the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Arab writers of the time continued to describe Ethiopia (no longer referred to as Aksum) as an extensive and powerful state, though they had lost control of most of the coast and their tributaries.
While land was lost in the north, it was gained in the south; and, though Ethiopia was no longer an economic power, it still attracted Arab merchants.
The capital was moved to a new location, currently unknown, though it may have been called Ku'bar or Jarmi.
Local history holds that, around 960, a Jewish Queen named Yodit (Judith) or "Gudit" defeated the empire and burned its churches and literature.
While there is evidence of churches being burned and an invasion around this time, her existence has been questioned by some western authors.
Another possibility is that the Aksumite power was ended by a southern pagan queen named Bani al-Hamwiyah, possibly of the tribe al-Damutah or Damoti of the Sidama people.
It is clear from contemporary sources that a female usurper did indeed rule the country at this time, and that her reign ended some time before 1003.
After a short Dark Age, the Aksumite Empire was succeeded by the Agaw Zagwe dynasty in the 11th or 12th century (most likely around 1137), although limited in size and scope.
However, Yekuno Amlak, who killed the last Zagwe king and founded the modern Solomonic dynasty around 1270 traced his ancestry and his right to rule from the last emperor of Aksum, Dil Na'od.
It should be mentioned that the end of the Aksumite Empire didn't mean the end of Aksumite culture and traditions; for example, the architecture of the Zagwe dynasty at Lalibela and Yemrehana Krestos Church shows heavy Aksumite influence.
Fearing of what recently occurred, Axum shifted its capital near Agew In the middle of the sixteenth century Adal Sultanate armies led by Harar leader Ahmed Gragn invaded the Ethiopian Highlands in what is known as the "Conquest of Habasha".
Following Gragn invasions the southern part of the Empire was lost to Ethiopia and scattered several groups like the Gurage people were cut off from the rest of Abyssinia.
In the late sixteenth century the nomadic Oromo people penetrated the Abyssinian plains occupying large territories during the Oromo migrations.
Abyssinian warlords often competed with each other for dominance of the realm.
The Amharas seemed to gain the upper hand with the accession of Yekuno Amlak of Ancient Bete Amhara in 1270, after defeating the Agaw lords of Lasta.
The Gondarian dynasty, which since the 16th century had become the centre of Royal pomp and ceremony of Abyssinia, finally lost its influence as a result of the emergence of powerful regional lords, following the murder of Iyasu I, also known as Iyasu the Great.
The decline in the prestige of the dynasty led to the semi-anarchic era of Zemene Mesafint("Era of the Princes"), in which rival warlords fought for power and the Yejju Oromo  enderases ("regents") had effective control.
The emperors were considered to be figureheads.
Until a young man named Kassa Haile Giorgis also known as Emperor Tewodros brought end to Zemene Mesafint by defeating all his rivals and took the throne in 1855.
The Tigrayans made only a brief return to the throne in the person of Yohannes IV in 1872, whose death in 1889 resulted in the power base shifting back to the dominant Amharic-speaking elite prior to Yejju Oromo and Tigrayan rule.
His successor Menelik II an Emperor of Amhara origin seized power.
League of Nations in 1935 reported that after the invasion of Menelik's forces into non Abyssinian-proper lands of Somalis, Harari, Southern Oromo, Sidama, Shanqellaetc, the inhabitants were enslaved and heavily taxed by the gebbar-feudal system leading to depopulation.
Some scholars consider the Amhara to have been Ethiopia's ruling elite for centuries, represented by the Solomonic line of Emperors ending in Haile Selassie I. Marcos Lemma and other scholars dispute the accuracy of such a statement, arguing that other ethnic groups have always been active in the country's politics.
This confusion may largely stem from the mislabeling of all Amharic-speakers as "Amhara" even though they were from a different ethnic group, and the fact that many people from other ethnic groups have adopted Amharic names.
Another is the claim that most Ethiopians can trace their ancestry to multiple ethnic groups, including the last self-proclaimed emperor Haile Selassie I and his Empress Itege Menen Asfaw of Ambassel of having both Amhara and Oromo linage.
Oromo migrations, occurred with the movement of a large pastoral population from the southeastern provinces of the Empire.
A contemporary account was recorded by the monk Abba Bahrey, from the Gamo region.
Subsequently, the empire organization changed progressively, with faraway provinces taking more independence.
A remote province such as Bale is last recorded paying tribute to the imperial throne during Yaqob reign (1590-1607).
By 1607, Oromos were also major players in the imperial politics, when Susenyos I, raised by a clan through gudifacha(or adoption), took power.
He was helped by fellow Luba age-group generals Mecha, Yilma and Densa, who were rewarded by Rist feudal lands, in the present-day Gojjam districts of the same name.
The reign of Iyasu I the Great (1682-1706) was a major period of consolidation.
It also saw the dispatching of embassies to Louis XIV's France and to Dutch India.
During the reign of Iyasu II (1730-1755), the Empire was strong enough to undertake a war on the Sennar Sultanate, where the emperor leading its army to Sennar itself, was afterwards forced to retreat upon defeat along the Setit river.
Iyasu II also conferred the dignity of Kantibai of the Habab (northern Eritrea) after homage by a new dynasty.
The Wallo and Yejju clans of the Oromo people rise to power culminated in 1755, when Emperor Iyoas I ascended to the imperial throne in Gondar.
They would be one of the major factions contending for imperial power during the ensuing Zemene Mesafint, starting from 1769, when Mikael Sehul, Ras of Tigray killed Iyoas I and replaced him with Yohannes II.
From 1874 to 1876, the Empire, under Yohannes IV, won the Ethiopian-Egyptian War, decisively beating the invading forces at the Battle of Gundet, in Hamasien province (in modern day Eritrea).
In 1887 Menelik king of Shewa invaded the Emirate of Harar after his victory at the Battle of Chelenqo.
Beginning in the 1890s, under the reign of the Emperor Menelik II, the empire's forces set off from the central province of Shoa to incorporate through conquest inhabited lands to the west, east and south of its realm.
The territories that were annexed included those of the Western Oromo (non-Shawan Oromo), Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta, and Dizi.
Among the imperial troops was Ras Gobena's Shewan Oromo militia.
Many of the lands that they annexed had never been under the empire's rule, with the newly incorporated territories resulting in the modern borders of Ethiopia.
Ethiopia, unlike the rest of Africa, had never been colonized.
Ethiopia was accepted as the first independent African-governed state at the League of Nations in 1922.
Ethiopia was occupied by Italy after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, but it was liberated by the Allies during World War II.
After the war, Ethiopia annexed Eritrea.
However, ethnic tensions surged between the Amhara and the various ethnic groups of Eritrea, as well as Oromo, Somali, and Tigray peoples, in Ethiopia proper, each of whom had formed separatist movements dedicated to leaving Ethiopia.
After the overthrow of the Ethiopian monarchy by the Derg military junta, the country became aligned with the Soviet Union and Cuba after the United States failed to support it in its military struggle with Somali separatists in the Ogaden region.
After the end of military government in Ethiopia in 1993, Eritrea separated from Ethiopia.
The Kingdom of Aksum, the first known kingdom of great power to rise in Ethiopia, rose during the first century AD.
The Persian religious figure Mani listed Axum with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his time.
It was in the early 4th century that a Syro-Greek castaway, Frumentius, was taken to the court and over time changed King Ezana to Christianity, making Christianity Ethiopia's religion.
For this, he received the title "Abba Selama".
At different times, including a time in the 6th century, Axum ruled most of modern-day Yemen just across the Red Sea.
The line of rulers of the actual Axumite kings ended around 950 AD when they were overthrown by the Jewish Queen Gudit; then it was followed by the Zagwe dynasty for around 300 years.
Around 1270 AD, the Solomonid dynasty came to control Ethiopia, claiming that they were related to the kings of Axum (though their claim was unscientific, they were even southern Ethiopia people, like from Shewa and such).
They called themselves Neguse Negest ("King of Kings," or Emperor), basing their claims on their direct relation to king Solomon and the queen of Sheba.
During the rule of Emperor Lebna Dengel, Ethiopia made its first good contact with a European country, Portugal in 1520.
When the Empire was attacked by Somali General and Imam, Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Portugal responded to Lebna Dengel's request for help with 400 musketeers, helping his son Gelawdewos beat al-Ghazi and remake his rule.
However, Jesuit missionaries over time offended the Orthodox faith of the local Ethiopians, and in the mid-17th century Emperor Fasilidos got rid of these missionaries.
At the same time, the Oromo people began to question the Ethiopian Christian authorities in the Abyssinian territories, and wanted to keep their own religion.
All of this led to Ethiopia's isolation during the 1700s.
The Emperors became figureheads, controlled by warlords like Ras Mikael Sehul of Tigray.
But Amharic is the national language of Ethiopia.
Ethiopian isolationism ended following a British mission that made friendship between the two nations; however, it was not until the reign of Tewodros II that Ethiopia began to take part in world matters once again.
In 1896 Italy was decisively defeated in the battle of Adwa by Emperor Menelik; an Amhara Emperor from the province of Shewa.
This battle dispelled the notion that Europeans were superior and could not be defeated by a black army.
It gave rise to the Pan African movement, and hope to other African countries who were conquered.
This victory made Ethiopia the only African country to successfully repel a European power during the Scramble of Africa.
In 1936 Italy again attacked, and succeeded in occupying Ethiopia until 1941.
With British help the 5 year occupation ended and Emperor Haile Selassie regained the throne.
Revolutionaries overthrew and killed the emperor in 1974.
The resulting civil war lasted until 1991.
Eritrea became independent and later fought the Eritrean–Ethiopian War.
Ethiopians are the native inhabitants of Ethiopia, as well as the global diaspora of Ethiopia.
Ethiopians constitute several component ethnic groups, many of which are closely related to ethnic groups in neighboring Eritrea and other parts of the Horn of Africa.
Ethiopia's population is highly diverse with different languages and ethnic groups.
Most of its people speak a Semitic or Cushitic language which are both part of the Afroasiatic language family, while others speak Nilo-Saharan languages.
The Oromo, Amhara, Somali and Tigrayans make up more than three-quarters (75%) of the population, but there are more than 80 different ethnic groups within Ethiopia.
Some of these have as few as 10,000 members.
Component Ethnicities
Major ethnic groups
Oromo 34.9%
Amhara 27.9%
Tigrayan 7.3%
Sidama 4.1%
Gurage 2.8%
Welayta 3%
Somali 2.7%
Hadiya 2.2%
Afar 0.6%
Other ethnic groups 12.6%
Ethiopian diaspora
Ethiopian Americans
Ethiopian Australians
Ethiopian Canadians
Ethiopian Jews in Israel
Ethiopians in Italy
Ethiopians in the United Kingdom
Ethiopians in Denmark
Ethiopians in Norway
Ethiopians in Sweden
Eritreans
Habesha peoples
Eritrean people of Ethiopian descent
Ethiopian people of Eritrean descent
National identity
Ethiopian nationalism, also referred to as Ethiopianism, Ethiopianness, Pan-Ethiopian nationalism, Ethiopian national identity, and Civic Nationalism in Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Community, asserts that Ethiopians are a nation and promotes the equality of all component ethnic groups.
Ethiopian people as a whole regardless of ethnicity constitute sovereignty as one polity.
Ethiopian nationalism is a type of civic nationalism in that it is multi-ethnic in nature and promotes multiculturalism.
The view espoused by Ethiopian nationalists is that Ethiopian civic nationalism is in contrast to and in opposition against ethno-nationalist supremacism fueled by ethnic federalist policies introduced by the EPRDF in which Ethiopian nationalists claim that regional subdivisions of the state were segregated according to ethnicity brought about by the partitioning and dissolution of traditionally multi-ethnic regions causing the internal displacement of people through internal population transfers.
However, there has been opposition to multi-ethnic Ethiopian civic nationalism from ethnic nationalist and separatists groups as seen in the surge of ethnic tensions between various Ethiopian ethnic groups and political parties most notably among the most populous ethnic groups in the country such as the Amhara, Oromo, Somali, and Tigray peoples, most of whom who have separatist movements among their ranks, and conflict between Ethiopia and various ethnic groups that make up the Eritrean population with Eritrean Provincial Separatists vying for and later accomplishing the independence of Eritrea (who had already formed their own region specific Eritrean Nationalism and national identity of the Eritreans which has keen similarities to that of Ethiopian civic nationalism because of its multi-ethnic nature).
In the aftermath of the Shewan Neftenya period that occurred, as a result of feudal lords from Shewa settling in the southern regions, other ethnic groups assimilated into the royal court culture by adopting the Amharic language, Orthodox Christianity, and other aristocratic cultural traits.
The Amhara culture-influenced royal court culture dominated throughout the eras of military and monarchic rule.
Both peasant Amhara culture and Ethiopian Empire royal court culture have heavily influenced each other; this Ethiopian royal court culture (that influenced and was influenced by Amhara culture) but is separate from traditional peasant Amhara culture, dominated throughout the eras of military and monarchic rule.
The difference between the average Amhara people (generally those of the peasant class) and high status royal court class (which was multi-ethnic but adopted the Amharic language) are described by Siegfried Pausewang says that "the term Amhara relates in contemporary Ethiopia to two different and distinct social groups.
The ethnic group of the Amhara, mostly a peasant population, is  different from a mixed group of urban people coming from different ethnic background, who have adopted Amharic as a common language and identify themselves as Ethiopians".
Due to language and certain cultural similarities, the multi-ethnic ruling class of the military and monarchic era has erroneously been described as an Amhara ruling class, in addition to the questionable existence of an ethnic group known as the Amhara people during  the time periods in question, has erroneously made the terms interchangeable (even within this article).
Aspects of Ethiopian nationalism have been described as a political principle centered at unification of Ethiopian identity.
The ideology was promulgated throughout ancient history, from Ethiopian Empire and the Derg rule.
For more than a century, Amhara ruling elite used this ideology to pursue an assimilation policy and consolidate power.
The conflict started between Abyssinia, ruled by Amhara ethnic groups, and various subjugated ethnic groups such as Oromo, Sidama, and Tigray.
In 1991 Eritrea achieved independence as the Derg collapsed and the TPLF assumed power and created an ethnic-federal state.
Both the Haile Selassie and Derg governments relocated numerous Amharas into southern Ethiopia including the present-day Oromia Region, where they served in government administration, courts, church and even in schools, where Oromo texts were eliminated and replaced by Amharic.
As a result of these steps, ethnic tensions surged against the Neftenya system where the Oromo, Somali, and Tigray peoples, each of whom had formed separatist movements such as the OLF, TPLF, ELF and ONLF struggled to leave the Ethiopian Empire, which led to the Ethiopian Civil War.
Oromo ethnic nationalists and Ethiopian civic nationalists continue to have conflicting narratives over the status of Addis Ababa.
Oromo ethnic nationalist claim that Addis Ababa should be ceded to Oromia Region and/or lead by Oromo people, while Ethiopian civic nationalists believe that it should stay as an independent city with leadership open to all people regardless of ethnicity.
The Abyssinian elites perceived the Oromo identity and languages as hindrances to Ethiopian national identity expansion.
Regions, zones, and districts
Before 1996, Ethiopia was divided into 13 provinces.
Ethiopia now has ethnically based regional countries, zones, districts, and neighborhoods.
There are nine regions, sixty-eight zones and two chartered cities.
Ethiopia is further divided into 550 woredas and several special woredas.
1991 establishments in Africa
Utah is a state in the west United States.
The capital and largest city is Salt Lake City.
Utah became a state in the U.S. on January 4, 1896.
Utah is bordered by Idaho and Wyoming in the north and Colorado in the east.
It touches a single point of New Mexico to the southeast at Four Corners.
Utah is bordered by Arizona in the south, and by Nevada in the west.
It covers an area of 84,899 square miles (219,887 km²).
Utah is mostly rocky with three distinct geological regions: the Rocky Mountains, the Great Basin, and the Colorado Plateau.
Utah is a great geographical tourism place.
Utah is known for its natural diversity and is home to features ranging from arid deserts with sand dunes to thriving pine forests in mountain valleys.
Utah has a dry, semi-arid to  climate, although its many mountains have large, wide, differences of climates, with the highest points in the Uinta Mountains being above the .
The dry weather  from the state lying mostly in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada in California.
The eastern half of the state is in the rain shadow of the Wasatch Mountains.
The primary source of rain for the state is the Pacific Ocean, with the state normally lying in the path of large Pacific storms from mid-October through April, although northern Utah often sees these large storms earlier and later.
In summer, the state, normally southern and eastern Utah, is in the path of monsoon  from the Gulf of California.
Most of the lowland areas get less than 12 inches (300 mm) of rain a year.
The Great Salt Lake Desert is the driest area of the state, with less than 5 inches (125 mm).
Snowfall is common in all but the far southern valleys.
Although St. George only gets about 3 inches (7.5 cm) per year, Salt Lake City sees about 60 inches (150 cm), enhanced by the lake-effect snow from the Great Salt Lake, which increases snowfall totals to the south, southeast, and east of the lake.
Some areas of the Wasatch Range in the path of the lake-effect get up to 700 inches (1,770 cm) per year.
The  dry, fluffy, snow led Utah's ski industry to get the slogan "the Greatest Snow on Earth" in the 1980s.
In the winter, temperature  are a phenomenon across Utah's low basins and valleys, leading to thick humidity and fog that can sometimes last for weeks at a time, normally in the Uintah Basin.
The center of population of Utah is in Salt Lake County in the city of "Salt Lake City".
As of July 1, 2008 the Census Bureau believes Utah has a population of 2,736,424.
In 2008, the US Census Bureau determined Utah to be the fastest growing state in the country in terms of population growth.
Much of the population lives in cities and towns along the Wasatch Front, a  region that runs north-south with the Wasatch Mountains rising on the eastern side.
Growth outside the Wasatch Front is also increasing.
The St. George metropolitan area is right now the second-fastest growing in the country after the Las Vegas metropolitan area, while the Heber metropolitan area is also the second-fastest growing in the country (right in front of Palm Coast, Florida).
The University of Utah says that the gross state product of Utah in 2005 was $92 billion, or 0.74% of the total United States GDP of $12.4 trillion for the same year.
The per capital personal income was $24,977 in 2005.
Major companies of Utah are: mining, cattle ranching, salt production, and government services.
In eastern Utah petroleum making is a big industry.
In central Utah, coal mining accounts for much of the mining activity.
Age and Gender
Utah has a high total birth rate, and the youngest population of any U.S. state.
It is also one of the few non-Southern states that has more males than females.
49.9 percent female
50.1 percent male
Most of the state's people are members of "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", commonly referred to as the Mormons or the LDS Church.
As of 2007, 60.7 percent of everyone in the state are members of "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints".
Mormons are not as common as they used to be in Salt Lake City.
Usually, rural areas are almost all Mormon.
Though the LDS Church does not support or oppose any political parties, the church's doctrine has a strong connection with politics.
In the past, many of Utah's lawmakers have been church members; the effect has contributed to the state's  towards alcohol (sales and content) and gambling.
Another effect can be seen in Utah's high birth rate (25 percent higher than the national normal; the highest for a state in the U.S.).
The Mormons in Utah normally have conservative views when it comes to most political .
Most voter-age Utahns do not belong to a political party (60%), but vote mostly for Republicans.
John McCain got 62.5% of the vote in the 2008 Presidential Election while 70.9% of people of Utah chose George W. Bush in 2004.
Popular towns and cities
According to the 2000 Census, Utah was the fourth fastest growing state (at 29.6 percent) in the United States between 1990 and 2000.
St. George, in the southwest, is the second-fastest growing  area in the United States, right behind Greeley, Colorado.
The state's two fastest growing counties are: "Summit" (at 91.6 percent; ranking it 8th in the country) and "Washington" (at 86.1 percent; ranking it 12th).
The cities (defined as having at least 9,000 people living there in 2000) that saw the greatest increases between 1990 and 2000 were: "Draper" (248 percent), "South Jordan" (141 percent), "Lehi" (125 percent), "Riverton" (122 percent), and "Syracuse" (102 percent).
Between 1990 and 2000 the five fastest-growing cities of any size were "Cedar Hills" (302 percent), "Draper" (248 percent), "Woodland Hills" (213 percent), "Ivins" (173 percent), and "South Jordan" (141 percent).
The U.S. Census Bureau estimates, the five fastest-growing cities of any size between 2000 and 2008 were "Saratoga Springs" (1,501%), "Herriman" (1,061%), "Eagle Mountain" (934%), "Cedar Hills" (209%), and "Lehi" (146%).
1896 establishments in the United States
The Bahamas (officially called Commonwealth of the Bahamas) is a group of islands in the West Indies.
The country's capital, Nassau, is on New Providence Island.
The Taino were the first people living there.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus found the Americas by landing on another of the islands, San Salvador.
The Eleutheran Adventurers soon came along, making a home in Eleuthera.
Lucayanss were the first people to arrive in the Bahamas.
They moved into the southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century AD, having come there from South America.
They came to be known as the Lucayan.
About 30,000 Lucayan lived the Bahamas when Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492.
Columbus' first landfall in the New World was on an island named San Salvador, which some scholars believe to be present-day San Salvador Island.
The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to move to Hispaniola.
They were used for forced labour.
This and the exposure to foreign diseases led to most of the population of the Bahamas dying.
Smallpox alone wiped out half of the population in what is now the Bahamas.
In 1670, King Charles II rented out the islands to the Carolinas, along with rights of trading, tax, and governing the country.
During this time, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates, including the infamous Blackbeard.
To restore proper government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718.
The first governor was Woodes Rogers.
After the American War of Independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists and their slaves in the Bahamas from New York, Florida, and the Carolinas.
The first group of loyalists left St. Augustine in East Florida in September 1783.
These Loyalists established plantations on several islands.
British Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory.
Nearly 500,000 people live in the Bahamas.
The ethnic groups of the population is:  82% African descent  15% European & Mixed descent  3% Asian and other.
The official language of the Bahamas is English, but they also speak a local dialect called Bahamianese.
The Bahamian dialect is based based on the West Country England accents along with South Hiberno English dialects with strong influences from West African languages.
The closest island to the United States is Bimini.
The southeasternmost island is Inagua.
The largest island is Andros Island.
Nassau, capital city of The Bahamas, is on the island of New Providence.
All the islands are low and flat.
The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia on Cat Island.
The climate of The Bahamas is subtropical to tropical.
The Gulf Stream can be very dangerous in the summer and autumn.
This is when hurricanes pass near or through the islands.
Hurricane Andrew hit the northern islands during the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season.
Hurricane Floyd hit most of the islands during the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season.
There has never been a freeze reported in The Bahamas.
The temperature can fall as low as .
The Bahamas does not have an army or an air force.
The Royal Bahamas Defence Force (RBDF) is the navy.
The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 2 aircraft and over 850 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women.
Official Government Website
The Ministry of Tourism's Site
1973 establishments in North America
Vanuatu is a country in the Pacific Ocean.
The official languages of Vanuatu are Bislama, English and French.
Vanuatu has a population of over 250,000 people.
The capital of Vanuatu is Port Vila.
The country was ruled as a colony by England and France.
It got its independence in 1980.
During the colonial time, it was named the "New Hebrides" or "Nouvelles Hebrides".
Evidence shows, that people lived in Vanuatu by 1300 BC.
Portuguese explorer Pedro Fernández de Quirós first discovered the islands in 1606.
British explorer, navigator James Cook discovered the islands in 1774.
Cook mapped the islands and named them New Hebrides.
Vanuatu is an island archipelago.
It has about 82 small islands.
The islands were made from volcanoes.
65 of the islands are inhabited.
There is about  north to south distance between the outermost islands.
Two of the islands (Matthew and Hunter) are also claimed by France.
Fourteen of Vanuatu's islands have surface areas of more than .
Even though it has tropical forests, Vanuatu has a small number of plant and animal species.
There are no large mammals.
The 19 species of native reptiles include the flowerpot snake, found only on Efate.
The Fiji Banded Iguana (Brachylophus fasciatus) was introduced as a feral animal in the 1960s.
There are 11 species of bats and 61 species of land and water birds.
The region is rich in sea life.
There are more than 4,000 species of marine molluscs.
Coneshell and stonefish carry poison that will kill humans.
The giant East African land snail arrived only in the 1970s but already has spread from the Port-Vila region to Luganville.
There are three or possibly four adult saltwater crocodiles living in Vanuatu's mangroves and no current breeding population.
It is said the crocodiles reach the northern part of the islands after cyclones.
This is because of the island chain's closeness to the Solomon Islands and New Guinea, where crocodiles are very common.
There are six provinces in Vanuatu.
They are Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea and Torba.
Bunlap
Forari
Ipikil
Ipota
Lakatoro
Lamap
Lorevilko
Luganville
Lénakel
Port Olry
Port Vila - Capital
Rovo Bay
Sulphur Bay
1980 establishments in Oceania
Jack is a male given name.
Jack (1996 movie), a 1996 movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Robin Williams
Jack (Tekken), a character in the Tekken series of video games
Jack (tool), a tool used for lifting
A playing card that has a J on it
A Phone connector
Stuff (cloth), a type of woollen or worsted cloth or fabric.
Stuffing, something that is used to fill the inside of foods
Stuffed animal, a soft children's toy
Stuffed or preserved animals, created through the art of taxidermy
Bit stuffing, a technique using in communication protocols
HowStuffWorks, a website explaining how various things work
Stuff, a slang term for a pitcher's ability to make a pitch move dramatically in baseball
Crayola is an American brand of crayons and other writing and drawing utensils, such as markers, chalk and colored pencils.
The company used to be called "Binney & Smith Company".
It is based in Northampton, Massachusetts.
Since 1984, it has been owned by the company Hallmark Cards.
Binney and Smith made industrial products before 1900, but in 1903 started to make Crayola crayons.
The name came from a word used by the wife of Mr. Binney.
The first box had eight colors: blue, green, red, yellow, black, brown, orange and violet.
They became well-known because they were the best crayons at that time.
Later, the company made more products, including boxes of 48, 64, 96, 120 and 200 Crayons, colored pencils and markers.
Sir Richard Starkey MBE (born 7 July 1940), known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English actor and musician.
He is known as a former member of the Beatles.
He joined the group in 1962 as a replacement for their first drummer Pete Best.
He quickly became well-liked and very popular.
He sang lead on some of the band's songs including "Yellow Submarine", "Act Naturally", "Don't Pass Me By", and "Octopus's Garden".
Starr acted in several movies aside from the ones he did with the Beatles, including The Magic Christian (1969), That'll Be The Day (1973), Caveman (1980), and the role of Mr. Conductor on the children's show Shining Time Station, during its first season (1989). (
Comedian George Carlin later took over the role).
He also narrated the children's show Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends for the first two seasons (1984-1986).
He also made a movie with the Beatles called A Hard Day's Night in 1964.
He guest starred in the first episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog as an Alien Duck.
Sentimental Journey (1970)
Beaucoups of Blues (1970)
Ringo (1973)
Goodnight Vienna (1974)
Ringo's Rotogravure (1976)
Ringo the 4th (1977)
Bad Boy (1978)
Stop the Smell the Roses (1981)
Old Wave (1983)
Time Takes Time (1992)
Vertical Man (1998)
Ringo Rama (2003)
Choose Love (2005)
Liverpool 8 (2008)
Y Not (2010)
Ringo 2012 (2012)
Ringo Starr's official website
Academy Award winners
Actors from Liverpool
English drummers
Oslo is the capital city of Norway.
It is Norway's largest city, with a population of 647,676 people in 2015.
The area near the city has a total population of 1,546,706.
The city government of Oslo and the county are the same thing.
Oslo today
The city is an economic and cultural epicenter.
Many important institutions are in Oslo.
Among these are the Norwegian government and parliament, the University of Oslo and Ullevål Stadium, the stadium of Norway's soccer team.
The city also has many museums, theaters and concert venues.
Some good cultural places are Frognerparken, the Oslo Opera, the National Museum and the National Theatre.
Travelling inside the city is easy with public transportation.
Using tram, subway and bus is easy.
Oslo feels divided into to two parts.
West end and East end, with the West traditionally being the upper/middle class area and the East end being a working class and poor area.
This has faded in the last 50 years.
Fewer people are manual workers and more people are employed in better paid middle-class jobs.
Oslo is a very expensive city, with high prices in bars and restaurants, as well as high prices for houses and apartments.
Oslo has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
The Saga of Norwegian Kings (written by Snorre Sturlason) says that king Harald III Sigurdsson founded Oslo around 1048.
Recent archaeological research has found Christian graves from before 1000.
Because of these two facts, Oslo celebrated its 900-year anniversary in 1950 and its 1000-year anniversary in 2000.
One of the more famous landmarks in Oslo is Akershus Fortress.
It was first built around 1290.
Oslo was destroyed in fire in 1624, and the fortress was rebuilt closer to Akershus Fortress by the order of King Christian IV of Norway.
The king gave the new city the name Christiania, which later also written as Kristiania.
In 1925 the name of the city was changed back to Oslo.
Oslo Kommune official website
11th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Norway
Lincoln Thompson (June 18, 1949 - January 23, 1999) was a Jamaican reggae musician, songwriter and Rastafarian.
He spent 2 years in the Tartans as a teenager before working under Coxsone Dodd in the early 1970s.
In 1974 he released his first record, Humanity.
The album had popular singles but it did not sell many copies until Thompson made a deal with Ballistics Records, a part of the record label United Artists, in 1979.
This album was released commercially and there were 2 other albums recorded with Ballistics.
These albums were recorded in 1979 and 1980.
Experience was recorded in Jamaica.
The next album, Natural Wild, was recorded in England with Joe Jackson.
Ballistics went bankrupt, and Thompson returned to Jamaica.
There, he recorded the album, Ride with the Rasses in 1982.
The next year, he took his family to live in London where he recorded a 5th album, Rootsman Blues.
He then set up an Ital grocery shop named The Rasses Fish and Grocery Store in London.
Thanks to an American sponsor, a 6th album came out in 1996, called 21st century.
He died in 1999 of cancer.
Album lyrics
Jamaican entertainers
Many of Hanks' early movies were comedies.
He was made famous by his roles in Splash and Big.
He made his way into drama with A League of Their Own and Philadelphia.
He combined the two genres with Forrest Gump.
Hanks has starred in many more famous movies since, including Apollo 13, Saving Private Ryan, Toy Story (only his voice was used), Cast Away, The Terminal, The Da Vinci Code, The Green Mile, Captain Phillips, Sully, Bridge of Spies and The Post.
Hanks played Fred Rogers in Marielle Heller's biographical movie A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019), a role which earned him a Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations.
Hanks has won several awards for acting.
He won both a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Philadelphia.
He also won a Golden Globe, an Academy Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a People's Choice Award for Best Actor for his role in Forrest Gump.
For his role in Saving Private Ryan, Hanks was honored as an honorary member of the United States Army Rangers Hall of Fame.
On March 12, 2020, Hanks announced that he and his wife Rita had tested positive for COVID-19 while shooting Elvis in Australia.
Music video appearances
Actors from Contra Costa County, California
People from Concord, California
Hook (movie), a movie based on the story of Peter Pan, starring Robin Williams and Dustin Hoffman
Fishing hook, something used to catch fish
A hook is something that writers put at the end of a chapter or at the beginning in a book or paper used to encourage the reader to keep reading
His style of music is called "hip-hop."
He was born in Seattle, Washington.
He is best known for his hit song "Baby Got Back".
That song has catchy phrases and cheap humor, and it talks about liking women with big buttocks.
This made it popular in the United States during the 1990s.
Actors from Seattle, Washington
American rap musicians
African-American rappers
Singers from Seattle, Washington
Dick York (September 4, 1928 – February 20, 1992) was an American actor.
He is best known for his role as Darren Stephens on the television series Bewitched.
York left the series in 1969 and was replaced by Dick Sargent.
Actors from Indiana
James Earl Jones (born Todd Jones on January 17, 1931) is an American actor.
He is famous for doing the voice of Darth Vader in the Star Wars movies, for doing the voice of Mufasa in The Lion King and in the 2019 remake, and for the CNN tagline ("This...is CNN").
He starred in Lincoln Portrait which has music by Aaron Copland.
Jones has won two Tony Awards for his live theatre work on Broadway.
He won an Emmy Award for his role on the television series Gabriel's Fire.
James Earl Jones  at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
James Earl Jones at Emmys.com
TonyAwards.com Interview with James Earl Jones
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof All African-American Production Website
"Calvin and Hobbes" is a comic strip by Bill Watterson about a boy called Calvin and a tiger called Hobbes.
When Calvin looks at Hobbes, he sees a real tiger.
However, everyone else sees Hobbes as a toy.
This comic began in 1985 and has been in over 2,400 newspapers.
Readers bought almost 23 million Calvin and Hobbes books.
In the comic, Calvin spends a lot of time with Hobbes.
In pictures with only Calvin and Hobbes in them, Hobbes looks like a cartoon tiger.
He stands on two legs.
In pictures with any other person, Hobbes looks like a stuffed animal.
Calvin meets Hobbes in the first story.
Calvin catches him with a string and a tuna fish sandwich as bait.
Calvin and Hobbes have all sorts of trouble and adventures.
The comic strip continued from November 18, 1985 until December 31, 1995.
Calvin is a 6-year-old boy.
He is named after a religious thinker, or theologian, John Calvin.
His last name is never in the comic.
Calvin often pretends, and he has a powerful imagination.
He also does things without thinking.
He is often very excited and is curious about everything.
Sometimes he is selfish and rude.
Calvin does not get good grades in school, but he knows very many complex words that usually only adults know. "
You know how Einstein got bad grades as a kid?"
he says. "
Well, mine are even worse!"
Calvin usually wears a shirt with red stripes on it.
He has blond hair that stands up on his head.
Watterson has described Calvin this way:
"Calvin is pretty easy to do because he is outgoing and rambunctious and there's not much of a filter between his brain and his mouth."
"I guess he's a little too intelligent for his age.
The thing that I really enjoy about him is that he has no sense of restraint, he doesn't have the experience yet to know the things that you shouldn't do."
In classic comic tradition of sidekicks, Hobbes is like Calvin's 'good side' because he is more mature and makes smarter decisions than Calvin does.
When Calvin does something like throw a snowball at a girl, Hobbes will say "You think she's cute, right?"
From most characters' point of view, Hobbes is Calvin's stuffed tiger.
However, from Calvin's point of view, Hobbes is as alive and real just like other characters in the comic strip.
He is named after 17th century philosopher Thomas Hobbes, who had what Watterson called "a dim view of human nature."
Hobbes is much more alert and aware of the bad things that can happen than Calvin is.
But, he does not stop Calvin's trouble making.
All that he really does is warn him.
Calvin will be the one to get in trouble for doing something wrong, not Hobbes.
Hobbes also likes to surprise Calvin.
He approaches him quietly and then jumping on Calvin.
Calvin hates this.
From Calvin's point of view, Hobbes is a real, intelligent, loyal, and cunning tiger, much larger than Calvin and full of his own attitudes and ideas.
But when the view changes to any other character, readers see merely a little stuffed tiger.
Watterson explains it like this:
Although the first strips clearly show Calvin capturing Hobbes by means of a trap (with tuna fish as the bait), a later comic (August 1, 1989) seems to imply that Hobbes is, in fact, older than Calvin, and has been around with him his whole life.
Watterson decided that it was not important to explain how Calvin and Hobbes had first met.
Calvin's family
Calvin's mom and dad are mostly American middle-class parents; like many other characters in the strip, their relatively realistic and sensible manners act as a contrast to Calvin's childish and selfish behavior.
Both parents go through the entire strip without names.
They are only called "Mom" and "Dad", or nicknames such as "hon" and "dear."
Watterson has never given Calvin's parents names "because as far as the strip is concerned, they are important only as Calvin's mom and dad."
This ended up being somewhat problematic when Calvin's Uncle Max was in the strip for a week and could not refer to the parents by name, and was one of the main reasons that Max never reappeared.
Susie Derkins
Susie Derkins, the only character in the strip with both first and last names, is a classmate of Calvin who lives in his neighborhood.
She first appeared early in the strip as a new student in Calvin's class.
Unlike Calvin, she is polite and very smart and eager to improve in her studies and grades at school, and her imagination usually seems mild-mannered and calm, consisting of a standard young girls' games such as playing house or having tea parties with her stuffed animals.
Her approach to these games is arguably more modern, however, some might say even skeptical. (
In a game of "house" she usually casts herself as the traditional working wife while Calvin is the lousy and useless husband or some version similar to that.) "
Derkins" was the nickname of Watterson's wife's family beagle, and he liked the name so much he named this character after it.
As much as either of them hate to admit, Calvin and Susie have quite a bit in common. (
Susie is shown on occasion with a stuffed rabbit known as "Mr. Bun," and Calvin always has Hobbes.)
Watterson admits that Calvin and Susie have a bit of a wild crush on each other (Said by Calvin, "It's shameless the way we flirt."),
and that Susie is inspired by the type of women Watterson himself finds attractive (which has led to speculation that Susie is based on Watterson's wife).
Her relationship with Calvin, though, is frequently conflicted, and never really becomes sorted out, and the closest things are times when Calvin sends dead flowers and hate-mail as Valentine's Day gifts for his own enjoyment. (
She feels he likes her enough to send her that gift, and he rejoices in her noticing.)
Sometimes Hobbes does something to attract Susie's romantic attention.
He is often successful and this makes Calvin angry and jealous.
Although on the surface these events take the form of Hobbes teasing Calvin and showing off his charms, they may be Calvin's way to disguise his own crush on Susie, by pretending that it is Hobbes' crush instead.
Moe is a bully, "a six-year-old who shaves" who is always pushing Calvin against walls, forcing to give him to give away his lunch money, and calling him "Twinky."
Moe is the only regular character who speaks in an unusual font: his (frequently monosyllabic) dialogue is shown in rough, lower-case letters.
Watterson describes Moe as "every jerk I've ever known."
And while Moe is not smart, he is, as Calvin puts it, streetwise.
That means, as Calvin says, "he knows what street he lives on".
Miss Wormwood
Miss Wormwood is Calvin's bored and depressed teacher, named after the apprentice devil in C.S. Lewis's The Screwtape Letters.
She continuously wears polka-dotted dresses, and serves like others as a foil to Calvin's rude behavior.
Calvin's response to the boring studies of schoolwork is endless dreams of his imagination.
She is eagerly waiting to retire, taking a large amount of medication, and is apparently a heavy smoker and alcohol drinker.
As usual, for an adult entering Calvin's world, Miss Wormwood sees things differently from Calvin.
For example, when she talks to Calvin about his missing homework, Calvin's Spaceman Spiff persona sees her as a large slimy threatening snarling alien. "
Slowly, carefully, Spiff draws his death-ray blaster".
Rosalyn
Rosalyn is a teenage high school senior student and the person who watches Calvin whenever Calvin's parents go on a night out together.
She is the only babysitter able to put up with Calvin's bad behavior, which she uses to demand raises and advance payment from Calvin's desperate parents.
She is also, according to Watterson, the only person Calvin truly fears— certainly she is his equal in sneakiness, and is willing to play as dirty as he does.
Rosalyn has a habit of sending him to bed at 6:30, which he refuses to do, and only makes more trouble.
Rosalyn's boyfriend, Charlie, never appears in the strip, but calls her on the telephone sometimes.
Calvin often cuts short these calls.
Originally, she was created as a nameless, one-time only character with no plans to appear again; however, Watterson decided he wanted to keep her unique ability to scare Calvin, which led to many more appearances.
At one time during the strip shown in the book collection "The Revenge of the Babysat", Calvin's parents prepare to go out on a night with a dinner and a movie while leaving Calvin with Rosalyn.
When he finds out she is coming, Calvin runs up to Hobbes and explains the situation.
Later when Rosalyn appears, Calvin and Hobbes hear that Rosalyn needs to study for a big science test.
They decide to ruin her studying.
After Calvin's parents leave, Calvin approaches Rosalyn, curious about what she's doing.
After slyly talking her away from her science notes, he quickly grabs them, runs to the bathroom door with Hobbes, and locks the door while Rosalyn yells from he outside demanding her notes back.
Once they "flushed" her notes (in which they only pretended to and flushed an empty toilet).
Moments later when the wonder if Rosalyn has gone, Calvin opens the door only to find Rosalyn pounce upon him and throw him to bed at 7 o'clock which Hobbes notes that they went to bed 30 minutes later than usual.
The ending shows Calvin's parents coming back home to find Rosalyn charge extra money for the job while Calvin's parents argue if there's another babysitter in town.
Common subjects
Calvin's other personalities
Stupendous man: Calvin imagines himself as a superhero by wearing a cape and mask made by his mom.
He imagines other people as villains and he fights them.
For example, he calls his mother "Mom-Lady".
He calls his teacher "Crab Teacher", and Susie,"Annoying Girl".
His babysitter, Rosalyn, is known as "Babysitter Girl".
Snowballs and snowmen
During the winter, Calvin likes to make ugly or frightening snowmen when once Calvin created the "Deranged Mutant Killer Monster Snow Goons".
Also, his snowmen creations have had snowmen with missing or multiple heads, snowmen taking another's head for a bowling ball, and snowmen being "knocked over" by his family's car.
Also, Calvin frequently throws snowballs at Susie, most likely having himself being chased by Susie.
Once Calvin (while in his "Stupendous Man" alter-ego) also made a gigantic snowball and dropped it at Susie while on top of a tree, as where Susie's mom described it as a "the size of a bowling ball".
Monsters under the bed
The monsters under the bed are described as scary, octopus-tentacled shaped creatures that lived under Calvin's bed every time he went to sleep.
Often, they would try to bribe Calvin to come under the bed by giving him a new toy or by urging Hobbes to push Calvin over in return for a fresh piece of salmon.
According to Calvin he'd usually describe them as "all fangs and no brains".