the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Half of all people who die by suicide may have major depressive disorder; having this or one of the other mood disorders such as bipolar disorder increases the risk of suicide 20-fold.
Other conditions implicated include schizophrenia (14%), personality disorders (8%), obsessive compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder.
Those with autism spectrum disorders also attempt and consider suicide more frequently.
Among people who have a mental disorder, 25% also have alcohol abuse issues.
People who abuse alcohol have a 50% greater risk of suicide compared to those who do not.
Hopelessness: Feeling like there is no chance that things will get better.
Hopelessness is very common in people who die by suicide.
Perceived burdensomeness: When a person feels like they are a burden to others (like they just cause problems for other people).
Suicidal people often feel hopeless at the same time.
Loneliness: Feeling alone.
Sometimes people actually are alone; sometimes they just feel lonely.
People are more likely to feel suicidal if:
They do not have people to support them, such as family and friends
They feel like they do not belong or fit in with other people
They live alone
Substance abuse is the second most common reason for suicide and feeling suicidal.
Only two serious mental illnesses - depression and bipolar disorder - cause more harm.
A person is at greater risk for suicide whether they have been using drugs for a long time or just a short time.
When a drug abuser is also sufffering from great sadness or grief, suicide is even more common.
Problem gambling
Problem gamblers have more suicidal ideation and make more suicide attempts compared to the general population. (
Problem gambling is gambling that causes major problems in a person's life.)
If a person becomes a problem gambler earlier in life, they have a higher risk of suicide for the rest of their life.
Gambling-related suicide attempts are usually made by older people with gambling problems.
Substance use and mental disorders increase the risk of suicide even more in people with problem gambling.
Medical conditions
There is a link between suicidality and medical conditions, including chronic pain, mild brain injury, (MBI) or traumatic brain injury (TBI).
People with these conditions had a higher rate of suicide that was not caused by depression or alcohol abuse.
People with more than one medical condition had an even higher risk of suicide.
Problems with sleeping, such as insomnia and sleep apnea, may be risk factors for depression and suicide.
In some people, the sleep problem itself, not depression, may be what increases their risk for depression.
People being treated for mood disorders should be checked by a doctor.
This should include a physical examination and blood tests.
This can make sure the person's mood disorder is not caused by a medical problem.
Many medical conditions can cause problems with mood and thinking.
Seeing a doctor will also help make sure that it is safe to prescribe medications for the person's mood disorder.
Serotonin is an important brain neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger).
Some studies have found that people who tried to kill themselves had low levels of serotonin in their brains.
People who died by suicide had the lowest levels.
Low serotonin levels are a risk factor for suicide, even if a person has never had depression.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): This is a protein that helps nerves grow.
Problems with how BDNF works may help cause several mood disorders linked with suicidal behavior, including major depressive disorder.
Studies of suicide victims have shown very low levels of BDNF in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, even in people who had no mental illness.
Even if they have the same risk factors, some people are at a higher risk for suicide than others.
This is partly because of genetic inheritance.
Genetics causes about 30–50% of the difference in suicide risk among different people.
For example, a person whose parent died by suicide is much more likely to try to kill themselves.
Epigenetics may also affect suicide risk.
How the media shows news stories of suicide may have a negative effect and trigger the possibility of copycat suicides (this is called the Werther effect).
This risk is greater in teenagers and young adults.
The opposite of the Werther effect is the Papageno effect.
This means that the media can help make suicide less likely if they cover good ways of dealing with stress and difficult things in life.
They have an item they can use to kill themselves
Someone in their family has died by suicide
They have had a head injury
They do not have a job
They are poor or homeless
They have to deal with discrimination
They were physically or sexually abused as a child
They spent time in foster care
They are under stress from something, for example a school assignment or work.
They are afflicted with Gender dysphoria
They are being actively harassed, bullied or emotionally abused.
Protective factors
Protective factors make it less likely that a person will die by suicide.
They help protect a person from the risk of suicide.
They can also help protect a suicidal person from the effects of suicidal thinking.
Protective factors can be internal, such as a person's personal strengths and beliefs.
Having skills like good ways of dealing with stress and solving problems
Having religious or cultural beliefs that say life is important
Having reasons for living
Protective factors can also be external, such as a person's relationships and life situation.
These factors can include:
Having strong connections with family and friends, who are supportive
Not being able to get items which are very deadly if used for a suicide attempt (like a gun)
Having someone who helps the person get the treatment and help they need
Being able to easily get good care and treatment for mental, physical, and substance abuse disorders
Protective factors are as important to identify as risk factors.
Just as risk factors can be reduced, protective factors can be increased.
Suicide prevention tries to decrease the number of suicides by using protective measures.
Some prevention strategies make it harder for people to get the most common things used to commit suicide.
This includes taking away guns, poisons, and drugs.
Studies have shown that good treatment of depression, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse can decrease the number of suicides.
So does follow-up contact with those who have made a suicide attempt.
In many countries, people who are at high risk of hurting themselves can check themselves into a hospital emergency department.
In some countries or states, a doctor, judge, or police officer can force a person to go to the hospital if they seem suicidal, even if the person does not want to go.
The person will be watched closely at the hospital to make sure they do not hurt themselves.
A doctor or mental health professional will decide whether the person needs to go to a psychiatric hospital.
"SOS Signs of Suicide" is a suicide prevention program used in secondary schools for students between 13 and 17 years old.
The program educations students about suicide, and tests them for suicide risk.
Students who have done this program make less suicide attempts than students who have not done the program.
Suicide hotlines and crisis intervention centers help students who are at high risk.
They help people who have suicidal thoughts.
A suicide risk assessment looks at how likely a person is to attempt suicide.
A good assessment can help prevent a suicide.
It is also the first step in coming up with a treatment plan.
Even though suicide risk assessments are very important, they are usually not done.
Many mental health care workers have little or no training in how to do a suicide risk assessment.
Worldwide suicide rates have increased by 60% in the past 45 years, mainly in the developing countries.
As of 2006:
Suicide was the tenth leading cause of death in the world
About a million people died of suicide every year (this means that 16 out of every 100,000 people in the world died from suicide every year)
A person completed suicide every 40 seconds
According to 2007 information, suicides happen twice as often as homicides in the United States.
Suicide is the 11th leading cause of death in the country, ahead of liver disease and Parkinson's disease.
Suicide rates vary a great deal across the world.
Lithuania has the highest suicide rate.
30% of deaths by suicide are by people who are intoxicated.(Source: SAMSHA)
In the United States, suicide has been increasing for African American teens.
Native Americans and whites have the highest rate of suicide in the United States.
More blacks than whites have committed suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic.
White men are most likely to commit suicide.
White males account for nearly 70% of suicide deaths.
Middle-aged white men have the highest suicide rate.
The most common ways of death by suicide are not the same in every country.
In different areas, they include hanging, pesticide poisoning, and firearms.
A 2008 report compared 56 countries, using information from the World Health Organization.
It found that:
Hanging was the most common method in most of the countries.
53% of men who committed suicide, and 39% of women, used hanging.
Worldwide, 30% of people who die by suicide use pesticides.
This method was most common in the Pacific area, where over half of people who died by suicide used pesticides.
It was least common in Europe, where only 4% used this method.
In the United States 52% of suicides involve the use of firearms.
In the United States, asphyxiation and poisoning are also common.
About 40% of suicides in the United States used one of these methods.
Blunt force trauma (for example, from jumping off a building)
Cutting themselves and bleeding to death
Drowning themselves
Setting themselves on fire
Electrocuting themselves
Starving themselves
Sometimes, suicidal people do something that will make another person kill them.
For example, a suicidal person might point a gun at a police officer, so the police officer will shoot the person in self-defense.
This is commonly called "suicide by cop."
Views of suicide
Modern medicine treats suicide as a mental health issue.
When a person starts having many thoughts about killing themselves, it is considered a medical emergency.
The Abrahamic religions (like Christianity, Judaism, and Islam) think that life is sacred.
They believe that when a person kills themselves, they are murdering what God has made.
For this reason, many followers of Abrahamic religions thinks that when a person dies by suicide, they will go to Hell.
The Dharmic and Taoist religions (like Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Taoism, Confucianism, and Shinto) believe that someone who does by suicide will be reincarnated in the next life with a less enlightened soul.
However, many people of these religions are more likely to die by suicide because they believe that there will be a next life.
They think that by dying by suicide, they may have a better chance in the next life.
Suicide as a weapon
There are several famous examples of suicide attacks in history.
The Kamikazes were one example.
They were Japanese fighter pilots during World War II, who would try to kill American soldiers by crashing their planes into American ships.
By crashing their planes, they would kill themselves as well.
The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States were also done by suicide attackers.
They flew planes into the World Trade Center buildings and the Pentagon.
Live Through This (stories from people who survived being suicidal)
Landmark Study Finds Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale Predicts Suicide Attempt
Rating Scale Successfully Predicts Suicide Attempts
Help for suicidal people
Learn from the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
Learn from the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention
Help for military veterans
The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: (800) 273-TALK (available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week) or through online chat
List of hotlines for LGBT adults and young people (from the It Gets Better Project)
http://lostallhope.com  Online help for suicidal people.
Find a hotline near you  (list from the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention)
Kids Help Phone : (800) 668-6868 (for kids and teenagers)
Other countries:
To find a hotline in your country, use one of these lists from the International Association for Suicide Prevention  or Befrienders Worldwide
Crisis Text Line: Text 741741
The Balkans is a peninsula in Europe.
The region has a combined area of 550,000 km² and an approximate population of 55 million people.
The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia and then continue to Slovenia as the Dinaric Alps.
Definitions and boundaries
The Balkans are bordered by water on three sides: the Black Sea to the east and branches of the Mediterranean Sea to the south and west (including the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean and Marmara seas).
The Balkan Peninsula is bordered on the north by the Danube, Sava, and Krča rivers.
Member countries
Romania (sometimes)
Slovenia (sometimes)
Turkey (sometimes)
Related countries
Austria (see also Austria-Hungary, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria)
Cyprus (see also Cyprus dispute)
Hungary (see also Austria-Hungary)
Italy (see Trieste and History of the Republic of Venice)
Russia (see History of Serbia)
Population composition by nationality and religion
Albanians (5 million)
Bosniaks (4.5 million)
Bulgarians (6.6 million)
Croats (4.5 million)
Greeks (10.7 million)
Macedonians (1.3 million)
Montenegrins (0.3 million)
Romanians (22 million)
Serbs (8 million)
Slovenes (2 million)
Turks (80 million)
others (Roma, Gorani, Hungarians, Czechs ...)
The most common religions in the Balkans are Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Christianity and Sunni Islam.
Many different specific kinds of each faith are practiced, with each of the Eastern Orthodox countries having its own national church with its own patriarch.
Bulgaria (Bulgarian Orthodox Church)
Greece (Greek Orthodox Church)
Montenegro (Serbian Orthodox Church or uncanonical Montenegrin Orthodox Church)
North Macedonia (Serbian Orthodox Church or uncanonical Macedonian Orthodox Church)
Romania (Romanian Orthodox Church)
Serbia (Serbian Orthodox Church)
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a special case - 50% are Muslim Bosniaks, 31% are Serbian Orthodox, and 15% are Catholic Croats (therefore 46% are Christian).
The remaining 4% adhere to other denominations of Christianity, other religions, or are irreligious.
Albania (Demographics of Albania)
Croatia (Demographics of Croatia)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Bulgaria (Demographics of Bulgaria)
Greece (Demographics of Greece)
Montenegro (Demographics of Montenegro)
North Macedonia (Demographics of North Macedonia)
Turkey (Demographics of Turkey)
Historiography of the Countries of Eastern Europe: Yugoslavia, American Historical Review, v 97 #4 (October 1992), 1084-1104.
The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics Cornell University Press, [1984].
Carter, Francis W., ed.
An Historical Geography of the Balkans Academic Press, 1977.
Dvornik, Francis.
The Slavs in European History and Civilization Rutgers University Press, 1962.
Fine, John V. A., Jr. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century [1983]; The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, [1987].
John R. Lampe and Marvin R. Jackson; Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations Indiana University Press, 1982
Jelavich, Barbara.
History of the Balkans, 2 vols.
Cambridge University Press, [1983].
Jelavich, Charles, and Jelavich, Barbara, eds.
The Balkans in Transition: Essays on the Development of Balkan Life and Politics since the Eighteenth Century University of California Press, 1963.
Király, Béla K., ed.
East Central European Society in the Era of Revolutions, 1775-1856.
Komlos, John, ed.
Economic Development in the Habsburg Monarchy and in the Successor States: Essays 1990.
Mazower, Mark, The Balkans: A Short History, 2000
Traian Stoianovich; Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe 1994.
South-East Europe Review
BalkanBaby travel writing, analysis and photos from the Balkans
Balkan History by Steven W. Sowards
SEEurope.net - news coverage on Southeastern Europe
Southeast European Times
The Centre for South East European Studies
Balkans region: Oil and Gas Fact Sheet - United States Department of Energy Analysis Brief
Balkans urged to curb trafficking - BBC
News from Balkans
A bicentennial is the two hundredth year of something.
In the United States, bicentennial is commonly is used to refer to the year 1976.
This is because 1976 is two hundred years after the country was started in 1776.
In Australia it commonly means on of two bicentennials.
The first, in 1970, was the two hundredth anniversary of James Cook finding Australia.
The second, in 1988 was the two hundredth anniversary of the first white settlement on the continent.
Shropshire, sometimes known as Salop and sometimes shortened to Shrops in print, is a ceremonial county of England.
It has no cities and only a few large towns - Shrewsbury, Telford, Ludlow and Oswestry.
It is a very rural county with many hills, forests, farms and rivers within its borders.
The county's county town is Shrewsbury, the birthplace of evolutionist Charles Darwin, however its largest town is Telford.
Telford is known for its tourist attraction, Ironbridge Gorge.
Ironbridge Gorge is the world's first iron structure.
Shrewsbury is also the location of the Ditherington Flax Mill, also known as the Flaxmill Maltings, the world's the first iron-framed building.
It is seen as the world's first skyscraper, described as "the grandfather of skyscrapers".
Places of interest
Attingham Park, Atcham
Blists Hill Victorian Town, Madeley
Bridgnorth Castle, Bridgnorth
Ditherington Flax Mill, Shrewsbury
Haughmond Hill, near Shrewsbury
Hawkstone Park, near Hodnet
Ironbridge Gorge, Telford
Long Mynd, Church Stretton
Offa's Dyke Path
Severn Valley Railway, Bridgnorth
Shrewsbury Abbey, Shrewsbury
Shrewsbury Castle, Shrewsbury
Snailbeach, near Shrewsbury
The Stiperstones, Pontesbury
Wroxeter Roman Village, Atcham
Kermit the Frog is a Muppet created by Jim Henson.
Kermit was Henson's trademark fictional character.
He was originally performed by Henson himself.
After Henson's death, Kermit was played by Steve Whitmire.
In 2017, Whitmire stopped working with the Muppets.
Matt Vogel replaced him and is the current person who plays Kermit.
Kermit has appeared on many TV shows including Sesame Street, The Muppet Show, Sam and Friends, The Ed Sullivan Show, and Muppet Babies.
Kermit has also appeared in several films and has been a guest speaker.
Sesame Street characters
de:Die Muppet Show#Kermit der Frosch
Cotton is a natural, soft fiber that grows with the seeds of the cotton plant.
(Fiber is long and thin, like hair.)
After, the cotton fiber is gathered from the plant, it can be spun into cotton thread.
The cotton thread can then be made into cloth.
The cloth can be used to make clothes for people and many other things.
People often wear cotton clothing, especially in hot weather.
Bandages are usually cotton.
There are different types of cotton plants.
Some cotton plants grow wild in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.
This is how cotton was discovered many years ago.
Most of the cotton gathered to make cloth comes from crops grown on cotton plantations.
Cotton is farmed in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas.
Cotton soaks up to 24-27 of its own weight in water (very absorbent).
All parts of cotton plants are useful.
Cotton is in the mallow family and produces delicate, lovely flowers.
Other members of the mallow family include hollyhocks and hibiscus, used to brighten gardens all over the world.
The cotton fiber forms around the seeds of the cotton plant.
It helps carry the seeds long distances on the wind so the baby plant can grow up far away.
Early humans realized that the soft, fluffy fibers might be suitable for textile use and began to breed the plant, selecting for fluffy, easily spun varieties.
Cotton is one of the oldest fibers under human cultivation, with traces of cotton over 7,000 years old recovered from archaeological sites.
Cotton is also one of the most used natural fibers in existence today, with consumers everywhere wearing and using cotton for various purposes.
Millions of acres globally are devoted to the production of cotton, whether it be new world cotton, with longer, smoother fibers, or the shorter and coarser old world varieties.
After harvesting, cotton must be combed to remove the seeds.
This was a laborious process until the industrial revolution and invention of the cotton gin, which quickly separates the seeds from the fiber and combs them for spinning.
While a single cotton fiber is not terribly strong, when multiple curling fibers are straightened and twisted together, they form a strong, smooth thread that can be knitted or woven, as well as dyed.
Cotton -Citizendium
Windows 1.0 is a graphical personal computer operating environment developed by Microsoft.
Microsoft had worked with Apple Computer to develop applications for Apple's January 1984 original Macintosh, the first mass-produced personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) that enabled users to see user friendly icons on screen.
Windows 1.0 was released on November 20, 1985, as the first version of the Microsoft Windows line.
It runs as a graphical, 16-bit multi-tasking shell on top of an existing MS-DOS installation.
It provides an environment which can run graphical programs designed for Windows, as well as existing MS-DOS software.
Its development was spearheaded by the company founder Bill Gates after he saw a demonstration of a similar software suite known as Visi On at COMDEX.
Despite positive responses to its early presentations and support from a number of hardware and software makers, Windows 1.0 was received poorly by critics.
Critics felt Windows 1.0 did not meet their expectations.
In particular, they felt that Windows 1.0 put too much emphasis on mouse input at a time when mouse use was not yet widespread; not providing enough resources for new users; and for performance issues, especially on systems with lower computer hardware specifications.
Despite these criticisms, Windows 1.0 was an important milestone for Microsoft, as it introduced the Microsoft Windows line.
Windows 1.0 was declared obsolete and Microsoft stopped providing support and updates for the system on December 31, 2001.
Microsoft began developing a graphical user interface (GUI) in 1981.
The development of Windows began after Microsoft founder Bill Gates saw a demonstration at COMDEX 1982 of VisiCorp's Visi On, a GUI software suite for IBM PC compatible computers.
In 1983 Microsoft learned that Apple's own GUI software—based in part on Xerox PARC technology–was much more sophisticated, and decided that its own product would be different.
Microsoft first presented Windows to the public on November 10, 1983.
Requiring two floppy disk drives and 192 KB of RAM, Microsoft described the software as a device driver for MS-DOS 2.0.
By supporting cooperative multitasking in tiled windows when using well-behaved applications that only used DOS system calls, and permitting non-well-behaved applications to run in a full screen, Windows differed from both Visi On and Apple Computer's Lisa by immediately offering many applications.
Unlike Visi On, Windows developers did not need to use Unix to develop IBM PC applications; Microsoft planned to encourage other companies, including competitors, to develop programs for Windows by not requiring a Microsoft user interface in their applications.
Many manufacturers of MS-DOS computers such as Compaq, Zenith, and DEC promised to provide support, as did software companies such as Ashton-Tate and Lotus.
After previewing Windows, BYTE magazine stated in December 1983 that it "seems to offer remarkable openness, reconfigurability, and transportability as well as modest hardware requirements and pricing … Barring a surprise product introduction from another company, Microsoft Windows will be the first large-scale test of the desktop metaphor in the hands of its intended users".
From early in Windows' history Gates viewed it as Microsoft's future.
He told InfoWorld magazine in April 1984 that "Our strategies and energies as a company are totally committed to Windows, in the same way that we're committed to operating-system kernels like MS-DOS and Xenix.
We're also saying that only applications that take advantage of Windows will be competitive in the long run."
IBM was notably absent from Microsoft's announcement, and by late 1984, the press reported a "War of the Windows" between Windows, IBM's TopView, and Digital Research's Graphics Environment Manager (GEM).
Microsoft had promised in November 1983 to ship Windows by April 1984, but subsequently denied that it had announced a release date, and predicted that Windows would ship by June 1985.
Deemphasizing multitasking, the company stated that Windows' purpose, unlike that of TopView, was to "turn the computer into a graphics-rich environment" while using less memory.
After Microsoft persuaded IBM that the latter needed a GUI, in April 1987 the two companies announced the introduction of OS/2 and its graphical OS/2 Presentation Manager, which were supposed to ultimately replace both MS-DOS and Windows.
In November 1987, Windows 1.0 was succeeded by Windows 2.0.
Microsoft supported Windows 1.0 for 16 years, until December 31, 2001 – the longest out of all versions of Windows.
Windows 1.01
Windows 1.02
Windows 1.03
Windows 1.04
Demo of Windows 1.01 running on VirtualBox, on The Non-Technical Technical Support
Demo of Windows 1.04 running on an original IBM XT, on YouTube
Windows 1.01 emulator
Hewlett Packard (HP) is a computer technology company.
It was created in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, in a garage in California.
It is based in Palo Alto, California.
They are best known for making computers and computer hardware such as inkjet printers, laser printers, all-in-one printers, scanners and digital cameras.
In 2002, HP bought Compaq and re-branded together as one company that is stylized as hp.
The letters in the latest logo are lower case.
HP History Links
Protect 724 Community
hp drivers
Local HP
1939 establishments in the United States
American computer hardware manufacturers
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), better known by his stage name Eminem, is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, and actor.
He gained rapid popularity in 1999 with the release of the album The Slim Shady LP, which won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album that year.
His next work, The Marshall Mathers LP, became the best-selling solo album in U.S. history.
This made him known around the world, and helped publicize his record label, Shady Records, and his group, D12.
The Marshall Mathers LP and his fourth album, The Eminem Show, also won the Grammy Awards.
This made him the first artist to win the Best Rap Album of the Year award three times in a row.
In 2003, he won an Oscar for Best Original Song with "Lose Yourself."
That song was featured in his film called 8 Mile. "
Lose Yourself" would become the single that for the longest time occupied the top spot of the hip-hop charts.
In 2004, rumors about the end of his career were announced after the release of Encore.
Those rumors were ended with the release of Relapse on May 19, 2009.
According to Nielsen SoundScan, Eminem was the best selling artist of the 2000s in the United States and was the 30th best selling artist of all time in 2010, according to the ranking of the RIAA, with estimated sales of 220 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists.
In 2010, he released Recovery.
Recovery was the best-selling album worldwide of 2010.
Recovery became the sixth album in-a-row by Eminem to start in the first position of the United States.
Eminem was voted #79 on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of All Time" list.
On a similar list, he was ranked 82nd by Rolling Stone magazine.
Including work with D12, Eminem piles up 9 albums at the top of the Billboard Top 200, 7 solo (6 studio, 1 compilation) and 2 solo with D12.
He has 13 singles in the top position worldwide.
Such a success made Eminem be recognized by the Billboard as the Artist of the Decade (2000-2009).
According to the same Billboard, the rapper had two of the five best-selling albums between 2000 and 2009.
Eminem has also sold more than 17 million downloads of his songs in the United States alone.
In 2009, Eminem was elected, in popular voting, the best rapper of all time by Vibe magazine, beating Tupac in the finals.
Marshall Mathers was born on October 17, 1972 in St. Joseph, Missouri.
He is the only son of Deborah Nelson Mathers-Briggs and Marshall Bruce Mathers, Jr. His ancestry is diverse, including Scottish, Welsh, English, German, Swiss, Polish, and possibly Luxemburgish ancestors.
His father abandoned his family when he was a year and a half old, and Marshall was raised only by his mother in poverty.
At age twelve, he and his mother Deborah had moved several times and lived in several towns and cities in Missouri (including Saint Joseph, Savannah, and Kansas City) before settling in Warren, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit.
Eminem had a very troubled and unstable childhood.
He frequently had his house robbed, attempted to commit suicide multiple times, and had a rocky relationship with his mother.
He was frequently bullied at school for his short height.
When he was 9, he was beaten up until he got unconcious and was hospitalized with a Cerebral hemorrhage.
After getting a copy of the album Licensed to Ill, from the Beastie Boys group as a teenager, Marshall became interested in hip-hop.
He began to make raps at the age of 14 under the pseudonym "M&M".
Shortly after that, he joined the Bassmint Productions group, which released an EP titled Steppin' onto the Scene.
After the release of the EP, Marshall left the group and changed his stage name to "Soul Intent", and released his first single called "Fuckin' Backstabber" in 1995 under the independent record label Mashin' Duck Records.
Despite being a student at Lincoln High School in Warren, he would sneak out and often participated in freestyle battles at Osborn High School in eastern Detroit.
Even though most of the hip-hop members in his state were African-Americans, Marshall ended up being well accepted by the  underground hip-hop public.
After repeating the ninth grade three times for truancy and low grades, he dropped out of school at age 17.
Although he dropped out of school, he eventually got his GED.
In 1991, his uncle, Ronnie Polkingharn, committed suicide.
Mathers was very close to him and was devastated by this fact.
He has a tattoo remembering him on his left arm that says "Ronnie RIP".
1992–1996: Early career and Infinite
One of Mathers' early mentors as a rapper was the local rapper Champtown, who gave Mathers his first time in a studio.
Mathers also starred in his first song in Champtown's "Do-Da-Dipity" from 1992.
Mathers and Champtown later had relationship problems and their friendship ended in 1995.
Champtown said Eminem falsely accused him of trying to get with his wife at the time, Kim.
Before he began rapping, Mathers also had a few minimum wage jobs.
Some of these were at a restaurant called Gilbert's Lodge and at Little Caesars.
Mathers was first signed to FBT Productions in 1992, run by brothers Jeff and Mark Bass.
In 1996, his debut album Infinite, which was recorded at Bassmint, a recording studio owned by the Bass Brothers, was released on the independent company Web Entertainment.
Eminem recalls "Obviously, I was young and influenced by other artists, and I remember several comments saying that I looked like Nas and AZ.
Infinite served me to try to figure out what my rap style was, how my voice would sound on the mic and live.
It was a growth phase.
I felt ' infinite ' as a demo album that ended up being pressed to become studio."
Subjects covered in Infinite included his problems in raising  his newborn daughter, Hailie Jade Mathers, in a decent way while he had little money.
Early in his career, Eminem formed a hip hop duo with another Detroit rapper, Royce da 5'9", called Bad Meets Evil.
After the release of Infinite, Eminem's personal problems and abuse of drugs and alcohol were too much and he attempted suicide.
Jimmy Iovine, director of Interscope Records, asked for a demo from Eminem after he finished second in the 1997 Rap Olympics.
Eminem had also won Wake Up show's Freestyle Performer of The Year, which helped him to land a recording contract.
Iovine played the demo for hip hop producer Dr. Dre, the owner of Aftermath Entertainment.
The two began recording songs for Eminem's upcoming album, The Slim Shady LP and Eminem had a cameo appearance on the album Devil Without a Cause by Kid Rock.
Hip-Hop magazine The Source had Eminem in its "Unsigned Hype" article in March 1998.
1997–1999: The Slim Shady LP
Eminem signed to Aftermath and Interscope in 1998.
He released his first major studio album, The Slim Shady LP, a year later in February 1999.
Billboard praised the album as "light years ahead of the material he had written before".
It went on to be one of the most popular albums of 1999, and it achieved three times platinum in the United States before the end of the year.
The album's popularity also brought controversy around much of the albums lyrics.
In '97 Bonnie and Clyde" he describes a trip with his newborn daughter, Hailie, when he discards his wife's body, and in another song called "Guilty Conscience", it ends with persuading a man to kill his wife and his lover. "
Guilty Conscience" marked the beginning of the friendship and musical bond between Dr. Dre and Eminem.
The two would later collaborate on a lot of hit songs, including "Forgot About Dre" and "What's the Difference" from Dr. Dre's album 2001, "Bitch Please II" from The Marshall Mathers LP, "Say What You Say" from The Eminem Show, "Old Time's Sake" and "Crack a Bottle" from Relapse and "I Need a Doctor" and "Die Hard" from Dr. Dre's Detox.
Dr. Dre would appear to have at least one guest appearance on all of Eminem's studio albums for Aftermath Entertainment.
The album has now achieved 4x platinum in the US.
With this release, Eminem was accused of imitating the style and word choice of underground rapper Cage.
2000–2001: The Marshall Mathers LP
The Marshall Mathers LP was released in May 2000.
The album sold more than 1.78 million copies in the US in its first week, breaking both the record for the best-selling hip hop album, last held by Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle, and the best-selling album in its first week in the U.S., last held by Britney Spears' ...Baby One More Time.
The first single from the album, "The Real Slim Shady", was a huge success, although it created a lot of controversy by insulting celebrities and making negative claims about them.
Among other things, he claims that Christina Aguilera had oral sex with Fred Durst and Carson Daly.
On the album's second single, "The Way I Am", he tells his fans about the pressure his record company puts on him to surpass the sale of "My Name Is".
Although Eminem parodies rock musician Marilyn Manson in the song, the artists are openly friends.
Manson starred in the music video for "The Way I Am" and he was also part of a remix of the song for a concert with Eminem.
On the album's third and most successful single, "Stan", he samples Dido's song "Thank You".
In the song, Eminem plays the personality of an psychopathic fan who ends up killing himself and his pregnant girlfriend, similar to the song "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" from The Slim Shady LP.
In the music video of "Stan", Eminem is shown writing with his left hand.
This ended a debate between fans about his dominant hand.
Q Magazine awarded Stan to be the third best selling rap song ever, while Top40-Charts.com placed the song to be the tenth best-selling rap song.
The song has since been praised and the Rolling Stone Magazine ranked the song as #290 in their 500 Best Songs of All Time.
In July 2000, Eminem became the first white person to come to the front page of The Source Magazine.
The album has received 10x platinum status from the RIAA.
Eminem appeared alongside Elton John at the 43rd Grammy Awards in Los Angeles in 2001.
The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD), an organization that thought Eminem's lyrics were homophobic, didn't like the openly gay John's decision to perform with Eminem.
Entertainment Weekly put the appearance on the matter with the words "It was the hug heard around the world.
Eminem, under accusations of homophobic lyrics, shared the stage with a homo icon for a performance of Stan that would have been unforgettable in any context."
On February 21, the day of the ceremony, GLAAD held a protest outside the Staples Center, the site where the distribution took place.
He also participated in the Up In The Smoke Tour with Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Xzibit and Ice Cube.
He also participated in the Family Values Tour with the band Limp Bizkit.
2002–2003: The Eminem Show
Eminem's third-major album, The Eminem Show, was released in the summer of 2002 and turned out to be another big hit for the rapper.
The album peaked at the Billboard Hot 100, selling well over a million copies in its first week.
The album's first single was the song "Without Me", in which Eminem made depressive comments about Limp Bizkit, Moby and Lynne Cheney, among others.
Other singles from the album include "Cleanin' Out My Closet" and "Sing for the Moment".
The album has been certified eight times platinum by the RIAA.
The album speaks on topics such as his way to fame, his relationship with his wife and daughter, and his status in the hip-hop community.
He also addresses his charge of assaulting a bouncer who kissed his wife in 2000.
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic felt that even though anger was present on several of the album's tracks, the album was not as provocative as The Marshall Mathers LP.
However, L. Brent Bozell III, who previously criticized The Marshall Mathers LP for being too tasteless and incoherent, noted that The Eminem Show used extensive obscene language and therefore gave Eminem the nickname Eminef, for the "clean version" of the word motherfucker, a word often used on the album.
The album sold 10,600,000 copies, making it one of Eminem's two diamond-certified studio albums.
2004–2005: Encore
On December 8, 2003, The Media Research Center (MRC) said that the United States Secret Service admitted that it was "keeping an eye on Eminem" for his allegations and threats with the President of the United States.
The lyrics in question are:
"Fuck money, I don't rap for dead presidents.
I'd rather see the president dead.
It's never been said, but I set precedents."
The song, "We as Americans" ended up on a bonus CD accompanying the Encore album.
Encore was released in 2004 and became another chart-topping leader, driven by the single "Just Lose It", which disrespects pop singer Michael Jackson.
On October 12 of the same year, a week after the release of "Just Lose It", Jackson was invited to a radio show in Los Angeles where he expressed his displeasure with the music video because it parodies the trial for child abuse, plastic surgeries, and the incident in which Michael's hair caught fire during the filming of a Pepsi commercial in 1984.
Many of Jackson's supporters and friends commented on the video, including Stevie Wonder, who said that the video "is like kicking someone who is already on the ground" and "is idiocy".
Steve Harvey also stated, "Eminem has lost his ghetto pass.
We want the pass back".
He also said he was not pleased with the way he chose to show the black community.
The music video also makes fun of Pee-Wee Herman, MC Hammer and Madonna.
In contrast, the comedian "Weird Al" Yankovic made a protest to Eminem in the song "Couch Potato", in which he parodies the international success of "Lose Yourself" of the movie 8 Mile.
Yankovic said: "Last year, Eminem forced me to stop the production of the parody video of "Lose Yourself" because he thought it would be detrimental to his image and his career.
So the irony of the situation with Michael is not lost to me."
Black Entertainment Television was the first channel to ask to stop displaying the video.
However, MTV announced that it would continue to display "Just Lose It."
President Raymond "Benzino" Scott of the Source magazine, wanted not only the video to be removed, but also the song from the album, and a public apology from Eminem to Jackson, which did not occur.
In 2007, Jackson and Sony bought Famous Music LLC from Viacom.
The acquisition thus gave them rights to the songs from Shakira, Beck and Eminem among others.
Despite the comic issue of the first single, Encore had along with him serious subject tracks, such as the song "Mosh".
On October 25, 2004, a week before the United States presidential election, Eminem released the music video for "Mosh" on the internet.
The song highlights a strong anti-Bush message, with parts like "Fuck Bush" and "This weapon of mass destruction that we call the president."
The video shows Eminem gathering an army of people, including rapper Lloyd Banks, presented as victims of the Bush administration and were taken to the White House.
However, at the moment the weapons break, it is revealed that people are there only to vote, and it ends with the words "Vote Tuesday November 2!"
on the screen.
After Bush was re-elected, Eminem modified the video, with demonstrators invading while the president was giving a lecture.
In 2004 he also launched a satellite music channel, Shade 45, on Sirius XM radio, which was described by his manager as "essentially a destination to get and hear things that other people aren't playing."
2005–2008: Retirement Rumors
In 2005, many musical experts predicted that Eminem was thinking of ending his career after six years and albums with several certifications.
This began in 2005, when a double album was about to be released under the name of The Funeral.
Subsequently, it was revealed that the album was a compilation of greatest hits, and was sold under the name Curtain Call: The Hits.
The album was released by Aftermath Entertainment in December 2005, and sold almost 441,000 copies in the first week in the U.S. It was Eminem's fourth consecutive album to be number one on the Billboard Hot 100.
He was certified as platinum twice by the RIAA.
In July 2005, the Detroit Free Press published that this would be the final stage of Eminem's career, and that he would be more interested in becoming a producer or executive of a record label.
On the same day of the release of his compilation, Eminem denied that he would be retiring through the radio Mojo in the Morning of Detroit, but stated that he would give a break in his career:
"I'm at a point in my life right now where I feel like I don’t know where my career is going.
This is the reason that we called the new CD Curtain Call, because this could be the final thing.
We don’t know."
In 2006, Eminem released a new compilation called Eminem Presents: The Re-Up, to help the growth of the newly created Shady Records label.
Eminem was the subject of the book 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America by Bernard Goldberg, in which he was ranked in position 58.
Goldberg quoted a column of Bob Herbert from The New York Times, who said, "In the world of Eminem, all women are whores and he is eager to rape them and then murder them".
Goldberg also cited the song "No One's Iller" from The Slim Shady EP as an example of misogyny.
In the summer of 2005, Eminem announced a tour called Anger Management Tour, featuring artists 50 Cent, G-Unit, Lil Jon, D12, Obie Trice and The Alchemist.
In August, the European part of the tour was cancelled, as Eminem claimed that he had entered a drug rehab clinic for sleeping pill addiction treatment.
2008–2010: Relapse and Recovery
In September 2007, Eminem spoke with 50 Cent at the Hot 97 radio station in New York City about his rumored retirement, and if he was going to release more content.
In response he said, "I'm always working.
I'm always in the studio.
It feels good right now, the energy of the label.
For a while, I didn't want to go back to the studio... I went through some personal things.
Now I'm coming out of those personal things and it feels good."
Eminem made his first appearance in a year in September 2008 at his radio station, the Shade 45, where he said: "I'm concentrating on my own stuff right now—just bangin' out tracks.
The more I keep producing, the better it seems I get.
I start knowing stuff, learning the boards like the back of my hands."
In an interview with Billboard in December 2008, he revealed that the album would be released in the spring on 2009, be called Relapse, and most of the tracks would be produced by Dr. Dre.
In a statement on March 5, 2009, Eminem stated that he would release two albums that year.
The first single, "We Made You", was released in April.
Relapse, the first of the announced Records, was officially released on May 19, but did not achieve the sale success as in the previous four albums.
However, Eminem still received positive reviews for his return to hip hop.
On November 19, he announced the release of Relapse: Refill on December 21.
It was a relaunch of Relapse with the addition of seven bonus tracks, including "Forever" and "Taking My Ball".
On April 14, 2010, Eminem said there was no Relapse 2.
Although his followers thought he was not releasing an album, he had changed its title to Recovery. “
I had originally planned for Relapse 2 to come out last year, but as I kept recording and working with new producers, the idea of a sequel to Relapse started to make less and less sense to me, and I wanted to make a completely new album.
The music on Recovery came out very different from Relapse, and I think it deserves its own title."
Recovery was released on June 18, 2010.
It sold 741,000 copies during its first week in the US, topping the Billboard 200 chart.
The album also topped the charts in several other countries.
Recovery remained atop the Billboard 200 chart for five weeks out of seven total.
Its first single, "Not Afraid", was released on April 29, and its music video was released on June 4. "
Not Afraid" was followed by "Love the Way You Lie".
Recovery was the best-selling album worldwide in 2010, with over 3.4 million copies sold.
2012–2014: The Marshall Mathers LP 2
On May 24, 2012, Eminem announced that he was working on his eighth studio album, scheduled for release the following year.
Some magazines such as XXL and Complex placed this album among the most anticipated of 2013 despite no name or release date being given.
During the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, it was announced that the album would be named The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (following The Marshall Mathers LP) and was going to be released on November 5.
The album was released with 16 tracks.
On November 3, Eminem was named the first YouTube Music Awards Artist of the Year.
Eminem was the first artist to receive two digital diamond certifications for sales and streams of 10 million and above by the RIAA  for "Not Afraid" and "Love the Way You Lie".
At the 2015 Grammy Awards, he received Best Rap Album award for The Marshall Mathers LP 2 and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration (with Rihanna) for "The Monster".
2017-Present
In February 2017, Eminem appeared on "No Favors", a track from Big Sean's album I Decided.
In the song, Eminem calls Donald Trump a "bitch".
He also raps about sexual assaulting Ann Coulter, who is a Trump supporter, with a "lamp post", a "bolt cutter", and many other objects.
Since then Eminem has released Revival, Kamikaze and Music to be Murdered By.
Eminem has one biological daughter named Hailie Jade Scott Mathers.
She was born on Christmas Day 1995 in Detroit, Michigan from ex-wife Kimberly Anne Scott.
Eminem married her in 1999 and they separated in 2001.
In 2002, he told Rolling Stone, "I would rather have a baby through my penis than get married again."
He remarried Kim in January 2006 but divorced just three months later in April.
He is the legal guardian of Alaina, the daughter of Kim's twin sister, and Whitney, Kim's daughter from another relationship.
He has rapped about his daughters in many of his songs.