the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Homicide cannot be ruled out because of the finding of an hematoma on Ophelie's body as well as many gray areas during the search.
To date, no findings have been sent  by Hungary such as the  forensic analysis like  Diatoms  and the Danube search report, despite the intervention mission twice in 2009 of French investigators in Hungary and the local investigation seems not having progressed for one year.
In February 2010, her family filed a new claim for murder.
The Bretnacher family lawyer is  William Bourdon, the secretary-general of the International Federation of Human Rights Leagues (1995-2000) and the lawyer of Transparency International.
Mobilization each year
We will create an event for Ophélie, every year, until full light will be shed on her disappearance and death, until justice is done !
Improbabilities that persist in 2011
Two years after her disappearance, on 4 December 2010, Maitre William Bourdon, said that the investigation continues.
The article also notes:
11/01/2009 Manifestation Film To ask more collaboration between french and Hungarian police - AFP document
2000s crimes
21st century in Hungary
"Homer Defined" is the seventh episode of The Simpsons third season, which first started on November 1st, 1991.
The episode has the first appearance of "Milhouse's mother" and the first time his last name, "Van Houten", is used.
"Like Father, Like Clown" is the sixth episode of The Simpsons third season.
It first started on the Fox network in the United States on October 24, 1991.
In this episode, Krusty the Clown says to the Simpson family that he is of "Jewish heritage", and that his father, "Rabbi Hyman Krustofski", disowned him for keeping a job in comedy.
Krusty is sad and Bart and Lisa decide to try to reunite Krusty with his long-estranged father.
"Treehouse of Horror II" is the seventh episode of The Simpsons third season, the second Simpsons Halloween episode, and the first Halloween episode where names in the closing credits were replaced by 'spooky name' parodies.
The episode first started on October 31, 1991.
The first part, "The Monkey's Paw", is a direct reference to W.W. Jacobs's short story The Monkey's Paw, in which the Simpsons's wishes all backfire on them after buying a cursed hand of a monkey.
In the second part, "The Bart Zone", Bart has  powers, and turns Homer into a jack-in-the-box, resulting in the two spending more time together.
The part was a parody of The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life".
In the last part, "If I Only Had A Brain", Mr. Burns's head is grafted onto Homer's head after Mr. Burns tries to create a robot with Homer's brain.
it:La paura fa novanta I-X#La paura fa novanta II
fi:Simpsonit (3.
tuotantokausi)#Painajaisia (Treehouse of Horror II)
"Lisa's Pony" is the eighth episode of the third season of The Simpsons.
It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 7, 1991.
In this episode, Homer humiliates Lisa by forgetting to buy the right reed for her saxophone.
desperate to win back his daughter's love, Homer gives Lisa the one thing she has always wanted, a pony named "Princess."
Homer struggles with two jobs to cover the cost of sheltering and feeding the pony.
Lisa, upon seeing what Homer must go through to pay for the pony, decides to give it away.
"Lisa's Pony" at The Simpsons.com
Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) is 9 to 10 centimetres (3.5 to 3.9 in) long.
It has a bronze-green back, a light grey chest and belly, and green flanks.
Its bill is long, straight and slender.
The adult male has an iridescent crimson-red crown and throat, and a dark, slightly forked tail.
Anna's is the only North American hummingbird species with a red crown.
Females and young have a green crown, a grey throat with some red markings, a grey chest and belly, and a dark, rounded tail with white tips on the outer feathers.
These birds feed on nectar from flowers using a long tongue.
They also eat small spiders and insects caught in flight.
While collecting nectar, they also help in plant pollination.
This species sometimes eats tree sap.
The Hyundai Getz was a car produced by Hyundai since 2002.
It was succeeded by the i20 in 2008.
The Hyundai i20 is a car produced by Hyundai.
It is the successor of the Getz, and were based on the Kia Soul's platform.
I20
The Hyundai Sonata is a car produced by Hyundai since 1985.
It is currently in its Fourth generation.
It will be successed by the i45 in 2010.
The Hyundai i30 is a car produced by Hyundai since 2007.
It is the successor of the Elantra, and is based on the Kia cee'd's platform.
I30
The Hyundai i10 is a car produced by Hyundai since 2008.
It is the successor of the Atos, and were based on the Kia Picanto's platform.
It entered its second generation in 2013 and it became popular in the UK during the scrappage scheme in 2009.
1.1 49 kW (66 hp)
1.25 57 kW (78 hp)
1.1 CRDi 55 kW (75 hp)
The Hyundai Tucson is a compact luxury SUV that is produced by Hyundai Motor Company.
In some markets it is sold as the ix35, but the ix35 name is expected to be dropped.
It is based on the Kia Sportage's unibody platform.
The Hyundai Accent is a car produced by Hyundai Motor Company since 1994.
It is the successor of the Pony, and it is now in its Third generation.
The car was sold in Mexico as the Dodge Attitude until 2013 when Hyundai entered the Mexican market.
TAM Airlines, an airline in Brazil
TAM Air, a Georgian airline
Tamworth Railway Station
The Australian Museum
Reuben Tam (1916-1991), American/Hawaiian artist
Tam (name), version of "Tan", a common Chinese surname
Thomas (name), a shortening of the name in Scots
The black-breasted puffleg (Eriocnemis nigrivestis) is a species of hummingbird that lives only in Ecuador.
The average length of the black-breasted puffleg is 8.5 cm.
It has a very restricted range, being found only on the northwestern parts of the Pichincha volcano.
The Giant octopus is Enteroctopus, and one of its species is the largest octopus.
There are four species: the North Pacific Giant Octopus (E. dofleini), the Southern Giant Octopus (Enteroctopus magnificus), E. megalocyathus, and E. zealandicus.
The only member of this genus that deserves the common name "Giant octopus" is Enteroctopus dofleini.
This holds the record of being the world's largest octopus: direct measurements were made of a live 71 kg (156.5 lb) individual.
This octopus had a total length near to 4 m (13 ft).
The remaining members of the genus are much smaller.
E. megalocyathus has an average weight of 4 kg and a total length of 1 m. E. magnificus has a total length of around 1.5 m.
The Kia Joice was a car produced by Kia Motors between 1999-2003.
Was based on the Hyundai Santamo's platform.
Antacids (or indigestion tablets) are used to help stop indigestion.
People may get indigestion if they eat too much or if they have eaten too fast.
With indigestion, the liquid in the stomach will become more acidic.
Antacids will neutralise the acids.
The reaction that is happening is called neutralisation.
This is because the tablets are alkaline and the liquids in the stomach are acidic.
Side effects from taking antacids are rare, but can include both constipation and diarrhea.
They are also high in sodium so people with a heart condition on a low salt diet should ask their doctor before taking them.
Down and Out in Paris and London is a written exposé.
It was written by George Orwell.
Its target audience was the middle and upper class members of society.
It exposes the poverty existing in two prosperous cities: Paris and London.
The author talks about his time working as a pleunger (lowest possible position) in a Paris hotel and describes the hard life that is lived by thousands of Parisians.
In London he is promised work, but the work is not there so he has to travel from homeless shelter to homeless shelter everyday with a group of homeless people.
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus.
It causes an infectious disease called "West Nile virus disease" or just "West Nile virus."
WNV mainly infects birds, but it can also infect humans, horses, dogs, bats, cats, reptiles, and amphibians.
West Nile virus is spread by mosquitoes, who get the virus from birds.
If a mosquito bites a bird that has WNV, and then bites a human, that person can get West Nile Virus.
West Nile virus was first discovered in 1937, in the West Nile area of Uganda, in East Africa.
(This is how the virus got its name.)
However, before the 1990s, there were very few cases of WNV.
Then there was an outbreak in Algeria in 1994 and another in Romania in 1996.
By 2004, the virus had spread to North America, the Caribbean islands, and Latin America.
It continues to spread through Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, Canada, and the United States.
In 2012, one of the worst West Nile virus epidemics yet happened in the United States; 286 people died.
When a person does get symptoms, they usually do not appear until 2 to 15 days after the person got the virus.
West Nile virus can cause many different types of illness.
The rarest, but most serious types affect the neurological system - the brain and the nerves.
The most common type of illness caused by WNV is West Nile fever, which does not affect the neurological system.
West Nile fever
West Nile fever happens in about 20% of people with WNV.
It causes a high fever and flu-like symptoms.
Usually, the symptoms are not too bad, and get better after 3 to 6 days.
Feeling weak and tired
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
West Nile neuroinvasive disease
Neuroinvasive disease is when the West Nile virus infects the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord).
This happens in less than 1% of people who get West Nile virus.
However, in those people, it can cause very serious problems.
These problems include:
West Nile encephalitis: Encephalitis is swelling in the brain.
This can cause confusion, muscle weakness, paralysis, and loss of reflexes.
This is the most common type of West Nile neuroinvasive disease.
West Nile meningitis: Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the layers that protect the brain and spinal cord.
People with meningitis usually have a bad headache, a high fever, and a stiff neck.
West Nile meningoencephalitis: This is inflammation of both the brain and the meninges (encephalitis and meningitis).
West Nile poliomyelitis: This causes the arms and legs on one side of the body to suddenly become weak or paralyzed.
The person may not have any other symptoms of WNV infection.
Sometimes, the breathing muscles can become paralyzed, and the person becomes unable to breathe.
West Nile reversible paralysis: This also causes weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, but it almost always gets better.
Other complications
WNV can cause some other complications that do not affect the neurological system.
These complications are very uncommon.
Sudden hepatitis and liver damage
Rhabdomyolysis (muscle death)
Cardiac arrhythmia (when the heart does not beat normally)
Hemorrhagic fever with coagulopathy (a high fever with severe bleeding, which the body is unable to stop by clotting the blood).
The bleeding can kill a person.
Inflammation of the:
Heart muscle (myocarditis)
Pancreas (pancreatitis)
Testes (orchitis)
Kidneys (nephritis)
Optic nerve (optic neuritis)
At first, a medical professional usually makes a possible diagnosis of West Nile virus based on a person's symptoms, where they live, and when and where they have traveled.
The World Health Organization says that doctors should suspect West Nile virus if a patient:
Has a fever that started suddenly; and
Has neurological symptoms; and
Was recently bitten by mosquitoes.
Doing blood tests that look for the antibodies that the body makes to fight the West Nile virus (like Immunoglobulin M, or IgM)
Testing cerebrospinal fluid by doing a lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
There is no known treatment or cure for WNV.
There are no known anti-viral medications (medicines which kill viruses) which will kill the West Nile virus.
Doctors can only provide "supportive care," which means they can only treat the symptoms of WNV.
For example, they can give fluids through a needle placed into a vein if a person is very dehydrated; help the person breathe if needed; and give medications to prevent them from getting any other infections.
The West Nile virus stays alive in nature by getting spread back and forth between birds and mosquitoes.
Birds get WNV more often than any other living things.
When a mosquito bites a bird that has WNV, the mosquito gets the virus.
Then, if the mosquito bites a bird that does not have WNV, the mosquito can give that bird the virus.
In this way, birds and mosquitoes give the virus to each other and keep it alive.
Humans usually get West Nile virus by being bitten by mosquitoes who have gotten the virus from birds.
Humans can get the virus from many different species of mosquitoes.
Though this is not common, a person with West Nile virus can give another person the virus.
This can happen if:
Blood infected with WNV gets into a person's body
A person gets a blood transfusion or an organ transplant from someone with WNV
A woman with WNV is pregnant (she can give the virus to her fetus)
A woman with WNV breastfeeds her baby
In contrast to the 4 currently available West Nile Virus vaccines for horses, there is no human vaccine available to prevent West Nile virus infection.
Six vaccines have been trialled in humans with the most successful only proceeding to Phase II trials.
The best way for people to protect themselves against West Nile virus is to protect themselves against mosquitoes.
Using bug spray, especially the type that has DEET in it
Wearing long sleeves, long pants, socks, and hats
Using a mosquito net over the bed when sleeping
Putting bug spray on clothes, shoes, mosquito nets, bed sheets, and other things
Staying in places that are air-conditioned or have good window and door screens
Emptying out standing water (water that does not move) from things like buckets, gutters, and flowerpots (mosquitoes like to lay eggs in standing water)
Being extra careful between evening and morning, when the mosquitoes that spread West Nile virus are most active
Scientists can trap mosquitoes and birds, and test them for West Nile virus to see if the virus is spreading in a certain area.
If it is, they can do things like spray pesticides to kill mosquitoes.
West Nile Information for Seniors (Simple English)
West Nile Virus - U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) page
Nature news article on West Nile paralysis
Mosquito Bite Prevention (United States) (Simple English)
Recommendations for Protecting Outdoor Workers from West Nile Virus Exposure
Recommendations for Protecting Laboratory, Field, and Clinical Workers from West Nile Virus Exposure
West Nile Virus Resource Guide—National Pesticide Information Center
Vaccine Research Center (VRC) —Information about WNV vaccine research studies
Gene mutation turned West Nile virus into killer disease among crows
West Nile Virus Genomes  database search results from the  Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center
By 2070, 1 to 3 billion people could be living in extreme heat because of climate change.
In the Gregorian calendar, a century leap year is a year that is exactly divisible by 400.
Like all other leap years, these years have February 29.
If a year is divisible by 100 but not 400, it is a common year (not a leap year).
For example, the years 1600 and 2000 were century leap years; the century years 1700, 1800, 1900 were common years, so will 2100, 2200, and 2300, despite being divisible by 4.
The next century leap year will occur in the year 2400.
Century leap years always begin on a Saturday, and February 29 always falls on a Tuesday.
The Gregorian calendar more accurately tracks Earth's revolution around the Sun, more so than the older Julian calendar, in which every fourth year (including end-of-century years) is a leap year.
Because of this, the Julian calendar began to gradually drift with respect to the four seasons.
Each season has been occurring earlier and earlier over time.
Therefore when the Gregorian calendar was created in 1582, it eliminated this problem by specifying that end-of-century years are only leap years if divisible by 400.
Therefore, 1700 was the first end-of-century year that was not a leap year.
sv:Sekelskottår
The veneer is usually about 3 millimetres thick for each layer.
Interior layers of these boards are usually made from an inexpensive wood while the outer veneer layers are made from more expensive timber to give the board a nice wood grain appearance.
The glued layers are heated together to make the seal become better bonded.
A common reason for using plywood instead of plain wood is its resistance to cracking, shrinking and changing shape.
It is cheaper and stronger than most plain woods.
It is used to make a range of things from sheds, to cladding to cabinets.
It is graded on the quality, from class A to class D, A being the best quality and D being the worst quality.
Different kinds of plywood are made for different purposes.
Marine plywood, for example, is especially resistant to water.
There is a world-wide industry making plywood for structural purposes.
IKEA is well-known for using mostly plywood and chipboard in their indoor and outdoor furniture products.
A plastid is a self-reproducing organelle of plants and algae.
A plastome is the DNA genome of a plastid.p341 They are like tiny machines inside cells: each makes or stores important chemicals used by the plant.
Chloroplasts: photosynthesis; other plastids may have developed from chloroplasts.
Etioplasts are chloroplasts which have not been exposed to light.
Chromoplasts: pigment synthesis and storage.
Leucoplasts: colourless, make terpenes such as resin.
Sometimes they develop into more specialized types of plastid:
Amyloplasts: starch storage
Elaioplasts: fat storage.
Proteinoplasts: store & modify protein.
Statoliths: detect gravity.
Plastids in algae
Plastids in algae and hornworts  may differ from plant plastids.
In algae, the term "leucoplast" is used for all unpigmented plastids and their function differs from the leucoplasts of plants.
Glaucocystophytic algae contain muroplasts, which are similar to chloroplasts except that they have a cell wall, similar to that of prokaryotes.
Rhodophytic algae contain rhodoplasts, which are red chloroplasts which allow the algae to photosynthesise to a depth of up to 268 metres.
Genetics and evolution
Plastids are one of the many different types of organelles in the cell.
In endosymbiont theory, plastids originated as cyanobacteria.
This was first suggested by Mereschkowsky in 1905.
Schimper in 1883 had said chloroplasts closely resembled cyanobacteria.
Mitochondria also derive from symbiosis, but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protista.
The chloroplast is surrounded by a double-layered composite membrane with an intermembrane space; further, it has reticulations, or many infoldings, filling the inner spaces.
The chloroplast has its own DNA, which codes for redox proteins involved in electron transport in photosynthesis.
The Medical Renaissance is a period of progress in European medical knowledge.
It lasted from about 1400 to 1700 AD.
During this period, there was a new interest in the ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
Discoveries from the Medical Renaissance paved the way for modern medicine.
At the beginning of this period, around 1400, doctors did not understand anatomy and physiology.
They had a lot of ideas that sound strange to modern people.
Several things helped scientists make progress.
Starting in the 1450s, the printing press made it possible for medical books to be mass-produced.
This made it easy for medical knowledge to spread.
Scientists published books sharing knowledge about anatomy and physiology.
In 1543, Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica (“On the fabric of the human body”), a detailed anatomy book.
This was the first time in history that realistic diagrams of dissections were published.
By studying anatomy, physicians learnt the positions of bones, muscles, and organs.
Much later, in 1628, the Englishman William Harvey discovered that the heart pumps blood, which travels through the body in blood vessels, and returns back to the heart in the circulatory system.
Thus physicians began to understand the basic facts of anatomy and physiology.
During the Renaissance, the theory of the four humours (or four temperaments) was very important.
The ancient Greeks created this theory, and it influenced medical development until the 19th century.
According to this theory, the body is filled with four different humours (liquids): black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood.
When a person is healthy, these substances are in balance.
When there is an imbalance between the humours, the person will be sick.
The sickness can be cured by bringing the four humours back to balance.
The ancient Roman physician Galen had supported this theory, though he refined it in many ways.
He said that body temperature is based on the balance between the humors.
During the Medical Renaissance, several important physicians helped to prove this theory wrong.
The first was a Persian physician called Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī  (865-925; he was also called Rhazes).
In his book Doubts about Galen, he described doing an experiment to test Galen’s theory about what controls body temperature.
He inserted a liquid with a different temperature into the body.
This would result in an increase or decrease of bodily heat, which resembled the temperature of that particular fluid.
Rhazes noted that a warm drink would heat up the body to a degree much higher than its own natural temperature.
The drink would therefore trigger a response from the body, rather than transferring only its own warmth or coldness to it.
Later, Avenzoar (1091–1161) did an experimental dissection and autopsy to prove that the skin disease scabies was caused by a parasite.
This discovery upset the theory of humorism.
Removing the parasite from the patient's body did not require purging, bloodletting, or any other traditional treatments associated with the four humors.
Finally, in the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288) discovered both pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation.
This proved once and for all that the theory of the four humors was incorrect.
Medicine or myth?
Before the Medical Renaissance, there were only a few ways of studying the human body.
Early doctors did not understand how the body works, how to treat sickness, or how disease spreads.
In the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, people thought that "bad air" or "flying venom" caused illness.
For that reason, they covered their mouths or burned good-smelling leaves, but did not wash their hands after seeing a sick friend or family member.
When William Harvey suggested that the heart pumps blood, most people thought he was a quack (a fake or bad doctor).
At that time, most doctors focused on treating illness, not trying to find out how the body works.
In the 17th century, Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke developed the light microscope.
In 1676, using this microscope, Leeuwenhoek was the first person to see bacteria.
He called them "animalcules" and published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society.
The name bacterium was introduced much later, by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1838.
Some cures prescribed by early doctors were both ineffective and dangerous.
For instance, doctors would often attach leeches to sick patients.
They thought that leeches could cure sickness by sucking bad blood out of a patient's body.
In reality, taking blood from very sick patients just made them weaker.
Some died from this "treatment."
Other cures really worked, though.
To close large wounds, which modern doctors would stitch together, early doctors would use beetles that had pincers.
They would get a beetle to pinch together the edges of the wound, then cut off the beetle's head.
Early doctors also used spider webs to stop bleeding by making blood clot together.
Doctors are still studying other "cures" that were used in the Medical Renaissance to see if they can help today's medicine.
Renaissance Medicine
A mixotroph is an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon.
Usually this means that it may be either autotroph or heterotroph at different times in its life.
Also possible are alternations between photo- and chemotrophy, or between litho- and organotrophy.
Mixotrophs can be either eukaryotes or prokaryotes.
The reddish hermit (Phaethornis ruber) is a species of hummingbird.
It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and in the Guianas.
The reddish hermit is 7.5 cm in length, which makes it one of the smallest hermits.
Its natural habitats are forest and woodland, mostly humid.
The gray-tailed mountain-gem (Lampornis cinereicauda) is a species of hummingbird.
It lives in the mountains of southern Costa Rica from the Cordillera de Talamanca southward to the border with Panama.
Male gray-tailed mountain-gems have iridescent emerald green with a thouch of a bronzy brown mixed in.
It has a gray tail, a bright blue-green forehead and top of the head, and a bright white throat next to iridescent blue-green on the upper belly.
Both male and female have a straight, thin, black bill, a white stripe behind the eye, and blackish wings.
The female gray-tailed mountain-gem are colored quite different then the male.
They have an iridescent bronzy emerald green from the forehead, all the way to the tail, covering the whole backside.
Their whole front side is a tan-orange color, all the way from the chin, to the lower belly; and a white-tipped, green tail, completes the coloring of the female.
Birds of Central America
"Saturdays of Thunder" is the ninth episode of The Simpsons third season.
It first started on the Fox Network in the United States on November 14, 1991.
In this episode, Homer takes a fatherhood quiz and realizes that he knows nothing about Bart.
He tries to be a better father and learns that Bart is entering in a "Soap Box Derby."
Homer and Bart make a racer together, however it is not very good, and Bart decides to drive Martin's much nicer racer instead.
Homer is at first sad, but decides that he must be a good father and support Bart.
"Flaming Moe's" is the tenth episode of The Simpsons third season.
It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on November 21, 1991.
In this episode, Homer tells Moe Szyslak of a secret alcoholic cocktail that has cough syrup and fire that he calls "Flaming Homer".
Moe steals the recipe from Homer, and renames the drink the "Flaming Moe" and begins selling it at his tavern.
The drink is a success and boosts business, but Homer is angry at Moe for his greediness, and seeks revenge.
The rufous-crested coquette (Lophornis delattrei) is a species of hummingbird.
It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru.
It lives in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
The black metaltail (Metallura phoebe) is a species of hummingbird.
It can be found in Bolivia and Peru.
It lives in subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
BirdLife International 2004.
Metallura phoebe.
Downloaded on 10 July 2007.
A Jonagold is a kind of apple, a cross between a Golden Delicious and a Jonathan.
They form a large sweet fruit with thin skin.
When humans first learned how to control fire, it was an important step in their culture.
It allowed humans to cook food and get warmth and protection.
Making fire also allowed activity into the dark, and gave some protection from predators and insects.
The cooking of food was probably the most useful effect of fire.
There are foods like nuts and fruits which do not need cooking, but others, such as root vegetables, mostly need cooking.
It is not known for sure when fire was first controlled by humans.
Evidence for the use of fire by Homo erectus by about 400,000 years ago has wide scholarly support.
Claims for the  earliest definitive evidence of control of fire by a member of Homo range from 0.2 to 1.7 million years ago (mya).
The earliest evidence of humans using fire comes from many archaeological sites in East Africa, like Chesowanja near Lake Baringo, Koobi Fora, and Olorgesailie in Kenya.
The evidence at Chesowanja is the discovery of red clay shards that scientists estimate are 1.42 million years old.
Scientists reheated some of the shards at the site, and found that the clay must have been heated to 400 °C to harden.
At Koobi Fora, there are archaeological sites with evidence of control of fire by Homo erectus 1.5 million years ago, with the reddening of sediment that can only come from heating at 200—400 °C.
There is a hearth-like depression at a site in Olorgesailie, Kenya.
Some very tiny charcoal was found, but it could have come from a natural brush fire.
In Gadeb, Ethiopia, fragments of welded tuff that seemed to have been burned were found in Locality 8E, but re-firing of the rocks may have happened because of volcanoes erupting nearby.
These have been found among  Herculean artifacts made by H. erectus.
In the Middle Awash River Valley, cone-shaped depressions of reddish clay were found that could be made by temperatures of 200 °C.
These features are thought to be burned tree stumps such that they would have fire away from their habitation site.
There are also burnt stones in the "Awash Valley", but volcanic welded tuff is also in the area.
The earliest certain evidence of human control of fire was found at Swartkrans, South Africa.
Many burnt bones were found among Acheulean tools, bone tools, and bones with cut marks that were made by hominids.
This site also shows some of the earliest evidence of H. erectus eating meat.
The Cave of Hearths in South Africa has burned deposits dated from 0.2 to 0.7 mya, as do many other places such as Montagu Cave (0.058 to 0.2 mya and at the Klasies River Mouth (0.12 to 0.13 mya.
The most powerful evidence comes from Kalambo Falls in Zambia where many things related to the use of fire by humans had been found, like charred wood, charcoal, reddened areas, carbonized grass stems and plants, and wooden implements which may have been hardened by fire.
The place was dated through radiocarbon dating to be at 61,000 BP and 110,000 BP through amino acid racemization.
Fire was used to heat silcrete stones to increase their works before they were knapped into tools by Stillbay culture.
This clue shows this not only with Stillbay sites that date back to 72,000 BP but sites that could be as old as 164,000 BP.
Changes to behavior
An important change in the behavior of humans happened because of their control of fire and the light that came from the fire.
Activity was no longer restricted to the daylight hours.
Some mammals and biting insects avoid fire and smoke.
Fire also led to better nutrition through cooked proteins.
Richard Wrangham of Harvard University argues that cooking of plant foods may have caused the brain to get bigger, because it made complex carbohydrates in starchy foods easier to digest.
This allowed humans to absorb more calories from their food.
Changes to diet
Stahl thought that because some parts of plants, like raw cellulose and starch are hard to digest in uncooked form, they would likely not be a part of the hominid diet before fire could be controlled.
These parts include stems, mature leaves, enlarged roots, and tubers.
Instead, the diet was made up of the parts of the plants that were made of simpler sugars and carbohydrates such as seeds, flowers, and fleshy fruits.
Another problem was that some seeds and carbohydrate sources are poisonous.
Cyanogenic glycosides, which are in linseed, cassava, and manioc, amongst others, are made non-poisonous through cooking.
The teeth of H. erectus and the wear on the teeth reflect the consumption of foods such as tough meats and crisp root vegetables.
The cooking of meat, as can be seen from burned and blackened mammal bones, makes the meats easier to eat.
It is also easier to get the nutrition from proteins because the meat itself is easier to digest.
The amount of energy needed to digest cooked meat is less than that needed for raw meat, and cooking gelatinizes collagen and other connective tissues as well, it "opens up tightly woven carbohydrate molecules for easier absorption."
Cooking also kills parasites and food poisoning bacteria.
A shiny or polished surface
Lip gloss, a cosmetic
A commentary written on a manuscript work which helps the reader to understand it.
By extension, any written or spoken comments which throw light on a printed work.
South Shields is a borough constituency that is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
Currently, this constituency contains the areas of South Shields in South Tyneside in Tyne and wear.
Changes to the boundary that are to be in place for the next election will bring Whitburn into the constituency from neighbouring Jarrow.
Constituencies in the United Kingdom
"Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk" is the eleventh episode of The Simpsons third season.
The name is in a grammatically incorrect form; it should be called "Burns verkauft das Kraftwerk".
The episode first started on December 5, 1991.
In this episode, Mr. Burns, who is sad because he wishes to pursue many interests, decides to sell the power plant to two German investors for "100 million dollars."
Homer's incompetence quickly gets him fired by the Germans.
Meanwhile, Mr. Burns has lost all his respectability because he can no longer control anyone.
As a result, he decides to buy back the plant.
Because the power plant has been so costly to maintain, the Germans decide to sell the power plant back to Burns for 50 million dollars.
Determined to keep his enemies close at hand, Burns rehires Homer, and all is back to normal.
In mathematics, an interval is a group of numbers that includes all numbers between the beginning and the end.
Numbers that are larger than the beginning number and smaller than the end number are inside the interval, and numbers that are smaller than the beginning number or larger than the end number are not in the interval.
The beginning number and end number may or may not be inside the interval.
An example of an interval might be from 3.3 to 15.
Here, numbers such as 4, 8, 9.5, 14, and even 14.999 are inside this interval.
Numbers such as -4, 2, 3.2, 20, and 15.000001 are not inside this interval.
To write an interval, write either a square bracket ( [ ) or a parenthesis ( ( ), the beginning number, a comma ( , ), the end number, and either a closing square bracket ( ] ) or a closing parenthesis ( ) ).
Examples of intervals are (4, 9.6), [-100, 100], [-30, -4).
Different kinds of intervals
Intervals can be separated by how they act at their ends.
Intervals can be closed, open, or mixed.
Closed Intervals
An interval that is closed also includes the beginning and the end, and generally takes the form of .
A closed interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5.4 as the end would include 3, 5.4, and every number between 3 and 5.4.
To write a closed interval, use square brackets ( [ and ] ).
An example of an closed interval is [136, 450].
Open Intervals
An interval that is open does not include the beginning or the end, and generally takes the form of .
An open interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5 as the end would include every number between 3 and 5, but it would not include 3 or 5.
To write an open interval, use parentheses ( ( and ) ).
An example of an open interval is (2, 5).
Mixed Intervals
A mixed interval is open at one end and closed at the other end, and generally takes the form of  (right-open interval) or  (left-open interval).
This means that the interval may include the beginning but not the end, or it may include the end but not the beginning.
For example, the interval [9, 23) would include 9, but it would not include 23.
The Actinobacteria are a group of gram-positive bacteria.
Most are found in the soil.
They include some of the most common soil life, playing important roles in decomposition and humus formation.
Some, like Streptomyces, were originally classified as fungi, because they form branching filaments like hyphae.
All Actinobacteria are aerobic.
A few forms are pathogens, such as Mycobacterium.
Some are thermophilic.
Camillo Golgi (18431926), Italian anatomist and neurologist
Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic organelle, named after Camillo Golgi
Golgi method or Golgi stain: a way of staining nerve cells
Golgi (crater), a crater on the moon, commemorating Camillo Golgi
The African dormouse, Graphiurus,  is a genus of dormouse that lives throughout sub-Saharan Africa in different habitats.
They are good at climbing.
They have bushy tails.
They eat invertebrates and small vertebrates.
Graphiurus angolensis - Angolan African dormouse
Graphiurus christyi - Christy's dormouse
Graphiurus crassicaudatus - Jentink's dormouse
Graphiurus johnstoni - Jouhnston's African dormouse
Graphiurus kelleni - Kellen's dormouse
Graphiurus lorraineus - Lorrain dormouse
Graphiurus microtis - Small-eared dormouse
Graphiurus monardi - Monard's dormouse
Graphiurus murinus - Woodland dormouse
Graphiurus nagtglasii - Nagtglas's African dormouse
Graphiurus ocularis - Spectacled dormouse
Graphiurus platyops - Rock dormouse
Graphiurus rupicola - Stone dormouse
Graphiurus surdus - Silent dormouse
Graphiurus walterverheyeni
The Angolan African dormouse (Graphiurus angolensis) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It is endemic to (lives only in) Angola.
Coetzee, N., Griffin, M. & Grubb, P. 2004.
Graphiurus angolensis.
Christy's dormouse (Graphiurus christyi) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It is found in Cameroon and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2008.
Graphiurus christyi .
Downloaded on 18 August 2009.
The Linnean Society of London is the world's biggest society for the study and discussion of taxonomy and natural history.
It publishes a Zoological Journal, as well as Botanical and Biological Journals.
It also prints The Linnean, a review of the history of the society and of taxonomy.
The Linnean Society was started in 1788.
It was named after the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus.
The Society is based at Burlington House in Piccadilly, London.
Members can be a Student member, an Associate member or a full Fellow.
To become a member, a person needs to be nominated by two or more Fellows, and succeed in an election.
Fellows of the society can use the letters FLS after their names to show their membership of the Society (for example, John Smith FLS).
Medals and prizes
The Linnean Society of London wants to promote the study of all areas of the biological sciences.
They especially want to promote the study of evolution, taxonomy, biodiversity and sustainability.
The Society awards medals and grants to help with this.
The Linnean Medal was started in 1888.
It was awarded (until 1958) to a botanist one year and to a zoologist the next year.
Since 1958 it has been awarded to one of each in the same year.
The H. H. Bloomer Award was started in 1963.
The money comes from a legacy from the amateur naturalist Harry Howard Bloomer.
It is awarded to an amateur naturalist who has made an important contribution to biology.
The Bicentenary Award was started in 1978, on the 200th anniversary of the death of Linnaeus.
It is given to someone who has done important work and who is under the age of 40 years.
The Jill Smythies Award was started in 1986.
It is awarded for botanical illustrations.
The Irene Manton Prize was started in 1990.
It is awarded for the best dissertation in botany during an academic year.
The Darwin-Wallace Medal is awarded for very important advances in evolutionary biology.
Linnaeus' botanical and zoological collections were bought in 1783 by Sir James Edward Smith, the first President of the society.
They are held in London by the Society.
The collections include 14,000 plants, 158 fish, 1,564 shells, 3,198 insects, 1,600 books and 3,000 letters and documents.
If you want to see them, you need to make an appointment.
James Smith's own plant collection is also kept by the Society.
It has been put into a database by the Smith Herbarium Project at the National Museums Liverpool.
6,000 plants have been cleaned and repaired.
Linnean Societies worldwide
Linnean Society of New South Wales
Société linnéenne du Québec
La Société Linnéenne de la Seine maritime
Société linnéenne de Lyon
Société linnéenne de Provence
Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux
Société Linnéenne de Normandie
The Swedish Linnaeus Society
The Linnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of Lake Superior, Inc.
The Linnaean Society of New York
Works related to  at the English Wikisource
Medals and prizes of the Linnean Society
Linnean Societies Worldwide
Captain John Guy Dollman BA, FLS (1886-1942) (who was known as Guy Dollman) was a British zoologist and taxonomist.
Dollman's Tree Mouse and Dollman's Vlei Rat are named after him.
Guy Dollman was the eldest son of the artist John Charles Dollman.
He was born on 4 September 1886 and went to St Paul's School.
He later went to St John's College Cambridge.
In February 1907, when he was still a student, he was employed by the Department of Zoology at the British Museum (Natural History).
He spent most of his working life there as Assistant Keeper of Mammals.
In 1912, on an expedition to Vietnam, he discovered and named the Tonkin Snub-nosed Langur.
He joined the British Army in 1915, and obtained a commission in the 19th London Regiment.
He was injured in a bomb accident so he did not fight in the First World War.
In 1919, he returned to the museum.
He was an adviser to the British group at the 1933 International Conference for the Preservation of the Flora and Fauna of Africa.
This was the most important meeting about protecting nature before the Second World War.
Dollman helped to decide which animal species needed protecting.
He travelled and wrote a lot with Walter Rothschild.
Some of their writing included New mammals from Dutch New Guinea (which was published in 1932) and a book about tree kangaroos which was called The Genus Dendrolagus (which was published in 1936).
He was also a very good artist, showing pictures at the Royal Academy.
He also drew pictures for his own scientific writings.
Binomial authority
In 1912, Dollman classified Elephantulus rufescens dundasi, a subspecies of the Rufous Elephant Shrew;
In 1912, Dollman classified Rhynchocyon petersi adersi, a subspecies of the Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew;
In 1915, Dollman classified Crocidura olivieri zuleika, a subspecies of the African Giant Shrew;
In 1932, Rothschild and Dollman also classified Phascolosorex dorsalis brevicaudata, a subspecies of the Narrow-striped Marsupial Shrew.
Articles and Books written by Dollman
A History of British Mammals; Gerald Edwin Hamilton Barrett-Hamilton, Guy Dollman, Martin Alister Campbell Hinton, and Edward Adrian Wilson (1910) ASIN: B0014IP87W
A new Elephant Shrew from Zanzibar; The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8th Series, Vol.
X, (1912)
On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus Crocidura; The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8th series (1915 & 1916).
Catalogue of the Selous Collection of Big Game in the British Museum (Natural History); Longmans, Green and Co., (1921) available online
Guide to the Specimens of the Horse Family (Equidæ) Exhibited in the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History), 2nd ed.;
Lydekker, Richard & Dollman, Guy; published by order of the Trustees (1922)
Records of Big Game: With Their Distribution, Characteristics, Dimensions, Weights, and Horn & Tusk Measurements by Rowland Ward, John Guy Dollman, J. B. Burlace; Rowland Ward Ltd, (1922)
Horn Measurements and Weights of the Great Game of the World, &c. by Rowland Ward, J B Burlace, John Guy Dollman (1922)
The Game Animals of India, Burma, Malaya, and Tibet 2nd ed.
by Richard Lydekker, revised by John Guy Dollman; published by Ward, (1924)
The Game Animals of Africa by Richard Lydekker, John Guy Dollman published by R. Ward, (1926) 2nd ed. (
revised by Dollman), London
A new race of Arabian Gazelle.
London (1927)
Game animals of the Empire (1932) ASIN: B001855K8S
Mammals collected by Lord Cranbrook and Captain F. Kingdon Ward in Upper Burma.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London (1932)
New mammals from Dutch New Guinea.
Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 353,13-16; Rothschild, Lord Walter & Dollman, G. (1932).
On mammals collected in Dutch New Guinea by Mr. F. Shaw Mayer in 1930.
Rothschild, Lord Walter & Dollman, G. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1932), 211-219. (
Rowland Ward's Records of Big Game edited by J. B. Burlace, Guy Dollman; published by Rowland Ward, 10th ed. (
1935) ASIN: B000Q61X36
The Genus Dendrolagus (Tree Kangaroos); Rothschild, Walter and Dollman, Guy, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 21, 477-551 (1936).
African Antelopes; Supplement to the Journal of the Royal African Society Vol.
XXXV, No.
CXLI; Macmillan and co, (1936) ASIN: B000WXIB38
The Basenji Dog.
36(CXLII): 148-149 (1937)
Obituary, the Times, 24 March 1942
Jentink's dormouse (Graphiurus crassicaudatus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It is found in Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Togo.
It is also sometimes found in Benin, Equatorial Guinea and Sierra Leone.
Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2004.
Graphiurus crassicaudatus .
The Johnston's African dormouse (Graphiurus johnstoni) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It is found in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Its natural habitat is moist savanna.
Schlitter, D. 2004.
Graphiurus johnstoni.
Kellen's dormouse (Graphiurus kelleni) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It is found in Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Schlitter, D. & Grubb, P. 2008.
Graphiurus kelleni .
2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
The Lorrain Dormouse (Graphiurus lorraineus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist savanna, and plantations .
Graphiurus lorraineus.
Monard's dormouse (Graphiurus monardi) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and possibly Zambia.
Graphiurus monardi.
The woodland dormouse (Graphiurus murinus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It is endemic to (lives only in) South Africa.
It is also known as the African dwarf dormouse, the African pygmy dormouse or the Micro squirrel.
They are sometimes kept as pets, but they are harder to look after than other pet rodents.
Baxter, R. 2004.
Graphiurus murinus .
819–841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference.
Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1784 – 4 June 1838) was a French zoologist and author.
He was the son of Nicolas Desmarest.
Desmarest published Histoire Naturelle des Tangaras, des Manakins et des Todiers (1805), Considérations générales sur la classe des crustacés (1825), Mammalogie ou description des espèces des Mammifères.
Paris: Veuve Agasse(1820), and Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles (1816–30, with André Marie Constant Duméril).
His son Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest (1816–1889) was also a zoologist.
Desmarest was born at Soulaines in the department of Aube in France.
He was educated at the college of the Oratorians of Troyes and Paris.
While doing this, he earned money by teaching, to pay for his education.
Buffon's Theory of the Earth interested him, and in 1753 he won a prize by writing an essay on the ancient connection between England and France.
A lot of people were interested in this.
He was given job studying and reporting on manufacturing in different countries.
In 1788 he became inspector-general of the industries of France.
Demarest travelled around on foot to learn more about the Earth's structure.
In 1763 he noticed that the basalt rocks in Auvergne were old lava streams.
He noticed that they were similar to the columns of the Giant's Causeway in Ireland.
He knew that they were evidence of the operations of old volcanoes which were no longer active.
In 1774 he published an essay on the subject (with a geological map) after visiting the area a few times.