the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The first shop was Tangs which was founded in 1932 and got its shop at Orchard Road in the 1950s.
Orchard Road also has many  well-known restaurants, coffee chains, cafés, nightclubs and hotels.
List of shopping centres
DFS Galleria – This shopping mall is in Scotts Road.
It mainly sells luxury item such as Bottega Veneta, Louis Vuitton, Prada, Gucci, Hermès, Loewe and Bvlgari.
ION Orchard – ION Orchard opened on July 21 2009 and houses six double-storey flagship stores of close to  each, including Prada, Giorgio Armani, Louis Vuitton, Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Cartier and Patek Philippe.
Its signature glass façade doubles up as a giant media screen as well.
Ngee Ann City – The mall opened in 1993 and is the largest shopping mall in the Orchard Road shopping belt.
It houses branded boutiques such as Vacheron Constantin, Louis Vuitton, Hermès, Burberry, Loewe and Chanel as well as Japanese department store, Takashimaya.
The mall also has Southeast Asia's second largest bookstore, Books Kinokuniya.
Wisma Atria – Opened in 1986, it underwent renovation recently with its trademark blue facade replaced with a glass facade.
There is a 900 seat food court on the 4th floor which is run by the BreadTalk Group.
The mall is directly connected to Orchard station.
Plaza Singapura – next to the Istana, the mall opened in 1974 with a now defunct Yaohan department store.
It was revamped twice, in 1998 and 2003 with the former having a totally revamped now and the latter with a new tenant mix.
It houses a Golden Village cineplex, Carrefour and other shops.
Lucky Plaza – A shopping mall that somehow became the main focal point for domestic Filipino workers to meet their friends during their off days.
The place is known to be very crowded on Sundays with many shops selling products from the Philippines.
Far East Plaza – Far East Plaza opened in 1982 with a Metro which has since closed down.
Popular with students with its cheap fashion items, the plaza is also known for its cheap food outlets.
The mall has since undergone renovation.
Mandarin Gallery – inside Meritus Mandarin Singapore housing international high-end brands like Y-3, Bape and Hugo Boss.
Orchard Central – Singapore's first and tallest vertical mall, which replaced Specialists Shopping Centre and opened on 2 July 2009.
Orchard Point – local department store, OG, it used to have art galleries, but was closed when OG decided to take over.
The Paragon – The Paragon is a high-end shopping mall selling branded items such as brand like Gucci which open flapship store here and Miu Miu, Prada, Coach and Burberry with a Metro department store and a Marks & Spencer store as well.
The place also has a Toys 'R' Us and a number of restaurants.
It underwent expansion around 2002, taking over the land once occupied by The Promenade.
Tang Plaza – Tang Plaza has a homegrown department store, Tangs.
The Centrepoint – The mall opened in 1983 and has Robinsons and Marks and Spencer as its anchor tenants.
It underwent renovation and built a new extension in 2007.
The Heeren Shops – Heeren sells items mainly for youngsters.
The site was formerly a colonial building.
Forum The Shopping Mall – Forum sells mainly branded children's clothes and accessories with a Toys "R" Us on the third floor.
It also has a number of branded boutiques such as Emporio Armani and Dolce and Gabbana.
Shaw House and Centre – Shaw House has the Isetan department store and on the fifth and sixth floors is where the Lido 8 Cineplex is, which has one of the largest cinema halls in the country.
It houses Fendi, Loewe and Celine as well.
Hilton Singapore – inside the hotel itself, the Hilton Shopping Gallery houses branded boutiques such as Louis Vuitton, Cartier, Bulgari, Lanvin, Donna Karan, Balenciaga and Dolce & Gabbana.
It also include Club21, a Singapore high-end based company that sell luxurious items like Mulberry, Comme des Garçons and Dries van Noten.
Palais Renaissance – Palais Renaissance was completed in 1993 and mainly houses upmarket branded boutiques such brand like Donna Karen and Valentino.
Liat Towers – International names such as Audemars Piguet, Massimo Dutti, Hermès and Zara are housed in the building.
The building once housed Planet Hollywood and Singapore's first McDonald's.
Also, it housed the Isetan department store at one time.
Scotts Shopping Centre – Scotts Shopping Centre housed Singapore's first food court and above was the Ascott Singapore.
It was torn down in June 2007 to make way for a new building.
313@Somerset – Houses Singapore's largest Forever 21 and Zara retail store and a HMV which moved from The Heeren.
Wheelock Place – Houses the Borders bookstore, one of the largest bookstores in the country and it also has a large Marks and Spencer outlet.
Formerly known as Lane Crawford Place which housed Lane Crawford but closed during the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis.
Mass Rapid Transit
There are three major MRT stations around Orchard Road.
They are Orchard, Somerset and Dhoby Ghaut stations.
These three stations are important placces for commuters, locals, students and tourists who travel to the Orchard Road shopping and business district.
However, due to the construction of ION Orchard, the entrance of the Orchard entrance has been moved underground below the upcoming mall.
There are many bus services provided by SBS Transit  and SMRT   that go to Orchard Road.
The major bus stops along Orchard Road are at:
Delfi Orchard
Dhoby Ghaut MRT Station
Le Meridien Shopping Centre
Opposite Meritus Mandarin Singapore
Orchard Emerald
Royal Thai Embassy, Singapore
Tang Plaza
Visitors can also travel to Orchard Road via taxi.
There are taxi stands at Forum The Shopping Mall, all hotels, Lucky Plaza, Wisma Atria, Ngee Ann City, The Paragon, The Heeren Shops, Centrepoint Shopping Centre, next to Specialists' Shopping Centre and Plaza Singapura.
Visitors accessing Orchard Road by road usually enter from the west via Napier Road, before exiting Orchard Road at Bras Basah Road.
Coming from the north, vehicles can enter via Bukit Timah Road and Scotts Road which leads into Orchard Road.
From the south, vehicles can enter through Orchard Boulevard and Paterson Road.
Orchard Road at YourSingapore (by Singapore Tourist Board)
NewsBank, Inc. is a worldwide information provider worldwide.
It is a database of published documents.
These documents include such items as newspapers, magazines, business journals, obituaries, and government documents.
The documents are available online by the Internet.
The service is available through many public libraries, colleges and universities, and government and military libraries.
NewsBank has content from more than 2,000 newspaper titles.
NewsBank's Readex division offers digital editions of American historical collections to colleges and universities.
Collections of historical and modern documents, publications and records to are available to Genealogists to research family histories.
Bonnie Francesca Wright (born 17 February 1991) is an English actress.
She is most known for playing Ginny Weasley in Harry Potter movies.
In 2012, Wright will start shooting her first leading role.
It is a British nineteenth century period movie In Want of a Wife.
She will star opposite Emily Watson.
Wright graduated from London's University of the Arts: London College of Communication.
She is the owner of her own production company called Bon Bon Lumiere.
List of Harry Potter films cast members
He was held responsible and found guilty for the killings of the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War.
Of the 26 officers and soldiers first charged for their part in the My Lai Massacre or the  cover-up, only Calley was convicted.
He was sentenced to a life term, but was put on house arrest instead.
William Calley only spent three years on house arrest then was released.
People from Miami, Florida
A weak acid is an acid chemical which does not dissociate (split into ions) completely in water solution.
This means it does not give all its hydrogen ions into the water.
Weak acids typically have a pH between 3 and 6.
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) and oxalic acid (H2C2O4) are examples of weak acids.
If an acid is represented by HA, then there is a balance between molecules which are split (ionised), and molecules which are not:
The relative strength of an acid can be expressed using Ka, the acid ionization constant.
In general, the larger a Ka, the stronger the acid, while a smaller Ka indicates a relatively weaker acid.
Weak acids will have a Ka value of less than 1, while strong acids will have a Ka value greater than 1.
Created on December 15, 1791, the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution is the part of the United States Bill of Rights that establishes the right of citizens to possess firearms for lawful purposes.
It says, "A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed."
When America was being colonized by European countries, firearms were very important to colonists.
When Europeans came to America, they brought with them the idea of land ownership by an individual.
They received this right from their king through land grants.
This was completely foreign to Native Americans who considered a particular territory belonged to the tribe.
Colonists defended their claims against Native Americans and other Europeans whose kings may have granted them the same lands.
They also needed firearms for hunting.
In many towns and villages, men were required to own firearms for the defense of the community.
Most colonists coming to America in the 17th century had no experience as soldiers.
The British kept few soldiers in the colonies, and colonists soon found they needed to establish militias.
Colonies had militia laws that required every able-bodied white man to be available for militia duty and to provide his own arms.
In 1774 and 1775, the British government, which now had a larger presence, attempted to disarm American colonists.
This caused the colonists to form private militias, independent of any control by the governors appointed by the British government.
The Minutemen who fought the British Army at the Battles of Lexington and Concord were an independent militia.
After the American Revolutionary War, the framers of the Constitution, like most Americans of the time, distrusted standing (permanent) armies and trusted militias.
After the Revolutionary War, Americans trusted state militias to defend the country.
The Articles of Confederation, the new nation's first constitution, called for each state to maintain a well-armed militia.
Congress could call up the militias to defend the country against any foreign power.
However, Congress could only form a standing army if nine of the thirteen states approved.
This was one of the weaknesses that led to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and a new constitution.
In the 18th century, the word "army" meant mercenaries.
Americans distrusted standing armies and were afraid they could be used to take over the country.
People still remembered Oliver Cromwell and his military dictatorship in England.
State constitutions
Virginia was one of the first colonies to adopt a state constitution.
They included the words: "a well regulated Militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural, and safe defence of a free State."
Other states followed with similar wording in their own constitutions.
Pennsylvania declared: "the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state; and as standing armies in the time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; And that the military should be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power."
In 1781 the Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation.
This recognized that the thirteen original states had the power to govern themselves.
They acted collectively to have a congress, but did not provide any money to run it.
There was no president and no court system.
This confederation of states proved to be a very poor form of central government.
Philadelphia Convention of 1787
The Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from May 25 to September 17, 1787.
The purpose of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation.
But it became clear that many of its members, including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, wanted to create a new government rather than fix the existing one.
The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention.
They eventually agreed on agreed on Madison's Virginia Plan and began to make changes.
The result was the Constitution of the United States and the present form of government.
The constitution debate at Philadelphia caused two groups to form: the Federalists and the Anti-federalists.
The federalists wanted a strong central government.
The anti-federalists wanted the state governments to have more power.
The vote on the new Constitution was passed on a promise by federalists to support a Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution.
Originally, Congress suggested 12 amendments to the states.
However, the states only ratified ten.
The Bill of Rights, as the first 10 amendments came to be called, originally applied to the national government rather than to states.
Many states already had their own Bill of Rights.
The Bill of Rights was ratified and went into effect in 1791.
Different interpretations
The Second Amendment was a result of several proposals being combined and simplified into just 27 words.
This simplification has caused many debates over gun ownership and individual rights.
Historians, judges and others have repeatedly looked for the intended meaning by the 18th century writers of this amendment.
Different interpretations of the Second Amendment still cause public debates about firearm regulations and gun control.
Capitalization and punctuation
In 2007, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit heard a case called Heller v. District of Columbia.
At the time, it was illegal for regular Americans to have a gun in Washington, D.C. To decide whether this was against the Second Amendment, the court looked very closely at capitalization and punctuation in the Amendment to try to figure out exactly what the framers meant.
Judge Laurence H. Silberman wrote the Court's decision.
It made the ban on guns by the District of Columbia invalid.
The decision was based on the second comma (after the word "state") as proof that the Second Amendment allows individuals the right to carry a gun.
This is in addition to state's rights to maintain militias.
"A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed".
"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."
On June 25, 2008, the Supreme Court agreed with the Court of Appeals' decision.
(In the Supreme Court, the case was called District of Columbia v. Heller.)
Landmark decisions
In 1939, the U.S. Supreme Court made a landmark decision in United States v. Miller (307 U.S. 174 (1939)).
The Court determined that Congress could keep people from having certain weapons (in this case, a sawed-off shotgun) because the shotgun would not help maintain a well regulated militia.
The Court said the Second Amendment's purpose was to ensure the effectiveness of the military.
The case District of Columbia v. Heller (554 U.S. 570 (2008)), was another landmark case.
It was the first time in almost 70 years that the Supreme Court applied the Second Amendment to a review of gun control laws.
The Supreme Court of the United States held in a 5-4 decision that the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution applied to the Federal district and protects an individual's right to possess a firearm for lawful purposes.
This struck down the D.C. handgun ban because it violated citizens' Second Amendment rights.
The decision also called United States v. Miller an exception to the general rule that Americans may possess firearms.
The Court said:
People who obey the law cannot possibly use sawed-off shotguns for any legal purpose
Laws about similar weapons that cannot be used for any legal purposes would not violate the Second Amendment
Laws that would keep criminals and the mentally ill from having guns would not violate the Second Amendment.
In McDonald v. Chicago (561 U.S. 742 (2010)), the Supreme Court said in a 5-4 decision that the city of Chicago could not make it illegal for citizens to own handguns.
The Court ruled that the right of an individual to "keep and bear arms" protected by the Second Amendment is incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The court held that it applies to the states.
High Court’s Gun Ruling Cites Intent of 14th Amendment
Benjamin Netanyahu just made the single best argument EVER for the Second Amendment
Should guns be banned in America?
The North African food is at couscous
A Cuscus is a marsupial from Papua New Guinea.
It has a pouch on its front where its baby begins to grow and develop in.
The cuscus has thick white fur and a long tail, with a slightly pink tip.
It uses its tail to help it climb through the trees.
Couscous is a kind of food, originally from the Berbers of North Africa.
It has two related meanings:
A kind of wheat known in English as durum wheat or fairy pasta.
The wheat used is in a form called "wheat middlings".
It is the same material which is used to make semolina, and is not a kind of pasta.
A stew of vegetables and/or meat, together with a plate of couscous wheat.
Couscous is not cooked, but rather steamed over hot water.
Couscous is served as a side-dish, or as a main dish.
The stew must have plenty of liquid, or else a separate
bowl of sauce must be provided.
This is because the couscous grain is rather dry, and absorbs plenty of liquid.
It is a definite fault to serve a couscous dish with too little liquid.
Spices such as ras el hanout and harissa are used for seasoning.
Couscous can also be served cold.
In this case, may be the base of a salad, with seafood, or it is used to make taboulé.
Couscous can also be used for sweets, by adding milk, raisins or almonds.
Couscous originated in North Africa also known as the Maghreb.
It is now popular in Armenia and the Middle East.
The dish is extremely popular in other areas like southern France, Sicilia and Brazil.
In Brazil, couscous is a typical dish from the Northeast of the country, which is part of the three meals of the day.
Being commonly prepared with starch, wheat flour, corn, rice or cassava.
In Southeast, it is consumed with butter, eggs or meat.
In North, it is more common for couscous to be eaten for breakfast, made with coconut milk and accompanied by tapioca.
In general, all types of side dishes are accepted in the country.
Other examples of foods eaten with couscous are fish, shrimp, and chicken.
Couscous is sold in most supermarkets across Europe and the United States and has been pre-steamed and dried; the package directions are usually to add 1.5 measures of boiling water or stock and butter to each measure of couscous and to cover tightly for five minutes.
The couscous swells and within a few minutes it is ready to fluff with a fork and serve.
Pre-steamed couscous takes less time to prepare than regular couscous.
BBC food glossary: Couscous
Clifford A. Wright.
History of couscous.
Mediterranean and world cuisine: Couscous
Greg Noakes and Laidia Chouat Noakes 1998.
Couscous - the measure of the Maghrib.
Saudi Aramco World article on Couscous
Couscous: long-term Maghreb staple still going strong.
Magharebia.com: News and Views of the Maghreb article on Couscous
Moroccan culture
Tunisian culture
The 2010 Copiapó mining accident was a mining accident that happened on August 5, 2010, when the copper-gold mine of San José, near Copiapó, Chile, collapsed.
It left 33 miners trapped around 700 meters under the ground.
The Mine of San José (Mina San José) is about  north of Copiapó, in the Region of Atacama.
The miners were trapped at about  deep and about  from the entrance of the mine.
The mine has had accidents in the past, including one death.
A report from the Chilean Government from July 2010, said that the owners of the mine did not "reinforce the roof."
The lack of reinforcement "led to an earlier collapse of the roof".
There has been controversy over why the mine was not closed down earlier.
On October 13, 2010, Florencio Ávalos reached the surface.
He was the first miner to be rescued.
2010 Cauquenes earthquake
Qualitative analysis is a field of analytical chemistry.
It uses chemical reactions to find out what an unknown chemical substance is.
Qualitative chemistry is used in many jobs.
It is very useful for testing for drugs and poisons.
Many reactions are used in qualitative chemistry.
For example, fire can be used to learn what metals are in the compound.
The scientist would know what metal was in an unknown compound by the color of the flame.
Qualitative chemistry is in contrast with Quantitative chemistry.
"Qualitative" refers to what is present, while "quantitative" refers to how much is present.
Material fracture, when a material breaks
Fracture (geology), when the Earth's mantle has faults
Fracture (mineralogy), when minerals break
Bone fracture, when a bone breaks
Cherkasy (, transliterated: Čerkasy) is a city in central Ukraine.
It is the capital of the Cherkasy Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Cherkasky Raion (district) within the oblast.
The city is cultural, educational and industrial center of Cherkasy Oblast and Central Economical Region of Ukraine.
Cherkasy is famous since 13th century and played a great role in history of Ukraine.
Cherkasy was the center of Cossacks, citizens took part in Khmelnychchyna and Koliyivschyna (cossacks and peasants rebellions).
The city is on the right bank of Dnieper River (specifically at the Kremenchuk Reservoir), about  south of the nation's capital, Kyiv.
The city is divided into 2 parts (raions) - Sosnivskiy (with Orshanets village) and Pridniprovskiy.
The current population of Cherkasy is 285,526 (as of 2010).
1286 establishments
The Dnieper River is one of the major rivers in Europe.
It flows from Russia, through Belarus and Ukraine, to the Black Sea.
It is fourth largest by length in Europe.
Its total length is .
is in Russia,  is in Belarus, and  is in Ukraine.
Its basin covers .
is in Ukraine.
In antiquity, it was known to the Greeks as the Borysthenes.
Rivers of Belarus
The Synod of Hippo was the synod of 393 that was held in Hippo Regius in northern Africa during the early Christian Church.
Other synods were held in 394, 397, 401 and 426.
Some were attended by St. Augustine.
The synod of 393 is best known for two things.
First, for the first time a council of bishops listed and agreed a canon of Sacred Scripture that is the same as the modern Orthodox and Roman Catholic canon.
The canon was later agreed at the Council of Carthage.
New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia - African Synods
Schaff - The Code of Canons of the African Church A.D. 419
State Electoral District means an electorate in the Lower House or Legislative Assembly of Australian states and territories.
Most state electoral districts (except Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania, which have multi-member electorates using a proportional voting method) send a single member to a state or territory's parliament using the preferential method of voting.
The size of a state electoral district depends on the Electoral Acts in the state and vary in size between them.
At present, there are 407 state electoral districts in Australia.
State electoral districts do not apply to the Upper House, or Legislative Council, in the states which have one (New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia).
In New South Wales and South Australia, MLCs represent the entire state, in Tasmania they represent single-member districts, and in Victoria and Western Australia they represent a region formed by grouping electoral districts together.
By State/Territory
There are 59 single-member electoral districts in Western Australia for the Western Australian Legislative Assembly.
42 are in the Perth metropolitan area and 17 are in the rest of the state.
Constitution Alteration (Senate Elections) Act, 1906,
First Amendment of the Constitution of India
First Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan
First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
An elephant gun is a large caliber gun, which could be (but does not have to be) a rifle.
Elephant guns were first made to be used by big-game hunters who were hunting elephants and other large animals.
Early use
As people from Europe began exploring Africa in the early 1800s, guns were made to handle the very large animals that people saw.
This was for people to protect themselves, to shoot animals for food, and later, and most commonly, sport.
The first guns were the simple shotgun designs already used for birds.
They were loaded with solid balls of lead that could shoot large animals.
Because they did not kill large animals very easily (some writers said that it could take up to 35 shots to kill one elephant), elephant guns were soon made into larger caliber black powder smoothbores.
The caliber was still measured in bore or gauge - or the guns were named by how much the projectiles (what was shot out of the guns) weighed in ounces.
The projectiles were lead round balls or short slugs shaped like cones.
Sometimes, antimony was put in them to make them harder.
These very large and heavy firearms were the first to be known as the elephant guns of the black powder era (1850–1890).
They were not only used to kill elephants.
They were also used to kill dangerous animals such as the rhinoceros, the hippopotamus and the cape buffalo.
Because black powder and lead cannot go faster than about  - the only way to make the projectiles go deeper into the animals' skins was to make a larger gun.
Although they were very powerful, the short slugs (a type of projectile), which did not go very fast, still had problems going fully into their targets.
This was especially hard for the toughest shot of all - going through the bone when an elephant's head was shot around the brain area.
Nitro Express rifles
Nitro Express elephant guns were first made around 1895.
They used smokeless powder, which was new at the time.
With smaller metal-cased bullets with sizes from .400 to .620 and speeds around , they had a much better trajectory and penetration over the black powder guns.
In a few years the big bore guns disappeared from the gamefields.
Early 20th century rifles came out in single shot, bolt action, and double rifle ways and were used until ivory hunting died off in the mid 20th century.
Then the guns switched roles to tools for game wardens and as backup firearms for professional hunters guiding international hunters.
The American gun market made several famous dangerous gun cartridges around this time, such as the .458 Winchester Magnum, .378 Weatherby Magnum and .460 Weatherby Magnum.
Many of these were 'wildcatted' (to modify an existing case and rifle to fire a different caliber bullet).
The rest of the old Nitro express calibers faded to obscurity until people starting safari hunting in the 1970s and 1980s.
Then elephant guns like the .416 Weatherby Magnum and the .416 Remington Magnum were made again.
The .700 Nitro Express (made in the 1980's and 1990's) and the new brass manufacturers made even more powerful elephant guns such as the .585 Nyati by Ross Seyfried, .577 Tyrannosaur by Colonel Art Alphin and .585 Gehringer by Karl Gehringer to be made by wildcatters.
The .600 Overkill made by Rob Garnick shows the biggest power that could come from a standard hunting action.
Other wildcats based on the heavy machine gun .50 BMG and similar anti-materiel rounds have been devised which are much more powerful, though they are not generally useful hunting arms because they are heavier than .
All elephant guns have one idea in common: to have enough stopping power to prevent harm to the hunter in the case of charging game.
The necessities for the gun are not only very high power (any big gun could do that), but that it can be carried for long periods, shot from any position, and be well balanced enough to track on rapidly moving animals.
It is really no more than a very big hunting rifle with the same use as any hunting rifle.
During World War I, both the British and Germans used elephant guns taken from their African colonies when they tried to break the stalemate in the trenches.
The British used elephant guns against the German tactic of having their snipers advance towards Allied lines under the cover of a large, 6-10 millimeter (0.24-0.4 inch) thick steel plate.
Ordinary infantry rifles didn't do anything to the plate, but elephant guns were able to punch through it.
Likewise, the Germans used a mass-produced anti-tank rifle, the Mauser 1918 TuF Gewehr, to knock out lightly armored British tanks.
During the North African Campaign in 1941, the Italians in East Africa fought against the British.
The Commander - The Duke of Aosta - gave his personal collection of elephant guns to his Italian soldiers to shoot armored cars because they didn't have enough anti-tank guns.
The Finnish 20 mm antitank gun Lahti L-39 had the nickname Norsupyssy (Elephant Gun) during the Winter War because of its stopping power.
It is not a true elephant gun, though, since it was not made for elephant hunting but as a military weapon.
Charter 08 is a manifesto (a public declaration of your beliefs) initially signed by over 350 Chinese intellectuals and human rights activists to promote political reform and democratization in the People's Republic of China.
It was published on 10 December 2008, the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, using a similar name and style from the anti-Soviet Charter 77 issued by dissidents in Czechoslovakia.
Since its release, more than 8,100 people inside and outside of China have signed the charter.
One of the authors of Charter '08, Liu Xiaobo, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010.
He died of liver cancer in July 2017 while under medical leave during his prison sentence.
Sedan () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.
It is also the chief-lieu (administrative centre) of the arrondissement of the same name.
The old centre is on land within a curve of the Meuse River.
It is about 10 km (6 miles) from Belgium, and about 200 km (120 miles) from Paris.
Sedan was built in 1424.
In the sixteenth century Sedan was a safe place for Protestants escaping from the Wars of Religion.
Until 1651, the Principality of Sedan belonged to the La Tour d'Auvergne family.
It was independent.
The most famous member of the family, Marshal Turenne, was born at Sedan on 11 September 1611.
With help from the Holy Roman Empire, Sedan defeated France at the Battle of La Marfée.
Immediately after that it was surrounded, and its prince, Frederic, surrendered to France.
Only a year after that, it became part of France in return for sparing Frederic's life after he was in a plot against France.
Because of this major victory, which also made the "Second Reich" of Germany possible, 2 September was declared "Sedan Day" (Sedantag) and a national German holiday in 1871.
It remained a holiday until 1919.
In World War II the German army invaded neutral Belgium and crossed the Meuse River in Sedan.
This allowed them to get past the French fortification system, called the Maginot Line.
Sedan Castle
Sedan Castle may be the biggest of its kind in Europe with a total area of 30,000 square metres on seven levels.
Building started in 1424 and the castle's defences were improved over the years.
It is the only part left of the huge fortifications that there were in Sedan and around Sedan.
Sedan was a centre of cloth production, which was started under Cardinal Mazarin.
It supported the town until the late nineteenth century.
Born here
Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (1611-1675), Marshal of France
Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald (1765–1840), Marshal of France
Charles Baudin (1792-1854), admiral
René Guyon (1876-1963), jurist
Yves Marie Joseph Cardinal Congar (1904-1995) was a French Dominican priest and theologian
Pierre Cartier (born 1932), mathematician
Yannick Noah (born 1960), was a professional tennis player
Benjamin Lemaire (born 1985), actor and film director
Anais Dechamps (born 1988), distance runner
Sedan is twinned with Eisenach, Germany since 1991
CS Sedan Ardennes, football club based in Sedan
Stade Louis Dugauguez , a multi-use stadium in Sedan
Sedan city council website (in French)
The German breakthrough in 1940
Webpage about the fortifications of Sedan
Article on the Battle of Sedan at 'Battlefields Europe'
Communes in Ardennes
The KNVB Cup () is a competition in the Netherlands organized by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) since 1899.
It was based on the format of the English FA Cup.
The tournament consists of all teams from the top two leagues of Dutch football (the Eredivisie and Eerste Divisie), as well as the top four teams from each of the six third tier of Dutch football (Hoofdklasse), while the remaining teams are drawn from the fourth tier (Eerste Klasse).
The finals of the tournament usually takes place in De Kuip, and has been held there every season since 1988.
The winners of the cup compete against the winners of the Eredivisie for the Johan Cruijff Shield, which is the first game of the following season.
The competition was created during a board meeting of the Dutch National Football Association, in the Hague, on 19 January 1898.
The tournament began the following season, 1898–1899.
The first final was played on 9 May 1899 between RAP Amsterdam and HVV Den Haag.
In 1946, the trophy was changed to one made out of silver, which was very rare in after World War II.
From 1995, the competition went from being the KNVB Cup Tournament to being known as the Amstel Cup after the then sponsor Amstel.
On 16 August 2005, the name was changed to the Gatorade Cup after the drinks company Gatorade.
In 2006, the name returned to being the KNVB Cup Tournament with Gatorade remaining as the principal sponsor.
European competition
Up until 1998, the winner of the cup entered into the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, but with the abandonment of that tournament, the winner now goes into the UEFA Europa League.
If the winning team has won the Eredivisie and thus entry into the UEFA Champions League, then the beaten KNVB Cup finalist will take the place in the UEFA Europa League.
In 1998, both teams in the KNVB final, Ajax and PSV, had won places into the Champions League.
So a game was played between the beaten semi-finalists, SC Heerenveen and FC Twente, to determine who would take the Cup Winners' Cup place.
KNVB.nl - Official website KNVB
RSSSF History of the Dutch Cup
Tadeusz Reichstein (20 July 1897  1 August 1996) was a Polish-born Swiss  chemist, botanist and Nobel laureate.
Reichstein was born into a Jewish family at Włocławek, Congress Poland, and spent his early childhood at Kiev, where his father was an engineer.
He began his education at boarding-school in Jena, Germany.
The main industrial process for the artificial creation of Vitamin C still bears his name.
Reichstein was the longest-lived Nobel laureate at the time of his death, but was beaten in 2008 by Rita Levi-Montalcini.
Brief bio on the Nobel Website
Everglades National Park  is an American national park that protects the southern twenty percent of the original Everglades in Florida.
The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River.
An average of one million people visit the park each year.
Everglades is the third-largest national park in the contiguous United States after Death Valley and Yellowstone.
UNESCO declared the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve in 1976 and listed the park as a World Heritage Site in 1979.
Before becoming an area protected by the Peruvian government, the Manú National Park was conserved because it was inaccessible; that is, people could not get to it.
The park is fairly inaccessible by road to this day.
In 1977, UNESCO recognised it as a Biosphere Reserve and in 1987, it was named a World Heritage Site.
It is the largest National Park in Peru, covering an area of 15,328 km².
The Biosphere Reserve includes an additional 2,570 km², and a further 914 km² are included in a "Cultural Zone" (which also given protection), bringing the total area up to 18,811 km².
The park protects several ecological zones ranging from as low as 150 metres above sea level in parts of the Amazon Basin, to Puna grassland at altitudes of 4200 metres.
Because of this topographical range, it has one of highest levels of biodiversity of any park in the world.
The reserve is visited by birdwatchers from all over the world, as it is home to over 1000 species of birds.
This is over 10% of all living bird species, and more than the number of bird species found in the entirety of North America.
National parks in South America
Plane Stupid is a non-violent environmentalist group in the United Kingdom.
It is against making airports bigger.
The Nissan Pathfinder is a midsize crossover SUV made by Nissan Motor Company.
Its competitor was originally the Toyota 4Runner.
It has been around since 1985 and has had five generations since then.
It featured hidden rear door handles, a design feature that was later used by Alfa Romeo.
The first generation was made from 1985 to 1995.
The second generation was made from 1995 to 2004 and spawned an upscale version with the Infiniti QX4.
The third generation was made from 2004 to 2012.
The fourth generation is a midsize crossover SUV that allows seating for seven and was made from 2012 to 2020.
The fifth generation launched in 2021 for the 2022 Model Year.
In the United Kingdom, certain drugs are classified as controlled drugs.
Controlled drugs are illegal to possess, use, or supply to others without a license.
These drugs are governed under the Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971.
This act defines three categories of controlled drugs: A, B, and C. The penalties for illegaly possessing, using or supplying a controlled drug are different depending on which category the drug belongs to.
Many of these drugs are also governed by other laws, such as the Medicines Act.
Also, there are many other drugs that are not controlled by the Misuse of Drugs Act but that are controlled by other laws.
Class A drugs are drugs that are considered the most dangerous.
They carry the harshest punishments.
Class C drugs are those that are thought to be much less dangerous.
They therefore carry much less serious punishments.
More serious punishments are dealt if the person is considered to have had the intention to supply the drug to others.
Possession with intent to supply carries a maximum penalty of life in prison.
The laws governing the use and supply of drugs for medical purposes are not part of the Misuse of Drugs Act.
A different set of categories apply, which are defined in the Misuse of Drugs Regulations.
This sets out five schedules, each with their own restrictions.
These restrictions say that a person can possess and use certain drugs if they have the proper prescriptions for them.
A prescriptions must be given by somebody who is licensed to provide it (e.g., a medical doctor).
The drug itself must be supplied by somebody who is licensed to supply it (e.g., a pharmacy).
"Lose Yourself" is a hip hop song by American rapper Eminem.
Eminem won an Academy Award in 2003 and a Grammy in 2004 for "Lose Yourself".
It was performed live at the 2022 Super Bowl in Los Angeles and has had over 5,000,000 downloads in the United States alone.
It is from and about his movie "8 Mile."
It is Eminem's second-biggest hit to date.
Geomorphology  is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them.
More broadly, it studies the evolution of the topography of a planet.
Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics, and to predict future changes.
They use a combination of field observation, physical experiment, and numerical modeling.
Geomorphology is part of geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology and archaeology.
This range of interests leads to a wide variety of research styles and interests in the field.
George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader.
He was Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense.
Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during World War II.
As Secretary of State, his name was given to the Marshall Plan.
For this plan, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.
John Robert Isner (born April 26, 1985) is an American professional tennis player from Greensboro, North Carolina.
He is best known for his first round marathon match at Wimbledon in 2010 against Nicolas Mahut, where they played the longest ever tennis match, which lasted 11 hours and 5 minutes and was played over three days.
Isner`s official website
Steve Keirn is a professional wrestler.
He was born on September 10, 1951.
Since the early 1990s, he has had a wrestling school called the "School of Hard Knocks".
The book of Jubilees is an ancient book written in Hebrew.
It is sometimes called the Lesser Genesis.
It was known to early Christians and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church believes it to be a book of the Bible .
is a race track standing in the foothills of Mount Fuji, in Oyama, Suntō District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.
It was built in the early 1960s and hosted the first Formula One race in Japan in 1976.
In the 1980s, Fuji Speedway was used for the FIA World Sportscar Championship and national racing.
When it first opened, it was managed by Mitsubishi.
Fuji Speedway was purchased by Toyota Motor Corporation in 2000.
Fuji Speedway is known for having one of the longest straights in motorsport tracks, at  in length.
F1 launches in Japan
Fuji Speedway Corporation was established in 1963, as Japan NASCAR Corporation.
At first, the circuit was planned to hold NASCAR-style races in Japan.
The track was designed to be a  high-banked superspeedway.
There was not enough money to complete the project and only one of the banked turns was ever designed.
Mitsubishi Estate Co. (a part of Mitsubishi) invested in the circuit.
They took over the management rights in October 1965.
The track was converted to a road course.
Fuji speedway opened in December 1965.
The banked turn was somewhat dangerous, and caused several major accidents.
According to Vic Elford "The reason that banking was so horrific, was that at the end of the straight we went over a blind crest at around 190/200 mph and dropped into the banking.
At other tracks (Daytona, Monthlery, etc.)
you climb up the banking."
A new part of track was built to fix the problem.
The new  course was more successful.
In 1966, the track hosted a USAC Indy Car non-championship race, won by Jackie Stewart.
The speedway brought the first Formula One race to Japan at the end of the  season.
Mario Andretti won the race, and James Hunt earned enough points to win the world championship title.
In  Gilles Villeneuve was involved in a crash that killed two spectators on the side of the track.
Formula One stopped racing at the speedway and Japan.
When Japan was added back to the F1 schedule ten years later, it went to Suzuka instead.
F1 didn't return to Fuji until .
National racing venue
Fuji remained a popular sports car racing venue.
FIA World Sportscar Championship visited the track between 1982 and 1988.
Fuji was often used for national races.
Two chicanes were added to the track to slow down the speeds.
Even with these changes, the main feature of the track remained its long  straight, one of the longest in all of motorsports.
The long pit straight has also been used for drag racing.
NHRA exhibitions were run in 1989.
Local drag races are common on the circuit.
The track is still used for Japanese national races.
In 2000 the majority of the shares of stock were bought by Toyota.
Toyota was making plans for future motor racing.
In 2003 the circuit was closed to for a major reprofiling of the track.
A new design from Hermann Tilke was used.
The circuit reopened on 10 April 2005.
It hosted its first Formula One championship event in 29 years on 30 September 2007.
The race won by Lewis Hamilton.
The circuit hosts the NISMO Festival for historic Nissan racers.
Toyota also hosts its own historic event a week before the NISMO called Toyota Motorsports Festival.
Nearby is a drifting course, which was built as part of the refurbishment.
The only time the circuit is run on a reverse direction is during the D1 Grand Prix drifting round.
The series has hosted its rounds since 2003, with the exception of the 2004 closure.
The circuit became the first to take place on an international level racetrack and the first of the three to take place on an F1 circuit.
As part of the 2003 renovations, most of the old banked section of track was removed.
Only a small section remains.
Following both poor ticket sales and bad weather it was decided by FOM that the Japanese Grand Prix would be shared between Fuji Speedway and Suzuka on alternate years.
Suzuka would hold the next race on 4 October 2009.
After the global recession and its own financial problems, Toyota decided to stop hosting of Japanese Grand Prix.
Fuji Speedway in video games
Fuji is also featured in a number of video games including Top Gear, several Gran Turismo games and TOCA Race Driver.
Fuji Speedway in television
The Fuji circuit is featured prominently in the Japanese television drama Engine as the main setting for the racing scenes.
It is also the home of the (fictional) "Regulus Cup".
Fuji Speedway official website
Fuji Speedway info from official F1 website
Trackpedia's guide to the Fuji Speedway
BBC's circuit guide to the Fuji Speedway
The men's singles final was initially going to be played on September 12.
Rain postponed the final till the following day.
In the past two years the final was also pushed forward because of rain.
Rafael Nadal beat  Novak Djokovic, 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–2
Kim Clijsters beat  Vera Zvonareva, 6–2, 6–1
Bob Bryan /  Mike Bryan beat  Rohan Bopanna /  Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi, 7–6(5), 7–6(4).
Vania King /  Yaroslava Shvedova beat  Liezel Huber /  Nadia Petrova, 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(4)
Liezel Huber /  Bob Bryan beat  Květa Peschke /  Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi, 6–4, 6–4.
Jack Sock beat  Denis Kudla, 3–6, 6–2, 6–2
Daria Gavrilova beat  Yulia Putintseva, 6–3, 6–2
Duilio Beretta /  Roberto Quiroz beat  Oliver Golding /  Jiří Veselý, 6–1, 7–5
Tímea Babos /  Sloane Stephens beat  An-Sophie Mestach /  Silvia Njirić, walkover
Shingo Kunieda beat  Nicolas Peifer, walkover
Esther Vergeer beat  Daniela Di Toro, 6–0, 6–0
Maikel Scheffers /  Ronald Vink beat  Nicolas Peifer /  Jon Rydberg, 6–0, 6–0
Esther Vergeer /  Sharon Walraven beat  Daniela Di Toro /  Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–3
David Wagner beat  Peter Norfolk, 6–0, 2–6, 6–3
Nick Taylor /  David Wagner beat  Johan Andersson /  Peter Norfolk, 7–5, 7–6(4)
Qualifying stages
Ričardas Berankis
Martin Kližan
Dušan Lojda
Benoît Paire
Lukáš Rosol
Júlio Silva
Zuzana Kučová
Michelle Larcher de Brito
Mirjana Lučić
Rebecca Marino
Zuzana Ondrášková
Sally Peers
Sam Barry
Julien Cagnina
Alexios Halebian
Daiki Kondo
Karue Sell
Bruno Semenzato
Michael Zhu
Giammarco Micolani
Nigina Abduraimova
Robin Anderson
Brooke Austin
Julia Elbaba
Miyu Kato
Risa Ozaki
Sabina Sharipova
Chanelle Van Nguyen
Gabrielle Desimone
2010 in tennis
2010 in New York (state)
The 2010 US Open Men's Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw.
Marsel İlhan (First Round)
Go Soeda (First Round)
Karol Beck (First Round)
Édouard Roger-Vasselin (First Round)
Simone Bolelli (First Round)
Grega Žemlja (First Round)
Adrian Ungur (First Round)
David Guez (Qualifying Round)
Ričardas Berankis (Qualifier)
Rui Machado (Second Round)
Federico del Bonis (First Round)
Stéphane Bohli (Second Round)
Martin Fischer (First Round)
Ilija Bozoljac (Qualifying Round)
Ramón Delgado (Second Round)
João Souza (First Round)
<ol start="17">
Josselin Ouanna (Second Round)
Carlos Salamanca (First Round)
Stefan Koubek (Second Round)
Thiago Alves (First Round)
Daniel Muñoz-De La Nava (Qualifying Round)
'Robert Kendrick (Qualifier)
'Ivan Dodig (Qualifier)