the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
One of the last cynodont lines to appear, the family Tritylodontidae descended from a Cynognathus-like cynodont.
Their teeth had three cusps (bumps) which gave them their name.
The tritylodonts were herbivorous, chewing through vegetation, such as stems, leaves, and roots.
Tritylodonts have no canine teeth, just incisors and cheek teeth.
The jaw worked by grinding forward and backwards, shredding the food between the ridges of the teeth.
They were the longest surviving of all the non-mammalian therapsids.
They appeared in the latest Triassic period, and persisted through the Jurassic until the middle of the Cretaceous.
This shows that the tritylodonts were a successful group of therapsids, even though they lived right beneath the ruling dinosaurs' feet, so to speak.
It is very clear that the tritylodonts were warm-blooded.
The tritylodont fossils were found in the Americas, South Africa, and Eurasia.
They may have managed to live worldwide, including Antarctica.
There are quite a few parallels between these tritylodonts (which are outside the mammal line) and multituberculates, which are mammals.
The tritylodonts had no competition in the Jurassic, because all the other  mammal-like types were either carnivores or insectivores.
Kermack's conclusion is that when the multituberculates appeared (middle Jurssic) they were in direct competition, and eventually they out-competed the earlier group, and replaced it.
August Belmont, Sr. (
8 December 1813–24 November 1890) was born in Alzey, Hesse, to a Jewish family.
He emigrated to New York City in 1837 when he became the American representative of the Rothschild family's banking house in Frankfurt.
Later he became an American citizen, and married Caroline Slidell Perry, daughter of Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry.
August Belmont was born on December 8, 1813—some sources say 1816—to Simon and Frederika Elsass Schönberg.
His mother died when he was seven, and he went live with his uncle and grandmother in Frankfurt.
He attended the Jewish Junior and Senior High School until he began his first job as an apprentice to the Rothschilds.
He would sweep floors, polish furniture, and run errands while studying English, arithmetic, and writing.
He was then given a confidential clerkship in 1832 and promoted to private secretary before travelling to Naples, Paris, and Rome.
In 1837, Belmont travelled to Havana to manage the Rothschild's Cuban interests.
On his way to Havana, however, Belmont stopped in New York.
He arrived there during the Panic of 1837 and stayed to look afte Rothschild's interests there instead of continuing on to Havana.
After he emigrated to the United States, he changed his surname, Schönberg (German for "beautiful mountain"), to Belmont (French for "beautiful mountain").
August Belmont and Company
In the Panic of 1837, hundreds of American businesses, including the Rothschild's American agents, went bankrupt.
As a result, Belmont postponed his departure to Havana  and began August Belmont & Company, believing that he could supplant the recently bankrupt firm, the American Agency.
August Belmont and Company was an instant success, and Belmont restored health to the Rothschild's US interests over the next five years.
In 1844, Belmont was named the Consul-General of Austria at New York City.
He resigned in 1850 because he thought Austria was cruel in the way it treated Hungary.
Belmont married Caroline Slidell Perry, the daughter of Matthew Calbraith Perry, on 7 November 1849.
Soon, John Slidell, his wife's uncle, starting helping Belmont.
Belmont's first task was to campaign for James Buchanan in New York.
In June, 1851, Belmont wrote letters to the New York Herald and the New York National-Democrat, insisting that they do justice to Buchanan's presidential run.
But Franklin Pierce won the nomination instead, and Belmont made large contributions to the Democratic Party.
After his victory, Pierce in 1853 appointed Belmont chargé d'affaires and minister to The Hague.
While in Holland, Belmont urged American annexation of Cuba as a new slave state in what became known as the Ostend Manifesto.
Though Belmont lobbied hard for it, Buchanan denied him the ambassadorship to Spain after his election in 1856, thanks to the Ostend Manifesto.
As a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Convention, Belmont supported Stephen A. Douglas, who subsequently named Belmont chairman of the Democratic National Committee.
Belmont energetically supported the Union cause during the Civil War as a War Democrat, helping Missouri congressman Francis P. Blair raise and equip the Union army's first mainly German-American regiment.
Belmont also used his influence with European business and political leaders to support the Union cause in the American civil war, stopping the Rothschilds and other bankers from lending to the Confederacy and meeting personally with the British prime minister, Lord Palmerston, and members of Napoleon III’s government.
Postwar political career
Belmont stayed as chairman of the Democratic National Committee after the war, but he thought it was the worst ever time for the party.
As early as 1862, Belmont and Samuel Tilden bought stock in the New York World in order to make it publish stories supporting the Democrats, with the help of Manton M. Marble, its editor-in-chief.
The Republican party was divided at the war’s end, so Belmont organized new party gatherings and tried to get Salmon Chase elected president in 1868.
He thought Chase was least vulnerable to charges of disloyalty to the party during the Republican Lincoln-Johnson administrations.
Horatio Seymour’s became the democratic candidate instead, and lost to Ulysses S. Grant by a lot of Electoral College votes, although the popular vote was much closer.
In 1872 the Democrats supported liberal Republican Horace Greeley's disastrous presidential campaign.
The election of 1872 prompted Belmont to resign as chairman of the Democratic National Committee, but he stayed interested in politics as a champion of US Senator Thomas F. Bayard of Delaware for the presidency, and as a fierce critic of the process granting Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in 1877, and as an advocate of “hard money.”
Belmont died in New York in 1890.
The Letters, Speeches and Addresses of August Belmont was published at New York in 1890.
Belmont left an estate valued at more than ten million dollars.
He is buried in Newport, Rhode Island.
August Belmont in culture
He was an avid sportsman, and the famed Belmont Stakes thoroughbred horse race is named in his honour.
It debuted at Jerome Park Racetrack, owned by Belmont's friend, Leonard Jerome.
Today The Belmont Stakes is part of thoroughbred racing's Triple Crown and takes place at Belmont Racetrack in New York.
Also named in Belmont's honor is the town of Belmont, New Hampshire, an honor Mr. Belmont never acknowledged.
Edith Wharton reputedly modeled the character of Julius Beaufort in The Age of Innocence on Belmont.
Photograph of August Belmont's birth record, Zivilstandsregister Alzey, Germany, 1813
Mr. Lincoln and New York: August Belmont
Our Crowd by Stephen Birmingham (c) 1967 Harper and Row NY  Pages 57–62
Parmigiana is a Southern Italian dish made with a shallow-fried sliced filling, with cheese and tomato sauce on top, then baked.
Eggplant parmigiana is the earliest version.
Other kinds made with breaded meat cutlets, such as veal and chicken parmigiana, are popular in other countries, usually in areas with a lot of Italian immigrants.
The dish is claimed by both Campania and Sicily.
While "parmigiana" means "from Parma" (in Northern Italy), the dish is not part of Parma food.
It is based on melanzane alla parmigiana (alt.
parmigiana di melanzane) or eggplant parmigiana (or eggplant Parmesan), a classic Southern Italian dish.
Along with the many Italian versions, different kinds of Parmigiana have been developed across the world, most often in countries where large numbers of Italians immigrated.
Examples of dishes developed outside of Italy from the early parmigianas include veal (Veal Parmigiana) or chicken breast (Chicken Parmigiana) dipped in beaten eggs, breaded, shallow-fried and topped with a marinara sauce (red Sicilian tomato sauce) and mozzarella.
It is then usually baked until the cheese is bubbly and brown.
The veal dish is known in Italian as Cotolette alla Bolognese.
Parmigiana is also used as an adjective in the names of other unrelated dishes from Parma food, such as Trippa alla Parmigiana (Parma-style tripe).
The dish consists of a sliced filling pan fried in oil, layered with tomato sauce and cheese, and baked in an oven.
In some kinds, the sliced filling is first dipped in beaten eggs and covered in flour or breadcrumbs before frying.
Some recipes use hard grated cheeses such as Parmesan or Pecorino Romano, while others use softer melting cheeses like Mozzarella or Caciocavallo, or a combination of these.
International variations
In the United States and Canada, veal parmigiana or chicken parmigiana is commonly served as a grinder or a submarine sandwich.
Diced onions or green bell peppers, sautéed or raw, are sometimes added.
Chicken or veal parmigiana has become very popular in Australia as a pub dish, often served with chips and salad.
It may also contain a lot of toppings, including sliced ham or fried eggplant slices.
This dish is often referred to as a  parma or parmi, a simple shortening of the name.
There are several theories for the origin of the name parmigiana.
Another theory says the name is an alteration of the Sicilian word parmiciana:
This is an ancient Sicilian dish which, in all cookbooks, is erroneously stated as obtaining its name from Parmesan cheese, which is one of the ingredients.
The name "parmigiana" does not derive from that of the cheese but is the Italianization of the Sicilian dialectal word "parmiciana", which refers to the slats of wood which compose the central part of a shutter and overlap in the same manner as the slices of eggplant in the dish."
As with Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese, the word Parmigiana is often rendered as "Parmesan" in English-speaking countries, from the French word for "from Parma."
Veal Parmegiana Recipe
Eggplant Parmegiana Recipe
Eggplant Parmesan  the way it is done in Catania (Sicily)
Parma Daze Chicken parmigiana reviews in Melbourne, Australia
Discover Downunder Parma Rating  The team from Discover Downunder travel around Australia in search for the best parma!
parmi.com.au  ratings for South Australia.
Veal is the meat of young cattle (calves), as opposed to beef from older cattle.
Though veal can be made from a calf of either sex and any breed, most veal comes from male calves of dairy cattle breeds.
Veal has a tender texture.
Veal has been an important ingredient in Italian and French cuisine since ancient times.
The veal is often in the form of cutlets, such as the Italian cotoletta or the famous Austrian dish Wiener Schnitzel.
Some classic French veal dishes include: fried escalopes, fried veal Grenadines (small thick fillet steaks), stuffed paupiettes, roast joints and blanquettes.
As veal is lower in fat than many meats, care must be taken in preparation to ensure that it does not become tough.
Veal is often coated in preparation for frying or eaten with a sauce.
Veal Parmigiana is a common Italian-American dish consisting of breaded veal cutlets.
Many animal welfare groups, who strongly focus on factory farming, try to educate consumers about several veal production procedures that they consider to be inhumane.
This education has been successful in creating pressure on the industry, resulting in recently announced changes in the methods used by the veal industry.
A strong animal welfare movement about veal started in the 1980s with the release of photographs of veal calves tied up in crates where they could barely move.
After people saw these photographs, people started buying less veal.
They have not started buying more again.
The American Veal Association has announced they plan to stop the use of crates by 2017, which is often the main focus of controversy in veal farming.
Strauss Brands is the first veal packer in the US to raise veal calves completely tether free and group raised since December 31, 2008.
Though a lot of people think the crates are bad because the calves can't move much and get sick, the Veal Quality Assurance Program & Veal Issues Management Program industry fact sheet, and the Ontario Veal Association say the crates are important for keeping out diseases and keeping the calves from getting hurt.
They also state that it lets veal farmers provide more personal attention to veal calves.
When it comes to the centuries-old method of free raised veal, calves never experience the stress of confinement, separation from their mothers and herd-mates, or an unnatural diet.
Many veal producers are realizing this, and the demand for free raised veal is rapidly increasing.
In 2007, less than 5% of veal calves were raised in a group environment.
In 2009, this had increased to 35%.
Veal crate bans
Veal crates became illegal in the UK in 1990, and a full ban has been placed for the entire European Union, as of 2007.
Switzerland, with its substantial dairy industry, continues to use crates.
Veal calf production as such is not allowed in many Northern European countries, such as in Finland.
In Finland it is illegal to give an animal food the caretaker knows is bad for it, and it is also illegal to not give the animal enough food.
Crates are slowly being banned in the United States.
As stated above, several large veal producers are working on getting rid of veal crates, as well as the American Veal Association.
2006 - Arizona (effective 2012, a part of Proposition 204)
2008 - Colorado (effective 2012)
2008 - California (effective 2013, a part of Proposition 2)
2009 - Maine (effective 2011)
2009 - Michigan (effective 2013)
New York State (proposed in May 2009, if passed: planned to take effect in 2015)
Massachusetts (proposed in January 2009, if passed: planned to take effect in 2015)
Frequently Asked Questions  of the American Veal Farming Industry.
Ontario Veal Association  — Ontario Veal Industry in Canada.
Thinking Outside the Box — Dutch veal farming from Beef magazine.
Veal Farm  — Veal Industry in the USA.
Veal Recipes.
A collection of recipes for various cuts of veal.
Tips on cooking, selection and handling of veal.
Veal Shop.
Sources for buying exclusively veal cuts and meals online in the USA.
Also a source for veal recipe books.
Hyssop (Hyssopus) is a genus of about 1012 species of herbaceous or semi-woody plants in the family Lamiaceae.
They are native to the east Mediterranean to central Asia.
They are aromatic, with upright branched stems up to 60 cm long covered with fine hairs at the tips.
The small blue flowers are on the upper part of the branches during summer.
By far the best-known species is the herb hyssop (H. officinalis).
It is widely grown outside its native area in the Mediterranean.
The anise hyssop, Agastache foeniculum (also called blue giant hyssop) is a very different plant and not a close relative, although both are in the mint family.
The name 'hyssop' can be traced back almost unchanged through the Greek word  (hyssopos) and Hebrew word  (ezov).
The Book of Exodus in the Bible records that the blood of the sacrifices was applied to the doorposts using hyssop on the night of Passover.
Its vomit-inducing properties are also mentioned in the Book of Psalms.
In the New Testament, a sponge soaked in sour wine or vinegar was stuck on a branch of hyssop and offered to Jesus of Nazareth on the cross just before he died.
Both Matthew and Mark mention this but refer to the plant using the general term  (kalamos), which is translated as "reed" or "stick."
The seeds are planted in spring and the seedlings planted out 40–50 cm apart.
Hyssop can also be propagated from cuttings or root division in spring or autumn.
Hyssop should be grown in full sun on well-drained soil, and will benefit from occasional clipping.
It does not live long, and the plants need to be replaced every few years.
It is good for use as a low hedge or border within an herb garden.
Hyssop in a garden
Hyssop also has uses in the garden.
It is said to be a good companion plant to cabbage because it will deter the cabbage white butterfly.
It has also "been found to improve the yield from grapevines if planted along the rows, particularly if the terrain is rocky or sandy, and the soil is not as easy to work as it might be."
Hyssop is said to be bad for radishes, and they should not be grown nearby.
Hyssop also attracts bees, hoverflies and butterflies, and so has a place in the wild garden as well as being useful in controlling pests and encouraging pollination without the use of unnatural methods.
Hyssop leaves can be preserved by drying.
Hyssop is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the cabbage moth.
Hyssop is used as an ingredient in eau de Cologne and the liqueur Chartreuse.
It is also used to color the alcohol Absinthe, along with the Melissa plant and Roman wormwood.
Hyssop is also used, usually in combination with other herbs such as liquorice, in herbal remedies, especially for lung conditions.
Hyssop also kills bacteria, makes capillaries stronger, and reduces inflammation.
It can help with about 81 different illnesses including cancer, bronchitis, insomnia, edema, colds, etc.
When eaten in extract or tea form it gets rid of mucus in the respiratory tract, which relieves congestion, can regulate blood pressure, and can dispel gas.
It also helps with circulatory problems, epilepsy, fever, gout, and weight problems.
Poultices can be made from fresh hyssop to help heal wounds.
It should not be used during pregnancy.
Ritual use
Hyssop is a sacred plant used in Judaism.
It appears a lot in the Hebrew Bible as Ezov.
In Exodus 12:22 the Jews in Egypt are instructed to "Take a bunch of hyssop, dip it into the blood in the basin and put some of the blood on the top and on both sides of the doorframe.
Not one of you shall go out the door of his house until morning."
It is used by the priests in the Temple of Solomon for purification rites of various kinds in Leviticus 14:4-7, 14:49-52, 19:6, 18.
Hyssop is also often used to fill the Catholic ceremonial Aspergillum, which the priest dips into a bowl of holy water, and sprinkles onto the congregation to bless them.
However, researchers say that the Biblical accounts refer not to the plant currently known as hyssop.
It might actually be one of a number of different herbs.
In foods
Agastache, commonly known as giant hyssop
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is one of the most important results of twentieth century physics.
It relates to measurements of sub-atomic particles.
Certain pairs of measurements such as (a) where a particle is and (b) where it is going (its position and momentum) cannot be precisely pinned down.p96
Albert Einstein thought that such a quantum theory could give us only a partial description of nature.p99 He thought that Heisenberg's discovery showed that human knowledge is limited, but he also thought that nature is absolute.
That is, he thought that there is no "uncertainty" in nature, and that the uncertainty exists only in our knowledge about it.
However, many other scientists disagree with Einstein.
Heisenberg's idea is that if something like an electron were shot into a big box with a certain speed and in a certain direction, then it would be possible to calculate a fairly accurate idea of what its path would be like in the future.
However, if the box were made smaller then we would have a more certain idea of where it was located, and because of that we would have to have a less certain idea of how it was traveling.
American physicist Brian Greene gave the analogy of a moth which flies placidly around in a large closet but who flies frantically back and forth and up and down when placed in a glass jar.p114 Another interesting uncertainty phenomenon, which makes possible many electronic devices, is called quantum tunneling.
In our everyday life, people cannot move through walls.
However, electrons can move through solid walls.p115 In the animation to the right, you can see a faint white puff on the right side of the wall after a big puff hits the wall from the left.
That dim spot of light represents the photon or other atomic particle which tunnels through the wall.
The error in position (x) times the minimum range of error in momentum (p) is, at a minimum, equal's to about equal to half of the Reduced Planck's constant.
Confusion with observer effect
Historically, the uncertainty principle has been confused with a somewhat similar effect in physics, called the observer effect.
This says that measurements of some systems cannot be made without affecting the systems.
Heisenberg offered such an observer effect at the quantum level as a physical "explanation" of quantum uncertainty.
However, it is now clear that the uncertainty principle is a property of all wave-like systems.
It arises in quantum mechanics simply due to the matter wave nature of all quantum objects.
Thus, the uncertainty principle actually states a fundamental property of quantum systems, and is not a statement about the observational success of current technology. "
Measurement" does not mean just a process in which a physicist-observer takes part, but rather <u/l>any interaction between classical and quantum objects regardless of any observer</u/l>.
The idea of indeterminacy
The uncertainty principle came from Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics.
Max Planck  already knew that the energy of a unit of light is proportional to the frequency of that unit of light (), and that its amount of energy can be expressed in familiar terms such as the joule by using a proportionality constant.
The constant he gave the world is now called the Planck constant and is represented by the letter h.  When matrices are used to express quantum mechanics, frequently two matrices have to be multiplied to get a third matrix that gives the answer the physicist is trying to find.
But multiplying a matrix such as P (for momentum) by a matrix such as X (for position) gives a different answer matrix from the one you get when you multiply X by P. The result of multiplying P by X and X by P and then comparing them always involves the Planck constant as a factor.
The number used to write the Planck constant will always depend on the system of measurement in use. (
With a certain system of measurement, its numerical value is one.)
The slope of the line in the diagram to the right that shows the ratio of frequency to energy will also depend on the system of measurement chosen.
The practical result of this mathematical discovery is that when a physicist makes position more clear then momentum becomes less clear, and that when the physicist makes momentum more clear then position becomes less clear.
Heisenberg said that things are "indeterminate," and other people liked to say that they were "uncertain."
But the mathematics shows that it is the things in the world that are indeterminate or "fuzzy," and not that it is just that humans are uncertain about what is going on.
Putting indeterminacy into mathematical form
Heisenberg's groundbreaking paper of 1925 does not use and does not even mention matrices.
Heisenberg's great success was the "scheme which was capable in principle of determining uniquely the relevant physical qualities (transition frequencies and amplitudes)" of hydrogen radiation.
After Heisenberg wrote his breakthrough paper, he gave it to one of his teachers to fix up and went on a vacation.
Max Born was puzzled by the equations and the non-commuting equations that even Heisenberg thought were a problem.
After several days Born realized that these equations were directions for writing out matrices.
Matrices were new and strange, even for mathematicians of that time, but how to do math with them was already clearly known.
He and a few others worked everything out in matrix form before Heisenberg came back from his time off, and within a few months the new quantum mechanics in matrix form gave them the basis for another paper.
Max Born saw that when the matrices that represent pq and qp were calculated they would not be equal.
Heisenberg had already seen the same thing in terms of his original way of writing things out, and Heisenberg may have guessed what was almost immediately obvious to Born—that the difference between the answer matrices for pq and for qp would always involve two factors that came out of Heisenberg's original math: Planck's constant h and i, which is the square root of negative one.
So the very idea of what Heisenberg preferred to call the "indeterminacy principle" (usually known as the uncertainty principle) was hiding in Heisenberg's original equations.
Heisenberg had been looking at changes that happen in an atom when an electron changes its energy level and so gets closer to the center of its atom or gets farther from its center, and, especially, situations in which an electron falls to a lower energy state in two steps.
Max Born explained how he took Heisenberg's strange "recipe" for finding the product, C, of some change in an atom from energy level n to energy level n-b, which involved taking the sum of multiplying one change in something called A (which could be, for instance, the frequency of some photon) produced by a change of energy of an electron in the atom between energy state n and energy state n-a) by a succeeding change in something called B (which could be, for instance, the amplitude of a change) produced by another change in energy state from n-a to n-b):
By consideration of ...examples...[Heisenberg] found this rule.... This was in the summer of 1925.
Heisenberg...took leave of absence...and handed over his paper to me for publication....
Heisenberg's rule of multiplication left me no peace, and after a week of intensive thought and trial, I suddenly remembered an algebraic theory....Such quadratic arrays are quite familiar to mathematicians and are called matrices, in association with a definite rule of multiplication.
I applied this rule to Heisenberg's quantum condition and found that it agreed for the diagonal elements.
It was easy to guess what the remaining elements must be, namely, null; and immediately there stood before me the strange formula
[The symbol Q is the matrix for displacement, P is the matrix for momentum, i stands for the square root of negative one, and h is Planck's constant.]
(The special symbol  is called "h-bar,"  or 'reduced Planks constant', is equal to .)
The math is a way of describing things that happen in the real world.
You might imagine that it would be easy to get both the exact position of something and its exact mass, path, and speed at the same time.
However, in reality you have to do two things to get your answer.
If you are measuring the position and momentum of a bullet that is stuck in a cliff of a great mountain somewhere, it is a simple matter.
The mountain does not appear to be going anywhere, and neither is the bullet.
So its position is known and its velocity is 0, so its momentum is also 0.
But if the bullet is somewhere between a gun and a target, it will be difficult to get its position at any given time.
The best we may be able to do is to take its picture using a camera with a very fast shutter.
But a single squeeze of the shutter would give you only one thing, the bullet's position at time t. To get the momentum we might put a block of paraffin in the bullet's way and measure how the block of paraffin moved when it stopped the bullet.
Or, if we knew the bullet's mass, we might take a sequence of two pictures, compute the velocity by knowing the difference between the two positions of the bullet and the time between its two appearances.
However we do it, we need to measure mass and position and time between appearances.
We end up making at least two measurements to get to x and p. In that case we have to choose which measurement to make first, and which to make second.
It seems to make no difference which order our measurements are made in.
Measuring the bullet's mass and then measuring its positions twice, or measuring the bullet's positions twice and then recovering the bullet and measuring its mass would not make any difference, would it?
After all, we have not done anything to the bullet when we weigh it or when we make photographs of it.
On the very small scale when we are measuring something like an electron, however, each measurement does something to it.
If we measure position first, then we change its momemtum in the process.
If we measure the electron's momentum first, then we change its position in the process.
Our hope would be to measure one of them and then measure the other before anything changed, but our measuring itself makes a change, and the best we can hope to do is to reduce to a minimum the energy we contribute to the electron by measuring it.
That minimum amount of energy has the Planck constant as one of its factors.
Uncertainty goes beyond matrix math
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle was found in the earliest equations of the "new" quantum physics, and the theory was given by using matrix math.
However, the uncertainty principle is a fact about nature, and it shows up in other ways of talking about quantum physics such as the equations made by Erwin Schrödinger.
Indeterminacy in nature, not uncertainty of humans
There have been two very different ways of looking at what Heisenberg discovered: Some people think that things that happen in nature are "determinate," that is, things happen by a definite rule and if we could know everything we need to know we could always say what will happen next.
Other people think that things that happen in nature are guided only by probability, and we can know only how things will behave on the average—but we know that very precisely.
The physicist John Stewart Bell discovered a way to prove that the first way cannot be correct.
The expression "quantum leap" or "quantum jump" has been taken to mean some great and transformative change, and it is often used in hyperbolic expressions by politicians and mass media sales campaigns.
In quantum mechanics it is used to describe the transition of an electron from one orbit around the nucleus of an atom to any other orbit, higher or lower.
Sometimes the word "quantum" is used in the names of commercial products and businesses.
For instance, Briggs and Stratton manufactures many kinds of small gasoline motors for lawn mowers, rotary tillers, and other such small machines.
One of their model names is "Quantum."
Because the uncertainty principle tells us that certain measurements at the atomic level cannot be made without disturbing other measurements, some individuals use this idea to describe instances in the human world where the activity of an observer changes the thing that is being watched.
An anthropologist may go to some far away place to learn how people live there, but the fact that a strange person from the outside world is there watching them may change the ways that those people act.
Things that people do while observing things that change what is being observed are cases of the Observer effect.
Some things that people do cause changes on the very small level of atoms and are cases of uncertainty or indeterminacy as first described by Heisenberg.
The uncertainty principle shows that there is always a limit to how small we can make certain pairs of measurements such as position and speed or trajectory and momentum.
The observer effect says that sometimes what people do in observing things, e.g., learning about an ant colony by digging it up with garden tools, can have big effects that change what they were trying to learn about.
Anthony Henday (fl.
1750 – 1762) was one of the first white men to explore the interior of the Canadian northwest.
His explorations were for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) who were worried that La Vérendrye and the other western commanders were taking furs from the northwest to their forts.
Henday volunteered to undertake an expedition into this territory.
He came from the Isle of Wight, and was a convicted smuggler and joined the HBC in 1750 as a net-maker and labourer.
Henday had gained some experience in inland travel after arriving at York Factory.
On June 26, 1754, he set out with a group of  Plains Indians.
They passed the French Fort Paskoya where he may have met La Corne, the western commander at that time.
In October of 1754 he and his group came to what is now Alberta from York Factory with a mission to meet the Blackfoot and perhaps trade with them.
The Blackfoot did not give a clear answer, but Henday decided they meant “no”, so he travelled back to York Factory with news that he had explored the area and had met with the Blackfoot.
Since the answer had been unsure, there was no more expeditions to Alberta.
This trip, and later ones, took Henday across much of the prairies of what is now Saskatchewan and Alberta and his journal shows that he brought a lot of trade to York Factory.
Records show that some of the trade also went to the French at Fort Saint-Louis (Fort de la Corne)  and Fort  Paskoya which were on the route to Hudson Bay.
He left the service of the HBC in 1762 largely because his efforts for the company, at least in his estimation, had not been properly recognized.
People from the Isle of Wight
Disney's Hollywood Studios is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida, United States.
Its theme is show business, based on Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s.
It was the third park built at the resort.
It opened on May 1, 1989, as Disney-MGM Studios.
The park symbol is The Sorcerer's Hat, which is based on the magical hat from Fantasia; it replaced the Earful Tower as the park's icon in 2001 but now both have been removed.
The park has six themed areas.
Unlike the other Walt Disney World parks, Disney's Hollywood Studios does not have a defined layout; it is more a mass of streets and buildings that blend into each other, much like a real movie studio would.
The park used to have a large Hidden Mickey in the plaza at the end of Hollywood Boulevard which could be seen in aerial photographs of the park and on the park's early guide maps.
However, construction and other changes to the park have gotten rid of much of this image.
Hollywood Boulevard is the park's main entrance and is lined with stores selling Disney merchandise.
Parades such as the Pixar Block Party Bash travel down Hollywood Boulevard on their route through the park, and live street entertainment can be found here throughout the day.
Michael Eisner, who had a major part in the park's creation ever since the earliest development, demanded the opening land operate on the same principle as Main Street, U.S.A. in Magic Kingdom, but in a style more fitting to the Studios.
At the far end of Hollywood Boulevard is the Sorcerer's Hat, the icon of Disney's Hollywood Studios.
Behind it, inside a replica of Grauman's Chinese Theater, is The Great Movie Ride, a dark ride with scenes from several classic movies, including Casablanca, The Wizard of Oz and Raiders of the Lost Ark.
Echo Lake is the park's small oval-shaped lagoon, which was designed to form one of the ears in the big Hidden Mickey from the park's original layout.
Around it are many attractions and services, some in buildings designed to look like the "California Crazy" form of architecture from Hollywood's Golden Age.
At The American Idol Experience, park guests can audition and sing for live audiences, and win a special front-of-the-line pass for the popular TV series' real tryouts.
Next door, Sounds Dangerous!
features a 3-D audio presentation starring comedian Drew Carey.
In between them is the A.T.A.S. Hall of Fame Plaza, a display of busts of past and present icons of the television era, such as Oprah Winfrey and Walt Disney.
Echo Lake has three attractions based on characters and movies produced by George Lucas' Lucasfilm studio.
Star Tours: The Adventures Continue is an upcoming motion simulator ride set in the Star Wars universe, and is a duplicate of the yet-to-be opened attraction at Disneyland.
Jedi Training Academy, a live-action stage show, invites children to become "padawan learners" and receive "lightsaber training" from a Jedi master.
Lastly, the live-action Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular!
re-enacts various scenes from Raiders of the Lost Ark while illustrating how movie stunts are performed.
Streets of America
Originally the New York Street backlot set that was part of the park's original Backlot Studio Tour, the section was later opened to pedestrian traffic.
Recently, some of it was changed to look like San Francisco and New York.
The current version of the Studio Backlot Tour features the American Film Institute Showcase, a rotating exhibit of movie props and memorabilia, and a tram ride through the backlot areas and through Catastrophe Canyon, an effects-laden "movie set."
Kids can play on giant plants and toys at the Honey, I Shrunk the Kids Movie Set Adventure, based on the 1989 Disney movie.
Added in 2005, the Lights, Motors, Action!
Extreme Stunt Show is a behind-the-scenes look at how car action sequences are made for movies, and is based on a similar show at Walt Disney Studios Park.
Animation Courtyard
This section of the park was originally the starting point for the tours of the park's active production studios.
Its entrance is marked by a square "studio arch," much like a real Hollywood studio lot entrance might be marked.
The Animation Courtyard is home to a number of attractions based on Disney characters of yesterday, today and tomorrow.
The Magic of Disney Animation is an attraction that shows how to animate a character.
It also has games and exhibits, along with meet-and-greet areas for Disney and Pixar characters.
Mickey Avenue, a section inside the Animation Courtyard, has two walk-through exhibits.
Walt Disney: One Man's Dream is about the life and legacy of Walt Disney.
It has photos, models, rare artifacts and a short biographical movie narrated by Julie Andrews.
At "Journey into Narnia," guests can see props and set pieces from the Chronicles of Narnia movie series (originally distributed by Disney; now handled by 20th Century Fox), as well as meet  Prince Caspian from The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian.
The Courtyard section also has two live shows.
Playhouse Disney Live on Stage!
has puppet characters from Playhouse Disney shows on The Disney Channel, including Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, Handy Manny, and Little Einsteins.
Across the plaza, Voyage of the Little Mermaid uses glow-in-the-dark puppets, lasers, music, projectors, human actors and water effects to re-create favorite scenes and songs from the animated Little Mermaid movie.
Toy Story Land
The park's newest section has many of the original soundstages used when the park still made TV shows.
Today, Toy Story Land looks like the Emeryville, California campus of Pixar Animation Studios with attractions including Toy Story Midway Mania!,
an interactive 3D attraction based on classic carnival midway games, each hosted by characters from the Toy Story movie series.
Toy Story Land is also the home of Luxo Jr., a six-foot-tall audio-animatronic version of Pixar's desk-lamp mascot.
The moving character performs periodic shows throughout the day and evening across from Toy Story Midway Mania.
Sunset Boulevard was the first expansion to Disney's Hollywood Studios, opening in July 1994.
The main attraction on Sunset Boulevard is The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, a thrill ride based on the classic television series.
Located nearby is Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith, an indoor roller coaster in the dark with three inversions that starts moving at a high speed.
Sunset Boulevard has two outdoor amphitheaters for live stage shows.
The covered Theater of the Stars has Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage, a stage show with scenes from the movie.
The open-air Hollywood Hills Amphitheater is the home of Fantasmic!,
a nighttime show with Mickey Mouse and many other Disney characters in a story filled with fireworks, lasers and water effects.
Therocephalia ('beast-heads') are an extinct group of theriodonts.
They lived from the middle Permian into the Triassic 265—245 million years ago, about 20 million years.
The therocephalians  are named after their large skulls.
Their skulls, with the structure of their teeth, suggest that they were successful carnivores.
Like other non-mammalian therapsids, therocephalians are sometimes described as mammal-like reptiles.
In fact Therocephalia is the group most closely related to the cynodonts, which gave rise to the mammals.
This relationship shows in a variety of anatomical features, possibly including whiskers and hair.
There remain many unanswered questions about the phylogeny, anatomy, and physiology of therocephalians.
Early therocephalian fossils discovered in Middle Permian deposits of South Africa support a Gondwanan origin for the group, which seems to have spread quickly throughout the world.
Although almost every therocephalian lineage ended during the great Permian–Triassic extinction event, a few representatives of the subgroup (called Eutherocephalia) survived into the early Triassic and continued to diversify.
However, the last therocephalians became extinct by the early middle Triassic.
The reasons for their extinction are not known.
Matrix mechanics is the first way that physicists found to express quantum physics in mathematical form.
Werner Heisenberg initially developed this form of expression of the laws of physics just as an equation that he could use to predict the intensities of the photons in the various bands of the hydrogen spectrum.
The matrix form of quantum physics is still used since it is useful and convenient for some purposes.
Other mathematical ways, particularly Erwin Schrödinger's equation using a wave function, are mathematically equivalent but are easier to use for other purposes.
Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103) is the third space shuttle run by NASA.
It has flew more missions than any orbiter.
It is named after RRS Discovery.
It was retired on March 9, 2011.
It has spent one year (365 days) in space.
It is now on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C.
Tribute and mission insignas
Kumar Ram Narain Karthikeyan is a racing driver.
He was born on 14 January 1977 in Coimbatore, India.
He is the first Formula One driver from India.
He made his Formula One debut in  with the Jordan team.
In January 2011, he was signed to drive for the Hispania Racing team in the 2011 Formula One season.
Karthikeyan was born to Telugu speaking parents in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
His father was a former Indian national rally champion.
He is also related to the late S. Karivardhan.
Karivardhan was India's most famous racing driver before Karthikeyan.
Karthikeyan finished on the podium in his first ever race, at Sriperumpudur.
He then went onto the Elf Winfield Racing School in France.
He returned to India to race in Formula Maruti for the 1993 season.
He also competed in the Formula Vauxhall Junior championship in Great Britain.
In 1994, Karthikeyan returned to the UK.
He raced in the Formula Ford Zetec series.
He also took part in the British Formula Ford Winter Series, and became the first Indian to win any championship in Europe.
In 1995, Karthikeyan moved up to the Formula Asia Championship.
In 1996, he became the first Indian and the first Asian to win the Formula Asia International series.
He moved back to Britain in 1997.
There he competed in the British Formula Opel Championship with the Nemesis Motorsport team.
In 1998, Karthikeyan made his debut in the British Formula Three Championship with the Carlin Motorsport team.
He earned two third place finishes in the final two races of the season, and finished 12th overall.
In 1999, he finished on the podium five times, including two wins.
His season also included two pole positions, three fastest laps and two lap records.
Karthikeyan finished sixth in the championship.
He also competed in the Macau Grand Prix.
Karthikeyan started 2001 in the Formula Nippon F3000 Championship.
He became the first Indian to ever drive a Formula One car, testing for the Jaguar Racing team at Silverstone on 14 June 2001.
Karthikeyan was offered a test drive in the Jordan-Honda
In 2002, he moved into the Telefonica World Series.
He stayed with the series in 2003, which was now called the Superfund Word Series.
Karthikeyan received another Formula One test drive with the Minardi team.
He was offered a race drive for the 2004 season.
Karthikeyan was unable to raise the sponsorship funds needed to complete the deal.
During 2004, he married Pavarna.
He continued in the World Series by Nissan in 2004.
Karthikeyan as won championships in British Formula 3, Formula Nippon, Formula Nissan (now merged as Formula Renault).
On 1 February 2005, Karthikeyan announced that he had signed the preliminary deal with Jordan Formula One team.
He said that he would be their main driver for the 2005 Formula One season.
This would make him India's first Formula One racing driver.
His partner was the Portuguese driver, Tiago Monteiro.
His first race was the  Australian Grand Prix.
Karthikeyan qualified in 12th position and finished in 15th, two laps down.
He earned his first points in the  United States Grand Prix.
In that race, most of the teams pulled over an issue of tyre safety.
Only six car ran in the race, and Karthikeyan finished fourth.
Other than the USGP, his highest finish was 11th place.
The Jordan team was taken over and renamed Midland for the 2006 season.
Karthikeyan left the new team.
On 27 January 2006, Williams confirmed Karthikeyan as their fourth driver.
He stayed as a reserve test driver for Williams for the 2006 season.
On 6 January 2011, Karthikeyan announced that he will drive for the Hispania team in the  season, Karthikeyan confirmed the deal via his Twitter page.
He said it would "be a dream come true to race in front of the home crowd in the Indian GP in October."
He adding that the support of financial backers Tata Group had been "instrumental."
A1 GP
In the 2007 season, Karthikeyan drove for the A1 Team India.
He made his A1 GP debut in New Zealand and he finished 10th in the sprint race and 7th in the Feature Race.
This was team India's first A1GP win.
He also earned the first pole position for India for the feature race in Brands Hatch in 2008.
Karthikeyan won two feature races in the 2007-2008 season
The 24 Hours of Le Mans
In March 2009, Karthikeyan tested for the Kolles Le Mans Team.
He joined the team, and was partnered with Christijan Albers.
They drove Audi R10 turbo diesel cars.
On 11 May 2009, Karthikeyan finished sixth in his first ever Le Mans series race.
Karthikeyan made his NASCAR debut at Martinsville Speedway on 27 March 2010 in the Kroger 250 Camping World Truck Series.
He drove for Wyler Racing in the #60 Safe Auto Insurance Company Chevrolet Silverado.
Because qualifying was rained out, the field set by owner points.
Karthikeyan started in the 11th position.
He became the first Indian-born driver to compete in NASCAR.
Karthikeyan finished on the lead lap in 13th place.
Karthikeyan went on to win the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Most Popular Driver Award for the 2010 season.
This award is voted on by the fans.
Narain drove for the PSV team in SFL in 2010.
He won the 2nd race at Brands Hatch, Great Britain.
2009: 24 Hours of Le Mans and Le Mans Series, Kolles Audi R10 TDI
2004: World Series by Nissan: Formula Nissan World Series (World Series by Nissan), 6th (TATA RC Motorsport)
2003: World Series by Nissan: Formula Nissan World Series (Superfund Word Series), 4th (Carlin Motorsport)
2002: World Series by Nissan: Formula Nissan World Series (Telefónica World Series), 9th (TATA RC Motorsport)
2001: Formula Nippon: Formula Nippon, 14th (Team Impul)
2000: British Formula 3, 4th (Stewart)
1999: British Formula 3, 6th (Carlin Motorsport)
1998: British Formula 3, 12th (Carlin Motorsport)
1997: British Formula Vauxhall, 8th
1996: Formula Asia, Champion
1995: Formula Asia (4 races)
1994: British Formula Ford Winter Series, Champion
1993: Indian Formula Maruti + British Formula Vauxhall Junior
1992: ELF Winfield Racing School, Circuit Paul Ricard, France won debut race Pilote Elf Competition for Formula Renault.
The official website for Narain Karthikeyan
Diospyros is a genus of about 450–500 species of deciduous and evergreen trees.
Most are native to the tropics, with only a few species extending into temperate regions.
They are commonly known as ebony or persimmon trees.