the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The text was frequently used in desktop publishing templates.
To experiment with the text, it can be copy-pasted into the desktop publishing software, and the typeface and its setting can be tried out.
The distribution of letters in Lorem Ipsum is close to that in English language.
This way, you can see what your own text would look like in that graphic format.
There are many Lorem ipsum text generators available, including free versions and online sites.
The algorithm and source files for some versions are in the public domain.
Most generators will start the first paragraph with "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, " and then words selected from its word list according to model sentence and paragraph structure rules, so as to approximate the distribution of English word, sentence and paragraph lengths.
The original De finibus bonorum et malorum (Book 1) from Cicero, on Latin WikiSource.
The planetary core is the innermost layer or layers in a planet.
The terrestrial planets (planets with a rocky surface) have a core mainly made of iron and could be a solid or a liquid layer.
The Earth's core is partially liquid, while the cores of Mars and Venus are thought to be completely solid, because the cores do not make a magnetic field.
The gas giants also have a core made of iron.
Their cores are very small, in proportion to their large size.
However, the gas giants are so large that their cores can still be larger than the Earth's core.
Jupiter's core is estimated to be 12 times the mass of the Earth's.
A core's size can vary from each planet or other object.
The moon's core is 20% of its radius, but Mercury's core is 75% of its radius.
The term redox comes from the two concepts of reduction and oxidation.
It can be explained in simple terms:
Oxidation describes the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion
Reduction describes the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion
Whether an electron is gained or lost can be easily memorised by the abbreviation OIL RIG, which stands for, "Oxidation Is Loss," or losing electrons, and "Reduction Is Gain," or gaining electrons.
Redox reactions can also happen by sharing electrons to form a product by covalent bonding.
In an oxidation reduction reaction, the cation gives an electron to the anion because both ions will have a different charge to attract each other with.
In an oxidation reduction reaction, the oxidizing reagent pulls an electron from the other atom to have a net positive charge.
The reducing reagent gives an electron to have a net negative charge.
Chemical process
Redox is a chemical process.
It can be described in chemical formulas.
This example describes the process that occurs in a blast furnace, where iron (Fe) reacts with carbon (C):
Now elementary iron has been processed.
Redox reactions calculator
Redox reactions at Chemguide
Online redox reaction equation balancer, balances equations of any half-cell and full reactions
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Van ResistanceVan Uprising/Van AyaklanmasıVan Resistance/Վանի Հերոսամարտ
| partof      = the Caucasus Campaign of World War I
| image       = Van Defenders.jpg
| caption     = Armenian troops holding a defense line against Ottoman forces in the walled city of Van in May 1915.
| date        = 19 April – 17 May 1915
| place       = Van, Ottoman Empire
| result      = Ottoman retreat, Armenian victory
| combatant2  = Armenian residents of Van
| commander1  =  Djevdet Bey Halil Bey Köprülü Kâzım Bey Rafael de Nogales
| commander2  = Aram Manukian
| strength1   = 3rd Army5,000
| strength2   = 1,300<ref>Richard G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol II Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, Palgrave, 1997, , p 251.</ref>
| casualties2 = 55,000 civiliansBalakian, 207
The Siege of Van, Resistance at Van, ( Vani Herosamart'', ) or Van Rebellion, Van Revolt (), Armenian Revolution at Van () was a resistance during the World War I against Ottoman Empire.
100 (also written as one hundred) is the natural number after 99 and before 101.
It is the first three-digit number above zero.
The number 100 is an abundant number.
The letter C is the old Roman numeral for 100.
19E02 100
1021 (MXXI) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used.
It was the twenty-first year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.
The Moorish taifa (state) of Valencia (in modern Spain) becomes independent, after being ruled by Slavic soldiers for about ten years.
Senekerim-Hovhannes Artsruni, king of Vaspurakan (Greater Armenia), surrenders his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire.
He receives in return Sebasteia and becomes governor of Cappadocia.
February 18 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1329).
August 10-11 – Battle of Dupplin Moor in Scotland
November 7 – Lucerne joins the Swiss Confederation with Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
December 16 – Battle of Annan in Scotland.
The city of Târgu Mureş (Romania) was first documented in the papal registry under the name Novum Forum Siculorum.
Wasabi is a spice traditionally prepared from a plant from the cabbage family.
Its root is used as a spice and has a very strong flavor.
The root is smashed up into paste and used as a condiment.
Its hotness is more like hot mustard or horseradish than chili pepper, because it irritates the nose more than the tongue.
Eating too much wasabi can cause a very painful feeling in the nose.
The plant grows naturally in Japan.
It is often eaten with sushi.
Wasabi needs clean water and a cool climate.
It is difficult to grow wasabi.
There are two ways to grow wasabi.
One way is to grow wasabi in water.
The other way is to grow wasabi in a field.
Major sources of wasabi are Shizuoka, Nagano, Shimane, Yamanashi, and Iwate prefectures in Japan.
Other source of wasabi include China, New Zealand, Taiwan.
A prion disease (also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathy) is a disease which is caused by prions.
Prions are structurally altered versions of small proteins that are normally expressed in cells.
Unlike diseases that are caused by a mutation of the gene resulting in the expression of a mutant protein, prions are able to replicate and transmit diseases through physical contact with the normal proteins resulting in a structural change from the normal state to the prion state.
Unlike bacteria, prions are not considered to be alive because they do not have their own metabolism, they do not possess genes and cannot naturally reproduce outside a host cell.
Prion diseases are very rare, and no treatment is available for most of them.
Almost all of the known prion diseases are neurologic diseases.
There are two common signs which are seen in typical prion diseases:
Ataxia or disequilibrium, is when a patient cannot stand or walk well because he cannot maintain his equilibrium.
This is usually because of a disease in the cerebellum.
Dementia or loss of mentality, is a progressive loss of cognitive functions.
Prion diseases
Few types of prion diseases are known.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - A person can get the disease by eating of BSE-infected beef, having a blood tranfusion from a person with the disease, injection of Human Growth Hormone extracted from bodies with the disease, or through infected surgical instruments.
Patients suffer from ataxia, dementia and usually die after one year.
Kuru disease - This disease is seen in people living in New Guinea who eat the brains of dead people.
Patients present with ataxia, dementia and inability in moving their eyes.
They will usually die within two years.
Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome - This is a very rare syndrome which presents with ataxia and dementia.
The patients usually die after one year.
Prion diseases are very rare.
With Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which makes up about 85% of the cases, there are about 1 to 1.5 cases per one million people per year.
is a 1965 movie starring The Beatles, and also the name of the movie's theme song, and of its soundtrack album.
The movie was directed by Richard Lester, the same as their first movie, A Hard Day's Night.
While A Hard Day's Night was filmed in black-and-white, Help!
was in color.
George Martin produced the Beatles's songs for the album, and all their recordings for the movie.
is a fantasy story, that makes fun of spy movies, which were popular at the time.
A religious cult has lost a special ring, worn by people they plan to sacrifice to their goddess, Kaili.
It turns out one of their members sent the ring to Ringo Starr (drummer for the Beatles, who loved to wear rings).
When the cult finds out, they try to capture Ringo, and either sacrifice him to Kaili or get their ring back.
He tries to give it back, but the ring will not come off his finger.
The other Beatles try to help, but also end up in danger.
A defector (quitter) from the cult tries different ways to remove the ring, and a scientist also tries to steal it.
Scotland Yard hides the Beatles at Buckingham Palace, but the cult even sneaks in there.
The band escapes to the Bahamas in disguise, but are followed.
Tired of running, the Beatles finally face down the cultists.
The movie's co-stars were Leo McKern, Eleanor Bron, Roy Kinnear, and Victor Spinetti.
Spinetti also appeared in A Hard Day's Night, and later in Magical Mystery Tour.
The movie was going to be called Eight Arms to Hold You, but the title was changed when John Lennon wrote a song titled "Help!"
that suited the movie's theme.
was filmed partly in England, partly in Austria, and partly in the Bahamas.
The Beatles started a company in the Bahamas, as a tax shelter, but it did not work out.
While they were filming, a Hindu believer gave each Beatle a book about reincarnation.
George Harrison resonated very strongly with Hindu ideas and beliefs, and ended up becoming a follower of Hinduism.
He also enjoyed the Indian classical music featured in Help!,
bought a sitar, and took music lessons with Ravi Shankar.
Soundtrack album
was the fifth album by The Beatles.
The first seven songs appeared in the movie.
The album includes the title song, "Ticket To Ride", George Harrison's "I Need You", and Paul McCartney's "Yesterday", the song with the most versions by other artists of all time.
was the last Beatles album with songs written by other people.
The album is ranked number 332 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.
All songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney unless noted otherwise.
1965 albums
Please Please Me is the first studio album by the English band The Beatles.
It was produced by George Martin and was released in the United Kingdom on 22 March 1963 on EMI's Parlophone record label.
Eight of the fourteen songs were written by Lennon–McCartney.
Please Please Me was voted 39th on Rolling Stones list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" in 2012.
1963 albums
The Musée Maritime, Fluvial et Portuaire de Rouen (English: Maritime, Fluvial and Harbor Museum of Rouen) is a museum in France.
It is about the history of the port of Rouen, which is one the greatest ports of France.
The main themes are:
the history of the port with photos
the infrastructures of the port
the greatest sail ships of Rouen
the merchant navy
river navigation
ship building
whale hunting
the history of the submarines, with a reproduction of the interior of the Nautilus from Robert Fulton
'Musée Maritime, Fluvial et Portuaire de Rouen  Official site.
Museums in France
Echternach () is a commune in eastern Luxembourg, capital of the Echternach canton.
It is the oldest town with city rights in Luxembourg.
The town grew around the walls of the Abbey of Echternach, which was founded in  698  by St. Willibrord, an English monk from Ripon, Northumbria (in present-day North Yorkshire, England), who became the first bishop of Utrecht and worked to Christianize the Frisians.
The abbey were closed during the French revolution in 1797.
Echternach was given city rights in the year 1236.
The altitude is  high.
At the city hall, the altitude  is  high.
Echternach is surrounded by four communes of Luxembourg: Rosport to the east and south, Bech to the southwest, and Berdorf and Consdorf to the west.
To the north, the commune borders the Echternacherbrück municipality of the  Bitburg-Prüm district in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate; and to the northwest the Bollendorf municipality, also in the Bitburg-Prüm district of the Rhineland-Palatinate.
There were 5,530 persons living in the commune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Communes of Luxembourg
Tourist attractions in Echternach
Surroundings of Echternach
Harmonie Municipale Echternach
Intramuros asbl. -
For the development of the historical center of Echternach
Everything about Echternach
Communes in Luxembourg
Breast cancer is the fifth-most common cause of cancer death in the world.
The first four are lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, and colon cancer.
In 2005, breast cancer caused 502,000 deaths (7% of cancer deaths; almost 1% of all deaths) in the world.
Among all women in the world, breast cancer is the most common cancer.
In the United States, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and the second most common cause of cancer death in women (after lung cancer).
In 2007, breast cancer caused about 40,910 deaths (7% of cancer deaths; almost 2% of all deaths) in the U.S. Women in the United States have a 1 in 8 chance of getting breast cancer in their lives.
They have a 1 in 33 chance of death from breast cancer.
There are many more people getting breast cancer since the 1970s.
This is because of how people in the Western world live.
Because the breast is composed of identical tissues in males and females, breast cancer also occurs in males, though it is less common.
When a person gets breast cancer, they can try to cure it in three ways.
Doctors can cut out the cancer (mastectomy or lumpectomy).
They can give the person drugs (chemotherapy).
They can also try to kill the cancer with energy (radiation).
If one cure does not work, they may need to try another.
Reasons for breast cancer
A personal history of breast cancer.
If you have had breast cancer in one breast, you have an increased risk of developing cancer in the other breast.
Your lifestyle is also responsible for increasing the risk of breast cancer.
If you are following a western lifestyle, eating junk food and not exercising, it can lead to stress and rapid weight gain.
As a result, it will lead you to get breast cancer further.
avoid it if possible.
Breastfeeding is very important to avoid the risk of breast cancer.
Some mothers do not give milk to their children, it affects the mother as well as the children.
If the mother does this, the mother may get breast cancer.
Doctors recommend breastfeeding the baby for at least 6 months after birth.
Main Causes Of Breasts Cancer
Cue sports are games played with balls on a cloth-covered table that has rubber railings (called "cushions") around it to keep the balls on the table.
Two or more people use sticks (called cues) to make one ball (the cue ball) hit other balls.
In the past, all cue sports were called billiards, but that term has various different meanings in different areas.
Pool or pocket billiards, in which the goal is to use the cue ball to knock other balls into "pockets" (holes cut into the rubber cushions, so that the balls can drop down into nets or a collection tray).
There are many diffierent pool games, such as "eight-ball", "nine-ball", "cutthroat" and "killer".
Pool is usually played with either nine or fifteen balls (besides the cue ball).
Carom billiards, usually played with three balls, uses a table without pockets.
The goal is to use the cue ball to hit one of the other two balls, then hit one or more of the cushions, and finally hit the second other ball.
There are several different kinds of carom games, too; they are different mostly because of how many cushions must be hit.
Snooker, which is similar to pool, is played on a large (6 foot wide by 12 foot long) table, with small balls and small pockets, making the game very challenging.
Snooker also uses more balls than pool.
Cherilyn Sarkisian (better known as Cher; born on May 20, 1946) is an American actress, singer, songwriter, author and entertainer.
She has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award and three Golden Globe Awards.
She is well known for her deep contralto vocal range.
Cher first became well known in 1965 as one half of the pop/rock duo Sonny & Cher.
She has also released 25 albums as a solo artist, and has 22 Billboard Top 40 entries over her career.
These include twelve Top 10 singles and five number one singles.
She became a successful television star in the 1970s, and a movie actress in the 1980s.
In 1987, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the romantic comedy Moonstruck.
All I Ready Went to Do (1965)
The Sonny Side of Cher (1966)
Cher (1966)
With Love, Cher (1967)
Cher (1987)
It's a Man World (1995)
Not.com.mercial (2000)
Burlesque (2010)
cher.com — Cher's official web site.
officialcherfanclub.com  — Cher's official Fan Club web site.
Cher Net Worth — Children's Craniofacial Association.
National Chairperson: Cher.
cherconvention.com  — Cher Convention Foundation dedicated to raising funds for CCA kids.
Eulogy for Sonny Bono
Even though he was a comedian, Frunzik's personal life was very sad.
His first wife, Donara Mkrtchyan, became mentally ill and was sent to a mental institution for the rest of her life and Frunzik became a single parent of two young kids.
His son inherited his mother’s mental illness and, according to people close to Frunzik, he suffered from severe depression in the last few years of his life, and became a heavy alcoholic.
In 1993, his brother found him lying dead in his home in Yerevan.
Armenian actors
Pest, an archaic term for pestilence, specifically the Black death
Pest (hockey), an ice hockey player specialising in aggravating opponents
Pest (music), a British music group
Pest (biology), a characteristically  undesirable animal or insect
The Pest, a 1997 film starring John Leguizamo
PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social and Technological), a framework for analysis of macroenvironmental factors
Pest, Hungary
Yuzu (ゆず) is a Japanese popular music duo.
Its members are Kitagawa Yujin (北川悠仁) and Iwasawa Kouji (岩沢厚治).
Both of the band members come from Yokohama in the Kanagawa Prefecture.
At first, they sung on the street in Yokohama.
They have known each other since they were small children.
They are famous for their concerts in front of the department store, Matsuzakaya in Isezakicyo in Yokohama.
They officially debuted in 1997.
The first CD was Yuzu no Moto.
Yuzu no Moto (1997)
Yuzuman (1998)
Yuzu Ikka (1998)
Utajiki -Sakura Saku Hen- (1999)
Yuzuen (1999)
Yuzuman no Natsu (2000)
Tobira (2000)
Utajiki -Futari no Biggu (Eggu) Sho Hen- (2001)
Yuzumoa (2002)
Sumire (2003)
Yuzu Sumairu (2003)
1 -ONE- (2004)
Ribon (2006)
Yuzunone(2007)
Wonderful World(2008)
Futari (March 17, 1999)
Rokkasen Kin (February 16, 2000)
Rokkasen Gin (February 16, 2000)
Futari Akiaji (April 12, 2000)
TOBIRA TOUR 2000-2001 (April 4, 2001)
Futari no Biggu (Eggu) Sho -2jikan 53fun TOKYO DOME Kanzen Nokattoban- (December 26, 2001)
Sutajiamu Manin On(raku)satsu -Netto!
Bomb Odori- (January 23, 2002)
Koi no Kayobi (August 7, 2002)
Rokkasen Kurenai (January 22, 2003)
Rokkasen Sumire (May 21, 2003)
Sumire (October 22, 2003)
Yuzu Net  - An official website
Yuzu Official Website
Pestilence is a word that is used for any highly infectious disease that can cause an epidemic or even a pandemic.
It is commonly used for parasites too, but only when they cause large scale sickness or death, such as the Guinea worm.
The word meant the disease plague, which is called pestis in Latin.
Article in International Herald Tribune 22 March 2006, describing Guinea worm as a pestilence  (Linked 23 April 2006)
This list contains famous or well documented outbreaks of plagues or disease.
They are examined in individual entries.
Before 1000 A.D.
Great Plague of Athens (430–427 BC)
May have been caused by: Bubonic plague, smallpox, measles, typhus, anthrax, or typhoid
Antonine Plague (165–180)
Cause: Probably smallpox
Plague of Cyprian (250)
Plague of Justinian (541–542)
Cause: Bubonic plague
Plague of Emmaus (18 A.H./639 A.D.)
Cause: Unknown (possibly bubonic plague)
Plague of Constantinople (747–748)
The "Black Death" of 13471353
Great Plague of England (1348–1350)
May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
Great Plague of Ireland (1348–1351)
Great Plague of Scotland (1348–1350)
Great Plague of Russia (1349–1353)
great plague of asia and middle east
The 1400s and 1500s
Great Plague of Iceland (1402–1404)
Caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague (not bubonic plague, as there were no rats in Iceland)
Plague of 1575, Italy, Sicily, and parts of Northern Europe (1571–1576)
London Plague (1592–1594)
The 1600s
Italian Plague of 1629-1631 or Great Plague of Milan (1629–1631)
Great Plague of Seville (1649)
Great Plague of London (1664–1665)
Great Plague of Vienna (1679–1680s)
1700 and after
Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1722)
May have been caused by: Bubonic plague
Plague Riot in Moscow (1771)
The Third Pandemic (started in China; 1855–1950s)
Caused by: Bubonic plague
Influenza pandemic of 1918 (Spanish flu)
Historical plagues
This article is a list of major pandemics and epidemics caused by infectious diseases in human history.
Events in boldface are ongoing.
Worldwide Pandemics
1194-1184 BCE: influenza: Trojan War epidemic
713 BCE: influenza: Assyrian epidemic
430-425 BCE:  influenza (?):
165-180: Antonine Plague, perhaps smallpox
541: the Plague of Justinian
591-592:  influenza: Extreme Cough
1300-50s: The Black Death in Europe and Asia during the Late Middle Age (Killed 60% of the population)
1501-1587: typhus
1729: influenza
1732-1733: influenza
1775-1776: influenza
1781: influenza
1816-1826: cholera
1829-1851: cholera
1830: influenza
1847-1848: influenza
1852-1860: cholera
1855-1950s: bubonic plague: Third Pandemic in China and India
1857-1859: influenza
1870-1874: smallpox
1863-1875: cholera
1881-1893: cholera
1889-1892: influenza
1899-1923: cholera
1918-1920: avian flu: Spanish flu: more people were hospitalized in World War I from this epidemic than wounds.
Estimates of the dead range from 20 to 40 million worldwide (WHO)
1957-1958: influenza: avian flu: Asian flu
1961-present: cholera called El Tor
1981-present: HIV/AIDS (As of 2018, more than 32 million have died from AIDS)
1968-1969: influenza: avian flu: Hong Kong flu
2002-2003: SARS
2009-2010: 2009 flu pandemic (swine flu)
2019 to present: COVID-19 pandemic (Ongoing pandemic)
1997: Avian flu - China, Hong Kong
2019-present: COVID-19 (Wuhan, Hubei, China)
1493: influenza - Hispaniola
1518: smallpox - Hispaniola
1520: smallpox - Mexico
1527-1530: smallpox - Peru
1530-1531: measles - Mexico, Peru
1546: typhus - Mexico, Peru
1558-1559: influenza - Mexico, Peru
early 1600s: malaria
1648: yellow fever
415 BCE: Athenian army in Sicily
393 BCE: Carthaginian siege of Syracuse
1347-1351: Black Death
1582-1583: plague - San Cristóbal de La Laguna (Tenerife, Spain)
1613: diphtheria - "El año de los Garotillos"
1782: influenza: Russian Katarrh
Egypt & North Africa
212 BCE: Second Punic War epidemic
1801: plague
1831: cholera
1834-1836: plague
1848, 1865, 1881: cholera
1902: cholera
1942-1944: falciparum malaria
1946: relapsing fever
1947: cholera
1657: measles - Boston, Massachusetts
1687: measles - Boston, Massachusetts
1690: yellow fever - New York, New York
1713: measles - Boston, Massachusetts
1721-1722: smallpox - Boston, Massachusetts
1729: measles - Boston, Massachusetts
1738: smallpox - South Carolina
1739-1740: measles - Boston, Massachusetts
1747: measles - Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina
1759: measles - North America
1761: influenza - North America and West Indies
1772: measles - North America
1775: unknown cause - North America, particularly in the northeast
1783: Bilious fever - Dover, Delaware
1788: measles - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York
1793: influenza and "putrid fever" - Vermont
1793: influenza - Virginia
1793: yellow fever - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1793: unknown - Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
1793: unknown - Middletown, Pennsylvania
1794: yellow fever - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1796-1797: yellow fever - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1798: yellow fever - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1803: yellow fever - New York
1820-1823: fever - United States spreading from the Schuylkill River
1831-1832: Asiatic cholera - United States (brought by English immigrants)
1832: cholera - New York City and other major cities
1833: cholera - Columbus, Ohio
1834: cholera - New York City
1837: typhus - Philadelphia
1841: yellow fever - United States (especially severe in the South)
1847: yellow fever New Orleans
1848-1849: cholera - North America
1849: cholera New York
1850: yellow fever - United States
1850-1851: influenza - North America
1851: cholera Coles County, Illinois, The Great Plains, and Missouri
1852: yellow fever - United States (New Orleans-8,000 die in summer)
1855: yellow fever - United States
1860-1861: smallpox - Pennsylvania
1865-1873: smallpox - Philadelphia, New York City, Boston, New Orleans
1865-1873: cholera - Baltimore, Maryland, Memphis, Washington, DC
1865-1873: recurring epidemics of typhus, typhoid, scarlet fever, and yellow fever
1873-1875: influenza - North America and Europe
1876: smallpox - Deadwood, South Dakota
1878: yellow fever - Memphis, New Orleans
1885: typhoid - Plymouth, Pennsylvania
1886: yellow fever - Jacksonville, Florida
1918-1920: Spanish flu - Fort Riley, Kansas
Kuhnke, Laverne.
Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt.
Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.
Gallagher, Nancy.
Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health.
Syracuse University Press, c1990.
Published by the American University in Cairo Press.
Kinch, Michael.
Between Hope and Fear: A History of Vaccines and Human Immunity.
New York: Pegasus Books, 2018.
ISBN 9781681777511
Rosen, William, Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe, New York: Penguin Random House, 2008 ISBN 9780143113812
A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people) is an epidemic (an outbreak of an infectious disease) that spreads across a large region (like a continent), or even worldwide.
Common killers and pandemics
According to the World Health Organization, a pandemic exists when three conditions have been met:
A disease emerges that is new to a population.
The agent that causes the disease infects humans, causing serious illness.
The agent spreads easily and sustainably among humans.
A disease or condition is not a pandemic merely because it is widespread or kills many people.
It must also be infectious.
For example, cancer causes many deaths, but it is not a pandemic because it is usually not infectious.
World Health Organization pandemic phases
The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a plan to prepare the global fight against influenza.
It defines the stages of a pandemic and makes recommendations about what countries should do before and during a pandemic.
The phases are:
Phase 1: No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected in humans.
Phase 2: No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected in humans.
However, a variant of the virus causes disease in animals.
This means there is a threat of human disease.
Phase 3: Humans get infected with a new subtype of the flu virus.
However, the virus is not spreading from person to person.
Phase 4: There are small cluster(s) of flu infection.
Person-to-person spread is limited and localized.
Phase 5: There are larger cluster(s) of flu infection.
Person-to-person spread is still localized.
Phase 6: Pandemic: The flu has spread throughout the general population.
Person-to-person spread is increased and sustained..
Steward's "The Next Global Threat: Pandemic Influenza".
WHO - Authoritative source of information about global health issues
Past pandemics that ravaged Europe
CDC: Influenza Pandemic Phases
U.S. government's pandemic flu and avian flu information site
Training means learning to do something.
It includes practicing skills.
The term is used for learning to do jobs, or play games.
training for the armed forces
apprenticeships
learning how to play a game, such as contract bridge or chess
or sport such as football
professional development in law, medicine, management, etc.
Training means changing behavior through learning new requirements and methods.
Its effect is measured by testing to see if the behavior has been successfully changed.
Follow-up sessions may be repeated until the desired behavior has been achieved.
Exercise may or may not be part of training.
When it is, it is called physical training.
It is specific and done to improve one's capability, capacity, and performance; see, e.g., strength training or flexibility training.
Training Within Industry  - A national conference for those interested in deploying the TWI training methodology.
Fitness training for kids
Fitness training for seniors
Demi Moore (born November 11, 1962 as Demi Gene Guynes) is an American actress.
She became well-known after a string of 1980s teen-oriented movies, and was one of the best known actresses of 1990s Hollywood.
She has been married to musician Freddy Moore and actors Bruce Willis and Ashton Kutcher.
All her marriages ended in divorce.
She has three daughters by Willis: Rumer, Scout and Tallulah.
She dated Tobey Maguire in 2002 to 2003.
Actors from Idaho
Fergie Duhamel (born Stacy Ann Ferguson; March 27, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter, fashion designer, television host, and former dancer.
She is a former member of the kids' TV series Kids Incorporated, and the girl group Wild Orchid.
Ferguson was also a co-host of the TV series Great Pretenders.
She was also in the movie Nine.
She was a vocalist for the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas and is a solo artist.
She released her debut solo album, The Dutchess, in 2006.
Her second solo album, Double Dutchess, was released in 2017 through her own label, Dutchess.
She has achieved three number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100: "London Bridge", "Glamorous", and "Big Girls Don't Cry".
Ferguson was born in Hacienda Heights, California.
She is the daughter of devout Roman Catholic school teachers Theresa Ann (née Gore) and Jon Patrick Ferguson.
Her ancestry includes Irish, Scottish, English, Mexican (from a great-grandmother) and Native American.
She attended Mesa Robles Middle School and Glen A. Wilson High School.
She was a cheerleader, straight-A student and spelling bee champion, as well as a Girl Scout.
Her great-great-great-grandfather John Ribton was the Archdeacon of Achonry.
Her great-great-granduncle John Ellard Gore was an astronomer.
In 2018, at the NBA All-Star Game, Fergie sang a jazz/swing version of "The Star-Spangled Banner".
Critics panned her performance, but she apologized and claimed she was trying a new style.
On January 10, 2009, she married actor Josh Duhamel.
Fergie and Duhamel are both Catholic.
Their son, Axl Jack Duhamel, was born on August 29, 2013.
In 2017, Fergie announced that she and Duhamel were divorcing.
In May 2009, Fergie told The Sun that she is bisexual.
In 2017, Fergie left the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas to focus on her solo career.
The Dutchess (2006)
Double Dutchess (2017)
Zuleyka Jerrís Rivera Mendoza (born October 3, 1987 in Cayey, Puerto Rico, and raised in Salinas, Puerto Rico) is a beauty queen who has held the titles Miss Puerto Rico and Miss Universe 2006.
Puerto Rican people
| name          = Amanda Peet
| image         = Amanda Peet.jpg
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| birth_place   = New York City, NY, USA
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| occupation    = Actress
| husband        = David Benioff<small>(2006–present)</small>
| children      = France Pen (Feb. 20 2007)
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| known_for  = Playing Jill St. Claire in The Whole Nine Yards and The Whole Ten YardsPlaying Jordan McDeere in Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip| caption       =
Amanda Peet (born January 11, 1972) is an American movie and television actress.
She has acted in television commercials and several movies.
She recently appeared at the television series Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip, where her character Jordan McDeere'' is the president of the fictional network National Broadcasting System (NBS).
Rupert Everett (Rupert James Hector Everett, born 29 May 1959) is an English actor, singer and writer.
He became famous when he appeared in Julian Mitchell's play and movie Another Country playing an openly homosexual student at an English public school in the 1930s.
He has since appeared in many other works, including My Best Friend's Wedding, The Next Best Thing and the Shrek sequels.
Everett left school at 16 and ran away to London to become an actor.
In order to support himself, he worked as a prostitute for drugs and money—he disclosed this information in an interview for US magazine in 1997.
After being dismissed from the Central School of Speech and Drama, he travelled to Scotland and got a job at the Citizens Theatre in Glasgow.
In the 21st century, Everett has been writing.
He has been a Vanity Fair contributing editor, has written for The Guardian and wrote a film screenplay on playwright Oscar Wilde's final years.
In 2006 Everett published a memoir, Red Carpets and Other Banana Skins, in which he reveals his six-year affair with British television presenter Paula Yates.
Although he is sometimes described as bisexual, as opposed to homosexual, he described his heterosexual affairs during a radio show with Jonathan Ross as the result of adventurousness: "I was basically adventurous, I think I wanted to try everything".
In-depth biography with many quotes from Everett and friends
Interview and review of Everett's memoir
Rupert fires himself on Celebrity Apprentice
Actors from Norfolk
Shiri Maymon (born May 17, 1981 in Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli (pop) singer.
She represented her country in Eurovision Song Contest 2005 where she reached the final.
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Israeli pop singers
Israeli singers
Thomas William "Tom" Selleck (born January 29, 1945) is a Golden Globe and Emmy Award winning American actor, screenwriter and film producer, best known for his role on the long-running television show Magnum P.I. and Peter Mitchell in Three Men and a Baby and Three Men and a Little Lady.
He stars on Blue Bloods.
He has also acted in many movies and had a recurring role as Dr. Richard Burke on Friends, who was a love interest to the character of Monica Geller (Courteney Cox).
Selleck's Political Views
TRANSCRIPT: Tom Selleck at "The Rosie O'Donnell Show"
Selleck!
The Fan club
Schneider was born in San Francisco, California and grew up in the nearby suburb of Pacifica.
He is the son of Jewish-American real estate broker Marvin Schneider, and Pilar, a former kindergarten teacher and ex-school board president; his grandfather on his mother's side of the family was a European American soldier and his grandmother on the same side of the family was a Filipina.
Schneider graduated from Terra Nova High School in 1982.
After becoming a famous stand-up comedian and expert at NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, Schneider now has a career in movies, including main roles in the comedies Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo, Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo, The Animal and The Hot Chick.
The Rob Schneider Music Foundation
Växjö (Swedish IPA: []) is a city in Småland in southern Sweden.
It has a population of 55,600 (2005).
Växjö is the seat of Växjö Municipality and is the administrative, cultural and industrial centre of Kronoberg County.
Furthermore, it is the seat of the Diocese of Växjö.
Famous people from Växjö
Karl-Birger Blomdahl, 20th century music composer
Carolina Klüft, track and field athlete and Olympic gold medalist in Athens 2004
Pär Lagerkvist, author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, 1951
Otto Lindblad, 19th century music composer
Christina Nilsson, 19th century soprano celebrity
Joachim Björklund, Footballer
Carolus Linnaeus, Botanist, physician and zoologist
Mats Wilander, tennis player with seven Grand slam victories 1982-1988
Jonas Björkman, tennis player with 50 doubles titles including Grand Slams
Carolina Evelyn Klüft (born February 2, 1983) is a Swedish athlete.
She competes in heptathlon, long jump and pentathlon.
She is the current Olympic, World (twice) and European (twice) heptathlon champion and is regarded as one of the best female athletes in the world.
Since 16/09/2002, Klüft has been continuously ranked as the world's leading heptathlete, by the IAAF.
This is currently the longest of any athlete.
Her main coach is Agne Bergvall.
She is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) tall and weighs 65 kg.
Carolina Klüft fan site
Swedish Olympians
Jonas Lars Björkman (born March 23, 1972, Alvesta, Sweden) is a Swedish professional male tennis player and former World No.
4 in singles and World No.
1 in doubles.
He is as of the 2006 season the oldest player in the ATP Top 100 (singles).
He has also played in numerous Wimbledon tournaments.
jonasbjorkman.com - official website
Swedish sportspeople
Do As Infinity is a Japanese pop / rock band.
They had their first song on September 29, 1999, "Tangerine Dream".
Their name is sometimes shortened to D.A.I. The band was named after the their guitarist and composer, Dai Nagao.
The singer was  Van Tomiko.
The group ended on September 29, 2005.
They started again 3 years later.
Myleene Angela Klass (born 6 April 1978) is an English classical pianist, commercial model, television and radio presenter, and former member of British pop group Hear'Say.
She was born in Gorleston, Norfolk to a Filipino mother and Anglo-Austrian father.
Her pop success achieved 4 Top 10 singles, 2 of which were UK Number Ones.
Hear'Say also released 2 albums, Popstars and Everybody.
Almost a year after the Hear'Say break-up on 13 May 2003, Klass signed a five-album deal with Universal Classics and Jazz.
Klass's album, called Moving On, was sold on 20 October 2003 at Harrods, London.
It was nominated as Peoples' Album Of The Year in the Classical BRIT Awards.
On 23 October 2004 Klass said she would not be releasing any further material through the label.
Klass was a contestant in the 2006 series of I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!.
She finished in second place, behind Matt Willis.
Television personalities from Norfolk
Kimberley Gail "Kym" Marsh  (formerly Ryder, and Lomas born 13 June 1976 in Whiston, Knowsley, Merseyside, England) is an English actress and singer.
Marsh grew up in Garswood, Merseyside.
Marsh rose to fame when she and four other contestants won reality TV show Popstars and formed manufactured pop quintet Hear'Say.
She is presently most recognisable from her role as Michelle Connor on the long-running ITV1 soap opera Coronation Street which she has played since 2006.
Marsh was one of the contenders to represent the UK in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest; she was third place and as such did not take part in the ESC.
Marsh has two children, David Ryan (born April 1995) and Emily May (born November 1997).
They are from a relationship with Dave Cunliffe.
Marsh married former EastEnders actor Jack Ryder in St Albans, Hertfordshire, on 10 August 2002.
On 20 March 2008 the couple said they would separate and may divorce.
On 26 March 2009, Marsh said she had committed adultery during her marriage.
Marsh and Ryder decided to divorce on 12 August 2009.
Marsh began dating Hollyoaks actor Jamie Lomas since July 2008.
She and Lomas said they were expecting a baby due in the summer of 2009.
On 12 February 2009, Marsh said their son, Archie Jay Lomas, was born 18 weeks early on 11 February.
He died moments after birth.
Marsh and Lomas ended their relationship on 9 October 2009.
The couple got back together the following month as Marsh won Mother of the Year 2009.
On Christmas Day 2009 Lomas proposed to Marsh and she accepted.
Marsh and Lomas said Kym was three months pregnant on 26 October 2010.
On 23 March 2011, Marsh gave birth to a girl, Polly.
She was delivered five weeks early and weighed just over 4lb.
Marsh married Lomas in 2012.
The couple divorced in 2014.
Won Best Newcomer at The British Soap Awards
Won Best Newcomer at the TV Quick Awards
Won Favourite Newcomer at the TV Now Awards
Won Most Popular Newcomer at the National Television Awards
Won Best TV Soap Personality at the TRIC Awards
Won Best Celeb Mum at the Tesco Awards
Won Favourite Actress at the TV Now Awards
Won Best Dressed Soap Star at the Inside Soap Awards
Won Bounty Celebrity Mum of the Year
Musicians from Merseyside
Mackenzie Ryann Rosman (born December 28, 1989) is an American actress.
She is best known for her role as Ruthie Camden on The CW's 7th Heaven.
David Lee Gallagher (born February 9, 1985) is an American actor.
He began his career as a child actor and model when he was two years old and is best known for his role as Simon Camden on the television series 7th Heaven.
He is also known for his feature film roles; as Mikey Ubriacco in Look Who's Talking Now, as Kevin Harper in Angels in the Endzone and as Ri¢hie Ri¢h in Ri¢hie Ri¢h's Christmas Wish.
During his career as a child and teen star, he was nominated for five Young Artist Awards and won a Teen Choice Award.
He is also known for voicing the character Riku in the Kingdom Hearts video game series.
Jessica Claire Biel (born March 3, 1982) is an American actress, Vocalist and former fashion model.
Biel became known for her early television role of Mary Camden in the long-running family drama series 7th Heaven.
She is perhaps best known for appearing in several Hollywood movies.
These include Summer Catch, the remake of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre and The Illusionist.
Biel is also known for her beauty and is considered a sex symbol.
In 2005 Esquire magazine declared her the "Sexiest Woman Alive".
In 2007 she was voted number 1 in a poll by Stuff magazine.
In 2012, she married singer Justin Timberlake.
7th Heaven was an American television series about a Protestant minister's family living in the fictional town of Glenoak, California.
It was created and produced by Brenda Hampton.
The series premiered on Monday, August 26, 1996, on the WB Television Network, the first time that the WB aired Monday night programming.
The series finale was scheduled for May 8, 2006; however, the show was renewed by the CW Television Network when the intended final episode received high ratings.
The 11th and final season premiered on September 25, 2006 and ended on May 13, 2007.
Reruns of 7th Heaven can now be seen on the UP channel weekdays from noon-4 p.m. ET.
Stephen Collins as Reverend Eric Camden
Catherine Hicks as Annie Camden
Barry Watson as Dr. Matt Camden (1996-2002; recurring thereafter)
David Gallagher  as Simon Camden (1996-2003; 2004-2006)
Jessica Biel as Mary Camden-Rivera (1996-2002; recurring thereafter)
Beverley Mitchell as Reverend Lucy Camden-Kinkirk
Mackenzie Rosman as Ruthie Camden
Adam LaVorgna as Robbie Palmer (1999-2000; starring 2000-2002)
Nikolas Brino as Sam Camden (2001-2007) {the role originally played by all four Brino Quads before Season 6}
Lorenzo Brino as David Camden (2001-2007) {the role originally played by all four Brino Quads before Season 6}
Geoff Stults as Ben Kinkirk (2001-2006; starring 2002-2003)
George Stults as (former) Officer Kevin Kinkirk (starring 2002-2007)
Ashlee Simpson as Cecilia Smith (starring 2002-2004)
Rachel Blanchard as Roxanne Richardson (starring 2002-2004)
Jeremy London as Chandler Hampton (starring 2002-2004)
Scotty Leavenworth as Peter Petrowski (2002-2006; starring 2003-2004)
Tyler Hoechlin as Martin Brewer (starring 2003-2007)
Sarah Thompson as Rose (starring 2005-2006)
Haylie Duff as Sandy Jameson (starring 2005-2007)
Megan Henning as Meredith Davis (2004-2005; starring 2005)
Happy as Happy
Chaz Lamar Shepherd as John Hamilton (1996-1999; starring 1999-2001)
Maureen Flannigan as Shana Sullivan (1998-2002; starring 1999-2000)
Beverley Ann Mitchell (born January 22, 1981) is an American actress and country music singer.
She is perhaps best known for her role as Lucy Camden-Kinkirk on the television series 7th Heaven.
Nanne Grönvall (born Marianne Elisabeth Nordqvist on May 18, 1962 in Stockholm) is a Swedish singer-songwriter.
She's married to Peter Grönvall, who's the son of ABBA's Benny Andersson.
Nanne has participated in the National part of Eurovision Song Contest 8 times, won it once with their group One More Time and ended up in 3:rd place in the international competition.
She has, beside her musical career, had her own radiotalkshow and hosted many other radioshows, acted in several theatre and musical-productions, among others she did the leading part of Sweet Charity.
She has toured Sweden many times in her own name and also had her own shows in the two biggest cities in Sweden, Stockholm and Gothenburg.
She had great success around in Europe together with her group One More Time in the 90s and later on Ritchie Blackmore recorded their hitsong Highland with his group Blackmore's Night.
Nannes musical career started in the 1980s group Sound of Music.
The trio participated twice in the Swedish Eurovision Song Contest selections, Melodifestivalen, finishing fourth both times; in 1986 with Eldorado and in 1987 with Alexandra.
Over the following ten years she established herself as a songwriter in Melodifestivalen, writing two songs for the 1992 competition and the 1995 runner-up Det vackraste (The Most Beautiful Thing) performed by Cecilia Vennersten.
Singers from Stockholm
Genetic differences across human populations, present and past
Biological differences related to climate and other elements of the natural environment
Finding the risk of degenerative disease and infectious disease for different populations of people
Human growth and development
There are not exact boundaries between human biology and regular medical research.
However, human biology usually focuses more on health for an entire group of people, and on human evolution, adaptation, and population genetics rather than individual health.
Human Biology Association
Society for the Study of Human Biology Symposium Series
William Jonathan Drayton Jr. (born March 16, 1959), known by the stage name Flavor Flav, is an American rapper and television personality.
He is a member of the hip hop group Public Enemy.
He raps about politics.
After several years of quiet, he has been seen again lately as a star of American reality television.
He has starred in some VH1 programs, most recently the Flavor of Love series.
Schapelle Leigh Corby (born 10 July 1977) is an Australian woman convicted and imprisoned in Indonesia for drug smuggling.
She is a former shop assistant and beauty therapy student from Queensland.
Corby served a twenty year sentence for the importation of 4.1 kg (9 lb) of cannabis into Bali, Indonesia.
She was convicted and sentenced in Bali on 27 May 2005 by the Denpasar (Indonesia) District Court and was serving her sentence in Kerobokan Prison, Bali.
On appeal, her conviction and sentence have been confirmed with finality by the Indonesian Supreme Court, with legal maneuvers continuing on her behalf.
She says that the drugs were put in her bag by someone else and that she did not know about them.
Her trial and conviction were a major focus of attention for the Australian media.
Corby was released on parole on 10 February 2014 after serving nine years in prison.
In her parole conditions, Corby cannot leave Indonesia until July 2017.
On 3 March 2008 Australian television show "Current Affairs" showed pictures of what was believed to be Corby and her sister Mercedes dining in a restaurant.
This is proof that Corby had bribed the prison guards to let her out for the evening claimed the show, this has made many Australians upset as Corby earlier has claimed she never goes outside Kerobokan Prison.
Schapelle Corby official homepage
Corby's final appeal rejected
People convicted of drug offenses
The technique involves the daily practice of sessions that last around 15 minutes, usually in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening.
During each session, the practitioner will repeat a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation.
Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures (e.g. lying down, sitting meditation, sitting like a rag doll, etc.).
Schultz emphasized parallels to techniques in yoga and meditation.
However, unlike some forms of yoga and meditation, autogenic training is devoid of any mysticism.
It is a method for influencing one's autonomic nervous system.