the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In the teachings of Judaism, people were told to "love your neighbour as yourself".
In the teachings of Jesus, people were told to think of every single person as their "neighbour" and treat them with love.
Not every religion teaches people to be kind to all other people.
In many religions, it has been common for people to believe that they have to act kindly only to some people and not to others.
In some religions, people believed that they could please a god by killing or sacrificing another person.
A religion is passed on from one person to another through teachings and stories (which are often called "myths") which may be written down like the Bible, or told from memory like the Dreamtime stories of Australian Aboriginal people.
In many religions, there are people who take the role of "priest" and spend their lives teaching others about the religion.
There are also people who take the role of "pastor" and spend their life caring for other people.
A person may be both a priest and a pastor.
They are called by different names in different religions.
Symbols are used to remind people of their religious beliefs.
They are also used or worn as a sign to other people that the person belongs to a particular religion.
A symbol might be something that is drawn or written, it might be a piece of clothing or jewellery, it might be a sign that a person makes with their body, or it might be a building or monument or artwork.
Picture symbols for different religions are shown in the box in the introduction to this article.
Witness and conversion
In many religions, it is thought important that people should show other people that they are following a particular religion.
This might be done in a general way by wearing a symbol or a type of clothing.
Many people believe that it is important to tell other people about their religion, so that they can believe as well.
This is called "witnessing".
There are many ways to witness.
A young person might simply say to their friends "I do not use drugs or get drunk because of my religion".
This is a witness.
A person may tell their classmates, workmates and friends about their beliefs.
A person might go to other people's houses and talk about their beliefs, or invite the people to join in the rituals of the religion, such as going to church or to a religious festival.
A person might have printed material such as books or leaflets that they give to other people to read.
A person might travel to a different country to teach, to work in a health service or to help people in some other way. (
People who do this are called "missionaries".)
These are different ways that people witness to their religion.
When a person hears a witness and decides that they will join the religion, this is called a "conversion".
Usually a person decides to join a religion because they like what they have read or been told, and they believe that they are hearing the truth.
They join the religion because they choose.
However, throughout history there have been many times when people have been forced to join a religion by violence and threats.
This is still happening today.
In most countries of the world, people are free to belong to whatever religion they choose.
This is generally thought of as a basic human right.
However, there are parts of the world where it is illegal (against the law) to witness to any religion except the one accepted by the government of the country.
People who belong to other religions may be threatened, put in jail or murdered.
Rituals are an important part of the tradition of many religions.
In many religions, it is the tradition for people to meet for a celebration on one day in every week.
There are also major celebrations that may be held only at certain times of the year, for example, on the birthday of a person who is honoured in that religion.
Some religions have celebrations for different seasons of the year, or when the sun or moon is in a certain part of the sky.
In nearly every religion, the important stages of a person's life have a religious celebration.
Birth, naming, reaching an age to think for oneself, reaching adulthood, marriage, childbirth, sickness and death are all celebrated by some religions.
Having a celebration or special traditions when a person dies is very common.
It is the traditions that are about death that give the earliest evidence of religious beliefs.
Scientists have discovered that 120,000 years ago, Neanderthal people started burying their dead.
Early Homo sapiens put tools and other things into graves with the bodies, as if they could use them in the afterlife.
From 40,000 years ago, many of the objects in graves are small artworks.
Scientists believe that these objects were put there for religious reasons.
Groups and institutions
An institution is one name for an organization.
Many religions have organizations that manage the way that people who follow the religion are to act.
The organization might employ religious leaders, educate people into the ideas of the religion, manage money, own buildings and make rules.
Many religions have sub-groups which are called denominations.
In Islam, for example, there is Ahmadiyya, Sunnism, Shi'ism and Sufism.
Most religions have special buildings where people meet.
They are often called temples.
In Judaism, they are called synagogues.
In Christianity, they are called churches.
In Islam, they are called mosques.
In Buddhism there are pagodas, temples and monasteries.
In Hinduism they are called Mandirs.
People often try to make their religious building as beautiful as possible.
Some religious buildings are great works of architecture.
People often make artworks that are about their religion, or that are used in religious celebration, or are put in a religious building.
Religious art comes in all shapes and sizes, from tiny pieces of jewellery to huge statues and paintings.
Artworks often give important clues to historians about different ancient religions that are not well understood.
Music is often important in religious celebrations.
Singing, chanting and playing musical instruments are often part of regular religious gatherings of people.
Special music is often used on special occasions.
Many famous composers have written religious music.
The words of songs that are 3,000 years old are used every day in Christian churches and Jewish synagogues.
Chopra, R.M., "A Study of Religions", 2015, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi,
Religion Facts
Religion on the BBC website
A thing or person of or from the city of Rome, Italy
Ancient Rome (8th century BC – 5th century AD)
Roman Kingdom (753 BC to 509 BC)
Roman Republic (509 BC to 27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC to 476/1453 AD)
Roman Britain, part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410
Roman alphabet, the standard alphabet of most of the languages of Western and Central Europe
Roman law, the legal system of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
Roman numerals, numeral system where certain letters are given a numeral value
Byzantine Empire (330/476/629 to 1453), the Eastern Roman Empire
Romaioi (Ρωμαίοι), Greek-speaking,  Orthodox population of the Eastern Roman Empire dating to Late Antiquity
Romaioi (Ρωμιοί), Greek-speaking, Orthodox population of the Rum-milet in the Ottoman Empire, or Greek-speaking Orthodox people today
Romanae or the Greco-Romans from Aetolia Acarnania that speak Romanesci
Holy Roman Empire (c. 900 to 1806), a medieval state in Central Europe
Roman, Bulgaria, a town and a municipality in Vratsa Province
Romans-sur-Isère, in the Drôme département of France
Roman, Romania, a city in Neamţ county
Romans, Ain, a town in France
Roman, Eure, France
Romans, Deux-Sèvres, France
Romans d'Isonzo, a town in Italy
Roman roads
Roman Valley, Nova Scotia
Saint Roman, Monaco
Epistle to the Romans, a letter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible
The Roman Catholic Church
The word for Novel in many European languages.
Nouveau roman (lit. "
new novel"), a type of French novel of the 1950s
Bildungsroman (lit. "
formation novel"), German for a coming-of-age story
Künstlerroman (lit. "
artist's novel"), German for a story of an artist's growth to maturity
Romance (heroic literature), a genre of Medieval French literature
Ar-Rum, the 30th book in the Qu'ran, is sometimes translated as The Romans
Roman à clef, a novel about real life, overlaid with a façade of fiction
Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an British author and poet.
He was born in Bombay, India.
He wrote children's fiction, like Kim, The Jungle Book and Puck of Pook's Hill.
He also wrote the well-known poems, If — and Gunga Din, and many short stories set in India.
He was awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Literature.
He spent part of his life living and writing in New England with his American wife but returned to England to live in Sussex.
1865 births
1936 deaths
British children's writers
British Nobel Prize winners
Disease-related deaths in England
Deaths from ulcers
English poets
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from Bombay
There are many different forms of recreation which are shaped by individual interests and by environment; a few examples being reading, playing or listening to music, watching movies or TV, gardening, hunting, hobbies, sports, studies, and travel.
These activities are just some of a wide variety of recreation activity available in day to day life.
Public places such as parks and beaches are very important for many recreational activities.
Tourism profession has recognized long ago that many of their clients are specifically attracted by recreational offerings.
National Recreation and Park website
Red is the color that is on the outside edge of the rainbow.
It is one of the three primary colors, along with blue and yellow.
Red light has a wavelength between 630-740 nanometers.
Meaning of red
Red can represent passion, anger, rage or love.
In many countries, a red light shows cars when they should stop.
In politics, "red" is a symbol of Communism.
The "Red Army" can refer to the army of the old Soviet Union, or the People's Republic of China.
It is also related to the Red Brigade.
Red is the color of heat and blood, so it is associated with energy, war, danger, strength, power, determination, as well as passion, desire and love.
Red is an emotionally intense color.
It is thought that it tends to raise blood pressure and make people breathe faster.
It is very easy to notice, which is why stop signs, stoplights, and fire equipment are usually painted red.
In heraldry, red is often used to indicate courage.
It is a color found in many national flags.
Red brings attention to text and images on the Internet.
In advertising, red is often used to cause erotic feelings.
Red is widely used to indicate danger.
Red is associated with energy, so it may be used to promote energy drinks, games, cars, items related to sports and high physical activity.
Comparison of purple, magenta, rose and red
Tones of red color comparison chart
Light Amour (Pink Mist) (Xona.com color list “Amour Light”) (Hex: #FDF6FA) (RGB: 253, 246, 250)
Light Pink Lace ((Xona.com color list "Pink Lace Light") (Hex: #FFF1FB) (RGB: 255, 241, 251)
Amour (Red Mist) (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #F9EAF3) (RGB: 249, 234, 243)
Bubble Gum (Crayola Magic Scents) (Hex: #FFD3F8) (RGB: 255, 211, 248)
Pink Lace (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FFDDF4) (RGB: 255, 221, 207)
Champagne Pink (Pantone TPX 12-1107) (Hex: #F1DDCF) (RGB: 241, 221, 207)
Light Cupid (Xona.com color list “Cupid Light”) (Hex: #FDE3F0) (RGB: 253, 227, 240)
Light Chantilly (Xona.com color list “Chantilly Light”) (Hex: #FCE5F2) (RGB: 252, 229, 242)
Pale Light Pink (Xona.com color list “Pink Light”) (Hex: #FFE4E9) (RGB: 255, 228, 233)
Piggy Pink (Crayola) (Hex: #FDDDE6) (RGB: 253, 221, 230)
Pale Pink (Hex: #FACCCA) (RGB: 249, 204, 202)
Baby Pink (Light Pink) (Hex: #F4C2C2) (RGB: 244, 194, 194)
Pink (X11 color) (Tamarisk) (Hex: #FFC0CB) (RGB: 255, 192, 203)
Cotton Candy (Crayola) (Hex: #FFB7D5) (RGB: 255, 183, 213)
Medium Pink (web color "Light Pink") (Hex: #FFB6C1) (RGB: 255, 182, 193)
Cherry Blossom Pink (Hex: #FFB7C5) (RGB: 255, 183, 197)
Nadashiko Pink (Hex: #F6ADC6) (RGB: 246, 173, 198)
Carnation Pink (Crayola) (Hex: #FFA6C9) (RGB: 246, 166, 201)
Tickle Me Pink (Crayola) (Hex: #FC80A5) (RGB: 252, 128, 165)
Raspberry Pink (Hex: #E25098) (RGB:226, 80, 155)
Pink (Light Red) (web color) (Hex: #FD6C9E) (RGB: 253, 108, 158)
Brink Pink (Crayola) (Hex: #FB607F) (RGB: 251, 96, 127)
Dark Pink (Hex: #E75480) (RGB: 234, 84, 128)
Puce (Hex: #CC8899) (RGB: 204, 136, 153)
Pastel Pink (Hex: #DEA5A4) (RGB: 222, 165, 164)
Light Salmon Pink (Hex: #FF9999) (RGB: 255, 153, 153)
Salmon Pink (Crayola "Salmon") (Hex: #FF91A4) (RGB: 255, 145, 164)
Medium Salmon (Hex: #FF8C69) (RGB: 255, 140, 105)
Salmon (web color) (Hex: #FA8072) (RGB: 250, 128, 114)
Dark Salmon (web color) (Hex: #E9967A) (RGB: 233, 150, 122)
Coral Pink (Hex: #F88379) (RGB: 248, 131, 121)
Light Coral (web color) (Hex: #F08080) (RGB: 240, 128, 128)
Light Carmine Pink (Hex: #E66761) (RGB: 230, 103, 97)
Carmine Pink (Hex: #EB4C42) (RGB: 235, 76, 66)
<li style = "background-color: #e34234;"> Vermilion (Cinnabar) (Hex: #F34234) (RGB: 227, 66, 52)<li>
Coral Red (Hex: #FF4040) (RGB: 255, 64, 64)
Carmine Red (Hex: #FF0038) (RGB: 255, 0, 56)
<li style = "background-color: #ff3f34;"> Red-Orange (Crayola) (Hex: #FF3F34) (RGB: 255, 63, 52)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ff3f00;"> Electric Vermilion (Mandarin Red) (Hex: #FF3F00) (RGB: 255, 63, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ff4500;"> Orange-Red (web color) (Hex: #FF4500) (RGB: 255, 69, 0)<li>
Coquelicot (Red Poppy) (Hex: #FF3800) (RGB: 255, 56, 0)
<li style = "background-color: #ff6347;"> Tomato (web color) (Hex: #FF6347) (RGB: 255, 99, 71)<li>
Terracotta (Hex: #E2725B) (RGB: 226, 114, 91)
Scarlet (Hex: #FF2400) (RGB: 255, 36, 0)
Carol Red (Apple Red) (Hex: #EF3038) (RGB: 239, 48, 36)
Lust (Hex: #E62020) (RGB: 230, 32, 32)
Red (Hex: #FF0000) (RGB: 255, 0, 0)
Pigment Red (Hex: #ED1C24) (RGB: 237, 28, 36)
Quinacridone Red (Liquitex Heavy Body) (Hex: #E8192F) (RGB: 232, 25, 47)
Crimson (web color) (Hex: #DC143C) (RGB: 220, 20, 60)
Ruby (Hex: #E0115F) (RGB: 224, 17, 95)
Raspberry (Hex: #E00000) (RGB: 224, 0, 0)
Razzmatazz (Crayola) (Hex: #E3256B) (RGB: 227, 37, 107)
Cerise (Hex: #DE3163) (RGB: 222, 49, 99)
Alizarin Crimson (Rose Madder)(Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E32636) (RGB: 227, 38, 54)
Electric Crimson (Hex: #FF003F) (RGB: 255, 0, 63)
American Rose (American Beauty) (Hex: #FF033E) (RGB: 255, 3, 62)
Radical Red (Crayola) (Bright Amaranth Pink) (Hex: #FF355E) (RGB: 255, 53, 94)
Amaranth (Hex: #E52B50) (RGB: 229, 43, 80)
Rich Carmine (Chinese Carmine) (Hex: #D70040) (RGB: 215, 0, 64)
Utah Crimson (Hex: #D3003F) (RGB: 211, 0, 63)
Fire Engine Red (Hex: #CE2029) (RGB: 206, 22, 32)
Harvard Crimson (Hex: #C90016) (RGB: 201, 0, 22)
Cardinal (Hex: #C41E3A) (RGB: 196, 30, 58)
Bright Maroon (Crayola Maroon) (Hex: #C32148) (RGB: 195, 33, 72)
Rich Maroon (Maroon (X11)) (web color) (Hex: #B03060) (RGB: 176, 48, 96)
Raspberry Rose (Hex: #B3446C) (RGB: 179, 68, 108)
Raspberry Glace (Hex: #915F6D) (RGB: 145, 95, 109)
Deep Carmine (Hex: #A9203E) (RGB: 169, 32, 62)
Crimson Glory (Hex: #BE0032) (RGB: 190, 0, 50)
<li style = "background-color: #b80049; color: #ffffff"> Bright Tyrian Purple (Hex: #B80049) (RGB: 184, 0, 73)<li>
Medium Carmine (Hex: #AF4035) (RGB: 175, 64, 53)
Mahogany (Hex: #C04000) (RGB: 192, 64, 0)
Venetian Red (Hex: #C80815) (RGB: 200, 8, 21)
Persian Red (Hex: #CC3333) (RGB: 204, 51, 51)
Holly (Hex: #CB4154) (RGB: 203, 65, 84)
Dark Terra Cotta (Hex: #CC4E3C) (RGB: 204, 78, 92)
Chestnut (Indian Red [web color]) (Hex: #CD5C5C) (RGB: 205, 92, 92)
Fuzzy Wuzzy Brown (Crayola) (Hex: #C45655) (RGB: 196, 86, 55)
Deep Chestnut (Vermont Maple Syrup) (Crayola Chestnut) (Hex: #B94E48) (RGB: 185, 78, 72)
Redwood (Pantone TPX 18-1443) (Hex: #A45A52) (RGB: 164, 90, 82)
Rose Taupe (Hex: #905D5D) (RGB: 144, 93, 93)
Dark Chestnut (Hex: #986960) (RGB: 152, 105, 96)
Rust (Hex: #B7410E) (RGB: 183, 65, 14)
Cognac (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #9F381D) (RGB: 159, 56, 29)
Burnt Umber (Hex: #8A3324) (RGB: 138, 51, 36)
Vivid Burgundy (Hex: #9F1D35) (RGB: 159, 29, 53)
Medium Red (Hex: #B10304) (RGB: 177, 3, 4)
Carnelian  (Hex: #B31B1B) (RGB: 179, 27, 27)
Fire Brick (web color) (Hex: #B22222) (RGB: 178, 34, 34)
Upsdell Red (Hex: #AE2029) (RGB: 174, 22, 42)
Red-Brown (web color Brown) (Hex: #A52A2A) (RGB: 165, 42, 42)
Rufous (Hex: #A81C07) (RGB: 168, 28, 7)
Tea (Tea Red) (Orange Pekoe Tea) (Hex: #9C0D07) (RGB: 156, 13, 7)
Sangria (Hex: #92000A) (RGB: 146, 0, 10)
Vivid Auburn (Hex: #922724) (RGB: 147, 39, 36)
Burgundy (Hex: #900020) (RGB: 144, 0, 32)
Medium Tyrian Purple (Hex: #990024) (RGB: 97, 64, 81)
Carmine (Hex: #960018) (RGB: 150, 0, 24)
<li style = "background-color: #8b0000; color: #ffffff"> Dark Red (Hex: #8B0000) (RGB: 139,  0, 0)<li>
Maroon (web color) (Hex: #800000) (RGB: 128, 0, 0)
Deep Red (Crayola Red) (Hex: #850101) (RGB: 133, 1, 1)
Barn Red (Hex: #7C0A02) (RGB: 124, 10, 2)
Falu Red (Hex: #801818) (RGB: 128, 24, 24)
Tuscan Red (Hex: #7B3636) (RGB: 123, 54, 54)
Auburn (Hex: #712F26) (RGB: 113, 47, 38)
Persian Plum (Xona.com color list) (Prune) (Hex: #701C1C) (RGB: 112, 28, 28)
Dark Raspberry (Hex: #E30B5C) (Xona.com Color List Raspberry) (RGB: 227, 11, 92)
<li style = "background-color: #66023c; color: #ffffff"> Tyrian Purple (Imperial Purple) (Hex: #66023C) (RGB: 102, 2, 60)<li>
Caput Mortuum (Hex: #592720) (RGB: 89, 39, 32)
rouge in easy French
For the WWE brand/TV Show, see WWE Raw.
Food and drink
Rama, a Hindu god
A male sheep that has not been neutered
Random-access memory (abbreviated "RAM")
Battering ram, something used to break through walls or doors
Hydraulic ram, a type of pump
The Roman Empire was the largest empire of the ancient world.
Its capital was Rome, and its empire was based in the Mediterranean.
The Empire dates from 27 BC, when Octavian became the Emperor, or Augustus, until it fell in 476 AD, marking the end of the Ancient World and the beginning of the Middle Ages, or Dark Ages.
The empire was the third stage of Ancient Rome.
Rome was first ruled by Roman kings, then by the Roman Republic, then by an emperor.
Many modern lands were once part of the Roman Empire, for example Britain (not Scotland), Spain, Portugal, France,  Italy, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Egypt, Levant, Crimea, Switzerland, and the north coast of Africa.
The main language of the Roman Empire was Latin with Greek as an important secondary language, especially in the Eastern provinces of the Empire.
The western half of the Roman Empire lasted for about 500 years till the barbarian general Odoacer defeated its final emperor Romulus Augustus.
On the other hand, the eastern half, consisting of the Balkans, Anatolia, The Levant and Egypt, continued for about a thousand years more (the Levant and Egypt were lost to the Arabs in the 8th century).
The eastern part was called the Byzantine Empire.
Its capital was Constantinople, now called Istanbul.
Governing the Empire
In order to control their large empire, the Romans developed ideas about law and government.
They developed the best army in the world at that time, and ruled by force.
They had fine engineering, and built roads, cities, and outstanding buildings.
The Empire was divided into provinces, each with a governor plus civil and military support.
Letters, both official and private, went constantly to and from Rome.
Trade was most important for Rome, a city of more than a million people, by far the largest city in the world.
They needed, and got, wheat from Egypt, tin from Britannia, grapes from Gaul, and so on.
In return, the Romans built provincial capitals into fine cities, protected them from raids by barbarians, and provided education and career opportunities for young people in the provinces, such as jobs in the Roman Army.
In principle, emperors had absolute control, and could do as they pleased.
In practice, they faced some difficult problems.
They had a staff of what we call 'civil servants' and the advice of the Roman Senate.
The emperor had to decide what were the most important issues facing the Empire, and what should be done about them.
Most of them tried to do two things.
One was to do things to improve the life of Romans in peacetime.
The other was to fight and defeat Rome's enemies.
A wealthy empire always has enemies.
With kings and emperors, a big problem is the order of succession.
Kings were sometimes followed by their eldest son, if he was capable of ruling.
For Roman emperors, more often it would be an adopted son.
It worked like this.
The emperor would notice an outstanding young man from one of the best families.
He would adopt him as his son.
Before he died he would make clear whom he thought should succeed him, by making him a Roman consul, or by stating in his will that the younger man should succeed him.
Sometimes this worked; sometimes it did not.
Every now and then there would be a civil war between claimants to the throne.
An adopted son or two gave the emperor more choices.
Some emperors had no son; some had sons who did not survive.
Later on, emperors grew so weak that the Roman army would just pick one of their generals to be the next emperor.
This often led to civil war.
The life stories of the emperors can be found in List of Roman emperors.
The Romans fought many wars against other countries, and against barbarians several times.
They enjoyed watching violent sports.
They enjoyed watching chariots races, and fights between gladiators (men using weapons).
Unlike in modern sports, the fighters were often killed in fights.
Romans enjoyed these shows in the Colosseum.
The Romans had great civil engineering.
They built many large public buildings and villas, aqueducts to carry water, stone bridges and roads.
Some of these things can still be seen today.
Many famous writers were Romans, including Cicero and Virgil.
The New Testament of the Bible tells about the Romans in the life of Jesus Christ.
During Jesus' life, the Romans, who were pagans, ruled his country.
Later, several emperors tried to destroy Christianity but they did not succeed.
By 312  the emperor Galerius allowed people freedom to follow Christianity, and the next year, a general, Constantine, became emperor and converted to Christianity.
The city of Rome was taken over several times by barbarians, notably in 410  when the Goths sacked the city (looting).
The last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, resigned in 476 .
The Roman Empire would last another 1,000 years as the Byzantine Empire in the east.
The main coin of the Roman Empire was the silver denarius.
Later denarii were smaller.
Various reasons have been given for the fall of Rome.
Edward Gibbon wrote The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire in which he investigated various ideas.
Chief among them was (in his opinion) was the effect of Christianity on the ability of the Empire to defend itself militarily.
Other historians blame the unstable system of leadership.
In a 50-year period, only 2 out of 22 emperors died a natural death.
Most of the emperors were assassinated.
An old map of the Roman Empire in 400 AD
BBC, Romans for Children , website on ancient Rome for children at the level of primary school
Rome Unleashed, interactive educational website on ancient Rome for students
There are many kinds of regimes.
They can achieve power in many ways.
Depending on the time and place and local civics like the electoral system, they can lose power in many ways too.
The most common way for a regime to lose power was a coup, invasion or revolution until the 20th century.
After that it became very dangerous and difficult to use these methods.
Peaceful regime change is usually by an election - this method is now used by more than half the people on the Earth.
It is called representative democracy.
Such regimes are often called administrations to make it clear they are not dictators, and since the executive branch does not have all the power itself - it may share it with a legislative branch.
Also the judicial branch is separate.
The courts are not usually considered part of the regime.
The regime needs help among people outside the regime and government to stay in power - these may be in the military or a political party.
Military and police obey the regime's orders, and can kill people.
If they would not do so, then, it would be possible to change regimes by force.
Trade and tax is set by the regime, which can take money away.
The regime speaks for the whole country when dealing with other countries.
When many regimes negotiate at the United Nations or World Trade Organization, it does not matter at all how each regime got its power.
It matters only that they can agree and make everyone in their country do as the agreement says.
When someone wants a regime to change in another country, they usually are not able to do this by any means other than violence or interfering in its election.
This is common if a regime is threatened by another regime.
Forms of government
A river is a stream of water that flows through a channel in the surface of the ground.
The passage where the river flows is called the river bed and the earth on each side is called a river bank.
A river begins on high ground or in hills or mountains and flows down from the high ground to the lower ground, because of gravity.
A river begins as a small stream, and gets bigger the farther it flows.
River parts
The beginning of a river
The start of a river is called the source or head water.
The part of the river that is near the source is called a 'young' river.
A young river is often in a V-shaped river bed, and flows quickly downhill over stones, and around big rocks.
Young rivers often have lots of small waterfalls and rapids.
As the rivers travel downhill they begin to erode the ground taking small bits of soft rock and soil.
The source of a river may be a spring, often on a hill, mountain, glacier, or another high place.
A spring is water that flows out from under the ground.
The source of a river may be a lake where lots of water from small streams gathers when it rains or snows.
A river may begin in mountains where there is snow.
The melting snow runs together to form a small stream that runs down the mountain.
As more little streams run in, the main stream gets bigger, until it forms a river.
Some rivers flow from hills where there is no snow, but lots of rain.
Some rivers only flow after there has been rain near the head water.
The middle part of a river
The middle part of a river is called a mature river.
A mature river makes a riverbed that is U-shaped.
It might be very deep and run fast.
It sweeps over small rocks and boulders, and makes big turns around hills and mountains.
It is much wider than a young river, but not as wide as an old river.
To cross over a mature river, people use bridges.
Many cities and towns are built on the banks of mature rivers.
Many farms that keep animals such as dairy cows, horses and sheep are along mature rivers because the animals can drink from the river every day.
The last part of a river
A river usually ends by flowing into an ocean, a lake or a bigger river.
The place where the river flows out into a bigger body of water is called the 'mouth' of the river.
As a river flows towards its mouth, the countryside around the river often changes from hilly to flat.
As it flows over the flat land the river becomes wider and slower.
A wide slow river is called an 'old river'.
An old river often floods across the land after there is lots of rain at the headwaters.
An old river slowly builds up its banks on either side; the high banks are called levees.
An old river often meanders (twists and turns), and sometimes, after a flood, it leaves lakes behind which are called ox-bows or billabongs.
Old rivers are the most useful type of river for growing crops.
Corn, rice, fruit, cotton, hay, tobacco and sugar are some of the crops that are grown near old rivers.
The shape of the mouth depends on the conditions of the sea where it flows.
If there is a strong tide where the river meets the sea, the river forms an estuary.
An estuary is a wide, funnel-like mouth of the river.
The fresh water of the river mixes slowly with the salt water, becoming brackish water – somewhat salty water.
Many kinds of fish, clams, molluscs and other sealife live at estuaries.
Many of the world's largest cities and harbours are at estuaries.
Where a river flows out to the sea, it sometimes flows very slowly through sandy or muddy land, making lots of little islands as it flows.
The main stream of the river gets broken into many parts that spread out into a triangle shape like the Greek letter delta.
When this happens, it is called the delta of the river.
Deltas are often places that are not good for towns or farms but are very good for birds and other wildlife and fishing.
Deltas are often made into wildlife reserves.
Not all rivers have deltas.
There are deltas on the Nile River, the Amazon River, the Mekong River, the Mississippi River and the Danube River.
Underground rivers
Some rivers flow underground through caves.
Underground rivers form in places where there are lots of cracks in the rocks above, so that in rainy weather, the water runs downs and collects in small underground streams.
Sometimes the underground water trickles or gushes out of the ground to form a small spring of water.
In other places, where there are caves, the small underground streams run together to form a river.
The river can sometimes run through deep wide underground caverns.
While many underground rivers flow gently, some underground rivers flow fast and have rapids, particularly after heavy rain.
Many underground rivers flow out through a cave mouth to become an ordinary river.
Using rivers
The water in rivers is "fresh water" that has come from rain, snow and from underground streams.
It can usually be drunk safely by people unless it is too dirty because of mud or human pollution.
People and animals need fresh water to drink, so they often live by the side of a river.
Rivers give water for drinking, bathing and washing clothes.
Rivers give water for cattle and other animals to drink and for people to grow plants.
Rivers give products that are useful to people such as fish for food, clay for bricks and reeds to make the roofs of houses.
Rivers can be used for transporting people, crops and other goods by boat.
Rivers can be used to give power to turn machinery such as water mills.
Rivers give water for factories that make cloth, steel and many other products.
Rivers sometimes have dams to hold the water for people to drink, or to make electricity.
Rivers can be used for leisure and sports such as swimming, boating, fishing and just walking by the river.
Rivers often have beautiful scenery.
Many painters, story-tellers and poets have painted or written about rivers.
Rivers are sometimes turned into canals.
Water for living
Water for industry
Water for fun
Rivers in art, literature and music
Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, (novel)
Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows, (novel)
Rivers in photography
Important rivers
Amazon River in South America is a very wide tropical river flowing through the Amazon Jungle and into the Atlantic Ocean through a large delta.
Many types of fish live in it.
It is the largest river in the world.
Nile River in Africa.
For thousands of years this river has provided the people of Egypt with water to help their food grow.
Cairo, the biggest city in Egypt and Africa, is built near the Nile's delta on the Mediterranean Sea.
It is the longest river in the world.
Mississippi River in the United States.
Many crops are grown along the sides of the Mississippi.
It was also used for transport.
The Mississippi flows through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
Yangtze River, a very large river in China, the third longest in the world, and the longest in Asia
Rivers Tigris and Euphrates
Ganges River
River Danube
St. Lawrence River
Murray River in Australia, 1609 miles in length.
River terminology
A meander is a bend or curve in a river.
The mouth of a river is where the river enters the sea, ocean or lake.
An oxbow lake is located at the side of a river and is curved like a "meander"
A braided river is a usually slow-moving river which splits up and joins together repeatedly.
Other types of rivers
A submarine river is a stream of water that flows along under the surface of an ocean.
One of them, named the Cromwell current, was found in 1952. ("
Sub marine" comes from Latin and means "under sea".)
A subterranean river is a river which flows under the surface of the earth.
One of them was found in August 1958 under the Nile River. (
The term "sub terranean" also comes from Latin and means "under ground".)
A right angle is an angle with a measurement of 90 degrees.
When two lines cross each other so that all the angles have the same size, the result is four right angles.
The top of the letter T is at right angles to the vertical line.
Walls of buildings are usually at right angles to the floor.
Two things that are at right angles are called "perpendicular" or "orthogonal".
This is expressed using the  symbol (such as in ).
Planes (flat surfaces) can also meet at right angles.
In a building, a wall and a floor are said to be perpendicular to each other, and they have a right angle.
It also can be called a square angle.
A reward is getting something good for doing a given task.
It needs someone who has the power to give the good thing.
It is the opposite of punishment.
Ideas like risk and reward, reward and punishment are based on the idea that people do things, or avoid doing things, to get rewards.
In psychology there is another idea that this is not true.
This other idea says that training (conditioning) and emotions (affective factors) are much more important than the rewards or punishments given by others.
In trying to catch criminals and other bad people, the government often offers money to people.
This money is given to people who may capture the criminal, or give information that helps the police catch them.
For example, after the Eureka Stockade rebellion in Ballarat, Victoria in 1854, the government offered a big reward of 400 pounds for the capture of the people who had started it.
In 2001, the US government offered a big reward of 2.5 million dollars for help in capturing the person who had sent anthrax in letters to a newspaper journalist and 2 senators.
Anthrax is a disease which can kill people.
A ranch is a large farm for raising cows, horses, sheep or other livestock.
The word ranch is from the Spanish word "rancho".
It is used in American and Canadian English.
A ranch may be on private or public land.
The desert areas of the western United States have many ranches, because there is much land that is not very good for crops.
There are also many in desert areas of Australia, where they are called stations.
Someone who takes care of the livestock may be called a stockman or cowboy.
A sport utility vehicle (SUV) is a type of vehicle.
It is built as a rugged vehicle for cargo and passenger carrying.
Originally SUVs were not designed to be fuel efficient but modern designs are getting better fuel mileage.
In 2014 US sales of SUVs were over five million vehicles.
The typical SUV is a two-box design.
Unlike a pickup truck (US term) that has an open cargo box the SUV has an enclosed cargo/passenger compartment.
It has upright seating for five to seven passengers.
It has an open interior with no trunk.
It is often built on a pickup truck chassis for towing capacity, and usually has four wheel drive.
Only about 15% of SUV owners ever go off-road.
According to Jeep Wrangler brand manager Kevin Metz, 60% of Jeep Wrangler owners go off-road while around 80% of Rubicon owners do.
A similar class of vehicle is the CUV crossover,  a common UK term.
That is built on a car chassis.
Often it uses a Unibody chassis instead of the heavier body-on-frame design of SUVs.
Crossover vehicles often have all-wheel-drive instead of four-wheel drive.
Crossovers are usually lighter than SUVs and get better fuel mileage.
In general, when referring to an SUV, many include crossovers.
However it is incorrect to refer to an SUV on a truck frame as a crossover.
Early SUVs were built like light commercial and light wheeled military utility vehicles.
Famous examples were the World War Jeep (US), and the Land Rover (UK).
The term "sport utility vehicle" came into popular use in the late 1980s.
Until then, they were marketed as station wagons.
An early example of marketing a civilian off-roader as a "sports utility" is the two-door pickup version of the 1966 Ford Bronco.
In 1974 Jeep used the term "sport(s) utility vehicle" exactly in their brochures for the 1st generation Jeep Cherokee.
Off-roading sports
Rockcrawling is a popular off-road sport.
Vehicles used for rock crawling are usually modified with different tires, suspension and gear ratios.
Rock crawling takes time to learn and can be very expensive.
Most rock crawlers have full-time jobs and many get sponsors to help with the costs.
The object is to get the vehicle across difficult to near-impossible rocks and terrain without completely destroying the vehicle.
The Camel Trophy competition (1981–2000) was an annual 4x4 competition.
The first Camel trophy was held on the Trans-Amazonian Highway, a  road across Brazil.
Over the next eight years, the expeditions crossed Sumatra, Papua New Guinea, Zaire, Brazil, Borneo, Australia, Madagascar and Sulawesi before returning to the Amazon.
After the first year the endurance event came to be dominated by specially equipped Land Rover vehicles.
The Camel Trophy Owners Club is a group of people who collect ex-Camel Trophy vehicles.
Jeep Jamborees have been held since 1953.
Jeep Jamborees are off-road excursions that travel historic and scenic trails across the US.
In 2013 alone there were 32 events in various locations.
All models of Jeep enter the events and drivers range from first time off-roaders to seasoned veterans.
Easter Jeep Safari is an annual event held at Moab, Utah.
It has been held every year since 1967.
It runs for nine days ending on Easter Sunday and can have up to 1,000 vehicles of all kinds; not just Jeeps.
It uses up to 40 trails in the Moab area.
Trails are rated from easy to difficult.
King of the Hammers is an a one-day 200+ mile endurance off-road race.
It combines desert racing and rock crawling.
This race is held in February on Means Dry Lake at Johnson Valley, California USA.
2015 will be the 9th annual King of the Hammers event.
The vehicles are extremely modified and for off-road use only.
There are many reasons why SUVs have become popular.
One reason is the comfort of their large cabins.
Many models can carry almost as much as a minivan.
Another reason is the driver sits higher than other cars, giving better all-round vision.
SUVs with truck frames are heavier (sometimes much heavier) than standard cars.
Their size gives them an image of safety.
Men aren't the only targets of SUV and CUV ads.
For example, some ads for the Subaru Forester are deliberately aimed at women buyers.
Roughly 35 to 40 percent of SUV buyers are women.
Ads commonly show SUVs driving across boulders or perched on a mountain peak.
Advertisers know that one important reason many people buy SUVs is image.
Practicality for larger families is a consideration.
Not only can the vehicle take a family of five or six, plus luggage, but also the family dog (who often has a special compartment at the back).
On the other hand, the vehicle doesn't fit standard parking spaces.
That can be quite a problem in, for example, the UK.
The alternative, when groups of more than four travel, is to take more than one standard size car.
Substance is the material, or matter, of which something is made.
Substances are physical things that can be seen, touched, or measured.
They are made up of one or more elemental parts.
Iron, aluminium, water and air are examples of substances.
Problems of definition
History of the concept
The Latin word substantia - a translation of the Greek word for the essence (ousia), and in Latin to describe the essence of using the word essentia.
In ancient philosophy substance is treated as a substrate, the first principle of all things (for example, "water" of Thales, the "fire" of Heraclitus).
In modern times, the concept of substance is treated and spread widely.
The first view is connected with an ontological understanding of substance as ultimate bases being (Francis Bacon, Benedict Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz).
Central category of metaphysics in philosophy substance is identified as with God and with nature and determined as the cause of itself (Latin, causa sui).
The main characteristics (attributes) of a substance from Benedict Spinoza are thinking and stretch.
By analogy with the philosophy of Benedict Spinoza substance considered in the light of the concept of René Descartes and Leibniz.
The first substance is a unity of subject and object, and the second - the same atoms are simple beings who lose their stretch, but receive attribute aspirations (French, appetition) and multiplicity.
Thanks Leibniz substance begins to associate with matter.
The second point of view on the substance - an epistemological understanding of the concept, its capabilities and the need for scientific knowledge (John Locke, David Hume).
Immanuel Kant believed that the law under which any change in the substance of events and the number of stored it in nature remains the same, can be attributed to the "analogies of experience."
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel defined substance as the integrity of changing, transient side of things, as a "major step in the development of the will."
For Arthur Schopenhauer substance - matter for David Hume - a fiction, the coexistence properties.
The most common symbols are letters, which are symbols of words and sounds.
A symbol can be an actual object (such as the cross, a symbol of Christianity or a scepter, a symbol of royalty and power), or a certain color or pattern.
Symbols are used often in poetry and other types of literature, sometimes as metaphors or similes.
List of common symbols
There are thousands of symbols that are recognized by most people all over the world, and many more that are limited to certain regions, religions, sciences, etc..  Some of the best known ones are listed below.
Alpenhorn -> Switzerland
Asiatic Lion -> India
Balance (scale) -> justice
Bat -> vampire (western), luck (Chinese)
Bear -> the U.S. state of California
Beaver -> Canada
Boomerang -> Australia
Caduceus -> Medical profession
Cadillac -> top of the line (in USA only)
Cedar tree-> Lebanon
Cheetah -> speed
Cherry Blossom -> Japan
Chukar -> Pakistan
Compass rose -> navigation
Cowboys and Indians -> the old Western USA
Crucifix -> Christianity
Cupid, heart -> love
Cedrus deodara -> Pakistan
Donkey -> United States Democratic Party
Dove -> Peace
Dragon -> China / Wales
Eagle -> USA
Elephant -> United States Republican Party
Elephant -> Thailand
Fatima Jinnah -> Pakistan
Flags -> the associated countries
Fleur-de-lis -> scouts, the Canadian city of Quebec
Geneva cross -> ambulance, neutrality, humanitarian
Great Wall of China -> China
Hammer and sickle -> U.S.S.R., Communism
Hat and wand -> magic
Horseshoe -> good luck
Igloo -> North Pole
James Dean -> rebellion
Jasmine -> Pakistan
Kangaroo -> Australia
Kiwi -> New Zealand
Liberty Bell -> USA
Lightbulb -> idea
Lightning bolt -> electricity, speed
Lion -> England
Llama -> South America
Lotus -> Hinduism and Buddhism
Mango -> Pakistan
Markhor -> Pakistan
Maple leaf -> Canada
Mortar and pestle -> Pharmacy
Mount Fuji -> Japan
Mount Rushmore -> USA
Muhammad Ali Jinnah -> Pakistan
Owl -> wisdom/education (western worlds), may mean evil in other place.
Panda -> China
Peace symbol -> hippies
Penguin -> South Pole, Linux
Pine tree and crane -> long life (Chinese)
Plum flower -> China
Pocket protector -> nerds
Poinsettia -> Christmas
Polar bear -> North Pole
Rainbow -> Peace, Disarmament, Sustainability
Rainbow flag -> LGBTQ people
Rose -> England
Rams -> Guangzhou
Rolls Royce -> luxury, top of the line
Royal Bengal Tiger -> Bangladesh
St. Bernard (dog) -> rescue
Shamrock -> Ireland, Trinity
Shogun -> Japan
Skull and crossbones -> poison, danger
Star and crescent -> Islam
Star of David -> Judaism
Statue of Liberty -> USA
Swastika -> Hinduism, Buddhism, Nazism
Teen Talwar -> Pakistan
Thistle -> Scotland
Tulips -> Netherlands
Turkey -> Thanksgiving holiday
Uncle Sam -> USA
Unicorn -> good luck
Volvo cars -> bad/elderly drivers (Australia), prestige (European Union), Sweden
Water Lilly -> Bangladesh
White Flag -> France
Windmills -> Netherlands
Yin yang symbol -> Daoism
September (Sep.) is the ninth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming between August and October.
Its name comes from the Latin word sept for "seven" (it was the seventh month of the year, before January and February were added to the beginning of the year.)
In the old Roman calendar, September was the seventh month, which is where it got its name ("Septem" means "seventh").
The ninth month at the time was November ("Novem" means "ninth").
With Julius Caesar's calendar reform, September became the ninth month, with 30 days.
September comes after August and before October.
September begins on the same day of week as December every year, as each other's first days are 13 weeks (91 days) apart.
No other month in any year ends on the same day of the week as September: this month and May are the only two months with this property.
In common years, September starts on the same day of the week as April and July of the previous year, and in leap years, October of the previous year.
In common years, September finishes on the same day of the week as April and December of the previous year, and in leap years, July of the previous year.
In leap years and years immediately after that, September starts on the same day of the week as January of the previous year.
In years immediately before common years, September starts on the same day of the week as June of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, March and November of the following year.
In years immediately before common years, September finishes on the same day of the week as March and June of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, August and November of the following year.
September is one of two months to have an equinox (the other is March, its seasonal equivalent in both hemispheres), where both day and night are roughly of equal length, occurring either on the 22nd or 23rd, halfway between the June and December solstices.
In the Northern Hemisphere, Autumn (Fall) begins in this month, while in the Southern Hemisphere, this is the beginning of Spring.
For meteorologists, the people who study the weather, these seasons begin on September 1 in those hemispheres.
In most Northern Hemisphere countries, school starts in this month, following the summer holidays.
In Ancient Greece, September was called Boedromion.
The Anglo-Saxons called it Gerstmonath, meaning "Barley month", referring to the harvest.
In other countries, it is referred to as Autumn Month, such as in Finland (Syyskuu) and German-speaking parts of Switzerland (Herbstmonat).
Ethiopian New Year occurs in September.
Jewish New Year also often occurs in this month.
Events and Occurrences
September 1  Independence Day (Uzbekistan)
September 1  Armed Struggle for Independence (Eritrea)
September 1  Constitution Day (Slovakia)
September 2  Independence Day (Vietnam)
September 3  National Day of San Marino
September 3  Independence Day (Qatar)
September 3  Flag Day (Australia)
September 3  Levy Mwanawasa Day (Zambia)
September 3  Merchant Navy Day (United Kingdom)
September 5  Teacher's Day (India)
September 6  Independence Day (Swaziland)
September 6  Unification Day (Bulgaria)
September 7  Independence Day (Brazil)
September 7  National Threatened Species Day (Australia)
September 7  Victory Day (Mozambique)
September 8  National Day of Andorra
September 8  Independence Day (Republic of Macedonia)
September 8  Nativity of the Blessed Virgin (feast day in Christianity)
September 9  Admission Day (California)
September 9  National Day of North Korea
September 9  Independence Day (Tajikistan)
September 11  National Day of Catalonia
September 11  Patriot Day (United States)
September 11/12  Ethiopian New Year
September 12  National Day of Cape Verde
September 13  World Chocolate Day
September 14  Exaltation of the Holy Cross (Roman Catholicism)
September 15  Battle of Britain Day (United Kingdom)
September 15  National Day of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua