the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli is usually credited with creating the title for her.
Also, the title was created when it became evident that Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, Princess Royal, would become an empress when her husband ascended the German imperial throne, many people thought it was wrong for the daughter to be an empress while her mother was just a Queen.
When Victoria died, and her son Edward VII ascended the throne, his title became "Emperor of India".
The title continued until India and Pakistan became independent from the United Kingdom at midnight on 14/15 August 1947.
When signing their name for Indian business, a British King-Emperor or the Queen-Empress used the initials R I (Rex/Regina Imperator/Imperatrix) or the shorter version Ind. Imp. (
Indiae Imperator/Imperatrix) after their name.
This was also used on many British coins, including some 1948 coins of George VI.
King of India and Pakistan
George VI continued to hold the title King of India for two years during the short Governor-Generalships of Lord Mountbatten and of C. Rajagopalachari until India became a republic on 26 January 1950.
George VI remained as King of the United Kingdom and King of Pakistan until his death in 1952.
Pakistan became a republic on 23 March 1956, Elizabeth II was Queen of Pakistan for four years.
A radish is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family.
People eat radishes all over the world.
It was first grown in Europe in pre-Roman Empire|Roman times.
Radishes are usually eaten as a crunchy salad vegetable.
There are many varieties of radishes.
Some radishes are different in size, flavor, color and the length of time they take to grow.
It has a somewhat hot taste, rather peppery.
This keeps some herbivores away, or limits the amount they eat.
It acts as a defence against herbivory.
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (April 19, 1912 – Feb. 25, 1999) was an American chemist.
He was born in Ishpening, Michigan.
He won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edwin M. McMillan.
In 1980, he changed several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
His experimental technique, using nuclear physics, was able to remove protons and neutrons from the bismuth atom.
Seaborg's techique would have cost too much money to make of gold, but his work is the closest to the mythical Philosopher's Stone.
Seaborg worked at the Manhattan Project during World War II.
He studied the chemical properties of plutonium as a part of the secret war research.
Seaborg was the principal or co-discoverer of ten elements: plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and element 106, which was named seaborgium in his honor while he was still living.
He also developed more than 100 atomic isotopes.
Early in his career, Seaborg was a pioneer in nuclear medicine and developed many isotopes of elements that helped to diagnose and treat diseases.
For example, he studied iodine-131, which is used in the treatment of thyroid disease.
He developed the actinide concept which placed the actinide series beneath the lanthanide series on the periodic table.
Seaborg also proposed the placement of super-heavy elements in the transactinide and superactinide series.
scientists from Michigan
Robert Emmet "Bob" McGrath (born June 13, 1932) is an American singer and actor.
He is best known for playing the human character Bob on Sesame Street.
McGrath's character Bob is one of the longest-lasting human characters on Sesame Street.
Bob McGrath's official website
BBC Radio 3 is a national radio station operated by the BBC within the United Kingdom.
It devotes most of its schedule to classical music.
Every year it broadcasts the BBC Proms concerts during the summer.
GROW, a non-profit peer support and mutual aid organization for recovery from, and prevention of, serious mental illness.
Grow, a Law & Order Criminal Intent episode.
Growth, an increase in some quantity over time or a measure of some principal.
Nerf  (written in capitals as NERF) is a brand of toy weapons.
It is created by Parker Brothers and currently owned by Hasbro.
Most of the toys are a variety of foam-based weaponry.
While it is commonly known for its toy guns (or "blasters"), it can also be footballs and other types of sport utilities such as  Nerf skateboards, scooters and bikes.
Nerf has a series of guns called Zombie Strike, Modulus, Elite, Mega, Doomlands, N-Sports, Super Soaker, Rebelle, Rival.
Disney Interactive Studios is an American video game publisher and developer.
It publishes video games based on Disney works.
It was originally Walt Disney Computer Software.
The company was formed in 1988.
BBC Radio 4 is a domestic UK radio station that broadcasts different spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history.
It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967.
Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station after Radio 2.
It was named "UK Radio Station of the Year" at the 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards, an award it had also won in 2003 and 2004.
Radio 4 costs £71.4 million a year, and is the BBC's most expensive national radio network.
Many people think of it as the corporation's flagship.
There is currently no commercial network like it in the UK, although there are similar publicly owned stations in such countries as Sweden (Sveriges Radio P1) and Australia (Radio National).
Music and sport are the only subjects that generally fall outside the station's coverage.
There are occasional concerts on Radio 4, and ball-by-ball commentaries of most test matches played by England cricket are broadcast on longwave.
Because the longwave service can be received clearly at sea around the coasts of Britain and Ireland, Radio 4 also carries regular weather forecasts for shipping and gale warnings.
The station has also been designated as the UK's national broadcaster in times of national emergency such as a war, meaning that even if all other radio stations were forced to close, Radio 4 would still carry on broadcasting.
The current controller of Radio 4 is Gwyneth Williams.
She is also in charge of its sister station BBC Radio 4 Extra.
BBC Four is a television channel developed by BBC.
It was started on 2 March 2002.
It often shows documentaries and arts programmes that often have a much smaller audience than BBC One or Two.
It shows programmes between 7pm and 4am every day, timeshared with CBeebies.
A seed, in plants
The atomic nucleus
Kernel (computer science), the central component of most operating systems
The kernel trick in machine learning
In game theory, a cooperative solution concept
Kernel (programming language), a Scheme-like language
Kernel (Lilo & Stitch), experiment 014 from the Lilo & Stitch cartoon series
Kernel Fleck, a character in the Demonata series of books
Kernel (mathematics)
Positive definite kernel
Kernel (algebra)
Kernel (linear operator)
Kernel (matrix)
Kernel of a function
Kernel of an integral transform
Kernel (statistics)
Stochastic kernel
Convolution kernel, as of a linear filter
Kernel (category theory)
Heat kernel
Polygon kernel
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (also known as the Indian skipper frog or skittering frog) is a common frog found in South Asia.
They are slimy and are often seen at the edge of bodies of water with their eyes above the water.
They noisily move away from the shore when disturbed, giving them their common name.
They are rarely seen outside water.
Amphibians of Pakistan
Fejervarya limnocharis (also known as the cricket frog) is a species of frog found in South Asia.
Fejervarya syhadrensis (also known as the long-legged cricket frog, Syhadra frog, and the Bombay wart frog) is a species of frog that is found in South Asia.
South Asia is south of North Asia.
Paa vicina is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.
It is found in the Republic of India and Pakistan.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, and freshwater springs.
Paa sternosignata is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.
It is found in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Kashmir and possibly the India.
Its natural habitats are rivers, swamps, and freshwater marshes.
Paa hazarensis (also known as the Kashmir paa frog, Hazara frog, or Hazara torrent frog) is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.
It is found in the Republic of India, Pakistan and Kashmir, possibly Bhutan, and possibly Nepal.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, rivers, and freshwater marshes.
The cricket frog, genus Acris, is a small small, North American  frog of the family Hylidae.
They stay more in water than other members of the family and generally live near permanent bodies of water with surface vegetation.
The common and scientific names refer to their call, which resembles that of a cricket.
Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007).
Acris.
Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php.
American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (
Accessed: Apr 21, 2008).
[web application].
Berkeley, California: Acris.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: Apr 21, 2008).
taxon Acris at http://www.eol.org.
The Common Indian Toad or Common Asiatic/Asian Toad or Black-spined Toad (Duttaphrynus bufo melanostictus) is a species of toad that is common in South Asia.
The species grows to almost 20 cm long.
The species breeds during the monsoons and the tadpoles are black.
Young toads may be seen in large numbers after the monsoons.
Duttaphrynus olivaceus (also known as the olive toad, Baluchistan coastal toad, Baluchestan coastal toad, and Makran toad) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.
It is found in Iran, Pakistan, and possibly Afghanistan.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, rivers, freshwater springs, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, ponds, and irrigated land.
Stöck, M., Khan, M.S., Papenfuss, T., Anderson, S., Kuzmin, S., Rastegar-Pouyani, N., Dutta, S., Ohler, A. & Sengupta, S. 2004.
Bufo olivaceus.
Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Duttaphrynus stomaticus (also known as the Indus Valley toad, Asiatic marbled toad, Punjab toad, or marbled toad) is a species of toad that can be found in Pakistan, Iran, and possibly in Afghanistan.
It is most found in the Indus Valley.
It is also known as the "house toad".
These toads are usually found near cultivated plains which have still water.
It is nocturnal and its diet consist of insects such as ants.
This endemic toad species is the "National amphibian of Pakistan" respectively.
Duttaphrynus himalayanus (also known as the Himalaya toad, Himalayan toad, Himalayan broad-skulled toad, and Günther's high altitude toad) is a species of toad found in the Himalayan region of Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir.
Bufo latastii is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.
Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, arable land, and ponds.
Stöck, M., Khan, M.S., Dutta, S., Ohler, A., Vasudevan, K., Vijayakumar, S.P., Papenfuss, T., Anderson, S. & Kuzmin, S. 2004.
Bufo latastii.
Bufo pseudoraddei is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.
It is found in Pakistan and possibly Afghanistan.
Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, plantations, and rural gardens.
The Himalayan Newt (Tylototriton verrucosus) is a species of salamander found in South Asia and Southeast Asia.
The Afghan hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus megalotis) is a subspecies of the Long-eared hedgehog native to Afghanistan and western Pakistan.
It is larger and reddish in colour, but otherwise similar in appearance to the Long-eared hedgehog.
The argali or mountain sheep (Ovis ammon) is a wild sheep.
It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay).
The argali is the biggest wild sheep.
It can be up to 120 centimetres tall, and can weigh as much as 140 kilograms.
The Pamir argali, also called the Marco Polo sheep, may be more than 6 feet in length.
They were discovered by the explorer Marco Polo.
The Pamir argali is globally endangered.
Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii) is a wild sheep, and a subspecies of the Argali.
It takes its name from famed explorer Marco Polo who described the species during his crossing of Pamir (ancient Mount Imeon) in 1271.
The Marco Polo sheep is particularly known for its long horns.
The longest horn ever found on a sheep was found on a Marco Polo sheep and measured 191 centimeters (75 inches).
The sheep is unofficially the National animal of Afghanistan.
horns starts to grow after 15 to 20 days after birth.
number of rings on the horn indicates age of the male sheep
It is the biggest wild sheep.
It stands as high as 120 cm.
It weights as much as 140 kg.
The Pamir argali (also called Marco Polo sheep, for they were first described by that traveller) may be more than 6 feet in length.
It is globally endangered.
The Asian black bear, also called asiatic black bear, white chested bear or himalayan black bear, (Ursus thibetanus or Selenarctos thibetanus) is a medium-sized, sharp-clawed, black-colored bear with a distinctive white or cream "V" marking on its chest.
It is also known as the Asiatic black bear, Tibetan black bear, the Himalayan black bear, or the Moon bear.
It is a close relative of the American black bear with which it is thought to share a European common ancestor.
It is called 반달가슴곰 (bandalgaseumgom) in Korean.
Both American and Asiatic species are thought of as sister taxa.
They are more closely related to one another than any other species of bear.
Asian black bears are omnivores.
They eat berries, fruit, honey, insects, rodents, rabbits, carrion, nuts and even deer, buffalo and wild boar.
Asian black bears have a few enemies.
Predators including tigers, leopards, brown bears, jackals, wolves and dholes.
The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) is a critically endangered subspecies of the cheetah native to Asia.
It is also called the Iranian cheetah because the only living Asiatic cheetahs live in Iran.
It is now extinct in India, but during British colonial times in India it was the famous hunting leopard.
This name came about because some of these animals were kept captive by Indian royalty and used to hunt wild antelope.
The Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) is a subspecies of the lion.
It survives today only in India, where it is also known as the Indian lion.
They once ranged from Southeast Europe to India, covering most of Southwest Asia, and hence it is also known as the Persian lion.
The Asiatic lion has a cinnamon colour coat.
Only 350 Asiatic lions are left in Asia.
They all live in the Gir Forest in the Indian state of Gujarat.
It was the state animal of Junagadh State.
Asiatic Lion Information Centre (Includes an informative "News" section)
Asiatic Lion Protection Society (ALPS), Gujarat, India
Panthera leo (lion) from “Animal Diversity Web”
"Vanishing Herds Foundation (VHF), India" comes to the rescue of Asiatic Lion
Asiatic lions in online video (3 videos)
Disk partitioning is about making a physical or logical hard disk usable by the operating system.
Each disk partition can be used like a hard disk by the operating system.
A hard disk can be divided into many partitions.
This is especially useful for:
Keeping the user data independent of the operating system.
There will be one partition with the operating system on it, and one with the user data.
Also if there is a problem with one file system, this does usually not affect the other file systems.
Some operating systems (those that are made like UNIX or Linux) use disk partitions for virtual memory
Using a boot loader it is possible to run many operating systems on the same computer.
This is known as multi-booting.
Increasing security: Certain  operating systems allow to limit the access to a file system (for example: read-only, do not allow executable files, do not allow system files)
The honey badger  or ratel (Mellivora capensis) is a type of mustelid.
It lives in Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent.
Despite its name, the honey badger does not look much like other types of badgers.
It looks more like a weasel.
It mostly eats meat, and does not have many predators because of its thick skin and tough defensive ability.
The honey badger is the only member of the genus Mellivora.
Although it was first put to the badger group in the 1860s, they do not have much in common with the subfamily Melinae.
They are closer to the marten family.
The honey badger has a fairly long body, but is thick set and broad across the back.
Its skin is loose, and lets it to turn and twist freely within it.
The skin around the neck is  thick, an adaptation to fighting each other.
The head is small and flat, with a short muzzle.
The eyes are small, and the ears are little more than ridges on the skin.
These are also possible adaptations to avoiding damage while fighting.
The honey badger has short and sturdy legs, with five toes on each foot.
The feet have very strong claws, which are short on the hind legs and very long on the forelimbs.
It is a partially plantigrade animal whose soles are thickly padded and naked up to the wrists.
The tail is short and is covered in long hairs, except below the base.
Adults are  in shoulder height and 68–75 cm in body length, with females being smaller than males.
Males weigh  while females weigh 9.1 kg.
The honey badger has an anal pouch, a trait shared with hyenas.
The smell of the pouch is said to be "suffocating", and may help calm bees when raiding beehives.
Its winter fur is long, with some coarse, bristle-like hairs.
There are fewer hairs on the side, belly, and groin.
The summer fur is shorter and has even fewer hairs, with the belly being half bare.
The sides of the heads and lower body are pure black in colour.
A large white band covers their upper bodies, beginning from the top of their heads down to the base of their tails.
Honey badgers live alone in self-dug holes.
They are good diggers, being able to dig tunnels into hard ground in 10 minutes.
These burrows always only have one passage and a nesting chamber and are usually not large, about 1–3 metres long.
They do not put bedding in the nesting chamber.
Although they usually dig their own burrows, they may take over aardvark and warthog holes that are no longer being used, or termite mounds.
Honey badgers are smart animals and are one of few species able to use tools.
In the 1997 documentary series Land of the Tiger, a honey badger in India was filmed using a tool; the animal rolled a log and stood on it to reach a kingfisher fledgling stuck up in the roots coming from the ceiling in an underground cave.
Honey badgers are fearless and tough animals.
They are known to savagely attack their enemies when they cannot escape.
They are tireless in combat and can wear out much larger animals in fights.
The fact that most predators do not want to hunt honey badgers has led to the theory that the countershaded coats of cheetah kittens evolved to look like the honey badger in order to keep predators away.
This would be an example of mimicry.
The voice of the honey badger is a hoarse "khrya-ya-ya-ya" sound.
When mating, males make loud grunting sounds.
Cubs vocalise through whines.
When attacked by dogs, honey badgers scream like bear cubs.
Honey badgers have the least specialised diet among mustelids.
In undeveloped areas, honey badgers may hunt at any time of the day, though they become nocturnal in places with high human populations.
When hunting, honey badgers trot with their fore-toes turned in, moving at the same speed as a young man.
Despite their name, honey badgers mostly eat meat, and will take any sort of animal food at hand, including carrion, small rodents, birds, eggs, insects, lizards, tortoises and frogs.
They will eat fruit and vegetables such as berries, roots and bulbs.
They may hunt frogs and rodents such as gerbils and ground squirrels by digging them out of their burrows.
Honey badgers are able to feed on tortoises without difficulty, due to their powerful jaws.
They kill and eat snakes, even highly venomous or large ones.
They have dug up human corpses in India.
They devour all parts of their prey, including skin, hair, feathers, flesh and bones, holding their food down with their forepaws.
When seeking vegetable food, they lift stones or tear bark from trees.
The species can be found through most of Sub-Saharan Africa from the Western Cape, South Africa, to southern Morocco and southwestern Algeria.
Outside Africa it lives through Arabia, Iran and western Asia to Turkmenistan and the Indian subcontinent.
Relationships with humans
Honey badgers often kill chickens that humans are raising for food.
Because of their strength and persistence, they are difficult to keep away.
They are known to rip thick planks from hen-houses or burrow underneath stone foundations.
Because of their tough, loose skin, honey badgers are difficult to kill with dogs.
Their skin is hard to get through, and its looseness allows them to twist and turn on their attackers when held.
The only safe grip on a honey badger is on the back of the neck.
The skin is also tough enough to resist several machete blows.
The only sure way of killing them quickly is through a blow to the skull with a club or a shot to the head with a powerful rifle, as their skin is almost proof against arrows and spears.
Vanderhaar, Jane M. ; Hwang, Yeen Ten, Mellivora capensis, Published 30 July 2003 by the American Society of Mammalogists
The Balochistan forest dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It is endemic to Pakistan.
Gippoliti S. 2002.
Dryomys niethammeri .
Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden M.E. 2005.
Family Gliridae, 819-841 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference.
D E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds.
Dormice
The Baluchistan pygmy jerboa (Salpingotulus michaelis) is a species of rodent in the Dipodidae family.
It is the only species in the genus Salpingotulus.
The Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) is a subspecies of the brown bear.
Himalayan brown bear are usually sandy or reddish-brown in colour.
They are found in the foothills of the Himalaya and northern Pakistan, but are not found past Dachigam and Kashmir.
People also claim to have mistaken of what they thought was a Yeti (a Himalayan mythological ape-like creature) but was actually a Himalayan brown bear.
The Syrian brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus) is the smallest subspecies of brown bear.
The bharal or Himalayan blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) is a mammal of the Caprinae subfamily.
Bharal are active throughout the day, feeding and resting on the grassy mountain slopes.
With their excellent camouflage and the absence of cover in their environment, bharal stay motionless when approached.
Once they have been noticed, however, they scamper up to the precipitous cliffs, where they once again freeze, using camouflage to blend into the rock face.
Where they overlap, they are the favourite prey of snow leopards and leopards.
A few lambs fall prey to foxes or eagles.
The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a species of antelope.
It lives mainly in western India, but also in parts of Pakistan within the Republic of India.
It also lives in Nepal.
The blackbuck was once the state animal of Osmanistan.
It is now the provincial animal of Eastern Punjab.
The jungle cat (Felis chaus) is a successful and widespread wild cat.
It ranges from Egypt in the west to China in the east, and it is common in India.
The jungle cat is the largest remaining species of the wild cat genus Felis.
It is 20 to 37 inches in body length (50 to 97 cm), with a  8 to 12 inch  tail (20 to 31 cm).
They live in savannas, tropical dry forests and reedbeds along rivers and lakes in the lowlands, but, despite the name, are not found in rainforests.
Although they are adaptable animals, being found even in dry steppe, they prefer wetland environments with tall grasses or reeds in which to hide.
The jungle cat lives in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, central and Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and in southern China.
The jungle cat lives in places with lots of water and thick vegetation, such as swamps, wetlands, littoral and riparian areas, grasslands and shrub.
It commonly lives in agricultural lands, such as fields of bean and sugarcane, in its range.
It has often been seen near humans.
It can even live in places with little vegetation.
It is rare in places with lots of snow.
Historical records show that it lives in altitudes of 2,310 m (7,580 ft) in the Himalayas.
It does not like to live in rainforests and woodlands.
In Turkey, it has been recorded in wetlands near Manavgat, in the Akyatan Lagoon on the southern coast and near Lake Eğirdir.
In Palestine, it was recorded in the Nablus, Ramallah, Jericho and Jerusalem.
In Iran, it lives in a lot of habitat.
It lives from plains and agriculture lands to mountains at altitudes of 45 to 4,178 m (148 to 13,707 ft) in at least 23 of 31 provinces of Iran.
In Pakistan, it was photographed in Haripur, Dera Ismail Khan, Sialkot Districts and Langh Lake Wildlife Sanctuary.
In India, it is the most common small wild cat.
In Nepal, it was recorded in alpine habitat at altitudes of 3,000–3,300 m (9,800–10,800 ft) in Annapurna Conservation Area.
The jungle cat is mostly a carnivore.
It likes to eat small mammals like gerbils, hares and rodents.
It also hunts birds, fish, frogs, insects and small snakes.
Its prey usually weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).
Sometimes, it eats mammals as large as young gazelles.
The jungle cat is a partial omnivore.
It eats fruits, especially in winter.
The jungle cat hunts by stalking its prey.
It then chases its prey.
The jungle cats ears helps the jungle cat to know where its prey is.
It uses different ways to catch prey.
Like the caracal, the jungle cat can jump high into the air to catch birds.
It is a great climber.
The jungle cat can run up to 32 km/h (20 mph).
It is a good swimmer.
It can swim up to 1.5 km (0.93 mi) in water.
It can jump into water to catch fish.
The sand cat (Felis margarita) is a small wild cat in the Felinae subfamily.
It is distributed over African and Asian deserts.
Sometimes people call it "desert cat," but that is really the name of a different animal.
The sand cat does live in deserts, even the Sahara and Arabian Desert.
It is also found in Iran and Pakistan.
In zoos, this cat can live for up to 13 years.
The sand cat is about 50 cm long, not including the tail.
The tail is 30 cm long and has rings on it.
It weighs about 2.7 kg (6 lbs).
It has sand-colored fur and a wide head with ears that can point up, out or down.
There is fur on its paws so that the hot sand does not hurt it.
This cat finds shade or digs a burrow during the day and hides from the sunlight underground.
It only lives in places where the sand or dirt is loose enough for it to dig.
The sand cat looks for food at night.
It eats rodents, lizards and insects.
It can even hunt and kill snakes.
It does not drink water, taking all its water from eating prey.
It does not need to go near watering holes, so it can avoid bigger predators that might hurt it.
Wolves, snakes, large birds and humans can hurt this cat.
The sand cat does not fight with other sand cats over territory.
Sometimes sand cats will take turns in the same burrow, but they will not share it at the same time.
The sand cat lives alone except when looking for mates and when mothers are raising cubs.
The sand cat lives in both sandy and stony deserts.
It prefers flat terrain with little grass or small bush.
It avoids bare and moving sand dunes, where there is little prey.
Sand cats live in the Moroccan Sahara, Algeria, Mali, Ténéré Desert, Egypt, Sinai peninsula, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan.
In the Ténéré Desert, sand cats were seen hunting small rodents, young cape hare.
They were also seen hunting greater hoopoe lark, desert monitor, sandfish, and venomous vipers.
If they caught more than they could eat, they buried some to eat later.
In Israel, pieces of the Egyptian spiny-tailed lizards were found near burrows used by sand cats.
They were seen hunting jirds, Cairo spiny mouse, desert lark, and small reptiles.
In central Iran, pieces of the Blanford's jerboa and Balochistan gerbil were found around the dens of sand cats.
The Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) or Jabeer Gazelle is a species of gazelle found in South Asia.
It lives in grasslands and desert areas in the Republic of India, Bangladesh and parts of Iran and Pakistan.
It is also known as the Indian Gazelle (Gazella gazella bennetti).
The corsac fox (Vulpes corsac), also known as the steppe fox, is a medium-sized Asiatic fox species.
It is spread throughout the central steppes of Asia.
It is very social and lives in "corsac cities" where animals have several dens with connected holes.
It prefers some steppe and semi-desert in mountainous areas.
It is mainly grey-reddish with silver celadon areas on their coat.
The corsac fox is threatened by hunting for the fur trade.
The Eurasian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos arctos) is a subspecies of the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos).
It is found across northern Eurasia.
It is the national animal of many countries including Finland.
Conflict with humans
Bears are known to attack humans for many reasons but actually they avoid attacking.
One reason is that if you surprise a bear it is likely to attack.
The other one, is that bears enjoy to eat food, which is why people tend to avoid leaving food in the forest where bears are.
The Eurasian brown bear is a omnivore (which eats everything).
For example, they eat:
Berries, including blueberry.
Grass, if there is no food
The Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus) is a subspecies of the grey wolf (Canis lupus).
It is also known as the common wolf, European Wolf, Carpathian Wolf, Steppes Wolf, Tibetan Wolf and Chinese Wolf.
It originally lived in most of Eurasia, with a southern limit of the Himalayas in the Hindu Kush Range.
The false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) is a cetaceans and larger members of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae).
The species is the only member of the Pseudorca genus.
They live in temperate and tropical waters throughout the world.
As its name implies, the false killer whale shares characteristics with the more widely known Orca ("killer whale").
The two species look somewhat similar and, like the orca, the false killer whale attacks and kills other cetaceans.
However, the two dolphin species are not closely related.
Blanford's fox (Vulpes cana), is a small fox.
It is found in steppes and mountains of Afghanistan, Egypt (Sinaï), Turkestan, northeast Iran, SW Pakistan, the West Bank and Israel.
Blanford's fox has large ears.
Its coat is light tan.
In Flames is a melodic death metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden.
They, along with At the Gates, are often said to be a major influence on the type of heavy metal known as "Melodic death metal".
The band are signed to the Century Media record label and have released nine albums.
Melodic death metal bands
Musical groups from Gothenburg
1990 establishments in Sweden
The Chinese river dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer)  or baiji  was a river dolphin.
It was found only in the Yangtze River in China.
The last confirmed sighting of the baiji was in 2004 but there were possible sightings in 2007 and 2016 as well.
The baiji was declared functionally extinct in 2007.
that means experts said that even if there had been a few baiji left alive in 2007, there were probably not enough left to have young and keep the species alive.
The IUCN Red List says the baiji is critically endangered but not really extinct.
The baiji was a graceful animal, with a long, narrow and slightly upturned beak and a flexible neck.
As opposed to some other freshwater dolphins, like the Indus River dolphin, its eyes were functional, although greatly reduced.
Its coloration was bluish-gray to gray above and white to ashy-white below.
It weighed 135 – 230 kg (300 - 510 lb) and measured as much as 2.5 m (8.2') in length.
a period of hunting by humans during the Great Leap Forward,
entanglement in fishing gear,
the illegal practice of electric fishing,
collisions with boats and ships, habitat loss, and
At the Gates is a heavy metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden.
They, along with In Flames, are seen as a big influence on the type of heavy metal called melodic death metal.
1996 disestablishments in Sweden
The Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis), also known as the Indian fox, is a fox.
It is endemic to the Indian subcontinent, and is found from the Himalayan foothills and Terai of Nepal through southern India and from southern and eastern Pakistan to eastern India and southeastern Bangladesh.
The clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is a rare cat species.
It is a medium-sized felid, found from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China.
It is 55 to 110 cm (2 ft to 3 ft 6 in) long and weighs between 15 and 23 kg (33 to 50 lb).
It is classified as vulnerable in 2008 by IUCN.
Its total population may be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals.
Clouded leopards hunt in trees as well as on the ground.
Their prey are monkeys and birds.
They are one of the few cats who are arboreal.
The genetic analysis of specimens of Neofelis nebulosa and its close relative Neofelis diardi suggests the two species diverged 1.4 million years ago.
A group crossed a now submerged land bridge to Borneo and Sumatra from mainland Asia.
And, the Sunda clouded leopard is different enough on the two large islands to be classed as two subspecies.
The split between the two subspecies corresponds roughly with the catastrophic eruption of the Toba supervolcano in Sumatra 69,000–77,000 years ago.
A probable scenario is that Sunda clouded leopards from Borneo recolonized Sumatra during periods of low sea levels in the Pleistocene, and these were later separated from their source population by rising sea levels.
Salient Features of the Act
Salient Features of the Government of India Act3595 were as follows:
Abolition of provincial dyarchy and introduction of dyarchy at centre.
Abolition of Indian Council and introduction of an advisory body in its place.
Provision for an All India Federation with British India territories and princely states.
Elaborate safeguards and protective instruments for minorities.
Supremacy of British Parliament.
Increase in size of legislatures, extension of franchise, division of subjects into three lists and retention of communal electorate.
Separation of Burma from India.
All India Federation
The proposed all India federation included 11 provinces of British India, 6 Chief Commissioners Provinces and those princely states who might accede to the federation.
For princely states, the accession to the Federation was voluntary.
The federation could not be established until:
A number of states, the rulers whereof were entitled to choose not less than half of the 104 seats of the council of state , and
The aggregate population whereof amounted to be at least one half of the total population of all the Indian states had acceded to the federation.
The term on which a state joined the Federation were to be laid down in the Instrument of Accession.
Joining the federation was compulsory for the British Provinces and chief commissioners provinces.
Dyarchy at Centre
Under this act, the executive authority of the centre was vested in the Governor General on behalf of the Crown.
The federal subjects were divided into two fold categories of Reserved and Transferred subjects.
The Reserved list comprised of subjects such as administration of Defense, External affairs, ecclesiastical affairs and matters related to tribal areas.
These subjects were to administered by Governor General in his discretion with the help of three counselors appointed by him.
They were not responsible to legislative.
The administration of the transferred subjects was to be done by Governor General on advice of the Council of Ministers whose number could not exceed 10.
The council of ministers had to command the confidence of legislature.
However, the Governor General could act on contrary to the advice of the Council of Ministers if any of his ‘special responsibilities’ was involved in such act.
However, in that case {when an act involved special responsibilities}, the Governor General would work under the control and direction of the Secretary of State.
Federal Legislature
The bicameral federal legislature would be consisted of two houses viz.
Council of states and Federal Assembly.
Council of States
The Council of States was to be upper house and a permanent body with one third of its membership retiring every 3rd year.
It was to be composed of 260 members of which 156 were to be representatives of British India while 104 of the Indian states.
Representatives of British India
The 150 out of 156 representatives of British India were to be elected on communal basis while six were to be nominated by Governor General from amongst women, minorities and depressed classes.
Further, the seats which were reserved for Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs had to be filled via direct election while those reserved for Europeans, Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians and Depressed Classes were to be filled by Indirect election.
Representatives of Princely state
The distribution of the seats among states was on their relative importance and not population.
The representatives of the princely states would be nominated by rulers.
Federal Assembly
The Federal Assembly was the lower house with a tenure of five years.
It was to be made of 375 members who which 250 representatives of British India and not more than 125 members from princely states.
While the seats reserved for princely states were to be filled by nominated members, the provinces were given different numbers of seats.
Election to the Federal assembly was to be indirect.
The term of the assembly was five years but it could be dissolved earlier also.
Provincial Autonomy
The most remarkable feature of the Act was the provincial autonomy.
With the abolition of Dyarchy at provinces, the entire provincial administration was instructed to the responsible ministers who were controlled and removed by the provincial legislatures.
The provincial autonomy means two things.
First, the Provincial Governments were wholly, responsible to the provincial legislatures and secondly, provinces, were free from outside control and interference in a large number of matters.
Thus, in the provincial sphere, the Act of 1935 made a fundamental departure from the act of 1919.
The act divided the powers between the Centre and provinces in terms of three list-Federal List (for Centre, with 59 items), Provincial List (for Provinces, with 54 items), and Concurrent list (for both, with 36 items).
Residuary powers were given to the Viceroy.
Safeguards and Reservations
A controversial feature of the Government of India Act, 1935 was the safeguards and reservations provided in the Act, would serve as checks and limitations on such undesirable tendencies which might lead to the failure of the responsible government in India.
A plea was given that those safeguards and reservations were necessary for the interests of the country.
They were imposed either on the exercise of powers by the Government of India on of the states.
Establishment of Federal Court
The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of Federal Court to interpret the Act and adjudicate disputes relating to the federal matters.
It provided that the Federal Courts should consist of one Chief justice and not more than six judges.
The Federal Court was given exclusive original jurisdiction to decide disputes between the Centre and constituent Units.
The provision was made for filing of appeals from High Courts to the Federal Court and from Federal Court to the Privy Council.
The Federal Court also had jurisdiction to grant Special Leave to Appeal and for such appeals a certificate of the High Court was essential.
Abolition of Indian Council
It abolished the council of India, established by the Government of India Act of 1858.
The secretary of state for India was provided with a team of advisors in its place.
Extension of Franchise
The act extended the franchise.
This act introduced for the first time the direct elections.
About 10% of the total population got the voting rights.
Federal Railway Authority
The GOI act 1935 vested the control of Railway in a new authority called Federal Railway Authority, which had seven members and was free from control of ministers and councillors.
The members of this authority reported directly to Governor General.
The idea was to assure the British Stakeholders of the railways that their investment was safe.
Reorganization of the provinces
Separation of Burma
The Government of India Act 1935 contemplated the Federation of the British Indian Provinces and Indian States.
But for Burma, there was a separate set of Events.
Burma was proposed to be separated in pursuance of the recommendation of the Indian Statutory (Simon Commission) whose proposal was accepted in principle by the Government.
Consequently a Burma Round Table Conference was held in London in 1932.
In 1935, Burma Act was passed and separation of Burma actually took place in 1937.
The Government of India Act 1935 also provided a new Burma Office, in preparation for the establishment of Burma as a separate colony, but the same Secretary of State headed both Departments and was styled the Secretary of State for India and Burma.
The first secretary of state for India and Burma was Lord Dundas.
Implications of the GOI Act 1935
The proposal for setting up of the Federation of India did not materialize because the act proposed that federation could come into existence only if as many princely states (which had been given option to join or not to join) were entitled to one half of the states seats in the upper house of the federal legislature.
Due to this, Central Government in India continued to be governed by the provision of the Act of 1919(Montague-Chelmsford Reforms).However, some parts of the GOI Act 1935 came into force for example : the Federal Bank (The Reserve Bank of India) and the Federal Court were established in 1935 and 1937 respectively.
The other parts of the Act, particularly provincial Autonomy, came into force on 1st April 1937.
The first elections under the Act were also held in 1937.
What happened to Dominion status?
The Simon commission had promised ‘Dominion Status’ for India in 1929 , but the Government of India Act did not confer it.
This act by providing separate electorates for Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Europeans, Anglo Indians, Indian Christians etc.
proved to be further an instrument of disintegrating India.
It was over obstructing and Nehru called it “all brakes, no engine”.
Brahmanbaria (Bengali: ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া Bramhonbaŗia) is a district in east-central Bangladesh.
It was part of greater Comilla District until 1984.
Before 1830 the Sarail Pargana was a part of Mymensingh district.
The district has 4 municipalities, 39 wards, 97 mahallas, 7 upazilas, 98 union parishads, 1052 mouzas and 1329 villages.
Brahmanbaria District is located at the east-central region of Bangladesh.
It has a total area of 1927.11 km².
Brahmanbaria is bordered by Kishoreganj District and Habiganj District on the north, Comilla District on the south, Habiganj District and Tripura State, India on the east and Meghna River, Kishoreganj District, Narsingdi District and Narayanganj District on the west.
The Dhund Abbasi (also written Dhúnd; ) is a sub tribe of Abbasi Tribe in Northern Pakistan.
They are mainly settled in Abbottabad District and Murree Hills, Along with Tehsil Kahuta and in District Rawalpindi of Punjab Province.
They are also found in District Haripur and Mansehra of Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province.
Apart from Abbottabad and Murree, there are large populations of Dhund Abbasis living in the Bagh District and Muzaffarabad District of Azad Kashmir.
The tribe speaks the Dhundi-Kairlali hill dialect of Pahari-Pothwari.
The word Dhund was an honorary name given to one of their forefathers.
The tribe traces its roots back to Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib (Uncle of Prophet Mohammad).
The Dhund Abbasis are descendents of the Abbasid dynasty.
The descendants of Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib assumed authority over the muslim empire from the Umayyads in 750 CE and were known as the Abbasids, this dynasty governed for 500 years from Baghdad, Iraq.
The rule of the Abbasids extended eastwards across Afghanistan into the South Asian subcontinent, covering the eastern part of modern-day Pakistan.
Their Ancestor Ghayyas Ud Deen Mohammad Zorab Shah Also known as Sardar Zorab Khan Abbasi (1030 AD) was Governer General and Commander of Armed Forces in Hirat, Afghanistan during the reign of Mehmood Ghaznavi of Ghaznavid Empire.
He came to sub continent with
Mehmood Ghaznavi in his War Campaign and attacked on the state of Kashmir.
When Zorab Khan reached Kashmir along with his Army, King of Kahmir agreed to pay tax and also married his daughter to Sardar Zorab Khan Abbasi,the Abbasid Army Chief.
He received great wealth And lands from King of Kashmir and settled in his state as an Ambassador of Abbasid Dynasty.
His Grave is in Darkot, a village of Kohota Tehsil of District Rawalpindi.
He had only one son named Ghai Mohammad Akbar Also known as Sardar Akbar Ghai Khan Abbasi whose grave was also next to his father's grave.
Sardar Akbar Ghai had twelve sons by whom his race spreads.
This incident was recorded in Miraat Us Salaateen along with the family tree of Zorab Khan Abbasi, a famous history book written in Persian in 1836 AD.
Also brief History of Dhund Abbasi's along with Family Tree is recorded in Abbasiyan E Hind written in 1819 AD by Mufti Najam Ud Deen Samarqandi.
Sardar Zorab Khan was the son of Taeq Shah also known as Taif Khan who was an Abbasid Commander in Khurasaan during the reign of Abbasi Caliph Al Ta'eh Li'Amr'illah who ruled from 974 to 991 AD.
He later joined Subgtageen (Father of Mehmood Ghaznavi) in Khurasaan.
The word Dhund was an honorary name given to one of their forefather Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah Also Known as Dhund Khan Abbasi by their Spritual Sheikh Hazrat Baha'ud Deen Zakria Multani.
Sardar Shah Wali Ullah Khan Abbasi was also a Sufi Saint.
He was the Great Grand Son of Sardar Zorab Khan Abbasi.
Shah Wali's Brother name was Bagh Wali Khan (Forefather of Ghayyal & Jasgam Abbasi Tribe) living in Poonch and Bagh Districts of Azad Kashmir, along with Tehsil Kohota and Kotli Sattiyan of District Rawalpindi.
One of Famous Perosnalities of Dhund Abbasi Tribe is Peer Nehmat Shah Also known as Dada Dhummat Khan Abbasi (1380 AD).
Dada Dhummat Khan Abbasi was a Sufi Saint & his shrine is in Ghora Gali, Murree.
He moved from Poonch Region of Kahsmir to Murree Hills in mid fourteenth century.
He was the GrandFather of All Abbasi Tribes of Murree Hills & Hazara KPK Region adjacent to Murree Hills and also GrandFather of Abbasi Tribe's of District Bagh & Muzzaffarabad of Kashmir.
Dhunds are the largest and most prominent tribe of Murree.
Historically besides Murree, tribal abode of Dhund Abbasis include parts of present day Islamabad Capital Territory, Tehsil Kahuta and Kotli Sattian of Rawalpindi, District Abbottabad, Haripur and Mansehra of KPK and Deerkot tehsil in the Bagh district of Azad Kashmir.
Besides there is a large population of Dhund tribe in Kahuta tehsil, who are known as Jasgam.
According to Gazetteer Rawalpindi 1893-4 they had thirteen villages in tehsil Kahuta to at the time.
According to Census of India 1881 total population of Dhund Abbasis, excluding Abbasis tribes of Kahsmir, in Rawalpindi and Hazara districts was 32690 of which 18268 lived in Rawalpindi and 14412 in Hazara.
Furthermore, Abbasis' constitute overwhelming majority the population of Deerkot tehsil in Bagh district of Azad Kashmir.
Current data is not available but the total population of Dhunds (Abbasi's) in Murree and surrounding areas of Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Hazara division of KPK and Azad Kashmir is thought to be around 2 to 3 Million.
Also of the predecessors of the tribe and very reverend Saint Dada (grandfather as he is affectionately called in the area) Peer Mulk Sooraj Khan Abbasi of Potha Sharif was a contemporary of Hazrat Bari Imam, another great saint whose mausoleum is in present day Islamabad.
Bari Imam lived in the times of Mughal emperor Jahangir (1606-).
This means that the Abbasis were present in considerable numbers at that time.
Bangladesh Standard Time (BST) is the time zone for Bangladesh.
It is six hours ahead of UTC (UTC+6).