the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Marke and Brangaene finally reach Tristan and Isolde.
Marke is terribly sad.
He explains that he has heard about the love-potion from Brangaene and he had come because he had decided that Tristan and Isolde should be united.
Isolde seems to wake but, in a last aria describing her vision of Tristan risen again (the “Liebestod”), then falls lifeless next to his body, uniting the two lovers in death.
The Tristan chord
The very first chord in the piece is very famous.
It has become known as the Tristan chord.
Although it had been used before, the way Wagner used it here was quite new.
It makes the chromatic harmony very hazy, and the listener does not know for many bars what key the music is in.
It creates a lot of tension.
There are many other moments like this in the opera.
The tension goes right through the opera.
The story tells of a tension that can only come to rest through death.
Prelude and Liebestod
The Prelude and Liebestod is a concert version of the overture and Isolde's Act 3 aria, arranged by Wagner, which was first performed in 1862, before the first performance of the opera itself in 1865.
The Liebestod can be performed either in a purely orchestral version, or with a soprano singing Isolde's vision of Tristan brought back to life.
| Bilingual side by side German English Libretto Also available in Italian
Wagner Operas.
A comprehensive website featuring photographs of productions, recordings, librettos, and sound files.
Richard Wagner - Tristan und Isolde.
A gallery of historic postcards with motifs from Richard Wagner's operas.
Peter Criss is a solo album from the drummer of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss.
I'm Gonna Love You
You Matter To Me
Tossin' And Turnin'
Don't You Let Me Down
That's The Kind Of Sugar Papa Likes
Easy Thing
Rock Me, Baby
Kiss The Girl Goodbye
Hooked On Rock 'N' Roll
I Can't Stop The Rain
Pop albums
Images of US patent 4289794 for Pop Rocks  from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
Pop Rocks: The Inside Story of America's Revolutionary Candy, book detailing the story of Pop Rocks development to Pop Rocks today
How do Pop Rocks candy work?,
an article from HowStuffWorks that explains how pop rocks candy is manufactured and also has links to the original patent
Dynasty is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss.
It was released on May 23, 1979.
2,000 Man
Sure Know Something
Dirty Livin'
X-Ray Eyes
1979 albums
Disco albums
Master of the Queen's Music (or Master of the King's Music when the United Kingdom has a king) is the title given to one chosen composer of classical music; it is a post in the Royal Household of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom.
Only one person holds the title at any one time.
It is very similar to the post of Poet Laureate which is for a poet.
The Master of the Queen's Music is now Sir Peter Maxwell Davies.
Instead of being appointed for life, he was appointed for a ten-year term, starting March 2004.
The change was to give more composers the opportunity to serve.
The Master of the Queen's Music has the job of composing music for special royal occasions such as  anniversaries, marriages and funerals, and for special ceremonies.
The title was created in 1626 by Charles I.  It was spelt Master of the King's Musick and was always spelt that way until the time of Sir Edward Elgar who was Master from 1924 to 1934.
Nicholas Lanier (1625-1649 and 1660-1666)
Louis Grabu (1666-1674)
Nicholas Staggins (1674-1700)
John Eccles (1700-1735)
Maurice Greene (1735-1755)
William Boyce (1755-1779)
John Stanley (1779-1786)
William Parsons (1786-1817)
William Shield (1817-1829)
Christian Kramer (1829-1834)
Franz Cramer (1834-1848)
George Frederick Anderson (1848-1870)
Sir William George Cusins (1870-1893)
Professor Sir Walter Parratt, KCVO (1893-1924)
Sir Edward Elgar, Bt OM GCVO (1924-1934)
Sir Henry Walford Davies, KCVO OBE (1934-1941)
Sir Arnold Bax, KCVO (1942-1952)
Sir Arthur Bliss, CH KCVO (1953-1975)
Malcolm Williamson, CBE AO (1975-2003)
Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, CBE (2004-appointed until 2014)
Unmasked is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss.
It was released on May 20, 1980.
What Makes The World Go 'Round
Two Sides Of The Coin
She's So European
Easy As It Seems
Torpedo Girl
You're All That I Want
1980 albums
Pop rock albums
Music from "The Elder" is a concept album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss.
It was released on November 10, 1981.
"Fanfare"
"Odyssey"
"Under the Rose"
"Dark Light"
"A World Without Heroes"
"The Oath"
"Mr. Blackwell"
1981 albums
Cross-platform software is a type of software that can run on many different operating systems or computer architectures.
Together, the combination of an operating system and computer architecture is commonly referred to as a platform.
Microsoft Windows, macOS, iOS, BlackBerry, Linux and Android are five different types of well-known platforms.
Cross-Platform Development is very crucial towards marketing business over different platforms.
Nowadays, there are multiple platforms for the customer base to surf the internet.
A website has a particular pixel and differs in height and width that may not locate the different screen sizes.
With the help of cross-platform development, a developer creates the website to mold to any screen size.
Developing an application for multiple platforms is very complex, as it needs high-tech backend work to make the app run on different platforms.
With the wide range of OS, mainly iOS and Android, the application needs to be developed.
However, with a cross-platform, both iOS and Android can install and run the application.
It means the business is targeting the world market for enhanced revenues.
The controversy led to many years of bitterness and nearly fifty years of civil war in Germany.
This war ended with the triumph of the great dukes and abbots, and the falling apart of the German empire in the end.
The dispute between Gregory VII and Henry IV
Gregory had many enemies in the higher ranks of the German clergy, so Henry IV declared that Gregory was no longer pope and that the Romans should choose a new pope .
When Gregory learned of this he excommunicated Henry IV, declared he was no longer emperor, and told his subjects that they no longer had to obey him as they had sworn to do.
Thirty years before, his father Henry III had deposed three popes, but when Henry IV tried to copy this procedure he did not have the support of the people.
The Saxons began a second rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in strength from month to month.
Henry had been excommunicated by this point, and facing widespread opposition at home with Rudolf as the figurehead of this, Henry met the Pope at a fortress in the Southern Alps.
Over three days he signals his penitence in the snow, barefoot and wearing a sack cloth, leading to a reconciliation with Pope Gregory VII.
The opposition of the rebellious German nobles used the excommunication of Henry to set up a rival king Rudolf of Rheinfelden (Forchheim, March 1077).
But finally he decided for Rudolf after his victory at Flarchheim (27 January 1080) and declared the excommunication and deposition of King Henry again (7 March 1080).
When Rudolf died on 16 October of the same year, Henry, now more experienced, took up the struggle.
Gregory had now become less powerful, and thirteen cardinals deserted him.
Rome surrendered to the German king, and Guibert of Ravenna enthroned as Clement III (24 March 1084).
Henry was crowned emperor by his rival, while Gregory himself had to flee from Rome in the company of his Norman "vassal" Robert Guiscard.
Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (1988).
The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century.
University of Philadelphia Press.
Cantor, Norman F. (1993).
The Civilization of the Middle Ages.
Cowdrey, H.E.J. (1998).
Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085.
Jolly, Karen Louise. (
Tradition & Diversity: Christianity in a World Context to 1500.
ME Sharpe.
Tellenbach, Gerd (1993).
The Western Church from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century.
"Investiture Constroversy", from Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
"Conflict of Investitures", from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
"Canonical Investiture", from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
"Investiture" , from the Columbia Encyclopedia.
"The Owl, The Cat, And The Investiture Controversy" , from the Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies (ORB).
"Empire and Papacy", from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
Henry IV: Letter to Gregory VII, Jan 24, 1076.
Gregory VII: First Deposition and Banning of Henry IV (Feb 22, 1076)
Gregory VII: Second Banning and Dethronement of Henry IV (March 7, 1080)
Gregory VII: Dictatus Papae 1090
Ban on Lay Investitures, 1078
The Concordat of Worms 1122
The Canons of the First Lateran Council, 1123
Avalon Project, Yale University: Documents relating to the War of the Investitures
The central region of the human hand
Palm reading, a form of telling the future by looking at the lines and structure of the human hand
Palm (unit), a unit of length
Different plants: Arecaceae (Palm trees), Cycadaceae (Sago palm), Heliconiaceae (Travellers palm)
Palm wine, a drink made from the sap of a palm
A palm branch, a branch of a palm, as a symbol for various things
Palm, Inc., a maker of portable computers
Palm OS, an operating system made by Palm, Inc.
Cycas is a genus of plants.
It is the only genus currently known in the Cycadaceae family.
Over 100 species are known.
Probably the best-known of these is marketed as Sago Palm or King Sago Palm.
The plant is not a true palm, however.
The generic name comes from Greek kykas and means "palm tree".
Cycas is native to the Old World; most species are around the equatorial regions.
It is native to eastern and southeastern Asia including the Philippines with 6 species (4 of which are endemic), eastern Africa (including Madagascar), northern Australia, Polynesia, and Micronesia.
Australia has 26 species, while the Indo-Chinese area has about 30.
The northernmost species (C. revoluta) is found at 31°N in southern Japan.
The southernmost (C. megacarpa) is found at 26°S in southeast Queensland, Australia.
The plants have often been considered to be a living fossil.
The earliest fossils of the genus Cycas appear in the Cainozoic, but Cycas-like fossils occur well into the Mesozoic.
Cycas is not closely related to other genera of cycads.
Phylogenetic studies have shown that Cycadaceae is the sister-group to all other living cycads.
Cycad Pages: Cycas
Singh R. & Radha P. 2006.
Cycas annaikalensis, a new species of Cycas from the Malabar Coast, Western Ghats, India.
Brittonia 58 (2): 119-123.
Heliconia is a genus of flowering plants.
They are native tropical South America, as well as the Pacific Ocean Islands west to Indonesia.
There are between 100 and 200 species in the genus.
Other common names include lobster-claw, wild plantain and false bird-of-paradise.
The plants have very decorative flowers.
For this reason they are often sold decorative plants.
A screenplay or script is the written instruction about what happens in a play, movie or television program.
The screenplay for a movie has everything that happens in the movie.
It includes the plot, the dialogue and actions of the characters, and instructions for editing.
The person who writes the screenplay is called a screenwriter.
A screenplay for television is called a teleplay.
The script is usually slightly changed or things will be added or subtracted as the directors decide.
Pope Gregory VII (; 1020–May 25, 1085), born Hildebrand (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 158th Pope from April 22, 1073 until he died in 1085.
Hildebrand was born in Sovana in Tuscany.
As a youth, he became a Benedictine monk.
In Rome, Hildebrand became the chaplain of Pope Gregory VI.
When Gregory VI abdicated and went into in exile in Germany, Hildebrand went with him.
Pope Gregory died an exile in Salerno.
His last words were: "I have loved justice and hated iniquity; therefore, I [now] die in exile." ("
Dilexi iustitiam et odivi iniquitatem propterea morior in exilio")..
"Gregory VII", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Ildebrando
1020 births
1085 deaths
The word literally means out of communion, or no longer in communion.
In some churches, excommunication includes the belief that the person who was exocommunicated is going to Hell.
Sometimes punishment  follow excommunication; these include being banned, shunning, and shaming, depending on the group's religion or religious community.
Encyclopedia of American Religions, by J. Gordon Melton
Ludlow, Daniel H. ed, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Macmillan Publishing, 1992.
De Fide, a non-profit association, uses Canon Law to defend the Roman Catholic Church from Heresy by filing lawsuits in Ecclesiastical Court, seeking the excommunication of impenitent offenders.
Excommunication, the Ban, Church Discipline and Avoidance (from Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online)
Catholic Encyclopaedia on excommunication
The two sides of excommunication
Episcopal Church of America excommunication
Helen Elizabeth Clark (born 26 February 1950) was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from December 1999 to November 2008.
She is was later the head of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) from 2009 to 2017.
In 2006, she was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 20th most powerful woman in the world.
Clark grew up the eldest of four daughters from a Waikato farming family.
Her mother, Margaret, worked as a primary school teacher and her father, George, was a farmer who supported the National Party during the 1981 election.
Clark studied at the University of Auckland, where she graduated with a MA (Honours) in 1974.
Her thesis research focused on rural political behaviour and representation.
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Deputy Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) are a type of two dimensional picture that work on vectors, rather than pixels.
This means that they can be easily be made bigger or smaller without losing any quality or becoming blurry.
SVG is based on XML and created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
The W3C published SVG in September 2001.
As of 2018 SVG is widely supported in all modern browsers.
The normal Filename extension is .svg and the MIME-Type is image/svg+xml.
SVG uses Extensible Markup Language (XML).
So it has a definition of the document type.
xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ev="http://www.w3.org/2001/xml-events"
version="1.1" baseProfile="full"
width="800mm" height="600mm">
content of the file -->
Difference between bitmap and vector images
The vector image can be scaled forever, while the bitmap can not.
VectorMagic Online raster to SVG converter
Creatures of the Night is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss.
It was released on October 13, 1982.
Saint and Sinner
Keep Me Comin'
Rock and Roll Hell
I Love It Loud
1982 albums
Full communion is a term used in Christian ecclesiology to describe relations between two distinct Christian communities or Churches that recognise that each other shares the same communion and the same essential doctrines.
That does not mean that there would be no differences at all between them.
The Roman Catholic Church (which follows the so-called Latin Rite) is in full communion with the Chaldean Catholic Church, for example.
The Chaldean Catholic Church follows the East Syrian tradition.
In other words: Both churches celebrate mass differently, but they agree completely on all ideas.
The Roman Catholic Church is in partial communion with the Protestant Churches.
There are many things both Churches agree on; but in some things they are different; As an example: a Catholic priest can forgive sins; a Protestant priest cannot.
All the Eastern Orthodox Churches are in full communion
All the Oriental Orthodox Churches are in full communion
All the Churches in the Union of Utrecht are in full communion with the Anglican Church
A queue is a line of people standing behind one another who are waiting for something.
The person at the front of the queue will have his turn next, then the next person and so on.
When someone comes to join the queue they have to go to the back of the queue and wait until it is their turn.
Sometimes people try to "jump the queue" or "push in".
They are usually told off and have to go to the back of the queue.
The word "queue" comes from the French word for "tail", but when talking about a queue of people in English it is pronounced "kyoo" (like "Kew" in "Kew Gardens").
The word "queue" can be a noun ("Please stand in the queue") or a verb ("Please queue over there").
People may queue to be served in a shop, or queue for a bus or taxi or to go into something like a museum.
Queueing is much better than pushing one's way in.
Sometimes, in places where a lot of people are queueing, there may be a system of numbered tickets.
When someone arrives, they take a number and wait until their number is shown on a display board.
This system is often used in banks, doctor's surgeries, passport offices, etc.
People waiting in a queue are not always standing around.
There may be people who, for example, are waiting to have an operation, but they have to wait "in a queue" until one day they receive a letter from the hospital telling them when to come in for their operation.
Russians often make jokes about queues because, in the days of the Soviet Union, there was not much in the shops.
When a shop had a delivery there would suddenly be a long queue of people.
People joined a queue even if they did not know what the queue was for.
If they bought something they did not want they could always sell it.
Perhaps the most famous queue in Britain is the queue for promenade tickets (standing places) at the BBC Proms.
People enjoy chatting to one another in the queue.
The people who are at the front of the queue can have the first choice of where to stand for the concert.
The word queue does not have any word families, however, it has many synonyms.
Some of these are: Chain, line, row, and series.
It only has two antonyms, and they are disorder and disorganized.
In addition to describing a broad discipline of theology, ecclesiology may be used in the specific sense of a particular church or denomination’s character, self-described or otherwise.
This is the sense of the word in such phrases as Roman Catholic ecclesiology, Lutheran ecclesiology, and ecumenical ecclesiology.
Questions asked by ecclesiology
Who is the Church?
Is it a visible or earthly corporation -- a "church" in the sense of a specific denomination or institution, for instance?
Or is it the body of all believing Christians regardless of their denominational differences and disunity?
What is the relationship between living Christians and departed Christians (the "cloud of witnesses" Epistle to the Hebrews 12:1)-- do they (those on Earth and those in Heaven) constitute together the Church?
Must one join a church?
That is, what is the role of corporate worship in the spiritual lives of believers?
Is it in fact necessary?
Can salvation be found outside of formal membership in a given faith community, and what constitutes "membership?" (
Baptism?
Formal acceptance of a creed?
Regular participation?)
What is the authority of the Christian church?
Who gets to interpret the doctrines of the Church?
Is the organizational structure itself, either in a single corporate body, or generally within the range of formal church structures, an independent vehicle of revelation or of God's grace?
What does the Church do?
What are the sacraments, divine ordinances, and liturgies, in the context of the Church, and are they part of the Church's mission to preach the Gospel?
How should the Church be governed?
What was the mission and authority of the Apostles, and is this handed down through the sacraments today?
What are the proper methods of choosing clergy such as bishops and priests, and what is their role within the context of the Church?
What are the roles of 'spiritual gifts' in the life of the church?
How does the Church's 'new covenant' relate to the covenants expressed in scripture with God's chosen people, the Jewish people?
What is the ultimate destiny of the Church in Christian eschatology?
Beliefs that define the Church
Body of Christ
Theology -- beliefs about the nature of God.
This can include Pneumatology - beliefs about the Holy Spirit,  Christology - beliefs about Jesus being the Messiah, and Soteriology -beliefs about how people are saved
Rituals that define the Church
Believers Baptism
Chrismation
Topics in church government
Apostolic succession - Catholics, Eastern Orthodox and Anglicanism all claim to have priests ordained by priests going back to the Twelve Apostles.
One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church
Ecclesia (sociology of religion)
Ecclesiastical polity
Connectionalism
Congregational polity
Episcopal polity
Presbyterian church governance
Priesthood of all believers
A Study in Church History A look at ecclesiology from an Evangelical perspective with audio and video resources.
Centre for the Study of Contemporary Ecclesiology  at Liverpool Hope University
Ecclesia (or Ekklesia) in Christian theology means both: a particular body of faithful people, and the whole body of the faithful.
Latin ecclesia, from Greek ekklesia, where the word is a compound of two segments: "ek", a preposition meaning "out of", and a verb, "kaleo", signifying "to call" - together, literally, "to call out".
That usage soon disappeared and was replaced with "assembly, congregation, council", or "convocation".
Christian understanding of 'Church'
If one speaks of the whole body of Christian faithful, then there are included not only the members of the Church who are alive on earth but all who were members of the church before.
Some churches therefore describe the Church as being composed of the Church Militant (Christians on Earth) and the Church Triumphant (Christians in Heaven).
In Catholic theology, there is also the Church Suffering (Christians still in purgatory).
Finally, 'The Church' may sometimes be used, especially in Catholic theology, to speak of those who exercise the office of teaching and ruling the faithful, the Ecclesia Docens, or again (more rarely) the governed as distinguished from their pastors, the Ecclesia Discens.
Vatican II, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium
The church Alive!
Ekklesia.co.uk
Ekklesia.us
Ecclesia.gr
Reflections on the Church  by Reid Monaghan
The term Communion comes from Latin communio (sharing in common).
The corresponding term in Greek is κοινωνία, which is often translated as "fellowship".
In Christianity, the basic meaning of the term communion is an especially close relationship of Christians, as individuals or as a Church, with God and with other Christians.
Derived meanings in Christianity
But the term is also used of a group of Christian Churches that have this close relationship of communion with each other.
If the relationship between the Churches is complete, involving fulness of "those bonds of communion - faith, sacraments and pastoral governance - that permit the Faithful to receive the life of grace within the Church",  it is called full communion.
But the term "full communion" is often used as well in that sense that these Christian Churches are not united, but have only an arrangement where members of each Church have certain rights within the other.
The communion of saints is the relationship that, according to the belief of Christians, exists between them as people made holy by their link with Christ.
This relationship is generally understood to mean not only those still in earthly life, but also to those who have gone past death to be "at home with the Lord" (2 Corinthians 5:8).
In a special way the term communion is applied to sharing in the Eucharist.
Biblical usage
In the Bible, the Greek term κοινωνία is only used in the New Testament.
It does not appear at all in the ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament known as the Septuagint.
As a noun, or in its adjectival or verbal forms, it is found in 43 verses of the New Testament.
In addition, the noun is found in some manuscripts (used for producing the English translation known as the King James Version, but not for more recent translations) in Ephesians 3:9.
The word is applied,  according to the context, to communion, sharing or fellowship with:
the divine nature (2 Pt 1:4), God (1 Jn 1:6), the Trinity (1 Jn 1:3), Jesus, Son of God (1 Co 1:9), his sufferings (Ph 3:10; 1 Pt 4:13), his future glory (1 Pt 5:1), the Holy Spirit (2 Co 13:14; Ph 2:1)
the blood and the body of Christ (1 Co 10:16), pagan sacrifices and gods (1 Co 10:18, 20)
fellow Christians, their sufferings and the faith (Ac 2:42; Ga 2:9; 1 Jn 1:3, 7; Heb 10:33; Rv 1:9; Phm 6, 17)
a source of spiritual favours (Rm 11:17), the gospel (1 Co 9:23), light and darkness (2 Co 6:14)
others' sufferings and consolation (2 Co 1:7; Ph 4:14), their evangelizing work (Ph 1:5), their graces or privileges (Rm 15:27; Ph 1:7), their material needs, to remedy which assistance is given (Rm 12:13, 15:26-27; 2 Co 8:4, 9:13; Ga 6:6; Ph 4:15; 1 Tm 6:18; Heb 13:16)
the evil deeds of others (Mt 23:30; Ep 5:11; 1 Tm 5:22; 2 Jn 11; Rv 18:4)
the bodily human nature all have in common (Heb 2:14)
a work partnership, secular or religious (Lk 5:10; 2 Co 8:23)
Communion of Saints
A renewable resource is a resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally.
Renewable energy almost never runs out, for example: solar energy is powered by heat from the sun and never runs out.
Other examples include oxygen, geothermal power, fresh water, solar energy and biomass.
New resources may include goods or commodities such as paper and leather.
Gasoline, coal, natural gas, diesel, plastics are other fossil fuels are not renewable.
They take millions of years to be made, and cannot be renewed in a human’s, or even a nation's lifetime.
Ways have been developed to make biodegradable plastic and bio diesel and other fuels from renewable resources such as corn, sugar cane, soybeans and canola.
Renewable resource harvesting and use typically do not produce pollution or contribute to global warming.
The use of renewable resources and energy sources is increasing worldwide, with certain nations, such as Bhutan, and US states, such as California, beginning to rely entirely on renewable energy.
From 2008 to 2012, the U.S. doubled renewable generation from wind, solar, and geothermal sources.
America and Britain are now home to some of the largest wind and solar farms in the world.
There are also things called human resource where human’s waste is turned into energy.
There are many other resources such as water power.
Renewable resources are basically the opposite of non-renewable resources.
Alternative Fuels - Beginner's tutorial on using alternative fuels in a diesel engine
Derek Taylor (7 May 1932 – 7 September 1997) was an English journalist and author.
He spent most of his career covering popular music and celebrity news.
He had a long association with rock band The Beatles, serving at different times as their .
He was also a  to The Beatles manager Brian Epstein, and co-wrote a  with guitarist George Harrison.
In the mid-1960s, Taylor lived with his family in Los Angeles, California, and had his own  agency.
His clients included The Byrds and The Beach Boys.
He also gave Harry Nilsson's career a boost, when he sent copies of Nilsson's album Pandemonium Shadow Show to important members of the music industry, including the Beatles.
Taylor died of cancer on 7 September 1997.
Writers from Suffolk
Hot chocolate, also known as hot cocoa or drinking chocolate, is a hot drink.
It is usually made by mixing chocolate or cocoa powder, sugar, and usually a sweetener.
Hot chocolate may be topped with whipped cream or marshmallows.
Hot chocolate is usually drunk to make the drinker feel happier or warmer.
Some studies have shown that hot chocolate may be healthy because of antioxidants that are in cocoa.
Until the 1800s, hot chocolate was also used by doctors as a medicinal drink.
It is believed that the hot chocolate drink was first made by the Mayan people about 2,000 years ago.
Another cocoa drink was made by the Aztecs by 1400 .
The drink became popular in Europe after being brought from Mexico into the New World, and has changed a lot since then.
Today, hot chocolate is used around the world.
It comes in many different types such as the very thick cioccolata densa in Italy, and the thinner hot cocoa that is usually drunk in the United States.
Chocolate is made from cocoa, the dried and partly fermented seeds of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao).
The cacao tree is a small (4–8 m (15–26 ft.)
tall) pine tree found in the deep tropical areas of the Americas.
New studies show that the most found type of the plant first came from the Amazon basin.
It was slowly moved by humans to other places in South and Central America to farm.
Early kinds of another type have also been found in what is now Venezuela.
The scientific name, theobroma, means "food of the gods".
The fruit, called a cacao pod, is shaped like an oval, 15–30 cm (6–12 in.)
long and 8–10 cm (3–4 in.)
wide.
It gets ripe from yellow to orange, and weighs about 500 g (1 lb) when ripe.
The first known use of cacao is chocolate found in jars at the site of Puerto Escondido in Honduras.
It was used there around 1100  An early Classic Period (460–480 ) Mayan grave from Río Azul, Guatemala, had cups with the Mayan words for cacao on them with traces of an old chocolate drink.
The Maya are usually given credit for making the first chocolate drink over 2,000 years ago.
The drink would be changed even more in Europe.
To make the drink, the Maya ground cocoa seeds into a paste and mixed it with water, cornmeal, chile peppers, and spices.
They then poured the drink back and forth from a cup to a pot until a foam was created.
The drink was served cold.
Maya of all social classes could get the drink, but the rich drank chocolate from fancy vessels or cups.
By the 1400s, the Aztecs took over a large part of Mesoamerica, and took cacao into their culture.
They thought of chocolate with Xochiquetzal, the goddess of pregnancy.
They also used chocolate drinks as sacrifices to gods.
The Aztec kind of the drink was bitter and spicy, and was called xocolatl.
It was made a lot like the Mayan chocolate drinks.
Vanilla, chile pepper, and achiote were added to the drink, and it was believed to fight tiredness, which is because of the theobromine content, a mood enhancer.
Because cacao would not grow in central Mexico and had to be brought into the empire, chocolate was an important luxury good in the Aztec empire.
Because of this, cocoa beans were used as money.
The first time Europeans saw chocolate was in the 16th century when Montezuma (who was ruler of the Aztec then) showed xocolatl to Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conquistador.
What the Spanish then called "chocolatl" was said to be a drink made of a chocolate base with vanilla and other spices that was served cold.
Montezuma's rulers have been said to drink about 2000 cups of xocolatl per day, 50 of which were drank by Montezuma himself.
Because sugar had not come to the Americas, xocolatl was said to be something that one did not like in the beginning.
The drink tasted spicy and bitter, unlike today's hot chocolate.
As to when xocolatl was first made warm, sources are not sure about when and by whom.
However, Jose de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, described xocolatl as a drink with a bitter taste that the natives liked a lot.
European changes
After defeating Montezuma’s warriors and taking the Aztec's riches, Cortés went back to Spain in 1528.
He brought cocoa beans and chocolate drink making equipment.
At this time, chocolate still was only the bitter drink made by the Mayans.
Sweet hot chocolate and bar chocolate were not made yet.
After coming to Europe, the drink slowly got popularity.
The court of King Charles V soon began drinking it, and what was then only called "chocolate" became a popular drink with the Spanish upper class.
Also, cocoa was given as a gift when the Spanish Royal Family married other royalty.
Then, chocolate cost a lot in Europe because the cacao beans only grew in South America.
The first shipment of chocolate to Europe for sale purposes was a shipment from Veracruz to Sevilla in 1585.
It was still a drink, but the Europeans added sugar to sweeten it, and took out the chili pepper.
They also added vanilla, cinnamon, and other spices.
Sweet hot chocolate was then made, making hot chocolate a luxury item with the European royalty in the 17th century.
Even when the first Chocolate house (a store like a coffee shop now) opened in 1657, the drink still cost a lot.
A pound cost 50 to 75 pence (between 50  and 75 USD now).
In the late 1600s, Hans Sloane, president of the Royal College of Physicians, went to Jamaica.
There, he tried chocolate and did not like it, but found it was better with milk.
When he came back to England, he brought the recipe with him, bringing milk chocolate to Europe.
In 1828, Coenraad Johannes van Houten made the first cocoa powder making machine in the Netherlands.
The press took apart the greasy cocoa butter from cacao seeds, leaving a chocolate powder behind.
This powder — like the cocoa powder used now — was easier to stir into milk and water, and led to solid chocolate.
By using cocoa powder and a little bit of cocoa butter, bar chocolate was then able to be made.
The term "chocolate" then came to mean solid chocolate, instead of hot chocolate.
Use and types
However, there are two main styles of the drink.
The words "hot chocolate" and "hot cocoa" are sometimes used instead of each other, but there is actually a difference between the two. "
Hot cocoa" is made from a mix of cocoa, sugar and ingredients, all powdered, to make the drink thick without cocoa butter. "
Hot chocolate" is made right from bars of chocolate, which has cocoa, sugar and cocoa butter in it.
The biggest difference between the two is the cocoa butter, which makes hot cocoa have less fat than hot chocolate, so it is better for one's health.
Hot chocolate can be made with dark, semisweet, or bittersweet chocolate.
It is cut into small pieces and stirred into milk with sugar.
American hot cocoa powder can be made with powdered milk so it can be made without milk.
In the United Kingdom, "hot chocolate" is a sweet chocolate drink made with hot milk or water, and powder with chocolate, sugar, and powdered milk. "
Cocoa" usually means a similar drink made with just hot milk and cocoa powder, then made sweeter with sugar.
In the United States, the drink is most popular in powdered or crushed form.
It is made with hot water or milk.
This is the thinner of the two main types.
It is very sweet and often is served with marshmallows, whipped cream, or a piece of solid chocolate.
European hot chocolate first came to the U.S. as early as the 1600s by the Dutch, but the first time colonists began selling hot chocolate was around 1755.
Hot chocolate is usually drank in cold weather and winter in the United States.
It is not taken with meals very often.
In Mexico, hot chocolate is still popular.
Besides the instant powder form, Mexican hot chocolate uses semi-sweet chocolate, cinnamon, sugar and vanilla.
Hot chocolate of this type is often sold in tablets or bars which can be put into hot milk, water or cream.
It is then mixed until the drink gets a creamy foam.
Mexican cinnamon hot chocolate is often served with a variety of Mexican breads or pastries called pan dulcet ("sweet bread") and churros.
In Europe, most kinds of hot chocolate are very thick.
This is because they are made from pure chocolate.
In the United Kingdom, hot chocolate is usually thinner.
As Europe was where hot chocolate was first made popular, there are many different types.
Among the thick types of hot chocolate served in Europe is the Italian cioccolata densa.
German types are also known for being very thick and heavy.
Hot chocolate and churros is the normal working-man's breakfast in Spain.
This style of hot chocolate can be very thick, often being like warm chocolate pudding.
There are even more types of thick hot chocolate in Europe.
Some cafes in Belgium and other areas in Europe serve a "warme chocolade" or "chocolat chaud".
This is a cup of heated milk and a small bowl of bittersweet chocolate chips to put in the milk.
In England, some kinds of powdered drinks are as thick as pure chocolate kinds.
Even though hot chocolate is usually drunk for enjoyment, it can also be good for the health.
Hot chocolate has a lot of antioxidants that may be good for the health.
From the 16th to 19th centuries, hot chocolate was used as a medicine and a drink.
Explorer Francisco Hernández wrote that chocolate drinks helped fever and diseases of the liver.
Another explorer, Santiago de Valverde Turices, thought that large amounts of hot chocolate were good for fixing chest problems, and small amounts could help stomach problems.
When chocolate first came to France in the 17th century, it was used "to fight against fits of anger and bad moods".
This may be because of a chemical that makes a person's mood better in chocolate.
There are also some health effects which are not good.
Hot chocolate has a lot of calories, saturated fat, and sugar.
Caffeine from the cocoa in hot chocolate can cause bad effects.
There is evidence that the caffeine causes a mild addiction to the drink.
A diuretic is a chemical substance.
This substance is either in a herb (such as dandelions), or it has been separated and made into a drug.
Diuretics increase the amount of urine that is secreted from the body.
Diuretics are used as a treatment for heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension and certain problems with the kidneys.
Diuretics are often abused by people suffering form bulimia nervosa as a way to lose weight.
Diagram at mmi.mcgill.ca
Diagram at cvpharmacology.com
The Byrds were a popular folk rock band, from California.
Their members included Jim McGuinn (who later changed his name to Roger), David Crosby, Gene Clark, Chris Hillman and Michael Clarke.
Later band members included Gram Parsons, Clarence White, and Gene Parsons.
The Byrds pioneered folk rock, a blend of folk music with rock and roll.
Many of their songs were remakes of Bob Dylan's songs, such as "Mr. Tambourine Man", which was their first hit in 1965.
They recorded a bright, uplifting version of "Turn, Turn, Turn", which had been adapted by Pete Seeger from Ecclesiastes in the Bible.
Other songs were written by band members.
The Byrds recorded "So You Wanna Be a Rock'N'Roll Star?"
about the Monkees, not liking the star-making machinery that made the Monkees famous overnight.
McGuinn later said the song was about the pop music business, not the Monkees.
They softened their opinions, though, once they'd met the band and saw they had real talent.
Members of the Byrds played on Monkees recording sessions, and the later band Crosby, Stills & Nash was formed partly from meetings at Peter Tork's house.
One Byrds song, "You Showed Me", became a hit for The Turtles late in 1968.
The Byrds's lineup changed many times, and after the last new lineup disbanded in 1972, the original members reunited to record an album, titled Byrds.
Mr. Tambourine Man (1965)
Turn! (
Fifth Dimension (1966)
Younger Than Yesterday (1967)
The Notorious Byrd Brothers (1968)
Sweetheart of the Rodeo (1968)
Ballad of Easy Rider (1969)
(Untitled) (1970)
Byrdmaniax (1971)
Farther Along (1971)
Byrds (1973)
Hear the Byrds on the Pop Chronicles, 1969.
1964 establishments in the United States
Meningitis is an infection of certain membranes and tissues of the nervous system.
Those are called meninges (singular: meninx).
Their function is to protect the central nervous system.
Most often, this infection is caused by microorganisms, like viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites.
The most common cause of meningitis are viruses, followed by bacteria.
Meningitis is a life-threatening condition.
It affects all age groups.
Some kinds of meningitis are very easy to spread.
For this reason, in certain countries, like Germany, doctors have to tell the authorities that someone might have meningitis.
Signs of meningitis
Some signs  of meningitis can be: high fever, sometimes with chills; very strong headache; nauseas and vomiting; drowsiness or confusion; twitching; sleepiness; sore throat; delirium (especially in children); seizures; and stiff neck (in less than 50% of the cases, but may be a telltale sign).
The two main forms of meningitis are bacterial meningitis and viral meningitis.
In bacterial meningitis, most patients die without treatment, whereas in viral meningitis most patients get better on their own.
Herpes virus meningitis may respond to an antiviral drug.
Encephalitis, the inflammation (swelling) of the brain
WHO: Meningococcal meningitis
Merck Manual: Central nervous system infections
Vaccination information from the NHS, UK
CDC: Meningococcal disease
CNN Health Library, Meningitis
Information on Meningitis UK and the charity's search for a vaccine
Information from the Meningitis Trust
Information from the Meningitis Trust in New Zealand
Mental confusion (often simply called confusion) is a symptom.
People suffering from it have problems finding their way around in the world.
They have troubles remembering who they are, where they are, or what time (or day of the week) it is.
Additionally, they may have trouble remembering things or memorizing new things.
This may be linked to problems focusing their attention.
Confusion can also be a sign of someone being sick with various illnesses when it's coupled with things like fever, chills, or exhaustion.
Medical causes of confusion
Acute causes of confusion
In medicine, the acronym AEIOU-TIPS is used to remember the most common causes of confusion that comes on suddenly (over hours or days, not years):
Alcohol (being drunk) or Acidosis (having too much acid in the blood, which poisons the body)
Environmental causes (like being very cold) or Epilepsy (being confused after a seizure)
Infection (like meningitis, an infection of the brain's lining)
Overdose (taking too much medicine or too many illegal drugs)
Uremia (poisons building up in the blood because of kidney problems) or Underdose (not taking enough prescribed medicine)
Trauma (injury, especially to the head)
Insulin (confusion because of a blood sugar emergency - blood sugar is either too low or much too high)
Psychogenic (when mental illness causes confusion)
Stroke (when not enough blood and oxygen gets part of the brain)
Confusion can also happen when the brain is not getting enough blood and oxygen.
For example, this can happen because of:
Low blood pressure (when the heart is not pumping hard enough to get blood and oxygen to the brain)
If the heart is beating too slow, or too fast, or not regularly (making the heart unable to get blood and oxygen up to the brain)
A breathing problem that makes it impossible to get enough oxygen into the body (like a bad asthma attack, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD))
Chronic causes of confusion
Chronic causes of confusion usually come on less suddenly and last for a long time (months or years).
Dementia or Alzheimer's disease can cause a person to be confused most of the time, or all of the time
Traumatic brain injury, or any other kind of damage to the brain
A brain tumor
Lick It Up is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss.
It was released on September 18, 1983.
Not For The Innocent
Young And Wasted
All Hell's Breakin' Loose
Fits Like A Glove
Dance All Over Your Face
And On The 8th Day
1983 albums
Wesleyan University, is a private liberal arts university in Middletown, Connecticut.
It was founded by Methodist leaders and the people of Middletown in 1831.
The university was the first college or university to be named after John Wesley, the founder of Methodism.
Wesleyan is one of the three small New England colleges that make up the "Little Three" (or the "Little Ivies"): the others are Amherst and Williams Colleges.
Wesleyan was founded as an all-male Methodist college in 1831.
In 1872 it became one of the first American colleges to let female students attend.
Some of Wesleyan's male alumni did not think that letting women go to the school was a good thing.
They believed that it made Wesleyan look bad.
Wesleyan stopped letting women got there and from 1912 to 1970 Wesleyan operated as an all-male college.
Wesleyan began letting women attend again in 1970.
At that time many females had went to the all-female Connecticut College in nearby New London, Connecticut.
Virtual Wesleyan  - An award-winning, interactive guide to Wesleyan University
The Wesleyan Connection  - Official newsletter of the University administration
Wesleyan Student Assembly
Colleges and universities in Connecticut
19th-century establishments in Connecticut
Ben 10 is an American animated television show.
The first episode was shown on December 27, 2005-present on Cartoon Network.
The main character, Ben Tennyson, is a ten-years old boy who can turn himself into many different aliens including 10 original aliens.
Ben and his rival girl cousin named Gwen are on summer with their grandpa, Max Tennyson.
The main villains are Vilgax, Kevin Levin and occasionally Charmcaster and the Forever Knights.
Albert Thorup – Ben Tennyson
Amalie Dollerup – Gwen Tennyson
Max Hansen – Max Tennyson
Morten Hemmingsen – Kevin Levin
Mathias Klenske – Kevin Levin
Kristian Holst-White
Annevig Schelde Ebbe
Niels Weyde
Donald Andersen
Mathias Klenske
Vibeke Dueholm
Morten Hemmingsen
Ole Fick
Niclas Mortensen
Søren Thorup
Oliver Berg
Thea Iven Ulstrup
Season 01 (2005-2006)
Season 02 (2006-06)
Season 03 (2006-07)                                                                                                                            *Season 04 (2007-08)
Season 05 (2008-08)
Season 06 (2008-09)
Season 07 (2009-2010)
Season 08 (2010-10)
Season 09 (2011-11)
Season 10 (2011-12)
Season 11 (2012-12)
Season 12 (2013-13)
Season 13 (2013-13)
Season 14 (2014-14)
Season 15 (2014-14)
Season 16 (2015-15)
Season 17 (2015-16)
Season 18 (2016)
Season 19 (2017-17)
Season 20 (2018-18)
Season 21 (2019-19)
Season 22 (2020)
Karol Maciej Szymanowski (6 October 1882 - 29 March 1937) was a Polish composer.
Next to Frederic Chopin, Karol was Poland's most famous composer.
He is thought to be one of the greatest Polish composers of the first half of the 20th century.
Szymanowski was born on his family's estate in Tymoszówka in what is today Ukraine.
He studied in Berlin and Warsaw.
The second phase is influenced by the Orient and Mediterranean cultures.
His music during this phase resulted in many of his best known compositions.
The third phase began in 1921.
It has much what is similar to Polish folk themes.
This work defined Polish themed music and is thought to include his greatest works.
Initially, his music was not well accepted in Poland.
The works of Szymanowski include four symphonies, two violin concertos, the operas Hagith and King Roger, the ballet-pantomime Harnasie, the oratorio Stabat Mater, as well as many piano, violin, vocal and choral compositions.
His most popular works was his ballet Harnasie and opera King Roger. "
Harnasie" was first shown in Prague and later shown at the Paris Opera.
It was received with acclamation and enthusiasm,  both by critics and the public.
Health and financial problems brought his work to an end in 1934.
Szymanowski died after a short stay in a sanatorium in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Karol Szymanowski's "Stabat Mater".
Thomas Dausgaard, conductor.
He died of tuberculosis in Lausanne, Switzerland on 28 March 1937.
He was buried on 7 April 1937 at the cemetery for the Polish nobles, in Pauline in Krakow.
Animalize is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss.
It was released on September 13, 1984.
1984 albums
Eubie Blake (February 7, 1883 or 1887 - February 12, 1983) was an American pianist and composer.
There is some confusion about his birth date.
During the latter part of his life he had said that he was born in 1883.
However, recently released documents - the 1900 United States census, his World War 1 draft card, his Social Security registration and his passport registration - all say that he was born in 1887.
People saying they were born earlier than they actually were ("back dating") was common with musicians from that time.
Jelly Roll Morton is another well known example of this.