the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Susie's parents and elder siblings also make appearances in some episodes, and another major adult character includes Lou Pickles, Drew and Stu's father and Tommy, Angelica, and Dil's grandfather; an elderly widower who later remarries with an active woman named Lulu.
Didi's parents, Jewish immigrants named Boris and Minka, also appear numerous times and serve as important characters and are often seen bickering.
Rugrats also has animal characters, including the Pickles family dog, Spike, and Angelica's pet cat Fluffy.
Spike played important roles, but most importantly was always ready to rescue Tommy when he was in danger.
The show functions under a translation convention for baby talk, which is presented as essentially a separate language which only other babies can understand.
The babies' dialogue is almost universally translated for viewers into comprehensible English dialogue, but adults in the series cannot understand them.
One example of this dissonance is when Tommy says "Reptar!", (
the title character of a popular in-show children's franchise) but his mother then responds that she heard him say "riff-raff", and that she hopes he is getting close to speaking full words, indicating that adult characters still hear the dialogue of baby characters as babbling.
The translated dialogue of the babies is still presented as infantile English, reflecting their limited understanding of the world.
Another major point of this plot convention is that toddlers who have learned to speak the adult language can still understand baby talk because they are at a transitional age between the two.
Angelica and Susie can understand what the baby characters are saying but can also communicate with adults, though they never outright reveal to the adults that they can comprehend complex messages from the babies.
Very young newborns, such as Tommy's little brother, cannot yet communicate even with baby talk, although Dil has a very limited vocabulary consisting of the words "poopy" and "mine" which are perhaps the only words he is capable of saying.
The older babies, such as Tommy and Chuckie, are able to interpret what Dil is trying to communicate although, due to their own age, it is difficult.
When the older babies do figure out what Dil wants or needs, it usually involves changing his diaper or giving him an object – to play with or just to experience the joy of holding it.
Broadcast history
Nickelodeon (1990-present)
Nick Jr. (1994-1997)
Noggin (1999-2002)
Nicktoons (2002-2011)
TeenNick (2011-present)
The Rugrats Movie - Friday, November 20, 1998
Rugrats in Paris: The Movie - Friday, November 17, 2000
Rugrats Go Wild - Friday, June 13, 2003
Angelica and Susie's Pre-School Daze
The Carmichaels was a spin-off planned to see Susie move away from California to Atlanta, where she apparently has relatives.
However, it never made it beyond the pre-production stage.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| Daytime Emmy Award
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Outstanding Animated Children's Program
| rowspan=2|1994
| CableAce
| Animated Programming Special or Series
| rowspan=3|1995
| Annie Award
| Best Individual Achievement for Writing in the Field of Animation
| 'A Rugrats Passover'
| Humanitas Prize
| Children's Animation Category
| 'I Remember Melville'
| Kids' Choice Awards
| Favorite Cartoon
| Emmy Award
| Outstanding Children's Program
| Young Artist Awards
| Best Performance in a Voiceover
| Charity Sanoy for Dust Bunnies/Educating Angelica
| Best Writing In A Children's Special Or Series
| Episode 'Mother's Day'
| Episode: Mothers Day Special
| rowspan=8|1999
| Emmy Award| Outstanding Children's Program
| Genesis Award| Television - Children's Programming
| 'The Turkey That Came to Dinner'
| Kids' Choice Awards| Favorite Cartoon
| Humanitas Prize| Children's Animation Category
| Episode 'Autumn Leaves'
| TV Guide Award| Favorite Children's Show
| World Animation Celebration| Best Director of Animation for a Daytime Series
| Episode 'Naked Tommy'
| Kids Choice Awards| Favorite Movie
| Cable Guide| Favorite Cartoon
| rowspan=4|2000
| Artios Award| Best Casting for Animated Voice Over - Television
| Kid's Choice Awards| Favorite Cartoon
| rowspan=6|2001
|  Star on the Hollywood Walk Of Fame
| Television
| Television Critics Association Awards
| Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming
| Jewish Image Awards
| Outstanding Achievement
| rowspan=4|2002
| 'Cynthia Comes Alive'
| Special: All Growed Up
| BMI Cable Award|
| rowspan=4|2003
| 'Babies in Toyland'
| Daytime Emmy Award| Outstanding Animated Children's Program
| Daytime Emmy Award'| Outstanding Animated Children's Program
Nickelodeon's Rugrats site
Rugrats daily comic strip at Creators Syndicate
Rugrats at the Big Cartoon DataBase''
Unofficial Rugrats homepage by Steve
Sarah's Rugrats
1991 American television series debuts
The word Guyver is a word made by manga artist Yoshiki Takaya.
Bio Booster Armor Guyver - Manga series by Yoshiki Takaya
Guyver: Out of Control - A film based on the manga.
A displacement vector is a concept from mathematics.
It is a vector.
It shows the direction and distance traveled with a straight line.
It is often used in physics to display the speed, acceleration and distance of an object traveled (relative to a reference point or an object's starting position).
Tom walks 6 kilometres north from his home.
His displacement from home is 6 km north.
Next, Tom walks 10 km south.
Now he has walked a distance of 16 km, but his displacement from home is 4 km south.
An enkephalin is one of the first endorphins that were discovered in the brain.
They are found in many parts of the brain, specially in the basal ganglia.
They act as "natural pain killers".
Enkephalins are small proteins.
They consist of five amino acids in each of their molecules.
The last amino acid is either leucine (leu) or methionine (met).
In cell biology, a receptor is a special structure that can be found in cell membranes.
These are made of protein molecules such as glycoproteins.
Receptors bind (attach) to specialised molecules.
If the receptor has this molecule, it is activated, but if it does not it is deactivated.
Depending on its state, a change inside the cell happens.
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) take part in communication between the cell and the outside world.
Extracellular signalling molecules (usually hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factors or cell recognition molecules) attach to the receptor.
This triggers changes in the function of the cell.
The process is called signal transduction: The binding starts a chemical change on the inside of the membrane.
Receptors work like locks and keys.
With the key, the lock can be locked or unlocked.
If it is unlocked, the door belonging to it can be opened.
Part of the receptor sticks out of the cell membrane.
The same applies to the membranes of cell organelles.
A receptor's main function is to recognize and respond to a specific ligand, for example, a neurotransmitter or hormone.
Some receptors respond to changes in 'transmembrane potential' (the difference in electric potential between the inside and the outside of a cell).
The middle part, inside the membrane itself, is a protein-lined pore through the membrane, or 'ion channel'.
When the ligand binds to the surface, the pore becomes accessible to ions, which then pass through.
In other cases, where differences in electric potential occur, the receptor changes in shape, which causes change inside the cell.
The inside (or cytoplasmic) part of the receptor interacts with the inside of the cell or organelle.
There are several different kinds of receptor, each of which acts in a different way.
Coppélia ou La fille aux yeux d'email () is probably the best-known and most performed comedy ballet in the world.
Arthur Saint-Léon and Charles Nuitter based the ballet on E. T. A. Hoffmann's 1816 fairy tale Der Sandmann ().
Léo Delibes wrote the music.
Saint-Léon choreographed the ballet.
The ballet is set in a Polish village long ago.
Swanhilda and Frantz are sweethearts.
Swanhilda thinks Frantz is in love with Coppélia, a strange girl in the house of a dollmaker named Dr. Coppélius.
Swanhilda discovers Coppélia is a doll.
Dr. Coppélius tries to bring the doll to life using Frantz's life force.
Swanhilda saves her sweetheart's life, and the two live happily ever after.
Coppélia was in rehearsal for three years.
It had many troubles.
One was finding just the right dancer to portray Swanhilda.
Sixteen-year-old Giuseppina Bozzacchi was finally chosen.
Frantz was played by Eugenie Fiocre.
The ballet was first performed on 25 May 1870 at the Théâtre Impérial de l´Opéra in Paris.
Coppélia was a great success.
It has been performed around the world.
Story of the ballet
Act I. Coppélia is set in a small village in Poland at the end of the 18th century.
Swanhilda and Frantz are young peasants.
They are sweethearts.
Frantz however is flirting with Coppélia, a strange girl in the dark house of a dollmaker named Dr. Coppélius.
Swanhilda is upset with her sweetheart's behavior.
One evening, Dr. Coppélius leaves home.
He drops his key in the street.
Swanhilda finds the key.
She opens his door and goes into the house with her girlfriends.
Frantz enters the street quietly.
He puts a ladder against a window of the house.
Coppelius returns and chases Frantz away.
Swanhilda and her girlfriends explore Dr. Coppélius's workroom.
It is filled with life-size dolls.
Swanhilda discovers Coppélia is also a doll.
Coppélius enters and chases the girls away.
Swanhilda hides.
Frantz climbs through the window.
Coppélius welcomes him.
He needs a human sacrifice to bring Coppélia to life.
Coppélius give Frantz a glass of wine.
The boy falls asleep.
The dollmaker performs a magic spell.
He tries to bring Coppélia to life using Frantz's life force.
Swanhilda pretends to be Coppélia.
She destroys the workroom, and saves Frantz's life.
Coppélius faints as the sweethearts run away.
Act III.
A new church bell is blessed.
Swanhilda and Frantz (and other couples) are going to be married.
They have all been given dowries by the Lord of the Manor.
Dr. Coppélius enters.
He wants to be paid for the damage done to his workroom.
Swanhilda offers her dowry.
The Lord of the Manor allows Swanhilda to keep her dowry.
He agrees to pay for the damages.
The couples enter the chapel.
The celebrations start with the "Dance of the Hours".
Dawn, Day, the Hour of Prayer, and other dances are performed.
The married couples return.
All rejoice.
Fairy tale to ballet
Several changes were made to Hoffmann's dark fairy tale when it was adapted to the bright and gay Coppélia.
In Hoffmann's fairy tale, for example, the doll comes to life through the hero's life force.
In the ballet though, the doll remains a doll.
Coppélius's attempt to bring it to life is thwarted by Swanhilda.
In another example, Hoffmann's hero sees the doll in a vision.
He then falls from a tower to his death.
The hero of Coppélia however is saved by his sweetheart.
A happy ending replaces a tragic ending.
The designers of the ballet chose only Dr. Coppélius, the life-sized doll, and the young man torn between his attraction to the doll and his love for a human sweetheart for their adaptation.
They set the story in a simple country village.
Hoffmann set his story in "the philosophically oriented bourgeois society" of the early 19th century.
The spirit of Coppélia is lighthearted and gay.
The story of the ballet is simple.
Its fantastic touches such as the dollmaker and his workshop make Coppélia, according to Lincoln Kirstein, "a trifle presumed especially appealing to children."
Development of the ballet
Coppélia is one of many (if not the first) ballet about bringing a doll to life.
Charles Nuitter started work on the libretto in late 1866 or early 1867.
He had a young dancer named Léontine Beaugrand in mind for the part of Swanhilda.
Delibes set to work writing the music.
Rehearsals started.
The director of the Opéra wanted a star with a well known name to portray the ballet's heroine, Swanhilda.
Beaugrand was a lovely young dancer, but her career was just starting.
She had yet to have the sort of name that would draw ballet-goers to the theatre.
Adèle Grantzow, a German ballerina dancing at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, was hired to play Swanhilda.
Saint-Léon was working between France and Russia at this time.
He could not completely devote himself to Coppélia.
Consequently, the ballet was rehearsed over a three-year period.
Coppélia lost its star when Grantzow was injured.
She went back to Russia.
Beaugrand was again passed over for the part of Swanhilda.
Giuseppina Bozzacchi was a sixteen-year-old dancer in the company.
It was she who was chosen to play Swanhilda.
First performance
Coppélia was first performed on 25 May 1870 at the Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra.
Giuseppina Bozzacchi played Swanhilda.
Eugénie Fiocre played Frantz.
Francois-Édouard Dauty portrayed Dr. Coppélius.
A real mechanical doll was used as Coppélia.
Because a woman played Frantz, a pas de deux for Swanhilda and Frantz was not possible.
Nonetheless, the ballet was a great success.
Bozzacchi danced eighteen performances of the ballet before the theatre closed because of the Franco-Prussian War.
She died of a fever during the Siege of Paris on her seventeenth birthday, 23 November 1870.
When the theatres reopened in 1871, Beaugrand played Swanhilda with great success.
The part of Frantz was again played by a woman in men's clothing.
Frantz would be a travesty role at the Paris Opéra until the 1950s.
Coppélia was the first ballet score written completely by Delibes.
He studied with Adolphe Adam.
Adam was the composer of the enduring romantic ballet, Giselle, and the first to use leitmotifs in ballet.
Delibes, like his teacher, used leitmotifs to identify persons and places in Coppelia.
Swanhilda has a waltz, and Frantz has two leitmotifs.
Coppélius has a dry-sounding motif and the doll has an odd-sounding little motif.
Bustling, lively music identifies the village square.
Sinister music identifies Coppélius's workshop.
Delibes appreciated the folk music of eastern Europe.
He wrote both a Polish dance called the mazurka, and an Hungarian dance called the czardas for the ballet.
Delibes's czardas was the first written for a ballet.
Other ethnic music in the ballet include a Spanish bolero and a Scottish jig.
Frantz has no solo dance in the original ballet because a woman played the part.
A pas de deux for Frantz and Swanhilda was not possible for the same reason.
The pas de deux now in the ballet was the addition of Marius Petipa.
He put a pas de deux in the ballet when he rearranged the music for his 1884 St Petersburg production.
Lincoln Kirstein describes the music as "sprightly" and the "most durable since Adam's Giselle".
Dance music had become the "miserable servant" of the dance, Kirstein points out, until Delibes's colorful, rhythmically varied, and richly orchestrated Coppélia.
While the music did little to change dance design itself, he writes, it did provide a criterion for future ballet music.
The critic of Le Figaro wrote on 28 May 1870, "M. Léo Delibes has composed for the three scenes of Coppélia a distinguished, piquant, and colorful score, excellently orchestrated ... It is very difficult to write for legs with a little artistry, taste, and style.
For instance, ballets such as Giselle are not improvised by the dozen.
M. Delibes has avoided the commonplace in a piece where it has every right to succeed."
The critic of Le Ménestrel wrote about Bozzacchi on 29 May 1870, "The title of child prodigy should be devised for her had it had not been abused in so many other cases; although scarcely fifteen years old she is already a very skillful dancer, what is better still in our opinion, she is a graceful and a witty actress; add to that a well-proportioned, dainty little body, and that she bids fair to have the prettiest features in the world.
If she fulfills all her first promises, she will be a power in her profession."
Coppelia was, and still is, very popular.
The Paris Opéra Ballet has performed Coppelia 711 times over 90 years.
In 1996, Patrice Bart created a new version of the ballet.
He went back to Hoffmann's fairy tale.
In the process, he brought some psychological depth to the ballet's characters.
He even put one of Hoffmann's original characters, Professor Spalanzani, into his new version.
Bart also used music from Delibes's operas Le Roi l'a dit and Lakmé.
Coppélia was first performed in England at the Empire Theatre in London on 14 May 1906.
Adeline Genée danced Swanhilda.
The Royal Ballet first staged Coppélia in 1933.
This staging was Nicholas Sergeyev's version based on the 19th century revision by Lev Ivanov and Enrico Cecchetti.
Dame Ninette de Valois danced Swanilda in Sergeyev's 1933 version.
In 1954, de Valois created her own version based on the Russian versions of Coppélia.
Coppélia was first performed in Russia in 1884.
Marius Petipa adapted the original choreography for this production.
In 2009, Sergei Vikharev reconstructed Coppélia for the Bolshoi Ballet from the Mariinsky Theatre records of 1894.
This version featured new designs and 24 dancers in the "Dance of the Hours".
Vikharev's version was staged in London in 2010 as part of the Bolshoi's summer tour.
Coppélia was first performed in the United States by the American Opera Company at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City on 11 March 1887.
Marie Giuri danced Swanhilda and Felicita Carossa danced Frantz.
Anna Pavlova made her American debut in the role of Swanhilda at the Metropolitan Opera on 28 February  1910.
George Balanchine and Alexandra Danilova choreographed a version of Coppélia in 1974.
Their production used the traditional story in the first two scenes, but dropped the third scene's "Dance of the Hours" for a general celebration of ballet.
Coppelia was first performed in Australia in Melbourne in 1913.
Adeline Gennée and members of the Imperial Russian Ballet performed the ballet on the opening night of their Australian tour.
This version was produced by Alexandre Volonine, and was supplemented with music by C. J. M. Glaser.
The first Australian production premiered in 1931 in Sydney, Australia.
This production was designed and staged by Louise Lightfoot and performed by the First Australian Ballet.
Australian ballet lovers then saw selections from the ballet as well as complete, full length productions by both Australian and foreign companies in the following decades.
A version of Coppélia was staged by the National Ballet of China in Beijing in 2002.
The dances for this production were designed by Par Isberg.
The production opened at the Tianqiao Theatre on 1 May 2002.
Wang Qiming played Coppélia.
The production stayed close to the original, but the story was simplified and made modern.
Costumes included jeans for men and short, tight skirts for women.
Some of the women danced on roller skates.
Project Gutenberg: Der Sandmann (in English)
Compositions by Léo Delibes
Pan-German Movement (from , all, and Germania) is a nationalist ideological and political movement promoting the unification of all German-speaking peoples of Europe.
IMVU is an instant messaging client that uses three dimensional avatars to represent people.
It was made in 2004 and has over 20 million users.
Users can change how their avatar looks by buying things with "IMVU credits" earned in the game.
It is free to join, but some features cost money.
Most features can be bought with the game currency ("IMVU credits").
IMVU homepage
She was the first woman elected to the British House of Commons, but she did not take her seat.
Instead she and the other Sinn Féin TDs formed the first Dáil Éireann.
She is well known for founding Cumann na mBan.
NAS can also be a shorthand for Network-attached storage.
Nas (born Nasir Jones on September 14, 1973) is an American rapper, songwriter, record executive, entrepreneur and and actor.
He is most known for his first album, Illmatic, which was released in 1994.
It has been widely critically praised.
Nas has been nominated for twelve Grammy Awards.
His father, Olu Dara, is a musician who plays the trumpet.
When Nas was young, his family moved to Queens, New York.
On June 15, 1994, Nas's ex-fiancée Carmen Bryan gave birth to their daughter, Destiny.
Nas was married to Kelis from 2005 until they divorced in 2010.
She is the mother of his son.
Nas started making music when he was a teenager.
He recorded his first music with a producer called Large Professor, but did not yet publish it.
Nas' first published song was "Live at the Barbeque" in 1991.
He was a guest artist on this song, which was by the group Main Source.
In 1992, Nas released his first single, a song called "Halftime".
This song was first published as part of a movie's soundtrack.
Nas released his first album, called Illmatic, in 1994.
The album got very good reviews.
People especially liked Nas' songwriting skills on the album.
Because it was so well liked, Illmatic is often called a classic.
Today, many people still say that Illmatic is one of the best hip-hop albums ever.
Nas released his second album in 1996.
He called the album It Was Written.
On this album, Nas tried to make songs that a bigger audience would like.
He also made expensive music videos to promote the album.
Nas also joined a hip hop group called The Firm.
The other members of the group were Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature.
The Firm first appeared as a group on It Was Written.
In 1997, The Firm released an album together.
The Firm's album sold many copies, but sold less than the group had hoped it would.
After this album, The Firm stopped making music as a group.
Nas instead started making his third album by himself.
He planned to call this album I Am... The Autobiography, and wanted it to be a double album.
People leaked many of the songs from this album onto the Internet before it came out.
Because of this, Nas decided to record new songs for the album.
He also changed the title to I Am.... This album came out in 1999.
Nas also released another album, called Nastradamus, in 1999.
Nastradamus was originally meant to have the leaked songs from I Am..., but Nas changed his mind and decided to record new songs for it.
People did not like I Am... or Nastradamus as much as Nas' earlier albums.
After they came out, people were worried that Nas was losing his skills as a musician.
In the late 1990s, Nas began fighting with the rapper Jay-Z. In 2001, Jay-Z wrote a song called "Takeover" that insulted Nas.
Nas replied by writing a song called "Ether" that insulted Jay-Z in return. "
Ether" appeared on Nas' fifth album, Stillmatic, which he released in 2001.
Stillmatic was mostly well liked.
Its good reception helped to boost Nas' career after his last two albums had received bad reviews.
Nas' next album was The Lost Tapes, an album made of songs he had written earlier but never published.
The Lost Tapes got good reviews.
Some critics said it was his best album since Illmatic.
Nas released several more albums in the 2000s.
In 2002, he released God's Son.
This album sold many copies, causing it to go platinum.
It also included the song "I Can", which became Nas' biggest hit song.
After this, Nas' next album was a double album called Street's Disciple.
The album got good reviews, but sold fewer copies than his earlier albums.
Nas and Jay-Z ended their fight in 2005.
To show that they had made up, Nas made a surprise appearance at a Jay-Z concert in 2005.
The two musicians performed Jay-Z's song "Dead Presidents" together.
At this time, Jay-Z was the president of the record label Def Jam Recordings.
Nas signed a contract with Def Jam in January 2006.
On the Def Jam label, Nas released his next album in 2006.
This album was called Hip Hop Is Dead.
1 on the Billboard 200 chart.
It was Nas' first number-one album since I Am..., and his third ever.
In 2007, Nas announced that he wanted to call his next album Nigger.
Because the title was a racial slur, many people were unhappy with this announcement.
Nas was criticized by famous progressives like Jesse Jackson, and also by the conservative news channel Fox News.
Because of the controversy, Nas decided to release the album without any title at all.
In 2010, Nas released an album with Damian Marley called Distant Relatives.
It entered the Billboard 200 at number five.
In 2012 Nas released his eleventh album Life Is Good.
He wrote it after he divorced Kelis.
The album got good reviews.
In 2014, a documentary called Nas: Time Is Illmatic was released.
The movie celebrated the 20th anniversary of Illmatic.
Nas also performed songs from Illmatic at the Kennedy Center.
In 2017, Nas did more work in film and TV.
He wrote a song for the TV show The Getdown and appeared in a documentary called The American Epic Sessions.
Nas' next album was called Nasir.
It was released in 2018.
Kanye West produced all of Nasir.
The album got mixed reviews.
In 2019, Nas released The Lost Tapes 2.
He had originally planned to release this album soon after The Lost Tapes.
However, the album was delayed several times.
In 2020, Nas released an album called King's Disease.
This album won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album.
Nas had been nominated for many Grammy Awards, but this was the first time he won.
Nas then released an album called King's Disease II in 2021.
Nas at Def Jam.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927.
The United Kingdom was formed by the merger of the Kingdom of Great Britain (itself a merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland) and the Kingdom of Ireland.
Its name was changed in 1927 after the majority of Ireland left the UK in 1922 and became the sovereign Irish Free State, thus leaving only six counties in the north within the UK.
The monarch continued to use the title of King or Queen of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1927.
George III (1801–1820) (monarch from 1760)
George IV (1820–1830)
William IV (1830–1837)
Victoria (1837–1901)
Edward VII (1901–1910)
George V (1910–1922) (title used until 1927)
British History Online
Xerox is an American company that makes and sells photocopiers and paper.
It was the first brand of modern photocopiers.
The term xerox has become a generic trademark.
This means people often use 'xerox' to mean any copy machine, and "xeroxing" to mean photocopying.
The company was founder in 1906.
Its  headquarters is in Norwalk, Connecticut.
Ursula Burns became the CEO and Chairwoman in 2009.
Agneta Sjödin (born 20 July 1967 in Norrbo, Hälsingland) is a Swedish television presenter.
Tur i kärlek
Fångarna på fortet
Småstjärnorna
Sikta mot stjärnorna
Jakten på den röda rubinen
Gladiatorerna
Miss Sweden
Swedish television presenters
The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1740s.
The difference between Classicism and baroque in video.
Architectural styles
Éamon de Valera (born with the name Edward George de Valera, ) (14 October 1882–) was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland.
Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973.
Several times he was either head of state or head of government in Ireland.
De Valera was a leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
He also led opposition to the anti-Treaty in the Irish Civil War.
De Valera was the author of the Constitution of Ireland.
In 1885, after his father's death, de Valera was taken to Ireland by his Uncle Ned.
He was brought up by his grandmother Elizabeth Coll, her son Patrick and her daughter Hannie, in County Limerick.
At the age of sixteen, he won a scholarship to Blackrock College, County Dublin.
In his first year in Blackrock College he was Student of the Year.
In 1903 was became mathematics teacher at Rockwell College, County Tipperary.
When he graduated in mathematics from the Royal University of Ireland he went back to Blackrock College  He taught in many other colleges, including Belvedere college where he taught Kevin Barry, the young Irish republican hanged by the British during the Irish War of Independence.
Early political activity
De Valera was an active gaeilgeoir (Irish language enthusiast).
In 1908 he joined the Conradh na Gaeilge (the Gaelic League), where he met Dubhghlas de hÍde, later first President of Ireland, and also Sinéad Flanagan, another teacher who he married on 8 January 1910 at St Paul's Church, Arran Quay, Dublin.
On 25 November 1913 he joined the Irish Volunteers.
He was soon elected captain of the Donnybrook company, then commandant of the Third Battalion and adjutant of the Dublin Brigade.
He also joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood, which secretly controlled the central executive of the Volunteers.
On 24 April 1916 the Easter Rising began.
De Valera occupied Boland's Mills, Grand Canal Street in Dublin.
After the fighting de Valera was court-martialled, convicted, and sentenced to death, but the sentence was changed to for life imprisonment.
This was because he was not kept in Kilmainham Jail with the first prisoners executed.
The delay meant British authorities started to check if he really was an American citizen, and wonder how the United States would react to the execution of one of its citizens.
De Valera's supporters say he showed leadership skills and a great ability for planning.
His enemies claim he suffered a nervous breakdown during the Rising.
After imprisonment in Dartmoor, Maidstone and Lewes prisons in England, de Valera and other prisoners were released under an amnesty in June 1917.
On 10 July 1917 he was elected member of the British House of Commons for East Clare (the constituency which he represented in Dail Eireann until 1959) in a by-election after MP Willie Redmond died fighting in World War I.
British newspapers and picture postcards often called the Easter Rising the Sinn Féin rebellion.
From 1917 de Valera was president of Sinn Féin.
He and the other survivors of the Rising took over Sinn Féin and then turned into a republican party.
Arthur Griffith, had wanted an Anglo-Irish "dual monarchy", with an independent Ireland governed separately from Britain, their only link being a shared monarch, like Canada and Britain today.
President of Dáil Éireann
Sinn Féin won 73 out of 104 Irish seats in the 1918 general election.
A lot more people wanted an independent Ireland  after the leaders of the Easter Rising were executed of the 1916 leaders and the threat of conscription.
In January 1919, these Sinn Féin MPs, or "TD"s, met in the Mansion House (City Hall), Dublin and formed the First Dáil Éireann ().
De Valera was not at this meeting because he had been arrested.
He escaped from Lincoln Prison in February 1919, and when he got back to Dublin he replaced Cathal Brugha as Prime Minister .
The Dáil Constitution passed by the Dáil said that the Príomh Aire was prime minister not head of state.
In September 1919 the British authorities said that The Dáil was illegal.
The fighting against Britain escalated into the Irish War of Independence (also called the 'Anglo-Irish War').
President of the Republic
In January 1921, he got back from the United States with a loan of $5,500,000  This made him very popular.
In August 1921 de Valera had Dáil Éireann change the 1919 Dáil Constitution to upgrade his title from prime minister to President of the Republic.
He said that as Irish head of state he would not go to the Treaty Negotiations of October–December 1921 because the British head of state, King George V would not be there either.
The Treaty
The Treaty replaced the Republic by a dominion of the British Commonwealth with the King represented by a Governor-General of the Irish Free State.
This was just how Canada was governed.
Treaty was finally signed on 6 December 1921.
De Valera's opponents said that he did not join the negotiations because he knew that the British would only allow an Irish dominion, not a republic, and did not want to be blamed for giving up the idea of a republic.
De Valera said he was angry because the delegates working out the treaty had not asked him before signing the treaty.
But at a secret session of the Dáil during the Treaty Debates and publicised in January 1922, his ideas for a treaty included dominion status, the 'Treaty Ports', a veto by the parliament in Belfast, and  the king as head of the Commonwealth.
Ireland's would pay a share of the imperial debt.
When the Treaty was accepted by 64 votes to 57, de Valera and a large minority of Sinn Féin TDs left Dáil Éireann.
He resigned and Arthur Griffith was elected President of Dáil Éireann in his place.
In March 1922, de Valera made an angry speech saying that, if the Treaty was accepted, it might be necessary to "wade through Irish blood" to achieve Irish freedom.
Later he said that  De Valera's enemies said that this was encouraging civil war.
De Valera was supposed to be the head of the anti-Treatyites, but he had little power.
Usually he had little influence with the IRA Chief of Staff, Liam Lynch.
De Valera formed a republican government on 25 October 1922 but it had no real authority and was never like the Dáil governments of 1919–21, which was an alternative government to the British, even running their own courts.
When the IRA's new Chief of Staff called a ceasefire Frank Aiken on 30 May 1923 the government had won.
Many republicans were arrested when they came out of hiding and returned home.
De Valera was arrested in County Clare and interned until 1924.
The 'empty formula'
De Valera resigned from the presidency of Sinn Féin after losing a vote to accept the Free State Constitution (if the Oath of Allegiance was dropped).
In March 1926 he formed a new party, Fianna Fáil (Soldiers of Destiny).
Fianna Fáil was successful in elections, but for over a year a it did not take its seats in the Dáil.
When a new law made candidates promise to take the oath if elected,  de Valera and his TDs took the Oath of Allegiance in 1927.
They said the oath was "an empty formula" that is, just words they had to say, they did not have to believe them.
Back in Power
Six years after it was founded Fianna Fáil won 72 seats in the 1932 general election, and had a plurality in the Dáil.
That is, it was the largest party but had less than half of all of the seats, which would be a majority.
On 9 March Governor-General James McNeill appointed de Valera President of the Executive Council .
He abolished the oath and stopped paying money owed to Britain.
De Valera called a general election in January 1933 and won 77 seats, giving him an overall majority.
Under his leadership, Fianna Fáil won further general elections in 1937, 1938, 1943 and 1944.
De Valera was his own Minister for External Affairs.
He attended meetings of the League of Nations, and was president of the Council of the League on his first appearance at Geneva in 1932.
In 1934, he supported the admission of the Soviet Union into the League.
In September 1938 he was elected nineteenth president of the Assembly of the League, a tribute to the international recognition he had won by his independent stance on world questions.
De Valera's new constitution – Bunreacht na hÉireann
The Governor-General of the Irish Free State could reserve or deny the Royal Assent to any changes after being advised (ordered) by His Majesty's Government in London.
After a legal argument with the British Government the power this was changed to His Majesty's Government in the Irish Free State
The Oath of Allegiance;
Appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council; and
The Senate, which was controlled by the opposition parties.
When King Edward VIII abdicted (resigned) as  King of Ireland de Valera passed two Bills;
one took out all mention of the King and Governor-General in the constitution
the second said the King's only job was formally sending and receiving ambassadors.
In July 1936, de Valera wrote to King Edward in London saying that he planned to introduce a new constitution.
This was only a little different from the Bunreacht na hÉireann (meaning literally the Constitution of Ireland).
Neutrality in World War II
Ireland stayed neutral in World War II, which was called The Emergency in Ireland.
Both the possibility of a German invasion and a British invasion were discussed in the Dáil.
The Irish government weather reportshelped to decide when D-Day should be;
British planes from Lough Erne in County Fermanagh flew a shortcut across Donegal to patrol the Atlantic.
The German Ambassador's Eduard Hempel radio transmitter was shut down in 1943.
Crashed airmen "operational" flights were interned until the end of the war.
If the flight was "non-operational" the crew were allowed home.
Nearly all Allied airmen were said to be on "non-operational" flights, while German airmen were judged to be on "operational"
Roughly 45,000 Irish  men voluntarily joined the Allied forces (including Patrick and Tom Clancy, who had also been IRA volunteers).
In May 1945, de Valera visited  the German minister in Dublin, to express sympathy over the death of the Führer.
Along with President Douglas Hyde, de Valera was the only head of government to do this.
De Valera did not visit the American embassy following the death of Roosevelt, as David Gray, the American Ambassador said he would not receive de Valera.
All flags were flown at half-mast on Roosevelt's death on de Valera's instructions
Post–war period
After sixteen years in power, Fianna Fáil lost the 1948 election.
John A. Costello was Taoiseach of a coalition Government.
It was Costello who declared Ireland a republic, making de Valera's friend President Ó Ceallaigh Ireland's head of state.
In 1951 de Valera was returned to power but without an overall majority.
Many people thought this was his worst government.
He spent several months in the Netherlands where he had six operations on his eyes.
Fianna Fáil was defeated again in the 1954 general election, but in 1957 de Valera, won a majority of nine seats.
This was the beginning of another sixteen year period in office for Fianna Fáil.
But de Valera was only Taoiseach for two years.
In 1959 he was elected President of Ireland, as which he served until 1973.
At his retirement at the age of 90, he was the oldest Head of State in the world.
Éamon de Valera died in Linden Convalescent Home, Blackrock, County Dublin on 29 August 1975 aged 92.
His wife, Sinéad de Valera, four years his senior, had died the previous January, on the eve of their 65th wedding anniversary.
He is buried in Dublin's Glasnevin Cemetery.
Total economic stagnation marked de Valera's last seven years as leader of his party - because all of the chickens of his disastrous commitment to an inward-looking policy of self sufficiency were coming home to roost.
Government ministers of Ireland
Taoisigh of Ireland
Operetta is a term which started to be used in the 19th century to describe an opera that was not too serious and often full of fun.
It is often described as “light opera” (“light” meaning “not serious“).
In an opera everything is usually sung.
In an operetta there is a lot of spoken dialogue, and songs and dances are added to this.
Similar traditions already existed in other countries, e.g. in Germany where the Singspiel tradition was popular (e.g. Mozart’s The Magic Flute).
The operetta tradition started in France and soon spread to Austria and other countries.
It remained popular until the mid-20th century, when it gradually turned into musical comedy.
The composer Jacques Offenbach can be thought of as the creator of the operetta tradition.
It grew out of the opéra comique which had become quite long and serious.
There was a need for shorter, more humorous musical entertainments.
Offenbach was composing operettas in the 1850s in Paris.
In England such works were often called “comic operas” or “opera comedies”.
Then Johann Strauss became very popular in Vienna.
He was already very well known in the ballroom, but when he started to write for the theatre he soon became a rival to Offenbach, whose operettas had become very popular in Vienna.
Strauss’s operetta Die Fledermaus (“The Bat”) has been performed more than any other operetta.
In Spain the Zarzuela was a kind of operetta.
Many people were involved in the creating and performing of operettas.
The performers often had to both sing and act very well.
Bizet, Chabrier and Delibes all wrote operettas as well as operas and other types of music.
In England the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan were a kind of English form of operetta.
One of the most popular of all operettas was Die Lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow) by Franz Léhar.
It was produced in 1905 in Vienna.
Léhar wrote many other operettas as well.
Franz von Suppé is another composer who wrote operettas in the Austrian tradition.
The most known Romanian operetta is Crai nou (New moon) by Ciprian Porumbescu.
In the early 20th century the French operetta became less popular as there was more interest in the Viennese operetta.
After World War I Berlin was the centre of German operetta.
By the middle of the 20th century many composers were writing light operas which were based on American dance band music.
These were no longer called “operettas”.
The word “operetta” continued to be used for light operas which were more in the style of traditional central European music.
Investiture means the formal installation of somebody (heir, elect of nominee) in public office by formally giving him the "insignia".
The term is normally reserved for formal offices of state, aristocracy and church.
In the Middle Ages investiture was the ceremonial transfer of a fief by an overlord to a vassal.
The lord invested the vassal with a fiefdom, by giving a symbol of the land or office.
From feudal times up to the present, the term has been used in canon law to refer to a cleric receiving the symbols of spiritual office, such as the pastoral ring, mitre and staff, signifying transfer of the office.
In the United Kingdom, around 2,600 people are invested personally by The Queen or a member of the Royal Family.
A list of those to be honoured is published twice a year, in either the New Year's Honours List or The Queen's Birthday Honours List.
For the electronics brand-name of the same name, see Best BuyFor the Cruise Ship Insignia see Oceania Cruises
For the Band Insignium see Insignium
Insignia (the plural of Latin insigne'': emblem, symbol) is a symbol or token of personal power, status or office, or of an official body of government or jurisdiction.
Insignia are especially used as an emblem of a specific or general authority.
Flags of a country or state
Coats of arms and Heraldry
Ensigns
Roundels
Cockades
Other National Emblems
Shoulder patch, or shoulder sleeve insignia (SSI)
Military rank and unit markings:
British Army officer rank insignia
British Army Other Ranks rank insignia
Croatian military ranks insignia
U.S. Army officer rank insignia
U.S. Army enlisted rank insignia
U.S. Navy officer rank insignia
U.S. Navy enlisted rate insignia
United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia
United States Air Force officer rank insignia
Polish Armed Forces rank insignia
Nazi Party rank insignia
Official insignia are often protected by law as to allow their use only by people holding a specific office or staff members action on behalf of such a person.
(IRA) against the British soldiers (known as the Black and Tans because of the colour of their uniform) who were trying to keep Ireland under British control.
The war was fought between 1919 and June 1921.
The fighting stopped while a peace treaty was worked out.
It began because of the 1916 Easter Rising.
The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB)  men who fought the British soldiers that day wanted Ireland to be its own country and wanted Britain to move its army out of Ireland.
6 IRB members were killed including 3 who were executed.
These executions angered the Irish people and caused many people to become Republicans.
Republicans lived mostly in the south of Ireland.
Ulster was considered to be the most unionist part of Ireland.
This was caused by the Ulster Plantations.
The Unionists wanted to stay under control of the British Government.
In 1917 the IRB was renamed the IRA and in 1919, the fighting started.
By the end of 1919, the IRA had beaten the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) and Ireland had no police forces.
In London, the British government began to debate about Ireland's rule.
The war waged on until 1921 when Irish Sinn Féin leaders and British MPs made a peace treaty (called the Anglo-Irish Treaty).
This treaty created the Irish Free State this meant that Ireland was given Dominion Status.
The treaty gave all the same rights to the Irish government as that of the Canadian or Australian government.
It handed power of 26 of the 32 counties to the Irish Government.
The 6 counties that were kept by the British Government were all in Ulster and formed Northern Ireland.
20th century in Ireland
1919 in the United Kingdom
1920 in the United Kingdom
1921 in the United Kingdom
A bishop () is a piece in the board game of chess.
Each player starts the game with two bishops.
One starts between the king's knight and the king, the other between the queen's knight and the queen.
The pieces are called either the king's bishop or the queen's bishop.
In chess notation the starting squares are c1 and f1 for White's bishops, and c8 and f8 for Black's bishops.
The bishop first appeared in that form in medieval European chess.
In Chaturanga he was represented as an armed attendant who sat on the back of an elephant.
The Arabs called this figure "al-fil", which means "elephant".
The problem was that in Central Europe elephants were not known, so they could not recognize the figure.
The bishops were interpreted differently by the different nations.
That is why the bishop is a "Läufer" (runner) in Germany, a "fou" (fool) in France and a "alfiere" (standard-bearer) in Italy.
Using a bishop
The bishop moves diagonally, and can move as far as a player wants it to unless another piece blocks it.
A bishop can never leave the color of square that it starts on, and so can only move to 32 squares of the board.
The Bathurst 1000 is a car race held at Mount Panorama, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia.
It is held every year.
Sport in Australia
A South Atlantic tropical cyclone is an unusual form of weather event.
Usually, strong wind shear is the biggest problem why tropical cyclones do not normally form in the southern Atlantic Ocean.
If there was ever a "hurricane season" in the south Atlantic, it would most likely happen during the opposite of the north Atlantic season, from December to May with mid-March being the peak when the oceans are warmest in the Southern Hemisphere.
Cyclone Catarina
Cyclone (or Hurricane) Catarina was an extraordinarily rare tropical cyclone, forming in the southern Atlantic Ocean in March 2004.
Just after becoming a hurricane, it hit the southern coast of Brazil in the state of Santa Catarina on the evening of March 28, with winds estimated near 180 km/h (112 mph), making it a Category 2 storm on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.
The cyclone killed 3-10 people and caused millions of dollars in damage in Brazil.
Other known South Atlantic tropical cyclones
Angola tropical cyclone of 1991
On April 10, 1991, what was either a strong tropical depression or a weak tropical storm formed in the eastern South Atlantic, recorded by weather satellites off the coast of Angola.
It reached a peak on the 13th, and dissipated two days later, drifting west-southwestward from where it formed.
Of the few South Atlantic tropical cyclones that have existed, this was the only one in the eastern Atlantic.
This was also the first South Atlantic tropical cyclone ever observed.
Tropical cyclone of January 2004
A small area of convection developed on a trough of low pressure in mid-January off Brazil.
It organized and appeared to become a tropical depression on January 18.
The next morning, it had a small amounts of convection near the center and well-defined bands, and the system, either a weak tropical storm or a strong tropical depression, likely reached its peak.
Located 150 n miles southeast of Salvador, Brazil, it weakened as upper level shear, normal for the basin, prevailed.
The depression moved inland on the 20th as a circulation with no convection, and dissipated the next day over Brazil, where it caused heavy rains and flooding.
This would mark the first time in recorded history that two tropical cyclones (Catarina and the January storm) have been seen during the same year in the South Atlantic, and may be considered to make up the 2003-04 South Atlantic hurricane season.