the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The second part of the prayer asks for Mary's help: "Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and in the hour of our deaths.
Protestants believe Roman Catholics and Orthodox give Mary too much honor.
Roman Catholic Church
1st-century BC births
People from Nazareth
Quake is also a short-form of the word earthquake.
Quake is a first-person shooter video game that was released by id Software on July 22, 1996.
It is the first game in the popular Quake series of video games.
In the game, the player must fight demons and zombies in lots of different places.
Quake was the first game that id Software released after they made Doom and Doom 2.
It is a very similar game to Doom, but Quake is on a new game engine and has much more advanced technology.
For example, Quake lets the player look up and down, lets the player jump, it has fully 3D graphics, and has many more options for multiplayer than Doom had.
Quake is famous for its multiplayer, and it was one of the first games where lots of people played multiplayer through the internet.
Doom also had online multiplayer through a service called DWANGO, but Quake made playing online more popular than ever before.
Tools like QuakeWorld and QuakeSpy made it very easy for players to find other people to play against over the internet.
In the single-player mode of Quake, the player has to get to the end of each level.
The player will usually have to find keys or switches to open all the locked doors before they can get to the exit of a level.
They will also have to fight lots of monsters that try to kill the player.
There are also secret areas and secret levels that the player can find.
Secret areas will usually have something that helps the player win the level, like extra health or ammo.
The player always has two weapons: the axe and the shotgun.
More weapons can be found in the levels, including the nailgun, super nailgun, super shotgun, grenade launcher, rocket launcher, and the thunderbolt.
The levels are grouped together into different episodes, and each episode has a different setting.
Most levels look very Gothic or medieval, but others look more futuristic, like science fiction.
There are 6 or 7 levels in each episode, but every episode also has one secret level.
There is also one level that is not inside of an episode, which is the final boss level.
There are four episodes in the game, and they can be finished in any order the player wants.
The player can't get to the final boss without beating all four episodes, though.
The game has four difficulty settings: easy, medium, hard, and nightmare.
Nightmare difficulty can only be found in a secret area which is on the episode selection level.
This secret area can be found in the episode 4 selection room.
Quake Series Games
Quake III Arena
Quake Champions
A kunya (Arabic:كنية) is a name which is honorably given to an Arab mother or father.
Kunya is pronounced koon-ya.
Parents are called by their kunyas, which consists of abu (father) or umm (mother) followed by the name of their first son or daughter.
Their whole name is their name plus their kunya.
For example, Umm Ja'far Aminah means "the mother of Ja'far, Aminah."
The kunya precedes the personal name.
Funeral, a gathering for a person who has died
Wake is another name for a wave in water
Wake can mean changing from being asleep to awake
Zen is a Chinese school of Mahayana Buddhism.
Buddhism was first brought to China from India, by Bodhidharma.
It developed in China, into Zen, in the 6th century.
From China it spread to Vietnam, Korea and Japan.
Zen uses meditation to help practitioners go beyond simply thinking about Zen.
The goal in Zen is to attain satori.
This Japanese word translates as "enlightenment".
The practice also includes using riddles, called Koans.
Koans are also designed to help the practitioner not just engage in rational thought.
The traditional Japanese place to learn Zen is a Zen monastery.
Japanese Zen scholars such as D.T. Suzuki became well known in the West.
Suzuki spent over fifty years teaching Zen to the world with a series of books in English.
In the 1960s in California, Aldous Huxley, Alan Watts, and others promoted the philosophy.
From there it spread to many parts of the western world.
Zen is now well established outside of Japan and China.
Many Zen centers exist in the US and Europe.
Zen is now associated with some design styles, like Minimalism.
The Japanese gardens found at Zen monasteries in Japan are an example of this style.
They are called Zen rock gardens.
They are not directly part of the teachings of Zen.
Scots is a West Germanic language.
It is sometimes called Lowland Scots or Lallans.
It is not Scottish English  Ulster Scots is a form of Scots found in the north of Ireland.
Scots is very different from the Scottish Gaelic language, which is a Celtic language.
There have been disagreements about the linguistic, historical and social status of Scots.
Focused broad Scots is at one end of a scale, with Scottish Standard English at the other.
Scots is generally regarded as one of the ancient varieties of English, and has its own distinct variants such as Doric.
Northumbrian Old English was established in what is now southeastern Scotland as far as the River Forth by the seventh century.
The region was part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria.
Early Scots began to diverge from Northumbrian English in the twelfth and thirteenth century.
There was immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England.
Later influences on the development of Scots were from Romance languages via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Norman and later Parisian French from the Auld Alliance and Dutch and Middle Low German influences by trade and immigration from the Low Countries.
Scots also includes loanwords from contact with Gaelic.
13-14th century
From 1610 to the 1690s, during the Plantation of Ulster, many Scots-speaking Lowlanders, about 200,000, settled there.
In the core areas of Scots settlement, there were five or six times as many Scots as English settlers.
Southern Modern English was adopted as the literary language after 1700, and "Modern Scots" is sometimes used to describe the spoken language after 1700.
Mathematical analysis is a part of mathematics.
It is often shortened to analysis.
It looks at functions, sequences and series.
These have useful properties and characteristics that can be used in engineering.
Mathematical analysis provides a rigorous logical foundation to calculus, which studies continuous functions, differentiation and integration.
Mathematical analysis is a short version of its old name "infinitesimal analysis", with some of its key subfields including real analysis, complex analysis, differentiation equation and functional analysis.
Parts of mathematical analysis
A foundational concept in mathematical analysis is the concept of limit.
Limits are used to see what happens very close to things.
Limits can also be used to see what happens when things get very big.
For example,  is never zero, but as n gets bigger,  gets closer and closer to zero.
The limit of  as n gets bigger is zero.
This is described by "The limit of  as n goes to infinity is zero", and written as .
The counterpart would be .
When the  gets bigger, the limit goes to infinity.
It is written as .
The fundamental theorem of algebra can be proven from some basic results in complex analysis.
It says that every polynomial  with real or complex coefficients has a complex root (where a root is a number x satisfying the equation , and some of these roots may be the same).
The function  is a line.
The  shows the slope of the function and the  shows the position of the function on the ordinate.
With two points on the line, it is possible to calculate the slope  with:
A function of the form , which is not linear, cannot be calculated like above.
It is only possible to calculate the slope by using tangents and secants.
The secant passes through two points and when the two points get closer, it turns into a tangent.
The new formula is .
This is called difference quotient.
The  gets now closer to .
This can be expressed with the following formula:
The result is called derivative or slope of f at the point .
The symbol
is read as "the integral of f with respect to x from a to b", and refers to the area between the x-axis, the graph of function f, and the lines x=a and x=b. The  is the point where the area should start, and the  where the area should ends.
Topics in analysis
Concepts in analysis
Locust are the swarming phase of certain species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae.
Such swarms are usually made of a great number of locusts.
They do a lot of damage to the places where they pass, by eating the crops.
These are species which breed rapidly under suitable conditions.
The migratory locust is the best-known example.
They become gregarious and migratory when their populations become dense enough.
They form bands as nymphs and swarms as adults.
Both the bands and the swarms are nomadic and rapidly strip fields and greatly damage crops.
The adults are powerful fliers; they can travel great distances, consuming practically all green material wherever the swarm settles.
The origin and apparent extinction of certain species of locust—some of which grew to  in length—are unclear.
Locusts are edible insects, and are considered a delicacy in some countries.
There have been references to their consumption as food throughout history.
Collective animal behavior
Grasshoppers are insects with long, powerful back legs which they use for jumping.
They generally live in dry habitats, such as fields, gardens and meadows, with lots of grass.
They are in the suborder Caelifera, which includes locusts.
There are 11,000 species, of which 10,000 are in the family Acrididae.
To distinguish grasshoppers from bush-crickets or katydids, they are sometimes referred to as the short-horned grasshopper.
Species which change colour and behaviour at high population densities are called locusts.
Grasshoppers prefer to eat grasses, leaves and cereal crops, but many grasshoppers are omnivorous.
Many grasshoppers eat from several host plants in one day, while others stay on one host plant.
One of the 8000 species of grasshopper eats only a single species of plant.
Grasshoppers make good food for some.
As an example, in southern Mexico, chapulines (grasshoppers of the genus Sphenarium) are often eaten.
They are high in protein, minerals and vitamins.
They are usually collected at dusk, using lamps or electric lighting, in sweep nets.
Sometimes they are placed in water for 24 hours, after which they can be boiled or eaten raw, sun-dried, fried, flavoured with spices, such as garlic, onions, chilli, drenched in lime, and used in soup or as a filling for various dishes.
They are abundant in Central and Southern Mexican food and street markets.
Olive oil is a vegetable oil.
It is made by getting the juice of the fruits of the olive tree.
These are called olives.
The oil is used in cooking, as well as cosmetics, traditional medicine, and as a fuel for oil lamps.
Refined olive oil uses heat and chemicals to get the fat out of the olives.
Olive oil quality is defined by some parameters that are measured by chemical analysis.
One of the most important is acidity.
The highest quality olive oil (Extra-Virgin) must feature an acidity lower than 0.8%.
People see it as a healthy addition to their diet because of the high level of monounsaturated fats (mainly oleic acid) and polyphenols.
Olive oil is popular in Mediterranean countries.
It is a big part of the Mediterranean diet as a main fat source.
Greece has more than a third of the world's olive trees, and is the top producer of olive oil in the world.
An oil lamp is a lamp used for lighting by burning oil.
Usually, it produces a flame by burning olive oil, or another vegetable oil, or whale oil during the 1700s and 1800s.
They burned cleaner, with less smoke, than candles and other sources of light before electricity.
The lamps were usually made of pottery or metal or glass.
An old story in the 1001 Nights has Aladdin cleaning (rubbing the lamp) and making a Genie appear.
Ancient Lamps
Conjugations are forms of verbs that are changed to agree with the subject that is doing the action described by the verb.
Usually most of the word stays the same, but the endings change.
Most conjugation systems follow some sort of pattern within the language.
("manger" is the Infinitive of the verb.
The infinitive is the un-conjugated form of the verb, literally the "to do" something form such as to walk, to play, to eat.
In English one does not say "I like eat" one must say "I like to eat".
In both English and French ("J'aime manger") the infinitive form of the verb would be used in this case.
The pattern here is that the "er" is removed from the verb and replaced with a different ending depending on the subject(who's doing the eating).
This pattern is good for many French conjugations, but not all, and in other languages, conjugation patterns are going to be very different.
conjugation.com All English verbs conjugated in any tense, any form, any voice
Conjugation of over 7,000 English verbs.
Online Conjugator for 85 different languages
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (7 March 1850 - 14 September 1937) was the first President of Czechoslovakia.
He led the country between years 1918 and 1935.
Czechoslovak politicians
Presidents of Czechoslovakia
1850 births
She was the daughter of Idmon of Colophon, in Lydia (Greece).
Her father earned his living with dyeing (coloring) cloth.
She learned to be a weaver.
A weaver makes cloth, or textiles, from single strands.
She was good at what she did, and she claimed that her skill was greater than that of Athena.
Athena was the young Greek goddess of weaving (amongst other things).
Athena appeared to the girl as an old woman, and warned her not to offend the gods.
Arachne did not take the advice, she wanted a weaving contest to prove her skill.
Athena revealed herself, and let the contest begin.
Athena wove her scene where she won over Poseidon, the god of the sea.
Arachne wove scenes about Zeus being unfaithful, with different women: Leda, Europa, and Danae.
Athena saw Arachne's work was without error, but she did not like the subject of Arachne's weaving.
Athena lost her temper, and destroyed what Arachne had created.
She also hit Arachne on the head.
Arachne then realized what she had done.
She ran away and hanged herself.
Athena however had pity with Arachne, so before Arachne was dead, she changed the rope into a cobweb, and Arachne into a spider.
Ovid tells the story in Metamorphoses.
Book 6, 5-54, 129-145.
The story is typical of tragedy in Ancient Greek theatre, where pride in thinking oneself better than the gods – ὕβρις (hubris) – brings punishment from the gods.
The Greek word for spider is arachne (αραχνη), from which derive the mythological woman's name, the class name Arachnida in biology, and the name for fear of spiders, arachnophobia.
Arache E-Text at Project Gutenberg
Arachnophobia is a fear of spiders.
It is a very common phobia - many people suffer from it.
People who have it often feel uncomfortable in areas where there may be spiders.
The usual way of treating this is using behaviour therapy.
People will be confronted with spiders; they may be required to touch spiders as big as a tarantula.
A phobia (from the ) is a strong fear about a specific thing or situation.
In psychology, phobia is considered an anxiety disorder.
Phobia is different than just being scared of something.
The fear is so strong that it affects, and often damages, the sufferer's life.
For example, the person will usually do everything they can to avoid the thing they fear.
If they cannot avoid that thing, they will suffer from very strong anxiety which can damage their social relationships, their ability to work, and other areas of their everyday life.
There are two basic types of phobias: specific phobias and social phobias.
People with specific phobias fear a certain thing, for example spiders (this is called arachnophobia) or high places (acrophobia).
People with social phobias fear social situations (for example speaking in public, being in crowded areas, or being around other people).
Difference between phobia and fear
Fear is a normal human emotion.
A phobia is different from normal fear in many ways:
With phobias, a person fears something which is not really dangerous, or which is not anywhere near as dangerous as the person believes it is.
For example, many humans fear spiders.
However, a person with a phobia of spiders might panic when even thinking about a spider, refuse to leave home because they are too afraid of seeing a spider, or spend hours of each day making sure there are no spiders in their home.
People with phobias realize that their anxiety is much more severe than normal fear would be.
Phobia lasts much longer than regular fear.
For example, a person with a phobia of spiders might continue to feel severe anxiety for hours after seeing a spider.
When a person feels normal fear, their fear does not damage their life.
Phobias cause problems in sufferers' daily lives.
For example, they may damage important relationships or make it difficult for the person to work.
People with social phobias may avoid being with other people or meeting new people.
It is hard to tell how many people suffer from phobias.
Researchers think that between 5 and 13 percent of people seem to have a phobia.
Women suffer from phobias about twice as often as men.
Fears in children
Every child is afraid of something.
For most children, these fears eventually disappear.
0–2 years - loud noises; strange people; being away from their parents
3–6 years - imaginary things, for example ghosts and monsters; the dark; strange sounds
7–16 years - more realistic fears, for example school performance, injury, illness, death, and disaster
Causes and risk factors
Caused
phobia occurs mostly in childhood
innate fear
traumatic event (assault, assault witness, injury ...)
hear about the possible danger (someone attacked animal; hear about a natural disaster ...)
family influence and culture
psychological personality disorder
a characteristic trait  persons with a susceptible nature are more prone to phobias
parents' lack of interest
gender  women are more prone to phobias
Types of phobias
Specific phobias
also psychological phobias.
These include hundreds of types phobias.
Some:
Aichmophobia - fear of sharp objects (like scissors or needles)
Bacillophobia - fear of bacteria
Claustrophobia - fear of small, closed-in spaces
Necrophobia - fear of death
Pharmacophobia - fear of medications
Taphophobia - fear of being buried alive
Blood-Injection-Injury phobias
Zoophobias - fear of one, several, or all animals.
Specific phobias of animals include Arachnophobia (fear of spiders), Cynophobia (fear of dogs), Entomophobia (fear of insects), Ophidiophobia (fear of snakes), and Scoleciphobia (fear of worms)
Social phobias
Sociophobia - fear of people and/or social situations
Glossophobia – fear of speaking in public
When a person with a phobia is exposed to their fear (encounters with the stimulus, think of it, sees the object of fear in the picture...) occur at these physical and psychological symptoms.
Intensity depends on the degree of fear.
Psychological symptoms
Psychological symptoms are symptoms that take place within a human.
These include the:
anxiety up to panic
want to run away
shaking or tremors
fear that the loss of their control, or to drive crazy
fear of death
fear of loss of consciousness
nervousness, restlessness
Physical symptoms
difficulty breathing, shortness of breath
heart beat, increased heart rate
more sweating
malaise, feeling sick
weakness up to fainting
rush hot or cold
dry mouth
pain or spin head
a need to go to the toilet
There are different ways to help people with phobias.
There is treatment available; it focuses on making the patient less sensitive to the fear they suffer from, or showing him or her how the cycle of fear works.
There is also medication available (mostly sedatives) that help people cope.
Finally there are self-help groups.
Phobias and Fears - Symptoms, Treatment, and Self-Help
Page with more types and descriptions phobias
Phobias and anxiety disorders (czech)
John le Carré (19 October 1931 – 12 December 2020) was an English novelist.
He was born in Poole, Dorset.
He wrote many spy novels.
The name is a pseudonym.
His real name was David John Moore Cornwell.
Call for the Dead (1961),
A Murder of Quality (1962),
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963),
The Looking Glass War (1965),
A Small Town in Germany (1968),
The Naïve and Sentimental Lover (1971),
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974),
The Honourable Schoolboy (1977),
Smiley's People (1979),
The Little Drummer Girl (1983),
A Perfect Spy (1986),
The Russia House (1989),
The Secret Pilgrim (1990),
The Night Manager (1993),
Our Game (1995),
The Tailor of Panama (1996),
Single & Single (1999),
The Constant Gardener (2001),
Absolute Friends (2003),
The Mission Song (2006),
A Most Wanted Man (2008),
Our Kind of Traitor (2010),
A Delicate Truth (2013),
A Legacy of Spies (2017),
The Good Soldier (1991), collected in Granta 35: The Unbearable Peace
The United States Has Gone Mad (2003), collected in Not One More Death (2006),
Afterword (2014), an essay on Kim Philby, published in A Spy Among Friends by Ben Macintyre
The Pigeon Tunnel: Stories from My Life (2016)
"Dare I Weep, Dare I Mourn?" (
1967), in The Saturday Evening Post, 28 January 1967.
"What Ritual is Being Observed Tonight?" (
1968), in the Saturday Evening Post, 2 November 1968.
"The Writer and The Horse" (1968), in The Savile Club Centenary Magazine and later The Argosy (and The Saturday Review under the title A Writer and A Gentleman).
"The King Who Never Spoke" (2009), in Ox-Tales: Fire, 2 July 2009.
The Incongruous Spy (1964), containing Call for the Dead and A Murder of Quality
The Quest for Karla (1982), containing Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Honourable Schoolboy and Smiley's People (republished in 1995 as Smiley Versus Karla in the UK; and John Le Carré: Three Complete Novels in the U.S.),
End of the Line (1970), broadcast 29 June 1970
A Murder of Quality (1991)
The Tailor of Panama (2001), with John Boorman and Andrew Davies
The Tailor of Panama (2001)
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011)
A Most Wanted Man (2014)
The Night Manager (2016)
Our Kind of Traitor (2016)
The Little Drummer Girl (1984), as David Cornwell
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), as John le Carré
The Night Manager (2016), as David Cornwell
John le Carré homepage
John le Carré biography on Books and Writers
1989 NPR Interview of le Carré
People from Poole
Writers from Dorset
A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a disease which spreads by having sex.
STDs can spread through oral sex or anal sex, or when two people's genitals touch.
Today, STDs are usually called sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
In the past, they were called venereal diseases (VD).
STDs can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites.
Examples of the most common STDs are listed on this page.
The common list for desises are:
Klamydia,
Std’s,
Herpes,
HIV,
gudny
Types of STDs
STDs caused by viruses
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
HIV causes the immune system - the system in the body that is supposed to fight off infection - to not work as well as it should.
This makes people with HIV more likely to get infections and some other diseases, like some cancers.
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
There are about 40 different kinds of HPV that can be spread through sex and affect the anus and genitals.
Examples of diseases that HPV can cause include:
Genital warts
Cancers of the anus, vagina, penis, mouth, or throat
Cervical cancer (over 70% of cervical cancers - 7 cases out of every 10 - are caused by HPV)
Hepatitis viruses
Hepatitis is an infection of the liver.
There are three common types of hepatitis: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.
Hepatitis A causes a short-term liver infection.
It can be spread by having sex, though this is not the most common way to get hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C cause much more serious, long-lasting liver problems.
Both can cause very bad liver disease, like cirrhosis, and death.
They are more likely than hepatitis A to be spread by having sex.
Herpex simplex virus
The herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes genital herpes.
Genital herpes can cause painful blisters on the genitals and anus.
Herpes can also cause sores on the mouth.
STDs caused by bacteria
Chlamydia is one of the common STDs in the world.
In humans, it is the most common STD caused by bacteria.
In the United States alone, about 2.8 million more people get chlamydia infection every year.
If chlamydia is not treated, it can cause serious problems, like diseases of the genitals and eyes.
It can even cause blindness.
Chlamydia can also cause permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system if it is not treated.
Gonorrhea can infect the genitals, rectum, mouth, throat, and eyes.
In bad cases, it can spread through the blood to infect the body's joints.
In the worst cases, it can spread through the blood and infect the heart (causing endocarditis, an infection of the heart's valves) or the spinal cord (causing meningitis).
Syphilis can cause many serious problems if it is not treated.
It makes a person much more likely to get HIV, because it causes sores on the genitals that make it easier for HIV (and other STDs) to get spread.
After a few years, if people with syphilis do not get treated, they can have serious problems with the organs in their body.
Eventually - without treatment - syphilis infects the brain and causes death.
STDs caused by parasites
Trichomoniasis is the most common STD in the world that is not caused by a virus.
It can cause inflammation swelling of the vagina (vaginitis, urethra (urethritis), or penis.
It can also cause more serious problems.
If it is not treated, it can cause permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system.
It can also cause prostate cancer, and makes a woman more likely to give birth to a premature baby.
The only way for a person to be sure they will not get an STI is for that person not to have sex.
This includes sex of any kind.
Practice safer sex.
Use condoms and other forms of birth control
Stay with one sexual partner who has tested negative for STDs
Do not have sex with anyone until you are both tested for STDs
Get the vaccines for HPV, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B
Types of STDs (STIs) (in simple English)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (from NHS Choices)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (from Charlies )
The Atacama Desert is a desert.
It is on the Tropic of Capricorn in northern Chile, and is one of the driest places on earth.
In some places, less than an inch (25mm) of rain falls every ten years.
Only one of the rivers from the Andes mountains reaches the ocean through the desert.
The rest disappear into the dry soil.
The Atacama is a desert not because mountains make a rain shadow, but because the ocean does.
The water on the west part of Chile is quite cold, because it came from Antarctica.
Moisture cannot stay in the cold air above the cold water, so mainly fog reaches the land, but very little rain.
The people of Chile have learned how to get water from the fog to help them live.
They "harvest" the clouds by putting up plastic sheets with pans underneath.
The fog collects on the plastic and drips into the pans, giving the people water for crops and drinking.
In parts of this desert it has not rained for over 400 years.
Even though the Atacama is the driest place in the world that does not mean it is the hottest.
The Atacama Desert is actually a really cold place with temperatures ranging from 0 to 30 degrees.
Three countries fought the War of the Pacific in the 1880s for control of the desert.
They both wanted its Sodium nitrate mines.
Chile won.
The oldest known artificially prepared mummies come from this desert.
They are called the Chinchorro mummies.
Geography of Chile
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a spin-off organisation from the United Nations.
It was created as an autonomous (self-governing) organization on July 29, 1957.
The organization is intended to monitor and promote the peaceful and safe use of nuclear energy with protection from harmful radiation and, also, to prevent the use of this energy to build nuclear weapons.
The IAEA has its headquarters in Vienna, Austria.
Additional facilities are in Seibersdorf (near Vienna), Monaco, Toronto, and Tokyo.
1957 establishments
William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance.
King Alfonso VI of Castile establishes the Latin liturgy in Catholic church in place of the Mozarabic rite.
Ísleifur Gissurarson, the first bishop in Iceland, dies while giving mass in Skálholt church.
Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury, builds Devizes castle.
Roger Joseph Ebert (June 18, 1942 – April 4, 2013) was an American movie critic.
Ebert's reviews appear in newspapers such as the Chicago Sun-Times from April 3, 1967 until his death.
Ebert and Chicago Tribune critic Gene Siskel helped make nationally-televised movie reviewing popular.
They co-hosted the PBS show Sneak Previews.
It was followed by At the Movies which made both of them popular across the country.
The two fought and made jokes while talking about movies.
They created and trademarked the phrase "Two Thumbs Up," used when both hosts thought the same movie was very good.
After Siskel died in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, with Richard Roeper.
Ebert lived with thyroid cancer since its diagnosis in 2002.
He continued to publish his reviews both online and in print until April 2, 2013.
Just two days later, on April 4, 2013, Ebert died from the disease in Chicago, Illinois.
He was 70 years old.
Ebert was born Roger Joseph Ebert on June 18, 1942 in Urbana, Illinois.
His parents were Annabel (née Stumm) and Walter H. Ebert.
His ancestry was German, Dutch, and Irish.
He was raised Roman Catholic, attending St. Mary's elementary school and serving as an altarboy in Urbana.
Ebert studied at Urbana High School, at the University of Chicago, and at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Ebert was raised in Chicago, Illinois.
Ebert began his professional critic career in 1967, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times.
That same year, Ebert's first book, a history of the University of Illinois titled Illini Century: One Hundred Years of Campus Life, was published by the University's press.
In 1969, his review of Night of the Living Dead was published in Reader's Digest.
Working with Russ Meyer
Ebert co-wrote the screenplay for the 1970 Russ Meyer movie Beyond the Valley of the Dolls and likes to joke about being responsible for the movie, which was poorly received on its release but is now regarded as a cult classic.
Ebert and Meyer also made Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens, Up!,
and others, and were involved in the ill-fated Sex Pistols movie Who Killed Bambi?
In April 2010, Ebert posted his screenplay of Who Killed Bambi?
aka Anarchy in the UK on his blog.
From the 1970s, Ebert worked for the University of Chicago as a guest lecturer, teaching a night class on movies.
His fall 2005 class was on the works of the German director Rainer Werner Fassbinder.
Working with Gene Siskel
In 1975, Ebert and Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune began co-hosting a weekly movie review television show, Sneak Previews, which was locally produced by the Chicago public broadcasting station WTTW.
The show was picked up by PBS in 1978 for national distribution.
In 1982, the critics moved to a television program named At the Movies with Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert, and in 1986 they left to create Siskel & Ebert & The Movies with Buena Vista Television (part of the Walt Disney Company).
The duo was known for their "thumbs up/thumbs down" review summaries.
When Siskel died in 1999, the producers retitled the show Roger Ebert & the Movies with rotating co-hosts.
In September 2000, fellow Chicago Sun-Times columnist Richard Roeper became the permanent co-host and the show was renamed At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper.
Television show
Ebert was the co-host of the television show Ebert and Roeper (originally Siskel and Ebert), where he and another critic, originally Gene Siskel (1946-1999) and after Siskel's death, Richard Roeper, appear in and talk about new movies.
Ebert ended his association with the show in July 2008, but in February 2009 he said that he and Roeper would continue their work on a new show.
Ebert was on a show called, Ebert Presents at the Movies, premiered on January 21, 2011, with Ebert appearing in a brief segment called "Roger's Office".
Movie taste
Ebert said that his favorite movie was Citizen Kane, joking, "That's the official answer", although he liked to keep saying it as "the most important" movie.
He kept saying that his real favorite movie was La Dolce Vita.
His favorite actor was Robert Mitchum, and his favorite actress was Ingrid Bergman.
He expressed his general dislikes for "top ten" lists, and all movie lists in general, but contributed a top ten list to the 2012 Sight and Sound Critics' poll.
Listed alphabetically, those movies were 2001: A Space Odyssey; Aguirre, the Wrath of God; Apocalypse Now; Citizen Kane; La Dolce Vita; The General; Raging Bull; Tokyo Story; The Tree of Life; and Vertigo.
Ebert compiled "best of the year" movie lists beginning in the 1960s, thereby helping provide an overview of his critical preferences.
His top choices were:
1967:  Bonnie and Clyde
1968:  The Battle of Algiers
1969:  Z
1970:  Five Easy Pieces
1971:  The Last Picture Show
1972:  The Godfather
1973:  Cries and Whispers
1974:  Scenes from a Marriage
1975:  Nashville
1976:  Small Change
1977:  3 Women
1978:  An Unmarried Woman
1979:  Apocalypse Now
1980:  The Black Stallion
1981:  My Dinner with Andre
1982:  Sophie's Choice
1983:  The Right Stuff
1984:  Amadeus
1985:  The Color Purple
1986:  Platoon
1987:  House of Games
1988:  Mississippi Burning
1989:  Do the Right Thing
1990:  Goodfellas
1991:  JFK
1992:  Malcolm X
1993:  Schindler's List
1994:  Hoop Dreams
1995:  Leaving Las Vegas
1996:  Fargo
1997:  Eve's Bayou
1998:  Dark City
1999:  Being John Malkovich
2000:  Almost Famous
2001:  Monster's Ball
2002:  Minority Report
2003:  Monster
2004:  Million Dollar Baby
2005:  Crash
2006:  Pan's Labyrinth
2007:  Juno
2008:  Synecdoche, New York
2009:  The Hurt Locker
2010:  The Social Network
2011:  A Separation
2012:  Argo
Ebert revisited and sometimes revised his opinions.
After ranking E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial third on his 1982 list, it was the only movie from that year to appear on his later "Best Films of the 1980s" list (where it also ranked third).
He made similar revaluations of 1981's Raiders of the Lost Ark, and 1985's Ran.
The Three Colors trilogy (Blue, White, and Red),  and Pulp Fiction originally ranked second and third on Ebert's 1994 list; both were included on his "Best Films of the 1990s" list, but their order had reversed.
In 1975 Ebert became the first movie critic to win a Pulitzer Prize for Criticism.
In 2005, Ebert became the first movie critic to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Ebert's home town of Champaign, Illinois are trying to raise money for a statue in Ebert's honor.
In July 2014, a documentary about Ebert's life, Life Itself, was released to very positive reviews.
Ebert was married to Chaz Hammelsmith from July 18, 1992 until his death in 2013.
Ebert lived with Chaz in his hometown of Chicago, Illinois.
He was a supporter for the Democratic Party.
Ebert was an agnostic.
On April 25, 2011, he accomplished one of his long-time goals: winning one of the weekly caption contests in The New Yorker after more than 100 tries.
Ebert's personal net worth was U.S. $9 million.
In early 2002, Ebert was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer.
In February, surgeons at Northwestern Memorial Hospital successfully removed the cancer with clean margins.
He later underwent surgery in 2003 for cancer in his salivary gland, and in December of that year, underwent a four-week follow-up course of radiation to his salivary glands, which altered his voice slightly.
Ebert continued to be a dedicated critic of film, not missing a single opening while undergoing treatment.
The cancer would eventually lead Ebert to be left in a wheelchair and unable to speak after having the total of three surgeries.
Later on, experts created a translator that allowed Ebert to speak whatever he typed.
He called his machine "Sir Olivier," because he thought its voice sounded like actor Laurence Olivier.
On April 18, 2008, it was announced that Ebert had fractured his hip in a fall, a result of the weakening of his body following the unsuccessful tissue transplants, and had undergone surgery to repair it.
In December 2012, Ebert was hospitalized with a fractured hip, which his wife Chaz jokingly blamed on "tricky disco dance moves".
On April 4, 2013, Ebert died of cancer at age 70 at the Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago according to the Chicago Sun-Times.
His wife Chaz said that "We were getting ready to go home today for hospice care, when he [Ebert] looked at us, smiled, and passed away."
He battled cancer for 11 years.
The closing sentence on his final blog post, two days before his death, said, "So on this day of reflection I say again, thank you for going on this journey with me.
I'll see you at the movies."
Hundreds attended including Pat Quinn, Rahm Emanuel, and Richard Roeper in the April 8, 2013 funeral Mass held at Chicago's Holy Name Cathedral, where Ebert was celebrated as a film critic, newspaperman, advocate for social justice, husband and father.
In his eulogy, the Rev. John F. Costello sought to dispel the notion that Ebert was an either non-believer, or agnostic, by invoking the movie The Hours and its observations on lives cut short; and saying that Ebert, raised Catholic, wrestled with "the mystery of faith" not as someone who rejected God but, rather, as someone forever seeking further understanding.
Father Michael Pfleger concluded the service with: "the balconies of heaven are filled with angels singing `thumbs up.'"
Ebert was later buried at the Graceland Cemetery in Chicago's north side.
A 2-hour-and-45-minute public tribute, entitled Roger Ebert: A Celebration of Life, was held at 7 p.m. on Thursday, April 11, 2013 at the Chicago Theatre.
It featured in-person remembrances, video testimonials, video and film clips, gospel choirs, and was, according to the Chicago Tribune's Mark Caro, "a laughter- and sorrow-filled send-off from the entertainment and media worlds."
Ebert's death prompted wide reaction from celebrities both in and out of the entertainment industry.
President Barack Obama wrote, "Roger was the movies ... [he could capture] the unique power of the movies to take us somewhere magical ... The movies won't be the same without Roger".
Robert Redford called Ebert "one of the great champions of freedom of artistic expression" and said "His personal passion for cinema was boundless, and that is sure to be his legacy for generations to come."
Oprah Winfrey called Ebert's death the "end of an era", as did Steven Spielberg, who also said that Ebert's "reviews went far deeper than simply thumbs up or thumbs down.
He wrote with passion through a real knowledge of film and film history, and in doing so, helped many movies find their audiences... [he] put television criticism on the map".
Roger Ebert's Overlooked Film Festival
Siskel & Ebert's classic shows (1975–1999)
Speech: Remaking My Voice (2011)
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Cancer deaths in Chicago
Movie critics from Chicago
People from Urbana, Illinois
Deaths from thyroid cancer
Seibersdorf is a village in Lower Austria, Austria.
As of 2001, about 1200 people lived there.
It is close to Vienna, and mostly known for the research centre of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Website of the village (German)
Settlements in Lower Austria
The Russian Revolution was a series of revolutions in the Russian Empire during 1917.
The events destroyed the Tsarist autocracy, and helped to create the Soviet Union.
The first revolution was on 8 March 1917, but in Russia it was recorded as 28 February 1917.
This happened because Russia still used the Julian calendar instead of the Gregorian calendar, which is what we use for measuring dates today.
After the February Revolution, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to step down and was replaced with a socialist provisional government.
This government was meant to rule for a short time until the country became stable again.
The second revolution, the October Revolution, was in October of the Julian calendar.
Communist Bolsheviks replaced the provisional government, and created the Soviet Union.
The royal family was put under house arrest, but later shot and killed.
The term Red October is used to describe the events of this month.
Background Of The Revolution
During the 1890s, improvements in Russian industry put more jobs in cities.
This made the cities larger as people moved there.
The workers in the cities, with increasing levels of education, began to develop an interest in politics and the creation of political parties in order to try and change their lives for the better.
The conditions that they lived and worked in were horrible.
Poor people from other parts of the Russian Empire, like Poland and Ukraine, also created their own parties to try and stop the Russians oppressing them.
This added to the people's anger, and after the Tsar's guards fired at a peaceful protest of workers, a rebellion began.
It did not really change anything, but it meant that Nicholas promised to create an elected Parliament, or Duma.
The Duma was elected for the first time in March 1906.
However, there were both left-wing and right-wing opponents to it, including socialists and people who were very loyal to the Tsar.
There were also arguments over whether or not to take power from the Tsar and give it to more ordinary people.
Nicholas eventually stopped the Duma three times, and because that meant they could not say anything against Nicholas, people became angry.
In 1914, Russia joined World War I. At first, people thought this was a good decision, and the country was united by patriotism.
But there were huge problems with supplies, and by 1915 many soldiers were being sent to fight without any guns.
Communication was bad, and Army officers argued a lot.
That meant that they did not make plans well.
The soldiers became unhappy, and over 3,000,000 Russians died.
St. Petersburg was also renamed to Petrograd by the tsar in 1914 because he thought St. Petersburg sounds too German, especially for a capital.
In 1915, the Tsar took personal control of the Russian Army, and moved to the Army headquarters.
Not only did he not improve the situation, he began to be blamed for it.
The fact that he was not near the government also meant that his wife Queen Alexandra was left in charge.
Whenever the Duma tried to warn her that the people were angry, she would say they were lying, so she would ignore them.
She even ignored a report by the secret police, the Okhrana, which said that a revolution might happen if things did not get better for ordinary people.
The first revolution began with a series of strikes in early February 1917.
People in food queues in Petrograd, began a demonstration.
They were joined by thousands of women, who left the fabrics factories where they worked.
The strike spread through the capital.
By February 25, most of St. Petersburg's factories had to close.
On the evening of February 25, Nicholas II sent the chief of the army in Petrograd a telegram.
It told him to use his soldiers to stop the strikes.
The army chief did that, but the soldiers joined the workers instead of stopping them.
The police also joined them.
The government's power collapsed.
On March 15, Nicholas abdicated.
The control of Russia was given to a socialist provisional (temporary) government.
Conditions from February to October
After the February Revolution, the Provisional Government was challenged by a large group of workers in St. Petersburg - the Petrograd Soviet.
The Government leader, Alexander Kerensky, tried to improve things by allowing freedom of speech and letting political prisoners go, but people were becoming more unhappy.
There was not enough food.
Wages went down.
The national debt grew to 10 million rubles.
Vladimir Lenin arrived in Petrograd in April 1917.
He was a Communist while the provisional government was Socialist.
He had been exiled to Switzerland by the Tsar, but the Provisional Government had allowed him to come back.
He began to lead a Communist group called the Bolsheviks.
In July, the Bolsheviks spent four days demonstrating against the Government.
The military attacked them.
Lenin was forced to escape to Finland until August, when the Bolsheviks were asked to help defend the government against a takeover by the army.
The result of this was that their reputation improved.
The government gave them weapons.
The Provisional Government's reputation kept getting worse as time went on.
The Bolsheviks' reputation got better because they refused to work with them until both sides could compromise.
On October 10, the Bolshevik's Central Committee voted to start a revolution.
One began in Estonia on October 23.
Another started in St. Petersburg two days later.
This time the revolution was mostly peaceful.
The Bolsheviks' Red Army took over many government buildings without a fight - only two people were killed.
It ended with the takeover of the Tsar's old Winter Palace on the morning of October 26, when the Provisional Government was arrested.
The Soviets took power and formed a Congress (a new Government) which began on October 25.
Some members who were not Bolsheviks walked out during its first few meetings, but this made little difference to its decisions.
The people who left were taunted by Leon Trotsky on their way out.
He told them to go "where you belong... the dustbin of history!"
All parties who opposed the Bolsheviks were eventually broken up, and their leaders were arrested.
The Congress began to get rid of private property.
This meant that all land and money was to be owned by the people, and control of factories was given to their workers.
Several countries that had been in the Russian Empire before the Revolution, such as Estonia and the Ukraine, had been asking for independence since February.
As the new government formed they declared independence, and were allowed it.
In Russia, the revolution was severely challenged by countries that were not Communist and by the invading White Armies.
In July 1918, countries including the United States, the United Kingdom and France sent more than 15 armies to fight the Bolsheviks.
The ex-Tsar and his family were shot to stop them from being freed by the White Armies.
In order to win the war, Lenin began a plan to divert food and supplies to the Communist Army.
The plan worked.
The Bolsheviks won the war, but the lack of food meant that between 3 and 10 million people died of hunger.
The Third Russian Revolution was an anarchist revolution against the Bolsheviks and the White Army.
It lasted from 1918 to 1922.
Some European countries recognized the Soviet Union as a proper country in the early 1920s.
The United States refused to until 1933.
1917 in Russia
Baguettes are long thin loaves of bread popular in France, but now common in many other countries.
Usually, they are made of white bread.
Baguettes usually have a hard crust on the outside but soft white bread on the inside.
French traditions say that bread may only contain the following four things: flour, water, yeast and salt.
Anything containing more than those things must not be called bread.
A baguette is about 5-6 cm wide, 3 to 4 cm high, and about 65 cm long.
Such a baguette usually weighs about 250 grams.
It is common to dip the bread into olive oil when it is eaten.
The baguette is thought as to have come from France, but it actually came from Vienna.
In the middle of the nineteenth century, steam ovens had just been brought into use.
This allowed loaves to be made with a crispy crust and the white centre, similar to today's baguettes.
Later, in 1920, a law was passed that did not let bakers work before 4am.
This made it impossible to make a larger loaf in time for their customers' breakfasts.
The longer, thinner baguette helped solve this problem because it could be prepared and baked much faster.
However, since the French had been making long thin loaves for a long time, what exactly was invented in 1920?
It seems to be just the use of the word "baguette"  for those thin loaves.