the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
To try to beat the MiG-15, the North American Aviation F-86 Sabre was brought in.
Today, it is used to train new pilots.
F-86 Sabre
MIG-15 -Citizendium
Soviet military aircraft
Military of China
1947 establishments
The F-86 Sabre (nicknamed the "Sabre jet") was an American fighter plane made by North American Aviation.
It first flew in 1947, and was introduced to battle the MiG-15 in the Korean War.
Unlike the fighter before it, the F-86 had swept wings to be faster.
Patrick John Hillery (; 2 May 1923 – 12 April 2008) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and the sixth President of Ireland from 1976 until 1990.
First elected at the 1951 general election as a Fianna Fáil TD for County Clare, he remained in Dáil Éireann until 1973.
During this time he served as:
Minister for Education (1959–1965),
Minister for Industry & Commerce (1965–1966),
Minister for Labour (1966–1969) and
Minister for External Affairs (1969–1973).
He was Ireland's first European Commissioner, serving for three years until he became President in 1976.
He never faced an election, because both time he ran for president he was unopposed.
Early & private life
Patrick John Hillery, known as Paddy Hillery, was born in Spanish Point, Miltown Malbay, County Clare in 1923.
He attended University College Dublin, where he studied medicine.
In 1947 he returned to his home town where he followed in his father’s footsteps as a doctor.
As a doctor he also spent a year working as coroner for West Clare.
Hillery married Mary Beatrice (Maeve) Finnegan on 27 October 1955.
Together they had a son, John, and a daughter, Vivienne, who died after a long illness in 1985, shortly before her eighteenth birthday.
Domestic political career
Hillery was asked by Éamon de Valera to be his running mate in the 1951 general election.
He won the election and Hillery was successful on his first attempt to get elected.
He only became a minister after de Valera retired as Taoiseach in 1959.
Government minister: 1959-1973
After another election win in 1969 Hillery became Minister for External Affairs (renamed Foreign Affairs in 1972), one of the top cabinet posts.
After "Bloody Sunday"), he travelled to the United Nations in New York to demand UN involvement in peace-keeping on the streets of Northern Ireland.
In 1972, he negotiated Irish membership of the European Economic Community, a process that was completed in 1973.
European Commissioner
Following Ireland's successful entry into Europe Hillery was rewarded by becoming the first Irishman to serve on the European Commission.
He was appointed Vice-President of the Commission as well as having special responsibility for Social Affairs.
Hillery's most famous policy was to force EEC member states to give equal pay to women.
In 1976 the new Fine Gael–Labour Party National Coalition Government of Liam Cosgrave said they would not re-appoint him to the Commission.
He thought about returning to medicine, perhaps moving with his wife, Maeve (also a doctor) to Africa.
When President Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh resigned, Hillery agreed to become the Fianna Fáil candidate in the election.
After 1982 people thought he was a very good and honest President.
Before then he had been written off as boring and dull.
In 1982 the Taoiseach, Fine Gael's Garret FitzGerald, lost a vote in Dáil Eireann.
Dr Fitzgerald asked for a general election.
As President he did not have to agree, and Dr Fitzgerald would have had to resign.
This meant Dáil Éireann might choose Charles Haughey as Taoiseach.
Hillery thought a new election was best, but many people from the President's own party tried to persuade him otherwise.
President Hillery refused to speak to any opposition party politicians, but when Charles Haughey, who was Leader of the Opposition, had rang the President's Office he threatened to end the career of the army officer answered and refused on Hillery's explicit orders to put the call through to the President.
Hillery called the Irish Army's Chief of Staff the following day and as Commander-in-Chief of the Army had ordered the Chief of Staff to make sure that no politician ever interfered with the career of the young army officer.
In 1983 Hillery was again elected unopposed.
Hillery left office in 1990 (he had served the maximum two terms), widely applauded for his integrity, honesty and devotion to duty.
However he re-entered public life in 2002 during the second referendum on the Nice Treaty, when he urged a yes vote.
The referendum was carried.
Hillery: a foreign assessment
In 2002, state papers released by the British Public Record Office under the 'Thirty Year Rule'  and published in the Irish media, revealed how Hillery was viewed.
A briefing paper, prepared for then British Foreign Secretary, Sir Alec Douglas-Home and the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw, observed about Hillery:
Dr. Hillery is regarded as a powerhouse of ideas, one of the few members of Fianna Fáil who has new policies and is eager to implement them.
The greatest example has been in his present job (then, Minister for Foreign Affairs), where he has perforce concentrated on Anglo-Irish relations and, in particular Northern Ireland.
Policy in this field is determined primarily between him and the Taoiseach; and it is likely that the Fianna Fáil new line owes much to Dr. Hillery. . . .
Dr. Hillery has a pleasant manner.
He can appear diffident and casual but has an undoubted intellectual capacity and a strong will; since the government crisis of 1970 he has appeared much more assured -- even brash -- and has handled the Dáil with confidence.
Collins, Stephen (2000) – The Power Game: Ireland Under Fianna Fáil (Dublin: O'Brien Press)
Profile of Patrick Hillery
Patrick Hillery on ElectionsIreland
The MiG-21 Fishbed is a jet aircraft made by Mikoyan.
It is a supersonic fighter aircraft and first flew in 1956.
It has a delta wing and at least 30 countries used it.
More than 10,000 were made, which is more than any other supersonic plane.
It fought in the Vietnam War and is still being used today.
Indian military aircraft
Vietnamese military aircraft
Polish military aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
Pantyhose is a piece of women's clothing that covers the waist down.
They fit tightly.
Modern tights come in different colors.
Аor every day women are usually chosen brown (tan color pantyhose) or black or nude (skin) pantyhose.
But today are very popular different patterned pantyhose: for example, Polka Dot, Backseam, Tattoo and so on).
In addition to beautiful trendy patterned pantyhose, there are also functional pantyhose, such as modeling and compression pantyhose.
Compression pantyhose usually used for protective or medical reasons.
For protection against varicose veins use only pantyhose with a low level of graduated compression.
Compression pantyhose with a high level of exposure can be worn only by a doctor's prescription.
Tights are a tight fitting clothing.
In American English, the term includes pantyhose.
They usually fit from the waist down and are often worn in dancing.
Tights in the past were made of elasticized silk or other material.
Modern tights are often made of spandex.
Tights were invented in 1598, by a man called William Lee.
He was a reverend and made a machine that knitted together silk.
Tights come in thin and thick options.
Thinner tights are called sheer and thicker ones are called opaque.
People measure this thickness uses something called "denier".
They are five categories that show what denier a pair of tights is: Ultra sheer, sheer, semi-opaque, opaque and thick-opaque.
Tights are intended to maintain a wearer’s legs warm, and they arrive in a vast collection of colors, lengths, and materials.
Tights come in a diverse selection of colors and patterns.
1 rule of thumb to consider is that coated leggings like the shiny metallic leggings will usually have less stretch than faux leather leggings or even our basic nylon leggings which are the absolute most easy to fit due to their unhindered stretch.
Cockatiels are small birds originally from Australia and are related to many other cockatoos.
They are the second most common bird species kept as a pet.
Cockatiels can live from 10 to 25 years, depending on how healthy their lifestyle is, although wild cockatiels usually live shorter.
Cockatiels have tiny feathers on their head called a crest.
The crest allows the owner to have an idea of what they are feeling; straight up if scared or excited, flat when they're angry, and slightly curved is normal/happy.
In the wild, cockatiels are prey animals, meaning there are predators that eat them.
As a result, cockatiels can scare easily, especially when they meet someone or something they do not know.
With enough patience and affection, an owner can tame the cockatiel and help them get over their natural fear.
Like many other parrots, cockatiels are very good at climbing, and use their beak to position themselves each time.
Cockatiels come in many different colours, some naturally while others were specifically bred.
Gray is considered to be their original colour, and is one of the most popular, along with Lutino (yellow).
Males have a brighter crest and face, and sing louder and more frequently than females.
A cockatiel has very long tail feathers compared to other birds.
Seeds make up most of their diet, but veterinarians strongly recommend various fruits, vegetables, and beans as well.
However, a few of these may be harmful to them, and it is advised to be cautious with what they eat.
It can be very hard to get adults to try new foods, so it is best to have them try little by little at a time instead of all at once.
Like other birds, they can be taught to do many tricks; including flips, handshakes, fly-on-command, showing their wings, and more.
Patience and repetition is key, as teaching one trick can take many months.
They can also be taught to sing, but may become confused and ruin the song if it's too complex.
Cockatiels are social birds, and like to spend time with others.
They can become overly attached to their owners over time (especially if raised young), and may start to shriek when they feel lonely.
If the owner is unable to spend a lot of time with them, getting them a partner (preferably another cockatiel) can help resolve their clinginess.
Carvalho, T.S.G., et al. “
Behavior of Cockatiels (Nymphicus Hollandicus) at Two Temperatures in
Captivity.”
Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, vol.
6, 2015, pp.
1669–1674.,
doi:10.1590/1678-4162-7892.
The North Hollywood shootout was a gunfight that happened on February 28, 1997.
Emil Matasareanu (July 19, 1966 - February 28, 1997) and Larry Eugene Phillips Jr. (September 20, 1970 - February 28, 1997) were bank robbers, and used AK-47s, an AR-15, an HK-91, and 9 MM pistols.
The police could not easily kill them because of their heavy body armor, which was made out of kevlar.
20 people were wounded, and the only two killed were the robbers.
Matasareanu was shot dead by police.
Phillips shot himself in the head with a Beretta M92F as police shot him multiple times.
His body was left in the street for about an hour before ambulances came to take his body away.
1997 in California
1990s in Los Angeles, California
Robberies
The AR-15 is a semi-automatic rifle designed  by the ArmaLite, it is the civilian version of the M16.
The " AR" in its name reflects the first two letters in the company name... ArmaLite.
The fact that the AR-17 is a shotgun gives lie to a common belief that AR stands for "ArmaLite Rifle."
The AR-15 is a semiautomatic rifle that discharges a single shot with each pull of the trigger until empty.
The M16 and M4, unlike the AR-15, is a select fire (semi and fully automatic) magazine fed, gas operated, shoulder fired assault rifle.
The M-16 first saw combat in the Vietnam War.
Early usage of the M16 version of the AR-15 in Vietnam resulted in intense criticism of poor reliability.
On-scene studies revealed that the barrel and chamber tended to accumulate rust pits in the humid conditions in Vietnam that caused difficult extraction of fired cartridge cases.
Chrome plating of the barrels and chambers solved the problem and the M16 has gone on to great approval.
While the early AR-15s also were built with un-chromed barrels the moderate climate in the US and gentler use by owners resulted in few problems.
First considered of little use, the AR-15 was considered to provide inferior accuracy to target shooters in the prestigious Service Rifle matches.
The use of heavier match barrels and target sights by ArmaLite and heavier match bullets by the Sierra Bullet company produced accuracy so good that they have displaced the previous M1 and M16 rifles used in those matches.
The AR-15s light weight, accuracy, and light recoil has made it extremely popular with shooters and its use is spreading around the world.
It is a useful collector's item, ranch or home security rifle, and small caliber hunting rifle and has become one of the most popular rifles in the world, and ArmaLite's are manufactured even today.
The AR-15 is a lightweight,  magazine-fed, air-cooled rifle with a rotating locking bolt actuated by propellant gas expanding within an internal gas piston operating system.
It can be made in many different "styles" shooting many different types of ammunition such as the 9mm cartridge that is most often used in handguns.
The gas for this system is tapped from the barrel and travels down a gas tube that feeds it into the bolt carrier and thus the gas (i.e. piston) cylinder.
The gas expands within the piston cylinder and forces the carrier rearward.
A cam pin linking the bolt to unlocking surfaces of the bolt carrier forces the bolt to unlock from the barrel and allows the assembly to drive to the rear.
An error in an early article covering the AR-15 described the system as a "direct impingement" system.
This long standing error is based on the fact that a true direct impingement system also moves propellant gasses from the barrel into the face of the carrier.
Unlike pressurizing a piston cylinder in the bolt carrier, the gas of the direct impingement system simply passes into a shallow depression in the bolt carrier and actually blows the carrier to the rear.
Even the earliest AR-15 and M16 internal piston systems were chromed plated and the rifles performed well if properly lubricated and cleaned.
Nonetheless some rifle manufacturers have accused the internal piston system of inferiority and modified the rifles to an external piston system and driving rod pushing the carrier.
Two such designs were developed for the military and found unneeded.
Extreme test firing (2000 rounds with no cleaning or lubing and no malfunctions) confirmed findings that simple lubrication keeps the rifles functioning for extreme periods, but all manufacturers recommend more frequent cleaning.
Timpani (sometimes called kettle drums) are drums that are made out of large bowls that are usually made of copper shaped by craftsmen, which after being tuned, have a skin-like material stretched over the top.
This material used to be a type of vellum or treated skin, but modern drums use a synthetic material.
This top section is known as the "drumhead".
Timpani is an Italian word.
It is also a plural of the word timpano.
However timpano is rarely used in informal English.
More often, a timpano is referred to as a drum, a timpani, or simply a timp.
Someone who plays a timpani is called a "timpanist".
Difference from other drums
Timpani are different from other drums because they are tuned to certain musical notes.
A timpanist will often describe the drum as being "in voice" (or out of voice, as the case may be) when it is correctly tuned.
To play it, it is hit with a special drumstick or "timpani mallet".
Other drums that are used in orchestras and bands make a sound rather than a note, and are not tuned.
A player normally sits with a group of two, three or four timpani around him, which is why the name timpani is in the plural.
Timpani were originally used in official bands.
They can still be seen in the bands of the modern official as in the Household Cavalry of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, in which the "kettle drums" (as they are called) are carried by large  drumhorses.(See picture below) In the 1700s timpani became popular in orchestral music, and can be heard in the music of Handel, Beethoven and other 19th century composers wrote music that needed the timpani.
Nowadays all large orchestras have timpani, and some bands that play popular music use them as well.
Different ways timpani can be made
The drumhead
A timpani drumhead, also called a timpani head, can be made out of two different things.
Some are made out of animal skin, like calfskin or goatskin.
Other ones can be made out of thick plastic.
Because plastic heads are hard to break and do not cost as much as animal skin heads, they are used more often than animal skin heads.
However, a lot of professional players prefer skin heads because they think that skin heads make a better sound when they are hit.
The drumhead is stretched over the bowl of the timpani and held on by screws for tuning the timpani.
Tuning the timpani
The screws that hold and tune the drumhead are called "tension rods".
To tune the timpani, the "tension rods" can all be tightened or loosened.
The timpani makes a higher sound if the tension rods are made tighter, and a lower sound if they are loosened.
There are usually around seven tension rods on the timpani.
Machine timpani
Chain timpani
In a chain timpani, the tension rods are all attached to a chain.
This chain is hooked up to a lever, and when a player moves the lever back and forth, it tightens and loosens all the screws at the same time to change the pitch of the drum.
Pedal timpani
A pedal timpani is a timpani that uses a pedal to change its pitch.
It is the kind of timpani that is used the most today.
A player can push on the pedal to make the timpani play higher notes, or let the pedal come back up to play lower notes.
There are three different kinds of pedal timpani:
In a ratchet clutch system a player must pull back a lever called a clutch to release the pedal.
Once the pedal is in the spot where the player wants it, they must push the clutch forward with their foot again to lock it in place.
A balanced action system uses a spring that is attached to the pedal, which keeps the pedal in one spot until it is moved by a player.
Since the pedal is not held in one spot by a clutch in a balanced action system, some people call it a floating pedal because it looks like the pedal is not held on by anything and is floating.
In a friction clutch system, the pedal is held in one spot by a clutch, and the clutch is attached to a pole.
When a player releases the clutch, the pole moves up and down as the pedal is pushed up and down.
Timpani mallets
Timpani are played with a special kind of drumstick called timpani mallets.
A player uses two mallets at a time when they play the drum.
The two parts of the mallet are called the shaft and the head.
The head is the part of the mallet that is shaped like a circle, and is the part that hits the timpani, and the shaft is the wooden part of the mallet that is held by a timpanist.
A timpani mallet's head can be made out of many things, but is usually made out of a wood sphere that is covered with felt or a thin cloth.
The shaft of the mallet is usually made out of wood, like hickory, cherry, or bamboo, but can also be made out of metal, like aluminum.
Some timpani mallets do not have a felt head, and just have a wooden one.
These mallets are sometimes used in classical and baroque music.
With a pedal timpani, a player can produce different sound effects using the pedals.
Performing glissando on timpani demands switching the pedals.
Glissando is generated by pressing the pedal during the vertebra.
Furthermore it is possible to play glissando at any volume level up or down.
For example, Alexander Rahbari, an outstanding Iranian-Austrian composer used glissando effect produced by switching timpani pedals in the opening of his piece, Persian Mysticism Around G, where the player moves from Bb up to C and then rolling down to G(see the timpani part on right below).
Timpani FAQ  by Dwight Thomas, Lead Timpanist, Omaha Symphony
Video  of Stuart Marrs, chairman of the University of Maine music department, performing the March from Eight Pieces for Four Timpani
Hurricane Lorenzo was the twelfth named storm and fourth hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season.
It formed in the Bay of Campeche off the east coast of Mexico where it quickly strengthened into a hurricane.
It made landfall in central Mexico early on September 28 as a Category 1 hurricane.
On September 21, an area of convection formed in the western Caribbean Sea associated with a trough of low pressure.
Convection increased and a wide area of low pressure formed on September 22 as the convection moved northwestward towards the Yucatan Peninsula.
On September 23 the area of low pressure moved over the Yucatan Peninsula and was creating thunderstorms from the southern Gulf of Mexico to the northwestern Caribbean Sea.
Over the next few days the large area of low pressure was moving unevenly over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, but convection was restricted from strong upper-level winds.
By September 25 upper-level winds started decrease as conditions became more favorable for tropical cyclone formation and by that morning visible satellite imagery showed that a tropical depression could be forming about 180 mi (290 km) east of Tampico, Tamaulipas.
During the evening of September 25 a United States Air Force Hurricane Hunter aircraft found that the area of low pressure had turned into a tropical depression.
On September 26, convection increased and the depression was getting closer to strengthening into a tropical storm.
At 0300 UTC September 27 the Government of Mexico gave out a tropical storm watch for parts of the Mexican Gulf Coast as the depression was predicted to strengthen into a tropical storm.
The depression began to quickly strengthen on September 27, and the depression became Tropical Storm Lorenzo around midday.
Continued strengthening that afternoon brought Lorenzo to hurricane strength, less than seven hours after being named.
Lorenzo made landfall in central Mexico south-southwest of Tuxpan as a Category 1 hurricane with 80 mph winds on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.
Lorenzo dissipated later that afternoon as the final advisory was given out.
A tropical storm warning was given out for the central Mexican Gulf Coast on September 26.
When Lorenzo began to rapidly strengthen, the warning was raised to a hurricane warning.
Mexico's Civilian Protection officials declared a "red alert" for much of the state of Veracruz.
At first, no evacuations were given out right away, as a result of the up-coming start of Lorenzo, although shelters were set up in the state of Veracruz and officials cancelled classes at all local schools.
Because of the fast development of the storm though, officials quickly evacuated over 100,000 people just before landfall by using bullhorns on the streets warning people of the up-coming threat.
Pemex oil production continued in spite of the threat of the system and its offshore impacts.
Nonetheless, the price of oil increased to record highs of $83.90 a barrel from the concerns by investors about possible damage.
Moderate damage was reported in east-central Mexico as Lorenzo hit the area.
Shacks were badly damaged by the strong winds, a lot of tree damage was reported and many areas lost electricity service.
Flooding was also reported as rivers quickly rose from the heavy rain and wet ground.
Scattered landslides were also reported.
The area was already cleaning up after Hurricane Dean, which hit the area in late August.
See the NHC's advisory archive on Hurricane Lorenzo.
Supergiants are some of the largest stars in the universe.
They are larger than giant stars, and less luminous than hypergiants.
They vary greatly in size.
They tend to be situated towards the top of the Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram, which is a graph depicting star development.
Some are only 50 million kilometers across, small enough to fit inside the orbit of Venus.
Some are 2,700 million km across, as wide as the orbit of Neptune.
White, yellow
VV Cephei A
Stephenson 2-18 (Possibly a Hypergiant)
This is about the town in the West Midlands, England.
For other towns called Tipton, see Tipton (disambiguation).
Tipton is located about halfway between Birmingham and Wolverhampton.
It is a part of the West Midlands conurbation, and is a part of the Black Country.
Towns in the West Midlands (county)
Organic matter (or organic material) is matter that has come from a recently living organism.
It is capable of decay, or is the product of decay; or is composed of organic compounds.
There is not one definition of organic matter only.
It varies upon the context, the subject it is being used for.
Soil is composed of minerals and organic matter, as well as living organisms.
The organic matter in soil comes from plants and animals.
In a forest, for example, leaf litter and woody material falls to the forest floor.
This is one kind organic material.
When it decays to the point it is no longer recognizable it is called soil organic matter.
When the organic matter has broken down into a stable humic substances that resist further decomposition it is called humus.
The equation of "organic" with living organisms comes from the now-abandoned idea of vitalism that attributed a special force to life that alone could create organic substances.
This idea was first questioned after the abiotic synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828.
Biological tissue
Need For Speed: Carbon is an racing game by Electronic Arts that belongs to the Need for Speed series.
It is the 12th game in the Need For Speed series and is available on many gaming systems such as the GameCube, Wii, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox, Xbox 360, and PC.
It is the last in the series to be released for the GameCube and GBA.
Need for Speed: Carbon is like Need for Speed: Most Wanted, but the biggest change is that it is night time.
Mary Robinson (; born 21 May 1944) was the first female President of Ireland, serving from 1990 to 1997.
She had been an academic, barrister, and member of the Irish senate from 1969 to 1989.
She defeated Fianna Fáil's Brian Lenihan and Fine Gael's Austin Currie in the 1990 presidential election, the first time Fianna Fáil had lost a presidential election.
She resigned the presidency four months ahead of the end of her term of office to begin a five-year term in the United Nations, as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
In 2002 Robinson became Honorary President of Oxfam International.
She signed the Yogyakarta Principles in meeting of International Commission of Jurist and from 2008 to 2010 she was the predident of the International Commission of Jurists.
In 2018 Robinson became embroiled in the "proof of life" controversy surrounding "The Missing Princess"(Latifa) the imprisoned daughter of the current Dubai ruler, Sheikh Maktoum.
She had attended a lunch in Dubai, hosted by Latifa's step mother, Princess Haya the then, junior wife of Maktoum, in which Robinson appeared in staged photographs with Princess Latifa and publicly claimed that Latifa was  being cared for by her loving family.
In February 2021 Robinson retracted her former statement in a BBC Panorama broadcast, claiming that herself and Haya had both been misled and had been spun convincing and elaborate lies about Princess Latifa's alleged medical 'bipolar' history and condition.
Born Mary Therese Winifred Bourke in Ballina, County Mayo in 1944, Mary Robinson was the daughter of two medical doctors.
The Bourke family has been in Mayo since the thirteenth century.
One ancestor was a leading activist in the Irish National Land League in Mayo and the Irish Republican Brotherhood; an uncle, Sir Paget John Bourke, was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II after a career as a judge in the Colonial Service; while another relative was a Roman Catholic nun.
Robinson got the permission of the then Archbishop of Dublin, John Charles McQuaid to study in Trinity College, Dublin (TCD); at the time Roman Catholics were forbidden by church rules from studying in TCD without special permission, called a dispensation.
TCD once did not allow Catholics to study.
In her twenties, she was appointed Professor of Law in the college.
Career in Seanad Éireann
for the right of women to sit on juries,
to allow women to stay in the civil service after they married,
for the legal availability of contraception.
Joint Committee on EC Secondary Legislation (1973–1989)
Chairman of its Social Affairs Sub-Committee (1977–1987)
Chairman of its Legal Affairs Committee (1987–1989)
Joint Committee on Marital Breakdown (1983–1985)
In 1982, the Labour Party entered into a coalition government with Fine Gael.
Many expected Robinson to be the attorney-general, but the Labour party leader instead picked an unknown, new senior counsel called John Rogers.
Shortly afterwards, Robinson resigned from the party in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement, she said that unionist politicians in Northern Ireland should have been consulted as part of the deal.
Robinson decided not to seek re-election to the senate in 1989.
One year later she agreed to become the first Labour candidate for the presidency and the first woman candidate in what was only the second presidential election to be contested by three candidates since 1945.
Presidential election
Candidates from other parties
The main opposition party, Fine Gael was no well organised.
They gambled that former Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald would run as its candidate (but for two years he had been saying no), then they asked Peter Barry, who had previously been willing to run but had run out of patience and was no longer interested.
The party's third choice was the former civil rights campaigner Austin Currie, a new TD and former minister in Brian Faulkner's power-sharing executive in Northern Ireland from 1973-1974.
Fianna Fáil chose Tánaiste and Minister for Defence, Brian Lenihan.
Lenihan was popular and widely seen as humorous and intelligent.
Like Robinson he had made liberal policy reforms.
In the 1960s he abolished censorship, for example.
He was seen as a near certainty to win the presidency.
The only question asked was whether Robinson would beat Currie and come second.
Election Campaign
Lenihan denied he had pressured the President but then a tape was produced of an 'on the record' interview he had given to a postgraduate student the previous May where he talked about trying to apply pressure.
Lenihan claimed that "on mature recollection" he had not pressured the President and had been confused in his interview with the student.
But the government threatened to fall over the issue.
Lenihan still managed to win the first count.
In the Single Transferable Vote system Austin Currie was eliminated and his second choice votes were counted.
Most were for Robinson.
Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil presidential candidate in the history of the office to lose a presidential election.
Robinson now became President.
Robinson was a popular president, before he died in 2002 Brian Lenihan said that she was a better president than he ever could have been.
She often visited Britain, and became the first Irish president to visit Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.
She welcomed visits by senior British royals, most notably the Prince of Wales to Áras an Uachtaráin.
On one trip to Belfast she met with the local MP, Gerry Adams, the President of Sinn Féin.
Foreign Minister Dick Spring, who was leader of the Labour Party, privately advised her not to meet Adams.
However the Government did not formally advise her not to meet with him, so she felt it would be wrong,not to meet the local member of parliament during her visit, and was photographed publicly shaking his hand.
During her various visits to Northern Ireland, she in fact regularly met politicians of all parties, including David Trimble of the Ulster Unionist Party and John Hume of the Social Democratic and Labour Party.
Charles Haughey died not like her, even stopping her from delivering the important BBC Dimbleby Lecture.
Haughey's successors as Taoiseach, Albert Reynolds (Fianna Fáil: 1992-94), John Bruton (Fine Gael: 1994-97) and Bertie Ahern (Fianna Fáil:1997- ) never hid their admiration of her work.
Bruton and Ahern both tried to get her the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
High Commissioner for Human Rights
Robinson became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on 12 September 1997, resigning the Presidency a few weeks early with the approval of Irish political parties in order to take up the post.
Newspaper reports say that she had been asked by Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan to become a public campaigner
Robinson was the first High Commissioner for Human Rights to visit Tibet, making her trip in 1998.
During her tenure she criticised the Irish system of permits for non-EU immigrants, and criticised the United States' use of capital punishment.
Though she had initially announced her intention to serve a single four-year period, she extended the term by a year following an appeal from Annan, allowing her to preside over the 2001 World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance in Durban, South Africa, as Secretary-General.
Robinson's posting as High Commissioner ended in 2002.
On 18 July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, his wife Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders to contribute their wisdom, independent leadership and honesty to tackle some of the world's toughest problems.
Nelson Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Elders, in a speech he delivered on his 89th birthday.
Archbishop Tutu will serve as the Chair of The Elders.
The founding members of this group also include Graça Machel, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, Mary Robinson and Muhammad Yunus.
A Bill to fully liberalise the law on the availability of contraceptives,
A law fully decriminalising homosexuality and unlike Britain and much of the world at the time, providing for a fully equal age of consent, treating heterosexuals and homosexuals alike.
And from 6 to 9 November 2006 she took part in the international meeting for the Yogyakarta Principles in Indonesia.
Stephen Collins, Spring and the Labour Party (O'Brien Press, 1993)
Eamon Delaney, An Accidental Diplomat: My Years in the Irish Foreign Service (1987-1995) (New Island Books, 2001)
Garret FitzGerald, All in a Life (Gill and Macmillan, 1991)
Fergus Finlay, Mary Robinson: A President with a Purpose (O'Brien Press, 1991)
Fergus Finlay.
Snakes & Ladders (New Island Books, 1998)
Jack Jones, In Your Opinion: Political and Social Trends in Ireland through the Eyes of the Electorate (Townhouse, 2001)
Ray Kavanagh, The Rise and Fall of the Labour Party:1986-1999 (Blackwater Press 2001)
Gabriel Kiely, Anne o'Donnell, Patricia Kennedy, Suzanne Quin (eds) Irish Social Policy in Context (University College Dublin Press, 1999)
Brian Lenihan, For the Record (Blackwater Press, 1991)
Mary McQuillan, Mary Robinson: A President in Progress (Gill and Macmillan, 1994)
Olivia O'Leary & Helen Burke, Mary Robinson: The Authorised Biography (Lir/Hodder & Stoughton, 1998)
Michael O'Sullivan, Mary Robinson: The Life and Times of an Irish Liberal (Blackwater Press, 1993)
Lorna Siggins, The Woman Who Took Power in the Park: Mary Robinson, President of Ireland, 1990-1997 (Mainstream Publishing, 1997)
Other source material
Media coverage in The Irish Times, The Irish Independent, The Examiner (now renamed the Irish Examiner), The Star, The Irish Mirror, The Irish Sun, Sunday Tribune, The Sunday Independent, The Sunday Times, The Times, The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian.
Also briefing notes issued on various occasions (notably state, official or personal visits by Robinson abroad) supplied by the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Buckingham Palace, Áras an Uachtaráin, the Holy See and the press offices of the United Nations (including  the text of her Romanes Lecture in November 1997).
Some background came via an interview with Mrs. Robinson.
The Korea Liberator:   Criticism of Robinson's failure to speak out while North Korea deliberately starved two million of its people to death, largely during her tenure (warning: graphic image).
Carnegie Council resources by Mary Robinson
Realizing Rights was founded in October 2002 by Mary Robinson
MotorStorm is a racing video game.
It is only available for the PlayStation 3.
The goal of the game is to win a series of races and to be the winner of the MotorStorm Festival.
Players can control seven different types of vehicles throughout the game including rally cars, big rigs, dirt bikes, ATVs, racing trucks, buggies and mudpluggers.
MotorStorm has a sequel called MotorStorm: Pacific Rift.
Towns or Cities
Tipton, town in the West Midlands, England
Tipton, Indiana, city in Indiana, USA
Tipton, Iowa, city in Iowa, USA
Tipton, Kansas, city in Kansas, USA
Tipton, Oklahoma, city in Oklahoma, USA
Analeigh Tipton, the American figure skater, actress, and fashion model.
Billy Tipton, the American jazz musician and bandleader.
Zurlon Tipton, the American football player.
In Fiction
The Tipton Hotel or fictional character London Tipton from the television series, The Suite Life of Zack and Cody
An athletic shoe is a name for a shoe designed for sporting and physical activities, and is different in style and build than a dress shoe.
Originally used mainly during sports, today they are worn as casual footwear.
They are often very comfortable and usually have lots of padding.
They are made of flexible kinds of material featuring soles made from rubber and an upper part made with leather or canvas.
Sneakers were originally for sporting use, although today they are used as casual footwear.
They are worn in school for their versatility and comfort.
They are almost silent; somebody wearing sneakers can sneak up on another person.
They are worn for many different types of sports.
Sports clothing
Achtung Baby is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2.
It was put in stores on 19 November 1991.
The album came almost two years after the lead singer, Bono, said that the band would "have to go away and dream it all up again," after their 1988 album, Rattle and Hum was criticized.
Achtung Baby shows a very big change in U2's sound because they began to use alternative rock and electronic sounds in the rhythm, more production, and more guitar effects, also including darker and more personal song words.
The results were much more adventurous and less traditionally rock-based than their previous albums, and Achtung Baby is one of U2's best-selling and most-liked albums.
The Trail of Tears was a forced movement of Native Americans in the United States between 1836 and 1839.
The United States government forced Native Americans to leave their lands and move outside the United States.
The U.S. then took over the Native Americans' lands and made the United States bigger.
In 1827, gold was found near Dahlonega in Georgia.
This resulted in a gold rush.
But at that time, a Native American nation called the Cherokees lived in Georgia.
Many Cherokee children went to American schools.
The Cherokees had their own newspaper and built three-story houses.
Some even owned slaves.
Even so, President Andrew Jackson wanted this land to belong to the United States.
The land was worth over $7,000,000 (about $179.5 million in 2015 U.S. dollars).
Jackson signed a law that forced the Cherokees to move.
This was called the Indian Removal Act.
However, at that time, the Cherokees had their own nation and their own government.
They did not have to follow laws made by the United States.
Therefore, Jackson signed laws that let him take nearly all the Cherokees' rights.
The Cherokee nation did not want to accept those laws or the Indian Removal Act, so the Cherokees' Chief John Ross decided to try to defend the Cherokee rights through the United States courts.
In 1832, the Supreme Court of the United States said that the Cherokee were living in their own country, "in which the laws of Georgia can have no force."
The Court said Georgia had no right to make the Cherokee do anything.
Nevertheless, the U.S. government used a treaty, called the Treaty of New Echota, to remove the Cherokee nation by force.
The treaty was signed by the leader of a small group of Cherokees who had different opinions than the rest of the Nation.
Since the treaty was not signed by an official Cherokee leader, it was not legal under Cherokee law.
About 15,000 Cherokees signed a petition against the treaty.
Newspapers and people around the United States (including John Quincy Adams) protested the treaty.pp.
36, 41  The United States Senate approved the treaty by just one vote.
President Jackson signed the treaty into law on May 23, 1836.
The treaty gave the Cherokees two years to leave their lands.p.
Forced removal
The deadline for Cherokees to leave their land voluntarily was on May 23, 1838.p.
36  President Martin Van Buren sent General Winfield Scott to lead the soldiers who would force the Cherokee to leave.p.
41 Scott ordered his soldiers to "show every possible kindness to the Cherokee and to arrest any soldier who [gave] a [cruel] injury or insult [to] any Cherokee man, woman, or child."
On May 26th, the operation began.
7,000 soldiers forced about 15,000 Cherokees and 2,000 of their slaves to leave their land.
All Cherokees had to leave their homes right away.
Within three weeks, the Cherokees were all forced into internment camps.
They were forced to stay in these camps for the summer of 1838.pp.
41–42  353 Cherokee died from dysentery and other diseases.
Finally Chief Ross got General Scott to agree to a deal.
Chief Ross promised that he and other Cherokee leaders would bring the Cherokee people to their new lands on their own.
General Scott agreed and even got the U.S. Army to pay the costs for the trip.
The Cherokee travelled in groups of 1000 to 3000 people on three main routes.
Different groups started in Chattanooga, Tennessee; Guntersville, Alabama; and Charleston, Tennessee.
Most Cherokees had to walk; others, if they were wealthy men, could use wagons.
The United States government also gave the Cherokee about 660 wagons.
The trip was about 1,200 miles long.
During the trip, the Cherokees had to deal with winter weather, blizzards, and diseases.
Not everybody agrees on how many people died on the trip.
Some say 2,000 and others say 6,000, but most say about 4,000 people died.
They died from diseases like pneumonia, from freezing to death, from drinking bad water, and from other causes.
About half of them died in camps, and the other half during the trip.
There were different routes the Cherokees took.
Some were by land and others by water.
Some boats were destroyed, which was a danger on water routes.
On the ground, people had to walk through mud and cold weather and it was harder walking on land.
Water route
This route was taken by three groups, in total 2,800 Cherokees.
The first group left on June 6 and reached the territory after 13 days.
All groups started at Ross's Landing at the Tennessee River.
They used boats to travel to the Ohio River.
They then took this river southward, which took them to the Mississippi River.
From there they moved through the Arkansas River westwards.
They arrived near Fort Coffee, Oklahoma.
The second and third group had a lot of problems with diseases, so their trip took longer.
Land routes
All others took land routes.
They traveled in groups with a size of 700-1,600 people, all led by conductors chosen by John Ross, except for those, who signed the Treaty of New Enchota.
They were led by United States soldiers.
They usually took the southern route, and John Ross' groups the northern route.
Both sides used already existing "roads".
Most Cherokees took the northern route.
The route lead through central Tennessee, southwestern Kentucky, and southern Illinois.
The groups crossed the Mississippi north of Cape Girardeau, Missouri,  then traveled through southern Missouri and west of Arkansas.
Many died because of diseases, lack of water and bad road conditions.
All land routes usually ended near Westville, Oklahoma.
There were many more different land routes only taken by few people.
These routes cover more than 2,200 miles in 9 states.
Manifest Destiny (the idea that the U.S. had the God-given right to take the lands they wanted)
Videos about the Trail of Tears (free online) from the National Park Service
Trail of Tears video  from PBS
Cherokee Removal - The Trail Where They Cried
1830s in the United States
Cherokee Nation
19th century in Oklahoma
19th century in Georgia (U.S. state)
Tropical cyclogenesis is a meteorological word used to describe tropical cyclone formation, and its strengthening over the atmosphere.
Tropical cyclogenesis happens when the development of a warm-core cyclone, is associated with a lot of convection in a favorable atmospheric environment.
Usually, about 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm strength form worldwide every year, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming strong tropical cyclones (at least Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale).
Current AO conditions
Current ENSO conditions
Current MJO conditions
Current NAO conditions
Current PNA conditions
Maximum Potential Intensity
Maximum Potential Intensity Maps Worldwide
Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential
In Christianity, an archbishop is an important bishop.
The jurisdiction or area governed of an archbishop; an archdiocese; is called an archbishopric.
In the Catholic Church, when a bishop becomes an archbishop, he is not given any more Holy Orders or any other sacrament.
The word comes from the Greek αρχι, which means "first" or "chief", and επισκοπος, which means "over-seer" or "supervisor".
Devolution is when a central government  transfers powers to a local government.
It is sometimes called Home Rule or decentralisation.
In the United Kingdom devolution has happened in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Each of these three countries now has an elected legislature which can pass some laws and a government to administer those laws and propose new ones.
The Welsh Parliament, and the Welsh Government;
The Northern Ireland Assembly, and the Northern Ireland Executive; and
The Scottish Parliament, and the Scottish Government
Devolved assemblies depend on the parent body.
The British government could change its mind and abolish the devolved assemblies.
This happened in 1972 to the government and parliament of Northern Ireland.
It had been set up in 1920, with the parliament of Southern Ireland.
This is different from a federal country.
In a federal country like Germany the states, and their powers, exist because of the constitution, not because of the national parliament.
5566 is a Taiwanese boy-band.
The name of the band comes from the fact that there were originally five members, who worked in six areas of media and entertainment.
These six areas are singing, acting, television hosting, modeling, CMs and dancing.
They are signed under the record labels Jungiery Star.
and Avex
5566's members not only work together as one, but they also work separately.
For example, Sam Wang is also a member of 183 Club.
Tony Sun and Zax Wang are actors in many television programmes, while Jason Hsu has been in many promotional campaigns.
History of 5566
Before They Were a Band
Tony Sun had released some solo albums in Taiwan dialect in the 1990s.
They were quite well received.
He was even called the "Taiwanese little champion."
However, his lost a bit of popularity when he had to do military service.
Sam Wang was a national soccer player  and a model.
He is a member of another Taiwanese boyband, 183 Club.
Jason Hsu was at first "obese and unpopular in high school".
However, he started appearing in several CMs when he lost weight.
In 2002, 5566's first appearance and sudden rise to popularity has been a controversial topic.
They showcased their multiple talents in their first interview, yet their hard work was not respected, drawing lots of criticism and earning them a negative nickname, "Turkey."
Their first TV series My MVP Valentine aired on local television, starring the band as the lead roles.
The show exceeded expectations by having a higher viewership rating than several drama shows at the time.