the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The  was added to the World Heritage List in 2007.
The maps of Japan and Iwami Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Mononobe jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Iwami.
was an island province of Japan in the area of Shimane Prefecture on the island of Honshū.
The province was the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan.
The islands are near the provinces of Izumo and Hōki.
The maps of Japan and Oki Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Mizuwakasu jinja and Yurahime jinja were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Oki.
Les nuits d'été (Summer Nights), Op.
7, is a song cycle by the French composer Hector Berlioz.
It is a setting of six poems by Théophile Gautier.
Berlioz finished composing the songs in 1841.
At first they were just for a singer with piano accompaniment.
The singer could be either baritone, contralto, or mezzo-soprano.
Later Berlioz changed the work, making the voice a soprano and arranging the accompaniment for orchestra.
The first song to be orchestrated was L'Absence.
He wrote this version for a singer called Marie Recio who went with him on a concert tour of Germany.
All six songs were published in their orchestral version in 1856.
That is how the work is nearly always performed nowadays.
The titles of the songs are:
Villanelle (Villanelle)
Le spectre de la rose (The spectre of the rose)
Sur les lagunes (On the lagoons)
Absence (Absence)
Au cimetière (In the cemetery)
L'île inconnue (The unknown island)
New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed.
Amethyst Amelia Kelly (born 7 June 1990), better known by her stage name Iggy Azalea, is an Australian rapper, singer, and songwriter.
She was born in Sydney and raised in Mullumbimby, New South Wales.
She started rapping at age 16 when she moved to the United States.
In September 2011 she released her first mixtape Ignorant Art.
It made two promotional songs, "My World" and "Pu$$y".
Azalea's first album, The New Classic, was going to be released in September 2013.
It was later released in 2014.
The single "Fancy" from the album, which features British singer-songwriter Charli XCX, went on to reach number one in the United States and Canada, while becoming the fourth-best performing song of 2014 on the US Billboard Hot 100.
The next single, "Black Widow", features British singer Rita Ora and reached the top three of the Billboard Hot 100.
The album was rereleased with the title Reclassified in late 2014 and featured the singles "Beg for It" featuring Danish recording artist MØ and "Trouble" featuring American R&B singer Jennifer Hudson.
The New Classic (2014)
Reclassified (2014)
Digital Distortion (2016)
Ignorant Art (2011)
"Glory" (2012)
"Trap Gold" (2012)
The Nexus S is the second Google smartphone in the Google Nexus series.
It is the first phone with Android 2.3.
Official Nexus S page
was an old province of Japan in the area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.
The maps of Japan and Tajima Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Izushi jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Tajima.
, also known as Tanba, was an old province of Japan in the area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.
Along with Tango Province, it was sometimes called .
In 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month), Tamba was separated from Tango.
The maps of Japan and Tamba Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Izumo daijinjū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Tamba.
was an old province in the area of Kyoto Prefecture on the island of Honshū.
Along with Tamba Province, it was sometimes called .
In 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month), Tango was separated from Tamba province.
The maps of Japan and Tango Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Kono jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Tango.
was an old province in Japan in the area of Niigata Prefecture on the island of Honshū.
The maps of Japan and Echigo Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Iyahiko jinju and Koko jinja were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Echigo.
was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukui Prefecture on the island of Honshū.
Along with Etchū and Echigo Provinces, it was sometimes called .
The maps of Japan and Echizen Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Echizen Provincial office was established in Nyū (丹生郡, Nyū-gun).
Kehi jingū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Echizen.
Ōmushi jinja was estublished in Suishin emperor 7.
It is written in “Engishiki Jinmyoutyou” and the old status of a Shinto shrine is prefectural shrine.
Kirkpatrick Sale (born in Ithaca, New York, June 27, 1937) is an independent scholar and author who has written about political decentralism, environmentalism, luddism and technology.
People say he has a "philosophy unified by decentralism" and as being "a leader of the Neo-Luddites,", an "anti-globalization leftist," and "the theoretician for a new secessionist movement."
Sale grew up in Cayuga Heights, Ithaca, New York, and would later say of the village that he "spent most of my first twenty years there, and that has made an imprint on me–on my philosophy, social attitudes, certainly on my politics–that has lasted powerfully for the rest of my life."
He graduated from Cornell University, majoring in history, in 1958.
He served as editor of the student-owned and managed newspaper, the Cornell Daily Sun.
Sale was one of the leaders of the May 23, 1958 protest against university policies forbidding male and female students fraternizing and its in loco parentis policy.
Sale and his friend and roommate Richard Farina, and three others, were charged by Cornell.
The protest was described in Farina's 1966 novel, Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me.
Upon graduating in 1958, Sale married Faith Apfelbaum.
She later worked as an editor with Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Joseph Heller and Amy Tan.
Faith died in 1999.
Sale worked initially in journalism for the leftist journal New Leader, "a magazine founded in 1924 in part by socialists Norman Thomas and Eugene Debs," and the New York Times Magazine.
He then became a freelance journalist.
His second book, SDS, was about the radical 1960s group Students for a Democratic Society, of which he was a founder.
The book "is still considered one of the best sources on the youth activist organization that helped define 1960s radicalism."
In 1968, he signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.
Subsequent books explored radical decentralism, bioregionalism, environmentalism, the Luddites and similar themes.
He "has been a regular contributor to progressive magazines like Mother Jones and The Nation for the better part of his writing career," and has continued to write for those publications, as well as for The American Conservative, CounterPunch, The New York Review of Books, and the Utne Reader.
Sale presented public affairs programming for WBAI in the early 1980s and has made appearances on alternative radio over the years.
In his 1990 book, The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy, Sale argued that Christopher Columbus was an imperialist bent on conquest from his first voyage.
In a New York Times book review, historian and member of the Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee Committee William H. McNeill wrote about Sale: "he has set out to destroy the heroic image that earlier writers have transmitted to us.
Mr. Sale makes Columbus out to be cruel, greedy and incompetent (even as a sailor), and a man who was perversely intent on abusing the natural paradise on which he intruded."
The book Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in American History presents a debate between Sale and Robert Royal, vice president for research at the Ethics and Public Policy Center, who insisted that Columbus was a courageous risk-taker who advanced knowledge about other parts of the world.
Sale "has written extensively and skeptically about technology," and has said he is "a great admirer" of anarchoprimitivist John Zerzan.
He has described personal computers as "the devil's work" and in the past started public speeches by smashing one.
During promotion of his 1995 book Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution, Sale debated with Newsweek Magazine senior editor and technology columnist Steven Levy "about the relative merits of the communications age".
Sale has said that he does not "care much for popular music outside some of the Tin Pan Alley era tunes of the early 20th century."
For example, "he once heard a 'racket' in a nightclub during ... the 1960s from some 'young man' everyone told him was a 'big deal.'
That 'young man' turned out to be Bob Dylan."
Kirk recalls that "he’d never heard anything so awful in his life."
In 1995, Sale agreed to a public bet with Kevin Kelly that by the year 2020, there would be three disasters: global currency collapse, significant warfare between rich and poor, and environmental disasters of some significant size.
The bet was turned into a claim on the FX prediction market, where the probability has hovered around 25%.
Sale believes that people should be able to break apart large nation-states into small pieces (secession).
Sale has been called "one of the intellectual godfathers of the secessionist movement."
He argues that the major theme of contemporary history, from the dissolution of the Soviet Union to the expansion of United Nations membership from 51 in 1945 to  nations today, is the breakup of great empires.
People on both left and right call for smaller, less powerful government.
In 2004, Sale and members of the Second Vermont Republic formed the Middlebury Institute which is dedicated to the study of separatism, secession, and self-determination.
In 2006, Middlebury sponsored the First North American Secessionist Convention, which attracted 40 participants from 16 secessionist organizations and was described as the first gathering of secessionists since the American Civil War.
Delegates issued a statement of principles of secession which they presented as the "Burlington Declaration".
In October 2007, the New York Times interviewed Sale about the Second North American Secessionist Convention, co-hosted by the Middlebury Institute.
Sale told the interviewer, "The virtue of small government is that the mistakes are small as well."
He went on to say, "If you want to leave a nation you think is corrupt, inefficient, militaristic, oppressive, repressive, but you don't want to move to Canada or France, what do you do?
Well, the way is through secession, where you could stay home and be where you want to be.”
The convention received worldwide media attention.
News stories about the Second North American Secessionist Convention in 2007 mentioned the controversial Southern Poverty Law Center's allegations that the other co-sponsor, The League of the South, was a "racist hate group."
Sale responded, "They call everybody racists.
There are, no doubt, racists in the League of the South, and there are, no doubt, racists everywhere."
The Southern Poverty Law Center later criticized the New York Times' October 2007 Peter Applebombe interview of Sale for not covering its allegations.
Sale wrote the foreword to Thomas Naylor's 2008 book Secession: How Vermont and all the Other States Can Save Themselves from the Empire.
Sale continues to speak on secession and other issues around the nation.
The Land and People of Ghana, Lippincott, 1963, 1972.
SDS, Random House, 1973.
Vintage Books edition (paperback) 1974.
Power Shift:  The Rise of the Southern Rim and Its Challenge to the Eastern Establishment.
New York:  Random House, 1975.
Human Scale.
New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1980.
Dwellers in the Land: The Bioregional Vision.
San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1985.
The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy, Knopf, 1990.
The Green Revolution: The American Environmental Movement, 1962-1992, Hill and Wang, 1993.
Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution: Lessons for the Computer Age, Addison Wesley, 1995.
Why the Sea Is Salt: Poems of Love and Loss, iuniverse, 2001.
The Fire of His Genius: Robert Fulton and the American Dream, Free Press, 2001.
After Eden: The Evolution of Human Domination, Duke University Press, 2006.
Writings on-line
links Sale articles as updated  at Middlebury Institute, including "Breakdown of Nations," "Small Is Powerful," "Lessons of 9/11," "Things Fall Apart," "Seeing Red - and Seeing Blue," "The Case for American Secession," as well as videos featuring Sale.
The Sesquicentennial Is Upon Us, LewRockwell.com, April 19, 2011.
Are Anarchists Revolting? ,
The American Conservative, July 1, 2010.
An Enemy of the State , The American Conservative, November 6, 2006.
Sale contribution in The American Conservative magazine to the topic What is Left?
What is Right?
Does it matter? ,
August 28, 2006.
Blue State Secession, The Nation, December 13, 2005.
Imperial Entropy: Collapse of the American Empire , CounterPunch, February 22, 2005.
An End to the Israeli Experiment?
Unmaking a Grievous Error , CounterPunch, March 3, 2003.
the Fire of His Genius, Robert Fulton and the American Dream , summary and first chapter of Sale’s book.
Unabomber's Secret Treatise: Is There Method In His Madness? ,
printed at Electronic Frontier Foundation web site.
The Imposition of Technology
Five Facets of a Myth
An Overview of Decentralism , Keynote Remarks at E. F. Schumacher Society Decentralist Conference, June 28–30, 1996.
The Columbian Legacy and the Ecosterian Response , E. F. Schumacher Society Third Annual Lecture, October 1990.
Mother of All: An Introduction to Bioregionalism , E. F. Schumacher Society Third Annual Lecture, October 1983.
Interview  at Antiwar.com
Interview on Luddism at primitivism.com
Luddism in the New Millennium, David Kupfer interview
Kevin Kelly interview (WiReD), 2004.
The Bioregionalist Vision, Julie A. Wortman interview
Apostle of Catastrophe, Derek Turner interview , Quarterly Review, 2007 (PDF).
A Vision of a Nation No Longer in the U.S., Peter Applebaum interview, New York Times, 2007.
Secession Is the Future , interview with Kayhan International newspaper of Tehran, Iran, July 21, 2009. (
Also at PressTV.Ir .)
Interview with Arthur Versluis, "Interview with Kirkpatrick Sale."
Journal for the Study of Radicalism, 2:2 (2009), pp.
133–145
Prof. Martin Ryder's page on Luddites and neo-Luddites with information on Kirkpatrick Sale  - University of Colorado at Denver, School of Education
Booknotes interview with Sale on The Fire of His Genius: Robert Fulton and the American Dream, November 25, 2001.
was an old province of Japan in the area of Toyama Prefecture on the island of Honshū.
Along with Echizen and Echigo Provinces, it was sometimes called .
The maps of Japan and Etchū Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Takase jinja, Keta jinja and Oyama jinja were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Etchū.
was an old province in the area of Ishikawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.
The maps of Japan and Kaga Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Shirayamahime jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Kaga.
The Royal New Zealand Navy is the navy of New Zealand.
It is the maritime arm of the New Zealand Defence Force.
As of 2012 the Navy includes twelve ships.
Five Naval helicopters are operated by the Royal New Zealand Air Force.
The Navy was formed during World War II in 1942.
Prior to that the Royal Navy had protected New Zealand.
Naval Combat Force: The Navy's fighting ships (frigates).
Naval Patrol Force: The Navy's patrol boats.
Logistics Support Force: The Navy's support ships (e.g. tankers).
Littoral Warfare Support Group: The Navy's coastal forces.
Air support uses the SH-2G Seasprite helicopter.
They are operated by both the Navy and Air Force.
They are part of No.
6 Squadron RNZAF.
The helicopters mainly serve on HMNZS Canterbury, the frigates and the Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs).
Defence: "to secure New Zealand from external threat, to protect our sovereign interests, including in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and to be able to take action to meet likely contingencies in our strategic area of interest."
International Participation: Supporting peace-keeping and other missions around the globe.
Civilian Support: Helping Government agencies such as customs.
The Navy has one base in Auckland Harbour called the Devonport Naval Base.
It is named after the naval base in Plymouth, Britain.
The base includes harbour facilities for the whole fleet.
It also includes a dry-dock, once the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere, and the Navy's school.
On 1 July 2007 the RNZN had a total of 2,034 Regular Force personnel, 237 Naval Reserve personnel and 378 civilian employees, totalling 2,699.
Around 1800 of that total are based at the Devonport Naval base in Auckland.
Anzac Class Frigate
HMNZS Te Kaha (F77) is one of the navy's two frigates.
She entered service in 1997.
Her name means strength in Maori.
She has served in the Persian Gulf and Solomon Islands.
HMNZS Te Mana (F111) is one of the navy's two frigates.
She entered service in 1999.
Her name means authority in Maori.
She is regularly sent to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman on patrol.
Canterbury Class MRV
HMNZS Canterbury (L421) is the navy's flagship.
She entered service in 2007.
She is named after one of the big cities in New Zealand, Canterbury.
The last HMNZS Canterbury was a famous ship in the Navy.
She can do a variety of roles to support the Navy and Army.
She has responded to all of the major disasters in Australia and New Zealand since her commissioning.
Androidland is the first Android retail store, opened by the company Telstra on Bourke Street, Melbourne, Australia, in December 2011.
Two more Androidland stores opened in India in 2013.
Official Telstra Press Release
News of about the store at the Official Google Australia Blog
Images of the store
2011 establishments in Australia
Android Market, the place to get "apps" for an Android system
Androidland, a "real" shop with Android phones and other Android-related material
Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (also known as King Leka I; 5 April 193930 November 2011), was the only son of King Zog I of Albania.
Leka was also called King Leka of Albania, but he was never the ruler of the country.
He was born in Tirana in 1939.
Two days later, the family was forced to leave Albania after Italy invaded the country.
When his father died in exile in 1961, Leka was crowned king in a hotel in Paris.
He returned to Albania in 1993, but was not allowed to stay in the country.
He made a second visit in 1997.
The country held a vote to decide whether they wanted to go back to a monarchy or stay as a republic.
The country voted for a republic, but Leka said the vote had been changed.
His supporters created demonstrations against the government.
Several people were killed in the demonstrations.
Leka again had to leave Albania.
He died on 30 November 2011 in Mother Teresa Hospital, Tirana from heart and lung illnesss.
He was buried next to his wife’s and mother’s grave at the public Sharra cemetery in a Tirana suburb.
Dedet, Joséphine "Géraldine, reine des Albanais".
Paris: Belfond, 2016, published at the occasion of Prince Leka's wedding in Tirana, on October 8, 2016 (Leka being Geraldine's grand-son) ; former editions: Criterion, 1997  and Belfond, 2012, .
Biography enriched by the Queen's testimony, by her personal archives and by a huge correspondence with the author, who has benefited of many unpublished sources.
Dedet, Joséphine, Géraldine, Egy Magyar No Albania Tronjan, Budapest : Europa, 2015, , best-seller in Hungary, translation of Géraldine, reine des Albanais".
Najbor, Patrice. "
Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale" (5 volumes) - JePublie - Paris - 2008
Rees, Neil.
A Royal Exile – King Zog & Queen Geraldine of Albania including their wartime exile in the Thames Valley and Chilterns, 2010 ()
People from Tirana
The Prime Minister of Thailand (; ) is the head of government of Thailand.
The Prime Minister is also the chair of the Cabinet of Thailand.
The office was created after the Revolution of 1932.
This was when the country became a constitutional monarchy.
The current prime minister is Prayut Chan-o-cha.
Official Website, website for the Royal Thai Government
History of Thai Prime Ministers , a detailed list of Prime Ministers
Graphene is one of the forms of carbon.
Like diamonds and graphite, the forms (or 'allotropes') of carbon have different crystal structures, and this gives them different properties.
Graphene is the basic 2D (two dimensional) form of a number of 3D allotropes, such as graphite, charcoal, fullerene and carbon nanotubes.
The term graphene was coined as a combination of graphite and the suffix '-ene' by Hanns-Peter Boehm, who described single-layer carbon foils in 1962.
Graphene is like a honeycomb or 'chicken wire' structure, made of carbon atoms and their bonds.
Graphite is many graphene sheets stacked together.
Graphene oxide
An international team from the University of Manchester made a membrane of graphene oxide.
They showed it blocked many gases and liquids but let water through.
Sir Andre Geim said: "Helium gas is hard to stop.
It slowly leaks even through a millimetre-thick window glass but our ultra-thin films completely block it.
At the same time, water evaporates through them unimpeded.
Materials cannot behave any stranger".
Latest idea
Membranes of graphene will make pretty good bullet-stoppers.
Research shows that an atom-thick layer absorbs  a hit better than steel.
The research team suggests that combining graphene with one or more additional materials to form a composite might be the way forward.
Graphene Batteries
The internal structure of a graphene battery is quite similar to that of a standard lithium-ion battery pack.
There are 2 electrodes and an electrolyte solution to enable flow of charge.
The difference is that one of the electrodes in graphene-based batteries, mostly the cathode, is replaced with a hybrid composite material (solid-state metal + graphene) used in place of a standard solid-state metal
Smaller, slimmer battery: Graphene being a two-dimensional material is only a single layer of atoms.
To help understand this better, when you stack 3 million layers of graphene is that you get 1 mm thickness.
This means that graphene would allow smartphones to be slimmer than ever and provide more space from additional electronics and allow to place higher capacity batteries.
Higher capacity: Graphene has a higher energy capacity for the same size as compared to lithium-ion batteries.
While Lithium-ion batteries are known to store up to 180 Wh per kilogram, graphene based batteries capable of storing up to 1,000 Wh per kilogram.
So, the same size of graphene battery pack has a higher charge capacity than lithium-ion or other commonly used batteries.
Faster charging times: Graphene is an excellent conductor of electricity.
Its two-dimensional honeycomb structure doesn’t offer any resistance to the flow of electrons.
So, it can charge quickly and also provide greater endurance compared to lithium ion batteries.
Graphene patents
The invention of graphene has led to many patents for its practical application.
In 2013 the score was:
Chinese entities: 2,204
US entities: 1,754
South Korean entities: 1,160
United Kingdom entities: 54
Toulouse Tech, also known as the Toulouse Institute of Technology is one of the collegiate universities in France.
It was created in 2007.
It gathers 16 of the best French schools, covering engineering science, management, architecture and veterinary, aiming to be of comparable status to the most famous universities of technology around the world.
Colleges and institutes
École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes
École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse
École nationale supérieure en génie des technologies industrielles
École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux
École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse
École d'ingénieurs de Purpan
École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse
Facts and Figures
850 teachers-researchers
14,000 students
22 millions of euros in research
Technical colleges and universities in Toulouse
2007 establishments in France
Rory Williams is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
He was played by Arthur Darvill.
Rory was first seen at the start of the 5th series.
He joined the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) as a companion in the middle of Series 5.
Rory began as Amy Pond's fiancé.
He was uncomfortable around the Doctor at first.
This was because he believed that Amy cared more for the Doctor than she did for him.
Later, he shows that he is truly a hero.
Amy learns that she has always loved him and they get married.
They conceive Melody Pond inside the TARDIS while it is travelling through time.
Their baby is kidnapped at birth.
Rory and Amy learn that their daughter is River Song, and become related to the Doctor when he marries River in The Wedding of River Song.
Rory Williams has been a close friend of Amelia "Amy" Pond since they were children.
They grew up in Leadworth, a fictional village near Gloucester, in South West England, along with their friend Mels.
Mels secretly knows that she is their future daughter, Melody and is, oddly enough, who Melody is named after. (
Yes, she is named after herself.
Time is all "wibbily-wobbly" like that where the Doctor is involved)  The kids often played dress up.
Amy makes Rory dress as her "imaginary friend" the "Raggedy Doctor".
Amelia first kisses Rory while dancing the macarena.
Amelia grew up thinking of herself as "counting as a boy" and Rory was afraid to ever tell her his feelings toward her.
She never thought that Rory was in love with her.
Because he had never shown any romantic interest in other girls, she thought he was gay.
Because of this, she never acted on her own feelings towards him.
A year or two before the Doctor returns to Leadworth, Mels tells Rory and Amy that they have feelings for each other.
This starts their relationship and in the end causes herself to actually be born.
Series 5 (2010)
Rory is first seen in "The Eleventh Hour" (2010).
At this point he is in a romantic relationship with Amy (Karen Gillan).
In 2008, he works as a nurse at the local hospital.
He is curious about coma patients that he sees in the village.
He is shocked to meet Amy's 'imaginary' "Raggedy Doctor" (the Eleventh Doctor - Matt Smith).
Although meeting him is confusing, he know it is the Doctor without being told.
During the next two years, the Rory and Amy decide to get married.
The Doctor returns the night before Rory and Amy's wedding.
She travels in time with him but only after the Doctor promises to return her before the next morning.
After Amy tried to seduce the Doctor, the Doctor takes her and Rory to 1580s Venice to fix the couple's relationship.
Rory has always a problem with the Doctor because of his connection with Amy and her interest in him.
He grows more annoyed and even paranoid with the relationship.
It gets worse when the Doctor tells Rory that she kissed him.
When Rory says that they should go back to Leadworth, Amy asks him to travel with them.
The Doctor agrees and Rory accepts.
In the episode "Amy's Choice", They have a shared dream in which they are married and Amy is pregnant.
As Rory is about to die, he tells Amy to look after their baby.
This causes Amy to see how much she loves him.
Rory travels with the Doctor and Amy until "Cold Blood".
In that episode, he is shot dead after saving the Doctor.
He is then absorbed by a crack in time and space.
The crack removes him all of time.
As he is a part of Amy's history, she does not remembers him any more because he never existed He was removed from existence completely.
He is seen again in "The Pandorica Opens".
He is a Roman soldier in AD 102.
It is shown that it is not really him but a plastic duplicate with Rory's memories.
He tried to fight his programming, but still shoots Amy.
In the last episode of series 5, "The Big Bang", the false Rory frees the Doctor from the Pandorica.
He puts Amy inside the Pandorica to keep her safe.
The Pandorica is said to be the greatest prison.
It was built to keep the person inside it healthy forever.
The fake Rory guarded the Pandorica (and Amy) for 1,894 years.
He became known as the "Last Centurion".
He guarded the Pandorica wherever it was taken.
He moved it to safety when the warehouse in London it was being kept in was destroyed during The Blitz.
Finally, he helped a young Amy open the Pandorica and set free the adult Amy who had been fully healed over time.
The Auton Rory helped the Doctor, Amy, and River Song (Alex Kingston) save the universe from the explosion that caused the cracks in time.
After the cracks were fixed, Rory was returned to his timeline.
Everyone's memories were returned and he and Amy got married.
When the Doctor went to the reception, he called Rory "Mr Pond".
Rory did not like the name at first but accepted that is basically the truth.
The Doctor left Rory and Amy for their honeymoon.
Series 6 (2011)
In series 6, Rory is a full-time companion.
After the Doctor saves the cruise ship they were on during their honymoon from crashing, Rory and Amy join him again in the TARDIS.
After some time travelling with the Doctor, Rory and Amy return to Leadworth for two months.
Rory and the Doctor are friends but their relationship is troubled by Rory's feelings that Amy may love the Doctor more than him.
In "Day of the Moon", he thinks that some of the things he hears Amy say are about the Doctor and not about him.
He later learns that the comments were about him.
He also gets concerned when he hears Amy tell to the Doctor that she never told Rory that she thought she was pregnant.
He forgives this when he learns that she was worried that would be a problem with the baby because of traveling in the TARDIS so much.
Sometime before "The Rebel Flesh", the Doctor learns that the Amy with them is not the real Amy.
She is a "Flesh" avatar.
The real Amy had been kidnapped.
At the end of  "The Almost People", Rory did not know it was not the real Amy.
When the Doctor tells him to move away from Amy, Rory does not want to but finally trusts the Doctor.
Rory lets the Doctor destroy the false Amy just as the real Amy begins to give birth to her baby.
Amy gives birth to their daughter Melody Pond, between "The Almost People" and "A Good Man Goes To War".
The baby is kidnapped and replaced by a Flesh version as Rory and the Doctor fight to get to them.
Rory shows courage against a group of Cybermen.
He destroys their fleet with help from the Doctor.
Rory's memories of being a centurion in the alternate timeline help him to fight the Headless Monks.
After the battle, Rory helps a dying Sontaran nurse.
In his final words, the Sonaran speaks of Rory and himself both being a warrior and a nurse.
At the end of the episode River Song appears and it is learned that she is the daughter of Amy and Rory.
In the alien language of the people who raised her there are no words for Melody or Pond.
The closest translation of "Melody" and "Pond" is "River" and "Song".
In "Let's Kill Hitler", it is learned that Rory and Amy named their daughter Melody after their childhood friend Mels.
Rory and Amy later learn that Mels is also Melody.
They also see her regenerate into River Song.
As they travel, Rory sees that it can be dangerous to be on the TARDIS.
He gets to the point in his travels that he tells the Doctor he does not want to travel any more if they are going to always be as risk.
In "The God Complex" Rory is the only person on the TARDIS is not hunted by the creature that feeds on faith.
The Doctor thinks this is because Rory has no faith of his own.
Rory also says that after traveling in the TARDIS there was very few things he was afraid of any more.
The Doctor sees the danger he is putting his friends in.
He takes Amy and Rory back to Earth and gives them a house and a car as a gift.
When River creates an alternate reality by not killing the Doctor at Lake Silencio, Rory is now "Captain Williams".
He is a soldier working for Amy Pond.
They are not a couple in this version of history but Rory is still in love with Amy.
He almost dies fighting the Silence, but is saved by Amy.
The two are at River's marriage to the Doctor.
In the now-fixed (main) timeline, Rory and Amy are still married and Amy has become a model/spokeswoman for a line of perfume.
They are visited by their daughter River, who tells them that the Doctor is still alive.
The fact that Rory dies often has been criticized.
Digital Spy reviewer Morgan Jeffery wrote, "One of the key elements in Doctor Who is obviously the sense of danger and the lingering presence of death, but Rory's repeated demises and resurrections are now becoming so frequent that comparisons to South Park's Kenny seem almost inevitable."
SFX gave Rory the third spot in the top 10 resurrections of science fiction TV.
It said "it's becoming a cliché.
But it's not one we mind too much, mainly because it's always done with such gusto.
Except, perhaps, in the pirates episode which was a fairly gusto free zone all round".
However, critics have liked that Rory has had many times to be heroic in series 6.
After "A Good Man Goes to War" as broadcast, io9's Charlie Jane Anders compared the character to Wesley Wyndam-Pryce (Alexis Denisof).
That character's story in American television programmes Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel showed him changing from comic relief to a warrior.
Anders said: "Yes, we're thrilled that Rory is getting his Wesley Wyndam-Pryce on.
Badass Rory is, as we already observed, totally badass.
But this episode exemplified the recent trend towards Amy being reduced to a bystander, victim, or worse."
Rory Williams on the BBC's Doctor Who Series 5 website
The Queen's Gambit Declined is a chess opening which starts with 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6.
It is an old opening, and one of the most important.
It is often used in top-class play.
In this opening, called QGD for short, the struggle for the centre is the strategy of both players.
Unlike the Queen's Gambit Accepted, Black keeps his pawn on d5 protected.
A simple example:
3.Nc3 Nf6
4.Bg5 Be7
5.e3 0-0
6.Nf3 c6
7.cxd5 exd5
8.Bd3 Nbd7 (Black could play 8...Ne4 here)
9.0-0 h6
10.Bh4
Here White has more space, and Black has to decide how to develop his pieces.
It is easier to play the white pieces in this kind of position.
However, overall, black players do as well with this defence as with most others.
Best for Black in this position is 10...Ne4 or 10...Re8.
Connie Victoria Elizabeth Talbot (born 20 November 2000) is an English singer.
She became famous after competing in Britain's Got Talent.
She lost at the finals.
In Britain's Got Talent, she sang Over the Rainbow.
This led her to the semi-finals.
She then competed in but was defeated at the finals.
She currently attends a primary school.
After her success, Talbot began posting Youtube videos since 2008.
Most of them were videos of her singing.
Some gained over 10 million views.
Connie Talbot's website
Slovene (or Slovenian) is a language.
It is the official language of Slovenia.
Experts estimate that 2.5 million people can understand and speak Slovene.
It is a Slavic language, written for more than 1000 years.
The earliest written records are the Freising manuscripts.
In 2004, it became an official language of the European Union (there are 24 official languages in total).
The standard Slovene alphabet has 25 letters.
The letters come from the Latin alphabet.
Slovene words are usually pronounced how they are spelled.
is the word for zero.
is the word for one.
Evgeny Tomashevsky, born 1 July 1987 in Saratov, is a Russian chess grandmaster.
In 2001 he won the U18 Russian championship in Rybinsk with 9/10 and in 2004 he became second in the U18 World Youth Chess Championship.
In 2007 he became second in the Aeroflot Open.
In 2009 Tomashevsky won the 10th European Individual Chess Championship after tie-breaks.
The decisive match against Vladimir Malakhov went into armageddon, where Malakhov blundered a rook in a winning position.
He was a member of the gold-medal-winning Russian team at the World Team Chess Championship 2009 in Bursa.
In 2011, he tied for 1st-3rd with Nikita Vitiugov and Le Quang Liem in the Aeroflot Open.
Final standings of the WYCC2004
Interview with the European Champion Evgeny Tomashevsky ChessBase.com
Interview with the European Chess Champion Evgeny Tomashevsky  Chessdom
The International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools (IAAPS) is an association of pilot training organizations created in 1995.
IAAPS is recognized by national and international aviation authorities.
IAAPS is part of the rulemaking group of the European Aviation Safety Agency. (
EASA)
In 1990,  the so-called "Cyprus Agreement"  caused the European Joint Aviation Authority (JAA) to be established.
The EAAPS was active in the pan-European project to define and standardize the depth and scope of flight training within the JAA.
One of the results was the "Joint Aviation Requirement Flight Crew Licensing code" (JAR-FCL).
In 2009, the EAAPS became a worldwide association.
The name or the organization was changed changed to IAAPS.
As a global pilot shortage grows, IAAPS members work together to maintain and improve the quality standards of pilot training.
Aviation training improves air safety standards.
IAAPS is recognized by the EASA as the representative of the training industry.
IAAPS activities include
EASA Advisory Board (EAB)
Safety Standards Consultative Committee (SSCC)
Subject Expert Team (SET)
Theoretical Knowledge Steering Group (TKStG)
Human Factor Steering Group (HFStG)
IAAPS helped to develop "learning objectives" for aircraft and helicopters.
These were published by the JAA and then by EASA.
The membership is comprised of aviation training organizations.
Each member organization is certified nationally.
The international membership is expanding.
AeronautX Luftfahrtschule, Hoersching
Ben-Air Flight Academy (BAFA), Antwerp
Sabena Flight Academy (SFA), Steenokkerzeel
Croatia Aviation Training Center, Lucko
Finnish Aviation Academy, Pori
Airbus Training, Blagnac
École de Pilotage Amaury de la Grange , Merville
École nationale de l'aviation civile (ÉNAC), Muret
ESMA Aviation Academy, Mauguio
Institut aéronautique Jean Mermoz, Rungis
Haeusl 'air, Fürth
IKON Gmbh , Erlangen
Lufthansa Flight Training, Bremmen
Verband Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule (VDV), Essen
École National des Pilotes de Ligne (ENPL), Benslimane
Dutch Flight Academy  (DFA), Eelde
EPST, Utrecht
KLM Flight Academy, Paterswolde
Nationale Luchtvaart School CAE- NLS, Hoofddorp
Stella Aviation Academy, Teuge
Asociación de Escuelas de Formación Aeronáutica (AEFA), Madrid
Flight Training Europe Ltd (FTE), Cadiz
European Flight Training Academy (EFTA), Bromma
Scandinavian aviation academy, Vasteras
Swiss Aviation Training Ltd , Zurich
ER-AH Aviation Commerce Ltd Co. , Antalya
Istanbul DUHA Aviation Flight School, Istanbul
Atlantic Flight Training Ltd , Coventry
Bristol Flying Centre, Bristol
Cabair College of Air Training, Bedford
London Metropolitan University , London
Oxford Aviation Academy  (OAA), Oxford
The Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies (ISSAT) is the French name for the Institute of Space, its applications and technologies.
Supported by French Ministry of Education, the organisation was created in 1995 to develop aerospace activities in Toulouse.
It also helps promote the distribution of aerospace expertise in France and Europe.
Centre national d'études spatiales
École nationale supérieure des techniques industrielles et des mines d'Albi-Carmaux
Magellium
Super Bowl XXXVIII was the thirty-eighth Super Bowl.
The teams in the game were the Carolina Panthers from the NFC and the New England Patriots from the AFC.
New England won the game 32-29.
The performers at the halftime show were Spirit of Houston, Janet Jackson, Justin Timberlake, OutKast, P. Diddy, Kid Rock, and Nelly.
The halftime show created controversy when Janet Jackson's breast was shown by Justin Timberlake to everyone who was watching the show.
Super Bowl XXXIX was the thirty-ninth Super Bowl.
The teams in the game were the Philadelphia Eagles from the NFC and the New England Patriots from the AFC.
New England won the game 24-21.
Paul McCartney performed in the halftime show.
Charles George Gordon (28 January 1833 – 26 January 1885) was a British Army officer and mercenary.
He served the Khedive of Egypt as Governor of the Sudan.
He was killed by supporters of Muhammed Ahmed, the Mahdi, a rebel against Egyptian rule in the country.
Gordon was born in London in 1833, where his father was a major in the Royal Artillery.
While still a very small child the family moved to Dublin so his father could work on modernising the guns at the Pigeon House Fort.
In 1837 they moved to Edinburgh when his father was posted to Leith Fort.
The family were then sent to the island of Corfu where his father had to arrange for the guns to be placed in new positions.
Gordon 's parents wanted him to have an English education so he was sent to Fullands School at Taunton.
When he turned 14 he attended the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich.
He was often bullied, and he would become quiet and withdrawn.
He go for several days without speaking to anyone.
He would stand still and stare at the bullies until they felt uncomfortable and stopped.
Gordon was accused of having bullied other students, and was punished by having to stay at the college for another term.
He passed his exams and joined the Royal Engineers on the 23 June 1852.
Gordon worked as an engineer repairing various army buildings in Chatham, and repairing the fort at Pembroke.
In 1855 he was sent to the Crimean War and took part in the siege of Sebastopol.
After the war, Gordon was sent to survey and map the border between Russia and the Romanian principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia.
In May 1857 he was sent to map the border between Russia and Turkey.
He was awarded a Turkish war medal and the French Legion of Honour.
Gordon returned to England at the end of 1858, where he was promoted to major, and took up a post at Chatham.
At the end of the Second Opium War in 1860, Gordon was sent to China with a force of soldiers to protect British interests.
In 1863 he was put in charge of the "Ever Victorious Army", a mercenary army under the command of European officers.
This army was to fight the Niang rebellion against the Manchu, and later the Taiping Rebellion.
Gordon was able to create a highly disciplined and successful fighting force.
By careful planning he was able to lead the Ever Victorious Army to victory of the rebels.
The Chinese Emperor made him a Field Marshall in the Imperial Army and presented him with China's highest award, the peacock feather.
The British Army promoted him to Lieutenant Colonel and he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath.
He returned to England at the end of 1864.
The poor and the elderly
Gordon was made Commandant of Engineers at Gravesend.
He had the job of repairing the forts guarding the Thames at Gravesend and Tilbury.
Gordon was horrified by the number of poor people, especially old people and children.
A man of strong religious belief, Gordon felt is was his duty to God to help provide food, clothing and education for these people.
He spent about 90% of his army pay on the poor.
The poor boys he called "Wangs", after the Chinese Princes of the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.
A rhythmite is layers of sediment or sedimentary rock laid down in a repeated pattern.
This pattern may be varves, which are an annual pattern, or shorter or longer-term rhymites.
Tides in some places have left rhythmites.
Longer-term rhythmites
Many rock formations show repeating patterns of strata.
For example, clay layers may alternate with sandstone layers; or carbonate layers alternate with shales.
Deposits on land show patterns for similar reasons.
A low-lying area will be a lake or a swamp during hot, wet periods, and maybe a desert or a mudflat during dry periods.
Erosion takes place during the dry periods, and deposition takes place during the wet periods.
However, temperature and sea-level changes are not the only causes of rhythmites.
In volcanic areas a pattern of deposition in lakes may be regularly interrupted by eruptions of volcanic ash, so that in the record of the rocks shales and mudstone alternates with tuff.
A varve is a pattern in sediment which is made by annual processes (deposits which vary during the year).
Varves are amongst the smallest-scale events in stratigraphy.
They form only in fresh or brackish water.
Varves are important in palynology, and can be fossilized as rhythmites.
The classic varve archetype is a light/dark-coloured couplet deposited in a glacial lake.
The light layer is usually silt and fine sand deposited when spring meltwater brings sediment into the lake.
Varve formation needs the absence of bioturbation (lake bottom disturbed by animals).
Therefore, varves usually form under anoxic conditions.
A sundown town is a town that is or was purposely all-white.
The term is widely used in the United States in areas from Ohio to Oregon and well into the South.
The term came from signs that were allegedly posted stating that people of color had to leave the town by sundown.
The minority people could not visit after sunset or spend the night in the town (even as a paying hotel customer).
Such towns are also sometimes called “sunset towns” or “gray towns”.
In some cases, keeping minorities out was official town policy, through restrictive covenants written in land deeds, or by agreement between the real estate agents of the community.
In others, the policy was enforced through intimidation.
For example, law enforcement officers could stop all minorities found after sunset.
Though no one knows the number of sundown towns in the United States, the largest estimate was that the nation had several thousand.
The highest proportion of confirmed sundown towns are in the state of Illinois.
It is difficult to confirm sunset towns because the towns did not keep, or do not want to show, official documents stating their status as sundown towns.
For example, One Hundred Years of Progress: The Centennial History of Anna, Illinois, although more than 400 pages long, never mentions Anna's 1909 expulsion of African Americans, the sundown signs at the northern and southern city limits in 1954, or anything else about race.
Since the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, and especially since the Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited racial discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing, the number of sundown towns has decreased.
However, as sociologist James Loewen writes in his book on the subject, it is impossible to precisely count the number of sundown towns at any given time, because most towns have not kept records of the ordinances or signs that marked the town's sundown status.
His book, Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism, notes that hundreds of cities across America have been sundown towns at some point in their history.
Loewen's book mentions that sundown status meant more than just African-Americans not being able to live in these towns.
Essentially any African-Americans (or sometimes other groups) who came into sundown towns after sundown were subject to harassment, threats, and violent acts—up to and including lynching.
Other minorities targeted
In addition to the expulsion of African Americans from some small towns, Chinese Americans and other minorities were also driven out of some of the towns where they lived.
Loewen says one example is that in 1870, Chinese made up one-third of the population of Idaho.
Following a wave of violence and an 1886 anti-Chinese convention in Boise, almost none remained by 1910.
The town of Gardnerville, Nevada, is said to have blown a whistle at 6 p.m. daily alerting Native Americans to leave by sundown.
Books that refer to Sundown towns
James Loewen's book, Sundown Towns describes sundown towns.
Several other books also show the existence of sundown towns.
Sundown towns are mentioned in Following the Color Line, by Ray Stannard Baker; Free But Not Equal, by V. Jacque Voegeli; Black Ohio and the Color Line, by David Gerber; The Negro in Indiana, by Emma Thornbrough; Mobile Americans: Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha, by Howard Chudacoff; Race and Kinship in a Midwestern Town, by James DeVries; The Sociogenesis of a Race Riot by Roberta Senechal.
Visual treatments include Robby Heason, Trouble Behind (Cicada Films, 1990), and Marco Williams, Banished (banishedthefilm.com/).
Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry: Sundown Towns
Review and feature article, Dallas Morning News
Interview with James Loewen, U.S. News