the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Jumpers try to get as close to the foul line as legally possible before initiating their jump.
Powell vs Lewis Tokyo 91 (video)
Events in athletics
She became Queen when her father, King George VI, died on 6 February 1952.
Since 9 September 2015, Elizabeth II has ruled longer than any other king or queen in the history of the United Kingdom.
She has also ruled longer than any other living king or queen in the world, since the death of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej on 13 October 2016.
The countries of which she is Queen are known as Commonwealth realms.
Their total population is over 129 million.
Although Elizabeth II is the queen of each country separately, all are independent countries.
Elizabeth II lives and spends most of her time in the United Kingdom.
In all the other countries where she is queen, a person is chosen to represent her.
This person may be known as the Governor General.
Elizabeth II has few political powers, and is not a ruler in the usual sense.
She is Queen and interested in the running of her countries, but she does not tell the governments what to do.
She has regular meetings with people from her governments, but it is they who run the countries.
She performs ceremonies for the governments, gives out honours, and visits and supports many charities.
In 1947, the Queen married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who died in 2021.
The Queen and Prince Philip had four children, eight grandchildren and 12 great grandchildren.
Elizabeth was born in her grandparents' home at 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair, London on 21 April 1926.
Her father was Prince Albert, Duke of York, who later became George VI.
His brother was the Prince of Wales.
Her mother was Elizabeth, Duchess of York.
Princess Elizabeth was the granddaughter of King George V and Queen Mary.
Her nickname was "Lilibet".
Princess Elizabeth had one sister, Princess Margaret.
Margaret was born in 1930.
The two young princesses were taught at home.
They had a governess named Marion Crawford.
Princess Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British Throne.
The first in line was her uncle, the Prince of Wales.
The second in line was her father, the Duke of York.
She was third in line.
Elizabeth's grandfather, King George V, died in 1936.
Her uncle became King Edward VIII.
He was king only for a short time.
He abdicated.
His brother, Elizabeth's father the Duke of York, became King George VI.
One day, Princess Elizabeth would be Queen.
Elizabeth was 13 years old when World War II started.
London was bombed.
Elizabeth and Margaret were moved to Windsor Castle.
This was for their safety.
People thought that they should be sent to Canada.
Their mother did not approve this idea.
Princess Elizabeth joined the British army in 1945.
She drove a truck.
She was a mechanic.
In 1947, she made her first official trip outside Britain.
She went with her parents to South Africa.
She made a speech on her 21st birthday.
She said her whole life would be devoted to the service of British Commonwealth and Empire.
Personal life
Princess Elizabeth married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on 20 November 1947.
The wedding was held in Westminster Abbey.
The couple lived mostly at Clarence House in London.
The couple has four children; Charles, Prince of Wales was born 14 November 1948.
Their second child is a daughter.
She is Anne, Princess Royal.
She was born 15 August 1950.
The Royal couple had two more sons.
Prince Andrew, Duke of York was born 19 February 1960.
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex was born 10 March 1964.
The princes and princess sometimes use the name Mountbatten-Windsor.
This is their official last name when they need one (royal families rarely use them).
Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021 at Windsor Castle, aged 99.
In February 2022, Elizabeth II tested positive for COVID-19 after having cold-like symptoms.
In 1951, the King's health was poor.
He could not go to many public events.
Princess Elizabeth started to make official visits for him.
The King died on 6 February 1952.
Elizabeth was crowned Queen on 2 June 1953.
The ceremony was held in Westminster Abbey.
She wore a dress that was decorated with the national flowers of the countries of the Commonwealth.
Many people bought TV sets to watch the event.
Life as Queen
In 1952, Her Majesty the Queen and Prince Philip moved into Buckingham Palace in central London.
This is the main official home of the monarch.
Her early years as Queen were spent traveling to many places.
In 1953, the Queen and Prince Philip began an around the world tour in the Royal Yacht, Britannia.
Their tour went for 6 months.
She was the first reigning monarch to visit Australia, New Zealand and Fiji.
In October 1957, she made an official visit to the United States.
She spoke to the United Nations General Assembly.
She toured Canada.
She became the first monarch to open the nation's Parliament.
The Queen likes to go to Canada.
She calls Canada her "home away from home".
In February 1961, she visited India, Iran, Pakistan and Nepal for the first time.
Since then, the Queen has made visits to most Commonwealth countries.
She has also been to most European countries and many countries outside Europe.
In 1991, she became the first British monarch to speak to a joint session of the United States Congress.
She goes to the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings.
She is the most widely traveled head of state in history.
Changes to the Commonwealth
When Elizabeth became Queen on 6 February 1952, she was officially Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka).
These were the Commonwealth countries.
She was also Queen of the Union of South Africa (which became a republic in 1961).
There were many more countries that she also ruled, because they belonged to the British Empire.
One by one, many of the countries became independent, and as they gained independence she became Queen of many of them.
Altogether, she was sovereign of 32 nations.
Some of the countries are now republics and have a president as "Head of State", while some of them keep the Queen as "Head of State".
Queen Elizabeth II is the only monarch of more than one independent nation.
The old British Empire became the Commonwealth of Nations.
It includes both monarchies and republics.
It is now called "The Commonwealth".
The Queen is the Head of the Commonwealth.
She works hard to keep peace and good communication between all the nations that are members.
Relationships with her governments and other countries
Ever since she became the Queen, Elizabeth has spent about three hours every day "doing the boxes".
The "boxes" are two large red boxes that are brought to her from the Parliament every day.
They are full of state papers sent to her from her various departments, embassies, and government offices.
One of the most famous photos taken of Elizabeth as a teenager shows her with her father, the King, learning about "the boxes".
Because she has been doing this since 1952, she knows a great deal about the government of the UK.
When the Queen is in London, she meets her Prime Minister once a week, to talk about events.
She also has meetings with the First Minister of Scotland and other Ministers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and the Prime Ministers and Ministers of other countries, when she is in their country, or when they visit London.
In the late 1990s, there were "referendums" in which the people of Scotland and Wales were asked if they wanted parliaments that were separate from the parliament of the United Kingdom.
This was called a "devolution policy".
As a result, the new Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly of Wales, were set up.
The Queen opened the first sessions of these two bodies.
Recently, some people in Australia wanted a republic, with an elected or appointed president as Head of State instead of the Queen.
In 1999, the people of Australia were asked in a referendum whether they wanted a republic.
The decision of the people was to remain a monarchy.
The Queen visited Australia the following year and said that she would continue to serve Australians as she had done for 48 years.
Elizabeth II is friends with many world leaders.
Her first Prime Minister of Australia, Sir Robert Menzies called her "My Dear" and recited a poem that said "I will love her till I die".
She has friendships with Mary Robinson, President of Ireland (1990-1997) and George W. Bush, who was the first American President in more than 80 years to stay at Buckingham Palace.
Nelson Mandela, in a BBC documentary, called her "my friend, Elizabeth".
The Queen as a person
Faith and duty
Elizabeth II, as the Monarch of the United Kingdom, is the "Supreme Governor" of the Church of England and sworn protector of the Church of Scotland.
She is very interested in the Church of England, but the Archbishop of Canterbury runs the church.
She rarely attends the yearly meeting of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.
The Queen is deeply religious.
In her Christmas Day television broadcast in 2000, she said:
The Queen often meets with leaders from other religions as well.
In 1980, she became the first British Monarch to visit the Vatican, where she was welcomed by Pope John Paul II.
She made another visit twenty years later on 17 October 2000.
Queen Elizabeth II is Patron of "The Council of Christians and Jews" in the UK.
The Queen has shown a very strong sense of duty, ever since she was a girl.
Her father, King George VI, was not meant to be king.
Her uncle became king when her grandfather died.
But he fell in love with an American woman who was divorced, and that wasn't allowed.
So he had to give up being king very shortly after ascending.
George VI didn't want to be king, because he was quite nervous and had a stammer.
However, Elizabeth's grandfather said that he didn't think her uncle was very good as a king, and wanted George to reign, then Elizabeth.
From the moment she realised that one day she would be Queen, she became very interested in her duties and did all she could to help her father.
Her promise to serve her people all her life has always been very important to her.
Some people think that now that she is old, perhaps she will retire ("abdicate") and let her son Prince Charles take over.
People who know her well, including Prince Charles, have said that this will never happen.
The Queen has often shown courage, ever since she joined the military at 18.
During a trip to Ghana in 1961, she was warned that it was dangerous to be near the President Kwame Nkrumah because people wanted to kill him.
But she refused to stay away.
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Harold Macmillan, wrote that the Queen got very impatient with people if they tried to treat her like "a film star".
In 1964, when the Queen was invited to Quebec, there were fears for her safety because there was opposition to her visit.
There were suggestions that the tour should be cancelled.
But the Queen's secretary said that the Queen would not want to be stopped from going to Quebec because of any danger.
During the Trooping the Colour in 1981, she was shot at, but she carried on.
The Queen was praised for her courage and for her ability to keep her horse calm.
It was later discovered that the shots were blanks.
In 1982, a man called Michael Fagan broke into Buckingham Palace in the morning, and found the Queen's bedroom.
He woke her up, and sat on her bed, until the guards came to take him away.
Family relations
Throughout her long reign, Queen Elizabeth II has been supported in her duties by her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Prince Philip promised to help the Queen on the day of her Coronation.
The Queen was also helped by her mother Queen Elizabeth, known as "The Queen Mother", who lived to be 101 years old, and stayed very active in her old-age.
The Queen is the patron of many organisations and charities.
She has many invitations and official duties.
Many of the duties have been shared by other members of the Royal Family, who have also become patrons of many organisations.
The Queen was sad about the broken marriages and divorces of three of her children, Prince Charles, Princess Anne and Prince Andrew.
Prince Charles's marriage to Lady Diana Spencer was thought to be a fairytale wedding because Diana was young and beautiful, and they seemed very happy.
But soon the marriage became troubled, and after their divorce, she was killed in a car accident in 1997.
On 9 April 2005, Prince Charles married Camilla Parker-Bowles, whom he had loved for many years.
In 2002, within seven weeks of each other, the Queen's mother and sister, Princess Margaret, both died on 30 March and 9 February respectively.
As the Queen is old, people worry about her health, but she is rarely sick.
However, she is leaving more duties to the younger members of the Royal Family, particularly to Prince Charles, who will become King when she dies.
The Queen's wealth is private.
It is difficult to estimate how much she is worth.
She owns Sandringham House, Balmoral Castle, and other large properties.
She does not own Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, or the royal collection of art.
These are worth millions of pounds.
In 2010, Forbes magazine estimated her personal fortune at about US$450 million (£300 million).
In 1977, the Queen celebrated her Silver Jubilee.
This jubilee marked the 25 anniversary of her coming to the throne.
There was a royal procession in the golden State Coach.
A service of thanksgiving was held at St. Paul's Cathedral.
Millions of people watched on television.
There were parties across the UK.
Five commemorative stamps were printed in honour of the event.
The Jubilee line of the London Underground opened in 1979, named after the anniversary.
Golden Jubilee
In 2002, Elizabeth II celebrated Golden Jubilee.
This jubilee marked the 50th anniversary of her coming to the throne.
She toured the Commonwealth countries.
There was a pop concert in the gardens of Buckingham Palace.
Diamond wedding anniversary
The Queen and Prince Philip celebrated their sixtieth (diamond) wedding anniversary on 19 November 2007, with a special service at Westminster Abbey.
The night before, Prince Charles gave a private dinner party at Clarence House for twenty members of the Royal Family.
On the following day, 20 November, the Queen and Prince Philip went on a visit to Malta, where they had stayed from 1949 to 1951 after getting married.
A Royal Navy ship, which was nearby, got its sailors to line up on deck to form a big number '60' for the couple.
Sapphire Jubilee and Platinum Wedding Anniversary
In 2017, the Sapphire Jubilee marked the Queen's 65 years as monarch.
She was the first British monarch to have a Sapphire Jubilee.
Instead of large celebrations, as usual, the Queen spent the day in "quiet reflection" because the day was also the anniversary of her father's death.
Commemorative stamps and coins were made in honour of the Jubilee, and a portrait of the Queen wearing sapphire jewellery was reissued.
Also in 2017, the Queen and Prince Philip celebrated their seventieth (Platinum) wedding anniversary.
They held a private celebration at Windsor Castle.
Westminster Abbey, where they were married, held a three-hour bell ceremony.
Platinum Jubilee
The Queen's Platinum Jubilee was held in February 2022, meaning she has been Queen for 70 years.
She would surpass Louis XIV of France as the longest-reigning monarch of a sovereign state in world history if she is still Queen on 27 May 2024.
Titles and styles
When someone is talking about the Queen, she is called "The Queen" or "Her Majesty".
When someone is talking to her, she is called "Your Majesty".
After the first time, the person talking to the Queen can say "Ma'am".
It is pronounced "Marm".
These are the titles that she has had:
21 April 1926 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York
11 December 1936 – 20 November 1947: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth
20 November 1947 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh
6 February 1952 – present: Her Majesty The Queen
The Queen has several coats of arms.
In the UK, they are known as the "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom".
Every British monarch has used these arms since the reign of Queen Victoria.
The coats of arms used in Scotland and Canada are different to the arms used in England and Wales.
Queen of Antigua and Barbuda
Queen of Australia
Queen of The Bahamas
Queen of Belize
Queen of Canada
Queen of Grenada
Queen of Jamaica
Queen of New Zealand
Queen of Papua New Guinea
Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Queen of Saint Lucia
Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Queen of Solomon Islands
Queen of Tuvalu
Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Elizabeth II: Modern Monarch
BBC Coverage of The Queens Golden Jubilee (2002) including AUDIO/VIDEO coverage
1926 births
Current national leaders
English Anglicans
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan
Recipients of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
Royalty from London
Time People of the Year
A question is what someone asks, usually when there is something that he or she does not know.
In writing, a question mark ("?")
comes at the end of a question.
However, just because a question is asked does not mean there is an answer.
Why do we need to study the past
Examples of these questions
People may give a short answer.
People may give a long answer.
"Guess what?"
"Can I help you?"
"Do you speak English?"
"Is this your bag?"
"What time is it?"
"Where are you from?"
"Why are you doing that?"
"Who do you want to see?"
"When will tea be ready?"
"What did you say?"
"How old are you?"
"What time is the football game?"
"Why do you look so funny?"
"Why did the chicken cross the road?"
"Where can I find the nearest subway station?"
"Why do you allow people to change an online encyclopedia?"
Different kinds of why questions need different kinds of answers.
A question like "Why did you do that?"
clearly asks for an explanation.
What that explanation might be depends on context.
This kind of explanation is not right or wrong: it all depends on circumstance.
The question and answer may also have to do with "who", "what", "when" and "where".
explanations which are based on a principle or theory.
Who should I listen to?
Answer: Mother knows best.
explanations which rely on a model or pattern.
Where does this part go?
Answer: The pocket is on the left side of the shirt.
explanations which tell a story or narrative.
Answer: I ran away after the dog barked.
explanations which relate to goals or purposes.
Answer: Because I'm going to build a boat.
An explanation can be valid or invalid or a combination of both.
Some explanations may appear reasonable, but they turn out to be misleading or wrong.
A boss is a person who is in charge of workers in a company or organization.
Bosses can have many different job titles.
Simple examples include manager, supervisor and director.
Boss (video gaming), a particularly powerful enemy or opponent in a video game
Boss (crime), head of a criminal organization
Executive (disambiguation)
A gun (also called a firearm) is a weapon used to shoot one or more metal projectiles called bullets.
Guns made of wood or bamboo are thought to have been made in China around 1000 AD.
In the next few centuries they spread to other parts of Asia and to Europe where they were made of metal.
Guns largely replaced catapults and bows and arrows when they became strong enough to reach out over longer distances to reliably hit a target.
They are of many different sizes.
Some are small enough to hold in one hand.
Others are large enough to sink a warship.
In military usage, the word "firearm" is used for the type of weapons that soldiers carry.
Most of them are either pistols or rifles.
These small arms can be carried and used by one person.
They have the same basic parts: a trigger, a barrel, and a handgrip or stock.
The shooter's finger pulls the trigger to fire the weapon which releases a bullet.
The barrel guides the bullet which then flies to the target.
The shooter's hand holds the handgrip.
Guns can be very effective weapons.
Their bullets fly faster than an arrow or spear.
Their high kinetic energy makes them more lethal.
They also shoot from far distances.
Bullets are usually non-explosive pieces of metal.
A modern bullet is the front part of a round or cartridge.
A cartridge consists of a bullet, propellant and a primer.
These are packaged in a metallic, paper, or plastic case which is sized exactly for the chamber of the firearm being used.
When the rear of the case (containing the primer) is struck, an explosion in the back of the cartridge ignites the propellant.
The controlled explosion forces the bullet out of the barrel.
Cartridges have different ways of being loaded into different kinds of weapons.
Cartridges can be loaded directly into a firearm into the chamber.
Or, more commonly, into a clip, a magazine or other bullet container which is loaded into the firearm.
Handguns known as revolvers have a cylinder with holes that the bullets are loaded into.
Modern guns called pistols are handguns loaded with a magazine.
Military use
Guns have been used by armies since about the 14th century.
Long barreled guns called muskets, that could be carried and used by one person, were in use by 1350.
They became an important weapon in European armies about the 1600s.
Modern militaries use the word "gun" for larger artillery guns that need several people, and that fire big ammunition.
For example, weapons on warships and tanks are called "guns".
They may be in a "turret" (a rotating base).
Big guns usually fire artillery shells, which explode upon impact.
In almost every country firearms are the main weapons used by armies.
In modern armies, every soldier has at least one firearm as standard equipment.
Soldiers are trained to use firearms, and to keep them clean and ready for use.
Sporting use
Shooting is a competitive sport involving tests of accuracy and speed.
They use various types of guns such as pistols, revolvers, rifles, shotguns and airguns.
Shooting sports are categorized by the type of firearm, targets, and distances at which the targets are shot.
Target Shooting is an Olympic sport.
Since the first humans, hunting became a way of life.
It was and still is in some places, the key to survival.
Mankind is distinguished from other animals by the use of tools.
At least 2 million years ago man learned to hunt animals for meat.
They learned to create and use spears and axes.
Bows and arrows were used at least 71,000 years ago.
Modern hunting still uses more primitive tools.
But many subsistence hunters have adapted to use modern firearms.
In modern countries hunting is still allowed but is considered a sport.
Hunting can be used to control the populations of many animal species.
As with many aspects of gun ownership and use, modern hunting remains controversial.
Handguns are not generally used for hunting.
Legal use
Guns can be used to kill other people.
For that reason many countries only allow soldiers, policemen, and certain social classes to have them.
In some countries, a person must have a special permit (or license) if they want to own a gun.
Depending on the gun, people need to be a certain age and may need to meet other criteria to get such a permit.
An example of this is that in the United States federal law allows buying rifles and/or shotguns at age 18—if purchased from a licensed firearms dealer.
But a person must be age 21 or older to purchase a handgun—from a licensed firearms dealer.
However, if purchased from an unlicensed person, with few exceptions, a handgun may not be sold to anyone under age 18.
There is no age restriction on who may buy a rifle or shotgun from an unlicensed person.
In the United States and other countries, people can buy guns for self-defense, hunting, and shooting sports like target shooting.
In some countries, such as Australia, people who live on farms are allowed to keep guns, but it is not easy for a person living in the city to get a gun without good reason.
In the United Kingdom, access by the general public to firearms is tightly controlled by law.
However, this is less restrictive in Northern Ireland.
After the Dunblane school massacre in 1996 followed by the Hungerford massacre in 1987, Britain passed the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988.
It required registration for shotguns and banned semi-automatic and pump-action weapons.
A further ban on all handguns in mainland Britain came a year and a half later.
Common gun types
New York (state), a state of the United States
New York City, the largest city in that state
New York County, New York, a county in that state that is the same as the Borough of Manhattan of New York City
New York metropolitan area, covering New York City and several nearby counties in New York and New Jersey
A hobby is a leisure activity that people do for fun or recreation.
People do it because they like it.
Some people do arts and crafts.
They make clothing or decorations with their hands.
Some popular arts and crafts that involve textiles or fabrics include crocheting, sewing (making clothing), embroidery, knitting, and quilting.
Some people like to do hobbies that involve making images on paper, such as scrapbooking, painting, and drawing.
Some people like to make three-dimensional decorations using clay or wood, in the hobbies of pottery, sculpture, wood carving, and woodworking.
Games and puzzles
Some people enjoy hobbies such as playing games or solving puzzles.
Games include board games such as chess, card games, and newer games such as wargaming and role-playing games.
Popular puzzles include jigsaw puzzles and crossword puzzles.
Reading and learning
Some people enjoy spending their time reading books, magazines, and newspapers, or writing stories or in a diary.
Other people enjoy learning foreign languages by taking classes, or doing research, such as genealogy.
Some people enjoy computer activities, such as computer programming, learning about open source software, or playing computer games.
Some people enjoy learning about electronics such as doing amateur radio broadcasts or building robots.
Hobbies in the home
Some people enjoy working on their home and learning how to repair their home by themselves, without hiring repair people or plumbers.
Some people enjoy learning how to repair motor vehicles, such as antique cars.
Some people even build and repair sailboats in their backyard.
Many people have hobbies that they do in the kitchen, such as cooking for their guests and family, and making their own beer.
Many people also have hobbies in their home that involve animals, such as keeping a pet animal, such as a dog, a cat, or tropical fish.
Some people even learn about dog breeding.
Collecting is a popular hobby in North America and in Europe.
People enjoy finding interesting examples of different items and learning about them.
Some of the well-known types of collecting include stamp collecting, coin collecting, video game collecting, trading cards such as baseball cards, and Pokémon cards.
People also collect toys, books, comic books, and old records.
Some people collect antiques and artwork, but these hobbies are more rare, because antiques and artwork are usually expensive.
A type of hobby that is related to collecting is model building.
People who do model-building as a hobby collect small models which they build, paint, and then display.
Some common types of model-building hobbies include model airplanes, model rockets, model ships, model cars, and model railways.
Outdoor activities and sports
Other hobbies
Many people spend a lot of time in leisure activities that are not necessarily called hobbies.
Some people disapprove of spending time on these activities.
These activities include watching too much television, drinking alcohol, and taking illegal drugs.
Hobby -Citizendium
The biggest buildings in the original World Trade Center were the Twin Towers.
The North Tower was the tallest building in the world when it was built.
Taller ones were built later.
The Twin Towers had 110 stories, and, at the time of its destruction, were the two tallest in New York.
They and 7 World Trade Center were destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks and other buildings were damaged beyond repair.
The original World Trade Center was designed by Minoru Yamasaki in the early 1960s using a tube-frame structural design for the twin 110-story towers.
In gaining approval for the project, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed to take over the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad which became the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH).
Groundbreaking for the World Trade Center took place on August 5, 1966.
The North Tower, officially World Trade Center 1 was completed in December 1970 and the South Tower, officially World Trade Center 2 was finished in July 1971.
Construction of the World Trade Center involved excavating a large amount of material that was then used in making Battery Park City on the west side of Lower Manhattan.
WTC buildings
1 World Trade Center (North Tower)
2 World Trade Center (South Tower)
3 World Trade Center (Marriott Vista Hotel)
6 World Trade Center (US Customs House)
Terrorist attacks
February 26, 1993, bombing
The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 PM.
A truck filled with 680 kg of explosives, planted by Ramzi Yousef, exploded in the underground garage of the 1 WTC.
The bombing created a 30 m (100 ft) hole through five sublevels.
Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured during escape attempts.
Many people inside the tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells with no emergency lighting, some taking two hours or more to reach safety.
As a memorial to the victims of the bombing of the tower, a reflecting pool was installed with the names of those who were killed.
On September 11, 2001, Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed it into the 1 WTC, striking between the 93rd and 99th floors, killing 1,344 people.
Seventeen minutes later, a second group crashed the hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the WTC, striking between the 77th and 85th floors, fewer than 700 were killed.
At 5:20 p.m., 7 World Trade Center started to collapse with the crumble of the east penthouse.
The Vista Hotel was destroyed during the collapse of the twin towers.
The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were damaged by debris and later were demolished.
Many conspiracy theories have appeared which say that certain people in the United States government knew about the attacks beforehand, or even made them happen.
The National September 11 Memorial & Museum (also known as the 9/11 Memorial & Museum) is a memorial and museum in World Trade Center site, as the memorial of the 9/11 attacks, which killed 2,977 people, and the 1993 bombing, which killed six.
It is operated by a non-profit institution whose mission is to raise funds for, program, and operate the memorial and museum at the World Trade Center site.
The National September 11 Memorial opened on September 11, 2011, and the museum opened in May 2014.
"The Lost Days" - videotribute
Apocalypse in the USA – animation, WTC and Pentagon, Ground Zero
Nicol Prism - The new version of the twin towers, WTC members of the architectural complex, is inaugurated on 1 May 2012 without much fanfare.
1973 establishments in New York (state)
2001 disestablishments in the United States
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
fi:World Trade Center
An hour (abbreviation: h or hr) is a unit of measurement used to measure time.
An hour is equal to 60 minutes.
24 hours are equal to one day.
Unlike the second, the hour is not a base SI unit.
A minute is a customary unit of time.
It is equal to 60 seconds.
Unlike the second, the minute is not an SI unit.
A minute is also  of a degree.
In this context, a minute is also called an arcminute, and is written with the  symbol.
A coat is a piece of clothing that is worn over a person's upper body.
It can be used to keep warm or dry (a raincoat).
It also may be worn to make a person look good.
A coat usually has long sleeves, and is fastened at the front.
Sometimes it includes collars, shoulder straps and hoods.
One type of coat is a jacket.
Study skills or study strategies are systematic ways to improve learning.
They are needed for success in school, especially for college and beyond.
Study skills include numerous techniques and skills that help in acquiring and retaining information.
Some are assessment tools that help a student see where they need help most.
Learning strategies
Time management is an essential skill.
Teachers have found a connection between students who can manage their time well, and their GPA (grade point average).
The better they manage time, the higher their GPA.
Britton and Tesser (1991) found that measuring the time management skills of freshmen was a better indicator of higher GPAs than their SAT scores as seniors.
Most students find that by analyzing their use of time, much of it is wasted.
Mnemonics may help to remember lists or sequences of information.
The name Roy G. Biv is an example of a mnemonic.
It is an acronym for the colors of the rainbow in proper sequence: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and Violet.
They also include rhymes, phrases, poems and associating pictures with information.
Mnemonics should be used sparingly as they have some limitations.
The SQ3R Method.
This is an acronym for survey question, read, recite and review.
SQ3R was developed by Francis Robinson in 1941.
Students learn to survey the reading materials, not by reading every word, but by getting an overall sense of what it is about.
The next step is to form questions.
Look at the end of chapters or books to see if there are questions.
Read the materials to answer the questions.
Next, recite what you have learned out loud.
Reciting helps the learning process much better than reading alone.
Review the information a few hours or even days later.
This keeps it fresh in your mind.
Skimming and Scanning.
Skim reading is a technique to gain the most from reading something in the least amount of time.
It is looking at chapter headings, bullet lists of key points in sidebars and key words in sentences.
The first sentence of a chapter often is a abstract of the chapter.
Scanning involves moving your finger down the page as you read.
The object is to try to absorb at least 50% of the text.
It is then compared to what was skimmed.
Study Groups.
Colleges and universities encourage students to form study groups.
A study group can divide tasks and each member concentrate on one segment.
Students who teach or share what they know with others learn more.
A study group uses active learning, a very effective way to learn.
Taking effective notes.
Note taking skills learned in high school are rarely adequate for college.
In college, good note taking involves critical thinking.
Professors often lecture at a fast pace.
Do not try to write down everything, try to establish what are key points.
A good clue to key or important points is that a teacher or lecturer may repeat them during the lecture.
It is important to develop good listening skills.
Key skills to good note taking are:
Pre-reading the materials.
This helps in understanding lectures.
Review your previous class notes.
Have everything you need at hand.
Make sure you have pens, pencils, notebooks, and textbooks.
Study skills at Virginia Tech
How to read in college, Swarthmore College
Active Reading: Comprehension and Rate, Dartmouth College
Learning - Visual vs. Auditory Learners.
Kentucky Virtual Campus
Study Tips for the Visual Learner, Staffordshire Learning Net
5 Study Tips for Auditory Learners, Law School Toolbox
The head is the part of the body where the brain is.
It is also where the face is.
Different things may be worn on the head, for example a headband or a hat.
Some people get pains in their head occasionally, known as headaches.
Also, some people have worse pains in their head called migraines.
A head in English can also mean a person in charge of something, such as the head of a company.
Also, the word head can also mean the front of something.
An example of this is the word "Headline", meaning large words on the front page of a newspaper.
Norway is a country in the north of Europe.
It is the western part of the Scandinavian peninsula.
The mainland of Norway is surrounded by the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean on the west side, and borders Russia, Finland, and Sweden to the east.
The southern coast touches the Oslofjord, Skagerrak, and the North Sea.
The Monarchy of Norway has been independent since 1814.
Its head of state is a king - Harald the 5th (as of 2017).
The national day is May 17, which celebrates Norway's constitution of 1814.
The parliament is called Stortinget and its members are elected by the people every 4 years.
About 5 million people live in Norway.
The capital is the city of Oslo.
Norwegian is the national language.
There are two official written versions of Norwegian called Bokmål and Nynorsk.
The Northern Sami language is spoken by around 90% of those who speak one of Norway's 3 Sami languages.
Northern Sami is also an official language in a number of municipalities.
The battle of Hafrsfjord (872 A.D.) resulted in small kingdoms becoming one larger kingdom, ruled by Harald Fairhair.
After the king's death, again there were smaller kingdoms, inside Norway.
Stockfish (or fish that has been freeze-dried, outside in cold weather) has been traded and exported; this happened as early as either the  9th century, 10th century, or 11th century until 1066.
Other sources say that the exporting was happening as early as the 12th century; stockfish is one of the country's oldest [type of] things to be sold for export.
Sweden left the Kalmar Union in 1523.
From 1536/1537, Denmark and Norway formed a personal union that by 1660 became the state called Denmark–Norway; Norway was the weaker part of the union with Denmark.
That union lasted until 1814, when the Treaty of Kiel said that Norway be ceded (or given) to Sweden; Denmark did not cede the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland
The Norwegian constitution was written in 1814 and signed on 17th May that year.
However, Denmark, on the losing side of the Napoleon wars, lost Norway to Sweden, on the winning side.
A Swedish–Norwegian War started on 26 July 1814.
It ended on 14 August, because of an agreement, called the Convention of Moss.
The union with Sweden: It started on 14 August 1814, when the Convention of Moss (en) was signed; the union went on for 90 years.
The end of the Union of Sweden and Norway, was  on 7 June 1905, when Norway got its independence.
In 1905 Prince Carl of Denmark was elected King of Norway.
His name as a king, was King Haakon VII.
Royal family since 1905
King Haakon VII was already married, before he came to Norway (in 1905).
His wife, Princess Maud, became Queen Maud.
Their son, Prince Alexander of Denmark, became Crown Prince Olav and followed after his father as King Olav V in 1957.
Olav and his wife, Crown Princess Märtha, had three children; Princess Ragnhild, Princess Astrid and Prince Harald (later Crown Prince Harald and in 1991 he followed his father as King Harald V).
King Harald is the first king born in Norway in over 600 years.
He has two children; Princess Märtha Louise and Crown Prince Haakon Magnus.
Other natural resources are  agriculture, forests, and minerals.
The government collects much money from various sources, and has policies intended to spread this wealth among Norwegians.
This spread of wealth, is done both directly and indirectly.
[Including year 2020], the fishing industry is catching between 2.5  million tons and 3 million tons fish from the ocean per year; from fish farms around 1.5 million tons are slaughtered per year.
Most people in Norway are ethnic Norwegians.
Norwegians speak a language that is related to German and English.
Swedish and Danish are so close to Norwegian that most Norwegians understand them.
Across Norway, many different dialects are spoken.
Norwegians disagree on how to make one correct written language.
Therefore, there are two standard languages, Bokmål and Nynorsk.
Nynorsk is used in writing in most of the western areas and in the central mountains.
Bokmål is written by most people in the rest of the country.
A native population of Norway, the Sami people, has its home in the northern parts of the country.
Their language is not at all related to Norwegian.
In some parishes in the far north, they make up the majority of people.
Many Sami now live outside the Sami homeland, mostly in Oslo and other big cities.
Earlier, Sami people were forced to speak Norwegian in school.
Now Sami is taught as the first language in school for Sami children, and Norwegian is the first foreign language.
Many immigrants have come to Norway in the last 30–40 years.
They mostly live in and around Oslo, and in the other big cities.
Many immigrants come from nearby countries, like Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland and Russia.
There are also many from countries far away, such as Pakistan, Somalia, Iraq and Vietnam.
Traditionally, all Norwegians were Lutherans, a variety of the Protestant faith.
Still, more than 80% of Norwegians are Lutherans.
Other important faiths include Islam, other Protestant groups and Catholicism.
Among tourists to Norway, more come from Germany than from any other country.
There are also many Swedes, Danes, British, Dutch and Italians visiting Norway.
The Swedes and Danes often come in winter to go skiing.
The others mainly come in summer.
Many people visit Norway to see the Northern Lights, also known as the 'Aurora Borealis'.
Norwegian culture can be compared to English culture in the way that it is considered a bad thing to show off, as opposed to the US, where this is more acceptable.
This is a big aspect of Norwegian culture, and it is related to the philosophy of egalitarianism.
Because of this, people will understate things, for example if a Norwegian says something is good or nice, it can mean that it's really great.
The farmers' culture (bondekulturen) was brutal.
Unwanted babies were "placed in the forest" (sette barn på skogen) to die, until the nineteenth century; in the end, the [rural] police authority - consisting of individuals called lensmann (en) - were able to control [and stop] these crimes.
In Norway power is shared among three branches: The justice sector, the government and the parliament (Stortinget).
Norway also has a king, Harald V, but he does not have any real power and acts as a symbol and ambassador.
This form of government is called a constitutional monarchy.
Elections are held every four years, and the winner of the election is the party or coalition of parties that gets the most votes and seats in the parliament.
After the elections are done, the winners work together to find out who the prime minister should be, as well as who the other ministers should be.
Red (Rødt): A revolutionary socialist party which works for equality of income, labour rights, a controlled economy and feminism.
Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk venstreparti): The party is not very radical and is concerned with environmental issues as well as education.
The party is traditionally regarded as the "teacher's party" because of their focus on learning and school.
One might call SV more of a social democratic party than a socialist party, since their socialist views have faded over the years.
They were more radical in the 1970s and 80s.
Norwegian Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet): The Labour Party is the biggest party in Norway.
They work for a strong economy with many regulations on private businesses, and are traditionally the party for workers, securing labour rights and the welfare state.
Centre Party (Senterpartiet): The Centre Party used to be known as the farmer's party; they no longer use this name, but still they are mostly popular in the countryside and other rural regions, since they work for the environment and protection of Norwegian farmers.
For example, raising tariffs, or putting taxes on imports, to make foreign food cost more so that people will buy from Norwegian farmers.
This is called protectionism.
Green Party (Miljøpartiet de Grønne): The Green party works for the environment only, and has recently been gaining a lot of popularity for its radical politics.
They are mostly a left-side party, but will switch sides if it helps the environment.
Liberal Party (Venstre): Even though it is called Left in English, it is actually a social liberal party that belongs to the centre-right side of Norwegian politics.
They work for liberal rights like freedom of speech, gender equality and they are also concerned with environment.
Because of this they heavily support public transport.
Kristelig Folkeparti: The Christian People's Party is at present more active in local than national politics.
Conservative Party (Høgre): The flagship of the right side of politics, it is a conservative party and is the second biggest party in Norway.
It works for a free market, liberal rights and equality of opportunity.
They are friendly towards private businesses and support economic growth by making taxes smaller, so that more people can start businesses.
Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet): The Progress Party is a right-side party.
It works for stronger immigration laws, a free market and tough penalties for crimes.
They also support private schools and flat taxes.
The Conservative Party and the Progress Party are currently working together in a coalition government, after getting elected in the 2013 elections.
It's also a minority government, so it has to work together with the other parties in the parliament to make change.
The city with the most people living there (or inhabitants) is Oslo.
The city of Bergen has 272,000 people living there; the city of Trondheim has 182,000 people in its population.
Organisations associated with the Government of Norway
NATO : Norway was a founding member.
1945 establishments in Europe
Albania ( ; ), officially called the Republic of Albania is an independent republic in Southeastern Europe, with an area of .
The capital is Tirana, and other important cities are Durrës, Elbasan and Vlora.
Over 3 million people live in Albania.
The majority of Albanians are Muslims with 55%, 23% Eastern Orthodox and 15% Roman Catholics.
Albania is next to Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and North Macedonia and Kosovo.
It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea in the west, and a coast on the Ionian Sea in the southwest.
The official language is Albanian.
The national anthem is Hymni i Flamurit.
Albania was the southern part of Illyria during the Roman Empire.
In the Middle Ages the Albanians were ruled by many foreign countries, including the Byzantine and Venetian Empires and during the 16th century resistance to the Ottoman Empire's rule was led by the Albanian national hero Skanderberg but his real name was Gjergj Kastrioti.
After four centuries of Turkish domination, finally in the 20th century an  independent Albania was created.
In 1939 Albania was conquered by fascist Italy and was part of the Kingdom of Italy until 1943.
After World War II Albania became independent again, under communist rule.
It was ruled by Enver Hoxha, who died in 1985.
Ramiz Alia took over and also later became President when, in 1992, Albania returned to democracy, and it now has friendly  relations with the European Union, which it has applied to join.
Albania is divided into 12 counties.
These counties include 36 districts and 373 municipalities
The Albanian Armed Forces were first formed after independence in 1912.
Albania reduced the number of active troops from 65,000 in 1988 to 14,500 in 2009.
In 2010 forced conscription was abolished.
Albania has a total area of 28,748 square kilometers.
Albania's coastline length is .
It goes along the Adriatic and Ionian Seas.
On the coast there are mild, wet winters and warm, sunny, and rather dry summers.
70% of the country is mountains.
The highest mountain is Korab.
Albania is bordered by Greece, the Republic of North Macedonia, Montenegro and Kosovo.
A short stretch of sea separates Albania from the far southeast of Italy.
Although a small country, Albania has a lot of variety in plants and animals.
The total number of plants is over 3250 species.
There are over 350 bird species, 330 freshwater and marine fish and 80 mammal species.
The Double-headed eagle is the national symbol of Albania.
National Tourism Organization Albania's official website for travel & tourism information.
Hungary is a country in Central Europe.
Its capital city is Budapest.