the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1999 - Payne Stewart, American golfer (b. 1957)
2001 - Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari, Empress of Iran (b. 1932)
2002 – Richard Harris, Irish actor (b. 1930)
2002 - René Thom, French mathematician (b. 1923)
2003 - Pandurang Shastri Athavale, Indian philosopher and spiritual figure (b. 1920)
2003 - Veikko Hakulinen, Finnish cross-country skier (b. 1925)
2004 – John Peel, British disc jockey (b. 1939)
2009 - Camillo Cibin, Italian papal bodyguard (b. 1926)
2010 – Gregory Isaacs, Jamaican musician (b. 1951)
2011 - Tom McNeeley, American boxer (b. 1937)
2012 - John Connelly, English footballer (b. 1938)
2012 - Jacques Barzun, French-born American historian and philosopher (b. 1907)
2013 - Arthur Danto, American philosopher and art critic (b. 1924)
2013 - Nigel Davenport, British actor (b. 1928)
2013 - Bill Sharman, American basketball player and coach (b. 1926)
2013 - Hal Needham, American stuntman and director (b. 1931)
2013 - Marcia Wallace, American actress (b. 1942)
2014 - Marcia Strassman, American actress (b. 1948)
2014 - Reyhaneh Jabbari, Iranian woman convicted of murder (b. 1988)
2014 - Jack Bruce, Scottish musician (b. 1943)
2014 - Carlos Morales Troncoso, Vice President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1940)
2015 - Flip Saunders, American basketball coach (b. 1955)
2015 - Lisa Jardine, English historian (b. 1944)
2016 - Carlos Alberto Torres, Brazilian footballer (b. 1944)
2017 - Mohamed Abshir Muse, Somali military officer (b. 1926)
2017 - Jack Bannon, American actor (b. 1940)
2017 - Ronald Breslow, American chemist (b. 1931)
2017 - Ian Cathie, Australian politician (b. 1932)
2017 - Lu Guanqiu, Chinese entrepreneur (b. 1945)
2017 - Pinito del Oro, Spanish trapeze artist and novelist (b. 1930)
2018 - Sara Anzanello, Italian volleyball player (b. 1980)
2018 - Lindon Crow, American football player (b. 1933)
2018 - Sonny Fortune, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1939)
2018 - Thomas Keating, American Trappist monk and author (b. 1923)
2018 - Michael J. O'Connor, American politician (b. 1928)
2018 - Shivinder Singh Sidhu, Indian politician, Governor of Meghalaya and Goa (b. 1929)
2018 - John Ziegler Jr., American ice hockey player (b. 1934)
2019 - Salvador Freixedo, Spanish ufologist and Jesuit priest (b. 1923)
2019 - Carlo Strenger, Swiss-Italian psychologist and philosopher (b. 1958)
2019 - Don Valentine, American venture capitalist (b. 1932)
Constitution Day (Lithuania)
Armed Forces Day (Romania)
Day of the Basque Country
Republic Day (Kazakhstan)
Thanksgiving Day (Grenada)
April 4 – The HMAV Bounty leaves Tahiti.
April 28 – The Mutiny on the Bounty led by Fletcher Cristian.
April 30 – George Washington becomes first President of United States.
French Revolution: The people of France depose their king and rule the country themselves.
September 15 – James Fenimore Cooper
1147 – First historic record of Moscow.
1581 – Francis Drake is knighted by Queen Elizabeth I of England.
1660 - Declaration of Breda by Charles II of England.
1721 - Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
1789 – The HMAV Bounty leaves Tahiti.
1812 – US President James Madison creates a 90-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom.
1814 – Napoleon Bonaparte abdicates as Emperor of France.
1818 - United States Congress adopts a 13-stripe and 20-star national flag for the United States.
1841 – William Henry Harrison dies, making him the shortest–serving President of the United States, with 31 days in office.
John Tyler succeeds him.
1850 – Los Angeles is incorporated as a city.
1865 - American Civil War: Abraham Lincoln visits Confederate capital city Richmond, Virginia.
1866 – Tsar Alexander II of Russia survives an assassination attempt in Kyiv.
1873 - The British Kennel Club is founded, for the registry of purebred dogs.
1884 - A peace treaty ends the War of the Pacific.
Chile gains territory from Bolivia, which loses its coastline.
1887 - Argonia, Kansas, elects Susanna M. Salter as its Mayor, becoming the first woman in the United States to take up this role.
1905 – An earthquake in Kangra, Northern India, kills around 20,000 people.
1906 - Mount Vesuvius erupts.
1917 - British passenger steamer City of Paris is sunk by a German U-boat off the Cote d'Azur, southern France, killing all 122 people on board.
1925 - The Schutzstaffel (SS) is founded.
1939 – Faisal II becomes King of Iraq.
1944 – World War II: The first Anglo-American bombardment of Bucharest kills around 3,000 people.
1945 – World War II: The Soviet Army takes control of Hungary.
1945 - World War II: American troops capture Kassel.
1949 – NATO is founded.
1958 - The CND peace symbol is displayed in public for the first time, in London.
1960 – France agrees to the independence of Senegal and French Sudan (Mali).
1964 - The Beatles occupy all of the top 5 places in the Billboard Hot 100.
1967 – Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers the Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence speech in protest against the Vietnam War.
1968 – NASA launches Apollo 6.
1968 – Martin Luther King, Jr. is shot dead in Memphis, Tennessee.
1969 – Dr. Denton Cooley implants the first temporary artificial heart.
1973 – The World Trade Center in New York City is officially dedicated.
1976 – Microsoft is founded by a partnership of Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
1976 – Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia resigns and is placed under house arrest.
1979 – Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto is executed in Pakistan.
1983 – The Space Shuttle Challenger makes its first space flight.
1984 - Ronald Reagan calls for an international ban on chemical weapons.
1988 - Governor Evan Mecham of Arizona is convicted in his impeachment trial and removed from office.
1991 - Nicéphore Dieudonné Soglo becomes President of Benin.
1996 – Comet Hyakutake is imaged by the USA Asteroid Orbiter Near Earth Rendezvous.
1998 - A landslide in Southwestern Iran kills around 120 people.
2002 - The Angolan government and UNITA rebels sign a peace treaty, ending the Angolan Civil War.
2003 – Voodoo becomes an official religion in Haiti.
2003 - Iraq War: US bombing of Baghdad begins.
2004 - Eddie Fenech Adami becomes President of Malta.
2005 - From Moscow, where he fled to after a major uprising, Askar Akayev officially announces his resignation as President of Kyrgyzstan.
2007 – Iran releases 15 Royal Navy personnel that were arrested 12 days earlier for allegedly trespassing in Iranian waters.
2009 – Anders Fogh Rasmussen is announced to succeed Jaap de Hoop Scheffer as NATO Secretary-General.
He takes up the post on August 1 of the same year.
2009 - George Abela becomes President of Malta.
2013 - Over 70 people are killed in a building collapse in Thane, India.
2014 - Marie Louise Coleiro Preca becomes President of Malta.
2017 - A chemical gas attack in Khan Shaykhun, Syria, kills at least 74 people.
2018 - The 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, begin.
2019 - George Vella becomes President of Malta.
188 – Caracalla, Roman Emperor (d. 217)
1179 – Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar, Islamic saint in South Asia (d. 1266)
1492 - Ambrosius Blarer, German-Swiss theologian and reformer (d. 1564)
1572 – William Strachey, English writer (d. 1621)
1593 - Edward Nicholas, English statesman (d. 1669)
1614 - Henry II, Duke of Guise (d. 1664)
1640 - Gaspar Sanz, Aragonese composer, guitarist, organist and priest (d. 1710)
1646 – Antoine Galland, French archaeologist (d. 1715)
1648 – Grinling Gibbons, Dutch woodcarver (d. 1721)
1676 - Giuseppe Maria Orlandini, Italian composer (d. 1760)
1688 - Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, French astronomer (d. 1768)
1752 - Niccolo Antonio Zingarelli, Italian composer (d. 1837)
1759 - Israel Smith, Governor of Vermont (d. 1810)
1760 - Juan Manuel Olivares, Venezuelan composer (d. 1797)
1773 - Etienne Maurice Gerard, French general and statesman (d. 1852)
1785 – Bettina von Arnim, German writer (d. 1859)
1792 - Thaddeus Stevens, American lawyer and politician (d. 1868)
1802 – Dorothea Dix, American social activist (d. 1887)
1806 - Claiborne Fox Jackson, Governor of Missouri (d. 1862)
1809 - Benjamin Peirce, American astronomer and mathematician (d. 1880)
1819 – Queen Maria II of Portugal (d. 1853)
1821 – Linus Yale, Jr., American inventor and manufacturer (d. 1868)
1826 - Zenobe Gramme, Belgian engineer (d. 1901)
1828 - Margaret Oliphant, Scottish novelist (d. 1897)
1835 - John Hughlings Jackson, English neurologist (d. 1911)
1842 - Edouard Lucas, French mathematician (d. 1891)
1843 - William Henry Jackson, American painter (d. 1942)
1848 - Artruro Prat, Chilean naval hero (d. 1879)
1858 - Remy de Gourmont, French author, poet and critic (d. 1915)
1869 - Mary Jane Cotter, American architect (d. 1958)
1875 - Pierre Monteux, French conductor (d. 1964)
1876 – Maurice de Vlaminck, French painter (d. 1958)
1878 - Stylianos Lykoudis, Greek admiral (d. 1958)
1884 – Isoroku Yamamoto, Japanese naval commander (d. 1943)
1889 - Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Indian Hindi language poet (d. 1968)
1895 - Arthur Murray, American dancer and educator (d. 1991)
1896 - Robert E. Sherwood, American playwright, editor and screenwriter (d. 1955)
1897 – Dina Manfredini, Italian-born American supercentenarian (d. 2012)
1897 - Pierre Fresnay, French actor (d. 1975)
1898 - Agnes Ayres, American actress (d. 1940)
1899 - Hillel Oppenheimer, German-Israeli botanist (d. 1971)
1905 - Dougie Gray, Scottish footballer (d. 1972)
1905 - George Stevenson, Scottish footballer (d. 1990)
1905 - Shojiro Sugimura, Japanese footballer (d. 1975)
1906 - Yasuo Haruyama, Japanese footballer (d. 1987)
1906 - Bea Benaderet, American actress (d. 1968)
1906 - John Cameron Swayze, American journalist (d. 1995)
1907 – Robert Askin, Premier of New South Wales (d. 1981)
1910 – Barthélemy Boganda, Central African politician (d. 1959)
1910 - Dang Van Ngu, Vietnamese physician (d. 1967)
1911 - Max Dupain, Australian photographer (d. 1992)
1913 - Rosemary Lane, American actress and singer (d. 1974)
1913 - Frances Langford, American actress and singer (d. 2005)
1913 – Jules Léger, Canadian diplomat and Governor General of Canada (d. 1980)
1914 – Marguerite Duras, French writer (d. 1996)
1914 - Richard Coogan, American actor (d. 2014)
1915 – Muddy Waters, American musician (d. 1983)
1916 – Nikola Ljubicic, Yugoslavian general and politician (d. 2005)
1920 - Ignatius IV of Antioch, Syrian patriarch (d. 2012)
1920 - Eric Rohmer, French movie director (d. 2010)
1921 - Elizabeth Wilson, American actress (d. 2015)
1921 - Orunamamu, American-Canadian storyteller (d. 2014)
1922 - Elmer Bernstein, American movie composer (d. 2004)
1923 - Peter Vaughan, English actor (d. 2016)
1924 - Gil Hodges, American baseball player and manager (d. 1972)
1925 - Gene Reynolds, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter
1925 - Dettmar Cramer, German footballer and coach (d. 2015)
1925 - Frank Truitt, American sports coach (d. 2014)
1926 - Ronnie Masterson, Irish actress (d. 2014)
1928 – Maya Angelou, American writer and poet (d. 2014)
1928 - Elina Bystritskaya, Russian actress (d. 2019)
1931 - Catherine Tizard, 16th Governor-General of New Zealand
1931 - Bobby Ray Inman, American admiral and intelligence director
1932 – Andrei Tarkovsky, Soviet movie maker (d. 1986)
1932 – Anthony Perkins, American actor (d. 1993)
1932 - Richard Lugar, American politician (d. 2019)
1934 – Clive Davis, American music manager and producer
1935 - Kenneth Mars, American actor (d. 2011)
1935 - Trevor Griffiths, English playwright
1938 - A. Bartlett Giamatti, 7th Commissioner of Major League Baseball (d. 1989)
1938 - Norro Wilson, American country music singer-songwriter and record producer (d. 2017)
1939 - Ragnhild Queseth Haarstad, Norwegian politician (d. 2017)
1939 – Hugh Masekela, South African musician (d. 2018)
1939 - Ernie Terrell, American boxer and singer (d. 2014)
1942 - Jim Fregosi, American baseball player and manager
1942 – Kitty Kelley, American actress
1942 - Michel Fourniret, French serial killer
1944 - Ann-Louise Hanson, Swedish singer
1944 – Craig T. Nelson, American actor
1945 – Daniel Cohn-Bendit, French-German political activist
1945 - Katherine Neville, American writer
1946 - Katsuaki Sato, Japanese martial artist
1946 – Dave Hill, English musician (Slade)
1948 - Abdullah Ocalan, Kurdish activist
1948 - Berry Oakley, American musician (d. 1997)
1948 - Pick Withers, British musician
1949 – Junior Braithwaite, Jamaican musician (d. 1999)
1950 – Christine Lahti, American actress
1951 - Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia
1952 – Gary Moore, Northern Irish musician (d. 2011)
1952 - Rosemarie Ackermann, German athlete
1952 - Karen Magnussen, Canadian figure skater
1952 - Cherie Lunghi, English actress
1953 - Chen Yi, Chinese composer and violinist
1953 - Henry Fotheringham, South African cricketer
1954 - Michel Camilo, Dominican pianist
1954 - Dave Ulliott, English poker player (d. 2015)
1956 – David E. Kelley, American writer and television producer
1957 – Aki Kaurismaki, Finnish director
1957 - Graeme Kelling, Scottish guitarist (Deacon Blue) (d. 2004)
1958 - Cazuza, Brazilian composer and singer (d. 1990)
1958 - Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha, Thai businessman (d. 2018)
1960 - Hugo Weaving, Australian actor
1960 - Jonathan Agnew, English cricketer
1962 - Craig Adams, English bass player and songwriter
1963 – Graham Norton, Irish television host
1963 - A. Michael Baldwin, American actor, producer and screenwriter
1963 - Jane McDonald, English singer and actress
1964 – Branco, Brazilian footballer
1965 – Robert Downey Jr., American actor
1966 – Mike Starr, American musician (d. 2011)
1966 – Stefan Mappus, German politician
1967 - Edith Masai, Kenyan runner
1969 – Karren Brady, British sports executive and broadcaster
1970 – Georgius Amanatidis, Greek footballer
1970 - Greg Garcia, American director, producer and screenwriter
1970 - Yelena Yelesina, Russian high jumper
1972 – Magnus Sveningsson, Swedish musician (The Cardigans)
1972 – Jill Scott, American singer and actress
1972 - Xenia Seeberg, German actress
1973 – David Blaine, American illusionist and magician
1973 - Chris McCormack, Australian athlete
1974 - Dave Mirra, American BMX rider (d. 2016)
1975 - Thobias Fredriksson, Swedish cross-country skier
1975 - Carl Ruiz, American chef and television personality (d. 2019)
1976 – Emerson, Brazilian footballer
1977 – Adam Dutkiewicz, American guitarist and producer
1977 – Stephen Mulhern, English magician
1978 – Lemar, English singer
1978 – Irene Skliva, Greek model
1978 - Sam Moran, Australian musician (The Wiggles)
1979 – Heath Ledger, Australian actor (d. 2008)
1980 – Johnny Borrell, English singer (Razorlight)
1980 – Trevor Moore, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter
1981 – Anna Pyatykh, Russian triple jumper
1981 – Ned Vizzini, American author (d. 2013)
1983 – Amanda Righetti, American actress
1983 – Evgeny Artyukhin, Russian ice hockey player
1984 – Sean May, American basketball player
1985 – Rudy Fernandez, Spanish basketball player
1986 – Eunhyuk, South Korean singer
1986 – Rachel Korine, American actress
1986 – Aiden McGeady, Scottish-Irish footballer
1987 – Devon Anderson, English actor
1987 – Sami Khedira, German footballer
1988 – Nadine Kessler, German footballer
1991 – Jamie Lynn Spears, American singer and actress
1992 – Alexa Nikolas, American actress
1992 – Lucy Mae Barker, English actress and singer
1992 – Christina Metaxa, Cypriot singer-songwriter
1996 – Austin Mahone, American singer
1999 – Miki Nishino, Japanese singer, dancer and actress (AKB48)
2012 – Grumpy Cat, famous American cat and internet celebrity (d. 2019)
397 – Saint Ambrose of Milan (b. 338)
636 - Isidore of Seville, Spanish archbishop and saint (b. 560)
896 - Pope Formosus
968 - Abu Firas al-Hamdani, Arab prince, general and poet (b. 932)
1284 - Alfonso X of Castile (b. 1221)
1292 - Pope Nicholas IV (b. 1227)
1305 - Jeanne of Navarre, Queen of France (b. 1273)
1406 – King Robert III of Scotland (b. 1337)
1459 - Eric of Pomerania, King of Denmark (b. 1382)
1536 - Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1460)
1588 – King Frederick II of Denmark (b. 1534)
1617 - John Napier, Scottish mathematician (b. 1550)
1761 - Theodore Gardell, Swiss painter and enameler (b. 1722)
1774 – Oliver Goldsmith, Irish writer (b. 1728)
1807 - Joseph Jerome Lefrancais de Lalande, French astronomer (b. 1732)
1817 - Andre Massena, Marshal of France (b. 1758)
1841 – William Henry Harrison, 9th President of the United States (b. 1773)
1846 - Solomon Sibley, United States Senator (b. 1769)
1861 - John McLean, 6th United States Postmaster General (b. 1785)
1863 – Ludwig Emil Grimm, German painter and engraver (b. 1790)
1870 - Heinrich Gustav Magnus, German chemist and physicist (b. 1802)
1874 - Charles Ernest Beulé, French archaeologist and politician (b. 1826)
1875 - Karl Mauch, German explorer (b. 1837)
1879 - Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, German physicist (b. 1803)
1883 - Peter Cooper, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1791)
1890 - Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau, 1st Premier of Quebec (b. 1820)
1890 - Edmond Hébert, French geologist (b. 1812)
1912 - Charles Brantley Aycock, 50th Governor of North Carolina (b. 1859)
1919 - Francisco Marto, Portuguese saint (b. 1908)
1923 - John Venn, English mathematician and philosopher (b. 1834)
1929 – Karl Benz, German automobile designer and inventor (b. 1844)
1931 – André Michelin, French industrialist (b. 1853)
1932 – Wilhelm Ostwald, German chemist (b. 1853)
1933 - Elizabeth Bacon Custer, American author (b. 1842)
1939 - King Ghazi of Iraq (b. 1912)
1951 - George Albert Smith, American Mormon leader (b. 1870)
1953 – King Carol II of Romania (b. 1893)
1961 - Simeon Stoilow, Romanian mathematician (b. 1873)
1962 - James Hanratty, British murderer (b. 1936)
1967 - Al Lewis, American songwriter (b. 1901)
1967 - Héctor Scarone, Uruguayan footballer (b. 1898)
1968 – Martin Luther King, Jr., American civil rights activist (b. 1929)
1972 - Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., American politician (b. 1908)
1976 - Harry Nyquist, Swedish contributor to Information Theory (b. 1889)
1979 – Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Pakistani politician (b. 1928)
1983 – Gloria Swanson, American actress (b. 1899)
1984 – Oleg Antonov, Russian airplane designer (b. 1906)
1991 – Edmund Adamkiewicz, German footballer (b. 1920)
1991 – H. John Heinz III, US Senator (b. 1938)
1991 – Max Frisch, Swiss writer (b. 1911)
1993 – Alfred Mosher-Butts, American inventor of Scrabble (b. 1899)
1995 – Kenny Everett, British entertainer (b. 1944)
1995 – Priscilla Lane, American singer and actress (b. 1915)
1996 - Barney Ewell, American runner (b. 1918)
1999 – Faith Domergue, American actor (b. 1924)
2003 – Anthony Caruso, American actor (b. 1916)
2004 - Alberic Schotte, Belgian cyclist (b. 1919)
2007 – Bob Clark, American director (b. 1941)
2007 - Karen Sparck Jones, British computer scientist (b. 1935)
2009 – Gonzalo Olave, Chilean actor (b. 1983)
2012 - Claude Miller, French movie director (b. 1942)
2013 - Roger Ebert, American movie critic and writer (b. 1942)
2013 - Carmine Infantino, American illustrator (b. 1925)
2014 - Margo MacDonald, Scottish politician, member of the Scottish Parliament (b. 1943)
2014 - Kumba Iala, President of Guinea-Bissau (b. 1953)
2014 - Anja Niedringhaus, German journalist (b. 1965)
2014 - José Aguilar, Cuban boxer (b. 1958)
2015 - Elmer Lach, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1918)
2015 - Jamaluddin Jarjis, Malaysian politician (b. 1951)
2015 - Klaus Rifbjerg, Danish writer (b. 1931)
2015 - Donald N. Levine, American sociologist (b. 1931)
2015 - Ira Lewis, American actor and playwright (b. 1932)
2016 - Chus Lampreave, Spanish actress (b. 1930)
2016 - Getatchew Mekurya, Ethiopian jazz saxophonist (b. 1935)
2016 - Royston Nash, English conductor (b. 1933)
2016 - George Radosevich, American football player (b. 1928)
2016 - Mike Sandlock, American baseball player (b. 1915)
2016 - Abe Segal, South African tennis player (b. 1930)
2017 - Samir Farid, Egyptian film critic and historian (b. 1943)
2017 - Giovanni Sartori, Italian political scientist and journalist (b. 1924)
2018 - Andres Ammas, Estonian politician (b. 1956)
2018 - Soon-Tek Oh, South Korean-American actor (b. 1932)
2018 - Johnny Valiant, American professional wrestler (b. 1946)
2018 - Ray Wilkins, English footballer and manager (b. 1956)
2018 - Leonid Sokov, Russian artist and sculptor (b. 1941)
2019 - Alberto Cortez, Argentine singer and songwriter (b. 1940)
2019 - Georgiy Daneliya, Russian film director and screenwriter (b. 1930)
2019 - Barry Malkin, American film editor (b. 1938)
2019 - Marilyn Mason, American concert organist and academic (b. 1925)
Holidays and Observances
Independence Day in Senegal
International Day for Landmine Awareness and Assistance
Peace Day (Angola)
Children's Day (Republic of China and Hong Kong)
April 04
585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares, leading to a truce.
This is one of the cardinal dates from which other dates can be calculated.
1453 – The last Christian service takes place in the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, present-day Istanbul, before it becomes a Mosque.
1503 – James IV of Scotland and Margaret Tudor are married by Pope Alexander VI according to Papal Bull.
1503 – The Treaty of Everlasting Peace between Scotland and England is signed.
It lasts 10 years.
1539 – Hernando de Soto lands in Florida.
1588 – The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from Lisbon heading for the English Channel. (
It will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port).
1754 – French and Indian War: In the first engagement of the war, Virginia militia under 22-year-old Lieutenant Colonel George Washington defeat a French reconnaissance party at Jumonville Glen in what is now Fayette Couty in southwestern Pennsylvania.
1774 – American Revolutionary War: The first Continental Congress convenes.
1812 - The Peace of Bucharest ends the Russo-Turkish War, giving more territory to Russia.
1830 – US President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act.
1863 – American Civil War: The 54th Massachusetts, the first African American regiment, leaves Boston, Massachusetts, to fight for the Union.
1864 - The Montana Territory is created out of the northeastern part of the Idaho Territory.
1871 - The Paris Commune falls.
1892 – In San Francisco, California, John Muir organizes the Sierra Club.
1900 – The Orange Free State is declared a British colony.
1905 – Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Tsushima ends with the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet by Admiral Togo Heihachiro and the Imperial Japanese Navy.
1907 - The first Isle of Man TT motorbike race is held.
1918 – The first Republic of Armenia declares its statehood.
1918 – Independence day in the Azerbaijan Republic.
1926 – Military dictatorship established in Portugal to suppress the unrest of the First Republic.
1930 – The Chrysler Building in New York City officially opens.
1932 - In the Netherlands, building work on the Afluitdijk is completed, and Zuiderzee Bay is converted to the freshwater Ijsselmeer.
1934 – The Glyndebourne festival in England is inaugurated.
1934 - The Dionne Quintuplets are born near Callander, Ontario, Canada.
1936 – Alan Turing submits On Computable Numbers for publication.
1937 – The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California, is officially opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Washington, DC, who pushes a button signaling the start of vehicle traffic over the span.
1937 – Neville Chamberlain becomes British Prime Minister.
1940 – World War II: Belgium surrenders to Germany.
1940 – World War II: Norwegian, French, Polish and British forces recapture Narvik.
First allied infantry victory in WW2.
1942 – World War II: In retaliation for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, Nazis in Czechoslovakia kill over 1800 people.
1951  2000
1951 - British radio comedy programme The Goon Show is broadcast on the BBC for the first time.
1952 – In Greece, women are given the right to vote.
1959 – NASA's Mercury space programme: Two monkeys survive a space flight.
1961 – Peter Benenson's article "The Forgotten Prisoners" is published in several internationally read newspapers.
This will later be thought of as the founding of the human rights organization Amnesty International.
1964 – The Palestine Liberation Organization is formed.
1970 - The University of Brussels is split in two over a language dispute, creating one Dutch language one and one French language one.
1974 – Northern Ireland's power-sharing Sunningdale Agreement collapses following a general strike by loyalists.
1975 – Fifteen West African countries sign the Treaty of Lagos, thus creating the Economic Community of West African States.
1977 – In Southgate, Kentucky, the Beverly Hills Supper Club is engulfed in fire, killing 165 people inside.
1979 - Konstantinos Karamanlis signs the full treaty of accession with the European Economic Community.
1982 – Falklands War: British forces defeat the Argentines at the Battle of Goose Green.
1987 – 19-year-old West German pilot Mathias Rust evades Soviet Union air defenses and lands a private plane in Red Square in Moscow.
He is immediately detained and is not released until August 3, 1988.
1987 – A robot probe finds the wreckage of the USS Monitor near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
1991 – Ethiopia: End of the Derg regime and of the Ethiopian Civil War.
1993 – Eritrea and Monaco join the UN.
1993 - Edmund Stoiber becomes Prime Minister of Bavaria.
1995 – The Russian town of Neftegorsk is hit by a 7.6 magnitude earthquake that kills at least 2,000 people, 2/3 of total population.
1996 - Bill Clinton's former business partners in the Whitewater land deal, Jim McDougal, Susan McDougal and former Arkansas Governor Jim Guy Tucker, are convicted of fraud.
1998 – Nuclear testing: Pakistan responds to a series of Indian nuclear tests with five of its own, prompting the United States, Japan, and other nations to impose economic sanctions.
1999 – In Milan, Italy, after 22 years of restoration work, Leonardo da Vinci's newly restored masterpiece "The Last Supper" is put back on display.
2000 – The volcano Mount Cameroon erupts.
2003 – Peter Hollingworth resigns as Governor-General of Australia.
2004 – Ayad Allawi is selected to lead an interim government in Iraq.
2004 – The cable TV channels TechTV and G4 merge.
2008 – Nepal becomes a Republic.
2010 - A train crash in West Bengal, India, kills 141 people.
2011 - A referendum is held in Malta on the introduction of divorce in the country.
Most voters support the proposal.
Up to 1800
1140 – Xin Qiji, Chinese poet (d. 1207)
1371 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1419)
1524 – Selim II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1574)
1641 – Janez Vajkard Valvasor, Slovenian polymath (d. 1693)
1656 - Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1721)
1660 – King George I of Great Britain (d. 1727)
1676 - Jacopo Riccati, Italian mathematician (d. 1754)
1692 – Joseph Butler, English philosopher (d. 1752)
1692 – Geminiano Giacomelli, Italian composer (d. 1741)
1738 – Joseph Ignace Guillotin, French physician (d. 1814)
1743 - Johann David Wyss, Swiss minister and writer (d. 1818)
1759 – William Pitt the Younger, British Prime Minister (d. 1806)
1763 – Manuel Alberti, Argentine priest and politician (d. 1811)
1764 - Edward Livingston, 11th United States Secretary of State (d. 1836)
1779 – Thomas Moore, Irish writer (d. 1852)
1786 - Louis McLane, 12th United States Secretary of State (d. 1857)
1801  1900
1807 – Louis Agassiz, Swiss geologist (d. 1873)
1818 – P.G.T. Beauregard, American Confederate General (d. 1893)
1836 – Alexander Mitscherlich, German chemist (d. 1918)
1841 - Sakaigawa Namiemon, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1887)
1853 – Carl Larsson, Swedish painter (d. 1919)
1854 – German Riesco Erazuriz, President of Chile (d. 1916)
1858 – Carl Richard Nyberg, Swedish inventor (d. 1939)
1872 – Marian Smoluchowski, Polish physicist (d. 1917)
1877 – Maximilian Voloshin, Russian poet and painter (d. 1932)
1879 – Milutin Milankovic, Serbian geophysicist (d. 1958)
1883 - Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Indian poet and politician (d. 1966)
1883 - Clough Williams-Ellis, British architect (d. 1978)
1884 – Edvard Beneš, Czechoslovakian politician (d. 1948)
1888 – Jim Thorpe, American athlete (d. 1953)
1888 – Kaarel Eenpalu, Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1942)
1889 – Richard Réti, Austrian-Czech chess player (d. 1929)
1892 – Josef Dietrich, Nazi officer (d. 1966)
1900 - Pak Hon-Yong, Korean politician (d. 1956)
1900 - Taffy Abel, American ice hockey player (d. 1964)
1901 - Roy Dowling, Australian naval officer (d. 1969)
1906 - Wolf Albach-Retty, Austrian-German actor (d. 1967)
1908 – Ian Fleming, British writer, creator of James Bond (d. 1964)
1910 – T-Bone Walker, American singer (d. 1975)
1910 – Rachel Kempson, British actress (d. 2003)
1911 – Thora Hird, British actress (d. 2003)
1912 – Patrick White, Australian writer (d. 1990)
1912 - Ruby Payne-Scott, Australian radio astronomer and physicist (d. 1981)
1915 - Joseph Greenberg, American linguist (d. 2001)
1916 - Ray Fox, American NASCAR engine builder and team owner (d. 2014)
1916 – Walker Percy, American writer (d. 1990)
1917 – Papa John Creach, American musician (d. 1994)
1917 - Barry Commoner, American biologist and politician (d. 2012)
1918 – Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian (d. 1990)
1921 - Tom Uren, Australian politician (d. 2015)
1923 – György Ligeti, Hungarian composer (d. 2006)
1923 – N. T. Rama Rao, Indian actor, movie director and politician (d. 1996)
1924 - Edward du Cann, English politician (d. 2017)
1925 – Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, German baritone and conductor (d. 2012)
1925 – Bülent Ecevit, Turkish politician (d. 2006)
1928 - Sally Forrest, American actress (d. 2015)
1930 – Frank Drake, American astronomer and astrophysicist
1930 - Edward Seaga, 5th Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 2019)
1931 - Gordon Willis, American cinematographer (d. 2014)
1931 – Carroll Baker, American actress
1932 - Chiquito de la Calzada, Spanish singer and actor (d. 2017)
1933 - Zelda Rubinstein, American actress (d. 2010)
1934 - Bill Baillie, New Zealand long-distance runner
1934 – Dionne Quintuplets
1935 - Anne Reid, English actress
1936 – Betty Shabazz, American activist (d. 1997)
1938 – Jerry West, American basketball player
1939 - Maeve Binchy, Irish novelist (d. 2012)
1939 - Theodore J. Sophocleus, American politician (d. 2018)
1941 - Beth Howland, American actress (d. 2015)
1942 – Stanley B. Prusiner, American neurologist
1944 - Jean-Pierre Léaud, French actor and director
1944 – Gladys Knight, American singer and actress
1944 - Sondra Locke, American actress (d. 2018)
1944 – Rudy Giuliani, American politician, 107th Mayor of New York City
1945 - Patch Adams, American doctor and activist
1945 - John Fogerty, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer
1947 – Zahi Hawass, Egyptian Egyptologist
1949 - Sue Holderness, English actress
1952 - Denis Akiyama, Canadian actor (d. 2018)
1953 - Arto Lindsay, American guitarist, singer and producer
1954 – Andy Hamilton, English comedian
1954 - John Tory, 65th Mayor of Toronto
1955 – John McGeoch, Scottish musician (d. 2004)
1956 – Francis Joyon, French sailor
1957 - Ben Harland, American basketball player and coach
1958 - Jerry Douglas, American country musician
1959 - Steve Strange, Welsh singer (d. 2015)
1960 – Mark Sanford, American politician, former Governor of South Carolina
1961 – Michelle Collins, British actress
1964 – David Baddiel, British comedian and television presenter
1965 - Mary Coughlan, Irish politician
1966 - Ashley Laurence, American actress
1967 - Emma Kennedy, British actress
1967 - Glen Rice, American basketball player
Kylie Minogue, Australian singer and actress
Tetsu Nagasawa, Japanese footballer & manager
1969 – Justin Kirk, American actor
1969 – Rob Ford, 64th Mayor of Toronto (d. 2016)
1970 - Glenn Quinn, Irish actor (d. 2002)
1971 – Marco Rubio, American politician and United States Senator for Florida
1971 – Ekaterina Gordeeva, Russian figure skater
1971 – Charles Warrington, American professional wrestler
1971 - Isabelle Carré, French actress
1972 - Chiara Mastroianni, French actress and singer
1972 – Doriva, Brazilian footballer
1974 – Hans-Jörg Butt, German footballer
1977 - Elisabeth Hasselbeck, American talk show host and author
1978 – Tomohiko Ito, Japanese footballer
1979 - Monica Keena, American actress
1980 – Mark Feehily, Irish singer (Westlife)
1980 – Miguel Pérez, Spanish footballer
1981 – Adam Green, American musician
1981 – Gábor Talmácsi, Hungarian motorcycle racer
1982 - Alexa Davalos, French-American actress
1983 – Megalyn Echikunwoke, American actress
1983 – Steve Cronin, American soccer player
1983 – Humberto Sanchez, Dominican baseball player
1983 - Roman Atwood, American YouTube personality
1985 – Colbie Caillat, American singer
1985 – Carey Mulligan, English actress
1986 - Seth Rollins, American professional wrestler
1986 – Charles N'Zogbia, French footballer
1988 - Craig Kimbrel, American baseball player
1988 - Meisa Kuroki, Japanese singer, model and actress
1990 – Kyle Walker, English footballer
1991 - Alexandre Lacazette, French footballer
1992 - Huang Qiushuang, Chinese gymnast
1993 - Jonnie Peacock, English athlete
1994 - John Stones, English footballer
1994 - Son Yeon-jae, South Korean gymnast
1998 – Riho Sayashi, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)
1999 – Cameron Boyce, American actor (d. 2019)
576 - Germain of Paris, French bishop and saint (b. 496)
1023 - Wulfstan, English archbishop
1357 – King Alfonso IV of Portugal (b. 1291)
1672 - John Trevor, Welsh politician (b. 1626)
1750 – Emperor Sakuramachi of Japan (b. 1720)
1758 - Ernest Augustus II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. 1737)
1787 – Leopold Mozart, Austrian composer (b. 1719)
1805 – Luigi Boccherini, Italian cellist (b. 1743)
1811 – Henry Dundas, Scottish politician (b. 1742)
1816 – Ras Wolde Selassie, Ethiopian warlord (b. 1745)
1836 - Anton Reicha, Bohemian composer (b. 1770)
1843 – Noah Webster, American writer and lexicographer (b. 1758)
1849 – Anne Brontë, English writer (b. 1820)
1864 – Simion Barnutiu, Romanian philosopher and politician (b. 1808)
1872 - Princess Sophie of Bavaria, Archduchess of Austria (b. 1805)
1878 – John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1792)
1895 - Walter Q. Gresham, United States Secretary of State (b. 1832)
1916 – Ivan Franko, Ukrainian writer (b. 1856)
1925 – Joao Pinheiro Chagas, Portuguese politician (b. 1863)
1927 – Boris Kustodiev, Russian painter (b. 1878)
1936 - Bertha Pappenheim, Austrian-German women's rights activist (b. 1859)
1940 – Prince Frederik Charles of Hesse (b. 1868)
1940 - Walter Connolly, American actor (b. 1887)
1946 - Carter Glass, American politician (b. 1858)
1948 – Unity Mitford, British Fascist sympathiser (b. 1914)
1952 - Philippe Desranleau, Canadian archbishop (b. 1882)
1953 - Tatsuo Hori, Japanese author and poet (b. 1904)
1968 – Fyodor Matveyevich Okhlopkov, Soviet sniper (b. 1908)
1968 - Kees van Dongen, Dutch painter (b. 1877)
1971 - Audie Murphy, American lieutenant and actor (b. 1924)
1972 – King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (b. 1894)
1975 - Ezzard Charles, American boxer (b. 1921)
1981 - Stefan Wyszynski, Polish cardinal (b. 1901)
1981 – Mary Lou Williams, American singer (b. 1910)
1983 - Erastus Corning 2nd, 72nd Mayor of Albany, New York (b. 1909)
1984 – Eric Morecambe, British comedian (b. 1926)
1993 - Ugo Locatelli, Italian footballer (b. 1916)
1994 - Julius Boros, American golfer (b. 1920)
1998 – Phil Hartman, Canadian actor and comedian (b. 1948)
1999 - Henry Carlsson, Swedish footballer (b. 1917)
2000 - Donald Davies, English physicist (b. 1924)
2001 – Francisco Varela, Chilean biologist and philosopher (b. 1946)
2003 – Oleg Makarov, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1933)
2003 – Ilya Prigogine, Russian-Belgian physicist, philosopher and Nobel Prize winner (b. 1917)
2003 – Martha Scott, American actress (b. 1912)
2004 - Umberto Agnelli, Swiss-Italian businessman and politician (b. 1934)
2006 – Thorleif Schjelderup, Norwegian ski jumper (b. 1920)
2008 – Beryl Cook, English painter (b. 1926)
2010 – Gary Coleman, American actor (b. 1968)
2013 – Viktor Kulikov, Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1921)
2014 - Maya Angelou, American novelist, poet and activist (b. 1928)
2014 - Bob Houbregs, Canadian basketball player (b. 1932)
2014 - Azlan Shah of Perak, 9th Yang-di Pertuan Agong (Head of State) of Malaysia and Sultan of Perak (b. 1928)
2014 - Malcolm Glazer, American businessman and sports team owner (Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Manchester United) (b. 1928)
2014 - Ciro de Quadros, Brazilian physician (b. 1940)
2015 - Reynaldo Rey, American actor and comedian (b. 1940)
2016 - Giorgio Albertazzi, Italian actor (b. 1923)
2016 - Stanley Burke, Canadian television journalist (b. 1923)
2016 - David Cañada, Spanish cyclist (b. 1975)
2016 - Bryce Dejean-Jones, American basketball player (b. 1992)
2016 - Marion Lambert, Belgian-Swiss art collector (b. 1943)
2016 - Harambe, American-bred Western lowland gorilla (b. 1999)
2017 - John Noakes, English television presenter (b. 1934)
2017 - Frank Deford, American sportswriter, novelist and radio broadcaster (b. 1938)
2017 - Ervin E. Dupper, American politician (b. 1923)
2017 - Graham Webb, British cyclist (b. 1944)
2018 - Pippo Caruso, Italian composer (b. 1935)
2018 - Neale Cooper, Scottish footballer (b. 1963)
2018 - Serge Dassault, French businessman (b. 1925)
2018 - Semavi Eyice, Turkish art historian (b. 1922)
2018 - Cornelia Frances, British-Australian actress (b. 1941)
2018 - Dick Quax, Dutch-New Zealand athlete and politician (b. 1948)
2018 - Jens Christian Skou, Danish physician (b. 1918)
2018 - Michel Stolker, Dutch cyclist (b. 1933)
2018 - Ola Ullsten, Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1931)
2018 - María Dolores Pradera, Spanish actress and singer (b. 1924)
2018 - Michel Stolker, Dutch racing cyclist (b. 1933)
2019 - Khoo Kay Kim, Malaysian historian (b. 1937)
2019 - Apolo Nsibambi, 8th Prime minister of Uganda (b. 1940)
2019 - Edward Seaga, 5th Prime minister of Jamaica (b. 1930)
2019 - Carmine Caridi, American actor (b. 1934)
2019 - Dennis Etchison, American novelist, editor and screenwriter (b. 1943)
2019 - Jean Juventin, French politician (b. 1928)
2019 - Walter Wolfgang, German-British socialist and peace activist (b. 1923)
Republic Day (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Nepal)
Flag Day (Philippines)
Armed Forces Day (Croatia)
Downfall of the Derg (Ethiopia)
The political virtues were listed by Bernard Crick "In Defense of Politics", 1982.
They included but were not limited to:
prudence:
conciliation:
compromise:
variety:
adaptability:
liveliness:
He sees these virtues as a way of avoiding ideology or "absolute-sounding ethic".
More virtues will lead to less conflict.
None of them can be forced on anyone.
and compassion.
"Being brief" or "being positive" are sometimes claimed also to be virtues, but just as many people think they are bad things that only help avoid truth or serious problems.
Lady Jane Grey (1537-1554), also known as 'The Nine Days Queen', was born in London, or at her family home of Bradgate Park, Leicestershire, England.
In May 1553, Jane married Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of Edward's chief minister, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland.
When the 15-year-old King lay dying in June 1553, he nominated Jane as successor to the Crown in his will, thus subverting the claims of his half-sisters Mary and Elizabeth.
During her short reign, Jane lived in the Tower of London.
She became a prisoner there, as the Privy Council decided to change sides and proclaim Mary as queen, on 19 July 1553.
Wyatt's rebellion in January and February 1554 against Queen Mary's plans of a Spanish match was the direct cause of Jane's and her husband's execution.
She was the daughter of Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, and Lady Frances Brandon (16 July 1517 – 20 November 1559), the daughter of Henry VIII's sister, Mary.
She was born on 12 October 1537 and she was probably named after Jane Seymour (c. 1508 or 1509 – 24 October 1537).
Jane had two younger sisters, Catherine (b. 1540) and Mary (b. 1545).
Jane's parents were very strict even by the standards of the day.
If she made mistakes in her studies or had any other normal troubles, her mother would slap her or beat her.
She found she loved her nurse, but otherwise lived a sad childhood.
When Jane was nine, she was sent to the royal court to learn etiquette and manners with Henry VIII's sixth wife and eventual widow, Catherine Parr.
Jane liked Catherine a great deal and found love with her, which she had not got from her parents.
It was clear that Catherine was very fond of Jane in return.
Jane also found friendship with her cousin and future king Edward VI.
They often studied together.
Jane was well educated as a child and learned to read in Latin, Greek, French and Italian, as well as English.
Later in her life, she also learned Hebrew.
Parents' political ambitions
Jane's parents, especially her mother,  wanted to gain more political influence.
For that reason, they wanted to marry her to someone important.
Jane had two sisters, Catherine, born in 1540, and Mary, born in 1545.
After her sisters were born, her parents tried to marry Jane to her cousin Edward VI.
They went to Catherine Parr's new husband, Thomas Seymour, to try to prepare this royal marriage.
It is likely that King Edward loved Jane.
However, he decided to arrange a marriage with a foreign princess instead.
In 1548, Jane was sent to Chelsea to be with Catherine Parr and Thomas Seymour.
Catherine Parr became pregnant that same year and the family moved to Sudeley Castle in June, taking Jane with them.
Tragedy struck when Catherine Parr died while having the baby in August of that year and Jane served as chief mourner in her funeral.
Jane was dealt another blow in 1549 when Thomas Seymour was arrested on charges of treason.
She was sent back to her angered parents.
They knew that their hopes of her marriage to the king were ruined; they punished her cruelly for this, even though it was not her fault.
In 1551 Jane's mother's two half-brothers died of the "sweating sickness", a contagious disease that caused a series of epidemics, 1485 to 1551.
Since Frances's father was dead, she became Duchess of Suffolk.
Jane's father became Duke of Suffolk.
In the same year John Dudley was made the Duke of Northumberland and the chief councillor to Edward VI.
John Dudley's plot
In April 1552 Edward became sick with the measles and caught tuberculosis as well.
By next year, Edward was so ill that he was weak and spitting up blood or something that was greenish-yellow.
It was clear that he was going to die soon.
Dudley knew that if either of Edward's half-sisters, Mary or Elizabeth, became queen, he would not be powerful anymore.
Dudley plotted with Jane's equally ambitious parents and planned that Jane became his ward, and also that she marry his son, Guildford Dudley.
Jane's mother decided to give up her claim to be queen for Jane.
This did not mean that Frances was any less greedy, however.
This meant that Jane would become Frances and Dudley's puppet and do what they wanted.
Now Jane would be the next in line to the throne if the rights of the princesses Mary and Elizabeth were ignored.
When Jane's mother and father told her that Jane was going to get married, Jane refused.
She said that Guildford was ugly, stupid, and rude.
She also hated John Dudley.
When Jane refused, Frances and Henry swore at Jane and slapped her.
This did not work, so Frances gave Jane a brutal whipping.
Finally, Jane agreed.
The wedding between Jane and Guildford happened on 25 May 1553.
This became a triple marriage because Jane's sister, Katherine, was married at this time to Lord Herbert, and Guildford's sister, Katherine, was also married to Lord Hastings.
On 6 July 1553, King Edward VI died.
Dudley's plan to make Jane queen was starting to take place.
Edward's death was kept secret for a few days until Jane could be proclaimed queen.
Jane was told by her parents and John Dudley that she was queen.
She became sick with fright and fainted.
She did not want to take the crown.
"The crown is not my right.
It pleaseth me not.
The Lady Mary is the rightful heir," Jane said.
Her parents swore at her and John Dudley told her that she "doth wrong to herself and her house".
Under pressure, Jane finally relented.
Lady Jane said she never forgave herself for doing this.
Meanwhile, news was spreading that Jane had been proclaimed the new queen.
Although the people liked Jane, they loved Mary and Elizabeth more.
They also did not like John Dudley.
In East Anglia, Mary was gaining support and planning to march into London.
Dudley tried to enforce a counter-attack but to no avail.
On 19 July Mary became queen.
Jane was queen for nine days.
Jane returned all the crown jewels and clothes.
She was then brought into the Tower of London.
There, she was kept in a cell for the next few months.
However, she was allowed to walk in the garden.
She wrote many letters and read many books while at the Tower of London.
She wrote a letter to Queen Mary saying that she never wanted the crown.
Queen Mary believed Jane and refused to execute her cousin.
Many people pressured Mary, but she was stubborn.
She still ordered that a trial be held for traditional purposes.
Jane was found guilty but the Queen pardoned her.
However, the next year, 1554, a group of rebels under Thomas Wyatt, including Jane's father Henry Grey, led a rebellion against Queen Mary because she was planning to marry prince Phillip II of Spain.
It was quickly put down.
Although Jane had nothing to do with it and Mary did not want to kill her cousin, her advisors told her that Phillip would only come if Jane was killed.
So, with a heavy heart (sadly), Queen Mary signed the death warrant.
Jane was going to be beheaded.
When Jane was told that her head was going to be cut off, she was very scared.
Nonetheless, she was happy that her "sad and woeful days" of life were finally coming to an end.
Meanwhile, Mary still did not want to kill her cousin.
So, she sent a Catholic priest Dr. Feckenham to try to convert Jane to Catholicism.
That way, Jane would not be a threat.
Jane was a firm Protestant, and refused to become a Catholic.
Jane's execution was postponed from 9 February to 12 February, to try and make her a Catholic.
The night before the execution, Jane wrote many letters to her family and prepared her neck for the block.
The next morning, her hair was tied back, and she watched Guildford go very unwillingly to the block.
Then it was her turn.
On 12 February 1554, at the Tower of London, Jane was sent to the scaffold.
She calmly climbed the scaffold and said a speech.
She said the Psalm 51, a prayer for divine mercy, in "the most devout manner".
She then knelt by the block and tied a piece of cloth around her eyes.
When the executioner told her to put her head on the block, she reached out but could not find the block since she was very scared.
She cried for help until someone grabbed her hands and helped her find the block.
Jane then put her neck above the block and slowly lowered it onto the block, pressed her neck against the wood and fit her chin in the hold.
Then she brought her arms around her.
Before she was executed, she cried out "Lord, into thy hands, I commend my spirit!"
The crowd watched as the executioner raised the axe high in the air.
Jane was shivering badly but her neck stayed perfectly still.
Then, the executioner quickly swung the axe down perfectly at the middle of Jane's neck, which was severed in a single stroke.
Jane's severed head fell to the straw in front of the block while huge amounts of blood splattered across the scaffold.
The executioner then grabbed Jane's head by her red hair and lifted it up to show the crowd.
He shouted "So perish all the Queen's enemies!
Behold the head of a traitor!"
After the crowd left, the blood was removed, and Jane's body was brought to the church St. Peter ad Vincula.
Since the church had just become Catholic and Jane was a Protestant, they had to get permission from Queen Mary to bury her.
It was four hours until her maids were allowed to prepare her body for burial.
Jane's body was buried between former Queens Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard.
It is unknown what happened to her severed head.
Ives, Eric (2009).
Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery.
Malden MA; Oxford UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Loades, David (1996), John Dudley Duke of Northumberland.
1504–1553, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
Cook, Faith (2005).
The Nine Day Queen of England.
Evangelical Press.
1537 births
1554 deaths
1550s in England
Executed English people
House of Tudor
People executed by decapitation
The Tower of London is an ancient Norman stone fortress in London, England.
It stands on the bank of the River Thames, in the oldest part of the city.
The fortress was built by William the Conqueror, King William I, starting in 1078.