the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
She was an adolescent girl finding out she has great power and dealing with it."
Many of Whedon's young female characters went through the same type of thing.
Whedon has now come full circle, writing the character of Kitty Pryde in the Astonishing X-Men comic.
Whedon is interested in the homosexual community.
He is strongly for LGBT rights.
In his works, including Buffy the Vampire Slayer, he has gay characters as both the major and the minor characters.
In Buffy, he used scenes that suggested that either Xander Harris or Willow Rosenberg might be homosexual.
At the time, he did not know which character he wanted to be gay.
He decided that Willow would take part in a lesbian relationship with another young woman, fellow college student Tara Maclay.
Two more minor characters in the series, Larry and Scott, were also homosexuals.
In Angel, the script hinted at a homosexual experience between Spike and Angel.
In Firefly, Inara Serra was shown as being bisexual.
She accepted both male and female clients.
The dialogue in Joss Whedon's series and movies is notable.
It is often very witty and has many pop culture references.
Some are easy to notice other are more difficult.
He also likes to turn nouns into adjectives by adding a "y" at the end of the word ("Vampires are fangy").
According to one of the Buffy writers, "It's just the way that Joss actually talks."
Many characters die in Whedon's series.
This is very true in Buffy.
It is common for extras and even minor characters to die in action-based series and movies.
Whedon also kills off main characters.
He gets the audience to care about the character before their death.
It is a part of "doing [his] job".
On the 'Serenity' DVD commentary, Whedon says that he'd rather have fans say 'Why'd they kill (that guy)?
I liked him!'
than 'Oh.
Turn the page'.
Whedon often kills off characters right after something very good happens to them.
As seen in Buffy, Firefly, and Angel'', nearly all of the romantic relationships Whedon series end badly.
One member in the relationship will usually end up dying or turning evil.
The break-up will end up being very painful.
There is a strong theme that family is the group of people that a person lives their life with, not the people who raised them as a child.
This is a major theme for the main characters in all of his television series.
Whedon often shows fathers in a bad way.
Most of them are not around.
Wes' father was shown several times to be abusive.
While mothers play a big part in his works, characters rarely talk about or seem to be ever affected by their fathers.
Whedon's characters often find someone to take the place of a father in their lives.
Whedonesque
Interview with Joss Whedon
Audio interview with Joss Whedon about Serenity at FILMdetail
'The Dude' Interviews Joss Whedon
Joss Whedon interview at www.sci-fi-online.com
Hugo Award winning writers
Guanajuato is a Mexican city.
It is one of Mexico's safest cities.
Guanajuato is the capital of Guanajuato state.
Bathurst is a city in the state of New South Wales, Australia.
It is about 200km west of Sydney.
Bathurst has a campus of Charles Sturt University and a cathedral.
The following is a list of Pacific typhoon seasons.
Unlike Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons, they run for the whole year, starting on January 1 and ending on December 31.
These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the western half of the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator.
Pacific typhoon seasons
At its peak the empire was one of the largest in both Islamic and African history.
The Songhai people were the ruling elite in the empire.
Gao was the capital of the empire.
Other important cities in the empire were Timbuktu and Djenné, conquered in 1468 and 1475 respectively.
Trade flourished in those towns.
Former monarchies of Africa
SeaMonkey is a free and open source Internet application suite, which uses the Gecko rendering engine.
It works on many operating systems.
It is very useful, and includes an e-mail client, a calendar, a HTML editor, an IRC client, and a web browser.
It is made by the SeaMonkey Council, formerly by Mozilla Foundation.
On March 10, 2005 the Mozilla Foundation said that they will not develop the Mozilla Application suite, including the Netscape web browser, because Firefox and Thunderbird were more popular.
The SeaMonkey Council renamed the project SeaMonkey and continued its development.
The newest version of its main release version is 2.46.
List of IRC clients
Seamokey project site
SeaMonkey Wiki
SeaMonkey Download
Proceratosaurus was a small dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic, about 165 million years ago.
It was found in Gloucestershire, England, in 1910.
It was a  carnivorous theropod.
Proceratosaurus was first believed to be an early ancestor of Ceratosaurus, but it was actually an ancestor of the coelurosaurs.
Thus, it was an early ancestor of Tyrannosaurus and its relatives in the Upper Cretaceous.
Cowboy Bebop is a Japanese anime television show aired from 1998 to 1999.
It was created by Sunrise and directed by Shinichiro Watanabe.
The show is about a group of bounty hunters who travel in outer space to catch criminals.
It has 26 episodes.
The series has received a TV-14 rating in the United States, while six episodes received a TV-MA and three episodes receiving a TV-PG.
The series aired in the United States in 2001 on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim.
It was the first anime to be aired on Adult Swim.
It was so successful that Cartoon Network decided to put more anime on Adult Swim.
There is a movie, a manga, and two video games based on the show.
The movie is called Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' on Heaven's Door.
The video games are for Playstation and Playstation 2 were not released in the United States.
The series is inspired by American culture.
Jazz music is mostly played in the show.
The episodes are called "Sessions."
In 2071, the members of the space ship Bebop travel through outer space trying to catch criminals.
Bounty hunters are known as "Cowboys".
If they catch the criminals alive then they get a reward.
If the criminals die, the cowboys get nothing.
The criminals are called bounties.
Most episodes are about catching a bounty.
Some episodes are about the characters' pasts and lives.
At the beginning there are two main heroes, Spike and Jet.
Later they would meet with others.
They had become the crew of the space ship Bebop.
Other members of the Bebop are Faye, computer hacker Ed, and a dog named Ein.
Spike Spiegel is the main character.
He is a master in shooting and martial arts, and is also a good pilot.
He is voiced by Koichi Yamadera in the Japanese version and Steven Blum in the English version.
Jet Black is a former detective and is the owner of the Bebop.
He is voiced by Unsho Ishizuka in the Japanese version and Beau Billingslea in the English version.
Faye Valentine is a novice fighter with a gambling addiction.
She joins the crew of the Bebop uninvited.
She is voiced by Megumi Hayashibara in the Japanese version and Wendee Lee in the English version.
Edward is a female character who likes to hack into computers, and walk on her hands.
She is voiced by Aoi Tada in the Japanese version and Melissa Fahn in the English version.
Her full name is Wong Hau Pepelu Tivrusky IV.
Ein is a pet dog.
He is very smart because scientists did experiments on him.
Ein cannot speak, but he seems to understand what people say.
He also knows how to play the board game Go.
Vicious is a villain voiced by Norio Wakamoto in the Japanese version and Skip Stellrecht in the English.
Julia is Spike's love interest.
She is voiced by Gara Takashima in the Japanese version and Mary Elizabeth McGlynn in the English version.
Punch and Judy.
Punch is voiced by Tsutomu Taruki in the Japanese version and Paul St. Peter in the English version.
Judy is voiced by Miki Nagasawa in the  Japanese version and Lia Sargent in the English version.
The name Punch and Judy comes from the popular British puppet show.
Episode List
Mirror of Cowboy Bebop official site
Animax Japan's official website for Cowboy Bebop
Animax East Asia's official website for Cowboy Bebop
Animax South Asia's official website for Cowboy Bebop
Adult Swim - Cowboy Bebop
Cowboy Bebop Screenshots Archive
Cowboy Bebop reviewed at Anime Academy
1998 anime television series
The Vision of Escaflowne is a Japanese anime television show that aired in Japan on April 2, 1996.
It is called Tenkuu no Escaflowne in Japanese which means Escaflowne of the Heavens.
It was made by Sunrise and directed by Kazuki Akane.
Escaflowne has 26 episodes.
Escaflowne has two mangas based on it, a videogame that was made for Playstation, and a movie.
Kanzaki Hitomi
Van Fanel
Allen Schezar
Dilandou Albatou
Folken Fanel
Dornkirk
Balgus
Millerna Sarah Aston
Dryden Fassa
Naria
Eriya
Jajuka
Susumu Amano
Uchida Yukari
Countries and Places
Earth (Mystic Moon)
Fanelia
Zaibach
Freid
Fusion means to merge or combine.
Nuclear fusion, in physics
Fusion power, energy generated by nuclear fusion reactions
Fusion (student movement), Christian charity that serves students
Electoral fusion, in politics fusion refers to two parties with the same candidate
Fusion (music), especially Jazz fusion
Fusion (album), in 2018 by the Nepali singer Prakash Neupane
Fusion cuisine, combines elements of various traditions of cooking
A type of car
Firs (Abies) are about 45-55 species of evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae.
Fir trees can reach heights of 10–80 m tall and trunk diameters of 0.5–4 m when mature.
The difference between firs and other members of the pine family is that their needle-like leaves are attached to the twig by a base that resembles a small suction cup, and by erect, cylindrical female cones 5–25 cm long that release the winged seeds.
The male cones are normally much smaller and spread through the tree so that the wind can help pollinate the female cones.
Fir wood is not good to use in buildings because it is not very resistant to insects and decay.
It is usually cut or squeezed into thin sheets or pieces and made into plywood or chipboard for indoor or temporary outdoor use.
However, fir trees are used widely in gardening.
They can be used as shelter trees to protect other plants from wind or grown alone as decorative trees.
A confier cone (or pine cone) is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers) that contains the reproductive structures.
It is the part of a tree that lets the tree reproduce.
Its formal name in botany is strobilus, plural strobili.
The familiar woody cone is the female cone, which produces seeds.
The male cones, which produce pollen, are usually smaller and much less conspicuous even at full maturity.
The individual plates of a cone are known as scales.
The male cone (microstrobilus or pollen cone) is structurally similar across all conifers, differing only in small ways (mostly in scale arrangement) from species to species.
Extending out from a central axis are microsporophylls (modified leaves).
Under each microsporophyll is one or several microsporangia (pollen sacs).
Conifer cones and their seeds have been used for lots of different purposes.
They are often used for decorations.
Some seeds, for example, the seeds of pinyon pines, are used in prepared foods and baking.
Most mature cones are closed when wet and open when dry.
In a few species, it takes fire to open the cones.
Employer Identification Number - a number assigned by the United States Internal Revenue Service to all employers.
Ein means "a" or "one (of something)" in some Germanic languages for nouns with masculine or neuter grammatical gender in the nominative case.
The feminine form is "eine".
Example: in German "" is "A dog" ("" is "an ash" (the tree)).
Not to be confused with "," which means "(the number) one".
Ein also means "a" and "one" in Faroese in the male and female grammatical genders but not in the neuter.
Example "".
Ein is a character in the Anime-series Cowboy Bebop.
Ein is a character in the Anime series Phantom: Requiem from the Phantom
Punch and Judy is a very popular puppet show which children in Britain love to watch.
It is traditionally performed at the seaside in a small booth which can easily be transported.
The characters are all glove puppets.
The story is told by a man who calls himself “The Professor”.
He cannot be seen, but he wears the puppets on his hand like gloves and makes them move.
Punch wears a jester's motley.
He is hunchbacked and his hooked nose almost meets his curved chin.
He has a big stick and hits the other characters with his stick, saying "That's the way to do it!".
He speaks in a funny way called a swazzle.
There is also a baby, a crocodile, a policeman and a string of sausages.
The simple kind of humour used is called “slapstick”.
The Punch and Judy show has its origins in the 16th century Italian commedia dell'arte.
This sort of comedy always had the same people in the stories (“stock characters”).
The figure of Punch comes from the stock character of Pulcinella, called  Punchinello in English.
Punch's wife was originally "Joan".
May 9, 1662 is said by 'Professors' to be Punch's UK birthday, for that was the first known date on which the figure who later became Mr. Punch was seen in Britain.
The diarist Samuel Pepys saw a puppet show using an early version of the Punch character near St. Paul's Church in London's Covent Garden.
The British show developed into "Punch and Judy".
In other countries the stories developed differently.
In Germany, Punch is called "Kasper" and Judy is "Grete".
The characters date back to the 18th century in German-speaking countries.
In The Netherlands Punch is called Jan Klaassen and Judy is Katrijn; in Denmark Mester Jackel; in Italy Pulcinella (with Teresina as the female part); in Russia Petruschka; in Romania Vasilache ; and in France Polichinelle.
In 1827, The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Punch and Judy became the first published Punch and Judy script.
In 2006, the Punch and Judy show was named one of 12 icons of Englishness by the British government’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Boomerang is the name of the 2nd television networkowned by Cartoon Network.
Boomerang was one of the two actual spin-offs of Cartoon Network and Adult Swim showing classic animated cartoons and animated television series from the Hanna-Barbera archives.
Cartoon Network showing CN originals and modern cartoons, and Adult Swim showing adult-animates cartoons and adult live action for teens and adults.
Formerly a segment of programming within the Cartoon Network, the channel was launched at the end of the 20th century and introduced to satellite in April 1, 2000.
When it launched back on April 1, 2000 there were bumpers telling you what was coming up next.
The current Boomerang coming up next, idents, promos, blocks, and bumpers were used from (April 1, 2000-present)
Ben 10 (2010 – present)
Courage the Cowardly Dog (2009 – 2016)
Dexter's Laboratory (2006 – present)
The Flintstones (April 1, 2000 – present)
Felix The Cat (TV Series, 2001 ; 2002)
Garfield and Friends (2006 - present)
The Garfield Show (2013 - present)
Looney Tunes (2000 – 2001 ; 2002)
Peanuts (April 1, 2000 – present)
The Powerpuff Girls (1998;  2008 – present)
Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (
April 1, 2000 – present)
The Smurfs (April 1, 2000 – present)
Tom and Jerry (April 1, 2000 – present)
The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show (shown on Tom and Jerry)
Tom and Jerry Tales (2006;)
Wacky Races (April 1, 2000– present)
Camp Lazlo (2013-present)
Snorks (April 1, 2000-present)
Jonny Quest (April 1, 2000-present)
Cartoon Cartoons (Cow and Chicken, Johnny Bravo, What a Cartoon!,
and 2 Stupid Dogs) (2009-present)
Popeye, Kenny the Shark, Fantastic Max, Fantastic Four, Thundercats (1985), Teen Titans, Krypto the Superdog (2000-present)
Blocks : Boomerang-A-Long (2000-present)
Boomerang Theater (2000-present)
Wedgies (2008-present)
Boomerang Zoo (2000-present)
Infomercials (2000-present)
Boomerloyalty (2008-present)
Boomeraction (2000-present)
BoomerangTV.co.uk - Official UK website
BoomerangTV.de - Official DE website
A boomerang is a flying tool that is best known for its ability to return to the thrower.
In the past, it was made of wood, but most of the modern boomerangs are made of other materials.
Most people know that Australian Aborigines used boomerangs for hunting.
But the oldest boomerang was found in a cave in Poland and is more than 20,000 (twenty thousand) years old.
This kind of boomerang does not return to the thrower, but it can fly longer distances and more stably than other things which can be thrown.
These days (returning) boomerangs are usually used for recreation.
Technical aspects
Most of the boomerangs do not have the classical "L"-shape.
The modern boomerang is special in that it will return to the one who threw it, if it is thrown correctly.
However, some boomerangs do not return because their wings do not have the right profile.
Most of the boomerangs are made for right-handed use.
Left-handed people have to use other boomerangs that are mirror-inverted, or have to throw with their right hand.
Throwing instructions
A boomerang is not thrown like a frisbee.
It has to be thrown almost vertically, with an inclination of about 10–20 degrees and with a lot of rotation (spin).
When facing the wind, throw with an angle of 30–45 degrees to the right (left-handed: to the left) of the wind.
Be sure to choose a field that is big enough.
Watch out for passers-by, and do not throw when people are standing in the range of the boomerang.
See also the link provided in the section below.
There are a lot of boomerang clubs in many countries all over the world.
These clubs organise workshops and tournaments.
The best boomerang-throwers come from Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland and the United States of America.
A few years ago, the International Federation of Boomerang Associations (IFBA) was founded to help to spread knowledge about boomerangs.
Illustrated throwing instructions
International Federation of Boomerang Associations
United States Boomerang Association
British Boomerang Society
Niflheim is the world of frost and cold of Norse Mythology.
Frost Giants live there.
The river Hvergelmir also is there.
Yggdrasil has one of its roots in the spring of the river.
The serpent Nidhogg gnaws at this root.
Baldr (also Balder, Baldur or Baldor) is the god of light and radiance, peace and forgiveness in Norse mythology.
A member of the Æsir, he is the son of Odin and Frigg, and twin brother to the blind god of darkness, Höðr.
His wife is called Nanna, with whom he had a son named Forseti, god of justice.
Prior to his death, Baldr possessed a ship called Hringhorni, said to be the largest ship ever built.
His hall is called Breidablik.
Baldr once had a nightmare that he would be killed.
His mother, Frigg, made all the things across the Nine Realms vow not to hurt him.
The mistletoe did not vow, however, as Frigg considered it to be so unimportant that she thought nothing of it.
Loki found out that the mistletoe had not vowed, and thus made a spear out of the dreaded plant, and tricked Höðr into throwing it at Baldr.
Beings from all across the Nine Realms will come to attend his funeral, and Baldr's wife Nanna soon dies of grief.
Loki is soon caught and sentenced to punishment; he is bound by the entrails of one of his sons, to face torture as the venom of a massive serpent drips from its fangs onto Loki's eyes.
This causes him unimaginable pain, writhing in agony. (
The goddess Skaði is responsible for placing the serpent above him).
His wife Sigyn is stationed nearby, collecting the drips of venom into a bowl.
When the bowl is full, she leaves to empty it, and when she does, the venom drips onto the trickster and gradually eats away at his flesh.
Loki's escape from this predicament is the catalyst of Ragnarök, as upon his being freed, he will lead the forces of Jötunheimr and Svartálfheimr in a final assault against the gods.
During Ragnarök, the veils/barriers between the realms will be broken, so Baldr will be able to escape from Helheimr.
After the death of Odin at the fangs of the monstrous wolf Fenrir, Baldr and Höðr came back to life, meeting with the other survivors in the fields of Iðavöllr (Old Norse: Iðavǫllr - "splendour-plain"), where Asgard once lay.
There, they shall rule in place of their father.
The cell, the basic structure of a biological organism
A room in a prison or jail where people are kept.
Cell (novel), a novel by Stephen King.
A prophecy is a claim of what the future will be like, which is not based on any ordinary source of information.
In some ways, prophecies are similar to religion.
Not all people believe in prophecy.
People that do think they come from God or a god.
They are often hard to understand and need interpretation.
Very often, they concern one very specific event.
People who make prophecies are called prophets.
In Ancient Greece, people who made prophecies were called oracles, most notably the Oracle of Delphi.
Since then, people like Nostradamus have made prophecies.
To prophesy is to make a prophecy.
The two words are spelled differently and pronounced differently. "
Prophesy" is a verb, and "prophecy" is a noun.
Prophecy in religion
Judeo-Christian Religion
There are many prophecies in the Bible.
Some of these warn of punishments to come.
There are two kinds of Bible prophecies.
Some are conditional, that is, they include the possibility that the punishment can be avoided based on the hearers changing their ways.
An example of this is found in the Book of Daniel.
Other prophecies are unconditional.
That means that the event will happen no matter what the hearers do to avoid it.
There are also Bible prophecies that tell of future blessings.
Blessings are good things that happen because of God's mercy and forgiveness.
Some prophecies contain both punishment and blessings.
Jesus made prophecies like this, warning people to believe in Him and live right, to get the blessing instead of the punishment.
While some of the prophecies in the bible about future events are hard to understand, the moral warnings from Jesus are not hard to understand.
For this reason, some preachers, like Moses, Jesus and other religious leaders who tell people to live a good life are called prophets by their followers even though they may not tell about future events.
Ornithomimus had three toes on each foot, long arms and  neck, but a small head.
It also had claws on each hand and foot.
It had no teeth and weak jaws, which might mean it was omnivorous.
Ornithomimus edmonticus was the largest species, 12 ft (3.5 meters) long, 7 feet (2.10 meters) high and weighed about 100-150 kg.
It walked on two legs and looked slightly like an ostrich, except for its long tail.
There has been trouble with naming.
Some speciments are put in other genera, like Dromiceiomimus and Struthiomimus.
In 1995, 2008 and 2009, three O. edmontonicus specimens with evidence of feathers were found.
Two adults had quill knobs on the lower arm, indicating the former presence of bird-like feather shafts.
A juvenile had impressions of long fluffy feathers in the form of hair-like filaments covering the rump, legs and neck.
Ornithomimus in The Dinosaur Encyclopaedia  at Dino Russ' Lair
The Book of Job () is the 18th book in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament.
It is one of the books in the class of poetry.
The Bible says "In the land of Uz" there lived a man whose name was Job.
He feared God and shunned evil.
Job had seven sons and three daughters, and he owned seven-thousand sheep, three-thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen and five hundred donkeys, and had a large number of servants.
He was the greatest man among all the people of the East."
"When a period of feasting had run its course, Job would send and have them purified.
Early in the morning he would sacrifice a burnt offering for each of them, thinking, "Perhaps my children have sinned and cursed God in their hearts.
This was Job's regular custom."
Satan meets God
One day Satan and the Angels of God went to God.
God tells Satan about his servant Job and how good he is.
Satan says that the only reason he is like that is because God was good to him and gave him sons and daughters and many animals.
Satan asks if he can test Job and God lets him.
God tells Satan not to kill Job.
The first test Satan did was to take away all of Job's animals, killing the servants that were with the animals, and killing all of Job's sons and daughters while they were eating together.
Even though Satan did these things to Job, Job did not curse God like Satan wanted Job to do.
Satan meets God again
Satan and the Angels went to meet God again.
Like before, God talked about how good his servant Job is.
Satan says that Job will curse God if he makes Job sick, which he did.
This is the last meeting with Satan, the Angels.
Satan afflicted sores all over Job's body.
Job's wife told him to curse God and die.
Job told her that if he said that, that would be foolish.
Even though Job lost everything he had and suffered from painful sores all over his body, he did not sin against God by cursing him.
Satan had failed in trying to make him sin.
This is the final time Satan is mentioned in the Book of Job.
Job's friends
When Job's friends heard about the things that happened to him they went to comfort him.
Most of the book tells of Job and his friends talking.
The names of his friends are Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar.
Towards the end of the book, Job's friends start to think that Job is not good because a lot of bad things are happening to him.
Job keeps on saying that he is good but he starts to wonder if God really is good.
Job and God
After God speaks to Job and his three friends, God asks Job where he was when He created the earth and filled it with amazing things (meaning that it is not possible for man to understand God's ways).
God gets very angry at Job's friends for thinking that Job was not a good man and for saying things about God they did not know about, and Job prays for his friends: God answers his prayer.
God blesses Job because he did not curse Him.
God gives him more than he had before.
Book of Job in the King James Version
Book of Job in the New International Version
Book of Job at Scriptures.lds.org
"Abide with Me" is a religious song or hymn.
It was written by Henry Lyte in 1847, and is typically associated with funerals and solemn events of remembrance.
The song is sung at the start of the FA Cup finals.
Where is death’s sting?
The Cyber Hymnal™  (lyrics, MIDI, sheet music, pictures & history)
19th-century songs
Christian hymns
Hail Mary is a Christian prayer to Mary, the mother of Jesus.
Most of the prayer comes from the Gospel of Luke.
Some things were also added to the prayer during the 13th century (the 1200s).
When a person says a Hail Mary, they asks Mary to pray for them.
In Roman Catholicism, the Hail Mary makes up the most important part of the Rosary.
The Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox also use the prayer.
So do many other groups within Christianity, including Anglicans, Independent Catholics, and Old Catholics.
Some Protestant denominations also use the Hail Mary.
Hail Mary in the Bible
The Hail Mary uses two phrases from Saint Luke's Gospel.
The first is "Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee, blessed art thou amongst women" ().
(In Simple English, this means: "Be glad.
You are full of grace.
You are with God.
You are blessed.")
The second is "Blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb" ().
(This means: "You and your child (Jesus) are both blessed.")
When the Hail Mary was first created, it was much shorter than it is now.
In Western Europe, in the mid-13th century, the prayer was just a few words.
The word "Mary" was added after the word "Hail."
The entire prayer was "Hail Mary, full of grace."
We know this from Saint Thomas Aquinas's writings about the prayer.
In the first phrase from Saint Luke's Gospel, the Angel Gabriel is greeting Mary.
Like all of Saint Luke's Gospel, this phrase was first written in Koine Greek.
The first word of greeting, , chaíre, is translated "Hail."
This means "Rejoice" or "Be glad."
This was a normal greeting in Koine Greek.
These greetings are still used in modern Greek.
The prayer in Eastern (Greek) tradition
The Hail Mary prayer used by the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches is written:  This means:
Theotokos Virgin, rejoice, Mary full of grace, the Lord is with you.
Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb, for you have borne the Saviour of our souls.
Mother of God and Virgin, rejoice, Mary full of grace, the Lord is with thee.
Blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, for thou hast given birth to the Saviour of our souls.
"Theotokos" is the title given to Mary in the Eastern Churches.
It is a Greek word that means "the one who gives birth to God."
The prayer in Western (Latin) tradition
There are different ideas about when the Hail Mary was changed to today's version.
The Catholic Encyclopedia says that the Hail Mary was not changed until about 1050.
Saint Thomas Aquinas said that by the mid-thirteenth century, the Western churches had added only one word - "Mary" - to the Biblical verses the prayer came from.
Adding her name made it clear that Mary was the person the prayer talked to.
However, around the same time, the name "Jesus" was also added.
This made it clear that Jesus was "the fruit of [Mary's] womb."
This means that the Western version of the Hail Mary did not come from the Greek version.
The Greek version has very different words, like "for thou hast given birth to the Saviour of our souls," which never appeared in the Western version.
Before the 16th century, the Hail Mary greeted and praised Mary.
However, during the 16th century, new words were added.
These new words asked Mary for help.
In 1555, a Dutch Jesuit named Petrus Canisius added these words to his catechism: "Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners."
By the time of the Council of Trent eleven years later, this sentence, and some new words, had been added to the Hail Mary.
In 1566, the Catechism of the Council of Trent included this sentence in the prayer: "Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death.
Avē Marīa, grātia plēna, Dominus tēcum.
Benedicta tū in mulieribus, et benedictus frūctus ventris tuī, Iēsus.
Sancta Marīa, Māter Deī, ōrā prō nōbīs peccātōribus, nunc et in hōrā mortis nostræ.
Āmēn.
Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee; blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus.
Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death.
The prayer in Syriac Orthodox tradition
The Syriac Orthodox Church uses a different version of the Hail Mary.
This version is much closer to today's Western form than the Greek form.
Leader: Hail Mary, full of grace.
People: Our Lord is with Thee.
Blessed art Thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of Thy womb, our Lord, Jesus Christ.
O Virgin Saint Mary, O Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at all times, and at the hour of our death.
Usage in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches
In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, the Hail Mary is very common.
It is said in the Greek form, or in translations from the Greek form.
The prayer is not said quite as often as in the West.
However, it is well-known and is still used often.
It also appears in several canons of prayer.
It is usually sung three times at the end of Vespers during an All-Night Vigil.
It is also said many times during daily prayers.
Variant Slavonic versions
Богородице дѣво радѹйсѧ
ωбрадованнаѧ Марїе
Господь съ тобою
благословена ты въ женахъ,
и благословенъ плодъ чрева твоегω,
Якω родила еси Христа Спаса,
Избавителѧ дѹшамъ нашимъ.
Theotokos Virgin, rejoice, (or, Rejoice, O Virgin Theotokos)
Mary full of grace,
the Lord is with thee.
Blessed art thou among women,
and blessed is the fruit of thy womb,
for thou hast borne Christ the Saviour,
the Deliverer of our souls.
Богородице дѣво, радѹйсѧ,
Благодатнаѧ Марїе,
Господь съ тобою:
благословена Ты въ женахъ,
и благословенъ плодъ чрева Твоегω;
якω Спаса родила еси дѹшъ нашихъ.
Theotokos Virgin, rejoice,  (or, Rejoice, O Virgin Theotokos)
for thou hast borne the Saviour of our souls.
The first version is older.
The Old Believers still use this version.
So do the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church and the Ruthenian Catholic Church.
The second version was created in 1656, as part of changes to liturgy made by Patriarch Nikon of Moscow.
This version is used by the Russian Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.
Usage in the Roman Catholic Church
The Hail Mary is the most important part of the Rosary.
The Rosary is a way of praying.
It is often used by Latin Rite (Western) Catholics.
It is also used in the East (but only by Latinised Ukrainian and Maronite Catholics).
When praying the Rosary, Catholics pray ten sets of Hail Marys.
Before each set, they pray one Our Father (also called the Pater Noster or The Lord's Prayer).
After each set of Hail Marys, they pray one 'Glory Be' (Gloria Patri).
One set of these prayers is called a "decade."
Usually, Catholics say five decades when they pray the Rosary.
While praying each decade, Catholics think about the four different Mysteries of the Rosary.
Each of the Mysteries has to do with things that happened in Jesus' and Mary's lives.
The Mysteries include:
Things that happened during Jesus's childhood (Joyful Mysteries)
Jesus' public ministry (Luminous Mysteries)
The Passion, including Jesus' crucifixion (Sorrowful Mysteries)
Jesus' Resurrection onwards (Glorious Mysteries)
The Hail Mary is also the most important part of the Angelus.
This is a prayer that many Catholics say three times every day.
Some Anglicans and Lutherans say the Angelus too.
Anglican use of the Hail Mary
Traditional Anglicans also use the Hail Mary, in mostly the same way as Roman Catholics do.
Both groups use the Rosary and say the Angelus.
Anglican churches often have statues of the Virgin Mary.
Many Anglicans pray the Hail Mary.
However, in different areas, the prayer may be used differently.
This is because the Catholic and Anglican Churches have some different beliefs.
Musical settings
Many people have written music for the Hail Mary (also called the Ave Maria).
During the Renaissance
During the Renaissance, the Hail Mary very often set to music by composers, like Jacques Arcadelt, Josquin Desprez, Orlando di Lasso, and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.
However, at this time (before the Council of Trent), there were still different versions of the prayer.
Because of this, some of the earlier Renaissance pieces have different words than today's Hail Mary.
For example, Josquin Desprez actually created more than one musical version of the Ave Maria.
Later versions
One of the most famous musical versions of the prayer was created by Charles Gounod in 1859.
He added melody and words to Johann Sebastian Bach's first prelude (the beginning piece of music) from The Well-Tempered Clavier.
Antonín Dvořák in 1877
Giuseppe Verdi, a famous composer, in 1887 (for his opera Otello)
César Cui, a Russian composer.
He set the Hail Mary to music at least three different times.
First he wrote the Ave Maria in 1886.
He also used the prayer as part of two of his operas: Le Flibustier (1894) and Mateo Falcone (1907).
Famous composers including Mozart, Byrd, Elgar, Verdi, Saint-Saens, Rossini, Brahms and Perosi
Famous Eastern European composers - including Rachmaninov, Stravinsky, and Bortniansky - who wrote musical versions of the Hail Mary in Slavonic
In Protestantism
Protestant Christianity does not venerate Mary.
Some Protestants have used musical versions of the Ave Maria, but changed the words.
For example, Ave Redemptor uses the music of the Ave Maria, but focuses on Jesus instead:
Ave redemptor, Domine Jesus:
Cujus ob opus
Superatur mors, enim salvatio
Nunc inundavit super universam terram.
Sancte redemptor, reputata
Fides est nobis peccatoribus,
Nunc et in morte, ad iustitiam.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Hail the Redeemer, Lord Jesus,
By whose work
Death is defeated, for salvation
Has now overflowed upon all of the world.
Holy redeemer, our faith
Is reckoned to us sinners,
Now and in death, as righteousness.
The prayer on roman-catholic-prayers.com
Ave Maria on video/audio sung by Sharon Janis
Catholic Encyclopedia 1910: Hail Mary
Brief commentary on the Hail Mary from the Catechism of the Catholic Church
Ave Maria  article in Christian Cyclopedia
Various Ave Maria hymn  Ave Maria(MIDI by JE1EMU)
Text of the Hail Mary in many foreign languages
http://www.ewtn.org
Mary (mother of Jesus)
A studio is a place where an artist can work.
Studios can be used for many things, such as photography, broadcasting, painting, making movies, television shows, cartoons, or music.
A movie studio is where movies are made and produced.
It can be indoors, outdoors, or both.
Television studio
A television studio is where video production takes place.
It usually contains cameras, microphones, speakers, and spotlights.
It is similar to a movie studio.
A recording studio is used for recording music, speech, or other kinds of sound.
They are typically divided into three areas: an "isolation room" that has soundproofing for playing instruments and to prevent echo, a "live room" for general recording, and a "control room" to store the recording equipment that DJ's use.
The Electric Light Orchestra, also known as ELO, were a popular English rock band from the 1970s and early 1980s.
Their leader was musician and songwriter Jeff Lynne.
Lynne wrote and sang most of their songs.
He also produced their recordings.
Other members included Richard Tandy on keyboards, Bev Bevan on drums, Mike D'Albuquerque and later Kelly Groucutt on bass guitar.
Hugh McDowell, Mik Kaminski, and Melvyn Gale played violin and cello.
The orchestra's name is a joke on "electric light" and a "Light Orchestra" (an orchestra that plays light music).
The band began as a side project of another band, The Move, by musicians Roy Wood and Jeff Lynne.
While The Move had added touches of classical music to their pop hits, Wood and Lynne wanted to blend rock music and classical music more closely.
Move drummer Bevan joined their project.
Wood played nearly all the non-rock instruments on their first album.
They made the most of recording studio technology, including multitrack recording and overdubbing.
Their first album was titled Electric Light Orchestra.
It was released with that name in the United Kingdom.
When the album was released in the United States, their American record label, United Artists, did not know the album was titled after the group.
They phoned ELO's British label to ask for the title.
When nobody answered, "No Answer" was written down.
Mistaken later for the title, the album appeared in America as No Answer.
The band's first single was titled "10538 Overture".
It became an FM radio favourite.
In time, ELO's music became more popular than The Move's had been.
The Move disbanded, and Electric Light Orchestra became a full-time group.
Roy Wood decided to leave ELO partway through the recording of the second album.
He started another band called Wizzard.
Jeff Lynne took over leadership, and McDowell, Kaminski and Gale joined.
The album, ELO 2, was finished and released, but was not as well liked as the first.
A single on the album was a cover version of Chuck Berry's "Roll Over Beethoven".
It added parts of many Beethoven compositions to Berry's song.
It became another radio hit.
Their third album, On the Third Day, included a rock interpretation of "In the Hall of the Mountain King".
The album had another hit single, titled "Showdown".
ELO began to tour the United States.
They started with small audiences.
They became more popular with time, and added theatrical touches to their shows.
New contact microphones made it possible for the classical musicians to move around and even dance on stage, as pop musicians did.
The audiences enjoyed watching them.
By their fourth album, Eldorado, ELO had gone from overdubbing their small membership to recording with real orchestras.
They had problems when they worked in their native England.
British classical musicians usually kept more to union rules than to the job of making music.
They sometimes walked out during recordings.
This hurt the process of making their records, so ELO tried a studio called Musicland in Munich, Germany.
They liked the way the studio worked, and the German musicians were more devoted.
ELO used Musicland many more times.
Their next album, Face the Music (1975), yielded two hit singles, "Strange Magic" and "Evil Woman".
ELO became even more popular.
A compilation album, Olé ELO, featured most of their early singles.
Three songs from their 1976 album, A New World Record, became worldwide hits.
These were "Telephone Line", "Livin' Thing", and "Do Ya", which was a remake of a Move song.
ELO recorded a double album in 1977, Out of the Blue, which included "Turn to Stone", "Sweet Talkin' Woman", and "Mr. Blue Sky", which also became hit records.
The band toured worldwide, with a stage set that looked like a UFO, which opened to reveal the band performing inside.
Their shows included lots of stage lighting, and laser effects.
Their next new album, Discovery, did not appear until 1979.
ELO's record label, Jet Records, changed distributors from United Artists to Columbia Records, and this was part of the delay.
Discovery included two singles, "Shine a Little Love" and "Don't Bring Me Down". "
Don't Bring Me Down" was the first ELO single to not include any classical instruments.
Columbia issued a Greatest Hits album, which overlapped some of the Olé ELO songs with later ones.
ELO became less popular during the 1980s.
They had fewer hits.
They recorded the Xanadu soundtrack with singer Olivia Newton-John.
They also released the albums Time (with the title song and "Hold On Tight" as singles) in 1981, Secret Messages (with "Stranger") in 1983, and finally Balance of Power, which included "Calling America", in 1986.
By this time the classical musicians had left.
Lynne now was recording their parts with synthesizers or session players.
Jeff Lynne was now producing other recording artists, including The Everly Brothers, and stopped working with Electric Light Orchestra in 1986.
Most of the remaining members, though, wanted to continue working together and regrouped, first as a band named OrKestra, then later as "ELO Part II".
These lineups toured for years, playing ELO's old hits and releasing two albums of new material, while Lynne continued his producing career.
Lynne also released a solo album, Armchair Theatre, in 1990, and formed the Traveling Wilburys with former Beatle George Harrison.
Lynne recorded an album, Zoom, in 2001, again using the ELO name, but with a new set of musicians.
He made a handful of television appearances with the new lineup.
They played both old and new songs.
He also planned to tour with them.
Interest in the band was not strong, though, and most of the shows were cancelled.
Electric Light Orchestra's music had only a weak presence in popular culture from the mid-1980s until the early 2000s.
Their blend of classical and rock music made their music hard to put in radio play lists.
ELO's music has made a comeback in the 2000s through its use in movie soundtracks, and also in commercials such as for Monster.
The Electric Light Orchestra (1971)
Electric Light Orchestra II (1973)
On the Third Day (1973)
Eldorado (1974)
Face the Music (1975)
A New World Record (1976)
Out of the Blue (1977)
Discovery (1979)
Xanadu (1980)
Time (1981)
Secret Messages (1983)
Balance of Power (1986)
Zoom (2001)
Alone in the Universe (2015)
From Out Of Nowhere (2019)
It is the adjective of , meaning full of vice
Sid Vicious, a musician.
Vicious, a character in the Cowboy Bebop Anime
What remains after a fire.
Those things are called debris, and remain after incineration.
Volcanic ash, the material ejected by a volcano.
Fly ash and bottom ash.
What remains after burning coal.
Ash trees are trees generally of the genus Fraxinus.
European Ash is a species of ash tree
Mountain Ash is another tree, generally not in that genus.
Various place-names in the United Kingdom or the United States.
A surname, see Ash (surname).
Ash Wednesday, a special day for many Christians.
The letter Æ (capital) / æ (lower case).
The alternative rock band Ash (band) from Downpatrick, Northern Ireland.
Ash trees are medium to large trees of the genus Fraxinus of the family Oleaceae (Olive-tree like).
The family contains between 45 and 65 species.
Some of them are evergreen, but most are deciduous.
They grow in most parts of the world.
The seeds are commonly known as keys in English.
They are a type of fruit known as a samara.
Most of the ash species have light-green, oval shaped, pinnate leaves.
The central stem of the compound leaf has 9 – 13 leaflets (small leaves) in pairs, with one at the tip.
There are no stalks to the side leaflets.
The leaflets are pointed and toothed, with hairs on the lower surface.
The leaves appear relatively late in spring, and are amongst the first to be shed in autumn.
Ash wood is used to make various tools, handles, baseball and softball bats and bows.
It also makes very good firewood.
Ash trees are also perfect material for old fashion shafts for bow and arrows.
In Norse Mythology, the world tree Yggdrasil is commonly thought to be an ash tree.
The first man, Askr, was formed from an ash.
The first woman was made from an alder.
The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) is a wood-boring beetle.
It was accidentally introduced to North America from Asia by solid wood packing material in the late 1980s.
It has killed tens of millions of trees in 15 states in the United States and adjacent Ontario in Canada.
Research is being done with three Asian wasps which are natural predators of the beetle biological control.
The European ash, Fraxinus excelsior, has been affected by the fungus  which causes "ash dieback".
The disease has infected about 90% of Denmark's ash trees.
In October 2012 ash dieback was found in mature woodland in Suffolk.
In 2016, the ash tree was reported as in danger of extinction in Europe.
Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent in the Western Christian calendar.
It occurs 46 days before Easter.
The date is different each year because the date of Easter varies.
It can fall as early as February 4 and as late as March 10.
Those able to and willing to should fast voluntarily between Ash Wednesday and Easter.
There are exceptions, though.
Pregnant women, sick people, children, and the old usually don't have to.
Trinity Sunday
The Valkyries (Old Norse: Valkyrjur, singular valkyrja - “choosers of the slain”) are a host of female figures in Norse mythology; they are a group of warrior maidens in service to the chief god Odin.
Alternatively the Valkyries are servants to Freya.
She negotiated with One Eye that her shield maidens would sort the honourable dead on the battlefield.
Freya had first choice of half the slain to come to Sessrumnir, the other half were to be delivered to One Eye at Valhall.
Freya had  Fierce and respected warriors, they are responsible for choosing who live and die in battle, singling out those worthy of paradise.
In the aftermath of battle, the Valkyries carry those whom they have chosen off to Valhalla, an enormous and majestic hall that lies in Asgard.
Once there, these eïnherjar, as they are now called, are shared between Odin and Freyja, with half of them going to Valhalla and the other to Fólkvangr, Freyja's realm.
In Valhalla, the eïnherjar feast and make revelry, as they are served and cared for by the Valkyries themselves.
The old Norse people thought that Valkyries rode giant wolves, and that they had black wings which correspond to ravens; these two creatures both scavenge corpses on the battlefield symbolizing death and destruction.
With the spread of Christianity the idea of what a Valkyrie was like changed more and more to a  Romantic description of a beautiful woman.
Richard Wagner composed some operas, featuring Valkyries (German: Walküren, singular: Walküre).
These operas are Die Walküre, Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung.
They feature a story of a valkyrie Brünnhilde, her punishment for disobeying her father, and her falling in love with Siegfried.
The music for the opening of Act Three of Die Walküre is very famous.
It is called the Ride of the Valkyries.
Zosterops is a type of bird.
There are many different species of Zosterops around the world.
Dimorphodon was a prehistoric flying pterosaur from the early Jurassic period.
It had a big head, a small brain, a tall beak, and two types of teeth.