the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Armenian Genocide time line
24th of April in Armenia
The Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA) was a paramilitary organization.
Its last attack occurred in 1985.
The Lisbon Five
5 Armenian gunmen  (known as "Lisbon Five") attacked the Turkish embassy in Lisbon in 27 July, 1983.
The first Armenian was killed by security guards at the start of the attack.
The wife and the son of Osman Ozturk, the Turkish chargé d'affaires, and a Portuguese policeman also died in the assault, 4 people were injured.
Portugal's Interior Minister Eduardo Perella said the government received intelligence information "that Armenian groups might attack Wednesday and beefed up security at diplomatic missions".
In a message dropped in the mailbox of The Associated Press office in Lisbon, the group said: "We have decided to blow up this building and remain under the collapse.
This is not suicide... but rather our sacrifice to the altar of freedom".
The group said the attack had been carried out because "Turkey and its allies refused to acknowledge the genocide of Armenians".
Armenians storm the embassy // "The Globe", 28/7/1983.
Armenian Revolutionary Army at Tkb.org
A thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) is a technology which is used in LCD monitor and television displays.
TFT technology can be used to give one of the clearest pictures of any flat screen display and it uses much less electricity than older screens.
TFT displays are very fragile because they are made as thin and light as possible but this means they need far less space.
Widescreen Displays (which have an aspect ratio of 16:9) are becoming the most popular form of television and monitor displays.
Standard format (which have an aspect ratio of 4:3) was the most popular for a long time.
The word resolution means the solution of a problem.
Better resolution on a display screen describes how detailed a picture can be displayed.
Each pixel is another detail on the screen.
This is normally described as two numbers, (width) x (height).
TFT displays are made with a special chemical technology called chemical vapor deposition.
With this special technology very thin glass can be coated with electrically  metal and still be transparent.
Chemical vapor deposition makes the thinnest computer and television display screens possible.
As a result of applying this solution, a capacitor with a transistor is fixed to the pixels.
Therefore, it is possible to create the necessary contrast.
Among the minuses: poor viewing angle, impaired color rendering, increased power consumption.
This technology has not yet been discontinued just because it is in high demand among consumers due to its affordable cost.
Most display screens have hundreds of thousands of pixels.
Each pixel has to be set to the right colour (most display screens are capable of 16 million colours in each pixel).
To make a clear picture, the screen might need to make millions of calculations.
Any group of pixels that change to the same colour can be changed with one calculation, making the calculations much smaller.
For example, if the picture to display was just a white screen, the screens processor would only calculate the colour once and use the same calculation for the whole screen.
Changing one pixel at a time would take many more calculations.
If the same picture was shown many times on the screen, the processor would calculate the picture once and then repeat it in whatever position and in different sizes, if needed.
The processor can make very complicated calculations, but in the end it does less work.
This is called rendering technology.
Rendering technology in the most modern displays is like making a .
A display with a resolution of 1600 x 1200 pixels has four times the number of pixels in an 800 x 600 resolution.
Without rendering technology the 1600 x 1200 display would do four times as much work as an 800 x 600 display so rendering technology is very useful to make a bigger display with some of the same parts used to make a smaller display.
The response time is the length of time it takes between the processor receiving a signal from the computer or the television station and displaying something on the screen.
Today's displays have a very low response time (very fast).
It is hard to see response times but they can affect a clear picture.
A low response time is best for clear pictures when playing games and watching movies on the screen.
For office work and internet  a fast response time is less important.
Changing a pixel between colours takes more time than changing from black to white on a display screen.
TFT is very fast for changing between colours which is more important for movies and games.
Comparison of TFT displays and CRT displays
easy to construct and uses less electricity
more pixels (higher resolution)
makes less radiation
is digital
a format of 16: 9 is much easier to produce
display screen is very sensitive to touch (easily scratched or broken) (not really)
in some TFT displays the view from an angle (from the side) is very dark
purchase price is cheap
colours are very clear from all angles
very big and heavy
use more electricity
make a lot of heat
are sensitive to electrical wires.
If electrical wires are too close the colours might not work correctly
TN panels
TN is an abbreviation for Twisted Nematic.
This is a new kind of TFT technology.
They offer higher resolutions (more pixels).
TN panels have a lower response time (they react faster).
Since this article was written, there have been further developments in the technology of producing LCD displays.
For more info, the main Wikipedia page on Computer Monitor may have more up-to-date and further details.
When it is ready to be used, it is a gas.
It is created from feces left in a container to ferment for a long time.
When breathed in, Jenkem makes the person see crazy things.
It is like a crazy dream, the person imagines things happening that are not really happening.
The person may also hear sounds that are not really there.
This is called a hallucination.
Jenkem is also used to make a person happy.
Because it is made out of fermented waste (or old feces), it is also very stinky.
The US Open is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments.
It is played in Queens, New York City in the USA.
It is run by United States Tennis Association.
The tournament has been played on three different surfaces:
Grass (1881-1974)
Har-Tru (a type of clay court, 1975-1977)
Decoturf (a type of hard court, 1978-present)
The tournament was first played in 1881 for men, and 1887 for women.
In 2006, the U.S. Open became the first Grand Slam to use Hawk-Eye.
Hawk-Eye is a machine that can give a virtual replay of the shot that has just been played - this is useful for seeing if the ball was in or out.
When a player does not agree with the umpire, they can ask to use Hawk-Eye.
As of 2007, the other three Grand Slams use this machine too.
Past champions
Singles Finals
Current champions
Men - Jimmy Connors, Pete Sampras, and Roger Federer have won 5 times.
Women - Chris Evert has won 6 times.
US Open official site
US Open - All winners and runners-up.
Reference book
A mobile device is an electronic device which its user can easily carry with them.
Typical examples are a mobile phone, PDA and handheld game consoles.
Mobile devices do not need an external power supply to work.
Usually, they have a battery to hold electricity to work without electric wires.
A user can change, send and move data by connecting to a modem or cable, or more often wirelessly.
Uses for these devices include reading and writing e-mails, surfing in the internet and listening to music.
Smartphones, tablets and similar complicated mobile devices can run computer programs including computer games, and have many of the functions of a desktop PC.
Examples of mobile devices
Palmtop
PDA - Personal digital assistant
Cell phone
Bluetooth headset
With small, text-screen.
May be used to write short messages.
20th century mobile phones were like this.
With medium screen and runs mobile operating system.
Examples: Smartphone, E-reader.
With big screen and runs desktop operating system.
Examples: laptops, some tablets.
Tor is a group of computer servers that keep users anonymous on the Internet.
It works by moving data across many Tor servers, called "hops".
The role of each server is to only move that data to another server.
With the final hop moving data to the end site.
As a result, information transmitted in this way is hard to trace.
Tor is also the name that some people give to the web browser used to access the Tor server, the Tor Browser Bundle.
The browser is actually a specific version of Mozilla Firefox that has been changed so that it is extremely safe and secure.
Tor is used to hide Internet users.
People who run the Tor network run a network of onion routers.
This makes the location of the user secret.
Services can also be hosted from "secret" locations using the Tor "Hidden services" feature.
A hidden service is an anonymous website that search engines like Google don't know about, and it uses an Onion address as its URL.
Onion addresses  are URLs that looks like 16 random letters and numbers and ends with .onion.
People usually use the Tor browser to go to those sites.
Unlawful use
The Tor network can be used for purposes that are against the law in some places.
This can be criticizing leaders of state, P2P sharing of copyrighted files, moving child pornography.,
or buying and selling illegal drugs.
The Tor Project
A damage deposit or security deposit is a sum of money that is paid when one  rents an item.
It is paid to ensure the owner that it is returned in good condition.
It is very common with rented accommodation.
There it may also be called a tenancy deposit or in some places a tenancy bond.
Damage deposits can be either be refundable or nonrefundable, depending on the terms of the transaction.
The owner of the item (the landlord in the case of accommodation) will take a sum of money from the person(s) renting the item (the tenant).
If the item is returned in good condition at the end of the tenancy the owner should return the deposit.
If the item is returned with damage the cost of repairing that damage may be charged against the deposit, and part (or none) of the deposit will be returned.
Security deposits are not considered taxable income, and local laws often treat security deposits as trust funds.
Security deposits that are used as final rent payments must be claimed as advance rent and are taxable when paid.
Tenants' information guide on deposits from Shelter
Tenants' information guide on deposits  aimed at students, but useful for most types of tenants.
Tenancy Deposit Scheme for Regulated Agents  - a scheme aiming to aid fairness in tenancy deposits.
th:มัดจำ
Accommodation (in British usage) or accommodations (in American usage) is lodging in a house or similar living quarters for travellers in hotels or on cruise ships, or prisoners, etc.
Accommodation (religion), a theological principle linked to divine revelation within the Christian church
Accommodation (law), a term used in United States contract law
Accommodation Bill, a bill of exchange
Accommodation (eye), the sense in ophthalmology
Accommodation (physiology), changes in bodily function due to repeated exposure to drugs or toxins
Accommodation (psychology), how existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences according to Jean Piaget (see also assimilation)
Communication Accommodation Theory, how which people change their language behavior to be more or less similar to that of the people with whom they are interacting.
Accommodation is a linguistics term meaning grammatical acceptance of unstated values as in Accommodation of presuppositions
Biblical Accommodation is the adaptation of text from the Bible to signify ideas different from those originally expressed.
Accommodation (education) are changes in the classroom to assist a learner with a disability
Lodging or holiday accommodation is a type of accommodation.
People who travel and stay away from home for more than a day need lodging mainly for sleeping.
Other purposes are safety, shelter from cold and rain, and to have a place to store luggage and being able to take a shower.
Simply translated accommodation portal available in 14 languages: Residenzo
The Lodging Wiki at Hospitality-411
World Lodging Guide
VEHICALL, a worldwide free service for holiday rentals
The Most Serene Republic of Venice (, ), was an  Italian state where current Venice is now.
It existed for one thousand one hundred years, from the late 7th century until the late 18th century (1797, when it was conquered by Napoleon).
It was an important economic and trading power which was ruled by a leader called a doge.
7th-century establishments
1797 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Italy
Mindroling Monastery is one of the six major monasteries of the Nyingma school in Tibet.
It was founded by Rigzin Terdak Lingpa in 1676.
Tendrak Lingpa's lineage is known as the Nyo lineage.
Mindroling in Tibetan means "Place of Perfect Freedom".
It is near Lhasa on the south side of the Tsangpo river.
Mindroling Monastery has a university.
Nyingma scholars and yogis from all over Tibet studied there.
The students studied Buddhist scriptures, astronomy, Tibetan lunar calendar, calligraphy, rhetoric, and Traditional Tibetan medicine.
Monks studied thirteen major sutra and tantra texts of the Nyingma.
They also learned from found teachings called terma.
The head of the school was very important in Tibet.
At the time of the 1959 revolt against Chinese Communist rule in Central Tibet, there were around 300 monks at Mindroling.
In the years after 1959, the monastery again was damaged, but not as badly as other monasteries such as Ganden.
Now, the monastery is still being rebuilt .
In 1965, His Eminence Khochhen Rinpoche and a small group of monks started a new Mindroling monastery located near the hill town of Dehra Dun in Uttarakhand state, India.
It now contains Ngagyur Nyingma College, one of the largest Buddhist institutes in India.
List of Tibetan monasteries
Website of the new Mindroling Monastery in India
Royal Mail is a postal service company in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland.
It was established as early as 1516.
The British Government formerly owned it and since 2013 own 30% of it.
royalmailgroup.com
1516 establishments
1510s establishments in England
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental illness where people think they look different to how they really look.
People are usually said to have BDD if they are extremely critical of their body, even though there may be nothing noticeably wrong with it.
If there is something wrong with their body, it is usually so small that a person without BDD would not be unhappy about it at all.
People claim that they are insecure, but BDD is far worse.
Most people without BDD may not like some parts of their body, but people with BDD believe that they are so ugly, even though they are not, that they find it difficult to talk or exist with other people, or live normally, scared that other people will be mean to them because of the way they look.
People with BDD often do not look for help because they are afraid others will think they are just vain, or they may feel too embarrassed to talk to other people as they think they are so ugly.
BDD is a somatoform disorder.
People with BDD may look at themselves in the mirror too much, or some people with BDD may actually try not to look in the mirror.
Both of these are possible for a person with BDD.
They usually think about their body for more than one hour per day, and in bad cases, can stop talking to other people, and may stay at home.
People with BDD often have very low self-confidence, because they believe that a person's value is linked to what they look like, and because they do not think that they are beautiful themselves, they do not think they have much value.
In 1886, BDD was first written about by the researcher 'Morselli', who named it Dysmorphophobia.
In 1987, BDD was first properly seen by the American Psychiatric Association.
In 1997, BDD was first recorded and formally seen as a mental problem in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
Sigmund Freud had an important Russian person (Sergei Pankejeff) with him in the past, who would have been classified as having the disorder in modern times.
Freud named him "The Wolf Man", to protect Pankejeff's identity.
Pankejeff was so unhappy with his nose that he could not live a normal life.
It is unknown what the full cause of BDD is.
However, research shows that a number of things may be the cause:
The chemicals in the brain.
If the amount of serotonin is too low, one of the brain's neurotransmitters which gives us 'mood' and 'pain', may help cause body dysmorphic disorder.
Scientists can not explain this chemical problem in the brain, but it may be hereditary (passed down from parents to child).
Obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Many people with BDD also have OCD, where the person does things without wanting to.
If people have had, or have a genetic link to OCD, the person may be more likely to have BDD.
Generalized anxiety disorder.
Many people with BDD also have generalized anxiety disorder.
This disorder is where the person worries about things a lot, which makes them have anxiety about things in their life, for example, about their body, as in BDD.
BDD usually develops in adolescence, a time when people usually worry about their appearance the most.
However, many people with BDD suffer for years before they look for help.
When they do look for help to Doctors, people with the problem often say they have other problems, for example, depression, social anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, but do not say their real problem is with the way they look.
Most patients can not be convinced that the problem they have with their body is only 'imagined', and that they are seeing a 'changed' view of themselves, because people do not know much about BDD, compared to other mental problems, for example OCD or others.
Being unhappy with an imagined problem on their body.
If a small problem is there, the person is unhappy with it more than they should be.
The unhappiness causes large problems in talking to other people, having a job, or living a normal life.
The unhappiness is not caused by a different mental problem (for example, unhappiness with weight in Anorexia Nervosa).
Features of BDD
Look in the mirror a lot, look in reflective doors, windows and other reflective surfaces.
If the person does not look in the mirror a lot, they will try not to look in the mirror or at photographs ever, and will often not have mirrors in their home.
Touch their skin a lot to feel the 'imagined' problem.
Wanting other people to say good things to them about the way they look a lot.
Asking other people about the way they look a lot.
Not talk to people a lot.
Not having much confidence
Comparing the way they look to people they want to look like a lot.
This may be of celebrities, or people in their life.
Doing exercise or having diets more than normal.
Doing these things a lot: combing hair, plucking eyebrows, shaving, etc.
Using medicine to change the body shape and body size.
Wanting plastic surgery or more than one plastic surgery, more than normal.
In some extreme examples, patients have tried to do plastic surgery to themselves.
Where on the body the 'imagined' problem can be
skin (73%)
hair (56%)
nose (37%)
weight (22%)
stomach (22%)
breasts/chest/nipples (21%)
eyes (20%)
thighs (20%)
teeth (20%)
legs (overall) (18%)
body shape / bone shape (16%)
all of face (14%)
lips (12%)
buttocks (12%)
chin (11%)
fingers (11%)
eyebrows (11%)
source: The Broken Mirror, Katharine A Philips, Oxford University Press, 2005 ed, p56
Numbers of people
A German study has shown that 1-2% of the population has complete BDD, but a bigger percentage of people show some of the effects (Psychological Medicine, vol 36, p 877).
The number of men and women with BDD is around the same, but there are slightly more women with it.
However, the number of men and women who go to the doctor with it are the same.
Studies show that BDD is common non-clinical places and clinical places.
Research was done on 200 people with DSM-IV BDD.
These people were aged 12 and older.
They were interviewed.
The people with BDD were found from 'mental-health doctors', advertisements, their friends and family, and non-psychiatrist physicians.
53 of the 200 people were receiving medication, 33 were receiving psychotherapy, and 48 were receiving both medication and psychotherapy.
How bad each person's BDD was, was assessed using the "Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale", modified for BDD.
Symptoms were assessed with the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination.
Both tests were made just for BDD.
The results showed that BDD is in 0.7% - 1.1% of community samples and 2%-13% of non-clinical samples.
13% of psychiatric patients had BDD.
Research also found that some of the patients who were firstly diagnosed with OCD, also had BDD.
53 patients with OCD and 53 patients with BDD were compared to each other in research.
Clinical features, comorbidity, family history, and population features were compared between the two groups.
9 of the 62 subjects (14.5%) of those with OCD also had BDD.
In most examples, BDD is not found even when people have it.
In research done on 17 patients with BDD, BDD was 'found' in only five patients, and none of the patients had a proper diagnosis of BDD even though they all in fact had BDD.
Problems caused by BDD
BDD can cause only a few problems for some people.
However, for other people, it can cause many problems.
It can make it very difficult to have a normal job or family life.
People who have a job or a family to care for would definitely find life easier and better if they did not have BDD.
The love partners of BDD people can also suffer, as they may sometimes lose their loved one to suicide.
Friendship, romance, and family is very hard to hold for a person with BDD, as the unhappiness with the looks of the person takes over their life, so they often do not bother with the other aspects of life as much.
Also, the BDD stops the person from making these 'bonds' with people, as they always feel scared about the way they look, and therefore find it difficult to be themself with other people.
People with BDD may often have little motivation for anything.
This means that BDD people can appear to take a long time to get everything done.
However, this is not exactly true, because BDD sufferers will often just stop what they were doing for a long time, so it is not just that they are slow, but find it difficult to concentrate on what they are doing.
without being able to actually motivate themselves until it becomes completely necessary to get back up.
This low amount of motivation can be in all parts of a person's life, for example, school, friends, love, family, or work.
However, when the person is trying to do things to the way they look, such as combing their hair, or choosing clothes, it is common for the person to have an extreme motivation.
Therefore, people with BDD can sometimes not feel motivated for anything in their life, but when they are working on their looks, they will have an extreme motivation that is not normal either.
They found that the percentage of people in the USA with BDD who commit suicide is 45 times higher than the percentage of all the USA population who commit suicide.
The percentage of people in the USA with BDD who commit suicide is more than 2 times higher than the percentage of people in the USA with depression who commit suicide.
The percentage of people in the USA with BDD who commit suicide is 3 times higher than the percentage of people in the USA with bipolar disorder who commit suicide.
Another condition, Gender identity disorder (GID), where the person finds his or her gender as a male or female uncomfortable, often has BDD-like feelings that are only directed at the primary and/or secondary sex characteristics on their body, which disagree with the person's perception of their own gender since birth.
People with GID may also have BDD-like traits or their condition may be mis-diagnosed as BDD.
Most studies reported a pre- transition GID suicide attempt rate of 20% or more.
The suicide attempt rate for patients with BDD is 15%.
No studies are available showing overlap between GID and BDD suicide rate because BDD is excluded as a condition prior to GID diagnosis.
BDD and GID are different conditions.
One of the key differences is the fact that BDD responds to psychopharmacology, whereas GID does not.
Furthermore, psychopharmacology or psychotherapy are often successful in convincing the BDD sufferer that their perceptions are distorted.
Those with GID are rarely convinced that they are mistaken.
GID (especially "transsexualism") also often manifests during early childhood, rather than during adolescence.
It is standard practice in treating BDD to convince sufferers that surgical procedures are not necessary because eradicating their first perceived defect through surgery will only make them start obsessing about their next perceived defect, whereas those people properly diagnosed as "transsexual" under GID benefit greatly from surgical procedures specifically targeted at their primary or secondary sex characteristics.
However, a person with GID may also have BDD if they obsess over perceived defects on their body that contradict or go beyond their gender identity.
BDD is often wrongly thought of as a 'vanity' obsession, but it is actually the opposite, because people with BDD believe they are very ugly, even though people without BDD do not think they are.
There is not usually actually anything wrong with the way the person with BDD looks, but to that person, there is.
A person with BDD can spend hours looking in the mirror, but they are not being vain, as they do not think they are attractive.
People with BDD usually realize that worrying about their looks so much is bad, but they can not help it.
ALSO a person with BDD may alternatively avoid mirrors at all costs.
Or any reflective surfaces for that matter.
Including spoons, windows, mirrors, etc.
Research found that talking as therapy, has not worked to stop BDD.
However, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been found to be more effective.
In a study of 54 patients with BDD, some of them had Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and some had no treatment.
BDD symptoms decreased a lot in those patients undergoing CBT.
BDD was eliminated in 82% of cases at post treatment and 77% at follow-up. (
8) Due to low levels of serotonin in the brain, another commonly used treatment is SSRI drugs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor).
74 subjects were enrolled in a placebo controlled study group to evaluate the efficiency of fluoxetine hydrochloride, a SSRI drug.
Patients were randomized to receive 12-weeks of double-blind treatment with fluoxetine or the placebo.
At the end of 12 weeks, 53% of patients responded to the fluoxetine.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder is a chronic disease that has symptoms that never subside.
Instead, they get worse as time goes on.
Without treatment, BDD could last a lifetime.
In many cases, as illustrated in The Broken Mirror by Katharine Phillips, the social lives of many patients disintegrates because they are so preoccupied with their appearance.
Gender identity disorder
BDD is an abbreviation.
It may mean:
Binary decision diagram, a data structure in computer science
Body dysmorphic disorder, a mental disorder
Behavior driven development, a software design method
Business-driven development, a software development method focusing on business requirements
BostonDirtDogs.com, a blog-style website focusing on the Boston Red Sox
Business Desktop Deployment, a free set of tools by Microsoft to manage desktop deployment projects
A bed and breakfast is a private home in which someone can stay when travelling abroad.
Sakach, Deborah Edwards, Bed & Breakfasts and Country Inns (American Historic Inns, Inc., 16th edition, 2004)
Jan Stankus, How to Open and Operate a Bed & Breakfast (Globe Pequot Press, 7th edition 2003)
Martha Watson Murphy and Amelia Rockwell Seton, How to Start and Operate Your Own Bed-And-Breakfast/Down-To-Earth Advice from an Award-Winning B&B Owner (Owlet, 1994)
Mary Davis, So-You Want to Be an Innkeeper: The Definitive Guide to Operating a Successful Bed-And-Breakfast or Country Inn (Chronicle Books, 1996)
Susannah Craig and Park Davis, Complete Idiot's Guide to Running a Bed and Breakfast (Alpha Books, 2001)
Cheryl Verstrate, Homestay 101 for Hosts (Start and Run a Successful Homestay), 1st edition,2006
Sandee Wright, Owner & Innkeeper of Timberwolf Creek, Maggie Valley NC, Founder of CAIK (Caucus of American InnKeepers)
The real name of the Maestro in the sitcom Seinfeld
Robert H. Cobb, the creator of the Cobb Salad
Robert W. Cobb, a government official
A trailer or vehicle accessory used for camping, see recreational vehicle, travel trailer or camper shell.
A Campervan - a self-powered van converted for camping.
a person who engages in camping.
a reference to the alternative rock band named Camper Van Beethoven.
in online games, a player who stays in one area of the game world, see camping (computer gaming).
Camper, a shoe company from Majorca, Spain.
a camper can be a term for one who stays in their vehicle for a long period of time.
Petrus Camper, a Dutch anatomist.
James "Jimmy" Cotton (July 1, 1935 – March 16, 2017), was an American blues harmonica player, singer, and songwriter.
He was an orphan.
Cotton first became interested in playing music when he heard Sonny Boy Williamson on the radio.
He left his home to find Sonny Boy Williamson, and when he found him (in West Helena, Arkansas), Williamson took him in and raised him.
Blues singer Bobby Bland was his half-brother.
Cotton first began playing the blues harp in Williamson's band, called Howlin Wolf's.
After one gig, Sonny Boy quit the band to live with his wife in Milwaukee.
He left the band in Cotton's hands.
Cotton said, "He just gave it to me.
But I couldn't hold it together 'cause I was too young and crazy in those days an' everybody in the band was grown men, so much older than me."
Cotton started working with the Muddy Waters Band in 1955.
He performed songs like "I Got My Mojo Working" and "She's Nineteen Years Old".
After leaving Muddy's band in 1966, Cotton toured with Janis Joplin.
Alone, Cotton wrote classic songs like "Cotton Crop Blues", "Rocket 88" and "Hold Me In Your Arms".
He formed the James Cotton Blues Band in 1967.
They performed all of Cotton's classics and more.
Cotton played harmonica on Muddy Water's Grammy Award winning 1977 album Hard Again.
James Cotton's band would also get nominated for two Grammy Awards.
The first one was for his 1984 release, Live From Chicago: Mr. Superharp Himself!.
His second for Take Me Back.
Sonny Boy Williamson
Jimmie Vaughan
Chicago/The Blues/Today!
Live from Chicago Mr. Superharp Himself High Compression 100% Cotton
Live & On the Move
Fire Down Under the Hill
Baby, Don't You Tear My Cloths
''35th Anniversary Jam
All Music Guide
James Cotton discography from Music City
His official website
Review of Breakin' It Up Breakin' It Down CD
Blues harp players
Disease-related deaths in Texas
Accommodation is the way the eye increases optical power (the degree to which the lens converges or diverges light).
This is necessary to produce a clear image (focus) on an object when it draws near the eye.
A lens that is more convex( fatter in the middle) would refract more light rays than a less convex lens (thinner lens).
The lens can change shape because the cells of the lens contain an elastic crystalline protein.
The young human eye can change focus from distance to seven centimeters from the eye in 350 milliseconds.
The eye focuses on a given object by changing the shape of the eye lens through accommodation.
This is controlled by ciliary muscle,which surrounds the lens.
pupilEyes - Learn about accommodation of the eye
In reality the focus is never a point but a small spot called the blur circle.
Vich once had a paleolithic village (which are about 2.5 million years old) on it.
There are also clues that it was lived on during the Bronze Age.
There is also a Roman paved road running through it from Nyon to Orbe.
Vich was controlled by many people.
It belonged to the lords of Besançon to Cossonay,  Prangins and Savoy.
In 1536 the canton of Vaud was taken by the Bernese who kept it until 1798 when the canton was freed by the French revolutionary troops.
In 1803, Vich joined the Swiss Confederation.
Official website (French)
Aerial photographs on swisscastle.ch
Ludiano is a former municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Ludiano, Malvaglia and Semione merged to form the new municipality of Serravalle.
Lugaggia was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Lugano (Latin language: Luganum) is a city of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Since 2004 the former municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona and Viganello were incorporated into the city.
In 2008, they were followed by Barbengo, Carabbia and Villa Luganese.
In 2013 the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico and Valcolla were incorporated into the city.
Lugano Tourism
Lugano Monte Brè
Lumino is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
The Pyramids of Egypt are among the largest structures ever built and are one of the most important examples of Ancient Egyptian civilisation.
Most were built during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.
The pyramid were mostly made of limestone.
The top layers were casing blocks of especially good white limestone laid on top of the main blocks.
Each casing block was then trimmed so that the outer surface of the pyramid would be smooth and white.
Some capstones were covered with metal leaf.
The casing blocks from the Great Pyramid of Giza were all removed in the 14th and 15th  centuries A.D. and used to build the city of Cairo.
Some casing blocks still remain on the top of the pyramid next to Khufu's (belonging to Khafra).
The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens.
The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of different sizes from before the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom.
Three small pyramids were built on the eastern side of the great pyramid.
These pyramids were built for Khufu's queens.
A small satellite pyramid was built near the queens' pyramids.
Some experts believe that this may have been built as a symbolic tomb for Khufu's ka (spirit).
Surrounding the pyramid there are several hundred mastaba tombs of nobles.
The nobles wanted to be buried close to their pharaoh so that they would stay close to him in the next life.
Construction dates
There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt.
The three largest and best-preserved of these were built at Giza in the Old Kingdom.
The best-known of these pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khufu.
It is known as the 'Great Pyramid'.
The following table lays out the dates of construction of most of the major pyramids.
Each pyramid is identified by the pharaoh who ordered it built, their approximate reign and its place.
Old Kingdom Pyramids of Egypt - Aldokkan
Pyramids of Egypt – Comprehensive site by an Egyptian archaeology enthusiast that includes spectacular photographs of dozens of pyramids.
Ancient Authors – A site that quotes descriptions of the "Labyrinth" of Amenemhet III's pyramid at el-Lahun by various ancient authors.
Ancient Egyptian History - A comprehensive & consise educational website focusing on the basic and the advanced in all aspects of Ancient Egypt
ANCIENT EGYPT - History & Chronology – A site detailing the major pyramid sites of ancient Egypt and Nubia (Sudan).
www.great-pyramid.info  –  Photographs and information on Egyptian pyramids.
Pyramids of Giza colour satellite imagery  (Wikimapia - Google maps)
Pyramids in relation with the Noble Quraan (Quran)
diagram of an ancient pyramid from bbc.co.uk
Great Pyramid of Giza -Citizendium
Pyramids of Egypt
Pyramids of Giza color satellite imagery
Vigo di Fassa, Italy
Vic, Spain
Sir Andrew Barron Murray  (born 15 May 1987) is a British professional tennis player from Scotland, known as Andy Murray.
He was ranked as the number one British tennis player from 2006 to early 2018.
From 7 November 2016 to 20 August 2017 Murray was number 1 in the world rankings.
Murray was born in Glasgow.
His brother is tennis player Jamie Murray.
As a junior, Murray won the US Open and reached the semifinals of the French Open.
Murray turned professional in 2005.
Murray was given a Wild Card to Wimbledon and the US Open in 2005, where he reached the third round to David Nalbandian at Wimbledon; and the second round at the US Open.
Murray claimed his first title in 2006 at the SAP Open as he beat Lleyton Hewitt in the final.
He has appeared in 11 Grand Slam finals, winning three.
The first time was in the 2008 US Open.
The second time was in the 2010 Australian Open.
Both times he lost to Roger Federer.
The third time was in the 2011 Australian Open, when he lost to Novak Djokovic.
The fourth time was in the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, when he lost to Roger Federer again.
Murray won a gold medal in the singles of the London 2012 Summer Olympics, beating Federer in straight sets.
Murray won the US Open singles later in 2012, defeating Novak Djokovic.
In 2013, Murray won the Wimbledon singles, beating Djokovic 6–4, 7–5, 6–4.
In 2016, he won the Wimbledon singles again, beating Milos Raonic 6–4, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–2) in the final.
In August 2016, he won the gold medal in the singles at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
British Olympic silver medalists
British male tennis players
Sportspeople from Glasgow
The Old Kingdom is the name for Egypt during the 3rd millennium BC when  the civilization of Egypt had its first peak.
It was the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley (the others being Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom).
Old Kingdom was the best by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2686 BC – 2134 BC).
Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth  Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis.
The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline that is called the First Intermediate Period by Egyptologists.
The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was Memphis.
During the Old Kingdom era the great pyramids were built to be burial tombs for the Pharaohs.
Because Pharaohs were believed to be given authority from heaven, they wished to walk to Ra, their Sun-god, after death.
King Zoser's adviser Inhotep designed the pyramid, hoping to easily reach Ra.
The tombs were built on the west bank of the Nile where the sun seemed to set.
For this reason, the Old Kingdom is sometimes called "The Age of the Pyramids."
Khufu, called Cheops, was the Pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid at Giza, near Cairo.
He believed his soul never died, so they stored food, clothes, and things he owned in the rooms of the pyramid.
The Great Pyramid is one of the Seven Wonders of the World: tall as a forty-story building, it took a hundred thousand men twenty years to build.
With only ramps and physical energy, they had to move and lift into place 2,300,000 blocks of limestone that were about two and one-half tons apiece.
Slaves, farmers, and gangs of men had to work on the Great Pyramid, and were paid with valuable things, not coins (Egyptians had no coins).
To guard the pyramids, a huge stone statue called the Great Sphinx was created and placed nearby.
The Great Sphinx has a man's head and a lion's body, with paws 50 ft (15 m) long.
At last, the priests overthrew the Pharaohs.
Then the nobles and priests ruled.
Jaromir Malek, In the Shadow of the Pyramids: Egypt During the Old Kingdom, University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.
Egyptian Art in the Age of the older set of Pyramids, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.
(catalogue for travelling exhibition of the same name)
The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom
Middle East on the Matrix: Egypt, The Old Kingdom  – Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the Old Kingdom
Old Kingdom of Egypt- Aldokkan
Memphis was the ancient capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and later for shorter periods during the New Kingdom.
It was an administrative centre throughout ancient history.
Its ancient Egyptian name was Ineb Hedj ("The White Walls").
The name "Memphis" () is the Greek  of the Egyptian name of the pyramid of Pepi I (6th dynasty), which was Men-nefer, and became Menfe in Coptic.
The modern cities and towns of Mit Rahina, Dahshur, Saqqara, Abusir, Abu Gorab, and Zawyet el'Aryan, south of Cairo, all lie within the administrative borders of historical Memphis ().
Baines & Malek Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt, 2000.
On the Memphis Theology
Memphis site (Windows Live Local)
Archaeological sites in Egypt
World Heritage Sites in Egypt
These are ways of predicting how hard a piece of writing will be to understand (its textual difficulty).
Formulae for predicting how difficult a sample of prose will be for readers are called "readability formulae".
Some measure only the difficulty of the vocabulary: they are one-variable measures.
Others include a measure of syntax such as sentence length.
Validity of the formulae
Validity of formulae can be judged by comparing them to each other, which is a kind of consistency check.
More important is a check for how well they predict an independent ("outside") criterion of readability.
One way to do this is to use a set of graded test passages.
There the correlation coefficient of the better formulae "hovers around 70%".p113 There have been many dozens of experimental tests, summarised by Klare.p121–156 Correlations between readability measures and comprehension scores on passages are usual, as are correlations between readability scores are grade levels as chosen by experienced teachers.
Quite an important result was got by Murphy, who increased the readability of a farm journal and found the readership much increased.
SMOG
The SMOG formula uses one variable to predict the difficulty of a passage of prose.
It was developed G. Harry McLaughlin in 1969 to make calculations as simple as possible.
Like Gunning-Fog the formula uses words which have 3 or more syllables as an indicator for hardness; these words are said to be polysyllabic.
The original formula was given for samples of 30 sentences.
It is:
Count the number of words with 3 or more syllables, excluding names, in a set of 30 sentences
Take the square root of the nearest perfect square
Add 3 to get the estimated SMOG grade
The Dale–Chall formula
Edgar Dale, a professor of education at Ohio State University, was one of the first critics of Thorndike's vocabulary-frequency lists.
He claimed that they did not distinguish between the different meanings that many words have.
He created two new lists of his own.
One, his "short list" of 769 easy words, was used by Irving Lorge in his formula.
The other was his "long list" of 3,000 easy words, which were understood by 80 percent of fourth-grade students.
In 1948, he incorporated this list in a formula which he developed with Jeanne S. Chall, who was to become the founder of the Harvard Reading Laboratory.
Select several 100-word samples throughout the text.
Compute the average sentence length in words (divide the number of words by the number of sentences).
Compute the percentage of words NOT on the Dale–Chall word list of 3,000 easy words.
Compute this equation
Raw Score = uncorrected reading grade of a student who can answer one-half of the test questions on a passage.
PDW = Percentage of Difficult Words not on the Dale–Chall word list.
ASL = Average Sentence Length
Flesch reading ease score
The US Department of Defense uses the reading ease test as the standard test of readability for its documents and forms.
Florida requires that life insurance policies have a Flesch reading ease score of 45 or greater.
Gunning Fog
The Gunning Fog, sometimes called the Fog index, is a formula developed by Robert Gunning.
It was first published in his book The Technique of Clear Writing in 1952.
It became popular because the score is easy to calculate.
The formula has been criticized as it mainly uses sentence length.
The critics argue that texts created with the formula will use shorter sentences without using simpler words.
However, this criticism confuses prediction of difficulty with production of prose (writing).
The role of readability tests is to predict difficulty; writing better prose is quite another matter.
As discussed in prose difficulty, sentence length is an index of syntactical difficulty.
words is number of words
sentences is number of sentences
hard words is the number of word with 3 or more syllables (excluding endings) which are not names or compound words
The Spache method compares words in a text to a list of words which are familiar in everyday writing.
It is designed to work on texts for children in primary education or grades from 1 to 7.
Coleman-Liau Index
The calculations are performed in two steps.
The first step finds the Estimated Close Percentage.
The second step calculates the actual grade.
Automated Readability Index
A Nome (from , “district”) was an administrative part of ancient Egypt.
Nome is a Greek name, used late in Egypt's history; the Egyptian name was "sepat".
The division of ancient Egypt into nomes happened before 3100 BC.
These nomes began as autonomous city-states, but later began to join together.
According to ancient tradition, the ruler Menes finally joined all the nomes into a single kingdom.
Lower Egypt, from the Old Kingdom capital Memphis to the Mediterranean Sea, had 20 nomes.
The first was based around Memphis, Saqqara, and Giza, in the area occupied by modern-day Cairo.
The nomes were numbered in a more or less orderly fashion south to north through the Nile delta.
The numbering started in the west, and continued with the higher numbers in the east.
Alexandria was in the Third Nome; Bubastis was in the Eighteenth.
Upper Egypt was divided into 22 nomes.
The first of these was centered around Elephantine close to Egypt's border with Nubia at the First Cataract – the area of modern-day Aswan.
From there the numbering progressed downriver in an orderly fashion along the narrow fertile strip of land that was the Nile valley.
Waset (ancient Thebes or contemporary Luxor) was in the Fourth Nome, Amarna in the Fourteenth, and Meidum in the Twenty-First.
List of nomes
Alan K. Bowman (1990).
Egypt After the Pharaohs.
Details of the nomes
Archaeological survey of the nomes
The cataracts of the Nile are areas between Aswan and Khartoum where the water is shallow and flows quickly.
The surface is broken by numerous small boulders and stones that lie on the river bed, as well as many small rocky islets.
This is called "rapids or "white water".
River cataracts often go with a rapid down-drop of the river.
They block the waterway, since boats cannot safely carry cargo though.
The six first cataracts of the River Nile were the main obstacles for boats sailing on the Nile in antiquity.
Counted upstream (from north to south), the First Cataract is in modern Egypt; the rest are in Sudan.
The First Cataract is near Aswan
The Second Cataract (or Great Cataract) was in Nubia and is now submerged in Lake Nasser
The Third Cataract is around Tombos  / Hannek
The Fourth Cataract is in the Manasir Desert and will be flooded by the Merowe Dam from 2006 onward
The Fifth Cataract is near the confluence with the Atbara River
The Sixth Cataract is where the Nile cuts through the Sabaluka pluton near Bagrawiyah
The word cataract comes from the Greek word Katarakhtes meaning "waterfall".
In ancient times, Upper Egypt extended from the Nile Delta to the first cataract.
Further upstream, in what is modern Sudan, the land was later controlled by the Kingdom of Kush.
The 1899 book The River War by Winston Churchill explains each of the cataracts.
The Cataract Nile and the Great Bend  -University of Texas
Second Cataract: Second Cataract Second Cataract
Third Cataract: Third Cataract Third Cataract  Third Cataract
Fourth Cataract: Fourth Cataract
Fifth Cataract: Fifth Cataract
Sixth Cataract: Fifth Cataract Fifth Cataract