the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1805 - Napoleon Bonaparte invades Austria during the War of the Third Coalition.
1814 - The Congress of Vienna opens to re-draw the political map of Europe after the defeat the defeat of France, following the Napoleonic Wars.
1848 - The first medical school for women opens in Boston, Massachusetts.
1859 - The current Cape Lookout lighthouse in North Carolina is lit for the first time.
1861 - American Civil War: US President Abraham Lincoln appoints George B. McClellan as the commander of the Union Army.
1876 - The Dutch North Sea canal is opened by William III of the Netherlands.
1894 – Tsar Nicholas II becomes Tsar of Russia.
1896 - A picture showing the bare breasts of a woman appears on the covers of National Geographic magazine for the first time.
1897 - The Library of Congress building in Washington, DC is opened to the public.
1897 - Juventus F.C. is founded.
1911 - The first dropping of a bomb from an airplane in combat occurs, during the Italo-Turkish War.
1914 - World War I: First British Royal Navy defeat of the war with Germany at the Battle of Coronel off the coast of Chile, in the Pacific Ocean.
HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth are lost.
1918 – Western Ukraine gains its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
1922 – The last Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed VI, abdicates.
1928 - An alphabet reform takes effect in Turkey.
1939 - The first rabbit born after artificial insemination is exhibited to the world.
1941 - American photographer Ansel Adams takes an iconic image of moonrise over Hernandez, New Mexico.
1942 - World War II: The Matanikau Offensive begins in the Guadalcanal Campaign, ending a US victory on November 4.
1945 - Australia joins the UN.
1946 - Karol Woityla, the future Pope John Paul II, is ordained as a priest in Krakow, Poland.
1948 - Off southern Manchuria, China, a Chinese merchant ship explodes and sinks, killing 6,000 people.
1950 - Puerto Rican nationalists attempt to kill US President Harry S. Truman.
1952 – Operation Ivy: The United States detonates a large hydrogen bomb at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands.
It yields the power of 10 megatons.
1954 – The Algerian War of Independence begins.
1955 - The bombing of the United Airlines Flight 629 near Longmont, Colorado, kills 44 people.
1956 – Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore State (now Karnataka) become states of India.
1956 - Kanyahurri district is joined to Tamil Nadu, from Kerala.
1956 - The Springhill Mining Disaster in Nova Scotia kills 39 people.
88 are rescued.
1957 - The Mackinac Bridge opens to traffic, connecting Michigan's Upper and Lower peninsulas.
1959 - Montreal Canadiens ice hockey goaltender Jacques Plante wears a protective mask for the first time in an NHL game.
1963 - A military coup occurs in South Vietnam against Ngo Dinh Diem, who is then killed.
1970 - A fire at a nightclub in Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, France, kills 146 people.
1973 – Mysore state is renamed Karnataka.
1981 – Antigua and Barbuda becomes independent (separate) from the United Kingdom.
1982 - Honda becomes the first Asian automobile company to produce cars in the US.
1984 - Anti-Sikh ethnic riots occur in India, following the fatal shooting of Indira Gandhi the previous day.
1986 – A chemical fire near Basel, Switzerland, pollutes the river Rhine.
1993 – The Maastricht Treaty enters into force.
1995 - Peace talks begin in Dayton, Ohio, in order to try to find a solution to the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1996 - Al-Jazeera begins broadcasting by satellite from Doha, Qatar.
1998 - The European Court of Human Rights is created in Strasbourg.
2000 – Serbia joins the UN.
2000 - The Indian state of Chhattisgarh is created out of parts of eastern Madhya Pradesh.
2003 - Jean-Claude Trichet becomes President of the European Central Bank.
2011 - Mario Draghi becomes President of the European Central Bank.
2012 - A fuel tank truck crashes and explodes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, killing 26 people.
2013 - Senior Pakistani Taliban leader Hakimullah Mehsud is killed by a US drone strike.
2014 - A massive power outage affects Bangladesh after a failure on the main power supply from India.
2015 - The English Wikipedia reaches the milestone of 5 million articles.
2015 - Parliamentary elections in Turkey result in the governing AK Party regaining the majority that it lost nearly five months earlier.
2016 - Iraqi forces enter the city of Mosul in the battle to recapture it from the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
2018 - NASA's Dawn mission finishes after it runs out of fuel.
2019 - Christine Lagarde becomes President of the European Central Bank.
846 – Louis the Stammerer, King of West Francia (d. 879)
1339 – Duke Rudolf IV of Austria (d. 1365)
1351 – Duke Leopold III of Austria (d. 1386)
1500 - Benvenuto Cellini, Italian sculptor (d. 1571)
1526 - Queen Catherine Jagiellonica of Poland (d. 1583)
1530 - Etienne de la Poétie, French judge and writer (d. 1563)
1539 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (d. 1596)
1549 - Anna of Austria (d. 1580)
1585 – Jan Brozek, Polish mathematician, physician and astronomer (d. 1652)
1596 - Pedro da Cortona, Italian architect (d. 1669)
1607 - Georg Philipp Harsdorffer, German poet (d. 1658)
1623 - Yongli Emperor of China (d. 1662)
1625 - Oliver Plunkett, Irish archbishop (d. 1681)
1666 - James Sherard, English botanist and amateur musician (d. 1738)
1727 - Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov, Russian educator (d. 1797)
1757 - Antonio Canova, Italian artist (d. 1822)
1762 – Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1812)
1778 – King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden (d. 1837)
1781 - Joseph Karl Stieler, German painter (d. 1858)
1782 – Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1859)
1808 - John Taylor, American Mormon church leader (d. 1887)
1814 - Doc Adams, American baseball player (d. 1899)
1815 - Crawford W. Long, American physician (d. 1878)
1823 - Lascar Catargiu, Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1899)
1828 - Santos Acosta, 6th President of Colombia (d. 1901)
1828 - Balfour Stewart, Scottish physician and meteorologist (d. 1887)
1831 – Harry Atkinson, Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1892)
1831 - Eustorgio Salgar, 8th President of Colombia (d. 1885)
1832 - Richard B. Hubbard, 17th Governor of Texas (d. 1901)
1838 - Khedrup Gyatso, 11th Dalai Lama (d. 1856)
1845 - Samuel Teleki, Hungarian politician and explorer (d. 1916)
1847 - Hiep Hoa, Emperor of Vietnam (d. 1883)
1847 - Emma Albani, Canadian soprano (d. 1920)
1849 - William Merritt Chase, American painter (d. 1916)
1852 - Haninbo Shuei, Japanese professional board game player (d. 1907)
1855 - Guido Adler, Austrian musicologist (d. 1941)
1859 - Charles Brantley Aycock, 50th Governor of North Carolina (d. 1912)
1859 - George W. P. Hunt, 1st Governor of Arizona (d. 1934)
1862 - Johan Wagenaar, Dutch composer and organist (d. 1941)
1864 – Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna of Russia (d. 1918)
1871 – Stephen Crane, American writer (d. 1900)
1878 - Konrad Magi, Estonian painter (d. 1925)
1878 – Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Argentine politician (d. 1959)
1879 – Pál Teleki, Hungarian Prime Minister, scientist and scout (d. 1941)
1880 – Sholom Asch, Polish-American writer (d. 1957)
1880 – Alfred Wegener, German geologist and meteorologist, proponent of the theory of Continental Drift (d. 1930)
1885 - Anton Flettner, German inventor (d. 1961)
1886 - Sakutaro Hagiwara, Japanese poet (d. 1942)
1886 - Hermann Broch, Austrian writer (d. 1951)
1887 – L. S. Lowry, English painter (d. 1976)
1889 – Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker, British politician and peace activist (d. 1982)
1889 - Hannah Höch, German Dada artist (d. 1978)
1892 – Alexander Alekhine, Russian chess player (d. 1946)
1896 - Edmund Blunden, English poet, author and critic (d. 1974)
1897 - Naomi Mitchison, Scottish novelist and poet (d. 1999)
1902 – Eugen Jochum, German conductor (d. 1987)
1902 - Nordahl Grieg, Norwegian poet (d. 1943)
1903 - Jean Tardieu, French writer (d. 1995)
1911 – Henri Troyat, French-Armenian writer (d. 2007)
1919 - Hermann Bondi, Austrian-British mathematician and cosmologist (d. 2005)
1921 – Ilse Aichinger, Austrian writer (d. 2016)
1921 - Mario Rigoni Stern, Italian writer (d. 2008)
1921 - Wadih El Safi, Lebanese singer, songwriter, composer and actor (d. 2013)
1923 – Victoria de los Angeles, Spanish soprano (d. 2005)
1923 - Carlos Pies Vilaro, Uruguayan sculptor, writer and composer (d. 2014)
1924 - Basil Bernstein, British sociologist (d. 2000)
1924 – Süleyman Demirel, former President of Turkey (d. 2015)
1925 – Fritz Laband, German footballer (d. 1982)
1926 – Betsy Palmer, American actress (d. 2015)
1926 – Lou Donaldson, American musician
1927 - Marcel Ophüls, French movie maker and director
1927 - Filippo Maria Pandolfi, Italian politician
1930 - A. R. Gurney, American dramatist and author (d. 2017)
1930 - Russ Kemmerer, American baseball player (d. 2014)
1930 - Edgar Basel, German boxer (d. 1977)
1931 - Shunsuke Kikuchi, Japanese composer
1932 - Al Arbour, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)
1932 - Francis Arinze, Nigerian cardinal
1934 – Umberto Agnelli, Italian industrialist (d. 2004)
1935 – Gary Player, South African golfer
1935 - Edward Said, Palestinian-born literary critic (d. 2003)
1936 - Adarsh Sein Anand, Chief Justice of India (d. 2017)
1936 - Eddie Colman, English footballer (d. 1958)
1936 - Katsuhisa Hattori, Japanese composer
1936 - Shizuka Kamei, Japanese politician
1939 - Barbara Bosson, American actress
1939 - Bernard Kouchner, French politician
1940 – Barry Sadler, American writer and songwriter (d. 1989)
1940 - Ramesh Chandra Lahoti, 35th Chief Justice of India
1940 - Bruce Grocott, Baron Grocott, English academic and politician
1941 – Alfio Basile, Argentine football coach
1941 - Joe Caldwell, American basketball player
1942 – Marcia Wallace, American actress (d. 2013)
1942 - Larry Flynt, American magazine publisher
1942 - Ralph Klein, 12th Premier of Alberta (d. 2013)
1943 - Salvatore Adamo, Italian-Belgian singer-songwriter
1944 - Mike Burney, English jazz saxophonist (d. 2014)
1944 – Rafik Hariri, Lebanese businessman and politician (d. 2005)
1944 – Oscar Temaru, French Polynesian politician
1945 - Narendra Dabholkar, Indian writer (d. 2013)
1946 - Ric Grech, English-French bass player (d. 1990)
1946 - Yuko Shimizu, Japanese graphic designer
1947 - Bob Weston, English guitarist (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2012)
1948 - Amani Abeed Karume, Zanzibar politician
1949 – Bernhard Cullmann, German footballer
1949 - Michael D. Griffin, American NASA executive
1950 – Robert B. Laughlin, American physicist
1950 – Dan Peek, American singer and musician (d. 2011)
1950 - Mitch Kapor, American computer programmer and businessman
1953 - Jan Davis, American astronaut
1953 - Darrell Issa, American politician
1957 – Lyle Lovett, American singer
1958 - Mark Austin, English journalist
1960 - Tim Cook, American CEO of Apple Inc.
1960 - Fernando Valenzuela, Mexican baseball player
1962 – Magne Furuholmen, Norwegian musician (a-ha)
1962 – Sharron Davies, British swimmer and broadcaster
1962 – Anthony Kiedis, American singer (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
1963 – Rick Allen, British musician (Def Leppard)
1963 – Kenny Alphin, American musician
1963 – Mark Hughes, Welsh footballer
1964 - Sophie B. Hawkins, American singer
1964 - Daran Norris, American actor
1964 - Kerry Peers, Welsh actress
1966 - Barbara Becker, German actress and model
1966 - Jeremy Hunt, British politician
1967 - Tina Arena, Italian-Australian singer
1970 - Igor Cvitanovic, Croatian footballer
1972 – Paul Dickov, Scottish footballer
1972 – Toni Collette, Australian actress and singer
1972 - Jenny McCarthy, American actress, model and anti-vaccine campaigner
1973 – Aishwarya Rai, Indian actress and model
1973 - Assia, Algerian singer
1974 - Emma George, Australian pole vaulter
1975 - Bo Rice, American singer
1975 – Megan Wing, Canadian figure skater
1976 - Logan Marshall-Green, American actor
1976 - Chad Lindberg, American actor
1978 - Helen Czerski, English physicist, oceanographer and television presenter
1979 – Luis Delgado, Angolan footballer
1979 – Milan Dudic, Serbian footballer
1981 - LaTavia Roberson, American singer-songwriter
1983 - Yuko Ogura, Japanese model
1983 - Vaclav Sverkos, Czech footballer
1983 – Natalia Tena, British actress
1984 - Macnelly Torres, Colombian footballer
1984 - Milos Krasic, Serbian footballer
1986 – Penn Badgley, American actor
1986 - Ksenija Balta, Estonian high jumper, sprinter and heptathlete
1987 - Saori Ariyoshi, Japanese footballer
1987 - Ileana D'Cruz, Indian movie actress
1988 - Scott Arfield, Scottish-Canadian footballer
1988 - Ai Fukuhara, Japanese table tennis player
1988 - Masahiro Tanaka, Japanese baseball player
1989 - Gabriela Koukalová, Czech biathlete
1991 - Jiang Yuyuan, Chinese gymnast
1995 - Margarita Mamun, Russian gymnast
1996 - Lil Peep, American singer and rapper (d. 2017)
1997 - Alex Wolff, American actor and singer
921 - Richard, Duke of Burgundy
955 - Henry I, Duke of Bavaria
987 - Harald Bluetooth, Danish king (b. 910)
1112 – Henry, Duke of Portugal (b. 1069)
1296 - Guillaume Durand, French writer (b. 1230)
1391 – Amadeus VII of Savoy (b. 1360)
1399 - John V, Duke of Brittany (b. 1339)
1461 - David of Trebizond, Emperor of Trebizond
1596 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (b. 1539)
1642 - Jean Nicolet, French explorer (b. 1598)
1676 - Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch minister and theologian (b. 1589)
1678 – William Coddington, 1st Governor of Rhode Island (b. 1601)
1700 – King Charles II of Spain (b. 1661)
1814 - Alexander Samoylov, Russian general and statesman (b. 1744)
1818 - Marie-Gabrielle Capet, French painter (b. 1761)
1877 - Friedrich Graf von Wrangel, Prussian field marshal (b. 1784)
1888 - Nikolai Przhevalsky, Russian explorer (b. 1838)
1894 – Tsar Alexander III of Russia (b. 1845)
1903 – Theodor Mommsen, German writer and historian (b. 1817)
1907 - Alfred Jarry, French writer (b. 1873)
1922 - Alva Adams, Governor of Colorado (b. 1850)
1942 – Hugo Distler, German composer (b. 1908)
1952 – Dixie Lee, American actress, dancer and singer (b. 1911)
1955 – Dale Carnegie, American writer (b. 1888)
1956 – Pietro Badoglio, Italian military officer and politician (b. 1871)
1963 – Ngo Dinh Diem, President of South Vietnam (b. 1901)
1968 – George Papandreou, Greek politician (b. 1888)
1972 – Ezra Pound, American poet (b. 1885)
1977 - Franco Albini, Italian architect and designer (b. 1905)
1979 – Mamie Eisenhower, First Lady of the United States (b. 1896)
1982 - King Vidor, American movie director (b. 1894)
1982 - James Broderick, American actor (b. 1927)
1985 - Phil Silvers, American actor and comedian (b. 1911)
1987 – René Lévesque, Canadian politician (b. 1922)
1993 – Severo Ochoa, Spanish biochemist (b. 1905)
1994 - Noah Beery, Jr., American actor (b. 1913)
1996 – J.R. Jayewardene, Sri Lankan politician (b. 1906)
2000 - George Armstrong, English footballer (b 1944)
2001 - Juan Bosch, President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1909)
2003 - Xela Arias, Galician poet and translator (b. 1962)
2003 - Daishiro Yoshimura, Japanese footballer (b. 1947)
2006 – William Styron, American writer (b. 1925)
2007 – Paul Tibbets, American Air Force Brigadier General (b. 1915)
2008 – Jacques Piccard, underwater explorer and scientist (b. 1922)
2008 – Yma Sumac, Peruvian singer and actress (b. 1922)
2010 – Ed Litzenberger, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1932)
2011 - Dorothy Howell Rodham, mother of Hillary Clinton (b. 1919)
2012 - Gae Aulenti, Italian architect and designer (b. 1927)
2012 - Agustín García Calvo, Spanish philologist, philosopher, poet and playwright (b. 1926)
2012 - Mitch Lucker, American musician (b. 1984)
2013 - Hakimullah Mehsud, Pakistan Taliban leader (born around 1978)
2013 - John Y. McCollister, American politician (b. 1921)
2014 - Joel Barnett, Baron Barnett, English politician (b. 1923)
2014 - Jean-Pierre Roy, Canadian baseball player (b. 1920)
2014 - Gustau Biosca, Spanish footballer (b. 1928)
2014 - Thomas W. Sneddon, Jr., American attorney (b. 1941)
2014 - Wayne Static, American musician (b. 1965)
2014 - Brittany Maynard, American activist for assisted suicide (b. 1984)
2015 - Günter Schabowski, German politician (b. 1929)
2015 - Fred Thompson, American politician and actor (b. 1942)
2015 - Charles Duncan Michener, American entomologist (b. 1918)
2016 - Tina Anselmi, Italian politician (b. 1927)
2017 - Brad Bufanda, American actor (b. 1983)
2017 - Vladimir Makanin, Russian writer (b. 1937)
2018 - Carlo Giuffrè, Italian actor and stage director (b. 1928)
2018 - Theodor Hoffmann, German admiral (b. 1935)
2018 - Mariano Rajoy Sobredo, Spanish judge (b. 1921)
2018 - Ken Swofford, American actor (b. 1933)
2018 - Robert F. Taft, American Jesuit priest (b. 1932)
2018 - Yurik Vardanyan, Soviet-Armenian weightlifter (b. 1956)
2019 - Rudy Boesch, American Navy SEAL (b. 1928)
2019 - Rina Lazo, Guatemalan-Mexican artist (b. 1923)
All Saints' Day Christian Holiday
Independence Day (Antigua and Barbuda)
National Holiday (Algeria)
Foundation Day (Kerala, Karnataka)
Day of the Leaders of the Bulgarian National Revival
World Vegan Day
November 01
Johnny Weissmuller (June 2, 1904 – January 20, 1984) was a German-American swimmer and actor.
He was born in Timisoara, Austria-Hungary to German parents.
He was one of the world's best swimmers in the 1920s.
He won five gold medals and set five then-Olympic records in swimming competitions at the Olympics in 1924 and 1928, and a bronze medal in water polo at the 1924 Olympics.
He later played Tarzan in a series of movies in the 1930s and became a movie star.
This made him a character actor.
He then had trouble getting parts in other movies because of this.
On January 20, 1984, Weissmuller died of pulmonary edema.
He was 79.
He was buried in Acapulco, Mexico, where he was living when he died.
At his funeral, a sound recording of the Tarzan yell he had made famous in the movies was played three times, at his request.
1904 births
American swimmers
Sportspeople from Chicago
Mme Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont revises Beauty and the Beast.
January 27 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer (d. 1791)
February 6 – Aaron Burr, American politician, 3rd Vice President of the United States (d. 1836)
March 3 – William Godwin, English journalist (d. 1836)
May – John Macadam, Scottish engineer, invented Tarmac for the roads (d. 1836)
In 1715 lots of people who didn't like king George I of Great Britain rebelled in Scotland.
These people were the Jacobites and they wanted James Francis Edward Stuart to be king instead of George I. Their luck was going well at first when they managed to take control of most of Scotland but the British Army came in and they lost.
September 1 – Louis XIV of France dies and his great-grandson, Louis XV of France becomes king even though he is just five years old.
Priscilla Presley (née Wagner) is an American actress.
She is the former wife of Elvis Presley and is the mother of Lisa Marie Presley.
Presley is probably most famous for her roles in the television primetime soap opera Dallas, and The Naked Gun movies with Leslie Nielson.
She is also a member of Scientology.
Presley was born at Brooklyn Naval Hospital in Brooklyn, New York City.
Her maternal grandfather, Albert Henry Iversen (1899–1971), emigrated from Egersund in Norway to the United States in 1905.
He married Lorraine Davis (1903–1984), who was of Scots-Irish and English ancestry.
They had three children: Albert, Jr. (March 1922), James Richard (March 1924) and Anna Lillian Iversen (March 1926).
Anna was later called, or her name was changed to, Ann.
She was called Rooney (short for Annie Rooney) as a child.
At the age of 19, she gave birth to Priscilla.
They both still have cousins in Norway.
In a letter to the City Hall of Egersund, Ann asked for information about their relatives, and wrote that Priscilla was interested in knowing about them; Priscilla's parents then visited family members in Norway in 1992.
Priscilla Presley at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
January 1 – United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark enter the European Economic Community, now known as the European Union.
January 15 – Vietnam War: Citing progress in peace negotiations, President of the United States Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam.
January 17 – Ferdinand Marcos becomes President for Life of the Philippines.
January 22 – Supreme Court of the United States rules on Roe v. Wade.
January 22 – George Foreman defeats Joe Frazier for the heavyweight world boxing championship.
January 23 – Eruption in Heimaey begins.
January 23 – President Richard Nixon announces that a peace accord has been reached in Vietnam.
January 27 – U.S. involvement in Vietnam War ends with the signing of peace pacts.
See Paris Peace Accords.
April 3 – The World Trade Center opens in New York City.
September 11 – Augusto Pinochet takes power in Chile, in a coup, in which President Salvador Allende dies.
September 15 – Ascension to the throne of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
The rock group KISS form in New York City.
Homosexuality is no longer considered a mental disorder.
Japans first video game, Elepong is produced
January 8 – Sean Paul, Jamaican reggae singer
January 22 – Rogério Ceni, brazilian football player
February 16 – Cathy Freeman, Australian Aborigine athlete
March 22 – Elvis Stojko, Canadian figure skater
April 8 – Emma Caulfield, American actress
April 14 – Adrien Brody, American actor
April 23 – John Cena, American professional wrestler
May 24 – Ruslana, Ukrainian singer
June 10 – Faith Evans, American singer
June 26 – Gretchen Wilson, American singer
July 15 – John Dolmayan, Armenian-American drummer (System of a Down)
July 23 – Monica Lewinsky, White House member of staff under Bill Clinton
July 30 – Markus Näslund, Swedish hockey player
August 7 – Zane Lowe, New Zealand disc jockey and television presenter
September 13 – Fabio Cannavaro, Italian footballer
September 18 – Mark Shuttleworth, South African businessman
October 22 – Ichiro Suzuki, Professional baseball player for the Seattle Mariners
October 28 – Alvin Burke, Jr., American professional wrestler
October 30 – Adam Copeland,  Canadian professional wrestler
October 31 – Beverly Lynne, American actress
November 6 – Sandy Robson, Canadian actor
November 17 – Bernd Schneider, German footballer
November 30 – Kate Fischer, Australian actress and model
December 3 – Holly Marie Combs, American actress
January 22 – Lyndon Johnson, 36th President of the United States (b. 1908)
April 8 – Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter and sculptor (b. 1881)
April 21 – Arthur Fadden, 13th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1894)
April 25 – Frank Jack Fletcher, US Navy admiral during World War II (b. 1885)
May 6 – Ernest MacMillan, Canadian conductor (b. 1893)
June 13 – Viriato Clemente da Cruz, Angolan poet and politician (b. 1928)
July 20 – Bruce Lee, Chinese-American actor and martial artist (b. 1940)
August 4 – Eddie Condon, American jazz guitarist (b. 1904)
August 6 – Fulgencio Batista, President of Cuba (b. 1901)
September 2 – J.R.R. Tolkien, English writer (b. 1892)
September 11 – Salvador Allende, President of Chile (b. 1908)
September 15 – Víctor Jara, Chilean singer (b. 1932)
September 23 – Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet (b. 1904)
September 29 – W. H. Auden, English-American poet (b. 1907)
October 2 – Paavo Nurmi, Finnish athlete (b. 1897)
December 1 – David Ben-Gurion, Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1886)
December 20 – Bobby Darin, American singer (b. 1936)
Papilon
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Roberta Flack
"Radar Love" – Golden Earring
"Smoke on the Water" – Deep Purple
"Bad Bad Leroy Brown" – Jim Croce
"Delta Dawn" – Helen Reddy
"D'yer Mak'er" – Led Zeppelin
"Frankenstein" – The Edgar Winter Group
"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" – Elton John
"Half Breed" – Cher
"Higher Ground" – Stevie Wonder
"Keep On Truckin' " – Eddie Kendricks
"Kodachrome" – Paul Simon
"Let's Get It On" – Marvin Gaye
"Live and Let Die" – Paul McCartney and Wings
"Love Isn't Easy (But It Sure Is Hard Enough)" – ABBA
"Loves Me Like a Rock" – Paul Simon (with The Dixie Hummingbirds)
"Me and Mrs. Jones" – Billy Paul
"Midnight Train to Georgia" – Gladys Knight
"Morning After"- Maureen McGovern
"My Love" – Paul McCartney and Wings
"The Night The Lights Went Out in Georgia" – Vicki Lawrence
"Over the Hills and Far Away" – Led Zeppelin
"Photograph" – Ringo Starr
"Ramblin' Man" – Allman Brothers Band
"Ring Ring" – ABBA
"Saturday Night's All Right for Fighting" – Elton John
"Superstition" – Stevie Wonder
"Take Me to the Mardi Gras" – Paul Simon
"The Entertainer" by Scott Joplin
"Tie a Yellow Ribbon around the Old Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando & Dawn
"Top of the World" – Carpenters
"Touch Me in the Morning" – Diana Ross
"Why Me" – Kris Kristofferson
"Will It Go Around in Circles" – Billy Preston
Drunkenness means being intoxicated by alcohol.
This means a person's brain and body are not working normally, because of the alcohol they have had.
A person who is intoxicated is usually called drunk.
In low amounts, alcohol often causes good feelings, reddened skin, and feeling relaxed.
People who drink small amounts of alcohol may feel less nervous about being around others.
Even in small amounts, alcohol slows down the brain.
Alcohol interferes with normal brain communication and changes a person’s behavior and mood.
The ability to think clearly is often inhibited,.
Consuming larger amounts of  alcohol can drastically affect motor functions via its effects on the brain.
Commonly seen effects on the brain and the rest of the central nervous system (CNS) include slurred speech and issues with coordination.
It starts to affect a person's judgment - their ability to make good decisions.
It also makes a person react more slowly and have slower reflexes.
This is why it is not safe to drive even after drinking just a little.
In medium amounts, alcohol will cause trouble speaking clearly and moving the body normally.
A person may have trouble staying balanced and walking normally.
They may get confused or very tired.
They will not be able to make good decisions.
They may also start vomiting.
Alcohol poisoning
Alcohol poisoning is a medical emergency.
"Alcohol poisoning" means that a person has drunk enough alcohol to cause a coma, dangerously slow breathing, or even death.
A person with alcohol poisoning needs emergency medical treatment at a hospital to make sure they do not die from alcohol poisoning.
Being very confused and almost unconscious
Going into a coma
Vomiting while in a coma.
If this happens, the person can breathe the vomit into their lungs.
This can burn and injure the lungs so badly that the person can die
Very slow breathing.
If a person's breathing gets slow enough, the person can die
Very slow heart rate
Low body temperature
If the person wakes up, they will not be able to remember what happened.
This is called a "blackout."
When a person has alcohol poisoning, 9-1-1 or another local emergency telephone number should be called right away.
First aid can help the person until an ambulance gets there.
Lay the person down and try to keep them still
Turn the person on their side
Cover them with a blanket to keep them warm
If the person has a seizure, do not try to hold them still.
Try to keep them from injuring themselves.
Note that people having a seizure cannot control their movements, and their reflexes do not work.
If the person's heart stops, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
An emergency medical dispatcher can explain how to do this
Leave the person alone
Give them anything to eat or drink
Give the person any medications or illegal drugs
Make them throw up
Put the person in a cold shower or bath
Make the person walk.
Walking is not safe for a person with alcohol poisoning
Putting a tube down the person's throat and pumping oxygen into their lungs (if they are not breathing well enough to survive)
Putting a tube down the person's nose and into their stomach to:
Pump alcohol out of the person's stomach
Pour activated charcoal into the person's stomach.
This is a treatment for poisoning.
The charcoal keeps more alcohol from being taken up into the bloodstream.
Giving them fluids, glucose (sugar), and vitamins through a needle placed into a vein
There are many myths (untrue beliefs) about drunkenness.
Here are some examples of myths about drunkenness:
Some people can drive safely while they are drunk
Drinking coffee will make a person less drunk
Taking a cold shower or bath will make a person less drunk
Some types of alcohol make a person more drunk than others
Alcohol drinking habits
Canada Dry is a brand name belonging to a company that produces beverages.
Canada Dry makes ginger ale, club soda, and tonic water.
Ginger ale is flavored with ginger root.
Club soda is a clear drink sometimes used to remove stains from clothing.
Tonic water is often used to make an alcoholic beverage known as gin and tonic.
Drink companies
Canadian food companies
Companies based in Texas
Ginger ale is a soft drink flavored with the root of a plant known as ginger.
It has a sweet yet spicy flavor.
Even though it has the name ale, which can be another word for beer, it is not beer.
It is enjoyed by all ages.
Canada Dry is a well known maker of ginger ale.
Most ginger ales come in a green can.
Related beverages
Ginger beer is a non-alcoholic soft drink flavored with ginger root.
Ginger beer is spicier than ginger ale and popular in some Caribbean countries, such as Trinidad.
Shaving is removing hair from the face or other body part with a razor.
Some people do not shave the chin, this is called a goatee beard.
Other men do not shave the upper lip, this is called a mustache.
Hygiene is the act of being clean.
Washing the body to remove dirt and germs, brushing the teeth to keep them clean, shaving, using the toilet properly, and dressing correctly are some examples.
Proper hygiene is often taught to children at a young age, and it becomes a habit.
People who do not have good hygiene might smell bad, lose teeth, or become ill (sick).
First proven use of the word in English was in 1677s.
The word hygiene comes from the French word hygiène, which is the western version of Greek word ὑγιεινή (τέχνη) - hugieinē technē, meaning "(art) of health", from ὑγιεινός (hugieinos), "good for the health, healthy",  in turn from ὑγιής (hugiēs), "healthful, sound, salutary, wholesome".
In ancient Greek religion, Hygeia (Ὑγίεια) was the daughter of Asclepius and represented health.
A spork is a combination of a spoon and a fork to create a special tool used to eat.
Most sporks are made from plastic.
Many fast food chains use the spork, including Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco John's, and Taco Bueno.
Many people dislike the spork because it cannot poke food as well as a fork nor hold liquids as well as a spoon.
The Straight Dope on: why is it so hard to get a good spork?
The spork’s weird history, Bee Wilson, Salon
Vauxhall Astra is a car produced by Vauxhall since 1980.
It was first just branded as a Vauxhall, since 1991 it has also been sold as a Opel, a Holden and a Chevrolet.
From 2007 to 2009 it was sold as a Saturn.
In 1979, General Motors, the owners of Vauxhall, decided to replace the Viva model (Kaddett in Europe including Republic of Ireland) in the United Kingdom as Vauxhall's small family car.
The model still shared its body with the Kaddett, however it had things suited for use in this country, i.e. the steering wheel on the right side so that owners could drive on the left-hand side of the road.
The first generation was made from 1980 to 1984 and had hatchback, saloon and estate versions with 2 or 4 doors, the saloons looked identical to the hatchback but they sold poorly and were axed in 1982, the same year when a Bedford van model appeared.
The second generation launched in late 1984, being larger with an aerodynamic design, the versions on offer were much the same as before, a saloon model called the Belmont launched in January 1986 with a cabriolet added in Spring 1987.
It was given a mild facelift in January 1989.
Some versions continued until 1993 when the cabriolet and Astramax van ended production.
In late 1991, the third generation launched and this time, the 3-door estate was axed and the saloon from Spring 1992 was just called Astra.
A new cabriolet model arrived in June 1993.
In late 1994, it was facelifted and featured Vauxhall’s new V grille which appeared on the Omega that launched in the same year.
The cabriolet continued until 1999.
When it launched, Opel and Chevrolet both binned the Kaddett name.
Therefore, they adopted the Astra one.
In 1995, Holden did that too.
It was only in South Africa that the Kaddett name continued and it was only on the Astra hatchback.
The fourth generation launched in Spring 1998 with the same large range as before, coupe and cabriolet models were added in 2000.
In 1999, the year after the launch of the fourth generation, South Africa binned the Kaddett name too, leaving no countries/regions/continents using the Kaddett badge.
Some versions continued until 2005 as a cheap alternative to the new generation model while the van continued until late 2006 when it was replaced with a new version.
In May 2004, the fifth generation launched, the 3-door from early 2005 was made to look more sporty and featured a large, panoramic windscreen on some models, the saloon was axed due to poor sales while in 2006, a hard-folding coupe/cabriolet launched called the TwinTop.
It was facelifted in early 2007 and sales continued until 2011 for some versions.
The van was axed in 2013 without a replacement.
The sixth generation Astra was launched in late 2009 as a hatchback at first and an estate added in late 2010.
The sporty 3-door was marketed as the GTC and launched in late 2011.
It was facelifted in September 2012 and continued until 2015, 2016 for the estate and 2017 for the GTC.
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
The Ford Ka is a car made by the Ford Motor Company in Spain, Poland and Brazil.
It has three doors and was first made in 1996.
The Ka is very popular in Europe, about 1.5 million cars have been sold.
A new model has been released in Brazil in 2008, in Europe a new model has been introduced in 2009.
Engine data
1.0l Duratec (Brazil)
1.3l Duratec (1297 cc-Europe)
1.6l Duratec (1597 cc-Europe and Brazil)
The second generation of the Ka was released in the beginning of 2009.
The car is build in cooperation with Fiat, the technic is the same as used in the Fiat 500.
1.2l Duratec (1242 cc)
1.3l Duratorq (1248 cc)
Tower Bridge is a drawbridge in London.
It crosses the River Thames near the Tower of London.
It allows ships through the bridge deck when  is raised  at an angle in the centre.
The north side of the bridge is Tower Hill, and the south side of the bridge comes down into Bermondsey, an area in Southwark.
Tower Bridge is far more visible than London Bridge, which people often mistake it for.
Many tourists go to London to see the Tower Bridge.
It has its own exhibition centre in the horizontal walkway.
This gives one of the best vantage points in London.
The "bascules" are the surfaces raised to allow tall ships to pass through: this happens about 900 times per year.
The bridge's decks (bascules) can be raised to 83o from the horizontal.
The City of London Corporation held a competition for the design in 1876.
Over 50 designs were entered, and in 1884 Horace Jones and John Wolfe Barry's design was chosen.
The bridge is  in length with two towers, each  high, built on piers.
The central span of  between the towers is split into two equal bascules or leaves, which can be raised to an angle of 83o to allow river traffic to pass.
The bascules, weighing over 1,100 tons each, are counterbalanced to minimize the force required and allow raising in five minutes.
The bascules are raised by huge hydraulic pumps which were first powered by steam engines.
In 1976 these were replaced by oil and electricity.
The bridge is made from more than 11,000 tons of steel, and covered with Cornish granite and Portland stone.
The two side-spans are suspension bridges, each  long, with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained within the bridge's upper walkways.
The pedestrian walkways are  above the river at high tide.
These walkways allow people to still cross the river, even when the bridge is raised.
They were closed in 1910 because not enough people used them, but were reopened in 1982.
Tower Bridge,London Getting Opened
Tower Bridge Photo
Tower Bridge Exhibition
Bridges and tunnels in London
Stone bridges
Transport in the London Borough of Southwark
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
A waiter is a person who "waits" on tables, often at a restaurant or cafe.
A female waiter is called a waitress.
They will take orders and delivers food to customers.
A good waiter can also help the customers by recommending the best food in the restaurant or cafe.
Many waiters and waitresses are required by their employers to wear a uniform.
Most uniforms used are black and white or all black.
Historically the term waiter was used to describe customs officers who waited on the tide for vessels to come in carrying goods to tax.
Food-related occupations
He was born to an Ukrainian Orthodox Jewish family in Cincinnati, Ohio.
His parents were pianist Leah Adler (1920–2017) and engineer Arnold Spielberg (1917–2020).
He started his movie career learning to direct in 1975.
He was raised in Haddon Township, New Jersey.
Spielberg studied at Saratoga High School.
He went to California State University, Long Beach.
Spielberg started his career learning how to direct in 1963.
His first movies include Jaws, Jurassic Park, Indiana Jones, and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.
His later movies include Saving Private Ryan and Munich.
Spielberg married Amy Irving in 1985.
They divorced in 1989.
He married Kate Capshaw in 1991.
Spielberg won two Academy Awards for best director.
These two awards were for Schindler's List and Saving Private Ryan.
In 1986, he won the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a Lifetime Achievement Award.
He has been nominated and has won several other awards.
Ready Player One (2018)
The BFG (2016)
Bridge of Spies (2015)
Jurassic World (2014)
Lincoln (2012)
Men in Black 3 (2012)
War Horse (2011)
The Adventures of Tintin (2011)
Real Steel (2011)
Cowboys & Aliens (2011)
Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011)
Paul (2011)
True Grit (2010)
Hereafter (2010)
Hollywood Don't Surf! (
The Lovely Bones (2009)
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009)
Eagle Eye (2008)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
Munich (2005)
The Terminal (2004)
Catch Me If You Can (2002)
A.I.: Artificial Intelligence (2001)
Saving Private Ryan (1998) (Academy Award, Best Director)
The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
Amistad (1997)
Schindler's List (1993) (Academy Award, Best Director, Best Picture)
Jurassic Park (1993)
Hook (1991)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Always (1989)
Empire of the Sun (1987)
The Color Purple (1985)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983) segment: Kick the Can
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
Jaws (1975)
The Sugarland Express (1974)
Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation (founded by Spielberg)
Time 100: Steven Spielberg
Spielberg at 60 – Empire
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Jewish businesspeople
Movie directors from Ohio
Movie producers from Ohio
Businesspeople from Cincinnati, Ohio
Writers from Cincinnati, Ohio
Screenwriters from Ohio
A variable is a special type of amount or quantity with an unknown value.
The opposite of a variable (that is, a known value) is called a constant.
Variables in math
In mathematics, a variable is usually given a letter, such as x or y. For example:
The letters m, n, p, q are often used as variables for integers.
The letters a, b and c are often used as coefficients of functions.
The letters i, j ,k are often used as indices of summation.
The letter t is often used as a variable for time.
The letter z is often used as a variable for complex numbers.
Most letters are used in equations to show numbers that are unknown (an exception is e, which is a constant).
Using a type of math called algebra, one can find the value of the variable.
Any number cannot change its value.
This is true whether the number is rational (such as -8.625) or irrational (such as 2√3, which is 2 multiplied by the square root of 3), or whether the number is real (such as ) or imaginary (such as ).
Variables are also common in science, where they usually represent physical properties that do not stay the same.
For example, if a person stands 5 feet away from a building, the distance variable compared to the building does not change over time.
5 feet is called a fixed amount, which is the opposite of a variable amount.
But if a person walks away from the building, the distance variable compared to the building is increasing.
So it does not have the same value and we cannot use the same number for it, as the distance might be 1 foot now, but 2 feet a second later.
Variables in computer science
In computer science, a variable is a value in a program that can change.
It does not have to be a number.
In fact, it can be a string (text value), a date, an amount of money, an object such as a picture, or simply null (which means it has no content).
The value that is stored in a variable can change the behavior of a program when it is run.
Because of this, variables are commonly used to store input and output values.
Each programming language works differently with variables.
Most of them allow any character string that is not "reserved" (that is, has a special meaning) to be the name of the variable.
It is good in computer programming to use names that tells what will be stored in the variable (such as "person", "age", "total", and so on).
Also, some languages like C and Java require the data type of the variable (that is, the kind of content that will be stored in it) to be declared (written) when the variable is created.
Others, like Python and Visual Basic, do not have this rule, which allows the type of variable to be changed when a new value is stored in it.
Salvador Allende Gossens (June 26, 1908 – September 11, 1973) was a physician, senator, minister of health and the 28th President of Chile from November 3, 1970 until his death on September 11, 1973.
He was a socialist and the first socialist president elected democratically (voted for by people) in South America.
Salvador was in politics for nearly forty years, having been a senator, deputy, and cabinet minister.
He had run for president in 1952, 1958 and 1964, but had failed.
He won as the leader of the Popular Unity coalition (a group of political parties) in a very close race.
Allende was born on June 26, 1908 in the port city of Valparaiso, Chile to a well-to-do family.
Like many Chileans, Allende had a mestizo (mixed) racial background (European and other races mixed with Native Americans).
His father Salvador Allende (senior), a lawyer, was of Basque background and his mother Laura Gossens had a Belgian Jewish background (though converted to Catholicism).
In 1918 his father sent Allende to study at the Instituto Nacional (National Institute) in Santiago.
He then did his compulsory military service and entered the University of Chile to study medicine.
Allende was a gifted, friendly and popular student; a great debater and public speaker and quickly becomes a student leader and vice-president of the FECH. (
Student Federation of Chile).
As an undergraduate student Allende requested to his parents to let him earn his own livelihood and he started to work as a paramedic in the ambulance services and as an assistant in pathology.
He graduated with a medical degree in 1933.
He was one of the founders of the Socialist Party of Chile and in 1938 became a minister of health.
He was a senator from 1945 until 1969 and was President of the Chilean Senate from 1966 until 1969.
Allende first ran for the presidency in the 1952 elections but failed.
Determined to succeed he tried again in 1958 and then in 1964.
In both instances he failed again.
Allende would tour Chile from Iquique to Magallanes, for example one end to the other, speaking to peasants in the south and miners in the north and held rallies in the big cities.
Allende found it hard to win an election because of the successful scare campaigns launched by opposing parties, many financed by large multi-national corporations and powerful national institutions such as private banks and schools.
Allende always ran for election on the same socialist platform (plan) proposing the same resolutions (things to be done), focusing on the persistent inequality in the country and the underdevelopment (poverty for large part of the population) which Allende saw as being rooted in the lack of control the Chilean people had over their natural resources and vital industries. (
e.g. banks, copper mines, electricity companies etc.).
Allende promised that he would nationalize (put under control of government) vital industries and then create an advanced public health system and educational system that would be free and accessible to all.
During the cold war (between the U.S. and the former U.S.S.R) many people feared that Chile would fall under the influence of the USSR and after the 1960s under the influence of Cuba.
Revolutionary change
Allende’s speeches were said to be very radical (extreme) and Allende’s vision for Chile seemed completely different to the Chile that most people were familiar with.
For example: Allende was said to be an atheist and Marxist.
He was a non- practicing Catholic This was considered odd in a country that was very catholic, held traditional family values, and in which people were taught that political freedoms (the freedom to elect politicians from different parties) was more important than solving problems such as extreme poverty or economic inequality (division between the poorest and the wealthiest people).
Allende also wanted revolutionary change, i.e. he wanted deep changes to Chilean society very quickly, such forms of changes have been said to have tended to cause great divisions in society between those who oppose the changes (called reactionaries) and those who support the drastic changes (revolutionaries).
Through history such situations tend to end up resolved violently.
For example, civil war (where one group of people fight another group of people of the same country), or military coup (when a government is overthrown before it finishes its term).
As a result, many Chileans, especially professionals like University professors, doctors and business people left the country–this had a negative effect on Allende’s reforms.
E.g. Allende increased health services and places at Universities for the underprivileged while many professors, specialists and doctors were leaving the country.
Peaceful revolution
However, Allende was unique in that he did all he could to prevent this sort of violence, calling his revolution a “peaceful one within democracy” or calling it “the Chilean road to socialism.”
In 1973 Allende’s enemies accused him of preparing a secret war and that his supporters were hoarding stocks of illegal weapons (in shanty towns and in rural areas) that were being sent from communist Cuba.
To prove that this was not true, Allende allowed the Chilean Army to enforce a “weapons control’s law” that allowed the Chilean military to search and comb for any illegal weapons anywhere in the country.
The Chilean army confirmed that after thoroughly searching for such weapons throughout the country they had found no significant stocks as the opposition was claiming.
This ended up creating more support for Allende and allowed Allende to begin to focus on the upcoming election.
Allende's mandate
Allende came to power with a socialist plan.
His vision for Chile was one in which the country's resources and wealth would be owned by Chileans and distributed more democratically.
Allende started his program by nationalizing (put under control of government) major industries.
Such as, Chile's copper mines (Chile had one of the largest copper mines in the World) but these mines were not owned by Chileans but by very powerful U.S. business people.
The coup, September 11, 1973
The American Central Intelligence Agency was said to be involved in the overthrowing of his government.
Allende was a socialist.
Many of his reforms and programs revolved around socialism.
He created universal health care for all, made education better, and took a stronger level of control within the economy.
He died in 1973.