the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The samurai (or bushi) were Japanese warriors.
They were members of the important military class before Japanese society changed in 1868.
The samurai were also considered as a type of hereditary nobility as well.
The word samurai comes from the Japanese verb saburau, which means to serve someone and look up to them.
History of Samurai
In the 12th century, two military clans, the Minamoto and the Taira, were very powerful.
They controlled  Japan.
They fought wars against each other.
In 1192, Minamoto no Yoritomo became the first shogun.
He became the ruler of all of Japan.
He started a new government in Kamakura.
This “Kamakura” government was from 1185-1333.
It made the samurai the ruling class of Japanese society.
The samurai did many wars in the Warring States period (1467-1573).
At that time, there were many independent areas in Japan.
Those areas fought each other all the time, so Japan needed many samurai.
Many of the famous samurai movies by Akira Kurosawa were about this time.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi won many wars against other clans.
When he made Japan one country, he developed a social caste system.
This caste system was completed by Tokugawa Ieyasu and the rulers after him.
Between the wars, many samurai had always worked on farms.
Hideyoshi said that all samurai must either live on farms or live in castle towns with other warriors.
Hideyoshi also made a law that only samurai could have swords.
The samurai became very powerful and important near the end of the Edo period (1603-1867) and in the Shinto period.
In the Edo period, they were the most important social caste.
All samurai had to live in castle towns.
The samurais' lords paid them with rice.
Some samurai did not have lords.
These samurai were called "Rōnin".
The "Rōnin" caused some problems for Japan in the early Edo period.
In 1615, Tokugawa won a very important battle when he took Osaka Castle.
The Tokugawa clan did not have any more rivals.
Japan became very peaceful for about 250 years.
In these 250 years, military skills became less important.
Most samurai became bureaucrats, teachers or artists.
In 1868, feudalism ended in Japan.
This was the end of the samurai class.
Japanese swords, see katana
The yumi (longbow)
Firearms: from 16th century
Pole weapons bearing blades, and spears
Staff weapons (no blades)
Clubs and truncheons
Chain weapons
Beliefs in people
A samurai believed that his swords held his soul.
That made the sword the most important thing he had.
Samurai were allowed to fight anyone who did not show them proper respect.
Every sword had to be tested.
To do this, the owner of the sword could execute a criminal.
This allowed the warrior to test his sword's sharpness.
Samurai led their lives according to the ethical code of bushido ("the way of the warrior").
That meant loyalty to one's master, self-discipline and respectful, ethical behaviour.
When a samurai lost his master, also called daimyo, he became a Ronin.
If a samurai were defeated or he dishonored himself by not following the code of bushido, he had to commit seppuku (ritual suicide).
Part of the seppuku ritual is cutting the stomach or abdomen.
That part of the ritual is called hara-kiri.
To a samurai, death was better than having no honour or being captured by the enemy.
Another reason to commit Seppuku was the death of the daimyo.
With this ritual, a samurai was able to show how loyal he was to his dead master.
There were periods when Seppuku was forbidden, but some samurai still committed it.
The bushi's training methods, like meditation, judo and kendo, are still followed today.
There is no longer a samurai class in modern Japan, but the successors of these families are well-respected.
Samurai women were trained to defend themselves and their children.
They usually did this when their warrior husbands were busy in battles.
This is why samurai women were trained to handle polearms (naginata) and short daggers (tanto).
During the Edo period, Japanese women were trained to handle naginata by the age of 18.
The short kaiken knife was used by young women to defend their virtue or, if they lost it, to take their own life.
During the Edo period, women's education became very important.
Girls were taught to write, read, dance, etc.
beginning at a young age.
While the main criteria for marriage changed, among the most important were physical attractiveness and education.
Special books were written for women.
They mainly taught how to take care of house and children.
By the end of the Edo period, women attended philosophical and literary classes.
The term "samurai" refers to males specifically.
There were a few women who were samurai.
One of the most famous was Itagaki.
She lived during the end of the Heian period.
She owned her own army of about 3,000 warriors.
In 1199, Itagaki fought against 10,000 Heike soldiers.
She was famous for being very good at handling the naginata sword.
Yamauchi Kazutoyo's wife, Chiyo, was one of the most loyal wives known in Japanese history.
She supported her husband during hard times, saving to buy a horse for him.
Yamauchi Kazutoyo never took a mistress, though it was a known tradition for samurai.
He never left Chiyo, even though she had only one child.
Japanese sword schools
Samurai from childhood
Hanami Web - Samurai
The Republic is a book by Plato.
It was finished in 375 BC.
It asks the question 'why should people do good things?'
and also the question 'are people punished for doing bad things?'.
Plato's argument (Less Simple)
A mind that thinks and reasons
A spirit or a self that looks after the person
A body that does things, likes things, hates things and wants things (such as food, drink and sex).
Philosophers who think for the society
Soldiers who look after the society
Workers who do things in the society, who make food, drink and more workers.
Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy.
It is the study of art and beauty.
Together with ethics, it is part of axiology which is the philosophy of what people like.
Aesthetic philosophers ask what people like to see, hear, feel, smell or taste, and why they like these things.
Aesthetic philosophers also ask if art has any value.
For example, they may ask if some art that nobody likes and that nobody wants is art at all or if it is something else.
Plato, Aristotle, and Immanuel Kant are some important philosophers of aesthetics.
One theory in aesthetics is called subjectivism.
Subjectivism says that each person has a sense of beauty.
So, the only way of judging something's beauty is if people say it is beautiful.
A common way of describing this is "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder".
Subjectivism also says, for the same reason, that something is art simply because someone says it is art.
This is backed up by the experience.
Even though people feel that something is beautiful, they may not be able to explain why.
Many objectivist theories of beauty have been offered, going from the ancient ideas of Plato and Aristotle (e.g., the golden mean,) which still have great appeal in their way to neuroscience research into the brain's response to images and other sensitive information.
At the moment, even though we do not know what people are thinking, brain-scan technology can identify when people are responding pleasurably to images, providing some clue as to how certain images affect some people.
But what if a person picks up a rock from the ground - is the rock a piece of art?
Aesthetics -Citizendium
Wesley Earl "Wes" Craven (August 2, 1939 – August 30, 2015) was an American movie director, producer and writer.
He is well known for horror movie classics including A Nightmare on Elm Street and Scream.
On August 30, 2015, Wes Craven died of brain cancer at his home in Los Angeles.
He was 76 years old.
Together (1971)
The Last House on the Left (1972)
The Hills Have Eyes (1977)
Summer Of Fear aka Stranger In Our House (1978)
Deadly Blessing (1981)
Swamp Thing (1982)
A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)
Deadly Friend (1986)
The Serpent and the Rainbow (1988)
Wes Craven's Shocker (1989)
The People Under the Stairs (1991)
Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994)
Scream (1996)
Scream 2 (1997)
Music of the Heart (1999)
Scream 3 (2000)
They (2002)
Cursed (2005)
Red Eye (2005)
Wes Craven official website
Actors from Cleveland, Ohio
Writers from Cleveland, Ohio
Earth, Wind & Fire are an American funk group.
They formed in Chicago in 1969 and were very popular in the 1970s.
1970 - Earth, Wind & Fire
1971 - The Need of Love
1972 - Last Days And Time
1973 - Head To The Sky
1974 - Open Our Eyes
1975 - That's The Way Of The World
1976 - Spirit
1977 - All 'N All
1979 - I Am
1980 - Faces
1981 - Raise!
1983 - Powerlight
1983 - Electric Universe
1987 - Touch The World
1990 - Heritage
1993 - Millennium
1997 - In The Name Of Love
2003 - The Promise
2005 - Illumination
2005 - That's The Way Of The World
1969 establishments in Illinois
African-American musical groups
American R&B bands
Fifth Dimension was a singing group popular in the 1960s and 1970s, some of the songs they sang include:
"Up, Up, and Away"
"One Less Bell to Answer"
"Aquarius/Let the Sun Shine In"
"California Soul"
"Stone Soul Picnic"
"Workin' on a Groovy Thing"
The Kinks were an English rock band.
They first became popular in the 1960s.
The band had a lot of hits during the 1960s and 70s.
The band was formed in 1964 by the brothers Ray and Dave Davies.
The Kinks are one of the most important and influential rock acts of the era.
Their music was influenced by a wide range of genres, including rhythm and blues, British music hall, folk and country.
Between the mid-1960s and early 1970s, the group released a lot of commercially and critically successful singles and LPs.
The group reached a reputation for songs and concept albums which show English culture and lifestyle.
Albums such as Face to Face, Something Else, The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society, Arthur, Lola Versus Powerman and the Moneygoround and Muswell Hillbillies, are considered among the most influential recordings of the period.
The Kinks had five Top 10 singles on the US Billboard chart.
Nine of their albums charted in the Top 40.
In the UK, the group had seventeen Top 20 singles and five Top 10 albums.
Bandmembers
Active: Feb 1964–1996Instruments: lead vocals, rhythm guitar, harmonica, keyboards
Release contributions: all Kinks releases
Ray Davies was a member of the original band formed in 1964.
Active: Feb 1964–1996
Instruments: lead guitar, vocals
Dave Davies was a member of the original band formed in 1964.
Mick Avory
Active: Feb 1964–1984
Instruments: drums and percussion
Release contributions: all Kinks releases from Kinks (1964) to Word of Mouth (1984)
Mick Avory was a member of the original band formed in 1964.
Pete Quaife
Active: Feb 1964–June 1966, Nov 1966–Mar 1969
Instruments: bass guitar, backup vocals
Release contributions: from Kinks (1964) to The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society (1968)
Pete Quaife was a member of the original band formed in 1964.
Active: June–Nov 1966, Apr 1969–1976, 1978
Instruments: bass guitar, vocals
Release contributions: all releases from Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire) to Misfits
Dalton briefly covered for Quaife in 1966 only to replace him full-time in 1969 after the latter quit.
John Gosling
Active: 1970–1978
Instruments: keyboards, vocals
Release contributions: all releases from Lola Versus Powerman and the Moneygoround, Part One (1970) to Misfits (1978)
The band expanded into a five piece in 1970.
Andy Pyle
Active: 1976–1978
Release contributions: Sleepwalker (1977) and Misfits (1978)
Andy Pyle replaced John Dalton after the latter quit the band in 1976, only in turn to be replaced by Dalton.
Gordon John Edwards
Active: 1978
Release contributions: none
Gordon John Edwards briefly toured with the band during 1978.
Active: 1978–1996
Release contributions: all releases from Low Budget (1979) to To the Bone (1996)
Jim Rodford stepped in when Dalton finally left the band in 1978
Ian Gibbons
Active: 1979–1989, 1993–1996
Instruments: keyboards, backup vocals
Release contributions: all releases from Give the People What They Want (1981) to To the Bone (1996), apart from Phobia (1993)
Ian Gibbons joined the band after the band recorded Low Budget.
Bob Henrit
Active: 1984–1996
Release contributions: all releases from Think Visual (1986) to To the Bone (1996)
Bob Henrit replaced Mick Avory in 1984 after Avory and Davies quarreled in the studio.
Mark Haley
Active: 1989–1993
After Gibbons left the band Mark Haley toured with them.
Positions in UK charts
You Really Got Me - No.
All Day and All of the Night - No.
2 (1964)
Tired of Waiting for You - No.
Dedicated Follower of Fashion - No.
4 (1966)
Sunny Afternoon - No.
Dead End Street - No.
5 (1966)
Waterloo Sunset - No.
2 (1967)
Autumn Almanac - No.
3 (1967)
Lola - No.
2 (1970)
Apeman - No.
5 (1970)
Live and other albums
1968 – Live at Kelvin Hall (Released in the US as The Live Kinks in 1967) #162 US
1980 – One for the Road #14 US
1988 – Live: The Road
1994 – To the Bone
Year !!
Album Title !!
Highest UK Chart Position !!
Highest US Chart Position
|1966 || Greatest Hits! (
US-only album) || align="center" | - || align="center" | #9
|1966 || Well Respected Kinks || align="center" | #5 || align="center" | -
|1967 || Sunny Afternoon(UK-only album) || align="center" | #9 || align="center" | -
|1970 || The Hit Collection || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|1971 || Golden Hour of the Kinks(UK-only album) || align="center" | #21 || align="center" | -
|1972 || The Kink Kronikles(US-only album) || align="center" | - || align="center" | #94
|1973 || The Great Lost Kinks Album || align="center" | - || align="center" | #145
|1974 || Golden Hour of the Kinks Vol.
2(UK-only album) || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|1974 || Lola, Percy and the Apeman Come Face to Facewith the Village Green Preservation Society || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|1976 || The Kinks' Greatest: Celluloid Heroes || align="center" | - || align="center" | #105
|1978 || 20 Golden Greats || align="center" | #19 || align="center" | -
|1980 || Second Time Around || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|1981 || The Kinks Collection || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|1983 || Candy from Mr. Dandy(US-only album) || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|1983 || Dead End Street: Kinks Greatest Hits || align="center" | #96 || align="center" | -
|1984 || Kinks Kollectables || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|1984 || The Kinks: A Compleat Collection20th Anniversary Edition || align="center" | - || align="center" | #209
|1985 || The Kinks: Backtrackin' (The Definitive Double Album Collection) || align="center" | - || align="center" |
|1986 || Come Dancing with the Kinks: The Best of 1977-1986 || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|1988 || The Kinks Are Well Respected Men || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|1989 || 25 Years: The Ultimate Collection || align="center" | #35 || align="center" | -
|1992 || The Kinks Story Vol.
1: 1964-1966 || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
2: 1967-1971 || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|1993 || The Definitive Collection: The Kinks Greatest Hits || align="center" | #18 || align="center" | -
|1994 || You Really Got Me: The Very Best of The Kinks || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|1997 || The Singles Collection || align="center" | #42 || align="center" | -
|1998 || God Save The Kinks, Vol.
1 || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
2 || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
3 || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|1999 || You Really Got Me: The Best of The Kinks || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|2001 || BBC Sessions: 1964-1977 || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
|2002 || The Ultimate Collection || align="center" | #32 || align="center" | -
|2007 || The Ultimate Collection(re-released as a 2-CD set) || align="center" | #1(Indie Chart) || align="center" | -
|2008 || Picture Book (6-CD box set) || align="center" | - || align="center" | -
1964 – Kinksize Session 1965 – Kinksize Hits 1965 – Kwyet Kinks 1966 – Dedicated Kinks 1968 – The Kinks 1991 – Did Ya''
1996 disestablishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 1996
The name diesel is given to an engine invented by a German named Rudolf Diesel in the late 19th century.
It is one of the most used kinds of internal combustion engine.
Most other engines need a system called an ignition system – one that uses an electric spark – in order to burn the mix of fuel and air and make power.
Other types of ignition systems use compressed air from an outside source, such as an air compressor.
A diesel does not.
It burns a diesel fuel (similar to heating oil) through very high compression or pressing together of the mix.
A tiny bit of fuel is injected, or forced, into the engine's cylinders at just the right moment.
Since gases heat when they are pressed together, the compression of the air and fuel mix cause the mix to explode within the cylinder.
Diesel engines make very good use of the fuel they burn.
They also make lots of torque (pronounced "tork"), or twisting power.
An engine with a lot of torque will be able to spin its shaft even if it is very hard to do so.
This makes a diesel engine a good choice in heavy equipment like trucks, trains and construction machines.
The very big trucks on the road have diesel engines in them.
So do train locomotives, unless they are electric or the old steam-powered kind.
Sometimes, even the torque of a diesel engine is not enough to run such big machines.
To boost power, large diesels often have a device called a turbocharger attached.
A turbocharger is a type of turbine – something used to move a lot of air very quickly.
Jet engines also contain a turbine.
In the diesel, pressure from the exhaust spins the turbocharger at a very high speed.
Fresh air is then forced back into the engine.
Since the engine works by pumping air, the more air you can put through it, the more power it makes.
That is where the turbocharger helps.
A diesel engine that has a turbocharger is called a turbodiesel.
The whistling sound sometimes heard near one of these engines is caused by the turbocharger, or "turbo" for short.
A diesel engine can also be made to run on canola oil made from old cooking oil.
This type of fuel is called biodiesel.
Running a diesel engine on biodiesel fuel makes the exhaust smell like food.
Vegetable oil as fuel is not a new idea.
The engine that Rudolf Diesel used to demonstrate his new idea ran on canola oil.
A megabyte (MB) is a large number used when talking about hard drives or computer memory.
One megabyte is 1 million bytes or 1 thousand kilobytes.
Until December 1998, when the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) first defined a mebibyte as 220, or 1,048,576 bytes, megabyte also meant either 1,048,576 bytes, or 1,024,000 bytes.
Casual computer users still often use megabyte to mean one of these numbers.
A waffle is a cooked food made from a batter that consists of flour, water, baking powder, oil, and eggs.
It has a gridlike appearance because it is cooked in between two hot metal plates in an electric kitchen appliance called a waffle iron.
Waffles are cooked until they become golden-brown in color, with a crispy outer texture and a soft interior.
Waffles are served as a breakfast or as a dessert, and they are usually served with sweet sauces or toppings.
Waffle has two definitions, the edible kind of waffles, but also the verb waffle means to talk on and on, often about random things.
Synonyms include ramble
Serving
For breakfast
In North America, waffles are often eaten for breakfast on weekends or holidays.
Freshly-baked waffles are topped with maple syrup and served with breakfast sausages, eggs, orange juice, and hot coffee.
As a dessert
In Belgium, France, and the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec, waffles are often served as a dessert, after dinner is finished.
Freshly-baked waffles are topped with sweet toppings such as chocolate syrup, bananas, strawberries, or whipped cream.
Varieties of waffles
American waffles are often made from a batter leavened with baking powder and may be round, square, or rectangular in shape.
They are usually served as a sweet breakfast food, topped with butter and maple syrup, bacon, and other fruit syrups, honey, or powdered sugar.
They are also found in many different savory dishes, such as fried chicken and waffles or topped with kidney stew.
Waffles were first introduced to North America in 1620 by Pilgrims who brought the method from Holland.
Belgian waffles, or Brussels waffles, are made with a yeast-leavened batter.
It is generally, but not always, lighter, thicker, and crispier and has larger pockets compared to other waffle varieties.
They are easy to tell the difference from Liège Waffles by their rectangular sides.
In Belgium, most waffles are served warm by street vendors and dusted with confectioner's sugar.
In tourist areas they might be topped with whipped cream, soft fruit or chocolate spread.
Despite their name, 'Brussels waffles' were actually invented in Ghent in 1839.
They were introduced to America by restaurateur Maurice Vermersch.
He sold Brussels waffles under the name "Bel-Gem Waffles" at the New York's 1964 World's Fair.
The Liège waffle (from the city of Liège, in eastern Belgium) is a richer, denser, sweeter, and chewier waffle.
It was invented by the chef of the prince-bishop of Liège in the 18th century,  It has chunks of pearl sugar which caramelize on the outside of the waffle when baked.
It is the most common type of waffle in Belgium.
It is made in plain, vanilla and cinnamon varieties by street vendors across the nation.
Bergische waffles, or Waffles from Berg county, are a specialty of the German region of Bergisches Land.
The waffles are crisp and less dense than Belgian waffles.
They are always heart shaped.
They are served with cherries, cream and sometimes rice pudding as part of the traditional afternoon feast on Sundays in the region.
Hong Kong style waffle, in Hong Kong called a "grid cake" or "grid biscuits" (格仔餅), is a waffle usually made and sold by street hawkers and eaten warm on the street.
It is similar to a traditional waffle but larger, round in shape and divided into four quarters.
It is usually served as a snack.
Butter, peanut butter and sugar are spread on one side of the cooked waffle.
Then it is folded into a semicircle to eat.
Eggs, sugar and evaporated milk are used in the waffle recipes, giving them a sweet flavor.
They are generally soft and not dense.
Traditional Hong Kong style waffles are full of the flavor of yolk.
Sometimes different flavors, such as chocolate and honey melon, are used in the recipe and create various colors.
Another style of Hong Kong waffle is the eggette or gai daan jai (鷄蛋仔), which have a ball-shaped pattern.
Pandan waffles come from Vietnam.
They use pandan flavoring and coconut milk in the  batter.
The pandan flavoring gives the batter a spring green color.
When cooked, the waffle browns and crisps on the outside and stays green and chewy on the inside.
Unlike most waffles, pandan waffles are usually eaten plain.
Scandinavian style waffles, common throughout the Nordic countries, are thin and made in a heart-shaped waffle iron.
The batter is similar to other varieties.
The most common style are sweet, with whipped or sour cream and strawberry or raspberry jam, or berries, or simply sugar, on top.
Stroopwafel are thin waffles with a syrup filling.
They were first made in Gouda in the Netherlands during the 18th or 19th century.
The stiff batter for the waffles is made from flour, butter, brown sugar, yeast, milk, and eggs.
Medium-sized balls of batter are put on the waffle iron.
When the waffle is baked and while it is still warm, it is cut into two halves.
The warm filling, made from syrup, brown sugar, butter, and cinnamon, is spread in between the waffle halves, which glues them together.
They are popular in Belgium and the Netherlands and sold in pre-prepared packages from local supermarkets.
Waffle is also a slang term meaning "to keep changing one's mind.".
For example, if a reporter is asking a politician a question, and the politician does not give a clear answer, the reporter might say that the politician was "waffling."
It can also mean to keep repeating the same information in a different way or make no useful points.
Belgian food
Stargard Szczeciński (German: Stargard in Pommern) is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland, with 71,400 inhabitants (2003).
Situated on the Ina river, it is the capital of Stargard County in West Pomeranian Voivodship.
Towns in Poland
The Walt Disney Company and its related companies
Walt Disney Pictures, which it also owns
Walt Disney, co-founder of the Walt Disney Company
Roy Oliver Disney, Walt's brother and co-founder of the company
Roy Edward Disney, son of Roy Oliver and leader of the Save Disney campaign
Disney, Oklahoma, a small town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma
Ruby slippers are red shoes that are worn by the character Dorothy (Judy Garland) in the movie The Wizard of Oz.
They are an important part of the story.
Many pairs of slippers were made for the movie.
One pair can be seen at the Smithsonian Institution in the United States.
The others are owned by private collectors.
Dorothy gets the slippers after her house falls on the Wicked Witch of the East, killing the witch.
The witch's sister, the Wicked Witch of the West, wants the ruby slippers.
She attacks Dorothy many times during her journey down the yellow brick road.
The Wicked Witch of the West wants the slippers for herself so she can become the most powerful witch in all of the land of Oz.
Dorothy knows that the slippers are powerful, but she does not know why.
At the end of the movie, she learns their power: click your heels together three times, and repeat "There's no place like home."
In 1904 he was ordained as a priest in the Roman Church of Santa Maria.
Later in 1905, the new Bishop of Bergamo, Giacomo Maria Radini Tedeschi, appointed Angelo his secretary.
Angelo went with Bishop Giacomo to all his pastoral visits.
Angelo also helped him with many other tasks like managing the diocesan bulletin, going on pilgrimages, and social works.
Angelo did more than just that while in the seminary; using his very good preaching skills he taught history, patrology, and apologetics.
It was in the seminary he met the two future saints that would affect his life dramatically.
These two Saints were St. Charles Borromeo and St. Francis de Sales, who were both very good pastors in the same seminary, and had a kind of apprentice like relationship.
Father Angelo was extremely devoted to Bishop Giacomo until his death in 1914.
After Bishop Giacomo’s death, Father Angelo continued teaching in the seminary, but was dragged into World War I and served as a medical corps sergeant after the war started Italy’s first home for poor young students.
His life after the war started changing dramatically, and he even got the attention of Pope Pius XI.
Pope Pius XI named him Apostolic Visitator in Bulgaria, which brought him to the episcopate with the titular Diocese of Areopolis.
He chose a motto, Oboedientia et Pax, which was his motto for the rest of his life.
Roncalli was Patriarch of Venice from 1953 to 1958.
Venice is the see of a cardinal.
Cardinal Roncalli was elected pope on October 29, 1958.
His coronation was televised in Europe, and filmed for viewing in other parts of the world.
Pope John expanded the College of Cardinals by naming the first African Cardinal, the first Japanese Cardinal, the first Filipino Cardinal.
and the first Venezuelan Cardinal.
Pope John brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called Vatican Council II.
It was ended by the Pope's death.
After his death
John XXIII is buried with other popes in a crypt below St. Peter's Basilica.
According to the official news agency of the Soviet Union, the pope's reign "was marked by fruitful activity for the sake of consolidating peace and peaceful cooperation among nations."
On September 3, 2000, Pope John XXIII was beatified and given the title of "Blessed John XXIII".
On April 27, 2014, Pope John XXIII was canonized by Pope Francis and declared a new Saint of the Catholic Church given the title of "Saint John XXIII" alongside Pope John Paul II now known as "Saint John Paul II".
Vatican webpage, John XXIII biography
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul IV
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Roncalli
1881 births
Beatified people
People from Lombardy
Beauty is a subjective concept.
Something is beautiful if it is nice to look at it, hear it, feel it, taste it, smell it or think about it.
It is also the name of a feeling that is hard to describe.
The nature of this feeling varies from person to person and culture to culture.
It is not known if only humans can feel it.
There are many ideas about what beauty is.
Some people say that beauty is:
The similarity between a real object and an object of art.
For example, a beautiful picture might be one that looks very lifelike.
The similarity between any object and what you think it 'should' look like.
For example, a beautiful tree might be one with a straight brown trunk and lots of green leaves, or beautiful clouds might be those that are white and fluffy (like wool).
The way an object makes us feel: happy, sad, angry, or something else (emotional).
For example, a beautiful piece of music might be one which makes people feel very happy or very sad.
The quality of an object.
For example, a beautiful story might be very well written.
In regards to writing, a piece may be beautiful through use of intricacies and depth which gives the reader a mental image or a certain feeling or feelings of emotion.
Poetry is one example of writing that can be considered beautiful in the way it "paints" a picture or brings about an emotional response.
There are many other theories.
Some things that people say are beautiful are not explained by any of these ideas.
The 2020s (pronounced "twenty-twenties" or "two thousand twenties") is the current decade that began on January 1, 2020 and will end on December 31, 2029.
When the decade began, the COVID-19 pandemic spread around the world, causing many disruptions.
In 2020, the United Kingdom left the European Union (Brexit)
Starting in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has been spreading around the world.
Over 200 million people have been infected, and more than 4 million have died.
The economic caused many dispute, which led to a recession.
November 3 – Joe Biden is elected as 46th President of the United States, defeating incumbent Donald Trump.
January 21 – Joe Biden is sworn in as 46th President of the United States.
The 2020 Summer Olympics happened in 2021 instead.
They were moved a year later because of the COVID-19 pandemic
In 2004, then President of the United States George W. Bush said that people would try to fly to Mars some time in this decade.
In 2027, the autopsy (study of a dead body to find out how that person died) of Elvis Presley will be published.
The guitar is a string instrument which is played by plucking the strings.
The main parts of a guitar are the body, the fretboard, the headstock and the strings.
Guitars are usually made from wood or plastic.
Their strings are made of steel or nylon.
The guitar strings are plucked with the fingers and fingernails of the right hand (or left hand, for left handed players), or a small pick made of thin plastic.
This type of pick is called a "plectrum" or guitar pick.
The left hand holds the neck of the guitar while the fingers pluck the strings.
Different finger positions on the fretboard make different notes.
Guitar-like plucked string instruments have been used for many years.
In many countries and at many different time periods, guitars and other plucked string instruments have been very popular, because they are light to carry from place to place, they are easier to learn to play than many other instruments.
Guitars are used for many types of music, from Classical to Rock.
Most pieces of popular music that have been written since the 1950s are written with guitars.
There are many different types of guitars, classified on how they are made and the type of music they are used for.
All traditional types of guitar have a body which is hollow.
This makes the sound of the strings louder, and gives the guitar its quality.
This type of guitar is called "acoustic". (
An acoustic instrument is one that makes its own dynamics.)
From the 1930s, people started making and playing guitars that used electricity and amplifiers to control the loudness.
These guitars, which are often used in popular music, are called electric guitars.
They do not need to have a hollow body.
This is because they do not use acoustics to amplify the sound.
Most guitars have six strings, but there are also guitars with four, seven, eight, ten, or twelve strings.
More strings make the instrument sound fuller.
The neck of a guitar has bars or marks called frets.
Frets help a guitarist know where to put his or her fingers to get the right pitch when playing.
Standard tuning defines the string pitches as E, A, D, G, B, and E, from lowest (low E2) to highest (high E4).
Standard tuning is used by most guitarists, and frequently used tunings can be understood as variations on standard tuning.
Word origin
The word guitar was adopted into English from Spanish word guitarra in the 1600s.
In the Middle Ages the word gitter or gittern was used in England.
Both guitarra and gitter came from the Latin word cithara.
The word cithara came from the earlier Greek word kithara.
Kithara could have come from the Persian word sehtār.
seh meaning "three" and tār meaning "string".
There is also a similar but two-stringed Persian instrument named dotār.
do means "two" in Persian.
The Indian sitar instrument was named after the Persian sehtār.
The sihtar itself is related to the Indian instrument, the sitar.
A person who plays a guitar is called a guitarist.
A person who makes or fixes guitars is a luthier, which comes from the word "lute".
The word "lute", comes from the Arabic "Al-Uud", a stringed instrument from the Middle East.
The guitar appears to be derived from earlier instruments known in ancient central Asia as the Sitara.
Instruments very similar to the guitar appear in ancient carvings and statues recovered from the old Iranian capitol of Susa.
The modern word, guitar, was adopted into English from the Spanish word guitarra, which came from the older Greek word kithara.
Possible sources for various names of musical instruments that guitar could be derived from appear to be a combination of two Indo-European roots: guit-, similar to Sanskrit sangeet meaning "music", and -tar a widely found root meaning "cord" or "string".
The word guitar is a word that the Iberian Arabic language took from the Persian language.
The word qitara is an Arabic name for various members of the lute family that preceded the Western guitar.
The word guitarra was introduced into Spanish when such instruments were brought into Iberia by the Moors after the 10th century.
There have been instruments like the guitar for at least 5,000 years.
The guitar may have come from older instruments known as the sitara from ancient India and central Asia.
The oldest known picture of a guitar-like instrument is a 3300 year old stone carving of a Hittite bard.
The oldest guitar-like instrument that is still complete is the "Warwick Gittern" in the British Museum.
It belonged to Elizabeth I of England and probably to her father Henry VIII before it was given to her.
It is about 500 years old.
The design of the modern guitar began with the Roman cithara.
The cithara was brought by the Romans to Hispania (Spain) around 40 AD.
In the 8th century the Moors brought the four-stringed oud into Spain.
The introduction to the oud caused changes to the design of the cithara.
In other parts of Europe, the six-string Scandinavian lut (lute) became popular wherever the Vikings had been.
By 1200 AD, there were two types of the four string "guitar": the guitarra morisca (Moorish guitar) from Spain which had a rounded back, wide fingerboard and several soundholes, and the guitarra latina (Latin guitar) which was more like the modern guitar with one sound hole and a narrower neck.
The Spanish vihuela, of the 16th century, was another instrument similar to the guitar.
It had lute-style tuning and a body that was like a guitar.
The vihuela was only popular for a short amount of time.
It is not known whether it was simply a design that combined features of the oud and lute or a transition from the Renaissance instrument to the modern guitar.
The Vinaccia family from Naples, Italy were famous mandolin makers.
It is thought that they also made the oldest six-string guitar that still exists.
There is a guitar built that was signed and dated 1779 on the label by Gaetano Vinaccia (1759 - after 1831) Although there are many fakes that have dates on them from that time, this guitar is believed by experts to be genuine (real).
The electric guitar was made by George Beauchamp in 1936.
Beauchamp co-founded a company called Rickenbacher to make guitars.
However, Danelectro was the first to produce electric guitars for the public to use.
Different kinds of guitars
Modern guitars come in four main types.
The classical guitar is used for classical music.
The term acoustic guitar is generally used for a guitar used for popular music, even though a classical guitar is also an acoustic instrument.
There are many other different types of acoustic guitars from different parts of the world.
A electric guitar can be flat, hollow, or semi-hollow (solid with hollow pockets on the sides), and produces sound through its pickups, which are wire-wound magnets that are screwed onto the guitar.
Some guitars combine the hollow acoustic body with amplified sound.
Bass guitars are designed to make a low bass rhythm.
A special electric folding travel guitar called the Foldaxe (briefly manufactured by Hoyer in 1977) was invented for Chet Atkins (in Atkins' book "Me and My Guitars") by inventor and guitarist Roger Field, featuring a built-in way to keep the string tension and tuning the same even when folded, and ready to play when unfolded.
Atkins demonstrated his several times on US television, and also on The Today Show with Les Paul, who was with him as a guest.
Guitars are used in many different genres of music, such as traditional, regional, and folk to modern punk, rock, metal or pop.
Guitars are used as rhythm instruments, lead instruments, and sometimes both.
A capo is a device which can be placed on any of the guitar's frets which don't lie on the body itself.
This enables the user to change key without changing the tuning of the guitar strings.
There are multiple types of capos, some latch around the whole guitar neck and some just clamp onto the back and fret board.
Guitar physics
International Guitar Research Archive
The first rock guitars
Online Guitar Tuner - Standard Tuning.
Modern Guitarist - News, reviews and articles.
A guitarist is a person who plays the guitar.
A guitar is a type of musical instrument.
Noted guitarists
Baroque (XVII & XVIII century)
Antoine Carré
Francesco Corbetta (ca 1615-1681)
Giovanni Battista Granata
Francisco Guerau
Girolamo Montesardo
Alonso Mudarra (1510-1580)
Santiago de Murcia (Around 1682 or 1685-1732) (Spain)
Gaspar Sanz (1640-1710) (Spain)
Robert de Visée (ca 1658-1725) (France)
XIX century
Dionisio Aguado (1784-1849) (Spain)
Matteo Carcassi (1792-1853) (Italy)
Ferdinando Carulli (1770-1841) (Italy)
Napoléon Coste (1806-1883) (France)
Adam Darr (1811-1866) (Germany)
José Ferrer (1835-1916)
Francois de Fossa (1775-1849) (Spain-France)
Mauro Giuliani (1781-1829) (Italy)
Johann Kaspar Mertz (1806-1856) (Austrian-based, born in Slovakia.)
Francesco Molino (1775–1847)
Niccolò Paganini (1782-1840) (Italian)
Giulio Regondi (Italian)
Luis T. Romero(1854-1893)(American)
Fernando Sor (1778-1839) (Spanish)
Andrei Osipovich Sychra (1773 or 1776 - 1850) (Russia)
Francisco Tárrega (1852—1909) (Spanish)
XX century
Laurindo Almeida (1917-1995)(Brasil)
María Luisa Anido (1907-1996) (Argentina, Spain)
Agustín Pío Barrios (1885-1944) (Paraguay)
Abel Carlevaro (1916-2001) (Uruguay)
Leif Christensen 1950-1988
Alirio Diaz (b. 1923)
Dimitri Fampas (1921-1996)
Sila Godoy (b. 1919)
Alexandre Lagoya (1929-1999)
Antonio Lauro (1917-1986)
Miguel Llobet (1878-1938)
Gustavo Lopez 1920-1979
Sergei Orekhov (1935–1998)
Emilio Pujol (1886-1980)
Ida Presti (1924-1967)
Celedonio Romero (1913-1996)
Regino Sainz de la Maza (1896-1981, Spain)
Andrés Segovia (1893-1987, Spain)
José Tomás (1934-2001)
Narciso Yepes (1927-1997)
Lily Afshar (b. 19--) (Iran / U.S.)
Adnan Ahmedic (b.1975) (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Cesar Amaro (b. 1948) (Uruguay)
Magnus Andersson (b. 1955) (Sweden)
Sergio Assad (b. 1952) (Brazil)
Denis Azabagić (b. 1972) (Bosnia-Herzegovina)
Manuel Barrueco (b. 1952) (Cuba)
Gilbert Biberian (b. 1944)
Dušan Bogdanović (b. 1955) (Yugoslavia now Serbia / U.S.)
Liona Boyd (b. 1949)
Julian Bream (b. 1933) (United Kingdom)
Leo Brouwer (b. 1939) (Cuba)
Charo (b. 1951) (Spain)ffz
Máximo Diego Pujol
Carlo Domeniconi (b. 1947) (Italy)
Juanjo Domínguez (b. 1951) (Argentina)
Zoran Dukic (b. 1969) (Croatia)
Roland Dyens (b. 1955) (France)
Gabriel Estarellas (Spain)
Roberto Fabbri (b.1964) (Italy)
Eva Fampas (b. 1964) (Greece)
Oliver Fartach-Naini (b. 1964) (Germany)
Eliot Fisk (b. 1958) (U.S. / Austria)
Yorgos Foudoulis (Greece)
José González (Sweden)
Kostas Grigoreas (b. 1957) (Greece)
Robin Hill (b. 1953) (United Kingdom)
Adam Holzman (b. 1960)
Tilman Hoppstock (b. 1961) (Germany)
Simone Iannarelli (b. 1970) (Italy)
Sharon Isbin (b. 1956) (U.S.)
Ólavur Jakobsen  (b. 1964) Faroe Islands
Maria Kämmerling (b. 1946)
William Kanengiser (U.S.)
Nikita Koshkin (b. 1956) (Russia)
Goran Krivokapić (b. 1979) (Serbia)
David Leisner (b. 1953) (U.S.
Stephen Marchionda 1967 (U.S. / Spain)
Carlo Marchione (b. 1964) (Italy)
Martha Masters (b. 1972) (U.S.)
Pablo Márquez (b. 1967) (Argentina)
Jaime Mirtenbaum Zenamon
Gentil Montaña (b. 1942) (Colombia)
Jorge Morel (b. 1931)
Erling Møldrup (b. 1943)
Thomas Müller-Pering (b. 1958)
Gordon O'Brien (b. 1966)
Erkan Ogur (b. 1954) (Turkey)
Christopher Parkening (b. 1947)
Marco Pereira
Robert Phillips (b. 1953) (U.S.)
Álvaro Pierri (Uruguay)
Alberto Ponce (b. 1935), (Spain / France)
Stanko Prek
Štěpán Rak (b. 1945) (Czech Republic)
Angel Romero (b. 1946) (Spain)
Pepe Romero (b. 1944) (Spain)
David Russell (b. 1953) (United Kingdom (Scotland))
Stephan Schmidt (Germany / Switzerland based)
María Isabel Siewers
Göran Söllscher
David Starobin (b. 1951) (U.S.)
Pavel Steidl (b. 1961), (Czechoslovakia (now in the Czech Republic)/Netherlands)
David Tanenbaum (b. 1956) (U.S.)
Scott Tennant (b. 1962) (U.S.)
Ana Vidović (b. 1980) (Croatia)
Jerry Willard
John Williams (b. 1941) (Australia)
Alan Banks (Australia)
Kazuhito Yamashita (b. 1961) (Japan)
Andrew York (U.S.)
Laura Young (Canada)
Yang Xuefei (b. 1977) (People's Republic of China)
Simon Cheong (b. 1959) (Malaysia)
Albert Lee
B.J. Cole
Arlen Roth
Danny Gatton
Jerry Donahue
Will Ray
John Jorgenson
Brent Mason
Scotty Anderson
Norman Blake
Dan Crary
Joe Maphis
Mark O'Connor
Luther Perkins
Pete Drake
Don Reno
Speedy West
Bob Wootton
Buddy Emmons
Jerry Byrd
Leon McAuliffe
Bill Frisell
Frank Gambale
Scott Henderson
Stanley Jordan
Enver Izmailov
Barney Kessel
Eddie Lang
Tony Macalpine
Pat Martino
Randy Napoleon
Andreas Paolo Perger
Snoozer Quinn
Marc Ribot
John Scofield
Mike Stern
Szabó Gábor
Herb Ellis
Folk and acoustic
William Ackerman
Dan Ar Braz
Doyle Dykes
Dave Ellis
Gordon Giltrap
Adrian Legg
John Martyn
Ellen McIlwaine
Tom Paxton
Al Perkins
Stochelo Rosenberg
Art Paul Schlosser
Patrick Beverley
Paul Simon (Simon and Garfunkel)
Francois Luambo Makiadi "Franco"
Pierre Bensusan
Luther Allison
Blind Blake
Doyle Bramhall
Big Bill Broonzy
Chris Cain
Robert Cray
Steve 'The Colonel' Cropper
Robben Ford
Jesse Fuller
Guitar Shorty
Guitar Slim
John Hammond, Jr.
Luther 'Guitar Junior' Johnson
Little Jimmy King
J.B. Lenoir
Mance Lipscomb
Mississippi Fred McDowell
Brownie McGhee
Blind Willie McTell
Memphis Minnie
Matt 'Guitar' Murphy
Charlie Patton
Tampa Red
Robert Ross
Kenny Wayne Shepherd
Jimmy Vaughan
Joe Louis Walker
Bukka White
Josh White
Pat Megroin
Tommy O'Brien
Peter(The Beard) Longjohn
Rock/pop
Jim Adkins (Jimmy Eat World)
Duane Allman (Derek and the Dominos, Allman Brothers Band)
Matt Bellamy (Muse)
Trey Anastasio (Phish)
Billie Joe Armstrong (Green Day)
Nick Thompson (Retravox)
Perry Bamonte
Adrian Belew (Frank Zappa, King Crimson, The Bears)
Ritchie Blackmore (Deep Purple)
Lindsey Buckingham (Fleetwood Mac)
Eric Clapton (The Yardbirds, Cream, Derek and the Dominos, Blind Faith)
Kurt Cobain (Nirvana)
Warren Cuccurullo (Frank Zappa, Missing Persons, and Duran Duran)
Mattias "IA" Eklundh (Freak Kitchen)
David Evans aka The Edge (U2)
Ace Frehley (Kiss)
Robert Fripp (King Crimson)
John Frusciante (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
Noel Gallagher (Oasis)
Jerry Garcia (the Grateful Dead)
David Gilmour (Pink Floyd)
Paul Gilbert (Mr. Big)
George Harrison (The Beatles)
Jimi Hendrix (The Jimi Hendrix Experience)
Steve Howe (Yes)
Chrissie Hynde (The Pretenders)
Mark Knopfler (Dire Straits and Notting HillBillies)
Robby Krieger (The Doors)
Goktan Kural (Hazerfan)
Tweke Lewis (Man Wild Turkey Tyla Gang)
Alex Lifeson (Rush)
Tom Linton (Jimmy Eat World)
Hank B. Marvin (The Shadows)
Johnny Marr  (The Smiths)
Mick Mars (Mötley Crüe)
Brian May (Queen)
Mike McCready (Pearl Jam)
Roger McGuinn (The Byrds)
Barry Melton (Country Joe and the Fish, The Dinosaurs)
Midoru
Vinnie Moore
Tom Morello (Rage Against The Machine)
Dave Navarro (Jane's Addiction, Red Hot Chili Peppers)
Jimmy Page (Led Zeppelin, The Yardbirds
Joe Perry (Aerosmith)
Tom Petty (Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers)
Johnny Ramone (Ramones)
Sheldon Reynolds (Earth, Wind & Fire, solo artist)
Keith Richards (The Rolling Stones)
Michael Roe
Michael Monarch (Steppenwolf)
Mick Ronson (played with David Bowie)
Richie Sambora (Bon Jovi)
Neal Schon (Journey )
James Honeyman-Scott (The Pretenders)
Brian Setzer (The Stray Cats, The Brian Setzer Orchestra)
Slash (Slash's Snakepit, Guns N' Roses, and Velvet Revolver)
Billy Squier
John Squire
Izzy Stradlin (Guns N' Roses)
Andy Summers (The Police)
Porl Thompson
Pete Townshend (The Who)
Steve Vai (Frank Zappa, Alcatrazz, David Lee Roth, and Whitesnake)
Eddie Van Halen (Van Halen)
Tom Verlaine (Television)
Jack White (The White Stripes)
Jason White (Pinhead Gunpowder)
Nancy Wilson (Heart)
Angus Young (AC/DC)
Malcolm Young (AC/DC)
Neil Young (Buffalo Springfield, Crazy Horse, CSN&Y, The Esquires, The Stray Gators)
Frank Zappa (among other things, played with The Mothers of Invention)
Chad Kroeger (NickelBack)
Synyster Gates (Avenged Sevenfold)
Ryan Ross (Panic!
Kiko Loureiro (solo artist, Angra, Megadeth)
Jeff Loomis (Nevermore)
Mikael Åkerfeldt (Opeth
Michael Amott (Arch Enemy)
Jason Becker (solo artist, Cacophony, David Lee Roth)
Nuno Bettencourt (Extreme)
Buckethead (solo artist, Guns N' Roses, Primus)
Bumblefoot (Ron Thal)
Dimebag Darrell (Pantera, Rebel Meets Rebel, Damageplan)
Chris DeGarmo (Queensrÿche)
K. K. Downing (Judas Priest)
Todd Duane (solo artist)
Marty Friedman (solo artist, Cacophony, Megadeth)
Kirk Hammett (Metallica)
James Hetfield (Metallica)
Kenny Hickey (Type O Negative)
Scott Ian (Anthrax)
Chris Impellitteri (solo artist)
Tony Iommi (Black Sabbath)
Matthias Jabs (Scorpions)
Adam Jones (Tool)
Kerry King (Slayer)
Alexi Laiho (Children of Bodom)
Herman Li (DragonForce)
George Lynch (Dokken, Lynch Mob)
Yngwie Malmsteen (solo artist, Alcatrazz, Steeler)
Jim Martin (Faith No More)
Borislav Mitic (solo artist)
Tom Morello (Audioslave and Rage Against the Machine)
James Murphy (solo artist, Death, Disincarnate, Testament)
Dave Murray (Iron Maiden)
Dave Mustaine (Metallica)(Megadeth)
John Petrucci (Megadeth)(Dream Theater)
Randy Rhoads (Quiet Riot, Ozzy Osbourne)
Michael Romeo (Symphony X)
Michael Schenker  (solo artist, UFO)
Rudolph Schenker (Scorpions)
Chuck Schuldiner (Death, Control Denied)
Slash (Guns N' Roses), (Slash's Snakepit), (Velvet Revolver)
Adrian Smith (Iron Maiden)
Bill Steer (Carcass)
Joe Stump
Izzy Stradlin (Guns N' Roses), (Velvet Revolver)
Katherine "The Great Kat" Thomas
Glenn Tipton (Judas Priest)
Steve Vai (Frank Zappa, Alcatrazz, David Lee Roth, Whitesnake)
Tony S Velasquez(solo artist)
Rich Ward (Stuck Mojo), (Sick Speed), (Fozzy), {The Duke)
Michael Wilton (Queensrÿche)
Zakk Wylde (Black Label Society, Ozzy Osbourne), Black Sabbath, Pride and Glory, Solo Artist)
Dweezil Zappa
Benjamin Weinman (The Dillinger Escape Plan)
Mai Kanbe (solo artist, Jack's Big Music Show, Sera Myu)
https://guitartrap.blogspot.com/
British Sea Power is an indie rock band from England.