the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Yemen was important in the trade of spices as well.
It was known to the ancient Romans as Arabia Felix ("Happy Arabia" in Latin).
They called it Happy Arabia because the area was so beautiful and powerful.
In the 700s, Yemenis were among the first to join the new religion Islam.
Since then, Yemenis have been staunch Muslims who were in the forefront of all Islam conquests.
Men whose ancestors came from Yemen ruled Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain) for centuries.
The Ottoman Empire took control of North Yemen, and the British Empire took South Yemen, in the early 20th century.
The two parts were united in 1990 and later fought civil wars.
The latest one started in 2015.
Some famous people including former President Ali Abdullah Saleh were killed, and thousands died of hunger.
Today, Yemen has over 20 million people.
Most of them speak Arabic.
Yemen is in Western Asia.
It is on the southern half of the Arabian Peninsula.
A number of Red Sea islands, including the Hanish Islands, Kamaran, and Perim, as well as Socotra in the Arabian Sea, belong to Yemen.
Many of the islands are volcanic.
For example, Jabal al-Tair had a volcanic eruption in 2007 and before that in 1883.
The highest point in Yemen is Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb.
Yemen is one of the poorest and least developed countries in the Arab World.
There is a 35% unemployment rate, which means only 35 out of every 100 people in the labor force don't have a job.
As a result of the 2011–2012 Yemeni uprising, the constitution of Yemen was rewritten.
New elections were to be held in 2014.
Some areas are controlled by armed militant groups.
On 23 January 2015, the President, Prime Minister and Cabinet resigned.
War continued, with Saudi Arabia and Iran supporting different sides.
The governorates are divided into 333 districts.
The districts are divided into 2,210 sub-districts, and then into 38,284 villages (as of 2001).
Yemen has about 24 million people according to June 2011 estimates.
46% of the people are under 15 years old.
Arabic is the official language.
Football is the most popular sport in Yemen.
The Yemen national football team competes in the FIFA and the AFC leagues.
The country also hosts many football clubs that compete in the national or international leagues.
Yemen's mountains have many opportunities for outdoor sports, such as rock climbing, hill climbing, skiing, and hiking.
The coast of Yemen and Socotra island have opportunities for water sports, such as surfing, sailing, swimming, and scuba diving.
Socotra island is one of the best surfing places in the world.
1990 establishments in Asia
The sensory system is the way animals find out about their nearby environment and their bodies.
To do this they have special devices for collecting data called sense organs.
The sense organs act as transducers: they turn energy from the outside or inside of the body into nerve signals.
The signals are then very rapidly processed by the brain.
The whole arrangement is the sensory system.
Hearing is the sense of sound.
Ears hear sounds.
Sight is the sense of seeing.
Eyes see.
Touch is the sense of feeling.
Sense organs feel.
Taste is the sense of the flavor.
Tongues taste.
Smell is the sense of scent or odor.
Actually, there are other senses.
For example, we have a sense of equilibrioception which checks our balance, and proprioception which is the sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement.
Fishes have a sense system which no land animal has.
It is called the lateral line system.
This senses movement and vibration in the water pressure and other functions.
Some fish can sense patterns of electrical current in the water.
Handling the data
A huge amount of data comes in from the sensory system.
About 11 million pieces of information per second is one estimation, of which ten million comes from our eyes.
Of this huge number we only handle about 40 in our conscious mind.
The rest is handled non-consciously.
Nikola Tesla (10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943), was an ethnically Serbian inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer and physicist.
He is best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.
He was born in the village of Smiljan, in the part of former Austria-Hungary that is now Croatia.
Tesla got his first job in Budapest in 1882, working at a telephone company.
A few years later he moved to the United States.
Even in his early life, he was inventing things.
His best known invention was an electric motor that could run well on AC power.
Tesla died of coronary thrombosis in a hotel room in Manhattan, New York City on 7 January 1943.
Tesla was born on 10th July 1856 in Smiljan, Austro-Hungarian Empire (modern-day Croatia), from a Serbian family.
Tesla's father, Milutin Tesla, was a priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church.
His mother, Georgina Djuka was also great at inventing useful household tools.
Even she was a daughter of the Serbian Orthodox Church priest.
Although very smart and with excellent memory, (she knew thousands of lines from "Gorski Vijenac" by Petar Petrovic Njegos) she had to take care of her siblings when her mother, Sofia Budisavljevic, died.
Nikola Tesla's mother was a great influence on him.
Both his parents were born in Lika, Croatia.
He was the fourth child out of five.
He had one older brother, Dane, who died when Tesla was 5, two older sisters, Angelina and Milka, and one younger sister, Marica.
Tesla, who loved science, was afraid that after his brother's accidental death he would have to continue the family tradition and become a priest.
After he graduated from a prestigious High School in Karlovac, Croatia, he went back to Gospic during summer to see his family and almost died of cholera.
He asked his father if he could go study engineering if by miracle he survived, and the father promised his dying son to send him to the best school in the whole world.
Nikola's health improved quickly and his father sent him to study at the Technical College in Graz, Austria, in 1875.
Tesla had a job in telephony and electrical engineering before moving to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison.
They quarrelled, and soon Tesla started working on his own with other people investing in his work.
He set up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices.
His patented AC electric motor (induction motor) and transformer were licensed by American industrialist George Westinghouse.
Westinghouse also hired Tesla for one year to help develop a power system using alternating current.
The advantage that popularized alternating current is the use of transformers for long distance electric power transmission.
Tesla is also known for his high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs, Colorado which included inventions and ideas used in the invention of radio communication, for his X-ray experiments, and for his unsuccessful attempt at worldwide wireless transmission in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project.
Tesla's achievements made him very famous.
So did his abilities as a showman, demonstrating his seemingly miraculous inventions.
Although he made a great deal of money from his patents, he spent a lot on his experiments.
He lived for most of his life in a series of hotels in New York City.
The end of his patent income and eventual bankruptcy led him to live in much poorer circumstances.
Tesla still continued to invite the press to parties he held on his birthday to announce new inventions he was working and make (sometimes unusual) statements.
Because of his wonderful pronouncements without results or proof, Tesla gained a reputation in popular culture as the archetypal "mad scientist".
He died in room 3327 of the New Yorker Hotel on 7 January 1943.
Tesla's work fell into relative obscurity after his death, but since the 1990s, his reputation has experienced a comeback in popular culture.
His work and reputed inventions are also at the center of many conspiracy theories and have also been used to support various pseudosciences, UFO theories and New Age occultism.
In 1960, in honor of Tesla, the General Conference on Weights and Measures for the International System of Units dedicated the term "tesla" to the SI unit measure for magnetic field strength.
Nikola Tesla Museum
Tesla's Wardenclyffe Science Center Plaque
A certain place in a movie or play where a part of the story takes place.
A part of a culture made up of people who have a common interest, usually in a certain type of music. ("
Dark clothes are a part of the emo scene.")
A style based upon "emo", where individuals dye the hair with many bright colours, and wear neon pieces of clothing in general.
This is similar to a raver.
Inspector Gadget is a Canadian-French-American-Japanese anime that ran from 1983 to 1986.
It was the first show produced by DIC Entertainment.
Elements of the franchise pay homage to the 1960s series Get Smart, Gadget's voice was even provided by Don Adams who was the star of Get Smart.
Other elements are homages to things like Inspector Clouseau from the Pink Panther movie series.
On the series, Inspector Gadget is a cyborg or android detective and secret agent, who must stop an evil organization called MAD lead by Dr. Claw.
He is usually helped by his niece, Penny and his dog, Brain.
Gadget has many gadgets and special devices inside his body which he uses, but not very well and he is not very smart, but he usually with the help of Penny and Brain, ends up saving the day.
1983 television series debuts
1986 television series endings
1980s American animated television series
American crime television series
Canadian animated television series
French television series
Syndicated means a television program being shown on a different television network than the one that first showed the program.
A syndicated program can also be a program that was not made for a television network.
These types of programs are made and then sold to many different television stations to be shown.
First run syndication: First run syndicated programs are programs that are shown for the first time as syndicated programs.
These programs were not made to be shown by a network.
Programs that are made in one country and then are shown in other countries are often first run syndicated program.
Off network syndication: Off network syndicated programs are programs that were first shown on a television network.
Later, that network sold the program to other networks or stations so that they can also show it.
These programs are also called re-runs.
Public broadcasting syndication: PBS makes only some of its programs.
Many of the shows are bought from people who make syndicated programs.
Popular examples of syndicated series
First run series
Mutant X
Xuxa
Off network series
A cartoon is a kind of vector which is a few short lines followed by a series of drawns, sometime animated, in an unrealistic or semi-realistic style.
The word "cartoon" has been used in several different ways in  the world.
Types of cartoons
Cartoon for an artwork
The oldest meaning is a drawing that is a full-sized design for a finished artwork.
The cartoon might be a drawing for a painting that was going to be put onto a wall or ceiling in fresco.
The cartoon would be pinned against the wall and its design marked onto the plastered of the wall.
Cartoons were also made to design tapestry.
The most famous cartoons are a set by Raphael which show the "Life of St Peter".
The cartoons are in the Victoria & Albert Museum.
The finished tapestries belong to the Vatican and were made for the Sistine Chapel.
Political cartoon
In the 1700s, artists such as William Hogarth often made sets of humorous (funny) drawings that were about political subjects, such as poverty, elections, war and riots.
The drawings were made into prints and were sold cheaply.
These prints were not called cartoons at that time, but they led to the idea of modern political cartoons in newspapers.
Nowadays many newspapers publish a different political cartoon in the paper, every day.
The word "cartoon" was first used in this way in 1843 in an English magazine called Punch.
A political cartoon does not always show real people.
Sometimes it may use a personification of a country or organization as a person, an animal, or a monster.
For example, Britain might be shown as a woman holding a baby Australia in her arms.
Russia might be shown as a baby bear or a dolphin.
The United States might be shown as a Bald Eagle.
Political cartoons were often drawn to show several different stages of the same story.
Many of Hogarth's famous political cartoons do this.
From this came the idea of telling funny stories in a series of pictures.
Comic strips are a type of "cartoon" that is published in newspapers, but they are usually just called "comic strips".
Some of the earliest comic strips are The Katzenjammer Kids (1897) and Ginger Meggs (1921).
Sometimes they represent like The Beano, Cathy, Baby Blues, Dennis the Menace, Asterix, Peanuts, Cubitus, The Smurfs, Heathcliff and Garfield.
Later comic strips from the 1950s onwards show superheros such as Superman and The Phantom.
Comic strips well known introduced Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Hulk, Spider-Man, X-Men, Fantastic Four and others.
Comic books assemble many strips in a book.
The book may tell a long story, longer than a newspaper would want to print, or several stories.
Big Seven cartoon major studio mascots creator company owner creating studios of Disney's Mickey Mouse, Disney's Snow White, Disney's Tinker Bell, Warner Bros' Bugs Bunny, 20th Century Fox's Lucy the Mouse, Paramount's Popeye and Universal's Woody Woodpecker.
Comic strips posted on the internet are web comics.
Some use animation and sound for special effects.
Like comic books they may be large, and most offer a large collection of earlier strips for new readers, so longer stories can be told.
Many webcomics are published (shown to people) by independent artists.
Movie Cartoons
Main article: Animated cartoon
From the beginning of the movie industry, some artists began experimenting with making drawings that seemed to move.
These moving drawings also became known as "cartoons".
They often depict animals rather than humans.
They were often just for fun, but sometimes, particularly during World War II, were used for political reasons, just like the cartoons in newspapers.
Walt Disney, Warner Bros and 20th Century Fox both made classic stars famous  cartoons including Mickey Mouse universe, Donald Duck universe, Looney Tunes, Merrie Melodies and Lucy the Mouse.
Famous classic stars animated movies and cartoon characters are Felix the Cat (1919), Mickey Mouse (1928), Donald Duck (1934), Goofy (1932), Pluto (1930), Lucy the Mouse (1921), Betty Boop (1930), Bugs Bunny (1938), Daffy Duck (1937), Porky Pig (1935), Elmer Fudd (1937), Tom and Jerry (1940), Woody Woodpecker (1940), Popeye (1919), Mighty Mouse (1942), Heckle and Jeckle (1946), Deputy Dawg (1959), Rocky and Bullwinkle (1959), Bettgum (1968), Winnie the Pooh (1929), Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Cinderella (1950), The Little Mermaid (1989), The Lion King (1994), The Flintstones (1960), Scooby-Doo (1969), The Jetsons (1962), The Simpsons (1987), South Park (1992), Rapeye (1984), SpongeBob SquarePants (1997), Little Lulu (1935), Casper the Friendly Ghost (1939), Oggy and the Cockroaches (1998) and much, much more.
At first, movie cartoons were quite short.
When a person bought a movie ticket, they would see a news program, two or three cartoons in black and white and a movie.
Walt Disney then got the idea to tell a long story as a "cartoon".
The first example made was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937).
Movie cartoons soon became a popular type of entertainment.
Modern movie cartoons are sometimes created using computer graphics, rather than hand-drawn cartoons.
They include Toy Story (1995) and Shrek (2001).
In mathematics, a square root of a number x is another number that, when multiplied by itself (squared), becomes x. When it is non-negative, it is represented by the symbol , and called the principal square root of x. For example, 2 is the square root of 4, because 2×2=4.
Only numbers bigger than or equal to zero have real square roots.
The only square root of zero is zero.
An important number is the square root of 2, which is an irrational number.
Its value is around 1.41421.
It is also the length of a diagonal in the square whose side is 1.
Square roots of negative numbers are not real numbers – they are imaginary numbers.
Imaginary numbers are basically numbers whose square is negative.
Every complex number, except 0, has 2 square roots.
For example, −1 has two square roots.
We call them  and .
We also consider the number  as the principal square root of −1, and called it the imaginary unit.
The sign for a square root is made by putting a bent line over a number, like this: .
This is read as "the square root of 4" (or whatever number we are taking the square root of).
A whole number with a square root that is also a whole number is called a perfect square.
The first few perfect squares are: 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961, 1024, 1089, 1156, 1225.
Origin of the symbol
It is not really known where the square root symbol  comes from, but some people believe that it was from the letter r, which is the first letter of the Latin and German word radix.
Radix means root or base.
Thus, radix quadratum from Latin refer most likely to the base of a square.
Since the sides of a square are all equal, the word radix may be interpreted as side of a square—without actually so.
Table of square and square roots, 1-100 -The Math Forum
A negative number is a number that indicates an opposite.
If a positive number is distance up, then a negative number is distance down.
If a positive number is distance to the right, then a negative number is distance to the left.
If a positive number is a deposit to a bank account, then a negative number is a withdrawal from that bank account.
If a positive number is a quantity of minutes in the future, then a negative number is a quantity of minutes in the past.
If a positive number means addition, then a negative number means subtraction.
The counting numbers (1, 2, 3, and so on) are all positive numbers.
The positive numbers, negative numbers, and the number zero, taken together, are called "signed numbers" or integers.
The number zero is neither positive nor negative.
Zero is its own opposite; so +0 = −0.
That is, zero steps to the right is the same as zero steps to the left.
A negative number is written by putting a minus sign, "−", in front of a positive number.
For example, 3 is a positive number, but −3 is a negative number.
It is read "negative three" or "minus three"; it means the opposite of 3.
Negative numbers are left of zero on a number line.
A number and its opposite are always the same distance from zero.
The negative number −3 is just as far to the left of zero as 3 is to the right of zero:
A number and its opposite always add to zero.
So the sum of −3 and +3 is 0.
We can write this either as −3 + 3 = 0 or as 3 + (− 3) = 0.
In addition, a number and its opposite are said to "cancel each other out".
The set of negative real numbers is sometimes written as .
Arithmetic with negative numbers
Adding a negative number to something is the same as subtracting a positive number from it.
For example, to add the negative number "−1" to the number "9" is the same as subtracting one from nine.
Subtracting a negative number from something is the same as adding a positive number to it.
For example, to subtract the negative number "−8" from the number "6" is the same as adding the number "6" and the number "8".
A negative number multiplied by another negative number produces a positive number.
For example, to multiply the negative number "−3" by the negative number "−2" is the same as multiplying the number "3" by the number "2".
A negative number multiplied by a positive number produces a negative number.
For example, to multiply the negative number "−4" by the positive number "5" is like multiplying the number "4" by the number "5", but the answer is negative.
Uses of negative numbers
When a person got a debt, people sometimes say that they have a negative amount of money.
Negative numbers are used in accounting and science.
Discussion of negative numbers (Math League)
Negative numbers (Purple Math)
A hailstone is a round ball of ice which falls out of a storm cloud.
About 5,000 hailstorms a year in the United States of America make hail 3/4 of an inch or larger.
The beginning of a hailstorm
A hailstone begins as a small water drop or a round snow pellet in a cloud.
The drop grows by collecting many cloud drops.
The little drop is blown by a strong wind inside the cloud to where it meets with some extremely cold water drops.
These supercooled drops are still liquid water even though the temperature is below freezing.
When the little drop mixes with these extremely cold drops, they join, and the little drop has now become a hailstone.
The little hailstone is thrown up inside the cloud, still collecting other cold drops.
The hailstone gets bigger and bigger until it goes to the top of the cloud.
Then, because there is no more wind, it falls back down through the cloud.
While it is falling it gets even bigger as it bangs into more supercooled drops.
If it goes down very fast it can hit the earth at up to 90 mph (144 kph), bouncing like popcorn.
If the hailstone hits dirt, it can actually bury itself.
Hailstone sizes
The biggest hailstone recorded in the United States weighed 1.67 pounds (0.75 kg), and was 5.5 inches (14 cm) across.
It fell near Coffeyville, Kansas, on September 3, 1970.
The biggest recorded hailstone in the world was 4.2 pounds (almost 2 kilograms).
It fell in Kazakhstan in Asia.
Hailstones are made of many rings of clear, cloudy ice.
The rings show different amounts of freezing on the hailstone.
The cloudy ice is because it freezes so quickly, trapping many small air bubbles.
The clear rings are made by slow freezing of the water, which lets bubbles escape.
Hail damage and protection
Hail does a very great amount of damage every year.
Even small hail with strong winds can crush a field of wheat flat in a few minutes.
It sometimes breaks windows, and can dent cars and roofs.
Big hailstones can hurt and even kill small animals.
Because hail damages crops, there has been many efforts to stop hail.
In the 16th century, farmers used to shoot cannons at thunderstorms, thinking this would destroy the hail.
Cloud seeding (trying to make rain by putting dry ice crystals or a kind of smoke in clouds) is the more recent way, but it is expensive and we do not know for sure how well it works.
To this day, there is no proved way of stopping hailstorms.
Sleet (disambig page)
Hail Research Information Center
Hail factsheet
The Economic Costs of Hail Storm Damage  NOAA Economics
https://stormmaps.com/pages/hail-impact-reports  NOAA Economics
Hail and hailstorms
Major hail event in Brazil
NOAA Hail Reports on Google map (non commercial)
The Academy Awards, commonly known as the Oscars, are the best-known movie awards in the United States.
The awards have been given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929.
The awards ceremony takes place each year in late February or early March in Los Angeles, California.
At the end of the 1920s, the American film industry was in a crisis.
When the radio was invented, people didn't go to the cinema as often as they used to.
The owners of the studios had problems.
They had to pay the workers a good salary, but that was impossible at that time.
Many people fought for a good salary and a good working time.
Oscar statue
In the first years of the award, the trophy was called the Academy Award of Merit.
The godfather of the name Oscar is not clear.
It is certain, that the name was used in 1931.
There may be four people, who could be the godparents.
The former board secretary of the academy Margaret Herrick said: "He looks like my uncle Oscar!".
Bette Davis said that he looks like my first husband Harmon "Oscar" Nelson.
The film columnist Sidney Skolsky said, that he is the name-giver, and the fourth person was Walt Disney.
It is said that Oscar is not the official name of the statue.
But the nickname is trademark-protected.
Best Picture – since 1928
Best Actor – since 1928
Best Actress –since 1928
Best Supporting Actor – since 1936
Best Supporting Actress – since 1936
Best Animated Feature – since 2001
Best Art Direction – since 1928(also called Interior or Set Decoration)
Best Cinematography – since 1928
Costume Design – since 1948
Directing  since 1928
Documentary Feature since 1943
Documentary Short Subject since 1941
Film Editing – since 1935
Best Foreign Language Film – since 1947
Makeup – since 1981
Original Music Score- since 1934
Best Song- since 1934
Animated Short Film – since 1931
Live Action Short Film since 1931
Academy Award for Sound Mixing since 1930
Best Sound Effects Editing – since 1963
Best Visual Effects – since 1939
Best Adapted Screenplay – since 1928
Best Original Screenplay – since 1940
Academy Award, Scientific or Technical – since 1931, presented at three levels
Best Assistant Director – 1933 to 1937
Best Dance Direction – 1935 to 1937
Comedy Direction – 1928 only
Engineering Effects – 1928 only
Academy Award for Best Original Music or Comedy Score - 1995-1999
Academy Award for Best Original Story – 1928 to 1956
Academy Award for Best Score- Adaptation or Treatment – 1962 to 1962 and 1973
Best Short Film - Color – 1936 and 1937
Best Short Film - Live Action - 2 Reels – 1936 to 1956
Short Film - Novelty – 1932 to 1935
Best Title Writing – 1928 only
Unique and Artistic Production – 1928 only
The most successful films
Gone with the Wind from the year 1939 was the most successful film for a long time with ten Oscars.
Then, in 1960, Ben-Hur won eleven Oscars.
In 1998 Titanic also won eleven Oscars, so they were in a tie.
Six years later, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King won eleven Oscars.
The five categories best picture, best director, best actor, best actress and best Original Screenplay are the most important categories and they are called the Big Five.
There are only three films that won all these categories: It Happened One Night, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and The Silence of the Lambs.
All About Eve, Titanic'' and la la land had 14 nominations.
This is the nomination record.
The most successful filmworkers
Katharine Hepburn (1907–2003) has the most awards as a performer with 4 Oscars in the category of 'Best Actress'.
Meryl Streep has the most nominations as performers with 21 Oscar nominations.
Jack Nicholson, Daniel Day-Lewis, and Walter Brennan (1894–1974) have three Academy Awards each, the most for men.
Nicholson also has the nomination record for men with 12 nominations.
The person who has the most Academy Awards is Walt Disney (1901–1966) with 26, including 4 Honorary Oscars and he has 37 nominations.
Moreover, he won 4 awards in 1954, so he got the most awards in one year.
The woman, who has the most Oscars is the costume designer Edith Head (1897–1981).
She has 8 Oscars and 27 nominations.
The living people with the most Oscars are the composer Alan Menken (8 Oscars) and special effects artist Dennis Muren (8 Oscars for best visual effects, plus one for technical achievement and 15 nominations).
The cartoon characters Tom and Jerry are the cartoon movie stars with have the most awards with 7.
Website of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Official Academy Awards Database (searchable)
A brake is a device for slowing or stopping a moving machine part.
The most common brakes are for wheels, such as those on cars and bicycles.
A bucket is a container with a wide open top and a handle that is mainly used for carrying liquids.
In some cases, solids may also be carried in a bucket (like sand which is hard to carry in your hands).
Some buckets are used for work, and some more for leisure, as seen here  .
A bucket used for work is often made of a strong material such as iron or steel and is used to carry things like coal or soil.
A bucket used for leisure, e.g. for making sandcastles, is normally made of plastic.
In rare cases, a bucket may be worn as a piece of clothing, people may wear a bucket on their heads for humorous reasons.
Buckethead is a famous example of this.
A light-bulb produce
light from electricity.
In addition to lighting is a dark space, they can be used to show an electronic device is on, to direct traffic, for heat, and for many other purposes.
Billions are in use, some even in outer space.
Early people used candles and oil lamps for light.
Crude incandescent lights were made in the early and middle 19th century but had little use.
Improved vacuum pumps and better materials made them shine longer and brighter late in the century.
Electric power stations brought electricity to urban and later rural areas to power them.
Later gas discharge lights, including fluorescent lights, use less electricity to make more light.
Types of light bulbs
incandescent light bulb - the most common light bulb in the house until about 2003-2010
'halogen lamp' - a more efficient incandescent bulb
gas discharge lamp - a type of light bulb that includes the fluorescent light.
Compact fluorescent lights (or CFLs) are now replacing incandescent light bulbs in the house
light-emitting diode - previously only used for low-power places, they are now able to be used as light bulbs in the house
electric arc lamp, the earliest kind, now rare except in big searchlights
Light bulbs convert electricity into light and heat.
Except for heat lamps, the heat is considered waste.
A light bulb that produces more light and less heat is more efficient.
The incandescent light bulb turns electricity into light by sending the electric current through a thin wire called a filament.
Electrical filaments are made up mostly of tungsten metal.
The resistance of the filament heats the bulb.
Eventually the filament gets so hot that it glows, producing light.
The filament needs to be protected from the air, so it is inside the bulb, and the air in the bulb is either removed (a vacuum) or more often, replaced with a noble gas that doesn't affect anything, like neon or argon.
Only about 3% of the energy that goes into an incandescent light bulb actually makes light, the rest makes heat.
That's one of the reasons LED's are more efficient.
This type of light bulb worked poorly and was little used until Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison improved it in the 1870s.
It was the first light bulb that could be used in houses - it did not cost too much, and it worked well.
For the first time, people did not need a fire (candles, oil lamps, kerosene lamps, etc.)
to make light.
It was bright enough to let people read easily at night or do work.
It was used to light stores and streets, and people could travel after dark.
This started the common use of electricity in homes and businesses.
They had carbon filaments until tungsten ones were developed in the 1900s.
They last longer and make a brighter light.
Fluorescent light bulbs
Fluorescent lamps are efficient, and only give off ¼ the amount of heat of an incandescent.
They also last longer than incandescent but until the late 20th century were much bigger and did not fit into sockets for small overhead lights and lamps like an incandescent could.
A fluorescent bulb is a glass tube usually filled with argon gas and a little bit of mercury.
When turned on, the cathode heats up and sends out electrons.
These hit the argon gas and the mercury.
The argon gas makes a plasma which lets the electrons move around better.
When the electrons hit a mercury atom it puts the molecule into a state where it has a lot of energy (stores the energy).
The energetic state doesn't last very long, and when the energy is released, it lets out a photon.
Photons from mercury are not visible like some other photons; they are ultraviolet.
So there's a phosphor coating on the wall of the bulb.
When the photon hits a phosphor molecule, it in turn puts that molecule into an excited state.
When this phosphor releases energy, it lets out a photon that we can see, and light is made.
Changing the type of phosphor can change the color we see, but usually fluorescent light bulbs are whiter than incandescent light bulbs, which are slightly yellow.
An LED (also known as light-emitting diode) is made like electronics.
It's a chip of semiconducting material.
LED bulbs are more efficient and last much longer than either incandescent or fluorescent bulbs.
Unlike fluorescent bulbs, LEDs do not use mercury, which is toxic.
For several years LED bulbs were not as bright as the other kinds of lights, and cost more too.
Cautions
Most light bulbs fit into a socket which provide a high voltage level of electricity.
If the socket is turned on, even if the bulb is out, there is a real danger of an electric shock.
Incandescent bulbs get very hot when they are turned on, and take some time to cool off.
Touching the bulb when it is hot can cause burns.
Most light bulbs are made of glass, which means that they can break easily.
The broken glass has sharp edges which can cut through skin.
If a fluorescent bulb breaks, the mercury inside will give off vapor which can cause mercury poisoning if breathed in.
The history of light bulbs
Light bulb - Citizendium
The Grammy Awards (first named the Gramophone Awards and often called just Grammys), are awards given yearly by the Recording Academy (an association of Americans professionally involved in the recorded music industry) for outstanding work in the music and spoken recording industry.
The Grammys have 128 categories with 16 genres.
The Grammys are awarded once each year and are a major televised event.
The award show does has it shares of criticism as being biased.
The name "Grammy" comes from the word "gramophone".
A gramophone was an old machine that played music on records.
The British equivalent is the Brit Awards.
The Canadian equivalent is the Juno Awards.
The Emmy Awards are United States television production awards which are given out each year.
They are the television version of the Academy Awards.
The first Emmy Awards were given out on January 25, 1949 at the Hollywood Athletic Club.
Shirley Dinsdale was the very first person to be given an Emmy in the first awards ceremony.
The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences gives the award for American prime time entertainment (not including sports).
The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences gives the award for daytime, sports, news, and documentary programming.
The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences gives the award for programming that is created outside the United States.
The Emmy Awards is a statuette of a woman with wings holding an atom.
It was created by television engineer Louis McManus, using his wife as a model.
The trophies are made by a company that has a manufacturing site at the El Dorado Correctional Facility, a prison in El Dorado, Kansas.
International Emmy Awards
Emmy Awards  at the Internet Movie Database
Margaret "Maggie" Simpson is a fictional character shown in the animated television series The Simpsons.
She is a baby.
Like most babies, Maggie copies what she sees around her.
She once hit Homer on the head with a mallet, shot a suction dart at his picture and attacked him with a pencil in imitation of Itchy and Scratchy.
Maggie is also very accurate with a gun, she shot Mr. Burns in "Who Shot Mr. Burns".
During the early episodes, Maggie's well-known feature would be to trip over her clothes and fall on her face causing a loud smack on the floor.
Throughout the early episodes, Maggie fell down 39 times.
Maggie was named after Matt Groening's sister Maggie Groening.
She often sucked on a pacifier and wore a sleep suit like Maggie.
Groening thought that it would be funny to have a baby character that did not talk and never grew up, but showed any emotions that the scene needed.
With few exceptions, Maggie never speaks but is aware of what is going around her.
Maggie has spoken in "Good Night", the first cartoon to air on The Tracey Ullman Show.
When the rest of the family falls asleep, she speaks and her voice is played by Liz Georges.
Maggie's first word spoken in the normal television show of the series happened in "Lisa's First Word", when she was voiced by Elizabeth Taylor and says, "Daddy" in an empty room.
Elizabeth Taylor as Maggie was later named the 13th greatest guest spot in the history of the show.
James Earl Jones, who voiced Maggie in "Treehouse of Horror V" was in seventh place.
She would later have small sentences in "Treehouse of Horror IX", voiced by Harry Shearer, who used his Kang voice.
Her squeaks and occasional speaking parts are regularly done by Nancy Cartwright or Yeardley Smith.
Jodie Foster voiced the Howard Roark-inspired Maggie in the Season 20 episode "Four Great Women and a Manicure".
Maggie's page at BBC.co.uk
The Maggie File  unofficial trivia compilation
The Cutest Baby
Marjorie "Marge" Simpson is a character in the animated television series The Simpsons.
The character is voiced by Julie Kavner.
Marge is the wife of Homer Simpson and the mother of Bart, Lisa, and Maggie Simpson.
She is famous for her very tall blue hair, that is shaped into a beehive.
She also is proud to have never met anyone with taller hair outside Graceland.
Marge was named after, and loosely based on, Margaret "Marge" Groening, Matt Groening's mother.
Marge’s image is normally that of a stereotypical sitcom mother who is sometimes seen as an inexperienced person and easy to be fooled.
Despite having higher morals than most other characters, Marge has had her fair share of wild escapades throughout the show’s history.
She was once a police officer in Springfield, took treatment for road rage, was once sent to jail for shoplifting, became a gambling fanatic, showed alcoholism, was an unwilling participant in a cross-country police chase, took steroids, cheated on a cooking competition and developed amnesia.
She is also known for her persistent nagging and groaning.
These are just some of the strange situations in which Marge has found herself.
She also displays a surprisingly strong will.
Marge is the only member of the family who normally tries to encourage the family to go to church.
She also appears to have significant athletic ability in times of imminent danger.
She can speak two languages fluently, one being English and the other in French.
Politically, Marge supports the Democratic Party.
She once says that she voted for Jimmy Carter ("twice" according to Lisa), supported the candidacy of their state's governor Mary Bailey, and also stated to have been really depressed when Lyndon Johnson died.
Marge studied to be a painter.
When she was a teenager she had a huge crush on Ringo Starr and painted a large number of portraits of him.
She also wrote to him, but only received a reply 25 years later.
His response inspired her to enter an art contest.
Her portrait of a drunk Homer sleeping on the couch won the competition.
She was then hired by Mr. Burns to do a portrait of him.
The resulting portrait won even Mr. Burns’ praise, a massive feat in itself.
Marge also is a very skilled cook.
She once started a pretzel business, which succeeded with the help of the Springfield Mafia.
She has entered different cooking challenges, although situations such as cruel and ruthless competitors and overheated ovens made her to lose and even break or destroy the other competitors too.
In general, she is shown as a very good cook.
She is especially well known for her pork chops, Homer's favorite dish.
As a teen, Marge had her hair long to at waist length which she always wore down, but got the idea to wear it in her trademark beehive for senior prom in the episode "The Way We Was".
In the Shary Bobbins episode, her hair is shown close to her knees, meaning that a lot of hair would be needed to create her tall beehive.
Marge has admitted that her hair is not really blue but is, in fact, gray.
It was revealed by Homer in "Secrets of a Successful Marriage" that Marge dyes her hair with blue dye #56; "She’s been gray as a mule since she was seventeen."
It is shown in the episode "Fear of Flying" that Marge's blue hair goes back to when she was a small child, so this color choice may ave been intended to match her original color.
Because of her unusually large hairstyle, her height is reported to be 8'6", as noted by Apu in the episode "Marge in Chains".
In "The Way We Weren't", her hair was blue before she met Homer and was dark at one time because of Marge ironing a piece of her hair for a long time.
In The Simpsons Season Four DVD commentary, Matt Groening states that the original idea behind Marge's hair was to hide large rabbit ears.
The gag was intended to be revealed in the final episode of the series, but was cancelled early on because of its irregularity.
Like most of the other Simpsons characters, Marge's age changes from time to time throughout the show's history.
In first-season episodes "Life on the Fast Lane" and "Some Enchanted Evening", Marge is said to be 36 years old, but her age was later changed to 38, possibly because she and Homer attended their twentieth anniversary high school reunion in one episode.
In the episode "Regarding Margie", Homer states that Marge is his age, meaning she cohomer is pupils black
A pin is an object used to attach something to a surface.
It is usually metal or plastic.
Pins are usually sharp and are cheap to buy.
Types of pins
Hairpin
Push pin
Cotter pin
Clevis pin
Safety pin
A dining room is a room used for eating and is usually near the kitchen.
This is to make serving food easier.
Usually a dining room will contain a table with a set of chairs, normally positioned at the sides and end of a table.
People often only use their dining rooms now for formal occasions and eating in the kitchen has become more popular.
A crown is a type of headdress worn by a monarch.
They are usually worn when they are crowned or at important occasions.
Also, crowns are now used as a symbol of the monarchy.
They are also won by beauty pageant winners.
"Crown" is also a synonym for prize or reward.
Crowns are awarded or won at contests.
Beauty contests award crowns to the winning participant, for example.
Couples chosen the King and Queen at a dance also receive crowns.
Walter Richard Rudolf Hess (Heß in German) (26 April 1894 – 17 August 1987) was a high ranking Nazi leader, and one of Adolf Hitler's closest men.
He was the third man after Hermann Göring in the Third Reich from 1933 to 1941.
He flew to Scotland during World War II and was arrested.
After the war he was tried at the Nuremberg Trials, and sentenced to life imprisonment.
He died in the Allied Military Prison, Spandau, Berlin in 1987.
Since 1966 he had been the only prisoner.
His death was caused by a strangulation using an electrical cord; officials recorded it as a suicide.
Criminals who committed suicide
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
People from Alexandria
People who committed suicide in prison custody
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Sturmabteilung people
SS officers
German Occultists
American Revolutionary War ends
George Washington becomes first President of the United States.
French Revolution begins
Emperor Joseph II (Holy Roman Empire)
Frederick II of Prussia, King of Prussia
King Charles III (Spain)
Shahs of Persia (Zand dynasty)
Sadiq Khan, 1779–1782
Ali Murad Khan, 1782–1785
Jafar Khan, 1785–1789
Washington Irving, American author (1783)
Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan patriot, revolutionary leader and statesman (1783)
Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church, starting the Reformation.
Selim I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire conquers Palestine and Egypt, and declares himself Caliph.
Hernán Cortés lands in Mexico.
Ferdinand Magellan leaves Europe to go around the world.
Saint Teresa of Avila, Spanish Carmelite nun and poet
Leonardo da Vinci, Italian inventor and painter
Quantum entanglement is the name given to a special connection between pairs or groups of quantum systems, or any objects described by quantum mechanics.
Quantum entanglement is one of the biggest parts of quantum mechanics that makes it hard to understand in terms of the everyday world.
When we look at particles, we usually say that each particle has its own quantum state.
Sometimes, two particles can act on one another and become an entangled system.
When a pair or group of particles can only be described by the quantum state for the system, and not by individual quantum states, we say the particles are "entangled".
When and why do we see entanglement?
Entanglement between particles happens because little particles can push and pull on each other, just like big objects do in terms of gravity.
If nothing else is acting on those particles, then there are certain things before and after the particles act on each other that have to stay the same.
For example, the total momentum of both particles put together would be (roughly) the same before and after they act on each other.
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle tells us we can never know the momentum of a particle exactly, or even the total momentum of both particles put together.
In fact, we can't ever know exactly what we will measure the momentum of a particle to be before we measure it, but we do know always that the total momentum of the two particles put together doesn't change when the particles act on each other.
In order to be sure that the total momentum is the same before and after the particles act on one another, we need to describe a pair of particles as a single quantum system rather than a pair of quantum systems.
If this were not true, the Conservation law for momentum would be violated due to the quantum uncertainty of the momentum of each particle.
Even though each particle has a lot of information about the other, they do not send messages to each other.
There are no messages between the particles saying, "I'm going down, therefore, you must go up" and waiting for the particle to receive the message.
Yet, the particles are always connected and can behave as one.
Quantum entanglement is one of the concepts that led Albert Einstein to dislike the theory of quantum mechanics.
With his co-workers, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, Einstein used entanglement to try to show weaknesses in quantum mechanics.
Einstein called entanglement "spooky action at a distance".
He said this because he did not believe that quantum particles could affect one another faster than the speed of light.
He tried to show that this weird effect means that quantum mechanics gives an incomplete picture of what really goes on and that in the future it will be taken care of with extra "hidden" variables.
Years later, John Bell showed with his theorem that we can tell if this "spooky action at a distance" is real or not.
After that, experiments using Bell's theorem proved that entanglement actually happens between tiny particles.
Scientists are trying to use quantum entanglement for many different things.
Some things are sending completely secret messages (passing encrypted notes that can't be understood if intercepted), and making computers faster than ever before thought possible.
However, entanglement between a pair of particles is a very delicate thing and is easily destroyed.
Because of this, it is difficult to use quantum entanglement to do these things.
Currently, many scientists are working on making stronger systems where entanglement is stronger and lasts longer to try to do these things more easily.
Although you can do some things to one particle to try to cause a change in its partner particle, you can't use this (by itself) to send information from one particle to another because it is only possible to control how likely the change will happen.
The outcome of whatever measurement you make on a single particle is completely random, and so is the change that results in the partner particle.
In other words, changing one particle may change its partner particle, but you cannot guarantee exactly which way you will influence them.
Because scientists cannot control exactly what changes between entangled particles occur, it is not possible to use quantum entanglement alone to send messages.
If you also send information about the state of the single particle classically (by phone, radio, carrier pigeon, etc.),
you can use the entanglement they share to teleport the quantum state of one particle to another particle.