the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
When a person urinates, urine flows from the bladder through the urethra and out of the body.
Sir Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier,  (22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor.
He was one of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century.
He was the youngest actor to be knighted and the first to be raised to the peerage.
Olivier married English actresses Jill Esmond, Vivien Leigh and Joan Plowright.
Actor Spencer Tracy said that Olivier was 'the greatest actor in the English-speaking world'.
In 1999, the American Film Institute named Olivier among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, at number 14 on the list.
Olivier had many awards: twelve Oscar nominations, with two wins (for Best Actor and Best Picture for the 1948 film Hamlet), plus two honorary awards including a statuette and certificate.
He was awarded five Emmy Awards.
He was a three-time Golden Globe and BAFTA winner.
In 1976 he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.
Spiritism is a doctrine promoted by the French professor Allan Kardec.
His first two books were:
The Spirits' Book — Defines the guidelines of the doctrine, covering points like God, Spirit, Universe, Man, Society, Culture, Morals and Religion.
The Mediums' Book — Details the mechanics of the spiritual world, the processes involved in channeling spirits, techniques to be developed by mediums, etc.
Promoting the dialog between the three classical forms of knowledge (science, philosophy and religion) for achieving a more complete comprehension of the reality;
Submitting the fundamental points of the religious systems to a critical and empirical exam, for separating fantasy and reality.
This way, men can avoid materialism and dogmatism at once, being critical and spiritual.
Emphasizing human power and responsibility for acting, creating and changing the world around.
Although Kardec claimed it was distinct, spiritism is similar to spiritualism.
Kardec's books were based on reporting séances in which he claimed to observe phenomena which he attributed to incorporeal intelligence (spirits).
Arthur Conan Doyle included a chapter about Spiritism in his book History of Spiritualism.
This said that Spiritism is Spiritualist (but not vice-versa).
As a consequence, many Spiritualist works are widely accepted in Spiritism, particularly the works of scientists Sir William Crookes and Oliver Lodge.
The Spirits' Book  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
The Sator Formula engraved on a human skull
Alexa is an Internet service that measures how many Internet users visit a website.
At Alexa.com, people can enter a website address and Alexa will show them how well-visited the website is.
It can also tell them how its popularity has changed over time.
A poodle is a breed of dog.
Poodles are one of the smartest dogs.
Miniature and toy poodles are two sizes.
The original poodle is the Standard poodle.
Miniature and toy poodles are not related to Standard poodles.
They don't share DNA.
If the owner does praise it, it will start liking the owner even more, and doing things for the owner.
Many people that own them show them at dog shows.
Poodles were once used as hunting and sporting dogs, but now they are mostly pets.
Poodles only have one coat, other dogs are known to have double coats.
Poodles do not shed their fur as some dogs do, so they are good pets for people who are allergic to dogs.
The hair of a poodle grows much quicker than that of a full-grown dog.
One exciting aspect of the poodle hair is that it is capable of changing color.
From research conducted, it is safe to say that the hair growth of a poodle is flanked by half an inch to one inch in 30 days.
Just like every other dog hair, poodles also have issues with their hair.
The biggest problem associated with poodle hair is that it has a habit of becoming thin and falling off its body.
However, this happens mostly in female poodles whenever they are experiencing hormonal flow or heat.
Types of Poodle Hair
Puppy Clip - This is more of a natural type of hair common in an adolescent poodle.
It begins to grow right from their birth prior to maturity when they hit one year.
Puppy Coat - A poodle will continue to grow puppy coat until it reaches one year.
When this type of hair is growing, it will always be soft straight, and thin but will start growing curly when they grow much older.
Improper Coat - They are not curly in nature and will, in most cases, show soft waves in spots.
Improper coats can be brushed easily but have problems in show.
Corded Coat - This is not commonly seen in poodles.
A corded coat is an instance where a poodle’s hair grows to the extent of a long and rough dreadlock.
Continental Clip - This type of poodle has its rear and back legs shaved.
They are a very tough dog to maintain.
English Saddle Clip - This is similar to a continental clip, only that this one has its rear and back legs cut into a series of pom-poms.
They do not cut the hairs at the back of their tails.
English Saddle are also very difficult to maintain.
Problems Associated With Poodle Hair
Alopecia X - Alopecia X is known as a balding disorder that happens as a result of growth hormone problems while a poodle grows to become an adult.
A poodle’s change to adulthood is capable of leading to a loss of hair on its body.
Poor breeding habits simply cause this condition and it is regarded as a cosmetic problem.
Castration responsive dermatosis - This issue is associated with uncommon loss of hair that happens in young male poodles.
Also, this condition is linked with castration responsive because it has some connection to the poodle’s hormone.
The recommended way of treating this condition in poodles is by Neutering.
In fact, this condition is also likely to happen in female poodles.
Allergies - A few poodles have some allergies that prevent them from coming in contact with shampoos because it tends to cause difficulty in their eyes and skin.
An allergy in a poodle will lead to non-stop itching that will see a poodle scratching out its hair, and this could also result in sores.
To prevent this, make sure your poodle is away from any of its allergies.
Poodles are also popular because they come in many different colors and sizes.
Their coats are most often white or black; but can be apricot, dark gray, called "blue"; and other colors.
There are also some rare colors, such as chocolate brown, and brindle.
In Japan, apricot color is the most liked.
Poodles are bred in many different sizes.
The four main sizes from largest to smallest are Standard, Miniature, Medium and Toy.
There are also other sizes, like the very small Teacup, that are not official.
This means that these other sizes cannot be part of professional dog shows.
Standard - This is the original size.
This height is from 35 to 45 cm, weight is from 15 to 19 kg.
Miniature - This size was downsized from standard size for circus dogs.
This height is from 28 to 35 cm,weight is from 8 to 15 kg.
Medium - This size is not accepted in some countries.
This height is from  35 to 45 cm, weight is from 8 to 15 kg.
Toy - This size was downsized from miniature size for breeding as pets.
This height is from 26 to 28 cm, weight is  also 3 kg.
Military working dogs
Poodles have been used as working dogs in the military for several centuries.
During World War II, it was thought that this breed of dog could become helpers during the war.
So, poodles went through training by the United States Army for special tasks.
In 1942, the poodle was one of 32 breeds officially ranked as war dogs by the Army.
It is the poodles main style to left hair of the chest and ankles in order to protect heart and joints from cold waters and cut others in order to reduce the resistance of the water.
Now, poodles hair styles have more variations.
In Japan, the "teddy bear cut" is most popular.
This style lets the whole body have roundness like a teddy bear.
Irish, Irish Gaelic, or Gaeilge is a language spoken in the Republic of Ireland and (less commonly) in Northern Ireland.
Irish is a Celtic language.
This means that Irish is similar to Scottish Gaelic, Breton, Cornish, Manx Gaelic and Welsh.
Many people who speak Irish can understand some Scottish Gaelic, but not Welsh, because the Celtic languages are divided into two groups.
One group is called the p-Celtic languages and the other is called the q-Celtic languages.
Irish and Scottish Gaelic are q-Celtic languages and Welsh is a p-Celtic language.
Irish has no "yes" or "no" words.
There were great poets who wrote in Irish.
Their poems became the songs of the people.
People told stories about the heroes of old times.
Many of the poems were about them.
Queen Elizabeth I of England tried to learn Irish and Christopher Nugent, 9th Baron of Delvin, gave her an Irish primer.
She also asked her bishops to translate the Bible into Irish, an unsuccessful attempt to split the Catholic people from their clergy.
Until the 19th century, most people in Ireland spoke Irish but that changed after 1801 when Ireland joined the United Kingdom.
Ireland’s state schools then became part of the British system and had to teach or even allow only English.
The Roman Catholic Church also began to discourage Irish as did Nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell, although an Irish-speaker himself, saying that most job opportunities were in the English-speaking United States and wider British Empire.
Today, Irish is the first official language of the Republic of Ireland but in practice English still has a dominant position in government.
It is not spoken by most Irish people outside the Gaeltacht in day-to-day life, although many speak it when among friends or family.
It also must be taught in all schools in Ireland.
The newest Gaeltacht in Ireland is on the Falls Road in Belfast City, where the whole community now tries to use Irish as their first language.
This area is called the Gaeltacht Quarter.
There are around 2 million speakers.
The places where Irish is spoken a lot are called Gaeltacht areas or in Irish, Gaeltachtaí.
Around 70% of the people in these areas speak Irish.
Common words and phrase
aon = one (a-n)
dó = two (doe)
trí = three (tree)
ceathair = four (cacahuete)
cúig = five (coo-igg)
sé = six (shay)
seacht = seven (quatre)
ocht = eight (uk-ed)
naoi = nine (kinee
deich = ten (de)
céad = one hundred
dhá chéad = two hundred
Dia Dhuit = Hello (literal translation is "God be with you")
Céad Mile Fáilte = One hundred thousand welcomes
Ceist ag éinne?
= Anyone have a question?
Éire = Ireland
go maith = good
Slán = goodbye
Leabhar = book
Madra = dog
Ireland, an island to the west of Great Britain
Republic of Ireland, a country on the island of Ireland
Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, on the northern part of the island
Irish Republic, a former country on the island of Ireland
Irish Free State, a former country on the island of Ireland
Irish people, people of Irish heritage, coming from Ireland
Irish language, a Goidelic language spoken on the island of Ireland and by small communities worldwide
Max and Ruby is a Canadian children's television series created by Rosemary Wells.
The series originally aired on Nick Jr. on Nickelodeon in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada.
It is aimed at a preschool children.
The series was created by children's book author / illustrator Rosemary Wells.
It is based on the fictional world of her Max and Ruby books.
The episodes show stories about three year old Max, an anthropomorphised toddler bunny, and his big sister, seven year old Ruby, a patient young lady.
The show has a good message for its audience by showing Max and Ruby playing together and using respect and love in solving their problems.
Katie Griffin - Ruby
Billy Rosemberg - Max
2010s disestablishments in Canada
2002 television series debuts
2019 television series endings
Television shows about rabbits and hares
August 5 – In the Battle of Peterwardein 40.000 Austrian troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat 150,000 Ottoman Turks under Darnad Ali Pasha
Pirate Edward Teach the "Blackbeard" raids shipping in the Caribbean
Natchez, one of the oldest towns on the Mississippi, founded.
Crieff, Scotland burned to the ground in revenge for the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Sheriffmuir.
Kangxi Dictionary published this year.
This dictionary lays the foundation of most references to Han characters studies nowadays.
Year 400 (CD) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Stilicho and Aurelianus (or, less frequently, year 1153 Ab urbe condita).
The denomination 400 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
First invasion of Italy by Alaric (probable date).
The Vandals start their westward trek from Dacia and Hungary (approximate date).
Construction (and therefore occupation) at Great Zimbabwe begins (approximate date).
Earliest date of human occupation on Easter Island (approximate date).
Chrysanthemums are introduced to Japan (approximate date).
Siege of Lisbon: King Afonso I of Portugal and the Crusaders capture Lisbon from Muslims
First written mention of Moscow.
Abd al-Mumin destroys the Almoravid Empire
Dore Abbey founded
The Apollo program (or Project Apollo) was a project by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
The program was named after the Greek god Apollo.
The goal was to send a human to explore the Moon and bring him home to earth safely.
It was started by US President John F. Kennedy in 1961.
One reason the program started was that the Soviet Union was the first country to send a person into outer space.
Since this was during the Cold War, many in the US thought that the US needed to stay ahead of the USSR in space exploration.
The Apollo spacecraft was made up of a Command and Service Module, and a Lunar Module.
The Command Module was a space capsule.
The Lunar Module was a lander.
These spacecraft docked on the way to the Moon.
Mercury and Gemini spaceships were very small and cramped, but the Apollo capsule was much bigger.
Astronauts could move around and not have to stay in their seats.
The Lunar Lander was also big on the inside.
The only part of the Apollo spacecraft to come back to Earth was the capsule, the Lunar Module would crash on the moon.
The Apollo program ended in 1975.
After that, NASA began to work on the Space Shuttle program, the International Space Station, and many unmanned space exploration projects.
In September 1967, Owen Maynard of the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas proposed a series of Apollo missions that would lead to landing a person on the Moon.
There were seven types of mission, each testing a specific set of parts and tasks.
Each step would need to be completed successfully before the next mission type could begin.
A - Unmanned Saturn V and Command/Service Module (CSM) development (Apollo 4, Apollo 6)
B - Unmanned Lunar Module (LM) development (Apollo 5)
C - Manned CSM evaluation in low Earth orbit (Apollo 7)
D - Manned CSM and LM development in low Earth orbit (originally planned for Apollo 8; flown as Apollo 9)
E - Manned CSM and LM operations, a practice lunar mission in a medium Earth orbit with an apogee of 4600 mi (7400 km), but never flew
F - Manned CSM and LM operations in lunar orbit, a "dress rehearsal" for the first landing (Apollo 10)
G - First manned lunar landing (Apollo 11)
The first manned Lunar Module, LM-3, was not ready for the December 1968 launch date of Apollo 8.
The mission flew as a lunar orbital mission, using just the CSM.
The E mission was canceled.
H - precision landings with up to two-day stays on the Moon, with two lunar Extra-Vehicular Activities or "moonwalks" (Apollo 12, Apollo 13 (planned), Apollo 14)
I - long duration CSM lunar orbital surveys using a Scientific Instrument Module mounted in an empty Service Module bay.
These were added into the J missions.
J - longer three-day stays using an Extended LM, with three LEVAs and a Lunar Roving Vehicle (Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17).
Apollo 18 to 20 would have been J missions.
Apollo 15 was originally an H mission but was changed to J as the program was cut short.
Apollo flights
AS-101 was launched on May 28, 1964.
The flight was designed to test the Command Module.
AS-102 was launched on September 18, 1964.
AS-103 was launched on February 16, 1965.
It also carried a Pegasus satellite.
AS-104 was launched on May 25, 1965.
AS-105 was launched on July 30, 1965.
AS-201 was launched on February 26, 1966.
AS-202 was launched on August 25, 1966.
Apollo 4 was launched on November 9, 1967.
Apollo 5 was launched on January 22, 1968.
The flight was designed to test the Lunar Module.
Apollo 6 was launched on April 4, 1968.
The flight was the last flight to check all the systems.
Apollo 1 caught fire during pre-flight training on January 27, 1967, killing three astronauts, Edward White, Gus Grissom, and Roger Chaffee.
Apollo 7 was launched on October 11, 1968.
This was the first flight with a crew, Wally Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Walter Cunningham.
The flight, which orbited the Earth for several days, tested the command Module.
Apollo 8 was launched December 21, 1968.
The crew, Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, and William Anders, were the first astronauts to go into orbit around the Moon.
Apollo 9 was launched March 9, 1969.
The crew, James McDivitt, David Scott, and Russell Schweickart, tested the Lunar Module in orbit around the Earth and practised docking with the Command Module.
Apollo 10 was launched on May 18, 1969.
This was the first complete Apollo rocket carrying all the equipment.
The crew, Thomas Stafford, John Young, and Eugene Cernan, studied possible landing sites while in orbit around the Moon.
Apollo 11 was launched on July 16, 1969.
This was the first spacecraft to land on the Moon with astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on July 20, 1969.
Michael Collins was in control of the Command Module which stayed in orbit around the moon.
Apollo 12 was launched on November 14, 1969.
The crew Pete Conrad and Alan Bean were the second team to land on the Moon on November 19, 1969.
They collected moon rocks and examined the Surveyor 3 spacecraft that had landed on the Moon in 1967.
Richard Gordon stayed in the Command Module
Apollo 13 was launched on April 11, 1970.
An explosion in one of the oxygen tanks nearly caused the death of the three astronauts, Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise.
Emergency repairs were made and the they were able to return safely to Earth.
Apollo 14 was launched on January 31, 1971.
On February 5, 1971 astronauts Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell became the third group to land on the Moon.
They collected rocks and carried out experiments while Stuart Roosa stayed in orbit in the Command Module.
Apollo 15 was launched on July 26, 1971.
It continued the collecting and experiments of earlier landings.
David Scott and James Irwin landed on the Moon on July 30, 1971, while Alfred Worden stayed in orbit.
Apollo 16 was launched on April 16, 1972.
John Young and Charles Duke landed on the Moon on April 21, 1972, while Ken Mattingly stayed in orbit.
Apollo 17 was launched on December 7, 1972.
This was the final Moon visit, landing on December 11, 1972, and was the first to take a scientist, Harrison Schmitt with astronaut Eugene Cernan.
Ronald Evans stayed in orbit.
Skylab 2 was launched on May 25, 1973.
Pete Conrad, Paul Weitz and Joseph Kerwin were the first crew of the Skylab space station.
Skylab 3 was launched on July 28, 1973.
Alan Bean, Jack Lousma and Owen Garriott were the crew of the Skylab space station.
Skylab 4 was launched on November 16, 1973.
Gerald Carr, William Pogue and Edward Gibson were the last crew of the Skylab space station.
Apollo-Soyuz was launched on July 15, 1975.
It was the last mission of Apollo.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government that deals with space exploration and aeronautics, the operating and designing of planes.
NASA has had many successful missions, for example the ISS, and Apollo 11, which put the first man on the Moon in 1969.
NASA was started on July 29, 1958.
NASA's motto is: "For the Benefit of All".
The current Administrator of NASA is Bill Nelson since April 2021.
Founding and the Sputnik crisis
NASA was preceded by the "National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics" (NACA).
NACA was a US federal agency founded on March 3, 1915 to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research.
On October 1, 1958 the agency was dissolved, and its assets and personnel transferred to the newly created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
NASA was founded to compete with the Soviet Union in the space race.
In the 1950s and 1960s there was a space race between the US and the Soviet Union - now called Russia.
The Soviets started first launching Sputnik 1, the first object made by people to go into orbit, in October 1957.
The Americans were worried by this.
It caused a crisis known as the Sputnik Crisis as the Americans feared the Russians might start building weapons in space.
This all happened at a time called the Cold War when the USA and the Soviet Union were always very close to war.
Space flight programs
Project Mercury (1958–1963)
Originally NASA was very small with only four laboratories and around eighty people working there.
German engineers and scientists led by Wernher von Braun helped them build rockets.
They had helped build the V-2 missile in Germany during World War II and the Redstone missile for the US Army afterwards.
Their Army missile laboratory was transferred to NASA.
In 1960 they set up the Mercury project.
The Mercury Project space missions were designed by NASA, mostly to test if humans could survive in space.
After they proved it was possible for people to live in space they moved on.
On May 15th 1961 astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space.
Less than a year later, John Glenn became the first American to orbit or circle the Earth.
He did so in a spacecraft called Friendship 7.
Once the Mercury Project proved that humans could live in space, the Gemini Project was started.
Less than a year after it began, the Apollo Program also began.
Project Gemini (1961–1966)
After the success of Mercury, NASA realized it had to start planning for its missions to the Moon.
The Gemini spacecraft was built for two men.
It was still small and cramped similar to the Mercury capsule, but allowed for more freedom of movement.
Project Gemini proved that two spacecraft could rendezvous (meet and dock) in space.
Neil Armstrong, the first man on the Moon, was also on the first Gemini flight to dock with another spacecraft in outer space.
The Gemini spacecraft did not dock with another spacecraft with people in it.
Instead, it docked with a rocket called "Agena target vehicle".
The last few Gemini missions were science experiments and spacewalks designed to prepare for the Apollo Program, which would land human beings on the Moon.
Apollo program (1961–1972)
The Apollo program was started by President John F Kennedy in the 1960s.
The program was made of 16 missions designed to send a man to the Moon and return him safely back to Earth.
The first Apollo mission, Apollo 1, ended in disaster when a fire in the command module killed all the astronauts on board.
The Apollo 8 and 10 missions went to the moon.
They tested equipment and took photos but did not land.
The project's main success came in 1969 when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon as part of Apollo 11.
The mission was a big success for NASA and over six million people watched it worldwide.
After Apollo 11, six more Apollo flights went to the moon.
Five of them landed.
The one that did not land, Apollo 13, had to abort its mission when an oxygen tank exploded in the spaceship.
Apollo 17 was the last mission to land on the Moon.
Skylab (1965–1979)
After Congress stopped the Moon landings, NASA needed a new direction.
Using a leftover Saturn V rocket, the giant rocket that sent men to the Moon, they created a space station that orbited above the Earth.
This space station was called Skylab.
Skylab was very big on the inside, even bigger than a small house.
Skylab was visited by Apollo spacecrafts.
There were three missions to Skylab.
Each of them carried important experiments.
The last crewed mission, Skylab 4, spent 84 days, 1 hour, 15 minutes, 30 seconds, longer than any space mission had spent until 1977.
Skylab broke up in the atmosphere in 1979.
Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (1972–1975)
During the Space Race, the Soviets had designed their own spacecraft to fly to the Moon.
Their spacecraft was called Soyuz.
The Soviets never landed on the Moon, they had too many problems.
Instead, they started creating small space stations.
The Soyuz spacecraft is what they used to go to these space stations.
US and Soviet Union were part of the Cold War.
In order to make peace between Soviet Union and US, they decided they would dock an Apollo spacecraft to a Soyuz spacecraft in space.
After docking, the crews performed experiments and learned about each other's cultures.
Apollo–Soyuz was the last flight of the Apollo spacecraft.
It has never been used since, and as of 2020, there are no plans for it to be used again.
Space Shuttle program (1972–2011)
In the 1980s and 1990s NASA began to concentrate on building Space Shuttles.
Four Shuttles were built in 1985.
The first to launch was the Space Shuttle Columbia in April 12, 1981.
At this time the public began to lose interest in the space program and NASA faced budget cuts.
They had planned for the Space Shuttles to cost less as they could be used more than once.
But eventually it turned out the Space Shuttles were more expensive as building them in the first place cost more money than normal.
There were further problems for NASA after the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated in flight in 1986, killing all seven of its astronauts.
The incident is known as the Challenger Disaster.
The Challenger Disaster forced NASA to think about the way they worked.
The entire Space Shuttle fleet was suspended for a year.
After that, NASA launched the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit.
Its most famous photo was the Hubble Deep Field.
In 2011, NASA shut down the Space Shuttle program.
They were more expensive to use than other launch vehicles.
International Space Station (1993–present)
In the early 1980s, NASA planned Space Station Freedom as a counterpart to the Soviet Salyut and Mir space stations.
It never left the drawing board and, with the end of the Soviet Union and the Cold War, it was cancelled.
The end of the Space Race prompted the U.S. administration officials to start negotiations with international partners Europe, Russia, Japan and Canada in the early 1990s in order to build the International Space Station.
This project was first announced in 1993 and was called Space Station Alpha.
It was planned to combine the proposed space stations of all participating space agencies: NASA's Space Station Freedom, Russia's Mir-2 (the successor to the Mir Space Station, the core of which is now Zvezda) and ESA's Columbus that was planned to be a stand-alone spacelab.
Curiosity rover (2011–present)
Curiosity is a car-sized rover.
It was made to explore the crater Gale on Mars.
Curiosity was launched from Cape Canaveral on November 26, 2011, at 15:02 UTC and landed on Aeolis Palus inside Gale on Mars on August 6, 2012, 05:17 UTC.
The Bradbury Landing site was less than  from where the rover landed after a  journey.
The goals of the rover include an investigation of the Martian climate and geology.
NASA's future
NASA is continuing operations include missions to the planets Mars, Saturn and Pluto.
Missions to Jupiter are also planned for the near future.
The New Horizons spacecraft flew past Jupiter in February 2007, studying some of the planet's moons.
On July 14, 2015 the craft flew by Pluto, took high resolution pictures of the planet's surface and analysed the chemical properties of its atmosphere.
NASA announced in 2004 that they plan to have a permanent Moon base by 2020.
A senior NASA administrator also stated in 2007 that NASA aims "to put a man on Mars by 2037".
However, in early 2010, President Barack Obama cancelled the Constellation project that was aiming to have humans return to the moon's surface by 2020.
He said the project was "behind schedule and lacking in innovation".
At the same time he cut back the amount of money NASA will be getting from the government in 2011.
When President Barack Obama did this, he also worked with NASA to create the Space Launch System.
This, with commercial launch vehicles (launch vehicles that are not owned by NASA), will take humans to the Moon and Mars.
NASA Missions
NASA has launched over 500 missions in its 50-year history.
Over 150 missions had humans on board.
Such manned missions are the most expensive and make the most news but the majority of launches are for space exploration, science, and other purposes that do not need people.
NASA spacecraft such as Cassini-Huygens and the Voyager program have visited every planet in the Solar System.
Four NASA spacecraft have left the Solar System, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11.
As of 2013 Voyager 1 is around 18,800,000,000 (18.8 billion) kilometers away from Earth.
"High School Dynamite" (2022)
NASA.gov - official website
NASA Photos
How NASA works
NASA for Kids
NASA Spaceflight news site
1958 establishments in the United States
Advaita Vedanta is a school in Hinduism.
People who thoroughly explore Advaita know that their soul is not different from Brahman.
The most famous Hindu philosopher who taught about Advaita Vedanta was Adi Shankara who lived in India more than a thousand years ago.
Adi Shankara learned the sacred texts of Hinduism, like Vedas and Upanishads under his teacher Govinda Bhagavadpada and later wrote extensive commentaries of Hindu sacred texts called Upanishads.
In these commentaries, he proposed the theory of Advaita, saying that the Upanishad actually teach that the individual soul (called Atman) is not different from Ultimate Reality (called Brahman).
He also taught that there is only one essential principle called Brahman and everything else is a kind of expression of that one Brahman.
Because of this theory of one being, his teachings became popular as the "Advaita" (a = not, dvaita = two, means no-two or non-dual).
The way he said this to people was "Atman is Brahman."
Adi Shankara was smart and knew that people would wonder how he could say such an odd thing.
He realized that many people would ask him, "If a person's soul is really one with Ultimate all along, then what makes a person feel so separate from Ultimate?"
His answer to this was that we are ignorant of our real self being Ultimate because we see through a kind of filter—like looking through a dirty piece of glass—and he called this filter we look through, maya, which means "illusion" in Sanskrit.
Shankara said that our ignorance makes us feel very separate from Ultimate, and even from everything around us.
Shankara suggested that the best way people can find the truth is for them to try to clear their thinking of all ignorant thoughts, be very good, and think very hard about who they really are.
He said that if a person did all these things he would realize that Brahman was himself all along.
This is a very similar idea to other religions at their esoteric core.
For instance within Islam there is an idea of annihilation within the divine, Fana and Waḥdat al-Wujūd (Unity of Existence)
Advaita Vedanta of Shankaracharya Portal
The Parthenon is a temple in the middle of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece (Europe).
It was a temple to honor the goddess Athena for nearly 900 years, and originally had a huge idol to her.
The name Parthenon means the virgin's place in Greek.
It was built between 447 BC and 432 BC during the reign of Pericles.
It is considered one of ancient Greece's greatest architecture accomplishments.
The building was constructed using limestone foundations and 22,000 tons of marble.
The building was designed by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates.
It has 46 Doric columns which support the roof, with 8 across the front and back, and 17 on each side.
In 1687 a gunpowder explosion damaged the building.
Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin took some of the sculptures, now called the Elgin Marbles, from the Parthenon in 1759.
They have been on display in the British Museum since 1816.
Buildings and structures in Athens
Ancient Greek and Roman temples and shrines
Neutrality (international relations), when a country does not side with any of the parties in a conflict
Neutral solution, a chemical solution that is neither acidic nor alkaline
Neutral particle, in physics, a particle that does not have an electric charge.
Physical anthropology deals mainly with looking at how the anatomy of the human body has changed over the course of time.
It compares the human body to that of other primates.
Studies of physical anthropology often include looking at the evolution of mankind.
Some areas of physical anthropology are paleoanthropology and primatology.
When physical anthropology is joined to other branches of biology it becomes biological anthropology.
Biological anthropology puts together information from the fossil record, the human skeleton, genetics, our primate relatives, human adaptations and behaviour.
Jackals are canid species found in Africa and Asia.
They are carnivorous of small and medium-sized prey.
To hunt, they can run at speeds of 16 km/h (10 mph).
This not fast, but they have great endurance, so can run for a long time.
Jackals are "opportunistic omnivores", which will take on larger animals if they need to.
They are predators of small to medium-sized animals and proficient scavengers.
Jackals are monogamous (each male lives with only one female).
A pair defends its territory from other pairs: they mark the territory with urine and feces.
The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults who live with their parents until they have their own territory.
Sometimes, jackals join small packs, for example to hunt a big animal, but normally they hunt alone or as a pair.
Jackals are not a clade.
They have several times developed from canid ancestors.
However, they are closely related.
It could be put this way: jackals are dogs which have a certain similar appearance and behaviour.
They all have 78 chromosomes.
There are three species of jackals:
Black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) - the common jackal, live in many African habitats;
Golden jackal (Canis aureus) - live in South and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe;
Side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta) - live in central and Southern Africa;
A canid from Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), is sometimes called Simien jackal, but it is really a wolf.
The Ethiopian wolf is one of the rarest and most endangered of all canids.
Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin.
Milwaukee is also the 31st largest city in the United States.
The city is the county seat of Milwaukee County.
It is on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, and is about 90 miles (145 kilometers) north of Chicago.
As of 2009, about 604,133 people lived in Milwaukee.
Part of Milwaukee is in Washington County.
Cavalier Johnson has been the acting mayor since 2021.
Diogenes syndrome is a behavioral disorder.
It is not a disease, it is a psychological condition.
People who have it do not look after themselves enough any more, this is called self-neglect.
They do not wash, perhaps do not shave, etc.
So they develop a strong odor (scent).
Since they neglect their hygiene, other diseases related to poor hygiene usually accompany the disorder.
Diogenes Syndrome is named after the behavior (but not necessarily the ideals) of Diogenes of Sinope.
It is thought to be the end stage of personality disorder.
1975 Lancet article introducing Diogenes syndrome (via PubMed)
Non-profit organizations
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord), or North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance, the Western Alliance, is a military alliance.
It was established by the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949 and it was signed in Washington, DC, United States, on April 4, 1949.
Its headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium.
Its other official name means the same in French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord (OTAN).
Its members in 1949 were the United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, the United Kingdom, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.
On 18 February 1952, Greece and Turkey also joined.
When West Germany joined the organization on 9 May 1955 it was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Minister of Norway at the time.,
the result was the Warsaw Pact, signed on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union and its satellite states as response to NATO.
After the Cold War in 1999 three former communist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland joined NATO.
On 29 March 2004 seven more Northern European and Eastern European countries joined NATO: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and also Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania.
Croatia and Albania received NATO membership invitation on 3 April 2008.
The Republic of Macedonia received the only conditional invitation because it was vetoed by Greece because of its name dispute with Greece.
Montenegro joined on 5 June 2017.
Having changed its name to end the dispute,
Apart from this, Iceland also threatened to leave during the Cod Wars, which would put the UK at fault, and NATO would lose a key position in the North Atlantic.
They did not leave as they won the Cod Wars.
Asmus, Ronald D. Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era Columbia U. Press, 2002.
372 pp.
Bacevich, Andrew J. and Cohen, Eliot A. War over Kosovo: Politics and Strategy in a Global Age.
Columbia U. Press, 2002.
223 pp.
Eisenhower, Dwight D. The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower.
12 and 13: NATO and the Campaign of 1952: Louis Galambos et al.,
Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1989.
1707 pp.
in 2 vol.
Daclon, Corrado Maria Security through Science: Interview with Jean Fournet, Assistant Secretary-General of NATO, Analisi Difesa, 2004.
Ganser, Daniele Natos Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe,
Gearson, John and Schake, Kori, ed.
The Berlin Wall Crisis: Perspectives on Cold War Alliances Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
209 pp.
Gheciu, Alexandra.
NATO in the 'New Europe''' Stanford University Press, 2005.
345 pp.
Hendrickson, Ryan C. Diplomacy and War at NATO: The Secretary-General and Military Action After the Cold War Univ.
of Missouri Press, 2006.
175 pp.
Hunter, Robert. "
The European Security and Defense Policy: NATO's Companion - Or Competitor?"
RAND National Security Research Division, 2002.
206 pp.
Jordan, Robert S. Norstad: Cold War NATO Supreme Commander - Airman, Strategist, Diplomat St. Martin's Press, 2000.
350 pp.
Kaplan, Lawrence S. The Long Entanglement: NATO's First Fifty Years.
Praeger, 1999.
262 pp.
Kaplan, Lawrence S. NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance.
Praeger, 2004.
165 pp.
Kaplan, Lawrence S., ed.
American Historians and the Atlantic Alliance.
Kent State U. Press, 1991.
192 pp.
Lambeth, Benjamin S. NATO's Air War in Kosovo: A Strategic and Operational Assessment Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2001.
250 pp.
Létourneau, Paul.
Le Canada et l'OTAN après 40 ans, 1949–1989 Quebec: Cen.
Québécois de Relations Int.,
217 pp.
Maloney, Sean M. Securing Command of the Sea: NATO Naval Planning, 1948–1954.
Naval Institute Press, 1995.
276 pp.
John C. Milloy.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 1948–1957: Community or Alliance? (
2006), focus on non-military issues
Powaski, Ronald E. The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security, 1950–1993.
Greenwood, 1994.
Ruane, Kevin.
The Rise and Fall of the European Defense Community: Anglo-American Relations and the Crisis of European Defense, 1950–55 Palgrave, 2000.
252 pp.
Sandler, Todd and Hartley, Keith.
The Political Economy of NATO: Past, Present, and into the 21st Century.
Cambridge U. Press, 1999.
292 pp.
Smith, Jean Edward, and Canby, Steven L.The Evolution of NATO with Four Plausible Threat Scenarios.
Canada Department of Defense: Ottawa, 1987.
117 pp.
Smith, Joseph, ed.
The Origins of NATO Exeter, UK U. of Exeter Press, 1990.
173 pp.
Telo, António José.
Portugal e a NATO: O Reencontro da Tradiçoa Atlântica  Lisbon: Cosmos, 1996.
374 pp.
Zorgbibe, Charles.
Histoire de l'OTAN'' Brussels: Complexe, 2002.
283 pp.
NATO Official Website
Basic NATO Documents
1949 establishments
Felidae is a family of mammals, in the order Carnivora.
Animals that belong to Felidae are called felids.
The family is of quite recent origin: the first fossils are from the Oligocene, 25 million years ago (mya).
There are 41 living species, including the domestic cat, and they are monophyletic: all descended from the same ancestor.
In most species, the tail is a third or a half the length of the body, with some exceptions (the bobcat and margay).
The limbs are digitigrade, meaning they walk on their toes.
The paws have three soft toe pads and retractible claws (usually).
The tongue of felids is covered with horny papillae, which rasp meat from prey and aid in grooming.
†Machairodontinae: sabre-toothed cats.
Pantherinae: large cats tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard
Felinae: cougar, cheetah and smaller cats
More examples of felines are the big cats – the lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar, snow leopard, clouded leopard, puma, and cheetah - and other wild cats, for example the lynx, caracal, and bobcat.
All felines, also the small pet cat, are predators that can hunt many animals.
The felids evolved in Asia and spread across continents by crossing land bridges.
DNA sequence analysis shows that ancient cats evolved into eight main lines.
There were at least 10 migrations (in both directions) from continent to continent via the Bering land bridge and Isthmus of Panama.
The Panthera genus is the oldest and the Felis genus is the youngest.
60 percent of the modern species of cats developed within the last million years.
The felids' closest relatives are the linsangs, and at one remove the group of civets, hyenas, mongooses, and Madagascar carnivores, with whom they share the Suborder Feliformia.
All felid species share a genetic anomaly that prevents them from tasting sweetness.
Genetic classification
Genetic research has provided a basis for a more concise classification for the living members of the cat family based on genotypical groupings.
Specifically, eight genetic lineages have been identified:
Lineage 1: Panthera, Uncia, Neofelis
Lineage 2: Pardofelis, Catopuma
Lineage 3: Leptailurus, Caracal, Profelis
Lineage 4: Leopardus
Lineage 5: Lynx
Lineage 6: Puma, Acinonyx
Lineage 7: Prionailurus, Otocolobus
Lineage 8: Felis
Subfamily Felinae
Genus Acinonyx
Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus
Genus Caracal
Caracal, Caracal caracal
Genus Catopuma
Bay cat, Catopuma badia
Asian golden cat, Catopuma temminckii
Genus Felis
Chinese mountain cat, Felis bieti
Jungle cat, Felis chaus
Pallas' cat / Manul, Felis manul
Sand cat, Felis margarita
Black-footed cat, Felis nigripes
Wildcat, Felis silvestris
Domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus
Genus Leopardus
Pantanal cat, Leopardus braccatus
Colocolo, Leopardus colocolo
Pampas cat, Leopardus pajeros
Geoffroy's cat, Leopardus geoffroyi
Kodkod, Leopardus guigna
Andean mountain cat, Leopardus jacobitus
Ocelot, Leopardus pardalis
Oncilla, Leopardus tigrinus
Margay, Leopardus wiedii
Genus Leptailurus
Serval, Leptailurus serval
Genus Lynx
Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis
Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx
Iberian lynx, Lynx pardinus
Bobcat, Lynx rufus
Genus Pardofelis
Marbled cat, Pardofelis marmorata
Genus Prionailurus
Leopard cat, Prionailurus bengalensis
Iriomote cat, Prionailurus iriomotensis
Flat-headed cat, Prionailurus planiceps
Rusty-spotted cat, Prionailurus rubiginosus
Fishing cat, Prionailurus viverrinus
Genus Profelis
African golden cat, Profelis aurata
Genus Puma
Puma, Puma concolor
Subfamily Pantherinae
Genus Neofelis
Clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa
Sunda clouded leopard, Neofelis diardi
Genus Panthera
Lion, Panthera leo
Jaguar, Panthera onca
Leopard, Panthera pardus
Tiger, Panthera tigris
Genus Uncia
Snow leopard, Uncia uncia
January – The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed.
February 13 Lisbon – Peace Treaty between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England where it is recognized the legitimity of the Portuguese monarch.
Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.
The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution.
Bishop Issac Barrow founds a trust to establish a university on the Isle of Man. (
King William's College)
July 25 – The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake causes 43,000 to 50,000 deaths in Shandong during the Qing Dynasty, making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China.
August 17 – The magnitude 8.0 North Anatolia earthquake causes 8,000 deaths in northern Anatolia, Ottoman Empire, and is the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.
First performance of Molière's comedy, Tartuffe
The British East India Company takes over Bombay
Foundation of the First National Bank of Europe in Stockholm, Sweden "Riskbank"
Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia convenes a church council in Gondar, which decides to expel all Roman Catholics in Ethiopia.
November 10 - François Couperin, French composer
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Russian: Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов, May 21 1921 – December 14 1989), was a Soviet nuclear physicist.
He was also a well-known dissident and human rights activist.
Sakharov was an advocate of nuclear disarmament and civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.
Sakharov was a very clever scientist.
He graduated from college during World War II but was kept out of the Red Army to do scientific research for the government.
Sakharov helped the Soviets develop the hydrogen bomb in the 1950s.
But he also made many peaceful uses of nuclear power.
The bomb he had helped make started Sakharov to be a dissident.
He argued with Nikita Khrushchev against unneeded nuclear tests.
He was afraid that these tests put people's lives and healths in danger without need.
He began asking, too, for more freedom of speech.
The government removed him from his secret work and his special job as a scientist.
Sakharov began to see what unhappy lives most Soviet citizens led.
Persecution only made him speak out more.
He asked for more freedom of religion and defended others who had spoken out and been put into jail.
The secret police began to watch him and to make files of information against him.
After Sakharov criticized activities of the USSR's Arab allies, Arab terrorists came to his apartment and held him, his wife, and his stepson hostage for an hour.
"Do you want to kill us?"
cried Sakharov's wife. "
We can do worse things than kill you," they replied.
After the terrorists left without doing anything, Sakharov tried to tell the police about it.
The police did not really care.
The only thing that protected Sakharov was many people knew about him outside the Soviet Union.
The Communists were afraid that if something happened to him, it would give the world a bad image of the USSR.
But when Sakharov criticized the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, they became very angry and took him to the city of Gorky.
There he was watched by the police outside his apartment.
He tried to go on a hunger strike, not eating anything.
The Soviet Union was afraid he might die, so they force-fed him (forcing him to eat).
Sakharov kept on asking for glasnost (openness).
In 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, who agreed with Sakharov and thought there should be glasnost, let the dissident scientist return home.
Sakharov continued to call for reform, and in December 1989, he died of heart failure, at the age of 68. .
But two years later his wish became true with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. .
Human rights activists
Nuclear physicists
Russian physicists
May 4 – The Municipality of Ilagan was founded in the Philippines.
July 17 – A meeting took place at Lüneburg between 'some evangelical Princes and Electors' and representatives of the King of Navarre, the King of Denmark and the Queen of England.
The object of this meeting is the formation of an 'evangelical' league of defence against the Catholic League, called the 'Confederatio Militiae Evangelicae'.
July 22 – New York City and Albany, New York are granted city charters by the colonial governor.