommet du Ouaisné
Les Hommets
La Rocco (from rocque-hou)
Icho (from ic-hou)
Tatihou
Quettehou
Néhou
Tribehou
A vergée, or vergee, is a unit of area, a quarter of the French acre.
Other spellings include vergie and vrégie.
The SI unit of area is the square metre.
The term derives from Latin virga (rod).
Compare French verge (yard).
In Guernsey, a vergée (Guernésiais: vergie) is 17,640 square feet (1,639 m²).
It is 40 (square) Guernsey perches.
A Guernsey perch (also spelt perque) is 21 feet by 21 feet.
In Jersey, a vergée (Jèrriais: vrégie) is 19,360 square feet (1,798.6 m²).
It is 40 (square) Jersey perches.
A Jersey perch (also spelt pèrque) is a square 24 pied de perche on each side (i.e. a square 22 imperial feet on each side).
In France a vergée was 12,100 square Paris feet (1,276.8 m²).
It was 25 (square) perches.
The surveying perch measured 22 French feet.
the royal perch was 18 French feet.
1 638.809 63 m²
0.404958678 acres
1,798.60285 m²
0.444444444 acres
French units of measurement (to 1795)
Virgate
Derby Silk Mill, formerly known as Derby Industrial Museum, is a museum of industry in Derby, England.
The museum is housed in  a historic former silk mill which is part of Derwent Valley Mills.
Between 1717 and 1721 George Sorocold built Britain’s first mill beside the River Derwent.
This mill was built to produce silk threads using machines powered by a water wheel.
The museum re-opened with the new name, the Museum of Making on 21 May 2021.
John Lombe copied the design for the machines used for spinning large quantities of silk, when he was working within the Italian Silk Industry.
This may be the first example of industrial espionage.
Traditionally the spinning wheel had been used for producing small quantities of silk thread at the homes of local spinsters.
But these new, large machines were able to produce far greater quantities of silk and came to compete with the Italians.
However, these machines required large buildings and a huge power source.
An undershot water wheel turned by the mill fleam on the west side of the new Silk Mill drove these large spinning machines.
John Lombe unnaturally died in 1722.
It was believed that he was killed with poison by an Italian as the revenge for stealing trade secrets.
His half brother, Sir Thomas Lombe Knt.,
died on 2 June 1739 leaving his estate to his widow and their two daughters.
Richard Wilson stayed in Leeds and took a proportion of the profits.
The mill was conducted by William and Samuel Lloyd (both London merchants) and Thomas Bennet as salaried manager.
These circular spinning machines (also known as 'throwing machines'), were the most progressive feature of the factory.
Also, they used the single source of power (water), and employed many organized workers (200-400, according to recent sources).
Due to these total process of production from raw silk to fine quality thread, the Lombes' silk mill is regarded as the first successful use of the factory system in Britain.
The Silk Mill was visited by many tourists.
For example, Boswell visited there in September 1777.
Not all visitors thought that the mill was in good condition.
Torrington commented on the "heat, stinks and noise".
In 1835, Fairholt was shocked at unhealthy poor children.
Foreign visitors also visited the mill during their trips.
William Hutton was once the employees and he later recalled the long hours, low wages and beatings.
Work only stopped in time of extreme dryness or frost, or lack of silk supply.
But in August 1748, unofficial holidays were taken during elections and Derby races.
The partnership of Wilson and Lloyd ended in 1753 due to quarrel and legal suits.
Lloyd remained in possession of the building and machinery.
Lamech Swift became the sub-tenant in 1780.
He paid £7 to the Corporation and £170 to Thomas Wilson (brother of Richard and William) per year respectively.
He conflicted with the Corporation on repairs to dams in 1781, he remained in occupation until the lease expired in 1803.
The Corporation advertised the lease in 1803 to run for 60 years.
The advertisement said that the "Italian works" was still used for throwing silk.
In November 1833, labor movements began in Derby which led to the formation of the Grand National Trades Union in February 1834.
Several months later, Tolpuddle Martyrs occurred.
The Silk Mill was not at the centre of the movements, Taylor (the mill's lessee at this time) was one of the employers who agreed not to employ any worker who was a union member.
By the middle of April 1834 Taylor reported that two-thirds of his machinery was working and many of his former workers were applying for reinstatement.
According to "The Derby Mercury" some of the former unionists were never able to find next employment in Derby.
This event is commemorated by a march organized by the Derby Trades Union Council every year on the weekend before MayDay.
The Taylor family remained in occupation of the mill but in 1865 they ruined and were forced to sell their machinery and lease.
"The Derby Mercury" advertised many silk mills for sale that year, and it were obvious that a general depression was hitting the industry.
This took place four years before the Cobden Treaty with France which is said to have effectively destroyed the British silk industry.
The long connection with silk production ended in about 1908 when F.W. Hampshire and Company, the Chemists, moved into the buildings to make fly papers and cough medicines.
On 5 December 1910 at 5.00 am, fire broke out in the near flour mill of Sowter Bothers and soon the flame spread to the Silk Mill.
The mill's east wall fell into the river and the whole building was burnt up.
Great efforts were made by the Borough Fire Brigade and the Midland Railway Company who saved the shell of the tower and the outline of the doorways leading into the original five floors.
These can still be seen today on the tower staircase.
The building was rebuilt at the same height but with three stories instead of five and remains that way today.
During the 1920s the building passed ownership to the Electricity Authority.
They used it partly as stores, workshops and a canteen.
Hidden from the road by the power station, the mill's existence was largely forgotten by the general public until the power station was removed in 1970.
It was then converted into Industrial Museum which Derby had proposed for a long time.
The museum opened on 29 November 1974.
Closure and mothballing in 2011
Derby City Council closed the museum on 3 April 2011 in order to free funds for the redevelopment of the Silk Mill museum and other museums in the city.
The Report of the Strategic Director of Neighbourhoods (Item 7 put before the Council Cabinet meeting held on the 26 October 2010) indicated that 8.6 full time jobs would be lost but on the contrary £197,000 would be saved to offset the loss of "Renaissance Programme" funding.
No date for the re-opening of the museum is given in the report, although a period of two years has been reported.
Derby Industrial Museum, Derby Evening Telegraph and Derby Library Service. (
The Derby Lock-Out and the origins of the labour movement Bill Whitehead (2001)
Struck out!
Derby in Crisis: the Silk Mill Lock-Out 1833-4, Derby, H. E. Butterton (1997)
Grade II listed buildings
Museums in Derby
Auch (Gascon: Aush or Aux) is a commune in southwestern France, in the region of Occitanie.
It is the prefecture (capital) of the Gers department.
It is also the capital of 3 cantons: Auch-1, Auch-2 and Auch-3.
Auch is the historical capital of Gascony and the people of this city are known, in French, as auscitain (women: auscitaines).
Auch is an ancient town.
The name of Auch comes from the people that inhabited the area at the time of the Roman conquest.
The name of this tribe was Ausci, singular Auscus.
The Romans named the town where that tribe lived as Augusta Auscorum (or Augusta Ausciorum), which means "Augusta of the Ausci".
Eventually, Augusta was dropped, and the name changed into modern Gascon Aush, and modern French Auch.
Auch is in the southwest of France, in Armagnac (Gascony), in the valley of the Gers river.
It extends along the sides of the river that gives its name to the department.
The Upper Town (), on a small hill on the right side of the river.
It is a medieval city with narrow streets with stairs and where most of the old monuments are found.
The Lower Town (), on a plain on the left side of the river.
The commune is, in straight line, at  from the Pyrenees,  from the Bay of Biscay,  from Bordeaux,  from Toulouse and  from Pau.
It has an area of  and its average altitude is .
Auch is surrounded by the following communes, all of them part of the arrondissement of Auch: Roquelaure to the north, Preignan and Montaut-les-Créneaux to the northeast, Leboulin and Montégut to the east, Pessan to the southeast, Pavie to the south, Lasséran and Barran to the southwest, Ordan-Larroque and Duran to the west and Castin and Castillon-Massas to the northwest.
The average temperature for the year in Auch is .
The highest recorded temperature in Auch is , which was recorded in August.
The lowest recorded temperature in Auch is , which was recorded in January.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Auch is .
The city of Auch has a population, in 2014, of 21,807; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.
Auch is the prefecture of the Cantal department, the capital of the arrondissement of Auch and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
Auch-1 : 5 communes + part of Auch with 11,098 inhabitants  (2014)
Auch-2 : 13 communes + part of Auch with 10,298 inhabitants (2014)
Auch-3 : 9 communes + part of Auch with 11,390 inhabitants (2014)
It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Auch ().
Memmingen, Germany
Calatayud, Spain
A city founded by the Romans, Auch had its period of power during the Middle Ages, when it was the capital of the old province of Gascony.
The high quality of the limestone is an important component of its monuments and buildings, such as its cathedral.
Cathédrale Sainte-Marie d'Auch (St Mary's Cathedral).
This cathedral took 200 years to build; from the 15th – 17th centuries.
Hôtel de ville (City hall).
Tour d'Armagnac (Tower of Armagnac).
An ancient prison from the 14th century
Escalier monumental (Monumental Staircase).
370 steps built in 1863
Musée des Jacobins
Pont de la Treille
Ville d'Auch - Official website
Le Grand Auch
Office de Tourisme de Grand Auch
Like many names in the Channel Islands, it is Norman language in origin.
A thousand years ago, the water level was ten feet lower (3 m), so there were many more of the animals the island was named after.
The island is about 212 by 168 metres (696 by 551 ft) at its widest.
Its area is less than .
The distance to Jethou is about 215 metres (705 ft).
Prof. John Le Patourel, in The Building of Castle Cornet said that in 1566, iron and hammers were taken to "Creavissham", and the island quarried for the castle.
The quarry has been used since then, but this has made the island much smaller, and less visible.
As a result, a fifteen-foot () marker was built on the top.
Crevichon may have provided the granite for the steps of St. Paul's Cathedral in London.
Compton Mackenzie, former owner of Herm called Crevichon "Merg" in his book, Fairy Gold, which is a fictionalised version of the islands.
Courier, a Guernsey steamer, beached in 1905 with 80 passengers.
Pictures of Crevichon by the Faeds of Jethou
Faed Family WebSite with pictures of Jethou and Crevichon
This is a list of the 353 communes of the Gard département, in France.
(CAN) Communauté d'agglomération Nîmes Métropole, created in 2002.
(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Alès en Cévennes, created in 2000.
(CAA) Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Avignon, created in 2001, most of which is located in the Vaucluse  département.
"Houmet" redirects here, for further information on the placename element, please see "-hou"
Les Houmets are to the east of Guernsey in the Channel Islands.
Their name comes from hou, a Norman/Guernésiais word meaning islets.
They are tidal islands.
Amongst the islets are Houmet Benest/Houmet Benêt, Houmet Paradis and Houmet Hommetol (Omptolle).
Although Victor Hugo suggests that they were heavily eroded by quarrying (which was certainly true in the case of Crevichon off Herm), Victor Coysh disagrees saying:
"While much work of this nature was in progress in the parishes of the Vale and St. Sampson in the last century [i.e. 19th], quarrying was not responsible for any marked alteration in the coast off which Les Houmets lie.
In fact, they have been islets for a very long time, as ancient maps reveal.
Did the author ever visit them, I wonder."
Victor Hugo who wrote about many of the Channel Islands in his books, described Les Houmets, in The Toilers of the Sea (Les Travailleurs de la mer).
Gilliat, the main character lives on Houmet Paradis:
"This house was called the Bû de la Rue.
It was on the point of a tongue of land, or rather of rock, that made a little separate harbour in the creek of Houmet Paradis.
The water was very deep here.
This house was all alone on the point, almost off the land, with just enough land for a small garden.
The high tides sometimes inundated the garden.
Between the port of St. Sampson and the creek of Houmet Paradis rises a steep hill, surmounted by the block of towers covered with ivy, and known as Vale Castle, or the Chateau de l’Archange; so that, at St. Sampson, the Bû de la Rue was shut out from sight..."
"The country people told how, towards the close of the great Revolution, a woman, bringing with her a little child, came to live in Guernsey.
She was an Englishwoman; at least, she was not French.
She had a name which the Guernsey pronunciation and the country folks’ bad spelling had finally converted into 'Gilliatt.'...
the house of the Bû de la Rue was haunted at this period.
For more than thirty years no one had inhabited it.
It was falling into ruins.
The garden, so often invaded by the sea, could produce nothing.
Besides noises and lights seen there at night-time, the house had this mysterious peculiarity: any one who should leave there in the evening, upon the mantelpiece, a ball of worsted, a few needles, and a plate filled with soup, would assuredly find in the morning the soup consumed, the plate empty, and a pair of mittens ready knitted.
The house, demon included, was offered for sale for a few pounds sterling.
The stranger woman became the purchaser, evidently tempted by the devil, or by the advantageous bargain.
"She did more than purchase the house; she took up her abode there with the child; and from that moment peace reigned within its walls.
The Bû de la Rue has found a fit tenant, said the country people.
The haunting ceased.
There was no longer any light seen there save that of the tallow candle of the newcomer. '
Witch’s candle is as good as devil’s torch.'
The proverb satisfied the gossips of the neighbourhood...
"Today it would be useless to look for the cove of Houmet Paradis, for Gilliat's house and for the creek where he sheltered the boat.
The Bû de la Rue no longer exists.
The little peninsula where this house stood has fallen under the pick-axe of the destroyers of the sea-cliffs and has been loaded, cart-load, by cart-load, on the vessels belonging to the dealers in rocks and granite... All this ridge of rock has been long ago taken to London."
The islets
Houmet Benest/Benêt is about two hundred yards (180 m) from the shore.
It is triangular, and 80 × 50 yards (73 × 45 m).
There is an 18th century gun battery here, to defend against the French.
The German occupation added their own, and the British another after the Germans left.
The steamer Clarrie sank off Houmet Benêt in 1921, in the Great Roussel.
Heathery Brae in 1952 tried to salvage it, but ended up being wrecked itself, and there are also the wrecks of Vixen (a brig), Rescue (a tug) and Romp (a cutter) went ashore here.
It is covered in grass and brambles.
Houmet Paradis, the fictional Gilliat's home, was originally known as Houmet de l'Eperquerie, as it was used for fish gutting, and drying on stands known as perques (perches).
It was formerly owned by the Collas family, whose estate at Paradis, gave the islet its new name.
In the 1920s, it was used for quarrying, and it was also used for grazing cattle, and has a lot of grass.
In 1951 it was sold to James Watson of Newcastle upon Tyne for £500 who placed the island under the stewardship of the National Trust of Guernsey.
It remained within the family until 2004 when it was sold at auction by James Watson's grandson (also called James Watson who live on Alderney) to a local consortium to keep the island as a nature reserve.
Hommetol, more commonly called Omptolle by the Ordnance Survey etc.,
is used for gathering ormer.
It is mostly covered in thrift.
Coysh, Victor Channel Islets
Hugo, Victor The Toilers of the Sea (Les Travailleurs de la mer)
Houmet Paradis site, Guernsey National Trust
Phoenix Park () is a park in the middle of Dublin, Ireland.
It lies about  west of the city centre, north of the River Liffey.
The wall around it is 16 km long.
The area within the wall is .
It is one of the largest walled city parks in Europe.
It has large areas of grassland and wide roads with trees on both sides.
A herd of wild Fallow deer have lived in the park since the seventeenth century.
The English name (Phoenix) comes from the Irish fionn uisce meaning "clear water".
A Royal Hunting Park was created in 1662 by the English Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at the time, Lord Ormonde.
The park contained pheasants and wild deer, and a wall was built around the whole area to stop them escaping.
The Park originally included more land which was to the south of the River Liffey.
But when they started to build the Royal Hospital at Kilmainham in 1680, the Park was made smaller to the size it is today.
It was opened to the people of Dublin by Lord Chesterfield in 1745.
Two people were killed in the park on 6 May 1882.
This became known as the Phoenix Park Murders.
Things to see in the park
Áras an Uachtaráin is Irish for the house of the President.
The President of Ireland lives here.
It was built in 1754.
It was first called the Viceregal Lodge, as it was where the English Lord Lieutenant of Ireland lived.
The Chief Secretary's Lodge was the former house of the Chief Secretary for Ireland.
It has been the official house of the United States Ambassador to Ireland since 1927.
Phoenix Park Visitor Centre and Ashtown Castle
The oldest building in the park is Ashtown Castle.
It is a medieval tower house from the 15th century.
It was restored in 1989.
It is located beside the Visitor Centre which has information on the 5,500 years of park and area history.
Magazine Fort
The Magazine Fort in the south east of the Park is the location where Phoenix Lodge was built by Sir Edward Fisher in 1611.
In 1734 the house was knocked down when the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset wanted a powder magazine (a building to store gunpowder) for Dublin.
An extra wing was added to the fort in 1801 for troops.
The Christmas Raid of 1939 happened here.
Dublin Zoo has more than 600 animals and tropical birds from around the world.
It was founded in 1830 and opened to the public on 1 September 1831, which means it is the third oldest zoo in the world.
It received animals from the Zoological Society of London.
Within a year the zoo housed 123 different kinds of animals.
The Wellington Monument is a  tall obelisk.
It remembers the victories of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.
It is the largest obelisk in Europe and would have been even higher if the public funding had not run out.
The phoenix monument is a Corinthian column with a Phoenix bird rising from the ashes at the top.
Lord Chesterfield had it made in 1747.
The Papal Cross is a large cross that was placed in the park for the visit of Pope John Paul II on 29 September 1979.
The large white cross is  high and is made of steel.
There are 351 plant species in the Park; three of these are rare and protected.
The park has kept almost all of its old grasslands and woodlands.