the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The pair were in an auto accident before the single was to debut (be played in public for the first time), and they had to stay in the hospital.
Not wanting to cancel the debut, they sent the first version of their "new band" – a set of plastic cases that held the sound equipment – which played in their place.
It was a strange kind of debut for a new band, but the song (a protest against the Vietnam War) became a minor hit that year, in England and in the United States.
The second version of the Plastic Ono Band included Ono and Lennon in person, along with musicians Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann and Alan White.
They performed together at a rock concert in Toronto in September 1969, and it was the first time Lennon had played in public with a band other than the Beatles.
The show went well, and helped Lennon decide to leave the Beatles, which he had thought about doing for some time.
A second single, "Cold Turkey", was recorded with this lineup.
After the Beatles ended, Lennon decided he did not want to have another permanent band, and he and Ono used the Plastic Ono Band name to refer to any musicians who appeared on the records they made together.
Even listeners were called a part of the band, especially when the band gave a concert.
An advertisement for one of their records included a page from a telephone book, and the words "YOU are the Plastic Ono Band".
Ono and Lennon separated for a time during 1973 and 1974.
Lennon still used forms of the band name on the two albums he released during their separation, while Ono's records of the time appeared under her name alone.
When they got back together in 1975, Ono became pregnant, and both decided to retire from music to be parents.
Their son Sean Lennon was born on October 9, 1975, which was Lennon's 35th birthday.
Olsztyn is a city in northeast Poland, on the Łyna river.
Olsztyn is the biggest city and the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.
The town is near a lake region of forests and plains.
There are 13 lakes in the town and many more surrounding it: (Krzywe, Długie, Żbik, Redykajny and others).
Twin towns – Sister cities
Olsztyn City Guide
Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca ( ; October 15, 1924 – July 2, 2019) was an American automobile executive and writer.
He was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania.
Iacocca created the Ford Pinto in 1971 and the Ford Mustang in 1964.
He was best known for his time as chairman of the Chrysler Corporation from 1979 until his retirement in 1992.
From 1970 to 1978, he was President of the Ford Motor Company.
Governor Robert P. Casey wanted to make Iacocca a United States Senator after John Heinz's death, but Iacocca declined.
Iacocca was an Independent who supported the presidential bids of George W. Bush, John Kerry, Bill Richardson and Mitt Romney.
He considered running for President in 1988, but declined.
Portfolio named Iacocca the 18th-greatest American CEO of all time.
In 1984, he released his autobiography.
In 2007, Iacocca released Where Have All the Leaders Gone?,
a New York Times bestseller.
Iacocca died on July 2, 2019 at his home in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California at the age of 94.
The cause was problems from Parkinson's disease.
Iacocca.com
Iacocca Foundation
Iacocca Says "Detroit Is Living in the Past", National Public Radio
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
A standard is a basis for comparison.
Standards are made either by many people that agree on something, or if some organisation makes it so.
There are many different standards in many fields of daily life.
Standards are important so that correct comparisons can be produced.
Other standards make things work together.
For example, rail cars with a standard gauge can run on tracks that follow the same standard.
Communication protocols such as Morse code and USB are standards that allow different machines and people to communicate.
The International System of Units is a standard that is agreed on by most countries.
In it there is metre (or meter).
It measures length.
A rod (made from a special material) is in Paris.
The length of the rod said, years ago, how long a meter is.
When people wanted to measure something, they compared it to the length of the rod.
For practical purposes, the length of the rod was divided by 10 (to get dezimeter), by 10 (to get centimeter), and so on.
The iridium rod as it is called is the original measure of meter.
Now new ways of measuring the meter have been utilized such as the measuring the wavelength of radiation from a certain chemical element to determine an exact meter.
A standard in music is a song that remains very popular, and is performed and recorded by many different artists.
Such songs include "Sentimental Journey" written by Les Brown and Ben Homer, "Yesterday" and "Something" by members of The Beatles.
Many of Hank Williams's songs have become standards in country music.
Standard Model of Cosmology
The ginkgo is a genus of trees.
There is only one living species, Ginkgo biloba.
All the other known species are fossils.
Ginkgo biloba is native to China.
It is the National tree of China.
Gymnosperms
Fossil plants
In mathematics and statistics, the mean is a kind of average.
Besides the mean, there are other kinds of average, and there are also a few kinds of mean.
For example, if 1, 2, 2, 100, 100 is a set of numbers or scores.
If we add all the numbers, the answer is 205.
By dividing this number by the number of numbers (5), we find that the mean is 41.
The difficulty with this particular set of numbers is that no one in this group scored anything like a 41, and it does not tell us much about what kind of scores these numbers represent.
Calculation details
In general, to find the average of  numbers, the  numbers are added and the total is divided by .
In symbols, if the numbers are , , , ... , the total is:
The total is divided by  to make the average:
If , , , ...,  are all the numbers in a sample , then this average is also called the sample mean of , and represented by the symbol .
Lucy is 5 years old.
Tom is 6 years old.
Emily is 7 years old.
To find the average age:
Add the three numbers :
The total is 18.
Divide the total 18 by three:
The average of the three numbers is 6.
Therefore, the average age of Lucy, Tom and Emily is 6 years.
Related calculations
The idea behind the mean is to represent a number of measurements, or values, by one value only.
But there are different ways to calculate such a representing value.
The median is the number that divides all the samples in such a way that half of the samples are below it, and the other half above.
Example: 1, 10, 50, 100, 100 is a set of numbers or scores.
If we look at these scores, we discover that the number 50 falls in the middle of the range of numbers, which tells us that half the numbers or scores are above this number, and half the numbers and scores are below this number.
This is more information, depending on what you are trying to find out about this group of numbers, to help you find out what you want to know.
It is not always possible to make the higher and lower group each exactly half of the total (for example, the equal division fails for the list 1, 2, 2).
The modus or mode is the number that occurs most often.
Example: 1, 2, 2, 100, 200 is a set of numbers or scores.
If we look at the numbers we discover that the number 2 recurs most often and would tell us that the number or score of 2 is the most common score or number in the group.
The arithmetic mean is just the average, the value that is the sum of all values, divided by their number.
This is what is most often referred to as mean.
The geometric mean is the root of the product of all values.
For example, the geometric mean of 4, 6, and 9 is 6, because 4 times 6 times 9 is 216, and the cube root (because there are three values) of 216 is 6.
The harmonic mean is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals.
It is often used when people want a mean of rates or percentages.
The root mean square (or quadratic mean) is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the values.
The root mean square is at least as high as the arithmetic mean, and usually higher.
If people do many different measurements, they will get many different results.
Those results have a certain distribution, and they can also be centered around an average value.
This average value is what mathematicians call arithmetic mean.
Mean can also stand for expected value.
For a random variable , this is represented by the symbol .
es:Promedio
it:Promedio
A detergent is a chemical that people use in washing things.
Many people use washing powder, which is a type of detergent, when they need to clean their clothes.
It is also used to clean glasses and other items.
Detergent is mostly used in washing machines, to clean dirty clothes.
People usually use liquid detergent to wash clothes, but powdered detergent is usable too.
Detergents clean clothes using a similar method to soap.
For liquid detergents, the molecules in detergent are inserted in water beforehand (that's why its liquid) so it doesn't clog the washer like powdered detergent.
The molecules in both powdered and liquid detergent have one side that attracts to dirt, grime, oil, and other undesirable things on clothes.
The other side attracts to water.
When detergent is thoroughly mixed in with clothes, it detaches the dirt and grime and makes it soluble in water.
The used detergent is then rinsed out, normally piped into a sewer or septic tank.
The washer then usually spins, to increase the g-force inside and effectively squeeze out the water.
Afterwards, the wet (but clean) clothes are loaded into a dryer or hung out to air dry.
When powdered detergent is used, the detergent is placed in water and mixed in with clothes very quickly, so there may be powder still on clothes because the detergent didn't have time to mix in with the water.
February 18 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1332).
Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated (suspended from the Catholic Church) by Pope John XXII.
Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy.
The cathedral in Frombork, Poland begins construction.
Amberg, Germany passes to the Wittelsbach family.
Michael of Cesena is deposed as General of the Franciscans.
Stefan Dusan defeats the Bosnian ban Stephen II Kotromanić.
Wiesbaden is granted the right to be depicted on coins by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
David II becomes King of Scotland.
Prince Lazar of Serbia (estimated date) (died 1008)
Philip II of Taranto (died 1374)
April 21 – Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (born 1282)
June 7 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (born 1274)
Michael I of Imereti
Qutugtu Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire (born 1300)
Oshin of Korikos, Armenian head of state (assassinated)
Emperor Mingzong of Yuan China, and Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1320)
Edward of Savoy
Klaus Voormann (born April 29, 1942) is a German artist and musician.
He was born and raised in Berlin.
He was a friend of The Beatles.
He met them when they played in Hamburg, where he was going to art school.
Voormann designed the cover of their Revolver album, and later did cover art for The Beatles Anthology and some of George Harrison's solo records.
He also played bass guitar with Manfred Mann, and on records by John Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, and their friend Harry Nilsson.
German artists
German rock musicians
Musicians from Berlin
Alan White (Yes drummer), drummer with the band Yes.
Alan White (Oasis drummer), ex-drummer with the band Oasis.
Alan White (born 14 June 1949) is an English musician, best known as the drummer from the band Yes.
He also played on records by former Beatles John Lennon and George Harrison.
Ramshackled (1976)
White (2006)
With Yes: See infobox below
A Price on His Head (1967)
The Amazing Alan Price (EP), (1967)
This Price is Right, (1968)
John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band, 1970
Live Peace in Toronto, September 13th 1969
Imagine, (John Lennon, 1971)
Fly, (Yoko Ono, 1971)
The Downbeats: "My Bonnie" (single)
The Blue Chips: "I'm on the Right Side" (single)
The Blue Chips: "Some Kind of Loving" (single)
The Blue Chips: "Good Loving Never Hurts" (single)
The Gamblers: "Dr Goldfoot (and His Bikini Machine)" (single)
Happy Magazine: "Satisfied Street" (single)
Happy Magazine: "Who Belongs to You" (single)
Johnny Almond Music Machine: Patent Pending (1969)
Johnny Almond: "Solar Machine" (single) (1969)
Doris Troy: You Tore Me Up Inside
Billy Preston: Encouraging Words (1969)
George Harrison: All Things Must Pass (2001)
Gary Wright: Extraction (1970)
Denny Laine and Balls: "Fight for My Country" (single) (1971)
Jesse Davis: Jesse Davis
Sky: Don't Hold Back (1971)
Brian Short: Anything for a Laugh (1971)
Donovan: "The Music Makers" (1973)
Chris Squire: Chris Squire's Swiss Choir (2007; re-release of "Run with the Fox")
Shares are small pieces of a company.
Shares can be bought by humans, companies, and mutual funds.
When buying shares in a company, the buyer owns a small part of that company.
The price of a share can be based on many different things.
The main thing that affects the price is the balance between supply and demand.
If many buyers want to buy a stock the price goes up.
If there are more sellers than buyers, the price goes down.
Stock brokers
Some buyers trade shares in stocks through a stockbroker.
A stockbroker is a person who buys or sell stocks for their customers.
A stockbroker can also help customers make choices in stocks.
Their advice is based on public information about the companies.
Stock markets in the world
NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) - USA
NASDAQ (stock market for mainly technology shares) - USA
London Stock Exchange - UK
TSX (Toronto Stock Exchange)
Cultural changes in the stock market
Trading stocks online has become more popular.
Stocks can be traded online.
There is a fee or commission each time a position is opened.
Live Stock Market
Irwin Allen Ginsberg (June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) was an American poet and author.
He was part of the Beat Generation movement of poets in the 1950s.
He was a friend of writers Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs, and later made friends with musicians Bob Dylan, Donovan, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, and many other celebrities.
Ginsberg's most famous work was called Howl.
It was a long poem about the social conditions of the United States in the 1950s.
It began with the words "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness."
It went on to describe the frustration felt by many Americans, young people and minorities in particular.
There were problems in the country, such as prejudice and intolerance, that needed to be spoken about.
Ginsberg published the poem, and also performed it at public poetry readings.
A few people did not like Howl, or the graphic language Ginsberg used.
They tried to have Howl banned, and they wanted Ginsberg to be prosecuted (given a court trial, then either fined or put in jail).
Ginsberg went to trial, and the judge decided Howl was an important work, and told the truth about America at the time.
The judge rejected the ban and cleared Ginsberg, who could then continue to publish and perform the poem.
Ginsberg became involved in social causes through his work, and through the famous people he met.
He grew up in the Jewish faith, but later became a Buddhist.
He was a homosexual, and his longtime partner was another poet, Peter Orlovsky.
He also had a long relationship with Neal Cassady, who appeared as "N.C., secret hero of these poems" in Howl.
American Buddhists
LGBT people from New Jersey
Northwestern University is a university in Evanston, Illinois, and Chicago, Illinois.
It is very prestigious and selective.
It has many people who learn and also people who teach.
The university is known most for providing a strong education in economics (the study of the economy), linguistics (the study of language), political science (the study of politics), and mathematics (the study of numbers).
There is also a Medical school named Feinberg School of Medicine.
1851 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Illinois
A door god is a painting pasted on a door.
These were used by the Chinese as good luck.
Door gods can be seen on temples - places of religion - and other buildings.
There is a belief that door gods stop evil spirits from going into the building.
Door gods are often in pairs, one for each side of the door.
The first door gods may have been made for a Chinese Emperor, more than 1300 years ago.
They showed his two best soldiers.
Jean-Louis Lebris de Kerouac (March 12, 1922 – October 21, 1969), better known as Jack Kerouac, was an American author and poet.
He was part of the Beat Generation movement of writers and artists of the 1950s and 1960s, and gave the movement its name.
His most famous work was a long novel titled On the Road, which was published in 1957.
Kerouac was a friend of writers Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, and Gregory Corso, among many others.
Nearly all of Kerouac's writings were directly based on his own life, but he mostly changed names and details, to protect everyone's privacy.
The man he wrote about most was his friend Neal Cassady, who was called "Dean Moriarty" in On the Road.
Kerouac influenced many other writers and poets who came along later, and also many musicians of the 1960s, through his works.
He also changed the way Americans saw themselves, and their country.
Kerouac was born in Lowell, Massachusetts to French Canadian parents (named Leo and Gabrielle), and was the youngest of three children.
He spoke only French until he started school.
His father was a printer, and Kerouac became interested in printed works.
He liked to make his own handwritten newspapers and books.
He enjoyed reading, and imitated the styles of writers he liked, such as Thomas Wolfe.
He became an expert typist, and could type faster than 100 words per minute.
Kerouac was a good athlete, and earned a football scholarship to Columbia University.
An injury during a practice game ended his football career.
He dropped out of Columbia, and devoted himself to writing stories and plays.
He met Allen Ginsberg at college.
Their circle of friends included many future writers and artists, like William S. Burroughs, and Herbert Huncke.
During World War II, Kerouac served in the Merchant Marine, which made him a veteran of the American military.
He kept journals of his experiences, and he used them later to write other works.
He was honorably discharged from military service in 1943 when he was diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder.
He was able to get veteran's benefits later, such as medical help when he was sick with , and grant money to pay his bills while he wrote.
Kerouac was proud to be an American, and always said good things about his country.
Kerouac's father died of stomach cancer in 1946.
He made Kerouac promise to always work to support his mother.
He tried to talk Kerouac out of becoming a writer, because he knew it was hard to succeed in such a career.
Kerouac had a hard time staying with any other kind of work, though.
He would become impatient or restless, or a disagreement with someone at work would turn into trouble.
Kerouac did his best to earn enough money to pay for both his and his mother's living, but his mother also had to work.
She was a nurse.
She worked in a factory when there were no nursing jobs.
Kerouac published a few  and reviews in New York magazines and newspapers in the 1940s.
He worked briefly for his hometown newspaper, The Lowell Sun.
His first novel, The Town and the City, was published in 1950.
For his second novel, Kerouac wanted to write a book about  road trips and hitchhiking.
Hitchhiking was safer to do in the 1940s, in America, than it is today.
Kerouac stopped and restarted writing this book several times.
Kerouac did not want to just tell an ordinary story.
He wanted to give an idea of how the people he met thought things through, and expressed this to each other, along with telling what they did and said.
He also knew he needed more experiences, to tell a better story.
Many experiences came through Kerouac's friendship with Neal Cassady.
Cassady was a handsome, bright young  with a teenaged wife, named Luanne Henderson.
Cassady and Luanne had a hard relationship, and broke up and got back together many times.
He later married another woman named Carolyn Robinson, who was older than Luanne and understood him better, but Carolyn and Cassady also had troubles.
Kerouac was briefly married, to girlfriend Edie Parker.
They did not stay together long, and were soon divorced.
Cassady taught Kerouac, who never had a , how to drive, while Kerouac taught Cassady about writing.
Neal Cassady traveled back and forth across the country, usually driving cars like Hudsons at high speed.
he looked for jobs, fresh experiences, and new friends.
Kerouac began to travel with him.
They lived in and visited cities such as Denver, San Francisco, Monterey, and even Mexico City.
They also looked sometimes for Cassady's father, who disappeared years earlier.
Kerouac got sick in Mexico City, and Cassady left him behind at the hospital.
Kerouac had to make his own way home.
He took this very hard, and was angry with Cassady.
He forgave him later, when they met again, and he made Cassady the central character of his new book.
One job Kerouac could fall back on, thanks to Cassady, was as a railroad brakeman.
Many people in the 1940s and 1950s used  drugs such as benzedrine, to help them stay alert.
Jazz music was also popular, and some jazz musicians and listeners smoked marijuana.
Kerouac was influenced by both drugs, and they changed the way he wrote.
He began to write what he called " prose", jotting down words in much the same way a musician  a solo in a song. (
Kerouac played no musical instruments, but could  well, and had many of the same instincts as a musician.)
His new writing style was strange to many people, and even seen as bad by some older authors and critics.
It was six years before Kerouac published his second novel.
The version of On the Road that finally satisfied Kerouac was written over three weeks in 1951.
It was typed on a single roll of teletype paper.
Kerouac liked to type on rolls of paper, because he did not have to stop to change pages.
He had just gotten married for the second time, to Joan Haverty.
The manuscript was Kerouac's way to explain his friendship with Neal Cassady to his new wife.
The explanation made a fine rough draft for a novel, but it did not help his marriage.
Joan felt that Kerouac's nonstop work on the manuscript was an , and she did not want to stay married to him after it was finished.
They were soon divorced, as he was with his first wife.
The editor who worked on The Town and the City found the long, scroll-like manuscript hard to understand, and even harder to work with.
Kerouac's publisher rejected the novel, as did every other publisher he went to.
Nor was anyone interested in The Subterraneans, a shorter novel he wrote in three nights, about his romance with an African-American woman.
Such a relationship was taboo in America during the 1950s.
Kerouac continued to write, from short stories and essays to long novels, and even poetry.
He tried many different subjects, but had almost nothing published.
He also worked different jobs, including brakeman and .
It turned out that Joan Haverty was pregnant by Kerouac, and she gave birth to a daughter, Jan-Michelle.
Kerouac denied he was the father at first, but a blood test later proved it was likely.
She also grew to look like him, and he accepted her as his child.
Joan sued Kerouac for child support, but he was ill and could not work at the time, and she collected almost no money.
Kerouac only saw Jan a few times, but talked to her more often by telephone.
Joan mostly kept them apart.
Allen Ginsberg became well-known during the 1950s for his writings, in particular a poem called "Howl", whose title came from Kerouac's  of it.
Ginsberg mentioned his friends in some of his works, including Kerouac, and wanted the people who liked him to give them and their writings a chance.
Finally Viking Press agreed to publish On the Road, after many changes to the manuscript.
The novel became a bestseller, and Kerouac was a celebrity after years of little success.
Magazines began to request articles and essays from him.
He appeared on many television programs, including The Steve Allen Show.
Steve Allen liked him, and they recorded an album together, with Kerouac reading aloud and Allen playing piano.
He recorded another album later, with jazz musicians Al Cohn and Zoot Sims.
Kerouac wrote and published more novels, including The Dharma Bums, Doctor Sax, Maggie Cassidy, Visions of Gerard (a  of his older brother, who died in childhood), Big Sur (about the stresses brought on by fame, and how the people he knew saw him differently), Desolation Angels, and Book of Dreams (a ).
He studied Buddhism, and this also influenced his writing.
He wrote Some of the Dharma as an introduction to Buddhism, though he remained a Catholic.
As Kerouac, Ginsberg, and their friends became famous, a trend among the group of writers and artists was noticed, and was written about in the mainstream media.
Kerouac was asked to describe his generation.
He explained that the pressures of 20th century living had 'beaten' normal ways of thinking and working out of them, and they preferred the beat of bebop and jazz to most other music, "so I guess you could say we're a beat generation."
"Beat Generation" became the name for the new sense of style coming from artists and writers in New York and San Francisco.
Kerouac's circle of friends and acquaintances (and their imitators) were called the Beats, with Kerouac himself called "King of the Beats" by the media. (
The term was later parodied as "", implying such people were Communists, and would hurt the country.)
Kerouac narrated a movie, called Pull My Daisy, about the Beat phenomenon.
An ongoing problem Kerouac had with fame was that people thought he did all the things he wrote about.
Much of what he described (like Neal Cassady's lawless nature, , and drug use) was only what he saw in other people.
Not everyone who read Kerouac's stories understood this.
Some people wanted to blame him for doing bad things, or getting others to do them.
Other people wanted to do those kinds of things with Kerouac.
Shy by nature, Kerouac pulled away.
He became almost a  in the house he bought for his mother.
He also began to abuse alcohol.
During the 1960s, American society went through many changes, in part because of the influence of the Beats.
Many young people read On the Road, and saw things they related to, and it made them want to experience more in their own lives.
Other writers liked the looseness of Kerouac's style, and it made them think more about their own writing, how to study life, and how to better express themselves.
Many musicians were affected by Kerouac's books, including Bob Dylan, Donovan, and The Doors.
Kerouac was more disappointed than happy to be famous.
Even though he liked some of what he inspired, he felt that the public largely got the wrong message from his books.
He saw many people take what the Beats wrote as a kind of permission to get into trouble, or abandon (give up) people and things they cared about.
He felt  for the , but disagreed with them on the Vietnam War, the role of government, and .
He also lost some of his old friends, when their views differed.
Kerouac still abused alcohol and other drugs, and it harmed his health.
He became bloated and irritable, and looked drunk on his last television appearance, on William F. Buckley's Firing Line in 1968.
He married for the third time, to Stella Sampas, the sister of a boyhood friend.
Stella looked after Kerouac and his mother, kept the public and others away, and tried to get him to stop drinking alcohol.
His daughter Jan-Michelle also began to write during her teen years.
He gave her his , and told her "You can use my (last) name."
She wrote under the name Jan Kerouac, and published novels and stories herself, from the 1970s to the 1990s.
Kerouac's mother became sick, and he sometimes worked at her bedside on stories.
She helped him work out the ending of Pic, his novel about a young African-American.
Kerouac wrote and reworked new material until the last day of his life.
He died in St. Petersburg, Florida during emergency surgery, to try to repair a  caused by cirrhosis, due to his alcohol abuse.
He was buried in his hometown, and was hardly remembered there at first.
Even though he was world famous, Kerouac earned very little money as a writer.
He died with only a few hundred dollars in the bank.
It was years before his grave received a headstone.
Neal Cassady died more than a year before, of exposure, alongside a railroad track in Mexico.
He set out to become a writer or musician, but he never got far with either.
He only published one book, The First Third, which was about his youth.
Cassady earned most of his money from labor, and was often out of work and owed money.
He spent a long time in jail after he was arrested for selling marijuana.
Sometimes the fact that Cassady was well-known through Kerouac kept him from having the life he wanted.
Cassady had a family with Carolyn, but she had to both work, and raise the children when her husband was away.
Carolyn later wrote a memoir.
Kerouac's works, especially On the Road, are now more popular than ever.
Generations have discovered his works, as a means of learning about life and attitudes in America during his lifetime, as a way to measure their own sense of experience, or as examples of  and  in .
Less than half of Kerouac's writings were published during his lifetime, but nearly all are now available.
The ones published later drew hundreds of times more money than his most famous works, when they first appeared.
His hometown Lowell remembers Kerouac today with a , and cultural events every year.
His grave now has a headstone, which reads "He honored life".
A street in Lowell was renamed "Jack Kerouac Alley" in his memory.
The Subterraneans was made into a movie by MGM in 1960, but the  was almost completely different from the book.
On the Road was considered many times to be made into a movie, once with actor Marlon Brando as Dean Moriarty and another time with Sean Penn, but this never got farther than .
The movie rights were resold in the 1990s, for more than ten times Kerouac's lifetime earnings, and a movie of On the Road appeared in 2012, starring Sam Riley and Garrett Hedlund as Kerouac and Cassidy, with Kristen Stewart and Kirsten Dunst as LuAnne Henderson and Carolyn Cassady.
A movie, Heart Beat, was made in 1980, about the relationship between Carolyn Robinson, Neal Cassady and Jack Kerouac.
It starred Sissy Spacek, Nick Nolte, and John Heard.
Kerouac appears as "Hank" in William S. Burroughs's novel Naked Lunch, and was played by Nicholas Campbell in the 1991 movie version.
He and Neal Cassady are the subject of a song by Tom Waits, "Jack & Neal/California Here I Come".
Waits also covered a song written by Kerouac, titled "On the Road", on his' album "Orphans".
Kerouac: A Biography, by Ann Charters (St. Martin's Press)
Jack Kerouac, by Tom Clark (Marlowe & Company)
People with personality disorders
Himno Istmeño is the anthem of Panama.
It was written by Santos Jorge.
It is known as the Isthmus Anthem.
Spanish lyrics
Alcanzamos por fin la victoria,
En el campo feliz de la unión;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación;
Se ilumina la nueva nación.
Es preciso cubrir con un velo,
Del pasado el calvario y la cruz;
Y que adorne el azul de tu cielo,
De concordia la espléndida luz.
El progreso acaricia tus lares,
Al compás de sublime canción;
Ves rugir a tus pies ambos mares,
Que dan rumbo a tu noble misión.
En tu suelo cubierto de flores,
A los besos del tibio terral;
Terminaron guerreros fragores,
Sólo reina el amor fraternal.
Al trabajo sin más dilación;
Y seremos así prez y gala,
De este mundo feraz de Colón.
We finally achieved for the victory,
In the happy field of the union;
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.
It is necessary to cover with a veil,
From the past of the calvary and the cross;
And that adorns the blue of thy sky,
Of the concord in the splendid light.
Progress caresses your lares,
To the beat of a sublime song;
Thou see, both seas roar at your feet,
That leads to your noble mission.
On thy flower-covered floor,
To the kisses of the warm earth;
The fearful warriors had ceased,
Only brotherly love reigns.
Forward ahead the pike and shovel,
To work without further delay;
And we will be like such work and gale,
Of this fertile world of Columbus.
Jack Neo (born Neo Chee Keong on 24 January 1956) is a Singaporean movie director at MediaCorp, a Singapore media company.
He directed I Not Stupid, Money No Enough, Ah Boys to Men and Ah Boys to Men 2, all of which were very popular.
Neo was once a comedian.
Neo received the Best Director Award at the Silver Screen Awards in 1998.
He was also awarded with the Lifetime Achievement Award in the following year for his contributions to Singapore's media industry.
In 2004, Neo became the first moviemaker in Singapore to be honoured with the Public Service Award.
He also received the Cultural Medallion on 21 October 2005 together with musician Dick Lee.
In 2008, Neo and Mark Lee bought the Singapore master franchise rights for Old Town White Coffee.
It is a coffee retail store from Ipoh, Malaysia.
Their first store at Big Splash opened on 30 March in 2008.
Neo married Irene Kng in 1988 and they have four children.
It is his second marriage.
He is a Christian and worships at City Harvest Church.
In March 2010, it was revealed Neo had an affair with model Wendy Chong.
Later it was reported that Neo tried to have relations with up to 11 women.
Movie directors
Singaporean people
The most popular novels are Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov.
In his 20s he joined a group of radicals in St Petersburg They were into French socialist ideas.
A police agent reported the group to the authorities.
On 22 April 1849, Dostoyevsky was arrested and imprisoned with the other members.
After months of questioning and investigation they were tried.
They were found guilty of planning to distribute subversive propaganda and condemned to death by firing squad.
The punishment was changed to a sentence of exile and hard labour, but not before they were forced to go through a mock execution.
In 1859 a new tsar allowed Dostoyevsky to end his Siberian exile.
A year later he was back in St Petersburg.
The experience had cost him ten years of his life.
It is the root of all his writing.
"Dostoyevsky's experience had altered him profoundly... He was particularly scornful of the ideas he found in St Petersburg when he returned from his decade of Siberian exile.
The new generation of Russian intellectuals was gripped by European theories and philosophies [which] were melded together into a peculiarly Russian combination that came to be called 'nihilism' ".
Raised in an educated and religious family, Dostoyevsky's beliefs changed through his life.
In prison, he focused intensely on the figure of Christ and on the New Testament, the only book allowed in prison.
In a letter to the woman who had sent him the New Testament, Dostoyevsky wrote that he was a "child of unbelief and doubt up to this moment, and I am certain that I shall remain so to the grave".
He also wrote that "even if someone were to prove to me that the truth lay outside Christ, I should choose to remain with Christ rather than with the truth".
From an analysis of religious ideas in Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, The Demons (The Possessed), and The Brothers Karamazov, James Townsend thinks Dostoyevsky held orthodox Christian beliefs except for his view of salvation from sin.
According to Townsend, "Dostoevsky almost seemed to embrace an in-this-life purgatory", in which people suffer to pay for their sins, rather than the Christian doctrine of salvation through Christ.
Malcolm Jones sees elements of Islam and Buddhism in Dostoyevsky's religious convictions.
Colin Wilson in The Outsider describes him as a "tormented half-atheist-half-Christian".
Many scholars see Dostoyevsky as one of the greatest psychologists in literature.
His works have had a big effect on twentieth-century fiction.
Very often, he wrote about characters who live in poor conditions.
Those characters are sometimes in extreme states of mind.
They might show both a strange grasp of human psychology as well as good analyses of the political, social and spiritual states of Russia of Dostoevsky's time.
Many of his best-known works are prophetic.
He is sometimes considered to be a founder of existentialism, most frequently for Notes from Underground, which has been described as "the best overture for existentialism ever written".
He is also famous for writing The Brothers Karamazov, which many critics, such as Sigmund Freud, have said was one of the best novels ever written.
His attack on nihilism is in his great novel Demons, or The Possessed.
Published in 1872, it is a "dark comedy, cruelly funny in its depiction of high-minded intellectuals toying with revolutionary notions without understanding anything of what revolution means in practice".
The plot is a version of actual events at the time.
A former teacher of divinity turned terrorist, Sergei Nechaev, had written a pamphlet, The Catechism of a Revolutionary, which argued that any means (including blackmail and murder) could be used to advance the cause of revolution.
Nechaev planned to kill a student who questioned his ideas.
One of the characters in Demons confesses: "I got entangled in my own data, and my conclusion contradicts the original idea from which I start.
From unlimited freedom, I conclude with unlimited despotism".
This suggests that the result of abandoning morality for the sake of an idea will be tyranny more extreme than any in the past.
1846 - Bednye lyudi (Бедные люди); Poor Folk
1846 - Dvojnik (Двойник.
Петербургская поэма); The Double: A Petersburg Poem
1849 - Netochka Nezvanova (Неточка Незванова); Netochka Nezvanova (this is a feminine name)(Unfinished)
1859 - Dyadushkin son (Дядюшкин сон); The Uncle's Dream
1859 - Selo Steanchikovo i ego obitateli (Село Степанчиково и его обитатели); The Village of Stepanchikovo
1861 - Unizhennye i oskorblennye (Униженные и оскорбленные); The Insulted and Humiliated
1862 - Zapiski iz mertvogo doma (Записки из мертвого дома); The House of the Dead
1864 - Zapiski iz podpolya (Записки из подполья); Notes from Underground
1866 - Prestuplenie i nakazanie (Преступление и наказание); Crime and Punishment
1867 - Igrok (Игрок); The Gambler
1869 - Idiot (Идиот); The Idiot
1870 - Vechnyj muzh (Вечный муж); The Eternal Husband
1872 - Besy (Бесы); various English titles: The Possessed; The Devils; Demons
1875 - Podrostok (Подросток); The Raw Youth
1881 - Brat'ya Karamazovy (Братья Карамазовы); The Brothers Karamazov
Novellas and short stories
1846 - Gospodin Prokharchin (Господин Прохарчин); Mr. Prokharchin
1847 - Roman v devyati pis'mah (Роман в девяти письмах); Novel in Nine Letters
1847 - Hozyajka (Хозяйка); The Landlady
1848 - Polzunkov (Ползунков); Polzunkov
1848 - Slaboe serdze (Слабое сердце); A Weak Heart
1848 - Chestnyj vor (Честный вор); An Honest Thief
1848 - Elka i svad'ba (Елка и свадьба); A Christmas Tree and a Wedding
1848 - Chuzhaya zhena i muzh pod krovat'yu (Чужая жена и муж под кроватью); The Jealous Husband
1848 - Belye nochi (Белые ночи); White nights
1849 - Malen'kij geroj (Маленький герой); A Little Hero
1862 - Skvernyj anekdot (Скверный анекдот); A Nasty Story
1865 - Krokodil (Крокодил); The Crocodile
1873 - Bobok (Бобок); Bobok
1876 - Krotkaja (Кроткая); A Gentle Creature
1876 - Muzhik Marej (Мужик Марей); The Peasant Marey
1876 - Mal'chik u Hrista na elke (Мальчик у Христа на ёлке); The Heavenly Christmas Tree
1877 - Son smeshnogo cheloveka (Сон смешного человека); The Dream of a Ridiculous Man
The last five stories (1873-1877) are included in A Writer's Diary.
Winter Notes on Summer Impressions (1863)
A Writer's Diary (Дневник писателя) (1873–1881)
Christian writers
Writers from Moscow
She was born at White Haven plantation west of St. Louis, Missouri.
She was the daughter of Colonel Frederick Dent, a slaveholding planter and merchant, and Ellen Wrenshall-Dent.
Engagement to Grant
After her schooling, she and Ulysses S. Grant got engaged in 1844.
At that time, Ulysses S. Grant was a Lieutenant in the US Army.
In the meanwhile, Mexican War began.
Ulysses went to war.
He returned from the war after many years.
They married in 1848.
Frederick Dent Grant (1850–1912)
Ulysses Simpson Grant, Jr. known as "Buck" (1852–1929)
Ellen Wrenshall Grant known as "Nellie" (1855–1922)
Jesse Root Grant (1858–1934)
She entered the White House in 1869 to begin, in her words, "the happiest period" of her life.
With Cabinet wives as her allies, she entertained extensively and lavishly.
The social highlight of the Grant years was the White House wedding of their daughter in 1874.
Contemporaries noted her finery, jewels, and silks and laces.
After four years of war, an assassination, and an impeachment trial, Washington was ready for a little levity, and Julia obliged.
She offered a full array of events and became a popular hostess.
She planned lavish state dinners, where guests enjoyed expensive wines and liquors.
After the Presidency
Upon leaving the White House in 1877, the Grants made a trip around the world.
Julia proudly recalled details of hospitality and magnificent gifts they received.
A highlight of the trip was an overnight stay and dinner hosted for them by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle in England.
They also enjoyed a swing through the Far East, being cordially received at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo by the Emperor and Empress of Japan.
She had attended in 1897 the dedication of Grant's monumental tomb overlooking the Hudson River in New York City.
She was laid to rest in a sarcophagus beside her husband.
She had ended her own chronicle of their years together with a firm declaration: "the light of his glorious fame still reaches out to me, falls upon me, and warms me."
White Haven - Ulysses S Grant National Historic Site
1902 deaths
Her father’s name was Jesse Appleton.
When her father died, her mother moved with her to Amherst, New Hampshire.
How she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierce's instructors at Bowdoin.
Franklin, almost 30, married Jane, 28, on November 19, 1834, at the bride's maternal grandparents' home in Amherst, New Hampshire.
The couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D.C..
Franklin Pierce was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives by the time they married and became a U.S. Senator in 1837.
Jane hated life in Washington, D.C., and encouraged her husband to resign his Senate seat and return to New Hampshire, which he did in 1842.
Service in the Mexican-American War brought him the rank of Brigadier General and local fame as a hero.
He returned home safely, and for four more years the Pierces lived quietly at Concord, New Hampshire, in the happiest period of their lives, where they watched their son Benjamin "Benny" grow up.
1863 deaths
Lucy was nicknamed "Lemonade Lucy."
She did not serve alcohol in the White House.
She was born in Chillicothe, Ohio.
She was the daughter of James Webb, a doctor, and Maria Cook-Webb.
Lucy was descended from seven veterans of the American Revolution.
With her mother, she moved to Delaware, Ohio where in 1847 she met Rutherford B. Hayes.
Lucy Hayes studied at Ohio Wesleyan University.
She was the first First Lady to graduate from college.
As First Lady, Hayes supported her husband's ban of alcoholic beverages at state functions, excepting only the reception for Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia in 1877, at which wine was served.
She also instituted the custom of conducting an Easter egg roll on the White House lawn.
A devout Methodist, she joined the president in saying prayers after breakfast and conducting group hymn sings with the cabinet and congressmen on Sunday evenings.
Sardis “Birchard Austin” Birchard Hayes (1853–1926)
James Webb Cook Hayes (1856–1934)
Rutherford Platt Hayes (1858–1931)
Joseph Thompson Hayes (1861–1863)
George Crook Hayes (1864–1866)
Frances “Fanny” Hayes-Smith (1867–1950)
Scott Russell Hayes (1871–1923)
Manning Force Hayes (1873–1874)
In the musical comedy 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, the First Lady sings the “Duet for One,” in which she transforms from Mrs. Grant into Lucy Webb Hayes.
In the Lucky Luke comic book Sarah Bernhardt, which is set in the late 19th-century Wild West, President Rutherford B. Hayes's wife is portrayed as being one of many who strongly disapproves of the titular actress's tour of the United States, given her reputation for loose morality.
Disguised as a man called “George,” the First Lady infiltrates Sarah’s entourage and sabotages their tour throughout the U.S., though she does come to accept Sarah when the French actress's charms and singing talent moves a tribe of hostile Indians.
"The president’s wife" is not mentioned by name in the book, and thus might be regarded as fictional, although she and her husband do resemble Rutherford and Lucy Hayes in many ways.
Hayes himself is portrayed as a man who is very taken aback by his wife's hostility towards Sarah, and keeps making the same speech over and over again, even when there is no one there to listen to him.
She died of a stroke on June 25, 1889.
When she died, people in the United States lowered the flag to half-mast.
Lucy Ware Webb Hayes  - Official White House biography
Lucy Hayes’ Civil War Letters
Lucy Hayes at Findagrave
Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison (October 1, 1832 - October 25, 1892) was the wife of Benjamin Harrison.
She was the First Lady of the United States from 1889 until her death in 1892.
Her birthplace was Oxford, Ohio.
Her parents were Mary Potts Neal and Dr. John W. Scott.
She met the young Ben when he was a student at Miami University.
They married on October 20, 1853.
Their first child was Russell Benjamin (1854-1936).
Their second child was Mary Scott (1856-1930).
Their third child was a daughter, born in 1861.
In the same year, their third child died.
When her husband became the President of the United States in 1889, they both moved to the White House.
Caroline gave stylish parties.
She became sick with tuberculosis.
She could not participate in social functions after that.
She died of tuberculosis on October 25, 1892.
1892 deaths
Her parents were Harriet Collins and John W. Herron.
She was their fourth child.
She spent her childhood in Cincinnati, Ohio.
When Helen Herron was 18 years old, she met Will Taft.
They married in 1886.
William Howard Taft and Helen Herron Taft had three children:
Robert A. Taft (1889-1953), United States Senator from Ohio
Helen Taft Manning (1891-1987), Professor at Bryn Mawr College
Charles Phelps Taft II (1897-1983), mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio.
She was a part of her husband’s rise in administration and politics.
When her husband became the president, she gave special attention to the social life at the White House.
When she suffered from stroke, her daughter Helen Taft Manning left college for a year to look after the social life at the White House.
During their stay at the White House, the couple celebrated their silver wedding anniversary in 1911.
People celebrate a silver anniversary after 25 years of any occasion.
She had also written a book named  Recollections of Full Years.
The book tells about her work and life.
Her husband died in 1930.
She continued to live in Washington D.C. after the death of her husband.
She died on May 22, 1943.
Helen Herron Taft  White House biography
Helen Taft at Find-A-Grave
Mary Arthur McElroy (July 5, 1841 – January 8, 1917) was the sister of the 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, and served as a hostess for his administration (1881–1885).
She assumed the role because Arthur's wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, had died only a year and a half earlier.
She was born in Greenwich, New York.
Her parents were William and Malvina S. Arthur.
Her parents had nine children, Mary being the last.
In 1880, her brother Chester Arthur, became the Vice President of the United States.
In July 1881, after the assassination of the President, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur became the president of the United States and he requested his sister to become "First Lady" during his term in office.
In November 1880, McElroy's brother Chester Arthur was elected vice president.