the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The regular English Wikipedia is the largest Wikipedia edition.
Wikipedia began as a related project for Nupedia.
Nupedia was a free English-language online encyclopedia project.
Nupedia's articles were written and owned by Bomis, Inc which was a web portal company.
The main people of the company were Jimmy Wales, the guy in charge of Bomis, and Larry Sanger, the editor-in-chief of Nupedia.
Nupedia was first licensed under the Nupedia Open Content License which was changed to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia was founded and made their first article when Richard Stallman requested them.
Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales are the ones who started Wikipedia.
Wales is credited with defining the goals of the project.
Sanger created the strategy of using a wiki to reach Wales' goal.
On January 10, 2001, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.
Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001.
It was launched as an English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com, and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.
Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, and was similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbiased" policy.
Otherwise, there weren't very many rules initially, and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.
Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot, and also from search engines.
It grew to about 20,000 articles, and 18 languages by the end of 2001.
By late 2002 it had 26 languages, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004.
Nupedia and Wikipedia both existed until Nupedia's servers were stopped in 2003.
After this, its text was incorporated into Wikipedia.
The English Wikipedia passed the 2 million-article mark on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, even larger than the Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), which had held the record for exactly 600 years.
The English Wikipedia reached 3 million articles in August 2009.
The numbers of articles and contributors appeared to be growing less quickly around spring 2007.
On January 15, 2011, Wikipedia celebrated its 10th anniversary.
It used a special logo (pictured) to celebrate its 10 years since it opened on January 15, 2001.
The logo was used for the whole day on the sidebar of English Wikipedia.
Using Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a free site where anybody can start or change a page.
It is a global site that is available in many languages.
While people can use any searching engine, the Wikipedia page will come out in the first results of many searches.
To use Wikipedia better, people should understand the basic function of the page.
The page is organized while they are looking up the page.
As Wikipedia users, they should have a good understanding of Wikipedia and its features.
Did you know: Trivia from new articles.
In the news: News of the world.
On this day: Anniversaries.
Current events: Not available at present.
Wikipedia - multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions of the project)
Wikipedia  at the Open Directory Project
CBC News: I, editor
Wikipedia - Citizendium
Websites established in 2001
A conservation law is a statement used in physics that says that the amount of something does not change in time.
That thing could be as simple as mass or charge, or something that has to be calculated, like energy, or angular momentum.
For example, the "law of conservation of mass" is the conservation law that says that the amount of mass is always conserved, even if it is changed into another form.
This means that if the mass of the universe could be measured right now, its mass would be known tomorrow because it will not change.
For a long time, people thought that these laws were true for the amount of mass and energy in the universe.
Later on, Albert Einstein said that they were not completely true.
He said that mass could change into energy (or the other way around).
If this happened, it would be against the conservation laws because if mass was changed into energy, the total amount of mass goes down, and the total amount of energy goes up.
Einstein said that conservation laws could still be used if all the mass and all the energy were combined.
He said that even though the mass changes or the energy changes, the sum when they are added together does not change.
So now there is just one conservation law for mass and energy together.
Of course, mass is measured in kilograms, and energy is measured in joules.
They cannot be added together directly, but Einstein found a way to add them together.
He created the equation .
This equation means is that before adding the amount of mass to the amount of energy, the mass must be multiplied by the speed of light and then by the speed of light again.
mass and energy added together
angular momentum
Conservation laws are helpful for people when they do problems in Physics.
This is because if they know that a thing is conserved, it gives them more mathematical information about the thing they are doing the problem about.
Emmy Noether showed that conservation laws can be said to arise from symmetries in the laws of physics.
This theorem, called Noether's theorem gives physicists an extremely powerful tool to try and solve complicated problems.
Since there is no absolute position, only relative position, we can get that the total momentum of a closed system is conserved.
Since there is no absolute time, only relative time, we can get that the total energy of a closed system is conserved.
Since there is no absolute orientation or preferred direction in space, only relative orientation, we can get that the total angular momentum of a closed system is conserved.
There are more sophisticated symmetries, like local gauge invariance which lead to the conservation of charge.
Types of Conservation laws
Global conservation
Local conservation
A local conservation law says a little bit more than that.
It says that if the amount of something changed in one place, it is because it moved into or out of that place, and we can measure that movement.
Animal rights is a term used for the general belief that non-human animals deserve rights.
Most people that support animal rights believe that humans should not use animals in food, clothing, experimentation, and entertainment.
People that support animal rights also believe that just as you have human rights simply because you are a human, other animals deserve animal rights simply because they are an animal.
Animal cruelty
Animal Farm (novel)
Animal rights movement
Animal Rights Library
Aaron Benjamin Sorkin (born June 9, 1961) is an American screenwriter and movie director.
He is most famous for creating and writing The West Wing, a television series about the lives of people who work in the White House.
He also wrote the movies The American President and A Few Good Men (which he took from a play he had written with the same name), and created and wrote the television series Sports Night.
A director, he is known for his works in Molly's Game, The Trial of the Chicago 7 and Being the Ricardos.
Academy Award winning writers
476 – The last Western Roman Emperor in Rome was removed by Odoacer the Ostrogoth.
1061 Normans conquer Messina in Sicily
1062 Marrakech starts.
1066 Normans conquer England
1066 William the Conqueror became King of England on Christmas Day in Westminster Abbey.
1068 Japan changes emperors.
Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt at the Battle of Actium (2 September 31 BC).
On August 30 BC Octavian captures Alexandria.
Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra suicide (kill themselves).
Romans kill Cleopatra's son and co-ruler (this means they ruled the country together) Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
Egypt becomes part of the Roman Republic and Octavian becomes the ruler of Rome and all Romans.
Rome will soon become an Empire not a Republic.
Herod the Great builds Masada (37–31 BC) as a place to escape to if Jewish people attack him.
Mark Antony, Roman politician and general (83–30 BC).
Pharaoh (Egyptian Queen) Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian) Roman politician and general (62 BC – 14).
Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (lived 47–30 BC, ruled 44–30 BC).
Aristophanes (born around 450/445 BC – died around 385 BC) was a Greek writer who wrote 40 plays.
However, only 11 of his plays survive in their entirety.
He is famous for writing comedies.
They were biting satires aimed at famous men of his day, and the all-too-human weaknesses of ordinary people.
His most famous play, Lysistrata, is about a group of women who protest against a war by not having sexual intercourse with their husbands until the war is ended.
Ancient Greek theatre was first presented in competitions at the festival of Dionysia, dedicated to the god Dionysus.
The interesting thing is that Aristophanes did not always win first prize.
The plays which won ahead of his have been lost, so we cannot make any comparisons.
A licence for slander
"Never probably will the full power of unshackled comedy be so exhibited again...the unsparing licence of attack upon the gods, the institutions, the politicians, philosophers, poets, private citizens... and even upon the women of Athens".
"[Athenians] bore with good-humoured indulgence the full outpouring of ridicule... upon those democratic institutions to which they were sincerely attached... The democracy was strong enough to tolerate unfriendly tongues either in earnest or in jest.p450/452
Surviving plays
The Acharnians (425 BC)  Aristophanes shows he will not give in to political intimidation.
The play is notable for absurd humour, and an imaginative appeal for an end to the Peloponnesian War
The Knights (424 BC) The play is a satire on the social and political life of Athens and a scurrilous attack on the pro-war populist Cleon.
Cleon had prosecuted Aristophanes for slandering the city in an earlier play, The Babylonians (426 BC: it has not survived).
Aristophanes had promised revenge in The Acharnians, and it was in The Knights that his revenge was taken.
The Clouds (original 423 BC, uncompleted revised version from 419–416 BC survives) It pokes fun at Socrates and intellectual fashions in classical Athens.
The first known "comedy of ideas".
The Wasps (422 BC) Aristophanes ridicules the law courts, which provided Cleon with his power-base:.
Also has a young man vs old man theme which re-appears in several plays.
Peace (first version, 421 BC)  just a few days before the end the ten year old Peloponnesian War.
The play is notable for its celebration of a return to life in the countryside.
But the ending is not happy for everyone.
As in all Aristophanes' plays, the jokes are numerous, the action is wildly absurd and the satire is savage.
Cleon, the pro-war populist leader of Athens, is once again a target, even though he had died in battle just a few months earlier.
The Birds (414 BC) A fantasy, remarkable for its mimicry of birds and for its songs.
Lysistrata (411 BC) The best-known of his plays, often produced in modern versions.
The play is notable for being an early exposé of sexual relations in a male-dominated society.
Thesmophoriazusae (The Festival Women, first version, c. 410 BC) A parody of Athenian society, with a focus on the role of women in a male-dominated society, the vanity of poets such as Euripides and Agathon, and the shameless vulgarity of ordinary Athenians.
The Frogs (405 BC) A play on the theme “old ways good, new ways bad”.
The Frogs tells the story of the god Dionysus, who travels to Hades with his slave Xanthias, who is smarter and braver than he is, to bring the playwright Euripides back from the dead.
Ecclesiazousae (The Assemblywomen, c. 392 BC) is similar in theme to Lysistrata.
Much of the comedy comes from women involving themselves in politics.
The play is much more infused with gender issues than Lysistrata.
Plutus (Wealth, second version, 388 BC) The play features an elderly Athenian citizen, Chremylos, and his slave.
Chremylos presents himself and his family as virtuous but poor, and has gone to seek advice from an oracle.
The advice he gets is to follow the first man he meets and take him home with him.
That man turns out to be the god Plutus — who is, contrary to expectations, a blind beggar.
After much argument, Plutus is convinced to enter Chremylus' house, where his sight is restored.
The plot can be read as: wealth will now go only to those who deserve it in some way.
Theatre of Ancient Greece
The Frogs at the Internet Classics archive (English version)
5th-century BC births
Julius Caesar wins the civil war (49–45 BC) in the Roman Republic against the Roman Senate.
He becomes dictator for life.
Julius Caesar, Roman dictator, is killed by 23 Roman people.
Some people who killed him were Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. (
15 March 44 BC).
Julius Caesar, Roman dictator (lived 100–44 BC, ruled 46–44 BC).
Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician ( 85–42 BC).
Mark Antony, Roman politician and general ( 83–30 BC).
Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian), Roman politician and general (62 BC – 14).
Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (Cleopatra VII's son) (lived 47–30 BC, reigned 44–30 BC).
Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman politician (died 42 BC).
The California Institute of Technology (called "Caltech" for short) is a major American research university in the city of Pasadena in the state of California.
Caltech specializes - is especially good, or especially interested - in the study of engineering, computer science, and the physical sciences (some physical sciences are physics and chemistry, as well as others).
Caltech is also in charge of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, also called JPL.
JPL is part of NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which is the part of the United States government that explores space.
Caltech is not owned or run by the United States, or NASA, but NASA pays Caltech to run JPL for them.
By most measures, it is the most selective college/university in the world and has one of the highest faculty-to-student ratios in the world.
Caltech's mascot is the beaver.
Many schools that specialize in engineering have beavers for their mascot, because in the wild, beavers are known for making dams, and so people think that they are the animal most like engineers.
Famous alumni
Jean Robieux, French physicist.
Colleges and universities in California
1891 establishments in California
A secret is information or facts that only one person or group knows about.
There are many reasons for not telling or sharing the truth with others.
Some secrets are good.
These are ones that should be kept secret.
An example of a good secret is respect for a citizen's privacy.
But some secrets are bad, if keeping facts hidden causes harm.
An example of a bad secret is child abuse.
Some things might be kept secret only for a short time, such as a surprise party.
Other things may need to be kept secret forever.
Sometimes things might be kept secret from someone because it is believed that it would upset them to know.
Some things need to be kept secret for security reasons.
If a person has a bank account they must keep their password secret.
No one else should know it.
Espionage is snooping for someone else's secrets.
Criminals like to keep their crimes secret.
In a business, some information is kept secret.
This is also called "confidential".
Conversations at meetings are sometimes confidential.
People who were at the meeting cannot go telling everyone else what was discussed.
Usually, managers will make this a rule for an employee.
Trade secrets are protected by law.
Another type of secret is Cryptography.
These are codes that unlock other secrets.
So, secrets are being used to protect secrets.
They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB).
The Cubs became World Series Champions in 2016, ending a 108-year drought.
The Cubs were started in 1870.
They originally wore all-white uniforms and were called the Chicago White Stockings. (
The current Chicago White Sox got their nickname from the Cubs' original nickname.)
By the 1890s the team was called the "Colts".
In the early 1900s, the nicknames "Colts" and "Cubs" were both used.
The name "Cubs" became official in 1906.
The team was very successful in its early years.
They won the first National League championship in 1876.
They won several pennants in the 1880s and then again in the early 1900s.
After they won their second World Series in 1908, they went into the longest championship drought in the history of North American sports.
They won the World Series in 1907, 1908, and 2016.
They won the pennant, but lost the World Series in 1906, 1910, 1918, 1929, 1932, 1935, 1938, and 1945.
The Wrigley family, founders of the Wrigley Gum Company, owned the team from about 1920 to about 1980.
The Chicago Tribune bought the team and operated them for close to 30 years.
They were sold to the Ricketts family in 2009.
When playing home games in Chicago, the Cubs play at Wrigley Field.
The stadium was built in 1914 and has been the home playing field of the Cubs since 1916.
During games, the stadium is filled with Cubs fans, who are known for always cheering for their team, even if they are not winning.
Even when the Cubs held the record for the longest championship dry spell in all of American professional sports (until they won the World Series in 2016), their fans remain loyal to them.
The Billy Goat Curse
The name "Billy Goat " comes from a bar known as the Billy Goat Tavern, located on lower Wacker drive in downtown Chicago.
By the time the story of this "curse" started to get out, all the main characters were conveniently dead.
During the 1945 World Series, a man by the name of Vasili "Billy Goat" Sianis attended Game 4 of the series with his pet goat.
During the 7th inning of the game, the Stadium's security guards asked Sianis to leave the stadium because his goat was bothering other fans.
Sianis became angry and cursed the Cubs, saying that they would never win or even play in a World Series as long as they played at Wrigley Field.
Although the curse is often seen as a joke for most Cubs fans, some fans thought it could be the reason for the Cubs' championship drought between 1908 and 2016.
The drought ended and the "curse" was reversed in 2016 when the team won their third World Series title.
In the 2016 World Series, the Cubs beat the Cleveland Indians.
They fell 3 games to 1 to the Indians, but then, on the brink of elimination, won the next three games, and thereby won the series.
Game 7 went down as a classic.
It was an exciting back-and-forth game, in which the Cubs won in 10 innings to win their first World Series since 1908.
The Cubs became sixth team to win a World Series after trailing 3 games to 1.
Sun Times Cubs News
Chicago Tribune Cubs News
1870 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Illinois
The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus.
It causes two common diseases.
Both diseases have painful, watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes (such as the mouth or lips) or on the genitals.
The disease is contagious, particularly when the disease is active.
Contagious means that it can spread from one person to another.
It is not possible to stop this disease completely after it has started in a person.
However, there are some medical treatments that stop the disease for a little while.
An infection on the lips is commonly known as a cold sore or fever blister.
A cold sore is not the same as a canker sore, which appears inside the mouth and is caused by something else.
Władysław Stanisław Reymont, born as Stanisław Władysław Rejment, (May 7, 1867 in Kobielce Wielkie, Poland – December 5, 1925 in Warsaw, Poland) was a well-known Polish writer, who won the Nobel Prize in 1924 for his four-volume epic novel "Chłopi" (The Peasants).
This novel was about life of this part of the society.
He also wrote "Ziemia obiecana" (The Promised Land), about industrial capitalism in 19th century Łódź.
Reymont was born in the family of the organist.
His father, Józef Rejment, a well-read man, had a musical education and in tuszyńskiej performed the parish duties of the organist, and also carried on Civil Status Registers and the correspondence of the parish priest with Russian authorities.
Mother, Antonia from Kupczyńskich, had talent for a story.
She came from the impoverished Cracow gentry; in mature years the writer has often emphasized this fact.
1925 deaths
Polish novelists
Introversion and extraversion is a personality dimension.
It was promoted by Carl Jung in the 1920s.
Individual people differ on this scale.
According to the theory, introverts get energy from inside themselves (ideas and concepts in their own minds), while extroverts get energy from outside of themselves (interacting with other people).
There are many ideas about introversion and extroversion which are false, such as the idea(s) that all introverts are shy, antisocial and non-emotional.
The idea of introversion and extroversion has been used in many different personality tests and is a key determining factor for many things.
Those who follow this way of looking at the world say that everyone has some parts of both traits in them, although one will usually dominate over the other.
At one time, extroverts were thought to make up almost three quarters of American society.
In more modern times, however, researchers have been able to ascertain that the number of introverts almost equals the number of extroverts in the country.
Interestingly, also, the prevalence of both types varies from country to country, with certain nations (Scandinavian countries, Japan) favouring introversion and others (most notably America) favouring extroversion.
Sartell is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota.
The 2000 census said 9,641 live in the city.
Newer information says 12,629 people live in the city.
Sartell is in both Stearns County and Benton County.
Sartell started as a small town near the Mississippi River.
It was first named "The Third Rapids" because it was the third rapids that French fur traders came to as they went north from St. Anthony Falls in Minneapolis.
One of the first people to live in this young town was Joseph B. Sartell.
He came in 1854 and worked as a millwright at a local sawmill.
In 1877, he started a flour mill at the nearby Watab River.
In 1884, he started the Sartell Brothers Lumber Company with his sons.
In 1905, some people started to build the Watab Pulp and Paper Company.
They also started to build the Sartell Dam across the Mississippi near the "third rapids".
Both of these things were finished in 1907.
Seven people died when building the dam.
Since that time, Watab Pulp and Paper was rebuilt several times and many people bought and sold it.
Now a company called International Paper owns it.
It was in 1907 that residents of the town decided it was time to incorporate.
Several influential people felt the town ought to be named "Wengert" after a local businessman.
Another man lobbyied to have the town named "Oberly" after himself.
However, because of his many relatives and generous contributions to the community, the town was incorporated as "The Village of Sartell" in honor of Joseph B. Sartell.
From 1907 until 1973, there was a Sartell on nearly every City Council, the most prominent being Ripley B. "Rip" Sartell who was mayor for 31 years.
The town continued to grow slowly and developed a number of businesses and a "downtown" on the east side of the Mississippi along U.S. Highway 10.
In the 1960s, the highway was re-routed, greatly contributing to the demise of the downtown area.
The later construction of a new bridge over the Mississippi in the early 1980s replaced the remaining businesses.
This and Sartell’s nearby location to St. Cloud, Minnesota's major retail center account for Sartell's lack of a traditional "downtown".
Because residents wanted to educate their children locally, Independent School District #748, Sartell-St. Stephen, was created in 1969.
Despite not having a downtown the city continued to grow and the pace of the growth increased in the 1970s.
From 1970 to the present, the population of the city has grown from 700 to over 10,000.
Sartell's city council has a mayor and four council members.
They are elected at-large to represent the community.
They also legislate policy for the city.
As of October 2005, Sartell's mayor is Robert Pogatshnik and its four council members are Mary Lewandowski, Tim O'Driscoll, Paul Orndorff, and Joe Perske.
They have the authority to pass and enforce ordinances, establish public and administrative policies, create advisory boards and commissions, and manage the city's financial operations including preparing a budget, auditing expenditures, and transacting other city business as required by law.
The City Council also appoints a City Administrator who overseas the day-to-day operations of the city and implements the policies of the Council.
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 15.9 km² (6.1 mi²).
15.3 km² (5.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water.
The total area is 3.75% water.
The city is located on both sides of the Mississippi River.
The area around the city has lots of farmland and forests.
Because the Mississippi River goes through the city, people use the river to have fun.
When it is warm, people ride boats, swim, catch fish and water ski on the river.
When the river is frozen in winter, people ride snowmobiles, cross country ski, and catch fish through holes in the ice.
The city has also built places for people to have fun.
These include 24 parks, walking pathways, playgrounds, a bike lane, tennis courts, baseball and soccer fields, ice rinks, a disc golf course and a wading pool.
Sartell's largest employer is Verso Paper.
They own a paper mill in the city.
Another large employer is DeZurik Water Controls.
Sartell's Chamber of Commerce  says that the city has many small business.
As of the census2 of 2000, there were 9,641 people, 3,443 households, and 2,513 families living in the city.
The population density was 630.9/km² (1,633.9/mi²).
There were 3,531 housing units at an average density of 231.1/km² (598.4/mi²).
The racial makeup of the city was 97.42% White, 0.29% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.21% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races.
0.87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 3,443 households out of which 46.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families.
20.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.23.
In the city the population was spread out with 32.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 35.5% from 25 to 44, 15.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 years of age or older.
The median age was 31 years.
For every 100 females there were 95.7 males.
For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $52,531, and the median income for a family was $61,056.
Males had a median income of $39,834 versus $27,476 for females.
The per capita income for the city was $22,667.
4.0% of the population and 3.0% of families were below the poverty line.
4.7% of those under the age of 18 and 8.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Transportation to and from Sartell is limited to surface roads, mainly U.S. Highway 10 and Minnesota Highway 15 which both pass along the outskirts of the city.
A rail line runs through town but serves only as freight transportation for the local paper mill.
The presence of dams along the Mississippi River and the waterway's relatively shallow depth render it useless for anything more than recreational watercraft traffic.
Famous Sartellians
Craig Sauer, NFL linebacker for the Minnesota Vikings
Kurt Sauer, NHL defenseman for the Colorado Avalanche
Michael Sauer, drafted by the New York Rangers in July 2005
City of Sartell
Sartell Historical Society
www.sartell.com  - Useful Sartell links
Google Maps - Satellite photo of Sartell
TerraServer - Aerial photo of Sartell from 1991
Map Quest - Map of Sartell
International Paper Sartell Mill
DeZurik Water Controls
Cities in Minnesota
Julius Caesar, Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus make the First Triumvirate (ca.
59–53 BC).
Gallic Wars: Julius Caesar conquers much of Gaul, and leads two journeys to Britain (58–49 BC).
Bak Hyeokgeose makes the kingdom of Silla in Korea (57 BC)
Pompey builds Rome's first permanent (made to stay the same for a long time) theatre (54 BC)
Battle of Carrhae: the Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus tries to attack the Parthian Empire.
Surenais defeats him at Carrhae, now Harran in Turkey; Crassus dies. (
53 BC).
Battle of Alesia: Vercingetorix leads a rebellion by the Gauls.
Julius Caesar defeats him. (
52 BC).
Julius Caesar, Roman politician and general (lived 100–44 BC)
Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
Pompey, Roman general (lived 106–48 BC)
Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman politician and general (lived 115–53 BC)
Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman politician (lived 106–43 BC)
Vercingetorix, ruler of the Arverni (died.
46 BC)
Cassivellaunus, British war-leader
Ariovistus, German king
Commius, Gaulish king
Phraates III, King of Parthia (ruled 70–57 BC)
Mithridates III, king of Parthia and Media (ruled 57–54 BC)
Orodes II, king of Parthia (ruled 57–38 BC)
Surena, Parthian general (lived 84–54 BC)
Bak Hyeokgeose, king of Silla in Korea
Livy, Roman historian (ca.
59 BC)
Seneca the Elder, Roman orator (ca.
54 BC)
Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman politician and general (53 BC)
Posidonius, Greek philosopher, astronomer, and geographer (51 BC)
1700 - 1500 BC Hurrian conquest
1698 BC- King Jie of China kills his minister Guan Longfeng according to Chinese legend.
The Exodus: The Israelites leave Egypt, Thrasyllus of Mendes says this.
He was an Egyptian mathematician and astronomer who lived c. 1691 BC.
1691 BC June—Lunar Saros 32 begins.
Belu-bani, King of Assyria, r. 1700–1691 BC.
Libaia, King of Assyria r. 1691–1674 BC.
Abi-eshuh, King of Babylon, r. 1712–1684 (middle chronology)
Jie, Legendary King of the supposed Xia dynasty (existence disputed) in China, r. c.1728–1675 BC
Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. c.1714–1691 BC
Merhotepre Ini, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. c.1691–1689 BC
Fourteenth dynasty Pharaohs (see List of Pharaohs for details), 1705–1690 BC
Lila-Ir-Tash king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1700–c.1698 BC.
Temti-Agun I king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1698–c.1690 BC.
Tan-Uli king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1690–c.1655 BC.
Agum I, King of the Kassites, r. 1705–1690 BC
Kashtiliash I, King of the Kassites, r. 1690–1680 BC
Itti-Ili-Nibi, King of the Sealand, r. c.1700–1683 BC
1695 BC—Death of Sarah, wife of Abraham, according to the Hebrew Calendar
1691 BC—Death of Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt
The sixteenth dynasty starts in Egypt
People make leavened bread in Egypt.
Hammurabi dies in 1686 BC
Heremon dies in 1684 BC, (Irish legend)
The fifteenth dynasty starts in Egypt.
Pharaoh (king) Tutimaios of Egypt dies in 1674 BC.
People write Ipuwer Papyrus in 1674.
Hyksos invade Egypt in 1674.
The nineteenth dynasty ends in Egypt in 1186.
The Trojan War ends on the 24 April 1184 BC
Menestheus (in legends he is the king of Athens) dies.
he has ruled for 23 years.
His nephew, Demophon, becomes king. (
Some people think that Menestheus died before, in the 1190s BC.)
Ramesses III of Egypt is born in 1180.
A sunset, which in some American dialects is called a sundown, is the time where the Sun goes below the horizon to the West.
It is not dusk, which is the point when darkness begins, which can be sometime after the Sun sets, this begins twilight.
The opposite of the sunset is the sunrise.
Pop punk (or punk-pop) is a form of popular music that blends punk rock with pop music and rock music.
Pop-punk music has a lighter, happier sound than most punk rock and hardcore punk music.
Most punk rock and hardcore punk music sounds angry and harsh, and has lyrics (words) about protest and anger.
Late 1970s and 1980s pop-punk
There are several types of pop-punk.
An early type of pop-punk was developed right after Punk rock became popular in the late 1970s.
Most of this kind of music is very much like Punk rock, but it features things from other kinds of music like pop music and older rock music, and country music, so different people can enjoy it.
Some people call the Ramones a pop-punk band.
The Ramones were a band from the United States.
1990s pop-punk
In the 1990s, pop-punk became very popular in North America.
Bands such as Green Day, Blink-182 and Zebrahead sold millions of recordings and did many tours.
In the 21st century, many bands have contributed to the pop punk genre.
They include Fall Out Boy, Relient K, FM Static, Hawk Nelson, and Amber Pacific.
Some people who like 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk do not like pop-punk.
The 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk was usually angry, rebellious protest music.
In contrast, 2000s pop-punk songs are nicer and lighter.
Some people think 2000s pop-punk is too commercialized and nothing like the older punk music from the 1970s and 1980s.
Relient k
Last tuesday
MxPx
The F ups
You Me At Six
Sheryl Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress.
She can also play guitar and bass guitar.
Many of her songs have charted and are still popular.
They include "The First Cut Is the Deepest", "Soak Up the Sun", "If It Makes You Happy" and "All I Wanna Do".
Crow has never married.
She has two adopted sons, Wyatt Steven Crow (born in 2007) and Levi James Crow (born in  2010).
All I Wanna Do (1994)
Everyday Is a Winding Road (1996)
A Change Would Do You Good (1997)
My Favorite Mistake (1998)
Sweet Child o' Mine (1999)
Country musicians from Missouri
Ernest Evans (born October 3, 1941) better known as Chubby Checker, is a pop singer from the United States.
He is most famous for his dance songs.
After his famous appearance on American Bandstand, his cover version of Hank Ballard's "The Twist" hit #1 became a popular dance.
The Irish are an ethnic group who come from or came from the island of Ireland.
There are two countries on the island of Ireland: the Republic of Ireland and  Northern Ireland.
Historically, the Irish have  been primarily a Celtic people.
Many countries, especially English-speaking countries, have people with Irish roots.
In Northern Ireland, there have been violent fights between the Unionists, who identify as British people and are mainly Protestant, and the Nationalists, who identify as Irish and are mainly Catholic.
Irish people have a strong culture and beliefs.
Due to problems in Ireland, most importantly a famine between 1845 and 1852, caused by the potatoes in Ireland being destroyed by disease, many Irish moved out of Ireland, including Great Britain, and to other countries like the United States, Canada, and Australia.
At present, many more Irish live in the United States than in Ireland, with many of them living in large American cities such as Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago.
The population of Irish people in the United States is over seven times more populated than that of those who live in the original homeland of Ireland.
Irish Immigrant who served in US Civil War
Cork man survived the Titanic
Irish Immigrant who served in World War I
Son of Irish Immigrants who served In World War I Scanlon picture can be found on Find a grave website
Achille-Claude Debussy (born St Germain-en-Laye, 22 August 1862; died Paris, 25 March, 1918) was a French composer.
He was one of the most important composers of the early 20th century.
Most of his compositions are for orchestra or for piano.
He also wrote some songs, chamber music and one opera.
He made his music very different from the Romantic style that other composers were using at the time.
He is often called an Impressionistic composer because he was influenced by the group of painters called “Impressionists”.
They were not so much interested in making their paintings look exactly like the real world, but preferred to paint things such as the effect of the sunlight shining on water.
Debussy often did this in his music, which creates a special atmosphere.
Claude Debussy did not have an easy childhood.
His father was a travelling salesman and his mother worked as a seamstress.
He learned the piano when he was young and was inducted into the Paris Conservatoire at age 11.
For a time it seemed that he would become a concert pianist, but he did not do well enough in his examination.
After winning an important prize, the Prix de Rome, he went to Rome for two years but he did not enjoy it.
He visited Bayreuth in 1888 and 1889 to hear Wagner’s operas but he did not like them.
He preferred sounds like that of the Javanese gamelan which he heard in Paris at the World Exhibition.
In 1899 he married a young woman named Rosalie Texier.
He got a job as music critic of a journal called La revue blanche.
He wrote his opera Pélleas et Mélisande which was performed at the Opéra-Comique.
It was extremely successful and was performed 100 times there during the next ten years.
He wrote exciting music for orchestra: Fêtes galantes and a work called La Mer (The Sea) which he worked at while staying in Brighton on the south coast of England.
It is one of the most exciting pieces of music about the sea.
Debussy was starting to become very famous.
His personal life changed.
He left his wife because he had fallen in love with Emma Bardac who was an amateur singer for whom Gabriel Fauré had written a song cycle La Bonne Chanson.
Her husband was a banker.
She bought an apartment and Debussy lived with her there for the rest of his life.
They had a daughter called Chou-Chou, born in 1905.
They married in 1908.
Debussy’s next orchestral work was called Images.
He began composing a set of preludes for piano.
Other works followed: Khamma, Le martyre de St Sébastian and the ballet Jeux, which was produced in 1913 by Dyagilev’s company.
People soon forgot about this work because only two weeks later the same ballet company produced Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring which caused a riot.
By this time Debussy was ill with colorectal cancer.
His visit to London in 1914 was his last trip to another country.
He wrote more piano works: a set of Études and a piano duet called En blanc et noir (In white and black).
He planned to write six sonatas, each for a different group of instruments, but he only wrote three of them: one for cello and piano, one for flute, viola and harp and one for violin and piano.
The Sonata for violin and piano (1917) was the last work he played in public (he played the piano part).
He died of colorectal cancer in 1918.
Saint-Saëns, for example, did not understand the way that the musical ideas flowed gently into one another.
He was always an enemy of Debussy.
There is a lot of variety in Debussy’s piano music.
Some of it is very difficult to play, e.g. the Études and pieces such as L’isle joyeuse (The happy island).
Other collections are much simpler, e.g. Suite bergamasque which includes the very popular piece called Clair de lune (Moonlight).
He wrote two books of preludes.
Each of the pieces has a title, but the titles are printed at the end of each piece, as if he did not want the listener to know what it was about until afterwards.
Debussy wrote wonderfully for the voice, making the music just right for the rhythm of the French language.
This can be heard in his songs and his opera.
Using melodies and harmonies which are often quite simple he creates a special kind of dream-world which can be very powerful.
He often uses the whole tone scale and the pentatonic scale which give the music a hazy feeling because it does not seem to be clearly in one particular key.
He liked to use unusual chords just for their own sake, not in order to make them lead to a particular key.
He also used the old scales known as the church modes.
Debussy’s music had a great influence on many composers in the 20th century.
Cage, Messiaen, Boulez and Stockhausen all learned from listening to his music.
20th-century French composers
P.O.D. (which stands for Payable on Death) is a metal band from San Diego, California.
Its fans are called "The Warriors", and the band is known for its Christian messages.
The band released an album in 1999 called The Fundamental Elements of Southtown, which became very popular, and P.O.D. made a lot of fans who saw the band on MTV.
In 2001, P.O.D. made a second album called Satellite, which had a more nu metal post-grunge vibe and several hit songs, like "Boom," "Alive," "Youth of the Nation," "Set It Off," "Satellite," and "Portrait."
In 2003, P.O.D. made the album Payable On Death, which had a heavy neo-grunge sound and a hint of reggae.
Their next album, Testify, was released in 2006.
It was similar to Satellite in sound and featured two duets with Matisyahu.
In 2008, P.O.D. released the album When Angels & Serpents Dance.
Nu metal bands
Christian metal bands
Reggae bands
Musical groups from San Diego, California
A differential equation in mathematical analysis
A differential (mechanical device), a mechanical device able to transmit power from one axis to another
The blackbird (Turdus merula, or common blackbird) is a thrush.
It is a member of the passerine songbird family Turdidae.
It has a huge range across Europe, Asia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand.
It has a number of subspecies across its range.
Depending on latitude, the common blackbird may be resident, partially migratory or fully migratory.
The adult male is black, with a yellow/orange bill (beak).
Juveniles and females are brown, and less easy to see.
Blackbirds are easy to find in gardens all over Europe and in Asia, South of the Arctic Circle.
On average, Blackbirds live to be 2.4 years old, but some have been found to be 20 years old.
Behaviour and ecology
The male common blackbird defends its breeding territory, chasing away other males or using a "bow and run" threat display.
This is a short run, the head first being raised and then bowed with the tail dipped simultaneously.
If a fight between male Blackbirds does occur, it is usually short and the intruder is soon chased away.
The male attracts the female with a courtship display: oblique runs and head-bowing movements, an open beak, and a "strangled" low song.
The female stays still until she raises her head and tail to allow sex.
This species is monogamous, and the established pair usually stay together as long as they both survive.
Pair separation rates of up to 20% have been noted following poor breeding.
Although socially monogamous, there have been studies showing as much as 17% extra pair paternity.
As long as winter food is available, both the male and female will stay in the territory throughout the year, although occupying different areas.
Migrants are more social, travelling in small flocks and feeding in loose groups in the wintering grounds.
The flight of migrating birds is bursts of rapid wing beats interspersed with level or diving movement, and differs from both the normal fast agile flight of this species and the more dipping action of larger thrushes.
Geta are traditional Japanese sandals.
They are stilted to keep the hem of a kimono above the ground.
They are worn with tabi socks.
Geta makes the person's feet stay out of the mud.
Usually Japanese people wear them with a casual kimono rather than formal one.
It is common to wear them with bare feet when a yukata is worn.
Also they are worn with western clothes.
Today, in Japan, most people rarely wear kimono and rarely wear geta.
One reason for this is most gravel roads were changed to asphalt roads for Tokyo Olympic.
Since 1995, the number of people who wear geta casually increased because of the pretty looks and sounds.
In addition, the popularity of geta grew little by little through trend for yukata.
At one time, Japanese people thought that it is hard to walk with geta and sometimes get injured by hanao.
Hanao is a rope which is set between the big toe and second toe when geta are worn.
However, because of efforts by yukata makers and footwear makers, Japanese people are starting to like to wear geta again.
Tabi are traditional Japanese socks.
The sock is divided at the toes that forms them into two groups.
Tabi socks are worn with zori or geta sandals.
The Tabi is of many different colours mainly white.
Bydgoszcz  (, ) is a city in the north of Poland, capital of Kujavia-Pomerania voivodship, on the Brda and Wisła rivers.
As of 2020, 345 000 people live there.
Bydgoszcz is one of the biggest cities in Poland - placed in the 8th position.
The city was located in 1346 by the king of Poland Casimir III the Great.
Patrons of the city are Saint Martin of Tours and Saint Nicholas.
The city is a big center of industry, trade, logistic and traffic cord.
In the city is located the Ignacy Jan Paderewski International Airport.
In Bydgoszcz, there's a big military garrison and headquarters of most NATO institutions present in Poland.
Bydgoszcz belongs to the greenest cities in Poland, has more than 30 parks which occupy more than 970 hectares.
In the north part of the city, the biggest city park in Poland - Myślęcinek - is located.
Bydgoszcz has many monuments, starting with the gothic cathedral and ending with the downtown, which has Art Nouveau tenement houses.
A unique monument is the oldest in Poland artificial waterway - Bydgoszcz Canal, which connects the Vistula and the Oder rivers.
The most visited place in Bydgoszcz is Old Town with the Mill Island.
The most important monuments in this area are gothic churches, including a cathedral, fragments of city walls and granaries from the XVII century.
Bydgoszczy's downtown was built almost completely between 1850 and 1914 and is famous for Art Nouveau tenement houses.
The east part of the downtown was built on assumptions garden city movement.
The Music District - with the Pomeranian Filharmonija, the Bydgoszcz Academy of Music and the Polish Theatre are also located here.
Bydgoszcz has many museums.
The biggest one is the Leon Wyczółkowski Regional Museum which has a wide collection including art, numismatics, archeology and souvenirs related to Bydgoszcz.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood is the last novel written by Charles Dickens.
The novel was not finished at the time of Dickens's death (9 June 1870) and his ending for it is unknown.
The story is set in a fictional town called Cloisterham, which is believed to be based on Rochester.
It begins as John Jasper is leaving a place in London where opium (a powerful drug) is taken by lots of people.
Jasper leads a choir (group of singers) in a large church in Cloisterham.
The next day Jasper is visited by his nephew Edwin Drood.
Edwin tells Jasper he is worried about getting married to a girl called Rosa Bud.
He has to get married to her because his parents and Rosa’s parents said they had to.
The next day, Edwin finds Rosa in a nun’s house which is a school.
At the same time, Jasper wants to learn about the graveyard, so he goes to find a man called Durdles, who knows a lot about the graveyard.
A person called Neville Landless has a twin sister called Helena.
They are both sent to a school in Cloisterham.
Helena goes to live with Rosa in the nuns’ house, and Neville is taught by a reverend named Crisparkle.
We find out that Neville doesn’t like his stepfather who is a nasty man.
He tells this to Crisparkle.
Rosa tells Helena that she doesn’t like Jasper, who is her music teacher.
She says she finds him scary.
When Neville meets Rosa, he falls in love with her.
He is angry that Edwin Drood doesn’t like her very much, but still wants to get married.
Edwin makes Neville angry, and Neville attacks him.
Jasper tells everyone that Neville is a violent (hurts a lot of people) person.
Reverend Crisparkle wants Edwin and Neville to be friends.
He wants to say sorry to Edwin, but only is Edwin accepts the apology (saying sorry).
They all decide to have dinner the day before Christmas at Jasper’s house, so that everyone can say sorry.
Mr. Gregious who takes care of Rosa, tells Rosa that she has a lot of money.
This money is from her father who is dead.
She asks him if they money will still be given to her if she doesn’t marry Edwin.
Mr Gregious says that she will still get the money even if she doesn’t marry Edwin.
Mr. Gregious meets Edwin and gives him a ring.
The ring belonged to Rosa’s father, and gave is to Rosa’s mother when they got married.