the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
There are many kinds of saw.
Some of them are hand tools that work with muscle power, like the saw in the picture.
Some saws have other sources of power and can be very powerful, such as a chainsaw that is used to cut down trees.
The work carried out with a saw is usually noisy.
Using a saw to cut materials is dangerous because of sharp teeth.
Care must be taken not to let sharp edges touch the skin.
Parts of the material being cut can fly off the work and become a hazard to breathing, to eyes and to the skin.
Hand saws
Or hand powered saws.
These use the motion of a person's arm to make a cut.
Push saws
Pull saws
The  is a type of saw used in woodworking.
These saws typically cut on the pull stroke (when the saw is pulled backwards).
Power saws
There are several kinds of mechanically powered saws.
Some are powered by electricity from a wall socket.
Others are powered by batteries.
Still others can be powered by Internal combustion engines, steam, or water power.
Chain saw
A saw designed to cut down trees or cut branches from trees is a chainsaw.
A chainsaw is named for the row of teeth attached to a flexible chain.
The cut is often very rough and often has splinters.
Circular saws use a round blade, usually between 7 and 10 inches.
They are often very powerful and can cut through hard or soft wood.
They use interchangeable round blades.
The blade can be designed to cut any of a number of kinds of materials from steel, to wood, to masonry.
Jig saws
Jig saws move the blade up and down to cut through materials.
The stroke (or up and down movement) is usually less than one inch (25.4 mm).
These saws are very good for making curved cuts.
Jig saws use a variety of interchangeable blades for cutting different materials.
Some blades make very smooth cuts.
Tennessee is a state in the United States.
Its capital is Nashville, which is also the country music center of America.
It is the home of the Smoky Mountains which are a famous tourist attraction.
Other well known cities and towns are Memphis, Knoxville, Chattanooga, Oak Ridge, Lynchburg, Carthage, Lawrenceburg, Clarksville, Lebanon, Pigeon Forge, Murfreesboro, and Gatlinburg.
Tennessee touches eight states: Kentucky and Virginia to the north; North Carolina to the east; Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi on the south; Arkansas and Missouri (by the Mississippi River) to the west.
Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states.
Cherokee and other Native American tribes lived in Tennessee before the arrival of Europeans.
African American slaves worked on plantations in the state.
Tennessee is known for its country music and Southern cuisine.
Colleges and universities in Tennessee
1796 establishments in the United States
Connecticut is a state in the United States.
Its capital is Hartford, and its largest city is Bridgeport.
Geography-Climate
The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state.
The highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet (42° 3' N; 73° 29' W), on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts.
The Connecticut River cuts through the center of the state, flowing into Long Island Sound, Connecticut's outlet to the Atlantic Ocean.
Further information: List of Connecticut rivers
The state, although small, has regional variations in its landscape and culture from the wealthy estates of Fairfield County's "Gold Coast" to the rolling mountains and horse-farms of the Litchfield Hills of northwestern Connecticut.
Connecticut's rural areas and small towns in the northeast and northwest corners of the state contrast sharply with its industrial cities, located along the coastal highways from the New York border to New Haven, then northwards to Hartford, as well as further up the coast near New London.
Many towns center around a small park, known as a "green," (such as the New Haven Green).
Near the green may stand a small white church, a town meeting hall, a tavern, and several colonial houses.
Forests, rivers, lakes, waterfalls and a sandy shore add to the state's beauty.
The northern boundary of the state with Massachusetts is marked by the distinctive Southwick Jog/Granby Notch, an approximately 2.5 mile (4.0 km) square detour into Connecticut slightly west of the center of the border.
Somewhat surprisingly, the origin of this anomaly is uncertain, with stories ranging from surveyors who were drunk, attempting to avoid hostile Native Americans, or taking a shortcut up the Connecticut River; Massachusetts residents attempting to avoid Massachusetts' high taxes for the low taxes of Connecticut; Massachusetts' interest in the resources represented by the Congamond Lakes which lie on the border of the jog; and the need to compensate Massachusetts for an amount of land given to Connecticut due to inaccurate survey work.
Perhaps the only suggested reason which can be safely ruled out is that the jog is necessary to prevent Massachusetts from sliding out into the Atlantic Ocean!
In any event, the dispute over the border retarded the development of the region, since neither state would invest in even such basic amenities as schools for the area until the dispute had been settled.
The southwestern border of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State, is marked by a panhandle in Fairfield County, containing Greenwich, Stamford, Fairfield, Westport, Wilton, and Darien, housing some of the wealthiest residents in the world.
This irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 1600s, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut, in exchange for an equivalent area extending northwards from Ridgefield, Connecticut to the Massachusetts border as well as undisputed claim to Rye, New York.
Cities and towns in Connecticut
Ansonia
The name "Connecticut" comes from the Mohegan Indian word "Quinnehtukqut".
It means "Long River Place" or "Beside the Long Tidal River."
The first explorer from Europe to come to Connecticut was Adriaen Block, from the Netherlands.
After he explored this region in 1614, Dutch fur traders sailed up the Connecticut River (Named Versche Rivier by the Dutch) and built a fort near present-day Hartford, which they called "House of Hope" (Dutch: Huys de Hoop).
The first English settlers came in 1633.
They were Puritans from Massachusetts, who were led by the Reverend Thomas Hooker.
They founded the Connecticut Colony.
Colonies were also established at Old Saybrook  and New Haven, which later became part of Connecticut.
Historically important colonial settlements included: Windsor (1633), Wethersfield (1634), Saybrook (1635), Hartford (1636), New Haven (1638), and New London (1646).
Because the Dutch were outnumbered by the English settlers, they left their fort in 1654.
Connecticut's first constitution, the "Fundamental Orders," was adopted on January 14, 1639, while its current constitution, the third for Connecticut, was adopted in 1965.
Connecticut is the fifth of the original thirteen states.
According to a 1650 agreement with the Dutch, the western boundary of Connecticut ran north from the west side of Greenwich Bay "provided the said line come not within 10 miles [16 km] of Hudson River."
On the other hand, Connecticut's original Charter in 1662 granted it all the land to the "South Sea," i.e. the Pacific Ocean.
This probably added confusion to the early forefathers because the Pacific Ocean is located on the west coast of the United States.
Agreements with New York, the "Pennamite Wars" with Pennsylvania over Westmoreland County, followed by Congressional intervention, and the relinquishment and sale of the Western Reserve lands brought the state to its present boundaries.
List of hurricanes in Connecticut
www.ct.gov
www.tourism.state.ct.us
Wyoming is a state in the western United States.
Most of the state is in the Rocky Mountains, a large mountain range in the United States.
Wyoming is the least populated U.S. state with a population of 576,412 people.
Its capital and biggest city is Cheyenne.
It borders Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, Utah, Idaho, and Colorado.
Wyoming is 97,914 square miles in area, which makes it the 9th largest state in the United States.
The first people to live in Wyoming were the Paleo-Indians.
By the time the Europeans arrived the land was inhabited by a large number of Native American tribes.
Some of the major tribes were the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Ute, and Shoshone.
Agriculture has always been an important part of the state economy of Wyoming.
The main things grown in Wyoming are livestock (beef), hay, sugar beets, grain (wheat and barley), and wool.
Famous people from Wyoming
Former Vice President Dick Cheney
Former Second Lady Lynne Cheney
Author Patricia MacLachlan
Cities and towns in Wyoming
Afton
Baggs
Big Piney
Clearmont
Cokeville
Crowheart
Deaver
Farson
Greybull
Hyattville
Kemerer
La Barge
Lance Creek
Lusk
Lyman
Manderson
Meeteetse
Pine Bluffs
Pinedale
Ralston
Rawlins
Ten Sleep
Thermopolis
Wheatland
Worland
1890 establishments in the United States
Mississippi is one of the states of the United States.
Its capital and largest city is Jackson.
The state flower and tree are the magnolia.
Other large cities are Biloxi, Greenville, Gulfport, Hattiesburg, Meridian, Pascagoula, Southaven, Tupelo, Starkville, and Vicksburg.
It touches Arkansas (by the Mississippi River), Louisiana, Tennessee, and Alabama.
The first people to settle in Mississippi were Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans.
African slaves worked on cotton plantations in the state.
Mississippi has the highest percentage of African Americans of any state.
1817 establishments in the United States
Delaware () is a state in the United States.
It is sometimes called the First State because it was the first colony to accept the new constitution in 1787.
Its capital is Dover and its biggest city is Wilmington.
It is the second smallest state in the United States.
The Dutch first settled Delaware.
The Swedish then took over in the mid-1600s.
Delaware is  long and ranges from  to  across, totaling , making it the second-smallest state in the United States after Rhode Island.
Delaware is bounded to the north by Pennsylvania; to the east by the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean; and to the west and south by Maryland.
Delaware is on a level plain, with the lowest mean elevation of any state in the nation.
Its highest elevation, located at Ebright Azimuth, near Concord High School, is less than  above sea level.
The transitional climate of Delaware supports a wide variety of vegetation.
In the northern third of the state are found Northeastern coastal forests and mixed oak forests typical of the northeastern United States.
In the southern two-thirds of the state are found Middle Atlantic coastal forests.
Trap Pond State Park, along with areas in other parts of Sussex County, for example, support the northernmost stands of bald cypress trees in North America.
Sister cities and states
Idaho is a state in the northwestern United States, and was the 43rd state to join the union.
Idaho became a state in 1890, and it is the 11th largest state in land area, and the 14th largest in total area (land and water).
Despite this, the population of Idaho was estimated at only 1,787,065 by the United States Census Bureau in 2019, making it ranked the 39th largest state by population.
Idaho is bordered by Washington and Oregon on the west, Montana and Wyoming on the east, Utah and Nevada on the south and the country of Canada (British Columbia) on the north side.
Idaho is known for its vast mountainous landscapes, and it is literally covered from north to south by the Rocky Mountains.
Idaho is also home to the massive Snake River, which comes from the Grand Tetons in Wyoming and eventually flows to meld with the Columbia River in Washington state.
This river dissects Hell's Canyon, the deepest gorge in America, which lies the state's Oregon border, and flows through south central Idaho.
This river provides a fertile plain which is the base for most of the state's agricultural industries,  and the production of the potatoes for which Idaho is known.
Idaho's state nickname is the "Gem State", despite also being known as the "Spud State", because of a man named George M. Willing who claimed it was derived from a Shoshone term.
Idaho's state motto is Esto perpetua, which is Latin for "Let it be forever".
Population > 100,000 (city area)
Boise (state capital)
Population > 50,000 (city area)
Idaho Falls – The main offices of the Idaho National Laboratory are here
Nampa – Home of Northwest Nazarene University
Pocatello – Home of Idaho State University
Meridian – Suburb of Boise
Population > 30,000 (city area)
Caldwell – Home of the College of Idaho
Coeur d'Alene – Home of North Idaho College, major tourist hub
Lewiston – Home of Lewis-Clark State College
Twin Falls – Home of College of Southern Idaho
Population > 10,000 (city area)
Ammon – Suburb of Idaho Falls
Blackfoot – Home of the Idaho Potato Museum
Eagle – Suburb of Boise
Garden City – Suburb of Boise
Kuna – Suburb of Boise
Moscow – Home of the University of Idaho
Mountain Home – U.S. Air Force Base
Post Falls
Rexburg – Home of Brigham Young University-Idaho
Smaller Towns and Cities
American Falls – First town to be entirely moved
Arco – First city to be lit by electricity from a nuclear power plant
Bonners Ferry – Northernmost major town in Idaho
Buhl – "Trout capital of the world"
Bone- Population 2
Driggs – skiing
Firth
Fruitland
Filer – Suburb of Twin Falls
Hazelton
Homedale – town's name was chosen from a hat
Kimberly – Suburb of Twin Falls
Kellogg – skiing
Malad City
McCall – skiing
Melba, Idaho - South of Nampa, Idaho
Montpelier bank robbed by the wild bunch
Mullan – mining for silver, lead, zinc
New Meadows - at the 45th parallel north
New Plymouth – first planned community in Idaho, third west of the Rocky Mountains
Notus
Oakley – pioneer town, home of many historic buildings
Orofino – Clearwater County seat, site of Dworshak Dam
Paris – Bear Lake County seat
Payette – Payette County seat
Plummer- CDA tribal headquarters
Preston- location of the 2004 film Napoleon Dynamite and the annual International Bed Races
Rupert- Minidoka County seat
Rigby – Television birthplace
Salmon – Gateway to "River of No Return" (Salmon River)
Sandpoint – skiing (Schweitzer Mountain Ski Resort) and Recreation Lake Pend Oreille
Shelley – Home of the Russet SPUD
Soda Springs – U.S.'s only captive geyser
St. Anthony – sand dunes and several lava tubes
St. Maries – Benewah County seat
Stanley, Idaho – center of the Sawtooth mountains
Sun Valley – Year-round resort with skiing
Wallace – Historic district and Shoshone County seat
Weiser – Washington County seat, home of the National Oldtime Fiddlers' Contest
Worley – casino
Idaho was formerly Idaho Territory, until July 27, 1890, when it became the 43rd state.
In the 1930s, Idaho suffered a lot economically as as a result of the Great Depression.
Prices plummeted for Idaho's major crops: in 1932, a bushel of potatoes was worth only ten cents compared to $1.51 in 1919, while Idaho farmers´  annual income of $686 in 1929 fell to just $250 by 1932.
Today, Idaho is a very conservative state.
In the 2016 election, just two counties in Idaho supported Hillary Clinton.
Idaho as a whole last voted Democratic in 1964, and that by a narrow margin of less than 2 percent.
Both of Idaho's senators (Jim Risch and Mike Crapo) are Republican.
Manila () is the capital city of the Philippines.
It is one of the largest cities in the Philippines.
Manila is on the biggest island of the Philippines, Luzon.
Manila is by a bay named Manila Bay.
The metropolitan area, called Metro Manila, is much larger.
It stretches across a thin strip of land (called an isthmus) to a lake called "Laguna de Bay".
Manila has a population of 1.78 million people.
Cities in the Philippines
DiC Entertainment (DiC) was an international/Canadian-American movie and television production company founded in 1971 as D.i.
C. Audiovisuel by Jean Chalopin in France.
In 2008 Cookie Jar Group bought out DiC and then merged it with Cookie Jar Entertainment.
Dic Entertainment is now owned by DHX Media.
In the 1985-1988 DiC theme, the 7th Yamaha DX7 internal factory patch "Marimba" or 7th Yamaha DX7 internal factory patch "Marimba" mixed with the synth noise/noise/Fairlight CMI III (1984-1989) patch "Choir" that is similar to the Roland D-50 synth noise/Roland D-50 noise.
Its American arm was started in 1982 as DiC Enterprises.
The company's United States headquarters were in Burbank, California.
In 2000 with an investment by Bain Capital, Heyward re-purchased DiC Enterprises (as it was then known).
He purchased Bain Capital's part in 2004.
In early 2006, DiC Entertainment and CBS Corporation signed a multi-year deal for a new 3-hour long programming block for Saturday mornings on CBS.
The resulting KOL Secret Slumber Party on CBS was started the following fall.
On June 20, 2008, it was announced that DiC would be bought out by Cookie Jar Group.
On July 23, 2008, Cookie Jar completed the buy out of DiC Entertainment, and then it was merged with Cookie Jar Entertainment.
DIC Entertainment (Archive)
Streaming Episodes
DIC Entertainment Cartoons at the Big Cartoon Database
Animation studios
1971 establishments
2008 disestablishments
The Hobbit, or There and Back Again, is a book written by J. R. R. Tolkien.
It was first published on September 21, 1937.
Tolkien wrote it in the 1930s for his children as a bedtime story.
The story takes place before The Lord of the Rings.
Although Tolkien borrowed (for example names and background) from his own Middle-earth storyline, The Hobbit was at first not intended to be part of it.
Only later, when Tolkien wrote The Lord of the Rings, did he integrate the story of both Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings into his Middle-earth world.
Bilbo Baggins is a hobbit, who lives a quiet life in the Shire, who goes on an unexpected adventure during the book.
He is visited by the wizard Gandalf the Grey, who enlists him to travel with a group of 13 dwarves, as a burglar.
Thorin Oakenshield is the leader of the group of dwarves, and true King under the Mountain of the old Dwarven kingdom of the Lonely Mountain.
The dwarves are on an adventure to get their old kingdom back from the dragon Smaug, who conquered the Lonely Mountain and made the dwarves flee years before.
The other dwarves are and Thorin's young nephews Fíli and Kíli, Thorin's cousins Balin and Dwalin, Óin and Glóin, Dori, Nori, Ori, and the dwarves Bifur, Bofur and Bombur.
The hobbit Bilbo Baggins lives a quiet and peaceful life.
One day the wizard Gandalf comes to him, and with him thirteen dwarves: Thorin Oakenshield, Fíli and Kíli, Balin, Dwalin, Óin, Glóin, Dori, Nori, Ori, Bifur, Bofur, and Bombur.
The dwarves tell their story: A long time ago they lived in the Lonely Mountain.
Thorin's father was their king, the King under the Mountain.
But one day the dragon Smaug came to the Lonely Mountain and killed all of the dwarves he found.
The dragon took their treasure and now lives in the Lonely Mountain.
But some of the dwarves could flee.
Now the dwarves want to go back the Lonely Mountain, and get back their home and treasures from the dragon.
Gandalf wants Bilbo to come with them, and work as a master thief.
At first Bilbo does not want to, but later he goes with them.
Gandalf, the dwarves, and Bilbo start to go east on their journey to the Lonely Mountain.
After Gandalf saves the group from three trolls, they find the trolls' cave.
Among the trolls' things there is some gold and swords.
Gandalf, Thorin, and Bilbo each get a sword.
The group continues on to the elven city Rivendell.
Its master, Elrond, gives them helpful information.
As the group travels east over the Misty Mountains, they are attacked by Goblins (Orcs).
The Goblins take the dwarves and Bilbo into their caves.
Gandalf saves them and the group flees.
During their flight Bilbo gets lost, and tries to find a way out by himself.
In the tunnels Bilbo finds a ring, which he puts in his pocket.
By an underground lake, Bilbo meets the creature Gollum.
Gollum and Bilbo play a game of riddles.
If Bilbo wins the game, Gollum will show him the way out; if Gollum wins, he will eat Bilbo.
When Bilbo does not know another riddle to ask Gollum, he finds the ring in his pocket and asks himself: "What have I got in my pocket?"
Gollum thinks this is a riddle, but cannot answer it, and so Bilbo wins the game.
Gollum is angry and does not want to help Bilbo.
Gollum then goes away to get something he owns: a magical ring, which turns the wearer invisible.
Gollum cannot find his ring, and realizes that Bilbo has it.
Gollum goes back, but Bilbo is afraid and runs away.
While running, the ring slips on Bilbo's finger and he becomes invisible.
Gollum runs past Bilbo, towards the way out of the caves.
Bilbo realizes that the ring makes him invisible.
With the help of the ring he can follow Gollum and get out of the caves.
Outside, Bilbo again meets Gandalf and the dwarves.
The group is attacked by Goblins and Wargs, but saved by the Great Eagles.
The group comes to the home of Beorn, a big man that can become a bear.
After staying at Beorn's house, they continue to the forest Mirkwood.
At the border of Mirkwood, Gandalf leaves the group.
Bilbo and the dwarves have go through Mirkwood without him.
The dwarves are attacked and captured by giant spiders.
With the help of his ring and his sword, Bilbo saves them.
Bilbo names his sword Sting.
The Wood-Elves capture the dwarves.
Bilbo again uses the ring and saves the dwarves.
He frees them and puts them into barrels, which he lets swim down a river out of Mirkwood.
The group comes to Lake-town, a human city near the Lonely Mountain.
The dwarves and Bilbo travel to the Lonely Mountain.
They can find the secret door into the mountain, and open it.
Bilbo goes in two times and meets the dragon Smaug.
Bilbo steals a golden cup, and finds out that Smaug has a weak place on his left chest.
Bilbo tells this to the dwarves, but a thrush (a bird) also hears it.
Smaug is angry and goes out to destroy Lake-town.
But in Laketown the thrush tells the archer Bard of the dragon's weak point, and Bard shoots the dragon.
A big part of Laketown is destroyed, but Smaug is killed.
The dwarves are happy to be back in their old home, and to have their old treasures back.
Thorin sends a message to the dwarves of his people, and tells them to come.
But soon the people from Laketown and the Mirkwood-Elves arrive.
Both peoples want a part of the treasure, but the dwarves do not want to give them anything.
The humans and elves start a siege of the Lonely Mountain.
After a while the other dwarves of Thorin's people come: Dáin II Ironfoot and an army of dwarves.
The three armies almost start to fight each other, but then the wizard Gandalf appears.
Gandalf tells them that an army of Goblins is coming to the Lonely Mountain, and because of that the humans, elves, and dwarves have to fight the Goblins together.
The Battle of Five Armies is long and hard, but is finally won with the help of the Great Eagles and Beorn.
Thorin's nephews Fíli and Kíli are killed in the battle.
Thorin is wounded and dies afterwards.
Dáin becomes King under the Mountain.
Everyone gets a part of the dwarves' treasure.
In the end Bilbo returns home, and lives happily everafter.
The Hobbit has been adapted many times.
The Hobbit (movie series), a live action film in three parts, called The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012), The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013) and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014).
1937 books
British novels
The Lord of the Rings is a book written by J. R. R. Tolkien.
It was first published in 1954.
It is split in three parts (or volumes), which are named The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King.
It was written after Hobbit.
The Lord of the Rings takes place in Tolkien's fictional world, called Middle-earth.
Middle-earth has its own geography, several different races and peoples (elves, dwarves, humans, hobbits, ents), their languages, and a history that is thousands of years old.
The plot of The Lord of the Rings is about the war of the peoples of Middle-earth against a dark lord (who is the 'Lord of the Rings' of the title).
At the same time they try to destroy a ring which would give the dark lord a lot of power if he got it, but the only place to destroy the ring is deep into the territory of the enemy.
The Lord of the Rings has also been made into  films, the most well-known is the film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson.
The Lord of the Rings began as a sequel to Tolkien's earlier fantasy book, The Hobbit, but quickly became a much larger story.
He also moved its (and The Hobbit'''s) story into his fictional world Middle-earth, which he had already invented long before he wrote The Hobbit.
Tolkien wrote the story between 1937 and 1949.
It was originally published in three parts in the years 1954 and 1955.
Since then, The Lord of the Rings has been translated into 38 languages.
It is one of the most popular stories in 20th-century literature and has been an important book for the fantasy genre.
The Lord of the Rings is often called a trilogy, because the publisher split the book into three parts because of the book's size.
Tolkien himself had sub-divided The Lord of the Rings into six parts, called Book I-VI, according to the plot.
Tolkien never liked it being published in three parts or called a trilogy.
The backstory of The Lord of the Rings begins thousands of years before the action in the book.
In the Second Age, the Dark Lord Sauron wanted to rule Middle-earth.
He disguised himself as Annatar, the "Lord of Gifts", and pretended to be good.
As Annatar he told the elves how to make magical rings which give power to their wearers.
Sauron and the elves together made sixteen rings.
The Elves also made three rings by themselves, called Vilya, Nenya and Narya.
These nineteen rings were the Rings of Power.
But Sauron secretly forged a Great Ring of his own, the One Ring.
In this Ring Sauron put half of his power.
He planned to control the wearers of the other rings with this One Ring.
But the Elves finally realized that Annatar really was the evil Sauron and hid the Rings of Power.
Sauron then started a war.
During this war he took back the sixteen rings which he had made together with the Elves.
Seven of these rings he gave to the kings of the dwarves, and nine rings he gave to human kings.
These human kings became the Nazgûl, the Ringwraiths, ghostly servants of Sauron.
Led by Gil-galad and Elendil, the Elves and the Men of Gondor and Arnor formed the Last Alliance of Men and Elves to fight Sauron.
There was a long war and siege of Sauron's fortress Barad-dûr.
In the last battle, Gil-galad and Elendil were killed by Sauron.
After his father's death, Elendil' son Isildur cut off the One Ring from Sauron's hand.
Sauron was defeated and the war ended.
Because half of Sauron's power was in the One Ring, Sauron did not die fully.
His spirit still existed as long as the Ring existed.
The elves told Isildur to destroy the One Ring, but Isildur did not want to and kept it.
The One Ring was lost when Isildur was attacked by Orcs.
Isildur tried to escape, but he was killed when he lost the Ring.
In the Third Age, the Ring was found by the Stoor hobbit Déagol, who was killed by his friend Sméagol over the Ring.
Sméagol went to live under the Misty Mountains, where he kept the Ring for five hundred years, and he became known by the name Gollum.
In The Hobbit the Ring is found by the hobbit Bilbo Baggins.
He thinks it is an unimportant 'magic ring' that simply makes its wearer invisible.
Bilbo keeps it, and brings it back with him to the Shire at the end of his journey.
There the One Ring stayed until the beginning of the story of The Lord of the Rings.
Book I
The book begins in the Third Age of Middle-earth, in the Shire, the land of the hobbits.
Sixty years after his adventures in the book The Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins is living in the Shire with his adopted cousin Frodo Baggins.
But Bilbo wants to make another long journey.
After a birthday party for his 111th birthday, and Frodo's 33rd birthday, Bilbo leaves the Shire.
His home, Bag End, and the One Ring now belong to Frodo.
For another eighteen years nothing happens in Frodo's life.
In April of the year 3018, the wizard Gandalf the Grey, who is a friend of Bilbo and Frodo, comes to Bag End.
He tells Frodo that his 'magic ring' is really the One Ring of Sauron, and tells him its backstory.
Sauron is returning and getting more powerful, because he could not die while the Ring still existed.
Sauron is now also searching for the Ring.
Gandalf tells Frodo that he has to leave the Shire and take the One Ring to Rivendell, an Elven city.
Samwise Gamgee, Frodo's gardener and servant, will go with Frodo.
Gandalf promises to meet the two hobbits halfway in the town Bree.
Then Gandalf leaves.
Frodo and Sam prepare to leave the Shire in September 3018.
On their way to leave the Shire they are already followed by Sauron's Ringwraiths.
Frodo's cousins, Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck and Peregrin "Pippin" Took also come with them.
The four hobbits journey eastwards through the Old Forest, and over the Barrow-downs.
They come to Bree, but Gandalf is not there.
They meet a man named Strider, and they get a letter from Gandalf.
In the letter they are told to go with Strider, who is really named Aragorn.
The hobbits continue their journey to Rivendell with Aragorn.
On the mountain Weathertop they are attacked by the Ringwraiths, and Frodo is badly wounded by their leader, the Witch-king.
Aragorn can defend them, and helps Frodo to stay alive.
Along the way they meet the elf Glorfindel.
Shortly before Rivendell they are attacked again.
Frodo can flee on Glorfindel's horse, followed by the Ringwraiths.
Frodo crosses the river Bruinen, beyond which is Rivendell, but the Ringwraiths still follow him.
Suddenly the river floods, which carries the Ringwraiths away.
Frodo falls unconscious because of the stab wound.
Frodo wakes up in Rivendell.
He has been healed by the elven lord Elrond, and Frodo's friends are also well.
Gandalf is in Rivendell, as are messengers from other peoples.
Frodo also meets Bilbo again, who has lived in Rivendell for the past years.
The next day the Council of Elrond is held.
The messengers of the different peoples all tell the stories why they have come, which are connected to Sauron's doings.
Elrond tells them of Sauron and the One Ring.
Many other things are told and revealed.
Aragorn is the descendant of Isildur.
The wizard Saruman has betrayed the free peoples and turned to evil.
Also, the One Ring cannot be used by anyone except Sauron.
The One Ring turns normal people invisible, but it also corrupts them, makes its wearer power-hungry, and the ring only does evil.
The Council decides that the One Ring has to be destroyed, which will also truly kill Sauron forever.
But the One Ring can only be destroyed if it is thrown into the volcano Mount Doom in Sauron's land Mordor, where the One Ring was made.
The Council sends Frodo, the Ring-bearer, to destroy the Ring, and eight companions to help him.
These nine people are the Fellowship of the Ring: the four hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin, the elf Legolas, the dwarf Gimli, the two men Aragorn and Boromir, and Gandalf the Grey.
At the beginning of the year 3019 the Fellowship begins their long journey.
Before they go, Bilbo gives his sword Sting and his Mithril-armour to Frodo.
With Gandalf as their leader, the Fellowship first goes southwards through the land Hollin.
They try to go east over the Misty Mountains through the Redhorn Pass, but there is too much snow.
The Fellowship decides to go under the mountains, through the old Dwarven mines, which are called Khazad-dûm or Moria.
They almost manage to go through Moria without anything happening, but near the end they are attacked by Orcs.
There is also a Balrog, a demonic evil creature from the First Age.
Gandalf protects the Fellowship, but he and the Balrog fall into an abyss.
Aragorn leads the rest of the Fellowship out of Moria.
Now east of the Misty Mountains, the remaining Fellowship comes to the forest Lothlórien, the land of the Galadhrim, a wood-elven people.
The Fellowship is welcomed by Lady Galadriel and Lord Celeborn, the rulers of Lothlórien.
The Fellowship stay for a while.
When the Fellowship leaves Lóthlórien, the elves give them boats with which they can travel down the river Anduin.
Each member of the Fellowship also gets a present from Lady Galadriel.
The Fellowship travel down the river Anduin until they reach the Emyn Muil and the waterfall Rauros.
There they stop to decide where to go now: south to Boromir's home city Minas Tirith, or east to Mordor.
Frodo goes for a walk to help him decide.
He meets Boromir, who says that the Fellowship should go to Minas Tirith.
Boromir also begins to talk about using the Ring against Sauron.
Frodo realizes that Boromir is influenced by the One Ring.
Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo, but Frodo puts the Ring on, becomes invisible and escapes.
Boromir becomes himself again and is very sorry for what he tried to do.
Frodo decides that he will go alone to Mordor, so that the Ring cannot influence or hurt anyone else.
The rest of the Fellowship are worrying where Frodo is.
When Boromir comes and tells them that Frodo has run away, all of the Fellowship go and search for him.
Sam thinks about the situation, and realizes that Frodo wants to go to Mordor alone.
Sam runs back to the boats, and catches Frodo leaving.
In the end Frodo and Sam go east to Mordor together, to destroy the One Ring, and hoping that their friends in the Fellowship will be well.
The book begins with Aragorn, who finds a dying Boromir.
Boromir tells him that they were attacked by Orcs, who took Merry and Pippin with them.
Boromir says he is sorry for everything and dies.
Legolas and Gimli arrive.
As a funeral, the three put Boromir's body in one of their boats, which they let fall down the waterfall Rauros.
They find out that Frodo and Sam left them to go to Mordor, and that the Orcs that attacked them were Saruman's Orcs, who have taken Merry and Pippin.
They decide to follow the Orcs westwards to save Merry and Pippin.
West of the Emyn Muil they come into the land Rohan, home of the Rohirrim, the Horse-lords.
They meet a group of Rohirrim led by Éomer, nephew of King Théoden of Rohan.
Éomer and his men have killed the Orc group on the border of the forest Fangorn, but did not see Merry or Pippin.
Éomer gives them two horses, and Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli ride to the Fangorn forest.
Merry and Pippin were caught and taken away by a group of Saruman's Orcs, the Uruk-hai.
When the Orcs are surrounded and killed by the Rohirrim group, the two hobbits escape into the Fangorn Forest.
There they meet Treebeard, an Ent.
Ents are giant tree-like creatures.
Treebeard takes the hobbits with him, and they tell him what happens in the world outside Fangorn.
The Ents have a meeting called the Entmoot.
During the Entmoot, the Ents decide to fight Saruman.
Treebeard, the other Ents, and the two hobbits go to Isengard, Saruman's home.
In Fangorn, Aragon, Legolas and Gimli meet Gandalf.
He had died, but was sent back to Middle-earth as Gandalf the White, to further help the fight against Sauron.
Gandalf tells them that Merry and Pippin are well.
They then go to Edoras, the capital of Rohan.
Gandalf tells King Théoden that they have to go to war against Saruman.
Gríma Wormtongue, a spy and servant of Saruman, is cast out.
The people of Edoras, led by Éomer's sister Éowyn, flee to Dunharrow in the White Mountains, while the army of the Rohirrim goes to their fortress at Helm's Deep.
Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli go with the Rohirrim warriors, but Gandalf leaves once more without notice.
Saruman sends his army of ten thousand Uruk-hai, Orcs, and Dunland men to Helm's Deep.
The next morning Gandalf arrives with another Rohirrim army.
They defeat Saruman's army, and win the Battle of the Hornburg.
Gandalf, his friends, and a small group of Rohirrim then go to Isengard, Saruman's home.
But when they arrive it has already been destroyed by the Ents.
They also meet Merry and Pippin there.
They talk to Saruman, who still hides in his indestructible tower Orthanc.
Gandalf cast him from the Order of Wizards.
They find the palantír, which was thrown from the tower by Gríma.
The Palantíri are magical black stones with which one can see far away things, and communicate with other palantíri.
The group leaves Isengard and rests.
Pippin steals the palantír and looks in, and because of this is discovered by Sauron.
The group flees the place before the Nazgûl find them.
Gandalf and Pippin go to Minas Tirith, while the Rohirrim and other members of the Fellowship go back to Helm's Deep.
Book IV
Frodo and Sam are in the Emyn Muil mountains and journey eastwards to Mordor.
While they are still in the Emyn Muil, they are attacked by Gollum.
But the hobbits can defeat and catch him.
Gollum has to promise to show them the way into Mordor.
They go through the Dead Marshes and come to the Morannon, the Black Gate of Mordor.
They cannot go in, but Gollum says he knows a secret way into Mordor.
Frodo, Sam, and Gollum travel south through Ithilien.
There they see a battle between a group of Southrons from Harad and a group of Rangers of Gondor.
The hobbits are caught by the Gondorian group, which is led by Faramir, who is Boromir's brother.
But the next day Faramir lets the hobbits leave, because he also believes that the One Ring has to be destroyed.
Gollum leads the hobbits into Cirith Ungol in the Mountains of Shadow, but leaves the hobbits there alone.
They are hunted by Shelob, a giant spider living in these tunnels.
After almost escaping, Shelob stings Frodo, but is wounded and driven off by Sam.
Sam believes Frodo is dead, and takes the Ring to continue the quest and destroy it.
Frodo's body is found and taken away by a group of Orcs.
Sam follows them.
The leaders of the Orc group are talking, and Sam hears them say that Frodo is paralyzed, but still alive.
Gandalf and Pippin arrive in Minas Tirith, the capital of Gondor.
There they meet Denethor II, Steward of Gondor, and father of Boromir and Faramir.
Pippin becomes a member of the Guards of the Citadel.
Minas Tirith prepares for war.
The Rohirrim and Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli, and Merry are on their way to Helm's Deep.
Along the way they meet the Grey Company coming from Rivendell.
It is a group of thirty Dúnedain, which are Aragorn's people.
With the group are also Elladan and Elrohir, the sons of Elrond.
Aragorn uses the palantír.
Aragorn decides to take to the Paths of the Dead.
Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli, and the Grey Company go to Edoras, Dunharrow, and through the Paths of the Dead through the White Mountains.
There Aragorn calls an army of dead spirits to help him.
The Grey Company and the Dead Men of Dunharrow then go east.
The Rohirrim and Merry come to Dunharrow.
King Théoden takes the Rohirrim armies and goes to help Gondor in the war.
Merry is not allowed to go with them, but he secretly goes with a warrior named Dernhelm.
In Minas Tirith they meet Faramir, who tells them of his meeting with Frodo.
The next day Faramir goes off to defend the old city Osgiliath, but the city falls, and so do the outer defenses of Minas Tirith.
During the retreat Faramir is badly wounded.
Minas Tirith is besieged by the armies of Mordor, led by the Witch-king, the leader of the Nazgûl who (it was said) could not be killed by any man.
Denethor goes insane and burns himself, and almost also kills the injured Faramir, but this is prevented by Pippin and Gandalf.
The Rohirrim arrive.
The armies of Gondor and Rohan fight the armies of Mordor in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.
There, King Théoden is killed.
Dernhelm, who was really Éowyn (a woman), kills the Witch-king with Merry's help.
Aragorn comes with a fleet of black ships and another army of men from southern Gondor up the river Anduin.
Together they win the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.
Aragorn heals the wounded and sick Faramir, Éowyn, Merry, and many others, proving that he is the rightful King of Gondor.
Legolas and Gimli go into Minas Tirith and meet Merry and Pippin again.
There they also tell how they got the black ships with the help of the Army of the Dead.
The leaders of the armies of Men decide to attack Mordor, as a distraction so that Frodo can destroy the One Ring.
Aragorn and Gandalf lead an army of 7000 men to the Black Gate of Mordor.
There they fight the Battle of the Morannon against the overwhelmingly large army of Sauron.
During the battle Pippin falls unconscious, but he hears that the Great Eagles have come to help them.
Samwise comes to the Tower of Cirith Ungol, but the different Orc groups in it had a fight and almost all of them are now dead.
Sam frees Frodo and gives him back the One Ring.
The two hobbits disguise themselves as orcs, escape from the Tower and continue their journey through Mordor.
It is a hard journey, and the Ring's influence on Frodo is very strong now.
One time the hobbits are forced to walk with an army of orcs, but they can escape without being discovered.
The hobbits come to Mount Doom, where they are attacked by Gollum, who still wants the One Ring.
Frodo goes on alone into Mount Doom, but Sam has pity for Gollum and lets him live.
Sam follows Frodo into Mount Doom.
Frodo is finally overpowered by the One Ring, says it belongs to him and puts the Ring on, which makes Sauron know that he and the Ring are there.
Gollum comes back once more and fights with Frodo.
Gollum bites off Frodo's finger with the Ring.
Gollum is happy to have his Ring back, but makes a mistake: Gollum and the One Ring fall into the volcano, and the Ring is destroyed.
Sauron fully dies and his fortress Barad-dûr is destroyed.
At the Battle of the Morannon, the Orcs and other evil creatures no longer know what to do and are defeated easily, and the Battle is won.
Gandalf calls three of the Eagles, who then rescue Frodo and Sam.
They all return to Minas Tirith.
Aragorn becomes King of Gondor and Arnor.
Elves from Rivendell and Lothlórien come to Minas Tirith.
Aragon marries Arwen Undómiel, daughter of Elrond.
The Fellowship, the elves, and the Rohirrim go back to Rohan.
King Théoden is buried.
Éomer officially becomes King of Rohan, and Éowyn and Faramir are married.
They go on to Helm's Deep, were the fellowship finally splits.
Aragorn goes back to Minas Tirith, and Legolas and Gimli also leave to travel to their homes in the northeast.
The elves, hobbits and Gandalf go on.
At Isedgard they are told that Saruman has left.
Galadriel and the Lothlórien-elves leave the group to go back home east over the mountains.
The others come to Rivendell, where the hobbits meet Bilbo again.
The four hobbits and Gandalf leave Rivendell, to travel back to the Shire.
Gandalf leaves the hobbits after Bree.
The four hobbits come to the Shire, but Saruman with his men has taken over the land.
Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin lead the other hobbits in the fight against them, and they free themselves and the Shire.
After a battle, the four hobbits find Saruman and Gríma at Bag End.
Frodo wants to send them away unhurt, but Saruman is killed by Gríma.
Gríma is shot by hobbit archers.
Some years later Frodo and Sam go to meet Bilbo, Elrond, and Galadriel, and some other elves.
They all go to the Grey Havens, where they meet Gandalf, and also Merry and Pippin.
The Ring-bearers Bilbo and Frodo, together with Gandalf and the elves, leave Middle-earth, and go west across the sea to Valinor.
The Fourth Age of Middle-earth begins.
The three remaining hobbits go back to the Shire, and Sam returns to his wife and child.
Adaptations The Lord of the Rings'' has been adapted, or made into a movie, a musical, a radio play, and has been made into an animated and three live-action films.
Most known is probably The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001–2003) directed by Peter Jackson.
1954 books
1955 books
Extinction is when a species of animal, plant, or other organisms are no longer living.
Extinction is one of the major features of evolution.
All species become extinct sooner or later.
The end of a species may happen for many reasons.
It may be caused by habitat loss or by being overhunted, or by a major extinction event.
An example of an animal that is now extinct is the Dodo, from over-hunting.
Another quite different way for a species to end is by species-splitting, known as cladogenesis.
The species living today probably were not living in the Cambrian period, but their ancestors were.
Endangered species are those which may become extinct.
A report from Kew Gardens suggests that one fifth of plant species may be at risk of extinction.
Fossil species sometimes reappear millions of years after they were thought to be extinct.
These cases are called Lazarus taxa.
Humans are to blame due to cutting down animals’ natural habitat such as forests.
Duration of species
The average duration of species varies according to the groups studied.
A study of benthic (deep water) foraminifera showed an average of 16 million years if they lived above 200 metres, but 25my if they lived below 200 metres.
On the other hand, the average survival time for mammalian species over the past 20my has been 2.33my.
It is estimated that 99.9% of all species that have ever lived are now extinct.
More than half of the plants and animals that have become extinct in the last 200 years have been in Australia.
There the arrival of Europeans with (accidentally or deliberately) introduced species has damaged the native biota.
Especially, the introduction of eutherian mammals has caused the extinction of many marsupial forms.
Duration of higher groups
Naturally, higher categories such as genera, families, orders, classes and phyla last longer, because they are composed of more species.
As far as we know, no phylum has gone completely extinct since the Cambrian, but quite a few classes went extinct in one or other of the 'big five' extinction events.
Examples of higher categories of animal now extinct are: placoderm fish, trilobites, ammonites, pelycosaurs, non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs.
Darwin thought that most extinctions occurred because some organisms became more effective, and replaced their less advanced competitors.
No doubt that does occur, but the view now is that environmental change is more important.
Organisms become adapted to the environments they live in.
The environment certainly does change, and sometimes quite dramatically.
When it does, some organisms can adapt to the changes.
Others cannot.
The Earth's environment can stay rather stable for long periods of time.
Then the rate of extinction is usually quite low.
Then changes occur, sometimes quite rapidly.
In these times the rate of extinction can be much higher.
The rate of extinction is therefore a useful thing to measure.
Extinction at Peripatus.gen.nz
Extinction -Citizendium
Minehead is a seaside town and civil parish in Somerset, England.
It is in the borough of Somerset West and Taunton.
In 2011, the town had a population of 11,981.
It is close to the border with Devon.
Twinning
Minehead has one twin town.
It is twinned with:
Saint-Berthevin, France
Henry Albert "Hank" Azaria ( ; born April 25, 1964) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian and producer.
He voiced many characters in the Fox animated television series The Simpsons.
He also appeared in movies such as The Birdcage (1996), and on stage as Sir Lancelot in the Monty Python-inspired musical, Spamalot.
He married Helen Hunt from 1999 to 2000.
Azaria makes a relationship with Katie Wright.
He starred in Showtime's original series Huff.
Fresh Air interview with Terry Gross
Hank Azaria 1999 Interview  on Sidewalks Entertainment
Mexico City () is the capital and largest city of Mexico.
It is also one of the most populous and polluted cities in the world.
The Aztec people were here before the Spanish came and made Mexico City.
It was founded in 1521 by Hernán Cortés.
Today, about 8.5 million people live in the city, and about 18 million live in the Greater Mexico City urban area.
The city of Mexico City ceased to exist in 1928.
Since then, there is only the Federal District.
Mexico City has 18.1 million people.
It is the city with the second highest number of people in the world after Tokyo in Japan and just slightly more populated than Mumbai in India.
Mexico City was first built in the 1520s after Hernán Cortés destroyed the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan.