the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Music critic Arther Strangeways of The Observer first introduced Tagore's songs to non-Bengalis through his book The Music of Hindustan.
The book describes Tagore Song as a "vehicle of a personality ... [that goes] behind this or that system of music to that beauty of sound which all systems put out their hands to seize."
Rabindra Sangeet has two great works, which are now national anthems of two countries: India and Bangladesh.
This makes Tagore the only person in the world to have written the national anthems of two nations.
They are Bangladesh's Amar Sonaar Baanglaa and India's Jana Gana Mana.
Rabindrasangit.
They are also influenced by musicians like Vilayat Khan, Buddhadev Dasgupta, and composer Amjad Ali Khan.
At age 60, Tagore took an interest in drawing and painting.
He used many styles from different parts of the world.
His styles included craftwork by the Malanggan people of northern New Ireland, Haida carvings from the Pacific Northwest region of North America, and woodcuts by Max Pechstein.
Sometimes, Tagore used his handwriting in artistic styles on his manuscripts.
His drawings and paintings were displayed in France and London.
Theatrical pieces
When he was 16 years old, he performed in a drama organized by his brother, Jyotirindranath Tagore.
When Tagore was 20 years old, he wrote a drama named Valmiki Pratibha (The Genius of Valmiki).
This described the life of Valmiki, a man who stopped being a robber and became a learned person, his blessing from the goddess Saraswati, and his writing of the Ramayana.
Another notable play by him is Dak Ghar (The Post Office), which describes how a child tries to escape from his confinement and falls asleep.
This sleeping is suggestive of death.
This play received reviews in many parts of Europe.
In 1890, he wrote Visarjan (Sacrifice).
Many scholars believe this to be his finest drama.
The Bangla-language original versions included intricate sub-plots and extended monologues.
He wrote many other dramas on a variety of themes.
In Tagore's own words, he wrote them as "the play of feeling and not of action".
Rabindra Nritya Natya means dance dramas based on Tagore's plays.
Tagore wrote many stories.
Galpaguchchha (Bunch of Stories) is a three-volume collection of eighty-four of his stories.
Tagore wrote about half of these stories during the period from 1891 to 1895.
This collection continues to be very popular work of Bangla literature.
These stories have been used for many movies and theatrical plays.
Tagore drew inspiration and ideas for writing his stories from his surroundings, from the village life of India.
He saw the poor people very closely during travels to manage his family's large landholdings.
Sometimes he used different themes to test the depth of his intellect.
Tagore's poetry is very varied and covers many styles.
He drew inspiration from 15th and 16th century poets and from ancient writers like Vasa.
Bengal's Baul folk singers were also influenced by his style of poetry.
He wrote many poems when he was at Shelidah managing his family's estates.
Many of his poems have a lyrical quality.
These poems tell about the "man within the heart" and the "living God within".
Over the next 70 years, he repeatedly revised his style of writing poetry.
In 1930s, he wrote many experimental works of poetry, and also used modernism and realism in his works.
One of his poems reads "all I had achieved was carried off on the golden boat; only I was left behind".
Tagore is known around the world for his Gitanjali ("Song Offerings"), his best-known collection, which won him his Nobel Prize.
A freeverse translation by Tagore of a verse of Gitanjali reads as follows:
"My song has put off her adornments.
She has no pride of dress and decoration.
Ornaments would mar our union; they would come between thee and me; their jingling would drown thy whispers."
"My poet's vanity dies in shame before thy sight.
O master poet, I have sat down at the feet.
Only let me make my life simple and straight, like a flute of reed for thee to fill with music."
Jana Gana Mana, the national anthem of India
Amar Shonar Bangla, the national anthem of Bangladesh
Sri Lanka Matha, the national anthem of Sri Lanka; Tagore wrote the Bengali version and Ananda Samarakoon, his student, translated it into Sinhala
Tagore's political views were complicated.
He criticized European colonialism and supported Indian nationalists.
But he also criticized the Swadeshi movement that many nationalist leaders in India liked.
He liked self-help and learning.
He asked Indians to accept "there can be no question of blind revolution, but of steady and purposeful education".
Many people did not like his thinking.
In late 1916, some Indians plotted to kill him when he was staying in a hotel in San Francisco, USA.
When they saw him face-to-face, however, they instead started arguing with Tagore and changed their minds about killing him.
Tagore also wrote many songs praising the Indian independence movement.
He also returned the British honor of Knighthood as a protest against the 1919 Amritsar massacre.
In Amritsar, troops of the British Raj had opened fire on unarmed civilians, killing many.
Despite his unfriendly relations with Gandhi, Tagore played a key role in resolving a Gandhi-B. R. Ambedkar dispute which was about separate electorates for untouchables.
Untouchables were people considered lowest in the social order.
Rabindranath Tagore helped the freedom of India.
He was first to identify the theme of "Globalization".
Insert non-formatted text here
Educational views
Tagore was also critical about the traditional style of education.
While on a visit to Santa Barbara, California on October 11, 1917, he thought of a new type of education: a new type of university which he wanted to set up at Shantiniketan.
On December 22, 1918, work for building the new university began.
It opened on December 22, 1921.
He named the university Visva-Bharati University.
Tagore worked hard to raise funds for the university, and he toured many parts of Europe and the United States for this purpose.
He gave all his Nobel Prize money to this university.
The university gave personal guidance to all students.
Students lived close to nature, and the teacher-student relationship followed a pattern of the gurukul system of ancient India.
In his own words, he wanted this university to become "a world center for the study of humanity ... somewhere beyond the limits of nation and geography".
He also had a dream for the future India.
He wanted India's freedom from the British rule.
He dreamt of an India "where the mind is without fear it is ".
Even many decades after his death, people hold festivals in his honor in many parts of the world.
The annual Bengali festival/celebration of Kabipranam - Tagore's birthday anniversary - held in Urbana, Illinois in the United States.
The Rabindra Path Parikrama'' is held in Shantinketan and many places in Kolkata and West Bengal.
Even cultural institutions and families in private households organise programmes to celebrate his birthday.
He was also famous in much of Europe, North America, and East Asia.
Translations of his works are available in many languages, including Russian, English, Dutch, German, and Spanish.
In the United States, Tagore gave many lectures during 1916 and 1917.
Many people attended those lectures.
Between 1914 and 1922, the Jiménez-Camprubí spouses translated at least twenty-two of Tagore's books from English into Spanish.
These Spanish translations influenced many leading figures of Spanish literature, including Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral of Chile; Octavio Paz of Mexico; and José Ortega y Gasset, Zenobia Camprubí, and Juan Ramón Jiménez of Spain
Rabindranath Tagore poetry
Indian poets
People from Kolkata
Indian Nobel Prize winners
The Tamil people are an ethnic group from South Asia.
Traditionally, they have been living in the southern parts of India, and the northeastern parts of Sri Lanka.
The Tamil people number around 74 million in the world.
Of that, there are about 63,000,000 in India; about 3,600,000 live in Sri Lanka; about 2,900,000 live in Malaysia; and about 430,000 live in Singapore.
The remaining Tamil people live in many other places.
Other peoples are related to the Tamil people by language, culture, and ancestry.
Some of them are Brahui people, Kannadigas, Malayalis, Telugu people and Tuluvas.
Tamil people, are not closely related to people in the Middle East and Europe, except the Romani people.
Tamil people identify themselves with their language, Tamil and their rich culture and literature.
In recent times, they have broadened the definition of Tamil people.
They now also include descendants of Tamil speaking people even when they no longer speak Tamil language.
The pre-classical period
No one is sure about the exact origins of the Tamil people.
Some connect them with the Elamite people of ancient Iran.
Historians confirmed with the scripts and names of towns of Indus that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization were Tamil.
In Tamil Nadu, the earliest presence of Tamil people dates back to around 10000 BC on wards.
Archaeologists have found many burial places of megalithic era.
The style of burials is same as described in classical Tamil literature.
Recent excavations at these sites have also provided samples of early Tamil writing, dating back to at least 5000 BC (The Hindu, 2005).
The classical period
At that time, agriculture and trading were two main economic activities of Tamil people.
They even traded with many other countries, including places in Europe.
In Karur (Tamil Nadu), archaeologists found a large number of coins of Ancient Rome and Egypt.
The Pandyas sent at least two ambassadors to the Roman Emperor Augustus.
Archaeologists have also found Tamil writings in broken pieces of pottery in the Red Sea, where Tamil Merchants settled there and became one of the Acestor the Romani people, as DNA studys shows.
An unnamed traveler from ancient Greece had described in Greek language ports of the Pandya as "The land of Punt" and Chera kings.
He had detailed the items exported by the Tamil people.
These items included black pepper, pearls, ivory, silk, diamonds, sapphires, and tortoiseshell.
The classical period ended at around 2nd century.
People from northern parts of India invaded the lands of the Tamil people.
For Tamil people, this was a dark period of their history called kalapiraras.
They are the Jewish Invaders from Western coast of Karnataka and Kerala with help of the local Telugu tribal's who lived in the jungles of Western ghats and chambal.
This dark phase ended with the rise of the Pandyas and Pallava dynasty again.
The imperial and post-imperial periods
Historical records of ancient Tamil rulers have been destroyed on purpose.
Only later pallava period is mentioned during the 6th century, they became powerful after they drove the kalapirars.
Later The Pallavas also encouraged the worship of Shiva and Vishnu; and built large temples.
In the 9th century, the Cholas and the Pandyas defeated Pallavas.
By the 10th century, the Cholas had established a big empire, covering most of south India and Sri Lanka.
They had a strong navy, That reached Thailand, Burma and Sumatra.
They also had a strong trading links with China.
By the 12th – 13th centuries, the power of the Cholas had declined.
For some time, Pandyas became powerful.
However, by that time Muslim rulers invaded Tamil lands.
The Pandya dynasty came to an end by the 16th century.
Over a period of time, western parts of Tamil lands were developing in a separate manner.
By the 13th century, the Cholas and the Pandyas had lost control over these areas.
The people living there developed their own language and culture.
By the 15th century they had a separate language, Malayalam language, now the language of the Indian state of Kerala.
After 16th century no major rulers emerged to rule Tamil lands.
But, there were many smaller local rulers.
For some time, rulers from the present day Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh also ruled over the Tamil lands.
By the 17th century, Europeans from the United Kingdom, France and Denmark started to establish their settlements in Tamil lands.
They fought many battles.
Finally, the British won, and by the end of the 18th century, most of the Tamil lands came under the British rule.
Tamils in Sri Lanka
Before the deluge at about 11600 yrs, Sri Lanka was a part of Tamil Nadu and Tamil rulers of the ancient pandyas ruled this place.
After deluge Sri Lanka separated from Tamil Nadu.
One north Indian king of Tamil origin exiled his son Vijayan out of country for his wrongdoing Vijayan with a small troop reached Sri Lanka.
The Tamil Nagas, Yakkars and vedars were the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka before Vijanyan's arrival and the land was under Pandiyan control.
Pandiyan of Madurai welcomed Vijayan with good heart and facilitated his troops.
He sent Tamil girls from Pandiyan kingdom to marry Vijayan and for his troops.
The Tamil people ruled parts of Sri Lanka from time to time, and played important role in the ruling of Sri Lanka.
In the 10th century, the Chola kings made Sri Lanka a part of their kingdom.
This continued until late 11th century.
After decline of the Chola power in Sri Lanka, different rulers ruled Sri Lanka, the Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty from 1215.Thou the name says Arya chakravarthi it is a debate that their surnames says SANGILI which is a pure Tamil origin name of Tamil root.
The Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty ruled over large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until 1619.
By this time the Portuguese and the Dutch won many areas of Sri Lanka.
However, in 1796, the British won entire Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka became part of the British Empire..
The modern period
During the British Raj, the British combined all Tamil lands and gave them a new name, the Madras Presidency.
The Madras Presidency became a part of the British Raj.
Similarly, the British combined Tamil lands of Sri Lanka and other regions of Sri Lanka in 1802.
This became the Ceylon colony, also a part of the British Empire.
When India became independent in 1947, Madras Presidency became a part of India.
Ceylon became independent in 1948, and the Tamil lands remained a part of independent Ceylon, now called Sri Lanka.
After India’s independence in 1947, Madras Presidency became Madras State.
It covered the areas of present-day Tamil Nadu, coastal parts of Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, northern Kerala, and the southwest of Karnataka.
The Government of India rearranged (1956) the boundaries of many states of India based on language.
Thus, the present day state of Tamil Nadu came into existence.
At the beginning, there was a demand for an independent country for the Tamil people.
However, the constitution of India gave major rights to the states, and protected the speakers of regional languages from compulsory speaking and use of Hindi.
This satisfied most of the Tamil people, and presently there is no demand for a separate country for Tamil people outside the federal system of India.
However, in Sri Lanka, the government did not give sufficient rights to people who spoke Tamil language.
During 1970s, this led to a demand for independence of Tamil people and the Sri Lankan Civil War.
Tamil people live in many geographical regions.
Sections below describe them.
Most of the Tamil people of India live in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
Most of the people living in Pondicherry of India are also Tamil people.
Tamil people have been traditionally living in some other parts of India - for examples, Hebbar and Mandyam Tamils of southern Karnataka, the Tamils of Palakkad in Kerala, and the Tamils of Pune, Maharashtra.
For last one hundred years or so, Tamil people went to many other parts of India for jobs or business.
Some of them settled in these places.
In Sri Lanka
Presently, there are two groups of Tamils in Sri Lanka.
The first group is Sri Lankan Tamils.
They are descendants of the Tamil people who lived in the old Jaffna kingdom or who migrated to the East coast.
The second group is Hill Country Tamils.
They descended from the Tamil people who went to Sri Lanka from India as laborers in the 19th century-early 20th century.
The first group mostly lives in the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.
The second group mostly live in the central highlands.
In 1949, some political developments in Sri Lanka were adverse for Tamil people of Sri Lanka.
Many Tamils people lost their citizenship of being citizens of Sri Lanka.
Under an agreement between the governments of India and Sri Lanka, about 40% of these Tamils could get back their citizenship.
Many others had to shift to India.
These developments brought the two groups of the Tamil people of Sri Lanka closer.
By 1990s, most of the Tamil people had got back their citizenship.
In other places
Beginning from the 18th century, many poor Tamil people went as laborers to many countries of the British Empire.
Some of these countries were Malaya, South Africa, Fiji, Mauritius and the Caribbean.
At the same time, many Tamil businessmen also went to places in Burma and East Africa.
Many Tamils still live in these countries.
Special mention may be made of Singapore.
The government has made Tamil language as one of the national languages although only 4.2% of the people speak Tamil language in Singapore.
By 1980s many Tamil people of Sri Lanka were facing ethnic conflicts.
Many of them fled to Australia, Europe, North America and Southeast Asia.
Today, the largest concentration of Tamils outside southern Asia is in Toronto, Canada.
Language and literature
Tamil people call their language as "the Tamil mother."
They identify themselves based on their language.
Tamil language, like other languages of south India, is one of the Dravidian languages.
It is not related to the Indo-European languages of the north India.
Although modern speakers of Tamil language use a number of words of Sanskrit and English, Tamil language has maintained its original classical character.
The Government of India has recently recognized Tamil language as one of the classical languages of India.
Classical Tamil literature is varied.
For example, they cover poetry and lyrics; works of ethics and philosophy; and many other types of literary works.
Notable works in classical Tamil literature include the Tirukkural by Thiruvalluvar, The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature and the works of Auvaiyar.
Over many centuries, the written Tamil has changed very little.
Thus, even modern Tamil people are able to read and enjoy these classical literary works.
Modern Tamil literature is also varied.
It has many aspects: for example, Indian nationalism, historical romanticism, and social realism.
In recent years, many works of Tamil language in Sri Lanka describe the tragedy of ethnic conflict and civil war.
Tamil people living in many other places have also produced literary works.
Tamil visual arts have three main forms: architecture, sculpture and painting.
The theme is generally religious, showing aspects of Hinduism.
Tanjore painting is the most important form of painting of Tamil people.
The painting originated in a place named Tanjore (modern name: Thanjavur).
This style of painting originated in the 9th century.
In this style of painting, the painter paints on a piece of cloth.
Sometimes, the painter also decorates the painting with threads of gold and silver, and precious gems.
There is one other type of important painting style.
Painters make paintings on the walls of temples.
Tamil paintings use rich colors and show minute details.
In their sculpture, artists use bronze.
Several pieces of sculptures are found throughout Tamil Nadu, particularly in temples.
Most of them are very old, dating from the 7th century onwards.
The sculptures show very minute details, including details of ornaments and dress.
Many sculptures also show movement with fine details.
Two important examples of such sculptures are: the cave sculptures at Mamallapuram and Nataraja statue at Chidambaram.
There are many temples in the lands of Tamil people.
The gates of these temples, called Gopuram, are higher than other parts.
Earlier Gopurams were simple in construction.
From 13th century onwards, they became bigger and have engravings and paintings.
The engravings and paintings show scenes and characters from Hindu mythology.
Temples at Thanjavur.
Chidambaram and Srirangam are very big and fine examples of temples of Tamil people.
The Tamil people have many performing arts.
The classical Tamil literature has many details of these performing arts.
Classical music of Tamil people is carnatic music.
The classical Tamil literature records details about the carnatic music.
This is a vocal music with use of musical instruments.
Carnatic music is completely religious.
Tamil folk music is very different from the carnatic music.
The folk music shows a lot of excitement.
The songs may convey folklore and other popular tales.
Bharatanatyam is the main dance of the Tamil people.
Generally one dancer performs this dance.
The dance tells a story through movements of parts of body, particularly hands.
Until 1930s, girls known as devadasis performed this dance in temples.
Now, it has become common, and there are many famous dancers who perform this dance.
Tamil people also have many types of folk dances performed in villages.
Sometimes they perform such a dance before the village goddess called Mariamma.
Tamil people also have a long tradition of theatrical performance.
In villages, performers perform in the open.
They dance and sing, and some times tell stories.
These stories may be religious stories or on any other topic.
Tamil Nadu has a well-developed tradition of stage theatre tradition.
Presently, both classical and folk performing arts survive in modern Tamil society.
Tamil people like to watch movies.
Tamil movies are famous for technical details, artistic presentation, and entertainment.
Most of the Tamil movies will have some songs and dances.
Kollywood is the popular term for the Tamil film industry
Most of the Tamil people are Hindus.
However, many are Muslims and Christians.
At one time, Jainism was one of the major religions of Tamil people.
However, presently there are only few thousand Tamil Jains.
In Tamil Hinduism, the most popular deity is god named Murugan.
He is a form of Karthikeya, the son of Shiva.
The Tamil people also worship mother goddess Amman or Mariamman.
Many Tamil people also worship Kannagi, a folk heroine.
Throughout Tamil lands, there are many temples of Shiva, Vishnu, and Ganesha (Ganpathi).
In rural areas of Tamil Nadu, people worship many local gods and goddesses.
They call them aiyyanar.
There were many saints known as Alvars and Nayanars.
In the 10th century, Ramanuja propagated his philosophy about worship and also accepted lower caste-Hindus as his disciples.
There were many other notable Tamil saints.
The Ramayana has many parts based in Tamil regions and according to legends, many of Rama's soldiers were Tamil people.
The most important Tamil festivals are Pongal and the Tamil New Year.
Pongal is a harvest festival and people celebrate this in mid-January.
Tamil people also celebrate Diwali.
Two other important Hindu festivals of Tamil people are Thaipusam, and Adipperukku.
A Tamil legend states that the Cholas, Chera and Pandyan kings fought many wars in the 1st century.
The war lasted for about one hundred years.
During this period, the Tamil people perfected many martial arts.
All these styles of martial arts still exist.
They also developed many weapons.
There are many types of martial arts.
For example, in a special type of martial art called Silambam, a person would use a stick of about 1.6 meters long.
By moving the stick he would try to defend against attack by several persons.
In another type of martial art, persons get training to defend themselves without using any weapons, by using their hands and legs.
Varma Kalai (Tamil: வர்மக்கலை) is a martial art and esoteric healing art originating from ancient Tamil Nadu in South India.
The name literally translate as "The Art of Vital Points".
It is an element of the Tamil martial art Kuttu varisai.[1]
Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, a social leader of Tamil people started a movement named Self-respect Movement.
It was to promote self-respect and remove social evils like casteism.
Many people call this movement as the Dravidian movement.
All political parties of Tamil Nadu draw their principles from this movement.
In the 1960s, the government of Tamil Nadu held a World Tamil Conference.
The Conference has been meeting regularly.
In 1999, many Tamil people organized a World Tamil Confederation.
Its purpose is to protect and promote Tamil culture and bring a sense of togetherness amongst Tamils in different countries.
The Confederation has since adopted a Tamil flag and Tamil song  to act as symbols for the Tamil people living in different countries.
The words on the flag quote the opening line of a poem by the classical poet Kaniyan Pungundranar.
These words mean: “All lands are our home; all people are our kin.”
In Sri Lanka, the Federal Party (later the Tamil United Liberation Front) took the lead in Tamil politics.
However, by 1980s, political movements took a back seat in Tamil politics of Sri Lanka.
Many military groups had started conflicts, and a civil war broke out.
The Tamil Tigers emerged as the most important force amongst these military groups.
The Tamil Tigers are fighting to establish its own government in areas where Tamil people are in majority.
Presently they control many areas, and are negotiating for peace.
Sastri, K.S. Ramaswamy (2002).
The Tamils: The People, Their History and Culture, Vol.
1: An Introduction to Tamil History and Society.
New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. .
Tamils - An Ancient People
Information about Tamil people and culture
A video gallery of Tamil arts and culture
Tamil library - learn Tamil
Tamil news
Down syndrome (or trisomy 21; old name mongoloid idiocy) is a genetic disorder.
with most of People Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21, or part of it.
Down syndrome causes a mental handicap.
It may be mild or severe.
The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental age of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but it truly depends on the person.
This can vary widely, but most individuals need supervision if they are to live their lives in a satisfactory way.
Children who have this condition take more time to learn new things.
The condition is named after John Langdon Down, the British doctor who first described it in 1866.
He called it mongoloid idiocy because he thought that children with Down syndrome had faces like that of Blumenbach's Mongolian race.
Idiocy meant intellectual disability.
People do not use the term "mongoloid idiocy" today.
It is a rude term.
There is sometimes discrimination against people with Down syndrome, both in the education system and in society in general.
Some people with the condition have average intelligence, but may have other problems with development instead.
People with Down syndrome often have a different shape of eyes than most people.
A few people with the condition have severe learning difficulties.
Of every 800 to 1000 babies that are born, one is diagnosed with Down syndrome.
Older women have a higher chance of having a baby with Down syndrome.
If they have a procedure known as amniocentesis, pregnant mothers can be told whether their foetus has Down syndrome.
Sound scans may also diagnose the presence of Down Syndrome.
Mothers whose foetus is diagnosed as having Downs syndrome may choose to have an abortion.
In the United Kingdom and Europe 92% of such cases are aborted.
They also grow differently from other children.
Babies with down syndrome can be identified at birth because they may have a specific set of physical features.
These features include narrow eyes, a flat nose-bridge, smaller mouths and shorter fingers.
Smaller mouths can result in tongue protrusion or what looks like a large tongue.
Sometimes the little fingers curve inwards as well, and there is also often a space between the big toe and the others.
People with Down syndrome often have heart defects or Alzheimer's disease when they are older.
About 90% of people with Down syndrome live through their teens.
The lifespan of a person with Down syndrome averages between 50 and 55 years old.
Genetic causes
Down syndrome comes from a problem with the genes.
Humans are diploid organisms.
This means that for each chromosome, there are two copies, one from the mother, and one from the father.
During meiosis the number is reduced to one set of chromosomes.
People with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21, or part of it.
There are three ways that Down syndrome is caused.
The most common cause of Down syndrome is trisomy.
Trisomy is when the child receives two chromosomes from the mother and one from the father.
This makes it so there are three chromosomes of chromosome #21.
Another way Down syndrome is caused is when new cells are made.
Sometimes even when the parent cells are normal chromosome 21 can be deformed when cells reproduce.
This makes it so some cells have 47 chromosomes and others have 46.
This is called a mosaic disorder.
Mosaic means that they have a third chromosome from the replication of cells.
The third way Down syndrome can be caused is called translocation.
This happens when a normal chromosome breaks into two pieces.
This results in three chromosomes.
Well-known people with Down syndrome
Stephane Ginnsz, actor (Duo)—In 1996 was first actor with Down syndrome in the lead part of a motion picture.
Max Lewis, actor (Notes on a Scandal).
Joey Moss, Edmonton Oilers locker room attendant.
Isabella Pujols, adopted daughter of St. Louis Cardinals first baseman Albert Pujols and inspiration for the Pujols Family Foundation.
Paula Sage, Scottish movie actress and Special Olympics netball athlete.
Her role in the 2003 movie AfterLife brought her a BAFTA Scotland award for best first time performance and Best Actress in the Bratislava International Film Festival, 2004.
Afterlife won the Audience Award at The Edinburgh Film Festival 2003.
It also won Sage a role as Donna McCabe in  BBC Scotland's River City soap.
Judith Scott, artist.
Johnny Stallings, son of former University of Alabama head football coach Gene Stallings and subject of the book Another Season: A Coach's Story of Raising an Exceptional Son. ().
Miguel Tomasin, singer with Argentinian avant-rock band Reynols.
Chris Burke, American actor who portrayed "Corky Thatcher" on the television series Life Goes On and "Taylor" on Touched By An Angel.
Edward Barbanell, played Billy in 2005's The Ringer.
Karen Gaffney,  Swimmer, Inclusion Activist, Motivational Speaker and President of The Karen Gaffney Foundation.
Lauren Potter, American actor
Labeed Mirza, Editor of Tahir Magazine
Directory of Down Syndrome Internet Sites (US based, but contains international links)
UK resources for Down's syndrome
Societies and Associations
Down Syndrome International
Canadian Down Syndrome Society (Canada)
Down Syndrome Research Foundation web site (Canada)
Down's Syndrome Association web site (UK)
Down's Syndrome Research Foundation (UK)
National Down Syndrome Society web site (USA)
National Down Syndrome Congress web site (USA)
International Mosaic Down Syndrome Association (USA)
9th World Down Syndrome Congress (2006, Vancouver)
Bright Beginnings Conference for Parents and Professionals (2006, London) -- Report
Trisomies
A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by abnormalities in the genome.
They are heritable, and may be passed down from the parents' genes to their children and to later generations.
If a genetic disorder is present from birth, it is described as a congenital defect.
Some defects only show up in later life.
The mutation responsible can occur spontaneously before the embryo develops, or it can be inherited from parents who are carriers of a faulty gene.
Most genetic disorders are quite rare and affect one person in every several thousands or even millions.
Sometimes they are relatively frequent in a population.
If they are frequent, it suggests these recessive gene disorders give an advantage in certain environments when only one copy of the gene is present.
Sickle cell anaemia is an example of this.
The same disease, such as some forms of cancer, may be caused by an inherited genetic condition in some people, by new mutations in other people, and by nongenetic causes in still other people.
A disease is only called a genetic disease if it can be inherited.
As a student, he studied philosophy, history, literature, and educational sciences.
He finished his studies in 1954 with a doctoral thesis about Thomas Aquinas.
In 1962, he married.
His career as an author began with The Name of the Rose in 1980, after he already written many academic papers.
Eco was born on January 5, 1932 in Alessandria.
His family had 13 sons.
He studied philosophy and humanities at the University of Turin.
He received a Ph.D. there.
Eco worked as a professor in different places.
Starting in 1971, he held the chair of semiotics at the University of Bologna.
At a university, a "chair" is the highest rank a professor can earn.
He was also given honorary degrees by thirty different universities.
He had been named satrap of pataphysics for his humorous works.
One of his most important books is How to Travel with a Salmon.
He was a member of UNESCO's Council of Sages.
In 2000, he received the Princess of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities.
Eco worked in the mass media as well, creating cultural programs.
His interests were the Middle Ages, languages, and the classics.
He was also an expert on James Bond.
On February 19, 2016, Eco died at his home in Milan, Italy, of pancreatic cancer.
He was 84.
More famous works
Il nome della rosa (The Name of the Rose, 1980) - A historical novel set in the Middle Ages.
This novel made Eco famous after it was turned into a best-selling movie.
Il pendolo di Foucault (Foucault's Pendulum, 1988) - Three workers at a publishing house are trapped in their own fiction.
L'isola del giorno prima (The Island of the Day Before, 1994) - A nobleman from the 17th century gets trapped on a yacht and wonders about how time is passing.
Baudolino (2000) - An emperor mistakes a young peasant for his own child.
This is a picaresque novel (a novel whose main character is a dishonest person or a criminal.
This person tells their story in bits and pieces).
La Misteriosa Fiamma della Regina Loana (The Mysterious Flame of the Queen Loana, 2004) - A man who loses his memory tries get it back.
This novel is set in the times of Eco's youth.
Opera Aperta
Minimal Diary
Kant and the Ornithorhynchus
Semiotics and philosophy of the language
The firm
Art and Beauty in the Medieval Aesthetic
The Limits of Interpretation
Six Walks for the Narrative Forests
Lector in fabula
Apocalyptics and Integrates
Searching the Perfect Language
Foundation Prince of Asturias, Prince of Asturias of Communication and Humanities 2000
Semioticians
Writers from Piedmont
People from Alessandria
A balloon is a bag that is usually filled with gas.
This gas can be helium, hydrogen, or air.
A long time ago, balloons were made out of animal bladders.
Now small balloons are made from a thin and stretchy material like rubber or plastic.
Big balloons are made from fabric.
Most small balloons are made for parties or hiccup cures.
These balloons are sometimes made to look like animals.
Some balloons are very big.
Big balloons are used for people to fly into the sky.
Big balloons are called aircraft.
Most balloon aircraft are filled with hot air.
They are called hot air balloons.
Balloons can also be filled with water.
They are called "water balloons".
Water balloons are a kind of toy.
AM can mean:
Ante meridiem, in the 12-hour clock
Amplitude modulation, in radio
Einsteinium is a chemical element with the atomic number 99.
Einsteinium is the 7th element in the actinide series.
The most stable isotope of Einsteinium has 99 protons and electrons and 153 neutrons.
There are 19 different (radioactive) isotopes.
Einsteinium is named after Albert Einstein.
It was found for the first time in 1952 by Albert Ghiorso and his team of scientists in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion, and identified as an element at the University of California, Berkeley.
Einsteinium isotopes have a half-life between 40 and 471 days.
Einsteinium has been used to create the element Mendelevium for the first time in 1955, although no practical uses are known.
It has been used before as a calibration marker in a chemical analysis spectrometer.
The vulva is the part of the body of female mammals (including women) where the outside parts of the reproductive system can be seen.
The parts of the vulva that can be seen are the:
Vaginal opening
Urinary opening
The mons pubis is the area of skin and fat above the other structures.
It protects the other structures below it.
The labia majora are thick areas of skin and fat located to the side of the urinary and vaginal openings.
Smaller and thinner labia are the labia minora.
These structures are connected to the hood of the clitoris .
They are close to the vagina.
Many people call the vagina when they mean the vulva.
The vagina is the tube connecting the internal parts (the womb) to the vulva.
In geometry, two figures or objects  and  are congruent (written as ) if they have the same shape and size, or if one has the same shape and size as the mirror image of the other.
More formally, two sets of  points are called congruent, if and only if one can be transformed into the other by isometry.
For isometry, rigid motions are used.
This means that two geometrical figures are congruent if one object can be repositioned, rotated or reflected—but not resized—so that it coincides exactly with the other object.
if one can be moved or rotated so that it fits exactly where the other one is, then the two figures are congruent.
If one of the object has to change its size, then the two objects are not congruent: they are just called similar.
All squares that have the same length of their sides are congruent.
All equilateral triangles that have the same length of their sides are congruent.
Tests for congruency
Two angles and the side between them are the same on two triangles (ASA congruence)
Two angles and a side not between them are the same on both triangles (AAS congruence)
All three sides of both triangles are the same (SSS congruence)
Two sides and the angle between them makes two triangles congruent (SAS congruence)
How to obtain new congruent shapes
If we shift a geomentrical shape in the plane, then we get a shape which is congruent to the original one.
If we rotate instead of shifting, then we also get a shape congruent to the original one.
Even if we take a mirror image of the original shape, then we still get a congruent shape.
If we combine the three activities one after the other, then we still get congruent shapes.
There are no more congruent shapes.
More specifically, if a shape is congruent to the original one, then it can be reached by the three activities described above.
The relationship, that a shape is congruent to another shape, has three famous properties:
If we leave the original shape alone at its original place, then it is congruent to itself.
This property is called reflexivity.
For example, if the shift above is not a proper shift, but only a shift making a motion of length zero.
Or, similarly, if the rotation above is not a proper rotation, but only a rotation of angle zero.
If a shape is congruent to another shape, then this other shape is also congruent to the original one.
This behaviour, this property is called symmetry.
For example, if we shift back, or rotate back, or mirror back the new shape to the original one, then the original shape is congruent to the new one.
If a shape C is congruent to a shape B, and the shape B is congruent to the original shape A, then the shape C is also congruent to the original shape A. This property is called transitivity.
For example, if we apply first a shift, and then a rotation, then the resulting new shape is still congruent to the original one.
The famous three properties, reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity, together make the notion of equivalence.
Hence, the property congruence is one sort of equivalence relation between shapes of a plane.
Deism is the belief that a higher being (like the Christian God) exists, but that the only revelation of God is in nature and reason, not in sacred books or prophets.
Deism says that people should rely on logic and reason, and not traditions of a religion that is based on a holy book.
People who follow deism are called deists.
Deists believe that a Higher Power created the world.
They do not believe that the creation of the universe happened because of a spontaneous event.
They usually reject supernatural events like miracles, and believe that God has set up natural laws, which govern how the universe works and how people should act, and does not interfere with these laws.
Most deists also see holy books, such as the Bible and Qur'an, as writings made by people, rather than the writings of God.
Famous deists from history include American political leader and inventor Benjamin Franklin, French conqueror Napoleon Bonaparte, French philosopher Voltaire, British philosopher Thomas Paine, and French revolutionary leader Maximilien de Robespierre.
Many historians think Thomas Jefferson was a deist, though he didn't say so.
English Deism - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
World Union of Deists
The Cleveland Guardians are a Major League Baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio.
They are part of the American League Central Division.
Under the team's former name of Cleveland Indians, the Guardians won two World Series championships in 1920 and 1948.
Currently, they hold the longest championship drought in MLB.
The team was founded in 1894 in Grand Rapids, Michigan as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, playing in the late-1890s Western League, which became the American League in 1900.
In that same year, the team moved to Cleveland, taking the name of Lake Shores.
The next year, the team became the Cleveland Bluebirds, also known as Blues.
Players didn't like that name, and failed in a try to change the name to "Broncos" in 1902.
In that same year, the team traded for star player Nap Lajoie, who later became player-manager, and it soon became known as the "Naps" in his honor.
The team was called the Cleveland Naps until Lajoie left at the end of the 1914 season.
After Lajoie left, the team looked for a new nickname and settled on "Indians" for the 1915 season, partly in honor of the Boston Braves who had won the 1914 World Series.
In more modern times, their nickname was often thought to be a poor choice.
It is considered offensive to name a team for a race or ethnic group.
However, there was no serious effort to change the name until the 21st century.
After growing criticism, the team started to move away from the nickname in 2018, retiring its controversial "Chief Wahoo" logo of a caricatured Native American.
In 2020, team owner Paul Dolan announced that the "Indians" name would be retired after the 2021 season.
The new nickname of Guardians was announced on July 23, 2021.
The name refers to the Guardians of Traffic, statues sculpted into pylons of the Hope Memorial Bridge that crosses the Cuyahoga River near downtown Cleveland.
The Cleveland Guardians name took effect on November 19, 2021.
In the 1990s, the then-Indians were in the postseason several times.
They made it to the World Series in 1995 and 1997 but lost to the Atlanta Braves and the Florida Marlins respectively.
They returned to the World Series in 2016, and again they lost, this time to the Chicago Cubs in seven games.
In 2017, they set an American League record of winning 22 straight games.
They won 102 games during the season.
However, they lost to the New York Yankees in the Division Series.
Friuli-Venezia Giulia () is a region in the north-east of Italy on the Adriatic Sea.
The population is 1,191,588.
FVG has a border with the Italian region of Veneto to the west, Austria to the north and Slovenia on the east.
Trieste (capital)
Friuli  - Venezia Giulia has an area of 7,858 km² and is Italy's most north-eastern region.
It is the 5th smallest region in Italy.
The Alps lie to the north of the region, and the beaches and cliffs of the Adriatic Sea are on the south edges.
Friulani, Giuliani, Austrian, Slovene and Hungarian influences over the centuries have created a wide range of food and drink typical of the region.
Some examples include:
Jota (Istrian stew)
Gnocchi alla spinache
Udine is a city in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy.
The population is 96,678.
Günter Wilhelm Grass (16 October 1927 in Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) – 13 April 2015 in Lübeck) was a German writer and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.
He was known for writing the controversial, but yet classic novel The Tin Drum.
Grass was born in Danzig in 1927 and went to school there.
In the World War II he had to serve in the military, afterwards he was a prisoner of war of the U.S. army.
In 1945 and 1946 he worked as a stonemason.
During the rise of Nazi Germany, Grass drafted into the Waffen-SS, the elite armed wing of the Nazi Party.
He revealed this in 2006.
He said if he had joined the armed wing when he was older, he would have faced war crimes.
From 1946 he studied arts at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf and the Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der Künste) in West Berlin.
He was a member of the German group of writers known as group 47.
He has lived in North Rhine-Westphalia, Berlin and Schleswig-Holstein.
He lived in Lübeck.
In 1959 he published The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel), his most famous work.
Grass was always interested in politics and helped in the election campaigns of the SPD.
He was a friend of Willy Brandt.
Grass was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1999.
Danziger Trilogie
Die Blechtrommel (Tin Drum) (1959)
Katz und Maus (Cat and Mouse)(1961)
Hundejahre (Dog Years)(1963)
Örtlich betäubt (Local Anaesthetic) (1969)
Aus dem Tagebuch einer Schnecke (From the Diary of a Snail) (1972)
Der Butt (1979)
Das Treffen in Telgte (1979)
Kopfgeburten oder Die Deutschen sterben aus (1980)
Die Rättin (1986)
Zunge zeigen.
Ein Tagebuch in Zeichnungen (1988)
Unkenrufe (1992)
Ein weites Feld (1995)
Mein Jahrhundert (1999)
Im Krebsgang (2002)
Letzte Tänze (2003)
The Danzig Trilogy
The Tin Drum (1959)
Cat and Mouse (1963)
Dog Years (1965)
Four Plays (1967)
Speeches, Open Letters, Commentaries (1969)
Local Anaesthetic (1970)
From the Diary of a Snail (1973)
In the Egg and Other Poems (1977)
The Meeting at Telgte (1981)
The Flounder (1978)
Headbirths, or, the Germans are Dying Out (1982)
The Rat (1987)
Show Your Tongue (1987)
Two States One Nation? (
The Call of the Toad (1992)
The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising (1996)
My Century (1999)
Too Far Afield (2000)
Crabwalk (2002)
Nobel prize biographical notes  (in English, also available in French, German, and Swedish)
Nobel Laureate Flays Bush, June 1, 2006
German essayists
People from Gdańsk
Playwrights
Waffen-SS people
Occitan (; ), known also as lenga d'òc by its native speakers (), is a Romance language spoken in the south of France, the Occitan Valleys of Italy, the Val d'Aran of Catalonia and Monaco.
The regions together are sometimes known unofficially as Occitania.
Occitan took a different path from Latin to the main official languages.
It is sometimes called lenga d'òc ("language of oc", French: langue d'oc) because its word for yes is òc, as opposed to oil (oui) or sì in other languages.
That is one way to classify Romance languages.
Occitan is an official language of Catalonia.
Since September 2010, the Parliament of Catalonia has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred language for use in the Val d'Aran.
Alpine (also named Vivaro-Alpine or Provençal Alpine)
Gascon (including Aranese spoken in Val d'Aran, Catalonia, Spain)
Provençal
Dictionary (written in Occitan)
Ethnologue report page for language with code OCI (Occitan)
English-Occitan lexicon
Orbilat.com , Overview and grammar of Occitan
Occitanet.free.fr, a guide to the language
Ostaldoccitania.net The house of occitan associations of Toulouse
Eonet.ne , "LexRomEdic", Electronic version of Lexique Roman of Rainouard (A provisional version is available).
A singer who is a bass is a man with a low singing voice.
Some basses may be able to sing down to C two octaves below middle C.  Even low A is sometimes needed in Russian church music.
In opera, basses often have the part of the villain, or the king, or a priest.
A buffo-bass is a character role in which the bass singer needs a wide range for the comedy of the part.