the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Its chemical formula is Cu(C2H3O2)2 · 3 Cu(AsO2)2.
It has copper, acetate, and arsenite ions in it.
Paris green is a blue-green solid.
It has a very bright blue-green color.
It darkens in air.
Paris green was first used to kill rats in sewers in Paris.
This is where it got its name from.
It was used as an insecticide.
It was dropped from airplanes to stop malaria in Italy.
It was used as a bright green pigment.
It was painted on ships to prevent barnacles from growing.
In many places, Paris green is banned because it is so toxic.
It is only used in a very few places.
Paris green is extremely toxic.
It used to be common and so was a common poison.
Potassium arsenite is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is KAsO2.
It has potassium and arsenite ions in it.
It is a solid.
It was used as a "medicine", but it is carcinogenic and toxic so it is not used anymore.
It is banned for use as a pesticide in the United Kingdom.
Sodium arsenite is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is NaAsO2.
It has sodium and arsenite ions in it.
Sodium arsenite is a colorless solid.
It is highly toxic and carcinogenic.
Arsenic pentafluoride, also known as arsenic(V) fluoride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is AsF5.
It has five arsenic-fluorine bonds in it.
The arsenic is in its +5 oxidation state.
Arsenic pentafluoride is a colorless gas.
It makes an ionic bond with sulfur tetrafluoride.
Its melting point is -79.8°C and its boiling point is -52.8°C.
Arsenic pentoxide, also known as arsenic(V) oxide, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is As2O5.
More common is arsen in its oxidation state +3 as As2O3 (arsenic trioxide or arsenic(III) oxide).
The LD50 for arsenic pentoxide is 8mg/kg for rats.
When the substance becomes wet, it turns into arsenic acid, which corrodes metals.
Arsenic pentoxide is a white, odourless solid.
It dissolves easily in water to make arsenic acid.
It is highly toxic, as are almost all arsenic compounds.
It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine.
As2O5 breaks down to arsenic trioxide and oxygen when heated to about 300°C.
It reacts with bases to make arsenates.
The energy for the reaction is taken from the heating.
Arsenic pentoxide cannot be produced by burning arsen.
That only results in As2O3.
To produce arsenic pentoxid, arsenic acid will be dehydrated.
This is done with phosphorus(V) oxide.
Arsenic pentoxide is used to make pesticides and insecticides.
It is also used in glass industry.
Arsenate is an ion.
Its chemical formula is AsO43-.
It has arsenic in its +5 oxidation state.
Sometimes, not all of the protons are taken away from the arsenic acid and then hydrogen arsenate salts are formed.
Their chemical formulas are HAsO42- or H2AsO4-.
Arsenate can replace phosphate in the cells but it does not work like a phosphate does.
The cell dies, and that is why arsenates are toxic.
Some bacteria can use arsenate instead of phosphate, though.
They are called arsenic bacteria.
Unlike phosphates, arsenates are not lost from a mineral during weathering.
Examples of arsenate-containing minerals include adamite, alarsite, annabergite, erythrite and legrandite.
Arsenic acid is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is H3AsO4.
It has hydrogen and arsenate ions in it.
Arsenic acid is a colorless solid.
It is similar to phosphoric acid.
It can be deprotonated three times, making various arsenates.
Arsenic acid reacts with iodide to make iodine.
It is made by reacting moist arsenic with ozone or by reacting arsenic trioxide with concentrated nitric acid.
It can also be made by dissolving arsenic pentoxide in water.
Arsenic acid is used in the making of some dyes and organic arsenic compounds.
It is also used as a preservative for wood and a biocide (something that kills all living things).
Breccia is a type of rock formed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix.
The matrix may be similar to or different from the composition of the fragments.
Rocks formed by sticking together pieces of previous rocks (clasts) are called clastic rocks.
There are two types of clastic rock: conglomerates and breccias.
What divides these two categories is the amount of rounding.
The particles that make up conglomerates are well rounded, whereas in breccias they are angular.
The basic sequence is as follows.
Sediment is laid down in the sea, and is gradually transformed into sedimentary rock.
After a long period of time something violent happens to the rock, breaking it up into many jagged pieces.
Later the pieces are cemented together by another deposition, forming a new sedimentary rock.
This is a breccia.
On examination, the rock is seen to include fragments of the original rock.
Brecciated marble can have a marvellous appearance.
The Pantheon in Rome is full of the most wonderful marble, many of which are breccias.
It includes two gigantic columns of pavonazzetto, a breccia coming from Phrygia (in modern Turkey).
Pavonazzetto obtains its name from its extremely colourful appearance, which is reminiscent of a peacock's feathers (pavone is "peacock" in Italian).
it:Rocce sedimentarie clastiche#Brecce
ja:礫岩#角礫岩
Lead arsenate is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is PbHAsO4.
It has lead, hydrogen, and arsenate (HAsO42-) ions in it.
Lead arsenate is a white solid.
It is highly toxic because of the lead and the arsenic in it.
It was the most used insecticide that had arsenic in it.
It was used against the potato beetle and the gypsy moth.
It replaced the even more toxic Paris Green.
It was later used to kill certain moths, mosquitoes, and pests of cranberries.
It was found that it stayed inside fruits even after washing off, so it was replaced with DDT.
It was completely banned in 1988.
Lead chloride
Potassium arsenate is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula can be K3AsO4, K2HAsO4, or KH2AsO4.
It has potassium and arsenate ions in it.
Potassium arsenate is a white solid.
It is carcinogenic and highly toxic.
Preparation and uses
Potassium arsenate is made by reacting amounts of potassium hydroxide with arsenic acid.
The amount of potassium hydroxide can be changed to make the different chemical formulas.
Potassium arsenate was once used for medicine but is too toxic to be used now.
Potassium phosphate
Although, in principle, almost any rock made of eroded former rock is clastic (such as sandstone or mudstone), in practice the term is used for clasts of at least gravel size upwards.
That means clasts are at least visible to the naked eye, and may be huge.
There are two types of clastic rock, by shape.
conglomerates have rounded clasts, and breccias have jagged clasts.
he:סלע משקע#סלעים קלאסטיים
Spandau Prison was a prison in the borough of Spandau in the British Sector of West Berlin.
The prison was built in 1876 and knocked down in 1987 after the death of its last prisoner, Rudolf Hess.
This was to stop it from becoming a neo-Nazi shrine.
The prison was built in 1876.
At first it was only used for soldiers but after 1919 it was also used for civilian inmates.
It held up to 600 inmates at that time.
In the aftermath of the Reichstag Fire of 1933, opponents of Hitler and journalists such as Egon Kisch and Carl von Ossietzky were held there in so-called protective custody.
It was supposed to be controlled by the Prussian Ministry of Justice but the Gestapo tortured and abused its inmates, as Egon Erwin Kisch recalls in his memories of Spandau Prison.
By the end of 1933 the first Nazi concentration camps had been built (at Dachau, Osthofen, Oranienburg, Sonnenburg, Lichtenburg and the marshland camps around Esterwegen).
All remaining prisoners in "protective custody" in state prisons were transferred to these concentration camps.
Only seven prisoners were finally imprisoned there.
Arriving from Nuremberg on 18 July 1947, they were:
Rudolf Hess - serving a life sentence (died 1987)
Walther Funk - serving a life sentence (released 16 May 1957)
Erich Raeder - serving a life sentence (released 1955)
Albert Speer - serving a 20 year term (released 1966)
Baldur von Schirach - serving a 20 year term (released 1966)
Konstantin von Neurath - serving a 15 year term (released 1954)
Karl Dönitz - serving a 10 year term (released 1956)
Of the seven, only four served all of their sentence; the remaining three, Neurath, Raeder, and Funk, were released early due to ill health.
Between 1966 and 1987, Rudolf Hess was the only inmate in Spandau Prison.
His only companion was the warden, Eugene K. Bird, who became a close friend.
Bird wrote a book about Hess's imprisonment entitled The Loneliest Man in the World.
Spandau was one of only two Four-Power organizations to continue to operate after the breakdown of the Allied Control Council; the other being the Berlin Air Safety Center.
The four occupying powers of Berlin would alternate control of the prison on a monthly basis, each having the responsibility for a total of three months out of the year.
The prison was demolished in 1987, largely to prevent it from becoming a Neo-Nazi shrine, after the death of its final remaining prisoner, Rudolf Hess, who had been the prison's sole occupant after the release of Speer and von Schirach in 1966.
The site was made into a car park and a NAAFI shopping centre, named The Britannia Centre Spandau and nicknamed Hessco's after a British supermarket chain called "TESCO".
All materials from the demolished prison were ground to powder and dumped in the North Sea or buried at the former RAF Gatow.
In 2006 a Kaiser's Supermarket, ALDI and a Media Markt consumer electronics store occupied the former prison grounds.
In late 2008, Media Markt left the main shopping complex.
The prison
The prison, first designed for a population in the hundreds, was an old brick building surrounded by one wall 15 feet high, another of 30 feet, a 10 foot high wall topped with  electrified wire, followed by a wall of barbed wire.
In addition, some of the sixty soldiers on guard duty manned nine machine-gun armed guard’s towers twenty-four hours a day.
Due to the number of cells available, an empty cell was left between the prisoners' cells, to avoid the possibility of prisoners communicating in Morse Code.
Other remaining cells in the wing were designated for other purposes, with one being used for the prison library and another for a chapel.
The cells were approximately 3 metres long by 2.7 metres wide and 4 metres high.
The highlight of the prison, from the inmates' point of view, was the garden.
The garden space was first divided into small personal plots that were used by each prisoner in many ways, usually for growing vegetables.
Dönitz liked growing beans, Funk tomatoes, and Speer flowers, although the Soviet director later banned flowers for a time.
By regulation, all of the produce was to be put toward use in the prison kitchen, but prisoners and guards alike often skirted this rule and indulged in the garden's offerings.
As prison regulations slackened and as prisoners became either apathetic or too ill to maintain their plots, the garden was consolidated into one large workable area.
This suited the former architect Speer, who, being one of the youngest and liveliest of the inmates, later took up the task of refashioning the entire plot of land into a large complex garden, complete with paths, rock gardens, and flower displays.
On days without access to the garden, for instance when it was raining, the prisoners occupied their time making envelopes together in the main corridor.
The Allied powers originally took over the prison in November 1946, expecting it to accommodate a hundred or more war criminals.
Besides the sixty or so soldiers on duty in or around the prison at any given time, there were teams of professional civilian warders from each of the four countries, four prison directors and their deputies, four army medical officers, cooks, translators, waiters, porters and others.
This was thought to be the wrong way to use the money and resources, and became a serious point of contention among the prison directors, politicians from their respective countries.
The West Berlin government was especially unhappy at the arrangements because it cost them a lot of money but they still had a lack of space in their own prison system.
Life in the prison
Prison regulations
Every part of life in the prison was strictly set out by a set of rules designed before the prisoners' arrival by the Four Powers — France, Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States.
Talking with fellow prisoners was prohibited;
Newspapers were banned;
Diaries and memoirs were forbidden;
Visits by families were limited to one of fifteen minutes every two months, and
Lights were flashed into the prisoners' cells every fifteen minutes during the night as a form of suicide watch.
A lot of the stricter regulations were either later relaxed, or deliberately ignored by prison staff.
The directors and guards of the Western powers (France, Britain, and the United States), often complained about many of the stricter measures.
The complaints were often vetoed by the Soviet Union, because it thought the rules should be stricter.
The Soviet Union suffered 19 million civilian deaths during the war, and wanted the death penalty for all of the prisoners at the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg.
Western commentators accused the Russians of keeping Spandau prison in operation chiefly as a centre for Soviet spying, as they had an excuse to drive into western Berlin, and the soldiers often looked out over the city instead of into the prison grounds.
Every day, prisoners had to wake up at 06:00 hours, wash, clean their cells and the corridor together, eat breakfast.
They then stayed in the garden until lunch-time at noon (weather permitting), after lunch they rested in their cells, then returned to the garden.
Supper followed at 17:00 hours, after which the prisoners were returned to their cells.
Lights out was at 22:00 hours.
Prisoners were given a shave and a haircut, if necessary, every Monday, Wednesday and Friday; they did their own laundry every Monday.
This routine, except the time allowed in the garden, changed very little throughout the years, although each of the controlling nations made their own interpretation of the prison regulations.
All prisoners feared the months when the Soviets were in control; the Russians were much stricter in enforcing prison regulations and offered poorer quality meals.
Each nation in charge would bring its own cook and, in the American, French, and British months, feed the prisoners better than regulations allowed.
The Soviets would offer an unchanging diet of coffee, bread, soup, and potatoes.
This rigidity was primarily due to the much-loathed Soviet director, who perpetually enforced these measures and whom Russian and Western guards alike feared and despised.
Until this director's sudden removal in the early 1960s, the 'Soviet month' was dreaded.
Afterwards, matters, including diet, were improved.
1876 establishments in Europe
1987 disestablishments in Europe
Legal Actions Taken
Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks consisting of rounded fragments and are thus differentiated from breccias, which consist of angular clasts.
Both conglomerates and breccias have clasts larger than sand (>2 mm).
Philip of Spain (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765.
He founded the Parma line of the House of Bourbon.
He was a son in law of Louis XV.
Infante of Spain
Born at the Royal Alcazar in Madrid, he was the fourth child and third son of Philip V of Spain and his wife, Elisabeth Farnese.
He was raised in Madrid and as a child showed more interest in art than in politics.
He was created Count of Chinchón, which he later ceded to his brother Louis in 1754.
Duke of Parma
His mother was the last of the Farnese, rulers the Duchy of Parma.
The Duchy had been ruled between 1731 and 1736 by his elder brother Charles I, but exchanged with Austria for The Two Sicilies after the War of Polish Succession.
Twelve years later, in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Austria lost Parma, and Philip became the new Duke, founding the Bourbons of Parma.
Parma was ruined by many years of warfare, and in 1759 Philip named the abled Frenchmen Guillaume du Tillot as his minister to restore the economy.
He stimulated education and philosophy, attracting personalities like Étienne Bonnot de Condillac.
Philip died unexpectedly on 18 July 1765 in Alessandria, Italy, after having accompanied his daughter Maria Luisa on her way to Genoa, where she sailed for Spain to marry Infante Charles.
Through Philip's daughter Maria Luisa, he is an ancestor of the Bourbons of Spain, the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, and the House of Orléans.
Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France in Alcalá de Henares, Spain on 25 October 1739.
She was the eldest daughter of Louis XV.
The marriage was the first between the French and Spanish Bourbons, the other taking place in 1745 between Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain.
Isabella of Parma (31 December 1741 – 27 November 1763) married Archduke Joseph of Austria and had issue.
Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (20 January 1751 – 9 October 1802) married Maria Amalia of Austria and had issue.
Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) married her cousin, the Charles IV of Spain and had issue.
15 March 1720  18 October 1748 His Royal Highness The Infante Don Felipe of Spain.
18 October 1748  18 July 1765 His Royal Highness The Duke of Parma, Infante of Spain.
Bourbons of Parma
Heligoland is the fifth normal studio album from the collaborative British music production threesome Massive Attack, named after a German archipelago of the same name.
It had been officially released everywhere except North America by 8 February 2010  (US and Canada on 9 February 2010) – seven years after the release of their last non-soundtrack, standalone studio album, 100th Window.
It has been certified Gold in the United Kingdom.
The record features drumming from the late Jerry Fuchs and regular session and touring drummer Damon Reece.
Dan Brown and Stew Jackson (Robot Club) co-wrote "Paradise Circus", played guitar on and co-wrote "Saturday Come Slow", and part-programmed and engineered those tracks.
Tim Goldsworthy added an additional production (specific tracks unstated).
Most tracks were mixed with Mark "Spike" Stent and then all were mastered with Tim Young at Metropolis Studios, as with previous records.
Unlike previous records, there are no personal acknowledgements on the inlay.
Neil Davidge co-produced all tracks with Robert Del Naja only (except tracks 3, 7 and 9 where Grant Marshall was also involved), though Marshall has a co-write credit on every track.
The album is dedicated to the Blue Lines co-producer, Jonny Dollar.
Arsenic trisulfide, As2S3, orpiment
Tetraarsenic tetrasulfide, As4S4, realgar
Jacques-Yves Cousteau known as Jacques Cousteau (11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water.
He helped create the aqua-lung, helped marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française.
He was also known as "le Commandant Cousteau" or "Captain Cousteau".
Cousteau was born on June 11,1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau.
He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine.
Cousteau attended Collège Stanislas in Paris.
In 1930, he entered the École Navale and graduated as a gunnery officer.
After an automobile accident cut short his career in naval aviation, Cousteau changed to studying the sea.
In Toulon, where he was serving on the Condorcet, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles.
Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939).
On 12 July 1937 he married Simone Melchior (1919-1990), with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979).
His sons took part in the adventures of the Calypso.
In 1991, after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet.
They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982), born during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife.
On the morning of 25 June 1997, Jacques-Yves Cousteau died at his home in Paris, aged 87 from a heart attack.
Despite rumors, encouraged by some Islamic publications and websites, Cousteau did not convert to Islam, and when he died he was buried in a Roman Catholic Christian funeral.
He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac in France.
A street was named "rue du Commandant Cousteau" in a street which runs near his native house, where a commemorative plaque was affixed.
Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur
Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national du Mérite
Croix de guerre 1939–1945
Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite Maritime
Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia.
National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961
BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award - a lifetime achievement award for his movies
Orpiment is a mineral.
It is an orange to yellow mineral.
It has a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and a specific gravity of 3.46.
It melts at 300°C and oxidizes to arsenic trioxide at higher temperatures.
It is toxic because it gets a layer of arsenic trioxide on it by oxidation in the air.
Orpiment was used as a pigment because it was one of the only yellow pigments that they could find.
It is used to remove hair from hides.
Realgar is a mineral.
Its chemical formula is As4S4.
It is a soft (Mohs hardness 1.5 to 2) red mineral.
It is an ore of arsenic.
It changes into a yellow powder when exposed to light.
This yellow powder is called pararealgar.
It melts at 320°C and burns with a blue flame, making arsenic and sulfur fumes.
It was used to make a white color in fireworks before powdered metals were used.
It is still used in some crackling firecrackers.
It was used as a red pigment and an item of trade.
It is used as a medicine in China.
Its uses are similar to orpiment, a similar mineral.
PepsiCo, Inc. is an American multinational food, snack and beverage corporation headquartered in Harrison, New York, in the hamlet of Purchase.
PepsiCo manufactures, marketing, and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products.
PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc.
Creative destruction (German: schöpferische Zerstörung) is a term that came from Marxism.
It talks about how wealth is gathered and lost under capitalism.
The term was first used in Werner Sombart's  Krieg und Kapitalismus ("War and Capitalism", 1913) These ideas were first discussed in books The Communist Manifesto (1848), in Grundrisse (1857) "Volume IV" of Das Kapital (1863).
Origin and meaning
Creative destruction is supposed to describe a theory of how the destruction of economic order leads to capitalistic economic ideals.
A German Marxist sociologist (Sombart) is credited for using it first in his 1913 book Krieg und Kapitalismus, which means "War and Capitalism" in English.
The works and publications of Marxists such as Karl Marx himself, and Friedrich Engels, a socialist scientist, discuss the ideas of creative destruction.
In and after the 1950s, the term became associated with Austrian-American economist Joseph Schumpeter.
Schumpeter is credited for making the theory popular.
However, his idea of creative destruction was quite different from Marx's original theory.
The term gained popularity within neoliberal or free-market economics where it is used to described processes such as downsizing.
The original Marxist usage has, however, been maintained in the work of influential social scientists such as David Harvey, Marshall Berman, and Manuel Castells.
William Sanford Nye (born November 27, 1955), often known as Bill Nye the Science Guy, is an American engineer, scientist and educator.
He is most known for hosting the TV show Bill Nye the Science Guy.
Nye is also the CEO of The Planetary Society.
Nye was born in Washington, D.C. and went to school at Cornell University.
Early in his life, Nye worked as an engineer for Boeing in Seattle.
He also was a member of the Seattle comedy troupe Almost Live!.
He hosted Bill Nye the Science Guy from 1993 to 1997.
Since then, he has hosted several TV shows and specials concerned with science and the environment.
He also designed the sundial on the Mars Rover.
Nye currently lives in the San Fernando Valley.
The Coca-Cola Company is a publicly-traded company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.
Its stock symbol is KO.
It is on the Dow Jones Industrial Average and makes up a large portion of the holdings of Berkshire Hathaway.
The company is most known for making the drink Coca-Cola, the most drank soft drink in the world.
It also makes other soft drinks, including:
Diet Coke
Coca-Cola Cherry (Cherry Coke)
Mr. Pibb
Mello Yellow
The company offers 500 different brands and sells more than a billion drinks each day.
Most of this is sold in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan and the UK.
Besides soft drinks, the company also makes Minute Maid and Odwalla fruit juices, Powerade, and Dasani bottled water.
At one time, the company owned Columbia Pictures, but they are now owned by Sony and also Rockstar energy drink now owned by PepsiCo.
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas.
Examples are smoke, oceanic haze, air pollution, smog and CS gas.
When they say aerosol most people mean an aerosol spray can or the spray it makes.
To differentiate suspensions from true solutions, the term sol evolved—originally meant to cover dispersions of tiny (sub-microscopic) particles in a liquid.
With studies of dispersions in air, the term aerosol evolved and now embraces both liquid droplets, solid particles, and combinations of these.
The Al Ikhwan el Muslimeen, the  Society of the Muslim Brothers, often called the Muslim Brotherhood, or The Brotherhood, is an Islamist movement.
Today, it exists in many states and often is one of the largest political opposition groups.
The group is the world's oldest and largest Islamic political group, and the "world's most influential Islamist movement".
Hassan al-Banna founded the group in Egypt in 1928.
The Brotherhood's stated goal is to instill the Qur'an and Sunnah as the "sole reference point for ... ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community ... and state".
Since it was created, in 1928 the movement has officially opposed violent means to achieve its goals, with some exceptions such as in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict or to overthrow secular Ba'athist rule in Syria (see Hama massacre).
This position has been questioned, particularly by the Egyptian government, which accused the group of a campaign of killings in Egypt after World War II.
In Egypt
The Muslim Brotherhood is banned in Egypt.
People have been arrested because they participated in the group.
To circumvent this ban, supporters of the group often run for office as independent candidates.
Outside Egypt
Outside Egypt, the group's political activity is more traditional and conservative.
Inside Egypt, the group is modernist and wants reforms to happen.
In Kuwait,for example, the Muslim Brotherhood says that women should not have a right to vote in elections.
The Brotherhood condemned terrorism and the 9/11 attacks.
Whether the group has ties to terrorist organisations is disputed.
The question  whether and how to use violence has also led to disputes inside the movement.
At times, those in favour of using violence split from the main group and created their own groups.
Examples of such groups are Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (The Islamic Group) and Al Takfir Wal Hijra (Excommunication and Migration).
Among the Brotherhood's more influential members was Sayyid Qutb.
Qutb was the author of one of Islamism's most important books, Milestones.
The book called for the restoration of Islam by re-establishing the Sharia and by using "physical power and Jihad for abolishing the organizations and authorities of the Jahili system.
Qutb believed these included the entire Muslim world.
The book also reveals that Qutb no longer held the Brotherhood's ideas and that he was closer to the ideas of Hizb ut-Tahrir, which is concluded in the introduction and dedication of the book"     While studying at university, Osama bin Laden claimed to have been influenced by the religious and political ideas of several professors with strong ties to the Muslim Brotherhood including both Sayyid Qutb and his brother Muhammad Qutb.
However, once Al Qaeda was fully organized, they denounced the Muslim Brotherhood's reform through nonviolence and accused them of "betraying the cause of Islam and abandoning their 'jihad' in favour of forming political parties and supporting modern state institutions".
The Brotherhood is financed by contributions from its members, who are required to allocate a part of their income to the movement.
Some of these contributions are from members who live in oil-rich countries.
Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), originally called al-Jihad, is an Egyptian terrorist group based on an extreme interpretation of Islam.
It has been active since the late 1970s.
It is under worldwide embargo by the United Nations as a group linked to al-Qaeda.
It is also banned by several governments around the world, including that of the Russian Federation.
Since 1991 it has been led by Ayman al-Zawahiri, who is now the leader of al-Qaeda.
According to Zawahiri, the EIJ was "different from the Takfir wal Hijra group as we do not consider people infidels because of their sins.
And we are different from the Muslim Brotherhood because sometimes they do not oppose the government".
The organization's original main goal was to overthrow the Egyptian government and replace it with an Islamic state based on the way it thought Islam should be.
Later it broadened its aims to include attacking the United States and Israel, and other interests in Egypt and abroad.
Islamic Jihad was responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981.
Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel, which recognized the Jewish state, made them very angry.
Link with Al Qaeda
"...the members of Islamic Jihad and its guiding figure, Ayman al-Zawahiri, have provided the backbone of [al-Quaeda's] leadership.
1970s establishments in Egypt
Joseph Henry "Bad Joe" Hall (May 3, 1881 – April 5, 1919) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player.
Hall played senior and professional hockey from 1902 to 1919, when he died as a result of the influenza epidemic of 1918.
He won the Stanley Cup twice with the Quebec Bulldogs and once with the Kenora Thistles.
Nicknamed "Bad Joe" for his aggressiveness on the ice, he played in the Manitoba Hockey Association with the Brandon Wheat Kings, Winnipeg Rowing Club and the Kenora Thistles, and in the National Hockey Association as a member of the Quebec Bulldogs.
He played for the Montreal Canadiens in their first two seasons in the National Hockey League from 1917-1919.
Hall won the Stanley Cup with the Kenora Thistles in 1907, for which he received a "loving cup" which is on display in the Hockey Hall of Fame.
He won the Cup with the Quebec Bulldogs in 1912 and 1913.
He also challenged for the Stanley Cup in 1904 with the Winnipeg Rowing Club.
1919 Stanley Cup Final
In 1919, Hall was part of the Montreal Canadiens team that made it to the Stanley Cup Finals.
The flu was contracted by several players on both the Canadiens and their opponents, the Seattle Metropolitans.
Hall would eventually succumb to pneumonia, related to his influenza, in a hospital in Seattle, Washington just four days after the Stanley Cup Final series was abandoned.
IHL First Team All-Star (1906)
Stanley Cup Championships (1907 - Kenora, 1912 & 1913 - Quebec)
Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1961
In Roy MacGregor's The Ghost of the Stanley Cup in his The Screech Owls series of hockey books, "Bad" Joe Hall is named as the haunting spirit.
Joe Hall's biography at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
Glen A. Hanlon (; born February 20, 1957 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired National Hockey League (NHL) goaltender and a former head coach of the Washington Capitals of the NHL, Dynamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), and the Belarusian national ice hockey team.
On March 24, 2010 he was named head coach of Slovak national ice hockey team.
SM-Liiga coaching record
WCJHL First All-Star Team (1976 & 1977)
WCJHL Goaltender of the Year (1977)
CHL Rookie of the Year (1978)
CHL First All-Star Team (1978)
Johnson spent four seasons at Boston University before spending a year with the Canadian National Ice Hockey Team.
In 1998, Johnson moved to the United Kingdom's British Ice Hockey Superleague with the London Knights.
He then moved to the Bracknell Bees and won the Superleague title with the team.
Johnson then moved to the Belfast Giants in 2000 and became a huge fan favourite during a six-year spell which saw him win another Superleague title in 2002, the playoff cup in 2003 and the Elite League title in 2006 as well as becoming an all-star.
In 2006, Johnson moved to the Sheffield Steelers, but midway through the season, Johnson signed with the Slough Jets.
In 2007, Johnson returned to Sheffield for a brief spell and had another brief spell with the Cardiff Devils before he rejoined the Giants.
Johnson retired at the end of the 2009-2010 season.
Johnson also played for the Great Britain national ice hockey team and is now a British citizen.
British ice hockey players
Minute Maid is an American drink company, It is owned by The Coca-Cola Company.
Minute Maid makes juices, lemonade and other soft drinks.
Minute Maid was the first company to make orange juice from concentrate.
It makes an orange drink called 'Minute Maid Pulpy'.
It contains juice with a large amount of orange pulp.
Now 'Minute Maid Pulpy' comes in four variants, orange, tropical, o'mango (orange mango) and lemon.
Now 'Minute Maid Pulpy Aloe Vera' contains juice with a lot of aloe vera pieces.
It came in white grape.
Edward Lavern "Eddie" Johnstone (born March 2, 1954) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player.
He played for the New York Rangers and Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Johnstone played major junior with the Medicine Hat Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League from 1971 to 1974.
After two 100 point seasons in a row with Medicine Hat, Johnstone was drafted 104th overall by the New York Rangers in the 1974 NHL Amateur Draft, and 78th overall by the Michigan Stags in the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft.
He played 23 games for the Stags in 1974–75 and played in the American Hockey League for the Providence Reds.
Johnstone started his National Hockey League career in 1975–76, scoring 3 points in 10 games.
Johnstone played for the Rangers until the end of the 1982–83 season, before being traded to the Detroit Red Wings along with Ron Duguay and Eddie Mio for Mike Blaisdell, Willie Huber, and Mark Osborne.
He played for the Red Wings and their AHL minor league affiliate, the Adirondack Red Wings before retiring in 1987.
Named to the AHL First All-Star Team in 1977.
Played in NHL All-Star Game (1981)
No Protection is the name of a dub remix of Massive Attack's second album Protection.
Mad Professor was contacted by Massive Attack after Protection was released to remix a song for a single.
After the single was remixed, the band asked Mad Professor to listen to more of the album to find the possibility of more remixes.
Mad Professor heavily edited the original material to form a slow, pulsating mix in which the beat is emphasized, reverb is extensively used and the occasional vocals (many of the tracks are almost entirely instrumental) fade in-and-out in normal dub fashion, making a hypnotic, if hi
repetitive, mix.
The result is, on paper, more textured than the original, but loses any sense of the jazzy feel of Protection.
"Radiation Ruling the Nation" (based on "Protection") – 1:35
"Bumper Ball Dub" (based on "Karmacoma") – 5:59
"Trinity Dub" (based on "Three") – 4:22
"Cool Monsoon" (based on "Weather Storm") – 7:10
"Eternal Feedback" (based on "Sly") – 6:26
"Moving Dub" (based on "Better Things") – 5:57
"I Spy" (based on "Spying Glass") – 5:07
"Backward Sucking" (based on "Heat Miser") – 6:17
Ink Blot Magazine
Rolling Stone Magazine
Trouser Press
Mad Professor MySpace Page
Massive Attack Home Page
Bauhaus were an English gothic rock band formed in Northampton in 1978.
The group was of Peter Murphy (vocals), Daniel Ash (guitar), Kevin Haskins (drums) and David J (bass).
The band was originally Bauhaus 1919 before they dropped the number part of their name within a year of formation.
With their dark and gloomy sound and image, Bauhaus are generally known the first gothic rock group.
Bauhaus first broke up in 1983.
Peter Murphy began a solo career while the other members continued as Tones on Tail and, later, Love and Rockets.
Both enjoyed greater commercial success in the United States than Bauhaus had, but disappeared from the charts in their homeland.
The band reunited for a 1998 tour and on a more permanent basis in 2005.
The group announced plans to break up again following the release of their final album, Go Away White, in 2008.
Fear of the Dark is a studio album by Iron Maiden.
It went on sale on 11 May 1992.
It was the most popular album in the United Kingdom when it started being sold.
One person who reviewed it said that it was a "return to form," but had too many songs that were boring on it.
Bruce Dickinson – vocals, bass guitar
Steve Harris – bass guitar, backing vocals
Louise Élisabeth de France (Marie Louise Élisabeth; 14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was the eldest daughter of King Louis XV of France and Maria Leszczyńska.
She married Infante Philip, younger son of Philip V of Spain, and later became Duchess of Parma.
Princess of France
Baptised with the names Marie Louise Élisabeth she was the twin of Henriette of France.
She was known at court as Madame Royale, Madame Première or Madame Élisabeth.
Within the family she was known Babette.
She was he fathers favourite daughter.
She was forced to marry Infante Philip of Spain by proxy on 26 August 1739.
not having met her future husband beforehand.
Afterwards, she was known as Madame Infante at the court of Louis XV.
The marriage ceremony took place on 25 October 1739.
She was known as Madame Infante at Versailles after her marriage.
Louise Élisabeth travelled to Madrid to the court of Philip V of Spain who was in fact her great uncle.
The strict court etiquette was made worse by her mother-in-law, Elisabeth Farnese, who disliked Louise Élisabeth.
Duchess of Parma
Louise Élisabeth was able to leave Spain in 1748 when her husband was created Duke of Parma thanks to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) which ended the War of the Austrian Succession.
At Louis XV's instigation, Philip was given Parma as Louise Élisabeth had frequently asked him to bestow territory on her husband.
En route to Parma, Louise Élisabeth went to Versailles arriving there in December 1748.
During her stay she became acquainted with Madame de Pompadour.
She arrived in Parma in October 1749 where she imported French court manners and cuisine.
She also redecorated the Ducal Palace of Colorno in the French style.
At the death of her twin sister in 1752, Louise Élisabeth returned to France in September to visit her tomb at Saint-Denis.
She was expected to stay for only a few weeks, but remained in Versailles for almost a year.
Louise Élisabeth was bored when she returned to Parma, and sought a wider realm to rule.
She allied herself with Empress Maria Theresa, who promised Louise Élisabeth the throne of the Southern Netherlands, which had been returned to Austrian rule under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
This alliance was to be cemented by the marriage of her daughter Princess Isabella to Archduke Joseph of Austria.
The marriage took place in 1760.
While back at Versailles, Louise Élisabeth died of smallpox.
She was buried on 27 March 1760 at Saint-Denis Basilica beside her sister, Henriette.
Their tombs were destroyed during the French Revolution.
Isabel of Parma (31 December 1741 – 27 November 1763) married Archduke Joseph of Austria and had issue.
14 August 1727 – 25 October 1739 Her Royal Highness Madame Royale
25 October 1739 - 18 October 1748 Her Royal Highness Doña Luisa Isabel, Infanta of Spain
18 October 1748 - 6 December 1759 Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, Infanta of Spain
In France the princess was informally known as Madame Infante.
Gordon Thomas Lawrence Lane (born March 31, 1953 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman.
Gord Lane's biography  at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
Maria Josepha of Saxony (Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria; 4 November 1731 – 13 March 1767) was a Dauphine of France and daughter-in-law of Louis XV.
Marie Josèphe was the mother of three kings of France, including the doomed Louis XVI, who died under the guillotine during the French Revolution.
Her youngest daughter, Madame Élisabeth, also was beheaded during the Revolution.
Maria Josepha was born at Dresden Castle to Augustus III of Poland.
She was named after her mother Maria Josepha of Austria.
Her mother was a first cousin of Maria Theresa of Austria.
Maria Josepha was the eighth of fifteen children and the fourth daughter.
Her oldest sister Maria Amalia had married the future Charles III of Spain.
She was married to the Dauphin of France on 9 February 1747, Maria Josepha of Saxony married Louis of France.
The dauphin had been married to Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain who had died in childbirth in 1746.
In France the Saxon princess was known as Marie-Josèphe de Saxe.
The dauphin mourned the death of his first wife but would eventually fall in love with Marie Josèphe.
Like her husband, Marie Josèphe was very devout.
She was the mother of some eight children, her favourite being Louis, Duke of Burgundy who died young.
Politically reserved, she exerted herself only once, in 1762, in vain, for the preservation of the Society of Jesus in France.
The Society had been dissolved by the King on the initiative of the duc de Choiseul and Madame de Pompadour.
The death of her husband, in December 1765, she sank into a deep depression for the rest of her life.
Her health declined and she died on 13 March 1767 of tuberculosis and was buried at Sens Cathedral and her heart was taken to the Basilica of Saint Denis.
Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 - 1 September 1755) died in infancy.
Louis Joseph Xavier of France, Duke of Burgundy (13 September 1751 - 22 March 1761) died in infancy.
Louis XVI of France (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) married Marie Antoinette and had issue.
Louis XVIII of France (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824) married Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy, no issue.
Charles X of France (9 October 1757 - 6 November 1836) married Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy and had issue
Marie Clotilde of France (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) married Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, no issue.
Maria Josepha also had a stillborn son in 1748 and again in 1749.
A stillborn daughter in 1752; Stillborn son in 1756.
She also miscarried a son in 1762.
4 November, 1731 - 9 February 1747 Her Highness Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony
9 February 1747 – 20 December 1765 Her Royal Highness The Dauphine of France
20 December 1765 – 13 March 1767 Her Royal Highness The Dowager Dauphine of France
McVicar grew up in Brandon, Manitoba, where he played junior hockey for the Brandon Wheat Kings of the WHL for the four seasons 1999-2000 to 2002-2003.
He was the 151st overall pick of the Canucks in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft.
For most of three seasons, from 2003-2004 to 2005-2006, McVicar played in the AHL for the Manitoba Moose; with the exception of 19 games played in the ECHL with the Columbia Inferno during the 2003-2004 season; 33 games played in the ECHL with the Victoria Salmon Kings during the 2005-2006 season; and one game played in the NHL with the Vancouver Canucks during the 2005-2006 season.
In McVicar's only NHL appearance, on December 1, 2005 against the Edmonton Oilers, he played 3 minutes without facing a shot.
During the 2006-2007 season he played in the ECHL with the Utah Grizzlies, and during the 2007-2008 season he played in the CHL with the Arizona Sundogs.
He signed with TOTEMPO HvIK for the 2008-2009 season.
On February 2, 2009 McVicar joined the Hamburg Freezers.
Przemysł II (also given in English and Latin as Premyslas or Premislaus,  or less properly ) (14 October 1257 – 8 February 1296) was the Duke of Poznań, Greater Poland, Kraków and Pomerania, and then King of Poland from 1295 until his death.
1257 births
1296 deaths
Henry IV Probus (Latin for the Righteous) (; ) (c. 1258 – 23 June 1290) was a Duke of the Silesian territory of Wrocław (Lower Silesia) starting in 1266, and starting in 1288 High Duke of the Seniorate Province of Kraków until his death in 1290.
1250s births
1290 deaths
Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (6 July 1923 - 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician.
He was the first President of Poland from July 1989 to December 1990.
Jaruzelski came from a family of Polish gentry.
He was a son of Władysław Jaruzelski.
Military and political career
Selected by the Soviets for officer training in 1943, he served in the military until 1989.
He was the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's Army (Ludowe Wojsko Polskie) and chairman of the Polish United Workers Party 1981-1989.
Jaruzelski was the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland from 1981-1985 and remained as head of state until 1990 as Poland's last communist leader.
He resigned to allow for democratic elections.
In 1981, Jaruzelski ordered a brutal crackdown on people who did not agree with the Communist government of Poland.
Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 to stop pro-democracy movements including Solidarity, the first non-Communist trade union in the Warsaw Pact.
Jaruzelski's official website
Disease-related deaths in Poland
Cadmium chloride is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is CdCl2.
It has cadmium and chloride ions in it.
The cadmium is in its +2 oxidation state.
Cadmium chloride is a colorless solid.
It is toxic and carcinogenic (causes cancer).
It is mostly ionic but a little covalent.
It reacts with bases to make cadmium oxide.
Cadmium chloride is made by reacting cadmium oxide, cadmium, or cadmium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.
It can also be made by mixing cadmium and chlorine.
It is used to make yellow cadmium sulfide, which is used as a pigment.
It is also used to make organocadmium compounds.
It is also used for electroplating.
Cadmium compounds
Chościsko – according to Gallus Anonymus it is the name of father of Piast Kołodziej, the founder of the Piast Dynasty.
His name (originating possibly from Old Polish word for a tail chost/chwost) appears in the Chronicle of Gall of Anonym three times.
It is likely that the name in in fact a title of prince Popiel due to his long hair.
Cadmium sulfate is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is CdSO4.
It is made of cadmium and sulfate ions.
Cadmium sulfate is a white solid.
It easily dissolves in water.
It is toxic and carcinogenic.
Cadmium sulfate is used to electroplate cadmium on electronic circuits.
It is also used to make cadmium sulfide, a pigment.
It is used as an electrolyte in a certain battery used to make voltmeters accurate.
Charles Emmanuel IV (Carlo Emanuele Ferdinando Maria; 24 May 1751 – 6 October 1819) was King of Sardinia from 1796 to 1802.
He abdicated in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel I. He was the brother-in-law of Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X of France.
Carlo Emanuele was born at the Royal Palace of Turin, the eldest son of Victor Amadeus, "Duke of Savoy" and Maria Antonia of Spain.
From his birth till his succession he was styled "Prince of Piedmont".
He was named after his grandfather Charles Emmanuel III and baptised Carlo Emanuele Ferdinando Maria.
In 1775 Charles Emmanuel married Marie Clotilde of France, the daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France and Marie Josèphe of Saxony, and sister of Louis XVI.
Although the union was arranged for political reasons, Charles Emmanuel and his wife became devoted to each other.
He became king at the death of his father on 14 October 1796.
In December 1798, the French occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel to abdicate all his territories on the Italian mainland and to withdraw to the island of Sardinia.
He and his wife lived in Rome and in Naples as guests of the rich Colonna family.