the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1961  Eero Saarinen, Finnish architect and designer (b. 1910)
1967  Ilse Koch, wife of Karl Koch, commandant of the concentration camp Buchenwald (b. 1906)
1967  Siegfried Sassoon, English poet and writer (b. 1886)
1969  Drew Pearson, American newspaper columnist (b. 1897)
1970  François Mauriac, French writer (b. 1885)
1977  Ethel Waters, American singer, actress (b. 1896)
1981  Ann Harding, American actress and singer (b. 1901)
1981  Albert Speer, Nazi official (b. 1905)
1982  Wladyslaw Gomulka, Polish Communist leader (b. 1905)
1983  Larry McDonald, United States Congressman (b. 1935)
1983  Henry M. Jackson, Senator from Washington (b. 1912)
1986  Murray Hamilton, American actor (b. 1923)
1988  Luis Walter Alvarez, American physicist (b. 1911)
1989  Kazimierz Deyna, Polish footballer (b. 1947)
1989  A. Bartlett Giamatti, American baseball commissioner (b. 1938)
1990  Geir Hallgrímsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1925)
1997  Zoltan Czibor, Hungarian footballer (b. 1929)
2003  Sir Terry Frost, British artist (b. 1915)
2004  Ahmed Kuftaro, Syrian religious leader (b. 1915)
2006  Bob O'Connor, 57th Mayor of Pittsburgh (b. 1944)
2008  Jerry Reed, American actor and musician (b. 1937)
2008  Don LaFontaine, American voice actor (b. 1940)
2009  Erich Kunzel, American conductor (b. 1935)
2012  Hal David, American songwriter (b. 1921)
2012  Smarck Michel, 6th Prime Minister of Haiti (b. 1937)
2013  Tommy Morrison, American boxer (b. 1969)
2013  Ole Ernst, Danish actor (b. 1940)
2014  Mark Gil, Filipino actor (b. 1961)
2014  Maya Rao, Indian dancer (b. 1928)
2014  Gottfried John, German actor (b. 1942)
2014  Elena Varzi, Italian actress (b. 1926)
2014  A. J. Langguth, American historian and journalist (b. 1933)
2014  Mary T. Clark, American academic and civil rights advocate (b. 1913)
2014  Joseph Shivers, American textile chemist (b. 1920)
2015  Gurgen Dalibaltayan, Armenian colonel-general (b. 1926)
2015  Antonio Nirta, Italian criminal (b. 1919)
2015  Dean Jones, American actor (b. 1931)
2015  Boomer Castleman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1945)
2015  Will Provine, American biologist and historian (b. 1942)
2015  Ben Kuroki, American air force gunner (b. 1917)
2016  Jon Polito, American actor (b. 1950)
2016  Kacey Jones, American singer-songwriter (b. 1950)
2017  Shelley Berman, American comedian and actor (b. 1925)
2017  Charles Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond, British peer (b. 1929)
2017  Peadar Lamb, Irish actor (b. 1930)
2017  Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, English cardinal (b. 1932)
2017  Gin D. Wong, Chinese-born American architect (b. 1922)
2018  Irving Petlin, American artist (b. 1934)
2018  Margit Sandemo, Norwegian-Swedish author (b. 1924)
2018  Tarun Sagar, Indian Jain monk (b. 1967)
2018  Randy Weston, American jazz pianist and composer (b. 1926)
2018  Ehsan Yarshater, Iranian historian (b. 1920)
2019  Kenneth Baugh, Jamaican politician (b. 1941)
2019  Alison Cheek, Australian-American religious leader (b. 1927)
2019  Alberto Goldman, Brazilian politician (b. 1937)
2019  William J. Larkin Jr., American politician (b. 1928)
2019  Katherine MacLean, American science fiction writer (b. 1925)
2019  Jukka Virtanen, Finnish television presenter, film director, screenwriter and songwriter (b. 1933)
Constitution Day in Slovakia
Independence Day in Uzbekistan
Armed Struggle for Independence (Eritrea)
Knowledge Day (Russia)
Disaster Prevention Day (Japan)
Revolution Day in Libya (1969 – 2010)
September 01
January 10 – First meeting of the United Nations.
August 16 - Muslim League began "Direct Action Day" which killed 10,000 people from Kolkata.
AIESEC started
January 3 - John Paul Jones, English bass guitarist (Led Zeppelin)
January 19 – Dolly Parton, American country singer
January 22 – Malcolm McLaren, music manager
March 8 - Randy Meisner, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles)
March 12 – Frank Welker, American actor
May 10- Donovan, Scottish musician
July 6 – George W. Bush, American politician, 43rd President of the United States
August 1 - Chris Tulloch, English filmmaker
August 19 – Bill Clinton, American politician 42nd President of the United States
August 23 - Keith Moon, English drummer (The Who) (d. 1978)
September 1 – Barry Gibb, Singer/Songwriter (Bee Gees)
September 5 — Freddie Mercury, British Singer/Songwriter (Queen) (d. 1991; AIDS)
October 29 - Peter Green, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2020)
November 4 – Laura Bush, 45th First Lady of the United States
November 6 - Fred Penner, Canadian children’s musician
November 24 - Ted Bundy, English serial killer (d. 1989; executed)
November 26 - Mark L. Lester, American film director
November 28 - Joe Dante, American film director
December 16 - Benny Andersson, Swedish pianist (ABBA)
December 28 – Edgar Winter, Albino pop musician (The Edgar Winter Group)
December 30 – Patti Smith, American singer and poet
December 25 – WC Fields
August 13 – H.G. Wells
All the King's Men – Robert Penn Warren
Bridge on the Drina – Ivo Andric
The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care – Benjamin Spock
Delta Wedding – Eudora Welty
I Spit On Your Grave – Boris Vian
Jule – George Wylie Henderson
The Littlest Angel – Charles Tazewell
The Miracle of the Rose – Jean Genet
Mr. President – Miguel Angel Asturias
Mister Roberts – Thomas Heggen
The Story Of Dorothy Stanfield – Oscar Micheaux
Strawberry Girl – Lois Lenski
The Street – Ann Lane Petty
Then and Now – W. Somerset Maugham
''The Adventures of Tintin
220 - China: Cao Pi forces Emperor Xian of Han to abdicate the Han Dynasty throne.
The Cao Wei Empire is created.
361 – Julian the Apostate enters Constantinople as the sole Emperor of the Roman Empire.
630 - The Prophet Muhammad leads an army of 10,000 to conquer Mecca.
969 - Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas is murdered by his wife Theophano and her lover, later-Emperor John I Tzimiskos.
1282 - Llywelyn the Last, the last native-born Prince of Wales, is killed at Cilmeri, near Bulith Wells, South Wales.
1602 - A surprise attack by forces under the command of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva.
1792 – Louis XVI of France is put on trial for treason by the National Convention.
1816 – Indiana becomes the 16th State of the US.
1862 - American Civil War: The Battle of Fredericksburg begins.
1868 - Brazil defeats Paraguay at the Battle of Avay during the Paraguayan War.
1872 – King Kamehameha V of Hawaii dies on his 42nd birthday, ending the line of the Kamehamehas.
His cousin, William Charles Lunalilo, succeeds him as King.
1905 - A workers' uprising occurs in Kiev, present-day Ukraine, then a part of the Russian Empire, and creates the Shuliavka Republic.
1907 – The New Zealand Parliament buildings are almost completely destroyed by fire.
1917 - British General Edmund Allenby enters Jerusalem on foot and declares martial law.
1920 - Irish War of Independence: In retaliation for an IRA ambush, British forces burn and loot numerous buildings in the city of Cork.
There were reports from civilians of beatings, shootings and verbal abuse by the forces.
1927 - Guangzhou Uprising: Communist militia and worker red guards launch an uprising in the city of Guangzhou, taking over most of the city and announcing the formation of the Guangzhou Soviet.
1931 – The British Parliament enacts the Statute of Westminster, establishing legislative equality between the self-governing Dominions of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland and the Union of South Africa.
1934 - Bill W., co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, takes his last alcoholic drink and enters treatment for the last time.
1936 – United Kingdom: Edward VIII abdicates (resigns) the throne in order to marry his love, Wallis Warfield Simpson, making George VI King.
1937 – Italy leaves the League of Nations.
1941 – World War II: Germany and Italy declare war on the United States.
The US, in turn, declares war on Germany and Italy.
1941 - World War II: Poland declares war on the Empire of Japan.
1946 – UNICEF is established.
1958 - French Upper Volta and French Dahomey, in western Africa, gain self-government from France, becoming the Republic of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) and the Republic of Dahomey (now Benin) respectively.
1960 - French forces crack down in a violent clash with protestors in then-French Algeria during a visit by Charles de Gaulle.
1961 - Adolf Eichmann is found guilty of Crimes Against Humanity at his trial in Jerusalem, Israel.
He is sentenced to death on December 15 and executed on May 31 of the following year.
1962 – Arthur Lucas becomes the last person to be executed in Canada.
1964 - Che Guevara speaks to the United Nations General Assembly in New York City.
1972 – Apollo 17 becomes the last manned mission to land on the Moon.
1978 - The Lufthansa heist carried out at JFK International Airport near New York City by an associate of the Lucchese Crime Family, James Burke.
At least $5 million in cash (17.9 million) and $875,000 ($3.1 million) worth of jewels are stolen.
1981 – Armed forces in El Salvador, kill around 900 civilians, in an anti-guerrilla campaign.
1990 - Demonstrations by workers and students across Albania begin.
This eventually leads to the end of Communist rule in Albania and an end to the country's diplomatic isolation.
1993 - 48 people are killed when a block of the Highland Towers collapses in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
1994 – Boris Yeltsin orders Russian troops into Chechnya.
1994 - A bomb explodes on Philippine Airlines Flight 434 from Manila to Tokyo, killing 1 person.
The pilot is able to safely land the plane safely.
1995 - Lithuania applies to join the EU.
1997 – The Kyoto protocol is opened for signature.
1998 – Thai Airways Flight 261 crashes near Surat Thani Airport, killing 101 people.
1999 - Turkey applies to join the EU.
2001 - The People's Republic of China joins the World Trade Organization.
2005 – Riots against Lebanese youths happen in Cronulla, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
2005 – The Buncefield Oil Depot in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, catches fire.
2006 - The Mexican Drug War begins.
2007 - Two car bombs explode at the Constitutional building and UN office in Algiers, Algeria, killing around 45 people.
2008 – Bernard Madoff is arrested on fraud charges.
2010 – Two bombs explode in central Stockholm, killing 1, and injuring 2.
2012 - At least 125 people are killed and up to 200 injured in bombings in the Alawite village in Agrab, Syria.
2016 - St. Mark's Coptic Cathedral in Cairo, Egypt, is bombed, killing at least 25 people.
2016 - President of Italy Sergio Mattarella nominates Paolo Gentiloni to form a government, after the resignation of Matteo Renzi.
2019 - Test cricket is played in Pakistan for the first time since 2009, when the Sri Lankan national team was attacked there.
2019 - The Autonomous Region of Bougainville is revealed to have voted, by a big majority, in favour of independence from Papua New Guinea.
2019 - Time Magazine names climate change activist Greta Thunberg as its Person of the Year; she is the youngest person to be named as such, being almost 17 years old at the time of the announcement.
1465 – Ashikaga Yoshihisa, Japanese shogun (d. 1489)
1475 – Pope Leo X (d. 1521)
1566 – Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer (d. 1650)
1709 - Louise Elisabeth d'Orleans, French consort of King Louis I of Spain (d. 1742)
1712 - Francesco Algarotti, Italian philosopher (d. 1764)
1725 – George Mason, American statesman (d. 1792)
1750 – Isaac Shelby, 1st and 5th Governor of Kentucky (d. 1826)
1758 - Carl Friedrich Zelter, German composer, conductor and educator (d. 1832)
1761 – Gian Domenico Romagnosi, Italian physicist (d. 1835)
1764 - Sir John Gladstone, 1st Baronet, Scottish merchant, slave owner and politician (d. 1851)
1781 - David Brewster, Scottish physicist, mathematician, astronomer, inventor and writer (d. 1868)
1792 - Joseph Mohr, Austrian composer (d. 1848)
1801 - Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German playwright (d. 1836)
1803 – Hector Berlioz, French composer (d. 1869)
1810 - Alfred de Musset, French dramatist, poet and novelist (d. 1857)
1830 – Kamehameha V, King of Hawai'i (d. 1872)
1843 – Robert Koch, German doctor, won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1910)
1856 - Georgi Plekhanov, Russian revolutionary and theoretician (d. 1918)
1858 - Vladimir Nemirovich Danchenko, Russian playwright, director and producer (d. 1943)
1863 - Annie Jump Cannon, American astronomer (d. 1941)
1867 - Antonio Conte, Italian fencer (d. 1953)
1873 - Josip Plemelj, Slovenian mathematician (d. 1967)
1882 – Max Born, German physicist (d. 1970)
1882 – Fiorello La Guardia, 99th Mayor of New York City (d. 1947)
1883 - Victor McLaglen, British actor (d. 1959)
1890 - Carlos Gardel, French-Argentine singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1935)
1890 - Mark Tobey, American painter (d. 1976)
1899 - Julio de Caro, Argentine composer, musician and conductor (d. 1980)
1901 - Dave Halliday, Scottish footballer (d. 1970)
1905 - Erskine Hamilton Childers, 4th President of Ireland (d. 1974)
1905 - Gilbert Roland, American actor (d. 1984)
1906 - Pietro Serantoni, Italian footballer (d. 1964)
1908 - Elliott Carter, American composer (d. 2012)
1908 – Hakun Djurhuus, Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 1987)
1908 – Manoel de Oliveira, Portuguese director (d. 2015)
1908 - Carlos Arias Navarro, Spanish politician (d. 1989)
1908 - Amon Goeth, German SS officer and war criminal (d. 1946)
1910 - Noel Rosa, Brazilian singer, songwriter and guitarist (d. 1937)
1911 – Qian Xuesen, Chinese scientist (d. 2009)
1911 – Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian writer (d. 2006)
1912 – Carlo Ponti, Italian movie producer (d. 2007)
1913 – Jean Marais, French actor (d. 1998)
1916 - Perez Prado, Cuban-Mexican singer, pianist, composer and bandleader (d. 1989)
1918 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer (d. 2008)
1919 – Marie Windsor, American actress (d. 2000)
1919 - Cliff Michelmore, British television presenter (d. 2016)
1921 – Liz Smith, British actress (d. 2016)
1921 – Maila Nurmi, Finnish-American actress (d. 2008)
1921 - Pierre Bec, French Occitan language linguist, philologist and poet (d. 2014)
1923 - Betsy Blair, American actress (d. 2009)
1925 – Paul Greengard, American neuroscientist (d. 2019)
1925 - Patrick Reyntiens, English stained glass artist
1926 – Big Mama Thornton, American blues singer (d. 1984)
1927 – John Buscema, American comic artist (d. 2002)
1927 - Stein Eriksen, Norwegian skier (d. 2015)
1929 - Kenneth MacMillan, Scottish dancer and choreographer (d. 1992)
1930 – Jean-Louis Trintignant, French actor
1930 - Chus Lampreave, Spanish actress (d. 2016)
1931 - Rita Moreno, Puerto Rican singer and actress
1931 - Ronald Dworkin, American philosopher and scholar (d. 2013)
1931 - Pierre Pilote, Canadian ice hockey player
1931 - Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, Indian philosopher and spiritual leader (d. 1990)
1932 - Enrique Bermudez, Nicaraguan army officer, founder of the Contras (d. 1991)
1932 - Anne Heywood, English actress
1933 – Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., politician from the Philippines
1935 – Pranab Mukherjee, former President of India
1935 - Ron Carey, American actor (d. 2002)
1936 - Hans van den Broek, French-Dutch politician
1938 – Enrico Macias, Algerian-French singer
1938 - McCoy Tyner, American jazz pianist
1939 - Tom Hayden, American politician and activist (d. 2016)
1940 - Donna Mills, American actress
1941 - Max Baucus, United States Senator from Montana
1941 - Rogier van Otterloo, Dutch conductor and composer (d. 1988)
1941 - J. P. Parisé, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)
1942 - Anna Carteret, British actress
1942 - Derek Parfit, British philosopher (d. 2017)
1943 – John Kerry, 68th United States Secretary of State
1944 - Teri Garr, American actress and dancer
1944 - Lynda Day George, American television and movie actress
1944 - Brenda Lee, American singer
1944 - Juan E. Mendez, American human rights activist
1946 - Rhoma Irama, Indonesian singer-songwriter
1947 - David E. Stone, American sound editor
1950 - Christina Onassis, American-Greek heiress and shopping magnate (d. 1988)
1951 - Spike Edney, British musician
1951 - Ria Stalman, Dutch athlete
1952 - Andrea de Carlo, Italian writer
1952 - Susan Seidelman, American movie director
1953 - Bess Armstrong, American actress
1954 – Jermaine Jackson, American singer
1954 - Brad Bryant, American golfer
1954 - Santiago Creel, Mexican politician
1956 – Andrew Lansley, British politician
1957 - Antonio Napolioni, Italian bishop
1958 – Nikki Sixx, American musician (Mötley Crüe)
1958 - Chris Hughton, English-Irish footballer and manager
1958 - Isabella Hofmann, American actress
1960 - Rachel Ritman, English composer
1961 - Macky Sall, President of Senegal
1961 - Ingo Appelt, Austrian bobsledder and politician
1961 - Marco Pierre White, English chef and TV personality
1962 - Denise Biellmann, Swiss figure skater
1963 – Mario Been, Dutch footballer
1963 - John Lammers, Dutch footballer
1963 - Jon Brion, American singer-songwriter, composer and producer
1963 - Nigel Winterburn, English footballer
1964 – Michel Courtemanche, French Canadian comedian
1964 – Franco Ballerini, Italian road racing cyclist (d. 2010)
1966 – Göran Kropp, Swedish mountaineer (d. 2002)
1966 - Gary Dourdan, American actor
1967 - Mo'Nique, American comedienne and actress
1967 - Michaela Tabb, English snooker referee
1968 – Fabrizio Ravanelli, Italian footballer
1969 – Viswanathan Anand, Indian chess player and world champion
1969 - Max Martini, American actor
1969 - Alessandro Melli, Italian footballer
1970 - Victoria Fuller, American model, artist and actress
1972 - Andriy Husin, Ukrainian footballer (d. 2014)
1972 – Sami Al-Jaber, Saudi footballer
1972 - Daniel Alfredsson, Swedish ice hockey player
1973 - Mos Def, American musician and actor
1974 – Rey Mysterio, Mexican-American professional wrestler
1974 - Ben Shephard, English journalist and TV host
1976 - Shareef Abdur-Rahim, American basketball player
1979 - Rider Strong, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter
1981 - Nicki Benz, Ukrainian-German model and pornographic actress
1981 – Javier Saviola, Argentine footballer
1981 – Mohamed Zidan, Egyptian footballer
1981 – Zacky Vengeance, American musician (Avenged Sevenfold)
1984 – Leighton Baines, English footballer
1985 - Mario Gjurovski, Macedonian footballer
1985 - Aiko Kayo, Japanese singer and voice actress
1985 - Anja Prislan, Slovenian tennis player
1986 - Roy Hibbert, American basketball player
1987 - Natalia Gordienko, Moldovan dancer and singer
1988 - Ashley Hinshaw, American actress and model
1991 - Anna Bergendahl, Swedish singer
1992 - Tiffany Alvord, American singer
1992 - Gen Shoji, Japanese footballer
1993 - Yalitza Aparicio, Mexican actress
1996 – Hailee Steinfeld, American actress and singer
384 - Pope Damasus I
969 - Nikephoros II Phokas, Byzantine Emperor (b. 912)
1198 – Averroes, Spanish-Arab philosopher (b. 1126)
1241 – Emperor Ogedei of Japan
1282 – Prince Llywelyn the Last of Wales
1282 - Michael VIII Palaiologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1225)
1474 - Henry IV of Castile
1532 - Pietro Accotti, Italian cardinal (b. 1455)
1582 - Pedro Alvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, Spanish general and politician (b. 1508)
1694 - Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma (b. 1630)
1797 - Richard Brocklesby, English physician (b. 1722)
1826 - Maria Leopoldina of Austria (b. 1797)
1840 – Emperor Kokaku of Japan (b. 1771)
1872 – Kamehameha V, King of Hawai'i (b. 1830)
1906 - Charles Townsend, American fencer (b. 1872)
1909 - Innokenty Annensky, Russian poet (b. 1855)
1918 - Ivan Cankar, Slovenian author, poet and playwright (b. 1876)
1937 - Jaan Anvelt, Soviet-Estonian Communist, revolutionary and writer (b. 1884)
1938 – Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian pacifist (b. 1869)
1941 - John Gillespie Magee, Jr., American pilot and poet (b. 1922)
1941 - Emile Picard, French mathematician (b. 1856)
1945 - Charles Fabry, French actress and dancer (b. 1867)
1950 - Leslie Comrie, New Zealand astronomer (b. 1893)
1957 - Musidora, French actress and movie director (b. 1889)
1959 - Jim Bottomley, American baseball player (b. 1900)
1964 - Sam Kilbride, American actor (b. 1888)
1964 - Alma Mahler, wife of Gustav Mahler, Walter Gropius and Franz Werfel (b. 1879)
1964 - Percy Kilbride, American actor (b. 1888)
1968 - Arthur Hays Sulzberger, American publisher (b. 1891)
1971 - Maurice McDonald, American businessman (b. 1902)
1978 – Vincent de Vigneaud, American chemist (b. 1901)
1989 - Louise Dahl-Wolfe, American photographer (b. 1895)
1992 - Michael Robbins, English actor (b. 1930)
1993 - Raymond D. Gary, American politician, 15th Governor of Oklahoma (b. 1908)
1993 – Paul Mebus, German footballer (b. 1920)
1996 - Willie Rushton, British cartoonist, author and publisher (b. 1937)
1997 – Eddie Chapman, British World War II spy (b. 1914)
1998 – Max Streibl, German politician (b. 1932)
2001 - Mainza Chona, 1st Prime Minister of Zambia (b. 1930)
2004 - Arthur Lydiard, New Zealand runner and coach (b. 1917)
2006 – Elizabeth Bolden, American supercentenarian (b. 1890)
2008 – Bettie Page, American model (b. 1923)
2008 - Ali Alatas, Indonesian politician (b. 1932)
2011 - John Patrick Foley, American cardinal (b. 1935)
2012 - Galina Vishnevskaya, Russian operatic soprano (b. 1926)
2012 - Ravi Shankar, Indian sitarist (b. 1920)
2013 - Nadir Afonso, Portuguese painter (b. 1920)
2013 - Barbara Branden, American writer (b. 1929)
2014 - Tom Adams, English actor (b. 1938)
2014 - Giorgio Ardisson, Italian actor (b. 1931)
2015 - H. Arnold Steinberg, Canadian business and education administrator (b. 1933)
2017 - Keith Chegwin, English television presenter and actor (b. 1957)
2017 - Aline Griffith, Dowager Countess of Romanones, American-Spanish aristocrat, socialite and writer (b. 1923)
2017 - Charles Robert Jenkins, American soldier (b. 1940)
2017 - Vera Katz, German-born American politician, former Mayor of Portland, Oregon (b. 1933)
2017 - Suzanna Leigh, British actress (b. 1945)
2017 - Walter Mafli, Swiss painter (b. 1915)
2018 - Winifred Griffin, New Zealand swimmer (b. 1932)
2018 - Hiwi Tauroa, New Zealand rugby union player (b. 1927)
2019 - David Bellamy, English naturalist and writer (b. 1933)
2019 - James McCarthy, American oceanographer (b. 1944)
Republic Day (Burkina Faso)
Indiana Day
Human Rights and Peace Day (Kiribati)
National Tango Day (Argentina)
211 – Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies, leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons, Caracalla and Geta.
960 - Song Taizu, founder of the Song Dynasty in China, comes to power in a coup.
1169 - Mount Etna on Sicily erupts.
It is known exactly how many people were killed.
1454 – In the Thirteen Years' War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master.
1546 - The Siege of Pskov in the Livland War ends with the last Polish-Lithuanian forces leaving the city.
1703 – The day that forty-six of the forty-seven ronin committed sepuku.
1783 – American Revolutionary War: The United Kingdom formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States of America.
1789 – George Washington is unanimously elected to be the first President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.
1792 – George Washington is unanimously elected to a second term as President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.
1794 – The French legislature abolishes slavery throughout all territories of the French Republic.
1797 - An earthquake in Riobamba, Ecuador, kills up to 40,000 people.
1801 – John Marshall is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States.
1810 – The British Navy seizes Guadeloupe.
1820 - The Chilean Navy completes the 2-day long capture of Valdivia, with just 300 men and 2 ships.
1825 - A flood along North Sea coasts kills around 800 people.
1846 - The first Mormon pioneers leave Nauvoo, Illinois, westward to what later became Salt Lake City.
1859 – Codex Sinaiticus discovered in Egypt.
1861 – American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama the Confederate States of America is formed by delegates from six break-away United States.
1862 – Bacardi, one of the world's largest spirits company, was founded as a small distillery in Santiago de Cuba in eastern Cuba.
1897 - Germany's first-known ice hockey game takes place in Berlin.
1899 – The Philippine-American War begins.
1899 - The German football club Werder Bremen is founded.
1915 – Germany establishes a submarine blockade around the UK and declares any vessel in it a legitimate target.
1927 – The first talkie is released – The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson.
1932 – World War II: Japan occupies Harbin, China.
1932 – 1932 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York.
1932 – Asteroid 1239 Queteleta discovered by Eugène Joseph Delporte.
1934 – Asteroid 2824 Franke discovered by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth.
1936 – Radium E. becomes the first radioactive element to be made synthetically.
1938 – Thornton Wilder's play Our Town opens (New York City).
1938 – Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released, and it went on to become a major box-office success, making more money than any other movie in 1938.
1941 – World War II: The United Service Organization (USO) is created to entertain American troops.
1943 – Battle of Stalingrad ends.
1945 – World War II: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin begin the Yalta Conference.
1948 – Ceylon (later renamed Sri Lanka) becomes independent within the British Commonwealth.
1957 – USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, logged her 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional Nautilus described in Jules Verne's novel "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea".
1960 – Lorraine, Quebec is founded.
1962 – Ian Fleming's The Living Daylights first published.
1966 – All Nippon Airways Boeing 727 jet plunges into Tokyo Bay killing 133.
1967 - Lunar Orbiter 3 launches from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
1968 – Bowie Kuhn becomes the fifth commissioner of Major League Baseball, replacing William Eckert.
1969 – Yasser Arafat takes over as chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization.
1974 – The Symbionese Liberation Army kidnaps Patty Hearst in Berkeley, California.
1975 - A magnitude 7.3 earthquake occurs in Haicheng, Liaoning, China.
1976 – In Guatemala and Honduras an earthquake kills more than 22,000.
1976 – 1976 Winter Olympics open in Innsbruck, Austria.
1977 – Fleetwood Mac releases one of the biggest-selling albums of all time, Rumours.
1980 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini names Abolhassan Banisadr as president of Iran.
1991 – The Baseball Hall of Fame votes to ban Pete Rose.
1992 - Future-President Hugo Chávez leads a failed coup in Venezuela against Carlos Andres Perez.
1996 – A major snowstorm paralyzes the Midwestern United States.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin ties its all-time record low temperature at −26 °F. (
−32 °C)
1997 – O. J. Simpson is found to be civilly liable for the deaths of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.
1997 – En route to Lebanon, two Israeli Sikorsky CH-53 troop-transport helicopters collide in mid-air over northern Galilee, Israel killing 73.
1997 – After at first contesting the results, Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic recognizes opposition victories in the November 1996 elections.
1998 – An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter Scale in northeast Afghanistan kills more than 5,000.
1999 – Unarmed West African immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by four plainclothes New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, inflaming race-relations in the city.
2000 – USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7) launched.
2000 – German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion in connection with sabotage of German railway lines.
2002 - The charity Cancer Research UK is founded.
2003 - The Hindu minority of Bangladesh declares the independence of Bangabhumi.
2003 – The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is officially renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and adopts a new constitution.
2004 - The social networking site Facebook is founded by Mark Zuckerberg.
2006 - A stampede at the ULTRA Stadium in Manila kills 71 people.
2007 – Super Bowl XLI takes place from Dolphins Stadium in Miami, Florida, USA.
2013 - It is announced that the remains dug up in a car park in Leicester are those of King Richard III of England.
2014 - The Scottish Parliament approves the legalization of same-sex marriage in Scotland, after England and Wales had also legalized it, in 2013.
2015 - TransAsia Airways Flight 235 crashes shortly after take-off from Taipei, Taiwan, killing 31 people.
2018 - American football: The Philadelphia Eagles win the Super Bowl for the first time, defeating the New England Patriots.
1483 - Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, Italian painter (d. 1561)
1505 - Nicolaus Rey, Polish poet (d. 1580)
1620 - Gustaf Bonde, Swedish statesman (d. 1667)
1639 - Alessandro Melani, Italian composer (d. 1703)
1646 – Hans Erasmus Assmann, Freiherr von Abschatz, German statesman and poet (d. 1699)
1676 - Giacomo Focco, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1753)
1677 – Johann Ludwig Bach, German composer (d. 1731)
1740 - Carl Michael Bellman, Swedish poet and composer (d. 1795)
1746 – Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Polish general and national hero of Poland and Lithuania (d. 1817)
1808 – Josef Kajetan Tyl, Czech playwright (d. 1856)
1811 – Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, French organist (d. 1899)
1831 - Oliver Ames, 35th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1895)
1840 - Hiram Stevens Maxim, American inventor (d. 1916)
1846 - Nikolay Umov, Russian physicist (d. 1915)
1848 - Jean Aicard, French poet, author and playwright (d. 1921)
1849 - Jean Richepin, French poet (d. 1926)
1860 - Jackson Showalter, American chess player (d. 1935)
1862 - Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Swedish politician (d. 1953)
1868 - Constance Georgine, Countess Markiewicz, Irish political activist (d. 1927)
1871 – Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (d. 1925)
1872 – Gotse Delchev, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1903)
1873 - Mikhail Prishkin, Soviet-Russian writer (d. 1954)
1875 – Ludwig Prandtl, German physicist (d. 1953)
1881 - Yakov Protazanov, Soviet-Russian movie director (d. 1945)
1881 - Kliment Voroshilov, Soviet-Russian politician (d. 1969)
1881 - Fernand Léger, French artist (d. 1955)
1881 - Eulalio Gutiérrez, Interim President of Mexico (d. 1939)
1882 - Princess Louise of Orléans (d. 1958)
1883 - Jakob Sildnik, Estonian photographer and movie maker (d. 1973)
1891 - M. A. Ayyangar, Indian politician, Speaker of the Lok Sabha (d. 1978)
1892 - Andreu Nin, Catalan politician (d. 1937)
1893 - Raymond Dart, Australian scientist (d. 1988)
1895 – Nigel Bruce, English actor (d. 1953)
1896 – Friedrich Hund, German physicist (d. 1997)
1897 – Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1977)
1897 – Emperor Iyasu V of Ethiopia (d. 1935)
1900 – Jacques Prévert, French poet (d. 1977)
1902 – Charles Lindbergh, American pilot (d. 1974)
1902 – Hartley Shawcross, British lawyer and politician (d. 2003)
1904 - Deng Yingchao, wife of Chinese leader Zhou Enlai (d. 1992)
1904 - MacKinlay Kantor, American writer (d. 1977)
1906 – Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian (d. 1945)
1906 - Sabine Bonhoeffer, twin sister of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (d. 1999)
1906 – Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (d. 1997)
1906 - Colette Darfeuil, French actress (d. 1998)
1907 - Otto Ohlendorf, German SS group leader and war criminal (d. 1951)
1912 – Byron Nelson, American golfer (d. 2006)
1912 - Louis-Albert Vachon, Canadian archbishop (d. 2006)
1913 – Rosa Parks, American Civil Rights activist (d. 2005)
1915 – Norman Wisdom, British actor and comedian (d. 2010)
1917 – Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, Last President of United Pakistan (d. 1980)
1918 – Ida Lupino, English actress and movie director (d. 1996)
1920 - Morton Deutsch, American social psychologist (d. 2017)
1920 - Janet Waldo, American actress (d. 2016)
1921 - Lotfi A. Zadeh, Soviet-born mathematician and computer scientist (d. 2017)
1921 – Betty Friedan, American feminist, activist and writer (d. 2006)
1922 – Bhimsen Joshi, Indian singer and musician (d. 2011)
1923 - Conrad Bain, Canadian-American actor (d. 2013)
1923 - Bonar Bain, Canadian actor (d. 2005)
1923 - Belisario Betancur, 53rd President of Colombia
1925 - Jutta Hipp, German-American jazz pianist, composer and painter (d. 2003)
1925 - Christopher Zeeman, British mathematician (d. 2016)
1926 – Gyula Grosics, Hungarian footballer (d. 2014)
1927 - Horst Ehmke, German politician (d. 2017)
1927 - John Martinkovic, American football player (d. 2018)
1928 – Kim Yong-nam, North Korean politician
1929 – Jerry Adler, American actor
1929 – Eduard Zimmermann, German journalist and television presenter (d. 2009)
1930 - Arthur E. Chase, American businessman and politician (d. 2015)
1930 - Jim Loscutoff, American basketball player (d. 2015)
1931 – Isabel Perón, former President of Argentina
1932 - Gerhard Hund, German chess player, son of Friedrich Hund
1935 - Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (d. 1989)
1936 - David Brenner, American comedian, actor and author (d. 2014)
1936 – Gary Conway, American actor
1938 - Donald W. Riegle, Jr., United States Senator
1940 - George A. Romero, American movie director (d. 2017)
1941 - Jiri Raska, Czech ski jumper (d. 2012)
1941 – John Steel, British musician
1943 - Wanda Rutkiewicz, Polish mountaineer (d. 1989)
1943 – Ken Thompson, American computer scientist
1945 - Tony Haygarth, English actor (d. 2017)
1947 - Dennis C. Blair, American admiral, 3rd Director of Central Intelligence
1947 – Dan Quayle, 44th Vice President of the United States
1948 – Alice Cooper, American musician
1948 - Marisol, Spanish actress & singer
1948 – Ram Baran Yadav, 1st President of Nepal
1951 - Patrick Bergin, Irish actor
1952 – Jenny Shipley, 36th Prime Minister of New Zealand
1953 - Kitaro, Japanese composer
1954 - Andrei Karlov, Russian diplomat (d. 2016)
1955 – Mikulas Dzurinda, former Prime Minister of Slovakia
1960 - Mark Dawson, English-American talent manager and producer
1962 – Clint Black, American musician
1962 - John Gordon Sinclair, Scottish actor
1962 - Stephen Hammond, English politician
1963 - Pirmin Zurbriggen, Swiss skier
1964 – Noodles, American guitarist
1966 - Viatcheslav Ekimov, Russian cyclist
1967 - Sergei Grinkov, Russian figure skater (d. 1995)
1969 - Dallas Drake, Canadian ice hockey player
1970 - Gabrielle Anwar, English actress
1971 - Eric Garcetti, 42nd Mayor of Los Angeles, California
1971 - Rob Corddry, American actor, director and producer
1972 – Giovanni Silva de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer
1972 – Dara Ó Briain, Irish comedian
1973 – Oscar de la Hoya, Mexican-American boxer
1974 - Mijntje Denners, Dutch field hockey player
1975 – Natalie Imbruglia, Australian singer and actress
1975 – Vittorio Arrigoni, Italian activist (d. 2011)
1976 – Cam'ron, American rapper and actor
1977 – Gavin DeGraw, American singer
1979 – Andrei Arlovski, Belarussian mixed martial artist and actor
1980 – Raimonds Vaikulis, Latvian basketball player
1981 – Jason Kapono, American basketball player
1982 – Ivars Timermanis, Latvian basketball player
1982 – Kimberly Wyatt, American singer (Pussycat Dolls)
1982 – Chris Sabin, American professional wrestler
1983 – Miguel Garcia, Portuguese footballer
1983 – Lee Stempniak, American ice hockey player
1984 – Mauricio Pinilla, Chilean footballer
1985 – Bug Hall, American actor
1986 – Asif Ali, Indian actor
1987 – Darren O'Dea, Irish footballer
1987 – Lucie Safarova, Czech tennis player
1988 – Jeff Horn, Australian professional boxer
1988 – Carly Patterson, American gymnast
1989 – Shogo Suzuki, Japanese actor and musician
1990 – Haruka Tomatsu, Japanese voice actress and singer
1991 – Mathew Leckie, Australian footballer
211 – Septimius Severus, Emperor of Rome (born 146)
708 – Pope Sisinnius
784 – Hrabanus Maurus, German poet
856 – Rabanus Maurus, Bishop of Mainz
869 – Saint Cyril, after whom the Cyrillic alphabet is named (born 827)
1161 - King Inge I of Norway (b. 1135)
1615 - Giovanni Battista della Porta, Italian polymath (born 1535)
1694 - Natalya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, Tsaritsa of Russia (born 1651)
1713 – Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (born 1671)
1774 - Charles Marie de La Condamine, French mathematician and geographer (born 1701)
1781 – Josef Myslivecek, composer (born 1737)
1843 - Theodoros Kolokotronis, Greek general (born 1770)
1894 – Adolphe Sax, Belgian instrument maker, inventor of the saxophone (born 1814)
1905 – Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor (born 1841)
1928 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate (born 1853)
1928 - Manche Masemola, South African girl and Christian martyr (born 1913)
1933 – Archibald Sayce, educator (born 1846)
1935 - J. Henry Birtles, English rugby player (born 1874)
1936 – Wilhelm Gustloff, German leader of the Swiss Nazi party (born 1895)
1941 - Louis Lincoln Emmerson, 27th Governor of Illinois (born 1863)
1943 - Frank Calder, first NHL President (born 1877)
1944 – Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (born 1867)
1953 - Antonio Conte, Italian fencer (born 1867)
1956 - Savielly Tartakower, Polish chess player (born 1887)
1958 – Henry Kuttner, science fiction writer (born 1915)
1967 - Albert Orsborn, 6th General of the Salvation Army (born 1886)
1968 – Neal Cassady, writer (born 1926)
1968 – Gilbert H. Grosvenor, President of the National Geographic Society (born 1875)
1969 – Thelma Ritter, actress (born 1905)
1974 – Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian physicist (born 1894)
1975 – Louis Jordan, musician (born 1908)
1983 – Karen Carpenter, U.S. singer, musician (Carpenters) (born 1950)
1984 – Anna Anderson, claimant to the throne of Russia (born 1896)
1987 – Liberace, American musician (born 1919)
1987 – Carl Rogers, psychologist (born 1902)
1992 - Lisa Fonssagrives, Swedish model (born 1911)
1995 – Godfrey Brown, athlete and teacher (born 1915)
1995 – Patricia Highsmith, American writer (born 1921)
1999 – Amadou Bailo Diallo, shot by New York City police (born 1975)
2000 – Doris Coley, singer, member of the Shirelles (born 1941)
2000 – Carl Albert, former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (born 1908)
2001 – Iannis Xenakis, Greek-French composer (born 1922)
2001 – J. J. Johnson, jazz trombonist and jazz composer (born 1924)
2002 - Agatha Barbara, Maltese politician (born 1923)
2002 - George Nader, American actor (born 1921)
2005 – Ossie Davis, American actor (born 1917)
2006 - Betty Friedan, American feminist, activist and writer (born 1921)
2007 - Barbara McNair, American singer and actress (born 1934)
2008 - Stefan Meller, Polish politician (born 1942)
2009 - Lux Interior, American musician (born 1946)
2011 - Lena Nyman, Swedish actress (born 1944)
2011 - Martial Celestin, Haitian lawyer, diplomat and politician (born 1913)
2012 - Mike deGruy, American documentary movie maker (born 1951)
2012 - Andrew Wight, Australian screenwriter and producer (born 1960)
2012 - Florence Green, British supercentenarian and last-surviving World War I service veteran (born 1901)
2013 - Reg Presley, English singer-songwriter (born 1941)
2013 - Essie Mae Washington-Williams, American educator (born 1925)
2014 - Wu Ma, Chinese-Hong Kong actor and director (born 1942)
2014 - Keith Allen, Canadian ice hockey player (born 1923)
2015 - Sajida Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi, Iraqi terrorist (born 1970)
2015 - Eduardo Laborde, Argentine rugby player (born 1967)
2015 - Fitzhugh L. Fulton, American NASA research pilot (born 1925)
2015 - Wes Cooley, American politician (born 1932)
2016 - Maurice White, American singer (born 1941)
2016 - Marlow Cook, American politician (born 1926)
2016 - Edgar Whitcomb, American politician, 43rd Governor of Indiana (born 1917)
2016 - Axl Rotten, American professional wrestler (born 1971)
2016 - Dave Mirra, American BMX rider (born 1974)
2016 - Edgar Mitchell, American astronaut (born 1930)
2017 - Basil Hetzel, Australian medical researcher (born 1922)
2017 - Bano Qudsia, Pakistani writer (born 1928)
2017 - Georgi Taratorkin, Russian actor (born 1945)
2017 - Hans van der Hoek, Dutch footballer (born 1933)
2017 - John Howes, American professor of Asian Studies (born 1924)
2017 - Steve Lang, Canadian rock musician (born 1949)
2017 - Marc Spitz, American writer (born 1969)
2018 - Alan Baker, English mathematician (born 1939)
2018 - Martin Grüner, German politician (born 1929)
2018 - Edwin Jackson, American football player (born 1991)
2018 - John Mahoney, British-American actor (born 1940)
2018 - Séamus Pattison, Irish politician (born 1936)
2018 - Wojciech Pokora, Polish actor (born 1934)
Independence Day (Sri Lanka)
Rosa Parks Day (United States)
Day of the Armed Struggle (Angola)
World Cancer Day
February 04
Sergio Aragonés Domenech (; born September 6, 1937) is a popular cartoonist.
He was born in Spain and grew up in Mexico.
He is most famous for his cartoons for MAD Magazine and the comic book Groo the Wanderer.
Lisa Bonet (born Lisa Michelle Bonet; November 16, 1967), also known as Lilakoi Moon, is an American actress.
She is best known for her roles as Denise Huxtable on television series, The Cosby Show and A Different World.
She was also married to singer Lenny Kravitz from 1987 to 1993.
She is of African American and Ashkenazi Jewish (from Belarus, Moldova, Poland and Russia) descent.
Bonet,Lisa
Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them.
The plant is part of the genus Nicotiana and of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family.
Native Americans used tobacco before Europeans arrived in the Americas.
The earliest know use of tobacco comes  from  nicotine residue from a  pipe in the Southeastern United States.
It is Radiocarbon dated  at  1685-1530 BC.
Europeans in the Americas learned to smoke and brought it back to Europe, where it became very popular.
At that time tobacco was usually smoked in a pipe.
The Europeans who moved to America started to farm tobacco so that they could sell it in Europe.
This became one of the main causes of the African slave trade.
In 1610 a European man called John Rolfe arrived in the American state of Virginia and set up a tobacco farm which made him very rich.
Rolfe was the first  non-native farmer to use nicotiana tabacum, which is the type of tobacco most commonly smoked today.
He also married Pocahontas, a Native American woman who became famous when she went to live in London.
In the 17th and 18th centuries tobacco made farmers very rich and towns quickly grew in the states of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina.
In 1883 one third of United States tax money came from tobacco.
In 1864 the first American tobacco factory opened to produce 20 million cigarettes annually.
By 1964 the cigarette contained over 500 added chemicals.
Today tobacco manufacturers are still not required by law to list the 500+ ingredients.
Tobacco and health
Tobacco users (especially smokers) and people around them (with passive smoking) risk many very serious and often deadly illnesses, such as cancer, strokes, heart disease, and lung disease.
The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature (early) death worldwide".
There are over 4800 chemicals in tobacco, including arsenic.
Sixty-four of them are known to cause cancer.
Smoking can also make men lose erections, and make their penises a bit smaller.
Countries that grow tobacco
Jerusalem (;  ;  ) is one of the oldest cities in the world that people have lived in continuously.
It is important to many major religions.
Jews consider Jerusalem a holy city because it was their religious and political center during Biblical times and was the place where the Temple of God stood.
Christians consider Jerusalem holy because many events in the life of Jesus took place there.
Muslims believe that Muhammad rose to heaven from Jerusalem, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque is the first Qibla of Muslims after Mecca.
Jerusalem is the capital city of both Israel and Palestine, under their laws.
Most other countries disagree.
Most countries have their embassies with Israel in Tel Aviv.
Jerusalem is about 40 miles (64 kilometers) east of the Mediterranean Sea.
It is a hilly city with many valleys around it.
Jerusalem is a very old city.
It has great importance for three religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
The Bible says King David, the second king of Israel, took this city from pagans and settled his palace there.
King Solomon, David's son and the next king, built the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem.
Later, as capital of Judah, Jerusalem was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar II, the king of Babylon.
The Palace of King David and the Temple of Solomon were burned, and the Jews were captured and taken to Babylon.
Seventy years later, the Persian King Cyrus allowed them to return to Jerusalem and to rebuild the Temple.
Later the area was occupied by Romans.
King Herod the Great, who ruled for the Roman Emperor, made the Temple larger to try and win Jewish favor.
The Temple was famous for its greatness and beauty.
Jesus died in Jerusalem around 33 CE.
In 70 CE, the Jews rebelled against the Romans, but the Romans destroyed the city and the Temple.
Jewish people who lived in Jerusalem were caught and became slaves.
The Romans renamed Jerusalem with a Latin name.
Since then, the Temple has not been rebuilt, and only a part of its wall remains until today.
After the Roman Empire was split into two, the Byzantine Empire ruled Jerusalem.
Later, Muslims took over the city from them.
The Muslims believed Muhammad went to heaven from Jerusalem.
Later, the Pope in Rome sent the Crusaders from Western Europe to try and take Jerusalem back.
They succeeded for a while, but eventually the city fell again to the Saracens.
Until the 20th century, Jerusalem was a part of the Ottoman Empire.
There were some Jews in Jerusalem all along, even though they were ruled by other people.
The "New City" of Jerusalem is the part outside the old stone walls.
People started building the new city in the 1800s.
Mishkenot Sha'annanim, Mea Shearim, and the Bukharan Quarter are some of the first neighborhoods in the new city.
After World War I, the Ottoman Empire had been defeated.
In June 1922, the League of Nations approved the British Mandate of Palestine.
This gave control of the area to the United Kingdom.
The land west of the Jordan River was known as Palestine.
It was under direct British control until 1948.
The land east of the Jordan River was known as Transjordan, and was governed by the Hashemite family.
Transjordan gained independence in 1946.
The mandate in Palestine ended at midnight on 14 May 1948.
On the next day, the 1948 Arab–Israeli War began.
Israel declared independence, the West Bank was annexed by Jordan, and Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip.
In 1949, at the end of the first Arab-Israeli War, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan.
Israel controlled the western part of the city.
Jordan controlled the eastern section, including the Old City, a walled section of Jerusalem dating from Biblical times.
Israel took control of the entire city during the Six-Day War in 1967.
Jerusalem today is claimed by the state of Israeli as its capital.
The United Nations does not agree to Israel saying that Jerusalem is the capital of Israel.
Religious significance
Jerusalem has been sacred to Judaism for roughly 3000 years, to Christianity for around 2000 years, and to Islam for approximately 1400 years.
The 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem lists 1204 synagogues, 158 churches, and 73 mosques within the city.
Despite efforts to maintain peaceful religious coexistence, some sites, such as the Temple Mount, have been a continuous source of friction and controversy.
According to Jewish tradition, Jerusalem is where God told the patriarch Abraham to sacrifice his son, Isaac, to Him.
The Jews built the Temple, the centre of Jewish worship in ancient times, at the site of Abraham's sacrifice on the Temple Mount in the Old City.
Two buildings, one after the other, the First Temple and the Second Temple, stood at the site.
The First Temple housed the Ark of the Covenant, a sacred box holding the tablets inscribed with the Ten Commandments.
The Western Wall is a part of the Second Temple and Judaism's most sacred shrine.
It is a stone wall that strengthened the western side of the Temple Mount in ancient times.
The wall is sometimes called the Wailing Wall because of the sad prayers Jewish people said there to mourn the destroyed Temple.
Other sites in the city that are sacred to the Jews include King David's tomb on Mount Zion, and the Jewish Cemetery and the Tombs of the Prophets on the Mount of Olives, a hill just east of the Old City.
Many sites associated with Biblical figures are sacred to Christians, too.