the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
November 1 – At Whitehall Palace in London, William Shakespeare's romantic comedy The Tempest is presented for the first time.
Gustavus Adolphus becomes king of Sweden
Denmark attacks Sweden
King James Version of the Bible first published in England
George Abbot becomes archbishop of Canterbury
Johannes and David Fabricius discover sunspots
End of the reign of Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan
Emperor Go-Mizunoo ascends to the throne of Japan
Thomas Dale founds the city of Henricus on the James River a few miles south of present-day Richmond, Virginia
Raiders of the Lost Ark is a 1981 American adventure movie directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Lawrence Kasdan, based on a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman.
It stars Harrison Ford, Karen Allen, Paul Freeman, Ronald Lacey, John Rhys-Davies, Denholm Elliott and Alfred Molina.
Ford portrays Indiana Jones, a globe-trotting archaeologist, vying with Nazi forces in 1936, to recover the long-lost Ark of the Covenant, a relic said to make an army invincible.
Teaming up with his tough, former lover Marion Ravenwood (Allen), Jones races to stop rival archaeologist Dr. René Belloq (Freeman) from guiding the Nazis to the Ark and its power.
Lucas conceived Raiders of the Lost Ark in the early 1970s.
Seeking to modernize the serial films of the early 20th-century, he developed the idea further with Kaufman, who suggested the Ark as the movie's goal.
Lucas eventually focused on developing his 1977 space opera Star Wars.
Development on Raiders of the Lost Ark resumed that year when Lucas shared the idea with Spielberg; he joined the project several months later.
While the pair had ideas for significant scenes in the movie, they hired Kasdan to fill in the gaps between them.
Principal photography began in June 1980 on a $20 million budget.
Filming took place on sets at Elstree Studios, England, and on location in La Rochelle, France, Tunisia, Hawaii and California.
Though pre-release polling showed little audience interest in the movie, especially compared to the superhero film Superman II, Raiders of the Lost Ark became the highest-grossing movie of 1981, earning approximately $330.5 million worldwide.
It played in some theaters for over a year because of its popularity.
It was a critical success, receiving praise for its modern take on older serial movies, and its non-stop action and adventure.
The cast were all praised, particularly Ford, Allen and Freeman.
Raiders of the Lost Ark received numerous award nominations and among others, winning five Academy Awards, seven Saturn Awards and one BAFTA Award.
In the years since its release, the movie has grown in esteem, and many now consider it to be among the greatest movies of all time, one of the greatest movies of the 1980s, and one of the greatest action-adventure movies ever made.
It had a significant impact on popular culture; the movie's success spawned a host of imitators across several media and inspired a variety of filmmakers.
It continues to influence modern media.
Raiders of the Lost Ark is the first movie in what would become the Indiana Jones franchise, that includes three film sequels—Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull—a television series, video games, comic books, novels, theme park attractions, toys, board games, collectibles and an amateur remake.
The United States Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1999.
Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones
Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood
John Rhys-Davies as Sallah
Denholm Elliott as Marcus Brody
Paul Freeman as Rene Belloq
Ronald Lacey as Arnold Toht
Wolf Kahler as Colonel Dietrich
Alfred Molina as Satipo
In 1936, Indiana Jones is trying to find a golden idol in the jungle in Peru.
His guide, Sapito, betrays him and tries to take the idol for himself, but is killed in a trap.
After Jones comes out from the temple, he finds his rival Belloq and a dozen of the native people holding spears.
Jones gives up the idol and runs to his airplane.
While he is teaching at Marshall College, the U.S. Army tells him the Nazis are trying to find the Ark of the Covenant.
Jones wants to find it first, so he goes to a bar in Nepal.
His old teacher, Abner Ravenwood, was trying to find the Ark and has the headpiece to the Staff of Ra, a piece that is needed to find the Ark.  His daughter, Marion, now runs Abner's bar and she punches him in the face because they had a romance and he ran away.
She, however, comes along with him after the Nazi Arnold Toht and his friends try to get the piece themselves.
Jones and Ravenwood fly to Cairo and recruit a man named Sallah to help him out.
They start digging in the area where they think it is.
The Nazis capture Ravenwood and make Jones think that she is dead.
Sallah and Jones do some calculations and realize that the Nazis are digging in the wrong area because their staff is too long.
Jones finds the right place and starts digging, finding it in a place called the Well of Souls.
However, Belloq comes back, raises the Ark, and throws Ravenwood in there.
They escape.
After a battle, Jones gets the Ark back.
Sallah puts it on a ship which sails across the Mediterranean Sea, but the Nazis on a U-boat intercept the ship and search it.
Jones escapes.
He then takes a big weapon called Panzerschreck and threatens to blow up the Ark as it is being loaded onto a Greek island north of Crete.
Belloq calls Jones' bluff, and Jones lowers his weapon.
He and Marion are then tied up as Belloq and the Nazis test the power of the Ark by opening it.
The spirits inside kill everyone.
Jones and Marion close their eyes and escape the spirits' anger.
At the end of the movie, the Army puts the Ark inside a warehouse.
They tell Jones that they are studying it, but Jones does not believe them.
Marion tries to comfort him by saying that she will buy him a drink.
Review of the movie  by Roger Ebert
An interview with Richard Anderson about the movie's Sound Design and Editing
1981 action movies
1980s adventure movies
Indiana Jones movies
Movies set in South America
Movies set in Asia
Movies set in Egypt
Movies set in Greece
Ash Ketchum (サトシ Satoshi in Japanese) is the main character of the Pokémon anime.
His first Pokémon was Pikachu, which he has kept since the beginning of the series.
Named after his and Pokémon series creator Satoshi Tajiri, Satoshi was designed by Ken Sugimori and Atsuko Nishida, and was meant to represent Tajiri as a child.
He has a character similar to him in the games, known as Red, who first appeared as the player-controlled protagonist (main character) in Pokémon Red and Blue.
He is a Pokémon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pokémon, and use the creatures' special abilities to fight other Pokémon, or use them for new ways to explore the game's world, such as instant travel between two areas.
An animated version of the games later followed, with Satoshi voiced by Rica Matsumoto and was redesigned by Sayuri Ichishi.
Tajiri said in an interview that, between Japanese and American reactions to the series, Japanese customers focused on Pikachu, while Americans bought more items featuring Ash and Pikachu together.
He said that he felt the character represented (showed) what the franchise meant, the human nature, was necessary.
Ash was given a rival, Shigeru.
In an interview, Tajiri said the difference between the character's relationship in the games and anime; while in the games, trainers Red and Blue were enemies, in the anime, Shigeru represented Satoshi's mentor.
When asked if in either case Satoshi would beat his rival, Tajiri replied "No!
Never!"
However, Ash has outdone Gary as a trainer in the anime, and Gary has since become a Pokémon researcher like his grandfather, Professor Oak.
Ash's character design was first managed by Sayuri Ichishi, replaced by Toshiya Yamada during the Diamond and Pearl story line.
Veronica Taylor did the voice of Ash in seasons one through eight of the English version of the Pokémon anime.
After the script was translated from Japanese, the lines were changed to fit the movements of the character's mouth (called lip flap).
All the voices were recorded separately so Taylor was the only one there when she said her lines, which took about six to eight hours.
Taylor was often the first person to record so she had to imagine how the previous line will be said. "
Luckily, I work with a great director who helps with the interpretation of the line, matching of the lip flap, and consistency of the voice."
Taylor enjoyed playing Ash because of his "low, husky (scratchy, deep) voice" also well as "energy and excitement".
Taylor said that Ash and the other characters "loosened up" after the first ten episodes of the anime; she believed the writers were more relaxed and felt the pressure of making sure everything was done correctly.
Taylor commented: "I enjoy playing [Ash] now much more than I did in the very beginning because I can have fun with him more, and we kind of know him and can work out how he really would react.
We have the classic Ash responses and things like that."
Sarah Natochenny replaced Taylor in season nine when Pokémon International took over the dubbing rights (replacing and re-recording voices).
In Japan, Rica Matsumoto is the voice of Ash.
In video games
Red, the silent protagonist of Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow and its remakes, Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen, has many names, one of which is "Red".
Some others are "Ash" (later used for anime character Ash Ketchum) and "Jack".
In the game, Red is a young (most people think about 10 years old) boy from Pallet Town.
His adventure begins one day when Professor Oak calls the two of them to his lab and gives them each a chance to choose their Pokémon.
After getting their Pokémon, Blue challenges Red to a battle.
Later, Professor Oak calls both Red and Blue and gives them both a Pokédex each, and sends them on a journey to achieve his dream of capturing every type of Pokémon.
In addition to the anime, Ash has appeared in video games and manga.
The only video games that Ash has appeared in to date is Pokémon Puzzle League, where he tries to become a Pokémon Puzzle Master, and Pokémon Yellow, where you play as Ash, starting with a Pikachu.
In the anime
In the beginning, ten-year-old Ash is starting out as a beginner Pokémon trainer in Pallet Town, his hometown.
After getting Pikachu as a starter Pokémon from Professor Oak, Ash left Pallet Town to start his journey.
Since he left, Ash has traveled the world of Pokémon, competed in many challenges, and caught many Pokémon.
He currently travels with Goh around the world in Pokemon Journeys.
Ash has improved a lot as a trainer as the series went by.
However, he is still excited and strong-willed.
During the first season of the series, Ash trained to catch more Pokémon than his childhood rival (person who you compete against), Gary Oak, although Gary was always shown to be the stronger trainer.
He soon began to focus more on each of his Pokémon's abilities.
Ash's primary enemy is a group of antagonists named Team Rocket.
Ever since the second episode, "Pokémon Emergency!",
two Team Rocket agents named Jessie and James, along with a talking Meowth, have tried to steal Ash's partner, Pikachu, as well as many others, but have always failed.
While they fight a lot, they sometimes work together against a common enemy, like in Pokémon: The Movie 2000, where they help Ash in finding the three treasures in order to save the world.
In printed adaptations
The descriptions of Ash in the manga The Electric Tale of Pikachu, Pocket Monster Zensho, and Ash & Pikachu, are much like in the anime.
There are key differences in the manga, though.
In The Electric Tale of Pikachu, it is based on Ash's journey up until the end of the Orange Islands travel.
Ash is usually seen traveling by himself during this manga, although he is sometimes joined by Misty and Brock in Indigo.
Misty is the only one to join Ash in the Orange Islands.
At the end of the series, The Ash & Pikachu manga is similar, although it has the episodes from the anime like "The Fortune Hunters" and "A Goldenrod Opportunity" combined, but with a few changes.
In Pocket Monsters Zensho, Satoshi (as Ash is known in Japanese) starts with Charmander instead of Pikachu.
The manga ends at the Indigo Plateau, where Satoshi beats the Elite Four.
Manga author Toshihiro Ono said that Ash was one of his favorite characters to draw for the series, saying "I want to go on a trip with Misty just like him! (
And forget about job, rent, etc.)".
In the Pokémon Adventures manga, Red is a Pokémon trainer and the main character of the first stories.
Red starts off in Pallet Town, eager to be a trainer, and gets a Bulbasaur (who later evolves all the way into a Venusaur) and a Pokédex from Professor Oak.
He also has a Poliwhirl which he has known since childhood that evolves into a Poliwrath, and uses these two Pokémon on his adventure.
He later captures a troublesome Pikachu, and, after working to gain it's trust, it becomes one of Red's top three Pokémon.
Antagonists include his rival, Oak’s grandson Blue, who was given Charmander; Green, another Pokémon trainer from Pallet Town, who stole a Squirtle from Professor Oak; and Team Rocket, a group whose goal was to take over the world through Pokémon.
Critical reception
The book The Japanification of Children's Popular Culture thought of Ash as an example of customer identification, with the character doing things players of the games had to in order to go further through them.
It also made clear the character's growth as the anime series went by.
The past tense verb form of birth
Born again Christianity
Born, Luxembourg
Born, Netherlands
A world's fair is a large exhibition of industry and culture.
They are also called expositions or expos.
This type of exhibition occurs since the middle of the 19th century.
The Bureau of International Expositions officially takes care of them.
The "Bureau of International Expositions" is usually abbreviated BIE, from the organization's name in French: Bureau International des Expositions.
The Métis (pronounced 'maey-TEE' in English and 'may-TEE' in French), also known historically as Bois Brule, mixed-bloods, or Countryborn (Anglo-Métis), are one of the three divisions of Aboriginal peoples in Canada.
Their home land is part of Eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, North Western Ontario, as well as the Northwest Territories.
The Métis Homeland also includes parts of the northern United States (specifically Montana, North Dakota, and northwest Minnesota).
The Métis Nation are descendants the marriages of mainly of Cree and Ojibwe Indigenous peoples with French, Scottish or English settlers.
Their history starts in the 18th century in the Western Canada.
Historically, many western Métis spoke a mixed language called Michif.
Michif is the Métis pronunciation of Métis.
The Métis today mostly speak English, with French as a strong second language, as well as many native language.
The use of Michif is growing again thanks to the work of the provincial Métis councils.
The word métis is a French word derived from métisser, and is slightly related to the Spanish word mestizo.
Métis culture
Métis culture is a unique culture with similarities from First Nations, French Canadian, English, and Orkney/Scottish cultures.
The Métis are known for their love of fiddle playing, but traditional instruments also included the concertina, the harmonica, and the hand drum.
This love for the fiddle has gone together with a kind of dancing called jigging.
Traditionally, dancing included such moves as the Waltz Quadrille, the Square dance, Drops of Brandy, the Duck, La Double Gigue and the Red River Jig.
Métis people were famous for their horsemanship and breeding of horses.
The RCMP Musical Ride horses dance the Quadrille as begun by the Métis and their horses.
As the Métis culture grew, a new language called Michif was spoken.
This language was a general result of the combining of French nouns and Cree verbs.
The clothing worn by Métis in the 19th century included the sash or ceinture flechée.
It is traditionally about three metres in length and is made by weaving yarn together with one's fingers.
The sash is worn around the waist, tied in the middle, with the fringed ends hanging.
Vests with Métis beadwork are also popular.
The Red River Coat came from the Metis culture.
The Métis were important in Canada's past, as fur traders who came from the east coast, voyageurs (coureur de bois), frontiersmen, pioneers, and interpreters between the First Nations peoples and the European colonists.
Prominent Métis
The most famous Métis was Louis Riel, who led two rebellions which John A. Macdonald hated, the Red River Rebellion in 1869 in the area now known as Manitoba, and the North-West Rebellion in 1885 in the area now known as Saskatchewan.
Some say these were not really rebellions.
For example, in 1869 Riel was the leader of a government recognized by Canada as controlling territory that did not belong to Canada; Canada worked on the Manitoba Act with this government.
After these "rebellions", land claimers and other non-Métis took away the Métis' land by taking advantage of a government program for buying it, with the government letting this happen.
The province of Alberta gave some land to Métis in 1938 to fix what it thought was not fair, but Saskatchewan and Manitoba have not done the same.
Born in 1940, in northern Saskatchewan, Metis writer and filmmaker Maria Campbell brought attention to the struggles of modern-day Metis and Aboriginal people with her book, Halfbreed (1973), and the play, Jessica (1982).
She has shown the sound and song of traditional stories through her work in dialect, Stories of the Road Allowance People (1996).
Novelist Sandra Birdsell is the daughter of a Métis man and a Russian Mennonite woman and wrote her award-winning novel Children of the Day partly on her parents' experience in Manitoba in the 1920s-50s.
Métis Nation
Métis National Council
Métis Nation of Ontario
Manitoba Métis Federation
Métis Nation-Saskatchewan
Métis Nation of Alberta
Métis Provincial Council of British Columbia
Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
Métis - The Kids' Site of Canadian Settlement
First Nations people
In Buddhism, the word sangha means "assembly" or "community."
For Buddhists, there are two sanghas that are very important:
the community of Buddhist monks and nuns
the community of noble disciples
In Buddhism, there are three things that a Buddhist shows the greatest respect: the Buddha, the Dharma (the Buddha's teaching), and the Sangha (the Buddha's community).
So, for example, when the sangha is talked about in very old Buddhist books, the following words are often used:
"The Sangha of the [Buddha]'s disciples who have practiced well... who have practiced straightforwardly... who have practiced methodically... who have practiced masterfully ... they are the Sangha of the [Buddha]'s disciples: worthy of gifts, worthy of hospitality, worthy of offerings, worthy of respect, the incomparable field of merit for the world."
Bullitt, John T. (2005).
Sangha.
Retrieved 2007-11-11 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/sangha.html.
Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (
1921-25).
The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary.
Chipstead: Pali Text Society.
A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (1997).
Mahanama Sutta: To Mahanama (1) (AN 11.12).
Retrieved 2007-11-11 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an11/an11.012.than.html.
American Buddhist Sangha
Courteney Bass Cox (born June 15, 1964) is an American actress.
She is best known for playing Monica on the television series Friends and for her role in the movie Scream and its sequels.
Cox married David Arquette between seasons 5 and 6 of Friends, and changed her name to Courteney Cox Arquette.
She later changed it back in honor of her parents.
Courteney Cox was raised in Mountain Brook, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham.
She is the daughter of businessman Richard Lewis Cox (January 28, 1931 – September 3, 2001) and his wife Courteney (née Bass, later Copeland).
She has two older sisters, Virginia and Dottie, and an older brother, Richard, Jr. Her parents divorced in 1974 and her mother then married businessman Hunter Copeland (uncle to music promoter and business manager Ian Copeland).
After graduating from Mountain Brook High School, Cox left for Mount Vernon College in Washington, D.C., but did not complete her architecture course.
She instead pursued a career in modeling and acting.
In 1996, Cox began dating actor David Arquette.
The couple married on June 12, 1999.
They have one child together, a daughter named Coco Riley Arquette (born June 13, 2004).
Coco's godmother is family friend Jennifer Aniston.
Cox had seven miscarriages between 2001 and November 2010.
She and her husband separated on December 31, 2011.
Arquette filed for divorce on June 8, 2012.
Courteney Cox at Tv.com
Arquette family
The UEFA Champions League, or simply known as the UCL is a football competition organized by UEFA, between some of the top club teams in Europe.
The teams are selected because of good performances in their league matches.
The teams used to have to win their countries' championship, but more than one team can play in the competition depending on how good their league is.
For example: the Spanish League can get 4 Spanish clubs in the competition compared to the Kazakhstan League which can only get one team in the competition.
Real Madrid won the Champions League the first five times it was held, still a record.
They have also won the Champions League/European Cup 13 times, which is also a record.
A total of 22 clubs from 10 European countries won the Champions League.
12 clubs won it more than once: Real Madrid, Milan, Bayern, Liverpool, Barcelona, Ajax, Manchester United, Inter Milan, Juventus, Benfica, Porto and Nottingham Forest.
The current champions are Chelsea after defeating Manchester City in the final on 29th May 2021 by 1–0.
Records and statistics
Winners and runners-up
By nation
1955 establishments in Europe
The FA Cup (known as The Emirates FA Cup for sponsorship reasons) is a national football competition.
It is played between teams in the English league system.
It is organized by the Football Association.
The winner of the FA Cup qualifies for the next season's UEFA Europa League.
If the winner of the FA Cup has already qualified for a European competition, then the Europa League place goes to the runner-up.
If the runner-up has also qualified for a European competition, then the Europa League place goes to 6th or 7th place, depending on who won the Football League Cup.
The FA Cup semi-finals and final is held at Wembley Stadium.
The FA Cup is the oldest football competition in the world and first took place in 1871.
The current holders are Leicester, who have won the FA Cup once.
Winners and finalists
Results by team
Since its establishment, the FA Cup has been won by 43 different teams.
Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence.
Additionally, Queen's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887.
Other Websites
The FA Cup Archive – England's official Football Association site, all results with dates, including all qualifying rounds
The official FA Cup website
Thomas Fattorini Ltd. makers of the 1911 FA Cup – manufacturers of the 1911 FA Cup and other sporting trophies
FA Cup going under the hammer – BBC News story on the sale of the second trophy
FA Supporters – Independent FA Cup Supporters Club
Football competitions in the United Kingdom
1871 establishments in the United Kingdom
Old Trafford is a football stadium in Manchester in North West England.
Its nickname is "The Theatre of Dreams".
It is home to the club Manchester United F.C.. It is the biggest club stadium in Great Britain and second biggest stadium in Great Britain, with Wembley Stadium being the biggest.
Old Trafford hosted most of England's home matches while Wembley was being built.
It was built in 1910.
It cost about £60,000,000 to build.
1910 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in England
A stadium is a building in which lots of people may watch an event.
They are often used for football and athletics.
Some stadiums are paid to add a company name to the name of their stadium.
For example, Comerica Park in Detroit, Michigan, or the ALLTEL Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida.
When people do this the company has the naming rights to the stadium.
The given name of a stadium can change when another company buys the naming rights to that stadium.
An arena is a small indoor stadium.
Arenas are often used for many different types of events.
These include sports and music.
worldstadia.com
A disaster is something very not good that happens.
Disasters can destroy homes and many kinds of work.
Disasters can be of different kinds, but most are caused by forces of nature.
Human-caused disasters
Living through a disaster
To live through a disaster, it is important that your family and your city prepare in advance.
This may be making a pack of things you need in an emergency, it may be a government sending soldiers to help, or it may be something in between.
It is recommended to keep a disaster survival kit with canned goods, in the advent of such a disaster.
Car accident
Disaster recovery
London Prepared
Disaster Psychiatry Outreach
Preparing an emergency survival kit
EM-DAT: The International Disasters Database includes information on man-made and natural disasters, basic definitions and a database of disasters occurrence and impact from 1900 to today
Disasters factsheet
Assisting Children and Adolescents in Coping with Disasters
Bobby Orr's ice hockey skills were evident at a very early age.
He was signed by the Boston Bruins at twelve.
As a 14-year-old, he played junior hockey against eighteen, nineteen and twenty-year-olds.
He signed his first pro contract with the Boston Bruins in 1966.
In his first professional season, he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as top rookie in the league.
Orr only played 46 games in the 1967-68 NHL season because he was injured, but won the Norris Trophy.
In the 1969-70 season, he scored 120 points and became the only defenseman in history to win the Art Ross Trophy, for leading the league in scoring.
He also won the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Conn Smythe Trophy.
In 1976, Bobby Orr was named the most valuable player in the inaugural Canada Cup Tournament.
Orr was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in 1976.
He would only play 26 games over the next three seasons because of problems with his knees.
Bobby Orr Hall of Fame website
Boston Bruins players
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
The Muppet Show is a variety television series.
It aired from 1976 until 1981.
The series starred Jim Henson's Muppet characters.
Each episode featured a famous guest star.
A revival of the show, Muppets Tonight, aired from 1996 to 1998.
Jim Henson - Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, Waldorf, Swedish Chef, Dr. Teeth, Additional Muppets
Frank Oz - Fozzie Bear, Sam the Eagle, Animal, Additional Muppets
Richard Hunt - Scooter, Statler, Additional Muppets
Dave Goelz - Gonzo the Great, Zoot, Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, Beauregard, Additional Muppets
Steve Whitmire - Rizzo the Rat, Lips, Additional Muppets
1976 television series debuts
1981 disestablishments in the United States
1981 television series endings
December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, dies
King Afonso III of Portugal captures the Algarve from the Moors.
Valdemar, becomes King of Sweden.
University of Valladolid is founded in Spain.
The Rialto Bridge in Venice, Italy is changes from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden bridge.
Vincent of Beauvais completes his encyclopedic work, The Greater Mirror.
The Parlement law courts of ancien régime France are created.
A sickness breaks out in the city Naples (In what is now Italy), called the Naple's Plague
July 3 – Louis IX of France is captured by Baibars' Mamluk army at the Battle of Fariskur while he is in Egypt at the Seventh Crusade.
The Bahri dynasty of Mamluks seize power in Egypt.
The Walayta state is founded in present-day Ethiopia (see Rulers of Walayta)
Pietro d'Abano, Italian physician, philosopher and astrologer (died 1316)
Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet (died 1300)
Dmitry of Pereslavl, Grand-duke of Vladimir-Suzdal (d. 1294)
Pierre Dubois, French publicist (approximate date; died c. 1312)
Moses de Leon, compiler of the Zohar (approximate date; died 1305)
Giovanni Pisano, Italian sculptor (approximate date; died 1314)
February 2 – King Eric XI of Sweden
February 8 – Robert I of Artois, French crusader (killed in battle) (born 1216)
February 8 – William II Longespee, English crusader
June 18 – Teresa of Portugal
August 9 – King Eric IV of Denmark (born 1216)
October 4 – Herman VI, Margrave of Baden
December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1194)
Leonardo of Pisa, Italian mathematician
Matej Ninoslav, Croatian ban
Eras and population estimates
Valencia, officially and in Valencian language called Valencian Community (unofficially: Valencian Country, Valencia Region, Region of Valencia, Land of Valencia; and historically: Kingdom of Valencia), is a Spanish autonomous community, in the east of the country.
The population is around 5,000,000, and the capital and biggest city is Valencia, with near 800,000.
Valencia is also the capital of the Valencia province.
The second-largest city is Alicante, with 332,000, capital of the Alicante province.
The city of Elche in Alicante, with 230,000, is a very important industrial centre.
Castellón, with 180,000, is the capital of the Castellón province.
Elx (in Catalan) or Elche (in Spanish) is the third biggest city in Valencia, and the second in the Alicante province, in eastern Spain.
The city has 215,000 inhabitants and is famous for its palm trees and the Mystery of Elx, a theatrical piece.
Java is the name of a programming language created by Sun Microsystems.
This company was bought out by Oracle Corporation, which continues to keep it up to date.
The latest version is Java 16, released in March 2021.
The latest Long Term Support (LTS) version is Java 11, released on September 25, 2018; and Oracle released for the "legacy" Java 8 LTS the last free "public update".
The next planned LTS version is Java 17 (LTS), planned for September 2021.
Java, which was called Oak when it was still being developed, is object oriented, meaning it is based on objects that work together to make programs do their jobs.
Java code looks like C, C++, or C#, but code written in those languages will not work in Java in most cases without being changed.
Java runs on many different operating systems, including Android, the world's most popular mobile operating system (while Java continues to be used on Android, even by its maker Google, they no longer prefer Java; now Kotlin is their preferred language, that can also be used with all Java code).
This makes Java platform independent.
It does this by making the Java compiler turn code into Java bytecode instead of machine code.
This means that when the program is executed, the Java Virtual Machine interprets the bytecode and translates it into machine code.
Java was developed to achieve five main goals.
Java should be easy to learn, object-oriented, and distributed.
Java should be safe and strong.
Java should not depend on any computer architecture or platform.
Java should function well.
Java should be able to have an interpreter written for it (for better portability), and support parallelism and use dynamic typing.
The Java platform refers to a group of software products from Sun Microsystems.
The platform is used to develop and run Java programs.
The platform includes the execution engine (called a Java Virtual Machine) that allows Java programs to do the same thing on different computer systems.
An example of a "Hello World" Java program:
// This is a simple program in Java.
It shows "Hello World!"
Types of Java programs
Java Applet - small program written in Java and that is downloaded from a website and executed within a web browser on a client computer.
Application - executes on a client computer.
If online, it has to be downloaded before being run.
JAR file (Java archive) - used to package Java files together into a single file (almost exactly like a .zip file).
Servlet - runs on a web server and helps to generate web pages.
Swing application - used to build an application that has a GUI (windows, buttons, menus, etc.).
EJB - runs on a web server and is used to develop large, complex websites.
Java requires that each variable be initialized.
Some older languages such as C, allow variables to go uninitialized, which can cause random failures with mysterious bugs.
Java requires that each method declares a return type—the method should always return a value, except if its return type is void.
This also prevents bugs.
Java comes with a large set of classes and methods, the Java API that can be used without having to develop as much code "from scratch".
Unlike C, Java primitive types, such as int, are always the same size in the number of bits which helps achieve cross-platform compatibility.
Java used to be thought of as being slower than C, but that's become less important in recent years because computers are faster.
Java has exception-handling that requires a programmer to handle error-conditions such as Input/Output errors.
Code compiled on one Java platform can be run on other platforms that support Java without modification of either the source-code nor the byte-code.
This means that a person can make a Java program for a Windows computer and have it run a Linux computer or a Mac computer.
Java has also been criticized.
Some of the criticisms are:
Generics were added to Java in such a way so that existing code would still keep running.
This was done using type erasure.
This means that during compilation, the actual type of a generic argument is removed.
This can lead to the Java interpreter to behave in unexpected ways at times.
Java has no unsigned integer types, which languages like C heavily use.
This also means that it is impossible to directly exchange numeric data between C and Java programs.
Cryptography also relies on such types to some extent; this makes it more difficult to write applications that use cryptography in Java.
The IEEE has defined a standard for floating-point arithmetic, IEE 754.
Java only supports a part of the features of this standard.
Java home page
An eon (or aeon) is a term in Earth science for the longest periods of time.
It describes a part of the Earth's existence lasting hundreds of millions to billions of years.
A geologic eon is part of Earth's existence, made up of a number of eras of different lengths.
A geologic era is made up of two or more shorter times called geologic periods.
A geologic period is, in turn made up of yet shorter times called epochs.
Geologists have given names to all of the eons, eras, periods and epochs that they have found by looking at rocks.
The names given to each eon describe something about that time, or the rocks that were made at that time.
For example, we are now in the Phanerozoic eon, which comes from the Greek words for life that we can see, that is, there were animals and plants big enough to see without a lens.
This era started about 545 million years ago.
The four eons
The Bhagavad Gita is one of the holy books of Hinduism.
It was written about five thousand years ago as part of the Mahabharata.
It has teachings said to be given by Lord Sri Krishna who is the Supreme God.
In the book (Bhagvat Gita), Krishna is talking to Arjuna, an Archer, before the kurukshetra war begins.
Krishna tells Arjuna that he must perform his duty (called dharma) and go to fight.
Arjuna hesitates because he is fighting his family, but in the end he listens to Krishna.
He will not be led into the underworld for ever for his sins because he will not be reincarnated through Moksha.
Bhagvat Geeta – Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon by Charles Wilkins
Bhagavad Gita Quotes on Myhappybirthdays
The Upanishads are some of the sacred books of the Hindu people.
The Upanishads are part of a large collection of sacred books of Hindu people, called the Vedas.
They are placed at the end of the Vedas and they primarily deal with knowledge or wisdom.
Because they deal with knowledge portion of the Vedas, they are called Jnana-Kanda (Jnana means knowledge).
Also because they come at the end portion of the Vedas they are often called texts of Vedanta (veda: of vedas, anta: at the end).
Upanishads form the foundation of the philosophy of Hindu religion.
The Upanishads do not belong to a specific period of Sanskrit literature.
The oldest, such as the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad and Chandogya Upanishad, may be as old as 8th century BC, while the youngest, depending on the specific Upanishad, may date to the medieval or early modern period.
More than 300 text about Upanishad have been found but we have  108 Upanishad in written.
Philosophia Ultima:Osho commentary on Mandukyopanishad
A concert (as in a "concert tour") is a performance in which a musician or many musicians play music together to a group of listeners (called an audience).
In the case of a concert of classical music there may be an orchestra.
There is often an important visual element to the performance, such as with a rock concert.
However, if acting out a story is an important part of the performance, then this is called "theatre" or "opera" but some concerts have dramatic, theatrical music, with lights and special effects.
Informal names for a concert include "show" or sometimes, "gig" for musicians who play in lots of different concerts, with different groups.
A concert tour is a set of concerts where the performers travel to different cities or towns.
The performers at a concert are usually raised above the level of the audience on a stage.
Concerts may be held in concert halls which are built for the purpose, or they may be held in any other suitable large building such as a school hall, a nightclub, a barn or a large house or castle.
Some concerts are given to very large audiences in the open air.
They may take place in a field or in a stadium.
The music for these “open-airs” is usually amplified by loudspeakers so that large audiences can hear it.
A group of concerts in one place or in one area that takes place for several days may be called a "festival".
Examples are: The Proms, the Edinburgh Festival, the Glastonbury Festival etc.
Usually people who go to a concert have to pay an admission charge.
The money that is made from the ticket sales will usually go to paying the performing artistes, producers, and organisers.
However, there are also benefit concerts where either the proceeds (all the ticket money) or profits (the money earned) will go to charity.
Tickets for concerts can often be bought at the box-office of the concert hall or bought online.
Sometimes concerts are free.
Types of concert
The nature of a concert will vary by musical genre and the individual performers.
Concerts by a small jazz combo or small bluegrass band may have the same order of program, mood, and volume, but vary in music and dress.
In a similar way, a particular musician, band, or genre of music might attract concert attendees with similar dress, hairstyle, and behavior.
For example, the hippies of the 60s often toted long hair (sometimes in dread lock form), sandals and inexpensive clothing made of natural fibers.
The regular attendees to a concert venue might also have a recognizable style, comprising that venue's "scene".
Some performers or groups put on very elaborate and expensive affairs, with parts of the show being similar to a theater performance.
In order to create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, artists will have additional entertainment devices within their concerts.
These tend to include: elaborate stage lighting; an image-magnification (IMAG) system and/or pre-recorded video; inflatables, artwork or other set pieces; various special effects, such as theatrical smoke and fog and pyrotechnics; and unusual costumes or wardrobe.
Some singers, especially in genres of popular music, augment the sound of their concerts with pre-recorded accompaniment, back-up dancers, and even broadcast vocal tracks of the singer's own voice.
Activities which may take place during these concerts include dancing, sing-alongs, and moshing.
Some performers well known for including these elements in their performances include: Pink Floyd, Jean Michel Jarre, Sarah Brightman and KISS.
Concerts involving a greater number of artists, especially those that last for days, are known as festivals.
Unlike other concerts, which typically remain in a single genre of music or work of a particular artist, festivals often cover a broad scope of music and arts.
Due to their size, festivals are almost always held outdoors.
A few examples of the hundreds of festivals include: Bayreuth Festival, Big Day Out, Coachella, Falls Festival, Glastonbury Festival, Mostly Mozart Festival, Newport Jazz Festival, Oxegen, Parachute Music Festival, Rock In Rio, Rockwave Festival,  Salzburg Festival, Summer Sonic Festival, Tanglewood Music Festival, Woodstock Music and Art Festival, the Warped Tour, or the Umbria Jazz Festival.
Concert tour
A concert tour is a series of concerts by an artist or group of artists in different cities or locations.
Often, concert tours are named, to differentiate different tours by the same artist and associate a specific tour with a particular album or product (for example: Michael Jackson's Bad Tour).
Especially in the popular music world, such tours can become large-scale enterprises that last for several months or even years.
They are seen by thousands or millions of people, and bring in millions of dollars (or the equivalent) in ticket revenues.
Different segments of longer concert tours are known as "legs".
The different legs of a tour are denoted in different ways, dependent on the artist and type of tour, but the most common means of separating legs are dates (especially if there is a long break at some point), countries and/or continents, or different opening acts.
In the largest concert tours, it is becoming more common for different legs to employ separate touring production crews and equipment, local to each geographical region.
Concert tours are often managed on the local level by concert promoters or by performing arts presenters.
While admission to some concerts is free, charging for tickets is very common.
Historically, concerts were the main source of revenue for musicians.
Revenue from ticket sales typically goes to the performing artists, producers, venue and organizers.
In the case of benefit concerts, a portion of profits will often go towards a charitable organization.
Additional revenue is also often raised through in-concert advertising, from free local concerts for local sponsorships to sponsorships from corporations during major tours, such as 2009's "Vans' Warped Tour Presented by AT&T".
Both Vans and AT&T would have paid significant amounts to have their company names included at the forefront in all marketing material for the Warped Tour.
The highest grossing concert tour of all time is The Rolling Stones' A Bigger Bang Tour which earned approximately $558 million in between 2005 and 2007.
The highest earning tour by a solo artist is the Sticky & Sweet Tour by pop artist Madonna, which earned $408 million in 2008 and 2009.
National Memorial Day Concert - PBS webpage for U.S. concert on Memorial Day
Palm tree is a common name of perennial lianas, shrubs, and trees.
They are the only members of the family  Arecaceae, which is the only family in the order Arecales.
They grow in hot climates.
Oil palm
There are about 2600 species of palm trees,  most of them living in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates.
Palms are one of the best known and most widely planted tree families.
They have held an important role for humans throughout much of history.
Many common products and foods come from palms.
They are often used in parks and gardens that are in areas that do not have heavy frosts.
In the past palms were symbols of victory, peace, and fertility.
Today palms are a popular symbol for the tropics and for vacations.
Most palm trees grow in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
They occur from about 44° northern latitude to about 44° southern latitude.
The dwarf palm (Chamaerops humilis) occurs in southern France, the Nikau (Rhopalostylis sapida) is a species of palm growing in New Zealand.
The hardiest palm in the world is known as the needle palm (Rhapidophyllum Hystrix) and is able to handle temperatures below -18°C (0°F).
Shapes and flowers
Most palms are a straight, unbranched stem, but sometimes a  branching stem, or even a creeping vine, such as the rattan.
They have large evergreen leaves that are either 'fan-leaved' (palmate) or 'feather-leaved' (pinnate) and arranged in a spiral at the top of the trunk.
The leaves have a tubular sheath at the base that usually splits open on one side when it is grown.
The flowers grow on an inflorescence, a special branch just for carrying the great number of tiny flowers.
The flowers are generally small and white, and are star-shaped.
The sepals and petals usually number three each.
The fruit is usually a single seed surrounded by flesh.
The familiar coconut is the seed of a large fruit.
Some kinds may contain two or more seeds in each fruit.
Where palms live
More than two-thirds of palms live in tropical forests, where some species grow tall enough to form part of the canopy and other shorter palms form part of the understory.
Some kinds form pure stands in areas with poor drainage or regular flooding.
Other palms live on tropical mountains above 1000 meters, Palms may also live in grasslands and scrublands, usually where there is water, and in desert oases.
A few palms are adapted to extremely basic lime soils, while others are similarly adapted to very acidic soils.
Unusual palms
The Coco de mer has the largest seeds of any plant, 30-50 centimeters in diameter and weighing 15-30 kilograms each.
Raffia palms, with leaves up to 25 meters long and 3 meters wide, have the largest leaves of any plant.
The Corypha palms have the largest inflorescence (flowering part) of any plant, up to 7.5 meters tall and containing millions of small flowers.
The wax palm, Colombia's national tree, is the tallest palm in the world, reaching heights of 70 meters.
Palm fossils
Palms first appear in the fossil record around 80 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous period.
Some descendants from that period are still to be seen today, such as the nipa palm or mangrove palm.
Palms in danger
Like many other plants, some palms are in danger of dying out because of human activity.
The greatest dangers are from Increasingly large cities, mining, and turning forests into farmland.
The harvesting of the heart of a palm for food also poses a threat, because it comes from the inner core of the tree, and harvesting it kills the tree.
The use of rattan palms in furniture has caused a big fall in the number of rattan palms, as they are collected from the wild instead of being farmed.
The sale of wild seeds to growers and collectors is another threat.
It is very hard to save palm seeds because they are killed by cooling them, which is the normal way of keeping rare seeds for the future.
Also, planting rare kinds in parks can never truly recreate the wild areas they come from, and the plants may not do well in these parks.
The Palm Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) started in 1984, supported by the WWF.
The group  gathered a lot of information from different parts of the world.
An action plan to save rare palms was made by this group in 1996.
Pest species
Raoiella indica, the red palm mite
Caryobruchus gleditsiae, the palm seed beetle or palm seed weevil
Palm farming and use
Date palms in history
Human use of palms is as old as, or even older than, civilization itself, starting with the growing of date palms by Mesopotamians and other Middle Eastern peoples 5000 years or more ago.
The Date Palm had a great effect on the history of the Middle East.
Historian W.H. Barreveld wrote:
"Had the date palm not existed, the expansion of the human race into the hot and barren parts of the "old" world would have been much more restricted.