the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The rebels and King Henry III of England agree to peace as was asked for in the Dictum of Kenilworth.
Political places
1260 – The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg.
This is the end of the first Saxon state.
1261 – The persons of Greenland accept the overlordship of the King of Norway.
1262 – Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.
1262 – The Icelandic Commonwealth enters into a treaty joining them with Norway and accept the Norwegian King Haakon IV as the person in control.
1264 – The state of Hesse becomes independent from Thuringia.
It is then free state of the Holy Roman Empire.
1265 – The Isle of Man is controlled by Scotland for ten years.
1267 – Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople gives the Principality of Achaea to King Charles I of Sicily as a gift in the Treaty of Viterbo.
He hopes his gift will make Charles help him return the Latin Empire to how it was before.
1268 – The county of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the margrave of Brandenburg.
1264 – Pope Clement V (d. 1314)
1265 – May 14 – Dante Alighieri an Italian poet (d. 1321)
1263 – November 14 – Alexander Nevsky the Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
1264 – October 2 – Pope Urban IV
1265 – February 8 – Hulagu Khan the Mongol khan (b. 1217)
1265 – August 4 – Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
1266 – Berke the khan of the Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire
1266 – Birger Jarl the Swedish regent and person who started Stockholm
1268 – October 29 – Conradin the duke of Swabia and King of Jerusalem and Sicily (b. 1252)
Dessau is a town in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany.
The next larger cities are Halle (Saale), about 40 km southwest, Leipzig, about 52 km south and Magdeburg, about 54 km northwest.
The city became well known for its college of architecture Bauhaus (Architecture House or Building House related to the German verb for "build") founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar.
In July 2007 it was merged with Roßlau to the new city of Dessau-Roßlau.
Weißenfels was the capital city of the old Weißenfels Rural District in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, until the district changes of 2007.
The King of Saxony used to live here.
It is about 30 km southwest of Leipzig.
Data source from 1990: Statistic national office Saxony-Anhalt
1 29.
2 31.
3 03.
Burgenlandkreis Rural District
The United States Constitution is the highest law of the United States of America.
It was signed on September 17, 1787 by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Later, it was put into effect, or ratified, by representatives of the people of the first 13 states.
When nine of the states ratified the document, they created a union of sovereign states, and a federal government for that union.
That government started on March 4, 1789, which took the place of the Articles of Confederation.
Since 1787, changes have been made to the United States Constitution 27 times by amendments (changes).
The first ten of these amendments are together called the Bill of Rights.
Articles of the Constitution
The Preamble is not a law.
It gives the reasons for writing the Constitution.
The Preamble is one of the best-known parts of the Constitution.
The first three words, "We the people," are used very often.
The six intentions that are listed are the goals of the Constitution.
Article One says that the United States Congress (the legislative branch) will make the laws for the United States.
Congress has two parts, called "Houses": the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate.
This Article says who can be elected to each part of Congress, and how they are elected.
The House of Representatives has members elected by the people in each State.
The number of members from each State depends on how many people live there.
Each member of the House of Representatives is elected for two years.
The Senate has two members, called the legislators, from each state, no matter how many people live there.
Each Senator is elected for six years.
The original Constitution allowed the state legislatures to choose the Senators, but this was changed later by the Seventeenth Amendment.
Article One also says how the Congress will do its business and what kinds of laws it can make.
It lists some kinds of laws the Congress and the states cannot make.
Article Two says that the President, Vice President, and executive offices (the executive branch) will carry out the laws made by Congress.
This article says how the President and Vice President are elected, and who can be elected to these offices.
The President and Vice President are elected for four years by a special Electoral College chosen by the states.
The Vice President takes over as President if the President dies, resigns, or is unable to serve.
Article Two also says that the President is the Commander-in-Chief in charge of the United States military.
He can make treaties with other countries, but these must be approved by two-thirds of the Senate.
He appoints judges, ambassadors, and other officers, but the Senate also must approve these appointments.
The President can also veto bills.
However, Congress can override the veto and make the bill into a law anyway.
Article Three says there will be a court system (the judicial branch), which includes the Supreme Court.
The Article says that Congress can decide which federal courts, besides the Supreme Court, are needed.
Article Three says what kinds of "cases and controversies" these courts can decide.
It also requires trial by jury in all criminal cases, and defines the crime of treason.
States' powers and limits
Article Four is about the states.
It says that all states must give "full faith and credit" to the laws of the other states.
It also says that state governments must treat citizens of other states as fairly as they treat their own citizens, and must send arrested people back if they have been charged with a crime in another state and fled.
Article Four also says that Congress can make new states.
There were only 13 states in 1787.
Now there are 50 United States.
It says Congress can make rules for Federal property and can govern territories that have not yet been made into states.
Article Four says the United States must make sure that each state has a republican form of government, and protect the states from invasion and violence.
Process of amendment
Congress can write a change, if two-thirds of the members in each House agree.
The state governments can call a convention to write changes, although this has NOT happened since 1787.
Any change that is written by Congress or by a convention must be sent to the state legislatures or to state conventions for their approval.
Congress decides whether to send a change to the legislatures or to conventions.
Three-fourths of the states must approve a change for it to become part of the Constitution.
Federal power
Article Six says that the Constitution, and the laws and treaties of the United States, are higher than any other laws.
It also says that all federal and state officers must swear to "support" the Constitution.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights.
They were argued over during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, but it wasn't until 1791 that they were ratified by two-thirds of the states.
These ten additions or changes all limited the power of the federal government.
Later Amendments
Massachusetts Body of Liberties
English Bill of Rights
Related Authors
Bailyn, Bernard, ed.
The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification.
Part One: September 1787 to February 1788 (The Library of America, 1993)
Part Two: January to August 1788 (The Library of America, 1993)
excerpt from (to be published) Constitutional Law for Enlightened Citizens.
Finkelman, Paul "Affirmative Action for the Master Class: The Creation of the Proslavery Constitution," University of Akron Law Review 32 (No.
3, 1999): 423-70.
Finkelman, Paul Slavery and the Founders: Race and Slavery in the Age of Jefferson (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996);
Finkelman, Paul "Slavery and the Constitution: Making a Covenant with Death," in Richard R. Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward C., Carter, II, eds.,
Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987);
Marshall, Thurgood, "The Constitution: A Living Document," Howard Law Journal 1987: 623-28.
Wiecek, William M., "The Witch at the Christening: Slavery and the Constitution's Origins," Leonard W. Levy and Dennis J. Mahoney, eds.,
The Framing and Ratification of the Constitution (New York: Macmillan, 1987), 178-84.
Wiecek, William M., "'The Blessings of Liberty': Slavery in the American Constitutional Order," in Robert A. Goldman and Art Kaufman, eds.,
Slavery and Its Consequences: The Constitution, Equality, and Race (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1988), 23-34.
The National Archives Experience — Constitution of the United States
The National Archives Experience — High Resolution Downloads of the Charters of Freedom
Full text of U.S. Constitution
Full text of The Bill of Rights
Full text of the amendments
Official U.S. government sources
Analysis and Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States : Annotated constitution, with descriptions of important cases (official publication of U.S. Senate)
United States Constitution and related resources: Library of Congress
CIA World Fact Book
Non-government web sites
US Constitution in basic English
US Law Dictionary
Audio version of US Constitution: free mp3 download
The Constitution Society:  Research and public education on the principles of constitutional republican government
Text of the constitution
Law about...the Constitution: An overview of constitutional law from the Legal Information Institute
The U.S. Constitution Online: Full text of Constitution, with some history and annotation
The U.S. Constitution Online: Record of ratifications by states
National Constitution Center in Philadelphia: Museum and education center
Education on the U.S. Constitution.
ERIC Digest No.
39.:
Study on the treatment of the Constitution in public education
Free audiobook from librivox.org
Annotated Constitution by the Congressional Research Service of the U.S. Library of Congress(hyperlinked version published by LII)
Audio narration (mp3) of The United States Constitution  at Americana Phonic
Free typeset PDF ebook of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, optimized for printing
Activist/advocacy web sites
SmallGovTimes.com: Site advocating small government and strict constitutional construction
Thirty-Thousand.org: Site advocating an increase in the size of the House of Representatives.
Krusch, Barry (2003).
Would The Real First Amendment Please Stand Up?
Online book arguing that the Supreme Court's interpretation of the First Amendment has created a “virtual First Amendment" that is radically different from the true amendment.
Space-time is a mathematical model that joins space and time into a single idea called a continuum.
This four-dimensional continuum is known as Minkowski space.
But in a relativistic universe, time cannot be separated from the three dimensions of space.
This is because the observed rate at which time passes depends on an object's velocity relative to the observer.
Also, the strength of any gravitational field slows the passage of time for an object as seen by an observer outside the field.
Further aspects
Wherever matter exists, it bends the geometry of spacetime.
This results in a curved shape of space-time which can be understood as gravity.
The white lines on the picture on the right represent the effect of mass on space-time.
In classical mechanics, the use of spacetime is optional, as time is independent of motion in the three dimensions of Euclidean space.
However, when a body is moving at speeds close to the speed of light (relativistic speeds), time cannot be separated from the three dimensions of space.
Time, from the point of view of a stationary observer, depends on how close to the speed of light the object is moving.
Many people link space-time with Albert Einstein, who proposed special relativity in 1905.
However, it was Einstein's teacher, Hermann Minkowski, who suggested space-time, in a 1908 essay.
His concept of Minkowski space is the earliest treatment of space and time as two aspects of a unified whole, which is the essence of special relativity.
He hoped this new idea would clarify the theory of special relativity.
Minkowski spacetime is only accurate at describing constant velocity.
It was Einstein, though, who discovered the curvature of space-time (gravity) in general relativity.
In general relativity, Einstein generalized Minkowski space-time to include the effects of acceleration.
Einstein discovered that the curvature in his 4-dimensional space-time representation was actually the cause of gravity.
The 1926 thirteenth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica included an article by Einstein titled "space-time".
Literary background
Edgar Allan Poe wrote an essay on cosmology titled Eureka (1848) which said that "space and duration are one".
This is the first known instance of suggesting space and time to be different perceptions of one thing.
Poe arrived at this conclusion after approximately 90 pages of reasoning but employed no mathematics.
In 1895, H.G. Wells in his novel, The Time Machine, wrote, “There is no difference between Time and any of the three dimensions of Space except that our consciousness moves along it”.
He added, “Scientific people…know very well that Time is only a kind of Space”.
Spacetime in quantum mechanics
In general relativity, spacetime is thought of as smooth and continuous.
However, in the theory of quantum mechanics, spacetime is not always continuous.
Lorentz H.A; Einstein, Albert; Minkowksi, Hermann and Weyl, Hermann 1952.
The principle of relativity: a collection of original memoirs.
Lucas, John Randolph 1973.
A treatise on time and space.
The Scottish Socialist Party (SSP; ; ) is a political party which was formed in 1998.
It argues for socialism and Scottish independence.
1998 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in Scotland
Esztergom is a city in Hungary, 45 kilometers north of Budapest.
30 928 people live in Esztergom.
It is the center of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary, and the Constitutional court is in the city.
There are a lot of rich museums in the city.
Esztergom is on the right side of the river Danube.
There are big islands on the Danube.
There are mountains to the east, that surround the city.
The city is 100,35 km² big.
The city was founded in 972 by Géza of Hungary.
It is one of the oldest cities in Hungary.
Until 1249 it was the capital of the country.
The archbishops built many schools, churches, palaces, and the kings of Hungary built castles.
In 1242 the city was attacked and destroyed by mongols, but the castle on the hill was not.
After the attack king Béla IV.
moved to Buda, and gave the city to the archbishop.
In 1543 the city was taken by the Turks, who built many spas.
The Hungarians tried to take back the city many times, so it was destroyed again in the wars.
The Turks left Esztergom in 1683.
In 1822 Alexander Rudnay, the archbishop started building a big temple called a basilica.
It is the biggest temple and the tallest building in the country, and the third biggest temple in Europe.
Espoo (Finland) since 1974
Štúrovo (Slovakia) since 1991
Bamberg (Germany) since 1992
Cambrai (France) since 1992
Ehingen (Germany) since 1992
Maintal (Germany) since 1993
Gniezno (Poland) since 1994
Mariazell (Austria) since 2002
Canterbury (England) since 2004
Public transport (public transportation in the United States) is the transport of passengers.
Passengers don't need their own cars or other vehicles.
Most public transport lets many people travel at the same time.
Ships have carried passengers since prehistoric times.
Early public transport by land became important  in some places in western Europe in the early 19th century.
Around 1826 horsedrawn omnibuses operated in Nantes, France.
Omnibuses were carts with seats for passengers to sit.
About the same time, railroads began carrying passengers between towns in England.
Ferries (public boats) also became bigger and more numerous then.
Types of public transport
The main vehicles for public transport are buses, trolleybuses, trams and trains.
Trams were first used in the late 1860s and used to be pulled by horses.
Now trams are electric and run on a line of cable.
Buses drive on the road, like cars do.
Trolleybuses are like buses, but they use electricity from two wires above the road.
Trains run on a track and are very fast.
Many places use trams and trains as a form of public transport.
Using public transport
Many people who do not have cars use buses, trolleybuses, trams to go places near their house, and they use trains to go places far away.
Long distance transport is usually  by airline or train or other public transport.
Local transport is more often private.
When using public transport people may need a ticket or card to be able to get on.
On trams they get a ticket that they put in a machine and it tells them when their ticket runs out.
On buses and trolleybuses they buy their ticket from the driver and put it into a machine, and on trains they use a ticket to get onto their train.
A timetable tells them when they come, since they can only go when and where the transport is going.
Public transport is also good for the environment.
When many people use the same vehicle, fewer cars are on the road.
Fewer cars make less pollution.
Cost is low, because it is very cheap to catch public transport every day, which is why even people who own a car often use public transport.
Modern public transport
Share taxi including minibus and maxi-taxi
Auto rickshaw
Bush taxi of West and Central Africa
Trolleybus and electric bus
Jitney or Songthaew
Matatu, of East Africa
Motor coach
Paratransit
Taxicab
Vehicle for hire
Velotaxi
Combi of Peru
Automated guideway transit (AGT), also called Peoplemover
Cable car on rails, used in mountains.
Rack railway (or rack and pinion railway)
Elevated railroad, such as the Chicago 'L'
Light rail a tram-like system with no significant sections of the route shared with cars or pedestrians, such as the San Diego Trolley or the  St. Louis Metrolink
Magnetic levitation train (Maglev)
Metro  (also known as 'subway' or 'underground')
Railway, including commuter train and high-speed rail
Tram (tramway or streetcar)
Cable car on rails, used in cities, a streetcar (tram) pulled by a cable
Ferry, including hydrofoil, catamaran and hovercraft
Sloped or vertical
Aerial tramway or the more basic Aerial lift are vehicles suspended from aerial cables
Conveyor transport (term includes escalators and horizontal or slightly inclined moving sidewalk - "Travolator")
Elevator or lift
Funicular, used in mountains, tram-like vehicle on rails pulled by a cable up and down a very steep slope.
Group rapid transit
Dual mode transit
Personal rapid transit
Automated highway systems
Bus rapid transit
Maglev rapid transit
Stations are an important aspect of any public transportation system.
Specific types include:
Airport, Heliport
Bus stop (including bus station, bus depot)
Metro station
Ship terminal, ferry slip, pier or wharf
Taxi stand
Terminal station
In addition one can get on or off of a taxi at any road where stopping is allowed.
Some fixed-route buses allow getting on and off at suitable unmarked locations along that route, typically called a hail-and-ride section.
Financing
Money is needed to build and operate a public transit system.
The money comes from ticket revenue, government subsidies and advertisements.
If ticket prices are too high, people will not use public transit.
So, most systems charge passengers less than the full cost of building and operating the system.
The percentage of total revenue that passengers pay is known as the farebox recovery ratio.
Sometimes, a small amount of income comes from land development and rental income from stores and vendors, and parking fees.
Some subway systems get money from telecommunication companies by leasing tunnels and rights-of-way to carry fiber optic communication lines.
Fare and ticketing
For most–but not all–public transport systems, passengers must buy a ticket.
Tickets may either be bought before the ride, at the time of the ride, or both.
Tickets can be paper ticket, metal or plastic tokens, or an electronic card (smart card, contactless smart card).
Sometimes, a ticket has to be validated (marking the time of the ticket's use).
A paper ticket is stamped when it is validated.
An electronic ticket is checked in.
Tickets may be valid for a single (or return) trip, or valid within a certain area for a period of time.
The fare (price of the ticket) is based on the travel class, either based on the traveled distance, or on a zone pricing.
The tickets may have to be shown or checked automatically at the station platform or when going onto the system, or during the ride by a conductor.
Operators may choose to control all passengers, allowing sale of the ticket at the time of ride.
Alternatively, a proof-of-payment system allows passengers to enter the vehicles without showing the ticket.
Riders may or may not be controlled by a ticket controller.
If the rider does not show proof of payment, the operator may fine the rider.
Multi-use tickets allow a passenger to travel more than once.
These include "return tickets" where the passenger pay for two trips at one time.
It also includes period cards allowing travel within a certain area (for instance month cards), or during a given number of days that can be chosen within a longer period of time (for instance eight days within a month).
Some transit systems sell tickets (passes) aimed at tourists that allow free or discounted entry at many tourist attractions, typically include zero-fare public transport within a city.
Period tickets may be for a particular journey (in both directions), or for a whole network.
A free travel pass allows free and unlimited travel within a system.
Free passes are sometimes granted to particular social sectors, for example students, old people, children, employees (job ticket) and the physical or mentally disabled.
In the United States, an employer can pay for a portion of a travel pass without that payment being taxed.
So, transit systems allow employers to pay the system directly and to distribute the passes to employees.
Free systems
Zero-fare services may be funded by national, regional or local government through taxation or by commercial sponsorship by businesses.
They usually use relatively small vehicles such as buses and trams.
Cultural importance
Some means of rail-based public transport are also tourist attractions and/or well known landmarks in their own right.
These include  San Francisco's famous cable cars, the Molli steam powered train in Bad Doberan, the kusttram along the whole Flemish coast, the Schwebebahn Wuppertal, the Seattle Monorail, and the Christchurch Tram
Advocacy organizations
American Public Transportation Association
Community Transportation Association of America
International Association of Public Transport
Light Rail Transit Association (UK)
National Corridors Initiative
Public Transport Users Association – a lobby group for Victoria (Australia)
Taxicab, Limousine & Paratransit Association (TPLA)
Transport 2000 (UK)
NAUTF | North American Urban Transit Forum
APTA: American Public Transportation Association
Public Transportation: Wherever Life Takes You
IMB International Maglev Board
Metro systems' graphics indexed by city
The biggest database and photogallery of public transport
National Transit Institute
Transport Briefing
Public transport in Russia
Public transport guide (Europe)
Australia: Trinity College, Western Australia
USA Transport Research Board TRIS Database
Sir Edmund Barton (18 January 1849 – 7 January 1920) was the first Prime Minister of Australia.
He was born in the suburb of Glebe in 1849 and died from heart failure in the Blue Mountains in 1920.
He was elected to the first Australian parliament in 1901 as the member for Hunter.
He had a big part in making Australia a nation.
His government passed laws stopping non-white people from coming to Australia and allowing women to vote in elections.
After he was Prime Minister he became a judge of the High Court.
Barton was chosen as the Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1883.
He served as the speaker until 1887.
In 1891, he was a member of the committee writing the Constitution of Australia.
In 1900, he led a group of Australians to London to present the country's first Constitution to the British Parliament.
Barton was elected as Australia's first Prime Minister on 1 January 1901, when the new constitution went into effect.
He also served as the Minister External Affairs (foreign policy and international relations).
He resigned on 24 September 1903, and became a senior judge in the new High Court of Australia, and held that position until his death in 1920.
1849 births
Australian judges
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Australia
Disease-related deaths in New South Wales
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Protectionist Party politicians
Crofton is a town on Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada.
It is a small town with only 2,500 people living in it.
Crofton lies alongside the water.
A miner named Henry Croft founded the town in 1902 so he could do better mining on the mountains around Crofton.
But soon after, the mining stopped.
In 1956, a mill that makes paper was built in Crofton.
Today, that mill has over 1,000 workers.
Because Crofton is on the water, it has a ferry that takes people to Salt Spring Island, which is nearby.
Towns in Canada
Settlements in British Columbia
Zabno (Polish: Żabno) is a town in Poland.
4,275 people live there.
Zabno is near a bigger city, Tarnow.
Western Australia is one of the eight  states and territories of Australia.
It is the largest state in Australia, with about 33% of the land area of the mainland.
It has a population of about two million people.
Its capital city is Perth.
Most of Western Australia (WA) is made of very ancient rocks from the Proterozoic era.
These rocks include a great deal of iron ore, which is exported to Japan and elsewhere.
Other metals such as nickel, copper, lithium and gold are also found in the area.
The area was connected to India and Africa in the Neoproterozoic era, and stayed connected until the break-up of Gondwana about 150 to 50 million years ago (mya).
In 1827, a Captain in the British Navy, James Stirling, sailed up the Swan River and liked what he saw.
He told the British government, and in 1829, Britain sent settlers to Western Australia.
On June 18, 1829, the new Governor James Stirling claimed all the land of Australia that was not already included in New South Wales as the new colony of Western Australia.
In 1868, Britain stopped sending convicts.
Until 1901, Australia did not exist - it was six separate colonies governed by Britain.
This worked well when everybody was British and there were only a few people.
But now there were thousands of people and many of them had never been to Britain, an eight-month journey away by sea.
They decided to join together to form one new country, the Commonwealth of Australia.
This was called Federation, and happened in 1901.
Western Australia did not want to join, because the other colonies were thousands of kilometres away.
They joined when the other colonies promised to build a railway to Perth.
Succession referendum
In 1933, the Western Australian people did not want to be part of Australia any more.
The main reason was that Western Australia had to give money to the rest of Australia to pay for national services like the army and education, but they were not seeing the benefits.
As well, the Great Depression had happened and many people were homeless and poor all over the world, including Western Australia.
The government decided to hold a referendum and ask the people whether they wanted to start their own country, and 68% said yes.
However, the rest of Australia and the British Parliament stopped it.
After that, things got back to normal.
The Great Depression ended and the Second World War began, and many Western Australians went off to fight.
Some of them had to stay here, because in 1942, the Japanese bombed the town of Broome in the far north.
When the war ended, a lot of people from Europe who had lost their homes in the war came to Western Australia, as land was still very cheap.
In the 1960s, iron ore was found in the north of the state, which could be made into steel.
This discovery made Western Australia very rich, and iron ore still brings in a lot of money.
Perth grew from being a small town to being a big city in just 30 years.
By 1985 it had over a million people and is still getting bigger today.
Due to the mining boom in the state, there has been an influx of people from the Eastern states to take advantage of the higher wages in industry.
Postcode Tool - Western Australia
Geography of Australia by state or territory
South Australia is one of the six states of Australia.
The capital city is Adelaide.
South Australia is in the southern central part of the country.
It is one of the driest parts of the continent.
South Australia gets very little rain.
The state has a total land area of 984,377 km² (380,070 sq mi).
It is the fourth largest of Australia's states and territories.
In 2006 there were 1,554,397 people living in South Australia.
Emblems of South Australia
The floral emblem of South Australia is Sturt's Desert Pea, Swainsona formosa.
It was made the emblem on November 23, 1961.
The faunal emblem is the Hairy-Nosed or Plains Wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons).
It was chosen on 27 August 1970.
The marine emblem is the Leafy Seadragon (Phycodurus eques).
It as chosen on 8 February 2001.
The gemstone emblem of South Australia is the opal.
This was chosen on the 15 August 1985.
The official badge of South Australia is the Piping Shrike or White Backed Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen leuconota).
It was chosen on 14 January 1904.
South Australia was a freely-settled, planned British province.
Settlement began on December 28, 1836.
This was when the state was proclaimed at The Old Gum Tree by Governor Hindmarsh.
The aim was to create the province as a center of civilization for free immigrants, promising civil liberties and religious tolerance.
Richard Roeper (born October 17, 1959 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American movie critic, television personality, journalist, and historian.
He starred on the American television program "At the Movies" with Roger Ebert from 2000 to 2008 as Gene Siskel's successor.
Roeper also writes about movies for an American newspaper, the Chicago Sun-Times.
Biography  from TV Tome
He was born in Collingwood, Melbourne, Australia, the second child of William Deakin.
In the 1890s he helped Australia become a country.
He was Australia's first Attorney-General (head lawyer) when Edmund Barton was Prime Minister and then became Prime Minister after Barton left.
He introduced the Bill to start Australia's High Court, began planning for a railway to cross Australia, took over control of New Guinea from Britain, and introduced old age pensions.
Deakin married Elizabeth Brown on 3 April 1882.
Alfred Deakin died on the 7 October 1919 in South Yarra, Victoria.
He was buried at St.Kilda Cemetery.
Politicians from Melbourne
Attorneys General of Australia
Commonwealth Liberal Party politicians
John Christian Watson (c. 9 April 1867 - 18 November 1941), known as Chris Waston, was the third Prime Minister of Australia.
He was the first Prime Minister from the Labor Party.
He was Prime Minister for only four months.
Watson, Chris
Archie Comics is a comic book company in the United States.
Its most famous and popular title is "Archie".
This comic book is about a teenage boy named Archie Andrews and his friends: Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Reggie Mantle, Sabrina Spellman, and Jughead Jones.
Every character in this comic book is fictional, and they were created by Bob Montana.
All characters were based on people he knew in Haverhill, Massachusetts.
Other popular titles by Archie Comics include "Sabrina the Teenage Witch", "Sonic the Hedgehog", and Josie and the Pussycats.
Archie's first appearance was in Pep Comics #22 on December 22, 1941.
The first edition was drawn by Montana and written by Vic Bloom.
Archie lives in a small town named "Riverdale", in a state that is not known.
However, in the early years of the Archie comics, Riverdale was in Massachusetts.
This is known because a character Mr. Lodge was a senator for that state, but this is no longer part of the story.
The Archie Gang: Main characters
Archibald "Archie" Andrews, main character, a typical teenage boy with a great interest in dating, who sometimes can be clumsy.
Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper, the girl-next-door, very sweet.
Veronica "Ronnie/Ron" Lodge, the rich, sometimes nice and sometimes snobbish girl.
Forsythe Pendleton "Jughead" Jones III, - Archie's best friend.
Jughead is sarcastic, obsessed with food, lazy, and apathetic towards girls.
Reginald "Reggie" Mantle, a conceited practical joker.
He occasionally dates Veronica and sometimes, although very rarely, goes on dates with Betty.
He is also obsessed with another girl, Midge, which usually gets him in trouble with Moose, who beats up Reggie.
Parents (of the main characters)
Mr. Hiram Lodge, Veronica's rich father often hates meeting Archie because Archie is clumsy and causes him trouble.
Mr. Frederick "Fred" Andrews, Archie's father is pear-shaped, old-fashioned, and balding.
Mrs. Mary Andrews, Archie's typical all-American suburban mother.
Mr. Waldo Weatherbee, the school principal, popularly referred to as 'The Bee'.
He is often a victim of Archie's clumsiness, and he often punishes Archie by keeping him after school.
Miss Geraldine Grundy, a teacher at Riverdale High who is usually shown as an English teacher.
She also teaches every subject except gym or chemistry.
Most students consider her a "nice" or "good" teacher.
She is old with white hair.
Miss Bernice Beazley, the grouchy school cafeteria cook.
No one likes her food except Jughead.
She is not well liked by the students.
Zak Starkey (born 13 September 1965) is a British musician.
He is the son of Beatles drummer Ringo Starr.
Like his father he is also a drummer and has played with bands including The Who and Oasis.
It is also known as Diacetylmorphine or Diamorphine.
Heroin was originally a trade name.
It is an opioid - a type of drug which acts like morphine in the body.
Heroin is called a semi-synthetic opioid.
This means it is made from an opiate that occurs in nature.
For Heroin, that natural opiate is morphine.
Heroin is a white or brown powder made from the sap of the poppy plant.
It is a painkiller.
A painkiller is an analgesic drug.
Its effects are like other drugs that come from the poppy plant sap.
These include opium and morphine.
People smoke or inject heroin to get a calm feeling of relaxation.
It is called "being high".
The extreme happiness is known as euphoria.
Heroin is a very addictive drug.
This means that once a person starts taking heroin, they will want to take more and more.
They will want to continue even when they know it is making them sick and harming them.
Heroin is an illegal drug in many countries, unless it is used to treat a medical problem.
Drugs like cocaine, marijuana, and heroin have been decriminalized in numerous countries.
To date, these include somewhere between 25 and 30 countries.
It is illegal to make, sell, and use heroin in most countries, unless a doctor has prescribed it to a person to treat a medical problem.
Many people smuggle heroin and sell it illegally on the streets to make money.
When people take heroin, they get "high," or intoxicated (like being drunk on alcohol).
When a person is intoxicated, they can get hurt if they drive a car or other vehicle.
Also, when a person is intoxicated, they may do dangerous things, like having unsafe sex or being violent towards others.
Another danger is "withdrawal", which can happen when a person stops using heroin.
As with other addictions, withdrawal is a painful, unpleasant process that involves physical and mental symptoms.
Withdrawal is most common when people stop using heroin suddenly, or when a person who has been using heroin for a while tries to stop.
However, a person can have withdrawal symptoms even after using heroin for just 3 days.
Physical symptoms often include bad body aches, hot and cold sweats, chills, restlessness, diarrhea, and problems with eating and sleeping.
These withdrawl symptoms are sometimes called cold turkey.
Sometimes withdrawal feels like a very bad case of the flu.
People can also have very strong psychological symptoms of withdrawal, like depression and strong cravings for heroin.
Many heroin users are very afraid of withdrawal.
Withdrawal - and fear of withdrawal - is one of the most common reasons why people have trouble quitting heroin.
Medications like methadone and Suboxone are sometimes used to treat or prevent withdrawal symptoms, and to decrease cravings for heroin.
Injecting heroin can be very dangerous.
A person can get infections by using a needle that has not been cleaned properly.
People who share the same needle can infect each other with diseases that travel in the blood, like HIV or hepatitis C.  They can also do other dangerous things while high on heroin.
Signs of an Overdose
Extremely shallow and slow breathing.
Clammy skin.
Profound confusion.
Convulsions.
Cyanosis (bluish tint) of the fingernails and lips.
Dangerously slowed heart rate.
The primary objective of detoxification is to help the addict overcome a state of physical dependence on heroin by allowing time for the heroin and related toxins to exit the body.
The body will adjust to the lack of heroin by reacting in various ways which may include pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia and other withdrawal symptoms.
During detox, the patient will be provided with medications, therapy and treatment that will help to ease or eliminate withdrawal symptoms in a safe and effective manner.
While detox is not actually a treatment for heroin addiction because it only focuses on providing treatment for the physical dependence that surrounds the addiction and does not place any focus on the psychological elements of the chemical dependency, it is a necessary first step to the recovery process.
When detoxification is the first step of a lengthy heroin addiction treatment process which includes counseling and behavioral therapy, the process often leads to long-term success in recovery from heroin addiction.
There are many slang names, or street names, for heroin.
These names are different in different places.
Some of the most common are Dope, Horse, Junk, H, Brown, Black Magic, Juice and Smack, number 4.
Heroin history
In 1874, an English researcher, C.R. Wright, first synthesized heroin by boiling morphine and acetic anhydride.
His early testing of heroin – then known as diacetylmorphine – showed undesirable side effects such as anxiety, sleepiness and vomiting immediately following administration.
Accordingly, he discontinued his research.
Over 20 years later in 1895, German scientist Heinrich Dreser and his colleagues at the pharmaceutical company Bayer continued Wright’s studies and declared diacetylmorphine successful in treating many common respiratory ailments.
Heroin was first made in 1898, by the Bayer Company in Germany.
At first, it was used as a cough medicine and a painkiller.
People thought that heroin would help decrease morphine and opium addiction.
But after twelve years, doctors realized that people became strongly addicted to heroin.
In 1914, the United States passed the Harrison Act.
This was the first of many attempts to control the use of heroin.
The word heroin comes from the German word heroisch, which means powerful and heroic.
Pittsburgh is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania.
The city was known in the 20th century for its steel industry.
However, with the collapse of United States steel industry in the 1980s, the economy of Pittsburgh is now mostly based on healthcare, education, technology, and financial services.
It is also the home of the Pittsburgh Steelers football team, who have won the Super Bowl six times, the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Pittsburgh Penguins hockey team, the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University.
Pittsburgh is the county seat for Allegheny County.
The Allegheny and Monongahela rivers meet in Pittsburgh and form the Ohio River.
Pittsburgh is in western Pennsylvania.
It has a population of 312,819 people and a metro population of almost 2,400,040 people.
Pittsburgh was the most livable city in the United States in 2007.
In 2014 Pittsburgh was ranked sixth in the country for polluted cities by the American Lung Association.
The French and Indian War started when George Washington went to Pittsburgh.
Later it was a center of the Whiskey Rebellion.
The city is served by the Pittsburgh International Airport.
Pittsburgh -Citizendium
1758 establishments
The nasal bones are two small oblong bones in the human skull.
Their size and form differs among individuals.
They are placed side by side at the middle and top part of the face, forming the "bridge" of the nose at their junction.
Bones of the skull
Kapellmeister, (pronounce: Ka-PEL-my-ster), is a German word which means a musician who is in charge of music-making.
The word comes from the Latin word for "chapel".
In German "Kapelle" got the meaning: "choir" (because they sang in a chapel).
"Meister" means "master".
The French word is maître de la chapelle.
In Italian he is Maestro di Capella.
In English he might be called Chapel Master or, more generally, Director of Music.
The Kapellmeister's job
The word Kapellmeister is used to describe musicians in Germany who worked for a king, prince or rich nobleman.
Until about 200 years ago, these people often had their own private orchestras.
The Kapellmeister was like a Director of Music.
He would be responsible for choosing any new musicians, rehearsing and conducting the orchestra, and composing any music that was needed.
Many famous composers had jobs as Kapellmeister.
Johann Sebastian Bach worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen.
George Frideric Handel was Kapellmeister for George, Elector of Hanover, who later became George I of Great Britain.
Joseph Haydn worked for many years as Kapellmeister for the Eszterházy family, a very important noble family of the Austrian Empire.
A Kapellmeister could also be the Director of Music for a church.
Sometimes, this would be called "Kantor" in Germany.
Johann Sebastian Bach was called "Kantor" when he was Director of Music at the church of St Thomas in Leipzig from 1723-1750.
By the 19th century, society in Europe had changed.
The nobility were not as rich as they had been before, and many composers started to make a living as a freelance composer.
Beethoven, for example, never became a Kapellmeister.
Sometimes, the word "Kapellmeister" is used in German today to mean the Director or conductor of an orchestra or choir.
The title shows that they have to organize the orchestra or choir as well as conduct it.
The Kingdom of England (French: Royaume d'Angleterre) was a country in Western Europe.
It was the land in the south of the island of Great Britain.
It is now two home nations.
The present home nations that were part of the Kingdom of England are England and Wales.
Before the Romans arrived, what is now considered to be modern Britain consisted of around twenty two tribes.
Following the collapse of the Roman Empire in Britain, seven tribes or kingdoms existed until in 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore, briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England.
It ended on 1 May 1707 with the Acts of Union 1707, which added Scotland to the Kingdom to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is one of Switzerland's four national languages. (
The other three are French, German and Italian.)
50,000 people in the canton of Graubünden use it as their native language.
Swiss culture
The protractor is a tool used to measure angles in degrees.
It usually has marks with labels of the degrees.
Rabbi (in the Hebrew classic רִבִּי ribbi; in the Hebrew modern רַבִּי rabbi) in Judaism can mean "professor, master" or literally "grand".
The word "Rabbi" ("My Master") derives from the Hebrew root "Rav", that in Biblical Hebrew signifies "grand" or "respected" (in knowledge).
In Judaism, most rabbis earn their title by studying halakha at a seminary or yeshiva.
The primary role of a rabbi is to teach Torah.
In addition, rabbis often act as the religious leader of a Jewish community.
In contrast to many other religions, a rabbi is not required to be present at life cycle events in Judaism.
Nevertheless, rabbis still normally preside over life cycle events in order to ensure that it is done according to Halakha.
Historically, only men are rabbis.
This is true in Orthodox Judaism.
Most non-Orthodox Jews allow women to be rabbis.
Three rabbis together can form a rabbinic court, or beit din.
This is done when there is a legal conflict between two Jews.
They judge the conflict based on halakha.
A beit din is also formed for somebody who wants to convert to Judaism.
Rabbis are also sometimes asked to supervise food preparation to make sure it is kosher.
When packaged food is supervised, the packaging is often labeled with a hechsher.
A hechsher is a symbol which means that the content of the package is kosher.
A Gentile is a person who is not Jewish.
It is polite to use this word when needed to describe a person who is not Jewish, as in "my friend Robert is a Gentile."
Up until about a hundred years ago, it was very hard (and unlikely) for Jews and Gentiles to be close friends.
This is because they would be expected to ask each other over for dinner, but Jews follow strict laws about what they can and cannot eat.
They can only eat what is kosher.
Israelite
Super Mario Galaxy is a 2007 platform video game by Nintendo.
It was released for Wii and is very different from older Mario games with new gameplay.
A sequel, Super Mario Galaxy 2, was released in May 2010.
Bowser has captured Princess Peach again, this time using a surprise attack over the Mushroom Kingdom, with a battle fleet of flying boats by pulling the castle out of its foundation.
Mario barely grasps onto the dug out piece of Earth, but is knocked off by one of Bowser's allies.
He drifts out into intergalactic space, unconscious.
After waking up on a peculiar planet, Mario finds a playful star like creature, named a Luma and he must play hide and seek with the Luma and his friends to gain information about where he is.
After successfully capturing all Lumas, the first Luma leads Mario up to a podium, where a beautiful woman in blue robes stands waiting.
The woman is named Rosalina and she moves around space by using her mobile Observatory.
It was her who gave the name 'Luma', after finding the first Luma, named 'Luma'.
According to her story, one day she finds Luma stranded on Earth; this is the first time for her meeting Luma.
She says that the observatory after Bowser stole its Grand Stars, which give the observatory its power.
The game play is very similar to Super Mario 64 with special moves done with the Wii Remote.
In Super Mario Galaxy, Mario can do a Star Spin attack, and can jump from planet to planet.
The creator of the Mario games, Shigeru Miyamoto, is the director of this game, and gave Mario moves he has never had before.
Like the shines of Super Mario Sunshine or the stars of Super Mario 64, Galaxy has things called star bits.
They may be used to progress in certain parts of the game, or they can be used to stun enemies.
Mario can collect star bits using the Wii Remote, simply by pointing at them.
Mario can gain a life if he collects 50 of them.
The coin system has also changed.
In the previous two games, every 100 coins collected earned a life, but in Galaxy he only needs 50.
Also, Mario will not be able to collect 100 coins to get a star in a level; instead, once he defeats Bowser for the last time, the player can choose to return to a level, select the "Purple Comet" star, and can try to collect 100 purple coins (not normal coins) to earn a star.
2007 video games
Wii games
Wii-only games