the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
On January 4, 1967 he achieved a top speed of over 320 miles per hour (515 km/h) in Bluebird K7 on the return leg of a record-breaking attempt.
He then lost control of Bluebird, which somersaulted and crashed, sinking rapidly.
Campbell was killed instantly on impact.
The attempt could not be counted as a record-breaking run because the second leg was not completed.
Mrs Carol Park was dubbed the "Lady in the Lake" after the Raymond Chandler novel of the same name.
Delirium tremens (often called DTs or "the DTs") is a medical emergency.
It is the worst form of alcohol withdrawal, which can happen when a person who drinks a lot of alcohol suddenly stops drinking. "
Delirium" means very bad confusion that comes on quickly; "tremens" means "shaking."
Scientists think the DTs happen because the autonomic nervous system gets too excited.
It works too hard and will not shut off.
Who gets DTs?
Most people who stop drinking alcohol do not get the DTs.
But some people are more likely to get the DTs if they suddenly stop drinking.
DTs are more likely in people who:
Have had seizures when they tried to stop drinking alcohol before
Have drunk a lot of alcohol every day for several months
Have drunk alcohol for more than 10 years
Are sick or have other medical problems when they suddenly stop drinking
About 5% of people who have alcohol withdrawal symptoms get the DTs.
About 5-10% of chronic (long-term) alcoholics get the DTs at some point in their life.
DTs cause symptoms that can be very bad and very dangerous.
Even though not many people get DTs when they stop drinking, many people that do get DTs die from them.
Others get permanent brain damage or other problems.
Symptoms usually start within 2 to 3 days after the person had their last drink.
But in some people, DTs can happen up to a week or 10 days after their last drink.
Life-threatening symptoms
Very bad seizures, especially status epilepticus
Hyperthermia (a very high body temperature; if the body's temperature gets high enough, the brain will die)
Severe hypertension (very high blood pressure; if the blood pressure gets high enough, it can cause a stroke)
Severe tachycardia (very high heart rate; if the heart beats too fast, it cannot get blood and oxygen to the rest of the body.
Eventually breathing can stop.
The brain can die or be damaged.
The heart can stop beating normally or stop beating completely.)
Other changes to the body
Very bad sweating
Shaking or tremors (which may be uncontrollable)
Feeling very restless
Anger and irritability
Changes to thinking and feelings
Very bad anxiety, panic attacks, paranoia, or agitation (feeling very upset and unable to relax)
The person may be so anxious or upset that they are certain they are going to die
Being very confused (for example, the person might not recognize their family members)
Being disoriented (for example, the person may not know who he is, where he is, or what is happening)
Being unable to think normally or pay attention to anything
Being unable to talk normally
Delusional thinking and paranoia
Depression and suicidal thoughts
Changes to the senses
DTs can cause major changes to the senses, especially what a person sees, hears, and feels.
Visual hallucinations: seeing things that are not really there.
These things seem very real to the person with DTs.
For example, sometimes people with DTs see very scary visions of insects, snakes, or rats.
These visions often go along with the feeling that things like bugs are crawling on the person with DTs.
Auditory hallucinations: hearing things that are not really there.
DTs always need to be treated in a hospital.
If a person starts having symptoms of DTs at home, 9-1-1 (or their local emergency number) should be called for an ambulance right away.
Benzodiazepines are the most common type of medicine used for DTs.
In the United Kingdom, chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium) are most often used.
In the United States, lorazepam (Ativan) and oxazepam are often used too.
These medicines will keep the person asleep or relaxed, make them more comfortable, and help prevent seizures.
Sometimes anticonvulsant (anti-seizure) medicines are also used to prevent or treat seizures.
Antipsychotic medicines, like haloperidol (Haldol), may be used to help make hallucinations go away.
People with DTs are also often given thiamine (vitamin B1), an important vitamin, because alcoholics often do not have enough thiamine.
If thiamine levels are low enough, this can cause brain damage.
Brian Edward Cox OBE FRS (born 3 March 1968) is a British particle physicist.
He is also a professor at the University of Manchester and a Royal Society University Research Fellow.
He works on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
Cox presents some BBC science television programmes the most notable being Stargazing Live and Wonders of Universe.
He also presented some episodes of Horizon.
Cox was born in 1968 in Chadderton, Oldham, Lancashire.
His parents worked for Yorkshire Bank, his mother as a cashier and his father as a middle-manager in the same branch.
He used to be a keyboard player for pop band D:Ream in the 1990s.
How to Win Friends and Influence People is a self-help book.
It was written by Dale Carnegie and first published in 1936.
It is one of the best selling self-help books ever published.
Since 1936, over 15 million copies have been sold worldwide.
Jemma "Jem" Palmer (born 10 April 1986) is an English model and professional wrestler.
She was briefly signed to World Wrestling Entertainment.
She is also known by the name Inferno.
She used this name in the 2008 British television series Gladiators.
In 2011, she became known for taking part in the twelfth series of Big Brother.
Aaron Steven Haddad (born August 3, 1982) is an American professional wrestler.
He is best known for his time in the WWE where he competed under the ring name, Damien Sandow.
Chaotic Wrestling Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Chaotic Wrestling Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Edward G. Xtasy)
FCW 15 Championship (one time)
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Titus O'Neil)
OVW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Nova)
OVW Television Championship (one time)
Third OVW Triple Crown Champion
He was ranked #50 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.
WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (one time)
WWC World Tag Team Championship (five times) (with Shawn Spears (one), Chicano (one), King Tonga Jr. (two) and Abbad (one))
WWE United States Champion (one time)
Ulf Svante von Euler (7 February 1905 – 9 March 1983) was a Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist.
He won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970 for his work on neurotransmitters.
Movies directed by Jonathan Lynn
He is one half of the Prime Time Players along with Darren Young.
He competed on the second season of NXT where he finished 5th and also competed on the fifth season of NXT called NXT Redemption.
He played professional football in the Arena Football League for the Utah Blaze, Tampa Bay Storm, Las Vegas Gladiators and Carolina Cobras.
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Damien Sandow
82 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013
Most Deserved Push (2015)
Worst Feud of the Year (2016)
WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Darren Young
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time, inaugural)
WWE Year-End Award (1 time)
Funniest Moment of the Year (2018) –
Titus O'Neil at WWE.com
William Alvin "bill" Moody (10 March 1947 - 5 March 2013) better known by his ring name “The Father of Destruction” and “The Fat Man (or Fatman)” Paul Bearer as well as Percival Pringle III, was an American professional wrestling manager and professional wrestler.
He was best known for managing both The Undertaker as well as his on-screen brother, Kane in the WWF/WWE.
Moody was born on 10 April 1947 in Mobile, Alabama.
He died on 5 March 2013 in Mobile, Alabama from a heart attack.
Club board member of Cauliflower Alley Club "Cowboy" Bob Kelly said that during a reunion on 2 March, Moody was having trouble breathing and was also coughing.
Moody said that he was going to be treated for respiratory problems and Kelly said that Moody was treated for a blood clot after the reunion.
Paul Bearer at WWE.com
Maurice Richard "Maury" Povich (born January 17, 1939) is an American television talk show host.
He hosts the tabloid talk show Maury.
Povich graduated from the Landon School in 1957.
He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1962 with a degree in television journalism.
He hosted the 2000 revival of the television game show Twenty One.
Darwinopterus (meaning "Darwin's wing") is a genus of pterosaur, discovered in China and named after Charles Darwin.
It is the first known pterosaur to display features of both long-tailed (rhamphorhynchoid) and short-tailed (pterodactyloid) pterosaurs.
Darwinopterus is a transitional fossil between the two groups.
Between 30 and 40 fossil specimens have been found, all collected from the Tiaojishan Formation, which dates to the Middle Jurassic, 160 million years ago (mya).
The type species, D. modularis, was described in February 2010.
Two additional species, D. linglongtaensis and D. robustodens, were described from the same fossil beds in December 2010 and June 2011, respectively.
This genus, and its near relatives, show a combination of 'primitive' (basal) and 'advanced' (derived) pterosaurian features.
This is characteristic of transitional fossils ('missing links'), and is called modular evolution or mosaic evolution.
Darwinopterus had long tails and other features of rhamphorhynchoids, they also had distinct pterodactyloid features, such as long vertebrae in the neck and a single skull opening in front of the eyes.
The specimen preserved along with an egg gave information on the reproductive strategies of Darwinopterus and pterosaurs in general.
Like the eggs of later pterosaurs and modern reptiles, the eggs of Darwinopterus had a parchment-like, soft shell.
In modern birds, the eggshell is hardened with calcium carbonate, completely shielding the embryo from the outside environment.
Soft-shelled eggs are permeable to water, and allow significant amounts to be absorbed into the egg during development.
Eggs of this type are more vulnerable to the elements and are typically buried in soil.
David Unwin, a co-author of the paper, suggested that Darwinopterus probably laid many small eggs at a time and buried them.
Juveniles could fly upon hatching, and required little to no parental care.
Rubén Sierra (b. October 6, 1965) is a retired Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player.
Sierra was an outfielder.
Matthew Paul Clement (born August 12, 1974, in Butler, Pennsylvania) is a former Major League Baseball starting pitcher.
Clement played for the San Diego Padres, Florida Marlins, Chicago Cubs and Boston Red Sox.
While on the Red Sox active roster, he was injured all of the 2007 season.
Tarkovsky () is a Russian surname.
The feminine form is Tarkovskaya ().
A well-known person with this name was Andrei Tarkovsky, a Soviet movie director.
Marin County, California is a county in the US state of California.
It is north of the San Francisco Bay.
The Marin County Civic Center is a historic landmark.
The building was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
Mount Tamalpais is  high.
From the top, people can see great distances.
Muir Woods National Monument has 1000-year-old redwood trees that are over  high.
The north end of the Golden Gate Bridge is in Marin County.
Mill Valley
Dolce & Gabbana, often called D&G, is an Italian fashion label.
They make and sell clothes including shirts and underwear.
The company was founded in Milan in 1985 by Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana.
1980s establishments in Italy
Transitional fossils (or missing links) are the fossilised remains of lifeforms that show features typical of two distinct groups.
It may be a rare fossil, such as Archaeopteryx, which shows early features  of a group which later becomes widespread.
The rarity of transitional forms is interesting.
It suggests the new forms are not yet dominant in the ecology of their time, and their populations are relatively small.
It follows that their fossils would be scarce.
In the Solnhofen limestone where Archaeopteryx was found, there are more examples of pterosaurs of several genera than there are of the proto-bird.
In the Jurassic, the pterosaurs were dominant in the air.
But in the Lower Cretaceous the situation is reversed.
The pterosaurs are in decline, and large numbers of different bird species are found in the famous Chinese lagerstatten deposits such as the Jehol biota.
The Lower Cretaceous birds are clearly more bird-like, and the features they developed enabled them to invade habitat niches which had been the preserve of pterosaurs, or maybe were not previously exploited at all.
Typical of transitional fossils is that some features are clearly basal or primitive.
Other features are advanced ('derived').
With Archaeopteryx, the front legs are derived, and show clearly the capacity for flight.
Also, the feathers had the rachus (stem) off-centre, a feature of all bird flight feathers.
The rest of the skeleton was just like any other small carnivorous dinosaur.p35
When transition takes place between one group and another, not all features change at the same time.
This is called mosaic evolution.408 Transitions between higher groups would involve a series of transitional species, only a few of which may be found as fossils.
Jan Vyčítal (March 8, 1942 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia – March 1, 2020) was a Czech country music singer and songwriter.
He was founding member of Greenhorns.
1990 Semtex
1992 Když sme opustili Prahu
1993 Pivní džip
1995 Modlitba za Wimpyho a Wabiho
1997 Zvířecí farma
1997 Nejhezčí písničky Honzy Vyčítala (jen vzpomínky poštmistrovic kluka...)
1999 Master serie
1999 V baru Zlatá Praha
2000 60 - Honza Vyčítal a Greenhorns
2003 Honza Vyčítal a Greenhorns - Dalas!
2006 T jako textař
2007 To tenkrát v druhý světový...
2007 Vracecí kocour
Jan Vyčítal on Greenhorns website
A period 3 element is an element found on the third period (row) of the periodic table.
The row has eight elements sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and argon.
Period 3 elements have electrons in the first three electron shells.
The first and second electron shells are always full.
The third electron shell (valence electrons) fills when atomic number gets bigger.
Two electrons join the 3s orbital, and six electrons join the 3p orbitals.
A period 2 element is an element in the second period (row) of the periodic table.
Period 2 has eight elements: lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and neon.
Their atomic numbers go from 3 to 10.
Period 2 elements have electrons in the first two electron shells.
The first electron shell is always full.
The second electron shell (valence electrons) fills when atomic number gets bigger.
Two electrons join the 2s orbital, and six electrons join the 2p orbitals.
They can lose electrons so the second electron shell is empty.
Lithium, beryllium, and sometimes boron do this.
They can gain electrons so the second electron shell is full, with 8 electrons.
Fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon usually do this.
Mariner 1 was a NASA spacecraft.
It was the first spacecraft in the Mariner program.
Mariner 1 was planned to do a Venus fly-by.
However, it was destroyed by the Range Safety Officer 293 seconds after launch.
It was destroyed because the rocket moved off course and was a safety risk.
Mariner 1 was followed by Mariner 2.
Why it was destroyed
Which means "the th smoothed value of the time derivative of a radius R".
However, for this mission, an overline (‾) was missing in the formula, which looks something like this:
Because the smoothing function was missing, the rocket became sensitive at minor changes.
Then, the rocket became out of control and destroyed by the Range Safety Officer.
Few years later, Arthur C. Clarke wrote that Mariner 1 was "wrecked by the most expensive hyphen in history".
Mariner 01
de:Mariner#Mariner 1 und 2
Cornish cookery denotes the cooking styles, traditions and recipes associated with Cornwall.
It has been heavily influenced by the geography of the county as well as its social history.
Being a peninsula, fish dishes form a major part of the historical and modern recipes in Cornwall, with the fishing industry playing a major part in its economy.
The iconic dish of Cornwall, the pasty, has its roots in the mining industry.
Much of Cornwall's farming land is suitable for milk production and one of the by products is clotted cream (cream thickened by cooking).
This forms the basis for many local specialities including Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream and is used in Cornish cream teas.
Cornish clotted cream is protected under EU law, and cannot be made anywhere else.
Cornwall is perhaps best known for its pasties, a savoury baked dish made from pastry.
Today's pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak, onion, potato and swede with salt and white pepper, but historically pasties had a variety of different fillings.
Pasties are often locally referred to as oggies.
National Gallery, London, United Kingdom
National Gallery of Art in Washington, USA
National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne, Australia
National Gallery of Armenia in Yerevan, Armenia
National Gallery of Australia in the Australian Capital Territory
National Gallery, Oslo (Nasjonalgalleriet) in Norway
La Liga (3): 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11
Copa del Rey (1): 2008–09
Supercopa de España (2): 2009, 2010, 2011
UEFA Champions League (2): 2008–09, 2010–11
UEFA Super Cup (1): 2009
FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2009
FIFA World Cup (1): 2010
FC Barcelona profile
|2008/09 || rowspan="4"| FC Barcelona ||rowspan="3"| La Liga || 24 || 1
|2009/10||33||0
|2010/11||28||1
Edifício Itália  is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil.
It is 165 meters (550 feet) tall and has 46 floors.
It was built in 1965.
Edifício Itália Official Page
The start is a beginning of an activity or the beginning of a race.
It can also mean switching on an engine.
was a Japanese politician and thinker.
He served as the 1st, 5th, 7th, 10th Prime Minister of Japan.
In 1874, Ito became the Interior Minister, and from 1878 to 1880, he served as the Second Interior Minister.
From 1884 to 1887, Ito was Imperial Household Minister.
From 1885 to 1888, he was first Prime Minister of Japan, and also, in 1887, was the  Adjunct Foreign Minister of Japan.
He served again as Prime Minister from 1892 to 1896, and again in 1898, and his final term was in 1900-1901 as the 10th Prime Minister.
Japanese educators
A Complexity class is a concept from theoretical computer science and mathematics: All problems that have the same complexity are in the same complexity class.
This means, that for a given input, they need about the same amount of resources, such as compute time, or memory.
The most often used models for complexity are time complexity, which measures the time needed to calculate a result, or space complexity, which looks at the amount of memory or storage needed.
When talking about complexity classes, a worst case scenario is usually assumed.
Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi (born June 25, 1972) is one of the sons of Muammar al-Gaddafi.
He is a candidate for President of Libya.
Saif studied architecture and political science.
He holds a PhD from the London School of Economics.
Saif presides the Gaddafi International Foundation of Charitable Associations.
In 2011, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Saif.
The court said that Saif may have committed crimes against humanity.
According to the court, the Gaddafi regime used torture, killed people and raped women to incite the population to support the regime.
After the Libyan civil war, Gaddafi was arrested.
He tried to flee but was caught.
He was flown to Zintan and has stayed there.
Kim Jong-suk(김정숙, December 24, 1917 – September 22, 1949) was a Korean independence activist, and communist politician.
She was the first wife of North Korean President Kim Il-sung, and the mother of Kim Jong-Il, North Korean Great Leader.
"Kim Jong Suk Biography"  (PDF)
로동신문 - 김정숙,전세계녀성들의 귀감
항일의 녀성영웅 김정숙녀사께서
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius VI
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Braschi
Mariner 2 was a NASA spacecraft.
It was the second spacecraft in the Mariner program.
Mariner 2 was the first successful mission from Earth to another planet.
Mariner 2 was launched on August 27, 1962 aboard an Atlas-Agena B rocket at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
The aim of the Mariner 2 mission was to fly-by the planet Venus and return information on the planet's atmosphere, magnetic field, charged particle environment, and mass.
Mariner 2 was at its closest to Venus, at a distance of 34,773 km, on December 14, 1962.
Orbital perihelion was on December 27, 105,464,560 km away.
The spacecraft's design was exactly the same as that of Mariner 1.
Mariner 1 was the first spacecraft in the Mariner program, but it had to be destroyed shortly after launch because its trajectory was wrong.
The spacecraft found out that the surface temperature on Venus was at least 425 °C (797 °F), on both the day and night sides.
It discovered that Venus rotates in the opposite direction from most planets in the Solar System.
The spacecraft also found that the atmosphere of Venus is mostly of carbon dioxide and that there is a very high pressure at the planet's surface.
Continuous cloud cover was detected but no magnetic field was, however.
It also found that solar wind is  continuous and that the density of cosmic dust between planets is much lower than it is near Earth.
Mariner 02
A period 1 element is an element in the first period (row) of the periodic table.
The periodic table is arranged in rows to show repeating properties of the elements.
When the atomic number increases, the element have different properties.
A new row begins when chemical properties repeat.
It means that elements in the same group have similar properties.
The first period has less elements than any other periods in the periodic table.
There are only two elements in the first period: hydrogen and helium.
We can explain why there is less elements in the first row in modern theories of atomic structure.
This is because in quantum physics, this period fills up the 1s orbital.
Period 1 elements follows the duet rule, they only need two electrons to complete their valence shell.
These elements can only hold two electrons, both in the 1s orbital.
Therefore, period 1 can have only two elements.
Periodic trends
Position of period 1 elements in the periodic table
Although both hydrogen and helium are in the s-block, they do not behaves similarly to other s-block elements.
There is argument over where these two elements should be placed in the periodic table.
The position of helium is almost always above neon (which is in the p-block) in the periodic table because it is a noble gas.
However, sometimes the position of it is above beryllium because they have similar electron configuration.
Elements in period 1
Hydrogen (symbol:H) is a chemical element.
Its atomic number is 1.
At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen has no color, no smell and no taste.
It belongs to nonmetal, and it is highly flammable.
It is a diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2.
Its atomic mass is 1.00794 amu, making hydrogen the lightest element.
Hydrogen is the most abundant of the chemical elements.
The abundance of hydrogen is roughly 75%.
However, there are less hydrogen on Earth.
Therefore, hydrogen is industrially produced from hydrocarbons (e.g. methane).
We use elemental hydrogen locally at the production site.
The largest markets almost equally divided between fossil fuel upgrading, such as hydrocracking, and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market.
Hydrogen may be produced from water using the process of electrolysis, but this process is significantly more expensive commercially than hydrogen production from natural gas.
The most common naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen, known as protium, has a single proton and no neutrons.
In ionic compounds, it can take on either a positive charge, becoming a cation composed of a bare proton, or a negative charge, becoming an anion known as a hydride.
Hydrogen can form compounds with most elements and is present in water and most organic compounds.
It plays a particularly important role in acid-base chemistry, in which many reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules.
As the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and spectrum of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.
The interactions of hydrogen with various metals are very important in metallurgy, as many metals can suffer hydrogen embrittlement, and in developing safe ways to store it for use as a fuel.
Hydrogen is highly soluble in many compounds composed of rare earth metals and transition metals and can be dissolved in both crystalline and amorphous metals.
Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the metal crystal lattice.
Helium (He) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert monatomic chemical element that heads the noble gas series in the periodic table and whose atomic number is 2.
Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions.
Helium was discovered in 1868 by French astronomer Pierre Janssen, who first detected the substance as an unknown yellow spectral line signature in light from a solar eclipse.
In 1903, large reserves of helium were found in the natural gas fields of the United States, which is by far the largest supplier of the gas.
The substance is used in cryogenics, in deep-sea breathing systems, to cool superconducting magnets, in helium dating, for inflating balloons, for providing lift in airships, and as a protective gas for industrial uses such as arc welding and growing silicon wafers.
Inhaling a small volume of the gas temporarily changes the timbre and quality of the human voice.
The behavior of liquid helium-4's two fluid phases, helium I and helium II, is important to researchers studying quantum mechanics and the phenomenon of superfluidity in particular, and to those looking at the effects that temperatures near absolute zero have on matter, such as with superconductivity.
Helium is the second lightest element and is the second most abundant in the observable universe.
Most helium was formed during the Big Bang, but new helium is being created as a result of the nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars.
On Earth, helium is relatively rare and is created by the natural decay of some radioactive elements because the alpha particles that are emitted consist of helium nuclei.
This radiogenic helium is trapped with natural gas in concentrations of up to seven percent by volume, from which it is extracted commercially by a low-temperature separation process called fractional distillation.
The Peugeot 5008 is a MPV automobile produced by Peugeot since 2009.
It is a longer version of the Peugeot 3008 and a MPV version of the Peugeot 308.
1.6 THP 115 kW (156 hp)
1.6 HDi 80 kW (109 hp) and 82 kW (112 hp)
2.0 HDi 110 kW (150 hp) and 120 kW (163 hp)
5008
The Fiat Multipla is a car produced by Fiat between 1998 and 2010.
The original model became well known for its styling that divided opinion before it was facelifted in 2004.
Fiat discontinued the model in 2010.
It is a MPV version of the Fiat Bravo.
1.9 Multijet 88 kW (120 hp)
The 2011 Virginia earthquake was a magnitude 5.8 (Mw) earthquake in the U.S. state of Virginia on August 23, 2011, at 1:51 PM EDT (17:51 UTC).
The focus was  northwest of Richmond and  from the town of Mineral, Virginia.
The earthquake was along the Spotsylvania Fault, an ancient fault line that now sits in the middle of the North American plate.
Four aftershocks happened within twelve hours of the main earthquake.
The aftershocks had magnitudes 2.8, 2.2, 4.2 and 3.4.
About 35 hours after the main earthquake, a sixth aftershock of  magnitude 4.5 occurred.
As of August 30, there have been 19 aftershocks, most of them minor.
There are very few strong earthquakes east of the Rockies in the U.S. This was only the second magnitude 5.8 in the last last 114 years.
The other was the 1944 quake on the New York-Ontario border.
Press reports show that the earthquake could be felt a long distance away from its center.
To the south, the earthquake reached Atlanta, Georgia; and to the north, the earthquake reached Quebec City, Quebec.
To the west, the earthquake reached Illinois and to the east, the earthquake reached Fredericton, New Brunswick.
Damage was reported as far away as Burlington, New Jersey.
Many buildings in the eastern United States are not built strongly enough that earthquakes cannot damage them.
In Washington, D.C., the White House, the Capitol building and other buildings were evacuated.
In Arlington County, Virginia, a pipe in the Pentagon broke.
The pipe flooded two corridors.
The Pentagon used an emergency plan put into place after the September 11 attacks to evacuate.
Other buildings were evacuated in Philadelphia, Boston and New York City.
Soon after the earthquake, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ordered airplanes to stop flying along the East Coast.
The Air Traffic Control tower at John F. Kennedy International Airport was evacuated.
Flights were late at several airports, including John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Dulles International Airport, and Philadelphia International Airport.
At the National Airport, ceiling tiles in the airport terminal fell to the ground, and flights stopped.
Washington Metro trains were delayed and run at reduced speeds of 15 miles per hour.
This allowed engineers to see if the rails were damaged.
Just after the earthquake, many people made cell phone calls.
This tied up the AT&T and Verizon Wireless networks.
People could not start phone calls for at least 20 minutes.
Buildings in the Washington, D.C. area were damaged, but not severely.
The quake damaged three of the Washington National Cathedral's four pinnacles (corner spires) and cracked some of the Episcopal church's flying buttresses.
However, buttresses that support the central tower, a prominent part of the city skyline, look normal.
The National Park Service found cracks near the top of the Washington Monument.
The monument is closed indefinitely.
The earthquake knocked off four of the six spires atop the Washington D.C. Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
The pieces fell to the ground along with several pieces of marble from the temple's outside wall.
The two nuclear reactors at the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station,  from the epicenter, shut down automatically.
Damage in the northeastern United States was minor.
In New York state, Governor Andrew Cuomo said the State Office of Emergency Management had no reports of damage to buildings or infrastructure.
There were some disruptions, including building evacuations and delays at airports.
Amtrak trains arriving and departing from Penn Station were also delayed.
In New Jersey, the state Emergency Management office reported two gas leaks in Gloucester County, with no reports of injuries from either leak.
Buildings such a the Temple B'nai Israel in Burlington and a home in Camden were damaged.
Government buildings were evacuated, and city workers could go home.
In Boston, the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency reported no injuries or damage.
The U.S. District Court in South Boston was evacuated and the University of Massachusetts Boston cut summer classes short and sent all workers home early.
In West Virginia, the Kanawha County Courthouse, the West Virginia State Capitol campus, and several other buildings in downtown Charleston were evacuated.
Kanawha County dispatchers received more than 350 calls in 45 minutes but there were no reports of damage to buildings and infrastructure other than minor plaster cracking in the old courthouse.
Part of a chimney collapsed at the county courthouse in Philippi in Barbour County.
The West Virginia Office of Miners' Health Safety and Training stated that West Virginia coal mines were safe following the tremors.
In Delaware, the New Castle County Courthouse in Wilmington and Family Court in Georgetown were evacuated.
The press said that blocks fell to the street from the steeple of St. Thomas the Apostle Church.
DelDOT crews were sent to all parts of the state to inspect many bridges and roadways including interstate highways and the Indian River Inlet Bridge.
In Pennsylvania, people were told to get out of office buildings in Philadelphia.
People were also told to get out of the Bucks County Courthouse in Doylestown.
Also, SEPTA Regional Rail trains could only go  while tracks were checked for damage and PATCO Speedline trains were also stopped for a short time even though there was no damage.
The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation checked bridges for damage.
There was no damage to the bridges over the Delaware River owned by the Delaware River Port Authority.
People in eastern Canada also felt the earthquake, mostly in Southern Ontario, as well as parts of Quebec and the Maritimes.
A few buildings in Toronto were evacuated.
No accidents or damage from the earthquake were reported in Canada.
According to Facebook, the word "earthquake" appeared in the status updates of 3 million users within four minutes of the quake.
Twitter said users were sending up to 5,500 tweets per second.
This rate of messages was faster than during the death of Osama bin Laden.
It was almost the same rate as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
Virginia Seismic Zone
List of earthquakes in the United States
August 2011 events
Earthquakes in the United States
The Turn- und Sportverein Hartberg is a football club from Hartberg, Styria.
The club is playing in the First league, the second division in Austrian football.
Beside the football section the club has 14 others, like chess, Judo and gymnastics.
The club was founded on 29 April 1946.
Then the club had two parts, football and handball.
In the meantime there are 14.
After a long time in lower classes Hartberg was first promoted to the Landesliga, the highest class in Styrian football, in 1978.
1978/79 the club won the Landesliga, but failed in the relegation tournament for promotion.
A year later the club reached the quarterfinals of the Austrian Cup.
1994/95 the club became champion again and was promoted to the Regionalliga Mitte (3rd division).
2006 the team became champion of the Regionalliga Mitte and was promoted to the Ersten Liga (2nd division).
Due to reforms of the league Hartberg was relegated the same season.
On the last day of the season 2008–2009, TSV Hartberg finished in first poisition of the Austrian third division and was promoted to the 2009–2010 second division where they play at the moment.
Team in the 2011/12 season
3 x promotion to the second division:1996, 2006, 2009
4 x Champion Regionalliga Mitte (3rd division):1996, 1999, 2006, 2009
3 x Styrian Landesliga:1988, 1990, 1995
Cup Semifinals: 1995
Cup Quarterfinals: 1989
The club plays in the Hartberg stadium.
It is a multi-purpose stadium for 6000 visitors.
Candidatus  is a term in the taxonomy (scientific classification) of bacteria.
It is a label put before the name of a bacterium which cannot be grown on an agar plate or in any other bacteriology culture.
An example would be "Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae".
Candidatus status may be used when a species or genus is well studied but cannot be cultured.
Nowadays much information is got by 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis.
For correct publication of a species, bacteria must be isolated, cultured, described, and deposited in a bacteriology culture collection.
However, some bacteria require special tissue culture conditions and cannot be maintained in Bacteriology Culture Collections.
This includes bacteria which live inside other organisms or cells.
These include obligately intracellular pathogens and endosymbionts, insect symbionts, and populations from oceans or sludge.
In 1994, Murray and Schleifer published a taxonomic note.
They recommended that the new category of indefinite rank (Candidatus) be established for certain putative taxa that could not be described in sufficient detail to warrant establishment of a new taxon.
It was also recommended that a Candidatus list should be established in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.
Candidatus Carsonella ruddii is an endosymbiotic gamma proteobacterium.
It has the smallest known genome of any bacterium.
The species is an endosymbiont that is present in all species of phloem sap-feeding insects known as psyllids.
The endosymbionts occurs in a specialised structure known as the bacteriome.
In 2006 the genome of one strain of Ca.
C. ruddi was sequenced at RIKEN in Japan and the University of Arizona.
The genome is a circular chromosome of 159,662 base pairs and has a high coding density (97%) with many overlapping genes and reduced gene length.
The number of predicted genes was 182, also the lowest on record (NCBI-Genome).
Numerous genes considered essential for life seem to be missing, suggesting that the species may have achieved organelle-like status.
In comparison, Mycoplasma genitalium, which has the smallest genome of any free-living organism, has a genome of 521 genes.
Scientific American – Tiny genome may reflect organelle in the making
The French Civil Aviation University (French: École nationale de l'aviation civile), also known as ENAC, is a French public aeronautical grande école.
It was created on 28 August 1949.
It has locations in Biscarosse, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Grenoble, Melun, Montpellier, Muret, Saint-Yan and Toulouse, in France.
It is a member of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles, the University of Toulouse, and of the Aerospace Valley.
It is one of five founders of France AEROTECH.
ENAC provides training in civil aeronautics.
The university has around 25 courses.
These include aerospace engineering, Masters, Mastères Spécialisés, and courses for technicians, airline pilots, air traffic controllers, managers and flight instructors (people who teach others to fly planes).
1945 - 1949
Air travel grew rapidly in France after World War II.
Safe air transport required staff trained specifically for this activity.
It also required people in different sectors of the aviation world to work together and understand each other.
That is why ENAC was started.
Max Hymans, the secretary general of civil and commercial aviation, was the chief organiser.
1949 - 1955
ENAC was created on 28 August 1949 (Decree 49-1205) in Paris.
The university was located in Orly, south of Paris.
René Lemaire considers ENAC as "a university of aviation safety".
A report of the Inspection générale de l'aviation civile said: "It was in the minds of the creators of the university, to develop between the crew and the ground staff a community of ideas, reciprocal knowledge, and esteem, that are essential for the teamwork required by air transport."
Training courses were longer or shorter depending on specialty.
1955 - 1959
The decree of 13 October 1959 announced the first partner of the university: Air France.
It resulted in a sharing of tasks.
It also established recruitment for airline pilots students with no previous flight experience.
In 1958, the university already welcomed the first airline pilots students, on an experimental basis.
ENAC cooperated with the École nationale de la météorologie (National School of Meteorology).
It promoted the teaching of this subject for air traffic controllers.
After World War II, ENAC helped the conversion of military aircrew.
The Service de l'aviation légère et sportive (SALS), under the decree of 31 March 1951, provided free flight training for airline pilot candidates coming from the army.
From 1949 to 1959, the number of courses held increased from 6 to 64.
The number of students increased from 49 to 800.
In 1956, the navigation instructor rating was created.
A training programme also started.
In 1958, the airline pilot theoretical training course started.
1959 - 1968
The university moved to Toulouse in 1968.
The main campus is still there in 2020.
It also changed from an external department of the French civil aviation administration to a public administration institution in 1970.
The French Civil Aviation University was started close to Paris-Orly Airport.
This location was near the largest French airport at the time.
It offered easy use of airplanes for a lot of activities such as navigation flights and promotional trips.
It was also close to many airlines and aircraft manufacturers or businesses related to the aviation industry.
The managers of these businesses often gave lectures and conferences at the university.
Traffic at Paris-Orly Airport grew rapidly at the beginning of the 1950s.
In the mid-1950s plans began for a new location near to Parisian airports.
The potential locations were all less than 150 km from Paris, for example Melun, Pontoise, Coulommiers, Étampes, Reims, Évreux, Chartres, and Orleans.
A report dated 20 May 1959 lists the disadvantages of a location too far from Paris.
René Lemaire gave a report on 14June 1960 in which he supported a transfer to Toulouse.
The École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de constructions aéronautiques settled in Toulouse in 1961 and the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace was also going to move from Paris to Toulouse.
On the 15 June 1961 Prime Minister Michel Debré accepted the transfer to Toulouse.
His successor Georges Pompidou confirmed the transfer in a letter dated 23 July 1963.
The construction of new buildings on the campus of Rangueil began in April 1966.
The project ended on 19 August 1968.
The academic year started on 16 September 1968.
500 students started, including 325 who started their training.
These trainees were as follows: 15 air navigation engineering student (mostly from the École Polytechnique), 70 engineering students in air navigation from two-years studies after the French Baccalaureate (the main end of school exams in France), 60 airline pilot students, 100 air traffic controller students, 40 electronics students, 20 commercial pilot students and 20 flight dispatcher students.
Before the university opened its doors to its new campus, the Commission permanente took into consideration the problem of an inadequate (not good enough) legal status.
This problem was old.
It was identified soon after the creation of the university.
ENAC was supervised closely.
There were many inspection reports.
On average, these usually happened once every two years, sometimes more often.
The management of the institution was judged severely (strictly).
In the mid-1950s, some reports said the university was not allowed to exist, for example, the confidential report of Brancourt Controller on 12 March 1952.
Some reports said that the university had "a lack of doctrine", and that "there is a certain tension with the training center of Air France", and even that "ENAC is madness".
The final decision is taken by Decree No.
70-347 of 13 April 1970.
It was applied on 1 January 1971.
ENAC received a board of directors when it became a public administrative institution.
René Lemaire was the first president.
1975 - 1990
From 1975 a new thing is starting.
It consists of an increase of the proportion of engineering students called "civilians" in opposition to the "officials" (civil servants) engineering students.
ENAC is becoming a major player in the training for aerospace industry (civilian personnel), while its primary goal was only the training of officials for direction générale de l'aviation civile.
It is true that the existence of students for the private sector is not new at the university : it was in 1956 that are trained the first of them.
At the end of 1950s, however, this recruitment affects only a minority of students.
It is primarily done to compensate the disadvantage which consists of the highly different number of students to work in the administration and to prevent the size of successive promotions with a too great difference.
However, this second source tends to become more and more important, to finally become the first one.
This results in an revision of the teachings.
ENAC engineering education, particularly that of the specialty called "facilities" - it focuses on electronics - seduce the industrial sectors of electronics and information technology.
Without having particularly desired, the university has progressively the role of a National University of Engineers.
Industry oriented university, research appeared in 1984, following the law on Higher education which provides that "engineering education [...] has a research activity, basic or applied, " and is organized around four areas: electronics, automation, computer and air transport economy.
The university then feels interest for future engineers to learn research methods: while the method of deductive reasoning, for a long time favored by teachers in the two-years studies after French high school diploma and universities, shows its limitations, the method of inductive reasoning, characteristic of research, appears progressively better adapted to the nature of functions performed by today's engineers.
The most recent manifestation of the growing interest in research at ENAC is the creation of the air transport economics laboratory, which designation reflects the desire to study, in addition to air transport itself, certain related activities such as air navigation.
The mid 1980s saw the emergence of mastères spécialisés programs.
They are born for most of them from an industrial demand, including the groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales, in order to support the export contracts by training.
Indeed, while filling the needs of many French students or professionals, they can train in a relatively short period some foreign executives.
The same period saw the diversification of continuing education at the university.
The continuing education courses are organized in five main areas: air traffic systems, electronics, computer, aeronautics and languages/humanities.
1990 - today
The international dimension of the university grew in the 1990s.
It is constrained, however, by the design and implementation of the new cycle for air traffic controllers.
The effort required a specifically European component.
It consists first in the participation in European projects such as EATCHIP (European Air Traffic control Harmonization and Integration Program), then in joining mobility programs for students such as Erasmus or Socrates.
Under these programs, the university welcomes a growing number of foreign students.
In doing so, it forges close relations with foreign universities, including those of Berlin and Darmstadt in Germany, as well as the one of Tampere in Finland.
Since 1990, the university has new missions.
Thus, ENAC negotiates new contracts for studies and research abroad.
The 2000s are the years of the creation of courses entirely taught in English language and the development of activities focused on air navigation.
In 2009, the university and its alumni association organize the first edition of the salon du livre aéronautique (aeronautical literary festival) in Toulouse.
In December 2010, ENAC becomes an ICAO center for training in aviation security.
Heads history
The current head of the university is Olivier Chansou, after Marc Houalla who was SEFA director from 2006 till the 1th of January 2011.
It is the eighth person to be director since 1949.
He was elected the 27th of November 2017.
The directors since 1949 are given in the following table.
As all the equivalent universities in France, ENAC is managed by a President elected by a board of directors.
He is member of the three councils of the university :
Training and research council, managed by Gilles Perbost at the 1st of September 2011 ;
Flight training council, coming from the merger with SEFA ;
International relations and development council.
The university has spent for its operation 126 million euros in 2011.
The budget is up 61.12% compared to 2010 as a result of its merger with the SEFA and consists of:
24 million of euros of own resources, of which 8.5 million euros corresponding to those of the service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique ;
102 million euros in subsidies.
ENAC fondation