the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Between 2005 and 2012, a campaign was made to get £1 billion from old students.
This was at the same time of the University's 800th anniversary.
The campaign got to the target early in 2010.
The University is spread around the town of Cambridge.
The older colleges are on the river Cam.
The departments and faculties are spread in different places, usually grouped in sites.
There are nine main sites:
Addenbrooke's
Downing Site
Madingley/Girton
New Museums Site
Old Addenbroke's
Old Schools
Silver Street/Mill Lane
Sidgwick Site
West Cambridge
Addenbrooke's Hospital is where the medicine students go to learn how to cure patients.
The Judge Business School is another important building: this is where courses about business and finance are taught.
Since the different sites are quite close to each other, many students like to use bicycles to move around.
A fifth of the journeys in the town is made by bike.
Students are also not allowed to drive a car while they are in Cambridge.
Town and Gown
Local people from Cambridge don't always like the students. "
Town and Gown" is a phrase to talk about this relationship. "
Town" means the Cambridge locals while "Gown" means the students and teachers, from the type of dress they wear.
Since the University began, there have been some fights between the two groups.
In 1381, many things were stolen from the university and the colleges.
The Chancellor was then given extra power to control order in the town.
When the plague arrived in Cambridge in 1630, many colleges closed up.
They did not want to help the locals who had the disease.
However, more recently there have been fewer fights.
The University also means more jobs and money for the population.
There are many small industries that were created in Cambridge because the University was near.
This effect is called The Cambridge Phenomenon.
Between 1960-2010 there have been 1,500 new companies and 40,000 new jobs in Cambridge just thanks to the University.
Libraries and Museums
The University has 114 libraries.
The main one is called Cambridge University Library.
It is a legal deposit, which means every book that is printed in the United Kingdom goes in this library.
Many departments have their own library as well.
They usually have special books for their subjects only.
All colleges have a library.
This is mainly for the undergraduates, so that they can read basic books about their subjects.
Some colleges also have very precious books and manuscripts.
For example, the Parker Library (Corpus Christi College) has special books from Medieval times.
Fitzwilliam Museum for art
Kettle's Yard for contemporary art
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge for archaeological objects
Cambridge University Museum of Zoology for the study of animals
Museum of Classical Archaeology
Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences for geology
Scott Polar Research Institute that has a museum for the Arctic and Antarctic
Cambridge University Botanic Garden that was created in 1831
University life
One of the main aims of the University of Cambridge is to do scientific research.
All the departments are always studying and discovering new things.
Many important people have done research in Cambridge.
This is because the university has a lot of money and resources like laboratories and books.
It had £283.7 M in 2011 to spend on research; this was mainly given by the UK Government and the European Commission.
Students need to pass some tests and interviews to be allowed in Cambridge.
For undergraduates, the application is done through UCAS.
This is as with any other university in the UK.
Students need to be very good to enter Cambridge.
If they study A-levels, they are asked to get at least A*AA.
Because many good students apply, the interview is very important to choose the best ones.
These are done by Fellows.
Usually about 25% of the applicants get a place.
However, the number changes depending on the subjects.
Some of them, like medicine and economics are very hard to get into.
Students need to choose a college before doing the application.
They may later have to change it if the college thinks they are good but does not have enough places for them.
For postgraduates the application is different.
They need to ask professors (teachers) in the departments they want to work in.
After an interview, they can be given a place.
They then have to get some funding (money to do the project).
This can be given from a government or another institution.
Some people think that admission at Cambridge is not very fair.
This is because it is easier to get in if you go to a private school instead of a state school.
In 2007-2008, only 57% of students who got a place were coming from state school.
However, about 93% of British children go to them.
If a student goes to a private school, he/she is also more likely to get a place after the interview.
In 2011, only 25% of students that applied from state school got a place, while the percentage was 33% for private school students.
The University is trying to make things better by making the admission process easier and giving scholarships for the poorer students.
Another problem is that year after year there are also fewer people from state schools applying.
Reputation and rankings
Cambridge does very well when the quality of research is tested.
In 2001, it was ranked first in the British Government Assessment Exercise.
Cambridge also gives out more PhDs in a year than any other UK university.
The colleges also have a ranking between them.
This is called the Tompkins Table.
It is published every year by The Independent newspaper.
Trinity College and Emmanuel College usually do very well in it.
Public examinations
The University also runs many public examinations.
This can be for people who want to take language tests in English for example.
Some of the A-level and GCSEs exams are also written and organized here.
the Russell Group, a network of research-led British universities;
the Coimbra Group, an association of leading European universities;
the League of European Research Universities;
the International Alliance of Research Universities.
Students' Union, JCR and MCR
The Cambridge University Students' Union (CUSU) represents all the students within the University.
All new students become members when they arrive in Cambridge.
It was started in 1964 as the Students' Representative Council (SRC).
There are six important positions in the Union which are taken by students who take a year off work.
These people have meetings with the Vice-Chancellor and other university officers to talk about new rules or how to change them.
Inside the colleges, there are also group of students who represent all of the others.
These are called JCR (Junior Common Room) for undergraduates and MCR (Middle Common Room) for postgraduates.
They organize things like Fresher's Week, the first week in October when new first-year students arrive.
They also make sure every student is happy about his life in Cambridge.
Sport has always been very important in Cambridge.
Many students try rowing because the Cam river is a good one to play this sport.
There are many boat races between the different colleges.
These are called bumps: because the river is too small, boats start one behind the other.
To win, a boat needs to hit (or "bump") the one ahead.
Every year in London there is also the famous Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge.
Many other sports are played between colleges and universities.
Places to do sports, like gyms and fields, are run by the single colleges.
A new University-wide sports complex is being built.
Cambridge is also full of societies: these are small groups of people that meet together to do something that they like.
These can be speaking a language, playing chess, acting in theatres, playing a musical instrument.
In 2010, there were 751 societies.
There can also be smaller clubs in the colleges.
Newspapers and radio
There are three student newspapers, that tell things that happen around the university.
Varsity, created in 1947, is the oldest one.
The Cambridge Student and The Tab are newer ones; The Tab has funny articles and is less serious.
There is also a radio station called Cam FM.
This is run with help from Anglia Ruskin University, which is another university in Cambridge.
Formal Halls and May Balls
Formal Halls are special dinners where students and Fellows eat together.
Everyone wears a suit and there is good food.
There is a prayer in Latin at the beginning and at the end.
These dinners are a tradition and the idea is that people in the college should get to know each other at them.
After the exams, there is May Week when students make parties.
A May Ball happens in every college: it lasts all night and there is lots of music and food.
Important students
Many people who later became very famous in their subject studied at Cambridge.
89 people linked with Cambridge have won a Nobel Prize.
This includes 29 prizes in physics, 26 in medicine, 21 in chemistry and 9 in economics.
People from Cambridge have also done great things in the arts and sports.
Mathematics and sciences
Cambridge has a very strong tradition in this field.
Students include Isaac Newton, who made lots of experiments in Trinity College.
Francis Bacon developed the Scientific method which is the starting point of today's science.
G. H. Hardy and Srinivasa Ramanujan did a lot in pure mathematics.
James Clerk Maxwell found out more about electromagnetism.
In biology, Charles Darwin made his theory about natural selection while Francis Crick and James D. Watson discovered the structure of DNA.
Also David Attenborough, who is now a television presenter, was a science student at Cambridge.
In nuclear physics, the discoveries of Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, J. J. Thomson and James Chadwick made people really understand what is inside an atom: electrons, protons and neutrons.
J. Robert Oppenheimer studied here and later went on to develop the atomic bomb.
In astronomy, Paul Dirac, Stephen Hawking, John Herschel and Georges Lemaître found out many things about the universe, from the Big Bang to black holes.
Humanities, music and art
Desiderius Erasmus was really important for starting studies about Greek and Latin at the University.
In economics, John Maynard Keynes, Thomas Robert Malthus and Milton Friedman all started their theories in Cambridge.
Known philosophers are Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, George Santayana, Karl Popper and Muhammad Iqbal.
Many Archbishops of Canterbury also studied at Cambridge, like Rowan Williams.
William Wilberforce helped to stop the slave trade.
Thomas Cranmer was an Archbishop who was then killed because of his ideas.
In music, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Charles Villiers Stanford, William Sterndale Bennett, Orlando Gibbons and more recently John Rutter all started their education at Cambridge.
Some members of the band Radiohead were also here.
In the arts, Quentin Blake was an undergraduate here.
Students in this field include Christopher Marlowe, writer of many tragedies; Samuel Pepys, after who the library in Magdalene College is called; William Makepeace Thackeray, famous for his satire; E. M. Forster, a more contemporary author and C. S. Lewis, fantasy writer.
Virginia Woolf did not study here but based her books around the colleges.
Poets include Edmund Spenser, John Donne, John Milton, John Dryden, Lord Byron and Samuel Taylor Coleridge who started the Romantic movement.
15 British Prime Ministers, including Robert Walpole, thought to be the first Prime Minister of Great Britain.
At least 23 foreign Heads of Government, including the Prime Ministers of India, Singapore and Jordan.
At least 9 monarchs, HRH Charles, Prince of Wales and a large number of other royals.
3 people who signed of the United States Declaration of Independence.
Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England (1653–58).
Cambridge in books and popular culture
In Pride and Prejudice, some of the main characters studied at Cambridge
In Gulliver's Travels, the narrator starts from Emmanuel College
In A Tale of Two Cities, one of the characters is a professor in Cambridge
Sherlock Holmes has been an undergraduate at this University
Porterhouse Blue and Grantchester Grind are funny books about life in Cambridge as a student
Garrett, Martin (2004), 'Cambridge: a Cultural and Literary History', Signal Books. .
A history of the University of Cambridge, by Christopher N.L. Brooke, Cambridge University Press, 4 volumes, 1988–2004, , , , .
University of Cambridge official website
Cambridge University Students' Union
Cambridge University Graduate Union
Postdocs of Cambridge
Varsity – a student newspaper
The Cambridge Student (TCS)  – a student newspaper
Images and maps links
Aerial view – from Google Maps
Interactive map – a map showing all of the University departments and colleges.
The map can zoom in on each place.
1231 establishments
13th-century establishments in England
Carpals are bones found in the hand.
They are also called wrist bones as they are in the wrist.
There are eight carpals in each hand.
Any easy way to remember the eight bones in order is "Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle."
for Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.
Individual Carpals
Pisiform
Triquetrum (also called Triangular)
Hamate
Capitate
Scaphoid
Trapezium
Lunate
The Orient Express is the name for a passenger train (and its route).
Originally it ran from Paris to Istanbul.
The final service was an overnight train between Strasbourg and Vienna (it joined with the sleeper from Amsterdam in Karlsruhe).
The service ended in 2009.
The sleeping car or sleeper is a part of a train with beds built in, mostly for making nighttime travel more restful.
A. Philip Randolph / Sleeping Car Porters
The Abraham Lincoln 1910 Heavyweight Pullman Business Car — photographs and short history.
* Note: Staffordshire, West Mercia and West Midlands participate in a partnership called the Central Motorway Police Group
Police officers: 133,775
Police Community Support Officers: 8,133
Other staff: 70,818
Police officers: 7,579
Police Community Support Officers: 384
Other staff: 3,767
Most areas of Policing in Scotland are done by the Scottish Government and Scottish Parliament, but some rights remain with the Scottish Office in the UK Government.
These areas include national security, terrorism, firearms and drugs.
In June 2004, police numbers in Scotland were 15,714.
By the end of June 2012, police numbers had risen to 17,373.
This shows a 10.56% increase in police numbers over this 8 year period.
The Royal Ulster Constabulary was formed in 1922 to police the new Northern Ireland.
It was renamed in 2001 following the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 undertaken by the Patten Commission.
Police officers: 7,244
Part time police officers: 888
Other staff: 2,701
Helen Gough, Police and Constabulary Almanac (Police & Constabulary Almanac), Shaw & Sons (21 Feb 2007), 500 pages,
Association of Chief Police Officers of England, Wales & N.Ireland
Association of Chief Police Officers in Scotland
Police Federation of England & Wales
Scottish Police Federation
Scottish Police Forces Website
The UK Police Service - Forces
Robert Christgau (born April 18, 1942) is an American music journalist.
He has called himself the "Dean of American Rock Critics".
Texas A&M University–Kingsville is a public university in Kingsville, Texas, United States.
It has about 6,500 students enrolled and it was founded in 1925.
It has ties to Texas A&M University.
Texas A&M University–Kingsville
The 1932–33 NHL season was the 16th season of the National Hockey League.
Nine teams each played 48 games.
The New York Rangers beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one for the Stanley Cup.
Art Wiebe, Chicago Black Hawks
Eddie Wiseman, Detroit Red Wings
Charlie Sands, Toronto Maple Leafs
Buzz Boll*, Toronto Maple Leafs
Bill Thoms, Toronto Maple Leafs
Billy Burch, Chicago Black Hawks
Reg Noble, Montreal Maroons
Hib Milks, Ottawa Senators
Norman Gainor, Ottawa Senators
Harold Darragh, Toronto Maple Leafs
Hockeydb.com 1932–33 season
The 1933–34 NHL season was the 17th season of the National Hockey League.
The Chicago Black Hawks were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Detroit Red Wings three games to one.
Russ Blinco, Montreal Maroons
Herb Cain, Montreal Maroons
Lorne Carr, New York Rangers
Flash Hollett, Toronto Maple Leafs
Lionel Hitchman, Boston Bruins
Charles Gardiner, Chicago Black Hawks
Clarence Abel, Chicago Black Hawks
George Hay, Detroit Red Wings
Ace Bailey, Toronto Maple Leafs
Hockeydb.com 1933-34 season
HickokSports.com
Passer rating (known as passing efficiency or pass efficiency in NCAA football) is a measure of how well a quarterback, or any other passer in American and Canadian football, played.
Math is used to get the passer rating.
To get a good passer rating, a quarterback needs to have a high number of good passes and touchdowns.
A quarterback can get a bad passer rating if the quarterback has many interceptions.
NFL.com QB Rating Page
Online QB Rating Calculator.
NFL formula.
Online passer rating calculator for NFL/CFL, NCAA and AFL formulas
UK postcodes use letters and numbers.
The British Prime Minister's postcode at 10 Downing Street is SW1A 2AA.
These codes were started by the Royal Mail over a 15-year period from 1959 to 1974 – the full list is now available electronically from the Royal Mail as the Postcode Address File.
They were made to help electronically sort mail.
'Moon(Chan) چن River(aab)) آب', is formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi in the upper Himalayas in the Lahul and Spiti District of Himachal Pradesh, Republic of India.
In its upper reaches it is also known as the Chandrabhaga.
It is a tributary of the Indus River.
It flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab, forming the boundary between the Rechna and Jech interfluves (Doabs in Persian).
It is joined by the Jhelum River at Trimmu تریمو and then by the Ravi River Ahmadpur Siyaal احمدپورسیال.
It then merges with the Sutlej River near Uch Sharif to form the Panjnad or the 'Five Rivers', the fifth being the Beas River which joins the Satluj near Ferozepur, India.
The Chenab then joins the Indus at Mithankot.
The total length of the Chenab is about 960 kilometres.
The Baglihar hydropower dam is being built (as of 2006) on the Chenab River in the Doda district.
This is about 110 kilometers eastward of the Pakistan border in the Jammu division of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
The dam is one of 9 hydro-electric projects on the Chenab River.
Jehlum River or Jhelum River (Punjabi: ਜੇਹਲਮ, Punjabi:  is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District.
It is a tributary of the Indus River and has a total length of about 480 miles (774 kilometers).
The river Jhelum rises from a spring at Verinag situated at the foot of the Pir Panjal in the south-eastern part of the valley of Kashmir.
It flows through Srinagar and the Wular Lake before entering Pakistan from Kashmir through a deep narrow gorge.
The Kishenganga Neelum River, the largest tributary of the Jhelum, joins it near Muzaffarabad, as does the next largest, the Kunhar River of the Kaghan valley.
It also connects with Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir on Kohala Bridge east of Circle Bakote.
It is then joined by the Poonch river, and flows into the Mangla reservoir in the Mirpur District.
The Jhelum enters the Punjab in the Jhelum District.
From there, it flows through the plains of Pakistan's Punjab, forming the boundary between the Chaj and Sindh Sagar Doabs.
It ends in a confluence with the Chenab at Trimmu in District Jhang.
The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River which joins the Indus River at Mithankot.
(, , is a river in Kashmir and Pakistan.
It is one of the five rivers which give Punjab its name.
It originates in the Himalayas in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh following a north-westerly course.
It turns to the south-west, near Dalhousie, and then cuts a gorge in the Dhaola Dhar range entering the Punjab plain near Madhopur.
It then flows along the Indo-Pak border for some distance before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab River.
It is also called 'The river of Lahore' since that great city is located on its eastern bank.
On its western bank is located the famous town of Shahdara with the tomb of Jahangir and the Tomb of Noor Jahan.
The Shingo River is a tributary of the Suru River (Indus), and flows through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir.
The Iranian women's movement, also called the Persian women's movement, involves the Iranian women's social movement for women's rights.
The movement emerged after the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.
Semi secret associations took place and organized women's rights demonstrations and protests.
It lasted until 1910, when the first Women Journal was published by women, to 1933, when which the last women’s association was dissolved by the Reza Shah’s government.
The women’s movement emerged again after the Iranian Revolution (1979).
In some villages the parents must show proof of their daughters virginity on the wedding night.
Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi (1859–1921)
Touba Azmoudeh (1878-1936)
Sediqeh Dowlatabadi (1882-1962)
Mohtaram Eskandari (1895–1924)
Roshank No'doost (1899-?)
Afaq Parsa (1899-?)
Fakhr ozma Arghoun (1899-1966)
Noor-ol-Hoda Mangeneh (1902-?)
Zandokht Shirazi (1909-1953)
Maryam Amid (Mariam Mozayen-ol Sadat) (?
-1919)
Shahnaz Azad (1901-1961)
Roya Toloui (1966-)
Parvin Ardalan (1967–)
Noushin Ahmadi khorasani (1970–)
Shadi Sadr (1975–)
Tricastin is a nuclear power plant in France.
It has 4 reactors, which each generate 915 MW, for a total of 3.6 TW.
It is next to the highway, about halfway between Valence-sur-Rhône and Avignon.
It is on the River Rhône.
It was built form 1974 to 1981; the first reactors started working in 1980.
It has been criticized several times, because of incidents:
The French control authority said in 2002 that certain means of cooling would not work when there was an earthquake.
A study done in 2004 said that tests done at the site showed that firefighters needed 37 minutes to bring a fire under control.
This is too long, and mostly related to the lack of training.
According to the report, this makes it impossible to extinguish a bigger fire.
In 2003, the temperature of the water of the canal next to the site was higher than allowed, for a total of over 44 hours.
The autorized limit was 27 °C, the measured temperature was 28.8 °C.
Between July 7 and July 8, 2008, a solution containing Uranium was spilled on the site; about 75 kg of a total of about 250 kg reached nearby rivers.,
during cleaning works.
The incident has been classified at level 1 of 8 of the International Nuclear Event Scale.
The company doing the uranium enrichment was closed.
French authorities have banned the use of water from the respective rivers for drinking and watering of crops.
Swimming, water sports and fishing were also banned.
Measurements done 3 days later on the site revealed radiation levels that could not be explained by the facts cited, alone.
The leader of the investigation team said that there probably had been similar incidents earlier that were not reported.
In July 2008, about 100 employees were exposed to radioactive particles that escaped from a pipe in a reactor that had been shut down.
On August 21, 2008 workers  replacing a drain pipe detected a broken valve.
Because of this, radioactive uranium would occasionally spill into the sourrounding environment.
A study is currently under way to determine how much uranium escaped, those running the power plant talk of about 250g per year.
Polly Pocket is a line of small plastic dolls and accessories.
The name comes from the fact that many of the first Polly Pocket toys came in pocket-size cases.
The Fashion Polly dolls are sold by Mattel.
Polly was first designed by Chris Wiggs in 1983 for his daughter Kate.
Using a powder compact, he created a small house for the very small doll.
Bluebird Toys of Swindon, England licensed the idea.
The first Polly Pocket were sold in stores in 1989.
Mattel held a distribution agreement with Bluebird Toys for Polly Pocket items in the early 1990s.
In 1998, while production slowed, several companies tried to buy Bluebird Toys.
Mattel finally bought the company later that year.
In 1999, Mattel changed the design of Polly.
They created a new series of collectible items.
The new Polly doll is larger.
It also looks more similar to a real person than the first dolls.
That same year, Mattel also started selling Fashion Polly!.
This line used the same characters from the new Polly Pocket (Polly, Lea, Shani, Lila, etc.)
but they were 3 ¾ inch (9.5 cm) plastic jointed dolls.
Instead of the normal cloth clothing, Polly Pockets used "Polly Stretch" clothing.
These were rubbery plastic clothes that could be put on the dolls and removed.
They also created boy dolls.
OnlyPollyPocket.com
Polly Pocket Time
Juliet Burke is the name of a fictional character, a main character on the ABC's TV series Lost.
She is played by the actress Elizabeth Mitchell.
Juliet's character was introduced in the third season's premiere.
Character's background
Juliet is a fertility doctor.
She arrived on the Island in order to help pregnant women, as all of them die before giving birth to their child.
Burke, Juliet
sv:Huvudroller i Lost#Juliet Burke
The Shyok River is a river flowing through Disputed Area Ladakh and the Northern Areas of Pakistan (Ghanche District).
Shyok river (a tributary of the Indus) originates from the Rimo glacier, one of the tongues of Siachen Glacier and becomes very wide at the confluence with the Nubra River (a tributary of Shyok, originating from Siachen Glacier).
The alignment of the Shyok river is very unusual, originating from the Rimo glacier it flows in a SE direction and at joining the Pangong range it takes a NW turn and flows parallel to its previous path.
The Shyok flowing in a wide valley suddenly enters a narrow gorge after Chalunka and then joins the Indus at Skardu (Pakistan).
The Nubra river originating from the Siachen glacier also behaves like the Shyok, before Tirit the SE flowing river takes a NW turn on meeting the river Shyok.
The similarity in the courses of these two important rivers probably indicates a series of palaeo fault lines trending NW-SE in delimiting the upper courses of the rivers.
The importance of the Indus River and the Shyok rivers is in the deposition of a huge thickness of Quaternary sediments a treasure trove for geology researchers.
The Chang Chen Mo River is formed in the vicinity of Pamzal in Changchinmo plains of Disputed Area Ladakh and flows westward.
It ends when it empties into the Shyok River.
The Galwan River is in the southern part of Disputed Area Aksai Chin, Galwan originates in the area of Samzungling and flowing to the west joins the Shyok River.
The Nubra River is a tributary of the Shyok River, which flows into the Indus River.
It flows in the Disputed Area Ladakh area of Disputed Area Jammu and Kashmir.
The Saltoro River begins in the skirts of the Saltoro Kangri peak ridge and flows to the southwest.
Another branch starts from the slopes of the Masherbroom peak and flows to the south to join Saltoro.
In the end this river empties into Shyok River near the coldest part of Pakistan the town of Khaplu.
The Suru River is a river in Jammu and Kashmir that forms the western and northern boundary of the Zanskar Range, it takes birth from the waters of Nunkun peak in its skirts flows to the north of Kargil and empties into the Indus River.
Tawi river is a major left bank tributary of Chenab River.
The river originates from the lapse of Kali Kundi glacier and adjoining area south-west of Bhadarwah in Doda District.
Tawi river catchment is delinated by latitude 320 35' -330 5' N and longitude 740 35' - 750 45' E. The catchment area of the river up to Indo-Pak cease-fire border (Jammu) is 2168 km², and falls within the districts of Jammu, Udhampur and a small part of Doda.
Elevation in the catchment varies between 400–4000 m and total length of the river is about 141 km.
The river in general flows through steep hills on either side excepting the lower reach for about 35 km.
width of the river at Jammu is about 300 m at the bridge site.
The Zanskar Gorge is found in the Zanskar region of Jammu and Kashmir.
Its walls are near vertical cliffs up to 600m high.
The Zanskar River (a tributary of the Indus River) is only 5m wide in places.
It provides an access route to the Zanskar Valley, but only in winter when the river is frozen.
The Gilgit River () is a tributary of the Indus River, and flows past the town of Gilgit.
It is in the Northern Areas of disputed Kashmir, Pakistan.
The Ghizar River is the source of this river is the south of Shandoor pass in the western frontiers of Gilgit.
Different streams flowing to the north join each other and take the shape of river near Chhashi.
It then turns to the southeast and joins the Ishkuman River near Gupis and proceeds farther to Gakooch.
From this point the river is named Gilgit.
Flowing near Sher Qilla it reaches Gilgit town, where the river Hunza from north joins it.
The Ishkuman River begins at Ishkuman where many streams meet.
The streams come from the north western boundaries of Gilgit in the Hindu Kush range of mountains.
At Ishkuman these streams join to make the Ishkuman River which flows south, passing through Chitarkhand.
It ends where it joins into the Ghizar River at Gakooch.
The Yasin River begins in the glaciers near Darkot, and passes in to the north western frontiers of Gilgit and flows south to the join the Ghizar River near Gupis.
The Hunza River () is the main river in Hunza, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.
It is formed by the confluence of the Khunjerab River, Gujerab River, Misgar River, Chapursan River and Shimshal River.
These rivers are fed by glaciers.
After flowing to south up to Nagar it turns to west.
From Chalit it again takes a turn to the south.
Flowing through Nomal Valley, it reaches Gilgit city and empties out into Gilgit River.
It joins the Gilgit River with the Naltar River.
Later it flows into the Indus River.
The Hispar River forms from the melt water of the Hispar Glacier - a 49 kilometer-long glacier in the Northern Areas of Pakistan's Karakoram Mountains.
The Hispar Glacier and river both flow northwest, passing through Hispar, Hopar and Nagar (Nagir) villages until the confluence with the Hunza River in the Hunza Valley.
Road conditions are spectacular at best, treacherous at worst.
The Khunjerab River begins in the snow clad mountains and glaciers in the north and south of Khunjerab pass.
The river flows to the west then turns southward.
It ends when it flows into the Hunza River.
The Chapursan River begins in the area of the Chilanji pass and the slopes of Kampiri Diwar peak.
It flows to the east and joins Khunjerab River near Khuda Abad.
The Gujerab River starts from small glaciers and snow-topped mountains of the Gujerab range, and flows to the west and later joins Khunjerab River.
The Misgar River begins in the slopes of the mountains between Mintaka and the Kilik pass on the northern boundary of Gilgit.
It flows to the south east and ends when it empties into the Khunjerab River.
The Shimshal River begins in the Shimshal pass from Virjirab and other glaciers.
This is in the north eastern region of the Gilgit Agency.
It flows to the west and after reaching Passu it joins the Khunjerab River.
Later the Khunjerab River joins the Hunza River.
Within Pakistan, the Gomal river surrounds South Waziristan agency, forms the boundary between Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan.
From South Waziristan, the river enters the Gomal Valley in Tank District at a place known as Girdavi, Murtuza which is inhabited by the Miani tribe.
It is mainly here that the water of Gomal is used to cultivate the lands in Gomal Valley through Zam system (Rod Kohi).
The river passes then through the Damaan plain in Kulachi Tehsil and later on through Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil, It then joins the Indus River 20 miles south of Dera Ismail Khan
The Kundar River is located in Balochistan, Pakistan.
The meltwater from the Sulaiman Mountains forms the Kundar River and it flows through Balochistan and drains into the Gomal River.
The two principal drainage channels of the Zhob District are the Zhob River and the Kundar River, both flow into the Gomal River.
The general direction of the rivers is from Southwest to northeast.
The Zhob River rises at Tsari Mehtarazai pass, the watershed a distance of about 400 kilometers.
The broad plain of the Zhob River is occupied by the alluvial formation.
The Kundar River rises from the central and highest point of the TobaKakar range, a few kilometers northeast of the Sakir.
It constitutes boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan territory for a considerable length.
The other subsidiary rivers or streams are the Baskan, Chukhan, Sri Toi, Sawar, Surab, etc.
The Zhob River () is located in Balochistan, Pakistan.
The meltwater from the Sulaiman Mountains forms the Zhob River which flows through Balochistan and drains into the Gomal River near Khajuri Kachadd.
Zhob city is located on banks of Zhob river.
Rivers of Afghanistan
Hub Dam is a large water storage reservoir constructed in 1981 on the Hub River in the arid plains north of Karachi.
The reservoir supplies water for irrigation in the Lasbella district of Balochistan and drinking water for the city of Karachi.
The dam is an important staging and wintering area for an appreciable number of waterbirds and contains a variety of fish species which increase in abundance during periods of high water.
The Mahseer (Tor putitora), an indigenous riverine fish found in the Hub River, grows up to 2m in length and is fished.
The river is 350 miles long and is the longest in Balochistan.
It winds through the Hungol valley between high cliffs.
Kundar River is in Balochistan, Pakistan.
Kunhar River () is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
A main source of the river is Lulusar lake, nearly 48 km from Naran Valley.
Glaciers of Malka Parbat and Makra Peak and the waters of Saiful Muluk lake feed the river.
The Kunhar flows through the entire Kaghan Valley through Jalkhand, Naran, Kaghan, Jared, Paras and Balakot, and joins the Jhelum River.
The Kurrum River or Karam River () flows in the Kurrum Valley, stretching  across the Afghan-Pakistani border west to east (crosses from the Paktia Province of Afghanistan into the Kohat border region of Pakistan) at , about 150 km west-to-south-west of the Khyber Pass.
Tributary: Tochi or Gambila River
The Tochi river (), sometimes referred to as the Gambila River (), is in North Waziristan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan.
The source of the river are the hills six miles south of the Sufed Koh River, the source of the Kurrum River, which it runs parallel to and finally joins.
Tochi river flows eastward, in North Waziristan, to join the Kurrum River and the Indus.
It is an important river for the inhabitants of the Dawar valley, as it serves to irrigate a large area of land that it runs through.
Particularly that belonging to the Bakkakhel Wazirs, and Miri and Bannuchis.
The river surrounds Waziristan in the North while the Gomal River river surrounds South Waziristan.
Lyari River () is a small stream in Karachi, Pakistan.
It flows from northeast to the center.
It drains into the Arabian Sea at the Monora channel.
It is one of the two rivers of Karachi, the other one being the Malir River.
The river is about 50 kilometres (30 miles) long.
As a seasonal river it carries the collected water after the rains in the catchment area.
The Malir River () is in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
It flows through the city of Karachi from north east to the centre before flowing into the Arabian Sea.
Two smaller rivers flow into the Malir, the Thadho and the Sukhan.
The Panjkora River rises rises high in the Hindu Kush at lat.
35.45 and joins the Swat River near Chakdara, Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Its name is derived from the Persian for 'panj' (meaning 'five') and 'kora' (meaning 'river').
The wisent (or the European bison, Bison bonasus) is a bison species and the heaviest surviving animal in Europe.
It is a close relative of the American bison.
Longer legged and less heavily built than its American cousin, the wisent may reach a height of 54 to 60 in. (
137–152 cm) at the shoulder, and a weight of more than 1 ton (900 kg).
It has brown hair and short upcurved horns.
Its hump is less prominent than that of the American bison and its coat less shaggy.
In the wild the wisent is a forest animal; it browses on leaves, ferns, and bark.
Females give birth after a gestation period of 9 to 10 months, usually to a single calf.
Abundant in Europe in prehistoric times, wisents remained numerous until the early Christian era.
The Wisent has been hunted for their meat and removed from their habitats by farmers.
Thus by the 11th century only a few hundred were left alive.
By 1927 less than 50 remained.
Since the formation of an international protective society in 1932, their numbers have been growing, but they are no longer found outside zoos or reserves.
Panjnad River (, Sanskrit: panj = five, nadi = river) is a river in Punjab, Pakistan.
Panjnad River is formed by successive confluence of the five rivers of Punjab, namely Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
Jhelum and Ravi join Chenab, Beas joins Sutlej, and then Sutlej and Chenab join to form Panjnad near Uch Sharif.
The combined stream runs southwest for approximately 45 miles and joins Indus River at Mithankot.
The Indus continues into the Arabian Sea.
A dam on Panjnad has been erected; it provides irrigation channels for Punjab and Sind provinces south of the Sutlej and east of the Indus rivers.
Chenab River - The Chenab River (Punjabi: ਚਨਾਬ, Sanskrit: , , literally: 'Moon(Chan) چن River(aab)') آب is formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi in the upper Himalayas in the Lahul and Spiti District of Himachal Pradesh, Republic of India.
The total length of the Chenab is approximately 960 kilometres.
The Jehlum River or Jhelum River (Punjabi: ਜੇਹਲਮ, Punjabi: دریاۓ جہلم) is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District.
It flows through Srinagar and the Wular Lake before entering Pakistan from India-controlled Kashmir through a deep narrow gorge.
The Kunhar River () is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
The Liddar River in the neighbourhood of Pahalagam, a stream originates from the waters of Panjtarni.
Another stream is born from the slopes of Kolahai Glacier and the third one is produced by Shishnag spring.
The river is named Liddar and flowing to south west it empties itself into Jhelum River a few miles north of Islamabad Town.
The Neelum River () is a river in Kashmir.
The Poonch River originates in the western foothills of Pir Panjal range, in the areas of Neel-Kanth Gali and Jamian Gali.
It is called Siran in this area.
It flows to the north west.
A stream flowing from Mandi joins it and then in the west of Poonch city another stream called Betaar flows into it.
It turns to the south and while leaving Poonch valley another stream called Suwan joins it.
At first flowing southwards it enters Mangla Lake near Chomukh.
The towns of Poonch, Sehra, Tata Pani and Kotli are situated on the banks of this river.
The Pohru River is formed by the conglomeration of many smaller streams which takes birth in the mountainous slopes of northern boundary of Kashmir Valley.
At Mughalpura Pohru is joined by another stream called Lolab.
Turning south from this point, it enters Jhelum River at Dob-Gao, 3 miles from Sopore.
The Sind Stream originates from the slopes of Zojila Pass and flowing to south west is joined by another stream coming from Dachhen-Para.
Flowing southward and crossing Sind Valley, it empties into Jhelum River near Shadipura.
The Sandran River takes birth near Nandmarg pass in the south eastern border areas of Kashmir Valley and flowing to the north west empties into Jhelum River along with Arapath River and Brengi River near Islamabad Town.
From this point downstream Jhelum River turns into a full fledged river.
The Sang-e-Sufaid Kol Stream - Doodh Ganga Stream takes birth in the right slopes of Pir Panjal range.
In these areas is called Sang-e-Sufaid Kol by the Kashmiri Muslims.
Flowing in the direction of north east, it enters the plains Punjab (Pakistan) at a distance of few miles from Cherar Sherif and then turns to the north.
Flowing near Batmalu and Chhatabal, it drains into Jhelum River near Safakadal.
The Vishau River originates in the Kosarnag spring gives birth to a stream in the vicinity of Pir Panjal in south western part of the Valley of Kashmir.
It flows to the north and another stream called Chitti Nadi joins it from the right bank.
The famous waterfall of Ahrabal is formed at this place.
After entering the plains and joined by another stream Rambi-Aar, it joins Jhelum River in the north of Bijbihara.
Rambi-Aar is comprised of the water of two lakes Nandan Sar and Bhagsar.
Manawar Tavi River - This rivulet originates in Thana-Mandi area in the north of Rajouri.
Flowing to south through Rajouri, Chingus and Naushera, it enters Punjab (Pakistan) at Manawar and near Marala it joins the Chenab River.
The Ravi River (, , ) is a river in Indian Kashmir and Pakistan.
The Ojh Nadi River - The origin of Ojh stream is Bass-Kund Lake at a height of 13,000 feet above sea-level, 80 miles to the north east of Jammu.
Flowing to the south it falls into Ravi River after entering Punjab (Pakistan) Plains of Pakistan.
The total number of rivers and their tributaries in Jammu and Kashmir is 45.
The Tawi River flows through the city of Jammu, Kashmir and is a major left bank tributary of  the Chenab River.
The Wardwan River - A small and beautiful valley named Marew-Wardwan is in the southeast of Kashmir Valley.
It is 40 miles in length and its width is 1/2 miles.
A rivulet of the same name (Wardwan) takes birth in the northern part of the valley and flowing to south through the valley, reaches Kishtwar where it drains into Chenab River.
The Sutlej River (sometimes spelled as Satluj River) (,  → , , and ) is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroad region of Punjab in northern Republic of India and Pakistan.
It is located north of the Vindhya Range, south of the Hindu Kush segment of the Himalayas, and east of the Central Makran range in Pakistan.
Sutlej is sometimes known as the Red River.
It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River.
Its source is at Lake Rakshastal in Tibet near Mount Kailas, and it flows generally west and southwest.
It waters the ancient and historically important region of Greater Punjab.
The region to its south and east is arid, and is known as the Great Indian Desert or Thar Desert.
Beas River - The Beas River () is  the second easternmost of the rivers of the Punjab.
The river rises in the Himalayas in central  Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some 290 miles (470 km) to the Sutlej River in western Punjab state.
The Sutlej River (sometimes spelled Satluj River) is a branches of the Indus River.
It is the longest of the five major rivers that flow through the region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan.
It is north of the Vindhya Range, south of the Hindu Kush, and east of the Central Makran range in Pakistan.
It is the easternmost branch of the Indus River.
The source of the river is at Lake Rakshastal in Tibet, near Mount Kailas.
It flows generally west and southwest through the region of Punjab.
The region to its south and east is dry, and is known as the Thar Desert.
In Punjabi, the river's name is written .
In Sanskrit, it is  → .
In Urdu, it is written , and .
In the ''Mahabharata, the river is named the Satadree.
It is also known as the Red River.
The Beas River () is  the second easternmost of the rivers of the Punjab region.
The river rises in the Himalayas in central  Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some 290 miles (470 km) to the Sutlej River in the west of the Indian Punjab state.
Indus Water Treaty
Zhob River () is in Balochistan, Pakistan.
The meltwater from the Sulaiman Mountains forms Zhob River.
The river flows through Balochistan and drains into the Gomal River near Khajuri Kachadd.
Zhob city is on the banks of Zhob river.
Hunza River () is the main river in Hunza, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.
It is formed by the confluence (joining) of the Khunjerab River, Gujerab River, Misgar River, Chapursan River and Shimshal River.
After flowing to south to Nagar it turns to west.
Kabul River, or Kabal River (), is a river that rises in the Sanglakh Range in Afghanistan, separated from the watershed of the Helmand by the Unai Pass.
It is the main river in the eastern part of Afghanistan.
It flows 700 km before joining the Indus River near Attock.
It passes through the cities of Kabul, Chaharbagh, Jalalabad, and (flowing into Pakistan some 30 km north of the Khyber Pass) Nowshera.
The major tributaries of the Kabul River are the Logar, Panjshir, Kunar and Alingar and Bara rivers.
The Kabul river itself is little more than a trickle for most of the year, but swells in summer due to melting snows.
Its largest tributary is the Kunar River, which starts out as the Mastuj River, flowing from the Chiantar glacier in Chitral, Pakistan and once it flows south into Afghanistan it is met by the Bashgal river flowing from Nurestan.
The Kunar meets the Kabul near Jalalabad.
In spite of the Kunar carrying more water than the Kabul, the river continues as the Kabul River after this confluence, mainly for the political and historical significance of the name.
It is also called Sardryab near Distt: Charsadda where it provides a fine avenue for recreation and refreshment.
Sardryab is famous for its fishing annd having a worthy fish economy.
The Swat River () flows from the Hindukush Mountains through the Kalam Valley into the Kabul River in the Peshawar valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
35.45 and joins the Swat River near Chakdara, Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
The Kunar River (Kunar Rud) is about 480 km long.
It is in eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan.
The Kunar river system is fed from melting glaciers and snow of the Hindu Kush mountains.
The Lutkho River joins the Mastuj River just north of the important regional centre of Chitral in Pakistan and is then called the Chitral River, before flowing south into the upper Kunar Valley in Afghanistan, where it is referred to as the Kunar River.
The Kunar River empties into the Kabul River just to the east of the city of Jalalabad in Afghanistan.
The combined rivers then flow eastwards into Pakistan.
Then it becomes known as the Chitral River, joining the Indus River at the city of Attock.
The Peche River is in Afghanistan.
The Peche river system is fed from glaciers and snow.
It includes the Kunar River, which rises in Nuristan province of Afghanistan, and the main Kunar River, which rises in the eastern Pamir Mountains before flowing through Chitral in Pakistan into the upper Kunar Valley in Afghanistan.
The Rupal River is an east-west glacial stream rising from the meltwater of the Rupal Glacier in northern Pakistan.
The stream flows through the Rupal Valley, south of Nanga Parbat, before turning northeast to the village of Tarashing.
The Rupal drains into the Astore River, which eventually reaches the Indus River near Jaglot.
The Soan River () is a river in Punjab, Pakistan.
It is the most important stream of the Pothohar region.
It drains much of the water of Pothohar.
It also forms the northern border of Bannu District.
The river starts near a small village Bun in the foothills of Patriata and Murree.
It provides water to Simblee Dam, which is reservoir of water for Islamabad.
Near Pharwala Fort it cuts through a high mountain range and that is a wonderful phenomenon of nature.
The place is called Swan Cut.
No stream can cut such a high mountain.
It proves the Swaan was there before the formation of this range.
And when the mountain rose through millions of years, the stream continued its path by cutting the rising mountain.
Ling stream, following a relatively long course though Lehtrar and Kahuta falls in the Swaan near Sihala.
Islamabad Highway crosses this stream near Sihala where famous bridge Cock Pull is constructed over it.
Another famous, Lai stream joins this stream near Swaan Camp.
After walking a tortuous path and creating a big curve, the stream reaches Kalabagh where it falls into the Indus river.
This relatively small stream is more than 250 kilometers long.