the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Instead of having laws against stealing, people could protect their own things, or agree to pay other people such as arbitrators, insurers, and private defenders to protect them.
This belief is called "anarcho-capitalism."
These people think that the government is trying to take away their earnings, because it takes taxes away from people against their will and keeps them from making agreements between themselves.
Ghana (formerly the Gold Coast) is a country in West Africa.
Thirty-one million people live there; its capital is Accra.
It is in Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Côte d'Ivoire and Togo.
Since Ghana is near the Equator, the climate is very warm and tropical.
The eastern coastal belt is warm and comparatively dry.
South west corner is hot and humid.
The north is hot and dry.
Lake Volta (the world’s largest artificial lake) extends through eastern Ghana.
Most Ghanaians have access to primary and secondary education.
Ghana has a 6-year primary school system.
There are 6 public universities and 10 private universities.
Ghana has many natural resources.
The main exports are gold, timber, cocoa, diamonds, and more.
Ghana has one of the strongest economies in Africa.
Ghana used “Cedi” for their currency but in July 2007, “Ghanaian Cedi” became the new currency.
1 Ghana Cedi is equal to 1000 Cedi.
1 US dollar is currently exchanged at about 6 Ghana Cedi.
Ghana is a country located on the Gulf of Guinea.
It is only a few degrees north of the Equator.
This gives it a warm climate.
The country has an area of .
It is surrounded by Togo to the east, Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south.
The country has flat plains, low hills and a few rivers.
Ghana can be divided into five different geographical regions.
The coastline is mostly a low, sandy shore backed by plains and scrub.
It is crossed by several rivers and streams.
The northern part of the country has high plains.
Southwest and south central Ghana is made up of a forested plateau region with the Ashanti uplands and the Kwahu Plateau.
The hilly Akuapim-Togo ranges are found along the country's eastern border.
The Volta Basin also takes up most of central Ghana.
Ghana's highest point is Mount Afadjato.
It is  and is found in the Akwapim-Togo Ranges.
There are two main seasons in Ghana: the wet and the dry seasons.
Northern Ghana has its rainy season from March to November.
The south, including the capital Accra, has the season from April to mid-November.
Regions and districts
In 1482, Portuguese colonists from the expedition of Diogu de Azambuja were first on the coast who built Elmina Castle, then Aksim Fortresses, Shama and others.
The Portuguese exported gold (the country was then called the Golden Beach) and slaves.
By the middle of the 19th century, the United Kingdom pushed out from the other European competitors from the Golden coast.
Football is the most popular sport.
The national men's football team is known as the Black Stars.
The under-20 team is known as the Black Satellites.
Ghana has been in many championships including the African Cup of Nations, the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA U-20 World Cup.
In the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Ghana became the third African country to reach the quarter final stage.
There are several club football teams in Ghana, which play in the Ghana Premier League and Division One League.
Both are managed by the Ghana Football Association.
There are also notable games like Oware,Dame and the others which traces back to their Ancestry background.
Kofi Annan - Former Secretary-General of the United Nations
Official Government Site
Ghana in the news
BBC's Profile on Ghana
GhanaWeb portal
ProGhana, One Community, One Business
1957 establishments in Africa
Strawberry Shortcake is a doll.
The doll has red hair and smells like strawberries.
Kenner products created the first Strawberry Shortcake doll in 1979.
At that time she resembled a typical rag doll, complete with freckles, a mop of red yarn hair, and a strawberry printed bonnet but the unique selling point was that, she smelt of strawberries.
The Strawberry Shortcake line of characters each had their own fruit or dessert-themed name with clothing to match, and they each had a dessert or fruit-named pet.
Like the Strawberry Shortcake doll, all the other characters’ dolls had hair scented to match their dessert theme.
There was Apple Dumpling, the baby and Raspberry Tart who, in the television programs, was capable of the odd cutting remark.
This is what Apple Dumpling looked like back in the 1980s.
She first appeared on cards by American Greetings, and there soon were a series of dolls (each that smell like a different fruit and had a pet) and several TV specials produced by DIC and Nelvana.
The characters in the collection from the 1980s were:
Strawberry Shortcake (with Custard the cat)
Huckleberry Pie (with Pupcake the dog)
Apple Dumplin' (with Teatime Turtle)
Blueberry Muffin (with Cheesecake mouse)
Raspberry Tart (with Rhubarb monkey)
Orange Blossom (with Marmalade the butterfly)
Lemon Meringue (with Frappe the frog)
Apricot (with Hopsalot the bunny)
Lime Chiffon (with Parfait Parrot)
Cherry Cuddler (with Gooseberry the goose)
Butter Cookie (with Jelly Bear)
Angel Cake (with Souffle' the skunk)
Mint Tulip (International friend from the Netherlands, with Marsh Mallard, the duck)
Crepe Suzette (International friend from France, with Eclair the poodle)
Cafe Ole (International friend from Mexico, with Burrito the burro)
Almond Tea (International friend China, with Marza Panda)
Lem 'n Ada (Twin International friends from the United Kingdom, with Sugar Woofer the dog)
Plum Puddin' (with Elderberry Owl)
Peach Blush (with Melonie Belle the lamb)
The Peculiar Purple Pieman of Porcupine Peak (with Captain Cackle the berry bird) villain
Sour Grapes (with snake Dregs) villain
2000s revival
In 2002, after other 1980s toys (Care Bears, G.I. Joe,etc.)
were brought back for youndger kids and parents who played with them and new line of dolls was released and along with several direct-to-DVD specials.
Strawberry Shortcake - with pets Custard and Pupcake
Apple Dumplin'- with pet Apple Ducklin'
Ginger Snap - with pet Chocolate Chipmunk
Angel Cake - with pet Vanilla Icing the lamb
Orange Blossom - with pet Marmaladebutterfly
Huckleberry Pie - with pet Shoofly frog
Blueberry Muffin  - with pet Cheesecake mouse
Rainbow Sherbet - with pet Triple Ripple Toucan
Seaberry Delight - with pet Kiwi Sea Turtle
Coco Calypso - with pet Papaya Parrot
Christina María Aguilera (born December 18, 1980) is an American singer-songwriter, record producer and actress.
Aguilera made her debut in Star Search in 1990.
Three years later, she starred on The New Mickey Mouse Club.
She was signed to RCA Records after making the song "Reflection" for the movie Mulan.
Aguilera received a Best New Artist Grammy Award for her first album Christina Aguilera (1999).
She made a Latin pop album, Mi Reflejo, and a Christmas album, My Kind of Christmas.
Mi Reflejo won a Latin Grammy Award.
Aguilera received Grammy Awards for her second album Stripped (2002), and her third album Back to Basics (2006).
In 2008, she released her first greatest hits album, Keeps Gettin' Better – A Decade of Hits, a new song, "Dynamite", and new versions of her hits "Genie in a Bottle" and "Beautiful", called "Genie 2.0" and "You Are What You Are (Beautiful)".
In 2011, Aguilera became a coach on The Voice.
Christina María Aguilera was born in Staten Island, New York, on December 18, 1980.
Her parents Fausto Xavier Aguilera, was a soldier in the United States Army and Shelly Loraine (née Fidler), was a violinist and pianist, respectively.
Her father has Ecuadorian ancestry.
Her American mother has German, English, Irish, Scots-Irish, and French ancestry.
Throughout her father's service in the Army, her family moved to various locations, including New Jersey, Texas, New York, and Japan.
Her parents divorced when Aguilera was six years old.
She, her mother, and her younger sister Rachel then lived at her grandmother's home in Rochester, Pennsylvania, a town outside Pittsburgh.
Her mother later remarried.
Singing career
Aguilera released her seventh album Lotus on November 9, 2012.
The first single, "Your Body", reached the top ten in Canada and the top 40 in the US.
Aguilera made a Spanish song for the 2012 movie Casa de Mi Padre.
Aguilera also sung a song on the sound track of the 2013 movie The Hunger Games: Catching Fire called "We Remain".
She sang on the single version of A Great Big World's single "Say Something", which reached number one in Canada and Australia and the top five in other countries.
On June 15, 2018, Aguilera released her eighth studio album, Liberation.
Aguilera is a soprano.
She has a whistle register.
In 2010 Aguilera acted in a film for the first time.
It was a musical called Burlesque.
She played a woman called Ali.
She sang eight of the songs in the soundtrack.
Stripped (2002)
Burlesque (2011)
Keeps Gettin' Better – A Decade of Hits (2008)
Demo albums
Just Be Free (2001)
Official US website
Actors from Staten Island
Latin singers
Musicians from Staten Island
Latin Grammy Award winners
Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a term which refers to the male of a number of poultry.
It is raised in many places for its meat and eggs.
They are usually kept by humans as livestock.
Some breeds of chickens can fly for a short distance.
Some sleep in trees (if there are trees around).
A male chicken is called a rooster or a cock(erel).
A female chicken is called a hen; a young chicken is called a chick.
Like other female birds, hens lay eggs.
The eggs hatch into chicks.
When raising chickens, a farmer needs a chicken coop (like a little house) for the chickens to roost (sleep) in.
They also need a run or yard where they can exercise, take dust baths, eat and drink.
The chickens also need to be protected from predators such as foxes.
Fences are often used for this.
Chickens can also be farmed intensively.
This lets farms make a lot of chicken meat and eggs.
a rooster does not have a penis.
Chicken and chickenpox
Chickenpox has nothing to do with chickens.
When chickenpox was first described, people thought that the pox spots looked like chickpeas placed upon the skin.
The Latin word for chick peas is cicer.
That is the original word that chickenpox got its name from.
Chickens are well known for their eggs.
Many people eat them for their breakfast.
The eggs can be prepared in many different ways.
Because of the low cost, chicken meat (also called "chicken") is one of the most used kinds of meat in the world.
Americans eat 8 billion chickens every year.
Some popular dishes with chicken are: Buffalo wings, butter chicken, chicken rice, chicken balls, chicken pot pie, chicken soup, fried chicken (see picture), roasted chicken and tandoori chicken.
There are different cuts of chicken.
Chicken meat can also be bought whole.
The leanest part is known as the breast.
Sliced pieces of the breast are known as the tender(loin).
There is also wings, thighs, and legs (also known as drumsticks).
In some parts of the world people breed chickens to fight.
They bet money on which of two birds will win.
In many places this is illegal.
The floppy disk (or a 3 1/2 floppy for today's standard) is a removable magnetic storage medium.
Floppy disks are used for moving information between computers, laptops or other devices.
Some early digital cameras, electronic music instruments and older computer game consoles use floppy disks.
Floppy disks are inserted in to a floppy disk drive or simply floppy drive to allow data to be read or stored.
Floppy disks store much less data than a CD-ROM disk or USB flash drive.
A normal 3½ inch disk can store 1.44 megabytes of data.
This is usually enough for simple text documents.
A special type of floppy disk was made in the late 1980s.
It could store 2.88 MB of data.
They did not become popular.
Larger size floppy disks became available in the 1990s.
The two most popular were the Zip drive and the Jaz drive, both made by Iomega.
Floppy disk technology has been around since the early 1970s (the 8-inch floppy was the first).
Today, floppy disks have been replaced by other storage media, like USB flash drives.
Floppy disks and drives are no longer manufactured, but are still widely-available as new old stock.
The floppy drive
A floppy drive (often called drives “A” and “B” on a computer running DOS or Windows) can be connected to or installed in a personal computer (PC).
It is the part of a computer that reads and writes the disk that can be removed.
A disk, often called a floppy disk, is used to store files and carry them from one computer to another by using the floppy drive.
The floppy drive reads the disk (or diskette) and the user is then able to open and change the files saved on the disk.
Nathaniel Adams Coles, professionally known as Nat King Cole, (March 17, 1919 - February 15, 1965) was an American jazz musician, singer and songwriter.
He was born in the southern city of Montgomery, Alabama.
His father was a Christian minister.
Millions of Nat King Cole’s recordings were sold while he was alive.
He died of cancer of the lung in February, 1965.
He was only forty-five years old.
People around the world still enjoy listening to the music of one of America’s greatest performers of popular and jazz music.
When Cole was four years old, his parents moved the family to North Chicago, Illinois.
His younger brother was Freddy Cole.
He learned to play the piano when he was very young.
His mother was the only piano teacher he ever had.
He gave his first public performance when he was four.
By the time he was twelve, Cole was playing piano at his father’s church.
His father was pastor of the First Baptist church in  North Chicago, Illinois for 29 years.
His interest in jazz
Cole played piano in New York City and Los Angeles, California when he was a young man.
In 1937, he formed a group that played jazz music.
Oscar Moore played the guitar and Wesley Prince played the bass.
The trio reportedly did not need a drummer because Cole’s piano playing kept the beat so well.
They named the group, The King Cole Trio.
At the same time, Cole also changed his name into Nat King Cole.
The trio soon became very popular.
Nat sang some songs, but mostly played the piano.
Well-known popular singer
By the middle 1940s, Nat King Cole was beginning to be known as a popular singer as well as a jazz piano player.
He was one of the first musicians to record with new Capitol Records.
The first song he recorded for Capitol was “Straighten Up and Fly Right.”
He wrote the song.
The words were based on his father’s teachings.
The song became one of the biggest hits of 1943.
It sold more than 500,000 copies.
Nat recorded hundreds of songs.
Some of the most popular include “Sweet Lorraine,” “Nature Boy,” “Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer,” “When I Fall in Love,” and “Mona Lisa.”
In 1950, the American film industry gave him an award for his recording of “Mona Lisa.”
That song made him famous as a singer.
Nat King Cole also acted in movies.
The best known one is Saint Louis Blues.
He played the part of the jazz composer W.C. Handy.
He also appeared in a movie about himself called The Nat King Cole Story.
He received many awards during his life.
He also received many more after his death.
One was a 1990 Grammy Award for lifetime achievement.
His success as a black man
By 1956, Nat King Cole was known internationally.
He signed an agreement to perform at the Sands Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Cole often performed in places that only admitted white people.
Black leaders did not like this about him.
Cole said he tried to take legal action against those places but often failed.
Cole earned more money and moved to California.
He bought a house in an area where white people lived.
At that time, many white Americans did not want to live near blacks.
White home owners nearby protested the purchase of a house by a black family.
Cole and his family refused to leave and lived in the house without problems.
Cole was the first black man to have his own television program.
His program began on NBC Television in 1956.
NBC agreed to support The Nat King Cole Show for a while.
It hoped American companies would pay to sell their products on the program.
However, major companies were not willing to advertise on a program that had a black performer.
They believed that white people in the southern part of the United States would not buy their products.
Many Americans watched the show, but NBC stopped production after a year.
His family
Nat King Cole was married two times.
In 1936, he married a dancer, Nadine Robinson.
Their marriage failed.
In 1948, he married Maria Ellington.
They also adopted and raised two other children.
Nat’s daughter, Natalie followed her father as a singer.
She recorded many songs after her father died.
In 1991, Natalie Cole recorded an album called Unforgettable.
It contains 22 of Nat King Cole’s songs, including the song “Unforgettable.”
Modern technology made it possible to mix her voice with a recording of her father singing the same song.
Voice of America script.
Hear Nat King Cole on the Pop Chronicles.
Singers from Chicago
Musicians from Chicago
American jazz singers
Musicians from Alabama
People from Montgomery, Alabama
The Voice of America (VOA) is the official broadcasting service of the United States government.
It is one of the best-known stations in international broadcasting.
Along with English, VOA broadcasts in many other languages.
VOA's broadcasts are made to share a positive view of the United States with the world.
Americans in the United States are not part of VOA's intended audience, but many Americans do listen to the program.
VOA was organized in 1942 under the Office of War Information with news programs aimed at Europe and North Africa occupied by Germany.
VOA began broadcasting on February 24, 1942, but VOA noted in its site that it began broadcasting on February 1, 1942.
Transmitters used by VOA came from shortwave transmitters used by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) and National Broadcasting Company (NBC).
Voice of America began to transmit radio broadcasts into the Soviet Union on February 17, 1947.
During the Cold War, VOA's budget was reduced.
On August 1, 1953, VOA was separated from the Department of State and it was included under the Information Agency.
VOA moved its headquarters from New York to Washington, DC.
In 1959 VOA started "Special English" programs.
In the 1980s, VOA also added a television service, as well as special regional programs to Cuba, Radio Marti and TV Marti.
One of VOA's famous programs was remembered as "Jazz Hour" presented by Willis Conover.
This program continued for 40 years, and its record remains at the National Museum of American History, also known as ""Smithsonian".
The Voice of America broadcasts in 46 different languages.
Television broadcasts are marked with a star:
Voice of America website
1942 establishments in the United sisterStates
Story of his life
His family immigrated to the United States.
Gershwin, his two brothers and sister had a close, happy family life.
George liked playing games on the streets of New York.
He liked exploring the city, but he did not like school or studying.
While exploring the city, Gershwin heard jazz and blues music spilling out of public drinking places.
However, he did not become seriously interested in music until he heard another boy playing the violin in a concert at his school.
Gershwin began to take piano lessons.
His teacher was a fine classical musician.
He immediately recognized Gershwin's unusual ability.
The teacher wrote about him to a friend: "I have a student who will make his mark in music, if anybody will.
The boy is a genius, without doubt."
Younger days as a student
Gershwin studied classical piano, and he was a first-rate pianist,but his strongest interest continued to be jazz and popular music.
He loved playing piano and it was his passion.
At the age of fifteen, he left school and went to work in the music business.
The New York City street where most music publishers had their offices was called "Tin Pan Alley."
The phonograph and radio had been invented in the late 1800s.
But it would be many years before there were musical recordings or regular radio broadcasts.
Tin Pan Alley publishers needed another way to sell new songs, so they employed people to play the piano to do this.
The piano players played the songs all day long to interested singers and other performers.
Gershwin was one of the youngest piano players in Tin Pan Alley.
Soon, he was considered one of the finest there.
He was already writing his own songs.
He succeeded in getting one published when he was only 18 years old.
It had a long title: "When You Want 'Em, You Can't Get ‘Em, When You've Got 'Em, You Don't Want 'Em. "
Success as a songwriter
Gershwin was now a real composer.
The rest of his life was an unbroken record of success.
He wrote song after song.
His ideas were so endless that he was not even troubled when he once lost some music he had been writing. "
There is plenty more where that came from," he said.
Gershwin had his first big hit in 1919, when he was twenty-one years old.
It was a song called "Swanee."
A popular entertainer, Al Jolson, sang the song. "
Swanee" was made into one of the first musical recordings.
Gershwin was suddenly famous.
He also was in the Grammy Hall of Fame.
Music critics note that "Swanee" is not like most of Gershwin's music.
Later, he wrote true love songs.
Some were light and funny.
Some were full of intense feeling.
Many of these songs were written for the popular musical theater.
One of his most emotional love songs never became part of a musical play, however.
It is called "The Man I love."
The song was sung by the Francine Evans role [played by Liza Minnelli in Martin Scorsese's film, New York, New York] and supposedly 'written' by her character for her soon to be husband, Jimmy Doyle [superbly played by Robert De Niro], of the Jimmy Doyle Orchestra.
His character also 'wrote' the title song, New York, New York, who was actually written by Fred Ebb, music by Kanter, his partner.
The song became New York's official anthem in 1985.
His brother Ira
Gershwin's older brother, Ira, wrote the words to "The Man I Love".
As George became famous, Ira wrote the words to more and more of his songs.
The two brothers were very different.
Ira, the writer, was quiet and serious.
George, the musician, was outgoing—the life of any party.
When they had to finish a new musical Ira locked George in a hotel room until it was done.
But George wrote better songs with Ira than with anyone else.
Music of Gershwin
As a songwriter
One of many examples of the Gershwin's combined work is the song "They Can't Take That Away From Me."
The Gershwins wrote the song for dancer and actor Fred Astaire for the film "Shall We Dance."
That was George and Ira Gershwin's first movie musical.
Many of George Gershwin's songs were first written for musical plays performed in theaters in New York City.
These comedies, with plenty of songs, were a popular form of entertainment in the 1920s and 1930s.
One of Gershwin's musical plays, "Girl Crazy," introduced a young singer named Ethel Merman.
She became one of the most celebrated performers in America.
In the play, Merman sang a song George Gershwin wrote just for her.
It was called "I Got Rhythm".
Many songs that George Gershwin wrote for musical plays and movies have remained as popular as ever.
Over the years, they have been sung and played in every possible way—from jazz to country.
One example is the song, "Someone to Watch Over Me."
It was written for the 1926 musical "Oh, Kay!"
Jazz and his music
In the nineteen twenties, there was a debate in the United States about jazz music.
Could jazz, some people asked, be considered serious music?
In 1924, jazz musician and orchestra leader Paul Whiteman decided to organize a special concert to show that jazz was serious music.
Gershwin agreed to compose something for the concert before he realized how little time he had to do it.
The concert was just a few weeks away.
Gershwin got busy, and, in that short time, he composed a piece for piano and orchestra.
He called it "Rhapsody in Blue."
Gershwin himself played the piano part of "Rhapsody in Blue" at the concert.
The audience included some of the greatest classical musicians of the time.
When they heard his music, they were electrified.
It seemed to capture, for the first time, the true voice of modern American culture.
Today, we can still hear Gershwin playing "Rhapsody in Blue."
An old mechanical piano recording Gershwin created has been reproduced exactly.
There are also very early versions of "Rhapsody in Blue" which feature Gershwin playing the piano with Whiteman's orchestra.
Those recordings, because they are early, do not sound like modern recordings.
But they are recordings of Gershwin at the piano.
This makes those recordings important.
"Rhapsody in Blue" made George Gershwin famous all over the world.
Several hundred thousand copies of the printed music sold immediately.
Gershwin was satisfied that he had shown that jazz music could be both serious and popular.
Musical works and opera
Gershwin also wrote an opera, "Porgy and Bess. "
It was based on a book by DuBose Heyward.
It is a tragic love story about black Americans along the coast of South Carolina.
"Porgy And Bess" opened in Boston, Massachusetts in 1935.
Audiences loved it.
But most critics did not know what to think of it.
It was not like any other opera or musical play they had ever seen.
Gershwin did not care about the critics' opinions.
He believed some of his greatest music had gone into the opera.
He said he had created a new musical form—an opera based on popular culture.
Today "Porgy And Bess" is considered a masterpiece.
Another well-known Gershwin piece is "An American in Paris. "
It is a long tone poem for orchestra.
Its first public performance was by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in 1928.
Once again, opinion was mixed.
Most people loved "An American in Paris," as they loved all of Gershwin's music.
Some critics liked it, too.
They called it happy and full of life.
Others hated it.
They called it silly and long-winded.
George Gershwin died in 1937, just days after doctors learned he had brain cancer.
He died while having surgery to remove the brain tumor.
He was only thirty-eight years old.
Newspapers all over the world reported his death on their front pages.
Everyone mourned the loss of the man and all the music he might have written.
Gershwin is still considered one of America's greatest composers.
His works still are performed by many singers and groups.
They are probably performed more often than any other serious American composer.
Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg was one of the people who praised George Gershwin.
Schoenberg said Gershwin was a man who lived in music and expressed everything through music, because music was his native language.
The most part of the above article originally came from Voice of Ameria's program, which was broadcast in the past.
Gershwin Collection from the Library of Congress
20th-century American composers
Aaron Copland (, ; November 14, 1900December 2, 1990) was an American composer who wrote modern music.
Aaron Copland wrote many kinds of music.
He wrote music for the orchestra, piano, and voice.
He wrote music for plays, movies, and dance.
Copland also was a conductor, pianist, speaker, teacher, and writer.
Music critics say Copland taught Americans about themselves through his music.
He used parts of many old American folksongs in his work.
He wanted to do this after studying music in France.
He said that composers there had a very French way of writing music.
He said Americans had nothing like that in this country.
So he decided to compose music that was truly American.
Early days of Copland
Aaron Copland was born November 14, 1900 in Brooklyn, New York.
He died at the age of 90 on December 2, 1990.
His parents had come to the United States from eastern Europe.
They owned a store in Brooklyn.
Aaron began playing the piano when he was a young child.
He wrote his first song for his mother when he was eight years old.
His dreams of becoming a composer began when he was young.
When he was sixteen, he asked his parents to let him study composing with Rubin Goldmark.
Goldmark had taught the composer George Gershwin.
When he was in his early twenties, Copland went to Paris, France, where he studied music with Nadia Boulanger.
She was one of the most important music teachers of the time.
He returned to New York in 1924.
Known classical works
The famous conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Serge Koussevitzky, learned about Copland's music.
Koussevitzky led the orchestra for the first performance of Copland's early work, "Music for the Theater", in 1925.
Koussevitzky also conducted Copland's "Concerto for Piano and Orchestra" in 1927.
This work was unusual because Copland used ideas from jazz music in his concerto.
Copland later wrote the music for two ballets about the American West.
One was about the life of a famous gunfighter called Billy the Kid.
Copland used music from American cowboy songs in this work.
This piece from "Billy the Kid: Ballet Suite" is called "Street in a Frontier Town".
In 1942, the conductor Andre Kostelanitz asked Copland to write music about a great American, Abraham Lincoln.
Copland wrote "Lincoln Portrait" to honor America's 16th president.
Copland's music included parts of American folk songs and songs popular during the American Civil War.
He added words from President Lincoln's speeches and letters.
"Lincoln Portrait" has been performed many times in America.
Many famous people have done the speaking part.
Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was one of them.
Here, actor James Earl Jones performs in Copland's "Lincoln Portrait."
In 1942 the music director of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra asked 18 composers to write music expressing love for America.
For the competition, Copland composed "Fanfare for the Common Man. "
This music is played in America during many national events, including some presidential inaugurations (when they become presidents).
Experts say "Fanfare for the Common Man" was an example of the way Copland changed the kind of music he wrote during the 1940s.
He began writing music that was more easily understood and more popular.
Copland wrote about this in 1941 in his book, Our New Music.
He wrote that the radio and record player was helping people who had never listened to music before to enjoy music.
He said that there was no reason to continue writing music as if these things had not been invented.
So he decided to write music in a simpler way.
His interest and activities beyond music
Copland spread his ideas about music in other ways.
He taught at the New School for Social Research in New York City and at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
One of the many awards he received was the Pulitzer Prize.
He won it in 1945 for his famous music for a ballet called "Appalachian Spring."
The last part of the ballet is based on a traditional song, "A Gift to be Simple".
Copland also wrote music for several major movies.
He won an Academy Award in 1950 for composing the music for the movie The Heiress.
Then he began experimenting with what is called the twelve-tone system.
His music was no longer as easy to understand, nor as popular.
Copland stopped composing at the end of the 1960s.
Yet he continued to be active as a conductor and speaker.
In 1982, Queens College of the City University of New York established the Aaron Copland School of Music.
Copland was a strong supporter of liberal ideas.
In the early 1950s, he and other famous writers, actors and intellectuals were accused of supporting communism.
Public opinion changed, though.
In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson presented him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
It is America's highest award to civilians.
Aaron Copland died in 1990 at the age of 90.
But his music lives on.
Aaron Copland Collection at the Library of Congress website
1900 births
Earthquake in Sparta.
A diphthong (pronounced "DIF-thong" or "DIP-thong") is a vowel where the speaker has to move their mouth into two different positions to make.
It is a vowel where two different vowel qualities can be heard.
waist, die, noise, road, house, fierce, bear, sure.
Each of these is a different vowel sound.
A monophthong is a simple vowel sound that a person does not have to move his or her mouth to make, like the "oo" sound in "book."
In a diphthong, the person combines two different monophthongs, as with the "oi" sound in the word "oil".
The speaker starts with the mouth in the position to make an "o" sound, then quickly moves the mouth to make a hard "e" sound.
Another example is the "ou" sound in the word "house".
The mouth starts out making a sound like the soft "a" sound in "flat", then moves to make the a hard "oo" sound like the one in "caboose".
The word diphthong is derived from the old Greek language.
Here, di means two or double, while the part -phthong means sound or tone, from the basic word phthalein, which means speak, creating sound by the voice.
The Price is Right is a USA game show on  CBS.
The current version started in 1972, and was hosted by Bob Barker for a long time.
However, in 2006, Bob Barker announced that he would leave the show.
His last episode aired in June 2007.
Comedian Drew Carey is now the host; his first episode aired in October 2007.
In this game, a person uses his shopping skills to correctly guess the price of different products, like in a market.
Some products are simple household items, like toothpaste and vitamins.
Other items are more expensive products, like furniture and cars.
After the third and sixth games, the "Showcase Showdown" is played.
The three players who got on stage in both halves of the show spin a wheel.
They get two spins of the wheel.
They have to be closest to $1.00 without going over.
The person with the highest total moves on to the Showcase at the end of the show.
If a player gets $1.00, they win $1,000 and get another spin.
If they hit the $1.00 space on that spin, they win another $25,000.
If they hit the 5¢ or 15¢ space, they win another $10,000.
In the Showcase, the winners of the two Showcase Showdown games are shown prize packages.
They make a bid on them, and whoever comes closest to the price of their showcase without going over wins it.
If they are $250 or less from the price of their showcase, they win both showcases.
If someone's bid was higher than the price of the real price, that person went over, and was disqualified from winning in that round.
From 1956 - 1963, the show aired on NBC and was hosted by Bill Cullen.
From 1963 - 1965, the show aired on ABC and was also hosted by Bill Cullen.
Three nighttime syndicated versions of the show aired.
The first one aired from 1972 to 1980.
Until 1977, it was hosted by Dennis James.
For the rest of its run, it was hosted by Bob Barker.
From 1985 - 1986, another nighttime version of the show, named The Nighttime Price Is Right, was made and was hosted by Tom Kennedy.
A third nighttime version, The New Price Is Right, was made from 1994 - 1995 and was hosted by Doug Davidson.
Also special million dollar prime-time episodes where people could play different versions of games for $1,000,000 were made due to CBS shows being canceled.
First run syndicated television programs
A monophthong (pronounced "Mono-F-thong") is simply a vowel.
The word monophthong comes from the old Greek language.
Mono means one or single, and the -phthong means sound or tone, from the basic word phthalein, which means to speak, create sound with the voice.
The word monophthong shows that a vowel is spoken with exactly one tone and one mouth position.
For example, when you say "teeth", then while you are creating the sound of the "ee", nothing changes for that sound.
A monophthong can be a lexeme of a language and as such it can as well be a syllable.
There is no shorter syllable than a single monophthong.
Kalua is a Hawaiian cooking method.
The word "kalua" means "to cook in an underground oven" in Hawaiian.
The oven is a hole in the ground called an imu.
Kalua is most often used to cook pig.
Kalua pig is a popular food at luaus.
Ancient Hawaiians used rocks from rivers to cook pig.
They heated the rocks in the imu and the pig cooked with steam.
They covered the pig with banana leaves, ti leaves, old mats and then dirt to keep the heat inside.
This produced a unique taste that cannot be reproduced.
People today  kalua pig in the same way that ancient Hawaiians did.
Kalua pig is still served at luaus.
Hawaiian Luau: No-Imu Kalua Pig  - Emeril Legasse's recipe for kalua pig.
Ultraviolet is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum shown on the left side of the picture below as black—because humans cannot see light of such short wavelength (or high frequency).
Many animals such as some insects, some reptiles, crocodiles, salamanders, and small birds can see things that reflect this light.
UV is a common abbreviation of ultraviolet, mainly used in technical contexts.
Ultraviolet is beyond the visible violet light in terms of frequency, wavelength, and energy.
Its wavelengths are between about 10 nanometers (nm) to about 400 nanometers.
Frequency and wavelength are closely related.
The equation that shows this relationship is: ν = c/λ .
Saying that something has a short wavelength is the same as saying that it has a high frequency.
Ultraviolet radiation
Ultraviolet light is a type of ionizing radiation.
It can damage or kill cells.
Any electromagnetic radiation (light) that has a wavelength shorter than 450 nm may cause trouble.
Therefore, humans that live in places with more ultraviolet light have adapted by getting darker skins.
Pigments absorb the ultraviolet radiation, so it does not get through the skin to kill or injure cells inside.
Injury to the skin by ultraviolet is called "sunburn."
The violet light and ultraviolet light differ in their wavelength, frequency, and quantum energy.
The differences between ultraviolet light and x-rays are also wavelength, frequency and quantum energy.
In the electromagnetic spectrum, ultraviolet is beyond violet, x-rays are beyond ultraviolet, and gamma rays are beyond x-rays.
Electromagnetic waves with a wavelength from about 400 nanometers down to about 10 nanometers are commonly called ultraviolet.
Their characteristic photon energy is about 3 to 124 electronvolts.
Although the air of the Earth is transparent to a broad range of ultraviolet, some ultraviolet sunlight is absorbed at a very high altitude by the ozone layer.
Recent and ongoing destruction of ozone in high altitudes caused by human influence—mostly by industrial chemicals and air travel—has greatly increased the amount of ultraviolet light reaching the Earth's surface.
This, in turn, has increased the risk of skin cancer to mankind, and this risk will only increase with time unless the ozone layer is better protected.
Ultraviolet wavelengths less than 200 nanometers, X-rays, and gamma rays, are collectively called ionizing radiation since the energy in any such light quantum is high enough to 'kick' an electron out of an atom.
This is why these kinds of radiation are dangerous to life.
Ultraviolet light is subdivided into three main bands.
UV-C has the shortest wavelengths and is dangerous ionizing radiation.
Nitrogen and oxygen absorb the UV-C from solar radiation.
UV-B has medium wavelength and is less dangerous to living things.
The Earth's ozone layer absorbs most of it.
UV-A from the Sun gets through the atmosphere entirely.
It has wavelength almost as long as visible light, and many animals can see it but humans cannot.
One use for ultraviolet radiation is tanning.
Use of tanning devices can cause skin cancer because ultraviolet goes through the skin and causes destruction to cells, causing sunburn.
Because of the destructive power of ultraviolet light, it can be used to kill germs.
Sunlight is a powerful disinfectant.
Ultraviolet lamp
An ultraviolet lamp is one that emits mostly ultraviolet light.
These germicidal lamps are often used to kill microbes (germs).
They can be very powerful, so the people who work around them when they are turned on may need to wear protective glasses and keep their skin covered to avoid injury.
In the laboratory pictured, ultraviolet lights are turned on when the workers are gone, so that anything on the table surface will be killed.
Besides ultraviolet light, which makes up most of the light produced by these lamps, there is also a little violet and blue light.
This lets people know when the ultraviolet lamps are turned on.
Ornithology is the study of birds.
A person who studies birds is called an ornithologist.
Several aspects of ornithology differ from other disciplines, because they are easy to see and are often attractive.
Many studies of birds have been done by amateurs working in a scientific manner.
Konrad Gesner wrote his Vogelbuch and Icones avium omnium around 1557.
Later, England developed a tradition of ornithology.
Francis Willughby, John Ray, Gilbert White, John Gould (who studied the birds of Australia) and Peter Scott are good examples.
Sir Roderick David Stewart,  (born 10 January 1945) is a British pop singer, known professionally as Rod Stewart.
He was born in London to an English mother and Scottish father.
When he started singing in the 1960s, he was player for Brentford F.C., a football team.
He started singing in local R&B groups, in the 1970s he began a solo career which made him very famous.
==References==
Sir Thomas Sean Connery (25 August 1930 – 31 October 2020) was a Scottish actor.
He was known for his charm and good looks, which have made him very famous.
He was best known for playing James Bond in seven of the James Bond movies.
He appeared in 94 movies.
He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Jimmy Malone in The Untouchables (1987).
Connery was born in Fountainbridge, Edinburgh.
He was born as Thomas Connery, but later added Sean as his stage name which is what most people call him.
His mother, Euphemia "Effie" McBain McLean, was a cleaning woman.
In 1946, at the age of 16, Connery joined the Royal Navy, during which time he got two tattoos.
He trained in Portsmouth at the naval gunnery school and in an anti-aircraft crew.
He was discharged from the navy three years later due to an ulcer.
Connery had been in smaller theatre and television productions.
He became well known when he became the first actor to play James Bond.
Connery was the tallest actor to play James Bond to this day.
He later went on to star on Marnie (1964), Murder on the Orient Express (1974), The Man Who Would Be King (1975), A Bridge Too Far (1977), Highlander (1986), The Untouchables (1988), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), The Hunt for Red October (1990), Dragonheart (1996), The Rock (1996), and Finding Forrester (2000).
Connery retired from acting in 2006.
During his career, he won one Academy Award, two BAFTA Awards (one being a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award), and three Golden Globes.
He received a lifetime achievement award in the US with a Kennedy Center Honor in 1999.
Connery was knighted in 2000.
Connery was offered the role of Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings series but turned down the role because he didn't understand the script.
Connery also turned down the opportunity to appear as the Architect in The Matrix trilogy for similar reasons.
Connery was married to Diane Cilento from 1962 until they divorced in 1973.
They had a son, actor Jason Connery.
Sean Connery married Micheline Roquebrune in 1975.
In 1993, news that Connery was undergoing radiation treatment for an undisclosed throat ailment sparked media reports that the actor was suffering from throat cancer following years of heavy smoking.
He was falsely declared dead by the Japanese and South African news agencies.
In 2008, he chipped a bone in his shoulder after falling while playing golf.
In October 2009, he told Wine Spectator magazine that he has been diagnosed with a heart condition.
Connery died in his sleep at his home in Nassau, The Bahamas on 31 October 2020, aged 90.
He had dementia in his later years.
The cause of death was pneumonia caused by heart failure.
Dr. No (1962)
From Russia with Love (1963)
Goldfinger (1964)
Thunderball (1965)
You Only Live Twice (1967)
Diamonds are forever (1971)
Murder on the Orient Express (1974)
Never Say Never Again (1983)
The Name of the Rose (1986)
Highlander (1986)
The Untouchables (1987)
The Hunt for Red October (1990)
First Knight (1995)
Dragonheart (1996)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
BBC: Sean Connery Biography (1999)
Profile @ Turner Classic Movies
Photographs and literature
Actors from Edinburgh
British movie producers
Deaths from dementia
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish voice actors
September – The Great Fire of London destroys most of London.
April 6 – Wilbur Wright
April 9 – Chris Watson, 3rd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1941)
November 7 – Marie Curie, Polish-French chemist and physicist (d. 1934)
January 14 – Jean Auguste Ingres, French painter (b. 1780)
January 30 – Emperor Komei of Japan (b. 1831)
May 12 – Friedrich William Eduard Gerhard, German archaeologist (b. 1795)
June 19 – Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico (executed) (b. 1832)
August 25 – Michael Faraday, English chemist and physicist (b. 1791)
August 31 – Charles Baudelaire, French writer (b. 1821)
September 10 – Simon Sechter, Austrian music teacher (b. 1788)
Alexander Bryan Johnson, American philosopher (b. 1786)
January 1 – The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge opens between Cincinnati, Ohio and Covington, Kentucky, becoming the longest suspension bridge in the world
January 8 – African-American men granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia
January 11 – Benito Juárez becomes Mexican president again
January 30 – Emperor Komei of Japan dies.
Crown Prince Mutsuhito is expected to become the next Emperor of Japan.
January 31 – Maronite nationalist leader Karam leaves Lebanon on board of a French ship for Algeria
February 3 – Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu abdicates, and the late Emperor Komei's son, Prince Mutshuhito becomes Emperor Meiji of Japan.
End of the Late Tokugawa shogunate.
February 17 – The first ship passes through the Suez Canal
March 1 – Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U.S. state.
March 16 – First publication of an article by Joseph Lister outlining the discovery of antiseptic surgery, in The Lancet.
March 29 – The British North America Act receives royal assent, forming the Dominion of Canada in an event known as Confederation.
This unites the Province of Canada, Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia as of July 1.
Ottawa becomes the capital, and John A. Macdonald becomes the Dominion's first prime minister.
March 30 – Alaska is purchased for $7.2 million from Alexander II of Russia, about 2 cent/acre ($4.19/km2), by United States Secretary of State William H. Seward.
The news media call this "Seward's Folly."
April 1 – Strait Settlement of Singapore, formerly ruled from Calcutta, becomes a Crown Colony under the jurisdiction of the Colonial Office in London
May 29 – Austro-Hungarian agreement called Ausgleich ("the Compromise") is born through Act 12, which established the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; on June 8 Emperor Francis Joseph was crowned King of Hungary
June 19 – Firing squad executes Emperor Maximilian of Mexico
July 1 – Canada Day, recognizing the creation of Canada by the British North America Act.
July 17 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the Harvard School of Dental Medicine is established as the first dental school in the United States.
July 21 – Missionary Thomas Baker killed and eaten in Viti Levu, Fiji
September 2 – Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor of Japan marries Ichijo Masako.
September 30 – The United States takes control of Midway Island.
October 21 – 'Manifest Destiny': Medicine Lodge Treaty – Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders.
October 27 – Giuseppe Garibaldi's troops march into Rome
December 2 – In a New York City theater, British writer Charles Dickens gives his first public reading in the United States.
December 4 – Former Minnesota farmer Oliver Hudson Kelley founds the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry (better known today as the Grange movement).
The Specials were an English new wave/ska band.
They were originally from Coventry, England and formed in 1977.
They were part of the ska revival in Britain in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
During the ska revival, bands began playing 1950s-style Jamaican ska music.