the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
July 15 – Robert Pershing Wadlow, tallest man in the world (infection) (b. 1918)
August 8 – Johnny Dodds, American jazz clarinettist (b. 1892)
August 18 – Walter Chrysler, American automobile pioneer (b. 1875)
August 21 – Leon Trotsky, Russian revolutionary (b. 1879)
August 22 – Mary Vaux Walcott, American artist and naturalist (b. 1860)
August 30 – J.J. Thomson, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1856)
October 10 – Berton Churchill, Canadian actor (b. 1876)
November 9 – Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1869)
December 5 – Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist (b. 1880)
December 19 – Kyösti Kallio, President of Finland (b. 1873)
December 21 – F. Scott Fitzgerald, American writer (b. 1896)
December 25 – Agnes Ayres, American actress (b. 1898)
"When You Wish Upon A Star" – by Neil Washington and Leigh Harline, from the movie Pinocchio, won the Academy Award for the best song.
January 1 – World War II: The term "United Nations" is first officially used to describe the Allied pact.
January 2 – World War II: Manila is captured by Japanese forces.
The Japanese Admiral stays in Solvec (owned by Charles Henry de Silva), Philippines.
January 5 – Amy Johnson disappears in flight over River Thames estuary – assumed drowned.
January 6 – Pan American Airlines becomes the first commercial airline to have a flight go around the world.
January 7 – World War II: Siege of the Bataan Peninsula begins.
January 11 – World War II: Japan declares war on the Netherlands and invades the Netherlands East Indies.
January 11 – World War II: The Japanese capture Kuala Lumpur.
January 12 – President Franklin Roosevelt creates the National War Labor Board.
January 13 – Henry Ford patents a plastic automobile, which is 30% lighter than a regular car.
January 16 – Airplane crashes near Las Vegas.
Dead include Carole Lombard and her mother.
January 19 – World War II: Japanese forces invade Burma.
January 20 – World War II: Nazis at the Wannsee conference in Berlin decide that the "final solution to the Jewish problem" is relocation, and later extermination.
January 25 – World War II: Thailand declares war on the United States and United Kingdom.
January 26 – World War II: The first American forces arrive in Europe landing in Northern Ireland.
July 6 - The family of Anne Frank goes into hiding at the secret annex in Amsterdam.
October 23 - World War II: Battle of El Alamein
January 8 - Stephen Hawking, British physicist (d. 2018)
January 17 – Muhammad Ali, American boxer (d. 2016)
January 25 - Eusebio, Portuguese footballer
January 27 - Stewart Raffill, British writer and director
February 2 - Graham Nash, British singer-songwriter and guitarist (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young)
February 12 – Huey Newton, Black Panther
February 13 - Peter Tork, American keyboardist (The Monkees) (d. 2019)
February 21 - Margarethe von Trotta, German movie director
February 28 - Dino Zoff, Italian footballer
March 5 - Felipe Gonzalez, former Prime Minister of Spain
March 8 – Jan Vyčítal, Czech musician
March 17 - John Wayne Gacy, American serial killer (d. 1994; executed)
March 24 - Stephen Yardley, British actor (Howards' Way)
March 25 - Aretha Franklin, American singer (d. 2018)
April 1 - Philip Margo, American singer (The Tokens)
April 16 - Frank Williams, British Formula One team principal
April 20 - Arto Paasilinna, Finnish writer
April 24 - Barbra Streisand, American singer
May 22 - Theodore Kaczynski, American serial bomber (unabomber)
June 1 - Eric Nagler, Canadian children’s musician
June 7 - Muammar Gaddafi, Libyan leader (d. 2011)
June 18 – Roger Ebert, American movie critic (d. 2013)
June 18 – Sir Paul McCartney, British musician (The Beatles)
July 6 - Izora Armstead, American singer (The Weather Girls) (d. 2004)
July 13 - Harrison Ford, American actor
August 1 - Michael Martchenko, Canadian illustrator
August 2 - Isabel Allende, Chilean novelist
August 7 – B.J. Thomas, singer
August 27 - Daryl Dragon, American songwriter (Captain & Tennille) (d. 2019)
September 29 - Madeline Kahn, American actress (d. 1999)
October 31 – David Ogden Stiers, American actor
November 7 – Johnny Rivers, American musician
November 27 – Jimi Hendrix, American musician (The Jimi Hendrix Experience) (d. 1970)
December 23 - Quentin Bryce, Governor-General of Australia
December 26 - Gray Davis, former Governor of California
December 30 – Michael Nesmith, musician and member of the Monkees
December 30 – Janko Prunk, Slovenian historian
Ningali Cullen - Australian activist
January 6 – Henri de Baillet-Latour, Belgian International Olympic Committee president (b. 1876)
January 14 – Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian poet and writer (born 1883)
January 16 – Carole Lombard, actress
January 26 – Felix Hausdorff, German mathematician (born 1868)
February 19 – Frank Abbandando, Mafia hitman (executed)
February 28 – Karel Doorman, Dutch admiral
March 1 – Cornelius Vanderbilt III, military officer, inventor, engineer
March 8 – José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban chess player
April 15 – Robert Musil, Austrian novelist
April 18 – Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, sculptor and socialite
May 3 – Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark
May 7 – Felix Weingartner, Yugoslavian conductor (born 1863)
May 29 – John Barrymore, actor (born 1882)
July 13 - Irving Cutler, Airman Aboard a B-24 Bombing Bengazi Libya
July 23 – Adam Czerniakow, Polish Jew (suicide)
August 3 – Richard Willstätter, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1872)
August 6 – Jonathan Campbell, movie pioneer (born 1875)
August 25 – Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
November 1 – Hugo Distler, German composer (born 1908)
November 5 – George M. Cohan, American songwriter and entertainer
November 19 – Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter (shot) (born 1892)
December 22 – Franz Boas, German anthropologist (born 1858)
December 25 - Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan British Indian statesman (born 1892)
The Commonwealth of Dominica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea.
It is an English-speaking country.
It is between the French-speaking territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique.
The island is 751 km² (290 mi²) in area.
Roseau is its capital.
Portsmouth is another main town.
Almost 70,000 people live on the island.
The island's name comes from the Latin for Sunday, Dies Dominica.
It is not the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles.
The country is nicknamed the Nature Island of the Caribbean.
Dominica is most famously depicted in Jean Rhys' classic prequel to Jane Eyre, Wide Sargasso Sea.
The indigenous Carib people lived in Dominca before it was found by Europeans.
They called it Wai‘tu kubuli, which means "Tall is her body."
Christopher Columbus came to Dominica in 1493.
In 1763, it became a territory of the United Kingdom from which its independence was received on 3 November 1978.
In August 1979, Hurricane David, wiped out its entire infrastructure.
On 21 November 2004, the island was hit by its most destructive earthquake in history; Portsmouth and the northern area were deeply affected.
On 18 September 2018, Hurricane Maria, the most powerful storm to hit the island, severely damaged its infrastructure and cut off all its communications to the outside world.
The Assessment Capacities Project estimates that the hurricane has caused $1.37 billion in losses across the island, which is equal to 226 percent of its 2016 GDP.
As of April 12, there are 65 fatalities confirmed across the island, including 34 who are missing and presumed to be dead.
Dominica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea.
It is the northernmost of the Windward Islands.
Dominica is largely covered by rainforest.
It is home to the world's second-largest hot spring, Boiling Lake.
Morne Trois Pitons National Park is a tropical forest with scenic volcanic features.
It was recognised as a World Heritage Site on 4 April 1995.
Saint Andrew Parish (9,471)
Saint David Parish (6,043)
Saint George Parish (21,241)
Saint John Parish (6,561)
Saint Joseph Parish (5,637)
Saint Luke Parish (1,668)
Saint Mark Parish (1,834)
Saint Patrick Parish (7,622)
Saint Paul Parish (9,786)
Saint Peter Parish (1,430)
Cricket is a popular sport on the island.
Dominica competes in test cricket as part of the West Indies cricket team.
Dominica in the News
SaKaFete
Official Tourism Website
World Creole Music Festival
1978 establishments in North America
1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar.
The Julian calendar was made obsolete starting that year, though Eastern Orthodox churches still use the Julian Calendar.
January 1 – Grouping of all UK railway companies into four larger companies
January 10 – Lithuania seizes and annexes Memel
January 11 – Troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area to force Germany to pay its reparation payments
February 16 – Howard Carter unseals the burial chamber of Pharaoh Tutankhamun
February 22 – Barcelona (Catalonia): Albert Einstein visits the city, invited by the scientist Esteban Terradas i Illa, as part of the monografics course of High Studies and Exchange organized by the Mancomunitat de Catalunya and conducted by Rafael de Campalans.
March – Antigone by Jean Cocteau appears on a Paris stage.
Settings by Pablo Picasso, music by Arthur Honegger, and costumes by Gabrielle Chanel.
Antonin Artaud played the part of Tiresias.
March 1 – USS Connecticut decommissioned
March 2 – Time Magazine hits newsstands for the first time
March 9 – Vladimir Lenin suffers a stroke, his third, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak; consequently he retires his position as Chairman of the Soviet government.
April – End of Irish Civil War
April 12 – Kandersteg International Scout Centre came into existence.
April 23 – Ceremonial inauguration of Gdynia Seaport
April 26 – Wedding of Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in Westminster Abbey
May 23 – Launch of Belgium's SABENA Airlines
May 27 – Ku Klux Klan defies law requiring publication of its members
June 9 – Military coup in Bulgaria – prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski is ousted (he is killed June 14)
June 18 – Etna volcano erupts – 60.000 made homeless
January 31 – Norman Mailer, American writer and journalist (d. 2007)
February 4 - Conrad Bain, Canadian-American actor (d. 2013)
May 28 – N. T. Rama Rao, Indian actor, director and politician (d. 1996)
June 25 – Sam Francis, American painter (d. 1994)
November 10 – James Jabara, American Air Force pilot
February 10 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physician and Nobel Prize laureate
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Frederick Banting, Canadian doctor, and John James Rickard Macleod, Scottish physiologist
January 1 – Ireland's first regular radio service, 2RN (later Radio Éireann), begins broadcasting.
January 8 – Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud becomes the King of Hejaz
January 12 – Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll premiere their radio program Sam 'n' Henry, in which the two white performers portrayed two black characters from Harlem looking for extra money during the Depression.
It was a precursor to Gosden and Correll's more popular later program, Amos 'n' Andy.
January 16 – BBC radio play about worker's revolution causes a panic in London
January 26 – John Logie Baird demonstrates a mechanical television system.
January 31 – British and Belgian troops leave Cologne
February 9 – Flooding on London suburbs
March 6 – The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon is destroyed by fire
March 16 – Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket, at Auburn, Massachusetts
April 7 – Failed assassination attempt against Mussolini
April 12 – By a vote of 45 to 41, the United States Senate unseats Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart and seats Daniel F. Steck, after Brookhart had already served for over one year.
April 16 – Train crash in San Jose, Costa Rica – 178 dead
April 21 – Princess Elizabeth born in London
April 25 – Reza Khan is crowned Shah of Iran under the name "Pahlevi."
Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Danish doctor, won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (b. 1867) (d. 1928)
January 1 - Claudio Villa, Italian singer (d. 1987)
January 3 – George Martin, "5th Beatle": producer of The Beatles' records, later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
January 26 – Kim Tae Jung, President of South Korea and Nobel Peace Prize winner
January 29 – Franco Cerri, Italian jazz guitarist
January 29 – Abdus Salam, Pakistani Nobel Prize in Physics winner (d. 1996)
February 7 - Konstantin Feoktistov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2009)
February 9 - Garret FitzGerald, Irish Taoiseach (d. 2011)
February 16 - Margot Frank, sister of Anne Frank (d. 1945)
February 16 – John Schlesinger, British movie director (d. 2003)
February 20 - Richard Matheson, American author (d. 2013)
March 16 – Jerry Lewis, American actor and comedian (d. 2017)
March 24 - Dario Fo, Italian writer
March 27 – Clarence Henry, American boxer
April 3 - Timothy Bateson, English actor (d. 2009)
April 7 – James Garner, American actor
April 9 – Hugh Hefner, American publisher, founder of Playboy magazine (d. 2017)
April 21 – Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms.
April 28 – Harper Lee, American writer (d. 2016)
May 8 - David Attenborough, British documentary movie maker, broadcaster and naturalist
May 25 – Claude Akins, American actor (d. 1994)
June 1 – Marilyn Monroe, American actress, singer and model (d. 1962)
June 3 – Allen Ginsberg, American poet and writer (d. 1997)
June 16 – Adriano Emperado, Filipino-Hawaiian martial artist
June 28 – Mel Brooks, American actor, screenwriter, movie director and movie producer
July 10 – Fred Gwynne, American actor (d. 1993)
August 13 – Fidel Castro, Cuban president (d. 2016)
October 15 - Michel Foucault, French philosopher (d. 1984)
October 18 – Chuck Berry, American singer and songwriter (d. 2017)
October 25 - Galina Vishnevskaya, Russian opera singer (d. 2012)
October 26 – Robert Baker, American boxer (d. 2002)
November 30 - Andrew W. Schally, Polish Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
November 30 - Richard Crenna, American actor (d. 2003)
December 24 - Ronald Draper, South African cricketer
December 26 – Gina Pellón, Cuban painter
Bernie Little, American businessman (d. 2003)
January 3 – Emmet D. Boyle, American Governor of Nevada (b. 1879)
January 4 – Margherita of Savoy, Queen of the Kingdom of Italy (b. 1851)
February 15 – Piero Gobetti, Italian journalist (b. 1901)
June 9 – Sanford Dole, American politician and businessman (b. 1844)
August 23 – Rudolph Valentino, Italian actor (b. 1895)
November 3 – Annie Oakley, American sharpshooter (b. 1860)
December 6 – Claude Monet, French painter (b. 1840)
December 29 - Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian writer (b. 1875)
Iraj Mirza, Iranian poet (b. 1874)
January 27 – Pierre Laval forms a government in France
February 16 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland
March 31 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000 people
April 25 – The automobile manufacturer Porsche is founded by Ferdinand Porsche in Stuttgart
May 1 – Construction of the Empire State Building is completed in New York City
June 3 – Salvador Dalí's The Persistence of Memory is put on display for the first time
July 9 – Irish racing driver Kaye Don breaks the world water speed record at Lake Garda, Italy
August – Warner Brothers releases the first Merrie Melodies cartoon
September- The 1931 Belize hurricane strikes Belize (then British Honduras), killing over 2,500 people
September 22 – The United Kingdom abandons the gold standard
October 5 – American aviators Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr. complete the first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean.
They travel from Misawa, Japan to East Wenatchee, Washington in 41½ hours.
November 7 – The Chinese Soviet Republic is proclaimed by Mao Zedong
December 10 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora is elected president of the Spanish Republic
January 4 – Adi Lady Lala Mara, Fijian chieftainess and former First Lady; widow of long-time former Prime Minister and President, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara (d. 2004).
January 5 – Alvin Ailey, choreographer
January 5   – Alfred Brendel, Austrian pianist
January 5   – Robert Duvall, actor and director
January 6 – E. L. Doctorow, writer
January 8 – Bill Graham, rock music entrepreneur (d. 1991)
January 10 – Viktor Liebermann, violinist (d. 1999)
January 10 – Peter Barnes, playwright and screenwriter (d. 2004)
January 13 – Charles Nelson Reilly, actor
January 14 – Caterina Valente, singer, actress
January 16 – Johannes Rau, President of Germany (d. 2006)
January 17 – James Earl Jones, actor
January 19 – Tippi Hedren, actress
January 19   – Robert MacNeil, journalist
January 22 – Sam Cooke, singer (d. 1964)
January 27 – Mordecai Richler, writer (d. 2001)
January 30 – Allan W. Eckert, historian, naturalist and writer
January 31 – Ernie Banks, Baseball Hall of Famer
May 19 – David Wilkerson, American pastor, evangelist and author (d. 2011)
November 15 – Mwai Kibaki, president of Kenya
January 23 – Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina (b. 1881)
February 11 – Charles Algernon Parsons, British inventor (b. 1854)
February 26 – Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1847)
March 7 – Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Finnish painter (b. 1865)
April 8 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
April 26 – George Herbert Mead, American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist (b. 1863)
May 9 – Albert Abraham Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
June 2 – Joseph W. Farnham, American screenwriter (b. 1884)
July 12 – Nathan Söderblom, Swedish archbishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1866)
August 26 – Hamaguchi Osachi, 27th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1870)
September 12 – Joseph Le Brix, French aviator and naval officer (b. 1899)
October 21 – Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian author and dramatist (b. 1862)
November 13 – Ivan Fichev, Bulgarian general, minister of defense, military historian, and academician (b. 1860)
December 9 – Antonio Salandra, Italian statesman, 21st Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1853)
December 27 – José Figueroa Alcorta, 16th President of Argentina (b. 1860)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry won by Carl Bosch, German chemist and engineer, and Friedrich Bergius, German chemist
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Otto Heinrich Warburg, German chemist, (1883 – 1970)
Nobel Prize in Literature won by Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish poet
Nobel Peace Prize won by Jane Addams, American activist, and Nicholas Murray Butler, American philosopher, diplomat, and educator
January 30 – City Lights starring Charlie Chaplin
February 9 – Cimarron starring Richard Dix and Irene Dunne
February 14 – The original movie version of Dracula with Bela Lugosi is released in the United States
December 26 – A Free Soul, winning Best Actor for Lionel Barrymore
November 21 – Frankenstein starring Boris Karloff, the top-grossing movie of the year
December 12 – Private Lives starring Norma Shearer
December 26 – Mata Hari starring Greta Garbo
January 1 – Last gladiator competition in Rome.
Atticus of Constantinople becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.
Honorius moves the capital of the Western Roman Empire to Ravenna.
Saint Telemachus matyrdom.
Pachacuti who would later create Tahuantinsuyu, or Inca Empire became the ruler of Cusco
January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary
March 18 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Germany
Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway loses direct control of Sweden.
Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.
Adolf, Duke of Gelderland
William Beaumont, 2nd Viscount Beamont
Giovanni Michele Alberto da Carrara
Sönam Choklang, 2nd Panchen Lama
Henrique Esteves da Veiga de Nápoles
Husayn Bayqarah
John III of Egmont
Manduulun Khan
Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse
Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège
Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo
Marguerite de Bourbon
Peter II, Duke of Bourbon
Philip II, Duke of Savoy
Reginald Ely
Anne Woodville
Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel
Bagrationi, wife of John IV of Trebizond
Barsbay
Richard, Count of Étampes
Alexander Lindsay, 2nd Earl of Crawford
Edward of Portugal
Ernest, Duke of Bavaria
Dorothy Garai
Conrad Justinger
Adai Khan
James II, Count of La Marche
Thomas Mapilton
Marie of Valois, Prioress of Poissy
Johannes Nider
Olaus Laurentii
Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama
Peter, infans of Aragón
Jacopo della Quercia
Ulrich of Richenthal
Matilda of Savoy
Shams al-Din 'Ali ibn Qutb al-Din
Anne of Gloucester
Simon Sydenham
January 1 – Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone.
This is his first crowning.
June 28 – June 30: The biggest battle of the 17th century, the Battle of Beresteczko, between Poles and Ukrainians is won by the Poles.
September 3 –  English Civil War: Battle of Worcester – Charles II of England is defeated in the last main battle of the war.
Playing cards is the name for the 52 cards used in card games like poker, bridge, blackjack, solitaire and other games.
There are 52 basic cards in a deck (not including the jokers).
These cards have a suit and a number (called the value or rank).
There are 4 suits and 13 ranks in each suit.
Decks may include a wide variety of regional and national patterns, and different deck sizes.
The English pattern of cards is so widespread that it is often also known as the International or Anglo-American pattern.
In some countries different suit signs may be used.
In central Europe, there are cards with the suit signs of acorns, leaves, hearts, and bells.
In Spain, Italy and Latin America, there are playing cards with the suits of clubs, swords, cups, and coins and Aces
For many games, the Jokers are removed from the deck, making the total number of cards in the deck 52.
Sometimes the deck is reduced to 40, 36, or 32 cards for playing certain games, like belote, sheepshead or euchre.
Tarot cards
There are various types of tarot cards.
Tarots are commonly used for fortune-telling, although they can also be used for playing games.
Conversely, people have also used standard playing cards for fortune-telling.
Playing cards first entered Europe in the early 14th century, probably from Egypt.
The suits were very similar to the tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins.
These designs are  still used in traditional Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese card decks.
The first documentary evidence is from Vitoria-Gasteiz (now Spain) in 1334, in which the Knights of the Band are forbidden to play cards.
The next record is from Catalonia in 1371.
The method of making cards has stayed the same for over a century.
Cards are two thin pieces of paper stuck together with black paste.
Both outer sides are printed.
Inside is the design of the card face, the outer is the design for the pack as a whole.
The black paste is essential to prevent sight of the face coming through when light shines on the face side.
The use of the paste is the reason cards are sometimes called "pasteboards".
One or two packs at a time are printed on large sheets of paper, already pasted.
The individual cards are stamped out by a machine which acts like a cookie-cutter.
It cuts 36,000 cards per hour.
A tiny fraction of a second later the edges of the cards are squashed extra-thin.
This is not obvious to the naked eye, but the effect is that the cards slide easily past each other during shuffling.
Printed paper cards hold about 97.5% of the world market.
Plastic cards do exist: they were first invented in the 1930s.
They last longer than papercards, but have only 2.5% of the market.
Rules for Belote, a French card game
An emperor is a male who rules an empire.
The word is taken from the Latin language imperator.
Often it is capitalized.
A woman who comes to power in an empire is called an empress.
The wife of an emperor is also called empress.
An emperor or empress is often a hereditary monarch and comes to power when one of his parents, or relatives, dies.
In some countries, people elected a new emperor from candidates.
The only emperor in the world today is the Emperor of Japan (tennō), but he lacks political power.
The true leaders of Japan are the Diet and Prime Minister because the country is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
The English word comes from Latin, the language of the old Roman Empire.
At first, an imperator was a powerful general (army leader) but, after Augustus, it was only used by their most powerful rulers.
There have been many countries in history whose leaders are called "emperor" in English.
The leaders of the Byzantine Empire (basileus, autokrator) in Greece, the Holy Roman Empire (imperator, Kaiser) in the Austria and Germany, Russian Empire, Serbia and Bulgaria (tsar), and the Ottoman Empire (sultan, padishah, khagan, kaysar) in Turkey all said they were just new parts of the old Roman Empire.
The leaders of other countries who said they ruled the whole world or called themselves "King of Kings" are frequently also called emperors in English.
For example, the old rulers of China (Huangdi), Iran (Shah) and Ethiopia (Negusa negast) are all known as emperors in English.
There have also been emperors of France, Brazil and Mexico, and the rulers of the United Kingdom called themselves the Emperors and empresses of India for a while.
Palmdale is the largest city in the desert area of California.
It is a suburb of Los Angeles.
It has a population of 147,897 and is the 6th largest city in Los Angeles County.
It is one of the fastest growing cities in the United States, currently the 25th fastest.
It has a population of 589,043 if you include the suburbs around it.
Even though Palmdale is in Los Angeles County, it is not connected to the larger Los Angeles population area.
It is separated from it by a mountain range called the San Gabriel Mountains that are over 40 miles wide and almost 2 miles high overall.
Palmdale is the home of several airplanes used by NASA and the Air Force, giving it the nickname of "the aerospace capital of America."
In 1886, when land in the Antelope Valley sold for 50 cents an acre, a group of 50 Swiss and German families migrated from the Midwest and settled in what is now known as Palmdale.
They named their new community “Palmenthal” because they had mistaken the native Joshua trees for palm trees.
The City of Palmdale celebrated its 50th anniversary of incorporation on Aug. 24, 2012.
It has consistently been one of the fastest-growing cities in California and in the country.
Since 1980, Palmdale’s population has soared from 12,277 to 158,605.
Despite its growth, Palmdale continues to cherish the small-town values of a family-oriented community while enjoying all of the conveniences of its booming retail and commercial sectors.
Poncitlán, Jalisco, Mexico
Palmdale City Website
Palmdale Airport Website
Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Fresno is the largest inland city in U.S. state of California.
It has a population of 451,455.
If the surrounding suburbs are included, it has a population of 983,788.
It is the county seat of Fresno County, in the Central Valley.
Fresno is the closest major city to Yosemite National Park.
Fresno has a major airport called Fresno Yosemite International Airport that has many flights by many airlines everyday.
It was the first airport to use the new security systems made after the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Fresno has a semi-arid climate (Bsh in the Koeppen climate classification).
Cities in the Central Valley of California
1872 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in California
January 2 – Panama president Jose Antonio Remon is killed.
January 7 – Marian Anderson becomes the first African-American person to sing at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City
January 19 -  The Scrabble board game debuts.
February 8 – Nikolai Bulganin ousts Georgi Malenkov
February 9 – Apartheid in South Africa: 60,000 non-white people who live in a suburb of Johannesburg are forced to leave their homes
February 13 – Israel gets 4 of the 7 Dead Sea scrolls.
February 23 – First meeting of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
March: Jim Henson builds the first version of Kermit the Frog
March 2:
King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia gave up the throne in favor of his father, King Norodom Suramarit.
Much flooding in North and Western Australia – 200 humans and tens of thousands of sheep dead, 44.000 homeless
March 15- Fedral ALP (Australian Labor Party) split (a)
April 5 – Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom because of health problems.
He is 80 years old
April 12 – Jonas Salk's polio vaccine is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration
April 15 – Ray Kroc opens the first McDonald's in Illinois
April 7 – Anthony Eden becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
July 18 – Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California
October 14 – Pakistan changed the name of East Bengal province to East Pakistan.
Before the independence of the colonial Bangladeshi people the people of this region were referred to as East Pakistanis under the One Unit Policy.
Its capital was based in Dacca (now Dhaka).
The western part of Pakistan becomes West Pakistan with its capital based in Lahore.
The federal capital at the time was Rawalpindi.
October 26 - Establishment of South Vietnam and the Army of South Vietnam.
November 1 – The Vietnam War begins between the North Vietnam Army and the South Vietnam Army
November 20 – Bo Diddley makes his TV debut on Ed Sullivan's Toast Of The Town show on CBS
December 1 – Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white person on a bus.
She is arrested.
This starts the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Unknown – The stack was proposed
January 2 – Tex Brashear, American voice actor
January 6 – Rowan Atkinson, comedian, actor
January 12 - Elijah-Demetrius Kovács, Hungarian politician and judge
January 12 – Rockne O'Bannon, writer, producer
January 13 – Jay McInerney, writer
January 17 – Steve Earle, musician
January 18 – Kevin Costner, actor
January 19 – Simon Rattle, English conductor
January 26 – Eddie Van Halen, musician (Van Halen) (d. 2020)
January 27 – John Roberts, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
February 8 – John Grisham, novelist
February 10 – Greg Norman, golfer
February 19 – Jeff Daniels, actor
February 21 – Kelsey Grammer, actor
February 23 – Howard Jones, musician
February 24 – Alain Prost, Formula One driver
February 24 – Steve Jobs, computer pioneer (d. 2011)
March 5 – Penn Jillette, magician, comedian
March 7 – Tommy Kramer, American football player
March 15 – Dee Snider, singer (Twisted Sister)
March 16 – Jiro Watanabe, Japanese boxing world champion
March 16 – Bruno Barreto, Brazilian movie director
March 17 – Gary Sinise, actor
March 19 – Bruce Willis, actor
March 22 – Pete Sessions, U.S. politician
March 23 – Moses Malone, basketball player
March 28 – Reba McEntire, country music singer, actress
March 29 – Earl Campbell, American football star
March 31 – Angus Young, musician (AC/DC)
April 1 – Ronnie Burk, surrealist and AIDS activist
April 6 – Michael Rooker, actor
April 11 – Kevin Brady, American politician
April 15 – Dodi Al-Fayed, Egyptian businessman (d. 1997)
April 16 – Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg
April 23 – Tony Miles, English chess player
April 29 – Kate Mulgrew, actress
April 29 - Richard Epcar, actor
May 8 - Meles Zenawi, President of Ethiopia, and ex-Prime Minister of Ethiopia, (d. 2012)
May 29 - Mike Porcaro, American bass guitarist (Toto) (d. 2015)
August 3 – Corey Burton, American actor
August 9 - Charlie Morgan, English drummer (Orleans)
October 15 – Tanya Roberts, American actress
October 28 – Bill Gates co-founder of Microsoft
November 29- Howie Mandel, host of Deal or No Deal
January 15 – Yves Tanguy, French painter (b. 1900)
January 21 – Archie Hahn, American athlete (b. 1880)
March 11 – Sir Alexander Fleming, British medical researcher (b. 1881)
March 12 – Charlie Parker, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1920)
April 7 – Theda Bara, American movie actress (b. 1885)
April 18 – Albert Einstein, German physicist (b. 1879)
May 4 – Georges Enescu, Romanian composer (b. 1881)
May 10 – Tommy Burns, American boxer (b. 1881)
May 11 – Gilbert Jessop, English cricketer (b. 1874)
May 16 – James Agee, American writer (b. 1909)
May 26 – Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (b. 1918)
August 2 – Wallace Stevens, American poet (b. 1879)
August 5 – Carmen Miranda, Portuguese singer and actress (b. 1909)
August 12 – Thomas Mann, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1875)
August 12 – James B. Sumner, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887)
September 30 – James Dean, American actor (b. 1931)
October 1 – Charles Christie, American movie studio owner (b. 1880)
October 9 – Theodor Cardinal Innitzer, Archbishop of Vienna
November 4 – Cy Young, baseball player (b. 1867)
November 5 – Maurice Utrillo, French artist (b. 1882)
November 12 – Alfréd Hajós, Hungarian swimmer (b. 1878)
November 27 – Arthur Honegger, French-born Swiss composer (b. 1982)
December 6 – Honus Wagner, Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1874)
October 1 – The Honeymooners debuts on CBS with stars Jackie Gleason, Art Carney, Audrey Meadows, and Joyce Randolph
The Ladykillers (1955 movie)
Maybellene- Chuck Berry
Bo Diddley/I'm A Man- Bo Diddley
Diddley Daddy- Bo Diddley
Rock Around The Clock- Bill Haley
The Acceptance World – Anthony Powell
Andersonville – MacKinlay Kantor
Auntie Mame – Patrick Dennis
Bath Tangle – Georgette Heyer
Birdman of Alcatraz – Thomas E. Gaddis
Bonjour Tristesse – Françoise Sagan
The Chrysalids – John Wyndham
The Dragon in the Sea – Frank Herbert
The End of Eternity – Isaac Asimov
The Genius and the Goddess – Aldous Huxley
The Ginger Man – J. P. Donleavy
A Good Man is Hard to Find – Flannery O'Connor
Lolita – Vladimir Nabokov
The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne – Brian Moore
The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King – J. R. R. Tolkien
The Magician's Nephew – C.S. Lewis
The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit – Sloan Wilson
Marjorie Morningstar – Herman Wouk
Moonraker – Ian Fleming
Not As a Stranger – Morton Thompson
Notes of a Native Son – James Baldwin
The October Country – Ray Bradbury
Pedro Paramo – Juan Rulfo
The Quiet American – Graham Greene
Satan in Goray – Isaac Bashevis Singer
Scuffy the Tugboat – Gertrude Crampton
Something of Value – Robert Ruark
That Uncertain Feeling – Kingsley Amis
The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (Relato de un náufrago) – Gabriel García Márquez
The Talented Mr. Ripley – Patricia Highsmith
Ten North Frederick – John O'Hara
The Tontine – Thomas B. Costain
The Tree of Man – Patrick White
Tunnel in the Sky – Robert A. Heinlein
Popeye the Sailor Man is one of the most popular cartoon characters of all time.
He first appeared in a comic strip called Thimble Theatre by E.C. Segar in 1929.
Popeye is a sailor who smokes a pipe and mutters things under his breath.
He has only one eye, he is short and uneducated, but when trouble occurs, usually saving his girlfriend, Olive Oyl from his nemesis, Bluto/Brutus, he eats a can of spinach, and gets super-strength.
Over the years, He also appeared in a series of cartoons made for movie theatres by Paramount Pictures, comic books, arcade, video games, hundreds of advertisements, peripheral products (ranging from spinach to candy cigarettes).
In 2002, TV Guide ranked Popeye #20 on its "50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time" list.
Character history
Creation and development in Thimble Theatre
Popeye was created by E. C. Segar and was inspired by a man Segar knew in Chester, Illinois: Frank "Rocky" Fiegel.
Popeye would make his debut in the January 17, 1929 Thimble Theatre strip "Dice Island" as a rough sailor for hire.
While originally introduced as a minor character (with the actual star of the strips then being Castor Oyl), Popeye's popularity eventually grew to the point where he became the main character of Thimble Theatre, with the strip now focusing on his adventures and hijinks.
Initially, Popeye was portrayed as a very strong and seemingly uneducated but very savvy sailor who would gain extraordinary luck and resilience when he rubbed the magical Whiffle Hen Bernice, but by 1932, he began to favor spinach, crediting it as a healthy source of strength.
As the strips started focusing more on Popeye, he began to form a relationship with Castor's sister Olive Oyl after she had left her previous boyfriend Ham Gravy, and the two would eventually go on to become one of the most recognizable couples in cartoon history.
After Popeye's run in the original Thimble Theatre, he would return as the main character in the 1948 comic book series by E. C. Segar's assistant Bud Sagendorf, which combined elements from both the original Thimble Theatre and the Fleischer Studios cartoons.
His comic book appearances would continue for decades until the title's end in 1984.
Fleischer Studios
Popeye's huge popularity led him to be adapted into animation, which would only be loosely based on Thimble Theatre due to the limited length of the theatrical shorts at the time keeping them from making proper full-length adaptations of the Thimble Theatre sagas, which resulted in the shorts being episodic.
The huge success of the first Popeye the Sailor cartoon (which originally started as a part of the Betty Boop shorts) would ensure a long-running series of independent theatrical shorts for the now famous sailor.
In the various cartoons by Fleischer Studios, he would usually have to rescue his girlfriend Olive Oyl from Bluto, his rival and sometimes friend or go on a daring adventure with Olive and his good friend J. Wellington Wimpy.
Some of the cartoons take a different recurring approach, like him rescuing Olive from another threat, dealing with something alone, fighting a small enemy he cannot beat, or watching over his adopted son Swee'Pea.
As these theatrical shorts deviated from Segar's strips quite a bit, many characters from the comic never made an appearance or only appeared once (like Castor Oyl and the Goons).
However, other characters like J. Wellington Wimpy (who sometimes served as Popeye's sidekick), Poopdeck Pappy and, more rarely, Oscar would make semi-regular appearances in the shorts.
Eugene the Jeep also made some appearances but would not be used as often as the above.
George W. Geezil also made only two appearances alongside Popeye.
Many of these cartoons mostly focused on Popeye's adventures and antics along with Olive and occasionally Wimpy as they tried to resist the antagonistic Bluto.
While not appearing as a sailor very often (as Popeye was usually portrayed with a number of odd jobs) the stories in the cartoons would involve his brawling escapades or his adventures in certain areas of the world while doing impressive feats and preserving Olive's safety and their relationship.
During the World War II-era animated shorts, Popeye was a member of the U.S. Navy and his outfit was changed to a white Navy suit, and he would continue to look like this in animation from the 1940s through to the 1960s.
During Fleischer Studios's final years of operations, the shorts they produced were WWII stories focusing on Popeye's heroic attempts to help America fight the enemy, mostly the Japanese and Germans.
The cartoons with these battle scenes have often been banned from television for being considered too "politically incorrect."
Also, in the 1940s shorts, Popeye gained four nephews named Pipeye, Peepeye, Poopeye and Pupeye, who originally debuted in an earlier short within a dream sequence as his children, before being made recurring and turned into his nephews.
However, their exact relation to Popeye remains unclear, and the parent of his nephews has never been properly identified.
Famous Studios
Following the takeover of the Popeye animated franchise by Paramount Studios in 1942, the Popeye cartoons were now handled by Famous Studios, which made drastic changes which abandoned almost all traces of Thimble Theatre and focused largely on plots involving Popeye, Olive, Bluto in something resembling a love triangle, without many other characters appearing and with very few shorts deviating from that setup, which involved Olive falling for Bluto and Popeye beating him after eating spinach in an oft-repeated formula.
Also of note are Famous Studios' remakes of Fleischer cartoons (such as Goonland, itself a loose Thimble Theatre adaptation), heavily changed by Famous to remove all traces of Segar creations outside of Popeye, Bluto and Olive, i.e. Popeye's Pappy replacing Goonland's Goons with what might be considered racial caricatures of Africans led by a Bluto-like cannibal, with the only thing in common between the two versions being the rescue of Pappy - who would go on to make only two more appearances after this (one of which contradicted the established fact that he left his son shortly after his birth).
Supporting characters who were notable friends of Popeye and even had several appearances in Fleischer cartoons, such as Wimpy, Pappy and Swee'Pea, were featured less than a handful of times: Wimpy only appeared in three shorts (aside from flashback-oriented stories) and others such as Eugene the Jeep never appeared at all.
Popeye's role as an adventuring sailor was also reduced to a point where he was barely ever seen at sea or in the Navy other than in a few shorts mostly from the war period, as the majority of stories preferred to avoid doing more adventurous and fantastical stories and focus on Popeye's everyday life, his vacation hijinks or the "love triangle" setup.
Popeye's portrayal in the animated adaptation (such as the theatrical cartoons and especially the Famous outings) has alternately been criticized for giving him a single means to solve all of life's problems (unlike in the older strips), or praised for bringing children to eat healthy.
This reliance was most exaggerated in the short "How Green Is My Spinach," which presented Popeye as being helpless without spinach (and portrayed other vegetables as ineffective), spoofing the cartoons's own formula but at the same time providing a rather questionable message.
In the fifties, Popeye's cartoon catalog was sold by the Paramount studio to Associated Artists Productions for broadcast on television.
Animated shows were also made for television in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
First television series
In 1960, the first Popeye the Sailor animated television series was produced for first-run syndication which proved successful.
Like the earlier theatrical cartoon series, it would use many elements that were already well known, mostly the basic storyline of Popeye trying to keep his sweetheart Olive safe from the hands of other male suitors while using spinach to remain fit and healthy.
Unlike the theatrical shorts however (especially the Famous Studios shorts), this TV series made a more prominent attempt to bring back characters and elements from Thimble Theatre back to Popeye's side, such as his old friend J. Wellington Wimpy, who had been considerably absent during the Famous era, and the show even included characters who never had the chance to appear in animation, such as Popeye's old lucky charm Bernice the Whiffle Hen and even Alice the Goon, King Blozo and Rough House (yet while bringing in more Thimble Theatre elements, very few episodes were a direct or accurate adaptations of the strips and had no real continuity between them).
Notably, the only character that failed to return was Bluto himself, who was instead replaced by his lookalike/brother Brutus, due to King Features incorrectly thinking that the former was not originally a Thimble Theatre character.
While the show did involve Popeye's love life, episodes actually focused more on his adventuring around the world (and beyond) not unlike the Fleischer and comic strip incarnation, and also brought back other Thimble Theatre antagonists rather than relying solely on Brutus, like the sinister Sea Hag and Toar the caveman, who proved to be a true challenge for Popeye.
As in the final Fleischer cartoons and most Famous shorts, Popeye still wore his Navy uniform, an exception being the pilot episode "Barbecue for Two", where he did wear his original outfit.
The All-New Popeye Hour
In 1978, Hanna-Barbera Productions, with King Features Syndicate, would produce a new Popeye television series, The All-New Popeye Hour.
Unlike the previous show, this series had higher-quality animation and was more akin to Segar's work and Fleischer cartoons than other Popeye animations, with Popeye more regularly seen as an adventurous sailor.
Popeye's look was once again changed for this series, this time it was a permanent return to his classic outfit, however he still wore his Navy hat, making it something of a combination of both styles.
The series also gave characters such as Alice the Goon more prominence, having her co-star with Olive in their own segment, Private Olive Oyl.
This show focused more on adventure than past animations: there were entirely new segments dedicated to sailing the seas and searching for adventure, as in Popeye's Treasure Hunt.
Popeye and the Sea Hag's relationship was also more accurate to the strips than the previous series, with the Hag wanting to marry Popeye, much to the latter's disgust.
Oddly enough, Popeye's signature spinach can would have special effects on other characters, such as Olive and Swee'Pea, who would unusually turn into actual superheroes.
Popeye's first movie
In 1980, a theatrical live-action movie called Popeye was released, featuring an original story written by Jules Pfeiffer, directed by Robert Altman, and serving as a more faithful adaptation to Segar's Thimble Theatre.
It brought almost every friend of Popeye's to the silver screen, although it showed the well-known sailor (as whom Robin McLaurin Williams starred) as having an initial aversion to spinach, and the setting took place in a port town called Sweethaven, created on the island of Malta by Altman's set decorators.
It eventually went on to gross $49,823,037; more than double the film's production budget.
Popeye was produced as a musical, with original songs whose music was composed and whose lyrics were written by Harry Nilsson; however, Sammy Lerner's familiar theme for the character, "I'm Popeye the Sailor Man," was retained in the final sequence.
In 1987, the latest animated series focusing on Popeye was produced, entitled Popeye and Son.
The series was unique in the Popeye franchise for taking place later in Popeye's life, where he had finally married Olive Oyl, settled down and had a son of his own (a notable change considering the rarity of having well-known cartoon characters actually move on with their lives).
The series shared similarities with its predecessor, The All-New Popeye Hour, having various references to Thimble Theatre and other media in Popeye's history such as the theatrical film, with the cartoon taking place in Sweethaven.
However, the series didn't prove as popular as its predecessors and was eventually cancelled after 13 episodes.
Being the last animated Popeye series on television, it can be considered somewhat fitting that it ended at a later and happier point in Popeye's life.
In 2001, Popeye received a tribute show on Cartoon Network titled The Popeye Show, which only featured classic shorts but also adding trivia info and facts about Popeye as well as occasionally showing unaltered original versions of the shorts, with the series going on to have 45 episodes.
In 2004, a CGI-animated TV movie titled Popeye's Voyage: The Quest for Pappy was produced by Mainframe Entertainment for Lions Gate Entertainment and King Features Entertainment.
An attempt at a full-fledged animated theatrical film was also made by Sony Pictures Animation for release in 2012, with test animation made by Genndy Tartakovsky, yet production on this film has apparently remained on an indefinite hiatus.
In 2012, IDW Publishing began a brand-new Popeye comic book that primarily stays faithful to the character's original comic strip incarnation by E. C. Segar and Bud Sagendorf, and features countless throwbacks and references to Popeye's old adventures and even features the return of many (if not all) of the characters from the classic era.
As the series is more faithful to Segar and Sagendorf's work, the plots of each issue follow more closely to the original format of the older comics rather than the cartoons, and the art even replicates Segar's style flawlessly.
In 2013, IDW held a special crossover event where they depicted many of the settings in their comics as being invaded by the Martians from the 1962 trading card game and 1996 film Mars Attacks, with Popeye facing off against the 1962 incarnation of the Martians in the special Mars Attacks Popeye.
Character designs