the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Because it lies in both Europe and Asia, some people see Turkey as the "door" between them.
Modern Turkey's warm and varied climate lets many kinds of food crops grow, and livestock and forestry are important industries.
Turkey makes enough food to feed itself.
Turkish manufactures include airplanes, electronics, cars, clothing and textiles for home and for other countries.
Turkey is a popular place for tourists to visit.
It has hundreds of kilometers of beautiful beaches on its Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, and many important historical places.
Ancient Anatolia
The first major empire in the area was the Hittites (from the 18th century to the 13th century BCE).
The Hittites, who spoke one of the Indo-European languages, developed a high culture in Central Anatolia.
Their kingdom was destroyed by the Sea People in the 11th century BCE and the successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia.
From 1950 BCE, Armenians and Assyrians inhabited parts of southeastern Turkey.
The Assyrian capital was named Tushhan (900-600 BCE).
The Assyrians ruled over southeastern Turkey until their empire was conquered by Babylonia in 612 BCE.
Then Anatolia became home for various kingdoms including the Achaemenid Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms, Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire), Seljuk Empire, and Mongol Empire.
During the 14th century, after the fall of the Mongol Empire, Lord Osman built a new empire named after himself: the Ottoman Empire.
It became one of the longest existing empires of all time.
The Empire also stretched across the Balkans, (Yugoslavia and Bulgaria) in Europe.
The Kingdom was ruled by Muslim law, but other religions had certain minority rights.
In World War I the Ottoman Empire was one of the Central Powers.
During the war, 500,000 Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were massacred in the so-called Armenian Genocide.
Turkey denies that the event was genocide.
The Central Powers lost the war and the Ottoman Empire was destroyed, but after that Atatürk led the army to get rid of foreign enemies, like the Greeks.
Republic of Turkey
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was the first President of Turkey.
He made many changes that made Turkey more modern.
But some people did not like some of the changes that made life in Turkey more secular.
Religious secondary schools were gotten rid of, for example.
The opponents to Atatürk felt that he weakened Islam in the country.
Later political disputes led to Coup d'état in 1960, 1971, and 1980, and several failed attempts.
For many years the Kurdistan Workers Party known as the PKK; abbreviation for Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan have been fighting the Turkish government.
The PKK is a militant organisation a nationalist and separatist movement led by Abdullah Öcalan.
Their aim is for the Kurds in the southeast of Turkey to have an independent Kurdistan or to have greater autonomy, with a government of their own.
Because they use armed conflict, the Turkish government calls them terrorists.
The European Union and United States also call them terrorists.
In 2022, the government of Turkey started to use the Turkish spelling of Türkiye in both Turkish and English.
However, Turkey remains the more common name.
About 80 million people live in Turkey.
Most of them are ethnic Turks.
About 15% are ethnic Kurds.
Many refugees from Syria (over 3 million) live in Turkey because they have run away from the Syrian civil war.
Many Romanlar live in Istanbul and Edirne (European part of Turkey).
The biggest city in Turkey is Istanbul which has the biggest population of any city in Europe.
Much of the population in Turkey is made up of young adults and adults.
According to religiosity poll conducted in Turkey in 2019 by OPTİMAR, 89.5% of the population identifies as Muslim, 4.5% believed in God but did not belong to an organized religion, 2.7% were agnostic, 1.7% were atheist, and 1.7% did not answer.
Another poll conducted by Gezici Araştırma in 2020 interviewed 1,062 people in 12 provinces and found that 28.5% of the Generation Z in Turkey identify as irreligious.
Turkish people have many ethnic and famous foods, such as mantı (Turkish ravioli), döner, kebap, Turkish delight (lokum), baklava, lahmacun, börek, köfte, and other foods.
According to a study, Anatolia is genetically more closely related to the Balkan populations than to the Central Asian populations.
The Turks of Anatolia (Asian part of Turkey) have only 13% of genes from populations from Central Asia.
Majority and minorities
The majority of Turkey is made up of Turks.
The largest minority is Kurds.
Kurds live mostly in Southeastern and Eastern Turkey.
The second largest minority are Arabs.
Mostly Romanlar live in East Thrace, the European side of Turkey.
Turkey is in the OECD and the G-20 and is one of the 20 largest economies.
The Turkish currency is called the Lira.
The first coins were made in Turkey.
In the 1970s, many Turks moved to other countries, like Germany, to escape the bad economy at the time and to get better jobs.
They often come back to Turkey for summer holidays.
Today, many of the people who left in the 1970s want to move back to Turkey.
Until the 1980s the government owned most companies, but then Prime Minister Turgut Özal sold them.
Before, foreigners were usually not allowed to buy companies, land or property.
Turkey's international trade is mostly with the EU, the United States, the Russian Federation, and Japan.
Turkey and the EU agreed not to put a lot of tax on what they buy and sell to each other.
After that it was easier for Turkish factories to sell products to the EU and for business people in the EU to buy companies in Turkey.
Earthquakes in 1994, 1999, and 2001 slowed economic growth a bit.
Turkey has no petroleum or natural gas so it buys them from other countries, like Russia.
In 2010, oil was found in the Turkish City of Diyarbakir, but there was not enough oil to extract.
Turkey is searching for natural gas in Turkish Northern Cyprus.
Rich cities in Turkey include Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Edirne, Konya, Mersin (also known as İçel), and Antalya.
Most people in Turkey speak Turkish.
It is written in Latin script and it belongs to the Turkic language group, which also includes many other languages spoken across Asia, such as Azerbaijani and Tatar.
The Turkish language came from Central Asia, but now it is a bit different from the languages spoken in Central Asia.
Turks living by the Mediterranean have southern, much thicker, and more masculine accents than western Turkey.
Northerners, by the Black Sea have softer accents.
In Turkey there are also minorities who speak languages such as Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian, Greek or Ladino, Romani and many others.
Turkish culture is a diverse culture, with some European influence.
Different parts of Turkey have similar but not exactly the same lifestyles.
Central Turkey and Northern Turkey are somewhat more conservative and religious.
Western Turkey and Southern Turkey, especially coastal cities are more liberal and secular.
Eastern Turkey and Southeastern Turkey are made up of mostly Kurds–most of them are conservative and religious.
Cosmopolitan neighbourhoods in major cities of Turkey are overwhelmingly liberal and secular.
Cities like Hatay and Mardin, where different religions coexist, and Eskişehir, which is the prominent college town of the country, also have cosmopolitan characteristics.
Collectivism is dominant in society rather than individualism.
This is seen in everything from a civilian's worldview to the socio-political and socio-economic order of the country.
People care a lot about what others think of them or their related ones.
Sociologist Şerif Mardin, who argues that there is neighborhood watch in Turkish society, states that "There is no tolerance for deviations from norms in the Turkish tradition, a watching oppression is applied against individuals in this situation and this is not new."
The capital and second-largest city of Turkey is Ankara.
The largest and the most crowded city is Istanbul which is the only city in the world that has land on two different continents.
The third largest city is the coastal city of İzmir which is the main port of the country.
Turkey is divided into 81 provinces.
Each province has its own little government but they can only make decisions about small things: the government in Ankara decides important issues.
The provinces are in 7 regions.
There are 973 districts altogether.
The biggest Main City at the European Side of Turkey is Edirne in East Thrace.
Turkey's literacy rate is currently 98.3%.
People in Turkey have to go to school for 12 years.
Istanbul University was the first university in Turkey.
It was established in 1453.
Ankara University was the first university that was started after Turkey became a republic.
It was established in 1946.
There were 6065 high schools in Turkey in 2002 according to Ministry of National Education.<ref></sup> </ref> In 2011, there were 166 universities in Turkey.
Some people have wanted Turkey to join the European Union (EU) since the 1990s.
Negotiations to join began in 2005.
The 1999 İzmit earthquake was an approximately 7.4 magnitude earthquake that struck northwestern Turkey on 17 August 1999, at about 3:02 am local time.
18.000 people died in the earthquake.
The New York Times estimated that over 570 people died in the Erzincan earthquake of 13 March 1992.
The earthquake was a 6.8 on the Richter Scale.
Turkish Cyprus
CIA World Factbook - Turkey
Turkey - Citizendium
European Union candidate states
Thomm is famous for an old Celtic stone, called Hinkelstein near the village and a big Celtic grave.
Gemeinde Thomm bei Trier an der Mosel - Willkommen - Welcome - Bienvenue - Welkom
Villages in Rhineland-Palatinate
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
The Moselle River (German: Mosel)  is a river which flows through  France and Luxembourg, then becomes part of the Rhine River after it flows into Germany.
It is  long.
Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Geography of Saarland
Rivers of France
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Luxembourg
The Bible, also known as the Holy Bible, is a group of religious texts of Judaism and Christianity, it contains the both Old Testament and The New Testament.
The word Bible comes from the Greek word τὰ  (biblía) which means "books" in English, because it is many books in one book.
It includes laws, stories, prayers, songs, and wise words.
A number of texts are both in the Hebrew Bible, used by Jews, and this Christian one.
In considering the source and inspiration for the Bible one must see what the Bible says of itself.
Several verses  of scripture define the source, intent, and Author.
2 Peter 1:21 says this - "No prophecy was ever made by the act of human will, but men moved by the Holy Spirit spoke from God."
Isaiah 55:11 tells us that His is a word of power - "So shall My sword be that goes forth from My mouth; It shall not return to Me void, But it shall accomplish what I please, And it shall prosper in the thing for which I sent it."
Hebrews 4:12 says this - "For the word of God is alive and active.
Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart."
When talking about the Bible, a book is used to speak about a number of texts.
All the texts that make a book are believed to belong together.
Most of the time, people believe they were written or collected by the same person.
The Bible contains different kinds of such books.
Some are history, telling the stories of the Jews, Jesus, or Jesus' followers.
Some are collections of wise sayings.
Some are God's commands to his people, which he expects them to obey.
Some are songs of praise to God.
Some are books of prophecy, messages from God that he gave through chosen people called prophets.
Different groups of Christians do not agree which texts should be included in the Bible.
Christian Bibles range from the 66 books of the Protestant canon to 81 books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible.
The oldest surviving Christian Bible is the Codex Sinaiticus, a Greek manuscript from the fourth century AD.
The oldest complete Hebrew manuscripts date from the Middle Ages.
How it was written
For a long time the texts were passed on by word of mouth from generation to generation.
The Bible was written long ago in Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek.
Translations were made later into Latin and some other languages.
Now there are translations in English and many other languages.
The books of the Hebrew Bible—what Christians call the Old Testament—were not all written at the same time.
It took hundreds of years (about 1200 years).
The process of putting it all together began around 400 B.C. The books of the New Testament, which was originally written in Greek, began to be collected together in about 100 A.D. It tells about events that happened between 4 B.C. and 70 A.D. These events included the birth, life, death and resurrection of Jesus.
It also tells how his followers went around spreading his message.
It ends with a description of how the world will end when Jesus returns to earth.
Most of the writers of the New Testament were apostles of Jesus.
These were people who said they had seen Jesus alive after his crucifixion.
Translations and versions
A translation is when a scribe takes the source in one language and writes it in another language.
Most texts of the Bible were written in Ancient Greek or in Aramaic or Hebrew.
The first to provide a translation into Latin was Jerome, in the 5th century.
He started what is known as the Vulgate today.
Wufila translated the Bible into the Gothic language.
In the early Middle Ages, people such as Petrus Valdes, and Jan Hus provided translations.
The New Testament was first translated into English in 1382 by John Wycliffe, and his associates translated the Old Testament.
The translation was made from the Vulgate Latin bible.
Wycliffe did this so that people could see for themselves what the Bible said.
The translation was completed in 1382.
There were some later editions by other people to the Wycliffe bible, as it is called.
It was translated into Middle English, the language of his day.
Wycliffe did not have Church permission to do this, but he was protected by John of Gaunt, one of the most powerful men in the kingdom.
After both Wycliffe and his protector were dead, the Church declared Wycliffe a heretic in 1415, and banned his writings.
The Council of Constance decreed Wycliffe's works should be burned and his remains exhumed (dug up).
Why was the Church so opposed?
The translations challenged the Church's authority over the people.
In church, explaining the Bible was the priest's work.
Whatever he said could not be challenged.
Once the ordinary people could read the Bible, they might have other opinions.
The next step in translation was done in 1525 by William Tyndale.
His translation was into Early Modern English, which we can just about understand today.
Tyndale also did it without Church permission.
His was the first translation to be printed, and several thousand copies were made.
He had no protector, and his fate was terrible.
He fled to Europe, but the agents of Thomas More (Chancellor of England at the time) eventually found him.
Both Tyndale and his printer were executed by burning at the stake.
Some texts were written by historians who tried to show what Ancient Israel was like.
Other texts are poems about God and his work.
And others were used to make laws.
Followers of Judaism and Christianity consider the Bible sacred but they do not all agree about what belongs in the Bible.
What is considered part of the Bible changed with history.
Different denominations include certain parts or leave out other parts.
There is not one single version of the Bible; both the content of the books and their order may change.
Languages do not match.
When a translation is done, the translator has to decide between translation word for word, or capturing the sense of the text.
When he decides to capture the sense, he will choose other words in the target language.
This is called paraphrasing.
Today there are dozens of versions of the Bible.
Some are translations and some are paraphrases.
A paraphrased version is where people take a translation and put it in their own words.
As the Bible has been translated into modern languages, it is also possible that there are different translations of the same texts.
The Bible is the best selling book of all time.
2.5 billion to more than 6 billion copies of the Bible have been sold to date.
A complete version of the Bible exists in 471 languages.
Parts have been translated in 2225 languages.
Most Bibles can be found in the British Museum in London.
The Christian Bible is a collection of 66 books.
The first 39 books are the Old Testament.
It is the first part of the God's story of salvation. "
Salvation" is God's long work of saving us from our sins. "
Sin" is what happened when people decided to live their own way instead of God's way in the world that God created.
That was when God began His great work of saving us from our sins.
To prepare the way, God had to destroy the whole world by a great flood, except for the family of Noah.
Then God raised up a new people for Himself.
They were the ancient Hebrews.
God promised the Hebrews they would bring His salvation to the whole world.
The first five books of the Old Testament are mostly the story of how God chose the ancient Hebrews and taught them his laws.
Following these are the twelve books that tell the history of the Hebrews.
The next five are books of poetry and wisdom.
One of these five books, the "Psalms", is a book of songs showing mainly how God wants to be worshiped.
The last seventeen books of the Old Testament were written by Hebrew prophets.
These books tell about God's disappointment with the ancient Hebrews and His promise to bring them back to friendship with Him.
The prophets also foretell a great surprise God was planning for the world-He was going to send His very own Son, the Messiah (the "Anointed One"), the Saviour, to save us from our sins.
In the Old Testament, Tanakh was mostly written in Hebrew; a few parts were written in Aramaic.
This part of the Bible is considered to be holy by Jews as well as Christians.
The second part is called the New Testament.
The main part of this book is the story of the life of Jesus Christ.
The four different versions of this story in the New Testament are called the Gospels.
After the Gospels, there is also the story of what happened to the Church after Jesus's death and resurrection.
Part of this is told through letters by early Christian leaders, especially Saint Paul.
The final book of the Bible tells about a vision that St. John, one of the disciples of Jesus, had.
In the vision John saw what would happen at the end of the world.
This included judgement for evil and happiness for the people who had followed Jesus.
One of the most quoted verses in the Bible is John 3:16: "For God so loved the world that He gave His one and only Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish [die] but have eternal life."
NIV
Views about the Bible
People have different ideas about the Bible.
Christians believe it is God's Word to people.
The Jews believe that only the Old Testament is from God.
Protestants and Catholics believe that the Old and New Testaments are God's Word.
Catholics also believe that the books called Apocrypha or Deuterocanonical are part of the Bible.
Sometimes different denominations disagree over exactly what the Bible means.
According to Islam, the Injil itself is to be followed but it is believed to have been corrupted with time.
The Qur'an is believed to be the successor.
Some people in the Bible
The Virgin Mary
Entre Galilée et l'Église : la Bible.,
Une mise au point.
Étude.
Joël COL. ,
AutoEdition Méguila, 2003.
The Bible Gateway: the complete Bible online
The Bible in Simple English
Bavaria (; , ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (, ; ), is a State (Bundesland) of Germany.
The territory of this state is the largest of the 16 German states.
The state capital is Munich with 1.3 million people.
About 12.5 million people live in Bavaria.
Like many German states, Bavaria was once independent.
Ludwig II of Bavaria was its last independent king.
Bavaria joined the German Empire in 1871.
Bavaria has seven parts: Oberbayern (Upper Bavaria), Niederbayern (Lower Bavaria), Schwaben (Swabia), Mittelfranken (Middle Franconia), Unterfranken (Lower Franconia), Oberfranken (Upper Franconia) and Oberpfalz (Upper Palatinate).
Bavaria has 71 districts and 25 free cities.
The highest point is the Zugspitze, which is also the highest mountain in Germany.
Munich is the largest city, the second biggest city is Nuremberg (Nürnberg), which is famous for its gingerbread, a kind of Christmas bread that is often shaped like a Christmas tree, a snowman or Santa Claus.
Administrative regions
Bavaria is divided into seven administrative regions called  (singular ).
For every Administrative regions exist a state agency called  (district government).
Altbayern:
Upper Palatinate
Lower Bavaria
Franconia:
Upper Franconia
Lower Franconia
Swabia:
Swabia
Districts (Bezirke)
Bavaria has "Bezirke" or districts; the others are the  and the  or .
The  in Bavaria are identical with the .
In the other larger states of Germany, there are only  as administrative divisions and no self-governing entities at the level of the  as the  in Bavaria.
Population and area
Bavaria is made up of 71 rural districts that are comparable to counties, as well as the 25 independent cities, both of which share the same administrative responsibilities and duties.
The 71 rural districts are on the lowest level divided into 2,031 regular municipalities.
Together with the 25 independent cities, there are a total of 2,056 municipalities in Bavaria.
In 44 of the 71 rural districts, there are a total of 215 unincorporated areas (as of 1 January 2005), not belonging to any municipality, all unsettled and unpopulated, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (-without islands, -without island , , which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and ).
Major cities and towns
Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung
Official government website
Official website of Bayern Tourismus Marketing GmbH
Bavarian Studies in History and Culture
Außenwirtschaftsportal Bayern
Rome (Latin: Roma) is the capital city of Italy.
It is also the capital and largest city in the region of Lazio, and the geographical region of Latium.
It is on the Tiber River and has 2.8 million people.
An estimate by the OECD put the number of people of the city area of Rome at 3.47 million.
When the Roman Empire was new, Rome was called the Eternal City because it was already very old.
Rome is well known for being the home of the Catholic Church, including its leader, the Pope.
He lives in the Vatican City, which is an enclave in the north-west part of Rome.
Nothing is known for sure about the founding of ancient Rome; it is prehistoric.
The myth of Romulus and Remus is often told.
They were supposedly raised by a she-wolf.
Romulus killed Remus, and became the first king of Rome, for some time Romulus ruled alongside a Sabine King a neighboring tribe.
There is no historical evidence of this, but the story is popular.
Numa Pompilius was the next king.
With the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom began the Republican era.
The new Roman Republic fought and conquered the people around it.
In 390 BC, the town was invaded by Gauls.
Between the third and second century BC, Rome fought against the rival Carthage.
The Roman army captured and destroyed Carthage.
Only with Julius Caesar in the first century BC, did the city began to grow significantly, especially toward the Campo Marzio, at the north of Capitoline Hill, and its domain was extended to Britannia.
Caesar was never crowned emperor, a title which, however, fell to his adopted son Octavian who took the throne under the name of Augustus.
Augustus "found a city of bricks and left it marble".
With him, Rome reached one million inhabitants and this was the first time in history that has happened in the world.
Later emperors also added new monuments, temples, and triumphal arches to ancient Rome.
With the decline of the Roman Empire, the city declined in importance and fell into ruin.
Pope Gregory I created major reforms for the people.
The city was ruled by the pope, and soon also became the capital of a state, the Papal States, which remained active until the nineteenth century.
Popes, like the emperors, became richer over the centuries and the same happened with the counties ruled by them.
Rome experienced a second "rebirth" in importance during the Italian Renaissance.
The city of monuments and churches was called the "capital of Christendom", as the home of the Basilica di San Giovanni Lateran, the most important church of the world.
The masterpieces of the Renaissance geniuses, like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, embellished the city.
But with the Italian Risorgimento Rome experienced a third "rebirth".
On September 20 1870, Garibaldi's army, which had the task of uniting all of Italy under the crown of Savoy, entered the city through a breach opened in the walls at Porta Pia and, the same year, Rome became the capital of the new Italian state.
In a few decades Rome grew to be one of the most important capitals of Europe and of the world: in 1936 it was the capital of the Italian Empire, even if for a few years because of the second world war.
Today, Rome is a major European political and cultural center, containing the headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
There are also numerous museums, basilicas and palaces, such as the Colosseum, and, in the Vatican City, St. Peter's Basilica, a brilliant example of the architecture of the Renaissance which can be found all over Rome.
Rome stands on seven hills, with an area of .
The city is crossed by two rivers: the Tiber, which runs from east to west, and l'Aniene, which runs from north-east to north – within the city, it flows into the Tiber.
Rome was built on Sun Hill, later named Palatine.
It grew and covered seven principal hills, which are now the inner city of Rome:
Palatine
Capitoline
Quirinal
Viminal
Esquiline
Caelian
Rome has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), with cool, humid winters and warm, dry summers.
Its average annual temperature is above 20°C (68°F) during the day and 10°C (50°F) at night.
The children in Rome have to go to school from the age of six until 16.
This takes them to the middle of high school (Scuola secondaria di secondo grado).
Rome has the biggest university in Italy and it is named University of Rome.
It was created in 1303.
About 200,000 students go to study at this university.
Rome has an airport, which is named Leonardo da Vinci International Airport (IATA: FCO).
There is a fast train that goes between the airport and the city center, the Leonardo Express, and many commuter railway lines to the nearby suburbs, along with long-distance trains to other cities in Italy.
In the city itself, public transport consists of three metro lines (A, B, and C), six tram lines, and many bus routes.
Rome has many old, famous buildings.
In recent centuries, the city has become an important tourist attraction.
Cinecittà Studios
The Temple of Antonius and Faustina (141 )
The Temple of Julius Caesar (29 )
The Temple of Vesta (7th century )
The Temple of Castor and Pollux (484 )
The Arch of Augustus (29-19 )
The Forum of Caesar (54 )
The Forum of Augustus (2 )
The Temple of Venus and Rome (135 )
The Baths of Caracalla (212–216 )
Rome -Citizendium
Ancient Rome first days
Regional capitals in Italy
For animals of the mammal order, see Carnivora.
A carnivore is an animal which eats only meat.
Predators commonly hunt and kill their own prey.
Scavengers are carnivores which eat animals they did not kill themselves.
Carnivores which eat mainly or only insects are called insectivores.
Carnivores which eat mainly or only fish are called piscivores.
The word "carnivore" describes more than just the scientific order Carnivora.
However, almost all animals in the Carnivora do eat meat, though a few do not.
List of living carnivores
All feliforms, such as domestic cats, big cats, hyenas, mongooses, civets
Almost all caniforms, such as the dogs, wolves, foxes, ferrets, seals and walruses
All cetaceans, such as dolphins, whales and porpoises
All bats except fruitbats
The carnivorous marsupials, such as the Tasmanian devil
All birds of prey, such as hawks, eagles, falcons and owls
All vultures, both old world and new
Most waterfowl, such as gulls, penguins, pelicans, storks, and herons
All crocodilians, such as alligators, crocodiles, gharials and caimans
All snakes, such as cobras, vipers, pythons and boas
Some lizards, such as most skinks and all monitor lizards
Some turtles, including the snapping turtle and most sea turtles
Fish and amphibians
All frogs and toads
Almost all sharks, such as tiger, great white, nurse and reef sharks
Most teleosts, such as tuna, marlin, salmon, and bass
Most crustaceans, such as the coconut crab are mainly omnivorous, but eat some prey and carrion
Many molluscs, such as octopus and squid, and some gastropods
All arachnids, such as spiders and scorpions
Many insects, such as mantises, dragonflies and most wasps
All jellyfish and sea stars
Cologne (, Kölsch: Kölle) is a city on the Rhine River in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.
About 1,060,000 people live there, making Cologne the biggest city in North Rhine-Westphalia.
It is in the southern part of the 'Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration' of cities with a combined total population of about 10 million people.
This is one of the most densely populated areas of the world.
Cologne has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
The city was founded by the Romans in the year 50 AD.
Before that, it was a Roman castle ("castellum") and a town inhabited by a local German tribe named Ubier at least for 100 years.
Archaeologists have found out that the surrounding area was populated already during the Stone Age.
Traditionally, the city was always Roman Catholic.
That changed only recently after the Second World War,as a result of massive immigration of Protestants from the East of Germany.
Still the largest number of people, 41.6%, are Roman Catholic, compared to 17% Protestant.
10% of the people are Muslim.
The most interesting thing to see there is Cologne Cathedral.
This church was built from about 1248 to about 1550, but completed only in 1880.
The United Nations list it as 'World Cultural Heritage'.
Cologne's archbishop Rainald von Dassel brought the relics of the biblical Three Wise Men there in 1164.
They are kept in a very beautiful golden shrine in the cathedral.
Three golden crowns in the coat of arms of the city symbolize them.
They made Cologne a major place of pilgrimage.
The University of Cologne alone has more than 50,000 students.
It was founded 1919 and is one of the biggest universities in Germany.
There are several specialized Schools in addition to the university.
The Hochschule für Musik is the biggest Academy of Music in Europe.
Cologne has two Colleges of Arts and the Sports College again is one of the biggest institutions of its kind worldwide.
Cologne has 31 museums and has one of the busiest train stations in Europe.
It is the only train station located next to a big cathedral.
People in Cologne and nearby have their own dialect.
They call it Kölsch.
During carnival time it even appears on nationwide broadcasts.
Cologne has a handful of broadcasting stations.
The Westdeutscher Rundfunk, part of the network ARD, is the biggest producer of television and radio programs in Germany.
Cologne is also famous for Eau de Cologne (Kölnisch Wasser).
Bonn (nearby city)
Düsseldorf (nearby city)
Frankfurt/Main
Leverkusen (nearby city)
German page on the city
German page of the University
German page of the cathedral
German page of the broadcasting station Westdeutscher Rundfunk
Cities with more than a million inhabitants
Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia
1st-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Germany
50 establishments
The Republic of Senegal (French République da Sénégal) is a country in West Africa.
The capital is Dakar.
Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres.
It has population of about 13 million.
The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy cold  season.
Senegal was given independence by France in 1960.
Major industries are fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials, ship construction and repair.
Peanuts, sugarcane, cotton, green beans, industrial tomato, cherry tomato, melon, and mango are important cash crops.
Since April 2012, Senegal's president has been Macky Sall.
In the 15th century, Portuguese people came to Gorée Island off the coast of Dakar.
In the 17th century, French people and Dutch people came there, too.
These European countries used the island as a trading post in slaves from the mainland, controlled by the Muslim Wolof Empires.
Slavery was later made illegal by France, but soon after, around 1850, the French started to conquer the Wolof.
By 1902 Senegal was a part of the French colony French West Africa.
In January 1959, Senegal and the French Sudan became one to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on June 20, 1960, as a result of the independence and transfer of power agreement signed with France on April 4, 1960.
This did not last long and Senegal and Mali broke apart into separate nations.
Between 1982 and 1989, Senegal and The Gambia joined together to make Senegambia.
In the north of Senegal is the Senegal River.
To the north of the river is Mauritania.
The nation borders Mali in the east, Guinea-Bissau in the south, and Guinea in the south-east.
The Gambia is another country inside of Senegal, along the Gambia River.
It is about 300 km long.
The north of Senegal is part of the Sahel.
The highest mountain is 581 m high.
The rainy season is between June and October.
The average temperature on the coast is about 24° C, and inland about 27° C.
Diourbel
Fatick
Kaffrine
Kaolack
Kédougou
Kolda
Louga
Matam
Sédhiou
Tambacounda
Thiès
Ziguinchor
Developmental biology is the study of how organisms grow and develop.
Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and morphogenesis.
These are the processes which turn a zygote into an adult animal.
Differentiation is the formation of cell types, from what is originally one cell – the zygote or spore.
The formation of cell types like nerve cells occurs with a number of intermediary, less differentiated cell types.
A cell stays a certain cell type by maintaining a particular pattern of gene expression.293-5 This depends on regulatory genes.
Embryonic development
Embryogenesis is the step in the life cycle after fertilisation – the development of the embryo, starting from the zygote (fertilised egg).
Organisms can differ drastically in the how embryo develops, especially when they belong to different phyla.
Growth is the enlargement of a tissue or organism.
Growth continues after the embryonic stage, and occurs through cell division, enlargement of cells or accumulation of extracellular material.
In plants, growth results in an adult organism that is strikingly different from the embryo.
The dividing cells tend to be distinct from differentiated cells (see stem cell).
In some tissues dividing cells are restricted to special areas, such as the growth plates of bones.467-482 But some stem cells move to where they are needed, from the bone marrow to form muscle, bone or adipose (fat) tissue.
Many animals have a larval stage, with a body plan different from that of the adult organism.
The larva abrubtly develops into an adult in a process called metamorphosis.
For example, caterpillars (butterfly larvae) are specialized for feeding whereas adult butterflies (imagos) are specialised for flight and reproduction.
When the caterpillar has grown enough, it turns into an immobile pupa.
Here, the imago develops from imaginal discs found inside the larva.575-585
Regeneration is the reactivation of development so that a missing body part grows back.
This phenomenon has been studied particularly in salamanders, where the adults can reconstruct a whole limb after it has been amputated.
Researchers hope to one day be able to induce regeneration in humans.
There is little spontaneous regeneration in adult humans, although the liver is a notable exception.
Like for salamanders, the regeneration of the liver involves reversing some cells to an earlier state.592-601
Solidarity can refer to:
Solidarity (Polish trade union), a Polish trade union originally led by Lech Wałęsa;
Solidarity, a United States political party from the fusion of the International Socialists, Socialist Unity, and Workers' Power;
Solidarity, a newspaper published by the Alliance for Workers Liberty in the UK.
Solidarity = feeling of unity based on respect, support, equality, common values, welcoming actions, diversity, community, etc.
January 22 – Ramsay MacDonald becomes the first Labour Prime Minister.
February 8 – The first execution with gas was in Carson City, Nevada.
February 14 – IBM founded.
March 25 – Greece proclaims it is a republic.
May 4 – The 1924 Summer Olympics begins.
May 10 – J. Edgar Hoover appointed head of FBI
December 24 – Albania becomes a republic.
January 8 – Ron Moody, actor
January 30 – Lloyd Alexander, writer (d. 2007)
April 3 – Marlon Brando, actor (d. 2004)
April 24 – Clement Freud, writer and politician (d. 2009)
May 1 – Terry Southern, writer (d. 1995)
May 22 – Charles Aznavour, singer, actor and composer
June 12 – George H. W. Bush, American politician, 41st President of the United States (d. 2018)
June 20 – Audie Murphy, World War II hero (d. 1971)
July 19 – Pat Hingle, American actor (d. 2009)
September 16 – Lauren Bacall, actress (d. 2014)
September 30 – Truman Capote, writer (d. 1984)
October 1 – Jimmy Carter, American politician, 39th President of the United States
November 20 – Benoit Mandelbrot, French-American mathematician (d. 2010)
December 2 – Alexander Haig, politician (d. 2010)
December 29 – Eve Poole, New Zealand politician (d. 1992)
January 21 – Vladimir Lenin, first communist leader of the USSR
February 3 – Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States (b. 1856)
April 21 – Eleonora Duse, Italian actress
June 3 – Franz Kafka, writer
June 10 – Giacomo Matteotti, Italian politician
3 August – Joseph Conrad, novelist
November 29 – Giacomo Puccini, Italian grand opera composer
Physics – Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn
Medicine – Willem Einthoven, (Dutch) invented the ECK
Literature – Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont, polish writer
Hit songs
"Alabamy Bound" w. B. G. De Sylva & Bud Green m. Ray Henderson
"All Alone" w.m.
"Amapola" w. Joseph M. Lacalle (Sp) Albert Gamse (Eng) m. Joseph M. Lacalle
"At The End of The Road" w. Ballard MacDonald m. James F. Hanley
"Bagdad" w. Jack Yellen m. Milton Ager
"Big Bad Bill Is Sweet William Now" Ager, Yellen
"Big Boy" m. Milton Ager
"The Blues Have Got Me" Silver, Turk
"California, Here I Come" w.m.
Al Jolson, Buddy de Sylva and Joseph Meyer
"Call Of The South" Berlin
"Charley, My Boy" w.m.
Gus Kahn & Ted Fio Rito
"Copenhagen" w. Walter Melrose m. Charlie Davis
"Cover Me Up With The Sunshine Of Virginia" w. Sam M. Lewis & Joe Young m. George W. Meyer
"Deep In My Heart, Dear" w. Dorothy Donnelly m. Sigmund Romberg
"Does The Spearmint Lose Its Flavour On The Bedpost Over Night" w. Billy Rose & Marty Bloom m. Ernest Breuer
"Doo Wacka Doo" w. Clarence Gaskill & Will Donaldson m. George Horther
"Doodle Doo Doo" w.m.
Art Kassel & Mel Stitzel
"Drinking Song (Drink!
Drink!)"
w. Dorothy Donnelly m. Sigmund Romberg
"The End Of The Road" w.m.
Harry Lauder & William Dillon
"Everybody Loves My Baby" w.m.
Jack Palmer & Spencer Williams
"Fascinating Rhythm" w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin
"Follow The Swallow" w. Billy Rose & Mort Dixon m. Ray Henderson
"Golden Days" w. Dorothy Donnelly m. Sigmund Romberg
"The Half Of It Dearie Blues" w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin
"Hard Hearted Hannah (The Vamp Of Savannah)" w.m.
Milton Ager, Charles Bates, Bob Bigelow & Jack Yellen
"He's The Hottest Man In Town" Owen Murphy, Jay Gorney
"Honest And Truly" w. Leo Wood m. Fred Rose
"How Come You Do Me Like You Do?"
w.m.
Gene Austin & Roy Bergere
"I Want To Be Happy" w. Irving Caesar m. Vincent Youmans
"I Wonder What's Become Of Sally" w. Jack Yellen m. Milton Ager
"I'll See You In My Dreams" w. Gus Kahn m. Isham Jones
"I'm A Little Blackbird Looking For A Bluebird" w. Grant Clarke & Roy Turk m. George W. Meyers & Arthur Johnson
"I'm Coming At Your Call" w. Dorothy Donnelly m. Sigmund Romberg
"In Shadowland" w. Sam W. Lewis & Joe Young m. Ruth Brooks & Fred E. Ahlert
"Indian Love Call" (first published as "The Call") w. Otto Harbach & Oscar Hammerstein II m. Rudolf Friml
"It Had To Be You" w. Gus Kahn m. Isham Jones
"Jealous" w. Tommy Malie & Dick Finch m. Jack Little
"Jimtown Blues" w.m.
"June Brought The Roses" w. Ralph Stanley m. John Openshaw
"June Night" w. Cliff Friend m. Abel Baer
"Just We Two" w. Dorothy Donnelly m. Sigmund Romberg
"Keep Smiling At Trouble" w. Al Jolson & B. G. De Sylva m. Lewis E. Gensler
"Lazy" w.m.
"Let Me Linger Longer In Your Arms" w. Cliff Friend m. Abel Baer
"Little Jazz Bird" w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin
"Mama's Gone, Goodbye" w.m.
A. J. Piron & Peter Bocage
"The Man I Love" w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin
"Mandalay" w.m.
Earl Burtnett, Abe Lyman & Gus Arnheim
"Mandy Make Up Your Mind" w. Grant Clarke & Roy Turk m. George W. Meyer
"Memory Lane" w. B. G. De Sylva m. Larry Spier & Con Conrad
"The Mounties" w. Otto Harbach & Oscar Hammerstein II m. Rudolf Friml
"My Best Girl" w.m.
Walter Donaldson
"My Dream Girl, I Loved You Long Ago" w. Rida Johnson Young m. Victor Herbert
"My Time Is Your Time" w. Eric Little m. Leo Dance
"A New Kind Of Man With A New Kind Of Love For Me" w.m.
Sidney Clare & Flatow
"Nobody's Sweetheart Now" w.m.
Elmer Schoebel, Ernie Erdman, Gus Kahn & Billy Meyers
"O, Katharina" w. L. Wolfe Gilbert m. Richard Fall
"Oh Lady Be Good" w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin
"Oh!
Mabel" Gus Kahn, Ted Fio Rito
Miss Hannah" w. Thekla Hollingsworth m. Jessie L. Deppen
"The One I Love Belongs To Somebody Else" w. Gus Kahn m. Isham Jones
"Parisian Pierrot" w.m.
"Prince Of Wails" m. Elmer Schoebel
"The Prisoner's Song" w.m.
Guy Massey
"Red Hot Mama" w.m.
Gilbert Wells, Bud Cooper & Fred Rose
"Rhapsody In Blue" m. George Gershwin
"Riverboat Shuffle" m. Hoagy Carmichael & Irving Mills
"Rose Marie" w. Otto Harbach & Oscar Hammerstein II m. Rudolf Friml
"See See Rider" w.m.
"Serenade from The Student Prince In Heidelberg" w. Dorothy Donnelly m. Sigmund Romberg
"Shanghai Shuffle" w.m.
Larry Conley & Gene Rodemich
"Shine" w. Cecil Mack & Lew Brown m. Ford T. Dabney
"So Am I" w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin
"Somebody Loves Me" w. Ballard MacDonald & B. G. De Sylva m. George Gershwin
"South" m. Bennie Moten & Thamon Hayes
"Spain" w. Gus Kahn m. Isham Jones
"Stack O'Lee Blues" w.m.
by Ray Lopez & Lew Colwell
"Sweet Little You" w.m.
Irving Bibo
"Tea For Two" w. Irving Caesar m. Vincent Youmans
"Tell Her In The Springtime" w.m.
"There's Life In The Old Girl Yet" w.m.
"Totem Tom-Tom" w. Oscar Hammerstein II & Otto Harbach m. Rudolf Friml
"Two Little Babes In The Wood" w.m.
"Wait'll You See My Gal" Sullivan, Wilber
"What'll I Do?"
Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar.
By January 1 of this year, every state in the entire world had adopted the Gregorian calendar, having abandoned the Julian calendar.
February 20 – American Samoa becomes organized as a territory of the United States
July 16 – The first Oscar-event
August 8 to August 29 – The German airship Graf Zeppelin makes a round-the-world flight.
It was 49.000 km.
October 24 – The Black Friday
October 29 – The Black Tuesday
January 15 – Martin Luther King Jr., civil rights leader
January 31 - Jean Simmons, actress
February 21 - Roberto Gómez Bolaños, actor, screenwriter, director, producer and comedian
April 1 – Milan Kundera, writer
April 6 – André Previn, composer, conductor
May 4 – Audrey Hepburn, actress
May 25 - Beverly Sills, American soprano
June 12 – Anne Frank, Dutch diarist of Jewish descent
June 18 - Carlo Airoldi, Italian marathon runner
June 20 - Edgar Bronfman, Sr.,
Canadian-American businessman
July 25 - Manuel Olivencia,  Spanish lawyer and economist
July 28 – Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, First Lady of the United States, 1961-63
August 2 – K.M. Peyton, English writer
August 24 – Yasser Arafat, leader of the Palestinian Authority
November 12 - Grace Kelly, actress and later Princess of Monaco
November 14 – McLean Stevenson, actor
December 13 - Christopher Plummer, Canadian-American actor
February 8 – Maria Christina, Queen Regent of Spain
March 20 – Marshall Ferdinand Foch, (French)
April 4 – Karl Benz, German automobile pioneer
October 1 – Antoine Bourdelle, sculptor
Nobel Prize winners
Physics – Louis-Victor de Broglie, French physicist
Chemistry – Arthur Harden and Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
Medicine – Christiaan Eijkman (Dutch physicist) and Frederick Gowland Hopkins
Literature – Thomas Mann, German writer
Peace – Frank Billings Kellogg
"Am I Blue?"
by Ethel Waters
"Button Up Your Overcoat" by Helen Kane
"Heigh-Ho, Everybody, Heigh-Ho" by Rudy Vallee
"I Want To Be Bad" by Annette Hanshaw
"I'll Get By, As Long As I Have You" by Aileen Stanley
"I'm The Medicine Man For The Blues" by Ted Lewis & His Jazz Band
"If I Had A Talking Picture of You" by Johnny Hamp's Kentucky Serenaders
"Louise" by Maurice Chevalier
"Louise/So The Bluebirds And The Blackbirds Got Together" by Paul Whiteman's Rhythm Boys, featuring Bing Crosby
"Makin' Whoopie" by Eddie Cantor
"Maybe, Who Knows?"
by Kate Smith
"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out" by Bessie Smith
"Piccolo Pete" by Ted Weems & His Orchestra
"Singin' In The Rain" by Cliff Edwards
"Stardust" by Isham Jones & His Orchestra
"What Did I Do To Be So Black and Blue?"
by Louis Armstrong & His Orchestra
"You'll Do It Someday, So Why Not Now?"
by Rudy Vallee
The 1920s was the decade that started on January 1, 1920 and ended on December 31, 1929.
This decade was known as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz Age.
The most important events
Golden Twenty
1920 – Prohibition began in the United States.
1922 – March on Rome
1922 – Howard Carter discovered the tomb of the Egyptian King Tutankhamun.
1922 – Southern Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom.
1922 – The Soviet Union was founded.
1929 – The Black Tuesday, which leads to Great Depression.
Important people
World leaders
Prime Minister Stanley Bruce (Australia)
Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada)
President Sun Yat-sen (Republic of China)
President Chiang Kai-shek (Republic of China)
President Friedrich Ebert (Germany)
President Paul von Hindenburg (Germany)
Ahmad Shah Qajar of Qajar dynasty (Persia/Iran)
Reza Shah Pahlavi of Pahlavi Dynasty (Iran)
King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (Italy)
President W.T. Cosgrave (Irish Free State)
President Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) (Turkey)
Emperor Hirohito (Japan)
Józef Piłsudski (Poland)
Vladimir Lenin (Soviet Union)
Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
King Alfonso XIII (Spain)
King George V (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister David Lloyd George (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (United Kingdom)
President Woodrow Wilson (United States)
President Warren G. Harding (United States)
President Calvin Coolidge (United States)
President Herbert Hoover (United States)
Charlie Chaplin (entertainer)
Albert Einstein (German physicist)
Paul von Hindenburg (president of Germany)
King George V (King of the United Kingdom)
Vladimir Lenin (leader of the USSR)
Pope Pius XI (Pope in the 1920s)
Joseph Stalin (leader of the USSR)
King Victor Emmanuel III (king of Italy)
Space, also known as outer space, is the near-vacuum between celestial bodies.
It is where everything (all of the planets, stars, galaxies and other objects) is found.
On Earth, space begins at the Kármán line (100 km above sea level).
This is where Earth's atmosphere is said to stop and outer space begins.
This is not a natural boundary but is a convention used by scientists and diplomats.
However, the space near Earth is quite crowded by astronomical standards.
A list of spaces goes like this:
Geospace is the region of outer space near Earth; Geospace includes the upper region of the atmosphere and the magnetosphere.
The Van Allen radiation belt lies within the geospace.