the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
On Sunday, the Bible, which they consider the 'Word of God', is read and a sermon preached by the minister is at the heart of a morning worship service, which also includes group singings of some worship songs.
There are Presbyterian churches on every continent except Antarctica, but they do not always agree with each other.
There have been many splits ("schisms") caused by various disagreements: some about what they believe, some about how they should be organised.
In some cases these splits have been healed but many have not.
There are dozens of different groups in North America, almost all in the USA.
They arrived during the 17th century, mostly from Scotland and already disagreeing with each other.
Most countries in South America have had Presbyterian churches since the 19th century.
In Asia, the Korea Presbyterian Church was started through the mission of the Presbyterian Church (USA).
After Korean independence, the division was formed afresh as 'Presbyterian Church in Korea (KoRyuPa)' advocating the views of Dutch Reformed churches.
In 2012 a new General Assembly of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church of Korea declared authentic historical succession of John Knox.
Wee Frees
In an effort to force nations to resolve issues without warfare, the United Nations Charter attempted to commit member nations to using warfare only under limited circumstances, such as to defend when attacked.
Wars continued to begin and end, but powerful states no longer declared them.
Declarations of war during World War II
The Cyrillic alphabet () is a native Slavic alphabet.
It is now used to write Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Rusyn, Bulgarian, Macedonian and for most South Slavic languages.
It was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century.
The Soviet Union made many non-Slavic languages in the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia and in northern Russia to be written in Cyrillic.
Old Church Slavonic was the original language of the Slavic people, and it was used for Russian Orthodox Church.
In the 9th century, two monks, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, were missionaries in Eastern Europe.
When they preached to the Slavic peoples, they invented the Glagolitic alphabet, an early form of Cyrillic.
Roman alphabet
Silent Spring is the name of a book by Rachel Carson.
It was published in 1962.
It tells of the damage done to the environment by the use of chemicals to kill pests.
The book is widely credited with helping launch the modern American environmental movement.
The book documented detrimental effects of pesticides such as DDT on wildlife, particularly birds.
Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically.
Silent spring studyguide: summary, analysis, historical context, retrieved April 26, 2006
New York Times report of chemical industry's campaign  July 22, 1962
Jim Norton, "Silencing Silent Spring
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC): The Story of Silent Spring
Biology books
For the spirit, see nymph
Insects grow by metamorphosis.
In incomplete metamorphosis, an insect egg hatches, and a small nymph comes out.
The nymph usually looks just like the adult insect but is much smaller.
Nymphs do not become pupae before becoming adults.
They just grow larger.
They moult through various stages called instars.
Some insects have nymphs that are aquatic, which means they live in water.
These nymphs look very different from the adults.
Dragonflies have nymphs that live in water, such as in lakes and rivers.
Nymphs that live in water are sometimes called naiads.
The other way insects grow is by complete metamorphosis.
This way has no nymphs.
The adult form is prepared in the pupa, and comes out perfect.
Saab is a Swedish car and airplane maker, started in Trollhattan, Sweden in 1937.
Saab started to make cars in 1947.
The automobile part of the business is now owned by Spyker Cars.
The aviation and defense parts of Saab are owned by the Wallenberg family.
YouTube page
Automobile companies of Sweden
Before the Protectorate, England (and then Scotland and Ireland) had been ruled directly by Parliament since it had declared England to be a Commonwealth in 1649.
The Rump Parliament had been sent away in April 1653 by soldiers led by Oliver Cromwell.
Although the replacement Barebones Parliament (July–December 1653), was nominated by Cromwell and the leaders of the army, it was just as difficult to control.
The post of Lord Protector was created by a constitution passed in December 1653, which gave Cromwell the position for life.
Although the constitution divided power between the Lord Protector, the Council of State and Parliament, there was in practice again the strong executive power that had been absent since the end of the monarchy.
Cromwellian government has been called 'one of the first experiments in (de facto) military dictatorship' (Abbott).
During the Protectorate, there was Puritan legislation.
Religious toleration was extended to Jews and most Protestants but not Anglicans or Roman Catholics.
After Cromwell's death in September 1658, the new Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell, was unable to control the army and resigned in May 1659.
After the chaotic English Interregnum, the monarchy was restored in May 1660 through the initiative of General George Monck.
United Kingdom: Flags of the Interregnum, 1649–1660
Vibrator (sensual) - a device used for massage or masturbation
vibrator (mechanical) - a class of devices that creates mechanical vibrations
vibrator (electronic) – an old-fashioned electronic component
vibrator (music) – a musical instrument
The Vibrators a British punk band
Vibrator (album), a 1995 album by Terence Trent D'Arby
"Vibrator," a song on Motörhead's self-titled album
The Rump Parliament was the name given to Parliament until 1660 of the English Parliament that followed the Long Parliament, after Pride's Purge of December 6 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament that were against the plan to try King Charles I for high treason.
British Civil Wars: Rump Parliament
Full text of the Act erecting a High Court of Justice for the Trial of Charles I January 6, 1649
Full text of the Sentence of the High Court of Justice upon the King, 27 January, 1649
Full text of The Death Warrant of Charles I, 29 January, 1649
Full text of the Act appointing a Council of State, 13 February, 1649
Full text of the Act abolishing the Office of King, 17 March, 1649
Full text of the Act abolishing the House of Lords, 19 March, 1649
Full text of the Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth, 19 May, 1649
Full text of the Act declaring what Offences shall he adjudged Treason under the Commonwealth, 17 July, 1649
Chambers' Book of Days:April 20th With a censored version of Cromwell's 1653 speech ending the Parliament.
http://castorblog.com/archives/000275.html  with an uncensored version of Cromwell's speech.
Full text of the Declaration by Oliver Cromwell and the Council of Officers after putting an End to the Long Parliament, 22 April, 1653
The electrically powered vibrator was invented in the 1880s by doctors, who were treating women for "hysteria" for centuries by performing what today would be considered masturbation.
At the time, however, not only did doctors regard the "vulvular stimulation" required as having nothing to do with sex, they reportedly found that it took a lot of time to do and it was hard work.
The vibrator did it more quickly and easily, and because of this it was very popular with doctors.
Home versions soon started being made and they were also popular, with adverts in places like Needlecraft, Woman's Home Companion, Modern Priscilla and the Sears catalog.
These disappeared in the 1920s, apparently because their appearance in pornography made it no longer tenable for polite society to avoid the sexual connotations of the devices.
As "body massagers", millions of vibrators have been sold to both men and women.
Some people that buy vibrators only use them for pains.
However, many people who purchase vibrators marketed as "body massagers" — and, presumably, most people who purchase vibrators marketed as adult toys — use them to get sexual pleasure, most often in masturbation.
Vibrators often allow people to achieve orgasm faster and easier and are often said to provide stronger orgasms.
They are often recommended by sex therapists for women who have difficulty reaching orgasm by other means.
Couples also use them sometimes.
Harper's magazine notes a Durex survey that says 46% of women have vibrators near 2006.
This may have been market research relating to their vibrating condom base product.
The sale of vibrators and similar items was forbidden up until recently in several states in the southern United States.
In Texas, the sale of vibrators and dildos is technically illegal, but many stores will sell such items provided that the customer sign a statement that the device will be used only for educational purposes.
The law’s current status in real life is not certain.
The states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Indiana, Virginia, Louisiana and Massachusetts  have all had laws that prohibit vibrators, but most of them have been struck down by courts or aren’t actually enforced.
Only the law in Alabama is generally enforced.
Types of erotic vibrators
Clitoral–Often sold as "back massagers", these are powerful vibrators such as the Hitachi Magic Wand or the Acuvibe.
Dildo-shaped–Approximately penis shaped, can be made of plastic, silicone or latex.
Waterproof–Can be used wet, such as in the shower.
Although marketed as waterproof, most should not be submerged.
Rabbit, 'Jackrabbit' or 'Rampant Rabbit'–Two pronged for stimulation of both the vagina and the clitoris.
G-spot–Similar to the traditional vibrator but with a curve and often a soft jelly like coating.
The curve makes it easier to use to stimulate the g-spot or prostate.
Male penises or normal traditional vibrators sometimes are unable to reach the g-spot.
It is possible to do only in special positions.
The shape of a g-spot vibrator makes it easy to touch the g-spot.
The size of a g-spot vibrator is usually 5-7 inches.
Simple g-spot vibrator - straight shaft and curved tip.
G-spot vibrator with teasers - allows stimulating several erogenous zones at the same time.
G-spot vibrator with heads - have heads of different types that may be changed at will.
Exotic g-spot vibrators - do not have the traditional shape, but an exotic one, for example, a stick with a curve or semi-ring.
Egg–Egg shaped vibrator which can be used for stimulation of the clitoris or insertion into the vagina.
The egg can be inserted into the vagina or rectum, or it can be used to vibrate against another erogenous zones in men and women.
Egg vibrators are normally 2.5 to 5 centimeters long and 2 centimeters in width.
They are normally made of metal, rubber, silicon, plastic, chrome, or a mixture of materials.
There are several types of egg vibrators:
Single egg vibrator - includes one vibrating item.
Double egg vibrator - includes two vibrating items for double stimulation.
Egg vibrator without wire.
Some egg vibrators can be used with a remote control and do not have any wires.
They have a cord for pulling out the egg.
Egg vibrator with sleeves.
The sleeves are removable covers, which can be sold separately.
They are made of various elastic materials for intensive stimulation.
Pocket rocket–Shaped like a cylinder, one of its ends has some vibrating bulges.
It is meant to stimulate the clitoris or nipples, not for vaginal insertion.
"Undercover" vibrators–Vibrators discreetly shaped as every-day objects, such as lipstick tubes, cell phones, or art pieces.
Anal vibrators–Vibrators designed for anal use have either a flared base or a long handle to grip, to prevent them from slipping inside and getting lost.
Butterfly–vibrator strapped around legs and waist for hands free clitoral stimulation during sexual intercourse
Vibrating Cockring–vibrator (usually cordless) inserted in or attached to a cock ring, usually for stimulation of the clitoris
Joani Blank, with Ann Whidden.
Good Vibrations: The New Complete Guide to Vibrators, Down There Press, 2000. .
Antique Vibrator and Quack Medical Museum
Statistics accurate as of match played 19 May 2013
International goals
Scores and results list England's goal tally first.
Profile at ManUtd.com
Michael Owen's column in The Times
Photographs and statistics at sporting-heroes.net – England, Liverpool, Real Madrid, Newcastle
Premier League profile
People from Chester
Association football forwards
England before the English
Main articles: Prehistoric Britain and Roman Britain
Julius Caesar invaded what is now England in 55 and 54 BC, as part of the Gallic Wars, and was defeated.
He wrote in De Bello Gallico that there were many tribes there, very similar to other Celtic tribes in Europe.
Coins, and later Roman historians, have given us the names of some of the rulers of the tribes, and what they did.
For hundreds of years, what is now England was a Roman province, Britannia.
The Romans later gave up on the province and left the Celtic people on their own as the Roman Empire began to fall apart.
The influence of the Romans meant that the territory of England had already experienced unity before the Anglo-Saxons arrived.
The Romano-British population (the Britons) was assimilated.
The settlement (or invasion) of England is called the Saxon Conquest, or the Anglo-Saxon or English Conquest.
From the 4th century AD, many Britons left to cross the English Channel from Wales, Cornwall and southern Britain, and started to settle the western part of Gaul (Armorica), where they started a new nation: Brittany.
The Britons gave their new country its name and the Breton language, Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish.
The name "Brittany" (from "Little Britain") arose at this time to tell the new Britain apart from "Great Britain".
Brezhoneg is still spoken in Brittany today.
After a time of raids, the Vikings also began to settle in England and to trade, eventually controlling an area called the Danelaw from the late 9th century.
One Viking settlement was at York, called Jorvik by the Vikings.
Viking rule left traces in the English language — because Old English was already related to Old Norse, many Norse words began to be used in English at this time.
England during the Middle Ages
The defeat of King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 against Duke William II of Normandy, later called William I of England, and the following Norman conquest of England caused important changes in the history of Britain.
William ordered the Domesday Book to be written.
This was a survey of the entire population, and their lands and property, to help in collecting taxes.
William also ruled Normandy, then a powerful duchy in France.
William and his nobles spoke, and held court, in Anglo-Norman, in Normandy as well as in England.
The use of the Anglo-Norman language by the aristocracy was kept up for centuries, and had a great influence on the development of Old English into Middle English.
In England, the Middle Ages was a time of war, civil war, rebellions from time to time, and many plots among the nobles and royalty.
England had more than enough cereals, dairy products, beef and mutton.
The nation's international economy was based on the wool trade, where wool from northern England was sold to the textile merchants of Flanders to make into cloth.
Medieval foreign policy was also shaped by relations with the Flemish cloth business.
An English cloth business was developed in the fifteenth century, allowing the English also to become wealthier.
In the reign of Henry II, the king got some power back from the barony and the Church.
Henry's successor, Richard I "the Lion Heart", took part in the Third Crusade, and defended his French territories against Philip II of France.
His younger brother John, who followed him as king, was not so lucky; he lost Normandy and many other French territories.
In 1215, the barons led an armed rebellion and forced him to sign the Magna Carta, which put legal limits on the King's personal powers.
The reign of Edward I (1272–1307) was rather successful.
Edward strengthened the powers of his Government, and called the first English Parliament.
He conquered Wales.
His son, Edward II, lost the Battle of Bannockburn against Scotland.
Edward III gave land to powerful noble families, including many people with royal blood.
Because land was like power in these days, some powerful men could now try to claim the Crown.
His son, Henry VIII split with the Roman Catholic Church over a question of his divorce from Catherine of Aragon.
Though his religious position was not entirely Protestant, this led to the Church of England breaking from the Roman Catholic Church.
There followed a time of great religious and political troubles, and the English Reformation.
Henry VIII had three children, all of whom would wear the Crown.
The first to reign was Edward VI of England.
Although he was intelligent, he was only a boy of ten when he took the throne in 1547.
When Edward VI died of tuberculosis in 1553 Mary I took the throne when crowds cheered for her in London, which people at the time said was the largest show of affection for a Tudor monarch.
Mary, a loyal Catholic who had been influenced greatly by the Catholic King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, tried to get the country back to Catholicism.
This led to 274 burnings of Protestants, and much hatred from her people.
Mary lost Calais, the last English possession on the Continent, and became even more unpopular (except among Catholics) at the end of her reign.
The reign of Elizabeth returned a sort of order to England in 1558.
The religious question that had divided the country since Henry VIII was put to rest by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, which set up the Church of England in much the same form it has today.
The government of Elizabeth was more peaceful, apart from the revolt of the northern earls in 1569, and she was able to lessen the power of the old nobility and expand the power of her government.
One of the most famous events in English military history was in 1588 when the Spanish Armada lost against the English navy, commanded by Sir Francis Drake.
Elizabeth's government did much to make her government stronger, and to make common law and administration more effective throughout England.
In all, the Tudor period is seen as an important one, leading to many questions that would have to be answered in the next century during the English Civil War.
These were questions of how much power the monarch and Parliament should have, and how much one should control the other.
The Stuarts and the Civil War
Elizabeth died without children who could take the throne after her.
Her closest male Protestant relative was the king of Scotland, James VI, of the house of Stuart, so he became James I of England, the first king of the entire island of Great Britain, although he ruled England and Scotland as separate countries.
The English Civil War began in 1642, mainly because of conflicts between James' son, Charles I, and Parliament.
The defeat of the Royalist army by the New Model Army of Parliament at the Battle of Naseby in June 1645 destroyed most of the King's forces.
The capture and trial of Charles led to his beheading in January 1649 at Whitehall Gate in London.
A republic was declared, and Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector in 1653.
After he died, his son Richard Cromwell followed him in the office, but soon quit.
The monarchy was returned in 1660, after England had a time of anarchy, with King Charles II again in London.
In 1689, the Dutch Protestant William of Orange, replaced the Catholic King James II in what is called the Glorious Revolution.
However, in Scotland and Ireland, Catholics loyal to James II were not so happy, and a series of bloody revolts followed.
These rebellions continued until the mid-18th century, when Charles Edward Stuart was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.
The First Act of Union made Scotland, England and Wales into one country.
The history of England after this 1707 Act is a part of Great Britain's history.
Full text of The History of England From the Norman Conquest to the Death of John  (1066–1216) from Project Gutenberg.
New and Improved Timeline of England coming soon from BBC.
Timeline  of England.
A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World, 3500 BC – 1603 AD by Simon Schama, BBC/Miramax, 2000
A History of Britain, Volume 2: The Wars of the British 1603–1776 by Simon Schama, BBC/Miramax, 2001
A History of Britain - The Complete Collection on DVD by Simon Schama, BBC 2002 ASIN B00006RCKI
The Isles, A History by Norman Davies, Oxford University Press, 1999,
The History of England, From the First Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary in 1688, 1819 by Father John Lingard (Roman Catholic perspective)
Shortened History of England by G. M. Trevelyan Penguin Books
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples by Sir Winston Churchill Cassell reference,  — the writing of which helped bring Churchill to public attention in the 1930s, and which forms the basis of many later reference works
Letters of the Kings of England, now first collected from the originals in royal archives, and from other authentic sources, private as well as public by J O Halliwell-Phillipps, London, H. Colburn, 1846.
1 — Google Books
The Anglo-Saxons were the dominant people living in England from the mid-5th century AD until the Norman conquest in 1066.
They spoke Germanic languages and are identified by Bede as the descendants of three powerful tribes.
These were the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.
Their language, Anglo-Saxon or Old English, came from West Germanic dialects.
It changed into Middle English from about the 11th century.
Old English was divided into four main dialects: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian and Kentish.
The Anglo-Saxon culture replaced the Celtic culture in the area that is now England.
Modern historians do not think that the Anglo-Saxons drove the Celts away, but instead that they became an upper class to the Celts in England, and the Celts then became part of the Anglo-Saxon culture.
They never conquered Wales but Anglo-Saxon kings did claim overlordship from time to time.
Some Anglo-Saxons came to Britain as warriors, but others came peacefully to become farmers or to raise families.
Anglo-Saxon migration
It is not known how many Anglo-Saxons actually came to Britain between the 4th and 6th century AD.
Many sources say large numbers of Anglo-Saxon settlers arrived.
Because of this, some of the native Britons moved west, towards Wales and Cornwall.
Others went to Armorica and became the Bretons.
The language of the Anglo-Saxons, Old English, became the main language in southern Britain.
A few Celtic and Latin words were borrowed into Old English.
In the areas such as Kent, Sussex, Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, many of the native Britons may have been driven out.
In other areas, some Britons likely remained and were absorbed into Anglo-Saxon society.
In 2011, a historian suggested that about 1 or 2 Anglo-Saxons came to England for every 10 Celts that were already there.
Angles, Saxons and Jutes
It was Bede who identified the invaders as Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
But he sometimes used the names Angli and Saxones for the same people in different parts of his writings.
In Book I, Chapter 15 he said that by invitation of King Vortigern "Angles or Saxons" came to Britain in three longships.
Modern authorities confirm that Angles, Saxons, Frisians and some Jutes did come to England during this migration time period.
The differences between the tribes that moved to England were not significant.
Kent was different in culture from other parts of England, mostly because it had close contact with parts of Europe such as Gaul.
Certain styles of jewellery are recognized by archaeologists as being typical of Anglian, Saxon and Jutish areas in Northern Europe.
But why the name England came to be used for the country and English for the language is not clear.
In Old English the people called themselves Engle, and in Latin they were called Angli, but nothing suggests the Angles made up the largest percentage of the Germanic peoples in Britain.
The name Englaland, which became 'England' was regularly used by the 11th century.
Celtic words for the Anglo-Saxons
The native British people, who wrote in both Latin and Welsh (a Celtic language), referred to these invaders as Saxones or Saeson.
The latter name is still used today in the Welsh word for English people, Saeson, the English language, Saesneg, and things related to England, Seisnig.
In the Scottish Gaelic language the word for an English person is sasannach and in Irish the word is sasanach.
Anglo-Saxon art before the time of Alfred (who ruled from 871–899) is a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic techniques and styles.
The Sutton Hoo treasure is an excellent example of very early Anglo-Saxon metalwork and jewellery.
It came from  a royal grave of the early 7th century.
The period between Alfred and the Norman Conquest saw a distinct Anglo-Saxon style in art.
This was due in part to the revival of the English economy and culture after the end of the Viking raids.
This later style appears to have been in touch with trends in western Europe.
Anglo-Saxon art is mainly known today through illuminated manuscripts.
Manuscripts were not the only Anglo-Saxon art form, but they have survived in much greater numbers than other types of objects.
People in Europe at the time regarded Anglo-Saxon goldsmithing and embroidery as especially fine.
The most common examples of Anglo-Saxon art are coins.
Anglo-Saxon artists also worked in fresco, ivory, stone carving, metalwork and enamel, but few of these pieces have survived.
Old English literary works include epic poetry, biography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works, chronicles, riddles and others.
In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period.
A very famous work from this period is the poem Beowulf.
It has achieved national epic status in Britain.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of important early English history.
Cædmon's Hymn from the 7th century is the earliest attested literary text in (Old) English.
One of the most valuable and important sources on Anglo-Saxon history is Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation.
On the origins of Britons -  according to Brian Sykes
Fides Angliarum Regum: the faith of the English kings
Anglo-Saxon origins: the reality of the myth  by Malcolm Todd
William was Duke of Normandy, a country on the other side of the English Channel, now a region in France.
He invaded England after the death of King Edward the Confessor because he believed he had the most right to be King of England, but King Harold II had himself crowned king instead.
King Harold, with his Saxon army, and Duke William fought at the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066.
King Harold was killed in the battle and his army left.
On December 25, 1066 William was crowned the new King of England.
The Norman conquest was an important change in English history.
The conquest linked England more closely with Continental Europe, and made Scandinavian influence less important.
It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe.
The conquest changed the English language and culture, and set the stage for rivalry with France, which would continue (with a few breaks) until the 19th century.
Essential Norman Conquest, multimedia resources by Osprey Publishing.
The Effect of 1066 on the English Language
Collection of source material on the Norman conquest of England
11th-century conflicts
For the technology of putting many hard drives together, see RAID
A raid is an attack into enemy territory with no intent to get control of it.
For example, the attack on Pearl Harbor was an air raid.
The attackers go away immediately after the attack.
Most raids are brief and performed by a small number of people.
Bourbon Dynasty, Restored
Restauration (Switzerland)
The English Reformation was part of the Protestant Reformation.
Many Christian churches in Europe broke away from  Rome.
Each of the countries that went through this process did so in a different way.
Earlier the Roman Catholic Church had supreme powers.
Henry VIII broke ties with the church and became head of the English church.
This was done in 1534 in the Acts of Supremacy.
It was the beginning of the Church of England.
His friend Thomas Cranmer became Henry's Archbishop of Canterbury.
For years, the Church of England was almost exactly the same as the Catholic Church, except that it was ruled by the King instead of the Pope.
This is different from the Reformation on the European continent, where the reformers wanted big changes right away.
There were several causes for the English Reformation.
One of these was that Henry VIII, who was King of England, wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon.
Another reason was because Henry wanted the Church's wealth and power, and got them with the dissolution of the monasteries.
Gianluigi "Gigi" Buffon (born 28 January 1978) is an Italian professional footballer who plays in the goalkeeper position.
He is a Goalkeeper for the Serie B team Parma Calcio.
He used to play for the Italy national team from 1996 till he retired in 2018.
Buffon is recognized by many peoples as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, and, by some, as the greatest ever.
Gianluigi Buffon started his career in Parma and won a UEFA Cup in 1999.
In 2001, he transferred to the Italian giant Juventus and won the Serie A on consecutive years.
Buffon joined the Italy national team in 1997.
In the 2006 FIFA World Cup, he led them to the championship, allowing only two goals in 7 games and keeping 5 clean sheets (no goals allowed), which was a new World Cup record at that time.
Italian association football goalkeepers
A checksum is a number.
It is a kind of redundancy check.
There are different ways to calculate it.
It serves as a check, that no errors have been made when writing down the number.
In its simplest form, the digits are simply added up.
This can however not detect errors of swapping digits around.
Better ways (algorithms) of calculating a checksum are to use a Hamming code, a cyclic redundancy check or modular arithmetic.
One of the uses of checksums is to check that account numbers have been entered correctly.
Portuguese bank account identifiers are a good example of how checksums work.
They have 21 digits.
The first 19 digits identify the bank, branch and account number.
The last two digits are "mod 97" checksum digits based on modular arithmetic.
A typical Portuguese bank account number is 0002.0123.12345678901.54.
The digits have the following meanings:
The digits "0002" represent the bank.
The digits "0123" represent the branch of the bank.
The digits "12345678901" represent the account number
The digits "54" represent the checksum.
If 000201231234567890154 (the bank account number without the dots) is divided by 97, the answer is 207458809978249 remainder 1.
Since the remainder is "1", the bank account identifier is probably correct.
If the person writing down the number missed a digit, swapped two digits around or wrote a digit down incorrectly the remainder would not have been "1".
If this is the case then the computer should detect an error and give an error message.
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a kind of herb.
It is native to the Mediterranean and some parts of Asia.
Its bulb, leaves, and seeds may be eaten.
Dried fennel seeds are used as a spice for flavoring food.
Fennel was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages.
Their flavor is like anise.
Fennel - nutrition and uses
DisneyToon Studios was an animation studio created and owned by Walt Disney Animation Studios.
Disneytoon Studios closed its doors on June 28, 2018, resulting in a layoff of 75 animators and staff.
It worked together with Walt Disney Animation Studios.
DisneyToon Studios made a total of 48 movies.
Theatrical releases to most or all countries are marked with an asterisk (*).
Theatrical releases to only some countries are marked with a double asterisk (**).
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)*
The Return of Jafar (1994)
A Goofy Movie (1995)*
Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996)
Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin (1997)
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Belle's Magical World (1998)
Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
Seasons of Giving (1999)
The Tigger Movie (2000)*
An Extremely Goofy Movie (2000)
The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea (2000)
Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure (2001)
Return to Never Land (2002)*
Cinderella II: Dreams Come True (2002)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002)
Winnie the Pooh: A Very Merry Pooh Year (2002)
101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure (2003)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)*
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)*
Atlantis: Milo's Return (2003)
The Lion King 1½ (2004)
Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo (2004)
Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004)
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)
Mulan II (2004)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)*
Tarzan II (2005)
Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch (2005)
Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie (2005)
Kronk's New Groove (2005)
Bambi II (2006)**
Brother Bear 2 (2006)
The Fox and the Hound 2 (2006)
Cinderella III: A Twist in Time (2007)
Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams (2007)
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (2008)
Tinker Bell (2008)
Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure (2009)
Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue (2010)
Secret of the Wings (2012)**
Planes (2013)
The Pirate Fairy (2014)**
Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)
Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast (2015)
Woody's Roundup: The Movie (2019)
The National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF), was a communist army based in South Vietnam that fought against the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War (1955-75).
The group is better known as the Viet Cong (Việt Cộng) or V.C., short for "Vietnamese Communist."
American soldiers called the Vietnamese communist forces Charlie (which is the letter "C" in the NATO phonetic alphabet), no matter whether North Vietnamese or Vietcong.
The group was made up of people from both South and North Vietnam.
Some were not communists, but the main leaders were.
The Vietcong used guerilla warfare, including terrorist bombings, assassinations, and ambushes.
The group is best known for the Tet Offensive, an surprise attack on many South Vietnamese cities that began on January 1968 during Tet, or Vietnamese New Year.
The group was closely allied with the government of North Vietnam, which conquered the South in 1975.
The NATO phonetic alphabet is a way of using words to replace letters.
The first letter of the word is the letter the word stands for.
Although it is called a "phonetic alphabet" it is not really used for phonetics like the International Phonetic Alphabet or other phonetic alphabets.
It is used to clearly say letters out loud when they might be hard to hear such as over the phone or when people are talking from different countries, or when it is important to be accurate such as in the military and in air travel.
There have been many different phonetic alphabets over time.
On board ships, flags are used to stand for letters, and each have their own meanings.
Different countries also have different phonetic alphabets used in any subject
Numbers are also in the phonetic alphabet.
The English numbers 0 through 3 and 5 through 8 are written and spoken the same.
The number 4 is written the same, but pronounced fower to avoid confusion with the word "for".
The number 9 is written the same, but it is pronounced niner to avoid confusion with the German word "Nein" ("No").
Super Mario Bros. is a video game made by Nintendo in 1985.
It is played on the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES).
The game is the sequel to the game Mario Bros. In Super Mario Bros., Mario goes in the Mushroom Kingdom.
There he must save Princess Toadstool (later Princess Peach) from Bowser.
Players also can use Luigi during two-player mode.
The game was made by Shigeru Miyamoto.
The music was made by Kōji Kondō.
Super Mario Bros. was a very important game because it changed how games were made later.
It was the best-selling video game ever before being beat by Wii Sports in 2009.
It turned Mario into a famous symbol.
It also made the NES successful.
This game greatly helped the video game industry.
Bowser has kidnapped Princess Toadstool, who is the princess of the Mushroom Kingdom.
Mario must chase Bowser through eight worlds in the Mushroom Kingdom to rescue her, with the help of his brother, Luigi.
Super Mario Bros. is a platform game.
In the game, Mario must race through the Mushroom Kingdom and save Princess Toadstool (later Princess Peach) from Bowser.
Mario jumps, runs, and walks across each level.
The worlds are full of enemies and platforms, and open holes.
If Mario touches an enemy, he dies.
If he falls down a hole or misses a jump, he will also lose a life.
Mario has several "power ups".
A red and white Mushroom will make him big.
If Mario is big and if he touches an enemy he gets smaller; he will not die.
If Mario is big and he hits a question block that has a power-up, a fire flower will come out.
The fire flower will give him the power to throw fire balls, which can defeat enemies.
If he gets hit as Fire Mario, he will go back to being small Mario.
Each world is divided into four levels.
Some levels are underground and others are underwater.
When Mario is underwater, he cannot jump on any enemy and he will shrink or die if he touches one.
The fourth level is a castle.
Mario faces lava, fire bars, and other enemies in this level.
At the end of the level is Bowser, who stands over a lava pit.
Mario can throw fireballs to defeat Bowser.
He can also jump over or run under Bowser to an axe.
Touching the axe will destroy the bridge and cause Bowser to fall into the lava, defeating him.
Toadstool's servant, Toad, will then tell Mario that the princess is in another castle.
The eighth boss is the real Bowser and instead of Toad, the princess is there.
Super Mario Bros. was both the launch game and a good game for the Nintendo Entertainment System.
This game andFortnite was bundled with every NES sold and the game sold 40 million units as a result.
There is also a version of the game with Duck Hunt and World Class Track Meet, which is for the NES Power Glove.
The game's main theme, which plays in the first level of the game, is very well known.
It was composed by Koji Kondo.
After it was in Super Mario Bros., it has been in many other Nintendo games.
1980s video games
In Ancient Greece, the name βάρβαρος, bárbaros, was given to all those who did not speak the Greek language.
Later, the term Barbarian came to mean 'Anyone who is not Greek'.
Later again, it meant 'anyone who is outside the Roman Empire'.
It is used for a member of a nation or ethnic group which is seen as having a lower level of civilization, or for an individual person which is seen as a brutal, cruel and insensitive or whose behaviour is unacceptable in the civilized society of the speaker.
When used for a person the word is always pejorative, when used for a nation not always.
"Decline and fall of the Roman myth", an excerpt from the Terry Jones' book.
"Official Website of Barbaric Barbarians" , A humorous view of Barbarians
Andrew Lang, Savage Supreme Beings, The Making of Religion, Chapter XII (1900).
Numerical digits are the number text characters used to show numerals.
For example, the numeral "56" has two digits: 5 and 6.
In the decimal system (which is base 10), each digit is how many of a certain power of 10 are needed to get the value.
The rightmost, or units digit, is for 10^0, the next digit is for 10^1, etc.
The ten digits of the decimal system are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
Some numeral systems need more than ten digits.
For example, the hexadecimal numeral system uses 16 symbols to represent numericals : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
Contempt is an intense feeling of disrespect and dislike.
It is related to feelings of resentment, jealousy  and bitterness.
Contempt of Congress
Contempt of Parliament
Contempt (movie), known as Le Mépris in its original French, a movie by Jean-Luc Godard
Contempt (album), an album by futurepop band Assemblage 23
Contempt Breeds Contamination, a song by the thrash metal band Trivium
Information and experiences created by individuals, institutions and technology to benefit audiences in contexts that they value.
Raw content is content in format that is detectable by an observer.
Subject of the plot, in narrative works.
Volume generalized to arbitrarily many dimensions in mathematics and physics.
In education, the curriculum to be learned as opposed to the teaching methods used.
As an emotion, a form of happiness from being happy with what you have.
Evanescence is an American alternative metal/rock band.
It was founded in 1995 in Little Rock, Arkansas by singer Amy Lee and former-guitarist Ben Moody.
The band gained local popularity and released a number of EPs before signing a record deal with Wind-Up.
The band released Fallen, their first full-length album, in 2003.
Fallen gained popularity after two of its songs were featured in the film Daredevil.
The album was a critical and commercial success and sold more than 17 million copies worldwide; spawning the hit singles “Bring Me to Life” and “My Immortal”.
It also helped the band win two Grammy awards.
In 2006, the band released their second studio album, The Open Door, which was positively received.
It debuted at #1 in the Billboard Hot 200 chart, and sold more than 447.000 copies in its first week.
The album sold more than 6 million copies and its third single, “Sweet Sacrifice”, was honored with a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Song.
After concluding “The Open Door Tour", the band went on a lengthy hiatus.
The band announced that they would be working on a new album in June 2009, but the production was delayed several times.
Evanescence, the bands’ self-titled third studio album, was eventually released on October 11, 2011.
It debuted at #1 in 5 Billboard charts, including the Hot 200 and Rock Albums charts. “
What You Want” became the first single off the album, and was released in August 9, 2011 to positive critical reception. “
My Heart is Broken” was chosen as the second single and sent to radio stations in October 31, 2011.
An accompanying video premiered on Evanescence’s Vevo account on YouTube on January 28, 2012.
Lee has confirmed via a Twitter message that the third single will be “Made of Stone”.
A remixed version “Made of Stone” was featured in the soundtrack of the 2012 film Underworld: Awakening.
The band has suffered many line-up changes throughout the years.
David Hodges was the first member to exit the band in 2002.
Co-founder Moody left the band mid-tour in 2004 due to creative differences with frontwoman Lee, followed by Will Boyd in 2006.
In 2007, Lee fired guitarist John LeCompt and drummer Rocky Gray announced he was quitting the band shortly after.
As of mid-2007, Lee is the only original member left in the band.
Evanescence was ranked at #71 on the Best Artists of the Decade chart.
As a female-fronted band that utilizes dramatic vocals and orchestral elements in their music, critics and fans have drawn parallels between Evanescence and other female-fronted symphonic and gothic metal bands such as Lacuna Coil.
The band is recognized for their dark music and lyrics, Lee’s vocals and piano instrumentations against the background of “chugging” guitar riffs and their use of electronic elements.
Early years (1994 – 2002)
The people who founded Evanescence are singer, songwriter and pianist Amy Lee and guitarist and songwriter Ben Moody who is no longer a member in the band.
They met in a youth camp in 1994, when Moody heard Lee playing a song on the piano.
After that, they started writing music together.
Two of their songs were played on the local radio station and the listeners wanted them to do a concert.
They later appeared live and became a popular act in their area.
They chose "Evanescence" as a name for their band because Lee thought "it is mysterious and dark, and places a picture in the listener' mind."
Evanescence means "to disappear" or "to fade away".
Before Fallen was released, Evanescence made two EPs (Evanescence EP and Sound Asleep EP) and one Demo CD called Origin.
Some of the songs on Fallen can be found on their previous records, like My Immortal.
Fallen and Anywhere but Home (2003 – 2005)
Three of Lee and Moody's friends joined the band.
They were John LeCompt, Rocky Gray and Will Boyd.
The three also worked on previous Evanescence songs.
The band also signed their first major label in early 2003 and started working on Fallen.
Fallen became a worldwide success, and spent 43 weeks on the Billboard top 10 charts.
It sold over 15 million copies and was certified 7x platinum in the United States.
It is also one of the eight albums to stay for at least a year within the Billboard Top 50 charts.
Their most successful single from Fallen is Bring Me to Life, which won a Grammy award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 2004.
Another popular single is My Immortal, which was nominated for a Grammy in 2005.
The other two singles are Going Under and Everybody’s Fool.
All four songs had videos to promote them.
Ben Moody left the band while they were touring in Europe.
The reason given for this is because of creative differences with the band’s singer Amy Lee.
Moody was replaced by another guitarist, Terry Balsamo.
In 2004, Evanescence released Anywhere but Home, their first live album.
It includes a concert in Paris, some behind-the-scenes features, and the single Missing, which reached #1 in Spain.
The CD also had three live songs, Breathe No More, Farther Away, and the band's cover of Korn's Thoughtless.
The Open Door and Hiatus (2006 – 2010)
Will Boyd left the band in 2006 for "not wanting to do another big tour" and for wanting "to be close to his family".
He was replaced by Tim McCord.
The Open Door is the band's first album to reach #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts.
The album had four singles with videos, which are Call Me When You're Sober, Lithium, Sweet Sacrifice and Good Enough.
In 2007, Evanescence was nominated for a Grammy award for Sweet Sacrifice.
The band toured two times to promote The Open Door.
The first tour was held in countries such as the United States, Canada, Japan and Australia.
In the second tour, they returned to the US and had more concerts there.
They also joined the Family Values Tour 2007 with the band Korn and the Argentinean festival Quilems Rock 07 with the bands Aerosmith and Velvet Revolver.
On May 4, 2007, John LeCompt said that he was fired from Evanescence, and that Rocky Gray left the band.
They were replaced for some time by Will Hunt and Troy McLawhorn, who are from the band Dark New Day.
Evanescence (2011 – present)
"I believe that to make great music you have to give yourself the freedom to evolve.
I don’t see the point in making the same record twice, so I always want to challenge myself to make something better, stronger, and more interesting than before.
That takes time, but it’s worth the wait for me.
Hopefully, it will be for the fans too.
Look out for new music next year…"
Lee later posted more information about the album through Evanescence's fan forum, EvThreads.
She described the music as "dark, sarcastic, fun, strange, familiar and very different at the same time", stating that it's not music people would expect from the band.
In another post, she mentioned that she was collaborating with Will "Science" Hunt and Balsamo in writing for the album.
The band played a sold-out "secret show" at the Manhattan Center Grand Ballroom in New York City on November 4, 2009, along with label-mates Civil Twilight.
The tickets sold out in five minutes.
Lee told the audience that the bands' appearance was a warm-up for their headlining appearance at the Maquinária festival in São Paulo, Brazil, which took place on November 8.
The Maquinária show featured an intro containing a brief sample of the bands' new music.
Lee later posted the lyrics to the intro on EvThreads and stated that she was "glad" to share "at least just a minute of new music".
Both these appearances featured James Black of Finger Eleven as a fill-in guitarist.
Evanescence entered the studio on February 22, 2010 to begin recording and chose Steve Lillywhite to produce the album.