the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The competition was at the courts of the Athens Lawn Tennis Club, and the infield of the velodrome used for the cycling events.
John Pius Boland, who won the event, was entered in the competition by a fellow-student of his at Oxford.
In the first round, Boland defeated Friedrich Traun, a promising tennis player from Hamburg, who had been eliminated in the 100 meter sprint competition.
Boland and Traun decided to team up for the doubles event, in which they reached the final and defeated their Greek and Egyptian opponents after losing the first set.
The sport of weightlifting was still young in 1896, and the rules differed from those in use today.
Competitions were held outdoors, in the infield of the main stadium, and there were no weight limits.
The first event was held in a style now known as the "clean and jerk".
Two competitors stood out: Scotsman Launceston Elliot and Viggo Jensen of Denmark.
Both of them lifted the same weight; but the jury, with Prince George as the chairman, ruled that Jensen had done so in a better style.
The lifters were eventually allowed to make further attempts, but neither lifter improved, and Jensen was declared the champion.
Elliot won in the one hand lift event, which was held immediately after the two-handed one.
Jensen had been slightly injured during his last two-handed attempt, and was no match for Elliot, who won the competition easily.
The Greek audience was charmed by the Scottish victor, whom they considered very attractive.
A curious incident occurred during the weightlifting event: a servant was ordered to remove the weights, which appeared to be a difficult task for him.
Prince George came to his assistance; he picked up the weight and threw it a considerable distance with ease, to the delight of the crowd.
No weight classes existed for the wrestling competition, held in the Panathinaiko Stadium, which meant that there would only be one winner among competitors of all sizes.
The rules used were similar to modern Greco-Roman wrestling, although there was no time limit, and not all leg holds were forbidden (in contrast to current rules).
Apart from the two Greek contestants, all the competitors had previously been active in other sports.
Weightlifting champion Launceston Elliot faced gymnastics champion Carl Schuhmann.
The latter won and advanced into the final, where he met Georgios Tsitas, who had previously defeated Stephanos Christopoulos.
Darkness forced the final match to be suspended after 40 minutes; it was continued the following day, when Schuhmann needed only a quarter of an hour to finish the bout.
On the morning of Sunday April 12, King George organized a banquet for officials and athletes (even though some competitions had not yet been held).
During his speech, he made clear that, as far as he was concerned, the Olympics should be held in Athens permanently.
The official closing ceremony was held the following Wednesday, after being postponed from Tuesday due to rain.
Again the royal family attended the ceremony, which was opened by the national anthem of Greece and an ode composed in ancient Greek by George S. Robertson, a British athlete and scholar.
Afterwards, the king awarded prizes to the winners.
Unlike today, the first-place winners received silver medals, an olive branch and a diploma.
Athletes who placed second received copper medals, a branch of laurel and a diploma.
Third place winners did not receive a medal.
Some winners also received additional prizes, such as Spyridon Louis, who received a cup from Michel Bréal, a friend of Coubertin, who had conceived the marathon event.
Louis then led the medalists on a lap of honor around the stadium, while the Olympic Hymn was played again.
The King then formally announced that the first Olympiad was at an end, and left the Stadium, while the band played the Greek national hymn and the crowd cheered.
Like the Greek king, many others supported the idea of holding the next Games in Athens; most of the American competitors signed a letter to the Crown Prince expressing this wish.
Coubertin, however, was heavily opposed to this idea, as he envisioned international rotation as one of the cornerstones of the modern Olympics.
According to his wish, the next Games were held in Paris, although they would be somewhat over-shadowed by the concurrently held Universal Exposition.
Athens 1896 at Olympic.org
19th century in Greece
Summer Olympic 1896
Summer Olympics in Europe
1890s in Europe
Summer Olympics Stadia
Vélodrome de Vincennes
White City Stadium
Antwerp Olympisch Stadion
Amsterdam Olympisch Stadion
National Olympic Stadium
Estadio Olímpico Universitario
Munich Olympiastadion
Stade Olympique, Montreal
Centennial Olympic Stadium
Telstra Stadium
Athens Olympic Stadium
Winter Olympics Stadia
The poet Petrarch coins the pejorative term Dark Ages to describe the preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with the fall of the western Roman Empire in 410 through to the renewal embodied in the Renaissance.
The Ottoman Turks enter Europe
The Hanseatic League begins to meet
William Langland writes Piers Plowman
Mamai was a powerful military commander of the Golden Horde, who resided in the western part of this nomadic state, which is now the Southern Ukrainian Steppes and the Crimean Peninsula.
He split apart from Khans of the Golden Horde, trying to establish his own state.
The Krashovani settled in the Banat, fleeing the Ottoman offensive in Serbia.
Korean founder of the Joseon Dynasty General Yi Seonggye led a coup d'état, overthrowing the kingdom of Goryeo and founding the kingdom of Joseon
End of the reign of Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan
Richard Whittington aka Dick Whittington is elected Lord Mayor of London
John Beaufort becomes Earl of Somerset
Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland destroyed
Construction of the Stecknitz Canal as one of the oldest artificial waterways of the world
Timur arrived on the bank of the Indus River, and proceeded to sack Delhi
1080 King Alfonso VI of Castile establishes Roman liturgy in Catholic church in place of Mozarabic Rite.
1084 Saint Bruno founds the Carthusian Order of monks
1086 Emperor Shirakawa starts his cloistered rule
William II becomes king of England
The remains of Saint Nicholas were brought to Bari
Succession of Pope Urban II (1088–1099)
Captain Underpants is a popular series of children's books by Dav Pilkey.
Most of the books take place in Piqua, Ohio.
George Beard - A 9 3/4-year-old black-scind boy with a flat top.
He wears a tie.
Harold Hutchins - A next-door-neighbor and frend of George.
He is 10 years old and has a bad hare cut.
Mr. Benny Krupp - Mr. Krupp is the mean school principal of George and Harold.
Captain Underpants - The alter-ego of Principal Krupp.
He one day got superpowers.
Melvin Sneedly - George and Harold's smart nemesis.
He wears glasses and a bow tie.
Ms. Ribble - The fourth grade teacher of George and Harold.
Sulu And Crackers - George and Harolds pets.
Yestreday Gorge and Harold  Dobles of the 2 boys of the same name.
Recureing (Apering more then once)
Harold's sister
Henry Hutchins - Harold's grandfather
Jane Beard - George Beard's great-grandmother
Ingrid Ashley and Larry Zarrow - The local TV reporters for Eyewitness News (Channel 4).
Dr. Diaper - An evil scientist who wears a diaper.
The Talking Toilets- Toilets that can oley shout "YUM, YUM, EAT 'EM UP!"and eat people, created when George and Harold wrote it in a comic book, and fed it to a machine that makes living 3D copys of 2D drawings created by Melvin Sneedley.
The Turbo-Toilet 2000- The leader of the talking toilets.
He apeard on his own in book 11.
Jennifer - An evil alien.
Zorx and Klax - Jennifer's Frends.
They tried to help him take over Earth.
Professor Poopypants- A mad scientist from New Swissland that forced everyone to change their name to what the Name Change-o-Chart 2000 says.
He later changed his name to Tippy Tinkletrousers.
Wedgie Woman - Ms. Ribble after hypnosis from George and Harold.
Evil George and Evil Harold - George and Harold's evil twins from the alternate dimension.
They first met when a horrible accident with the time machine occurred.
Captain Blunderpants - Captain Underpants' evil twin from the alternate dimension.
Nise Mr. Krupp - The Nise Counterpart of Mr. Krupp from the alternate dimension.
The plots of Captain Underpants books 6 - 12 add up into one big plot.
Thare are 12 Books, The First one is known as The Adventers Of Captain Underpants, The next one being calld Captain Underpants And The Atacck Of The Tlking Tloits.
Spin-ofs
Captain Underpants Has 3 spin-ofs, 2 of them having seres.
Below Shows some of them.
Super Diper Baby
All of the Captain Underpants Flims are made by DreamWorks Animation.
(See Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie)
Thare is A 2018 TV show named Captain Underpants The Epic Tales.
It ran all the way into 2020.
It had 3 secons and 3 speals.
May 1 – Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton – England recognises Scotland as an independent country after the Wars of Scottish Independence.
May 26 – William of Ockham secretly leaves Avignon under threat from Pope John XXII.
May 27 – King Philip VI of France is crowned.
August 23 – Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers.
Augustiner brew Munich.
May 7 – Louis VI the Roman, Duke of Bavaria and Elector of Brandenburg (died 1365)
June 25 – William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (died 1397)
September 21 – Hongwu Emperor of China (died 1398)
September 29 – Joan of Kent, wife of Edward, the Black Prince (died 1385)
October 9 – King Peter I of Cyprus (d. 1369)
Avignon Pope Benedict XIII (died 1423)
Emperor Go-Murakami, emperor of Japan (died 1368)
Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March (died 1360)
February 1 – King Charles IV of France (born 1294)
August 23 – Nicolaas Zannekin, Flemish peasant leader, killed in the battle of Cassel
September 27 – Ibn Taymiya, Islamic scholar and philosopher of Harran (born 1263)
November 16 – Prince Hisaaki, Japanese shogun (born 1276)
Meister Eckhart, German theologian (born 1260)
Yesün Temür Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1276)
1071 Byzantine Empire loses Battle of Manzikert to Turkish army.
1072 Normans conquer Palermo in Sicily
1073 Japan changes emperors
1078 Romanesque church begun at Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
Hedeby is sacked by King Harald Hardraade of Norway during the course of a conflict with King Eric Estridsson of Denmark.
King Anund Jacob of Sweden is succeeded by Emund the Old. (
See Swedish monarchs.)
1051 Zenkunen War starts in Japan.
It will continue until the early 1060s.
Part of Clan disputes of the Heian period.
A powerful supernova is observed.
It is so bright that it can be seen in daylight.
The supernova remnant left by the event is now known as the Crab Nebula.
Pope Leo IX and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each other's excommunication, finalising the Great Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches.
Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad.
Pope Victor II attains papacy.
Change of Scottish Monarch from Macbeth to Lulach
Pope Victor II dies, Pope Stephen IX attains papacy.
Makalani is the name given to a certain palm tree, growing in northern Namibia (Southern Africa).
The local Owambo people call a full grown palm tree "Omulunga" and a sapling "Oshivale."
These palm trees grow very high and it takes many years for a Makalani sapling to grow into a full-grown tree.
The seeds look like small coconuts, and the local people, the Owambos and Himbas, peel the outer ginger looking skin and carve the inner hard core to certain objects of art.
The inner core is white with a dark brown skin, the size of a golf ball, and it is hollow inside.
The Makalani fruit (Ondunga/Onduga)is very useful to the local people.
It can be eaten and can also be used to brew Ombike/Owalende: the Oshiwambo brew that looks and taste similar to Whiskey.
There are now also some hotels, restaurants, and guesthouses which have adopted the name Makalani (in Namibia).
These include Makalani Sugar processors, Makalani Holdings and Makalani Airtime Distributors.
Trowbridge is the county town of Wiltshire, a county in England.
It is on the River Biss in the west of the county, 8 miles (13 km) south east of Bath, Somerset, separated by the Mendip Hills, which rise 3 miles (4.8 km) to the west.
The town is also 38 miles (61 km) south of Gloucester and 20 miles (32km) south east of Bristol.
Trowbridge has been a market town for a long time.
The Kennet and Avon Canal has been a very important part of the town's growth because it allowed coal to be moved from the Somerset Coalfield.
This began steam-powered wool production in mills, which the town is famous for.
The town was a very important producer of clothes and blankets in the south west of England.
Because of this, in the late 18th century and early 19th century, it had the nickname of "The Manchester of the West".
The civil parish of Trowbridge had 33,108 people in the 2011 census.
The parish goes over the areas of Longfield, Lower Studley, Upper Studley, Studley Green and Trowle Common.
Parishes that are next to Trowbridge include Staverton, Hilperton, West Ashton, North Bradley, Southwick and Wingfield.
Some towns close to Trowbridge are Bradford on Avon, Westbury, Melksham, Frome and Devizes.
Towns in Wiltshire
This article is about the bow used to play musical instruments.
In music, a bow is a stick which is strung with hair.
It is used to pull across the strings of a string instrument such as a violin, viola, cello or double bass.
Bow construction
The wood used for good quality bows is usually pernambuco wood from Brazil.
Some bows nowadays are made from carbon fiber.
They are often cheaper and still of very good quality.
The bow has to be slightly curved so that it straightens out a bit as the hairs are tightened (this is like the bow of ‘bow and arrow’ where letting go of the tension of the bent bow makes the arrow fly off).
Horsehair is used for the hairs of the bow.
These hairs gradually fall out when the bow is used a lot.
When a lot of the hairs have fallen out the player can have the bow re-haired.
When the bow is new, or when it has just been re-haired, it will not make any sound until the hairs have been well rubbed with rosin (also called “colophony”).
The rosin makes the hair grip the string as it is drawn across.
Every violinist needs to keep a piece of rosin (called a “cake of rosin”) in his or her violin case.
They may need to rosin the bow for a short while each time they play.
There is a screw at the end of the bow for tightening the hairs.
After playing, the bow hairs should be slackened again before the bow is put away.
This is to stop the wood from warping (bending out of shape).
The black bit near the heel of the bow (the end where the player holds it) is called the frog.
This holds the hair in place.
The frog may be made of ebony, but sometimes it is made of ivory or tortoiseshell.
Near the frog is the grip, which is made of leather or sometimes snakeskin.
Expensive bows sometimes have a tip made of silver.
There are other instruments which use bows.
In the Renaissance the viols were played with a bow which was held with the palm upwards.
Some double bass players still hold the bow in this way (this is called the German method.
The overhand method is called the French method.)
Bowing techniques
People who learn to play the violin, viola, violoncello, and double bass spend a very long time learning the technique of bowing.
They have to learn to control the bow so that it makes a lovely sound on the string.
They learn to control the bow with strong fingers, but never to hold the bow tightly.
Sometimes they are asked to pluck the string instead of bowing it.
This is called “pizzicato”.
The bow is held in the right hand.
The left hand makes the different notes by putting the fingers firmly down on the fingerboard.
When string players talk about “putting in the bowing” they mean: writing in the music for each note whether it is played with an upbow or downbow.
A downbow is when the player starts at the heel (the end that he is holding) and finishes at the tip.
An upbow is when the bow travels in the direction  tip to  heel.
A player does not always have to use “whole bows” (from the heel to the tip).
In fast music he may only use a small part of the bow.
A downbow feels stronger than an upbow, so it is usually used for the first beat of the bar.
Downbows and upbows may be used for alternate notes, but often two or more notes are taken in one bow-stroke.
This is shown in the music by a slur (a short curved line like a phrase mark over or under the notes to be slurred).
The bow generally should touch the part of the string mid-way between the end of the fingerboard and the bridge (see the article violin).
To play quietly the bow should be nearer the fingerboard.
To play loudly it should be nearer the bridge.
When the players have been plucking (pizzicato) and they need to start bowing again, the word arco is put in the music.
This is the Italian word for bow.
Special effects can be made with the bow.
sul ponticello which means that the bow is playing towards the bridge.
This produces a glassy, stratching kind of sound, full of dissonant harmonics.
Sul tasto means that the bow is over the fingerboard, producing a very quiet, muffled sound.
col legno (literally: with the wood) means that the players have to turn the bow over and hit the string with the wood.
Players with expensive bows often do not like doing this and bring a cheaper bow to play those bits.
On the string bowing means: keeping the bow in contact with the string between the notes.
Off the string bowing means lifting or bouncing the bow.
Spiccato means making the bow bounce so that the notes are staccato (short and detached).
Ricochet bowing is making the bow bounce of its own accord very quickly in the upper half of the bow (near the tip).
Each bounce may be for a different note.
This is a very advanced technique.
Two strings can be played at once so that two notes sound.
This is called double stopping.
Three or four strings can be played at once, but only at very high dynamic levels and with a very loose bow - sometimes the effect of a chord is produced by double stopping quickly on two strings and then on the other two.
Other types of bow
The Chinese yazheng and yaqin, and Korean ajaeng zithers are generally played by "bowing" with a rosined stick, which rubs against the strings without any horsehair.
The hurdy-gurdy, an instrument known in medieval Europe, has strings which are bowed by a "rosin wheel," which is turned by a handle.
String instrument construction
This is about taking a bow (rhymes with ‘now’).
For using a bow (rhymes with ‘no’) in music, see bow (music).
Bowing means: taking a bow.
A bow is when a person bends their body forward from the waist in order to greet someone or show respect for them.
A bow is sometimes not much more than a quick nod of the head, but it can be a very deep bow from the waist.
The exact way to bow and the situations in which people bow vary enormously between different cultures.
Bowing was originally a gesture (a movement of the body) which showed deep respect for someone.
In European cultures bowing to someone is now only done in very formal situations, e.g. when meeting the Queen or someone very high and important.
In European history bowing was common at royal courts.
Men were expected to "bow and scrape".
This meant bowing and at the same time drawing back the right leg so that it scraped the floor.
The man would hold his left hand over his waist while doing this.
This is why we still talk about  "bowing and scraping" meaning that someone is trying very hard and hypocritically to be unnecessarily polite.
This kind of deep bow, which is never used nowadays, is sometimes called a “reverence” (a word meaning: “deep respect”).
Bowing was only done by men.
Women would always curtsey to show respect.
Nowadays bowing in European cultures is mostly seen at performances.
When people applaud (clap their hands) after a performance such as a concert on in the theatre the performer will take a bow.
This is like saying “thank you” to the audience for saying “thank you” by clapping.
Both men and women performers bow (although female ballet dancers will curtsey).
There are other special occasions in which people bow.
In judo and some other martial arts the two contestants (people who are going to fight) will bow to one another to show that they respect one another and will obey the rules of the game.
In some Asian cultures bowing is far more common than in the West.
It is especially important in Japan.
Japanese people – both men and women - spend a lot of their time bowing.
They bow to greet one another, to say goodbye, to say they are sorry, to say ‘thank you’, or to show that they are not as important as the person they are bowing to.
There are different degrees of bowing, and it is very important in Japanese culture to know the right way to bow on different occasions.
A bow of 15 degrees is very informal, a bow of 45 degrees is very formal.
They keep their back (from the head to the hips) straight while doing this.
The men have their hands by their sides, women have one hand over the other in front of their body.
Typically a bow should last a count of eight: three to go down, one for a pause and four for returning to an upright position.
If someone bows a little longer than the other person, that other person may bow again, and the other person then also bows again, and this can go on several times.
Japanese mothers carry their babies on their backs, so that children learn to bow even before they can speak.
Pupils and teachers at school bow to one another.
The more important someone is, the deeper the other person has to bow.
(Rhyming with "no":)
Bow (weapon), "bows and arrows"
Bow (music), the bow used to play musical instruments
A type of knot which has two large loops.
It is used to tie simple things such as apron strings, shoelaces, or ribbons on wrapped-up presents or for decoration in girls' hair.
(Rhyming with "now":)
Bow (ship), the forward part of the hull of a ship or boat
a gesture, see Bowing
Clara Bow, an actress
Billie Jean King (born Billie Jean Moffitt on November 22, 1943 in Long Beach, California) is an American retired tennis player.
She is considered one of the greatest female tennis players.
She won many championships during her career, which started in 1959 and ended in 1983.
She was known for speaking against sexism in sports and society.
She started the Women's Tennis Association, World TeamTennis, and the Women's Sports Foundation.
Her most famous match was in 1973.
It was called "The Battle of the Sexes" and was with Bobby Riggs, who had been a champion in the 1930s and 1940s.
She loved playing tennis but had to stop after an injury.
Billie Jean King grew up poor.
It was hard for her parents to support her.
Her father was an engineer for a fire department.
Her mother was a housekeeper.
Her father had two jobs.
Her mother sold Tupperware to pay for King’s tennis competitions.
King’s family could not pay to join their local tennis club.
Therefore, King learned at public tennis courts.
King was interested in fighting for the rights of women in tennis.
When she was seventeen years old, King played doubles in Wimbledon.
She and her partner, Karen Hantze, won the match.
They became the youngest women players to win that match at Wimbledon.
Even though she won this competition, she didn't want to focus on tennis completely yet.
King joined a community college and married Larry King.
Later, she played tennis again and spoke against sexism.
She is famous for winning a competition called the Battle of the Sexes against Bobby Riggs in 1973.
This was one of the first tennis matches when a man played against a woman.
Winning this match really helped her speak about sexism.
She used tennis and the Battle of the Sexes to prove that women are as good at sports as men.
She was important in tennis and helped the voice of women.
King is lesbian.
American female tennis players
Australian Open champions
French Open champions
Lesbian feminists
LGBT sportspeople
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No.
1 tennis players
Fabio Cannavaro (born 13 September 1973) is an Italian retired football player.
He was the captain of Italy's winning FIFA World Cup squad in 2006.
He is considered on of the best defenders in history.
Cannavaro had originally played several famous football club in Italy, such as Napoli, Parma, Internazionale Milano and Juventus.
He won several champions of Italian Serie A in the past, and a UEFA Cup in 1999.
In 2006, he turned to Spain to join the Spanish giant Real Madrid, as a defender of the team.
Cannavaro is a famous defender who represent Italy national team for over 100 times, joining three times of FIFA World Cup.
In 2006 he led the national team to win the champion of World Cup, and then won the World Footballer of 2006.
As few defenders can be very popular, some people comment that Cannavaro has excellent talent, just like German legend Franz Beckenbauer.
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Napoli||rowspan="3"|Serie A||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|1993/94||27||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|1994/95||29||1||4||0||3||0||36||1
|1995/96||rowspan="7"|Parma||rowspan="7"|Serie A||29||1||1||0||6||0||36||1
|1996/97||27||0||1||0||2||0||30||0
|1997/98||31||0||6||0||7||0||44||0
|1998/99||30||1||7||0||8||0||45||1
|1999/00||31||2||3||0||9||1||43||3
|2000/01||33||0||7||0||6||0||46||0
|2001/02||31||0||5||0||9||0||45||1
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="2"|Serie A||28||0||0||0||12||1||40||1
|2003/04||22||2||3||0||9||0||34||2
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Juventus||rowspan="2"|Serie A||38||2||0||0||9||1||47||3
|2005/06||36||4||3||0||9||0||48||4
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Real Madrid||rowspan="3"|La Liga||32||0||1||0||6||0||39||0
|2007/08||33||0||1||0||6||0||40||0
|2008/09||29||0||1||0||7||0||37||0
|2009/10||Juventus||Serie A||||||||||||||||
|1997||12||0
|2006||15||0
Total||136||2
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Italian footballers
Disney's Toontown Online, also called as Toontown Online or Toontown, was an online video game created by The Walt Disney Company.
The game was an MMORPG, where a lot of people play at one time.
It was released in 2003, and closed in 2013.
Players live life as a toon in Toontown.
Players can make a duck, bear, mouse, rabbit, dog, cat, horse, pig, or monkey.
Game's purpose
Players try to live life as a toon, play games on the Trolley and make new friends.
But it's not all paradise.
Evil robots called "Cogs" have taken over, and "gags" (cartoon fun) are used to defeat them.
There is not a purpose that players have to go by.
A player can choose to be the top racer or to have the most "laff points".
Many people like it because of this.
Some users even dare to become "ubers", toons with better gags but poor laff.
Work vs. Play: The Story Behind Disney's Toontown Online, community member Comrade's journalism blog
Disney video games
Labrador, Canada, part of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador
Labrador Current, an ocean current in the North Atlantic
Labrador Retriever, a breed of dog
A cartoon
Newcastle United F.C., a football (soccer) team also nicknamed "The Toon"
Tōon, Ehime, a Japanese city in Ehime Prefecture
Toon, Somaliland, a town in the Garoodi region of Somaliland
Toon, a tree in the genus Toona
Ethnic cleansing is where ethnic or religious groups are forced to leave an area by another ethnic group.
The goal of an ethnic cleansing is to remove one ethnic group from a certain geographical area.
In an ethnic cleansing, They may force people to move; deport people; threaten them until they leave;  and use rape and mass murder.
It is done on purpose, as part of a plan
It is done by one ethnic or religious group
That group uses violence and terror to force other ethnic or religious groups to leave certain areas
The goal is to make sure that only the perpetrators' ethnic or religious group lives in those areas
Arresting innocent people and putting them in jail
Executing people without a trial
Rape and sexual assault
Forcing people to live in ghettoes
Forced migration and deportation
Attacking civilians and civilian areas (like homes and schools)
Destroying property
Experts say that ethnic cleansing is different than genocide.
In a genocide, a group tries to kill every member of a certain group, so that group no longer exists on the earth.
In an ethnic cleansing, the perpetrators are trying to get rid of other groups in specific areas.
There is no official legal definition of ethnic cleansing.
However, both the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) define deporting a population from its home as a crime against humanity.
Other crimes that happen during ethnic cleansing are treated as separate crimes that may fit under the definitions of genocide or crimes against humanity.
For example, murdering, raping, and persecuting large groups of people are all crimes against humanity under the International Criminal Court's laws.
Examples of ethnic cleansing
Jews in ancient and medieval history
During ancient and medieval history, Jewish people were victims of ethnic cleansing in many countries.
For example, around 1290 AD, King Edward I of England ordered all of the Jews in the country to leave.
Hundreds of elderly Jews were executed.
Next, France and some German states did the same.
Finally, in 1492, Spain ordered its Jews to convert to Catholicism or leave the country.
Any Jew who stayed in the country would be executed without a trial.
Between 40,000 and 100,000 Jews were forced to leave Spain.
Early modern history: Ireland
In 1652, Oliver Cromwell and the English military took over Ireland.
Historians Brendan O'Leary and John McGarry write: "Oliver Cromwell offered Irish Catholics a choice between genocide and forced mass population transfer."
Cromwell wanted all of the Irish Catholics to leave eastern Ireland and move to the northwest.
With Cromwell in charge, the English military forced many Irish Catholics to leave eastern Ireland, and killed many of the people who refused to leave.
They did this by:
Threatening to execute Irish people who fought back against the English
Taking away about 40% of the land owned by Irish Catholics, and giving it to English Protestants
Massacring Irish Catholics
Burning Irish crops with the goal of starving the Irish Catholics
Historian John Morrill says that England's actions were "the greatest episode of ethnic cleansing ever attempted in Western Europe."
About 600,000 Irish people died  43% of the Irish population.
Because of this, historians do not agree on whether this was an ethnic cleansing or a genocide.
The 19th century: Native Americans removal
In the 19th century, the United States government committed an ethnic cleansing against Native American tribes.
At this time, the United States was growing.
Many people in the country wanted to take over what is now the Southern United States.
However, this land had always belonged to Native American tribes, like the Cherokee Nation.
In the early 1800s, the United States government started a program of removing these tribes from the South.
The government wanted these tribes to move west, outside the United States.
Under Andrew Jackson, the United States military took land away from Creek and Seminole Indians.
Some tribes signed treaties and agreed to move.
However, other tribes refused to leave the land that had always been theirs.
In 1829, Andrew Jackson became President.
The next year, he signed the Indian Removal Act.
Jackson used this law to force tribes that were still in the South to leave the United States.
The Cherokee Nation refused to leave their homes.
In 1838, President Martin van Buren ordered the military to force them to leave.p.
41  Soldiers forced about 15,000 Cherokees and 2,000 of their slaves to leave their land.
At first, the Cherokees were all forced into internment camps, where 353 Cherokee died from diseases during one summer.pp.
41–42  After that, the Cherokee were forced to walk from the South to what is now Oklahoma and Arkansas.
Most historians say that about 4,000 people died on the way.
This was one out of every four people in the Cherokee population.
Because so many people died, this forced migration is now called the Trail of Tears.
The 20th century: Poles during The Holocaust
This started World War II.
After taking over part of Poland, Nazi Germany committed an ethnic cleansing against the Polish people.
They did this in many ways:
The Nazis deported at least 1.5 million Polish people out of Poland.
They did this for two reasons:
So Germans could move into Poland and have it for themselves; and
So Polish people could be used as forced labor in areas that Germany controlled
The Nazis sent hundreds of thousands of Polish people to concentration camps
They killed at least 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians
They killed at least 3 million Polish Jews
The 21st century: Darfur
Starting in 2003, the government of Sudan has been accused of committing an ethnic cleansing against black ethnic groups in Darfur.
The Sudanese military, police, and a militia called the Janjaweed have done this by:
Attacking and massacring civilians
Bombing and burning down villages
Forcing people to leave Darfur, then giving their villages to Arab people
Raping and sexually assaulting thousands of women and girls
As of 2007, about 450,000 black Darfurians had been killed, and about 800 villages had been destroyed.
As of April 2008, about 2.5 million people  one-third of Darfur's population  were living in refugee camps.
These people had been forced to leave their homes, either by soldiers, or because their villages had been destroyed.
Timbre is a quality of sound.
It is what makes two different musical instruments sound different from each other, even when each instrument plays the same musical note.
"Playing the same note" means they have the same pitch and loudness.
For instance, timbre is the difference between a guitar and a piano playing the same note at the same volume.
In music, tone quality and color are synonyms for timbre.
There are many attempts by music theorists to explain timbre more fully.
Unfortunately, their ideas depend on the reader having an advanced knowledge of musical theory.
The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) Acoustical Terminology definition 12.09 of timbre is "that attribute of auditory sensation which enables a listener to judge that two nonidentical sounds, similarly presented and having the same loudness and pitch, are dissimilar".
It adds "Timbre depends primarily upon the frequency spectrum, although it also depends upon the sound pressure and the temporal characteristics of the sound".
Exaggeration  is a term for a figure of speech.
It means the describing of something and making it more than it really is.
The verb is to exaggerate.
An example of exaggeration would be: “I was walking along when suddenly this enormous dog walked along.
It was as big as an elephant”.
The dog may have been big, but it was certainly not as big as that.
Another example of exaggeration would be: “I caught a fish as big as my house.”
Overstatement is another word that means almost the same thing.
The opposite of overstatement is understatement.
A  hyperbole (IPA:[haı'pɝ.bə.li]) is a type of exaggeration that is used in literature.
It is a figure of speech.
The opposite of hyperbole is hypobole, which is an understatement.
People exaggerate things because they have strong feelings about something.
People may exaggerate to make people listen to what they say.
They may do it to emphasize something.
They may also exaggerate just to sound funny:
”I’ve heard that a million times”
”You’ve got a head the size of a pin”.
"I just ran a million miles"
“Thank you, yes, I suppose I may have helped a little” (in a situation where the person actually helped a lot).
In modern slang, the word “hype” is sometimes used about something that is getting more publicity than it really deserves.
The word hype comes from the word “hyperbole”.
Meiosis is a special type of cell division.
Unlike mitosis, the way normal body cells divide, meiosis results in cells that only have half the usual number of chromosomes, one from each pair.
For that reason, meiosis is often called reduction division.
In the long run, meiosis increases genetic variation, in a way which will be explained later.
Sexual reproduction takes place when a sperm fertilizes an egg.
The eggs and sperm are special cells called gametes, or sex cells.
Gametes are haploid; they have only half the number of chromosomes as a normal body cell (called a somatic cell).
Fertilization restores the chromosomes in body cells to the diploid number.
The basic number of chromosomes in the body cells of a species is called the somatic number and is labelled 2n.
In humans 2n = 46: we have 46 chromosomes.
In the sex cells the chromosome number is n (humans: n = 23).
So, in normal diploid organisms, chromosomes are present in two copies, one from each parent (23x2=46).
The only exception are the sex chromosomes.
In mammals, the female has two X chromosomes, and the male one X and one Y chromosome.
A karyotype is the characteristic chromosome number of a eukaryote species.
The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics, the genetics of cells.
All eukaryotes that reproduce sexually use meiosis.
This also includes many single-celled organisms.
Meiosis does not occur in archaea or bacteria, which reproduce by asexual processes such as binary fission.
Meiosis as part of sexual reproduction
The significance of fertilization
The offspring gets a set of chromosomes from each parent so that, overall, half of its heredity comes from each parent.
But the two sets of chromosomes are not identical with the parental chromosomes.
This is because they are changed during the reduction division by a process called crossing-over.
The significance of meiosis
First, to reduce the chromosomes in each egg or sperm to one set only.
The two chromosomes in a pair are not identical because at any particular locus on the chromosomes there may be different alleles (forms of the gene) on the two chromosomes.
Think about each pair of chromosomes, one set from each parent.
From each pair, only one goes into each gamete.
So, in the first place, gametes differ because of each pair the gamete may have the father's chromosome or the mother's.
This is called 'independent assortment'.
To allow crossing-over to take place between each pair of parental chromosomes.
Crossing-over changes which alleles sit on a particular chromosome.
So, though described as 'mother's' and 'father's' chromosomes, in practice the gamete chromosomes are not all the same as the parents' chromosomes.
This is because bits of chromosomes have been exchanged in the process of meiosis.
Although the gametes have only one set of chromosomes, that set is a shuffled mixture of genetic material from both parents.
Every single egg or sperm may have a different selection of alleles from the parental chromosomes.
As with shuffling a deck of cards, many different combinations of genes can be produced without a change (mutation) in any individual gene.
However, mutations do occur, and they may add alleles which were not in the population before.
At any rate, the shuffling increases the variety of the offspring, and the variety gives at least some of the offspring a better chance of surviving in difficult times.
The shuffling of alleles which takes place in meiosis may be the reason why sexual reproduction exists at all.
"It is not difficult to think of reasons why sexual populations should have long-term advantages over asexual ones.
They can evolve more rapidly to meet changing circumstances..."
Cyclical parthenogenesis
Several quite large taxa (groups of organisms) use cyclical parthenogenesis.
This is when several generations are born by virgin birth, and then a generation occurs with normal sexual reproduction.
Examples include aphids, and cladocerans (small crustacea called water fleas).
Aphids usually operate as follows: when the weather is good, and their plant hosts are at their best, they use parthenogenesis.
At the end of the season, when the weather gets worse, they use sexual reproduction.
This system of reproduction is called apogamy.
In parthenogenesis, the eggs contain only the mother's genetic material, and they are not fertilized.
The egg cells may be produced either by meiosis or mitosis.
When meiosis occurs, crossing-over produces a genetic fingerprint which differs somewhat from the mother's.
So, the parthenogenetic greenfly offspring are not identical, and do show some genetic variation: some chromosome segments differ because of meiosis.
Mitosis would produce identical offspring.
Loss of sexuality
A few eukaryote organisms have completely lost the ability for sexual reproduction, and so do not have meiosis.
These include the Bdelloid rotifers, which only reproduce by parthenogenesis.
Details of meiosis
Meiosis I
The function of the first division is to permit crossing over.
Just like mitosis, meiosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
Prophase I
The chromosomes become visible, the nuclear envelope disappears and the centrioles (at the top and bottom of the nucleus) begin forming spindle fibres that envelop the chromosomes.
At this stage each chromosome is split into two sister chromatids, held together by the centromeres.
The paired chromosomes now have four chromatids (2 sets of 'sisters') pressed together.
Crossing over takes place between two of the non-sister chromatids; the other two remain uncrossed.
The crossover results in the exchange of segments of each of the participating chromatids, DNA and associated chromatin protein.
Genetically, the process is called recombination.
Metaphase I
The chromosomes line up along the equatorial (the central line) of the spindle fibres in homologous pairs.
Anaphase I
The chromosomes are divided so that there are equal amounts on either side of the cell.
As there are 46 chromosomes in a human cell, 23 end up on either side.
(Cytokinesis, the division of cells into two, takes place.
The cell divides.)
Telophase I
The two daughter cells are completely divided, a nucleic envelope forms and the chromosomes become less visible.
There are 23 chromosomes in each of these cells.
Meiosis II
The two cells prepare to divide again in a stage known as interkinesis or interphase II.
Both of these cells will go through meiosis II.
Prophase II
The chromosomes become visible, the nuclear envelope disappears and the centrioles form the spindle fibres.
Metaphase II
The chromosomes line up along the middle line on the spindle fibres.
Anaphase II
The chromosomes get split into its two chromatids.
Chromatids are the two strands of DNA (deoxyribo-nucleic acid) that make up the chromosome.
They are joined by a mid-way connection called a centromere.
(Cytokinesis takes place.
Telophase II
The cells are completely divided.
The nucleic envelope reforms and four new cells with different DNA are created.
In males, all four cells become sperm.
In females, only one becomes a mature egg, while the remaining three become re-absorbed into the body.
In humans, there are certain conditions that are caused by meiosis gone wrong.
Down syndrome - trisomy of chromosome 21
Patau syndrome - trisomy of chromosome 13
Edwards syndrome - trisomy of chromosome 18
Klinefelter syndrome - extra X chromosomes in males - i.e. XXY, XXXY, XXXXY
Turner syndrome - lacking of one X chromosome in females - i.e. XO
Triple X syndrome - an extra X chromosome in females
XYY syndrome - an extra Y chromosome in males
Dr.-Ing.
F. Porsche AG, usually shortened to Porsche AG () or simply Porsche, is a German sports car manufacturer based in Zuffenhausen.
Porsche was created in 1931 as a design engineering department by Ferdinand Porsche.
Former models
Spec for all road going Porsche models
Gainsharing is a system of management used by a business to increase profitability by motivating employees to improve their performance through involvement and participation.
As their performance improves, employees share financially in the gain (improvement).
Gainsharing’s goal is to improve performance and eliminate waste (time, energy, and materials) by motivating employees to work smarter as a team rather than just working harder.
Gainsharing should not be confused with profit sharing.
There are many differences between  Gainsharing and profit sharing.
Gainsharing is also called Gain sharing, Gainshare, and  Gain share.
It could also be called "savings sharing."
In other words, a company shares with employees the savings from improved performance.
There are two important parts of a Gainsharing system.
One is a bonus calculation.
The second is a structured system for employee involvement.
Because of these two parts, Gainsharing is best seen as an "organizational development" tool.
It is not just a bonus or "incentive plan."
In order to get a better understanding of this concept one needs to look back at Gainsharing's history.
Gainsharing history
One of the first Gainsharing plans dates back to the 1930s.
In the 1930s a labor leader and MIT Lecturer Joe Scanlon, preached that “the worker” had much more to offer than just a "pair of hands" (manual labor).
Scanlon believed that the person closest to the problem often has the best and simplest solution.
Also, if the worker is involved in the solution he will make the solution work.
In an effort to help a troubled company, Scanlon and the company owner asked employees for their ideas and suggestions to help reduce waste and lower cost.
Many improvements were made.
The company became more successful.
Joe was asked to save other companies who had barely survived the depression.
He eventually became the Acting Director of the Steelworkers Research Department and used his skills in creating joint labor/management improvement committees to help the war effort for WWII.
As the Scanlon Plan developed a method to measure (calculate) gains (improvements) was created.
The monetary gains were then shared with all employees.
This calculation represents the bonus (monetary incentive) element of Gainsharing.
This concept addresses the principle of equity.
"It is fair to share."
Everyone in a company makes a contribution to the organization's success.
Why limit bonuses to the select few?
People typically take pride in their work and have a strong desire to be respected for what they do.
By sharing the company is communicating an important message to the work force:  "We all contribute.
That contribution is respected.
Let's share in the financial benefits."
Gainsharing today
Today, companies use Gainsharing to both measure performance and reward employees when it improves.
Companies use a pre-determined calculation (formula) to share the savings with all employees.
The goals of a company’s Gainsharing plan depend on its cost structure and long-term competitive strategy and are tailored to fit the industry (manufacturing, service, or corporate).
Information regarding the measures, formula, and gains (savings) is regularly and openly shared with all employees.
Since the monetary gains are shared with employees, people develop more of a sense of ownership for their work and the company.
People have a better understanding of how they influence the company's success.
Gainsharing develops the work culture
It should be noted that in a Gainsharing plan, the company's current performance is compared to its historic performance (baseline period).
The savings above the baseline period determine the gain or loss.
Since gains are measured in relationship to a historical period, employees and the company must improve in order to make a gain.
Performance thresholds must be corrected periodically for the effects of capital investment in new equipment as well as for the continuous improvement needed to meet ever higher customer demands.
When people do their work differently they must change.
However, as everyone one knows, it is difficult for people to change.
On the other hand, do people like money?
Most people would say, "Yes."
Therefore, Gainsharing can be a very powerful tool.
Gainsharing promotes the need for continuous improvement and eliminates employees' sense of entitlement.
The employee involvement element
A very important part of a successful Gainsharing plan is the employee involvement element of Gainsharing.
In order to foster a culture of positive change, a successful Gainsharing plan needs to incorporate a structure system of employee involvement.
It is common for Gainsharing plans to have a "team-based" suggestion system in place.
How does a team-based suggestion system work?