the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryote cells is usually called "transfection".
Transformation was first demonstrated in 1928 by British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith.
Griffith discovered that a harmless strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae could be made virulent after being exposed to heat-killed virulent strains.
Griffith thought some "transforming principle" from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent.
In 1944 this transforming principle was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty.
They isolated DNA from a virulent strain of S. pneumoniae and using just this DNA were able to make a harmless strain virulent.
They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria 'transformation'.
See Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment.
The results of these experiments were at first sceptically received by the scientific community.
Not until the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer (conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953) by Joshua Lederberg were Avery's experiments accepted.
Transformation did not become routine procedure in laboratories until 1972 when Cohen successfully transformed Escherichia coli by treating the bacteria with calcium chloride.
This created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria and opened the way for biotechnology and research.
In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmid called the Ti plasmid.
By removing the genes in the plasmid which caused the tumour and adding in new genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants.
Not all plant cells are susceptible to infection by A. tumefaciens, so other methods were developed including electroporation and micro-injection.
Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System (gene gun) by John Sanford in 1990.
Charles Ranhofer (November 7, 1836, Saint-Denis, France — October 9, 1899, New York) was the  chef at the famous Delmonico's Restaurant in New York from 1862 to 1876 and 1879 to 1896.
Ranhofer wrote The Epicurean, (1894), a cookbook of over 1,000 pages, similar in scope to Escoffier's Le Guide Culinaire.
Ranhofer was sent to Paris at the age of 12 to begin his training by studying pastry-making, and at 16 became the private chef for the prince d'Hénin, comte d'Alsace.
In 1856 he moved to New York to become the chef for the Russian consul, and later worked in Washington, D.C. and New Orleans.
He returned to France in 1860 for a short time, where he arranged balls for the court of Napoleon III at the Tuileries Palace, but then came back to New York to work at what was then a fashionable location, Maison Dorée.
In 1862, Lorenzo Delmonico hired him for Delmonico's Restaurant, and it was there that Ranhofer made his real fame, though others say that he made the fame of the restaurant as well.
At that time, Delmonico's was considered the finest restaurant in the United States.
He was the chef at Delmonico's until his retirement in 1896, except for a short break from 1876 and 1879 when he owned the "Hotel American" at Enghien-les-Bains.
Ranhofer invented or made famous a number of dishes that Delmonico's was known for, such as Lobster Newberg, and had a talent for naming dishes after famous or prominent people—particularly those who dined at Delmonico's--as well as his friends, and events of the day.
"Lobster Duke Alexis," named for then Grand-Duke Alexis in 1871.
"Sarah potatoes," named for Sarah Bernhardt.
"Lobster Paul Bert," named for Paul Bert.
"Chicken filets Sadi Carnot," named for Marie François Sadi Carnot.
"Peach pudding à la Cleveland," named for President Grover Cleveland.
"Veal pie à la Dickens" and " Beet fritters à la Dickens," named for Charles Dickens in honor of his 1867 visit to New York.
"Salad à la Dumas," named in honor of Alexandre Dumas, père.
"Lobster Newberg", named in honor of sea captain Ben Wenberg then renamed when Wenberg had a falling-out with the restaurant.
"Marshal Ney", a dessert named in honor of Marshal Ney.
Many others may be found under "List of foods named after people."
Ranhofer and his wife Rose had five children: three sons and two daughters.
He died at home of Bright's Disease in 1899.
He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery.
"Epicurean; Our own Escoffier; One of the 19th century's greatest chefs was American," by Russ Parsons.
Los Angeles Times, December 15, 1999, Food Section, Part H, page 1.
Charles Ranhofer:  Delmonico's chef de cuisine, by Joe O'Connell.
"Obituary: Charles Ranhofer Dead," New York Times, October 11, 1899, page 7.
New York Times, October 3, 1925, page 15.
Rose Ranhofer obituary identifying her as Charles Ranhofer's widow.
The Epicurean by Ranhofer.
Feeding America: Historic American Cookbook Project (Michigan State University Library).
Kamp, David The United States of Arugula, New York: Broadway Books, 2006.
Malibu () is a beach city in western Los Angeles County, California, situated about  west of Downtown Los Angeles.
Known for its Mediterranean climate, a  strip of the Malibu coast incorporated in 1991 into the City of Malibu.
The area is known for being the home of Hollywood movie stars, people in the entertainment industry, and other affluent residents.
Most Malibu residents live within a few hundred yards of Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1), which traverses the city, with some residents living up to a mile (1.6 km) away from the beach up narrow canyons.
As of the 2010 census, the city population was 12,645.
Joshua Lederberg (May 23, 1925 – February 2, 2008) was an American geneticist.
He was known for his work on bacterial transduction, artificial intelligence, and space exploration.
He was just 33 years old when he won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that bacteria can mate and exchange genes.
He shared the prize with Edward Tatum and George Beadle who won for their work on the genetics of the fungus Neurospora.
In addition to his contributions to biology, Lederberg did extensive research in artificial intelligence.
This included work in the NASA experimental programs seeking life on Mars and the chemistry expert system Dendral.
Bacterial genetics
In 1946 and 1947, Lederberg took a leave of absence to study under Edward Tatum at Yale University.
Lederberg and Tatum showed that the bacterium Escherichia coli entered a sexual phase during which it could share genetic information through bacterial conjugation.
With this discovery and some mapping of the E. coli chromosome, Lederberg got his PhD. from Yale University in 1947.
Lederberg and his graduate student Norton Zinder went on to show in 1952 that bacteriophages could transfer genetic information between bacteria in Salmonella.
This process, called transduction, explained how bacteria of different species could gain resistance to the same antibiotic quickly.
This was followed in 1952 by papers written by Zinder and Lederberg dealing with bacteriophage lambda.
Post Nobel Prize research
In 1958, Joshua Lederberg received the Nobel Prize and moved to Stanford University where he was the founder and chairman of the Department of Genetics.
With the launching of Sputnik in 1957, Lederberg became concerned about the biological impact of space exploration.
In a letter to the National Academies of Sciences, he outlined his concerns that extraterrestrial microbes might gain entry to Earth onboard spacecraft, causing catastrophic diseases.
He also argued that, conversely, microbial contamination of manmade satellites and probes may obscure the search for extraterrestrial life.
He advised quarantine for returning astronauts and equipment and sterilization of equipment before launching.
Teaming up with Carl Sagan, his public advocacy for what he termed exobiology helped expand the role of biology in NASA.
In the 1960s, he collaborated with Edward Feigenbaum in Stanford's computer science department to develop DENDRAL.
Throughout his career, Lederberg was active as a scientific advisor to the U.S. government.
Starting in 1950, he has been a member of various panels of the Presidential Science Advisory Committee.
In 1979, he became a member of the U.S. Defense Science Board and the chairman of President Jimmy Carter's President's Cancer Panel.
In 1989, he received National Medal of Science for his contributions to the scientific world.
In 1994, he headed the Department of Defense's Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects, which investigated Gulf War Syndrome.
Spirochaetes (or Spirochetes) are the phylum Spirochaetae.
These are double-membrane bacteria with long, helically coiled (spiral-shaped) cells.
Spirochaetes are bacteria.
They have flagella, which run lengthwise between the cell wall and outer membrane.
The flagella cause a twisting motion which moves the spirochaete about.
The spirochaetes are divided into three families (Brachyspiraceae, Leptospiraceae, and Spirochaetaceae).
They are all put in a single order, the Spirochaetales.
Disease-causing members of this phylum include:
Leptospira species, some of which which cause leptospirosis
Borrelia species, some of which cause Lyme disease
Borrelia recurrentis, which causes relapsing fever.
Treponema pallidum subspecies which cause syphilis and yaws.
Brachyspira'' species, which cause intestinal spirochaetosis.
Introduction to the Spirochetes.
UCMP.
This was the culmination of research in the 1930s and early 1940s at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research to purify and characterize the "transforming principle" responsible for the phenomenon first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928.
In this early experiment dead Streptococcus pneumoniae of the virulent strain type III-S, when injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci, resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci.
At that time it was thought protein might be the hereditary material.
In their paper in 1944, Avery and his colleagues suggest that DNA, rather than protein was the hereditary material of bacteria, and could be analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.
This was an epoch-making experiment, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize.
The Nobel laureate Arne Tiselius said that Avery was the most deserving scientist not to receive the Nobel Prize for his work.
Alton is a city in Osborne County, Kansas, United States.
There were 103 people living in Alton in the 2010 census.
Alton was previously known as "Bull City".
Cities in Osborne County, Kansas
Lebanon is a city in Smith County, Kansas, United States, in the north central part of the state.
The population was 303 at the 2000 census.
Cities in Smith County, Kansas
1876 establishments in Kansas
Sprint Nextel Corporation () was a telecommunications company based in Overland Park, Kansas.
It operated under the name Sprint, and was once the fourth largest wireless telecommunications network in the United States behind Verizon, AT&T and T-Mobile, with 56.3 million customers, behind Verizon Wireless and AT&T Mobility.
On April 1, 2020, T-Mobile and Sprint merged, with T-Mobile now being the whole owner of Sprint, making Sprint an effective subsidiary of T-Mobile until the Sprint brand was officially phased out.
Leadership, background, and stock changes happened immediately, with customer side changes happening over time.
Sprint was officially discontinued on August 2, 2020.
Billing was already showing the T-Mobile brand, and on this date all retail, customer service, and all other company branding was replaced by T-Mobile.
New rate plans were also introduced as well for all new and existing customers from both companies, though they will all will remain with their current plan if they choose not to switch to a new T-Mobile plan for at least 3 years.
American electronics companies
Companies based in Kansas
Montgomery County (county code MG) is a county found in the U.S. state of Kansas.
As of the 2010 census, 35,471 people lived there.
Its county seat is Independence, and its most populous city is Coffeyville.
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of .
Of that  is land and  (1.2%) is water.
The lowest point in the state of Kansas is on the Verdigris River in Cherokee Township in Montgomery County (just southeast of Coffeyville), where it flows out of Kansas and into Oklahoma.
Western portions of the county contain parts of the northern Cross Timbers eco-region, which separates the forested eastern portion of the United States with the Plains.
Wilson County (north)
Neosho County (northeast)
Labette County (east)
Nowata County, Oklahoma (southeast)
Washington County, Oklahoma (south)
Chautauqua County (west)
Elk County (northwest)
Unified school districts
Caney Valley USD 436
Cherryvale USD 447
Coffeyville USD 445
Independence USD 446
Coffeyville Community College
Cherryvale
Coffeyville
Dearing
Tyro
Avian
Videtta Spur
Le Hunt
Montgomery County is divided into twelve townships.
The cities of Caney, Cherryvale, Coffeyville, and Independence are considered governmentally independent and are excluded from the census figures for the townships.
In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.
History of Montgomery County, Kansas; Lew Wallace Duncan; Press of Iola Register; 852 pages; 1903.
Atlas and Plat Book of Montgomery County, Kansas; Kenyon Co; 36 pages; 1916.
Historical Atlas of Montgomery County, Kansas; John P. Edwards; 34 pages; 1881.
Montgomery County - Directory of Public Officials
Montgomery County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
1867 establishments in Kansas
Rajon Pierre Rondo (born February 22, 1986 in Louisville, Kentucky) is an American basketball player who currently plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA as a point guard.
Rondo won an NBA Championpship with the Boston Celtics in 2008.
Rondo was selected with the 21st overall pick in the first round of the 2006 NBA Draft by the Phoenix Suns.
Rondo played college basketball for the University of Kentucky.
Rajon Rondo's NBA profile page
Bette Midler (born 1 December 1945) is an American actress, singer and comedian.
She starred in movies such as Ruthless People, Beaches and Hocus Pocus.
Midler has won many awards in the entertainment industry.
Midler released her first album, The Divine Miss M, in December 1972.
Midler won the 1973 Grammy Award for Best New Artist because of it.
In 1979 Midler appeared in her first film, The Rose as the main character.
In 1998 she played Cecilia Bloom in Beaches.
The film's soundtrack featured a cover version of "Wind Beneath My Wings" sung by Midler.
In 2000 she had her own sitcom called Bette.
It ended after one season.
Comedians from Hawaii
Subway is a corporation that operates a large chain of fast food restaurants.
These restaurants mainly sell Submarine sandwiches, but also pizzas and salads.
The name "Subway" comes from the New York City Subway, a public transport system in New York City, and many restaurants are decorated with historic photographs and maps of the subway system.
The first Subway outside of North America opened in Bahrain, in December 1984.
Today, there are more than 44,000 Subway locations in 112 countries across the world, making it the world's largest fast food restaurant chain by number of stores.
It has more stores than McDonald's, but McDonald's earns more revenue than Subway.
Since 2007, Subway has consistently ranked in Entrepreneur Magazines' top 500 franchise list.
It also ranked 2nd on the "Fastest Growing Franchise" lists.
In March 2011, Subway was named "the most loved fast food chain in the US" by Amplicate.com.
Subway's main product is a type of sandwich called a submarine sandwich or "sub".
Each sub is made from a combination of baguette, meat, cheese and vegetables.
Subway has different menu items for different countries.
However, there are some common products that are sold in most countries.
Italian BMT (Stands for "Biggest, Meatiest, Tastiest" though it stood for "Brooklyn Manhattan Transit" at first.)
Steak & Cheese
Meatball Marinara
Chicken Teriyaki
Subway Club
Chicken & Bacon Ranch
Roasted Chicken
Veggie Delite
Subway formerly had 23 kosher restaurants in Israel.
All were closed by 2004.
In the United States, there used to be 12 locations with kosher food.
As of 2011 only 5 were open.
Subway opened its first restaurant in India in 2001 in New Delhi.
Subway restaurants in India do not serve beef and pork products in deference to Hindu and Muslim beliefs respectively.
Subway opened its first all-vegetarian outlet on the campus of Lovely Professional University (LPU) in Jalandhar, Punjab.
In 2009, Zagat Survey Says "Top Overall", Behind Wendy's.
Subway restaurant locations map
tellsubway
Brandon Louis Bochenski (born April 4, 1982) is a Kazakhstani-American former professional ice hockey player.
He was picked by the Ottawa Senators with the 223rd overall pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft.
He played in the NHL for many teams including the Ottawa Senators from 2004-2006, Chicago Blackhawks from 2005-2007, Boston Bruins from 2006-2008, Anaheim Ducks in 2007, Nashville Predators in 2007 and the Tampa Bay Lightning from 2008-2010 before leaving North America to sign a one-year contract with the Kontinental Hockey League's, Barys Astana.
Elimination Chamber is a professional wrestling match held by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
One or two matches have taken place each year at the pay-per-view (PPV) event, also called Elimination Chamber (or No Escape in Germany), since 2010.
WWE released a DVD with the title Satan's Prison: The Anthology of the Elimination Chamber (Iron Will in Europe), which included every Elimination Chamber match up until Elimination Chamber 2010, in July of 2010.
The DVD is very edited mostly because of Chris Benoit.
Elimination Chamber description at WWE.com
de:Wrestling-Matcharten#Elimination Chamber
it:Tipi di match di wrestling#Elimination Chamber Match
Dixie Virginia Carter (May 25, 1939, McLemoresville, Tennessee – April 10, 2010, Houston, Texas), was an American movie, television and stage actress.
She was best known for playing Julia Sugarbaker in the television series Designing Women (1986-1993).
She competed in Miss Tennessee pageants in 1959.
Carter was born in McLemoresville, Tennessee, and spent many of her early years in Memphis.
She attended college at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and Southwestern at Memphis (now Rhodes College).
She was a graduate of Memphis State with a degree in English.
She divorced Arthur Carter in 1977, and married Broadway and TV actor George Hearn the same year.
Two years later, in 1979, she divorced Hearn.
She married for the third time on May 27, 1984, to Hal Holbrook (14 years her senior), who is most noted for his appearances as Mark Twain.
Carter renovated her old family home in McLemoresville with the designs of architect Hoyte Johnson of Atlanta.
Carter died on April 10, 2010, in Houston, Texas.
Her death was announced by her husband, actor Hal Holbrook, who stated the cause as complications from endometrial cancer which was diagnosed earlier in 2010.
In addition to Holbrook, she is survived by her daughters from her first marriage: Ginna Carter (of Los Angeles) and Mary Dixie Carter (of Brooklyn) as well as a sister, Melba Helen Heath (of San Anselmo, California) and several nephews and nieces.
In addition to family, her funeral, held on April 15, 2010, was attended by Designing Women co-stars Delta Burke, Annie Potts and Jean Smart.
Dixie Carter was interred in her hometown, McLemoresville, Tennessee.
The Bouvier des Flandres is a breed of dog that originated in Flanders.
They are now known to be guard dogs, police dogs and pets.
They were originally known for cattle droving, sheep herding, and cart pulling.
Their name means "Cow Herder of Flanders" in English.
Forsberg was known for his on-ice vision and physical play when he was on the ice.
Forsberg won the Stanley Cup in 1996 and again in 2001 while part of the Colorado Avalanche.
Forsberg played his NHL career while apart of 4 teams and had a career that spanned over 15 NHL seasons.
Forsberg also played in the Swedish Elite League for the Modo Hockey.
Forsberg announced that he would make a return to the NHL on January 21, 2011 but later retired after only 2 road games.
Marie François Sadi Carnot (; 11 August 1837 – 25 June 1894) was a French statesman, the fourth president of the Third French Republic.
He served as the President of France from 1887 until he was murdered by Sante Geronimo Caserio in 1894.
Carnot had a reputation for honesty, this made him a popular candidate to succeed Jules Grévy who had resigned following a scandal.
He was elected by 616 votes out of 827.
He assumed office at a critical period, when the republic was all but openly attacked by .
Carnot's popularity helped to force General Boulanger into exile.
Boulanger was a conservative and a supporter of the monarchy, and it was feared he would try to overthrow the Republic.
Carnot was near his most popular, when, on 24 June 1894, he attended a public banquet in Lyon.
Afterwards he was stabbed by an Italian anarchist named Sante Geronimo Caserio and died shortly after midnight on 25 June.
The stabbing aroused widespread horror and grief, and the president was honoured with an elaborate funeral ceremony in the Panthéon.
Carnot's Gravesite
Carnot biography
The family Phylliidae (often misspelt 'Phyllidae') includes the living true leaf insects or walking leaves, which include some of the most remarkable leaf mimics in the entire animal kingdom.
They occur from South Asia through Southeast Asia to Australia.
There are different views about their taxonomy.
Leaf insects use camouflage to take on the appearance of a leaf.
They do this so accurately that predators often cannot distinguish them from real leaves.
In some species the edge of the leaf insect's body even has the appearance of bite marks.
To further confuse predators, when the leaf insect walks, it rocks back and forth, to mimic a real leaf being blown by the wind.
The scholar Antonio Pigafetta may have been the first to document the creature.
Sailing with Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigational expedition, he studied and chronicled the fauna on the island of Cimbonbon as the fleet hauled ashore for repairs.
The term Dictyoptera is usually considered a superorder, with Isoptera, Blattaria and Mantodea being its three orders.
In some classifications, however, Dictyoptera is shifted to order status.
Regardless, in all classifications the three constituent groups are the same, just treated at different rank.
Termites and cockroaches are very closely related, with ecological and molecular data pointing to a relationship with the cockroach genus Cryptocercus.
Based on genetic evidence, the closest living relatives of the Dictyoptera are the phasmids.
If the Dictyoptera are a superorder they might be included in it.
Frances Fisher (born 11 May 1952) is an England-born American actress.
She played Strawberry Alice for 1992's Unforgiven.
She also played Ruth DeWitt Bukater in the 1997 movie Titanic.
Both movies won the Academy Award for "Best Pictuce".
Before those, Fisher starred in the soap opera The Edge of Night (1976-1981).
Fredonia is a city in Wilson County, Kansas, United States.
The population was 2,600 at the 2000 census.
Cities in Wilson County, Kansas
Most are nocturnal and appear to feed on detritus (rubbish).
They have long antennae (23–45 segments) and long cerci (appendages on the rear; 5–8 segments), but no wings.
The family is placed in its own suborder, Grylloblattodea, and sometimes in its own order, Grylloblattaria.
It contains 5 genera and 25 species.
The mouthparts of the Paraneoptera reflect diverse feeding habits.
Basal groups are microbial surface feeders, whereas more advanced groups feed on plant or animal fluids.
Hemiptera is an order of insects often known as the true bugs (bug).
They are about 50,000–80,000 species of cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, shield bugs, and others.
They range in size from  to around , and share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts.
Psocoptera, the bark lice, include 4,400 described species arranged in 3 suborders.
There are 50 families of bark lice with over 200 genera.
This is the first insect order to show the beginnings of a transition to sucking mouthparts.
It is sister group to the Phthiraptera.
Bark lice are found on foliage, under bark, or in leaf litter.
Phthiraptera
The body of a louse is dorsoventrally flattened and the eyes are absent or nearly so.
The legs are strong for holding onto fur or feathers of the host.
All species of lice are parasitic.
Lice parasitise all orders of birds and most orders of mammals.
Order Thysanoptera includes 5,500 species classified into two suborders.
The mouth is in the form of an asymmetrical mouth cone, consisting of piercing stylets.
Thrips are commonly found on and in flowers.
Most species are phytophagous, feeding on flowers.
The Exopterygota  are a superorder of insects.
They are in the subclass Pterygota in the infraclass Neoptera.
In Exopterygotes the young resemble adults but have externally-developing wings.
They undergo a modest change between immature and adult, without going through a pupal stage.
The Exopterygota are a diverse insect superorder, divided into eight orders.
They include locusts, thrips, and lice among other types of insects.
They are distinguished from the Endopterygota (or Holometabola) by the way in which their wings develop.
Endopterygota (meaning literally "internal winged forms") develop wings inside the body and undergo an elaborate metamorphosis involving a pupal stage.
Exopterygota ("external winged forms") develop wings on the outside of their bodies without going through a true pupal stage, though a few have something resembling a pupa.
Xiphosura is an order of marine chelicerates.
It includes a large number of extinct lines and only four recent species in the family Limulidae, which include the horseshoe crabs.
The group has hardly changed in millions of years.
The modern horseshoe crabs look almost identical to prehistoric genera such as the Jurassic Mesolimulus, and are considered to be living fossils.
Xiphosura are traditionally placed in the class Merostomata.
This term was originally made for the eurypterids; now, with the Xiphosura added, it is known to be paraphyletic.
Although the name Merostomata is still seen in textbooks, without reference to the Eurypterida, some have urged that this usage should be discouraged.
The shared features of the two groups traditionally grouped in the Merostomata are now thought to be retentions of primitive conditions (symplesiomorphies).
The Xiphosura is basal to a clade comprising Eurypterida and Arachnida.
The eurypterids, related to arachnids, were the largest known arthropods.
They are members of the extinct order Eurypterida.
It is a most diverse Chelicerate order.
The largest, such as Jaekelopterus, reached 2½ metres in length, but most species were less than 20 cm (8 inches).
They were the largest arthropods of all time.
They were predators which thrived in the warm, shallow seas and lakes of the Ordovician to the Permian periods, around 460 to 248 million years ago.
Recent research suggsts their eyesight was not very good.
The move from the sea to fresh water probably occurred by the Pennsylvanian period.
Eurypterids went extinct during the Permian–Triassic extinction event 251 million years ago, and their fossils have a near global distribution.
The typical eurypterid had a large, flat, semicircular carapace, followed by a jointed section, and finally a tapering, flexible tail, most ending with a long spine at the end (Pterygotus, though, had a large flat tail, possibly with a smaller spine).
Behind the head of the eurypterids were twelve body segments.
These segments are formed by a dorsal plate, called a tergite, and a ventral plate, called a sternite.
The tail, known as the telson, is spiked in most eurypterids.
A recent discovery of a new fossil species of eurypterid, Pentecopterus, has been made.
It is two meters long, and lived 467 million years ago, in the Middle Ordovician period.
Amblypygi is an order of Arachnids also known as whip spiders or tailless whip scorpions.
The name 'amblypygid' means "blunt rump", a reference to a lack of the telson (tail).
The Amblypygs are in the subphylum Chelicerata of the phylum Arthropoda.
The order has 5 families, 17 genera and about 155 species.
They are found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.
Some species are subterranean; many are nocturnal.
They prefer a humid environment.
A bushel is an imperial unit of dry volume, equal to 4 pecks or 8 gallons.
It is most often used in agriculture.
A bushel is abbreviated as bsh.
or bu.
The United States bushel is slightly smaller than the British bushel because the American gallon is smaller than the British gallon.
Its volume has been defined as 2150.42 cubic inches, which makes 35.2391 litres.
Adelina Patti (10 February 184327 September 1919) was a highly acclaimed Italian-French 19th-century opera diva, earning huge fees, sometimes $5000 in gold,  at the height of her career in the music capitals of Europe and America.
She first sang in public as a child in 1851, and gave her last performance before an audience in 1914.
She was born Adelina Juana Maria Patti, in Madrid, the last child of tenor Salvatore Patti (1800–1869) and soprano Caterina Barilli (died 1870).
Her Italian parents were working in Madrid, Spain, at the time of her birth.
Because her father came from Sicily, Patti was born a subject of the King of the Two Sicilies, but had a French passport for most of her life, as two of her three husbands were French.
She settled in South Wales in 1903, and after her last concert, for the Red Cross, in 1914 she died there, of natural causes.
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome (also called Lowe Syndrome) is a rare genetic disorder in humans.
It affects the eyes, the brain and the kidneys.
It is also known as Oculocerebrorenal syndrome.
People with lowe syndrome are born with cataracts, that is the lenses of their eyes are not totally clear.
Many people with the syndrome develop kidney problems at an early age.
The brain develops differently, the development of the child happens slower.
Such children may often have learning difficulties.
Epilepsy can also occur.
The disorder is caused by a gene defect on the X-chromosome.
As a result, much more boys are affected than girls.
The syndrome is named after Dr. Charles Lowe, who first described it in 1952.
Its occurrence is about one case in half a million live births.
The Rubicon is a river that flows into the Adriatic Sea south of Ravenna, Italy.
In the time of Julius Caesar, a river with this name was the border between the Roman province Gallia Cisalpina, and Italy, which was not a province at the time.
The exact river Caesar referred to is unknown; the river that is known as Rubicone today was selected and named by Benito Mussolini.
In Rainbows is an album by the band Radiohead.
It was released in October 2007.
"15 Step" – 3:58
"Bodysnatchers" – 4:02
"Nude" – 4:15
"Weird Fishes/Arpeggi" – 5:18
"All I Need" – 3:48
"Faust Arp" – 2:09
"Reckoner" – 4:50
"House of Cards" – 5:28
"Jigsaw Falling into Place" – 4:09
"Videotape" – 4:42
Radiohead albums
OK Computer is an album by the band Radiohead.
Four singles were released from it. "
Paranoid Android" reached No.3 in the UK. "
No Surprises" reached No.4.
Pitchfork gave it 10 out of 10.
OK Computer received near-unanimous critical acclaim.
Critics in the British and American press generally agreed that the album was a landmark of its time and would have far-reaching impact and importance, and that the band's willingness to experiment made it a challenging listen.
According to Footman, "Not since 1967, with the release of Sgt.
Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, had so many major critics agreed immediately, not only on an album's merits, but on its long-term significance, and its ability to encapsulate a particular point in history."
In the English press, the album garnered favourable reviews in NME, Melody Maker, The Guardian, and Q. Nick Kent wrote in Mojo that "Others may end up selling more, but in 20 years time I'm betting OK Computer will be seen as the key record of 1997, the one to take rock forward instead of artfully revamping images and song-structures from an earlier era." "
Every word sounds achingly sincere, every note spewed from the heart," wrote John Harris in Select, "and yet it roots itself firmly in a world of steel, glass, random-access memory and prickly-skinned paranoia."
In an otherwise positive review, Andy Gill wrote for The Independent, "For all its ambition and determination to break new ground, OK Computer is not, finally, as impressive as The Bends, which covered much the same sort of emotional knots, but with better tunes.
It is easy to be impressed by, but ultimately hard to love, an album that luxuriates so readily in its own despondency."
The album was well received by critics in North America.
Rolling Stone, Spin, and Pitchfork Media published positive reviews.
In The New Yorker, Alex Ross praised its progressiveness, and contrasted Radiohead's risk-taking with the musically conservative "dadrock" of their contemporaries Oasis.
Ross wrote that "Throughout the album, contrasts of mood and style are extreme ... This band has pulled off one of the great art-pop balancing acts in the history of rock."
Reviews for Entertainment Weekly, the Chicago Tribune, and Time were mixed or contained qualified praise.
Robert Christgau from The Village Voice said Radiohead immersed Yorke's vocals in "enough electronic marginal distinction to feed a coal town for a month" and to compensate for how soulless the songs are, resulting in "arid" art rock.
The album appeared in many 1997 critics' lists and listener polls for best album of the year.
It topped the year-end polls of Mojo, Vox, Entertainment Weekly, Hot Press, Muziekkrant OOR, HUMO, Eye Weekly and Inpress, and tied for first place with Daft Punk's Homework in The Face.
The album came second in NME, Melody Maker, Rolling Stone, Village Voice, Spin and Uncut.
Q and Les Inrockuptibles both listed the album in their unranked year-end polls.
It was a nominee for the 1997 Mercury Prize, a prestigious award recognising the best British or Irish album of the year.
The near universal positive reception to the album overwhelmed the band, and some members thought the press was excessively congratulatory.
Particularly irksome to the band were links to progressive rock and art rock, with frequent comparisons to Pink Floyd's 1973 album The Dark Side of the Moon.
Yorke responded: "We write pop songs ... there was no intention of it being 'art'.
It's a reflection of all the disparate things we were listening to when we recorded it."
He was nevertheless pleasantly surprised that many listeners identified the album's musical influences: "What really blew my head off was the fact that people got all the things, all the textures and the sounds and the atmospheres we were trying to create."
"In England, I think a lot of the reviews have been slightly over-the-top," remarked Jonny Greenwood, "because the last album [The Bends] was somewhat under-reviewed possibly and under-received."
Radiohead left EMI, parent company of Parlophone, in 2007 after failed contract negotiations.
EMI retained the copyright to Radiohead's back catalogue of material recorded while signed to the label.
After a period of being Out of print on vinyl, EMI reissued a double-LP of OK Computer on August 19, 2008, along with later albums Kid A, Amnesiac and Hail to the Thief as part of the "From the Capitol Vaults" series.
OK Computer became the year's tenth best-selling vinyl record, shifting just under 10,000 units.
The reissue was connected in the press to a general upswing in vinyl sales and cultural appreciation of records as a format.
OK Computer was reissued again on March 24, 2009 simultaneously with Pablo Honey and The Bends, without Radiohead's involvement.
The reissue came in two editions: a 2-CD "Collector's Edition" and a 2-CD 1-DVD "Special Collector's Edition".
The first disc contains the original studio album, the second disc contains B-sides collected from OK Computer singles and live recording sessions, and the DVD contains a collection of music videos and a live television performance.
All material on the reissue had been previously released.
In a March 2009 interview, O'Brien claimed that EMI had not notified the band members of the reissue and said "I think the fans have got most of [the material on the reissues], it's all the stuff up on YouTube.
This is just a company who are trying to squeeze every bit of lost money, it's not about [an] artistic statement."
Press reaction to the reissue announcement reflected the concern that EMI was exploiting Radiohead's back catalogue.
Larry Fitzmaurice of Spin accused EMI of planning to "issue and re-issue [Radiohead's] discography until the cash stops rolling in", and Pitchfork's Ryan Dombal said it was "hard to look at these reissues as anything other than a cash-grab for EMI/Capitol—an old media company that got dumped by their most forward-thinking band."
Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone defended EMI, saying "While it's easy to accuse Capitol of milking the cash cow once again, these sets are pretty comprehensive."
The reissue was critically well received, although critics were mixed about the supplemental material.
Reviews in AllMusic, Uncut, Q, Rolling Stone and PopMatters praised the supplemental material, but with reservations.
A review written by Scott Plagenhoef for Pitchfork awarded the reissue a perfect score, arguing that it was worth buying for fans who did not already own the rare material.
Plagenhoef said, "That the band had nothing to do with these is beside the point: This is the final word on these records, if for no other reason that the Beatles' September 9 remaster campaign is, arguably, the end of the CD era."
The A.V. Club writer Josh Modell praised both the bonus disc and the DVD, and said of the album, "And what can be said about 1997's OK Computer that hasn't been said before?
It really is the perfect synthesis of Radiohead's seemingly conflicted impulses."
Colin Greenwood – bass guitar, bass synthesiser, percussion
Jonny Greenwood – guitar, keyboards, piano, mellotron, organ, glockenspiel, string arrangements
Ed O'Brien – guitar, FX, percussion, backing vocals
Phil Selway – drums, percussion
Thom Yorke – vocals, guitar, piano, laptop, programming, illustrations
Chris Blair – mastering
Stanley Donwood – illustrations
Nigel Godrich – production, engineering
Nick Ingman – conducting
Jim Warren – production, engineering
Niklas Oskar Bäckström (born February 13, 1978) is a Finnish professional ice hockey goaltender.
He plays for the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL).
He has also played in the SM-liiga for HIFK, SaiPa and Kärpät and in the Elitserien for AIK.
He won the William M. Jennings Trophy in 2007 along with Manny Fernandez.
He also played for Finland at the 2006 Winter Olympics where he won a silver medal and at the 2010 Winter Olympics where he won a bronze medal.
Marcin Gortat's Official website
Marcin Gortat's NBA player profile
"Soulmate" is a 2007 song by the English singer and songwriter Natasha Bedingfield.
The song was released during July 2007 in United Kingdom.
It was not until late 2008 that this song was released in the United States.
It got mixed to negative review from critics within the United Kingdom, though Soulmate did become commercial success.
This song gained popularity in the U.S. after being played on an episode of MTV's The Hills.
Achterhoek (Dutch Low Saxon: Achterhook) (literally in English: back-corner) is a region in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands.
It consists of the eastern part of Gelderland, behind the IJssel river, except for the southwestern part, which consists of the region of (De) Liemers.
The Achterhoek region borders the Salland and Twente regions (both province of Overijssel) in the north and the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia in the (south)east.
The Achterhoek lies in the Dutch Low Saxon language area and has a dialect of his own called Achterhooks.
Another name for the Achterhoek is the County of Zutphen, which was historically connected to Guelders
Significant towns include Aalten, Borculo, Bredevoort, Doetinchem, Eibergen, Geesteren, Groenlo, Hengelo, Lichtenvoorde, Neede, Silvolde, Varsseveld, Vragender, Winterswijk, Zelhem, and Zutphen.
Doetinchem, Winterswijk and Zutphen are the largest towns in the Achterhoek.
These 10 municipalities belong to the Achterhoek region:
Bronckhorst (small part in Liemers)
Doesburg (partially in Liemers)
Doetinchem (partially in Liemers)
Oude IJsselstreek (partially in Liemers)
Liemers
Sally Kirkland (born October 31, 1941) is an American movie and television actress.
Kirkland was named after her mother.
Her mother was a fashion editor for Vogue and LIFE magazines).
She had small roles for 1970s movies (The Sting, The Way We Were and A Star is Born).
She also starred in many television roles in the soap operas Valley of the Dolls and Days of Our Lives.
Magnus Johansson (born September 4, 1973 in Linköping, Sweden) is an Swedish ice hockey defenceman for the Linköpings HC of the SHL where he is also the captain.
He has also played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks for 1 season and the Florida Panthers for 1 season before being signing a contract with the Atlant Moscow Oblast of the KHL and then retured back to Linköpings HC where he was named the team's captain.
Magnus Johansson's NHL Player Page
Lorraine Bracco (born October 2, 1954) is an American actress.
She is best known for playing Karen Hill in the 1990 movie Goodfellas and Jennifer Melfi in the HBO series The Sopranos.
She has also been in other movies, such as Medicine Man and The Basketball Diaries.
was a small fan-shaped artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki.
It was built in 1634.
The island was made by digging a canal through a small peninsula.
It was the only place of direct contact and trade between Japan and the outside world during the Edo period.
Dejima was built to keep foreign traders out of Japan as part of "sakoku" self-imposed isolationist policy.
It was built at first for Portuguese traders.
It then changed to a Chinese and Dutch trading post from 1641 until 1853.
It covers an area of 120 m x 75 m (9000 square meters, or 0.9 hectares) and has now become part of the city of Nagasaki.
In 1543 Portuguese traders were the first to set foot in Japan, on the island of Tanegashima.
Six years later Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier came to the island of Kyushu at Kagoshima.
At first Portuguese traders were based in Hirado.
Then they started a search for better port.
In 1570 a powerful landowner or daimyo called Ōmura Sumitada became a Catholic. (
He chose Bartolomeu as his Christian name.)
He made a deal with the Portuguese to make Nagasaki better for trading.
Soon the port was open.
In 1580 Sumitada gave the jurisdiction of Nagasaki to the Jesuits.
The Portuguese became the only ones trading silk with China through Macau.
Shogun Iemitsu ordered the creation of the artificial island in 1634.
He did this at first to keep the Portuguese merchants living in Nagasaki in one area.
After a rebellion of the mostly Christian population in the Shimabara-Amakusa region, the Tokugawa government banned all Western nationals except the Dutch employees of the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC).
Without the yearly Portuguese ships from Macau, the economy of Nagasaki suffered heavily.
Since 1609 the Dutch had a trading post on the island  of Hirado.
Government officials made the Dutch move from Hirado to Dejima.
From 1641 on, only Chinese and Dutch ships were allowed to come to Japan.
Every ship that came to Dejima was inspected.
The sails were taken off until that ship was ready to leave.
Religious books and weapons were taken away.
Religious services were not allowed on the island.
The island of Dejima was part of the city of Nagasaki.
Dejima was small, 120 by 75 meters.
25 local Japanese families owned the land.
They got a yearly rent from the Dutch.
The island was linked to the mainland by a small bridge with guards.
There were houses for about twenty Dutchmen and warehouses for goods.
The Dutch were watched by a number of Japanese officials, gatekeepers and night watchmen.
There was also a head supervisor (otona) who had about fifty people working for him.
There were a number of traders to sell the people on Dejima food and drink and other items they needed.
There were also about 150 tsūji ("translators").
They all had to be paid by the VOC.
Like the city of Nagasaki, Dejima was under direct supervision of Edo by a governor (Nagasaki bugyō).
It was very expensive for the Dutch to pay for their trading post.
But their trade with Japan was very profitable for the VOC.
At first they made profits of 50% or more.
Trade became less in the 18th century.
This was because only two ships per year were allowed to dock at Dejima.
The VOC had no more money in 1795, and went bankrupt.
After that, the Dutch government took over the trade with Japan.
Life on Dejima became especially difficult when the Netherlands (then called the Batavian Republic) was under French Napoleonic rule.
All contact with the homeland was broken off.
For a time Dejima was the only place in the world where the Dutch flag was flown because they were not ruled by France.
The most important Dutch official in Dejima was called the Opperhoofd by the Dutch.
The Japanese also called him Kapitan (from Portuguese capitão).
Artificial islands
Lua is an open source programming language.
It was created in 1993 by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, and Waldemar Celes.
Lua is used for many different things, especially in video games such as World of Warcraft, SimCity 4 and Transformice.
It is also used in the popular virtual world sharing website Roblox under a dialect called Luau.
In June 2010, Apple Inc. changed the terms of use for the software development kit of its iOS operating system to allow the use of Lua.
This led to Lua being used to make iPhone applications such as Angry Birds.
In June 2011, Lua was ranked the tenth most popular programming language by the TIOBE Index.
/usr/bin/lua
--!/usr/bin/lua
Lua.org
lua-users.org
The innate immune system defends the host from infections.
It includes cells which recognize and respond to pathogens (germs) right away.
The innate immune system response is not specific: it responds the same way to all pathogens that it recognises.
Innate immune systems rapidly defend against infections in all plant and animal life.
The innate system is the  evolutionarily older defense strategy.
It is the main immune system found in plants, fungi, insects, and in primitive multicellular organisms.
The system is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime.
Acts as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents.
If that fails, then:
Gets  immune cells (such as natural killer cells) to the infection by producing cytokines.
Starts the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells and clear out dead cells.
White blood cells identify and remove foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and lymph.
Activates the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation.
Anatomical barriers
The innate immune system includes the skin.
The outer layers of the skin are called "epithelial".
Epithelial cells form a waxy physical barrier that keeps out most infectious agents.
These cells are the innate immune system's first line of defense against invading organisms.
The skin continues internally as the lining of the intestine and lung.
In the intestines or lungs, movement by peristalsis or cilia helps to remove infectious agents.
In the intestines, gut flora can prevent pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances, or by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or for attachment to cell surfaces.
Inflammation is stimulated by chemical factors released by injured cells.
It sets up a physical barrier against the spread of infection, and promotes healing of damaged tissue after the clearance of pathogens.
Chemical factors produced during inflammation attract phagocytes, especially neutrophils.
Neutrophils then trigger other parts of the immune system.<ref>Lotze M.T. & Tracey K.J. 2005.