the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
A couple of hours after the bombings, Home Secretary Charles Clarke confirmed the incidents were terrorist attacks.
Safety alerts
Although there were safety and police alerts at many areas across the United Kingdom, no terrorist attacks took place outside central London.
Suspicious packages were found and removed  in areas around the United Kingdom.
The Times reported on 17 July 2005 that police sniper units were following many people thought to be part of al-Qaeda in Britain.
The teams with guns were told to shoot to kill if there was proof that suggested that a person thought to be a terrorist had a bomb on them and didn't want to surrender when asked by police.
A person part of the Metropolitan Police's Specialist Firearms Command said that they had been used more often to look at people who might be terrorists.
Transport and communications problems
Vodafone reported that its telephone network reached the most it could at about 10am on the day of the bombings, and it was forced to start emergency plans to put emergency calls first.
Other phone providers also said they had problems.
The BBC thought that the telephone system may have been shut down by security services to prevent the possibility of mobile phones being used to trigger bombs.
However, it was actually due to a higher amount of texts and calls being made by people.
ACCOLC was working only in a  area around Aldgate Tube Station because key emergency workers did not have mobile phones with ACCOLC.
The problems with communication when the emergency was happening caused discussion about how to make London's emergency communications system better.
Some people said there needed to be better ways to speak between emergency services.
For most of the day, central London's public transport system was largely out of service following the complete closure of the Underground and the Zone 1 bus network.
The day after the attacks, most London Underground lines would open again.
Most of the Zone 1 bus network would open again too.
In August 2005, it was reported that when public transport opened again it lost 30% of passengers that were travelling before, with more people walking to where they want to go instead of using public transport.
Most of the Underground, apart from the stations that were damaged by the bombs, opened again the next morning.
On 2 August, the Hammersmith & City line was reopened.
The Piccadilly line started serving customers again on 4 August.
On 4 August, the Circle line was reopened again.
Before this, Circle line stations continued to have passengers as they were on other lines.
Ken Livingstone, the Mayor of London, was in Singapore when he heard about the bombings, after London won their bid to hold the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Due to how big the attacks were, he gave a quickly made speech.
In his speech, he said the attack was bad and "cowardly".
The first reports about the explosions were at 9:16am by Sky News, about half an hour after the first explosion.
Sky News would also report the final explosion on the bus a few minutes after it happened.
The reporter said that he thought a bomb had exploded on the bus.
BBC News received 1billion total attempts to access the website during the course of the day (including all images, text and HTML).
At top times during the day there were 40,000-page requests per second for the BBC News website.
The BBC also received complaints from unhappy people about images they showed when covering the attacks, and the BBC would say sorry for it.
On 12 July, the British National Party made leaflets showing images of the 'No.
30 bus' after it was destroyed in the attacks.
The slogan, "Maybe now it's time to start listening to the BNP" was written down next to the image.
Home Secretary Charles Clarke described it as an attempt by the BNP to use the attacks to improve how well they did in politics.
Some news outside the UK complained that many British governments had treated radical Islamist armed groups too well, as long as they weren't involved in attacking the UK.
Most United Kingdom newspapers and many worldwide newspapers would have stories and photos of the attacks on their front page.
The Independent used statements from people who saw the attack happened or were on the transport when it happened.
Some people thought that the attacks caused a 'tipping point' in journalism.
The Guardian said that the attacks helped start citizen journalism, and received images from citizens about the attacks.
BBC News said that they received 22,000 texts and e-mails from people about the attacks and over 300 images, and said that these played a very important part in how they reported the attacks.
Effect on the economy
There were only a few reactions to the attack in the world economy as measured by financial market and exchange rate action.
The value of the British pound to the U.S. dollar went down.
The FTSE 100 Index fell by about 200 points during the two hours after the first attack, being the largest decrease since the invasion of Iraq.
After the market closed, it had recovered to only 71.3 points (1.36%) down on the previous day's high.
US market values went up a bit, partly because how much the dollar went up compared to the pound and the euro.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average went up from 31.61 to 10,302.29.
The S&P 500 went up 2.93 points to 1,197.87 after going down as much as 1%.
On 9 July, the Bank of England, HM Treasury and the Financial Services Authority revealed that they had made plans to help stop the economy becoming extremely damaged.
They did this immediately after the attacks to make sure that the UK financial markets could continue trading.
Claims of people helping the bombers
Even before the who the bombers were became known, former Metropolitan Police commissioner Lord Stevens said he believed that the bombers were most likely born or based in Britain, and would likely not fit the usual description of a suicide bomber.
Some newspapers in Iran blamed the bombing on British or American governments looking to have reason to continue the War on Terror, and claimed that the plan that included the bombings also involved more harassment of Muslims in Europe.
On 13 August, using what the police and MI5 sources, The Independent reported that the bombers did the attacks without help from al-Qaeda from somewhere outside the UK.
On 1 September, it was reported that al-Qaeda officially claimed that they did the attacks in a recording shown by Al Jazeera.
However, an official investigation by the British government reported that the tape claiming that al-Qaeda did it had been edited after the attacks.
The British government also said that the bombers did not have direct help from al-Qaeda.
Zabi uk-Taifi, an al-Qaeda laeder arrested in Pakistan in January 2009, may have been involved in planning the bombings, according to the Pakistani government.
Documents found by the German government on a person thought to be a terrorist arrested in Berlin in May 2011 have suggested that Rashid Rauf, a British al Qaeda member, played a very important role in planning the attacks.
A second claim of being behind the attack was posted on the internet by another al-Qaeda related group, Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades.
This claim was questioned, as the group had previously falsely claimed that they were behind events that were the result of technical problems.
They had previously claimed they were behind the 2003 London blackout and the US Northeast blackout of 2003.
A poll of 500 British Muslims by Channel 4 News in 2007 found that 24% of them believed the four bombers that were behind the attacks did not actually carry them out.
There have been many different conspiracy theories proposed about the bombings, including the suggestion that the bombers were 'patsies', based on claims when the bombings of the trains happened, supposed explosions below the trains, and allegations of the faking of the one time labelled and dated photograph of the bombers at Luton station.
Claims made by one theorist in the Internet video 7/7 Ripple Effect were looked at by the BBC documentary series The Conspiracy Files, in an episode named "7/7" first shown on 30 June 2009, which debunked many of the video's claims as false.
On the day of the bombings, Peter Power of Visor Consultants gave interviews on BBC Radio 5 Live and ITV saying that he was working on an attack management simulation drill, in the City of London.
It was based on a situation in which multiple bombs were exploded at the same time, when he heard that an attack was going on in real life.
He described this as a coincidence.
After a few days he said it was a "spooky coincidence" on Canadian TV.
Alexander Litvinenko, a former officer of Russia's Federal Security Service, was asked who he thought the people who carried out the attacks were, in an interview.
Litvinenko stated, "You know, I have spoken about it earlier and I shall say now, that I know only one organization, which has made terrorism the main tool of solving of political problems.
It is the Russian special services."
Some of the conspiracy theories, such as those saying that there was a 5th bomber, were debunked after an official independent investigation.
Early results
Early on, there was a lot of confusion about what happened in the attacks.
Police thought early on that military level plastic explosives were used.
As the explosions were thought to  happen at the same time, bombs with timed fuses might have been used.
What the police thought changed as more information became available.
Home-made organic peroxide-based explosives were used, according to a May 2006 report from the British government's Intelligence and Security Committee.
The explosive was triacetone triperoxide.
Fifty-six people, including the four suicide bombers, were killed by the attacks.
About 700 people were injured, and about 100 stayed in hospital after treatment.
The incident was one the most deadly terror attacks in the United Kingdom.
Police looked at about 2,500 items of CCTV footage and forensic evidence from where the attacks took place.
In the London Underground bombings, police said they believed the bombs were probably placed on the floors of the trains.
The bombings were the first ever suicide attack in the British Isles.
Vincent Cannistraro, former head of the Central Intelligence Agency's anti-terrorism centre, said to The Guardian "two unexploded bombs were found as well as a device of a timer".
This claim was mainly rejected by London's Metropolitan Police Service.
Police raids
West Yorkshire Police raided six buildings in the areas near and in Leeds on 12 July: two houses in Beeston, two in Thornhill, one in Holbeck and one in Alexandra Grove in Hyde Park, Leeds.
Officers also raided a house on Northern Road in the Buckinghamshire town of Aylesbury on 13 July.
The police said a large amount of stuff that could be used as bombs was found in the Leeds raids and a controlled explosion was carried out at one of the houses.
Explosives were also found in the vehicle associated with one of the bombers, Shehzad Tanweer, at Luton railway station.
They were exploded in a controlled explosion by the police.
March 2007 arrests
On 22 March 2007, three men were arrested as they were believed to have been involved with the bombings.
Two of the men were arrested at 1pm at Manchester Airport, trying to go on a flight to Pakistan.
They were arrested by officers who work against terrorism and had been following the men as part of an investigation.
A third man was arrested in the Beeston area of Leeds at a home on the street where one of the suicide bombers had lived before the attacks.
The three arrested were thought to be friends of the bombers, living in the same area as them and going to the same mosque.
They were put in court twice because of what they were thought to have done.
This was because the jury in the first trial did not agree whether they were guilty or not.
In the second trial, they were found to not have helped the bombers attack London, but the two arrested at the airport were later went to prison for 7 years for being taught in terrorism by al-Qaeda.
May 2007 arrests
On 9 May 2007, police made four more arrests, three in Yorkshire and one in Selly Oak, Birmingham.
The widow of Mohammed Sidique Khan, the person thought to be leader of the bombers, was one of those arrested for helping the terrorists.
Three of those arrested, including Khan's widow, were released on 15 May.
The fourth person who was arrested, Khalid Khaliq, an unemployed father of three children, was charged on 17 July 2007 with having an al-Qaeda training book, but the charge was not related to the 2005 London attacks.
These charges usually carry a maximum prison sentence of 10 years.
Reports of warnings
No warnings were given before 7 July bombings.
The following are sometimes quoted as warnings either of the events to come or of some knowledge of future events.
One of the London bombers, Mohammad Sidique Khan, was looked at and investigated for a short time by the MI5 who believed that he was not a likely threat and he was not put under surveillance.
Some news stories a few hours after the attacks questioned the British government's statement that there had been no warning.
It was reported by CBS News that a top Israeli government member said that British police told the Embassy of Israel in London minutes before the explosions that they had received warnings of possible terror attacks in London.
An AP report used by a number of news sites, including The Guardian, said the early report of a warning was by an Israeli "Foreign Ministry official, speaking on condition of anonymity".
It said about Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom's later denial on Israel Defense Forces Radio: "There was no early information about terrorist attacks".
A similar report on the website of right-wing Israeli paper Israel National News/Arutz Sheva said the story came from "Army Radio quoting unconfirmed reliable sources".
In an interview with the Portuguese newspaper Público a month after the 2004 Madrid train bombings, Syrian military leader Omar Bakri Muhammad warned that "a very well-organised" London-based group which he called "al-Qaeda Europe" was about to launch a big attack.
In December 2004, Bakri said that, if Western governments did not change their policies, Muslims would give them "a 9/11, day after day after day."
By this, he meant that there would be big terrorist attacks day after day.
According to a 17 November 2004 post on the Newsweek website, the US government in 2004 had proof that terrorists were planning a possible attack in London.
The article also stated that that fears of terrorist attacks caused FBI agents based in the U.S. embassy in London to try to stop travelling using public transport.
The Daily Telegraph said that extreme imam Anwar al-Awlaki had inspired the bombers.
The bombers also listened and wrote down what they heard al-Awlaki saying in lectures.
His teachings were found in the ownership of people who were accused of helping the suicide bombers.
Al-Awlaki was killed by a U.S. attack using drones in 2011.
Independent investigation
In 2006, the government said they wouldn't hold a public investigation, saying that it would be silly.
Prime Minister Tony Blair said an independent investigation would lower support for MI5.
The leader of the opposition, David Cameron, said only a full investigation would "get to the truth".
In reaction to discoveries about how big the security and police investigations into the bombers before the attack, the Shadow Home Secretary, David Davis, said: "It is becoming more and more clear that the story presented to the public and Parliament is at odds with the facts."
After David Cameron became Prime Minister in 2010, an independent coroner's investigation of the bombings started.
Lady Justice Hallett was appointed to hear the investigation, which would consider how each victim died and if the MI5, if it had worked better, could have prevented the attack, and also improved the emergency service response.
After seven months of looking at and talking about proof, the investigation was released and read in the Houses of Parliament on 9 May 2011.
It decided that the 52 people who the bombers killed had been illegally killed.
It also said their deaths could not have been prevented, and they would probably have died no matter how much the emergency services tried to save them.
Hallett said the that MI5 had not made every possible improvement since the attacks but that it was not "right or fair" to say more attention should have been paid to leader of the bombers Mohammad Sidique Khan before 7 July.
She also decided that there should be no public investigation.
Alleged newspaper phone hacking
It was reported in July 2011 that families of some of the victims of the bombings may have had their telephones accessed by the News of the World after the attacks.
The discoveries added to the then ongoing controversy over phone hacking.
The dads of two of the people killed in the bombings, one in the Edgware Road explosion and another at Russell Square, told the BBC that police officers looking into the alleged hacking had warned them that their contact details were found on a target list.
A person who used to be a firefighter who helped hurt passengers get away from Edgware Road also was told by police who were looking into the hacking allegations.
It later turned out he had been hacked multiple times by News of the World.
A few of survivors from the bombed trains also told the media that police had warned them their phones may have been accessed and their messages seen by hackers.
In some cases police officers suggested that they should change security codes and PINs.
Two of the survivors of the attacks as well as the mum of one of the people who died sued News of the World for hacking their phones.
Since the bombings, the United Kingdom and other nations have remembered the victims in many different ways.
Most of these memorials have included moments of silence, religious remembrance services and the laying of flowers at the attack sites.
Foreign leaders have also remembered the dead by asking for their flags to be flown at half-staff.
They also signed books showing that they were also sad about the attacks at embassies of the UK, and gave statements of support to the British people.
It was asked that the Union Flag be put at half-staff by the government.
A permanent memorial was opened on the 7 July 2009 by Prince Charles to remember the fourth anniversary of the bombings.
On the ninth anniversary of the bombings, graffiti was found on the memorial.
It would be removed soon after being found.
During the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics, there was a memorial to the people who were killed by the bombings.
A remembrance religious service was held in St. Paul's Cathedral on 7 July 2015.
This was shown on BBC One.
US President George W. Bush went to the British embassy the day after the bombings, after he came back from the G8 summit in Scotland.
He signed a book saying that he was sad about the attacks.
In Washington, D.C., the US Army band played "God Save the Queen".
This was an idea that US Army veteran John Miska suggested to Vice Chief of Staff General Cody, outside the British embassy in the city.
A similar memorial had been made by the Queen in the days after the September 11 attacks in 2001 where the Star Spangled Banner was played at Buckingham Palace's Changing the Guard.
On 12 July, a Detroit Symphony Orchestra band group played the British national anthem during the before game celebrations of the Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Comerica Park in Detroit.
It was ordered that flags fly at half-staff across New Zealand and Canada.
Moments of silence took place in the European Parliament, the Polish parliament and by the Irish parliament on 14 July.
The British national anthem was played at Plaza de Oriente in Madrid to remember the people who died from the attacks.
The British ambassador to Spain and people in the Spanish Royal Family went there.
Planned anniversary attack
Mohammed Rehman and Sana Ahmed Khan were sent to life in prison on 29 December 2015 for preparing an act of terrorism.
The plan was for it to be on the tenth anniversary of the 7 July 2005 London attacks.
They had 10kg of urea nitrate to make bombs.
Rehman called himself the 'silent bomber' and asked his Twitter followers to choose between the Westfield shopping centre or the London Underground as the place where the planned suicide bombing would take place.
He was found by the police because of his posts on Twitter.
Rehman was found and arrested a few days before the planned attacks.
2005 in England
2000s disasters in the United Kingdom
7 July 2005 bombings
Attacks on buses
Attacks on railway systems
Attacks on transport in the United Kingdom
Building bombings in England
Islamic terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom
Suicide bombings in Europe
The Maliki (Arabic مالكي) madhhab is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam.
It is the third-largest of the four schools.
It is followed by about 15% of Muslims.
Most of them are in North Africa and West Africa.
Madhhab or in Urdu Mazhab (Arabic مذهب [mæðhæb] pl.
مذاهب [mæðæːhıb]) is an Islamic school of law, or fiqh (religious jurisprudence).
Sunni Islam has four of them.
Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām (  "The Sacred Mosque"), is the largest mosque in the world.
It is in the city of Mecca.
It surrounds the Kaaba (the place which Muslims face while offering daily prayers).
It is considered the holiest place on Earth by Muslims.
The mosque is also known as the Grand Mosque.
This mosque has nine minarets.
Like Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina, it also has undergone many renovations and expansions.
The latest expansion was during King Fahd's reign.
Further expansion was planned by the former ruler, King Abdullah.
1571 establishments
Islamic calligraphy, also known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of artistic handwriting, and by extension, of bookmaking.
It is both an art, and a practical way of writing.
Arabic calligraphy may be found on tiles and other ornaments.
The text usually comes from the Koran (Qur'an).
The different styles of Arabic writing mostly derive from early versions of the Koran.
There are geometric styles such as Kufic, and cursive (flowing) styles like Naskh, Thuluth, and Muhaqqaq.
Wolfgang Kosack: Islamische Schriftkunst des Kufischen.
Geometrisches Kufi in 593 Schriftbeispielen.
Deutsch – Kufi – Arabisch.
Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014, .
Decorum (from the Latin: "proper, fit, becoming") was a principle of classical rhetoric, poetry and theatrical theory.
Niebuhr was the son of a Hanoverian farmer.
He was self-educated.
He travelled throughout the Middle East including Arabia, Persia (Iran), Syria and India.
He was the only surviving member of a Danish/German team after the others died from illness and malaria.
He wrote at least two books on his trips to the region which were later translated in to English and published in two volumes in the 1790s.
Later editions were published around 1825.
Niebuhr’s maps of the region including Sinus Persicus,  made about 1765 of the Persian Gulf is considered one of the most accurate of his time and was used for nearly 100 years.
Travels in Arabia is an old book from 1892 that talks about Carsten Neibuhr's travels
Madrasa (, madrasa pl. ,
madāris) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion).
It is variously transliterated as madrasah, madarasaa, medresa, madrassa, madraza, madarsa, madrasseh, etc.
The Kaaba March () was held towards the Kaaba in Mecca in the year 616 CE, led by Umar ibn al-Khattab.
The purpose of the march was to advocate the permission for the Muslims to openly pray at the Kaaba.
In 616, Umar went to assassinate the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
On his way to murder the leader, Umar met his close friend Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah, who had become a Muslim.
Nu'aym warned Umar not to attack Muhammad.
Nua'ym also informed Umar that the latter's sister Fatima and her husband Sa'id ibn Zayd had secretly converted to Islam.
Umar arrived at his sister's house and heard her reciting the Quran.
He physically attacked Fatima and then later went towards the House of Arqam, where Muhammad had resided.
According to Sunni Islamic tradition, Muhammad had prayed to God that Islam be strengthened either with Umar ibn al-Khattab or Amr ibn Hisham, better known as Abu Jahl to Muslims.
Umar knocked at the House of Arqam, whereupon Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib opened the door and asked permission from Muhammad to let Umar in.
The Muslims were frightened, as Umar's fierceness was well-known in the society.
Muhammad allowed Umar to enter and Umar declared his faith as a Muslim.
On Umar's conversion, the Muslims celebrated and Muhammad said 'God is the Greatest' (Allah Hu Akbar).
Umar suggested to Muhammad that the Muslims should pray publicly at the Kaaba, as the Muslims were prevented from the Meccan polytheists to do so.
Muhammad accepted this advise and Umar then led the march towards the Kaaba.
Few hours after his conversion, Umar led the march towards the Kaaba with a group of Muslims, including Muhammad, his relatives Ali and Hamza, close friend Abu Bakr, son in-law Uthman and others.
When the Qurayshite polytheists saw Umar in the lead, they thought that Umar brought these Muslims as prisoners.
However, Amr ibn Hisham told that Umar had embraced the new faith.
After arriving at the Kaaba, Umar announced that he had become a Muslim publicly in front of the polytheists.
He recited the Shahada, which made the polytheists furious.
Utba ibn Rabiah attacked Umar, though Umar severely beated and injured Utba, who then fled.
According to some accounts, the polytheists assembled under Amr ibn Hisham and escaped from the Kaaba.
Umar then openly prayed at the Kaaba, while Amr ibn Hisham and Abu Sufyan watched angrily.
At this stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to interfere with Umar when he was openly praying.
From that day, the Muslims started to openly pray at the Kaaba.
Aftermath and legacy
In late 616, the Meccan polytheists, furious because of the event, declared a total boycott on the Banu Hashim (Muhammad's clan).
Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (German Friedrich Josias von Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld) (26 December 1737 – 26 February 1815) , was a famous general of the Habsburg Emperors.
Josias joined the Habsburg military as Colonel in 1759.
After participating in the Seven Years' War, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant Field Marshal by 1773.
In the Russo-Turkish-Austrian war of 1788, he commanded an army corps under Freiherr von Laudon, occupying Moldavia, capturing Khotyn in Bessarabia and sharing in Aleksandr Suvorov's success in the Battle of Focşani (August 1, 1789).
Having completely beaten the main Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha in the Battle of Rymnik, he captured the greater part of Wallachia, including Bucharest, being welcomed by the population after the flight of Prince Nicholas Mavrogenes.
Soon after that, he became a Field General.
During the occupation of Moldavia, Josias met Therese Stroffeck, a regular person.
On September 24, 1789, in the town of Roman, she gave birth to a son.
The son's name was Frederick.
Josias married Therese after their return to Coburg, on December 24.
He then said that he was the father of Frederick.
Frederick was ennobled by the Austrian Emperor on August 25, 1808.
On February 17, 1853 the Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha created him Freiherr von Rohmann, named after the place of his birth.
But Frederick, because he was born before his parents were married, did not inherit the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
In 1793 and 1794, Josias commanded the army in the Austrian Netherlands during the Flanders Campaign.
Because of his victories in the French Revolutionary Wars (in the Battle of Neerwinden (1793) and the Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)), he returned the region to Austrian control.
Entering France, he took Condé, Valenciennes, Quesnoy and Landrecies.
However, due to poor positioning he suffered a string of minor setbacks.
This poor positioning was caused by disunity amongst the Allied powers and their forces.
His army than suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Fleurus (26 June).
After these losses, Josias left the Netherlands.
Habsburg diplomats had already decided to give up the region, anyway.
Upset by both this and  the policies of the Baron Thugut, Josias resigned as Field Marshal.
The Count of Clerfayt took over the position.
Josias then went to Coburg, where he later died.
This article is about the bombing that took place in 2006.
For the later bombing see 2007 al-Askari mosque bombing
Attacks on mosques
Attacks on religious buildings and structures in Asia
Jumu'ah () (also known as jum'ah, Friday prayer, etc.)
is a congregational prayer (salat) that Muslims hold every Friday, just after noon in dhuhr.
Sunrise is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears above the horizon in the east.
It is the time when the twilight of night changes to morning.
Its opposite is the sunset.
The Hanafi  (Arabic الحنفي) school is the oldest of the four schools of law (Madhhabs) or jurisprudence (Fiqh) within Sunni Islam.
Schools of Islamic law
Mosques in Bangladesh
al-Musallā, Arabic:  (al-musallā) is the name for an open space outside a mosque that is mainly used for praying.
The words is derived from the verb  (sallā) which means to pray.
Hanbali () is one of the four schools (Madhhabs) of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam.
It is based on the interpretation of Ahmad ibn Hanbal and is influential in Saudi Arabia.
A minbar (also called mimbar sometimes, ) is a special place in a mosque.
It is used by the Imam to speak to the congregation, to deliver sermons.
Usually, minbars are raised (to be higher than the crowd, much like pulpits); These sermons are usually called khutbah ( خطبه ).
In a minbar, the speaker is standing while he is giving the lecture.
An alternative to this is to have a Hussainia where the speaker can sit down while giving the lecture.
Very often, the minbar is shaped like a small tower.
The minbar is located to the right of the mihrab, the niche that indicates the direction of prayer (i.e. towards Mecca).
Not to be confused with Imam, a prayer leader in Islam
Iman () is an Islamic term usually translated as "belief or faith".
It is often used to refer to the strength of conviction in a Muslim.
Voter registration is needed in some democracies for citizens and residents to check in with some central registry so that they will be allowed to vote in elections.
In Australia, for example, everyone over the age of 18 must register with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC).
Their names are then added to the electoral roll, a list of all people able to vote in future elections.
Part of the AEC's job is make sure everyone who is allowed to vote is listed on the roll.
They also have to make sure that people who have died are removed from the lists.
A petition is a request to change some thing.
They are often made to a government official or public entity.
Petitions to a deity are a form of prayer.
Petition can also be the title of a legal pleading that initiates a legal case.
The initial pleading in a civil lawsuit that seeks only money (damages) might be called (in most U.S. courts) a complaint.
An initial pleading in a lawsuit that seeks non-monetary or "equitable" relief, such as a request for a writ of mandamus or habeas corpus, custody of a child, or probate of a will, is instead called a petition.
A petitioner is a person who pleads with governmental institution for a legal remedy or a redress of grievances, through use of a petition.
The Rous Cup was an association football competition in the second half of the 1980s.
It was contested between England, Scotland and, in later years, a guest team from South America.
The Taça de Portugal (Translation: Cup of Portugal) is an association football competition.
It is the cup competition for teams from Portugal.
S.L. Benfica is the most successful team in this cup.
They have won 26 Taça de Portugals, with their most recent win happening in 2017.
The Finsbury Park Mosque, also known as the North London Central Mosque, in Finsbury Park, London, is a mosque that was built in the 1990s to serve the large Muslim population in the area.
2020–21 clubs
Famalicão
Farense
Paços de Ferreira
Portimonense
Tondela
Vitória de Guimarães
1934 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Portugal
Peaceful coexistence was a theory developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War that said that capitalist states could 'accept' each other.
The idea of peaceful coexistence came from before the Communist leader Stalin’s death, as Georgy Malenkov called for it in 1952 but it was more clear after Stalin’s death in 1953 where destalinization (removing the personality and politics of Stalin) began.
The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was an association football club competition which took place every year between winners of all European domestic cup competitions.
The first competition was held in the 1960–61 season, and the last in 1998–99.
The competition was then abolished to make way for a further expansion to the UEFA Champions League, with domestic cup winners now gaining entry into the UEFA Cup.
1960 establishments in Europe
Bourke is a town and Local Government Area (see Bourke Shire Council) in the north of New South Wales, Australia.
Shiraz is an important city in Southern Iran.
About 1.4 million people live there.
Shiraz is the fourth biggest city in Iran by population, and is the capital of Fars Province.
Shiraz, a city in Iran
Vosketap, Armenia, formerly called Shiraz
Hovhannes Shiraz, Armenian poet
Shiraz Ali, former Bermudian cricketer
Shiraz Minwalla, Indian string theorist
Shiraz Shariff, politician from Alberta, Canada
Shiraz Shivji, computer designer
Shiraz Sumar, East African cricketer
Shiraz Tal, Israeli model and actor
Ghalib Shiraz Dhalla, Los Angeles-based writer
Shiraz (grape), a synonym for the grape variety Syrah, used for wine, and once thought to originate from the city of Shiraz, Iran
Shiraz (band), a South African group from the 1980s
Shiraz (ship), a FPSO vessel formerly named HMAS Westralia (O 195)
Shiraz University
Carlsberg is a brewery in Denmark.
Its headquarters are in Valby.
The first beer was manufactured on November 10, 1847.
In 1968, Carlsberg opened its first brewery in Malawi, Blantyre.
Danish culture
On the Internet, a header is extra information about a group of data.
When someone sends an email, this information might contain when the email was sent, or some data about who sent the email (such as their IP address).
You can think of email headers like the address and postage stamp on the outside of an envelope sent through regular mail.
Sometimes, this happens with other data (which is not an email) too.
Computers often communicate with each other to transmit other kinds of data, like how to display a webpage, or the contents of an image.
When this happens, other headers also come along with it.
In an email, the following headers are sent: The sender's email address and name, the recipient's email address and name, the time the email was sent, the subject of the email, and the time the email was received by each computer between the sender and the recipient.
When transferring an image, some other headers are sent: The image type, the image size, the image resolution, and the number of colors used.
Isfahan or Esfahān (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān,  Esfahān) is the capital of Esfahan Province in Iran.
It is about 340 km south of Tehran.
It has a population of 1,583,609.
It is Iran's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad.
Isfahan was once one of the largest cities in the world.
It was strong from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty.
During this time it was the capital of Persia for the second time in its history.
Even today, the city keeps much of its past glory.
It is famous for its Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets.
The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the largest city squares in the world.
It is an outstanding example of Iranian and Islamic architecture.
The city also has a many historic monuments.
The Residentie Orchestra (Dutch: Residentie Orkest) is an orchestra from The Hague in the Netherlands.
Outside the Netherlands it is often known as  The Hague Philharmonic.
The name “Residentie” (“Residence”) shows that it comes from The Hague, which is where the Dutch parliament meets.
The Hague is the “residence of the Queen’s parliament”, although it is not the capital city of the Netherlands.
The orchestra are internationally famous.
History of the Orchestra
The orchestra started to form in 1903 when a group of musicians who called themselves the “Residentie Orkest” gave a concert in the Gebouw voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Building for Arts and Sciences) in the centre of the Hague.
By the end of the following year they had formed to give regular concerts.
Their concert on 20 November 1904 is taken to be the official beginning of the orchestra.
The first conductor of the orchestra was Henri Viotta, who soon made it a very good orchestra.
Famous composers came to conduct their own works with the orchestra.
These included Richard Strauss, Igor Stravinsky, Max Reger and Maurice Ravel.
The orchestra was sometimes conducted by the Dutch composer Peter van Anrooy, as well as their guest conductor George Szell.
During the years after World War II, from 1949 to 1973,  Willem van Otterloo was the chief conductor.
They gave regular concerts in the Hague and in Amsterdam and made recordings for Philips Gramophone.
Van Otterloo introduced them to many different styles of music.
As in its earlier days, the orchestra often played modern music conducted by the composers: Bruno Maderna, Mauricio Kagel, John Cage and Pierre Boulez conducted their works.
Recordings were made with other conductors including Gennady Rozhdestvensky and Evgenii Svetlanov who included music by less well-known Russian composers.
Jaap van Zweden, who conducted the orchestra for the first five years of this century, took them on tour to Japan and South America and they made recordings to celebrate 100 years of the orchestra.
Van Zweden is still Honorary Guest Conductor of the orchestra.
Today the orchestra’s chief conductor is Neeme Järvi.
Many new things have been started, including some concerts given by the Residentie Scratch Orchestra, in which amateur players can join the professional players of the orchestra to give a concert.
The Residentie Orchestra gave many of their concerts in the Gebouw voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen (more simply known as “K&W Building”), but also the summer concerts in the Kurzaal in Scheveningen, the seaside resort of the Hague, were very famous.
Until 1915 these had been given by the Orchestre Lamoureux.
The Residentie took them over and continued them until 1968.
The orchestra moved out of the K&W Building in 1964.
Shortly afterwards the building was destroyed by fire.
The Residentie Orchestra gave their regular concerts in the Kurzaal until 1968 when they moved to the Congresgebouw (Congress Building) in the west of the Hague.
This was still not a very good concert hall and in 1987 they were able to move to the new Dr. Anton Philipszaal in the centre of the town.
There are plans now to build a completely new arts complex there.
Chief Conductors
Henri Viotta (1904 - 1917)
Peter van Anrooy (1917 - 1935)
Frits Schuurman (1938 - 1949)
Willem van Otterloo (1949 - 1973)
Jean Martinon (1975 - 1976)
Ferdinand Leitner (1976 - 1980)
Hans Vonk (1980 - 1991)
Evgeny Svetlanov (1992 - 2000)
Jaap van Zweden (2000 - 2005)
Neeme Järvi (2005 - present)
Website of the Residentieorchestra
Al-Azhar University is a university and mosque in Cairo, Egypt.
It was founded in 975 by the Fatimids of the Shia tradition.
Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah is the "Fatwa"  department of Al Azhar university headed by Grand Imam of Al Azhar.
Colleges and universities in Africa
975 establishments
The Imām ‘Alī Holy Shrine (), also known as  Masjid Ali or the Mosque of ‘Alī, is a mosque in Najaf, Iraq.
Imām Rezā shrine () is a complex in Mashhad, Iran.
It contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites.
Also in the complex are the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, seminaries, a cemetery, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.
This complex is the center of tourism in Iran.
It is visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.
Qiblah (, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Salah.
Most mosques contain a niche in a wall that indicates the qiblah.
First Qibla;Unlike the biography stories that are composed of traditional rumor compilations, based on text and archaeological research, :en:Patricia Crone and Michael Cook hypothesized that the "Masjid al-Haram" was not located in Mecca, but in the north-west Arabian Peninsula.
Canadian archeology and Islamic history researcher Dan Gibson discovered that the oldest mosque, palace and cemetery positionings point to Petra.
He found that it was the place where Muhammad and the first Muslims lived, and that the first direction of qibla for the Muslims was facing Petra.
The Terracotta Army is the buried army of Qin Shi Huang, an ancient Chinese emperor.
These ancient sculptures were built and buried over two thousand years ago near the city of Xi'an.
They were discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well looking for underground water.
Over a thousand terracotta warriors and horses have been uncovered since then.
At least 6,000 more are thought to remain buried still.
According to the Chinese historian Sima Qian, Qin Shi Huang ordered this army to be built long before he became the first Emperor of all China in 221 BC.
Work started when he was King of Qin in 247 BC.
They were constructed to protect him in the afterlife.
He died in 210 BC.
Over 700,000 workers were needed to build the underground city where he was buried.
It is thought to be filled with riches and decorated beautifully.
The Chinese government has no plans to uncover the underground palace.
Each terracotta warrior is made of clay.
They are around 2 meters tall, with commanders in the army being the tallest.
The sculptures are so detailed that it is possible to guess the age, rank and personality of each one.
None of the soldiers are the same.
Some carry weapons such as daggers, bows and arrows, swords, spears or axes.
The terracotta army figures were made in workshops.
The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled.
Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features.
Once put together, features such as facial expressions were added.
It is thought their legs were made the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were made at the time.
This would make it an assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece and subsequently firing it.
In those times, each workshop had to write its name on items produced.
Once they were completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.
UNESCO World Heritage Site page of the Terracotta Army and the Mausouleum of the Qin Emperor
Iftar () also Afur in (Somali language) refers to the evening meal for breaking  (fasting) during the Islamic month of Ramadan.
Muslims  fast in the holy month of Ramadan.
ذَهَبَ الظَّمَأُ وَابْتَلَّتِ الْعُرُوقُ وَثَبَتَ الأَجْرُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ ."Thirst has gone, the arteries are moist, and the reward is sure, if Allah wills." [
Sunan Abu Dawud - Hadith #2350.
A potluck is a gathering of people.
Every person is expected to bring a dish of food to share with the other people.
Social events
Khatib or khateeb ( khaṭīb) is an Arabic term used to describe a person who delivers the sermon (khuṭbah), during the Friday prayer or Eid prayers.
A gymnasium (often called a gym) is a place used for physical activity.
The word γυμνάσιον (gymnasion) was used in Ancient Greece.
It meant a place for both physical and intellectual education of young men (see gymnasium (ancient Greece)).
The intellectual education meaning persisted in German and other languages to mean a certain type of school providing secondary education, the Gymnasium, whereas in English the meaning of physical education was pertained in the word gym.
However, the word "gymnasium" is not used very often in English nowadays.
The term favoured in English is  "sports centre", which perhaps seems more natural.
Some gyms offer memberships where people can train and improve their physical appearance.
Commercial gyms offer sometimes help from qualified trainer.
Again, another term is more used today: "fitness centre".
The Sulayman Pasha Mosque is a mosque in Cairo, Egypt.
It was built in 1528.
1528 establishments
Nasir al-Mulk Mosque (Nasir ol molk) is a traditional mosque in Shiraz, Iran.
A Vault (French.
voute, Italian.
volta, German.
Gewölbe, Polish.
sklepienie, Spanish.
bóveda) is an  architectural term for  an arched form  used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof.
Jannah () is the Islamic conception of paradise.
The Arabic word Jannah is a short version of the word "Garden".
Muslims do this so their soul can rise to Allah.
The people prying ask for forgiveness from Allah to let te person go to heaven.
Sunnah salat () are optional prayers that can be performed by Muslims at almost any time of the day.
These prayers are performed in addition to the five daily prayers, which are compulsory for all Muslims.
Eid al-Adha ( ‘Īdu l-’Aḍḥā) "Festival " or "Greater Bairam" is a religious festival celebrated by Muslims all over the world.
It is when Muslims sacrifice a goat, sheep, cow, camel, and bull sending part of the meat to poor people as a donation.
It marks the end of the pilgrimage hajj for the millions of Muslims who make the trip to Mecca each year and pray 5 times a day.
They like to tell Allah what they are thinking and hope for him to help them, and remember Ibrahim and Isma’il’s courage and devotion to God.
The festival is to celebrate Ibrahim's (Abraham) willingness to sacrifice his son, Isma’il, because Allah told him to do so in a dream.
Showing that he loved Allah more than his own son.
And at the final moment, after taking his son's consent, as he was swinging his axe to kill his son God told an angel  to switch a lamb instead of his son, and this act of sacrificing a lamb is copied by Muslims all over the world on Eid.
Ibrahim was tempted by Satan not to listen to God, and Ibrahim drove Satan away by throwing pebbles at him.
This is also still commemorated by Muslims during Hajj.
Practices, traditions and observations
Eid prayer
The Eid prayer must be offered in congregation.
It consists of two Rakaah (units) with seven Takbirs in the first Raka'ah and five Takbirs in the second Raka'ah.
The sacrifice of an animal, usually a cow, sheep or a goat, is a very important part of Eid.
The act repeats what Ibrahim did, and also shows Muslims' devotion to God (Allah).
Muslims celebrate by having a feast, and giving gifts to the poor.
In some Muslim traditions gifts are also given to children.
In Muslim countries the day is given as a national holiday.
Islamic festivals
Salat al Eid () also known as Salat al Eidain () is the special prayer offered to commemorate two Islamic festivals.
Both the Eids are collectively known as Eidain (عيدين) in Arabic language.
The two Islamic festivals are:
Eid Al Fitr, () is celebrated on the 1st day of Shawwal, the 10th month of Islamic calendar.
Eid Al Adha, () is celebrated on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the 12th month of Islamic calendar.
A convention center, in American English, is an exhibition hall, or conference center.
It is designed to hold a convention.
In British English very large venues suitable for major trade shows are known as exhibition centres.
The term "convention centre" is sometimes used for intermediate venues between exhibitions centres and "conference centres", which are much smaller and contain lecture halls and meeting rooms.
The Al-‘Abbās Mosque or Masjid al-‘Abbās () is the mausoleum of ‘Abbās ibn ‘Alī.
It is across from the Imām Husayn Mosque in Karbalā, Iraq.
Suhoor () is also called Sehri, Sahari, "'suhoor"', "'pisht lamae"' and "'pishmaney"' in other languages.
It is an Islamic term referring to the meal had early in the morning by Muslims before fasting.