the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In 2005, the overall winner of the race by points (Dutch: Puntenklassement) wears a blue jersey (Dutch: Blauwe trui or French: Maillot bleu).
This was changed to a white jersey however in 2006.
Mountains classification
Young rider classification
Before 2007, the best young (under 25) rider of the race got to wear a yellow jersey. (
Dutch: Gele trui or French: Maillot jaune).
Team classification
Most Stage Wins
Graat, John (August 3 2005). '
Fantastische' Pro Tour zegen voor profronde.
Trouw (Dutch newspaper), p. 13.
Sport in Belgium
20th-century establishments in the Netherlands
Maki Fumihiko, an architect and Pritzker Prize winner
Maki Goto, a Japanese pop singer
Maki Horikita, a Japanese actress
Maki Ichinose, a fictional character in the anime and manga series BLEACH
Maki Kagura, a video game character from the King of Fighters series
Maki Seiichiro, a Japanese soccer player
Makizushi, a variety of sushi
Markie (real name 翁長麻紀 Maki Onaga), the lead singer of HIGH and MIGHTY COLOR
Ziro Maki, physicist
Lucas Cranach the Elder ( ;  – 16 October 1553) was a German painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving.
He was born Lucas Sunder at Kronach in upper Franconia.
Early jobs
He decorated houses, but mostly made portraits and altar-pieces.
He also helped design coins and other things.
First painting experiences
His first paintings were still lifes and animals on the walls of the palaces at Coburg and Locha.
They were so good that the duke asked Lucas Cranach to make a painting of him.
Lucas Cranach painted the duke killing a boar.
Before 1508 he had painted a few altar-pieces for the Castle Church at Wittenberg.
Albrecht Dürer, Hans Burgkmair and others also worked there.
He made many portraits of the duke and his brother John.
The best woodcuts and copper-plates were published.
Later painting experiences
More honour was given to Cranach when he went to the Netherlands in 1509, and painted the Emperor Maximilian I and the boy who became Charles V later in his life.
Until 1508 Cranach signed his works with the initials of his name.
In that year the person in charge gave him the  snake with wings as a symbol.
This symbol was marked on all his pictures after that date.
Lucas Cranach the Elder died on 16 October 1553 at Weimar in Germany.
The house in which he lived still stands in the marketplace.
He is commemorated as an artist by the Lutheran Church on 6 April.
Cranach's Art
As a composer Cranach was not greatly gifted.
His concept of the human shape was low; but he showed some freshness in the contour of incident, though he not unfrequently bordered on coarseness.
His copper-plates and woodcuts are the best pieces of his art; and the earlier they are in date the more apparent is their power.
Striking evidence of this is the "St Christopher" of 1506, or the plate of "Elector Frederick praying before the Madonna" (1509).
His first woodcut (1505) represents the Virgin and three saints in prayer before a crucifix.
Later on he composes the marriage of St Catherine, a series of martyrdoms, and scenes from the Passion.
Religious work
After 1517 he occasionally draws the old gospel themes, but he also gives style to some of the thoughts of the Reformers.
In a picture of 1518 at Leipzig, where a dying man offers "his soul to God, his body to earth, and his worldly goods to his relations," the soul rises to meet the Trinity in heaven, and being saved is clearly shown to depend on faith and not on good works.
Again sin and grace become a familiar subject of description in pictures.
Adam is observed sitting between John the Baptist and a prophet at the foot of a tree.
To the left God brings out the tables of the law, Adam and Eve partake of the forbidden fruit, the serpent is holding his head up high, and punishment takes place in the shape of death and the realm of Satan.
To the right, the birth, Crucifixion and Resurrection symbolize achievement, and this is duly impressed on Adam by John the Baptist, who points to the sacrifice of the crucified Saviour.
There are two examples of this work in the galleries of Gotha and Prague, both of them dated 1529.
Cranach had three sons, all artists: John Lucas Cranach, who died at Bologna in 1536; Hans Cranach, whose life is obscure; and Lucas Cranach the younger (1515-1586) who took over his father's workshop after his death.
He also had a daughter Barbara Cranach, married to Christian Brück (Pontanus), ancestors of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
Some of Lucas Cranach the Elder's Paintings
Posse, Hans (1942) Lucas Cranach d. ä. A. Schroll & Co., Vienna OCLC 773554 in German
Descargues, Pierre (1960) Lucas Cranach the Elder (translated from the French by Helen Ramsbotham) Oldbourne Press, London, OCLC 434642
Ruhmer, Eberhard (1963) Cranach (translated from the German by Joan Spencer) Phaidon, London, OCLC 1107030
Friedländer, Max J.and Rosenberg, Jakob (1978) The Paintings of Lucas Cranach Tabard Press, New York
Schade, Werner (1980) Cranach, a Family of Master Painters (translated from the German by Helen Sebba) Putnam, New York,
Stepanov, Alexander (1997) Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1472-1553 Parkstone, Bournemouth, England,
Koerner, Joseph Leo (2004) The reformation of the image University of Chicago Press, Chicago,
Moser, Peter (2005) Lucas Cranach: His Life, His World, His Pictures (translated from the German by Kenneth Wynne) Babenberg Verlag, Bamberg, Germany,
Brinkmann, Bodo et al. (
2007) Lucas Cranach Royal Academy of Arts, London,
The nymph of the fountain in The Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
Woodcuts of Lucas Cranach the Elder in Cooperative Digital Resources Initiative
German printmakers
Edwards v. Aguillard was a 1987 United States Supreme Court case that said that creationism was not science.
The Supreme Court said that it was religion, and could not be taught in American schools, because the United States Constitution (the set of rules that all American government must follow) does not allow the government to support one religion more than other religions, and so schools run by the government cannot teach religion as being true.
This rule is known as the Establishment Clause.
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, a similar court case
1987 in the United States
1980s in law
Frýdlant (-Czech, German: Friedland) is a town in the Czech Republic.
About 7,600 people live there.
It is located in the north of the historical region Bohemia.
Kitzmiller, et al.
v. Dover Area School District, et al.
is the full name of a 2005 American trial.
It is also called the Dover trial, because it happened in Dover, Pennsylvania.
It said that intelligent design was not science, and could not be taught as science in schools.
Intelligent design is the idea that the universe is not simple enough to be made by nature.
Instead, people who believe in intelligent design think that a smarter force must have made everything, or at least important parts of it.
Evolution is the commonly accepted scientific theory that explains how all of the different kinds of life developed from a simple beginning.
Intelligent design is another explanation saying that life was developed by a smarter being.
A school district in Dover, Pennsylvania wanted to tell the students about intelligent design.
They wanted teachers to tell their students about intelligent design at the same time they taught evolution.
They were using a text book from the Foundation for Thought and Ethics called "Of Pandas and People" written by Percival Davis and Dean Kenyon.
This book says it presents the scientific evidence for intelligent design and why it makes more sense than evolution.
Tammy Kitzmiller and ten other parents did not want their children being taught intelligent design.
They complained to the government, and a trial was held.
Before the trial
There was an earlier trial called Edwards v. Aguillard.
It was about teaching creationism in schools.
Creationism is the belief that God (or something else) created the universe, like it says in the Bible or other religious books.
The United States Constitution is the set of rules that all of the government in the United States must follow.
It does not allow the government to support one religion more than any other religion.
Schools run by the government (public schools) cannot teach one type of religion as being true.
In Edwards v. Aguillard, the United States Supreme Court said that creationism was not science.
It said it was religious, because it tried to explain things using stories from the Bible.
The Supreme Court said that creationism could not be taught in public schools.
But some people said intelligent design was not creationism.
During the trial
During the trial, experts showed that intelligent design was an old argument for religion and not science.
They looked at the authors' notes for the book, "Of Pandas and People", that the school was using.
These notes included things that had been changed when the book was being prepared for printing.
It had been changed from being about creationism to being about intelligent design.
The authors did this by changing the words "created" to "designed" and "creationists" to "intelligent design proponents".
In one version, the word "creationists" was even changed to "cdesign proponentsists" by mistake.
The judge found this interesting.
These changes were made just after Edwards v. Aguillard said you could not teach creationism in schools.
The judge said this showed that intelligent design was creationism.
In one part of the trial, they spoke to Michael Behe.
Behe was one of the people that helped create intelligent design.
He said nobody could say how evolution made the immune system, the thing in your body that protects you from diseases.
He said that some smarter force had to have made it.
Behe was shown 58 articles, nine books, and lots of other things scientists wrote to show how the immune system could have been made by evolution.
He said none of them was "good enough".
The judge did not think this was true.
After the trial, the judge said that intelligent design was creationism, not science.
Creationism had already been shown to be religious.
The government is not allowed to support one religion more than any other religion.
Therefore, schools can not teach intelligent design, as that would be saying one type of religion was true.
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District et al. -
The judge's ruling.
The “Vise Strategy” Undone: Kitzmiller et al.
v. Dover Area School District  - Barbara Forrest was one of the  experts at the trial.
She wrote this article about it.
National Center for Science Education  - The N.C.S.E. helped out in the trial.
They collected lots of documents about it.
2005 in Pennsylvania
Trials in the United States
Psychometrics is a science that tries to measure educational and psychological levels of people and groups of people.
Areas that are studied in people include intelligence, skills, and personality traits.
The science is mainly a part of the science of psychology.
Consolevania is an internet television program that is about video games.
It also has funny stories, although not all of these are about games.
It is made by Rab Florence and Ryan Mcleod in Glasgow, Scotland.
Consolevania must be downloaded from the internet rather than watching it on a television set.
Consolevania is named after a video game called Castlevania on the Super Nitendo video game console.
Rab and Ryan, also made a normal television show for BBC Scotland, called videoGaiden.
It has less swearing in it.
Some of the funny characters in Consolevania are:
John Gacy - A clown who pretends not to kill children
Sammy Miller - A man who tries to make the show safer but ends up hurting himself
Hitler - The Hitler in Consolevania is angry about losing the war and tries to stop the show
Consolevania has a good reputation because the presenters care about video games and they sometimes makes fun of certain people who make video games.
People also like the funny stories and swearing.
Consolevania - The Consolevania website
As a moving object pushes the liquid or gas out of its way, the fluid pushes back on the object.
This drag force is always opposite to the object's motion, and unlike friction between solid surfaces, the drag force increases as the object moves faster.
Air resistance, also known as drag, is a force that is caused by air, the force acts in the opposite direction to an object moving through the air.
It is where air particles hit the front of the object slowing it down.
The more surface area, the more air particles hit it and the greater the resistance.
Things are often shaped to make less drag.
For example, a truck with a flat front will experience high air resistance while a sports car with a streamlined shape will experience lower air resistance, allowing the car to go faster.
This is why airplanes and other fast machines are streamlined, and the same is true of fish.
A snowflake falls more slowly than does a drop of water of the same weight.
Drag can affect the quickest falling speed (the terminal velocity) of an object.
The higher the drag, the slower the object falls.
Manatees are large, fully-aquatic marine mammals of the order Sirenia.
They are sometimes known as sea cows.
The manatees form the genus Trichechus.
There are three manatee species.
The name comes from the Spanish manatí, which itself comes from a Carib word meaning "breast".
Early sightings
Christopher Columbus, who thought mermaids were real, went to the waters around Haiti, and wrote in his logbook that he had seen three mermaids.
He said that they were not as beautiful as everybody said they were.
Nowadays, people believe Christopher Columbus had actually seen three manatees.
It is possible he saw them kissing one another, which is something they do when the meet each other in the water.
Manatees have thick pads around their lips and stiff bristles that help them grab food and move it towards the mouth.
A manatee eats sea grass and all kinds of sea vegetables.
All its teeth are shaped like a human's molars.
The eight hours of chewing each day wears down on their teeth.
In fact, its first two pairs of teeth get so worn out that they simply fall out sometimes.
However, manatees can grow new teeth.
New teeth are always growing in the back.
When front teeth fall out, the back teeth move forward to take their place.
In mammals, only elephants and (quite independently) kangaroos have this kind of system.
The Sirenia are thought to have evolved from four-legged land mammals over 60 million years ago.
Their closest living relatives are the Proboscidea (elephants) and Hyracoidea (hyraxes).
Genus Trichechus
West African manatee, Trichechus senegalensis
The West African Manatee lives on the western side of Africa, on the shores from Senegal to Angola.
They also live in some rivers like the Niger River and around Lake Chad.
Manatees live in salt water and in fresh water.
On the sea shores they mostly live in shallow water, like lagoons and mangroves.
They also live in brackish water and rivers.
Manatees like bodies of water with a temperature of over 20 °C.
Natural history is the study of plants and animals in the wild, and the environments they live in.
This includes the geology of the places in which they live.
The work of naturalists is observation, interpretation, collecting and classification, rather than experiments.
People who study natural history are called naturalists.
They were among the first to explore the world.
They were the first to study the Amazon and other tropical places.
Naturalists find new species and classify plants and animals.
They study ecology.
Naturalists developed some theoretical ideas which were valuable.
They noticed that living things fitted the lives they led.
This was adaptation.
They noticed a struggle for existence between animals.
They thought they could see a chain of being from lower animals to higher, which they thought was the work of God.
The idea that such things might happen by natural means began to surface in the 18th century, and become the majority view in time of Charles Darwin.
Before Darwin, most naturalists did not think of themselves as scientists.
When they looked at nature, perhaps as explorers, they looked at everything.
They looked at the land, the people, the plants and animals.
After Darwin, they did see themselves as scientists.
Early on, Darwin called himself a geologist.
Thomas Henry Huxley was an anatomist.
Joseph Dalton Hooker was a botanist.
Charles Lyell was a geologist.
They changed the way in which they were educated as well.
They often took degrees in science.
That sort of education was rare before Darwin.
Naturalists were educated amateurs; scientists are trained professionals.
The change happened slowly, during the 19th century.
The very word scientist was invented in 1837 by William Whewell.
Before then, the term was natural philosopher (for the physical sciences) or natural historian (for the biological sciences and geology).
Naturalist is short for natural historian.
Important naturalists
Theistic evolution, or  evolutionary creationism, is the belief that God, or another higher power, used evolution as a tool to create the different species of living creatures on Earth.
It says that evolution does not deny the existence of God.
It is a word which has been reappropriated by social and political LGBT rights activists, and is the word which a lot of academic studies use to describe non-heterosexual identities.
It is also used as a word which talks about someone's sexuality or gender in a deliberately non-specific way.
Queer is mostly used by younger LGBT people to describe themselves and is usually described as a "fluid" label.
Many people like the term in the LGBT community as it focuses on what that community has in common and not its differences.
But many older LGBT people may find the term "queer" to be offensive due to its use as a homophobic insult.
Some queer folks may or may not be genderqueer (of non-binary gender).
The term "queer" entered English in the 16th century, meaning strange or a word describing someone who is sick.
The word was used a lot in the 20th century to refer to gay men, as it still does a lot today.
Mohammad Abdus Salam  (29 January 1926; Santokdas, Sahiwal Punjab – 21 November 1996; Oxford, England) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist.
He was awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics.
He was initially educated at the Government College Lahore and the University of the Punjab, Lahore.
For a time also worked at the Government College as a lecturer, adding considerably to its intellectual life.
Later he went to Cambridge University, England for PhD studies.
In 1951 he returned to Pakistan, but he found that he was cut off from the rest of the scientific world there.
In 1953, he again went to England where he started to teach and research, having interest in the Grand Unified Theory.
He believed that if the Creator of the universe was one then the origin of all the forces had to be single also.
He then set off to unify the electromagnetic and the weak nuclear force.
According to another scientist, Peter Higgs, a field existed i.e. the Higgs field.
Salam successfully showed that weak nuclear forces are not really different from electromagnetic forces, and two could inter-convert.
Salam provided a theory that shows the unification of two fundamental forces of nature, weak nuclear forces and the electromagnetic forces, one into another.
Pakistani physicists
Livermorium is a radioactive chemical element that has the chemical symbol Lv and the atomic number 116.
Its longest half- life lasts only 47 milliseconds.
It was first discovered in 2000 by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia.
Its name was originally "Ununhexium" (Uuh) as a placeholder name meaning " one-one-six-ium" in Latin, but it changed on May 30st, 2012, when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry changed it.
It currently has no use as chemists are researching it now.
WebElements.com - Livermorium
Apsidium - Livermorium
The UCI ProTour is a series of bicycle road races organised by the world governing body the International Cycling Federation (Union Cycliste Internationale - the UCI)
The ProTour includes one day races, time trials, and stage races.
It started in 2005 and replaced the old world championship series which did not include stage races.
All of the ProTour races are in Europe, but the teams come from Europe and the United States.
At the moment it is hard to move up from the Continental circuits to the ProTour, but in the future teams from Africa, Australia or Asia could take part in the ProTour.
List of current UCI ProTour teams
style="background:#ccf;"|
Ohana is an idea in Hawaiian culture.
The word ohana means family in the Hawaiian language, but in a much wider sense, to include not only one's closer relatives, but also one's cousins, in-laws, friends, race, and other neighbours.
The idea is also that family and friends are bound together and everyone must work together and not forget each other.
The word is related to the word whānau meaning the same, used by the Maori of New Zealand.
It comes from the Hawaiian word ohā meaning the root of the taro plant, the most important plant in Hawaiian culture.
Ohana is also one of the main ideas of the Disney animated movie Lilo & Stitch. ("
Ohana means family, and family means nobody gets left behind.
Or forgotten.")
The director of the movie, Dean DeBlois, says the movie's makers learned about this from their tour guide when they went to Hawaii to get ideas for the movie.
He said that everywhere they went, the guide seemed to know people, and that he explained about ohana to them.
They liked the idea so much that it became one of the main ideas for the story, the one thing that changes the character of Stitch, even though he was created to destroy.
"Ohana API" is a US website with the goal of extending the concept of "Ohana" to the larger context of the US as a whole.
This is relevant and important because Hawaii and the Hawaiian culture is an integral part of the cultural diversity and interconnection that exists and is a very unique and cherished part and benefit of the great and expanding intermingled cultures that embody the United States of America.
:For other uses see Grand Tour
In Italy, the Giro d'Italia
In France, the Tour de France
In Spain, the Vuelta Ciclista a España
: 5 Tours (1957, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964), 2 Giros (1960, 1964), 1 Vuelta (1963).
: 1 Tour (1965), 3 Giros (1967, 1969, 1976), 1 Vuelta (1968)
: 5 Tours (1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974), 5 Giros (1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974), 1 Vuelta (1973)
: 5 Tours (1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1985), 3 Giros (1980, 1982, 1985), 2 Vueltas (1978, 1983)
: 2 Tours (2007, 2009), 2 Giros (2008, 2015), 3 Vueltas (2008, 2012, 2014)
: 1 Tour (2014), 2 Giros (2013, 2016), 1 Vuelta (2010).
: 4 Tours (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017), 1 Giro (2018), 2 Vueltas (2011, 2017).
Mammoths were hairy elephants of the genus Mammuthus.
They lived in Europe until 4,500 years ago, and were adapted to cold climate.
They were killed off by hunters and climate change.
They lived in the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs.
In the Pleistocene, northern Europe was covered with ice and tundra.
There were a series of ice ages, which allowed the mammoths to spread across the land.
Mammoths were hunted by early humans, who used spears, and cut them up with hand axes.
Their frozen flesh has been analysed for its DNA sequence.
Mammoth Site in Hot Springs, South Dakota
Extinct elephants
Right-wing politics is a kind of politics that supports social or economic conservatism.
Someone who is "right-wing" usually supports tradition and keeping things the way that they already are.
The right-wing supports tradition and authority.
The right-wing in some countries, like the United States, often supports social conservatism, liberal conservatism or social liberalism (libertarianism), and a capitalist economy where the government has little influence.
Usually the right-wing thinks of society as similar to a living thing, what is called "organic society".
They believe that society's customs and traditions are a collection of things that we have learned from the past and are useful and should be maintained as much as possible.
People who are very right-wing are called "reactionary", and want to either return to the way things were before, such as neoreaction, or more often start as a reaction against left-wing ideas which are spreading in a country.
Famous Right-wing politicians
Centrism
The polka dot jersey is the special cycling jersey given to the "King of the Mountains" in the Tour de France.
The jersey is white with red spots, called polka dots.
There is also space for the logo of the cycling team the winner belongs to.
The King of the Mountains is the rider who has collected the most points in the hill-climbing sections of each stage.
Points are given to the first riders to reach the top.
More points are given for difficult climbs.
Difficulty is judged by the length of the climb and the average steepness of the climb.
The King of the Mountains competition at the Tour de France was started in 1933.
The polka dot jersey for the winner was introduced in 1975.
Richard Virenque has won the jersey seven times, more than any other cyclist.
In 2014 the winner was Rafał Majka.
In 2015 an Eritrean rider, Daniel Teklehaimanot, became the first African who won a Polka dot jersey.
"The Ice Age" redirects here.
For other uses, see Ice Age (disambiguation).
The Pleistocene stage or epoch was a long period of time.
It stretched from 2.6 million years ago to 11,700 years ago.
The Pleistocene followed the Pliocene.
It is the first epoch of the Quaternary period and the sixth in the Cainozoic, and  is followed by the present Holocene.
The Pleistocene was a time of ice ages: cold glacial periods with shorter, warmer, interglacials.
Ice ages are when the world becomes much colder for a long time.
In much of the 20th century geologists counted four "major" ice ages.
Nowadays several more are called "major".
During these glaciations, much of the world we know was covered by ice: North America down to and past the Great Lakes; all of northern Russia, and Europe; England down to the Thames.
Many animals that lived then have become extinct.
Climate change and hunting by humans were responsible.
Many of the mammals were larger and hairier versions of animals that live now.
Glyptodon was something like a giant armadillo, and mammoths were hairy elephants.
Ancient human species lived during the Pleistocene.
In Europe and Asia the large-brained Neanderthal (Homo neanderthalensis) lived until about 30,000 years ago.
Modern man did not descend from Neanderthals, but originated in Africa from another branch of the genus.
Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) was a French king, who ruled from 1715 until his death.
He is the great-grandson of Louis XIV whom he succeeded at age of five.
He was called "The Beloved" (French: le Bien-Aimé).
His failure to provide strong leadership and badly needed reforms contributed to the crisis that brought on the French Revolution.
Louis was born at Versailles on 15 February 1710, the son of Louis, Dauphin of France and his mother Marie Adélaïde of Savoy.
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France, governed as regent until Louis reached his legal majority in 1723.
In 1725 the king married Maria Leszczyńska, daughter of Stanisław I of Poland.
The following year his former tutor, André Hercule de Fleury, became the chief minister.
Fleury gave France a stable administration until his death 17 years later.
Thereafter Louis himself was in nominal control, but he took only a sporadic interest in government and never followed any consistent policy at home or abroad.
He was frequently influenced by his mistresses, the most powerful of whom was the marquise de Pompadour.
Wars and death
France was involved in three wars during Louis's reign.
As a result of the first, the War of the Polish Succession (1733-35), France gained the province of Lorraine.
The second, the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48), which marked the beginning of a colonial struggle with Britain, was indecisive.
In the last, the Seven Years' War (1756-63), France, crippled by corruption and mismanagement, lost most of its overseas possessions to the British.
French foreign policy in this period was made chaotic by Louis's “secret diplomacy,” as his agents in other countries sometimes pursued aims that were in conflict with those of his own ministers.
The situation improved somewhat in the 1760s, when a new minister, the duc de Choiseul, restored some order to the government and tried to repair the damage done by the Seven Years' War.
In the last years of his reign, Louis cooperated with his chancellor, René de Maupeou, in an effort to reform the country's inequitable and inefficient system of taxation.
In 1771 the parlements, or sovereign courts, which had opposed reform, were reorganized and stripped of their power to obstruct royal decrees.
Measures were then implemented to tax the previously exempt nobility and clergy, but these were reversed after the king's death at Versailles on 10 May 1774.
Louis XV died of smallpox as a defeated and unpopular king.
He was succeeded by his grandson, Louis XVI, who was later guillotined during the French Revolution.
Louise Élisabeth of France (14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) married Philip, Duke of Parma and had issue.
Henriette of France (14 August 1727 – 10 February 1752) died unmarried.
Louise of France (28 July 1728 – 19 February 1733) died in childhood.
Louis, Dauphin of France (4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) married Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain; had issue then married Marie Josèphe of Saxony and had issue.
Philippe of France, Duke of Anjou (30 August 1730 – 17 April 1733) died in childhood.
Marie Adélaïde of France (23 March 1732 – 27 February 1800) died unmarried.
Victoire of France (11 May 1733 – 7 June 1799) died unmarried.
Sophie of France (17 July 1734 – 3 March 1782) died unmarried.
Stillborn Child  (28 March 1735 – 28 March 1735).
Thérèse of France (16 May 1736 – 28 September 1744) died in childhood.
Louise Marie of France (5 July 1737 – 23 December 1787) was a nun.
1774 deaths
Deaths from smallpox
People from Versailles
Dr. Richard Alpert (April 6, 1931 – December 22, 2019), also known as Baba Ram Dass, was a spiritual teacher.
He was the writer of Be Here Now, the bestseller book of 1971.
In the 1960s, professors Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert collaborated on a book titled The Psychedelic Experience, which adapted portions of the Tibetan Book of the Dead as a guide for use in LSD experiences.
They hoped to give users of LSD a simulation of death and rebirth, to "liberate" them from past problems or mistakes in their lives.
A person in a "psychedelic state" is supposed to be able to feel new ways of looking at his mind that were unknown to him before.
This can be caused by taking psychedelic drugs, like LSD.
In medicine, the new feelings a patient has when he is in psychedelic state are called hallucinations and synesthesia; these are also seen in patients with psychosis.
Psychedelic art
Ice age, a period of lower temperatures, resulting in an expansion of ice sheets and glaciers
Pleistocene, the last ice age, from 1.81 million to 11,550 years before the present
Wisconsin glaciation, refers to the world's last glaciations of the last ice age, from about 72,000 to 11,550 years before the present
Ice Age (movie), a computer-animated movie released in 2002
Ice Age: The Meltdown, the sequel released in 2006
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, the second sequel released in 2009
Ice Age: Continental Drift, the third sequel released in 2012
Ice Age: Collision Course, the fourth sequel released in 2016
Ice Age Entertainment, a record label
Ice Age, an expansion set released in 1995 for the collectible card game, Magic: The Gathering
Rugby union is a ball sport.
Two teams of 15 players play against each other.
It is 100 metres long and 70 meters wide.
At the ends of the field are two H-shaped goal-posts which you have to score next to or underneath.
Point Scoring
A try is scored when a player 'scores'.
A try is worth 5 points.
To score a try the player must put down the ball in the 'try area'.
The try area is behind the goal-posts.
Once a try has been scored, the team has a chance to score extra points.
The goal kicker kicks the ball towards the goal-posts.
The ball must pass between the two upright goal-posts and above the cross-piece.
If it does, the team is awarded 2 additional points.
This act is known as a 'conversion'.
Another method of scoring points is through penalties.
When a team breaks the rules, the referee may award a penalty.
The goal-kicker kicks towards the goal-posts.
If it does, the team is awarded 3 points and at the end all the points add up and the team with the most points is the winner.
During play, the goal-kicker can also attempt a 'drop-goal'.
If it does, the team is awarded 3 points.
Scrums
A scrum is when the two teams push together.
If you are in the scrum you are a prop, hooker, flanker, second row, or 8-man.
Numbers and Positions
The players in the back positions are usually smaller, faster and more skilful at kicking and passing.
If you are a prop or a hooker you need to be heavy and strong as you play in the front row if there is a scrum.
Flankers and locks are often tall and powerful and are used to win the ball in a lineout.
The key rule to rugby union play is that the person who is carrying the ball at any time cannot pass the ball to a teammate who is closer to the opposition goal line.
The ball must always be passed sideways or backwards.
Only the player with the ball may be tackled.
Tackling is when the player with the ball is brought to the ground by an opposition player.
The opposition player must use their hands to hold onto the ball carrier, and take them to the ground.
When the player with the ball is on the ground, players from the opposition team may stand over him and attempt to grab the ball off them.
The opposition players must remain standing ('on their feet').
Meanwhile, the player with the ball will try to pass the ball backwards along the ground to a teammate.
His teammates will then move over the player and protect the ball.
The most important of these four is the referee who runs alongside players as they play the game.
The referee controls the game.
The two touch-judges patrol the out-of-bounds areas.
They also decide when a goal kick has been successful.
The TMO, or 'television match official', helps the referee with difficult decisions.
Most professional games have a TMO.
Kicking is very important part of the rugby game.
Normally, it is the back players who kick.
However, you will sometimes see the forwards kick.
There are different reasons why they may kick: to score points by making a drop goal, to place the ball further towards the other team's try line, or to gain distance by kicking the ball high into the air for a team mate to chase and catch.
A Try is one of the way of scoring points in rugby league and rugby union.
A try is scored when a player grounds the ball in the opposition's in-goal area  or behind the try line, or alternatively touching the  base of the goalposts and ground at the same time.
The scoring player must be holding on to the ball and should be applying downward pressure when it is grounded.
The peninsula is home to forty percent of Newfoundland's population, and is the location of the provincial capital, St. John's.
It is connected to the main section of the island by the 5 km/3 mile wide Isthmus of Avalon.
The peninsula sticks out into the rich fishing zones near the Grand Banks.
Its four major bays–Trinity Bay, Conception Bay, St. Mary's Bay, and Placentia Bay–have long been the center of Newfoundland's fishing industry.
British colonization of the Americas
Conception Bay
Heritage of Newfoundland - Colony of Avalon
Capes of the United States
Chatham is a New England town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts.
The population was 6,625 at the 2000 census.
Chatham is home to the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge, located on Monomoy, and to Monomoy Theatre.
1665 establishments
1660s establishments in Massachusetts
Whitbourne, Newfoundland’s first inland town, is named after Sir Richard Whitbourne, one of the most colorful early settlers of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador who wrote a book about Newfoundland that was published in 1620.
Sir Richard was selected by the High Court of the Admiralty to set up the first English law court in the New World in 1615 in Trinity.
He was kidnapped and held by the infamous Pirate Peter Easton in Harbour Grace.
He also described a mermaid that he saw in St. John's harbour.
Whitbourne, unlike most communities on the Island of Newfoundland is inland.
It was founded in about 1880 during the construction of the Newfoundland Railway.
The railway continued to be an important employer in the Town until its abandonment in 1988, although its economic importance weakened slowly throughout the twentieth century.
The town of Whitbourne is located just off the Trans-Canada Highway on Route 81.
It is located at the center of three possible routes to visit the Avalon Peninsula.
Route 80 is one of the two entrances to the Baccalieu Trail, Route 100 and Route 81 lead to the Marine Atlantic Ferry Service in Argentia and other parts of Placentia and St. Mary's Bays, and Route 1, the Trans Canada leads towards the second entrance to the Baccalieu Trail and the capital city of St. John's.
As a result, there is a Provincial Visitor Information Center on the Trans Canada near the town.
Whitbourne has many of the facilities of a small town that has traditionally been a regional service centre.
The town’s Wetlands Conservation Trail is of interest to many visitors.
Population: 930
% Change (1996-2001): -5.9
Dwellings: 418
Area (km²): 21.41
Density (persons per km²): 43.4
towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
As of June 2014, South Australia has 16 wind farms, with an installed capacity of 1,473 megawatts (MW).
Wind power represented 27% of the state's energy production.
There are several Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which supply power to the electricity grid.
Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the name given to nine solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which were built in the 1980s.
These plants have a combined capacity of 354 megawatts (MW) making them the largest solar power installation in the world.
Nevada Solar One is a new solar thermal plant with a 64 MW generating capacity, near Boulder City, Nevada.
There are also plans to build other large solar plants in the Mojave Desert.
The Mojave Solar Park will deliver 553 MW of solar thermal power when fully operational in 2011.
Insolation (solar radiation) in the Mojave Desert is among the best available in the United States, and some big groups of people are in the area.
This makes the Mojave Desert particularly suitable for solar power plants.
These plants can generally be built in a few years because solar plants are built almost entirely with modular, readily available materials.
Energy in California
The US Postal Service stopped sponsoring their team in 2004.
The Discovery Channel took over sponsorship in June 2004 in time for the new UCI ProTour
On February 10 2007 Discovery Channel decided not renew its sponsorship of the team at the end of the 2007 season.
The decision to end its sponsorship is believed to be related to the sacking of Discovery Networks president Billy Campbell by David Zaslav, the new president of Discovery Communications the same day.
On 10 August 2007 Tailwind Sports, who are the team's licence holders, said the team would stop racing at the end of the year<.
They could not find a new sponsor and blamed bad publicity about doping in the 2007 Tour de France.
Current members of the team, such as 2007 Tour de France winner Alberto Contador, 3rd placed Levi Leipheimer and George Hincapie all had to find new teams.
Hincapie joined Team T-Mobile.
Many think Contador may have trouble finding a new team because of rumours about being involved in the very big Operation Puerto doping scandal.
2007 squad
The Official Fan Club of Lance Armstrong and the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team
Discovery Channel team page at Cyclingpost
U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team
USPS Pro Cycling Team Website
Letter arguing that Postal Watch has no case against the USPS
Inspector General criticisms of sponsorships
UCI ProTour teams
Alkanes are chemical compounds, made of carbon and hydrogen.
The simplest alkane is methane, which is made of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.
Larger alkanes have two or more carbon atoms connected or bonded together in a chain.
The carbon atoms of alkanes are joined together by single bonds, which is what makes them different from alkenes.
The alkane's general formula is CnH2n+2.
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
Pentane (C5H12)
Hexane (C6H14)
Heptane (C7H16)
Octane (C8H18)
Nonane (C9H20)
Decane (C10H22)
Undecane (C11H24)
Dodecane (C12H26)
Tridecane (C13H28)
Tetradecane (C14H30)
Pentadecane (C15H32)
Hexadecane (C16H34)
Heptadecane (C17H36)
Octadecane (C18H38)
Nonadecane (C19H40)
Icosane (C20H42)
Heneicosane (C21H44)
Docosane (C22H46)
In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C–C or C–H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C–H bond).
The longest link of carbon atoms in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton or carbon backbone.
The number of carbon atoms may be thought of as the size of the alkane.
An alkyl group is an alkane-based molecular fragment that has one open valence for bonding.
They are generally abbreviated with the symbol for any organyl group, R. Although Alk is sometimes used to abbreviate an alkyl group.
Alkanes come from crude oil.
Crude oil is a natural resource, a thick black fluid found by drilling underground.
Crude oil is a mixture of alkanes of different chain length - composed of different numbers of carbon atoms.
It also has laboratory method of production.
Charles-François Gounod (born Paris 17 June 1818; died Saint-Cloud (France) 17 October 1893) was a French composer.
Gounod (pronounce: “Goo – no”) wrote many different kinds of pieces, but he is best known today for his operas Faust and Roméo et Juliette and, especially, for the very popular “Ave Maria” which is a melody that goes with a prelude by Johann Sebastian Bach.
Gounod was born in Paris.
His father was a painter and engraver.
When his father died in 1823 his mother started a school to teach the piano.
Gounod soon showed musical talent and went to study at the Paris Conservatoire.
He studied with three teachers, all of whom died soon after Gounod became their pupil.
The first time he competed for the Prix de Rome he did not get it, but the third time, in 1839, he was successful.
This meant that he could go to Rome to learn more about music.
In Rome he liked the religious music of the 16th century by composers such as Palestrina.
He did not much like the modern opera composers such as Donizetti and Bellini.
Gounod also spent some of the year in Austria and Germany.
He passed through Leipzig where he met Mendelssohn, whose music made a big impression on him.
Gounod returned to Paris where he got a job as director of music at a church.
He thought of becoming a priest, but then he changed his mind.
He left his job in the church.
Some time later he became friends with the singer Pauline Viardot and her husband Louis.
He spent some time at their house composing the opera Sapho.
He composed the Messe Sollennelle, also known as the Saint Cecilia Mass. Two fragments of this work were first performed in London during 1851 and it helped him to become famous.
By this time he was married.
He had a job in charge of several choirs.
He started to write a lot of choral music.
In 1856 he started to write the opera by which he is now best remembered: Faust (1859), based on the first part of the play Faust by Goethe.
The opera was produced in 1859 and soon was performed in many countries, especially in Germany.
The composer Richard Wagner was the most important opera composer in Germany and his operas were quite different, so he said that Gounod’s operas were silly.
When the Franco-Prussian war broke out in 1870 Gounod went to live in England.
He stayed there for five years becoming the first conductor of what is now the Royal Choral Society.
Gounod wrote a lot of music for choirs at this time, including a motet composed especially for the grand opening of the Royal Albert Hall in 1871.
He worked very hard, although he was often depressed about the war situation in France.
His house in Saint-Cloud had been destroyed.
He returned to France in 1874 and was glad to be back with his family.
Later in his life, Gounod became very interested in religion again.
He wrote a lot of religious music, including his famous musical setting of Ave Maria based on the first prelude from Book I of The Well-Tempered Clavier by J.S. Bach and Hymnus Pontificius the anthem of Vatican.
He also wrote two oratorios, including Mors et vita which Queen Victoria liked so much that she asked for it to be played in the Royal Albert Hall in 1886.
He was just finishing a requiem called Le Grand Requiem when he died.
He was given a state funeral on October 27, 1893.
He asked for all the music at his funeral to be chant only.
Sadie, S. (ed.) (
1980) The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians
Condé, G. (ed.) (
2009) Charles Gounod
The Operación Puerto doping case (meaning Operation Mountain pass) is a doping investigation in Spain.
It started in May of 2006.
Dover is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States.
The population was 1,815 at the 2000 census.
The United States Census Bureau says the borough has a total area of 1.3 km² (0.5 mi²).
All of it is land.
There are no lakes or rivers in Dover.
James Joner bought 203 acres of land in 1764.
On this land, he created the town of Dover.
It was known as Jonerstown until 1815, when the name was changed to Dover.
Dover was incorporated in 1864, exactly 100 years after its founding.
Intelligent design controversy
Dover is most well known for something that happened in 2004-05.
The Dover Area School District voted to include a statement about intelligent design in what is taught on about biology in its schools.
This action led to the court case Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District in late 2005.
On December 20, 2005, Judge John E. Jones III decided in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania that a public school district in Pennsylvania cannot teach Intelligent Design in a science class room.
He said it was because it is based on a religious belief.
The first amendment in the United States Constitution does not allow the government to deal with anything that deals with religious points of view.
Dover Township official site
Dover School District
1764 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Rugby sevens is the shortened version of rugby union in which only seven players per side feature, instead of the full fifteen.
The version of rugby union is very popular, with notable comptitions including the IRB Sevens World Series and the Rugby World Cup Sevens.
It is also played at events such as the Commonwealth Games and rugby league has also adopted the sevens format.
It is played under the same rules and on a field of the same dimensions as the 15-player game but a rugby sevens match lasts approximately 15 minutes (7 minutes aside with 1 minute half-time break) but the finals last somewhat more than 20 minutes; each half in a final is ten minutes instead of the normal seven minutes also the game ends when the ball goes of the pitch or points are scored.
The point system is similar to rugby union where a Try gets a team 5 points and conversion 2 points with 3 points for penalties and Drop-goals (drop-goals are very uncommon in sevens).
Points scoring occurs with much greater regularity in sevens compared to fifteens, since there are more spaces for players to run.
Scrums still exist within sevens, composed of just three players from each team.
Given the speedy nature of the game, players are usually either from the backline or the trio of loose forwards in fifteens rugby.
All sevens players, wether in the forwards or otherwise must be fit,agile,relatively strong and demonstrate a high level of fitness in order to compete at an optimum level.
Countries such as New Zealand, Fiji, South Africa, England, and Samoa have very successful sevens teams.
Rugby sevens have also been played in the commonwealth games since 1998 where there are only boys teams.
New Zealand is ranked as number 1 in the commonwealth games.
New Zealand has won 4 gold medals and one silver medal.