the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He wrote three symphonies and an opera The Maid of Pskov, but in 1897 he stopped composing for several years.
He spent his time inspecting naval bands and studied in great detail how musical instruments worked.
Then, in 1880 he produced a new opera May Night.
It was performed in the Mariinsky Theatre.
One of the main parts was sung by Fyodor Stravinsky, who was the father of Igor Stravinsky.
Rimsky-Korsakov had by now become really interested in Russian folktunes and fairy tales.
His next opera was Snow Maiden.
Then his friend Mussorgsky died, leaving lots of compositions unfinished.
Rimsky-Korsakov spent a lot of time preparing them for publication.
He made changes to some of Mussorgsky’s harmonies so that it suited his Romantic tastes.
Nowadays many people think that Mussorgsky’s versions are better and that Rimsky-Korsakov had not understood properly what Mussorgsky had been trying to do.
He also completed and orchestrated Borodin’s opera Prince Igor after Borodin died.
He composed two very popular orchestral works: Spanish Capriccio (1887) and Sheherazade (1888).
After this he hardly ever wrote any music which was just for orchestra, he concentrated instead on writing operas, e.g. The Tsar's Bride (1899).
He became even more interested in opera after Karl Muck had conducted Richard Wagner’s Ring Cycle four times in St Petersburg, but Wagner’s music did not influence his own style.
However, he also had lots of worries, particularly about the health of some members of his family.
He started to become depressed and worried about losing his ability to compose.
He became more relaxed after he moved to a new home in the country.
He composed the operas Christmas Eve and Sadko.
He wrote many beautiful songs and made changes to some of his earlier music.
He also wrote an autobiography.
Rimsky-Korsakov is best known in the west for a few orchestral works, especially: Scheherazade, Spanish Capriccio and Easter Festival overture.
The way he arranges the music for the different instruments of the orchestra is brilliant (for example: in Scheherazade his use of the trombones for the evil Sultan, the violin for the beautiful Scheherazade, or the bassoon for the beggar.
His operas are also full of wonderful effects and brilliant writing for the singers, but are often hard to translate well into other languages.
One of his most famous piano works is "The Flight Of The Bumblebee".
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai
Mussorgsky is famous for his operas and songs.
He discovered new ways of writing for the voice which were very tuneful but which also suited the Russian language.
His most famous opera is Boris Godunov.
He wrote an overture called Night on a Bare Mountain.
Another very famous piece is called Pictures at an Exhibition.
He wrote it for the piano, but many years after his death another composer called Maurice Ravel orchestrated it and this is the version people usually hear today.
Some of his works were re-orchestrated and "improved" by the composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.
In recent years people have started to think that what Mussorgsky wrote originally was better.
Mussorgsky was born in Toropets, 250 miles south of Saint Petersburg.
His family were very rich and owned a lot of land and servants (known as “serfs” in Russia).
He probably got to know the serfs well.
Later, in his operas, we can see that he had a lot of sympathy for the ordinary, poor people.
When Mussorgsky was six he started to have piano lessons from his mother.
He learned very quickly, and when he was nine he performed a concerto by John Field and works by Franz Liszt for the family.
When he was 10 he and his brother went to a private school: St Peter’s School.
When he was 12 he composed a polka.
His father paid for it to be published.
When he was 13 he was sent to the Cadet School of the Guards.
His parents wanted him to be in military service, like his ancestors had been.
It was a hard life at the school.
There was a lot of bullying.
He learned to drink alcohol and this eventually led to his alcoholism which was to kill him.
He played the piano for the cadets to dance to.
He was interested in history and German philosophy.
In October 1856, when he was 17 years old, he met the 22-year-old Alexander Borodin.
They were both working in a military hospital in Saint Petersburg.
The two men were soon good friends.
He also met Alexander Dargomyzhsky who was then the most important Russian composer after Mikhail Glinka.
Dargomyzhsky liked Mussorgsky's piano playing, and Mussorgsky often went to musical parties at Dargomyzhsky’s home.
Here he met many other important Russian musicians: the critic Vladimir Stasov and the composers César Cui and Mily Balakirev.
He had a very special relationship with Balakirev who was like a teacher to him and gave him a lot of advice and encouragement, introducing him to a lot of music he did not yet know.
In 1858 Mussorgsky decided to give up his job and spend all his time on music.
The following years were difficult for Mussorgsky.
He had a lot of depression.
He composed some piano pieces and some songs.
It was also a difficult time for his family who lost a lot of their wealth in 1861 when the new tsar of Russia ordered that the serfs could be free.
Mussorgsky became a member of a group of five composers who became known as the Mighty Handful.
The other four were Balakirev, Borodin, Cui and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.
The five were not together for very long.
The others became too busy with careers outside music, or their musical tastes became very different from Mussorgsky’s.
In 1863 he started to compose an opera Salammbô but he never finished it.
Mussorgsky was very upset when his mother died in 1865.
He started to drink heavily.
In 1867 he finished the original orchestral version of his Night on Bald Mountain.
Balakirev did not like it and refused to conduct it, so it was never performed during Mussorgsky’s lifetime.
Mussorgsky continued his career as a civil servant, but often he was not paid.
He was very impressed by Dargomïzhsky’s new opera The Stone Guest and composed eleven scenes for an opera called The Marriage.
This, too, remained unfinished.
However, he learned a lot from working at these unfinished works, and developed his own style which was to be used in his greatest work: Boris Godunov.
He learned a way of setting words to music that would keep the words flowing in a natural way which heightened their meaning.
It was very different from the old-style operas where music was divided sharply into arias and recitatives with a few choruses.
When he was 29 he was encouraged to write an opera on the historical story of Boris Godunov.
He based his opera on a play by Alexander Pushkin, but he also read history books by Nikolay Karamzin.
He worked at the opera for a year while living with friends and working for the Forestry Department.
In 1871 he had finished it, but it was not allowed to be performed in the theatre because it did not have an important part for a female.
Mussorgsky changed the opera, adding a whole new act with a love scene with a Polish princess.
He made other changes as well.
The new version was accepted.
The first performance of the complete opera took place in February 1874.
Mussorgsky was then at the height of his fame.
After this Mussorgsky’s life became gradually worse.
He was depressed, and had fits of madness.
He was drinking heavily.
He still managed to compose.
He wrote a song cycle
Sunless, a piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition and started two operas:  Khovanschina and The Fair at Sorochyntsi.
A lot of his friends were drinking, and many of them died.
He was lucky to keep his job: his boss was very keen on music and allowed him a lot of time off work.
However, in 1880 he eventually lost his job.
A group of friends got together to give him money so that he could finish the two operas he was composing.
He almost managed to finish Khovanschina but The Fair at Sorochyntsi remained unfinished.
The famous painter Repin made a painting of the composer, showing him with a red nose and glazed eyes.
He died a week after his 42nd birthday.
Mussorgsky's music uses Russian musical themes.
His music influenced later composers such as  Dmitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev.
His greatest work was the opera Boris Godunov which was about an historical character who illegally made himself tsar of Russia, but dies when he feels guilty about the murder he had committed.
Khovanshchina was left unfinished and was completed by Rimsky-Korsakov.
It was first performed in 1886 in Saint Petersburg.
This opera, too, was revised by Shostakovich.
The Fair at Sorochyntsi remained unfinished.
It includes a dance, a Gopak, which is very well-known.
Perhaps his best-known work is Pictures at an Exhibition.
It was written for piano, but later the French composer Maurice Ravel arranged it for orchestra, and this version is very often performed today at concerts.
A short orchestral piece Night on Bald Mountain is also very often performed.
Mussorgsky wrote a number of songs including three short song cycles: The Nursery (1872), Sunless (1874) and Songs and Dances of Death (1877).
One very well-known song is Mephistopheles' Song of the Flea.
1839 births
In the United States, the Provost is the chief academic officer of a college or university.
Different schools have different rules for what the Provost does, but most Provosts deal with issues about hiring and dismissing professors and giving out tenure, handling complaints about academic programs, and deciding what the general academic policies are for the school.
In other countries, the Provost is sometimes the leader of the whole college or  university.
Robert Kocharian is the president of Armenia.
He is the second president Armenia has had since it left the Soviet Union.
On August 31 1954 Robert Kocharian was born in Nagorno-Karabakh, in the city of Stepanakert.
As president of Armenia, Kocharian has been talking to the president of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, about what to do with the land of Nagorno-Karabakh, which the two countries had a war over.
Armenian politicians
Prime Ministers of Armenia
The Armenians are an ethnic group from the Caucasus.
Their country is Armenia.
The Armenian culture is very old.
Armenia reached its peak in 69 BC  during the reign of king Tigranes the Great.
Armenia was also the first christian nation because of this, many Armenians are Christians.
In the Assyrian period, the Armenian people of Nairi formed the kingdom of Ararat (well known in Assyrian as Urartu).
One of the earliest record of Armenians is from a text which says Armani, Արման (most common Armenian name Arman, the older variant of Armen, Արմեն) together with Ibla, as land conquered by Naram-Sin (2300 BC) identified with an Akkadian colony in the Diarbekr region.
To this day the Assyrians speak about Armenians by saying Armani.
Another record is by Thutmose III of Egypt, says the people of Ermenen in 1446 BC, and says in their land "heaven rests upon its four pillars". (
Thutmose was the first Pharaoh to cross the Euphrates to reach the Armenian Highlands).
To this day Kurds and Turks refer to Armenians by Ermeni.
Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people from the most common Armenian names: Arman, Արման (Armenians use Arman, the older variant of Armen, Արմեն), Armen, and Armin'e (female name).
Armenians call themselves Hay (Հայ, pronounced Hye; plural: Հայեր, Hayer).
The word has traditionally been linked to the name of the legendary founder of the Armenian nation, Haik, which is also a popular Armenian name.
List of Armenian scientists
Armenia and Armenians
Famous Armenians
"PanArmenian E-Library" website`s e-books about Armenians
The Mass Rapid Transit system, commonly known as the MRT, is a rapid transit system that makes up the railways in Singapore, covering most of the city-state.
Following two decades of planning, the system began operations in November 1987 with 5 stations spread over  of track.
The network has since grown quickly in accordance with Singapore's aim of developing a complex rail network as the core of the country's public transportation system, averaging a daily ridership of 3.384 million in 2019.
It is a rapid transit system which links the different places of Singapore together using a network, or different connections of trains.
When a person travels from one place to another, he or she boards a train in a train station and then the train moves until the train reaches the place he or she wants to come out, or alight from.
Sometimes he or she has to change trains.
About 3.3 million passengers use the MRT everyday.
The system is 199.6 km long and has 119 stations.
Trains run from 5:30 am to 1:00 am every day except for the festive periods, such as Christmas Eve, New Year's Eve and Chinese New Year's Eve.
A train comes every 2–3 minutes in peak hours, every 7 minutes during off-peak hours and 5–6 minutes for the weekend service.
It is operated by Singapore's SMRT Corporation and SBS Transit.
There are currently 5 lines in the MRT system, where they are connected by special stops called interchanges.
The lines are North South Line, East West Line, North East Line, Circle Line and Downtown Line.
The Circle Line opened in four stages from 28 May 2009 to 14 January 2012.
Stage 1 of Downtown Line opened on 22 December 2013 with its official opening made on 21 December 2013 by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.
On 16 December 2011, the MRT network suffered what is likely to be the worst breakdown in its 24-year operating history. '
A power rail problem' made North-South Line trains suddenly lose power and stopped in darkness and without air conditioning for up to an hour accompanied only by light from mobile phones.
7 November 1987: Yio Chu Kang - Toa Payoh
12 December 1987: Toa Payoh - Outram Park
12 March 1988: Outram Park - Clementi
5 November 1988: Clementi - Lakeside
20 December 1988: Yio Chu Kang - Yishun
4 November 1989: Marina Bay - Tanah Merah
16 December 1989: Tanah Merah - Pasir Ris
10 March 1990: Jurong East - Choa Chu Kang
6 July 1990: Lakeside - Boon Lay
10 February 1996: Yishun - Choa Chu Kang
10 January 2001: Tanah Merah - Expo
18 October 2001: Dover
8 February 2002: Expo - Changi Airport
20 June 2003: HarbourFront - Punggol
28 February 2009: Boon Lay - Joo Koon
28 May 2009: Bartley - Marymount
17 April 2010: Bartley - Dhoby Ghaut
8 October 2011: Marymount - HarbourFront
14 January 2012: Promenade - Marina Bay
22 December 2013: Bugis - Chinatown
23 November 2014: Marina Bay - Marina South Pier
27 December 2015: Bukit Panjang - Bugis
18 June 2017: Joo Koon - Tuas Link
21 October 2017: Chinatown - Expo
2 November 2019: Canberra MRT station
The MRT system only had two lines, the North South and East West Lines, for more than ten years until the opening of the North East Line in 2003.
While plans for these lines, as well as those being built, were made long before, the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) proposal named "A World Class Land Transport System" in 1996 showed that the government wanted to greatly expand on the existing system.
The plans allow for the long-term replacement of the bus network by rail-based transportation as the main way of public transportation.
It called for the expansion of the 67 kilometres of track in 1995 to over 360 in the year 2030.
It was expected that daily ridership in 2030 would have grown to 6.0 million from the current 1.4 million passengers.
Thomson-East Coast Line
The 43-kilometre Thomson-East Coast Line is planned to be completed by 2024 and consists of 32 stations.
It will connect to the North South Line at Woodlands station, Orchard and Marina Bay, to the Circle Line at Thomson, Caldecott and Marina Bay, to the Downtown Line at Stevens and Sungei Bedok, and to the East West and North East lines at Outram Park.
The first part, or stage, will open by the end of 2019.
The Thomson-East Coast Line was a result of a joining of two separate lines, the Thomson Line and the Eastern Region Line, which was announced on 15 August 2014.
The Thomson Line consisted of the part from Woodlands North to Marina Bay, while the Eastern Region Line consisted of the rest of the joined line.
A new extension to the line was announced on 25 May 2019.
The new extension will connect the line to Singapore Changi Airport, allowing people arriving from the airport to go to the city without changing to another train.
The tracks of the East West MRT line that currently go to the airport will also be used by this extension, which means that trains on the line will go all the way to Tanah Merah station, and there will be no more East West line trains using these tracks.
This extension will open by 2040.
North East Line Extension
To be opened by 2023, the 2-kilometre extension will run from Punggol through Punggol North including the new Punggol Downtown.
The extension is for future residents in Punggol North to have train access to the city centre as well as other parts of Singapore.
Downtown Line
The Downtown Line was built in three stages, with the first opening in 2013, the second in 2015, and the third in 2017.
An extension to the third stage, known as Stage 3e, will open in 2024, being 2.2 kilometres long and with two more stations.
On 7 March 2015, Senior Minister of Stage for Transport Janil Puthucheary said that there will be a new station called Hume, to be built between the already open stations of Hillview and Beauty World.
This station will open in 2025.
When Hume opens, the line will be 42 kilometres long and have 37 stations.
On 25 May 2019, the Land Transport Authority announced another extension to the second stage of the line to a new station, Sungei Kadut MRT station.
This extension will open in the mid-2030s.
Circle Line Stage 6
Jurong Region Line
First proposed as a LRT line when originally announced in 2001, the Jurong Region Line is now going to be a medium capacity line.
The new plan will serve West Coast, Tengah and Choa Chu Kang and Jurong.
The line will open in stages from 2026.
Cross Island Line
The 50-kilometre Cross Island Line will go across the island of Singapore, passing through Tuas, Jurong, Sin Ming, Ang Mo Kio, Hougang, Punggol, Pasir Ris and Changi.
The addition of the new line brings commuters with another way for east–west travel to the current East West Line.
It will also connect to all the other major lines to serve as a key transfer line, adding to the role currently fulfilled by the orbital Circle Line.
The first stage will open by 2029, and other stages are expected to open by 2031.
Brickland and Sungei Kadut MRT stations
On 25 May 2019, the LTA announced two new stations to be built on the North South line.
Brickland station will be built between Bukit Gombak and Choa Chu Kang, while Sungei Kadut will be built between Yew Tee and Kranji.
Both stations will open in the mid-2030s.
Possible new line along north-east area
In the LTA's Land Transport Master Plan (LTMP) 2040, there will be studies to see if a new line can be built, between Woodlands, and Greater Southern Waterfront areas.
If the line is built, it will be about 30 kilometres long, and will be completed as early as 2040.
The line could serve around 400,000 houses, and lower the time needed for travel to the city by up to 40 minutes.
Facilities at the stations
Every station has ticket machines, restrooms (toilets), a passenger service center, which controls what is happening in the train station and has wired radio with the train operator, payphones (public phones) and access for disabled.
Some of them have automated teller machines, kiosks and a bus interchange nearby.
All stations in Singapore are either elevated or underground, with the exception of Bishan.
Underground stations and trains are air-conditioned and have full-height platform screen doors.
Elevated stations have half-height platform screen doors.
A total of 11 types of rolling stock are used on the MRT lines.
Almost all of them are powered by 750 voltage current from a third rail, except those on the North East MRT Line, which uses 1500 voltage current from overhead wires.
For the East West and North South Lines, six types of rolling stock are used.
The oldest is the C151, built in 1986-89 by a collaboration between Kawasaki Heavy Industries and three sub-companies, Kinki Sharyo, Nippon Sharyo and Tokyu Car Corp. 66 trainsets are in operation, which were upgraded between 2006 and 2008.
19 more C651s were purchased in 1994 from Siemens AG, followed by 21 more C751B sets, built in 1999-2000 by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Nippon Sharyo.
Two companies, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and CSR Sifang, have collaborated to build 3 types of rolling stock.
The fourth rolling stock in operation is the C151A. They were built between 2010 and 2014, and started operations in 2011.
The next rolling stock that started operations is the C151B, which began operations on 16 April 2017.
The newest rolling stock, being built between 2017 and 2018, is the C151C, and it began operations on 30 September 2018.
On the North East Line, 25 six-car trainsets of the C751A were built from 1999 to 2002 by Alstom.
A further 18 trainsets, the C751C, were built by Alstom and Shanghai Electric and entered operation on 1 October 2015.
For the fourth MRT line, the Circle Line, 40 three-car trainsets of C830s were built from 2005 to 2008 and began operations in 2009.
Together with the C751Cs, the same companies made 24 C830C trainsets which began operations on 26 June 2015.
For the fifth MRT line, the Downtown Line, 73 three car C951s were built by Bombardier Transportation and began operations in 2013.
An additional 15 trains and a final 4 trains were ordered, bringing the total number of C951s to 92 trainsets.
Fares and ticketing
Stations are divided into two areas, paid and unpaid, which allow the rail operators to collect fares by controlling entry only through the fare gates, also known as access control gates.
These gates, connected to a computer system, are able to read and change electronic tickets that can store data, and can store information such as the initial and destination stations and the duration for each trip.
General Ticketing Machines sell tickets for single trips or allow the customer to purchase more value for stored-value tickets.
Standard tickets can be used up to 6 times within 30 days from the day of purchase.
The machines also allow the customer to buy more credit for stored-value tickets.
Such tickets require a minimum amount of stored credit.
As the fare system has been connected together by TransitLink, commuters need to pay only one fare and pass through two fare gates (once on entry, once on exit) for an entire journey, even when transferring between lines operated by different companies.
Commuters can choose to extend a trip mid-journey, and pay the difference as they exit their destination station.
The ticketing system uses the EZ-Link and NETS FlashPay contactless smart cards based upon the System for e-Payments (SeP) system for public transit built on the Singapore Standard for Contactless ePurse Application (CEPAS) system.
This system allows for up to 4 card issuers in the market.
The EZ-Link card was introduced on 13 April 2002 as a replacement to the original TransitLink farecard while its competitor the NETS FlashPay card entered the smart card market on 9 October 2009.
The adult EZ-link card is at S$15 while the NETS FlashPay card is at S$13.
Assurance has been given by both operators and authorities, that many actions have been taken in an effort to ensure the safety of passengers, with SBS Transit having to make greater efforts in actively publicising its safety considerations on the driverless North East Line before and after its opening.
Safety campaign posters are highly visible in trains and stations, and the operators frequently play safety announcements to passengers and to commuters waiting for trains.
Fire safety standards are about the same as the strict guidelines of the US National Fire Protection Association.
Platform screen doors are installed at all underground stations, with half-height platform screen doors installed at all above-ground stations.
These doors prevent suicides and disallowed access to restricted areas, as well as keeping normal temperatures in stations.
Bylaws reduce uncivil, disruptive and dangerous acts, such as smoking, the consumption of food and drink, using safety features in an evil way, and unlawfully going onto the railway tracks.
Penalties ranging from fines to jail are given for these offences.
Safety concerns were raised among the public after several accidents on the system during the 1980s and 1990s, but most problems have been fixed.
On 5 August 1993, two trains collided at Clementi MRT Station because of an oil spillage on the track, which resulted in 132 injuries.
There were calls for platform screen doors to be installed at above-ground stations after several incidents in which passengers were killed by oncoming trains when they fell onto the railway tracks at above-ground stations.
The people in charge initially rejected such proposals as they felt that the functional purposes were not worth the high cost of installation, but changed their minds when the government announced plans to install half-height automatic platform gates in a speech on 25 January 2008, reasoning that worldwide installations of these gates reduced the market price for them.
Security concerns related to crime and terrorism were not the biggest priority of the system's planners at its original creation.
However, after the Madrid train bombings in 2004 and the failed plan to bomb the Yishun MRT Station, the operators deployed private, unarmed guards to patrol station platforms and check the belongings of commuters.
Recorded announcements are frequently made to remind passengers to report suspicious activity and not to leave their belongings unattended.
Digital closed-circuit cameras (CCTVs) have been upgraded with recording software at all stations and trains operated by SMRT Corporation.
Trash bins and mail boxes have been removed from station platforms and concourse levels to station entrances, to remove the risk that bombs will be placed in them.
Photography without prior allowance was also banned in all MRT stations since.
On 14 April 2005, the Singapore Police Force announced plans to improve rail security by creating a specialised Police MRT Unit, now known as Public Transport Security Command (Transcom).
These armed officers began patrols on the MRT and LRT systems on 15 August 2005, conducting random patrols in pairs in and around rail stations and within trains.
They are trained and allowed to use their firearms if they need to, including killing if necessary.
Transitlink
1987 establishments in Singapore
Buildings and structures in Singapore
Hampshire College is a private college in Amherst, Massachusetts.
The current president of the college is Ralph Hexter.
The motto of the college is Non Satis Scire, which is Latin for "to know is not enough".
Hampshire was created in 1965 by four other colleges as an experiment in higher education.
The campus opened and the first class of students arrived in 1970.
The Presidents of Amherst College, Smith College, Mount Holyoke College, and the University of Massachusetts got together in the 1950s and early 1960s and realized that there were things their own schools did not do very well.
They also thought that the world was changing a lot and needed a college where students would have a lot of responsibility for their own education to be successful in the future.
Franklin Patterson and Charles Longsworth were chosen by these schools and wrote a book called The Making of a College that said how Hampshire was to be run and what kind of programs it would offer.
Today, this book is considered an inspirational document by Hampshire students and faculty who try to live up to its ideals.
Hampshire College describes itself as an experimenting college because it is always changing and improving how it does things, rather than doing the same thing as other colleges.
Students usually do individual projects in order to move towards graduation.
There is some required coursework, but it is not the main point of the school.
Students also do not receive grades for completing their work.
Instead, they get something called a narrative evaluation, which is a long written explanation of what they did right and what they did wrong.
There are also no specific required classes for graduation, but students must take classes in different areas depending on where they are in their studies.
The program is divided into three "Divisions" rather than four years, and students complete each Division as they show that they are capable of harder work.
Most students graduate in four years, but not everyone takes the same amount of time for each Division.
Division I, requires students to complete one course in each of the five "Schools of Thought" (see below) and three other courses, either on or off campus.
Students are allowed to take classes at any of the other four founding schools.
Division II, the concentration or "major," requires students to learn about a single subject in detail.
Each student is responsible for designing their own Division II.
They work with a committee of at least two faculty members.
Many students choose a faculty committee whose members have the same interests as they do.
Division II also has a community service project and a multicultural perspectives requirement (all students must show some study in a culture different then their own).
Division III, the advanced project, requires students to complete a complex project in their field of choice.
Division III usually lasts one year and is completed while taking few or no classes.
A Division III topic can be a long written paper (it is something like a traditional college's "bachelor's" or "honors" thesis, or, for the very best students, a Master's or other graduate thesis), but it can also be a collection of creative work (writing, painting, photography, and movie are popular choices) or a hands-on engineering project, or invention.
The Hampshire College faculty are not organized in traditional departments but in loosely collected Schools.
The Schools' names and subjects have changed over the years, but there have always been between three and five of them.
Since 2005, the Schools are:
Cognitive Science (CS): includes linguistics, most psychology, some philosophy, neuroscience, and computer science.
Humanities, Arts, and Cultural Studies (HACU): includes film, some studio arts, literature, media studies, and most philosophy.
Social Science (SS): includes most sociology and anthropology, economics, history, politics, and some psychology.
Natural Science (NS): includes most traditional science and mathematics
Interdisciplinary Arts (IA): includes performing arts, some studio arts, and creative writing.
Alumni and faculty
Notable Hampshire College alumni
Ken Burns, documentary filmmaker, The Civil War, Baseball and Jazz
Chuck Collins, political activist, co-founder of United For a Fair Economy
John Dwork, famously received a bachelor's degree in Frisbee (technically, "Flying Disc Entertainment and Education") from Hampshire in January 1984
John Falsey, television writer and producer, co-creator of St. Elsewhere and Northern Exposure
Daniel Horowitz, noted criminal-defense attorney.
Emily Hubley, award-winning animator, Hedwig and the Angry Inch
Will Killingsworth, musician, Orchid (band), Bucket Full of Teeth and Ampere (band) recording engineer, Dead Air Studios
Toby Driver, musician and artist, Kayo Dot and maudlin of the Well
Jon Krakauer, mountain climber and author, Into Thin Air and Into the Wild
Josiah Litant, Hampshire Assistant Dean of Student Services
Jeff Maguire, Academy Award-nominated screenwriter, In the Line of Fire
Eugene Mirman, comedian
Liev Schreiber, stage and screen actor, The Manchurian Candidate, director, Everything is Illuminated
Elliott Smith, singer and songwriter
Lee Smolin, theoretical physicist at the Perimeter Institute
Danny Tamberelli, actor, The Mighty Ducks and television series All That and The Adventures of Pete and Pete
Barry Sonnenfeld, director, Men in Black
Naomi Wallace, playwright, One Flea Spare, Slaugher City
Mike Ladd, Hip Hop MC and member of the Anti-Pop Consortium
Gary Hirshberg, Founder of Stonyfield Farm Yogurt
Joshua Wesson, Founder of Best Cellars, a national chain of affordable wine shops
Evan B. Brandes, Attorney / Author
Notable past and present faculty
Eqbal Ahmad, post-colonial political scholar
Leonard Baskin, artist
James Baldwin, writer
Herbert J. Bernstein, theoretical physicist, philosopher and educator
Bill Brand, experimental filmmaker
Susan Douglas, sociologist, writer
Mark Dresser, jazz musician, contrabass virtuoso
Marty Ehrlich, jazz musician
Lynne Hanley, literary critic
Norton Juster, architect and writer
Michael Klare, expert on U.S. defense policy
Yusef Lateef, musician
Michael Lesy, writer
Jerome Liebling, filmmaker and photographer
Lester Mazor, legal scholar, former law clerk to former Chief Justice Warren E. Burger
Abraham Ravett, filmmaker
Eric Schocket, American studies scholar
Frank Holmquist, political scientist focusing on Africa and Kenya specifically
Vivek Bhandari, subaltern studies political scholar
Laurie Nisonoff, feminist economist
Annie G. Rogers, clinical psychologist, writer, poet
Andrew Salkey, writer
Hampshire College Archives, featuring PDF text of The Making of a College and documents from Hampshire College history
The Re-Radicalization of Hampshire College
The Hampshire College Daily Jolt
The Princeton Review: Hampshire College
Colleges and universities in Massachusetts
Five Colleges, Incorporated
1965 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Massachusetts
When Linda, a magazine photographer, visited England on an assignment, she brought along daughter Heather, who soon had babysitters like guitarist Eric Clapton.
When Linda began a relationship with McCartney, Heather's presence was a plus, as McCartney loved children and was eager to start a family.
Six-year-old Heather makes a brief appearance in the movie Let it Be, visiting McCartney in the studio while the Beatles were at work.
She dances around as they play, jumps out at Ringo Starr from behind a cymbal (Starr, a father himself, pretended to be scared), and sits on McCartney's lap, while he checks a microphone.
Heather gained a half-sister the next year, as mother Linda became pregnant with McCartney's baby, and the two were married.
McCartney adopted Heather, who took his name, and Mary McCartney (named for Paul's own mother) was born early in 1970.
Another sister, Stella, became the fashion designer Stella McCartney.
A brother, James Louis McCartney, became a musician.
People from Tucson, Arizona
Jan-Michelle Kerouac (born February 16, 1952 - died June 7, 1996) was the daughter of writer Jack Kerouac, by his second wife Joan Haverty.
A writer herself, Jan's books included Baby Driver and Trainsong.
She also appeared in some documentary programs about her father, giving her side of his life story.
On June 5, 1996, Kerouac died in Albuquerque, New Mexico a day after her spleen was removed.
She is buried in Nashua, New Hampshire, next to her father's parents.
Jan Kerouac Obituary
New York Times story
A survivor is a person or animal which continues to live after something happens which might have killed them.
They might be one person who lives when ten people die in a car crash.
Resident Evil: Survivor, a 2000 arcade game
Survivor (video game), an action game released in 1987 by the Spanish software house Topo Soft
Survivor (board game), board game based on the show.
Survivor (1988 novel), a novel by Christina Crawford
Survivor (novel), a novel by Chuck Palahniuk
"Survivor" (story), the last novella in Accelerando by Charles Stross
Survivor (Octavia Butler novel), a 1978 novel by Octavia Butler
Survivor (album), an album by Destiny's Child
"Survivor" (song), the second single from Destiny's Child's third album, Survivor
Survivor (band), a rock band whose hits include "Eye of the Tiger" and "Burning Heart"
Survivor (Survivor album), an album by Survivor (band)
Survivor (Funker Vogt album), an album by Funker Vogt
Survivor Records, a British Christian Music record label
Australian Survivor, a television series based on the popular American reality show Survivor
Celebrity Survivor, an Australian television series based on the popular reality television show Survivor
Survivor (TV series), a reality television show
Survivor (UK TV series), the British version of the American reality show Survivor
Survivor Series, an annual professional wrestling pay-per-view event held in November by World Wrestling Entertainment
Survivor (horse), a racehorse which won the first Preakness Stakes in 1873
Survivor (tournament), a series of writing tournaments that are held three times a year
Survivor: The Ride!,
a roller coaster in Paramount's Great America in Santa Clara, California
Exclusive disjunction (also called exclusive or, XOR) is a logic operation on two values.
It is often represented by the symbol  (or ).
It will be true, if exactly one of the two values is true.
Otherwise, it will be false.
This also means that the result of 'XOR' will be true precisely both the values are different.
Same values will result in a false.
The truth table of  (also written as , , or ) is as follows:
Logical connectives
Forchheim (; East Franconian: Forchham) is a German town in Upper Franconia.
Next bigger cities are Nürnberg, Bamberg, Fürth, Erlangen and Coburg.
There live is about 32.000 people.
www.forchheim.de (official Webpage in German)
César Cui (born Vilnius, 18 January 1835; died 26 March 1918) was a Russian composer.
He is the least known of the five Russian composers who were nicknamed the “Moguchaya Kuchka” (“Mighty Handful”), a group which included Mily Balakirev, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Mussorgsky and Alexander Borodin.
Cui’s father came from France and his mother from Lithuania.
Like most Russian composers in the 19th century he was an amateur composer.
His main job was as an expert on military fortifications.
He became a professor in this subject and wrote important textbooks about military defences.
Cui liked his friends from the Moguchaya Kuchka, but was often very critical of music by other Russian composers such as Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff.
This may have been because he was jealous of their success.
He did not find orchestration easy and Balakirev helped him a lot with the orchestration of some of his compositions.
He was best when writing songs and short piano pieces.
He liked to write music that sounded Far Eastern in character.
Cellists like to play a short piece he wrote called “Orientale”.
People from Vilnius
Alexander Porfir'yevich Borodin (born St. Petersburg October 12th 1833; died St. Petersburg February 27 1887) was a Russian composer.
Like many Russian composers of the 19th century he was an amateur musician.
His main job was Professor of Chemistry at the University of St Petersburg.
He had to compose in his spare time.
When he was ill he had more leisure to write music.
He used to tell his friends: “Please do not say: ‘I hope you are well’, please say: ‘I hope you are ill’”.
Borodin’s most famous opera is called Prince Igor.
He wrote many fine songs, chamber music and orchestral music, including two symphonies.
The Nocturne from his String quartet no 2 is especially well-known.
In his music, Borodin showed Russian power and the heoric characters.
His main means of expression was melody.
Russian chemists
A permit is a written document that has been given by a government source.
Permits let a person do something that he could not do without the permit.
Permits are commonly gotten for these reasons:
To work at a job
To drive a car
To build something.
This includes digging.
Corrosion is the breakdown of materials due to chemical reactions.
It is usually oxidation with air molecules and often in the presence of water.
Corrosion also occurs when an acidic/basic corrosive substance touches another material.
When a material corrodes, its physical properties change.
Problems with corrosion are mostly with metal, though other materials can corrode.
Corrosion is a form of erosion.
Some materials, such as stainless steel, are highly resistant to corrosion.
Metals that may corrode can be protected by plating, painting, and other means.
It happens to iron and its alloys when it is exposed to air or water for a long time.
Rust slowly decomposes iron into other chemicals, because of a reaction with the oxygen molecules.
Both air and water are needed for rust.
Almost all metals corrode but they can be protected by covering with paint, a coating of oil or grease or even plastic.
Sacrificial protection or industrial galvanizing can also work.
Alloys (mixes of metals) such as stainless steel, rust more slowly than pure iron.
When iron rusts, it becomes red or brown, and the metal eventually decays.
Rust appears on metal if it is left outside in the damp air.
For example, rust occurs mostly in cracks of alloys or metals.
Rain water can enter the cracks and stay in the cracks, and cause the metal to corrode.
Eventually it becomes rust.
Iron is not strong after it rusts.
Some metals, such as aluminium, titanium, and stainless steel form a very thin coating of tough corrosion on the metal.
The metal cannot continue corroding because the coating isolates the rest of the metal from the source of oxygen.
This is why aluminium keeps its shine.
It also makes aluminium seem very unreactive, even though it can react with water.
Rusting iron makes iron oxides that are not tough, so air and water continue to get in and the iron continues to rust.
Jamestown is a town in the United States.
It was founded on May 13, 1607, by about 100 men and boys and women who came to Virginia from London, England.
They named the town Jamestown after King James.
These men hoped to find gold and silver in order to become rich.
Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in what would become the United States.
The town was built on Jamestown Island along the James River.
This location was selected because the local Native American tribes did not live on the island.
Built on a peninsula it was a good place to defend themselves from other European colonists.
Before Jamestown, fourteen colonies had been attempted in North America by Spain, France and England.
Out of these, only two Spanish colonies survived making Jamestown the third European colony that succeeded for any period of time.
The first colony attempted by Spain was in 1526 at San Miguel de Gualdape.
Very little was known of it, including that its location was somewhere on the coast of present-day Georgia or South Carolina.
In 1562, Jean Ribaut established a colony of French Huguenots called Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina.
He left about 27 men there while he returned to France.
Meanwhile, the men of the colony revolted against their commander.
They built a boat and attempted to return to France.
The English attempted to establish Roanoke Colony in 1587.
But this was a failure.
James I of England issued a charter in 1606 to set up a settlement in North America.
At the time the English called the entire coast (above Florida) Virginia after Elizabeth I of England, the "virgin queen".
One of the purposes of the new colony were to find a river route to the Pacific Ocean to establish trade with the Orient.
Three ships, the Susan Constant, the Godspeed and the Discovery set sail from London on December 20, 1606 bound for Virginia.
Onboard there were 106 settlers (4 were boys) and 39 crew members.
However, it is not known how many may have died during the Voyage.
They arrived on April 26, 1607.
The first day, between 20 and 30 men explored the site but then they came under attack by Indians at dusk.
The people of Jamestown found there were many problems to their colony.
The water was bad for drinking.
Many insects lived around the swampy land.
The insects gave the people who lived there diseases.
The leader, Captain John Smith, made the rules for the men.
One of the rules was, "You don't work, you don´t eat."
The settlers traded with the Powhatan Indians.
They gave the Powhatans tools, pots, and knives, in return for corn and vegetables.
Two thirds died before another ship arrived from England in 1608 with more food and more settlers.
During the harsh winter of 1609, most of the settlers starved to death and the survivors resorted to cannibalism.
San Miguel de Gualdape
Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site
America the Story of Us: Life in Jamestown | History; Youtube
Jamestown: The Original Expedition Ships; YouTube
Towns in Virginia
1607 establishments
17th-century establishments in Virginia
1600s establishments in North America
Constantius II, Roman Emperor
Magnentius, Roman usurper
Julian, Roman Emperor
983 pagan West Slavs revolt, temporarily ending attempts at conversion and forcing abandonment of German sees and monasteries east of the Elbe
Kievan Rus' accepts Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Suhl is a town in Thuringia, Germany.
Its population in 2003 was 43,610.
Eisenach is a German city in the west of Thuringia.
Next bigger Cities are Erfurt and Kassel.
Its population is about 43,000.
GameFAQs is a website with help and information for video games.
It was started in November 1995 by Jeff "CJayC" Veasey.
It has an active message board community.
Video game websites
Mann was born in 1875 in Lübeck as son of a salesman and senator of the city of Lübeck, into a rich and conservative family.
In 1891 his father died.
In 1894 Mann left school.
He went to Munich, were his mother and his brothers and sister had been since 1893.
He worked as an insurance salesman and wrote poems and prose by the way.
In 1898 he published his first works and began Die Buddenbrooks influenced by work of Arthur Schopenhauer, published in 1901.
In 1906 he married, although he was not clear about his sexual orientation.
In the World War I, Mann agreed with the war, but not enthusiastically.
In the time of the Weimar Republic he defended democratic ideas.
In 1929 he won the Nobel Prize for literature.
In 1933 the Nazis burned books of his brother Heinrich Mann.
Because of this both Thomas and Heinrich and their family moved to the United States in 1934.
He lost his German citizenship, but got Czechoslovakian citizenship in the United States.
In 1944 he became a US citizen.
He worked for the Allies in the radio during the World War II.
In 1952 he had to give a talk to the Committee on Un-American Activities.
He was very disappointed in the United States and returned to Europe, to Switzerland, in 1953.
In the 1950s he visited Germany sometimes.
He died of atherosclerosis in Zürich, Switzerland.
Buddenbrooks - Verfall einer Familie (1901)
Königliche Hoheit (1909)
Der Zauberberg (1924)
Joseph und seine Brüder – Tetralogie (1933-1943)
Die Geschichten Jaakobs (1933)
Der junge Joseph (1934)
Joseph in Ägypten (1936)
Joseph der Ernährer (1943)
Lotte in Weimar (1939)
Doktor Faustus (1947)
Der Erwählte (1951)
Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull (1954)
Short stories and short novels
Prosa-Skizze, 1893
Gefallen, 1894
Der Wille zum Glück, 1896
Enttäuschung, 1896
Der Tod, 1897
Der kleine Herr Friedemann, 1897
Der Bajazzo, 1897
Tobias Mindernickel, 1898
Der Kleiderschrank, 1899
Gerächt.
Novellistische Studie, 1899
Luischen, 1900
Der Weg zum Friedhof, 1900
Gladius Dei, Novelle 1902
Tonio Kröger, Novelle 1903
Tristan, Novelle 1903
Die Hungernden, 1903
Das Wunderkind, 1903
Ein Glück, 1904
Beim Propheten, 1904
Schwere Stunde, 1905
Anekdote, 1908
Das Eisenbahnunglück, 1909
Wie Jappe und Do Escobar sich prügelten, 1911
Der Tod in Venedig, 1912
Herr und Hund.
Ein Idyll, 1918
Gesang vom Kindchen.
Ein Idyll, 1919
Wälsungenblut, 1921
Unordnung und frühes Leid, 1926
Mario und der Zauberer, 1930
Die vertauschten Köpfe - Eine indische Legende, 1940
Das Gesetz, 1944
Die Betrogene, 1953
Fiorenza
Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen, 1918
Das Problem der Freiheit, 1937
Versuch über Schiller, 1955
Über Goethe
LGBT Nobel Prize winners
Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901  1 February 1976) was a German physicist.
He won the  Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of quantum mechanics.
He discovered the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which shows there is a limit on how well position and velocity of a particle can be measured.
Heisenberg was born in Wuerzburg, Germany, the son of a professor of Byzantine history.
He went to university to study physics in Munich.
Arnold Sommerfeld was one of his teachers.
Heisenberg was a very good student and needed only three years to finish his studies.