the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In a cell, DNA replication begins at specific places in the genome, called origins.
As the DNA unwinds at the origin, the synthesis of new strands forms at a replication fork.
In addition to DNA polymerase, other enzymes at the fork help to start and continue the DNA synthesis.
DNA polymerases are a family of enzymes that carry out all forms of DNA replication.
However, a DNA polymerase can only extend an existing DNA strand paired with a template strand; it cannot begin the synthesis of a new strand.
To begin synthesis, a short fragment of DNA or RNA, called a 'primer', is created and paired with the template DNA strand.
In general, DNA polymerases are extremely accurate, making less than one mistake for every 107 (10 million) nucleotides added.
Even so, some DNA polymerases also have 'proofreading' ability: they can remove nucleotides from the end of a strand in order to correct mismatched bases.
DNA in cells is constantly being damaged.
The nucleus of cells contains a number of repair mechanisms which fix almost all of this damage. "
A large set of DNA repair enzymes continuously scan the DNA and repair any damaged nucleotides".
DNA Workshop
WEHI-TV - DNA Replication video - Detailed DNA replication animation from different angles with description below.
Basic Polymerase Chain Reaction Protocol
Animated Biology
DNA makes DNA (Flash Animation)
DNA replication info page by George Kakaris MSc.
Reference website on eukaryotic DNA replication
The show is about Ned, a pie maker, who finds that he has the power to bring dead people back to life by touching them.
But if he touches the person a second time, they die forever.
Ned has a double life, as the owner of a pie restaurant and as the partner of Emerson, a private detective.
Ned helps Emerson solve murders by bringing the murder victim back to life, long enough to find out who the murderer is.
Ned's life takes a turn when his childhood sweetheart, Chuck, is found dead.
Ned brings Chuck back to life, but he can never touch her again, or she will die.
2009 American television series endings
Journeyman was an American science-fiction television series on the NBC network.
It started in September 2007.
The series is about a reporter, Dan Vasser, who finds that he can travel through time with no warning.
He can change things in his own past, so he has to be careful not to change too much.
Official NBC site
The series is about Chuck Bartowski, a normal guy who fixes computers at the Buy More store in Burbank, California, as part of the "Nerd Herd".
His old friend Bryce turns out to be a rogue spy.
Just before he dies, Bryce sends Chuck an e-mail with thousands of pictures.
The pictures are encoded with all of the nation's spy secrets.
After viewing them, Chuck holds all of the secrets inside his head (with his flashes as the intersect).
The humor elements of the show involve a satire of the Best Buy chain of electronics stores.
The show wanted to use "Geek Squad" to describe the main characters' job.
But Best Buy asked for them to change the name.
So the characters on Chuck were called "Nerd Herd" instead.
In fact, the exterior shots of the Burbank Buy More store where Chuck and Morgan work are a former Mervyn's store in the Fallbrook Mall in Canoga Park, California.
Television series set in Los Angeles County, California
Bionic Woman is a science fiction television series which started on the NBC network on September 26, 2007.
The series is a modern version of the 1976 The Bionic Woman series.
The series is about Jaime Sommers, a bartender who is hurt in a car accident.
Her boyfriend, Will Anthros, brings her to a secret laboratory.
Jaime's life is saved, but Will has to replace her legs, right arm, eye and ear with mechanical parts.
Jaime has to adjust to her new life as a superhero.
The 1972 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XI Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1972 in Sapporo, Japan.
It was the first Winter Olympics to be held outside Western Europe and the United States, and only the third Games (Summer or Winter) held outside these regions, after Tokyo and Melbourne.
The city won the rights to the games in 1966.
1972 in sports
1970s in Japan
The equestrian events were not held in Australia because of quarantine regulations.
These events were held five months earlier in Stockholm, Sweden, making it the second time that events of the same Olympics were held in different countries.
Five nations competed in the horse riding events in Stockholm; however, athletes from these nations did not take part in the Games in Melbourne.
The five were Cambodia, Egypt, Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland.
Melbourne-Stockholm 1956 at Olympic.org
1956 in Sweden
1956 in sports
1950s in Australia
History of Stockholm
The games were part of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (St. Louis World's Fair).
The sports events were not well planned; and the games were not thought to be a success.
Lucas, Charles J. P. (1905).
The Olympic Games 1904.
St. Louis: Woodward & Tiernan Printing Co.
Sullivan, James E. (1905).
Spalding's Athletic Almanac for 1905.
New York: American Publishing Co.
St Louis 1904 at Olympic.org
"Competitions on Anthropology Days" at St Louis Public Library
"Olympic" at Missouri History Museum
1900s in the United States
Summer Olympic 1904
History of St. Louis, Missouri
Stepanakert () or Khankendi () )is a city in Nagorno-Karabakh, legally in Azerbaijan, but militarily controlled by Armenians as the capital city of the unrecognised Republic of Artsakh.
The city has about 40,000 Armenians.
The entire Azerbaijani population left the city during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Notable natives
André - Armenian singer
Armen Abaghian - academic
Vladimir Arzumanyan - Armenian singer, winner of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2010
Don Askarian - filmmaker
Samvel Babayan - general
Zori Balayan - writer
Robert Kocharyan - Second President of Armenia
Fakhraddin Manafov - actor
Serzh Sargsyan - Third President of Armenia, incumbent
Nikolay Yenikolopov (Yenikolopyan) - academic
Nagorno-Karabakh  Nagorno-Karabakh's website
Karabakh’s Election Conundrum November 2005 article about elections for seats in the Milli Mejlis (Azerbaijani parliament) for Azeri refugees
Stepanakert Armeniapedia article
Cities in Azerbaijan
mzn:خان‌کندی (مشگین‌شهر)
Sir Charles Drummond Ellis (b.Hampstead, 11 August 1895; died Cookham 10 January 1980) was a physicist and scientific administrator.
His work helped scientists to understand nuclear structure better.
Education and internment
Ellis's father was a general manager of the Metropolitan Railway in London.
He went to Harrow School where he was very good at all subjects as well as sport.
In 1913 he become a cadet in the Royal Military Academy.
He wanted to join the Royal Engineers.
He was on holiday in Germany the next summer when World War I broke out.
All British people who were in Germany were  sent to the Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp just outside Berlin.
The place where the detainees (prisoners of war) were held had been a horse racecourse.
There were lots of stables, and in each stable there were 27 horse boxes which became the detainees' home during the war.
The detainees were allowed to do lots of things to keep themselves busy.
They could get books, and Ellis made good use of his time to study.
Another detainee in the camp was the scientist James Chadwick.
Chadwick taught Ellis a lot and together they made a laboratory in one of the horse stables where they made scientific experiments on the photochemical process.
Career after the war
After the war Ellis decided to study at Trinity College, Cambridge.
After graduating in 1920 he did research work at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge.
The director there was Sir Ernest Rutherford.
Chadwick also worked there.
In 1921 Ellis had become a fellow of Trinity College and was made assistant lecturer in natural science.
In 1925 he married the daughter of a rich Polish shipbuilder.
In 1929 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.
In 1930 Rutherford, Chadwick and Ellis wrote a famous book together called Radiations from Radioactive Substances.
Discovery of the neutrino
During the early 1930s Ellis worked with N.F.Mott on energy relations in beta decay.
He discovered the neutrino and  worked with W.J.Henderson on the energy distribution of positrons in artificial radioactivity.
He became professor at the University of London.
During World War II he worked on the possibility of using nuclear fission to develop new weapons.
He became scientific adviser to the army council from 1943-1946.
He was knighted in 1946 for his war service.
After World War II Ellis had other jobs which were not related to nuclear weapons.
He gave scientific advice to the National Coal Board and to the British American Tobacco Company.
This was at a time when people were just starting to realize that smoking might be bad for the health.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; OUP 2004-7
Parent topics
List of notable tropical cyclones
Lists of tropical cyclone names
Other tropical cyclone basins
James Chadwick was born in Bollington, Cheshire, England.
He went to Manchester High School, and studied at the Universities of Manchester and Cambridge.
In 1913, Chadwick went to Berlin in Germany to work with the scientist Hans Geiger.
He also worked with Ernest Rutherford.
He was still in Germany when World War I broke out and he was interned in Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp just outside Berlin.
In the camp, which had more than 5,000 detainees (prisoners of war) had been a horse racetrack.
There were stables, each with 27 horse boxes.
The detainees lived in these boxes.
The detainees were allowed to do things to keep themselves busy.
Chadwick worked with a young scientist called Charles Ellis.
Together they set up a laboratory in the stables where they worked on the ionisation of phosphorus and also on the photochemical reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine.
Research at Cambridge
After the war, Chadwick returned to Cambridge where he worked with Ernest Rutherford, studying the emission of gamma rays from radioactive materials.
They also studied the transmutation of elements by bombarding them with alpha particles, and investigated the nature of the atomic nucleus.
In 1932 Chadwick made a very important discovery: he discovered the particle in the nucleus of an atom that became known as the neutron because it has no electric charge.
In contrast with the helium nuclei (alpha particles) which are positively charged, and therefore repelled by the strong electrical forces in the nuclei of heavy atoms, this new tool in atomic disintegration need not overcome any electric barrier and is capable of penetrating and splitting the nuclei of even the heaviest elements.
In this way, Chadwick prepared the way towards the fission of uranium 235 and towards the creation of the atomic bomb.
For this important discovery he was awarded the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society in 1932, and later the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935.
He was also nicknamed "Jimmy Neutron" because of his discovery of the neutron.
Chadwick became professor of physics at Liverpool University in 1935.
He worked on the possibility of an atomic bomb.
Later he realized that the nuclear bomb really was going to be made.
He found it very frightening that the science he had been working on could lead to such a terrible weapon.
He started to take sleeping pills.
He joined the Manhattan Project in the United States, which developed the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Chadwick was knighted in 1945.
Return to Cambridge
Annotated bibliography for James Chadwick from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Nobel prize Website entry
The Papers of Sir James Chadwick are held at the Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge and are accessible to the public.
Francombat is a French martial art similar to jiu-jitsu.
It was created in the year 1988 by Alain Basset and Dominique Dumolin.
Francombat is practiced especially in the south of France.
There are schools of francombat in Paris, Bordeaux, Montpellier, and in other localities.
This martial art is based on the strategy and on the knowledge of the human body.
During the trainings, the instructors are dressed in red clothes and the students are dressed in green ones.
According to the persons that practice this discipline, the efficiency in combat depends on three factors: good physical form, good knowledge of the techniques and of the strategy, good control of stress.
intensive practice of physical exercises,
complete learning of techniques of combat in the limits of the strategy that has main goal: the true efficiency,
mental and physical preparation for stressful situations,
respect for the law.
Site Officiel de l'Union Française de Francombat
Francombat et sapeurs-pompiers: www.pompiers.fr
Francombat Langonais
Club de villevaudé (77)
Sport in France
The classic cycle races are the most important one-day professional cycling road races in the international calendar (list of races)
All of the races are run in western Europe.
Most of the events have been on the professional calendar for decades and the oldest ones date back to the 19th Century.
In the last few years, the five top races are sometimes described as the 'Monuments'.
From 2005, the Classics have formed part of the UCI ProTour run by the Union Cycliste Internationale.
This event series also includes various stage races including the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia, Vuelta a España, Paris-Nice and the Critérium de Dauphiné Libéré, and various non-Classic single day events.
The ProTour replaced the UCI Road World Cup series which contained only one-day races.
Some races that were Classics are no longer run.
These include the gruelling (very hard) 560km, Derny event, Bordeaux-Paris, run from 1891 to 1988.
The 'Monuments'
Only three riders have won all five 'Monument' one-day races during their careers: Roger De Vlaeminck, Rik Van Looy and Eddy Merckx.
All were from Belgium.
List of important cycling events
Race length can be either a time or a number of laps.
Often a criterium lasts about one hour, which is shorter than that of a traditional road race – which can last many hours, sometimes of several days or even weeks, as in a Grand Tour.
However, the average speed and is much higher.
The winner is the first rider to cross the finish line without having been "lapped" (overtaken).
Events often have prizes (called primes, usually cash) for winning specific intermediate laps (for instance, every 10th lap).
Criteriums are relatively easy to organize and do not require a large amount of space.
They are the most common type of bicycle racing in the continental United States.
Racing bicycles used for criteriums are typically no different than those used in other mass-start road events.
However, some racers use shorter bicycles to help keep control when turning  and slightly shorter cranks (pedal levers) to help pedalling through sharp turns.
Alto Velo Racing Club - Criterium Skills & Sprinting
Extreme Fitness - Guide to Criterium Training
Portsmouth, NH Criterium
In chemistry, valence electrons are the electrons in the outside or valence electron shell of an atom.
They determine the valency of the atom which is important in how a chemical element reacts with other elements.
Elements which have eight valence electrons (noble gases) are inert and they do not tend to create chemical reactions with other elements in the Periodic table group.
The number of valence electrons is also important for determining the group of an element in the Periodic table, because an element's number of valence electron is the same as the number of its group in the periodic table.
To calculate the amount of valence electrons present in an element you have to find the last number of the electron configuration.
Flamingos () are types of birds.
They are noisy birds and they live in big groups called flocks.
Flamingos are wading birds.
This means they live by water, such as lakes.
They are in the genus Phoenicopterus and family Phoenicopteridae.
There are six species of flamingo.
Two of species are found in Africa, Europe and Asia.
The other four are found in North America and South America.
Flamingos are not found in England unless in zoos.
Color, shape and food
Flamingos are pink or red.
This is because of small bacteria that live in water which the flamingos eat.
They also eat small crayfish and algae.
Baby flamingos are gray.
Flamingos can fly.
This is why they have wings.
Flamingos are very tall birds and they have long legs.
They often stand on only one leg.
Scientsts found that they do this beacuse it takes less energy than standing on two legs.
Flamingos have a curved bill that is shaped like a banana.
This is because they feed in the mud on the bottom of lakes.
Flamingos can weigh up to 4 kg and be up to 145cm tall.
They live up to around 47 years.
Many flamingos that live in Kenya and Tanzania are dying.
Scientists do not know why.
They think it may be because of bacteria in the water.
Living species
Greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus)
Lesser flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor)
Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis)
James's flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi)
Andean flamingo (Phoenicopterus andinus)
American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber)
Magnesium oxide, or magnesia, is a white solid mineral, made of one part magnesium and one part oxygen.
Its chemical formula is MgO. Magnesium oxide is used by libraries to make books last longer.
It is also used as an insulator for some electrical wires, and to help crucibles resist high temperatures.
Magnesium oxide is also used to treat heartburn and upset stomachs.
A movie studio, or film studio, is a place where movies are made.
A movie studio can be an area where the movie is filmed; like an indoor (interior) stage or room, or an outdoor area in which only those making the movie are allowed to be.
The term movie studio also means a production company because these companies often had - in the 1920s to the 1940s - their own studios in their own buildings.
Even though most production companies do not now have their own studios, the term is still used in this way.
For the type of cycling race see Criterium
The Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré is an annual cycling road race, run over eight stages in the Dauphiné region in France during the first half of June.
It is organised by the Le Dauphiné Libéré newspaper.
Along with the Tour de Suisse, the Dauphiné Libéré is an important race in the lead-up to the Tour de France in July.
Because the Dauphiné is a mountainous area, the winners are often climbing specialists.
Many climbs that are famous from the Tour de France, like the Mont Ventoux, the Col du Galibier or Col de la Chartreuse appear often in the Dauphiné Libéré.
The first Dauphiné Libéré was held in 1947 when Eduard Klablinski from Poland was the winner.
Nello Lauredi, Luis Ocaña, Charly Mottet and Bernard Hinault share the record of the most wins, with three each.
Iban Mayo won in 2004, when he climbed Mont Ventoux very quickly.
In the 2005 Dauphiné the winner was Iñigo Landaluze, of the Euskaltel-Euskadi team.
1947 to 1999
After 1999
The games were part of the 1900 Exposition Universelle (Paris World's Fair).
Paris 1900 at Olympic.org
Summer Olympic 1900
Summer Olympics in France
1900s in Europe
The 1998 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVIII Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1998 in Nagano, Japan.
Other possible host cities were Aosta, Italy; Jaca, Spain; Östersund, Sweden; and Salt Lake City, USA.
The selection was held in Birmingham, United Kingdom in 1991.
IOC Site on 1998 Winter Olympics
Nagano 1998 Olympic pins
1998 in Japan
1998 in sports
1990s in Asian sports
In the 15th century a chapel was built on the top.
It was dedicated to the Holy Cross.
In 1882, a meteorological station was constructed on the summit, but it is not used now.
In the 1960s a 50m-high telecommunications mast was built.
South from Bédoin: 22 km over 1610 m. This is the most famous and difficult ascent.
The road to the summit has an average gradient of 7.6%.
Until Saint-Estève, the climb is easy, but the 16 remaining kilometres have an average gradient of 10%.
The last kilometres have strong, violent winds.
The ride takes 2–3 hours for trained amateur individuals, and professionals can ride it in 1-1.5 hours.
The fastest time so far recorded has been that of Iban Mayo in the individual climbing time trial of the 2004 Dauphiné Libéré: 55' 51".
The time was measured from Bédoin for the first time in the 1958 Tour de France, in which Charly Gaul was the fastest at 1h 2' 9".
North from Malaucène: 21 km over 1570 m. A little easier than the Bédoin ascent, better sheltered against the wind.
East from Sault: 26 km over 1220 m. The easiest route.
After Chalet Reynard (where the "lunar landscape" of the summit starts), the climb is the same as the Bédoin ascent.
Average gradient of 4.4%.
Every year there are amateur races to climb the mountain as quickly and often as possible in 24 hours.
On May 16 2006, Jean-Pascal Roux from Bédoin broke the record of climbs in 24 hours, with eleven climbs, all of them from Bédoin.
Mont Ventoux is the one of the most gruelling climbs in the Tour de France.
The Tour has visited the mountain thirteen times since 1951.
The route is usually the Bédoin.
British cyclist Tom Simpson, who died here on July 13, 1967 from a combination of amphetamines, alcohol and heat exhaustion.
He began to weave across the road before he fell down twice.
He was delirious, but his last words were not "put me back on my bike", that was what a journalist wrote.
Amphetamines were found in his jersey and bloodstream.
There is a memorial to Simpson near the summit which has become a shrine to fans of cycling, who often leave small tokens of remembrance there.
In 1970, Eddy Merckx rode himself to the brink of collapse but won the stage.
He received oxygen, recovered, and won the Tour.
In 1994, Eros Poli, not known for his climbing ability, stole away at the beginning of the day's stage, built up a big time gap from the peloton, and was first over the Ventoux and was the stage winner despite.
The last winner on the Ventoux was the French climber Richard Virenque.
Winners of the Mont Ventoux stage at the Tour de France
1951: Lucien Lazarides
1952: Jean Robic
1955: Louison Bobet
1958: Charly Gaul
1965: Raymond Poulidor
1967: Julio Jimenez
1970: Eddy Merckx
1971: Gonzalo Aja
1972: Bernard Thévenet
1987: Jean-Francois Bernard
1994: Eros Poli
2000: Marco Pantani
2002: Richard Virenque
2009: Juan Gárate
2013: Chris Froome
Mont Ventoux: Picture Gallery
Velo News: The curse of the Ventoux
Réserve de Biosphère du Mont Ventoux (in French)
winter picture mont ventoux
Mont Ventoux cycling.
Pictures and profiles. (
in French)
In baseball, a designated hitter (DH) is a person who bats in place of the pitcher in the American League of Major League Baseball.
In the National League, the pitchers have to bat for themselves.
The designated hitter is usually one of the best hitters on the team but is not a good defensive player.
The reason for the designated hitter is because many pitchers are not good hitters.
Pitchers are chosen because they are good at pitching, not because they are good at hitting.
Baseball positions
The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1968 in Grenoble, France and started on February 6.
Thirty-seven countries took part.
Norway won the most medals, the first time a country other than the USSR had done so since the USSR first entered the Winter Games in 1956.
Attention in the USA
Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy won three gold medals in all the alpine skiing events.
In women's figure skating, Peggy Fleming won the only United States gold medal.
The games have been credited with making the Winter Olympics more popular in the United States, largely because of ABC's coverage of Fleming and Killy, who became very popular among teenage girls.
1968 in sports
1960s in France
The 1964 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IX Olympic Winter Games, were held in Innsbruck, Austria, from January 29 to February 9 1964.
The games included 1091 athletes from 36 nations, and the Olympic Torch was carried by Joseph Rieder,
36 nations sent athletes to compete in Innsbruck.
Athletes from West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR) competed together as the United Team of Germany from 1956 to 1964.
1964 in sports
1960s in Europe
Counterculture is a term used in psychology and sociology.
People use it to describe a set of views that are not of the mainstream.
These values are in contrast to what the mainstream people believe.
An example of a counterculture that was started in the 1960s is the culture of the hippies.
This counterculture focused on drug use, sexual freedom (freedom of choice), and women's rights.
The first people to be called "hippies" were young adults and teenagers in the 1960s who grew out of the beatnik movement.
These people were supporters of civil rights for African-Americans in the Southern USA.
They soon developed their own music scene in neighborhoods in New York City (Greenwich Village) and San Francisco (Haight-Ashbury).
They were also strongly against the Vietnam War, nuclear weapons, and what they called the "Establishment" (this was a word for mainstream society).
They were also against the "military-industrial complex".
This phrase was taken from a warning in the farewell speech of President Dwight Eisenhower in 1961.
Many more people began to see hippies in the news after the Human Be-In (January 1967) and the 1967 "Summer of Love" were held in San Francisco.
By this time, they had developed their own lifestyle that included psychedelic styles, drug use, usually some amount of travel, and much longer hair than other people.
These styles quickly spread across the country, especially to college campuses where students were protesting President Lyndon Johnson's policies in Vietnam, the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968, and other events.
They also spread to the UK, Netherlands, France, Italy, Germany, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, among other places.
In 1968 many more Americans turned against the war following the Tet Offensive, King was shot, and politicians began to get ready for the election for President in November.
Many colleges were shut down by students, and people burned their draft cards at public rallies.
A group of radical hippies called the Yippies, led by Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, led a huge protest during the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, where they tried to run a pig called Pigasus as a candidate for President.
The mayor responded by sending in riot police who beat people up in front of news cameras.
The riot police even beat the cameramen, reporters, and other innocent people.
This was shown on the news, and many programs and television stations began to feel more sympathetic to the hippies for a while.
This made hippie lifestyle much more mainstream through the early seventies.
In 1969, Richard Nixon succeeded Johnson as President, and protests continued — not just against the war, but against the court trials and hearings of the Yippie leaders who became known as "the Chicago Seven" (originally "Chicago Eight").
Also in that year, a huge rock concert was held in Bethel, New York — the three day Woodstock Festival.
At this festival, 500,000 hippies and music fans heard some of the most famous singers and groups of the time.
The people there also did things like nude swimming, mud-sliding, rain-dancing and mass tribal chants.
They did this to show their freedom to the world.
Late that year, a murderer named Charles Manson who posed as a hippie killed several people.
Because some people blamed hippies for this, the term began to fall a little out of fashion in 1970, even if the fashions themselves did not.
A new type of hard rock called heavy metal was developing out of one style of hippie music.
A band called Led Zeppelin took the number one spot for most popular band of the year in 1970, which had been held by the Beatles for eight years.
Also that year, when students at Kent State University in Ohio were protesting Nixon's spread of bombing to Laos, the National Guard shot at them, and four were killed.
This had a chilling effect on the hippies and the whole country, but the peace movement continued.
In 1973, the draft was ended, and the war ended soon after that.
US public attention turned to the Watergate scandal.
After this, hippies never again had the attention they once did, though the lifestyle continued, especially in other countries.
In the mid-seventies, trends like punks and disco were also spreading, causing the hippie image to fade in the media.
A long time ago, these laws were oral (spoken, but not written down).
Once they became written down they were called the Mishnah.
The Mishnah was made by rabbis in the 1st and 2nd Century (CE).
A stereotype is a mistaken idea or belief many people have about a thing or group that is based upon how they look on the outside, which may be untrue or only partly true.
Stereotyping people is a type of prejudice because what is on the outside is a small part of who a person is.
Like other untrue opinions, stereotypes might be used as reasons to discriminate against another person, or sometimes for a humorous effect in fiction.
The term was invented in the late 18th century for a method of printing.
In the mid-19th century it meant the faithful reproduction of everything which could be printed, whether words or pictures.
It made the printing of cheap editions possible, and was used in printing newspapers.
The term got its psychological meaning in the 20th century.
The post mortem found that he had taken amphetamines.
Added to brandy, the hard climb up Mont Ventoux, the hot conditions, and a stomach complaint, the doping was fatal.
Simpson was the youngest of the six children.
He was born in Easington, County Durham.
After World War II, the Simpson family moved to Harworth in north Nottinghamshire, another mining village, where Simpson grew up and became interested in cycling.
He attended the village school and later Worksop Technical College and in 1954 was an apprentice draughtsman at an engineering company in Retford.
As a cyclist he joined first Harworth and District Cycling Club and later Rotherham's Scala Wheelers, and by his late teens was winning local time trials.
He was then advised to try track cycling, and he travelled regularly to Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester to compete.
He won medals in the national 4000m individual pursuit discipline.
When he was 19, Simpson was part of the Great Britain team pursuit squad which won a bronze medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia.
Two years later, he won a silver medal in the individual pursuit at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff.
In April 1959, Simpson went to France to live in the Breton fishing port of Saint-Brieuc.
He hoped to win enough local amateur races to get noticed by a professional cycling team.
It was in Saint-Brieuc that he met Helen Sherburn.
They married on 3 January 1960).
Within two months, Simpson had won five races and in July 1959 was offered terms by two professional teams; he decided to join the Rapha Geminiani team, which already had a British cyclist, Brian Robinson, in its squad.
His first event as a professional was a small stage race, the Tour de l'Ouest (Tour of the West).
He won two stages and finished 18th overall - a major achievement for a new pro who would normally be expected to be a domestique to the team's leader.
He competed in the 1959 World Championships in the Netherlands in the individual pursuit and professional road race, finishing fourth in both events.
Simpson turned down an invitation to ride in the 1959 Tour de France, because he thought he was not ready.
He rode in the 1960 Tour, and finished 29th, and was third in stage 3.
In April 1961, however, Simpson won his first Classic .
He won the tough Ronde van Vlaanderen after a two-man sprint at the finish.
That year he also finished 5th in the "Race to the Sun" - the Paris-Nice stage race, and 9th in the world championship, but he abandoned the Tour de France on stage 3, because of an earlier knee injury.
In 1962, he became the first Briton to wear the maillot jaune (the jersey of the leader of the Tour de France) and eventually finished 6th overall.
That was highest final placing by a Briton until Robert Millar was fourth in 1984).
Simpson had been third until a crash.
Earlier in the season, he again showed how much he likied for the tough Belgian Classic races.
Simpson finished 5th in the Ronde van Vlaanderen and 6th in the Gent-Wevelgem.
1963 and 1965 were probably Simpson's best years for Classic races.
He was riding for the  Peugeot BP team in 1963, when he won the gruelling motor-paced event Bordeaux-Paris, was second in Paris-Brussels and Paris-Tours, third in the Ronde van Vlaanderen, 8th in Paris-Roubaix, and 10th in both La Flèche Wallonne and Giro di Lombardia.
In 1967 he won the early season Paris-Nice stage race (taking two second places and a third place on different days) and the Tour of Sardinia.
He also rode in the Vuelta a España for the first time, collecting two stage victories en route to an eventual 33rd place overall.
Thursday 13 July 1967
At the start of the 1967 Tour de France, Simpson thought that he could do well in the event.
After the first week he was sixth overall, but a stomach bug began to affect his form, and he lost vital time in a stage including the Col du Galibier.
In Marseille, at the start of stage 13 on 13 July, he was still suffering the bad stomach as the race headed into Provence on a blisteringly hot day.
On the day's main climb, Mont Ventoux, Simpson broke away early, but was soon passed by the eventual stage winner, Julio Jiménez, and four others.
About two kilometres from the summit, Simpson began to zig-zag across the road, eventually falling against an embankment.
While his team car helpers wanted him to retire from the race, Simpson insisted on carrying on.
He went another 500m or so before again beginning to fall; he toppled unconscious into the arms of his helpers.
Despite mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and the administration of oxygen, plus a helicopter airlift to a nearby hospital, Simpson died.
Two tubes of amphetamines and more empty tubes were found in the rear pocket of his racing jersey.
He died of heart failure caused by dehydration and heat exhaustion, with drugs a contributing factor.
On the next day, the other riders did not want to race so soon after Simpson's death and asked the organisers for a postponement.
In the end, they agreed to ride but with the condition that they would allow a British rider to win the stage.
This honour went to Barry Hoban.
Hoban later married Simpson's widow.
Harry Hall, the team mechanic, said that Simpson's last words were "Go on, go on!".
The words "Put me back on my bike!"
were invented by Sid Saltmarsh, a journalist writing about the Tour for "The Sun".
Saltmarsh was not present at Simpson's death.
Simpson is buried in Harworth cemetery.
A small museum about him was opened in August 2001 by former Tour de France rider Lucien van Impe in the Harworth social club.
A small version of the Mont Ventoux Simpson Memorial was put outside that club in 1997, to commemorate the 30th anniversary of Simpson's death.
Achievements: a summary
1961 - Winner, Ronde van Vlaanderen
1962 - Maillot jaune for a short time in the Tour de France
1963 - Winner, Bordeaux-Paris
1964 - Winner, Milan-Sanremo
1965 - World road race champion
1965 - Winner, Giro di Lombardia
1967 - Winner, Paris-Nice
1967 - Winner of two stages of Vuelta a España
Complete Palmarès
Video of Simpson's final climb (online on April 28, 2006)
Wheels Within Wheels documentary
William Fotheringham (2002) Put Me Back on My Bike: In search of Tom Simpson (Yellow Jersey Press, London)
British cyclists
Sportspeople from Nottinghamshire
The electron cloud is not really a thing.
An electron cloud  model is different from the older Bohr atomic model by Niels Bohr.
Bohr talked about electrons orbiting the nucleus.
Explaining the behavior of these electron "orbits" was a key issue in the development of quantum mechanics.
The electron cloud model says that we cannot know exactly where an electron is at any given time, but the electrons are more likely to be in specific areas.
These areas are specified by orbitals.
The orbitals are specified by shells and sub-orbitals.
In the Bohr model, electrons are assigned to different shells.
The shells, k,l,m,n,o,p,q, each represent different levels of energy, and are also called energy levels.
The sub-orbitals; s,p,d,f, are regions where it will be more likely to find electrons, and can each hold a different number of electrons.
the s,p,d,f orbitals are all shaped differently.
This can be proven by the repeating patterns of chemical properties in the periodic table.
Using quantum mechanics, chemists can use the electron cloud model to assign electrons to different atomic orbitals.
Atomic orbitals also explain the patterns in the periodic table.
The electron cloud model was developed in 1926 by Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg.
The model is a way to help visualize the most probable position of electrons in an atom.
The electron cloud model is currently the accepted model of an atom.
The atoms were traveling at such a high speed that there was no predictable time or place for the electron to be.
The electrons were like a blur which is where they got the 'Electron Cloud' from.
According to Bohr's calculations for a hydrogen atom, the electron under normal conditions always stays at a certain distance from the nucleus.
This distance is called the Bohr radius and is approximately 0.529 Å ().
But according to the wave mechanical or cloud concept model, the electron keeps on moving away or towards the nucleus and the maximum probability of locating it lies at a distance of 0.529 Å from the nucleus.
In other words, the radius of the electron cloud or the radius of maximum probability is 0.529 Å.
9-1-1 or 911 (a lot of times said as "nine-one-one" or "nine-eleven") is the emergency telephone number for the United States, Canada, Argentina, Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, and the Cayman Islands.
This number can only be used for real emergencies.
In other words, you use it when you are in serious trouble.
The use of the number when there is no emergency may end in a criminal charge.
Fact sheets on using 911 in Simple English for children , teenagers , adults , and parents
How to Use 911 - from KidsHealth.org (in Simple English)
Telephone numbers in the United States
Telephone numbers in Canada
N11 codes
Rebellion of the Kutama Berbers against the Fatimid Caliphate.
The Kutama tribesmen have previously been the main supporters of the new Shi'ite regime.
July 11 – The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte is signed between Charles the Simple, King of France and Rollo, leader of the Vikings, allowing the latter to settle in Neustria, the origin of the Normans.
September – Following the death of Louis the Child, last Carolingian ruler of the East Franks, Charles the Simple of France, is elected King of Lotharingia.
The Fatimids begin the conquest of Sicily over their Aghlabid arch-rivals.
April – Pope Anastasius III succeeds Pope Sergius III as the 120th pope.
April 14 – Pope Sergius III, pope of the Roman Catholic Church
An emergency is a situation in which a risk to health, life, property or environment is about to happen.
Most emergencies need quick attention to prevent it from becoming worse.
Even though some emergencies are easy to see, like a natural disaster, many smaller incidents need the opinion of someone who is watching in order to decide whether it is really an emergency.
The exact definition of an emergency, the agencies involved and the rules followed, depend on the jurisdiction, and this is usually set by the government, whose agencies (emergency services) are responsible for emergency planning and handling.
The Jews of Germany: A Historical Portrait - Page 281
by Ruth "Gay
German Jews during the Holocaust, 1939-1945
List of German Jews at English Wikipedia
The term Sexual revolution was coined by Wilhelm Reich in his book The Sexual Revolution.
That book was first published in 1936 in German, translated into English.
The English edition was 1945.
Reich wrote in the book what he saw as wrong, namely the double standard regarding morals in the society of his time.
These double standards and the suppression of the sex drive would make people different.
This would lead to a buildup of aggressions and frustration.
Freeing the sex drive would lead to a peaceful change of society, according to Reich.
Reich dies in prison 1957, but his ideas had their effect in the 1960s when people changed their views about sex.
They were more open-minded about it.
The publications of people like Alfred Kinsey helped give wings to the movement.
First wave of sexual emancipation
The sexual revolution was prepared by a "first wave" of pioneers who campaigned against the sexual repression which was common in the 19th century.
This change began, roughly,  at the end of the 19th and start of the 20th century.
One impetus came from the pioneers of birth control and family planning.
The books and publicity of Marie Stopes in England and Margaret Sanger in the United States, changed the lives of many women.
Attitudes towards homosexuality and masturbation were altered by the publications of Havelock Ellis.
Ellis was the first person to say in print that masturbation was normal, and did not cause any medical problems.
The ideas of Sigmund Freud were also influential.
He believed that people's strong instincts toward sexuality were repressed in order to meet the constraints imposed on them by civilized life.
The international form of his name is Pietro Martire d'Anghiera.
In different languages, his name is written:
English - Anghiera, Peter Martyr d'
French - Martyr d'Anghiera, Pierre
German - Anghiera, Peter Martyr von
Italian - Martire d'Anghiera, Pietro
Latin - Anglerius, Petrus Martyr
Spanish - Anglería, Pedro Mártir de
He was born on February 2, 1457 at Arona, near Anghiera (called now Angera) on Lake Maggiore, Lombardy, Italy.
He went to Rome in 1477, at the age of twenty, and there he met important persons of the Catholic Church.
In 1486, Anghiera met the Spanish ambassador in Rome, and with him to Spain in August, 1487, to the court of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile.
He wrote in Latin the first accounts of explorations in the Americas in a series of letters and reports that were published from 1511 to 1530 in chapters called "Decades".
The first three "Decades", together with a description of his experiences in Egypt, were published in 1516 under the title: De orbe novo decades cum Legatione Babylonica or, for short, De orbe novo ("On the New World").
He was the first writer to use the word Hispaniola to name the island that Columbus named La Española.
He also wrote that the Taíno name of the island was Quizqueia, a name that no other historian of that time mentioned.
Quizqueia is used now as Quisqueya or Kiskeya for the whole island (in Haiti) or for the eastern part (in the Dominican Republic).
1526 deaths
Italian historians
Wilhelm Reich (March 24, 1897 – November 3, 1957) was an Austrian-American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst.
In the 1920s he was a pupil of Sigmund Freud in Vienna and made important contributions to psychoanalysis (Charakteranalyse 1933; engl.
1945ff).
His work was rediscovered by the activists of the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s.
During the 1920s Reich became involved in the social struggles of the time.
In 1927 he joined the Communist Party.
There he founded "SexPol", short for Sexual Politics.
In 1933 he was kicked off from the Party, and in 1934 from the organisations of Psychoanalysis.
At this time he started his own research on the biological foundations of psychoanalysis, later on called "orgonomy".
Orgonomy was to be the science of orgone, a "primordial energy" Reich claimed to have discovered.
The other side of Reich's story is that he was blamed to have invented a pseudoscience method for treating cancer.
He was exposed as a fraud in 1947 articles by journalist Mildred Edie Brady, published in the magazines Harper's and The New Republic, the latter titled "The Strange Case of Wilhelm Reich," with the subhead, "The man who blames both neuroses and cancer on unsatisfactory sexual activities has been repudiated by only one scientific journal".
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decided that they were dealing with a "fraud of the first magnitude".
Finally, in 1956 Reich violated an injunction got by the FDA, and was arrested.
All his research equipment including his books was destroyed.
He was sentenced to two years prison.
Reich died on 3 November 1957 (aged 60) in the United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, Opinions about him remain very divided.
Reich had founded "Orgonon" in Rangeley, Maine after immigrating to the US.
It was his  home, laboratory and research center, and also Reich's burial place.
It is now open to the public as the Wilhelm Reich Museum.
Austrian psychiatrists
American psychiatrists
Jules Massenet (born Montaud nr.
Saint-Étienne, 12 May 1842; died Paris, 13 August 1912) was a French composer.
He is most famous for his operas, although he wrote a large amount of other music as well.
Jules’ father had a business making agricultural tools.
His mother gave him his first piano lessons.
In 1847 his father retired and the family moved to Paris.
When he was ten years old he went to the Paris Conservatoire for piano and solfège studies.
Over a period of ten years he studied there, gaining many prizes.
He was taught composition by Ambroise Thomas who was an excellent music teacher.
Jules earned enough money to keep himself by giving piano lessons.
He also played timpani in the orchestra of the Théâtre Lyrique.
This helped him to get a good knowledge of French composers such as Gounod (especially his Faust) as well as music by Gluck, Mozart and Beethoven.
He was also very keen on the music of Berlioz and Wagner.
In 1863 he won the Prix de Rome (it was his second attempt).
This allowed him to spend two years in Italy.
During this time he travelled a lot but hardly composed anything.
In 1866 he returned to Paris where he married.
He gave piano lessons.
At this stage he had hardly written anything important.
However, soon he was to start writing many famous works.
He became friends with other composers: Saint-Saëns, Bizet, Delibes, Lalo, Fauré, Duparc and others.
Several of these people competed in writing operas for competitions.
Massenet wrote several works, but he found writing operas difficult.
His operas never won any prizes.
In 1870 he served in the National Guard during the Franco-Prussian war.
After the war he continued to compose, and he became professor of composition at the Conservatoire.
He spent many years working on an opera Le Roi de Lahore.
This was a great success and helped him to become internationally famous.
For many years he spent the winter in Paris and the summer in various places in the country where he could compose.
His pupils at the Conservatoire included Pierné, Koechlin, Hahn, Enesco.
In 1884 his opera Manon was produced at the Opéra-comique.
This made him clearly the most famous opera composer of his time.
It was an opéra-comique with some speech over the music.
During the next 28 years he composed another 20 operas.
Another opera that was particularly famous was Werther.
It was first performed in 1892 in Vienna and a year later in Paris.
It was soon being performed in all the big European opera houses.
Some of his greatest operatic roles were written for the young American soprano Sybil Sanderson.
This includes the main role in his popular opera Thaïs.
The story is set in Egypt and is about a monk who tries to persuade Thaïs to give up her life as a prostitute.
However, he soon finds he is falling in love with her himself.
This mixture of religion and salvation became an extremely popular subject for operas at that time.
The Méditation from Thaïs is a short piece for violin solo.
It is one of the best-loved of all Romantic violin solos.
He continued to compose lots of music even when his health was failing during his last years.
He was a quiet, family man who hated it when people made a fuss about him.
He liked best to spend his evenings quietly at home, or in the countryside during the summer.
He continued to compose in a Romantic style to the end of his life, even though many composers around him (e.g. Debussy) were writing music which was more “modern” sounding.
The Tokyo Game Show is one of the biggest conferences for video games in the world.
held in the Makuhari Messe, in Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
Choline is an organic compound.