the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
However, both plans were brushed-off as NASA moved from a military to a civilian-based agency.
Even though the Soviet Union left remains on the Moon, and the United States left a few flags, no country has control over the Moon.
The U.S. and Soviet Union both signed the Outer Space Treaty, which calls the Moon and all of outer space the "province of all mankind".
This treaty also banned all use of the military of the Moon, including nuclear weapons tests and military bases.
William Frank Ryan (May 21, 1949 – November 19, 2021) was an American actor, singer and musician.
His music career first began when he was in high school.
He then signed the first of two recording contracts with CBS Records.
He got back into music and after moving to California.
He began to write and record wacky songs for Disney.
He did the voice of Rabbit, Tigger, and Eeyore in Disney Channel's Welcome to Pooh Corner.
Since 1988 he has done the voice of Eugene Meltsner (and other characters: Harlow Doyle, Officer O'Ryan, Officer David Harley, etc.)
for the Focus on the Family radio series Adventures in Odyssey.
He also voiced Rabbit in Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore.
He was also the original voice of Petrie in The Land Before Time.
Ryan died from cancer in Santa Monica, California on November 19, 2021, at the age of 72.
Some movies
Mickey's Christmas Carol - Mole, Willie the Giant, Pete, Big Bad Wolf, Weasel #2 (1983)
Welcome to Pooh Corner - Rabbit, Tigger (1983)
Dumbo's Circus - Barnaby (1985)
Frog and Toad Are Friends (1985)
An American Tail - Digit (1986)
Mother Goose's Treasury - Bertram the Goose (1987)
Frog and Toad Together (1987)
DuckTales - Pete, Dangerous Dan (1987)
The Land Before Time - Petrie (1988)
Stanley and the Dinosaurs - (1989)
The Little Mermaid - Seahorse (1989)
Rock-a-Doodle - Stuey (1991)
Garfield and Friends (episode 88 Ghost of a Chance, as McKraven (or McCraven) The Ghost) (1992)
Thumbelina - Hero, Reverend Rat (1994)
A Troll in Central Park - Boss (1994)
The Pebble and the Penguin - Royal, Tika (1995)
Disney's House of Mouse - Willie the Giant (2001–2003)
Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) - Papa Bear
Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi (2004)
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse - Willie the Giant (2006–present)
Family Guy (episode Road to the North Pole, as Winnie The Pooh) (2010)
It's A Frame-Up! -
Shooster (2013)
Get a Horse! -
Peg-Leg Pete (2013)
Eugene Sings!
Goin' Quackers
Elmo Aardvark: Outer Space Detective!
Elmo Aardvark: Vintage Cartoon Sound Tracks
Elmo Aardvark: Classic Cartoon Soundtracks
Classic Songs for Leonard Reed's Shim Sham Shimmy
Adventures in Odyssey (Eugene Meltsner/Harlow Doyle)
Singers from Cleveland, Ohio
Animals who live under human control or care are in captivity.
Captivity can be used as a term meaning the keeping of either domesticated animals (livestock, pets) or wild animals.
This may include for example farms, private homes and zoos.
Sometimes humans take care of critically endangered animals and therefore these animals are in captivity.
Native Americans in the United States (also known as American Indians) are the indigenous peoples from the areas of North America now part of the continental United States, including parts of Alaska.
The Cherokee were the first Native Americans to be recognized as US citizens.
In the 19th century white colonists called the Cherokee one of the Five Civilized Tribes.
The others were Chicksaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole.
There are about 310 Indian reservations in the US.
Most Native Americans do not live on a reservation anymore.
Native Americans are affected by some problems more than White Americans.
For example Native Americans are six times more likely to suffer from alcoholism than average.
About 24% live in extreme poverty.
Native American and Native Alaskan women are more likely to be targets of sexual violence than other women.
Brian Cowen (born 10 January 1960) was the Taoiseach (prime minister) of the Republic of Ireland.
He became the taoiseach on 7 May 2008, after Bertie Ahern, he resigned after losing a general election on 9 March 2011.
He was the leader of a political party called Fianna Fáil.
They were in a coalition government with the Green Party and the Progressive Democrats.
Independent TDs (Irish members of parliament) also support his government.
Members of Dáil Éireann
A web chat is a chat system to exchange information via the Web.
People use a web browser to communicate with others.
Apart from the browser you do not need anything else, which makes a web chat easy to use and ideal for people not very experienced with computers.
The British Grand Prix is a grand prix motor race organised in Great Britain by the Royal Automobile Club.
First held in 1950 and after that every year since today.
Multiple winners (drivers)
Multiple winners (constructors)
A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.
Multiple winners (engine manufacturers)Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
* Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford
** Between 1999-2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes
A green background indicates an event which was part of the AIACR World Manufacturers' Championship.
The Ob is a river in Siberia.
Together with the Lena and the Jenissei, it is one of the most important rivers of Siberia.
Depending upon how its length is measured, it can be between 3.650 km and 6.210 km long.
Some important cities on the banks of the river include Novosibirsk (Russia's third largest city), Barnaul, Kolpashevo, Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk, Beryozovo, Labytnangi, and Salekhard.
The Irtysh is the Ob river's main tributary.
Other tributaries include the Omsk, Parabel, Chaya, Tobol and Ishim.
Deduction is one of the two main types of reasoning.
The other is induction.
In deduction, we apply a general rule to a particular case.
Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion must follow from a set of premises or hypotheses.
A deductive argument is valid if the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.
Therefore, Socrates is a mortal.
The first two statements are called "premises".
The last statement is called the "conclusion".
The conclusion is taken from the premises.
If the conclusion is wrong, then at least one of the premises is wrong
If one of the premises is wrong, the conclusion may also be wrong.
th:อีดักต์
Induction is one of the main forms of logical reasoning.
The other is deduction.
In induction, we find a general rule by using a large number of particular cases.
For example, watching water in many different situations, we can conclude that water always flows downhill.
Induction is not the method of science, but it can be the starting-point for science.
Everyone can see that the sun, moon and stars appear to move across the sky.
Early civilisations thought this meant they revolved around the Earth, because that is what they always seem to do.
We now know this is quite wrong, but discovering the real explanation was the start of modern science (see Copernicus, Galileo and heliocentrism).
What they did was to work out an alternative theory or hypothesis, which eventually was shown to be a much better explanation of all the observations.
That is real science, but the observations of the heavens, which started with the Babylonians, showed the regularity which needed to be explained.
What science did was to prove the obvious explanation was not the right one.
Another example is the work of Darwin, who spent half his life collecting interesting facts about animals and plants.
If he had stopped there, his name might not be known today.
What he did was suggest a way in which all these facts could be explained.
It was an hypothesis which could be, and was, tested in every way possible.
It is well known now that the theory of evolution by natural selection best explains the way the living world has come to be as we see it.
Again, real science was built on a collection of facts which needed an explanation.
The philosophy of science is about testing hypotheses, rather than collecting facts, though facts are the basis of all science.
Induction, the collecting of facts, is not by itself science.
The philosopher Hume said it meant “instances of which we have had no experience resemble those of which we have had experience”.
Later, John Stuart Mill raised the question “Why is a single instance, in some cases, sufficient for a complete induction, while in others [many examples] go such a little way towards establishing a universal proposition?”
Philosophers usually think the real issue is: what distinguishes good from bad inductions?
A way to say it is: "If all known As are B, then probably all As whatever are B".
Inductive reasoning allows for a false conclusion even if all the premises are true.
This is illustrated in the following example:
Humans exist.2.
Birds also exist.3.
Therefore, birds are human.
Vickers, John 2014.
The problem of induction.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Oklahoma Territory was an organized territory of the United States from May 2, 1890 until November 16, 1907, when Oklahoma became the 46th state.
It was made up of the western area of what is now the state of Oklahoma.
The eastern area consisted of the last remaining part of Indian Territory.
Lands that came to make up Oklahoma Territory
Old Oklahoma – April, 22, 1889 – opened by land run.
No Man's Land – May 2, 1890, assigned to Oklahoma Territory by Organic Act.
Iowa reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
Sac and Fox reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
Tonkawa reserve – 1891 – allotment.
Citizen Potawatomi and Absentee Shawnee reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
Cheyenne Arapaho reserve – April 19, 1892 – opened by land run.
Cherokee Outlet – September 17, 1893 – opened by land run.
Kickapoo reserve – May 4, 1896 – opened by land run.
Greer County – March 16, 1896 – officially assigned to Oklahoma Territory (Supreme Court decision May 23, 1895, separated the county from Texas).
Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache reserve – June 9 through August 6, 1901 – lottery.
Wichita and Caddo reserve – June 9 through August 6, 1901 – lottery.
Ponca and Otoe–Misouria reserve – 1904 – allotment.
Kaw reserve – 1906 – allotment.
Osage reserve – 1906 – allotment.
Big Pasture – December 1906 – sealed bid.
History of the State of Oklahoma, 1908
1907 disestablishments
1900s disestablishments in the United States
In everyday speech, the word "theory" is used as a "best guess".
In modern science, a scientific theory is a tested and expanded hypothesis that explains many experiments.
It fits ideas together in a framework.
If anyone finds a case where all or part of a scientific theory is false, then that theory is either changed or thrown out.
An example of a scientific theory that underwent many changes is the germ theory of disease.
In ancient times, people believed that diseases were caused by the gods, or by curses, or by improper behavior.
Germs (microorganisms) were unknown, because germs are too small to see.
With the invention of the microscope, germs were discovered, and the germ theory of disease was proposed.
Thanks to the germ theory of disease, many diseases can now be cured.
However, the germ theory of disease had to be modified, because some diseases are not caused by germs.
The flu and scurvy are examples of diseases that are not caused by bacteria, but viruses or poor nutrition.
Scientists modified the germ theory of disease, so that today we would state that theory as "Some diseases are caused by germs".
To be a scientific theory, a theory must be tested a large number of times, by different scientists in different places, and must pass the test every time.
The theory must be stated exactly, sometimes using mathematics.
And it must fit in with all of the other scientific theories.
Physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and astronomy are some of the major branches of science.
A scientific theory in one branch of science must hold true in all of the other branches of science.
For example, the atomic theory of matter, that all matter is made up of atoms, was discovered using physics, but the chemicals used in chemistry, the living tissue used in biology, the rocks studied in geology, and the planets studied in astronomy are all made up of atoms.
The atomic theory of matter holds in every area of science.
Sometimes scientists come up with a theory that is wrong.
The discovery of an exception to a scientific theory is a major event, and a scientist can become famous by discovering an exception to a rule.
Einstein became famous for his theory of relativity, which found an exception to Isaac Newton's laws of motion.
Newton's theory, which had been accepted for hundreds of years, had to be changed, and has been changed.
Here is a list of some of the major theories of modern science.
These theories have been tested thousands of times, and no exception has been found.
The atomic theory of matter: all matter is made up of atoms.
The law of conservation of mass and energy: in chemical and physical reactions, mass and energy stay the same, in atomic reactions, mass is changed to energy or energy to mass according to the formula E = mc2.
The cell theory of living things: all living things are made up of cells.
The tectonic theory of geology: the surface of the earth is composed of tectonic plates, which move slowly.
The periodic table of elements: atoms are distinguished by their atomic number and atomic weight, and can be arranged in a table which illustrates their properties.
The theory of relativity: scientific laws hold in different frames of reference.
Quantum theory: the smallest amount of energy is a "quantum unit", and all energy comes in multiples of this amount.
The theory of evolution: It explains how living things changed over a long time, and how they have come to be the way they are.
fr:Théorie#Sciences
pt:Teoria#Teoria Científica
Marin-Epagnier is a former municipality in the district of Neuchâtel in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel.
In 1888, the formerly independent municipality merged with Epagnier and Marin to form Marin-Epagnier.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Marin-Epagnier and Thielle-Wavre joined together and became the new municipality of La Tène.
The Iron Age archaeological site of La Tène is within Marin-Epagnier's communal boundaries. (
See also La Tène culture.)
La Tène is a village at the eastern end of the Lake Neuchâtel (Lac de Neuchâtel), a lake in Switzerland.
La Tène has a sandy beach, unique in Switzerland.
Former municipalities of Neuchâtel
2009 disestablishments in Europe
Magdalenenberg is the name for a tumulus grave.
It dates from the Iron Age.
It lies at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, in Germany.
The nobleman who is buried there was part of the Hallstatt culture.
With a volume of 33.000 cubic metres it is the biggest grave from that time in Central Europe.
In his first-hand account of the Gallic Wars (Commentarii de Bello Gallico), Julius Caesar observes that the Gallic people have a moon- based calendar, and that the big event for them was what astronomers now call the Lunar Standstill, which occurs every 18.6 years.
Lunar Standstills are marked in several ancient cultures (including sites in Colorado and Ohio), usually by standing stones that indicate the point where the moon seems to rise and set in the same place, instead of rising in one place and appearing to move across the sky to set in another.
Now a German scholar, Dr Allard Mees, a researcher at the Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz, has discovered evidence to back Caesar’s observation: a huge royal tomb that functions as a lunar calendar and that preserves a map of the sky at Midsummer 618 BC, the presumed date of the burial.
Dr Mees said that Magdalenenberg was ‘the earliest and most complete example of a Celtic calendar focused on the moon’, and that following Caesar’s conquest of Gaul, ‘Gallic culture was destroyed and these types of calendar were completely forgotten in Europe, to be replaced by the Roman sun-based calendar’.
Sacred Cenote (Well of Sacrifice) is a well known cenote at the Maya site of Chichen Itza.
One can access it by a 900 foot paved corridor that leads from the Great Plaza.
The Sacred Cenote was used for human sacrifices to the rain god Chaac in periods of drought.
Cenotes of Chichén Itzá
A cenote is a type of sinkhole that contains groundwater.
It is typical in the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula and some nearby Caribbean islands.
The term comes from a word used by the lowland Yucatec Maya to refer to any location where groundwater can be got at.
Definition and description
Cenotes are surface connections to underground water bodies.
While the most well-known cenotes are large open water pools measuring tens of metres in diameter, such as those at Chichén Itzá, most cenotes are smaller sheltered sites and do not necessarily have any surface exposed water.
The term cenote has also been used to describe similar karst  features in other countries such as Cuba and Australia, in addition to the more generic term of sinkholes.
Cenote water is often very clear, as the water comes from rain water infiltrating slowly through the ground.
The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow at velocities ranging from 1 to 1000 meters per year.
Cenotes around the world attract cave divers.
They have explored extensive flooded cave systems, some of which have been investigated for 100 kilometers or more.
Famous cenotes
Dos Ojos, near Tulum, Mexico
Dzibilchaltun, Yucatán, Mexico
Sacred Cenote, Chichen Itza, Mexico
Xtacunbilxunan, Bolonchen, Mexico
Zacatón, Tamaulipas, Mexico
Devil's Bath, northern Vancouver Island, Canada
Bottomless Lakes, near Roswell, New Mexico
Sistema Zacatón
Volcanic karstification of Sistema Zacaton, Mexico (Gary, Sharp, 2006)
Stages in the Formation of a Cenote
Doline, Sinkhole, Cenote
Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS)
Year 1999 Cenotes Conference in Perugia, Italy
Maps of Chicxulub and Ring of Cenotes
Monkton is an English village on the Canterbury-Ramsgate road.
It is at the southwestern edge of the Isle of Thanet, Kent near St Nicholas at Wade and Minster-in-Thanet.
The church there is dedicated to Mary Magdalene.
Inside the Church is a plaque, commemorating a local soldier, Euncie Rochelle, who died in the Iraq war.
Monkton is no longer thought of as a village in its own right and is usually assumed to be part of neighbouring village Minster-in-Thanet.
In the November of 2007, the village exploded, with the remains afterwards being burnt down, with firefighters attempting to put out the blaze, but having so few people and being so far away from any other main towns, the thirty firefighters were unable to reach it in time.
However, fortunately, all of Monkton's twenty people were evacuated into safety to nearby Minster.
However, Minster was reported to have complained about the overcrowding caused by this and threw out the newcomers, expecting them to go back to the destroyed settlement.
Unfortunately for the hamlet, Monkton's largest building, a single storey house, was also lost, and therefore it is thought to take a long time before the people of Monkton are able to resettle in a new place, or whether they will be able to reconstruct some of their old one.
Monkton
An electric chair is a specially built chair which is used to execute condemned criminals by electrocuting (giving them a strong electric shock) them.
This means that they are being killed as a punishment for a crime that they were accused of, usually murder.
An electric chair is a strong wooden chair which has electrodes (which are objects often made out of metal that conduct electricity) for running electric current through the convict's body.
One electrode is placed on the convict's head, and another is placed  on the convict's right shin.
When the switch is turned on, a 2,000 volt current goes through the convict.
The current is to stop the heartbeat, cause unconsciousness, and cause death.
Sometimes, the chair was made from the wood of the gallows which it replaced.
The electric chair is sometimes used as the very symbol of death penalty.
It is also a part of Americana (that is: cultural symbols of USA) and the electric chairs of many states have ironic nicknames like Old Sparky, Yellow Mama, Gruesome Gertie, Sizzling Sally or Hot Seat.
The execution itself is sometimes called "riding the lightning".
History of the electric chair
The electric chair was designed by Dr. Alfred Southwick, and first built by Harold Brown in 1888.
Dr. Southwick had seen a drunk man falling in a generator and dying immediately from electric shock.
There had been a very gruesome hanging in New York in 1886 that did not go right.
The drop had been too long and the convict's head was torn off.
Many people wanted a less cruel method of execution.
The state of New York chose the electric chair.
This execution method has been used only in the United States and, for several decades, in the Philippines (its first use there in 1924, last in 1976).
The electric chair has become a symbol of the death penalty, and a part of American folklore.
However, it is becoming replaced as a method of executing criminals in the United States by lethal injection.
Altogether, 25 US states and the US federal government have used the electric chair.
The decline of the electric chair
Death in the electric chair is usually quick as the convict dies from electric shock which stops the heart.
However, if something goes wrong, the death is more like frying the convict alive.
The electric chair has been declared as a cruel and unusual punishment in many states and is no longer used in most states.
In fact, there are no longer any states that use the electric chair as its main way of executing criminals.
All states that use the death penalty use lethal injection as its main way of executing criminals now.
So far, the latest person executed in an electric chair has been Lee Hall aka.
Leroy Hall Jr. a man who killed his ex girlfriend, Traci Crosier, in 1991.
He was executed in Tennessee at the Riverbend Maximum Security Prison on December 5, 2019.
Lee chose the electric chair over lethal injection believing that electrocution would be a faster and less painful death.
The Santiago Bernabéu Stadium is a football stadium in Madrid, Spain.
It is the second largest stadium in Spain after the Camp Nou.
It has a capacity for 81,044 people.
The stadium is called Estadio Santiago Bernabéu in Spanish.
The stadium was built at the same site of Campo de Chamartín.
Construction began in 1945.
On December 14, 1947, the stadium officially opened.
The first match was against Portuguese champions Os Belenenses (3-1).
At that time, the stadium consisted of two uncovered tiers that could hold about 75,000 spectators.
Capacity was further increased to 125,000 in 1954, when one of the long sides got expanded with a third tier.
The Bernabéu was together with the Camp Nou as the playing venue of the UEFA 1964 European Nations' Cup, hosting one of the two semi-finals and the final between Spain and the Soviet Union (2-1).
Towards the end of the 1970s, the stadium had already started to age.
Club officials started making plans to build a new stadium in the north of the city.
However, with the coming of the 1982 World Cup it was instead decided to renovate the Bernabéu.
The renovation included the construction of a roof over the three two-tiered stands and the installation of seats in half of the stadium.
As a result, capacity was reduced to 90,800.
During the 1982 FIFA World Cup, the Santiago Bernabéu hosted three matches in the second group stage and the final between Italy and West Germany (3-1).
In the 1990s, UEFA required the stadium to become an all-seater, which would have reduced capacity to 50,000 seats.
The club president therefore started a redevelopment program.
The changes included extending the third tier over the entire stadium, the creation of corporate facilities, and four access towers in each corner of the stadium.
Works started in 1992 and were completed two years later.
The stadium was further refurbished and upgraded between 2001 and 2006.
Works most of all focused on improving corporate facilities.
Construction was concluded in 2006 with the construction of a roof over the one remaining uncovered stand.
The expansion design was done by Madrid-based architect Antonio Lamela.
Additional improvements, such as a retractable roof, were delayed due to financial reasons.
In 2013 club president Florentino Pérez announced Real was seeking to sell the naming rights for its stadium.
In 2014 German architects GMP revealed a plan for the improvements.
A sponsorship agreement was finally made with IPIC.
Football stadiums in Spain
1940s establishments in Spain
Electrocution or electric shock is when electricity passes through something living.
It happens when the human body gets in contact with electric current.
The word "electrocution" originated as a portmanteau between electricity and execution, referring to those executed by electric chair, but has evolved to describe any fatal encounter with electricity.
Nonfatal encounters are called electric shocks, or simply a "shock".
The human body is affected by electric current (measured in Amperes).
If the electric current is strong, it can stop heartbeat and cause death.
High current can cause severe burns and even fry the victim alive.
In order for current to flow through a body you need a sufficiently high voltage, typically more than 50 volts AC, and the voltage generator must be able to supply enough current.
Super high voltages, such as from a small Tesla coil, supply such a small amount of current that a person feels just a tickle.
A large Tesla coil can burn and kill.
Safety devices like a GFCI or RCD try to protect humans from any current greater than 5 to 30 mA  (0.005 to 0.03 Amps).
Human muscles are paralyzed -- you cannot move an affected arm or leg -- at currents from 10 to 20 mA; as a result a victim may be unable to let go of a wire that is shocking him.
At around 20 mA breathing is difficult.
At about 75mA breathing stops.
At 100 mA the heart fibrillates -- death is quick.
At 200 mA you get severe musculature contractions and burning.
Stora Enso is a Finnish-Swedish cellulose and paper making corporation.
It is the one of the largest paper making firms in the world.
It was formed by the merger of Swedish mining and forestry products company Stora and Finnish forestry products company Enso-Gutzeit Oy in 1998.
Its head office is in Helsinki, and it has some 46,000 employees.
In 2002 it was the fifth largest pulp and paper maker in money income and in 2005 it was the world's largest pulp and paper manufacturer in terms of tonnes.
The Finnish State is the biggest owner in the company.
The Stora corporation originally began as a copper mine (whole name Stora Kopparbergs Bergslag (Big Copper Mountain's Mining Works)).
It was founded in 1288 and it is the oldest corporation in the world.
It later became also a paper and cellulose maker.
Enso-Gutzeit was founded by Mr. Hans Gutzeit in a small town called Enso in Finland.
It was founded in 19th century.
Both companies were the largest paper and cellulose makers of both countries.
It is the second largest corporation in Scandinavia after Nokia.
A SpeechWeb is a collection of SpeechWeb applications.
The collection or web of applications can be navigated using a SpeechWeb browser.
Providing end users with voice only interfaces to remote applications.
Providing software developers with a framework to build their user interfaces with.
A SpeechWeb browser is a document or program allowing a human user to interact with a SpeechWeb application.
A SpeechWeb browser can be implemented in X+V, VoiceXML, or others.
An example browser using X+V is available here .
A SpeechWeb application is an application that provides a special interface.
The basic idea is that not much more than natural language is used to communicate with the applications.
SpeechWeb applications also need to describe the possible input texts by publishing a  JSGF grammar.
MySpeechWeb
Browser for the Public Domain SpeechWeb
Tikal (or Tik’al, according to modern orthography) is the largest of the ancient ruined cities of the Maya civilization.
It lies in modern day Guatemala at .
Now it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and a popular tourist spot.
Tikal was one of the major cultural and population centers of the Maya civilization.
The oldest monumental architecture at the site dates to the 4th century BC.
The best time of Tikal was during the Classic Period, from 200 AD to 900 AD.
In this period, Tikal was in charge of the Maya region politically, economically, and militarily.
This is because it was linked with areas throughout Mesoamerica, such as central Mexican, the center of Teotihuacan.
After the end of the Late Classic Period, no new major monuments were built.
Some palaces were burned and the population declined.
The site was abandoned by the end of the 10th century.
Site characteristics
The ruins are on lowland rainforest, but Tikal had no water other than what was collected from rainwater and stored underground.
Archaeologists working in Tikal during the last century used the underground facilities to store water for their own use.
The absence of springs, rivers, and lakes nearby is unusual for a major city.
However, Tikal did well with  agricultural techniques.
These were more advanced than the slash & burn methods originally theorized by archeologists.
The reliance on seasonal rainfall made Tikal open to drought.
This is now thought to play a major part in the Classic Maya Collapse.
Late Preclassic
Yax Ehb' Xook – ca.
A.D. 60, dynastic founder
Siyaj Chan K'awil Chak Ich'aak ("Stormy Sky I") – ca.
Yax Ch’aktel Xok – ca.
Early Classic
Balam Ajaw ("Decorated Jaguar") – A.D. 292
K'inich Ehb' – ca.
A.D. 300
Ix Une' B'alam ("Queen Jaguar") – A.D. 317
"Leyden Plate Ruler" – A.D. 320
K'inich Muwaan Jol – died A.D. 359
Chak Tok Ich'aak I ("Jaguar Paw I") – c.a.
360-378.
His palace, unusually, was never built over by later rulers, and was kept in repair for centuries as an apparent revered monument.
He died on the same day that Siyah K'ak' arrived in Tikal, probably executed by the Teotihuacano conquerors.
Nun Yax Ayin – A.D. 370-411.
Nun Yax Ayin was a noble from Teotihuacan who was installed on Tikal's throne in 379 by Siyaj K'ak'.
Siyaj Chan K'awiil II ("Stormy Sky II") – A.D. 411-456.
K'an-Ak ("Kan Boar") – A.D. 458-486.
Ma'Kin-na Chan – ca.
late 5th century.
Chak Tok Ich'aak (Bahlum Paw Skull) – A.D. 486-508.
Married to "Lady Hand"
Ix Kalo'mte' Ix Yo K'in ("Lady of Tikal") – A.D. 511-527.
Co-ruled with Kaloomte' B'alam, possibly as consort.
Kaloomte' B'alam ("Curl-Head" and "19th Lord") – A.D. 511-527.
Co-ruled with Ix Kalo'mte' Ix Yo K'in ("Lady of Tikal"), as regent.
"Bird Claw" ("Animal Skull I", "Ete I") – ca.
A.D. 527–537.
Wak Chan K'awiil ("Double-Bird") – A.D. 537-562.
Capture and possible sacrifice by Caracol.
"Lizard Head II" – Unknown, lost a battle with Caracol in A.D. 562.
K'inich Waaw – A.D. 593-628.
K'inich Wayaan – ca.
early/mid 7th century.
K'inich Muwaan Jol II – ca.
Late Classic
Jasaw Chan K'awiil I (a.k.a.
Ruler A or Ah Cacao) – A.D. 682-734.
Entombed in Temple I.  His queen Lady Twelve Macaw (died A.D. 704) is entombed in Temple II.
Triumphed in war with Calakmul in A.D. 711.
Yik'in Chan K'awiil (a.k.a.
Ruler B) – A.D. 734-766.
His wife was Shana'Kin Yaxchel Pacal "Green Jay on the Wall" of Lakamha.
It is unknown exactly where is tomb lies, but strong archaeological parallels between Burial 116 (the resting place of his father) and Burial 196, located in the diminutive pyramid immediately south of Temple II and referred to as Str.
5D-73, suggest the latter may be the tomb of Yik’in Chan Kawil (Sharer 1994:169).
Other possible locations, and likely candidates as mortuary shrines, include Temples IV and VI.
"Temple VI Ruler" – A.D. 766-768
Yax Nuun Ayiin II ("Chitam") – A.D. 768-790
Chitam II ("Dark Sun") – Buried ca.
A.D. 810 Buried in Temple III
"Jewel K'awil" – A.D. 849
Jasaw Chan K'awiil II – A.D. 869-889
Tikal National Park
Tikal Digital Media Archive  (creative commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), focused in the area around the Great Plaza and  Temple IV with data from a UC Berkeley/CyArk research partnership
Park description and photo gallery
History of Rediscovery and Archaeological Work at Tikal at Mesoweb
Tikal UNESCO Designation
The general ability to stop something from happening (Ex.
resistance to water means that the object can avoid being hurt by water)
Resistance, an ability to reject infection
Electrical resistance, the repulsion of a current in a circuit
A struggle against an oppressive government.
See also Rebellion
The Resistance was a fictional military set up by Princess Leia Organa to combat the growing threat of the First Order in the Star Wars universe.
The bard probably belonged to a social class in Celtic Europe.
Bards were poets or singers and were most likely were in the service of Celtic nobility.
They were probably employed to tell about how good their master (the nobleman) was or to sing about what he did.
Today, it is not quite clear what the difference was from a druid.
Early Roman scolars used the word vates to refer to all of them, which has been translated as "prophet" or "soothsayer".
It is also a common school in the North East Pacific West.
Well known bards
Taliesin, lived in the 7th century, wrote the Book of Taliesin
Aneirin, a late 6th century Brythonic poet who wrote the Book of Aneirin.
Dafydd ap Gwilym, a 14th-century Welsh poet, generally regarded as the greatest Welsh poet of all time.
Iolo Morganwg, an 18th-century Welsh rogue and bard, famous for his forgeries and lies.
Iolo Goch, a 14th-century Welsh poet and bard, famous for several surviving works, especially 'The Labourer'.
An arithmetic operation:
A planned military engagement, such as a battle
A business or franchise
A mausoleum is a building used to store the remains of people who have died.
Instead of being buried in soil, like in a cemetery, they are placed in chambers behind walls, or in a vault under the floor.
The word came from the name of an ancient king.
Lenin's Mausoleum
Soviet leader Lenin is a mausoleum.
In 1953, Joseph Stalin was buried next to him but his body was removed during destalinization.
Sun Yat-sen's Tomb in Nanjing, China
The Great Pyramids
Possibly among the earliest traces of art are Venus figurines.
These are figurines that show women.
Most often the women are shown as being pregnant, with breasts well visible.
The figurines occur from Western Europeto Siberia.
Most are about 30.000 years old; Two figurimes have been found that are much older, the Venus of Tan-Tan has been dated to 500.000 to 300.000 years ago.
It was found in Morocco.
The Venus of Berekhat Ram was found on the Golan Heights.
It has been dated to 300.000 to 200.000 years ago.
It may be the earliest thing that shows the human form.
Different kind of stone, bones and ivory were used to make the figurines.
Some are also made of clay which was then burned in a fire.
This is one of the earliest known traces of the use of ceramics.
Today it is not known what the figurines meant for the people who made them.
There are two basic interpretations:
They may be representations of human fertility, or they may have been made to increase it.
The two figurines that are older may have mostly formed by natural processes.
It contained traces of Iron and Manganese.
The figurine of Berekhat Ram  shows traces that someone worked on it with a tool.
A study done in 1997 states that this could not have been done by nature alone
The Venus of Tan-Tan is a venus figurine.
It has been dated to be between 300.000 and 500.000 years old.
Unlike the other venus figurines, it appears neither male nor female.
The Venus of Berekhat Ram is a stone that was found on the Golan Heights in 1981.
Scientists have proposed to classify it as a Venus figurine, because there are traces it was worked on with a stone tool.
The things that have been worked can clearly be told apart from the natural stone.
It is therefore agreed that the pebble has been modified by human action, even though it bears little resemblance to the much later "Venus figurines" of about 30.000 years ago.
This is a list of Baptists.
Preachers, theologians, and missionaries
Chambers, Oswald, converted to Christianity under C. H. Spurgeon
Colson, Chuck, former top aide to President Richard Nixon
Falwell, Jerry, televangelist, founder of the Moral Majority
Graham, Billy
Ham, Mordecai, tent revivalist who preached the sermon where Billy Graham was converted to Christianity
Hyles, Jack, controversial pastor and leader of the Independent Baptist movement
King, Dr. Martin Luther (Jr.), Civil rights leader, Nobel Peace Prize recipient
MacArthur, John (Jr.), pastor and theologian
Rogers, Adrian, televangelical
Spurgeon, C. H., British pastor, known as "The Prince of Preachers"
Stanley, Charles, televangelist founder of In Touch Ministries
Carter, Jimmy, Nobel Peace Prize recipient;  39th President of the United States
Huckabee, Mike, (R) former governor of Arkansas and 2008 Presidential candidate
Lincoln, Abraham, 16th President of the United States.
Lincoln was raised in the Regular Baptist church, but did not practice any organized religion as an adult.
McCain, John, United States Senator (R) Arizona, Presidential candidate
Rockefeller, Nelson, U.S. Vice-President under Gerald Ford (1974-77)
Aiken, Clay, country music singer
Campbell, Glen, country music singer
Cash, Johnny, country music singer
Costner, Kevin, actor
Davis, Bette, actress and former Baptist
Holly, Buddy, rock 'n' roll singer
Murphy, Eddie
Norris, Chuck, actor
Other Baptists
Brown, Jim, former fullback for the Cleveland Browns
Mutombo, Dikembe, center for the Houston Rockets
Johnson, Zach, professional golfer, winner of the 2007 Masters Tournament
White, Reggie, professional football defensive end; member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame
Jesse James, an American outlaw, son of a Baptist minister
Rockefeller, John D, twentieth century oil tycoon
Bunyan, John, author of Pilgrim's Progress
Grisham, John, bestselling author of The Firm, A Painted House and Skipping Christmas.
LaHaye, Tim, co-author of the bestselling Left Behind series
Christian Hall of Fame
Famous Baptists
Joy as a surname
Alfred Harrison Joy, American astronomer (d. 1973)
Bernard Joy, English footballer (d.1984)
Bill Joy, Computer Pioneer (William Joy)
Brian Joy, a former English footballer
C. Turner Joy, an admiral of the United States Navy (d. 1956)
Charles Frederick Joy, U.S. politician from Missouri (d. 1921)
George William Joy, an Irish illustrator (d.1925)
Greg Joy, a Canadian Olympic athlete
Henry Bourne Joy, automobile businessman (d. 1936)
Ian Joy, an American soccer player
Joseph Francis Joy, American inventor and founder of Joy Mining Machinery (d.1957)
Leatrice Joy, an American silent film actress (d. 1985)
Mary E. Joy, a British author and journalist (d. 1898)
Mike Joy, a TV sports announcer currently with NASCAR and FOX Sports
Norman H. Joy, British coleopterist noted for his work Practical Handbook of British Beetles (d. 1953)
Prosenjit Joy, a cricketer from Bangladesh
Rick Joy, an American architect
Robert Joy, Canadian character actor
Joy as a given name
Joy Behar, American comedian, TV host of The View, and actress
Joy Davidman, American writer and wife of C. S. Lewis (d. 1960)
Joy Destiny Tobing, winner of the first Indonesian Idol
Joy Enriquez, American singer who had success in the early 2000s
Joy Fawcett, an American soccer player
Joy Garnett, a New York artist
Joy Giovanni, WWE diva
Joy Grieveson (Elizabeth Grieveson), British track and field athlete
Joy Harjo, an American poet
Joy Kogawa, a Canadian poet and novelist
Joy Lauren, an American actress
Joy Mustafi, Computer Scientist, India, Indian Statistical Institute
Joy Ogwu, a Nigerian foreign minister
Joy Padgett, a Republican member of the Ohio Senate
Joy Quigley, a New Zealand politician
Joy Smith, a Canadian politician
Joy Turner, a fictional character on the US sitcom My Name is Earl, played by Jaime Pressly
Joy Williams, Christian singer
Judy-Joy Davies, an Australian backstroke swimmer of the 1940s
Joy Chang, a student
Joy Serg, "Embargo" guild member
Joy (novel), a 1990 novel by Marsha Hunt
Joy (novels), series of erotic novels by Joy Laurey
"Ode to Joy" ("An die Freude" in German), an ode written in 1785 by the German poet and historian Friedrich Schiller
Surprised by Joy, an autobiographical work by C. S. Lewis
The Joy of Sex, an illustrated sex manual by Alex Comfort, M.D., Ph.D.
The fourth and final movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, also called "Ode to Joy"; inspired by the poem of Schiller
Joy to the World (disambiguation), the title of a Christmas carol and several other songs
Joy (album), the final album by The Skids
Joy (EP), a three-song EP by American punk band the Minutemen
Joy (The Stalin), the first album by Japanese punk rock band The Stalin
Joy (Avalon album), a holiday album by Avalon
Joy (Paul King album), the one solo album by Paul King
"Joy", a single by experimental group Psychic TV
Joy and Joy, a single and album by Japanese singer Yuki Isoya
"Joy", a song by Against Me!
from their album Searching for a Former Clarity
"Joy", a song by Lucinda Williams on her album Car Wheels on a Gravel Road
"Joy", a song by François Feldman on his album Indigo
"Joy", a song by VNV Nation on their album Praise the Fallen
"Joy", a song by Mick Jagger on his album Goddess in the Doorway
"A Joy", a song by Four Tet on his album Everything Ecstatic
"Joy", an Italo Disco Austrian band, well known for their hit Touch By Touch (1985)
Joy Division, a band from the United Kingdom
Joy Electric, a one-man electropop/synth-pop/Christian group consisting of Ronnie Martin
Joy Records, a record label
Joy as place name
Joy, Illinois, a village in the United States
Joys Green, a village in Gloucestershire, England
Joy Range, a mountain range on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada
Port La-Joye / Fort Amherst, French for "Port of Joy", located in central Prince Edward Island, Canada
Several places called Mount Joy
Joy Buzzer, a practical joke device
Joy (programming language), a concatenative functional language
Joy Melbourne, a radio station in Melbourne, Australia
Joy dishwashing liquid, a brand name of detergent products produced by Procter & Gamble
The Joy of Painting, a television program hosted by Bob Ross
Joystick, a computer game control device
Nurse Joy, a set of similar looking characters from the fictional Pokémon franchise that operate the Pokémon Centers.
USS Daniel A Joy (DE 585), a rudderow class destroyer
USS Turner Joy (DD-951), a US Navy destroyer named after C. Turner Joy (above)
Grace (given name), a feminine name
Grace (prayer), said before or after a meal
Grace (plotting tool), software
Grace (photograph), the Minnesota state photograph
"Grace" (short story), by James Joyce
Grace (style), a form of address
"Grace" (Stargate SG-1), a television series episode
Hyundai Grace, a minivan built by Hyundai Motor Company
Grace Choi a character in the fictional DC Universe
Grace (album) (1994), by Jeff Buckley
Grace (band), a 1990s dance music group
Grace (Simon Webbe album), by Simon Webbe
"Grace" (Jeff Buckley song), a 1994 song by Jeff Buckley
"Grace" (U2 song), a 2000 song by U2
"Grace" (Supergrass song), a 2002 song by Supergrass
"Grace" (Simon Webbe song), a 2007 song by Simon Webbe
"The Grace" (song), a 2005 song by Canadian band Neverending White Lights
Divine grace, unearned favors received from God.
Prevenient grace, an Augustine Christian theological concept
Irresistible grace, a Calvinistic Christian theological concept
Actual grace, a Catholic theological concept.
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
One of the Charites
People with the surname Grace
John Hilton Grace, a British mathematician
Mark Grace, baseball player
Mike Grace, baseball player
Topher Grace, an American actor
William Gilbert Grace, an English cricket player
William Russell Grace, founder of W. R. Grace and Company
Helen Grace, British actress
Jared Grace, Spiderwick Chronicles character
Simon Grace, Spiderwick Chronicles character
Mallory Grace, Spiderwick Chronicles character
Helen Grace, Spiderwick Chronicles character
"Grace Kelly" (song)
"Grace Under Pressure" (Stargate Atlantis)
Le Bénédicité ("Grace") a painting by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
Chattanooga is the fourth-largest city in Tennessee, a state in the United States of America.
Cities larger than it are Memphis - the largest; Nashville - the capital of the state; and Knoxville.
Chattanooga is in the southeast of Tennessee.
The United States Census Bureau say that the city has a total area of 143.2 square miles (370.8 km²).
This is made up of 135.2 square miles (350.2 km²) of land, and 8.0 square miles (20.6 km²) of water (5.56% of the total area).
The most well known natural feature near Chattanooga is the Tennessee River and the surrounding highlands.
The city is between the southwestern Ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the foot of Walden's Ridge.
City of Chattanooga
Greenville is a city in South Carolina, United States.
Bob Jones University is in Greenville.
Greenville is in the Blue Ridge region of the state and is the county seat of Greenville County.
As of 2010, it had an urban population of 400,492.
Greenville website
19th-century establishments in South Carolina
"Jon Edwards" redirects here.
You may be looking for John Edwards.
Jonathan Edwards (theologian) (1703–1758), an American jalen and theologian and president of Princeton University
Jonathan Edwards (athlete) (born 1966), a British triple jumper and world record holder
Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a colonial American preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans.
He was one of the most important people in the Great Awakening, a religious movement in the United States.
He preached a sermon called "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God".
Prostate cancer is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.
It is often treated with prostatectomy, radiotherapy, or hormonal therapy.
Aggressive prostate cancer is now known to have a genetic basis.
Men with gene BRCA2 are more likely to get the cancer, and more likely it will be in its most aggressive form.
Johnny Reid "John" Edwards (born June 10, 1953) is an American politician.
He served one term as U.S. Senator from North Carolina.
Johnny Edward was born at Prisma Health Oconee Memorial Hospital in Seneca, South Carolina, He was son of Wallace Edwards and Catharine Edwards, He studied Clemson University and North Carolina State University,  He was graduated in Bachelor's degree of textile technology in 1974, After that He was graduated in Doctor of Law at University of North Carolina School of Law .
Before his time in the Senate, he was a lawyer.
He argued and won several big cases about doctors who gave bad care and caused harm to patients.
He also won lawsuits for people who had been injured by negligence of businesses or by using their products.
His best known case was for a Cary, North Carolina three year old girl.
She was badly injured by being sucked into an open drain in a swimming pool playpool for toddlers.
Her family won enough money from the drain company to pay for her medical care for the rest of her life.
Edwards served for one term in the United States Senate from 1999 to 2005, serving his state of North Carolina.
He decided not to run for re-election as he was running for president, and later vice-president, in the 2004 election cycle.
He ran for President of the United States twice, in 2004 and 2008, but was defeated by John Kerry and Barack Obama in the Primaries.
He was later chosen to be the Democratic candidate for Vice-President in 2004 on the Kerry ticket, but he was defeated by incumbent Vice-President Dick Cheney.
In 2008, he admitted to having an affair while his wife, Elizabeth was dying.
John Edwards for President official campaign website
Politicians from Raleigh, North Carolina
United States senators from North Carolina
Businesspeople from South Carolina
Lawyers from South Carolina
The Fuller Theological Seminary is in Pasadena, California.
It is one of North America's largest seminaries.
The Seminary has over 4,300 students from over 67 countries and 108 denominations.
Seminaries
In Western Christian theology, a Bachelor of Divinity (BD or BDiv) is usually an undergraduate academic degree given for courses taken in the study of divinity.
At some institutions, the BD is a higher degree than the Bachelor of Arts.
Freespire is a Linux distribution made with parts from Ubuntu.