the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)
Pinnipeds
Greywacke  is a type of sandstone.
It is hard, and dark in color.
It has different sized grains of quartz, feldspar, and small rock fragments set in a compact, fine clay matrix.
It is mostly found in Palaeozoic strata.
The larger grains can be sand-to-gravel-sized, and matrix materials make up more than 15% of the rock by volume.
The origin of greywacke was a problem.
Gravel, sand and mud should not be laid down together, because river outflow drops heavier grains first.
Now geologists think greywacke is formed by submarine avalanches or strong turbidity currents.
These actions churn sediment and cause mixed-sediment slurries to occur.
When this happens, the resulting rocks show various sedimentary features.
Support for the turbidity current origin is the fact that deposits of greywacke are found on the edges of the continental shelves, at the bottoms of oceanic trenches, and at the bases of mountain formational areas.
It also occurs in association with black shales of deep sea origin.
Sandstones
Carmina Burana is the name given to a collection of texts from the 11th and 12th century.
There are over 240 texts in the collection, most of them written in Latin, some in Middle High German.
Most of the texts are moral or satirical in nature.
There are also texts about spring, or about love.
Some of them are drinking songs, some of them were used as Minnesang.
Some of the songs contain hints for the melodies.
For some, the melodies can be reconstructed.
The texts were written down around 1230.
This happened either in an abbey in Styria, or near Brixen.
They were discovered by Johann Christoph von Aretin in Benediktbeuern Abbey in 1803.
Today, they are in the Bavarian State Library in Munich.
There they can be found there as Codex Buranus, with the signature clm 4660/4660a.
Johann Andreas Schmeller edited them and published them as Carmina Burana – Lieder aus Benediktbeuern.
Carl Orff took 24 of them as Carmina Burana.
He wrote the music for them.
The work was first performed in 1937 in the Opera house in Frankfurt am Main.
Together with his works Catulli Carmina and Trionfo di Afrodite he made a work containing all three, called Trionfi.
Trionfi is performed much less than the Carmina Burana alone, though.
Complete original text (without translation) from Biblioteca Augustana
Text with translations from Teach Yourself Latin
Athena Review
Carmina Burana: An Analysis of Perfection , 1996.
Carmina Vulgata  in linguam Ruthenicam versa
Medieval literature
Vex is the capital city of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Dasyuridae is a family of marsupial carnivores.
It has nearly all non-extinct members of the order Dasyuromorphia.
This means the quolls, phascogales, antechinuses, dunnarts, planigales, and Tasmanian devil (about 55 species in all).
Famliy Dasyuridae
Subfamily Dasyurinae: quolls and allies
Subfamily Phascogalinae: phascogales and antechinuses
Subfamily Sminthopsinae: dunnarts and allies
Subfamily Planigalinae: planigales and ningauis
Mohammed Zahir Shah (16 October 1914 – 23 July 2007) was the last King (Shah) of Afghanistan.
He ruled for four decades, from 1933 to 1973.
Mohammed Zahir Shah became king of Afghanistan at the age of nineteen after the assassination of his father in November 1933.
Since he was so young, his uncle, Shah Mahmood Khan ran the government.
Mohammed Zahir Shah took control and was able to keep Afghanistan’s neutral position in international politics.
In July 17, 1973, Mohammed Zahir Shah was no longer king after a bloodless coup.
He died on
Monarchs of Afghanistan
People from Kabul
Thurgau is a northeast canton of Switzerland.
The population is 228,200 (2003).
The capital is Frauenfeld.
To the north of Thurgau is Lake Constance, across which are Germany and Austria.
The river Rhine makes the border in the northwest.
To the south is the Canton of St. Gallen; to the west are the cantons of Zürich and Schaffhausen.
The area of the canton is 991 km2 and is usually divided into three hilly areas.
One of these is along Lake Constance to the north.
Another is inland between the rivers Thur and Murg.
The third one makes the southern border of the canton and comes together with the Hörnli mountain in the pre-Alps.
In prehistoric times the lands of the canton were inhabited by people of the Pfyn culture along the lake.
During Roman times the canton was part of the province Raetia until in 450 the lands were settled by the Alamanni.
It was only in the 8th century that the canton became a political unit similar to what it is known today, as a Gau of the Frankish Empire.
At the time, however, the area was not so clearly defined and changed frequently.
Overall, the size of the Thurgau was larger, but during the Middle Ages the canton became smaller in size.
The dukes of Zähringen and the counts of Kyburg took over much of the land.
The town of Zürich was part of the Thurgau until it became reichsunmittelbar in 1218.
When the Kyburg dynasty became extinct in 1264 the Habsburgs took over that land.
The Swiss confederation allied with ten freed bailiwicks of the former Toggenburg seized the lands of the Thurgau from the Habsburgs in 1460, and it became subject territory of Zürich.
In 1798 the land became a canton for the first time as part of the Helvetic Republic.
In 1803 the canton of Thurgau became a member of the Swiss confederation.
The current cantonal constitution dates from 1987.
The canton of Thurgau is known for farm produce such as apples, pears, and other fruits and vegetables.
The many orchards in the canton are used for the making of cider.
There is also industry in the canton of Thurgau.
The main industries are printing, clothing and arts and crafts.
Small and middle-sized businesses are important for the economy.
The population is mostly German speaking.
Most of the population are Protestants with the rest being Roman Catholics.
Steckborn with capital Steckborn.
Frauenfeld with capital Frauenfeld.
Kreuzlingen with capital Kreuzlingen.
Weinfelden with capital Weinfelden.
Bischofszell with capital Bischofszell.
Diessenhofen with capital Diessenhofen.
Münchwilen with capital Münchwilen.
Arbon with capital Arbon.
Graubünden is the biggest and is farthest to the east of the cantons of Switzerland.
The name means "Gray Union" in German and the canton lies entirely in the Alps.
In Switzerland it hosts the biggest number of tourists each year.
The area of the canton is 7,105 km².
Only one third of this land is used for farming.
Forests cover 20% of the total area.
The canton has many mountains that make up the highlands of the Rhine and Inn river valleys.
Many of its scenic areas are part of the Swiss National Park or the Ela Nature Park.
There are many important peaks in the Grison Alps, including the Tödi at 3,614 meters and the highest peak Piz Bernina at 4,049 meters.
Many of the mountain ranges feature huge glaciers, such as at the Adula, the Albula, the Silvretta, the Bernina, the Bregaglia and the Rätikon ranges.
The mountain ranges in the central area contain many of the deepest vallies in Switzerland.
The canton borders Liechtenstein to the north, Austria to the north and the east, Italy to the south, and the cantons of St. Gallen to the northwest; Glarus and the canton of Uri to the west, and Ticino to the southwest.
The capital city is Chur.
Davos and St. Moritz are world-famous resorts and can be found in this area.
Most of the lands of the canton were once part of a Roman province called Raetia that was established in 15 BC.
The area later was part of the lands of the diocese at Chur.
In 1367 the League of God's House was founded against the power of the Bishop of Chur.
This was followed by the making of the Grey League, sometimes called Oberbund, in 1395 in the Upper Rhine valley.
The name Grey League is derived from the homespun grey clothes worn by the people.
The name of this league later gave its name to the canton of Graubünden.
The first step towards the naming of the canton into Graubünden was when the league of the Ten Jurisdictions allied with the League of God's House in 1450.
In 1471, the two leagues aligned with the Grey League.
This meant that the leagues allied with the Swiss Confederation.
The Habsburgs were defeated at Calven Gorge and Dornach, helping the Swiss confederation and the allied leagues of the canton of Grisons to be recognized.
The last traces of the bishop of Chur's jurisdiction were abolished in 1526.
The Musso war of the 1520 drove the Three Leagues closer to the Swiss Confederacy.
The lands of the canton of Graubünden were part of the Helvetic Republic, but the "perpetual ally" of Switzerland became a canton in 1803.
The constitution of the canton dates from 1892.
The Graubünden are known for a dried-beef delicacy called Bündnerfleisch and for a nut and honey pie known as Bündner Nusstorte.
Another specialty, made mostly in the western part of Grison, is Capuns, a filling meal of pasta and a little bit of meat, rolled into Chard leaves, eventually baked in mode of a gratin with cheese.
Agriculture and tourism make up most of the canton's economy.
Agriculture combines forests and mountain pasturage in summer, mostly beef but also sheep and goats.
Tourism is all around the canton, mainly around the towns of Davos/Arosa, Flims and St. Moritz/Pontresina, which are important in both winter and summer.
There are a great number of other resorts people visiting the country can go to in the canton.
There is wine production around the capital Chur.
Chur is also the center of industry.
In the southern valleys of Mesolcina/Misox and Poschiavo there is corn (maize) and chestnut farming.
The main religions are Protestantism and Catholicism.
Both are well-represented in the canton, with Roman Catholics forming a slight majority.
Albula
Bernina
Imboden
Maloja
Moesa
Plessur
Surselva
Official Tourism Board for Switzerland Holidays in Graubünden
Nidwalden is a canton of Switzerland.
It is in the center of Switzerland.
The population is 38,600 (in 2001).
Nidwalden is in the center of Switzerland.
To the north is Lake Lucerne.
Mountain ranges block in the rest of the canton on the other sides.
In 1291 the people of Nidwalden joined Uri and Schwyz to form an alliance.
At the time there was no state, but towards the end of the 14th century early forms of government were established.
This included institutionalized assemblies and courts.
In the 14th and 15th century the people of Nidwalden joined the people of Obwalden to discuss important matters, but the two cantons were never really one.
For example, Obwalden did not participate in the annexation of Bellinzona, Riviera and Blenio areas (today in the canton of Ticino).
Around 1500 many people in Nidwalden worked as mercenary soldiers.
Many of these soldiers later emigrated.
This helped to lessen the pressure of a growing population.
A popular destination was the Alsace.
After rejecting a new constitution by Napoleon — the ideas of the French Revolution were not popular in such an agricultural area — Nidwalden was attacked by French troops on 9 September 1798.
Random destruction was caused and at least 400 people were killed.
After the end of Napoleon's rule in 1814 most of the changes were reverted.
Only in 1877 did Nidwalden introduce a new constitution.
The open assembly (Landsgemeinde) was abolished in 1997.
The government is composed of seven members.
The local parliament has 60 seats.
Up to the 1900s, Nidwalden was taken over by agriculture.
Cattle and cheese were exported mainly to northern Italy.
Around 1500, many people in Nidwalden worked as mercenary soldiers (people hired to fight for someone for money).
From the middle of the 19th century onwards, trade, industry and tourism gained momentum.
Still, until the 1950s, agriculture took over the canton.
Today, many small and middle-sized businesses fill the economy.
The largest employer is the airplane constructor Pilatus.
The small and middle-sized businesses work in a lot of areas.
Many provide work in machine construction, medical equipment, international trade, optics and electronics.
Traditional areas such as forestry and agriculture are still important.
Most farming is done with cattle and dairy products.
Family farms are still common in Nidwalden today.
In recent years, Nidwalden is becoming an increasingly popular place to live and work.
This is caused by its low taxes, its central location between Zürich and Milan, and the pretty countryside.
Because of the mountainous geography, tourism is important to Nidwalden.
The lake and mountains attract many tourists around the year.
Many local charities have kept local traditions intact.
There is traditional music, yodeling, dances, theaters and festivals.
There are a number of modern cultural events, such as concerts and galleries.
Nidwalden map
Schaffhausen is a town in northern Switzerland and the capital of the canton of the same name.
It has a population of about 36,000 as 2016.
The old portion of the town has many fine Renaissance era buildings decorated with exterior frescos and sculpture, as well as the impressive old canton fortress, the Munot.
A train runs out of town to the nearby Rhine Falls in Neuhausen am Rheinfall, Europe's largest waterfall, a tourist attraction.
Schaffhausen was a city state in the Middle Ages, documented to have struck its own coins starting in 1045.
For a time it was under Habsburg domination, but regained its independence in 1415.
It allied itself with Zürich in 1457, and became a full member of the Swiss Confederation in 1501.
The first railroad came to Schaffhausen in 1857.
Schaffhausen is in a finger of Swiss land surrounded on three sides by Germany.
On April 1, 1944, Schaffhausen suffered a bombing raid by United States Army Air Forces aircraft which strayed from German airspace into neutral Switzerland.
While the United States immediately offered four million dollars in reparations, the raid occurred only a month after the Swiss Air Force had shot down an American bomber.
In 1947 it merged with the former municipality of Buchthalen.
In 1964 it merged with the former municipality of Herblingen.
Since 2009, Hemmental has been part of the town.
City of Schaffhausen
Schaffhausen Tourism
City archives
U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II
Obwalden is a canton of Switzerland.
It is in the centre of Switzerland.
As of 2004, 33,300 people lived there.
Its capital is Sarnen.
Obwalden.net  Official statistics
Obwalden map
The canton of Jura is one of the Cantons of Switzerland.
It is the newest  of the 26 Swiss cantons (created in 1979) and is in the northwestern part of Switzerland.
The capital is Delémont.
It shares borders with the canton of Basel-Landschaft, the Canton of Bern, and the French département of Jura.
Canton Jura is in northwest Switzerland.
It includes parts of the Jura mountains in the south and the Jura plateau in the north.
The Jura plateau is hilly and almost entirely limestone.
To the north and the west of Jura is France.
The canton of Solothurn and Basel-Landschaft are east of Jura, while the canton of Bern is south of Jura.
The River Doubs and the river Birs drain the lands.
The king of Burgundy donated much of the land that today makes up Canton Jura to the Bishop of Basel in 999.
The area was a sovereign state within the Holy Roman Empire for more than 800 years.
After the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 the Jura had close ties with the Swiss Confederation.
In the Congress of Vienna the Jura was given to the Canton Bern.
This act caused dissension.
The Jura was French-speaking and Roman Catholic, whereas the canton of Bern was mostly German-speaking and Protestant.
The people of the Jura region called for independence.
After a long struggle, a constitution was accepted in 1977.
In 1978 the split was made official when the Swiss people voted in favour of it, and in 1979 the Jura joined the Swiss Confederation as a full member.
However, the southern part of the Jura region, which is also predominantly French-speaking but has a Protestant majority, opted not to join the newly formed canton, and instead remained part of Bern.
This area is now known as Bernese Jura.
The word Jura, therefore, may refer either to Canton Jura, or to the combined territory of Canton Jura and Bernese Jura.
On creation, the canton adopted the title Republic and Canton of the Jura.
Other cantons in Switzerland using the title "Republic and Canton" are Ticino, Canton Geneva, and Canton Neuchâtel.
In each case the title asserts the autonomy of the canton and its nominal sovereignty within the Swiss Confederation.
Agriculture is important in Canton Jura.
Cattle breeding is significant and there is also horse breeding.
The main industries are watches, clothing and tobacco.
There are a growing number of small and middle-sized businesses.
The people are almost fully French-speaking.
The majority is Roman Catholic.
Delémont - capital: Delémont
Porrentruy  - capital: Porrentruy
Franches-Montagnes - capital: Saignelégier
Ganguillet, Gilbert: Le conflit jurassien.
Un cas de mobilisation ethno-régionale en Suisse, Zürich 1986.
Harder, Hans-Joachim: Der Kanton Jura.
Ursachen und Schritte zur Lösung eines Schweizer Minderheitenproblems, Frankfurt am Main 1978.
Hauser, Claude: Aux origines intellectuelles de la Question jurassienne.
Culture et politique entre la France et la Suisse romande (1910-1950), Diss.
Fribourg 1997.
Henecka, Hans Peter: Die jurassischen Separatisten.
Eine Studie zur Soziologie des ethnischen Konflikts und der sozialen Bewegung, Meisenheim am Glan 1972.
Jenkins, John R.G.: Jura Separatism in Switzerland, Oxford 1986.
Ruch, Christian: Struktur und Strukturwandel des jurassischen Separatismus zwischen 1974 und 1994, Bern 2001.
Schwander, Marcel: Jura.
Konfliktstoff für Jahrzehnte, Zürich/Köln 1977.
Steppacher, Burkard: Die Jurafrage in der Schweiz, München 1985.
Republic and Canton of Jura  official site
Jura Tourism
The French Community () was the body which replaced  the French Union in 1958.
Under the 1958 Constitution, member territories, former French colonies, had a lot of independence, but France controlled the currency, defence, foreign affairs and national security.
When the Community was established, French President de Gaulle said that any country in the French Community could move to complete independence.
Apart from Guinea, which chose by referendum in 1958 not to join the Community, all French-ruled territories in sub-Saharan Africa joined the French Community.
They obtained independence in 1960.
Communauté française
Usury is lending money for interest.
Nowadays it usually means lending at a high, often extortionate rate of interest on a loan.
Usury is illegal in many parts of the world.
In muslim countries charging any interest at all is strictly illegal.
John Lewis Bates (September 18, 1859–June 8, 1946) was born in  Massachusetts.
He was a Republican, and was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1894 to 1899; from 1897 to 1899 he was Speaker of the House.
From 1900 to 1903 he was Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.
In 1902, Bates was elected Governor, holding office from 1903 to 1905.
Bates then retired to his private law practice in Boston.
From 1917 to 1919 Bates was a delegate to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention.
Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts
Acoustic music is music which is played by using acoustic musical instruments, i.e. instruments in which the sound is not made louder by electronic amplification.
Before electronic musical instruments were created in the 20th century all instruments were acoustic.
The mandolin is a musical instrument, which literally means, a small soprano member of the lute family.
It is played by hitting its strings and sounds similar in tone of a violin or a hammered dulcimer.
The most common type of mandolin, which was first designed in Naples, has eight strings.
It has a body made of wood and a fingerboard which has frets.
Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music.
It has its own roots in Irish, Scottish and English traditional music.
It is usually played using acoustic musical instruments, and electronic musical instruments are rarely used in bluegrass music.
Traditional instruments used include the banjo, mandolin, fiddle, guitar and bass.
Other instruments such as the dobro are also used.
There are many accomplished bluegrass artists including Bela Fleck, Tony Rice, Alison Krauss, Laurie Lewis, Sam Bush, Bill Monroe, and Earl Scruggs.
There are many organizations devoted to this music such as the International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA).
Billboard charts are charts published by Billboard magazine.
They have information about the popularity of music songs, bands and singers.
The Billboard Hot 100 is the most popular chart.
It appears every week in the United States.
It uses information from radio play and sales to say the most popular song each week.
All-genre
Adult/Pop
Canadian charts
International charts
Discontinued charts
Since it controls access to the Gemmipass, it had some importance from the time of Roman Raetia.
The Leukerbad hot baths are just North of Leuk, towards the pass.
http://www.leuk.ch
Raron is the capital city of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Lax
Niederwald
Shavo Odadjian () (born April 22 1974, Yerevan, Armenia as Shavarsh Odadjian) is the bassist for the Armenian American-based alternative metal band, System of a Down.
He also scored summer blockbuster hit, "Babylon, A.D." alongside with The Rza and Hans Zimmer.
He is a multi-instrumentalist, painter, DJ, and director.
In his youth, Shavo used to spend his time skateboarding and listening to punk rock and heavy metal music.
He started managing the band Soil with Malakian and Tankian in 1993 after meeting them in a recording studio.
In 1995, Shavo became the permanent bassist of the band.
They then named themselves "System of a Down" after a poem titled "Victims of a Down" authored by bandmate Daron Malakian.
1998: System of a Down
2001: Toxicity
2005: Mezmerize
2005: Hypnotize
Achozen
2008: Untitled
In 2006, System of a Down won their first Grammy for Best hard rock performance for B.Y.O.B.
In 2006, they won the "MTV Good Woodie Award" for their song "Question!"
In 2006, they were #14 on the VH1 Top 40 Metal Songs with "Toxicity"
In 2007, they were nominated for a Grammy Award in Best Hard rock performance for their song Lonely Day
Shavo's MySpace page
The Official System of a Down Site
Shavo's page at SOADFans
Shavo's page at SOADTalk
Achozen's Myspace page
Aspartame (also known as E951 or NutraSweet) is an artificial sweetener.
It was discovered in 1965 by James M. Schlatter.
It can be used to replace some kinds of sugar.
It is not based on sugars.
It is not like saccharin.
People with Phenylketonuria cannot take Aspartame
Aspartame may cause problems with the skin, such as rashes, or dermatitis
It may cause  headache or migraine.
Saccharin is the oldest artificial sweetener that exists.
It can be used to replace certain kinds of sugar.
It was discovered in 1878 by Constantin Fahlberg.
It is also known as E954.
Saccharin has no calories and no nutritional value.
It is safe to take for people with diabetes.
Isomalt is a natural substitute for sugar.
It is a kind of sugar alcohol.
It is used mainly to replace sugar in some products, like bubble gum, candies,chocolate or ice cream.
This makes it different from other artificial sweeteners.
It is also known as E563.
Sloths are Xenarthran mammals from Central and South America.
They are part of the order Pilosa.
There are two families of sloths: two-toed sloth and three-toed sloth.
Most scientists call these two families the Folivora, while some call them the Phyllophaga.
They live in trees, but in the past there were giant ground sloths.
The biogeographic origins of the Pilosa is still unclear, but they can be traced back in South America as far as the early Tertiary, about 60 million years ago.
The presence of these animals in Central America is explained by the Great American Interchange.
Many sloths are about the size of a small dog and they have short, flat heads.
Their hair is grayish brown but, at times they look grey-green in color because they move so slowly that tiny camouflaging algae grow all over their coats.
They have hook-like claws on their arms and legs to keep them attached to trees.
Sloths are active at night and sleep curled up with their head placed between the arms and the feet drawn close together, or hanging upside down with the help of their hook- like claws.
This disguises them as part of a tree so that its enemies like the jaguar do not see them.
Sloths rarely climb down from the trees, and when they are on the ground they can only crawl awkwardly.
However, when there is a forest flood, they are very good swimmers.
Sloths can live for up to 30 years.
They mostly just eat leaves and flowers, which take a very long time to digest.
Sloths move slowly; their name comes from the word "slow".
Jura, Scotland, Scottish island, in the Inner Hebrides
Jura Mountains, on the French-Swiss-German border
Franconian Jura, the part of the Jura mountains in South Eastern Germany
Jura (department), France
Jura (canton), Switzerland
Jura, Afghanistan
Jura, Transnistria, a village in Transnistria, Moldova
Al-Jura, a former village in pre-1948 Palestine near Ashkelon.
Jūra, river in Lithuania
Jura River (Papua New Guinea), river near Agaun
Jura River (California), now dry river, formerly contained gold
Jura River (Paris), mythological river
Jura federation, a late nineteenth century anarchist collective based in the Jura Mountains.
Isle of Jura Single Malt
Oberon is the farthest big moon of the planet Uranus.
It is made of about half ice and half rock.
With a mean radius of about 760 km, Oberon is the second biggest moon of Uranus's 27 moons.
It orbits Uranus about every 13.4 days.
It was found on January 11, 1787 by William Herschel, in the same year he found Titania.
It was named after a Oberon, King of the Fairies, a character in William Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream.
Oberon has several large impact craters where it has been hit by meteorites.
These were photographed by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1986 as it flew passed.
Scientists also believe there is a mountain that could be   high on the moon.
Information and photos of Oberon
USGS: Oberon nomenclature
The district of Delémont is one of three districts in Jura, Switzerland.
Its capital is the city of Delémont.
The district is nearly all French-speaking and is home to a population of 35,175 (end of 2005).
Districts of Jura
Xavier Rudd (born 1978) is an Australian musician.
He grew up in the small town of Torquay, Victoria, Australia.
When Rudd was young, he learned to play the didgeridoo on a vacuum cleaner hose.
Rudd is known for playing at music festivals and concerts in Australia and in North America.
He has many fans in Australia, his home, as well as Canada, where he has recorded a few live albums.
Rudd is a father of three sons, Joaquin, Finojet, and Jundi.
A husband to his wife, Ashley Freeman..
Rudd also describes himself as a full-time "barefooter", which means that he does not own any shoes or other footwear.
Rudd is also a vegetarian.
To Let (2002)
Solace (2004)
Food in the Belly (2005)
White Moth (2007)
Dark Shades of Blue (2008)
Koonyum Sun *with Izintaba (2010)
Spirit bird (2012)
Live in Canada (2001)
Live at the Grid (2003)
Good Spirit (2005)
Xavier Rudd web site
Xavier Rudd Tour Dates and Gossip
Live Shows on archive.org
Live concert from Amsterdam on Fabchannel
Undercover news story
Xavier Rudd Article
Xavier Rudd interview at Bonnaroo 2007
Musicians from Victoria (Australia)
Didgeridoo players
Banjo players
Australian folk musicians
The banjo is a string instrument, that was first played by African slaves in the United States  a few hundred years ago.
The idea came from other African instruments.
The name banjo may have come from a Kimbundu word: mbanza, but it could have also come from a Senegambian word for the bamboo stick used for the banjo's neck.
Banjo history
Conway, Cecelia (1995).
African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia: A Study of Folk Traditions, University of Tennessee Press.
Paper: ; cloth: .
A study of the influence of African Americans on banjo playing throughout U.S. history.
Gura, Philip F. and James F. Bollman (1999).
America's Instrument: The Banjo in the Nineteenth Century.
The University of North Carolina Press. .
The definitive history of the banjo, focusing on the instrument's development in the 1800s.
Katonah Museum of Art (2003).
The Birth of the Banjo.
Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, New York. .
Linn, Karen (1994).
That Half-Barbaric Twang: The Banjo in American Popular Culture.
University of Illinois Press. .
Scholarly cultural history of the banjo, focusing on how its image has evolved over the years.
Tsumura, Akira (1984).
Banjos: The Tsumura Collection.
Kodansha International Ltd. .
An illustrated history of the banjo featuring the world's premier collection.
Webb, Robert Lloyd (1996).
Ring the Banjar!.
2nd edition.
Centerstream Publishing. .
A short history of the banjo, with pictures from an exhibition at the MIT Museum.
Instructional (5-string Banjo)
Bailey, Jay. "
Historical Origin and Stylistic Development of the Five-String Banjo."
The Journal of American Folklore 85.335 (1972): 58-65.
Costello, Patrick (2003).
The How and the Tao of Old Time Banjo.
Pik-Ware Publishing. .
Instruction in frailing banjo.
Available online under a Creative Commons license on several web sites including ezfolk .
Scruggs, Earl. "
Earl Scruggs and the 5-String Banjo".
Hal Leonard Corporation. .
Instruction in Scruggs or 3 finger style 5 string banjo.
Seeger, Mike (2005). "
Old-Time Banjo Styles".
Homespun Tapes.
Seeger teaches several old-time picking techniques - clawhammer, two-finger, three-finger, up-picking and others.
Seeger, Pete (1969).
How to Play the 5-String Banjo.
3rd edition.
Music Sales Corporation. .
The seminal instruction book, still in print decades later.
Seeger has since recorded an instruction video, available on DVD.
Wernick, Pete (1985 DVD).
Beginning Bluegrass Banjo.
Full course in the basics of Scruggs style.
Wernick, Pete & Trischka, Tony (2000).
Masters of the Five-String Banjo.
Acutab Publications. .
70 banjo pieces from Scruggs, Reno, Osborne and Crowe to Fleck, Munde, and Cloud.
Technique, improvising, set-up, learning, backup, favorite banjos, practice tips, equipment.
Winans, Robert B. "The Folk, the Stage, and the Five-String Banjo in the Nineteenth Century."
The Journal of American Folklore 89.
354 (1976): 407-37.
14 Sep. 2006.
Instructional (Tenor Banjo)
Bay, Mel (1990).
Complete Tenor Banjo Method.
Porcupine Press. .
An instructional guide.
Bay, Mel (1973).
Deluxe Encyclopedia of Tenor Banjo Chords.
A comprehensive chord dictionary for CGDA or standard tuning.
O'Connor, Gerry.
50 solos for Irish tenor banjo: (featuring jigs, reels and hornpipes arranged for E, A, D, G and A, D, G, C tuning).
Soodlum, Waltons Mfg.
Ltd. .
Richards, Tobe A. (2006).
The Tenor Banjo Chord Bible: CGDA Standard Jazz Tuning 1,728 Chords.
Cabot Books. .
A comprehensive chord dictionary in standard jazz tuning.
The Irish Tenor Banjo Chord Bible: GDAE Irish Tuning 1,728 Chords.
A comprehensive chord dictionary in Irish tuning.
Wachter, Buddy (2005).
Learning Tenor Banjo.
Homespun. .
Instructional (Plectrum Banjo)
Richards, Tobe A. (2007).
The Plectrum Banjo Chord Bible: CGBD Standard Tuning 1,728 Chords.
A comprehensive chord dictionary in standard tuning.
Instructional (Claw-hammer Banjo)
Koken, Walt (2016) "Slo-Mo Banjo" DVD.
Mudthumper Music.
The International Bluegrass Music Museum
Banjo Music & Theory
Chord finder for 4-string banjos
Banjo-L
The Banjo Hangout
The Banjo Newsletter
Nicolás de Ovando (Brozas, 1460 – Seville, 1511) was a Spanish soldier from a noble family and a knight of the Order of Alcántara.
He was governor of Hispaniola from 1502 until 1509.
Nicolas de Ovando was born in 1460 in the town of Brozas, in Extremadura, Spain.
His family was very religious and, when young, he joined the military religious Order of Alcantara where, in 1478, he was named Comendador de Lares (Commander of Lares), a very important position in the Order.
Governor of Hispaniola
As Commander of Lares, he was very appreciated by the Spanish Catholic Kings and, in particular, by Queen Isabella.
On 3 September 1501 (Oviedo said in 1502), he was named as Governor of Hispaniola and of all lands discovered in America.
On 13 February, 1502 he went out of the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain to go to the Hispaniola island with a fleet of 32 ships.
On the fleet, there were 2,500 people, including priests, soldiers and colonists (some of them with their families), who were going to live in the Hispaniola.
Among those colonists was Bartolomé de las Casas, later known as the Protector of the Indians, and also Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Inca Empire.
The administration of Ovando in Hispaniola was one of great cruelty toward the Taíno Indians.
When the Spaniards came to the island in 1492, the native population was 400,000 (estimated) but in 1508 there were only 60,000 Indians.
Because the new colonists needed more workers for the gold mines and farms, they brought, as slaves, Indians from the Lucayas (now, the Bahamas) islands.
Then they brought slaves from Spain (Ladinos, that is, of Africa origin but born in Spain); those were the first African slaves brought to America.
Ovando sent Andrés Morales to explore completely the Hispaniola island.
Morales made the most complete map of the island.
Sebastián de Ocampo was sent to find out if Cuba was an island or part of the continent; after 8 or 10 months, Ocampo came back with the information that Cuba was an island.
In 1508, Juan Ponce de León was sent with 50 men to conquer the island of San Juan (now the island of Puerto Rico).
In 1509, Ovando went back to Spain where he was made Comendador Mayor ("Head Commander") of the Order of Alcantara.
During a meeting of the Order in Seville, Spain, he died on 29 May 1511 (Oviedo said in 1518).
He was buried in the Church of San Benito, in the city of Alcántara, Extremadura, Spain.
1460 births
1511 deaths
16th century in Spain
History of Haiti
Abelsonite (nickel porphyrin) is a mineral that can be pinkish-brown, purple, or reddish-brown in colour and is formed from porphyrin crystals.
It is platy (made in plates like mica) and fragile.
Abenakiite-(Ce) is a pale brown mineral and made from crystals.
It was named for the Abenaki Indian Tribe, the people that lived in the area where this mineral was found.
It is somewhat radioactive and it is easily scratched with fluorite.
It was found in a quarry in Canada.
Abernathyite is a pale, yellow-colored mineral that forms crystals.
It was named for Jess Abernathy, the person who found the first samples of this mineral.
It is found in a mine in Emery County, in the United States.
It is highly radioactive.
Abhurite is a colorless crystalline mineral that forms on ship-wrecked tin ingots (nuggets).
It is named for where it is found.
It is found in a cove in the Red Sea.
Animal Liberation Orchestra (also known as ALO) is an American rock and jam band from Southern California.
They first formed several years ago as a group calling themselves Django.
Over the years, they changed their name to Animal Liberation Orchestra and were signed to Jack Johnson's record label Brushfire Records.
Animal Liberation Orchestra's official website
ALO at YahooGroups - discussion
ALO on archive.org's Live Music Archive
ALO at MySpace
Brushfire Records
ALO at Tribe - discussion
O' Cracker Where Art Thou? (
Pitch A Tent), 2003 (with Cracker)
Years In Your Ears ...a Story of Leftover Salmon (2006, DVD)
1980s establishments in Colorado
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
2005 disestablishments in the United States
You might be looking for the general usage of Meme.
An internet meme is something famous on the internet such as an image, a video, or even a person.
Internet memes are usually created when someone published something and that thing was shared widely over the Internet.
They sometimes consist of an image with top and bottom text.
While spreading over the internet, most internet memes 'evolve' over time, with the original image/video being changed in one way or another by people other than the creator.
Every internet meme evolves and has many variants.
See: Memes
Two other versions of Internet memes are "dank memes" and "dead memes".
Dank memes are thought of as relevant and funny.
Dead memes are thought of as not relevant or not funny, most of which haven't been uses in months or years.
Dead memes, however, can become dank memes if used properly.
Some websites where internet memes can be shared include Reddit, 4chan, 9gag, and IFunny.
A popular chatting service where internet memes can be shared is Discord, an instant messaging and communication platform.
Memes on Discord are shared through images, videos, and GIFs, although these methods aren't only limited to Discord.
Types of Memes
There are many different types of internet memes.
They include the following types.
Normie Meme
A normie meme is a meme that uses intentionally bad, unfunny, or low-quality content to joke about said content.
Some parodies could also be called normie memes, but those are another thing entirely.
A dank meme is a meme that makes no sense, similar to an normie meme.
Dank memes, however, are usually very strange, involving seemingly random concepts that have been established in internet culture.
some dank memes can be offensive like the troll meme and forever alone memes while other dank memes are not.
Shock Meme
A shock meme is a meme that is either racist, sexist or offensive to a race of people, These memes often include societal status, videos where random jump scares and/or loud noises suddenly happen, hobbies, or anything at all.
An example of a shock memes are memes involving suicide.
When searching for "suicide memes" on Google, the first results will be suicide hotlines.
The search engine is assuming the person searching was contemplating suicide, when in fact they were just searching for memes.
Video Meme
A video meme is a meme spread through video sharing sites such as YouTube, Vimeo, and Twitch.
Short videos can also be shared on social media services that supports video, such as TikTok, Reddit, and Facebook.
Morris Gleitzman (born 9 January 1953 in England) is one of Australia's most successful children's writers.
Morris Gleitzman began writing as a screenwriter and enjoyed success writing for the Norman Gunston Show on Australian television.
He has also written for the Governor-General of Australia and Rolf Harris.
Morris Gleitzman has had much success with his children's stories.
They have been published in 14 countries around the world including the United States, United Kingdom, France and Australia.
Some of his most successful books include Misery Guts, Worry Warts, Blabber Mouth, Belly Flop and Puppy Fat.
He was born in England, on  9 January 1953.
His most successful book is Two Weeks With the Queen.
Published books
Australian children's writers
Australian screenwriters
A Coaxial cable is a special electrical cable.
It is used to transmit signals.
The cable is specially insulated.
This makes it quite stiff.
Today, coaxial cables are used for things like Cable TV.
Coaxial cables can also be used for computer networks, but this became rare in the 21st century, as twisted pair cables can be used more easily.
Such cables are usually made of a conducting wire.
Then there is some insulation, then there is another layer of conducting material.
Finally there is the (insulating) mantle.
Such cables are used as a high-frequency transmission line to carry a high-frequency or broadband signal.
Because the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists (ideally) only in the space between the inner and outer conductors, it cannot interfere with or suffer interference from external electromagnetic fields.
1880 — Coaxial cable patented in England by Oliver Heaviside, patent no.
1,407.
1884 — Siemens & Halske patent coaxial cable in Germany (Patent No.
28,978, 27 March 1884).
1894 — Oliver Lodge demonstrates waveguide transmission at the Royal Institution.
1929 — First modern coaxial cable patented by Lloyd Espenschied and Herman Affel of AT&T's Bell Telephone Laboratories.
1936 — First closed circuit transmission of TV pictures on coaxial cable, from the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin to Leipzig.
1936 — World's first underwater coaxial cable installed between Apollo Bay, near Melbourne, Australia, and Stanley, Tasmania.
The 300 km cable can carry one 8.5-kHz broadcast channel and seven telephone channels.
1936 — AT&T installs experimental coaxial telephone and television cable between New York and Philadelphia, with automatic booster stations every ten miles.
Completed in December, it can transmit 240 telephone calls simultaneously.
1936 — Coaxial cable laid by the General Post Office (now BT) between London and Birmingham, providing 40 telephone channels.
1941 — First commercial use in USA by AT&T, between Minneapolis, Minnesota and Stevens Point, Wisconsin.
L1 system with capacity of one TV channel or 480 telephone circuits.
1956 — First transatlantic coaxial cable laid, TAT-1.
Coaxial Cable Specifications
What does "RG-6" mean?
Coaxial Cable FAQ Wire Guide
Coaxial Cable Selection Guide
Is There an Ideal Impedance? —
Wired for Sound: Steve Lampen
Abswurmbachite is a black or dark brown metallic mineral.
It is named after Irmgard Abs-Wurmbach, who is a German mineralogist.
It is found in Mili, Avia or Andros Island, Greece.
Mindat.org
Webmineral.org
Acanthite is a mineral that can be lead gray, gray, or coal in color and is made from crystals.
Its name comes from the Greek word, akanta, meaning "arrow", or the Latin word argentum, meaning "silver".
It is made of silver(I) sulfide.
It is found in Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Annaberg, Germany.
Acanthite is not radioactive.
The , commonly called the Seven Lucky Gods in English, refer to the seven gods of good fortune in Japanese mythology and folklore.
They are often the subject of netsuke carvings.
Ebisu, god of fishers or merchants, often shown carrying a cod or sea bass.
Daikokuten (Daikoku), god of wealth, commerce and trade.
Ebisu and Daikokuten are often paired and represented as carvings or masks on the walls of small retail shops.
Bishamonten, god of warriors.
Benzaiten (Benten-sama), goddess of knowledge, art and beauty, especially music.
Fukurokuju, god of happiness, wealth and long life.
Hotei, the fat and happy god of abundance and good health.
Jurōjin (Gama), god of long life.
Many figures in Japanese myth were transmitted from China (some having entered China from India), including all of the Seven Lucky Gods except Ebisu.
Another god, Kichijōten, goddess of happiness, is sometimes found depicted along with the seven traditional gods, replacing Jurōjin.
The seven gods are often pictured on their ship, the Takarabune (宝船), or "Treasure Ship."
The tradition says that the seven gods will arrive in town on the New Year and distribute fantastic gifts to worthy people.
Children often receive red envelopes bearing the Takarabune which contain gifts of money around the New Year.
The Takarabune and its passengers are often shown in art in different locations, from the walls of museums to cuddly caricatures.
References in popular culture
Happy Seven is an anime about a school club made up of seven girls, having each one a different power of the Seven Gods of Fortune.
The Seven Gods of Fortune appear in the video game Pocky & Rocky 2 for the Super Nintendo.
The main group of villains in the Ranma 1/2 movie Big Trouble in Nekonron, China call themselves the Seven Lucky Gods Martial Artists and are based on them, but with different names.
A song with the name 七福神 with a background movie parodying the Seven Gods of Fortune is available in Drummania V3
A character in Dan Brown's Deception Point prays to the "seven deities of good luck" at one point, but uses the term shichigosan, which refers to the festivals for children of the ages of seven, five, and three.
Pink film directors Toshiya Ueno, Shinji Imaoka, Yoshitaka Kamata, Toshiro Enomoto, Yuji Tajiri, Mitsuru Meike and Rei Sakamoto are known collectively as the .
Information on Japanese deities
Acetamide is a mineral that is either colorless or gray in color, and is made of a crystalline crust on black shale.
It is named for acetic acid and ammonia.
It can be found in Russia and is not radioactive.
Seventeen is a number.
It comes between sixteen and eighteen, and is an odd number.
It is also the 7th prime number, after 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13.
In Italy, 17 is considered an unlucky number.
Pectin is a food supplement.
It is a source of dietary fiber.
It is used to make jellies and jams.
Usually it comes in the form of a white powder.
It is made from parts of fruit, like oranges.
People use pectin to thicken things, like jelly and jam.
It is also seen as a large polysaccharide molecule found in the cell wall of many cells.
Pectobacterium carotovorum (syn Erwinia carotovora) is a rod-shaped bacterium originally isolated from carrots.
It is a plant pathogen and opportunistic human pathogen, causative agent of soft rot and blackleg potato (P. atrosepticum) diseases.
PectobacteriaHauben, L., E. R. B. Moore, L. Vauterin, M. Steenackers, J. Mergaert, L. Verdonck, and J. Swings.
Phylogenetic position of phytopathogens within the Enterobacteriaceae.
21:384-397
P. carotovorum subsp.
atrosepticum, blackleg agent
betavasculorum,
carotovorum, soft rot
odoriferum,
wasabiae,
P. cacticidum,
P. chrysanthemi, (new classification as Dyckeya chrysanthemi)
P. cypripedii.
Waldee E.L. 1945 Comparative studies of some peritrichous phytopathogenic bacteria.
Iowa State Journal of Science,  19, 435-484.
Young, J. M., Saddler, G. S., Takikawa, Y., De Boer, S. H., Vauterin, L., Gardan, L., Gvozdyak, R. I. & Stead, D. 1996.
Names of plant pathogenic bacteria 1864–1995.
Rev. Plant Pathol.
75, 721–863
Mee-Ngan Yap, Jeri D. Barak, and Amy O. Charkowski 2004 Genomic Diversity of Erwinia carotovora subsp.
carotovora and Its Correlation with Virulence Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, 3013-3023
List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature
Burger diagram
Fish burger
Salmon burger
Jesus with erection is a picture that was made by students at the University of Oregon and published in the March 2006 edition of the Student Insurgent.
It caused debates in the United States in 2006.
The picture shows a naked Jesus Christ on the Cross with an erection.
In 2005 the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published 12 cartoons of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
The paper said that this was to add to the debate about criticism of Islam and self-censorship.
Danish-Muslims said that they did not like them because Islam teaches that it is wrong for people to make any picture of Muhammad and also because they felt that the pictures showed disrespect to Muhammad.
This led to protests in many Islamic countries, some of which became violent  and led to more than 100 deaths.
The students of the University of Oregon said that they made the pictures of Jesus because they want to show how people who are religious feel when people make pictures that may be offensive to Jesus.
They wanted to get Muslims and Christians to talk and understand each other better.
Some people disliked the picture of Jesus with erection.
The president of the Catholic League, William Donohue, said that the president of the Oregon University, Dave Frohnmayer, is partially responsible for the pictures.
William Donohue said that the picture was one of the worst attacks on Christianity he had ever seen.
Other people who disliked the picture said that the University's President David B. Frohnmayer should not work for the University any more.
However, the Oregon Daily Emerald and the Oregon Commentator, said that the students' right to free speech and the University's decision to defend the student newspaper, citing the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States like the Southworth case.
This case said that universities could support student groups (such as newspapers) that other students did not agree with without hurting the rights of the students who do not like the groups.
The Student Insurgent Online
2006 in the United States
21st century in Oregon
Giovanni Guaita (born November 26, 1962 in Sardinia) is an Italian historian, researcher of Eastern Christianity and writer.
He is an assistant Professor of the Moscow Linguistic University.
He studied in different Western European and Russian (Moscow and St Petersburg) universities.
Three of these books are on the Armenian theme.
Guaita also known as the compilator of "The vocabulary of Orthodox agiology".