the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Franciscan Assemblage is a term in geology that describes a group of rocks near the peninsula of San Francisco, California.
Genestrerio was a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 5 April 2009 the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.
Former municipalities of Ticino
Sonoma Coast State Beach is a series of beaches in Sonoma County, California.
The beaches are protected as the Sonoma Coast State Park.
It extends for about  along the Pacific Coast, from Bodega Head in Bodega to just north of Goat Rock Beach.
The nearest town is Jenner.
The coastline consists of a number of named beaches, including Arched Rock Beach, Jenner Beach, Blind Beach, Goat Beach and Goat Rock Beach.
Goat Beach is known for being one of the most dangerous surfing spots in California because of its powerful waves, and it is recommended to not go near the water when visiting the beach.
Jenner Beach got attention in August 2004 when two Christian youth camp counselors, 22-year-old Lindsay Cutshall and 26-year-old Jason Allen, were found dead.
Both had been shot in the head at close range.
The murders have not been solved.
California State Parks official site for Sonoma Coast State Park
The Swiss canton of Bern has about 947,000 people.
The canton is in west-central Switzerland and the city of Bern is its capital.
Aarberg with capital Aarberg
Aarwangen with capital Aarwangen
Bern with capital Berne
Biel with capital Biel
Büren with capital Büren an der Aare
Burgdorf with capital Burgdorf
Courtelary with capital Courtelary
Erlach with capital Erlach
Fraubrunnen with capital Fraubrunnen
Frutigen with capital Frutigen
Interlaken with capital Interlaken
Konolfingen with capital Konolfingen
Laupen with capital Laupen
Moutier with capital Moutier
La Neuveville with capital La Neuveville
Nidau with capital Nidau
Niedersimmental with capital Wimmis
Oberhasli with capital Meiringen
Obersimmental with capital Blankenburg
Saanen with capital Saanen
Schwarzenburg with capital Schwarzenburg
Seftigen with capital Belp
Signau with capital Langnau im Emmental
Thun with capital Thun
Trachselwald with capital Trachselwald
Wangen with capital Wangen an der Aare
Berner Oberland Tourism
Biel/Bienne and Seeland Tourism
Bernese Jura Tourism
The district of Aarberg is a district of the canton of Bern, Switzerland.
The capital is the town of Aarberg.
There are 12 municipalities in the district covering an area of 153 km²:
CH-3270 Aarberg
CH-3282 Bargen
CH-3257 Grossaffoltern
CH-3283 Kallnach
CH-3273 Kappelen
CH-3250 Lyss
CH-3045 Meikirch
CH-3283 Niederried bei Kallnach
CH-3271 Radelfingen
CH-3255 Rapperswil
CH-3054 Schüpfen
CH-3267 Seedorf
Former districts of Bern
Aarberg is a municipality in Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
It is a parish and is now part of the district of Aarberg.
Its official language is German.
Commune of Bargen (in German)
The Pomo were a Native American tribe who lived in what is now Northern California by Russian River.
Pomo is a language family that includeds seven languages, including Northern Pomo, Northeastern Pomo, Eastern Pomo, Southeastern Pomo, and Kashaya.
The pomo tribe were hunters and gatherers.
The men hunted meat and fish, while the women and the children gatherd nuts and berries.
The Pomo villages might have had as few as 100 or moore than 1,500.
They wove finely crafted baskets and sometimes decorated them with feathers and shell beads.
Euporie or  is a moon of Jupiter.
Autonoe or , is a moon of Jupiter.
Hegemone or , is a moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the designation .
Season 2 Episode 11 of the expanse saw the hero ship hiding behind the moon
Euanthe or  is a moon of Jupiter which is not fully round.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001.
It was given the designation .
Euanthe is about 3 kilometres in diameter.
It orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,465,000 km in 598.093 days.
This orbit is at an inclination of 143° to the ecliptic (142° to Jupiter's equator) with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2001.
Euanthe is in the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.
Kalyke or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
Megaclite or , is a moon of Jupiter.
Emerald is a color that is a shade of green.
It is light and bright, with a faint bluish cast.
The name comes from the color of emerald.
The first written use of emerald as a color name in English was in 1598.
Emerald are highly transparent color .
This  color is evenly distributed, with no eye-visible color zoning.
Meaning of emerald
The color emerald may be used to represent Ireland.
Ireland is often called the emerald isle.
Tones of emerald color comparison chart
Isonoe or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
André-Marie Ampère (20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836) was a French physicist or a mathematician who helped discover electromagnetism.
An electrical unit called the ampere is named after him.
Ampere was born in France in 1775.
During his childhood, Ampere's father taught him Latin, until he found out that his son was talented in mathematical studies.
However, young Ampere continued his study on Latin, so that he could understand and master the works of Euler and Bernoulli.
In his later life, Ampere began to distinguish himself in mathematics, but also he studied history, travels, poetry, philosophy, and the natural sciences.
During the French Revolution, a great sorrow came to Ampere's life; he lost his father who was executed by revolutionaries.
The death of his father brought a huge impact to Ampere.
In 1796, he met the daughter of a blacksmith living near Lyon named Julie Carron, and married her in 1799.
Afterward, Ampere worked as a professor in Lyon, giving lessons in mathematics, chemistry, languages, and physics.
He continued working as a professor even after the death of his wife in 1803.
However, her death bothered Ampere for the rest of his life.
Ampere died at Marseille and buried in the Cimetiere de Montmartre, Paris.
In his work Journal et correspondence, we can see his amiability and childlike simplicity of character.
Ampere is most known for establishing the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and combining them into a new field called electromagnetism, or electrodynamics.
On September 11, 1820, Ampere heard from the discovery of H.C.Orsted that a magnetic needle can be activated by a voltaic current.
Only a week later, he came up with a much more advanced version of that kindred phenomena.
It was such an amazing development.
On the same day, he also discovered like charges repel and different charges come towards each other.
Ampere and the history of electricity (Correspondence, bibliography, experiments, simulations, etc.,
edited by CNRS, France)
Ampere's Museum (CNRS) is in Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'or, near Lyon, France
Catholic Encyclopedia on André Marie Ampère
Cyllene or , is a moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, getting the designation .
It was named in March 2005 after Cyllene, a naiad (stream nymph) or oread (mountain nymph) associated with Mount Kyllini, Greece.
She was a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).
A dive bomber is a bomber aircraft that dives towards the ground so it can get very close to its targets so that it is more likely to hit them.
This can also limit the chance of anti-aircraft fire hitting the plane.
Diving nearly vertically at the target, the aircraft will release the bombs very close to the target at high speed.
This allows a dive bomber to drop bombs accurately on a relatively small target, or a moving target quite easily.
Dive bombers were widely used to attack high value targets such as ships and bridges.
This also had the advantage of attacking ships at a weak spot.
A ship's armour was heaviest near the water.
On the top of the ship, however, either the armour was very thin, or there was no armour at all.
Also, dive bombing allowed relatively small aeroplanes carrying a limited bomb load to do more damage than usual.
Ried-Brig is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Official municipality website of Simplon
Official tourism website of Simplon
It is used as a reinforcing material for many polymer products.
The composite material, that is produced by this method is called "fiberglass" in popular usage.
The proper names are fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP).
Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of fiberglass was only made possible when finer tools for machines were produced.
The first major use was in "glass wool" for insulation, starting in the 1930s.
Glass fiber is formed when silica-based or other formulation glass is extruded into many fibers with small diameters that are suitable for textile processing.
Glass is unlike other polymers because, even as a fiber, it has little crystalline structure (see amorphous solid).
The properties of the structure of glass in its soft stage are very much like its properties when spun into fiber.
Bare fiberglass can cause skin irritation and cuts when handled without gloves.
There have been concerns that fiberglass can be accidentally inhaled into the lungs, where it might cause cancer and other lung problems, similar to asbestos.
Substitutes for fiberglass building insulation, such as cellulose and aerogel, have started to appear.
https://www.facebook.com/OEMfibreglass/
OEM Fibreglass
Owens-Corning
Fiberglass and health
UC Davis PDF on Fiberglass Health Effects
FULLTECH Fiber Glass Corp.
SORG GmbH & Co KG
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Fibrous Glass Page
Composite materials are made from two or more basic material mixed together.
The materials can be natural or not, and keep their separate properties when mixed together.
However, the composite material as a whole may behave differently from either of its parts.
For example, reinforced concrete (made of concrete and steel) has resistance to pressure and to bending forces.
Bullet-proof glass (made of glass and plastic) is more resistant to impact than either glass or plastic on their own.
Wood is a natural composite of cellulose fibres in a matrix of lignin.
The earliest man-made composite materials were straw and mud combined to form bricks for building construction.
This ancient brick-making process was documented by Egyptian tomb paintings.
The most primitive composite materials were straw and mud in the form of bricks for building construction.
The Biblical book of Exodus tells of the Israelites that were oppressed by Pharaoh and forced to make "bricks without straw".
Today we use shower stalls and bath tubs made of fiberglass, a type of composite.
Composite material key concepts
Society of Manufacturing Engineers: Plastics, Composites & Coatings Community
A fibre (also spelled as fiber) is a piece of material which is long, thin and flexible, like a length of thread.
Plant fibres are the basis of fabric such as cotton.
Silk and wool fibres come from animals.
In the 20th century many artificial fibres were invented like nylon and polyester.
There are many uses for fibres.
They can be spun together into filaments, thread, string or rope.
They can be woven in fabric or in composite materials
Natural fibers include those made by plants, animals, and geological processes.
They can be classified according to where they came from:
Vegetable fibers are based on arrangements of cellulose, often with lignin.
Examples include cotton, hemp, jute, flax, abaca, piña, ramie, sisal, bagasse, and banana.
Plant fibers are used to make paper and textile (cloth).
It is also used as dietary fiber.
Wood fiber is fiber that gotten from trees.
They include groundwood, lacebark, thermomechanical pulp (TMP), and bleached or unbleached kraft or sulfite pulps.
Animal fibers mainly consist of proteins.
Examples are silkworm silk, spider silk, sinew, catgut, wool, sea silk and hair.
Mineral fibers include the asbestos group.
Asbestos is the only long mineral fiber that can be found in nature.
Six minerals have been classified as "asbestos".
They include chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite.
Short, fiber-like minerals include wollastonite and palygorskite.
Biological fibers also known as fibrous proteins or protein filaments consist of biologically important proteins, mutations or other genetic defects can lead to severe diseases.
For example, the collagen family of proteins, tendon, muscle proteins like actin, cell proteins like microtubules and many others, spider silk, sinew and hair etc.
Man-made fiber
Man-made are fibers that are changed by man.
Man-made fibers consist of regenerated fibers and synthetic fibers.
Semi-synthetic fiber
Semi-synthetic fibers are made from raw materials with natural long-chain polymer structures.
They are only changed and partially degraded by chemical processes.
The first semi-synthetic fiber is rayon.
Cellulose regenerated fibers
Cellulose fibers are a type of man-made fibers, regenerated from natural cellulose.
The cellulose comes from many sources: rayon comes from tree wood fiber, bamboo fiber comes from bamboo, seacell comes from seaweed, etc.
Bamboo fiber
Lyocell, a brand of rayon
Diacetate fiber
Triacetate fiber
Synthetic fiber
Metallic fibers
Carbon fibers are fibers that are mostly made up of carbon atoms.
Carbon fibers are often based on oxidizing carbonized polymers through pyrolysis  like PAN.
Silicon carbide fiber
In silicon carbide fibers the basic polymers are not hydrocarbons but polymers.
About 50% of the carbon atoms are replaced by silicon atoms.
Fiberglass are also man-made fibers that come from natural raw materials.
It is made from a specific type glass, and optical fiber, which is made from purified natural quartz.
Polymer fibers
Polymer fibers are a type of man-made fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals.
These fibers are made from:
Polyamide nylon
PET or PBT polyester
Phenol-formaldehyde (PF)
Polyvinyl chloride fiber (PVC) vinyon
Polyolefins (PP and PE) olefin fiber
Acrylic polyesters
Aromatic polyamids (aramids)
Polyethylene (PE), eventually with extremely long chains / HMPE
Elastomers can even be used
Polyurethane fiber
Elastolefin
A fibre-reinforced polymer (also fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP)) is a composite material that consists of a polymer matrix that is reinforced with fibres.
The fibres are usually fibreglass, carbon, or aramid, the polymer is usually an epoxy, vinylester or polyester thermosetting plastic.
FRPs are commonly used in the aerospace, automobile, marine, and construction industries.
Business Week story about FRPs used to construct bridges
Fibreglass (US: fiberglass) is a composite material.
It is a fibre-reinforced polymer made of a plastic reinforced by fine fibres made of glass.
The composite material may be called glass-reinforced plastic (GRP).
Fibreglass is cheaper and more flexible than carbon fibre.
It is stronger than many metals (when compared by weight), and can be moulded into complex shapes.
The plastic matrix is usually a thermoset polymer – such as epoxy or polyester resin,  or it may be a thermoplastic.
Fibreglass is strong with a long durability, and can withstand weathering
Designs that cannot be achieved with glass can be done so with fibreglass
Fibreglass is non-conductive, as well as being radio frequency transparent, and has a lower reaction to thermal-conductivity
Has the appearance of glass while offering more diverse usages
Sail planes, Sports cars, micro cars, karts, lorries, wind turbine blades.
Pods, domes and architectural features where a light weight is needed
Roofing products, swimming pools and composite housing
Protective sleeving for RF Antennas
Electrical enclosures
Piping for above and below ground systems
Use of the term
"Fiberglass" refers to the complete glass fiber reinforced composite material, rather than just the glass fibre inside it.
Building a fibreglass fishing boat
Glass reinforced polyester use in Europe
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP or CRP), is a very strong, light and expensive composite material or fiber-reinforced plastic.
Similar to glass-reinforced plastic, one uses commonly the name of its reinforcing fibers (carbon fiber) for the composite material.
The plastic is most often epoxy, but other plastics, such as polyester, vinyl ester or nylon, are also sometimes used.
Some composites contain both carbon fiber and other fibres such as kevlar, aluminium and fiberglass reinforcement.
Less commonly, the terms graphite-reinforced plastic or graphite fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) are also used.
It has many applications in aerospace and automotive fields, as well as in sailboats, and notably in modern bicycles and motorcycles, where these qualities are of importance.
It is becoming increasingly common in small consumer goods as well, such as laptop computers, tripods, fishing rods, paintball equipment, racquet sports frames, stringed instrument bodies, classical guitar strings, and drum shells.
Japan Carbon Fibre Manufacturers Association (English)
Carbon fibre page from the Department of Polymer Science at USM
Engineers design composite bracing system for injured Hokie running back Cedric Humes
Carbon fiber (British English: carbon fibre) is a type of fiber that is made of carbon atoms.
It is also sometimes called graphite fiber.
It has the highest compressive strength of all the reinforcing materials (composites), and it has a high strength to weight ratio and low coefficient of thermal expansion.
The density of carbon fiber is also much lower than the density of steel.
Carbon fiber is in the form of several thousand long, thin strands of material that is composed of mostly carbon atoms.
Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly carbon fiber reinforced polymers.
Reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC)  is used structurally in high-temperature applications.
The fiber is also used to filter high-temperature gases.
Molding a thin layer of carbon fibers significantly improves fire resistance of polymers or thermoset composites.
This works because a dense, compact layer of carbon fibers efficiently reflects heat.
The Chemistry of Carbon Fiber
Making Carbon Fiber
Bacon's breakthrough  at ACS.org
Carbon Fiber at pslc.ws
In mathematics, a coefficient is a constant multiplicative factor of a certain object.
For example, the coefficient in 9x2 is 9.
A coefficient can also be a variable such as ,  and .
The object can be such things as a variable, a vector, a function, etc.
In some cases, the objects and the coefficients are indexed similarly, leading to expressions such as:
where an is the coefficient of the variable xn for each n = 1, 2, 3, …
In mathematics, a coefficient is a constant multiplication of a function was once called its differential coefficient, a usage now mostly displaced by the modern term.
In physics, a physical coefficient is an important number that characterizes some physical property of an object.
The Coefficients were an Edwardian London dining club.
Enrico Fernando Fermi (September 29, 1901 — November 28, 1954) was an Italian-American physicist who worked on the first nuclear reactor and helped make quantum theory.
He also was important to particle physics, and statistical mechanics.
Fermi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938 for his work on induced radioactivity.
He built the world's first nuclear reactor.
Fermi was one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century.
Fermi was born in Rome and went to a local grammar school.
He was very good at maths and science and won a prize from Scuola Normale   Superiore of Pisa.
He went to the University of Pisa where he studied physics.
In 1923 he was given a scholarship from the Italian government and went to Göttingen for more study.
He was given a Rockefeller scholarship in 1924 and studied in Leyden.
He came back to Italy at the end of 1924 and became Lecturer in Mathematical Physics and Mechanics at the University of Florence.
Scientist in Italy
In 1926, Fermi discovered the statistical laws, now called Fermi statistics.
These laws explain the actions of the particles which are subject to the Pauli exclusion principle, which are now called fermions.
These are different to the particles called bosons which are explained by Bose-Einstein statistics.
In 1927 he became Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Rome.
He spent time studying electrodynamics, and began to closely look at the atomic nucleus.
In 1934, using discoveries made by Wolfgang Pauli, Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie, he was able to show changes in almost every element bombarded with neutrons.
This led to the discovery of slow neutrons, nuclear fission and making elements that were not in the Periodic Table.
Burials at Oak Woods Cemetery
People from Rome
Italian Nobel Prize winners
Examples of Physical Coefficients
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (thermodynamics) (dimensionless) - Relates the change in temperature to the change in a material's dimensions.
Partition Coefficient (KD) (chemistry) - The ratio of concentrations of a compound in two phases of a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium.
Hall coefficient (electrical physics) - Relates a magnetic field applied to an element to the voltage created, the amount of current and the element thickness.
It is a characteristic of the material from which the conductor is made.
Lift Coefficient (CL or CZ) (Aerodynamics) (dimensionless) -  Relates the lift generated by an airfoil with the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow around the airfoil, and the planform area of the airfoil.
Ballistic coefficient (BC) (Aerodynamics) (units of kg/m²) - A measure of a body's ability to overcome air resistance in flight.
BC is a function of mass, diameter, and drag coefficient.
Transmission Coefficient (quantum mechanics) (dimensionless) - Represents the probability flux of a transmitted wave relative to that of an incident wave.
It is often used to describe the probability of a particle tunnelling through a barrier.
Damping Factor a.k.a.
viscous damping coefficient (Physical Engineering) (units of Newton-seconds per meter) - relates a damping force with the velocity of the object whose motion is being dampened.
Coefficient of friction (dimensionless) which could be static or dynamic - it relates friction, a force resisting motion between things touching each other, to a normal force, a force pushing the things together.
''Diffusion coefficient - relates concentration differences in a medium with how much or how fast diffusion occurs in Fick's Law.
Solids mostly expand in response to heating and contract on cooling.
This response to temperature change is expressed as its coefficient of thermal expansion.
in linear thermal expansion
in area thermal expansion
in volumetric thermal expansion
These characteristics are closely related.
The volumetric thermal expansion coefficient can be measured for all substances of condensed matter (liquids and solid state).
The linear thermal expansion can only be measured in the solid state and is common in engineering applications.
Thermal expansion coefficients for some common materials
The expansion and contraction of material must be considered when designing large structures, when using tape or chain to measure distances for land surveys, when designing molds for casting hot material, and in other engineering applications when large changes in dimension due to temperature are expected.
The range for α is from 10-7 for hard solids to 10-3 for organic liquids.
α varies with the temperature and some materials have a very high variation.
Some values for common materials, given in parts per million per Celsius degree: (NOTE: This can also be in kelvins as the changes in temperature are a 1:1 ratio)
There exist some alloys with a very small CTE, used in applications that demand very small changes in physical dimension over a range of temperatures.
One of these is Invar 36, with a coefficient in the 0.6x10-6 range.
These alloys are useful in aerospace applications where wide temperature swings may occur.
MatWeb: Free database of engineering properties for over 64,000 materials
Clemson University Physics Lab: Linear Thermal Expansion
USA NIST Website - Temperature and Dimensional Measurement workshop
Hyperphysics: Thermal expansion
Surveying is the technique and science of accurately finding out the position of points and the distances and angles between them.
These points are usually, but not always, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth.
They are often used to make land maps and boundaries for ownership of land.
A person who does the surveying is called a surveyor.
In order to find the information they need, surveyors use geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, geology and law.
Surveying has been very important in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history (ca.
5000 years ago) and it is a requirement planning of nearly every form of construction.
Its most common uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications, mapping, and the making of legal boundaries for land ownership.
Surveying has existed throughout much of our history.
In ancient Egypt, when the Nile River overflowed its banks and washed out farm boundaries, the boundaries were recreated by surveyors using simple geometry.
The construction of the pyramids, including the Great Pyramids of Giza (built c. 2700 BC) show us that the Ancient Egyptians used surveying efficiently.
A surveyor is a person who has the skills to accurately find out the position of points and the distances and angles between them.
These points are usually, positions on the surface of the Earth.
Finding these points is called "surveying".
Surveyors are needed to make land maps and boundaries for ownership of land.
In order to find the information they need, surveyors use geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law.
There are different types of surveyor.
A construction or building surveyor is the person who has to make sure that buildings are being put up in the correct place and fit in with planning and building laws.
A quantity surveyor is the person who keeps track of costs on a building project.
A hydrographic surveyor measures points to do with water, such as rivers, lakes and oceans.
A marine surveyor is a person who inspects ships.
A mine surveyor is the person who finds out the position of underground mines, for example gold mines or coal mines.
Keay J (2000), The Great Arc: the dramatic tale of how India was mapped and Everest was named, Harper Collins, 182pp, .
Pugh J C (1975), Surveying for Field Scientists, Methuen, 230pp,
National Society of Professional Surveyors
The Irish Institution of Surveyors
National Geodetic Survey
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
UK Ordnance Survey
International Federation of Surveyors
The Institution of Surveyors, Australia
The Survey Association (UK)
New Zealand Institute of Surveyors
Jorge Manrique (c. 1440 – 1479) was a major Spanish poet, whose main work, the Coplas a la muerte de su padre (Stanzas about the Death of his Father), is still read today.
He was a supporter of the great Spanish queen, Isabel I of Castile, and actively participated on her side in the civil war that broke out against her half-brother, Enrique IV, when the latter attempted to make his daughter, Juana, crown princess.
Jorge died in 1479 during an attempt to take the castle of Garcimuñoz after Isabel gained the crown.
Manrique were one of major Spanish aristocratic families of the Jewish converso descent.
See, Norman Roth, "Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain", Madison, WI: The University of Wisconcin Press, 1995, p. 333.
Jorge Manrique was a great-nephew of Iñigo López de Mendoza (marquess of Santillana), a descendant of Pero López de Ayala, chancellor of Castile, and a nephew of Gómez Manrique, corregidor of Toledo, all important poets of the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
He was, therefore, a member of a noble family of great consequence.
1479 deaths
Minutes to Midnight is third studio album by American nu metal band, Linkin Park.
Production on the album started as early as late 2003, and initially had a projected release date of sometime in late 2004 or early 2005, but was scrapped due to touring and support of their previous album, Meteora, then prouduction started back up in 2006.
It was released on May 14, 2007 all over the world and on May 15, 2007 in North America.
Rick Rubin and Mike Shinoda produced the album.
List of songs
"Wake" – 1:41
"Given Up" – 3:09
"Leave Out All the Rest" – 3:29
"Bleed It Out" – 2:44
"Shadow of the Day" – 4:50
"What I've Done" – 3:25
"Hands Held High" – 3:53
"No More Sorrow" – 3:42
"Valentine's Day" – 3:17
"In Between" – 3:17
"In Pieces" – 3:38
"The Little Things Give You Away" – 6:22
"No Roads Left" – 3:59
List of singles
"What I've Done"
"Bleed It Out"
"Shadow of the Day"
"Given Up"
"Leave Out All the Rest"
Linkin Park website
Linkin Park albums
Thelxinoe or  is a moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2004 from pictures taken in 2003, and originally got the designation .
Oskar Lafontaine (; born 16 September 1943 in Saarlouis-Roden) is a left-wing German politician and a founder member of the new political party Die Linke.
Education and family
He is Roman Catholic and is married to Christa Müller who leads a campaign against genital mutilation in Africa.
They have a son, Carl Maurice, born 1997.
Political rise
Lafontaine's political career began locally as mayor of Saarbrücken.
He became widely known as a critic of chancellor Helmut Schmidt's support for the NATO plan to put Pershing II missiles in Germany.
From 1985 to 1998 he was Minister-President of the Saarland.
As minister-president, Lafontaine tried to keep the traditional industries of steel production and coal mining in the state with subsidies.
He was also President of the Bundesrat in 1992/93.
Chancellor candidacy
In the German federal election of 1990, Lafonntaine was the SPD's Chancellor candidate.
The party lost because of support for the CDU who were the government during reunification.
During the campaign he was attacked with a knife by a mentally deranged woman after a speech in Cologne.
His carotid artery was slashed and he remained in a critical condition for several days.
Political comeback
At the "Mannheim convention" in 1995, Lafontaine was elected chairman of the SPD, replacing Rudolf Scharping.
He was mainly responsible for bringing the whole of the SPD against Helmut Kohl and his CDU party, instead of cooperating with the CDU.
Lafontaine said that any help given to Kohl would only help to keep the CDU in government.
This idea put the SPD ahead in the opinion polls in September 1998.
He was appointed Federal Minister of Finance in the first government of Gerhard Schröder.
Minister of Finance
During his short time as Minister of Finance, Lafontaine was a figure of attack by UK Eurosceptics.
This was especially because he wanted to make taxes the same in the European Union.
This would have meant some UK taxes would increase.
On 11 March 1999, he resigned from all his official and party offices, saying that not getting any help from other members of the cabinet.
Later he become known for his attacks against Angela Merkel's government in the tabloid Bild-Zeitung which is generally considered conservative.
The Left Party
On 24 May 2005 Lafontaine left the SPD.
On 10 June, he said he would run as the lead candidate for The Left Party.
PDS (Die Linkspartei), a coalition of the Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice (WASG), which is based in western Germany, and the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), which was the successor to the East German communist party
He joined the WASG on 18 June 2005 and was selected to head their list for the 2005 Federal Election in North Rhine-Westphalia on the same day.
He also stood in the Saarbrücken constituency, but lost.
Nevertheless, the result of the Linkspartei in the Saarland was the best in any of the federal states in the West of Germany.
Criticisms of Lafontaine
An article by Lafontaine on Erich Honecker, state and party leader of the GDR and a Saarländer like him, in the magazine Der Spiegel was criticized by many people who said it concentrated on a few good things Honecker did, and ignored the bad things.
In the late 80s and early 90s he lost some support from left-wing people because he seemed to want pro-business policies and he called for a reduction of the influx of Germans from Eastern Europe and asylum-seekers.
www.Sozialisten.de The German Left Party
The German Left Party pages in English
European-Left
Oskar LaFontaine: The Heart Beats on the Left Polity,
Politicians from Saarland
A group is any column on the periodic table.
Elements in the same group usually have similar properties, because they have the same number of electrons in the outermost electron shell.
There are eight main groups of elements, numbered 1, 2, and 13-18.
The other ten groups are transition metals:
Group 1: the alkali metals (lithium family) *not including hydrogen
Group 2: the alkaline earth metals (beryllium family)
Groups 3-12: the transition metals
Group 13: the triels (boron family)
Group 14: the tetrels (carbon family)
Group 15: the pnictogens (nitrogen family)
Group 16: the chalcogens (oxygen family)
Group 17: the halogens (fluorine family)
Group 18: the noble gases (helium/neon family)
Alkali Metals
never include hydrogen.
Alkaline Earth Metals
See Alkaline earth metal.
They consist of Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra)
Transition groups
See Transition metals.
Transition Metals are the most number of elements in the periodic table.
They consist of Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Scandium (Sc), Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Cadmium (Cd), Tungsten (W), Platinum (Pt), Yttrium (Y), Molybdenum (Mo) and others.
The noble gases
The noble gases are the 18th group in the periodic table.
They consist of Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), and Radon (Rn).
They were previously called Inert gases due to their inert properties.
In mathematics, differential coefficient is a term out of use now.
The former differential coefficient of a function f(x) is now called its derivative df(x)/dx.
It is the (not necessarily constant) multiplicative factor or coefficient of the differential dx in the differential df(x).
The differential coefficient of f is a constant function only if f is a linear function.
Early editions of Silvanus P. Thompson's Calculus Made Easy use the older term.
In his 1998 update of this text, Martin Gardner puts "derivative" instead of "differential coefficient".
He speaks of it only in context with Thompson's criticism of the term.
Each elements in the same period has one more proton than the one to its left.
This means its atomic number is one number higher.
The elements in the same period are very metallic on the left and nonmetallic on the right.
The smaller atoms are on the left and the larger ones are on the right because the atoms have more protons and electrons.
The first period has 2 elements, hydrogen and helium.
The second period and third period each have 8 elements.
The fourth period and fifth period each have 18 elements.
The sixth period and seventh period each have 32 elements.
F-block elements are counted in the sixth and seventh periods.
Hence, each one has 32 elements in it.
Eka-superactinides
those without borders are too radioactive to have been discovered yet.
Atomic orbitals are the places surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are most likely to be at any given time.
It is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom.
The number of atomic orbitals in an element is defined by the period the element is in.
Electrons move between orbitals depending on how fast they are moving and how many other electrons there are.
In atomic theory and quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a quantum number.
Each such orbital can be occupied by one or two electrons.
The way orbitals are arranged is related to the electron configurations of atoms.
They were derived from descriptions provided by early spectroscopists of certain alkali metal spectroscopic lines as being sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental.
It has an area of  and has, as of 2003, about 315,200 inhabitants.
Official Homepage (English version)
Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg is a borough of Berlin.
It is a new borough, only made in 2001 by joining the old boroughs of Friedrichshain and Kreuzberg.
It occupies  and has a population of about 255,200 as of 2003.
Xhain.info - Private Portal (in German)
Lichtenberg is a borough of Berlin, Germany.
In 2001 it took over the old borough of Hohenschönhausen.
Lichtenberg now has an area of  and a population (as of 2003) of about 260,200 inhabitants.
Lichtenberg contains the Tierpark Berlin, the larger of Berlin's two zoological parks.
Lichtenberg was also the site of the headquarters of the Stasi, the East German intelligence service.
The complex is now a museum.
Official Homepage (in German)
Proteaceae is a family of flowering plants.
Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it is a fairly large family, with around 80 genera but fewer than 2000 species.
Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales.
Traditionally divided in two subfamilies:Persoonioideae and Grevilleoideae.
Recently, workers have recognized seven subfamilies:
Persoonioideae,
Bellendenoideae,
Eidotheoideae,
Proteoideae,
Sphalmioideae,
Carnarvonioideae
Grevilleoideae
Protea family
toxicosis in dogs
Phylogeny, biogeography, and the evolution of life-history traits in Leucadendron (Proteaceae)
Marzahn-Hellersdorf is one of the 12 new boroughs of Berlin.
It was created in 2001 when the old boroughs of Marzahn and Hellersdorf were merged (joined together).
Marzahn-Hellersdorf is in northeast Berlin.
It has borders with Lichtenberg in the west, Treptow-Köpenick in the south and the state of Brandenburg in the east and north.
Lauingen
Budapest IVth borough and XVth borough
Marzahn-Hellersdorf Website (in German)
Photo essay
A billionaire is a person who has a net worth of at least one billion (1,000,000,000) units of currency.
This is usually used for major currencies with large values, like Pound Sterlings £, American dollars $, or Euros €.
Billionaires (in United States dollars)
In March 2021, there were 2,755 people in the world who were considered to be billionaires (in United States dollars).
Every year, the American business magazine Forbes, and its website, releases a list of billionaires called The World's Billionaires.
The number of billionaires per million people
Neukölln is a borough of Berlin.
It has an area of  and has, as of 2003, about 307,400 inhabitants and one of the highest percentage of foreigners in Berlin.
When it was first mentioned in 1360, the village was called Richardsdorf and owned by the Order of St. John
In 1737, Frederick William I of Prussia let Moravians from Bohemia settle in the area.
They built their own church and houses off the village centre along the road to Berlin, which is now called Richardstraße.
The new Bohemian village was granted its own constitution in 1797.
When both parts of the village were reunited in 1874, the population was 8,000 inhabitants.
It had nearly doubled, to 15,000 by the next year.
On 1 May 1899 the area, then the largest village of Prussia, became an independent city and got its current name in 1912.
Its independence ended in 1920, when it was made part of Greater Berlin .
Between 1966 and 1975, the "Gropiusstadt" was built.
This city-within-a-city  was designed by architect Walter Gropius.
Gropius was the last director of the Bauhaus school of arts and architecture, which set up in Berlin when it moved from Dessau.
Gropiusstadt has over 60,000 inhabitants.
Individuals associated with Neukölln
"Neuköln" (deliberately spelt with one 'l') is an instrumental piece by David Bowie, the ninth track on his 1977 album "Heroes".
The last track of Miss Kittin's first solo album I Com is called "Neukölln 2".
WebTV from Berlin, Neukoelln
Pankow [] is one of the new borough of Berlin.
In 2001, the old borough of Pankow was merged (joined) with the former boroughs of Prenzlauer Berg and Weißensee.
It has an area of  and about 347,100 inhabitants.
Pankow's current mayor is Matthias Koehne (SPD).
Between 1945 and 1960 many members of the government of East Germany lived in the Majakowskiring district of Pankow.
Western writers often called Pankow capital of East Germany, or used Pankow as shorthand for the East German government.
Reinickendorf is a borough of Berlin.
It has an area of  and has, as of December 31 2003, 246,577 inhabitants.
Parts of town
Reinickendorf (73,847)
Märkisches Viertel (35,833)
Tegel (33,873)
Wittenau (29,597)
Heiligensee (17,800)
Frohnau (17,309)
Hermsdorf (16,950)
Waidmannslust (10,316)
Konradshöhe/Tegelort (6,031)
Lübars (5,021).
- Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
Pasithee or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
It was named in August 2003 after Pasithee, one of the Charites, goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity and fertility, daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) by Eurynome.
Pasithee, better known as Aglaea, is the spouse of Hypnos (Sleep) and presides to hallucinations and hallucinogens.
Steglitz-Zehlendorf is a borough of Berlin.
It was formed in 2001 when the former boroughs of Steglitz and Zehlendorf were joined together.
Steglitz-Zehlendorf has an area of  and has, as of 2003, about 288,300 inhabitants.
Its current mayor is Norbert Kopp (CDU).
The Bierpinsel (literally, "Beer Brush"), a 1970s style tower in Steglitz
The Botanical Garden in Berlin
The Library of the Philological Faculty at the Free University of Berlin in Dahlem, by Norman Foster
The Wannsee lake and villa, home to the notorious Wannsee Conference
Lichterfelde West Villen Kolonie - exclusive residential area of 1860 with tree lined and cobbled streets
Thrillville is a PlayStation 2, Xbox and PlayStation Portable video game.
It was made by LucasArts and Frontier Developments.
Players make their own theme park.
They make roller coasters, game stalls, rides, race tracks and food and drink shops.
Uncle Mortimer, a strange scientist, puts the player in charge of Thrillville.
It is a large theme park with roller coasters, games, rides, and racetracks.
The player then picks a character.
The character can be moved through each theme park.
He must try to finish missions in the theme park before he can move on to the next one.
Garrison, another theme park owner, has his own theme park called Globo-joy.
Globo-joy competes against Thrillville.
The player must do difficult tasks to make Thrillville the best theme park.
RC wars: Players must drive remote-control cars into each other, to try to make the other car explode.
Event Horizon: Players can pick between four space ships.
Each ship has a different weapon.
The goal is to destroy the other ships.
Robot Invasion, Hauntings, Pirate Raiders, and Wild Frontier: Players move around in a battle arena.
They can shoot either the other players or robot enemies.
Trojan Quest: Players can pick between four heroes.
Playes must kill skeletons and evil monsters.
Luftwaffe 109: Players can pick between four airplanes.
They must shoot down enemy airplanes.
Trampolines: Players bounce on a trampoline, doing tricks in the air.
Minigolf: Players play a game of miniature golf.
Mechanic: Players arrange tubes to fit on a board.
They have to connect one part of the board to another.
Thrillville: Off the Rails
Thrillville: Off the Rails was the second game of the series.
It came out in 2007 for the PlayStation 2, Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable and Microsoft Windows. "
Off the Rails" allows roller coasters to crash.
It also added more minigames, characters with conversation skills amd more options.
Off the Rails also added many songs including  "Parklife" by Blur and "Smile (Lily Allen song)" by Lily Allen.
Ford bought the Volvo car company in 1999.
In 2010 Geely bought the Volvo Car Company.
Today there are two companies.
1: Volvo Cars that produces standard size cars.
2: Volvo Group that produces trucks, boat engines, buses and more.
In March 2010, Ford signed a deal to sell Volvo to Chinese car maker Geely for $1.8 billion.
Volvo cars has is making all of it's cars zero emission by the year 2030.
Tempelhof-Schöneberg has an area of  and has, as of November 2004, about 335.000 inhabitants.
Its current mayor is Ekkehard Band (SPD).
Treptow-Köpenick has an area of  and has, as of 2003, about 233,700 inhabitants.
It's current mayor is Gabriele Schöttler (SPD).
Platanaceae is a family of flowering plants.
The family has only one genus platanus.
This genus has six to ten species of tall trees.
The trees grow naturally in temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
In all species, the flowers grow in dense groups of small flowers.
The fruits are small achenes with hairs near the base.
Microsoft Office Online is the website of Microsoft Office.
It has images, articles, templates, downloads and other attractions.
Office Live
Visual Studio Tools for Office (Sometime written as VSTO) is an add-on product for Microsoft's Visual Studio product that enables developers to create applications using Microsoft Office.
Visual Studio Tools for Office page
Callirrhoe or , is one of Jupiter's farthest named moons.
It was found by Spacewatch on October 6, 1999 and originally designated as an asteroid ().
It was found to be in orbit around Jupiter by Tim Spahr on July 18, 2000, and then given the designation .
Mneme or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
in 2003, and was designated S/2003 J 21.
It was named in March 2005 after Mneme, one of the three original Muses.
She is sometimes confused with Mnemosyne, mother of the Muses (the three or the nine, depending on the author) by Zeus (Jupiter).
The lift coefficient (CL or CZ) is coefficient without a dimension that relates the lift generated by an airfoil, the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow around the airfoil, and the planform area of the airfoil.
It may also be described as the ratio of lift pressure to dynamic pressure.
Lift coefficient may be used to relate the total lift generated by an aircraft to the total area of the wing of the aircraft.
Lift coefficent may also be used as a characteristic of a particular shape (or cross-section) of an airfoil.
Karl Dönitz ( ) (16 September 1891 – 24 December 1980) was a German naval leader.
He commanded the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) during the second half of World War II.
Dönitz was also President of Germany for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide.
For his role in World War II, Dönitz was referred to as "der Löwe" (the Lion).
Dönitz was born in Berlin.
He entered the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) in 1911.
During World War I, he served on surface ships.
Later he was transferred to submarines (U-boats).
He remained in the navy after the war and rose through the ranks of the German Navy of the Weimar Republic (Reichsmarine) and the German Navy of the Third Reich (Kriegsmarine).
He became a Großadmiral.
He served as Commander of Submarines (Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote, B.d.
U.).
Later, he became Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy (Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine).
He got this position, even though he never joined the Nazi Party.
Under his command, the U-boat fleet fought the Battle of the Atlantic.
He also served as Reichspräsident for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide.
He ended the war as a prisoner-of-war of the British.
After the war Dönitz was charged and convicted of "crimes against peace" and "war crimes" at the Nuremberg Trials.
He served ten years in prison.
He ordered the unrestricted submarine warfare which was done by Germany in the North Atlantic.
With this, he caused Germany to be in breach of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.
At his trial, evidence was shown that the Allies had acted similarly.
For this reason, this breach of international law had no impact on his sentence.
After his release from prison, Dönitz moved to Aumühle, a small village near Hamburg.
During his later years, he wrote two autobiographies.