the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Many Tutsi fled to Uganda, where they formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front, or RPF, which tried to invade Rwanda in 1990.
The genocide against Tutsi
On the night of April 6, 1994, dictator Juvénal Habyarimana's plane was shot down, but it is still not clear who did it.
Within half an hour, roadblocks manned by the Interahamwe militia were seen all over the capital, Kigali.
The genocide against Tutsi had begun.
It lasted for about 100 days, and it left over one million (1,000,000), Tutsi and moderate Hutu dead.
The main weapon used was the machete, or umupanga.
Other countries paid little attention to the killing.
On July 2, 1994, the RPF captured Kigali.
There are five provinces in Rwanda.
These are Northern Province, Southern Province, Eastern Province, Western Province, and the Kigali City in the centre.
At , Rwanda is the world's 149th-largest country.
The entire country is at a high altitude.
The lowest point is the Rusizi River at  above sea level.
Rwanda is in Central/Eastern Africa.
It is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, and Burundi to the south.
It is a few degrees south of the equator and is landlocked.
The capital, Kigali, is near the centre of Rwanda.
The country's longest river is the Nyabarongo.
The Nyabarongo-Kagera eventually drains into Lake Victoria.
It is one of the twenty deepest lakes in the world.
Other sizeable lakes include Burera, Ruhondo, Muhazi, Rweru, and Ihema.
Ihema is the largest of a string of lakes in the eastern plains of Akagera National Park.
There are many mountains in central and western Rwanda.
The highest peaks are found in the Virunga volcano chain in the northwest.
This includes Mount Karisimbi, Rwanda's highest point, at .
The centre of the country is mostly rolling hills.
The eastern border area has savanna, plains and swamps.
Rwanda has a temperate tropical highland climate.
It has lower temperatures than are typical for equatorial countries.
This is because of its high elevation.
Kigali, in the centre of the country, has a typical daily temperature range between  and .
There is little change through the year.
There are two rainy seasons in the year.
The first runs from February to June and the second from September to December.
These are separated by two dry seasons.
The major one is from June to September, during which there is often no rain at all.
There is a shorter and less severe one from December to February.
In prehistoric times montane forest covered one third of the land of present-day Rwanda.
Naturally occurring vegetation is now mostly in the three National parks, with terraced agriculture in the rest of the country.
Nyungwe, the largest remaining forest, has 200 species of tree as well as orchids and begonias.
Vegetation in the Volcanoes National Park is mostly bamboo and moorland, with small areas of forest.
Akagera has a savanna ecosystem.
Here there are mostly acacia.
There are several rare or endangered plant species in Akagera, including Markhamia lutea and Eulophia guineensis.
The greatest diversity of large mammals is found in the three National Parks.
Akagera has typical savanna animals such as giraffes and elephants, while Volcanoes is home to about one third of the worldwide mountain gorilla population.
Nyungwe Forest has thirteen primate species including chimpanzees and Colobus monkeys.
The Ruwenzori colobus move in groups of up to 400, the largest troop size of any primate in Africa.
There are 670 bird species in Rwanda.
There is a difference between the east and the west.
Nyungwe Forest, in the west, has 280 recorded species.
Species include the Ruwenzori Turaco and Handsome Francolin.
Eastern Rwanda, by contrast, has savanna birds such as the Black-headed Gonolek and those who live near swamps and lakes, including storks and cranes.
Lake Ontario is the smallest of the Great Lakes in North America, but its maximum depth (802ft; 244m) is deeper than lake Erie's (210ft) and Lake Huron's (750ft).
It forms most of the border between Ontario in Canada and New York in the United States of America.
Its inlet is the Niagara River (from Niagara Falls), and its outlet is the Saint Lawrence River.
Nearly 9 million Canadians live near Lake Ontario.
It is the only Great Lake that does not touch the U.S. state of Michigan, the "Great Lakes State".
The Ojibwe Native Americans call it Gitchigume.
Lake Superior is in between Ontario and Minnesota to the north and Wisconsin and Michigan in the south, and is the largest of North America's Great Lakes.
It is the world's third largest lake, and the world's largest freshwater lake (by area).
Its outlet is the St. Marys River to Lake Huron.
The Soo Locks allow carrying large amounts of iron ore and other cargo to the other Great Lakes.
SS Edmund Fitzgerald  was an ore carrier on Lake Superior, carrying iron ore, which sank on November 10, 1975 at around 7:30 PM.
The ship was known for being the biggest of its time weighing in at around 13, 600 tons, Edmund Fitzgerald was one of the largest “iron boats” working the Great Lakes.
Nobody knows how the boat sunk, however it is very possible that the dangerously high weight of its cargo, and the violent winds and waves caused the ship to sink.
All 29 men aboard the boat died and to this day no body's have been recovered.
To remember the men on the S.S Fitzgerald a song was written by the Canadian singer Gordon Lightfoot the song was titled The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald.
The song describes what the ship itself and touches on some theory's on how it may have sunk, interestingly enough the original song contained the passage:
When suppertime came, the old cook came on deck sayin Fellas, it's too rough to feed ya.
At seven P.M. a main hatchway caved in.
He said Fellas, it's been good to know ya
This passage was proven to be false as a dive team sent in to recover the bodies found the main hatch way to be in perfect condition.
When informed of this Gordon Lightfoot rewrote the verse to:
At 7 p.m., it grew dark, it was then he said, Fellas it's been good to know ya.
News story from CBC
SS Edmund Fitzgerald Online
Ships of Canada
Gordon Meredith Lightfoot, Jr., born November 17, 1938, is a Canadian singer and songwriter.
He is famous around the world for his folk, country, and pop music songs.
He was first heard in the 1960s and had hit radio songs in the 1970s such as: "If You Could Read My Mind", "Sundown", "Carefree Highway"', "Rainy Day People" and "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald".
Gordon Lightfoot's music career has lasted almost fifty years and he has recorded more than 200 songs.
His folk music of the 1960s and 1970s influenced many famous singers including Bob Dylan and Jim Croce.
Like Robertson, Bob Dylan called Lightfoot one of his favourite songwriters.
In his career Gordon Lightfoot has received sixteen Juno Awards.
He won Junos as "top folk singer" in 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1977.
He won a Juno as "top male vocalist" in 1967, 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1973 And he won in 1972 and 1976 for being "composer of the year."
He received ASCAP awards for songwriting in 1971, 1974, 1976 and 1977.
And he has been nominated for five Grammy Awards.
In 1980 Gordon Lightfoot was named "Canadian Male Recording Artist of the Decade" for his music of the 1970s.
Gordon Lightfoot was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1986 and he was added to Canada's Walk of Fame in 1998.
He was inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall Of Fame in 2001.
In May 2003 he was made a Companion of the which is one of Canada's highest awards.
1966 Lightfoot!
1967 The Way I Feel
1968 Did She Mention My Name
1968 Back Here on Earth
1969 Sunday Concert'
1970 Sit Down Young Stranger1971 Summer Side of Life1972 Don Quixote1972 Old Dan's Records1974 Sundown1975 Cold on the Shoulder1976 Summertime Dream1978 Endless Wire1980 Dream Street Rose1982 Shadows1983 Salute1986 East of Midnight1993 Waiting for You1998 A Painter Passing Through2004 Harmony2012 All Live2020 Solo''
Lightfoot.ca (official site)
Order of Canada Citation
Lightfoot page at Canadian Encyclopedia
CBC Digital Archives: Gordon Lightfoot: Canada's Folk Laureate
Clips and more about Gordon from CBC
Additional clips
Canadian pop musicians
Canadian singers
Canadian songwriters
Canadian guitarists
Folk musicians
Anything related to Cornwall, a county in England
Cornish language, a language from Cornwall
Cornish dialect, a dialect of English spoken in Cornwall
Cornish cookery, the cooking traditions of Cornwall
Cornish, Maine, a town in the U.S. state of Maine
Chameleons are a family of lizards.
Most can change the colour of their skins for camouflage, or to signal mood to other chameleons.
They are a distinct clade of lizards.
They have parrot-like zygodactylous feet, separately mobile and stereoscopic eyes, very long tongues they can flick out, a swaying gait, their prehensile tail, crests or horns on their strange-shaped heads, and many can change colour.
There are about 160 species, living in Africa, Madagascar, Spain and Portugal, across south Asia, Sri Lanka.
They have been introduced to Hawaii, California and Florida, and are found in warm habitats that vary from rain forest to desert conditions.
Chameleons are often kept as household pets.
Chameleons have long sticky tongues that they can fire out in a fraction of a second.
They stretch up to twice their body size.
Their eyes can move independently.
The largest species is about 1.5 feet when fully grown.
They are mainly insectivores, but larger species may take occasional smaller lizards and young birds.
Tiny chameleons
The world's tiniest reptile has been found on Madagascar.
It is a chameleon 13.5mm long.
It hunts for mites on the rainforest floor and hides from predators at night in blades of grass.
Other species of tiny chameleons have been found.
Chameleons have two eyes whose vision overlaps.
This gives them  3D vision.
They can switch to monocular vision, which is seeing with each eye independently.
This gives them more flexible sight.
In popular fiction
In Disney's Tangled (2010 movie), the main character, Rapunzel, has a green chameleon named Pascal
In Rango (2011 movie), the main character, voiced by Johnny Depp, is a chameleon
Chameleons!
Online E-zine
Chameleon Care and Information Center website
The Chameleon Forums
An interjection is a spoken or written expression of emotion like "Wow!"
for surprise, "Ouch!"
for pain, or "Damn!"
for anger, or "Argh!"
for frustration.
These phrases can stand alone, and are usually capitalized and punctuated.
Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874) was the 13th president of the United States.
He was President from 1850 to 1853.
He was the last Whig president, and the last president who was not a Democrat or Republican.
Fillmore became president in 1850 when the previous president, Zachary Taylor, died.
The Whig party did not pick him to run for president in 1852.
He ran for president in 1856 for the American Party but lost.
Millard Fillmore grew up in a poor family.
He worked hard to do well in school, and went to college.
He got a job as a lawyer in 1823.
In 1828 he was voted to be part of the New York congress, and made friends in the Whig Party.
This helped him get chosen to run for vice president in 1848.
Fillmore signed the Compromise of 1850 (five laws which would calm down the slavery issue by pleasing both the northern states and the southern states).
Although the Compromise of 1850 made the northern states and the southern states get along, the peace did not last forever.
In the late 1850s, the north and the south stopped getting along.
California was made a part of the U.S. on September 9, 1850.
It became the 31st state.
His decision to sign the Compromise of 1850 made many of the people in his Whig Party upset at him.
They stopped him from running for president in 1852.
After Fillmore, Franklin Pierce became the 14th president.
Fillmore got a job in charge of the University of Buffalo.
Fillmore joined the Know-Nothing Party and tried to run for president again, but the Know Nothing Party was not very successful.
Fillmore's White House biography
1800 births
1874 deaths
United States representatives from New York
Deaths from cerebral infarction
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862) was the 10th president of the United States of America, from 1841 to 1845.
He was the first vice president to become president after the president before him died.
He was also the first president born after the United States Constitution was ratified.
Before presidency
Tyler grew up in Virginia and became a lawyer.
His father was also a lawyer who later became governor of Virginia.
Tyler became a state representative in the United States Congress, and then also became governor of Virginia like his father.
Tyler started in government as a member of the Democratic Party, but later he changed to the Whig Party, which was very new.
He was chosen to run as vice president next to William Henry Harrison.
Whig Party people used to say "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" to get people to vote for them. (
William Henry Harrison was famous for being a general in a battle in a place called Tippecanoe, and that was his nickname.)
Harrison and Tyler won the election, but Harrison died one month later.
Tyler then became president.
Because Tyler had not been elected to hold the office of President, some people thought that he lacked a claim to the position.
But as the United States Constitution says that the Vice President is vested with the responsibilities of the Presidency in case of "Death, Resignation or Inability" of the former, Tyler said this meant the position was his to fill.
A majority of the government agreed and he was sworn in as the new President, however, the Whig Party did not want Tyler, and a lot of Whigs ended up calling him "the accidental president" or "His Accidency".
This was after Tyler had angered the Whigs when he decided to mainly pick people from the Democratic Party to work in his government.
He wanted to bring the two parties to together, but instead this ended up making him unpopular.
He also rejected many of the Whigs' ideas.
This all lead to the Whig Party deciding not to back his run for the presidency in 1844.
While he was president, Florida became a new state.
After winning their independence in the Texas Revolution against Mexico, Texas had become its own country.
Tyler sought to annex Texas and turn it into a new U.S. state while in office, but this did not come to fruition until a few months after his term had ended.
After presidency
The Whig Party did not want Tyler to be president again, and did not pick him to run for president in 1844.
He had some friends in the Democratic Party who sometimes asked him for ideas, but that party did not like him enough to be president, either.
Tyler was sometimes called "the President without a party" since both groups did not want him.
When the Confederate States of America was created, Tyler thought that states should be allowed to make their own laws, even about slavery.
He did not want a civil war.
Instead, he tried to get the United States to agree to let the southern states keep slavery.
But the United States Congress said no, and Tyler decided that Virginia had to join the Confederacy.
He later was elected to the Confederate congress, but died before taking the job.
Tyler died in Richmond, Virginia on January 18, 1862 of a stroke.
Tyler's death was the only one in Presidential history not to be officially recognized in Washington, D. C. because of his loyalty to the Confederacy.
His coffin was covered with the Confederate flag.
He is the only United States President ever to be buried and honored ceremoniously under a foreign flag that is not the United States flag.
Tyler's White House biography
1790 births
United States senators from Virginia
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Peter Davison (born Peter Moffett 13 April 1951) is an English actor.
He is best known for his roles as Tristan on All Creatures Great and Small, and as the Fifth Doctor on Doctor Who from 1981 to 1984.
A ballerina is a name given to a female ballet dancer.
Only very good female ballet dancers are called ballerinas.
A ballerina is a principal dancer in a classical ballet company.
The highest ranking female dancer in a company was usually called the prima ballerina.
Today the term 'ballerina' has gone rather out of fashion.
Now they are simply called 'Principal dancers'.
Dancers in a company are ranked by the company, and paid accordingly.
They have to prove themselves in lesser parts before they can get promoted.
Corps de ballet (these do not dance named individual parts)
Coryphées (minor soloists)
Principal character artists (dance roles with significant acting)
Second soloists (dancers who take named solo roles)
First soloists (one rank up from the previous)
Principal dancers (if female, same as 'ballerinas'; they dance leading roles)
Principal guest artist (a well-known and sometimes famous dancer, usually from abroad)
Buffalo is a city in the U.S. state of New York.
Buffalo is the second-biggest city in New York State.
There are about 278,000 people in the city of Buffalo.
There are more than a million people in the surrounding area.
Buffalo is on the east end of Lake Erie near the Niagara River.
It is close to Niagara Falls, and to Canada.
Buffalo was a small village when the Erie Canal connected it to the Hudson River and New York City.
It became a city.
November 24 – Charles, Duke of Orléans, French poet
Hertford (pronounced Hart-fud) is a town in Hertfordshire, England.
In 2011, it had a population of 26,783 people.
The A414 is just south of the town centre and runs to Harlow, Essex.
The A10 is just east of the town.
Évron, France
Wildeshausen, Germany
Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.
Towns in Hertfordshire
Jackie Chan (成龍) (born Chan Kong-Sang on 7 April 1954) SBS, MBE, PMW is a famous and well-renown martial artist, stuntman, actor, director, producer, screenwriter, singer and entrepreneur who hails from Hong Kong.
He is perhaps most famous and best known for his uncanny combination and twist of both action and comedy in his films.
He has also appeared and provided the voice for his character's animated counterpart in the animated TV series Jackie Chan Adventures which originally aired from 2000-2005.
He is also the famous and well-renown legendary and rich father of actor and singer Jaycee Chan.
In his earlier roles, Chan did all of the dangerous stunts without safety equipment.
Possibly the role where this was taken farthest is Rumble in the Bronx, which was his ultimate breakthrough American movie, where he subjected his already aging body to several leaps and falls, which while finally gaining his American stardom, led to injuries including a broken ankle.
His 2 worst injuries occurred during the making of Armour of God and Police Story.
Footage of the former's aftermath was shown over the credits and showed a subdued and bloodied Chan in a spinal injury stretcher.
Also, a tree branch in which he was to swing off had snapped just when he did jump upon and over for it.
Chan fell 10 meters onto the rocky ground.
In Police Story, Chan was doing a stunt when and where he fell off from about 5 to 6 stories through a series of window canopies.
Chan nearly became disorientated about halfway through down.
Instead of landing on upon his feet, Chan fell in a head-down position.
His arms became caught in the material of the last canopy.
He landed on his head first and his head was then forced on to the side as he could not break his fall up with his arms.
While the Police Story fall looked worse, Chan has also said that the Armour of God fall was the closest he has come to death while filming.
Chinese Zodiac (2012)
1911 (2011)
Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011)
Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special (2010)
The Karate Kid (2010)
The Spy Next Door (2010)
Shinjuku Incident (2009)
Kung Fu Panda (2008)
The Forbidden Kingdom (2008)
Rush Hour 3 (2007) with Chris Tucker
Rob-B-Hood (2006) (Original Working Title, Project BB)
The Myth (2005)
New Police Story (2004)
The Twins Effect 2 (2004) (also known as The Huadu Chronicles: Blade of the Rose)
Around the World in 80 Days (2004)
The Medallion (2003)
The Twins Effect (2003)
Shanghai Knights (2003) with Owen Wilson
The Tuxedo (2002)
Rush Hour 2 (2001) with Chris Tucker
The Accidental Spy (2001)
Shanghai Noon (2000) with Owen Wilson
The King of Comedy (1999)
Gorgeous (1999)
Rush Hour (1998) with Chris Tucker
Who Am I? (
Mr. Nice Guy (1997)
An Alan Smithee Movie: Burn Hollywood Burn (1997) (Cameo)
Police Story 4: First Strike (1996) (also known as Jackie Chan's First Strike)
Thunderbolt (1995) (also known as Dead Heat)
Rumble in the Bronx (1995)
Drunken Master II (1994) (known in the U.S. as The Legend of Drunken Master, 2000)
Once a Cop (1993), aka Supercop 2 and Police Story V
Crime Story (1993), also known as Police Story IV and The New Police Story
City Hunter (1993)
Police Story 3 (1992) aka Super Cop
A Kid from Tibet (1991)
Island of Fire (1990) (also known as The Burning Island)
Armour of God II: Operation Condor (1990)
Miracles (1989) (also known as The Canton Godfather' and 'Black Dragon')
Police Story 2 (1988)
Dragons Forever (1988)
Project A Part II (1987), (also known as Jackie Chan's Project A2, Project B)
Dirty Boys (1986) (also known as Naughty Boys)
Armour of God (1986)
Police Story (1985)
Ninja and the Thief (1985) (also known as Ninja Thunderbolt)
Heart of Dragon (1985)
Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Stars (1985) (also known as My Lucky Stars 2)
My Lucky Stars (1985)
Wheels on Meals (1984)
Dragon Attack (1984)
Pom Pom (1984) (also known as Motorcycle Cop 2)
Two in a Black Belt (1984)
Cannonball Run II (1983)
Fearless Hyena Part II (1983)
Winners and Sinners (1983) (also known as Five Lucky Stars)
Project A (also known as Jackie Chan's Project A) (1983)
Dragon Lord (1982)
Black Magic Wars (1982)
Fantasy Mission Force (1982)
Cannonball Run (1981)
The Big Brawl (1980)
The Young Master (1980)
Dragon Fist (1979)
Fearless Hyena (1979)
Snake & Crane Arts of Shaolin (1978)
Snake in the Eagle's Shadow (1978)
Spiritual Kung-Fu (1978) (also known as Karate Ghostbuster)
Drunken Master (1978)
Magnificent Bodyguards (1978)
Half a Loaf of Kung Fu (1978)
The 36 Crazy Fists (1977)
To Kill with Intrigue (1977)
The Killer Meteors (1976)
Shaolin Chamber of Death (1976) (also known as 36 Wooden Men, Shaolin Wooden Men, Shaolin Wooden Men - Young Tiger's Revenge, Wooden Man)
Countdown in Kung Fu (1976)
New Fist of Fury (1976)
Mr. Boo 2 : The Private Eyes (1976)
All in the Family (1975)
No End of Surprises (1975)
Master with Cracked Fingers (1974)
Fists of the Double K (1974)
The Golden Lotus (1974)
Police Woman (1974)
Supermen Against the Orient (1974)
Facets of Love (1973)
Eagle Shadow Fist (1973)
Attack of the Kung Fu Girls (1973)
Lady Kung Fu (1972)
Bruce Lee and I (1972)
Little Tiger of Canton (1971)
Come Drink with Me (1966)
The Story of Qin Xianglian (1964)
Big and Little Wong Tin Bar (1962)
Jackiechan.com- Jackie Chan's official website
Jackie Chan Injury Map- Official Jackie Chan injury map
Singers from Hong Kong
Actors from Hong Kong
Chinese voice actors
Chinese movie actors
Chinese movie directors
Chinese movie producers
Chinese screenwriters
Ronald Bilius "Ron" Weasley (1980-?)
is a fictional character from the Harry Potter stories.
He is a red-haired child with freckles.
He comes from a poor background.
He lives at The Burrow with his family of nine people.
He is the youngest son in his family.
He was a humorous and loyal boy.
He wishes he had money, since he was born from the notoriously poor Weasley family.
He is the sixth of seven children born to Molly Weasley (née Prewett) and Arthur Weasley, with five brothers and one sister, Ginny.
He is Harry Potter's best friend.
It is revealed in later books, that Ron is romantically interested in Hermione Granger.
The two are hinted to be romantically involved in the Deathly Hallows.
In movies, he is played by actor Rupert Grint.
Ron marries Hermione and they have two children: Rose Weasley and Hugo Weasley.
He is the manager of the joke shop Weasley's Wizard Wheezes.
Fictional characters introduced in 1997
Harry Potter characters
de:Figuren der Harry-Potter-Romane#Ron Weasley
Hermione Jean Granger (born September 19, 1979) is a character from the Harry Potter series.
She met Harry and Ron for the first time on the Hogwarts Express.
She was then looking for Neville's toad.
She is referred to as the brightest witch of her age.
Hermione is one of Harry Potter's best friends.
She spends a lot of time with Harry and Ron.
Her parents are Muggles (not magical) but she is the brightest witch of her class.
She was born on September 19, 1979 and when she arrived at Hogwarts for the very first time, she was almost 12, since she was borned after September 1st, she has to wait a year later.
Her parents are dentists.
She is intelligent  and her special skill is the ability to remember all that she has read.
Because of this, Hermione is successful in her tests.
Although she is smart, she also is brave and has street-smarts.
She cares about house-elves  and has made the club S.P.E.W., the Society for the Promotion of Elfish Welfare, which Ron mockingly calls "Spew."
She made scarfs and garments to liberate the elves of the slavery of the wizards.
But none of the elves took the garments and Dobby (the old house elf of the Malfoy family) gathered them.
She is one of the prefects of Gryffindor with Ron.
Her appearance is made up of bushy brown hair, dark brown eyes, and huge front teeth, which Draco Malfoy enlarged it in her fourth year.
It is also noted at the end of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows that she marries Ron and they have two children together called Rose and Hugo, to which the children has taken after their parents' initials.
Although in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire she was the dance partner of Viktor Krum.
She belongs to Gryffindor house, which is known for bravery.
The Sorting Hat thought about putting her in Ravenclaw house, which is known for wisdom, but finally it put her in Gryffindor.
Hermione has a pet cat named Crookshanks, which Ron told her it was like a hairy pig.
In the first book Hermione had the personality of a snob, and a geek, and she is not very friendly but with the time she improves that.
Hermione was teased as Mudblood (Witch/ Wizard born with no Magical parents, also known as an offensive insult on Muggle Born Witch/ Wizard) by many Slytherins, especially Draco Malfoy.
Her name refers to The Winter's Tale, by William Shakespeare, and was the daughter of Helen of Troy from Ancient Greek Mythology.
A milk shake, or milkshake, is a cold drink made by mixing milk, ice cream, and sweet syrups like chocolate syrup.
Usually a blender is used for the mixing.
People usually drink milkshakes with a drinking straw and from a tall glass or cup.
Comparison between smoothies and milkshakes
Milk shakes are similar to smoothies.
Smoothies are a type of cold drink made with an electric blender.
Smoothies are made with a liquid (either milk, fruit juice, or water), crushed ice or ice cubes, different fruits, and honey or maple syrup.
Milk shakes and other cold drinks such as "ice cream floats" (a scoop of ice cream placed in a glass of cola or other carbonated soda drink) or "malts" (a milk shake with malt powder added to it) were popular among teenagers in the 1950s.
Teenagers would go to ice cream parlors and order cold drinks.
American food
Bollington is a town and civil parish in Cheshire.
The village is home to over twenty pubs.
Bollington was home to the biggest water wheel in England and only second in Britain to the Laxey wheel in the Isle of Man.
The wheel powered huge mills for the production of cotton.
Two of the huge mills were the Adelphi and Clarence.
By 1914 Bollington had a population of around 6000 people and was dominated by fine cotton spinning.
The symbol of Bollington has to be White Nancy.
A small white cone-like house stands alone on top of a hill overlooking all of Bollington.
It was built by the Gaskell family early in the nineteenth century.
It has now been sealed.
Sport has been important in the life of Bollington.
Even though the village did not have a football team successful enough to rival the cricket team it was still very popular amongst the people of Bollington.
The most popular team was St Johns team which was quite successful in the lower leagues.
Today there are good teams competing in the amateur leagues such as Bollington United.
Towns in Cheshire
KFC (abbreviation of Kentucky Fried Chicken) is a chain of fast food restaurants known for their fried chicken.
It was started by Colonel Sanders in Corbin, Kentucky in 1952.
They are now all over the world.
They not only sell chicken, but also other food like salads and french fries.
KFC, also known as Kentucky Fried Chicken, is an American fast food restaurant chain that specializes in fried chicken.
Headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, it is the world's second-largest restaurant chain after McDonald's, with almost 20,000 locations globally in 123 countries and territories as of December 2015.
KFC is well known for their "finger lickin' good" slogan.
It was first used, along with others, beginning in 1956.
It is the current slogan.
Upon the corona virus pandemic in 2020, the slogan was temporarily changed to "fork licking good" to discourage the spread of the virus from eating with potentially contaminated hands.
Other early slogans included "North America's Hospitality Dish" (1956–1966) and "We fix Sunday dinner seven nights a week" from 1957 until 1968.
The two slogans were phased out in favor of the "finger lickin' good" slogan.
It was trademarked in 1956.
After a local KFC TV ad showed an employee licking his fingers in the background, a viewer phoned the station to complain.
The main actor in the ad answered back: "Well, it's finger lickin' good."
The phrase was adopted nationally by the company in the 1960s.
It became one of the best-known slogans of the twentieth century.
When the trademark expired in the United States in 2006, it was replaced with "Follow your taste" until 2010.
In 2011, the "finger lickin' good" slogan was dropped in favor of "So good", to be used around the world.
The meaning was supposed to include employees and service, as well as food.
The slogan "Nobody does chicken like KFC" was first started by KFC Australia in 1998.
It is still used by KFC in some worldwide markets.
KFC has been criticised on different issues.
Greenpeace accused KFC of destroying the Amazon Rainforest.
This is because KFC bought their soy they use for chicken food from Cargill.
The soy has been traced back to the European KFC.
Cargill has reportedly been exporting soy illegally for several years.
The Greenpeace organization researched the issue and brought it to the attention of the parent company YUM!
Brands, Inc. The parent company denied the illegal operation, and said that their supply of soy is grown in parts of Brazil.
Greenpeace has called on KFC to stop purchasing soy from Cargill, to avoid contributing to the destruction of the Amazon.
Since 2003, animal rights and welfare organizations, led by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), have been protesting KFC’s treatment of the animals used for its products.
These groups claim that the recommendations of the KFC Animal Welfare Advisory Council have been ignored.
Adele Douglass, a former member of the council, said in an SEC filing reported on by the Chicago Times, that KFC "never had any meetings.
They never asked any advice, and then they touted to the press that they had this animal-welfare advisory committee.
I felt like I was being used."
KFC responded by saying the chickens used in its products are bought from suppliers like Perdue Farms, Tyson Foods, and Pilgrim's Pride, and that these suppliers are routinely monitored for animal welfare violations.
Several PETA undercover investigations and videos of these and other KFC suppliers purport to show chickens being beaten, ripped apart, and thrown against walls contradict KFC’s claims.
PETA has criticised some of the practices of chicken breeders, such as beak trimming and overcrowding, but KFC says its suppliers meets UK legal requirements.
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs recommends a maximum stocking density of 34 kg—around 30 chickens—per square metre, and say that in circumstances where beak trimming needs to be carried out to prevent the birds injuring each other, only one third of the beak should be trimmed "measured from the tip towards the entrance of the nostrils".
PETA states that they have held more than 12,000 demonstrations at KFC outlets since 2003 because of this alleged mistreatment of chickens by KFC suppliers.
In June 2008, KFC Canada agreed to PETA's demands for better welfare standards, including favoring suppliers who use controlled-atmosphere killing (CAK) of chickens, and other welfare standards as well as introducing a vegan sandwich at 65% of its outlets.
PETA has called off its campaign against KFC Canada, but continues to demonstrate against KFC elsewhere in the world.
KFC owner Success Story In English
KFC website
1952 establishments in the United States
American fast food restaurants
Companies based in Kentucky
20th-century establishments in Kentucky
The cytoplasm (not to be confused with cytosol) is the protoplasm of a cell outside the cell nucleus.
It is the jelly-like material plus the organelles outside the nucleus, and inside the cell membrane.
Many important functions of a cell take place in organelles, which are like bits of machinery for doing many jobs.
The cytoplasm is highly structured: it is not some kind of soup, even though it is made out of 7580% water.
The cytosol contains a complex mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, including the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
It includes dissolved molecules, and water that fills much of the cell.
Due to this network of fibres, membranes and the many dissolved macromolecules such as proteins, the cytosol does not act like a simple liquid.
The main function of the cytoplasm is to hold the organelles in place.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims.
The eight big crusade expeditions occurred between 1096 and 1291, mostly in the Middle East.
The crusades started as a fight for control over the Holy Land.
This is the land now called Israel.
The Holy Land is very important for the three major monotheistic religions: Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.
Muslims believe the Prophet Mohammed visited the Holy Land and rose to Heaven from Jerusalem.
Christians believe Jesus was born, crucified, and resurrected in the Holy Land.
The Dome of the Rock, the Wailing Wall, the Temple Mount, and the Mount of Olives are all located there.
So are many other important religious sites.
During the Caliphate of Umar in the 7th century, Muslim forces had taken control of Jerusalem, Nazareth, Bethlehem, and other important religious sites.
In the crusades, Christian forces tried to re-take control of the Holy Land.
There were many different crusades.
The biggest and most important happened between the 11th century and the 13th century.
During this time, there were 9 large crusades.
They are numbered 1 through 9.
There were also many smaller crusades.
These continued through the 16th century, until the Renaissance and Reformation.
Some crusades even happened within Europe (for example, in Germany, Austria, and Scandinavia).
The word "crusade" is related to the word "cross", and means a Christian holy war.
Muslims sometimes use the Arabic word “jihad" to describe the crusades.
First Crusades
In 1095 the ruler of the Byzantine Empire, Alexius I, called for help to defend his empire against the Seljuk Turks.
Pope Urban II asked all Christians to join a war against the Turks.
The Pope told Christians that fighting the war would repay God for their sins.
He said that anyone who died on a crusade would go straight to heaven.
The Christian soldiers who joined the crusade were called "crusaders".
They marched to Jerusalem, attacking several cities on their way.
In 1099 they won the battle for Jerusalem.
As a result of the First Crusades, four crusader states were created.
These were the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli and the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
After about 50 years of peace, Bernard of Clairvaux called for a new crusade after the Turks attacked the town of Edessa.
French and German armies marched to the Holy Land in 1147, but were defeated.
However, on the way, the Crusaders helped the Portuguese capture Lisbon from Al-Andalus as part of the Reconquista.
In 1187, after Saladin recaptured Jerusalem, Pope Gregory VIII called for a new crusade.
Three of Europe's kings led this Third Crusade: Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor.
The Third Crusade was partially successful.
The Crusaders took back control of Arsuf and Jaffa, two important cities in the Holy Land.
However, they did not have enough soldiers to try to recapture Jerusalem.
Instead, they made a truce with Saladin that let Christians travel safely through Jerusalem.
The Crusaders then re-established the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Acre.
In 1190, Frederick drowned in Cilicia.
In 1192, Richard left the Holy Land.
On his way home, his ship was wrecked, leading him to Austria.
There, he was captured and ransomed by his enemy, Duke Leopold.
Fourth Crusade
Pope Innocent III started the Fourth Crusade in 1202.
His plan was to attack the Holy Land through Egypt.
To do this, he needed a fleet of ships.
The Venetians agreed to build ships and train sailors for the crusade.
The Venetians then changed the goal of the crusade, and went to the Christian city of Constantinople, where they tried to place a Byzantine exile on the throne.
After a series of misunderstandings and outbreaks of violence, the city was sacked in 1204.
The Children's Crusade is a crusade of 1212.
An outburst of the old popular enthusiasm led a gathering of children in France and Germany.
A boy, from either France or Germany, said that Jesus had visited him, and told him to peacefully convert Muslims to Christianity.
Following this vision, many children formed bands, and marched to Italy.
There, they were put onto ships which either capsized in a storm, or which went to Morocco.
Most of the children either starved to death or were sold into slavery.
More recent research
In the first movement, Nicholas, a shepherd from Germany, led a group across the Alps and into Italy in the early spring of 1212.
About 7,000 arrived in Genoa in late August.
However, their plans did not bear fruit when the waters failed to part as promised and the band broke up.
Some left for home, others may have gone to Rome, while still others may have travelled down the Rhône to Marseille where they were probably sold into slavery.
Few returned home and none reached the Holy Land.
The second movement was led by a "shepherd boy" named Stephen de Cloyes near the village of Châteaudun.
In June of that year, the boy said that he had a letter for the king of France from Jesus.
He could gather a crowd of over 30,000 and went to Saint-Denis.
There he was seen to work miracles.
On the orders of Philip II, on the advice of the University of Paris, the crowd was sent home, and most of them went.
None of the contemporary sources mentions plans of the crowd to go to Jerusalem.
Later chroniclers elaborated on these events.
Recent research suggests those taking part were not children, at least not the very young.
In the early 1200s, bands of wandering poor started cropping up throughout Europe.
These were people displaced by economic changes at the time which forced many poor peasants in northern France and Germany to sell their land.
These bands were referred to as pueri (Latin for "boys") in a condescending manner, in much the same way that people from rural areas in the United States are called "country boys."
In 1212, a young French puer named Stephen and a German puer named Nicholas separately began claiming that they had each had similar visions of Jesus.
This resulted in these bands of roving poor being united into a religious protest movement which transformed this forced wandering into a religious journey.
The pueri marched, following the Cross.
They associated themselves with Jesus's biblical journey.
This, however, was not a prelude to a holy war.
At that time, chronicles were mostly kept by the Catholic Church.
They were written in Latin.
Thirty years later, chroniclers read the accounts of these processions and translated pueri as "children" without understanding the usage.
So, the Children's Crusade was born.
The resulting story illustrates how ingrained the concept of Crusading was in the people of that time— the chroniclers assumed that the pueri must have been Crusaders.
In their innocence, they returned to the foundations of crusading characteristic of Peter the Hermit, and met the same sort of tragic fate.
Fifth Crusade
The Church tried another crusade to retake the Holy Land.
A crusading force from Hungary, Austria, and Bavaria captured Damietta, a city in Egypt, in 1219.
The crusaders had to surrender, due to losing the battle for Cairo.
Sixth Crusade
In 1228, Emperor Frederick II set sail from Brindisi for Syria.
He did this after the Pope excommunicated him.
By talking to the Turks he had success, and Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem was given to the Crusaders for ten years without fighting.
This was the first major crusade not initiated by the Papacy, a trend that was to continue for the rest of the century.
This crusade only lasted for a year, from 1228 to 1229.
Seventh Crusade
The Templars argued with Egypt in 1243.
In 1244, Egypt attacked Jerusalem.
Louis IX of France started a crusade against Egypt from 1248 to 1254.
It was a failure and Louis spent much of the crusade living in the city of Acre.
In the midst of this crusade was the first Shepherds' Crusade in 1251.
Eighth Crusade
The Eighth Crusade was organized by Louis IX of France in 1270, to help the Crusader states in Syria.
However, the crusade got as far as Tunis, where Louis died a month later.
Ninth Crusade
Before he was the king, Edward I of England started a crusade in 1271.
He retired the following year after a truce.
The end of the Crusades
In time, the people went on Crusades for other purposes.
The Crusades ended two centuries after they had begun, achieving mixed results.
The crusades ended with the Mamluk Fall of Acre in 1291. (
the link is not yet started).
Books and texts
Frederick Russell, "Children's Crusade", Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 1989,
Peter Raedts, "The Children's Crusade of 1212", Journal of Medieval History, 3 (1977), summary of the sources, issues and literature.
Chronica Regiae Coloniensis, a (supposedly) contemporary source for the Children's crusade.
From the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
The Children's Crusade: Fact or fable? ,
from The Straight Dope.
Crusade Siege  Siege of a Mohammedan fortification during the crusades
Crusades Citizendium
Saladin, or Sultan Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (25 December 1138–1193) was a famous  Sultan of Egypt and Syria during the Crusades.
A Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin led the Muslim opposition to the European Crusaders in the Levant.
At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen and other parts of North Africa.
His father, who worked for the Turkish governor, decided to raise him in Syria where he received his education.
Another influential figure in his life was his uncle Shirkuh who was a military leader and later commanded for Saladin during the wars.
Many Muslims consider him a hero for defeating the Crusaders over 20 years of battles.
The Crusades were series of battles between Christian Europe and Islamic Near East over holy land in what is now known as Palestine.
Saladin’s army protected Egypt from the Crusaders in 1168.
The ruler of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt made him Vizier, meaning prime minister, even though he was not Shi'ite.
Just before the Caliph died, Saladin was crowned Sultan of Egypt and Syria.
His greatest victory was at the Horns of Hattin in July 1187 AD, after which Jerusalem fell to the Muslims (October 1187) and was never again recovered by the Crusaders.
He is also remembered for his series of battles and wins and losses against King Richard I of England.
These were inconclusive and in the end resulted in a moral victory for Sultan Salah ad-Din, when Richard's Crusade failed and returned to Europe.
He founded the Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for the Northern Mountains), Iraq, Mecca Hejaz and Diyar Bakr.
Salah ad-Din is a title which translates to The Righteousness of the Faith from Arabic.
Many books were written about Saladin, the things he did and the battles he won.
Daastaan Imaan Farooshoon Ki is one book in Urdu written by Althamash that says very good things about Saladin and compares and contrasts him to other kings and princes, in a favourable light.
1138 births
1193 deaths
Brazil becomes a republic
100th anniversary of the French Revolution.
Paris Exhibition, where the Eiffel tower was first open to the public
June 14 – the Treaty of Berlin (1889) is signed
April 9 – Efrem Zimbalist, Russian violinist
September 14 – Maria Esther de Capovilla, Worlds oldest woman (d. 2006)
April 20 – Adolf Hitler
December 3 - Kshudiram Bose - Indian patriot against British Raj (d. 1908)
October 29 – Wilfred Rhodes, English cricketer
November 9 – Muhammad Iqbal, national poet of Pakistan (d. 1938)
Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE, British Indian judge, legislator and philanthropist (d. 1939)
November 24 – Alben W. Barkley, 35th Vice President of the United States (d. 1956)
October 29 – Nathan Bedford Forrest, American Confederate general and founder of the Ku Klux Klan
February 20 - premiere of Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake in Moscow
October 6 – The Introduction of the so-called Section 377 of the British Indian penal code (Law) was enacted on the 6th of October, in British India respectively.
January 29 – Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (d. 1904)
May 29 – Isaac Albéniz, Spanish composer (d. 1909)
August 13 – Annie Oakley, American sharpshooter (d. 1926)
December 7 – Joseph Cook, 6th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1947)
Aphex Twin (born Richard David James, 18 August 1971, in Limerick, Ireland) is an Irish-born Cornish musician.
He lives and works in the UK.
He is a famous electronic musician.
Aphex Twin is not his real name.
His real name is Richard David James.
His name is a combination of Aphex Systems Limited, a brand of audio signal processing equipment and the word Twin to remember his brother.
His brother was stillborn, but given the name Richard James.
Aphex Twin was born in Limerick, Ireland.
He grew up in Cornwall, U.K. He started to make music when he was a teenager.
In 1991, he formed a record label called Rephlex Records.
After he became well known, he moved to London.
This was so he could be in a place that was closer to other people.
He however returned to Cornwall a few years later after meeting his wife.
He still makes a lot of music today and uses many different pseudonyms (names).
He lives in an old bank.
He has bought interesting things like a tank and a submarine.
Selected Ambient Works 85-92 (1992)
Selected Ambient Works Volume II (1994)
...I Care Because You Do (1995)
Richard D. James Album (1996)
Drukqs (2001)
Syro (2014)
EPs and Singles
Digeridoo (1992)
Xylem Tube EP (1992)
On/On Remixes (1993)
Ventolin/Ventolin Remixes EP (1995)
Donkey Rhubarb (1995)
Girl/Boy EP (1996)
Come to Daddy EP (1997)
Windowlicker (1999)
Analord 10 in the Analord Series (2004)
Computer Controlled Acoustic Instruments (2015)
Promotions and Compilations
Words & Music (1994) (Interview and tracks from Selected Ambient Works Volume II)
Classics (1994) (Many early singles, rare and live tracks)
51/13 Singles Collection (1996) (Australia-only release)
Cock 10/54 Cymru Beats (drukqs promo)
26 Mixes for Cash (2003), a lot of music remade for other artists (and four original songs)
2 Mixes on a 12" for Cash (2003), a 26 Mixes promo
Falling Free, Curve Remix (2005), a 26 Mixes LP
Discography using other names
Analogue Bubblebath (1991)
Analogue Bubblebath 2 (1992)
Analogue Bubblebath 3 (1993)
Analogue Bubblebath 4 (1994)
Analogue Bubblebath 5 (1995 unreleased)
Analogue Bubblebath 3.1 (1997)
Hangable Auto Bulb (1995, re-released 2005)
Hangable Auto Bulb 2 (1995, re-released 2005)
2 Remixes By AFX (2001)
Smojphace EP (2003)
"Mangle 11 (Circuit Bent V.I.P. Mix)" (this is on the Rephlexions album that was worked on by many people (2003))
Analord (EP series, mostly as AFX) (2005)
AFX/LFO (split 12" between AFX/LFO) (2005)