the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
There are a number of types of non-random mating, such as mate choice (selection by females from a small group of males), mating type (in microorganisms like Paramecium), selfing in some flowering plants, and in general, inbreeding.
Mechanical or geographical differences within a species will often prevent a whole species being panmictic.
The opposite of random mating is assortative mating.
The Ernst-Happel-Stadion is a football stadium in Vienna, Austria.
The Ernst Happel Stadium is the largest football stadium in Austria.
It is the home of the Austrian national football team.
Club football matches are limited to the Austrian cup final and international competitions with one of Vienna's top clubs, FK Austria Wien and SK Rapid Wien, as their homegrounds are too small for UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup matches.
Local derbies between FK Austria and SK Rapid have also been played in the stadium.
In 2014, it became the official homeground of SK Rapid Wien because their stadium was being rebuilt.
The stadium was built between 1929 and 1931.
It was used and opend for the second Workers' Olympiad 1931.
The capacity of the stadium was approximately 60,000 people.
The first match in the new stadium was a match between a selection from workers sportclubs from Lower Austria and Vienna. (
2:3).
During the occupation of Austria by Nazi Germany it was used as barracks and also as collecting point for Viennese Jews.
In 2003 a private plaque was created in the VIP area to remind on this incidents.
In 1944 the stadium was bombed and heavily demaged.
After the Second World war  the stadium was reconstructed.
1956 the capacity was extended to 92,708 people.
The record was 91,000 visitors on October 30, 1960 at the football match between Spain and Austria (3-0).
After the death of former Austrian top player and coach Ernst Happel, the Prater Stadium was renamed after him in 1992.
Other  matches
1995 UEFA Champions League final: Ajax 1 – 0 Milan
1994 UEFA Cup final: Internazionale 1– 0 Austria Salzburg
1990 European Cup final: Milan 1 – 0 Benfica
1987 European Cup final: Porto 2 – 1 Bayern Munich
1970 European Cup Winners Cup final: Manchester City 2 – 1 Górnik Zabrze
1964 European Cup final: Internazionale 3 – 1 Real Madrid
A hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) is type of cold cathode lamp used in physics and chemistry as a spectral line source (for example, in atomic absorption spectrometers) and as a frequency tuner for light sources such as lasers.
An HCL takes advantage of the hollow cathode effect, which causes conduction at a lower voltage and with more current than a cold cathode lamp that does not have a hollow cathode.
The HCL is a light source or radiation source which is used to excite electrons of a metal of interest to a higher energy level.
Excitation is when an electron in its lowest energy state, also known as the ground state, undergoes a transition to a higher energy state known as an excited state.
These transitions can occur through heat, electrical energy, light, particles, or a chemical reaction.
Instrument Design
A HCL consists of an anode and a cathode inside of a glass tube.
The glass tube is filled with some type of inert gas such as argon or neon with a pressure of around 5 torr (666 Pascal).
It is important that the gas is inert in order to minimize interferences in the output of the data.
The anode is an electrode in which loss of electrons by ionization takes place.
The anode is typically constructed of an inert conducting metal to ionize the inert gas.
The cathode is made of the pure metal of interest or a mixture of metals containing the metal of interest.
It is important that the cathode be stored under a vacuum to avoid any kind of contamination.
Contamination of the cathode compromises the purity of the metal of interest and the data obtained for that metal.
The material of the window is specifically selected in order to get the best transmission of spectral lines for the cathode element.
Excitation Process
The excitation process of the element of interest takes place through a few steps.
First, the inert gas contained inside of the glass tube is ionized by a voltage.
Ionization is the process by which neutral atoms are converted to charged species.
This voltage is applied across the anode and the cathode and generates a current of 5-15 mA.  This current allows for electrons to move to the anode and cathode.
If the voltage applied is large enough, the ions of the inert gas gather enough energy to remove some of the metal atoms of interest from the surface of the cathode by striking the surface.
The removal of these atoms produces a cloud around the cathode.
The process of producing this cloud is called sputtering.
Some of these metal atoms in the cloud have moved to an excited energy state and as they return to their ground state, they emit a specific radiation which is characteristic to the metal of interest.
The release of this radiation allows for data to be collected and information gathered pertaining to the metal of interest.
After a period of time, the atoms move to the glass walls of the lamp or back to the surface of the cathode.
Operation Conditions
How well the HCL works and how long it lasts is dependent on the care of operation.
When a high voltage is applied, higher currents arise.
These higher currents allow for more intense data output but at the same time can produce a number of unexcited atoms in the cloud.
These unexcited atoms can interfere with good output data because they are able to absorb the radiation that is emitted from the excited electrons returning to their ground state.
This process is called self adsorption.
The process of self adsorption results in weaker intensities.
Increasing the current too much can also result in a shorter lifetime of the lamp, as well as melting the metal on the cathode thus ruining the lamp.
Ernest Dale Tubb (February 9, 1914 – September 6, 1984) was an American country music singer and songwriter.
Tubb was nicknamed The Texas Troubadour.
He is probably best known for his hit song "Walking the Floor Over You" in 1941.
He joined the Grand Ole Opry as a member in 1943.
He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1965.
Ernest Tubb at the Country Music Hall of Fame
A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a transducer which converts photons into electrons, which generate a current and voltage.
Photomultiplier tubes are used to detect low levels of incident light, even as low as a single photon.
An incoming photon will strike the photocathode surface of the PMT which will emit electrons.
These electrons are then accelerated toward additional electrodes by a potential difference of about 90 volts.
Upon striking this electrode, more electrons are emitted.
This process repeats nine times, each time generating more and more electrons.
This process can generate 106 to 107 electrons for each individual photon.
These electrons are then collected at the anode where the current and voltage is then measured.
Photomultiplier tubes are highly sensitive and have very quick response times.
The sensitivity of the PMT can be improved by cooling it, to reduce temperature induced noise.
Photomultiplier tubes must not be exposed to intense light, such as the sun or ambient light because the intensity can damage the components.
2012 in association football
History of Turin
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS).
This makes it possible to identify different substances within a test sample.
GC-MS has many uses include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis and explosives investigation.
It can also be used to identify unknown samples.
GC-MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage or on human beings.
Additionally, GC-MS can identify trace elements in deteriorated materials, even after the sample fell apart so much that other tests cannot work.
GC-MS is the best way for forensic experts to identify substances because it is a specific test.
A specific test positively identifies the actual presence of a particular substance in a given sample.
A non-specific test only says that categories of substances are in the sample.
Although a non-specific test could statistically suggest the identity of the substance, this could lead to false positive identification.
The first research papers on gas-liquid chromatography were published in 1950.
Chemists used different detectors to see that compounds were flowing out of the end of the chromatograph.
Most of the detectors destroyed the compounds, because they burned them or ioned them.
These detectors left chemists guessing the exact identity of each compound in the sample.
In the 1950s, Roland Gohlke and Fred McLafferty developed a new combined machine.
They used a mass spectrometer as the detector in gas chromatography.
These early devices were big, fragile, and originally limited to laboratory settings.
The design was complex.
The time interval between different compounds flowing out of the chromatograph was hard to control.
So, the mass spectrometer had to finish working on one compound before the next one flowed out of the chromatograph.
In the early models, the measurements from the mass spectrometer was recorded on graph paper.
Highly-trained chemists studied the patterns of peaks to identify each compound.
By the 1970s, analog-to-digital converters were added to mass spectrometers.
This allowed computers to store and to interpret the results.
As computers grew faster and smaller, GC-MS became faster and spread from laboratories into every day life.
Today, computerized GC-MS instruments are widely used in environmental monitoring of water, air, and soil.
It is also used in the regulation of agriculture, food safety and in the discovery and production of medicine.
The development of small computers has helped in the simplification of GC-MS machines.
It also greatly reduced the amount of time it takes to analyze a sample.
Electronic Associates, Inc. (EAI) was a leading U.S. supplier of analog computers.
In 1964, EAI began development of a computer-controlled mass spectrometer under the direction of Robert E. Finnigan.
By 1966, over 500  gas-analyzer instruments were sold.
In 1967, the Finnigan Instrument Corporation (FIC) was formed.
In early 1968, delivered the first prototype quadrapole GC-MS instruments to Stanford and Purdue University.
FIC was eventually renamed Finnigan Corporation and went on to establish itself as the worldwide leader in GC-MS systems.
GC-MS can find all of the compounds mixed together in a sample object.
The operator dissolves the sample in a liquid.
The operator then injects the liquid into a stream of gas. (
Helium, Hydrogen or Nitrogen gas are used most often.)
The gas flows through a tube with a special coating.
Because each compound in the sample sticks to the coating in a different way, each compound comes out of the tube at a different time.
So the coating is used to separate each compound that was mixed together in the sample.
As each compound comes out at the end of the tube, it is ionized and gets an electric charge.
Most compounds break apart when they are ionized.
The different pieces fly under a magnet which separates the pieces based on their weight and charge.
A computer then measures all of the pieces of each compound.
By comparing the measurements against a computer library of known compounds, the computer makes a list of the names of all of the compounds in the sample.
The computer can also tell how much of each compound was in the sample.
The GC-MS is made up of two major building blocks: the gas chromatograph and the mass spectrometer.
The gas chromatograph uses a capillary column which depends on the column's dimensions (length, diameter, film thickness) as well as the phase properties (e.g. 5% phenyl polysiloxane).
The difference in the chemical properties between different molecules in a mixture will separate the molecules as the sample travels the length of the column.
The molecules take different amounts of time (called the retention time) to come out of (elute from) the gas chromatograph.
This allows the mass spectrometer downstream to capture, ionize, accelerate, deflect, and detect the ionized molecules separately.
The mass spectrometer does this by breaking each molecule into ionized fragments and detecting these fragments using their mass to charge ratio.
These two machines, used together, allow a much finer precision of substance identification than either unit used separately.
It is not possible to make an accurate identification of a particular molecule by gas chromatography or mass spectrometry alone.
The mass spectrometry process normally requires a very pure sample.
In the past, gas chromatography use other detectors such as a Flame Ionization Detector.
These detectors cannot separate different molecules that happen to take the same amount of time to travel through the column. (
When two different molecules have the same retention time they are said to "co-elute".)
The co-eluting molecules will confuse the computer programs that are reading a single mass spectrum for both molecules.
Sometimes two different molecules can also have a similar pattern of ionized fragments in a mass spectrometer (mass spectrum).
Combining the two processes reduces the possibility of error.
It is extremely unlikely that two different molecules will behave in the same way in both a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer.
Therefore, if a mass spectrum matches the analyte of interest, the retention time of that spectrum can be checked against a characteristic GC retention time to increased confidence that the analyte is in the sample.
Types of mass spectrometer detectors
The most common type of MS associated with a GC is the quadrupole mass spectrometer.
Hewlett-Packard (now Agilent) markets it under trade name "Mass Selective Detector" (MSD).
Another relatively common detector is the ion trap mass spectrometer.
Additionally one may find a magnetic sector mass spectrometer.
However these particular instruments are expensive and bulky and not typically found in high-throughput service laboratories.
Other detectors are used such as time of flight (TOF), tandem quadrupoles (MS-MS) (see below), or in the case of an ion trap MSn.
The n indicates the number mass spectrometry stages.
A mass spectrometer is typically used in one of two ways: Full Scan or Selective Ion Monitoring (SIM).
The typical GC-MS can work either way alone, or both at the same time.
Full scan MS
When collecting data in the full scan mode, a target range of mass fragments is selected and put into the instrument's method.
An example of a typical broad range of mass fragments to monitor would be m/z 50 to m/z 400.
The determination of what range to use is largely set by what one expects being in the sample while being aware of the solvent and other possible interferences.
If an MS looks for mass fragments with a very low m/z, it may detect air or other possible interferring factors.
Using a large scan range decreases the sensitivity of the instrument.
The machine will perform fewer scans per second because each scan will take more time to detect a wider range of mass fragments.
Full scan is useful in determining unknown compounds in a sample.
It provides more information than SIM when it comes to confirming or resolving compounds in a sample.
Most instruments are controlled by a computer which operates a computer program called an "instrument method."
The instrument method controls the temperature in the GC, the MS scan rate and the range of fragment sizes being detected.
When a chemist is developing an instrument method, the chemist sends test solutions through the GS-MS in full scan mode.
This checks the GC retention time and the mass fragment fingerprint before moving to a SIM instrument method.
Specialized GC-MS instruments, such as explosive detectors, have an instrument method pre-loaded at the factory.
Selected ion monitoring
In selected ion monitoring (SIM), the instrument method focuses on certain ion fragments.
Only those mass fragments are detected by the mass spectrometer.
The advantages of SIM are that the detection limit is lower since the instrument is only looking at a small number of fragments (e.g. three fragments) during each scan.
More scans can take place each second.
Since only a few mass fragments of interest are being monitored, matrix interferences are typically lower.
To improve the chances of reading a positive result correctly, the ion ratios of the various mass fragments are comparable to a known reference standard.
Types of ionization
After the molecules travel the length of the column, pass through the transfer line and enter into the mass spectrometer they are ionized by various methods.
Typically only one ionization method being used at any given time.
Once the sample is fragmented it will then be detected, usually by an electron multiplier diode.
The diode treats the ionized mass fragment like an electrical signal that is then detected.
Electron ionization
The most common type of ionization is electron ionization (EI).
The molecules enter into the MS (the source is a quadrupole or the ion trap itself in an ion trap MS) where they are hit with free electrons emitted from a filament.
This is like the filament one would find in a standard incandescent light bulb.
The electrons hit the molecules, causing the molecule to fragment in a characteristic way that can be repeated.
This "hard ionization" technique results in the creation of more fragments of low mass to charge ratio (m/z).
EI has few, if any, fragments having a mass that is near the mass of the original molecule.
Chemists consider hard ionization to be shooting electrons into the sample molecules.
In contrast, "soft ionization" is placing a charge on the sample molecule by hitting it with an introduced gas.
The molecular fragmentation pattern depends on the electron energy applied to the system, typically 70 eV (electron Volts).
The use of 70 eV helps to compare the spectra generated from the test sample against known library spectra. (
The library spectra can come from manufacturer-supplied software or software developed by the National Institute of Standards (NIST-USA)).
The software searches the library spectra using a matching algorithm such as Probability Based Matching or dot-product matching.
Many method standardization agencies now control these algorithms and methods to assure their objectivity.
Chemical ionization
In chemical ionization (CI), a reagent gas, typically methane or ammonia is put into the mass spectrometer.
There are two types of CI: positive CI or negative CI.
Either way, the reagent gas will interact with the electrons and analyte and cause a 'soft' ionization of the molecule of interest.
A softer ionization fragments the molecule to a lower degree than the hard ionization of EI.
Chemists prefer CI over EI.
This is because CI produces at least one mass fragment with a weight, that is nearly the same as the molecular weight of the analyte of interest.
Positive Chemical Ionization
In Positive Chemical Ionization (PCI) the reagent gas interacts with the target molecule, most often with a proton exchange.
This produces the ion species in relatively high amounts.
Negative Chemical Ionization
In Negative Chemical Ionization (NCI) the reagent gas decreases the impact of the free electrons on the target analyte.
This decreased energy typically leaves the fragment in great supply. (
The fragments do not break up further.)
The primary goal of instrument analysis is to measure an amount of substance.
This is done by comparing the relative concentrations among the atomic masses in the generated mass spectrum.
Two kinds of analysis are possible, comparative and original.
Comparative analysis essentially compares the given spectrum to a spectrum library to see if its characteristics are present for some known sample in the library.
This is best performed by a computer because there are many visual distortions that can take place due to variations in scale.
Computers can also correlate more data (such as the retention times identified by the GC), to more accurately relate certain data.
In this method, the tallest peak is set at 100%.
The other peaks given a value equal to the ratio of the peak height to the tallest peak height.
All values above 3% are assigned.
The total mass of the unknown compound is normally indicated by the parent peak.
The value of this parent peak can be used to fit with a chemical formula containing the various elements which are believed to be in the compound.
The isotope pattern in the spectrum  is unique for elements that have many isotopes.
So, it can also be used to identify the various elements present.
This tells the overall chemical formula of the unknown molecule.
Because a molecule's structure and bonds break apart in characteristic ways, they can be identified from the difference in peak masses.
The identified molecule structure must be consistent with the characteristics recorded by GC-MS.
Typically, this identification is done automatically by computer programs which come with the instrument.
Those programs match the spectra against a library of known compounds that have same list of elements which could be present in the sample.
A “full spectrum” analysis considers all the “peaks” within a spectrum.
But, selective ion monitoring (SIM) only monitors selected peaks associated with a specific substance.
Chemists assume that at a given retention time, a set of ions is characteristic of a certain compound.
SIM is a fast and efficient analysis.
SIM works best when the analyst has previous information about a sample or is only looking for a few specific substances.
When the amount of information collected about the ions in a given gas chromatographic peak decreases, the sensitivity of the analysis increases.
So, SIM analysis allows for a smaller quantity of a compound to be detected and measured.
But the degree of certainty about the identity of that compound is reduced.
GC-tandem MS
When a second phase of mass fragmentation is added, for example using a second quadrupole in a quadrupole instrument, it is called tandem MS (MS/MS).
MS/MS are good at measuring low levels of target compounds in a sample with a matrix of background compounds that are not of interest.
The first quadrupole (Q1) is connected with a collision cell (q2) and another quadrupole (Q3).
Both quadrupoles can be used in scanning or static mode, depending on the type of MS/MS analysis used.
Types of analysis include product ion scan, precursor ion scan, Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) and Neutral Loss Scan.
For example: When Q1 is in static mode (looking at one mass only as in SIM), and Q3 is in scanning mode, one obtains a so-called product ion spectrum (also called "daughter spectrum").
From this spectrum, one can select a prominent product ion which can be the product ion for the chosen precursor ion.
The pair is called a "transition" and forms the basis for SRM.
SRM is highly specific and almost completely eliminates matrix background.
Environmental monitoring and cleanup
Many chemists believe that GC-MS is the best tool for monitoring organic pollutants in the environment.
The cost of GC-MS equipment has decreased a lot.
The reliability of GC-MS has increased at the same time.
Both improvements have increased use in environmental studies.
Some compounds, such as certain pesticides and herbicides, cannot be identified by GS-MS.
They are too similar to other related compounds.
But for most organic analysis of environmental samples, including many major classes of pesticides, GC-MS is very sensitive and effective.
Criminal forensics
GC-MS can analyze the particles from a human body in order to help link a criminal to a crime.
The law accepts using GC-MS to analyze fire debris.
In fact, the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) has a standard for fire debris analysis.
GCMS/MS is especially useful here as samples often contain very complex matrices and results, used in court, need to be highly accurate.
GC-MS is used for detection of illegal narcotics, and may eventually replace drug-sniffing dogs.
It is also commonly used in forensic toxicology.
It helps to find drugs and/or poisons in biological specimens taken from suspects, victims, or a dead body.
After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, explosive detection systems have become a part of all US airports.
These systems run on a host of technologies, many of them based on GC-MS.
There are only three manufacturers certified by the FAA to provide these systems.
The first is Thermo Detection (formerly Thermedics), which produces the EGIS, a GC-MS-based line of explosives detectors.
The second is Barringer Technologies, which is now owned by Smith's Detection Systems.
The third is Ion Track Instruments (part of General Electric Infrastructure Security Systems).
Food, beverage and perfume analysis
Foods and beverages contain a lot of aromatic compounds, some naturally present in the raw materials and some forming during processing.
GC-MS is extensively used for the analysis of these compounds which include esters, fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes, etc.
It is also used to detect and measure contaminants from spoilage or adulteration which may be harmful.
The contaminants are often controlled by governmental agencies, for example pesticides.
Astrochemistry
Several GC-MS have left earth.
Two went to Mars in the Viking program.
Venera 11 and 12 and Pioneer Venus analysed the atmosphere of Venus with GC-MS.
The Huygens probe of the Cassini-Huygens mission landed one GC-MS on Saturn's largest moon, Titan.
The material in the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will be analysed by the Rosetta mission with a chiral GC-MS in 2014.
GC-MS are used in newborn screening tests.
These tests can find dozens of congenital metabolic diseases (also known as Inborn error of metabolism).
GC-MS can determine compounds in urine even in very small amounts.
These compounds are normally not present but appear in individuals suffering with metabolic disorders.
This is becoming a common way to diagnose IEM for earlier diagnosis and beginning of treatment.
This eventually leads to a better outcome.
It is now possible to test a newborn for over 100 genetic metabolic disorders by a urine test at birth based on GC-MS.
In combination with isotopic labeling of metabolic compounds, the GC-MS is used for determining metabolic activity.
Most applications are based on the use of 13C as the labeling and the measurement of 13C-12C ratios with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS).
A IRMS is an mass spectrometer with a detector designed to measure a few select ions and return values as ratios.
Eiceman, G.A. (2000).
Gas Chromatography.
In R.A. Meyers (Ed.),
Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory, and Instrumentation, pp.
10627.
Chichester: Wiley.
Giannelli, Paul C. and Imwinkelried, Edward J. (1999).
Drug Identification: Gas Chromatography.
In Scientific Evidence 2, pp.
Charlottesville: Lexis Law Publishing. .
GCMS - How does it work?
GCMS Tutorial
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Background
Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
Lacey Elizabeth Brown  (born August 13, 1985) is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, violinist, painter, model and fashion designer.
She is from Amarillo, Texas.
She was the twelfth place finalist on the ninth season of American Idol.
Born on August 13, 1985, Brown is the daughter of the pastors of Victory Church, a local Christian Church, in Amarillo.
There, she served as Venue (Victory's college-aged group) director and taught civics and Christian values to Victory's internship students.
During her childhood, she learned how to play the violin.
She also spent time in Tulsa, Oklahoma, where she had Bible schooling.
Her education includes studying art.
Her musical influences include folk and country, as well as rock music, such as Lady Antebellum, Kings of Leon, Coldplay, and U2, apart from Patsy Cline, Joni Mitchell, Dolly Parton, and Pete Yorn.
Brown first auditioned for the eighth season of American Idol, where she made it into the Top 54 of the Hollywood rounds.
Brown later auditioned in Orlando, Florida with the song "Over the Rainbow", from The Wizard of Oz, by Judy Garland.
The judges all loved her performance, including guest judge Kristin Chenoweth, and she made it through to the next round.
During Hollywood week, her performance of "What a Wonderful World" was featured as a montage for contestants who made it to the Top 24.
She performed "Landslide" on the first night of the semi-finals but did not impress the judges.
The judges did not like her performance of "Kiss Me" by Sixpence None the Richer during the second week.
Despite this, it was well received by the band's lead singer, Leigh Nash.
Her cover of Brandi Carlile's "The Story", on the final night before the finals, was considered to be better.
Brown eventually made it to the Top 12.
Brown's performance of "Ruby Tuesday" by The Rolling Stones (she stated that her version is the one by Melanie Safka), was described by the judges as not having energy, but Simon Cowell added that there was nothing wrong with her vocals.
Brown was eliminated from the show on March 17, 2010.
The song "What a Wonderful World" was played at the beginning of the episode, with a montage of the Top 12's journey, setting the tone for her elimination.
Her elimination caused problems after Ryan Seacrest tweeted the results.
Angry fans did not watch the show which had "the smallest audience among 18-49 year-olds for a regularly scheduled in-season episode in "Idol" history".
Brown thanked her fans for their support and plans to return to her hometown, after doing interviews in New York.
She says she will try acting (from a criticism to her by Simon Cowell) as well as a career in music.
In her final moments on the show, she said she might try country music although her MySpace page lists "pop" and "folk" as her genres.
A notable line of Brown in the show was: "You've got to take no's and turn them into yes'es"
Performances/results
Career after Idol
After leaving Idol, Brown gave several media interviews with Entertainment Weekly, USA Today, The Los Angeles Times, People, several Fox affiliates, MTV, E!,
with Ryan Seacrest on his radio show (On Air with Ryan Seacrest), with Ellen DeGeneres on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, along with several in New York, including the Wendy Williams Show and The Late Show with David Letterman, where she performed "What a Wonderful World".
Among the finalists, her closest friends are Paige Miles and Lee DeWyze although she is friends with all of them including Siobhan Magnus and Katie Stevens.
She said in these interviews that she is planning to continue her career in music but she is also open to any offers that may come to her.
She released an EP entitled Let It Go on May 31, 2011.
In 2011, Brown signed a management contract with Tracy Lawrence and she will be touring at the CMA Fest in Nashville in June 2011.
Let It Go (2011)
The alternative country EP Let It Go, with five songs on it, was released on May 31, 2011 through the independent (self-owned) record label LEB Records.
Brown's voice was described as a mix "...of sweet, yet haunting tones with a hint of Brenda Lee".
Her writing style was described as "...pop lyrics resting on a bed of American Bluegrass."
Lacey Brown  at American Idol
Lacey Brown at FOX News Radio
Models from Texas
People from Amarillo, Texas
A napkin, or face towel (also in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia: serviette) is a rectangle of cloth used at the table for wiping the mouth while eating.
It is usually small and folded.
Chun Kuk Do (, commonly abbreviated as CKD) is a martial art (or type of fighting style) that Chuck Norris created.
It is said to be based upon Tang Soo Do, another martial art.
Nevers is a commune in the Nièvre department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in central France.
The name of the city comes from the name of the Nièvre river.
Julius Caesar named the town as Noviodunum but later was named as Nebirnum, after the name of the river.
Nevers was the capital of the old province of Nivernais and became the capital of Nièvres on 4 March 1790 with the creation of the departments in France.
Nevers is at about  to the southeast of Paris, on the confluence of the Loire and the Nièvre rivers.
Nevers is surrounded by the communes Varennes-Vauzelles, Coulanges-lès-Nevers, Saint-Éloi, Sermoise-sur-Loire, Challuy and Marzy.
The average temperature for the year in Nevers is .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Nevers is .
The inhabitants of Nevers are known, in French, as Nivernais (women: Nivernaises) but they are also known as Neversois (women: Neversoises), leaving Nivernais for the people of the department.
With a population of 34,485, Nevers has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Nevers forms, together with other 6 communes, the urban area of Nevers with a population of 59,444 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Nevers, formed by 57 communes, with a population of 100,768 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Nevers is the prefecture of the Nièvre department, the capital of the arrondissement of Nevers and the administrative centre () of four cantons:
Nevers-1 formed by the commune Coulanges-lès-Nevers and part of Nevers, with 11,738 inhabitants (2014).
Nevers-2 formed by 3 communes and part of Nevers, with 11,570 inhabitants (2014).
Nevers-3 formed by 3 communes and part of Nevers, with 11,874 inhabitants (2014).
Nevers-4 formed by a part of Nevers, with 10,448 inhabitants (2014).
It is part of the intercommunality Nevers Agglomération ().
Charleville-Mézières, France
Koblenz, Germany
Lund, Sweden
St Albans, United Kingdom
Hammamet, Tunisia
Curtea de Argeș, Romania
Erzsébetváros, Budapest, Hungary
The Nevers Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Cyr-et-Sainte-Julitte) is a Roman Catholic cathedral, dedicated to Saints Cyricus and Julitta.
The Palais Ducal ("Ducal Palace", now occupied by the courts of justice and an important ceramic museum) was built in the 15th and 16th centuries.
The Porte du Croux, a square tower dating from the end of the 14th century.
Ville de Nevers - official website
Nevers Office of Tourism
Communes in Nièvre
Beauvais is a commune.
It is in the Oise department in the north of France.
In 2012, 54,289 people lived there.
Maidstone, United Kingdom, since 1961
Witten, Germany, since 1975
Setúbal, Portugal, since 1982.
Dej, Romania, since 2003
Tczew, Poland, since 2003
Communes in Oise
Alençon is a commune.
It is found in the Orne department in the north western of France.
Basingstoke, United Kingdom, since 1968
Quakenbrück, Germany, since 1969
Koutiala, Mali, since 1970
Andrea Moda Formula, commonly referred to as Andrea Moda, was a Formula One team which raced in the 1992 Formula One season.
It was founded by Andrea Sassetti, who owned a shoe maker in Italy.
In 1991 Sassetti bought the old Coloni F1 team which had failed to get through pre-qualifying.
The team was excluded from the opening race in South Africa after not paying the required $100,000 entry fee for new teams.
Sassetti argued that the team was a continuation of the Coloni team.
Even still, the car was not ready, as the team did not participate in the next race in Mexico.
Even though the team was entered in the next race, in Brazil, with drivers Roberto Moreno and Perry McCarthy, the cars were still not ready.
At the fifth race in San Marino the car was finally ready but McCarthy did not receive his Super License, which is required to race a F1 car.
However, Moreno finally qualified his car in Monaco, only to retire during the race due to an engine problem.
In Canada, the team did not have engines because Sassetti did not pay the engine supplier, Judd, the money.
The team also missed France due to their car being stuck in a blockade by French truck drivers.
In August of 1992, the FIA warned the team that they might be excluded (disqualified, does not count) from the championship.
It was a known fact that McCarthy was barely given a chance, since the team could not afford to properly run two cars, so they mainly worked on Moreno's car while McCarthy was only there to meet the rules of having two cars in the race.
Finally, at the Belgian Grand Prix, Sassetti was arrested for forging invoices  .
The team was not allowed in the paddock at the Italian Grand Prix, because the FIA banned the team brought Formula One into disrepute.
Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) separates components of mixture based on the size.
Recall a mixture can be composed of many substances each with different physical and chemical properties which can be used to differentiate them.
SEC essentially allows components that are larger in size to exit the column (elute) first while components that are smaller in size will exit the column last.
A typical column used in SEC has two substances called phases that interact with the mixture and these substances help force the separation of the mixture.
The mobile phase is a solvent which helps carry the mixture down the column, and the stationary phase which does not move.
Unlike other chromatography methods, the stationary phase used in SEC does not exploit the polarity of each component.
It is worth noting there is no chemical interaction between the stationary phase and a component.
A column could be packed with two types of stationary phase material.
First the stationary phase could be a porous solid.
A common porous solid is silica which has a diameter of 5-10µm and a pore sizes ranging from 100-1000Å. Silica provides excellent rigidity and will not move throughout the column.
Porous solids are also stable at high pressures and temperatures which allows for the use of a vast variety of solvents.
Unfortunately silica particles have a tendency to allow absorb soluble components and they have the capacity to break down components into atoms.
For these reasons columns could also be packed with porous gels.
The structure of gel is vastly different from a porous solid because gel’s have a polymer-like (a repeating structure of the same substance) structure.
Gels have been shown to be more effective than porous solids at allowing components through its pores.
Gels have pore sizes ranging from 100-100000Å. So how is it that larger molecules exit the column before smaller molecules?
The porous material will not allow larger molecules to pass so these molecules go to the next pore and again they cannot pass.
They eventually get to the bottom of the column and exit the column.
Remember there is volume inside the column that is not inhabited by the stationary phase which allows for the flow of both the mobile phase and the sample.
These larger molecules then find themselves at the bottom of the column whereas smaller molecules have a longer path to travel.
Smaller molecules can pass through a pore and then pass through another one.
The smaller a molecule is, the greater the chance is that it can fit into a pore which means the longer it spends inside the column.
Reading a Chromatogram
Notice the graph is logarithmic not linear.
There at two distinct positions on the curve the exclusion limit and the permeation limit.
The exclusion limit defines the maximum molecular weight that can enter a pore, while the permeation limit signifies the minimum molecular weight to enter a pore.
The curve itself is called the permeation region and this provides a range of molecular weights which could be found in the experiment.
Retention time, how long the component spends in the column, is plotted against molecular weight.
The peaks located in Figures 1 and 2 are similar to peaks liquid or gas chromatography readout.
Normally peaks found in liquid or gas chromatography indicates how many components are in a mixture if the number of components is unknown and the relative amount of each component in the mixture within a given range.
In the case of SEC these peaks indicate the relative amount of each component (based on molecular weight) within the permeation region.
Advantages/Disadvantages
SEC has several advantages and disadvantages.
First in SEC the time it takes the mixture to exit the column can be controlled.
Depending on the chemical characteristics of the mixture and its components the process could be quick or slow.
Second the peaks are well-defined, sharp, and narrow.
All characteristics indicate SCE provides good sensitivity.
Next there is low mass loss since the sample theoretically is not supposed to come interact with the stationary phase.
Last the stability of the stationary phase allows close packing to provide greater separation of components in the sample.
A clear disadvantage to SEC is with short retention times the peaks overlap and little information could be extracted from such data.
Resolution (how well two peaks can two peaks be distinguished between) must be sacrificed if the process is to be shorter in time.
SEC does not provide data to distinguish between components of similar molecular mass.
For example if component A has molecular mass equal to 900 g/mol and component B has molecular mass equal to 950 g/mol, SEC will show one peak in this region and both components will be represented by the same peak.
To have statistically different peaks there should be a 10% difference between molecular weight.
Also lumped into this category are enantiomers and diastereomers which are molecules of the same molecular weight but have slightly different structures.
Last SEC fails to take into account for a component’s viscosity or resistance to flow.
Principles of Instrumental Analysis, pp 847.
Principles of Instrumental Analysis, pp 847-8.
J.  Klein.
“Thalidomide – Contergan.”
P.  Kline; D.  McInnes.
“Summary of Stereoisomerism.”
College of Sana Monica.
The following is a list of the 470 communes of the Puy-de-Dôme département, in France.
(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération Clermont Communauté, created in 2000.
(CCHL) Communauté de communes of Haut-Livradois.
The following is a list of the 693 communes of the Oise département, in France.
(CAB) Communauté d'agglomération of Beauvaisis, created in 2004.
The following is a list of the 652 communes of the Nord département, in France.
(CUDL) Communauté urbaine de Lille Métropole, created in 1966.
(CUD) Communauté urbaine de Dunkerque Grand Littoral, created in 1968.
(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération de Cambrai, created in 2000.
(CAD) Communauté d'agglomération du Douaisis, created in 2002.
(CAM) Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de la Sambre, created in 2001.
(CAS) Communauté d'agglomération de la Porte du Hainaut, created in 2001.
(CAV) Communauté d'agglomération de Valenciennes Métropole, created in 2001.
Communes from A to K
Communes from L to W
The following is a list of the 312 communes of the Nièvre département, in France.
(CAN) Communauté d'agglomération (unitary authority) of Val de Loire - Val de Nièvre, created in 2003.
Nievre
TLC is performed on a TLC plate.
These plates consist of a layer of silica and are usually backed by a thin piece of glass, although other materials like plastic may be used.
The silica coating on the front of the TLC plate is called the stationary phase.
Performing TLC
The process of running a TLC experiment starts with placing a small droplet of liquid analyte near the bottom of the TLC plate.
This is called “spotting” the TLC plate.
Very thin glass tubes are commonly used as spotters.
Once a plate has been spotted, it is placed into a glass container with a small amount of solvent.
This solvent is called the mobile phase.
It is important that the height of the solvent is below the height that the compound was spotted on the plate.
As the solvent moves up the TLC plate by capillary action, the compound will also move.
The compound will be separated into its components based upon each component’s attraction for the stationary phase versus the mobile phase.
Components that are attracted to the mobile phase more than they are attracted to the stationary phase will move further up the column.
Attractive forces are based on polarity differences.
The TLC plate should be removed before the solvent reaches the top of the plate.
Separated compounds will sometimes be colored, but further work is often required for analysis.
Many compounds will be illuminated when the TLC plate is placed under an ultraviolet lamp.
TLC plates are also commonly dipped in stains (such as anisaldehyde, potassium permanganate, or iodine) to force a compound to appear on the plate.
TLC is commonly used by organic chemists to monitor the progress of reactions.
The presence of starting material and products may be monitored using a single TLC plate.
Based on the results of a TLC experiment, a larger volume of mixture may be separated by another technique (like column chromatography) using a similar solvent system.
Or, a TLC experiment may be repeated using a different solvent.
Mixtures of solvents may also be used.
Use of different solvents will affect how well individual components are separated on the TLC plate.
The Reichshofstadion is a football stadium in Vorarlbergs city Lustenau.
It is the largest stadium in this federal state of Austria.
The stadium is the homeground of SC Austria Lustenau .
From 207 till 2014 it was also used by FC Lustenau 07, the second club from Lustenau.
The stadium is no called Planet Pure Stadium named after a sponsor of Austria Lustenau.
The stadium was built from 1952 till 1953 and was in the beginning a multipurpose stadium with a running track.
During the construction of new stands the track was used so today the stadium is de facto a pure football stadium.
It is the homeground of both Lustenau clubs in Austrias First league.
Originally it was the homeground of Austria Lustenau, but after the promotion of FC Lustenau to the first league their stadium was not good enough for the league.
The stadium offers 8 800 places, 2.126 roofed seats, 2.390 roofed and 4.284 unroofed  standing room.
On 3 August 2007 the chapel of the stadium was consecrate, where fans of Austria Lustenau can merry.
It is named after Hugo Kleinbrod, who cared after the 2.
World War for children and orphans.
1950s establishments in Europe
Billiard Congress of America (BCA) is a group that organizes for cue sports in the United States.
It started in 1948 as a non-profit trade organization The BCA headquarters is in Broomfield, Colorado.
The Commonwealth of the Philippines (, ) was the name of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 when it was still controlled by the United States.
The Philippine Commonwealth had been created by the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which was approved by the U.S. Congress in 1934.
When Manuel L. Quezon became president in 1935, he was the first Filipino to head an elected government in the Philippines.
The President of the Philippine Commonwealth had strong control of the islands and was guided by a Supreme Court.
The National Assembly or law-making part of the government, members mostly come from the Nacionalista Party, was at first only one, but later became two, a lower part and a higher part.
In 1937, the government chose Tagalog, the language of Manila, as the national language.
The Philippine Commonwealth government was forced out of the country from 1942–1945, when the Philippines was under Japanese control.
In 1946, the Philippine Commonwealth ended when the Third Philippines Republic began.
The Philippine Commonwealth was also known as the Commonwealth of the Philippines, or simply as the Commonwealth.
It had official names in Malasariling Pamahalan ng Pilipinas (pɪlɪˈpinɐs) and Mancomunidad Filipina (fɪlɪˈpinɐ).
The 1935 constitution specifies Philippines as the country's short form name and uses Philippine Islands only to refer to pre-1935 status and institutions.
Under the previous regime, known most formally as the Territory of the Philippine Islands, both terms had official status.
It featured a very strong President, a single National Assembly, and a Supreme Court, all composed entirely of Filipinos, as well as an elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives (as Puerto Rico does today).
An American High Commissioner and an American Military Advisor, were also present in the government while a Field Marshall was in charge of the Philippine Army.
The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government, was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the U.S. In December 1932, the U.S. Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act (First Philippine Independence Act) with the premise of granting Filipinos independence.