the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Friction can be thought to be caused by bumps on two touching surfaces.
These bumps are called asperities.
As these two rough surfaces move against each other they get stuck and prevent motion until the asperities are broken or slid over.
Even the smoothest materials have these asperities.
As the force that is pushing on an object increases, the static friction increases too.
However, if the force gets bigger than the maximum static friction, it makes the object accelerate.
The object will begin to accelerate as soon as the static friction is less than the force pushing on it.
After that point kinetic friction will act on the object.
The coefficient of friction is the ratio between the force slowing something down and the force pushing them together.
The larger it is the stronger friction is (and the more the object is slowed down).
For example, a person's skates on ice have a small coefficient of friction, but rubber on concrete has a big one.
Internal friction in a fluid is called viscosity.
Viscosity is how hard it is for the fluid to move or flow.
For example, honey is more "viscous" than water.
Friction is caused by electromagnetism.
When the atoms that make the objects come close they are drawn to each other and may connect.
Effort is needed to break this connection in objects that are not moving and effort is needed to keep an object moving against this attraction.
Things with high friction have many points of contact or have atoms that strongly attract others.
There are 4 types of friction.
Static, sliding, rolling,Fluid friction.
Lima is the capital city (where the government works), and is considered the most important and largest city of Peru.
75% of the Peruvian economy is handled in Lima.
It is an important city of South America and the entrance to Peru.
Lima is city in constant urban growth.
It has a large population.
Over 8 million people live in the metropolitan area, which includes Callao Seaport.
Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro.
The city was founded by the Spanish conquistador (conqueror) Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535.
He called it 'La Ciudad de los Reyes' (the City of the Kings).
It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Perú.
And after the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru.
In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth, with the migration from the Andean regions of Peru, as rural people.
They wanted to find better opportunities for work and education.
The population, estimated at 0.6 million in 1940, reached 1.9M by 1960 and 4.8M by 1980.
Lima has developed an important tourism industry, characterized by its historic center, archeological sites, nightlife, museums, art galleries, festivals, popular traditions, and gastronomy.
Lima is considered Americas's gastronomical capital.
Lima is made up of mainly Spanish speaking inhabitants with over 90% of the population speaking the language.
Lima Province has 43 districts, including:
1535 establishments
16th-century establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
1530s establishments in South America
A cleaner (or janitor) is someone who takes away garbage and cleans surfaces.
Cleaners sometimes  repair things, and maintain their equipment in good working order, as well as dusting, washing, waxing and polishing.
Heavy duty cleaners often move furniture, large containers of recycled materials and waste, and other objects, and operate large buffers and other weighty equipment. "
Light" duty cleaners clean chalk boards, windows, shelves, desks, light fixtures, and ledges.
Some duties, like using a vacuum cleaner, can be done by either "light" or "heavy" duty cleaners.
Cleaners can clean offices, staircases, kitchens, bathrooms, hallways, sidewalks, elevators, escalators, and other areas.
Cleaners can specialize in washing windows, or in cleaning carpets, hospitals, food processing plants, or construction sites.
Cleaners who discover seriously damaged surfaces and equipment on their sites can notify specialists, like plumbers and carpenters, about the need for professional repairs.
Cleaners are also alert for security problems, like vandalism, signs of theft (forced windows or doors, missing computers or stock), blocked fire escape routes, lights or fire alarms not working, or trespassers.
When these occur, the cleaners promptly notify their sites' Security Officers and Site Supervisors.
Janitors know how to keep themselves and their sites safe, by immediately removing hazards like broken class, spilled fluids, and waste from kitchens and bathrooms, and by checking hand rails, floor mats, stairs, automated doors, escalators, elevators, intercoms, and plumbing.
Bovinae is a subfamily of the even-toed ungulate family Bovidae.
About 26 species of bovines belong to this subfamily.
Subfamily Bovinae
Tribe Boselaphini
Genus Tetracerus
Four-horned Antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis)
Genus Boselaphus
Nilgai, Boselaphus tragocamelus
Tribe Bovini
Genus Bubalus
Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis)
Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis)
Mountain Anoa (Bubalus quarlesi)
Genus Syncerus
African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
Genus Bos
Zebu Cattle (Bos indicus)
Kouprey (Bos sauveli)
Banteng (Bos javanicus)
Gaur (Bos frontalis or Bos gaurus)
Yak (Bos grunniens)
Aurochs or urus (Bos primigenius) †
Domestic Cattle (Bos taurus)
Genus Pseudoryx
Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis)
American Bison (Bison bison)
Wisent (Bison bonasus)
Tribe Strepsicerotini
Genus Tragelaphus
Sitatunga, Tragelaphus spekeii
Nyala, Tragelaphus angasii
Bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus
Mountain Nyala, Tragelaphus buxtoni
Lesser Kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis
Greater Kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros
Bongo (antelope), Tragelaphus eurycerus
Genus Taurotragus
Common Eland, Taurotragus oryx
Giant Eland, Taurotragus derbianus
The four genera Tetracerus, Boselaphus, Tragelaphus and Taurotragus are sometimes put into their own subfamily Tragelaphinae, and sometimes with the bovines.
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia and Central Asia.
It borders Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west.
Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
Until recently, most of the people there were Buddhists.
Many of them are nomads (people who always move from place to place and do not stay in one home), but this is changing.
The largest city, and capital city is Ulaanbaatar.
It is where about 38% of the population live.
This has been spelled Ulan Bator/ Ulaan Battor and other ways in the past.
The north and east parts of the country have many mountains.
Part of the south part is the Gobi Desert.
There are 2,791,272 people living in Mongolia.
The country is the 18th biggest country in the world, with an area of .
The area which is Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires.
This was until the great 'Mongol Empire' was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206.
After the Yuan Dynasty collapsed, the Mongols became nomads again.
After the 16th century, Mongolia were influenced by Tibetan Buddhism.
By the end of the 17th century, most of Mongolia was part of an area ruled by the Qing Dynasty.
When the Qing Dynasty collapsed in 1911, Mongolia declared independence.
But they had to fight against the Chinese.
They were helped by the Soviet Union.
In 1921, the world accepted its independence.
Shortly after the death of Bogd Khaan, the last monarch of Mongolia the monarchy was replaced by a communist government in 1924, and the country was renamed the Mongolian People's Republic.
Up until the fall of the Soviet Union, Mongolia was a satellite state for the Soviets.
The Mongolian Red Cross Society was set up in 1939.
It has its headquarters in Ulaanbaator.
Following the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia's interest in Mongolia has declined.
China and South Korea are currently Mongolia's main trade and political partners.
Mongolia is a parliamentary republic.
People vote for their government.
The President of Mongolia is elected to a four-year term, and cannot be elected President more than twice.
The current President is Khaltmaagiin Battulga.
He was first elected as President on July 7, 2017.
Mongolia has a steppe climate.
It has very cold winters and mild summers.
Recently, winters have become very cold.
This has killed many people and cattle.
On June 2, 2008, 52 people and 200,000 head of cattle died in heavy blizzards in Mongolia.
On March 1–2, 2008, a heavy dust storm hit northeast China and parts of Mongolia.
and ended over North Korea and South Korea on the March 4.
Twenty one people died in a rural Mongolian blizzard on May 8, 2008.
Parts of the Chinese province of Inner Mongolia were also affected on the May 8, 2008.
April 1–2, 2010 had temperatures plummet to -50 degrees in Mongolia’s Tuul valley, A nomad named Urna said she bought 400 bundles of grass to feed the animals in preparation for more bad weather.
The Mongolian Red Cross has said that about 4,500,000 livestock died as a result of the bad weather this year [2010].
Tume, who lives in Ulan Bator, said that he had noticed that there were several really harsh winters in a row too.
He blamed climate change, but experts said that overgrazing by cattle had also killed off most of the country’s grassland.
Mongolia is the world's 19th-largest country (after Iran).
It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, Peru.
Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, but its westernmost point is only 38 kilometers (24 mi) away from Kazakhstan.
The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the Gobi Desert to the south and with cold and mountainous regions to the north and west.
Most of Mongolia consists of steppes, with forested areas comprising 11.2% of the total land area.
The highest point in Mongolia is the Khüiten Peak in the Tavan bogd massif, at a height of 4,374 m (14,350 ft).
Mongolia is divided into 21 provinces called aimags.
The aimags are divided into 329 districts called sums.
Arkhangai
Bayan-Ölgii
Bayankhongor
Bulgan
Darkhan-Uul
Dornod
Dornogovi
Dundgovi
Govi-Altai
Govisümber
Khentii
Khovd
Khövsgöl
Ömnögovi
Orkhon
Övörkhangai
Selenge
Sükhbaatar
Töv
Uvs
Zavkhan
The official language of Mongolia is Mongolian, and is spoken by 95% of the population.
A variety of dialects of Oirat and Buryatare are spoken across the country.
Turkic languages, such as Kazakh and Tuvan, are also spoken in the western part of the country.
Today, Mongolian is written using the Cyrillic alphabet, although in the past it was written using the Mongolian script.
The traditional alphabet is being slowly reintroduced through schools recently.
Russian is the most frequently spoken foreign language in Mongolia due to their diplomatic ties as former communist states.
However, English has been gradually replacing Russian as the second language in order to become part of the world economy.
Korean has gained popularity as tens of thousands of Mongolians work and study in South Korea.
Interest in Chinese has been growing because of the neighboring power.
Expedition trip to the North-West Mongolia, Tomsk State University and the University of Hovd, cooperation.
Mongolia's UK embassy- Embassy of Mongolia.
Mongolia’s American/USA embassy-  .
MIAT (Mongolian airways)- Alternative Airlines.
Safety concerns exist about some of the older and less reliable aircraft in its domestic fleet.
Mongolian Open Government (by Mongolia's Prime Minister) (in Mongolian and English) (uses, but does not need Macromedia Flash)
Mongolian Red Cross Society- Mongolian Red Cross Society Profile
Mongolian Red Cross Society- Official Red Cross Web Site
The Fourier transform is a mathematical function that can be used to find the base frequencies that a wave is made of.
Imagine playing a chord on a piano.
When played, the sounds of the notes of the chord mix together and form a sound wave.
This works because each of the different note's waves interfere with each other by adding together or canceling out at different points in the wave.
A Fourier transform takes this complex wave and is able to find the frequencies that made it, meaning it can find the notes that a chord is made from.
The output of a Fourier transform is sometimes called a frequency spectrum or distribution because it displays a distribution of possible frequencies of the input.
This function has many uses in cryptography, oceanography, machine learning, radiology, quantum physics as well as sound design and visualization.
The Fourier transform of a function , sometimes written as , is given by
is a frequency.
is the Fourier transform function and returns a value representing how prevalent frequency  is in the original signal.
represents wrapping the input wave function  around the origin of the complex plane at some frequency .
A Fourier transform shows what frequencies are in a signal.
For example, consider a sound wave which contains three different musical notes: A, B, and C. Making a graph of the Fourier transform of this sound wave (with the frequency on the x-axis and the intensity on the y-axis) will show a peak at each frequency which corresponds with one of the musical notes.
Many signals can be created by adding cosines and sines together with varying amplitudes and frequencies.
The Fourier transform plots the amplitudes and phases of these cosines and sines against their respective frequencies.
Fourier transforms are important, because many signals make more sense when their frequencies are separated.
In the audio example above, looking at the signal with respect to time does not make it obvious that the notes A, B, and C are in the signal.
Many systems do different things to different frequencies, so these kinds of systems can be described by what they do to each frequency.
An example of this is a filter which blocks high frequencies.
Calculating a Fourier transform requires understanding of integration and imaginary numbers.
Computers are usually used to calculate Fourier transforms of anything but the simplest signals.
The Fast Fourier Transform is a method computers use to quickly calculate a Fourier transform.
April – Battle of Saraighat.
The Ahom general Lachit Borphukan defeated the Mughal forces on the outskirts of present-day Guwahati of then sovereign Assam.
May 9 –  Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London.
He is immediately caught because he is too drunk to run with the loot.
He would later be condemned to death and then mysteriously pardoned and exiled by King Charles II.
June 22 – Ottoman Empire declares war on Poland
April 21 - John Law, Scottish economist
May 24 - Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
June 11 - Yun Seon-do, Korean politician
January 24 – King Charles II of England disbands Parliament
June 22 – the Duke of Monmouth subdues an insurrection of Scottish Covenanters at Birthwell Bridge
August 7 – The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes.
December 24 – Domenico Sarro, a composer from Italy, was born.
Battle of Bothwell Bridge
Habeas Corpus Act 1679 passed in England.
European explorers discover Niagara Falls.
March 5 – French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons
March 20 – Leisler's Rebellion – New governor arrives in New York – Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours
March 29 – Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender
May 6 – Spanish inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 Jews in Palma Majorca.
When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake
May 16 – Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason
October 3 – Treaty of Limerick which guaranteed civil rights to Catholics was signed. (
it was broken "before the ink was dry")
Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Suleiman II (1687-1691) to Ahmed II (1691-1695).
Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics.
In New England the two separate Colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity by an act of the King and Queen of England.
February 27 - Edward Cave, English publisher
January 13 - George Fox, one of the founders of the Quakers
December 31 - Robert Boyle, Irish scientist
January 23 – The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire
April 25 –  Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe
June 10 – Battle of Glen Shiel
Prussia conducts Europe's first systematic census
Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused part of the copper mine.
France declares war on Spain
Christoph Ludwig Agricola
January 1 – Britain and its colonies adopt the idea that 1 January should be New Year's Day, following adoption of the Gregorian calendar in September 1752.
The concept was first conceived in 1582, but suffered from slow public adoption.
January 13 – Sentenced conspirators of the Tavora affair are executed
January 29 – After a month's absence, Elizabeth Canning returns to her mother's home in London and claims that she was abducted.
Following criminal trial causes uproar.
April 5 – Founding charter of the British Museum
Sweden adopts Gregorian calendar
British parliament extends citizenship to Jews
Publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus on 1 May, adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as the formal start date of the scientific classification of plants
James Lind writes A Treatise of the Scurvy
Tobias Smollett writes Ferdinand Count Fathom
Robert Wallace writes On the Numbers of Man
The Divine Comedy is an epic poem written by Dante Alighieri.
It is about a trip through the afterlife.
The poem has three parts: Inferno (Hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise, or Heaven).
The Divine Comedy is a piece of world literature.
Inferno is the most famous section of the poem.
The poem is about the travels of a man through Christian hell, purgatory, and heaven.
Note that "comedy" does not mean funny here, but rather that it has a positive ending.
The narrator, Dante Alighieri, is lost in a forest in front of a giant mountain which symbolizes sin, and is harassed by a lion, leopard and she-wolf.
He finds the Roman poet Virgil, who has to lead him through the nine circles of hell so Dante can be saved.
First circle (Limbo)
Souls that did not accept Christ are here.
This includes atheists, pagans, and the unbaptized.
They did not actively sin, but they could not enter Heaven because of their lack of faith and even Hell would not allow them to enter very far.
Second circle (Lust)
In this circle souls who succumb to lust.
They are the first ones to be truly punished in Hell.
These souls are blown around in a giant storm which will last forever.
This symbolizes the power of lust to blow one about aimlessly.
Third circle (Gluttony)
This circle is guarded by Cerberus.
The gluttons are punished here, lying in cold mud.
While in life they were provided with warmth and comfort from their food, in Hell the souls are punished with cold and heavy rain.
Cerberus claws at the spirits, rips at their skin, and bites holes.
Fourth circle (Greed)
In life the sinners miserly hoarded their money greedily, while the prodigal spent their money foolishly.
Both groups are pushing and pulling great bags of gold as they did in life.
The greedy are guarded by Plutus, god of riches and wealth.
Fifth circle (Wrath)
In the river Styx the wrathful fight each other on the surface.
The river surrounds the city of Dis, where active sinners are located.
When Virgil tries to enter, the angels of Hell slam the door in his face.
He and Dante proceed to the gate where Christ entered Hell during his three-day trip to release a select few people.
During Christ's Harrowing of Hell he broke the door so it could never close again.
Sixth circle (Heresy)
Seventh circle (Violence)
This circle holds those who were violent in their lives.
The people who were violent to people and property are in a river of fire.
The depth of their placement in the river corresponds to how much you damaged in life.
For example, Alexander the Great is immersed up to his eyebrows.
The violent against self are turned into plants and are pecked at and ripped apart by birds.
The violent to God and the violent to nature are also here.
They have to walk on flaming sand for eternity.
Eighth circle (Fraud)
Pimps, seducers, flatterers, simonists, sorcerers, fortune-tellers, false prophets, corrupt politicians, hypocrites, thieves, schismatics, alchemists, and counterfeiters are in this circle.
Each punishment is the opposite of what they did in life.
Fortune-tellers, who tried to see things ahead of time, are forced to walk backwards.
Ninth circle (Treachery)
The traitors to family are immersed in ice up to their faces.
Traitors to political entities are also here.
Traitors to guests lie in the ice, which covers them completely except for their faces.
Traitors to their lords and benefactors are completely buried in ice in various positions.
In the very center of Hell, because he sinned the ultimate sin (treachery against God), lies Satan.
Satan is described as a beast with three faces, six wings, and is eternally weeping from his six eyes.
Each of Satan's mouths chews on a famous traitor from history.
Brutus and Cassius are being chewed feet-first.
The center mouth is chewing on Judas Iscariot.
His head is being chewed on by Satan, and his back is being skinned by Satan's claws.
14th-century books
An artist is a person who creates art.
This word is used most often for person and activities of 'high culture'.
That is for example drawing, painting, sculpture, acting, dancing, writing, filmmaking, photography, and music.
Sometimes a person who is very good at their job is called an artist, even if it is not considered as art.
A scientist or mathematician can be called an artist.
A person who creates (makes) art.
A person who creates art as an occupation, that means the person earn their money with art.
A person who is skilled at some activity, that means a person who is very good in something.
History of the term
In ancient Greece there was the word "Techne" which is often translated as art.
From this word comes "technical" and America is now the root of words such as technical, technology, etc.
The seven muses were the gods of artists in the seven fields of human excellence: • Epic and lyric • History • Choral singing and poetry of love • Music • Tragedy • Religious Hymns • Gay poetry, poetry and rustic comedy • Dance • Astronomy and Geometry.
The word comes from Latin art "ars", that literally means skill method or technique, combined with the beauty of the objects produced.
In the Middle Ages already existed the word artist, although its meaning is closer to what we now call the craftsman.
The present day concept of an artist
Concept art expresses a series of creations, called classical arts (painting, sculpture, literature, dance, music, architecture and cinema).
However, considering someone as an artist is not limited to a series of works or concrete creations.
An artist is a person exercising the arts and produce artistic works.
The artist is someone who has a special sensitivity to create a work or activity.
There is no specific classification of what are an artist's own activities .In any case, the concept artist implies knowledge of art and at the same time, is a craft that can be professional but not necessarily.
The artist seeks to create an object or activity that has a component of beauty.
Very beautiful is one aspect cherished by the creators, but not only that.
It also seeks to communicate feelings and ideas and form their own world.
An artist is a person able to put their point of view, their way of seeing the world and feel things on a canvas, a sheet or paper.
An artist is a dreamer, is a poet, he is a speaker, is someone provided with sensibility sufficient or necessary to make us see things through their eyes.
Examples of art and artists
Abstract: Jackson Pollock
Actress: Greta Garbo
Animation: Walt Disney
Architect: Antoni Gaudí
Ballet: Margot Fonteyn
BioArt: Hunter O'Reilly
Calligraphy: Rudolf Koch
Ceramics: Grayson Perry
Choreographer: Martha Graham
Comics: Will Eisner
Composer: Giuseppe Verdi
Conceptual art: Sol LeWitt
Cubism: Pablo Picasso
Dancer: Isadora Duncan
Designer: Arne Jacobsen
Doll Maker: Greer Lankton
Entertainer: PT Barnum
Fashion designer: Alexander McQueen
Fluxus art: Yoko Ono
Game designer: Peter Molyneux
Graphic Artist: Ludwig Merwart
Graphic designer: Peter Saville
Horticulture: André le Nôtre
Illusionist: Houdini
Illustrator: Quentin Blake
Impressionism: Claude Monet
Industrial designer: Pininfarina
Jewelry: Fabergé
Landscape architect: Frederick Law Olmsted
Minimalist artist: Donald Judd
Movie director: Sergei Eisenstein
Muralist: Diego Rivera
Musician:  John Lennon
New Media:  Genco Gulan
Novelist: Charles Dickens
Musical instrument maker: Stradivari
Orator: Cicero
Outsider Art: Nek Chand
Painter: Rembrandt van Rijn
Painter: Mr. Glowa
Performance Art: Carolee Schneemann
Photographer: Bill Brandt
Photomontage: John Heartfield
Pianist: Glenn Gould
Playwright: Alan Bennett
Poet: Pablo Neruda
Potter: Bernard Leach
Printmaker: William Hogarth
Sculptor: Michelangelo Buonarotti
Singer: Maria Callas
Street Art: Banksy
Typographer: Eric Gill
Jacksonville is the largest city in the state of Florida and one of the 15 largest cities in the United States.
It is home to the University of North Florida.
It is the county seat of Duval County.
It is the largest city in the Continental United States in terms of area.
It covers nearly all of Duval County in North Florida.
The Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL play here.
The belief that certain natural or man-made things/objects, have supernatural/magical powers.
This thing is called a fetish.
Sexual fetishism, sexual attraction to objects that do not move on their own.
Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; born Harry Heine; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was one of the most significant German poets of the 19th century.
Heine was born into an assimilated Jewish family in Düsseldorf, Germany.
His father was a tradesman.
After his father's business failed, Heine was sent to Hamburg.
His uncle in Hamburg was a very successful banker, so Heine started learning banking, but he soon dropped it.
Then Heine started to study law at the universities of Göttingen, Bonn and Berlin but was more interested in literature than law.
He nonetheless took a degree in law in 1825.
At the same time he decided to convert from Judaism to Protestantism because of the severe restrictions on Jews in the German states.
Only Christians were allowed to have certain businesses or to be clerks of the state.
Jews were also forbidden to become university professors, a particular ambition at the time for Heine.
Heine himself said, his conversion was "the ticket of admission into European culture".
His start as poet Heine was made with Gedichte ("Poems") in 1821.
Heine's infatuation with his cousins Amalie and Therese later inspired him to write some of his loveliest lyrics; Buch der Lieder ("Book of Songs", 1827) was Heine's first comprehensive collection of verse.
Heine left Germany for Paris, France in 1831.
There he associated with utopian socialists.
He met people who followed Count Saint-Simon, who preached an egalitarian classless society.
He remained in Paris for the rest of his life.
His only visit to Germany was in 1843.
German authorities banned his works and those of others who were considered to be associated with the Young Germany movement in 1835.
Heine continued to comment on German politics and society from a distance.
Heine wrote Deutschland.
Ein Wintermärchen (Germany.
A Winter's Tale).
In 1844; his friend, Karl Marx, published it in his newspaper Vorwärts ("Forward") in 1844.
One of the books was burned by the Nazis.
One of Heine's most famous lines is now: "Where they burn books, they will, in the end, burn human beings too" (Almansor, 1821).
In 1851 Heinrich Heine wrote the "König Richard" poem.
The poem was written in tribute to King Richard I of England and it was translated into several languages.
Gedichte, 1821
Tragödien, nebst einem lyrischen Intermezzo, 1823
Reisebilder, 1826-31
Die Harzreise, 1826
Ideen, das Buch le Grand, 1827
Englische Fragmente, 1827
Buch der Lieder, 1827
Französische Zustände, 1833
Zur Geschichte der neueren schönen Literatur in Deutschland, 1833
Die romantische Schule, 1836
Der Salon, 1836-40
Über Ludwig Börne, 1840
Neue Gedichte, 1844 - New Poems
Deutschland.
Ein Wintermärchen, 1844 - Germany
Atta Troll.
Ein Sommernachtstraum, 1847
Romanzero, 1851
Der Doktor Faust, 1851.
Les Dieux en Exil, 1853
Die Harzreise, 1853
Lutezia, 1854
Vermischte Schriften, 1854
Letzte Gedichte und Gedanken, 1869
Sämtliche Werke, 1887-90 (7 Vols.) (
collected works)
Sämtliche Werke, 1910-20 (collected works)
Sämtliche Werke, 1925-30 (collected works)
Werke und Briefe, 1961-64 (works and letters)
Sämtliche Schriften, 1968 (all written works)
"Ihr Lieder!
Ihr meine guten Lieder!"
A guide to musical settings for one or two voices of the poetry of Heinrich Heine (1797-1856) by Peter W. Shea.
Heinrich-Heine-Gesellschaft e.V.
Heinrich-Heine-Institut
Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
Complete works of Heine online (in German)
Selected English translations online
Art of the States: The Resounding Lyre  Musical setting of Heine's poem "Halleluja"
1856 deaths
People from Düsseldorf
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Capitata Group) is an edible plant.
It is a lot like broccoli, cauliflower or Brussels sprouts.
Cabbage is eaten in many ways around the world.
Coleslaw and sauerkraut are popular foods that use cabbage.
It is also used to make kimchi and borscht, and can also be used in salads.
Red cabbage juice can be used as a pH indicator.
Cabbages are usually green, but they can also be red.
Types of cabbage
Cabbages can come in many different types, such as the previously mentioned red and green cabbages, but they can also be in other types.
These include white cabbage, also known as Dutch cabbage, and Savoy cabbage.
Leaf vegetables
A pool is a body of water.
It is also called a pond.
It can also mean a body of water that people have made.
This is called a swimming pool.
Pool is also a game.
It is a form of billiards.
The object is to use a cue ball to knock other balls into pockets around the edge of the table.
People also use the word "pool" to mean something many people have contributed to.
People can pool their money to buy something, or to make a bet.
Sometimes it can mean cooperation, people working together to get something done.
It is used in the Republic of India and Pakistan.
It was also used in British India, the former East Pakistan until 1971, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Mauritius, and the Seychelles.
In past times, rupees were also the name of the money used in Burma and in the German and British colonies in East Africa.
The name comes from a Sanskrit word meaning silver.
The rupiah of Indonesia and the rufiyah of the Maldives are kinds of money that also got their name from this word.
All of these were previously Spanish dollars.
Currency of Asia
500 (Roman numerals: D) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar.
It started on a Friday.
Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon army that may have been led by the bretwalda Aelle of Sussex (approximate date; suggested dates range from 490 to 510) Note: This battle may have influenced the legend of King Arthur
Possible date at which Fergus I of Dalriada begins his reign
Approximate beginning of the Heptarchy period in the history of England
Approximate year of the founding of the Kingdom of Essex
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei China becomes sovereign of the Northern Wei Dynasty
Uxmal founded (approximate date)
Traders from southern Arabia settle in northern Ethiopia
Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland
February 2 – Diet of Augsburg begins
February 4 – John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England
February 9 – Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake
May 23 – Paul IV becomes Pope.
September 25 – Peace of Augsburg is signed.
Diesel oil or diesel fuel is a type of fuel for cars.
It is also an oil used for an energy source.
It is made from petroleum and from various other sources.
Düsseldorf International Airport (;  is an airport in Germany.
It is eight kilometres from Düsseldorf.
The airport has the IATA Airport Code DUS.
There is one other airport named "Düsseldorf Express Airport, Mönchengladbach", but that is only a continental airport and has only a few lines, mostly private jets.
The international airport supports flights to 180 destinations on four continents and hosts 70 airlines.
The airport has 800 takeoffs and landings per day.
The airport was opened on April 19, 1927, after two years of construction.
However, the first aircraft to land in northern Düsseldorf was the Zeppelin LZ-III in 1909.
On April 11, 1996 there was a fire in the airport, probably caused by welding work on the roof.
17 people were killed, mostly due to smoke inhalation.
The terminal building was badly damaged, and was closed for five years.
By July 1, 2001 it had been nearly completely re-built and was re-opened.
A suspended monorail connects the terminal building with the InterCity and ICE train station (High speed and extremely high speed trains).
The so-called SkyTrain travels the 2.5 kilometers between the terminal and station at a maximum speed of 50 km/h. It started operation in 2002, replacing a shuttle bus service, and is not free of charge to use.
Airlines serving Düsseldorf International Airport
Aer Lingus (Dublin)
Aero Lloyd
Aeroflight (Catania, Nador, Tivat)
Aeroflot (Moscow Domodedovo)
Air Botnia
Air France (Lyon, Nice, Paris)
Air Via Bulgarian Airways
Alitalia (Milan-Malpensa, Rome)
AMC Aviation
Atlasjet International (Ankara)
Austrian Airlines (Vienna)
Balkan Air
BH Airlines
Bluewings (Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir)
British Airways (London-Heathrow)
British Airways Citiexpress (Birmingham, Manchester)
Bulgarian Air Charter (Burgas, Varna)
Condor Flugdienst (Arrecife, Heraklion, Las Palmas, Palma)
Croatia Airlines (Split)
dba (Berlin-Tegel, Lamezia, Munich, Nürnberg)
Delta Air Lines (Atlanta, beginning March 2006)
Denim Airlines
Deutsche BA
Egyptair (Cairo)
Emirates (Bombay, Delhi, Dubai, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Osaka, Perth, Singapore)
Finnair (Helsinki)
Germania Airlines (Lamezia, Zadar)
Germania Express (Sarajevo, Zadar)
German Wings (Berlin-Schonefeld)
Hapag-Lloyd (Bodrum, Catania, Fuerteventura, Heraklion, Palma)
Iberia Airlines (Madrid)
Islandsflug-Icebird
Kibris Turkish
KLM Cityhopper (Amsterdam)
LOT Polish (Warsaw)
LTE International
Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter (Erfert)
Lufthansa (Atlanta, Barcelona, Berlin-Tegel, Birmingham, Boston, Bucharest, Budapest, Chicago, Denver, Dresdon, Frankfurt, Geneva, Hamburg, Houston, Jersey, Leipzig-Halle, London-City, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Lyon, Manchester, Milan-Malpensa, Montreal, Munich, Newark, Nurnberg, Paris, Portland, Prague, Rome, San Francisco, Seattle, Stockholm, Stuttgart, Toronto, Turin, Zürich)
Macedonian Airlines (Ohrid)
Mahan Air (Bangkok, Delhi)
Middle East Airlines Liban
MNG Airlines (Bodrum)
Nouvelair Tunisie (Monastir)
Onur Air (Ankara)
Pegasus Airlines (Bodrum)
Privatair
Rossiya
Royal Air Maroc (Nador)
Scandinavian Airlines System (Copenhagen)
Shorouk Air
SunExpress (Antalya, Bodrum)
Swiss International Airlines (Geneva, Zürich)
TAROM (Bucharest)
Turkish Airlines (Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir)
Vueling Airlines (Barcelona)
White Eagle Airlines
World Focus Airlines (Ankara)
Before September 11 Düsseldorf International Airport had many flights from the United States.
Now the only direct flight to the United States is from Privatair.
Privatair has a flight going to New York Newark airport, which is codeshared with Lufthansa.
Düsseldorf International Airport Homepage
Sky-Train Düsseldorf
Airports in Germany
Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
1927 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Germany
A sauna is a small room or building that is made hot.
The heat of a sauna is calming and makes the person using it sweat.
This is believed to help people be more healthy though it causes stress on the body by overheating.
Today many countries and groups of people have different ways of heating and using a sauna.
The temperature is often 80°C in Finnish saunas.
The heat can be more than 100°C.
Finnish and Swedish saunas have lower humidity (the air is less wet) to make this high heat comfortable.
Today saunas can often be found at hotels and places for sports and exercise.
In Finland, they are more common and are also often in private apartments and office
Common rules for public saunas
In some cultures, swimsuits must be worn in a sauna.
In other cultures swimsuits are not be worn.
Swimsuits are more often worn when men and women use a sauna together.
Some saunas are only for men, or only for women.
Some places have fixed times when each gender can use a sauna.
Private saunas may have their own rules.
Areas where the sauna is used while nude
North-eastern Italy
Areas where the sauna is used in a swimsuit or covered by a towel
Area where men and women do not sauna together
Areas where sitting on a towel is required
Onsen
Sentō
Jjimjilbang
Banya
Finnish culture
Joseph Beuys (pronounced "boyce") (12 May 1921 – 23 January 1986) was a German artist who made arts in many forms including sculpture, performance art (happening, fluxus), video art, and installations.
He was an important artist in the second half of the 20th century.
Beuys was born in Krefeld on 12 May 1921, and grew up in the nearby city of Kleve.
His family was strong catholic.
As a young child he began his interest in art by often engaging in making watercolours.
He first saw modern art when visiting the studio of Achilles Moortgat.
At the age of seventeen in 1938, he joined Hitler Youth, like many young German men at that time.
He studied many disciplines before engaging in his art practice, and was particularly interested in natural sciences and history, including alchemy, and focussed on medicine with the intention of becoming a doctor.
During his studies, however, World War II began, and he became a soldier in the German air force.
There, he was a rear gunner (gunner in the back) in a military airplane.
In 1943 one of his close friends died in a concentration camp.
One fascinating aspect of Joseph Beuys's personal history is the reason he consistently used felt and fat in his works.
He is quoted as saying: "For me, fat was a great discovery, because it was the very material that could seem the most chaotic and indeterminate.
I could use it with heat or cold, I could transform it with means that are not the traditional ones for sculpture- with temperature, for example.
So I could turn the character of this fat from a chaotic and fluctuating condition to that of a rigid form... So I took an extreme position in sculpture and a material that was absolutely fundamental for life and not associated with art.”
Many people believe that this use of felt and fat recalled a plane crash experienced while flying for the  Luftwaffe in the Crimea in the winter of 1942-43.
Beuys claimed that he had been saved by a nomadic tribe of Tartars who, sympathetic to the Germans after persecution by the Soviets, ‘covered my body in fat to help it regenerate warmth, and wrapped it in felt as an insulator to keep warmth in’.
In fact this episode was fabricated, partly on the basis of a dream, but he consistently referred to this episode and it can be seen as a private mythology of his.
Development as artist
After the war Beuys studied at the academy in Düsseldorf from 1946 to 1951.
For most of the 1950s he was mostly drawing.
In 1961 he became professor of sculpture there, but was fired in 1972 because he said that his classes must be open to anybody who wanted to take them.
He thought that classes should be free and he worked in his classes with everybody who wanted.
His students protested when he was fired, so he was allowed to hold his studio there, but he still lost his job.
In 1962 Beuys was member of the "Fluxus movement".
They made art together by drawing, sculpting, making music, and literature.
Beuys believed that arts has an important role in society.
His first problems with politicians were when he lost his job as professor.
In the 1980s he was part of the Peace Movement and protested against nuclear missiles in Germany.
He was one of the first members of the Green Party in the 1980s.
Felt Suit (1970), a felt suit exhibited on a coat hanger;
the performance piece Coyote, "I Like America and America Likes Me" (1974), Beuys wore felt and carried a shepherd's staff and stayed in a room with a coyote for five days;
sculpture Fat Corner, fat piled into the corner of a space, left to melt and turn rancid over many days.
However the fat was accidentally destroyed by the cleaning crew.
How To Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare (1965), he walked around with his face covered in honey and gold leaf, carrying a dead hare which he talked with, explaining the pictures before them.
In 1979, a large retrospective of Beuys' work at the Guggenheim Museum in New York City confirmed his reputation as one of the most important artists of his time.
He died in 1986 in Düsseldorf.
Pop cultural references
German art
actual exhibitions with Joseph Beuys on Artfacts.
Details of the 7000 oaks project
Joseph Beuys Music on Ubuweb
Athena—The Joseph Beuys Online Guide
Beuys' writings and works influenced by Beuys (In German)
Articles about Beuys
1986 deaths
Greens politicians
The Staatliche Kunstakademie Düsseldorf is the Arts Academy of the city of Düsseldorf.
It is well-known all over the world by its most famous members like Joseph Beuys.
In time of the Napoleonic Wars it moved to Munich.
So the government of Prussia, who annexed the region of Düsseldorf after Napoleon surrendered, to open a new Royal Arts Academy in Düsseldorf.
It started in 1822.
In the 1850s the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf became an international well-known arts school.
The "Düsseldorfer Malerschule" was internationally known as a special kind of drawing countryside.
Many students came from Scandinavia, Russia, and the United States of America to Düsseldorf.
1819 - 1824 Peter von Cornelius
1826 - 1859 Wilhelm von Schadow
1924 - 1933 Walter Kaesbach
1945 - 1946 Ewald Mataré
1959 - 1965 Hans Schwippert
1972 - 1981 Norbert Kricke
since 1988 Markus Lüpertz
Well-known professors and students
Andreas Achenbach (1827 - 1834 Student)
Adolf Seel
Oswald Achenbach (1835 - 1841 Student; 1863 - 1872 Professor)
Peter Angermann (1968-1973)
Joseph Beuys (1947 - 1952 Student, 1961 - 1972 Professor)
Arnold Böcklin (1845 - 1847 Student)
Michael Buthe (1944 - 1994 Professor)
Max Clarenbach (1894 - 1901 Student, 1917 - 1945 Professor)
Tony Cragg (1979 - 1988 Assistant Professor, 1988 - 2001 Professor)
Siegfried Cremer (1977 - 1994 Professor for drawing technics)
Rolf Krummenauer (1953 - 1969 Teacher for Arts Forming)
Felix Droese (1970 - 1976 Student)
Helmut Federle (1999 - Professor)
Anselm Feuerbach (1845 - 1848 Student)
Rupprecht Geiger (1965 - 1976 Professor)
Eugen Gomringer (1977 - 1990 Professor)
Günter Grass (1948 - 1952 Student)
Gotthard Graubner (1954 - 1959 Student, 1976 - 1992 Professor)
Erwin Heerich (1958 - 1965 )
Hans Schwippert (1959 - 1965 Professor and Director)
Hans Hollein (1967 - 1965 Professor)
Ottmar Hörl (1979 - 1981 Student)
Candida Höfer (1973-x Student)
Oliver Jordan (1980 - 1985 Student)
Johannes Hüppi (1984 bis 1990 master-student of Dieter Krieg)
Jörg Immendorff (1963 - 1964 Student, since 1996 Professor)
Karin Kneffel (1981 - 1987 master-student of Gerhard Richter)
Paul Klee (1931 - 1933 Professor)
Walter Köngeter (1952 - 1967 Professor for constructing arts)
Rita McBride (Professor for sculpturing)
Yoshitomo Nara (1988 - 1993 Student)
Heinrich Nauen (1921 - 1937 Professor)
Albert Oehlen (seit 2000 Professor)
Markus Oehlen (1976 - 1982 Student)
Nam June Paik (1979 - 1996 Professor for Video Arts)
Sigmar Polke (1961 - 1967 Student)
Lois Renner (1985 - 1988 Student)
Gerhard Richter (1961 - 1963 Student, 1971 - 1993 Professor)
Klaus Rinke (1974 - 2004 Professor)
Reiner Ruthenbeck (1962 - 1968 Student)
Thomas Ruff (Student, Professor)
Kaspar Scheuren (1829-1835 Student)
Rudolf Schwarz (1953 - 1961 Professor)
Thomas Schütte (1973 - 1981 Student)
Norbert Tadeusz (1961 - 1966 Student)
Rosemarie Trockel (Professor)
Günther Uecker (1953 - 1957 Student, 1976 - 1995 Professor)
Georg Wilhelm Volkhart (1831 - 1840 Student)
Max Volkhart (1848 - 1924 Student)
Düsseldorf school of painting
www.kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de
Schools in Germany
1762 establishments
18th-century establishments in Germany
A poet is someone who writes poetry.
Poetry can be written in any language by a poet.
Sappho was an Ancient Greek poet.
She lived in Lesbos, Greece.
She was famous for writing lyric love poems to women.
She wrote in the Ancient Greek language.
Famous English poets are William Shakespeare, Alexander Pope, William Wordsworth, William Blake, John Keats, and Percy Shelley.
They wrote in the English language.
Their poetry comes in different styles and forms.
Often their poetry is lyrical and rhymes.
The most famous American poets include Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman.
They wrote in English.
Often their poetry did not rhyme.
They lived in the 19th century in the United States.
Later 20th century American poets include Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Sylvia Plath, and Anne Sexton.
Modern French poets are Arthur Rimbaud and  Charles Baudelaire.
Rimbaud was famous for his poetry collection called “Illuminations.”
Baudelaire wrote of beauty, decay, and spirituality in his famous work “Flowers of Evil.”
Great Spanish poets are Garcilaso de la Vega Frederico García Lorca, Antonio Machado, and Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer.
Vicente Aleixandre won the Nobel Prize.
Three Latin American poets won the Nobel prize in the 20th century.
They include Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda, and Octavio Paz.
They wrote in Spanish.
Caribbean poets Derek Walcott and Giannina Braschi wrote epic poetry.
Winner of the Nobel Prize, Walcott wrote Omeros and In a Green Night in English.
Giannina Braschi writes epic poetry in English, Spanglish, and Spanish, including Empire of Dreams
Ancient Chinese poets are Wang Wei, Du Fu, and Qu Yuan.
They wrote in Chinese about the nature and man.
The  is one of the biggest universities in Germany.
It is in the Ruhr-Area, in the city of Bochum.
The Ruhr-Universität was the first public university that was founded in West Germany after World War II (in 1962).
Later in the 1960s, education expanded in West Germany and more universities were founded, but Bochum has a bright selection of subjects because it was the beginning of education expanding.
The Ruhr-University was one of the fourth largest university in Germany in the late 1980s and early 1990s with more than 40,000 students.
But after the state of North Rhine-Westfalia decided to earn study fees, many students left the university and school examiners do not start studying anymore.
Actually the fees are 1,000 Euro in the year (about 1,100 US $), but the Ruhr-Area is traditionally a working class region.
Sommer Semester 2011 was the last semester with tuition fees http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/studienbeitrag/ .
The number or students now is more than 34 000 http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/universitaet/fakten/menschlich/index.html
Present situation
The Ruhr-University has about 34,000 students.http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/universitaet/fakten/menschlich/index.html Academically it is an upper middle-class university with a lot of international affairs, especially with Eastern Europe and Asia.
The Ruhr-University Bochum lost some subjects by when the state reduced its budget.
Applied Computational Science
Physics and Astronomy
Chemistry and Biochemistry
Biology and Neuro Sciences
Geosciences (Geology, Geophysics, Mineralogy, Palentology)
Electro Engineering
History (Old, Middle Ages and New History, History of Arts)
Archeological Sciences
Chinese(language and literature, there are regional studies for eastern Asia, too)
Eastern Asian Studies (China, Korea and Japan)
English Language and Literature American and Canadian Literature
Romanic Languages and Literature (Italian, French, Spain, Portuguese)
Slavic Languages and Literature (Russian, Polish)
German Languages and Literature
Comparative Literature
Latin and Old Greek
Near and Middle Eastern Studies (Arabian Stuies, Indian)
Roman Catholic Theology
Protestant (Lutheran) Religious Studies
Social Sciences (Sociology, Social Psychology, Politics, Socail-Economical studies)