the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1992 - Anis Amri, Tunisian suspected terrorist (2016 Berlin attack) (d. 2016)
1993 - Ali Lohan, American actress and singer
1993 - Meghan Trainor, American singer
1998 - Genevieve Hannelius, American actress and musician
2001 - CC, first cloned pet
69 – Vitellius, Roman Emperor (b. 15)
1100 - Bretislaus II, Duke of Bohemia (b. 1060)
1603 – Mehmed III, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1566)
1646 - Peter Mogila, Moldovan religious figure (b. 1596)
1708 - Hedvig Sophia of Sweden (b. 1681)
1767 - John Newbery, English children's writer (b. 1713)
1788 – Percival Pott, English physician and surgeon (b. 1714)
1828 - William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist and physicist (b. 1766)
1867 – Jean-Victor Poncelet, French mathematician (b. 1788)
1880 – George Eliot, English writer (b. 1819)
1899 - Dwight E. Moody, American evangelist and publisher (b. 1837)
1902 – Richard von Krafft-Ebing, German psychiatrist (b. 1840)
1917 – St. Francesca Xavier Cabrini, American Catholic saint (b. 1850)
1918 - Aristeidis Moraitinis, Greek aviator (b. 1891)
1925 - Amelie Beese, German aviatrix (b. 1886)
1939 – Ma Rainey, American singer (b. 1886)
1940 – Nathanael West, American writer (b. 1903)
1943 – Beatrix Potter, British writer (b. 1866)
1944 - Harry Langdon, American actor, singer, director and screenwriter (b. 1884)
1959 – Gilda Gray, Polish-American singer (b. 1901)
1961 - Elia Dalla Costa, Archbishop of Florence (b. 1872)
1965 – Richard Dimbleby, British broadcaster (b. 1913)
1974 - Sterling North, American author (b. 1906)
1979 – Darryl F. Zanuck, American producer (b. 1902)
1988 – Chico Mendes, Brazilian activist (b. 1944)
1989 – Samuel Beckett, Irish playwright (b. 1906)
1995 – Butterfly McQueen, American actress (b. 1911)
1995 – James Meade, British economist (b. 1907)
2002 – Joe Strummer, British musician (b. 1952)
2002 – Desmond Hoyte, Guyanese politician (b. 1929)
2007 - Julien Gracq, French writer (b. 1910)
2008 – Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (b. 1934)
2009 – Luis Francisco Cuéllar, Colombian politician (b. 1940)
2012 - Cliff Osmond, American actor (b. 1937)
2013 - Diomedes Diaz, Colombian singer-songwriter (b. 1956)
2014 - Joe Cocker, English singer (b. 1944)
2014 - Abd El Aziz Muhammad Hegazi, former Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1923)
2014 - Joseph Sargent, American movie director, producer and actor (b. 1925)
2014 - Fritz Sdunek, German boxing trainer (b. 1947)
2014 - Christine Cavanaugh, American actress (b. 1963)
2015 - George Clayton Johnson, American science fiction writer (b. 1929)
2015 - Rolf Bossi, German lawyer (b. 1923)
2015 - Freda Meissner-Blau, Austrian politician (b. 1927)
2015 - Peter Lundblad, Swedish singer (b. 1950)
2016 - Yevgeny Dzhugashvili, Russian-Georgian activist and politician (b. 1936)
2016 - Franca Sozzani, Italian journalist, editor of Vogue Italia (b. 1950)
2016 - Miruts Yifter, Ethiopian long-distance runner (b. 1944)
2017 - Jason Lowndes, Australian racing cyclist (b. 1994)
2017 - Gerald B. Greenberg, American film editor (b. 1936)
Winter solstice (Northern Hemisphere), sometimes occurs on December 21
Summer solstice (Southern Hemisphere), sometimes occurs on December 21
Mother's Day (Indonesia)
Unity Day (Zimbabwe)
Dongzhi Festival (East Asia)
National Mathematics Day (India)
Armed Forces Day (Vietnam)
563 - Second inauguration of the Hagia Sophia, then a cathedral.
640 - Pope John IV is elected.
759 - China: Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu leaves for Chengdu, where he is hosted by fellow poet Pei Di.
1294 - Pope Boniface VIII is elected, after the resignation of Pope Celestine V.
1717 - A North Sea Christmas flood kills 11,500 people.
1726 – Montevideo, the present-day capital city of Uruguay, is founded.
1777 – James Cook reaches the island of Kiritimati, in present-day Kiribati.
1811 - HMS Defence and HMS St. George sink in a storm off Denmark.
1814 - The Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812.
1818 – The famous Christmas carol Stille Nacht, Heilige Nacht (Silent Night, Holy Night), is performed for the first time in Austria.
1851 - The US Library of Congress burns.
1865 – The Ku Klux Klan is founded by Confederate veterans.
1871 - The Opera Aida is first performed in Cairo.
1906 - Reginald Fessenden transmits the first radio broadcast, consisting of a poetry reading, a violin solo, and a speech.
1912 - A mining explosion in Hokkaido, Japan, kills 245 miners.
1913 - In Calumet, Michigan, 73 Christmas party goers die in a stampede after "fire" was falsely yelled.
1914 – World War I: The Christmas Truce begins.
1924 – Albania becomes a Republic.
1929 - An assassination attempt is made on President of Argentina Hipolito Yrigoyen.
1939 - Pope Pius XII makes a Christmas appeal for peace, after the start of World War II.
1942 - World War II: French monarchist Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle assassinates Vichy admiral Francois Darlan in Algiers, French Algeria.
1943 - World War II: Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes Supreme Allied Commander.
1951 – Libya becomes independent, with Idris I as king.
1953 – Tangiwai Disaster: After a volcanic eruption (of Mt. Ruapehu) on New Zealand's North Island, a train plunges into the Whangeahu river following a bridge collapse caused by the eruption, killing 153 people.
1954 – Laos is officially declared independent.
1964 - Flooding kills thousands of people in Southern India and Sri Lanka.
1968 – Apollo 8, with Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William Anders on board, orbits the moon, and take a spectacular photograph of the Earth.
1971 - A Lockheed L-188 Electra crashes in the Peruvian rainforest, killing 91 people.
The only survivor is then-17-year-old German Juliane Koepcke, who lost both her parents in the crash.
1972 - Japan Airlines Flight 472, a Douglas DC-8, lands at Juhu Aerodrome, overshooting the runway, instead of landing at nearby Bombay Santa Cruz Airport.
1973 - The District of Columbia Home Rule Act passes, allowing Washington, DC residents to elect their government.
1974 – Cyclone Tracy devastates Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, killing 71 people.
1979 – The first European-made rocket Ariane is launched from French Guiana.
1994 - Air France Flight 8969 is hijacked by terrorists on the ground; Over the course of three days, three passengers and four terrorists are killed.
1997 - The Sid El-Antri massacre in Algeria kills between 50 and 100 people.
2000 - The Texas Seven hold up a sports store in Irving, Texas.
2003 – Spanish police stop an attempt by ETA to detonate 50 kilogrammes of explosives at Madrid's Chamartin Station.
2005 – Chad declares that it is in a state of war with Sudan, though denies that it has declared war.
2008 – The Lord's Resistance Army, a Ugandan rebel group, begins a series of attacks on the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
2013 - Queen Elizabeth II issues an official pardon to the mathematician Alan Turing (who had died in 1954).
Turing was convicted of homosexuality at a time when it was illegal in the UK.
2017 - Alberto Fujimori, former President of Peru, is pardoned for reasons relating to his ill health.
2017 - Guatemala announces that, like the United States, it plans to move its Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
3 BC – Galba, Roman Emperor (d. 69)
1166 – King John of England (d. 1216)
1389 – John VI, Duke of Brittany (d. 1442)
1475 - Thomas Murner, German poet and translator (d. 1537)
1508 - Pietro Carnesecchi, Italian humanist (d. 1567)
1588 – Constance of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1631)
1597 - Honoré II, Prince of Monaco (d. 1662)
1625 - Johann Rudolf Ahle, German composer, organist and theorist (d. 1673)
1635 - Mariana of Austria (d. 1696)
1679 - Domenico Sarro, Italian composer (d. 1744)
1698 - William Warburton, English bishop (d. 1779)
1724 - Johann Conrad Ammann, Swiss physician (d. 1811)
1737 - Silas Deane, American politician (d. 1789)
1745 – Benjamin Rush, American physician and founding father (d. 1813)
1754 – George Crabbe, British poet and naturalist (d. 1832)
1761 - Jean-Louis Pons, French astronomer (d. 1831)
1762 – Selim III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1808)
1784 - Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia (d. 1803)
1786 - Gregor MacGregor, Scottish soldier, adventurer and trickster (d. 1845)
1787 - Prince William of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1867)
1796 - Fernan Caballero, Spanish writer (d. 1877)
1798 – Adam Mickiewicz, Polish poet (d. 1855)
1809 – Kit Carson, American frontiersman (d. 1868)
1810 – Wilhelm Marstrand, Danish painter (d. 1873)
1818 – James Prescott Joule, British physicist (d. 1889)
1819 - Antonio de Trueba, Spanish writer (d. 1889)
1821 - Gabriel Garcia Moreno, President of Ecuador (d. 1875)
1837 – Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress of Austria (d. 1898)
1837 - Cosima Wagner, wife of Richard Wagner (d. 1930)
1843 – Lydia Koidula, Estonian poet (d. 1886)
1845 – King George I of Greece (d. 1913)
1854 - Jose Maria Reina Barrios, President of Guatemala (d. 1898)
1863 - Enrique Fernandez Arbos, Spanish composer (d. 1959)
1867 - Suzuki Kantaro, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948)
1868 – Emanuel Lasker, German chess player (d. 1941)
1886 - Richard Teichmann, German chess player (d. 1925)
1869 - Henriette Roland-Holst, Dutch poet (d. 1952)
1872 - Adam Gunn, American athlete (d. 1935)
1872 - Frederick Semple, American golfer and tennis player (d. 1927)
1879 – Queen Alexandrine of Denmark (d. 1952)
1881 – Juan Ramon Jimenez, Spanish writer (d. 1958)
1882 - Hans Rebane, Estonian politician, diplomat and journalist (d. 1961)
1887 - Louis Jouvet, French actor and producer (d. 1951)
1888 - Michael Curtiz, Hungarian-American movie director (d. 1962)
1892 - Ruth Chatterton, American actress, novelist and author (d. 1961)
1893 - Harry Warren, American composer and lyricist (d. 1981)
1894 - Georges Guynemer, French pilot (d. 1917)
1896 – Jens Oliver Lisberg, Faroese law student and designer of the flag of the Faroe Islands (d. 1920)
1897 - Koto Okubo, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2013)
1898 – Héctor Scarone, Uruguayan footballer (d. 1967)
1900 - Joey Smallwood, 1st Premier of Newfoundland (d. 1991)
1903 – Joseph Cornell, American artist and filmmaker (d. 1972)
1904 – Joseph M. Juran, Romanian-born American engineer (d. 2008)
1905 – Howard Hughes, American movie producer and inventor (d. 1976)
1906 – Joseph Höffner, German cardinal (d. 1987)
1907 – I. F. Stone, American journalist (d. 1989)
1907 – John Cody, American cardinal and Archbishop of Chicago (d. 1983)
1910 – Max Miedinger, Swiss typeface designer (d. 1980)
1914 – Ralph Marterie, Italian-American trumpeter and bandleader (d. 1978)
1914 – Herbert Reinecker, German writer (d. 2007)
1917 – Kim Jong-suk, North Korean figure, mother of Kim Jong-Il (d. 1949)
1919 – Pierre Soulages, French artist
1920 – Franco Lucentini, Italian author and screenwriter (d. 2002)
1922 – Ava Gardner, American actress (d. 1990)
1923 – George Patton IV, American general (d. 2004)
1924 – Mohammed Rafi, Indian playback singer (d. 1980)
1924 – Lee Dorsey, American singer (d. 1986)
1924 – Abdirizak Haji Hussein, 4th Prime Minister of Somalia (d. 2014)
1926 - Ronald Draper, South African cricketer
1927 – Mary Higgins Clark, American writer (d. 2020)
1928 – Manfred Rommel, German politician (d. 2013)
1929 – Lennart Skoglund, Swedish footballer (d. 1975)
1931 – Walter Abish, American author
1931 – Lech Trzeciakowski, Polish historian (d. 2017)
1931 – Mauricio Kagel, Argentine composer (d. 2008)
1934 – Stjepan Mesic, former President of Croatia
1937 – Félix Miéli Venerando, Brazilian footballer (d. 2012)
1940 – Anthony Fauci, American Physician and Director of NIAID
1941 – Hans Eichel, German politician
1941 – Andrzej Suski, Polish Roman Catholic bishop
1943 – Tarja Halonen, former President of Finland
1944 – Woody Shaw, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1989)
1944 – Daniel Johnson, Jr., 25th Premier of Quebec
1945 – Lemmy, British singer and musician (Motorhead) (d. 2015)
1946 – Jeff Sessions, American politician, 84th United States Attorney General
1948 – Frank Oliver, New Zealand rugby player
1948 – Edwige Fenech, Italian actress
1949 – Randy Neugebauer, American politician
1954 - Gregory S. Paul, American author, illustrator and paleontologist
1954 - Jose Maria Figueres, former President of Costa Rica
1955 - Grand L. Bush, American actor
1956 - Irene Khan, Bangladeshi lawyer (Amnesty International)
1957 – Hamid Karzai, former President of Afghanistan
1958 - Lyse Doucet, Canadian journalist and BBC News correspondent
1958 - Philippa Whitford, Scottish politician
1959 – Anil Kapoor, Indian actor
1959 - Keith Deller, English darts player
1960 - Glenn McQueen, Canadian-American animator (d. 2002)
1960 - Carol Vorderman, English television host
1961 – Ilham Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan
1961 - Wade Williams, American actor
1962 - David Cobb, American lawyer and politician
1962 - Darren Wharton, English musician
1963 - Caroline Aherne, English comedienne and actress (d. 2016)
1963 - Mary Ramsey, American singer-songwriter
1966 - Diedrich Bader, American actor
1967 - Mikhail Shchennikov, Russian race walker
1967 - Pernilla Wahlgren, Swedish singer and actress
1968 - Choi Jin-sil, South Korean actress (d. 2008)
1969 – Ed Miliband, British politician
1969 - Mark Millar, British historian
1970 - Amaury Nolasco, Puerto Rican actor
1971 – Ricky Martin, Puerto Rican singer
1972 - Richard Dutruel, French footballer
1973 - Matt Passmore, Australian actor
1973 – Stephenie Meyer, American writer
1973 – Eddie Pope, American footballer
1974 – Marcelo Salas, Chilean footballer
1974 – Ryan Seacrest, American television host
1974 - Thure Lindhardt, Danish actor
1978 – Yildiray Basturk, Turkish footballer
1978 - Souleymane Diawara, Senegalese footballer
1979 - Svetlana Pospelova, Russian athlete
1979 – Chris Hero, American professional wrestler
1980 – Stephen Appiah, Ghanaian footballer
1981 – Dima Bilan, Russian singer
1981 – Nneka, Nigerian singer
1982 – Aiba Masaki, Japanese singer and actor
1982 - Robert Schwartzman, American singer
1984 - Austin Stowell, American actor
1985 - Christina Schwanitz, German shot putter
1986 - Ana Brenda Contreras, Mexican-American actress and singer
1986 - Theodor Gebre Selassie, Czech footballer
1986 - Kyrylo Fesenko, Ukrainian basketball player
1986 - Riyo Mori, Japanese model
1986 - Satomi Ishihara, Japanese actress
1987 - Jane Summersett, American ice dancer
1988 - Simon Zenke, Nigerian footballer
1991 - Louis Tomlinson, English singer (One Direction)
1992 – Melissa Suffield, English actress
1993 - Mariya Nishiuchi, Japanese model, actress and singer
1993 - Yuya Kubo, Japanese footballer
2000 - Ethan Bortnick, American singer-songwriter, pianist and actor
1257 - John I, Count of Hainault (b. 1218)
1524 – Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (b. 1469)
1660 – Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (b. 1631)
1813 – Empress Go-Sakuramachi of Japan (b. 1740)
1863 – William Makepeace Thackeray, British writer (b. 1811)
1865 - Charles Lock Eastlake, English painter (b. 1793)
1868 - Adolphe d'Archiac, French paleontologist and geologist (b. 1802)
1869 - Edwin M. Stanton, American politician (b. 1815)
1872 - William John Macquorn Rankine, Scottish physician and engineer (b. 1820)
1873 – Johns Hopkins, American philanthropist and benefactor (b. 1795)
1889 - Jan Jakob Lodewijk ten Kate, Dutch clergyman and poet (b. 1819)
1893 - Robert Bentley, British botanist (b. 1821)
1898 - Charbel Makhluf, Lebanese monk and priest (b. 1828)
1914 – John Muir, Scottish-American naturalist and conservationist (b. 1838)
1920 - Stephen Mosher Wood, American politician (b. 1832)
1926 - Wesley Coe, American athlete (b. 1879)
1930 - Eduard David, German politician (b. 1863)
1934 - George W. P. Hunt, American politician, 1st Governor of Arizona (b. 1859)
1935 - Alban Berg, Austrian composer (b. 1885)
1938 - Bruno Taut, German architect (b. 1880)
1941 - Siegfried Alkan, German composer (b. 1858)
1942 - François Darlan, Prime Minister of France (b. 1881)
1947 - Charles Gondouin, French rugby player (b. 1875)
1957 – Norma Talmadge, American actress (b. 1894)
1962 - Wilhelm Ackermann, German mathematician (b. 1896)
1967 - Burt Baskin, American businessman (b. 1913)
1971 - Maria Koepcke, German-Peruvian ornithologist (b. 1924)
1973 – Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, Indian businessman, social activist, and politician (b. 1973)
1977 - Juan Velasco Alvarado, Peruvian politician and military (b. 1910)
1979 – Rudi Dutschke, German sociologist and student leader (b. 1940)
1980 – Karl Dönitz, German admiral (b. 1890)
1980 - Siggie Nordstrom, American actress and singer (b. 1893)
1982 - Louis Aragon, French writer (b. 1897)
1984 – Peter Lawford, British actor (b. 1923)
1985 - Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, American lawyer (b. 1904)
1987 - M. G. Ramachandran, Indian actor, producer and author (b. 1917)
1987 – Joop den Uyl, Dutch politician (b. 1919)
1990 - Thorbjorn Egner, Norwegian author (b. 1922)
1992 – Peyo, Belgian comic writer (b. 1928)
1994 - Rossano Brazzi, Italian actor, singer, director and screenwriter (b. 1916)
1997 - Toshiro Mifune, Japanese actor (b. 1920)
1999 - Maurice Couve de Murville, Prime Minister of France (b. 1907)
1999 – Joao Figueiredo, President of Brazil (b. 1918)
2000 - Nick Massi, American singer and musician (b. 1935)
2002 - Kjell Aukrust, Norwegian author (b. 1920)
2008 – Harold Pinter, British playwright (b. 1930)
2008 - Samuel P. Huntington, American politician (b. 1927)
2009 – Rafael Caldera, President of Venezuela (b. 1916)
2010 – Elisabeth Beresford, British writer (b. 1926)
2010 – Roy Neuberger, American banker (b. 1903)
2010 – Eino Tamberg, Estonian composer (b. 1930)
2011 – Johannes Heesters, Dutch-born entertainer, actor and singer (b. 1903)
2012 - Richard Rodney Bennett, British composer (b. 1936)
2012 - Charles Durning, American actor (b. 1923)
2012 - Jack Klugman, American actor (b. 1922)
2013 - Allan McKeown, English-American screenwriter and producer (b. 1946)
2014 - Krzysztof Krauze, Polish movie director and screenwriter (b. 1953)
2014 - Buddy DeFranco, American jazz clarinetist (b. 1923)
2014 - Edward Greenspan, Canadian lawyer (b. 1944)
2015 - Ron Jacobs, American basketball coach (b. 1942)
2016 - Liz Smith, English actress (b. 1921)
2016 - Richard Adams, English writer (b. 1920)
2016 - Rick Parfitt, English musician (Status Quo) (b. 1948)
2016 - Edwin Reinecke, American politician (b. 1924)
2017 - Jerry Kindall, American baseball player (b. 1935)
2017 - Heather Menzies, Canadian-American actress and model (b. 1949)
2017 - Andrey Zaliznyak, Russian linguist (b. 1935)
Christmas Eve (Western Christianity)
Independence Day (Libya)
A quark is an elementary particle which makes up hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons.
It was once thought that all three of those were fundamental particles, which cannot be broken up into anything smaller, but after the invention of the particle accelerator, it was discovered that electrons are fundamental particles, but neutrons and protons are not.
Neutrons and protons are made up of quarks, which are held together by gluons.
There are six types of quarks.
The types are called flavours.
The flavours are up (u), down (d), strange (s), charm (c), top (t), and bottom (b).
Up, charm and top quarks have a charge of +, while down, strange and bottom quarks have a charge of -.
Each quark has a matching antiquark.
Antiquarks have a charge opposite to that of their quarks; meaning that up, charm and top antiquarks have a charge of - and down, strange and bottom antiquarks have a charge of +.
Only up and down quarks are found inside of atoms of normal matter.
Two up quarks and one down make a proton ( +  -  = +1 charge) while two down quarks and one up make a neutron ( -  -  = 0 charge).
The other four flavours are not seen naturally on Earth, but they can be made in particle accelerators.
Some of them may also exist inside of stars.
When two or more quarks are held together by the strong nuclear force, the particle formed is called a hadron.
Quarks that make the quantum number of hadrons are named 'valence quarks'.
The two families of hadrons are baryons (made of three valence quarks) and mesons (which are made from a quark and an antiquark).
Some examples of baryons are protons and neutrons, and examples of mesons are pions and kaons.
When quarks are stretched farther and farther, the force that holds them together becomes bigger.
When it comes to the point when quarks are separated, they form two sets of quarks, because the energy that is put into trying to separate them is enough to form two new quarks.
Quarks also have color charge and react via the weak force.
For baryons, each quark is green, red or blue.
One can be one color at one time.
For mesons, the quark is red, green or blue and the antiquark is antired (cyan), antiblue (yellow) or antigreen (pink).
Quarks can change color by emitting a W boson.
For example, if a green color-chrged quark emits a red-antigreen W boson to a red quark, the green quark will become red and the red quark will become green.
Therefore, W and Z bosons (which mediate the weak force for neutrinos) help particles react via the weak interaction.
This also causes the beta and beta-plus decay of atoms where a neutron decays into a proton, electron and electron antineutrino, and makes a proton turn into a neutron, positron and electron neutrino.
The idea (or model) for quarks was proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964.
Other scientists began searching for evidence of quarks, and succeeded in 1968.
Basic quark site
The Northern Hemisphere is the part of the planet that is north of the equator.
It has about 90 percent of the world's population and most of the world's land.
All of North America and Europe are in the Northern Hemisphere.
Most of Asia, two-thirds of Africa and 10 percent of South America are also in this hemisphere.
The three largest countries by population; China, India, and the United States, are in the Northern Hemisphere.
The day before today
"Yesterday" (Beatles song), a popular song by The Beatles from their album Help!
"Yesterday", a movie named after the song about a man who becomes the only person in the world to remember The Beatles after ending up in a freak accident.
Messiah or  the Anointed One is the figure promised by God to the Jews for the salvation of the world.
The Jews think that the Messiah will be a human being that will save Israel and lead the whole world into the End Of Days and eternal peace.
The How, Where, and Why
Why: Jews believe the biblical prophets inspired by God to tell of his coming.
During the period of the Roman rule in 1st century BC the idea of the messiah became very important in Jewish thought and teaching.
According to the scriptures, the messiah would rescue the people from the Romans and restore the country.
Where: It is not known but most Jews believe that messiah will come to Israel.
How: There are many of ideas about how the messiah will come: Judge, warrior, beggar, academic, Philosopher, healer or a common person.
Jesus as the Messiah
Christianity, which began in Israel with Jewish followers of Jesus (), holds that the Messiah foretold by the Jewish Scriptures is Jesus, and that in fulfillment of prophecy Jesus died for the sins of the world, rose from the dead and lives today, seated at the right hand of God until His return.
Most Jews do not hold these beliefs; those who do are sometimes called Messianic Jews.
Some Messianic Jews and other Christians see the fact that a majority of Jews do not hold these beliefs as a fulfillment of prophecy. (
see Epistle to the Romans chapter 10)
Muslims believe that Jesus was the son of Mary, that he was a mighty prophet of God and that he was the Messiah (though, in Islam, the Messiah has a different role than he does in Christianity or Judaism).
They believe that he will come again one day in his Second Coming to fight besides the Mahdi against the Dajjal ("false messiah").
Cesar Chavez (born César Estrada Chávez (March 31, 1927April 23, 1993) was an American farmworker, labor leader and civil rights activist.
Chávez started the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) along with Dolores Huerta.
He wanted equal rights for Mexicans working in the United States.
This union became the United Farm Workers.
He led a boycott against grape companies to gain rights for workers.
Chávez used nonviolence to make these changes.
Chavez is thought of as one of the leaders in the movement for Chicanos to gain more rights in the late-20th century.
Chávez was born near Yuma, Arizona and went to over 37 schools.
He graduated from the eighth grade.
He did most of his organizing in California, especially near Bakersfield.
Fred Ross taught him to lead unions.
Fred Ross was a student of Saul Alinsky.
In 1965, Chávez and the NFWA started a strike for grape-pickers in California.
At the same time, he asked Americans to boycott grapes from California.
In 1970, the migrant workers won their fight for better pay.
He kept working against unfair labor rules.
He stopped eating in protest three times because of low pay and bad working conditions.
When he died, he was leading another grape boycott to stop the use of pesticides.
Chávez is respected in California and other states.
In 2000, California's state legislature started a holiday to honor him.
The holiday is on March 31, Chávez's birthday.
This is the first time that a US public holiday honored a Mexican American or a union leader.
Many cities have streets or places named for him.
These cities include San Francisco, Los Angeles, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Austin, Texas, Chicago, Illinois, Milwaukee, and Salt Lake City.
In 1998 he was inducted into the Hall of Honor by the United States Department of Labor.
"The Story of Cesar Chavez" , United Farmworker's official biography of Chavez.
César E. Chávez Chronology , County of Los Angeles Public Library.
Five Part Series on Cesar Chavez , Los Angeles Times, Kids' Reading Room Classic, October 2000.
"The study of history demands nuanced thinking", Miriam Pawel  from the Austin American-Statesman, 2009/7/17.
A caution that histories of Chavez and the UFW should not be hagiography, nor be suppressed, but taught "wiktionary:warts and all"
The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworker's Struggle, PBS Documentary.
Farmworker Movement Documentation Project
New York Times obituary, April 24, 1993
Walter P. Reuther Library – President Clinton presents Helen Chavez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1994
1927 births
People from California
People from Arizona
Factories and businesses
For over 150 years, Hamilton has had factories.
For over 100 years, most of them have been steel factories like Stelco and Dofasco.
Since the strike of 1946, the workers at Stelco have had a trade union.
The workers at Dofasco do not have a trade union.
There was also a Studebaker car factory in Hamilton until 1966.
Since the 1980s, industries in Hamilton have had trouble making money and keeping people working.
In 2004, Stelco filed for bankruptcy.
This means Stelco asked the courts if it could stop paying money it borrowed back to banks.
The future for industry does not look good for Hamiltonians.
However, other businesses look much better.
People might not think of schools like McMaster University and Mohawk College as businesses, but they are.
Students and teachers come to Hamilton and spend their money here.
Doctors, teachers, nurses and other professionals train here.
Even Tim Hortons doughnut stores started in Hamilton in 1965.
Television, film, music, and newspapers
CH has been a local TV station in Hamilton since 1954.
Steve Smith, known for starring in The Red Green Show, started working at CH.
Tiny Talent Time is another popular show on CHCH which features many children.
Some movies were filmed in and around Hamilton, such as Anne of Green Gables,5ive Girls and Rocky V, because it looks like other places.
Folksinger Stan Rogers was born in Dundas, which became part of Hamilton in 2001.
The Appleton sisters, now famous in Britain, were born in Hamilton.
Daniel Lanois is an important singer himself and helped the band U2 with its music.
He lived in Hamilton and recorded at Grant Avenue Studios.
The Hamilton Spectator newspaper has been around since the 1840s.
It offers tours showing its giant printing press and writers' offices.
It also has school projects which include a classroom subscription to the newspaper for every student.
Government is how people organize themselves to be directed by politics.
Hamilton was part of Wentworth County until 1974.
Wentworth County included the townships of: Ancaster, Barton, Beverly, Binbrook, East Flamborough, West Flamborough, Glanford and Saltfleet.
Here is how the government of Hamilton changed over the years:
About 1814 the area became capital of Wentworth County
1815 George Hamilton laid out a townsite in Barton Township and named it after himself
1816 Hamilton became capital of Gore District
1833 Hamilton became a police village
1833 Hamilton became a city
1974 Hamilton remained a city and became part of Hamilton-Wentworth Region which also had five other communities: Ancaster, Dundas, Flamborough, Glanbrook and Stoney Creek (how many of these look the same as the original townships of Wentworth County?)
2001 Hamilton-Wentworth Region and all six of its communities became one city called Hamilton
Politics is the way people choose the leaders of their communities and the things they decide are important enough to do.
Hamiltonians like choosing socially minded people to governm themselves, especially women and minorities.
Many people who were mayors, members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) or members of Parliament (MPs) have things named for them in the city, such as:
Sam Lawrence was mayor in the 1940s.
Lawrence Park on the Mountain is named after him.
Ellen Fairclough became Canada's first female cabinet minister in 1957.
A government office building is named after her.
Lloyd D. Jackson was mayor in the 1960s.
Jackson Square in downtown Hamilton is named after him.
John Munro was an MP and cabinet minister under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
The Hamilton airport  was named after him.
Lincoln ‘Linc’ Alexander was Canada's first black MP in 1965, first black cabinet minister in 1979 and first black lieutenant governor in 1985.
A public school and the expressway are named after him.
Victor Copps was mayor in the 1970s.
He is the father of Sheila Copps, who used to be an MP until 2004.
Copps Coliseum is named after him.
Netural and Mohawk Native Canadians of the Six Nations were the first people to live in this area.
In 1616, Étienne Brûlé probably became the first European to visit what is now Hamilton.
United Empire Loyalists moved into the Hamilton area during and after the American Revolution.
The Battle of Stoney Creek was fought during the War of 1812 in what is now Hamilton.
In the mid- to late 1800s, Hamilton became an industrial city with lots of factories .
It was close to limestone from the Niagara Escarpment, coal from the United States, iron ore mined from northern Ontario.
But factories demanded that people work hard jobs for long hours.
In 1872, Hamilton workers marched for a work day of no more than nine hours!
The two large steel factories were Stelco (the Steel Company of Canada), created in 1910 and the Dofasco (Dominion Steel Casting Company) in 1912.
Dominion is an old word often heard to describe Canada when it was part of the British Empire.
Many schools were built between 1910 and 1930, including Adelaide Hoodless School, Memorial School (for the First World War, Viscount Allenby School (WWI general) and Earl Kitchener School (WWI general).
The First World War is often shortened to WWI.
In the 1930s, the Great Depression hit Hamilton.
People were unemployed and poor.
Factories stoped running.
Then the Second World War started and people got jobs again in the army and building guns for the army.
August 19, 1942, hundreds of young men from Hamilton were killed by the German army when they tried to attack Dieppe in France.
There are a few professional sports in Hamilton.
The Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League play at Ivor Wynne Stadium.
Hamilton would like a National Hockey League team but it does not have one.
The Hamilton Bulldogs of the Ontario Hockey League  play at Copps Coliseum.
There are many amateur sports in Hamilton.
People of all ages can run in the Around the Bay Race .
It takes 30 km to go around the edge of Hamilton Harbour or Burlington Bay.
The Hamilton Spectator also hosts amateur indoor games.
Every year, children from Hamilton and Flint, Michigan compete in the Canusa Games.
The Commonwealth Games are like the Olympics for people who used to be ruled by Britain.
In 1930, Hamilton became the first ever host for what ere then called the Empire Games.
The city also tried to host the 2010 Commonwealth Games.
McMaster University and Mohawk College have produced national championship teams  in a number of sports.
McMaster University is a perennial powerhouse in Men's Basketball and Football.
Here in Hamilton we also have recreational leagues for kids to enjoy their childhood by playing many recreational sports such as Hockey(Stoney Creek Minor Hockey), Soccer(Stoney Creek Soccer Club), and Football with (Steelcity Ironmen).
In addition, there are a number of other community sport clubs like the Mt Hamilton Youth Soccer Club which has provided an avenue for children to play soccer since 1964.
Buses and trains
There are many buses, apart from the school buses operated by the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board.
For $2.55, the Hamilton Street Railway  or HSR takes people inside and across the city.
Travellers can also get to places like Niagara Falls, Dunnville, Buffalo, Kitchener, and London.
These buses are run by companies called Greyhound, Trentway Wagar and McCoy.
GO Transit has buses and trains that go to Toronto.
Using GO however is not a part of the HSR.
The city streets in the old city of Hamilton follow a pattern.
The big streets going north and south are in straight lines.
When they are on the Mountain, they have "Upper" in front the their names, except for Garth Street which should be Upper Dundurn Street.
Streets are called "North," such as "James Street North," if they are north of King Street or Queenston Road.
Streets are called "South" if they are south of King or Queenston.
Streets are called "East," such as "East 5th Street" or "Main Street East," if they are east of James Street or Upper James Street.
Streets are called "West" if they are west of James or Upper James.
King and Main Streets are major roads that are almost parallel or side by side one another.
They cross at the Delta in east Hamilton.
For most of King and Main, cars could only travel one way.
So instead of thinking of them as two streets, think of them as one street with a very wide boulevard between them.
This changed in the early 2000s, and most of the streets in Downtown Hamilton are now two-way.
Throughout the city there are some neighbourhoods with weird or strange street names.
For example, Birdland has streets named after birds like Cardinal, Blue Jay and Swallow.
Another neighbourhood on the Mountain has streets named after people from the French Revolution, such as Napoleon, Josephine, and Robespierre.
Riverdale West, in the Lower City, has streets named after types of berries.
(These links may also appear above.)
The City of Hamilton
Industrial History of Hamilton
The Hamilton Spectator World War 2 Newspaper Archives 1939-1945
Hamilton Public Library
Royal Botanical Gardens
The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry
The Weather Network - Hamilton Ontario
The Hamilton Spectator - Hamilton Newspaper
Hamilton Scores!
- Hamilton Amateur Sports News
A shape is a geometric figure that can be described with mathematics.
One way to classify shapes is to describe a bigger kind of shape that the shape is one of.
For example, they can be classified by their different numbers of dimensions.
Thus, circles are two-dimensional shapes so, like other 2D shapes, they will fit into a flat plane.
Three-dimensional objects like cubes will not fit inside a plane, because they are not flat.
Four-dimensional shapes made of polygons are called polychorons, and shapes made of polygons of any dimension are polytopes.
Two shapes are said to be equal, if one can be changed into the other by turning, moving, growing, shrinking, or more than one of these in combination.
Geometry is one of the practical sections of mathematics which involves various shapes and sizes of different figures and their properties.
heptagon
decagon
nonagon
heptadecagon
These are two-dimensional shapes or flat plane geometry shapes.
Their sides are made of straight or curved lines.
They can have any number of sides.
Plane figures made of lines are called polygons.
Triangles and squares are examples of polygons.
3D shapes
platonic solid
These are three-dimensional shapes.
Their sides are made of flat or curved surfaces.
Quechua, sometimes written Quichua or Ketchua, is a language spoken by 8 million people in the South American nations of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina and Colombia.
It was also the language of the ancient Inca Empire.
It's part of the Quechuan languages family.
It is the most-spoken Native American language in South America.
It is also the most widely-spoken indigenous language.
A quarter of people in Peru speak Quechua.
People who speak Quechua as their first language are called Quechua Indians by Spanish-speakers.
However, the Quechua refer to themselves as Runa ("the people") and call their language Runa Simi.
Quechua has only three vowel sounds: a, i, and u.
Quechua has given names to many places in Peru, including the Ancash Region.
is the Quechua word for blue, and it is thought that the name refers to the region's blue skies.
A website that teaches Quechua
Languages of South America
Inca civilization
Water in rivers, stream, lakes and underground may contain organisms that cause disease.
It may also contain chemicals that might cause illness.
'Water treatment'  involves filtering the water through sand beds and then adding a chemical to kill any remaining organisms.
The amount of drinking water needed for good health varies.
Americans, on average, drink one litre of water per day and 95% drink less than three litres per day.
For those who work in a hot climate, up to 16 litres a day may be required.
Liquid water is essential for life.
In developed countries, tap water meets drinking water quality standards.
Other uses include washing, toilets, and irrigation.
Greywater (wastewater) may be used for toilets or irrigation.
Using greywater for irrigation may have risks.
Water may be unacceptable if it has high levels of toxins or suspended solids.
Water infrastructure
A pen (Latin: pinna, feather) is a tool used for writing or drawing.
The ink of the pen is pressed onto paper and dries very fast.
Reed pens are the oldest known type of pen.
They were made from reeds growing in the delta of the Nile.
The ancient Egyptians invented them, and also invented black ink, using soot and gum arabic.
Their pens had split nibs to regulated the flow of ink to the writing tip.
This simple design is still used in calligraphy today.
Quill pens are one of the oldest type of pens.
A quill pen is the feather of a bird, usually a goose.
The end of the feather (the quill) was kept very sharp and had to be dipped into ink after every few words.
Reed and quill pens are dip pens because they have to be dipped in ink many times during writing or drawing.
Modern dip pens have nibs made of metal.
Fountain pens are like dip pens, but can hold enough ink inside to write several pages before being refilled.
Inside, the ink is held in a sac or cartridge.
A ballpoint pen is generally cylindrical plastic shaft that holds ink and is smaller than a fountain pen.
It has a small hard ball on the writing end that rolls the ink onto the paper.
A stylus is a pen that cannot write on paper, but can write on clay or wax.
Styli of wood or metal have been used for thousands of years, for example in cuneiform writing.
A modern computer stylus is usually made of plastic and may have electronics inside.
It is used with a touchscreen.
The coming of the personal computer much reduced the need to write on paper.
All the same, a personally written letter  suggests "I think so much of you that I took the effort to write a real letter."
Leet (sometimes written as "1337" or "l33t"), also known as eleet or leet-speak, is another alphabet for the English language that is used mostly on the internet.
It uses various combinations of ASCII characters to replace Latinate letters.
For example, leet spellings of the word leet include 1337 and l33t; eleet may be spelled 31337 or 3l33t. It is used on the internet in forums, chat rooms and online games.
Leet-speak
Leet-speak is a mixture of words (mostly computer-related jargon) spelled incorrectly intentionally*, usually coming from typographical errors (e.g. the becomes t3h).
The words of Leet-speak are usually put together to create a dialect (small language).
This dialect is used in some places for funniness.
l33tspeak uses numbers, ASCII symbols, and diacritics together to make symbols that look like Latin letters.
For example, in the name "David" would translate in 1337 as |)/-\\/1|).
1337 Alphabet Examples
Most of the time it is only the vowels that are changed and then usually only they are replaced by numbers; therefore, it is unusual to see someone use the leet alphabet to spell out a whole word (although there are common exceptions, namely 1337).
A: ∆,4, /-\, /_\, @, /\, Д, а
B: 8, |3, 13, |}, |:, |8, 18, 6, |B, |8, lo, |o, j3, ß, в, ь
C: <, {, [, (, ©, ¢, с
D: |), |}, |], |>
E: 3, £, ₤, €, е
F: 7, |=, ph, |#, |", ƒ
G: 9,[, -, [+, 6, C-
H: #, 4, |-|, [-], {-}, }-{, }{, |=|, [=], {=}, /-/, (-), )-(, :-:, I+I, н
I: 1, |, !,
J: √,_|, _/, _7, 9, _), _], _}
K: |<, 1<, l<, |{, l{
L: |_, |, 1, ][
M: 44, |\/|, ^^, /\/\, /X\, []\/][, []V[], ][\\//][, (V), //., .\\, N\, м
N: |\|, /\/, /V, ][\\][, И, и, п
O: 0, (), [], {}, <>, Ø, oh, Θ, о, ө
P: |o, |O, |>, |*, |°, |D, /o, []D, |7, р
Q: O_, 9, (,), 0, kw
R: |2, 12, .-, |^, l2, Я, ®
S: 5, $, §
T: 7, +, 7`, '|', `|`, ~|~, -|-, '][', т
U: |_|, \_\, /_/, \_/, (_), [_], {_}
V: \/
W: \/\/, (/\), \^/, |/\|, \X/, \\', '//, VV, \_|_/, \\//\\//, Ш, 2u, \V/
X: ×,%, *, ><, }{, )(, Ж
Y: `/, ¥, \|/, Ч, ү, у
Z: 5, 7_, >_, (/)
Letters for numbers
0 = O or D or space
1 = I or L or 7 or | or !
2 = Z
3 = E or e or m or w or ω or ∈ or ε or ∩∩
4 = h or A or y
5 = S
6 = b or G
7 = T or j or L
8 = B or X
9 = g or J
10 = I and O or L and O or 7 and O
11 = N
0  =  C or O or D or Θ or o
Intentional misspelling*
When people write in leet, they spell some words wrong all the time.
They might do this to laugh at new people who do not write words with their keyboards well, might just be making fun of English's pronunciation or spelling .
bai or bi --- bye
nd --- and
d00d --- dude
dog8 --- dog
form --- from
gurl or grill --- girl
guise --- guys
h4x or h4x0rz --- hacks (see vocabulary entry hax)
hai --- hi
j00 --- you
kewl --- cool
kk - ok
liek --- like
lopl --- lol
smat --- smart
m8 --- mate
m2 --- me too
mastah --- master
max0r --- max.
or maximum
OMG --- oh my god (variations such as OMGG are also common) OMD ~ (Oh my Dance)
own or pwn --- see vocabulary entry own
PMGZ--- OMG with a p and a z
ZPMG--- OMG originally rushed.
Typo P instead of O and hitting Z when shift is pressed.
OLO --- LOL (LOL stands for laugh out loud)
ph34 --- fear
pl0x --- please
powwah --- power
pr0n --- porn
t3h --- the (see vocabulary entry: "teh")
wen --- when
wat/whut/wut --- what
winnar --- winner
u --- you
r --- are
y --- why
yass/yus/yos --- yes
ya/yea --- yeah
cya --- see you
10/3u --- loveu
wamen- women
what3v
Leet vocabulary
leet, l33t, l337, 1337, 31337 --- elite
l@ym --- laughing at your momma
ftw, 4tw --- for the win,when something is successful or desirable.
hax, h4x --- hacks
haxor, hax0r, h4x0r, haxzor --- "hacker", cheater (note: also often spelled with two x's)
joo, j00 --- you
meh m3h --- can mean me or oh well.
Used to show undecidedness, unworriedness or often as a sign that the user has nothing to say
newbie, noob, n00b, n00b13, nooblet, nub, newb, nubbins --- new, newcomer or new (player), used more often as an insult.
Thought to originate from new boy, new-blood, or new in business.
boon or b00n --- more derogatory term than noob with the same insult intended.
own, ownage, 0wn, pwn, pwnage --- own means to be superior or better than someone, the past tense is "pwnt"
phear, ph34r, ph33r --- fear
rox0r, r0xorz --- rock, to be amazing or excellent
c3n50red --- censored
teh, t3h --- "the"
wuut/wuu2 - Basically saying 'What are you up to'.
People do choose to say this quite often
woot, w00t --- Thought to originate from We Own the Other Team.
It is used to show celebration or happiness.
ZoMG!!!11! --- "
Oh My God"
P00nd- Another use of pwn, not to be confused with pr0n.
Pr0n- Porn (pornography)
QQ - cry/complain (eyes with tears) or the shortcut to close Warcraft II
L2<blank> - Learn to <blank>.
Often used as L2P (learn to play).
O RLY - "oh, really?"
often responded to by YARLY.
Also can be accompanied by an ASCII art image of an owl.
YARLY - "yeah, really!"
often used as response to ORLY
NOWAI - "no way!"
often used as a response to YARLY
pew pew - shooting, often used in the phrase more pew pew less QQ, meaning, more shooting less crying/complaining
GG - good game, this can also be used in a condenscending manner.
BG - bad game, in World of Warcraft this also means Battleground.
noobcannon, N00BC4NN0N - Noobtube, a weapon in a video game that is either over-powered, or requires little skill to use.
PWN4G3 N008 - Pwnage noob.
Stronk - Strong.
GL - Good Luck, So giving someone good luck before a game
HF - Have Fun, telling people to enjoy the game
n1 - Nice One
ns - Nice Shot; complimenting someone, usually on their aim in a FPS (First-person shooter) game.
bm - Bad Manners; usually used to call someone out after a show of bad sportsmanship.
Wrong grammar*
When a person writes in English the person must follow English rules, but most of the time people who write in leet do not use these rules.
When they write in leet they try to write it in a special way, so that it is very different from English.
"l33t is teh suck!" (
meaning: 'leet sucks') shows that in leet people can use their own rules, and not use the English rules.
A lot of times adjectives (describing words) are turned into nouns.
The leet word "teh" (the) is also often placed in front of verbs, as in "I teh pwnd j00" (meaning I the owned you, meaning: I beat you badly).
another example might be I 4m t3h pwnage!!!!11!!11 (meaning I am the best!)
Leet speakers may also speak normally but without the vowels.
Fr xmpl nmbr 1 u cn tll it wrks.= For example, number one you can tell it works.
Because some words are too long for use in games they have been written how they sound.
Here's a quick guide:
pwn --- own, pawn or powne
x or xx (as in haxxorz or haxorz) --- an x followed by a z. In this example, hackzorz would be pronunciation
R0fz --- rolling on floor screaming, pronounced rawfs
Noslang.com, internet slang translator
Albinoblacksheep.com, another leet to English translator
*Much of the intentional misspelling said to be part of 1337 is actually more properly part of chatspeak, a completely different thing.
A waterfall is a place where water rushes down a steep ledge.
The water flows from higher land, then it falls down a big step of rock to lower land of softer rock where it will continue on its journey.
Usually the lower land is in a gorge.
Waterfalls are usually made when a river is young, in places where softer rock is underneath harder rock in the waterfalls
Many people choose them as sacred spots.
The roar from a big waterfall is very loud.
Some people think it is beautiful music and that a waterfall is one of the most beautiful things in nature.
The highest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls in Venezuela where the water falls .
A garden is usually a piece of land that is used for growing flowers, trees, shrubs, and other plants.
The act of caring for a garden by watering the flowers and plants and removing the weeds is called gardening.
Types of gardens
There are many types of gardens.
People have small private gardens in the backyard outside their house.
Some gardens are built indoors in malls, public buildings, or greenhouses.
Greenhouses are special buildings where plants are grown.
Water gardens are plants that are grown in ornamental (decorative) pools and ponds.
People doing water gardening plant water lilies and other aquatic (water) plants.
Gardening can be done outside of the home, as well.
There are in city gardens, botanical gardens (places where plants are grown), zoos which have gardens, and theme parks which have gardens.
Gardens compared with farms
Gardens are related to farms (agriculture); both gardens and farms are used for growing plants.