the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Centuries of artificial selection and breeding have changed crop plants.
The crops produce better yield.
Fertilizers, chemical pest control, and irrigation all help.
Some plants are improved with  genetic engineering.
One example is modifying the plant to resist herbicides.
It is important for there to be enough food for everyone.
The food must also be safe and good.
People say it is not always safe, because it contains some chemicals.
Other people say intensive agriculture is damaging the environment.
For this reason, there are several types of agriculture.
Traditional agriculture is mostly done in poor countries.
Intensive agriculture is mostly done in countries with more money.
It uses pesticides, machinery, chemical fertilizers.
Organic farming is using only natural products such as compost and green manure.
Integrated farming is using local resources, and trying to use the waste from one process as a resource in another process.
Agricultural policy focuses on the goals and methods of agricultural production.
Common goals of policy include the quality, amount, and safety of food.
Maize 624 million metric tons
Wheat 570 million metric tons
Rice 381.1 million metric tons
Cotton 96.5 million metric tons
Urban farming
Ranching
Agriculture by country
In mathematics, arithmetic is the basic study of numbers.
The four basic arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, although other operations such as exponentiation and extraction of roots are also studied in arithmetic.
Other arithmetic topics includes working with signed numbers, fractions,  decimals and percentages.
Most people learn arithmetic in primary school, but some people do not learn arithmetic and others forget the arithmetic they learned.
Many jobs require a knowledge of arithmetic, and many employers complain that it is hard to find people who know enough arithmetic.
A few of the many jobs that require arithmetic include carpenters, plumbers, auto mechanics, accountants, architects, doctors, and nurses.
Arithmetic is needed in all areas of mathematics, science, and engineering.
Some arithmetic can be carried out mentally.
A calculator can also be used to perform arithmetic.
Computers can do it more quickly, which is one reason Global Positioning System receivers have a small computer inside.
Examples of arithmetic
2 + 3 = 5 (adding is commutative: 2 + 3 is the same as 3 + 2)
7 − 5 = 2 (subtracting is not commutative: 7 − 5 is different from 5 − 7)
3 × 4 = 12 (multiplying is commutative: 3 × 4 is the same as 4 × 3)
6 ÷ 2 = 3 (dividing is not commutative: 6 ÷ 2 is different from 2 ÷ 6
In mathematics, addition, represented by the symbol , is an operation which combines two mathematical objects together into another mathematical object of the same type, called the sum.
Addition can occur with simple objects such as numbers, and more complex objects such as vectors and matrices.
In arithmetic, addition is finding the total of two or more numbers.
The sign for addition is "+", and the name for the sign "+" is "plus".
Another name for the total is the sum.
Counting examples
For example, there are objects in two groups.
The objects are small circles: "o".
One group has five of these objects.
The other group has three of these objects.
To find the total number of objects in both groups, the objects can be counted.
Another way to find the number of objects in both groups is to add the numbers in each group.
Another method is to add the numbers of objects in group A and group B, since they are already counted.
There are rules for adding numbers that people learn.
There are also rules for adding numbers that are built into machines (binary adder).
The rule says that:
In another counting example, Sally and Bill have 2 children.
Sally and Bill get 3 more children.
Sally and Bill have added three children to their two children, and now have five children.
First, the units 6 and 7 are added together to make 13, so 1 ten and 3 units, with the 3 written below and the 1 ten carried to the tens column.
Next, in the tens column, the 1, 8 and 6 are added together to make 15 tens, so 1 hundred and 5 tens, with the 5 written below and the 1 hundred carried to the hundreds column.
Finally, in the hundreds column, 1, 7 and 4 are added together to make 12 hundreds, so 1 thousand and 2 hundreds, with the 2 written below and the 1 thousand carried to the thousand column.
The final answer is thus one thousand two hundred and fifty three.
A measurement example
Tom wants to know the distance between his house and Sally's house.
Bob's house is 300 meters east of Tom's house.
Sally's house is 120 meters east of Bob's house:
Tom's house      300 meters      Bob's house      120 meters      Sally's house
The distance from Tom's house to Sally's house can be found by adding the distances already measured.
The distance from Tom's house to Bob's house, added to the distance from Bob's house to Sally's house, is the same as the distance from Tom's house to Sally's house.
That is, three hundred (300) meters plus 120 meters.
Hence Sally's house is 420 meters to the east of Tom's house.
Commutativity
Addition is commutative, meaning that one can change the order of the numbers in a sum, but still get the same result.
Addition is also associative, which means that when three or more numbers are added together, the order of operations does not change the result.
For any three numbers a, b, and c, it is true that .
For example,  and , which means that .
Addition as increase
Example of addition as increase
For example, Tom has a house.
Tom puts a new room on the house.
This new room is called an addition.
John is making food.
To make the food taste better, John puts salt in the food.
That is, John adds salt to the food.
The salt is a food additive or addition to the food.
Addition table
AAA Math: Addition
Hyperoperations
Australia, formally the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country and sovereign state in the southern hemisphere, located in Oceania.
Its capital city is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney.
Australia is the sixth biggest country in the world by land area, and is part of the Oceanic and Australasian regions.
Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and other islands on the Australian tectonic plate are together called Australasia, which is one of the world's great ecozones.
When other Pacific islands are included with Australasia, it is called Oceania.
25 million people live in Australia, and about 85% of them live near the east coast.
The country is divided up into six states and two territories, and more than half of Australia's population lives in and around the cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Canberra and Adelaide.
The first people to live in the country were Indigenous Australians but most of them died from smallpox during colonization.
Australia is known for its mining (coal, iron, gold, diamonds and crystals), its production of wool, and as the world's largest producer of bauxite.
Its emblem is a flower called the Golden Wattle.
Australia is also known for its animals and rich wildlife.
A Kangaroo is the national symbol of Australia.
Australia's landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometers is on the Indo-Australian plate.
The continent of Australia, including the island of Tasmania, was separated from the other continents of the world many millions of years ago.
Because of this, many animals and plants live in Australia that do not live anywhere else.
These include animals like the kangaroo, the koala, the emu, the kookaburra, and the platypus.
People first arrived in Australia more than 50,000 years ago.
These native Australians are called the Australian Aborigines.
For the history of Australia, see History of Australia.
Most of the Australian colonies, having been settled from Britain, became mostly independent democratic states in the 1850s and all six combined as a federation on 1 January 1901.
The first Prime Minister of Australia was Edmund Barton in 1901.
Australia is a member of the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations.
It is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II as Queen of Australia and Head of State and a Governor-General who is chosen by the Prime Minister to carry out all the duties of the Queen in Australia.
Regions and cities
Australia has six states, two major mainland territories, and other minor territories.
The states are New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia.
The two major mainland territories are the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).
In 2013 according to world bank Australia had just over 23.13 million people.
Most Australians live in cities along the coast, such as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Darwin, Hobart and Adelaide.
The largest inland city is Canberra, which is also the nation's capital.
The largest city is Sydney.
Australia is a very big country, but much of the land is very dry, and the middle of the continent is mostly desert.
Only the areas around the east, west and south coast have enough rain and a suitable climate (not too hot) for many farms and cities.
Aboriginal people
The Australian Aboriginal people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago or even earlier.
Until the arrival of British settlers in 1788, the Aboriginal people lived by hunting and gathering food from the land.
They lived in all sorts of climates and managed the land in different ways.
An example of Aboriginal land management was the Cumberland Plain where Sydney is now.
Every few years the Aboriginal people would burn the grass and small trees.
This meant that a lot of grass grew back, but not many big trees.
Kangaroos like to live on grassy plains, but not in forests.
The kangaroos that lived on the plain were a good food supply for the Aboriginal people.
Sometimes, Aborigines would name a person after an animal, and they could not eat that animal to help level out the food population.
Aboriginal people did not usually build houses, except huts of grass, leaves and bark.
They did not usually build walls or fences, and there were no horses, cows or sheep in Australia that needed to be kept in pens.
The only Aboriginal buildings that are known are fish-traps made from stones piled up in the river, and the remains of a few stone huts in Victoria and Tasmania.
The Aboriginal people did not use metal or make pottery or use bows and arrows or weave cloth.
In some parts of Australia the people used sharp flaked-stone spearheads, but most Aboriginal spears were made of sharply pointed wood.
Australia has a lot of trees that have very hard wood that was good for spear making.
The boomerang was used in some areas for sport and for hunting.
The Aboriginal people did not think that the land belonged to them.
They believed that they had grown from the land, so it was like their mother, and they belonged to the land.
In the 1600s, Dutch merchants traded with the islands of Batavia (now Indonesia), to the north of Australia and several different Dutch ships touched on the coast of Australia.
The Dutch governor, van Diemen, sent Abel Tasman on a voyage of discovery and he found Tasmania, which he named Van Diemen's Land.
Its name was later changed to honour the man who discovered it.
The British Government was sure that there must be a very large land in the south, that had not been explored.
They sent Captain James Cook to the Pacific Ocean.
His ship, HMS Endeavour, carried the famous scientists, Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Solander who were going to Tahiti where they would watch the planet Venus pass in front of the Sun.
Captain Cook's secret mission was to find "Terra Australis" (the Land of the South).
The voyage of discovery was very successful, because they found New Zealand and sailed right around it.
Then they sailed westward.
At last, a boy, William Hicks, who was up the mast spotted land on the horizon.
Captain Cook named that bit of land Point Hicks.
They sailed up the coast and Captain Cook named the land that he saw "New South Wales".
At last they sailed into a large open bay which was full of fish and stingrays which the sailors speared for food.
Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander went ashore and were astonished to find that they did not know what any of the plants or birds or animals that they saw were.
They collected hundreds of plants to take back to England.
Captain Cook saw the Aboriginal people with their simple way of life.
He saw them fishing and hunting and collecting grass seeds and fruit.
But there were no houses and no fences.
In most parts of the world, people put up a house and a fence or some marker to show that they own the land.
But the Aboriginal people did not own the land in that way.
They belonged to the land, like a baby belongs to its mother.
Captain Cook went home to England and told the government that no-one owned the land.
This would later cause a terrible problem for the Aboriginal people.
In the 1700s, in England, laws were tough, many people were poor and gaols (jails) were full.
A person could be sentenced to death for stealing a loaf of bread.
Many people were hanged for small crimes.
But usually they were just thrown in gaol.
Often they were sent away to the British colonies in America.
But by the 1770s, the colonies in America became the United States.
They were free from British rule and would not take England's convicts any more, so England needed to find a new and less populated place.
By the 1780s the gaols of England were so full that convicts were often chained up in rotting old ships.
The government decided to make a settlement in New South Wales and send some of the convicts there.
In 1788 the First Fleet of eleven ships set sail from Portsmouth carrying convicts, sailors, marines, a few free settlers and enough food to last for two years.
Their leader was Captain Arthur Phillip.
They were to make a new colony at the place that Captain Cook had discovered, named Botany Bay because of all the unknown plants found there by the two scientists.
Captain Phillip found that Botany Bay was flat and windy.
There was not much fresh water.
He went with two ships up the coast and sailed into a great harbor which he said was "the finest harbor in the world!"
There were many small bays on the harbor so he decided on one which had a good stream of fresh water and some flat shore to land on.
On 26 January 1788, the flag was raised and New South Wales was claimed in the name of King George III of England, and the new settlement was called Sydney.
For the first few years of the settlement, things were very difficult.
No-one in the British Government had thought very hard about what sort of convicts should be sent to make a new colony.
Nobody had chosen them carefully.
There was only one man who was a farmer.
There was no-one among the convicts who was a builder, a brick-maker or a blacksmith.
No-one knew how to fix the tools when they broke.
All of the cattle escaped.
There were no cooking pots.
All the plants were different so no-one knew which ones could be eaten.
It was probable that everyone in the new colony would die of starvation.
Somehow, the little group of tents with a hut for the Governor, Arthur Phillip, and another hut for the supply of food, grew into a small town with streets, a bridge over the stream, a windmill for grinding grain and wharves for ships.
By the 1820s there was a fine brick house for the Governor.
There was also a hospital and a convict barracks and a beautiful church which are still standing today.
Settlements had spread out from Sydney, firstly to Norfolk Island and to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), and also up the coast to Newcastle, where coal was discovered, and inland where the missing cattle were found to have grown to a large herd.
Spanish Merino sheep had been brought to Sydney, and by 1820, farmers were raising fat lambs for meat and also sending fine wool back to the factories of England.
While the settlement was growing in New South Wales, it was also growing in Tasmania.
The climate in Tasmania was more like that in England, and farmers found it easy to grow crops there.
Because Australia is such a very large land, it was easy to think that it might be able to hold a very large number of people.
In the early days of the colony, a great number of explorers went out, searching for good land to settle on.
When the settlers looked west from Sydney, they saw a range of mountains which they called the Blue Mountains.
They were not very high and did not look very rugged but for many years no-one could find their way through them.
In 1813 Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and a 17-year-old called William Charles Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains and found land on the other side which was good for farming.
A road was built and the governor, Lachlan Macquarie founded the town of Bathurst on the other side, 100 miles from Sydney.
Some people, like Captain Charles Sturt were sure that there must be a sea in the middle of Australia and set out to find it.
Many of the explorers did not prepare very well, or else they went out to explore at the hottest time of year.
Some died like Burke and Wills.
Ludwig Leichhardt got lost twice.
The second time, he was never seen again.
Major Thomas Mitchell was one of the most successful explorers.
He mapped the country as he went, and his maps remained in use for more than 100 years.
He travelled all the way to what is now western Victoria, and to his surprise and annoyance found that he was not the first white person there.
The Henty brothers had come from Tasmania, had built themselves a house, had a successful farm and fed the Major and his men on roast lamb and wine.
Self government
The gold rushes of New South Wales and Victoria started in 1851 leading to large numbers of people arriving to search for gold.
The population grew across south east Australia and made great wealth and industry.
By 1853 the gold rushes had made some poor people, very rich.
The transportation of convicts to Australia ended in the 1840s and 1850s and more changes came.
The people in Australia wanted to run their own country, and not be told what to do from London.
The first governments in the colonies were run by governors chosen by London.
Soon the settlers wanted local government and more democracy.
William Wentworth started the Australian Patriotic Association (Australia's first political party) in 1835 to demand democratic government.
In 1840, the city councils started and some people could vote.
New South Wales Legislative Council had its first elections in 1843, again with some limits on who could vote.
In 1855, limited self-government was given by London to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania.
In 1855, the right to vote was given to all men over 21 in South Australia.
The other colonies soon followed.
Women were given the vote in the Parliament of South Australia in 1895 and they became the first women in the world allowed to stand in elections.
Australians had started parliamentary democracies all across the continent.
But voices were getting louder for all of them to come together as one country with a national parliament.
The Commonwealth of Australia
Until 1901, Australia was not a nation, it was six separate colonies governed by Britain.
They voted to join together to form one new country, called the Commonwealth of Australia, in 1901.
Australia was still part of the British Empire, and at first wanted only British or Europeans to come to Australia.
But soon it had its own money, and its own Army and Navy.
In Australia at this time, the trade unions were very strong, and they started a political party, the Australian Labor Party.
Australia passed many laws to help the workers.
In 1914, the First World War started in Europe.
Australia joined in on the side of Britain against Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.
Australian soldiers were sent to Gallipoli, in the Ottoman Empire.
They fought bravely, but were beaten by the Turks.
Today Australia remembers this battle every year on ANZAC Day.
They also fought on the Western Front.
More than 60,000 Australians were killed.
Australia had a really hard time in the Great Depression of the 1930s and joined Britain in a war against Nazi Germany when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939.
But in 1941 lots of Australian soldiers were captured in the Fall of Singapore by Japan.
Then Japan started attacking Australia and people worried about invasion.
But with help from the United States Navy, the Japanese were stopped.
After the war, Australia became a close friend of the United States.
When the war ended, Australia felt that it needed many more people to fill the country up and to work.
So the government said it would take in people from Europe who had lost their homes in the war.
It did things like building the Snowy Mountains Scheme.
Over the next 25 years, millions of people came to Australia.
They came especially from Italy and Greece, other countries in Europe.
Later they also came from countries like Turkey and Lebanon.
An important new party, the Liberal Party of Australia was made by Robert Menzies in 1944 and it won lots of elections from 1949 until in 1972, then Gough Whitlam won for the Labor Party.
Whitlam made changes, but he made the Senate unhappy and the Governor-General sacked him and forced an election in 1975.
Then Malcolm Fraser won a few elections for the Liberal Party.
In the 1960s many people began coming to Australia from China, Vietnam, Malaysia and other countries in Asia.
Australia became more multicultural.
In the 1950s and 1960s Australia became one of the richest countries in the world, helped by mining and wool.
Australia started trading more with America, than Japan.
Australia supported the United States in wars against dictatorships in Korea and Vietnam and later Iraq.
Australian soldiers also helped the United Nations in countries like East Timor in 1999.
In 1973, the famous Sydney Opera House opened.
In the 1970s, 80s and 90s lots of Australian movies, actors and singers became famous around the world.
In the year 2000, Sydney had the Summer Olympics.
In the 1980s and 90s, the Labor Party under Bob Hawke and Paul Keating, then the Liberal Party under John Howard made lots of changes to the economy.
Australia had a bad recession in 1991, but when other Western countries had trouble with their economies in 2008, Australia stayed strong.
Today Australia is a rich, peaceful and democratic country.
But it still has problems.
Around 4-5% of Australians could not get a job in 2010.
A lot of land in Australia (like Uluru) has been returned to Aboriginal people, but lots of Aborigines are still poorer than everybody else.
Every year the government chooses a big number of new people from all around the world to come as immigrants to live in  Australia.
These people may come because they want to do business, or to live in a democracy, to join their family, or because they are refugees.
Australia took 6.5 million immigrants in the 60 years after World War Two, including around 660,000 refugees.
Australia is part of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Australia is made up of six states, and two mainland territories.
Each state and territory has its own Parliament and makes its own local laws.
The Parliament of Australia sits in Canberra and makes laws for the whole country, also known as the Commonwealth or Federation.
The Federal government is led by the Prime Minister of Australia, who is the member of Parliament chosen as leader.
The current Prime Minister is Scott Morrison.
The leader of Australia is the Prime Minister, although the Governor-General represents the Queen of Australia, who is also the Queen of Great Britain, as head of state.
The Governor-General, currently His Excellency David Hurley, is chosen by the Prime Minister.
Australia was colonised by people from Britain, but today people from all over the world live there.
English is the main spoken language, and Christianity is the main religion, though all religions are accepted and not everybody has a religion.
Australia is multicultural, which means that all its people are encouraged to keep their different languages, religions and ways of life, while also learning English and joining in with other Australians.
Australia has many immigrants from different countries around the world.
These are Greeks, Indians, Japanese and Armenians.
Famous Australian writers include the bush balladeers Banjo Paterson and Henry Lawson who wrote about life in the Australian bush.
More modern famous writers include Peter Carey, Thomas Keneally and Colleen McCullough.
In 1973, Patrick White won the Nobel Prize in Literature, the only Australian to have achieved this; he is seen as one of the great English-language writers of the twentieth century.
Australian music has had lots of world-wide stars, for example the opera singers Nellie Melba and Joan Sutherland, the rock and roll bands Bee Gees, AC/DC and INXS, the folk-rocker Paul Kelly (musician), the pop singer Kylie Minogue and Australian country music stars Slim Dusty and John Williamson.
Australian Aboriginal music is very special and very ancient: it has the famous didgeridoo woodwind instrument.
Australian TV has produced many successful programs for home and overseas - including Skippy the Bush Kangaroo, Home and Away and Neighbours - and produced such well known TV stars as Barry Humphries (Dame Edna Everage), Steve Irwin (The Crocodile Hunter) and The Wiggles.
Major Australian subgroups such as the Bogan have been shown on Australian TV in shows such as Bogan Hunters and Kath & Kim.
Australia has two public broadcasters (the ABC and the multicultural SBS), three commercial television networks, three pay-TV services, and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations.
Each major city has its daily newspapers, and there are two national daily newspapers, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review.
Australian movies have a very long history.
The world's first feature movie was the Australian movie The Story of the Kelly Gang of 1906.
In 1933, In the Wake of the Bounty, directed by Charles Chauvel, had Errol Flynn as the main actor.
Flynn went on to a celebrated career in Hollywood.
The first Australian Oscar was won by 1942's Kokoda Front Line!,
directed by Ken G. Hall.
In the 1970s and 1980s lots of big Australian movies and movie stars became world famous with movies like Picnic at Hanging Rock, Gallipoli (with Mel Gibson), The Man From Snowy River and Crocodile Dundee.
Russell Crowe, Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger became global stars during the 1990s and Australia starring Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman made a lot of money in 2008.
Sport is an important part of Australian culture because the climate is good for outdoor activities.
23.5% Australians over the age of 15 regularly take part in organised sporting activities.
In international sports, Australia has very strong teams in cricket, hockey, netball, rugby league and rugby union, and performs well in cycling, rowing and swimming.
Local popular sports include Australian Rules Football, horse racing, soccer and motor racing.
Australia has participated in every summer Olympic Games since 1896, and every Commonwealth Games.
Australia has hosted the 1956 and 2000 Summer Olympics, and has ranked in the top five medal-winners since 2000.
Australia has also hosted the 1938, 1962, 1982 and 2006 Commonwealth Games and are to host the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
Other major international events held regularly in Australia include the Australian Open, one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, annual international cricket matches and the Formula One Australian Grand Prix.
Corporate and government sponsorship of many sports and elite athletes is common in Australia.
Televised sport is popular; some of the highest-rated television programs include the Summer Olympic Games and the grand finals of local and international football competitions.
Just 60 years ago, Australia had only one big art festival.
Now Australia has hundreds of smaller community-based festivals, and national and regional festivals that focus on specific art forms.
Australia is home to many animals that can be found nowhere else on Earth, which include: the koalas, the kangaroos, the wombat, the numbat, the emu, among many others.
Most of the marsupials in the world are found only on the continent or on the neighbouring island of New Guinea.
Wildfires from global warming in 2020 have decreased their population.
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American English or US English is the dialect of the English language spoken in the United States of America.
It is different in some ways from other types of English, such as British English.
Most types of American English came from local dialects in England.
Many people today know about American English even if they live in a country where another type of English is spoken.
This may be because people hear and read American English through the media, for example movies, television, and the Internet, where the most common form of English is American English.
Because people all over the world use the English language, it gets many new words.
English has been changing in this way for hundreds of years.
For example, the many millions who speak Indian English frequently add American English words to go along with its British English base and many other words from the various Indian languages.
Sometimes people learn American English as it is spoken in the US.
For example, in telephone call centers in India and other places, people often learn American English to sound more like their customers who call from the US.
These people often keep using American English in everyday life.
There are many words that sound the same in both American and British English but have different spellings.
aeroplane is called "airplane"
ladybird is called "ladybug"
lift is called "elevator"
toilet is called "bathroom", "restroom" or "comfort station"
lorry is called "truck"
nappies are called "diapers"
petrol is called "gas" (or "gasoline")
the boot of a car is called a "trunk"
a dummy is called a "pacifier"
trousers are called "pants"
underground is called "subway"
football is called "soccer"
braces are "suspenders" ("suspenders" in British-English are a type of clothing worn around the lower leg by males to stop socks/sox from sagging, and around the upper leg by women wearing stockings)
Regional accents
General American English is the kind most spoken in mass media.
It more vigorously pronounces the letter "R" than some other kinds do. "
R-dropping" is frequent in certain places where "r" sound is not pronounced after a vowel.
For example as in the words "car" and "card" sounding like "cah" and "cahd".
This occurs in the Boston area.
Aquaculture is the farming of fish, shrimp, abalones, algae, and other seafood.
Aquaculture supplies fish, such as catfish, salmon, and trout.
It was developed a few thousand years ago in China.
Aquaculture supplies over 20% of all the seafood harvested.
Fish farming has been practiced, in some parts of the world, for thousands of years.
Goldfish originated about a thousand years ago in carp farms in China, and the Roman Empire farmed oysters and other seafood.
Today, half of the seafood eaten in the U.S. is farmed.
To help meet the growing global demand for seafood, aquaculture is growing fast.
The environmental impact of fish farming varies widely, depending on the species being farmed, the methods used and where the farm is located.
When good practices are used, it's possible to farm seafood in a way that has very little impact to the environment.
Such operations limit habitat damage, disease, escapes of farmed fish and the use of wild fish as feed.
An abbreviation is a shorter way to write a word or phrase.
People use abbreviations for words that they write a lot.
The English language occasionally uses the apostrophe mark ' to show that a word is written in a shorter way, but some abbreviations do not use this mark.
More often, they use periods, especially the ones that come from the Latin language.
Common Latin abbreviations include i.e. [id est] that is, e.g. [exempli gratia] for example, and et al. [
et alia] and others.
Here are examples of common acronyms: The word "radar" is an acronym for "Radio Detection and Ranging".
The name of the large computer company IBM comes from the words "International Business Machines".
The name of the part of the United States government that sends rockets into outer space is NASA, from the words "National Aeronautics and Space Administration".
When people using the Internet think that something is very funny, they sometimes write "LOL" to mean "Laughing Out Loud".
People sometimes write "ASAP" for "As Soon As Possible".
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In many mythologies and religions, an angel is a good spirit.
The word angel comes from the Greek word angelos which means "messenger".
Angels appear frequently in the Old Testament, the New Testament, Qur'an and Aqdas.
Different references to angels throughout the Bible suggest different kinds and ranks of angels, such as seraphs or cherubs.
This resulted in medieval theologians outlining a hierarchy of such divine messengers, including not only cherubs or cherubim (the Hebrew plural) and seraphim, but also archangels, powers, principalities, dominions and thrones.
In the Bible
Angels are powerful, smart spirits that obey God's commands, praise him with singing, and they have a male (masculine)gender, but without any sex.
They sometimes appear to humans in a human form.
They can deliver messages to people in person or in dreams.
Angels that are named in the Bible are Michael (called a "chief prince"), Gabriel (known for telling Mary that she would be the mother of Jesus), and Raphael (in the Apocryphal Book of Tobit).
The Ethiopian Book of Enoch also lists four Archangels which watch over the four quadrants of heaven; Michael, Raphael, Gabriel and Uriel.
Lucifer is also known as an angel in the Bible.
Cherubim (plural of cherub) are described as "winged creatures" which have four wings Cherubim guard the Eden with a sword of fire.
This suggests that the author of Genesis was aware of different types of angels.
Genesis 3:24 is found in the Book of Ezekiel.
A Cherub is mentioned in Ezekiel 28:13-14, saying that the angel was in the Garden of God.
Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created.
Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire.
Ezekiel ch 1, and 10 describe the cherubim creatures ascending and descending from the earth with wheels.
Ezekiel 1:14-20 ; Ezekiel 10:16
Ezekiel 10:9-13 describes what the wheels appeared to look like, and how they moved around, how they moved or flew through the sky quickly but turned not as they went; and how the inside workings of the wheels appeared to be "a wheel in the midst of a wheel" and that the color of the wheels was the color of "Amber" Stone.
There are four separate wheels in both accounts, one for each single cherub which is there.
Seraphim (plural of seraph, which means "burning")they also are depicted having wings, six of them.
They are known for singing and praising God.
They can shout so loud, they shake the temple.
Archangels like Gabriel (Gospel of Luke 1:19) are the highest type of angel.
They are considered saints in the Catholic church.
However, in the King James Version of the Bible; they are another type of angel.
In the Book of Revelation the Angel Michael casts the 'great dragon' Satan out of heaven and down to earth in a great battle between the good and bad angels, just before the Great Judgement of angels and man. (
Revelation 12)
The Leviathan in Book of Job 41:19-21 has flame that goes:  'out of his mouth' like a dragon.
Isaiah 30:6 also talks of a 'fiery flying serpent'.
Compare Revelation 20:2: , where an angel: 'laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil, and Satan, and bound him a thousand years'.
In art
They are often shown in art as having wings and a halo.
The wings represent their speed, and the halo represents their holiness.
The cherubim in art always appear as baby faced angels with very small, non-useful wings.
The same cherubim creatures were said to be cast in gold on top of the Ark of the Covenant.
Casting metal is one of the oldest forms of artwork, and was attempted by Leonardo da Vinci.
In literature
Angels are generally held to be holy and virtuous, hence the term is used loosely to apply to anyone particularly good or kind, or having a good influence.
In his novel Far From the Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy chooses the name of an angel, Gabriel, for his kind and helpful hero.
On the other hand, in his play Measure for Measure, Shakespeare's use of the name Angelo is ironic, since Angelo is a character who likes to see himself as virtuous, but who is concealing evil aspects of his nature.
Fallen angels, who are no longer holy or virtuous, are also known as devils.
However, since angels are held to be spirits (that is, non-material beings), medieval theologians were faced with the problem of how humans could see a non-physical creature.
Eventually a theory was put forward that angels must make themselves a body out of the nearest thing to the non-physical, i.e. from air.
Hence in his famous poem Aire and Angels, the seventeenth century metaphysical poet John Donne uses this idea to write a cynical comment on women, whose love, he says, is like an angel's body of air, while men's love is like the real thing, the angel itself.
Idea of Guardian angel
From the era of the Romantics onwards, there has developed the widely held belief that everyone has an angel assigned to guard them.
This concept is probably based on Jesus' comment in Matthew 18:10 regarding children, though it is not mentioned elsewhere in the Bible.
In superstitions
Seeing repetitive numbers are thought to be associated with numerology, also referred to as angel numbers.
It is believed that angels communicate with humans through repetitive appearances of numbers.
Humanity has studied and used numbers since the dawn of time, and no matter what the culture is, there are certain numbers that hold specific value or meaning over other numbers.
Ad hominem is a Latin word for a type of argument.
It is a word often used in rhetoric.
Rhetoric is the science of speaking well, and convincing other people of your ideas.
Translated to English, ad hominem means against the person.
In other words, when someone makes an ad hominem, they are attacking the person they are arguing against, instead of what they are saying.
The term comes from the Latin word homo, which means human.
Hominem is a gender neutral version of the word homo.
In ancient Rome it referred to all free men, or in other words, all free human beings.
Ad hominem can be a way to use reputation, rumors and hearsay to change the minds of other people listening.
When a social network has already excluded or exiled one person, or applied a negative label to them, this can work more often.
It is most of the time considered to be a weak and poor argument.
In courts and in diplomacy ad hominems are not appreciated.
Ad hominems are not wrong every time.
For example, when people think that someone can't be trusted, things that they have said previously can be doubted.
What an ad hominem argument looks like
Normal (valid) proof
All humans are mortal.
Socrates is human.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Ad hominem example
Person A thinks abortion should be illegal.
Person A is uneducated and poor.
Therefore, abortion should not be illegal.
Fallacy for a list of other types of (false) rhetorical arguments.
Latin words used in English
Sometimes these people are called Indians, but this may be confusing, because it is the same word used for people from India.
When Christopher Columbus explored, he did not know about the Americas.
He was in the Caribbean but thought he was in the East Indies, so he called the people Indians.
There are many different tribes of Native American people, with many different languages.
Some tribes were hunter-gatherers who moved from place to place.
Others lived in one place and built cities and kingdoms.
Many Native Americans died after the Europeans came to the Americas.
There were diseases that came with the Europeans but were new to the Native Americans.
There were battles with the Europeans.
Many native people were hurt, killed, or forced to leave their homes by settlers who took their lands.
Today, there are more than three million Native Americans in Canada and the U.S. combined.
About 51 million more Native Americans live in Latin America.
Many Native Americans still speak native languages and have their own cultural practices, while others have adopted some parts of Western culture.
Many Native Americans face problems with discrimination and racism.
The ancestors of Native Americans came to the Americas from Asia.
Some of them may have come to America 15,000 years ago when Alaska was connected to Siberia by the Bering land bridge.
The earliest people in the Americas came from Siberia when there was an ice bridge across the Bering Strait.
The cold but mainly grassy plain which connected Siberia with Canada is called Beringia.
It is reckoned that a few thousand people arrived in  Beringia from eastern Siberia during the Last Glacial Maximum before moving into the Americas sometime after 16,500 years before the present (BP).
This would have occurred as the American glaciers blocking the way southward melted, but before the bridge was covered by the sea about 11,000 years BP.
Before European colonization, Beringia was inhabited by the Yupik peoples on both sides of the straits.
This culture remains in the region today, with others.
In 2012, the governments of Russia and the United States announced a plan to formally establish "a transboundary area of shared Beringian heritage".
Among other things this agreement would establish close ties between the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve and the Cape Krusenstern National Monument in the United States and Beringia National Park in Russia.
Each Native American tribe has their own culture.
The cultures can be grouped together depending on region.
For example, the tribes living in Mesoamerica have similar cultures.
Before Europeans came, the native peoples of the Americans practiced many different religions.
Each tribe had their own different beliefs.
Today, many Native Americans practice Christianity, a religion that was brought to the Americas by Europeans.
Meanwhile, others still practice their own religions.
Native Americans today speak over a thousand different languages.
Some of these languages had writing systems before Europeans came.
According to the 2010 United States census, 0.9% of Americans say they are Native American, 2.9 million people, and 1.7% of Americans say they are both Native American and something else.
They are not evenly spread out through the United States.
About a third of the people in Alaska are Native Alaskan and about a sixth of the people in Oklahoma are Native American.
In the United States, most Native Americans live in cities.
About 28% of Native Americans live on reservations.
Many Native Americans are poor, and 24% are extremely poor.
The history of violence against Native Americans persists today in higher rates of violence against Native American people than white people.
Most Mexicans are of Native American ancestry.
Canada has a higher Native American population than the United States.
About 40% of the people of Guatemala identify as Native American.
Many indigenous groups in the country are descendants of the Maya.
Many Native Americans in Guatemala are poor.
Many of them have left the country to find better jobs elsewhere.
Peru has a large indigenous population, around 80% of Peru's population identify as indigenous or mestizo.
Indigenous activism
Some Native Americans have become famous in politics.
For example, an Aymara man named Evo Morales was elected as president of Bolivia in 2005.
He was the first indigenous presidential candidate in Bolivia and South America.
Apple is the edible fruit of a number of trees, known for this juicy, green or red fruits.
The tree (Malus spp.)
is grown worldwide.
Its fruit is low-cost and popular, and is harvested all over the world.
The apple tree comes from southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and northwestern part of China.
Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe.
They were brought to North America by European settlers.
Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures.
Apples are generally propagated by grafting, although wild apples grow readily from seed.
Apple trees are large if grown from seed, but small if grafted onto roots (rootstock).
There are more than 10000 known cultivars of apples, with a range of desired characteristics.
Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses: cooking, eating raw and cider production are the most common uses.
Trees and fruit are attacked by fungi, bacteria and pests.
In 2010, the fruit's genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production.
Worldwide production of apples in 2013 was 90.8 million tonnes.
China grew 49% of the total.
Botanical information
The apple has a small, leaf-shedding tree that grows up to  tall.
The apple tree has a broad crown with thick twigs.
The leaves are alternately arranged simple ovals.
They are 5 to 12 centimetres long and 3–6 centimetres (1.2–2.4 in) wide.
It has a sharp top with a soft underside.
Blossoms come out in spring at the same time that the leaves begin to bud.
They also have a slightly pink color.
They are five petaled, and 2.5 to 3.5 centimetres (0.98 to 1.4 in) in diameter.
The fruit matures in autumn.
It is usually 5 to 9 centimetres (2.0 to 3.5 in) in diameter.
There are five carpels arranged in a star in the middle of the fruit.
Every carpel has one to three seeds.
Wild ancestors
The wild ancestor of apple trees is Malus sieversii.
They grow wild in the mountains of Central Asia in the north of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China, and possibly also Malus sylvestris.
Unlike domesticated apples, their leaves become red in autumn.
They are being used recently to develop Malus domestica to grow in colder climates.
The apple tree was possibly the earliest tree to be cultivated.
Its fruits have become better over thousands of years.
It is said that Alexander the Great discovered dwarf apples in Asia Minor in 300 BC.
Asia and Europe have used winter apples as an important food for thousands of years.
From when Europeans arrived, Argentina and the United States have used apples as food as well.
Apples were brought to North America in the 1600s.
The first apple orchard on the North American continent was said to be near Boston in 1625.
In the 1900s, costly fruit industries, where the apple was a very important species, began developing.
In culture
In Norse mythology, the goddess Iðunn gives apples to the gods in Prose Edda (written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson) that makes them young forever.
English scholar H. R. Ellis Davidson suggests that apples were related to religious practices in Germanic paganism.
It was from there, she claims, that Norse paganism developed.
She points out that buckets of apples were discovered in the place of burial for the Oseberg ship in Norway.
She also remarks that fruit and nuts (Iðunn having been described as changing into a nut in Skáldskaparmál) have been discovered in the early graves of the Germanic peoples in England.
They have also been discovered somewhere else on the continent of Europe.
She suggests that this may have had a symbolic meaning.
Nuts are still a symbol of fertility in Southwest England.
Sometimes apples are eaten after they are cooked.
Often apples are eaten uncooked.
Apples can also be made into drinks.
Apple juice and apple cider are apple drinks.