the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The anime series takes a more futuristic and fantasy take at the original story, replacing robots for thieves and bestowing superhuman abilities to the 7 samurais.
1954 movies
Japanese movies
Japanese-language movies
Movies directed by Akira Kurosawa
A vacuum tube, also called a valve in British English, is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers to control electric current flow.
The cathode is heated, as in a light bulb, so it will emit electrons.
The anode is the part that accepts the emitted electrons.
The device may have other parts.
Vacuum tubes must be hot to work.
Most are made of glass, thus are fragile and can break.
Vacuum tubes were used in the first computers like the ENIAC, which were large and need much work to continue operating.
Although the vacuum tube was invented by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904, it was Thomas Edison who discovered the "Edison effect" in 1883 which states that electricity does not necessarily need a solid  material to move through; it can move through gas or vacuums as well.
John Ambrose Fleming invented the first vacuum tube, the diode, in 1904.
Lee De Forest invented the "audion" in 1906 (which was improved by others as the triode in 1908) and used in the first telephone amplifiers.
Many other kinds were invented for various purposes.
The transistor became cheaper in the 1960s and was much smaller, worked on lower voltages, and used less power.
In addition, unlike vacuum tubes, they were much less likely to be damaged by being dropped and had extremely long life.
Eventually, they were also much cheaper than glass vacuum tubes.
At this time, most radios, television sets, and amplifiers began using transistors instead.
High powered electronics such as broadcasting transmitters were transistorized more slowly.
Television receivers continued using the cathode ray tube until the mid-2000s.
Current uses
In the 21st century, vacuum tubes are rarely used in common electronic equipment.
Many devices today rely on the transistor over the vacuum tube.
Some devices that still use the vacuum tube, however, include:
Systems which need high frequency operation, high-power output or very high amplification, such as television transmission, X-ray machines, radar, and microwave ovens.
People who enjoy listening to music on high-quality home stereo systems sometimes buy amplifiers which use vacuum tubes. (
See tube sound).
Musicians who play electric musical instruments such as electric guitar sometimes use vacuum tube amplifiers.
Vacuum fluorescent displays, which are thin vacuum tube displays that display simple information such as numbers, are still fairly common in audio / video equipment and household appliances, although they are being replaced by LED displays.
Several niche applications, such as photomultiplier tubes.
Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16, 1971 - September 13, 1996) was an American rapper and actor who sold many records.
Shakur has sold over 75 million albums worldwide as of 2010.
Shakur began his career as a roadie, backup dancer, and MC for the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground as "MC New York", eventually branching off as a solo artist.
He was born in East Harlem, New York.
Tupac lived in California from age 17.
Tupac went to Baltimore school for Arts, where he found it interesting to read Shakespeare's poems which he got very affected by the beauty of rhyming, choosing the word and expression.
Later in his music career, this experience in school becomes his personality of his own music style.
He was the son of Afeni Shakur, who was a member of the Black Panther party.
She had just been released from jail a month before his birth.
His family was struggling with poverty.
They moved homes often, sometimes they even had to stay in shelters.
On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot several times in a drive-by shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas, Nevada.
He died six days later at the Southern Nevada University Medical Center.
He was also called 2Pac, Pac, Makaveli and also called himself The Don Killuminati.
He also holds the Guinness World Record for the highest selling rap/hip hop artist, selling 165 million worldwide and 43 million in the US alone.
Shakur was convicted of assault and sexual assault in separate incidents.
Soundtrack appearances
A Did not chart on the Hot 100 or Hot R&B/Hip-Hop charts (Billboard rules at the time prevented album cuts from charting).
Chart peak listed here represents Hot 100 Airplay and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay charts data.
1 Double-A-Side in the U.S.
On September 7, 1996, American rapper Tupac Shakur was wounded in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas.
Someone in a Cadillac car drove up to his car and shot him four times.
He died in a hospital on September 13.
The public never found out who killed him.
In 2002, reporter Chuck Phillips wrote in the Los Angeles Times that another rapper called Biggie Smalls (The Notorious B.I.G.) could have paid members of the Crips street gang to kill Shakur and that he could have given them the gun.
2Pac Legacy (official website)
Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation for the Arts
Tupac Legacy Tour
pacside
Tupac Nation
American people convicted of assault
Rap musicians from New York
American sex offenders
Criminals from New York City
Murdered criminals
Unsolved murders in the United States
Skagerrak is a sea in the northern part of Europe between Norway and Denmark.
Skagerrak is a part of the North Sea.
To the east is Kattegat.
Close to the Norwegian coast is a deep trench (700 m), the rest of the sea is shallow.
Oil and gas are produced from rigs in the Skagerrak.
To the north-west is Skagerrak.
Kattegat is connected to the Baltic Sea through the Danish Straits and Belts.
The sea is shallow, and life conditions are threatened by loss of oxygen in the water.
The oxygen loss is caused by pollution.
The pollution originates from farming.
A century ago, the sea was very rich in cod, herring, and salmon, which were important sources of food in the countries around the sea.
Seas
Many big rivers in the surrounding countries drain into the Baltic Sea.
The Baltic Sea is connected to the ocean through the narrow and shallow Danish straits and belts.
For this reason, the water has a low amount of salt, so the northern parts of the sea freeze over in the winter.
The ice can carry cars, and roads are established every winter between the islands in the archipelagos between Sweden and Finland.
For several thousand years, the Baltic Sea has connected the countries at her shores.
For that reason there are many cultural similarities in these countries.
Since all of these countries are European, this sea is also considered European.
Scandinavia is a group of countries in northern Europe.
Scandinavia is Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Some people also think Finland is part of Scandinavia.
Others also say Iceland and the Faroe Islands should count.
Most of the time, "Scandinavia" is used to mean places where people speak Scandinavian languages (also called North Germanic languages or Nordic).
The Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic and Finnish) are very similar to each other, and many Scandinavians understand some of the other languages because they are reasonably similar, expect Finnish because it doesn’t belong to the North Germanic language group.
Scandinavia is also the smallest region in Europe.
What people mean when they say "Scandinavia" depends on what they think is important at the time.
Mostly, when people want to talk about about maps, natural land formations and how the economy works, they say Finland is part of Scandinavia but Iceland isn't.
When people want to talk about history and what languages people speak, they say Iceland is part of Scandinavia but Finland isn't.
The Scandinavian Peninsula is a large peninsula reaching west from northern Europe over the north side of the Baltic Sea.
Norway, Sweden and some of Finland are on this peninsula.
However, Denmark is considered part of Scandinavia in the ethnic sense more often than Finland is.
This is because Danish is a Scandinavian language but Finnish is not.
Some people like to say "Nordic countries" instead of "Scandinavia" because they think it is more correct about geography, but the Nordic countries include Norway, Sweden, Denmark (including the Faroe Islands), Finland, and Iceland.
These five countries use the Nordic Council to work together on political and cultural activities.
Denmark, Sweden, and Finland are also members of the European Union, but only Finland is part of the eurozone, meaning that it uses the Euro as its money.
The other Nordic countries still use their own money, called krone or krona (from the word "crowns").
Norway and Iceland, which are not members of the EU, are members of NATO and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
Only Denmark is a member of both the EU and NATO.
Most of the Scandinavian Peninsula has only a few people in it.
It has large forests of pine, birch, and spruce trees.
The western and northern parts are mountainous; the Scandinavian mountains are some of the oldest in the world.
The tallest mountain is Galdhøpiggen in Norway.
Denmark (43,098 km2) is the smallest of the Scandinavian countries.
It is more densely populated, and most of the land is farmland.
Sweden (449,964 km2) is the largest of the Scandinavian countries.
It has the most lakes, and the landscape ranges from plains in the south to mountains in the west (along the border with Norway) to tundra in the north.
The far north of Scandinavia and Finland is called Lapland, where the Sami people live.
Some of them still herd reindeer, but most Sami live in modern houses and have modern jobs, like other Scandinavians.
The most famous group of Scandinavians is the Vikings of the Middle Ages.
The Vikings attacked and raided but they were also traders, traveling to the Ukraine and starting trade routes to the Middle East.
Vikings from Norway were explorers, crossing the North Atlantic in their longships.
They came to Iceland and Greenland and built towns and farms there.
The Norwegian explorers also came to the east coast of Canada, where they set up at least one settlement, but it did not last into modern times.
The Vikings from Denmark came to England, where they affected the history and politics and even the English language.
Danish raiders attacked England many times with great violence.
Sometimes the Danes would ask that the English pay them to go away.
These payments were called "Danegeld" (Danish gold).
The priests and bishops of churches on the east coast of England wrote a famous prayer: "deliver us, O Lord, from the wrath of the Norsemen!" "
Norsemen" is another way to say "men from the north," or the Danes.
Scandinavians in fiction and theater
Much later, in the 19th century (1800s), Richard Wagner and other artists in the Romantic period made operas and other artwork about ancient Germanic culture.
They liked the Vikings because they were not Greeks or Romans.
They were the first to have the idea of Vikings wearing helmets with wings or horns on them and drinking out of hollowed-out animal horns.
Some ancient Germans wore helmets with horns on them, but real Vikings did not.
Wagner and his partners deliberately dressed the actors in the opera Ring des Nibelungen so they would look like ancient Germans and so the audience would feel like modern Germans came from medieval Vikings.
During the 10th through 13th centuries, when the Christian religion spread through Scandiavia, modern countries started to form there.
They came together into three kingdoms:
These three Scandinavian kingdoms made the Kalmar Union in 1387 under Queen Margaret I of Denmark.
However, in 1523, Sweden left the union.
Because of this, civil war broke out in Denmark and Norway.
Then, the Protestant Reformation happened, and Catholic and Protestant Christians fought each other.
After things settled, the Norwegian Privy Council was abolished: it assembled for the last time in 1537.
Denmark and Norway formed another union in 1536, and it lasted until 1814.
It turned into the three modern countries Denmark, Norway and Iceland.
The borders between Denmark, Sweden and Norway came to the shape they have today in the middle of the seventeenth century: In the 1645 Treaty of Brömsebro, Denmark–Norway gave some territory to Sweden: the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland, Härjedalen and Idre & Särna and the Baltic Sea islands of Gotland and Ösel (in Estonia).
The 1658 Treaty of Roskilde forced Denmark–Norway to give the Danish provinces Scania, Blekinge, Halland, Bornholm, and the Norwegian provinces of Båhuslen and Trøndelag to Sweden.
In 1660, the Treaty of Copenhagen forced Sweden to give Bornholm and Trøndelag back to Denmark–Norway.
Finland used to be part of Sweden in medieval times.
During the wars fought by Napoleon, it became part of Russia.
Regions of Europe
In 1883 a young Belgian called Sylvain de Jong settled in Antwerp, Belgium.
He started a bicycle factory there.
By the end of that century he started producing motorbikes, and after a while automobiles as well.
In 1903 he grounded the NV Minerva Motors' in Berchem (Antwerp).
A certain Charles S Rolls was Minerva dealer in England.
The small 1 cylinder Minervette was there with its 105 Pound, the cheapest automobile.
In the years after the fame of the automobile was rising enormous.
Most important market for the constructor remained however England that took the biggest part of the production, followed by the Netherlands and France.
From 1908 Minerva got a worldwide Knight licence.
The Knight motor was a motor without valves, developed by Charles Y Knight in the United States.
These motors were extremely silent.
The company did well in several automobile racing competitions in Europe.
After worldwar I, during which Sylvain de Jong and his engineers headed to Amsterdam, where they kept on developing parts, they returned to start up the production of luxury automobiles.
The constructors star rose in the United States as well, American filmstars, politicians and industrials liked them cars as well (even Henry Ford had before the WW already one!).
The car had the same qualities as the Rolls Royce, but was a little cheaper.
With the economical crisis in the 30's, the company went bankrupt in 1936.
The remains were taken over by another Belgian constructor named Imperia.
Imperia putted the name Minerva on their automobiles for export to England and France and for the trucks (which Minerva had made before too).
After worldwar II  the company produced Land Rovers under licence for the Belgian army.
Production of these 4Wheel Drives stopped in 1953.
The company struggled for survival and made some Land Rover-like cars till 1956.
But than the constructor diappeared completely.
Minerva Cars
217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated (and succeeded) by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
1093 - The new Winchester Cathedral is dedicated.
1139 - Roger II of Sicily is excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church.
1730 – Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated.
1740 - War of Jenkins' Ear: Three British ships capture the Spanish third-rate HMS Princess.
1742 – The first performance of George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah, in Dublin.
1767 – Ayutthaya kingdom fell to Burmese invaders.
1784 - William Herschel discovers six Galaxies.
1820 – The Venus de Milo is discovered on the Aegean island of Melos.
1832 – Black Hawk War: Around 300 United States 6th Infantry troops leave Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis to fight the Sauk Native Americans.
1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Mansfield - Union General Nathaniel Banks' Red River Campaign is thwarted by Confederate General Richard Taylor's forces at Mansfield, Louisiana.
1866 - Italy and Prussia ally against the Austrian Empire.
1886 - William Ewart Gladstone introduces the first Irish Home Rule Bill into the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
1893 – First recorded college basketball game occurs in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania when the Geneva College Covenanters defeated the New Brighton YMCA.
1899 – Martha Place becomes the first woman to be executed in an electric chair.
1904 – France and the United Kingdom sign the Entente cordiale.
1904 – Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after The New York Times.
1906 - Auguste Deter, the first-recorded Alzheimer's disease patient, dies at the age of 56.
1908 - Harvard University votes to establish the Harvard Business School.
1910 – The Los Angeles Motordome opened near Playa del Rey, California.
1911 - Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity.
1913 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified requiring direct election of Senators.
1916 – In Corona, California, auto racer Bob Burman crashed through a crowd barrier at the last Boulevard Race, killing himself, his mechanic and a track policeman, and badly injuring five spectators.
1918 – World War I: Actors Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin sell war bonds on the streets of New York City's financial district.
1924 - Sharia courts are banned in Turkey, as part of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's reforms.
1929 – Indian independence movement: At Delhi Central Assembly, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw handouts, and bombs in a corridor not to cause injury and courted arrest.
1933 - A majority of voters in Western Australia chooses to secede from Australia in a referendum; the result is not recognised.
1935 – The Works Progress Administration is formed when the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 becomes law.
1942 – World War II: Siege of Leningrad - Soviet Union forces open a much-needed railway link to Leningrad.
1952 – In a radio address to the nation from the White House, President Harry S. Truman calls for the seizure of all steel mills in the United States in order to prevent a nationwide strike.
1953 – Mau Mau leader Jomo Kenyatta is convicted by Kenya's British rulers.
1954 - A Royal Canadian Air Force Canadair Harvard aircraft collides with a Trans-Canada Airlines Canadian North Star aircraft over Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, killing 37 people.
1954 - South African Airways Flight 201 crashes into the sea near Naples, Italy, killing 21 people.
1960 - The Netherlands and West Germany sign an agreement to negotiate the return of German land annexed by the Dutch.
1961 - A large explosion on board the MV Dara in the Persian Gulf kills 238 people.
1967 – In Vienna, Austria, Sandie Shaw wins the twelfth Eurovision Song Contest for the United Kingdom singing "Puppet on a String".
1970 - Israeli bombers strike an Egyptian school, killing 46 children.
1971 – a 6-pound meteorite struck a house on Spring Street in Wethersfield, Connecticut.
1973 - Painter and sculptor Pablo Picasso dies in Mougins, France, at the age of 91.
1974 – At the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, Hank Aaron breaks baseball great's Babe Ruth's record by hitting his 715th home run.
1975 – Frank Robinson of the Cleveland Indians manages his first game as major league baseball's first African American manager.
1975 – Vietnam War: After spending a week in South Vietnam, U.S. Army Chief of Staff Frederick Weyand gives a report to the U.S. Congress that South Vietnam will fall without additional military aid.
1985 – Bhopal disaster: India files suit against Union Carbide for the disaster which killed an estimated 2,000 and injured another 200,000.
1986 – Clint Eastwood is elected mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California receiving 72% of the vote (voter turnout was also doubled over the previous mayoral election).
1987 – Los Angeles Dodgers executive Al Campanis resigns amid great controversy over racially-charged remarks he had made while on Nightline.
1989 – South Africa In Johannesburg, the Progressive Federal Party, Independent party, National Democratic Movement and the force of "Ontevrede Afrikaners" or dissatisfied Afrikaners merged to form the Democratic Party.
1990 – Twin Peaks premieres.
1992 – Retired tennis great Arthur Ashe announces to the world that he has AIDS, acquired from blood transfusions during one of his two heart surgeries.
1993 - The Republic of Macedonia joins the UN.
1994 – The body of Kurt Cobain is discovered in his Washington home.
He was 27 years old.
2000 – A U.S. Marine Corps V-22 Osprey crashes during landing at Marana, Arizona killing 19.
2002 – Ed McMahon files a US$20 million lawsuit against his insurance company and others regarding a toxic mold infecting McMahon's Beverly Hills, California home.
2004 – Darfur conflict: The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and two rebel groups.
2005 – Funeral of Pope John Paul II.
2008 – Yo So-yeon becomes the first Korean woman in space.
2013 - Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher dies aged 87 of complications from a stroke.
2013 - The self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant extremist group is created.
2018 - A suspected chemical attack in Douma, Syria, kills at least 50 people.
2018 - Hungary's general election results in Viktor Orbán winning a third term in office as Prime minister.
563 BC – Gautama Buddha, religious leader (d. 483 BC)
1320 – King Peter I of Portugal (d. 1367)
1533 - Claudio Merulo, Italian composer (d. 1604)
1536 - Barbara of Hesse (d. 1597)
1541 - Michele Mercati, Italian physician (d. 1593)
1605 – King Philip IV of Spain (d. 1665)
1641 - Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (d. 1704)
1692 - Giuseppe Tartini, Italian composer (d. 1770)
1732 - David Rittenhouse, American astronomer, inventor and mathematician (d. 1796)
1761 - William Joseph Chaminade, French priest (d. 1850)
1783 - John Claudius Loudon, Scottish botanist and garden designer (d. 1843)
1793 - Karl Zell, German statesman and philologist (d. 1873)
1798 - Dionysios Solomos, Greek poet (d. 1857)
1815 - Andrew Graham, Irish astronomer (d. 1908)
1818 – King Christian IX of Denmark (d. 1906)
1818 - August Wilhelm von Hofmann, German chemist (d. 1892)
1826 - Pancha Carrasco, Costa Rican soldier (d. 1890)
1827 - Ramon Emeterio Betances, Puerto Rican politician, doctor and diplomat (d. 1898)
1842 – Elizabeth Bacon Custer, wife of George Armstrong Custer (d. 1933)
1859 – Edmund Husserl, Austrian-German philosopher (d. 1938)
1865 – Charles W. Woodworth, Entomologist (d. 1940)
1869 - Harvey Williams Cushing, American neurologist (d. 1939)
1871 - Clarence Hudson White, American photographer (d. 1925)
1872 – Ivan Bloch, physician (d. 1922)
1874 – Stanisław Taczak, Polish general (d. 1960)
1875 – King Albert I of Belgium (d. 1934)
1885 - Dimitrios Levidis, Greek composer (d. 1951)
1888 - Dennis Chavez, American politician (d. 1962)
1889 - Blanche Stuart Scott, American pilot (d. 1970)
1889 – Sir Adrian Boult, English conductor (d. 1983)
1892 – Mary Pickford, Canadian-born actress, studio founder (d. 1979)
1892 - Richard Neutra, Austrian architect (d. 1970)
1898 - Achille Van Acker, 33rd Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1969)
1899 - John Christie, English serial killer (d. 1953)
1902 – Andrew Irvine, British mountaineer (d. 1924)
1904 – Ron Hicks, British economist (d. 1989)
1904 - Yves Congar, French cardinal (d. 1995)
1905 – Helen Joseph, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 1992)
1908 - Hugo Fregonese, Argentine director and screenwriter (d. 1987)
1910 – George Musso, American football player (d. 2000)
1911 – Emil Cioran, Romanian philosopher and essayist (d. 1995)
1911 – Melvin Calvin, American chemist, 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997)
1912 – Sonja Henie, Norwegian Olympic and World Champion figure skater (d. 1969)
1912 - Julian Berrendero, Spanish cyclist (d. 1995)
1912 – Alois Brunner, Austrian Nazi (date of death unknown, possibly 2001, 2009 or 2010)
1913 – Sourou-Migan Apithy, President of Benin (d. 1989)
1914 – María Félix, Mexican actress (d. 2002)
1915 - Ivan Supek, Croatian physicist, philosopher and activist (d. 2007)
1917 - Hubertus Ernst, Dutch bishop (d. 2017)
1917 - Grigori Kuzmin, Russian-Estonian astronomer (d. 1988)
1918 – Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (d. 2011)
1919 – Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (d. 2007)
1919 – Virginia O'Brien, American actress (d. 2001)
1920 - Carmen McRae, American singer, composer, pianist and actress (d. 1994)
1921 – Franco Corelli, Italian tenor (d. 2003)
1923 – Edward Mulhare, Irish actor (d. 1997)
1923 - George Fisher, American cartoonist (d. 2003)
1926 – Jürgen Moltmann, German theologian
1926 – Shecky Greene, American comedian
1926 - Henry N. Cobb, American architect
1926 - Jean-Jacques Pauvert, French publisher and author (d. 2014)
1928 – Leah Rabin, wife of Israeli Premier Yitzhak Rabin (d. 2000)
1929 – Walter Berry, Austrian bass-baritone (d. 2000)
1929 – Jacques Brel, Belgian singer and composer (d. 1978)
1929 - Renzo De Felice, Italian historian (d. 1996)
1930 – Carlos-Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, Spanish aristocrat (d. 2010)
1930 - Miller Williams, American poet (d. 2015)
1931 - John Gavin, American actor and diplomat (d. 2018)
1932 – Iskandar of Johor, 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia (d. 2010)
1932 - József Antall, Hungarian politician (d. 1993)
1933 – Fred Ebb, composer (d. 2004)
1934 - Kisho Kurokawa, Japanese architect (d. 2007)
1938 – Kofi Annan, Ghanaian diplomat, former United Nations Secretary-General (d. 2018)
1938 - John Hamm, Canadian physician and politician, 25th Premier of Nova Scotia
1939 - Edwin Frederick O'Brien, American cardinal
1939 - Manolis Angelopoulos, Greek singer (d. 1989)
1940 – John Havlicek, American basketball player (d. 2019)
1941 – Vivienne Westwood, English fashion designer
1942 - Douglas Trumbull, American director, producer and special effects artist
1943 – Miller Farr, American football player
1943 – Michael Bennett, American dancer, choreographer, theater director (d. 1987)
1943 – Tony Banks, British politician (d. 2006)
1943 - James Herbert, British writer (d. 2013)
1944 - Tariana Turia, New Zealand politician
1944 - Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor (d. 2017)
1946 – Catfish Hunter, American baseball pitcher (d. 1999)
1946 – Tim Thomerson, American actor
1947 – Tom DeLay, American politician
1947 - Steve Howe, English rock guitarist
1947 - Robert Kiyosaki, American author
1947 - Pascal Lamy, French politician
1947 - Larry Norman, American musician (d. 2008)
1948 - Danuta Hübner, Polish politician
1949 – John Madden, director
1949 - Joe Royle, English footballer and manager
1950 – Grzegorz Lato, Polish footballer
1951 – Geir Haarde, former Prime Minister of Iceland
1951 - Joan Sebastian, Mexican singer and actor (d. 2015)
1954 – Gary Carter, American baseball catcher
1955 – Barbara Kingsolver, novelist
1955 – Gerrie Coetzee, South African boxer
1955 - Jim Fleeting, Scottish footballer
1955 - Kane Hodder, American stuntman and actor
1957 – Andrea Ypsilanti, German politician
1960 – John Schneider, actor
1960 - Gordon Chisholm, Scottish footballer and manager
1961 - Brian McDermott, English footballer and manager
1962 – Izzy Stradlin, American musician
1963 – Julian Lennon, English musician and singer
1963 – Alec Stewart, English cricketer
1964 - Dordi Nordby, Norwegian curler
1966 - Charlotte Dawson, New Zealand-Australian television personality (d. 2014)
1966 – Robin Wright, American actress
1966 – Mazinho, Brazilian footballer
1966 - Iveta Bartosova, Czech singer and actress (d. 2014)
1968 – Patricia Arquette, American actress
1968 - Susana Harp, Mexican musician
1970 - Care Santos, Catalan writer
1972 - Lisa Cameron, Scottish politician
1972 – Paul Gray, American musician (Slipknot) (d. 2010)
1972 - Sergei Magnitsky, Russian lawyer (d. 2009)
1973 - Khaled Badra, Tunisian footballer
1973 - Emma Caulfield, American actress
1974 - Holger Hott, Norwegian orienteering competitor
1974 - Nnedi Okorafor, Nigerian-American writer
1975 - Anouk, Dutch singer
1977 – Mark Spencer, computer programmer
1980 – Manuel Ortega, Austrian singer
1980 - Katee Sackhoff, American actress
1981 - Nikolay Kruglov, Jr., Russian biathlete
1981 – Taylor Kitsch, Canadian actor and model
1981 - Kelly Schafer, Scottish curler
1982 - Gennady Golovkin, Kazakhstani boxer
1983 - Allu Arjun, Indian actor
1983 – Edson Braafheid, Dutch footballer
1984 – Taran Noah Smith, American actor
1986 - Erika Sawajiri, Japanese actress and model
1986 - Bridget Kelly, American singer and songwriter
1986 – Igor Akinfeev, Russian footballer
1987 – Royston Drenthe, Dutch footballer
1987 - Dario Vidosic, Australian footballer
1987 - Abdelhamid Abaaoud, Belgian-Moroccan terrorist (d. 2015)
1988 - Jenni Asserholt, Swedish ice hockey player
1989 - Hitomi Takahashi, Japanese actress and singer
1989 - Gabriella Wilde, English actress and model
1990 - Kim Jong-hyun, South Korean singer-songwriter, dancer and actor (d. 2017)
1990 - Karim Bellarabi, German footballer
1991 - Minami Takahashi, Japanese actress and singer
1993 - Trent Sullivan, Australian actor
1999 - Ty Panitz, American actor
2002 - Skai Jackson, American actress
217 – Caracalla, Roman Emperor (b. 188)
622 - Prince Shotoku of Japan (b. 574)
632 - Charibert, Frankish king (b. 607)
956 - Gilbert, Duke of Burgundy
1143 - John II Komnenos, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 1087)
1364 - King John II of France (b. 1319)
1450 - Sejong the Great, King of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (b. 1397)
1461 - Georg Purbach, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1423)
1551 - Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (b. 1510)
1586 - Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran reformer and theologian (b. 1522)
1612 - Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (b. 1575)
1691 - Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1611)
1704 - Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (b. 1641)
1735 - Francis II Rakoczi, Hungarian aristocrat (b. 1676)
1835 - Wilhelm von Humboldt, Prussian statesman (b. 1757)
1848 – Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (b. 1797)
1861 - Elisha Otis, American inventor (b. 1811)
1870 - Charles Auguste de Bériot, Belgian violinist and composer (b. 1802)
1894 - Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Indian author (b. 1838)
1906 – Auguste Deter, first-recorded victim of Alzheimer's disease (b. 1850)
1919 - Lorand Eotvos, Hungarian physicist (b. 1848)
1931 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer (b. 1864)
1936 – Robert Bárány, Austrian doctor, won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1876)
1950 - Vaslav Nijinsky, Polish-Russian ballet dancer and choreographer (b. 1890)
1958 - Ethel Turner, Australian writer (b. 1872)
1962 - Juan Belmonte, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1892)
1973 – Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter and sculptor (b. 1881)
1974 - Ferruccio Novo, Italian football manager (b. 1899)
1978 - Ford Frick, American baseball commissioner (b. 1894)
1981 – Omar Bradley, American general (b. 1893)
1983 - Isamu Kosuga, Japanese actor and director (b. 1904)
1984 – Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist (b. 1894)
1986 - Yukiko Okada, Japanese actress, singer and model (b. 1967)
1990 - Ryan White, American activist (b. 1971)
1992 – Daniel Bovet, Swiss pharmacologist (b. 1907)
1993 – Marian Anderson, American contralto (b. 1897)
1994 – Kurt Cobain, American musician (Nirvana) (b. 1967)
1997 - Laura Nyro, American singer, pianist and composer (b. 1967)
2002 - María Félix, Mexican actress (b. 1914)
2009 – Piotr Morawski, Polish mountaineer (b. 1976)
2010 – Malcolm McLaren, British music manager (b. 1946)
2010 – Abel Muzorewa, Zimbabwean politician (b. 1924)
2012 - Jack Tramiel, Polish-born American entrepreneur and computer pioneer (b. 1928)
2013 - Sara Montiel, Spanish actress and singer (b. 1928)
2013 - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1925)
2013 - Annette Funicello, American actress and singer (b. 1942)
2014 - Karlheinz Deschner, German writer and activist (b. 1924)
2014 - Emmanuel III Delly, Iraqi Patriarch (b. 1927)
2014 - The Ultimate Warrior, American professional wrestler (b. 1959)
2015 - Jayakanthan, Indian Tamil author (b. 1934)
2015 - Jean-Claude Turcotte, Canadian cardinal (b. 1936)
2016 - Mircea Albulescu, Romanian actor and writer (b. 1934)
2016 - Wei Chueh, Taiwanese Buddhist monk (b. 1928)
2016 - Dick Alban, American football player (b. 1929)
2017 - Fishman, Mexican professional wrestler (b. 1951)
2017 - Georgy Grechko, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1931)
2017 - Brian Matthew, English radio and television presenter (b. 1928)
2017 - Donald Sarason, American mathematician (b. 1933)
2018 - Leila Abashidze, Georgian actress, film director and screenwriter (b. 1929)
2018 - Michael Goolaerts, Belgian racing cyclist (b. 1994)
2018 - Juraj Herz, Slovakian film director, actor and screenwriter (b. 1934)
2018 - Chuck McCann, American actor (b. 1934)
2018 - John Miles, British racing driver (b. 1943)
2019 - Josine Ianco-Starrels, Romanian-American art curator (b. 1926)
2019 - Vasily Likhachyov, Russian politician (b. 1952)
2019 - Nadja Regin, Serbian actress (b. 1931)
2020 - Rick May, Canadian-American actor and voice actor (b. 1940)
Buddha's Birthday (Japan)
International Day of the Roma
April 08
Defensor pacis is published by Marsilius of Padua
Emperor Kankan Musa I of the Mali Empire arrives in Cairo on his hajj to Mecca
March 5 – King David II of Scotland (died 1371)
January 8 – Marco Polo, Italian explorer (born 1254)
July 16 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (born 1267)
John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle
Henry II of Jerusalem
Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (born 1270)
He is most famous for his 1959 manual about how to write well in English, The Elements of Style (which was first written by William Strunk Jr. in 1918), and also for his three children's books Stuart Little (1945), Charlotte's Web (1952), and the Trumpet of the Swan (1970).
E.B. White won many awards, including a Pulitzer Prize.
1985 deaths
Writers from New York
People from Mount Vernon, New York
American children's writers
Cornell University alumni
Disease-related deaths in Maine
Raffles Institution is a highly regarded secondary school in Singapore, often considered the best school in the country.
Only boys can go to this school.
It has been performing well in studies and sports.
It was founded in 1823 as Singapore Institution by Sir Stamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore.
It is the school with the longest history in Singapore.
Its name was changed to "Raffles Institution" in 1868.
It has two sections, Raffles Institution and Raffles Institution Junior College.
Sir Stamford Raffles founded Raffles Institution on 5 June 1823, making it the school with the longest history in Singapore.
Raffles Institution was along Bras Basah Road at first, where Raffles City is now.
The school moved to Grange Road in 1973, and then moved to its current location at Bishan in 1990.
The Grange Road campus is now the MOE Teacher's Network.
Schools in Singapore
An archipelago () is a chain or group of islands.
The word archipelago means "chief sea", from Greek arkhon (arkhi-) ("leader") and pelagos ("sea").
Archipelagos are usually found in the open sea; less commonly, a big landmass may neighbor them, an example being Scotland which has more than 700 islands surrounding the mainland.
Many archipelagos are volcanic, forming along mid-ocean ridges or hotspots.
Others are island arcs neighboring an oceanic trench.
Many other processes create archipelagos, including erosion, deposition, and land elevation.
The four biggest countries that are mainly archipelagos are Japan, the Philippines, the United Kingdom and Indonesia (the world's biggest archipelagic country according to the CIA World Factbook).
The biggest archipelago in the world by size is in Northern Canada, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, which is in the Arctic Ocean.
The Baltic states are three countries in Northern Europe to the east of the Baltic Sea and the south of the Gulf of Finland.
They are, from north to south, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
The languages that are spoken in these countries are different: while Lithuanians and Latvians speak Baltic languages (Latvian and Lithuanian), Estonians speak an Uralic language (Estonian).
By their culture and history, the Baltic countries are close to the Nordic countries.
The biggest difference in the history was that the Baltic countries incorporated to the Soviet Union in 1940 (during the Second World War), but not the Nordic countries (with the exception of Karelia, a part of Finland which later joined the Russian SFSR).
The three countries would become republics of the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, and Lithuanian SSR.
All three Baltic states had their freedom back in 1991, when the Soviet Union came to an end.
However, the states all consider the Soviet occupation to be illegal, which has been supported by the United States, European Union, and United Nations.
Today, the Baltic countries are some of the richest and most advanced countries which were part of the Soviet Union.
They became members of the European Union and NATO in 2004, joined the Schengen Area in 2007, and became part of the eurozone by 2015.
Paganism was the religion of Baltic people before most of them took Christianity during the Middle Ages.
Baltic paganism never died out and some people are still pagans.
Topography means the description of shape.
The word comes from Greek:  "place" and   "(I) write".
It is an important part of earth science.
When you talk of the topography of the land, you refer to the landscape features like valleys, hills and mountains, rivers and lakes, or the coastline.
Everything that describes the form of the landscape, is part of the topography.
Topographic maps show topography.
Bornholm is a small, rocky island in the Baltic Sea.
Bornholm is a Danish island.
The island is a popular holiday resort for Scandinavians, Germans and Poles.
Many yachters come here in the summer.
At the end of World War II, the island was "liberated" by the Soviet red army, and held for several months after the German surrender.
The island lies far east of the demarcation line between the allied forces in Europe.
For some time the Soviet presence looked like an occupation.
It was not until April 5th, 1946 that the island at last was free.
But then the Danish government took over and the island is today a Danish colony.
But the struggle for a free island still goes on as it can be seen on this page Free Bornholm
Islands of Denmark
Budapest is the capital and the largest city of Hungary.
It was made as such in 1873.
In that year three towns on the River Danube, namely Buda, Óbuda (Old Buda) and Pest were united.
The city has a population of about 1.7 million people.
Its highest place is János Hill (527 m.)
The history of the city started with Celtic tribes who settled here before 1 AD.
Later Roman empire transformed the first settlements into the Roman town of Aquincum.
The Hungarians arrived in the territory of modern Hungary only in the end of 9th century AD.
Budapest offers a number of historical buildings, baths and parks and is considered a financial hub.
In the city center, we can find the Roman Catholic cathedral, the St. Stephen's Basilica.
The church is a Neo-Renaissance-style cathedral in the 5th district of Budapest.
It is one of the most significant church buildings in Hungary.
The building is named in honor of the Hungarian founding king, St. Stephen (975-1038), whose right hand, the Holy Right, is kept here as a relic.
With a height of 96 meters, it is the fourth-tallest building in the country and the third tallest in the capital after the Parliament and the MOL Campus.
It was the sixth-largest church building in Hungary before 1920.
The former royal palace, the Buda Castle -as part of the Castle District- has been part of Budapest's World Heritage Sites since 1987.
The Gothic-style royal palace was built in the 1300s and lasted until the end of the 1400s.
Due to the Turkish occupation from 1541 to 1686, very serious damage was done to both the castle and the buildings of the Castle District.
In the building of the palace, the National Széchényi Library has been located in the back, decorated with Art Nouveau elements, and the Hungarian National Gallery and the Budapest History Museum are located in the palace.
Also on the Castle Hill, the Matthias Church is a Gothic church with a great historical past.
It was originally built in Romanesque style in 1015, but was destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1241.
The current building was built in the 14th century and underwent a thorough reconstruction in the late 19th century.
After the occupation of Buda, the church was transformed into a mosque, during which the late Gothic frescoes inside the church were destroyed.
After the liberation of Buda, according to the plans of Frigyes Schulek, it was restored to its second, Gothic state.
During the Second World War, it was used as a camp by the Germans and the Soviets during the siege of Budapest.
The Hungarian Parliament Building, also known as the Parliament of Budapest after its location, is the seat of the National Assembly of Hungary, a notable landmark of Hungary, and a popular tourist destination in Budapest.
It is situated on the Kossuth Lajos Square in the Pest side of the city, on the eastern bank of the Danube.
It was designed by Hungarian architect Imre Steindl in neo-Gothic style and opened in 1902.
It has been the largest building in Hungary since its completion, and the third biggest Parliament building in the world.
Further north, the building of the National Police Headquarters (in the common language “Police-Palace”) located in the Árpád Göncz City Center.
Since its completion, its shape and size have been one of the defining buildings of the whole of Budapest in terms of cityscape.
The plans were completed in the 1990s by József Finta and Géza Meichl, and their construction was financed by Postabank collaborating with the Hungarian police.
36,000 cubic meters of concrete and 4.5 thousand tons of rebar were used for the construction.
The headquarters can be divided into two parts, one eight-story and columnar and the other sixteen stories and cylindrical, with police antennas at the top that extend 93 meters high.
In 2007, an unknown person fired at the building with a machine gun.
On the south, in the 10th district of Budapest, located the transmission tower on Száva Street.
With a height of 154 meters, it is the third-tallest structure in Budapest (after the Mount Széchenyi TV mast and the chimney of Óbuda Power Plant).
The tower is well visible from the southern Pest region of the capital, but it can be seen in several lookouts of Buda too.
It was built in 1987, and it is currently owned by Hungarian Telekom.
As a backbone transmitter, it broadcasts digital terrestrial radio (T-DAB +) and digital television channels (DVB-T standard, MinDig TV and mobile phone DVB-H).
Other landmarks in Budapest are the Citadel, the Statue of Liberty, the Millenium Monument, the Zoo, the Hungarian National Museum, the Great Market Hall, the Dohány Street Synagogue and the famous thermal baths (Széchenyi, Szent Gellért, Király).
Budapest is also known for the ruins of Aquincum, the capital city of the Roman Province of Pannonia.
Budapest is mostly surrounded by the M0.
The following motorways connects with the M0:
The M1 goes west towards Vienna and Bratislava;
The M3 goes east towards Debrecen;
The M5 goes southeast towards Szeged;
The M6 goes south towards Pécs;
The M7 goes southwest towards Varaždin.
One national road, the Road 2 goes north towards Banská Bystrica.
Twin cities of Budapest:
Beijing CN
Berlin DE
Florence IT
Fort Worth US
Frankfurt am Main DE
Kraków PL
Lisbon, PT
New York US
Sarajevo BA
Shanghai CN
Skopje MK
Subotica RS
Târgu Mureș RO
Tehran IR
Tel-Aviv IL
Vienna AT
Zagreb HR
Evans, R.J.W. Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Central Europe c.1683–1867 (2008)  online
Herman, Arthur.
What life was like: at Empire's end : Austro-Hungarian Empire 1848–1918 (Time Life, 2000); heavily illustrated.
Kann, Robert A. A History of the Habsburg Empire: 1526–1918 (U of California Press, 1974); highly detailed history; emphasis on ethnicity
Oakes, Elizabeth and Eric Roman.
Austria-Hungary and the successor states: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present (2003)
Ungvary, Krisztian (2006).
The Siege of Budapest: one hundred days in World War II.
ISBN 978-0-300-11985-5.
Molnar, Miklos (2001).
A concise history of Hungary.
Cambridge Concise Histories.
ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4
Budapest Holidays
Budapest tourism info Portal
History of Budapest
Budapest map
WorldFlicks in Budapest: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps
1873 establishments in Europe
Establishments in Hungary
Santa Monica is a beach town in California.
It is next to Los Angeles, California, US.
It was made a city in 1886.
In 2000, there were 88,050 people living there.
Famous people from Santa Monica
Sandy Nelson (d. 2022)
Santa Monica Convention and Visitors Bureau
Santa Monica Chamber of Commerce
Santa Monica Little League
Santa Monica Public Library
A Weekend in Santa Monica – slideshow by The New York Times
Kuwait is the most socially progressive country in the Gulf region.
It has a small and rich economy.
It has about 96 billion barrels of crude oil reserves.
Crude oil reserves are the oil that is still under the ground and has not yet been cleaned up.
Kuwait has 10% of all of the oil reserves in the world.
The country makes a lot of money by selling oil.
This money is almost half of all the money the country makes.
The oil money is also 95% of the money made by selling things to different countries (people call that exports).
Also, the oil money is 80% of the money the government makes.
Kuwait is now talking with oil companies of other countries to make oil fields in the northern part of the country.
Kuwait's weather makes farming hard (too little rain).
Instead of farming, the country catches fish and buys food from other countries.
About 75% of the country's water to drink has to be distilled (have the salt removed) or purchased from other countries.
In 1990, Iraq invaded (brought an army in to fight against) Kuwait.
This started the first Gulf War.
Kuwait's official religion is Islam, although 15% of its population are Christian or Hindu.
Arabic is mostly spoken in Kuwait but English is widespread among Kuwaitis (residents of Kuwait).
Kuwait is one of the few nations that has education for every age.
CDR (per 1000) for 2004	1.9.
Growth Rate(%) for 1992-2002 2.1.
the Total Fertility Rate	for 2002 is 2.7.
Percent population is living in urban in 2003 96.2.Per capita gross national income ($) 2002 612.
Population Density( per square kilometer) in 2000 107.4
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000)for 2005 9.95.
Adult literacy rate (85%) female literacy rate (81%) (2002).
Kuwait is divided into 6 governorates.
The governorates are divided into districts, And the establishment of the governorates of Kuwait dates back to the Emiri Decree No.
6 issued in 1962, which divided Kuwait into three governorates: the Capital Governorate, Hawalli Governorate and Al-Ahmadi Governorate.
The decree clarified the work of the governor, his subordination of the governor to the Ministry of Interior, and his responsibility towards security, provided that the Ministry of Interior issues the necessary decisions to indicate the limits of the governor's jurisdiction.
There have been some changes regarding the governorates of Kuwait, which we summarize as follows:
On November 14, 1979: Some provisions of the administrative division decree were amended so that a fourth governorate, Al-Jahra Governorate, was added.
On October 12, 1988: The first article of the article was amended to divide Kuwait into five governorates by adding Al-Farwaniyah Governorate.
On November 27, 1999: Emiri Decree No.
290 was issued to add a sixth governorate, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Governorate.
Thus, Kuwait has become administratively divided into six governorates, each affiliated with several regions.
Warba Island and Bubiyan Island belong to the Jahra Governorate, while the rest of the islands belong to the Capital Governorate.
Former protectorates
Herbert Buckingham Khaury, better known as Tiny Tim (April 12, 1932–November 30, 1996), was an American singer and musician.
He became popular in the late 1960s due to his appearances on television, and songs played on ukulele with a falsetto voice.
His most famous song was "Tiptoe Through the Tulips".
His best-remembered television appearances were on Laugh-In and The Tonight Show.
His first wedding took place on The Tonight Show in 1969, at host Johnny Carson's suggestion.
Not just a performer, he was also an expert , who studied American music from the earliest days of the United States, and performed many historic songs in his act.
Over time, he used his falsetto voice less, and performed most songs in his natural, baritone voice.
When his popularity as a "" lessened, he performed in small nightclubs and other places, as he had earlier.