the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It is the third and final movie in the Dollars trilogy and was released in the United States in 1967.
The first movie in the trilogy is A Fistful of Dollars; the second is For a Few Dollars More.
This movie and Once Upon a Time in the West are considered to be the greatest western movies ever.
www.spaghetti-western.net The Spaghetti Western Database
Dvdreview.com Review
1966 movies
Ennio Morricone (November 10, 1928 – July 6, 2020) was an Italian classical composer famous for making movie scores.
He composed the scores for more than 500 movies and television programs.
He is well known for composing the scores to Western movies, particularly Spaghetti Westerns.
In 2007 he received the Honorary Academy Award for his many great movie scores.
In his career, the composer sold over 50 million records worldwide.
In 2016, he won an Academy Award for his work on The Hateful Eight.
Morricone was born in Rome.
He died at a hospital in Rome on July 6, 2020 from problems caused by a fall, aged 91.
Movie score composers
Italian conductors
Writers from Rome
XTC was an English rock band.
Its members were: Andy Partridge, Colin Moulding, Barry Andrews, and Terry Chambers.
XTC started in 1976.
They had their biggest success in the late 1970s and most of the 1980s.
XTC was best known in their home country of England, but they had some fame in other countries like the United States.
Their 2 biggest hits in the U.S. are "Dear God" and "The Mayor Of Simpleton".
Some of XTC's other hit songs include "Making Plans For Nigel", "Senses Working Overtime", and "Are You Receiving Me".
XTC made a total of 13 studio albums.
Their last album came out in 2000 and they broke up in 2005.
Andy Partridge, the band's singer, says he doesn't think XTC will ever get back together.
One interesting thing about XTC is that they almost never did live concerts since 1982.
The reason for that is because Andy Partridge sometimes got very nervous performing on stage in front of thousands of people.
XTC official site
Chalkhills: XTC fan site
Optimisms Flames: another fan site
Roh Moo-Hyun (1 September 1946 – 23 May 2009) was a South Korean politician.
He was the President of South Korea.
He was born in Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea.
He took office on February 25, 2003.
He is seen as one of the most popular presidents of South Korea.
After retirement from Cheongwadae, he was residing in Bongha Maeul, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do until death.
He committed suicide on May 23, 2009, by jumping off a cliff after being accused of taking bribes.
Official homepage of Roh Moo-hyun (Korean)
Democratic Party (in Korean)
Nosamo: Roh Moo-hyun's fan club (in Korean)
"Profile: Roh Moo-hyun", BBC News, May 14, 2004.
Presidents of South Korea
People who committed suicide
Kim Young-sam (December 20, 1927 – November 22, 2015) was the President of the South Korea from February 25, 1993 to February 25, 1998.
He was born in Geoje, South Gyeongsang.
When elected in 1992, he became the first civilian to become president in over 30 years.
Official profile from the Office of the President of the Republic of Korea
Britannica Student Encyclopedia: Kim Young Sam
Roh Tae-woo (4 December 1932 – 26 October 2021), was the sixth President of South Korea (1988–1993).
He was a Korean general and politician.
A member of the Hanahoi, Roh was the hand-picked successor of the ex-general and president Chun Doo-hwan.
This caused large pro-democracy rallies in Seoul and other cities in 1987.
Roh agreed to hold democratic presidential elections, making himself a candidate for the next election.
The opposition split the votes between Kim Young-sam and Kim Dae-jung (both of whom later became presidents).
This made Roh the first elected president after the time that the military ruled the country.
In 1993, Roh's successor Kim Young-sam led an anti-corruption campaign that saw Roh and Chun Doo-hwan on trial for bribery.
The two former presidents were later charged with mutiny and treason for their part in the 1979 coup and the 1980 Gwangju Riot.
Both were found to be guilty in August 1996 of treason, mutiny and corruption.
Chun was sentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment.
Roh's 22 1/2-year jail sentence was reduced to 17 years.
Both were released from prison in early 1998, pardoned by then-President Kim Dae-jung.
Roh died on October 26, 2021, at the Seoul National University Hospital in Seoul at the age of 88.
South Korean criminals
South Korean military people
Chun Doo-hwan (6 March 1931 – 23 November 2021) was a Korean military officer and the President of South Korea from 1980 to 1988.
He was sentenced to death in 1996.
Chun was later pardoned by President Kim Young-sam on the advice of then President-elect Kim Dae-jung, who was sentenced to death by Chun some 20 years earlier.
The road to power
Chun was a graduate of the Korean Military Academy in 1955.
He was a member of Hanahoi, a powerful group of military officials that supported his actions.
He was in charge of the investigation into the assassination of President Park Chung-hee.
On 12 December 1979, in what became known as the Incident of December 12th, Chun ordered the arrest of Army Chief of Staff General Chung Sung Hwa (정승화, 鄭昇和) without authorization from then-President Choi Kyu-ha.
He ordered the arrest as part of the investigation of his part in the assassination.
Chung Sung Hwa resisted the arrest.
This led to a bloody gun fight at the Army Headquarters and the Ministry of Defense.
By the next morning, Chun and his fellow military academy graduates Roh Tae-woo and Jeong Ho-yong were in charge of the Korean military.
On 17 May 1980, Chun placed the entire country under martial law and disbanded the National Assembly.
Many politicians were arrested, including liberal politician Kim Dae-jung.
Kim was later sentenced to death in spite of protests from the United States.
Later, Chun changed Kim's sentence in return for U.S. support.
Protests across the nation became smaller.
However, very violent prostests happened in Gwangju.
Protestors Lootinglooted government building.
They armed themselves with stolen guns and military jeeps.
Protestors killed a couple of policemen and started of violent protest against the government.
A couple of hundreds of protestors and some thirty soldiers were killed in the Gwangju.
Choi resigned in August, and Chun was elected his successor by the National Conference for Unification, the South Korean electoral college, in September.
In February 1981, Chun was elected president under a revised constitution as the candidate of the Democratic Justice Party (later renamed Democratic Republican Party).
Years in office
Chun ruled in an authoritarian manner.
The 1981 constitution was less authoritarian than its 1972 predecessor, the Yushin Constitution, but still granted very broad powers to the president.
However, it limited the president to one seven-year term.
Chun did not try to change it so he could run for reelection in 1988.
By 1986, the general public was happy with the economic growth.
However, there was much anger and hatred against Chun's regime by left-wing students who later became known as 386s.
The left wing students led the nationwide June 1987 protests.
In the same month, U.S. President Ronald Reagan sent a letter to Chun in support of the creation of "democratic institutions."
On June 29th, Roh Tae-woo announced a program of reform.
This included direct presidential elections, restoration of banned politicians including Kim Dae-jung, and other liberalizing measures.
This won Roh instant popularity, and he was elected as the next president of South Korea.
It later became known that Chun was responsible for this plan.
During Chun's visit to Rangoon, Burma (now Myanmar) in 1983, a bomb exploded at a mausoleum he was about to visit.
The bomb  killed 21 people, including South Korean Cabinet members.
Chun himself did not die because he got there two minutes late.
While no firm evidence of North Korean involvement has been found, they are widely thought to be responsible.
An embattled ex-President
In 1996, former presidents Chun and Roh were jailed on charges of corruption.
On December 16, they were also found guilty of treason and mutiny as part of their takeover of power.
Chun was sentenced to death.
That sentence was changed to a life sentence.
He and Roh were pardoned a year later.
Chun died at his home in Seoul, on 23 November 2021 from cardiac arrest caused by blood cancer, aged 90.
Korean government website on Chun
Chun, Doo-hwan
Deaths from blood cancer
Choi Kyu-hah (July 16, 1919 – October 22, 2006) (also spelled Choi Kyu-ha) was the President of South Korea between 1979 and 1980.
He was born in the town of Wonju, in Gangwon Province.
He was foreign minister of South Korea from 1967 to 1971 and prime minister from 1975 to 1979.
After the assassination of Park Chung Hee in 1979, Choi, the prime minister of South Korea at the time, took power.
Because of the unrest of Park's authoritarian rule, Choi promised a new constitution and democratic elections (many thought that the elections led by Park were flawed).
He won a December election later that year to become the country's fourth president.
In December 1979, Major General Chun Doo-hwan and close allies in the military staged a military coup against Choi's government.
They quickly removed the army chief of staff and by early 1980 virtually controlled the government.
In April 1980, because of increasing pressure from Chun and other politicians, Choi appointed Chun as head of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, giving him enormous power.
In May, Chun declared martial law and removed all trappings of civilian government, becoming the de facto ruler of the country.
By then, student protests were increasing in Seoul and Gwangju.
The protests in Gwangju continued, resulting in the Gwangju Massacre, where over 200 civilians were killed within five days by Chun's military.
Choi resigned soon afterward.
Chun became president on September 1, 1980.
After his resignation, Choi lived quietly out of the public eye.
He died on October 22, 2006, aged 87.
List of Korea-related topics
President Choi Kyu-ha
Reuters report of death
Pak Chŏng Hŭi (sometimes spelled: Park Chung-hee) (November 14, 1917 – October 26, 1979) was the dictator of South Korea from 1961 until he was assassinated.
He was named one of the top 100 Asians of the Century by Time Magazine (1999).
He has been severely criticized for his government's brutality, especially after 1971.
A penname was Jungsu(중수;中樹).
Pak was born in Seonsan, a small town in Gumi-si(구미시), Gyeongsangbuk-do(경상북도) near Daegu(대구).
He was the seventh child from a family of modest means.
His father was Park Seong-bin (age 46 at the time) and his mother was Baek Nam-hui (age 45).
Pak won admission to Daegu Teacher's College through a competitive examination.
He entered on April 8, 1932 and graduated on March 25, 1937, after five years of study.
His formative years coincided with the Japanese invasion of China, starting with the Manchurian incident in 1931 and culminating in all-out war in 1937.
Pak won admission to a two-year training program in Manchukuo, the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria.
Under the Japanese policy of sōshi-kaimei, he adopted the Japanese-style name Takaki Masao (高木正雄).
He graduated from the Japanese Manchurian military academy at the top of his class in 1944.
He then was selected for another two years of training at the Imperial Military Academy in Tokyo.
Pak had served as a lieutenant in the Kantogun, part of the Imperial Japanese Army, in Manchuria, fighting Mao Zedong's Chinese Communist forces.
Although the Kantogun also carried out actions against Korean guerrillas, it's improbable that Pak participated in such action since there were no Korean guerrillas in the region at the time of his brief deployment.
In the aftermath of Japan's defeat in World War II, under his communist elder brother's influence, Pak joined a communist group, the South Korean Workers' Party, in the American occupation zone, which later became South Korea.
Pak was involved in a rebellion in Yeosu and Suncheon, Jeollanam-do, led by units of the new American-supported army.
Pak was arrested and sentenced to death, but released soon after revealing the names of communist participants to the South Korean authorities.
He was then released and left the army in dishonor.
However; the outbreak of the Korean War enabled him to be reinstated, and he served the new country fighting against the communists.
Ascension to presidency
Syngman Rhee, the first president of the Republic of (South) Korea, was forced out of office on April 26, 1960 as an aftermath of the April 19 Movement, a student-led uprising.
A new government took office on August 13.
This was a short-lived period of parliamentary rule in South Korea with a figurehead president, Yun Po-son, in response to the authoritarian excesses and corruption of the Rhee administration.
Real power rested with Prime Minister Chang Myon.
Yun and Chang did not command the respect of the majority of the Democratic Party.
They could not agree on the composition of the cabinet and Chang attempted to hold the tenuous coalition together by reshuffling cabinet positions three times within five months.
Political background
Meanwhile, the new government was caught between an economy that was suffering from a decade of mismanagement and corruption by the Rhee presidency and the students who had led to Rhee's ouster.
The students were regularly filling the streets, making numerous and wide-ranging demands for political and economic reforms.
Law and order could not be maintained because the police, long an instrument of the Rhee government, were demoralized and had been completely discredited by the public.
Continued factional wrangling caused the public to turn away from the party.
Seizing the moment, then-Major General Pak Chŏng Hŭi led a bloodless military coup (called the 5.16 Revolution) on May 16, 1961, a coup largely welcomed by a general populace exhausted by political chaos.
Although Chang resisted the coup efforts, President Yun sided with the junta and persuaded the United States Eighth Army and the commanders of various South Korean army units not to interfere with the new rulers.
The Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) was created on June 19, 1961 to prevent a countercoup and to suppress all potential enemies domestic and international.
It was to have not only investigative power, but also the power to arrest and detain anyone suspected of wrongdoing or harboring anti-junta sentiments.
The KCIA extended its power to economic and foreign affairs under its first director, Colonel (retired) Kim Jong-pil, a relative of Pak and one of the original planners of the coup.
Yun remained in office to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962.
Pak Chŏng Hŭi was the real power as chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction.
Following pressure from the Kennedy administration in the United States, a civilian government was restored, with Pak narrowly winning the 1963 election as the candidate of the newly created Democratic Republican Party over Yun, candidate of the Civil Rule Party.
He was re-elected in 1967, again defeating Yun by a narrow margin.
First two terms as president
Economic reform
Pak is generally credited as playing a pivotal role in the development of South Korea's economy by shifting its focus to export-oriented industrialization.
When he came to power in 1961, South Korean per capita income was only USD 72, and North Korea was regarded as the greater economic and military power on the peninsula because North Korea was industrialized under the Japanese régime due to its geographical proximity to Manchuria and merit in terms of natural resources, and managed to rebuild after heavy bombing by the Americans during the Korean War.
During Pak's tenure, per capita income increased twentyfold, and South Korea's rural, undeveloped economy was transformed into an industrial powerhouse.
Even Kim Tae Jung, one of Pak's most prominent opponents during his rule, has retrospectively praised him for his role in creating the modern-day South Korea.
The strength of Pak's leadership was evidenced by the remarkable development of industries and rise in the standard of living of average South Korean citizens during his presidency.
Many still question Pak's judgment, however, as his 1965 normalization of diplomatic relations with Japan had been extremely unpopular and resulted in widespread unrest as memories from Japan's 35-year brutal colonization of Korea proved vivid.
However, by normalizing relations with Japan, Pak allowed Japanese capital to flow into the country.
These aids and loans—although criticized by many Koreans to be too meager for the 35 years of occupation by Imperial Japan—along with American aid, helped to restore the depleted capital of South Korea.
Nonetheless, it must be noted that with North Korea's economy at the time being bigger and more vibrant than that of South Korea, Pak did not have many options or much time to negotiate for more fitting reparations and apologies.
This issue still plagues Japan and South Korea's relationship today.
Creation of agencies to oversee economic development
The Economic Planning Board (EPB)
The Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI)
The Ministry of Finance (MoF)
Yusin Constitution
The Constitution of 1963 barred a South Korean president from seeking a third consecutive term.
However, with the assistance of the KCIA, Pak's allies in the legislature succeeded in amending the Constitution to allow the current president—himself—to run for three consecutive terms.
In 1971, Pak was victorious again, this time over Kim Dae-jung in the general election.
Just after being sworn in for his third term, Pak declared a state of emergency "based on the dangerous realities of the international situation."
In October 1972, he dissolved Parliament and suspended the Constitution.
In December, a new constitution, the Yusin Constitution, was approved easily by the general public.
The new document dramatically increased Pak's power.
It transferred the election of the president to an electoral college, the National Conference for Unification.
The presidential term was increased to six years, with no limits on reelection.
In effect, the constitution converted Pak's presidency into a legal dictatorship.
Pak was re-elected in 1972 and 1978 with no opposition.
Assassination attempts
On January 21, 1968, a team of about 10—15 North Korean spies was secretly sent to South Korea to kill Pak.
They crossed the border mountains and hijacked a bus in Seoul.
No civilians were in the bus.
The spies drove it towards the Blue House (the presidential residence of South Korea), where Pak was at the time.
When the Korean military was informed of the presence of the North Koreans, they hurriedly went to protect the president.
Armed with machine guns and grenades, the spies drove almost to the Blue House until they met South Korean soldiers.
After a short grenade and gun battle, all but one spy were killed.
Thirty-seven South Koreans were also killed.
On August 15, 1974, a botched assassination attempt by North Korean agent Mun Se-gwang claimed his wife, Yuk Yeong-su, instead.
After this attack he finished the speech he had been giving.
His wife died later that day.
On October 26, 1979, Pak was gunned down by Kim Jae-kyu, the director of the KCIA.
Kim claimed that Pak was an obstacle to democracy and that his act was one of patriotism.
After Kim shot the president to death and the leader of his guards, his agents quickly killed four more of the presidential bodyguards before the group was apprehended.
The entire episode is usually either considered a spontaneous act of passion by an individual and that the actions of the other agents only occurred because the men felt loyalty to Kim and naturally followed his lead, or as part of a pre-arranged attempted coup by the intelligence service, , with the latter being more widely believed.
It is alleged by supporters that despite his dictatorial rule and the high growth that occurred during his years in power, Pak did not engage in corruption and led a simple life.
Detractors allege he was simply a brutal dictator and only brought about high growth through military control over labour.
Being a complex man as a policy maker, many Koreans continue to hold Pak in high regard in great part due to the industrial and economic growth experienced by South Korea under his presidency.
But there are also many who condemn Pak for the brutality of his dictatorship and for his service to the Japanese army during World War II.
Today, Pak's critics deplore the widespread human rights abuses in South Korea during his rule.
However, his supporters argue that the human rights abuse accusation is mostly fabricated or exaggerated.
One example of his many abuses was the kidnapping of opposition activist Kim Tae Jung.
Around noon of August 8, 1973, Kim was attended a meeting with the leader of the Democratic Unification Party held in the Room 2212 of the Hotel Grand Palace in Tokyo.
At around 13:19, Kim was abducted by a group of unidentified agents as he walked out of the room after the meeting.
He was then taken into the empty Room 2210 where he was drugged and became unconscious.
Kim was later quoted as saying that a weight had been attached to his feet aboard the boat heading toward Korea, indicating that the kidnappers had intended to drown Kim by throwing him into the sea.
They were, however, forced to abandon this plan as the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force began a pursuit of the kidnappers' boat.
According to some reports U.S. Ambassador Philip Habib intervened with the South Korean government to save Kim's life.
Pak's daughter Park Geun-hye was  elected the chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party in 2004.
She has resigned her post in order to prepare a presidential bid for the upcoming election.
Park Chung-hee was married three times.
first wife Kim Ho-nam (김호남; 1918 - 1990, m.1936 - 1945), birth one daughter, Park Jae-ok(박재옥, b.1937).
second wife Lee Hyon-lan (이현란; ? -?,
m.1945 - 1947), birth one son, early death(b.1947 and d.1947).
three wife Yuk Young-soo(육영수, 1926 - 1974, m.1950 - 1974, her death), birth daughter Park Geun-hye(박근혜, b.1952) and Park Geun-ryoung(박근령, b.1954), son Park Chi-man(박지만, b.1958).
BBC News' "On this day": a recollection of Park's assassination.
Military personnel of the Korean War
Yun Bo-seon (Korea:윤보선, August 26, 1897 – July 18, 1990) was the President of South Korea from 1960 to 1962.
nickname was Haewi(해위).
newphew of Yun Chi-ho.
He was born in Asan, South Chungcheong province, Yun graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1930.
He entered politics after Japanese occupation ended in 1945, with Syngman Rhee being his mentor.
In 1948, Yun was made mayor of Seoul by Rhee.
A year later, he was made the Minister of Commerce and Industry.
Soon, he started to disagree with Rhee's authoritarian policies.
He then served as president of the Red Cross Society, before being elected to the National Assembly in 1954.
A year later, he founded the opposition Democratic Party along with several others.
After Rhee's government was ousted by a student-led pro-democracy uprising, Yun was elected president on August 13, 1960.
He was merely a figurehead, as South Korea had switched to a parliamentary system in response to the authoritarian excesses of Rhee's regime.
After Park Chung Hee's coup in 1961, he stayed on briefly to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962.
He opposed Park's authoritarian rule and ran for president twice in 1963 and 1967, losing each time.
After receiving suspended sentences several times for anti-government activities, Yun retired from politics in 1980 and focused primarily on cultural activities until his death from diabetes and high blood pressure.
He died in 1990.
《Autobiography, Road of thorns the national salvation (구국의 가시밭길)》(1967)
《Select the days of lonely(외로운 선택의 나날들)》(1991)
Sharon Big-Merit(무궁화 대훈장)
In-Cheon Cultural Award
Chang Myon
Jang Jun-Ha
Cheongwadae profile
Mayors of Seoul
Syngman Rhee or Lee Seungman (, March 26, 1875 – July 19, 1965) was a Korean independence activist and politician.
He was the first president of South Korea.
His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere.
Rhee was a strong anti-Communist, and led South Korea through the Korean War.
His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election.
He died in exile in Hawaii.
Rhee was born in Whanghai Province to Rhee Kyong-sun, a member of the aristocratic Yangban family.
Rhee was descended from Prince Hyo-nyong, the second son of King Taejong of Joseon.
He soon became active in Korea's struggle against Japanese control.
He was arrested in 1897 for demonstrating against the monarchy.
After he was released in 1904 he went to the United States.
He obtained several degrees, including a Ph.D. from Princeton University.
He began writing his name in the Western manner, with the personal name before the family name.
When President Theodore Roosevelt was helping negotiations for the Treaty of Portsmouth, Rhee asked him to put freedom for Korea in the treaty.
In 1910, he went back to Korea under Japanese rule.
His political actions got him into trouble with the Japanese army, so he left for China in 1912.
In 1919, all of the major pro-independence groups formed the provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai.
Rhee was elected the president, a post he held until 1925 when he was removed by the Provisional Assembly for the misuse of his authority.
Presidenty of South Korea
At the end of World War 2, Rhee returned to Seoul.
This was before the other independence leaders, since he was the only one well known to the Allies.
In 1945, he was chosen as head of a provisional (short term) government.
With the unspoken agreement of the occupation authorities, Rhee conducted a number of actions to "remove Communism".
This was actually a hidden plan to remove all possible opposition to him.
Rhee was elected the first president of South Korea on 10 May, 1948 by a parliamentary vote.
He defeated Kim Koo, the last president of the Provisional Government by 180 votes to 16.
All the left-wing parties refused to take part in the election.
On 15 August 1948, he formally took over from the US military and became the legal power over the Korean people.
As president, Rhee took on dictatorial powers even before the Korean War started in 1950.
He allowed the internal security force (headed by his right-hand man, Kim Chang-ryong) to put people in prison and torture them if they were thought to be Communists or North Korean agents.
His government also directed several massacres, the most famous being on the island of Jeju.
This was after an uprising by left-wing groups.
While massacres did occur under governments that came after Rhee, there were not as many and less widespread.
Korean war
Rhee made himself unpopular by telling the people in Seoul to stay in the city when the Korean War started.
His decision to cut the bridges on the Han River stopped thousands of people from escaping from the Communists.
The UN and South Korean forces fought back and drove the North Koreans north towards the Yalu River.
After a Chinese counterattack they UN and South Korean were pushed back to the current DMZ.
Rhee became unpopular with the US and the UN for refusing to agree to a number of peace plans that would have left Korea divided.
He wanted to become the leader of a united Korea with UN assistance.
He tried to stop any peace plan that would not remove the northern government completely.
He also argued for stronger military action to be used against China.
He was annoyed because the US would not bomb China.
On January 18, 1952, Rhee declared South Korean rule over the waters around the Korean peninsula.
This was an idea the same as today's exclusive economic zones.
The new border, which Rhee called the "Peace Line", included Tsushima Island and the uninhabited islands named Dokdo.
This led to protests from the Japanese government.
They claimed that the islands were Japanese territory.
Minor clashes followed, but the islands have been under South Korean administration since then.
Throughout his rule, Rhee took extra steps to keep his control over the government.
In May 1952 Rhee pushed through constitutional changes which made the presidency a directly-elected position.
To get this passed by parliament he declared martial law.
He jailed the members of parliament he thought would vote against it.
Rhee was soon elected by a big majority.
He regained control of parliament in the 1954 elections.
He pushed through an amendment to exempt himself from the eight-year limit on presidents.
Rhee's chances for reelection during the presidential campaign of 1956 seemed small.
People did not think he should be allowed to be President three times.
The main opposition candidate Shin Ik-hee drew large crowds during his campaign.
Shin's sudden death during the campaign, however, allowed Rhee to win the presidency with ease.
The runner-up of that election, Cho Bong-am of the Progressive Party, was later charged with spying and executed in 1959.
By 1960, Rhee had already served three terms in office.
His next victory was certain after the main opposition candidate, Cho Byeong-ok, died shortly before the March 15 elections.
Rhee won with 90% of the vote.
The real contest was in the race for vice president.
This was held separately under the law of the time.
Yi Gi-bung, who Rhee thought should take over after him, was declared the winner of an election that the opposition claimed was rigged.
This created anger among groups of the Korean people.
A student-led April 19 Movement forced Rhee to resign on April 26.
On April 28, a DC-4 belonging to the CIA operated Civil Air Transport took Rhee out of South Korea.
This was to rescue him from the angry crowds.
Kim Yong Kap, Rhee's Deputy Minister of Finance, revealed that President Rhee had taken $20 million in government money for himself.
Rhee, his Austrian-born wife, Francisca Donner, and adopted son lived in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii.
On July 19, 1965, Rhee died of a stroke.
His body was returned to Seoul and buried in the National Cemetery on July 27, 1965.
Rhee's legacy has been in considerable dispute.
In general, conservative circles regard Rhee as the patriarch of the nation, while liberals tend to be critical of him.
《Dogripjungsin》(독립정신)
《Japan Inside Out》
Rhee in songs and movies
Rhee is mentioned in Billy Joel's history themed song "We Didn't Start the Fire".
Rhee is mentioned numerous times in Robert Altman's movie MASH (1970).
This is a comedy about a team of American army medical officers during the Korean War.
When the lights go out in the operating room during surgery and then come back on a short time later one of the doctors says "Syngman Rhee paid the electric bill."
When Hawkeye (Donald Sutherland) takes the young Korean mess hall boy, and his friend, Ho-Jon, to get medical treatment, he tells the South Korean guards that "This is Syngman Rhee's son, he goes right in", so he does not have to wait.
Park Hon-Yong
Yun Chi-Ho
Syngman Rhee's FBI files hosted at the Internet Archive
Speakers of the National Assembly (South Korea)
Psychonauts  is an action-adventure platformer video game created by Double Fine.
It was made for the Xbox, Playstation 2, and PC, and was later brought to Xbox 360 through the Xbox Live Arcade service, and Apple Computers through Steam.
The main character, Rasputin, is a Psychonaut, or psychic who travels through people's minds.
Although Psychonauts initially did poorly regarding sales, the game is well known for being very creative and having a cult following.
A sequel has recently been rumored to be developed by Double Fine and produced by Markus "Notch" Persson, millionaire, and creator of Minecraft and Mojang Studios.
Tim Schafer, founder of Double Fine, predicts Psychonauts 2 to cost $13 million to make.
Platform games
Sum 41 (sometimes called The Sums) is a Canadian rock punk band from Ajax, Ontario.
The people currently in the band are Deryck Whibley (lead vocals, guitar, keyboards), Cone McCaslin (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Steve Jocz (drums, percussion, and backing vocals).
The band's most known lineup is the same, except with Dave Baksh on lead guitar and backing vocals.
In 1999, the band signed a record deal with Island Records.
Since then, the band has released four studio albums.
Their most successful album to date is All Killer, No Filler.
The album had the single "Fat Lip" which did very well, making it the band's most successful single.
The second single off the album, "In Too Deep", also did well.
They often perform more than 300 times in a single year.
That is why they are known for their long and worldwide tours, most of which last more than a year.
So far, all of the Sum 41 albums have done very well in Canada.
Sum 41 has received many awards and nominations.
They have been nominated for seven Juno Awards (the Canadian equivalent of a Grammy Award), winning twice.
Line-ups
All Killer No Filler (2001)
Does This Look Infected? (
Chuck (2004)
Underclass Hero (2007)
Screaming Bloody Murder (2011)
Official Site @ Island Records
A Sum 41 fan community
1996 establishments in Canada
Canonisation is a statement by a church saying that someone is a saint.
This process is used by some Christian churches, most commonly in the Roman Catholic Church.
The person must be dead, because living people cannot be canonised.
The process of canonisation involves proving that the person lived in a way that justifies this decision.
They must have loved others and loved God.
In the Catholic Church, at least two miracles by the saint's intercession must be proven.
This means that, because the person is believed to be in heaven, someone must pray, or ask, for the saint to pray for them in heaven.
If the prayer is answered and a miracle happens, then they know that the person is a saint.
The miracles prove that the saint must be in heaven with God, and able to ask God for prayers to be answered.
It is not correct to say that the Church "makes" someone a saint.
The Catholic Church believes that anyone who is in heaven is already a saint.
The canonisation process just finds out for sure, or without a doubt, that someone is a saint.
Canonistion of Saints  - Describes the significance and process of canonising saints.
Entry on canonisation and beatification in the Catholic Encyclopedia
Dunstan (909–May 19, 988) was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 960 to 988.
He was canonized (made a saint) in 1029.
He became famous for the many stories told about his dealing with the Devil.
Early British Kingdoms: St. Dunstan
Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Dunstan
The True Legend of St. Dunstan and the Devil by Edward G. Flight, illustrated by George Cruikshank, published in 1871, and available from Project Gutenberg
Early British Kingdoms: St. Dunstan enshrined at Glastonbury or Canterbury?
909 births
988 deaths
Saint Dunstan, a saint and 10th-century Archbishop of Canterbury
Don Dunstan, former Premier of South Australia
Donald Dunstan (Australian Governor), former Governor of South Australia
Albert Dunstan, former Premier of Victoria
William Dunstan, recipient of the Victoria Cross
Keith Dunstan, journalist and son of William
Darren Dunstan, voice actor
Lake Dunstan in New Zealand
St Dunstan's, a British charity for blind ex-service personnel
Educational institutions
Saint Dunstan's University on Prince Edward Island
St Dunstan's College in London
Dunstan High School in Alexandra, New Zealand
Church of St Dunstan, Liverpool
St Dunstan's, Mayfield
St Dunstan's, Stepney
St Dunstan-in-the-East
St Dunstan-in-the-West
St. Dunstan's Church of the Highlands Parish, Shoreline, Washington
St. Dunstan's, Canterbury
SHOE PARK
a park in India.
It covers an area of 4,000 sq yd (3,300 m²).
It is located at the top of Mumbai's Malabar Hill.
The park is named after Kamala Nehru, the wife of India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
A place often visited by schoolchildren, it has little to offer by way of entertainment apart from a structure shaped like a shoe.
The shoe structure is inspired by the nursery rhyme "There was an old woman."
From the garden, one can see Chowpatty Beach, and the DOLLY
NECKLACE's
Parks in India
In medieval Europe, the castle was the most common type of stronghold and often the residence of the king or territorial lord.
The Maginot Line is an example of a 20th century stronghold.
fortification
Weimar (Lahn) is a community in the German state of Hesse.
It has about 7,600 inhabitants.
Weimar (Lahn) lies near Marburg.
Community's official website
Weimar-Wenkbach
FSG Südkreis
Municipalities in Hesse
A Lord (Laird in some Scottish contexts) is a person who has power and authority.
Women will usually (but not universally) take the title 'Lady' instead of Laird or Lord, but there is an example of a female Lord: Lord of Mann, the ruler of the Isle of Man.
The territory belonging to a lord is often called a lordship.
Lords as a group are a peerage.
The word actually comes from the Old English forms for "loaf" (bread) and "ward" (used to mean "protector", although today it means "one who is protected").
So a lord or "loaf ward" was originally "the one who protected the loaf".
A mesne lord was a lord in the feudal system who had vassals who held land from him, but who was himself the vassal of a higher lord.
The one who ruled over mesne lords was sometimes called an overlord.
This higher lord was sometimes the king.
Two notes on a keyboard which are next to one another (counting both white and black notes) are a “semitone” apart.
A “tone” is two semitones (see semitone).
However, an “intervale” depends on how the notes are written (what they are called) e.g. whether the black note between D and E is written as D sharp or E flat (which are two different names for the same note).
Please note that in all of the examples below, C is the lower note of the pair, and the other note is the next note of that name above it.
So, the interval between a C and a B is only a major 7th if it is between a C and next B above it.
Major and perfect intervals in the major scale
The interval between C and D is a major 2nd (major second).
The interval between C and E is a major 3rd (major third)
The interval between C and F is a perfect 4th (perfect fourth)
The interval between C and G is a perfect 5th (perfect fifth)
The interval between C and A is a major 6th (major sixth)
The interval between C and B is a major 7th (major seventh)
The interval between C and C is a perfect 8th (perfect octave)
Minor intervals
The interval between C and D flat is a minor 2nd
The interval between C and E flat is a minor 3rd
The interval between C and A flat is a minor 6th
The interval between C and B flat is a minor 7th
Diminished intervals
The interval between C and F flat is a diminished 4th
The interval between C and G flat is a diminished 5th
If a major interval becomes smaller by two semitones (i.e. a tone) it becomes “diminished”
The interval between C and D double flat is a diminished 2nd
The interval between C and E double flat is a diminished 3rd
The interval between C and A double flat is a diminished 6th
The interval between C and B double flat is a diminished 7th
Augmented intervals
The interval between C and D sharp is an augmented 2nd
The interval between C and E sharp is an augmented 3rd
The interval between C and A sharp is an augmented 6th
The interval between C and B sharp is an augmented 7th
The interval between C and F sharp is an augmented 4th
The interval between C and G sharp is an augmented 5th
C to D sharp is an augmented 2nd (N.B. but if the D sharp is called E flat it is a minor 3rd)
C to G flat is a diminished 5th
C to B double flat (the same note as A) is a diminished 7th.
C sharp to A sharp is a major 6th
C sharp to A is a minor 6th
Inverted intervals
Intervals can be “inverted” (turned upside down).
For example: instead of going from a C up to an A (major 6th) we can go from C down to an A (minor 3rd).
A major 6th is the inversion of a minor 3rd.
All major intervals, when inverted, become minor intervals.
All augmented intervals, when inverted, become diminished.
All perfect intervals, when inverted, are still perfect (this is why they are called “perfect”).
All intervals, when inverted, add up to 9 (there are 8 notes in a scale.
One note is obviously being counted twice).
Big intervals are called “wide” intervals.
The opposite is a “narrow” interval.
The Ancient Greeks used several modes in their music.
Medieval musicians borrowed the names of these modes to describe the scales used in their music.
Western music predominantly usually uses two scales: major and minor, which correspond to the Ionian and Aeolian modes.
Like any other scale, a mode can start on any note.
The Western major scale (e.g. the C major scale C D E F G A B C) starts on its KEY NOTE and goes up using the following pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
The Western natural minor scale (e.g. the A natural minor scale A B C D E F G A) does the same, but it has a different pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
The modes are easiest to see on a piano keyboard using the white notes only.
The most common modern modes are:
Ionian (C D E F G A B C)
Dorian (D E F G A B C D)
Phrygian (E F G A B C D E)
Lydian (F G A B C D E F)
Mixolydian (G A B C D E F G)
Aeolian (A B C D E F G A)
Locrian (B C D E F G A B)
The Ionian mode is the major scale.
The Dorian is a natural minor scale with a major sixth.
The Phrygian is a natural minor scale with a minor second.
The Lydian is a major scale with a augmented fourth.
The Mixolydian is a major scale with a minor seventh.
The Aeolian is the natural minor scale.
The Locrian sounds rather strange, and was hardly ever used in Medieval music.
It is a minor scale with a minor second and a diminished fifth.
For example: A to A is Hypodorian.
It is the same as Aeolian, but the D is treated as the “keynote”.
Some composers in recent centuries have enjoyed using the ancient modes from time to time in their music.
Folksongs are often modal.
Greensleeves is an example of a well-known tune which is modal.
Sharp (photography), if a picture is sharp it is well in focus.
Sharp hearing, if someone has "Sharp hearing" it means they can hear extremely well.
Sharp (music), a sharp is a note that has been made higher by a semitone
Sharp (tuning), means that a note that is not in tune:  The pitch is too high (see intonation).
Sharp Corporation, a Japanese electronics manufacturer
Lucuma  fruits are found in Peru, and Chile.
Lucuma have been eaten for many centuries.
Anthropologists have found ancient burial sites with lucuma seeds.
Lucuma is used in a variety of culinary drinks and desserts.
Lucuma is the most popular ice cream flavor in Peru.
All of Egypt
All of Algeria
All of Libya
All of Mauritania
All of Morocco
All of Tunisia
All of Western Sahara
Stanford's Map of Western Asia is an old map from 1885
Jane Eyre is a novel written by Charlotte Brontë.
It was published in 1847 in England.
It is Charlotte Brontë's most famous book.
Around this time, Charlotte was beginning to suffer a painful toothache, which made many of her teeth fall out.
She was even more worried about her father's blindness.
On 19 August 1846, Charlotte went to Manchester with her father to see an eye surgeon, William James Wilson.
Wilson performed the operation on 25 August.
The next day, Charlotte described it to her friend Ellen in a letter.
Wilson had been helped by two other surgeons.
The operation had taken about 15 minutes.
Charlotte wrote, "Papa is now confined to his bed in a dark room and is not to be stirred for four days - He is to speak and to be spoken to as little as possible". "
Depressed and weary (tired)", Charlotte began writing Jane Eyre.
Charlotte did not have good eyes, so she wrote in little square books that she held close to her eyes.
She wrote the first copy in pencil.
When she left Manchester to go back home, she took the book with her and continued writing.
Jane Eyre is a love story.
It tells about a young woman called Jane Eyre who was an orphan and goes to teach a girl named Adele Varens in a far-away house.
The master of the house is Mr. Rochester.
Jane and Mr. Rochester fall in love, but Jane is horrified when she finds out Mr. Rochester is already married to a crazy woman.
She leaves the house, believing that marrying him would now be the same as adultery and that she would be his mistress, not his wife.
When she goes away, she becomes sick and almost dies.
Three people, Diana, Mary, and St. John Rivers, find her and let her live with them.
There, she becomes a teacher and finds out that they are her cousins.
She is very happy until St. John wants her to marry him and be a missionary with him.
She knows that he does not really love her and thinks she is simply useful, so she says no.
However, he continues to ask her, and she is finally almost persuaded that it is her duty to marry him when she hears Mr. Rochester crying, "Jane!
Jane!"
She feels that something has happened to him, and quickly goes back to see him.
His crazy wife had set his house on fire and died in it.
Mr. Rochester, because of the fire, had become blind and wounded.
Jane, now that his wife is dead, is happy to marry him, and they get married and have a son.
Famous sentence
"Reader, I married him".
Other books by Charlotte Brontë
1847 books
They have 3 star hotels.
Fortifications are military constructions and buildings designed for defense during war.
People have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, but the designs have become more and more complex.
The term fortification comes from the Latin words fortis ("strong") and facere ("to make").
Many military installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified.
Larger forts may class as fortresses, smaller ones formerly often bore the name of fortalices.
Some are castles.
The word fortification can also mean the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works.
City walls are fortifications but not necessarily called fortresses.
Salient
Information on Australian World War 2 Fortifications
A Military History of Malta (Fortifications)
Fortress Cologne
Aerial photography: Fortress - Komárom - Hungary
Petrovaradin - Greatest XVIII century fortress in Europe
Neurosurgery is the surgical specialty that focuses on diseases and injuries involving the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
'Conjoined twins are twins whose bodies are joined together at birth.
This happens where the zygote of identical twins fails to completely separate.
Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in 200,000 births, and approximately half are stillborn.
The overall survival rate for conjoined twins is between 5% and 25%.
Conjoined twins are more likely to be female (70-75%).
Daisy and Violet Hilton are a famous pair of conjoined twins.
They were born in Brighton and were kept on top of the Evening Star pub, where they were taught to dance by a cruel barmaid.
She then sold them and they toured Vaudeville.
They became famous in the movie Freaks and lived long lives, eventually getting married.
{| border="1" width="300" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"
colspan="2" bgcolor="#8888dd" | United States Armed Forces
| colspan="2" align="center" | Military manpower
| Military age
17–45 years old
| Availability || Males & Females ages 17–49:
109,305,756 (2005 est.).
| Citizenship
| Regular Army: No Citizenship Requirement For Enlisted Members / All Officers must be US Citizens.
National Guard: Citizens Only.
| Reaching military age annually
| Males & Females: 4,180,074 (2005 est.)
| Total armed forces ||  2,685,713 (Ranked 2nd)
| Active troops || 1,426,713 (Ranked 2nd)
| Total troops || 2,685,713 (Ranked 7th)
| colspan="2" align="center" | Military expenditures
| Dollar figure ||  $441.6 billion (Ranked 1st.)
| Percent of GDP || 3.7% (FY2006 est.) (
Ranked 26th)
| Dollar Figure (per citizen)
$935.64($1470) (ranked 3rd)
All branches except the Coast Guard are part of the Department of Defense, which is controlled by the Secretary of Defense.
The Coast Guard is part of the Department of Homeland Security.
The Marine Corps is part of the Navy.
About 1.4 million people are currently on active duty in the military with another 1,259,000 people on reserve (with 456,000 people in the Army and Air National Guard).
There is currently no conscription.
Women can serve in most combat positions, and in all non-combat military jobs.
Because of war, some of these non-combat jobs actually see combat regularly.