the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Chemists count the atoms in each direction from the broken bond to the atoms that form the new σ-bond in the product.
The numbers that correspond to the atoms forming the new bond are then separated by a comma and placed within brackets.
This creates the sigmatropic reaction order descriptor.
Chemists also count atoms when naming a sigmatropic shift where a hydrogen atom moves.
The carbon chain does not break in a hydrogen atom migration.
So, chemists count across all atoms involved in the reaction rather than only across the closest atoms.
For example, the following hydrogen atom migration is of order [1,5], attained by counting counterclockwise through the π system, rather than the [1,3] order through the ring CH2 group that would mistakenly result if counted clockwise.
Suprafacial and Antarafacial Shifts
Chemists have studied sigmatropic reactions where the migrating group has a sterocenter.
In principle, all sigmatropic shifts can occur with either the same (retention) or the opposite (inversion) geometry of the migrating group.
This depends on whether the original bonding lobe of the migrating atom or its other lobe is used to form the new bond.
In cases of stereochemical retention, the migrating group translates without rotation into the bonding position.
In the case of stereochemical inversion the migrating group both rotates and translates to reach its bonded conformation.
There is another way that a sigmatropic reaction can produce products with different sterochemistry.
The migrating group can stay on the original face of the π system after rebonding.
Or, it can go to the opposite face of the π system.
If the migrating group remains on the same face of the π system, the shift is known as suprafacial.
If the migrating group transfers to the opposite face is called an antarafacial shift.
Transformations that occur within small- or medium-sized rings cannot make antarafacial shifts.
Classes of Sigmatropic Rearrangements
[1,3] Shifts
Thermal Hydride Shifts
In a thermal [1,3] hydride shift, a hydride moves three atoms.
The Woodward-Hoffmann rules dictate that it would proceed in an antarafacial shift.
Although such a shift is symmetry allowed, the Mobius topology required in the transition state prohibits such a shift.
It is geometrically impossible.
This is why enols do not isomerize without an acid or base catalyst.
Thermal Alkyl Shifts
Thermal alkyl [1,3] shifts, similar to [1,3] hydride shifts, must proceed antarafacially.
The geometry of the transition state is prohibitive.
But an alkyl group, due to the nature of its orbitals, can invert its geometry and form a new bond with the back lobe of its sp3 orbital.
This reaction will result a suprafacial shift.
These reactions are still not common in open chain systems because of the highly ordered nature of the transition state.
So, the reactions work better in cyclic molecules.
Photochemical [1,3] Shifts
[1,5] Shifts
A [1,5] shift involves the shift of 1 substituent (-H, -R or -Ar) down 5 atoms of a π system.
Hydrogen has been shown to shift in both cyclic and open chain systems at temperatures at or above 200 ˚C. These reactions are predicted to proceed suprafacially, by a Huckel-topology transition state.
Photoirradiation would require an antarafacial shift of hydrogen.
Although such reactions are rare, there are examples where antarafacial shifts are favored:
In contrast to hydrogen [1,5] shifts, there have never been any observed [1,5] alky shifts in an open-chain system.
Chemists have determined rate preferences for [1,5] alkyl shifts in cyclic systems:  carbonyl and carboxyl> hydride> phenyl and vinyl>> alkyl.
Alkyl groups undergo [1,5] shifts very poorly and usually require high temperatures.
However, for cyclohexadienes, the temperature for alkyl shifts is not much higher than that for carbonyls, the best migratory group.
A study showed that this is because alkyl shifts on cyclohexadienes proceed through a different mechanism.
First the ring opens, followed by a [1,7] shift, and then the ring reforms electrocyclically:
This same mechanistic process is seen below, without the final electrocyclic ring-closing reaction, in the interconversion of lumisterol to vitamin D2.
[1,7] Shifts
[1,7] sigmatropic shifts are predicted by the Woodward-Hoffmann rules to proceed in an antarafacial fashion, by a Mobius topology transition state.
An antarafacial [1,7] shift is observed in the conversion of lumisterol to vitamin D2, where following an electrocyclic ring opening to previtamin D2, a methyl hydrogen shifts.
[3,3] Shifts
[3,3] sigmatropic shifts are well studied sigmatropic rearrangements.
The Woodward-Hoffman rules predict that these six electron reactions would proceed suprafacially, using a Huckel topology transition state.
Claisen Rearrangement
Discovered in 1912 by Rainer Ludwig Claisen, the Claisen rearrangement is the first recorded example of a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
This rearrangement is a useful carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction.
An example of Claisen rearrangement is the [3,3] rearrangement of an allyl vinyl ether, which upon heating yields a γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl.
The formation of a carbonyl group makes this reaction, unlike other sigmatropic rearrangements, inherently irreversible.
Aromatic Claisen rearrangement
When both the ortho positions on the benzene ring are blocked, a second ortho-Claisen rearrangement will occur.
This para-Claisen rearrangement ends with the tautomerization to a tri-substituted phenol.
Cope Rearrangement
The Cope rearrangement is an extensively studied organic reaction involving the [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,5-dienes.
For example 3,4-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene heated to 300 °C yields 2,6-octadiene.
Oxy-Cope rearrangement
Carroll Rearrangement
The Carroll rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry and involves the transformation of a β-keto allyl ester into a α-allyl-β-ketocarboxylic acid.
This organic reaction can be followed by decarboxylation and the final product is a γ,δ-allylketone.
The Carroll rearrangement is an adaptation of the Claisen rearrangement and effectively a decarboxylative allylation.
Fischer Indole Synthesis
The Fischer indole synthesis is a chemical reaction that produces the aromatic heterocycle indole from a (substituted) phenylhydrazine and an aldehyde or ketone under acidic conditions.
The reaction was discovered in 1883 by Hermann Emil Fischer.
Successful acid catalysts include: Bronsted acids such as HCl, H2SO4, polyphosphoric acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, and aluminium chloride are also useful catalysts.
[5,5] Shifts
Similar to [3,3] shifts, the Woodward-Hoffman rules predict that [5,5] sigmatropic shifts would proceed suprafacially, Huckel topology transition state.
These reactions are rarer than [3,3] sigmatropic shifts, but this is mainly a function of the fact that molecules that can undergo [5,5] shifts are rarer than molecules that can undergo [3,3] shifts.
Walk Rearrangements
The migration of a divalent group, such as O, S, NR or CR2, which is part of a three-membered ring in a bicyclic molecule, is commonly referred to as a walk rearrangement.
This can be formally characterized according to the Woodward-Hofmann rules as being a (1, n) sigmatropic shift.
An example of such a rearrangement is the shift of substituents on tropilidenes (1,3,5-cycloheptatrienes).
When heated, the pi-system goes through an electrocyclic ring closing to form bicycle[4,1,0]heptadiene (norcaradiene).
Thereafter follows a [1,5] alkyl shift and an electrocyclic ring opening.
Proceeding through a [1,5] shift, the walk rearrangement of norcaradienes is expected to proceed suprafacially with a retention of stereochemistry.
Experimental observations, however, show that the 1,5-shifts of norcaradienes proceed antarafacially.
Theoretical calculations found the [1,5] shift to be a diradical process, but without involving any diradical minima on the potential energy surface.
2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement
NIH shift
Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory
The Mercedes-Benz W201 is a car produced by Mercedes-Benz.
It was introduced in 1982 and came before the C-Class, that replaced the W201 in 1993.
190 4-cylinder 66 kW (90 hp), 75 kW (102 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
190 E 1.8 4-cylinder 80 kW (109 hp)
190 E 2.0 4-cylinder 87 kW (118 hp) and 90 kW (122 hp)
190 E 2.3 4-cylinder 97 kW (132 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
190 E 2.3-16 4-cylinder 125 kW (170 hp), 130 kW (177 hp) and 136 kW (185 hp)
190 E 2.5-16 4-cylinder 143 kW (194 hp) and 150 kW (204 hp)
190 E 2.5-16 Evolution II 4 cylinder 173 kW (235 hp)
190 E 2.6 6-cylinder 118 kW (160 hp) and 122 kW (166 hp)
190 E 3.2 AMG 6-cylinder 172 kW (234 hp)
190 D 4-cylinder 53 kW (72 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
190 D 2.2 4-cylinder 54 kW (73 hp)
190 D 2.5 5-cylinder 66 kW (90 hp) and 69 kW (94 hp)
190 D 2.5 Turbo 5-cylinder 90 kW (122 hp) and 93 kW (126 hp)
W201
Cadel Evans (born 14 February 1977 in Katherine, Northern Territory) is an Australian professional bicycle race driver.
In 2011, he is the first Australian to win the Tour de France.
Cadel Evans was born on 14 February 1977 at the Katherine Hospital, Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia.
He is the son of Helen Cocks, a bank manager and Paul Evans, a council foreman.
He spent his early childhood in the small aboriginal community of Barunga, 80 km east of Katherine.
At the age of seven, he was hit in the head by a horse and spent seven days in an induced coma.
In 1986, his parents got divorced and he moved with his mother to Armidale, New South Wales.
Later they moved to the state of Victoria.
Skateboarding was one of his interests when he was a teenager.
His father describes him as a good student, but otherwise just an ordinary kid who would leave his toys around. "
Not in [my] wildest dreams" would he imagine that his son would become a top world athlete.
Australian cyclists
Grand Army Plaza is at 59th Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, New York.
It is in front of the Plaza Hotel.
It is opposite the southeast corner of Central Park.
The sculptor Karl Bitter first had the idea for the Plaza in 1898.
It is named after the Grand Army of the Potomac.
The Carrère and Hastings architecture firm designed it.
Construction was finished in 1916.
The Plaza is oval.
59th street divides it into northern and southern parts.
The northern part has a golden statue of William Tecumseh Sherman designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens.
The statue features Sherman on a horse with the goddess "Victory" in front of him.
There are often temporary sculpture exhibits at the north side of the plaza.
The southern part is the Plaza of the Pulitzer Fountain of Abundance.
This fountain was designed by Bitter and paid for by Joseph Pulitzer.
A bronze statue of the Roman goddess Pomona is at the top of the fountain.
The statue of Pomona was the last one that Bitter designed.
The plaza was renovated in 1990 at a cost of $3.7 million.
The  Plaza Hotel is named for the Plaza, and is at its southwest corner.
Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn.
USS Enterprise (CV-6), often called the "Big E," was the sixth aircraft carrier of the United States Navy.
She was also the seventh U.S. Navy ship to use the name.
She was launched in 1936 and was a Yorktown class aircraft carrier.
She was one of three American carriers brought into service before World War II which survived the war.
She took part in more fights against Japan than any other U.S. ship.
These fights included the Battle of Midway, the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, many other fights during the Guadalcanal campaign, the Battle of the Philippine Sea, and the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
At three different times during the Pacific War, the Japanese said that she had been sunk in battle.
This lead her to be nicknamed "The Grey Ghost".
Enterprise earned 20 battle stars.
This was more than any other U.S. warship in World War II.
Some have said that she is the most glorious and honored ship in the history of the United States Navy.
However, the 18th century frigate USS Constitution could perhaps rival that.
Building and commissioning
Enterprise was launched on 3 October 1936 at Newport News Shipbuilding.
She was sponsored by Lulie Swanson, who was the wife of the Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson.
Enterprise was commissioned on 12 May 1938.
Enterprise sailed south so that her performance could be tested.
This took her to Rio de Janeiro.
After she returned, she was used along the east coast and in the Caribbean until April 1939.
This is when she was ordered to serve in the Pacific.
Service history
Enterprise was one of fourteen ships to be fitted with the RCA CXAM-1 RADAR.
She was first based in San Diego (where she was used in the movie Dive Bomber) and then at Pearl Harbor after President Roosevelt ordered the Fleet to be based far forward.
Enterprise and the aircraft squads she carries trained a lot and moved aircraft among the island bases of the Pacific.
Enterprise left Pearl Harbor on 28 November 1941.
Enterprise was completing a transport mission, returning to Hawaii after moving Marine Fighter Squadron 211 (VMF-211) to Wake Island on 7 December 1941.
This was when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor.
Enterprise was returning to Oahu on the morning of 7 December 1941.
18 SBD Dauntlesses from Enterprise squadrons Scouting Squadron Six (VS-6) and Bombing Squadron Six (VB-6) arrived at Pearl Harbor while the Japanese were attacking it.
Even though they were surprised, they quickly went into action to defend Pearl Harbor.
VS-6 lost six planes during the attack.
VB-6 lost one.
Many of these planes were shot down by the Japanese.
However, at least one plane was lost to anti-aircraft (AA) fire, and many more were damaged.
During the battle, one radio report was heard: "Do not attack me, this is Six Baker Three an American plane".
Later, the same pilot (Ensign Manuel Gonzales from VB-6) was heard telling his radioman/gunner to get ready to land on the water.
Lieutenant C. E. Dickinson and his crewmate William C. Miller, from VS-6, shot down one Japanese plane before they had to jump out after their plane caught fire.
Dickinson later went to Ford Island to fly another plane.
He took part when the United States were searching for the Japanese fleet.
Enterprise also sent up six F4F Wildcats from Fighting Squadron Six (VF-6) during the attack.
All of these aircraft except two were shot down by shellshocked AA gunners when they tried to land on Ford Island later that night.
Enterprise got her aircraft ready to go on a large search for the Japanese force that attacked Pearl Harbor.
They search was to the south and west of Oahu.
However, the Japanese had started moving northwest.
Enterprise went into Pearl Harbor for fuel and supplies on the night of 8 December.
Early the next morning, she went to patrol the rest of the Hawaiian Islands to make sure there were no more attacks.
Even though the group did not find any ships, Enterprise aircraft sank Japanese submarine .
I-70 was sunk at  on 10 December 1941.
During the last two weeks of December 1941, Enterprise and her group moved to the west of Hawaii to make sure those islands were not attacked.
Two other groups tried to help at Wake Island at the same time.
After the Enterprise group had a short rest at Pearl Harbor, they left on 11 January.
They were protecting ships sending help to Samoa.
On 1 February, Enterprise'''s Task Force 8 raided Kwajalein, Wotje, and Maloelap in the Marshall Islands.
They sank three ships, damaged eight and destroyed many aircraft.
Five days later, Enterprise sailed for the South Pacific to help other U.S. carriers in the Coral Sea.
However, the Battle of the Coral Sea was over before Enterprise got there.
On 28 May, Enterprise moved, as Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance's flagship, to Midway.
She was ordered to hold Midway and do as much damage to the enemy as possible.
USS Hornet, six cruisers and 10 destroyers were with Enterprise on that day.
Both the Americans and Japanese launched air attacks.
Even though the fighting went on until 7 June, by the end of 4 June the result had been decided.
The Battle of Midway began on the morning of 4 June 1942, when four Japanese carriers attacked on Midway Island.
The Japanese did not know that the U.S. Navy was in the area.
Just three hours after the first bomb hit Midway, planes from the U.S. carriers attacked.
Enterprise launched an attack using torpedo bombers, but this failed.
Soon after this, Enterprise dive bombers attacked and sank the Japanese carriers  and .
Later in the afternoon, bombers from Enterprise and USS Yorktown sank  (aircraft from Yorktown also sank ).
Yorktown and USS Hammann were the only American ships sunk, but 113 planes were lost.
61 of these were lost during the attacks.
Japanese losses were much bigger.
They lost four carriers, one cruiser and 272 planes.
Even though she lost many planes, Enterprise returned to Pearl Harbor on 13 June 1942 undamaged.
After a month of rest, Enterprise headed on 15 July 1942 for the South Pacific.
There, she helped support the attack on the Solomon Islands on 8 August.
During the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the Japanese light carrier Ryūjō was sunk.
The Japanese troops that were supposed to land on Guadalcanal was forced back.
Enterprise was hit three times.
77 sailors were killed and 91 were hurt.
Enterprise was damaged badly.
Enterprise was fixed at Pearl Harbor from 10 September-16 October 1942.
On 13 November, pilots from Enterprise helped to sink .
When the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal ended on 15 November 1942, Enterprise had helped to sink 16 ships and damage eight more.
On July 20 1943, Enterprise started being upgraded.
These happened over several months.
She was given an anti-torpedo blister.
This meant that the carrier would be protected more against torpedoes.
[[File:EnterpriseBurningHellcat.jpg|thumb|This F6F Hellcat crash landed on Enterprise's flight deck.]]
Return to dutyEnterprise was back by November 1943.
She helped the U.S. soldiers landing on Makin Atoll from 19–21 November 1943.
Enterprise launched planes to strike the Marshall Islands and helped U.S. soldiers land on Kwajalein from 29 January-3 February 1944.
Then she went to strike the Japanese base in Truk Lagoon in the Caroline Islands on 17 February.
Enterprise launched planes to hit Jaluit Atoll on 20 February.
She helped troops who were landing on Emirau Island (19–25 March).
On 14 April she helped troops to land in Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura), in New Guinea.
The Battle of the Philippine Sea
On 19 June 1944, Enterprise took part in the Battle of the Philippine Sea.
For over eight hours, American and Japanese pilots fought.
Over two days, six American ships were damaged.
130 planes and 76 pilots and aircrew were lost.
American aircraft and U.S. submarines sank three Japanese carriers (, , and ).
The Japanese lost 426 planes.
Enterprise helped to defend the U.S. ships and to strike the Japanese ships.
After the battle, Enterprise helped with the invasion of Saipan until 5 July.
She then went back to Pearl Harbor for a month of rest.
She came back on 24 August and attacked the Bonin Islands from 31 August – 2 September.
In the Battle of Leyte Gulf (23–26 October), Enterprise planes attacked battleships and destroyers.
During November, planes from Enterprise hit Manila and Yap.
She returned to Pearl Harbor on 6 December 1944.
Operation Magic CarpetEnterprise sailed to Pearl Harbor with 1,100 soldiers.
She then started sailing to Europe.
She brought 10,000 soldiers home.
During the Enterprise’s last trip, the ship was caught in very high winds in the Atlantic.
The crew almost abandoned ship.
Enterprise had to go back to New York.
Enterprise got a British Admiralty Pennant.
The pennant was given to Enterprise as a gift from an ally.
Enterprise is the only non-Royal Navy ship to get the award in more than 400 years.
The end of the "Big E"Enterprise went into the New York Naval Shipyard on 18 January 1946 to be deactivated.
In 1946, she was going to be given to the state of New York to be a memorial.
However, this plan was cancelled in 1949.
The "Big E" was sold on 1 July 1958 to the Lipsett Corporation to be scrapped.
Scrapping was done in May 1960.
Successor to the "Big E"
In November 1961, USS Enterprise (CVA(N)-65) was brought into service.
This was the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier.
The  was decommissioned on 1 December 2012.
Another Enterprise would be a , CVN-80.
AwardsEnterprise was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for her service during World War II.
The citation says:Enterprise also got the Navy Unit Commendation and 20 battle stars for World War II service.
This means that she is the highest decorated US ship ever.
ReferencesThe Big E: The story of the USS Enterprise, by Edward P Stafford, (1962) comprehensive, well-researched account"Enterprise: America's Fightingest Ship and the Men Who Helped Win World War II,"'' by Barrett Tillman.
The first to last history (2012).
Interactive guide on the deck of USS Enterprise (CV-6)
history.navy.mil: USS Enterprise
history.navy.mil: Pictures
navsource.org: USS Enterprise
CV6.org: USS Enterprise website
USS Enterprise History
Enterprise (CV-6)
The Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA)  protects and keeps safe the occupants, visitors, and infrastructure of the Pentagon, Navy Annex and other assigned Pentagon facilities.
PFPA is a civilian Defense Agency within the United States Department of Defense.
PFPA does its job using law enforcement officers (Pentagon Police), criminal investigative and protective services agents; threat management agents; chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives technicians; and anti-terrorism/force protection and physical security personnel.
Pentagon Police Directorate (PPD)
Formerly The Defense Protective Service (DPS), The Pentagon Police have exclusive jurisdiction within the Pentagon Reservation and share concurrent jurisdiction with other police agencies in an area of approximately  around the complex.
Arlington County, Virginia also gave the Pentagon Police officers conditional police authority throughout Arlington County.
The United States Pentagon Police is also charged with the protection of certain Department of Defense executive officers.
Pentagon Police officers are Federal law enforcement officers, appointed under Title 10 Section 2674 of the United States Code.
They receive their initial training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glynco, Georgia.
Anti-Terrorism / Force Protection Directorate (AT/FP)
The mission of the Anti-Terrorism / Force Protection Directorate (AT/FP) is to provide Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) interests throughout the National Capital Region with a total AT/FP program designed to protect lives, facilities, information and equipment.
The AT/FP Division advises Pentagon leaders on AT/FP matters; conducts anti-terrorism training for all OSD workers; gathers, analyzes and disseminates threat information as it relates to AT/FP; develops AT/FP plans and programs, conducts threat/vulnerability assessments and performs other duties pursuant to the protection and security of the Pentagon.
The AT/FP Directorate is composed of highly trained anti-terrorism and security specialists responsible for deterring, detecting, and responding against terrorist activity particularly when the Secretary of Defense or other Department of Defense employees are the target.
They are leaders in this effort even when top Defense officials are away from the Pentagon.
Criminal Investigations & Protective Directorate (CIPD)
The  Criminal Investigations & Protective Directorate investigates violations of the United States Code within the jurisdiction of PFPA and provide executive protection to DoD High Risk Personnel (HRP) in the Washington area.
PFPA Special Agent's (1811) investigate violations of federal criminal laws.
The agents also provide protection during visits by foreign Ministers of Defense to the 48 contiguous United States.
They also protect other visits designated by the Office of the Secretary of Defense.
CIPD's Operations Section is responsible for coordinating protection missions and providing around-the-clock ("24/7") support for field agents.
The Protective Services Unit (PSU) is responsible for providing protective support for the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the Pentagon Building.
They handle visits to the Pentagon by foreign and domestic dignitaries, as well as cover protection for special events on the Pentagon Reservation, most recently noted the dedication of the 9/11 memorial.
The police officers assigned to PSU provide residence security in hotels while traveling with HRP's both inside and outside of the United States.
The Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, & Explosive Directorate (CBRNE)
This unit guards the Pentagon and other nearby Department of Defense facilities against possible attacks.
It checks all mail and deliveries.
CBRNE also monitors the environment at the Pentagon and DOD installations to make sure that they do not have these hazards.
When a suspicious item is found, bomb experts are sent to examine and sometimes to destroy the item.
Force Protection Technology Directorate (FPTD)
This group manages PFPA's computers and networks.
It maintains security alarms and sensoring systems.
It operates the computerized locks that control building access.
Security Services Directorate (SSD)
This group issues Pentagon building passes.
It operates all barriers and gates that control access on the Pentagon campus.
It reviews all requests from people to take pictures of the Pentagon.
The Linaceae is a family of flowering plants.
The family is cosmopolitan, and includes exactly 250 species.
There are 14 genera, classified into two subfamilies: Linoideae and Hugonioideae (often recognized as a distinct family, the Hugoniaceae).
Leaves of Linaceae are always simple.
Their arrangement varies from alternate (most species) to opposite (in Sclerolinon and some Linum) or whorled (in some Hesperolinon and Linum).
The National Museum of the Marine Corps is the historical museum of the United States Marine Corps.
It is located in Quantico, Virginia.
It is open to the public with free admission.
The museum had its grand opening on November 10, 2006.
Over 500,000 people visit the museum each year.
The museum is a public-private venture, a cooperative effort of the United States Marine Corps and the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation.
The Foundation manages the museum operation, while the museum building will be donated to the Marine Corps.
The Foundation raised $60 million to build the building.
The Marine Corps spent $30 million to build the museum's exhibits and displays.
President Bush said, "These walls remind all who visit here that honor, courage, and commitment are not just words.
They are core values for a way of life that puts service above self.
And these walls will keep the history of the Marine Corps alive for generations of Americans to come."
Curtis W. Fentress, FAIA, RIBA of Fentress Architects, designed the museum building.
The exterior design is meant to "evoke the image of the flag raisers of Iwo Jima," an image that is also preserved by the USMC War Memorial.
The 210 ft steel spire is like the Iwo Jima flagpole.
The  museum is a tribute to the U.S. Marines who have served their country since 1775.
The museum building was designed for expansion.
New galleries can be added around the circular lobby.
On June 5, 2010, 12,000 square feet of additional galleries were added.
They cost $12 million.
In October 2010, skylights in the museum lobby were shot on two different evenings as a part of the Northern Virginia military shootings.
On April 14, 2011, the Semper Fidelis Memorial Park was dedicated.
It covers 23.2 acres and includes 1.07 miles of new walking trails.
Marine Corps Heritage Foundation
The Marine Corps Heritage Foundation, established in 1979, is a private, non-profit organization which  was established in support of historical programs of the Marine Corps.
The MCHF programs initially included "education, awards, publications, special projects, preservation...."  In 1999, the Foundation expanded its mission to include the creation of the National Museum of the Marine Corps.
Heritage Center
The National Museum of the Marine Corps is designed to be the centerpiece of a complex of facilities called the Marine Corps Heritage Center.
This multi-use,  campus includes the Semper Fidelis Memorial Park and Semper Fidelis Chapel; a demonstration area with parade grounds; hiking trails and other outdoor recreational offerings; a conference center and hotel; and an archive facility to restore and preserve Marine artifacts.
Leatherneck Gallery
Legacy Walk - timeline with artifacts
Defending a New Nation - 1775-1865
Age of Expansion - 1866-1916
World War I - 1917-1918
The historical exhibits including displays of artifacts, multimedia, and full immersion experiences.
For example, the exhibit on wintertime in the Korean War is in a room cooled to a lower temperature.
The museum building also include class rooms, a theater, a gift shop, bar and a restaurant.
The museum hosts lectures by historians and military experts.
The Marine Corps Band performs a summer concert series.
The Arts Mentorship Program has interships for student artists attending the Prince William County schools.
List of maritime museums in the United States
National Museum of the United States Navy
National Museum of the United States Army
War in the Pacific National Historical Park
Marine Corps Heritage Foundation website
National Museum of the Marine Corps , Fentress Architects (Retrieved 2006-06-25).
General and "green" design features of the Museum.
National Museum of the Marine Corps, Christopher Chadbourne and Associates, Inc. (Exhibit Design)
National Museum of the Marine Corps , Moh.
Visuals, Inc. (Tun Tavern Design)
Celastrales is an order of flowering plants.
They are found throughout the tropics and subtropics, with only a few species extending far into the temperate regions.
There are about 1200 to 1350 species in about 100 genera.
All but 7 of these genera are in the large family Celastraceae.
Until recently, the composition of the order and its division into families varied greatly from one author to another.
Celastraceae the staff-tree family, in the order Celastrales, comprising about 55 genera of woody vines, shrubs, and trees, native in tropical and temperate zones but best known for ornamental forms of the genera Euonymus and Celastrus (bittersweet).
Fruit of the family is often colourful.
Leaves are frequently leathery and flowers are small, with four to five sepals and petals; alternating between the petals, stamens rise from a usually conspicuous nectar disk.
Arlington National Cemetery is a cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia.
People who served in the United States military are buried here.
The cemetery started during the American Civil War.
It is on a big farm called Arlington House.
Arlington House was the home of Mary Anna Custis Lee.
Mary Anna Custis Lee was a great-granddaughter of Martha Washington.
She was also the wife of Confederate general Robert E. Lee.
Although most of the farm now has graves, the old farmhouse still stands in the middle of the cemetery.
The cemetery is across the Potomac River from the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C..
The cemetery covers .
People who died serving the United States in a war, and military veterans are allowed to be buried in the cemetery.
People are buried here who fought in wars from American Civil War to the military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq.
People who were buried here before the Civil War were reburied after 1900.
Arlington National Cemetery is taken care of by the United States Army.
Arlington House (Custis-Lee Mansion) and its land are taken care of by the National Park Service as a memorial to Lee.
Recently, the way the cemetery is managed caused controversy.
George Washington Parke Custis was the grandson of Martha Washington, and grew up with Martha and George Washington.
He got the land that now is Arlington National Cemetery in 1802.
He began building Arlington House, where he lived with his wife Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis.
The land and house was given to their only child that lived to be an adult, Mary Anna Custis Lee.
She was married to Robert E. Lee, a West Point graduate and United States Army officer.
When Fort Sumter was forced to surrender at the beginning of the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln asked Lee to be the general of the federal army.
Lee did not give an answer right away, but waited to see if his home state of Virginia would leave the Union.
Lee left the federal army when Virginia said it was leaving the United States.
He decided he could not fight against his home state.
He became the leader of the armed forces of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
He then became commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.
Lee was a great commander and won several battles against the Union forces.
Most Union officers thought Lee had broken his promises to the Union because he chose to fight against them.
Part of Arlington was taken away from the Lee family and became a graveyard.
Mostly Union dead are buried there.
Before the Civil War, the United States did not have large military-only cemeteries.
Important generals were buried in the Congressional Cemetery with other important leaders.
American military cemeteries were needed on distant frontiers, and near battles and hospitals where many soldiers died.
When dead Civil War soldiers filled the burial grounds near Washington, D.C., Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs proposed in 1864 that  of the Robert E. Lee family property at Arlington be taken for a cemetery.
During the Civil War, people invented tricks to capture or to make life hard for Americans that fought on the other side of the war.
The government assessed taxes on properties and insisted that the owners appear in person to pay them.
If the plantation owner did not come, the government would sell the land.
The government bought Arlington at tax sale in 1864 for $26,800.
Mrs. Lee did not show up in person, but rather had sent an agent to pay the $92.07 in property taxes that were owed for the land.
The government turned away her agent, refusing to accept the tax payment.
In 1874, Custis Lee, heir under his grandfather's will passing the estate in trust to his mother, sued the United States claiming ownership of Arlington.
After the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in Lee's favor in United States v. Lee, deciding that Arlington had been taken illegally, Congress returned the land to him.
The next year, Custis Lee sold it back to the government for $150,000.
Custis Lee and Robert Todd Lincoln, Secretary of War and son of President Lincoln, were both present when the property was officially turned over to the government.
In 2011, Hurricane Irene killed six large trees at the cemetery.
The 220-year-old "Arlington Oak" fell down near the grave of John F. Kennedy.
Arlington National Cemetery is divided into 70 sections, with some sections in the southeast part of the cemetery saved for future use.
Section 60, in the southeast part of the cemetery, is the burial ground for military personnel killed in the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan.
In 2005, Arlington National Cemetery bought another  from the National Park Service, along with  from the Department of Defense that was part of Fort Myer and  that is the site of the Navy Annex.
Section 21, also known as the Nurses Section, is the area of Arlington National Cemetery where many nurses are buried.
The Nurses Memorial is there.
In the cemetery, there is a Confederate section with graves of soldiers of the Confederate States of America and a Confederate Memorial.
All Confederate headstones are peaked rather than rounded.
In Section 27, there are buried more than 3,800 former slaves, called "Contrabands" during the Civil War.
Their headstones are designated with the word "Civilian" or "Citizen".
Grave markers, niches and headstones
The United States Department of Veterans Affairs takes care of the National Cemetery Administration's requests for the words and faith emblems (a cross, Jewish star, etc.)
at no charge to the family of the dead put on upright marble headstones or columbarium niche covers.
There are 39 authorized faith emblems available for placement to represent the deceased's faith.
See also, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs webpage "Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones" and "Markers" Markers
The cemetery had allowed privately-purchased markers in certain burial areas.
Since 2001, the areas that the cemetery permitted such markers in are filled.
The older sections of the cemetery have many different private markers, including artillery pieces.
Tomb of the Unknowns
The Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery is also called the "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier".
It stands on top of a hill overlooking Washington, D.C. It honors soldiers who died without their bodies being identified.
The Tomb is one of the more popular sites at the Cemetery.
The tomb is made from Yule marble quarried in Colorado.
It consists of seven pieces, with a total weight of 79 short tons (72 metric tons).
The tomb was completed and opened to the public April 9, 1932, at a cost of $48,000.
U.S. Army guards have stood watch at the Tomb of the Unknowns at all times since July 2, 1937.
The 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment ("The Old Guard") began guarding the Tomb April 6, 1948.
The Tomb of the Unknowns is part of the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater.
The Memorial Amphitheater has hosted state funerals and Memorial Day and Veterans Day ceremonies.
Ceremonies are also held for Easter.
About 5,000 people attend these holiday ceremonies each year.
The structure is mostly built of Imperial Danby marble from Vermont.
The Memorial Display room, between the amphitheater and the Tomb of the Unknowns, uses Botticino stone, imported from Italy.
The amphitheater was the result of a campaign by Ivory Kimball to construct a place to honor America's soldiers.
Congress authorized the structure March 4, 1913.
Woodrow Wilson laid the cornerstone for the building on October 15, 1915.
The cornerstone contained 15 items including a Bible and a copy of the Constitution.
The Netherlands Carillon is a carillon (bell tower) that was a gift from the Netherlands to the people of the United States in 1954, in thanks for their efforts during World War II.
The bells are played by people with special training.
This happens regularly during the summer and on special days.
Recorded tunes are played on the hour and during the day.
It is next to Arlington National Cemetery, on the north side.
It is now hard to find space to build new memorials at the cemetery.
The army worries that new memorials take up space that could otherwise be used for graves.
The army requires a joint or concurrent resolution from Congress before it will place new memorials onto the cemetery grounds.
Still, there are several memorials on the cemetery grounds, and groups regularly ask for space for new memorials.
The Space Shuttle Challenger Memorial was dedicated on May 20, 1986, in memory of the crew of flight STS-51-L, who died during launch on January 28, 1986.
Written on the back of the stone is the text of the John Gillespie Magee, Jr. poem High Flight.
Although many remains were identified and returned to the families for private burial, some were not, and were laid to rest under the marker.
Two of the crew members, Scobee and Smith, are buried in Arlington, as well.
There is a similar memorial to those who died when the Shuttle Columbia broke apart during reentry on February 1, 2003.
It was dedicated on the first anniversary of the disaster.
Astronauts Laurel Clark, David Brown and Michael Anderson are also buried in Arlington.
The Cairn, the Lockerbie memorial is a memorial to the 270 killed in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland.
The memorial is made up of 270 stones, one for each person killed in the disaster.
In section 64, there is a memorial to the 184 victims of the September 11 attacks on the Pentagon.
The memorial takes the shape of a pentagon, and lists the names of all the victims that were killed.
There are only two mausoleums located within the confines of the cemetery.
One is for the family of General Nelson Appleton Miles in Section 3 and the other one belongs to the family of General Thomas Crook Sullivan and it is in Section 1.
The Women in Military Service for America Memorial is at the Ceremonial Entrance to Arlington National Cemetery.
Notable burials
Notable civilians
Julian Bartley, Sr. (
54) and his son Jay Bartley (20), killed together in the 1998 bombing of the U.S. embassy in Nairobi
Harry Blackmun, Thurgood Marshall, William O. Douglas, Potter Stewart and Ruth Bader Ginsburg, five justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
Leslie Coffelt, Secret Service member killed fighting off would-be-assassins of President Harry S. Truman in the 1950 assassination attempt at Blair House
George Washington Parke Custis, founder of Arlington Plantation, grandson of Martha Washington, step-grandson of President George Washington, father to Mary Anna Custis Lee.
Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, wife to George Washington Parke Custis, daughter of William Fitzhugh and Ann Bolling Randolph Fitzhugh, mother to Mary Anna Custis Lee.
Albert Sabin, scientists who helped develop an oral polio vaccine.
Charles Durning, actor and personality.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, former First Lady and widow of John F. Kennedy
Phyllis Kirk, famous TV and movie actress, alongside her husband.
James Parks, freedman, the only person buried at Arlington Cemetery who was born on the grounds.
Manuel Quezon (1878–1944), President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1944), later transferred to a cemetery in Manila
Mary Randolph, first person to be buried at Arlington Plantation, descendant of Pocahontas and John Rolfe, cousin to Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis.
Marie Teresa Rios, author of Fifteenth Pelican, basis for The Flying Nun television show.
John Gibson and Jacob Chestnut, United States Capitol Police officers killed in the 1998 Capitol shooting attack
Leslie Sherman, student killed in the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre (her parents Holly and Anthony Sherman are both veterans and will be buried next to their daughter).
Military burials
As of May 2006, there were 367 Medal of Honor recipients buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Nine of these recipients are Canadians.
Creighton Abrams (1914–1974), United States Army General who commanded U.S. military operations in the Vietnam War, 1968–1972
Henry Harley "Hap" Arnold (1886–1950), first (and so far only) General of the Air Force (5-Stars)
Gordon Beecher (1904–1973), United States Navy Vice Admiral and composer
Jeremy Michael Boorda (1939–1996), US Navy Admiral and Chief of Naval Operations
Gregory "Pappy" Boyington (1912–1988), World War II Marine Corps fighter ace, Medal of Honor recipient, and commander of VMF-214, the "Black Sheep Squadron" (basis for the 1970s TV series Baa Baa Black Sheep)
Omar Nelson Bradley (1893–1981), commanded the 12th Army Group in Europe during World War II, first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the last living five star general.
Ruby G. Bradley (1907–2002), Colonel and, with 34 medals, one of the most decorated women in U.S. military history
Alfred Winsor Brown (1885–1938), World War I Navy officer and Governor of Guam
Miles Browning (1897–1954), World War I and World War II Navy officer and hero of the Battle of Midway
Frank Buckles (1901–2011), last known American veteran of World War I.
Omar Bundy (1861–1940), World War I Major General who commanded the 1st Brigade, 1st Expeditionary Division in France, awarded the French Legion of Honor and the Croix de Guerre.
John Allen Campbell (1835–1880), Brevet Brigadier General; American Civil War, first Governor of Wyoming Territory in 1869 and Third Assistant Secretary of State.
Roger Chaffee (1935–1967) and Gus Grissom (1926–1967), astronauts killed in the Apollo 1 fire (Edward White was buried at West Point)
Claire Lee Chennault (1893–1958), was a United States military aviator who commanded the "Flying Tigers" during World War II.
Bertram Tracy Clayton (1862–1918), Congressman from New York, killed in action in 1918
Charles Austin Coolidge (1844–1926), Brigadier General, served in Civil War, Indian Wars, Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War and the China Relief Expedition.
William P. Cronan (1879–1929), US Naval officer and 19h Naval Governor of Guam.
Scott Crossfield (1921–2006), US Naval aviator and test pilot, first to fly at twice the speed of sound; played a major role in the design and development of the North American X-15.
Louis Cukela (1888–1956), Marine Corps Major, awarded two Medals of Honor for same act in World War I
Jane Delano (1862–1919), Director, Army Nursing Corps
Sir John Dill (1881–1944), British Diplomat and Field Marshal
William "Wild Bill" Donovan (1883–1959), Major General and Chief of the OSS during World War II
Abner Doubleday (1819–1893), Civil War general credited with inventing baseball
Clarence Ransom Edwards (1860–1931), commanded the 26th "Yankee" Division in World War I
Frank J. Fletcher (1885–1973), Admiral, U.S. Navy, World War II; operational commander at Coral Sea and Midway; awarded Medal of Honor.
Nathan Bedford Forrest III (1905–1943) Brigadier General of the United States Army Air Forces, and a great-grandson of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest.
First American general to be killed in action in Europe during World War II
Rene Gagnon, Ira Hayes and Michael Strank: three of the six servicemen in Joe Rosenthal's famous picture, Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima (Strank was killed in action just days after the photo was taken)
John Gibbon (1827–1896), Brigadier General, Union Army, Civil War, most notably commander of 2nd Division, US II Corps that repelled Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg.
David Haskell Hackworth (1930–2005), Colonel and most decorated American soldier
William "Bull" Halsey (1882–1959), World War II Navy five-star Fleet Admiral
Grace Hopper (1906–1992), rear admiral, pioneering computer scientist
Kara Spears Hultgreen (1965–1994), the first female naval carrier-based fighter pilot
James Jabara (1923–1966), the first American jet ace in history.
He's credited with shooting down 15 enemy aircraft during aerial combat.
Daniel "Chappie" James, Jr. (1920–1978), USAF, first African American four-star General in the U.S. Armed Forces
Philip Kearny (1815–1862), "fearless" one-armed cavalry general killed at Chantilly during the Civil War
Włodzimierz B. Krzyżanowski (1824–1887), Polish military leader and Civil War Union general
Henry Louis Larsen (1890–1962), Marine Lieutenant General; commanded the first deployed American troops in both World Wars; Governor of Guam and American Samoa.
Mark Matthews (1894–2005), last surviving Buffalo Soldier
Francis Lupo (1895–1918), Private killed in France during World War I; holds the distinction of possibly being the longest U.S. service member missing in action to be found (1918–2003)
John S. McCain, Sr. (
1884–1945), USN Admiral – grandfather of Senator John McCain and father of McCain Jr.
John S. McCain, Jr. (1911–1981), USN Admiral – father of Senator John McCain
Henry Pinckney McCain (1861–1941), US Army officer and Adjutant Generals of the U.S. Army; Uncle to McCain Sr, grand-uncle of McCain Jr
David McCampbell (1910–1996), Captain, the US Navy's top World War II Ace with 34 kills
Montgomery Cunningham Meigs (1816–1892), Brigadier General.
Arlington National Cemetery was established by Brig.
Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs, who commanded the garrison at Arlington House and took over the grounds on June 15, 1864, for use as a military cemetery.
He wanted to make the house not usable for living, in case the Lee family tried to return.
A stone and masonry burial vault in the rose garden,  wide and  deep, and containing the remains of 2,111 Civil War dead, was among the first monuments to Union dead erected under Meigs' orders.
Meigs himself was later buried within  of Arlington House with his wife, father and son.
Glenn Miller (1904–1944), Major and well known band leader who disappeared over the English Channel while flying to Paris.
His body was never found, but he has a memorial headstone.
Audie Murphy (1924–1971), U.S. Army, Recipient of the Medal of Honor, actor, and the most decorated U.S. Soldier during World War II.
Edward Ord (1818–1883), Major General, Army of the James during the Appomattox Campaign, Union Army, Civil War.