the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Some 52 star systems beyond our own, the Solar System,  lie within  of the Sun.
These systems contain 63 stars.
50 of these are red dwarfs, by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way.
Much more massive stars, such as our own, make up the remaining 13.
In addition to these "true" stars, scientists have identified 11 brown dwarfs (objects not quite massive enough to fuse hydrogen), and four white dwarfs.
White dwarfs are extremely dense collapsed cores that remain after stars such as our Sun have exhausted all fusible hydrogen in their core and have slowly shed their outer layers.
Despite the relative proximity of these 78 objects to Earth, only nine are bright enough in visible light to be visible to the naked eye from Earth, 6.5 apparent magnitude.
All of these objects are currently moving in the Local Bubble, a region within the Orion–Cygnus Arm of the Milky Way.
Sun – about 8.2 light minutes from Earth
Alpha Centauri star system – 4.24 to 4.36 ly
Proxima Centauri – 4.24 ly [YH]
Alpha Centauri A – 4.36 ly [YS]
Alpha Centauri B – 4.36 ly [YS]
Barnard's Star – 5.96 ly [YH]
WISE 1049-5319 – 6.5 ly, aka Luhman 16, a binary of two brown dwarf stars
Wolf 359 – 7.78 ly [Y]
Lalande 21185 – 8.3 ly [YH]
Sirius star system
Sirius A – 8.58 ly [YH]
Sirius B – 8.58 ly [YH]
Luyten 726-8 – 8.73 ly
UV Ceti – 8.73 ly [Y]
Gl 65 B – 8.73 ly [Y]
Ross 154 – 9.68 ly [YH]
Ross 248 – 10.32 ly [Y]
WISE 1506+7027 – 16.85 ly
Epsilon Eridani – 10.52 ly [YH]
Lacaille 9352 – 10.74 ly [YH]
Ross 128 – 10.92 ly [YH]
EZ Aquarii star system
EZ Aquarii – 11.26 ly [Y]
Gl 866 B – 11.26 ly [Y]
Gl 866 C – 11.26 ly [Y]
Procyon star system
Procyon A – 11.4 ly [YH]
Procyon B – 11.4 ly [YH]
61 Cygni star system
61 Cygni A – 11.4 ly [YH]
61 Cygni B – 11.4 ly [YH]
Struve 2398 (Gliese 725) star system
Struve 2398 A – 11.52 ly [YH]
Struve 2398 B – 11.52 ly [YH]
Groombridge 34 (Gliese 15) star system
Groombridge 34 A – 11.62 ly [YH]
Groombridge 34 B – 11.62 ly [YH]
Epsilon Indi – 11.82 ly [YH]
DX Cancri – 11.82 ly [Y]
Tau Ceti – 11.88 ly [YH]
GJ 1061 – 11.92 ly [RECONS]
YZ Ceti – 12.13 ly [YH]
Luyten's Star – 12.36 ly [YH]
Teegarden%27s_Star – 12 ly (discovered 2003)
Kapteyn's Star – 12.77 ly [YH]
AX Microscopium – 12.86 ly [YH]
Kruger 60 star system
Kruger 60 A – 13.14 ly [YS]
Kruger 60 B – 13.14 ly [YS]
Ross 614 star system
Ross 614 – 13.34 ly [YS]
Gl 234 B – 13.34 ly [YS]
Gl 628 – 13.81 ly [YH]
Gl 35 – 14.06 ly [YH]
Gl 1 – 14.22 ly [YH]
Wolf 424 star system
Wolf 424 – 14.30 ly [Y]
Gl 473 B – 14.30 ly [Y]
Lists of stars
Planets in the Solar System
Mercury – The planet with the second highest temperature in the Solar System and the closest planet to the Sun.
Venus – The warmest planet.
Sometimes called "Earth's twin" because Venus and Earth are very similar.
Earth – The only planet that is known to have life.
It has one natural satellite, the Moon.
Mars – Sometimes called the "red planet" and "the brother of Earth".
Phaeton or Astra – a planet that some think broke apart to form the asteroid belt, though most astronomers think it never formed.
Gas giants
Jupiter – The largest planet in the Solar System.
Saturn – Sixth planet from the Sun.
It has giant rings around it.
Uranus - Seventh planet from the Sun.
It has 11 rings around it.
Neptune – The farthest planet that we know from the Sun.
Pluto – the smallest planet, Pluto is now considered a "Dwarf planet" by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) since August 24, 2006.
Theia – Hypothetical planet which some think crashed into Earth, and created the Moon.
Planet Nine – a hypothetical planet beyond Neptune.
It has not been found, but some astronomers think its gravity pulls on the orbits of many dwarf planets.
It is thought to be a gas giant.
Ceres is the largest asteroid (not mentioning plutinos) in the Solar System's main asteroid belt.
Haumea is shaped like an egg.
Makemake crosses paths with Eris.
Eris follows the most elliptical path of any planet.
Definition of a planet
Technically, there was never a scientific definition of the term planet before 2006.
When the Greeks observed the sky thousands of years ago, they discovered objects that acted differently than stars.
These points of light seemed to wander around the sky throughout the year.
The term "planet" is derived from the Greek word "planetes" - meaning wanderer.
In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) convened a Planet Definition Committee, deliberated, and ultimately reached consensus on a new definition of planet which leaves us with the eight planets we today consider to comprise the Solar System (thus the exit of Pluto).
That new definition: " A “planet” is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit [meaning: 'there are no other bodies in its path that it must sweep up as it goes around the Sun'.]"
List of galaxies and galaxy clusters.
Because there are so many galaxies in the universe, this list has been divided into several categories.
List of nearby galaxies
This is list of nearby galaxies to the Milky Way Galaxy, our galaxy.
The first four listed below are part of the Local Group of galaxies, a galaxy group containing at least 50 galaxies, including the Milky Way and Andromeda.
List of farthest galaxies
This is list of farthest galaxy from Milky Way.
Remember, the farther away from a galaxy, the greater the redshift of galaxy.
Redshift is when object appear in a red color because the distance is farther away.
Note that the idea that the radius of the observable universe must amount to only 13.8 billion light-years (like the age of universe) is incorrect.
Light travel distance (LTD) is time required for light to reach the observer.
Abell 1835 IR1916
Andromeda I
Andromeda II
Andromeda III
Black Eye galaxy (M64)
Bode's galaxy (M81)
Canis Major dwarf galaxy
Centaurus A galaxy (NGC 5128)
Cigar galaxy (M82)
Hoag's object (a ring galaxy)
IC 1101 (Largest known galaxy with about 100 trillion stars)
Large Magellanic Cloud
Leo I
Leo II
LGS 3
Messier 49 (NGC 4472)
Messier 83 (Southern Pinwheel galaxy)
Messier 84 (NGC 4374)
Messier 87 (NGC 4486)
Messier 100 (NGC 4321)
NGC 205 (M110)
NGS 221 (M32)
NGC 6822 (Barnard's Galaxy)
Pinwheel galaxy (M101)
Small Magellanic Cloud
Sombrero galaxy (M104) Named “Sombrero” because it looks like a sombrero.
Spindle galaxy (M102)
Starfish galaxy- This is actually 2 Galaxies near the end of a merger.
Sunflower galaxy (M63)
Triangulum galaxy (M33)
Whirlpool galaxy (M51) (Grand Design spiral galaxy)
Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte (WLM)
NGC 6872 (Condor Galaxy)
Malin 1 (The largest known spiral or barred spiral galaxy)
Segue 2 (One of the smallest known galaxies with only 1,000 stars.)
UGC 12158 (A Milky Way twin)
Fireworks Galaxy (NGC 6946)
NGC 6744 (Somewhat like the Milky Way)
NGC 1365 (The Great barred spiral galaxy)
NGC 1232 (A large intermediate spiral galaxy (A galaxy that is a bit of a normal spiral galaxy, but is also a bit of a barred spiral galaxy)
NGC 1316 (Fornax A)
Rubin’s Galaxy (UGC 2885)
NGC 4889 (Coma B)
NGC 4874 (Coma A)
NGC 4921 (An “anemic” spiral)
Messier 74 (Phantom Galaxy)
NGC 1566 (The Spanish Dancer)
NGC 7603 b
NGC 2403 (Galaxy a bit like the Triangulum Galaxy)
NGC 6786 (Galaxy interacting with LEDA 62867)
NGC 4911 (Spiral galaxy near the central region of the Coma Cluster.)
NGC 6744 A (Satellite of NGC 6744 (See Above)
NGC 1232 A (Satellite of NGC 1232 (See Above)
NGC 1672 (Galaxy with a large bar, around 20 Kiloparsecs across.)
Comet Galaxy ( Named after its unusual appearance due to it interacting with its home cluster.)
Abell 2261-BCG (A large Galaxy)
NGC 3982 (Classic Spiral galaxy)
NGC 1073 (Somewhat like the Milky Way in type)
NGC 3314 a (Overlaps NGC 3314 b (See below)
NGC 3314 b (Overlapped by NGC 3314 a (See above)
Messier 85 HCC1 [Densest Galaxy Known as of 2015 , near Messier 85.)
Messier 59 (Elliptical Galaxy in the Virgo Cluster)
Messier 99 (Coma Pinwheel Galaxy)
Messier 88
Messier 106 (A seyfert galaxy)
NGC 5195 (Galaxy interacting with the Whirlpool Galaxy ( See above )
Messier 109
NGC 4490 (Interacting with NGC 4485 (See Below)
NGC 4485 (Interacting with NGC 4495 (See Below)
IC 4970-(Galaxy interacting with NGC 6872, stretching its arms.(See above)
This list of the nearest galaxies to Earth is ordered by increasing distance.
Many of the distances are only estimates, and some may be incorrect by 50% or more.
The distance ranking in this list should be seen only as a guess.
Distances are given in light years (ly).
The nearest galaxies (ranked)
Milky Way – home galaxy of Earth
Canis Major dwarf  25,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Segue 1 – 75,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Sag DEG – 81,000 ly (satellite or part of Milky Way)
Large Magellanic Cloud – 160,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Small Magellanic Cloud – 190,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Ursa Minor dwarf – 205,500 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Draco dwarf – 248,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Sculptor dwarf – 254,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Sextans dwarf – 257,500 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Carina dwarf – 283,500 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Fornax dwarf – 427,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Leo II – 701,000 ly
Leo I – 890,000 ly
Phoenix dwarf – 1,271,000 ly
Barnard's galaxy (NGC 6822) – 1,760,000 ly
NGC185 – 2,021,000 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
NGC147 – 2,152,000 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
Andromeda galaxy (M31) – 2,363,000 ly
Messier 32 (NGS 221) – 2,650,000 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
M110 (NGC 205) – 2,363,500 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
Andromeda I – 2,363,500 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
Andromeda II – 2,363,500 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
Andromeda III – 2,363,500 ly (satellite of Andromeda)
LGS 3 – 2,477,500 ly (satellite of Triangulum)
IC 1613 – 2,494,000 ly
Triangulum galaxy (M33) – 2,592,000 ly
Aquarius dwarf – 2,608,000 ly
Tucana dwarf – 2,836,000 ly
Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte (WLM) – 3,064,500 ly
Canis Major dwarf galaxy - 25,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Sagittarius dwarf - 81,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Large Magellanic Cloud - 160,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Small Magellanic Cloud - 190,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Ursa Minor dwarf - 205,500 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Draco dwarf - 248,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Sculptor dwarf - 254,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Sextans dwarf - 257,500 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Carina dwarf - 283,500 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Fornax dwarf - 427,000 ly (satellite of Milky Way)
Note: ly means light years
Periodic comets visit us again and again.
Non-periodic comets visit us only once.
On this list there is a "P" in front of the periodic comets.
In front of non-periodic comets there is a "C".
There is sometimes a number in front of the "P": it shows the number of times people saw the periodic comet visiting us.
Comets we usually know by a name
Comet Borrelly (19P/Borrelly)
Comet Encke (2P/Encke)
Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1)
Halley's Comet (1P/Halley)
Comet Humason (C/1961 R1)
Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2)
Comet Ikrya–Seki (C/1965 S1)
Comet Kohoutek (C/1973 E1)
Comet Mrkos (C/1957 P1)
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (D/1993 F2)
Comet Skjellerup–Maristany (C/1927 X1)
Comet West (C/1975 V1)
Great Comet of 1807 (C/1807 R1)
Great Comet of 1811 (C/1811 F1)
Great March Comet of 1843 (C/1843 D1)
Great January Comet (C/1910 A1)
Comet Swift–Tuttle (109P/Swift–Tuttle)
Periodic comets
Periodic comets have a special place in astronomy, because their orbits are often the same.
We know when they will visit us, and we can plan to watch them, and send space probes to look at them.
On August 24, 1994, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) standardized the way they name this type of comet.
This system tells us which comet is which.
The IAU chose the letter P for periodic comets and D for periodic comets that were lost or which broke into pieces.
Other letters are C for non-periodic comets, and X for comets where we do not know their orbits.
It uses A for objects people say are asteroids.
Each name starts with a number, so two comets have the same name.
Bright Comet Chronicles
The following is a list of main sequence stars with confirmed extrasolar planets.
Note that the masses of the planets are lower bounds only.
If a planet is detected by the spectral line displacement method referred to above, no information is gained about the inclination of the planet's plane of orbit around its star, and a value for this is needed to calculate the mass.
It has become customary to arbitrarily assume that the plane is exactly lined up with the line of sight from Earth (this produces the lowest possible mass consistent with the spectral line measurements).
HD 83443 - .35 MJ and .16 MJ
HD 16141 - .215 MJ.
HD 168746 - .24 MJ
HD 46375 - .249 MJ
HD 108147 - .34 MJ
HD 75289 - .42 MJ
51 Pegasi - .47 MJ (0.25-AU)
BD -10 3166 - .48 MJ
HD 6434 - .48 MJ
HD 187123 - .52 MJ
HD 209458 - .69 MJ
Upsilon Andromedae - .71 MJ (0.06AU), 2.11 MJ (0.83AU), and 4.61 MJ (2.5AU)
HD 192263 - .76 MJ
Epsilon Eridani - .86 MJ
HD 38529 - .81 MJ
HD 179949 - .84 MJ
55 Cancri - .84 MJ (0.25-AU) and >5?
HD 82943 - .88 MJ and 1.63 MJ
HD 121504 - .89 MJ
HD 37124 - 1.04 MJ
HD 130322 - 1.08 MJ
Rho Coronae Borealis - 1.1 MJ (0.5-AU)
HD 52265 - 1.05 MJ
HD 177830 - 1.28 MJ
HD 217107 - 1.282 MJ
HD 210277 - 1.24 MJ
HD 27442 - 1.43 MJ
16 Cygni B - 1.5 MJ (1.5+AU)
HD 74156 - 1.56 MJand >7.5 MJ
HD 134987 - 1.58 MJ
HD 160691 - 1.97 MJ
HD 19994 - 2.0 MJ
GJ 876 - 1.98 MJ and .56 MJ
HD 92788 - 3.8 MJ
HD 8574 - 2.23 MJ
HR 810 - 2.24 MJ
47 Ursae Majoris - 2.54 MJ (2+AU) and .76 MJ
HD 12661 - 2.83 MJ
HD 169830 - 2.94 MJ
14 Herculis - 3.3 MJ
GJ 3021 - 3.37 MJ
HD 80606 - 3.90 MJ
HD 195019 - 3.43 MJ
HD 213240 - 3.7 MJ
GJ 86 - 4 MJ
Tau Boötis - 3.87 MJ (0.25-AU)
HD 50554 - 4.9 MJ
HD 190228 - 4.99 MJ
HD 168443 - 7.2 and 17.1 MJ
HD 222582 - 5.4 MJ
HD 28185 - 5.6 MJ
HD 178911 B - 6.47 MJ
HD 10697 - 6.59 MJ
70 Virginis - 6.6 MJ (0.5AU)
HD 106252 - 6.81 MJ
HD 89744 - 7.2 MJ
HD 141937 - 9.7 MJ
HD 114762 - 11 MJ (0.5-AU)
confirmed extrasolar planets
Some of the sports include only one part related to swimming, as for example Triathlon.
In the water (13)
Triathlon - Usually a combination of swimming, cycling and running
Modern pentathlon includes épée fencing, pistol shooting, swimming, a show jumping course on horseback, and a cross-country run.
Rescue swimming - Swimming with the goal to rescue other swimmers or the practice thereof.
Surf lifesaving - A competitive sport which evolved from the training activities of lifeguards at Australian surf beaches.
Water polo - A team ball sport played in water.
Synchronized swimming - A hybrid of swimming, gymnastics, and ballett.
Fin swimming - Swimming with fins
Water aerobics - Aerobics in the water
Water gymnastics - Gymnastics in the water
Snorkeling - The practice of swimming at the surface (typically of the sea) with a mask and a short tube called a snorkel.
Diving off springboards or off platforms
A water slide  - A slide with water flowing down it
Underwater water (6)
Scuba diving - Swimming under water using a (self contained) breathing apparatus
Free-diving - The aim to maximize the depth dived using no breathing apparatus
Apnea - The practice of not breathing for extended times.
Underwater rugby - Rugby played under water with a ball that has been rendered neutrally buoyant.
Surfacing to breathe is only allowed without the ball.
Underwater hockey - Hockey played under water with short wooden curved sticks and a heavy puck.
Players wear diving masks, snorkels, and fins, and must surface to breathe while team mates continue the game on the pool bottom.
Near the water (20)
Boating - The use of boats
Bodyboarding - Similar to surfing, but the board is smaller and the person lies down on the board
Canoe Polo - Polo using a canoe
Dragon Boat Racing - A team paddling sport on water
Fishing - The recreation and sport of catching fish
Hydroplane racing
Jet sprint boat racing
Kite surfing - on flat water using a kite for propulsion
Motor boating
Offshore powerboat racing
Parasailing - A person is towed behind a vehicle (usually a boat) while attached to a parachute
Rowing - Propels a boat by means of oars
Sailing - Using the wind for propulsion
Surfing - The sport or pastime of riding a wave towards the shore while standing or lying on a surfboard.
Wakeboarding - Similar to water skiing, but using only one board attached to the feet
Wake skating - Similar to wakeboarding, but the board is NOT attached to the feet
Water skiing - Using skis to slide over the water while being pulled by a boat or other device
Wind surfing - On flat water using wind for propulsion in combination with sails
Overall, there are a total of 39 water sports.
Sports lists
The list of waterways is a link page for any river, canal, estuary, or firth.
Port Jackson
Ghent-Terneuzen Canal
Bosna
Drina
Vrbas
Lachine Canal
Rideau Canal
Saint Lawrence Seaway, (Canada and USA)
Trent-Severn Waterway
Welland Canal
Amur
Chang Jiang (Yangtze)
Huang He (Yellow River)
Lingqu Canal
Aa River
Aude River
Cher River
Dordogne River
Gironde River
Meuse River
Moselle River
Rhone River
Saône River
Têt River
Var River
Elbe River
Main River
Mittellandkanal
Neisse River
Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (Rhein-Main-Donau-Kanal)
Weser River
Corinthian Canal connected the Gulf of Corinth with the Aegean Sea,
Agra canal
Brahmaputra
Ghaggar River
Godavari River
Hakra River (dried-out)
Saraswati River
Vedic Saraswati River
Po River
Isonzo (Soca)
Tevere (Tiber)
Ticino River
Afgedamde Maas
Amsterdam-Rhine Canal
Beneden Merwede
Bergse Maas
Boven Merwede
Canal through Walcheren
Canal through Zuid-Beveland
Gooimeer
Haringvliet
IJssel
Linge
Meuse river
Nieuwe Maas
Nieuwe Merwede
Nieuwe Waterweg
North Sea Canal
Oude Maas
Scheldt
Scheldt-Rhine Canal
Volkerak
Waal
Taedong River
Bydgoszcz Canal
Notec
Oder (Odra)
Warta River
Royal Canal
Danube-Black Sea Canal
Irtysh
Volga
Bednja
Drave (Drava)
Dravinja
Hudinja
Krka
Ljubljanica
Ložnica
Mirna
Mislinja
Mur (Mura)
Savinja (old English name Sann)
Voglajna
Göta Kanal
Rivers of the United Kingdom
Waterways in the United Kingdom
Rivers in the United States
Canals in the United States
21 cm line
Abbe prism
Airy disc
Alfvén wave
amphidromic point
amplitude modulation
analog sound vs. digital sound
atmospheric diffraction
atmospheric wave
atmospheric waveguide
audience wave
Babinet's principle
bandwidth limited pulse
Berry phase
Bloch wave
blueshift
Brillouin scattering
chirp (frequency)
circular polarization
closed waveguide
coherence (physics)
coherence length
Compton effect
cutoff wavelength
decollimation
delta waves
dielectric waveguide
diffraction
dispersion (optics)
dispersion relation
dominant wavelength
E-skip
echo (phenomenon)
electromagnetic wave
electromagnetic wave cut-off
Elliott wave
elliptical polarization
evanescent wave
F wave
fundamental frequency
Gaussian beam
geometric optics
gravity wave
groundwave
group velocity
holography
Huygens' principle
inverse scattering
knife-edge effect
linear elasticity
linear polarization
longitudinal wave
longwave
Mach wave
Mach-Zender interferometer
mediumwave
megatsunami
microwave auditory effect
microwave oven
microwave plasma
microwaving
Millimeter Cloud Radar
monochromator
multipath propagation
optical waveguide
out of phase
phase (waves)
phase inversion
phase modulation
phase velocity
plane wave
pressure wave
pulse-density modulation
quadrature
quadrature amplitude modulation
quantum optics
radar astronomy
Radar gun
radio propagation
radio waves
Rayleigh-Jeans law
reflection coefficient
relativistic Doppler effect
ring modulation
ring wave guide
ripple tank
Rossby wave
sample (signal)
sawtooth wave
Seiche
seismic wave
seismograph
seismology
Sellmeier equation
shock wave
shortwave
single-sideband modulation
skywave
soliton
square wave
standing wave
standing wave ratio
surface-wave-sustained mode
Synthetic aperture radar
tidal power
transverse mode
transverse wave
trigonometric function
Underwater wave
vestigial-sideband modulation
voltage standing wave ratio
wave drag
wave equation
wave front
wave model
wave period
waveform monitor
waveguide
wavenumber
wavenumber-frequency diagram
wave velocity
wave-particle duality
wavefunction
wavefunction collapse
wavelength-division multiplexing
Wien's law
X-band radar
zero-dispersion slope
zero-dispersion wavelength
Boyoma Falls (Stanley Falls) - Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mutarazi Falls
Sipi Falls - Uganda
Victoria Falls - widest in the world
Bow Glacier Falls - Banff National Park
Della Falls - highest in Canada
Emperor Falls - Mount Robson Provincial Park
Hunlen Falls
Montmorency Falls, Quebec - 83 m (272 ft)
Takakkaw Falls - Yoho National Park
Twin Falls - Yoho National Park
Canadian Falls, Ontario - part of Niagara Falls, with a 53 m (173 ft) drop
Basaseachic Falls
(in order of vertical drop)
Yosemite Falls, California - highest waterfall in North America with a 436 m (1430 ft) drop followed by a 206 m (675 ft) cascade and another 98 m (320 ft) sheer drop
Sulphide Creek Falls, Washington, cascades 2182 ft (665 m)
Ribbon Falls, California - 491 m (1612 ft) drop when flowing
Silver Strand Falls, California - 357 m (1170 ft) drop when flowing
Feather Falls, California - 195 m (640 ft) high when flowing
Bridalveil Falls, California - 189 m (620 ft) sheer drop when flowing
Multnomah Falls, Oregon - 189 m (620 ft) drop in two steps of 165 m and 21 m (542 ft then 69 ft), flowing year-round
Taughannock Falls, New York - 66 m (215 ft) single, vertical drop, flowing year-round
American Falls, New York - part of Niagara Falls with a drop of 52 m (170 ft), flowing year-round
Burney Falls, California - spring fed, 39 m (129 ft) drop, 4 m&sup3/s (150 ft&sup3/s) constant flow rate.
Great Falls of the Passaic River, New Jersey - 23 m (77 ft) drop.
Cumberland Falls, Kentucky - 21 m (69 ft) drop, home to moonbows when the moon is full, flowing year-round
Indian Chimney Falls, New York - 18 m (60 ft) drop, at Indian Chimney Farm
Tahquamenon Falls, Michigan - 15 m (50 ft) drop, 61 m (200 ft) wide
Saint Anthony Falls, Minnesota - highest waterfall on the Mississippi River until replaced by dams in the 19th century'''
Argentina/Brazil
Tabuleiro Falls
Brazil/Paraguay
Guaira Falls
Kaieteur Falls
King Edward VIII Falls
Angel - highest waterfall in the world, at 979 m (3,212 ft)
Cuquenan Falls
jog Falls
Nachi Falls - highest in Japan, over 122 m (400 ft) high
Kegon Falls - third highest in Japan, 97 m (318 ft) high
Khone Falls
Bambarakande Falls - highest in Sri Lanka 263 m high
Diyaluma Falls - most famous in Sri Lanka 220 m high
Dunhida Falls
Lakshapana Falls
Bopath Ella
Gavarnie Falls
Hepoköngäs
Kiutaköngäs
Korkeakoski
Qorlortorsuaq
Aldeyjarfoss
Barnafoss
Dettifoss - most powerful in Europe
Fjallfoss
Gjáin
Glymur
Goðafoss
Gullfoss - largest in Europe
Hafragilsfoss
Hengifoss
Hraunfossar
Selfoss
Svartifoss
Espelandsfossen
Kjell Falls
Lower Mar Valley Falls
Monge Falls
Tyssestrengene Falls
Upper Mar Valley Falls
Utigord Falls
Vettis Falls
Klonte Falls
Lehnjak Falls
Rinka Falls
Waterfalls of Triglav national park
Mostnice Falls
Peričnik Falls
Savica Falls
Engstligen Falls - Adelboden
Giessbach Falls - Brienz
Reichenbach Falls - Meiringen
Staubbach Falls - Lauterbrunnen
Trümmelbach Falls - Lauterbrunnen
Gaping Gill - "highest" waterfall in England, with water falling 110m from the surface into an underground cavern
High Force - highest above-ground waterfall in England
Low Force - downstream from High Force
Eas Coul Aulin - 200 m (658 ft), highest waterfall in Britain
Gray Mares Tail
Hendryd Waterfall
Pistyll Rhaeadr - highest waterfall in Wales
Jim Jim Falls
Montezuma Falls
Tin Mine Falls
Wallaman Falls
Wollomombi Falls
Gunlom Falls
Kahiwa Falls - 530 m (1,750 ft)
Kahuna Falls
Olo'upena Falls - 900 m (2953 ft) total drop.
Moloka'i North shore.
Papalaua Falls
Wailua Falls
Waipoo Falls
Sutherland Falls - highest waterfall in New Zealand
Browne Falls - might also be the highest
Fachoda Falls
The list of tunnels is a link page for any road tunnel,  railway tunnel, or waterway tunnel anywhere in the world.
Sydney Harbour Tunnel
Tauern Tunnel
Detroit-Windsor Tunnel
Mont Blanc Tunnel
Hvalfjörður Tunnel
Vestfirðir Tunnel
Múlagöng Tunnel
Fornaci Tunnel
List of tunnels in the Netherlands
Tunnels in New Zealand
Alfonso XIII Tunnel
Tunnels in the United Kingdom
Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, Alaska
Allegheny Tunnel, Pennsylvania Turnpike
Big Walker Mountain Tunnel, Virginia
Blue Mountain Tunnel, Pennsylvania Turnpike
Brooklyn Battery Tunnel, New York
Caldecott Tunnel, Orinda, California to Oakland, California
Callahan Tunnel, Boston
Cascade Tunnel, Washington
Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel
Cumberland Gap Tunnel, Kentucky to Tennessee
Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, United States and Canada
Downtown Tunnel, Portsmouth, Virginia to Norfolk, Virginia
East River Mountain Tunnel, West Virginia to Virginia
Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel, Colorado
Flathead Tunnel, Montana
Fort McHenry Tunnel, Baltimore, Maryland
Fort Pitt Tunnel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel, Hampton, Virginia to Norfolk, Virginia
Harbor Tunnel, Baltimore, Maryland
Holland Tunnel, New York
Kittatinny Tunnel, Pennsylvania Turnpike
Liberty Tubes, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Lincoln Tunnel, New York
Midtown Tunnel, Portsmouth, Virginia to Norfolk, Virginia
Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel, Newport News, Virginia to Suffolk, Virginia
Posey Tube, Alameda, California
Queens Midtown Tunnel, New York
Squirrel Hill Tunnel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Sumner Tunnel, Boston
Ted Williams Tunnel, Boston
Transbay Tube, San Francisco Bay
Tuscarora Tunnel, Pennsylvania Turnpike
Webster Tube, Alameda, California
This is a list of tallest structures in the world, past and present of any type.
Most of the structures are television broadcasting masts.
There are also the taller tower-type structures (like the CN Tower) and the taller high rise buildings (like the Sears Tower).
The list also includes some other structures like oil platforms, electrical towers, bridge towers, etc.
List is organized by absolute height since it includes many different classes of structures.
This list includes quite a few masts.
A mast is a man-made support structure, commonly used on sailing ships as support for sails, or on land as radio masts and towers used to support telecommunication equipment such as radio antennas ("aerials" in the UK).
There is often ambiguity between the terms tower and mast.
A tower is a self-supporting or cantilevered structure, while a mast is held up by stays or guys.
Both towers and masts have limited floor space and are non-building structures, as opposed to regular buildings which have greater floor space for occupancy.
The terminology is further confused through misuse.
Skyscrapers are often referred to as towers and some towers use the term mast.
Ironically, skyscraper has some etymology from references to high sailboat masts.
List by height
A minimum height limit of 350 m (1,148 ft) or 300 m (984 ft) for notable structures is used for practical purposes to keep the list to a reasonable length.
Likely structures still missing from this list include masts used for the Russian navigation system RSDN-20.
Structures no longer standing are in italics.
For all structures the pinnacle height is given.
So the height of skyscrapers may differ from the values at List of skyscrapers.
Most of the taller masts are in the United States, where a prevalence of masts of around 2,000 feet (610 m) in height is the result of special rules in that country limiting structures and objects taller than 2,063 feet (629 m).
Structures under construction are included in main list if its current height is over 350 m (1,148 ft).
Top 30 of all time
Other structures (past or present) taller than 550 m (1,804 ft)
Other structures (past or present) between 500 and 550 m (1,640 and 1,804 ft)
Other structures (past or present) between 450 and 500 m (1,476 and 1,640 ft)
Other structures (past or present) between 400 and 450 m (1,312 and 1,476 ft)
Other structures (past or present) between 350 and 400 m (1,148 and 1,312 ft)
Notable structures between 300 and 350 m (984 and 1,148 ft)
Structures taller than 350 m (1,148 ft) under construction
This is an incomplete list of structures taller tha|N|1,148 feet (350 m) under construction.
Please correct (by adding further one or by putting completed structures in the upper table, if current height is over 1,148 feet (350 m)).
Proposed radio masts taller than 600 metres
List by continent
All time
Radio masts and towers
List of famous transmission sites
List of European medium wave transmitters
List of world's tallest bridges
List of world's tallest dams
SkyscraperCity
World Federation of Great Towers
Skyscrapers diagrams and forum
Skyscrapers database
Search for Radio Masts and Towers in the U.S.
Lists of buildings
Religious and mystical symbols
Political symbols
Swastika (as used by Nazis and neo-Nazis)
Peace symbol
List of political party symbols in India
Scientific and engineering symbols
Astronomical symbols
Electronic symbols
Hazard warning symbols
Mathematical symbols
Other symbols
Skull and crossbones
"No" symbol
Coles
Bi-Lo
Aldi Australia
Foodworks
SPAR
Hofer - Austrian name for Aldi
Zielpunkt
ADEG
Nah und Frisch
Colruyt
Makro
Bom Preco
Lojas Americanas
Pao de Acucar
Supermercados Bahama
Atlantic Superstore
Dominion (Newfoundland)
Extra Foods
Groupe GP Quebec only
Farm Boy (Ontario)
Food Basics (Ontario)
Foodland
Fortinos (Ontario)
FreshCo
Freshmart
IGA (Independent Grocers Association)
Loblaws / Loblaw GreatFood / Loblaws CityMarket
Longo's (Ontario)
Maxi / Maxi & Cie (Quebec)
Metro / Metro Plus
Provigo (Quebec)
Save-On Foods
Sobeys
Super Valu
T & T Supermarket
Thrifty Foods
Valu-mart (Ontario)
Your Independent Grocer / Independent City Market
Zehrs (Ontario)
Wal-Mart
Madraswala Supermarket
METRO
Velpro
Diskont Feniks
Getro
Tesco, England
Albert (Ahold, The Netherlands)
Hypernova (Ahold, The Netherlands)
Billa (Rewe, Germany)
Delvita (Delhaize, Belgium)
Despensa de Don Juan
Super Selectos
Citymarket
Seston Etujätti
((Cora))
Ed or Mr Ed
Franprix
Ifaprix
Intermarche
Leader Price
Marks & Spencer - not any longer
Migros France
Monoprix
Parunis
Proxi
Super U
Uniprix
HL-Markt
Kaiser's
Krone
Marktkauf
Reichelt
REWE
Spar (Eurospar, Interspar)
Tengelmann
see also, List of Greek supermarkets
Alpha-Beta Vassilopoulos
Carrefour - international chain
Champion Mariopoulos
Lidl - international chain
Metro Cash and Carry - international chain
Trofo (Tropho)
Veropoulos, a division of Eurospar, also known as HellaSpar
Carrefour - not any longer
CitySuper
Park'n Shop
Metro Aruhaz
Conad
Esselunga
Standa
Unisuper
PAM (Piu A Meno)
Supermercados Gigante
Supermercados Internacional
Albert Heijn (part of Ahold)
Bas van der Heijden
Basismarkt
Boni
C1000
Deen
Dekamarkt
Digros
Edah, Konmar, Super de Boer (all parts of Laurus/Casino)
Jan Linders
Hoogvliet
Nettorama
Poiesz
Vomar
A&P (past, now?)
Jac Hermans (past, now?)
Big Fresh - owned by Progressive Enterprises
Countdown - owned by Progressive Enterprises
Foodtown - owned by Progressive Enterprises
New World - owned by Foodstuffs
Pak'n Save - owned by Foodstuffs
Price Chopper - owned by Progressive Enterprises
Woolworths - owned by Progressive Enterprises
Rimi
Kiwi (supermarket)
Mega (supermarket)
Maxi (Hypermarket)
Smart Club (Hypermarket)
Makro (Metro AG)
Selgros (Fegro/Selgros)
Real (supermarket chain) (Metro AG)
Leclerc
Hypernova (supermarket chain) (part of Ahold)
Geant
Castorama (Kingfisher)
Nomi (Kingfisher)
Media Markt (Metro AG)
Komfort
Albert (supermarket chain) (Ahold)
Minimal (supermarket chain)
Biedronka (Jeronimo Martins)
Plus (supermarket chain)
Pao de Açúcar
Pingo Doce
See United States
Dunnes Stores
Tesco Ireland - formerly Quinnsworth
Centra
Billa - international chain
Gima
La Fourmi
Mega Image
Vox Maris
MARA SUPERMARKET Focsani / Vrancea
Carrefour -recently closed down (2012)
Isetan - Japanese chain
Giant Hypermarket
Jason's Supermarket
NTUC Fairprice
Shop 'n' Save
Hemköp
PrisXtra
Willy:s
Aldi Suisse
Lidl Suisse
For full list, see Supermarkets in the United Kingdom
United States and U.S. territories
For full list, see Supermarkets in the United States
Supermercado La Franco Italiana
Lists of companies
The article about certain properties of databases is at ACID
Sometimes acid is another name for the drug LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)
An acid is a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H+) (generally speaking, this will be a proton) to another substance.
Acids have a pH less than 7.0.
A chemical can donate a proton if the hydrogen atom is attached to an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine.
Some acids are strong and others are weak.
The weak acids hold on to some of their protons, while the strong acids let go of all of them.
All acids will release hydrogen ions into solutions.
The amount of ions that get released per molecule will determine if the acid is weak or strong.
Weak acids are acids that partially release the hydrogen atoms that are attached.
These acids, then, may lower pH by dissociation of hydrogen ions, but not completely.
Weak acids generally have a pH value of 4-6 while strong acids have a pH value of 1 to 3.
A base is an acid's "chemical opposite."
A base is a substance that will accept the acid's hydrogen atom.
Bases are molecules that can  split apart in water and release hydroxide ions.
How acids work
Acids and bases typically exist together in equilibrium.
This means that within a sample of an acid, some molecules will give up their protons and others will accept them.
Even water is a mixture of an acidic ion, H3O+ (called a hydronium ion) and a basic ion, OH- (called a hydroxide ion).
A hydronium ion will give up its proton to a hydroxide ion, forming two molecules of H2O, which is neutral.
This reaction happens continuously in a sample of water, but overall the sample is neutral because there are equal amounts of hydronium and hydroxide in the sample.
For most reactions, however, the acids and bases are not present in equal amounts, and this imbalance is what allows a chemical reaction to occur.
Every acid has a conjugate base formed by removing the acid's proton.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), for example, is an acid and its conjugate base is a chlorine anion, or Cl-.
An acid and its conjugate base are opposite in strength.
Since HCl is a strong acid, Cl- is a weak base.
Acids can have different strengths, some are more reactive than others.
More reactive acids are often more dangerous.
Acids can have a lot of different properties depending on their molecular structure.
Most acids have the following properties:
taste sour when they are eaten
can sting the skin when they are touched
can corrode (or eat away at) metals and skin
can be used as a reactant during electrolysis due to the presence of mobile ions
turn blue litmus paper red
turn red or orange on universal indicator
conduct electricity
Acids can burn the skin, the severity of the burn depending on the type and concentration of the acid.
These chemical burns require immediate medical attention.
Acids are important.
Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA contain the genetic code.
These molecules determine many characteristics of an organism, they are passed from the parents to offspring.
DNA contains the plans how to build proteins which are made of amino acids.
Fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives are another group of carboxylic acids that play a significant role in biology.
These contain long chains of hydrocarbons and a carboxylic acid group on one end.
The cell membrane of nearly all organisms is primarily made up of a phospholipid bilayer, a micelle of hydrophobic fatty acid chains with polar, hydrophilic phosphate "head" groups.
In humans and many other animals, hydrochloric acid is a part of the gastric acid secreted within the stomach.
It can help hydrolyze proteins and polysaccharides.
It can also convert the inactive pro-enzyme, pepsinogen into the enzyme, pepsin.
Some organisms produce acids for defense; for example, ants produce formic acid, and octopi produce a black acid called magneta.
Most acids can be found in nature.
Some of these include the following:
Vinegar is probably one of the best known; it contains acetic acid, which gives it its well known flavor.
Nitric acid, NHO3 is known since about the 13th century.
Citric acids, C6H8O7 can be found in many kinds of fruit.
They were probably discovered by Geber in the 8th century.
Lactic acid, C3H6O3 was found by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1780.
It can be found in sour milk products, such as Yogurt.
Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 was probably discovered by Geber.
Today it can be found in batteries.
A white dwarf is a compact star.
Their matter is squashed together.
Gravitation has pulled the atoms close together, and taken off their electrons.
The mass of a white dwarf is similar to the mass of the Sun, but its volume is similar to that of the Earth.
White dwarfs are the final evolutionary state of all stars whose mass is not high enough to become a neutron star.
Over 97% of the stars in the Milky Way will become white dwarf stars.§1 After the hydrogen–fusing lifetime of a main-sequence star ends, it will expand to a red giant which fuses helium to carbon and oxygen in its core.
If a red giant does not have enough mass to fuse carbon, around 1 billion K, inactive carbon and oxygen will build up at its center.
After shedding its outer layers to form a planetary nebula, it will leave behind the core, which is the white dwarf.
The material in a white dwarf no longer undergoes fusion reactions, so the star has no source of energy.
It is not supported by the heat of fusion against gravitational collapse.
A star like our Sun will become a white dwarf when it has run out of fuel.
Near the end of its life, it will go through a red giant stage, and then lose most of its gas, until what is left contracts and becomes a young white dwarf.
White dwarfs were discovered in the 18th century.
The first white dwarf star, called 40 Eridani B, was discovered on 31 January 1783 by William Herschel.p73  It is part of a three star system called 40 Eridani.
The second white dwarf was discovered in 1862, but was at first thought to be a red dwarf.
It was a small star near the star Sirius.
This companion star, called Sirius B, had a surface temperature of about 25,000 kelvin, so it was thought of as a hot star.
However, Sirius B was about 10,000 times fainter than the primary, Sirius A.  Scientists have discovered that the mass of Sirius B is almost the same as that of the Sun.
This means that once, Sirius B was a star similar to our own Sun.
In 1917, Adriaan van Maanen discovered a white dwarf which is called Van Maanen 2.
It was the third white dwarf to be discovered.
It is the closest white dwarf to Earth, except for Sirius B.
Radiation and temperature
A white dwarf has low luminosity (total amount of light given off) but a very hot core.
The core might be 107 K, while the surface is only 104 K.
A white dwarf is very hot when it is formed, but since it has no source of energy, it will gradually radiate away its energy and cool.
This means that its radiation, which gives it a blue or white colour at the start, lessens over time.
Over a very long time, a white dwarf will cool to temperatures at which it will no longer emit light.
Unless the white dwarf gets matter from a companion star or some other source, its radiation comes from its stored heat.
This is not replaced.
White dwarfs cool slowly for two reasons.
They have an extremely small surface area to radiate this heat from, so they cool gradually, remaining hot for a long time.
Also, they are very opaque.
The degenerate matter that makes up the bulk of a white dwarf stops light and other electromagnetic radiation, so radiation does not carry away much energy.
Eventually, all white dwarfs will cool down into black dwarfs, so called because they lack the energy to create light.
No black dwarfs exist yet because it takes longer than the current age of the universe for a white dwarf to cool down.
A black dwarf is what will be left of the star after all of its energy (heat and light) is used up.
Re-ignition
White dwarfs may re-ignite and explode as supernovas if they get more material.
There is a maximum mass for a white dwarf to remain stable.
This is known as the Chandrasekhar limit.
A dwarf might pull in material from a companion star, for example, bringing it over the Chandrasekhar limit.
The extra mass would start a carbon-fusion reaction.
Astronomers think this re-igniting might be the cause of Type Ia supernovas.
Types of stars
A beach is a landform along the coast of an ocean, sea, lake, or river.
It usually consists of loose particles, such as sand, gravel, shingle, or pebbles.
The particles of a beach are sometimes biological in origin, such as mollusc shells or bits of coral and sometimes bits of igneous rock, but the most common mineral in beaches is quartz.
People often use beaches for recreation.
They swim, bask in the sun, or just relax.
The most popular beaches have fine white or light-colored sand and warm water to swim in.
Beaches are also used for diving or for seeing marine life.
Among the world's most popular and well-known beaches are Aruba (Dutch Caribbean), Long Beach (Canada), Copacabana Beach (Brazil), Hot Water Beach (New Zealand), Megan Bay (St. Thomas), Kailua Beach (Hawaii), Zandvoort Beach (Netherlands), Jeffreys Bay (South Africa), Bondi Beach (Australia) and Lake Como beaches (Italy).
Taking holidays on the beach is something of a British cultural export.
Early railways in the 19th century took people to places they had never seen before.
This tourism was made possible by the industrial revolution.
Whole seaside resort towns grew to support visitors, where before there were just villages.
Vacations at the sea became common all over the world.
Beaches are never static.
They are always being built up or eroded, more quickly than other landforms.
Over time the boundary between the land and the sea changes.
New Romney, a small town in Kent, is one of the Cinque Ports, a mile from the sea.
In Henry VIII's time it was a port on the south coast of England.
The growth of Dungeness has cut it off from the sea.
Dungeness is a huge shingle beach.
A mental illness is an illness of the mind.
People with a mental illness may behave in strange ways  or have strange thoughts in their view or the view of others.
Mental illnesses can affect the day to day functioning of a person.
Mental illnesses develop during the life of a person.
This may be linked to genes and experience.
What is considered as a mental illness has changed over time.
What is considered to be a mental illness may not be one in a different culture.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) by the American Psychiatric Association is used around the world.
People with a mental illness sometimes have problems dealing with other people, or struggle with daily functioning.
Treatment and certain medications can help people with daily functioning.
In some cases, mental illnesses change the way the brain works.
Many conditions which affect the brain are not mental illnesses, as they do not change the way in which people think: Neither epilepsy nor Parkinson's disease is a mental illness, yet both affect the brain.
Common mental problems
Thirty-three percent of North American adults will have a mental illness in a given year, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness.
But in more than half of these cases, the mental illness is not bad enough to disrupt daily life activities.
Partly inherited
There is a genetic basis which makes some people more likely to develop mental illness.
A study published in The Lancet, a medical journal, found the same set of genetic markers in people with five different disorders: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, major depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Treatment of mental illnesses
Psychoeducation
Lifestyle changes
electroconvulsive therapy
Even though the media show this differently, studies have shown that people with a severe mental illness are not necessarily violent.
Statistically, violence is often caused by factors such as drug abuse, or those related to the personal, social and economic situation.
Findings show that people with a mental illness that live in the community will be victims of violence more often that they will be those starting or spreading it.
A study that looked at people diagnosed with "severe mental illness" living in a US inner-city area found that a quarter of them had been victims of at least one violent crime over the course of a year; this proportion was eleven times higher than the average.
For people which have been diagnosed with a mental illness it is more difficult to get a trial started, because fewer people believe them, and many people have a prejudice against people with a mental illness.
There are a few specific diagnoses which are defined by conduct problems and violence.
These include conditions such as childhood conduct disorder, adult antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy.
There are conflicting findings about how much specific symptoms are linked to an increase in violent behaviour.
These symptoms include psychosis (hallucinations or delusions) that can occur in disorders such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder or mood disorder.
The factors that lead to violent behaviour are more often demographic or economic in nature, such as being young, male, of lower socioeconomic status or of abusing drugs, including alcoholism, to which some people are particularly vulnerable.
Some studies show that disabled people are sometimes treated badly.
For example, people with mental illness may deal with ableism.
An example of ableism is insults, for example calling a mentally ill person a retard.
High-profile cases have led to fears that serious crimes, such as homicide, have increased because people with certain mental illnesses are not treated in specialized institutions, but the evidence does not support this conclusion.
Violence that does occur in relation to mental disorder (against the mentally ill or by the mentally ill) typically occurs in the context of complex social interactions, often in a family setting rather than between strangers.
It is also an issue in health care settings and the wider community.
Common abbreviations for mental illnesses
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
Depression (also called major depressive disorder, unipolar depression or clinical depression) is a mental illness.
Many people think that depression just means a person is very sad.
However, depression can cause many symptoms in the body as well as mood problems.
The ICD-10 is used around the world to diagnose people with illnesses like depression.
According to the ICD-10, for a person to be diagnosed with depression, their symptoms have to last for at least two weeks.
The symptoms must happen every day, or almost every day.
These symptoms also have to cause problems in a person's life (like their work life, family life, social life, or other important parts of their life).
Depressed mood for most of the day (feelings of sadness, emptiness, and/or hopelessness)
Teenagers may be irritable (they may get angry easily) instead of seeming depressed
Feeling much less interested than usual in all, or almost all, activities; or not getting any pleasure from activities
Significant weight loss (when not dieting) or weight gain (generally a change of 5% or more in body weight)
Sleeping more than usual, or having trouble sleeping
Moving around more than usual (psychomotor agitation) or moving more slowly than usual (psychomotor retardation)
Feeling tired or not having energy, nearly every day
Feeling worthless or guilty
Not being able to think, concentrate, or make decisions normally
Thinking a lot about death (not just being afraid to die)
Most people who have not had depression do not completely understand its effects.
Instead, they see it as simply being sad.
Since it is not understood, many people criticize people with depression for not helping themselves.
Some people with depression die by suicide.
Depression is one of the mental illnesses that can cause a person to have suicidal thoughts.
It is impossible to get an exact number of how many people have depression.
There are many reasons for this.
People may not admit to having depression, because of the stigma about depression
Some people may not be correctly diagnosed with depression
Different doctors and mental health workers may diagnose depression differently
The number of people diagnosed with depression is different in different cultures, and among men and women
In different cultures
Major depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the United States.
In 2014, 15.7 million adults in the United States had at least one episode of major depression.