the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Together with the earlier Berlin Blockade, this crisis is seen as one of the most important confrontations of the Cold War.
It may have been the moment when the Cold War came closest to a nuclear war.
There was a coup in Cuba in 1959.
A small group led by Fidel Castro took power in this Cuban Revolution.
The new government took over American businesses.
The American government refused to import anything from Cuba after that.
The US embargo against Cuba began February 7, 1962.
In 1962, the American government was worried that the USSR would attack America from Cuba, because Cuba is near enough that the missiles could reach almost any city in America.
Cuba was seen by the US as a communist country, like the Soviet Union.
In October 1962, American ships blocked Soviet ships carrying missiles from going into Cuba.
The Soviets and Cubans agreed to take away the missiles if America promised not to attack Cuba.
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Kennedy administration secretly agreed to remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey in exchange for the withdrawal of all Russian nuclear weapons from Cuba.
The Americans feared that the Soviet Union would expand communism or socialism.
The US and the USSR were the main parties in the Cold War that began in 1945.
The US did not want a country in the Caribbean to be openly allied with the USSR.
That would also make the Monroe Doctrine useless, which kept powers in Europe from getting involved in South America.
The US had been embarrassed publicly by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961, which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA-trained forces of Cuban exiles.
Afterward, former President Dwight D. Eisenhower told Kennedy that "the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do".
In late 1961, Kennedy launched a number of covert operations against Castro's government.
Named Operation Mongoose, they were unsuccessful.
In February 1962, the US launched an economic embargo against Cuba.
In September 1961, the Cuban government thought the US would invade because of a resolution by the US Congress to allow military force if the interests of the US in Cuba were threatened.
The US also announced a military exercise in the Caribbean to be held the following month.
Castro and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to place secret strategic nuclear missiles in Cuba in case the US invaded.
Like Castro, Khrushchev thought that the US would invade Cuba soon.
If Cuba were to stop being a Communist country it would hurt Khrushchev's reputation around the world, especially in Latin America.
He said that he wanted to confront the Americans "with more than words.... the logical answer was missiles".
Tensions were at their highest from October 8, 1962.
On October 14, United States reconnaissance saw the missile bases being built in Cuba.
The crisis ended two weeks later on October 28, 1962, when the President of the United States John F. Kennedy and the United Nations Secretary-General U Thant reached an agreement with the USSR to destroy the missiles in Cuba if the US agreed to avoid invading Cuba.
Khrushchev wanted the Jupiter and Thor missiles in Turkey to be removed.
The US removed them but forced Khrushchev to keep that a secret.
In Cuba, Fidel Castro took power from General Batista on January 1, 1959.
From 1952 to 1959, Batista was a military dictator in Cuba, very right-wing with Mafia connections & the support of the Eisenhower administration.
The United States was interested in Cuba because of the many businesses that they had there, even though the country was a dictatorship.
The countries were also military friends.
This was shown by the US base at Guantánamo Bay.
When Castro came to power in Cuba, he nationalized American companies in Cuba, meaning he took the private property from those companies and made it the property of Cuba, to use as Castro decided.
The United States decided to break off economic relations with Cuba (which means that they would stop buying things from them).
They stopped American foreign aid going to Cuba, and stopped buying Cuban sugar (which was Cuba's main export).
This was a disaster for Castro, because America bought the most Cuban sugar.
However, Russia saved the Cuban economy by buying Cuban sugar for high prices.
Castro turned to the USSR, a great power.
He signed a contract with Nikita Khrushchev, the Russian chairman at the time.
The contract said that the USSR would buy 1 million tons of Cuban sugar per year, in exchange for Castro's Communist support; he declared himself a Marxist-Leninist on December 2, 1961.
He wanted a Communist state close to United States;
He wanted to test the new US president, John F. Kennedy;
He wanted a chance to get the American missile sites out of Turkey, which was close to Russia.
Castro wanted to feel safe from the United States.
He knew that if a second attack was made from the United States, Cuba might lose and he would be removed from power.
Castro asked Khrushchev for the missile sites to be built on Cuba so that he could defend himself against any American threat.
The USSR agreed to this and started building missile sites on Cuba.
These missiles could hit any major city in the United States
Kennedy's options
The US was angry when they found out about the missile sites.
Kennedy's advisers did not think that the missiles were ready when they first saw the pictures but thought that they would be ready in less than two weeks (that gave the name of the movie and the book, called 13 Days).
Kennedy had to act fast.
At first, he did not know what he could do.
Options were not clear so he started EXCOMM (Executive Committee of the National Security Council) to give him some options:
Khrushchev's options
Nikita Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy on October 26.
Kennedy's advisers said that the letter looked like it had been written by Khrushchev himself and not his official writers, who would normally write it.
They also said that it seemed to be written by a man who was under stress.
In a paper called "Forty Years After 13 Days," Robert McNamara quoted part of the letter from Khrushchev:
Khrushchev was saying that he would remove the missile sites if President Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba.
An invasion of Cuba would make Khrushchev look bad and could also lead to a nuclear war.
This was the reaction that Kennedy wanted.
The very next day, a second letter was sent from Russia to Kennedy.
This one looked more official than the first.
It also said that the US must take its nuclear missiles out of Turkey if they wanted Russia to take their missiles out of Cuba.
This would have been a fair trade because the US missiles in Turkey were close enough to Russia that they could reach most of the important cities and Cuba was close enough to the US that the Russian missiles would reach most of the important US cities.
The problem for Kennedy was that he could not publicly agree to remove the US missiles from Turkey because Turkey would then not be protected and would not be happy.
Another problem was that Kennedy and his advisers did not know if Khrushchev was still in power.
They thought that someone in the Russian government might have overthrown Khrushchev.
They thought this because the second letter was so much different than the first.
Kennedy decided to send a secret message to Khrushchev saying that they would remove the missiles from Turkey in a few months as long as they did not tell the public about it.
Kennedy then sent an official letter to Khrushchev agreeing to the conditions of the first letter and not mentioning the second.
A communist country was closer to the United States.
Cuba came out of the crisis still a communist country.
Kennedy was pushed in the crisis.
In the end, his desire for peace was important to ending the crisis.
The missile sites in Turkey were removed, but not in the way that Khrushchev had wanted.
14 Days in October: The Cuban Missile Crisis  - a site geared toward high-school students
Cuban Missile Crisis on BBC
Cuban Missile Crisis at Spartacus schoolnet
Chronology of Submarine.
Contact During the Cuban Missile Crisis.
October 1, 1962 - November 14, 1962.
Prepared by Jeremy Robinson-Leon and William Burr.
CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962  (.pdf, 354 pgs.)
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, McAuliffe, M. ed.,
CIA History Staff, 1992.
Declassified Documents, etc. -
Provided by the National Security Archive at The George Washington University.
Tapes of debates between JFK and his advisors during the crisis
President Kennedy's Address to the Nation on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba
Nuclear Files.org Introduction, timeline and articles regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuba Havana Documentary  Bye Bye Havana is a documentary revealing what Cubans are thinking about today
October, 1962: DEFCON 4, DEFCON 3, DEFCON 2
Cuban Missile Crises -Citizendium
Berbers or Libyans (also called Imazighen or Ilibiyen, traduction : "free people") are an ethnic group found natively in the countries of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia in North Africa, and also found as immigrants in many countries, especially France.
Berbers usually speak the Berber language.
Berbers were both nomadic and land owners according to the region they live in.
Most Berbers are Muslims or follow the native animist Berber religion.
The New Mass Media and the Shaping of Amazigh Identity
Encyclopedia of the Orient -- Berbers
The prosencephalon (or forebrain), the mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) are the three primary portions of the brain of vertebrates.
They develop very early during development of the central nervous system.
A gag is any thing used to stop a person from speaking.
This is done by blocking or muffling the person's mouth and making it difficult for them to move their jaw and tongue in a normal way.
Gags are very commonly seen in BDSM and bondage fantasy.
Many different items can be used, ranging from a hand simply clamped over the victim's mouth, to a scarf tied between the jaws, to adhesive tape placed over the mouth and face to seal the lips.
There are also many kinds of specially-made gags, which usually strap around or behind the head.
Special gags of that kind are usually made from leather or rubber.
In real life it is quite difficult to gag a person in such a way that their speech cannot be understood at all, and it is almost impossible to prevent a gagged person from making some kind of sound.
It is also a risk to the person's safety, as the more tightly and securely someone is gagged, the greater the risk that they will choke or suffocate.
The daughter or son in a stepfamily
"Stepchild", a song by Solomon Burke from his 2002 album Don't Give Up on Me
"Stepchild", a song by Billie Jo Spears from her 1969 album Miss Sincerity
Meänkieli (also known as Tornedalian Finnish, meaning "our language") is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in the River Torne valley in the north of Sweden, above the Arctic Circle.
It is an official minority language of Sweden.
The language could be seen as a mix between Finnish and Swedish, since it has been changed a lot by Swedish.
For many years, Swedish was the only language to be taught in the schools of the Torne valley.
The population became bilingual.
They spoke both Finnish and Swedish, but they were mostly only able to write in Swedish.
Today many people in the younger generations only speak Swedish.
Since 1999, Meänkieli is an official minority language of Sweden.
Since there are no Swedish statistics of the population's native languages, it is not known how many Meänkieli speakers there are.
Taking statistics is also a bit controversial, as many people consider the language to be a dialect of Finnish.
Toni Michelle Braxton (born October 7, 1967 in Severn, Maryland) is an American R&B singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress.
She is mostly known as Toni Braxton.
Braxton has won seven Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, and five Billboard Music Awards.
She is famous for her husky alto vocal timbre.
The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) named Braxton as one of the top selling artists of all time.
She has sold over 70 million records worldwide.
Braxton's first album Toni Braxton (1993) reached number one on the US Billboard 200 albums chart.
Toni Braxton was certified 8x platinum by the RIAA.
The album sold over 10 million worldwide.
Her second album Secrets (1996) also reached number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart.
Her two singles "You're Makin' Me High" and "Un-Break My Heart" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 songs chart.
After this, Braxton filed for bankruptcy.
Her third album The Heat was released in 2000.
The album did not reach number one unlike her previous albums.
Her next album More Than a Woman (2002) reached the top ten on the Billboard 200 chart.
Braxton named her album More Than a Woman in respect for American singer Aaliyah, who died in a plane crash the year before.
Aaliyah's family had released a single with the same name after her death.
Braxton released her fifth album Libra in 2005.
The album's cover was listed as one of the "Sexiest Album Covers" by Maxim magazine.
The album did better than her last album.
Libra reached number four on the Billboard 200 albums chart.
The song "Stupid", from Libra was one of the songs used by Tyler Perry for his movie Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005).
Braxton left the music industry but returned in 2009.
She released her sixth album Pulse.
It reached number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, but it was a top ten hit on the Billboard 200.
Braxton was a contestant on the seventh season of the reality television show Dancing with the Stars.
She was voted off in the fifth week.
On October 6, 2010, Braxton filed for bankruptcy again.
A reality television series called Braxton Family Values aired on WE TV in 2011.
The show is about the personal life of the Braxton family.
There has been two complete seasons of the show.
On September 18, 2011, Braxton was included in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame.
1993: Toni Braxton
1996: Secrets
2000: The Heat
2001: Snowflakes
2002: More Than a Woman
2003: Ultimate Toni Braxton
2004: Platinum & Gold
2005: Libra
2007: The Essential Toni Braxton
2010: Pulse
2014: Love, Marriage & Divorce (with Babyface)
2001: Kingdom Come - Juanita Slocumb
2002: Play'd: A Hip Hop Story (TV) - Shonda
2005: Kevin Hill (3 Episodes, TV Series) - Terry Knox
2012: The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure - Rosalie Rosebud
Musicians from Atlanta, Georgia
Joan Alexandra Molinsky (June 8, 1933 – September 4, 2014), known professionally as Joan Rivers, was an American comedian, talk show host, businesswoman, and celebrity.
She was known for her tough manner and loud voice with a heavy New York accent.
She was the National Chairwoman of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and was a board member of God's Love We Deliver.
She won an Emmy Award in 1990.
Rivers was born in Brooklyn, New York City.
She was raised in Larchmore, New York.
Rivers studied at Connecticut College and at Barnard College.
Similar to how Phyllis Diller career began, Rivers' comedy act was mainly about bad things about herself.
She was married to James Sanger for a few months in 1955 before their marriage was annulled.
She was married to Edgar Rosenberg from 1965 until his suicide in 1987.
Rivers and Rosenberg had a daughter, Melissa Rivers.
On the morning of August 28, 2014, Rivers was rushed to the hospital after suffering from cardiac arrest during surgery on her throat in New York City.
She was put on life support and was in a medically induced coma.
Her burial is at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.
Melissa Rivers (born Melissa Warburg Rosenberg; January 20, 1968) is an American television co-host for fashion and red carpet interviews on cable and satellite television.
She is a former host of the E!
cable network.
She also worked for a TV Guide channel with her mother, comedian Joan Rivers.
Teri Lynn Hatcher (born December 8, 1964) is an Emmy-nominated and Golden Globe Award-winning American actress and author.
She gained attention for her role as Lois Lane in the television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman co-starring with Dean Cain.
Hatcher is also well known for portraying Susan Mayer, in Desperate Housewives, an accident-prone divorcee.
She is also a "Bond Girl", having played Paris Carver in Tomorrow Never Dies in 1997.
Felicity Huffman (born December 9, 1962) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American movie and television actress and convicted felon.
She is well known for her role as Lynette Scavo, a busy mother on the ABC television show Desperate Housewives.
A year later, her role as a transwoman in the independent film Transamerica was praised by many critics and earned her a Golden Globe Award.
Huffman dated actor William H. Macy on and off for 15 years before they married on September 6, 1997.
They have three children, Sophia, Georgia and James.
She has appeared on television, in movies, and on stage many times with her husband; the couple each received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 7, 2012.
On March 12, 2019, Huffman was arrested in connection with an alleged nationwide college entrance exam cheating scandal, charged with conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud, and released on $250,000 bail.
She reported to prison and began her sentence on October 15, 2019.
She was released from prison on October 25, 2019.
Criminals from New York
Marcia Anne Cross (born March 25, 1962 in Marlborough, Massachusetts) is an Emmy and Golden Globe Award-nominated American actress.
She graduated from Juilliard and earned a master's degree in psychology at Antioch University in Los Angeles.
In 2005, she was nominated for her first Emmy for her work as Bree Hodge, the "perfect" Housewife on Desperate Housewives.
In December 2006, Cross earned her third consecutive nomination for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy Series with the series.
Eva Jacqueline Longoria (born March 15, 1975) is a Golden Globe Award-nominated American movie and television actress.
She is best known for her role as Gabrielle Solis in the ABC television series Desperate Housewives.
She has also become an internationally recognized model after appearing in several high-profile advertising campaigns and numerous men's magazines.
Longoria announced her engagement to French NBA guard Tony Parker on November 30, 2006.
Following French law, the couple married first in a civil ceremony on July 6, 2007 before they could exchange vows in a religious ceremony on July 7, 2007 at the Église Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois in Paris.
A reception was then held in Maincy, France at the Vaux-le-Vicomte castle.
She got divorced in 2011.
Longoria is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.
Actors from Corpus Christi, Texas
Nicollette Sheridan (born Colette Sheridan on 21 November 1963) is a Golden Globe nominated British actress.
She was born in Worthing, Sussex.
In 1973, when Nicollette Sheridan was 10 years of age, she moved from England to the United States.
She acts primarily on soap operas, movies and television.
She is best known for her roles as Paige Matheson on Knots Landing and as the promiscuous Edie Britt on Desperate Housewives.
Sheridan has also worked as a voice actor in the animated series ‘The Legend of Tarzan’ (2001), ‘Fly Me to the Moon’ (2008), and ‘Noah’s Ark: The New Beginning’ (as ‘Zenna,’ 2012).
After appearing in ‘Hallmark Channel’s 2011 movie ‘Honeymoon for One,’ she co-produced and starred in their next film, ‘The Christmas Spirit’ (2013).
Actors from Sussex
People from West Sussex
Contiki is a small, open source free operating system.
It was developed to be used in 8-bit computers and embedded systems.
It has a Graphical User Interface and the full installation needs about 30 kilobytes of RAM.
The name Contiki comes from Thor Heyerdahl's famous Kon-Tiki raft.
Multitasking kernel
Optional per-application pre-emptive multithreading
TCP/IP networking
Windowing system and GUI
Networked remote display using Virtual Network Computing
A web browser (claimed to be the world's smallest)
Simple telnet client
an email program
an Internet Relay Chat client
Computers:
Apple II family*
Atari 8-bit*
Casio Pocketview
Commodore PET*
Commodore VIC 20*
Commodore 64*
Commodore 128*
GP32
Sharp Wizard
x86-based Unix-like systems, on top of GTK+ as well as directly using the X Window System
* cc65 based development
Video game consoles:
Handheld game consoles:
Nintendo Game Boy
Nintendo Game Boy Advance
Microcontrollers:
TI MSP430
Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland, (Madeleine Thérèse Amélie Joséphine; born on 10 June 1982 in Drottningholm, Sweden), is a Swedish princess.
She is the youngest child and second daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden.
Madeleine is seventh in line to the Swedish throne.
Princess Madeleine is married to British financier Christopher O'Neill.
The couple has three children, Princess Leonore, Prince Nicolas, and Princess Adrienne.
Princess Madeleine was born on 10 June 1982 at 19.05 Central European Time in the Drottningholm Palace in Drottningholm, Sweden.
Her fourth name, Josephine, honours her ancestor Josephine of Leuchtenberg.
Swedish royalty
Queen Silvia of Sweden (born Silvia Renate Sommerlath) (born 23 December 1943) and of half German, half Brazilian descent is the Queen consort of King Carl XVI Gustaf, Sweden's monarch, and the mother of the heir apparent to the throne, Crown Princess Victoria.
Their other two children are
Prince Carl Philip of Sweden and
She is styled Her Majesty The Queen and is in Sweden most often referred to as Queen Silvia.
Kings and Queens consort
Victoria was born on 14 July 1977 at Karolinska University Hospital in Solna.
She is eldest child and elder daughter of Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden.
Victoria has two younger siblings, Prince Carl Philip and Princess Madeleine.
Victoria married her former personal trainer, Daniel Westling, on 19 June 2010.
They have two children:
Princess Estelle, Duchess of Östergötland (born 23 February 2012)
Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne (born 2 March 2016)
14 July 1977 – 31 December 1979: Her Royal Highness Princess Victoria of Sweden.
1 January 1980 – 9 January 1980: Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden.
9 January 1980 – present : Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland.
Prince Carl Philip of Sweden (Carl Philip Edmund Bertil, born May 13, 1979), Duke of Värmland is a Swedish prince.
He is the second child of three children and only son of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden.
He was born Crown Prince of Sweden, because Sweden did not allow women to rule as Queen Regnant.
On January 1, 1980 the Act of Succession was changed to introduce fully cognate succession.
Since then, Carl Philip has been second in the line of succession, after his elder sister, Crown Princess Victoria.
Carl Philip was christened at The Royal Palace Church on August 31, 1979.
His godparents are Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland, Prince Leopold of Bavaria, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and Princess Birgitta of Sweden.
He married Sofia Hellqvist on 13 June 2015.
On 19 April 2016 their first child, Prince Alexander was born.
It is bounded by the river valleys of the Moselle (north), the Nahe (south), and the Rhine (east).
The Hunsrück is continued by the Taunus mountains on the eastern side of the Rhine.
In the north behind the Moselle it is continued by the Eifel.
To the south of the Nahe, there is the Palatinate.
Many of the hills are not higher than 400 m. But there are several chains of higher peaks within the Hunsrück, all bearing names on their own: the (Schwarzwälder) Hochwald, the Idarwald, the Soonwald, and the Binger Wald.
The highest peak is the Erbeskopf (816 m).
Towns in the Hunsrück include Simmern, Kirchberg, and Idar-Oberstein, Kastellaun, and Morbach.
Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, a growing low-fare carrier and cargo airport is there as well.
The climate in the Hunsrück is characterised by rainy weather.
Slate is mined in the mountains.
The German TV drama trilogy Heimat, directed by Edgar Reitz, examined the 20th-century life of a small fictional village in the Hunsrück.
Photos of HEIMAT- und HEIMAT3 - film locations at Hunsrück/Germany
The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, a very large satellite that people can live in for several months at a time.
It was put together in Low Earth orbit up until 2011, but other bits have been added since then.
The last part, a Bigelow module was added in 2016.
The station is a joint project among several areas of the world: the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan, and Canada.
Other nations such as Brazil, Italy, and China also work with the ISS through cooperation with other countries.
The end of the Space Race prompted the U.S. administration officials to start negotiations with international partners Europe, Russia, Japan and Canada in the early 1990s in order to build a truly international space station.
The ISS components was manufactured in various factories all over the world, and were all shipped into the Space Station Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center for last stages of manufacturing, machine assembly and launch processing.
The components are made from stainless steel, titanium, aluminum and copper.
The assembly of the International Space Station is a great event in space architecture.
Russian modules launched and docked by their rockets.
All other pieces were delivered by the Space Shuttle. ,
they had added 159 components during more than 1,000 hours of EVA.
Many of the modules that launched on the Space Shuttle were tested on the ground at the Space Station Processing Facility to find and correct problems before launch.
The first section, the Zarya Functional Cargo Block, was put in orbit in November 1998 on a Russian Proton rocket.
Two further pieces (the Unity Module and Zvezda service module) were added before the first crew, Expedition 1, was sent.
Expedition 1 docked to the ISS on 1 November  2000, and consisted of U.S. astronaut William Shepherd and two Russian cosmonauts, Yuri Gidzenko and Sergey Krikalev.
Life in space
People living in the space station have to get used to all kinds of changes from life on Earth.
It takes them only 90 minutes to orbit (go around) the earth, so the sun looks as if it is rising and setting 16 times a day.
This can be confusing, especially when one is trying to decide when they should go to bed.
The astronauts try to keep a 24-hour-schedule anyway.
At bedtime, they have to sleep in sleeping bags that are stuck to the wall.
They have to strap themselves inside so they will not float away while sleeping.
:En:wikt:Strap
In orbit there is no G-Force (this is called free fall or zero gravity).
To help prepare astronauts experience zero gravity, NASA trainers put the astronauts in water.
Because water makes one float, this is a little like experiencing no gravity.
However, in water they can push against the water and move around.
In zero gravity, there is nothing to push against, so they just float in the air.
Another way of training is going in a plane and making the plane fall to earth very quickly.
This lets people experience zero gravity for a very short time.
This training can make people quite sick at first.
In zero gravity, the astronauts do not use their legs very much, so they need to get lots of exercise to keep them from becoming too weak.
Without gravity, astronauts can get big upper bodies and skinny legs.
This is called chicken-leg syndrome.
Astronauts must exercise hard, every day, to remain healthy.
Eating in space style is difficult.
Water and other liquids do not flow down in space, so if any were spilled in the space station, it would float around everywhere.
Liquids can ruin electronic equipment, so astronauts have to be very careful in space.
They drink by sucking water out of a bag, or from a tube stuck to the wall.
They cannot put their food on plates because it would just float right off, so they put it in pouches and eat from the pouches.
The food they eat is usually dried, because any crumbs can ruin the equipment.
Sometimes fresh fruits and vegetables are sent up to the astronauts, but it is very expensive and hard to send it, so they have to bring plenty of food with them.
In space, the bathroom should probably be called the restroom instead, because one really can not take baths there.
Instead, astronauts use squirt guns to take a shower.
One person squirts himself with a gun while other people stand outside with a water vacuum to get rid of all the water that floats out of the shower.
This is quite hard, so astronauts usually just take a "sponge bath" with a wet cloth.
Toilets can be another problem.
Toilets are supposed to use gravity to work.
When one flushes a toilet, gravity makes the water go down.
Since the astronauts on the ISS do not feel any gravity, the toilet must be attached to the astronauts and gently suck away all their waste.
International Space Station -Citizendium
Kentwood is a small town in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana near the Mississippi border.
The population was 2,205 at the 2000 census.
It is best known as the hometown of singer Britney Spears
Towns in Louisiana
I'm with You is one of Avril Lavigne's most popular songs.
She played it at her wedding.
The song was released in 2002 (North America) and 2003 (UK).
It is on her first album, Let Go.
The song was the top rated song in Mexico as well as reaching a rank in the top five in the United States, Ireland, and Italy.
It also reached #7 in the UK.
The song was a part of the soundtrack for the movie Bruce Almighty.
Formats and tracklistings
"I'm with You (Live)"
"Unwanted (Live)"
"I'm with You (Video)"
A somersault is an acrobatic move where a person moves the feet over the head whilst in mid-air.
The somersault can be done forwards, backwards, or sideways and is similar to a flip (or, if performed backwards, a backflip).
A backwards somersault while still moving forward is called a Gainer
The word comes from the old French word sombresault, which is no longer used.
Lisa Donovan (born June 11, 1980) is an American actress, YouTuber, writer and comedian.
She does sketches and impersonations of Lindsay Lohan, lonleygirl15 (another YouTuber) and many other.
She is best known for her work on YouTube and the television program MadTV.
Augite is a mineral.
The mineral's name comes from the Greek word augites, meaning "brightness".
However, augites only look shiny some of the time.
Most augites have a dull (dark green, brown or black) color.
An onyx is a type of black rock mineral with white banded lines around it.
Birthstone
The opal is a fairly white rock mineral.
It is the birthstone for the month of October.
Opals are made from tiny spheres of silica (another mineral) and lots of water.
An amethyst is a  mineral gemstone that comes from quartz.
It is usually transparent and best known for its violet colour.
Even though it is a form of quartz, it has more iron oxide (Fe2O3) than any other kind of quartz.
Because of this, some experts think that its color comes from the iron in it.
Heating the amethyst either takes away its color or changes it to a yellow hue.
Amethysts are found in Brazil, Uruguay, Canada (Ontario) and America (North Carolina).
The rock amethyst is the birthstone of the month February.
In the Mohs scale, it has a hardness of seven.
Meaning and superstition
Many people believe amethysts protect one from poison, evil, and getting drunk.
This is where the name of this rock came from, The Greek word amethustos, means "without being drunken".
Also they are thought to be good for healing, recovering from headaches, good dreams, and more.
Some Catholic popes also wear a rosary of amethyst around their necks.
Some Roman women thought gems could keep their husbands faithful to them.
Amethysts are also worn because it is believed that it makes them look gentle.
The “powers” of an amethyst also include healing, peace, love, more spirituality, courage,  protection from robbers, and happiness.
In the Book of Revelations the amethyst was one of the twelve foundation stones of New Jerusalem.
There are many stories and myths about amethysts.
One of them tells how amethysts were supposedly created.
According to the story, Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and partying, was angry because of something against him and wanted to get revenge.
He ordered that the first person who was mortal to come across his path would be eaten by tigers.
Just at that moment a beautiful maiden named Amethyst came, on her way to worship the goddess Diana.
Diana saw what was going to happen and she quickly made Amethyst into a stone to save her from the tigers.
When Bacchus saw this, he repented and poured wine over the stone, making its color purple.
The amethyst is worn and used for fashion in a number of different ways.
It is polished and shaped for rings, earrings, and cufflinks.
It may be also used for brooches, sometimes being carved into a cluster of grapes.
People like the way amethysts look, especially when they are put in gold and diamonds.
The amethyst is worn by royalty and nobility.
This is because its royal color was purple.
When it was found in the Minoan period in Greece (c. 2500 B.C.), it was polished and shaped into cabochons (dome-shaped stones).
Then, it was set in gold.
During the 15th century, the French fleur-de-lis brooch could only be worn by the Royal family on special times.
The fleur-de-lis design on it is put in with sapphires and amethysts.
An emerald is a mineral gemstone and a variety of beryl.
It is the birthstone of someone whose birthday is in the month of May.
It is a green crystal.
The emerald is one of the most valuable gems, along with the ruby, the opal, topaz, the diamond, and a sapphire.
The word emerald comes from Vulgar Latin.
The word was Esmaralda/Esmaraldus, a different way of saying the Latin word Smaragdus, which came from the Greek,  (smaragdos; "green gem").
It first came from a Semitic word, izmargad ().
This meant "emerald" or "green".
The name could also be related to the Semitic word baraq (בָּרָק ;البُراق; "lightning" or "shine") (c.f.
bareqeth and , barq, "lightning").
It is where the Persian ( zomorrod), Turkish (), Sanskrit ( maragdam) and Russian (; izumrúd) words came from.
A garnet  is one kind of silicate mineral.
There are many different kinds of garnets, containing different metals.
Crystals of garnet are often large and pretty.
Their most common color is red or purple, but they can be found in almost all colors and are often used in jewelry.
In the United States, garnet is the birthstone for people born in the month of January.
List of birthstones
http://www.gemstonemagnetism.com contains a comprehensive section about garnets and garnet magnetism.
USGS Garnet locations – USA
http://www.gemstone.org/gem-by-gem/english/garnet.html
http://www.mindat.org/min-10272.html
Blog post on garnets on the Law Library of Congress's blog
Ralph Macchio (born November 4, 1961 in Huntington, New York) is an American actor.
He is best known for his roles in My Cousin Vinny, The Karate Kid, The Karate Kid II, and The Karate Kid III.
He was also in the movie The Outsiders as Johnny.
The French Armenian Legion, was made with the French-Armenian Agreement (1916), was a foreign legion unit within French Army.
The Armenian legion was made for the goals of the Armenian national liberation movement and was an armed unit besides the Armenian volunteer units and Armenian militia during World War I which fought against the Ottoman Empire.
Vahan M. Kurkjian (; Aleppo, 1863 – New York City, 1961) was an Armenian writer, historian, teacher, and community leader.
History of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian, full text of the book.
Northern India, also known as Hindustan, is a land and cultural region of India.
In traditional Indian geography, India is pieced into five major zones: North India, North-east India, East India, West India and South India.
As a linguistic-cultural and political region, North India consists of six Indian states: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan also The National Capital Territory of Delhi is also a part of northern India.
It shares some of its cultural, historical, musical, and linguistic heritage with neighboring Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, which was part of British India empire prior to the 1947 Independence.
The North Indian Plain is a large part of it.
Ampur: A Virtual Village
More Info about Northern India
North India - New Delhi (Capital) City Guide
The Yalta Conference (sometimes called the Crimea Conference) was held from 4 to 11 February 1945, a few months before the end of the Second World War in Europe.
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Winston Churchill), the President of the United States (Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the Premier of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met in Crimea and talked about what to do with Germany.
The Yalta Conference was important in European history.
The allies agreed at Yalta :
Germany would be completely disarmed.
A new world organisation would be set up, the United Nations.
Stalin would join the war against Japan three months after the defeat of Germany.
Germany would be split up into four different pieces (occupation zones), one occupied by France, one by the Soviet Union, one by the United States, and one by the United Kingdom.
Berlin would also be split up into four different areas
Germans who committed war crimes would be judged and sentenced.
A Soviet-dominated government would be set up in Poland
Eastern Europe would be under Soviet influence.
Free elections would be held in countries free from German rule.
Planning would start on war reparations by Germany and how much money it would owe the other countries.
A revision site for IGCSE students
The Yalta Betrayal
In Depth information on Yalta, not recommended for Simple Wikipedia Users
The Aims of The Allies at the Yalta Conference in depth
The Potsdam Conference was a meeting of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States in Potsdam, Germany from July 17 to August 2, 1945.
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Clement Attlee), the President of the United States (Harry S. Truman) and the dictator of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met to talk about Germany on July 1945 and to discuss what should happen to it now that the Second World War was over.
The first conference was held at Yalta, but the Allies did not agree on anything very important.
However, a lot had happened since the Yalta Conference.
Firstly, the United States had a new president, Truman, who was much tougher on communism than the previous president, Franklin Roosevelt, had been, which was a problem for Stalin.
Also, Winston Churchill had been voted out in the United Kingdom and replaced by Clement Attlee.
Stalin saw himself as far more experienced than the new leaders and also caused trouble, as some of what the allies agreed on at Yalta was that Poland should have a neutral government.
Stalin had killed the neutral government leaders and replaced them others, who did what he wanted.
That caused many problems at Potsdam since other countries no longer trusted the Soviets.
The agreements
The allies talked about and agreed:
Germany would be temporarily split into four pieces (occupation zones), one occupied by France, one by the Soviet Union, one by the United States, and one by the United Kingdom.
A large piece of eastern Germany would become Polish, and the Germans in it would be expelled.
Nazi criminals would be judged and sentenced.
Germany would be demilitarised.
The disagreements
The allies talked about but did not agree on the following:
How to separate Germany
How much money Germany would pay to the winners of the war
How Stalin was treating Poland
How much land Poland would have
The Aims of The Allies in depth - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
The events of Potsdam in depth  - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
A CNN webpage on Potsdam, very in depth  - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
1945 in Germany
The Nahe is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary to the Rhine.
It is also a famous wine region of Germany.
The name Nahe comes from the Latin word Nava, which is of Celtic origin and means the wild river.
The Nahe separates the northern part of the Palatinate from the Hunsrück.
It rises in the area of Nohfelden (Saarland), flowing through Rhineland-Palatinate and joining the Rhine river in Bingen.
Its length is .
Towns along the Nahe include Idar-Oberstein, Kirn, Bad Kreuznach and Bingen.
The Palatinate (germ.:Pfalz), historically also Rhenish Palatinate (lat.:
palatinatum Renensis; germ.:
Rheinpfalz), is a region in south-western Germany.
It occupies more than a quarter of the German federal state (Bundesland) of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz).
The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous.
The highest point is the Donnersberg () near Kirchheimbolanden.
The Palatinate forest (Pfälzerwald) covers more than a third of the region and is the largest uninterrupted forest in Germany.
The eastern part is lower, and is a well known wine region, the Palatinate wine region through which passes the German wine road (Deutsche Weinstrasse).
Most of the cities of the Palatinate (Ludwigshafen, Speyer, Landau, Frankenthal, Neustadt) lie in the Rhineplain in the east.
Traditionally, the Palatinate is divided into the regions of Anterior Palatinate (Vorderpfalz), West Palatinate (Westpfalz), North Palatinate (Nordpfalz), and South Palatinate (Südpfalz).
Germersheim
Kusel
Bayern-Pfalz-Stifung
The royal palace in Edenkoben
Rhenish Palatinate - Catholic Encyclopedia article
The Taunus is a mountain range in Hesse, Germany.
It is bounded by the river valleys of Rhine, Main and Lahn.
On the opposite side of the Rhine, the mountains are continued by the Hunsrück.
The mountains themselves span the districts of Hochtaunuskreis, Main-Taunus, Rheingau-Taunus, and Rhein-Lahn.
Not to be confused with the more famous and high Feldberg in Black Forest, the highest peak is the Großer Feldberg (878 m above sea level).
It is followed by the Kleiner Feldberg and the Altkönig (798 m) with the remains of a late Iron Age hill fort (La-Tène A, ca.
400 BC) near the summit.
The Saalburg, a restored Roman castellum, now houses a museum.
After the fall of the Limes (in 259/260 AD), the Alamanni settled here.
Highest mountains
Großer Feldberg (878 m), Hochtaunuskreis (district)
Kleiner Feldberg (825 m), Hochtaunuskreis
Altkönig (798 m), Hochtaunuskreis
The Antonov An-225 Mriya  was a Ukrainian cargo aircraft and the largest airplane in the world.
It has 6 engines.
It was manufactured by a company called Antonov.
Three of them were built to carry the Soviet Space Shuttle Buran.
Since the shuttle was never finished, the planes have been used to carry very large items that cannot be transported another way.
However, there is only one in service today.
It was modelled from the Antonov An-124 Ruslan.
This plane is big enough to carry a Boeing 747's fuselage.
It was destroyed during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
An-225 - buran-energia.com
Soviet & Russian aircraft
Edmund Burke (12 January 1729-9 July 1797) was an important Irish politician, and writer.
He became a member of the British Parliament with the Whigs in 1765.
Burke supported the American Revolution.
He opposed the French Revolution for killing Catholics and other dissenters.
His most famous book was Reflections on the Revolution in France, which created many of the ideas in conservatism.
(including his collected works in 12 volumes)
Eid ul-Fitr begins the day after Ramadan is over and lasts three days.
As soon as the Sun sets from the last day of Ramadan, Eid ul-Fitr starts and the Muslims feast.
Muslims also say a special prayer called the Eid prayer and food and drink are passed around in Mosques.
Eid Al-Adha
Eid Al-Adha means "The Feast of Sacrifice" and is to celebrate when a prophet called Abraham had to sacrifice his son to show that he was loyal to God.
At the last moment, God said to Abraham that this was simply a test, and he did not have to sacrifice his son to Him.
Muslims in this holiday sacrifice a goat or cow in His honour to show their gratitude for God saving Abraham's son's life.
The meat of the sacrificed animal is split up into three portions.
One for the man who sacrificed the animal, one for the man's poor relatives and one for poor people in general, whatever their race or religion is.
Religious festive day
Friday (Jumu'ah)
Muslims believe that on any Friday, at the end of the week, a good deed is worth more than if you did that same good deed on a different day.
Muslims go to the Mosque to pray on that day, for they believe that it was on this day that Adam was created.
They reject the idea that God rested after creating the world ("And on the seventh day, God rested", Genesis 2:2) and so this day should not be related to a Sabbath.
Ashura in Arabic means ten and is celebrated on the ninth and tenth day of Muharram.
Muslims can choose to fast on this day (see fasting above).
Mawlid an-Nabi means "The Birth of the Prophet" in Arabic, and celebrated the Prophet Muhammad's birthday on the twelfth day of the month of Rabi Al-Awwal.
Poetry and prayer to both God and Muhammed are chanted on this day.
Laylat ul Isra and Miraj
Laylat ul Isra and Miraj means "The Night of Power and Ascension".
It is when Muhammad was taken to "the farthest Mosque" (it was in Jerusalem) and was taken to see God.
It was here that Muhammad and God talked about how many prayers should be said a day.
God said there should be fifty prayers a day, but Moses and Muhammad asked for less, since fifty was hard to do every day.
Eventually, fifty was lowered to five prayers a day.
If the prayers were done well, they were worth fifty prayers.
Laylat al-Qadr means "The night of Power" in Arabic and is celebrated near the end of Ramadan.
It is a sacred and important holiday since it is when the Qur'an was first shown to the population.
Laylat ul Bara'ah
Laylat ul Bara'ah means "The Night of Freedom from Fire" and is celebrated on the 14th and 15th of the month of Sha'ban.
Here, Muslims pray and read the Qur'an all night.
Jumu'ah-tul-Wida
Eid al-Ghadeer
Cultural festive day
The first day of Muharram is the new year for Islam.
It is not an official Islamic event but most Muslims have a ritual or celebration of some kind for it this is one of their favourite holidays
Open mosque day
Some mosques are organizing “Open mosque days” with special program, Muslim culture, video show, discussion and finger foods for the visitors.
In many western cities this is becoming a cultural social event.
Religious practice
Ramadan is celebrated in the month of Ramadan (the 9th month in the Islam calendar).
Prayers are chanted all day and Muslims are forbidden to eat or drink after the sun has risen.
When the sun goes down in the evenings they are allowed to eat and drink again.
This is called fasting and breakfast comes from this word (break-fast or breaking your fast).
This holiday is to teach Muslims patience.
Pilgrimage (in Makkah mecca)
Hajj is the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
It is currently the largest annual pilgrimage in the world, and is the fifth pillar of Islam.
A religious duty that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by every able-bodied Muslim who can afford to do so.
The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people, and their submission to Allah.
Umrah
Umrah is a pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, performed by Muslims that can be undertaken at any time of the year.
In Arabic Umrah means “to visit a populated place”.
It is sometimes called the 'minor pilgrimage' or 'lesser pilgrimage', the Hajj being the 'major' pilgrimage and which is compulsory for every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it.
Example Calendar
Here is an example calendar taken from the Islamic lunar calendar and put into a solar calendar.
In this case it is from 2000 to 2001 in years of the Christian era.
More information on the Muslim Holidays
Guys and Dolls is a 1950 Broadway musical.
The music and lyrics were written by Frank Loesser, and the speaking parts were written by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows.
The story of Guys and Dolls is based on short stories written by Damon Runyon.
It won the Tony Award for Best Musical.
What happens
Nathan Detroit, a gambler in 1920's New York City, needs a place to hold his illegal dice game where he will not be caught by the police.
He finds a place, but the person who owns it wants one thousand dollars to rent it for the night.