the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
On November 25, 2016, Castro died at age 90 of natural causes in Havana, Cuba.
President Raúl Castro, his brother, announced Fidel's death on state television.
His remains were later cremated on November 26, 2016.
By Fidel Castro
Archive of Fidel Castro's speeches in 6 languages
About Fidel Castro
Guide to the Cuban Revolution Collection, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library
Communist politicians
Cuban military people
Presidents of Cuba
Latin America is the part of the Americas where the people speak Romance languages: Spanish or Portugese.
This includes most of South America and Central America (sometimes also the Caribbean islands).
The places in the Americas in Canada and the United States) which speak French are not part of Latin America, although French is also a Romance language.
Latin America has vibrant artistic and cultural traditions.
Latin American literature, music, and arts are world famous.
People in Latin America are part of several ethnic groups and races.
The majority of Latin Americans are Mestizo and some others are Mulatto, Black, Zambo, and Asian.
Native American or indigenous.
The Native population in Latin America, came during the Lithic stage.
There are more than sixty million of these people.
They are the majority only in Bolivia, Peru, and Guatemala.
In Ecuador they are a large minority of about 1/4 of the population.
Mexico's Native American population is nearly 30%, and is also one of the largest American Indian population in the Americas in terms of absolute numbers.
Most of the remaining countries have Native American minorities.
European.
In the 1500s, many Iberian colonists came to what is now Latin America.
Today, most White Latin Americans are of Spanish and Portuguese origin.
The Iberians brought their language, religion, and culture to Latin America.
African.
Millions of African slaves were brought to the Americas from the early 1500s onward.
The majority went to the Caribbean and Brazil.
Asian.
People of Asian descent number several millions in Latin America.
The majority of Asian Latin Americans are of Japanese and Chinese heritage, and they mostly live in Peru and Brazil.
The largest community of Japanese ethnicity living outside of Japan, resides in Brazil.
There is also a growing Chinese population in Panama, as well as Costa Rica (though, Chinese Costa Ricans are a large minority).
In the Dominican Republic, there is a place where large numbers of Japanese people came; most Japanese Dominicans live in towns such as Bonao and Santo Domingo.
Arab or Middle Eastern.
Arabs in Latin America are also many, but they are mostly found among the Hispanic-Caribbean regions.
In Cuba and Puerto Rico.
In the Dominican Republic, the Arabs arrived sometime between the 19th and 20th century; (most are Morracians, Lebanese and East Indians).
Note: Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States.
Spanish and Portuguese are the most common languages in Latin America.
Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, while Spanish is the official language of most other Latin America mainland countries, and of Cuba, Puerto Rico (along with English), and the Dominican Republic.
Many people speak Native American languages in Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Paraguay and Mexico.
These languages are less common in other countries, but in some countries like Bolivia, they are considered official along with the main European language.
Other Indo-European languages spoken in Latin America include English (mainly in Puerto Rico but also in Guyana), French (spoken in Haiti and French Guiana), and Dutch (in Suriname).
Although French is also spoken in the Canadian province of Quebec and the American state of Louisiana, these countries are not considered part of Latin America because they are mostly English-speaking.
Guyana, French Guiana (one of the overseas territories of France), and Suriname, which are found the northern part of South America and known together as the Guianas, are the only places in South America that do not speak Spanish or Portuguese.
Some African languages are also spoken in Latin America.
The west African Yoruba language (known as Lucumi) is spoken in Cuba, where it is a ritual language used by the Santeria prayers.
In several nations, Creole languages are also spoken, especially in the Caribbean.
Palenquero is the Spanish-based Creole language spoken in Colombia by some 3,000 people, it is Spanish with many African influences and some Portuguese influence.
Other creoles in mainland Latin America have the same roots, blending Spanish with either African or Indigenous languages or both, as Cuban Spanish does.
The island of Haiti also has a well-known creole language, called Haitian Creole.
Most Latin Americans are Christians.
A 2014 survey found that 69% of Latin Americans are Roman Catholic, while 17% are Protestants.
Most Protestants are from Brazil or Central America.
Poverty and inequality
Poverty continues to be one of the biggest challenges for Latin American countries.
According to estimates, Latin America is the most unequal region of the world.
According to a Country Studies Institute the poorest countries in the region (in 2011) were: Haiti, Nicaragua, Bolivia and Honduras.
Undernourishment affects 72% of Haitians, 47% of Nicaraguans and Bolivians, and 32% of Hondurans.
Latin America – Citizendium
The Washington Post Interactive Map of Politics in Latin America
Andean Community official webpage
Council on Hemispheric Affairs
Latin American Network Information Center
Latin America Working Group
Washington Office on Latin America
Politics in Latin America
Infolatam.
Information and analysis of Latin America
Washington, D.C. (also known as simply Washington or D.C., and officially as the District of Columbia) is the capital of the United States.
It is a federal district.
The President of the USA and many major national government offices are in the territory.
This makes it the political center of the United States of America.
Washington was named after the first U.S. President George Washington. "
D.C." stands for "District of Columbia".
At first, it was made up of a piece from Virginia south of the Potomac River and a piece from Maryland north of the Potomac River.
In 1847, Virginia's piece was returned to it, and is now Arlington County and part of the city of Alexandria.
Since 1847, all of the District of Columbia is on the north side of the Potomac River.
The District of Columbia used to have other small towns which used "D.C.".
Since 1800, the District of Columbia has been the home of all three branches of the U.S. government: Congress, the President, and the Supreme Court.
All of the major political parties are based here.
It is also the headquarters of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Organization of American States (OAS).
Because it is the home of the President and is important to American politics, many groups often hold large demonstrations and protests here.
These are often at the National Mall, a large open park which has many monuments and museums.
The District of Columbia’s many museums and monuments make it a popular place for tourists to visit.
In 2020, the United States Census Bureau said that 689,545 people lived within the District of Columbia.
When English people first came to the area, there was a Native American village on the spot called Nakochtank.
This name survives in the name of the Anacostia River.
This river was known for the healing properties of its pure water and it is recorded that the Emperor Powhatan, who lived in what is now Richmond, Virginia, made the trip all the way to Nakochtank once for this reason.
The 1789 United States Constitution said that a capital city would be created in a district, but did not say where it should be.
James Madison and others thought it should be far away from other states and cities.
This way, it would be independent and not controlled by any state.
In 1790, a compromise was reached and capital was placed between Virginia and Maryland.
It was a square, ten miles (16 km) long on each side, and split by the Potomac River, which separated the two states.
Half of the district was in Maryland and the other half was in Virginia, and the two states gave this land to the government.
In 1791, it was named Washington, the District of Columbia to honor George Washington.
Columbia was another name for North America.
City design
Washington, D.C. was planned before it was built.
Pierre L'Enfant drew a plan for the city that said where all the streets, parks, and important buildings would be.
Unlike most cities in the United States, D.C. has many roundabouts or traffic circles.
The city was supposed to have long and wide avenues, and many open spaces for monuments and parks.
The National Mall is an example of this.
Local Government
Washington, D.C. is not a state.
Its citizens have less control over their city than most Americans, but D.C. has had an elected mayor and a city council since 1973.
But Congress can make it so that a local law doesn't happen.
The current mayor of Washington, D.C. is Muriel Bowser, a Democrat.
In Congress
The license plates on the cars in Washington, D.C. say, "Taxation Without Representation."
This is a protest from people who live in Washington, D.C. about having to pay taxes to the United States without having a vote in the United States House of Representatives.
It resembles the protest made by colonists before the American Revolution about having to pay taxes to Great Britain.
Some people are against letting Washington, D.C. have a Congressman or Congresswoman because the Constitution only allows states to have Congressmen or Congresswomen.
Performing arts and music
Washington, D.C. is the center of the nation for its arts.
The National Symphony Orchestra, the Washington National Opera, and the Washington Ballet are all inside the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.
The Kennedy Center Honors are given every year to the people who have greatly helped the cultural life of the United States.
The President and First Lady usually go to the Honors ceremony.
As the national capital of the United States, Washington, D.C. has numerous media outlets in various mediums.
Some of these media are known throughout the United States, including The Washington Post and various broadcasting networks headquartered in D.C.
The Washington Post is the oldest and most-read daily newspaper in Washington, and it has developed into one of the most reputable daily newspapers in the U.S. It is most notable for exposing the Watergate scandal, among other achievements.
The Washington Post Company has multiple media holdings, including a daily free newspaper called the Express, the Washington Post News Service with Bloomberg News, Fashion Washington, El Tiempo Latino (a Spanish-language publication), the Slate Group, The Daily Herald (in Washington state), as well as the education company Kaplan, Inc. The Washington Post emphasizes national and political news coverage but also covers regional and local stories.
Headquartered in downtown Washington, the newspaper employs journalists at 11 regional bureaus in Maryland and Virginia and 14 international bureaus.
Content is shared across titles within the Washington Post Company, and the Express, in particular, often reprints content from the Associated Press, Getty Images, and other wire sources.
Washington Times and Washington City Paper also have substantial readership in the District.
On February 1, 2005, the free daily tabloid Washington Examiner debuted, having been formed from a chain of suburban newspapers known as the Journal Newspapers.
Washington Blade and Metro Weekly focus on gay issues and the Washington Sun, the Washington Informer, and also Washington Afro on African American issues.
Bi-weekly Street Sense focuses on issues of homelessness poverty, and life on the streets.
Other special-interest papers include Roll Call, a daily paper focused on politics.
Many neighborhoods in the District have their own community newspapers.
Some of these include The Current Newspapers, which has editions serving Dupont Circle, Foggy Bottom, Georgetown, Chevy Chase and Upper Northwest, and a Capitol Hill paper called The Capitol Hill Current/Voice of the Hill.
Additional papers include In-Towner (Dupont Circle, Logan Circle and Adams Morgan), Hill Rag (Capitol Hill), East of the River (Anacostia) and D.C. North (Northeast D.C.).
In addition, several specialty newspapers serve the U.S. Congress; most notable are Roll Call, The Hill, and Politico.
As of 2008, the Washington Metropolitan Area was the 9th largest designated market area in the United States, with 2,321,610 television homes (2.028% of the U.S. population).
The following is a list of television stations serving the metro area:
Most Baltimore area television stations can be seen in the Washington region.
Besides being viewed clearly in the District, they can especially be seen in the suburbs of the Interstate 95 corridor between both cities.
They are: WMAR 2 (ABC), WBAL 11 (NBC), WJZ 13 (CBS), WMPT 22 / WMPB 67 (PBS/MPB), WUTB 24 (MyNetwork TV), WBFF 45 (FOX), and WNUV 54 (The CW).
A DC-MD-VA regional news station, TBD TV, is carried on Channel 8 on all cable systems in Washington, D.C. and surrounding communities.
Public, educational, and government access (PEG) on cable television is provided by the Public Access Corporation of the District of Columbia on two channels simulcast to both local cable television systems.
One channel is devoted to religious programming and the other channel provides a diversity of offerings.
The District's two Public, educational, and government access (PEG) Channels are DCTV, a non-profit media outlet that provides training and production opportunities to local residents, and OCT TV-16, which provides information about government programs, services, and related opportunities.
Major national broadcasters and cable outlets including NBC, ABC, CBS, FOX, and CNN maintain a significant presence in Washington, as do those from around the world including the BBC, CBC, and Al Jazeera.
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is headquartered in Arlington, Virginia.
Also, several cable television networks have their headquarters in the Washington area, including:
Discovery Channel in Silver Spring, Maryland
Travel Channel in Chevy Chase, Maryland
As of 2008, the Washington Metropolitan Area was the 9th largest radio market in the United States with a Metro 12+ Population of 4,238,100.
The following is a list of radio stations serving the metro area:
According to a 2010 study, Washington-area commuters spent 70 hours a year in traffic delays, which tied with Chicago for having the nation's worst road congestion.
However, 37% of Washington-area commuters take public transportation to work, the second-highest rate in the country.
An additional 12% of D.C. commuters walked to work, 6% carpooled, and 3% traveled by bicycle in 2010.
Washington has very few freeways.
The funds that had been dedicated for freeway construction were instead redirected to the region's public transportation infrastructure.
The interstate highways that do continue into Washington, including Interstate 66 and Interstate 395, both terminate shortly upon entering the city.
The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) operates the Washington Metro, the city's rapid transit system, as well as Metrobus.
Both systems serve the District and its suburbs.
Metro opened on March 27, 1976 and presently consists of 86 stations and  of track.
With an average of about one million trips each weekday, Metro is the second-busiest rapid transit system in the country, after the New York City Subway.
Metrobus serves over 400,000 riders each weekday, making it the nation's sixth-largest bus system.
The city also operates its own DC Circulator bus system, which connects commercial areas within central Washington.
Union Station is the main train station in Washington, D.C., and handles about 70,000 people each day.
It is Amtrak's second-busiest station with 4.6 million passengers annually and serves as the southern terminus for the Northeast Corridor and Acela Express routes.
Maryland's MARC and Virginia's VRE commuter trains and the Metrorail Red Line also provide service into Union Station.
Expansion plans announced in 2011 will make Union Station the city's primary intercity bus transit center.
A new streetcar system opened in 2016.
Three major airports serve The District.
The Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is across from downtown Washington in Arlington, Virginia and has its own Metrorail station.
Major international flights arrive and depart from Washington Dulles International Airport,  west of the District in Fairfax and Loudoun counties in Virginia.
Dulles gained its own Metrorail station in 2016.
Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is  northeast of the District in Anne Arundel County, Maryland.
Guide to Washington, D.C., materials from the Library of Congress
United States capital cities
1790 establishments in the United States
The president of the United States of America (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America and the commander in chief of the United States Armed Forces.
The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and is the chairman of the US cabinet.
Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms in office, and is counted as the nation's 22nd and 24th president.
There are currently five living former presidents.
The most recent death of a former president was the death of George H. W. Bush on November 30, 2018.
He was also the most recently serving president to die.
On November 7, 2020, Joe Biden was elected to be the 46th president of the United States.
He was formally inaugurated on January 20, 2021.
Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of the Constitution sets the requirements to hold office.
A president must:
be a natural-born citizen of the United States.
be at least thirty-five years old.
Theodore Roosevelt, 42, was the youngest, and Joe Biden, 78, is the oldest.
be a permanent resident in the United States for at least fourteen years.
Election process and terms
The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four-year term, and is one of only two nationally elected federal officers, the other being the vice president of the United States.
A president must receive more than 270 electoral college votes in order to win an election.
Ronald Reagan received 525 votes which is the most electoral votes of any other president.
A president can only serve two terms as president, which is eight years.
Franklin D. Roosevelt served four terms as president.
He died shortly after beginning his fourth term.
After his death, Congress passed an amendment that limits the number of terms a president can have.
Inaugurations
A president officially becomes president after being inaugurated on January 20th.
The president must be given the oath of office by the Chief Justice of the United States.
It is traditionally held at the United States Capitol.
Primary functions
Enforcing laws passed by the United States Congress
Nominating a Cabinet of advisors
Giving pardons or reprieves
Make treaties
Choose ambassadors to foreign countries
Select Judges, and Justices of the Supreme Court
If the president dies or retires between elections, or is otherwise removed from office, the acting president will become president, who is usually the vice president.
Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy were assassinated while in office.
William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor,Warren G. Harding and Franklin Roosevelt died from illness while president.
John Tyler was the first vice president of the United States to become president.
Calvin Coolidge became president, when Warren G. Harding, the 29th president, died in office.
Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon's vice president, became president after Nixon resigned.
Nixon is the only president to have resigned.
Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump are the only presidents to have been impeached.
A president travels by either traveling on Air Force One, Marine One, or by the Presidential state car.
At all times, the president is protected by Secret Service agents.
Sometimes, the president may travel to Camp David for either relaxation or to do some work in peace.
Living former presidents
Presidential rankings
By a majority of historical sources by historians or by the American people; George Washington, Calvin Coolidge, Abraham Lincoln, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton are ranked high on polls.
On the other hand; James Buchanan, Warren G. Harding, Herbert Hoover, Richard Nixon, George W. Bush and Franklin Pierce are thought to be the worst.
Presidents who held other offices
Three former presidents held another U.S. federal office after serving.
Presidential libraries
Since Herbert Hoover, each president has created a institutional place known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers, records, and other documents and materials.
There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system.
January 1 – Nationalisation of UK railways to form British Railways.
Arab militants lay siege to the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem.
First day of the Italian republican constitution.
January 4 – Burma gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
January 5 – Warner Brothers shows the first color newsreel (Tournament of Roses Parade and the Rose Bowl).
January 17 – Truce between nationalist Indonesian and Dutch troops in Java
January 26 – Teigin poison case – Man masquerading as a doctor poisons 12 out of 15 bank employees of the Tokyo branch of Imperial Bank and takes the money; artist Sadamichi Hirasawa is later sentenced for the crime.
January 30 – Indian pacifist and leader Mahatma Gandhi is murdered by a Hindu extremist.
January 30 – 1948 Winter Olympics open in St. Moritz, Switzerland.
February 1 – Soviet Union begins to jam Voice of America broadcasts.
February 4 – Ceylon (later renamed Sri Lanka) becomes independent within the British Commonwealth.
King George VI becomes King of Ceylon.
February 18 – Éamon de Valera, head of government since 1932, loses power to an opposition coalition.
John A. Costello is appointed Taoiseach of Éire (formerly called the Irish Free State) by President O'Kelly.
February 24 – The Communist Party seizes control of Czechoslovakia.
Works begins on the Crazy Horse Memorial.
May 13 – First Kashmir War between India and Pakistan
April-May – Israel's independence day.
January 9 - Asztalos Lajos, Hungarian politician and priest
January 14 – Carl Weathers, actor
January 14 – T-Bone Burnett, producer, musician
January 16 – John Carpenter, director
January 24 – Elliot Abrams, deputy national security adviser
February 5 – Barbara Hershey, actress
February 19 - Tony Iommi, English guitarist (Black Sabbath)
February 20 – Jennifer O'Neill, actress
March 6 - Stephen Schwartz, American lyricist
March 12 - James Taylor, American folk guitarist
March 22 – Andrew Lloyd Webber
March 26 - Fodor Cseh, Hungarian politician and Shepherds
March 26 - Steven Tyler, American singer (Aerosmith)
May 5 - Bill Ward, English drummer (Black Sabbath)
May 12 – Ivan Kral, Czech-American musician
May 13 – Leon Coetzee, loverboy and attorney
May 26 - Stevie Nicks, American singer (Fleetwood Mac)
May 31 - John Bonham, English drummer (Led Zeppelin) (d. 1980)
June 22 – Todd Rundgren, singer, songwriter, producer
July 4 - Jeremy Spencer, English guitarist (Fleetwood Mac)
July 8 - Raffi, Canadian children’s musician
July 21 - Cat Stevens, English folk musician
July 23 - John Hall, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans)
July 30 – Jean Reno, actor
August 5 - David Hungate, American bass guitarist (Toto)
August 6 - Alan Howarth, American sound designer
August 20 - Robert Plant, English singer (Led Zeppelin)
August 30 – Victor Skumin, professor, philosopher, writer.
September 20 - Chuck Panozzo, American bass guitarist (Styx)
September 20 - John Panozzo, American drummer (Styx) (d. 1996)
September 26 - Olivia Newton-John, Australian entertainer
September 29 – Theo Jörgensmann, German jazz clarinet player
October 9 – Jackson Browne, songwriter
October 17 – Margot Kidder, Canadian actress
October 25  – Diana Burrell, English composer
November 6 - Glenn Frey, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles) (d. 2016)
November 28 – Agnieszka Holland, Polish director and script writer
December 3 – Ozzy Osbourne, singer/songwriter (Black Sabbath)
December 10 - Abu Abbas, terrorist
December 22 - Rick Nielsen, American guitarist (Cheap Trick)
December 27 – Gérard Depardieu, French actor
January 21 – Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, composer
January 30 – Mohandas Gandhi, Leader of Indian Non-Violent Independence movement (assassinated)
January 30 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers, co-inventor of the airplane
February 2 – Bevil Rudd, South African athlete
February 11 – Sergey Eisenstein, movie director
March 6 – Ross Lockridge, Jr., novelist
March 10 – Zelda Fitzgerald (Mrs. F. Scott Fitzgerald)
March 10 – Jan Masaryk, Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia
March 31 – Egon Erwin Kisch, journalist and writer
April 9 – Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Colombian politician (b. 1903)
April 17 – Suzuki Kantaro, Japanese admiral and prime minister
May 15 – Father Edward J. Flanagan, priest, founder of Boys Town
May 28 – Unity Mitford, British friend of Hitler
June 25 – William C. Lee, Maj, General United States Army (b. 1895)
July 23 – David Wark Griffith, movie director
August 12 – Harry Brearley, inventor of stainless steel
August 16 – Babe Ruth, Baseball Hall of Famer
September 11 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah, first Governor-General and founder of Pakistan.
October 24 – Franz Lehár, composer
November 28 – D.D. Sheehan first independent Labour MP.
December 23 – Kenji Doihara, Koki Hirota, Seishiro Itagaki, Heitarō Kimura, Iwane Matsui, Akira Mutō, and Hideki Tōjō, Japanese war leaders (hanged)
December 31 – Sir Malcolm Campbell, land and water racer (b. 1885)
Ape and Essence – Aldous Huxley
Catalina – W. Somerset Maugham
Concluding – Henry Green
Cry, the Beloved Country – Alan Paton
The Foundling – Georgette Heyer
The Golden Warrior – Hope Muntz
Guard of Honor – James Gould Cozzens
The Heart of the Matter – Graham Greene
The Hearth and the Eagle – Anya Seton
The House of Sleep – Anna Kavan
Ides of March – Thornton Wilder
John Aubrey and His Friends – Anthony Powell
Joseph and His Brothers – Thomas Mann
Last Of The Conquerors – William Gardner Smith
The Living Is Easy – Dorothy West
The Mask of Circe – C. L. Moore
Melissa (novel) – Taylor Caldwell
My Glorious Brothers – Howard Fast
Parris Mitchell of King's Row – Henry Bellamann
Raintree County – Ross Lockridge, Jr.
Seraph On The Sewanee – Zora Neale Hurston
Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose – Dr. Seuss
The Twenty-One Balloons – William Pène du Bois
The White Goddess – Robert Graves
The World is Not Enough – Zoe B. Oldenbourg
The Young Lions – Irwin Shaw
"Buttons and Bows" – Dinah Shore
"Confess" – Doris Day & Buddy Clark
"Confess" – Patti Page (the first multi-tracked song)
"Deck Of Cards" – Phil Harris
"Don't Have To Tell Nobody" – Frankie Laine
"Gloria" – The Mills Brothers
"I Love You So Much (It Hurts Me)" – The Mills Brothers
"I'm Looking Over a Four-Leaf Clover" – Frankie Laine
"I'm Looking Over a Four-Leaf Clover" – Art Mooney
"I'm My Own Grandpa" – Guy Lombardo & The Guy Lombardo Trio
"Is It True What They Say About Dixie" – Al Jolson & The Mills Brothers
"It's Magic" – Doris Day
"Little White Lies" – Dick Haymes & The Four Hits And A Miss
"Love Somebody" – Doris Day & Buddy Clark
"Mañana" – Peggy Lee
"Monday Again" – Frankie Laine
"My Happiness" – The Pied Pipers
"My Happiness" – Jon and Sondra Steele
"Nature Boy" – Nat King Cole
"Nature Boy" – Sarah Vaughan
"On A Slow Boat To China" – Kay Kyser, Harry Babbitt & Gloria Wood
"Red River Valley" – Jo Stafford
"Red Roses For A Blue Lady" – Vaughn Monroe
"Rosetta" – Frankie Laine
"So Tired" – Russ Morgan
"Someday You'll Want Me To Want You" – Vaughn Monroe
"The Things We Did Last Summer" – Georgia Gibbs
"A Tree In the Meadow" – Margaret Whiting
"Twelfth Street Rag" – Pee Wee Hunt
"Underneath the Arches" – Andrews Sisters
"What Could Be Sweeter" – Frankie Laine
"Wrap Your Troubles In Dreams" – Georgia Gibbs
"Woody Woodpecker" – Kay Kyser
"You Call Everybody Darlin'" – Al Trace
"You Can't Be True, Dear" – Ken Griffin
January 20 – Harry S. Truman proposes Point Four program to help world's less developed areas.
February 22 – Grady the Cow, a 1,200-pound cow gets stuck inside a silo on a farm in Yukon, Oklahoma and garners national media attention.
April 4 – Twelve nations sign the North Atlantic Treaty establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).
May 11 – Siam changes its name to Thailand.
September 21 – The German Federal Republic (West Germany) established.
October 1 – The founding of the People's Republic of China is announced by Mao Zedong.
October 7 – The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is established.
December 27 – Indonesia's independence is recognised by the Netherlands.
January 12 – Murakami Haruki, Japanese writer
January 12 – Ottmar Hitzfeld, German football manager
February 5 – Kurt Beck, German politician
February 22 – Niki Lauda, Austrian racecar driver
February 24 – John Belushi, American actor (d. 1982)
March 28 - Kevin Lloyd, British actor (d. 1998)
April 7 - Wells Kelly, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans) (d. 1984)
April 11 – Bernd Eichinger, German movie producer
April 19 – Joachim Sauer, husband of German chancellor Angela Merkel
April 20 – Jessica Lange, American actress
May 9 – Billy Joel, American singer
May 13 – Zoe Wanamaker, actress
May 23 – Alan Garcia, President of Peru (d. 2019)
May 26 – Jeremy Corbyn, English politician
June 6 – Robert Englund, American actor
June 18 – Jaroslaw Kaczynski, Polish politician
June 18 – Lech Kaczynski, President of Poland (d. 2010)
June 20 – Lionel Richie, American singer and musician
June 22 – Meryl Streep, American actress
July 4 – Horst Seehofer, German politician
July 17 - Geezer Butler, English bass guitarist (Black Sabbath)
July 22 - Alan Menken, American pianist and theatre composer
July 26 – Thaksin Shinawatra, Thai politician
July 26 – Roger Taylor, British musician (Queen)
August 1 – Kurmanbek Bakiyev, former President of Kyrgyzstan
August 15 – Ivan Boldirev, Russian ice hockey player
August 20 - Phil Lynott, Irish bass guitarist (Thin Lizzy) (d. 1986)
August 25 - Gene Simmons, American singer-songwriter and musician (Kiss)
August 31 – Richard Gere, American actor
September 9 – Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of Indonesia
September 13 - Dennis Pendrith, Canadian bass player
September 19 – Twiggy, British model
September 23 – Bruce Springsteen, American singer and musician
October 3 - Lindsey Buckingham, American guitarist (Fleetwood Mac)
October 4 - Armand Assante, American actor
October 8 – Sigourney Weaver, American actress
October 9 - Bob Leinbach, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans)
October 13 - Rick Vito, American guitarist (Fleetwood Mac)
October 21 – Benjamin Netanyahu, Israeli politician
October 25 - Ross Bagdasarian, Jr., American voice actor
November 14 - James "J.Y." Young, American guitarist (Styx)
December 1 – Pablo Escobar, Colombian drug lord (d. 1993)
December 12 – Marc Ravalomanana, former President of Madagascar
December 21 – Thomas Sankara, President of Burkina Faso (d. 1987)
December 22 – Maurice Gibb, singer (Bee Gees) (d. 2003)
December 22 – Robin Gibb, singer (Bee Gees) (d. 2012)
December 25 – Sissy Spacek, American actress
December 26 – Jose Ramos Horta, President of East Timor
January 6 – Victor Fleming, American director (b. 1883)
January 11 – Nelson Doubleday, American publisher (b. 1889)
January 14 – Joaquín Turina, Spanish composer (b. 1882)
January 28 – Jean-Pierre Wimille, French race car driver (b. 1908)
February 12 – Imam Hassan al Banna, Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (b. 1906)
March 30 – Friedrich Bergius, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1884)
April 19 – Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (b. 1877)
May 6 – Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
May 9 – Louis II, Prince of Monaco (b. 1870)
May 22 – James Forrestal, U.S. Secretary of Navy and Defense (suicide) (b. 1892)
May 22 – Klaus Mann, German writer (suicide) (b. 1906)
June 10 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882)
June 14 – Russell Doubleday, American writer and publisher (b. 1872)
July 9 – Fritz Bennicke Hart, English-born composer (b. 1874)
July 12 – Douglas Hyde, first President of Ireland (b. 1860)
July 18 – Vítězslav Novák, Czech composer (b. 1870)
August 18 – Paul Mares, American musician (b. 1900)
August 30 – Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (b. 1877)
September 8 – Richard Strauss, German composer (b. 1864)
September 13 – August Krogh, Danish zoophysiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1874)
September 19 – Will Cuppy, American humorist (b. 1884)
September 19 – Nikolaos Skalkottas, Greek composer (b. 1901)
October 27 – Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (plane crash) (b. 1916)
October 27 – Ginette Neveu, French violinist (plane crash) (b. 1919)
December 6 – Leadbelly, American musician (b. 1885)
December 11 – Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya, Indian philosopher (b. 1875)
December 16 – Sidney Olcott, Canadian movie director (b. 1873)
December 28 – Hervey Allen, American writer (b. 1889)
December 28 – Jack Lovelock, New Zealand athlete (b. 1910)
The Aleph – Jorge Luis Borges
Alien Land – Willard W. Savoy
The Angry Wife – Pearl S. Buck
Beneath The Sky – Alfred Q. Jarrette
Beyond Earth's Gates – C. L. Moore
Bright Leaf – Foster Fitzsimmons
Cannibal – John Hawkes
Crooked House – Agatha Christie
The Dream Merchants – Harold Robbins
Father of the Bride – Edward Streeter
The Golden Sequence – Martha E. Von Almedingen
The Heat of the Day – Elixabeth Bowen
King of the Wind – Marguerite Henry
Let Love Come Last – Taylor Caldwell
Love in a Cold Climate – Nancy Mitford
Male and Female – Margaret Mead
The Man with the Golden Arm – Nelson Algren
Men of Maize – Miguel Angel Asturias
The Miracles of the Red Altar Cloth – Hermann L. Hunter
Nineteen Eighty-Four – George Orwell
Pride's Castle – Frank Yerby
A Rage To Live – John O'Hara
The Second Sex – Simone de Beauvoir
To Hell and Back – Audie Murphy
Shane – Jack Schaefer
The Sheltering Sky – Paul Bowles
A Town Like Alice – Nevil Shute
The Trial – Franz Kafka
Trouble with Harry – Jack Story
January 5 – U.S. Senator Estes Kefauver introduces a law asking for the government to study crime in the U.S.
January 9 – The Israeli government say's that the People's Republic of China is a country
January 11 – Huk guerrillas attack the town of Hermosa in Bataan, Philippines.
January 12 – British submarine Truculent crashes into a Swedish oil tanker in River Thames – 64 people died.
January 13 – Finland is friendly with the People's Republic of China
January 15 – Volcanic cloud kills 5000 in Mount Lamington, New Guinea
January 17 – The Great Brinks Robbery – 11 thieves steal more than $2 million from an armored car in Boston, Massachusetts
January 23 – The Knesset passes an agreement that says Jerusalem is the capital of Israel.
January 24 – Cold War: Klaus Fuchs tells about his wartime espionage at Los Alamos to British interrogators – formally charged February 2
January 28 – Somaliland is put under Italian rule
January 29 – Lord Balfour disagrees with the fact that rationing is still in force in Britain
January 31 – President Harry S. Truman announces a program to develop the hydrogen bomb
January 31 – Last Kuomintang troops surrender in continental China
June 5- The Korean War begins
October 2 – Charles M. Schulz publishes the first Peanuts comic strip.
January 3 – Victoria Principal, Japanese-American actress
January 17 – Richard L. Anderson, American sound editor
February 25 - Neil Jordan, Irish director
March 20 - Carl Palmer, English drummer (Emerson, Lake & Palmer)
March 27 - Tony Banks, English keyboardist (Genesis)
April 5 - Agnetha Fältskog, Swedish singer-songwriter and musician (ABBA)
April 12 – Maia Danziger, American actress
April 12 - Larry Kemp, American sound editor
May 9 - Tom Petersson, American bass guitarist (Cheap Trick)
May 13 – Stevie Wonder, American musician
May 13 - Danny Kirwan, English guitarist (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2018)
May 17 - Howard Ashman, American playwright and lyricist (d. 1991)
May 22 – Bernie Taupin
June 21 - Joey Kramer, American drummer (Aerosmith)
July 28 - Tom Cotcher, Scottish actor
September 10 - Joe Perry, American guitarist (Aerosmith)
September 28 - John Sayles, American filmmaker
October 1 – Randy Quaid, American actor
October 2 - Mike Rutherford, English singer-songwriter and musician (Genesis)
October 2 - Lucas Fuego, Slovak politician and doctor
October 3 - John Curulewski, American guitarist (Styx) (d. 1988)
October 31 – John Candy, Canadian actor (d. 1994)
December 18 - Gillian Armstrong‏‎, Australian director
December 29 - László-Braun Rátót, Hungarian politician of German ethnicity
January 21 – George Orwell, English writer (b. 1903)
April 7 - Walter Huston, Canadian actor (b. 1883)
November 2 – George Bernard Shaw, Irish writer (b. 1856)
December 30 – Arthur Davidson, American business man (b. 1881)
June 22 – Lonnie Moon
"A-Razz-A-Ma-Tazz" – Georgia Gibbs
"All My Love (Bolero)" – Patti Page
"Are You Lonesome Tonight?" –
"Ballin' The Jack" – Georgia Gibbs
"Ballin' The Jack" – Danny Kaye
"Be My Love" – Mario Lanza
"Bewitched" – Doris Day
"Black Lace" – Frankie Laine
"Boo-Hoo" – Guy Lombardo & The Lombardo Trio
"A Bushel And A Peck" – Perry Como & Betty Hutton
"Can Anyone Explain? (
No, No, No!)" –
"Chattanoogie Shoe Shine Boy" – Red Foley
"Cry Of The Wild Goose" – Frankie Laine
"Daddy's Little Girl" – The Mills Brothers
"Dear, Dear, Dear" – Frankie Laine
"Dream A Little Dream Of Me" – Frankie Laine
"A Dreamer's Holiday" – Buddy Clark & The Girlfriends
"Enjoy Yourself" – Guy Lombardo (Kenny Gardner& The Lombardo Trio vocals)
"Goodnight, Irene" – The Weavers with Gordon Jenkins
"Harbor Lights" – Sammy Kaye
"Here Comes Santa Claus" – Andrews Sisters
"L'Hymne A L'Amour (Hymn To Love)" – Édith Piaf
"I Can Dream, Can't I?" –
"I Love You For That" – Patti Page & Frankie Laine
"I Wanna Be Loved" – The Andrews Sisters
"If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake" – Eileen Barton
"I'm Moving On" – Hank Snow
"It Isn't Fair" – Sammy Kaye (Don Cornell vocal)
"Let's Go West Again" – Al Jolson
"A Man Gets Awfully Lonesome" – Frankie Laine
"Mona Lisa" – Nat King Cole
"Music, Maestro, Please" – Frankie Laine
"Music!
Music!" –
"My Heart Cries For You" – Guy Mitchell
"Nevertheless" – The Mills Brothers
"No Other Love" – Jo Stafford
"The Old Piano Roll Blues" Al Jolson & The Andrews Sisters
"Patricia" – Perry Como
"Play A Simple Melody" – Gary Crosby & Friend (Bing Crosby)
"Rag Mop" – The Ames Brothers
"Red Hot Mama" – Georgia Gibbs
"The Roving Kind" – Guy Mitchell
"Sentimental Me" – The Ames Brothers
"Sleepy Ol' River" – Frankie Laine
"Someday" – The Mills Brothers
"Someday" – Vaughn Monroe
"Sometime" – The Mariners
"Stars & Stripes Forever" – Frankie Laine
"Swingin' In A Hammock" – Guy Lombardo (Don Rodney & The Lombardo Trio vocals)
"The Tennessee Waltz" – Patti Page
"There's No Tomorrow" – Tony Martin
"The Thing" – Phil Harris
"The Third Man Theme" – Anton Karas
"The Third Man Theme" – Guy Lombardo
"With My Eyes Wide Open I'm Dreaming" – Patti Page
Across the River and Into the Trees – Ernest Hemingway
The Adventurer – Mika Waltari
Beetlecreek – William Demby
Cabbagetown – Hugh Garner
The Cardinal – Henry Morton Robinson
The Child Who Never Grew – Pearl S. Buck
The Disenchanted – Budd Schulberg
The Door in the Wall – Marguerite de Angeli
The Town and the City – Jack Kerouac
Floodtide – Frank Yerby
Florence Nightingale – Cecil Woodham-Smith
The Grass Is Singing – Doris Lessing
I, Robot – Isaac Asimov
Joy Street – Frances Parkinson Keyes
Jubilee Trail – Gwen Bristow
Kon-Tiki – Thor Heyerdahl
The Liberal Imagination – Lionel Trilling
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – C. S. Lewis
The Little World of Don Camillo – Giovanni Guareschi
The Martian Chronicles – Ray Bradbury
Parade's End – Ford Madox Ford
The Parasites – Daphne du Maurier
Reading and Criticism – Raymond Williams
Scenes from Provincial Life – William Cooper
Star Money – Kathleen Winsor
Summer In The Country – Edith Templeton
La vida breve (A Brief Life) – Juan Carlos Onetti
The Voyage of the Space Beagle – A. E. van Vogt
The Wall'' – John Hersey
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was a British philologist, university professor, and writer.
Tolkien is best known for his most famous works, The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.
He was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa but his parents were both from England.
He lost much of his family at an early age.
He fought in World War I, and after the war he found a job helping to produce the Oxford English Dictionary.
Tolkien was very interested in languages, and he had studied at Oxford University.
Soon he became a professor of English Language at the University of Leeds.
He was then a professor at the University of Oxford until 1959, when he retired.
He also was good friends with many other writers and scholars, most notably C. S. Lewis, who wrote the Narnia books, The Screwtape Letters, and many essays on Christian theology.
Tolkien himself was a devout Catholic.
Tolkien married Edith Mary Bratt on 22 March 1916 in England, at the age of 24.
They had four children, three sons and a girl: John, Michael, Christopher, and Priscilla.
He created and worked on the fictional fantasy world of Middle-earth for most of his life, and his most famous books are set in that world.
Because of his Middle-earth books he is often considered the "father of high fantasy" which made the fantasy genre very popular.
Tolkien wrote other books, for example Farmer Giles Of Ham, and also illustrated (drew the pictures and maps for) The Lord of the Rings.
The Lord of the Rings was published in three parts and has been made into several motion pictures.
The Lord of the Rings took 12 years to write.
Fiction and poetry
The Hobbit or There and Back Again,  (HM). (
Leaf by Niggle (1945, short story)
Farmer Giles of Ham (1949, medieval fable)
The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955)
The Fellowship of the Ring: being the first part of The Lord of the Rings,  (HM). (
The Two Towers: being the second part of The Lord of the Rings,  (HM). (
The Return of the King: being the third part of The Lord of the Rings,  (HM). (
The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book (1962)
Smith of Wootton Major (1967)
The Road Goes Ever On (1967)
The Silmarillion (1977)
Unfinished Tales (1980)
The History of Middle-earth (1983–1996)
Bilbo's Last Song (1990)
The Children of Húrin (2007)
The History of The Hobbit (2007)
Academic and other works
Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics (1937)
On Fairy-Stories (1947)
Ancrene Riwle or Ancrene Wisse
HarperCollins Tolkien Website
Tolkien Biography (The Tolkien Society)
The Lord of the Rings Wiki
Tolkien Gateway Wiki
1952 recording of Tolkien reading part of The Two Towers (from "Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit")
The Tolkien Library - Tolkien news, articles, resource, bibliography, biography, collectors guide
1892 births
1973 deaths
Academics of the University of Oxford
British academics
Adolescence is the time between being a child and a mature adult, that is the period of time during which a person grows into an adult, but are emotionally not mature.
Adolescence in the English speaking world usually corresponds to the teenager years of 13-19 which are so named because of the end of the English words "thirteen" to "nineteen".
The ages when one is no longer a child, and when one becomes an adult, vary by culture.
In many cultures they are marked by rites of passage.
The word comes from the  Latin verb adolescere meaning "to grow up."
During this time, a person's body, emotions and academic standing change a lot.
When adolescence starts, in America, children usually finish elementary school and enter secondary education, such as middle school or high school.
During this period of life, most children go through the physical stages of puberty, which can often begin before a person has reached the age of 13.
Most cultures think of people as becoming adults at various ages of the teenage years.
For example, Jewish tradition thinks that people are adults at age 13, and this change is celebrated in the Bar Mitzvah (for boys) and the Bat Mitzvah (for girls) ceremony.
Usually, there is a formal age of majority when adolescents formally (under the law) become adults.
Adolescence -Citizendium .
KDE is a community that produces free software, including a desktop environment called KDE Plasma for operating systems based on Linux or UNIX.
This replaces the console, which is simply a black screen with text on it.
KDE Plasma is a popular piece of software for users of Linux and UNIX.
KDE releases
There are several major applications for KDE.
Amarok - Music player
K3b - CD burner
Kate - Text editor
KDevelop - A program for making software
Konsole - Terminal emulator
Kontact - Personal information manager that has an e-mail client, a news client, a feed aggregator, To-do lists and more.
Kopete - Instant messaging client
Konqueror - File manager and web browser
KOffice - Office suite
Dolphin - File manager
Official KDE website
The United Kingdom Independence Party (often called UKIP, said "you-kipp") is a political party in the United Kingdom.
Its policies promote conservatism, national conservatism, and Euroscepticism.
Their main policy is for the UK to leave the European Union.
The party was founded in 1993, and they first won seats in the European Parliament in 1999.
They won 3 seats in 1999, which was increased to 12 in 2004 and 13 in 2009.
It is now 9.
The party does not do well under Britain's 'First-past-the-post' system of elections and only has one seat in the British House of Commons, although they received 3.8 million votes (12.6% of the total vote) at the 2015 UK general election.
- The United Kingdom should leave the European Union.
- There should be more referendums on certain issues.
- British people should not have to carry ID cards.
On 9 October 2014 Douglas Carswell became UKIP's first elected MP.
Carswell quit the party in March 2017.
May 2014 local elections
In the May 2014 local elections UKIP got 30% of the vote in Sunderland.
The party gained 155 local council seats across the country.
2015 general election
UKIP came third in the May 2015 general election, after the Labour Party and the Conservative Party.
The party got 12.9% of the vote and gained one seat.
2017 general election
In the 2017 general election, UKIP's share of the vote went down to 1.8 and they didn't win any seats.
The next day UKIP's leader Paul Nuttall resigned.
Gerard Batten becomes leader (2018)
2018 UK local elections
Accusations of embracing the far-right
Since the election of Batten as leader of the party there have been accusations that UKIP is embracing the far-right.
Those saying the party was moving to the right began early in Battern's leadership when he began to focus the party around rejecting Islamic ideology and when a quote arose of Battern calling Islam a "death cult".
In September 2018 Battern was also criticised for attending an anti-Muslim rally in Sunderland.
These accusations grew much stronger after the far-right activist Tommy Robinson was appointed an advisor to Battern in November 2018.
This led to many of UKIP's MEPs and former party leaders Nigel Farage and Paul Nuttall to leave the party, as well as the party's leader in Scotland.
UKIP homepage
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
Political parties in the United Kingdom
Nationalist organisations in the United Kingdom
Eurosceptic parties
David Bowie's first big hit record was the single "Space Oddity" in 1969.
This album though only really sold well when he became more famous in 1973.
Many of the songs are very melodic, with good tunes, and are unusual.
Unwashed And Somewhat Slightly Dazed
Letter To Hermione
Cygnet Committee
Wild Eyed Boy From Freecloud
God Knows I'm Good
Memory Of A Free Festival
1969 albums
Rock albums
Folk albums
A saxophone is a family of musical instruments that are made of brass.
These are often just called a "sax".
It has seven main keys, including the octave key.
Because it is made from brass it is often included in the brass section alongside true brass instruments like the trumpet or trombone.