the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Originally the work was to follow on from the Jubilee line so as to benefit from the experience of installing it there, but that project was not completed until spring 2011.
Work on the Northern line was contracted to be completed before the 2012 Olympics.
It is now being undertaken in-house, and TfL predicted the upgrade would be complete by the end of 2014.
The first section of the line (West Finchley to High Barnet) was transferred to the new signalling system on 26 February 2013 and the line became fully automated on 1 June 2014 with the Chalk Farm to Edgware via Golders Green section being the last part of the line to switch to ATO.
The Circle line, in London
The Linea 6 (Line 6) of Madrid Metro,which is a circular line in the centre of Madrid.
The Circle MRT Line, in Singapore
The Koltsevaya Line, in Moscow
The Yamanote Line, in Tokyo
The Osaka Loop Line, in Osaka
Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises and Circle Line Downtown, sightseeing ferry companies in Manhattan, New York
Line 2, Beijing Subway
Shanghai Metro Line 4, in Shanghai
Seoul Subway Line 2, in Seoul
The Koltsevaya Line (Saint Petersburg) in Saint Petersburg (under construction)
The Circle Line, a proposed rapid transit line in Chicago
The Fife Circle Line, in Scotland
Copenhagen Metro Line M3, is a future metro circle line, also called the City Circle Line
The Ringbahn Berlin (Circle Line)
The Circle line, coloured yellow on the tube map, is the eighth busiest line on the London Underground.
It forms a loop line around the centre of London on the north side of the River Thames.
Platforms are 120 metres long in the south and 130 metres long on the part of the track shared with the Metropolitan line.
In 1863 the Metropolitan Railway opened in London between Paddington and Farringdon.
It was the world's first underground railway.
It connected the Great Western Railway's relatively remote terminus at Paddington with Euston and King's Cross stations and the City, London's financial heart.
In the same year a  report recommended an 'inner circle' of railway lines between the London termini that had been built or were under construction.
In the next year the Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District Railway) was formed to build and operate a railway from South Kensington to Tower Hill.
The Metropolitan western extension opened in 1868 from a new station at Paddington to South Kensington.
By May 1870 the District railway had opened its line from West Brompton to Blackfriars via Gloucester Road and South Kensington, services being operated at first by the Metropolitan.
In 1871 the District had built a terminus at Mansion House, and on 18 November 1876 the Met opened its terminus at Aldgate.
Due to conflict between the two companies it took an Act of Parliament before further work was done on the inner circle.
In 1882 the Metropolitan extended its line from Aldgate to a temporary station at Tower Hill and the District completed its line to Whitechapel.
On 6 October 1884 the temporary station was replaced with a joint station and the inner circle was complete.
The Metropolitan provided the clockwise or 'outer rail' trains, the District the 'inner rail' or anti-clockwise.
Other circle routes
As well as the inner circle, other routes circumnavigated London, although these were not complete loops.
From 1872 the L&NWR began an "outer circle" service from Broad Street to Mansion House via Willesden Junction and Earl's Court, diverting an earlier service that had run to Victoria; and the GWR began a "middle circle" service from Moorgate to Mansion House via Latimer Road and Earl's Court.
Both of these routes were cut back to Earl's Court: the "middle circle" in 1900 and the "outer circle" in 1909.
The GWR service survived as a shuttle service from the Hammersmith & City line to Addison Road, now Kensington (Olympia), until 1940.
The Midland Railway briefly ran a "super outer circle" from St Pancras to Earl's Court from 1878 to 1880.
Today London Overground runs services between Clapham Junction, Willesden Junction and Dalston Junction and between Dalston Junction and Clapham Junction.
Wooden carriages were originally hauled by steam locomotives leading to smoke-filled stations and carriages, unpopular with passengers.
At the start of the 20th century the District and Metropolitan were seeing increased competition in central London from the new electric underground tube lines and trams, and conversion to electric traction was seen as the way forward.
Experiments were carried out on the Earl's Court to High Street Kensington section, and a jointly-owned six-carriage train began passenger service in 1900.
Following this an AC system was suggested, and this was accepted by both parties.
However, the District was looking for a way to raise the finance needed and in 1901 found an investor, the American Charles Yerkes.
He formed the Underground Electric Railways of London (UERL), and his experience in the United States led him to favour DC, with third-rail pick-up similar to that in use on the City & South London Railway and Central London Railway.
After arbitration by the Board of Trade the DC system was taken up, and the railways began electrifying the routes, using multiple-unit stock.
Both had open saloons; the Metropolitan trains with gated ends, the District B Stock with sliding doors in the middle of each car.
When their introduction was attempted on 1 July 1905, a Metropolitan train overturned the third rail on the District Railway, requiring all Metropolitan trains to be modified before running again on the District lines.
Full electric service started on 24 September, initially with 6-car trains, later reduced to 4-car.
The Metropolitan trains were soon modified to enclose the gated end and eventually to add sliding doors in the middle.
Trains were increased to 5 cars in 1918 and the Metropolitan introduced new stock in 1921, with three pairs of sliding double doors on trailer cars.
In 1926 the Metropolitan took over all inner circle workings except for three trains on Sundays.
On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan and the District Railways were amalgamated with other Underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board.
Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units were refurbished in 1934 at Acton Works to become eighteen 5-car trains of Circle Stock, at first painted red and cream, later painted red all over to reduce costs.
These trains included first-class accommodation, but this was downgraded in 1940.
From 1947 these were replaced by 5-car trains of O and P Stock, with doors remotely operated by the guard, released by the transfer of F Stock to the Uxbridge line.
The 1933 London Underground Beck map shows a Metropolitan line north of  and  stations and a District line south of these points.
On the 1947 map the Metropolitan and District lines were shown together in the same colour and two years later in 1949 the Circle line was shown separately on the map.
In 1959–1960 Circle line trains were increased to 6 cars, the same length as those operating on the Hammersmith & City line, and the stock of the two lines was integrated with maintenance concentrated at Hammersmith depot, allowing Neasden depot to concentrate on the new A Stock.
Aluminium C Stock trains, with public address systems and originally unpainted, replaced these trains from 1970.
One person operation of the trains was proposed in 1972 but, due to conflict with the trade unions, was not introduced until 1984.
In 2003, the infrastructure of the Circle line was partly privatised in a public–private partnership, managed by the Metronet consortium.
Metronet went into administration in 2007 and the local government body Transport for London took over responsibilities.
On 7 July 2005, at about 08:50, bombs exploded on two Circle line trains.
One was travelling between Liverpool Street and Aldgate and the other was at Edgware Road.
The bombs killed 15 people, including the two suicide bombers.
Following the attacks, the whole of the Circle line was closed until 8 August.
A day before a ban on drinking alcohol on public transport in London came into force, a party was held on 31 May 2008, mainly on the Circle line.
Thousands of people attended and 17 were arrested by police due to disorderly behaviour, eventually causing several stations to be closed.
Prior to 13 December 2009, Circle line trains travelled in both directions around a simple loop with 27 stations and  of track.
In 2006 there were fourteen trains in service on the line with an interval between trains of  minutes during peak hours and 8 minutes off-peak; the minimum running time around the circle off-peak was  minutes, although timetabled stops at stations extended this.
In December 2009 the Circle line was extended to include the Hammersmith & City route from Edgware Road to Hammersmith.
Rather than continuously running around the circle, trains now travel from Hammersmith to Edgware Road, generally going around the circle once before terminating at Edgware Road, and returning via the same route; occasionally, trains may also continue clockwise through Edgware Road to additional stations.
The change was made to improve reliability and increase the service frequency on the Hammersmith branch.
The first S7 Stock train entered passenger service on the Hammersmith & City line on 6 July 2012, running a shuttle service between Hammersmith and Moorgate, and first ran on the Circle line on 2 September 2013.
By June 2014 all services were provided by S7 Stock trains.
The Metropolitan line is part of the London Underground.
It is coloured in TfL's Corporate Magenta  on the Tube map and in other branding.
It was the first underground railway (or subway) in the world, opening on 10 January 1863.
Today, part of that section are no longer served by the Metropolitan line, but by the Hammersmith & City, District and Circle lines.
The main line runs from Aldgate in the City of London to Amersham, with branch lines to Uxbridge, Watford and Chesham.
The line once went as far as Verney junction.
After it was bought by the London Passenger Transport Board, the line was first cut back to Aylesbury, then to Amersham
The line runs parallel to Chiltern Railways London to Aylesbury line from Finchley Road to Amersham.
Chiltern railways continues to run services to Aylesbury.
Metropolitan Railway
The Metropolitan Railway (also known as the Met) was a passenger and goods railway that served London from 1863 to 1933, its main line heading north-west from the City to what were to become the Middlesex suburbs.
Its first line connected the mainline railway termini at ,  and King's Cross to the City, built beneath the New Road using the cut-and-cover method between Paddington and King's Cross, and in tunnel and cuttings beside Farringdon Road from King's Cross to near Smithfield.
It opened on 10 January 1863 with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, the world's first underground railway.
In 1871, when plans were presented for an underground railway in Paris, it was called the Métropolitain in imitation.
The modern word metro is a short form of the French word.
The railway was soon extended from both ends and northwards via a branch from Baker Street.
It reached Hammersmith in 1864 and Richmond in 1877, and completed the Inner Circle in 1884, but the most important route became the line north into the Middlesex countryside, where it stimulated the development of new suburbs.
Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as  in Buckinghamshire, more than  from Baker Street.
From the end of the 19th century, the railway shared tracks with the Great Central Railway route out of Marylebone station.
Electric traction was introduced in 1905 with electric multiple units operating between Uxbridge, Harrow-on-the-Hill and Baker Street.
To remove steam and smoke from the tunnels in central London, the railway purchased electric locomotives, exchanged for steam locomotives at Harrow from 1908.
In 1910, a seventeen-minute silent film recording was made showing large portions of the journey from Baker Street to Aylesbury and Uxbridge, seen from the cab of a train.
The film survives and is publicly available.
Unlike other railways in the London area, the Met developed land for housing, thus benefitting from the increase in the value of its land caused by the building of the railway.
After World War I it promoted its housing estates near the railway with the "Metro-land" brand.
To improve services, more powerful electric and steam locomotives were purchased in the 1920s.
A short branch opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925.
After World War I, the  Stanmore branch was built from Wembley Park.
While the Metropolitan was run as an outer suburban route with steam-hauled trains and goods services, the LPTB wished to focus on electrified trains and suburban traffic.
Goods services were passed to the London and North Eastern Railway, which also took over the role of providing steam locomotives for trains beyond the end of electrification at Rickmansworth.
All services north-west of  were withdrawn by 1936 though services returned to  between 1943 and 1948.
The 1930s was a period of rapid growth for the north-western suburbs of London, and LPTB developed ambitious plans to simplify the Metropolitan line and expand capacity.
Several stations on the Uxbridge branch were rebuilt, replacing temporary wooden buildings with modernist designs and giving Uxbridge station a new site in the town centre.
A major bottleneck in the line, the double-track tunnel from Baker Street to Finchley Road, was bypassed by boring two tube tunnels underneath the Metropolitan tunnels, transferring slow services and the Stanmore branch to the Bakerloo line. (
This route was transferred to the Jubilee line in 1979.)
In 1936 the line was extended east from  to  along the tracks of the District line.
London Transport inherited a number of incompatible electric multiple units from the railway, including the 1927–33 multiple-unit compartment stock used on routes to Watford and Rickmansworth, and these were refurbished to form a uniform fleet and designated London Underground T Stock.
In the 1950s, F Stock trains, with sliding doors under the control of the guard, were transferred from the District line; these mainly worked the semi-fast Harrow and Uxbridge services.
A major rebuilding of the main line from Wembley Park to Amersham was planned in the 1930s but delayed by the war.
The line from Wembley to Harrow was rebuilt immediately after the war and the project was completed from 1956–1962, on a more modest scale than originally planned.
Until 1961, passenger trains continued to be attached to a steam locomotive at  to run to Aylesbury.
The rebuilding electrified the line from Rickmansworth to Amersham, transferring all Aylesbury services to British Railways.
A pair of fast lines was added from Harrow to north of Moor Park by 1962, allowing outer-suburban trains to run fast to Moor Park.
Aluminium A stock, originally unpainted, replaced the T stock and locomotive-hauled trains.
More A Stock trains were built in 1962–63 to replace the trains on the Uxbridge service, giving the main line a single train type for all services.
A Stock was 4-car units that could operate as four- or eight-car trains; normally operated as eight cars, a 4-car unit operated the Chesham shuttle.
One person operation of the trains was proposed in 1972, but due to conflict with the trades unions was not introduced on the line until 1986.
A separate identity
Although the East London line had been an isolated shuttle since 1939, it was shown on London Underground maps as part of the Metropolitan line until 1968.
In 1970 it was shown with a thin white line in the middle and labelled the "East London section".
By the 1985 map it had become the "East London Line", remaining the same colour as the Metropolitan line with a white line in the middle, changed to orange by the 1990 map.
In 1990 the Hammersmith & City line became a separate line from Hammersmith to Whitechapel (Barking during the peak), the Metropolitan line being from Aldgate to Baker Street and northwards to Amersham with branches to Chesham, Uxbridge and Watford.
In 2003, the infrastructure was partly privatised in a public–private partnership managed by the Metronet consortium.
Metronet went into administration in 2007 and Transport for London took over responsibilities in the end.
Tube Lines was later acquired by TfL in 2011, and managed as owner-designer firm.
On 12 December 2010 the service to Amersham was reduced from four trains per hour to two, and a direct service between Chesham and central London was introduced, replacing the 4-car Chesham to Chalfont & Latimer shuttle.
The final passenger services operated by the A Stock ran on 26 September 2012, followed by a ticketed public railtour on 29 September.
The Statute of Kilkenny were a set of laws made by the English in 1367 to try and save the English colony in Ireland.
The laws were made by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence.
They were passed at a meeting of the Irish parliament held at Kilkenny.
The English had difficulty in taking over Ireland.
The first English settlers, the Anglo-Irish, began to become Irish in the way they viewed the world.
They began to put their own interests ahead of those of the English royalty.
The government of Ireland had become weak after the battles with Edward Bruce, and the arrival of the Black Death weakened the country even more.
Edward III of England became concerned that the Anglo-Irish were becoming too powerful and threatened his rights and interests in Ireland.
He attempted three times to control their increasing independence.
Edward III finally sent his third son, Lionel of Antwerp, to Ireland to try and get back control.
He was very concerned that the Anglo-Irish had become more Irish than the Irish themselves.
The Statute of Kilkenny were laws designed to bring Ireland back under the control of English born nobles, not English descendants in Ireland.
These laws were serious, to break one was seen as treason and could be punished by death.
The laws
The Statute of Kilkenny had a lot of laws made to separate the English from the Irish.
It was against the law for the English in Ireland to:
Marry an Irish person
Adopt an Irish child
Use an Irish name
Wear Irish clothes
Speak the Irish language
Play Irish music
Listen to Irish story-tellers
Play Irish games
Let an Irish person join an English religious house
Appoint any Irish clergyman to any church in the English settlement
Ride a horse in Irish style, that is, without a saddle.
Tramlink (also called Croydon Tramlink) is a tramway system in south London in the United Kingdom which began operation in May 2000.
The service is operated by First London on behalf of Transport for London (TfL).
The TfL team responsible for Tramlink is called London Tramlink, matching London Buses, London Underground, and so on.
Electric railways
The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) is a light metro or light rail system in London, England.
It opened on 31 August 1987 to serve the redeveloped Docklands area of East London.
It currently  covers several areas of London.
To the north, it reaches Stratford.
To the south, Lewisham.
To the west, Tower Gateway and Bank in the City of London financial district.
To the east, Beckton, London City Airport and Woolwich Arsenal.
The DLR is fully computer operated.
It is automated and the only job is the emergency stop button.
The London Overground (LO) is a suburban rail system in London, UK run by Arriva and MTR for Transport for London.
The London Overground is made up of 9 lines taken over by TFL.
It is coloured orange on the Tube map.
It serves a lot of Greater London.
North London line: taken over from Silverlink Metro in 2007.
West London line: taken over from Silverlink Metro in 2007.
East London line: taken over from London Underground and extended in 2010.
South London line: taken over in December 2012.
Watford DC line: taken over from SIlverlink Metro in 2007.
Gospel Oak to Barking line: taken over from Silverlink Metro in 2007.
Lea Valley lines: taken over from Abellio Greater Anglia in 2015.
Romford–Upminster line: taken over from Abellio Greater Anglia in 2015.
All lines can be used with the Oyster card used across London.
The London Overground has received praise for its transformation of long-neglected lines into clean and reliable services, with passenger usage increasing sharply such that trains had to be extended from 3 cars in 2007 to 5 cars in 2015.
In the autumn 2011 National Passenger Survey, London Overground received an overall satisfaction rating of 92%, a 7% improvement on the previous survey.
First Capital Connect (FCC) was a train company in England that ran the Thameslink railway line between Brighton and Bedford and services along the East Coast Main Line from King's Cross and Peterborough, Cambridge, and King's Lynn from 1 April 2006 to 13 September 2014.
It was owned by First Group and combines the service on  formerly operated by WAGN, often referred to as Great Northern.
It failed to keep the franchise, and it was succeeded by Thameslink and Great Northern.
The Northern City Line is a railway line from Moorgate to Finsbury Park in London, once part of the Great Northern Electrics line.
It should not be confused with the City branch of the Northern line, nor with the North London line.
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy LG GCVO CD (Alexandra Helen Elizabeth Olga Christabel; born 25 December 1936), is a member of the British Royal Family, the youngest granddaughter of King George V and Queen Mary.
She had two children, Marina and James Ogilvy with Sir Angus Ogilvy.
She is 56th in line for the Throne as of June 2021.
Ask.com is a search engine that was started in 1996.
This website helps people find web pages that they are looking for, by typing in the subject they want.
For example, if someone is looking for web pages about dogs, they would type in "dogs" or "dog" then press the 'search' button.
Ask.com used to be called "Ask Jeeves" but the name was changed in 2006.
Their headquarters is in Oakland, California.
Ask.com toolbar
, also called Hokusai,  was a Japanese artist.
The artist is best known for The Great Wave off Kanagawa, which is a woodblock print.
53 Stations of the Tokaido Road, 1806
36 Views of Mount Fuji,  1823–1829
The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife, 1820
A Tour of the Waterfalls of the Provinces, 1827–1830
Unusual Views of Celebrated Bridges in the Provinces, 1827-1830
100 Views of Mount Fuji, 1834
Artencyclopedia.com, Hokusai
Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was born in China and was a Chinese political leader.
Sun helped overthrow the Qing Dynasty in October 1911.
This was the last imperial dynasty of China.
He is often called as Father of the Nation.
He was president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912.
He later co-founded the Kuomintang.
Sun remains revered in both mainland China and Taiwan.
A massive portrait of Sun continues to appear in Tiananmen Square for May Day and National Day.
Sun Yat-sen was born on 12 November 1866 to Sun Dacheng and Madame Yang in Cuiheng, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City), Guangdong.
He had a cultural background of Hakka (with roots in Zijin, Heyuan, Guangdong) and Cantonese.
His father owned very few lands and worked as a tailor in Macau, and as a journeyman and a porter.
After finishing primary education, he moved to Honolulu in the Kingdom of Hawaii, where he lived a comfortable life of modest wealth supported by his elder brother Sun Mei.
After his death in Beijing, Sun Yat-sen's body was shown at a temple in the Fragrant Hills.
It was then taken to Nanjing, where a large tomb and park were built to remember him.
Pierluigi Collina (born 13 February 1960) is a former Italian football referee.
IFFHS said he was the best football referee ever.
TSV 1860 Munich (German: T.S.V. 1860 München, Bavarian: TSV 1860 Minga) also known as Sechzig (German: Sechzig, Bavarian: Sechzga,  'sixty') is a football club which plays in the second-division tier German Fußball-Bundesliga.
The club was founded in 1860, the football section was founded on 25 April 1899.
The first match they played was 1902 versus  1.
Münchner FC 1896.
The match was lost 2:4.
1911 they built a football field on the Grünwalder Straße.
In 1926 a stadium was built which offered 40 000 places.
1931 the team reached the final of the championship for the first time but was beaten by Hertha BSC with 3:2.
During the Nazi rule in Germany 1860 München had close relations to the Nazi government.
In 1963 the club was one of the founders of the German Bundesliga.
1964 they won the German Cup.
That year they also reached the final of the UEFA Cup winners cup but lost toWest Ham United.
In the 1964/65 season they became for the first and last time German football champion.
Till today they often played in the second league but sometimes in the Bundesliga.
TSV 1860 München plays in the Allianz Arena which they share with their rival Bayern München.
If they play the skin of the Arena is blue.
Originally they played at the Grünwalder Straße which they also shared with Bayern between 1925 and 1972.
Rudi Brunnenmeier  scored between 1960 and 1968 139 goals in the Bundesliga.
Peter Grosser was captain of the championsquads and played two times in Germanys national football team.
Bernd Patzke was member of Germanys squad for the FIFA World Cup in 1966.
Petar Radenković  was goalkeeper in the 1960s and is known for his "trips" to the opponents  penalty area.
Harald Cerny is with 263 league matches record holder for TSV 1860.
Thomas Häßler was member of the German national football team.
German championship (Bundesliga)
Champions: 1966
Runners-up: 1931, 1967
Oberliga Süd (I)
Champions: 1963
Gauliga Bayern (I)
Champions: 1941, 1943
2nd Bundesliga Süd (II)
Champions: 1979
Runners-up: 1977
2nd Oberliga Süd (II)
Champions: 1955, 1957
Champions: 1984, 1991, 1993
Runners-up: 1986, 1990
1860 establishments in Europe
1895 establishments in Europe
Borussia V.f.
L. 1900 Mönchengladbach is a football club which plays in the German Bundesliga.
Borussia Mönchengladbach has over 40,000 members and is the sixth largest club in Germany.
The club was founded in 1900 by players from the football club SV Germania.
The name Borussia is the Latin form of Prussia.
Mönchengladbach was at this time part of Prussia.
In 1914 the club bought an area where later the Böckelbergstadion was built.
The first success was the Westdeutsche Meisterschaft in 1920.
During the time of the Third Reich Heinz Ditgens became the first Borussia player who played for Germany.
He was part of the 1936 Olympic team.
Till the beginning of the 1960s the club had many up and downs.
1960 till today
The first important honour was the win of the German Cup in 1960 when they beat Karlsruher SC 3:2.
But their results were not good enough to play in the new German Bundesliga.
In the 1965/66 season they played for the first time in the Bundesliga.
The same year Bayern München was promoted.
In the 1970s these two teams doninated the league.
1970s were the golden age of Borussia Mönchen Gladbach.
The coach Hennes Weisweiler formed a young team which won the UEFA Cup two times and was 4 times in the finals.
In the 1980s the club was not as successful but was still an important team in the Bundesliga.
From 1996 the club declined and in the 1998/99 season they were relegated.
2001/02 they reached the second place and were again promoted to the Bundesliga.
2006/07 they were again relegated.
The next season they won the second league and were promoted.
Heinz Ditgens
Winfried Schäfer
Bertie Vogts
Players' honours
1977:  Allan Simonsen
1986:  Igor Belanov
1971:  Berti Vogts
1972:  Günter Netzer
1973:  Günter Netzer
1979:  Berti Vogts
1987:  Uwe Rahn
1990:  Lothar Matthäus
1999:  Lothar Matthäus
1996:  Damian Mori
1986:  Anton Polster
1997:  Anton Polster
2001:  Wesley Sonck
1994:  Thomas Helveg
1993:  Martin Dahlin
1995:  Patrik Andersson
2001:  Patrik Andersson
1997:  Kasey Keller
1999:  Kasey Keller
2005:  Kasey Keller
1974 – 30 Goals –  Jupp Heynckes (jointly with Gerd Müller (FC Bayern München))
1975 – 29 Goals –  Jupp Heynckes
1987 – 24 Goals –  Uwe Rahn
1995 – 20 Goals –  Heiko Herrlich (jointly with Mario Basler (Werder Bremen))
1971:  Ulrik Le Fevre
1978:  Rainer Bonhof
1979:  Harald Nickel
2005:  Kasper Bögelund
2006:  Oliver Neuville
1.F.C. Kaiserslautern, also known as 1.
FCK, FCK or simply Kaiserslautern, is a association football club from Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.
On 2 June 1900, Germania 1896 and FG Kaiserslautern came together to become the F.C. 1900.
In 1909, they then joined F.C. Palatia (founded in 1901) and F.C. Bavaria (founded in 1902) to create F.V. 1900 Kaiserslautern.
In 1929 they once again joined forces with S.V. Phönix to become F.V. Phönix-Kaiserslautern before finally taking on this new name three years later.
Kaiserslautern plays in the German Bundesliga, the best league in Germany.
As of 1 July, 2011
Recent seasons
As of 19 May 2011
P = Played; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss; F = Goals for; A = Goals against; GD = Goal difference; Pts = Points; Cup = DFB-Pokal; CWC = European Cup Winners' Cup; EL = UEFA Europa League; CL = UEFA Champions League.
in = Still in competition; — = Not attended; 1R = 1st round; 2R = 2nd round; 3R = 3rd round; 1/8 = Round of sixteen; QF = Quarterfinals; SF = Semifinals.
Fußball-Bundesliga: 1950–51, 1952–53, 1990–91, 1997–98
Bundesliga: 1996–97, 2009–10
DFB-Pokal: 1990, 1996
DFB-Supercup: 1991
DFB-Pokal: Runners-up: 1961, 1972, 1976, 1981, 2003
UEFA Cup: Semi-final: 1982, 2001
UEFA Champions League: Quarter-final: 1999
Westkreis-Liga (I) champions: 1909
South West Cup winners: 1979, 1997, 2008
FCK plays its home matches in the Fritz Walter Stadion.
It was built in 1920.
The stadium and the neighbouring street is named after the FCK player Fritz Walter.
Walter was member of the 1954 World Cup squad.
The stadium is on the Betzenberg, a steep sandstone hill.
The stadium has a capacity of 49,780 and was a 2006 World Cup stadium.
2006 FIFA World Cup matches at the Fritz Walter Stadion
Australia 3–1 Japan
Italy 1–1 United States
Paraguay 2–0 Trinidad and Tobago
Saudi Arabia 0–1 Spain
Italy 1–0 Australia
Verein für Leibesübungen Wolfsburg e. V., commonly known as VfL Wolfsburg () or Wolfsburg, is a  football club from Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony.
The club plays in the German Bundesliga  The club grew out of a multi-sports club for Volkswagen workers in the city of Wolfsburg and is owned by the Volkswagen Group.
Bundesliga:
Winners: 2008–09
Runners-up: 2014–15
DFB-Pokal:
Winners: 2014–15
Runners-up: 1994–95
DFL-Supercup:
Winners: 2015
Deutsche Amateurmeisterschaft:
Runners-up: 1963
Amateuroberliga Niedersachsen-Ost (II):
Winners: 1952, 1954, 1963
Regionalliga Nord (II):
Runners-up: 1970
Oberliga Nord (III):
Winners: 1991, 1992
Runners-up (3): 1976, 1978, 1988
Lower Saxony Cup
Winners: 1962, 2002, 2003
German Under 19 championship
Winners: 2010–11, 2012–13
Runners-up:  2007–08
Under 19 Bundesliga North/Northeast
Winners: 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13
Under 17 Bundesliga North/Northeast
Winners: 2008–09, 2015–16
Choi Sung-Yong (; born 25 December 1975) is a South Korean professional athlete.
|1999||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||26||0||1||0||1||0||28||0
|2000||25||0||1||0||4||0||30||0
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|LASK Linz||Bundesliga||13||1||||||||||13||1
|2001/02||First League||6||0||||||||||6||0
|2002||rowspan="5"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="5"|K-League||11||0||||||||||11||0
|2003||23||0||||||||||23||0
|2004||25||1||||||||||25||1
|2005||23||0||||||||||23||0
|2006||12||0||||||||||12||0
|2006||Yokohama||J. League 2||22||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||23||0
|2007||Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i||K-League||8||0||||||||||8||0
|2008||rowspan="3"|Thespa Kusatsu||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||37||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
|2009||7||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|1998||22||1
Total||61||1
Yoo Sang-Chul (18 October 1971 – 7 June 2021) was a South Korean professional athlete.
He was best known as an association football player.
|1994||rowspan="5"|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i||rowspan="5"|K-League||20||5||colspan="2"|-||6||0||colspan="2"|-||26||5
|1995||26||1||colspan="2"|-||7||1||colspan="2"|-||33||2
|1996||2||0||||||4||1||colspan="2"|-||6||1
|1997||7||1||||||10||0||colspan="2"|-||17||1
|1998||20||14||||||3||1||colspan="2"|-||23||15
|1999||rowspan="2"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||22||7||3||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||28||8
|2000||22||17||3||0||6||4||colspan="2"|-||31||21
|2001||rowspan="2"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||24||9||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||25||9
|2002||9||5||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||5
|2002||rowspan="2"|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i||rowspan="2"|K-League||8||9||||||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||9
|2003||10||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||10||3
|2003||rowspan="2"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||17||6||2||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||22||6
|2004||19||0||1||0||2||0||4||1||26||1
|2005||rowspan="2"|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i||rowspan="2"|K-League||12||1||0||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||18||1
|2006||1||0||0||0||0||0||||||1||0
|1997||21||7
|1998||24||3
Total||123||18
Choi Yong-Soo (; born 10 September 1973), also known as Choi Yong-Su, is a South Korean football and former player.
He was part of the Korean football team in the 1996 Summer Olympics at Atlanta.
|1994||rowspan="2"|LG Cheetahs||rowspan="2"|K-League||35||10||||||||||||||35||10
|1995||28||11||||||||||||||28||11
|1996||Anyang LG Cheetahs||K-League||22||5||||||||||||||22||5
|1997||rowspan="2"|Sangmu||||||||||||||||||||||
|1998||||||||||||||||||||||
|1999||rowspan="2"|Anyang LG Cheetahs||rowspan="2"|K-League||27||14||||||||||||||27||14
|2000||34||14||||||||||||||34||14
|2001||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||26||21||3||4||5||2||colspan="2"|-||34||28
|2002||23||16||4||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||19
|2003||24||17||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||26||17
|2004||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 2||33||20||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||20
|2005||Júbilo Iwata||J. League 1||15||1||0||0||1||0||4||2||20||3
|2006||FC Seoul||K-League||2||0||||||||||||||2||0
|1997||15||11
|1998||24||13
Total||69||27
Choi Yong-Soo at FIFA.com
People from Busan
Aoki was born in Takasaki on September 28, 1982.
After graduating from Maebashi Ikuei High School, he joined J1 League club Kashima Antlers in 2001.
He played as defensive midfielder from first season and Antlers won the champions in 2001 J1 League and 2002 J.League Cup.
He became a regular player from 2003 season and played many matches for a long time.
In 2007, Antlers won the champions in J1 League for the first time in 6 years and Emperor's Cup.
From 2010 season, although his opportunity to play as starting member decreased, Antlers won the champions 2010 Emperor's Cup, 2011 and 2012 J.League Cup.
From 2012, he played many matches as center back.
Antlers won the champions in 2015 J.League Cup.
However he could hardly play in the match in 2016.
In July 2016, Aoki moved to Sagan Tosu.
He played for the club in 2 seasons.
In 2018, he moved to J2 League club Roasso Kumamoto.
In 2019, he moved to Prefectural Leagues club Nankatsu SC.
In June 2001, Aoki was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2001 World Youth Championship.
At this tournament, he played full time in all 3 matches as defensive midfielder.
On August 20, 2008, he debuted for the Japan national team against Uruguay.
He played 2 games for Japan until 2009.
|2001||rowspan="16"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="16"|J1 League||8||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|2002||13||0||4||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||24||0
|2003||27||1||4||1||4||0||3||1||38||3
|2004||20||0||3||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|2006||31||2||4||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||41||2
|2007||30||0||5||0||10||0||colspan="2"|-||45||0
|2008||34||2||2||0||2||0||8||0||46||2
|2009||33||0||3||0||2||0||6||2||44||2
|2010||23||0||5||0||2||0||6||0||36||0
|2011||23||0||3||0||3||0||7||0||36||0
|2012||28||0||5||1||9||0||colspan="2"|-||42||1
|2013||34||2||2||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||43||2
|2014||18||1||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||21||1
|2015||21||0||1||0||3||0||1||0||26||0
|2016||1||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|2016||rowspan="2"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|J1 League||7||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|2017||17||0||2||1||5||0||colspan="2"|-||24||1
|2018||Roasso Kumamoto||J2 League||26||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||26||0
Sylvain Wiltord (born 10 May 1974) is a French football player.
He plays for Metz.
|1992/93||rowspan="5"|Stade Rennais||rowspan="2"|Division 2||2||0
|1993/94||26||8
|1994/95||rowspan="3"|Division 1||26||5
|1995/96||37||15
|1996/97||35||3
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="3"|Division 1||34||11
|1998/99||33||22
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Arsenal||rowspan="4"|Premier League||27||8
|2001/02||33||10
|2002/03||34||10
|2003/04||10||4
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Ligue 1||25||3
|2005/06||35||12
|2006/07||22||5
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Stade Rennais||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||25||6
|2008/09||6||0
|2008/09||Olympique Marseille||Ligue 1||13||1
|2009/10||Metz||Ligue 2||||
Automatic train operation (ATO) ensures partial or complete automatic train piloting and driverless functions.
Upper Austria ( ; East Central Austro-Bavarian: ) is one of the nine states or Bundesländer of Austria.
The capital of this state is Linz.
Upper Austria borders on Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as on the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria, and Salzburg.
With an area of 11,980 km2 and 1.3 million people, Upper Austria is the fourth-largest Austrian state by land area and third-largest by population.
die Prealps: Oberösterreichische Voralpen with Sengsengebirge and Reichraminger Hintergebirge; Salzkammergutberge with Höllengebirge and other mountain ranges
die Kalkhochalpen: Dachsteingebirge with Dachsteinmassiv; Totes Gebirge; Parts of the Ennstaler Alpen
Most of the large lakes of Upper Austria are in the south (Salzkammergut): Almsee, Attersee, die Gosauseen, Hallstätter See, Irrsee, Langbathseen, Mondsee, Offensee, Traunsee and Wolfgangsee.
In the Oberinnviertler Seenplatte on the border with Salzburg, there are small lakes which are very warm in summer: Holzöstersee, Höllerer See, and Ibmer See.
Hausruckviertel
Eferding
Grieskirchen
Kirchdorf an der Krems
Linz-Land
Perg
Schärding
Steyr-Land
Urfahr-Umgebung
Vöcklabruck
Wels-Land
Upper Austria official website
Lambach is a market town in the Wels-Land district of Upper Austria, Austria.
It is on the Ager and Traun Rivers.
It had about 3,242 peopleas of 2001.
A major stop on the salt trade, it is the site of the Lambach Abbey, built around 1056.
Tracheotomy and tracheostomy is a surgery on the neck to open a direct path by cutting a hole in the trachea (windpipe).
They are performed by paramedics, veterinarians, emergency physicians, and surgeons.
Both surgical and percutaneous techniques are now widely used.
Tracheostomy was written about in ancient Egyptian tablets, but, in the 12th century, Ibn Zuhr described the first correct tracheotomy operation for people who were suffocating (could not breathe).
The current tracheostomy was described in 1909 by Chevalier Jackson, an American doctor.
Tracheotomy Info
Aaron's tracheostomy page
How to perform an emergency tracheotomy  (for information purposes only)
RT Corner Educational Site for RT's and Nurses
Pictures with video clips of tracheotomies
"Book of Simplification Concerning Therapeutics and Diet" is an old book from 1497, in Latin, that talks about tracheotomies
Leonding is a city southwest of Linz in the Austrian state of Upper Austria, in Austria.
In 2001, about 22,269 people lived in Leonding.
It covers an area of 24.05 km² (9.28 mi²).
It borders Puchenau and the river Danube in the north, Wilhering and Pasching in the west, Traun in the south and Linz in the east.
Gefreiter is a German, Swiss and Austrian military rank.
The rank of Gefreiter is usually the second rank or grade to which an enlisted soldier, airman or sailor could be promoted.
As a military rank it has existed since the 16th century.
From the 1920s on, Gefreiter has expanded into several additional ranks, those being Obergefreiter, Hauptgefreiter, Stabsgefreiter and Oberstabsgefreiter.
Televisions with plasma display panel (PDP) are much thinner than cathode ray tubes and are usually higher definition.
Only a few television use a PDP.
Plasma screens are made of two sheets of glass with two gases stored between the sheets.
The gases are xenon and neon and they fill thousands of tiny chambers, or spaces.
Behind each space are a series of red, blue and green phosphors that give off light when struck by radiation.
When electricity connects to the plasma chambers the colored phosphors produce the right color on your screen.
They work in a very similar way to fluorescent lamps used for lighting.
Plasma screens have been in use since 1964 but only two colors could be produced then.
Now we have high definition Plasma screens up to 150 inches in size.
In the early 21st century fewer plasma screens were made as people bought more liquid crystal displays.
Plasma TVs have more pixels (tiny dots that when put together can create an image on a picture) per inch than the old fashioned cathode ray tube (CRT) screens so they can produce a much sharper image.
In the old style of CRT screens the pictures were made up of lines.
If you look closely at a Plasma screen you will not see any lines.
You will find out that most Plasma screens have a wide screen option so you can see movies in the way they were intended for movie theaters.
They are also ideal for the latest digital broadcasting methods.
One of the big advantages is the space saving.
The problem with old cathode ray tubes is that they needed a lot of space so that the rays can fire upon all areas of the screen.
The wider the screen, the larger the volume of the television would be.
The average Plasma television is around 6 to 8 inches deep.
Moving your Plasma onto the wall can really increase the amount of floor space and they can be looked at from almost any point in the room (usually 180 degrees)
Plasma screens are also very light especially when compared to a rear projection TV.
A 40-inch Plasma TV will weigh from  and provided you purchase a suitable bracket (that can hold the TV up to the wall) they can be hung very easily to a suitable wall.
When fixing to the wall you need to make sure you choose a bracket which tells you the highest weight it can carry.
Most brackets can be tilted if you want to view from a different angle.
Plasma TVs can display up to 16 million colors so not only are they great for watching TV programs, they also make a good screen for the latest computer games consoles.
Most Plasma TV's have inputs for HDMI and laptop computers connections making them ideal to use to display products and sales messages in offices and shops.
You will also find out that they are very easy to watch even on a sunny day or a very bright room.
Unlike the old CRT screens they are not hard to see in bright areas.
Because of the phosphor technology in Plasma TVs, it is possible for traces of an image to be 'burned-in' to the display, meaning you might see little traces of it even while watching other images.
This is a concern in commercial uses, where images are shown for long periods of time.
Burn-in can generally be avoided by making sure the screen does not show the same image for a long time (sometimes as little as 20 minutes), either by turning the television off, or changing the channel.
Though Plasma TVs are much brighter than rear-projection TVs, direct view and LCD TVs are often brighter still.
Latest generation Plasma TVs have improved on brightness, but a warning is do not view where it is too bright or sunny.
Although Plasma TVs are much lighter and thinner than direct view and rear projection TVs, an LCD TV can be even more light and slim.
LCD TVs use the same technology as used in most laptop computers.
Plasma TVs are available in larger sizes that LCD TVs.
Plasma screen TVs cost more than CRTs and LCDs.
How Long Do They Last?
Compared to other television technologies, Plasma TVs have a shorter life span.
Most Plasma TVs have a life span of 20,000-30,000 hours based on maker's estimates.
This life span is commonly referred to as the Plasma TV half-life, as it is the number of hours over which the Plasma TV will lose approximately half of its brightness.
Plasma TVs break easily, and the parts are quite easy to damage.
They should only be moved carefully.
As technology has been made better, Plasma screens have a much longer life and you should expect 30,000 hours of use.
In other words, your television would need to be on for 16 hours a day, every day for the next 5 years.
By the time your TV needs replacing higher definition models will have become available.
Worth the money?
The first Plasma televisions for home use were expensive, as much as US$5000 for a basic small model.
As the technology improved and production increased, prices became smaller.
In the 21st century some 37-inch models sold for $1000 or even less.
Buying a CRT television became rare as LCD became the usual kind.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/plasma-display.htm -Retrieved on 12 July 2009
http://www.cheap-plasma-tv.com/disadvantages-of-plasma-tv.htm  -Retrieved on 12 July 2009
Southern Ontario is part of the Canadian province of Ontario that is south of the Algonquin Park.
It is the farthest south part of Canada.
Regions of Ontario
Surrender is when soldiers, nations or other combatants stop fighting and eventually become prisoners of war or POW, either as individuals or when ordered to by their officers.
A white flag is a common symbol of surrender.
Surrender usually occurs when one side of a battle happens to be overpowered by the other and are no longer in the condition to fight any more.
David Wayne Toms (born January 4, 1967) is an American golfer.
He lives in Shreveport, Louisiana.
He has 12 PGA Tour wins, including a major championship, the 2001 PGA Championship.
Professional wins (16)
PGA Tour wins (12)
Nationwide Tour wins (2)
1995 NIKE Greater Greenville Classic, NIKE Wichita Open
Other wins (2)
1999 Hassan II Golf Trophy
2009 CVS Caremark Charity Classic (with Nick Price)
Tsuboi was born in Tama on September 16, 1979.
After graduating from Fukuoka University, he joined J1 League club Urawa Reds in 2002.
He won the "Rookie of the Year award" in 2002 and was selected as one of the "J.League Best Eleven" in 2003.
In 2006, Urawa won the champions in J1 League which is first J1 champions in the club history.
In 2007, Urawa won first Asian title AFC Champions League.
Although he played many matches as regular center back until 2010, he could not play many matches from 2011.
In 2015, he moved to Shonan Bellmare.
However he could not play many matches and Shonan was relegated to J2 League end of 2016 season.
In 2018, he moved to J2 club Renofa Yamaguchi FC.
On June 11, 2003, Tsuboi debuted for the Japan national team against Paraguay.
In 2006, he was selected Japan for 2006 World Cup and played 2 matches.
He played 40 games for Japan until 2007.
|2002||rowspan="13"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="13"|J1 League||30||0||1||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||39||0
|2003||30||1||1||0||11||0||colspan="2"|-||42||1
|2004||14||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|2005||33||0||5||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0
|2006||27||0||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|2007||31||0||1||0||0||0||12||0||44||0
|2008||21||0||2||0||6||0||4||0||33||0
|2009||29||0||1||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||37||0
|2010||31||0||4||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
|2011||5||0||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|2012||33||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||0
|2013||7||0||2||0||1||0||2||0||12||0
|2014||1||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|2015||rowspan="3"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J1 League||8||0||1||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||15||1
|2016||15||0||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|2017||J2 League||5||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|2018||rowspan="2"|Renofa Yamaguchi FC||rowspan="2"|J2 League||23||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||0
|2019||5||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
Renofa Yamaguchi FC players
Isogai was born in Uki on April 19, 1969.
After graduating from Tokai University, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1992.
He moved to Urawa Reds in 1997.
He retired in July 1998.
National team career
In January 1995, Isogai was selected the Japan national team for 1995 King Fahd Cup.
On January 8, he also played against Argentina.
He played 2 games for Japan in 1995.
|1992||rowspan="5"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="5"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||3||0||8||0||11||0
|1993||28||6||2||0||4||0||34||6
|1994||40||6||4||0||3||0||47||6
|1995||37||13||4||4||colspan="2"|-||41||17