the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Professor Schrock was born in Berne, Indiana, and went to Mission Bay High School in San Diego, California.
He was given a B.A. degree in 1967 from the University of California, Riverside and a Ph.D., in 1971, from Harvard University.
At Harvard he was a student of J. A. Osborn.
Between 1971 and 1972, he studied at the University of Cambridge with Lord Jack Lewis.
In 1972, he began working for George Parshall in the Experimental Station of the E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company in Wilmington, Delaware.
He joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975 and became a professor in 1980.
Schrock now works as the Frederick G. Keyes Professor of Chemistry, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
He has worked there since 1989.
Schrock is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences and was elected to the Board of Overseers of Harvard University in 2007.
He married Nancy Carlson in 1971 and has two children, Andrew and Eric.
Nancy Schrock is the Thomas F. Peterson, Jr. Conservator of Special Collections for the MIT Libraries.
The family live in Winchester, Massachusetts.
In 2005 Professor Schrock received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Robert H. Grubbs and Yves Chauvin, for his work on olefin metathesis, which is a method of organic synthesis.
Schrock was the first scientist to make sense of 'black box' olefin metathesis.
Olefin Metathesis is used when making petroleum and reduces the amount of dirty waste.
Schrock, R. R. "Reduction of Carbon Monoxide.
Past Research Summary", Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States Department of Energy, (1982).
Schrock, R. R. "Chemistry of Bimetallic Linked Cyclopentadienyl Complexes: Progress Report, 1 December 1986 --30 November 1989", Department of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States Department of Energy, (1989).
Schrock, R. R. "Controlled Synthesis of Polyenes by Catalytic Methods.
Progress Report, December 1, 1989 -- November 30, 1992", Department of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States Department of Energy, (1992).
Progress Report, December 1, 1992 -- November 30, 1993", Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States Department of Energy, (December 1993).
Photograph and life story, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
Schrock Research Group
Schrock wins Nobel Prize
http://www.chemistry.msu.edu/Lectureships/lectures.asp?series=DK&Year=2001
Richard R. Schrock Patents
UC Newswire story on Nobel Prize
"All your base are belong to us" (often shortened to "All Your Base", "AYBABTU", or simply "AYB") is a broken English phrase that began an internet phenomenon in 2001 and 2002, with the use of a Flash animation.
The phrase is taken from the first part of a European Sega Mega Drive version of the video game Zero Wing, made in Japan by Toaplan.
The words in the game were translated into English so quickly that they did not make very much sense.
The words "All your base are belong to us" were at first popular on the Something Awful message forums.
Words of the game
Notable media references
In the year 2000, Jeffery Ray Roberts, a Kansas City computer programmer and part-time deejay aged 23, and his musical band called The Laziest Men on Mars made a techno dance tune called "Invasion of the Gabber Robots", which used some of the Zero Wing video game music by Tatsuya Uemura with a voice saying "All your base are belong to us."
On February 23, 2001, Wired magazine wrote an article about the phrase being in the Flash animation, in many e-mails, Internet forums and T-shirts showing the phrase.
On April 1, 2003, in Sturgis, Michigan, seven people aged between 17 and 20 placed signs all over their town that said, "All your base are belong to us.
You have no chance to survive make your time."
They said it was an April Fools' Day joke, but not many people who saw the signs had seen the phrase before.
Many people who lived in the town were angry because the United States was at war in Iraq, and police chief Eugene Alli said the signs could be "a terrorist threat depending on what someone interprets it to mean."
In February 2004, businesses and schools in Raleigh, North Carolina were closed because of bad weather and they used an internet service to report it.
Some North Carolina State University students and members of The Wolf Web in Raleigh, North Carolina took control of the internet service and showed the phrase in a news ticker on the television channel, News 14 Carolinas live news broadcast.
On June 1, 2006, the video website YouTube was closed to fix some problems.
The phrase "ALL YOUR VIDEO ARE BELONG TO US" was shown until their problems were fixed.
Some users believed the site had been taken control of by students but YouTube said "No, we haven't!
Get a sense of humor!"
On September 22, 2008, on the MSNBC show Countdown with Keith Olbermann, a Princeton University Professor called Paul Krugman said that  what the United States Congress said about giving the banks money from the government was similar to the leader of the United States Treasury Secretary, Henry Paulson saying, "All your decisions are belong to me."
Website with animation
Video game memes
A gall is a growth on the surface of plants and other lifeforms.
They are caused by various parasites, such as fungi, bacteria, insects and mites.
What causes a plant gall can often be known without the actual agent being there.
Many types of gall have typical structures.
This is true of many galls produced by insects and mites.
Insect galls on plants give some herbivorous insects their own microhabitat.
They are plant tissue which is controlled by the insect.
Galls are the habitat and food source for the maker of the gall.
The gall may contain nutritious starch and other tissues.
Galls often give the insect physical protection from predators.
Insect galls are usually induced by chemicals injected by the larvae or the adults of the insects into the plants.
After the galls are formed, the larvae develop inside until fully grown, when they leave.
In order to form galls, the insects must seize the time when plant cell division occurs quickly.
The growing season, spring in temperate climates, is longer in the tropics.
Galls can be used by humans, and have been since ancient times.
One use is to collect the pigment which many galls make.
The galls are rich in resins and tannins, from which dyes and inks can be made.
Galls can be used to make a mordant for dyeing: mordants make the dye on the cloth permanent.
Also, permanent black ink can be made from galls, and that has been done for a long time.
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics says that if a change to the temperature(T) from one object (for example 'A') changes the temperature of another object ('B'), and a change to the temperature of 'B' changes the temperature of 'C' (a third object), then a change to the temperature of 'A' will mean a change to the temperature of 'C'.
Heat naturally flows from areas that are hot to areas that are cold.
It is called the zeroth (0th) law of thermodynamics because it was discovered after the others, but scholars thought it was more important so they wanted to give it a number before the other laws.
The first written use of peach as a color name in English was in 1588.
Where the word peach came from
The word peach comes from the Middle English peche, from Middle French, in turn from Latin persica, i.e., the fruit from Persia.
In actuality, the origin of the peach fruit was from China.
Meaning of peach
The color peach represents immortality in Chinese civilization because the peach tree of immortality, long thought to be on a mountainside somewhere in the Tian Shan mountains in western China, is a key concept in the mythology of the Taoist religion.
(The color amaranth represents immortality in Western civilization.)
In Art Deco design of the 1920s and 1930s, peach-colored mirrors (as well as blue mirrors) were often seen installed in exclusive luxury homes, and upper-class nightclubs and hotels.
Tones of peach color comparison chart
Pale Peach (Peach Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FFF9F0) (RGB: 255, 249, 240)
Marshmallow Snow (Marshmallow Snow (encycolorpedia.com)) (Hex: #FFF8ED) (RGB: 255, 248, 237)
Light Watusi (Watusi Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FFF1EB) (RGB: 255, 241, 235)
Light Peach Schnapps (Peach Shnapps Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FFF0EE) (RGB: 255, 240, 238)
Light Peach Puff (Peach Puff Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FFF0E0) (RGB: 255, 240, 224)
Light Peach (Peach (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FFF0DB) (RGB: 255, 240, 219)
Watusi (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FFDDCF) (RGB: 255, 221, 207)
Peach Schnapps (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FFDCD6) (RGB: 255, 220, 214)
Peach-Yellow (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #FADFAD) (RGB: 250, 223, 173)
PEACH (PerBang.dk) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #FFE5B4) (RGB: 255, 229, 180)
Peach Cream (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #FAD6A5) (RGB: 250, 214, 165)
Deep Peach (Peach (Crayola)) (Hex: #FFCBA4) (RGB: 255, 203, 164)
Peach-Orange (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #FFCC99) (RGB: 255, 204, 153)
French Peach (Peach) (Hex: #FDBFB7) (RGB: 253, 191, 183)
Chinese Peach (Peaches of Immortality) (Hex: #FEB4B1) (RGB: 254, 180, 177)
Goddess (Resene color list) (Hex: #FFAA8D) (RGB: 255, 170, 141)
Pink-Orange (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #FF9966) (RGB: 255, 153, 102)
Peach Red (ISCC-NBS #26) (Hex: #F99379) (RGB: 248, 131, 121)
Deep Pink-Orange (Hex: #FF7077) (RGB: 255, 112, 119)
Froly (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #F57584) (RGB: 245, 117, 132)
Peach Blossom Pink (ISCC-NBS  #2) (Hex: #EA9399) (RGB: 234, 147, 153)
Rich Pink-Orange (Hex: #ED999C) (RGB: 237, 153, 156)
Light Froly (Froly Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FBBBC4) (RGB: 251, 197, 196)
Peach Bud (Plochere) (Hex: #F4C2C2) (RGB: 222, 194, 194)
Peach Gray (ISCC-NBS #31) (Hex: #ECD5C5) (RGB: 236, 213, 197)
Peach Sand (ISCC-NBS #10) (Hex: #C1B6B3) (RGB: 193, 182, 179)
Peach Beige (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #C09396) (RGB: 217, 166, 169)
Peach Rust (Plochere) (Hex: #C86D51) (RGB: 203, 109, 81)
Peach Tan (ISCC-NBS #39) (Hex: #B4745E) (RGB: 180, 116, 194)
Peach Bisque (Plochere) (Hex: #A87C6D) (RGB: 168, 124, 109)
Peachwood (ISCC-NBS #19) (Hex: #905D5D) (RGB: 144, 93, 93)
If an object reaches the absolute zero of temperature (0 K = −273.15C = −459.67 °F), its atoms will stop moving.
Experimentally, it is not possible to obtain −273.15°C, as of now.
It is found that most of the gases either liquify or solidify before reaching such a temperature, gaseous molecules no longer remaining.
So far, scientists have been able to get close to, but not exactly, absolute zero.
This may change in the future.
Dion Dublin is an English former footballer.
|1987–88||Norwich City||First Division||0||0
|1988–89||rowspan="4"|Cambridge United||rowspan="2"|Fourth Division||21||6
|1989–90||46||15
|1990–91||Third Division||46||16
|1991–92||Second Division||43||15
|1992–93||rowspan="2"|Manchester United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||7||1
|1993–94||5||1
|1994–95||rowspan="5"|Coventry City||rowspan="5"|Premier League||31||13
|1995–96||34||14
|1996–97||34||13
|1997–98||36||18
|1998–99||10||3
|1998–99||rowspan="4"|Aston Villa||rowspan="4"|Premier League||24||11
|1999–00||26||12
|2000–01||33||8
|2001–02||21||4
|2001–02||Millwall||First Division||5||2
|2002–03||rowspan="2"|Aston Villa||rowspan="2"|Premier League||28||10
|2003–04||23||3
|2004–05||rowspan="2"|Leicester City||rowspan="2"|Championship||37||5
|2005–06||21||0
|2005–06||Celtic||Premier League||11||1
|2006–07||rowspan="2"|Norwich City||rowspan="2"|Championship||33||5
|2007–08||37||7
Danny Murphy (born 18 March 1977) is an English footballer.
He plays for Fulham.
|1993/94||rowspan="4"|Crewe Alexandra||Third Division||12||2||||||||||||||12||2
|1994/95||rowspan="3"|Second Division||32||5||||||||||||||32||5
|1995/96||42||10||||||||||||||42||10
|1996/97||45||10||4||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||51||13
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Liverpool||rowspan="2"|Premier League||16||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|1998/99||1||0||0||0||2||0||1||0||4||0
|1998/99||Crewe Alexandra||First Division||16||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||1
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Liverpool||rowspan="5"|Premier League||20||3||2||0||2||3||colspan="2"|-||24||6
|2000/01||27||4||5||1||5||4||10||1||47||10
|2001/02||36||6||2||0||1||0||15||2||54||8
|2002/03||36||7||3||1||4||2||12||2||55||12
|2003/04||31||5||2||1||2||2||7||0||42||8
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Charlton Athletic||rowspan="2"|Premier League||38||3||3||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||43||5
|2005/06||18||4||0||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||21||5
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||10||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|2006/07||12||2||1||0||3||0||3||0||19||2
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Fulham||rowspan="3"|Premier League||33||5||1||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||6
|2008/09||37||5||5||1||1||1||colspan="2"|-||43||7
Stéphane Henchoz (born 7 September 1974) is a former Swiss football player.
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Neuchâtel Xamax||rowspan="3"|Nationalliga A||35||0
|1993/94||21||1
|1994/95||35||0
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Hamburg||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||31||2
|1996/97||18||0
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Blackburn Rovers||rowspan="2"|Premier League||36||0
|1998/99||34||0
|1999/00||rowspan="6"|Liverpool||rowspan="6"|Premier League||29||0
|2000/01||32||0
|2001/02||37||0
|2002/03||19||0
|2003/04||18||0
|2004/05||0||0
|2004/05||Celtic||Premier League||6||0
|2005/06||Wigan Athletic||Premier League||26||0
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Blackburn Rovers||rowspan="2"|Premier League||12||0
|2007/08||0||0
Milan Baroš (born 28 October 1981) is a Czech football player.
He plays for Galatasaray and Czech Republic national team.
|1998/99||rowspan="4"|Baník Ostrava||rowspan="4"|Gambrinus liga||6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|1999/00||29||6||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||6
|2000/01||26||6||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||26||6
|2001/02||15||11||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||11
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Liverpool||rowspan="5"|Premier League||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|2002/03||27||9||1||0||4||2||8||1||40||12
|2003/04||13||1||1||0||0||0||4||1||18||2
|2004/05||26||9||1||0||4||2||14||2||45||13
|2005/06||2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Aston Villa||rowspan="2"|Premier League||25||8||3||3||2||1||colspan="2"|-||30||12
|2006/07||17||1||1||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||21||2
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||12||4||0||0||0||0||1||0||13||4
|2007/08||12||3||0||0||0||0||3||0||15||3
|2007/08||Portsmouth||Premier League||12||0||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Galatasaray||rowspan="2"|Süper Lig||31||20||3||1||colspan="2"|-||9||5||43||26
|2002||6||4
|2004||13||9
|2005||11||5
|2006||8||4
|2009||8||6
Total||78||38
Gabriel Batistuta (born 1 February 1969) is a former Argentine football player.
|1988/89||Newell's Old Boys||Primera División||24||7
|1989/90||River Plate||Primera División||21||4
|1990/91||Boca Juniors||Primera División||30||13
|1991/92||rowspan="9"|Fiorentina||rowspan="2"|Serie A||27||13
|1992/93||32||16
|1993/94||Serie B||26||16
|1994/95||rowspan="6"|Serie A||32||26
|1995/96||31||19
|1996/97||32||13
|1997/98||31||21
|1998/99||28||21
|1999/00||30||23
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Roma||rowspan="3"|Serie A||28||20
|2001/02||23||6
|2002/03||12||4
|2002/03||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||12||2
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Al-Arabi Doha||rowspan="2"|Stars League||18||25
|1991||7||6
|1992||5||6
|1993||15||6
|1994||10||6
|1995||11||9
|1996||5||3
|1998||12||12
|1999||2||2
|2000||5||4
|2001||1||1
|2002||3||1
Total||78||56
Bentley is a British car maker.
It is based in Crewe, Cheshire.
Bentley is famous for their fast, luxury vehicles.
In 1998, the German Volkswagen Group purchased Bentley for £430 million.
Chloe O'Brian is a character in the television series 24.
She works at the Counter Terrorist Unit as an analyst.
O'Brian is a close friend of Jack Bauer.
There are 119 communes in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in France, all included in the following list:
Bouches-du-Rhone
Allauch is a commune of 19,400 people (2005).
It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Allauch official website
Allauch official tourism website
Alleins is a commune of 2,368 people (2006).
Aubagne is a commune of 42,900 people (2005).
Aureille is a commune of 1,463 people (2007).
It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Auriol is a commune of 11,057 people (2005).
Aurons is a commune of 515 people (1999).
La Barben is a commune of 649 people (2004).
Barbentane is a commune of 3,660 people (2005).
Festung Ehrenbreitstein is a fortress.
It was built on a mountain called Ehrenbreitstein on the right side of the Rhine opposite to the town of Koblenz in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
It was built as part of the "Festung Koblenz" (Fortress Koblenz), by Prussia between 1817 and 1832 and guarded the middle Rhine region.
This area had often been invaded by the French.
The fortress was never attacked.
Ehrenbreitstein pictures and information
Buildings and structures in Rhineland-Palatinate
Les Baux-de-Provence is a commune of 381 people (2006).
It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.
Beaurecueil is a commune of 568 people (1999).
Belcodène is a commune of 1,731 people (2007).
Berre-l'Étang is a commune of 14,300 people (2005).
Bouc-Bel-Air is a commune of 13,700 people (2005).
Jeep is a brand of American automobiles that is a division of FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group, LLC), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles.
The former Chrysler Corporation acquired the Jeep brand, along with the remaining assets of its owner American Motors, in 1987.
Jeep's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off-road vehicles, but has also included pickup trucks in the past.
The original Jeep was the prototype Bantam BRC.
Willys MB Jeeps went into production in 1941 specifically for the military.
Arguably that makes them the oldest four-wheel drive mass-production vehicles now known as SUVs.
The Jeep became the primary light 4-wheel-drive vehicle of the United States Army and the Allies during World War II.
It remained so in the postwar period.
Doug Stewart notes:
The spartan, cramped, and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four-wheeled personification of Yankee ingenuity and cocky, can-do determination."
The first civilian models were produced in 1945.
It inspired a number of other light utility vehicles, such as the Land Rover.
Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations.
In 2007 Jeep began manufacturing crossover SUVs with its Compass and Patriot models.
This led to the 2013 Jeep Cherokee midsize crossover.
La Bouilladisse is a commune of 4,904 people (1999).
Boulbon is a commune of 1,510 people (1999).
Cabannes is a commune of 4,119 people (1999).
Cabriès is a commune of 8,073 people (2004).
Cadolive is a commune of 2,087 people (1999).
It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Carnoux-en-Provence is a commune of 7,042 people (1999).
Carry-le-Rouet is a commune of 6,355 people (2004).
Cassis is a commune of 7,766 people (2005).
Ceyreste is a commune of 4,034 people (2004).
Charleval is a commune of 2,080 people (1999).
Filipino is a form of the Tagalog language.
It is the national language of the Philippines.
About one third of the people in the Philippines speak Tagalog as a first language.
Filipino is used as the formal name of Tagalog.
Sometimes it even means the same thing.
It is usually called Tagalog in the Philippines and among Filipinos to show that it is different from other Philippine languages.
Châteauneuf-le-Rouge is a commune of 2,070 people (as of 2004).
Châteauneuf-les-Martigues is a commune of 11,900 people ().
Châteaurenard is a commune of 14,817 people (2008).
La Ciotat is a commune of 32,126 people (2006).
Cornillon-Confoux is a commune of 1,327 people (2007).
Coudoux is a commune of 3,352 people (2007).
Cuges-les-Pins is a commune of 4,708 people (2007).
La Destrousse is a commune of 2,736 people (2007).
Éguilles is a commune of 7,544 people (2007).
Ensuès-la-Redonne is a commune of 5,096 people (2006).
Eygalières is a commune of 1,900 people (2004).
Eyguières is a commune.
6,312 people lived there in 2007.
Eyragues is a commune of 4,179 people (2006).
La Fare-les-Oliviers is a commune of 6,334 people (1999).
It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Fontvieille is a commune of 3,362 people (2004).
Fos-sur-Mer is a commune of 15,700 people (2005).
Fuveau is a commune of 8,558 people (2006).
Gardanne is a commune of 20,700 people (2005).
Gémenos is a commune in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
As of 1999, 5,481 people lived there.
Gignac-la-Nerthe is a commune.
9,140 people lived there in 2004.
Grans is a commune of 4,078 people (2007).
Graveson is a commune of 3,836 people (2008).
The village is very attractive for holidaymakers, because it is located between Arles and Avignon.
Neighbour villages are Châteaurenard, Maillane and Rognonas.
Gréasque is a commune of 3,705 people (2004).
Istres is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the south of France.
About 45,000 people live there.
Jouques is a commune of 3,321 people (1999).
Lamanon is a commune of 1,713 people (1999).
It's known because of the archaeological site of Grottes de Calès, a cave dwelling from prehistoric to medieval times.
Lambesc is a commune of 7,934 people (2004).
Lançon-Provence is a commune of 7,674 people (2007).
Maillane is a commune of 2,013 people (2004).
It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Mallemort is a commune of 5,501 people (2005).
Marignane is a commune of 33,700 people (2005).
Mandaeism or Mandaeanism (Mandaic: Mandaiuta,  Mandā'iyya) is a monotheistic religion.
The religion has a  strong dualistic world view.
Its followers, the Mandaeans,  think highly of Adam, Abel, Seth, Enosh, Noah, Shem, Aram and especially John the Baptist.
Originally, Mandaeism was practiced mainly in the countries around the lower Euphrates and Tigris and the rivers that surround the Shatt-al-Arab waterway.
Today, this area belongs to Iraq and Khuzestan Province in Iran.
Because they were persecuted in that area, many Mandaeans have left that area and now live abroad.
This is commonly called diaspora.
Most left for Europe, Australia and North America.
There are thought to be between 60,000 and 70,000 Mandaeans worldwide, and until the 2003 Iraq war, almost all of them lived in Iraq.
The 2003 Iraq War reduced the population of Iraqi Mandaeans to approximately 5,000 by 2007.
Most Iraqi Mandaeans fled to Syria and Jordan under the threat of violence by Islamic extremists and the turmoil of the war.
Mandaean beliefs
Mandeism is the religion of the Mandaean people.
It is based on a common history and heritage.
There is no fixed set of religious creeds and doctrines.
A basic guide to Mandaean theology does not exist.
The corpus of Mandaean literature is quite large.
It also covers topics such as eschatology, the knowledge of God, and the afterlife.
It only does this in an unsystematic manner.
Apart from the priests, very few people know it.
There is a supreme entity without form.
It expressed itself by creating a number of spiritual, etheric, and material worlds and beings.
There is a Creator which came from it, and produced all these worlds and beings.
The cosmos is created by Archetypal Man, who produces it resembling to his own shape.
Dualism: a cosmic Father and Mother, Light and Darkness, Right and Left, syzygy in cosmic and microcosmic form.
As a feature of this dualism, counter-types, a world of ideas.
The soul is portrayed as an exile, a captive: her home and origin is the supreme Entity to which she eventually returns.
Planets and stars influence fate and human beings, and are also places of detention after death.
A saviour spirit or saviour spirits which assist the soul on her journey through life and after it to 'worlds of light'.
A cult-language of symbol and metaphor.
Ideas and qualities are personified.
'Mysteries', i.e. sacraments to help and purify the soul, to ensure her rebirth into a spiritual body, and her ascent from the world of matter.
These are often adaptations of existing seasonal and traditional rites to which an esoteric interpretation is attached.
In the case of the Naoreans this interpretation is based on the Creation story (see 1 and 2), especially on the Divine Man, Adam, as crowned and anointed King-priest.
Great secrecy is enjoined upon initiates; full explanation of 1, 2, and 8 is reserved for those considered able to understand and preserve the gnosis.
Mandaeans believe in marriage and procreation, and in the importance of leading an ethical and moral lifestyle in this world.
They put a high priority on family life.
Consequently, Mandaeans do not practice celibacy or asceticism.
They look forward to a future liberated from the influence of the Torah, which they consider to be evil in origin.
While they agree with other gnostic sects that the world is a prison governed by the planetary archons, they do not view it as a cruel and inhospitable one.
Mandaean religious texts
The Mandaeans have many religious texts.
The most important of them is the Genzā Rabbā or Ginza.
The Ginza is a collection of history, theology, and prayers.
The Genzā Rabbā is divided into two halves — the Genzā Smālā or "Left Ginza" and the Genzā Yeminā or "Right Ginza".
Before the printing press was invented, people copied texts by hand.
The people doing this were called scribes.
Each person's handwriting is special in certain ways.
This was the same with scribes.
A scribe might join two letters in a certain way, or he might do the dots on those letters that have them in a special way.
Jorunn J. Buckley looked at these special marks the copyists left in the Left Ginza.
That way he was able to show that the copying of that text goes back to the to the late 2nd or early 3rd century AD.
These special marks show that the Mandaeans existed during the late Arsacid period at the very latest.
A legend called  Harrān Gāwetā also strengthens this.
According to this legend, the Mandaeans left Palestine after the destruction of Jerusalem in the 1st century AD and settled inside the Arsacid empire.
Although the Ginza continued to evolve under the rule of the Sassanians and the Islamic empires, few textual traditions can lay claim to such extensive continuity.
Other important books include the Qolastā, the "Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans," which was translated by E.S. Drower.
One of the most important works of Mandaean scripture is the Draša d-Iahia "the Book of John the Baptist".
This book is accessible to both laymen and initiates.
There are also many other religious texts such as ritual commentaries, which are generally only consulted by the members of the priesthood.
The language in which the Mandaean religious literature was originally written is known as Mandaic, and is a member of the Aramaic family of dialects.
It is written in a cursive variant of the Parthian chancellory script.
The majority of Mandaean lay people do not speak this language.
Some members of the Mandaean community in Iran ( about 300-500 out of a total of ca.
5000 Iranian Mandaeans) continue to speak Neo-Mandaic, a modern version of this language.
Chief prophets
Mandaeans have several prophets.
Iahia or Iuhana "John the Baptist" has a special status, higher than his role in Christianity and Islam.
Mandaeans do not consider John to be the founder of their religion.
They only worship him as one of their greatest teachers.
They trace their beliefs back to Adam.
Mandaeans maintain that Jesus was a mšiha kdaba "false messiah" who changed the teachings given to him by John.
The Mandaic word k(a)daba, however, comes  from two roots: the first root, meaning "to lie," is the one traditionally given to Jesus; the second, meaning "to write," might provide a second meaning, that of "book".
Some Mandaeans, who are motivated perhaps by an ecumenical spirit, maintain that Jesus was not a "lying Messiah" but a "book Messiah".
The "book" in question presumably being the Christian Gospels.
This seems to be a folk etymology without support in the Mandaean texts.
Likewise, the Mandaeans believe that Abraham, Moses, and Muhammad were false prophets, but recognize other prophetic figures from the monotheistic traditions, such as Adam, his sons Hibil (Abel) and Šitil (Seth), and his grandson Anuš (Enosh), as well as Nuh (Noah), his son Sam (Shem) and his son Ram (Aram).
The latter three they consider to be their direct ancestors.
Priests and laymen
There is a strict division between Mandaean laity and the priests.
According to E.S. Drower (The Secret Adam, p. ix):
[T]hose amongst the community who possess secret knowledge are called Nauraiia - Naoreans (or, if the heavy '' is written as 'z', Nazorenes).
At the same time the ignorant or semi-ignorant laity are called 'Mandaeans', Mandaiia - 'gnostics'.
When a man becomes a priest he leaves 'Mandaeanism' and enters tarmiduta, 'priesthood'.
Even then he has not attained to true enlightenment, for this, called 'Nairuta', is reserved for a very few.
Those possessed of its secrets may call themselves Naoreans, and 'Naorean' today indicates not only one who observes strictly all rules of ritual purity, but one who understands the secret doctrine.
There are three grades of priesthood in Mandaeism: the tarmidia "disciples" (Neo-Mandaic tarmidānā), the ganzibria "treasurers" (from Old Persian ganza-bara "id.", Neo-Mandaic ) and the rišamma "leader of the people."
This last office, the highest level of the Mandaean priesthood, has lain vacant for many years.
At the moment, the highest office currently occupied is that of the , a title which appears first in a religious context in the Aramaic ritual texts from Persepolis (ca.
3rd c. BCE) and which may be related to the kamnaskires (Elamite <qa-ap-nu-iš-ki-ra> kapnuskir "treasurer"), title of the rulers of Elymais (modern Khuzestan) during the Hellenistic age.
Traditionally, any  who baptizes seven or more  may qualify for the office of rišamma, though the Mandaean community has yet to rally as a whole behind any single candidate.
The contemporary priesthood can trace its immediate origins to the first half of the 19th century.
In 1831, an outbreak of cholera devastated the region and eliminated most if not all of the Mandaean religious authorities.
Two of the surviving acolytes (šgandia), Yahia Bihram and Ram Zihrun, reestablished the priesthood on the basis of their own training and the texts that were available to them.
According to the Fihrist of ibn al-Nadim, Mani, the founder of Manichaeism, was brought up within the Elkasaites (Elcesaites or Elchasaite) sect.
The Elkasaites were a Christian baptismal sect which may have been related to the Mandaeans.
The members of this sect wore white and performed baptisms like the Mandaeans.
They lived in east Judea and northern Mesopotamia.
According to the Harran Gawaitā legend, the Mandaeans migrated to southern Mesopotamia from there.
Mani later left the Elkasaites to start his own religion.
Mandaean scholar Säve-Söderberg showed that Mani's Psalms of Thomas were closely related to Mandaean texts.
This would imply that Mani had access to Mandaean religious literature.
Other groups which have been identified with the Mandaeans include the "Nasoraeans", described by Epiphanius, and the Dositheans, mentioned by Theodore Bar Kōnī in his Scholion.
Ibn al-Nadim also mentions a group called the Mughtasila, "the self-ablutionists," who may be identified with one or the other of these groups.
The members of this sect, like the Mandaeans, wore white and performed baptisms.
The names say that there are a number of different groups.
Much of the teaching of these groups is secret.
This makes it difficult to see the nature of these groups or the relationships between them.
Mandaeans today
Under Saddam Hussein, the Mandeans were recognised as a religious minority.
Many of them are craftspeople, like smiths or traders of gold and silver.
These people belonged to the middle classes.
Since the change of government in Iraq, islamic extremists have harassed them.
There are also reports of attacks on women who refuse to veil themselves.
Most Iraqi Mandaeans have fled as a result, and the Mandaean community in Iraq faces extinction.
In Iran, Mandeans do not have a problem with violence, but they are prohibited from fully participating in civil life because of  Gozinesh Law.
This law and other gozinesh provisions  require a religious screening for people who want to  access employment, education, and a range of other areas.
A very important part of this screening procedure is devotion to the tenets of Islam.
These laws are regularly applied to discriminate against religious and ethnic groups that are not officially recognized, such as the Mandaeans.
Many left because of the Iraq War
There were over  60,000 Mandaeans in Iraq in the early 1990s.
In 2007,  only about 5,000 to 7,000 remain there; over 80% of Iraqi Mandaeans were refugees in Syria and Jordan.
This is a result of the Iraq War.
There are small Mandaean populations in Australia (c. 3,500 as of 2006), Canada, the USA (c. 1,500), the UK (c. 1,000) and Sweden (c. 5,000).
The current status of the Mandaeans has prompted a number of American intellectuals and civil rights activists to call for their government to extend refugee status to the community.
In 2007, the  New York Times ran an op-ed in which Swarthmore professor Nathaniel Deutsch called for the Bush administration to take immediate action to preserve the community:
The first Iranian website about Mandaeism.
Mandaean Association Union - The Mandaean Association Union is an international federation which strives for unification of Mandaeans around the globe.
Information in English and Arabic.
Mandaean World- Information on the Mandaeans including history, the Mandaic language and Literature.
Mandaean scriptures: Ginza Rba and Haran Gawaitha texts and fragments—Take note the book titled Ginza Rba is not the Ginza Rba but is instead "The Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans" as translated by E.S Drower.
Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandæan John-Book: This is the complete 1924 edition of G.R.S. Mead's classic study of the Mandæan John-Book (in The Gnosis Archive collection - www.gnosis.org).
Fragments of a Faith Forgotten by G.R.S. Mead a complete version (with old and new errors), contains information on Mani, Manichaeism, Elkasaites, Nasoraeans, Sabians and other gnostic groups.
Published in 1901, still considered authoritative.
Extracts from E. S. Drower, Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, Leiden, 1962
An Ancient Religion Endangered by Iraq War - A video by News21.
BBC: Iraq chaos threatens ancient faith
BBC: Iraq's Mandaeans 'face extinction'
BBC: Mandaeans - a threatened religion
In cryptography, a S-Box (Substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric-key algorithms.
In block ciphers, the S-Boxes are used to make the relation between the key and the ciphertext (coded text) difficult to understand–Shannon's property of confusion.
The S-Boxes are carefully chosen to resist cryptanalysis (decoding).
In general, an S-Box takes some number of input bits, m, and transforms them into some number of output bits, n: an m×n S-Box can be implemented as a lookup table with 2m words of n bits each.
Fixed tables are normally used, as in the Data Encryption Standard (DES), but in some ciphers the tables are generated dynamically from the key; e.g. the Blowfish and the Twofish encryption algorithms.
Bruce Schneier describes IDEA's modular multiplication step as a key-dependent S-Box.
One good example is this 6×4-bit S-Box from DES (S5):
Given a 6-bit input, the 4-bit output is found by selecting the row using the outer two bits, and the column using the inner four bits.
For example, an input "011011" has outer bits "01" and inner bits "1101"; the corresponding output would be "1001".
The 8 S-Boxes of DES were the subject of intensive studies for many years cause of a concern that a method of bypassing the DES cipher to obtaining access to the plaintext–a vulnerability (susceptibility) known only to its designers–might have been planted (inserted) in the cipher.
In 1994, the S-Box design criteria were finally published by its designers after the public rediscovery of differential cryptanalysis, showing that they had been carefully tuned the design to increase resistance against differential cryptanalysis attacks.
Other research had already indicated that even a very small modification to one of the 8 S-Box used by the DES could weaken it very much.
A literature survey on S-Box design
John Savard's "Questions of S-Box Design"
Gargiulo's "S-Box Modifications and Their Effect in DES-like Encryption Systems"
Martigues is a commune of 46,200 people (2005).
Mas-Blanc-des-Alpilles is a commune of 373 people (1999).
It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.
Maussane-les-Alpilles is a commune of 2,155 people (2004).
Meyrargues is a commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.
3,400 people lived there in 2006.
Meyreuil is a commune of 4,450 people (1999).
Mimet is a commune of 4,400 people (2004).
Miramas is a commune of 23,800 people (2005).
Mollégès is a commune of 2,171 people (1999).
Mouriès is a commune of 3,085 people (2008).
Noves is a commune of 4,845 people (2005).
Orgon is a commune of 2,913 people (2004).
Paradou is a commune of 1,162 people (1999).
Pélissanne is a commune of 9,268 people (2006).
Les Pennes-Mirabeau is a commune of 19,043 people (1999).
La Penne-sur-Huveaune is a commune of 6,150 people (2008).
Peynier is a commune of 2,900 people (2005).
Peypin is a commune of 5,097 people (2004).
Peyrolles-en-Provence is a commune of 4,286 people (2007).
Plan-de-Cuques is a commune of 10,503 people (1999).
Plan-d'Orgon is a commune of 2,738 people (2007).
Confusion and diffusion were identified by Claude Elwood Shannon in his paper, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems" published in 1949.
In Shannon's original definitions:
Confusion refers to making the relationship between the key and the ciphertext as complex and as involved as possible
Diffusion refers to the property that redundancy in the statistics of the plaintext is "dissipated" in the statistics of the ciphertext.
Diffusion is associated with the dependency of the output bits on the input bits.
In a cipher with good diffusion, flipping an input bit should change each output bit with a probability of one half (this is termed the Strict Avalanche Criterion).
Substitution (a rule for replacing plaintext symbols by another) has been identified as a mechanism for primarily confusion (see S-box); on the other hand transposition using P-box (rearranging or swapping the order of symbols) is a technique for diffusion, although other mechanisms are also used in modern practice, such as linear transformations (e.g. in AES).
Product ciphers use alternating substitution and transposition phases (rounds) to achieve both confusion and diffusion respectively.
Claude E. Shannon, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems", Bell System Technical Journal, vol.28-4, page 656–715, 1949.
Port-de-Bouc is a commune of 17,900 people (2005).
Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône is a commune of 8,524 people (2007).
Puyloubier is a commune of 1,671 people (2006).
Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade is a commune.
It is in the  Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.
5,112 people lived there in (2006).
Rognac is a commune of 11,900 people (2005).
Rognes is a commune of 4,194 people (1999).
Rognonas is a commune of 3,623 people (2005).
La Roque-d'Anthéron is a commune of 4,722 people (2004).
Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems is a paper published by Claude Shannon discussing cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory.
It is one of the foundational treatments (primitives) of modern cryptography.
It is also a proof that all theoretically unbreakable (un-crack-able) ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad encryption algorithm.
Shannon, Claude. "
Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems", Bell System Technical Journal, vol.28(4), page 656–715, 1949.
Online retyped copy of the paper
Scanned version of the published BSTJ paper
"Come as You Are" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana.
It was the second single from their second album, Nevermind, the first was the enormously popular "Smells Like Teen Spirit".
It is one of the band's most famous songs.
Rolling Stone magazine named it as the 445th on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
There was a music video for the song.
It has a lot of random scenes, such as Kurt Cobain sitting on a chandelier hanging from a ceiling, a handgun floating in a swimming pool, and a baby swimming in that pool (a reference to the cover art of Nevermind.)
Nirvana thought that "Smells Like Teen Spirit", the previous single from Nevermind, would not be very popular, and that "Come as You Are" would be a big hit.
However, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" became the band's most famous song and one of the most famous songs ever, even though Come as You Are was also popular.
Other versions of the song
On November 18, 1993, Nirvana played "Come as You Are" on their show on MTV Unplugged.
The show contained mostly their unpopular songs and covers of other artists' songs; "Come as You Are" was the only hit they played.
1992 songs
In cryptography, the International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) is a block cipher designed by Xuejia Lai and James Massey of ETH Zurich in 1991.
It was meant to be a replacement for the Data Encryption Standard.
IDEA very like an earlier cipher called Proposed Encryption Standard (PES), but with some improvements.
Because of this, IDEA was first called IPES (Improved PES).
The cipher is patented in a number of countries but can be used by anyone for non-commercial use.
The name "IDEA" is also a trademark.
The patents will expire in 2010–2011.
Today, IDEA is licensed worldwide by a company called MediaCrypt.
IDEA was used in Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) v2.0 after the cipher used in v1.0, BassOmatic, was found to be breakable.
IDEA can be used with the OpenPGP standard.
IDEA operates on 64-bit blocks, using a 128-bit key.
It contains a series of eight identical transformations (rounds) and one output transformation (the half-round).
It does this for a total of 8.5 rounds.
Each of the eight round uses six sub-keys, while the half-round uses four; for a total of 52 sub-keys.
Each sub-key is a 16-bit in length.
The first eight sub-keys are extracted directly from the 128-bit key, with K1 being the lowest sixteen bits and K8 is the highest sixteen bits; further groups of eight keys are created by rotating the main key left 25 bits after the creation of the previous group; six rotations generate all sub-keys.
The designers analyzed IDEA to measure its strength against differential cryptanalysis and concluded that it is unsusceptible only under certain assumptions.
No successful linear or differential attacks have been reported.
Some classes of weak keys have been found — E.g. (Daemen et al.,
1994) — but these are of little importance, being so rare to be explicitly avoided.
As of 2007, the best attack which applies to all keys can break IDEA if reduced to 6 rounds (the full IDEA cipher uses 8.5 rounds).
In 1996, Bruce Schneier wrote about IDEA, "In my opinion, it is the best and most secure block algorithm available to the public at this time." (
Applied Cryptography, 2nd ed.)
However, by 1999 he was no longer recommending IDEA due to the availability of faster cryptographic algorithms, some progress in its cryptanalysis, and the issue of patents.
J. Daemen, R. Govaerts, and J. Vandewalle, Weak keys for IDEA , CRYPTO '93.
pp224–231.
Hüseyin Demirci, Erkan Türe, Ali Aydin Selçuk, A New Meet in the Middle Attack on The IDEA Block Cipher, 10th Annual Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography, 2004.
Xuejia Lai and James L. Massey, A Proposal for a New Block Encryption Standard, EUROCRYPT 1990, pp389–404
Xuejia Lai and James L. Massey and S. Murphy, Markov ciphers and differential cryptanalysis, Advances in Cryptology — Eurocrypt '91, Springer-Verlag (1992), pp17–38.
Eli Biham, Orr Dunkelman, Nathan Keller, A New Attack on 6-round IDEA, Fast Software Encryption Workshop, 2007.
RSA FAQ on Block Ciphers
SCAN entry for IDEA
IDEA in 448 bytes of 80x86
IDEA Applet
Luduş (German: Ludasch, Hungarian: Marosludas) is a town in Mureş County, Romania.
It is the fourth biggest city in the county by population.
The name of the town in Hungarian means "gooses at Maros"
Towns in Romania
The 2008 Yemen floods took place on October 23, leaving 65 dead and 20,000 without shelter.
The Yemeni governorates of Hadhramaut, Lahij, Al Mahrah and Ta'izz were affected the worst by the floods, and most of the deaths were in Hadhramaut.
Before the flooding was several days of rain starting on October 23, as the remains of a tropical cyclone moved over the area.
Rain continued, with weather systems coming in from neighbouring Saudi Arabia and northern Somalia, causing severe flooding in some areas of Yemen.
Better conditions are expected by Sunday.
Thousands of families fled Hadhramaut alone; many schools were used as evacuee shelters, but these could only hold 10% of the affected.
Search and rescue teams said that the number of deaths may increase due to the likelihood of people trapped in flooded houses.
Electricity and telephone lines were cut off, and many homes were damaged.
The Yemeni government promised to supply tents as a means of emergency shelter, along with other emergency supplies, with six transport aircraft loaded with supplies taking off from Sanaa on Saturday and more scheduled for later.
President Ali Abdullah Saleh ordered the creation of a committee to provide aid to affected civilians.
Also, the United Arab Emirates declared their intent to provide relief.
However, several residents in the city of Shibam say that government assistance and support, if any, is low.
Along with deaths, about 730 homes were destroyed, along with businesses and other building projects.
The severe thunder of the thunderstorms resulted in at least nine deaths from lightning in the Al Mahrah, Ta'izz and Lahij governorates.
The rain also destroyed large amounts of farmland and killed large numbers of livestock.
2008 in Asia
2000s disasters in Asia
2008 floods
Floods in Asia
October 2008 events
Alexander Ramsey (September 8, 1815– April 22, 1903) was an American politician.
He was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Ramsey was elected from Pennsylvania as a Whig to the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the 28th and 29th congresses from March 4, 1843 to March 3, 1847.
He served as the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota June 1, 1849 to May 15, 1853 as a member of the Whig Party.
In 1855, he became the mayor of St. Paul, Minnesota.
Ramsey was elected the second Governor of Minnesota after statehood and served from January 2, 1860 to July 10, 1863.
Ramsey is credited with being the first Union governor to commit troops during the American Civil War (he happened to be in Washington, D.C. when fighting broke out).
He resigned the governorship to become a U.S. Senator, having been elected to that post in 1863 as a Republican.
He was re-elected in 1869 and held the office until March 3, 1875, serving in the 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, and 43rd congresses.
The Minnesota Historical Society preserves his home as a museum.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.
Alexander Ramsey Park, located in Redwood Falls, Minnesota, is the largest municipal park in Minnesota.
Ramsey County, Minnesota, Ramsey County, North Dakota, the city of Ramsey, Minnesota, the city of Ramsey, Illinois, Ramsey Park in Stillwater, Minnesota, and Alexander Ramsey Elementary School in Montevideo, Minnesota are also named for him.
"Lounge Act" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana.
It was the ninth song on their second studio album, Nevermind, which is credited with bring grunge music to the mainstream.
The song is much like the post-grunge songs that were very popular starting in the mid-1990s, after Nirvana broke up.
It is one of the songs in the soundtrack of the video game Skate.,