the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Even though the students learn magic and use magic, the book also describes Harry's growing up in a new and strange situation, just as any student must learn to fit in when they go to a new school among different people.
Harry soon discovers that while some magicians, such as the school principal Headmaster Professor Albus Dumbledore, and Deputy Headmistress Minerva McGonagal can be kind and encouraging, others, like the sinister Professor Snape with his greasy black hair and nasty comments, are very hard to trust.
One of the subjects that Harry really needs to learn is "Defense against the Dark Arts" but unfortunately, the teacher, Professor Quirrell, is such a bumbling and nervous man that he does not seem to be able to teach Harry very much at all.
As the year goes by, Harry discovers that Hogwarts has, hidden away for safety, a very precious treasure.
If it were to fall into the hands of Lord Voldemort, it would be very dangerous indeed.
Harry also discovers that in solving problems and overcoming difficulties, having friends with very different talents can be extremely useful.
In the book
The Harry Potter books are fictional {they are not related to real topics of life}.
Joanne Rowling has created a fantasy world which exists as an unknown part of the world in which ordinary people live.
The people who form the magical community are very ordinary in most ways.
They are ordinary, except that they have an extra talent.
They can do magic, and they go to a special school to learn how to do it properly, in the same way as a person who is talented at music might study at a special school.
Students of magic have to learn to do their spells in a careful, safe and lawful way, because magic can be dangerous if it is not under control.
In fact, a student needs a license to do some things.
Magic people and Muggles are really very similar.
Even though the Muggles do not know about the Magic people, and the Magic people do not really understand how Muggles manage to live without magic, the way they live their lives is very similar.
They do exactly the same sorts of things.
They go to school, study, play sport, make friends, fall in love, get married, go to work every day, have children, shop, cook, read, go to the pub, have pets, get old and die.
And like all the people in the Muggle world, they love and hate, they feel fear, jealousy, loneliness, prejudice and distrust.
Even though Harry Potter is a talented magician, he has all these ordinary feelings to deal with.
Harry's feelings, and how they change, is an important part of all the stories.
Two of the most important ideas in this book are "Love" and "Self-sacrifice".
It is important to the story that Harry grows up without any love in his life.
His Aunt, Uncle and Cousin do not want him at their house, but would not send him away because they care about what their neighbors might think.
Harry has never had any friends at school, because of Cousin Dudley.
He does not know what it is like to have a friend, until he goes to Hogwarts and meets Ron and Hermione.
Even though he is not used to trusting people, he very quickly learns to trust his friends.
There are also three loving adults in his life, Professor Dumbledore who is wise and caring, who is not afraid of Voldemort, and who gives Harry good advice.
Harry should completely trust the Professor, but his usual way of dealing with adults is to tell them lies or hide things from them.
This is a very silly way to treat Professor Dumbledore, but it is what Harry does.
The second loving person is Professor McGonagall.
She is a crisp, stern teacher, but she is always fair and can be trusted.
She is quick to see peoples' special talents, and she gives good encouragement.
The third loving person is Hagrid, who is the giant gamekeeper and lives in his own little cottage near the castle.
Hagrid has a special love for Harry because he had rescued him when he was a baby.
This gives him a strong fatherly feeling.
He helps Harry to settlein, and is always there to listen to him and encourage Harry and his friends.
Gradually Harry gets to understand the right way to treat people who are your friends.
"Self-sacrifice" is about being able to give something up, perhaps even one's own life, to help another person.
Sacrifice has to do with loving.
At the very beginning of the book, Harry's Mother, Lily Potter, has made a big sacrifice to save Harry.
She has been killed, and Harry is still alive.
The idea of "Self-sacrifice" goes right through the book, which shows that a person does not always have to seem very brave or be very strong in order to make a sacrifice for the sake of other people.
If the reader keeps this in mind, then they will see that all the most important things that happen in the book, happen because someone is brave enough to face death to save other people.
Movie: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
The movie was made by Warner Brothers.
It was based closely on the book.
In the United States, it was called Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.
Harry Potter was played by Daniel Radcliffe.
Rupert Grint played Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson played Hermione Granger.
1997 books
Harry Potter books
Justin Randall Timberlake' (born January 31, 1981) is an American pop musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, actor, and dancer.
Timberlake first became famous when he appeared in the television series Mickey Mouse Club.
He later became of part of the Grammy Award-winning boy band *NSYNC.
He started his own career as a solo musician in 2002.
He has recorded five studio albums, such as:  Justified, FutureSex/LoveSounds,The 20/20 Experience,The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 and  Man of the Woods.
Timberlake was born at St  Jude's Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, to Randall Timberlake and Lynn Harless (née Bomar).
Timberlake's ancestors were English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Dutch, French, German, and Jersey (Channel Islander).
He was raised in the Baptist religion.
His parents divorced in 1985.
He grew up in Millington, Tennessee, a small town north of Memphis.
In 1993, Timberlake joined The Mickey Mouse Club.
The show ended in 1994.
In 1995 Timberlake was recruited for an all-male singing group organized by orlando based singer Chris Kirkpatrick and funded by boy band manager Lou Pearlman that eventually became 'N Sync.
1995–2002: 'N Sync
Timberlake and JC Chasez were the two lead singers of the popular 1990s boy band 'N Sync.
The group formed in 1995.
Their first public performance happened the 22nd of October 1995 at Disney World's Pleasure Island.
They started their career in 1996 in Europe, and hit it big in the United States in 1998 with the US release of their self-titled debut album *NSYNC, which to date has sold over 14.8 million equivalent album sales.
Their album included a number of hit singles such as "Tearin' Up My Heart."
For the next two years, encouraged by similar developments with the Backstreet Boys, 'N Sync engaged in a lengthy legal battle with manager Lou Pearlman.
Eventually the band signed with Jive Records. '
N Sync released a long-awaited album, No Strings Attached in March 2000, which became the fastest-selling album of all time at that time with 2.4 million copies sold in its first week and produced a #1 single, "It's Gonna Be Me".
That record has since only been broken by Adele's 25 released in 2015.
The release was followed by the band's third album, Celebrity, which holds the title of the third-fastest selling album of all time with 1.8 million.
In 2002, after the completion of the Celebrity Tour and the release of "Girlfriend," the third single from Celebrity, the group decided to take time off, at which point Timberlake began work on his first solo album and the group went into a hiatus.
In its lifetime, 'N Sync was internationally famous and performed at the Academy Awards, the Olympics, and the Super Bowl, as well as selling more than 44 million equivalent album sales worldwide.
During late 1999, Timberlake made his acting debut in the Disney Channel original movie Model Behavior, in which he played Jason Sharpe, a model who falls in love with a waitress after mistaking her for another model.
It was released on March 12, 2000.
As a member of 'N Sync, Timberlake developed into a major celebrity in his own right in addition to achieving respect as a musician, since he was the writer or co-writer of all three singles from Celebrity.
The rise of his own stardom and the general decline in the popularity of boy bands led to a continuation of 'N Sync's hiatus, although the group has never officially disbanded.
Band member Lance Bass who was trying to go into space during the group's hiatus, has stated that he believes the group is finished, and is openly critical of Timberlake's actions in his memoir Out of Sync.
On the other hand, Chris Kirkpatrick remarked in August 2008 that the five remain friends, and he believed a reunion was possible: he repeated that opinion in October 2009.
In September 2008, Bass also made conciliatory comments.
2002–04: Justified and Super Bowl XXXVIII Controversy
In August 2002, after months of recording Justified, his debut solo album, Timberlake performed at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards, where he premiered his first single, "Like I Love You," a sparse dance track produced by The Neptunes.
The song reached number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100.
Following the single, Timberlake released Justified on November 5, 2002.
It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 album chart, selling 439,000 copies in its first week of release.
It eventually went on to sell more than three million copies in the U.S. and more than seven million copies worldwide.
The album also received critical acclaim, thanks to its heavy R&B influence provided by hip-hop producers The Neptunes and Timbaland.
It spun off hits throughout late 2002 and 2003, including the top ten singles "Cry Me a River" and "Rock Your Body."
Timberlake supported the album by co-headlining the Justified/Stripped Tour with Christina Aguilera in the summer of 2003.
At the end of the year, Timberlake recorded a song entitled "I'm Lovin' It."
It was used by McDonald's as the theme to its "I'm Lovin' It" campaign.
The deal with McDonald's earned Timberlake an estimated $6 million.
A tour entitled Justified and Lovin' It Live was included with the deal as well.
Timberlake was featured on Nelly's song, "Work It", which was remixed and included on Nelly's 2003 remix album.
In February 2004, during the halftime show of the Super Bowl XXXVIII broadcast on the CBS television network, Timberlake performed with Janet Jackson before a television audience of more than 140 million viewers.
At the end of the performance, as the song drew to a close, Timberlake tore off a part of Jackson's black leather costume in a "costume reveal" meant to accompany a portion of the song lyrics.
According to CBS, "both Jackson and Timberlake had confirmed they planned it 'independently and clandestinely' without informing anyone."
Part of the costume detached, and Jackson's breast was briefly exposed.
Timberlake later apologized for the incident, stating he was "sorry that anyone was offended by the wardrobe malfunction during the halftime performance of the Super Bowl...." The phrase "wardrobe malfunction" has since been used by the media to refer to the incident and has entered pop culture.
As a result of the controversy, Timberlake and Jackson were threatened with exclusion from the 2004 Grammy Awards unless they agreed to apologize on screen at the event.
Timberlake attended and issued a scripted apology when accepting the first of two Grammy Awards he received that night (Best Pop Vocal Album for Justified and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Cry Me a River").
He had also been nominated for Album of the Year for Justified, Record of the Year for "Cry Me a River", and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Where Is the Love?"
with The Black Eyed Peas.
2004–06: Collaborations and acting
After the Super Bowl controversy, Timberlake put his recording career on hold to act in several movies, having starred in a few feature movies earlier in his music career.
The first role he took during this time was as a journalist in the thriller Edison Force, which was filmed in 2004 and received a direct-to-video release on July 18, 2006.
He also appeared in the movies Alpha Dog, Black Snake Moan, Richard Kelly's Southland Tales, and voiced Prince Artie Pendragon in the animated movie Shrek the Third, released on May 18, 2007.
He also appeared as a young Elton John, in the video for John's song "This Train Don't Stop There Anymore".
Timberlake was considered to play the role of Roger Davis in the movie version of the rock musical Rent, but director Chris Columbus had insisted that only the original Broadway members could convey the true meaning of Rent.
He continued to record with other artists.
After "Where Is the Love?",
he again collaborated with the Black Eyed Peas on the 2005 track "My Style" from their album Monkey Business.
When recording the 2005 single "Signs" with Snoop Dogg, Timberlake discovered a throat condition.
Nodules were subsequently removed from his throat in an operation that took place on May 5, 2005.
He was advised not to sing or speak loudly for at least a few months.
In the summer of 2005, Timberlake started his own record company, JayTee records.
2006–07: FutureSex/LoveSounds
Timberlake released his second solo album, FutureSex/LoveSounds, on September 12, 2006.
The album, which Timberlake created in 2005, debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart, selling 684,000 copies its first week.
It is the biggest album for pre-orders on iTunes, and beat Coldplay's record for the biggest one-week sales of a digital album.
The album was produced by Timbaland and Danja (who produced a bulk of the album), will.i.am, Rick Rubin and Timberlake himself, and features guest vocals by Snoop Dogg, Three 6 Mafia, T.I. and will.i.am.
A studio representative described it as being "all about sexiness" and aiming for "an adult feel".
The album's lead single, SexyBack, was performed by Timberlake at the opening of the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, where it remained for seven consecutive weeks.
My Love, the album's second single, also produced by Timbaland and featuring rapper T.I., reached number one on the Hot 100, as did third single What Goes Around.../...Comes Around Interlude.
The song is reported to have been inspired by the break-up of his childhood friend and business partner, Trace Ayala, with actress Elisha Cuthbert.
In October 2006, Timberlake said that he would focus on his music career rather than his movie roles, specifying that leaving the music industry would be a "dumb thing to do at this point".
He was the special guest performer at the 2006 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show for being where he sang SexyBack.
In January 2007, Timberlake embarked on the FutureSex/LoveShow tour. "
Summer Love/Set the Mood Prelude" was the fourth U.S. single off the album, and the next single in the UK was "LoveStoned/I Think She Knows Interlude".
The song "Give It to Me", a Timbaland single on which Timberlake guests with Nelly Furtado, reached the Hot 100 number-one spot.
In February 2008, Timberlake was awarded two Grammy Awards.
At the 50th Grammy Awards Ceremony, Timberlake won the Male Pop Performance Award for "What Goes Around...Comes Around", and the Dance Recording Award for "LoveStoned/I Think She Knows".
2007–12: Collaborations and acting
In April 2007, Timberlake was seen entering a London studio with Madonna, thus confirming rumors that he was collaborating with her.
A song "4 Minutes", was first played by Timbaland at Philadelphia's Jingle Ball on December 17, 2007.
When released on March 17, 2008, "4 Minutes" was revealed to be a duet between Timberlake and Madonna, with backing vocals by Timbaland.
It was lead single from Madonna's eleventh studio album Hard Candy, which featured four other songwriting collaborations with Timberlake.
The single was an international hit, and topped the charts in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, and reached the Top 5 in Austria, France, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand and the United States.
Timberlake also appears in the music video, which was directed by Jonas & François.
On March 30, 2008, Timberlake performed the song at Madonna's Hard Candy Promo Show at Roseland Ballroom in New York City.
On November 6, 2008, Timberlake performed the song with Madonna on the Los Angeles stop of her Sticky & Sweet Tour.
Around June 2007 Timberlake co-wrote, produced and provided vocals for the songs "Nite Runner" and "Falling Down" for Duran Duran's album Red Carpet Massacre, released on November 13, 2007. "
Falling Down" had been released as a single in the UK on the previous day.
Also in 2007, Timberlake made an appearance on 50 Cent's third album, Curtis.
Timberlake, along with Timbaland, is featured on a track called "Ayo Technology", which was the album's fourth single.
Also, another possible collaboration was to occur with Lil Wayne for his album Tha Carter III with Nelly Furtado and Timbaland.
With the wrapping up of the FutureSex/LoveSounds tour of Australasia and the Middle East in November 2007, Timberlake resumed his movie career.
Projects underway early in 2008 were starring roles in Mike Myers' comedy The Love Guru (released June 20, 2008) and Mike Meredith's drama The Open Road (released August 28, 2009).
In March 2008 it was announced that he was be an executive producer in an American adaptation of the hit Peruvian comedy My Problem with Women for NBC.
On November 20, 2008, TV Guide reported that Timberlake's next single, "Follow My Lead", which also featured vocals by Timberlake's protégée, former YouTube star Esmee Denters, would be available for exclusive download through MySpace.
All proceeds would go to Shriners Hospitals for Children, a charity dedicated to improving pediatric care for sick children.
In 2008, a collaboration between Timberlake and T.I., "Dead and Gone" featured on T.I.'s sixth studio album, Paper Trail, and was released as its fourth single late in 2009.
In November 2008, it was confirmed that Timberlake would make a guest appearance and produce some tracks on R&B/pop singer Ciara's upcoming album Fantasy Ride due out May 5, 2009.
Timberlake featured on Ciara's second single "Love Sex Magic", the video being shot on February 20, 2009.
The single became a worldwide hit, reaching the top ten in numerous countries and peaking at number one in several countries including Taiwan, India, and Turkey.
The single is now nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 52nd Grammy Awards.
Timberlake and his production team The Y's, along with Mike Elizondo, produced and co-wrote the song "Don't Let Me Down" for Leona Lewis's second studio album, Echo, released (in the US) on November 17, 2009.
Timberlake also co-wrote and performed on "Carry Out," the third single from Timbaland's album Shock Value II, released on December 1, 2009.
2013–present: The 20/20 Experience – The Complete Experience and Trolls
In June 2012 Timberlake began working on a new album, The 20/20 Experience.
It was released on March 19, 2013.
The album came top of the Irish charts in the first week.
The single "Mirrors" was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 2014 Grammy Awards.
The album also included the successful single "Suit & Tie" with rapper Jay Z.
Timberlake later released the albums The 20/20 Experience and The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 together in the box set, The 20/20 Experience – The Complete Experience.
He recorded the song "Can't Stop the Feeling!"
for the upcoming DreamWorks animated film, Trolls.
The song entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 at number one.
Timberlake had a relationship with Britney Spears when they met at the Mickey Mouse Club.
This relationship gained high public attention.
It ended suddenly in 2002 when Timberlake claimed that Spears cheated on him with choreographer Wade Robson.
Later in 2002, he dated actress-dancer Jenna Dewan and actress-singer Alyssa Milano.
In April 2003, he started dating actress Cameron Diaz after they met at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.
There were many rumors afterwards that the two broke up.
He stated on December 16, 2006 on Saturday Night Live that they had split up.
In 2007, it was revealed that he had a romantic relationship with actress Jessica Biel.
They married in 2012.
Their son, Silas Randall Timberlake, was born on April 11, 2015.
Timberlake also works in the movie industry.
He is the voice of King Arthur in animated movie Shrek the Third.
He is also in the movies Alpha Dog and Black Snake Moan.
In 2008, he acted in movie "The Love Guru".
2002: Justified 2006: FutureSex/LoveSounds 2013: The 20/20 Experience 2013: The 20/20 Experience - 2 of 2 2018: Man of the Woods
2003: Justified: The Videos 2003: Live from London 2007: Futuresex/Loveshow – Live from Madison Square Garden Concert tours
2003: Justified/Stripped Tour 2003/2004: Justified and Lovin' It Live 2007: FutureSex/LoveShow''
Aramaic is a Semitic language.
It has been written for 3100 years and has been spoken for longer than that.
It is one of the Northwest Semitic languages.
The Semitic languages include Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic and many other languages.
Aramaic is the language of long parts of the two Bible books of Daniel and Ezra.
It is the language of the Jewish Talmud.
In the 12th century BC, the first speakers of Aramaic started to live in what is now Syria, Iraq and eastern Turkey.
As the bureaucratic language of the Achaemenid Empire, it became the most important language in the Middle East.
Jewish speakers took the language with them to North Africa and Europe.
Christian speakers took the language with them to Persia, India and even China.
In the 7th century AD, Aramaic stopped being the most important language in the Middle East.
The Arabic language became the new important language.
Aramaic is still spoken by scattered communities of Jews, Mandaeans and some Christians.
Small groups of people still speak Aramaic in different parts of the Middle East.
The wars of the last two centuries have made many speakers leave their homes to live in different places around the world.
Today, between 500,000 and 850,000 people speak Aramaic languages.
Aramaic is not one language without any changes.
Because many different people over many centuries spoke and wrote it, there are many different types of Aramaic languages, called dialects, but some of them are so different that they are like different languages.
The different dialects make two groups: an Eastern group and a Western group.
The division between them is around the River Euphrates.
The dialects are divided also by time.
Old Aramaic is the name of the oldest dialects, which only scholars learn.
Middle Aramaic is the group of dialects, which are used not every day but for special things like writing and religion.
Modern Aramaic is the group of dialects that is used every day by some groups.
Aramaic Q&As: The "Family Tree" of Aramaic dialects
Introduction to Aramaic, an alphabet
Libya ( , Berber: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ Libya), officially the State of Libya, is a country in North Africa.
It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
It covers an area of almost .
Libya is the 17th largest country in the world.
Libya's borders touch the countries of Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Algeria, Niger, and Tunisia.
To its north is the Mediterranean Sea.
The capital of Libya is Tripoli, which is a port on the sea.
Tripoli has about one million people.
Libya covers an area of about .
The highest point in Libya is Bikku Bitti 2,267 m above sea level and the lowest point is Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m at below sea level.
Most of the country is flat, with large plains.
Because it is so dry, only 1.03% of the land is suitable for farming.
The area around Tripoli is called Tripolitania, and it was the most developed during the Ottoman Empire.
Cyrenaica is an area of the north east coast.
It is divided from Tripolitania by the Gulf of Sirte.
It was named by the Ancient Greeks who built the city of Cirene in 630 BC.
It includes the cities of Tobruk and Benghazi.
The Fezzan is an area of desert in south west Libya which the Italians made a part of Tripoli in 1912.
After the war this area was governed by France, who wanted to annex to their Empire.
The people
The Libyans are Muslim.
The population of Libya in 2011 was said to be about 6,597,960.
This is not a large number for a country that has such a large area, so the population density of Libya is low.
This is because much of Libya is in the Sahara Desert.
Most people in Libya live in cities on the coast.
People from Libya are called Libyans.
Libyans are mostly Arabs, though many are Berbers, a group which includes the nomadic Tuareg of North Africa.
About 95% of Libyans are of Arab-Berber origin.
Nearly all Libyans are Sunni Muslims.
Oil was discovered in Libya in 1958 and is about 95% of the country's export income.
Oil is about 25% of Libya's GDP.
Other exports include natural gas, salt, limestone and gypsum.
Because so much of the country is desert, Libya has to import about 75% of its food.
It does grow wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus, peanuts, soybeans and many vegetables.
In 1984, a  pipeline was started to bring underground water from the Sahara to coastal areas for irrigation.
The pipeline which will take 25 years to complete has been estimated to cost about $25 billion.
It is called the Great Man-made River, and is the largest water development scheme in the world.
The money of Libya is called the Libyan dinar.
It was made to take the place of the old money, the Libyan pound, in 1971.
There are 1000 dirhams in a dinar.
Dinar is the name of the money in many Islamic countries.
The name comes from an old Roman coin, the denarius.
Politics and History
Libya is made up of three regions, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and the Fezzan.
Tripolitania is the area on the north west coast, once called the Kingdom of Tripoli.
It was ruled by Turks from the Ottoman Empire.
The USA went to war with the Kingdom of Tripoli in 1805 over the problems of piracy in the Mediterranean.
The USA had refused to pay increased "protection" money to the Turkish rulers.
Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were captured by the Italians during the Italian-Turkish War of 1911-1912.
The reason for the war was to set up a colony for Italy.
They said that this area was once part of the Roman Empire and belonged to Italy.
The Italians were the first country to use aeroplanes to drop bombs when they attacked Tripoli in 1911.
Many thousands of Italian settlers moved to Libya to set up businesses and farms, which were going to supply food and produce for Italy and its Empire.
Libyans had some of their land in Cyrenaica taken from them by force and about 70,000 people died during the battles, starved, or were decimated by the terrible epidemic (called "Spanish flu") of 1918.
Many thousands escaped to Egypt, but soon moved back when the new Italian governor Italo Balbo started a friendly attitude toward Arabs.
Italian Libya enjoyed in the late 1930s a huge development, with the creation of new railways, ports, hospitals, airports, roads.
In those years the agricultural economy boomed, thanks to the creation of many dozens of new villages for Italian & Arab farmers.
There was even an international race-car competition outside Tripoli (Grand Prix of Tripoli ).
Much of the North African Campaign of  World War II was fought in Libya, including the Battle of Tobruk.
The British captured Tripolitania in 1942 and ruled it until 1951.
United Kingdom of Libya
After World War II, the regions of Libya were ruled by military governors from both Britain and France.
The United Nations made Libya an independent country, the United Kingdom of Libya, in 1951.
This was to be a constitutional monarchy, ruled by King Idris I and his successors.
Idris (Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi) (13 March 1890—25 May 1983) had been the Emir of Cyrenaica, but went into exile in Egypt in 1922.
At the end of the war, he returned as emir, with support of Britain.
He was also asked to be Emir of Tripolitania.
He was able to unite the three regions and became the king of the United Kingdom of Libya on 24 December 1951.
The problems facing Libya were huge.
The country was poor, with little in the way of goods to export.
Only 250,000 people could read.
There were only 16 Libyan college graduates, no Libyan doctors, engineers, pharmacists, or surveyors.
The United Nations estimated that 10% of the people were blind from eye diseases, especially trachoma.
Idris was a religious leader did not take much interest in the affairs of government.
His government was seen to be corrupt, and did nothing about an increasing rise in Arab nationalism which had brought Nasser to power in Egypt in 1952.
Once oil was discovered, Libya became one of the largest oil producing countries in the world.
Many Libyans felt that Cyrenaica was getting more of the oil money than the rest of the country.
A lot of the money from oil was also going to overseas companies.
Libyan Arab Republic
In the early morning of 1 September 1969, a group of military officers took over the government in a coup d'état.
Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi was named as chief of staff of the military.
From 1970-1972 he served as Prime Minister.
He began a political system named  "The Third Universal Theory".
This is a mix of socialism and Islam, based on tribal government.
It was to be put in place by the Libyan people themselves in a unique form of "direct democracy."
Al-Gaddafi called this "jamahiriya".
Some of his first actions were to take back control of the oil and send the remaining Italian settlers back to Italy.
He also closed down the American USAF base.
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
In 1977 Libya became "Al-Jamahiriya al-`Arabiyah al-Libiyah ash-Sha`biyah al-Ishtirakiyah al-Uzma" .
In English, the name means the "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya".
Libya was alleged to have sponsored anti-western groups.
Gaddafi openly supported independence movements like Nelson Mandela's African National Congress, Palestinian Liberation Organization, the Irish Republican Army, the Polisario Front (Western Sahara) and more.
Because of this Libya's foreign relations with several western nation were negatively effected, and it would become a reason for US to bomb Libya in 1986.
Gaddafi survived the bombing, the action of US was condemned by many countries and UN general assembly.
Libya had also supplied weapons and money to the Irish Republican Army during its fight with the British government in Northern Ireland.
Gaddafi developed a good relationship with revolutionary Colombian Marxist–Leninist guerrilla group called FARC.
Activities also included such as Libyan contribution towards Falklands War, where Gaddafi had provided 20 launchers, 60 SA-7 missiles, machine guns, mortars and mines to the Argentinian government.
Libya was alleged to have role in bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988 and French UTA Flight 772 in 1989, despite the investigation found no evidence which involves any Libyan role.
The United Nations put economic sanctions in place against Libya in 1992.
These sanctions stopped other countries selling weapons, investing money, or even allowing their people to visit Libya.
After six days when US had captured Iraq's Saddam Hussein, Gaddafi renounced Libya's weapons of mass destruction programs and welcomed international inspections to verify that he would follow through on the commitment.
Gaddafi said he hopes that other nations would follow his example.
UN removed the sanctions in the same year.
Gaddafi solved the Lockerbie plane crash issue by paying US$2.7 billion to the families of the victims.
Prime Minister of Libya Shukri Ghanem, told in the interviews that Gaddafi was "paying the price for peace" with the West, and suggested that Libya had no role in the case.
United Nations observers would acknowledge such statement and cast doubt towards the whole issue.
Gaddafi also set about having normal relations with other countries.
Western European leaders and many working-level and commercial delegations were able to visit the country.
He made his first trip to Western Europe in 15 years when he traveled to Brussels in April 2004.
He reattached the ties with Russia once again, which had remained idle since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
By 2010, Libya's Human Development Index was highest in Africa, the country ranked at #53 overall as 'High standard' on living bases.
Libya remained a debt-free nation.
In 2011, Human rights in Libya were praised by the U.N. Human rights council.
However, after civil war the human rights seems to be getting worse.
On March 2013, according to the Barnabas Fund, at least 48 Christians were tortured inside Libya, one died in custody.
Every Libyan who is older than 18 can vote.
This means that voting (also known as "suffrage") in Libya is universal.
In February 2011, a civil war broke out in Libya when rebels fought against Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi and his government.
NATO intervened in the war in favor of the rebels.
However, some rebels had links with  al-Qaeda.
NATO ended its mission in October after Colonel al-Gaddafi was reported to have been killed.
In the aftermath of the civil war, a low-level rebellion by al-Gaddafi loyalists continued.
Armed militias filled the gap left by the revolution.
Two different national governments were organized in Tripoli and Tobruk and many fighters did not follow either of them.
Site-seeing in Libya
Underground "Fossil Water" Running Out  Brian Handwerk, National Geographic, May 6, 2010.
Libya turns on the Great Man-Made River Marcia Merry, Printed in the Executive Intelligence Review, September 1991.
The population density of a country or city or other place is a number showing how crowded that place is.
It is got by dividing the population by the area.
For example, France has a population of 60,561,200, and an area of 551,695 square kilometres, so its population density is about 109.8 persons per square kilometre.
A number of factors affect population density.
For example, the climate.
Greenland has a very low population density because people cannot live on its large glacier (ice sheet) or survive in such frigid temperatures.
Many cities are near rivers, because the first settlers wanted somewhere close to water to start a society.
Areas around rivers often have a high population density.
The population density of New York City is 10,292 persons per square kilometre.
Other places, such as large countries, can have very low population densities.
The population density of Canada is only 3.8 persons per square kilometre because it is such a big country.
The country with the highest population density in the world is Monaco, with 16,620 persons per square kilometre.
The country with the lowest is Greenland, which has only 0.03 persons per square kilometre.
Joey is a common nickname for Joseph, Joe, Joanne, Joan, or Jo.
A joey (marsupial) is a baby kangaroo, or a baby of other marsupials (animals that are like kangaroos).
Joey is a television sitcom (a comedy set in a situation) starring Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani, his character from Friends.
Saturday Night Fever is a 1977 American drama movie.
It stars John Travolta as a 19 year old working-class Italian American man named Tony Manero.
Manero lives with his parents and works in a dead-end job at a small hardware store.
He tries to escape his problem-filled life in Brooklyn by dancing at a nightclub in New York City.
The soundtrack (an album that has disco songs that were heard in the movie) of the movie includes music by the Bee Gees and many other artists.
Both the album and movie were very popular.
There are two versions of the movie: the original R-rated version and the PG-rated version which came out a year later so the movie could be popular with younger people.
A sequel called Staying Alive was released in 1983 also starring John Travolta.
1977 drama movies
Dance movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies directed by John Badham
A Greyhound is a dog breed that is skinny, has long legs, and runs faster than any other breed of dog.
It is one of the oldest breeds of dogs.
For centuries, people have raced them in some parts of the world.
Greyhound racing is a bit like horse racing in many ways.
In recent years, many Greyhounds have been mistreated or killed especially after they get too old to race, but many animal rights rescue groups try to stop that and to help them be adopted by people to keep as pets.
Grand unification theory or GUT is a model that tries to describe the universe.
It says that three forces -  electromagnetic, weak and  strong forces - were once combined into a single force.
These are three of the fundamental four forces of nature, which are responsible for all of the pushes and pulls in the universe.
If gravity is also combined with these forces, then the GUT will become the proposed Theory of Everything.
GUT was given by DR.
Abdul salam of Pakistan
Because GUT models have more dimensions than currently known, there has not been a single GUT.
Particle accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider have been built to test these GUTs indirectly, as it is too complex to observe effects on particles without them.
GUT was first proposed by researchers from CERN in the 1970s.
The discovery of the Higgs Boson and other such recent discoveries will get scientists closer to knowing which GUT is correct, and ultimately know the Theory of Everything.
This theory was given by Pakistani scientist Abdus Salam, who shared the Noble Prize with Weinberg and Glashow for it in 1979.
A factory is a building where workers use machines to make things for sale.
It usually means a building where companies use mass production to make different things.
Many of the same thing are made in a short amount of time.
People who work in factories are losing their jobs because machines can do their work more easily. (
Automation) Now some factories are lights-out, which means they can run without any workers.
Manufacturing buildings
United States Declaration of Independence is an important document in the history of the United States of America.
It was ratified on July 4, 1776.
It says that the Americans were no longer under British rule.
Instead, the thirteen British colonies came together to become a union of free and independent states.
In the conclusion of the Declaration of Independence a quote was: "with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."
Before the Declaration
Before 1776, the United States of America was not a country.
The individual states were colonies of the British Empire.
They were called British Colonies.
This means that the King and Parliament of Great Britain ruled the Colonies.
"Plundered our seas,..." meant  that the founding Fathers blamed the British for the American Revolution.
During this time, many American people were angry at Great Britain.
Many Americans did not like paying taxes to Great Britain when they did not have anyone to speak for them in Parliament.
The American people wanted to be treated like British citizens.
Taking action
Responding to actions taken by Great Britain, including the Intolerable Acts, the different colonies formed a Continental Congress to make decisions for all of the colonies.
They met in the American city of Philadelphia.
During a meeting of the Second Continental Congress, on June 11, 1776, they chose five people to write a document that would become the Declaration of Independence.
These people were:
John Adams, from the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Benjamin Franklin, from the Province of Pennsylvania
Thomas Jefferson, from the Virginia Colony
Robert R. Livingston, from the Province of New York
Roger Sherman, from the Connecticut Colony
Picking a Writer
The committee decided that one person would write the document, while the rest would give him advice on what to write.
John Adams decided that Thomas Jefferson should write the document.
He bought him a few drinks and told him that he was more qualified to write it because he was a Virginian and he was simply a better writer.
Jefferson got to work.
In the Declaration, Jefferson starts by writing about people's rights, and what the government should and should not do.
This part of the Declaration is called the Preamble.
He then lists specific bad things that the British government did to the colonies.
He says these included putting people in jail with no reason; making taxes that were too high; and not respecting people who lived in the colonies.
Agreeing on the Declaration
On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress argued about the Declaration and made some changes to it.
After making changes, they approved the Declaration.
They declared their independence from the British Empire that day, at the Pennsylvania State House.
However, the Continental Congress did not officially approve the Declaration until July 4.
On that day, twelve of the thirteen groups that represented the colonies approved and ordered the Declaration to be printed.
(The Province of New York did not vote.)
This version of the Declaration was signed only by the President of the Congress, John Hancock.
On July 15, the New York group agreed with the rest of the colonies' groups.
This meant that everyone in the Congress agreed on the Declaration.
Overall, 56 men signed the Declaration.
However, some people signed at different times.
Many people signed a parchment paper copy of the Declaration on July 2.
Many of these signers were not there when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4.
One signer, Matthew Thornton, from the Province of New Hampshire, signed on November 4, 1776.
Effects of the Declaration
Effects on Great Britain
When the King of Great Britain, King George III, and Parliament heard about the Declaration, they were angry.
Great Britain and the people in America had already been fighting in a war called the American Revolution.
America won the war, and in 1783 Great Britain had to recognize the independence of the new country, the United States, at the Treaty of Paris.
Effects on America
The people of America know that the Declaration of Independence is very important.
Every year on July 4, they have a holiday called 'Independence Day'.
They celebrate this holiday to remember the day that the Declaration was approved, and the day that the United States of America became its own country.
They often celebrate with parades, fireworks, and songs.
The Declaration of Independence also talks about the simple ideas that the people who started the United States believed in.
It says that every person in this U.S has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
It also says that the government has to listen to its own people.
These things were what made America a free independent country.
Starting text
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. —
That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
Simple English translation
That all men are created equally
That their Creator gives them rights that cannot be taken away
That these rights include the rights to life, freedom (liberty), and pursuit of happiness(property/wealth)
That governments are created to protect these rights
That governments have power only if the people they are governing agree that they do
That whenever a government no longer protects these rights, the people it governs have a right to change or eradicate that government.
They also have a right to create a new government that is more likely to protect their safety and freedom
That governments which have existed for a long time should not be changed for small reasons.
However, if a government abuses the people which they govern over and over again, the people have the right to get rid of that government, if they so choose.
Declaration of Independence, with Jefferson's account, all the signers, extensive related information, from ushistory.org
The Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence  - Text of the rough draft at Duke University's website
Library of Congress: Declaration of Independence and related resources
PBS/NOVA: The Preservation and History of the Declaration
National Geographic News: "U.S. Independence Celebrated on the Wrong Day?" (
July 2, 2004)
Colonial Hall: A line by line historical analysis of the grievances
Virtualology: A Brief History of the Declaration and ownership of Dunlap printings
"The Speech of the Unknown" from the book Washington and His Generals: or, Legends of the Revolution by George Lippard, published in 1847
Maps, photos, and other media
Deutsches Historisches Museum: First Printing in German of the Declaration of Independence
"Drafting of the Declaration of Independence.
The Committee: Franklin, Jefferson, Adams, Livingston, and Sherman."
Copy of engraving after Alonzo Chappel. (
large version )
"The Declaration of Independence"  by John Trumbull. (
Interactive Flash Version of John Sumit Trumbull's "Declaration of Independence"
Interactive High-resolution viewer with annotations of the Declaration on Footnote.com
Signers
The Price They Paid Sorting Fact from Fiction.
1776 in the United States
Jordan (Official name is the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) is an Arab country located in southwest Asia, within the Middle East, located in the southern part of the Levant region, and the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula.
Jordan is bordered by Syria to the north, Palestine and Israel to the west, Iraq to the east, Saudi Arabia to the east and south, and the Gulf of Aqaba to the southwest, where the city of Aqaba overlooks the Red Sea.
Aqaba is the only sea port for Jordan.
Jordan is named after Jordan River, which passes on its western borders.
Jordan is a country that combines different Arab cultures and dialects, and no natural borders separate it from its Arab neighbors except the Jordan River and the Yarmouk River, which form part of its borders with Palestine, Israel and Syria, respectively.
As for the rest of the borders, it is an extension of the Levant Badia in the north and east, the Influence Desert in the south, and Wadi Araba to the southwest.
The terrain in Jordan varies greatly, the most important of which are the Ajloun Mountains in the northwest, and the Shara Mountains in the south, the highest peak on Umm al-Dami Mountain is 1854 meters, and the lowest point in the Dead Sea, which is the lowest point in the world.
In 1921, Prince Abdullah bin Al-Hussein established the Emirate of Transjordan with the help of Britain, and it was then subject to British rule in the Mandatory region of Palestine.
The system in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a constitutional monarchy with a representative government.
The king exercises his executive power through the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, who, at the same time, are accountable to the House of Representatives (elected) and the Senate (appointed by the king) who are the legislative branch of the state.
There is also an independent judiciary system.
Jordan is a founding member of the League of Arab States and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
Jordan is a sovereign constitutional monarchy, yet the king enjoys extensive executive and legislative powers.
Jordan is frequently referred to as an "oasis of stability" in a turbulent region, given that it was mostly unaffected by the violence that engulfed the region in 2010.