the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiologists must come up with a precise and standard definition of what a case is or what a case looks like because that will be used to determine who is a case and who isn't.
Descriptive epidemiology.
Then next step here is to describe the outbreak in terms of time, person, and place (TPP).
Develop a hypothesis.
Epidemiologists must formulate a hypothesis about cause/risk factors of the disease, then evaluate the hypothesis and refine it as needed.
Implement necessary control & preventative measures.
This may include things like social distancing, wearing masks, frequently washing hands, as well as isolation and quarantine.
Communicate research/investigation findings.
Epidemiologists must determine which information is important and how findings will be communicated.
They must also determine who the audience is that needs to know the information (is it something only health care workers need to be on the lookout for or should the general public also be made aware?)
Professions In Epidemiology
Epidemiology is a multidisciplinary subject.
Members in this field mostly includes public health care workers and scientists from related fields such as chemists, biologists, geneticists, and anthropologists.
People in epidemiology may work in hospital and research settings, as well as for federal organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
One particular unit that may be of interest for those pursuing epidemiology is with with Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), a subgroup within the CDC specializing in epidemiology.
Epidemic Intelligence Service officers are field workers who investigate outbreaks in the US and other countries.
Their work aids in understanding causes of outbreaks and quickly stopping spread of diseases from one place to another; notably, they have contributed to helping during various pandemics in the past, such as with smallpox, polio, and Ebola.
Medical Anthropology & Epidemiology
One particular field that has had an impact in epidemiology is anthropology.
In the past, cultural anthropologists have been a very helpful resource in bridging the gap between different countries/cultures and the epidemiological investigators.
They have helped and continues to help with the development and implementation of preventative/control measures in countries in a manner that will not conflict with societal beliefs or values, which may get in the way of treatment or stopping the spread of an outbreak.
In recent years however, medical anthropology in particular has taken on a larger role in the field of epidemiology.
Medical anthropology looks at biological, social, cultural, and linguistic anthropology to understand how these factors influence health and well-being, experience and distribution of illness, as well as prevention of treatment.
As with cultural anthropologists, medical anthropologists have continued to aid in the development of public health policies.
In particular, they have been very helpful in providing a unique perspective on public health discourse.
For example, they investigate how culture affects research studies, are able to pick up on seemingly "irrelevant" yet important small details that an epidemiologist might miss, and they are able to provide qualitative data whereas epidemiology only focuses on quantitative data.
One main thing of importance here is that while epidemiologist has largely ignored cultural factors when looking at the causes of diseases/health conditions, medical anthropology has challenged this notion and contributed to the field by showing how culture and social factors play a big role in people's willingness to follow public health guidelines/interventions or even accept treatment for their illnesses.
Whereas the nature of epidemiological investigations may lead to a reductionist or limited point of view, medical anthropology provides a more holistic view of the problem and examines the issue from different angles to best understand and help the populations in need.
Another critical contribution of medical anthropology has been with regard to critical qualitative data.
While epidemiology is focused mainly on quantitative data and trends in health of the population, medical anthropology provides rich source of information on understanding the population's subjective experiences and providing qualitative data explaining why a particular intervention or treatment may have failed among a particular population.
Their main contributions in recent years have come from modifying and helping develop epidemiological surveys by taking into account word choice and the "social suitability" of questions, so that responses would be more accurate and thereby helping to increase the validity of the questionnaires.
It has also been found that medical anthropologists have played a large role in helping locals better understand the objectives of epidemiologists and thereby helped them become more receptive of their investigations.
In addition to all these, one of the major contributions of medical anthropology has come from its ability to help explain health phenomenon and create and test hypothesis relating to such explanations, in a way that epidemiologists have been unable to due to their strict focus on quantitative data.
In short, while epidemiology is good at understanding numerical patterns and biological causes for disease/health conditions, it is unable to fully explain all the factors that underlie certain diseases/health conditions, and this is a gap that medical anthropology has been able to pick up on and complement by providing rich qualitative data which looks at health and diseases from a holistic perspective.
Some notable mentions of medical anthropologists who have worked and contributed to epidemiology and public health in general include Dr. Jim Kim and Paul Farmer.
Dr. Jim Kim served as the president of the World Bank while Paul Farmer is a physician and medical anthropologists who focuses on infectious diseases and treatment.
Both of these men co-founded the Partners in Health (PIH) program, which provided free health care to the poorest populations in countries like Haiti, Peru, and Rwanda.
Other notable mentions are Amber Wutich and Alexandra Brewis, both of whom are professors and researchers at Arizona State University.
They focus on health impacts caused by resource scarcity, specifically relating to lack of access to clean water in developing countries.
Wutich is a director of the Global Ethnohydrology study which looks at water knowledge and management in ten countries, while Brewis researches the impact of culture on human biology.
Population-based health management
Assess the health states and needs of a target population
Implement and evaluate interventions
Provide care for members of that population
Modern population-based health management is complex.
Epidemiological practice and analysis is a core component.
This task requires the forward looking ability to guide how a health system responds to current health issues, and how a health system can respond to future potential population health issues.
Additional Bibliography
Last JM (2001). "
A dictionary of epidemiology", 4th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5th.
edn (2008), edited by Miquel Porta
Morabia, Alfredo.
2004) A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts.
Basel, Birkhauser Verlag.
Rothman, Kenneth, Sander Greenland and Timothy Lash (2008). "
Modern Epidemiology", 3rd Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ,
Masakatsu Sawa (born 12 January 1983) is a Japanese football player.
|2005||Sporting Cristal||Primera División||5||1||||||||||||||5||1
|2006||Coronel Bolognesi||Primera División||40||11||||||||||||||40||11
|2007||Deportivo Municipal||Primera División||38||10||||||||||||||38||10
|2008||Cienciano||Primera División||21||3||||||||||6||0||27||3
|2008||rowspan="3"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|2009||9||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation is a television network in the Philippines owned by the government.
The studios of the station is located at Broadcast City Capitol Hills Diliman, Quezon City.
Paul-Henri Mathieu (born 12 January 1982 in Strasbourg) is a French tennis player.
He made his ATP tour debut in July 2000, in Kitzbühel.
He won the ATP Newcomer of the Year award for 2002.
French tennis players
Kentaro Kawasaki (born 18 December 1982) is a Japanese football player.
|2001||rowspan="2"|Cerezo Osaka||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2002||Sagawa Express Osaka||Football League||6||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|2003||rowspan="3"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||21||1||3||2||colspan="2"|-||24||3
|2004||14||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|2006||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||4||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|2007||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|2008||rowspan="3"|Kataller Toyama||Football League||13||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||35||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||37||2
|2010||||||||||||||
A pooper-scooper, or poo scoop, is a device or a ‘poo bag’ used by pet owners to pick up an animal's fecal matter from public places and yards.
Such devices often have a bag or bag attachment.
The ‘poop bag’ is usually turned inside out, to carry the feces to a proper disposal area.
The person performing the cleanup might also be called a pooper-scooper.
A number of places, including New York City, have laws telling pet owners to clean up after their pets after the pet has pooped on a sidewalk or any public place, on a floor, wall, stairway or roof of any public or private premises used in common by the public, or on a fence, wall or stairway of a building abutting on a public.
Authorized employees of New York City Departments of Health (including Animal Care & Control), of Sanitation, or of Parks and Recreation can issue tickets.
Pet droppings contaminate the environment with bacteria, parasites and stench.
The droppings are one of the leading sources of E. coli (fecal coliforms) bacterial pollution: one gram of dog feces contains over 20,000,000 E. coli cells.
Coliform bacteria and E. coli are commonly-used field indicators of fecal contamination by animals (including human).
Pet droppings contain eggs of Toxocara canis and Neospora caninum parasitic worms.
In adult dogs infection with T.canis usually asymptomatic but can be fatal in puppies.
T. canis can cause parasitic worm infection and rarely blindness in humans.
N.caninum causes severe losses in livestock breeding.
While an individual animal's deposit of feces will not measurably affect the environment, the cumulative effect of thousands of dogs and cats in a metropolitan area creates serious problems due to contamination of soil and water supplies.
The runoff from neglected pet waste contaminates water, creates health hazards for people, fish, ducks, etc.
The situation is particularly dire in Germany, where an estimated 1400 tonnes of feces are deposited daily on public property.
A citizen commission (2005) overwhelmingly recommended a plan.
DNA samples would be required when pet licenses come up for renewal.
Within a year, a database of some 12,500 registration-required canine residents would be available to sanitation workers with sample-test kits.
Evidence would be submitted to a forensics laboratory where technicians could readily match the waste to its dog.
The prospect of a prompt fine equivalent to $600 US (at 2005 exchange rate) would help assure preventive compliance, as well as cover costs.
|2005||rowspan="6"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|2006||30||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|2007||39||7||0||0||colspan="2"|-||39||7
|2008||J. League 1||19||0||0||0||3||0||22||0
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||46||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||46||3
Guardian.co.uk, Seiya Fujita
Sportspeople from Sapporo
Nishi was born in Sapporo on August 28, 1987.
He joined J2 League club Consadole Sapporo from their youth team in 2006.
Although he could hardly play in the match until 2007, Consadole won the champions in 2007 and was promoted to J1 League.
In 2008, he became a regular player as right midfielder.
However Consadole was finished at the bottom place and was relegated to J2 in a year.
In 2009, he was converted to right side back by manager Nobuhiro Ishizaki.
In 2010, he moved to J1 club Albirex Niigata and played as side back in 1 season.
In 2011, he moved to Kashima Antlers as Atsuto Uchida successor.
He played as side back for the club in 8 seasons.
In 2018, Antlers won the champions in the 2018 AFC Champions League.
In 2019, he moved to Vissel Kobe.
In 2019, Vissel won the champions in the Emperor's Cup which is first major title in the club history.
In 2021, he moved to Urawa Reds.
On June 1, 2011, Nishi debuted for the Japan national team against Peru.
On March 23, 2019, he played in the match for the first time in 8 years against Bolivia.
|2006||rowspan="4"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J2 League||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|2007||5||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||1
|2008||J1 League||27||3||1||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||34||3
|2009||J2 League||41||7||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||42||7
|2010||Albirex Niigata||J1 League||29||1||3||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||38||1
|2011||rowspan="8"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="8"|J1 League||30||1||1||0||0||0||3||0||34||1
|2012||30||1||5||0||10||0||colspan="2"|-||45||1
|2013||29||0||1||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
|2014||23||3||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||26||3
|2015||30||0||1||0||5||0||6||0||42||0
|2016||26||1||3||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||35||1
|2017||30||1||2||1||1||0||6||0||39||2
|2018||23||3||4||1||3||1||6||2||36||7
|2019||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J1 League||29||0||3||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||36||0
|2020||26||1||colspan="2"|-||1||0||6||1||33||2
|2021||Urawa Reds||J1 League||||||||||||||||||||
Heterokonts are mostly algae.
In one stage of their life cycle they have two unequal flagella.
They include both single-celled types and brown algae (seaweeds such as kelp and Sargassum).
They are members of the Kingdom Chromalveolata.
Metastability has slightly different meanings in different fields of knowledge.
The general idea, however, is that something is metastable if it is not changing, yet given a small force ("nudge") it will transition to another, more stable state.
For example, a block is sitting on a slope (an "inclined plane").
It keeps sitting there until it is nudged, or the slope is gently struck, setting up vibrations.
Then the block starts to slide.
At that point it keeps sliding until it reaches the bottom.
The block sitting at the bottom is stable.
The block sitting on the slope but not moving is metastable.
And the block as it is moving is unstable.
A real life example of this is an avalanche of snow.
The avalanche is unstable (the snow is sliding down the mountainside).
When the avalanche is over the snow is stable.
Before the avalanche starts, the snow is metastable, since some small perturbation is enough to cause it to lose what might have seemed to be stability, but in fact was only metastability.
They are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats.
Each cell is around 10-50 μm in size and flattened in shape, with an anterior groove or pocket.
The England women's national football team plays for England in international women's football.
The side has been quite successful of late.
The team has qualified for five World Cups: 1995, 2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019.
In May 2009, it was announced that a number of the England Women's Team would be awarded central contracts, to help the players concentrate on full-time training and playing, without having to fit it around full-time employment.
Seventeen players initially signed contracts.
In 2009, the team reached the European Championships Final, losing 6–2 to Germany.
In 2015, the side had their most impressive achievement to date by finishing in third place in the 2015 World Cup.
Performance in World Cup
Unofficial competitions:
1970: 4th
1971: 5th
1978: 1st round
1984: 1st round
1985: Winner
1988: Winner
FIFA Women's World Cup:
1991: Did not qualify
1995: Quarter-finals
1999: Did not qualify
2003: Did not qualify
2007: Quarter-finals
2011: Quarter-finals
2015: 3rd
Performance in European Championship
1969: 3rd
1979: 4th
European Competition for Women's Football:
1984: Runner-up
1987: 4th
1989: Did not qualify
UEFA Women's Championship:
1991: Quarterfinal
1993: Quarterfinal
1995: Semifinal
1997: Did not qualify
2001: Group Stage
2005: Group Stage
2009: Runner-up
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification
England squad for 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifiers versus Austria and Spain, 25 March and 1 April 2010, announced 10 March 2010.
Players in bold have central contracts.
Recent callups
Fixtures and results, 2009/10
25 August 09 UEFA Women's Euro 2009 Group C match, Lahden Stadion, Lahti (Att: 2,950)
28 August 09 UEFA Women's Euro 2009 Group C match, Finnair Stadium, Helsinki (Att: 1,462)
31 August 09 UEFA Women's Euro 2009 Group C match, Veritas Stadion, Turku (Att: 6,142)
3 September 09 UEFA Women's Euro 2009 Quarter-final, Veritas Stadion, Turku (Att: 7,247)
6 September 09 UEFA Women's Euro 2009 Semi-final, Ratina Stadion, Tampere (Att: 4,621)
10 September 09 UEFA Women's Euro 2009 Final, Olympic Stadium, Helsinki (Att: 15,877)
25 October 09 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifier, Bloomfield Road, Blackpool
26 November 09 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifier, Buca Arena, İzmir
24 February 10 Cyprus Cup International Friendly Tournament, Larnaca, Cyprus
27 February 10 Cyprus Cup International Friendly Tournament, Larnaca, Cyprus
1 March 10 Cyprus Cup International Friendly Tournament, Larnaca, Cyprus
3 March 10 Cyprus Cup International Friendly Tournament, Nicosia, Cyprus
25 March 10 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifier, Loftus Road, London
1 April 10 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifier, The New Den, London
20 May 10 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifier
19 June 10 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifier
29 July 10 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifier
21 August 10 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifier
England men's national football team
Euro2005.net's look on the team
femaleSOCCER.net's England Women page
Umbro England Women's Kit Manufacturer
'Three Lions on her Shirt' - new book on the England women's team
englandfc.com - past results
European women's national association football teams
The Planck constant (Planck's constant) says how much the energy of a photon increases, when the frequency of its electromagnetic wave increases by 1 (In SI Units).
It is named after the physicist Max Planck.
The Planck constant is a fundamental physical constant.
It is written as h.
The Planck constant has dimensions of physical action: energy multiplied by time, or momentum multiplied by distance.
In SI units, the Planck constant is expressed in joule seconds (J⋅s) or (N⋅m⋅s) or (kg⋅m2⋅s−1).
In SI Units the Planck constant is exactly  J·s (by definition).
Scientists have used this quantity to calculate measurements like the Planck length and the Planck time.
Planck h=WL= Wb/2P 4C/3X=2WbC/3XP.
Magnetron W=Wb/2P
Electron L=4C/3X = 25e/3 =(13U1d)
Between 1670 and 1900 scientists discussed the nature of light.
Some scientists believed that light consisted of many millions of tiny particles.
Other scientists believed that light was a wave.
Light: waves or particles?
In 1678, Christiaan Huygens wrote the book Traité de la lumiere ("Treatise on light").
He believed that light was made up of waves.
He said that light could not be made up of particles because light from two beams do not bounce off each other.
In 1672, Isaac Newton wrote the book Opticks.
He believed that light was made up of red, yellow and blue particles which he called corpusles.
Newton explained this by his "two prism experiment".
The first prism broke light up into different colours.
The second prism merged these colours back into white light.
During the 18th century, Newton's theory was given the most attention.
In 1803, Thomas Young described the "double-slit experiment".
In this experiment, light going through two narrow slits interferes with itself.
This causes a pattern which shows that light is made up of waves.
For the rest of the nineteenth century, the wave theory of light was given the most attention.
In the 1860s, James Clerk Maxwell developed equations that described electromagnetic radiation as waves.
The theory of electromagnetic radiation treats light, radio waves, microwaves and many other types of wave as the same thing except that they have different wavelengths.
The wavelength of the light we can see with our eyes is roughly between 400 and 600 nm.
The wavelength of radio waves varies from 10 m to 1500 m and the wavelength of microwaves is about 2 cm.
In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light.
The frequency of the electromagnetic wave is given by:
Black body radiators
All warm things give off thermal radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation.
For most things on Earth this radiation is in the infra-red range, but something very hot (1000 °C or more), gives off visible radiation, that is, light.
In the late 1800's many scientists studied the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from black-body radiators at different temperatures.
Rayleigh-Jeans Law
Lord Rayleigh first published the basics of the Rayleigh-Jeans law in 1900.
The theory was based on the Kinetic theory of gasses.
Sir James Jeans published a more complete theory in 1905.
The law relates the quantity and wavelength of electromagnetic energy given off by a black body radiator at different temperatures.
The equation describing this is:
For long-wavelength radiation, the results predicted by this equation corresponded well with practical results obtained in a laboratory.
However, for short wavelengths (ultraviolet light) the difference between theory and practice were so large that it earned the nickname "the ultra-violet catastrophe".
Planck's Law
in 1895 Wien published the results of his studies into the radiation from a black body.
His formula was:
In 1900 Max Planck published the results of his studies.
He tried to develop an expression for black-body radiation expressed in terms of wavelength by assuming that radiation consisted of small quanta and then to see what happened if the quanta were made infinitely small. (
This is a standard mathematical approach).
The expression was:
He calculated h and k and found that
h =  erg·sec.
k =  erg·deg-1.
The values are close to the modern day accepted values of  and  respectively.
The Planck law agrees well with the experimental data, but its full significance was only appreciated several years later.
Quantum theory of light
It turns out that electrons are dislodged by the photoelectric effect if light reaches  a threshold frequency.
Below this no electrons can be emitted from the metal.
In 1905 Albert Einstein published a paper explaining the effect.
Einstein proposed that a beam of light is not a wave propagating through space, but rather a collection of discrete wave packets (photons), each with energy.
Einstein said that the effect was due to a photon striking an electron.
This demonstrated the particle nature of light.
Einstein also found that electromagnetic radiation with a long wavelength had no effect.
Einstein said that this was because the "particles" did not have enough energy to disturb the electrons.
Planck suggested that the energy of each photon was related to the photon frequency by the Planck constant.
This could be written mathematically as:
Planck received the Nobel Prize in 1918 in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta.
In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for linking the Planck constant to the photoelectric effect.
The Planck constant is of importance in many applications.
A few are listed below.
Bohr model of the atom
In 1913 Niels Bohr published the Bohr model of the structure of an atom.
Bohr said that the angular momentum of the electrons going around the nucleus can only have certain values.
These values are given by the equation
L = angular momentum associated with a level.
n = positive integer.
h = Planck constant.
The Bohr model of the atom can be used to calculate the energy of electrons at each level.
Electrons will normally fill up the lowest numbered states of an atom.
If the atom receives energy from, for example, an electric current, electrons will be excited into a higher state.
The electrons will then drop back to a lower state and will lose their extra energy by giving off a photon.
Because the energy levels have specific values, the photons will have specific energy levels.
Light emitted in this way can be split into different colours using a prism.
Each element has its own pattern.
The pattern for neon is shown alongside.
In 1927 Werner Heisenberg published the uncertainty principle.
The principle states that it is not possible to make a measurement without disturbing the thing being measured.
It also puts a limit on the minimum disturbance caused by making a measurement.
In the macroscopic world these disturbances make very little difference.
For example, if the temperature of a flask of liquid is measured, the thermometer will absorb a small amount of energy as it heats up.
This will cause a small error in the final reading, but this error is small and not important.
In quantum mechanics things are different.
Some measurements are made by looking at the pattern of scattered photons.
One such example is Compton scattering.
If both the position and momentum of a particle is being measured, the uncertainty principle states that there is a trade-off between the accuracy with which the momentum is measured and the accuracy with which the position is measured.
The equation that describes this trade-off is:
Δp = uncertainty in momentum.
Δx = uncertainty in position.
Colour of light emitting diodes
In the electric circuit shown on the right, the voltage drop across the light emitting diode (LED) depends on the material of the LED.
For silicon diodes the drop is 0.6 V. However for LEDs it is between 1.8 V and 2.7 V. This information enables a user to calculate the Planck constant.
Qe is the charge on one electron.
VL is the voltage drop across the LED.
When the electron decays back again, it emits one photon of light.
The energy of the photon is given by
the same equation used in the photoelectric effect.
If these equations are combined, the wavelength of light and the voltage are related by
Value of the Planck constant and the kilogram redefinition
Since its discovery, measurements of h have become much better.
Planck first quoted the value of h to be  erg·sec.
This value is within 5% of the current value.
As of 3 March 2014, the best measurements of h in SI units is  J·s.
The equivalent figure in cgs units is  erg·sec.
The relative uncertainty of h is .
The reduced Planck constant (ħ) is a value that is sometimes used in quantum mechanics.
It is defined by
Planck units are sometimes used in quantum mechanics instead of SI.
In this system the reduced Planck constant has a value of 1, so the value of the Planck constant is 2π.
Plancks constant can now be measured with very high precision.
This has caused the BIPM to consider a new definition for the kilogram.
The international prototype kilogram is no longer used to define the kilogram.
Instead the BIPM defines the Planck constant to have an exact value.
Scientists use this value and the definitions of the metre and the second to define the kilogram.
Value of Theoretical Planck constant
Here,  is the permeability of free space,  is the speed of light,  is the electric charge of electron,  is the Bohr's radius, and  is the frequency of revolution of the electron in a hydrogen atom .
When these constant values are substituted to the theoretical Planck constant, the theoretical Planck constant value is exactly equal to the experimental value.
The Planck's constant elementary formula in terms of proton-to-electron mass ratio, the charge of electron, speed of light and vacuum permittivity is derived in.
It is expressed as follows:
where  is the elementary charge of an electron,  the mass of a proton, the mass of an electron,   the vacuum permittivity, and  the speed of light.
Sebastian Newbold Coe, Baron Coe CH KBE (born 29 September 1956, and often nicknamed "Seb Coe") is a former athlete and politician from the United Kingdom.
A middle distance runner, Coe won the 1500 m gold medal at the Olympic Games in 1980 and 1984, and set eight outdoor and three indoor world records.
He is widely considered to be amongst the greatest middle distance runners of all time.
Following his retirement from athletics, he served as a Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party from 1992-97.
He became a life peer in 2000.
He is the head of the London bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics.
After the International Olympic Committee awarded the games to London, he became the chairman of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games.
In 2007, he was also elected a vice-president of the International Association of Athletics Federations.
Coe was born in Hammersmith, London.
He grew up in Warwickshire and Sheffield.
His mother, Tina Angela Coe, died in Hammersmith and Fulham, London, in 2005, aged 75.
His mother was half Indian, born to a Punjabi father Sardari Lal and an English mother Vera.
His father, Peter Coe (born Percy N. Coe in Kingston upon Thames), died on 9 August 2008, aged 88, while Coe was in Beijing.
Coe married Nicky McIrvine, a former Badminton three-day-event champion, in Surrey, in 1990.
They have two sons and two daughters, all of whom were born in Surrey:
Madeline Rose Coe (8 July 1992–)
Harry Sebastian Newbold Coe (29 September 1994–)
Peter Henry Christopher Coe (31 May 1996–)
Alice India Violet Coe (25 September 1998–)
The marriage ended in divorce in 2002 after twelve years and Coe moved out of the family home.
Coe married Carole Annett in summer 2011.
On 12 February 2010, Coe was the 19th runner on the 106th day of the Vancouver Olympic Torch Relay.
Coe's leg was along the Stanley Park Seawall, and he exchanged a "torch kiss" with the previous runner, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and the next runner, a 19 year old member of the Squamish community.
Coe was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1982 and an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1990.
He was created a life peer in 2000 as Baron Coe, of Ranmore in the County of Surrey.
In December 2005, Coe was given a Special award at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year awards ceremony.
He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2006 New Year's Honours List for services to sport.
Styles and honours
Mr Sebastian Coe (1956–1982)
Mr Sebastian Coe MBE (1982–1990)
Mr Sebastian Coe OBE (1990–1992)
Mr Sebastian Coe OBE MP (1992–1997)
Mr Sebastian Coe OBE (1997–2000)
The Lord Coe OBE (2000–2006)
The Lord Coe KBE (2006–)
Steve Ovett
Steve Cram
Middle distance track event
Sebastian Coe's foreword to 'Running the Race', biography of Olympic champion Eric Liddell
Sebastian Coe's entries on the official blog of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games
Sebastian Coe Profile: Made In Sheffield
Guardian profile of Sebastian Coe
Article by Sebastian Coe about his amazing rise to fame in 1979, The Daily Telegraph, 11 August 2009, Accessed 11 August 2009.
Sebastian Coe has revamped London's bid for the 2012 Olympics
Sebastian Coe promises Olympics to remember
Sebastian Coe greatest race: the 2012 Olympics
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Theme restaurants are.restaurants in which the idea for the restaurant takes priority.
It influences the architecture, food, music, and overall "feel" of the restaurant.
The food usually takes a backseat to the presentation of the theme.
These restaurants generally attract customers only because of the theme itself.
One example is the Rainforest Cafe restaurants which have the obvious theme of a "Tropical Rainforest".
The Jekyll & Hyde Club has an atmosphere of Jack the Ripper and Victorian horror novels.
One strange but famous theme restaurant in Berlin, Germany is called "das Klo" (German for "The toilet").
It shows the insides of a toilet.
Many people consider the Rainforest Cafe to be biggest example of a theme restaurant.
They also consider it the restaurant which kicked off the theme restaurant trend.
Theme restaurants may be experiencing a decline in popularity, given the closings of several Planet Hollywood, Jekyll & Hyde Club, and Wilderness Cafe locations in recent years.
Theme restaurants often depend on tourist business, since the theme soon becomes stale to locals.
The focus is not necessarily placed on good food and service.
Certain tourist destinations such as the Mall of America or Orlando, Florida have better chances of supporting theme restaurants.
Theme restaurants are generally common at theme parks, such as Universal Studios.
Some well-known theme restaurants
Dolly Parton's Dixie Stampede:American Patriotic
Ed Debevic's: 50s Diner
Johnny Rockets: 50s Diner
Hard Rock Cafe: Rock music
Jekyll & Hyde Club: Victorian English Horror
Medieval Times: Medieval
Planet Hollywood: Movie stars
Rainforest Cafe: Jungle Rainforest
ESPN Zone: Sports Bar
Bubba Gump Shrimp Company: The film Forrest Gump
John Laing plc is a British developer and operator of privately financed, public sector infrastructure projects such as roads, railways, hospitals and schools.
Before being bought by Henderson Private Equity in December 2006, John Laing plc was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was part of the FTSE 250 Index.
The business started in 1848.
James Laing (born in 1816), along with his wife Ann Graham, and some employees whom they had hired, built a house on a plot of land that they had bought for £30 in Cumberland.
The £150 proceeds from the first house financed the building of the next two houses on the same plot of land.
One of these houses was kept by the Laing Family to live in.
The family and the business later moved near Carlisle.
When James Laing died in 1882, his son, John Laing (born in 1842) took over the running of the company.
John began to take larger contracts but kept the business in the Carlisle area.
John's son, John William Laing, (born in 1879) was working for the business before he was 20 years old, and so it became John Laing and Son.
By 1910, John William Laing was running the business.
More employees were recruited and larger projects were undertaken, including factory construction.
John Laing & Sons (Holdings) Ltd was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1952.
The family and its trusts and charities held the majority of the shares.
By this time, the number of employees was around 10,000, and every site had a quality supervisor.
John William Laing retired in 1957.
Under William Kirby Laing and James Maurice Laing, the company continued to expand.
They gained contracts for power stations.
They also worked on road construction while continuing to build houses.
In 1985, Martin Laing, of the sixth generation of the founding family, became chairman.
Home construction in the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Spain, and California was now one of the major sources of the company's growth.
In 1999 John Laing plc purchased a controlling interest in the Chiltern Rail franchise and by 2002 had structured itself into two main divisions, namely Homes and Investments.
It underwent yet another change when Sir Martin Laing retired in early 2002.
Bill Forrester took over as executive chairman.
For the first time in its history Laing did not have a member of the founding family at the head of the company.
The business expanded rapidly in the late 1990s, such that for the year ended 31 December 2001 its turnover was in excess of £1 billion.
Following significant losses on certain construction contracts it adopted a new policy of having the PPP / PFI businesses, in which it had been quite successful, as core activities.
As a consequence it disposed of its construction division, which was sold to O'Rourke in 2001, its property developments divisions, which were sold to Kier Group, and its house building arm which was sold to George Wimpey in 2002.
The Laing Rail division - operators of Chiltern Railways and London Overground (with MTR Corporation), and holders of a stake in the open-access railway operator Wrexham & Shropshire - was put up for sale by in September 2007.
The division was purchased by German rail operator Deutsche Bahn in January 2008, subject to approval by authorities.
In June 2008 John Laing formed a consortium with Hitachi and Barclays Private Equity called Agility Trains to bid for the contract to design, manufacture, and maintain a fleet of long-distance trains for the Intercity Express Programme.
The bid was successful and the contract was awarded to the consortium on the 12 February 2009.
Current operations
Former operations
Laing Construction
The subsidiary Laing Rail owned and operated Chiltern Railways and was joint operator of London Overground (with MTR Corporation) and Wrexham & Shropshire (with Renaissance Trains).
In 2008 Laing Rail was sold to Deutsche Bahn.
Yahoo profile
Christian Dannemann Eriksen (born 14 February 1992) is a Danish footballer who plays for the Italian club Inter Milan and the Denmark national team as an midfielder.
He made his debut for the Denmark national team in March 2010, and was the youngest player of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.
In 2011, Eriksen was named Danish Football Player of the Year, Dutch Football Talent of the Year, Ajax Talent of the Year (Marco van Basten Award), and made the UEFA Euro U-21 Team of the Tournament.
He won the Eredivisie with Ajax in 2010–11, 2011–12, and in 2012–13 before signing with Tottenham Hotspur in August 2013.
He won the Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year award for the 2013–14 season and in 2015, he won the Danish Football Player of the Year award for the second year in a row.
Early career in Middelfart and Odense
Eriksen started playing football in his hometown Middelfart before his third birthday.
In 2005 he switched to Odense Boldklub, who competed in the Danish youth championships.
His team lost the semi-final against Brøndby IF, but afterwards he was named "Best Technical Player" of the tournament.
The following year OB won the tournament, when Eriksen scored the only goal in the final.
After some good performances for OB's U-16 team and later on U-19 team and the Danish U-17 team, major European football clubs including Chelsea and Barcelona began to take notice.
The player had trials with Barcelona, Chelsea, Real Madrid, Manchester United and Milan, but finally decided to move to Ajax, stating "My first step should not be too big.
I knew that playing in the Netherlands would be very good for my development.
Then Ajax arrived and that was a fantastic option".
Youth & entrance in the first squad
On 17 October 2008 it was announced that Eriksen had signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Amsterdam-based Ajax.
The transfer fee received by OB was estimated at €1 million (£847,199).
He worked his way through the youth teams, and was promoted to the first team squad in January 2010, where he was given the number 51 shirt.
Within the month, he made his first team debut for the Dutch team in the Eredivisie on 17 January 2010 against NAC Breda.
Ajax manager Martin Jol compared him to the likes of Ajax youth products Wesley Sneijder and Rafael van der Vaart and described him as a good reader of the game in the traditional "number 10" role like the two Dutch internationals and Danish legend Michael Laudrup, who also played for Ajax.
On 25 March 2010 he scored his first goal for Ajax in a 6–0 win against opponent Go Ahead Eagles in the Dutch Cup.
On 10 April 2010, Eriksen extended his contract with Ajax until the summer of 2014, stating "I can still learn a lot here, I'm not finished yet and I hope I can mean a lot for the club."
On 6 May 2010, Eriksen played in the second match of the final of the 2009–10 Dutch Cup as Ajax beat Feyenoord 1–4, with 1–6 on aggregate.
At the end of his first professional season at Ajax, Eriksen had played 21 competitive matches, scoring one goal, and had made his international debut for Denmark.
For his second season in the first team of Ajax, Eriksen was given the number 8 shirt.
Breakthrough season
Eriksen started the 2010–11 season well, scoring his first Ajax league goal on 29 August 2010 in an away victory over De Graafschap.
On 11 November 2010, Eriksen scored his first goal at the Amsterdam ArenA a 3–0 Cup victory over BV Veendam.
In December, Eriksen was named Danish "Talent of the Year".
Several days after receiving this award, Eriksen once again proved his value to Ajax by scoring the only goal in a 0–1 away league victory over Vitesse.
On 17 February 2011, Eriksen scored his first goal in a European tournament, the Ajax goal to 2–0, when Ajax beat Anderlecht 3–0 in the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League.
On 13 March 2011, Eriksen scored a solo goal, running from the half way line to finish it off with a strike to secure a 3–1 win over Willem II.
During the rest of the season, Eriksen became more and more important for Ajax, due to his growing capabilities as the team's playmaker, providing many assists.
After a good season during which he developed himself into an undisputed starter in the side that won the 2010–11 Eredivisie (Ajax's first Eredivisie title in seven years), he was named Ajax's Talent of the Year.
On 23 May 2011 he was named Dutch Football Talent of the Year, the second Danish player to win the award since Jon Dahl Tomasson in 1996.
He was elected by a jury under command of Holland's all-time best player Johan Cruyff. "
He's a player I really like with all my heart," Cruyff praised Eriksen. "
This prize is just the beginning, a stimulus to get the maximum out of his career.
The talent is there, the recognition also; now it is up to the player himself.
He is a typical product of the Danish school.
You can compare him with Brian and Michael Laudrup.
Only time will tell if Eriksen can reach the same level as them.".
Rising influence in the squad
On 18 October 2011, Eriksen scored his first goal in the UEFA Champions League when Ajax beat Dinamo Zagreb 2–0 in the group stage, making him the 2nd youngest player to score in the 2011–12 season.
In the second match versus Dinamo Zagreb on 2 November he provided assists to Gregory van der Wiel and Siem de Jong as well as being involved with the third goal, as Ajax cruised to a 4–0 victory.
He was named Danish Football Player of the Year on 7 November after helping Ajax win the Eredivisie the previous year and guiding the national team to a successful Euro 2012 qualification campaign, after receiving the award Eriksen said, "I am extremely honoured to be standing here tonight.
I did not expect it, it really means a lot to me.
I would like to thank my team-mates in the national team as well as my team-mates at Ajax".
Following the success of Eriksen's third consecutive Eredivisie title in the 2012–13 season, he opted not to renew his contract with Ajax, and with one year still remaining on his current contract he was permitted to search for a new club.
Having come to terms with Tottenham Hotspur in England, Eriksen left Ajax having appeared in 113 league matches, scoring 25 goals and 41 assists.
He played in 16 matches for the KNVB Cup, scoring four goals and making four assists.
He made 30 appearances on the continental stage for Ajax, scoring three goals, and making 9 assists all together.
Having also competed in the Johan Cruijff Shield three years in a row.
On 30 August 2013, Tottenham Hotspur announced that they had completed the transfer of Eriksen from Ajax, in a deal believed to be worth £11 million (€13.5 million), after Eriksen passed a medical at the club.
Eriksen joined the club on the same day as Erik Lamela, who joined from Roma, and Vlad Chiricheș, who joined from Steaua București, and took the club's total spending for the 2013 summer transfer window to £109.5 million.
On 14 September 2013, he made his Premier League debut against Norwich City, providing an assist for Gylfi Sigurðsson.
Spurs manager André Villas-Boas commented: "It was a great debut for Christian, he is a pure number 10, a creative player and his individual quality made all the difference."
On 19 September 2013, Eriksen "clipped a wonderful dipping shot" over the goalkeeper to score his first Tottenham goal and complete a 3–0 win over Tromsø IL in the Europa League.
He added to his Tottenham goal tally with a goal from a free kick in a 1–1 draw against West Bromwich Albion on Boxing Day 2013, and the second goal in Spurs''' 2–1 win against Manchester United on 1 January 2014.
On 23 March, after goals from Jay Rodriguez and Adam Lallana had given Southampton a 2–0 lead against Tottenham at White Hart Lane, Eriksen scored twice to level the score and assisted Gylfi Sigurðsson to score the winning goal.
On 12 April 2014, he scored a stoppage-time equalizer as Spurs came from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 at West Bromwich Albion.
By the end of the season, Eriksen had scored 7 goals in the Premier League.
Throughout the 2014/15 campaign, Eriksen played an integral part in many Spurs victories.
The Danish international had a habit of scoring late winners, most notably against Swansea City, Sunderland, Hull City and many others.
On 28 January 2015, Eriksen completed his greatest performance of the campaign in the Capital One Cup semi-final second leg against Sheffield United to send Tottenham into the League Cup Final.
His first goal, a 30-yard curling free kick, was plauded by the likes of Michael Owen and Gary Neville among others on Twitter.
Despite a late threat from the Blades, Eriksen then scored a second late-on to send Spurs to Wembley.
Eriksen completed the 2014/15 campaign having featured in every Premier League game for Mauricio Pochettino.
The Dane became the third Spurs player to reach double figures in the league, alongside Nacer Chadli and Harry Kane, scoring 10 goals.
On 9 June 2015, Eriksen confirmed to Danish media whilst on international duty that he would stay at Tottenham for the foreseeable future.
Eriksen was quoted as saying: "I feel right at home at Tottenham and I haven't thought about leaving yet."
Youth squads
Eriksen was called up to the Denmark national under-17 football team in July 2007, and impressed in his debut for the team on 31 July.
In 2008, he scored 9 goals in 16 games for the U-17s, and was named Danish U-17 Talent of the Year by the Danish FA.
He was also one of four nominees for the 2008 Danish Talent of the Year award, which was won by Mathias Jørgensen.
He played 27 games for the under-17 team until February 2009.
He played a total of 8 games for the Denmark U-18 and Denmark U-19 teams during 2009.
Eriksen was also called up for the Danish U-21 squad to the European championship in Denmark in 2011, the Danish team only participated in the group stage and Eriksen scored a goal against Belarus.
Senior squad
On 28 May 2010, Denmark coach Morten Olsen announced that Eriksen would be part of the final squad of 23 participating in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.
He was the youngest player participating in the tournament.
At the World Cup, Eriksen played two matches, against the Netherlands and Japan, but Denmark were unable to progress beyond the group stage.
On 9 February 2011, in a 1–2 friendly loss at home against England, Eriksen was named Man of the Match, and was praised for his performance by a number of prominent footballing figures, including Chelsea star Frank Lampard, Man Utd star Rio Ferdinand (on Twitter), manager Morten Olsen and several media experts in Denmark and England.
On 4 June 2011 Eriksen scored his first national team goal, to give Denmark a 2–0 lead over Iceland in their Euro 2012 qualifier.
In doing so, he became the youngest Danish player ever to score a goal in European qualification, being 9 days younger than Michael Laudrup when he scored his first goal in 1983.
In 2012, Eriksen signed a sponsorship kit deal with American sportswear and equipment supplier, Nike.
He appeared in an advert for the new Nike Green Speed II alongside Raheem Sterling, Stephan El Shaarawy, Mario Götze, Eden Hazard and Theo Walcott in November 2012.
1 Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League matches.
2 Includes Johan Cruijff Shield matches.
"Scores and results table.
Denmark's goal tally first:
Eredivisie (3): 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13
KNVB Cup (1): 2009–10
Johan Cruijff Shield (1): 2013
AFC Ajax Talent of the Future (1): 2010
AFC Ajax Talent of the Year (1): 2011