the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1990 – The parliament of Russia declares its sovereignty.
1991 – Boris Yeltsin is elected President of Russia.
1991 – The Sri Lankan Army massacres 152 Tamil civilians in the eastern Sri Lankan village of Kokkadichcholai.
1993 – Elections are held in Nigeria, but they later annulled by the military government under Ibrahim Babangida.
1994 – A referendum in Austria supports EU membership.
1994 – Ronald Goldman and Nicole Brown Simpson are murdered in Los Angeles.
O. J. Simpson is later found not guilty of their murders.
1994 – The Boeing 777 makes its first flight.
1997 – Queen Elizabeth II reopens the Globe Theatre in London.
1999 – A NATO-led UN peacekeeping force enters Kosovo.
2000 – Sandro Rosa do Nascimento takes hostages while robbing a bus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
It results in a stand-off in which do Nascimento and one of the hostages die.
2000 - In the Treaty of Jeddah, Yemen recognizes the determined border with Saudi Arabia.
2004 – UEFA Euro 2004 in Portugal starts, as the Portugal national football team, hosting the tournament, loses 2-1 to the Greece national football team.
2009 – A Presidential Election is held in Iran.
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad claims victory over Mir-Hossein Mousavi, in a disputed result.
Soon after, protests begin in Tehran against his rule, following the controversial outcome of the election.
2013 - Jiroemon Kimura dies in Japan.
At the age of 116 years, 53 days, he is recognized as the oldest man ever, and the last-surviving man to have been born in the 19th century.
2013 - The government of Greece shuts down the national broadcaster for a previously undetermined amount of time.
2014 - The 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, the 20th edition of the tournament, begins.
In the opening game, the Brazil national football team comes from behind to beat the Croatia national football team 3-1.
2015 - The first European Games begin in Baku, Azerbaijan, lasting until June 28.
2016 - 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting: Gunman Omar Mateen kills 49 people in a shooting at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida in the worst mass shooting in recent US history.
2016 - Pittsburgh Penguins win the Stanley Cup by beating the San Jose Sharks 3-1 and winning the series 4-2.
2018 - 2018 North Korea–United States summit takes place as US President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un meet for talks in Singapore.
2018 - Politicians in the Republic of Macedonia reach an agreement with Greece in a dispute over its name.
950 – Emperor Reizei of Japan (d. 1011)
1107 – Emperor Gaozong of Song, of China (d. 1187)
1519 – Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1574)
1577 – Paul Guldin, Swiss mathematician and astronomer (d. 1643)
1771 – Patrick Gass, American sergeant in the Lewis and Clark expedition (d. 1870)
1777 - Robert Clark, American politician (d. 1837)
1795 - John Marston, American sailor (d. 1885)
1802 – Harriet Martineau, American journalist, political economist, abolitionist and feminist (d. 1876)
1806 – John A. Roebling, German-American architect (Brooklyn Bridge) (d. 1869)
1812 - Edmond Hébert, French geologist (d. 1890)
1819 - Charles Kingsley, English priest, historian and novelist (d. 1875)
1827 – Johanna Spyri, Swiss writer (d. 1901)
1831 - Robert Herbert, English-Australian politician, 1st Premier of Queensland (d. 1905)
1843 - David Gill, Scottish astronomer (d. 1914)
1851 - Oliver Lodge, English physicist (d. 1940)
1858 - Harry Hamilton Johnston, English polymath (d. 1927)
1858 - Henry Scott Tuke, English painter and photographer (d. 1929)
1872 - Emil Hacha, Czech politician (d. 1945)
1885 – Frank Ferera, Hawaiian musician (d. 1951)
1888 - Zygmunt Janiszewski, Polish mathematician (d. 1920)
1890 – Egon Schiele, Austrian painter (d. 1918)
1890 - Théophile Alajouanine, French psychiatrist (d. 1980)
1892 – Basil Rathbone, British actor (d. 1967)
1892 – Djuna Barnes, American writer (d. 1982)
1892 - Apostolos Grozos, Greek Communist politician (d. 1981)
1897 - Walter Peterhans, German photographer (d. 1960)
1897 – Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1977)
1899 – Fritz Albert Lipmann, American biochemist (d. 1986)
1899 - Weegee, Ukrainian-American photographer (d. 1968)
1901 - Clyde Geronimi, Italian-American animation director (d. 1989)
1902 - Hendrik Elias, Flemish politician (d. 1973)
1903 - Emmett Hardy, American musician (d. 1925)
1905 – Ray Barbuti, American sportsperson (d. 1988)
1906 - Sandro Penna, Italian poet (d. 1977)
1908 – Marina Semyonova, Russian ballerina (d. 2010)
1908 - Alphonse Ouimet, Canadian engineer and designer (d. 1988)
1908 - Otto Skorzeny, German SS officer (d. 1975)
1912 - Bill Cowley, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1993)
1914 - Go Seigen, Japanese Go player (d. 2014)
1915 – David Rockefeller, American banker (d. 2017)
1915 - Priscilla Lane, American actress (d. 1995)
1916 – Raul Hector Castro, American politician, 14th Governor of Arizona (d. 2015)
1916 - Irwin Allen, American director and producer (d. 1991)
1917 - Gottfried Honegger, Swiss artist and graphic designer (d. 2016)
1918 - Samuel Z. Arkoff, American film producer (d. 2001)
1919 – Uta Hagen, German-American actress (d. 2004)
1919 - Ahmed Abdallah, President of the Comoros (d. 1989)
1921 – Luis Garcia Berlanga, Spanish movie director and screenwriter (d. 2010)
1922 – Günter Behnisch, German architect (d. 2010)
1922 - Margherita Hack, Italian astrophysicist (d. 2013)
1924 – George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States (d. 2018)
1926 - Amadeo Carrizo, Argentine footballer
1928 – Petros Molyviatis, Greek politician
1928 - Vic Damone, American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2018)
1928 - Richard M. Sherman, American composer, songwriter and publisher
1929 – Anne Frank, German-Dutch diarist who died in the Holocaust (d. 1945)
1929 - Alberto De Martino, Italian movie director (d. 2015)
1929 – Brigid Brophy, British writer (d. 1995)
1929 – Jameel Jalibi, Pakistani writer and Urdu language scholar
1930 - Donald Byrne, American chess player (d. 1976)
1930 - Innes Ireland, British racing driver (d. 1993)
1932 - Mano Wolde, Ethiopian long-distance runner (d. 2002)
1933 – Eddie Adams, American photographer (d. 2004)
1937 – Vladimir Arnold, Russian mathematician (d. 2010)
1938 - Jean-Marie Doré, Prime Minister of Guinea (d. 2016)
1938 - Ian Partridge, English tenor
1941 – Chick Corea, American musician
1941 - Roy Harper, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, poet and actor
1941 - Reg Presley, English singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
1942 – Bert Sakmann, German physiologist
1945 – Pat Jennings, Northern Irish footballer
1946 - Michel Bergeron, Canadian ice hockey player
1946 - Salman Taseer, Pakistani politician (d. 2011)
1949 – Jens Boehrnsen, German politician, Mayor of Bremen and former acting President of Germany
1949 - John Wetton, English singer, bassist and guitarist (d. 2017)
1951 – Andranik Margaryan, Armenian politician (d. 2007)
1951 - Bun E. Carlos, American drummer (Cheap Trick)
1951 – Brad Delp, American musician (d. 2007)
1952 – Pete Farndon, English musician (d. 1983)
1952 – Spencer Abraham, American politician
1953 - Rocky Burnett, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1953 - Tess Gerritsen, Chinese-American novelist
1953 - David Thornton, American actor
1958 - Rebecca Holden, American actress and singer
1961 – Hannelore Kraft, German politician, Prime Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia
1965 - Vicky Vette, Norwegian-Canadian pornographic actress
1965 - Cathy Tyson, English actress
1965 - Gwen Torrence, American athlete
1967 - Aivar Kuusmaa, Estonian basketball player and coach
1968 - Manuel Blanc, French actor
1968 - Htay Kywe, Burmese activist
1969 - Heinz-Christian Strache, Austrian politician
1971 – Mark Henry, American professional wrestler
1972 - Sophie Lawrence, English actress, singer and director
1973 - Jason Caffey, American basketball player and coach
1973 – Takis Fyssas, Greek footballer
1973 - Darryl White, Australian footballer
1974 – Hideki Matsui, Japanese baseball player
1974 - Jason Mewes, American actor
1976 – Thomas Sorensen, Danish footballer
1976 - Antawn Jamison, American basketball player
1977 - Richard Ayoade, English actor, director and screenwriter
1977 - Kenny Wayne Shepherd, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1978 - Lewis Moody, English rugby player
1978 - Yumiko Shaku, Japanese actress and model
1978 - Shiloh Strong, American actor, screenwriter, photographer and director
1979 – Diego Milito, Argentine footballer
1979 – Robyn, Swedish singer
1980 – Marco Bortolami, Italian rugby player
1980 - Diem Brown, American television personality (d. 2014)
1980 - Walter Erviti, Argentine footballer
1981 - Adriana Lima, Brazilian model
1981 – Nora Tschirner, German television presenter
1982 – Jason David, American football player
1983 – Bryan Habana, South African rugby player
1983 - Christine Sinclair, Canadian soccer player
1985 - Blake Ross, American software developer
1985 - Colin Doyle, Irish footballer
1985 - Dave Franco, American actor
1985 - Kendra Wilkinson, American model, actress and author
1986 – Sergio Rodriguez, Spanish basketball player
1986 – Stanislava Komarova, Russian swimmer
1986 - Mario Casas, Spanish actor
1987 – Abbey Lee Kershaw, Australian model
1987 – Antonio Barragan, Spanish footballer
1988 – Eren Derdiyok, Swiss footballer
1988 - Mauricio Isla, Chilean footballer
1989 - Laura Kirkpatrick, American model
1990 - Jrue Holiday, American basketball player
1992 – Allie DiMeco, American actress and musician
1992 - Laura Jones, English gymnast
1992 - Philippe Coutinho, Brazilian footballer
1996 - Anna Margaret, American singer, songwriter and actress
816 – Pope Leo III (b. 750)
1020 – Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury
1560 – Imawaga Yoshimoto, Japanese daimyo (b. 1519)
1560 – Ii Naomori, Japanese warrior (b. 1506)
1574 - Princess Renée of France (b. 1510)
1675 - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (b. 1634)
1758 – Augustus William, Prince of Prussia (b. 1722)
1772 - Marc-Joseph Marion de Fresne, French explorer (b. 1724)
1778 - Philip Livingston, American merchant and statesman (b. 1716)
1816 - Pierre Augereau, French marshal (b. 1757)
1818 - Egwale Seyon of Ethiopia
1841 - Konstantinos Nikolopoulos, Greek composer, archaeologist and philologist (b. 1786)
1878 – George V of Hanover (b. 1819)
1900 - Lucretia Peabody Hale, American journalist and author (b. 1820)
1904 - Camille of Renesse-Breidbach, Belgian nobleman, entrepreneur and author (b. 1836)
1912 – Frédéric Passy, French Nobel Peace Prize winner (b. 1822)
1917 - Teresa Carreno, Venezuelan singer, pianist, composer and conductor (b. 1853)
1929 - Marie Henri Andoyer, French astronomer and mathematician (b. 1862)
1932 – Theo Heemskerk, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1852)
1937 – Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1893)
1952 - Michael von Faulhaber, German cardinal (b. 1869)
1957 – Jimmy Dorsey, American musician (b. 1904)
1962 - John Ireland, English composer (b. 1879)
1963 – Medgar Evans, American Civil Rights activist (b. 1925)
1964 – Walter Seifert, German retired World War II veteran, ran amok in a Cologne school (b. 1922)
1966 - Hermann Scherchen, German composer and conductor (b. 1891)
1969 - Percival Proctor, Governor of Maine (b. 1876)
1976 - Gopinath Kaviraj, Indian philosopher and scholar (b. 1887)
1978 - Guo Moruo, Chinese historian, author and poet (b. 1892)
1978 - Georg Simenson, Estonian footballer (b. 1912)
1980 – Billy Butlin, British holiday entrepreneur (b. 1899)
1980 – Masayoshi Ohira, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1910)
1982 – Karl von Frisch, Austrian zoologist (b. 1886)
1983 – Norma Shearer, Canadian-American actress (b. 1902)
1987 – Paul Janes, German footballer (b. 1912)
1990 – Terence O'Neill, Baron O'Neill, Northern Irish politician (b. 1914)
1994 – Ronald Goldman, American waiter and murder victim (b. 1968)
1994 – Nicole Brown Simpson, American murder victim (b. 1959)
1997 - Bulat Okudzhava, Russian singer-songwriter, musician and author (b. 1924)
2000 – Sandro Rosa do Nascimento, Brazilian hostage taker (b. 1978)
2000 - Purushottam Laxman Deshpande, Indian actor, director, producer and author (b. 1919)
2003 – Gregory Peck, American actor (b. 1916)
2006 – Gyorgy Ligeti, Hungarian composer (b. 1923)
2006 – Nijiro Tukuda, Japanese supercentenarian (b. 1895)
2007 - Guy de Rothschild, French banker (b. 1909)
2009 – Félix Malloum, President of Chad (b. 1932)
2012 – Elinor Ostrom, American economist (b. 1933)
2012 - Henry Hill, American convict (b. 1943)
2013 - Jiroemon Kimura, Japanese supercentenarian, oldest-recorded man ever (b. 1897)
2014 - Frank Schirrmacher, German journalist (b. 1959)
2014 - Carla Laemmle, American actress (b. 1909)
2014 - Jimmy Scott, American jazz musician (b. 1925)
2014 - Khagen Mahanta, Indian folk singer (b. 1942)
2014 - Joe Pittman, American baseball player (b. 1954)
2015 - Monica Lewis, American actress (b. 1922)
2015 - Fernando Brant, Brazilian poet and composer (b. 1946)
2016 - Omar Mateen, American gunman, perpetrator of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting (b. 1986)
2016 - Donald Carr, English cricketer (b. 1926)
2016 - Vladimir Dolgopolov, Russian footballer (b. 1961)
2016 - Alfonso Portugal, Mexican footballer (b. 1934)
2016 - George Voinovich, American politician, former Governor of Ohio (b. 1936)
2016 - Janet Waldo, American actress (b. 1920)
2017 - C. Narayana Reddy, Indian screenwriter, composer and poet (b. 1931)
2017 - Charles P. Thacker, American computer designer (b. 1943)
Independence Day (the Philippines)
Loving Day (United States)
Russia Day
World Day Against Child Labour
Chaco Armistice Day (Paraguay)
Dia dos Namorados (Brazil)
Helsinki Day
1991 – The Sri Lankan Army massacres  152 Tamil civilians in the eastern Sri Lankan village of Kokkadichcholai.
1924 – George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States
1928 - Vic Damone, American singer-songwriter and actor
1574 - Princess Renee of France (b. 1510)
September 15 – Marco Polo, Italian explorer (d. 1324)
December 7 – Pope Innocent IV
Year 1473 (MCDLXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.
It was the 473rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 73rd year of the 15th century and the 4th year of the 1470s decade.
February 12 - The first complete edition of Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (in Latin translation) is published in Milan.
August 11 - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II defeats the White Sheep Turkmens led by Uzun Hasan at Otlukbeli.
Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, in present-day Mexico, invades the territory of the neighbouring Aztec city of Tlatelolco.
The ruler of Tlatelolco is killed and replaced by a military governor, and it loses its independence in the process.
The city walls of Celje, Slovenia, are built.
Marsilio Ficino becomes a priest.
Nicolo Marcello becomes Doge of Venice.
February 19 – Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer and mathematician (d. 1543)
March 16 – Henry IV, Duke of Saxony (d. 1541)
March 17 – King James IV of Scotland (d. 1513)
August 14 – Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (d. 1541)
August 17 – Richard, Duke of York, one of the Princes in the Tower (d. 1483)
September 24 – Georg von Frundsberg, German Knight and landowner (d. 1528)
October 26 – Friedrich of Saxony (d. 1510)
date unknown – Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Tudor politician (d. 1555)
Jean Lemaire de Belges, Walloon poet and historian (d. 1525)
Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, only son of Richard III of England (d. 1484)
January 24 – Conrad Paumann, German composer (b. c. 1410)
February 23 – Arnold, Duke of Gelderland (b. 1410)
April – Alessandro Sforza, condottiero
May 8 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (b. 1420)
July 10 – James II of Cyprus (b. c. 1440)
December 24 – John Cantius, Polish scholar and theologian (b. 1390)
Jean Jouffroy, French prelate and diplomat (b. c. 1412)
Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese nobleman (b. 1430)
Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1448)
Yamana Sōzen, Japanese daimyo and monk (b. 1404)
probable – Patriarch Gennadios II of Constantinople (b. c. 1400)
January 1 – New York City creates the City of Greater New York.
February 12 – Henry Lindfield dies in England, and is the first person to die from a car accident.
March 24 – Robert Allison of Port Carbon, Pennsylvania becomes the first person to buy a car built in America.
March 26 – The Sabi Game Reserve is created in South America, and becomes the first official game reserve.
April 25 – The United States declares war on Spain.
June 12 – The Republic of the Philippines declares official independence from Spain during the Spanish-American War.
March 16 – Aubrey Beardsley
March 27 – Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur
The Spanish–American War was a war fought between Spain and the United States of America in 1898.
The war was fought in part because many people wanted Cuba, one of the last parts of the Spanish Empire, to become independent.
Many Americans also wanted their country to get a colonial empire.
Spain lost the sea war and so had to give up its colonies of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and part of Guam.
All of those colonies, except for Cuba, became US colonies after the war.
Following reports of Spain abusing and killing Cubans, the US sent warships to Cuba.
Spain was losing control of Cuba and had been putting Cubans into concentration camps.
The US sent ships to Cuba to try to force Spain to give up Cuba.
The USS Maine (ACR-1) exploded in Havana harbor, killing about 260 people on board. "
Remember the Maine" became a common wartime saying.
US newspapers blamed Spain for the explosion.
Spain tried to avoid going to war, but pressure from US newspapers, called "yellow journalism," and ordinary people, persuaded the US government to go to war.
Some of them wanted Cuba to become independent, but others hoped that the US could build a colonial empire overseas, as many European countries had already done so.
Volunteers throughout the country signed up for the war.
Future US President Theodore Roosevelt raised troops and became famous in leading the Rough Riders during the Battle of San Juan Hill.
In a big naval battle in Manila Bay, an American fleet, commanded by George Dewey, destroyed the Spanish fleet.
Ground battles took place in Cuba and Puerto Rico.
The US won the war and soon began to occupy and take control of the colonies after Spain surrendered.
Almost 400 American soldiers died during fighting, but more than 4000 Americans died from diseases such as yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria.
The war stopped when the Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898 by the United States and Spain.
The United States became the owners of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, Later, it got the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.
1898 in the United States
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents.
The disease is caused by the invading agents multiplying.
As they multiply, they produce toxins and damage host tissues.
Infectious disease, also known as 'transmissible disease' or 'communicable disease', is illness resulting from an infection.
Common infectious diseases
Tuberculosis - also called TB.
Pertussis - also called whooping cough
AIDS/HIV
Polio
Colds
Influenza - also called the flu.
Diseases caused by fungus
Cryptococcosis
Candidiadis
Diseases caused by parasites
Malaria (carried by mosquitos)
Schistosomiasis (flat worms)
Diseases caused by proteins
Prions are proteins which act as infectious diseases.
Diseases caused by many infectious agents
Some infections are caused by different infectious agents at different times.
For example, some diarrhea is caused by bacteria.
Some is caused by viruses.
This is a very short list.
There are many more diseases from infection and other causes: common diseases.
Getting infectious disease
Some diseases can be passed from one person to another easily.
Other infectious diseases are harder to get.
If a person kisses or touches another person who is infected with the flu, a cold, measles, or a sore throat, he or she may get their disease.
They may also give the person their disease if they cough on them.
Other medical conditions such as AIDS, herpes, and hepatitis B, are only passed by closer contact.
Having sex with an infected person, blood transfusions, or touching their blood or urine can sometimes pass on these conditions or diseases.
Stopping infectious disease
Covering the mouth every time during coughing
Only drinking clean water
Only eating very cooked meat
Using a condom during sex
Treating infectious disease
Bacteria are usually treated with antibiotic medicines like Tetracycline and Penicillin.
Viruses will not be killed by antibiotics.
They must be treated with special medicines called antivirals.
Medicines to treat HIV/AIDS like zidovudine are antivirals.
Antifungals like miconazole and fluconazole treat infections from fungus.
Anti-parasitic medicines like Praziquantel and mebendazole.
Some infectious diseases have no treatments that work well.
For example, there is no medicine that works well to cure West Nile Virus and Rabies.
So it is important to avoid getting these diseases.
Some infectious disease goes away on its own.
These mild diseases do not need to be treated.
For example, colds are caused by viruses and they do not need medicines.
Some diseases can be prevented by immunizations.
Immunizations try to make a person have an immune reaction to an infectious agent.
This is usually done before the person gets the disease.
Examples of diseases prevented by immunizations are: polio, tetanus, and pertussis.
In some cases, if all of the disease can be removed from society, we can get rid of the disease completely.
An example of this is smallpox.
This virus used to kill people, cause blindness, and bad scars.
Now there has not been a person who had smallpox in over thirty years.
World Health Organization Report on Infectious Disease - 2002
Minesweeper is a strategy game that comes with most Microsoft computer operating systems.
It is available for many other operating systems and desktop environments as well.
The object of the game is to clear a minefield of mines.
By clicking on blocks, the player learns if the block contains a mine.
If they do not see a mine, the game continues.
If they clicked on a mine, the game is over.
When the player clicks on a block, a number may appear.
The number shows how many mines are next to this square.
This helps the player find out where the mines are.
The most common variation of the game is won when every block that does not contain a mine has been clicked, although some variations are won by having every block that contains a mine flagged.
Windows games
Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish.
Fishing can be done in the sea, or in a lake or river, and by boat or from the shore.
Fish are normally caught in the wild.
The term fishing may be used for catching other aquatic animals such as molluscs, cephalopods, crustaceans, and echinoderms.
The term is not normally used for catching farmed fish.
With aquatic mammals, such as whales, the term whaling is better.
According to FAO statistics, the total number of commercial fishermen and fish farmers is estimated to be 38 million.
Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people in developing countries.
In 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with 7.4 kilograms more got from fish farms.
In addition to providing food, modern fishing is also a recreational sport.
Fishing for money
Fishing for money is a very dangerous job, because people can die or be badly hurt.
Fishing gives a lot of food to many countries around the world, but those who take it as a job must often go far into the ocean under bad conditions.
Commercial fishermen get many kinds of sea animals.
This includes fish such as tuna, cod, and salmon, as well as invertebrates such as shrimp, lobster, clams, and squid.
Alaskan king crab fishing is a famous example.
Ways to fish for money have become very simple, using large nets and machines to catch the animals.
Many countries have made rules limiting how much fish people can catch, because some kinds have become scarce.
Fishing for fun
Sport fishing is normally done with a fishing rod and line with any number of hooks to get the fish.
This method is called angling.
There may be rules that say how many lines and hooks one fisherman can use and how many fish he can catch.
Anglers in fresh water catch many Black Bass (Black Bass includes the entire range of Bass fish), Pike, Muskellunge, Perch, Carp, Trout, Salmon, and Sunfish.
Fish people get in saltwater include Swordfish, Marlin, Tuna, and others.
Rules generally do not allow the use of nets and catching fish with hooks not in the mouth.
However some kinds of fish can be taken with nets for bait and a few for food.
Non-sport fish that are not said to be worth as much can sometimes be taken by many ways like snagging, bow and arrow, or even gun, because they are seen as competing with more valuable fish.
Sport fishing can be a contest where fishermen try to get more fish than other fishermen.
This sport came from local fishing contests into a large contest in the U.S.A. where skilled fishermen can compete and be helped out by companies giving prize money, and other large contests around the world.
Catch-and-release fishing is increasingly practiced especially by fly fishermen, as well as spin and bait casting fishermen, to increase conservation and to protect rare fish such as marlin.
The practice is however disputed as it by some is considered unethical to perform painful actions to the fish for fun and not for the reason of food production.
Because of this, catch-and-release practice is illegal in Norway.
Collection of live fish
Fish can also be collected in ways that do not injure them (such as in a seine net), for observation and study or for keeping in Aquarium.
There is a substantial industry devoted to the collection, transport, export and farming of wild and domesticated live fish, usually freshwater or marine tropical fish.
Fishing with traps
Too much fishing
In the past, fishing has been so good for getting money that people began overfishing (fishing too much) - a serious problem that does lots of damage (bad).
Overfishing does not always mean extinction, but simply that a fish type has been harvested so that there cannot be as many of that kind of fish as before.
As more boats are sent out to catch the fish, many population levels of a type of fish can drop.
Then, there are not enough of that kind of fish left to have new kinds of fish.
Many times, fishing boats catch fish they do not mean to catch, called bycatch.
All kinds of fish can become bycatch, and they are usually thrown back into the sea after they have died.
Drift net fishing sometimes catches creatures like seals, dolphins, whales, and sea turtles.
This kind of fishing made people complain.
In the 1980s, it was guessed that 18 miles (30 km) of nets were lost every night, tangling up boats and animals.
There is now a floating pile of plastic in the Pacific Ocean hundreds of miles wide.
Most of it is lost fishing nets, called ghost nets, and other fishing tools from large boats.
Sometimes called the CSA, for other uses see CSA.
The Confederate States of America (CSA) was a short-lived government that existed in the southern United States during the American Civil War.
It was established (made) in 1861 by seven southern states in which slavery was legal, after Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the U.S., but before he took office.
South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas declared their secession (independence) from the United States.
After war began, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined them.
The first capital of the Confederacy was Montgomery, Alabama, but for most of the war the capital was Richmond, Virginia.
The government of the Confederacy was much like the United States government.
The Confederate States Constitution was similar to that of the United States; however, it emphasized states’ rights and clearly protected the enslavement of black Americans.
Jefferson Davis was chosen as president and Alexander Stephens as Vice-President.
As in the United States, the CSA president had a cabinet of advisors.
The United States government (also known as the Union) did not agree that the states could leave and start a new government.
Thus, the Union government refused to abandon all its forts in the states that wanted to secede.
War began when the CSA attacked one of those forts, Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina.
This war is known as the American Civil War, and it lasted from 1861 to 1865.
After some of the deadliest battles in U.S. history, Union forces gradually regained control of southern states.
As Confederate forces surrendered, the Confederacy fell apart and the Civil War came to a close in 1865.
Following the war, slavery was outlawed everywhere in the United States.
The process of restoring the states of the CSA to the Union, called the Reconstruction of the United States, continued until 1877.
It is still undecided if the Confederate States of America was ever a country.
The Union never said that the Confederacy was really a country.
Although British and French companies sold ships and materials to the Confederacy, no nation officially recognized the CSA as an independent country.
Confederate States of America -Citizendium
A Tale of Two Cities is a book written by Charles Dickens.
It was published (printed) in 1859.
It is set during the time of the French Revolution (1775-1793).
The story happens in France and England.
It talks about the French Revolution and the troubles the poor go through and how the rich ignore them.
The main characters are Sydney Carton, Charles Darnay and their love interest, Lucie Manette.
The story's main theme is society.
1859 books
Books by Charles Dickens
Fiji is a small country in the Pacific Ocean.
It has 322 islands.
The most important islands are Vanua Levu and Viti Levu.
The capital city of Fiji is Suva, and the city with the most people is Nadi.
There are about 844,330 people in Fiji.
The official languages of Fiji are Fijian, English and Hindustani (a mix of Hindi and Urdu).
Fiji is part of the Pacific Rim.
About 313000 speak Fiji Hindi.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji.
Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century.
Divisions and provinces
Lautoka
Incorporated towns
Fijian law defines "towns" as urbanized areas incorporated as municipal bodies, governed by Town Councils.
Unincorporated towns
Dreketi
Lomawai
Korolevu
Navua
Natumbua
Vatukoula
Nakasi, 9½ Miles
Fiji has a lot of tourism and many people go to the Nadi and Denarau islands.
Most visitors are from Australia, New Zealand and the USA.
Fiji has many soft coral reefs.
Scuba diving is a common tourist activity.
More budget resorts are being opened in remote areas, which provides more tourism opportunities.
Pictures of Fiji
UN Fiji LESA - Association
1970 establishments in Oceania
The Fijian language is a Austronesian language.
It is one of the official languages of Fiji.
It has about 350,000 speakers.
Languages of Oceania
February 28 – Egypt becomes an independent country.
Most of Ireland stopped being part of the United Kingdom.
Collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
Tomb of Tutankhamun discovered by Howard Carter
Archibald Hill, English mathematician, and Otto Fritz Meyerhof, German doctor, won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Declaration of the foundation of the Soviet Union.
January 17 - Betty White, American actress and comedian (d. 2021)
February 18 - Helen Gurley Brown, American publisher (d. 2012)
March 1 – Yitzhak Rabin, 5th Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1995)
March 12 – Jack Kerouac, American writer (d. 1969)
March 17 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Bengali founder (d. 1975)
March 28 – Joey Maxim, American boxer (d. 2001)
April 3 – Doris Day, actress (d. 2019)
April 15 - Michael Ansara, Syrian-American actor (d. 2013)
April 16 – Kingsley Amis, English writer (d. 1955)
June 10 – Judy Garland, American actress (d. 1969)
June 16 – Wayne Mixson, American politician
July 14 – Robin Olds, American fighter pilot (d. 1970)
August 24 – René Lévesque, Canadian politician (d. 1987)
September 9 – Warwick Estevam Kerr, Brazilian entomologist
November 23 – Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Spanish politician
Rafael Ishkhanyan, Armenian historian (d. 1996)
January 22 - Pope Benedict XV
Ulysses by James Joyce
Legends (derived from Latin, ''Legenda)' are stories in oral tradition and a narrative of human actions.
They are usually old but are believed to have taken place within human history.
Legends are often passed on by word-of-mouth.
Legends have often been transformed over time to keep them realistic.
The word is also used for famous or historically you sure significant people, places, art, etc.
We sometimes say of someone who is extremely famous that they are a "legend" or "of legendary fame".
Examples of legends are Ali Baba, the Fountain of Youth, Paul Bunyan, Kraken, Atlantis, the Loch Ness Monster, and Bigfoot ,Yeti.
Some legends are stories about real people; others are not.
Odysseus and Robin Hood for example may have been real but most the stories about them are definitely fiction.
For some places, legends are the earliest history.
For example, the origin of ancient Rome is known only from legends, as are the earliest dynasties in the history of China.
The Fountain of Youth is a legendary spring.
People talked about it for thousands of years.
They thought its water could make people young and healthy.
Herodotus put it in the Horn of Africa.
Later stories said it was in India.
A Spanish explorer, Juan Ponce de Leon, was said to have looked for it while in present-day Florida.
Ho Chi Minh City () is a city in southern Vietnam.
It is governed as a municipality and includes a large rural area.
It is the biggest city in Vietnam.
About 9 million people live in the city.
Before its fall on 30 April 1975, the city used to be called "Saigon", and this is still the most common name in everyday conversation.
The name Saigon come from the Saigon River, which flows through the city.
It used to be a Khmer port city called Prey Nokor, or “Jungle City”.
The city was taken over by the Vietnamese and eventually took the name of(Sài Gòn).
It was invaded by the French in 1859.
As (French) Saigon it was the capital of French Indochina and became an important city in French colonial trade.
After independence(from France), in 1954 to 1975, Saigon became the capital of the Republic of Vietnam.
After the end of the US campaign (1973) in the Vietnam War, Saigon was overtaken by the North Vietnamese army on 30 April 1975 and renamed after Hồ Chí Minh.
The tradition of naming places in Vietnam after great people is very common.
Many streets bear the names of epic heroes.
Hai Ba Trung street is named after heroic sisters.
Despite the name change, many people from other countries, and even among Vietnamese people, still call the city "Saigon" today.
Interestingly enough, both the names of the Saigon River and the Saigon railway station have stayed unchanged.
City categorization
Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) has expanded with industrialization.
It now includes all of the surrounding towns.
The city center is old Saigon.
Old Saigon has two main districts (One and Three).
The new city districts used to be rice fields and fish farms.
There are fish all over the city.
Ho Chi Minh City is as flat as the river plain it sits on.
Nearly all roads are built flat.
Bicycle riding around the Mekong delta is very easy in dry weather.
Because of the flatness, roads and buildings sink into the draining soil.
Lying water keeps pollution very close to city homes.
The rising tides can flood many districts when the moon is fullest.
Because rainwater can't be kept in valleys or mountains, the city-water is dangerous to drink.
Most people drink from large bottles of water - .
When the streets flood (in rain or tides) the dirt from drains returns onto the city.
This has caused a lot of problems for the health of the people living in the city.
Escaping sewer water makes people very sick in the tropical countries.
Older people may avoid drinking more than a few drinks a day.
It's very tropical in the city.
The trees in streets are cut down to half every year - but they grow back.
Fresh food markets are all over the city.
The city has so much rain, that drains and rivers surround every district.
The southeast of the province has the Can Gio Wetlands.
It's a 752 square kilometre mangrove area between Ho Chi Minh City and the sea.
Inside the wetlands there are birds, deer, fish, frogs, insects, lizards, monkeys, otters, and snakes.
The centipedes all around the city are very dangerous (maybe deadly to tiny animals).
People catch and consume the snakes.
The wetlands and ecosystem has been designated as a biosphere reserve.
Ho Chi Minh people get education on how to look after their biosphere reserve and wetlands.
The city is a river port on the Saigon River.
Several larger terminals operate outside and inside of the city.
Many small docks operate around the city.
The river system leads out to sea at Vung Tau, or onto the Mekong delta.
Delivery of materials for the city can be made by boat.
Farm produce distributors can arrive by boat in many districts outside the city.
The use of English is rising in HCMC.
Many HCMC people will travel around the world by using English as their international language.
Many other languages are studied.
French was previously the most popular.
Chinese is also very well known to many people.
The city has international schools that teach foreign children.
All classes (except for languages) are given in the chosen language.
Many international schools have chosen English as the primary language.
Some of the international schools are named by their country of origin.
The schools named after a country use the national language of that country.
After-school and colleges
Many HCMC parents use cram schools to improve their children's English.
HCMC adults attend colleges to learn English.
Going overseas
Some HCMC people will go overseas to get foreign education.
It can be through staying with relatives, attending boarding schools, joining programs, or with family.
English is taught at university in HCMC.
It doesn't replace the national language at most universities.
International universities might set a requirement for English or another language.
A favorite hobby is fishing.
Fish invade grass fields when they flood - locals wade into the fields with good fishing rods to catch them.
Kite flying is a popular hobby in the city.
When the wind season starts many fields are full of kite-flyers.
At this time, the city skyline is dotted with kites.
Ho Chi Minh City is a very busy city.
The traffic makes little sense to foreigners.
Motorbikes are the most common vehicle.
The motorbikes mostly travel at speeds under 40 km/hr.
Cars drivers do their best to never hit motorcycles.
Families ride together around the city for fun in the evening.
Street food is as popular in HCMC as it is in all of South-East Asia.
Wealthy people live a fantastic life in the city.
But, others are very poor.
Poor does not always mean without food, clothing, shelter, or work in HCMC.
The cost of living in Vietnam helps even the poorest people to survive.
Many temples, churches, charities, and government organizations help people that are even more misfortunate than the poor.
But still, some ultra-poor people struggle with homelessness, and the tropical weather - they get very dark skin compared to other people.
There is a lot of entertainment for the people in the city.
Many discos, bars, and clubs operate all around the city.
Food is also a source of entertainment for people in HCMC.
Very strange restaurants sell very strange food: scorpions, bats, rats and more.
Tourists are amazed by what is eaten in HCMC.
The Mekong River delta is accessible from HCMC.
It has a many rice, coconut, fish, and prawn farms.
The main city is Can Tho City.
The border to Cambodia is the closest international exit point for tourists.
This exit border takes people to Phnom Penh City.
Bien Hoa City is another industrial city to the northeast.
Around there, the province of Binh Duong is growing through strong financial investment.
Ho Chi Minh City government website
Ho Chi Minh City travel information at Wikivoyage
Cities in Vietnam
An apricot is a drupe fruit.
It is closely related to the plum.
The apricot comes from a small to medium-sized tree,  tall, with a trunk up to 40 centimetres in diameter with spreading, dense canopy; leaves are shaped somewhat like a heart, with pointed tips, about 8 centimetres (3 inches) wide.
Flowers: Flowers are white to pinkish in color.
Fruit: The fruit has only one seed; the color runs from yellow to orange and may have a red cast; the surface of the fruit is smooth and nearly hairless.
www.apricotseeds.org – includes information on medicinal uses of apricot seeds
Apricot Kernel products – About Apricot Kernel
Scintro fruit book – All about fruits
A contraction is a word that is made up of two or more words that are connected together.
One or more letters are removed from the words when they are connected.
One or more apostrophes are added in the location letters are removed.
For example, an apostrophe goes in place of the o in not when "do not" is shortened to "don't."
In linguistic analysis, contractions should not be confused with crasis, abbreviations and initialisms (including acronyms), with which they share some semantic and phonetic functions, though all three are connoted by the term "abbreviation" in loose parlance.
Contraction is also distinguished from morphological clipping, where beginnings and endings are omitted.
The definition overlaps with the term portmanteau (a linguistic blend), but a distinction can be made between a portmanteau and a contraction by noting that contractions are formed from words that would otherwise appear together in sequence, such as do and not, whereas a portmanteau word is formed by combining two or more existing words that all relate to a singular concept that the portmanteau describes.
Pronoun + verb contractions
Helping verbs
I will = I'll
He will = He'll
You are = You're
Negative contractions
Are not = aren't
Is not = isn't
Do not = don't
Did not = didn't
Does not = doesn't
Helping Verbs
Cannot or Can not = can't
Could not = couldn't
Shall not = shan't
Should not = shouldn't
Might not = mightn't
Must not = mustn't
Will not = won't
Would not = wouldn't
He did = he'd
Has not = hasn't
Have not = haven't
Had not = hadn't
Tonga is a country in Pacific Ocean.
It has 169 islands.
Only 36 islands have inhabitants.
The most important island is Tongatapu.
George Tupou V is the king of Tonga and the Prime Minister is Pohiva Tu'ionetoa.
The capital of Tonga is Nuku'alofa.
The official languages of Tonga are Tongan and English.
Tonga had 102,321 inhabitants in 2000.
It is a very hot country.
Tonga became independent in 1970.
About 3000 years before, the Polynesians had settled in Tongatapu.
In 1845, Tāufaʻāhau united Tonga into a kingdom.
He declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy.
Between 1845 and 1893, slavery was stopped.
Also, constitution was made up.
In 1900, Tonga became a protected state of the United Kingdom.
Tonga maintained its sovereignty.
It remained the only Pacific nation never to have given up its monarchical government.
Foreign affairs was managed by the UK.
Tonga was no longer a protected state and became independent in 1970.
Tonga joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970.
It became a member of the United Nations in September 1999.
Tonga has never lost indigenous governance.
free and mandatory education for all
secondary education with only nominal fees
and foreign-funded scholarships for post-secondary education
Tongans have universal access to a national health care system.
The Tongan constitution protects land ownership.
Land cannot be sold to foreigners.
While there is a land shortage on the urbanised main island of Tongatapu, there is farmland available in the outlying islands.
The majority of the population engages in some form of subsistence production of food.
Women and men have equal access to education and health care.
They are fairly equal in employment.
Women are discriminated against in land holding, electoral politics, and government ministries.
Tonga is in Oceania.
It is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean.
It has 177 islands.
Thirty-six of them are inhabited.
The islands are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu.
The largest island is Tongatapuon.
The capital city of Nukuʻalofa is on Tongatapuon.
The climate is tropical with a distinct warm period (December–April) and a cooler period (May–November).
The average wettest period is around March.
The average daily humidity is 80%.
Filippo Azzaiolo (1530 - 1569) was an Italian composer.
He lived in 16th century.
Azzaiolo worked in Bologna.
All his known songs were composed between 1557 and 1569.
Azzaiolo's most famous song is "Chi passa".
1530 births
1569 deaths
Italian composers
Renaissance composers
1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor drowns in the River Saleph while leading an army to Jerusalem.
1329 - The Battle of Pelekanon results in a Byzantine Empire defeat against the Ottoman Empire.
1523 - Copenhagen is surrounded by the army of Frederick I of Denmark, as the city does not recognize him as successor to Christian II of Denmark.
1539 - Council of Trent: Pope Paul III sends out letters to his bishops, delaying the council due to war and the difficulty the bishops had in travelling to Venice.
1596 - Bear Island, the southernmost island of Svalbard, is discovered by Willem Barentsz.
1619 - Thirty Years' War: Battle of Zablati, turning point in the Bohemian revolt.
1692 – In Salem, Massachusetts Bridget Bishop becomes the first person to be executed during the Salem Witch Trials, for alleged witchcraft.
1719 – Jacobite uprising: The Battle of Glen Shiel takes place.
1770 – James Cook's ship HMS Endeavour runs aground on the Great Barrier Reef.
1786 - A landslide dam created by an earthquake ten days earlier, in Sichuan, China, collapses, killing 10,000 people.
1793 - French Revolution: Following the arrests of Girondin leaders, the Jacobins gain control of the committee of public safety, installing the revolutionary dictatorship.
1829 – The Boat Race between Oxford University and Cambridge University takes place for the first time.
1838 – Myall Creek Massacre: 28 Australian Aboriginals are killed.
1854 – The First Class of US Naval Academy students graduate.
1861 – American Civil War: Battle of Big Bethel - Confederate forces under John B. Magruder defeat a Union force under Ebenezer W. Pierce, in Virginia.
1864 – American Civil War: A Confederate force under Nathan Bedford Forrest defeats the Union force under Samuel D. Sturgis in Mississippi.
1865 – Wagner's opera, Tristan und Isolde first performed in Munich.
1878 - The League of Prizren is founded in the Balkans.
1886 – Mount Tarawera on New Zealand's North Island erupts, killing 153 people and destroys the famous Pink Terraces.
1898 – Spanish-American War: US marines land on Cuba.
1906 – William Hall-Jones replaces Richard Seddon as Prime Minister of New Zealand.
1907 - The first Beijing to Paris car rally begins.
It is the longest race of its kind in the world.
1916 - Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.
1918 – World War I: Austro-Hungarian battleship SMS Szent Istvan sinks, having been torpedoed by an Italian MAS motorboat.
1924 – Fascists kill Italian socialist Giacomo Matteotti.
1925 – The United Church of Canada is founded in Toronto.
1935 – Alcoholics Anonymous is founded in Akron, Ohio.
1935 - The Chaco War ends, as a truce is called between Bolivia and Paraguay.
1940 – World War II: Norway surrenders to German forces.
1940 - World War II: Italy declares war on the United Kingdom and France.
1942 – World War II: The Nazis burn the village of Lidice in Czechoslovakia.
1944 – World War II: 642 people are killed by German troops in Oradour-sur-Glane in France.
1944 – World War II: In Distomo, Greece, German troops kill 218 people.
1944 – 15-year-old Joe Nuxhall of the Cincinnati Reds becomes the youngest player in a Major League Baseball game.
1945 - World War II: Australian Imperial Forces land in Brunei Bay to liberate Brunei.
1947 – Saab produces its first automobile.
1955 – The foundation stone of CERN, on the Switzerland-France border, is laid.
1957 – John Diefenbaker is elected Prime Minister of Canada.
1967 – The Six-Day War ends.
1967 - Argentina becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
1977 - James Earl Ray escapes from Brushy Mountain State Prison in Petros, Tennessee, but is re-captured on June 13.