the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Supreme Council of the IRB, which was informed in detail about the Treaty negotiations voted unanimously (without exceptions) to accept the Treaty.
The only exception was the later COS of the IRA Liam Lynch.
Provisional Government
First, Éamon de Valera, President of  the Irish Republic until 9 January, had been unhappy that Collins had signed any deal without his and his cabinet's authorisation.
Second, the contents of the Treaty were bitterly disputed.
De Valera and many other members of the republican movement did not want Ireland to be a dominion of the British Empire.
They did not like the symbolism of having to give a statement of faithfulness to the British king.
The dividing of Ireland between the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland was not as controversial.
One of the main reasons for this was that Collins was secretly planning to launch a guerrilla war against the Northern State.
In the early months of 1922, he had sent IRA units to the border, and arms and money to the northern units.
In May–June 1922, he and IRA Chief of Staff Liam Lynch organised an attack of both pro- and anti-treaty IRA units along the new border.
This offensive was officially called off under British pressure on 3 June and Collins issued a statement that "no troops from the 26 counties, either those under official control [pro-treaty] or those attached to the [IRA] Executive [anti-treaty] should be permitted to invade the six county area."
The new Provisional Government () was formed under Collins, who became "President of the Provisional Government of Southern Ireland" (i.e., Prime Minister).
He also remained Minister for Finance of Griffith's republican administration after de Valera stepped down.
In the months leading up to the outbreak of civil war in June 1922, Collins tried to heal the split in the nationalist movement and prevent civil war.
De Valera, having opposed the Treaty in the Dáil, withdrew from the assembly with his supporters.
Collins secured a compromise, "The Collins/De Valera Pact", whereby the two factions of Sinn Féin, pro- and anti-Treaty, would fight the soon-to-be Free State's first election jointly and form a coalition government afterwards.
This Pact was agreed without Griffith's knowledge and he opposed it as a potential betrayal of the Treaty.
For a time it appeared that a split would occur in the pro-Treaty ranks but Griffith relented realizing that Collins held all the power.
His friendship with Collins did not survive. [
ANTHONY J. JORDAN IN "ARTHUR GRIFFITH with James Joyce & WB Yeats - Liberating Ireland".
Westport Books.
173–5 & 188-189.]
To try and find a compromise, Collins proposed that the Free State would have a republican constitution, with no mention of the British king.
However, the British did not sign the proposed republican constitution.
They argued they had signed the Treaty in good faith and its terms could not be changed so quickly.
On 14 April 1922, a group of 200 anti-Treaty IRA men occupied the Four Courts in Dublin in defiance of the Provisional government.
Collins, who wanted to avoid civil war at all costs, did not attack them until June 1922, when British pressure also forced his hand.
After a final attempt to persuade the men to leave, Collins borrowed two 18 pounder artillery pieces from the British and bombarded the Four Courts until the men surrendered.
Under Collins' supervision, the Free State rapidly took control of the capital.
In July 1922, anti-Treaty forces held the southern province of Munster and several other areas of the country.
De Valera and the other anti-Treaty TDs supported the anti-Treaty IRA.
By mid-1922, Collins no longer really worked as Chairman of the Provisional Government.
He became the Commander-in-Chief of the National Army, a formal uniformed army that formed around the pro-Treaty IRA.
Collins, along with Richard Mulcahy and Eoin O'Duffy decided on a series of seaborne landings into republican held areas.
They re-took Munster and the west in July–August 1922.
As part of this offensive, Collins travelled to his native Cork.
This was against the advice of his companions, and despite suffering from stomach ache and depression.
Collins is said to have told his comrades that "They wouldn't shoot me in my own county".
He recorded his plan for peace in his diary: Republicans must "accept the People's Verdict" on the Treaty, but could then "go home without their arms (guns).
We don't ask for any surrender of their principles". "
We want to avoid any possible unnecessary destruction and loss of life."
But if Republicans did not accept his terms, "further blood is on their shoulders".
On the road to Bandon, at the village of Béal na mBláth (Irish, "the Mouth of Flowers"), Collins stopped to ask directions.
However the man whom they asked, Dinny Long, was also a member of the local Anti-Treaty IRA.
An ambush was then prepared for the convoy when it made its journey back to Cork city.
They knew Collins would return by the same road as the two other roads from Bandon to Cork were destroyed by Republicans.
The ambush party, commanded by Liam Deasy, opened fire on Collins' convoy.
Collins was killed in the gun battle, which lasted about 20 minutes, from 8:00 p.m. to 8:20 p.m. He was the only fatality.
He had ordered his convoy to stop and return fire, instead of choosing the safer option of driving on in his touring car or transferring to the safety of the accompanying armoured car, as his companion, Emmet Dalton, had wished.
They do not know who fired the fatal shot.
Collins' men brought his body back to Cork where it was then shipped to Dublin because it was feared the body might be stolen in an ambush if it were transported by road.
His body lay in state for three days in Dublin City Hall where tens of thousands of mourners walked past his coffin to pay their respects.
His funeral mass took place at Dublin's Pro Cathedral where a number of foreign and Irish dignitaries were in attendance.
Some 500,000 people attended his funeral, almost one fifth of the country's population.
"I can't see my way to becoming Patron of the Michael Collins Foundation.
It is my considered opinion that in the fullness of time history will record the greatness of Collins and it will be recorded at my expense"However, there is some doubt that de Valera ever made this controversial statement.
The Collins 22 Society established in 2002 is an international organisation dedicated to keeping the name and legacy of Michael Collins in living memory.
The patron of the society is Nora Owen, grand-niece of Michael Collins.
The 1936 movie Beloved Enemy, starring David Niven, is a fictionalised account of Collins' life.
Unlike the real Michael Collins, the fictionalised "Dennis Riordan" (played by Brian Aherne) is shot, but recovers.
Hang Up Your Brightest Colours, a British documentary by Kenneth Griffith, was made for ITV in 1973, but refused transmission.
It was eventually screened by the BBC in Wales in 1993 and across the United Kingdom the following year.
An Irish documentary made by Colm Connolly for RTE Television in 1989 called The Shadow of Béal na Bláth covered Collins' death.
A made for TV film, The Treaty, was produced in 1991 and starred Brendan Gleeson as Collins and Ian Bannen as David Lloyd George.
In 2007 RTE produced a documentary entitled Get Collins, centered around the intelligence war which took place in Dublin.
Collins was the subject of director Neil Jordan's 1996 film Michael Collins, with Liam Neeson in the title role.
Michael Collins Centre
Collins 22 Society
A Man Against an Empire
Sophora davidii  is a deciduous shrub from south-west China.
It can grow up to 3 metres tall.
It has blue and white pea flowers and is also known a David mountain laurel.
It has been gathered in Texas.
Two New Members of the Callerya Group (Fabaceae)
New Aspects in Floral Development of Papilionoideae
S. viciifolia Hance var.
chuansiensis C.Y.Ma
A school is an educational environment where children go to learn from a teacher.
Topics such as reading, writing and mathematics are central to education.
Most of a student's time is spent in a classroom.
This is where 10 to 30 people sit to take part in educational discussion.
In the United States, the average number of students per classroom in primary schools is 23.1.
The term "school" is used for many educational environments--particularly in North America.
There are different types of schools: elementary schools (primary in the UK), middle schools (secondary in the UK), and so on.
In many places around the world, children must go to school for a certain number of years.
Learning may take place in the classroom, in outside environments or on visits to other places.
Colleges and universities are places to learn for students over 17 or 18 years of age.
Vocational schools teach skills people need for jobs.
Some people attend school longer than others.
This is because some jobs require more training than others, like for example becoming a doctor takes about 10-14 years of education.
For young children, one teacher may teach all subjects.
Teachers for older students are more specialized, and they only teach a few subjects.
Common subjects taught include science, arts such as music, humanities, like geography and history, and languages.
Children with mental health problems, and problems such as autism and other conditions, usually do not go to regular schools.
These children are given other ways to get schooling, like special schools.
There also are special schools which teach things which regular schools do not.
Graduate schools are for students who have graduated with a degree from colleges and universities.
Schools for boys and schools for girls
Education for all is quite modern.
In England, for example, most people could not read or write, even in the 18th century.
We know this because when they got married, those who could not write put an 'X' on the certificate, and someone else wrote their name.
Widespread education for reading and writing began in the 19th century.
Even when there was education, in most countries boys were taught differently to girls, and separately from girls.
Long ago, most schools were run by religious denominations.
That is because clerics were once almost the only people who were literate, meaning that they were able to read.
Today, most countries have schools which accept both boys and girls.
Despite this, some places still do have schools for girls.
This is because some believe that girls do better in single-sex schools.
School as a place to learn for life
In school, pupils develop their personality.
Schools teach pupils about religion and ethics.
Schools help children recognise socially accepted norms and behaviour.
Pedagogy is the science of teaching children.
Different schools use different ways of teaching.
There is quite a lot of disagreement about what and how students should be taught.
Many countries solve this by allowing different types of school, so parents and children have some choice.
Choices may include home education, which is a controversial idea.
Comprehensive schools
A British term which means roughly "a secondary school for all children in a particular neighbourhood".
It includes the idea of taking both boys and girls in one school, and the idea of taking children of all abilities.
In practice it has many of the problems which are endemic in American high schools.
Among its main faults are said to be: putting girls and boys together at the sensitive time of puberty, and the behavioural problems associated with having such a wide range of young people in a large school.
Evidence for lowered standards for examinations are disputed, but widely believed to be true.
Sociology of Education at About.com
The Super Bowl Most Valuable Player or Super Bowl MVP, is an award given at the end of the Super Bowl, the National Football League's championship game, to the player who was the best in the game.
List of Super Bowl MVPs
Official website of the Super Bowl MVP
A Happy Meal is a meal made by McDonald's, and aimed at children.
They come in a cardboard box, containing a main meal, usually a hamburger, cheeseburger, or McNuggets; french fries; a small drink; and a toy.
Sometimes the toy ties in with a movie release.
Deinze is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
On 1 January 2019, the municipality of Nevele was merged into Deinze.
Dinan, France
Caldas da Rainha, Portugal
Hoddesdon, England
Chios, Greece
Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
Essen is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
The municipality includes the towns of Essen Centrum, Heikant, Horendonk, Wildert, Statie en Hoek.
On January 1, 2007 Essen had a total population of 17,143.
The total area is 47.48 km² which gives a population density of 358 inhabitants per km².
Its train station is the last one in Belgium, the next station is Roosendaal, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands.
Notable living inhabitants
Raf and Mich Walschaerts, cabaret duo (Kommil Foo)
Frank Focketyn, actor
Zdeněk Štybar, Czech cyclist
Tom Meeusen, cyclist
Bart Aernouts, cyclist
Eupen is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.
The old French name of the town was Néau.
Isaac is a person in the Abrahamic religions.
He is described in the Bible.
Isaac is a popular given name, generally in reference to the Biblical person.
Some famous people named Isaac are:
Isaac Albéniz, composer
Isaac of Antioch, 5th century Christian writer
Isaac Asimov, writer
Major-General Sir Isaac Brock
Isaac Brock (musician), lead singer of the band Modest Mouse
Isaac Hanson, musician, guitarist of the band Hanson
Isaac Hayes, singer
Isaac Isaacs, politician
Isaac Mizrahi, fashion designer
Isaac (TV show), his eponymous TV show on the Style Network
Isaac Newton, physicist
Isaac of Nineveh, 7th century Christian writer
Isaac Peral, Spanish scientist, sailor and inventor of the Peral Submarine
Itzhak Perlman, violinist
Yitzhak Rabin, prime minister of Israel
Yitzhak Shamir, prime minister of Israel
Isaac Singer, inventor
Isaac Bashevis Singer, author, photographer
Isaac Slade, lead singer of the band The Fray]
Isaac Smith (multiple people)
Isaac Stern, violinist
Isaac Watts, hymn-writer
Arthur Isaac, English cricketer
Bobby Isaac, American racing driver
Chris Isaak, American musician
Glynn Isaac, South African archaeologist
Ugonis, Henricus, Heinrich or Arrigo Issac or Ysaac,  Franco-Flemish composer
John Isaac, English cricketer
Luis Isaac, Puerto Rican baseball player
Oscar Isaac, American actor
Rhys L. Isaac, American historian
Robert M. Isaac, mayor of Colorado Springs
Isaac, a main character in Nintendo's Golden Sun series.
Isaac, a fictional country in the Fire Emblem video-game universe
Isaac Mendez, fictional character from the television series Heroes
ISAAC (cipher), a cryptographically secure number generator
Sacrifice of Isaac (Caravaggio), two paintings by master artist Caravaggio depicting the Biblical scene of the binding of Isaac
Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007, 3066 people lived there.
Geel is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007, there were 35,502 living there.
Genk is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.
It is known for its football club K.R.C. Genk.
Ghent is a municipality and city in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2019, 262,219 people lived there.
The word wild card mostly means a tournament or playoff berth given to a person or team that did not make that playoff or tournament through normal play.
Hastière is a municipality in the Belgian province of Namur.
The area has seven sub-municipalities.
They are called Hastière-Lavaux, Hermeton-sur-Meuse, Waulsort, Hastière-par-delà, Blaimont, Heer, and Agimont.
In 2007, 5278 people lived there.
This grew to 5979 by 2018.
Friedrich Rittelmeyer (5 October 1872 – 23 March 1938) was a German Protestant theologian.
He was born in Dillingen an der Donau, Bavaria.
From 1895 to 1922 he worked as a Lutheran pastor in Würzburg, Nuremberg and Berlin.
In 1922 he became the founder (and leader up to his death) of The Christian Community, a christian denomination, inspired by anthroposophy.
Ypres () is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
The municipality is made up of the city of Ypres and the villages of Boezinge, Brielen, Dikkebus, Elverdinge, Hollebeke, Sint-Jan, Vlamertinge, Voormezele, Zillebeke, and Zuidschote.
In 2007, 34919 people lived in the municipality.
It is at 50° 51 North, 02° 53 East.
Poison gas was first used here, in the Second Battle of Ypres in 1917.
Homepage of Kampenhout
Gazetteer Entry
Knesselare is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
On 1 January 2019, the municipality was merged into Aalter.
Former municipalities of Belgium
Kortrijk or Courtray (Courtrai in French) is a city in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
The city is located along the river Leie (Lys).
The centre is a well preserved historic area with a lot of shops and nice squares.
The Beguinage (Begijnhof in Dutch) is a very well known historic part of the centre with well preserved medieval streets, houses, squares and alleys and was declared UNESCO World Heritage.
In 2010, some 75,000 (74,911) people lived there. (
number of inhabitants in 2007)
In 2007, 15,328 people lived there.
Kruishoutem is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
On 1 January 2019, Kruishoutem and Zingem were merged into the new municipality of Kruisem.
In 2007, there were 8,152 people living there.
Laarne is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007, 11,768 people lived there.
It is at 51° 01 North, 03° 51 East.
Lanaken is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 there were 24,724 people living in Lanaken.
It is at 50° 53 North, 05° 39 East.
Lennik is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In the year 2007, 8,729 people lived there.
Leuven hosts Belgium's biggest university - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
So, Leuven is very young populated city, and there were more than 45,000 students in Leuven in 2012.
Leuven also has a long history.
The town hall in the city centre dates from the Middle Ages.
Twin towns/sister cities
's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
Lüdenscheid, Germany
Rennes, France
Tainan, Taiwan
Friendly relations
Cristian, Romania
Stellenbosch, South Africa
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryote cell.
The term is also used of the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism.
It describes the number of chromosomes, and what they look like under a light microscope.
Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics.
The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics (cytology and genetics).
The basic number of chromosomes in the somatic (body) cells of an individual or a species is called the somatic number and is designated 2n.
Thus, in humans 2n = 46.
So, in normal diploid organisms, chromosomes are present in two copies.
There may, or may not, be sex chromosomes.
Polyploid cells have multiple copies of chromosomes and haploid cells have single copies.
The study of whole sets of chromosomes is sometimes known as karyology.
The chromosomes are depicted (by rearranging a microphotograph) in a standard format known as a karyogram or idiogram: in pairs, ordered by size and position of centromere for chromosomes of the same size.
This may be used for many purposes; such as, to show genetic disease, what sex the animal is and its diploid number.
In humans, cytologists have used karyotypes to help identify genetic abnormalities a baby might have before it is born.
Liège ( , , ;  ;  ;  ; ) is a city in Belgium.
It is the cultural centre of the Walloon region of Belgium and the capital of the province of Liège.
Liège is also seat of a Roman Catholic bishop.
In 2007, 188,907 people lived there.
The first written trace of the city was found in 558 as Leodicum or Vicus Leodicus.
From 717, Liege was made the seat of a bishopric and became a cultural centre in the Middle Ages.
These bishops ruled the city as Prince-Bishops until the 1790s.
In the French Revolution, the cathedral was damaged, partially burned down and then completely detroyed.
In the 19th century, the city lived on coal-mining, steel industry and trade.
The region was the second biggest economic center in Europe after the UK in the 19th century.
Today Liege is a major educational hub, with a university and many high schools.
It is a crossing point in Europe, Liège has the second biggest inner harbour and the 8th biggest cargo airport in Europe (Liège Airport).
The city, that had a lot of problems since the 1970s because of the end of the steel industry and coal-mining, is now having a good economy thanks to the logistics and high tech industry (biotechnology, space industry, IT).
Official website of the city of Liège
Liège congrès
Christmas market of Liège
In 2007, 20395 people lived there.
It is at 51° 05 North, 03° 50 East.
Idomeneo is an opera seria with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
The libretto (words) are in Italian and were written by Giambattista Varesco.
He based it on  a French text by Antoine Danchet.
In 1780 Mozart and Varesco were asked by the Elector of Bavaria to write an opera for a court carnival.
Idomeneo  was first performed in Munich on 29 January 1781.
Mozart was only 24 years old.
It was the first of his great operas.
Mozart wrote three different types of opera:  Idomeneo is an opera seria (serious opera).
These were written in Italian, and are about serious, dramatic stories, often stories from Ancient Greece or Rome.
La Clemenza di Tito  is also an opera seria.
Don Giovanni  is an example of a mixture of comic and serious opera, while The Magic Flute  is a German opera in the Singspiel tradition.
Idomeneo  has traditional recitatives and arias.
The choruses, marches, and ballets were very much like French opera tradition.
Mozart was inspired by the operas of Gluck.
The story, based on an Ancient Greek story,  takes place on the Island of Crete, shortly after the Trojan War.
Ilia is the daughter of the Trojan King Priam who has lost the war.
Ilia has been taken to Crete.
She loves Prince Idamante, son of the Cretan King Idomeneo, but does not want to tell him about her love for him.
Idamante is kind and frees the Trojan prisoners.
He tells Ilia that it is not his fault that their fathers were enemies.
The Trojans and Cretans (people from Crete) both welcome the return of peace, but Electra, daughter of the Greek King Agamemnon is jealous of Ilia.
She is annoyed that Idamante had been kind and let the prisoners free.
Arbace, the king's trusted friend, brings news that Idomeneo has been drowned at sea while returning to Crete from Troy.
Electra, worried that Ilia, a Trojan, soon will be Queen of Crete, feels the furies of Hades tormenting her.
Idomeneo is not lost at sea, but instead is saved by Neptune (god of the sea) and is washed up on a Cretan beach.
There he remembers the promise he made to Neptune: he had promised to sacrifice (kill for the Gods) the first creature he should meet, whether it be a human or an animal.
The first person he meets is his own son, Idamante.
Because the two have not seen each other for a long time, they do not recognize one another at first.
When Idomeneo finally realizes it is his own son he must kill, he tells Idamante to go away and never see him again.
Idamante does not understand why his father is saying this.
He is terribly upset, but runs off.
The Cretan soldiers get off Idomeneo's ship and are met by their wives, and all praise Neptune.
At the king's palace, Idomeneo asks Arbace what he should do, because he has disobeyed the god.
Arbace says that Neptune would be happy if another victim could be sacrificed so long as Idamante is sent into exile (to another country).
Idomeneo tells his son to take Electra to her home, Argos.
Idomeneo's kind words to Ilia make her say very kindly that, because she has lost everything, he will be her father and Crete will be her country.
As she leaves, Idomeneo realizes that sending Idamante into exile has made Ilia unhappy.
Electra is happy about going to Argos with Idamante.
At the port of Sidon, Idomeneo says goodbye to his son and tells him to rule like a good king.
Before the ship can sail, however, a storm breaks out, and a sea serpent appears.
It is a messenger from Neptune, who is angry with Idomeneo.
Idomeneo offers his life to the god.
In the royal garden, Ilia asks the gentle winds to carry her love to Idamante.
Idamante says he must go to fight the serpent.
When he says he would like to die because Ilia does not love him.
This makes Ilia tell him that she loves him.
They are surprised by Electra and Idomeneo.
When Idamante asks his father why he sends him away, Idomeneo cannot tell him the truth.
Ilia asks Electra for some kindness, but Elektra is madly jealous of Ilia now, and she wants revenge.
Arbace comes with news that the people, led by the High Priest of Neptune, are shouting that they want Idomeneo.
The High Priest tells the king that Neptune's monster is destroying things, and asks Idomeneo to say the name of the person whose sacrifice is demanded by the god.
When the king says that his own son is the victim, the people are horrified.
Outside the temple, the king and High Priest join with Neptune's priests to pray that the god will be kind and merciful.
Arbace brings news that Idamante has killed the monster.
Idomeneo is now worried that Neptune will want even more revenge.
Idamante enters in sacrificial robes, saying he understands his father's terrible worries and he is ready to die.,
Idomeneo says a tragic goodbye to his own son and is about to kill him, when Ilia steps forward and offers to die instead.
Neptune now changes his mind.
We hear his voice saying that if Idomeneo gives up being king and lets Idamante and Ilia rule as king and queen, he will forgive.
Everyone is happy except Electra, who wants to die.
Idomeneo says that Idamante and his bride are the new rulers.
The people call upon the god of love and marriage to bless the royal pair and bring peace.
Lovendegem is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
On 1 January 2019, Lovendegem, Waarschoot and Zomergem were merged into the new municipality of Lievegem.
In 2007, 78,900 people lived there.
In 2008: 80,176.
Meeuwen-Gruitrode is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.
On 1 January 2019, Meeuwen-Gruitrode and Opglabbeek were merged into the new municipality of Oudsbergen.
Momignies is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007, 5140 people lived there.
It is at 50° 01 North, 04° 10 East.
Montigny-le-Tilleul is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007, 10,215 people lived there.
It is at 50° 22 North, 04° 22 East.
Moorslede is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
Moorslede comprises the towns of Dadizele and Moorslede itself.
www.moorslede.be
Neerpelt is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.
On 1 January 2019, Neerpelt and Overpelt were merged into the new municipality of Pelt.
Nevele is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
On 1 January 2019, the municipality was merged into Deinze.
Nieuwpoort is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007, 10940 people lived there.
It is at 51° 07 North, 02° 45 East.
Opglabbeek is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.
Carbohydrates are chemical compounds that contain only oxygen, hydrogen and carbon.
They are made up of joined-up sugars.
Sugars have the general formula Cm(H2O)n, and are also known as saccharides.
Simple saccharides with one or two sugar molecules
Monosaccharides: single sugar e.g. glucose, fructose
Disaccharides: two saccharides.
e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose
Longer chain saccharides:
Oligosaccharides (shortish chains), often linked to amino acids or lipids.
They play a special role in cell membranes.
Polysaccharides (long chains) are complex carbohydrates, with linear chains of sugars or branched clusters.
Their function is either energy storage (starch, glycogen) or building structures (cellulose, chitin).
Nutrition and foods
Carbohydrates are the most common source of energy for the human body.
Protein builds tissue and cells in the body.
Carbohydrates are very good for energy, but, if a person eats more than needed, the extra is changed into fat through a process called de novo lipogenesis.
If necessary, humans can live without eating carbohydrates because the human body can change fats and proteins into carbohydrates through a process called gluconeogenesis.
Some already stored glucose in the liver can be released through another process called glycogenolysis.
People of some cultures eat food with very little carbohydrates, but they still remain healthy, such as the Inuits.
Research in the United States and Canada have shown that people get about 40% to 60% of their energy from carbohydrates (mostly from refined carbohydrates).
The amount of energy needs may depend on the amount of physical work done by people: the harder the work, the more energy they need.
The other need for energy is body temperature.
Living in a cold climate means a person needs more energy.
Overpelt is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.
It is at 50° 37 North, 04° 48 East.
It is 50.81 km² in size.
Puurs is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
It includes the towns of Liezele, Ruisbroek, Breendonk and Puurs proper.
There is also the hamlet of Kalfort.
On 1 January 2019, Puurs and Sint-Amands were merged into the new municipality of Puurs-Sint-Amands.
In 2007, 10255 people lived there.
It is at 50° 39 North, 04° 08 East.
Remicourt is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007, the population of the settlement was 5137 people.
Services are basic in Retie, some banks have branches including ING and AXA.
Supermarket shopping is available.
Bakeries in Retie are very good.
Like most of Belgium the shops are generally closed on Sunday.
The main attraction of the town is Prinsenpark - a public forest that is popular with families and walking/jogging groups.
Dogs on leads are allowed.
There are picnic tables and toilets.
Riemst is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007, 16076 people lived there.
It is at 50° 48 North, 05° 36 East.
Roeselare is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2016, more than 61 000 people lived there.
Roeselare was already known in 847 and was from the 10th century an important centre for industrial and commercial activities.
Since 1250, the place was recognized as a city with several rights.
Around 1260, there was built a belfry and a city hall at the 'Grand Place'.
Because there were no defense facilities around the city, it was an easy target for ennemies.
To guarantee safety, they started in Roeselare soon with a few teams of city guards.
Of course, they could not much do in times of war.
In 1488 and 1492, the city was destroyed by the army of Maximilian from Austria.
Almost every building from the early Middle Ages collapsed.
Around 1500, the city was rebuilt in a different architecture.
There was peace in Roeselare during a short time.
On the 26th August 1566, several statues in the Saint-Michaels Church and the hall were destroyed because of religeous protests called ‘the beeldenstorm’.
After the Eighty Years War, all the successful textile industries were completely gone out of the city.
Then started a period with a lot of economical problems but there was also something positive.
In Venice became a componist from Roeselare named Adrian Willaert popular.
In 1609 the war came to an end for 12 years.
Roeselare was rebuilt but the war started again from 1640.
After the peace of Nijmegen became Roeselare a part of France and a frontier city famous for its illegal frontier traffic.
There was no money to restore the belfry and hall that collapsed on the 30th October 1704.
The fall of the tower caused a lot of damage.
A smaller new hall burned down in 1749.
Under the present-day grand place are the cellars of the old belfry.
In spite of all the disasters that came over Roeselare in the past, the Saint-Michaels Church is still in quite good condition.
Because of heavy weather on the 19th January 1735 has the tower collapsed.
The tower was rebuilt but a few ten metres shorter.
The 3 big disasters are the reason that the church has 3 architectures.
Around 1770, the townhall was built in rococostyle.
After the Battle of Waterloo became Roeselare Dutch again, untill the independence of Belgium that caused also poverty.
The construction of the railway Kortrijk-Brugge (1838) and the invention of the steam-engine made the situation much better.
From 1862 till 1872, the canal to the river Leie was dug.
That gave a boost to the economy.
The industry in Roeselare and the population grew.
Roeselare was kown as the Manchester of Belgium.
On the 28th July 1875 took the ‘Groote Stooringe’ place, a student-revolt against the use of French at school.
The leader of this revolt was Albrecht Rodenbach, a writer who founded a lot of students’ associations.
The people of Roeselare suffered a lot during World War I. French soldiers, who left Roeselare, offered resistance but the Germans thougth that the inhabitants were shooting on them.
Because of this misunderstanding, German soldiers killed 240 citizens and destroyed 252 houses on the 19th October 1914, called ‘Schuwe Maandag’.
After the first World War was the city rebuilt but when that work was done, World War II started.
The city has less suffered during this second World War and was liberated by Polish soldiers.
Since that liberation, the square ‘Woodmarket’ (Houtmarkt) is now called ‘Polenplein’ and there are monuments for the killed soldiers.
During the 19th and the 20th century, Roeselare was known for its ‘nieuwmarkters’.
Nieuwmarkters were merchants / traders from the so called ‘new market’ and they formed in this neighbourhood a ghetto.
Nieuwmarkters had their own language for example ‘the Bargoens’ to speak with each other  and people said that this merchants could sell everything to everybody.
Even they did not speak very well French, German or English, they sold in Wallonia and to foreigners in Roeselare (for example during the two world wars) a lot of products with big profits.
The small cheap houses in which the nieuwmarkters lived still exist today and you can see these houses around the Blekerijstraat and in a few streets around the old cemetery in Roeselare.
In the sixties started the REO-vegetables and fruit mart.
This is today the biggest vegetables and fruit mart in Flanders.
Since 1977 the town of Roeselare and the villages of Beveren, Oekene and Rumbeke form the present-day city.
Specialists think that the name of Roeselare refers to the elements Roes (= reed) + laar (= open space).
So the place-name Roeselare means a marshy open space with reed in the wood.
Just like in a few other cities, there are in Roeselare several parts of town.
Meiboom
Waterdam
Biezenhof
Lindeke
Havenbuurt
Zuidmolen
Schiervelde
Krottegem
Beekkwartier
Rodenbachkwartier
Sint-Jozef
Roeselare-Centre
The villages of Beveren and Rumbeke are because of new buildings connected with the centre of Roeselare.
The small village of Oekene is situated between the open rural area to the south of the city and the urbanisation near Rumbeke.
The conurbation of the city extends along the canal Roeselare-Leie to the conurbation of the smaller neighbour city of Izegem.
The municipality of Roeselare consists also of a few smaller hamlets.
Along the road Roeselare-Menen (N32) lie successively the hamlet of Zilverberg, less than one kilometre to the south of the city centre, and almost two kilometres further the hamlet of Beitem.
Both hamlets belong to the territory of the village of Rumbeke.
a.	Oostnieuwkerke (municipality of Staden)
b.	Hooglede (municipality of Hooglede)
c.	Gits (municipality of Hooglede)
d.	Lichtervelde (municipality of Lichtervelde)
e.	Koolskamp (municipality of Ardooie)
f.	Ardooie, with hamlet Tasse (municipality of Ardooie)
g.	Kachtem (municipality of Izegem)
h.	Izegem (municipality of Izegem)
i.	Sint-Eloois-Winkel (municipality of Ledegem)
j.	Rollegem-Kapelle (municipality of Ledegem)
k.	Ledegem (municipality of Ledegem)
l.	Moorslede (municipality of Moorslede)
m.	Passendale (municipality of Zonnebeke)
Tourism and attractions
The Saint-Michaels Church is the most important church.
It’s a late Gothic church from 1504.
The Saint-Amands Church is a neo Roman church from 1869-1872, mostly built in brick.
The townhall consists of two parts.
The old part dates from 1770-71 and is partly built in Rococostyle.
In 1924 was a modern part added, with a belfry tower at the corner.
Under the present-day grand place are the rests of the cityhall and the old belfry from ca 1260 that collapsed on the 30th October 1704.
These rests were discovered again about ten years ago when the grand place was restored.
The Minor Seminary (Klein Seminarie) is a building with parts from the 17th till the 20th century.
Original it was a cloister.
In 1806 started the school ‘Klein Seminarie’ where Albrecht Rodenbach studied and where Guido Gezelle and Hugo Verriest teached.
The additional church was built at the beginning of the 18th century.
The nunnery of the Arme Klaren was founded in 1867.
Around 1871, they added a small church.
In 1868-1871 was the monastery for the fathers redemptorists (paters redemptoristen) built with in 1872-1874 a neo Gothic church, consecrated to Lady Mary of  Everlasting Support.
The parish church of the Sacred Heart is a church from 1933.
It’s a quite modern church with art deco characteristics that was built when, during the southern urbanisation, a separate Sacred Heart Parish was founded.
The Protestant church, also called ‘Geuzentempel’, is a small church from 1877.
The Brewery Rodenbach.
Just out of the city centre, in the village of Rumbeke, lies the Castle of Rumbeke at the Domain ‘Sterrebos’.
In the city centre lies the old municipal cemetery.
Musea
Roeselare has a few musea such as the National Cycling Museum (WieMu).
There are art galleries for example the Galery Alfons Blomme.
In the tower of the Saint-Michaels church is the bell-tower museum.
You can arrange a visit to see the filmmuseum which is a private collection.
Public parks
There is the Domain ‘Sterrebos’ and nature reserve ‘De Kleiputten’.
In the city centre you can take a rest in a few parks such as ‘De Grote Bassin’ which is a lake with green surroundings for example ‘Het Sint-Sebastiaanspark’ and ‘Het Noordhof’.
De ‘Kleine Bassin’ and ‘De Ronde Kom’ are two smaller lakes.
You have also ‘Het Rodenbachpark’, ‘Het Collegepark’ and ‘Het Heilig Hartpark’ that are nice resting places in the city.
You can enjoy the silence of the old municipal cemetery in the Groenestraat, the park of the famous inhabitants in popular language.
In summer, there are parkconcerts in ‘Het Sint-Sebastiaanspark’, better known as ‘De Grote Bassin’.
The idea of ‘garden-suburb’ arised in the neighbourhood of Roeselare at the beginning of the last century.
So was ‘Batavia’ one of the first garden-suburbs in Belgium.
Roeselare has an important commerce centre.
The most famous shopping-street is ‘De Ooststraat’.
The city centre is one big shopping-quarter.
Important yearly shopping-events are ‘De Winkelnacht’ (= shopping-night),  ‘De Batjes’ (= summer-sale), fun fairs, Christmas-shopping, street-events for example ‘De Westlaanpromenade’.
Carnival and ‘De Groote Stooringe’ are city-festivals with a cultural importance. ‘
De Brugsesteenweg’ is an approach road with a lot of medium size retail trade.
The weekly market on Tuesday morning is a tradition in Roeselare and is organized at the Grand Place, ‘De Botermarkt’ and ‘Het Polenplein’.
These 3 squares are pedestrian precinct.
On the 1st May, the inhabitants celebrate Labour Day at the station-square.
Each year on the National Holiday (the 21st July) there is a street run with music.
Roeselare is in West-Flanders a regional commerce centre.
There are a few shopping-streets in the city centre: Ooststraat, Noordstraat, Sint-Amandsstraat, Manestraat, Wallenstraat, Zuidstraat etc.
These are situated around 4 squares: de Grote Markt (the Grand Place), het Polenplein, de Botermarkt en het De Coninckplein.
There is also de Ardooisesteenweg, an approach road near the railway-station.
Along the restored inner ring road (Noordlaan, Westlaan…) and the approach road Brugsesteenweg are a lot of big stores.
In the quarter ‘Schiervelde’ along the outer ring road is the Expo located.
In this hall are commercial events where businesses show their services to business-people, -friends and the public.
Examples of such events are: de Jaarbeurs, de Bouwbeurs, Agro Expo and Roslar Expo.
In Roeselare is the head-office and printing-business of Roularta Media Group located.
The regional Television WTV-FOCUS broadcasts from the Accent Business Park.
Roeselare is also known for the foodindustry (Soubry) and the lightdesign.
Transport and traffic
Roeselare has a central situation along the most important north-south connecting roads through the province.
The highway A17/E403 passes by the city and has three exits to Roeselare.
The road Brugge-Torhout-Roeselare-Menen (N32) dates from the Austrian time and runs parallel to the A17/E403.
De Westlaan, a half small ring road, leads the road-user around the historic centre of the city.
A more recent ring road (R32) surrounds the whole built-up area of Roeselare and links also up to the highway A17.
At the end of 2014, the software of the parkingguidesystem was renewed.
Along the approach roads, the motor drivers are informed about free parkings.
The most important parkings in the centre are ‘Wallenparking’, ‘De Munt’ and ‘B-Parking Station’.
When the city centre is shopping precinct, inhabitants and visitors are advised to use for example the parking of the Expo and / or to come into the centre with public transport (train, bus).
The city has a railway-station, the station of Roeselare, with two rails on the line Brugge-Kortrijk.
There is a half-hourly connection service with both cities.
Near the railway-station is a busstation with 11 platforms.
When the station was built in 1976-1979,  it looked modern at the time with a raising railway that replaced four level crossings.
At the end of 2007, the municipality and several partners of public transport organizations decided to modernize the neighbourhood of the station.
They invest together 35 million euro.
The work was planned to be done in 2012 but they worked at the new building of the station until the summer of 2018.
Meanwhile are the underground parking and new busstation ready.
The surroundings of the station are mainly shopping precinct.
Since 1910, two football-clubs dominated in Roeselare: Sportvereniging Roeselare (after World War I known as SK Roeselare) and Football Club Roeselare (FC).
In 1999 fused both clubs and in 2005 played that new club for the first time in the first division.
In 2010 reduced the club back to the second division.
The quarter ‘Krottegem’ and home of FC Roeselare started in 2000 again with that club.
Roeselare had a restored municipal swimming-bath, ‘het Spillebad’.
Since the summer of 2018, there is the new swimming-bath 'Sportoase Schiervelde'.
There is sportinfrastructure in the villages of Beveren, Rumbeke and Roeselare proper (such as the Schiervelde Stadium, home of KSV Roeselare).
Around 2000 was near that stadium a new sportaccommodation built for volleyball-club Knack Randstad Roeselare that belongs to the national top in Belgium.
In that building, there are also concerts.
Other sportclubs are Basketball-club BBC Wytewa (1957) and the Knack Handball-team Roeselare.
The Rodenbach horsemen represent the city in the national ridersclubs.
Culture and education
Since 2014 a new knowledge and educationcentre ARhus with library was founded in the city centre.
There are the municipal academy for music, word and dance (STAP in Dutch) ‘Adriaan Willaert’, the municipal academy for modern art (SASK in Dutch) and the cultural centre ‘De Spil’.
There are a lot of schools in Roeselare of each level except for an university.
The main providers of education such as Catholic education (ARKORUM), municipal education and community education are represented.
There are rooms, pubs and festive halls for students.
There are youth organizations, youth clubs and youth work.
There are municipal play-grounds and recreation-grounds.
Roosdaal is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007, 10788 people lived there.
It is at 50° 50 North, 04° 04 East.
Frans Van Cauwelaert (b. 10 January 1880 – 17 May 1961), politician and lawyer.
Official website  - In Dutch only.
Gessopalena, Italy
Sint-Amands is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
It includes the towns of Lippelo, Oppuurs and Sint-Amands proper.
More info about Oppuurs (page in Dutch)
More info about Lippelo (page in Dutch)
Sint-Genesius-Rode (Rhode-Saint-Genèse in French) is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
Saint-Josse-ten-Node (; usually shortened to Saint-Josse) or Sint-Joost-ten-Node () is a municipality in the Brussels-Capital Region in Belgium.
It is the smallest municipality by area in Belgium.
Sivry-Rance is a municipality found in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
Annie Debruxelles is a mayor.
The area is 72.97 km2.
Alternative site, with lots of further information on the city
Soignies, City of St Vincent
Spa is a municipality of Belgium.
It is in the Walloon Region and Province of Liège.
It is in a valley in the Ardennes mountain chain.
Spa is 35 km (22 miles) southeast of Liège, and 45 km (28 miles) southwest of Aachen.
Spa is famous as a location of healing hot springs.
It was a frequent watering-place since the 14th century.
In 1918, the German Army established its main Headquarters in Spa.
German delegates went to the French lines to meet Marshal Foch.
This led to the Armistice which ended the First World War.
The town is perhaps best known today as home to the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, the host the annual Formula One Belgian Grand Prix.
It is also the location of mineral water producer Spa.
Georges Alexandré Krins violinist on the RMS Titanic
Circuit of Spa-Francorchamps
Legend Boucles de Spa
Sprimont is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2015, 14147 people lived there.
Temse is a municipality in Belgium.
It is in the province of East Flanders, in the region of Flanders.
There are four towns in the municipality: Temse, Elversele, Steendorp, and Tielrode.
In 2007, 26667 people lived there.
It is at 51° 07 North, 04° 12 East.
The name Temse comes from the Gaul (Gallo-Roman) word Tamisiacum or Tamasiacum.
Until the early 20th century (1900s), the French name of the city was used: Tamise.
Henri Pirenne (1862-1935), historian
Cities in Belgium
Villers-la-Ville is a municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007, 9704 people lived there.
Waarschoot is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
The Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon's last major battle
Waterloo, Belgium – A municipality in Belgium
Chaussée de Waterloo - A street in Belgium
Waterloo, Illinois – A municipality in Illinois, United States of America
Waterloo, Iowa – A municipality in Iowa, United States of America
Waterloo, Ontario – A municipality in Ontario, Canada
Waterloo Bridge - a bridge in London
Waterloo station - a railway station in London
Zingem is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
Zomergem is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
Sai Baba of Shirdi (d. October 15, 1918) was a spiritual master who lived in India.
His followers believed that he was a saint or satguru.
Some say he was an incarnation of Lord Krishna while others think of him as an incarnation of Lord Dattatreya.
He lived the longest part of his life in a village in India called Shirdi.
Although Sai Baba died almost 100 years ago, still today large numbers of people follow him or have great respect for him.
He is very well respected in India, both by Hindus and Muslims.
There are many temples built all over India to honor Sai Baba of Shirdi.
A Mast-Allah is a kind of spiritual person in the part of the Muslim religion called Sufism.
Masts sometimes seem strange or crazy to people who don't know about them, but Sufis of Iran, Pakistan, and India believe they are not really crazy, but are saints.
The Indian teacher Meher Baba asked a doctor named William Donkin to write a book about masts called "The Wayfarers."