the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Households headed by persons between the ages of 45 and 54 had a median household income of $61,111 and a mean household income of $77,634.
The median income per member of household for this particular group was $27,924.
The highest median income per member of household was among those between the ages of 54 and 64 with $30,544.
The group with the second highest median household income, were households headed by persons between the ages 35 and 44 with a median income of $56,785, followed by those in the age group between 55 and 64 with $50,400.
Not surprisingly the lowest income group was mainly comprised of those households headed by individuals younger than 24, followed by those headed by persons over the age of 75.
Overall households headed by persons above the age of seventy-five had a median household income of $20,467 with the median household income per member of household being $18,645.
These figures support the general assumption that median household income as well as the median income per member of household peaked among those households headed by middle aged persons, increasing with the age of the householder and the size of the household until the householder reaches the age of 64.
With retirement income replacing salaries and the size of the household declining, the median household income decreases as well.
Household income over time
Since 1967, the median household income in the United States has risen modestly, fluctuating several times.
Even though personal income has risen substantially and 42% of all household now have two income earners, the median household income has increased only slightly.
According to the US Census Bureau, this paradoxical set of trends is due to the changing structure of American households.
For example, while the proportion of wives working year-round in married couple households with children has increased from 17% in 1967 to 39% in 1996, the proportion of such households among the general population has decreased.
Thus, while married couple households with children are the most economically prosperous type of household in the United States, their share of the population has been dwindling in the United States.
In 1969, more than 40% of all households consisted of a married couple with children.
By 1996 only a rough quarter of US households consisted of married couples with children.
As a result of these changing household demographics, median household income rose only slighly despite an ever increasing female labor force and a considerable increase in the percentage of college graduates.
Overall, the median household income rose from $33,338 in 1967 to an all-time high of $44,922 in 1999, and has since decreased slightly to $43,318.
Decreases in household income are visible during each recession, while increases are visible during economic upturns.
These fluctuations were felt across the income strata as the incomes of both, the 95th and 20th percentile were affected by fluctuations in the economy.
Yet, it is important to note that income in the period between 1967 and 1999 grew faster among wealthier households than it did among poorer households.
For example, the household income for the 80th percentile, the lower threshold for the top quintile, rose from $55,265 in 1967 to $86,867 in 2003, a 57.2% increase.
The median household income rose by 30% while the income for the 20th percentile (the lower threshold for the second lowest quitile) rose by only 28% from $14,002 to $17,984.
One should note that the majority of households in the top quintile had two income earners, versus zero for the lowest quintile and that the widening gap between the top and lowest quintile may largely be the reflection of changing household demographics including the addition of women to the workforce.
While per-capita, disposable income has increased 469% since 1972 it has only increased moderately when considering inflation.
In 1972, disposable personal income was determined to be $4,129; $19,385 in 2005 dollars.
In 2005, disposable personal income was, however, $27,640, showing a moderate 43% increase.
Since 1990, household income has fallen slightly, but this does not take into account the decrease in average household size.
SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2004 (Page 44/45)
Income by state
The median household income by state ranged from $32,589 or 26.7% below national median, in West Virginia to $57,352 or 29% above national median, in New Hampshire.
Connecticut, which is often referred to as the nation's wealthiest state, came in at number four with a median household income of $55,970.
California which had the highest median home price in the nation.
where home prices have far outpaced incomes only ranked number thirteen with a median household income of $49,894.
While California's median income was not near enough to afford the average California home or even a starter home, West Virginia, which had the nation's lowest median household income also had the nation's lowest median home price.
The northeastern states, more specifically those located in New England, as well as the western states had the highest median household income.
Of the top fifteen states, all were located in the Northeast and West, with the sole exception of Minnesota which ranked fifth.
The southern states had the by far lowest median household income with nine out of the country's fifteen poorest states being located in the South.
It should be noted, however, that New York, Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia also fell below the national median.
Overall, median household income tended to be the highest in nation's most urbanized northeastern, north mid-western and western States, while rural and mostly southern states had the lowest median household income.
Median income
The median income divides households in the US evenly in the middle with half of all household earning more than the median income and half of all households earning less than the median household income.
In 2004 the median household income in the United States was $43,389.
According to the US Census Bureau, the median is "considerably lower than the average, and provides a more accurate representation."
Considering other racial and geographical inequities in regards to household income, it should come as no surprise that the median household income varies with race, size of household and geography.
The state with the highest median household income in the United States was New Hampshire with $57,352, followed by New Jersey, Maryland and Connecticut, making the Northeastern United States the wealthiest area by income in the entire country.
In terms of region the median household income was as follows: "Northeast ($47,994), West ($47,680) and South ($40,773)."
Median household income in the Mid-West declined by 2.8% to $44,657.
The exception was the Midwest, where income declined 2.8 percent, to $44,657.
While median household income has tendency to increase up to four persons per household, it declines thereon after.
This indicated that while four person households have larger incomes than those with one, two or three members, household with seem to earn progressively less as their size increases beyond four persons.
According to the US Census Bureau 2004 Community Survey, two-person households had a median income of $39,755, with $48,957 for three-person households, $54,338 for four-person households, $50,905 for five-person households, $45,435 for six-person households, with seven-or-more-person households having the second lowest median income of only $42,471.
In terms of race, Asian-Americans households had the highest median household income of $57,518, European-American households ranked second with $48,977, Hispanic or Latino households ranked third with $34,241.
African American or Black households had the lowest median household income of all races with $30,134.
Mean income
Another common measurement of personal income is the mean household income.
Unlike the median household income which divides all households in two halves, the mean income is the average income earned by American households.
In the case of mean income, the income of all households is divided by the number of all households.
The mean income is usually more affected by the relatively unequal distribution of income which tilts towards the top.
As a result, the mean tends to be higher as the median income with the top earning households boosting it.
Overall the mean household income in the United States according to the US Census Bureau 2004 Economic Survey was $60,528, or $17,210 (39.73%) higher than the median household income.
The mean household income for households headed by persons identifying as White alone was $65,317, $40,685 for those headed by persons identifying as African American or Black, $45,871 for those headed by persons identifying as Hispanic or Latino, and $76,747 for those households headed by persons identifying as Asian alone.
Approximately one third, or 36.5%, of all households earned more than the mean income, while 63.5% earned less than the mean.
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2003
US Census Bureau's web-site for income statistics
NPR.org statistics and background on income inequality in the United States
Toxicology is the study of how chemicals hurt living things.
Toxicologists use biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine.
Measuring toxicity of a substance (relation between does and effect), is a major part of the work.
Many chemicals that we call poisons are only toxic when made into different chemicals by the body.
Many chemicals are made toxic in the liver by enzymes, for example paracetamol, which is a common drug.
There is also some variation in liver enzymes (caused by genetic variation) in different people that can cause a substance to be more toxic in one person than it is in another.
Some substances are also only toxic when they are with other chemicals, as one liver enzyme can cause activity in another enzyme.
Some measures of toxicity
LD50 is a test that finds an average dose required to kill half of the animals being tested (normally rats in human toxicity).
The Fixed Dose Procedure, an alternative to the LD50 which measures oral toxicity in a similar way, but using fewer animals and with less suffering.
Minimum lethal dose (MLD, also LDmin), the smallest amount of drug that can produce death in an animal species under controlled conditions.
LDLo
EC50
In vitro toxicology
Society of Toxicology
Monte Carlo is the largest city in Monaco.
Its area is 5 square km, and around four hundred people live there.
Monte Carlo is also the centre of  gambling, politics, fireworks and culture.
Monte Carlo has a lot of casinos, hotels and historical buildings.
Monte Carlo is one of Europe's leading tourist resorts.
Within the casino complex is the Grand Théâtre de Monte Carlo, an opera and ballet house, and the headquarters of the Ballets de Monte Carlo.
For example, magic tricks are when someone makes the person seeing it think that the magic they are doing is true, but it actually is not.
But magic tricks can also be pleasant entertainment when the audience know it's all tricks.
A trick can also mean to lie or misdirect (lead to wrong way of thinking) a person so that someone who is tricking the person can enjoy winning the game they are playing for example gambling.
Animal tricks
In the Norse mythology
Slideshow means a show of slides.
It is a display of several slides  for information or for artistic purposes.
Slideshows are conducted by a presenter using an apparatus, such as a slide projector, an overhead projector  or in more recent years, a computer running presentation software.
The word comes from the use of slides which have been around for many years.
Slides originally were projected on movie theater screens by magic lanterns as part of early movie house shows.
The word slideshow does not appear in the Webster’s New Twentieth Century Unabridged Dictionary (1973 edition), but is accepted as correct spelling in Microsoft Word in both Office 2000 and Office XP editions.
myPicPals - Online Sideshow Builder
Myspace Slideshow  - Reviews of online slideshows
Example of a show of objects of art
In photography, a slide  is a thin translucent photograph bound in paper, plastic or similar frame and often used for projection with use of a slide projector for a slideshow.
The terms reversal film and transparency are also used.
One can  it from negative and print.
Slide copier
Agfa SCALA 200x Professional film
Kodak TRI-X Reversal Film 7266
Chemical Reversal Processing of B&W Negative Film
Photographic slide - a thin translucent photograph bound in paper, plastic or similar frame and often used for projection with use of a slide projector for a slideshow.
Slide (website) - a website that offers groups the ability to discover, share, and talk about photos together.
Landslide - the movement of soil, mud or rock down a slope.
Slide rule - a simple analog calculator.
Slide trombone, a musical instrument, see also slide (wind instrument).
Slide guitar - a method of playing guitar, see also slide (guitar).
Slide whistle - a musical/wind instrument.
Microscope slide - a thin glass sheet used to hold objects for examination.
Water slide - a  popular water sport.
Dark slide - a skateboarding trick.
Slide (dance) – a popping dance move giving the impression of gliding around effortlessly.
Jakarta Slide - a Content Management System software.
Pistol slide - the upper half of a pistol that contains the barrel.
Playground slide - a smooth, sloped surface down which (usually) children slide while sitting down.
Slide (baseball) - in baseball, dropping to the ground when going into a base to avoid a tag.
Slide (band) - American rock band of the 1990s.
Slide - a single by the Goo Goo Dolls.
Slide (song) - a song by Dido on the album No Angel.
This is not a cover version of any other song entitled Slide.
Step Back/Slide - a double a-side single by Superheist
Slide - an album by Lisa Germano
A 'slide edit' - a video editing term for moving a clip around in a timeline.
Another word for a linear bearing.
A Sliding tackle
Slide (Sword of Truth) - a magically created creature from The Sword of Truth series.
The display of an image by devices such as:
Map projection, in cartography
Graphical projection, the production of a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object
Oblique projection
In chemistry, any one of:
Fischer projection
Newman projection
Stereochemical projection
Projection (mathematics), any of several different types of functions, mappings, operations, or transformations
Projection (relational algebra)
Projection (linear algebra)
Power projection, the capacity of a state to implement policy by means of force, or the threat thereof, in an area distant from its own territory
Psychological projection, a defense mechanism in which one attributes to others, one’s own unacceptable or unwanted thoughts or emotions
a forecasting of future developments based on current statistics and trends
Enamel projections, extensions of dental enamel beyond the normally smooth cervical margin and onto the root of the tooth
Projection (Cylon ability), the ability to perceive your environment in any form you choose, displayed by the humanoid Cylons in the television series Battlestar Galactica
ja:投影法
It contains an electric light bulb.
focusing lenses.
reflector and condensing lenses.
a holder that holds the slide.
A flat piece of heat absorbing glass is often placed between the condensing lens and the slide, to avoid damaging the slide.
This glass absorbs infrared.
Light passes through the transparent slide and lens, and the resulting image is enlarged and projected onto a screen.
So the audience can view its reflection.
The image may be projected onto a translucent "rear projection" screen.
That is used for continuous automatic display for close viewing.
This form of projection also avoids that people who look at the show interrupt the light stream or bump into the projector.
As of October 2004, Kodak no longer manufactures slide projectors.
It is also increasingly difficult in some countries to locate photo processors who will process slide film.
this is how to make an easy and cheap slide projector at home !!
this can be also used for projects.
Kodak: Slide projectors family
A video projector takes a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a screen using a lens system.
All video projectors use a very bright light to project the image, and most modern ones can correct any curves, blurriness, and other inconsistencies through manual settings.
Video projectors are widely used for conference room presentations, classroom training, and home theatre applications.
Obsolete technologies
Eidophor oil-film projectors
Telaria oil-film projectors
ILA (Image Light Amplifier) light valves.
Major manufacturers
LCD VS.
DLP in Projectors  SaveOnProjectors.com
A peanut is a plant in the legume family, Fabaceae.
It is native to South America, Central America and Mexico.
Peanuts are annual herbaceous plants growing 30 to 50 cm (1 to 1.5 ft) tall.
The peanut plant flowers above ground, then develops its pods underground.
Because of this, peanuts are often called groundnuts.
Other names include goobers, pinders, arachides (French/Italian), and maní (Spanish).
This strange legume yields shell-covered pods (fruits) that contain one or more seeds.
A nut is a hard shelled fruit that comes from a plant whose fruit does not open to release its seed.
A nut is a composite of the fruit and seed, some examples of true nuts are: acorns, beechnuts, chestnuts and hazelnuts.
Peanuts grow by starting out as an above ground flower that, due to its heavy weight, bends towards the ground.
The flower eventually burrows underground, which is where the peanut actually matures.
The veined brown shell or pod of the peanut contains two or three peanut kernels.
Each oval-shaped kernel or seed is comprised of two off-white lobes that are covered by a brownish-red skin.
Peanuts have a hardy, buttery and "nutty" taste.
Peanuts go by various names throughout the world with "goober" or "goober pea" being one of the most popular.
Goober is derived from "nguba," the name for peanut in the Bantu language spoken in parts of Africa.
Peanuts are known scientifically as Arachis hypogaea.
Peanuts are a favorite food, whether eaten alone as a snack food or mixed into candy, cookies, pies, and other bakery products.
Peanut butter, made by grinding the roasted seeds, accounts for about one half the peanuts grown in the United States.
Worldwide however, peanuts are grown chiefly to provide peanut oil.
Farmers in Africa and Asia grow about 90 percent of the world's peanuts.
Peanuts have been cultivated in South America for a very long time.
Today most peanuts are eaten roasted and salted.
Peanut butter peanut brittle and candy bars are also often eaten.
There are two kinds of peanut butter - chunky and creamy.
Most American children prefer the chunky kind.
The U.S. introduced the peanut to the tropical South America, and India, China, West Africa, and itself to become the largest commercial producers of peanuts.
The peanut was grown mainly for its edible oil, except in the U.S., where it was produced for grinding into peanut butter, for roasted, salted nuts; and for use in candy and bakery products.
A small percentage of the U.S. crop is crushed for oil.
In the southern U.S. the peanut is used extensively as feed for livestock.
Peanuts are a very good source of monounsaturated fats, the type of fat that is important in the heart-healthy Mediterranean diet.
Studies of diets with a special emphasis on peanuts have shown that this little legume is a big ally for a healthy heart.
In addition to their monounsaturated fat content, peanuts feature an array of other nutrients that, in numerous studies, have been shown to promote heart health.
Peanuts are good sources of vitamin E, niacin, folate, protein and manganese.
In addition, peanuts provide resveratrol, the phenolic antioxidant also found in red grapes and red wine that is thought to be responsible for the French paradox: the fact that in France, people consume a diet that is not low in fat, but have a lower risk of cardiovascular disease compared to the U.S. Numerous research studies, including the Nurses' Health Study that involved over 86,000 women, have found that frequent nut consumption is related to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.
Types of Peanuts
Four types of peanuts are the most popular: Spanish, Runner, Virginia, and Valencia.
There are also Tennessee Red and Tennessee White types.
Certain types are preferred for particular uses because of differences in flavor, oil content, size, and shape.
For many uses the different types are interchangeable.
Most peanuts marketed in the shell are of the Virginia type, along with some Valencias selected for large size and the attractive appearance of the shell.
Spanish peanuts are used mostly for peanut candy, salted nuts, and peanut butter.
Most Runners are used to make peanut butter.
The various types are distinguished by branching habit and branch length.
There are numerous varieties of each type of peanut.
Each year new varieties of peanuts are introduced somewhere in the peanut belt of the U.S. or in other countries.
Introducing a new variety may mean change in the planting rate, adjusting the planter, harvester, dryer, cleaner, sheller, and method of marketing.
There are two main growth forms: bunch and runner.
Bunch types grow upright, while runner types grow near the ground.
The large seeded Virginia types are grown in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and parts of Georgia.
They are increasing in popularity due to demand for large peanuts for processing, particularly for salting, confections, and roasting in the shells.
Virginia type peanuts are either bunch or running in growth habit.
The bunch type is upright to spreading.
It attains a height of 18 to 22 inches, and a spread of 28 to 30 inches, with 33 to 36 inch rows that seldom cover the ground.
The pods are borne within a few inches of the base of the plant.
Valencia types are coarse, and they have heavy reddish stems and large foliage.
They are comparatively tall, having a height of 50 inches and a spread of 30 inches.
Peanut pods are borne on pegs arising from the main stem and the side branches.
Most of the pods are clustered around the base of the plant, and only a few are found several inches away.
Valencia types are three seeded and smooth, with no constriction between the seeds.
Seeds are oval and tightly crowded into the pods.
There are two strains, one with flesh and the other with red seeds.
The seed count is 65 to each ounce.
These are alike, except for the color of the seed.
The plants are similar to Valencia types, except that the stems are green to greenish brown, and the pods are rough, irregular, and have a smaller proportion of kernels.
The Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) is a project to build a freight railway across Europe and Asia.
The TAR is a project of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).
The project was started in the 1950s.
The idea then was to have 8750 miles (14,000km) of rail link between Singapore and Istanbul, Turkey.
Further connections to Europe and Africa were also considered.
At that time, there was not as much shipping and air travel as today, and the project promised to make shipping faster and cheaper between Europe and Asia.
Progress in developing the TAR was slowed by political and economic problems during the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s.
By the 1990s, the end of the Cold war, and normal relations between some countries, made it seem more possible to create a rail network across the Asian continent.
The TAR was seen as a way to handle the huge increases in international trade between Eurasian nations, with easier shipping.
It was seen as a way to improve the economies of landlocked countries like Laos, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and the Central Asian republics, and make them easier to reach.
Much of the railway network already exists, but there are still some major gaps.
There are four different major rail gauges (to measure the distance between rails) across the continent: most of Europe, as well as Turkey, Iran, China, and the Koreas use the 1435 mm gauge, known as Standard gauge; Finland, Russia, and the former Soviet republics use a 1520 mm gauge; most of the railways in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka use a 1676 mm gauge, and most of Southeast Asia has metre-gauge.
For the most part, the TAR would not change national gauges; large machines would be built to move shipping containers from train to train at the breaks of gauge.
The Northern Corridor will link Europe and the Pacific, via Germany, Poland, Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and the Koreas, with breaks of gauge at the Polish-Belarusian border (1435 mm to 1520 mm), the Kazakhstan-Chinese border (1520 mm to 1435 mm), and the Mongolian-Chinese border (1520 mm to 1435 mm).
The 5750 miles (9,200km) Trans-Siberian Railway covers much of this route and already carries large amounts of freight from East-Asia to Moscow, and on to the rest of Europe.
Due to political problems with North Korea, freight from South Korea must be shipped by sea to the port of Vladivostok to reach the route.
The Southern Corridor will go from Europe to Southeast Asia, connecting Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand, with links to China's Yunnan Province and, through Malaysia, to Singapore.
There are gaps in eastern Iran, between India and Myanmar, between Myanmar and Thailand, between Thailand and Cambodia, between Cambodia and Vietnam and between Thailand and Yunnan.
Breaks of gauge occur, or will occur, at the Iran-Pakistan border (1435 mm to 1676 mm), the India-Myanmar border (1676 mm to 1000 mm), and to China (1000 mm to 1435 mm).
A Southeast Asian network
The North-South Corridor will link Northern Europe to the Persian Gulf.
The main route starts in Helsinki, Finland, and continues through Russia to the Caspian Sea, where it splits into three routes: a western route through Azerbaijan, Armenia, and western Iran; a central route across the Caspian Sea to Iran by ferry; and an eastern route through Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenia to eastern Iran.
The routes meet in the Iranian capital of Tehran and continue to the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas.
Asian Highway Network
The Trans-Asian Railway
Rail transport in Asia
It happened in the New York Stock Exchange on Tuesday October 29, 1929, now known as Black Tuesday.
Bank failures followed, resulting in businesses closing.
This caused worldwide panic, which started the Great Depression.
Stock prices did not reach the same level until late 1954.
The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries.
Countries imposed high tariffs and otherwise restricted imports.
International trade declined.
Soup kitchens were the place to go for food for many people.
The Depression ended in the United States with the start of American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941.
People who lost their homes lived in what were Hoovervilles.
They called many things after Herbert Hoover.
They named the food handed out to the poor “Hoover Blankets” they called the newspapers they used as Blankets. “
Hoover hogs” were jack rabbits that were used for food, and “Hoover Wagons” were broken down cars that were pulled by mules.
Great Depression was ushered in by the stock market crash of October 29, 1929.
It ended as dramatically a decade later on September 3, 1939, when the Second World War began.
The widespread poverty and suffering during the 1930s.
The Great Depression spread rapidly from the US to Europe and the rest of the world as a result of the connection between the United States and European economies after WWI.The Wall Street Crash was the U.S. Stock Market crash of October 29, 1929, which triggered the Great Depression
Stock-exchange speculation led hundreds of thousands of Americans to invest heavily in the stock market, creating an economic bubble.
Many were borrowing money to buy more stocks.
"At the turn of the 20th century, stock market speculation was restricted to professionals, but the 1920s saw millions of 'ordinary Americans' investing in the New York Stock Exchange.
By August 1929, brokers had lent small investors more than two-thirds of the face value of the stocks they were buying on margin – more than $8.5bn was out on loan".
The amount of money out on loan was more than the entire amount of currency circulating in the U.S.A at the time.
When a stock price declined below the amount of borrowed money, the owner had to sell to pay the debt.
This caused prices to decline more.
Years later, regulations limited the use of debt in this way.
1929 in the United States
Greater London is an administrative district.
It covers London, England.
About 7.5 million people live there.
Greater London is a conurbation, a city made from merging many smaller villages, towns and cities into a larger one.
"London" is technically only the City of London, one of London's 33 administrative districts.
In order to avoid confusion, "Greater London" is often used to mean the whole modern urban area centred on the City of London, and not just the City of London itself.
When most people say London, they are referring to Greater London.
Local government in London
The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an arms control agreement which prohibits chemical weapons and chemical warfare.
It is forbidden to make, store or use the weapons.
Every country can become a part of it and most countries (188 in 2010) are.
The full name is the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction.
The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (abbreviated OPCW) is the international organization which organizes the discussions and decisions on the convention.
It also checks if member states follow the rules by inspections.
Born as Löb Strauss into a Jewish family in Buttenheim in Franconia, Bavaria, now a part of Germany.
In 1847, Strauss, his mother and two sisters moved to New York City to join his brothers Jonas and Louis Löb in their dry goods business.
By 1850 he had adopted the name "Levi Strauss".
In 1853, Strauss moved to bustling San Francisco, California, where the California Gold Rush was still in high gear.
Levi expected that the mining camps would welcome his buttons, scissors, thread and bolts of fabric; additionally, he had yards of canvas sailcloth intended for tent-making and as covers for the Conestoga wagons that dotted the landscape next to every stream and river in the area.
It was on California Street that Levi and his brother-in-law David Stern opened a dry goods wholesale business called Levi Strauss & Co.  Levi was often found leading a pack-horse, heavily laden with merchandise, directly into the mining camps found throughout the region.
The story goes that both prospectors and miners, often complaining about the easily torn cotton "britches" and pockets that "split right out" gave Levi the idea to make a rugged overall trouser for the miners to wear.
These were fashioned from bolts of brown canvas sailcloth, with gold ore storage pockets that were nearly impossible to split.
Levi exhausted his original supply of canvas as the demand grew for his hard-wearing overalls, and so he switched to a sturdy fabric called serge, made in Nimes, France.
Originally called serge de Nimes, the name was soon shortened to denim.
In 1872, Levi received a letter from Jacob Davis, a Reno, Nevada tailor.
Davis was one of Levi Strauss' regular customers, who purchased bolts of cloth from the company to use for his own business.
In this letter, Davis told Levi about the interesting way in which he made pants for his customers: he placed metal rivets at the points of strain—pocket corners and on the base of the fly.
As he did not have the money to patent his process he suggested that Levi pay for the paperwork and that they take out the patent together.
On May 20, 1873, Strauss and Jacob Davis received United States patent #139121 for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants.
Levi Strauss & Co. began manufacturing the first of the famous Levi's brand of jeans in San Francisco, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire.
Levi Strauss died on September 26, 1902, at the age of 73.
He left his thriving manufacturing and dry goods business to his four nephews—Jacob, Louis, Abraham and Sigmund Stern—who helped rebuild the company after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.
The following year, Jacob Davis sold back his share of the company.
Levi Strauss Company
Levi's Europe
Levi's Online Store
Princess Peach Toadstool (sometimes called Peach) is a character in the Mario video game series.
In most of the games she appears in, she is kidnapped by the reptile monster King Bowser and his son, Bowser Jr. She is the princess of the Mushroom Kingdom, which is the main setting of most of the Mario games.
Princess Peach's looks are different than what they used to be.
In her first game, Super Mario Bros. (1985), she had red hair and her dress was white.
She had dark red hair in Super Mario Bros. 2 (1986).
In Super Mario World (1991), her looks changed.
She had yellow hair.
In the Mario sport series games, she wears different dresses because she cannot play well in her normal, long, pink dress.
Her name has changed over the years.
In Japan, her name was always Peach.
When Nintendo sold Super Mario Bros. in other countries, she was called Princess Toadstool.
In Super Mario 64, her name became Princess Peach Toadstool.
Peach appears most often as the damsel-in-distress – always being kidnapped by Bowser.
Mario must always rescue her.
In Super Princess Peach (2006), the tables are turned and Bowser kidnaps Mario instead.
Peach must then rescue Mario.
Peach has been voiced by two different actresses.
The first was Leslie Swan.
The second was Jen Taylor.
Super Mario Bros. 2—1988
Mario Teaches Typing—1992
Super Mario Kart—1992
Super Mario All-Stars—1993
Mario's Early Years: Fun with Letters—1994
Mario's Early Years: Fun with Numbers—1994
Mario's Early Years: Pre-School—1994
Mario's Tennis—1995
Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars—1996
Mario Kart 64—1996
Mario Teaches Typing 2—1997
Mario Party—1998
Mario Golf—1999
Mario Party 2—1999
Mario Tennis—2000
Paper Mario—2000
Mario Party 3—2000
Super Mario Advance—2001
Mario Kart Super Circuit—2001
Super Smash Bros. Melee—2001
Mario Party 4—2002
Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour—2003
Mario Party 5—2004
Mario Kart: Double Dash!!—2003
Mario Power Tennis—2004
Mario Party 6—2004
Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door—2004
Mario Party Advance—2005
SSX On Tour—2005
Mario Superstar Baseball—2005
Mario Party 7—2005
Mario Kart DS—2005
Mario Tennis: Power Tour—2005
NBA Street V3—2005
Super Mario Strikers—2006
Super Princess Peach—2006
Mario Hoops 3-on-3—2006
Super Paper Mario—2007
Yoshi's Island DS—2006
Mario Strikers Charged—2007
Mario Party 8—2007
Itadaki Street DS—2007
Super Smash Bros. Brawl - 2007
Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games - 2007
Mario Kart Wii - 2008
Mario Super Sluggers - 2008
Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games - 2009
Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games - 2011
Mario Kart 7 - 2011
Fortune Street - 2011
Mario Party 9 - 2012
Mario Tennis Open - 2012
Mario Kart Arcade GP DX - 2013
Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games - 2013
Super Mario 3D World - 2013
Mario Party: Island Tour - 2013
Mario Golf: World Tour - 2014
Mario Kart 8 - 2014
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U - 2014
Mario Party 10 - 2015
Mario Tennis: Ultra Smash - 2015
Fictional princesses
Princess Daisy (sometimes called Daisy) is a character from the Mario video games series.
She is the Princess of Sarasaland.
Princess Daisy is the second major female of the Mario series next to Princess Peach.
Is tomboyish and cheerful.
Has bouncy orange-colored hair.
Has blue eyes.
Likes the colors orange, yellow and green.
Wears dresses, but also likes to wear other types of clothing.
Aggressive in both Mario Kart and Mario Strikers games.
Is best friends with Princess Peach.
Uses English accents and slang.
Does air kisses after winning.
After removing the void underneath her dress in Smash Bros Ultimate, it’s revealed that her underwear is yellow.
Has a rivalry with Blaze the Cat from the Sonic franchise.
Wi-Fi Taiō Yakuman DS (2006) (Japan only)
Itadaki Street DS  (2007) (Japan only)
Mario Party Whirling Carnival (2012) (Japan only)
Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games (2013)
In her first appearance, Daisy had pale skin, long, orange hair, a red crown and a white pattern on her dress.
Her appearance in the NES Open Tournament Golf.
is more or less the same, aside from her hair now being more of an auburn color.
In later games, such as Mario Tennis and Mario Party 3, her appearance was changed, giving her a rounder face, a slightly darker skin tone, and a daisy-motif for her accessories, with flower jewels appearing on her crown, earrings and brooch.
The daisy-motif has stuck ever since, though it should be noted that the daisy-motif was seen in her concept art for Super Mario Land.
In Mario Party 4, Daisy's character design was altered yet again, giving her shorter hair, a new dress design, and once again a paler skin tone.
Nowadays, Daisy no longer has pale skin.
Instead it is now more of a pink tone.
Princess Daisy and Princess Peach also have different gloves; while Peach's gloves end at around mid-triceps, Daisy's gloves end at the wrists.
Daisy looks equal in height to Peach, though she may appear shorter in some games.
In her early game appearances, Daisy wore a red crown, and during some of the Nintendo 64 games she wore a pink crown.
Nowadays she wears a gold one, the same as Peach.
In Mario sports titles, Daisy and Peach are the only two characters to always wear different outfits from their regular ones.
She is usually depicted in her orange underwear with a yellow shirt and daisy accessories and her pants down which are called white socks.
In Super Mario Strikers, Daisy wears a two-piece outfit.
In Mario Hoops 3-on-3, Daisy normally appears in her usual sports outfit but has a second unlockable costume.
In Mario Strikers Charged, she pretty much looks the same as in Super Mario Strikers, but she has cover herself up with armor plating along with other characters, leaving a quarter of her leg and her belly exposed.
Princess Daisy appears as one of the main characters in the Super Mario Bros. film.
She is played by Samantha Mathis.
Mario's younger brother Luigi (John Leguizamo) falls in love archaeologist Daisy.
She is kidnapped by the Koopa Cousins, Iggy and Spike, and taken to the another dimension called Dinohattan, a land where dinosaurs evolved to become the main species.
Dinohattan is ruled by Koopa (Dennis Hopper), who took over Daisy's father by transforming him into a fungus using a de-evolution gun.
Daisy had a piece of meteorite that could be used to merge Dinohattan and Manhattan so Koopa could take over the human world.
After the Mario Bros. defeat Koopa, Daisy stays behind in Dinohattan to help her restored father.
The movie ends with Daisy showing up at Mario and Luigi's apartment to alert them that there is a problem, apparently setting up a never-made sequel.
Fictional characters introduced in 1989
The fixed-dose procedure (FDP) was proposed in 1984 to test a substance's acute oral toxicity using fewer animals with less suffering than the older LD50 test which was developed in 1927.
FDP uses 10-20 animals to find the dose that produces toxicity signs but not death, and from there predicts the lethal dose.
LD50 ("lethal dose 50%") uses 60-80 animals to find a dose that kills 50% of animals in a given time.
FDP sometimes needs retesting using slightly higher or lower doses.
Department of Applied Statistics, University of Reading, UK.
Tentacle rape or shokushu goukan (触手強姦) is illustrated pornography involving the rape of (often quite young) women.
This animation is different from other animation methods due to use of tentacles to portray the rape.
This was done to get around Japanese censorship laws that made it illegal to portray male genitalia being used for sexual penetration.
Since tentacles are technically not genitals, they do not need to be censored.
Neapolitan means "from the city of Naples in Italy".
It is an adjective.
Someone who lives in Naples or comes from Naples
Neapolitan language, the language spoken in the former territory of Kingdom of two siclies"
Neapolitan ice cream, a mixture of chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry ice cream side-by-side in the same container
Neapolitan chord, in music, is a special chord in music.
An example would be (from bottom note upwards): D flat-F-B if followed by C-E-(G)-C
Neapolitan Mastiff, a big breed of dog
Neapolitan piastra, an old currency (money) which used to be used in south Italy
Neapolitan sauce, a kind of tomato-based sauce used in Italian cooking.
es:Napolitano
Bel canto is a way of singing in opera.
It comes from the Italian, meaning "beautiful singing".
Bel canto singing means singing beautifully, flexibly and smoothly, delivering high and low notes in a similar style so that all the notes of a singer's range sound even from top to bottom.
Bel canto singing started when opera began in the 1600s, but the term "bel canto" is normally used for operas written in the early 19th century.
The operas of Rossini, Bellini and Donizetti need bel canto singing.
The term "bel canto" was not used at the time.
People only started talking about "bel canto" in the mid-to-late 19th century, when a lot of new operas by composers such as Richard Wagner appeared.
These new operas had to have singers with big, dramatic voices if they were to sound good.
Bel canto-style operas came back into fashion in the 1950s, having been out of favour for the previous 50 or 60 years.
Today, some of the most popular operas are bel canto ones.
Famous bel canto singers of recent times include the sopranos Maria Callas, Joan Sutherland, Montserrat Caballé, Beverly Sills and the tenors Francisco Araiza, Juan Diego Florez, Alfredo Kraus, Luciano Pavarotti.
Anthony Wagner, the 20th century English officer
Robert Wagner, American actor
Midori Days is an anime about a girl who falls in love so badly that when she wakes up she's somehow attached to her love interest's (seiji) right hand.
This anime is about how these two adjust to their strange new relationship.
High school boy Seiji Sawamura is really quite a nice guy, but he's got a bad reputation and the nickname Mad Dog, earned by copious street fighting, often in pursuit of justice.
His right hook is so deadly that it's got its own nickname-The Devil's Right Hand.
Other students avoid him and he can not get a girlfriend.
In fact, 20 girls have turned him down.
But unknown to him, he has had a secret admirer for the past three years-quiet goody-two-shoes Midori Kasugano, who is so paralyzed by her shyness that she could not possibly tell him how she feels.
Then, in the tradition of Minami's Sweetheart (*DE) and The Eternity You Desire, Midori falls into a coma, while Seiji finds that instead of a right hand, he now has a living glove puppet-compare to Puppet Master Sakon.
A tiny, living and speaking Midori is attached to the end of his arm and reveling in his undivided attention.
The situation is awkward and embarrassing but the pair find they really do like each other, even when things are switched for an episode and Seiji becomes Midori's left hand.
The result is a very silly show that still manages to convey how paralyzing shyness can be and how enforced intimacy can reveal unsuspected aspects of a person's character.
Based on the manga by Kazuro Inoue in Shonen Sunday, itself a surreal cartoon version of the perennial surrogate parenting and reluctant roommates genres of live-action Japanese television
Matter is the substance of which all material is made.
That means objects which have mass.
More specifically, they must have rest mass, which is a form of energy that matter has even when it is not moving (it has no kinetic energy), is extremely cold (it has no thermal energy), etc.
Matter is a word that is sometimes used in varying ways in everyday life, whereas mass is a well-defined concept and quantity at least in physics.
They are not the same thing, though they are related.
Ordinary matter is made of tiny particles called atoms.
The atoms have spaces between them and they move or vibrate all the time.
The particles move faster and move further apart when heated, and the reverse when cooled.
Baryonic matter
Nearly all matter that may be experienced in everyday life is baryonic matter.
This includes atoms of any sort, and gives those the property of mass.
Non-baryonic matter, as implied by the name, is any sort of matter that is not composed mainly of baryons.
This might include neutrinos and free electrons, dark matter, such as supersymmetric particles, axions, and black holes.
The very existence of baryons is a significant issue in cosmology.
It is assumed that the Big Bang produced a state with equal amounts of baryons and antibaryons.
Properties of matter
Matter can be directly experienced through the senses.
It has properties which can be measured, such as mass, volume, density, and qualitative properties such as taste, smell and colour, for instance.
Examples of matter
All physical bodies in the universe are made of matter: galaxies, stars and planets, rocks, water and air.
Living organisms like plants, animals and humans are also composed of matter.
In physics, the universe also contains things that aren't matter, including some elementary particles that have no rest mass.
Photons (electromagnetic radiation such as light) are a familiar example.
In addition to its rest mass, matter can contain other forms of energy, which aren't matter but allow them to interact with each other by exchanging kinetic energy,  heat, light, sound waves, etc.
Outside of the physical sciences, there can be many other things that aren't matter or energy.
Just for example, emotions can be experienced or ideas can be had.
The structure and composition of matter is investigated by breaking matter into smaller and smaller pieces.
Hence, living organisms are made up of cells.
Cells are composed of molecules, which are sets of atoms bonded together.
Each atom, in turn, is an assemblage of elementary particles.
Solids are material objects made up of molecules and atoms so strongly bonded together that they tend to keep their shape even when moved around, though they can deform under stress.
Examples: a rock, a table, a knife, a block of ice.
Fluids are amounts of matter composed of molecules and atoms weakly bonded together.
They do not have a proper shape.
There are two types of fluids:
Liquids include condensed forms of matter, like solids, but where the bonds between the constituting elements (molecules, atoms) allow them to move with respect to each other while continuing to stick together in bulk: they maintain a definite surface.
Liquids adopt the shape of the recipients in which they are contained.
Examples: water, oil, blood, lava, soft drinks.
Gases are amounts of matter where the bonds between the constituting elements (molecules, atoms) are so loose or weak that they can move independently from each other.
Gases do not exhibit a proper surface, they tend to expand to occupy the whole volume available.
Examples: air, water vapor, helium.
Plasmas are made of ionized matter, they are mostly of interest to scientists.
Examples: the Earth's ionosphere, the Sun's corona.
The particles in a plasma are a mixture between a liquid and a gas.
The particles are free to move, like a liquid, and the attraction is weak, like a gas.
This state of matter is not fully understood.
An example of plasma can be found in lightning.
A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero (0 K or −273.15 °C)
A given amount of matter may change from one state to another depending on its temperature and pressure.
On Earth, water can exist simultaneously in three states: solid (ice), liquid water (lakes, oceans) and gas (vapor or steam).
If someone is accused of a crime, they have to go to court.
The court will decide whether they are guilty or not guilty (innocent).
People must be treated as innocent unless (or until) they are found guilty.
'Innocence' and 'innocent' can also be used in a slightly different way.