the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
However, some ancient sources show that Nero was popular with the common people during and after his reign.
Tacitus, Histories, I-IV (c. 105)
Tacitus, Annals, XIII–XVI (c. 117)
Josephus, War of the Jews, Books II-VI (c. 94)
Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XX (c. 94)
Cassius Dio, Roman History, Books 61–63 (c. 229)
Plutarch, The Parallel Lives, The Life of Galba (c. 110)
Philostratus II, Life of Apollonius Tyana, Books 4–5, (c. 220)
Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, the Life of Nero (c. 121)
Nero Nero:The Actor-Emperor
Nero entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
Nero basic data & select quotes posted by Romans On Line
Nero Caesar biographical sketch archived in Bible History Online
Nero biography by Herbert W. Benario in De Imperatoribus Romanis
Grant, Michael.
New York: Dorset Press, 1989 ().
Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus entry in the Illustrated History of the Roman Empire
Griffin, Miriam T. Nero: The End of a Dynasty.
New Heaven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1985 (hardcover, ); London; New York: Routledge, 1987 (paperback, ).
Warmington, Brian Herbert.
Nero: Reality and Legend (Ancient Culture and Society).
London, Chatto & Windus, 1969 (hardcover, ); New York: W.W Norton & Company, 1970 (paperback, ); New York: Vintage, 1981 (paperback, ).
37 births
68 deaths
A trades union (U.S: trade union) is an organization or group of workers who join together to negotiate pay, hours, benefits, and working conditions.
Union members and supporters of unions claim that they are necessary because the people that run companies want to pay as little as possible.
In the United States, they are often called labor unions.
The term as used in Great Britain is trades union (plural: trades unions) because they were a joining of men working in different trades.
For example: on the engine of a steam locomotive were two men: a driver and a stoker shovelling the coal into the oven.
The driver was a skilled man, and paid much more than the stoker.
They were two different trades.
When they joined into the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (ASLEF), their negotiations with management was done together.
A quite different union, the National Union of Railwaymen (NUR) looked after other employees of the railway compaies.
That was a whole collection of different trades.
Unions do many things for their members.
Collective bargaining: The leaders of a union work with management (the people who run the business) in order to get a contract that gives workers what they want.
This is because union leaders can threaten to strike.
Benefits: Early unions would give their members unemployment pay in case they were hurt on the job, unfairly fired, or sick.
This is usually done by the government today.
Unions may also give their members a lawyer to represent them if they are ever sued in court or charged with a crime.
Politics: Unions often work to get laws passed which help their cause.
Some raise money for politicians who are friendly to unions.
They also lobby for laws which help out unions.
Some political parties are very close to unions, like the Labour Party in the United Kingdom.
If collective bargaining does not work, unions often use strikes to get their demands.
However, the threat of a strike is usually enough: over 98% of union contracts are renewed without a strike.
Trades unions are the descendants of the trade guilds of mediaeval times.
These guilds were made up of independent skilled workers (or artisans) who had been apprenticed and qualified by a guild.
British trades union 1750–1850
A trades union is a collection of people from different trades who want to keep and improve their jobs and their working and living conditions.
Member of a trades union will usually working in the same industry.
Trade unionism eventually became accepted as a fact of life by British governments and employers – but with much struggle.
The acceptance of trades unions was no coincidence; it took place when British industry was at its most confident, steady economic growth had dampened revolutionary enthusiasm.
At the same time providing the means whereby employers could buy off discontent with higher wages and improved conditions of work.
This did not mean that unions were will liked by the Establishment.
In fact, trades unions had to take care to create a good image in mid-Victorian terms in order to win tolerance and acceptance.
However, in the early part of the nineteenth century the future of Trade Unionism was not certain.
The development of trades unionism
Trades unions developed slowly in Britain but they can be traced right back to the Middle Ages.
In medieval towns and villages, trade guilds started to develop.
With both the master and the employees assigned to the guild of their particular craft.
In 1563 The Statute of Artificers was passed by Elizabeth 1’s government.
The Statute had some negative effects such as not allowing apprentices to look for work outside of their parish but it had positive effects as well such as requiring justices of the peace to maintain living standards and to monitor apprentices in their district.
This meant that craftsmen received some protection from the state.
By the 19th century attitudes had changed.
People now hated government interference in their businesses.
As the population increased so did the size of businesses and it was no longer possible for employers to have a personal relationship with each employee.
Due to this in 1813 the Statute was repealed.
Now workers began to form trade clubs and associations to protect industrial and personal interests.
Early trades unions were only for skilled “artisan” trades.
These craft trade unions or “societies” were mainly formed amongst cobblers, printers and mechanics.
Welfare benefits.
Apprenticeship regulations – new entrants to the trade were strictly limited.
Entry fees.
Collective bargaining with employees to fix wage levels.
Craft societies had only a few members and were restricted to a certain trade in a certain town.
Members were usually literate and rationalist.
The actual society was usually based on a public house, with meetings etc.
convened there.
These were different from trades unions but had some functions in common.
Friendly societies were “self help” organisations.
In exchange for a subscription fee, they would provide financial support to workers in the event of, for example, death or illness.
Gradually the societies or groups of workers were formed into larger bodies called “combinations”.
Instead of just paying out benefits, they became more militant and begun to lobby for better conditions and better pay etc.
Over the 18th century, these trade clubs became more aggressive and powerful.
Small groups joined together into “combinations” and campaigned to improve working conditions and demanded higher wages.
Some combinations organised local strikes.
Combination acts
The government realised that something had to be done about combinations.
The Aristocracy were worried about the number and power of combinations.
The French Revolution only scared them more.
As a result of the above-mentioned situation, the Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 were introduced.
The acts forbade Labour Unions from combining to campaign for better working conditions and for an increase in wages.
If workers broke this new law they could be sent to prison for up to 3 months.
This act was strictly enforced.
The combination acts had little success, trades union simply carried on in secret.
E.P. Thomson claimed that the number of trade unions had even increased.
Some unions called themselves “friendly societies” and thus continued to work.
In 1823 a London tailor called Francis Place led the movement for repeal.
With the support of MP Joseph Hume the government was convinced to set up a parliamentary committee to look into the issue of repeal.
The government no longer feared revolution, combinations and peaceful bargaining now seemed acceptable.
The committee recommended the repeal of the Combination Acts and parliament acted accordingly.
The combination acts were repealed in 1824.
Trades unions were now legal.
Strikes quickly occurred across the country.
The government then decided to bring in the Amending Combination Act in 1825 which allowed the existence of trades union but refused them the right to stage protests.
The problems of early trades unionism
Preventative legislation (laws etc.)
most notably the Combination Acts 1799–1800
The prevalence of the domestic system of working.
an identity of interest between employer and the domestic employee (domestic employees only had contact with their employer and not with their fellow employees – employers adopted a “paternalistic” approach to their workers)
Factory works was undeveloped in the early 19th century.
As soon as factories had taken off the ‘working classes emerged.
The traditional bond of trust between employer and employees were later eroded and working people began to club together.
Government fears.
The government believed that all working people could club together and react en masse to social change scared the government.
The ruling classes associated ‘combinations’ with revolution.
The many Combination acts of 1700–1800 aimed to prevent trade unions from being formed.
Early national trades unions
A cotton spinner from Manchester named John Doherty summoned a conference on the Isle of Man in 1829 to discuss the idea of a national trade union.
He then formed the Grand General Union of Operative Spinners of Great Britain and Ireland.
The following July he formed National Association for the Protection of Labour which was to be made of most trades.
In 1831 the association had disintegrated; mainly due to poor communication links which made it impossible to organise events.
Robert Owen and the GNCTU
In February 1834, the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union was formed, largely as a result of Robert Owen.
Owen dreamed of a socialist society, he hoped that a national union would help this happen.
Robert Owen was an important figure in the formation of the GNCTU.
Owen and Doherty were associates and the GNCTU was based on Doherty’s Grand General Union.
The union was heavily influenced by Owenite socialism.
Why was the GNCTU Formed?
To improve wages and/or conditions;
To protect workers from any erosion of wages and/or conditions.
The failure of the GNCTU
It is disputed whether of not his union succeeded.
It lasted just six months (February to August 1834).
Owen claimed that there was around half a million members, but other estimates put the figure at around 16,000 members.
The union failed for a number of reasons.
Owen did not really understand or empathise the suffering of the workers, who had genuine and immense concerns.
The general body or workers favoured militant action but Owen preferred a steady, more legalistic approach.
The size of the GNTCU also made any strikes difficult to organise.
A further problem was the fact that many employers forbade their employees from joining the GNTCU, and refused to let them work if they had not signed a document which renounced the organisation.
Tolpuddle martyrs
In February 1834 six workers for Tolpuddle in Dorset formed a union.
13 shillings was what the average family need to survive but the men were being paid just 9 shillings.
Led by George Loveless the farm labourers fought for increased wages.
James Frampton, the landowner, was determined to stop industrial action; he reported the group to the Home Secretary Lord Melbourne.
The men were arrested, tried and sentenced to seven years transportation.
The judge said that he made he did this to make an example of them for the sake of the stability of the nation.
The men became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs, and the judge's wishes were carried out.
Support for the GNCTU fell dramatically and by August 1834 it had collapsed.
Trades unions between 1835 and 1850
The orthodox view is that trade unionism virtually stopped for the next 15 years after the collapse of the GNCTU, with many workers becoming involved in the alternative reforms adopted by Chartism.
However, in the skilled trades unions were flourishing, with trade unions having an estimated 100,000 memberships in the early 1840s.
Unions have been criticized for increasing the cost of workers.
Because of this, it is said that fewer people will be hired.
A union might also protect workers an employer feels are not productive enough.
For example, many unions protect workers who have worked for a job for a long time from being punished or fired, even if new workers are faster.
Relating page
An officer is a person who holds a high rank in a uniformed organisation like the military or police.
A military officer has a commission, a state document saying others must obey him.
Some examples of officer ranks would include captains, majors, and lieutenants, but not sergeants, who are sometimes called non-commissioned officers, or NCOs.
The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of a company is the person in charge of that company.
In many organizations, the officers are the president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer.
These people run the organization, keep track of what goes on at meetings and handle the money for the organization.
Roman consul, the highest office of the Roman Republic: two consuls were elected each year.
A modern post in diplomacy, an official who lives in another country to help his own country's citizens.
Gallery Dutta Geneve
The tachi is a Japanese sword, which has a strongly curved blade and is longer than a katana.
It was used on the battlefield before katana was, so it is considered to be older.
The word Tachi translates as "the soul of bushi" (soul of samurai).
When the katana began to be widely used the tachi sword became a court sword for ceremonies.
It looks very richly decorated with traditional cord wrappings and a specially designed handle.
The length of a tachi blade was around 30.70 inches (about 75cm) Because of its length the tachi was a cavalry sword and was mainly worn by horsemen.
The strongly curved blade also made it easy to make slicing blows.
Even if the tachi is a very long sword it is light enough to be handled with one hand.
The tachi had a long enough hilt to hold it with two hands.
It was especially useful for warriors who were not riding.
The tachi was worn hung to the belt with the cutting-edge down, unlike the katana which was worn with the cutting-edge pointing upwards.
Not all tachi were the standard size.
Small ones were called ko-dachi.
If the sword was longer than the standard one it was called o-dachi.
The tachi that can be seen in museums have one or more chips along the back of the sword, while the cutting edge looks almost untouched and mirror polished.
The experts explain that Samurai made the smallest possible moves with their tachi to kill the enemy.
Thus when both swords were about to collide, the samurai both turned their swords and let only the blunt back (mune) of the blades hit one another.
The cutting edge was used for finish touches, namely for cutting the human body.
something which lies in the direction of the west, for example the Western hemisphere, the western half of the world
Culturally of the Western world: something involving a Euro-Atlantic viewpoint, as opposed to a Eurasian, Asia-Pacific, Middle Eastern or African one.
Western (genre), a genre related to the American Old West
Machaira was a rare mythic sword used in the Basileus cult.
Basileus cult is the cult of the king, because in ancient Rome the word basileus was translated as "king".
To get a Basileus title a person should  kill a lion with a special  weapon.
So this weapon was called - Machaira.
Machaira had a very curved blade, which reminded a sickle.
The  shape of a machaira is often compared to a lion claw.
The cutting edge was on the inside part of the blade.
The legends say that it has a length from about .
The blade was secured in a wooden cage (sheath).
This sword was kept by ancient priests called sacerdotes.
They used to decorate the sheath with golden ornaments.
The sword was kept in special places and used in important rituals.
The meaning of machaira sword was ideological.
A king who was at the same time a sacerdotus and owned a machaira, made rituals before the battle.
Its power showed to the army the right path and saved from enemies' traps.
It was supposed that the sword kept the troubles away.
It was very important that the machaira  to be used only by a  sacerdotus, otherwise it was only a beautiful but powerless weapon.
The well known king Macedonian Alexander Hephaistion was a sacerdotus.
He belonged to the lion cult and used machaira for rituals.
Later in 324 B.C. happened the official burial of the machaira sword and Alexander the Great left his sacerdotal powers.
The cult of  machaira sword and the cult of Basileus were restarted in 301 B.C.
More on the mythical machaira
Political parties will have a policy on different political issues - this means the position the party will take on matters like defense, nuclear power, etc.
an insurance policy is a document which sets out how much something is insured for.
an area of land in a farm, which may be used for crops or animals; also a meadow or area that is empty of trees, and has mostly grass.
in computing, a field is an item/category of data, e.g. first name; a field contains data about one aspect of the table, e.g. a field can contain all of the first names of a table.
An individual entry in a field, e.g. Anna for the first name field, is called a field value.
A record contains all of the field values about a particular subject, such as an employee.
field of vision, the area in sight of a person.
in mathematics, a certain kind of algebraic structure: field (mathematics)
in physics, a field is seen as extending throughout a large region of space so that it influences everything: field (physics).
magnetic field,  the area around a magnet in which there is magnetic force
See also: force field
Lucerne (, Swiss German: Lozärn, French: Lucerne, Italian: Lucerna, Romansh: Lucerna) is a city in Switzerland.
It is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne and seat of the district with the same name.
The city has a population of about 60,000.
Lucerne is the biggest and most important city in Central Switzerland.
The city's metropolitan area consists of 17 municipalities in three cantons.
It has an overall population of nearly 200,000 people.
Lucerne is located in central Switzerland on the northern end of Lake Lucerne.
The river Reuss flows from the lake through the city.
The city is surrounded by hills and mountains, for example the mountains Pilatus and Rigi.
Due to its location on the shore of Lake Lucerne () within sight of the mountains Pilatus and Rigi, Lucerne is mainly a tourist destination.
One of the city's famous landmarks is Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrücke), a wooden bridge from the 14th century.
Many tourists choose Lucerne as their place to stay because the city is close to the alps in in the center of the country.
Lucerne is also famous for it's traditional Fasnacht (carneval) celebration which takes place every spring.
City of Lucerne official website
Luzern Tourismus AG - tourist office
The Eastern hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is east of the Prime Meridian and west of the 180th Meridian.
It is the opposite of the Western hemisphere.
It can be also used to describe Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa and Oceania.
he:המיספירה#חצי הכדור המזרחי
Hertfordshire is a county in England.
It is one of the so-called Home Counties, those counties that border or surround Greater London.
The county is also surrounded by Essex, Cambridgeshire, Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire.
The county town is Hertford; the oldest city is St Albans.
Leading towns (2001 census)
The University of Hertfordshire, formerly the Hatfield Polytechnic, is a modern university.
It is mostly in Hatfield, and has more than 23,000 students.
Independent schools
Abbot's Hill School (secondary, Hemel Hempstead)
Aldenham School (secondary boarding school, Elstree)
Berkhamsted School (primary and secondary, Berkhamsted)
Bishop's Stortford College (secondary, Bishop's Stortford)
Haberdashers' Aske's School for Girls (secondary, Elstree)
Haberdashers' Aske's School (secondary, Elstree)
Merchant Taylors' School (secondary, Northwood)
Queenswood School (secondary, Hatfield)
St Albans High School for Girls (secondary, St Albans)
St Albans School (secondary, St Albans)
Fame & fortune
Hertfordshire has been home to many famous people, including George Michael and Geri Halliwell.
Victoria Beckham, born in Essex, was raised near Broxbourne in Hertfordshire.
The Beckhams bought a £2.5 million house in Sawbridgeworth when they married in 1999.
They sold it last year to insurance entrepreneur Neil Uttley for £11.4 million.
The richest person in Hertfordshire is Mike Ashley, a retailing tycoon.
His fortune is estimated as £3,650 million.
He owns Newcastle United F.C. and has an 8.9% share in owning Glasgow Rangers F.C.
The Jurassic period is divided into Lower, Middle and Upper.
The Lower Jurassic started after the end-Triassic extinction event at 201.3 million years ago (mya).
Its rocks form in Europe the Lias group of marine strata consisting mostly of limestone, with some clays and siltstone.
It was in this formation on the Dorset Jurassic Coast that Mary Anning did much of her work.
The mudstones of the earliest Jurassic (Blue Lias)  give way to carbonate rocks as the water deepens in the Middle Jurassic.
The Jurassic period was one of the time periods when dinosaurs were on the Earth.
By this time, many groups of the Triassic period had become extinct.
At the start of the Jurassic, Britain was warm temperate to subtropical, between 30° and 40° north of the equator.
Temperature would have been in the range of 12–29°C.
The Lower Jurassic in western North America is quite different.
It is continental in origin, sandstones laid down in shifting streams and rivers.
These sandstones were laid down over a long period from the later Permian to the Lower Jurassic.
In politics, a congress is a political meeting of leaders or representatives of groups of people.
Until the 19th century it was usually a meeting of kings or their representatives, for example the Congress of Vienna.
Today it often means the main legislature that makes the laws for a state.
The word congress can also mean a meeting of associations, as in the Trades Union Congress (TUC), of the United Kingdom, a meeting of trade unions.
A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a handheld computer.
Personal digital assistants were designed to replace non-electronic day planners.
Many PDAs can work as an address book, a calculator, a clock, and a calendar.
Some also have games on them.
Newer PDAs are now called smartphones and have Wi-Fi, touch screens, can read e-mail, record video, play music and make phone calls.
PDA's processor is a chip which makes the device work.
PDAs can have different processors depending on their speed.
If access to the Internet, GPS, or video recording are needed, the PDA needs to have a fast processor.
PDA stores data and applications on RAM memory(Random Access Memory).
It is a memory card inside the device.
PDAs can also use SD (Secure Digital), SDIO and MMS cards.
These are easy to remove and are called flash memory cards.
USB flash drives can be used to add more memory.
Most PDAs have touch screens.
This means that the device has less buttons or has no buttons at all.
Usually PDAs come with removable 'pen' (stylus) with which the screen is touched.
The pen acts like a mouse for desktop PCs or like a touch pad for laptops.
For other PDAs a finger is used instead of the pen.
PDAs are powered by batteries.
There are two types of batteries: removable and fixed.
Older PDAs used alkaline batteries which the user would have to take out and replace when they ran out.
Most new PDAs have Li-ion batteries.
These batteries are rechargeable.
PDAs use more battery power when playing video, accessing Internet or transferring data using Bluetooth.
Large and bright screens also take more power.
This makes the battery run out faster.
A PDA can communicate with other devices, PDAs, PCs, etc.
This is made with the help of infrared (IrDA) port or with Bluetooth.
With this ability the devices can transfer data, download music, images, video, games, etc.
Synchronization means having the same data on both the PDA and PC or other device.
When changes are made on either the PDA or the PC, when they are synchronized, these changes made to data on one of them are also made the data on the other.
The synchronization also prevents the loss of the stored information.
Adaptation (Customization)
Customization is adding more memory, miniature keyboards, etc.
to the PDA.
Customization also can be putting other software (download Internet programs) on the PDA device.
Reading 'DNA' of the PDAs
PDA Blast! -
The Ultimate PDA User Resource
The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is the southwest part of Europe.
Like all peninsulas, it is mostly surrounded by sea.
To the south and east of the peninsula is the Mediterranean Sea.
To its north and west is the Atlantic Ocean.
It is the third largest peninsula of Europe with an area of 582,860 km².
The name Iberia is the Ancient Greek name for the area which the Romans called "Hispania".
The word Hispania is now used for Spain, while the word Iberia is used for the whole area.
Countries & territories
Spain, occupying most of the peninsula, including the centre, east and northwest
Portugal, occupying most of the west of the peninsula
Andorra, a very small nation at the northern edge of the peninsula in the Pyrenees between Spain and France
Gibraltar, a tiny British territory in the south, bordering Spain
France, a very small territory of the nation France is situated on the east side of the peninsula
Kimberly Noel "Kim" Kardashian West (born October 21, 1980) is an American socialite.
She is one of three daughters of Robert Kardashian.
Their family has a reality television series named Keeping up with the Kardashians.
Kim and her sister Kourtney Kardashian have their own spin-off Kourtney and Kim Take New York.
Kardashian first got media attention because of her close friendship with Paris Hilton.
She became better known after appearing in a sex tape.
Kim is most popular for her role in the TV series "Keeping Up With The Kardashians".
Kim married Damon Thomas in 2000, They divorced in 2004.
She then married Kris Humphries in August 2011.
Humphries is an NBA player on the New Jersey Nets.
After 72 days of marriage, she filed for a divorce on October 31, 2011, because of differences.
She became engaged to Kanye West in 2013.
The couple lives in Calabasas, California.
They have four children: daughter North West (b. 2013), son Saint West (b. 2015), daughter Chicago West (b. 2018), and son Psalm West (b. 2019).
In 2013 Kardashian was in West's music video for "Bound 2".
She has caused controversies after posting nude selfies (nelfies).
Kardashian is a Democrat.
She attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.
She also supports Armenian political issues such as the proclamation of the Christian Genocide of 1914.
In 2018, Kardashian met with President Donald Trump and helped bring forth the release from prison of Alice Marie Johnson, who was given a life prison sentence for nonviolent drug charges.
She is studying to become a lawyer and hopes to sit for the bar exam in the year 2022.
Kardashian family
Television personalities from Los Angeles
Aliyev succeeded his father Heydar Aliyev who was president of Azerbaijan from 1993 to 2003.
On August 4, 2003, two months before the presidential elections, he was made prime minister by his father who was very ill and dying.
In October he easily won the presidential elections and became president on October 31, 2003.
He also functions as the head of the New Azerbaijan Party.
He has been married to Mehriban Aliyeva since 1983.
The President of Azerbaijan
Prime Ministers of Azerbaijan
Presidents of Azerbaijan
Politicians from Baku
The first modern national flag of Armenia was created in 1885 by Ghevont Alishan.
The Armenian Supreme Council adopted the current flag on August 24, 1990.
On June 15, 2006, the Law on the National Flag of Armenia was passed by the Armenian Parliament.
Armenian culture
Lake Sevan (Armenian: Սևանա լիճ, romanized: Sevana lich) is a large lake in Armenia.
It is the largest body of water in both Armenia and the Caucasus region.
Sevan is one of the largest freshwater high-altitude (alpine) lakes in Eurasia.
The lake is in Gegharkunik Province.
The surface area of the basin of lake is about .
It cover  about one sixth of  Armenia's total area.
The lake itself is .
It has a volume is .
Sevan  is fed by 28 rivers and streams.
Only 10% of the  water that enters the lake  is drained by the Hrazdan River.
The remaining 90% evaporates.
The lake is the source of about 90% of the fish and 80% of the crayfish caughtof Armenia.
Sevan very important to the economy and culture of the area.
The only large island (now a peninsula) is home to a medieval monastery.
Sevan was used for irrigation of the Ararat plain and creating hydroelectric power during the Soviet period.
This causes the level of water to decreaseby around .
Its volume was reduced by more than 40%.
Later two tunnels were built to move water from highland rivers.
This stopped the decrease and its level began rising.
Before people begane changing the lake's ecosystem, the lake was at an altitude of 1,916 m (6,286 ft) above sea level, 95 m (312 ft) deep, covered an area of 1,416 km2 (547 sq mi) (5% of Armenia's entire area), and had a volume of 58.5 km3 (14.0 cu mi).
Sevan was one of the three great lakes of the historical Safavid Empire, These there lakes were called the Seas of Armenia.
Sevan is the only one within the modern day Republic of Armenia.
Lake Van and Lake Urmia are the other two great "seas" of historic Armenia.
They  are located in Turkey and Iran.
Lake Sevan is considered the "jewel" of Armenia.
It is "recognized as a national treasure" in the country.
The 2001 Law on Lake Sevan defines the lake as "a strategic ecosystem valuable for its environmental, economical, social, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, medical, climatic, recreational, and spiritual value."
In 1673, Chardin wrote of the "extraordinary sweetness of the Water", the "small Island in the middle of it; where stands a Monastery built about 600 years ago, of which the Prior is an Archbishop", and "nine sorts of fish which are there taken; the fairest trouts and carps which are eaten at Erivan being caught in this Lake".
Naturalist and traveler Friedrich Parrot, best known for climbing Mount Ararat in 1829, wrote that, It is important for the Armenian economy: being the main source of irrigation water, Sevan provides low-cost electricity, fish, recreation, and tourism.
Geography of Armenia
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia.
It was near the Mediterranean Sea in what is today southern Turkey.
The country was independent from around 1078 to 1375.
The Armenians were the most important of the Crusaders' allies, from the local troops recruited in the Crusader States.
Many Armenian mercenaries became available in the early 12th century.
Thoros II was a powerful Armenian prince who offered the transfer of 30,000 Armenian warriors with their families to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
The king and barons were interested.
Armenian History, chapter 6: Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia
1198 establishments
1375 disestablishments
1190s establishments in Asia
Jean Genet ( in French) (December 19, 1910 – April 15, 1986), was a French writer and later political activist.
Early in his life he was a vagabond (homeless person) and petty criminal.
Later in life, Genet wrote novels, plays, poems, and essays, including Querelle, The Thief's Journal, Our Lady of the Flowers, The Balcony, The Blacks and The Maids.
Genet's mother was a young prostitute who put him up for adoption.
After committing small crimes as a child, he was sent to the youth prison of Mettray.
In the 1940s, he was a vagabond, petty thief and prostitute across Europe.
In the mid-1940s, Genet met Jean Cocteau.
Cocteau helped Genet to publish his novel.
By 1949 when liberated from prison through petitions of many persons including Jean Conteau and Jean-Paul Sartre, Genet had completed five novels, three plays and numerous poems.
His books were banned in the United States.
Between 1955 and 1961 Genet wrote three more plays.
In 1964, Genet entered a period of depression and attempted suicide.
In the late 1960s, Genet became politically active.
Jean Genet was gay (homosexual).
Genet's works
The first novel, Our Lady of the Flowers (1944), is an about the life in prison.
His novels The Miracle of the Rose (1946) and The Thief's Journal (1949), describe his experiences in youth prison and as a male prostitute.
The novel Querelle de Brest (1947) is about murder and the novel Funeral Rites (1949) is about love and betrayal.
His last novel, A Prisoner of Love published in (1986), is different from his other books.
Genet's plays were considered to be "Theater of the Absurd" plays.
These plays had ideas which were similar to the ideas in existentialist ways of thinking.
His plays include The Maids (1949); The Balcony (1956); The Screens (1963); The Blacks, which was staged in New York in the Off-Broadway theater.
Novels and autobiography
Notre Dame des Fleurs (1944)
Miracle de la Rose (1946)
Pompes Funèbres (1947)
Querelle de Brest (1947)
The Thief's Journal (1949)
Un Captif Amoureux (1986)
Haute surveillance (1947) - not published until 1949
Les Bonnes (1947)
Le Balcon (1956)
Les Nègres (1959)
Les Paravents (1961)
Le Bagne (1994), édition posthume
Théâtre Complet   (2002) - Bibliothèque de la Pléiade "édition présentée, établie et annonté par Michel Corvin et Albert Dichy"
Le Condamné à mort (1942)
Lettres à Roger Blin (1966)
Lettres à Olga et Marc Barbezat (1988)
Lettres au petit Franz (2000)
Complete works
Jean Genet, Œuvres completes (Paris: Gallimard, 1952-)
Volume 1: Saint Genet: comédien et martyr (by J.-P. Sartre)
Volume 2: Notre-Dame des fleurs - Le condamné à mort - Miracle de la rose - Un chant d’amour
Volume 3: Pompes funèbres - Le pêcheur du Suquet - Querelle de Brest
Volume 4: L’étrange mot d’ ... - Ce qui est resté d’un Rembrandt déchiré en petits carrés - Le balcon - Les bonnes - Haute surveillance -Lettres à Roger Blin - Comment jouer ’Les bonnes’ - Comment jouer ’Le balcon’
Volume 5: Le funambule - Le secret de Rembrandt - L’atelier d’Alberto Giacometti - Les nègres - Les paravents - L’enfant criminel
Volume 6: L’ennemi déclaré: textes et entretiens
Barber, Stephen (2004) Jean Genet Reaktion Books, London,  - biography and critique;
Driver, Tom Faw (1966) Jean Genet Columbia University Press, New York;
White, Edmund  (1993) Jean Genet Chatto and Windus, London,  - a biography;
Genet, Jean (1910–1986)  From glbtq: Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, & Queer Culture
Prisoner of Hate: Jean Genet and Palestine A review of Edmund White's biography of Genet by Martin Kramer
The Ontological Priority of Violence: On Several Really Smart Things About Violence in Jean Genet's Work By William Haver
Patrice Bougon (Président of S.A.L.G : Société des  Amis  et Lecteurs de Genet): academic research,  bibliography, papers, news, symposium
Lisa Anne Loeb (born March 11, 1968 in Bethesda, Maryland) is an American singer.
She sings the song Stay (I Missed You).
Singers from Maryland
People from Bethesda, Maryland
This time zone is called Mountain Standard Time (MST) during standard time (Winter).
It is called Mountain Daylight Time (MDT) during daylight saving time (Summer).
In the United States and Canada, this time zone is often just called Mountain Time (MT).
The Phoenix Metropolitan Area is the largest metro area in the zone.
Places that are in Mountain Time Zone
In the United States, the time zone includes the entire area of the states of New Mexico, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Montana.
It also includes parts of Idaho, Oregon, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Texas, Kansas, and Nevada.
Mountain Daylight Time
Daylight saving time occurs from early April to late October.
During daylight saving, Central Time Zone is only 6 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−6).
Most of the locations in Mountain Time Zone observe daylight saving time.
These include Sonora and all of Arizona that is not in the Navajo Nation.
These places stay on standard time all year.
Accurate time for the Mountain Time Zone
In computer science, a data structure is the organization and implementation of values and information.
In simple words, it is the way of organizing information in a computer so that it can be more easily understood and worked with.
Data structures are different from abstract data types in the way they are used.
Data structures are the implementations of abstract data types in a concrete and physical setting.
They do this by using algorithms.
This can be seen in the relationship between the list (abstract data type) and the linked list (data structure).
A list contains a sequence of values or bits of information.
A linked list also has a “pointer” or “reference” between each node of information that points to the next item and the previous one.
This allows one to go forwards or backwards in the list.
Furthermore, data structures are often optimized for certain operations.
Finding the best data structure when solving a problem is an important part of programming.
Data structure is a systematic way to store data
The simplest type of data structure is a linear array.
Also known as a one-dimensional array.
An array holds several values of the same type (Integer, Floats, String, etc.).
Accessing elements within the array is very fast.
An array is normally of fixed size.
After the size of the array is defined at the start, it may not be possible to increase the size of the array without creating a new larger array and copying all values into the new array.
In computer science, an array data structure or simply an array is a data structure consisting of a collection of elements (values or variables), each identified by at least one array index or key.
An array is stored so that the position of each element can be computed from its index tuple by a mathematical formula.
For example, an array of 10 integer variables, with indices 0 through 9, may be stored as 10 words at memory addresses 2000, 2004, 2008, 2036, so that the element with index i has the address 2000 + 4 × i.
As the mathematical concept of a matrix can be represented as a two-dimensional grid, two-dimensional arrays are also sometimes called matrices.
In some cases the term "vector" is used in computing to refer to an array, although tuples rather than vectors are the more correct mathematical equivalent.
Arrays are often used to implement tables, especially look up tables; the word table is sometimes used as a synonym of array.
Arrays are among the oldest and most important data structures, and are used by almost every program.
They can also be used to implement many other data structures, such as lists and strings.
In most modern computers and many external storage devices, the memory is a one-dimensional array of words, whose indices are their addresses.
Processors, especially vector processors, are often optimized for array operations.
Arrays are useful because the element indices can be computed at run time.
Among other things, this feature allows a single iterative statement to process arbitrarily many elements of an array.
For that reason, the elements of an array data structure are required to have the same size and should use the same data representation.
The set of valid index tuples and the addresses of the elements (and hence the element addressing formula) are usually, but not always, fixed while the array is in use.
The term array is often used to mean array data type, a kind of data type provided by most high-level programming languages that consists of a collection of values or variables that can be selected by one or more indices computed at run-time.
Array types are often implemented by array structures; however, in some languages they may be implemented by hash tables, linked lists, search trees, or other data structures.
A linked data structure is a set of information/data linked together by references.
The data are often called nodes.
The references are often called links or pointers.
From here on, the words node and pointer will be used for these concepts.
In linked data structures, pointers are only dereferenced or compared for equality.
Thus, linked data structures are different than arrays, which require adding and subtracting pointers.
Linked lists, search trees, and expression trees are all linked data structures.
They are also important in algorithms such as topological sort and set union-find.
A stack is a basic data structure that can be logically thought as linear structure represented by a real physical stack or pile, a structure where insertion and deletion of items takes place at one end called top of the stack.
The basic concept can be illustrated by thinking of your data set as a stack of plates or books where you can only take the top item off the stack in order to remove things from it.
This structure is used all throughout programming.
There are basically three operations that can be performed on stacks.
inserting (“pushing”) an item into a stack
deleting (“popping”) an item from the stack
displaying the contents of the top item of the stack (“peeking”)
A queue is an abstract data type or a linear data structure, in which the first element is inserted from one end (the “tail”), and the deletion of existing element takes place from the other end (the “head”).
A queue is a “First In First Out” structure. "
First In First Out" means that elements put in the queue first will come out first, and elements put in the queue last will come out last.
An example of a queue are lines of people waiting.
The first person in the line goes first, and the last person in the line goes last.
A graph data structure consists of a finite (and possibly mutable) set of ordered pairs, called edges or arcs, of certain entities called nodes or vertices.
As in mathematics, an edge (x,y) is said to point or go from x to y. The nodes may be part of the graph structure, or may be external entities represented by integer indices or references.
A graph data structure may also associate to each edge some edge value, such as a symbolic label or a numeric attribute.
The tree is one of the most powerful advanced data structures.
It often appears in advanced subjects such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and design.
Surprisingly, the tree is important in a much more basic application - the keeping of an efficient index.
When a tree is used there is a high chance that an index is used.
The simplest type of index is a sorted list of key fields.
A tree normally has a defined structure.
In the case of a binary tree, you can use a binary search to locate any item without having to look at every item.
The problem with a simple ordered list occurs when you start adding new items and have to keep the list sorted - it can be done reasonably efficiently but requires some modifications.
Additionally, a linear index is not easy to share because the whole index needs to be “locked” when one user edits it, whereas one “branch” of a tree can be locked, leaving the other branches editable by other users (as they cannot be affected).
A hash table is an array where each index points to a linked list based on a hash value.
A hash value is a value determined by a hash function.
A hash function determines a unique value based on the data it is storing.
This allows for access of data in constant time because the computer always knows where to look.
Data structure -Citizendium
Alex Lifeson, OC (born Aleksandar Živojinović; August 27, 1953) is a Canadian musician.
He is best known as the guitarist and co-founder for the Canadian rock band Rush.
Lifeson has been a member of the band since 1968.
In Rush, Lifeson plays electric and acoustic guitars.
He also plays other instruments including: mandola, mandolin and bouzouki.
Along with his music career, Lifeson is part owner of a Toronto restaurant called "The Orbit Room."
He is also a licensed airplane pilot.
People from British Columbia
Musicians from Toronto
Hepatitis C is an infection that mostly affects the liver.
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes this disease.
Often, a person with Hepatitis C does not have any symptoms (health problems or signs that he has the disease).
However, chronic infection can scar the liver.
Many years of infection may cause cirrhosis.
Sometimes, people with cirrhosis also have liver failure or liver cancer.
They can also have very swollen veins of the esophagus and stomach.
The blood loss from this problem can kill.
Hepatitis C is usually spread by blood-to-blood contact (when blood from a person with Hepatitis C contacts (touches or gets into) another person's bloodstream).
The most common ways that this happens are through intravenous drug use (when a person shoots drugs into one of their veins, with a needle that was already used by a person infected with Hepatitis C); nonsterile medical equipment (medical tools that were not cleaned well enough after being used on an infected person); and blood transfusions (when a person is given blood that came from an infected person).
Around the world, about 130–170 million people have Hepatitis C. Scientists began studying the Hepatitis C virus in the 1970s, and in 1989 they proved that the virus exists.
As far as scientists know, this virus does not cause disease in any animals other than humans.
The medications that are normally used to treat Hepatitis C are called peginterferon and ribavirin.
Between 50 and 80% of people who are treated (or 5 to 8 out of every 10) are cured.
However, if a person's Hepatitis C has progressed (or gotten worse) so much that the person has cirrhosis or liver cancer, the person might need a liver transplant (they might need to have surgery where they are given another person's liver, or part of another person's liver).
This makes it possible for the person to survive, but the Hepatitis C virus usually comes back after the transplant.
There is no vaccine that works to prevent people from getting Hepatitis C.
Hepatitis C causes acute symptoms (symptoms that begin quickly or last only a short time) in just 15% of people with the disease.
More often, infected people have symptoms that are mild (not serious) and vague (not very specific), like a decreased appetite (not feeling like eating), fatigue (feeling tired), nausea (feeling like throwing up), pain in the muscles or joints, and losing weight.
Every once in a while, an infected person may get jaundice (where a person's skin turns yellow, a sign that their liver is not working quite right).
If it is not treated, Hepatitis C goes away by itself in 10-50% of infected people (1 to 5 out of every 10).
This happens more often in young women than in other infected people.
Chronic infection
Eighty percent (or 8 out of every 10) of people exposed to the Hepatitis C virus get a chronic infection (one that does not get better and lasts for a long time).
Most experience very few or no symptoms during the first decades of the infection, although chronic Hepatitis C can cause fatigue (feeling tired).
But in people who have been infected for many years, Hepatitis C can cause serious problems, like cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Hepatitis C leads to cirrhosis in 10–30% (between 10 and 30 out of every 100) of people who have been infected over 30 years.
People with Hepatitis C are more likely to get cirrhosis if they are men; if they are alcoholics; or if they also have Hepatitis B or HIV.
Cirrhosis can cause serious problems on its own, but it also makes people more likely to get other serious illnesses.
For example, people who get cirrhosis are twenty times more likely to get liver cancer (with about 1-3% getting liver cancer every year).
People with Hepatitis C who are alcoholics are even more likely - 100 times more likely - to get liver cancer.
Among people in general, 27% of all cases of cirrhosis, and 25% of all cases of liver cancer, are caused by Hepatitis C.
Cirrhosis of the liver can cause many different symptoms.
Some of these symptoms are high blood pressure in the veins that travel to the liver; a buildup of fluid in the abdomen, called ascites; easy bruising or bleeding; veins becoming larger than normal, especially in the stomach and esophagus; jaundice (a yellowing of the skin); and brain damage.
Effects outside the liver