the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
An early book, 1000 Ways to Win Monopoly Games was written by Jeffrey S. Lehman (who later became President of Cornell University) and Jay S. Walker (founder of priceline.com.)
Monopoly was created by Elizabeth Magie as a teaching tool based on the economic concept of land monopoly.
Magie created the game in 1903, to explain the single tax theory of Henry George.
She wanted her game to be an educational tool to highlight the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies.
Her game, which she called "The Landlord's Game", was self-published, beginning in 1906.
The original rules included several ways to play the game, including one where players could agree to share the land rents and everyone would win.
In 1934, Charles Darrow in Philadelphia found The Landlord's Game and thought that the game was more exciting when players didn't share their land rents.
He published his own version of the game where making money was the focus of the game, and called it "Monopoly."
Later on, he sold his game to Parker Brothers, who falsely credited Charles Darrow as the creator of the game.
On the Monopoly board are 40 spaces.
In the four corners of the board are GO, Free Parking, JAIL, and Go to Jail.
Along the sides of the board are properties (streets and businesses) for sale.
The properties are: 22 streets (each marked with one of eight colors), 4 railroad stations, the Electric Company and the Water Works.
There are also spaces called Income Tax, Luxury Tax, Community Chest and Chance.
In the original version, the properties and railroad stations were named after the streets in Atlantic City in New Jersey in the United States.
In the British original version, they are named after streets in London.
Setting up the Game
To prepare for the game, the board is put in position.
The Chance and Community Chest cards are shuffled and placed face down on the board.
Each player chooses a token (a playing piece), such as a thimble, a rocking horse, a boot, a dog, etc. (
the tokens vary depending on the edition), and places it on GO.
One player is chosen to be the banker - this player is trusted with handing out money from the bank and collecting players' spent money during the game.
The banker gives each player $1500 to start with.
Each player rolls the dice, and the player who rolled the highest total takes the first turn.
The rules can be found in every Monopoly box, but a summary is listed here.
Moving Around The Board
On your turn, you roll the dice and move your token forward (clockwise around the edge of the board) the same number of spaces as the sum of the dice you rolled.
You must then follow the instructions of whatever space your token lands on.
If you land on a property that no player owns, you may buy it from the Bank at the price printed on the board.
If you do not want to buy it, the Banker sells it at an auction to all players.
The player who landed on this property may join in this auction even though they originally said they didn't want to buy the property.
The player who buys the property (or wins the auction) pays their money to the Bank and gets the card for the property from the Bank, which lists important information about the property.
If you land on a property another player owns, you must pay them the rent that is listed on the property's card.
There is no penalty if you land on a property you own - in this case, you don't have to do anything.
If you land on Chance or Community Chest, you must draw the top card from the corresponding deck and follow its instructions.
Chance cards usually cause you to move to different spaces on the board, and Community Chest cards usually give you bonus money or force you to pay money to the Bank.
When you're done with a card, put it on the bottom of the deck it came from unless the card says you may keep it.
Once you use that card it should go back to the bottom of the pile.
If you land on GO or pass over it while moving your token, you collect $200 from the Bank.
If you land on Free Parking, nothing bad (or good) happens to you - it's just a "free" resting space.
If you land on Income Tax, you must calculate 10% of the value of everything you own and pay that much money to the Bank.
The "value of everything you own" is found by adding up the prices printed on the board for all unmortgaged properties you own (more on mortgages later), the mortgage values of all mortgaged properties you own, the purchase prices of all houses and hotels you own (more on buildings later) and your cash on hand.
You may choose to skip this calculation and pay $200 instead, but you must choose how you want to pay your taxes before making any calculations.
If you land on Luxury Tax, you must pay the amount of money shown on the space to the Bank.
If you roll doubles (the same number on both dice), you get to take another turn after this one is over.
However, if you roll doubles three times in a row, you don't get your third turn but you must go directly to Jail (see below).
The Jail space has two sections, labeled IN JAIL and JUST VISITING.
If you land on Jail by your normal roll of the dice, place your token on JUST VISITING and nothing bad (or good) happens to you.
But there are three ways to be placed IN JAIL:
You land on the space labeled Go to Jail.
You draw a Chance or Community Chest card that says "GO TO JAIL."
You roll doubles three times in a row.
If you are put into Jail, take your token from wherever it is and place it directly on IN JAIL.
This does not count as a move, so if this causes you to go past GO, you don't collect $200 from the Bank.
If you are put in Jail, your turn ends immediately, even if you rolled doubles and would get to take another turn.
While you are in Jail, you still roll the dice on your turn but you don't get to move your token.
There are three ways to get out of Jail:
If you roll a double for your turn, you get to leave Jail and move your token as normal.
However, even though you rolled doubles, you don't get another turn.
Use a "Get Out Of Jail, Free" card to leave Jail and move according to the roll of your dice.
Pay a fine of $50 to the Bank to leave Jail and move forward according to your roll.
If you don't roll doubles for three turns in a row, you must choose this option.
If you role doubles and the fist doubles land on a go to jail you do not go to Jail
Building and Trading
Once you own all the streets of the same color, you can start to build houses on them.
The more houses on your streets, the more you can charge for the rent when an opponent lands on one - the exact amounts are listed on each street's card.
You can also sell houses back to the Bank for half the cost you paid for them.
Once you have four houses on a street, you may buy a hotel to further increase the rent you can charge.
Buying a hotel requires not only a cash payment but also requires you to return the four houses on the street back to the bank.
There can only be one hotel on each property.
If you sell a hotel, you get back the houses that you exchanged in order to build the hotel.
When building and selling houses and hotels, you must build evenly - in other words, you may not buy or sell a house from a street if this would make the street have two more houses or two fewer houses than another street in the same color group.
For example, you have to build one house on each street in a color before you can build a second house on any street in that color, and you must have four houses on each street in a color in order to buy a hotel on any of the streets in that color.
The game only comes with 32 houses and 12 hotels.
If the Bank runs out of houses or hotels, no players may build any more of them until the Bank gets more of them (for example, if players sell them or exchange houses for a hotel).
If there are only a few buildings left in the Bank and more than one player wants to buy them, the Banker must sell them at an auction to the players who want them.
This also means that if you're trying to sell a hotel and there aren't enough houses to put back on the street, you can't sell the hotel.
An exception to this is that if all streets in a color have hotels on them, you may sell all the hotels at once and get back half the price you paid for the hotels + half the total price of all the houses that you exchanged in order to build these hotels.
You can sell any properties to another player for any price that you both agree on.
But if you have houses or a hotel on the street, you must sell all of them back to the Bank before you can do so.
You can take a loan from the Bank by mortgaging properties you own.
Each property has a mortgage value listed on its card, which is how much money you get from the Bank if you mortgage the property.
If a property is mortgaged, you do not collect rent when opponents land on it.
To unmortgage a property, you have to pay the original mortgage value plus 10% interest back to the Bank.
For example, if a property's mortgage value were $100, you would get $100 from the Bank if you choose to mortgage the property, but 10% of $100 is $10 so you would have to pay $110 back to the Bank to unmortgage the property.
If there are houses or hotels on a property you want to mortgage, you must sell them all back to the Bank before you can do so.
If you give a mortgaged property to another player as part of a trade, they may unmortgage the property right away by paying the normal cost (mortgage value plus 10% interest).
If they choose not to unmortgage the property, they must still pay the 10% interest, and later they can unmortgage the property by paying the mortgage value plus another 10% interest.
If you owe more money to another player or to the Bank than you can pay, you are allowed to sell your buildings, mortgage your properties and make trades with other players to try to get the money you need.
If you cannot get enough money after doing the above, you are bankrupt!
This means you must hand everything you own to the player you owe money to (or back to the Bank, if you owe money to the Bank, and the Bank auctions each property to the other players) and you are eliminated from the game.
After all but one of the players have been eliminated, the last remaining player wins.
Before the game begins, players can agree to play a short game.
If they do, the game ends as soon as one player is eliminated.
Then all the remaining players add up the total value of everything they own (the prices printed on the board for all unmortgaged properties they own + the mortgage values of all mortgaged properties they own + the purchase prices of all houses and hotels they own + their cash on hand) and the richest player wins.
Different editions
There are many editions of Monopoly.
Officially-licensed editions are produced by Hasbro itself or by USAopoly, and unofficial editions are published by Toy Vault.
Official versions are named " Monopoly" (such as "Star Wars Monopoly") and feature the Monopoly logo, and unofficial versions are named "-Opoly" (such as "Python-Opoly") and do not feature the Monopoly logo.
Milton Bradley has produced editions to symbolize the decades of popular culture in America.
For example, The 1970's Monopoly has spaces depicting the fashion of the time.
Players can purchase bell bottom blue jeans instead of street properties.
A number of video game adaptations have been made.
In addition, many electronic editions exist that use credit cards instead of paper money.
Uses for Monopoly
People play Monopoly for different reasons.
Some may play for family game night, others use it as a learning tool at school, and others play it just to have fun.
Monopoly may be used as a teaching tool to teach children a variety of lessons while having fun.
It teaches how to make deals when trading, playing fair (because cheaters never win), knowing the value of money, addition and subtraction, good sportsmanship, the thrill of competition, strategies and organization.
At an elementary level, “it offers a marvelous vehicle for teaching mathematics”.
Through the game, children explore different areas of mathematics: not only adding and subtracting but also probability, percentages, and patterns.
At a higher level, teachers can use Monopoly to teach microeconomics principles.
Random Facts
About every 15 turns a player would go to "Jail" at least once.
Monopoly is now licensed in 114 countries and in 47 different languages.
Within the first month, Parker Brothers were producing 20,000 sets a week.
Ralph Anspash created a rival game called Anti-Monopoly, but was not as successful as Monopoly
Still Standing is a CBS sitcom starring Mark Addy.
It is about a working-class couple who live in Chicago, Illinois.
Addy's character is a father of three with a wife named Judy (Jami Gertz).
Judy and Addy's character, Bill Miller, deal with having an annoying relative, Aunt Linda (Jennifer Irwin), and with having children of different ages.
It was first shown in September 2002.
Lifetime had the rights to have the show in 2005.
It ended in March 2006.
2002 American television series debuts
Television series set in Chicago, Illinois
IGN is a gaming website that was first launched in 2000.
It has FAQ's, guides, and walkthroughs about many of the games on GameCube, PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Wii, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and the PlayStation 4, as well as older systems.
IGN's main competitor is GameSpot, another gaming website.
Socks are often worn on a person's feet.
They absorb sweat and help to keep the foot dry.
Socks also give comfort to people's feet and keep them warm in cold weather.
They are usually made of cotton or wool.
Some socks can cover only the foot and ankle, and others may be long enough to cover the entire lower leg up to the knee.
Toe socks are socks that wrap each toe separate from the others.
Socks can be worn on the feet.
Socks come in an array of different colors.
Generally, white socks are worn for everyday or athletic use, and dark socks (black, brown, gray, or navy blue) are worn with business or formal wears.
Some dress socks have patterns on them; these are called "argyles".
Phone socks
People often refer to sleeves that cover phones as 'socks'.
These come in many different forms, colourful or plain.
They help to protect the mobile phone whilst also being a stylish addition.
Not many people use phone socks anymore because they seem to be old and out of use however some people still prefer to use them
Everybody Loves Raymond is an American television series.
It stars Ray Romano.
The series was a popular sitcom on the CBS network.
Ray Romano plays Ray Barone, a sports writer in Lynbrook, New York.
Patricia Heaton plays his wife, Debra.
Ray and Deborah have a fun set of neighbors: Ray's parents.
Robert, Ray's "loser" brother, is a police officer, and is very unlucky in love.
By the end of season seven, however, he marries a woman named Amy.
The show aired from September 13, 1996 to May 16, 2005.
1996 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
Television series set in New York
A lighthouse is a tall building that sends out light for use in navigation.
Lighthouses are built on the coast of an ocean or lake.
The lighthouse protects ships from crashing into shore, by sending the light out towards the sea.
When sailors see the light, they know to avoid hitting the shore.
The light usually turns in a circle so that ships see a flashing light.
The light is usually covered by a Fresnel lens.
This lens enables the light to travel a far distance.
One of the most famous lighthouses was the Lighthouse of Alexandria.
It was on an island near the coast.
That island was called Pharos.
Even today, in many languages, the word for lighthouse comes from the name of the island.
Joan of Arcadia was a CBS drama television series.
It starred Amber Tamblyn.
Tamblyn's character was Joan Girardi, a teenager with the ability to talk to God.
In its second season, the show had 8.5 million viewers per episode.
However, after declining ratings the show was canceled.
A third season was never made.
2003 television series debuts
A lunchbox is used to carry a person's lunch.
They can come in many shapes and sizes and by a number of manufacturers.
They can also be in the form of a brown paper bag.
The Game of Life is a popular board game.
Players spin a spinner, which tells them where to go next.
They then go through an imaginary "life," getting married and having kids.
The object of the game is to have more money than the other players by the end of the game.
Wasted time that you gave us.
A poster is a large piece of printed paper that has a message, usually with picture of something.
Posters are made to be shown in public on a wall or other flat surfaces.
They were the main form of public advertising before the web.
Posters may be used for advertising, education, propaganda, and decoration.
They may also be copies of famous works of art.
Chromolithography and the poster
Chromolithography (color lithography) was invented by Engelmann & Son, who were granted a patent in 1837.
After that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development.
Because of its low production costs, over the 50 years after the American Civil War, millions of chromolithographs were printed and were sold for under $10.
Louis Prang, a Bostonian, produced fine-art subjects, such as still lifes, landscapes, and classical subjects.
Nevertheless, it was only after 1847 that the Jules Chéret posters showed their potential.
Jules Chéret
19th century posters in the US
General source:
Louis John Rhead
Edward Penfield
Toulouse-Lautrec and Post-impressionism
Art nouveau posters and the impact of graphics on painting
Posters in the first half of the 20th century
Posters were used for war propaganda, to encourage young people to enlist in the army, and to sell government war bonds.
From a strictly artistic view, the posters were unimaginative and far from the masterpieces of the late 19th century posters.
The posters almost all came with a caption to bang the message home.
Gretchen Wilson (born June 26, 1973) is a country music singer.
In 2004 she had her first number one album on Billboard's Hot Country Songs music chart.
As late as 2013 she had a song on Billboard's Country Airplay music chart.
Wilson got a contract with Epic Records in 2003.
Here for the Party
Redneck Woman (2004)
Here for the Party (2004)
Red Bird Fever
When I Think About Cheatin'
I Don't Feel Like Loving You Today
Politically Uncorrect
That's How They Do It In Dixie
Come To Bed
Stacy (2018)
1973 births
Country musicians from Illinois
Elizabeth "Blue" Balliett Klein (born in 1955) is an American writer.
Her first book is Chasing Vermeer.
Chasing Vermeer made the Children's bestseller list in 2004.
In the story, two sixth graders help solve a mystery involving a Vermeer painting.
The story has to do with pentominoes, patterns, and coincidences.
The sequel to Chasing Vermeer is The Wright 3, a mystery centered around the Robie House designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and his talisman- a superstitious good luck object- that is a jade Japanese fish.
This time, the two main characters, Petra and Calder, are joined by Calder's old friend, Tommy Segovia.
The sequel, called The Wright 3, was published in April 2006.
1955 births
An eyelash is a hair that grows at the edge of the eyelids.
They protect the eye from small things like dust.
The average person has hundreds of eyelashes.
They have a life span of about 3 months.
Prague (Praha in Czech) is the capital and the largest city of the Czech Republic.
It has a population of 1.4 million.
Prague has been known as one of the most beautiful European cities since the Middle Ages.
Often called the "City of 100 Towers", the "Rooftop of Europe" or the "Heart of Europe", Prague was a place where many merchants, artists and inventors met.
Prague is full of historical monuments in all major artistic styles.
The historical center of Prague is situated on both banks of the Vltava river.
This historical center has six districts, which were once independent cities that joined together in the 18th century.
These districts are Staré Město (Old Town),  Pražský hrad (Prague castle), Josefov (Old Jewish Town), Nové Město (New Town), Malá Strana (Lesser Town), Hradčany (Prague Castle Quarter) and Vyšehrad.
It was Prince Bořivoj who established Prague Castle.
There are also lots of museums, galleries, theaters, concert halls, and other historical buildings.
The earliest inhabitants of the area that we know about lived in the valley of the Vltava river around 500 BC.
Slavonic tribes came to Bohemia in about 500 AD.
There is a legend about how the town of Prague started.
Princess Libuše, the leader of a Slavonic tribe, chose a simple peasant Přemysl to be her husband.
She told him to go and find a village on the banks of the Vltava and to start a town there.
The town became Prague, ruled by the Přemyslid family.
In the second half of the 9th century the castle’s original fortifications were built.
During the reign of Wenceslas I (Václav in Czech) in the 10th century the church of St Vitus was built at Prague castle.
Wenceslas was murdered by his brother when he was going to church.
He was later made a saint.
In the early 11th century the Přemyslid family got power in Moravia, too.
Vratislav II was the first monarch to be called King of Bohemia.
Another ruler, also called Wenceslas I, ruled as King of Bohemia from 1230.
He encouraged the arts.
A lot of Germans came to live in Prague.
In 1257 King Otakar II founded the area of Prague called the Lesser Quarter for the Germans to live in.
The last of the Přemyslid kings was King Wenceslas III.
He was murdered in Moravia.
During the Middle Ages Prague became very important as the capital of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by Charles IV (1316-1378) who was the most powerful ruler in Europe at the time.
Charles made Prague a great city, building St Vitus Cathedral, a university, and a famous bridge called Charles Bridge which still exists.
After Charles IV there were many arguments and fights in Prague.
A priest called Jan Hus said that the Catholic Church had become too powerful.
He was arrested and burned at the stake in 1415.
A lot of people agreed with what Hus had been saying.
These people were called Hussites.
They threw a lot of important Catholic people out of the window (called "defenestration").
A lot more fighting followed, and for many years Bohemia was ruled by kings who lived in other countries.
From 1526 the Habsburg family ruled Bohemia.
They were Catholics and ruled the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1576 the Emperor Rudolph II moved the capital from Vienna to Prague.
Prague became a rich town again, and people were free to worship as Catholics or Protestants.
After Rudolph II there were a lot of religious fighting and more people were thrown out of windows.
Eventually the fighting became part of the Thirty Years’ War.
When Ferdinand II won the fighting a lot of Protestants left the country.
New buildings in Prague were built in the Baroque style.
The German language, not Czech, was spoken at court.
Maria Theresa was the only queen to reign over Prague.
One of her 16 children was Marie Antoinette who became queen of France.
When her son Joseph II ruled, people stopped fighting about religion.
The people were free to speak what they thought, and there was no more serfdom.
Prague now had three parts: the Old Town, the Lesser Quarter and the New Town.
Famous people such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart visited the town often.
In the 19th century industry came to Prague.
Factories were built, a railway was built between Prague and Vienna.
The Czech nationalist movement became very strong after 1848.
They wanted to use their own language instead of German.
The composers Smetana and Dvořák wrote music about their country, often using Czech folksongs.
The National Theatre was opened in 1881.
In June 1914 the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Habsburg throne, was murdered.
This led to World War I.  After the war an independent republic called Czechoslovakia was formed with Prague as its capital.
Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia were part of it.
In 1938 Hitler invaded the country.
It was liberated by Soviet troops in May 1945.
However, the communists soon seized power and the country was ruled by communists who had to obey the Soviet Union.
The prime minister Alexander Dubček gradually tried to make reforms.
This period of time is called the "Prague Spring".
In 1968 the Soviet Union sent tanks into Prague to Wenceslas Square to restore their power.
Democracy gradually came to Prague in 1989 when the Velvet Revolution happened.
In 1993 the Czech Republic and Slovakia split into two countries.
Today both these countries are part of the European Union.
Cultural sights
Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1990 Prague has become one of Europe's most popular tourist places.
It has buildings dating from the 13th century to the present day.
The castle looks very important on the hillside.
Charles Bridge is now closed to traffic so that pedestrians can walk across the bridge and buy souvenirs from the stalls.
There are many museums, palaces and theatres.
Tourists often go to the Old Town Square in the centre of Prague.
There are lots of buildings there from different periods of history.
The statue of Jan Hus stands high above the square.
There is a famous Astronomical Clock on the wall of the Old Town Hall.
There are museums dedicated to famous people including Smetana, Dvořák and Franz Kafka.
The Estates Theatre is one of Europe’s oldest theaters.
It was built in the 1780s and Mozart conducted the first performance of his opera Don Giovanni there.
Prague has been important in the economy of what is now the Czech Republic since the region developed industry in the 19th century.
Textiles and machinery are made and exported to many countries.
Food, electronics and chemicals are produced.
Nearly half the people who work are women.
Prague is becoming a city where many international companies have their headquarters.
Since the late 1990s, Prague has become a popular filming location for international productions and Hollywood motion pictures.
Prague has three metro lines, 20 tram lines, and buses that connect to the suburbs.
There is also a funicular rail link to the top of the Petřín Hill and a chairlift at Prague Zoo.
All these services have a common ticketing system.
Prague metro is one of the best in Europe for quality and speed.
It has got 3 lines (A, B, and C), 65 kilometers and 61 stations.
Prague has many parks and gardens, including a park for culture, sports and entertainments which is named after Julius Fučík, a resistance leader of World War II.
It has three stadiums, the largest of which, Spartakiádní stadion, holds 250,000 people.
They have a good Soccer team and play many sports.
WorldFlicks in Prague: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps
A wallet is a small flat container, mostly of leather or fabric, that a person uses to hold cash, credit cards, identification cards, etc.
Most men usually keep their wallets in their pockets, while women usually keep them in larger bags called purses.
Wallets, particularly in Europe, where larger coins are prevalent, contain also a coin purse compartments.
Some wallets have built-in clasps or bands to keep them closed.
Collection of Unique Wallet Designs
Some images for wallet design
Wallet stealing
A memory card is a form of flash memory that is used in a range of electronic devices such as a digital camera or video game console.
The memory card stores data, images, music, saved games or other computer files.
Flash memory devices like this contain no moving parts so they are not easily damaged.
This means that they are ideal for use in portable devices such as MP3 players, digital cameras, mobile phones etc.
The amount of data memory cards can store depends on the capacity of the card.
Currently (in 2017) the largest memory cards can store 1 terabyte of data.
As the technology improves, larger capacity cards are expected.
Storage devices
A computer printer is a piece of hardware for a computer.
It allows a user to print items on paper, such as letters and pictures.
Usually a printer prints under the control of a computer.
Many can also work as a photocopier or with a digital camera to print directly without using a computer.
Types of printers
Inkjet printers, also sometimes called bubble jet printers throw colored ink onto a paper.
Plotters are large format inkjet printers, or printers that use special pens.
Laser printers transfer tiny particles of toner onto the paper.
Most do not print colors.
Dye sublimation printers produce very high quality images.
Three colors are used.
Cyan, Magenta and Yellow.
Each color is printed one at a time from cellophane sheets.
The image is the sealed with an clear top layer.
Some small photographic printers made by Kodak and Canon use this process.
Thermal printer is an inexpensive printer that works by pushing heated pins against heat-sensitive paper.
Thermal printers are widely used in calculators and fax machines.
Many 20th century computer printers worked this way.
Impact printers worked by striking the paper with an inked ribbon.
They were noisy.
Dot-matrix printers are now almost extinct.
There were models with 9 pins and models with 24 pins.
Daisy Wheel printers were a typewriter printer.
Results looked hand-typed.
They had no real graphics and were very loud.
Few were made in the 21st century.
Line printers contain a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at one time.
Line printers are very fast, but produce low-quality print.
Printers are programmed using a programming language.
The printer interprets the program, and the outputs the result.
There are two big classes of such languages: Page description languages, and Printer Control languages.
A page description language describes what a page should look like.
The program in a page description language is sent to the printer, which interprets them.
Printer command languages are at a lower level than Page description languages, they contain information that is specific to the printer model.
HPGL and HPGL/2
Cost of printers
When comparing the cost of a printer, people often talk about how expensive it is to print one page.
This cost usually has three components:
The cost of the printer, how expensive it was to buy the printer
The cost of the consumable; the printer needs supplies (called toner, ink, or ribbon) to print
The cost of the paper; some printers can only print on special paper
Printers that are more expensive to buy will usually be less expensive in the consumables (the ink, toner, or ribbon used by the printer).
Therefore, laser printers are often more expensive to buy than inkjet printers, but are not as expensive to use over a long period of time.
Inkjet printers on the other hand cost more to use because the ink tanks they use are more expensive than the toner for a laser printer.
Laser printers that can print in color are usually more expensive than those that only print in black and white.
Some expensive printers can do other things such as print on both sides of the paper, automatically sort the output, or staple the pages.
Chasing Vermeer is a children's novel.
It is about two children noticing strange coincidences relating to art.
The book was written by Blue Balliett and published (printed) by Scholastic in 2003.
It says many things about the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer.
The sequel to the book is The Wright 3.
Petra Andalee
Calder Pillay
Mrs. Sharpe
Ms. Hussey
Tommy Segovia
2003 books
The Great Wall of China is an ancient wall in China.
The wall is made of cement, rocks, bricks, and dirt.
It was finished in 1878 and it was meant to protect the north of the empire of China from enemy attacks.
It is the longest structure humans have ever built.
It is about 21,196 kilometers long,  wide and 15 metres high.
The earlier sections on the wall are made of compacted dirt and stone.
Later in the Ming Dynasty they used bricks.
There are 7,000 watch towers, block houses for soldiers and beacons to send smoke signals.
Nineteen walls have been built that were called the Great Wall of China.
The first was built in the 7th century BC.
The most famous wall was built between 226–200 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Hong (Qin Pronounced as Chin) , during the Qin Dynasty.
Not much of this wall remains as people have been stealing from it.
It was much farther north than the current wall.
The current wall was built during the Ming Dynasty.
Great Wall of Qi was started in 685 BC.
The state of Qi made a fortified wall for protection against the Southern states Ju og Lu and later from the kingdom Chu.
The state of Yan built walls during the rule of King Zhao of Yan (311–279 BC).
The state of Zhao built walls during 325–299 BC, during the rule of king Wuling of Zhao.
Walls on the periphery of the Northern states Yan, Zhao, and Qin became linked together, because all those states came under the rule of emperor Qin Shi Hong, during his rule (221–206 BC).
The First Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang also called Shi Huangdi, started the Qin Dynasty.
The Xiongnu tribes in the north of China were his enemies.
The land in some parts of China is easy to cross, so Qin Shi Huang started building the Great Wall to make it more difficult for the Xiongnu to invade China.
By 212 BC, the wall went from Gansu to the coast of South Manchuria.
Other dynasties in China had worked more on the wall and made it longer.
The Han, Sui, Northern and Jin Dynasties all repaired, rebuilt or expanded the Great Wall.
During the Ming Dynasty, major rebuilding work took place.
Sections of the wall were built with bricks and stone instead of earth.
It took more than 2000 years for building and completion of the Great wall.
The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications that were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states.
It is about 21,196 kilometers long, 9.1 metres (30 feet) wide and 15 metres high.
It is made over the course of hundreds of years, the wall was built by over 6 different Chinese dynasties, and is over 2,300 years old.
The wall was built to help keep out northern invaders like the Mongols.
Smaller walls had been built over the years, but the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, decided that he wanted a single giant wall to protect his northern borders.
The most well-known sections of the wall were built by Ming Dynasty.
Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, was the only one who breached the Great Wall of China in its
The Great Wall was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987.
The Great Wall was declared as one of the Seven Wonders of the World in 2007.
Construction and rebuilding of the Great Wall
Builders used materials that were nearby.
Some parts of the wall were made of mud, straw, and twigs.
Thousands of workers died from giant falling stones, exhaustion, disease, animal attacks, and starvation.
Workers dying and being buried in and under the Great Wall is a myth.
Visibility from space
Rumours about astronauts being able to see the Great Wall from the moon are scientifically not proven.
The Great Wall has shown up in radar images taken from space, but scientists are sure it is not possible for astronauts to see the wall with a naked eye.
One astronaut who spoke about the visibility of the Great Wall from space was Neil Armstrong.
He said that on the moon, it was very clear that the wall was not visible.
However, astronaut William Pogue was able to see the wall from a Low Earth Orbit distance (300-530 km height), but only with binoculars and with lots of practice.
Di Cosmo, Nicola (1999). "
The Northern Frontier in pre-Imperial China".
In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (editors).
The Cambridge History of Ancient China.
ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
World Heritage Sites in China
Buildings and structures in China
Defensive walls
The Amazon River (also named Rio Amazonas inPortuguese and Spanish) is the largest river in the world by the amount or volume of water it carries.
It flows through the tropical forests of South America, mainly in Brazil.
Its headwaters are in the Andes Mountains in Peru, on the western edge of South America and flows eastward into the Atlantic Ocean near the equator.
The Amazon River moves more water than the next eight largest rivers of the world combined and has the largest drainage basin in the world.
It accounts for about one fifth of the world's total river flow.
During the wet season, parts of the Amazon exceed  in width.
Because of its size, it is sometimes called The  Sea, but it is not the world's longest river system.
The world's longest river is the Nile River, with the Amazon being second-longest.
Size and path
There have been different studies that have tried to measure its exact length.
As the studies have come up with different numbers, it is therefore difficult to give an exact number.
The length also changes in the rainy season.
Several studies from Brazil, Spain and Chile say it is the longest river in the world, longer than the Nile.
The Nile has a length of .
The Amazon may have a length of .
The Spanish daily newspaper El País gives its length at .
In 2007, scientists from Peru and Brazil calculated a length of .
A study done in 1969 says that the Amazon has a length of .
This was measured from a part of the River Apurimac.
Until the 1970s, it was thought that the Marañón River was the source of the Amazon.
In 2001, an expedition found that Nevado Mismi was in fact the source of the Amazon.
Another document of the Geographic society of Lima gives the length of the Amazon at over .
The source of the Amazon is in the Andes Mountains of western South America.
It flows east from there to the Atlantic Ocean.
Most of the huge river and its many tributaries are in the country of Brazil.
There are many places on the Amazon where a person on one side of the river cannot see the other side.
The Brazilians call the Amazon the "River Sea."
The Amazon is navigable from the ocean to Peru.
Ocean ships can travel on the Amazon all the way across Brazil, and most of South America, to the city of Iquitos in Peru.
One characteristic of the Amazon river is the Brazo Casiquiare, a water connection to the Orinoco river into Venezuela, that connects the two basins.
The estuary of the Amazon is about  wide.
The width of the mouth of the river is usually measured from Cabo do Norte to Punto Patijoca.
Generally, the outlet of the Para River is included.
It is  wide, and forms the estuary of the  Tocantins.
The estuary also includes  the island of Marajó, which lies in the mouth of the Amazon.
This means that the Amazon is wider at its mouth than the entire length of the Thames river in England.
Along the coastline, near Cabo do Norte,  there are many islands partially covered with water.
There are also sandbanks.
The tides of the Atlantic generate a wave that reaches into the Amazon river.
This wave goes along the coast for about .
The phenomenon of this wave generated by the tides is called a tidal bore.
Locally it is known as pororoca.
The pororoca occurs where the water is less than  deep.
It starts with a loud noise, and advances at a speed of   .
The bore is the reason the Amazon does not have a delta.
The ocean rapidly carries away the large amount  of silt brought by the Amazon.
This makes it impossible for a delta to grow past the shoreline.
It also has a very large tide, that can reach  .
The place has become popular for river surfing.
'''The Amazon River has many uses:
We get hydroelectric power from the river.
We build dams all along the Amazon river to build up pressure.
We use it for travel, we send tours down it to get money and we send other types of ships down it.
The indigenous people carry food down it and canoe down it to trade.
It is fresh water, so animals can drink from it.
People grow crops on the banks of it.
There are no bridges across the entire width of the river.
This is not because the river would be too wide to bridge; for most of its length, engineers could build a bridge across the river easily.
For most of its course, the river flows through the Amazon Rainforest, where there are very few roads and cities.
Most of the time, the crossing can be done by a ferry, so there is no need to build a bridge.
The Manaus Iranduba Bridge linking the cities of Manaus and Iranduba spans the Rio Negro (a tributary of the Amazon).
The river is the main route of traffic in the region.
Most cities are on the banks of the river.
The biggest city on the river is Manaus, which is also the capital of the Brazilian State of Amazonas.
Many native people live in the Amazon, such as the Urarina who live in Peru.
Big ocean boats can get up the river until Manaus, which is almost 1500 kilometers (900 miles) from its mouth.
Smaller ocean ships of 3,000 tons  and 7.9 m (26 ft) draft can reach as far as Iquitos in Peru, 3,700 km (2,300 miles) from the sea.
Smaller riverboats can reach 780 km (486 mi) higher as far as Actual Point.
Beyond that, small boats frequently go up to the Pogo Ode Escherichia's, just above Actual Point.
Amazon River and Amazon Rainforest virtual tour
Information on the Amazon from Extreme Science
Pictures of the Amazon River
Amazon River and rain forest photos and information
An Amazon River web site
Information and a map of the Amazon's watershed
river tours
Rivers of Colombia
Rivers of Peru
A pyramid is a structure, usually of stone, built in the shape of a pyramid.
From ancient to modern times people in many different parts of the world have built such structures.
The word "pyramid" comes from the Greek word pyramis which meant "wheat cake."
The ancient Egyptian word for them was something like "Mer".
The Great Pyramid of Giza was one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world.
In Egypt, kings and queens, called Pharaohs, were buried in the tombs of huge square-bottomed pyramids built of stone.
They were usually built to be used as tombs for Pharaohs.
The ancient Egyptian pyramids are very well built.
Some of the pyramids still stand today.
The oldest man-made pyramid found is called the Step pyramid.
It is in the Giza Necropolis in Saqqara, near Cairo, Egypt.
It was built for King Djoser thousands of years ago.
Later pyramids were built much larger.
The largest one was the Great Pyramid of Giza.
It is near Cairo.
It was the tallest building in the world until the Eiffel Tower was built in Paris, in 1889.
The Great Pyramid was built by the pharaoh Khufu (= Cheops) from the Ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom.
Herodotus was told by his Egyptian guides that it took twenty years for a force of 100,000 slaves to build the pyramid (with another ten years to build a stone causeway that connected to a temple in the valley below).
People once thought pyramids were built by slaves.
More recent evidence suggests that the workers who built the pyramids were paid and well-cared for.
They were loyal to the Pharaoh.
Inside the Great Pyramid, famous man-made objects have been found from ancient times.
Many valuable items were buried with the dead Pharaohs, in the hope that they would take them to the afterlife.
Pyramids usually had traps to stop thieves from escaping easily.
Tomb thieves were punished by death if they were caught.
However, by 1000 BC, many of the pyramids had been robbed of their precious treasures.
A large statue of a Sphinx stands near the pyramids at Giza.
It has the body of a Lion and the head of a Pharaoh.
The ancient Greeks called the Great Pyramid one of the seven wonders of the world.
There are over 100 pyramids in Egypt.
Most of them are on the western side of the River Nile.
Some Egyptologists have different opinions on why the ancient Egyptian Kings built pyramids as their tombs.
Pyramids have been excavated for about the last 200 years.
Pyramids in the Americas
The Aztecs and Mayans also built many massive pyramids.
None are as old or big as the oldest or biggest Egyptian pyramids.
Most of them are step pyramids.
Modern pyramids
The Louvre Pyramid in Paris, France, in the court of the Louvre Museum.
It is a 20.6 meter (about 70 foot) glass structure which acts as an entrance to the museum.
It was designed by the American architect I. M. Pei and completed in 1989.
The Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas, United States, is a 30-story true pyramid.
It has light beaming from the top.
The 32-story Pyramid Arena in Memphis, Tennessee (a city named after the ancient Egyptian capital whose name itself was derived from the name of one of its pyramids).
Built in 1991, it was the home court for the University of Memphis men's basketball program and the National Basketball Association's Memphis Grizzlies until 2004.
The Walter Pyramid is home to the basketball and volleyball teams of the California State University, Long Beach, campus in California, United States.
It is an 18-story-tall blue true pyramid.
The 48-story Transamerica Pyramid is in San Francisco, California It was designed by William Pereira.
The pyramid is one of the city's symbols.
The 105-story Ryugyong Hotel is in Pyongyang, Northern Korea.
"Pyramid of Tirana" is a former museum and monument in Tirana, Albania.
The Slovak Radio Building is in Bratislava, Slovakia.
This building is shaped like an inverted pyramid.
The Summum Pyramid is a three story pyramid in Salt Lake City, Utah.
It used for instruction in the Summum philosophy.
it also conducts rites associated with Modern Mummification.
The Palace of Peace and Reconciliation is in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
The Pyramids at Osho Commune are in Pune, India.
They are used for meditation purposes.
The three pyramids of Moody Gardens in Galveston, Texas.
The Co-Op Bank Pyramid or Stockport Pyramid is in Stockport, England.
is a large pyramid shaped office building in Stockport in England.
The Ames Monument is in southeastern Wyoming.
It honors the brothers who financed the Union Pacific Railroad.
The Trylonis a triangular pyramid erected for the 1939 World's Fair in Flushing, Queens.
It was demolished after the Fair closed.
The Ballandean Pyramid is in Ballandean in rural Queensland, Australia.
It is a 15-meter folly pyramid made from blocks of local granite.
The Karlsruhe Pyramid is in the centre of the market square of Karlsruhe, Germany.
It is made of red sandstone.
It is in the centre of the market square of Karlsruhe, Germany.
It was erected in the years 1823–1825.
The GoJa Music Hall is in Prague.
The Muttart Conservatory greenhouses are in Edmonton, Alberta.
Small pyramids similar to those of the Louvre can be found outside the lobby of the Citicorp Building in Long Island City, Queens NY.
The Pyramids of the City Stars Complex is in Cairo, Egypt.
Pyramid building belonging to The Digital Group (TDG), at Hinjwadi, Pune, India.
The Steelcase Corporate Development Center near Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Sunway Pyramid shopping mall in Selangor, Malaysia.
Hanoi Museum with an overall design of a reversed Pyramid.
The Pyramide des Ha!
by artist Jean-Jules Soucy :fr:Jean-Jules Soucy in La Baie, Quebec is made out of 3 000 give way signs.
The "Pyramid" culture-entertainment complex and Monument of Kazan siege (Church of Image of Edessa) are in Kazan, Russia.
The "Phorum" of Expocentre business-exhibition complex is in Moscow, Russia.
Few pyramids of the Marco-city shopping-entertainment complex are in Vitebsk, Belarus.
The Time pyramid is in Wemding, Germany.
The pyramid begun in 1993.
It is scheduled for completion in the year 3183.
Triangle is a proposed skyscraper in Paris.
The Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid, a proposed project for construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan.
The tomb of Quintino Sella, outside the monumental cemetery of Oropa.
The unbuilt Museum of Modern Art of Caracas was designed as an upside down pyramid.
Playing on a variation of the famous configuration Oscar Niemeyer inverted the geometry of the pyramid.
Other pyramids
There are also ancient pyramids in other parts of Africa, Central America, Europe, North America, and Asia.
There is a famous modern glass pyramid in front of the Louvre Museum in Paris.
The Luxor Hotel, in Las Vegas, Nevada is also a glass pyramid.
EGYPT - CAIRO AND THE PYRAMIDS
Mayan Ruins
Famous landmarks of Egypt
The Care Bears are a very successful toy franchise from the 1980s.
Over forty million of these stuffed teddy bears, made with a variety of colours, were sold from 1983 to 1987.
Each Bear had a name, a job, and a symbol tied to it.
For example, Funshine Bear helps people wake up, and has a sun on his stomach.
The toys were first made as characters on cards in 1981; the original artwork was done by James Lewis.
Later, other toys called the Care Bear Cousins were introduced.
They also gave way to three animated movies for the cinema in the mid-1980s.
A related TV series from DIC and, later, Canada's Nelvana Limited came out at almost that same time.