the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Karl Muck, (his first name is sometimes spelt Carl, his surname rhymes with “book”) (born Darmstadt,  22 October 1859; died Stuttgart,  4 March 1940) was a German conductor.
He was one of the greatest conductors of his day, especially famous for his conducting of operas by Richard Wagner.
Karl Muck’s father was a Bavarian politician and amateur musician.
After his school years he studied music at the Conservatory in Würzburg.
He also studied classical philology at the University of Heidelberg.
In 1877 he continued his music studies in Leipzig, learning the piano with Carl Reinecke.
His first public performance was in 1880, the year in which he graduated with a doctorate, playing the piano in the Piano Concerto by Xaver Scharwenka at the Leipzig Gewandhaus.
Soon he spent all his time conducting operas.
He conducted in Zürich, Salzburg, Brno and Graz, and got a conductor’s job in Prague and later in Berlin.
He conducted the operas of Wagner’s Ring Cycle with great success as well as many performances of Parsifal.
In 1912 he became the conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and from 1922 until he retired in 1933 he conducted the Hamburg Philharmonic Orchestra.
Muck was one of the first conductors to be internationally famous for travelling about conducting orchestras in many parts of the world.
He was a strict conductor who thought it was very important that the players should do exactly what the composer asks for in the score.
He was imprisoned in the United States during World War I, because of his support for Germany and because he refused to conduct the Star Spangled Banner.
After the war he was sent away and not allowed to return to America.
After his death a square in Hamburg was named after him, although in 1997 it was renamed “Johannes Brahms Square” because Muck had praised Adolf Hitler.
A town square is a large open area in the center of a town.
Town squares were traditionally places where people came together to meet, or to sell and buy things, or to be entertained.
They often had markets, lynchings, or they were used for concerts.
They are often surrounded by shops or cafés.
Many town squares in the 20th century became used as car parks.
In recent years cars have been banned from some town squares so that people can enjoy the open space once more, free from traffic and pollution.
In other parts of towns there are often smaller open spaces which are called “squares”.
They are often square in shape, but some are different shapes.
Torture and the War on Terror
The United States and other countries involved in the War on Terror have used torture to get information from suspected terrorists.
Some of the most well known cases of torture involving the U.S. are the Abu Ghraib scandal and Guantanamo Bay.
Abu Ghraib Prison
Starting in 2004 there were reports of abuse of prisoners at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.
The New Yorker newspaper had an article in May 2004 about the abuse and the article had pictures that were taken by soldiers involved.
According to an investigation by the Department of Defense called the Taguba Report, the military had been looking into the abuse since 2003.
In the end nine soldiers were discharged from the military and sent to prison.
Human rights organisations like Amnesty International have said CIA agents used waterboarding and other  ways to get information out of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay.
Because of the abuse President Barack Obama ordered the base to be closed down.
Itumbiara is a Brazilian city of the state of Goiás.
It has 95.265 inhabitants and an area of 2.461 km².
It was founded in 1909 and it is one of the most important cities in state of Goiás.
Born in Itumbiara
Itumbiara's Official Home Page (in Portuguese)
1909 establishments in Brazil
Legal tender is fiat money, or currency (bank notes and coins).
It has value because a government creates it and backs it, and people using it have faith in its value.
Fiat money such as US dollars can be used as an exchange for goods and services.
The point is that other kinds of money have been used.
Legal tender differs from commodity money and representative money.
Commodity money is based on a "good", often a precious metal such as gold or silver, which is desired or has other uses.
Representative money is a claim on the commodity rather than the actual good.
In that case, the gold stays in a bank, and its ownership changes from time to time as the money is used.
Why might a good be used at all?
One reason is that governments cannot just make it.
It is said that this stops inflation because, with fiat money, governments can just print more.
Some economists argue that an economy can only grow if it can produce more capital goods and not more money in the form of credit.
This means that good economies must produce things rather than borrow money to buy things produced in other countries.
Alan Greenspan was an early critic of fiat money arguing that "Deficit spending is simply a scheme for the confiscation of wealth".
He thought the value of money should be backed by gold.
Richard Nixon ended gold backing for the United States dollar in 1971.
Other countries also changed to Fiat currency.
The words anal-retentive (or  anally retentive, anal retentive), often shortened to "anal", are used in everyday language to describe a person with so much attention to detail that the obsession becomes annoying to other people.
The idea was thought up by Sigmund Freud
In the psychology ideas of Freud, the anal stage is said to follow the oral stage of development in babies and young kids.
This is usually when they are learning  toilet training.
Freud made a theory which said that children who experience troubles during this time may develop "anal" personality traits, as well as a general interest in collecting and keeping things.
The San Joaquin River is one of the two major rivers of California, in the United States.
At  long, it is the second longest river in California, after the Sacramento River.
It begins on the west Sierra Nevada Mountains and flows west and north to its end at San Francisco Bay, at the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.
Its basin, which is about 32,000 square miles (82,879 square kilometers) in size, contains mostly farmland.
The river provides drinking water to over 22 million California citizens.
Its three largest tributaries are the Merced, Tuolumne, and Stanislaus rivers.
The river was once one of the richest river ecosystems in California.
However, now over  of the river is dry except during floods, because lots of water has been taken away for irrigation.
In fact, below Friant Dam, a dam built in the 1940s on the San Joaquin River, 95 percent of the river's flow is dry.
Much of the river is polluted, destroying the historic population of chinook salmon, once the southernmost in the United States.
Pesticides, selenium, and many more toxic materials are carried by the San Joaquin into San Francisco Bay.
Now, one of the largest projects in the American West has been begun to restore the San Joaquin River.
On September 13, 2006, the Natural Resources Defense Council signed an agreement with Friant Dam users and the United States Department of the Interior.
This agreement would restore the San Joaquin River below the dam, reducing pollution.
Source in the Sierra Nevada
Three forks of the San Joaquin River join to form the San Joaquin River at two places, called Balloon Dome and Junction Butte.
The North Fork (formally called the North Fork San Joaquin River) begins at a unnamed lake on the west side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
This source is at coordinates .
It is at  above sea level, and is in Madera County.
The Middle Fork (or the Middle Fork San Joaquin River) begins at a lake called Thousand Island Lake.
This place is at coordinates .
The South Fork (or the South Fork San Joaquin River) flows out of Martha Lake, at  above sea level.
Martha Lake is at coordinates .
The river is in Madera and Fresno counties.
In the Central Valley
The river continues west into the Central Valley of California, and is joined by many other rivers flowing off the Sierra Nevada mountains.
The most largest of these are the Stanislaus River, Tuolumne River, and Merced River.
The Tuolumne and Merced river both flow out of Yosemite National Park.
Hospital Creek
Ingram Creek
Ash Slough
Berenda Slough
Pardee Reservoir
Camanche Reservoir
New Hogan Reservoir
New Don Pedro Reservoir
Lake McClure
Eastman Lake
Hensley Lake
Mendota Pool
Millerton Lake
Pine Flat Reservoir
Lake Kaweah
Lake Success
Florence Lake
Mammoth Pool Reservoir
Stockton Deep Water Ship Channel
Grant Line Canal
Eastside Bypass
Chowchilla Bypass
San Luis Drain
Madera Canal
Friant-Kern Canal
The San Joaquin River eventually meets the Sacramento River, forming the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.
This is one of the biggest estuaries in the United States.
It is near the city of Antioch.
At this place, the San Joaquin River splits into two rivers: the Old River and the Middle River.
The Old River sometimes confuses fish to go down its channel.
As a result, a wall is built between the San Joaquin River and the Old River.
Human impacts, economy, and development
Pre-development ecology
Before humans began to develop the Central Valley in the 1850s, the San Joaquin River and its surrounding lands were one of the richest biological habitats in California.
In winter, the river would flood the valley, leaving behind wetlands.
These wetlands became rich habitat for birds and other animals.
The habitat of the endangered San Joaquin Kit Fox and the riparian brush rabbit also was near the San Joaquin River.
Friant Dam: destroying life of the lower San Joaquin
In 1942, a big dam, Friant Dam, was built on the San Joaquin River.
This dam took away a lot of water from the river, to irrigate crops, provide drinking water, and provide electricity.
The dam destroyed the salmon habitat in the river, and also destroyed the creation of these wetlands.
thick at its base
thick at its top
contains 2,135,000 cubic yards of concrete
Navigation and shipping
The San Joaquin River has been used a lot for shipping of products via boats and ships, otherwise known as navigation.
The river was first used for navigation during the California Gold Rush of 1849.
Boats carried people over  up the river to look for gold in the mountains.
Now, there is a channel that runs all the way upriver to the city of Stockton.
This channel allows big ships to sail in the river up to this point.
Sediment, however, has clogged a lot of the river channel above this point, preventing big ships from going any farther.
The Hudson Valley is a valley of the Hudson River.
It runs from about Westchester County to Albany.
The Hudson River valley runs in a north-south direction across eastern New York State.
There are many rock types in the valley.
This includes Triassic sandstones and redbeds in the south, and the Palisades Sill.
Older Precambrian gneiss is in the north (and east).
In the Hudson Highlands, the river enters a fjord.
This fjord was cut during previous ice ages.
To the west are the very long Appalachian highlands.
Near Tappan Zee Bridge, the west side of the river has high cliffs.
They are about 400–800 feet high.
Most of the Hudson Valley is part of the Appalachian Mountains.
The northern part of the Hudson Valley is part of the Great Lakes area.
During the last ice age, the valley was filled by a large glacier.
The glacier went down as far as Long Island.
Near the end of the last ice age, the Great Lakes drained south down the Hudson River.
The drained water is called Lake Iroquois.
Lake Ontario is the remnant of that lake.
Sargassum is a genus of generally planktonic (free-floating) macroalgae (seaweed) in the order Fucales.
The Atlantic Ocean's Sargasso Sea gets its name from the large amount of several species of Sargassum that grow there.
A map of California's Central Valley.
The Central Valley (also called the Great Central Valley) is a very large valley in the middle of California, in the United States.
About 42,000 square miles (108,779 square kilometers) in size, it is about the size of the state of Tennessee.
It consists of two connected, differently named valleys, the Sacramento Valley and the San Joaquin Valley.
The Sierra Nevada Mountains border the valley on the east side, while the Coast Range borders it on the west side.
The Sacramento River flows through the north part of the Central Valley.
This part of the valley is also called the Sacramento Valley.
The San Joaquin River flows through the larger south part of the Central Valley.
also called the San Joaquin Valley.
Both rivers merge eventually and empty into the Pacific Ocean via San Francisco Bay.
The capital of California, Sacramento, is located in the north part of the Central Valley.
In total, the Central Valley is around  long.
The Central Valley has 18 California counties.
15 of these counties are among the 25 most productive farmland in California.
Overall, the Central Valley economy depends on farming.
However, this has led to serious environmental damages, such as pesticides and selenium and other bad materials being washed into the rivers and polluting the San Francisco Bay.
The valley floor is a flat, smooth land area covering about 42,000 square miles (108,779 square kilometers) in size,  long, and  wide.
It covers 19 California counties.
These counties are:
Yuba
Stanislaus
Tulare
The Sierra Nevada mountains are on the east side of the valley.
These mountains are very tall and steep.
Lots of rivers and streams flow off the Sierra Nevada.
The highest mountain in the Sierra Nevada is Mount Whitney (14,495') which is also the tallest mountain in California and the rest of the United States (except for Alaska and Hawaii).
On the west side, there is the California Coast Ranges, an extension of the Pacific Coast Ranges.
Its highest point is approximately 8,848'.
The Sacramento River begins in the north part of the Central Valley, near Mount Shasta.
It actually begins in the Cascade Range, which are mountains north of the Central Valley, though most of its length is in the Central Valley.
The Sacramento River flows south about  to San Francisco Bay.
Some of its tributaries include the Pit River, Feather River, and American River.
All these rivers come off the Sierra Nevada.
The San Joaquin River begins at the south Sierra Nevada, and flows west and north into the Central Valley and to San Francisco Bay.
Altogether, its length is sone .
The San Joaquin is more polluted than the Sacramento, and about  of it is actually dry.
The climate of the Sacramento Valley (north Central Valley) and San Joaquin Valley are very different.
The Sacramento Valley has a Mediterranean climate.
This means that it has warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters.
The San Joaquin Valley is much hotter and drier.
Most of it is Mediterranean steppe, which is similar to Mediterranean except that it is warmer and drier.
Some of it, however, can be close to desert climate.
This section of the Central Valley is said to have the worst air quality in California.
Population and economy
Population centers
The Central Valley is home to about 6.5 million people.
The ten largest cities in or near the valley are, by population:
Sacramento (2,042,283)
Fresno (1,002,284)
Bakersfield (756,825)
Stockton (664,116)
Modesto (505,505)
Visalia (410,874)
Merced (241,706)
Chico (214,185)
Redding (179,904)
Yuba City (165,080)
However, since most of the land area of the Central Valley is devoted to farming, the population density (amount of people divided by land area) is actually quite low.
The population density of the Central Valley is 155 people per square mile (60 people per square kilometer).
In contrast, the population density of Los Angeles, the biggest city in California, is 25,904 people per square mile.
Economy and agriculture
Farming (agriculture) has always been the main economy of the Central Valley.
Except for the city of Sacramento, where the focus is on the government, the rest is mostly agricultural.
Immigrants provide a large amount of the work done in farms in the Central Valley.
Overall, 12.3% of jobs in the Central Valley are directly agriculture related.
Not including Sacramento County, the percentage is 16%.
The main road transport routes through the Central Valley are Interstate 5 and California State Route 99.
These two highways run from north to south.
Interstate 5 is the larger of the two, and carries more traffic.
Highway 99 is older than Interstate 5.
The Highway 99 separates from Route 5 at the south end of the Central Valley, and joins again at the north end of the valley.
The Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF) and the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) go through the Central Valley as well.
Some of their branch lines include:
BNSF:
BNSF Bakersfield Subdivision
BNSF Stockton Subdivision
UP:
Union Pacific Railroad Martinez Subdivision
Fresno Subdivision
The 715-mile (1,150 km) California Aqueduct, the longest aqueduct in California, runs through the Central Valley.
Water from the northern Central Valley and the Sierra Nevada goes into this aqueduct.
The Central Valley Project is another major water supply project in the Central Valley.
This project includes:
Shasta Dam and Shasta Lake (reservoir)
Delta Cross Channel
Delta-Mendota Canal
Friant Dam
Contra Costa Canal
Folsom Dam
Adjacent is an adjective meaning next to.
A tributary state is a state that  is subordinate to a more powerful neighbour.
It was a form of subordination in pre-modern times.
The tributary sent a regular token of submission to the superior power.
This was a tribute, a substantial gift of wealth, such as the gold, produce, or slaves.
The tribute might best be seen as the payment of protection money.
But there were other ways to show submission as well.
The Alhambra (from Arabic  = Al-Ħamrā', literally "the red fort"; the complete name was  = al-Qal'at al-Ħamrā' = "the red fortress") is a palace and fortress complex of the Moorish rulers of Granada in southern Spain (known as Al-Andalus when the fortress was constructed during the mid 14th century), occupying a hilly terrace on the southeastern border of the city of Granada.
In the Middle Ages the Alhambra was the residence of the Muslim rulers of Granada and their court, now it is one of Spain's major tourist attractions.
There one can see the most famous Islamic Architecture of the country.
Within the Alhambra, the Palace of Charles V was erected by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1527.
Other reading sources
Grabar, Oleg.
The Alhambra.
Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Jacobs, Michael and Francisco Fernandez.
Alhambra.
New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 2000.
Lowney, Chris.
A Vanished World: Medieval Spain’s Golden Age of Enlightenment.
New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 2005.
Menocal, Maria, Rosa.
The Ornament of the World.
Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2002.
Read, Jan. The Moors in Spain and Portugal.
London: Faber and Faber, 1974.
D. Fairchild Ruggles, “Alhambra,” in Encyclopaedia of Islam, third edition.
Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2008.
D. Fairchild Ruggles, Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.
D. Fairchild Ruggles, “The Gardens of the Alhambra and the Concept of the Garden in Islamic Spain,” in Al-Andalus: The Arts of Islamic Spain, ed.
Jerrilynn Dodds.
New York: Metropolitan Museum, 1992, pp.
162–71.
D. Fairchild Ruggles, Islamic Gardens and Landscapes, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
Steves, Rick (2004).
Spain and Portugal 2004, pp.
Avalon Travel Publishing. .
lexicorient.com
Stewart, Desmond.
Newsweek Publishing, 1974. .
The World Heritage.
Istanbul and Cordoba, Vol. #
Film Ideas, 2008. .
Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife.
Official web page of the Alhambra
Guided Tours Alhambra
Official web page for particular clients
www.AlhambraDeGranada.org
www.alhambra.org
www.AlhambraGranada.info
BBC Four documentary  —  Art in Islamic Spain
Article about Alhambra as one of the 21 candidates shortlisted for the New7Wonders of the World
Alhambra in turgranada.es  Official site for tourism of the province of Granada
Photos of Alhambra
Alhambra Architectural Review
Photos and text at greatbuildings.com
Alhambra - information on garden history and design
Detailed study with photos of the Alhambra Granada
Google maps satellite image
Article with English translations of the poems on the walls of Alhambra *
Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra
Panoramic virtual tour of Alhambra
Large photo collection of the Alhambra and palaces
They teach Leonese language in 16 schools in the city of Llión, (Spain), and in courses for adult people in the provinces of Llión, Zamora and Salamanca (Spain).
Also they develop some activities for promoting Leonese language between the population, as the Leonese language Day, in all the provinces of the Kingdom of León.
Asociación berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín
A Separately Managed Account or SMA is a type of financial investment account popular with some individual investors.
SMAs are offered by financial consultants and brokerage firms, and managed by independent "money managers."
A money manager is simply a business that manages stock and other securities portfolios or baskets of investments for an investor.
SMAs have varying fee structures.
Common characteristics of SMA programs are: they provide open investment choices; have multiple managers; and, offer a customized investment portfolio created for a client's specific needs.
By customizing the portfolio, investors can limit the investment risk with various strategies, such as using stock options, according to the Wall Street Journal.
SMAs were first introduced in the US in the 1970s by the former investment firm EF Hutton    Since that time, SMAs have grown in popularity, are offered in the US, UK, Australia and other countries.
For some investors, Separately Managed Accounts are rivals to mutual funds and other types of investments.
Morningstar Inc., a fund research firm, released research that showed that SMAs beat mutual funds in 2008.
Morningstar said that SMAs outperformed mutual funds in 25 of 36 stock and bond market categories that year.
In addition, Morningstar said that from 2006 to 2008, SMAs surpassed mutual funds in 22 of 26 categories.
The Wall Street Journal reported that Separately Managed Accounts may beat popular mutual funds because SMAs “…tend to have smaller amounts of assets than popular mutual funds, allowing them to trade more nimbly."
Unlike mutual funds, SMAs permit the investor to tailor their basket of stocks and bonds which can limit the investment risk.
Registered Rep, an investment trade magazine, said that SMAs also can provide
The Wall Street Journal recognized top SMA performers including PTI Securities & Futures LP’s “Protected Index Program” and  Robinson Value Management Ltd’s “Market Opportunity Composite Strategy.”
Pensions & Investments, a US investment trade magazine, reported on several of the highest performing SMAs for 2008.
Financial experts point out that past performance of any investment is not a predictor of future performance.
So, investors should talk with a licensed financial adviser and carefully review all information available before making any investment decision.
In addition, before making an investment, investors should check with the appropriate licensing and regulatory authorities to ensure that the firm(s) offering SMAs is (are) properly licensed and in good standing.
Jeh (Џ, џ) is a letter of Vuk Karadžić's Cyrillic alphabet, used in Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian to present a Voice for need to tell  (like the J in English "jump", but harder).
Dž (Latin alphabet)
Ц, ц - Tse (Cyrillic)
"Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo" is a sentence that uses correct grammar.
It is often used as an example of how homonyms and homophones can be used to create confusing, hard-to-understand sentences.
It has been talked about since 1967, when the sentence was used by Dmitri Borgmann in his book Beyond Language.
Later, in 1972, the sentence was used by William J. Rapaport.
Rapaport is a professor at the University at Buffalo in Buffalo, New York.
The sentence does not have punctuation.
It uses three different meanings of the word "buffalo".
Noun adjunct (a noun used as an adjective): the city of Buffalo, New York.
noun: the animal called buffalo in the plural form.
They are also known as bison.
verb: the word "buffalo", which means to confuse or intimidate (to scare somebody).
It can be broken down to "Buffaloa buffalon Buffaloa buffalon buffalov buffalov Buffaloa buffalon", where "a" is adjective, "n" is noun, and "v" is verb.
It means, "Bison from Buffalo, which other bison from Buffalo confuse, confuse the bison from Buffalo."
The first two words, "Buffalo buffalo," mean bison from Buffalo in the same way that "Florida man" means a man from Florida.
The next three words, "Buffalo buffalo buffalo," mean "which other bison from Buffalo confuse."
We don't need the word which in the original sentence, just like how "a man which the woman loved" means the same thing as "a man the woman loved."
The last three words, "buffalo Buffalo buffalo," mean "confuse the bison from Buffalo."
Other words can be used to make sentences like this one.
These include police, fish, and people.
For example, "Fish fish fish fish fish".
Other times, similar words that are spelled differently can be used: "Foul fowl foul fowl foul foul foul fowl".
Why it is confusing to read
Most people do not use the word "buffalo" as a verb.
The plural form of the noun "buffalo" can be "buffaloes" or "buffalo".
In this sentence, the second form is used, which is spelled the same way as the verb.
There is no punctuation.
Having no words such as that or which makes the sentence harder to follow.
The only distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters is the use of capital B whenever Buffalo is used as a noun or an adjective.
Lowercase b is used as a verb.
By saying the word over and over again, it is confusing to read, as most words can't be used like the buffalo sentence.
Goat's milk cheese is cheese made from milk that came from a goat.
It has a different color, structure, and taste than that of regular cheese.
It is usually white and breaks apart quickly.
Because it breaks apart quickly it is usually stored in plastic containers with water.
A webcomic is a comic that can be viewed on the Internet.
Most webcomics are made viewable either as a page or a strip at a time.
Some do this on a regular schedule, often one strip each day, or one strip on each Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.
The Mekong River is a river in the south-east of Asia.
It flows through many countries: China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and finally Vietnam.
The Mekong begins in the Lasagongma Spring which is in the plateaus of Tibet, disputed part of China, and flows about  south-east to the South China Sea.
Its watershed covers 307,000 square miles (797,000 square kilometers).
Its name comes from the Thai language's Mae Num, or literally, "Mother Water".
The Mekong is one of the most biologically diverse areas in the world, with hundreds of types of fish, as well as river dolphins, crocodiles, and otters.
Fishing is a very important activity on the river.
However, the Mekong River is also used extensively for navigation.
Guoduo Dam
Miaowei
Gongguoqiao
Xiaowan
Manwan
Dachaoshan
Nuozhadu
Jinghong
Gushui
Wunonglong
Huangdeng
Dahuaqiao
Xayaburi
Don Sahong
Pak Beng Dam (planned finished in 2022)
Latsua (planned finished in 2023)
Sanakham (planned finished in 2024)
Mekong River Commission
Thailand National Mekong Committee
Vietnam National Mekong Committee
Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
NYTimes: The Mysterious Mekong Starts to Reveal Itself
First raft and kayak descents of the Mekong in China, 1994 - 2004
Rivers of Thailand
Rivers of Myanmar
Rivers of Laos
Rivers of Cambodia
A taifa (from  ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) was an independent Muslim-ruled principality.
Taifas developed during the history of Iberia.
They were usually emirates or little kingdoms, but there was one oligarchy as well, Seville.
A number were formed in the Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia) after the end of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordóba in 1031.
They developed because of an administrative division of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba and an ethnic division of its elite.
It was divided among Arabs (a powerful but tiny minority), Berbers, Eastern European former slaves and Iberian Muslims (known as Muladíes (the great majority).
There was a second period when taifas developed: the middle of the 12th century, when the Almoravid dynasty was in decline.
In the 11th century and again in the mid 12th century, the emirs (rulers) of the taifas kept fighting among themselves, not only militarily but also for cultural .
The taifa princes appealed for North African warriors to help them fighting Christian kings on two occasions.
The Almoravids were invited after the fall of Toledo (1085), the Almohads after the fall of Lisbon (1147).
The warriors did not help the taifa emirs but rather annexed their lands to their own North African empires.
Taifas often hired Christian mercenaries to fight neighbouring realms (both Christian and Muslim).
The most dynamic taifa, which conquered most of its neighbours before the Almoravid invasion, was Seville.
Zaragoza was also very powerful and expansive, but was kept in check by the neighbour Christian states of the Pyrenees.
Zaragoza, Toledo and Badajoz had previously been the border military districts of the Caliphate.
List of taifas
First period (11th century)
Albarracín: 1011–1104 (to Almoravids)
Algeciras: 1035–58 (to Seville)
Almería: 1011–91 (to Almoravids)
Alpuente: 1009–1106 (to Almoravids)
Arcos: 1011–68 (to Seville)
Badajoz: 1009–1094 (to Almoravids)
Carmona: 1013–91 (to Almoravids)
Ceuta: 1061–84 (to Almoravids)
Córdoba: 1031–91 (to Seville)
Denia: 1010/12–76 (to Zaragoza)
Granada: 1013–90 (to Almoravids)
Lisbon: 1022–? (
to Badajoz)
Lorca: 1051–91 (to Almoravids)
Málaga: 1026–57/58 (to Granada); 1073–90 (to Almoravids)
Majorca: 1076–1116 (to Almoravids)
Mértola: 1033–91 (to Almoravids)
Molina: ?–
1100 (to Aragon)
Morón: 1013–66 (to Seville)
Murcia: 1011/12–65 (to Valencia)
Murviedro and Sagunto: 1086–92 (to Almoravids)
Niebla: 1023/24–91 (to Seville)
Ronda: 1039/40–65 (to Seville)
Rueda: 1118–30 (to Aragon)
Saltés and Huelva: 1012/13–51/53 (to Seville)
Santa María de Algarve: 1018–51 (to Seville)
Seville: 1023–91 (to Almoravids)
Silves: 1040–63 (to Seville)
Toledo: 1010/31–85 (to Castile)
Tortosa: 1039–60 (to Zaragoza); 1081/82–92 (to Denia)
Valencia: 1010/11–94 (to El Cid, nominally vassal of Castile)
Zaragoza: 1018–46 (to Banu Tujib; then to Banu Hud); 1046–1110 (to Almoravids; in 1118 to Aragon)
Second period (12th century)
Almería: 1145–47 (briefly to Castile and then to Almohads)
Arcos: 1143 (to Almohads)
Badajoz: 1145–50 (to Almohads)
Beja and Évora: 1114–50 (to Almohads)
Carmona: dates and destiny diffuse
Constantina and Hornachuelos: dates and destiny diffuse
Granada: 1145 (to Almohads?)
Guadix and Baza: 1145–51 (to Murcia)
Jaén: 1145–59 (Murcia); 1168 (to Almohads)
Jerez: 1145 (to Almohads)
Málaga: 1145–53 (to Almohads)
Mértola: 1144–45 (to Badajoz)
Murcia: 1145 (to Valencia); 1147–72 (to Almohads)
Niebla: 1145–50? (
to Almohads)
Purchena: dates and destiny diffuse
Ronda: 1145 (to Almoravids)
Santarém: ?–
1147 (to Portugal)
Segura: 1147–? (
destiny unknown)
Silves: 1144–55 (to Almohads)
Tavira: dates and destiny diffuse
Tejada: 1145–50 (to Almohads)
Valencia: 1145–72 (to Almohads)
Third period (13th century)
Arjona: 1232–44 (to Castile)
Baeza: 1224–26 (to Castile)
Denia: 1224–27 (to Almohads?)
Lorca: 1240–65 (to Castile)
Menorca: 1228–87 (to Aragon)
Murcia: 1228–66 (to Castile)
Niebla: 1234–62 (to Castile)
Orihuela: 1239/40–49/50 (to Murcia or Castile)
Valencia: 1228/29–38 (to Aragon)
Additionally, but not usually considered taifas, are:
Granada: 1237-1492 (to Castile)
Las Alpujarras: 1568–71 (to Spain)
Chronology of the taifa kingdoms (in Spanish)
History of Spain: Disintegration of the Caliphate (1010–1260)
The Nasrid dynasty or Banuu Nasri () was the last Arab and Muslim dynasty in Spain.
The Nasrid dynasty came to power after the defeat of the Almohad dynasty in 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.
Twenty-three different emirs ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232 by Muhammed I ibn Nasr until January 2, 1492, when Muhammad XII of Granada surrendered to the Christian Spanish kingdoms of Aragon and Castile.
Today, the most visible evidence of the Nasrids is the Alhambra palace built under their rule.
List of Nasrid Sultans of Granada
Muhammed I ibn Nasr (1238-1272)
Muhammed II al-Faqih (1273-1302)
Muhammed III (1302-1309)
Nasr (1309-1314)
Ismail I (1314-1325)
Muhammed IV (1325-1333)
Yusuf I (1333-1354)
Muhammed V (1354-1359, 1362-1391)
Ismail II (1359-1360)
Muhammed VI (1360-1362)
Yusuf II (1391-1392)
Muhammed VII (1392-1408)
Yusuf III (1408-1417)
Muhammed VIII (1417-1419, 1427-1429)
Muhammed IX (1419-1427, 1430-1431, 1432-1445, 1448-1453)
Yusuf IV (1431-1432)
Yusuf V (1445-1446, 1462)
Muhammed X (1446-1448)
Muhammed XI (1453-1454)
Said (1454-1464)
Abu l-Hasan Ali, known as Muley Hacén (1464-1482, 1483-1485)
Abu 'abd Allah Muhammed XII, known as Boabdil (1482-1483, 1486-1492)
Abū `Abd Allāh Muhammed XIII, known as El Zagal (1485-1486)
Genealogical chart
William Montgomery Watt: A History of Islamic Spain, Edinburgh University Press, 1965
Genealogy of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
Genealogy of the muslim dynasties in Spain
Under this dynasty the Moorish empire included present-day Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Gibraltar, Tlemcen (in Algeria) and a great part of what is now Senegal and Mali in the south, and Spain and Portugal to the north in Europe.
At its greatest extent, the empire stretched 3,000 kilometres north to south (an all-time latitude spanner until Spanish America).
Abdallah ibn Yasin (1040-1059)
Yusuf ibn Tashfin (1061–1106)
Ali ibn Yusuf (1106–42)
Tashfin ibn Ali (1142–46)
Ibrahim ibn Tashfin (1146)
Ishaq ibn Ali (1146–1147)
General History of Africa, Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, Ed.
M. Elfasi, Ch.
13 I.Hrbek and J.Devisse, The Almoravids (pp.
336–366), UNESCO, 1988
Historical maps of Almoravid Dynasty Maps to be combined and compared
Almoravids Dynasty Berber dynasty
1040 establishments
1147 disestablishments
Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (Serbian alphabet: Вук Стефановић Караџић; November 7, 1787 – February 7, 1864) was a Serbian language mistakes fixer and pioneer.
He first made Serbian language as the Serbian that people talk today.
Vuk had largely changed Serbian language of that time, he collected folk songs from Serbian villagers and he was the author of the first Serbian dictionary.
Vuk Karadžić is the most notable person of Serbian literature of the 19th century.
Serbian scientists
Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957) is a British actor, comedian, journalist, writer, and television personality.
He presents the television programme QI.
He used to work a lot with Hugh Laurie.
Fry was born in Hampstead, London and grew up in Norfolk.
His maternal grandparents were Hungarian Jews.
He is a Jewish atheist and is openly gay.
He has been diagnosed with cyclothymia, a mild form of bipolar disorder.
From 1995 to 2010, Fry had a relationship with Daniel Cohen.
In January 2015, Fry married his partner, Elliot Spencer.
In February 2018, Fry announced via a video that he had an operation to treat prostate cancer and have 11 lymph nodes removed and was recovering from the surgery.
He described the cancer as aggressive and said that early intervention had saved his life.
LGBT journalists
LGBT screenwriters
People from Hampstead
Deposition might refer to:
Deposition (law)
Deposition (politics)
Deposition (chemistry), molecules settling out of a solution
Deposition (geology), material such as sediment being added to a landform
Deposition (phase transition), the process by which a gas is transformed into a solid
Deposition (aerosol physics), a process where aerosol particles set down onto surfaces
Soviet Union national football team was the national football team of Soviet Union.
The team was left after the Soviet Union breakup in 1991.
The team is now replaced by the Russia national football team.
East Germany national football team was the national football team of the German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) from 1952 to 1990.
The East Germany team is now the Germany team.
1950 - Did not enter
1954 - Did not enter
1958 to 1970 - Did not qualify
1974 - Round 2
1978 to 1990 - Did not qualify
1960 to 1988 - Did not qualify
1992 - Left to qualification round
Sport in East Germany
The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic  al-Muwahhidun, i.e., "the monotheists" or "the Unitarians"), was a Berber, Muslim dynasty that was founded in the 12th century, and conquered all northern Africa as far as Libya, together with Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia).
Between 1130 and his death in 1163, Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi, a Berber from the Masmuda tribe, defeated the ruling Almoravids and became ruler over all northern Africa as far as Libya.
He became Emir of Marrakech in 1149 and conquered Al-Andalus, Moorish Iberia.
In 1170 the Almohads transferred their capital to Seville.
But by 1212 Muhammad III, "al-Nasir" (1199–1214) was defeated by an alliance of the four Christian princes of Castile, Aragón, Kingdom of Navarre and Portugal, at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena.
The Almohads lost nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia soon after.
The great Moorish cities of Córdoba and Seville fell into Christian possession in the first half of the 13th century.
The Almohads continued to rule in Africa for some time, but they lost a lot of their territory.
The last representative of the line, Idris II, had only Marrakech left.
There he was murdered by a slave in 1269.
Muwahhadi (Almohad) Caliphs,1121–1269
Ibn Tumart 1121-1130
Abd al-Mu'min 1130–1163
Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I 1163–1184
Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur 1184–1199
Muhammad an-Nasir 1199–1213
Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 1213–1224
Abd al-Wahid I 1224
Abdallah al-Adil 1224–1227
Yahya 1227–1235
Idris I 1227–1232
Abdul-Wahid II 1232–1242
Ali 1242–1248
Umar 1248–1266
Idris II 1266–1269
Sidi Abu Madyan Choaïb ben al-Houssein al-Ansari (1126-1198)
Ali ibn Harzihim (m.1164)
Abi Mohammed Salih (1153-1234)
Abu Abdallah ibn Harzihim (m.1235)
Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili (1197-1258)
Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi (b. 1185) historian and writer
Salih ben Sharif al-Rundi (1204-1285)
History of the Almonades, Reinhart Dozy, (second edition, 1881)
Mica Enciclopedie de Istorie Universala, Marcel D. Popa, Horia C. Matei, (Bucharest, Editura Politica 1988)
Historical maps of Almohad Dynasty Maps to be combined and compared
Almohads Dynasty Berber dynasty
Almohad dynasty
1121 establishments
1269 disestablishments
Halloumi also known as Hellim is a white cheese made out of goat's milk.
It is not a hard or a soft cheese, and can be fried to a crispy coating.
Halloumi cheese originated in the island of Cyprus.
Du Fu (; 712-770 AD) was a Chinese realistic poet.
He was also called Zi Mei.
Du Fu is often regarded, along with Li Bai and Wang Wei, as one of the three greatest poets in China's literary history.
He has been called Poet-Historian and the Poet-Sage by Chinese critics.
Today we know about 1,400 of his poems.
His poetry describes human suffering that he had witnessed throughout his life.
It also reflected on the troubled times during the Tang Dynasty.
In 755 he was forced to flee his home and was separated from his family for a year.
Chou, Eva Shan; (1995).
Reconsidering Tu Fu: Literary Greatness and Cultural Context.
Hung, William; (1952).
Tu Fu: China's Greatest Poet.
Harvard University Press. .
712 births
770 deaths
In mathematics, a base or radix is the number of different digits or combination of digits and letters that a system of counting uses to represent numbers.
For example, the most common base used today is the decimal system.
Because "dec" means 10, it uses the 10 digits from 0 to 9.
Most people think that we most often use base 10 because we have 10 fingers.
A base is usually a whole number bigger than 1, although non-integer bases are also mathematically possible.
The base of a number may be written next to the number: for instance,  means 23 in base 8 (which is equal to 19 in base 10).
Different bases are often used in computers.
Binary (base 2) is used because at the most simple level, computers can only deal with 0s and 1s.
Hexadecimal (base 16) is used because of how computers group binary digits together.
Every four binary digits turn into one hexadecimal digit when changing between them.
Because there are more than 10 digits in hexadecimal, the six digits after 9 are shown as A, B, C, D, E, and F.
The oldest systems of counting used base one.
Making marks on a wall, using one mark for each item counted is an example of unary counting.
Some old systems of measurement use the duodecimal radix (base twelve).
This is shown in English, as there are words such as dozen (12) and gross (144 = 12×12), and lengths such as feet (12 inches).
Angle measurement often uses a system adapted from the Babylonian numerals with base 60.
Writing bases
When typing a base, the small number indicating the base is usually in base ten.
This is because if the radix were written in its own base, it would always be "10," so there would be no way of knowing what base it was supposed to be in.
Numbers in different bases
The Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis) is a Cnidarian invertebrate.
It lives in the sea.
It is sometimes called the blue bubble, or man-of-war.
Its common name comes from a Portuguese war ship of the 15th and 16th century.
The ship had triangular sails, similar in shape to the bladder of the man o' war.
The Portuguese Man o' War has a reputation for swarming in groups of thousands.
It is also known for its powerful sting.
Physalia is not a single animal: it is a siphonophore.
This is a colony of four kinds of zooids.
Zooids are very small, highly modified individuals.
These zooids are specialized polyps and medusoids.
Though structurally similar to other cnidarians, the zooids do not live by themselves: they are attached to each other.
Each type of zooid does not have some structure and functions.
It depends for survival on the others doing what it cannot do by itself.
A similar group of animals are the chondrophores.
They are specialized hydroids, which also float at the surface of the open ocean.
The loggerhead turtle feeds on the Portuguese man o' war.
It is a common part of the turtle's diet.
The skin of the turtle is too thick for the man o' war's sting to enter and launch its venom.
The sea slug Glaucus atlanticus and the violet snail Janthina janthina also feed on the Portuguese man o' war.
The blanket octopus Tremoctopus is immune to the venom of the Portuguese man o' war.
The blanket octopus has been known to rip off the man o' war's tentacles and use them for defensive purposes.
Commensalism and symbiosis
The Portuguese man o' war is often found with many different kinds of marine fish.
Some of them are shepherd fish, clown fish, and yellow jack.
These species are rarely found anywhere else.
The clown fish can swim among the tentacles without being stung.
This is possibly due to its mucus that does not trigger the nematocysts.
The shepherd fish seems to avoid the larger, stinging tentacles.
It feeds on the smaller tentacles under the gas bladder.
These fish benefit from the shelter of the stinging tentacles.
It also helps the man o' war: the presence of these species may attract other fish to feed on.
Sleep apnea (or Sleep apnoea) is a problem certain people have: When they sleep, they may stop breathing for short periods.
These periods can last for 10 seconds or more.
3-4 breaths are missed.
As a result of this, those affected are often tired during the day.
Mainly because such people also tend to have microsleep, they should not drive vehicles.
Sleep apnea is a treatable disease.
Sleep apnea occurs when the muscles in the back of the throat relax too much to allow normal breathing.
These muscles support structures including the back of the roof of the mouth (soft palate), the triangular piece of tissue hanging from the soft palate (uvula), the tonsils, and the tongue.
When the muscles relax, the airway narrows or closes when breathe in, hampering the breathing for 10 seconds or longer.
This can lower the level of oxygen in the blood and cause a buildup of carbon dioxide.
Loud snoring
Lowering of concentration
Morning headache
Difficulty concentrating during the day
Mood changes, such as depression or irritability
Decreased libido
Observed episodes of stopped breathing during sleep
Abrupt awakenings accompanied by gasping or choking
Awakening with a dry mouth or sore throat
Finding out if someone has sleep apnea
In case the patient is obese, losing weight improves sleep apnea.
Fixing the environment where they sleep
Continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)
Expiratory positive airway pressure(EPAP)
Circular breathing technique (It makes muscle of the upper airway stronger, so airway remains opening when sleeping.
Playing didgeridoo is good for learning this technique.
Intolerable sleepiness of daytime
Less concentration
Night frequent urination
Headache when waking up
When there are no house mates, it may take time to discover this condition.
When especially subjective symptoms are weak, the state will get worse gradually and it will start a serious problem.
JOURNAL about sleep apnea
Microsleep is a very short sleep that occurs when people are awake.
It can last from under a second to about 30 seconds.
It may happen as a result of sleep deprivation, fatigue, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, or hypersomnia.
Microsleeps can occur at any time.
Most of the time, they do so without warning.
When people have a microsleep during conversation, they may lose track of the subject that was talked about.
Microsleep can be extremely dangerous in situations when people drive a car, work on a machine or otherwise need to stay alert.
People with  microsleeps usually are not aware of them.
They instead believe that they were awake all the time.
One example is called "gap driving":  a person is driving a car and suddenly realizes that several seconds have passed by unnoticed.
The driver does not feel that she or he has been asleep during those missing seconds, although this is in fact what happened.
The sleeping driver is at very high risk for having an accident during microsleep.
Many accidents and catastrophes have resulted from microsleep episodes in these circumstances.
For example, a microsleep episode is claimed to have been one factor contributing to the Waterfall train disaster in 2003; the driver had a heart attack and the guard who should have reacted to the train's increasing speed is said by his defender to have microslept.
sv:Sömn#Mikrosömn
Ajaz Anwar is a Pakistani painter.
He was born in 1946.
He has a PhD. He is currently a professor at the National College of Fine Arts in Lahore.
He paints in watercolour.
Many of his paintings feature Lahore.
Pakistani painters
Lilo Pelekai (first name  LEE-lo, last name Peh-leh-kai) is one of the two characters of the Disney animated movie Lilo & Stitch, its sequels, and the animated series.
Lilo  (literally, "lost" in Hawaiian, and also in Mandarin).
Lilo is a young Hawaiian girl who lives on the island of Kauai with her older sister Nani and her new family of alien visitors that live on Earth.
Thyreophora is a suborder of ornithischian dinosaurs.
They were the armoured dinosaurs: the name means 'shield-bearer'.
They are divided into these groups:
Various early bipedal herbivores, lightly armoured: Scutellosaurus, Scelidosaurus.
Ankylosaurids: armoured from their head to their club-ended tail.
Nodosaurids: no tail club but spikes and bony bumps on body.
Stegosaurids: small heads and vertical plates and spines on body and tail.
Upper Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous.
Huayangosaurids: early group from Middle Jurassic of China.
Acanthopholis was 15 feet long, walked on four legs, lived in the Lower Cretaceous).
Its armour consists of many oval plates that go from its neck to its tail.
That lived 100 million yeas ago.
The name 'spiny scales' refers to its armour.
The knobbed whelk (Busycon carica) is a gastropod mollusc which is protected by a thick, hard shell.
It is large predatory sea snail, or whelk.
This whelk has a spiral shell with knobs (or spines) along its shoulder.
The shell is up to 9.5 inches (24 cm) long.
The shell is light gray to tan, and often has brown and white streaks.
On the shallow-water mud flats whelks prey on oysters, clams, and other marine bivalves.
They wedge the bivalve open using the edge of their shell.