the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Balerna is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Castel San Pietro is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Chiasso is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Football: FC Chiasso
Ice hockey: HC Chiasso
Road bicycle racing: GP Chiasso (UCI Europe Tour)
Official municipality website
Morbio Inferiore is a municipality of the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.
It is in the hills above Chiasso.
It is in the district of Mendrisio.
Caneggio is a former municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.
Cabbio was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia
The current population is almost 3,000 people.
The coat of arms of Vacallo is a V with three bunches of grapes.
Each bunch of grapes symbolises the three parishes or 'frazione' of the municipality.
Official website of the municipality of Vacallo
Page with some pictures
SAV Basket team
Sagno is a former municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
CH-4912 Aarwangen
CH-4944 Auswil
CH-4913 Bannwil
CH-3368 Bleienbach
CH-4917 Busswil bei Melchnau
CH-4955 Gondiswil
CH-4932 Gutenburg
CH-4936 Kleindietwil
CH-4900 Langenthal
CH-4935 Leimiswil
CH-4932 Lotzwil
CH-4934 Madiswil
CH-4917 Melchnau
CH-4924 Obersteckholz
CH-4943 Oeschenbach
CH-4919 Reisiswil
CH-4914 Roggwil
CH-4938 Rohrbach
CH-4938 Rohrbachgraben
CH-4933 Rütschelen
CH-4911 Schwarzhäusern
CH-4922 Thunstetten
CH-4916 Untersteckholz
CH-4937 Ursenbach
CH-4923 Wynau
The district of Aarau in the Swiss Canton of Aargau has the following municipalities:
Districts of Aargau
Baden is a district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland.
The capital city is the town of Baden.
The largest municipality is Wettingen.
The district has 26 municipalities, an area of 153.07 km², and a population of 121,071.
Brugg is a district in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, it is south of the Aare and the Aargauer Jura covers the district.
The capital of the district is Brugg.
Altenburg bei Brugg
Kulm is an administrative district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland.
It is west of Lake Hallwil and covers parts of the Wyna and Suhre valleys.
The principal town is Unterkulm; the largest municipality is Reinach.
The district contains 17 municipalities, is 101.35 km² in area and has a total population of 36,700 people (2005).
Laufenburg is a district of the canton of Aargau, Switzerland.
The capital is the town of Laufenburg.
Carlos Ray "Chuck" Norris (born March 10, 1940) is an American martial artist and actor.
He became famous as a martial artist and started his own school, Chun Kuk Do.
Norris was cast in a number of action movies, such as Way of the Dragon.
He was The Cannon Group's star in the 1980s.
He played Cordell Walker in the action television series Walker, Texas Ranger from 1993 to 2001.
Norris is a politically conservative.
He has written books on Christianity and supports Republican candidates and causes.
In 2007 and 2008, he campaigned for former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, who was running for the Republican nomination for President in 2008.
In the 2012 election he endorsed former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, and he supported Donald Trump in 2016.
Norris also writes a column for the conservative website WorldNetDaily.
Official Chuck Kwon Do Website
Chuck Norris at WorldNetDaily
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
George Clinton (July 26, 1739 – April 20, 1812) was an American soldier and politician.
He was the first (and longest-serving) governor of New York.
He then was Vice President of the United States under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (1805–1812).
Clinton was born in the state of New York.
Clinton fought with the British in the French and Indian War.
Clinton was a member of the Continental Congress and voted for the Declaration of Independence.
He was a friend of George Washington and served with and supplied the Continental Army.
Clinton was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party.
Clinton was vice president under two different presidents.
He is one out of two vice presidents who did this; John C. Calhoun served under two presidents as well.
Clinton was also a candidate for president in the 1808 election and did receive six electoral votes.
DeWitt Clinton, his nephew, also became governor of New York.
George Clinton is a known relation of the 42nd president, Bill Clinton, who took his stepfather's surname as a child.
Saint Ignatius of Antioch (also known as Theophorus) (ca.
35-107) was the third Bishop or Patriarch of Antioch and a student of the Apostle John.
En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters, including one to Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, who had also known John.
These letters are an example of the theology of the earliest Christians.
Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops.
Ignatius became Bishop of Antioch after Saint Peter and Evodius, who died around AD 67.
Besides the Latin name, Ignatius, he also called himself Theophorus ("God Bearer"), and tradition says he was one of the children Jesus took in His arms and blessed.
Ignatius was most likely a disciple of the Apostle John.
Ignatius is generally considered to be one of the Apostolic Fathers (the earliest authoritative group of the Church Fathers) and a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Eastern Orthodox Church and Anglican/Episcopal Church who celebrate his feast day on October 17, and the Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, who celebrate his feast day on December 20.
Ignatius based his authority on living his life in imitation of Christ.
Martyrdom
He died as a martyr in the arena.
This was during the reign of Trajan.
The Roman authorities hoped to make an example of him and thus discourage Christianity from spreading.
Instead, he met with and encouraged Christians who flocked to meet him all along his route, and he wrote seven letters to the churches in the region and one to a fellow bishop.
Holy Letters and Syllables, the function and character of Scripture Authority in the writings of St Ignatius (Contains biography Ignatius as well.
Doctoral thesis University of the Orange Free State 1997, Dutch, pdf)
Early Christian writings: on-line texts of Ignatius' letters
Catholic Encyclopedia: St Ignatius of Antioch; the manuscript traditions and the controversy over authenticity
The Short Syriac Version
The Ecclesiology of St. Ignatius of Antioch by Fr.
John S. Romanides
Saint Ignatius
Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes
30s births
107 deaths
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,622,000 km in 561.518 days, at an inclination of 146° to the ecliptic (146° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2507.
Stephen or Steven (generally pronounced ) is an English masculine first name, comes the Latin form Stephanus and that from the Greek Στέφανος (Stephanos), which means "crown" or "wreath."
Other spellings are Stephan, Stefan, Stephaen, Stevie, and Stevon.
Steve is the common short form and various diminutives such as Stevie are also found.
Many family names come from Stephen: the most common are Stephens/Stevens and Stephenson/Stevenson (others include Stephen, Stephan, Stefan, Stevin, and Stever).
Equivalents of Stephen in various languages
-Stefan
("Estienne" is an obsolete spelling), Stéphane
-Stefanos
-Stiibun, Stiibu
Korean: 스티븐
Montenegrin: Стефан/Stefan, Стеван/Stevan, Шћепан/Šćepan
-Stepan
-Stepan, Stefan (Степан [Stepan] is a more western Ukrainian usage)
Historical figures known by the name Stephen
Saint Stephen, the first martyr of Christianity (The Feast of Saint Stephen is celebrated on December 26 in the Western Church and December 27 in the Eastern Church.)
Saint Stephen, the first king of Hungary
St. Stephen of Surozh, see Bravlin for details.
Stephen, one of the pair of Christian saints and martyrs Socrates and Stephen
Stephen of Armenia
Ivan Stephen of Bulgaria
Stephen I of Hungary
Stephen II of Hungary
Stephen III of Hungary
Stephen IV of Hungary
Stephen V of Hungary
Stefan Uros I
Stefan Uros II
Stefan Uros III
Stefan Uroš IV
Stefan Uros V
Stefan Vladislav I
Stefan Vladislav II
Stefan Nemanja
Stefan Prvovenčani
Stefan Radoslav
Stefan Lazarević
Stefano de Renniko
Stefan I Crnojevic - ruler of Zeta
Stjepan Držislav - King Of Croatia
Church figures
Patriarch Stephen I of Constantinople
Patriarch Stephen II of Constantionople
Pope Stephen I
Pope-elect Stephen
Pope Stephen II
Pope Stephen III
Pope Stephen V
Pope Stephen VIII
Pope Stephen IX
Stephanus I, bishop of Aquileia from AD 515
Stephanus II Patriarch of Grado from AD 670
Stephen, bishop of Zaragoza (Spain) in 1128-1130.
Stephanus Med.
and Stephanus, Phil, two 7th century physicians, see List of ancient doctors
Henri Estienne (1528-1598), a printer and humanist generally now known by the Latin version of his name, Stephanus.
Stephen, a character in the 1970s science fiction series The Tomorrow People
"Steven", a long-running comic strip by cartoonist Doug Allen
Lenzburg is a district of the Canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
The capital is the town of Lenzburg.
The district contains a total of 20 municipalities:
Examples in English
Diminutives are common in most dialects of English.
Terms such as "undies" for underwear and "movie" for "moving picture" are frequently heard terms in English.
-ey/-ie/-y: dearie, doggy, kitty (this also being the basis of the naming of Brittany i.e. Minor Britain in reference to its cultural ties to the Celts of Great Britain.)
-ette: diskette, cigarette, kitchenette, suffragette (Suffrage)
-let: piglet, chicklet, applet, eyelet, gauntlet, tablet
-ling: duckling, gosling
-s(y): "Wills", Becks
-a: Macca, Gazza
-o: smoko (smoking break)
Rheinfelden is a district of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
The capital is Rheinfelden.
Zofingen is a district in the Swiss canton of Aargau.
It is in the southwest corner of the canton.
It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman in 2003.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,744,000 km in 610.362 days, at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3185.
Licinius went with his close friend the Emperor Galerius on the Persian expedition in 297.
After the death of Flavius Valerius Severus, Galerius declared Licinius emperor honorific in the West in 308.
On the death of Galerius, in May 311, Licinius shared the entire empire with Maximinus Daia.
The Hellespont and the Bosporus were the dividing line.
In 313 he married Flavia Julia Constantia, half-sister of Constantine, at Mediolanum (now Milan).
Together with Constantine he issued the "Edict of Milan" that allowed Christianity to be professed in the empire.
On April 30,  Licinius won against Maximinus at the Battle of Tzirallum.
So he became master of the East, while his brother-in-law, Constantine, was master in the West.
In 314, a civil war began between Licinius and Constantine.
Constantine won at Cibalae in Pannonia and again 2 years later in Thrace.
Then followed a period during which they worked together.
But in 324 Constantine attacked him again and Licinius had to give up.
Because his wife, Constantine's sister, asked for his survival he was not killed immediately.
In 325 Constantine accused him of starting a conspiracy with the barbarians and had him killed.
De Imperatoribus Romanis website: Licinius
250 births
325 deaths
Aarau is the capital of the northern Swiss canton of Aargau.
The city is also the capital of the district of Aarau.
Most of the people in the municipality speak German.
To the west of Aarau is the canton of Solothurn.
It is the third-largest city in Aargau after Wettingen and Baden.
Geography and Geology
The old city of Aarau lies on a rocky cliff where the Aar river valley narrows at the southern foot of the Jura mountains.
Newer parts of the city can be found farther south of the river valley.
Aarau and the other municipalities have merged over the years.
The only exceptions are Unterentfelden and Eppenberg-Wöschnau to the south, whose places are divided from Aarau by the large forests of Gönhard and Zelgli.
A few artifacts from the Neolithic period were found in Aarau.
Near the location of the present train station, the ruins of a settlement from the Bronze Age (about 1000 BC) have been excavated.
The Roman road between Salodurum (Solothurn) and Vindonissa passed through the area, along the route now covered by the Bahnhofstrasse.
In 1976 divers in the Aar found part of a seven-meter wide wooden bridge from the late Roman times.
Aarau was founded around 1240 A.D. by the counts of Kyburg.
The first certain reference to the city dates to 1256.
The town was ruled from the "Rore" tower, which has been incorporated into the modern city hall.
In 1273 the counts of Kyburg died out.
Agnes of Kyburg, who had no male relations, sold the family's lands to King Rudolf I von Habsburg.
He granted Aarau its city rights in 1283.
In the 14th Century the city was expanded in two stages, and a second defesive wall was constructed.
A deep ditch separated the city from its "suburb;" its location is today marked by a wide street named "Graben" (meaning Ditch).
In 1415 Bern invaded lower Aargau with the help of Solothurn.
Aarau capitulated after a short resistance, and was forced to swear allegiance to the new rulers.
In the 16th Century, the rights of the lower classes were abolished.
In March 1528 the citizens of Aarau allowed the introduction of Protestantism at the urging of the Bernese.
A growth in population during the 16th Century led to taller buildings and more dense construction methods.
Early forms of industry developed at this time; however, unlike in other cities, no guilds were formed in Aarau.
Starting in the early 18th century, the textile industry was established in Aarau.
German immigration contributed to the city's favorable conditions, in that they introduced the cotton and silk factories.
These highly educated immigrants were also responsible for education reform and the enlightened, revolutionary spirit that developed in Aarau.
1798: Capital of the Helvetic Republic
On December 27, 1797, the last Tagsatzung of the Old Swiss Confederacy was held in Aarau.
Two weeks later a French envoy continued to foment the revolutionary opinions of the city.
The contrast between a high level of education and a low level of political rights was particarly great in Aarau, and the city refused to send troops to defend the Bernese border.
By Mid-March 1798 Aarau was occupied by French troops.
On March 22, 1798 Aarau was declared the capital of the Helvetic Republic.
Parliament met in the city hall.
On September 20, the capital was moved to Lucerne.
Aarau as canton capital
In 1803, Napoleon ordered the fusion of the cantons of Aargau, Baden and Fricktal.
Aarau was declared the capital of the new, enlarged canton of Aargau.
In 1820 the city wall was torn down, with exception of the individual towers and gates, and the defensive ditches were filled in.
The wooden bridge, dating from the Middle Ages, across the Aar was destroyed by floods three times in thirty years, and was replaced with a steel suspension bridge in 1851.
This was replaced by a concrete bridge in 1952.
The city connected to the Swiss Central Railroad in 1856.
The textile industry in Aarau broke down in about 1850 because of the protectionist tariff policies of neighboring states.
Other industries had developed by that time to replace it, including the production of mathematical instruments, shoes and cement.
Beginning in 1900, numerous electrical enterprises developed.
By the 1960s, more citizens worked in service industries or for the canton-level government than in manufacturing.
During the 1980s many of the industries left Aarau completely.
In 1802 the Canton School was established; it was the first non-parochial high school in Switzerland.
It developed a good reputation, and was home to Nobel Prize winners Albert Einstein, Paul Karrer, and Werner Arber, as well as several Swiss politicians and authors.
The purchase of a manuscript collection in 1803 laid the foundation for what would become the Cantonal Library, which contains a Bible annotated by Huldrych Zwingli.
More newspapers developed in the city, maintaining the revolutionary atmosphere of Aarau.
Beginning in 1820, Aarau has been a refuge for political refugees.
The urban educational and cultural opportunities of Aarau have been extended through numerous new institutions.
A Theater and Concert Hall was constructed in 1883, which was renovated and expanded in 1995-96.
The Aargau Nature Museum opened in 1922.
A former cloth warehouse was transformed into a small theater in 1974, and the alternative culture center KIFF (Culture in the fodder factory) was established in a former animal fodder factory.
The earliest use of the place name was in 1248 (in the form Arowe), and probably referred to the settlement in the area before the founding of the city.
It comes, along with the name of the River Aar (which was called Arula, Arola, and Araris in early times), from the German Au, meaning floodplain.
Old city
The historic old city forms an irregular square, consisting of four parts (called Stoecke).
To the south lies the "suburb", that is, the part of the town formerly outside the city wall.
One special characteristic of the city is its painted gables, for which Aarau is sometimes called the "City of beautiful Gables".
The buildings in the old city originate, on the whole, from building projects during the 16th century, when nearly all the Middle Age period buildings were replaced or expanded.
The architectural development of the city ended in the 18th century, when the city began to expand beyond its (still existing) wall.
Most of the buildings in the "suburb" date from this time.
The "Schlössli" (small Castle), Rore Tower and the upper gate tower have remained nearly unchanged since the 13th century.
The "Schlössli" is the oldest building in the city.
It was already founded at the time of the establishment of the city shortly after 1200; the exact date is not known.
City hall was built around Rore Tower in 1515.
The upper gate tower stands beside the southern gate in the city wall, along the road to Lucerne and Bern.
The jail has been housed in it since the Middle Ages.
A Carillon was erected in the tower in the middle of the 20th century, the bells for which were provided by the centuries-old bell manufacturers of Aarau.
The town church was built between 1471 and 1478.
During the Reformation, in 1528, its twelve altars and accompanying pictures were destroyed.
The "Justice fountain" (Gerechtskeitbrunnen) was built in 1634, and is made of French limestone; it includes a statue of Lady Justice made of sandstone, hence the name.
It was originally in the street in front of city hall, but was moved to its present location in front of the town church in 1905 due to increased traffic.
One of the two head offices of the Aargauer Zeitung, Switzerland's fifth largest newspaper, can be found in Aarau.
Kern & Co., founded in 1819, was an internationally known geodetic instrument manufacturer based in Aarau.
However, it was taken over by Wild Leitz in 1988, and was closed in 1991.
More than half of the workers in Aarau live in the city's suburbs, or on the outskirts of the city.
Aarau gets some jams of cars and buses sometimes during rush hour (the time of day when everyone leaves work to get home).
Johann Kaspar Riesbeck (1754-1786), author and actor
Johann Rudolf Dolder (1753-1807), politician
Sebastian Fahrländer (1768-1841), politician, physician
Johann Heinrich Daniel Zschokke (1771-1848), writer
Ignaz Paul Vitalis Troxler (1780-1866), physician, politician, philosopher
Carl Feer-Herzog (1820-1880), politician
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Charles Tschopp (1899-1982), writer
Born in Aarau:
Eugen Bircher (1882-1956), politician
Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, (1770-1843), first director of the United States Coast Survey.
Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner
Urs Faes, author
Friedrich Frey-Herosé (1801-1873), member of the Swiss Federal Council
Hans Herzog (1819-1894), general
Paul Hubschmid, actor
Klaus Merz, author
Lenzburg (boasts a historical museum)
http://www.aarau.ch
Municipalities of Aargau
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,731,000 km in 700.129 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (166° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3438.
Aarburg is a municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Aarburg - homepage
Abtwil is a municipality in Muri, which is in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Ammerswil is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
It is located 3 km south-east of the town of Lenzburg.
The Edict of Milan was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire.
The letter was issued in February, 313 AD and removed the persecution of Christians.
With the Edict of Milan there began a period when Constantine granted favors to the Christian Church and its members.
The exact words of the edict are no longer known.
The Edict of Milan was issued in 313 AD, in the names of the Roman Emperors Constantine I, who ruled the western parts of the Empire, and Licinius, who ruled the East.
The two emperors were in Milan to celebrate the wedding of Constantine's sister with Licinius.
There had been already an edict of toleration issued by the emperor Galerius in 311.
They were granted an indulgence, not favors.
Medieval Sourcebook – Galerius and Constantine: Edicts of Toleration 311 and 313
Constitutiones Principis
Ancient Roman law
Aristau is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Arni is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the Swiss canton of Aargau.
Arni website
Religious toleration is people allowing other people to think or practice other religions and beliefs.
In a country with a state religion, toleration means that the government allows other religions to be there.
Many countries in past centuries allowed other religions but only in privacy.
This has become rare.
Others allow public religion but practice religious discrimination in other ways.
It allow to follow and practice.
History of Religious Tolerance
Attelwil is a former municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2019 the former municipality of Attelwil merged into the municipality of Reitnau.
Former municipalities of Aargau
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,709,000 km in 699.125 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1961.
Districts of Vaud
Aubonne was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
The capital was Aubonne.
Former districts of Vaud
Avenches was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland.
The capital was the town of Avenches.
As of 2006 it is part of the Broye-Vully District.
Cossonay was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland.
The capital was the town of Cossonay.
Echallens was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland.
The capital was the town of Echallens.
As of 2006 it is part of the Gros-de-Vaud District.
Grandson was a district of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
The capital was the town of Grandson.
As of 2006 it is part of the Jura-Nord vaudois District.
Theodosius I (11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395.
He was a general in the Roman army and the son of another general, Theodosius the Elder.
When the emperor Valens died in battle fighting the Goths, Valens' nephew, the emperor Gratian, made Theodosius emperor.
Theodosius married Gratian's sister.
While emperor, Theodosius overcame three civil wars in the empire.
Gratian and his brother the emperor Valentinian II both died young, and Theodosius made his own sons Arcadius and Honorius emperors.
Theodosius made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire and made other religions illegal.
Where Theodosius () was born is unknown.
According to Hydatius and Zosimus, Theodosius was born in what is now Coca, Spain.
However, Marcellinus Comes writes that he was from Italica, Hispania (now in Spain).
His father was a military officer.
Theodosius died in Milan on January 17, 395.
When he died he was made into a god.
Parts of the Christian Church name Theodosius a saint.
Christianity as religion of Roman Empire
Theodosius made the Nicene Creed the official belief system of the Roman Empire.
Prior to that, many different creeds were believed.
The Nicene Creed states that that Jesus, the Son, is equal to God the Father.
Other people, such as Arius, said that Jesus was inferior to the Father.
Theodosius affirmed the faith that the Council of Nicea agreed on.
De Imperatoribus Romanis, Theodosius I
347 births
395 deaths
Lausanne is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.
The capital is the city of Lausanne.
Shackleton led three British expeditions to the Antarctic.
He was one of the principal figures of the "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration".
The Shackletons were originally from Yorkshire, but Shackleton was born in County Kildare, Ireland.
Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban London when he was ten.
His first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, from which he was sent home early on health grounds.
Determined to do better, he returned to Antarctica in 1907 as leader of the Nimrod Expedition.
In January 1909, he and three companions made a southern march.
They went to the farthest South latitude anyone had reached, at 88° 23' S, 97 geographical miles (112 statute miles, 180 km) from the South Pole.
This was by far the closest to the pole in exploration history up to that time.
For this achievement, Shackleton was knighted by Edward VII on his return home.
Shackleton first went to the Antarctic on Captain Robert Scott's 1901-1904 expedition but he was sent home as he was ill.
In 1907, he went back to the Antarctic and in January 1909 was part of a group who walked further south than anyone had ever been before, travelling to within 190 kilometres of the South Pole.
In 1912 the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen became the leader of the first group to reach the South Pole.
Shackleton decided on a new target, he wanted to walk across Antarctica from one side to the other crossing the South Pole in the middle.
Disaster struck when his ship, Endurance, was trapped in the ice.
They spent 281 days on board waiting for the ice to break again, but the boat was slowly crushed to pieces.
Shackleton and his men dragged their lifeboats over many miles of snow and ice to reach sea.
They set sail in the lifeboats and eventually reached Elephant Island.
In April 1916, Shackleton and four others sailed hundreds of miles to South Georgia to get help at the whaling station there.
This was a journey of 1300 kilometres and took 16 days.
Unfortunately the boat he was in landed on the wrong side of the island and they had to climb over the mountainous middle section to reach the whaling station.
A rescue party saved everyone from Elephant Island in August 1916.
In 1921, Shackleton returned to the Antarctic, intending to carry out a programme of scientific activities.
Before the expedition could begin this work, Shackleton died of a heart attack on 5 January 1922 while his ship, Quest, was moored in South Georgia.
At his wife's request, he was buried there.
Lavaux was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
The capital was Cully.
As of 2006 it is part of the Lavaux-Oron District.
Pictures of Lavaux
Lavaux, pays aux trois soleils
Morges is a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
The capital is the city of Morges.
The population (as of December 2015) is 80,095.
The area of the district is 372.99 square kilometers (144.01 sq mi).
Of this area, 205.69 km2 (79.42 sq mi) or 55.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 126.4 km2 (48.8 sq mi) or 33.9% is forested.
The remaining area, 38.25 km2 (14.77 sq mi) or 10.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 2.66 km2 (1.03 sq mi) or 0.7% is unproductive land.
Anzonico is a former municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.
Aquila is a former municipality of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 22 October 2006 the former municipalities of Aquila, Campo (Blenio), Ghirone, Olivone and Torre merged into the new municipality of Blenio.
2006 disestablishments in Switzerland
Aranno is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland.
Aranno profile on the Cantonal Administration site
Official website of Basadingen-Schlattingen
Berg is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
Berlingen is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,721,000 km in 699.676 days, at an inclination of 142° to the ecliptic (142° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.0932.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,813,000 km in 569.728 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1570.
Stanisław Mateusz Ignacy Wyspiański (January 15, 1869, Kraków – November 28, 1907, Kraków) was a Polish writer, painter, and architect.
[[File:Eustrept1DB1.jpg|thumb|Eustreptospondylus feeding on a ichthyosaur]]
Eustreptospondylus (meaning "well-reversed vertebrae") was a megalosaurid tetanuran theropod (a large, bipedal meat-eater) about 23-30 ft (7-9 m) long, weighing about 440-550 pounds (200 kg to 250 kg).
This predator had a large head, long, sharp serrated teeth, short arms and a primitive hip structure.
It lived during the mid-Jurassic period, about 165 million years ago.
Incomplete fossils have been found in England.
Eustreptospondylus was named by Richard Owen in 1841.
The type species is E. oxoniensis'', which was named by C. A. Walker in 1964.
A team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard et al.
found it in 2004 in pictures taken in 2003.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,740,000 km in 700.538 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3931.
Megaraptor was a large 26 feet (8 m) long late Cretaceous dinosaur.
It had two large sickle-like claws on each hand.
It was a lightly built biped, with a large head and sharp, serrated teeth in powerful jaws.
The first fossil of Megaraptor to be discovered was one of its claws.
As they strongly resembled the claws seen in Dromeosaurs, it was thought that Megaraptor was a large member of that family.
Later, a complete hand was discovered, revealing the main claw was on its thumb.
It is now classified either as a allosauroid carnosaur, related to Neovenator, or right over on the other side of the Theropoda as a tyrannosauroid coelurosaur.
(385571) Otrera (also ) is a Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2004.
Only five others are known: , , 385695 Clete,  and .
They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.
(also written as 2005 TN53) is a possible Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2005.
Only five others are known: , 385571 Otrera, 385695 Clete,  and .
385695 Clete (also written as (385695) 2005 TO74) is a possible Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2005.
Only five others are known: , 385571 OItrera, ,  and .
(also written as 2006 RJ103) is a Neptune Trojan discovered by the SDSS Collaboration in 2006.
Only four others are known: , 385571 Oterea,  and 385695 Clete.
is a Neptune Trojan discovered in September 2007.
Only five others are known: , , ,  and .
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
The tropopause is a boundary region in Earth's atmosphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Here the air ceases to cool at -56.5°C (-70°F), and the air becomes almost completely dry.
Most commercial aircraft are flown in the Tropopause.
To put it into even simpler words, the tropopause is the interferance between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Do not confuse with gravitational wave.
Gallery of cloud gravity waves over Iowa
Time-lapse video of gravity waves over Iowa
An accretion disk (or disc) is an astronomical term.
It describes a disc of material being drawn in by gravity to a centre of mass, such as a star or black hole.
As the material comes in, it spins round the central body and radiates energy.
The central body is typically either a young star, a protostar, a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.
As the material moves in, gravitational energy released in that process is transformed into heat and rotational movement.
The energy emitted at the disk surface is in form of electromagnetic radiation.
The frequency range of that radiation depends on the central object.
Accretion discs of young stars and protostars radiate in the infrared, those around neutron stars and black  holes in the X-ray part of the spectrum.
Professor John F. Hawley homepage
Nonradiative Black Hole Accretion
Accretion Discs on Scholarpedia
Magnetic fields snare black holes' food - New Scientist
Victoria Caroline Beckham (born 17 April 1974) is an English singer, songwriter, fashion designer and business woman.
She used to be a member of a pop group called the Spice Girls.
She receives a great deal of media coverage due to being married to football player David Beckham.
Her nickname is Posh Spice.
She has married David Beckham in July 1999.
The couple have three sons: Brooklyn Joseph (born March 1999), Romeo James (born September 2002), Cruz David (born February 2005); and a daughter, Harper Seven (born July 2011).
She had a short solo career after the Spice Girls in 2001, unlike her fellow members, she didn't have a solo No.1.
After that, she created clothes and perfumes with her husband.
English R&B singers
English dance musicians
Spice was the first album by the Spice Girls.
It was released in the United Kingdom in 1996, and in the United States in 1997.
It was the most successful album by a girl group ever.
It sold 23 million copies around the world.
There were five songs that were very successful from this album.
The most successful was "Wannabe", which went to No.
1 on many music charts around the world.
A head tie is an American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS), west and southern African women’s head scarf, specifically an elaborate ornamental head covering.
The purpose of the head tie worn by enslaved African women was to protect their hair as they labored.
In the 18th century, the Spanish governor of Louisiana passed a law requiring that free Afrodescendant women also cover their hair.
This requirement was meant to demean free Afrodescendant women by associating them with slavery, but also to protect European men from sexual provocation.
The head tie worn by West African women has been worn since the 1960s.
The name of the head tie varies according to region and historical context.
These designations have included: tignon (United States), dhuku (Zimbabwe), tukwi (Botswana) and doek (South Africa and Namibia).
Dupatta (, ) is a long scarf that is essential to many South Asian women's suits.
Some "dupatta suits" include the salwar kameez, the trouser suit, and the kurta.
The dupatta is also worn over the Hindu outfit of lehenga or ghaghra- choli.
The dupatta has long been a symbol of modesty in South Asian dress.
It is traditionally worn across both shoulders.
However, the dupatta can also be worn like a cape around the entire torso.
The material for the dupatta varies according to the suit: cotton, georgette, silk, chiffon, and more.
The other names for dupatta are chunri and chunni (sometimes shortened to 'unni' by many Gujaratis).
There are various modes of wearing the unsewn dupatta.
When not draped over the head in the traditional style, it is usually worn with the middle portion of the dupatta resting on the chest like a garland with both ends thrown over each respective shoulder.
When the dupatta resting is worn along with the salwar-kameez it is casually allowed to flow down the front and back.
The use of the dupatta has definitely undergone a metamorphosis over time.
In current fashions, the dupatta is frequently draped over one shoulder, and even over just the arms.
Another recent trend is the short dupatta often seen with kurtas and Indo-Western clothing.
Nevertheless, the dupatta remains an integral part of Indian clothing and Pakistani clothing.
Its nowadays a blend of fashion with the tradionalism.
Article about Dupatta at indiaprofile.com
Charles XII (Swedish: Karl XII) was the king of Sweden from 1697 to 1718.
He was born on June 27, 1682.
During his time as a king, he tried to expand Sweden's empire.
He took part in the Nordic War (1700-1721), in which his enemies were Denmark, Poland and Russia.
England and the Netherlands supported him and his armies won over the Danes during a sea battle.
He also beat Peter I Russian Tsar.
After these successes, he attacked Poland, where during this time Augustus II the Strong was the king.
This war was closed by the peace of Altranstadt.
Charles attacked Russia again in 1707 with the Ukrainian leader, hetman Mazeppa.
After more than a 1000 km walk in 1709, the Swedish king suffered a defeat from the Tsar.
Charles had to flee to Turkey.
He could only return to Sweden in 1714.
He tried to compensate for the lost territories by a war against Norway.
During the battle he was shot in the head and died in 1718.
The wars of Charles XII made Sweden weaker.
1682 births
is a deity who was a child of the seven divine generations in Japanese mythology and Shintoism, and is also referred to in the roughly translated Kojiki as "male who invites", or Izanagi-no-mikoto.
He and his wife Izanami created many islands, deities, and forefathers of Japan.
When Izanami died while giving birth to a child, Izanagi tried (but failed) to retrieve her from Yomi (the underworld).
In the cleansing rite after his return, he created Amaterasu (the sun goddess) from his left eye, Tsukuyomi (the moon god) from his right eye, and Susanoo (tempest or storm god) from his nose.
When Izanagi looks at his wife in Yomi, he sees her monstrous and hellish state and she is ashamed and angry.
She chases him in order to kill him.
She fails, but promises to kill a thousand of his people every day.
Izanagi says that he will create a thousand and five hundred every day.
is a moon of Jupiter, and is the smallest known.
is about 1 kilometre in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 17,740,000 km in 482.691 days, at an inclination of 143° to the ecliptic (143° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.4449.
Kurt Julian Weill (March 2, 1900 – April 3, 1950) was a German composer who later became an American.
Although he was trained as a composer of classical music he wrote many songs in a popular, jazzy style.
He is particularly remembered for the music he wrote for the plays of the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht, as well as for musicals he wrote when he lived in New York.
He also wrote symphonies and chamber music, especially during his early career.
Kurt Weill grew up in a religious Jewish family.
During his teens he started to get experience working in a theatre in Dessau, where he learned a lot from the theatre conductor Albert Bing.
When he was 20 he went to study at the Berlin Musikhochschule where he studied with the composer Humperdinck.
He did not like it there, and soon started a three-year period studying with the composer Busoni.
Busoni was a good teacher for him and encouraged him to study counterpoint carefully in order to be a good composer.
Then he introduced Weill to the music publishers Universal, who published all his music for the next ten years.
German career
In 1924, Busoni died.
Weill started to work with the playwright Georg Kaiser who wrote plays in an Expressionistic style.
Together they wrote an opera Der Protagonist (1926) which made Weill famous.
The next year he worked with Bertolt Brecht.
Together they wrote five songs which soon developed in a "Songspiel" under the title Mahagonny.
Between 1927 and 1929, Brecht and Weill wrote a new piece, an opera called Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny (Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny), in which five songs from the "Songspiel" were used again.
In 1924, he met the singer and actress Lotte Lenya.
He married her in 1926, divorced her in 1933 and married her again in 1937.
In 1928, he wrote the music for a play by Brecht which was to become world-famous.
It was called Dreigroschenoper (The Threepenny Opera).
It was based on an opera called The Beggar's Opera which had been written in 1728 by John Gay.
The Threepenny Opera includes a song which became Weill's most famous song, "Mack the Knife".
Weill stopped working with Brecht in 1930 because they had political disagreements.
Brecht was becoming more and more interested in Communism, but Weill did not want to be a “Communist composer”.
In Berlin, Weill taught composition to several young composers.
He also gave many radio broadcasts.
By 1929, he was well-known enough as a composer to make his living just from his compositions.
Weill had to flee from Nazi Germany in March 1933.
As a famous and popular Jewish composer, he was a target of the Nazi authorities, who criticized and even interfered with performances of his later stage works, such as Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny, Die Bürgschaft (1932), and Der Silbersee (1933).
He went first to Paris, where he started a work with Jean Cocteau but it was not finished.
He wrote one more work with Brecht: the ballet The Seven Deadly Sins.
In 1934, he completed his Symphony No.2, his last purely orchestral work, conducted in Amsterdam and New York by Bruno Walter.
In 1935, Weill went to America with his wife Lotte Lenya.
The rest of his life he spent writing for the American stage.
He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1943.
He thought most of his compositions in Germany had been destroyed by the Nazis.
He never spoke German again except when writing to his parents who had escaped to Israel.
Weill changed his musical style.
He wrote in a popular way, working with writers such as Ira Gershwin.
He wrote an opera Street Scene for which he won an award.
He took part in political movements, encouraging America to join in the war.
Dia (S/2000 J 11) ls the second-outermost prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000.
The moon is included in the Himalia group.
After discovery it was lost for ten years because the orbit was poorly known.
Recovery allowed much better precision.
Sinope is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory in 1914, and is named after Sinope of Greek mythology.
Sinope did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as .
It was sometimes called "Hades" between 1955 and 1975.
Sinope was the farthest known moon of Jupiter until the discovery of Megaclite in 2000.
The farthest moon of Jupiter now known is .
The orbital elements are as of January 2000.
They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.
It is often believed to belong to the Pasiphaë group.
However, given its mean inclination and different colour, Sinope could be also an independent object, captured independently, unrelated to the collision and break-up at the origin of the group.
The diagram illustrates Sinope's orbital elements in relation to other moons of the group.
Its infrared spectrum is similar to D-type asteroids also  different from Pasiphae.
These dissimilarities of the physical parameters suggest a different origin from the core members of the group.
Sinope Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
A French press (also called press pot, coffee press, coffee plunger or cafetière) is a special machine used to make coffee.
It is easy to operate.
The coffee it can make is stronger than that produced by other means.
A French press has a round jug.
This jug can be glass or clear plastic.
The jug has a lid and a "plunger".
The plunger fits in the jug very well.
It usually has some kind of steel or plastic wire, that acts as a filter.
Coffee is brewed by placing the coffee and water together, leaving to brew for a few minutes, then pushing the plunger down.
This puts the coffee at the bottom of the jug.
The French press has different names around the world.
In Australia, South Africa and Ireland it is known as a coffee plunger and coffee brewed in it is known as plunger coffee.
Its French name is cafetière à piston.
Sometimes it is also called a melior (from an old brand of makers of coffee pots of this type) or a Bodum (another brand).
In the UK the device is known as a cafetière (the French word for "coffee pot").
Because the coffee grounds are in direct contact with the brewing water, coffee brewed with the French press gets more of the coffee's flavour and essential oils.
These usually are trapped in a traditional drip brew machine's paper filters.
French pressed coffee is often stronger and thicker than drip-brewed one.
It also has more sediment.
Because the grounds remain in the drink after brewing, French pressed coffee should be served quickly.
Over time, the drink will develop a bitter taste.
This is because the grounds still act on the water.
Coffee for use in a French press should be ground coarsely.
The use of a burr mill grinder gives a better grind than the whirling blade variety.
The ground coffee should be more coarse than that used for a drip brew coffee filter, and far coarser than that used for espresso.
Anything other than a coarse grind will go through the press filter and into the coffee.
A French press can also be used instead of a tea infuser to brew loose tea.
The French press is also more portable than other coffee makers.
Special versions for travellers also exist.
They are made of tough plastic instead of glass.
They also have a sealed lid with a closable drinking hole.
Some versions are marketed to hikers and backpackers.
These people often do not want to carry a heavy metal percolator or a filter using drip brew.
Despite the name, the French press is not noticeably more popular in France than in other countries.
In most French households, coffee is  prepared by drip brewing, with an electric coffeemaker and paper filters.
In bars and restaurants, an espresso machine is used.
Some studies have found that drinking large amounts of coffee made by the French press method increases LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels, while drinking filtered or drip coffee does not.
The French press method allows certain Diterpenes, such as Cafestol and Kahweol, to remain in the coffee while other brewing methods either remove or limit these chemicals.
French Press Coffee How To Guide  A step by step guide about how to make French Press Coffee
History of the French press
CoffeeGeek: How to use a Press Pot
Ananke is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory in 1951 and is named after the mythological Ananke, the mother of Adrastea by Jupiter.
The adjectival form of the name is Anankean.
Ananke did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as .
It was sometimes called "Adrastea" between 1955 and 1975.
Note that Adrastea is now the name of another moon of Jupiter.
Ananke orbits Jupiter on a high eccentricity and high inclination retrograde orbit.
Eight non-spherical moons found since 2000 follow similar orbits.
The diagram illustrates Ananke's orbit in relation to other retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter.