the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
498–499,501–506 Antipope Laurentius, rival of Pope Symmachus, Laurentian schism
Incense introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican
524 Boethius, Roman Christian philosopher, wrote: Theological Tractates, Consolation of Philosophy; (Loeb Classics) (Latin)
525 Dionysius Exiguus defines Christian calendar (AD)
527 Fabius Planciades Fulgentius
530 Antipope Dioscorus, possibly a legitimate Pope
530 Rule of St Benedict, St. Benedict founds the Benedictines
535–536 Unusual climate changes recorded
537–555 Pope Vigilius, involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspired with Justinian and Theodora, on April 11, 548, issued Judicatum supporting Justinian's anti-Hypostatic Union, excommunicated by bishops of Carthage in 550
541–542 Plague of Justinian
543 Justinian condemns Origen, disastrous earthquakes hit the world
544 Justinian condemns the Three Chapters of Theodore of Mopsuestia (d.428) and other writings of Hypostatic Union Christology of Council of Chalcedon
550 St. David converts Wales, crucifix introduced
553 Second Council of Constantinople, fifth ecumenical, called by Justinian
556–561 Pope Pelagius I, selected by Justinian, endorsed Judicatum
563 Columba goes to Scotland to evangelize Picts, establishes monastery at Iona
567 Cassiodorus
589 Third Council of Toledo, Reccared and the Visigoths convert from Arianism to Catholicism
590–604 Pope Gregory the Great, whom many consider the greatest pope ever, reforms church structure and administration and establishes Gregorian chant, seven deadly sins ...
591–628 Theodelinda, Queen of the Lombards, began gradual conversion from Arianism to Catholicism
596 St. Augustine of Canterbury sent by Pope Gregory to evangelise the Jutes
600?
Evagrius Scholasticus, Church History of AD 431–594
604 St Paul's Cathedral in London
607 Pope Boniface III, first Bishop of Rome to be called "Pope" and "Universal Bishop" by decree of Emperor Phocas
609 Pantheon, Rome renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda
612?
Bobbio monastery in northern Italy
613 Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland
614 Khosrau II of Persia conquered Damascus, Jerusalem, took Holy Cross of Christ
624 Battle of Badr, considered beginning of Islamic Empire
625 Paulinus of York comes to convert Northumbria
628 Babai the Great, pillar of Assyrian Church of the East, died
628–629 Battle of Mut'ah, Heraclius recovered Cross of Christ and Jerusalem from Islam till 638
632 Eorpwald of East Anglia baptized under influence of Edwin of Northumbria
634–644 Umar, second Sunni Islam Caliph, capital at Damascus, conquered Syria in 635, defeated Heraclius at Battle of Yarmuk in 636, conquered Egypt and Armenia in 639, Persia in 642
635 Cynegils of Wessex baptized by Bishop Birinus
640 Library of Alexandria, "The Center of Western Culture," with 300,000 ancient papyrus scrolls, is completely destroyed.
664 Synod of Whitby unites Celtic Christianity of British Isles with Roman Catholicism
680–681 Third Council of Constantinople, 6th ecumenical, against Monothelites, condemned Pope Honorius I, Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople, Heraclius' Ecthesis
681–686 Wilfrid converts Sussex
687–691 Dome of the Rock built
690?
Old English Bible translations
692 Orthodox Quinisext Council, convoked by Justinian II, approved Canons of the Apostles of Apostolic Constitutions, Clerical celibacy, rejected by Pope Constantine
698 Fall of Carthage
711–718 Umayyad conquest of Hispania
717–718 Second Arab siege of Constantinople
718–1492 Reconquista, Iberian Peninsula retaken by Christendom
718 Saint Boniface, an Englishman, given commission by Pope Gregory II to evangelize the Germans
720?
Disentis Abbey of Switzerland
730–787 First Iconoclasm, Byzantine Emperor Leo III bans Christian icons, Pope Gregory II excommunicates him
731 English Church History written by Bede
750?
Tower added to St Peter's Basilica at the front of the atrium
752?
Donation of Constantine, granted Western Roman Empire to the Pope, later proved a forgery
756 Donation of Pepin recognizes Papal States
781 Nestorian Stele, Daqin Pagoda, Jesus Sutras, Christianity in China
787 Second Council of Nicaea, seventh ecumenical, ends first Iconoclasm
793 Sacking of the monastery of Lindisfarne marks the beginning of Viking raids on Christendom.
800 King Charlemagne of the Franks is crowned first Holy Roman Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III.
849–865 Ansgar, Archbishop of Bremen, "Apostle of the North", began evangelisation of North Germany, Denmark, Sweden
855 Antipope Anastasius, Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor appointed him over Pope Benedict III but popular pressure caused withdrawal
863 Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius sent by the Patriarch of Constantinople to evangelise the Slavic peoples.
They translate the Bible into Slavonic.
869–870 Catholic Fourth Council of Constantinople, condemned Patriarch Photius, rejected by Orthodox
879–880 Orthodox Fourth Council of Constantinople, restored Photius, condemned Pope Nicholas I and Filioque, rejected by Catholics
897, January Cadaver Synod, Pope Stephen VI conducts trial against dead Pope Formosus.
Public uprising against Stephen led to his imprisonment and strangulation.
909 Abbey of Cluny, Benedictine monastery in France
948?
Einsiedeln Abbey of Switzerland
966 Mieszko I duke of Poland baptised.
Poland becomes a Christian country.
984 Antipope Boniface VII, murdered Pope John XIV, alleged to have murdered Pope Benedict VI in 974
988 Baptism of Kievan Rus'
997–998 Antipope John XVI, deposed by Pope Gregory V and his cousin Holy Roman Emperor Otto III
999 Much speculation and fear regarding the approach of the millennium
1012 Antipope Gregory VI, removed by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
1030 Battle of Stiklestad, considered victory of Christianity over Norwegian paganism
1045 Sigfrid of Sweden, Benedictine evangelist
1046 Council of Sutri, Pope Silvester III exiled, Pope Gregory VI admitted to buying the papacy and resigned, Pope Benedict IX resigned, council appointed Pope Clement II
1054 East-West Schism split between Eastern (Orthodox Christianity) and Western (Roman Catholic) churches formalized
1058–1059 Antipope Benedict X, defeated in war with Pope Nicholas II and Normans
1061–1064 Antipope Honorius II rival of Pope Alexander II
1065 Westminster Abbey consecrated
1073–1085 Pope Gregory VII, Investiture Controversy with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, proponent of clerical celibacy, opponent of simony, concubinage, Antipope Clement III
1079 Stanislaus of Szczepanów, patron saint of Poland
1082 Engelberg Abbey of Switzerland
1093–1109 Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, wrote Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man), a landmark exploration of the Atonement
1095–1291 Ten Crusades, first called by Pope Urban II at Council of Clermont against Islamic empire to reconquer the Holy Land for Christendom
1098 Foundation of the reforming monastery of Citeaux.
Leads to the growth of the Cistercian order.
1101 Antipope Theodoric and Antipope Adalbert deposed by Pope Paschal II
1118 Knights Templar founded, to defend Holy Land
1123 Catholic First Lateran Council
1128 Holyrood Abbey in Scotland
1130 Peter of Bruys, burned at the stake
1131 Tintern Abbey in Wales
1131–1138 Antipope Anacletus II
1139 Catholic Second Lateran Council
1140?
Decretum Gratiani, Catholic Canon law
1142 Peter Abélard, Letters of Abelard and Heloise
1144 The Saint Denis Basilica of Abbot Suger is the first major building in the style of Gothic architecture.
1154–1159 Pope Adrian IV, first (and to date only) English pope
1155 Theotokos of Vladimir arrives to Bogolyubovo
1155 Carmelites founded
1163 Notre Dame de Paris, construction begun
1173 Waldensians founded
1179 Catholic Third Lateran Council
1191 Teutonic Knights founded
1204–1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople
1205 Saint Francis of Assisi becomes a hermit, founding the Franciscan order of friars, renounces wealth and begins his ministry; the Rosary is reportedly given to St. Dominic (who founded Dominican Order) by an apparition of Mary
1215 Catholic Fourth Lateran Council, decreed special dress for Jews and Muslims
1220–1263 St Alexander Nevsky, holy patron of Russia
1231 Charter of the University of Paris granted by Pope Gregory IX.
1245 Catholic First Council of Lyon
1252 May 15, Ad exstirpanda, Pope Innocent IV authorized use of torture in Inquisitions
1260 Date which a 1988 Vatican-sponsored scientific study places the origin of the Shroud of Turin
1274 Summa Theologiae, written by Thomas Aquinas, theologian and philosopher, landmark systematic theology which later became official Catholic doctrine
1274 Catholic Second Council of Lyon
1305–1378 Avignon Papacy, Popes live in Avignon, France
1311 Divine Comedy, by Dante Alighieri
1311–1312 Catholic Council of Vienne, disbanded Knights Templar
1314 Jacques de Molay, last Grandmaster of Knights Templar, burned at the stake
1326 Metropolitan Peter moves his see from Kiev to Moscow
1341–1351 Orthodox Fifth Council of Constantinople
1342 Marsilius of Padua
1345 Sergii Radonezhskii founds a hermitage in the woods, which would grow into the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra
1378–1418 Western Schism in Roman Catholicism
1380–1382 Wyclif's Bible, by John Wycliffe, eminent theologian at Oxford, NT in 1380, OT (with help of Nicholas of Hereford) in 1382, translations into Middle English, first complete translation to English, included deuterocanonical books, preached against abuses, expressed anti-catholic views of the sacraments (Penance and Eucharist), the use of relics, and Clerical celibacy
1408 Council of Oxford forbids translations of the Scriptures into the vernacular unless and until they were fully approved by Church authority
1409 Council of Pisa, declared Roman Pope Gregory XII and Avignon Pope Benedict XIII deposed, elected Pope Alexander V (called the Pisan Pope)
1414–1418 Catholic Council of Constance, asked Gregory XII, Benedict XIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII to resign their papal claims, then elected Pope Martin V; condemned John Wycliffe and Jan Hus who was burned at the stake
1423–1424 Council of Siena
1425 Catholic University of Leuven
1430?
Andrei Rublev, the greatest of medieval icon-painters
1431 St. Joan of Arc, French national heroine, burned at the stake
1431–1445 Catholic Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence
1439 Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, highest building in the world till 1874
1453 Fall of Constantinople, overrun by Ottoman Empire
1455 Gutenberg Bible, first printed Bible, by Johann Gutenberg
1473–1481 Sistine Chapel built
1478 Spanish Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV
1484 December 5, Summis desiderantes against witchcraft issued by Pope Innocent VIII
1498 Girolamo Savonarola, Dominican priest, Bonfire of the Vanities
1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St. Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure.
Demolition completed in 1606.
Vatican Swiss Guard founded.
1508–1512 Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling
1512–1517 Catholic Fifth Council of the Lateran, condemned Conciliarism
1517 95 Theses of Martin Luther begins German Protestant Reformation
1521 Diet of Worms condemns Luther
1521 Ferdinand Magellan claims the Philippines for Spain.
First mass and subsequent conversion to Catholicism, first in East Asia.
1522 Luther's NT, German NT translation
1525 Anabaptist movement begins
1526 Tyndale's NT, English NT translation from 1516 Greek text of Erasmus, first printed edition, used as a vehicle by Tyndale for bitter attacks on Catholicism, reflects influence of Luther's NT in rejecting priest for elder, church for congregation, banned in 1546 by Henry VIII
1530 Augsburg Confession, Luther founds the Lutheran Church
1531 Huldrych Zwingli, Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, independent of Luther
1531 Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico
1534 Henry VIII established independent Church of England, see also English Reformation
1534 Jesuit order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China
1535–1537 Myles Coverdale's Bible, used Tyndale's NT along with Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like Luther's Bible of 1534) as was done in later English versions.
1537 edition received royal license, but banned in 1546 by Henry VIII.
1535 Thomas More refused to accept King Henry VIII's claim to be the supreme head of the Church in England, and was executed.
1536 Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch scholar, Greek NT used in many 16th century translations
1536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript.
English ecclesiastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to be part of Lutheran reform.
1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion written by John Calvin (Calvinism)
1536 John of Leiden, fanatic Dutch Anabaptist
1536 Jacob Hutter founder of Hutterites
1536 Helvetic Confessions of the Reformed Churches of Switzerland
1536–1540 Dissolution of the Monasteries in England, Wales and Ireland
1537 Christian III of Denmark decreed Lutheranism state religion of Norway and Denmark
1537–1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers, based on Tyndale and Coverdale, received royal license but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale)
1536–1541 Michelangelo paints the Last Judgement
1539–1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, first English Bible to be authorized for public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534–1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never denounced by England
1541 John Calvin returns to Geneva to establish a theocracy
1542 Roman Inquisition established by Pope Paul III
1543 Parliament of England bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue translation"
1545–1563 Catholic Council of Trent, counter-reformation against Protestantism, clearly defined an official theology and biblical canon
1549 original Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England by Thomas Cranmer
1551 The Stoglav Church Council (One Hundred Chapters) Moscow, Russia
1552 Francis Xavier, Jesuit missionary, "Apostle of the Indies"
1553 Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City
1553 Michael Servetus founder of Unitarianism, burned at the stake in Geneva under Calvin
1553–1558 Queen Mary I of England, Bloody Mary, persecuted reformers: John Rogers, Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, Thomas Cranmer; of 238 burned at the stake
1559 Military Order of the Golden Spur founded by Pope Paul IV
1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of Theodore Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions, first Bible with chapter and verse numbers
1560 Scots Confession, Church of Scotland, Scottish Reformation
1560–1598 French Wars of Religion
1560–1812 Goa Inquisition, persecution of Hindus and Jews in India, see also Christianity in India
1561 Menno Simons founder of Mennonites
1563 Thirty-Nine Articles of Church of England, also decreed biblical canon
1563 Heidelberg Catechism of Reformed churches
1566 Roman Catechism
1569 Metropolitan Philip of Moscow strangled by Malyuta Skuratov
1571 Dutch Reformed Church
1572 John Knox, founded Scotch Presbyterian Church, due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government
1572–1606 Bishops' Bible, a revision of the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, first to be published in England by episcopal authority
1579 Discovery of the holiest Russian icon, Our Lady of Kazan
1580 Book of Concord of Lutheranism
1582 St Terese of Avila
1582 Gregorian calendar adopted at different times in different regions of the world
1587 Toyotomi Hideyoshi expelled Jesuits from Kyūshū
1587?
Mission Nombre de Dios in St. Augustine, Florida, considered first mission to North America
1589 Metropolitan Jove is elected the first Patriarch of Moscow
1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed
1592 Clementine Vulgate of Pope Clement VIII, replaced Sistine Vulgate of 1590, standard Latin Catholic Bible till reforms of the Second Vatican Council
1596 Ukrainian Catholic Church forms when Ukrainian subjects of the king of Poland are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine Catholic Church
1600 Giordano Bruno, Dominican priest, burned at the stake
1604 Fausto Paolo Sozzini Socinianism
1606 Carlo Maderno redesigns St Peter's Basilica into a Latin cross
1607 Jamestown, Virginia founded
1608 Quebec founded by Samuel de Champlain
1609 Baptist Church founded by John Smyth, due to objections to infant baptism and demands for church-state separation
1609–1610 Douay-Rheims Bible, first Catholic English translation.
OT published in two volumes, based on an unofficial Louvain text corrected by Sistine Vulgate.
NT is Rheims text of 1582.
1611–1800 King James Version (Authorised Version) is released, based primarily on Wycliffe's work and Bishop's Bible of 1572.
Translators are accused of being "damnable corrupters of God's word".
Original included Apocrypha.
1614 Fama Fraternitatis, Rosicrucian manifesto
1618–1648 Thirty Years' War
1620 Plymouth Colony founded
1621 Robert Bellarmine
1622–1642 Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu
1630 City upon a Hill, sermon by John Winthrop
1636 Founding of what was later known as Harvard University as a training school for ministers – the first of thousands of institutions of Christian higher education founded in the USA
1636–1638 Cornelius Jansen, bishop of Ypres, founder of Jansenism
1637–1638 Shimabara Rebellion
1638 Anne Hutchinson banished as a heretic from Massachusetts
1641 John Cotton, advocate of theonomy, helps to establish the social constitution of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
1643 Acta Sanctorum
1644 Long Parliament directed that only Hebrew canon be read in the Church of England (effectively removed the Apocrypha)
1646 Westminster Standards produced by the Assembly, one of the first and undoubtedly the most important and lasting religious document drafted after the reconvention of the Parliament, also decreed biblical canon
1648 George Fox founds the Quaker movement
1650 James Ussher, calculates date of creation as October 23, 4004 BC
1653–56 Raskol of the Russian Orthodox Church
1660–1685 King Charles II of England, restoration of monarchy, continuing through James II, reversed decision of Long Parliament of 1644, reinstating the Apocrypha, reversal not heeded by non-conformists
1672 Greek Orthodox Synod of Jerusalem, decreed biblical canon
1675 Philipp Jakob Spener publishes Pia Desideria, which becomes a manifesto for Pietism
1678 John Bunyan publishes Pilgrim's Progress
1682 Avvakum, leader of the Old Believers, burned at the stake in the Far North of Russia
1684 Roger Williams (theologian), advocate of separation of church and state, founder of Providence, Rhode Island
1685 Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France
1685 Orthodoxy introduced to Beijing by Russian Orthodox Church
1692 Salem witch trials in Colonial America
1692–1721 Chinese Rites controversy
1693 Jacob Amman founder of Amish
1701 Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands splits with Roman Catholicism
1721 Peter the Great substituted Moscow Patriarchate with the Holy Synod
1728 The Vicar of Bray (song)
1730–1749 First Great Awakening in U.S.
1735 Welsh Methodist revival
1738 Methodist movement, led by John Wesley and his hymn-writing brother Charles, begins
1741 Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, famous fire and brimstone sermon
1754 An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture, by Isaac Newton, published
1767–1815 Suppression of the Jesuits
1768 New Smyrna, Florida, Greek Orthodox colony founded
1768 Reimarus dies without publishing his radical critic work distinguishing Historical Jesus versus Christ of Faith
1769 Mission San Diego de Alcala, first California mission
1772 Emanuel Swedenborg, founded Swedenborgianism
1774 Ann Lee leader of American Shakers
1774 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing starts publishing Reimarus works on historical Jesus as Anonymous Fragments, starting Liberal Theology Era (in Christology)
1776–1788 Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, critical of Christianity
1776 Mission Delores, San Francisco
1779 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, "Jesus never coerced anyone to follow him, and the imposition of a religion by government officials is impious"
1780 Robert Raikes begins Sunday schools to reach poor and uneducated children in England
1784 American Methodists form Methodist Episcopal Church at so-called "Christmas Conference", led by bishops Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury
1789–1815 John Carroll, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore, first Roman Catholic US bishop
1789–1801 Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution
1791 First Amendment to the United States Constitution
1793 Herman of Alaska brings Orthodoxy to Alaska
1795 The Age of Reason written by Thomas Paine, advocated Deism
1796 Treaty with Tripoli (1796), article 11: "the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion"
1800 Friedrich Schleiermacher publishes his first book, beginning Liberal Christianity movement
1801 Cane Ridge, Kentucky
1811 The Campbells begin Restoration Movement
1815 Peter the Aleut, orthodox Christian, tortured and martyred in Catholic San Francisco, California
1816 Bishop Richard Allen, a former slave, founds the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first African-American denomination
1819 Thomas Jefferson produced the Jefferson Bible
1824 English translation of Wilhelm Gesenius' ...Handwörterbuch...: Hebrew-English Lexicon, Hendrickson Publishers
1828 Plymouth Brethren founded, Dispensationalism
1830 Charles Finney's revivals lead to Second Great Awakening in America
1830, April 6 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormonism) founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. as a result of reported visitations and commandment by God the Father, Jesus Christ, and later the Angel Moroni.
Book of Mormon also published in 1830.
1832 Church of Christ (Disciples) organized, made up of Presbyterians in distress over Protestant factionalism and decline of fervor
1833 John Keble's sermon "National Apostasy" initiates the Oxford Movement in England
1838–1839 Saxon Lutherans objecting to the Prussian Union emigrate from Germany to the United States; settle in Perry County, Missouri.
Leads to formation of the LC-MS
1843, Disruption of: schism within the established Church of Scotland
1844, October 22 Great Disappointment, false prediction of Second Coming of Christ by Millerites
1845 Southern Baptist Convention formed in Augusta, Georgia
1848 Epistle to the Easterns and Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs response
1848 Perfectionist movement in western New York state
1854 Missionary Hudson Taylor arrives in China
1854 Immaculate Conception, defined as Catholic dogma
1855 Søren Kierkegaard, founder of Christian existentialism
1863 Seventh-day Adventist Church officially formed twenty 20 years after the Great Disappointment
1865 Methodist preacher William Booth founds the Salvation Army, vowing to bring the gospel into the streets to the most desperate and needy
1869–1870 Catholic First Vatican Council, asserted doctrine of Papal Infallibility, rejected by Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland
1870 Italy declared war on the Papal States.
The Italian Army enters Rome.
Papal States ceased to exist.
1871–1878 German Kulturkampf against Roman Catholicism
1879 Church of Christ, Scientist founded in Boston by Mary Baker Eddy
1881–1894 Revised Version, called for by Church of England, used Greek based on Septuagint (B) and (S), Hebrew Masoretic Text used in OT, follows Greek order of words, greater accuracy than AV, includes Apocrypha, scholarship never disputed
1884 Charles Taze Russell founded Bible Student movement known today as Jehovah's Witnesses
1885 Baltimore Catechism
1886 Moody Bible Institute
1894 The Kingdom of God is Within You, by Leo Tolstoy, start of Christian anarchism
1897 Christian flag, conceived in Brooklyn, New York
1899 Gideons International founded
1905 French law on the separation of Church and State
1906 Albert Schweitzer publishes The Quest of the Historical Jesus (English translation 1910)
1906 Biblia Hebraica
1906–1909 Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles, California, begins modern Pentecostal movement
1907–1912 Nicholas of Japan, Archbishop of Japanese Orthodox Church
1909 Scofield Reference Bible
1909–1911 The Rosicrucian Fellowship, an international association of Christian mystics, founded at Mount Ecclesia
1910 Edinburgh Missionary Conference launches modern missions movement and modern ecumenical movement; five-point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly, also used by Fundamentalists
1910–1915 The Fundamentals, a 12-volume collection of essays by 64 British and American scholars and preachers, a foundation of Fundamentalism
1913 Our Lady of Fatima appears to three young people, in Portugal.
They were Jacinta Marto, Tiago Veloso and Lúcia (Sister Lucia).
1913 Catholic Encyclopedia
1914 Welsh Church Act 1914
1914 Iglesia ni Cristo incorporated in the Philippines
1915–1917 Armenian Genocide
1916 Father Divine founded International Peace Mission movement
1916 And did those feet in ancient time
1917 Restitution of the Moscow Patriarchy with Tikhon as patriarch
1917 True Jesus Church founded in Beijing
1918 Execution of Holy Martyrs of Russia, including the last tsar, Nicholas II, and his wife, Alexandra Feodorovna
1919 Karl Barth's Commentary on Romans is published, critiquing Liberal Christianity and beginning the neo-orthodox movement
1921 Oxford Group founded at Oxford
1923 Aimee Semple McPherson built Angelus Temple
1925 Scopes Trial, caused division among Fundamentalists
1925 United Church of Canada formed
1926 Father Charles Coughlin's first radio broadcast
1927 Pope Pius XI decrees Comma Johanneum open to dispute
1929 Lateran Treaty signed containing three agreements between kingdom of Italy and the papacy.
1930 Rastafari movement founded
1931 Majority of Bible Students adopt name Jehovah's Witnesses, see 1884 for more information.
1931 Christ the Redeemer (statue) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1933 Catholic Worker Movement founded
1934 Herbert W. Armstrong founded Radio Church of God
1935 Dr. Frank C. Laubach, known as "The Apostle to the Illiterates", working in the Philippines, developed a literacy program that continues to teach millions of people to read.
1935 Rahlf's critical edition of the Koine Greek Septuagint
1935 Billy Sunday, early U.S. radio evangelist
1939 Southern and Northern US branches of the Methodist Episcopal Church, along with the Methodist Protestant Church reunite to form the Methodist Church.
Slavery had divided the church in the 1800s.
1940 Monumento Nacional de Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caidos, world's largest cross, 152.4 meters high
1942 National Association of Evangelicals founded
1945 Roman Catholic sex abuse cases begin
1945 Dietrich Bonhoeffer is executed by the Nazis
1945 Ludwig Müller
1945 The Nag Hammadi library is discovered.
1946–1952 Revised Standard Version, revision of AV "based on consonantal Hebrew text" for OT and best available texts for NT, done in response to changes in English usage
1947 Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism by Carl F. H. Henry, a landmark of Evangelicalism versus Fundamentalism in US
1947 Oral Roberts founded Evangelistic Association
1947 Dead Sea scrolls discovered
1948 World Council of Churches is founded
1948 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, see also Christian Zionism
1949 Evangelist Billy Graham preaches his first Los Angeles crusade
1950 New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures released
1950 Assumption of Mary decreed by Pope Pius XII
1950 Missionaries of Charity founded by Mother Teresa
1951 The Last Temptation, a fictional account of the life of Jesus, written by Nikos Kazantzakis, wherein Christ's divinity is juxtaposed with his humanity, is published, and promptly banned in many countries.
1951 Campus Crusade for Christ founded at UCLA
1952 Novum Testamentum Graece, critical edition of Greek NT, basis of modern translations
1952 C. S. Lewis' Mere Christianity
1954 Unification Church founded
1954 U.S. Pledge of Allegiance modified by act of Congress from "one nation, indivisible" to "one nation under God, indivisible"
1956 In God We Trust designated U.S. national motto
1956 Anchor Bible Series
1956 The Ten Commandments (1956 film)
1957 United Church of Christ founded by ecumenical union of Congregationalists and Evangelical and Reformed, representing Calvinists and Lutherans
1957 English translation of Walter Bauer's Wörterbuch ...: A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, University of Chicago Press
1958 Sedevacantism
1959 Family Radio founded
1961 New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released
1962–1965 Catholic Second Vatican Council, announced by Pope John XXIII in 1959, produced 16 documents which became official Roman Catholic teaching after approval by the Pope, purpose to renew "ourselves and the flocks committed to us"
1963 Martin Luther King leads a civil rights march in Washington, D.C.
1963 campaign by Madalyn Murray O'Hair results in U.S. Supreme Court ruling prohibiting reading of Bible in public schools
1965 Reginald H. Fuller's The Foundations of New Testament Christology
Rousas John Rushdoony founds Chalcedon Foundation
1966 Raymond E. Brown's Commentary on the Gospel of John
1968 United Methodist Church formed with union of Methodist Church and Evangelical United Brethren Church, becoming the largest Methodist/Wesleyan church in the world
1970s The Jesus movement takes hold in the U.S. One-way.org
1970 Mass of Paul VI replaces Tridentine Mass
1970 The Late, Great Planet Earth futurist book by Hal Lindsey
1970?
Chick Publications
1971 New American Standard Bible
1971 The Exorcist, a novel of demonic possession and the mysteries of the Catholic faith, is published.
1973 Trinity Broadcasting Network founded
1974 Jim Bakker founds PTL television ministry
1975 Bruce Metzger's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament
1976 Anneliese Michel, Bavarian woman, underwent exorcism against demon possession
1977 New Perspective on Paul
1977 Focus on the Family founded by James Dobson
1978 New International Version of the Bible is first published (revised in 1984), using a variety of Greek texts, Masoretic Hebrew texts, and current English style
1978–2005 Pope John Paul II, reaffirmed moral traditions (The Splendor of Truth)
1979 Moral Majority founded by Jerry Falwell
1979 Jesus, most watched movie of all time according to New York Times
1979–1982?
New King James Version, complete revision of 1611 AV, updates archaisms while retaining style
1985 Jesus Seminar founded
1985 E. P. Sanders' Jesus and Judaism
1988 Christian Coalition
1988 The Last Temptation of Christ, directed by Martin Scorsese, is released by Universal Pictures, and promptly attacked as heretical by organized Christian and Catholic groups.
1989 New Revised Standard Version
1991 John P. Meier's series A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, v. 1
1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church
1994 "Evangelicals & Catholics Together"
1994 Porvoo Communion
1994 Answers In Genesis founded by Ken Ham
1997, Mar 5–10 World Council of Churches: Towards a Common Date for Easter, see also Reform of the date of Easter
1998, April 6 PBS Frontline: From Jesus to Christ
1999  International House of Prayer  in Kansas City begins non-stop 24/7 continual prayer
1999, Oct 31 signing of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification between the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church
2001 The Way of the Master founded
2004 Mel Gibson's film The Passion of the Christ is released
2005 Death of Pope John Paul II, election of Pope Benedict XVI
2006, July 18 World Methodist Council voted unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification
2006 Abdul Rahman (convert)
2012 Woman bishops rejected by the Church of England
2013 Pope Benedict XVI abdicates, replaced by Pope Francis.
World Almanac and Book of Facts
Academic American Encyclopedia (on Compuserve)
English Versions of the Bible by John Berchmans Dockery O.F.M.
David Pentrack's "Et Cum Spiritu Tuo" website
Catholic Encyclopedia: Biblical Chronology
OrthodoxWiki: Timeline of Church History (from the Orthodox POV)
St. Ignatius Church: Timeline (from the Orthodox POV)
Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (Before AD 71)
List of coats of arms of the 24 districts and the 12 urban districts in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
The State of Rhineland-Palatinate
Coats of arms of Germany
The word schism ('sɪzəm or ), from the Greek σχίσμα, skhísma (from σχίζω, skhízō, "to tear, to split"), means a division or a split, usually in an organization or a movement.
A schismatic is a person who creates schism in an organization or who is a member of a splinter group.
Schismatic as an adjective means belonging to a schism or schisms, or to those ideas, policies, etc.
that are thought to lead towards schism.
Use within Christianity
The words schism and schismatic have found perhaps their heaviest usage in the history of Christianity, to speak of splits within a church.
Within Christianity the word schism may refer to:
The offense of creating divisions among Christians.
The event of two groups of Christians ceasing to be in full communion with each other, so that, they decide they must worship separately because of disagreements between them.
Any Christian communion or sect that has left the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church.
Which church constitutes the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church has long been disputed: for instance, the  Roman Catholic Church claims that title and thinks the Eastern Orthodox Communion to be in schism.
The Eastern Orthodox Communion also claims that title and holds that the Catholic Communion is schismatic.
The Protestant movement thinks that both are in error, so does the Restorationist movement.
Though it is very important to note the difference between schism and heresy.
Heresy is to reject or doubt the beliefs of the Church after having been baptised.
Schism means that the opposing parties have a disagreement within the establishment.
Both groups have to accept that they are in schism.
In the canon law of the Catholic Church, an act of schism, apostasy or heresy brings the penalty of excommunication.
Use within Islam
There are divisions between Sunni, Shia, and Kharijite Islam in CE 632 regarding the rightful successor to the prophet Muhammad.
In 661 and 680 there were divisions regarding the rightful claimant to the Caliphate.
Use within Buddhism
In Buddhism, the first schism was set up by Devadatta, during Buddha's life.
After Buddha's passing away, the early Buddhist schools developed various schisms.
In the old texts, 18 or 20 early schools are mentioned.
Later, there were the Mahayana and Vajrayana movements, which can be regarded as being schismatic in origin.
There are now perhaps thousands of different Buddhist sects.
Use within Judaism
Throughout the Jewish history, Judaism survived many schisms.
Today, major Jewish denominations are Orthodox Judaism and non-Orthodox: Reform, Conservative and Reconstructionist.
The schism of the Shia and Sunni Islam, c. 632
Two Fourth Councils of Constantinople, one Catholic (869-870) and one Orthodox (879-880)
The Great Schism of 1054
Three Popes at the same time: Roman Pope Gregory XII, Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII, resolved at Council of Constance, see also Western Schism, 1378-1417
The Swiss Reformation beginning in 1516
The Protestant Reformation beginning in 1517
Anabaptist, c. 1525
The English Reformation beginning in 1529
Michael Servetus burned at the stake in 1553, considered founder of Unitarianism
The Scottish Reformation in 1560
The Dutch Reformation in 1571
See Old believers and Raskol for schism within the Russian Orthodox Church in 1666
American Restorationism beginning in the 1850s
Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland rejects First Vatican Council doctrine of Papal Infallibility, see also Old Catholic Church, 1868
The Sedevacantism schism of 1958
The schism between the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican Movement in 1977
Encyclopedia Britannica: Schism
Catholic Encyclopedia: Schism
Church organization
Proselyte, from Greek /proselytos, is used in the Septuagint for "stranger", i.e. a newcomer to Israel; a sojourner in the land, and in the New Testament (Strong's G4339 ) for a convert to Judaism from Paganism.
It is a translation of the Hebrew word /ger (Strong's H1616 ).
Two kinds of proselyte in Judaism
Ger tzedek (righteous proselytes, proselytes of righteousness, religious proselyte, devout proselyte)
Ger toshav (gate proselyte, proselytes of the gate, limited proselyte, half-proselyte)
Proselytes in early Christianity
Petrine Proselytes
Catholic Encyclopedia: Proselyte
Jewish Encyclopedia: Proselyte
Free Online Book: 'The Path of the Righteous Gentile'
Proselyte in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
The Twelve Apostles, (somebody sent forth/sent out)  were men who, according to the Synoptic Gospels and Christian tradition, were chosen from among the disciples (students) of Jesus Christ for a mission.
Judaism had an office known as apostle (שליח)".
According to the list occurring in each of the Synoptic Gospels (, , ), the Twelve chosen by Jesus near the beginning of his ministry, those whom also He named Apostles, were
Simon: called Peter (Grk.
petros; Aram.
kēfas; Engl.
stone) by Jesus of Nazareth, also known as Simon bar Jonah and Simon bar Jochanan (Aram.)
and earlier (Pauline Epistles were written first) Cephas (Aram.),
and Simon Peter, a fisherman from Bethsaida "of Galilee" (John 1:44; cf.
12:21) Simon/Peter - Andrew's brother (Matthew 10:2; Mark 3:16; Luke 6:14)
Andrew: brother of Peter, a Bethsaida fisherman and disciple of John the Baptist, and also the First-Called Apostle. (
Matthew 10:2; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:14)
James - John's brother, son of Zebedee, Boanerges, son of Thunder (Matthew 10:2; Mark 3:17; Luke 6:14)
John son of Zebedee, called by Jesus Boanerges(an Aramaic name explained in Mk 3:17 as "Sons of Thunder") - James' brother (Matthew 10:2; Mark 3:17; Luke 6:14)
Known as the only apostle who was not martyred, and also has his own Gospel in the New Testament.
Philip: from Bethsaida "of Galilee" (John 1:44, 12:21) (Matthew 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:14)
Thaddeus: "Judas, son of James", (Matthew 10:3, Acts 1:13, Luke 6:16, John 14:22).
Lebbaeus/Judas/Juda - , Simon's brother (Matthew 10:3; 13:55; Mark 3:18; 6:3; Luke 6:16; Jude 1:1)
Bartholomew: in Aramaic "bar-Talemai?", "
son of Talemai" or from Ptolemais, some identify with Nathanael. (
Matthew 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:14)
Thomas: also known as Judas Tomas Didymus - Aramaic T'oma = twin, and Greek Didymous = twin (Matthew 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15)
James: commonly identified with James the Less  - Matthew's/Levi's brother, son of Alphaeus (Matthew 10:3; 27:56; Mark 2:14; 3:16, 18; 6:3; 15:40, 47; Luke 5:27; 6:14-15; 24:18; Acts 1:13; 4:36).
Matthew: the tax collector, some identify with Levi son of Alphaeus - Levi - James' brother (James the less) (Matthew 10:3; 27:56; Mark 2:14; 3:16, 18; 6:3; 15:40, 47; Luke 5:27; 6:14-15; 24:18; Acts 1:13; 4:36) and author of the Book of Matthew
Simon the Canaanite: called in Luke and Acts "Simon the Zealot", some identify with Simeon of Jerusalem -, Thaddeus' brother (Matthew 10:4; 13:55; Mark 3:18; 6:3; Luke 6:15)
Judas Iscariot: the name Iscariot may refer to the Judaean towns of Kerioth or to the sicarii (Jewish nationalist insurrectionists), or to the tribe of Issachar; (Matthew 10:4; Mark 3:19; Luke 6:16)
He was replaced as an apostle in Acts by Saint Matthias
It should also be noted that while the "Twelve Apostles" refer to the twelve who followed Jesus during his lifetime (and later Matthias in place of Judas Iscariot), Paul (formerly Saul of Tarsus) can be considered as another apostle.
Notably, he begins many of his epistles with "Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus", or some variant.
The original twelve were apostles sent out to the Jews, whereas Paul has the unique role of being the apostle to the gentiles after Christ's resurrection and ascent.
Mark names him as Thaddaeus
Some manuscripts of Matthew also identify him as Thaddeus
Some manuscripts of Matthew name him as Lebbaeus
Some manuscripts of Matthew name him as Judas the Zealot
Luke names him as Judas, son of James or in the KJV: "Judas the brother of James"
The Gospel of John, unlike the Synoptic Gospels, does not offer a formal list of apostles, but does refer to the Twelve in , , and .
The following nine apostles are identified by name:
Andrew (identified as Peter's brother)
the sons of Zebedee (plural form implies at least two apostles)
Thomas (also called Didymus (, , ))
Judas (not Iscariot) ()
The individual that the Gospel of John names as Nathanael is traditionally identified as the same person that the Synoptic Gospels call Bartholomew, and most would agree that the sons of Zebedee is likely to be a reference to James and John, while Judas (not Iscariot) probably refers to Thaddaeus, also known as St. Jude.
Noticeably missing from the Gospel of John are James, son of Alphaeus, Matthew, and Simon the Canaanite/Zealot.
The Disciples of Jesus Christ
Navarre RSV Holy Bible.
Four Courts Press, Dublin, Ireland, 1999.
William F. Albright|Albright, W.F. and C.S. Mann. "
Matthew."
The Anchor Bible Series.
New York: Doubleday & Company, 1971.
Carson, D.A. "The Limits of Functional Equivalence in Bible Translation - and other Limits Too."
The Challenge of Bible Translation: Communicating God's Word to the World.
edited by Glen G Scorgie, Mark L. Strauss, Steven M. Voth.
Carter, Warren. "
Matthew 4:18-22 and Matthean Discipleship: An Audience-Oriented Perspective."
Catholic Bible Quarterly.
Clarke, Howard W. The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers: A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.
"Fisher's of Men."
A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature.
David Lyle Jeffrey, general editor.
Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans, 1992.
France, R.T. The Gospel Acording to Matthew: an Introduction and Commentary.
Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1985.
Manek, Jindrich. "
Fishers of Men."
Novum Testamentum.
1958 pg.
Eduard Schweizer|Schweizer, Eduard.
The Good News According to Matthew.
Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975
Wuellner, Wilhelm H. The Meaning of "Fishers of Men".
Westminster Press, 1967. ( :)
G woz 'ere)
Catholic Encyclopedia: Apostles
Jewish Encyclopedia: Apostle and Apostleship
Apostles.com:  Biographies of Christ's Apostles
Fishing in first century Judea
The fishing economy in Galilee
OrthodoxWiki: Apostle
Apostle in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
Oriental Orthodoxy means the group of Eastern Christian Churches that accept only the first three ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus — and do not accept the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon.
These Churches are also called Old Oriental Churches.
Oriental Orthodox churches are different from the churches that call themselves Eastern Orthodoxy.
The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is the spiritual leader of the Oriental Orthodox Churches.
This is because the Pope of Alexandria is also Patriarch of all Africa on the Holy See of St. Mark the Apostle.
The spiritual leadership is not understood in the same sense as among the Eastern Orthodox Churches to the Church of Constantinople.
It is in the spirit of respect and honour for the Apostolic Throne of Alexandria.
It does not give any special rights to the Church of Alexandria.
The schism (division) between Great Church Orthodox and Catholic and the Oriental Orthodox Churches happened in the 5th century after the Council of Chalcedon.
Betts, Robert B., Christians in the Arab East, Lycabbetus Press (Athens, 1978)
Charles, R. H. The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text, 1916.
Reprinted 2007.
Evolution Publishing, .
Website on the unity between Oriental and Eastern Orthodox Churches
A dogma is something that should not be disputed or doubted.
Most often, this means the basic beliefs and doctrines of a religion.
What a majority of followers of an ideology or any kind of organization believe in can also be a dogma.
In the context of religion, the term has a neutral meaning.
Outside of religion for most people the term means something negative, because it accepts only a particular point of view.
If someone disputes a religious dogma, they can be accused of heresy.
Dogma - Catholic Encyclopedia
Dogma - Strong's N.T. Greek Lexicon
Dogma (movie), a movie written and directed by Kevin Smith
Dogma 95, a manifesto about filmmaking aesthetics
Dogma (band), a thrash metal band
Dogma (Game), a freeware fighting game
Dogma (movie company), a Bukkake movie company
"Dogma", a social-commentary track by rock band KMFDM
Dogma (bar), a British pub chain
A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious group or creed officially accepted by the state.
The term state church is used in context with Christianity, and is sometimes used for a specific national branch of Christianity.
Christian countries
Roman Catholic
Vatican City (Theocracy)
Some cantons of Switzerland (state religion):
Appenzell Innerrhoden (declared "religion of the people of Appenzell Innerrhoden")
Basel-Country
Old Catholic
Some cantons of Switzerland (Christian Catholic Church):
Eastern Orthodox
England (Church of England) established by law; plus, unestablished, the world-wide Anglican Communion
Lutheran
Denmark (Church of Denmark)
Iceland (Church of Iceland)
Finland (Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland)
Scotland (Church of Scotland) established by law
Scotland assorted Free Presbyterian churches, unestablished.
Some cantons of Switzerland (Swiss Reformed Church):
Other christian
Islamic countries
Afghanistan (State religion)
Algeria (State religion)
Bahrain (State religion)
Bangladesh (State religion)
Brunei (State religion)
Egypt (State religion)
Iran (State religion)
Iraq (State religion)
Jordan (State religion)
Kuwait (State religion)
Libya (State religion)
Malaysia (State religion)
Maldives (State religion)
Mauritania (State religion)
Oman (State religion)
Pakistan (State religion)
Saudi Arabia (Religion of the Kingdom)
United Arab Emirates (Religion of the Emirates)
Maldives (as state religion)
Pakistan (as national-sanctioned religion)
Saudi Arabia (as state-sanctioned religion)
Somalia      (as State Religion)
Bangladesh    (as state religion)
Shi'a Islam
Iran (Theocracy)
Buddhist countries
Bhutan (Drukpa Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism)
Cambodia (Theravada Buddhism)
Laos (Theravada Buddhism)
Kalmykia, a republic within the Russian Federation (Tibetan Buddhism - sole Buddhist entity in Europe)
Thailand (Theravada Buddhism)
Tibet Government in Exile (Gelugpa school of Tibetan Buddhism)
Myanmar - written in the 1974 constitution
Sri Lanka (Theravada Buddhism)
Hindu countries
There are no Hindu countries presently, all Hindu majority countries are secular, with Hinduism not listed as the state religion.
Nepal was the world's only kingdom state with Hindu monarch, but the Constitution of Nepal 2015 constitution clearly states it is a secular country.
Nepal also declared cow as national animal with advanced animal protection rights such as cats and dogs, cow slaughter is also forbidden.
Israel is defined in several of its laws as a Democratic Jewish state, but has no state or official religion, "Jewish" being treated as a nationality.
In other countries the term "Jewish" means either adhering to the Jewish religion (Judaism), or a Jew by descent (inheritance) or both.
Ancient state religions
Egypt and Sumer
Persian empire
Greek city-states
Roman Religion and Christianity
When in Rome, the office of Pontifex Maximus was reserved for the emperor, failure to worship him as a god was sometimes punished by death, as the Roman government sought to link emperor worship with loyalty to the Empire.
Many Christians and Jews were persecuted, because it was against their beliefs to worship the emperor.
Catholic Christianity, as opposed to Arianism and other heretical and schismatic groups, was declared to be the state religion of the Roman Empire on February 27, 380 by the decree De Fide Catolica of Emperor Theodosius I.
Han Dynasty Confucianism and Sui Dynasty Buddhism
States without any state religion
These states do not profess any state religion.
Countries which officially decline to establish any religion include:
People's Republic of China (China)