the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
People from Puerto Rico can also be known as a "Boricua," "Borinquen," "Puertoriqueño," or the most known slang of "Boricua."
The name of "Boricua," and "Borinqueños" came from the island's original name of Boriken, meaning Land of the Brave People.
This name was created by the Taino-Arawak people, who were highly advanced.
Taino-Arawak ancestors date back to 4,000 B.C.
Famous Puerto Ricans
The toothbrush is a tool to clean teeth.
The toothbrush has a small brush at the end of a handle.
Toothpaste, which often contains fluoride, is commonly added to a toothbrush to help clean the teeth.
Both toothpaste and toothbrushes come in many different colours.
Toothpastes can also come in many different flavours.
Nice toothbrushes (especially electrical) can make toothbrushing fun and help your child on the way to perfect oral health.
Toothbrushes were first invented by a prisoner.
Before anyone had thought of a toothbrush, people kept their teeth clean by chewing on a stick until one end got soft and frayed like a brush.
Sometimes they dipped a finger in chalk or salt and then rubbed their teeth.
Toothpicks were another way to take care of teeth, and toothpicks were very fancy then.
They were made of gold or jewels, and people would stick them in their hats or hang them on necklaces when they were not using them.
The first brushes came from China, where the Chinese made them out of hairs pulled from the back of wild hogs.
The kind of toothbrush we know came from William Addis.
He worked on the toothbrush while he was in jail.
First, he saved a bone from one of his meals and poked some holes in it.
The prison guard gave him some bristles.
Joseph tied the bristles into little bundles, cut them to make them even, put glue on the ends, and stuffed them into the holes.
The company he started still make millions of toothbrushes every year.
The word toothbrush came from the two parts of the word, first a noun and then a verb or noun.
The action of brushing teeth with a toothbrush is basically the use of the invention of Joseph Addis.
Spartacus leads the slaves against Rome.
His army was eventually defeated, and Spartacus is killed in battle, by Roman legionaries under Marcus Licinius Crassus.
In Rome, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus becomes the third member of the Second Triumvirate, with Mark Antony and Octavian.
The city of Tigranakert of Artsakh is built in Armenia.
Salome Alexandria becomes queen of Judea after her husband dies.
Hycarnus II becomes the high priest of Jerusalem until 66 BC.
Pamplona is built in Spain
Homeostasis  is self-regulation, a basic property of all self-organising systems.
In biology, it is the keeping of a stable internal environment.
Homeostasis is life's ability to stay balanced, when the environment changes.
Animals keep their body in a stable condition.
They do so by regulating their inner equilibrium .
For example, they adjust their pH, temperature, amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood and so on.
In living things, the study of how they keep in a stable condition is called physiology.
Mostly, our physiology works unconsciously throughout life.
We have many negative feedback systems which adjust our physiology so that we stay alive.
These systems are self-organising and do not need to be learnt.
They are inherited.
The concept was described by Claude Bernard, and the term was later coined by Walter Cannon in 1926, 1929, and 1932.
Walter Cannon thought these were the features of homeostasis:
Constancy in an open system, such as our bodies, is done by mechanisms which maintain this constancy.
Cannon based this on insights into the ways by which steady states such as glucose concentrations, body temperature and acid-base balance were regulated.
To keep a steady-state condition, any change automatically meets with factors that resist change.
An increase in blood salt results in thirst as the body attempts to dilute the concentration of salt in the extracellular fluid.
The regulating system doing homeostasis has a number of cooperating mechanisms which act simultaneously or successively.
Blood sugar is regulated by insulin, glucagons, and other hormones that control its release from the liver or its uptake by the tissues.
The operation of a thermostat
The regulation of water and minerals in the body
The regulation of body temperature: mammals and birds have complicated systems which keep their body temperature within close limits.
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
the lungs
the skin
the muscles
the kidneys
the liver and pancreas
The brain is also central to homeostasis.
It controls behaviour, and the basic function of behaviour is to support life by taking action.
lt:Savireguliacija
A pulmonary embolism is a clot of material (an embolus) that blocks blood from getting to the lungs.
It is usually caused by a blood clot that starts somewhere else in the body and travels to the lungs.
However, it can also be caused by clumped cancer cells, fat, or bone.
Rarely, while giving birth, a woman can get a clot of amniotic fluid.
Symptoms of a pulmonary embolism start suddenly, as soon as the clot starts blocking blood flow to the lungs.
Blood is supposed to pick up oxygen in the lungs and then carry that oxygen to the rest of the body.
If blood cannot get through to the lungs, it cannot pick up oxygen or deliver it to the body.
Often, the first sign of a pulmonary embolism is syncope (fainting), because the brain is not getting enough blood and oxygen.
Chest pain that feels like a knife sticking into the chest.
The pain is often worse when the person breathes in.
Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
Low oxygen saturation (because the body is not getting enough oxygen)
Saddle embolus
The worst kind of pulmonary embolism is caused by a saddle embolus.
This kind of embolus blocks the pulmonary artery, which carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.
This makes it impossible for any blood to get through to the lungs.
Since no blood can get out to the rest of the body, the person's blood pressure drops and they can go into shock.
A saddle embolus is a very serious medical emergency.
Many people with this type of embolus die.
There are many risk factors that make it more likely for a person to get a pulmonary embolism.
A type of abnormal heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation ("A-fib")
Recent surgery (after surgery, the body's blood clotting system works harder than usual, to help heal the body.
If clots travel to the lungs, they can cause a pulmonary embolism)
Being paralyzed, bedridden, or not able to move around very much
Sitting in one place for a long time, like on a long airplane flight (this makes the blood pool in the legs; if a blood clot forms in the leg, it can travel through the blood vessels to the lungs)
Recent fracture of one of the long bones in the leg (because having a broken leg makes it harder to move around; also, clots of fat from the bone marrow can escape from the broken bone and travel to the lungs)
High levels of estrogen because of pregnancy or some birth control pills
Having had a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) - a blood clot in a large vein - before
Certain kinds of cancer (some kinds can cause extra blood clotting)
Being overweight or obese
There are a few treatments for pulmonary embolism.
The choice of which treatments to use depends on how serious the pulmonary embolism is.
Treatments include:
Oxygen can be given through a special mask to make it easier for the person's body to get the oxygen it needs.
Anticoagulants.
These are medicines commonly called "blood thinners."
Doctors may give a few blood thinners together.
For example, they may give heparin because it works right away.
They may also give warfarin (Coumadin), which takes a few days to start working, but which the patient can keep taking at home.
Thrombolytics.
These are medicines often called "clot busters" or "clot dissolvers."
They can quickly dissolve (break up) a clot.
However, they are usually given only if a pulmonary embolism is life-threatening, because they can cause bleeding.
Removing the clot.
Sometimes a doctor will thread a catheter (a flexible tube) up through a vein and into the lung.
Once the doctor finds the clot, the catheter can be used to pull the clot out, or to give medicine to dissolve the clot.
In very bad cases, surgery may be needed to remove a clot.
A toilet is a place where humans get rid of waste that comes from their bodies (urine and feces).
Most toilets use water to flush the waste through plumbing into a sewage system.
However, some modern toilets do not use water, and are called dry toilets.
A room that has a toilet can be called a "restroom" or "bathroom" in the United States.
In other places it may be called the toilet or the water closet (WC).
Toilets in homes
Almost all modern buildings have at least one toilet.
In the home, a toilet may or may not be in the same room as a shower or a bathtub.
Some toilets are outside, in an "outhouse".
In developing countries, many people do not have a toilet in their home.
More than 4.5 billion people do not have access to toilets.
Public toilets
A public toilet may or may not cost money to use.
Toilets that cost money are called "pay toilets".
Public bathrooms often have many toilets with walls between them.
This makes areas called stalls (US) or cubicles (UK).
Bathrooms for men often also have separate urinals.
Urinals can either be on the wall for a single user, or a basin or trough for many men to use at the same time.
Urinals on walls sometimes have small walls or dividers for privacy reasons.
Outdoor public toilets (in the street, around parks, etc.)
are a form of street furniture.
These toilets are in individual cubicles.
Some are simple and have little or no plumbing.
Others are less simple, and some toilets even clean themselves after every use.
Some toilet-cubicles are mobile and can be put in place where and when they are needed.
These toilets are called "portable toilets".
Portable toilets are commonly used at large outdoor events like concerts, festivals or carnivals.
In 1775, Alexander Cumming patented the S-bend.
This was crucial in the development of the flushing toilet.
It was a simple length of pipe with a curve in it.
Every day, toilets use 141 billion liters of water to flush waste.
Engineers try to make toilets that do not need so much water.
In 2019, one group made a chemical to put in  toilets to make them more slippery so that the waste flushes away with only a little water.
Toilet guide for travelers
Public Toilet Near Me
World Toilet Day celebrated on November 19
World Toilet Organization
Stegosaurus lived in the Upper Jurassic period around 155 to 145 million years ago.
It is one of the most easily recognized dinosaurs, with its distinctive double row of kite-shaped plates on its back, and the long spikes on its tail.
The armor was necessary as it lived with such meat-eaters as Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus.
Discovery and species
Stegosaurus was originally named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877, from fossils found near Morrison, Colorado.
These first bones became the first species of Stegosaur named: Stegosaurus armatus.
Several different Stegosaurus species have been found.
Stegosaurus armatus: This was the first type of Stegosaurus to be found.
Over thirty different skeletons have been discovered by scientists.
This type had four tail spikes and small plates.
At 9 meters (30 ft), it was the longest species of Stegosaurus.
Stegosaurus stenops: Named by Marsh in 1887, it was discovered near Cañon City, Colorado, in 1886.
This is the best known species of Stegosaurus, mainly because its fossils make at least one complete skeleton.
It had large, broad plates and four tail spikes.
S. stenops is known from at least 50 partial skeletons of both adults and juveniles, one complete skull and four partial skulls.
It was shorter than S. armatus, at 7 m (23 ft).
Stegosaurus longispinus: This type of Stegosaur is known from one incomplete skeleton.
S. longispinus had a set of very long tail spines.
Like S. stenops, it grew to 7 m (23 ft) in length.
S. ungulatus: Named by Marsh in 1879 from remains recovered at Como Bluff, Wyoming, it is only known from a few backbones and armor plates.
It is probably the same as S. armatus.
S. sulcatus: This is another partial skeleton.
S. duplex: This animal is probably the same as S. armatus.
It was also named by Marsh in 1887,.
Its fossils were found in 1879 by Edward Ashley at Como Bluff, Wyoming.
S. seeleyanus: Probably the same as S. armatus.
S. (Diracodon) laticeps: Named by Marsh in 1881 from some jawbone fragments.
Stegosaurus was the largest stegosaur, reaching up to 12 m (39.4 ft) in length and weighing up to 5,000 kg (5.5 short tons).
However, 7 to 9 m was a more usual length.
The skull of Stegosaurus was long and narrow.
Because of its short front legs, its head was close to the ground, probably no higher than 1 m (3.3 ft).
It ate low-growing plants because of this.
It had no front teeth, but it did have a horn-covered beak.
Stegosaurian chewing teeth were small and triangular and did little grinding as they lacked wear surfaces.
It has often been said that the Stegosaurus brain was the size of a walnut.
Actually, it had a brain several times the size of a walnut.
The bundle of nerves near the base of the tail that controlled reflexes in the back of the body was larger than the brain and is sometimes said to be a "second brain".
These issues are discussed in Dinosaur brains and intelligence.
Stegosaurus had very short forelimbs in relation to its hind legs.
The back legs each had three short toes, while the front legs had five toes.
All four limbs were supported by pads behind the toes.
Stegosaurus was a member of the Thyreophora, or armored dinosaurs, a family of dinosaurs which includes the ankylosaurs.
Stegosaurus has been declared the State Dinosaur of Colorado.
It has also appeared in many movies and TV shows.
Dinopedia
Stegosaurus "roofed lizard" , by T. Mike Keesey at The Dinosauricon.
Stegosaurs
Psittacosis is a bacterial disease that can be caught from birds such as parrots, pigeons, and parakeets.
The disease is not common, with only 50 reported cases in the United States each year.
Psittacosis usually gives flu-like symptoms, such as fevers, chills, headaches, muscle aches, and a dry cough.
The disease can also look like pneumonia on an x-ray.
In rare cases, Psittacosis can cause endocarditis - swelling of joints, and swelling of the cornea.
Psittacosis can be easily treated with antibiotics, especially with Tetracycline.
The disease rarely kills people, with only 1% of those who get the disease dying.
Gregorian chant is an important form of plainchant, used mainly in the  Roman Catholic Church.
With plainchant, all people sing the same music in unison, most of the time.
Sometimes, there is a second part, called "organum", which often uses the same melody, but at an interval.
This interval is often a fourth or a fifth.
How it developed
Gregorian chant developed mainly in western and central Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries, but people wrote new songs and changed the old ones later.
Many people believe an old story, which says that Pope Gregory the Great wrote the songs.
Most people who study the history of music believe that kings such as Charlemagne brought music from Rome to their kingdoms in France and Germany.
When Charlemagne's people sang these songs, they changed the songs.
This new music became Gregorian chant.
Usually men and boys sang Gregorian chant in churches, and holy women and men sang Gregorian chants in their daily prayers.
In Roman Catholic churches, prayers and songs follow an order called the "Roman Rite."
Gregorian chant is the music used in the Mass and the Office of the Roman Rite.
The "Mass" is the part of the Roman Rite where Catholics receive what they believe to be the body and blood of Christ.
The "Office" is the part of the Roman Rite where holy men and women pray at special times every day.
In the past, people sang different songs in parts of Europe, but Gregorian chant replaced almost all of them.
Although the Roman Catholic Church no longer requires people to sing Gregorian chants, it still says that Gregorian chant is the best music for prayer.
Christians have sung songs without music since the earliest days of the Church.
Before the mid-1990s, many people believed that the Jewish songs called the "Psalms," which are in both the Jewish and Christian Bible, were an important part of early Christian music and prayer.
People who study the history of music and religion no longer believe this, because most early Christian songs were not from the Psalms, and Jews did not sing Psalms for many centuries after their most important holy place, the Second Temple, was destroyed in the year 70.
However, some parts of Jewish music and prayer ended up later in Gregorian chant.
The organized order of prayers called "canonical hours" come from Jewish tradition.
The words "amen" and "alleluia" come from the Hebrew language.
The prayer "sanctus, sanctus, sanctus," which means "holy, holy, holy," comes from the Jewish prayer "kadosh, kadosh, kadosh."
The New Testament, tells how Jesus and his friends sang together: "When they had sung the hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives" (Matthew|26.30).
Other writers from those early centuries such as Pope Clement I also said that Christians sang religious songs, but they don’t tell us what the music sounded like.
The "Oxyrhynchus hymn," a 3rd-century Christian Greek song, has lasted with written musical notes, but we do not know if this song is connected to plainchant.
The sorts of songs, which Catholics later sang in the Roman Rite, started to appear in the 3rd century.
The Apostolic Tradition, a book about Christian traditions in early Rome, says that Christians sang "Alleluia" in early holy meals called "agape feasts."
Chants of the Office started in the early 4th century, when holy men in the deserts started the tradition of singing all 150 psalms every week.
Sometime around 375, Christians in Eastern Europe started singing religious songs back and forth between two groups; in 386, St. Ambrose brought this tradition to Western Europe.
Singing back and forth is called "antiphonal" singing.
Most people think that the liturgy of the Roman Mass was put together during the 7th century.
In 785-786, Pope Hadrian I sent some Roman chants to the court of Charlemagne.
Later this music developed into the system of eight modes.
This music, together with some new chants to complete the liturgical year, became known as "Gregorian."
This chant was probably named after Pope Gregory the Great.
When Charlemagne had become Holy Roman Emperor he made everyone in Europe use this Gregorian chant.
By the 12th and 13th centuries, all other kinds of chant disappeared, even the Roman form (now known as Old Roman chant).
Gregorian chants are divided into three types based on the number of notes sung to each syllable.
Syllabic chants mostly have one note per syllable.
In neumatic chants there are mostly two or three notes per syllable, while melismatic chants have lots of notes for one syllable.
Some of the chants are recitative and some are free melody.
When two choirs stand in different parts of the church and sing alternately these are called Antiphonal chants.
Responsorial chants are ones with a refrain sung by the choir, which alternate with a psalm verse sung by a soloist.
Gregorian chant used the eight modes which came from the Byzantine chants.
They were written down in a special musical notation called neumes.
These neumes do not show the exact rhythms, so that we cannot always be sure of the way they were sung.
The rhythm was probably quite free and flexible.
There were certainly no bar lines and regular beat.
The chant was normally sung by men.
Women only sang in convents, and even then they could not sing in all the services.
Gregorian chant was a big influence on polyphonic music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
When the original plainsong melody was made to be the bottom part it became known as "cantus firmus" (i.e., the "given melody").
Cantus firmus became a very important part of musical composition in the Renaissance.
Barneveld () is a municipality in the middle of the Netherlands, in the province Gelderland.
The main centre is the village of Barneveld.
Towns and villages of the municipality
The municipality neighbours Nijkerk, Putten and Ermelo to the north.
Apeldoorn lies to the east.
Municipalities Ede, Renswoude, Scherpenzeel and Woudenberg are to the south.
Municipalities Leusden and Amersfoort neighbour Barneveld to the west.
Notable people born in Barneveld
Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn (1851–1922), astronomer
Eduard Daniel van Oort (1876–1933), ornithologist
Egbert Adriaan Kreiken (1896–1964), teacher and astronomer
Conny van Bentum (born 1965), freestyle swimmer
Alfred Schreuder (born 1972), footballer
An executable is a computer program written by a programmer and compiled by a compiler (See programming).
When it is run, it 'executes' (or does) the actions it was programmed to.
An example of a compiler is the GNU C Compiler, or GCC for short.
It reads in program code written in the C programming language, and converts it into binary machine code called an executable, so computers can understand it.
On Microsoft Windows, these files end with '.exe.'
To humans, these files are hard to read.
Macs use other file extensions.
GNU C Compiler website
Computer file formats
Windows NT is a series of Microsoft's Windows operating systems written in the C and C++ programming languages.
They were the first to use their new 'NT' (New Technology) core.
That means it had a brand new core to do more things than the MS-DOS-based one that they used in older versions of Windows.
Also, it was more secure and crashed less.
Windows NT 3.1 was released as alpha versions in 1991-1992 and beta versions in 1993.
Microsoft decided to create a portable operating system, compatible with OS/2 and POSIX and supporting multiprocessing, in October 1988.
When development started in November 1989, Windows NT was to be known as OS/2 3.0, the third version of the operating system developed jointly by Microsoft and IBM.
To ensure portability, initial development was targeted at the Intel i860XR RISC processor, switching to the MIPS R3000 in late 1989, and then the Intel i386 in 1990.
It is well believed that Dave Cutler intended the initialism 'WNT' as a pun on VMS, incrementing each letter by one.
However, the project was named NT OS/2 before receiving the Windows brand.
One of the original OS/2 3.0 creators, Mark Lucovsky, claims that the name was taken from the original target processor—the Intel i860, code-named N10 ('N-Ten').
Various Microsoft publications, including a 1998 question-and-answer session with Bill Gates, reveal that the letters were expanded to 'New Technology' for marketing purposes but no longer carry any specific meaning.
The letters were dropped from the name of Windows 2000, though Microsoft described the product as 'Built on NT technology.'
Versions of Windows NT are Windows NT 3.1, NT 3.5, 3.51, NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7.
Windows NT 3.1 was the first release of the Windows NT line.
The version number 3.1 was from the fact that it looked very much like Windows 3.1.
It was released in 1993.
Next was Windows NT 3.5 and then 3.51.
3.5 was released in 1994 and 3.51 in 1995, just a few months before Windows 95.
The version after that was NT 4.0, released in 1996.
It was advertised as 'power of Windows NT and look of Windows 95' and included Internet Explorer version 2.
The next version was NT 5.0, which was re-branded as Windows 2000 before release, followed by Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, and the most recently Windows 10.
The NT version number was not used for marketing purposes after Windows NT 4.0 but is still used internally and said to reflect the degree of changes to the core of the operating system.
Windows 10 changes the internal version number to 10.0, which is the first time since 1996 that the internal version number has matched the marketing number.
Windows NT 3.1 (1993)
Windows NT 3.5 (1994)
Windows NT 3.51 (1995)
Windows NT 4.0 (1996)
Windows NT 5.0 (Windows 2000) (1997-1999)
Windows NT 5.1 (Windows XP) (2001)
Windows NT 5.2 (Windows Server 2003, Windows XP x64) (2003)
Windows NT 6.0 (Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008) (2006)
Windows NT 6.1 (Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2) (2009)
Windows NT 6.2 (Windows 8, Windows Server 2012) (2012)
Windows NT 6.3 (Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2) (2013)
Windows NT 10.0 (Windows 10, Windows Server 2016) (2015)
A file extension or filename extension is a suffix at the end of a filename.
It is used to show the type of a computer file.
This suggests what program can understand it.
For example, MYWORDS.TXT is a plain text file and may be opened by a text editor.
Filename extensions come after the name of the file, and many of them are three letters long.
HASH are hash program files
TXT files are plain text files
BMP are bitmap picture files
JPG are picture files in the JPEG format
MP3 are music files in the MP3 format
AAC are Advanced Audio Coding music files
FLAC are Free Lossless Audio Codec
ALAC are Apple Lossess Audio Codec
WMA are Windows Media Audio sound files
MPEG are motion picture encoded video files
MKV are Mastroska Video Codec
WMV are Windows Media Video files
HTM or *HTML are Hyper Text Markup Language files such as web pages
PHP are web server scripts which create web pages
ODT are Open Document text files
DOC are text documents in Microsoft Word format
XLS are Microsoft Excel spreadsheet documents
PPT are Microsoft Power Point presentation files
EXE are Microsoft Windows executable program files
DLL are Dynamic Link Libraries, a type of executable file, in MS Windows
ZIP are Compressed files (Lempel Ziff algorithm in an archive)
Z are Unix / Linux compressed files
bz2 are bzip2 block compressed files (very good compression)
jar are Java archive files
JSP are Java server pages files
java are Java source code files
class are Java compiled source code files
oc are Java run-time library files
tar are Unix / Linux tape archive files
sh are Unix / Linux shell script files
awk are Unix C like pattern processing language source code files
sed are Unix stream editor command files
lex are Unix / Linux lexical analyzer C code generator specification files
c are C programming language source files
o are C programming language compiled (object) files
cs are C# programming language files
rb are Ruby programming language files
pl are Perl or Prolog programming language files
Lagomorpha is a mammal order.
It includes pikas, rabbits and hares.
Although the lagomorphs look like rodents, they are not so, but are closely related to them.
They have four incisors on the upper jaw, not two as in rodents.
Also, they only eat plant material, not meat as rodents do to some extent.
Rabbits were classified under rodents until the 20th century.
They are divided into two families, Leporidae, hares and rabbits, and Ochotonidae, the pikas.
It has been known for some time that the Lagomorpha is an unusual group, and there have been many speculations about its evolution.
Darren Naish explains this.
Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)
Genus Ochotona
Family Leporidae (rabbits and hares)
Genus Brachylagus
Genus Bunolagus
Genus Caprolagus
Genus Lepus
Genus Nesolagus
Genus Oryctolagus (includes the domestic rabbit)
Genus Pentalagus
Genus Poelagus
Genus Pronolagus
Genus Romerolagus
Genus Sylvilagus
Lupus, or Lupus erythematosus, is a disease of the immune system.
It is chronic, which means it does not go away.
It is an autoimmune disease, where the person's immune system attacks their own body.
The immune system is partly made up of white blood cells in your body that fight off disease.
In lupus, these white blood cells think that the healthy cells of the body around them are diseased, so they end up attacking healthy parts of the body.
Lupus can be deadly.
It causes swelling and tissue damage, and can attack any part of the body.
It most commonly affects the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, kidneys and the brain/nervous system.
Some symptoms include: fatigue, fever with no cause, hair loss, mouth sores, sensitivity to sunlight, a skin disease, and Raynaud's syndrome.
There is treatment for lupus, called immunosuppression, which is medicine that stops the white blood cells from damaging healthy cells for a while.
After a while, this medicine wears off, and then the white blood cells go back to hurting healthy parts of the body again.
For the disease of lupus, there is no cure that stops the white blood cells from attacking healthy parts of the body forever, but doctors are not giving up on finding a cure.
Lupus takes its name from the Latin word "lupus", meaning wolf.
This is because a lupus-caused rash on a person's face makes the person's face look like the face of a wolf.
In the United States alone, there may be 270,000 to 1.5 million (1,500,000) people with lupus.
Worldwide, it is estimated (not known for sure, but a good guess) that over 5 million (5,000,000) people living with lupus.
The disease mainly affects young women, but men can be affected as well.
Famous people with lupus
Disney Star Selena Gomez was diagnosed with lupus in 2013.
The pop singer Michael Jackson was diagnosed with systemic lupus in 1986.
Toni Braxton has systemic lupus.
British singer-songwriter Seal has had scarring on his face due to lupus since the age of 23.
Autoimmune diseases
Hiragana is a part of the Japanese writing system.
Japanese writing normally consists of kanji which are used for the main words in a sentence, usually content words, and hiragana which are used for the little words that make up the grammar (in English these would be words like “from” and “his”) called particles.
Hiragana is also used for the endings of some of the words.
Hiragana is a syllabary, which means that each hiragana character stands for a syllable.
It is therefore different from a language such as English which uses an alphabet in which most of the letters stand for one bit of sound (phoneme).
There is also another syllabary called katakana which is mostly used for foreign words and names.
The two kana systems are quite easy to learn, but kanji takes years of practice.
In contrast, the kana systems can be learnt in two weeks.
In the past hiragana was considered as women's writing, while men wrote in kanji.
Since kanji suit well in Chinese but poorly in Japanese, it was the women who wrote the first Japanese books, poems and songs.
Later the Buddhist clerics, such as Rennyo (d. 1498), wrote in hiragana to make the religious message easy to understand so that everyone could read it.
Sometimes the whole of a text may be written in hiragana to make it easy.
This would be used in books for young children, or for students starting to learn Japanese, or when writing the lyrics for songs underneath the music where it is important to show how the words fit the music.
Some rare or strange kanji may also have so-called furigana characters above it.
They are hiragana which show how the kanji is to be pronounced.
As an example of how the grammatical endings are used we can take the verb “to eat” which is食べる (taberu).
Here the main part of the word “eat” (pronounced “ta” in this case) is the kanji 食.
The other two syllables: “be-ru” are in hiragana (べる).
To say “I ate” or “you ate” etc.
you would say “tabemashita”, written食べました (“be-ma-shi-ta” is written in hiragana).
Table of hiragana
To write the voiced sounds for “g”, “d”, “z” and “b” two little lines called a dakuten (゛) are added after a character starting with the unvoiced sounds  “k”, “t”, “s” and “h”.
A circle, (゜), is added after a “h” for the sound “p”.
For example: は gives the sound “ha”; ば gives the sound “ba”; ぱ gives the sound “pa”.
Sometimes when words are joined together to make compound words, the first sound of the second part changes from unvoiced to voiced.
For example: “hana”: はな (nose) + ち“chi” (blood) becomes はなぢ  “hanaji” (nosebleed)
Some Japanese syllables which have sliding sounds add a small version of the hiragana for ya, yu or yo (ゃ, ゅ and ょ) This is called “yōon”.
For example: “sha” sounds like “shi”+”ya” so “densha” (a tram) is written でんしゃ.
A small “tsu” っ called a “sokuon” shows a doubled consonant: “Nippon” (Japan) is written にっぽん.
Without the small “tsu” the first syllable would sound like the word “knee”.
A student starting to learn to write Japanese can start with hiragana or with katakana.
Hiragana is the basis of learning Japanese script.
However, for someone who is about to visit Japan and just wants to be able to recognize a few words, katakana will be more useful as it will help to read many of the road signs, shop names and the names of things on restaurant menus.
Real Kana Practice hiragana using different typefaces
Learn how to read and write hiragana
Test your hiragana knowledge
sv:Kana (skriftsystem)#Hiragana
Kuomintang (KMT; ; English: Chinese Nationalist Party), also known as Guomindang (GMD), is the main political party in Republic of China (Taiwan).
It was ruling in Mainland China until 1949 when Communists captured the mainland and the KMT moved to Taiwan.
It was founded by Song Jiaoren and Sun Yat-sen.
Chiang Kai-shek later led for decades.
Political parties in Taiwan
Nationalist organizations in Taiwan
Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese nationalist politician and military leader who was  President of the Republic of China, born in Xikou on October 31, 1887.
His father was a merchant who died when Chiang was eight years old.
Chiang became an officer in the army of the Manchu empire, but supported the Chinese Xinhai Revolution of 1911 that converted China into a republic.
He led the Republic of China from 1930 to 1949 on mainland China until he was overthrown by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War.
He fled to Taiwan where he ruled from 1950 until his death in 1975, although his government was still officially called the Republic of China.
Military career
After his father died, Chiang joined the army.
At first, he went to Baoding in northern China to study military science.
Later, he went to Japan to learn more about the military.
On October 10, 1911, Chiang Kai-Shek came back to China.
In 1918, he joined the Nationalist Party of Sun Yat-sen.
Sun Yat-sen helped Jiang Kai-Shek make a military academic school called Huangpu Military School.
In 1926 and 1927 he led the Northern Expedition to conquer local warlords and unify China.
After Sun Yat-sen died, he pushed out the Communists in 1927.
In 1928, he made a new government in Nanjing, and became head of the state.
He focused on fighting the Communists and the Empire of Japan.
In 1937, Japan began to invade China, and Chiang was in charge of the Nationalist Chinese Army, until the war ended in 1945.
Chiang ruled China until 1949, when Mao Zedong, who led the Communist Party of China, attacked Chiang and his officials, and they were forced to flee to Taiwan.
Chiang Kai-shek, Citizendium
Presidents of the Republic of China
Taiwanese military people
Dark matter was first proposed by Jan Oort in 1932 as a reason for the spinning speeds of stars in the Milky Way.
Fritz Zwicky in 1933 used dark matter to explain "missing mass" in the spinning speeds of galaxies in clusters.
Later, many other observations have suggested that there is dark matter in the universe.
The spinning speeds of galaxies, gravitational lensing of background objects, the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies: these are some of the examples that make scientists believe in dark matter.
According to the Planck mission team, and based on the standard model of cosmology, the total mass–energy of the known universe contains 4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy .
Thus, dark matter is estimated to make up 84.5%  of the total matter in the universe, while dark energy plus dark matter make up 95.1% of the total "stuff" in the universe.
Because dark matter does not seem to give off or reflect light, x-rays, or any other radiation, the instruments that are used to find normal matter (like hot gas, stars, planets, and us) can't find dark matter.
It seems that dark matter is not made of the same thing as the matter we see every day on Earth.
The only way we can tell if dark matter is there, is by how it affects things we can "see" by gravity.
In 2006, a group of scientists claimed that they had found a way to find dark matter.
Since dark matter is supposedly very different from normal matter, it is expected to act differently.
The scientists observed two far-away galaxy clusters that had crashed into each other at high speed: normal matter would have been scattered nearby after the collision, while dark matter would not.
By measuring gravity, they were able to detect what looked like two clouds of dark matter, with a cloud of normal matter (hot gas) in between them.
Expansion of the Universe
Katakana (カタカナ) is a Japanese script used for writing words borrowed from other languages.
It is easier to read than the kanji (the picture method based on Chinese characters).
Once the 46 katakana symbols have been learned, the reader knows how to pronounce them.
Katakana and hiragana are both syllabaries.
In English we use the letters of the alphabet.
In most words each letter stands for a bit of sound (a phoneme).
In a syllabary each symbol stands for a syllable.
For example: in English we write “Wagamama”: each of the eight letters standing for a sound: “W-a-g-a-m-a-m-a”.
But if the word “Wagamama” is divided into syllables there are four syllables (blocks of sound): Wa-ga-ma-ma.
In Katakana it is written with four symbols: ワガママ.
Hiragana works in the same way, but the symbols are mostly different.
Katakana is perhaps a little easier to learn than Hiragana because the symbols are simpler and more “squared off”.
Together Katakana and Hiragana are called “Kana”.
Table of katakana
This is a table of the basic katakana strokes.
The first chart shows the basic katakana (characters with red letters next to them are no longer used today).
From the first table it can be seen that there are 46 basic characters (top left, first five columns, from "a" to "wa").
Diphthongs (vowels that slide from one sound to the other) have to be written with an extra symbol in small print.
For example: the sound “mu” in our word “music” sounds like “myu” so it is written ミュ (mi+yu).
So the word “musical” (as in a stage musical) is written: ミュージカル.
How Katakana is used
Katakana is used to write words which have been borrowed from other languages, or to write foreign names and names of countries.
For example, America is written アメリカ.
It is not always easy for us to recognize these words because the Japanese language does not have some of the sounds that we do in English.
This means that Japanese have to find other ways to pronounce and write the word.
For example: the word “coffee” is written コーヒー (koo-hii).
Sometimes the word is shortened as well: “television” is written as テレビ (pronounced “te-re-bi”).
Sometimes it is impossible to show the difference between two foreign words, e.g. ラーラー could spell either the name “Lara” or “Lala” (as in the Teletubbies).
The Japanese have just one sound which is somewhere between our “r” and “l”.
In the Japanese language a consonant is always followed by a vowel.
Words or syllables cannot end in a consonant (except n or m), so the Japanese put in an extra vowel. “
Ski” (as in skiing) becomes “suki” (スキ), and a “musical”, as we have seen, becomes “myuujikaru” (ミュージカル).
Katakana are also used for onomatopoeic words like “ding”, or for making words look important, or for scientific names such as the names of birds.
Sometimes sentences in books or cartoons may be written in katakana to show that someone is supposed to be speaking with a foreign accent.
It is often used to write the names of Japanese companies, i.e. Suzuki is written スズキ, and Toyota is written トヨタ.
A small “tsu” ッ called a “sokuon” shows what we would write as a double consonant, e.g. the English word “bed” is used in Japanese for a western-style bed.
It is pronounced “beddo” and written ベッド.
The ッ makes the “e” vowel short.
私はアメリカ人です (Watashi wa amerikajin desu: I am American).
Here “amerika” is written in katakana, "Watashi"(私) and the ending “jin”(人) are both written in kanji, and “desu” (I am) is in hiragana.
Real Kana Practice katakana using different typefaces
Katakana Lessons
Test your Katakana knowledge
sv:Kana (skriftsystem)#Katakana
Sanja Stijačić (born 14 November 1965) is a Serbian flutist.
She is also a professor at the Faculty of Arts (Priština), University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia and at the University of East Sarajevo, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Stijacic, Sanja
A comb is a tool used to care for hair or other fibers.
It has small pieces sticking out of a main frame; these are called "teeth."
A comb is usually flat.
Humans have been using combs as a tool for a long time, at least for 5,000 years.
Combs are used by humans to separate tangled hairs, to keep their hair clean and to style their hair.
They are also used as a decoration for hair.
Combs are used in the making of thread from fibers like wool or cotton.
Combing makes all the fibres point the same way so a thread can be spun.
The first use of the comb was about 5,000 years ago.
Different kinds of comb have been found throughout history by archaeologists.
The ancient Egyptians carved out combs.
In ancient China, combs were worn as hair decorations and accessories.
Over time, combs have become into tools for taking care of hair.
Today, there are hundreds of different kinds of combs.
Combs can be used to fix stray hairs and untangle wet hair.
Another common use for the comb is to make hair be put in one position before tying it up.
Combs may also be used to part hair for coloring, conditioning and braiding.
Combs can also be worn as accessories that hold hair up in a special style.
Perfume is a liquid that gives people, things and rooms a good smell.
It is made of oils which give off scent to the surrounding air.
The odoriferous compounds that make up a perfume can be manufactured synthetically or extracted from plant or animal sources.
Perfumes were used in the earliest human civilizations.
Modern perfumery began in the late 19th century with the commercial synthesis of aroma compounds such as vanillin or coumarin.
The artificial compounds gave a wider ranger of scents than natural materials.
Perfume smells more when temperature is warmer.
So people put it on the neck, wrist and back of the knee, because these parts are warmer.
Eau de Cologne is a type of perfume which can be splashed on the body.
It is not so concentrated as the usual perfumes.
Today, most common essential oils, such as lavender, peppermint, and eucalyptus, are distilled.
Raw plant material, the flowers, leaves, wood, bark, roots, seeds, or peel, is put into a  distillation apparatus over water.
As the water is heated, the steam passes through the plant material collecting the scents.
The steam flow through a coil, where it is condensing back to liquid, which is then collected.
Most citrus peel oils are cold pressed, like olive oil production.
Citrus-fruit oils are cheaper than most other essential oils.
Lemon or sweet orange oils got as by-products of the citrus industry are even cheaper.
Ambergris: lumps of  fatty compounds, secreted and expelled by the sperm whale.
Because the harvesting of ambergris causes no harm to the whales, collecting it is not controversial.
Castoreum: from the scent glands of the North American beaver.
Civet musk: from the odorous sacs of civets, which are animals in the family Viverridae, related to the mongoose.
Honeycomb: from the honeycomb of the honeybee.
Deer musk: from the musk sacs from the Asian musk deer.
Other natural sources
Lichen.
Commonly used lichens include oakmoss and treemoss thalli.
Seaweed.
Distillates are sometimes used as essential oil in perfumes.
An example of a commonly used seaweed is Fucus vesiculosus, the bladder wrack.
Natural seaweed fragrances are rarely used due to their higher cost and lower potency than synthetics.
Synthetic sources
Many modern perfumes contain synthesized odorants.
Synthetics can provide fragrances which are not found in nature.
For instance, Calone, a compound of synthetic origin, gives a fresh metallic marine scent that is widely used.
Synthetic aromatics are often used as an alternate to compounds that are not easily got from natural sources.
The word perfume used today derives from the Latin per fumum, meaning "through smoke."
Perfumery, or the art of making perfumes, began in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt and was further refined by the Romans and Persians.
The world's first recorded chemist is considered to be a woman named Tapputi, a perfume maker who was mentioned in a cuneiform tablet from the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamia.
She distilled flowers, oil, and calamus with other aromatics then filtered and put them back in the still several times.
In 2005, archaeologists uncovered what are believed to be the world's oldest perfumes in Pyrgos, Cyprus.
The perfumes date back more than 4,000 years.
The perfumes were discovered in an ancient perfumery.
At least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels and perfume bottles were found in the  factory.
In ancient times people used herbs and spices, like almond, coriander, myrtle, conifer resin, bergamot, as well as flowers.
The Persian chemist Avicenna introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of distillation, the procedure most commonly used today.
He first experimented with the rose.
Until his discovery, liquid perfumes were mixtures of oil and crushed herbs or petals, which made a strong scent.
Rose water was more delicate, and immediately became popular.
The art of perfumery was known in western Europe since the 13th or 14th centuries.
By the 18th century, aromatic plants were grown in France, Sicily, and Italy.
Journey is an American rock/heavy metal band from San Francisco, formed in 1973.
They are known for their hit songs like "Don't Stop Believin", "Anyway You Want It", "Open Arms", "Lovin', Touchin', Squeezin' " and "Faithfully".
Some of the members used to be members of the band Santana.
The band has sold 75 million albums and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2017.
Journey (1975)
Look into the Future (1976)
Next (1977)
Infinity (1978)
Evolution (1979)
Departure (1980)
Escape (1981)
Frontiers (1983)
Raised on Radio (1986)
Trial by Fire (1996)
Arrival (2001)
Generations (2005)
Revelation (2008)
Eclipse (2011)
1970s establishments in California
Bruno Brun (1910 — 1978) was a Yugoslavian clarinet player and professor at the Music Academy in Belgrade.
He graduated from the Belgrade Music Academy in 1945 and continued his education in Paris.
He played as a soloist in Yugoslavia and other countries.
He was one of the founders of the "Association of Musical Artists of Serbia".
His most famous students are Milenko Stefanovic, Mihailo Zivanovic, Ernest Ackun, Ante Grgin and Nikola Srdic.
Blagojevic, Andrija.
"Bruno Brun (1910-1978) - Founder of the Yugoslav clarinet school."
''The Clarinet'', Vol.
41/3 (June 2014), pp.
46-51.
Blagojević, Andrija. "
The Performance Career of Bruno Brun."
The Clarinet, Vol.
47/3 (June 2020), pp.
1910 births
Rheinstetten is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
It has about 20,000 inhabitants.
The Faculty of Arts of Pristina was founded in 1973 as the Academy of Arts, and got its present name in 1986.
Because of Albanian terrorist attacks it was moved in 1999.
It first moved to Varvarin and later to Zvečan, where it is now.
It is part of the University of Priština temporarily relocated in Kosovska Mitrovica.
Degrees offered
Notable teachers
Sanja Stijacic
Infostud
Ministry of Education of Republic of Serbia
Colleges and universities in Europe
Buildings and structures in Serbia
Jasmina Novokmet (born 8 September 1969 in Pristina, Yugoslavia) is a Serbian conductor, professor of conducting and former associate dean at the Faculty of Arts of Priština.
She is a former student of Jovan Šajnović.
The Magna Carta was a document that was sealed by King John after negotiations with his barons  and their French and Scots allies at Runnymede, Surrey, England in 1215.
There they sealed the Great Charter, called in Latin Magna Carta.
It established a council of 25 barons to see John keep to the clauses, including access to swift justice, parliamentary assent for taxation, scutage limitations, and protection from illegal imprisonment.
Because he was forced to seal the charter, John sought approval to break it, from his spiritual overlord Pope Innocent III.