the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Her work in the theory of elasticity would prove to be very important to the field.
Among her work done during these years is what would be her most important work in number theory.
In 1820, Sophie made a statement about the divisibility of solutions to Fermat’s equation, for an odd prime p. She proved that if x, y, and z are integers and if x5 + y5 = z5 then either x, y, or z must be divisible by 5.
The prize from the Academy, however, was of immediate importance because it introduced her into the ranks of the prominent mathematicians of the time.
She became the first woman who was not a wife of a member to attend the Academy of Sciences' sessions.
She was also praised by the Institut de France and was invited to attend their sessions.
Sophie continued working with well-known male mathematicians in the 1820s as an "equal collaborator" to refine her proofs and work in number theory; and also continued to work in philosophy until her death, in 1831.
After a battle with breast cancer, Sophie Germain died at the age of 55 on June 27, 1831 in Paris.
Shortly before this Gauss, one of her earliest mentors, had convinced the University of Gottingen to give Sophie an honorary degree.
She died before she could receive it.
French geometers
Íngrid Betancourt Pulecio (born December 25 1961) is a Colombian-French politician.
She ran for President of Colombia in 2002.
While campaigning in the jungle she was kidnapped and taken by armed rebels named FARC-EP.
In July 2008, she and 14 other hostages were rescued by the Colombian military.
Her kidnapping got the world's attention because of her French citizenship.
Colombian politicians
Kidnapped people
A cutting board or chopping board is a strong board used to chop food on.
It may also be used to cut raw materials such as leather or plastic.
Kitchen cutting boards are often made of wood or plastic.
There are also cutting boards made of glass, steel, marble or corian.
These kinds of cutting boards are easier to clean than wooden or plastic ones.
On the down side, they normally damage knives.
The Simple English Wikipedia is an English-language version of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia, that is written at a basic level of English.
It was created on September 18, 2001.
All of the articles in the Simple English Wikipedia use shorter sentences and easier words and grammar than the regular English Wikipedia.
This makes articles easier to understand and edit.
The Simple English Wikipedia is often used by:
Adults with learning disabilities
Non-native English speakers
Many articles are shorter than the same articles in the English Wikipedia.
However, technical subjects often use terms that are not simple.
Editors try to explain these terms in a simple way.
This makes Simple English articles a good way to understand difficult articles from the ordinary English Wikipedia.
If someone cannot understand an idea in complex English, they can read the Simple English article.
When the Simple English Wikipedia started creation of pages and allowing changes in 2003, the ordinary English Wikipedia already had 150,000 articles.
Seven other Wikipedias in other languages also had over 15,000 articles.
Because the other Wikipedias already have so many articles, most Simple English articles are not new.
They are usually simplified versions of already existing articles from the ordinary English Wikipedia.
Right now, the Simple English Wikipedia has  articles.
Simple English Wikipedia is the 49th largest Wikipedia as of February 2022.
Simple English: a list of articles about attempts to simplify English
Simple English Wikipedia mobile version
The MVC has its roots in the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA), a league formed in 1907 by several schools in the Midwestern United States.
The MVIAA split into two leagues in 1928.
One league, made up mostly of large schools, kept the MVIAA name and years later became the Big Eight Conference.
The smaller schools formed the MVC.
Both groups claimed a 1907 founding date, and the same history up to the 1928 split.
However, the Big Eight merged in 1996 with several schools from the collapsing Southwest Conference to form today's Big 12 Conference, which does not claim any of the Big Eight's history.
Because of this, only the MVC now has a claim to any of the MVIAA's history.
In July 2022, one school will leave (indicated in pink) and two will join.
The Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC) is a group of 11 colleges and universities in the Midwestern United States who play football against one another.
Each school plays the others every season, and the conference champion earns a place in the NCAA Division I Football Championship, the postseason tournament of the second-level Football Championship Subdivision (FCS).
The MVFC has a confusing history that is closely tied to that of two other existing conferences: the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) and the Association of Mid-Continent Universities (AMCU), now known as The Summit League.
In the 1984 season, the last in which both of these conferences played football, all of the AMCU football schools were members of NCAA Division I-AA, now known as FCS.
The MVC had schools that played in both DIvision I-A (today's Football Bowl Subdivision) and Division I-AA.
The AMCU dropped football after the 1984 season, and the MVC announced it would do the same after the 1985 season.
Beginning with the 1985 season, all of the remaining AMCU football teams, plus the MVC's I-AA teams, joined the Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference (Gateway), which had sponsored only women's sports.
Most of the schools in the Gateway were also MVC members.
The MVC's I-AA football teams had membership in the MVC and Gateway in the 1985 season.
In 1992, the women's portion of the Gateway merged into the MVC.
At that time, the Gateway became a football-only conference, changing its name to Gateway Football Conference.
In 2008, the Gateway (which now had five MVC members) changed its name to the current Missouri Valley Football Conference.
The MVFC and MVC are still legally separate, but operate out of the same offices in St. Louis.
Southern Illinois University Carbondale (usually called "Southern Illinois")
Eastern Illinois University – member from 1985–1995; left for the Ohio Valley Conference.
Western Kentucky University – member from 2001–2006; upgraded its football program to the top-level Division I FBS.
It was already a non-football member of the Sun Belt Conference, and later played football in the Sun Belt as well.
WKU has since moved to Conference USA.
A right is something a person has which people think should not be taken away.
It is a rule about what a person is allowed to do or have.
A right is different from a privilege, which is something that must be earned.
Rights may be put into laws, so they have legal protection.
But a right can exist where most people think it is good (just).
Many think people have a "right to life".
That means that if one person kills another, the killer would be taking away the victim's "right to life".
It also means life should be preserved (guarded) when it is threatened in other ways.
People may also have a "right to property".
It means they can own property.
It also means people should not steal things from each other.
In many countries people have a "right to free speech", which means other people should not stop them from speaking their opinions.
Some countries have laws which allow newspapers and television to give opinions.
They can speak against their government if they wish to.
Astronomical unit, A unit of distance used in Astronomy.
Auburn University, A university in Alabama, USA.
Al-Azhar University,  a university and mosque in Cairo, Egypt.
It is the main centre of Arabic literature and Sunni Islamic learning in the world.
It is also the world's second-oldest surviving university.
Anadolu University, a high-degree educational institution in Eskişehir, Turkey.
Adamson University, a private Roman Catholic university in Manila, Philippines.
Ariel University, a public university in Ariel, a Jewish settlement in the West Bank.
It used to be called the "Ariel University Center of Samaria".
African Union, an international organization consisting of fifty-three African member countries.
Au, the symbol for the chemical element gold, a metal.
.au, the Internet country code for Australia.
Florida State University, a university in the USA
Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, a university in Germany
Ohio State University (OSU) is a public university in Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Ohio State was founded in 1870.
Ohio State University has been noted by multiple publications as one of the highest ranked universities in the United States and in the world.
The university was started in 1870 in a farming group in Columbus, Ohio.
The first class had only 24 students.
In the 1880s, Ohio State started taking graduate students.
They started the law school in 1891.
Later, Ohio State added colleges of medicine, dentistry, commerce, and journalism.
In 1906, Ohio made a law that said Ohio State University was the state's "flagship campus", or the best school in the state of Ohio.
In 1916, Ohio State was the first university in Ohio to be in the Association of American Universities.
Ohio State is still the only Ohio public university in the association.
U.S. News & World Report has ranked Ohio State University as the best public university in Ohio, one of the top 60 universities in the United States, and one of the top 20 public universities in the United States.
In 2007, China's Shanghai Jiao Tong University said Ohio State was the 61st best university in the world.
The school was also ranked as the 24th best university in the US, 10th top public university, and top school in Ohio by Arizona State University.
The Washington Monthly college rankings placed Ohio State as the 12th best in the country and 10th best public university.
Faculty and research
Ohio State’s faculty includes a Nobel Prize-winning physicist, Kenneth G. Wilson.
It has twenty-one members of the United States National Academy of Sciences or National Academy of Engineering, plus four members of the Institute of Medicine.
There are also 159 elected fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science who are teaching at Ohio State.
In the last 25 years, thirty-two Ohio State faculty members have been given the Guggenheim Fellowship, which is more than all other public and private Ohio universities combined.
Undergraduate admissions to Ohio State are said to be "more selective" by US News & World Report.
It is the most selective public university in Ohio, and it is the hardest university in Ohio to get into.
About half of the people who apply to Ohio State get accepted.
Of the students who get in, 57 percent graduated in the top 10 percent of their high school classes, 91 percent graduated in the top quarter, and 99% graduated in the top half.
A quarter of the freshman scored in the top 3 percent of the SAT or ACT, and 72 percent scored in the top 1 percent.
The average ACT score was 27.
Of the 6,122 members of the 2006 freshman class, 290 had been named valedictorian (top student) of their high school's graduating class.
Ohio State’s freshman class has admitted over 100 National Merit Scholars for nine of the last ten years.
Main campus (Columbus)
Ohio State's main urban campus is in Columbus.
It has a size of 1755 acres, and it is about  north of the city's downtown.
Four buildings are currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Enarson Hall, Hayes Hall, Ohio Stadium, and Orton Hall.
Architecture on the Ohio State campus is a mix of traditional, modern, and post-modern styles.
The William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library is located at the west end of The Oval.
It is the Ohio State library's main branch, and it is the largest of the school's branches.
The school's library system has twenty-one libraries on its Columbus campus.
There are eight other branches in other locations, and the system has fifty-five branches and collections in all.
The Wexner Center for the Arts is at the east end of The Oval.
It was designed by the architects Peter Eisenman of New York and Richard Trott of Columbus, and it opened in 1989.
The center was built mostly from a twenty-five million dollar gift from Ohio State graduate Leslie Wexner.
Part of its design was to honor to the armory (military storage location) that was replaced with the Wexner Center.
Its deconstructivist architecture makes known as one of the most important buildings of its generation, but the design makes it less than ideal to show many of the art displays.
The main, permanent work kept in the center is Picasso's Nude on a Black Armchair, a forty-five million dollar painting that Wexner gave to Ohio State.
Ohio Union is on the east side of The Oval, and at the south side is another, smaller grassy area known as The South Oval.
The west side is contains Browning Amphitheatre and Mirror Lake.
The Ohio State College of Medicine is on the southern edge of the central campus.
It is home to the James Cancer Hospital, where cancer is studied.
It is one of the National Cancer Institute's forty-one NCI-designated Cancer Centers.
Regional campuses
The university also has several regional campuses and research facilities in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, and Newark.
The school also has an Ohio State Agricultural Technical Institute.
The first regional campus was in Newark, which was founded in 1957.
Students there can get one of six bachelor degrees or two master degrees.
In Lima, there are eight four-year programs, 2 high school completion programs, and four graduate programs.
The Mansfield campus is in the Allegheny Plateau area, and it has 7 bachelor programs and 3 master programs.
Marion's campus is closest to Columbus, and it has 5 bachelor programs and 2 master programs.
Research facilities
Student life
The Office of Student Life helps students with things such as student housing; food service; health, wellness and counseling; activities, organizations and leadership development; recreation and intramurals.
The Office of Student Life also operates the Schottenstein Center, the Fawcett Center, the Blackwell Inn, the Ohio Union, the Drake Union, and the Wilce Student Health Center.
Ohio State has several student-managed publications and media outlets.
The Makio is the official yearbook.
The Lantern is the school's daily newspaper.
Mosaic is a literary magazine published by Ohio State, which features undergraduate fiction, poetry, and art.
OHIO.FM is the student-run radio station with an Internet audio stream (no broadcast signals are available in Columbus).
Students also operate a local cable channel known as Buckeye TV, which airs mostly in the campus housing.
Ohio State University Marching Band  is an old tradition at Ohio State.
The marching band is the largest all-brass and percussion band in the world.
The traditional school songs are arranged to fit this unique instrumentation.
The band is famous for "Script Ohio", where band members use their bodies to spell Ohio spelled in script on the football field.
It is seen as an honor to dot the "i" in the word.
Celebrities such as Bob Hope, Jack Nicklaus, and John Glenn have dotted the "i".
Ohio State's main campus is known for the diversity of its students.
In various surveys and rankings, it has been included among the best campuses in the nation for African Americans.
The Advocate College Guide for LGBT Students lists Ohio State as one of the best campuses in America for LGBT students.
Honors programs
Ohio State offers two distinct honors programs for high ability undergraduates: Honors and Scholars.
The Scholars program is centered around thirteen specific programs such as "Architecture Scholars", "Communication Technology Scholars", "Biological Sciences Scholars", "International Affairs Scholars", and "Politics, Society and Law Scholars".
Students in the Scholars program are expected to live and take select classes with other members of the program.
Student governments
Ohio State is in the NCAA's Division I. Ohio State's mascot is "Brutus the Buckeye".
The school colors are scarlet and gray.
Most Ohio State teams play in the Big Ten Conference.
The women's ice hockey team plays in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association.
In lacrosse, the men's team plays in ECAC Lacrosse and the women's team in the American Lacrosse Conference, but both will leave their respective leagues after the 2014 season, as the Big Ten will start lacrosse leagues for both sexes in the 2014–15 school year.
Ohio State Buckeyes website
University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida
University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan
MSU may refer to:
Vermont a U.S. state
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, usually called "Virginia Tech"
Before Christ, the years before the start of Anno Domini
Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
British Columbia a province in Canada
BookCrossing a website which encourages leaving books in public places to be found by others
Pinoy Idol is a popular TV show in the Philippines that lets anyone sing to people watching the show on television while they are being judged.
The singers can be anyone between the age of 16 and 29 years.
The show is now current programming in GMA Network.
Pinoy Idol has three judges, who give comments on performances.
Ogie Alcasid
Jolina Magdangal
Wyngard Tracy
Pinoy Idol also has a host, Raymond Gutierrez.
Hulagu Khan, also known as Hulagu, Hülegü or Hulegu (Хүлэгү, Khülegü; Chagatai/; Arabic:هولاكو; c. 1217 – 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Southwest Asia.
Son of Tolui and the Kerait princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan, and the brother of Arik Boke, Mongke and Kublai Khan.
He was also the step-father of Absh Khatun.
Hulagu's army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate of Persia.
Under his leadership, the Mongols destroyed the two greatest centers of Islamic power, Baghdad in the year 1258, and Damascus, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluks in Cairo.
The Polos
Boyle, J.A., (Editor).
The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5, The Saljuq and Mongol Periods .
Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition (January 1, 1968). .
Perhaps the best overview of the history of the il-khanate.
Covers politics, economics, religion, culture and the arts and sciences.
Also has a section on the Isma'ilis, Hulagu's nemesis.
Encyclopedia Iranica has scholar-reviewed articles on a wide range of Persian subjects, including Hulagu.
Morgan, David.
The Mongols.
Blackwell Publishers; Reprint edition, April 1990. .
Best for an overview of the wider context of medieval Mongol history and culture.
Atwood, Christopher P. (2004).
The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire.
Facts on File, Inc. .
A long article  about Hulagu's conquest of Baghdad, written by Ian Frazier, appeared in the April 25, 2005 issue of The New Yorker.
An Osama bin Laden tape in which Osama bin Laden compares Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Colin Powell to Hulagu and his attack on Baghdad.
Dated November 12, 2002.
1217 births
1265 deaths
Dalgety Bay is a coastal town in Fife, Scotland.
It is on the north shore of the Firth of Forth.
Dalgety Bay on FifeDirect
Dalgety Bay and Hillend community website
A short tour of Dalgety Bay - has maps and aerial photographs
Elena Olegovna Bovina  (born March 10, 1983, Moscow, RSFR, Soviet Union) is a Russian retired professional female tennis player.
She turned pro in 1998.
In 2004, she won the Australian Open mixed doubles.
On April 4, 2005, Bovina reached her career-high singles ranking was world no.
She retired in 2012.
She lives in Quebec City, Canada.
Anastasia Andreyevna Myskina (; ) (born July 8, 1981, Moscow, Russia) is a professional tennis player from Russia.
Player of The Year
Doubles Team of the Year
Most Improved Player
Comeback Player of the Year
Player Service
Note: in 2002 the award was not given.
Karen Krantzcke Sportsmanship Award
Tournaments of the Year
Tier I - II
WTA Awards - past winners
The Hopman Cup is an yearly international team tennis tournament played in Perth, Western Australia in January each year.
Wells Cathedral is an Anglican church in Wells, Somerset, England.
It is the seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells.
Its construction started in 1170 and the Cathedral was dedicated in 1239.
Much of the structure is in Early English architecture.
Many mouldings look almost like sculptures.
The carved capitals are done in a foliate style known as “stiff leaf”.
This adds to their lively view.
The eastern end has kept much original glass, which is rare in England.
The exterior has a splendid Early English façade (~front) and a large central tower.
The first church was established on the site in 705.
Construction of the present building began in the 10th century under Anglo-Saxon rule, but was later transformed under the Normans.
It was largely complete at the time of its dedication in 1239.
It has been expanded and renovated several times since then and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building.
The first church was established here in 705 AD.
It was dedicated to Saint Andrew.
The only remains of this first church are some excavated foundations which can be seen in the cloisters.
The baptismal font in the south transept is the oldest surviving part of the cathedral which is dated to c.700 AD.
Two centuries later, the seat of the diocese was shifted to Wells from Sherborne.
The first Bishop of Wells was Athelm (circa 909), who crowned King Athelstan.
Athelm and his nephew Saint Dunstan both became Archbishops of Canterbury.
It was also around this time that Wells Cathedral School was founded.
Present structure
Wells Cathedral dates mainly from the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries; the nave and transept are masterpieces of Early English architecture.
The bishop responsible for the construction was Jocelyn de Wells, one of the bishops at the signing of Magna Carta.
Jocelyn's buildings included the Bishop's Palace, a choristers' school, a grammar school, a hospital for travellers and a chapel.
He also built a manor at Wookey, near Wells.
The master mason associated with Jocelyn was Elias of Dereham (died 1246).
Jocelyn lived to see the church dedicated but, despite much lobbying of Rome, died in 1242.
Cathedral status was granted in 1245.
Masons continued with the enrichment of the West Front until about 1260.
King John was excommunicated between 1209 and 1213.
During this time, work on the cathedral was suspended.
In this period, building methods advanced so that bigger blocks of masonry could be moved and put into the walls.
The effect of this advance can be seen on the walls of the cathedral; at a point in the building's walls, the blocks of stone increase in size.
it already seemed too small for the developing liturgy, in particular the increasingly grand processions.
A new spate of building was therefore started by Bishop John Drokensford.
He heightened the central tower and began a dramatic eight-sided Lady chapel at the far east end, finished by 1326.
Thomas of Whitney was the master mason.
Bishop Ralph of Shrewsbury followed.
He continued the eastward extension of the quire.
He also built Vicars' Close and the Vicars' Hall, to give the men of the choir a secure place to live and dine, away from the town with all its temptations.
He enjoyed an uneasy relationship with the citizens of Wells, partly because of his imposition of taxes.
He surrounded his palace with crenellated walls and a moat and drawbridge.
The Palace was now a castle.
The appointment of William Wynford as master mason in 1365 marked another period of activity.
He was one of the foremost architects of his time and, apart from Wells, was engaged in work for the king at Windsor and at New College, Oxford University and Winchester Cathedral.
Under Bishop John Harewell, he built the south-west tower of the West Front and designed the north west, which was built to match in the early 15th century.
Inside the building he filled in the early English lancet windows with delicate tracery.
In the fourteenth century, the central piers (upright supports) of the crossing (where the building forms a cross) started sinking under the weight of the crossing tower. '
Scissor arches' were inserted to brace and stabilize the piers as a unit.
The building was now complete, and it looked much as it does today.
Siena Cathedral (Italian Duomo di Siena, officially Santa Maria Assunta) is a Cathedral in Siena, Italy.
It is the seat of the archbishop of Siena.
The cathedral was built between 1215 and 1263.
The was another church there beforehand.
The Cathedral is known all over Italy for its stripes.
These were made by using different kinds of stone.
It is also a unfinished building as well.
1263 establishments
1260s establishments in Europe
Caen ( pronounced can (/kɑ̃/);) is a city in France.
It is the capital city of Basse-Normandie and Calvados.
The river Orne flows through it.
Today, about 110,000 people live there (intra muros, inside the city); the urban area has about 370,000 people.
The city has a very long history; the name probably has Gaulish origins (from cato Military activity; and mago field; probably something like place where the troops exercised).
A campus of the École de management de Normandie is in the city.
St. Michael and Gudula Cathedral is the Cathedral in Brussels.
It is named in honour of St. Michael and St. Gudula.
In Dutch it is called Sint-Michiels- en Sint-Goedelekathedraal, usually shortened to "Sint-Goedele".
In French it is called Cathédrale Saints-Michel-et-Gudule.
It is the main church of the bishop of Brussels and Mechelen.
There already was a shrine (or chapel) to Saint Michael there in the 8th century.
The Cathedral was begun in 1226.
Building finished when the belltower (or belfry) was done, at the end of the 15th century.
The cathedral is built in Gothic style.
As it is the main Church of the Kingom of Belgium, there are often royal ceremonies, such as marriages and funerals, there.
Buildings and structures in Belgium
Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (, or Cathédrale de Strasbourg,   or Straßburger Münster), also known as Strasbourg Minster, is a cathedral.
The cathedral was built in Gothic style.
The belltower is 142 m high.
It was the highest building in the world from 1647 to 1874.
It is currently the second-highest cathedral in France, after Rouen Cathedral, which is 9m higher, at 151m. In 1880, Cologne Cathedral was finished (157m), and later Ulm minster (at 161m), the highest Cathedral in the World.
Considerable parts of it are still in Romanesque architecture.
Nevertheless, it is widely considered to be among the finest examples of high, or late, Gothic architecture.
Erwin von Steinbach is credited for major contributions from 1277 to his death in 1318.
Victor Hugo described it as a "gigantic and delicate marvel".
The cathedral is visible far across the plains of Alsace and can be seen from as far off as the Vosges mountains or the Black Forest on the other side of the Rhine.
Ely Cathedral is an Anglican church in Ely, Cambridgeshire.
It is the main church of the diocese of Ely, and the seat of the Bishop of Ely.
The city of Ely is about 20 km north of Cambridge.
The Cathedral is known locally as "the Ship of the Fens", because of its prominent shape which towers above the surrounding flat landscape.
The fens were once wet and marshy: a wetland habitat.
The Fenland in East Anglia includes Ely, but is today mainly drained.
It is now low-lying farmland.
The first Christian building on the site was founded by Etheldreda, daughter of the King of East Anglia.
She set up and ruled a monastery at Ely in 673, and, when she died, a shrine was built there to her memory.
Abbot Simeon's Cathedral
The present cathedral was started by Abbot Simeon (1082–1094) in 1083.
The Anglo-Saxon church was demolished, but some of its relics, such as the remains of its benefactors, were moved to the cathedral.
The main transepts were built early on, crossing the nave below a central tower, and are the oldest surviving part of the cathedral.
Construction work continued throughout the 12th century.
The Western transepts and tower were completed in an exuberant Romanesque style with a rich decoration of intersecting arches and complex mouldings.
Early Gothic elements
A 'Galilee' porch was added under Bishop  Eustace (1198–1215) in the Early English Gothic style.
It was originally a two-storey structure where liturgical processions could gather before entering the nave.
It was opened up into a single vaulted space in the 18th century.
Several details of its decoration, particularly the 'syncopated arches' and the use of Purbeck marble shafts, reflect the influence of St Hugh's Choir at Lincoln Cathedral, built a few years earlier.
Work began on a new eastern end in 1234, replacing the short Norman chancel with a much grander 10-bay structure.
Northwold's chancel, completed by around 1252, adopted several of the stylistic elements already used in the Galilee porch.
During the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII, the monastery at Ely was dissolved in 1539.
Ely suffered less than many other monasteries, but even so, statues were destroyed together with carvings and stained glass.
St Etheldreda's Shrine was destroyed.
The Cathedral was refounded with a Chapter of eight canons in 1541, as was the Kings School.
Robert Steward, the last Prior of the monastery, became the first Dean.
Recent crisis
In 1986 it was discovered that the roofs, timber and stonework of much of the Cathedral were becoming unsafe.
A public appeal was launched.
£4,000,000 was needed to secure the Cathedral's future and to prevent its doors being closed for good.
In just over a year, the money was given or promised.
The Great Restoration was completed in the year 2000.
Stained Glass Museum
The south gallery of the nave is home to The Stained Glass Museum, a collection of stained glass from the 13th century to the present that is of national importance.
It includes works from several notable modern artists.
Exeter Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in the city of Exeter, Devon, in the southwest of England.
It is the seat of the Bishop of Exeter.
The present building was complete by about 1400, and has the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling in England, and other notable features.
In 1107, William Warelwast, a nephew of William the Conqueror, was appointed to the see, and this was the catalyst for the building of a new cathedral in the Norman style.
Its official foundation was in 1133, after Warelwast's time, but it took many more years to complete.
In 1258 the building was already outmoded, and it was rebuilt in the Decorated English Gothic architecture style, following the example of nearby Salisbury Cathedral.
However, much of the Norman building was kept, including the two massive square towers and part of the walls.
It was constructed entirely of local stone, including Purbeck Marble.
The new cathedral was complete by about 1400, apart from the addition of the chapter house and chantry chapels.
On 4 May 1942, an early morning air raid took place over Exeter.
The cathedral sustained a direct hit by a large high-explosive bomb on the chapel of St James, completely demolishing it.
The muniment room above, three bays of the aisle and two flying buttresses were also destroyed in the blast.
The medieval wooden screen opposite the chapel was smashed into many pieces by the blast, but it has been reconstructed and restored.
Fortunately many of the cathedral's most important artifacts, such as the glass of the great east window, the misericords, the Exeter Book, the bishop's throne and the Bronescombe Effigy, had been removed at the start of the war in anticipation of such an attack.
Subsequent repairs and the clearance of the area around the western end of the building uncovered portions of earlier structures, including remains of the Roman city and of the original Norman cathedral.
The clock is one of a group of famous 14th to 16th century astronomical clocks to be found in the West of England.
Another one is at Wells Cathedral.
The main, lower, dial is the oldest part of the clock, dating from 1484.
The fleur-de-lys 'hand' indicates the time (and the position of the sun in the sky) on a 24-hour analogue dial.
The numbering consists of two sets of I-XII Roman numerals.
The silver ball and inner dial shows both the age of the moon and its phase (using a rotating black shield to indicate the moon's phase).
The upper dial, added in 1760, shows the minutes.
The Latin phrase Pereunt et Imputantur, a favourite motto for clocks and sundials was written by the Latin poet Martial.
It is usually translated as "they perish and are reckoned to our account", referring to the hours that we spend, wisely or not.
The original clockwork mechanism was much modified, repaired, and neglected until it was replaced in the early 20th century.
The door below the clock has a round hole near its base.
This was cut in the early 17th century to allow entry for the Bishop's cat to deter vermin.
The vermin were attracted to the animal fat used to lubricate the clock mechanism.
Lasbela district is a coastal district of Balochistan province, Pakistan.
It became a separate district in the Kalat division on 30 June 1954.
The name is derived from the words Las which signifies a plain, the greater part of the area being a flat plain, and Bela which means "jungle" and is also the name of the principal town of the district.
Uthal is the district headquarters.
The district is divided into 9 tehsils and 21 union councils.
Bela Tehsil
Dureji Tehsil
Gadani Tehsil
Kanraj Tehsil
Lakhra Tehsil
Liari Tehsil
Districts of Balochistan (Pakistan)
Awaran Tehsil
Mashkay Tehsil
Gashkore Tehsil
Awaran District at www.balochistan.gov.pk
Coutances Cathedral () is the cathedral in the town of Coutances in Normandy.
It is built in Gothic style.
Standing 80m tall it dominates the city and the surrounding landscape.
Its use of long straight vertical lines is typical for many churches in Normandy.
The cathedral was started in Romanesque style.
It was consecrated in 1056.
Kalat or Qalat ()  is a district in Balochistan, Pakistan.
It has a population of 412,232
Tehsils of Kalat
Gazg Johan Tehsil
Kalat
Mangochar Tehsil
Surab Tehsil
The Regensburg Cathedral () is dedicated to St. Peter.
It is the most important church and landmark of the city of Regensburg, and the cathedral of the Catholic Diocese of Regensburg.
The church is a very good  example of Gothic architecture in southern Germany.
The first church at the site was built around the year 700, but it burnt down around 1156.
The current cathedral was started in the year 1273, and it took until 1872 to complete.
In the 15th century, the sale of indulgences was used to finance the construction.
Kharan Tehsil
Sar Kharan Tehsil
Toumulk Tehsil
Besima Tehsil
Mashkel Tehsil
Nag Tehsil
Wasuk Tehsil
Khuzdar () district is in the centre of Balochistan province of Pakistan.
Khuzdar is the capital of Khuzdar district.
Khuzdar Tehsil
Karkh Tehsil
Naal Tehsil
Wadh Tehsil
Zehri Tehsil
The Cathedral of Santa Eulalia (also called La Seu) the Gothic cathedral seat of the Archbishop of Barcelona, Spain.
The famous Sagrada Família currently being built is not a cathedral.
The cathedral was constructed from the 13th to the 15th century.
There was a Visigothic church there before.
The Gothic-like façade is from the 19th century.
The cathedral is dedicated to Eulalia of Barcelona, co-patron saint of Barcelona.
According to Catholic tradition, Eulalia was a young virgin who suffered martyrdom during Roman times in Barcelona.
One side chapel is dedicated to "Christ of Lepanto", and contains a cross from a ship that fought at the Battle of Lepanto (1571).
The body of the cross is shifted to the right.
Catalan legend says that the body swerved to avoid getting hit by a cannonball.
Overview, with plan
Buildings and structures in Barcelona
Mastung District () is a district in the northwest of Balochistan province.
Prior to 1991 Mastung was part of Kalat District.
For administrative purposes Mastung was separated from Kalat and made a new district in 1991.
Kardigap Tehsil
Gwadar was notified as a district on July 1, 1977 when Makran Division was created and divided into three districts.
Gwadar is the headquarters of Gwadar District.
Previously it was one of 3 tehsils of Makran District before the district was upgraded to a division.
For administrative purposes, the district is divided into two sub-divisions, namely Gwadar and Pasni.
These sub-divisions are further divided into tehsils and sub-tehsils.
Gwadar sub-division comprises two tehsils, named Gwadar and Jiwani, and one sub-tehsil named Suntsar.
Pasni sub-division is divided into Pasni and Ormara tehsils.
Gwadar district, with its 600 kilometres long coast line and un-irrigated tracts of Kulanch and Dasht valleys, has always been an important chapter of Makran’s history.
Pasni Tehsil
Suntsar Tehsil
Panjgur () is a district in the west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.
Gichk Tehsil
Gowargo Tehsil
Panjgur Tehsil
Parome Tehsil
Pangur District at www.balochistan.gov.pk
Kech ()  or Turbat district is in the south west of Balochistan, province of Pakistan.
Buleda Tehsil
Mand Tehsil
Tump Tehsil
The Cathedral of Valencia (Metropolitan Basilica Cathedral) is dedicated to Saint Mary.
The church was started in 1238 by the first bishop of Valencia Pere d'Albalat.
It was built on a mosque.
The mosque had been built where the former Visigothic cathedral had stood.
A Mediterranean version of Gothic architecture is the main style of this cathedral.
The cathedral also contains Romanesque, French Gothic, Renaissance art, Baroque and neoclassical elements.
There are several chalices that are claimed to be the Holy Grail spread over the world.
One of them is in a chapel of the Cathedral.
Several Christian historians claim that the one in the chapel is most likely the authentic cup used at the Last Supper.
It was the official papal chalice for many popes, and has been used by many others, most recently by Pope Benedict XVI, on July 9, 2006.
This chalice dates from the 1st century.
It was given to the cathedral by king Alfons el Magnànim in 1436.
The cathedral also contains examples of some of the earliest and best Quattrocento paintings of the Iberian Peninsula.
These were brought from Rome via artists commissioned by the Valencian Pope Alexander VI.
Alexander VI made the request to make Valencia the seat of an archbishop when he was still a cardinal.
This was granted by Pope Innocent VIII in 1492.
Official site of Valencia Cathedral
Comunidad Valenciana.
The Santa Maria metropolitan basilica cathedral  GothicMed.
A virtual museum of mediterranean gothic architecture.
http://www.virtourist.com/europe/valencia/05.htm
http://www.planetware.com/valencia/cathedral-e-val-valcat.htm
Tourist Fact-sheet on Valencia Cathedral
Dera Bugti is a district in the southwest of Balochistan province of Pakistan.
Jhat Pat Tehsil
Usta Mohammad Tehsil
Gandakha Tehsil
Suhbat Nagar Tehsil
Nasirabad () is a district in the centre-west of Balochistan, Pakistan.
Tehsils of Nasirabad
Chattar Tehsil
Dera Murad Jamali Tehsil
Tamboo Tehsil
Bad Doberan Minster is the main Lutheran Church of Bad Doberan in Germany.
It is the most important religious building on the European Route of Brick Gothic, a tourist route which connects three countries along the Baltic Sea - Denmark, Germany and Poland.
It was the first abbey in Mecklenberg.
and was founded in 1171.
It was the burial site for regional rulers.
Because of this, the church became important for cultural and economic development.
Its attractions include:
An altar which was made in about 1300
A tabernacle which was built between 1350 and 1360.
A chalice cupboard which was made in about 1310.
A credenza which was made out of oak in about 1300.
Levite pews which were made in the 14th century.
An ornamental candle holder which shows the mother Mary, made in about 1280.
An eagle lectern which was made in the 19th century.
Choir stalls which were made in the 14th century.
A double sided cross altar which was made between 1360 and 1370.
Pieces of medieval glass which were made in about 1300.
The face of an astronomical clock, which was destroyed during the Thirty Years' War.
The granite sarcophagus of Great Duke Friedrich Franz I. von Mecklenburg, who died in 1837.
Medieval tombstones and pictures.
Pieces of medieval stone tablets.
The von Bülow Chapel and the organ.
The Chapel of Pribislav.
Pieces of medieval glass and stone tablets.
Mill Altar, scale model and a tomb stone.
Tomb of Lord Samuel von Behr and a swan and antlers.
Figure of Queen Margarete of Denmark and three altars.
The tomb and crypt of Duke Adolf Friedrich I.
The Octagon.
The Tomb of King Albert of Sweden
The memorial statue of Duke Magnus II
The Tomb of Duke Johann Albrecht II von Mecklenburg
The rear of the Levite pews
A picture and text plaque of Peter Wise
A Renaissance style ducal epitaph
Buildings and structures in Germany
Sibi () is a district in the Baluchistan province of Pakistan.
The hottest place in Pakistan, in the summer with temperatures reaching .
Harnai Tehsil
Tehsils of Kohlu
Kahan Tehsil
Maiwand Tehsil
Sinjavi Tehsil
Ziarat Tehsil
Hammerbeam roof is a type of wooden roof.
It was used in the gothic architecture.
Quetta is a district in the north-west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.
It was part of Quetta Division until the year 2000 when divisions were abolished.
Panjpai Tehsil
Quetta Tehsil
Barshore Tehsil
Bostan Tehsil
Hurramzai Tehsil
Karezat Tehsil
Pishin Tehsil
This industry is no longer active.
These limestone beds were deposited during Lower Cretaceous epoch.
Purbeck Marble is not a metamorphic rock, like a true marble, but is so-called because it can take a fine polish.
Its characteristic appearance comes from densely-packed shells of the freshwater snail Viviparus.
The 'marble' large clasts (the snail shells) in a fine-grained limestone mud matrix.
The individual marble beds (also known as 'seams'), lie between layers of softer marine clays and mudstone, laid down during repeated marine ingressions.
Some of the beds contain iron oxide/hydroxide minerals, such as haematite or limonite, giving red or brown varieties, while other beds contain glauconite giving a green (or occasionally blue) colour.
Purbeck marble is found at outcrop, or beneath superficial cover, all the way across the Isle of Purbeck.
The marble beds are never more than 1.2 m thick and are often much thinner.
The outcrops lie within the Purbeck Monocline, with the beds dipping moderately steeply to the north.
Chagai is the largest district of Pakistan and is on the northwest corner of Balochistan, Pakistan.
It forms a triangular internationalised border with Afghanistan and Iran.
Chagai Tehsil
Dak Tehsil
Nokundi Tehsil
Saindak Tehsil
Taftan Tehsil
Killa Abdullah or Qilla Abdullah or Abdullah Qilla () is a district in the northwest of the Balochistan province of Pakistan.
Administration of Qilla Abdullah
Chaman Tehsil
Dobandi Tehsil
Qilla Abdullah Tehsil
Gulistan Tehsil
Barkhan () a district in the north-west of the Balochistan province of Pakistan.
Musakhel Tehsil
Barkhan Tehsil
Barkhan District at www.balochistan.gov.pk
District Barkhan  at www.balochistanpolice.gov.pk
The Holy Grail is an artifact from Christians beliefs.
According to a story, it is the cup or plate used by Jesus at the Last Supper.
It was later used to catch his blood when he had to die on the cross.
According to the story, it has special powers.
Many stories of the Arthurian Legend are about the Holy Grail.
The first to write about it was Chrétien de Troyes.
The legend may combine Christian lore with a Celtic myth of a cauldron which has special powers.
The connection of Joseph of Arimathea with the Grail legend dates from Robert de Boron's Joseph d'Arimathie.
In the story, Joseph receives the Grail from an apparition of Jesus Christ, and sends it with his followers to Great Britain; building upon this theme, later writers told how Joseph used the Grail to catch Christ's blood while burying him and that in Britain he founded a line of guardians to keep it safe.
A cup that could have been the Holy Grail can be seen in  Valencia Cathedral.
Christian religious objects
St George's Chapel is the church at Windsor Castle in England.
The chapel is governed by the Dean and Canons of Windsor and is found in the Lower Ward of the castle.
Technically speaking, it is not a cathedral, though it has a similar status.
Many Royal weddings and other ceremonies with the British Crown have taken place there.
Charity Commission website
Chapel website
A guide to the chapel
The Chapel was built in 1503 by the architect Sir Reginald Bray.
Henry VII was buried in the Chapel on his death in 1509 in a tomb designed by the Italian artist Torrigiani.
Bath Abbey, is an Anglican parish church and an old monastery in Bath, Somerset.
Its full name is
the Abbey Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Bath.
It was founded in the 7th century, reorganised in the 10th century, and rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries.
It is one of the finest and largest examples of Gothic architecture (Perpendicular style) in the West of England.
In 675 Osric, King of the Hwicce, granted the Abbess Berta 100 hides near Bath for the establishment of a convent.
This religious house later became a monastery under the patronage of the Bishop of Worcester.
William Rufus granted Bath, Somerset to a royal physician, John of Tours, who became Bishop of Wells and Abbot of Bath.
In 1090 he moved his seat from Wells to Bath Abbey, which therefore became a cathedral.
The church became a ruin, and was restored just before the dissolution of the monasteries.
Then it was stripped of lead, iron and glass, before being restored again by Elizabeth I.
Restoration from 1860 to the present day has brought the church up to a high standard.
From the 13th century the seat of the bishops has usually been in Wells Cathedral, even though the city of Bath is much larger than Wells.
The bishopric has been joined as 'Bath and Wells' since 1245.
Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace Bath Abbey Pages – Photos
Qilla Saifullah, Killa Saifullah or Saifullah Qilla (fort of Saifullah Khan) is a district in the northwest of Balochistan province of Pakistan.
Killa Saifullah Tehsil
Muslim Bagh Tehsil
Loralai is a district in the centre of Balochistan province of Pakistan.
Loralai district was created on October, 1903.
Loralai was further partitioned in 1992 when Musakhel and Barkhan were given the status of separate administrative districts.
Musakhel is a district in the northwest of Balochistan province of Pakistan.
The Jafri dialect of the Punjabi language is spoken here.
Drug Tehsil
Zhob () is a district in the northwest of Balochistan province of Pakistan.
The Zhob district is a Provincially Administered Tribal Area (PATA).
The Zhob district is subdivided into three subdistricts: Zhob, Kakkar and Sherani.
The population of Zhob district was estimated to be over 500,000 in 2005.
The Zhob River is used for irrigation in the Zhob district.
Ashwat Tehsil
Qamar Din Karez Tehsil (Qamardin karaiz)
Sambaza Tehsil
Sherani Tehsil
Zhob
Gandawa Tehsil
Nushki District is one of the  districts of Balochistan province, Pakistan.
Dalbandin Tehsil
Nushki Tehsil
Kathua district () is one of 14 administrative districts in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir.
It is surrounded by Jammu to the northwest, the Doda District and Udhampur District districts to the north, the state of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Punjab to the south in the Republic of India.
Its terrain is diverse, consisting of rich agricultural areas along the Pakistani border, plains sweeping eastward to the foothills of the Himalaya, and a mountainous Pahari region in the east.
Kathua district is divided into 8 blocks:Bani, Barnoti, Basholi, Billawar, Duggan, Ghagwal, Hiranagar, Kathua and Lohai Malhar.
It has approximately 587 villages.
The traditional language of Kathua is Dogri.
The Pahari language is prevalent in the mountainous area of the east.
The principal media of education are English, Hindi, and Urdu.
In a Muslim majority state, Kathua, like the Jammu region, is overwhelmingly Hindu, the religion practiced by 91% of its district population.
Another 7% is Muslim, and 2% Sikh.
Kathua Tehsil
Hiranagar Tehsil
Billawar Tehsil
Basohli Tehsil
South Tibet () is what the Chinese government names a geographic area that is the focus of border dispute between the Government of India and the China.
The area, most of which lies within the Indian region recognised as Arunachal Pradesh, is claimed by both China and India.