the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
An architect is a person who designs buildings and prepares plans to give to a builder.
What he designs is called architecture.
Stafans  make drawings with pens, pencils, and computers, and this is also called drafting.
Sometimes he first make small toy-sized buildings called models to show what the building will look like when it is done.
Some of these models survive for hundreds of years, such as O.S Moamogo, South Africa.
Architects decide the size, shape, and what the building will be made from.
Architects need to be good at math and drawing.
They need imagination.
They must go to university and learn how to make a building's structure safe so that it will not collapse.
They should also know how to make a building attractive, so that people will enjoy using it.
Although there has been architecture for thousands of years, there have not always been architects.
The great European cathedrals built in the Middle Ages were designed by a Master Builder, who scratched his designs on flat beds of plaster.
Paper did not exist in Europe at this time and vellum or parchment were very expensive and could not be made in large sizes.
Some cathedrals took hundreds of years to build, so the Master Builder would die or retire and be replaced and often plans changed.
Some cathedrals were never finished, like Notre Dame in Paris or Sagrada Família in Barcelona.
An architect has a very important job, because his or her work will be seen and used by many people, probably for a very long time.
If the design, materials and construction are good, the building should last for hundreds or even thousands of years.
This is rarely the case.
Usually building cost is what limits the life of a building, but fire, war, need or fashion can also affect things.
As towns and cities grow, it often becomes necessary to make roads wider, or perhaps to build a new train station.
Architects are employed again and so the city changes.
Even very important buildings may get knocked down to make way for change.
The Society of Architectural Historians web site
The Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain web site
The Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand web site
European Architectural History Network web site
Western Architecture Timeline
Construction occupations
La Jolla is a neighborhood in the city of San Diego, in the state of California, in the United States.
It is pronounced "La Hoya".
The University of California, San Diego is in La Jolla.
Another famous place in La Jolla is the Salk Institute.
It is the birthplace of the Hollywood actor, Gregory Peck.
Spa towns in the United States
An arch is an opening in a building that is curved on top to distribute the weight.
The curved part can be round, like part of a circle, or pointed, like two parts of circles next to each other.
Arches are often used where buildings are made of many small stones or bricks.
The stone at the very top of the arch, called the keystone, keeps the rest of the arch stones from falling down.
Arches can go over doorways and windows.
Many bridges are arch bridges including ones made of steel.
A series of arches is an arcade.
Arches can be found in nature.
These natural arches form through the erosion of cliffs.
Types of arches
Arches  can have many forms, but they can be sorted into three categories: circular, pointed and parabolic.
Circular (rounded) arches were used by Romans.
They used them in bridges, aqueducts, and large-scale (big) architecture.
Pointed arches were most often used by builders of Gothic-style architecture.
They used them because they produced less thrust at the base.
This allowed the structures to be taller.
Parabolic arches have the shape of a parabola.
They are mostly used in bridges.
The human vagina is a part of the female body.
It is between the perineum and the urethra.
Menstrual fluid (red, blood-filled liquid lost during menstruation) leaves the body through the vagina.
During sexual intercourse, a penis is put into the vagina.
During birth, the vagina opens to let the baby come out from the uterus.
The vagina is reddish pink in color, though colors may vary.
Between the ages of 9-15 years, the vagina and uterus become bigger.
The uterus is the organ in which a baby grows.
The vagina is a tube leading from the uterus to the outside of the body.
The opening of the vagina is inside the vulva, between the legs.
A clear or whitish fluid may start to flow out of the vagina to keep it clean.
The vagina is the tube leading from the uterus to the outside of the body.
The opening is between the legs, inside the labium, behind the opening to the urethra, and in front of the anus.
The vagina is an elastic, muscular tube.
It starts at the cervix and ends at the vulva.
It is about  wide, and  long.
During sexual intercourse and childbirth, the vagina gets wider and bigger.
It has to be lubricated to stay clean and allow sexual intercourse and childbirth.
It is lubricated partially by the Bartholin's glands.
This lubrication also allows sperm easier access to fertilize an ovum.
The vaginal biome
Like many tissues, the vagina has a natural biome, a flora and fauna of microscopic organisms.
The vagina is an interface between the host and the environment.
Its surface is covered by a protective epithelium where bacteria and other microorganisms grow.
The ectocervix (that's the vaginal part of the cervix) is not sterile, but the endocervix (that's the canal of the cervix) and the upper genital tract are assumed to be sterile in healthy women.
So, the cervix is a gatekeeper to protect the upper genital tract (ovaries and fallopian tubes) from microbes.
Research on this biome is at an early stage.
Lactobacillus species are associated with vaginal health, but what they do to keep the vagina healthy is not known.
A big research program into this is part of the Human Microbiome Project (HMP).
The vagina releases blood and tissue during menstruation.
Tampons or other products can be used to absorb some of the blood.
Sexual activity
When a woman is aroused, she has pleasurable feelings in her genital region.
The vagina gets up to  wide.
It can get bigger with more stimulation.
During sexual intercourse, the man's penis is placed in the woman's vagina.
That can feel good for both partners and usually makes the man have an orgasm after repeated thrusts.
For orgasm in women, the vagina has significantly fewer nerve endings than the clitoris, and therefore rubbing or applying other consistent pressure against the clitoris is usually needed to help the woman have an orgasm.
During the man's orgasm, he ejaculates semen from his penis into the vagina.
The semen contains sperm.
The sperm can move from the vagina into the uterus to fertilize an egg and make a woman pregnant.
The G-spot may be a highly sensitive area near the entrance inside of the human vagina.
If stimulated, it leads to a strong orgasm or female ejaculation in some women.
Some doctors and researchers who specialize in the anatomy of women believe that the G-spot does not exist, and that if it does exist, it is an extension of the clitoris.
During birth, the vagina acts as a pathway for the baby to leave the mother's body.
The vagina is very elastic and stretches to many times its normal diameter during birth.
Sperm needs to be deposited at the top of the vagina near the cervix and fertilize the ovum (egg) if pregnancy is to occur.
In a normal childbirth, babies come out through the vagina.
Pink Parts - More information on female sexual anatomy.
Anatomy of the female reproductive system
The breast is an organ on the mid to upper chest area, just below the shoulders near the centre of the upper chest region  of humans and other primates.
Humans have two breasts.
Both boys and girls have breasts at birth, but during puberty, the breasts on women grow larger and more visible.
The breasts have glands that produce milk.
Breastfeeding is letting an infant drink breast milk.
Men also have breasts.
They are built the same way as those of women, but are usually smaller, Men cannot use their breasts for breastfeeding.
Their breasts will usually not produce milk, but might become larger and produce milk during some diseases or with some hormonal medical treatments.
Growth and form
The appearance and size of the breasts of a woman may vary due to genetic factors, and the amount of fatty and connective tissue.
Hormones also play a role.
Estrogen promotes the growth of mammary glands and ducts, while progesterone induces milk-producing cells to develop.
Prolactin and oxytocin stimulate milk production.
Oxytocin also causes milk to be spurted from a lactating breast.
During menopause, as levels of estrogen decrease, tissue in the breasts reduce as well, and the breasts may start sagging.
A study showed that breastfeeding does not cause sagging.
Factors that do influence sagging are the size of the breast (before the first pregnancy), number of pregnancies, body mass index, smoking, age and certain physical disorders.
The center of the breast is the nipple.
The areola is a circular area around the nipple.
The breast contains mammary glands.
Each breast has 15 to 20 milk ducts.
Ducts carry the milk produced by these glands to the nipples.
After a woman has a baby, her breasts undergo lactation — the production of natural milk.
Feeding babies milk is called breastfeeding or nursing.
Purposes
The breasts of a woman also play a role in human sexual behavior.
They are one of the most visible or obvious female secondary sex characteristics.
They play an important role in sexual attraction of partners.
They can also give pleasure to the individual.
When sexually stimulated, the size of the breasts increases, venous patterns across the breasts become more visible, and nipples grow harder.
During sexual intercourse, it is common practice to press or massage breasts with hands.
Breast Tickling sometimes also happens and is done by placing your hands underneath her breasts and tickling upwards.
Breast Tickling can also be done on the top, the sides and her nipples.
Breasts are sensitive to touch as they have many nerve endings.
Oral stimulation of nipples and breasts is also common.
Some women can achieve "breast orgasms".
In the ancient Indian work the Kama Sutra, marking breasts with nails and biting with teeth are explained as erotic.
Hollander, Anne (1993).
Seeing through clothes.
ISBN 978-0-520-08231-1.
Morris, Desmond The Naked Ape: a zoologist's study of the human animal Bantam Books, Canada.
Yalom, Marilyn (1998).
A history of the breast.
London: Pandora.
ISBN 978-0-86358-400-8.
Venes, Donald (2013).
Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary.
Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
ISBN 978-0-8036-2977-6.
Lawrence, Ruth (2016).
Breastfeeding : a guide for the medical profession, 8th edition.
Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
ISBN 978-0-323-35776-0.
Pregnancy is when a female mammal has an unborn baby inside her.
During pregnancy, a female is called "pregnant".
A human pregnancy is about 38 weeks long, from conception to childbirth.
Usually the mother has one baby at a time.
Sometimes the mother has two babies at one time.
Two babies are called twins.
The mother can have three or more babies at one time.
This does not happen very often in humans.
Pregnancy usually starts after a woman has sexual intercourse with a man.
Her ovum (or egg) and his sperm (seed) come together and form a zygote (fertilized egg) inside her.
Some people have trouble becoming pregnant.
This is called infertility.
Women and men with infertility may take drugs or have surgery to help a pregnancy start.
Some people use treatments that are not natural, like in vitro fertilization, to become pregnant with the help of a doctor.
Growth of the baby
When the woman's egg and the man's seed come together, it makes one cell called a zygote.
The zygote grows into an embryo, which grows into a fetus.
When the fetus is ready, the baby is born.
Human pregnancy is divided into three parts called trimesters.
A trimester is about three months long.
During the first trimester, the woman might feel ill in her stomach.
She might have to urinate often.
During the second trimester, the woman's abdomen starts to stick out.
During the third trimester, her abdomen sticks out even more, and she becomes even heavier.
At the end of a full pregnancy, the woman's body pushes the baby out through her vagina.
This is called delivering a baby or giving birth.
Mothers can get help for birth from a midwife, nurse, or doctor.
In some places, mothers give birth at home.
In other places, mothers give birth in a hospital.
Mothers who are ill or hurt may need to go to a hospital.
Giving birth can hurt a lot at the end.
In hospitals, a doctor or midwife can give drugs to the mother to reduce the pain.
If the baby cannot be pushed out, then a doctor can cut the mother open to take the baby out.
This operation is called a Caesarean section.
Pregnancy problems
Sometimes there are problems with pregnancies.
A miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) is when the baby dies before it is born.
A stillbirth is when the baby is dead when it is born.
There are also diseases caused by pregnancy.
Sometimes, women die from giving birth.
In developed countries, this is much less common than it used to be.
Every year, about 500,000 women die from giving birth, while about 7,000,000 mothers have big problems from giving birth.
For example, giving birth can tear the mother's body and cause an obstetric fistula.
A pregnancy can also stop without the baby being born.
This is called abortion.
Doctors can do things that will stop a pregnancy.
Such an abortion is called induced abortion.
Countries have different laws about induced abortions.
Some countries allow it, and others do not.
In some countries, it is allowed, but only for certain reasons, such as the pregnancy resulting from rape, or a doctor saying that the pregnant woman might die if the pregnancy is not stopped.
People also have different opinions about abortion.
Often, these are influenced by religious beliefs.
There are a few diseases that can kill a woman or make her very ill if she has a baby.
Having abortions could save the lives or health of these mothers.
Pregnancy test
A pregnancy test is something that women use to tell whether they are pregnant.
The woman urinates on the stick.
If the woman is pregnant, a plus sign or two lines will appear on the stick.
If the woman is not pregnant, then a minus sign or one line will appear on the stick.
What Is Prenatal Care?
A forest is a piece of land with many trees.
Forests are important and grow in many places around the world.
They are an ecosystem which includes many plants and animals.
Many animals live in forests and need them to survive.
Temperature and rainfall are the two most important things for forests.
Many places are too cold or too dry for them.
Forests can exist from the equator to near the polar regions, but different climates have different kinds of forests.
In cold climates conifers dominate, but in temperate zone and tropical climates forests are mainly made up of flowering plants.
Different rainfall also makes different kinds of forest.
No forests exist in deserts, just a few trees in places where their roots can get at some underground water.
Forests contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass.
Primary production is about 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests.
Forest biomes
More than half of the world's forests are found in only five countries (Brazil, Canada, China, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America).
More forests (45 percent) are in the tropics than any other climates.
Coniferous forests
Coniferous forests stretch across Canada, Alaska, Northern Asia, and Northern Europe.
Their main trees are evergreen conifers which produce seeds in cones.
The weather during the winter is cold, but when snow melts in the spring, some parts of the forest become swamps.
There are not many different types of trees in coniferous forests because of the cold weather, and the poor soil.
Fallen branches, needles, and dead animals do not decay as fast as in warmer regions.
This is why the soil in coniferous forests is not very fertile.
Also, only those trees that have adapted to cold weather and poor soil can survive.
These trees have flexible branches that support heavy snowfalls.
Less water evaporates from their leaves because of the shape of their needles.
Many coniferous trees shade large parts of the soil below them, which keeps many plants from growing on the forest ground.
Some animals that live in the coniferous forests are pine martens, deer, bears, caribou, moose,  several owls, crossbills, and red squirrels.
Deciduous forests
Deciduous forests mostly grow in the temperate zone of North America, Europe and Asia.
They have a moderate climate during the spring, summer, autumn (fall) and winter, with rainfall of at least 500mm a year.
Summers are warm and winters are cold, but not as cold as the northern coniferous forests.
In the winter, snow covers the ground and the deciduous trees and plants lose their leaves.
The decaying leaves help make the soil rich in nutrients.
Many insects, spiders, snails, and worms make their homes in this rich soil.
Wild flowers and ferns grow almost everywhere in the spring.
New leaves capture the energy of the sun and sprout before the tall trees shadow them.
During the winter, many birds migrate to warmer climates.
Many small animals hibernate or aestivate, in other words, they slow down their metabolism and sleep or stay in their burrows.
Some of the other animals just slow down their metabolism and eat food they stored during the summer and fall months.
The trees in winter are bare, but with the coming of spring, leaves sprout, birds return, animals are born, and all the forest animals get busy with their lives.
Animals that we may see or hear in this biome include bears, deer, raccoons, otters, beavers, foxes, frogs, squirrels, snakes, salamanders, and birds such as woodpeckers, robins,  owls, blue jays and the small birds usually called tits.
Tropical rainforests grow in South America, the Congo, Indonesia and some nearby countries, Hawaii, and north eastern Australia.
Tropical rainforests are well named, as it rains here on about half the days.
The only season in a tropical rain forest is summer, so plants grow for all 12 months of the year.
Trees are tall and thick in the rain forest and they grow so close together that they form a big umbrella of greenery called a canopy.
This blocks out most of the sunlight.
The air is muggy as it filters through the dense canopy cover of the trees.
The light that filters through this tree cover is dim and green.
Only along river banks and in places that have been cleared does enough sunlight allow plants to grow on the forest ground.
Millions of species of plants and animals live in the world's tropical forests.
Life in the rain forest exists at different levels or layers in the trees.
Each layer has a name, such as 'emergent', 'canopy', 'understory', and 'forest floor'.
Animal life is found on all levels.
A barber is someone who cuts hair and shaves beards.
Usually, it is men who go to a barber.
Women usually go to hairdressers instead.
Barbers sometimes have a pole outside, which is red and white in most countries.
Barbering is a most ancient and honorable profession, with a very interesting history.
Barbering is the practice of cutting or trimming hair and includes shaving or trimming facial hair.
Besides cutting hair, barbers also shampoo and style hair, mostly for male clients.
Other duties include scalp treatment, skin care and fitting or grooming hairpieces.
In some states, barbers color, highlight or bleach hair.
The main job of a barber is to cut a client's hair.
The goal is to improve the appearance of the hair and to adapt styles to the customer's wishes.
Barbers also shape and trim beards and mustaches.
Instruments such as scissors and combs must be kept sterile and in good condition, and the barber is also responsible for keeping the shop clean by sweeping up hair.
Owners of barbershops also order supplies, pay bills and may hire and supervise staff.
Good interpersonal skills and a positive attitude are important qualities to have when working as a barber.
Examples of famous barbers are Alex Kelly and Cameron Kelly formally known as the Kelly Cutters.
Many barbers use these men as examples and aim to also deliver a very high quality service.
With experience, barbers can manage a salon or barber shop, or eventually open their own shop.
Advancement is also possible in teaching barbering.
Some states combine barbering and cosmetology licenses into one.
Some states allow transferring a barbering license from another state without additional formal training, but not all states allow this.
Personal service occupations
A carpenter is a person who works with wood.
They can make cabinets, build houses, or do other things with wood.
Carpenters usually make very good foremen (people who watch over a job) on larger jobs as they deal with so much of the project from ground up.
Carpenters are always adding to their tools and always learning how to use the new tools, materials, and ways of working with wood.
Many carpenters will choose to focus their skills in one of two broad ranging categories.
Rough carpenters will focus on building things that need to be simple and structural.
This includes framing for houses, or crates for shipping.
Finish carpenters will focus on things that are detailed and artistic.
For example, they can be furniture builders, cabinet makers or toy makers.
Wood carvers are sometimes counted as carpenters.
An electrician is a person who fixes the wires and switches so that lights and outlets work the right way.
Some electricians work in a building.
A roof is the top surface of the building.
The plural of 'roof' is 'roofs'.
The roof keeps out rain and snow and protects people from the sun.
Some roofs are sloped, or pitched, so the rain and snow fall off easily.
Some roofs are flat, but even flat roofs have a little bit of pitch so the water can flow away towards a drain.
Gable, hip, gambrel, shed and mansard roofs are the main types of pitched roofs.
The type of roof on a building helps identify the building style.
For example, an American Arts and Crafts style versus a Cape Cod style.
Roofs are often covered in asphalt or wood shingles.
But they can also be covered in metal, slate, or clay tiles.
It can be dangerous to walk on a pitched roof.
Some pitched roofs have parts that stick out for windows.
These are called dormers.
The edges of pitched roofs are called 'eaves'.
Often there are gutters and leaders at the eaves, which take away water from the roof.
Flat roofs are usually covered in rubber or types of plastic.
You can usually walk on a flat roof.
At the edge of a flat roof there is sometimes a parapet.
This is to prevents people from falling off the roof.
Gable Roof Erection Procedure: YouTube
Roof Truss Basics - Structural Engineering And Home Building Tips; YouTube
A brick is a man-made building material used to make walls and make places to walk.
It is a single unit of a kneaded clay-bearing soil, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried, used in masonry construction.
Bricks are made mostly of clay.
They are put into molds or cut with wires, and then baked in an oven.
The color of a brick depends on the clay from which it was made.
Masons build brick walls.
They join bricks together using mortar.
Bricks can be assembled into many different patterns.
The most common pattern is called "running bond".
A row of bricks is called a course.
A wall that is just one brick thick has one wythe.
Bricks used outdoors on the ground are called "pavers".
Engineering bricks are used for high load-bearing walls, and for damp-proof courses.
They are more expensive, and are made of better clays and fired at a higher temperature.
The oldest shaped bricks found date back to 7500 B.C. They have been found in Çayönü, a place located in the upper Tigris area in south east Anatolia close to Diyarbakir.
A bit later, between 7000 and 6395 BC, bricks come from Jericho and Catal Hüyük.
Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials.
They have been used since about 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities.
Sun-dried mud bricks are much older, and quite satisfactory in hot, dry climates.
Fired bricks are much more resistant to cold and moist weather conditions.
They allow permanent building in regions where the harsher climate prevents the use of mud bricks.
Most bricks from all places tend to be about the same size: ~9 x ~4¼ x ~2½ inches or 250 × 120 × 65 mm.
This is because they are picked up by the brickie in one hand, while in his other hand is a trowel with cement on it.
San Diego () is the second largest city in the U.S. state of California and eighth largest in the United States.
It is at the southwest corner of California, as well as the southwest corner of the continental United States.
It was founded in 1769 and it is the oldest city in California.
The mayor of San Diego as of 2020 is Todd Gloria.
It has comfortable weather most of the year.
There are several military bases in and near San Diego.
It has many beaches along the Pacific Ocean.
The San Diego Zoo is very famous.
San Diego is home to San Diego State University, the University of California, San Diego, and University of San Diego.
San Diego is on the international Mexico–United States Border.
The city of Tijuana is just across the Mexican border.
Substance Abuse Statistics in San Diego
Heroin, fentanyl, alcohol, and prescription drug addiction are common addiction types in San Diego.
In 2017, there were 273 unintentional prescription-related deaths in San Diego County and 7,505 opioid-related visits to emergency rooms.
From 2016-2017 there was a 115% increase of fentanyl-related deaths in San Diego.
In 2017, there were 357 alcohol-related deaths in San Diego County.
Of those deaths, 127 also involved prescription drugs, 15 involved a combination of heroin and prescription drugs, and  involved heroin.
15,952 adults were admitted into drug treatment centers in San Diego in 2017.
In 2016, an estimated 125 million opioid pills were sold in San Diego County, which equates to nearly 38 pills per person.
1769 establishments
The oriole ( or Old World oriole) is a bird in the family Oriolidae.
They make up the genus Oriolus.
Old World orioles are found areas of Africa, Asia and Europe.
They are most often found in tropical areas but one species lives in cooler areas.
The golden oriole is the only species of Old World oriole which is not a tropical bird.
The orioles evolved in Australasia, and later spread to Eurasia.
They are not related to the New World oriole.
New World orioles are members of the blackbird family Icteridae and are native to the Americas .
The kinds of oriole
Golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus
Brown oriole, Oriolus szalayi
Halmahera oriole, Oriolus phaeochromus
Ceram oriole, Oriolus forsteni
Buru oriole, Oriolus bouroensis
Timor oriole, Oriolus viridifuscus
Olive-backed oriole or White-bellied Oriole, Oriolus sagittattus
Yellow oriole or Green oriole, Oriolus flavocinctus
Dark-throated oriole, Oriolus xanthonotus
White-lored oriole, Oriolus albiloris
Isabella oriole, Oriolus isabellae
African golden oriole, Oriolus auratus
Black-naped oriole, Oriolus chinensis
Green-headed oriole, Oriolus chlorocephalus
Great-billed oriole, Oriolus crassirostris
Western black-headed oriole, Oriolus brachyrhynchus
Forest oriole,  Oriolus monacha
Black-headed oriole, Oriolus larvatus
Black-winged oriole, Oriolus nigripennis
Black-hooded oriole, Oriolus xanthornus
Black oriole, Oriolus hosii
Black and crimson oriole, Oriolus cruentus
Maroon oriole, Oriolus trailili
Silver oriole, Oriolus mellianus
Figbird Sphecotheres viridis
Oriole videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Feathers are the things which cover birds.
They help keep birds warm.
Feathers also protect them from injury.
In most kinds of birds, wing feathers help them to fly.
These are called flight feathers.
Some people have their pet birds clipped.
This is a procedure where a vet or a groomer cuts a certain amount of feathers to prevent the bird from flying away or simply for medical reasons.
Vaned feathers
The main feathers which cover the outside of a bird are called vaned feathers.
Vaned feathers have a stiff center, with soft barbs on the side, which seem like hairs.
The center is called a quill.
This type of feather is called pennaceous (= like a pen).
Down feathers
Young birds have small feathers, called down, which keep them warm, but cannot be used for flying.
Down is very soft.
Adult birds have down, but also have vaned feathers on top of the down.
Down is also used in blankets.
Down feathers are just one example of plumaceous feathers (the word means 'fluffy').
Another example is the feathers on flightless birds such as the ostrich.
Birds lose their feathers at certain times.
This is called moulting.
By moulting, a bird can replace old feathers with new ones.
Many birds moult once every year.
Feathers give birds colour.
The function of colour in birds is extremely important.
It includes:
Camouflage: it hides the bird in its natural environment, especially when it is stationary in the nest.
Camouflage is often backed up with behaviour: see the bittern on its nest.
Display: birds carry display colours when they need to be noticed by other birds.
Often the male of a pair will do the display and wear colours, while the female is camouflaged.
Display is usually backed up by behaviour, especially bird song.
The main functions are:
To attract a mate
To signal and defend their territory.
Use by people
People use feathers for many purposes.
In the past, quills were commonly used as pens, and colorful feathers were worn on hats.
Many pillows, cushions, mattresses, coats, and quilts are stuffed with down.
Feathers are also used by people of many tribes for decoration.
Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Fuller Olsen (born June 13, 1986) are twin American actresses.
They have acted in movies and on television series since they were nine months old.
The twins began acting on the ABC series Full House between 1987 and 1995, in which both of them played Michelle Tanner.
Later that decade, they acted in Two of a Kind and So Little Time, as well as their own animated series.
They also acted in the movies, It Takes Two (1994), New York Minute (2003), and many direct-to-video movies and specials.
Merchandise related to the Olsens is still very popular in the teenage market.
The Olsens have a clothing line for girls ages 4–14 in Wal-Mart stores across North America, as well as a beauty line called "Mary-Kate and Ashley: Real fashion for real girls".
In mid-2004, Mary-Kate Olsen announced she had entered treatment for an eating disorder, anorexia nervosa.
A Got Milk?
ad featuring the twins was pulled following the announcement.
On November 20, 2007 she was hospitalized for a reported kidney infection.
Fashion only
The twins have bought up a number of fashion labels, and this is now their main activity.
In 2012 the girls decided to quit acting permanently and focus on fashion.
Olsen Twins in the News
A Site Devoted to the Twins
1986 births
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Twin people
The Walt Disney Company, commonly nicknamed Disney, is one of the largest entertainment and media companies in the world.
Disney is known for Mickey Mouse universe and Donald Duck universe.
This studio is famous for their it includes cartoons, movies, TV and short movies.
It was started in 1923 by Walt Disney and his brother, Roy Oliver Disney, as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio.
It had the name of Laugh-O-Gram Studio from 1921 to 1923, Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio from 1923 to 1926, Walt Disney Studio from 1926 to 1929, and Walt Disney Productions from 1929 to 1985.
Some of Disney's best-known franchises include the Mickey Mouse universe, Donald Duck universe, Winnie the Pooh, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Cinderella, The Little Mermaid, The Lion King, Mary Poppins, Lizzie McGuire, Aladdin, Lilo and Stitch, Toy Story, Cars and other Disney and Pixar characters.
Mickey Mouse has been the mascot of Disney since 1928.
Studio Entertainment
This unit, also called the Walt Disney Studios, is headed by Chairman Dick Cook.
The Walt Disney Studios – movie studios Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone Pictures, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios, and Hollywood Pictures.
The Disney Music Group – Walt Disney Records, Mammoth Records, Lyric Street Records and Hollywood Records.
Distribution companies: Buena Vista International and Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.
One of the Studios' largest assets lies in Walt Disney Animation Studios, which has made a successful string of animated movies for almost seven decades.
Because of failures with most of their recent additions, it has changed its focus from traditional hand-drawn to CGI movies.
Pixar, also owned by Disney, is one of the first studios to create CGI movies.
Since 2009, Disney has bought three movie studios: Marvel Comics, Lucasfilm and 20th Century Fox.
On March 20, 2019, The Walt Disney Company bought 21st Century Fox for $52.4 billion USD.
Parks and Resorts
Worldwide, Disney has eleven theme parks (as of  ):
Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California
Disneyland Park in California
Disney's California Adventure in California
Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida
Magic Kingdom in Florida
Epcot in Florida
Disney's Hollywood Studios in Florida
Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida
Disneyland Paris in France
Walt Disney Studios in France
Tokyo Disneyland in Japan
Tokyo DisneySea in Japan
Shanghai Disneyland Park in China
Disney once owned the sports teams, the Angels (baseball) and the Mighty Ducks (ice hockey), both based in Anaheim, California.
These teams were later sold to other people.
Disney Enterprises Inc.
Media Networks
The ABC television network, which Disney bought in 1995, serves as the centre of this unit.
Cable television channels within it include Disney Channel, Disney XD, Freeform, ESPN and SOAPnet.
It also partly owns Lifetime, A&E and E!.
Buena Vista Television, responsible for the syndication of many Disney series, produces some of its own as well: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, Live with Regis and Kelly, and Ebert & Roeper.
Consumer Products
Merchandising and licensing within the company are overseen in this division.
Disney Publishing Worldwide, part of this unit, has Disney Press, Disney Editions and Hyperion Books as its brands.
It once owned the Disney Store shopping chain until 2004, when it sold all the stores to The Children's Place.
1923: The Disney Company is founded
1925: First appearance of Pegleg Pete cartoons, Alice Solves the Puzzle
1928: First Mickey Mouse cartoons, Plane Crazy
1928: First appearance of Minnie Mouse cartoons, Plane Crazy
1928: First official Mickey Mouse episode, Steamboat Willie
1929: Start of the Silly Symphonies: The Skeleton Dance
1929: First Silly Symphony episode, The Skeleton Dance
1930: First appearance of Pluto cartoon, The Chain Gang
1932: First appearance of Goofy cartoon, Mickey's Revue (Columbia Pictures Studios)
1932: First full-colour cartoon, Flowers and Trees
1933: First appearance of Fifi the Peke cartoons, Puppy Love
1933: First Donald Duck Theme Music #1, The Steeplechase
1933: First Pluto's Devil cartoons, Mickey's Pal Pluto
1933: First Pluto's Angel cartoons, Mickey's Pal Pluto
1934: First Walt Disney segment, The Hot Choco-Late Soldiers
1934: First Donald Duck cartoon, The Wise Little Hen
1937: First Daisy Duck cartoons, Don Donald
1937: First Donald Duck episode, Don Donald
1937: First Pluto, Jr. cartoons.
Pluto's Quin-Puplets
1937: First full-length animated movie, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
1938: First Huey, Dewey and Louie cartoons, Donald's Nephews
1939: First Goofy episode, Goofy and Wilbur
1939: First Mickey Mouse Theme #1, The Standard Parade
1940: First Disney movie failed at the box office, Pinocchio
1940: First Pluto episode, Bone Trouble
1940: First Donald Duck Theme #2, Window Cleaners
1940: First Goofy Theme #1, Goofy's Glider
1940: First Pluto #1, Private Parate
1940: Studio moves to Burbank, California
1940: Fantasia's debut
1941: Dumbo's debut
1942: Bambi's debut
1942: First P.J. cartoons, Bellboy Donald
1943: First Scrooge McDuck cartoons, The Spirit of '43
1943: First Chip 'n' Dale cartoons, Private Pluto
1944: First Pluto Theme #2, Springtime for Pluto
1945: First Dutch cartoons, Canine Casanova
1946: Much argued-over Song of the Souths debut
1947: First Pluto Theme #3, Pluto's Housewarming
1947: First Donald Duck Theme #3, Donald's Dilemma
1947: First Mickey Mouse #2, Mickey's Delayed Date
1950: Cinderella's debut
1950: First Goofy Theme #2, Motor Mania
1954: Walt Disney anthology series starts
1955: Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California
1955: First widescreen cartoon, Lady and the Tramp
1964: Mary Poppins becomes the first Disney movie to be nominated for Best Picture
1966: Walt Disney dies; his brother Roy takes over the studio
1967: Last animated movie from producer Walt Disney, The Jungle Book
1971: Walt Disney World opens in Orlando, Florida
1979: Don Bluth and friends leave the studio
1979: The Black Hole, Disney's first PG movie, is a failure with critics.
1981: Disney's last film that has any of the Nine Old Men as the animators: The Fox and the Hound
1983: Disney Channel is launched
1984: Touchstone Pictures starts with Splash
1984: Michael Eisner became the CEO of Disney
1985: Disney's first animated movie that was rated PG: The Black Cauldron
1987: Disney animated television series DuckTales
1988: Who framed Roger Rabbit's debut
1988: DisneyToons Studios opens
1989: The Little Mermaid brings new life in the animation division as well as the genre; studio gets its first Oscar in eighteen years for this movie
1990: Hollywood Pictures starts with Arachnophobia
1991: Beauty and the Beast becomes the first animated movie to be nominated for Best Picture
1992: Disney releases Aladdin
1993: The Nightmare Before Christmas's debut
1993: Disney buys the Miramax film studio.
1994: Studio president Frank Wells was killed in a helicopter crash
1994: The Lion King is released.
It becomes the highest grossing hand drawn animated film of all time.
1994: Jeffrey Katzenberg resigns from Disney.
1995: Disney acquires American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and ESPN
1995: First Pixar movie, Toy Story
2001: Disney Channel television series Lizzie McGuire
2001: First Pixar movie that was nominated for Best Animated Feature, Monsters Inc.
2003: First Pixar movie that won an Oscar for Best Animated Feature, Finding Nemo
2003: Pirates of the Caribbean becomes studio's first family movie with a rating of PG-13
2004: Home on the Range is Disney's last traditionally animated movie to use CAPS
2004: First Pixar movie that is rated PG, The Incredibles
2005: Disneyland celebrates fiftieth birthday
2005: Michael Eisner resigns from Disney.
He was replaced by Bob Iger.
2005: First self-made CGI movie, Chicken Little
2009: Up becomes the first Pixar animated feature to be nominated for Best Picture
2009: Disney buys comic book publisher Marvel Comics for 4 billion US dollars - including Hulk, Spider-Man, X-Men, Fantastic Four and the Avengers.
2010: Disney sells one of its film studios, Miramax Films, to Filmyard Holdings.
2012: Disney buys movie studio Lucasfilm for 4 billion US dollars - including Star Wars and Indiana Jones - the removed ending of Lucasfilm at the studios from 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures.
2013: Disney releases Frozen, which becomes the studio's first non-Pixar film to win an Oscar for Best Animated Feature.
2017: Disney agrees to buy most of Fox’s assets for 52 billion US dollars.
2018: DisneyToon Studios was closed down
2018: John Lasseter left Disney
2018: Touchstone Pictures was closed down
2019: Disney completes its purchase of 21st Century Fox and its assets.
2019: Ed Catmull retires
2019: Disney creates their own streaming service, Disney+ (including Pixar, Marvel Comics and Star Wars) in November 2019.
2020: Disney renames 20th Century Fox to "20th Century Studios", to avoid confusion with Fox Corporation.
2020: Bob Iger resigns as the CEO of Disney.
He was replaced by Bob Chapek as CEO.
2021: Disney closes its radio station, Radio Disney.
2021: Disney+ creates the Star hub outside of the USA, which has films and TV shows for adults.
2021: The Walt Disney Company Latin America rebrands all the channels with the Fox name in Latin America, to Star.
2021: Bob Iger will leave Disney.
2022: The Walt Disney Company Latin America closes Star Premium in January 31st, 2022.
On November 12, 2019, Disney launched their own streaming service, Disney+.
The platform features nearly all of their cartoons, short movies, movies and TV shows along with those made by properties bought by Disney, such as Disney, The Muppets, Pixar, Lucasfilm, and Marvel.
It also features original content, such as several Marvel and Star Wars programs.
R rated movies and shows appear on Hulu and the international Star hub, and movies, cartoons, and TV shows that feature smoking, swear words, violence, and stereotypical depictions of African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, and other minorities come with a warning.
Movie studios
Cholesterol is a molecule in cells.
It is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like molecule.
Cholesterol is a special type of lipid that is called a steroid.
Steroids are lipids that have a special chemical structure.
This structure is made of four rings of carbon atoms.
Other steroids include hormone steroids like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone.
In fact, all steroid hormones are made from changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol.
When scientists talk about making one molecule from changing simpler ones, they sometimes call it synthesis.
Cholesterol does many important jobs in a cell.
Cholesterols main function is as a structural component of cell membranes.
It is also the starting material for bile acids that are made by the liver and used to digest fats, and for steroid hormones.
However, it is best known for something bad that it does.
High levels of cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis.
This is an inflammatory disease of artery walls in which white blood cells invade the vessel wall and become engorged with cholesterol and other lipids.
Not all cholesterol is bad.
There are different kinds of cholesterol in the blood.
Doctors often measure these different types to see if someone has hypercholesterolemia.
HDL (high density lipoprotein) is sometimes called 'good cholesterol' because people with high levels of HDL cholesterol have less atherosclerosis.
High blood levels of VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) also causes more atherosclerosis.
However, measuring its level in blood is more expensive.
So the blood level of triglycerides (a kind of fat) is used instead.
High triglycerides (TG) are found in people with high VLDL.
The most common type of medicine to treat hypercholesterolemia are 'statin' drugs.
They are called 'statins' because their names all end in -statin.
They are also called HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors.
This is because they work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA Reductase.
Inhibiting an enzyme means to make it work less well.
The HMG-CoA Reductase enzyme causes the body to make more cholesterol.
If it is inhibited, the body makes less cholesterol.
So statin drugs lower the amount of LDL (bad) cholesterol in the blood which stops atherosclerosis from getting worse.
Statin drugs can even help make atherosclerosis better.
However, statins are not as good at increasing the HDL (good) cholesterol.
Low HDL is hard to treat with medicines, but goes up with more exercise.
Rhabdomyolysis means a disease where muscle cells are damaged and die.
Statins can cause damage to muscle cells.
This can cause weakness and muscle pain.
The worse problem though is that when muscle cells die, they release cell proteins into the blood.
The kidney removes the muscle protein from the blood.
If the kidney takes up too much protein, it can be hurt.
If it is bad enough it can cause kidney failure.
So if people take statins and get muscle pain or weakness, stop the medicine and see a doctor.
Statins can also cause liver problems.
They can cause mild irritation of the liver.
They can rarely cause very bad liver damage.
Because of this, when someone starts taking a statin, doctors check liver blood tests after six weeks.
Doctors also warn patients to watch for the signs of liver damage: pain in the right side of the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.
However, both of these problems are rare.
In someone with hypercholesterolemia, the benefit from statins is more than the risk.
This means that someone is more likely to prevent problems than cause problems by taking them.
There are many big scientific studies of this problem that show the same thing: if people have hypercholesterolemia and take statins, they are more likely to live longer and be healthier.
There are other kinds of medicines to treat hypercholesterolemia.
But statins are the most effective treatment.
Fibrates are medicines that lower cholesterol levels.
They may also help people with Type II Diabetes.
This is a good effect because diabetes and hypercholesterolemia cause some of the same problems.
If both diabetes and hypercholesterolemia happen in the same person the problems from these diseases can be much worse.
Fibrates can have rhabdomyolysis like the statins and also can cause upset stomach.
Use of fibrates and statins at the same time makes rhabdomyolysis happen much more often.
Niacin is a vitamin that lowers cholesterol levels.
It is also called Vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid.
Severe niacin deficiency in the diet can cause a disease called Pellagra.
This is rare in the developed world today.
However, less bad deficiency of niacin can cause high blood pressure, weight gain, and hypercholesterolemia.
So sometimes Niacin is used to treat hypercholesterolemia.
Niacin is one of the medicines that may make HDL (good) cholesterol go up.
The biggest problem with taking enough Niacin to help cholesterol is that it causes severe flushing (hot, red, sometimes itchy skin).
This 'side-effect' is so bad, sometimes people stop taking the medicine.
Bile Acid Resins are medicines that make people not absorb as much bile when they digest food.
This causes them to take up less cholesterol also, which lowers blood levels of cholesterol.
Diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system
Cholesterol is a molecule that is found in animal cells and body fluids.
Cholesterol is not found in plant sources.
Cholesterol is a soft waxy substance.
Cholesterol is found especially in animal fats.
Cholesterol is the main steroid synthesized by animals.
These and other steroid hormones are made by changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol.
This is an example of chemical synthesis.
Hypercholesterolemia means that cholesterol level is too high in the blood.
High cholesterol levels show that heart disease may develop.
Iowa () is a state in the Midwestern United States.
Its name comes from the Iowa River, which was named after the Ioway people, one of the Native American tribes that lived in Iowa.
Iowa was a part of New France, but was sold to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase.
Its settlers were mostly farmers: Iowa is part of the Corn Belt and is often known as the "Food Capital of the World."
However, Iowa's landscape, culture, and economy are diverse, with the economy changing in the second half of the 20th Century to include many kinds of business.
Iowa has more than 3 million people .
Its capital and largest city is Des Moines.
Iowa became a state on December 28, 1846.
It was the 29th state to join the United States.
Iowa is in the Midwestern United States.
To the north of Iowa is Minnesota; to the west are Nebraska and South Dakota; to the south is Missouri; and to the east are Illinois and Wisconsin.
The eastern border of the state is marked by the Mississippi River which runs between Iowa and Illinois.
The western border is marked by the Missouri and Big Sioux rivers.
The northern border is a line 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude.
The southern border follows the northern border of Missouri.
Iowa and Missouri disagreed about the location of the Iowa-Missouri border.
This argument was ended by the Supreme Court of the United States in the 1896 case, State of Missouri v. State of Iowa, after a standoff called the Honey War.
The border follows the Des Moines River for the far eastern part of the state and is at close to 40 degrees, 35 minutes north for the rest of the state.
Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two.
The state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County.