the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The theme song from the movie, "No More Lonely Nights", was also a hit, but the movie did poorly, and McCartney's popularity suffered.
He had to work hard to prove his talent was still strong.
He co-wrote new songs with Elvis Costello, and began touring more often than he had in years.
Along with popular music, McCartney also began composing classical music, including an oratorio about Liverpool.
McCartney was knighted for his contributions to music and to British culture, and for his charity work.
He bought John Lennon's former school, Quarry Bank, which he then turned into a performing arts school.
In 1990, the minor planet 4148 was named "McCartney" in his honour.
In 2010, he was honoured by President Barack Obama with the Gershwin Prize for his contributions to popular music.
He returned to the White House later that year as a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors.
In 2012, he became the last Beatle to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
McCartney married Linda Eastman, a photographer, in 1969.
She had a daughter, Heather, whom he adopted.
McCartney and Linda had three more children together, named Mary, Stella and James.
Stella became a popular fashion designer after she grew up.
Linda died in 1998 of breast cancer (McCartney's mother also died from the same disease in 1956).
He married model Heather Mills in 2002; the couple's child Beatrice was born in 2003.
McCartney and Mills separated in 2006, and, after a long battle over a settlement, McCartney and Mills divorced in March 2008.
McCartney married New Yorker Nancy Shevell, 51, in a civil ceremony at Old Marylebone Town Hall, London, on 9 October 2011.
The couple had been dating since November 2007.
McCartney (1970)
Ram (1971)
McCartney II (1980)
Tug of War (1982)
Pipes of Peace (1983)
Press to Play (1986)
Снова в СССР (1988)
Flowers in the Dirt (1989)
Off the Ground (1993)
Flaming Pie (1997)
Run Devil Run (1999)
Driving Rain (2001)
Chaos and Creation in the Backyard (2005)
Memory Almost Full (2007)
Kisses on the Bottom (2012)
New (2013)
Egypt Station (2018)
McCartney III (2020)
British bass guitarists
English guitarists
English pianists
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Liverpool
The Beatles members
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Afrikaners are white South Africans who speak Afrikaans as mother tongue and follow the Afrikaans culture.
Most of them have Dutch, German, French Huguenot, ancestors.
Also known as Boere, Voortrekkers and Burgers, although under slightly different contexts.
In South Africa there are about 3 million white people with Afrikaans as mother tongue, that can be assumed to be Afrikaners if they chose to follow the Afrikaans culture.
South African people
John Winston Ono Lennon  (born John Winston Lennon; 9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980) was an English singer and songwriter.
He became famous as a singer and guitarist of the English rock band The Beatles.
After the Beatles stopped making records in 1970, he lived in the United States with his wife Yoko Ono.
He continued his music career up until his death in 1980.
Lennon was born on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Women's Hospital in Liverpool.
He was son of Alfred Lennon and Julia Lennon.
He started the Beatles in his hometown of Liverpool, with Paul McCartney and George Harrison.
After Ringo Starr joined the band, they started to be very successful.
People were excited by their music, and their live performances always pleased audiences.
Manager Brian Epstein and record producer George Martin helped the Beatles become the most popular act in entertainment.
Lennon played the guitar, and later learned to play the piano.
Most of the songs the Beatles recorded were written by Lennon and McCartney.
Their songs were always credited as by "Lennon/McCartney" on Beatles records, but in fact they usually wrote their songs on their own.
The two men often helped to make each other's songs better, so they liked to share writing credit.
Famous songs written by Lennon for the Beatles are "A Hard Day's Night", "Help!", "
Strawberry Fields Forever", "A Day In The Life" and many others.
The Beatles grew apart as the members got older.
Lennon divorced his first wife, Cynthia Powell, and married Yoko Ono, while McCartney married Linda Eastman.
Each wife had different ideas, and encouraged their husbands to depend less on each other.
Later, some fans blamed Yoko and Linda for breaking the Beatles up.
Lennon loved his wife so much that he added her surname Ono to his own name, since she became Yoko Ono Lennon when she married him.
He had never liked his middle name Winston (given him by his mother after Winston Churchill) and wanted to change it, but was told he could not under British law.
He could add a new name though, so he did that.
He never used the name Winston again, unless he had to for legal reasons (such as when he travelled to America).
Otherwise he gave his "full name" as John Ono Lennon.
Later life and career
Lennon recorded several albums and singles after the Beatles disbanded.
The best-known one was Imagine.
He made many records with Yoko Ono.
On some records they called themselves the Plastic Ono Band.
Lennon and Ono worked with different musician friends, including Ringo Starr, Jim Keltner, Klaus Voormann, Harry Nilsson, Eric Clapton and Elton John.
Lennon's solo music was different from his Beatles songs.
He spoke more directly about his own feelings, and sometimes used harsh language or loud sounds.
This upset a few fans, who wished for more Beatles music from him.
Lennon and Ono moved to the United States in 1971, and settled in New York City.
Ono had a daughter, Kyoko Chan Cox, from an earlier husband, Anthony Cox, a filmmaker, who took her and disappeared.
It was easier to look for Kyoko, and get the law's help to look, if they stayed in America.
Ono and Lennon were also hurt emotionally by the way Ono was treated by many people in England.
Some insulted Ono, and asked Lennon why he was with her.
On the other hand, most of the people they met in America accepted them together.
Lennon and Ono were also campaigners for peace in the world.
They used Lennon's famous name to talk to the media (television, radio and newspapers) about their beliefs.
Lennon and Ono were sometimes in trouble with people like politicians, who did not like the things they said.
President Richard Nixon's administration even tried to deport Lennon, because of his political views.
The two things Lennon and Ono wanted most were to live permanently in the United States, and to have a child together.
Their lives were stressful in the early 1970s for several reasons.
There were the problems with immigrating to the United States, and with the search for Kyoko.
The public were also sometimes negative toward Ono, her music, and her ideas.
The couple had several miscarriages, caused partly by the stress.
Lennon also had business problems, because leaving the Beatles was not as simple as quitting an ordinary job.
The Beatles had signed many contracts.
They promised to do things in a certain way, meet deadlines, and work together, to be paid as musicians and songwriters.
Many business deals had to be finished or changed, and new deals had to be made, to continue their music careers apart.
This took time, and meant making many hard decisions.
The four former Beatles could not always agree on what to do with the things they owned together.
It took years to work out what to still own in common, what to divide up, and what to let go.
The choices they had to make sometimes hurt their friendship.
Lennon and Ono separated for over a year, from late 1973 until early 1975, because of the stress in their lives, and their relationship.
Each of them dated another person (Lennon pairing off with May Pang, his and Ono's personal assistant, and Ono with guitarist David Spinozza), and they were nearly divorced.
They spoke nearly every day by telephone, however, and tried to work things out.
They decided that they wanted to be together more than anyone else could want them apart, and they reunited.
When Richard Nixon faced the Watergate crisis in 1974, it became more important than pushing Lennon out of the country.
The deportation case against him was dropped.
Lennon won the right to stay in America in 1975.
Lennon and Ono also finally had a son, Sean Lennon, that October.
Father and son shared the same birthday.
Lennon and Ono stopped making music for five years, to be able to spend more time together, and give Sean as much attention as he needed.
They lived on Lennon's income from the music he already made.
Ono became Lennon's business manager, and invested his money in real estate and organic farming.
Her office was downstairs in the Dakota, the apartment building where they lived, so they were never far apart.
Lennon became a full-time father to Sean, and he was proud to call himself a "househusband".
They also visited Ono's family in Japan several times, and made other trips.
In 1980 Lennon and Ono began to write new music, as Sean got old enough to begin school.
They recorded a new album titled Double Fantasy that year.
A single from the album, "(Just Like) Starting Over", was a hit, and people welcomed Lennon back.
Even people who had not liked Ono earlier now respected her, and more of them began to like her music.
Lennon and Ono planned to start fresh, do a world tour, and record more albums.
On 8 December 1980, Lennon was shot dead as he was going into his home, by a man named Mark David Chapman who was mentally ill.
Even though he was ill, Chapman was still prosecuted for murder, because he killed Lennon.
Chapman pled guilty to the murder the next year, and is still in prison today.
He admitted later he was jealous of Lennon's fame and success, while his own life disappointed him.
Chapman thought that killing Lennon would give his own life more meaning.
He is always refused for parole, and is infamous (hated by many people).
Fans all over the world mourned Lennon's death.
It made them feel that a special part of their lives was gone.
Many met in New York's Central Park, near where Lennon and Ono lived, to say their goodbyes.
Some played recordings of Lennon's music.
Politicians and celebrities everywhere were sorry Lennon had died, even if they disliked him, because his music meant so much to so many people.
Radio stations in the Soviet Union, where rock music was rarely allowed to be played, gave an hour over to Beatles recordings.
There was no funeral for Lennon, but Yoko Ono asked people everywhere to observe ten minutes of silence and prayer for him on Sunday, December 14, 1980, at 2:00 PM.
At two o'clock, the music playing in Central Park stopped, and people all over the world fell silent for ten minutes.
Other tributes came later, including songs by George Harrison ("All Those Years Ago"), Paul McCartney ("Here Today"), Elton John ("Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)") and Queen ("Life Is Real (Song for Lennon)").
Lennon's music (with and after his Beatles years) is still played everywhere, and people are still touched by it.
A series of radio programs were devoted to playing demoes of his songs.
Young musicians play Lennon's records, and learn his music.
Yoko Ono released an album of acoustic versions of many Lennon songs, to help musicians understand them better.
There is now a garden in Central Park in Lennon's memory called "Strawberry Fields" after one of Lennon's most popular songs, which in turn was named after a Salvation Army orphanage near his childhood home.
On October 9, 1990, on what would have been Lennon's fiftieth birthday, "Imagine" was simulcast on radio and television stations all over the world, uniting people everywhere to remember Lennon and his music.
With The Beatles
1977: Outstanding contribution to the recording industry during the past 25 years.
1977: Best British pop group of the past 25 years.
1977: Best British pop album of the past 25 years (for Sgt.
Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band).
1983: Outstanding contribution to music.
Solo career
1982 Grammy Award - 1981 Album of the Year (for Double Fantasy)
1982 BRIT Awards - Outstanding contribution to music.
In 2002, a 100 Greatest Britons BBC poll voted Lennon into eighth place.
In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Lennon number 38 on its list of "The Immortals: The Fifty Greatest Artists of All Time".
In 2008, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Lennon number five on its list of "100 Greatest Singers of All Time".
Unfinished Music No.1: Two Virgins (with Yoko Ono) (1968)
Unfinished Music No.2: Life with the Lions (with Yoko Ono) (1969)
Wedding Album (with Yoko Ono) (1969)
Live Peace In Toronto (with Plastic Ono Band) (1969)
John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band (1970)
Imagine (1971)
Some Time in New York City (with Yoko Ono) (1972)
Mind Games (1973)
Walls and Bridges (1974)
Rock 'n' Roll (1975)
Double Fantasy (with Yoko Ono) (1980)
Milk and Honey (with Yoko Ono) (1984)
Live In New York City  (Recorded live in 1972) (1986)
Monuments and sculptures
1981 Los Angeles, USA, City Hall–East, by Brett-Livingstone Strong.
2001 John Lennon Park, Havana, Cuba, by José Villa Soberón
2002 John Lennon Airport, Liverpool, England
2005 A Coruña, Spain, by Jose Luis Ribas
2006 Almería, Spain, by Carmen Mudarra
2007 Imagine Peace Tower, Reykjavík, Iceland by Ono.
2007 Lima, Peru
Liverpool, Cavern Pub
"Imagine Monument", Strawberry Fields, Central Park, New York City
Plaça De John Lennon, on Travessera de Grácia in Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
1980 deaths
English murder victims
Murdered musicians
People murdered in New York
An invention is a new thing that someone has made.
The computer was an invention when it was first made.
We say when it was "invented".
New things that are made or created are called inventions.
Cars and plastics are inventions that everyone knows.
Inventions are made by inventors.
Many inventions are patented.
Ideas are also called inventions.
Writers can invent characters, and then invent a story about them.
Inventing
Over time, humans have invented objects which make life easier for themselves.
Because of this, a quote "necessity is the mother of invention", was written.
The quote means that a lack of something should inspire someone to create something to fill that empty space.
However, not all people believe that this is true.
They think that too much of something can lead to an invention.
List of PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Important Inventions (on the WIPO web site)
Genocide is the crime of killing many people who are all part of one ethnic or religious group, or some sort of similar group, and trying to destroy that group.
Genocide is done usually by a group, such as a government, or military group, not by one person or a small number of people.
Usually, the motivation for genocide is based on political reason.
The word genocide was made up by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish Jew, in 1944, from the words "genos" (Greek for family, tribe or race) and "-cide" (from the Latin "occidere", to kill).
It was first used to the Nazi Holocaust, when many groups, including Jews and others, were killed.
Ustashe of Croatia are another example of genocidial horror.
About a million of Serbs were killed in WWII in Ustashe concentration camps.
Another example of genocide was when about a million of the Tutsi group of people of Rwanda were killed along with Hutus who were against the genocide in 1994.
In 1933 Lemkin made a speech to the Legal Council of the League of Nations conference on international criminal law in Madrid, for which he prepared an essay on the Crime of Barbarity as a crime against international law.
The purpose of the crime, which later evolved into the idea of genocide, was based mostly on the experience of Assyrians massacred in Iraq on 11 August 1933.
The event in Iraq reminded him of earlier similar events of the Armenian Genocide during World War I.
Today, any genocide is prohibited by the Genocide Convention and actor or inciter of genocide is judged by the International Criminal Court.
Today most people see the following events as genocide.
Note that the events listed are just examples.
Nanking Massacre
Cambodian Genocide
Rwandan Genocide
is a Japanese musician and artist.
She is the widow of John Lennon.
Before she married Lennon she was married to Toshi Ichiyanagi from 1956 to 1963 and Anthony Cox from 1963 to 1969.
She has two children, Kyoko Chan Cox (with Cox) and Sean Lennon (with Lennon).
Both of her parents came from wealthy families.
Her father, who was a descendant of a former Emperor of Japan, had been a concert pianist, but gave up music to become a banker.
Ono was tutored privately, then sent to exclusive private schools, studying classical music and art, and also learning English.
She visited the United States before World War II with her family.
Her father was on a business trip to the U.S. when the war began, and was  with many other Japanese in the country.
He was not able to communicate with his family for many years.
Ono's mother took her, her brother and sister away from Tokyo, and they stayed in a rural area.
After the war ended, the family was reunited, and moved to New York for her father's job.
Ono enrolled in Sarah Lawrence College, but quit during her third year.
She became interested in  art and music, and began writing poetry.
Many of her poems were instructions, for creating pieces of art.
She later published some of these in a book, titled Grapefruit.
Her parents were not happy that Ono chose to make her own way, rather than following her family's wishes for her life.
When she married Toshi Ichiyanagi, a young pianist, her parents  her.
The marriage did not work out, and Ono rented a loft apartment of her own.
She became friends with local artists in New York, including Andy Warhol and a group called Fluxus.
She hosted small parties and "happenings" for her artist friends, and began to do artwork of her own.
This brought her some notoriety in time, but not fame.
She remarried, to Tony (Anthony) Cox, and they had a daughter, named Kyoko.
Marriage to Lennon
Ono went to London with Cox and Kyoko during 1966, to promote her career as an artist.
John Lennon, who was a member of The Beatles, went to one of her art shows.
He enjoyed the  (fantasy-like) quality of her work.
Ono and Lennon became friends, and later lovers, as each lost interest in their spouses.
Lennon wanted them to be together as much as possible.
He broke a rule the Beatles had never to bring a wife or girlfriend to their recording sessions.
He brought her along anytime he could.
They were married in March 1969, after they were both divorced.
Many Beatles fans blamed Ono for "breaking up" the band through her influence on Lennon.
He seemed to many people to have "gone crazy" since meeting her.
Some suggest that Ono simply encouraged Lennon to do things he'd already wanted to do, but let himself be talked out of doing in the past – including quitting the Beatles.
Ono and Lennon started a new, part-time group they called the Plastic Ono Band.
They also tried to have a baby together.
Ono miscarried several times, until their son Sean Lennon was born in 1975, on Lennon's 35th birthday.
Ono was also able to  with her family, during the 1970s.
Ono was Lennon's "muse", inspiring his music and his creative side, for the rest of his life.
The two worked together on both his post-Beatles records, and Ono's wish to also have a music career.
She was more interested in "experimental" music than in classical or popular music.
Ono's songs and unique style sounded strange to most listeners.
It was offensive to many people, who thought Lennon should have either stayed with the Beatles, or made more music in their style.
Ono changed her style, and began to write and record more pop songs, but her music never became popular.
Years later, some younger musicians (such as The B-52's) admitted they had liked Ono's music.
They were inspired by it, as Lennon had been.
Since 1980s
After Lennon's murderer in 1980, Ono recorded several solo albums.
The first was titled Season of Glass.
Her later records were praised by some music critics.
When Sean Lennon grew up, he also became a musician.
He helped Ono to compile (collect and put in order) her old recordings, and make some new ones.
She also revived some of her earlier artwork, and gave the money made from sales and exhibits to charities.
Ono recently (2006) appeared at the opening of Love, a Cirque du Soleil show featuring Beatles music, to help promote it.
Musicians from Tokyo
The coast also means the land next to the sea, which can also be called the shore, or sea-shore.
However, coast is not used to describe where rivers or lakes meet the land - it is only used to describe the sea meeting the land.
If a house is near to the coast we say it is "on the coast".
When we talk about a long part of the coast we call it "the coast-line".
Sometimes, 'coast' can be part of a place name or the description of a large area.
For instance, the East Coast of the United States describes the all of the Eastern side of the United States that is next to the Atlantic Ocean.
An example of a coast in Great Britain is the Holderness Coast near Bridlington.
This is one of Europe's fast eroding coasts.
George Harrison, MBE (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001) was an English musician.
He is best known as the lead guitarist of the Beatles.
After the group broke up in 1970, he had a solo career.
He made many albums and worked with other musicians including Eric Clapton, Bob Dylan, Phil Spector, Roy Orbison, Tom Petty, and Ravi Shankar.
He was also interested in Eastern mysticism and charitable causes.
George's best-known album was All Things Must Pass, which he made just after the Beatles broke up.
Harrison owned a mansion in England called Friar Park, where he lived from 1970 until he died.
He built his own recording studio inside the mansion, which for a time was better than Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles had made their records.
Having a private studio meant Harrison could work on songs and recordings anytime he wanted.
Ravi Shankar came to Harrison during 1971 with news about a war in Bangladesh, where thousands of people had died and millions more were refugees and starving.
Shankar asked for Harrison's help to give a benefit show to buy food for them.
Harrison called on many of his musician friends, who put together a charity concert with famous people to help the refugees.
The Concert for Bangla Desh, a live recording, became a best-selling album, raised money for the refugees, and brought worldwide attention to the problems in their country.
It also inspired later benefits, including Live Aid in the 1980s.
Harrison found a new musical partner in the 1980s, when Jeff Lynne of Electric Light Orchestra began to write and record songs with him.
The two men worked well together and became close friends.
Harrison and Lynne formed another band, the Traveling Wilburys, with fellow musicians Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, and Roy Orbison.
The Traveling Wilburys recorded two albums, which became hits.
In 1966, Harrison married a model, Pattie Boyd, but they were divorced in 1971, and had no children.
Boyd left Harrison to be with his friend, guitarist Eric Clapton, but all three remained friends.
Harrison married again in 1978, to American-born Olivia Trinidad Arias, who had worked for his record company.
Arias became the mother of Harrison's son Dhani, whose name is comprised of the names of two notes in the Indian music scale.
Dhani grew up to be a musician like his father, fronting the band thenewno2.
He went to Brown University in the United States.
In the late 1970s Harrison formed a movie production company, Handmade Films, which produced movies including Monty Python's Life of Brian and Terry Gilliam's Time Bandits.
The grounds of Harrison's home, Friar Park, had been more or less open to the public, until the murder of his former bandmate John Lennon late in 1980.
Harrison was very hurt and shocked by Lennon's death, and was afraid someone might try to harm him or his family.
Afterwards, the gates were locked, and no-entry notices were posted.
In December, 1999, an intruder broke into his home, stabbing him with a knife.
Harrison and his wife Olivia stopped the intruder and called the police.
Harrison recovered.
The man who attacked him is schizophrenic and was acquitted of attempted murder by reason of insanity in November 2000 at Oxford Crown Court.
He was sent to a mental hospital and released in 2002.
In the 1990s, decades of smoking cigarettes caused Harrison to develop throat cancer.
He later developed lung cancer, which caused his death in 2001.
His family issued a last statement from him: "Everything else can wait, but the search for God cannot wait, and love one another."
Even music was not as important to Harrison as his wanting people to learn to get along with each other, and to make the world a better place.
A year after Harrison's death, Jeff Lynne, Dhani Harrison, the two remaining Beatles (Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr), and other musicians held the Concert for George, which remembered Harrison's music, his life, and his gifts to humanity.
All the profits from the concert were given to charity.
Best-known songs
In the Beatles
"I Need You" (appeared in the movie Help!)
"If I Needed Someone"
"Taxman"
"Within You, Without You" (a raga from Sgt.
Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band)
"I Me Mine" (featured in the movie Let It Be)
"What is Life"
"Give Me Love (Give Me Peace On Earth)"
"Ding Dong: Ding Dong" (a New Year's Eve perennial)
"Crackerbox Palace" (named for Lord Buckley's former home in California)
"Blow Away"
"All Those Years Ago" (a tribute to John Lennon; the recording featured Ringo Starr, Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney)
"Got My Mind Set on You"
2001 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from throat cancer
Note, a short letter or piece of writing
Note (music), a pitch
Banknote, a piece of paper money
Footnote, a note on the bottom of a page
Samsung Galaxy Note, a line of phones by Samsung.
Ravi Shankar (7 April 1920 – 11 December 2012) was one of India's most famous musicians.
Shankar was one of the first to bring aspects of traditional Indian music into  Europe and United States|American culture in the 1960s.
He was a major influence on George Harrison, who was a member of The Beatles.
Shankar is famous for playing the sitar, an Indian stringed instrument.
He performed until his death.
In 2005 he played at The Proms.
His daughters Norah Jones and Anoushka Shankar are also well-known musicians.
Indian musicians
1920 births
A sentence is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought.
It does this by following the grammatical basic rules of syntax.
For example:"Ali is walking".
A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb to state (declare) a complete thought.
Short example: She walks.
A subject is the noun that is doing the main verb.
The main verb is the verb that the subject is doing.
In English and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter.
At the end of the sentence there is a punctuation mark depending on whether it is a statement, a question, a command, a request or an exclamation.
Phrases and clauses
A phrase or clause is part of a sentence.p773–777
The happy dog
There is no verb, so we do not know anything about what the happy dog is doing.
Therefore, it is not a sentence.
A clause is a sentence within a sentence.
They milked the cows, and then they made cheese and butter.
This sentence has two co-ordinate (~equal) clauses, linked by 'and'.p220 and indranil das
Types of sentence
A simple sentence has only one clause, and one independent variable.
A compound sentence has two or more clauses.
These clauses are joined together with conjunctions, punctuation, or both.
The dog is happy, but the cat is sad.
A complex sentence has one clause with a relative clause.
The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy.
A complex-compound sentence (or compound-complex sentence) has many clauses, at least one of which is a relative clause: The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy, but the cat is sad.
A declarative sentence, or declaration, is the most common type of sentence.
It tells something.
It ends with a full stop . (
The dog is happy.)
An interrogative sentence, or question, asks something.
It ends with a question mark ? (
Are you happy?)
An exclamatory sentence, or exclamation, says something out of the ordinary.
It ends with an exclamation mark ! (
That dog is the happiest dog I have ever seen!)
An imperative sentence, or command, tells someone to do something. (
Give the dog a bone.)
Basic English sentences
TYpes of sentences worksheet
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce ()  (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish writer and poet of the modernist movement.
He was from Dublin, Ireland.
He wore an eyepatch, because of eye damage.
He could not see well.
His books are written in a special style.
At first he wrote in a way which describes very accurately how life is, in the short story collection called Dubliners.
In his next book, called A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, he started a new style.
It is called stream of consciousness, which is writing all the thoughts that a character has.
His work influenced many other writers in the 20th century.
Dubliners (1914)
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)
Ulysses (1922)
Finnegans Wake (1939).
James Joyce was the oldest of ten children.
He went to a boarding school called Conglowes Wood College and later to Belvedere College.
(College here refers to secondary school not to university as it can in the U.S.) Conglowes was run by Jesuit priests.
When he was very young, his family was rich.
Later his father lost most of their money so he had to change schools and go to Belvedere College, which was cheaper.
Joyce met Nora Barnacle in 1904 and they began to have a long relationship until his death in 1941.
The couple moved out of Dublin to Zürich in 1904, then to Trieste, Paris then back to Zürich.
They married in 1931.
Their daughter had a mental illness later in her life.
Because he was smart, his parents wanted him to go to college.
He studied modern languages at University College Dublin.
Joyce became a very famous writer after he published Ulysses.
He also began to have a lot of problems with his eyes and his family.
But he completed his last book, Finnegans Wake by 1939.
It is the last day of the first third of the year.
The end of this day marks the end of the first third of a leap year.
It also falls on the same day of the week as New Year's Day of the following year and additionally, New Year's Eve of the following year in years immediately before a common year.
The end of the first third of the year for southern hemisphere DST countries occurs at 11:00 p.m.
305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire as Roman Emperors.
524 - King Sigismund of Burgundy is executed at Orleans after an eight-year reign and is succeeded by his brother Godomar.
880 - The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
1328 - The Scottish Wars of Independence end: The Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton leads the Kingdom of England to agree to recognize the Kingdom of Scotland as an independent state.
1351 – Zürich becomes part of Switzerland.
1460 - Italian seafarer Antonio de Noli, sailing for Portugal, discovers the Cape Verde island of Maio, which he names after the date of his discovery.
1464 - Edward IV of England marries Elizabeth Woodville.
1707 – Act of Union joins Scotland and England.
1759 – Josiah Wedgwood founds the Wedgwood pottery company.
1776 – The Illuminati are founded in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, by Adam Weishaupt.
1778 - American Revolution: The Battle of Crooked Billet begins in Hatboro, Pennsylvania.
1785 – Kamehameha I, king of Hawai'i defeats Kalanikupule, creating the Kingdom of Hawai'i.
1786 – The Opera, the Marriage of Figaro by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is performed for the first time in Vienna, Austria.
1794 - War of the Pyrenees: The Battle of Boulou ends, in which French forces defeat the Spanish and regain almost the land they had lost to Spain in 1793.
1834 – British colonies abolish Slavery.
1840 – The Penny Black postage stamp, is introduced in the UK.
1844 – The Hong Kong police force is founded.
1851 – Queen Victoria announces the beginning of the Great Exhibition in London.
1852 - The Philippines Peso is introduced into circulation.
1856 - The province of Isabela is created in the Philippines.
1863 – The Stainless Banner is adopted as the flag of the Confederate States of America.
1863 – American Civil War: The Battle of Chancellorsville begins.
1865 – Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay sign the Treaty of the Triple Alliance.
1875 - Alexandra Palace in London re-opens after being burned down in a fire in 1873.
1884 - Moses Fleetwood Walker becomes the first African American to play a professional baseball game in the US.
1893 - The World's Columbian Exposition opens in Chicago.
1898 - Spanish-American War: Battle of Manila Bay - The United States Navy destroys the Spanish Pacific fleet in the first battle of the war.
1900 – The Scofield Mine disaster in Utah kills 200 men.
1901 - Start of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.
1915 – The RMS Lusitania leaves New York City on what would become its final journey across the Atlantic Ocean.
It is torpedoed and sunk off Ireland on May 7.
1925 - The All-China Federation of Trade Unions is officially founded.
1927 - The first cooked meals on a scheduled flight are introduced on an Imperial Airways flight from London to Paris.
1929 – A magnitude 7.2 earthquake strikes present-day Iran and Turkmenistan, killing 5,800 people.
1930 – The dwarf planet Pluto is officially given its name.
1931 – New York City's Empire State Building is opened.
1933 - The Humanist Manifesto I is published.
1940 - World War II: The 1940 Summer Olympics are cancelled because of the war.
1941 - World War II: German forces launch a major attack on Tobruk, Libya.
1941 - Orson Welles's movie Citizen Kane is released in cinemas.
1945 – World War II: The Nazi leadership announces the death of Adolf Hitler the previous day.
1945 - World War II: Yugoslav partisans liberate the city of Trieste.
1947 - Porta della Ginestra massacre against people in May Day celebrations in Sicily by bandit and separatist leader Salvatore Giuliano, killing 11 people and wounding 33.
1948 – The North Korean state under Kim Il-Sung is founded.
1950 – Guam becomes a US Commonwealth (a state that depends on the US).
1956 – The Polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk is made available to the public.
1956 - Minamata disease is first discovered in Japan.
1957 - 34 people are killed when a Vickers Viking airliner crashes in Hampshire, southern England.
1960 – U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers is shot down over the Soviet Union, making an international incident.
1960 - Formation of the western Indian states of Gujarat and Maharashtra.
1961 - Then-Prime Minister of Cuba Fidel Castro announces that Cuba is a Communist country, and a one-party state, without elections.
1977 – 36 people are killed in Taksim Square, Istanbul, during Labour Day demonstrations.
1978 – Japan's Naomi Uemura, travelling by Dog Sled, reaches the North Pole on his own.
1979 – Greenland gains autonomy (self government) from Denmark, with Jonathan Motzfeldt as Prime Minister.
1982 – Opening of the 1982 World's Fair in Knoxville, Tennessee.
1989 - Disney-MGM Studios opens at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida.
1993 - President of Sri Lanka Ranasinghe Premadasa is killed by a suicide bomber in Colombo.
1993 - Prime Minister of France Pierre Bérégovoy commits suicide.
1994 – Formula 1 driver Ayrton Senna is killed in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix.
1995 – Croatian forces launch Operation Flash during the Croatian War of Independence.
1997 – Tony Blair's Labour Party defeats John Major's Conservative Party in the United Kingdom General Election.
Tony Blair therefore becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
1999 – The remains of George Mallory are found on Mount Everest, almost 75 years after his disappearance.
1999 – The show SpongeBob SquarePants airs for the first time.
2003 – A magnitude 6.4 earthquake strikes Eastern Turkey, killing 177 people.
2004 – Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Cyprus and Malta join the EU.
This is the biggest enlargement in the EU's history.
2008 - Hangzhou Wen Daqiao Bridge is opened between Cixi and Jiaxing, People's Republic of China.
2009 – Sweden allows Same-sex marriage.
2011 – Osama bin Laden, leader of al-Qaeda, is captured and killed by US forces in Pakistan.
2018 - Scotland introduces a new minimum price for alcohol.
2019 - Naruhito becomes Emperor of Japan, succeeding his father Akihito; Japan's Reiwa period starts.
1218 – Rudolph I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1291)
1218 - John I, Count of Hainaut (d. 1257)
1238 – King Magnus VI of Norway (d. 1280)
1582 - Marco da Gagliano, Italian poet (d. 1641)
1591 - Johann Adam Schall von Bell, German missionary and astronomer (d. 1666)
1653 - Prince George of Denmark, consort of Anne of Great Britain (d. 1708)
1672 – Joseph Addison, English writer and essayist (d. 1719)
1751 - Judith Sargent Murray, American poet, playwright, essayist and women's rights activist (d. 1820)
1764 - Benjamin Henry Latrobe, English-American architect (d. 1820)
1769 – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (d. 1852)
1814 - Prince Karl of Auersperg, Austro-Hungarian politician (d. 1890)
1821 - Henry Ayers, 8th Premier of South Australia (d. 1897)
1825 - Johann Jakob Balmer, Swiss mathematician and physicist (d. 1898)
1827 - Jules Breton, French painter (d. 1906)
1829 – José de Alencar, Brazilian novelist (d. 1877)
1830 - Guido Gezelle, Flemish poet (d. 1899)
1831 - Emily Stowe, Canadian physician and suffragist (d. 1903)
1837 - Walter Hauser, Swiss politician (d. 1902)
1850 – Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (d. 1942)
1852 – Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish doctor, won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1934)
1852 – Calamity Jane, American Wild West performer (d. 1903)
1855 - Cecilia Beaux, American painter (d. 1942)
1857 – Theo van Gogh, Dutch art dealer (d. 1891)
1859 - Jacqueline Comerre-Paton, French artist (d. 1935)
1862 – Marcel Prevost, French writer and dramatist (d. 1941)
1864 – Anna Jarvis, founder of Mother's Day (d. 1948)
1868 - Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse (d. 1940)
1871 - Seakle Greijdanus, Dutch theologian (d. 1948)
1872 – Sidónio Pais, Portuguese military leader and politician (d. 1918)
1872 - Hugo Alfvén, Swedish composer and conductor (d. 1960)
1874 - Romaine Brooks, American painter and sculptor (d. 1970)
1881 - Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, French philosopher (d. 1955)
1881 - John Svanberg, Swedish long-distance runner (d. 1957)
1884 - Francis Curzon, 5th Earl of Howe, British naval officer and racing driver (d. 1964)
1885 - Ralph Stockpole, American sculptor and painter (d. 1973)
1887 - Vincenzo Cardarelli, Italian journalist and writer (d. 1959)
1888 - John Francis O'Hara, American cardinal (d. 1962)
1896 - J. Lawton Collins, American general (d. 1987)
1896 - Herbert Backe, German Nazi politician (d. 1947)
1898 - Eugene R. Black, Sr.,
3rd President of the World Bank (d. 1992)
1899 – Jón Leifs, Icelandic composer (d. 1968)
1900 - Ignazio Silone, Italian author and politician (d. 1978)
1905 - Henry Koster, German-American director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1988)
1907 – Kate Smith, American singer (d. 1986)
1908 – Giovannino Guareschi, Italian journalist (d. 1968)
1909 – Yiannis Ritsos, Greek poet (d. 1990)
1913 - Balraj Sahni, Indian actor (d. 1973)
1913 – Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980)
1914 - Louis Nye, American comedian and actor (d. 2005)
1915 - Archie Williams, American sprinter (d. 1993)
1915 – Hanns Martin Schleyer, German business executive (d. 1977)
1916 – Glenn Ford, Canadian-American actor (d. 2006)
1916 - Rong Yiren, Chinese politician (d. 2005)
1917 – Danielle Darrieux, French singer and actress (d. 2017)
1917 - Wendy Toye, English actress (d. 2010)
1918 - Jack Paar, American author and television and radio host (d. 2004)
1919 - Dan O'Herlihy, Irish actor (d. 2005)
1919 - Mohammed Karim Lamrani, former Prime Minister of Morocco (d. 2018)
1919 - Manna Dey, Indian playback singer (d. 2013)
1923 - Frank Brian, American basketball player (d. 2017)
1923 - Billy Steel, Scottish footballer (d. 1982)
1924 – Terry Southern, American screenwriter (d. 1995)
1924 – Art Fleming, American game show host (d. 1995)
1924 - Evelyn Boyd Granville, American mathematician and educator
1924 – Grégoire Kayibanda, 1st President of Rwanda (d. 1976)
1925 - Scott Carpenter, American astronaut, pilot and aquanaut (d. 2013)
1925 - Chuck Bednarik, American football player (d. 2015)
1925 - Gabriele Amorth, Italian priest and exorcist (d. 2016)
1926 - Doug Cowie, Scottish footballer
1926 - Peter Lax, Hungarian-American mathematician
1927 - Mustafa Nurul Islam, Bangladeshi academic (d. 2018)
1927 - Laura Betti, Italian actress (d. 2004)
1927 - Walter Zeman, Austrian footballer (d. 1991)
1928 – Desmond Titterington, Northern Irish racing driver (d. 1972)
1929 – Ralf Dahrendorf, German-born sociologist and politician (d. 2009)
1930 – Little Walter, American singer (d. 1968)
1930 - Richard Riordan, former Mayor of Los Angeles
1930 - Ollie Matson, American football player (d. 2011)
1932 - Sandy Woodward, British admiral (d. 2013)
1934 - Cuauhtémoc Cardenas, Mexican politician
1936 - Hasse Wallman, Swedish entrepreneur, composer, director, author and producer (d. 2014)
1937 - Una Stubbs, English actress and dancer
1937 - Bo Nilsson, Swedish composer and songwriter
1939 – Judy Collins, American singer
1939 - Rosy Armen, French singer
1940 - Fakhruddin Ahmed, Bangladeshi economist and politician
1941 - Asil Nadir, Turkish-Cypriot businessman
1943 - Joe Walsh, Irish politician (d. 2014)
1944 - Costa Cordalis, Greek-German singer
1945 – Rita Coolidge, American singer
1946 – Joanna Lumley, English actress
1946 - John Woo, Chinese movie director
1950 - Danny McGrain, Scottish footballer
1951 - Antony Worrall Thompson, English chef and broadcaster
1954 - Ray Parker Jr., American singer, musician and actor
1956 - Catherine Frot, French actress
1957 - Uberto Pasolini, Italian movie producer, director and investment banker
1959 – Yasmina Reza, French actress, writer and playwright
1960 - Bart Chilton, American civil servant (d. 2019)
1961 - Clint Malarchuk, Canadian ice hockey player
1961 - Timna Brauer, Austrian-Israeli singer
1962 – Maia Morgenstern, Romanian actress
1962 - Ted Sundquist, American football player, coach and manager
1964 – Lady Sarah Chatto, member of the extended British royal family
1964 - Yvonne van Gennip, Dutch speed skater
1966 – Olaf Thon, German footballer
1967 – Tim McGraw, American singer
1968 – Oliver Bierhoff, German footballer
1968 – D'arcy Wretzky, American musician
1968 - Johnny Colt, American bass guitarist
1969 – Wes Anderson, American director and writer
1969 - Mary Lou McDonald, Irish politician, leader of Sinn Féin
1973 – Oliver Neuville, German footballer
1974 - Lornah Kiplagat, Kenyan-Dutch runner
1975 – Marc-Vivien Foé, Cameroon footballer (d. 2003)
1975 – Alexey Smertin, Russian footballer
1975 - Nina Hossain, English journalist
1976 - Violante Placido, Italian actress and singer
1979 – Mauro Bergamasco, Italian rugby player
1979 - Lars Berger, Norwegian biathlete
1979 - Pauli Rantasalmi, Finnish musician
1980 – Zaz, French singer
1980 - Jay Reatard, American rock musician (d. 2010)
1981 – Aliaksandr Hleb, Belarussian footballer
1981 - Derek Asamoah, Ghanaian footballer
1981 - Manny Acosta, Panamanian baseball player
1982 – Darijo Srna, Croatian footballer
1982 – Tommy Robredo, Spanish tennis player
1982 - Mark Warren, Irish footballer (d. 2016)
1983 - Alain Bernard, French rower
1984 – Alexander Farnerud, Swedish footballer
1984 - Farah Fath, American actress
1986 – Christian Benítez, Ecuadorean footballer (d. 2013)
1987 - Leonardo Bonucci, Italian footballer
1987 - Shahar Pe'er, Israeli tennis player
1988 – Anushka Sharma, Indian actress and model
1990 – Caitlin Stasey, Australian actress
1991 - Levina, German singer
1992 - Sammy Ameobi, English footballer
1997 – Ariel Gade, American actress
408 – Arcadius, Roman emperor
524 - King Sigismund of Burgundy
1118 - Edith of Scotland, first wife of Henry I of England (born 1080)
1277 - Stephen Uros I of Serbia (born 1223)
1308 – Albert I of Habsburg (murdered) (born 1255)
1555 – Pope Marcellus II (born 1501)
1572 – Pope Pius V (born 1504)
1731 – Johann Ludwig Bach, German composer (born 1677)
1738 – Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle, English statesman
1772 – Gottfried Achenwall, German statistician (born 1719)
1813 – Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French marshal (killed in combat) (born 1768)
1873 – David Livingstone, Scottish missionary and explorer (born 1813)
1881 - Romolo Gessi, Italian soldier and explorer (born 1831)
1893 - Alexander Kaufmann, German poet (born 1817)
1899 – Ludwig Büchner, German philosopher and physician (born 1824)
1904 – Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer (born 1841)
1920 - Princess Margaret of Connaught (born 1882)
1928 - Ebenezer Howard, English town planner, founder of the Garden City movement (born 1850)
1931 - Thomas Cooper Gotch, British painter (born 1854)
1935 - Henri Pélissier, French cyclist (born 1889)
1937 – Snitz Edwards, American actor (born 1868)
1943 - Johan Oscar Smith, Norwegian religious leader (born 1871)
1945 – Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Minister of Propaganda (suicide) (born 1897)
1945 – Magda Goebbels, wife of Joseph Goebbels (suicide) (born 1901)
1963 – Lope K. Santos, Filipino writer (born 1879)
1965 – Spike Jones, American band leader, musician, and comedian (born 1911)
1968 - Jack Adams, Canadian-American ice hockey player, coach and manager (born 1895)
1970 – Yi, Eun, Crown Prince Korea (born 1897)
1973 – Asger Jorn, Danish painter (born 1914)
1976 – Alexandros Panagoulis, Greek politician and poet (born 1939)
1978 – Aram Khachaturian, Armenian composer (born 1903)
1982 – William Primrose, Scottish violist (born 1903)
1989 – Douglass Watson, American actor (born 1921)
1990 – Sergio Franchi, Italian director (born 1926)
1991 – Richard Thorpe, American movie director (born 1896)
1993 – Pierre Bérégovoy, Prime Minister of France (suicide) (born 1925)
1993 – Ranasinghe Premadasa, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (born 1924)
1993 - Warren P. Knowles, Governor of Wisconsin (born 1908)
1994 – Ayrton Senna, Brazilian race car driver (born 1960)
1996 - Luana Patten, American actress (born 1938)
1997 - Fernand Dumont, Canadian sociologist (born 1927)
1998 – Eldridge Cleaver, American activist (born 1935)
2000 – Steve Reeves, American actor (born 1926)
2008 – Anthony Mamo, first President of Malta (born 1909)
2008 – Philipp von Boeselager, German resistance activist (born 1917)
2009 – Karst Tates, Dutch attempted assassin (born 1971)
2010 – Helen Wagner, American actress (born 1918)
2011 – Henry Cooper, British heavyweight boxer (born 1934)
2011 – Osama bin Laden, Saudi-Arabian terrorist leader (al-Qaeda) (born 1957)
2013 - Chris Kelly, American rapper (Kris Kross) (born 1978)
2014 - Assi Dayan, Israeli movie director and actor (born 1945)
2014 - Juan Formell, Cuban musician and composer (born 1942)
2014 - Juan de Dios Castillo, Mexican footballer and coach (born 1951)
2014 - Richard Percival Lister, English author, poet and artist (born 1914)
2014 - Manfred von Richthofen, German sports official (born 1934)
2014 - Georg Stollenwerk, German footballer (born 1930)
2014 - Mel Clark, American baseball player (born 1926)
2015 - David Day, Australian broadcaster (born 1951)
2015 - Pete Brown, American golfer (born 1935)
2015 - Geoff Duke, British motorcycle racer (born 1923)
2015 - Stephen Milburn Anderson, American movie director and writer (born 1947)
2015 - Grace Lee Whitney, American actress (born 1930)
2015 - Vafa Guluzade, Azerbaijani diplomat (born 1940)
2015 - Beth Whittall, Canadian swimmer (born 1936)
2015 - Harry Geisinger, American politician (born 1933)
2015 - Dave Goldberg, American executive (born 1967)
2016 - Jean-Marie Girault, French politician (born 1926)
2016 - Solomon W. Golomb, American mathematician, engineer and educator (born 1922)
2016 - Madeleine LeBeau, French actress (born 1923)
2017 - Erkki Kurenniemi, Finnish musician and designer (born 1941)
2017 - Mike Lowry, American politician, Governor of Washington (born 1939)
2017 - Sam Mele, American baseball player (born 1922)
2017 - Mohamed Talbi, Tunisian historian and professor (born 1921)
2017 - Bruce Hampton, American musician (born 1947)
2017 - Yisrael Friedman, Israeli rabbi and educator (born 1923)
2017 - Karel Schoeman, South African novelist and translator (born 1939)
2018 - Elmar Altvater, German political scientist (born 1938)