the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
More than one hundred operas are based on Hugo’s works and among them are Donizetti’s Lucrezia Borgia (1833), Verdi’s Rigoletto (1851) and Ernani (1844), and Ponchielli’s La Gioconda (1876).
Hugo’s novels as well as his plays have been a great source of inspiration for musicians, stirring them to create not only opera and ballet but musical theatre such as Notre-Dame de Paris and the ever-popular Les Misérables, London West End’s longest running musical.
Additionally, Hugo’s beautiful poems have attracted an exceptional amount of interest from musicians, and numerous melodies have been based on his poetry by composers such as Berlioz, Bizet, Fauré, Franck, Lalo, Liszt, Massenet, Saint-Saëns, Rachmaninov and Wagner.
Today, Hugo’s work continues to stimulate musicians to create new compositions.
For example, Hugo’s novel against capital punishment, The Last Day of a Condemned Man, has recently been adapted into an opera by David  Alagna (libretto by Frédérico Alagna).
Their brother, tenor Roberto Alagna, performed in the opera’s premiere in Paris in the summer of 2007 and again in February 2008 in Valencia with Erwin Schrott as part of the Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux 2008.
In Guernsey, every two years the Victor Hugo International Music Festival attracts a wide range of musicians and the premiere of songs specially commissioned from Guillaume Connesson and based on Hugo’s poetry.
Declining years and death
When Hugo returned to Paris in 1870, the country hailed him as a national hero.
Despite his popularity Hugo lost his bid for reelection to the National Assembly in 1872.
Within a brief period, he suffered a mild stroke, his daughter Adèle’s internment in an insane asylum, and the death of his two sons. (
Adèle's biography inspired the movie The Story of Adele H.) His wife Adèle had died in 1868.
His faithful mistress, Juliette Drouet, died in 1883, only two years before his own death.
Despite his personal loss, Hugo remained committed to the cause of political change.
On 30 January 1876 Hugo was elected to the newly created Senate.
The last phase of his political career is considered a failure.
Hugo took on the role of a maverick and got little done in the Senate.
In February 1881 Hugo celebrated his 79th birthday.
To honor the fact that he was entering his eightieth year, one of the greatest tributes to a living writer was held.
The celebrations began on the 25th when Hugo was presented with a Sèvres vase, the traditional gift for sovereigns.
On the 27th one of the largest parades in French history was held.
Marchers stretched from Avenue d'Eylau, down the Champs-Élysées, and all the way to the center of Paris.
The paraders marched for six hours to pass Hugo as he sat in the window at his house.
Every inch and detail of the event was for Hugo; the official guides even wore cornflowers as an allusion to Cosette's song in Les Misérables.
Hugo died on 22 May 1885 in Paris, France from an infection, aged 83.
His death generated intense national mourning.
He was not only revered as a towering figure in literature, he was a statesman who shaped the Third Republic and democracy in France.
More than two million people joined his funeral procession in Paris from the Arc de Triomphe to the Panthéon, where he was buried.
He shares a crypt within the Panthéon with Alexandre Dumas, père and Émile Zola.
Most large French towns and cities have a street named for him.
The avenue where he died, in Paris, now bears his name.
Many are not aware that Hugo was almost as prolific in the visual arts as he was in literature, producing more than 4,000 drawings in his lifetime.
Originally pursued as a casual hobby, drawing became more important to Hugo shortly before his exile, when he made the decision to stop writing in order to devote himself to politics.
Drawing became his exclusive creative outlet during the period 1848-1851.
Hugo worked only on paper, and on a small scale; usually in dark brown or black pen-and-ink wash, sometimes with touches of white, and rarely with color.
The surviving drawings are surprisingly accomplished and "modern" in their style and execution, foreshadowing the experimental techniques of Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism.
He would not hesitate to use his children's stencils, ink blots, puddles and stains, lace impressions, "pliage" or folding (i.e. Rorschach blots), "grattage" or rubbing, often using the charcoal from match sticks or his fingers instead of pen or brush.
Sometimes he would even toss in coffee or soot to get the effects he wanted.
It is reported that Hugo often drew with his left hand or without looking at the page, or during Spiritualist séances, in order to access his unconscious mind, a concept only later popularized by Sigmund Freud.
Hugo kept his artwork out of the public eye, fearing it would overshadow his literary work.
However, he enjoyed sharing his drawings with his family and friends, often in the form of ornately handmade calling cards, many of which were given as gifts to visitors when he was in political exile.
Some of his work was shown to, and appreciated by, contemporary artists such as Van Gogh and Delacroix; the latter expressed the opinion that if Hugo had decided to become a painter instead of a writer, he would have outshone the artists of their century.
The people of Guernsey built a statue in Candie Gardens (St. Peter Port) to commemorate his stay in the islands.
The City of Paris has preserved his residences Hauteville House, Guernsey and 6, Place des Vosges as museums.
The house where he stayed in Vianden, Luxembourg, in 1871 has also become a museum.
The Avenue Victor-Hugo in the XVIème arrondissement of Paris bears Hugo's name, and links the Place de l'Étoile to the vicinity of the Bois de Boulogne by way of the Place Victor-Hugo.
This square is served by a Paris Métro stop also named in his honor.
A number of streets and avenues throughout France are likewise named after him.
The school Lycée Victor Hugo was founded in his town of birth, Besançon in France.
Avenue Victor-Hugo, in Shawinigan, Quebec, Canada, was named to honor him.
In the city of Avellino, Italy, Victor Hugo briefly stayed in what is now known as Il Palazzo Culturale, when reuniting with his father, Leopold Sigisbert Hugo, in 1808.
Victor would later write about his brief stay here quoting "C’était un palais de marbre...".
In the city of Edinburgh, Scotland there is a delicatessen named Victor Hugo Delicatessen, it was originally run by a French couple but was purchased in 2005.
The shop is on Melville Terrace, over looking the meadows and next to University of Edinburgh halls of residence, Sciennes.
Published during Hugo's lifetime
Odes et poésies diverses (1822)
Odes (Hugo) (1823)
Han d'Islande (1823) (Hans of Iceland)
Nouvelles Odes (1824)
Bug-Jargal (1826)
Nils Gunnar Lie's history (1826)
Odes et Ballades (1826)
Cromwell (1827)
Les Orientales (1829)
Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (1829) (The Last Day of a Condemned Man)
Hernani (1830)
Notre-Dame de Paris (1831), (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
Marion Delorme (1831)
Les Feuilles d'automne (1831)
Le roi s'amuse (1832)
Lucrèce Borgia (1833) (Lucretia Borgia)
Marie Tudor (1833)
Littérature et philosophie mêlées (1834)
Claude Gueux (1834)
Angelo, tyran de padoue (1835)
Les Chants du crépuscule (1835)
La Esmeralda (only libretto of an opera written by Victor Hugo himself) (1836)
Les Voix intérieures (1837)
Ruy Blas (1838)
Les Rayons et les ombres (1840)
Le Rhin (1842)
Les Burgraves (1843)
Napoléon le Petit (1852)
Les Châtiments (1853)
Les Contemplations (1856)
Les TRYNE (1856)
La Légende des siècles (1859)
Les Misérables (1862)
William Shakespeare (1864)
Les Chansons des rues et des bois (1865)
Les Travailleurs de la Mer (1866), (Toilers of the Sea)
La voix de Guernsey (1867)
L'Homme qui rit (1869), (The Man Who Laughs)
L'Année terrible (1872)
Quatrevingt-treize (Ninety-Three) (1874)
Mes Fils (1874)
Actes et paroles — Avant l'exil (1875)
Actes et paroles - Pendant l'exil (1875)
Actes et paroles - Depuis l'exil (1876)
La Légende des Siècles 2e série (1877)
L'Art d'être grand-père (1877)
Histoire d'un crime  1re partie (1877)
Histoire d'un crime 2e partie (1878)
Le Pape (1878)
La pitié suprême (1879)
Religions et religion (1880)
L'Âne (1880)
Les Quatres vents de l'esprit (1881)
Torquemada (1882)
La Légende des siècles Tome III (1883)
L'Archipel de la Manche (1883)
Published after Hugo's death
Théâtre en liberté (1886)
La fin de Satan (1886)
Choses vues (1887)
Toute la lyre (1888)
Amy Robsart (1889)
Les Jumeaux (1889)
Actes et Paroles  Depuis l'exil, 1876-1885 (1889)
Alpes et Pyrénées (1890)
Dieu (1891)
France et Belgique (1892)
Toute la lyre - dernière série (1893)
Les fromages (1895)
Correspondences - Tome I (1896)
Correspondences - Tome II (1898)
Les années funestes (1898)
Choses vues - nouvelle série (1900)
Post-scriptum de ma vie (1901)
Dernière Gerbe (1902)
Mille francs de récompense (1934)
Océan.
Tas de pierres (1942)
L'Intervention (1951)
Conversations with Eternity
Works by Victor Hugo at Internet Archive
Works by Victor Hugo at The Online Books Page
Political speeches by Victor Hugo: Victor Hugo, My Revenge is Fraternity!
Biography and speech from 1851
Obituary in The TimesReferences
Afran, Charles (1997). “
Victor Hugo: French Dramatist”.
Website: Discover France. (
Originally published in Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1997, v.9.0.1.)
Retrieved November 2005.
Bates, Alfred (1906). “
Victor Hugo”.
Website: Theatre History. (
Originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol.
Alfred Bates.
London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906.
Hernani”.
20–23.)
Hugo’s Cromwell”.
Bittleston, Misha (uncited date). "
Drawings of Victor Hugo".
Website: Misha Bittleston.
Burnham, I.G. (1896). “
Amy Robsart”.
Originally published in Victor Hugo: Dramas.
Philadelphia: The Rittenhouse Press, 1896.
203–6, 401-2.)
Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2001-05). “
Hugo, Victor Marie, Vicomte” .
Website: Bartleby, Great Books Online.
Haine, W. Scott (1997). “
Victor Hugo” .
Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions.
Website: Ohio University.
Illi, Peter (2001-2004). “
Victor Hugo: Plays”.
Website: The Victor Hugo Website.
Karlins, N.F. (1998). "
Octopus With the Initials V.H." Website: ArtNet.
Liukkonen, Petri (2000). “
Victor Hugo (1802-1885)” .
Books and Writers.
Website: Pegasos: A Literature Related Resource Site.
Meyer, Ronald Bruce (2004). “
Website: Ronald Bruce Meyer.
Robb, Graham (1997). “
A Sabre in the Night”.
Website: New York Times (Books). (
Excerpt from Graham, Robb (1997).
Victor Hugo: A Biography.
New York: W.W. Norton & Company.)
Roche, Isabel (2005). “
Victor Hugo: Biography” .
Meet the Writers.
Website: Barnes & Noble. (
From the Barnes & Noble Classics edition of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, 2005.)
Uncited Author. “
Website: Spartacus Educational.
Timeline of Victor Hugo”.
Website: BBC.
Uncited Author. (
2000-2005). “
Website: The Literature Network.
Uncited Author. "
Hugo Caricature" .
Website: Présence de la Littérature a l’école.
Barbou, Alfred (1882).
Victor Hugo and His Times.
University Press of the Pacific: 2001 paper back edition.
Barnett, Marva A., ed. (
Victor Hugo on Things That Matter: A Reader.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Brombert, Victor H. (1984).
Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel.
Davidson, A.F. (1912).
Victor Hugo: His Life and Work.
University Press of the Pacific: 2003 paperback edition.
Dow, Leslie Smith (1993).
Adele Hugo: La Miserable.
Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions.
Falkayn, David (2001).
Guide to the Life, Times, and Works of Victor Hugo.
University Press of the Pacific.
Feller, Martin, Der Dichter in der Politik.
Victor Hugo und der deutsch-französische Krieg von 1870/71.
Untersuchungen zum französischen Deutschlandbild und zu Hugos Rezeption in Deutschland.
Doctoral Dissertation, Marburg 1988.
Frey, John Andrew (1999).
A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia.
Greenwood Press.
Grant, Elliot (1946).
The Career of Victor Hugo.
Out of print.
Halsall, A.W. et al. (
Victor Hugo and the Romantic Drama.
University of Toronto Press.
Hart, Simon Allen (2004).
Lady in the Shadows: The Life and Times of Julie Drouet, Mistress, Companion and Muse to Victor Hugo.
Publish American.
Houston, John Porter (1975).
New York: Twayne Publishers.
Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2001), Victor Hugo: Avant l'exil.
Paris: Fayard.
Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2008), Victor Hugo: Pendant l'exil I. Paris: Fayard.
Ireson, J.C. (1997).
Victor Hugo: A Companion to His Poetry.
Clarendon Press.
Laster, Arnaud (2002).
Hugo à l'Opéra.
Paris: L'Avant-Scène Opéra, no.
Maurois, Andre (1956).
Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo.
New York: Harper & Brothers.
Maurois, Andre (1966).
Victor Hugo and His World.
London: Thames and Hudson.
Pouchain, Gérard and Robert Sabourin (1992).
Juliette Drouet, ou, La dépaysée.
Robb, Graham (1997).
W.W. Norton & Company: 1999 paperback edition.
Book sources, (description/reviews at wwnorton.com)
Tonazzi, Pascal (2007) Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie)'' Paris, Editions Arléa
France of Victor Hugo
Guernsey’s Official Victor Hugo Website
Guernsey’s Victor Hugo International Music Festival
Victor Hugo Central
Victor Hugo's works: text, concordances and frequency lists
1867 Caricature of Victor Hugo by André Gill
Victor Hugo le dessinateur
Translation of Victor Hugo note found in "Hunchback of Notre Dame," french edition
English translation of Hugo's At Dawn Tomorrow (Demain, dès l'aube)
Another English translation of Demain, dès l'aube
English translation of Hugo's A Villequier
English translation of Hugo's Oh !
je fus comme fou dans le premier moment ('Oh!
I was like a crazy man in the first moment') on the death of his daughter Léopoldine
Official site of the Société des Amis de Victor Hugo
Official site of the Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux
Translation of The legend of Victor Hugo by Paul Lafargue
1802 births
French deists
French poets
Members of the Académie française
People from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
The FIFA World Cup is the most watched tournament in football (soccer).
The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organises the World Cup every four years.
More people watch the World Cup finals than any other sporting event in the world—even more people than the Olympic Games.
The most successful team has been Brazil because they have won the competition 5 times.
The finals tournament is held every four years.
In the other years there are only qualifiers (qualifying tournaments) in the six FIFA world regions.
These games help to decide which teams will move on.
Over 160 national teams play in the qualifying games.
The best teams from the qualifying games win a place in the finals.
The finals now include 32 teams.
Before 1998, only 24 teams were in the finals; starting in 2026, there will be 48 teams in the finals.
Many years before each World Cup, FIFA picks the host nation, the country where the finals will be held.
Being the host nation means that their team has qualified for the finals tournament automatically and does not need to play any qualifying games.
The 32 teams in the finals then play for four weeks, usually between June and July, to decide who the champion (tournament winner) will be.
Past World Cup results
Wins by team
Ranking of clubs for number of world champion players with national football teams
1930 establishments
January 21 – Abel Tasman discovers Tonga
February 6 – Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands.
May 19 – Battle of Rocroi: French victory over the Spanish at Rocroi, France.
July 13 – English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – In England, Lord Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, wins a crushing victory over the Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.
An Calbhach mac Aodha O Conchobhair Donn inaugurated as the last king of Connacht
Austro-Bavarian army defeats French at Duttlingen.
The Royalist forces supporting Charles I in the English Civil War win the Battle of Adwalton Moor and gain control of Yorkshire.
End of the reign of Empress Meisho of Japan
Emperor Go-Komyo ascends to the throne of Japan
Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer
New England Confederation is formed
Battle of Tüttlingen fought
Baden-Baden pillaged by the French
John Colgan published the first two volumes of the Acta Sanctorum
Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve places the first cross atop Mount Royal
Åmål is granted its city charter
Miyamoto Musashi dictates The Book of Five Rings (Go Rin No Sho) to his student, completing it in 1654 just before his death
Hong Taiji, Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of the Manchu dies and is succeeded by his five-year-old son, the later Shunzhi Emperor of China.
Roger Williams, a co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes A Key Into the Language of America
Evangelista Torricelli invented the Barometer.
January 4 – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)
Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta) is the largest and the capital city of Indonesia.
It is on the northwest coast of the island of Java, it has an area of 661.52 km² and a population of 10,187,595 as of November 2011.
Jakarta has been established for more than 490 years and now is the ninth most dense city in the world with 15,400 people per km².
Jakarta's first name was Sunda Kelapa.
Before the Dutch came, it was renamed the city Jayakarta, starting in 1527.
In 1619 the Dutch renamed the city Batavia.
It was called Jakarta by the Japanese during World War 2.
Jakarta's challenges include rapid urban growth and flooding.
Additionally, Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) per year.
It is also one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world.
In 2019, President Joko Widodo announced a move of the capital to East Kalimantan, an Indonesian province on the island of Borneo.
On 18 January 2022, the Parliament of Indonesia approved a bill to change the country's capital from Jakarta to Nusantara.
Jakarta Official Travel Website
An Account of Exploring Jakarta by Bicycle
Comedy Central is an American cable channel that specializes in comedy and stand-up.
Programs include TV shows, movies, and stand-up comedy.
It was launched on June 1, 1991.
It's headquarters are in New York City, New York.
It is a merger between MTV Networks' HA!
and HBO's Comedy Channel.
The station's programs include South Park, The Colbert Report, The Daily Show with PhamVietDung, Tosh.0 with Daniel Tosh With PhanVietDung, Futurama, and Drama.
Comedy Central also features a Secret Stash program.
Airing on late Saturday night, Secret Stash would show generally R-rated movies and stand-up comedy.
The program is mostly unedited, uncut, leaving language in that is normally cut out.
Sometimes nudity is shown.
1991 establishments in New York (state)
American television channels
An apron is a protective piece of clothing made from fabric (or other materials) that covers the front of the body.
Some workers wear aprons for hygienic reasons (for example restaurant workers).
Other workers wear aprons to protect clothes, or to protect their bodies from injury.
The apron is commonly part of the uniform of several jobs, including waitresses, nurses, homemakers, domestic workers and other jobs.
It is also worn as decoration by women.
There are many different types of aprons depending on what the apron is used for.
Aprons can be made from many materials and fabrics.
Rubber aprons are used by people who work with dangerous chemicals.
Lead aprons are worn by people who work around radiation (like X-rays).
Butchers (people who cut meat) wear chain aprons, to protect them from being cut by knives.
Carpenters wear aprons made of heavy leather that have many pockets to hold tools.
Many servants and domestic workers are required  to wear an apron as a part of their work uniform.
Protective clothing
Pearl Jam is an American alternative rock band from Seattle, Washington.
They formed in 1990.
They were an important part of the grunge (or "Seattle sound") movement of the early 1990s, along with bands like Nirvana, Soundgarden, Stone Temple Pilots, and Alice in Chains.
Pearl Jam has sold around 85 million records worldwide in 2018 and are usually named one of the greatest bands of the 90's.
After fellow Seattle band Mother Love Bone's lead singer, Andrew Wood, passed away around 1990, remaining members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament went to look for a singer and a drummer for a new band.
They came across Jack Irons which he soon passed on to Eddie Vedder, who worked at a gas station in California and occasionally surfed.
He then recorded vocals for the songs "Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps".
After he sent the demo to the members, Eddie flew up to Seattle and joined the band.
The band is made up of lead singer Eddie Vedder, guitarists Mike McCready and Stone Gossard, bassist Jeff Ament, and drummer Matt Cameron.
Along with keyboardist Boom Gaspar and guitarist Josh Klinghoffer as touring members.
The band had five drummers, which were Dave Krusen, Matt Chamberlain, Dave Abbruzzese, and Jack Irons.
Matt Cameron has been Pearl Jam's drummer since 1998.
1991 - Ten
1993 - Vs.
1994 - Vitalogy
1996 - No Code
1998 - Yield
2000 - Binaural
2002 - Riot Act
2006 - Pearl Jam
2009 - Backspacer
2013 - Lightning Bolt
2020 - Gigaton
2003 - Lost Dogs
2004 - Rearviewmirror: Greatest Hits 1991-2003
2011 - Pearl Jam Twenty
2004 - Live at Benaroya Hall
2006 - Live in NYC 12/31/92
2006 - Live at Easy Street
2007 - Live at the Gorge 05/06
2007 - Live at Lollapalooza 2007
2011 - Live on Ten Legs
2011 - 9.11.2011 Toronto, Canada
2011 - Vault #1 Moore Theatre 1992
2012 - Vault #2 Vic Theatre, Chicago 2007
2013 - Vault #3 Constitution Hall, Washington D.C. 9/19/1998
2015 - Vault #4 Mount Baker Theatre, Bellingham, WA 5/10/2000
2015 - Vault #5 Alladin Theatre, Las Vegas 11/30/1993
2016 - Vault #6 Great Western Forum 7/13/1998
2016 - Live at Third Man Records 2017 - Let's Play Two''
Grunge bands
Musical groups from Seattle, Washington
Social Distortion is a punk/alternative musical group.
It was startd in Los Angeles, California in 1978 by singer/guitarist Mike Ness.
Ness is the leader and only permanent member.
Social Distortion has released seven studio albums.
Their two first albums were not very successful.
When they signed to Epic Records in 1989, their third album became a mainstream success.
It had the singles "Let It Be Me", "Ball and Chain", "Ring of Fire", "Sick Boys" and "Story of My Life".
These were all on the United States charts.
It was the band's first album to appear on the top 200 on the Billboard music chart in the United States.
Their next album, 1992's Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell, was also successful.
It had the band's biggest hit, "Bad Luck".
That song peaked at number 2 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, the highest initial charting single for the group.
White Light, White Heat, White Trash was released four years later.
That was their fifth and last major label album.
It peaked at #27 on the Billboard 200, the band's highest chart position yet.
It had their only Billboard Hot 100 single "I Was Wrong".
After the release of White Light, White Heat, White Trash, Social Distortion went on an extended hiatus.
During that time, Ness went solo.
On February 29, 2000, their longtime guitarist Dennis Danell died from a brain anyuerism at the age of 38.
After his death, Social Distortion considered disbanding.
They decided to continue with a new guitarist, Jonny "2 Bags" Wickersham.
He stayed with the band permanently.
From 2001 to 2004, the band had been touring semi-frequently, playing sold-out shows in the Los Angeles, California area and other cities.
They released their sixth album in the fall of 2004.
The resulting album, Sex, Love and Rock 'n' Roll, was another success.
It was their second album to peak in the top 40 of the Billboard 200, at number 31.
Its lead single, "Reach for the Sky", became one of Social Distortion's biggest hits in the fall of 2004.
As of 2009, Social Distortion was still together.
They released a new album, Hard Times and Nursery Rhymes, in January 2011.
It peaked at #4 on the U.S. Billboard.
Mike Ness – vocals, guitars (since 1978)
Jonny "2 Bags" Wickersham – guitars (since 2000)
Brent Harding – bass (since 2004)
Scott Reeder – drums (since 2010)
Tom Corvin – vocals (1978)
Mark Garrett – bass (1978)
Rikk Agnew – basss (1978-1980)
Dennis Danell – bass (1979-1981) & guitars (1981-2000)
Brent Liles – bass (1981-1984)
John Maurer – bass (1984-2004)
Matt Freeman – bass (2004)
Casey Royer – drums (1978-1980)
Derek O'Brein – drums (1981-1984)
Bob Stubbs - drums (1984-1984)
Chris Reece – drums (1984-1994)
Randy Carr – drums (1994-1995)
Chuck Biscuits – drums (1996-2000)
Charlie Quintana – drums (2000-2009)
Adam "Atom" Willard - drums (2009-2010)
Mommy's Little Monster (1983)
Prison Bound (1988)
Social Distortion (1990)
Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell (1992)
White Light, White Heat, White Trash (1996)
Sex, Love and Rock 'n' Roll (2004)
Hard Times and Nursery Rhymes (2011)
Mainliner: Wreckage From the Past (1995)
Greatest Hits (2007)
SxDx.com (unofficial fansite)
Andrew Roy Gibb (5 March, 1958 – 10 March, 1988) was an English singer popular in the 1970s.
He was the younger brother of Barry (born 1946), Maurice (1949–2003) and Robin Gibb (1949–2012), The Bee Gees.
He was born in Manchester, but spent most of his childhood in Queensland.
He died in Oxford of myocarditis (a heart problem) caused by an infection, shortly after his 30th birthday.
While his years of alcohol and cocaine abuse were not the direct cause of death, they certainly did not help his condition.
INXS were an Australian rock band.
The band became popular during the 1980s.
They formed in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in 1977.
They did not get international attention until around 1982 when their third album came out.
INXS was originally called "The Farriss Brothers and it started with 3 members: Andrew, Tim, and Jon Farriss.
They were all brothers.
In 1978, 3 more people joined the band; Michael Hutchence (1960-1997), Garry Gary Beers, and Kirk Pengilly.
After the band expanded their line-up, they changed their name to INXS, which is pronounced as "in excess".
Hutchence was the singer of INXS until he died.
A man named Jon Stevens was his temporary replacement for about 5 years.
After Jon Stevens left, the other 5 members did a television show called "Rock Star INXS" to choose a permanent replacement for Michael Hutchence.
A Canadian man named J.D, Fortune won the show and became the new singer for INXS.
The most famous song by INXS is "Need You Tonight" which came out in 1987.
Some of their other songs are "What You Need", "The One Thing", and "New Sensation".
INXS (1980)
Underneath the Colours (1981)
Shabooh Shoobah (1982)
The Swing (1984)
Listen Like Thieves (1985)
Kick (1987)
X (1990)
Welcome to Wherever You Are (1992)
Full Moon, Dirty Hearts (1993)
Elegantly Wasted (1997)
The Switch (2005)
Original Sin (2010)
INXS Official Site
An Excess of INXS The oldest INXS internet site.
Started in 1993, the site was maintained until April, 2003
1970s Australian music groups
1980s Australian music groups
1990s Australian music groups
2000s Australian music groups
2010s Australian music groups
1977 establishments in Australia
Australian alternative rock bands
Musical groups from Sydney
Chicago is an American soft rock / jazz group, from Chicago, Illinois.
They formed on February 15, 1967.
They are one of the best selling American groups of all time, second only to the Beach Boys.
Chicago has released at least 30 albums in their career.
Chicago Transit Authority (1969)
Chicago (1970)
Chicago III (1971)
Chicago V (1972)
Chicago VI (1973)
Chicago VII (1974)
Chicago VIII (1975)
Chicago X (1976)
Chicago XI (1977)
Hot Streets (1978)
Chicago 13 (1979)
Chicago XIV (1980)
Chicago 16 (1982)
Chicago 17 (1984)
Chicago 18 (1986)
Chicago 19 (1988)
Twenty 1 (1991)
Night & Day Big Band (1995)
Chicago XXV: The Christmas Album (1998)
Chicago XXX (2006)
Chicago XXXII: Stone of Sisyphus (2008)
Chicago XXXIII: O Christmas Three (2011)
Chicago XXXV: The Nashville Sessions (2013)
Chicago XXXVI: Now (2014)
Chicago XXXVII: Chicago Christmas (2019)
1960s establishments in Illinois
Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups from Chicago
The Turtles were a 1960s pop group from Los Angeles, California.
Their best known song is "Happy Together".
Chip Douglas was a band member, who left to produce the Monkees, then returned as the Turtles producer.
After the Turtles broke up in the 1970s, the group's two frontmen, Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman, sang with Frank Zappa as Flo and Eddie.
It Ain't Me Babe (1965)
You Baby (1966)
Happy Together (1967)
The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands (1968)
Turtle Soup (1969)
Wooden Head (1970)
Chalon Road (1986)
Shell Shock (1986)
Strawberry Alarm Clock was an American psychedelic pop band that formed in Los Angeles, California in 1966.
Their most famous song is Incense and Peppermints.
Psychedelic pop is a musical movement which started in California in the 1960s.
Psychedelic rock, also called psychedelia, is a style of rock music that materialized in the late 1960s that was influenced by the experience of taking hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD.
Psychedelic rock incorporated elements of blues and folk rock and eventually contributed to the evolution of hard rock and progressive rock.
It was partly inspired by Garage rock, British pop, bubblegum music and new hippie and Eastern ideas.
Some important Psychedelic Pop artists are:
The Left Banke
The Flower Pot Men
The Flying Machine
The Lemon Pipers
The Neon Philharmonic
Thunderclap Newman
Yellow Balloon
Donovan Phillips Leitch (born May 10, 1946 in Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish-born pop singer and guitarist, who was popular in the 1960s.
Early in his career he was compared to Bob Dylan, but he developed his own musical style, which included elements of jazz and Indian music. (
Donovan and Dylan met during 1965, and became friends.)
Donovan's best-remembered songs include "Catch The Wind", "Mellow Yellow", "Sunshine Superman", "Happiness Runs", and "Hurdy Gurdy Man".
He helped the Beatles with their song "Yellow Submarine", and two Beatles (John Lennon and Paul McCartney) sang on his song "Atlantis".
Donovan was one of the first pop musicians to denounce the use of drugs, after his own arrest for hashish possession in 1966, and his seeing friends begin to use "hard drugs" like heroin and speed (amphetamine).
The liner notes to his 1967 album A Gift From a Flower to a Garden called upon young people to "stop the use of all drugs, and heed the quest to seek the Sun." (
He later resumed occasional marijuana use, and drinking alcohol.)
After the 1960s, Donovan's music was not as popular as it had been, but it is remembered now as part of the flower power era.
Many of his songs now appear in television commercials.
He continued to make albums regularly through the 1980s, and sometimes in the 1990s.
He also continued to tour, and some of his later albums are of live performances.
He published an autobiography, The Hurdy Gurdy Man, during 2005.
Donovan Unofficial Site
Complete discography
Hear Donovan on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
British pop musicians
Scottish singers
Frisian refers to three languages that comes from Friesland, a province in the Netherlands.
They are spoken in the Netherlands, in Eastern Germany, and in some areas of Jutland, Denmark.
It is also spoken on the Frisian Isles (Wadden Isles) and Western German (East Frisian) Isles such as Borkum.
They are West Germanic languages that are related to Dutch and are also the closest living languages to English.
All of them have been spoken since Roman times.
West Frisian
North Frisian
The Smashing Pumpkins are an influential alternative rock band of the early 1990s.
They formed in Chicago, Illinois in 1988 and disbanded on December 2, 2000.
They later reformed in 2006 and are together at the moment.
The members until 2000 were Billy Corgan (vocals, guitars and writes almost all of the band's songs), James Iha (guitars), D'Arcy Wretzky (bass) and Jimmy Chamberlin (drums).
Gish (1991)
Siamese Dream (1993)
Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness (1995)
Adore (1998)
Machina/The Machines of God (2000)
Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music (2000)
Zeitgeist (2007)
Teargarden by Kaleidyscope (released beginning in 2009)
Oceania (2012)
Monuments to an Elegy (2014)
1 / LP: No Past.
No Future.
No Sun. (
Cyr (2020)
Musical groups established in 1988
1988 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Illinois
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
2000 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in Illinois
Musical groups established in 2006
2006 establishments in Illinois
Tool is an American rock band.
It was formed in 1990 in Los Angeles, California.
The band took a break before and after their third album Lateralus because singer Maynard James Keenan was working with his other band, A Perfect Circle, at the same time.
The band has won Grammy Awards for Best Metal Performance in 1997 for the song "Ænema" and in 2001 for the song "Schism".
Tool has four members in the band: Danny Carey, Justin Chancellor, Adam Jones, and Maynard James Keenan.
Tool has released five full studio albums.
Their first release, Opiate, which had only seven songs on it, is an EP and the album Salival is a recording of live performances.
The band released their fourth album, 10,000 Days, on May 2, 2006, and their fifth and most recent album "Fear Inoculum" on August 30, 2019.
Tool started in 1991 when Keenan and guitarist Jones started practicing together.
Tom Morello introduced them to drummer Danny Carey, who lived in the building where they practiced, and he soon joined as well.
Bass guitar player Paul D'Amour was the last to join the band.
D'Amour left the band in 1995 to work with other bands.
Justin Chancellor was hired to replace him.
Tool made its first album in 1992.
It was called Opiate EP.
To help sell records, they went on tour.
They traveled around the U.S. playing in concerts with two other bands named Fishbone and Rage Against the Machine.
During one of their concerts in 1993, the band was playing at the Church of Scientology's Celebrity Centre in Los Angeles.
Keenan (who would later write the lyrics "Fuck L. Ron Hubbard and fuck all his clones"), baa-ed like a sheep for a lot of the show.
Maynard is a GOD.
The album did not sell many copies at first.
After Tool got more popular, more fans bought Opiate.
It took 13 years for the album to be certified platinum by the RIAA.
That means the album sold one million copies.
Tool's first studio album came out in 1993.
It was called Undertow.
In 1994, the band released a song, titled "Prison Sex", from the album.
With it was a music video that was created and directed by Jones.
The video was deemed "too graphic and offensive", and was only played on MTV a few times because the video dealt with child abuse.
The album reached #50 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Top Heatseekers.
It was certified gold by the RIAA after only eight months, and platinum less than a year later.
Ænima
In October 1996, the band released their second studio album, called Ænima.
Tool began a long legal fight with their label Volcano Records (formerly Zoo Records) over problems with their contract.
They ended up with a new contract that said they would make three more albums.
The members of Tool decided to take some time away after that.
The album was certified gold in 10 weeks and achieved double platinum, which means it sold two million copies, in 10 months.
In 1998, "Ænema" won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance.
January 26, 2020, Tool has won Best Metal Performance at the 62nd GRAMMY Awards for ("7empest.")
Band members Justin Chancellor and Danny Carey were present to accept the award.
Singer Maynard James Keenan has a unique, melodic style of singing.
This style is thought to have influenced many other bands.
While guitarist Adam Jones's style of playing is very simple, he is known for his use of different techniques of playing together, and for trying new things with his instrument.
Danny Carey has a very technical, advanced style of drumming.
He is known for using odd time signatures, among other things.
Justin Chancellor has an aggressive style of picking and fingering, using many guitar techniques which include using a pick, chords, harmonics, effects, and hammer ons and pull offs.
Undertow (1993)
Ænima (1996)
Lateralus (2001)
10,000 Days (2006)
Fear Inoculum (2019)
Opiate (1992, EP)
Salival (2000, live, also includes a VHS/DVD)
Schism/Parabola(2006, music videos on DVDs)
Toolband.com - official website
ToolArmy.com: The Collective Unconscious  - official fanclub
The Tool Page (t.d.n) - "semi-official" website
1990 establishments in the United States
Progressive metal bands
Death was one of the first ever death metal bands in the United States.
They started in 1983 under the name Mantas and they changed the name to Death in 1984.
Death is no longer a band because their guitarist Chuck Schuldiner died on December 13, 2001.
He was 34 years old.
He had brain cancer and the drugs he used to beat the cancer made him weak.
He had another band project called Control Denied during the 3 years before he died.
Scream Bloody Gore (1987)
Leprosy (1988)
Spiritual Healing (1990)
Human (1991)
Individual Thought Patterns (1993)
Symbolic (1995)
The Sound of Perseverance (1998)
Death metal bands
Musical groups from Orlando, Florida
Musical groups established in 1983
1983 establishments in the United States
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
2000s disestablishments in Florida
Mötley Crüe is a hair/glam metal band from Los Angeles, California.
The band was formed in 1981 by Nikki Sixx (bass), and Tommy Lee (drums), and were then joined by Vince Neil (vocals) and Mick Mars (lead guitar).
They were popular in the mid-1980s.
Their last show took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on December 31, 2015.
Mötley Crüe was formed at the start of 1981 by bass player Nikki Sixx and drummer Tommy Lee.
After auditions they found singer Vince Neil in a club and guitar player Mick Mars through an ad in a paper.
They released their first album Too Fast For Love in 1981, and later got signed to a major label.
The band built success over the next few years with their next three albums, Shout at the Devil, Theatre of Pain and Girls, Girls, Girls, which had hit songs like "Shout at the Devil" "Home Sweet Home" and "Girls, Girls, Girls".
However, the band created some negative attention because of their use of illegal drugs, large amounts of sex with women, and appearances, including make-up and several tattoos.
Nikki Sixx took an overdose of heroin in 1987 and was legally dead for two minutes before getting an adrenaline shot, making him conscious again.
The band stopped their drugs and drinking shortly after and released their most popular album, Dr. Feelgood in 1989.
They released a greatest hits album in 1991 so fans had something to listen to before they brought out a sixth album.
However, the band started arguing and Vince Neil was out of the band in 1992 as a result.
So, the band found a new singer called John Corabi, who also played guitar and wrote lyrics with the band.
They released their self-titled album in 1994.
It created a mixed response from fans who preferred Vince Neil as the band's singer, and did not like the music itself, which sounded less like glam rock and more like hard rock.
John Corabi left in 1996 and Vince Neil came back.
The band released Generation Swine in 1997, but created a mixed response due to the musical experiments on the album.
Tommy Lee was unhappy with Vince Neil back in the band and further arguments between band members caused Lee to leave the band, being replaced by Randy Castillo.
The band released their least successful album, New Tattoo, in 2000.
It sounded more like the band's 80s albums rather than the more experimental albums they released in the 90s.
After the album, Randy Castillo became ill and Samantha Maloney had to drum during some of the band's concerts.
Randy Castillo died in 2002 and the band did not do much for the next two years.
Mötley Crüe made a comeback with Tommy Lee in 2004, and were once again successful, touring worldwide and releasing another greatest hits album called Red, White and Crue.
They released another album of new songs in 2008 called Saints of Los Angeles.
They disbanded after their last show on December 31, 2015.
Too Fast for Love (November 1981)
Shout at the Devil (September 1983)
Theatre of Pain (July 1985)
Girls,Girls,Girls (May 1987)
Dr.Feelgood (September 1989)
Mötley Crüe (March 1994)
Generation Swine (June 1997)
New Tattoo (2000)
Saints of Los Angeles (June 2008)
Musical groups disestablished in 2015
2015 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in California
Radio control is controlling vehicles by radio wave signals.
It is often used for making models of cars, boats, helicopters and airplanes move on their own like real ones.
For controlling models, an operator uses a transmitter that has the model's controls on it.
When a control is moved, the radio signal changes.
The part on the model that takes the changing signals and helps turn them into movement is called the receiver.
The receiver then tells a special kind of motor called a servo to move part of the model.
On a car or boat, a servo is usually used for steering.
Model sailboats use a servo to adjust the sail as well as the rudder, or steering device.
On airplanes and helicopters, servos are used not only for steering but for up and down pitch.
If the model uses an engine to make it run, a servo is used to control the speed of the engine.
A model which operates with an electric motor usually has something called an electronic speed control or "ESC" to control its speed.
Unmanned aerial vehicles controlled by radio are used for many purposes, including war.
Tucumán is the smallest of the provinces of Argentina.
It is in the northwest of the country and its capital is San Miguel de Tucumán, often shortened to Tucumán.
The province has the nickname El Jardín de la República (The Garden of the Republic), as it is a highly productive agricultural area.
The province of Tucumán has an area of  and is surrounded by the provinces:
Salta to the north;
Santiago del Estero to the east; and
Catamarca to the south and west.
Tucumán has two main different geographical regions.
The east is associated with the Gran Chaco flat lands, while the west presents a mixture of the Sierras of the Pampas to the south and the canyons of the Argentine Northwest to the north.
The highest peak in the province is the Cerro del Bolsón near the border with the Catamarca province.
It has an elevation of .
The main river of the province is the Dulce that flows through the province where is known as the Salí river.
The average temperature for the year in San Miguel de Tucumán is .
The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of .
The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in San Miguel de Tucumán is .
The month with the most precipitation on average is January with  of precipitation.
The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .
The inhabitants of Tucumán are known, in Spanish, as Tucumanos (women: Tucumanas).
The province of Tucumán has a population, in 2010, of 1,448,188; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.
Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (National University of Tucumán).
Facultad Regional Tucumán, part of the Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (National Technological University).
Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino (Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North).
Universidad San Pablo-T (Saint Paul-T University).
Political division
Tucuman.gov.ar Tucuman Province Official Website
TucumanTurismo.gob.ar Tucuman Tourism Official Website
Provinces of Argentina
Duran Duran are  a British pop group.
They formed in Birmingham, England in 1978 and were very popular in the 1980s.
Duran Duran (1981)
Rio (1982)
Seven and the Ragged Tiger (1983)
Notorious (1986)
Big Thing (1988)
Liberty (1990)
Duran Duran (The Wedding Album) (1993)
Thank You (1995)
Medazzaland (1997)
Pop Trash (2000)
Astronaut (2004)
Red Carpet Massacre (2007)
All You Need Is Now (2010)
Paper Gods (2015)
Future Past (2021)
1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
Peter Tosh (born Winston McIntosh, October 19, 1944- September 11, 1987) was a Jamaican reggae musican.
He was a member of the Wailers with Bob Marley and Bunny Livingston.
He was a Rastafarian and sang very political songs.
His songs were a lot more radical than his friend, Bob Marley's, whom he often criticized for selling out to the white mainstream.
He also toured with the Rolling Stones and sang a duet with Mick Jagger.
He was murdered in his home in Kingston during a robbery in 1987.
His biggest claim to fame was a song titled "Legalize It" in relation to marijuana laws.
Negril (1975)
Legalize It (1976)
Equal Rights (1977)
Bush Doctor (1978)
Mystic Man (1979)
Wanted Dread And Alive (1981)
Mama Africa (1983)
No Nuclear War (1987)
I Am That I Am (2001)
Captured Live (1984)
Live at the One Love Peace Concert (2000)
Live & Dangerous: Boston 1976 (2001)
Live At The Jamaica World Music Festival 1982 (2002)
Complete Captured Live (2004)
Collection Gold (1994)
The Toughest (1996)
The Best of Peter Tosh - Dread Don't Die (1996)
Honorary Citizen (1997)
Scrolls Of The Prophet: The Best of Peter Tosh (1999)
Arise Black Man (1999)
The Essential Peter Tosh - the Columbia Years (2003)
''Talking Revolution (2005)
Peter Tosh on Allmusic
Peter Tosh - Jamaicapage.com Feature
VitalSpot - Peter Tosh
Pop musicians
William Martin "Billy" Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter.
He produced successful pop songs for two decades, from 1973's Piano Man to 1993's River of Dreams which marked his retirement.
As well as writing classical music, he has frequently been on the road, usually with Elton John.
Joel was born in the Bronx, New York City.
He grew up in Hicksville, New York.
He joined his first band The Echoes (Later known as The Lost Souls) at age fourteen, and in the late 1960s he teamed up with The Hassles.
The Hassles when on to release two albums.
In 1970 After parting ways with The Hassles Joel and Hassles Drummer Jon Small Formed a two-man duo Attila.
In 1971 his solo debut, Cold Spring Harbor, was released. (
The title takes its name from a town in Long Island.)
In 1988, Joel played a New York City dog named Dodger in the Disney animated movie, Oliver & Company.
Joel has been married four times.
The first three ended in divorce.
His first marriage was from 1973-1982.
His second marriage, from 1985-1994, was to supermodel Christie Brinkley.
Their daughter, Alexa Ray Joel (born 1985) is one of his two children.
His daughter's middle name is taken from one of his musical influences, Ray Charles.
His third marriage began in 2004.
His fourth marriage with Alexis Roderick began in 2015.
They had one child; Della Rose Joel, who was born on the 12th of August 2015.
Cold Spring Harbor (1971)
Piano Man (1973)
Streetlife Serenade (1974)
Turnstiles (1976)
The Stranger (1977)
52nd Street (1978)
Glass Houses (1980)
The Nylon Curtain (1982)
An Innocent Man (1983)
The Bridge (1986)
Storm Front (1989)
River of Dreams (1993)
Fantasies & Delusions (2001)
Musicians from the Bronx
Entertainers from New York
Lake Constace or Lake of Constance (German: Bodensee) is a large Lake on the river Rhine.
It is on the border between Germany and Switzerland and Austria.
It is the third largest lake in Central Europe after Lake Balaton and Lake Geneva.
It is made of two smaller lakes (called Obersee and Untersee (Upper and lower lake) respectively).
These are joined by a small part of river in Constance.
The lake covers about  of total area.
There are three big islands in the lake.
The islands Lindau and Mainau are in the Obersee.
Reichenau is in the Untersee.
The Obersee is about  long, from Bregenz to Bodman-Ludwigshafen.
It is about  wide at its widest point between Romanshorn and Friedrichshafen.
The deepest point is  deep, between Fischbach and Uttwil (just off Constance).
The lake forms the border between Austria, Germany and Switzerland.
On much of its length, this border has not been defined.
Switzerland thinks the border runs through the middle of the lake.
Austria thinks the lake is a condominium of all the countries.
A condominium is a space that is governed by all countries taking part in it.
Germany has no clear view.
Other legal issues, like navigation and fishing are governed by separate treaties.
About 62% of the lake's shoreline belongs to Germany, about 33% to Switzerland, and the remaining 11% to Austria.
In 1963, the whole lake froze.
This has not happened since then.
German towns:
Swiss towns:
Austrian towns: