the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It was first taught in primary schools in 1958.
Today, simplified Chinese characters are used throughout Mainland China.
It is also taught and used in some countries in Southeast Asia, including Singapore, and Malaysia.
Since the Republic of China fled to Taiwan and became separated from the rest of China, the government there did not choose to simplify its writing system, and so it still uses the older traditional Chinese characters.
The territories of Hong Kong and Macau have also kept using traditional characters, even though they are politically part of the rest of China, which switched to simplified characters.
It could not be proven that Simplified Chinese characters were able to help people with reading and writing.
As places using Traditional Chinese characters did not have literacy problems, in 2009 Pan Qing-Lin, a Chinese official, suggested to stop using Simplified Chinese characters.
In multi-racial societies, like Singapore, students have been learning a second language for many years.
Because of this, Simplified Chinese characters are welcomed by students.
People who learned the simplified set had little problem changing over to the traditional set.
Even to this day, there are many reasons for the need to use traditional Chinese characters, such as working in places that did not adapt the simplified Chinese characters or reading older books that have not yet been translated to Simplified Chinese characters.
Most simplified characters have far fewer strokes.
For example, the traditional character 馬 has 10 strokes, while its simplified version 马 only has 3 strokes.
However, there are some  simplified characters with more strokes than their traditional versions.
For example, the traditional character 強 has 11 strokes, while the simplified version 强 has 12 strokes.
Simplified vs. traditional characters
Write a character or one of its radicals in its cursive form.
For example, 长 is a cursive form of 長, and 话, 银, 饮, and 狗 are cursive forms of 話, 銀, 飮, and 豿 in the same order.
Replace a traditional character with an existing character for a word that has the same pronunciation.
For example, the character 面 was and still is a traditional character that means "face" or "side", but it is now also the simplified version "noodles", since both words have the same pronunciation, miàn, and has replaced the traditional character 麵.
Replace a radical in the character using has another radical with a similar or the same pronunciation.
For example, the top part of 華, pronounced huá, is replaced with 化, pronounced huà, making the simplified character 华.
Remove a radical from the traditional character.
For example, the simplified character 杀 completely removes the right half of the traditional character 殺.
Use an ancient variant of the character that a traditional character replaced.
For example, the simplified character 云 replaced the traditional character 雲, which had also replaced the simplified character 云 before the 1956 simplification.
Traditional Chinese characters are one of the two commonly used forms of Chinese characters.
As its name shows, it is the "traditional" written form of the Chinese language that first came about during the Han Dynasty (shortly after the Qin Dynasty) in 206 BC.
The name "traditional" is used to set them apart from simplified Chinese characters.
Court officials in the Han Dynasty believed that small seal script characters, which were standardized under Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi when he unified China, took too much time to write because Chinese characters at the time were written using curved lines instead of more angular lines.
So Han officials decided to simplify writing Chinese characters by using multiple strokes, or lines, to form characters and radicals, rather than long curved lines.
The changed small seal script characters are now commonly known as Hanzi (Simplified Chinese: 汉字 / Traditional Chinese: 漢字, meaning "Han characters"), because they were from the Han Dynasty.
Hanzi became the standard writing system of Chinese and it even spread to other countries and languages.
It was also used (with some differences) in the Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese languages.
Today, Japanese is the only non-Chinese language that still uses Chinese characters in daily life.
They call them Kanji.
After WWII, the Japanese simplified many of the characters.
They called their simplified characters Shinjitai (which are not to be confused with simplified characters in Chinese), while traditional characters were called Kyujitai.
The older, "traditional" forms of Chinese characters remained more or less the same (although there were a few changes now and then) until the People's Republic of China (PRC) was formed in 1949.
At that time, the Communist Party of China (CPC) started to create simplified Chinese characters, in which anywhere between 20-30% of all the Chinese characters used in daily life were replaced by ones that had fewer strokes and were easier to write.
This move by the CPC, which took place in the 1950s throughout Mainland China, was made in order to make education more available to common people, especially farmers.
At the same time, the government of the Republic of China, which had fled to Taiwan, chose not to simplify its writing system.
They continue to use traditional Chinese characters, believing that simplified characters were made to take away important details in traditional characters in order to limit thought.
The Cantonese-speaking territories of Hong Kong and Macau have also kept using traditional characters, even though they are politically part of the PRC, which uses simplified characters.
The Chinese taught as a second language in Southeast Asia uses simplified characters, and the government of Singapore and the Chinese community in Malaysia have adopted simplified characters as their standard script.
Many immigrant communities of overseas Chinese also tend to use traditional rather than simplified characters.
Traditional vs. simplified characters
This operating system was codenamed named Windows Server "Longhorn", but on May 15, 2007,  Bill Gates announced its official name on Windows Hardware Engineering Conference 2007.
This operating system has several new features compared to its previous version.
Many of these new features are present in Windows Vista.
Microsoft TechCenter for Windows Server 2008
New Networking Features in Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista – lengthy article from Microsoft Technet covering new networking features in detail
Changes in Functionality from Windows Server 2003 with SP1 to Windows Server 2008
Windows Server 2008 Technical Overview
Screenshots of Server Components from Latest Longhorn Builds
ZDnet UK article
News.com
computerperformance.co.uk
winsupersite.com Preview
winsupersite.com Preview 2
Windows Server 2003 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft.
Introduced on April 24, 2003 as the next version to Windows 2000 Server, it was considered by Microsoft to be the cornerstone of their Windows Server System line of business server products.
Perry or pear cider is an alcoholic drink that is made from pear juice.
Its alcohol content is around 5 to 8 percent.
Perry is made in many countries.
The countries that produce the most perry are the United Kingdom, France, and Spain.
Plate tectonics is a theory of geology.
It explains movement of the Earth's lithosphere: this is the earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle.
The lithosphere is divided into plates, some of which are very large and can be entire continents.
Heat from the mantle is the source of energy driving plate tectonics.
Exactly how this works is still a matter of debate.
The outermost part of the structure of the Earth is made up of two layers.
The lithosphere, above, is solid.
It includes the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.
Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere.
The asthenosphere is like a solid or a hot viscous liquid.
It can flow like a liquid on long time scales.
Large convection currents in the asthenosphere transfer heat to the surface, where plumes of less dense magma break apart the plates at the spreading centers.
The deeper mantle below the asthenosphere is more rigid again.
This is caused by extremely high pressure.
Continental and oceanic plates
An oceanic plate is a tectonic plate at the bottom of the oceans.
It is primarily made of mafic rocks, rich in iron and magnesium.
It is thinner than the continental crust (generally less than 10 kilometers thick) and denser.
It is also younger than continental crust.
When they collide, the oceanic plate moves underneath the continental plate because of its density.
As a result, it melts in the mantle and reforms.
The oldest oceanic rocks are less than 200 million years old.
Continental plate is the thick part of the earth's crust which forms the large land masses.
Continental rock has lower density than oceanic rock.
They are mostly made of felsic rocks.
These have granite, with its abundant silica, aluminum, sodium and potassium.
Continental plates are rarely destroyed.
Their oldest rocks seem to be 4 billion years old.
Oceanic plates cover about 71 percent of Earth’s surface, while continental plates cover 29 percent.
Thickness of plates
Ocean lithosphere varies in thickness.
Because it is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward, it gets thicker as it moves further away from the mid-ocean ridge.
Typically, the thickness varies from about  thick at mid-ocean ridges to greater than  at subduction zones.
Continental lithosphere is about  thick.
It varies between basins, mountain ranges, and the stable cratonic interiors of continents.
The two types of crust differ in thickness, with continental crust being much thicker than oceanic:  vs. .
Movement of plates
The lithosphere consists of tectonic plates.
There are seven major and many minor plates.
The lithospheric plates ride on the asthenosphere (aesthenosphere).
The plate boundary is where two plates meet.
When movement occurs, the plates may create mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes, mid-oceanic ridges and oceanic trenches, depending on which way the plates are moving.
Convergent boundaries: two plates move toward each other.
Sometimes one plate will move under the other.
This is called subduction.
When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the oceanic plate will move underneath the continental because it is denser.
Convergent boundaries can create mountains and volcanoes.
The Andes mountain range in South America and the Japanese island arc are examples, along with the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Divergent boundaries: two plates move apart.
As shown in the diagram, the place where the boundary occurs is called a rift.
Magma from the mantle pushes up and cools off forming new land.
They create earthquakes and trenches.
The Mid-ocean ridges and Africa's Great Rift Valley are examples.
Transform fault boundaries: two plates move side to side.
They make earthquakes.
The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary.
New Zealand is another, more complex, example.
Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along plate boundaries.
The lateral movement of the plates varies from:
per year (Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
This is as fast as fingernails grow.
per year (Nazca Plate).
This is as fast as hair grows.
Major plates
Indo-Australian plate, sometimes subdivided into:
McKnight, Tom 2004.
Geographica: the complete illustrated atlas of the world, Barnes and Noble; New York.
Stanley, Steven M. 1999.
Earth system history.
Freeman, p211–228.
Thompson, Graham R. & Turk, Jonathan 1991.
Modern physical geology.
Turcotte D.L. & Schubert G. 2002.
Geodynamics.
2nd ed, Wiley, New York.
Movie showing 750 million years of global tectonic activity.
More movies over smaller regions and smaller time scales.
Easy-to-draw illustrations for teaching plate tectonics
Map of tectonic plates
Plate tectonics -Citizendium
The lithosphere is the solid shell of the planet Earth.
That means the crust, plus the part of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on long time scales.
Under the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle.
This part can flow.
The lithosphere provides a conductive lid atop the convecting mantle: it reduces heat transport through the Earth, A lithosphere (Ancient Greek: λίθος [lithos] for "rocky", and σφαίρα [sphaira] for "sphere") is the rigid,[1] outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties.
On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater.
The outermost shell of a rocky planet, the crust, is defined on the basis of its chemistry and mineralogy.
Types of lithosphere :-
Oceanic lithosphere,                                                                                                                                                                           which is associated with oceanic crust and exists in the ocean basins.
Oceanic lithosphere is typically about 50–100 km thick
Continental lithosphere,                                                                                                                                                                                         which is associated with continental crust.
Continental lithosphere has a range in thickness from about 40 km to perhaps 200 km, of which about 40 km is crust.
This thickening occurs by conductive cooling, which converts hot asthenosphere into lithospheric mantle, and causes the oceanic lithosphere to become increasingly dense with age.
Oceanic lithosphere is less dense than asthenosphere for a few tens of millions of years, but after this becomes increasingly denser than asthenosphere.
New oceanic lithosphere is constantly being produced at mid-ocean ridges and is recycled back to the mantle at subduction zones.
As a result, oceanic lithosphere is much younger than continental lithosphere: the oldest oceanic lithosphere is about 200 million years old, while parts of the continental lithosphere are billions of years old.
Another distinguishing characteristic of the lithosphere is its flow properties.
Under the influence of the low-intensity, long-term stresses that drive tectonic motion, the lithosphere is like a rigid shell.
It changes mainly by breaking ("brittle failure").
The asthenosphere (the layer of the mantle below the lithosphere) is heat-softened and adjusts by plastic changes ("deformation").
Oceanic lithosphere is made up of mostly basalt and gabbro.
Continental lithosphere is made up of granite and gneiss.
Earth's crust, lithosphere and asthenosphere
Crust and Lithosphere
Barrel J. 1914a,b&c.
The strength of the Earth's crust.
Journal of Geology.
22, 425-433; 441-468; 655-683.
Daly, R. 1940 Strength and structure of the Earth.
New York: Prentice-Hall.
Chernicof, Stanley and Whitney, Donna.
an introduction to physical geology, 4th ed, Pearson 2007
Links for Middle School students on the Earth's composition
The New Jersey Devils are an ice hockey team that is part of the NHL.
They play in the state of New Jersey.
They have won the Stanley Cup, awarded to the best team in the NHL, 3 times.
Statistics above are correct as of April 28, 2010.
Franchise records
Scoring leaders
Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season.
Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game * = still active with the teamUpdated at completion of 2008–2009 season''
Most goals in a season: Brian Gionta, 48 (2005–06)
Most assists in a season: Scott Stevens, 60 (1993–94)
Most points in a season: Patrik Elias, 96 (40 G, 56 A) (2000–01)
Most penalty minutes in a season: Krzysztof Oliwa, 295 (1997–98)
Most points in a season by a defenseman: Scott Stevens, 78 (1993–94)
Most points in a season by a rookie: Scott Gomez, 70 (1999–00)
Most wins in a season: Martin Brodeur, 48 (2006–07) (also the NHL record)
Most shutouts in a season: Martin Brodeur, 12 (2006–07)
Most power play goals in a season: Brian Gionta, 24 (2005–06)
Most goals in a playoff season: Claude Lemieux, 13 (1995)
Most goals by a defenseman in a playoff season: Brian Rafalski, 7 (2001)
Most assists in a playoff season: Scott Niedermayer, 16 (2003)
Most points in a playoff season: Patrik Elias, 23 (9 G,14 A) (2001)
Most points by a defenseman in a playoff season: Brian Rafalski and Scott Niedermayer, 18 (2001, 2003)
Most penalty minutes in a playoff season: Perry Anderson, 113 (1988)
Most points in a season: 111 (2000–01)
Most wins in a season: 51 (2008–09)
Longest season-ending win streak: 11 (2005–06) (also the NHL record)
1970s establishments in New Jersey
The Nashville Predators are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville, Tennessee.
They play in the National Hockey League (NHL).
Their name is sometimes shortened to the "Preds."
They play in Bridgestone Arena (formerly named Nashville Arena, Gaylord Entertainment Center, and Sommet Center).
Their logo is a reference to a partial Smilodon skeleton that was found beneath downtown Nashville in 1971, during the construction of the First American National Bank.
The franchise held a vote with the fans to choose a team name.
The three candidates that were chosen were: The Ice Tigers, Fury, and Attack.
Another choice, Predators, was added to the vote.
Predators won the vote, and the new franchise was named the Nashville Predators.
1990s establishments in Tennessee
Crookes is an area of the City of Sheffield, England, about 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) west of the center of the city.
It borders Broomhill to the south, Walkley and Crookesmoor to the east and open countryside around the River Rivelin to the north.
The area is
The Dallas Stars are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas, Texas.
They have won 1 Stanley Cup, in 1999.
The team began in the autumn of 1967, as the Minnesota North Stars.
After the 1992-1993 season, the team moved to Dallas.
Texas is known as the "Lone Star State".
The team changed its name from "North Stars" to just "Stars" when they moved.
A pharmaconomist is a Danish person who works in a pharmacy.
Just like pharmacists, pharmaconomists have to be trained to work there, and have lots of knowledge about the drugs and treatments that they give out.
Sources and other links
The Danish College of Pharmacy Practice
The Danish Association of Pharmaconomists
The Danish Pharmaceutical Association
The Danish Executive Order on the Education of Pharmaconomists — June 27, 2007
Information about pharmaconomists
Broomhill which includes the areas of Sheffield of Broomhill, Crookesmoor, Endcliffe, and Tapton, is one of the 28 wards in City of Sheffield, in the country of England.
It is in the western part of the city and covers an area of 2.7 km2.
The population of this ward in 2001 was 16,800 people in 5,700 houses.
Districts of Broomhill ward
Broomhill is a suburb of western Sheffield, England.
Mostly created in the nineteenth century.
The area is just west of the main building of the University of Sheffield, it is known for its large student population, and was identified in 2003 as the richest area apart from London for overall wealth.
Crookesmoor
Crookesmoor is north of the University of Sheffield's main building housing its law department and sports centre, east of Crookes and south of Walkley.
A residential area, it has a large but decreasing student population and is home to Crookes Valley Park.
Endcliffe
Tapton
Tapton is west of Crookes.
It is home to Tapton School.
Owen Hargreaves (born 20 January 1981 in Calgary, Alberta) was a Canadian-born Welsh English football player.
He played his club football for Bayern Munich, Manchester United and Manchester City.
He is now retired, and works as a commentator.
Statistics accurate as of match played 16 May 2012
Sportspeople from Calgary
The asthenosphere is part of earth's mantle.
It is about 100 km to 350 km under the surface.
It is the lower part of the upper mantle, and behaves as a hot viscous liquid.
It consists of hot, weak material that can be deformed like silly putty.
That means it is capable of gradual flow.
It is under the lithosphere.
Airoldi was born in Origgio, near Saronno.
He competed in sporting contests in the Varese.
Later, he competed at the national and international level.
In 1892, he won the Lecco-Milano and the Milano-Torino.
He became famous very quickly.
He was one of the best marathon runners of his time.
In September 1895, he won the Milano-Barcellona marathon.
He won 2000 pesetas for his victory.
The Olympics
Airoldi wanted to participate in the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.
But, he did not have many to get to Athens.
He received some money from La Bicicleta, a popular magazine of the time.
Airoldi decided to run his way to Athens.
He would need to cover seventy kilometres a day to arrive on time.
The magazine covered the stages of his journey.
They also provided him with food and water.
Airoldi first went from Milan to Split, with no problems.
In the next stage, Airoldi planned to run along the Croatian coast through Kotor and Corfu.
However, he fell and hurt his hand during the journey.
He had to spend two days resting himself.
He was told not to cross Albania on foot.
He decided to take an Austrian boat to Patras.
Then, he would go to Athens on foot.
Airoldi finished his 28-day journey to Athens.
However, he was not allowed to compete in the marathon.
The head of the Olympic committee said that he was a professional athlete, and could not compete.
Officials in Italy sent telegrams to the official, but Airoldi was still not allowed to compete.
Italians felt that Airoldi was not allowed to compete because Greeks wanted to win the marathon.
Airoldi did not accept the final decision.
He then challenged the marathon-winner Spiridon Louis to a race.
However, Louis never accepted Airoldi's offer.
His later years
Back in Italy, Airoldi tried to beat Spiridon Louis's record.
He did not succeed.
He continued to race in Lombardy and Switzerland.
After he finished racing, he moved to South America.
Recensione al testo di Sgarella
History of Carlo Airoldi and his journey to Athens
Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 – 8 February 1804) was an English chemist, philosopher, clergyman, and teacher.
He is known as the discoverer of oxygen.
The Priestley Society
A short biography  at the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
Memorial essay (1874) on Priestley
1733 births
Vincent Kennedy McMahon, better known as Vince McMahon or Mr. McMahon (born August 24, 1945) is an American businessman, wrestling promoter, professional wrestler, and movie producer.
He is the Chairman of the board and main owner of WWE, Inc.. McMahon has been both the ECW World Champion and the WWE Champion.
McMahon started his wrestling career in 1971 as an announcer.
He worked for the "World Wide Wrestling Federation" (WWWF) which later changed its name to "World Wrestling Federation" (WWF).
The name was changed again to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
The company was originally owned by his father, Vince J. McMahon.
McMahon bought the company from his father in 1984.
McMahon took the business from a local promotion in the north eastern part of the United States and made it a global company.
McMahon married his wife, Linda McMahon, on August 26 1966 in New Bern, North Carolina.
They have two children: Shane and Stephanie.
In 2016, President-elect of the United States nominated McMahon's wife Linda as Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
WWE Corporate Bio
Businesspeople from North Carolina
Professional Wrestling broadcasters
WWE people
Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet.
His poetry is thought by many people to be very funny.
Nash was born in Rye, New York on August 19, 1902.
In 1932, he joined the staff of The New Yorker.
He died of Crohn's disease on May 19, 1971 in Baltimore, Maryland.
The 1986 Atlantic hurricane season officially started on June 1, 1983, and ended on November 30.
The season had a total of 6 named storms and 4 hurricanes.
Tropical Storm Andrew
Tropical Depression One formed on June 5 north of the Bahamas.
It strengthened into Tropical Storm Andrew the next day.
Andrew traveled along the East Coast of the United States, creating giant waves and high surf along the shore but with minor damages.
Andrew dissipated south of Cape Cod.
One person drowned off the North Carolina coast in high surf, but no major damages was reported.
Hurricane Bonnie
Tropical Depression Two formed south of the Louisiana coast on June 23 and quickly strengthened into a hurricane.
Bonnie made landfall on the upper Texas coast near High Island.
Streets were flooded throughout southeast Texas, mobile homes were destroyed, and three people were killed.
Bonnie caused $2 million (1986 USD) in damage.
A tropical depression formed off the coast of the Florida and moved inland.
The depression then travelled across Florida and exited the coast near Savannah, Georgia, and strengthened into Tropical Storm Charley.
Charley continued moving up the coastline, and the storm strengthened into a hurricane before moving across the Outer Banks and Delmarva Peninsula.
Charley then moved out into the sea, later became extratropical in the north Atlantic Ocean, and later brought bad weather across the British Isles on August 25 where it caused major damages.
Tropical Storm Danielle
On September 1, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and moved west.
The disturbance was below the 10 degree latitude as it developed into a tropical depression on September 7 and then strengthened into a tropical storm later that day.
Danielle peaked as a 60 mph storm on September 8, while a Reconnaissance Aircraft reported gusts of up to hurricane force.
After passing through the Lesser Antilles, Danielle came across vertical wind shear, and on September 10, it dissipated in the central Caribbean Sea.
The remnants of Danielle continued to move west and eventually redeveloped in the Pacific Ocean as Tropical Storm Lester.
The strongest storm of the season began as a tropical wave off Africa on September 4.
After moving across the tropical Atlantic Ocean it strengthened as Tropical Depression Five on September 10 while about 1240 miles (2000 km) east of Puerto Rico.
The depression quickly strengthened and reached hurricane strength on September 11; Earl reached its strongest point on September 12, as a Category 2 hurricane as it travelled in a half circle.
The hurricane weakened to a Category 1 on September 16 and bounced back the way it came.
Earl then turned north and became extratropical southeast of Newfoundland on September 19.
At its strongest point, Earl had sustained winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 979 mbar.
Tropical Depression Six formed on November 18 and quickly strengthened into a tropical storm.
The storm curved northeast and strengthened further, reaching hurricane strength on November 20.
However, a high pressure system to the north caused the storm to fall apart.
Frances was later destroyed by an extratropical low on November 21.
Storm names
These were the names set aside to be used in 1986 Atlantic hurricane.
In the Atlantic, the names are used again every six years, so many of these names were used in 1980 and again in 1992.
The names that did not get used are marked with .
Abidjan is the largest city and former capital of Ivory Coast.
It is the commercial and banking center of Ivory Coast as well as the de facto capital.
Yamoussoukro is the official capital.
The city is in Ébrié Lagoon.
It is built on many peninsulas and islands which are connected by bridges.
There are an estimated 4 to 5 million people living in the metropolitan area.
The city grew after the construction of a new wharf in 1931.
It was made the capital of the French colony in 1933.
In 1983, Yamoussoukro was made the capital of the country, but most government offices and foreign embassies are still in Abidjan.
Photos from Abidjan
Map of Abidjan
Cities in Ivory Coast
1931 establishments
20th-century establishments in Africa
Accra is the capital city of Ghana.
It has a population of about 1,970,400 (2005).
The city is Ghana's largest city.
It is also the administrative, communications, and economic center of the country.
The main economic activities in Accra are financial and government services, communications, construction, transportation and agriculture (mostly fishing).
Most of Ghana's ability to make things is in the capital area.
History of Accra
Accra was founded by the Ga people in the late 1600s.
The word Accra comes from the word Nkran meaning ants.
This is because of the many anthills seen in the countryside around Accra.
During part of its history, Accra was a very important place for trade with the Portuguese.
The Portuguese built a fort in the town.
Many other countries also built forts at Accra during the 17th century.
These countries included Sweden, the Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom and Denmark.
The location that is Accra today grew into a large town around the original Ga town.
As the city grew, the British, Danish and Dutch forts and the small communities that formed around the forts were made added to the city.
In 1877, at the end of the second Anglo-Asante War, Accra replaced Cape Coast as the capital of the British Gold Coast colony.
After a railroad was built between Accra and the inland locations of mines and farms, Accra became the economic center of Ghana.
Large areas of the city were destroyed by earthquakes in 1862 and 1939, but the city rebuilt around a seaport and later a brewery.
Each time it rebuilt, the city was made larger.
The Accra Riots in 1948 started people in Ghana fighting for independence.
This led to the Ghana's independence from the United Kingdom and it becoming a country in 1957.
Today, Accra is  one of the richest and most modern cities in the African continent.
It has a high quality of living by African standards.
Map of Accra
Google Earth image of Accra, Ghana
Settlements in Ghana
César Franck (born Liège, 10 December, 1822; died Paris, November 8, 1890), was a composer, organist and music teacher of Belgian and German origin who lived in France.
He was one of the great musicians of his time.
He was organist at the church of Sainte Clotilde in Paris for more than 30 years, and he taught many talented young musicians.
Most of the music for which he is famous was composed when he was already quite old.
César Franck was born in Liège, a town which is now in Belgium.
His father came from near the German-Belgian border and his mother was German.
Because his father wanted him to be a concert pianist, he was sent to study at the conservatoire in Liege before going to the Paris Conservatoire in 1837.
In 1842 his father made him come back to Liège so that he could practise for his career as a virtuoso pianist.
He went back to Paris in 1844 and stayed there for the rest of his life.
He told his father he did not want to be a concert pianist.
This made his father very angry.
During his first years in Paris, Franck made his living by teaching and playing the organ.
In 1848 he married.
His parents came to the wedding although they were still angry with him for not wanting to be a pianist.
In 1858 he became organist at a new church called Saint Clotilde Basilica.
He decided to improve his organ playing, in particular in the use of pedals and in improvisation.
At that time changes were being made in France to the pipe organ.
Aristide Cavaillé-Coll was a very famous organ builder.
He built an organ for Saint Clotilde Basilica and Franck gave the first recital on the new instrument in December 1859.
Franck became famous for the way he improvised on the organ after the services.
However, for many years he did not compose much.
Franck was becoming known as a teacher of organ and composition.
His group of pupils became known as the bande à Franck (the Franck band).
They included Henri Duparc, who introduced him to Alexis de Castillon.
Franck became organ professor at the Paris Conservatoire.
The students he taught included Vincent d'Indy, Ernest Chausson, and Louis Vierne.
His organ works, especially the Grande Pièce Symphonique, were some of the best organ pieces to come from France (or anywhere else) in over a century.
They helped to prepare for the French symphonic organ style, which was to include many famous composers from the late 19th century onwards: people such as Vierne, Charles-Marie Widor and Marcel Dupré.
In 1872 he wrote an oratorio Rédemption.
It was not a success when it was first performed, but this was mainly due to the instrumental parts which had been badly copied, and by the famous conductor Edouard Colonne who conducted it very badly.
The work became popular years later after Franck had died.
Franck was now starting to compose the works which made him really famous.
He wrote a very large oratorio called Les Béatitudes.
Later he wrote a Piano Quintet and the symphonic poems Le chasseur maudit and Les Djinns.
His piano music included Prélude, choral et fugue and the Variations symphoniques.
In 1885 he was awarded the cross of the Legion d’honneur.
A year later he became president of the Société Nationale de Musique.
He wrote a Violin Sonata (1886) and a Symphony (1888), which are probably his two most famous compositions now.
In 1890, Franck was knocked down by a horse tram while crossing the road.
He died shortly afterwards, although he still managed to compose his Trois chorals for organ just before he died.
Many of Franck's works use "cyclic form", a way of making a long work with several movements sound like one piece by making the main theme or themes come back in later movements.
He wrote in a Romantic style which was partly influenced by the music of Wagner and Liszt.
Franck had big hands and when he wrote for the piano he often made the pianist play chords with very wide stretches.
He remains famous for just a small number of compositions written in his last years.
One of his best known shorter pieces is the motet Panis Angelicus, which was originally written for tenor solo, but is more often heard sung by a soprano or treble.
Free Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Free Scores  at the Choral Public Domain Library
International César Franck Society
People from Liège
Addis Ababa (spelled Addis Abeba by the Ethiopian Mapping Institute, also called Finfinne) is the capital city of Ethiopia.
It is also the capital of the African Union and the Oromia region of Ethiopia.
Addis Ababa is both a city and a state.
The city has people living in it from as many as 80 different countries speaking 80 different languages.
There are many different communities in the city including Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communities.
Addis Ababa is about 2,500 m above sea level.
It has about four million people.
The site was chosen by Empress Taytu Betul.
The city was founded in 1886 by her husband, Emperor Menelik II.
The city is at the foot of Mount Entoto.
In 1935 the city (renamed Addis Abeba) was conquered by the Italians and was made the capital of their empire in eastern Africa until 1941.
Italians made huge improvements and modern projects to the city.
Addis Ababa University is in the city.
Addis Ababa University was formerly known as Haile Selassie I University.
It was named after the former Emperor of Ethiopia, who gave his palace to be used the main campus of the university in 1961.
Addis Ababa City Administration
Addis Ababa City Council
Introduction to Addis Ababa
Picture of Addis Ababa
Regions of Ethiopia
In computing, a home directory is a special directory (or location in the File system, Apple calls directories folders).
Very often, there is one such home directory per user.
Some users, which were created by the system and usually do not log in, do not have such a home directory.
Different Implementations
Unix and Linux
On Unix and Linux-like operating systems, the directory is usually called like the username.
It is usually in the /home hierarchy.
A user fred would therefore his home directory in /home/fred.
It can be written as ~.
Since Windows 95 there is a directory called My Documents.
It was introduced together with My Computer.
It helps the users locate their files.
Since Windows 2000 it is in the user's profile directory Documents and Settings\username.
So a user fred will find his files in Documents and Settings\fred\My Documents.
In Windows Vista the directory has lost the My, and is simply called Documents.
Other directories, which are similar, may exist.
They are called My Music, My pictures and My videos.
Since Windows 7 files of a user can be found at \Users\(username)\.
In Mac OS X, the home directory is in /Users.
Nowruz (, meaning "[The] New Day", ; ) it is what the Iranians call their New Year.
It is one of the ancient celebrations which has survived throughout history and is considered to be a day in which new good things start.
Nowruz is the day of the spring equinox, when the amount of light and dark is the same during the day.
It is the beginning of the year in the Persian calendar.
It is usually celebrated on March 21.On September 30, 2009, UNESCO registered Nowruz as an intangible cultural heritage under the official name "International Nowruz Day".
The UN General Assembly then listed Nowruz, which has roots in Iran, on its calendar.
A document approved by the United Nations General Assembly on February 23, 2010 explains that Nowruz on March 21 originated in Iran more than 3,000 years ago and is celebrated by more than 300 million people today.
UN member states celebrated Knowles in 1391 (2012) for the first time in Iran-sponsored UN and UNESCO public places, and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also sent a message to the celebration .
Nowruz has been celebrated by people from different ethnic communities and religious backgrounds for thousands of years.
It started in Persia in one of the capitals of the Achaemenid Empire in Persis (Fars).
It has been registered by UNESCO as The "International Day of Nowruz" a cultural and spiritual heritage of mankind on October 29, 2009.
UN General Assembly also registered Nowruz as an Iranian heritage in its calendar.
UN General Assembly described it as a festival celebrated for more than 3,000 years.
Nowadays more than 300 million people celebrate it all over the world .UN document explained  on March 23rd 2010.
Iran hosted celebrating Nowruz in the United Nations and UNESCO for the first time in 2012.
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also issued a message on the occasion.
According to the book Documents on the Persian Gulf's name, Nowruz was originated in ancient Persia.
This celebration is attributed to the mythical king Jamshid.
Iranians celebrated Nowruz  continuously at least  since 500 BC .Historically  the ethnics residing in geographical civilization of PERSIA have celebrated changing of the seasons or  solar rotations, the equinoxes (March ( 21st) and September (about 23rd) and the solstices in June (20th or 21st) and December (21st or 22nd).
they infact were honoring and welcoming sun developments  and return of spirit of the dead in this special days.
the March equinox or Nowruz is formally the beginning of the new year in Iran and Afghanistan and Nowruz festival start in last Wednesday of the end of year and continues till 13 first month of new year.
It is a national holiday now in all Iranian neighboring countries including, Azerbaijan,  Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan , Georgia, India,Uzbekistan.
Earth's mantle is the 1,800 mile (2,900 km) thick shell making up about 84% of Earth's volume.
It is over the Earth's iron-rich core, which takes up about 15% of Earth's volume.
The upper mantle
Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the outer levels of the mantle have produced a very thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface, where we live.
The gases evolved during the melting of Earth's mantle have a large effect on the composition and size of Earth's atmosphere.
Uppermost mantle
A thin crust, the lower part of the lithosphere, surrounds the mantle and is about 5 to 75 km thick.
There are two main zones in the upper mantle.
The uppermost mantle plus overlying crust are relatively rigid and form the lithosphere, an irregular layer with a maximum thickness of perhaps 200 km, of which the uppermost mantle is 120 to 50 km thick.
Below the lithosphere the upper mantle becomes notably more plastic.
It is called the asthenosphere, and is composed of flowing rock in the state of plasticity, about 200 km thick.
Lower mantle
The lower mantle is much thicker than the upper mantle.
It is made of magma, under great pressure, and so is thicker (higher viscosity) and flows less easily.
The lower mantles temperature has a max of about 4,000 °C (7,000 °F).
The chemical composition of the mantle is heavily biased towards three elements: oxygen 44.8% by weight; magnesium 22.8%; silicon 21.5%.
Compounds are oxides: silica SiO2 46%; magnesium oxide MgO 37.8%.
Place with no crust
In 2007 a team of scientists on board the RRS James Cook went to an area of the Atlantic seafloor where the mantle has no crust covering.
The anomaly is mid-way between the Cape Verde Islands and the Caribbean in the Atlantic Ocean, at or near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
It is about three kilometres under the ocean surface and covers thousands of square kilometres.
Other such 'Oceanic Core Complexes' (OCCs) were found later.
Many have active hydrothermal vents.
Information on the Mohole Project
Robert Burns (25 January 1759  1796) was a famous poet born in Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland.
Some of his most famous poems include To A Mouse, Auld Lang Syne, and Tam o Shanter.
Burns is seen as the national poet of Scotland.
Much of his work is written in broad Scots, a sister language to English.
His poem and song A Man's A Man For A' That was sung at the opening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999. "
To A Louse, On Seeing One on a Lady's Bonnet at Church" is a 1786 Scots poem by Robert Burns.
Dietrich Hohmann: Ich, Robert Burns, Biographical Novel, Neues Leben, Berlin 1990 (in German)
Modern English translations of poems by Robert Burns
Robert Burns website at National Library of Scotland
Legacy of Robert Burns – National Archives of Scotland website
Cousin, John William (1910).
A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature.
London: J. M. Dent & Sons, p. 57
A recital of Tam o Shanter a Tale
A recital Address to the Unco Guid
A recital of Address to a Haggis
A Recital Holly Willie's Prayer including Epitaph on Holly Willie
1796 deaths
Scottish poets
A book club is a club where people regularly meet to discuss a book that they have read and talk about their opinions, likes, dislikes of the characters and plot.
Book clubs meet in private homes, libraries, bookstores, pubs, cafes or restaurants over meals, etc.
VRS or Video Relay Service is a service by which deaf people can use sign language on phone calls.
In some countries it has largely replaced the use of TTY for for this pupose.
VRS uses a video camera and a high-speed Internet connection, to let people call friends, family, and business associates.
A deaf or hard of hearing person can use a remote control and call an interpreter.
When interpreter comes on their screen, the caller can call any hearing person and have a phone conversation through the interpreter.
VRS was invented in the 1990s in Sweden.
In the early 21st century it became available in the United States.
A person in the United States, can make calls to, or receive calls from, anybody in the world via VRS.
Pinky tells the Real Story Video Relay Service VRS
Proud Geek presents: List of Video Relay Services
The Florida Panthers are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL.
They play in Sunrise, Florida at FLA Live Arena.
They were named for the Florida panther, a type of cougar that is considered an endangered species.
{{Infobox NHL team
| team_name = Carolina Hurricanes
| current = 2020–21 Carolina Hurricanes season
| bg_color = background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#CC0000 5px solid; border-bottom:#000000 5px solid;
| text_color = #000000
| logo_image =
| conference = Eastern
| division = Metropolitan
| founded = 1972
| history = New England Whalers1972–1979 (WHA)Hartford Whalers1979–1997 (NHL) Carolina Hurricanes1997–present
| arena = PNC Arena
| city = Raleigh, North Carolina
| uniform_image =
| team_colors = Red, white, gray, black
| media_affiliates = Bally Sports SouthESPN The Fan (99.9 FM)The Buzz (620 AM)
| owner = Tom Dundon
| general_manager = Don Waddell
| head_coach = Rod Brind'Amour
| captain = Jordan Staal
| minor_league_affiliates = Chicago Wolves (AHL)Greenville Swamp Rabbits (ECHL)
| stanley_cups = 1 (2005–06)
| conf_titles = 2 (2001–02, 2005–06)
| presidents'_trophies = 0
| division_titles = ''4 (1998–99, 2001–02, 2005–062021)
The Carolina Hurricanes''' are an ice hockey team that plays in the  NHL.
The team's home arena is PNC Arena, in Raleigh, North Carolina.
They won the Stanley Cup during the 2005-2006 season by beating the Edmonton Oilers.
They play in Raleigh, North Carolina, but they moved in 1999 from Hartford, Connecticut, where they were known as the Hartford Whalers.
They play in the Metropolitan Division of the NHL.
1972 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in North Carolina
Dakar is the capital city of Senegal.
It is on the country's Atlantic coast on the western edge of Africa.
The city is a trade seaport for items leaving Africa.
Dakar has a population of 1,030,594 people.
The metropolitan area has about 2.45 million people living in it.
The area that is now Dakar was first settled around the 15th century.
In 1444, Portuguese created a colony there.
By 1536, the colony was being used to as part of the slave trade.
Between 1588 and 1677, the area was fought over by many countries.
During this time it was under the control of the Portuguese, Dutch, English, and finally the French.
In 1857, the French built a military base here.
This base was called Dakar.
It was made the capital of French West Africa in 1902.
Dakar was one of the major cities of the French Empire during this time.
It was very important in terms of trade, military, and communications to the empire until World War II.
The city was the capital of the Mali Federation from 1959 to 1960.
It then became the capital of Senegal.
dakarville.sn  - City of Dakar official website.
African Photos Photos from Dakar
Cities in Senegal
IRCAM stands for Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (Institute for Research and Coordination of Acoustic Music).
It is an institute in Paris for composing electronic music.
IRCAM is housed underneath the Pompidou Centre which is a very large building devoted to the arts, and named after the former French president Georges Pompidou.
In 1970 Georges Pompidou asked the composer Pierre Boulez to start an institution for music research.
Boulez was in put in charge of the institute.
It was opened in 1977.
Composers were able to work there, composing music, without having to finish pieces by any particular date.
They were given plenty of time to experiment.
Many modern composers such as Harrison Birtwistle, Jonathan Harvey and George Benjamin have worked there or were influenced by the music that was being composed there.
Today musicians working in IRCAM continue to provide many interesting new ideas in electronic music.
The official site of IRCAM
Yaoundé is the capital city of the Republic of Cameroon.
It is the second largest city in the country after Douala.
Yaoundé was founded in 1888 by German traders.
It was created to be used as a base for the ivory trade and an agricultural research station.
The city was under the control of Belgian troops during World War I. After the war, it became the capital of French Cameroons.
It has remained the capital of the Republic of Cameroon until the present day.
1888 establishments
Asmara is the capital city of Eritrea.
It is the largest settlement in the country.
Asmara has a population of about 579,000 people.
Textiles and clothing, meat, beer, shoes, and ceramics are the major industrial products of the city.
Asmara grew from four villages founded in the twelfth century.
It is said that there were four clans living in the Asmara area.
The women of these tribes told them men to join together to fight bandits who had been attacking the area.
After they defeated the bandits, a new name was given to the place, Arbaete Asmara.
This name, in the Tigrinya language, meant the four females united.
Arbaete was later dropped and the name was made Asmara.
In 1889, Asmara became an Italian colony.
It was made the capital of the country in 1897 and was called Asmara italiana.