the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Independent Electoral Commission 2004 election results
Official Durban city website
Durban Art Deco Directory
Accommodation in Durban
Durban harbour
durbanscouts.za.net Events, culture, news and information from Durban
Business in Durban
Durban Shack Dwellers' Organisation
South Africa Today A YouTube Channel giving news updates on SA's high crime situation for tourists, business and media.
Based in Durban, South Africa.
1880 establishments
Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, that have a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.
J. Desmond Clark, The Prehistory of Africa, Thames and Hudson, 1970
April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon, Understanding Contemporary Africa, Lynne Riener, London, 1996
Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1995 (1989)
In the United Kingdom, a Knight Bachelor is a man who is a knight, (has the title Sir) but who is neither a:
senior member of one of the orders of chivalry, sometimes called orders of knighthood, nor
a baronet.
Men who get some jobs, such as senior judges, are made Knights Bachelor.
Women cannot be knights bachelor, so if they get one of those jobs, they are made Dames of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)
Knights Bachelor have no post-nominal letters (letters after their name to show they are a knight), unlike knights of the orders of knighthood, who use letters like KBE, or GBE etc.,
or baronets who put Bt or Bart after their name.
The title "Sir" is always followed by the given name, so, Paul McCartney would be "Sir Paul McCartney" or "Sir Paul".
They would never be Sir last name, so not "Sir McCartney".
The same applies for women with the title "Dame" ("dame" is pronounced to rhyme with "same").
A digital system is a something that represents information by using digits.
Each digit represents a small amount of information because each digit comes from a small set of choices.
A digit can be decimal (one of the ten choices from 0 through 9), as in the display of a digital clock.
A digit can be binary (either 0 or 1).
A binary digit is called a bit.
Digital computers and digital communication like the internet usually use binary.
The meaning of each bit depends on the place where it is used.
For example, a bit can represent 'Yes' or 'No', or it can represent 'True' or 'False'.
A large amount of information, like a picture, can be represented by using a list of many bits.
The word digital is most commonly used in computing and electronics.
Hans Christian Oersted (14 August 1777 – 9 March 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist.
He is best known for discovering a relationship between electricity and magnetism, a field now known as electromagnetism.
Oersted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism.
Oersted's law and the oersted (Oe) are named after him.
He also discovered that aluminium was an element.
Oersted was also a writer and poet.
His poetry series Luftskibet ("Airship") was inspired by the balloon flights of his physicist friend, Étienne-Gaspard Robert.
Danish chemists
An ammeter is a measuring tool used to measure the flow of electric current in a circuit.
The electric current is measured in amperes; for this reason, some people call the ammeters as ampmeters, by mistake.
It can measure 'resistance' of a current, speed of a current and force of a current (the units used are ohms, amperes, and volts) Ammeters are connected in series in a circuit with two connections.
In electronics, a voltage divider is an electrical circuit which creates an output voltage which is proportional to an input voltage.
Voltage dividers are also known as resistor divider and potential divider.
It can be made of two resistors or it can be one potentiometer (variable resistor).
The output voltage is depends on component values, or on the setting of the potentiometer.
When an electrical load gets power from the divider's center point, the voltage may change.
English Heritage is an organization of the United Kingdom government (Department for Culture, Media and Sport).
It manages many monuments of the historic environment of England.
It was set up under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983.
Before the Department of the Environment had had these functions.
English Heritage takes care of many important historical and archaeological sites, from Stonehenge to the world's first iron bridge.
But it has responsibilities in conservation, giving advice, registering and protecting the historic environment as well.
It also maintains a public archive, the National Monuments Record (NMR).
Equivalent organisations
Wales — Cadw
Scotland — Historic Scotland
Northern Ireland — Environment and Heritage Service
Republic of Ireland — Office of Public Works
English Heritage website
Images of England website
Chief Executive website
Conservation organisations of the United Kingdom
1983 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s establishments in England
The Filioque clause is a part of the Nicene Creed that not all Christians agree about.
Filioque is Latin.
In the context (of the Nicene Creed) it means and from the Son.
The main parties involved are the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The Eastern Orthodox Church rejects this change, the Catholic Church, as well as most Protestant and the Anglican Church accept it.
The Latin text is given below, the change is highlighted.
This was added in the Catholic version.
Many Eastern Catholic Churches have the same version as the Eastern Orthodox Churches.
They do however believe what the added words say.
he:רוח הקודש (נצרות)#רוח הקודש בזרם הנוצרי המרכזי
Krokus (1976)
To You All (1977)
Painkiller / Play It In Metal (1978)
Metal Rendez-vous (1980)
Hardware (1981)
One Vice at a Time (1982)
Headhunter (1983)
The Blitz (1984)
Change of Address (1986)
Heart Attack (1988)
Stampede (1990)
To Rock or Not to Be (1995)
Round 13 (1999)
Rock the Block (2003)
Hellraiser (2006)
Hoodoo (2010)
Dirty Dynamite (2013)
Swiss musical groups
20th-century establishments in Switzerland
"Historic Scotland was created as an agency in 1991 and was attached to the Scottish Executive Education Department, which embraces all aspects of the cultural heritage, in May 1999.
As part of the Scottish Executive Historic Scotland is directly accountable to Scottish Ministers for safeguarding the nation's built heritage, and promoting its understanding and enjoyment."
English Heritage in England
Cadw in Wales,
Environment and Heritage Service in Northern Ireland.
Loudness is a heavy metal band from Japan.
The band was founded in 1981 by singer Akira Takasaki and drummer Munetaka Higuchi.
Loudness was the first Japanese heavy metal band to be signed to a recording contract in the United States.
Loudness Official Homepage
Takasaki.net Loudness
Loudness' page on MySpace
The Gulf of Oman is an arm of the Arabian Sea that borders Iran and south-western Pakistan to the north and Oman and the United Arab Emirates to the south.
The Gulf of Oman used to be called The Sea of Oman on old maps.
Geography of Oman
Geography of Pakistan
The Gulag was a vast network of "slave labor" camps run by the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s.
Ever since the Soviet Union was founded in 1917, it imprisoned people who spoke out against it or were otherwise dangerous.
Imperial Russia in previous decades had a similar system of prison camps.
But the Soviet Union camp system grew to be one of the largest prison systems in existence.
The Soviet camp-system was set up under Vladimir Lenin.
It  reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the early 1950s.
The Gulag was run at first by the GPU (State Political Directorate), later by the NKVD and in the last years by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD).
The internment system grew rapidly, reaching a population of 100,000 in the 1920s.
According to Nicolas Werth, the yearly mortality rate in the Soviet concentration camps varied, reaching 5% (1933) and 20% (1942–1943) and dropped in the post-war years to about 1 to 3% per year at the beginning of the 1950s.
Soviet leaders believed it was right to put these people to work and make their labor and goods part of the national economy.
In fact, two out of every hundred workers in the Soviet Union were gulag prisoners.
By 1936, there were 5,000,000 prisoners in the gulags.
Even though the Gulag is often associated with Siberia, labor camps were built across the Soviet Union.
Siberian camps greatly simplified the problem of keeping prisoners from running away, though it was harder to feed these camps and move goods in and out because the camps were so far away.
Decline and legacy
The Gulag system declined during the 1950s after the death of Joseph Stalin, and many people were released starting in 1954.
The Gulag program was ended with a government decree in 1960.
According to the Gulag administration, 10 million people were sent to the gulags between 1934 and 1947.
However, Western scholars estimate that between 1918 and 1956, 15 to 30 million died in the gulags.
Former prisoner and Nobel Prize-winning author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn wrote two books about the Gulag: One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich  and The Gulag Archipelago.
When Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union, he began a "De-Stalinization" process.
He made a secret speech, in which he denounced Stalin as having committed many murders of innocent people in Gulags and elsewhere, including Katyn massacre and slaughter of Poles in Ukraine & Belarus in 1937 and 1938.
A multimeter or a multitester is an electronic measuring tool that is a combination of several tools in one unit.
It usually includes an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter.
Digital multimeters are sometimes called DMM too.
Modern multimeters can be used to measure electrical quantities other than current, resistance and voltage.
For example, they can be used to measure frequency, capacitance, transistors Hfe and temperature.
The multimeter can make many tests, so it is often called "multitester".
When measuring resistance it acts as an ohmmeter, showing ohms.
For volts it would be a Voltmeter.
Sometimes it is called a mixture of things like  Volt/ohm meter or VOM.
Most meters can measure volts, amps, and resistance.
How it can be measured
The multimeter can be used to measure the voltage of a battery.
It can also be used for measuring the voltage across two points in a circuit.
The Voltmeter is placed in parallel between the positive and negative terminals of the battery.
It can also be used to measure resistance and amps hence the name of some meters "Voltmeter, Ohmmeter, and Amperage".
Multimeter Tutorial - Lots of useful information on Digital multimeter usage.
Hyattsville is a town in Maryland in the USA.
It is about 2 miles from Washington, DC.
In tort law, an invitee is a member of the public who has been invited to do business with the owner of a property.
For example, if someone owns a store and invites someone else to come into the store to buy something, the person who is invited is an invitee.
Luciano Pavarotti  (October 12, 1935 – September 6, 2007) was an Italian tenor and one of the most popular contemporary vocal performers in the world.
He not only sang in opera but also in other kinds of music.
Known for his televised concerts, media appearances, and as one of the "Three Tenors" (the other two were Plácido Domingo and José Carreras).
Pavarotti became enormously popular after a performance of the aria Nessun Dorma from Puccini’s opera  Turandot  for the opening ceremony of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy.
Luciano Pavarotti was born in Modena in north-central Italy.
His father was a baker who also liked to sing, his mother worked in a cigar factory.
The family did not have much money.
During World War II they lived in the countryside on a farm.
Pavarotti started to listen to his father’s recordings of famous tenors of the day such as Beniamino Gigli, Giovanni Martinelli, Tito Schipa and Enrico Caruso.
At around the age of nine he began singing with his father in a small local church choir.
He was a normal boy who liked playing football and even thought of being a professional soccer goalkeeper, but his mother said he should be a teacher.
His father said he would continue to support him, but once he was 30 years old he would have to earn money to support himself.
Pavarotti began singing lessons seriously in 1954 at the age of 19.
He met a singer called Adua Veroni.
He married her in 1961.
Pavarotti had to earn money, so he became a teacher, and then an insurance salesman.
For several years he just gave a few recitals without being paid for them.
Then he had problems with his throat and stopped singing for a short time, and, surprisingly, this helped his voice to become really good.
Pavarotti made his opera début in the role of Rodolfo in La bohème by Puccini on April 29, 1961 in the town of Reggio Emilia.
Soon he was singing in: the Vienna State Opera.
He sang in the United States with Joan Sutherland.
In 1965 he sang at La Scala, probably the most famous of all opera houses.
He was singing in the famous Franco Zeffirelli production of La Bohème, with Mirella Freni singing Mimi and Herbert von Karajan conducting. .
His first appearance as Tonio in Donizetti's La fille du régiment took place at Covent Garden on June 2 of that year.
It was his performances of this role that made people call him the "King of the High Cs" (The note C above Middle C is a very high note for a tenor to sing).
Pavarotti learned many more operatic roles and sang all over the world.
In 1972, he sang in a production of La fille du régiment by Donizetti at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.
The audience were amazed when he sang nine high Cs.
They applauded so much that he had 17 curtain calls.
He sang the role of Rodolfo in (La bohème) in the first Live From The Met telecast in March of 1977, which attracted one of the largest audiences ever for a televised opera.
He won many Grammy awards and platinum and gold discs for his performances.
In 1976 Pavarotti sang at the Salzburg Festival appearing in a solo recital.
He returned to the festival in 1978 with a recital and as the Italian singer in Der Rosenkavalier, in 1983 with Idomeneo, and both in 1985 and 1988 with solo recitals.
In 1977 there was a cover story in Time Magazine about him .
That same year saw Pavarotti's return to the Vienna State Opera where he had not been for 14 years.
With Herbert von Karajan conducting Pavarotti sang Manrico in Il trovatore.
In 1978, he appeared in a solo recital on Live from Lincoln Center.
He made his international recital début at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri in 1973 as part of the college’s Fine Arts Program, now known as the Harriman-Jewell Series.
Perspiring due to nerves and a cold, he kept a handkerchief in his hand all the way through the concert.
The handkerchief was often associated with him after that during his solo performances.
1980s–1990s
At the beginning of the 1980s, he set up The Pavarotti International Voice Competition for young singers, performing with the winners in 1982 in excerpts of La bohème and L'elisir d'amore.
The competition gave young people a chance to start their singing careers.
It was repeated in 1982.
They even travelled to China.
In 1992 Pavarotti sang in La Scala in a new Zeffirelli production of Don Carlo conducted by Riccardo Muti.
Pavarotti's performance was heavily criticized by some observers and booed by some of the audience.
The singer never returned to La Scala again after that.
Pavarotti became even more well-known throughout the world in 1990 when his sang Giacomo Puccini's aria, "Nessun Dorma" from Turandot which was used as the theme song for the BBC TV coverage of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy.
The aria made him a kind of pop star and it remained his trademark song.
This was followed by the hugely successful Three Tenors concert held on the eve of the World Cup final at the ancient Baths of Caracalla in Rome with fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and conductor Zubin Mehta, which became the biggest selling classical record of all time.
The high point of the concert happened when Pavarotti sang a famous part of di Capua's "'O Sole Mio".
Domingo and Carreras copied him and the audience enjoyed it very much.
This was one of the most remembered moments in opera of our time.
Throughout the 1990s, Pavarotti appeared in many big outdoor concerts, including his televised concert in London's Hyde Park which drew a record audience of 150,000.
In June 1993, more than 500,000 listeners gathered for his performance on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park, while millions more around the world watched on television.
The following September, in the shadow of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, he sang for a crowd of about 300,000.
Following on from the original 1990 concert, Three Tenors concerts were held during the Football World Cups; in Los Angeles in 1994, in Paris in 1998, and in Yokohama in 2002.
Pavarotti's rise to stardom was not without occasional difficulties, however.
He got a reputation as "The King of Cancellations" because he often cancelled performances, and this made him unpopular with some opera houses.
In 2002, Pavarotti split with the Herbert Breslin, the man who had been his manager for 36 years.
On 13 December 2003 he married his former personal assistant, Nicoletta Mantovani, with whom he already had a daughter.
A second child did not survive, due to complications at the time of birth.
He started his farewell tour in 2004, at the age of 69, performing one last time in old and new locations, after over 40 years on the stage.
Pavarotti gave his last performance in an opera at the New York Metropolitan Opera on March 13, 2004 for which he received a 12-minute standing ovation for his role as the painter Mario Cavaradossi in Giacomo Puccini's Tosca.
In March 2005, Pavarotti had an operation to his neck.
His health began to suffer.
He was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in July 2006 and died of the disease on 6 September 2007 at his home in Modena, aged 71.
Cancer deaths in Italy
Italian opera singers
People from Modena
Tenors
In law, negligence is a kind of legal claim that people and organizations can bring if they are hurt.
It is a kind of tort.
The law calls someone negligent if he hurts someone else, or someone else's property, because he was not careful enough.
In a legal case about negligence, the person who brings the lawsuit is called the plaintiff and the person who is being sued is called the defendant.
Negligence case
the defendant had a duty to behave in a certain way;
the defendant breached that duty;
the plaintiff was damaged, or harmed as a result; and
the breach of duty was the cause reasonably predictable cause of the plaintiff's harm.
The defendant's duty is what the law says that he or she has to do.
Usually, the law says that people have to be reasonable.
That means they have to be careful, use good judgment, and not be unfair to other people.
In some cases, the law tells people that they have special duties.
In other cases, the law says that people have no duties at all.
For example, in most places that use the common law, a person has no legal duty to rescue another person from harm, even if the rescue is very easy and does not cost anything or put anyone else in danger.
When people do not follow their duty, the law says that they breach their duty.
A plaintiff can usually bring a lawsuit only if he or she has been hurt, or has some other legal harm.
The law tells people what kinds of injuries people can sue about.
A plaintiff can usually sue a defendant only if that defendant was the one who hurt the plaintiff.
In many cases, it is easy to figure out who hurt someone.
But sometimes people get hurt in ways that nobody expects.
For example, a defendant might be driving while drunk, and he might hit an electric pole.
The electric pole could fall down and cause a neighborhood to lose electric power.
As a result, a person two miles away might trip and fall in the dark.
The law will decide whether the drunk driver caused the person to trip and fall.
Outside the law
The word negligence is sometimes used outside the law in a similar way.
It means that someone has not been careful enough.
Cytokinesis is the division of cells after either mitosis or meiosis I and II.
During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm (the liquid center of the cell that holds the organelles into place) splits into two equal halves, and the cell becomes two daughter cells.
This occurs right after the beginning of anaphase (in mitosis and in meiosis I and II).
Cell division continues during telophase (in mitosis and in meiosis I and II) until the cell has completely divided.
mitosis and meiosis II starts again after cytokinesis.
A new and complete nucleus has been formed in each of the two cells.
Cytokinesis in plants
In plants cytokinesis is slightly different.
As plant cells cannot move apart because of their cell wall, a cell plate begins to form during late anaphase and throughout telophase.
When the cytoplasm and organelles are divided evenly between the two new cells, the plate then becomes less flimsy and soon becomes another cell wall separating the daughter cells.
Cytokinesis splits the cell wall, unlike animal cells, where it splits the cytoplasm.
The cell wall grows later as the two new cells expand.
Femininity is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with females.
Femininity is made up of both socially defined and biologically created factors.
This makes it distinct from the simple definition of the biological female sex, as women, men, and transgender people can all exhibit feminine traits.
The colour pink is associated with femininity.
Femininity is also exhibited through certain natural instincts and biological traits like the broadening of the hips in females to support the baby in the womb during pregnancy and while reproduction, development of breasts and high pitched voice are the most common and evident in human beings.
Battery is the crime or tort of intentionally touching someone else without permission (literally, the act of "battering" somebody).
So, to start a fight would be to commit battery.
In some states, the crime of battery is referred to as assault, or it may be referred to as "assault and battery."
An assault is when a person attacks another.
In law, it is considered a crime or tort.
In common law, it is when somebody threatens or tries to physically hurt someone else.
In order to be considered assault, the act must involve the ability to cause the harm.
It does not necessarily have to involve touching the other person; that is called battery.
In criminal law, an assault can be an attempted but unsuccessful battery.
In some states or legal codes, the words "assault" and "battery" may mean the same thing.
There are several different kinds of assault.
Each legal system has their own definitions.
A stronger form of assault is aggravated assault.
This usually involves using a weapon that could easily be used to kill.
Megaloblastic anemia is a kind of anemia.
It can be caused by not having enough vitamins, especially Vitamin B12 or folic acid.
A legal code is a written system of laws.
To codify the law is to write it down in a systematic manner.
a way to show information in another form, for example, a cipher
the commands given to a computer in a computer program
a legal code
Peerage, a system of nobility in various countries
Peer group, a group of people of the same age, ability, etc.
Peer-to-peer computer network, in which users act as both client and server
Peer (Belgium)
pl:BitTorrent#Podstawowe pojęcia
Plácido Domingo KBE (born 21 January 1941) is an Spanish operatic tenor and conductor.
He is often regarded as one of the leading tenors of his generation.
Born José Plácido Domingo Embil in Madrid, Spain, the son of singers who later moved to Mexico, where he made his vocal study.
He began his career as a baritone singing in operettas but quickly retrained as a tenor.
He made his official operatic debut in Mexico City in 1961, as Alfredo in La traviata.
He sang in Tel Aviv from 1962 to 1965 in a wide variety of roles often in Hebrew.
He made his American debut at the New York City Opera in 1965, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1968.
This was followed by La Scala in Milan (1969), the Royal Opera House in London (1971), the Paris Opéra (1973), and most of the great opera houses of the world.
Although mostly associated with the Italian and French repertoire, he has in recent years sung several Wagner roles, and turned to conducting.
He is the General Director of the Washington National Opera and the Los Angeles Opera.
Spanish opera singers
He was born in Sants, which is in neighborhood of Barcelona, Catalonia.
His family moved to Argentina when he was very young.
He started singing at the age of 6, and his first public performance happened when he was 8 years old.
Many years later, when he was in Paris, it turned out that he has leukemia.
The long-term medications where successful and he survived from the disease.
He established José Carreras International Leukaemia Foundation in Barcelona on July 14, 1988.
Musicians from Barcelona
Leukemia or leukaemia is a cancer of white blood cells and bone marrow.
When a person has leukemia, the body creates too many white blood cells (leukocytes).
There are many kinds of leukemia.
Leukemia is part of a bigger group of diseases, the blood cancers (hematological neoplasms).
Without treatment, leukemia may lead to death within weeks, months, or years.
The life of the person depends upon the type of leukemia.
In 2000, about 256,000 children and adults around the world developed some form of leukemia, and 209,000 died from it.
About 90% of all leukemias are seen in adults.
Four major types of leukemia
Leukemia can be either acute or chronic.
Acute leukemia usually grows quickly.
Chronic leukemia grows slowly.
Leukemia can also affect two different types of white blood cells.
These are lymphoid cells and young granulocyte cells (which are called myelocytes).
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia.
It is common in young children but can also be seen in old people.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is usually seen in people over the age of 55.
Children almost never have this.
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is seen more commonly in adults than in children.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) happens mostly in adults.
The causes of most types of leukemia are not known.
In general, all cancers have a breakdown in the normal way cell division is controlled.
Most likely, the different kinds of leukemias have different causes.
The known causes account for relatively few cases.
Most of the causes are outside our control.
Exposure to Ionizing radiation
Exposure to certain chemicals, for example benzene.
Certain viruses
Treatment with certain drugs that influence how cells develop; e.g. treatment of a tumor; Chemotherapy
Certain genetic factors.
Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV
Most cases of leukemia are treated with many drugs, which are usually combined into a chemotherapy program.
In some cases, radiation therapies or bone marrow transplants are done.
Leukemia inhibitory factor
Leukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, is an interleukin 6 class cytokin.
It affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation.
When LIF levels drop, the cells differentiate.
Blood disorders
A tavern, also known as a saloon or bar, is a place where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or spirits) are served.
While the word "tavern" used to be common in England, in the 19th century the word began to be seen as old fashioned.
The current term today in England is "pub" which comes from public house.
However, taverns remain a popular part of fantasy stories and games.
The term is still commonly used in the United States.
Public house (pub)
Gaucho () or Gaúcho () is the term commonly used for people who live in the south regions of Brazil, mainly in Rio Grande do Sul.
It can also be used for people from Uruguay, Argentina and Chile.
They are similar to the North American cowboys, and, like them, gauchos of Argentina have become a symbol of freedom.
Working with his horse, a laço, boleodoros, and a knife, gauchos rode around the Pampas, killing wild cattle whose hides he sold secretly.
They were usually outlaws, and did not become respectable until they fought with San Martin for Argentine freedom.
After some time, many gauchos began working for hacendados and spent their lives helping huge herds of cattle over the Pampas.
They liked to choose where they worked and traveled from place to place.
Like cowboys, gauchos had a traditional outfit: a big hat, a collared shirt (mainly red), and baggy pants called bombachas, which were tucked into leather boots.
Colorful pieces of cloth or a wide leather belt decorated with silver went around his waist, and silver spurs were on his boots.
When working, gauchos often wore a big leather apron.
Today, though, most gauchos are disappearing.
Trucks, roads, and fences are changing gauchos into farmers and assistants.
Traditional dress is usually worn only on festival days, when they can remember their exciting old days.
Movimento Tradicionalista Gaucho
Pagina do Gaucho
The flag of Tunisia is a national flag.
It is red and white in colour with a star inside a moon.
It was created for the first time in 1831 by the Tunisian bey Hassine I. Since then, it has had some small changes.
1831 establishments
Establishments in Tunisia
The text (words) of this anthem was written by two men, Mustapha Sadiq Al-Rafi'i and Abul-Qacem Ech-Chebbi.
And the Egyptian musician Mohamad Abdul-Wahab made its music.
1987 establishments in Africa
Nymphadora Tonks is a fictional character in the Harry Potter book series written by J. K. Rowling.
Tonks, as she is known, is the only daughter of Andromeda Black and Ted Tonks.
She is a Half-Blood, but both of her parents are actually magical.
Her mother is a pureblood from the ancient wizarding family of the Blacks, and her father is a muggle born, therefore considering that the majority of her father's family are muggles she is considered a half-blood, even though he is not a muggle himself.
Tonks is a metamorphmagus, which means that she can change her appearance at will.
Her Patronus is a jack rabbit, but it changed into a wolf (Remus's Patronus) due to her love for Remus Lupin.
Tonks is first described in the books as having a pale heart-shaped face, dark twinkling eyes, and short, spikey hair that was a violent shade of violet.
She knocked over a plate in the Dursley's kitchen when the 'Advance Guard' came to pick up Harry to take to number twelve, Grimmauld Place.
She also knocked over the troll umbrella stand, which made Sirius's mother, Walburga Black, start screaming.
She is known as "seriously clumsy."
Nymphadora was born on the 11th of May, 1973.
She attended Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry from 1984-1991, the time of Charlie Weasley, and was Sorted into Hufflepuff House.
She never became a Prefect in her 5th year, because her Head of House, Pomona Sprout, said she lacked necessary qualities, such as the ability to behave herself.
She works as an Auror in the Ministry of Magic under the eye of Mad-Eye Moody.
She worked as a spy for the Order of the Phoenix.
So did Arthur Weasley, Kingsley Shacklebolt, and a few others, as they themselves worked inside the Ministry.
In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, she marries the werewolf Remus Lupin (even though she is much younger than him), and many people disapprove of her choice.
Remus Lupin feels that he has endangered her and her son, and leaves her at the beginning of the Deathly Hallows.
Harry, already lost his parents and his godfather, mocks him to be a coward, resulting in Harry was thrown into a wall by an angry Remus.
But Remus Lupin decided that Harry was right and come back a few days later.
They have a son named Edward Remus 'Teddy' Lupin.
He is a metamorphmagus, just like his mother, Tonks, and is known for having aqua colored hair.
Both Tonks and Lupin die during the Battle of Hogwarts, Lupin by Antonin Dolohov, and Tonks by Bellatrix Lestrange.
cs:Fénixův řád#Nymfadora Tonksová
de:Figuren der Harry-Potter-Romane#Nymphadora Tonks
en:Order of the Phoenix (fiction)#Nymphadora Tonks
fr:Lieux dans l’univers de Harry Potter#Ministère de la Magie
he:הארי פוטר - דמויות משנה#דמויות שונות
no:Medlemmer av Føniksordenen#Nymfadora Dult
ru:Нимфадора Тонкс
fi:Feeniksin kilta#Nymfadora Tonks
tr:Zümrüdüanka Yoldaşlığı#Nymphadora Tonks
Henry Tonks, artist
Lewi Tonks, American quantum physicist known for the discovery of the Tonks-Girardeau gas
Nymphadora Tonks, a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter novels
Andromeda Tonks or Ted Tonks, Nymphadora's parents
Rosemary Tonks, a British poet
Tonks Avenue in Wellington, New Zealand
fr:Personnages secondaires de l’univers de Harry Potter#Nymphadora Tonks
pl:Członkowie Zakonu Feniksa#Nimfadora Tonks
Scelidosaurus was an early type of herbivorous dinosaur.
It was a thyreophoran, a lightly plated, herbivorous dinosaur about 4 metres long.
It lived during the early  Jurassic, 208 to 194 million years ago.
Its fossils have been found in England, Ireland, and in Arizona, in the United States.
Scelidosaurus has been called the earliest complete dinosaur.
This and related genera have been found on three continents.
It is one of the earliest and most basal of the armoured dinosaurs.
A review by Serano had Scelidosaurus as the sister group (closest relative) to both the Stegosauria and Ankylosauria.
A full-grown Scelidosaurus was rather small, compared to some later dinosaurs.
Its  length was about 4 metres (13 ft).
Scelidosaurus was quadrupedal, with the hindlimbs longer than the forelimbs.
It may have reared up on its hind legs to browse on foliage from trees, but its forefeet were as large as its hind feet, indicating a mostly quadrupedal posture.
Scelidosaurus and its Jurassic relatives were herbivorous.
Other ornithischians had teeth capable of grinding plant material, but Scelidosaurus had smaller, less complex teeth.
Its jaw could only do simple up-and-down movements.
In this aspect, they resembled the stegosaurids, which also had primitive teeth and simple jaws.
Also, like stegosaurs, they may have swallowed gastroliths to aid processing of food (because of the lack of chewing ability).
This is also done by modern birds and crocodiles.
The diet of Scelidosaurus was low-lying plants like ferns and cycads.
Seaweed has also been suggested as a food.
Grass did not evolve until the Cretaceous period.
The Inheritors by Nobel Prize winner William Golding
Inheritor (novel), a 1996 science fiction novel by C. J. Cherryh
Inheritance (novel), a 2011 book part of the Inheritance Cycle
Heredity, the genetic information passed on by the father and mother
Inheritance (computer science), a way to make new classes using others that are already made
The Nissan Stadium (previously called the International Stadium of Yokohama) is a sports stadium in Yokohama, Japan.
It was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final.
2002 FIFA World Cup Final
Football stadiums in Asia
Buildings and structures in Japan
Scream 2  is a 1997 American slasher film directed by Wes Craven and written by Kevin Williamson.
It stars David Arquette, Neve Campbell, Matthew Lillard, Dax Shepard, Courteney Cox, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Laurie Metcalf, Jamie Kennedy, Jerry O'Connell, Jada Pinkett and Liev Schreiber.
The film was released on December 12, 1997 by Dimension Films as the second installment in the Scream film series.
Scream 2 takes place one year after Scream and again follows the character of Sidney Prescott (Campbell) and her brother Jerry (Lillard), now students at the fictional Windsor College, who becomes the target of a copycat killer using the guise of Ghostface.
Sidney and Jerry are accompanied by film-geek Randy Meeks (Kennedy), Jerry's friend Tom Scott (Shepard) retired deputy sheriff Dewey Riley (Arquette) and news reporter Gale Weathers (Cox).
Like its predecessor, Scream 2 combines the violence of the slasher genre with elements of comedy and "whodunit" mystery while satirizing the cliché of film sequels.
The film was followed by two sequels, Scream 3 (2000) and Scream 4 (2011).
Williamson provided a five-page outline for a sequel to Scream when auctioning his original script, hoping to entice bidders with the potential of buying a franchise.
Following a successful test screening of Scream and the film's financial and critical success, Dimension moved forward with the sequel while Scream was still in theaters, with the principal cast all returning to star, Craven to direct and Beltrami to provide music.
The film suffered controversy following its significant issues with plot information leaking onto the Internet, revealing the identity of the killers.
Combined with the film's rushed schedule, the script was rewritten often; pages were sometimes completed on the day of filming.
Despite these issues, Scream 2 earned $172 million, received several awards and nominations.
The film also received positive reviews, with some critics arguing that the sequel surpassed the original in terms of quality.
Beltrami received positive critical reception for his score for evolving the musical themes of the characters created in Scream although some critics claimed that the most memorable pieces from the film were created by composers Danny Elfman and Hans Zimmer.
Elfman's contribution had been specially written for the film, but Zimmer's score for Broken Arrow was controversially used in the film, replacing Beltrami's own work.
The soundtrack received negative feedback from reviewers but achieved moderate sales success, reaching #50 on the Billboard 200.
While attending a preview of the film Stab, a film within a film based on the Woodsboro murders, Windsor College seniors Maureen Evans, Hugh Daniels and Phil Stevens (Jada Pinkett Smith, David Spade and Omar Epps) are murdered by Ghostface.
Phil is stabbed through the ear in a bathroom stall while trying to eavesdrop on strange whimpering noises.
The killer, wearing a Ghostface costume, then returns to the screening and sits beside Maureen before mortally stabbing her.
At first the audience believes the act to be a publicity stunt until she falls dead in front of the cinema screen, Hugh tries to call the police, but the killer stabs him in the back, killing him.
The following day, the news media including local journalist Debbie Salt (Laurie Metcalf), descend on Windsor College where Sidney Prescott (Neve Campbell) and her brother Jerry Prescott (Matthew Lillard) and Jerry's friend Tom Scott (Dax Shepard) now study alongside their best friend Hallie (Elise Neal) and Sidney's new boyfriend Derek (Jerry O'Connell), fellow Woodsboro survivor Randy Meeks (Jamie Kennedy), and Derek's best friend Mickey (Timothy Olyphant).
Sidney receives prank calls but is oblivious to the recent killings until someone instructs her to watch the news.
Two other Woodsboro survivors arrive at the campus: officer Dwight "Dewey" Riley (David Arquette) to help Sidney, Jerry and Tom and reporter Gale Weathers (Courteney Cox) to cover the case.
Gale tries to stage a confrontation between Sidney, Jerry, Tom and Cotton Weary (Liev Schreiber), who is attempting to gain fame from his exoneration for the murder of Sidney and Jerry's mother.
After Gale forcibly confronts Sidney, Jerry and Tom with Cotton, Sidney angrily hits Gale and Jerry angrily scolds at Sidney for hitting Gale.
Later that evening, Sidney, Jerry and Tom go to a party with Hallie.
At a sorority house, Ghostface murders fellow student Cici Cooper (Sarah Michelle Gellar).
After all the partygoers leave, the killer then crashes the party and attack Sidney, Jerry and Tom, though Derek intervenes.
The killer injures Derek but Dewey and the police arrive, prompting the killer to flee.
The next morning, Gale discusses the case with the police.
Upon realising that Cici's real name is Casey, she concludes that the killer is a copycat who targets students who share the same names as the Woodsboro murder victims, as Maureen Evans has the same name as Maureen Prescott, Phil Stevens as Steve Orth, Hugh Daniels as Dan Williams and Casey Cooper as Casey Becker.
That afternoon, while Gale is talking to Dewey, Tom and Randy on the campus lawn, she receives a call from Ghostface hinting that he is watching them.
They search for him, but Randy, who tries to keep the killer on the phone, is dragged into Gale's broadcast van and is murdered by Ghostface.
As night falls, Dewey and Gale review the tape of Ghostface killing Randy hoping to find some clues but the killer attacks them and seemingly kills Dewey.
Gale hides and eventually escapes.
In the wake of the escalating murders, two officers drive Sidney, Jerry, Tom and Hallie to a local police station, but the killer murders them.
In the ensuing struggle, Ghostface is knocked unconscious.
After they climb out of the car, Sidney, Jerry and Tom insist on unmasking him, while Hallie insists they escape.
When Sidney, Jerry and Tom walk back to the car, they see that Ghostface has escaped, who then stabs Hallie to death, forcing Sidney, Jerry and Tom flee.
Sidney, Jerry and Tom go back to the campus and find Derek in the auditorium tied to a crucifix, his mouth gagged with duct tape.
Once Sidney, Jerry and Tom untie him, they is confronted by Ghostface, who reveals himself as Mickey and tells Sidney, Jerry and Tom that Derek is his partners.
Derek desperately tries to persuade Sidney, Jerry and Tom that he is innocent and while Sidney, Jerry and Tom are deciding who is telling the truth, Mickey kills Derek.
Mickey details his plan to become famous in the ensuing trial and media spectacle.
He then announces his real partner, Debbie Salt, who arrives holding Gale at gunpoint.
Sidney, Jerry and Tom recognise that Salt is actually Billy Loomis' mother, seeking revenge for her son's death.
Mickey explains that they met online and agreed that Mrs. Loomis pays for Mickey's tuition fee while Mickey does the actual killing.
Mrs. Loomis betrays Mickey and shoots him, as she plans to blame the murders on Mickey.
Before he collapses, Mickey accidentally shoots Gale, causing her to fall off the stage, Sidney, Jerry and Mrs. Loomis fight, during their fight Mrs. Loomis shoots Tom in the stomach, killing him, until Cotton intervenes and eventually shoots Mrs. Loomis in the throat.
As they debate whether or not she is still alive, they find Gale still alive.
Mickey suddenly jumps to his feet, trying to attack them, only to be shot death by Sidney, Jerry and Gale.
Sidney and Jerry then shoot Mrs. Loomis in the head to confirm her death, amd Jerry runs up to Tom and he gives Jerry some video tapes of he, Jerry, Dan, Sidney, Tatum, Billy, Stu, Randy, Cici, Martha, Jerry's old friends: (Justin Wilson, Douglas Harris, Karen James) and Sidney and Jerry's brother Steve, then Tom  slowly dies, and Jerry cries over Tom's body.
When the police arrive the next morning, Gale finds Dewey badly injured but still alive and accompanies him and Tom to the hospital.
Sidney and Jerry instruct the press to direct questions to Cotton, rewarding him with the fame he has been chasing while removing the attention from herself as she and Jerry leave the university campus.
A week later at Tom's funeral, Sidney and Jerry stand near Tom's grave.
Roger L Jackson as The voice of Ghostface
Dane Farwell as Ghostface
Neve Campbell as Sidney Prescott
Matthew Lillard as Jerry Prescott (Sidney's brother)
Dax Shepard as Tom Scott (Jerry's best friend)
David Arquette as Dwight "Dewey" Riley (Sidney and Jerry's friend)
Courteney Cox as Gale Weathers
Jamie Kennedy as Randy Meeks
Liev Schreiber as Cotton Weary
Laurie Metcalf as Debbie Salt/Mrs. Loomis
Jerry O'Connell as Derek Feldman
Elise Neal as Hallie
Timothy Olyphant as Mickey
Sarah Michelle Gellar as Casey "Cici" Cooper
Duane Martin as Joel
Jada Pinkett Smith as Maureen Evans
David Spade as Hugh Daniels
Omar Epps as Phil Stevens
David Warner as Gus Gold
Rebecca Gayheart as Lois
Portia de Rossi as Murphy
Philip Pavel as Officer Richard Andrews
Christopher Doyle as Officer Andrew Richards
Freddie Prinze Jr. as Guy at Party
Luke Wilson and Heather Graham cameo as actors in the in-universe Stab film.
Tori Spelling and Donovan Patton appears as themselves, and Joshua Jackson cameos as one of Randy's classmates.
1997 crime movies
Scream movies
In cells, normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV light and radiation damage DNA.
There are as many as a million  molecular lesions per cell per day.
Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the affected gene.
Other lesions induce potentially harmful mutations in the cell's genome, which affect the survival of its daughter cells after it divides.
The DNA repair process must be constantly active so it can respond rapidly to any damage in the DNA structure.
The rate of DNA repair depends on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment.
A cell that has accumulated a  lot of DNA damage, or one that no longer effectively repairs damage, can enter one of three states:
an irreversible state of dormancy, known as senescence
cell suicide, also known as apoptosis (programmed cell death)
unregulated cell division, which can lead to the formation of a tumor that is cancerous
Many genes that were initially shown to influence life span have turned out to be involved in DNA damage repair and protection.
Damage and mutation
Damages are physical abnormalities in the DNA, such as single- and double-strand breaks.
DNA damages can be recognized by enzymes, and so they can be repaired.
Repair needs the undamaged sequence in the complementary DNA strand or in a homologous chromosome.
If a cell retains DNA damage, transcription of a gene can be prevented, and, thus, translation into a protein will also be blocked.
Replication may also be blocked or the cell may die.
A mutation is a change in the base sequence of the DNA.
A mutation cannot be recognized by enzymes once the base change is present in both DNA strands, so a mutation cannot be repaired.
At the cellular level, mutations can cause alterations in protein function and regulation.
Mutations are replicated when the cell replicates.
In a population of cells, mutant cells will increase or decrease in frequency according to the effects of the mutation on the ability of the cell to survive and reproduce.
Although different from each other, DNA damages and mutations are related because DNA damages often cause errors of DNA synthesis during replication or repair; these errors are a major source of mutation.
DNA damages in frequently dividing cells, because they give rise to mutations, are a prominent cause of cancer.
In contrast, DNA damages in infrequently dividing cells are likely a prominent cause of aging.
2015 Nobel Prize research
Tomas Lindahl FRS, who is Swedish and works in the UK, discovered a mechanism called base excision repair.
It counteracts the degradation of DNA.
Turkish-born Aziz Sancar, professor at the University of North Carolina, found  a different DNA repair called nucleotide excision repair.
American Paul Modrich, at Duke University in North Carolina, showed how how cells correct DNA flaws which occur in cell division.
This mechanism, called mismatch repair, results in a 1,000-fold reduction in the error frequency when DNA is replicated.
Human DNA repair diseases
DNA Repair
DNA Damage and DNA Repair
A person who has a coat of arms is sometimes called an armiger.
They are armigerous.
The term "armiger" is well-defined only in countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, and Spain where there is a state or other heraldic body.
These bodies include the College of Arms in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the Office of the Chief Herald in the Republic of Ireland or the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland).
Someone can have a coat of arms either because they are descended from a person with a right to bear a coat of arms, or by having a new grant of arms  to him or herself.
The genome of an organism is the whole of its hereditary information encoded in its DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA).
This includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA.
"I propose the expression genome for the haploid chromosome set, which, together with the pertinent protoplasm, specifies the material foundations of the species ...." p165
However, no single haploid chromosome set defines even the DNA of a species.
Because of the huge variety of alleles carried by a population, every individual is genetically different.