the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Master Roshi (Goku's Master)
Marron: Daughter of Krillin and Android 18
Androids (mainly 17, 18,8 and 16)
Kami: The guardian of Earth before Dende
Bardock: Goku's late father
Other Dragon Ball characters
Frieza's force
Frieza is the first major villain in Dragon Ball Z. He is often seen with a group of other fighters who help him.
King Cold
Captain Ginyu: leader of the Ginyu Force, a group of mercenaries for Frieza.
Nappa: A Saiyan and Vegeta's old partner)
Raditz: Goku's Saiyan brother who is killed by Piccolo.
Saibamen
Androids are a group of human-machine hybrids created by Dr. Gero, appearing in the Androids and Cell sagas.
A few are:
Android 16
Android 17
Android 18
Android 20 (Dr. Gero)
Cell, the second major villain in Dragon Ball Z.
Saiyans
Saiyans are a race of endangered aliens.
They are naturally aggressive warriors who have great powers and technology.
Most Saiyans travel from planet to planet destroying the people who live there so that they can sell the planet and worked for Frieza.
Most Saiyans can be easily noticed by their tail but some have lost their tails.
Saiyans without tails include Goku, Vegeta, Gohan, Trunks, Goten and Broly.
The Saiyans lived on the planet Vegeta which was later destroyed by Frieza.
Are very powerful warriors who can power up by anger.
Some Saiyans can become Super Saiyans, including half-Saiyan hybrids like Gohan and Goten.
A Super Saiyan is a transformation a Saiyan can go through and makes them stronger and changes their hair to blonde.
Only a few Saiyans have the potential to become Super Saiyans.
The legend goes, once every 1,000 years a Super Saiyan emerges.
Saiyans play a very important role once it is revealed that Goku is one.
The Original Super Saiyan
Son Goku
Son Gohan
Son Goten
Cabba
Broly
Cell also achieves the power of Super Saiyan.
Kale and Caulifla are two female Saiyans.
They can also transform into Super Saiyans.
Dragon Ball: Saiyan race
The series has been adapted into two anime.
Dragon Ball is based the first 194 chapters of the manga, while  Dragon Ball Z is based on the last 325 chapters and last 26 volumes of the Dragon Ball manga.
It basically begins where Dragon Ball left off.
Dragon Ball GT aired from 1996 to 1997.
Dragon Ball Super, the newest series for the franchise aired from 2015 to 2018.DRAGON Ball first Arc Dragon Ball: Saiyan race
Mass media franchises introduced in 1984
The main character of the book is Charlie Gordon, an unintelligent but lovable person.
Charlie is used in part of a new experiment to triple his IQ.
He becomes intelligent, and learns to read and enjoy the world around him better.
But later, people stop liking him as much because he makes them feel bad.
He learns that it is more important to be a good person than a smart person.
He frequents a class for feeble minded folks taught by a teacher named Miss Kinnian.
While Charlie's IQ grows so does his love for her.
He finds himself in a state of depression, unhappy and unsatisfied with his new artificial IQ.
Flowers for Algernon is on many schools' lists of books that students must read.
Soapstone or steatite is a metamorphic rock.
Steatite is softer than most stones.
Because steatite feels like soap, people call it "soapstone".
People have been making things out of soapstone for thousands of years.
Soapstone has been a major component of ceramics used as electrical component insulators for many years.
It is easily formed or carved into shapes.
During the Harappan/Indus civilization (2500 BC1750 BC) soapstone was used in the manufacture of seals.
These people used to import steatite from Shaher-i-sokhta and the Kirthar hills.
Metamorphic rocks
The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494 in which they decided to divide up all the land in the Americas between the two of them, no matter who was already living there.
Pope Alexander VI, who was Spanish, was the Pope at the time of the treaty.
The Pope drew an imaginary line on a map 2,193 kilometers to the west of the Cape Verde Islands, gave Portugal the land to the east of this line, and gave Spain the land to the west of this line.
King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile were the rulers of Spain at the time and together they signed this treaty in Tordesillas, Spain, which is how the treaty got its name.
This also changed Spanish and Portuguese exploration of the New World, which in part explains why the Portuguese-speaking part of South America became one country called Brazil and the Spanish-speaking colonies split up into many different independent countries including Argentina, Colombia, and many others.
This treaty took place during the age of discovery and was one a very important part of it.
After Great Britain (1600) and the Netherlands (1602) joined the Portuguese and Spanish in exploring the world at the beginning of the 17th century, the Treaty was breached and more or less 'cancelled'.
By this time, Portugal's limited resources had already reduced its ability to hold its Asian colonies and trade superiority.
In time, the French, Danes, Swedes and eventually the Americans joined the earlier Europeans in looking to have a presence in South and East Asia.
15th century in Spain
History of Portugal
a unit for time; See: Second
Two is the second positive whole number.
Arcsecond, a unit of angle
Second of right ascension, in astronomy
Second (parliamentary procedure), to support a proposal
Second, the agent of a participant in a duel or a cornerman in combative sports such as boxing
Diminished second, or unison
Minor second, or semitone
Neutral second, or three-quarters-tone (i.e., one-and-a-half semitones)
Major second, or whole tone (i.e., two semitones)
Mr. Quincy Magoo is a popular cartoon character from the late 1940s until the 1970s.
Jim Backus was the voice of Mr. Magoo.
Mr. Magoo was not able to see well because he was very nearsighted.
The first cartoon with Mr. Magoo was The Ragtime Bear (1949).
Magoo family
Mister Quincy Magoo, an old, nearsighted man.
Waldo Magoo, Magoo's nephew.
Mother Magoo, Magoo's mother (her actual name is Linda Magoo).
Tycoon Magoo, Magoo's rich uncle.
Justin Magoo, Magoo's 12-year-old nephew from Kung Fu Magoo.
Charlie, Magoo's houseboy from China.
Prezly, Waldo's best friend.
Wheeler and Dealer, two children Magoo and his mom often baby sit.
Bowser, Magoo's cat, also called Cicero.
Caesar, Magoo's dog from The Mr. Magoo Show.
Hamlet, Magoo's hamster.
Worcestershire, Tycoon's butler.
Angesis McBarker, Magoo's dog from What's New, Mr. Magoo?.
Jam is a condiment.
It is usually made from pressed fruit, sugar, and sometimes pectin.
Most jams are cooked.
After making, jam is normally put into an airtight jar.
Usually a jam contains as much sugar as it contains fruit.
The two parts are then cooked together to form a gel.
In the European Union, the jam directive (Council Directive 79/693/EEC, 24 July 1979) sets minimum standards for the amount of "fruit" in jam.
It also expanded the definition of fruit.
This was done to take several unusual kinds of jam made in the EU into account.
For this purpose, "fruit" is considered to include fruits that are not usually treated as fruits, such as tomatoes; fruits that are not normally made into jams, such as melons and watermelons; and vegetables that are sometimes made into jams, such as: rhubarb (the edible part of the stalks), carrots, sweet potatoes, cucumbers, and pumpkins.
This definition continues to apply in a later directive, Council Directive 2001/113/EC (20 December 2001).
According to Canadian food and drug regulation (CRC), jam and jam products must at least have 45% of the named fruit and 66% of water-soluble solids.
In addition, it may contain added pectin, pectinous preparation, or acid ingredient.
Also, reasonable amount of a Class II preservative, a pH adjusting agent, and an antifoaming agent is acceptable.
However, the jam product shall not contain apple or rhubarb.
As a gel, jam is neither a solid or a liquid.
It can contain chunks of fruit which are solids.
Once opened and out of the fridge the gel becomes more like a liquid, and is able to decay.
National Center for Home Food Preservation - How do I...Jam & Jelly
Council Directive 2001/113/EC (20 December 2001)
The word Neisse or Neiße (German) or Nysa (Polish) is the name of three rivers and one city.
Lausitzer Neiße
Wütende Neiße
A city in Poland, See: Nysa
A penalty kick (short pen) is a type of free kick in football.
The ball is 11 meters away from the goal post.
A penalty kick is taken by the team which has been fouled if the violent act is made in the penalty box.
Vanilla is a spice and a flavoring.
The plant it grows on is the orchid Vanilla, which is a vine.
The main species picked for vanilla is called Vanilla planifolia.
Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés is credited with introducing both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s.
Today, most of the flavoring is done in chemical laboratories because real vanilla beans are expensive.
The pure (man-made) form of the flavoring is known as 'vanillin'.
The plant was brought to Europe by the Spanish in the 1520s.
Vanilla was a well-regarded spice in Mesoamerica.
The first people to grow vanilla were the Totonac people.
They lived the east part of Mexico, by the sea.
The Totonac people say that the vanilla plant was first made when a royal daughter and her lover were killed.
In the 15th century, Aztecs fought a war with the Totonacs.
The Totonacs lost the war.
The Aztecs liked the taste of vanilla.
They named the fruit tlilxochitl, which means "black flower", because vanilla fruits turn black and dry after they are picked.
Until the mid-19th century, Mexico was the biggest producer of vanilla.
In 1819, however, French businessmen shipped vanilla to the islands of Réunion and Mauritius in hope of growing vanilla there.
Vanilla did not grow well there, because these places did not have the right kind of bees to take pollen between the plants.
A young slave, Edmond Albius, discovered how to do pollination of the flowers quickly by hand.
Then vanilla began to grow well in the new places.
Soon, vanilla plants were sent from Réunion Island to the Comoros Islands and to Madagascar.
By 1898, Madagascar, Réunion, and the Comoros Islands produced 200 metric tons of vanilla fruits, about 80% of the vanilla grown in the world.
In the 1930s, businesses made a group to choose prices.
The price of vanilla rose very high in the late 1970s after a big storm hurt important croplands.
Prices remained high through the early 1980s, but then the group ended.
Prices dropped 70% in a few years, to nearly US$20 for one kilogram.
In 2000, prices rose sharply again after another big storm struck Madagascar.
The storm, political problems, and poor weather in the third year drove vanilla prices up to US$500 for one kilogram in 2004.
In 2005, the price went down to about $40 for one kilogram.
By 2010, prices were down to US$20 for one kilogram.
It remains one of the most expensive spices.
Today, most Bourbon vanilla and vanilla fruit is produced in Indonesia.
Madagascar also grows a lot of vanilla.
Mexico, once the biggest producer of natural vanilla, used to grow 500 tons of vanilla in a year.
In 2006, it made only 10 tons of vanilla.
About 95% of "vanilla" foods are flavored with man-made vanillin instead of with vanilla fruits.
Vanillin can be produced synthetically from lignin, a natural polymer found in wood.
The genus Piper.
It contains Black pepper, a plant that is grown to produce the peppercorn, the dark powder known as pepper is made of.
The genus Capsicum.
It contains the Chili pepper which is most often used as a vegetable
Sichuan pepper, a condiment that is different from black pepper, and unrelated to it.
Brazilian pepper, a shrub that is native to South America.
It is widely used as an ornamental plant in frost-free regions.
Its fruit is sometimes sold as pink peppercorns.
It is poisonous in larger quantities.
Tasmanian pepper, or Mountain pepper, an evergreen flowering plant of Australia and New Zealand
Ukrainian Red Midget, a plant that produces peppers sometimes referred to at Thai Hot.
It is 150 km long, and flows through the cities of the central forest (Miedzylesie): Habelschwerdt (Bystrzyca Kłodzka) and Glatz (Kłodzko).
It then runs eastward.
Other cities on the river are Patschkau (Paczków), Ottmachau (Otmuchów), Lausitzer Neiße (Lewin Brzeski) and Schurgast (Skorogoszcz).
Finally, it flows at the village of Riebnig (Rybna) southeast from Brieg (Brzeg) into the Oder.
The Glatzer Neiße has often left its banks and flooded nearby cities, at times destroying them completely.
City chronicles from Kłodzko mention floods in the following years:
14th century: 1310
15th century: 1441, 1464, 1474
16th century: 1500, 1522, 1524, 1560, 1566, 1570, 1587, 1589, 1591, 1598,
17th century: 1602, 1603, 1605, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1625, 1646, 1652, 1655, 1689, 1693, 1696
18th century: 1702, 1703, 1713, 1724, 1735, 1736, 1740, 1755, 1763, 1767, 1775, 1785, 1787, 1789, 1799
19th century: 1804, 1806, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1831, 1850, 1854, 1879, 1881, 1883, 1891, 1897
20th century: 1900, 1903, 1907, 1938, 1952, 1997, 1998
Rivers of Poland
The Oder River (; Czech/) is a river in Central Europe.
It starts in the Czech Republic and flows through Poland and Germany.
It forms 187 kilometers of the border between Poland and Germany.
The river is 854 kilometres long and ends in the Szczecin Lagoon in the Baltic Sea.
Some bigger towns the Oder passes are Wrocław, Eisenhüttenstadt, Frankfurt on the Oder, Szczecin and Police.
The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław, in Lower Silesia, Poland.
The Oder River has different names in different languages.
Most of these names are very similar, or almost the same:
English and
Czech, Polish, and
These names come from the Latin language names.
In Medieval Latin the river was called Od(d)era.
In Renaissance Latin, which was invented in 1534, the river was called Viadrus.
The Oder is 854 km long.
112 km pass through the Czech Republic.
742 km pass through Poland.
187 km make up part of the border between Germany and Poland.
The Oder is the second-longest river in Poland. (
The Vistula is the longest river.)
It begins in a watershed in the Oder Mountains that is 118,861 km².
This basin is mostly in Poland, but a little bit is in the Czech Republic and Germany.
The river runs through five voivodeships in Poland, and two states in Germany.
The river ends in the Szczecin Lagoon near Police, Poland.
Here the Oder splits into three other rivers: the Dziwna River, the Świna River, and the Peene River.
These three rivers start in Szczecin Lagoon and end Bay of Pomerania in the Baltic Sea.
The Oder passes through 28 major cities and towns.
Ostrava – Bohumín – Racibórz – Kędzierzyn-Koźle – Krapkowice – Opole – Brzeg – Oława – Jelcz-Laskowice – Wrocław – Brzeg Dolny – Ścinawa – Szlichtyngowa – Głogów – Bytom Odrzański – Nowa Sól – Krosno Odrzańskie – Eisenhüttenstadt – Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice – Kostrzyn – Cedynia  – Schwedt – Vierraden – Gartz – Gryfino – Szczecin – Police
Wolin – Kamień Pomorski – Dziwnów
Usedom – Lassan – Wolgast
Nowe Warpno – Ueckermünde
Oder River, a river in Central Europe
Name of several Polish football clubs, e.g. Odra Wodzislaw
Odra River (Croatia)
Odra River (Spain)
Odra, Silesian Voivodeship, village in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
Robert Schumann (b. Zwickau in Saxony, June 8, 1810; died July 29, 1856) was a famous German composer.
He lived in the time called the Romantic period.
He had to give up his plans for being a concert pianist because he injured his hand.
He published a music magazine and wrote a lot of articles about music that had just been composed.
His music is full of things that are typical of Romantic music: it is full of emotion, the pieces often have titles that describe things, and they are often inspired by literature.
He wrote a great deal of piano music.
Some of this music is hard to play, but other pieces are quite easy.
Many children learn to play some of the pieces in his Album for the Young.
His songs (Lieder) are among the best ever written.
He also wrote larger works like symphonies and concertos and chamber music.
Sometimes he felt very happy but at other times he was very depressed.
These changes of mood can be heard in a lot of his music.
Robert Schumann was the fifth and youngest child of a bookseller and publisher.
As a boy he liked reading the books in his father’s shop.
He began to compose when he was seven.
At school he was extremely good at music and literature.
He passed his school-leaving examination with very high marks.
His family wanted him to be a lawyer, so he went to Leipzig to study law but he hardly ever went to any lectures.
He was much more interested in music and literature, but also in women and drinking.
He took piano lessons from a teacher called Friedrich Wieck.
Wieck had a 9-year-old daughter Clara.
Many years later she was to become his wife.
Clara was a brilliant pianist.
Her father took her on concert tours because she was a prodigy.
Schumann started to compose short piano pieces and songs.
He loved the music of Schubert and when he heard that Schubert had died he cried all night.
He often practised the piano for seven hours a day.
However, he started to have problems with his fingers.
It has often been said that he hurt his hands because he made something to stretch his fingers, but people now think it was more likely due to mercury poisoning because doctors had used mercury to try to cure his syphilis.
Whatever the reason, he could not continue to be a pianist and he spent the rest of his life composing and writing about music.
Many of his articles appeared in a journal called Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (New Journal for Music) which he started.
In 1834 he became engaged to a girl of sixteen called Ernestine, but then Schumann broke off the engagement because he loved Clara Wieck.
Clara’s parents did not want her to marry him.
Her father did everything he could to stop the marriage.
Maybe he guessed that Schumann had syphilis, maybe he knew that he was often drunk.
In the end, after many arguments, court cases and secret meetings between Robert and Clara, they were married in 1840.
Schumann suffered from manic depression.
When he was depressed he hardly wrote anything, but 1840 was a happy year for him and he wrote lots of songs as well as orchestral music.
In 1841 he wrote four symphonies.
In 1842 they went on a concert tour together, but Schumann found it difficult because Clara was more famous than he was.
He returned alone to Leipzig to work at his publishing.
He felt depressed again at this time and drank a lot of beer and champagne.
He was happy again when Clara returned, and composed some chamber music.
In 1844 they toured Russia and played to the Tsar.
By August he had a complete nervous breakdown and could not bear to listen to his own music.
It took him some time to recover.
By now he was good at writing all kinds of music.
He wrote music for the famous play Faust by Goethe.
He wrote one opera, Genoveva, in 1849.
His fame spread slowly.
For many years Dresden and Leipzig were the only towns where he was famous.
In 1850 he became musical director at Düsseldorf.
In 1853 he met Brahms.
Brahms became a great friend of the Schumann family.
Schumann published an article in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik with the heading “Neue Bahnen” (“New Paths”) in which he said that Brahms (who was 20 at the time) was going to be a very great composer.
Schumann had often thought of trying to kill himself.
On 27 February 1854 he threw himself into the river Rhine.
He was rescued by some boatmen, but when they brought him to land he seemed to have gone quite mad.
He was taken to an asylum where he spent the last two years of his life.
He died on 29 July 1856.
Schumann’s music
Schumann’s piano music is very well known.
Although he had to give up his career as a pianist his wife Clara played his pieces and helped them to become famous.
Many of his piano works are collections of short pieces, each with a title e.g. Papillons (Butterflies), Davidsbündlertänze, Carnaval.
Schumann was thinking of carnival celebrations when he wrote these pieces.
The Davidsbündler was a group of people Schumann belonged to who did not like the “Philistines” (people who did not enjoy good music, named after the Philistines in the Bible) In Carnaval the two sides of Schumann’s personality are represented by Florestan and Eusebius.
Schumann's manic depression (the happy and the tragic moods that he had) are heard side by side in his music.
Other piano works include, Kreisleriana,Album for the Young which has some quite easy pieces like Soldier’s March and the popular Scenes from Childhood with its famous Träumerei (Dreaming).
There are also longer works for piano: 3 sonatas, a Toccata and a Phantasie.
Schumann was one of the great composers of Lieder (German songs).
He chose poetry by famous German poets and set them to music in very imaginative ways.
The piano has very interesting accompaniments which help to bring out the meaning of the words.
He wrote a song-cycle called Dichterliebe (Poet’s Love) which is a setting of some poems by Heinrich Heine.
Another song-cycle is called Frauenliebe und -leben (Woman’s Love and Life) to words by Adalbert von Chamisso.
Although the young Schumann seemed to prefer writing short pieces, he became more interested in long works after meeting Mendelssohn.
He was also inspired to write symphonies after he discovered Schubert’s Symphony no 9 which no one knew that Schubert had written.
He found it in a box in Vienna at the house of Schubert’s brother.
Schumann wrote four symphonies.
One of his best is the Third which is often called the Rhenish Symphony (after the river Rhine).
The Fourth in d minor is also a great work.
Using only a few musical ideas he develops them in many ways and writes a long, four-movement work.
His piano concerto is a great favourite.
Clara Schumann played it with the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra at its first performance on New Year’s Day 1846.
For writing music and performing at home Robert Schumann was using a grand piano by Conrad Graf - a present from the piano maker on the occasion of Robert and Clara's marriage in 1839.
This instrument was later given by Clara Schumann to Johannes Brahms.
After Schumann’s death Clara devoted herself to playing her husband’s music and helping it to become well known.
She visited England regularly where she played at concerts.
She also edited a lot of Schumann’s works for the publisher Breitkopf und Härtel.
New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed.
Stanley Sadie (1980)
Allegro op 8 of Schumann
Music critics
A lecture is when someone talks to a group of people about something interesting.
It is like a lesson.
At college or university students go to lectures to learn things.
The person who is teaching (talking to the group) is called the lecturer.
The lecturer may accept questions from the audience.
Sometimes we say that someone was "given a lecture".
This means that he was told off for doing something wrong.
Moselle, a European river, named Mosel in German
Mosul, a city in Iraq
Moselle is a department in the Grand Est region of France, named after the Moselle river.
The prefecture (capital) of Moselle is Metz.
Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.
It was divided in nine districts: Metz, Bitche, Boulay, Briey, Longwy, Morhange, Sarreguemines, Sarrelouis and Thionville, with Metz as is capital.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the nine districts were changed into four arrondissements: Metz, Briey, Sarreguemines and Thionville.
In 2015, several arrondissements were eliminated and their territories passed to the remaining arrondissements, and only 5 were kept: Forbach-Boulay-Moselle, Metz, Sarrebourg-Château-Salins, Sarreguemines and Thionville.
The Moselle department is in the Grand Est region and borders only 2 departments: Meurthe-et-Moselle to the south and west, and Bas-Rhin to the east.
To the north, the department borders Germany and to the northwest with Luxembourg.
Moselle has an area of .
Its highest point is Grossman () in the western part of the department on the border with the Bas-Rhin department; it is  high.
The area around Metz, at an altitude of about , is characterized by climates with few extremes of temperature.
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Metz is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Metz is .
The month with the most precipitation on average is December with  of precipitation.
The month with the least precipitation on average is April with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Metz is .
The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of
Moselle is managed by the Departmental Council of Moselle in Metz.
The department is part of the Grand Est region.
There are 5 arrondissements (districts), 27 cantons and 727 communes (municipalities) in Moselle.
Algrange (5701)
Bitche (5702)
Boulay-Moselle (5703)
Bouzonville (5704)
Les Coteaux de Moselle (5705)
Fameck (5706)
Faulquemont (5707)
Forbach (5708)
Freyming-Merlebach (5709)
Hayange (5710)
Metz-1 (5711)
Metz-2 (5712)
Metz-3 (5713)
Metzervisse (5714)
Montigny-lès-Metz (5715)
Le Pays Messin (5716)
Phalsbourg (5715)
Rombas (5718)
Saint-Avold (5719)
Sarralbe (5720)
Sarrebourg (5721)
Sarreguemines (5722)
Le Saulnois (5723)
Le Sillon Mosellan (5724)
Stiring-Wendel (5725)
Thionville (5726)
Yutz (5727)
The inhabitants of the Moselle department are known, in French, as Mosellans or (women: Mosellanes),
Moselle had a population, in 2014, of 1,045,154, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Metz, with 341,821 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
The 10 communes with more inhabitants in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department are:
In the 19th century, the economy of was characterized by heavy industry, especially steel and iron factories.
After the weakening of these industries at the end of the 20th century, the department has tried to promote new economic activities based on industry and technology.
Departmental Council website
Prefecture of the Moselle department
Departments in Grand Est
Clara Schumann (born Leipzig 13 September, 1819; died Frankfurt am Main 20 May, 1896), was the wife of composer Robert Schumann.
She was a famous pianist and composer.
Clara was born Clara Wieck.
Her father taught her the piano.
She was a prodigy and by the time she was thirteen her father was taking her on concert tours.
She was only nine years old when Robert Schumann came to Leipzig to study law at the university.
Robert Schumann’s family had told him that he had to study law, but he wanted to be a musician.
He took piano lessons from Clara’s father, Friedrich Wieck.
Clara not only learned the piano, she also studied singing, the violin, instrumentation, score reading, counterpoint and composition.
By 1835 she was famous in the whole of Europe and was admired by Goethe, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Paganini and, of course, Robert Schumann.
Clara’s father did not want them to marry.
He did everything he could to stop the marriage.
For several years life was very difficult for them, but in the end, by 1840, they were married.they married by court permission
They had a happy marriage and had eight children.
Clara played her husband’s piano works (Schumann had a hand injury and had to stop playing the piano).
She ran the household and earned money by teaching and performing.
Life was not always easy.
When they went on tours together Clara was more famous than her husband, and this was difficult for him.
Robert often had depression.
They both taught at the Leipzig Conservatorium and Clara also taught privately in Dresden and Düsseldorf.
Robert Schumann died in 1856 after two years in a mental asylum.
Clara was left with seven small children to bring up.
Nevertheless, she continued her career as a pianist and often travelled to other countries, especially England, where she played Robert’s piano works.
She was great friends with Brahms and often performed his works, too.
Clara’s own compositions are all from her early years.
She was a very gifted composer.
In those days people thought that women should not be composers.
Playing the piano was one thing, but a woman was not expected to be a professional composer.
Clara knew this, and devoted more time to her playing, and to editing her husband’s music.
The Four Noble Truths are a Buddhist teaching.
They show Buddhists why they should follow the Middle Way.
The first noble truth is called Dukkha, which means suffering.
It says that life is full of suffering.
To say it a different way, in life, there is sickness, poverty (being poor), old age, and death.
People can not keep what they want.
People can not avoid what they do not want.
If that is all a person learns, they suffer.
The Second Noble Truth
The second noble truth is Samudaya, which says that there is a reason for the suffering in the world.
It says that the reason there is suffering is that people want things.
It also says that the reason there is suffering is that people want what they think is real.
They do this because they are ignorant.
People do wrong actions because they want things and because they do not see what is real.
Those evil actions lead to suffering.
The Third Noble Truth
The third noble truth is Nirodha.
It says that people can be free from suffering when they no longer want things.
The Fourth Noble Truth
The fourth noble truth is called Magga.
It says that for a person to stop wanting things, they must follow a set of rules.
The rules are called the Noble Eightfold Path.
See main article: Noble Eightfold Path
The eightfold path says that truth is found in the Middle Way.
A person can get to the Middle Way by following the eightfold path.
The eight parts are these:
Right Vision.
A person should try to see things the way they really are.
Right Values.
A person should try to turn their mind away from the world and towards the Dharma.
Right Speech.
A person should try to be truthful and kind when they talk.
Right Actions.
A person should try to do good things.
If they cannot do a good thing, then they should try to not do a bad thing.
Right Livelihood.
A person should not work at something that can hurt themselves or other people.
Right Effort.
A person should try to increase their goodness and get rid of their evil.
Right Mindfulness.
A person must remember the Dharma and use it all the time
Right Meditation.
A person must try to reach enlightenment through meditation.
The Four Noble Truths: A Study Guide
The Sixteen Aspects and Sixteen Distorted Ways of Embracing the Four Noble Truths
Composition means literally putting together.
Composition (music), putting notes together to make a piece of music
Composition (visual arts), the way that colors or shapes are put together
Composition (language), in literature and rhetoric, producing a work for speech or written discourse
The theory of relativity was developed by Albert Einstein in the early 1900s.
There are two theories of relativity.
The first is special relativity and the second is general relativity.
The theory aims to solve problems which could not be solved by classical physics, or by 19th century physics.
Certain observations, like the orbit of Mercury or the way light from distant sources bends as it passes a star, cannot be explained by the physics of 1900.
Einstein set out to revise the basic ideas of physics.
His work was done in two stages, and each stage has a separate page on this wiki.
Hawking, Stephen.
The Universe in a nutshell.
Bantam Books, 2001.
New times and new technologies survey the experiments of Sobral and Príncipe.
Relativity Calculator – Learn Special Relativity Mathematics The mathematics of special relativity presented in as simple and comprehensive manner possible within philosophical and historical contexts.
BIOS, computing, stands for Basic Input/Output System.
The BIOS is a computer program embedded on a chip on a computer's motherboard that recognizes and controls various devices that make up the computer.
The purpose of the BIOS is to make sure all the things plugged into the computer can work properly.
It brings life to the computer, and the term is a pun on the Greek word , bios meaning "life".
"Booting", sometimes called "Booting up" is the process that the computer completes to get it ready to use when it is first turned on.
When the computer turns on, the BIOS starts up and performs a Power-On Self Test (POST).
During the POST, the BIOS will check various devices in the computer like the computer processor, memory, the video card and others to make sure they are present and functioning.
Once the POST has completed successfully, the BIOS looks for an operating system to load, which is usually located on the computer's hard drive.
When it finds one, it starts to load it.
At this point, the operating system takes over control of the system.
Some people try to configure their computer to run faster than it was designed to do.
This is called "overclocking".
Since the BIOS controls the computer processor, entering the BIOS setup screen while it is booting up gives people access to advanced computer settings.
For most computers, pressing the delete or F12 button while the computer is booting up will bring up the BIOS setup screen.
There are many ways a computer can be overclocked to run faster, but most involve simply turning up the speed of the computer processor.
Doing this will usually make your computer run much hotter, though, and can sometimes break your computer, which is why overclocking will usually void your computer's warranty.
Only people who are computer hardware experts should attempt to overclock their computers.
Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (; 30 August 1958 — 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist.
Anna Politkovskaya wrote for the newspaper Novaya Gazeta.
She was born in the New York City, United States.
Her parents were diplomats and her mother was Ukrainian.
Her birth name was Anna Stepanovna Mazepa (Russian:Анна Степановна Мазепа).
She was best known for her thoughts about the war in Chechnya, a Russian state.
She was also against the leader of Russia, president Vladimir Putin.
Many of her texts asked for human rights.
In 2007 her set of memoirs A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia was published in English.
On 7 October 2006, she was shot dead at her house in Moscow.
It is possible she was murdered for political reasons.
Some Western countries have asked for a thorough investigation of her death.
They see it as an attempt to end opposition to the current Russian regime, as perhaps one of the last chances to save the freedom of the press in Russia.
The Noyava Gazeta has put up a reward for information that can explain why she was killed.
American people of Ukrainian descent
Russian journalists
Murders by firearm in Russia
Unsolved murders
Bengali is the most eastern Indo-Aryan language from South Asia.
It developed from a language called Pali.
There are about 220 million native speakers and about 250 million total speakers of Bengali.
It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, ranking seventh.
Almost all of the people in Bangladesh speak Bengali, and many famous books and poems are written in Bengali.
Rabindranath Tagore was a famous poet who wrote in Bengali.
Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
The national anthems of both India and Bangladesh were written in this language.
Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic), the former German Democratic Republic, also known as East Germany
Dance Dance Revolution, a music video game series
The peso is the monetary unit of several countries in the Americas and the Philippines.
Originating in Spain, the word peso translates to "weight" and uses the peso sign ("$"; "₱" in the Philippines).
The silver peso worth eight reales was also known in English as a Spanish dollar or "piece of eight" and was a widely used international trade coin from the 16th to 19th centuries.
Countries that use pesos
Relared pages
He was Prime Minister for a total of 18 and half years which is the longest in Australia's history.
After the death of Joseph Lyons he was elected leader of the United Australia Party and became Prime Minister in 1939.
He resigned in 1941 after a lot of criticism.
In 1944 he helped form the new Liberal Party.
In 1949 he was re-elected Prime Minister.
He stayed in the job until he retired in 1966.
According to his biography in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, "Menzies belonged to a generation for whom to be Australian was automatically to be British."
Knight of the Thistle, 1963
Constable of Dover Castle, 1965
Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1965
Pauline Fowler was a character in EastEnders.
She was played by English actress Wendy Richard (1943-2009).
In the show, she lived at number 45 Albert Square.
She had three children, Mark, Michelle and Martin.
Mark died in 2004 of AIDS.
When she was born, her name was Pauline Beale.
She married a man called Arthur Fowler, who was the father of her children.
He died in 1996.
Pauline's father Albert and mother Lou Beale are both dead.
She has six brothers and sisters called Pete, Kenny, Dora, Harry, Ronnie and Maggie.
Pete and Ronnie are both dead.
EastEnders characters
Will Young (born 20 January 1979) is an English singer and actor.
He was born in Berkshire.
He became famous in 2002 when he won the British singing competition, Pop Idol.
Since then, he has had a successful music career.
Young has released three albums so far and has had four number one singles in the United Kingdom.
He acted in the film Mrs. Henderson Presents.
"Anything Is Possible/Evergreen"
"Light My Fire"
"The Long and Winding Road/Suspicious Minds" (a duet with Gareth Gates)
"Don't Let Me Down/You and I"
"Leave Right Now"
"Your Game"
"Friday's Child"
"Switch It On"
"All Time Love"
"Who Am I"
Official Myspace
Will Young interview at musicOMH.com
Actors from Berkshire
Musicians from Berkshire
The substance that is dissolved (shown as the red dye in the example) is known as the solute.
The substance in which the solute is dissolved (shown as the water in the example) is known as the solvent.
To concentrate a solution, one must add more solute, or reduce the amount of solvent.
To dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute.
The iPod shuffle is an MP3 player made by Apple Inc. It is available with a 4GB memory which can hold roughly 1,000 songs, or 2GB memory holding roughly 500 songs.
The iPod shuffle is Apple's smallest music player, it is 45.2mm tall, 17.5mm wide, and has a depth of 7.8mm.
It was discontinued on 27 Jul 2017.
The iPod shuffle's battery plays audio for 15 hours when fully charged.
It can be charged to 80% of its capacity in 2 hours, and fully charged in 3 hours.
The iPod shuffle is the first music player that talks to you, using a feature called VoiceOver.
When the button on the headphones is held down, VoiceOver will speak the song currently playing and its artist.
If you continue holding it, it will tell you your playlists.
Click the centre button to select a playlist.
The iPod shuffle is available in pink, blue, green, orange, black and silver.
A polished stainless steel edition is available from the online store.
The first iPod Shuffle was released on January 11, 2005.
Steve Jobs said that people were always putting their iPods on shuffle mode and taking them to the gym and using them while they were jogging and that the iPod Shuffle lets you do that in a much more simpler way.
The iPod Shuffle relies on a feature from iTunes that lets you select random songs from the iTunes library and copy them onto the Shuffle.
It doesn't have a screen and doesn't have most features the other iPods have and instead of having the click wheel, the iPod Shuffle has a more basic wheel with the up and down buttons being for volume, the left and right buttons being for switching between songs and the middle button for playing and pausing.
The back has a clip and a light that tells you when the iPod has a low battery.
The second generation iPod Shuffle was released on September 12, 2006.
It's size was changed to be even smaller being the size of a square ans Steve Jobs said it was the smallest MP3 player ever.
On January 30, 2007 Apple released four new colors blue, green, orange and pink as well as the normal silver color.
Blue, green and pink are also the same colors used for the second generation iPod Nano and iPod Mini.
On February 19, 2008, Apple released a 2GB iPod Shuffle for $69.
On the same day Apple also lowered the price for the 1GB iPod shuffle from $79 to $49
On September 9, 2008, Apple replaced the colors from September 2007 with colors blue, green, pink and red.
They are very similar to the colors from January 2007 except slightly brighter.
On March 11, 2009 Apple released the third generation iPod Shuffle and is said to be "jaw-droppingly small" and "the first iPod that talks to you" and it is also the first waterproof iPod.
The 3G iPod Shuffle was available in black and white.
The iPod Shuffle 3G featured VoiceOver technology, a personal assistant that lets you tell your iPod Shuffle to play a certain album, genre, artist or song.
The iPod Shuffle 3rd generation no longer features controls on the device itself, but features controls on the earphones they come with.
The fourth generation iPod Shuffle was released on September 1, 2010.
The controls have been put back onto the device and it the design has been reverted to the iPod Shuffle second generation design and it now features VoiceOver in 29 languages: (Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (Australia, UK, U.S.), Finnish, French (Canada, France), German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil, Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish (Mexico, Spain), Swedish, Thai and Turkish).
Many members of the family contain strong alkaloids, and some are very toxic.
Well-known members of this family are chili peppers, petunias, deadly nightshade, mandrakes, potatoes, tomatoes, aubergines (eggplants) and tobacco.
Because it is thought that nightshades can cause or increase swelling and pain, many people do not eat them.
The poisons in the plants are defence against animals that might eat them.
Plant families
Solanaceae
Woodworking is a skill.
In woodworking, one can cut or sand (make wood smooth).
When one is doing woodworking, be careful of being hurt.
Remember to wear safety goggles or a facemask (like safety goggles.
but to protect ones face).
Do not wear long clothing, because it can get stuck in a tool.
In woodworking, the type of wood you get is very important.
There are many kinds of softwood and many kinds of hardwood.
The words hard and soft wood comes from the type of tree it came from.
A hard pice of wood could be softwood.
There are a lot of tools that people use during woodworking, such as sandpaper (used to make wood smooth to touch), files, rasps (all used for trimming wood, cutting, etc.),
saws (cutting wood), and automatic saws (saws that use electricity to run).
Chessmaster is a series of chess-playing computer games.
It is made by Ubisoft.
It is the best-selling chess franchise in history, with more than five million games sold .
The first version of the game, Chessmaster 2000, was released in 1986.
This first version and the next one, Chessmaster 2100, were produced by the now-defunct Software Toolworks company.
The Chessmaster chess engine is called "The King".
It is written by Johan de Koning of the Netherlands.
It was introduced in Chessmaster 4000.
Earlier releases had a chess engine written by David Kittinger.
One version of the game, Chessmaster 9000, defeated Larry Christiansen, a well-known American chess grandmaster and former multiple U.S. champion.
1986-88: The Chessmaster series started with Chessmaster 2000 by The Software Toolworks.
It was published for Amiga, Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, MSX, Macintosh and DOS on a 3.5 disk in February of 1988.
1988: Chessmaster 2100 was published for the Apple IIGS.
1989: Chessmaster 2100 was published for DOS.
1990: The Chessmaster was published for the NES.
1991: The Chessmaster was published for the SNES.
1991: Chessmaster 3000 was published for DOS, Windows 3.x.
1993: Chessmaster 4000 Turbo was published for Windows 3.x.
1995: Chessmaster 4000 was published for Windows 95.
1995: Chessmaster 3D for PlayStation had the Chessmaster 4000 engine.
1996: Chessmaster 5000 was published for Windows 95.
1997: Chessmaster 5500 was published for Windows 95.
1998: Chessmaster 6000 was published for Windows 95 and Windows 98.
1999: Chessmaster 7000 was published for Windows 98 and Chessmaster II was published for PlayStation.
2000: Chessmaster 8000 was published for Windows 98.
2002: Chessmaster 9000 was published for Windows 98/ME/XP
2004: Chessmaster 10th Edition was published for Windows XP.
2007: The current version, Chessmaster XI, was released for PC (titled Chessmaster: Grandmaster Edition) and Nintendo DS (titled Chessmaster: The Art of Learning) on 30 October.
chessmaster (2000) on chessgames
Chessmaster XI website
Chessmaster 9000 at Feral Interactive
1986 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Mobile games
PlayStation Portable games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
May – El Cid completes his conquest of Valencia, Spain, and begins his rule of Valencia.
November 27 – Urban II in Clermont Synod proclaims crusade
Duncan III of Scotland succeeds Duncan II of Scotland as King of Scotland
The first mention of the city of Zagreb, Croatia, as it became a bishopric see.
Raymond IV of Toulouse becomes Count of Toulouse
Saint Francis of Assisi (September 26, 1181 – October 3, 1226) is a Christian Saint.
He is the founder of the Franciscan Order and patron saint of animals, the environment, merchants, Italy and Catholic Action.
He was born in Assisi, Italy where a large basilica was built in his honor.
Saint Francis was born to Pietro Bernardone, a wealthy cloth merchant, and his wife Pica.
He was originally named Giovanni Francesco Bernardone.
In his youth, he was first interested by French troubadours, known as wanderers who improvised songs on a stringed instrument.
He later planned a career in military.
When he was serving in the war between Assisi and Perugia in 1202, at the battle of Ponte Saint Giovanni,  he was captured and imprisoned for a year.
When Francis returned to Assisi he had a religious conversion experience, including a reported message from Christ calling him to leave this worldly life.
He began taking his Christianity faith seriously.
He acted towards people as if the Gospels were his law, taking Jesus Christ as a literal example for loving one another.
He dressed in rough clothes, ask and begged for his sustenance, and preached purity and peace.
His family disapproved, and his father disinherited him, so Francis renounced his wealth and inheritance.
After that Francis started visiting hospitals and caring for the sick including of leprosy.
In 1209 Francis started to attract followers, and with a blessing from the pope, he founded the Franciscans based on a simple statement by Jesus: “Leave all and follow me”.
In 1219, he went to Egypt to convert the Sultan so the conflict of the Crusades could end.
1182 births
1226 deaths
Canute VI crowned king of Denmark.
Serbia allies itself with Hungary to gain independence.
First Sejm, or Polish Parliament, convenes at Łęczyca.
Jews expelled from Paris by Philip II of France.
Maronites reestablish their affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church.
Venetians massacred during a riot in Constantinople.
Raynald of Chatillon instigates another war between Saladin and Baldwin IV of Jerusalem.
Béla III of Hungary sacks the city of Belgrade.
Ending of the Yowa era in Japan.
The era was marked by famine.
Battle of Palnadu
September 11 — Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (d. 1204)
date not known — Francis of Assisi, founded the Franciscan Order (d. 1226)
Maria of Antioch, Byzantine empress (murdered) (b. 1145)
Valdemar I, King of Denmark (b. 1131)
Yaropolk Rostislavich, Russian grand prince
Cyril of Turaw, Orthodox Christian bishop and saint (b. 1130)
Ahmed Ar-Rifai, Sufi saint and founder of the Rifai Order (b.1118)
Printing is putting words and images on paper by mechanical means.
Books and newspapers are made by printing.
Usually, the images are formed by ink.
The ink is put on paper in machines called printing presses.
Printing is one of the technologies which has changed the world.
It is an efficient way to multiply writing, so that copies may be made available to all people.