the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
To make it hard for the Germans to launch attacks during the sea attack phase, airborne operations were used to capture bridges and road crossings.
The airborne landings behind the beaches were also designed to help the soldiers landing on beaches and destroy German coastal defense artillery.
The beaches
On Sword Beach, the regular British infantry came ashore with few casualties.
They had advanced about  by the end of the day but did not get as far as Montgomery had wanted.
Caen was still held by Germans by the end of D-Day and would remain so until Operation Charnwood on 9 July.
The Canadian forces that landed on Juno Beach had a difficult battle.
German concrete fortifications and a sea wall twice as high as at Omaha Beach made it very difficult to attack.
Juno was the second most heavily defended beach on D-Day, next to Omaha.
Canadians were off the beach within hours and advancing inland.
They were the only units to reach their D-Day goals, although most units fell back a few kilometres to make stronger defensive positions.
At Gold Beach, there were many dead and wounded because the Germans had strongly fortified a village on the beach.
The 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division advanced almost to Bayeux by the end of the day.
When commando units captured the Port-en-Bessin, the Allies could use their PLUTO pipeline to bring in fuel.
The Americans who landed on Omaha Beach faced the veteran German 352nd Infantry Division, one of the best trained groups on the beaches.
Furthermore, Omaha was the most heavily fortified beach.
Commanders considered abandoning the beach but small units of infantry got past the coastal defences.
By the end of day two areas had been captured.
The control over the beach expanded over the following days and the D-Day goals  were accomplished by D+3.
At Pointe du Hoc, the 2nd Ranger battalion had to climb the  cliffs.
While they climbed, the enemy shot at them and dropped grenades.
They used ropes and ladders to climb up and then destroy the guns.
The beach fortifications were important targets since a single artillery observer could have directed fire on the U.S. beaches.
The Rangers captured the fortifications.
They then had to fight for 2 days to hold the location, losing more than 60 percent of their men.
The number of dead and wounded on Utah Beach, the westernmost landing zone, were the lightest of any beach.
Only 197 out of the 23,000 troops that landed were killed or wounded.
The 4th Infantry Division troops that landed on the beach was able to move  inland by early afternoon, linking up with the 101st Airborne Division.
Once the beaches were controlled, the Mulberry Harbours were set up around 9 June.
One was constructed at Arromanches by British forces, the other at Omaha Beach by American forces.
Severe storms on 19 June caused problems with the landing of supplies and destroyed the Omaha harbour.
The Arromanches harbour was able to supply around 9,000 tons  daily until the end of August 1944, by which time the port of Cherbourg had been captured by the Allies.
The German 21st Panzer division attacked between Sword and Juno beaches and nearly reached the Channel.
Allied anti-tank gunners made them pull back before the end of 6 June.
The Allied invasion plans had called for the capture of Carentan, St. Lô, Caen and Bayeux on the first day.
The plan was to link all the beaches  except Utah and Sword (the last linked with paratroopers) and a front line  from the beaches.
None of these goals had been achieved.
The number of dead and wounded had not been as heavy as some had feared (around 10,000 compared to the 20,000 Churchill had estimated) and the bridges had survived the German attacks.
Cherbourg
In the western part of the invasion area, US troops were to occupy the Cotentin Peninsula, especially Cherbourg.
This would provide the Allies with a deep water harbour.
The land behind Utah and Omaha was banks and hedgerows that tanks, gunfire and vision could not get through.
This made them ideal defensive positions.
The U.S. infantry made slow progress and had many dead and wounded as they moved towards Cherbourg.
The airborne troops were used to help with the advance.
The far side of the peninsula was reached on 18 June.
Hitler told German forces not to retreat to the strong Atlantic Wall fortifications in Cherbourg.
The Cherbourg commander, Lieutenant General von Schlieben, surrendered on 26 June.
Before surrendering he had most of the facilities destroyed, making the harbour inoperable until the middle of August, by which time the combat front had moved so far east that it was less helpful.
While the Americans headed for Cherbourg, a unit of troops led by the British moved towards Caen.
Montgomery made many attrition warfare attacks.
The first was Operation Perch, which moved south from Bayeux to Villers-Bocage where the armour could capture Caen.
It was halted at the Battle of Villers-Bocage.
Caen was bombed and then occupied north of the River Orne in Operation Charnwood from 7 July until 9 July.
An attack in the Caen area followed with all three British armoured divisions, codenamed Operation Goodwood from 18 July until 21 July.
It captured the high ground south of Caen.
The rest of the city was captured by Canadian forces during Operation Atlantic.
A further operation, Operation Spring, from 25 July until 28 July, by the Canadians secured limited land south of the city, but with many dead and wounded.
Breakout from the beachhead
Montgomery's plan included keeping the Germans in the eastern part of the invasion area, while protecting Cobra's position.
By the end of Goodwood, the Germans had used the last of their reserve divisions; there were six and a half Panzer divisions against the British and Canadian forces compared to one and a half facing the United States armies.
Operation Cobra was launched on 25 July by the U.S. First Army.
The VIII Corps entered Coutances at the western end of the Cotentin Peninsula on 28 July, after breaking through the German lines.
On 1 August, VIII Corps became part of Lieutenant General George S. Patton's Third Army.
On 4 August, Montgomery changed the invasion plan by sending a corps to occupy Brittany and push the German troops around the ports, while the rest of the Third Army continued east.
Because of the large number of German forces south of Caen, Montgomery moved the British armor west and launched Operation Bluecoat from 30 July until 7 August to add to the attacks from the United States armies.
This pushed the German forces to the west, allowing the launch of Operation Totalize south from Caen on 7 August.
Falaise pocket
By the beginning of August, more German reserves became available.
The German forces were being encircled and the German High Command wanted these reserves to help with a retreat to the Seine.
Hitler demanded an attack at Mortain on 7 August.
The attack was pushed back by the Allies, who again had advance warning from Ultra code breaking.
The original Allied plan was for encircling the Germans as far as the Loire valley.
Bradley realized that many of the German forces in Normandy were not able to move by this stage and he got Montgomery's approval by telephone on 8 August for to encircle German forces.
This was left to Patton to do.
He moved nearly unopposed through Normandy.
The Germans were left in near Chambois.
Strong German defense and the sending of some American troops for an attack by Patton towards the Seine at Mantes prevented the Germans from being trapped until 21 August.
On this date, 50,000 German troops were trapped.
The liberation of Paris followed shortly afterwards.
The French Resistance in Paris rose attacked the Germans on 19 August.
The French 2nd Armoured Division under General Philippe Leclerc, along with the U.S. 4th Infantry Division accepted the surrender of the German forces there and liberated Paris on 25 August.
Withdrawal to the Seine
Operations continued in the British and Canadian sector until the end of the month.
On 25 August, the 2nd U.S. Armored Division fought its way into Elbeuf, making contact with both British and Canadian armoured divisions there.
The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division advanced into the Forêt de la Londe, on the morning of 27 August.
The area was strongly held and the 4th and 6th Canadian brigades had large numbers of dead and wounded over three days as the Germans defended their position.
The Germans pulled back on the 29th, withdrawing over the Seine on the 30th.
Sword Beach was the easternmost beach on D-Day, and was attacked by the British 3rd Infantry Division, supported by units of the 79th Armoured Division.
Juno Beach was the next beach to the west.
It was attacked by the Canadian 3rd Division.
It was also successful.
Gold Beach was the "middle" beach, lying between Sword, Juno, Omaha, and Utah beaches.
It was attacked by the British 50th (Northumbrian) Division.
Omaha Beach was the second western-most beach.
It was attacked by the American 1st Division.
The bombardment before the assault was successful on every beach except Omaha, so German bunkers and artillery still remained.
The battle was hard, but eventually the Americans won.
Almost 2,500 Americans died on Omaha Beach.
Omaha Beach on D-Day 6.6.1944
Utah beach was the western-most beach.
It was mostly successful, and it was attacked by the American 4th Division.
Campaign close
The campaign in Normandy is considered by historians to end either at midnight on 24 July 1944 (the start of Operation Cobra on the American front), 25 August 1944 (the liberation of Paris), or 30 August 1944, the date the last German unit retreated across the River Seine.
The original Overlord plan was for a ninety-day campaign in Normandy with the ultimate goal of reaching the Seine; this goal was met early.
American forces were fighting in Brittany as anticipated by General Montgomery during the latter weeks of the campaign.
Historians consider the Normandy campaign to have ended with the massive breakout of Operation Cobra.
The US official history describes the fighting beginning on 25 July as the "Northern France" campaign, and includes the fighting to close the Falaise Gap, which the British/Canadians/Poles consider to be part of the Battle of Normandy.
Volume I of the Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War by C.P. Stacey, published in 1955, as well as the Canadian Army's official Historical Summary of the Second World War, published in 1948, define the Battle of Normandy as lasting from 6 June 1944 to 1 September 1944.
The definition of the Battle of Normandy is also evident in another publication by the Army's Historical Section entitled Canada's Battle in Normandy.
There were reports of Eisenhower requesting Montgomery's replacement in July.
The lack of forward progress was caused by the rough land.
However, as at the battle of El Alamein, Montgomery kept to his original attrition warfare strategy, reaching the objectives within his original ninety day target.
Victory in Normandy was followed by a pursuit to the French border in short order.
Germany was forced once again to reinforce the Western Front with manpower and resources from the Soviet and Italian fronts.
By September, Allied forces of seven field armies (two of which came through southern France in Operation Dragoon) were approaching the German frontier.
The Allied battle plan was good, drawing on the strengths of both Britain and the United States.
German leadership was often faulty, despite good fighting by German units.
In a larger context the Normandy landings helped the Soviets on the Eastern front, who were facing most of the German forces.
It shortened of the conflict there.
Allied logistics, intelligence, morale and air power
Victory in Normandy stemmed from several factors.
The Allies had more weapons and equipment.
They also had new inventions like the PLUTO pipelines and Mulberry harbours.
These helped the flow of troops, equipment, fuel and ammunition.
Movement of cargo over the open beaches went better than expected,even after the destruction of the U.S. Mulberry in the channel storm in mid-June.
By the end of July 1944, one million American, British, Canadian, French, and Polish troops, hundreds of thousands of vehicles, and a lot of supplies were ashore in Normandy.
Artillery ammunition and other items were plentiful.
This was impressive considering they did not hold a port until Cherbourg fell.
Allied intelligence and counterintelligence efforts were successful.
The Operation Fortitude trick plan before the invasion kept German attention focused on the Pas-de-Calais.
High-quality German forces were kept in this area, away from Normandy, until July.
Prior to the invasion, few German reconnaissance flights took place over Britain, and those that did saw only the fake camps.
Ultra decoding of German Enigma (machine) communications had been helpful as well, exposing German plans.
German leadership
Lack of an organized strategy hurt the German defence.
German leadership was split between Field Marshals von Rundstedt and Rommel.
Von Rundstedt wanted to keep the powerful units in reserve, to do a powerful counterattack once the allied landing started.
Rommel wanted to stop the allies at the beach.
He tried to locate units so that they could attack quickly.
While Rommel's plan was good, the reserve strategy was not good because units could not move during the day due to allied air strikes.
In the end, the mix of two strategies was a disaster.
The beach defences were overcome and the counterattacks were not strong enough.
German commanders at all levels failed to react to the attack quickly.
Communication problems added to the problems caused by Allied air and naval firepower.
Local commanders did not lead an aggressive defence on the beach.
The German High Command focused on the Calais area, and von Rundstedt was not permitted to use the armored reserve.
When it was finally released late in the day, success was more difficult.
Although the 21st Panzer Division, had attacked earlier, it faced strong opposition that had been allowed to build at the beaches.
Overall, even though the Allied material superiority continued to grow, the Germans slowed the Allies advance for nearly two months, aided by the rough land.
Although there were several disputes among the Allied commanders, their plans were decided by the main commanders.
By contrast, the senior German leaders always had interference by Hitler, who did not know local conditions.
Field Marshals von Rundstedt and Rommel repeatedly asked Hitler for more freedom to change plans but were refused.
Von Rundstedt was removed from his command on 29 June after he told Field Marshal Keitel, the Chief of Staff at OKW (Hitler's Armed Forces HQ), to make peace.
Rommel was severely injured by Allied aircraft on 16 July.
Field Marshal von Kluge, who took over the posts held by both von Rundstedt and Rommel, was linked with some of the military plotters against Hitler, and he would not argue with Hitler for fear of arrest.
As a result, the German armies in Normandy were pushed by Hitler to counterattack rather than retreat after the American breakthrough.
Kluge was relieved of command on 15 August and killed himself.
The more independent Field Marshal Walter Model then took command.
WW2DB: Normandy Campaign
Battles involving Australia
Battles involving France
Battles involving New Zealand
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles involving the United States
Michael Gerard Tyson (June 30, 1966) is an American retired boxer.
In 1986, he had his 28th professional  match (or fight) as a professional boxer; Because he won that fight also, the World Boxing Council (WBC) gave him the title "World Champion".
He held the heavyweight championship.
Mike Tyson became a professional boxer in 1985 and won a heavyweight title from Trevor Berbick in 1986.
He was the youngest man to win a heavyweight title belt.
He became recognized as the undisputed champion when he beat Michael Spinks in 1988.
He lost his title to Buster Douglas in 1990.
Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, 12 of them in the first round.
He was convicted of rape in 1992 and served three years in jail.
When he was released he started boxing again and won a few heavyweight titles.
Evander Holyfield was the first fighter to beat him in his return.
Tyson also fought Lennox Lewis, who beat him, too.
He retired from boxing in 2005.
Mike Tyson refereed one match at WrestleMania 14 and later on wrestled in a tag-team match on WWE Raw where he betrayed his partner, Chris Jericho.
For these efforts, he was inducted in the WWE Hall of Fame in 2012.
He has his a video game called Mike Tyson's Punch Out!
named after him.
Inducted to the International boxing hall of fame in 2011.
Boxing Record
African-American boxers
American rapists
Sportspeople from New York City
Cleveland is a city in northern Eastern Ohio, United States.
It is home to over 400,000 people.
It was named for General Moses Cleaveland in 1796, but according to legend a mistake in a local newspaper left out the first "a" in its name, which is why it is spelt like it is today.
Its metropolitan area makes it the largest urban division in the state.
During the 19th century, Cleveland's location at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River and Great Lakes port helped make it an important industrial center of the central United States.
During World War II, the city became a center of manufacturing and industry, but deindustrialization caused a decline after that.
Cleveland had a major revival in the 1980s and 1990s: The Playhouse Square theaters were restored, new skyscrapers like the BP Building and the Key Tower were built, new stadiums were built, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame was opened on the lakefront.
After a smaller decline in the 2000s, Cleveland has begun to make another comeback.
Many professional sports teams make their home in or near Cleveland.
They include the Cleveland Indians, who play baseball; the Cleveland Browns, who play football; and the Cleveland Cavaliers, who play basketball.
Both the Indians and the Cavaliers have their games at the Gateway District in Downtown while the Browns have a stadium on the shores of Lake Erie.
The city's sports teams are known for having not won a major championship from the 1964 NFL Championship Game to the 2016 NBA Finals.
The city also hosted the Cleveland Grand Prix IndyCar race until 2008.
In the past, Cleveland's economy relied on steel mills and manufacturing.
Both are still a major part of the city today, but heavy industry in the area is much smaller than it once was.
The city is known today for being a big center for medicine and medical technology, and the Cleveland Clinic is one of the most important hospital systems in the country.
Cleveland is a big center for the performing arts, and is the home of Playhouse Square, the second largest theater district in the United States (the largest is Lincoln Center).
The complex was built in the 1920s, and after being closed down were restored and reopened in the 1980s.
The Cleveland Orchestra is considered one of the world's finest, and is one of the "Big Five" in the United States.
It plays at Severance Hall, in the University Circle neighborhood.
It has a major rock music scene, and is home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, which is located on the lake in a building designed by IM Pei, a famous architect.
City Of Cleveland Home Page
Greater Cleveland Convention and Visitors Bureau
Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History
Cleveland, Ohio Citizendium
Lexus is a luxury car line produced by the Toyota company.
Its worldwide motto is "The Pursuit of Perfection '''' slogan in the United States is "The Passionate Pursuit of Perfection"''.
in an opposite direction - walking against the wind
in front, touching, or resting  - The man was standing against the tree.
in opposition - against all odds
in competition - The boy played chess against his father.
touching with strong force - Ocean waves crash against the swimmer.
as a protection from - She used an umbrella against the strong rain."
Against'' was the seventh album by Brazilian thrash metal band Sepultura.
It came out in 1998 from Roadrunner Records.
Dentition is the development of teeth and where the teeth are in the mouth.
Almost all mammals have up to four different types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
Animals that have different types of teeth are called "heterodont".
If they do not, they are called "homodont".
In mammals, the young have a set of primary teeth (milk teeth) that fall out after a few years.
When they fall out, adult teeth grow in.
Animals that have milk teeth and adult teeth are called diphyodont.
Dentition is important in archaeology.
Dentition is used to study human migration.
Tooth enamel contains trace elements which show where they grew.
Adovasion J. M. and David Pedler.
The peopling of North America.
North American Archaeology.
Blackwell, Oxford.
35-36.
Colorado State's dentition page
A plectrum or pick is a small object used to play certain types of string instruments.
The plectrum is held in the hand and used to pluck a string.
This makes a hard, metallic, "twangy" sound.
The instruments most commonly plucked include the guitar, lute and mandolin.
The strings of a harpsichord are also plucked, although the plectra in this instrument are called "jacks".
They pluck the string when the player presses a key down.
Danny Barker (January 13, 1909 – March 13, 1994) was a New Orleans jazz singer-songwriter and musician.
1909 births
Musicians from New Orleans, Louisiana
Singers from New Orleans, Louisiana
Charles Henry "Charlie" Christian (July 29, 1916 – March 2, 1942) was an American jazz guitarist.
Christian is best known as one of the first famous guitarists to play the electric guitar.
He is also remembered as one of the first musicians to help create the styles of jazz music known as "bebop" and "cool jazz."
Christian first gained fame as a member of the Benny Goodman Orchestra.
He played with Goodman from August 1939 to June 1941.
He was very good at playing many notes up and down on a sinle guitar string.
By playing his guitar through an amplifier his guitar solos made the guitar very loud in the band.
Christian died in March 1942 when he was only 26 years old.
He had been sick with tuberculosis for several years before he died.
Even though he was jazz guitarist who died before the music style rock and roll was started, he was still a large influence on rock and roll musicians.
It was because of this that in 1990 Charlie Christian was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame even though he had never played rock and roll music.
Charles Henry Christian was raised in Oklahoma City in the American state of Oklahoma.
In 2006 Oklahoma City renamed a street to "Charlie Christian Avenue."
There is also a yearly jazz music festival in Oklahoma City which is named after Charlie Christian.
Musicians from Oklahoma
Franco Cerri (January 29, 1926 – October 18, 2021) was an Italian jazz guitar player.
Cerri was seen as the most authoritative Italian guitarist in the jazz field, and his innate sympathy has meant that many viewers, seeing its shares on TV (especially in the 60s), come close to jazz, and studying guitar.
Cerri died on 18 October 2021 in Milan, Italy, at the age of 95.
1952 - The Franco Cerri Quintet, with Flavio Ambrosetti
1958 - Jazzin' with Cerri
1959 - Franco Cerri and his European Jazz Stars, with Lars Gullin, Flavio Ambrosetti, George Gruntz,  Karl Theodor Geier, Pierre Favre
1960 - Franco Cerri Quartet
1960 - Franco Cerri Quartet and Choristers
1961 - Franco Cerri International Jazz Meeting
1963 - Bossa nova (Columbia, QPX 8043)
1964 - Chitarra, QPX 8059)
1966 - 12 bacchette per una chitarra 1968 - La sera a casa con te (Compagnia Generale del Disco CGD, POP 73)
1970 - Franco Cerri Jazz (Dire, FO 338)
1973 - Metti una sera Cerri (Music, LPM 2012; with Nando De Luca, Pino Presti and Tullio De Piscopo)
1974 - From Cathetus to Cicero, with Stefano Cerri and Gianluigi Trovesi
1975 - A Limen 1975 - Querce platani e cerri 1976 - Nuages (Dischi Ricordi)
1976 - Franco, Tony e Pompeo (Mallobia, LP 003; with Tony Scott and Bunny Foy)
1977 - Un suo modo di dire (Dire, FO 347)
1978 - Noi duero 1979 - Demoiselle 1981 - Omaggio a Bill Evans (Dire, FO 361; with Enrico Intra and Lucio Terzano)
1982 - Effetto Alfa 1984 - Franco Cerri Today! (
Dire, FO 372)
1985 - From Milan to Frankfurt 1990 - Jazz in Italy (with Enrico Intra quartet; Ariston Records, ARJ/701)
1990 - Di jazz in jazz (Dire, FO386)
1993 - Cerri & Cerri 1995 - A Django, en souvenir de Milan 1997 - From Milan to Brussels 1998 - Images 1999 - Di Jazz in Cerri...di Cerri in Jazz 2000 - In punta di Cerri 2003 - From Cathetus to Cicero (re-edit - CD)
2004 - Ieri & oggi (re-edit of Metti Una sera Cerri + bonus tracks - CD)
2006 - Just Smile (host)
2011 - Bossa with Strings (Blue Serge)
2012 - Cerrimedioatutto'' (M.A.P. Golden Jazz)
Italian musicians
Albert Edwin "Eddie" Condon (November 16, 1905 – August 4, 1973) was a Chicago jazz/big band rhythm guitarist.
Musicians from Indiana
1905 births
Al Laurence Di Meola (born July 22, 1954) is a Jazz fusion guitarist.
He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey.
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
The White House is the home and main workplace of the president of the United States.
The house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban and built by slaves.
It is at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C..
The building was built between 1792 and 1800 out of white-painted sandstone from Aquia Creek in Virginia.
Hundreds of black slaves were forced to build the White House along with free workers.
It was designed in the Neoclassical style.
It has been the home of every U.S. President since John Adams.
When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward.
They made two colonnades that were meant to hide stables and storage.
It was originally called the Executive Mansion before being renamed the White House by President Theodore Roosevelt.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set on fire by the British Army in the Burning of Washington.
Some of the soldiers who burned it were former slaves who had run away from their owners to fight with the British.
They ate dinner in the house before setting it on fire.
The fire destroyed the inside of the house and charred much of the outside.
President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817.
Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829.
Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices moved to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901.
Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office.
This was eventually moved as the section was expanded.
The third-floor attic was changed into living quarters in 1927.
A newly built East Wing was used as a reception area for social events.
Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings.
East Wing changes were completed in 1946.
These changes made more office space.
By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure.
Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely taken apart and a new internal load-bearing steel frame was built inside the walls.
Once this work was done, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
Today, the White House Complex includes the Executive Residence, West Wing, East Wing, Blair House, and the Old Executive Office Building, a separate building west of the West Wing, which houses the executive offices of the president and vice president.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an outbreak of COVID-19 at the White House in October 2020.
During the outbreak, President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump were diagnosed with the infection.
The White House is made up of six stories— the two story basement, The Ground Floor, The State Floor, The Second Floor and The Third Floor.
The term White House is regularly used as a metonym for the Executive Office of the President of the United States and for the president's administration and advisers in general.
The property is owned by the National Park Service and is part of the President's Park.
In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of "America's Favorite Architecture."
The White House Historical Association, with historical photos, online tours and exhibits, timelines, and facts
President's Park (White House) part of the National Park Service
The White House Museum, a detailed online tour
George Denis Patrick Carlin (May 12, 1937 – June 22, 2008) was an American actor, author, comedian and writer.
He was known for his dark comedy and jokes about politics, the English language, psychology, religion, and taboo.
Carlin was born and raised in Manhattan, New York City.
Carlin said that he started to appreciate effective use of the English language because of his mother, though they had a difficult relationship and he often ran away from home.
He grew up on West 121st Street in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, which he and his friends called "White Harlem" because it "sounded a lot tougher than its real name".
His mother had a television, which was a rare and new technology at the time, and Carlin became a fan of the late-night talk show Broadway Open House during its short run.
Carlin joined the U.S. Air Force and trained as a radar technician.
During his time in the Air Force, he had been court-martialed three times and received many nonjudicial punishments and reprimands.
The first of Carlin's 14 stand-up comedy specials for HBO was filmed in 1977.
From the late 1980s, his performances were focused on sociocultural criticism of American society.
Carlin acted in movies including Jersey Girl, Dogma, Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (and its sequel), Scary Movie 3, and Disney's Tarzan 2.
He also narrated the children's television series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends from 1984 to 1995 (Actor Alec Baldwin later took over the role in 1998), and Portrayed Mr. Conductor on Shining Time Station.
He was known for his "seven dirty words" routine.
The routine was about seven words people should not say in the media. (
The list was ironically used by many radio stations, as a guide to what kind of language was not allowed.)
Comedy Central called Carlin one of the greatest stand-up comedians.
Carlin married Brenda Hosbrook on June 3, 1961, together they have a daughter named Kelly.
They remained married until her death in 1997, just a few day's before Carlin's 60th birthday.
Carlin then married Sally Wade on June 24, 1998, the married lasted until Carlin's death in 2008.
Carlin had a history of heart problems.
He had several heart attacks.
He died of heart failure in Santa Monica, California at age 71.
1963: Burns and Carlin at the Playboy Club Tonight
1967: Take-Offs and Put-Ons
1972: FM & AM
1972: Class Clown
1973: Occupation: Foole
1974: Toledo Window Box
1975: An Evening with Wally Londo Featuring Bill Slaszo
1977: On the Road
1981: A Place for My Stuff
1982: Carlin at Carnegie
1984: Carlin on Campus
1986: Playin' with Your Head
1988: What Am I Doing in New Jersey?
1990: Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics
1992: Jammin' in New York
1996: Back in Town
1999: You Are All Diseased
2001: Complaints and Grievances
2002: George Carlin on Comedy
2006: Life Is Worth Losing
2008: It's Bad for Ya
1978: Indecent Exposure: Some of the Best of George Carlin
1984: The George Carlin Collection
1992: Classic Gold
1999: The Little David Years
The Kraft Summer Music Hall (1966)
That Girl (Guest appearance) (1966)
The Ed Sullivan Show (multiple appearances)
The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (season 3 guest appearance) (1968)
(Guest Appearance) (1969)
The Game Game (Guest Appearance) (1969)
The Flip Wilson Show (writer, performer) (1971–1973)
The Mike Douglas Show (Guest) (February 18, 1972)
Welcome Back, Kotter (Guest Appearance) (1978)
Saturday Night Live (Host, episodes 1 and 183) (1975 & 1984)
Nick at Nite (station IDs) (1987)
Justin Case (as Justin Case) (1988) TV movie directed Blake Edwards
Thomas and Friends (as US Narrator: Series 1–4) (1984–1996)
Shining Time Station (as Mr. Conductor/Narrator for Thomas the Tank Engine segments) (1991–1993; Family Specials for 1995)
Mr. Conductor's Thomas Tales (as Mr. Conductor/Narrator for Thomas the Tank Engine segments) (1996)
Storytime with Thomas (as Mr. Conductor/Narrator for Thomas the Tank Engine segments) (1999)
The George Carlin Show (as George O'Grady) (1994–1995) Fox
Streets of Laredo (as Billy Williams) (1995)
The Simpsons (as Munchie, episode "D'oh-in in the Wind") (1998)
The Daily Show (guest on February 1, 1999; December 16, 1999; and March 10, 2004)
MADtv (Guest appearance in episodes 518 & 524) (2000)
Inside the Actors Studio (2004)
Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales (as Fillmore) (archive footage) (2008)
Cars (2006) (as Fillmore)
HBO specials
Sometimes a Little Brain Damage Can Help.
Brain Droppings.
Napalm and Silly Putty.
When Will Jesus Bring the Pork Chops?.
Three Times Carlin: An Orgy of George.
2006. .
A collection of the 3 previous titles.
Watch My Language.
American philosophers
Writers from Manhattan
Portuguese () is a Romance language.
It came from Galician-Portuguese, which was first spoken in Northwestern Iberia.
It then spread south and split.
During the colonial era, Portuguese was also spread to Brazil and other parts of the world.
Where it is spoken
The Portuguese language is the third-most spoken western language (after English and Spanish).
There are about 240 million native speakers, including the people of Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde (Cabo Verde).
It is also the official language of Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Angola, Mozambique (Moçambique), and São Tomé and Príncipe (São Tomé e Príncipe), which have Portuguese as the lingua franca, but native languages are also spoken.
It is also an official language in East Timor and Macau.
Portuguese and English have words that mean the same and are similar as well.
The words came from the same languages (usually Latin, Greek or French).
Visão Vision
Informação Information
Confuso Confused
Baptismo Baptism
Artigo Article
Capital Capital
Mapa Map
Problema Problem
História History
Some English words come from Portuguese, such as tank (tanque), cacao (cacau), marmalade (marmelada from marmelo "quince"), caramel, molasses, mosquito, cobra, breeze (brisa), albino, coconut, zebra, pagoda, Mandarin, buccaneer, fetish, tapioca and commando.
The Portuguese word parentes is similar to the English word "parents", but it means "relatives", and the Portuguese word to mean "parents" is pais.
I’m ok thanks!
Tu falas Português?
I do not speak Portuguese.
I have to go, goodbye!
Portuguese is the official language of all countries of the CPLP (Comunidade dos países de língua portuguesa, "Community of Portuguese Language Countries").
The Portuguese-speaking countries have more than 240 million people across the world.
The CPLP was formed in 1996 with seven countries: Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe.
East Timor joined in 2002.
The CPLP nations speak Portuguese with different accents.
In some regions of Brazil (the country has 81% of the world's Portuguese-speakers), tu'("you" but used only to family and close friends) is not used as much as in Portugal.
Also, regional slang can be found in different areas.
The Portuguese Orthographic Agreement of 1990 (Acordo Ortográfico de 1990) tries to  get rid of some of the differences in spelling.
Amélia P. Hutchinson and Janet Lloyd Portuguese: An Essential Grammar.
On www.archive.org
TM 30-501 Portuguese Military Dictionary: Portuguese-English, English-Portuguese.
War Department Technical Manual.
Hurricane Katrina was one of the deadliest hurricanes to ever strike the United States and the second Category 5 hurricane of the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Storm history
The storm formed over the Bahamas on August 23, where it moved west and hit south Florida as a Category 1 hurricane two days later.
Katrina then crossed over Florida and strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane moving west in the Gulf of Mexico.
The storm then turned north, had an eyewall replacement cycle, and hit east Louisiana and Mississippi, flooding coastal areas on the morning of August 29.
The leftovers of Katrina then died out over the Great Lakes on August 31.
80% of New Orleans was flooded when the levees protecting the city broke.
Most of the people killed by Katrina were thought to have died from drowning.
Many of the survivors had swum to higher roofs or tree branches.
Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina
National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Katrina
National Hurricane Center's archive on Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC
Hydro-meteorological Prediction Center's
NASA's Hurricane Katrina Archive
Geology and Hurricane-Protection Strategies in the Greater New Orleans Area Louisiana Geological Survey publication on Hurricane Katrina
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
2000s in Louisiana
Hurricanes in the United States
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in Louisiana
Carlos Fuentes (11 November 1928 – 15 May 2012) was a Mexican novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and diplomat.
Fuentes was born in Panama City, Panama.
His father was a Mexican diplomat, and while Fuentes was growing up, the family moved to different countries in South America and then to the United States.
He got a degree in law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, but instead of being a lawyer, he chose to be a diplomat and writer.
He published his first novel, called La región más transparente (Where the Air Is Clear in English) in 1958.
From 1975 to 1977, Fuentes was Mexico's ambassador to France.
He died in Mexico City, Mexico from a haemorrhage.
People from Panama City
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
Mexican historians
Mexican journalists
Mexican novelists
Mexican screenwriters
A bass guitar (also called an electric bass or bass) is a string instrument which is related to the electric guitar.
The bass guitar is shaped like an electric guitar, but it is longer than an electric guitar.
The electric bass has many of the same parts as an electric guitar.
However, the bass guitar produces lower tones than the electric guitar.
The bass guitar was first made in the 1930s by inventor Paul Tutmarc in Seattle, Washington.
However, very few musicians were interested in the instrument that Tutmarc made.
The need for a new instrument developed in the 1950s.
At that time, the double bass was the main bass instrument used in jazz, blues, folk, early rock music and bluegrass.
The problem was that the double bass was big, heavy, hard to carry around, hard to play precise notes on, and it was hard to make it louder with a bass amplifier.
Musicians wanted a smaller instrument that weighed less and was easier to play and amplify.
Inventors tried to think of ways of building a smaller and lighter bass instrument.
One of these inventors was a man named Leo Fender in the United States.
Leo Fender developed a bass guitar in the 1950s using the ideas developed by Tutmarc.
Leo Fender used many parts for the bass guitar that are similar to the parts of an electric guitar.
Leo Fender called the instrument the "Fender Precision Bass".
He used the word "Precision" in the name because his instrument had metal frets on the neck.
The double bass did not have frets on its neck.
The frets on the bass guitar made it easier for musicians to play precise notes.
The bass guitar developed by Leo Fender became very popular.
In the 2000s, many bass guitars are still designed to look like his Fender Precision Bass.
Bass guitars are normally made out of wood.
The main pieces are the body, neck, fingerboard, frets, and strings.
The body is made out of wood.
A wooden neck is glued or bolted onto the body.
A wooden fingerboard is then glued onto the neck.
Thin metal strips called frets are glued onto the fingerboard.
The frets are placed at specific placess along the fretboard, with each fret representing one half step in the Western tonal scale.
At the bottom of the body is an assembly called the bridge, a large metal assembly into which one end of the strings are fitted.
On some designs, the strings are fasted through the back of the body into the bridge; on others, the strings fit into the front side of the bridge.
In some basses, there is a cavity inside the back of the body that contains the electrical parts of the bass.
These are usually called active basses.
The bridge often has adjustments that allow the height of the strings to be changed.
Other components found on the body include one or more pickups and various knobs or switches that control the sound of the bass.
The pickups are magnetic devices that sit below the strings.
As the strings vibrate, an electrical signal is produced which is sent via an instrument cable to an amplifier.
Pickups are either "passive", which means they send the signal with no additional amplification, or "active", which process the signal through a pre-amplifier.
Some basses have pickups that can be set to passive or active mode.
Basses that have two pickups (generally referred to as bridge and neck pickups) often have a switch that lets the player select neck-only, bridge-only, or a blended signal.
Each pickup may have different tonal qualities that results from its placement relative to the bridge and its components.
At the other end of the fretboard from the body sits the headstock, which generally holds the tuners that lets player adjust the tuning of the strings.
At the very end the fretboard, where the strings pass from the fretboard to the tuners, there is a nut, a piece made of metal or plastic, with grooves to hold the strings off the fretboard.
Inside most fretboards is a long metal rod, called a trussrod, that is used to adjust the tension on the neck.
The neck is slightly concave, which allows the strings to clear all frets without "buzzing."
The amount of bow, along with adjustments made on the bridge, will determine the height of the strings along the fretboard.
The scale of an electric bass - the length of the strings from the nut to the bridge - is generally 34 inches (84 centimeters), although shorter and longer basses are produced.
In earlier decades, short-scale basses were more common, since many designers adapted guitar parts for early models.
Because in some styles of music, such as heavy metal, the strings are tuned down, longer scaled basses are sometimes favored for such styles, as string tension is higher.
Standard bass guitars have four metal strings, but models with five, six or eight strings are also made.
The strings themselves are made in different ways and with different materials to change their tonal qualities.
In the 1960s and 1970s some musicians took the frets off their bass guitars.
This changes the sound of the bass, particularly as the player slides their fingers along the strings.
A bass guitar without frets is called a fretless bass guitar.
For example Pino Palladino played a fretless bass during the 1980s.
He was a session musician, playing for high profile musicians like Eric Clapton and David Gilmour.
While fretless basses are often used in jazz and jazz fusion, bassists from other genres use fretless basses, such as metal bassist Steve DiGiorgio and Colin Edwin of modern/progressive rock band [Porcupine Tree].
Strings and sound
The standard design for the electric bass guitar has four strings, generally tuned E, A, D and G (low to high).
It is not uncommon for players to tune strings to a lower pitch, particularly in styles, such as heavy metal, that favor deeper sounds.
Five string basses add a lower string, usually tuned to B, while six-string-basses add a higher string tuned to C. In standard tunings, each string is tuned a perfect fourth interval above the next lower string (e.g. E to A).
Sounds are produced from the strings in a number of ways.
The most common form of playing is called fingerstyle, in which the player plucks the fingers upwards with the ends of the fingers.
It is common to use the index and middle fingers as the plucking fingers, but players may use more fingers or even employ their thumb to pluck downwards.
Other finger-based techniques include slap-and-pop, in which the player strikes the lower-pitched strings firmly with their thumb, and pulls higher-pitched strings upwards and lets them snap against the fretboard, and tapping, in which the player hammers downward with their fingertips on the fretboard.
Picks made of metal or plastic may also be used, and yield a sharper sound than plucking with fingers.
Picking is sometimes combined with muting techniques to create distinctive sounds.
Where the strings are struck relative to bridge changes to the tone of the sound considerably.
Plucking or picking close the bridge generally produces a more muted note, while sounding the string closer to the neck produces a fuller, more resonant tone.
Bass guitars also have magnetic pickups mounted on the body underneath the strings.
A musician plucks the strings with their fingers.
This makes the strings vibrate.
The magnetic pickups detect the vibrations.
Then the vibrations from the strings are converted into an electronic signal which is sent with a metal cable to an electronic amplifier and a loudspeaker.
The musician rotates a volume control knob that is located on the body of the bass to make the sound
Bass guitars
Saint Anna is the mother of Virgin Mary and the grandmother of Jesus.
Her husband is Saint Joachim.
Her name is a version of the Hebrew name Hanna.
Anna means grace.
According to tradition, Joachim went to a temple to pray, but was not allowed in because he did not have a child.
Anna heard, prayed, and sacrificed.
She promised God that she would bring up a child in God's name.
An angel came to Anna and Joachim and told them that God would grant her a baby.
Anna had the baby soon after and named the girl Mary.
Anna kept her promise.
When Mary was about three years old Joachim and Anna brought her up in the Second Temple.
Once, as Anna prayed beneath a laurel tree near her home in Galilee, an angel appeared and said to her, "Anna, Anna, the Lord has heard your prayer, and you shall conceive, and shall bring forth; and your seed shall be spoken of in all the world."
Anna replied, "As the Lord my God lives, if I beget either male or female, I will bring it as a gift to the Lord my God; and it shall minister to Him in holy things all the days of its life."
This is how Anna became the mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Nepal () is a country in South Asia between India and  China.
Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world, and the Himalaya Mountains are in Nepal.
12 of the world's highest mountain peaks are in Nepal.
It is also the birthplace of Buddha.
It has recently become a secular country, but before it was the only Hindu kingdom in the world.
Nepal is a very important pilgrimage place for both Hindus and Buddhists.
The population of Nepal in 2007 was almost 29 million people.
Nepali is the official language of the country, but there are many other regional languages in Nepal.
Many people in Nepal understand English and Hindi as well.
The capital city of Nepal is Kathmandu, which has a population of over 1.4 million people.
The second-largest city is Pokhara.
Pokhara is a major tourist attraction of Nepal which is rich in natural beauty.
Pokhara includes many lakes, Phewa Tal is one of them.
Nepal is a landlocked country, which means it is not next to any ocean, and it is surrounded by India and China.
Eight of the ten tallest mountain peaks in the world, including Mount Everest, are in Nepal.
Mount Everest is on the border Nepal shares with China.
Nepal is a little smaller than Illinois and Bangladesh, but a little bigger than Kyrgyzstan.
It also has the second-highest average elevation in the world at (10,715 ft), only behind Bhutan.
Nepal used to be an agricultural country until 1950.
Since 1951 it entered the modern era and has made progress.
Agriculture, however, is still a major economic activity.
80% of the people do agricultural works and it provides 37% of GDP.
Only about 20% of the total area is cultivable while another 33% is covered by forest.
Most of the remaining land is covered by mountains.
Rice and wheat are the main food crops.
The lowland Terai region produces a high amount of agricultural products.
A part of those products is supplied to the hill areas, which produces less.
China is the 2nd largest exporter to Nepal, but its imports from Nepal are zero.
This burdens Nepal's monetary stability and monetary balance.