the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The government of Iowa has three branches, similar to the federal government of the United States.
The executive branch is headed by the governor, currently Kim Reynolds (R) since May 24, 2017.
The legislative branch is the Iowa General Assembly, composed of two houses - the Iowa Senate and the Iowa House of Representatives.
The judicial branch is headed by the Iowa Supreme Court under the chief justice, currently Marsha Ternus.
There are two major political parties in Iowa, the Iowa Democratic Party and the Republican Party of Iowa, as well as several unofficial third parties.
No one party is in charge of the government ; the governor is a Republican and the House has a Republican majority under Kraig Paulsen, but the Senate has a Democratic majority under Mike Gronstal.
Iowa sends two senators and four representatives to Congress.
The number of representatives was five, but starting with the 2012 elections is only four, because of redistricting.
Joni Ernst (R)
Chuck Grassley (R)
Abby Finkenauer (D) - First District
Dave Loebsack (D) - Second District
Cindy Axne (D) - Third District
Steve King (R) - Fourth District
There are many farms in Iowa.
Iowa is well known for its agriculture.
Its main agricultural outputs are hogs, corn, soybeans, oats, cattle, and dairy products.
Its industrial outputs include food processing and machinery.
Iowa also produces more ethanol fuel than any other U.S. state.
1846 establishments in the United States
Definition and Common identities
Gender Identity is how a person identifies themselves.
A person’s gender identity is based on what label and type they feel most comfortable aligning with.
It can change throughout someone’s life, depending on how they feel during that time.
Much of dominant society across cultures follows the construction of the gender binary, prescribing that everyone must either be a man or a woman.
However, more genders exist outside of male and female.
Recent decades have brought new terminology and means of using language to make space for a range of genders.
And more importantly, the rise of LGBTQ+ education and rights have brought transgender issues to the attention of the public, as well as the many genders that a person can identify as.
Cisgender: the label for people who identify as the gender they were assigned at birth (ex: male and female)
'Transgender' is both an identity label and an umbrella term.
A person can identify as a trans woman or trans man, but there are more genders that fall underneath the transgender category.
Nonbinary genders (or people who do not identify as male or female) may fall underneath transgender, depending on how the person self-identifies. '
Nonbinary' may be used as a synonym for agender, or someone doesn't identify with a gender, but also may refer to other genders.
Some gender identities include, but aren't limited to:
Genderfluid
Gender expression
Gender expression (also called, "gender presentation") means how a person dresses, looks, and acts, in ways that might affect how other people view their gender.
Someone who wears men's clothes and acts in a masculine way has a male gender expression.
Someone who wears women's clothes and acts in a feminine way has a female gender expression.
This is different from gender identity because people can choose to look or behave one way even if that is not how they feel inside.
Sometimes people call this gender presentation or just presentation.
Gender Identity in Anthropology
Gender is a key concept in the field of anthropology.
Gender and sex are defined differently in this field.
Gender in regards to an individual's identity, and sex being biology determined.
Gender identity, while can be tied to sex and biology in some, is not necessarily determined by these factors.
Assumptions around gender identity based in biological factors can be false and while sometimes accepted in the mainstream, can be in fact dangerous.
The roles and expectations of gender have strong cultural influences as well.
Gender across cultures has been studied extensively, regarding the different identities accepted in the mainstream, roles of the genders, and historical trends of them.
Gender Identity and expression has extremely common historical roots, and more gender identities outside of the traditional binary are becoming accepted in the mainstream.
Acceptance of gender identities that do not exist within a harsh binary is not exclusively a new concept, just one that is becoming more common in current western society.
There are various historical examples of gender identities that were not only recognized, but celebrated, outside the traditional cisgender male and female.
Transgender and transsexual
'Transgender' is a term that means that the gender assigned at birth (typically 'AMAB' or 'assigned male at birth' and 'AFAB' or 'assigned female at birth') does not match with the gender a person identifies as.
The experiences that transgender people have are vast and may differ from one another, although there are sometimes shared experiences.
For instance, a transgender person may feel gender dysphoria (but not everyone will be dysphoric).
A transgender person may also feel it necessary to medically transition, or take hormones, or a combination of the two. '
Transsexual' is a term that some transgender people may use after receiving sex-reassignment surgeries and medical transition, but depending on who one is talking to, this term may be considered outdated and the person may instead opt to simply continue using the term 'transgender' as their identification.
Factors and terminology
Assigned gender (or sex assignment, or just sex) is whether a person is male or female at birth.
Gender identity (or simply gender) is the label a person uses to describe how they identify to the world around them: male, female, nonbinary, and other identities that fall around them.
Gender expression (or gender presentation) is how a person dresses, acts, and behaves.
It's important to remember that gender expression is not the same as gender identity.
A cisgender woman can wear traditionally-male clothes and not be a man, a cisgender man can act in a way that's considered "feminine" and not be a woman, etc.
All three of these factors contribute to how a person labels their self, and make gender a confusing construct to navigate.
People can have gender presentations that don't match their gender identity, or a gender identity that doesn't match the gender they were assigned at birth, etc.
A person whose gender identity matches the gender they were assigned at birth is called 'cisgender'.
As time has passed, the growing voice of LGBTQ+ issues and rise of educational resources on the topics of gender and sexuality has allowed for many to learn about transgender issues, and help others with their own gender navigation.
Types of identity mismatch
It is possible to have every different combination of sex, gender identity, and gender expression.
A person may be female at birth, but have a male gender identity, may call themself a transgender man or 'trans man'.
Trans men may typically dress in a masculine manner, wear a chest binder, take testosterone and have sex reassignment surgery if they wish to do so.
Someone who identifies as male (whether he was that at birth or has taken on that gender identity) may dress up and perform in traditionally-women's clothes (in drag).
While in drag, this person performs as a woman and may call themselves such.. It also works vice-versa, where women perform on stage as men.
This is called being a drag king.
For instance, a woman going on a date may have to grapple with the decision of when and or if she should tell her date that she is transgender.
There is the chance that her date will not care that she is transgender and they can carry on, and she will be happy knowing that she can safely be herself around this person.
However, there's also the chance that her date will react angrily and misgender her after finding out she is transgender, and maybe even assault her.
A person who identifies as nonbinary may keep their identity a secret to their family out of fear of being kicked out and left homeless, or sent to conversion therapy.
should be treated as a woman based on this self-identification.
This is a matter of dispute within the feminist movement.
You can wear whatever you want and still be a woman.
A transwoman AMAB who wears a dress makes it so that the feminist movement can not move past this idea that women must wear a dress.
Women who see themselves as feminists have strong views on both sides of the issue of whether or not trans women are women,to the point that they deny those who hold the opposite view are real feminists.
Women who see feminism as based on fighting against the oppression of biological women based on biological sex often call themselves gender critical or gender abolitionists (the latter idea based on the expectation of particular dress or behavior being itself oppression).
Those who disagree often label these women Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminists, or TERFs.
When a person's gender identity and body do not match, they may go to see a doctor.
The doctor may help them change their body if that is what they want.
A psychiatrist may diagnose this person with Gender identity disorder (gender dysphoria), but medical diagnosis itself is a controversial subject because being transgender has one been considered to be a mental illness, the stigma is still there.
Principle 18 of the Yogyakarta Principles, a document about international law on human rights states that "any classifications to the contrary, a person's gender identity is not in and of itself, medical condition".
And "Activist's Guide" to them says that "gender identity" or "gender identity disorder" exists still in categories of mental illness, contrary to the "sexual orientation" removed from such categories.
But despite the strides taken to remove the stigma of mental illness in being transgender, gatekeeping by doctors and therapists make most transgender people struggle to achieve their ideal self.
In most cases, doctors require therapists to 'diagnose' whether their patient is 'transgender enough' to take hormones or have surgery.
And even if you do that diagnosis, a surgeon can refuse to perform surgery on you.
BORN FREE AND EQUAL - Sexual orientation and gender identity in international human rights law, 2012
America's Army is a multiplayer first-person shooter computer game series.
It can be played using Windows, Macintosh, or Linux.
It is the official game of the United States Army.
The first version was free.
It came out on July 4, 2002.
It has been updated many times since then.
The second important release was America's Army: Special Forces in November 2003.
America's Army was made by the MOVES Institute at the Naval Postgraduate School.
It is based on the Unreal engine.
America's Army is a tactical shooter.
It is also called a "serious games".
According to the game's website, America's Army "provides civilians with an inside perspective and a virtual role in today's premier land force: the U.S. Army.
The game is designed for verisimilitude and to provide an accurate portrayal of Soldier experiences across a number of occupations.
In the game, players will explore progressive individual and collective training events within the game.
Once they successfully completed these events they will advance to multiplayer operations in small units."
On February 20, 2005 there were 4.6 million registered players, and 2.7 million of them had finished basic training.
Also, there were more than 15,000 servers being used, and 1.3 million rounds being played each day.
The game has been changed a lot.
This keeps people interested in the game.
It can be found as a free download on the Internet or on a CD-ROM at recruiting centers around the United States.
In 1999, Lieutenant Colonel E. Casey Wardynski, a professor at the U.S Military Academy at West Point decided to tell the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel and the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Military Manpower about his idea for an online computer game.
His basic idea eventually became America's Army.
In the same year, fewer people were joining the army. .
Congress decided to use "aggressive, innovative experiments" including America's Army to get more people to join the Army.
The first release was July 4, 2002, and other changes (called patches) were added.
On November 6, 2003, version 2.0 of America's Army: Special Forces was made. (
Go here for more information about the different version).
The Army is spending about USD$3 million a year to make more versions of the game.
Another AA version called America's Army: Rise of a Soldier is available on Playstation 2 and Xbox.
This version was developed by UbiSoft.
Since America's Army was created, people have complained about its purpose.
People have argued about the Army using its money to make a game.
They are also worried about how this game will change people's lives.
In America's Army there are teams of soldiers fighting in a war.
The person who is playing controls a soldier of the US Army from the character's eyes.
This is called first person.
Players fight as either the US Army or Indigenous forces ("IF").
They fight against a team called "OPFOR" (Army lingo for "Opposing Forces").
There are different kinds of OPFORs called insurgents, enemy forces or terrorists.
US/OPFOR Transformation for Teams
One of America's Army'''s different features is the way the enemies are.
The players are split into two different teams.
There is usually an assault group and a defense group.
The assault loses the round if the time limit runs out, which is usually ten minutes.
The players on each team see themselves as American soldiers with American weapons, such as the M16A2.
Their opponents look like non-uniformed people with Eastern bloc weapons, like the AK-47 (the counterpart of the M16A2 in the game).
In training maps the only distinguishing features are the players' uniforms.
The development team did this to make the game realistic for players on both sides.
They allowed everyone to play on the side of the American forces.
They also avoided the problem of asking players to kill American soldiers.
This is confusing to many players because when they pick up an enemy weapon, it works differently than the US version.
An AK-47 removed from a fallen opponent is fully automatic, more powerful, but less accurate than his M16.
But when his opponent had it, to him it was an M16.
The important thing is that each weapon behaves as the owner sees it.
It transforms when it is picked up.
If people pay a lot of attention might notice that the enemies weapons behave wrong, but it is hard to notice.
Every round starts with both teams spawning at the same time.
Players can join the other team, but cannot play as the OPFOR.
Equipment is not bought but selected through choosing a class.
Goals and scoring system
The goal of the game is to complete the objectives, kill the enemy team.
For example, one objective could be to kill the V.I.P., who is trying to survive and escape.
If a player joined the other team, he would have to protect the same V.I.P. The round is over if a team wins0, or if the time limit is reached.
For a listing of missions gohere.
The game remembers how many people each player has killed, how many times each team has won, how many times each player has been killed, and how well the player is completing the objectives.
The game then distributes score which calculates the player's "Honor" level.
Every time a player is killed, every time he fails to protect an objective which he is assigned to defend, and especially every killing of teammates or his allies caused by friendly fire is called a violation of the ROE (Rules of engagement) in the game and has an extremely negative effect on his score and "Honor".
If too many points are lost in a round, the player is put in "jail" and kicked out of the server.
As of February 2005 95.2% of AA players had 0-20 HONOR points, 3.3% had 20-40 points, 1% had 40-60, and .4% had 61-80 points.
Every healing of injured teammates and every killing of opponents increases a players score and "Honor".
Completing the game's missions affects a player's score in a good way and his "Honor" points as well.
The score is saved in the player's account that was being used.
Some servers only allow players with certain Honor levels to join.
The most common is to not let anyone with less than 10 Honor in because this is the base level that everyone starts with.
Some also do not let players with too much Honor in.
The developers say that "Honor" is based on the values of the Army: "Loyalty, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity and Personal Courage or Leadership".
Its main purpose in the game is stop "team-killing", which is a problem in a lot of online first-person shooters (see team killer).
Weaponry and equipment
The game depicts real guns.
The guns have all the same traits as the real versions.
Each gun has different accuracy, power, recoil, and rate of jamming.
To aim, there are cross-hairs and iron sights.
Players may select a "class" like squad leader, rifleman, automatic rifleman, grenadier, or sniper; these classes decide what weapon the player will have at the beginning of each round.
Some players from each team may be medics.
Medics can help their teammates get better after they get shot.
Being a medic is an extra ability which is added to the class.
The Honor points are used to decide which players gets which class.
Players with more Honor usually get to pick their class first.
Each gun also can jam in action.
When a gun jams it means that it stops working because a part is stuck.
The player then needs to press a button to fix the gun.
This can be a problem because it makes it so that the player cannot shoot for a few seconds.
AA was the first game ever to have player's guns jam.
Every firearm in the game has either iron sights or a telescopic sight (for sniper rifles); while using the sights, a zoom effect enlarges objects in view.
The iron sights enlarge to a small degree, the telescopic sights to large one.
Until he stops zooming, the player's moving speed is additionally decreased.
In the first few versions, weapons could only hurt players and glass.
For example, a grenade could not destroy a television but a gun could put a bullet hole in the screen.
Compared to most games, the grenades and are more deadly.
They tried to make the blast radius of grenades more like real life than it usually is in other games.
Getting hurt by weapons always leads to some bleeding, which causes a player's health gauge to go down over time.
Injuries make players slower, they also make it harder for the player to shoot where they are aiming.
Sometimes, if the player does not get help from a medic, they will die.
In the newer versions of the game players can make changes to their weapons.
For example, the M4 Carbine can be change in different ways and let the soldier have features that work better on a certain map.
For example, on a large map a scope and a bi-pod might be picked, but in a city a player might choose only iron sights and a M203 grenade launcher.
Classes and weaponry
Every player starts the round with one or two guns, some grenades and, on some maps, night vision goggles or binoculars.
A list of the weapons is here:
Riflemen:
M16A2
M4A1 carbine
M136 AT-4 anti-tank weapon on some maps
OpFor uses AK-47, AKS-74U
Grenadiers:
M203 mounted under an M16A2
OpFor uses GP30 mounted under an AK-47
Automatic Riflemen:
M249 Squad Automatic Weapon
OpFor uses the 75 round RPK
Special Operations Weapons Sergeants:
M4A1 SOPMOD including one of these options from each category,
Special Forces: Standard M4 Carbine with SOPMOD kit including one of these options from each category.
Top Rail
Standard Ironsight - the basic carrying sights
ACOG 4x Sight - a zoom-in sight for your m4a1
M68 Reflex Sight - a dot sight for your m4a1
HeatShield - a shield to prevent burns
Front Rail
CQB Reflex Sight (Must Be used with Ironsight on Top Rail) - the other part of the dot sight
Leaf Sight (Only applicable with M203 Grenade Launcher)
M203 Grenade Launcher (Must Be used with Leaf Sight on Front Rail)- a explosive shell that fires once before reloading
Flare Launcher (Must Be used with Leaf Sight on Front Rail) - a flare grenade
Harris Bipod - a bipod structure to stabilize your weapon
QD Suppressor - a silencer witch stops a great deal of the noise produced when firing your weapon
Left and Right Rails
OpFor AKS-74U SpetsNaz with Modifications
Advanced Marksmen (Sniper): Snipers carry the M9 Pistol
Barrett M82A1
Special Purpose Rifle (SPR)
OpFor carry the Makarov pistol and the Dragunov, Mosin-Nagant and VSS Vintorez
Hand grenades:
M67 fragmentation grenade(s) (replaced with MILES grenade(s) in training levels)
M83 HC white smoke grenade(s)
AN-M14 TH3 incendiary hand grenade(Thermite grenade)
M84 stun grenade(s)
Indigenous Forces (IF):
IF 47: TheAK-47
IF 74: The AKS-74U
IF RPK: The RPK
IF RPG: The RPG-7
M141 Bunker Defeat Munitions (BDM) (new in Q-Course (version 2.4))
AGP-DB14 Door Breacher (new in Q-Course (version 2.4))
US Stryker Armoured Personnel Carrier looks like a Russian BTR-80 if on the other side.
In old releases A 50-caliber machine gun on the roof can be controlled from inside, but cannot be driven around.
Weapons planned for future versions
The XM25 weapon.
The XM25 in AA will be an assault weapon that fires an Airburst round using a special launcher.
TALON Robot.
The robot will be a radio controlled machine that looks like the Goliath from World War II, but instead of exploding it has special tools that can be used for defusing a bomb or helping people that are stuck in dangerous locations.
JAVELIN Rocket Launcher.
The Javelin is an anti-vehicle, self-guided rocket.
It can also be used against bunkers and other strong locations.
In AA it will have a special scope target system and can be carried on a player's back. (
Note: Included in version 2.8)
Other planned game weapons include small bombs used to open locked doors (included in 2.8), a shotgun (also used to open doors), and land mines.
The land mines are armed and placed like a hand grenade, but they would not explode until triggered.
They are also working on making more drivable vehicles, like an armored HMMWV, which was in a video at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), and has also been included in version 2.8, though only in one mission.
Missions and maps
The map list is sorted by the version they were released with, with newer maps coming first.
The game currently has 28 multiplayer maps and 14 single player training missions.
Completing these training missions unlocks things like the ability to play online or to become a medic, a special forces unit or a sniper.
Maps have different sizes, objectives, and weapons that players can have.
However, no known custom maps have been made because there is no level editor for the game and the developers made it impossible for players to use the level design computer program UnrealEd, which works for other Unreal engine games.
AA: Special Forces (Direct Action) (v2.5)
SF Dockside SF Extraction AA: Special Forces (Q-Course) (v2.4)
SF Courtyard SF PCR (Precious Cargo Recovery) SF Blizzard SF WaterTreatment AA: Special Forces (Firefight) (v2.3)
Woodland Assault, a forest map where one side must find and destroy a collection of weapons, and the other side defend it.
Urban Assault, a city map in a desert.
Each side must find collection of weapons.
AA: SF (Vanguard) (v2.2)
SF Taiga, a winter map in a forest.
SF Oasis, set in a desert one side must get out of a canyon and the other must stop them.
AA: SF (Downrange) (v2.1)
SF Village, a city map in a desert.
SF Arctic, a winter map, one side must defend a group of vehicles traveling together (convoy).
Includes Stryker vehicles that cannot be driven.
AA: SF (v2.0 and v2.0a)
SF Sandstorm (came with Sandstorm v2.0a), a desert map set during a sand-storm among buildings and ruins.
SF CSAR, a city desert map with a crashed blackhawk helicopter.
Can play as US Army or indigenous soldiers against the OPFOR.
SF Pipeline, a new version of the original Pipeline map, but with SF things.
The map's layout and objectives stay the same.
SF Recon, a large desert night map in which one side must find a bunch of things, and the other must stop them.
SF Hospital, a VIP rescue or defense map set in a city environment surrounding and inside a hospital and helicopter landing pad
AA: Medics (v1.9)
Mountain Pass SE, a new version of the original Mountain Pass from AA:0.
AA: Operations
Bridge SE (came with v1.7), a bigger version of Bridge Crossing which adds extra ways to get around the bridge and is less foggy.
Radio Tower (v1.6), a desert map with several objectives.
Weapons Cache SE (v1.5), a bigger and different version of Weapons Cache with different objectives.
River Basin (v1.4), is a large MILES training map with objectives in grassy hills, in a daylight summer environment.
Mountain Pass (v.1.3), a large winter map with lots of hills.
JRTC Farm (v1.2.1), one side spawns in by using parachutes and must destroy a parked helicopter, the other side must defend it.
Weapons Cache (v1.2.1), a city map with objectives inside a big building.
Mountain Ambush (v1.2), objectives in a mix of forest and grassy environments.
Swamp Raid (v1.2), A dark map that focuses on the rescue or defense of a prisoner.
The Rescue side has night vision.
FLS Assault (v1.2), a night map centering on the defense or attack of a field landing strip.
The attacking side parachutes in from a C-17 and has night-vision.
AA: Recon (v1.0)
HQ Raid, a MILES map set at night, in a forest area with hills.
Collapsed Tunnel, a dark level in sewer tunnels.
Each side must secure objective points.
Insurgent Camp, set at night in Afghanistan, the attackers must get into a building and access computers.
Pipeline, a winter map that takes place at a pumping station in Alaska.
One side defends the station, and the other completes objectives inside, such as turning of valves.
Bridge Crossing, a foggy winter map with each side starting on one side of a long bridge.
One side must stop the other from crossing.
MOUT McKenna, a training level in a fake city, kind of like city paintball courses.
This map features MILES.
Version 1.0.0 and 1.0.1 - America's Army: Recon — (released July 4, 2002) (Windows)
Version 1.2.0 - America's Army — (released August 23, 2002) (Windows)
Version 1.2.1 - America's Army: Operations — (released August 27, 2002) (Windows)
Version 1.4.0 - America's Army: Operations — (released November 27, 2002) (Windows)
Version 1.5.0 - America's Army: Operations — (released December 23, 2002) (Windows)
Version 1.7.0 - America's Army: Operations — (released May 1, 2003) (Windows, Linux, Mac)
Version 1.9.0 - America's Army: Operations — (released August 10, 2003) (Windows, Linux, Mac)
Version 2.0 - America's Army: Special Forces — (released November 6, 2003) (Windows, Linux, Mac)
Version 2.0a - America's Army: Special Forces — (released December 23, 2003) (Windows, Linux, Mac)
Version 2.1.0 - America's Army: Special Forces (Downrange) — (released June 1, 2004) (Windows, Linux, Mac)
Version 2.2.0 - America's Army: Special Forces (Vanguard) — (released October 19, 2004) (Windows, Linux)
Version 2.2.1 - America's Army: Special Forces (Vanguard) — (released November 18, 2004) (Windows, Linux)
Version 2.3.0 - America's Army: Special Forces (Firefight) — (released: February 18, 2005) (Windows)
Version 2.4.0 - America's Army: Special Forces (Q-Course) — (released: May 16, 2005) (Windows)
Version 2.5.0 - America's Army: Special Forces (Direct Action)'' — (released: October 13, 2005) (Windows, Linux, Mac)
Official America's Army Website
AA-Overview.com  (Independent and non-sponsored fansite)
AAO-Tracker (The biggest AA community in the world)
French America's Army Website
Americas Army Custom Mapping Website
Shooter video games
2002 video games
Heterosexuality is a sexual orientation.
Heterosexual people are sexually attracted to the opposite gender, and this may involve romantic feelings.
A heterosexual man likes women.
A heterosexual woman likes men.
Another less formal word for heterosexual is straight.
People who are not heterosexual may be homosexual, bisexual or asexual.
Many people in Western society are heteronormative, which means that they believe that heterosexuality is better than other forms of sexuality.
This often leads to discrimination.
Sexual orientation is thought to be caused by genetics and hormones when a baby is growing in it's mother.
Hormones play a role in making men and women have differences in a region of the brain called the sexually dimorphic nucleus, which is involved in sexual attraction.
Men have larger clusters in the hypothalamus than women, similar to other mammals.
In the Catholic Church and many Christian churches as well as in Islam and Judaism, a marriage can only be made in a heterosexual pair - man and woman.
Marriage that is done in homosexual pair is often seen as a serious sin by those religions.
Queer, a catch-all term for non-heterosexual people (used by some)
The Kinsey Institute
A hate crime is when someone breaks a law by hurting another person because of prejudice against a group the victim belongs to.
Normally, a hate crime is not caused in any way by something the victim did or said, but just because of who they are.
Hate crime is often in the form of physical violence, but can also be vandalism and damage to property, insults or other hurtful words, or other violations of human rights.
People often commit hate crime because of prejudice about the victim's sex, ethnicity, religion, nationality, gender identity, class, sexual orientation, age, or other things about them.
The term "hate crime" was first used in the 1980s in the United States, when crimes caused by bias against certain types of people were being talked about in the media.
Hate crime is sometimes a way to frighten other people who belong to the same group.
This intimidation can be seen as terrorism when it is carried out on a large scale.
In 2009, the Matthew Shepard Act has changed the definition of a hate crime in the law of the United States.
It says that crimes which were committed because of the victim's sexual orientation, gender identity or disability are hate crimes.
It is the first law that protects transgender people.
Effects of Hate Crimes
People victimized by violent hate crimes are more likely to experience more psychological distress than victims of other violent crimes.
Specifically, victims of crimes that are bias-motivated are more likely to experience post-traumatic stress, safety concerns, depression, anxiety and anger than victims of crimes that are not motivated by bias.
Hate crimes send messages to members of the victim’s group that they are unwelcome and unsafe in the community, victimizing the entire group and decreasing feelings of safety and security.
Furthermore, witnessing discrimination against one’s own group can lead to psychological distress and lower self-esteem.
Studies show that bullying happens to people who are gay or lesbian more often than to others in general.
As teenagers, gay young men are more likely to be bullied than lesbians.
"Tips to Help the Bullying Bystander" at education.com
nl:Potenrammen
Emergency Medicine is a specialty of medicine.
A specialty is a special part of medicine where a doctor may have more knowledge.
Examples are Pediatrics (doctors who care for children), Geriatrics (doctors who care for elderly people), and Cardiology (doctors who know more about the heart.)
Emergency Medicine (abbreviation EM) is sometimes also called Accident and Emergency Medicine (AEM).
EM doctors specialize in treating diseases and injuries that need immediate care.
These kind of diseases or injuries are called emergencies.
If they are not helped quickly, the person may become more sick or even die.
Doctors that specialize in EM usually work in Emergency Departments.
This is also called a casualty department or Emergency room.
These are places in hospitals where people go if they have an emergency.
They may have a red cross or red letters on the sign to show it is the Emergency Department.
This way, even people who cannot read know where to go.
Doctors who specialize in EM must know some about all of the different specialties of medicine.
They treat people of all ages.
They treat both men and women.
They must know how to treat any kind of emergency.
But they may not know quite as much about the chronic treatments of diseases over years.
However, many people come to the Emergency Department with problems that are not emergencies.
So EM doctors must also know  about how to treat non-emergencies.
Berkeley is a city in the U.S. State of California.
It is a suburb of San Francisco.
It is famous for the college, University of California, Berkeley, where many political protests were held in the 1960s.
It is also famous for its gourmet food and art scenes.
Also, it is the native city of the punk band Green Day.
BOINC or the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing was created at the University of California in Berkeley.
1878 establishments in California
Medicine is a very complex field.
In the past, a doctor could learn almost all that we knew about medicine.
Now that is impossible.
So after finishing medical school, young doctors choose what kind of doctor they wish to be.
After school, they usually do more years of training to learn about the kind of medical specialty they want to do.
Primary care doctors
Some doctors try to learn some about all of the different subjects of medicine and how to treat all patients.
These doctors are called 'primary care' doctors or "primary care physicians" (PCPs).
Sometimes they are also called 'generalists' or even 'general practitioners.'
In the United States, these kind of doctors are sometimes called family practitioners or family medicine doctors.
When a problem is strange or complex, they give it to a specialist.
There are other doctors who are also 'primary care' doctors.
Pediatricians are primary care doctors, but only for children.
Internists are primary care doctors for adults.
Some gynecologists do primary care, but for women only.
Other doctors are called 'specialists'.
This means they have learned more about certain types of medical care.
A dermatologist is a doctor who knows more about the skin and diseases of the skin.
A psychiatrist is a doctor who knows about thought, mood, and mental illnesses like depression and schizophrenia.
An orthopedic surgeon is a doctor who knows about bones and joints, and fixes them when they are broken or diseased.
Medicine and surgery
In the broadest meaning of 'medicine', there are many different specialties.
However, within medical circles, there are two broad categories: "Medicine" and "Surgery."
"Medicine" doctors do not do surgery.
To be a medical specialist, most doctors have to train in Internal medicine first.
Examples of medical specialists include cardiologists, pulmonologists, and obstetricians.
"Surgery" doctors (surgeons) do surgery.
To be a surgical specialist, most surgeons have to train in "General Surgery" first.
Examples of surgical specialists include orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, and trauma surgeons.
In the U.S., all specialties must pass all three steps of the national medical board examinations.
Steps I and II happen during medical school.
Step III happens during intern year, where a person works as a student at a hospital.
After a person passes these exams, they then have to pass more exams that are specifically about their specialty.
These tests are both written and oral.
They finish their residency
They have been working as a doctor for at least one year
They have passed all of their exams
There are only a few training spots per specialty each year, so some specialties can be very competitive.
Some medical students do not get to train in the specialty they want.
Other specialties do not have nearly enough doctors.
This can happen because not enough doctors apply for training spots; because more training spots are needed; or because many people fail out of their training program.
Surgical training
Surgical training requires at least five years of residency after medical school.
Sub-specialties of surgery often require seven or more years.
In addition, fellowships can last another one to three years.
Because fellowships can be competitive, many trainees spend another two years on research.
Because of this, for some people, their surgical training will not finish until more than a decade after medical school.
Surgical training can be very difficult and can take a lot of time.
An average surgical resident works 75 hours per week.
Some subspecialties of surgery, like neurosurgery, require even longer hours.
Residents training in these specialties often work 80 hours a week.
Officially, these specialties only allow their residents to work up to 88 hours per week.
However, many surgical programs still require residents to work more than 88 hours a week.
Many patients need surgery
There are not enough people who are willing to enter into surgery as a career)
Doctors need to perform long surgeries, and still give care to all patients before and after surgery
Surgeons always need to be available in the Operating Room (OR), where surgeries happen; the Intensive Care Unit (ICU); and the Emergency Room (ER).
Medical training
Medical training, unlike surgical training, requires three years of residency training after medical school.
Doctors can then do a one- to two-year fellowship in their subspecialty.
In general, medical residents work less hours than surgical residents.
Common medical specialties
Pediatrics is the specialty of medicine that cares for infants, children, and adolescents.
The ages can vary from the early months until 18-21.
A person who works in pediatrics is called a pediatrician.
Pediatricians take care of diseases that children get.
They also make sure that children develop normally and try to prevent illness.
One of the most important ways that children's diseases can be prevented is by immunization.
Immunization is also called vaccination.
In the nineteenth century, one in five children died before the age of five.
Most of these deaths were from infectious diseases.
Today some of these deaths are prevented by treating disease when it happens.
Most of it is from preventing disease with immunizations.
Pediatricians also try to prevent other diseases and injury before they happen.
They teach parents about safety and nutrition.
They may teach older children or adolescents about avoiding injury or addiction to alcohol and tobacco.
Because childhood is such a time of change, prevention is a major part of pediatrics.
Many pediatricians work as primary care doctors.
This type of pediatrician conducts regular health and wellness checkups.
They also diagnose and treat a wide range of common health conditions, give vaccinations, and provide appropriate health advice to young people and their parents or caregivers.
Adolescent medicine specialists focus on care during adolescence around age 11 to 21.
Pediatric oncologist specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancer in children.
Pediatric cardiology refers to cardiac irregularities in a child who is 18 years old.
It also covers all types of heart conditions and diseases that occur in childhood.
Pediatricians treat children and adolescents who have musculoskeletal disorders, such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and chronic pain.
Jenna Welch Bush Hager (born Jenna Welch Bush November 25, 1981)
Jenna was born in Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas, She is the younger of two fraternal twin girls born to George W. Bush, President of the United States.
Her twin sister is Barbara Pierce Bush.
Jenna graduated from the University of Texas in 2004.
She has become a public school teacher like her mother Laura Bush was.
Jenna has been married to Henry Chase Hager since May 10, 2008.
They have one child together, a daughter named Margaret Laura Hager (b.April 14, 2013).
Jenna Bush  news, blogs and photo
Uncyclopedia was started by Jonathan Huang and his friend named "Stillwaters".
It was made on January 5, 2005.
Uncyclopedia's logo is a hollow potato named Sophia.
This makes fun of Wikipedia's globe logo.
Uncyclopedia is a joke wiki that pretends to be useful.
Every page is filled with made up facts and jokes.
Users make fun of things by creating pages about them.
They have a guide on writing called HTBFANJS (How To Be Funny And Not Just Stupid).
This page helps users learn how Uncyclopedia is not like Wikipedia.
It also helps people write so it matches the rest of Uncyclopedia.
Most encyclopedias try not to have opinions on things.
They just try to tell facts.
Uncyclopedia has its own opinions about things.
These opinions are often silly.
For example, Uncyclopedia thinks that Oscar Wilde was the best man ever.
These opinions become memes that are added into jokes all over Uncyclopedia.
Simple English Uncyclopedia
Websites established in 2005
Esperanto is a constructed auxiliary language.
Its creator was L. L. Zamenhof, a Polish eye doctor.
He created the language to make international communication easier.
His goal was to design Esperanto in such a way that people can learn it much more easily than any other national language.
At first, Zamenhof called the language , which means "The International Language" in Esperanto.
Soon, people began calling it by the simpler name , which means "one who hopes".
That name comes from  ("Doctor who hopes"), which is what Zamenhof called himself in his first book about Esperanto.
There are people who speak Esperanto in many countries and in all the major continents.
No one knows exactly how many people now speak Esperanto in the world.
Most sources say that there are between several hundred thousand and two million Esperanto speakers.
A few people grew up speaking Esperanto as their first language.
There may perhaps be around 2,000 of these people.
Therefore, Esperanto is the most-used constructed language in the world.
Zamenhof's childhood
L. L. Zamenhof created Esperanto.
He grew up in Białystok, a town that was in the Russian Empire,  but is now in Poland.
People in Białystok spoke many languages.
Zamenhof saw conflicts between individual ethnic groups living there (Russians, Poles, Germans and Jews).
He thought that lack of a common language caused these conflicts, so he began creating a language people could share and use internationally.
He thought this language should be different from national languages.
He wanted it to be culturally neutral and easy-to-learn.
He thought people should learn it along with national languages and use Esperanto for communication between people with different native languages.
First, Zamenhof thought about bringing Latin back into use.
Although he learned it in school, he realized it was too difficult for normal use.
He also studied English and understood that languages did not need to conjugate verbs by person or number.
Once he saw two Russian words: швейцарская (reception, derived from швейцар - receptionist) and кондитерская (confectionery, derived from кондитер - confectioner).
These words with the same ending gave him an idea.
He decided that regular prefixes and suffixes could decrease the number of word roots, which one would need for a communication.
Zamenhof wanted the root words to be neutral, so he decided to use word roots from Romance and Germanic languages.
Those languages were taught in many schools in many places around the world at that time.
Creation of the final version
Zamenhof did his first project Lingwe uniwersala (Universal Language) in 1878.
But his father, a language teacher, regarded his son's work as unrealistic.
So, he destroyed the original work.
Between 1879 and 1885 Zamenhof studied medicine in Moscow and Warsaw.
In these days he again worked on an international language.
In 1887 he published his first textbook  ("The International Language").
According to Zamenhof's pen-name  ("Doctor who hopes"), many people started calling the language as Esperanto.
First attempts to change
Zamenhof received a lot of enthusiastic letters.
In the letters, people wrote their suggestions for changes to the language.
He noted all of the suggestions.
He published them in the magazine La Esperantisto.
In this magazine, Esperanto speakers could vote about the changes.
They did not accept them.
The magazine had many subscribers in Russia.
It was eventually banned (stopped) there because of an article about Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy.
Publishing of the magazine ended after that.
The new magazine Lingvo Internacia replaced it.
Progress of the community
In the first years of Esperanto's life, people used it only in written form, but in 1905 they organized the first (1st) World Congress of Esperanto in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
This was the first notable use of Esperanto in international communication.
Because of the success of the congress, it is organized each year (except years of the World Wars) to this day.
In 1912 Zamenhof resigned his leading position in the movement during the eighth (8th) World Congress of Esperanto in Kraków, Poland.
The tenth (10th) World Congress of Esperanto in Paris, France, did not take place because of the start of World War I. Nearly 4000 people signed up for this congress.
Times of the World Wars
During World War I the World Esperanto Association had its main office in Switzerland, which was neutral in the war.
Hector Hodler's group of volunteers with support of Romain Rolland helped send letters between the enemy countries through Switzerland.
In total, they helped with 200,000 cases.
After World War I there was new hope for Esperanto because of the desire of people to live in peace.
Esperanto and its community grew in those days.
The first World Congress after the war took place in Hague, Netherlands, in 1920.
An Esperanto Museum was opened in Vienna, Austria, in 1929.
Today it is part of the Austrian National Library.
World War II stopped this growing of the language.
Many Esperantists were sent into the battle.
Nazis broke up Esperanto groups because they saw the language as a part of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy.
Many Esperanto speakers died in concentration camps.
The Soviet Union also treated Esperantists badly when Stalin was their leader.
After the wars
After World War II many people supported Esperanto.
80 million people signed a petition supporting Esperanto for use in the United Nations.
Every year they organize big Esperanto meetings such as the World Congress of Esperanto, International Youth Congress of Esperanto and SAT-Congress (meeting of Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda - World Non-national Association).
In 1990, the Holy See published the document Norme per la celebrazione della Messa in esperanto, allowing the use of Esperanto in Masses without special permission.
Esperanto is the only constructed language which received a permission like this one from the Roman Catholic Church.
Esperanto has many web pages, blogs, podcasts, and videos.
People also use Esperanto in social media and online discussions and in their private communication through e-mail and instant messaging.
Several (especially open source and free software) programmes have their own language version in Esperanto.
Internet radio station Muzaiko has been broadcasting 24 hours a day in Esperanto since 2011.
Goals of the Esperanto movement
Zamenhof wanted to make an easy language to increase international understanding.
He wanted Esperanto to be a universal second language.
In other words, although he did not want Esperanto to replace national languages, he wanted a majority of people around the world to speak Esperanto.
Many Esperantists initially shared this goal.
General Assembly of UNESCO recognized Esperanto in 1954.
Since then World Esperanto Association has got official relations with UNESCO.
However, Esperanto was never chosen by the United Nations or other international organizations and it has not become a widely accepted second language.
Some Esperanto speakers like Esperanto for reasons other than its use as a universal second language.
They like the Esperanto community and culture.
Developing the Esperanto culture is a goal for that people.
People who care more about Esperanto's current value than about its potential for universal use are sometimes called raŭmistoj in Esperanto.
The ideas of these people can together be called , or "Raumism" in English.
The names come from the name of the town of Rauma, in Finland.
The International Youth Congress of Esperanto met there in 1980 and made a big statement.
They said that making Esperanto a universal second language was not their main goal.