the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The wave entered the Bahamas on July 21 and strengthened into Tropical Depression Six while 70 miles (110 km) east of Eleuthera.
Initially the storm was predicted to move in a clockwise loop and slowly move to the west in response to a high pressure system.
Several models showed the possibility of the storm to change westward and move into central Florida.
Anyhow, soon after the depression formed, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Franklin.
Tropical Storm Franklin suffered a lot of wind shear related with the development of Tropical Storm Gert, which made the forecasters at the National Hurricane Center to say that Franklin could be destroyed in the next few days.
However the shear stopped as Franklin moved to the northeast, allowing the storm to strengthen.
The forecasters now said that Franklin could "attain and maintain hurricane strength" and make a close approach to Bermuda.
Franklin moved unevenly to the east while weakening as shear increased again.
The NHC predicted that the storm would dissipate, but Frnaklin stopped weakening on July 25 with Franklin a minimal tropical storm.
The storm passed to 200 miles (325 km) to the west of Bermuda on July 26 and moved slowly northwards into the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream.
The shear also reduced once again allowing Franklin to re-strengthen somewhat, with winds reaching 60 mph (95 km/h) on July 28.
Meanwhile, Franklin began to accelerate to the northeast becoming an extratropical cyclone on July 30 to the south of Newfoundland.
The extratropical storm passed close to the southern tip of Newfoundland later that day and was absorbed by a larger system on July 31.
As Tropical Storm Franklin was forming, a tropical storm warning was issued for the northwest Bahamas, but it was cancelled as Franklin moved north and away from the islands.
A tropical storm watch was given out to Bermuda on July 25 but was also cancelled a day later when Franklin moved away.
Tropical Storm Franklin developed very close to land in the Bahamas and passed close to Bermuda, but there were no reports of tropical storm force winds overland, with the strongest gust recorded on Bermuda being 37 mph (60 km/h).
After Franklin became an extratropical storm, it affected parts of southeastern Newfoundland, bringing about 1 inch (25 mm) of rain to the area.
There were no damages or fatalities reported from Tropical Storm Franklin.
When Franklin formed on July 21, it was the became earliest tropical cyclone ever in a season that the sixth tropical storm formed, breaking the previous record held by storm 6 from 1936 by 14 days.
This was the first use of Franklin to name a tropical storm after the retirement of Hurricane Floyd from 1999.
Because Frank filed to cause any deaths or damages, its the name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Season.
NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Franklin
NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Franklin
Atlas is a moon of Saturn.
It was discovered by Richard Terrile from photos taken by Voyager 1 in 1980.
It was named after the Atlas in Greek mythology.
It orbits just outside Saturn's A ring.
Prometheus is a moon of Saturn.
It was discovered by Stewart Collins from Voyager 1 photos in 1981.
It was named after the god of the same name in Greek mythology.
The moon acts as a shepherd satellite for the inner part of Saturn's F ring.
Christopher Adam "Chris" Daughtry (born December 26, 1979) is an American singer.
He is best known for being the fourth-place finisher on American Idol.
He is also the lead singer of Daughtry.
His band released their first album in 2006.
Chris Daughtry at WikiMusicGuide
Pandora is a moon of Saturn.
The moon is named after Pandora in Greek mythology.
It is the outer shepherd satellite of Saturn's F ring, the inner satellite being Prometheus.
Pandora has many craters in its surface.
Daphnis is a moon of Saturn.
It is a tiny moon, measuring 6 to 8 km in diameter.
It is discovered by the Cassini-Huygens space probe in 2005.
It orbits inside the Keeler Gap in Saturn's rings.
Melinda Marie Doolittle (born October 6, 1977) is an American singer.
She was a third-place finalist on American Idol.
Biography on American Idol
Doolittle's credits on All Music Guide
Doolittle's MySpace site
Melinda's Backups - her support association
Melinda's Management Company
Epimetheus is a moon of Saturn.
It was discovered by Richard Walker in 1966.
At first, Epimetheus was thought to be same as Janus, another moon that orbits at the same distance from Saturn.
It was confirmed by Voyager 1 in 1980 that they were two separate moons.
Janus is a moon of Saturn.
It was discovered by Audouin Dollfus in 1966.
Astronomers were first mistaken that another moon, Epimetheus, was the same as Janus.
Voyager 1 confirmed in 1980 that there were two moons that share the same orbit.
Enceladus  is a moon of Saturn.
It is the sixth largest of Saturn's moons, and it has a diameter of 500 km.
Enceladus is within Saturn's E ring and likely contributes material to it.
The moon is made mostly out of water ice, so it reflects light very well.
It reflects almost 100% of the sunlight that strikes the moon.
William Herschel discovered Enceladus on August 28, 1789.
In 2014, NASA reported that its Cassini spacecraft found evidence for liquid water on Enceladus.
Scientists now think that there is a large underground ocean of liquid water, around 10 km thick, near Enceladus' south pole.
There are also cryovolcanoes (cold volcanoes) near the south pole.
These volcanoes shoot large jets of water vapor, other volatiles, and some solid particles like sodium chloride crystals and ice particles into space.
Some of these substances become part of Saturn's E ring.
Tethys (pronounced TEE-this) is a large moon of the planet Saturn.
It was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1684.
It was one of the first Saturnian moons discovered.
Mass, density and volume
Tethys' mass is 617,551,805,221,061,000,000 kg, its density is 0.973 g/cm3 and its volume is 634,264,255 km3.
Craters and valleys
It has a very large crater on its surface, called Odysseus.
It is named after a Greek warrior king in Homer's two great works, The Iliad and The Odyssey.
There is also a very long valley called Ithaca Chasma.
It is 100 km wide and 2000 km long.
Tethys takes 45.3 hours to orbit (go around) Saturn and orbits Saturn 294,660 km away.
Tethys is tidally locked in phase with its parent planet - one side always faces toward Saturn.
Tropical Storm Jose was a tropical storm that lived for a very short time from August 22 to 23.
Jose was the tenth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season which made landfall in eastern Mexico.
Tropical Storm Jose formed off the coast of Mexico in the western Gulf of Mexico on August 22 and made landfall on eastern Mexico the next day while at its strongest point with 60 mph (95 km/h) winds.
Jose then quickly dissipated while inland and caused heavy rain.
Jose killed a total of eight people (6 directly and 2 indirectly) who were all killed by landslides and caused $45 million in damage.
On August 17 a tropical wave, probably from the same wave from which Tropical Depression Ten had developed from earlier in the month, began to organize in the central Caribbean.
Convection steadily increased as it moved to the Yucatán Peninsula.
The system then weakened while overland, and by the time when it entered the southweatern Gulf of Mexico on August 21 it hardly had any convection.
However early in the morning of August 22 under highly favorable upper-level conditions, convection quickly increased and the system became Tropical Depression Eleven about 110 miles (175 km) east of Veracruz, Mexico.
The depression quickly strengthened as it moved to the west, becoming Tropical Storm Jose just six hours later after forming.
The global model guidance originally failed to predict the storms track well, with some models showing that it would somehow stop offshore.
Jose continued to strengthen as it moved towards the coast and made landfall in the state of Veracruz early on August 23 with winds at its strongest at 60 mph (90 km/h).
As Jose made its landfall an eye was beginning to form, although the storm was still short of hurricane strength.
Tropical Storm Jose quickly weakened after landfall and dissipated that afternoon in the mountains of central Mexico only 24 hours after forming.
Because Tropical Storm Jose formed so close to shore, there was only a lead time of less than 9 hours on the tropical storm warning given out on September 22 for the Veracruz coastline.
The area covered by the warning was also enlarged southwards as Jose intensified, before being cancelled soon after landfall on September 23.
The advisories that were given out by the National Hurricane Center stated that rainfall from Jose was the probably the biggest threat.
Tropical Storm Jose was responsible for damaging crops, highways and homes; flooding many areas in several cities in the state of Veracruz and 80,000 people had to be in shelters.
The government of that state estimated the damages caused by the storm to be about $45 million (2005 US dollars).
An estimated 120 cities were affected by the rains, but the majority of the damage was limited to eight of them: Martínez de la Torre, Misantla, Nautla, San Rafael, Vega de la Torre, Actopan, Cardel and Úrsulo Galván.
Damage to the highway infrastructure was estimated at $33 million (2005 USD).
It was also reported that the storm damaged at least 16 thousand homes and about 250 square kilometres (60 thousand acres) of land used for cattle.
In addition, over 420 square kilometres (103 thousand acres) of various crops, including sugar cane, corn and bananas, were flooded.
90 active medical brigades were sent to the region to reduce the risk of infections to the affected people living in the destroyed area.
In addition, Jose was responsible for killing people six directly.
One of these deaths was the result of a landslide that killed a man in Xalapa, Veracruz.
The other five deaths were also due to landslides in Oaxaca.
When Tropical Storm Jose formed on August 22, it was the earliest date for the formation of the tenth tropical storm in an Atlantic hurricane season, breaking the previous record held by Tropical Storm Jerry from 1995 by 1 day.
This was also the third time the name "Jose" had been used to name a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic.
As Tropical Storm Jose create any major damages, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.
NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Jose
NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Jose
A kind of thin yarn, thin fibers spun together, for sewing
Screw thread, a ridge running in a spiral down the length of a screw
Threaded discussion, a group of messages to a newsgroup, mailing list or Internet forum on a single topic
Thread (computer science), a sequence of instructions which may execute in parallel with other threads
Threads, a 1984 BBC docudrama concerning the after-effects of a nuclear attack on Sheffield
Thread, a destructive mindless alien spore in the Dragonriders of Pern series of science fiction novels
"Threads", a Season 8 Stargate SG-1 episode
Thread (unit of measurement), a cotton yarn measurement, equal to 54 inches
Thread, a 1999 album by Wideawake
Thread, a sugar stage in candy cookery
Thread (business technology), a connection made to publicly record the quality of a business transaction
Cindy was originally thought to have been a strong tropical storm at its strongest strength, but was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane in the post-storm analysis.
Hurricane Cindy formed on July 3 just east of the Yucatán Peninsula in the Caribbean Sea.
The depression soon made landfall on the peninsula and weakened before entering in the Gulf of Mexico on July 4.
The storm restrengthened as it moved north becoming a hurricane just before making landfall on southern Louisiana on July 5.
The storm weakened as it moved inland and became extratropical on July 7.
Cindy was responsible for a total of 3 deaths in the United States and`for bringing heavy rains to Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Maryland.
An unusually strong F2 tornado formed from Cindy's remnants and caused a lot of damage in Hampton, Georgia.
Cindy also caused flooding and a very big blackout in New Orleans, Louisiana, which encouraged the people to evacuate when Hurricane Katrina destroyed the city in the next month.
On June 24 a strong tropical wave formed off the African coast and moved quickly west across the Atlantic Ocean without any strengthening.
The wave steadily became more organized as it came to the Caribbean Sea and late on July 3 it strengthened into Tropical Depression Three about 80 miles (130 km) east of Chetumal, Mexico.
The models originally had difficulty predicting the future path of the depression and the forecasts from the National Hurricane Center agreed with this, predicting that the depression would maybe hit Texas.
Anyhow, the depression developed quickly before making landfall on Yucatán Peninsula early on July 4 with 35 mph (55 km/h) winds.
Cindy then began to lose its most of its strength and organization as it moved inland.
A new center of organization began forming later on July 4 when Cinday entered the Gulf of Mexico.
This reorganization caused a notable change in the models, which now predicated a landfall in Louisiana.
The depression moved north in the Gulf of Mexico and became a Tropical Storm Cindy early on July 5.
Weakened shear allowed Cindy to strengthen more as it approached Louisiana and was a minimal hurricane with 75 mph (120 km/h) winds for a very short time when it made landfall near Grand Isle late on July 5.
While it was thought that Cindy did not originally reach hurricane strength, but post-season reanalysis confirmed the upgrade.
Hurricane Cindy weakened back into a tropical storm as it crossed over southeastern Louisiana and Breton Sound before making a second landfall near Waveland, Mississippi with 50 mph (85 km/h) winds on July 6.
Cindy moved to the northeast over Mississippi and Alabama, weakening to a tropical depression that day.
The depression became extratropical over South Carolina on July 7 and moved to the northeast dissipating in the Atlantic Ocean on July 9.
In New Orleans, Louisiana, wind gusts reached 70 mph (110 km/h), many trees were destroyed or uprooted and various street flooding was reported.
As thousands lost electrical power, the city experienced its worst blackout since Hurricane Betsy 40 years earlier.
Although at the time, Cindy was still listed as a "Tropical Storm" by the weather service, many in New Orleans thought that Cindy was a hurricane, and referred to it as "Hurricane Cindy" before it was officially upgraded.
Even though Cindy had weakened to a depression and was deep inland, Cindy's effects were still felt; some parts of Atlanta Motor Speedway and Tara Field airport in Hampton, Georgia suffered heavy damage from an F2 tornado created by the storm.
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta had over 5 inches (130 mm) of rain on July 6, its sixth-highest one-day rainfall since 1878; most rain fell during just two hours (8 to 10  p.m. EDT).
This is more rain than the area normally gets in all of July.
Many other places, such as Slidell, Louisiana, Gulfport, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama, and Salisbury, Maryland, also saw over 5 inches (125 mm) of rain.
Many people in the New Orleans metropolitan area thought Cindy would only create minimal effects from the storm, but found themselves cleaning up the mess and were without power for days after Cindy's strike.
The experience encouraged many people to evacuate when the much more powerful Hurricane Katrina was heading towards the city less than two months later.
When Tropical Storm Cindy formed on July 5, it was the seventh time that the name had been used to name a storm in the Atlantic.
Because Cindy did not cause any major damages, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.
The NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Cindy.
The NHC's archive on Hurricane Cindy.
The HPC's archive on Hurricane Cindy .
USA Today: Tropical Storm Cindy floods streets along Gulf Coast
Photos of Cindy on al.com
Times-Picayune article the following day via ohsep.louisiana.gov
NASA article on Cindy's rainfall
Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes
Single person, a person who has no mate
Single (music), a song that is not part of an album
Download single
Single (baseball), a type of baseball hit
A cartridge is easy to use.
For example, an ink cartridge is easier to use than a bottle of ink.
This is because all the ink is inside the cartridge.
A cassette is a small cartridge.
The words have similar meanings.
Hurricane Epsilon was a Category 1 hurricane that lasted a long time in the central Atlantic Ocean during late November and early December.
Epsilon was one of the strongest and longest living hurricanes recorded so late during the year.
It was also the twenty-seventh tropical or subtropical storm and fifteenth hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Epsilon formed from a non-tropical low that steadily became a tropical storm on November 29.
The storm became a hurricane on December 2, in a highly unfavorable climate for a regular tropical cyclone.
Anyhow, Epsilon managed to stay as a hurricane for a few more days while confusing and frustrating forecasters at the National Hurricane Center before dissipating on December 8.
Tropical Storm Epsilon developed out from an extratropical storm in the central Atlantic Ocean on November 29 that had slowly gained tropical characteristics similar to Tropical Storm Delta.
It was far east from Bermuda at the time and never would get close to land.
Epsilon steadily strengthened into a strong tropical storm before it weakened a little bit on December 1.
The official forecasts from the National Hurricane Center predicted Epsilon would weaken further in the highly unfavoritable environment before becoming an extratropical system again.
Unexpectedly, Tropical Storm Epsilon strengthened again on December 2 and became a hurricane over cooler waters about 21–24 °C (70–75 °F) with continuing wind shear; which are the conditions that are highly unfavorable for a regular tropical cyclone.
The official forecasts continued to predict weakening and dissipation but Epsilon did not follow the forecaster's predictions, and remained at hurricane strength for several more days.
At one point on December 4 it was thought that Epsilon had weakened into a tropical storm for a short time, but later post-analysis showed that Epsilon had never weakened at all.
Hurricane Epsilon then strengthened further to its peak intensity of 85 mph (135 km/h) just several hours later.
Hurricane Epsilon frustrated many forecasters back in NHC, and the because Epsilon continued to deny any weakening made NOAA hurricane forecaster Dr. Lixion Avila to say "There are no clear reasons — and I am not going to make one up — to explain the recent strengthening of Epsilon…".
This means "I don't know why the storm has gained strength, and I am not going to make up a reason".
The storm kept its hurricane strength for five days while most of the six-hourly forecasts during that period called for it to weaken below that hurricane strength.
Dr. Avila also claimed that Epsilon had developed a structure similar to one of an annular hurricane, which somehow helped it to keep its strength even though poor conditions still existed.
On December 7, wind shear began to cause Hurricane Epsilon to weaken.
The storm lost strength, and it became a tropical storm on the next day.
It continued weakening into a tropical depression on December 8, and it dissipated soon after that.
Impact and records
Because Hurricane Epsilon stayed far out at sea and never came near land, no warnings or watches were sent out by the National Hurricane Center.
No ships in the ocean reported high winds from Epsilon.
Also, the storm caused no damage or deaths.
When Tropical Storm Epsilon formed on November 29, it was the first known time that the 27th tropical or subtropical storm had formed in the Atlantic Ocean during one hurricane season.
Hurricane Epsilon was only the 6th ever Atlantic hurricane in December.
Epsilon spent more time as a hurricane during December than any other Atlantic storm.
This broke the old record held by Hurricane Lili in 1984.
NHC's archive on Hurricane Epsilon
NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Epsilon
The EFL Cup, known for most of its history as the Football League Cup and also known in the past by several sponsored names, is a national association football competition in England, with a few clubs in Wales also playing.
It is like the FA Cup, but has fewer teams, and starts and ends earlier in the season.
Note: * means after extra time
1961–1966 (two legs)
Since 1967 (single game)
Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world.
It is responsible for overseeing the amateur and professional game in England and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man.
The FA is a member of FIFA and UEFA and has a seat in the International Football Association Board (IFAB), which is responsible for the Laws of the Game.
The FA is also a member of the British Olympic Association, which means that they also have control over the Great Britain Olympic football team.
FA Youth Cup
FA Futsal Cup
The FA web site
1863 establishments in the United Kingdom
Tropical Storm Alpha was the twenty-third tropical or subtropical storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Alpha was the first tropical cyclone to be named with Greek alphabets after the season's list of names ran out.
Tropical Storm Alpha formed in the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 22 where it steadily moved towards Hispaniola, later making landfall on the island on October 23.
Alpha then quickly weakened and dissipated over the Atlantic Ocean on the next day.
Alpha caused a total of 43 deaths in the island (being the sixth deadliest storm of the season).
A tropical wave, which had formed off from the western African coast on October 15, moved to the Caribbean Seaand reached the Windward Islands on October 19.
The wave slowly strengthened and organized into a tropical depression about 180 miles southwest of San Juan, Puerto Rico, on October 22.
Later that day, despite wind shear from powerful Hurricane Wilma nearby, it strengthened into a tropical storm as it moved west-northwestward.
On the morning of October 23, it made landfall on the Dominican Republic with 50 mph (85 km/h) winds, then moved over to Haiti.
As it crossed Hispaniola, Alpha was weakened to a tropical depression because of the island's tall mountains.
A cold front pulled Alpha northward where it moved into the Atlantic Ocean and began to travel alongside Hurricane Wilma to the southwest.
On the afternoon of October 24 Alpha became disorganizied into a remnant low, which also made the National Hurricane Center to stop giving out tropical cyclone reports for the system.
Later, Alpha's remnant were absorbed by Hurricane Wilma.
Government officials in the Dominican Republic ordered the evacuation of at least 30,000 people living in places where flooding was possible.
About 1,000 people remained in shelters.
Alpha caused nine deaths in the Dominican Republic alone, including two fishermen who went missing at sea during the storm and a fourteen year old boy who was swept away by floodwaters in the town of Guaricanos.
A river in Haiti overflowed its banks and flooded a neighborhood in the Port-au-Prince suburb of Carrefour, killing seventeen people; including two were electrocuted, one drowned, and five were swept to their deaths by the water.
Also, twenty-three people were reported missing, including nineteen from the town of Leogane, sixteen of whom were later confirmed dead, bringing the death toll in Haiti to 33.
This is a much lower death toll than originally feared; tropical systems which affect Haiti such as Hurricane Jeanne from 2004 were usually among the deadliest as the badly-deforested Haiti, which is extremely vulnerable to landslides and lacks basically any form of tropical alert system.
Since the 2005 season had already used up all the assigned hurricane names, the Greek alphabet was used and the storm was named Alpha once it reached tropical storm strength.
The name Alpha has been used before in the Atlantic for a subtropical storm, but the 2005 season was the first time to have a Tropical Storm Alpha.
At the time it was thought that Alpha was the twenty-second storm of the season, and so was the storm which broke the 1933 season's record for most storms in just one season.
However post-season analysis revealed that there was also an earlier subtropical storm, which made Alpha the twenty-third storm of the season.
Alpha was the first tropical storm to be assigned a Greek-alphabet name after the list of hurricane names were all used up.
This was just one of many records set by the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
The NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Alpha.
http://www.cnn.com/2005/WEATHER/10/24/alpha.ap/index.html
The Register TS Alpha flooding news article
The NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report
A büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment which is used to filter or separate a liquid from a solid.
It is named after an industrial chemist called Ernst Büchner.
A Büchner funnel can be made out of porcelain, glass or plastic.
On the top there is a container with a hole in the bottom.
This container is put on top of a Büchner flask with a hole in the top and a hole in the side.
In between the container and the Büchner flask there is a piece of filter paper which lets through liquids but not any solids.
Attached to the hole in the side there is a vacuum which sucks the air out of the Büchner flask.
This means that when any mixture is poured into the top, the liquid is sucked through the filter paper and the solid is left stuck in the filter paper.
A Büchner flask is used in chemistry to take unwanted solids out of any liquids.
The advantages of using a Büchner flask over just a piece of filter paper held over a beaker is that the solid is dried as more and more liquid is sucked off of it by the vacuum.
Most of the time it needs to be dried again in an oven, but sometimes no further drying is needed.
A Büchner funnel manufacturer
Experiment using Büchner funnels
More examples of Büchner funnels
Hurricane Alicia was the first named storm and first hurricane of the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season.
Alicia was the season's strongest and deadliest storm.
It killed a total of 21 people and caused $2.6 billion (1983 dollars) in damage.
Alicia was the most destructive Texan hurricane since Hurricane Carla from 1961.
Hurricane Alicia formed from Tropical Depression Three on August 15 in the Gulf of Mexico and slowly moved west towards Texas, where it made landfall on August 18 at its strongest point with 115 mph (185 km/h) winds.
Alicia quickly weakened into a tropical depression before dissipating overland on August 21.
A mesoscale low formed off the Alabama and Mississippi coasts on August 14 with a weak frontal trough that had formed off of New England.
Pressures were high in the Gulf of Mexico, but the low strengthened into Tropical Depression Three on August 15.
A ship located within 60 miles of the depression reported a pressure of 1015.5 millibars and the storm was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alicia late on August 15.
With the high Gulf pressures, Alicia was unable to gain size, so it stayed very small, but created faster winds, and became a Category 1 hurricane on August 16.
Steering currents were weak during Alicia's lifetime over water.
A new frontal ridge had formed on August 17 which caused the storm to slowly move in a westerly direction.
Alicia continued west until the frontal ridge had collapsed to the east.
Alicia then began to take a more northern drection August 18 to Port Arthur, Texas.
During that time, the hurricane began to gain strength at about 1 mbar an hour, peaking at 963 mbar with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) on the morning of the 18th.
Just before landfall, Alicia showed a rare "double eye" feature for a few hours.
The storm made landfall in Texas as a category 3 hurricane at about 1:45 a.m. CDT on Thursday, August 18.
Alicia weakened very quickly after landfall, losing tropical characteristics and began to speed up to the northwest, finally losing its identity in the southeast Nebraska on August 21.
Several hurricane watches and warnings were given out that were related with Alicia.
The first ones were a gale warning and a hurricane watch for the area of Corpus Christi, Texas to Grand Isle, Louisiana which was given out on August 16.
On August 17, a hurricane warning was issued for Corpus Christi to Morgan City, Louisiana and later for Port Arthur, Texas.
Originally, however, residents did not take the warnings seriously.
Galveston Mayor E. Gus Manuel, against the advice of Texas Governor Mark White, ordered the evacuation of only low-lying areas.
30 percent of Galveston's population evacuated the island when Hurricane Allen threatened the eastern Texas coastline in 1980; only 10 percent of the population living behind the seawall chose to leave when Alicia made landfall.
Throughout the day, however, as increasing winds began to cause damage in Galveston, people grew more worried.
The mayor finally ordered a widespread evacuation of the island after midnight on August 18, but by then the bridges to the mainland were no longer usable as they have been broken.
The city of Galveston reported 7¾ inches of rain, Liberty reported 9½ inches, and Greens Bayou reported almost 10 inches of rain.
Centerville reported over 8 inches with Normangee and Noxia reporting over 7 inches.
Maximum rainfall in the Houston area in Harris County was about 10-11 inches.
8 inches of rain was reported in Leon County and 9 inches in the Sabine River area.
High gusts were also reported throughout Texas with a maximum gust of 125 mph reported on the Coast Guard cutter Buttonwood (WLB-306) stationed at the northeastern part of Galveston Island.
Pleasure Pier reported tides of 8.67 feet with Pier 21 reported a little over 5½ feet.
Baytown, Texas reported 10–12 feet tides, and 12.1 feet at Morgan City, the highest recorded by Alicia.
Twenty-three tornadoes were reported that were either related or caused by Alicia, fourteen of those were located in the Galveston and Hobby Airport area.
The other nine were concentrated around Tyler to Houston, Texas, ranging around F2 on the Fujita scale.
An oil spill occurred around Texas City and an ocean-going tugboat capsized 50 miles of the Sabine Pass coast.
The Coast Guard Air Station Houston (AIRSTA) weathered Alicia with minimal damage, and afterwards AIRSTA's helicopters helped residents with evacuation, supply, and survey flights.
The Galveston NWS office (temporarily) lost its radar.
Houston suffered billions of dollars in damage.
Thousands of glass panes in downtown skyscrapers were shattered by gravel blown off of rooftops.
Houston Lighting and Power reported that about 750,000 homes were without electricity after Alicia hit.
Many stores had to stay closed for days afterward due to risks of falling glass in the area.
In Galveston, the western beach had its public beach boundary shifted back about 150 feet.
An entire wall of the Flagship  collapsed.
About 5 feet of sand was scoured, leaving beachfront homes in a natural vegetation state.
The beachfront homes after Alicia were in violation of the Texas Open Beaches Act and the Attorney General's office forebade the repair or rebuilding of those homes.
The Corps of Engineers stated that if the Galveston Sea Wall was not there, that another $100 million dollars in damage could have occurred.
Also, if Alicia was the size of Hurricane Carla from 1961, damage could have easily double or possibly tripled.
Alicia also did damage to chemical and petrochemical plants in Houston.
Hurricane Carla in the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season hit a less populated area as where with Alicia hit a more populated area.
Had Alicia been the size or strength of Carla, damage could have easily doubled or tripled.
Heavy amount of rainfalls were recorded with 8-14 centimeters in the southern-central part of Texas from a curved path.
Rains reached up to 5 inches in the same area, however rainfall was limited to that area.
Kansas only got 1-3 inches which were recorded in the eastern to central parts of the state.
The southeast part of Nebraska received one inch of rain from Alicia's remnants.
Michigan, Iowa, Minnesota, Louisiana and Wisconsin all received one inch of rainfall.
Hurricane Alicia brought useful rains to the southern Great Plains, which had been suffering from a drought for much of the summer of 1983.
In the end, Hurricane Alicia killed 21 people and caused $2 billion in damage ($5.27 billion in 2006 dollars).
Aftermath and retirement
The Red Cross had to provide food and shelter to 63,000 people in the hurricane's wake, costing to about 166 million dollars.
FEMA gave out $32 million (1983 USD) to Alicia's victims and local governments.
$23 million of that was to go picking up trash and wrecked objects spread after Alicia.
More than 16,000 people wanted help from FEMA's disaster service centers.
The Small Business Administration, aided with 56 volunteers, interviewed over 16,000 victims, and was predicted that about 7000 loan applications would be requested.
The Federal Insurance Agency had closed over 1318 flood insurance cases from Alicia's effects, however only 782 received final payment.
On September 23 and September 24, 1983, in the wake of Alicia, two subcommittees of the U.S. House of Representatives had trials in Houston.
The hearing on September 23 were to examine the main problems of the National Weather Service during Alicia, the effectiveness of the N.W.S in current events, and the use of the National Weather Service.
The second hearing, which occurred on September 24, was to talk about the damage and recovery efforts during Alicia.
On the September 23 hearing, witnesses agreed that the National Weather Service did well before and during the emergency caused by Alicia.
N.W.S. forecaters also gave evidence in which they said they thanked themselves that their predictions were well "on target" and that the local emergency plans worked so well, which saved many lives.
Mayor Gus Manuel on Galveston said that the NWS did an excellent job during Alicia.
He was also very impressed about their landfall predictions on August 17, before Alicia made landfall.
On the September 24 hearing, evidence was brought upon which demonstrated the need improving to the readiness to cope with disasters, such as Alicia.
Mayor Manuel mentioned that his town needed
The name Alicia was retired in the spring of 1984, becoming the 30th storm name to be retired and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane.
It was replaced with Allison in the 1989 season.
The name Allison was coincidentally retired after doing major damage to the same the area in 2001.
Hurricane Alicia became the last major hurricane (Category 3 or higher) to strike Texas until Hurricane Bret made landfall in 1999.
Alicia was the first storm for which the National Hurricane Center began to predict landfall probabilities.
Alicia became Texas' first billion-dollar storm.
It hit southeast Texas, becoming the first hurricane to hit the U.S. mainland since Hurricane Allen in September 1980.
The time between the two storms totaled out to three years and eight days (998 days).
The streak was the longest since a period of almost three years occurred from September 1929 to August 1932.
NHC Alicia Report
Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes
1983 in the United States
1980s in Texas
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and the walls of Babylon (near present-day Al Hillah in Iraq) were one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
They were built by Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC.
He is said to have built the gardens to please his wife, Amytis of Media.
She wanted to see the trees and plants of her homeland.
The hanging gardens were destroyed in an earthquake after the 1st century BC.
Some people do not believe the Hanging Gardens were real.
In ancient writings the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were first described by Berossus, a Chaldean priest.
He lived in the late 4th century B.C. Greek historians later wrote more about them.
Recent archaeological digs of the palace in Iraq have uncovered evidence of a building with vaults and a well nearby.
However, the place of the palace complex is different from where Greek historians said they were, which was on the banks of the Euphrates River.
Also recently, there have been digs on the banks of the Euphrates River of some large 25 meter-thick walls.
Seven Wonders of the World: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Technology and Culture.
44, 1, 2003 Dalley, Stephanie.
Oleson, John Peter. "
Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the water screw: the context of invention in the ancient world"
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece was designed by Phidias about 432 BC.
Phidias built his workshop at Olympia to construct this statue and probably stayed there the rest of his life.
The statue was housed in the Temple of Zeus.
With the base, it stood seven times larger than life or about 12.40 meters.
The face, arms, and feet were made of ivory.
The robe, sandals, the beard and hair were made of gold.
He wore a silver olive wreath on his head.
The throne was made of gold, bronze, ebony, ivory, and gems.
It was decorated with scenes from mythology.
This Zeus was the kindly Zeus rather than the fierce and powerful Zeus.
The Roman emperor Caligula wanted the statue sent to Rome.
He planned to take the head off and replace it with an image of his own.
The statue does not survive.
It was probably shipped to Constantinople about 393 AD and destroyed in a fire there in 475 AD.
The statue was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
"The Statue of Zeus at Olympia"
Colin Delaney, "A Wonder to Behold: The Statue of Olympian Zeus"
Archaeopaedia: Statue of Zeus  With bibliography
(Ellen Papakyriakou) Olympia: Art: the chryselephantine statue of Zeus
Michael Lahanas, "The colossal Zeus statue of Pheidias"
Zeus at Olympia
Parachute, a fabric device to slow falling through the air
Parachute, Colorado
Parachute, an album by the band Guster
Parachute, a 1970 album by The Pretty Things
Parachutes, an album by the band Coldplay
"Parachute", a song by Something Happens
Parachute (balloon)
Parachute (drugs), a method of taking psychoactive drugs
Parachute candidate or carpetbagger
Parachute flare
Parachute journalism
Parachute music festival, a contemporary Christian music festival in New Zealand
Parachute pants
Parachute (video game), an Atari Video Computer System game released by Homevision
Parachute (BDSM), a sex toy
Parachute (iPod Game)
The Parachute, a book by Sinclair Dumontais
Grammatical tense, a system of verbs to indicate whether past, present, or future time is intended
Tenseness, a phonological quality frequently associated with vowels and sometimes with consonants
A state of muscle contraction
The Temple of Artemis (, Artemision, Latin: Artemisium), also known as the Artemision, was a temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis (or Cynthia).
It was completed around 350 BC at Ephesus (in present-day Turkey) under the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire.
Only ruins of the temple remain.
It was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Architecture and art
Pliny said the temple was 115 meters long and 55 meters wide.
He said it was made almost completely of marble.
It was about three times as big as the Parthenon by area.
The Temple has 127 Ionic-styled columns.
Each is 17.5 meters in height.
The Temple of Artemis had many fine artworks.
Bronze sculptures by famous Greek sculptors Polyclitus, Pheidias, Cresilas, and Phradmon were in the temple.
Paintings and gilded columns of gold and silver were also in it.
The sculptors often competed at creating the best sculpture.
Many of these sculptures were of Amazons, who are said to have founded the city of Ephesus.
Cult and influence
The Temple of Artemis was at a flourishing region.
It was used as a religious institute.
Merchants and travellers came to it from all over Asia Minor.
The temple was influenced by many beliefs.
It can be seen as a symbol of faith for many different peoples.
The Ephesians worshiped Cybele.
They joined many of their beliefs into the worship of Artemis.
Artemisian Cybele became very different from the Roman goddess Diana.
The cult of Artemis attracted thousands of worshipers from far-off lands.
They all gathered at the site and worshipped her.
Anton Bammer, "A Peripteros" of the Geometric Period in the Artemision of Ephesus" Anatolian Studies 40 (1990), pp.
137–160.
Lynn R. LiDonnici, "The Images of Artemis Ephesia and Greco-Roman Worship: A Reconsideration" The Harvard Theological Review 85.4 (October 1992), pp 389–415.
UnMuseum's The Temple of Artemis
Seven Wonders' Temple of Artemis
Florence Mary Bennett, Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons: (1912): Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (text)
James Grout: Temple of Artemis, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
Diana's Temple at Ephesus (W. R. Lethaby, 1908)
A Büchner flask has thick walls so that a pressure change will not break it.
It has a hole in the top where a Büchner funnel can be put and a small tube in the side where a vacuum can be attached.
The small tube has barbs on it so that the vacuum will not weaken.
A Büchner flask can be used with a Büchner funnel for separating solids and liquids.
Water is poured into the Büchner funnel and the liquid passes through filter paper and is sucked up by a vacuum attached to the side of the Büchner flask, while the solid stays behind in the Büchner funnel.
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, or Tomb of Mausolus, was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey).
It was built   for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and Artemisia II of Caria, who was both his wife and his sister.
The building was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius of Priene.
< It was about 45 meters (135 feet) tall.
Each one of the four sides was decorated with sculptural reliefs created by one of four Greek sculptors — Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus.
It was such an accomplishment that Antipater of Sidon said it was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
The word mausoleum has come to be used generically for any grand tomb.
Kristian Jeppesen, et al.
The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos, 6 vols.
penelope.uchicago - The Tomb of Mausolus (W.R. Lethaby's reconstruction of the Mausoleum, 1908)
The Colossus of Rhodes was a huge iron and bronze statue of the Greek god Helios.
It was built on the Greek island of Rhodes (approximate coordinates 36°27'04"N, 28°13'40"E).
It was built by Chares of Lindos, a student of Lysippos.
It was built between 294 and 282 BC.
It was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Before being destroyed in an earthquake, the Colossus of Rhodes was 70 cubits tall, over 30 metres (100 feet), making it the tallest statue of the ancient world.
Chares of Lindos was commissioned to build the statue after the lifting of Demetrius I Poliorcetes' siege of Rhodes (305BC).
It had a bronze core and was reinforced by iron.
It stood 70 cubits (105 feet [32 metres]) high and stood beside Mandrákion harbour, perhaps shielding its eyes with one hand, as a representation in a relief suggests.
It is technically impossible that the statue could have straddled the harbour entrance, and the popular belief that it did so dates only from the Middle Ages.
Construction started in 294 BC and finished 12 years later.
The statue was an intelligent "advertising" of the city that erected it, a tangible proof of its wealth and technology.
Unfortunately, in 222 BC, about 60 years after its unveiling, the Colossus collapsed as its knees were wrecked by an earthquake.
Falling wreckage is said to have demolished 30 homes.
Despite its terrible fall, the statue did not cease to belong to the great wonders of the ancient world.
Even after a hundred years its destruction, Antipater of Sidon , a writer of Greco-Spanish origin, included the Colossus in his catalog of the seven wonders of the world.
In 654 AD, 900 years after the collapse of the Colossus, the Saracens plundered Rhodes and sold the metallic remains of the colossus.
It is said that the buyer used 900 camels to transport the fragments to Syria .
Thus the image of the god who once saved the city from the foreign invasion had a fate similar to that of the siege machines of Demetrius, which when sold financed the construction of the Colossus.
Herbert Maryon, "The Colossus of Rhodes" The Journal of Hellenic Studies 76 (1956), pp.
68–86.
A sculptor's speculations on the Colossus of Rhodes.
D. E. L. Haynes, "Philo of Byzantium and the Colossus of Rhodes" The Journal of Hellenic Studies 77.2 (1957), pp.
A response to Maryon.
M. H. Gabriel, BCH 16 (1932), pp 332–42.
Rhodes Guide
http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/colossus.html
Ancient Greek bronze sculptures
The Lighthouse of Alexandria, or the Pharos, was a tall tower built between 285 and 247 BCE.
It was built on the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Egypt to serve as a lighthouse for sailors.
The top of the tower had a mirror that reflected sunlight during the day; a fire was lit at night.
The word for "lighthouse" in some languages is pharos or its  equivalent.
<blockquote>ΣΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ ΔΕΞΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΚΝΙΔΙΟΣ ΘΕΟΙΣ ΣΩΤΕΡΣΙΝ ΥΠΕΡ ΤΩΝ ΠΛΩΙΖΟΜΕΝΩΝ</small>. (
Sostratus of Cnidus, son of Dexiphanes, to the Gods protecting those upon the sea.)</blockquote>
These words were hidden under a layer of plaster, on top of which was chiseled another inscription honoring Ptolemy the king as builder of the Pharos.
After centuries the plaster wore away, revealing the name of Sostratus.
With a height estimated at between 115 and 145 meters (384 – 469 ft), it was among the tallest man-made structures on Earth for many centuries.
It was identified as one of the Seven Wonders of the World by Antipater of Sidon.
It was the third tallest building after the two Great Pyramids (of Khufu and Khafra).
It was destroyed by earthquakes.
Recent archaeological research
Divers discovered remains of the lighthouse in fall 1994 on the floor of Alexandria's Eastern Harbour.
Some of these remains were brought up and were lying at the harbour on public view at the end of 1995.
An episode of the PBS television series Nova chronicled the discovery.
Later satellite imaging has revealed further remains.
It is possible to go diving and see the ruins.
Buildings and structures in Ancient Egypt
Telesto is a tiny moon of Saturn.
It was discovered by a number of astronomers in 1980, based from some observations from the Earth.
It was named after Telesto in Greek mythology.
Telesto orbits around Saturn together with much larger moon Tethys.
Thus, Telesto is also known as a Trojan moon.
The moon leads at a point 60 degrees in front of Tethys in its orbit.
Another small moon, Calypso, orbits with Telesto.
Calypso is a small moon of Saturn.
It was discovered by a few astronomers in 1980, based on observations from the Earth.
It is named after Calypso in Greek mythology.
Calypso is a Trojan moon, as it orbits together with larger moon Tethys.
It orbits behind Tethys by 60 degrees in its orbit around Saturn.
Telesto is another moon which shares Calypso's orbit.
Calypso was named after Calypso, a nymph in Greek mythology.
Pallene is a small moon of Saturn.
It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team in 2004.
It orbits between two larger moons, Mimas and Enceladus.
Pallene is about 4 km in diameter.
Methone is a small moon of Saturn.
It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team in 2004, the same time as a close-by moon, Pallene.
It is only about 3 km in diameter.
Dione is the fourth largest moon of Saturn.
It has a diameter of 1,123 km (698 miles).
It was discovered in 1684 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini.
It is named after the titan Dione in Greek mythology.
The moon has many craters and ice cliffs.
It is tidally locked with Saturn, meaning the same face of Dione always faces Saturn.
Helene is a moon of Saturn.
It shares its orbit with larger moon Dione.
It leads in front of Dione in its orbit around Saturn by 60 degrees.
It was discovered in 1980 by a couple of astronomers based on observations from the Earth.
Polydeuces is a small moon of Saturn.
Its diameter is only 3.5 km.
A boyfriend is a term which usually means the male partner in a romantic non-marital relationship.
Partners in a non-marital relationship are sometimes called "significant others".
Using the word "boyfriend" to mean "a male partner or lover" was first done in 1906.