the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
January 14 - National Forest Conservation Day (Thailand)
January 15 - Armed Forces Day (Nigeria)
January 15 - Army Day (India)
January 15 - Tree Planting Day (Egypt)
January 16 - Teacher's Day (Thailand)
January 16 - Flag Day (Israel)
January 17 - Roman Catholic feast day of St. Anthony
January 18 - Royal Thai Armed Forces Day
January 18 - Revolution Day (Tunisia)
January 18 - World Religion Day
January 19 - Epiphany in Eastern Orthodox Christianity
January 20 - Armed Forces Day (Mali)
January 20 - Martyrs' Day (Azerbaijan)
January 20 - Inauguration Day (United States) - newly elected US president takes office in a year after a leap year (last in 2021, next in 2025)
January 21 - Flag Day (Quebec)
January 21 - Christian feast day of St. Agnes.
January 22 - Wellington Anniversary (New Zealand)
January 22 - Reunion Day (Ukraine)
January 23 - National Pie Day (United States)
January 23 - Bounty Day (Pitcairn Island)
January 24 - Feast Day of Our Lady of Peace (Roman Catholicism)
January 24 - Unification Day (Romania)
January 25 - Burns Night (Scotland and Scottish communities), celebrating the birthday of Scottish poet Robert Burns
January 25 - Dydd Santes Dwynwen (Welsh equivalent of Valentine's Day)
January 25 - National Voters Day (India)
January 25 - Tatiana Day (Russia)
January 26 - Australia Day
January 26 - Republic Day (India)
January 26 - Duarte Day (Dominican Republic)
January 26 - Liberation Day (Uganda)
January 27 - Holocaust Memorial Day
January 28 - Army Day (Armenia)
January 28 - EU Data Privacy Day
January 28 - Unofficial day commemorating Charlemagne by some Christians
January 30 - Martyrs' Day (India)
January 30 - School Day of Non-Violence and Peace (Spain)
January 31 - Independence Day (Nauru)
Month-long or Moveable Events
Coming of Age Day (Japan), second Monday in January
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day (United States), third Monday in January, commemorating civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., who was born on January 15.
Chinese New Year (between January 21 and February 21)
Australian Open - One of the major Grand Slam tennis tournaments.
Starts between January 13 and January 19, ends between January 26 and February 1.
Auckland Anniversary (New Zealand) on a Monday between January 26 and February 1.
Weight Loss Awareness Month (United States)
National Mentoring Month (United States)
January 1, 153 BC - Roman consuls are said to have taken office on this day for the first time.
January 1, 1801 - The United Kingdom is created, with the inclusion of Ireland.
January 1, 1804 - Haiti becomes the second independent country in the Americas, after the US.
January 1, 1901 - Australia is given self-government.
January 1, 1956 - Sudan becomes independent.
January 1, 1959 - Fidel Castro takes over in Cuba.
January 1, 1962 - Samoa becomes independent.
January 1, 1984 - Brunei becomes independent.
January 1, 2002 - The Euro currency comes into use in 12 EU countries.
January 2, 1492 - Spanish Reconquista: Granada, the last Moorish stronghold, surrenders.
January 3, 1868 - Meiji Restoration in Japan.
January 3, 1959 - Alaska becomes the 49th US State.
January 4, 1948 - Burma becomes independent.
January 4, 2010 - The world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, opens.
January 5, 1066 - Edward the Confessor, King of England, dies.
January 6, 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England.
January 7, 1610 - Galileo Galilei discovers Jupiter's four Galilean moons - Io, Callisto, Ganymede and Europa.
January 7, 1979 - The Khmer Rouge in Cambodia is overthrown by Vietnamese troops.
January 7, 1989 - Japanese Emperor Hirohito dies, aged 87.
January 7, 2015 - Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris.
January 8, 1642 - Galileo Galilei dies.
January 8, 1912 - The African National Congress is founded.
January 8, 1935 - Elvis Presley is born.
January 10, 1863 - The first section of the London Underground opens.
January 12, 2010 - The 2010 Haiti earthquake causes many deaths and destruction across Haiti.
January 13, 1915 - The Avezzano earthquake in Italy kills 29,800 people.
January 13, 1935 - Most voters in Saarland choose to be part of Germany.
January 14, 1954 - Marilyn Monroe marries Joe DiMaggio.
January 14, 1972 - Margrethe II of Denmark becomes the first Danish Queen since 1412.
January 15, 1929 - Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. is born in Atlanta, Georgia, US.
January 15, 2001 - Wikipedia goes online.
January 15, 2009 - US Airways Flight 1549 is safely landed on the Hudson River in New York City by Chesley Sullenberger, after experiencing difficulties shortly after take-off.
January 16, 2006 - Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf of Liberia becomes the first female President in Africa.
January 17, 1893 - American and European sugar planters overthrow the government of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii.
January 17, 1912 - Robert Falcon Scott's expedition reaches the South Pole over a month after that of Roald Amundsen.
January 17, 1991 - Operation Desert Storm in the Gulf War.
January 17, 1995 - The Great Hanshin earthquake strikes Japan, mainly the city of Kobe, killing over 6,000 people.
January 18, 1778 - James Cook reaches the Hawaiian Islands.
January 20, 1936 - King George V of the United Kingdom dies, leaving the throne to Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, who lasts less than 11 months in the post.
January 20, 2009 - Barack Obama becomes the first African American President of the United States.
January 21, 1793 - King Louis XVI of France is executed by guillotine.
January 22, 1901 - Queen Victoria dies aged 81, ending Britain's Victorian Era.
January 22, 1968 - Apollo 5 lifts off, carrying the first lunar module.
January 23, 1960 - In the Bathyscaphe Trieste, Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh, dive to the deepest point of the Pacific Ocean, the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench.
January 24, 41 - Roman Emperor Caligula is assassinated by the Praetorian Guard.
January 24, 1965 - British statesman Winston Churchill dies.
January 24, 1986 - Voyager 2 flies by the planet Uranus.
January 25, 1919 - The League of Nations is founded.
January 25, 2011 - The 2011 Egyptian protests begin.
January 26, 1788 - The first British fleet arrives in what is now Sydney Harbour, Australia.
January 26, 1950 - India becomes a Republic.
January 26, 2020 - NBA legend Kobe Bryant, his 13-year-old daughter Gianna and seven others are killed in a helicopter crash in Calabasas, California.
January 27, 1945 - The Red Army liberates Auschwitz.
January 27, 1967 - US astronauts Gus Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee are killed in a fire while testing the Apollo 1 spacecraft.
January 28, 1935 - Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion.
January 28, 1986 - The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes shortly after take-off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, killing all seven astronauts on board.
January 29, 1996 - Venice's La Fenice opera house is destroyed by fire.
January 30, 1649 - King Charles I of England is executed.
January 30, 1933 - Adolf Hitler comes to power in Germany.
January 30, 1948 - Indian independence and non-violence campaigner Mahatma Gandhi is shot dead by a Hindu extremist in Delhi.
January 31, 1968 - Nauru becomes independent from Australia.
January 31, 1990 - Moscow's first McDonald's restaurant opens.
January is named after the Roman God Janus, who was the Roman God of doors and gates.
January and July are the only pair of 31-day month's that are exactly six months apart.
In the English language, they are also the only pair of months to both begin and end with the same letters (J and Y respectively).
The star signs for January are Capricorn (December 22 to January 20) and Aquarius (January 21 to February 19).
It is the coldest month in the Northern Hemisphere, and the warmest in the Southern Hemisphere.
It is one of three months in the English language to begin with "J", along with June and July, but unlike the latter two, does not have a "U" as a second letter.
June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, coming between May and July.
It has 30 days.
In Sweden in 1732 the month had 31 days.
June never begins on the same day of the week as any other month, but always ends on the same day of the week as March.
June comes between May and July and is the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
No other month of any year begins on the same day of the week as June: this month and May are the only two months with this property.
June ends on the same day of the week as March every year, as each other's last days are 13 weeks (91 days) apart.
In common years, June starts on the same day of the week as September and December of the previous year, and in leap years, April and July of the previous year.
In common years, June finishes on the same day of the week as September of the previous year, and in leap years, April and December of the previous year.
Every year, June starts on the same day of the week as February of the following year, as each other's first days are exactly 35 weeks (245 days) apart.
In years immediately before common years, June starts on the same day of the week as March and November of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, August of the following year.
In years immediately before common years, June finishes on the same day of the week as August and November of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, May of the following year.
June is one of two months to have a solstice (the other is December, its seasonal equivalent in both hemispheres), and in this month the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere is turned towards the Sun, meaning that June 20 or June 21 is the Northern Summer Solstice and the Southern Winter Solstice.
This means that this date would have the most daylight of any day in the Northern hemisphere, and the least in the Southern Hemisphere.
There are 24 hours of daylight at the North Pole and 24 hours of darkness at the South Pole.
Events in June
The solstice occurs around June 21, but it may occur on either the 20th or the 22nd.
It is the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere and the winter solstice in the southern hemisphere.
Midsummer is celebrated in Sweden on the third Friday in June.
Father's Day is celebrated in the United States on the third Sunday in June.
Gay pride celebrations happen in many countries, in honour of the Stonewall riots.
World Environment Day is celebrated on June 5.
World Ocean Day is celebrated on June 8.
June Holiday (Lá Saoire i mí Mheitheamh) in the Republic of Ireland is celebrated on June 1
Queen's Official Birthday in New Zealand, Cook Islands and Western Australia is celebrated on June 1
Western Australia Day is celebrated on June 1
Global Running Day is celebrated on June 3
World bicycle day is celebrated on June 3
Labour Day in the Bahamas is celebrated on June 5
National Doughnut Day is celebrated on June 5
National Trails Day in the United States is celebrated on June 5
Armed Forces Day in Canada is celebrated on June 7
Children's Day in the United States is celebrated on June 7
Father's Day in Lithuania and Switzerland is celebrated on June 7
National Cancer Survivors Day in the United States is celebrated on June 7
Teacher's Day in Hungary is celebrated on June 7
The Seamen's Day in Iceland is celebrated on June 7
Queen's Official Birthday in Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Australia, except Western Australia is celebrated on June 8
Seersucker Thursday in the United States is celebrated on June 11
China's Cultural Heritage Day in China is celebrated on June 13
National Day in Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, Tristan da Cunha in the United Kingdom is celebrated on June 13
Queen's Official Birthday in the United Kingdom and Tuvalu is celebrated on June 13
Canadian Rivers Day is celebrated on June 14
Father's Day in Austria and Belgium is celebrated on June 14
Mother's Day in Luxembourg is celebrated on June 14
Queen's Official Birthday in the Norfolk Island is celebrated on June 15
World Bisexuality Awareness Day in the United States is celebrated on June 15
National Flip Flop Day in the United States is celebrated on June 19
International Surfing Day is celebrated on June 20
International Yoga Day is celebrated on June 20
World Music Day is celebrated on June 20
Father's Day in Afghanistan, Albania, Antigua, Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominica, Ecuador, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Laos, Macau, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, People's Republic of China, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia and Zimbabwe is celebrated on June 21
National Bomb Pop Day in the United States is celebrated on June 25
Take Your Dog to Work Day in the United Kingdom and United States is celebrated on June 26
Armed Forces Day in the United Kingdom is celebrated on June 27
Inventors' and Rationalizers' Day in Russia is celebrated on June 27
Veterans Day in the Netherlands is celebrated on June 27
Father's Day in Haiti is celebrated on June 28
Log Cabin Day in Michigan, United States is celebrated on June 28
Mother's Day in Kenya is celebrated on June 28
June 1, 1794:  French Revolutionary Wars: The battle of the Glorious First of June is fought, the first naval engagement between Britain and France.
June 2, 1953: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.
June 3, 1965: The launch of Gemini 4, the first multi-day space mission by a NASA crew.
June 4, 1783: The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfière (hot air balloon).
June 5, 1837: Houston is incorporated by the Republic of Texas.
June 6, 1844: The Young Men's Christian Association  is founded in London.
June 7, 1942: World War II: The Battle of Midway ends in American victory.
June 8, 1949: George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four is published.
June 9, 1944: World War II: Tulle massacre
June 10, 2003:  The Spirit rover is launched for NASA's Mars Exploration mission
June 11, 2010: 2010 FIFA World Cup (first African FIFA)
June 12, 2018: 2018 North Korea-United States Summit
June 13, 1983: Pioneer 10 becomes the first man-made object to leave the central Solar System
June is one of two months that never begins on the same day of the week as any other months within any calendar year. (
May is the other)
The months of June and July both start with the "Ju" letter combination in the English language, and in some languages have only one letter's difference between their names.
June's flower is the Rose.
Its birthstone is the pearl.
The Zodiac signs for June are Gemini (May 21 – June 20) and Cancer (June 21 – July 21).
At the North Pole, the Sun does not set in June; at the South Pole, it does not rise.
July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming between June and August.
July was named after Julius Caesar.
The mid-way point of the year is either on July 2 or in the night of July 1-2.
July always begins on the same day of the week as April, and additionally, January in leap years.
July doesn't end on the same day of the week as any other month in common years, but ends on the same day of the week as January in leap years.
In each hemisphere, it is the seasonal equivalent of January in the other hemisphere.
In the North, it is summer and in the South it is winter.
In the Northern Hemisphere, July is often the warmest month of the year, and major sporting events and music festivals are held around this time.
In the Southern Hemisphere, it is a winter month, with the coldest-recorded temperature having been measured in Antarctica in this month.
July begins on the same day of the week as April every year and on the same day of the week as January in leap years.
No other month in common years ends on the same day of the week as July, but July ends on the same day of the week as January in leap years.
In common years, July starts on the same day of the week as October of the previous year, and in leap years, May of the previous year.
In common years, July finishes on the same day of the week as February and October of the previous year, and in leap years, May of the previous year.
In common years immediately after other common years, July both starts and finishes on the same day of the week as January of the previous year.
In years immediately before common years, July starts on the same day of the week as September and December of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, June of the following year.
In years immediately before common years, July finishes on the same day of the week as April and December of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, September of the following year.
July's flower is a variety of the water lily.
Its birthstone is the ruby.
The meaning for the birthstone ruby is contented mind.
Astrological signs for July are Cancer (June 21 - July 21) and Leo (July 22 - August 21).
In the old Roman calendar, July was called Quintilis, meaning Fifth Month, because, in the old calendar, the year began in March.
Augustus later renamed it July in honor of Julius Caesar, whose birthday was in this month.
Augustus later also named the following month, August, after himself.
July 1  Canada Day, National Day of Canada
July 1  Independence Day in Somalia
July 1  Independence Day in Burundi
July 1  Independence Day in Rwanda
July 1  Keti Koti (Suriname)
July 1  Republic Day (Ghana)
July 1  Doctor's Day (India)
July 2  Canada Day, observed on this date if July 1 is a Sunday
July 2  Bahia Independence Day (Brazil)
July 3  Independence Day in Belarus
July 3  Emancipation Day (US Virgin Islands)
July 4  Independence Day in the United States, commemorating the Declaration of Independence.
July 4  Filipino-American Friendship Day
July 4  Liberation Day (Rwanda)
July 5  Independence Day in Venezuela
July 5  Independence Day in Algeria
July 5  Independence Day in Cape Verde
July 6  Independence Day in Malawi
July 6  Independence Day in the Comoros
July 6-14  San Fermin festival and bull run in Pamplona, Spain.
July 7  Independence Day in the Solomon Islands
July 7  Tanabata in Japan, traditional 'Make a Wish' celebration
July 9  Independence Day (Argentina)
July 9  Independence Day (South Sudan)
July 10  Independence Day in the Bahamas
July 10  Silence Day
July 10  Statehood Day (Wyoming)
July 11  Day of the Flemish Community (Belgium)
July 11  World Population Day
July 11  National Day of Commemoration (Ireland)
July 11 to 13  Naadam (Mongolia)
July 12  Battle of the Boyne/Orangeman's Day (Northern Ireland)
July 12  Independence Day (São Tomé and Príncipe)
July 12  Independence Day in Kiribati
July 13  Statehood Day (Montenegro)
July 14  Bastille Day, national holiday of France
July 14  Republic Day (Iraq)
July 15  St. Swithun's Day in UK weather lore
July 18  Mandela Day
July 18  Constitution Day (Uruguay)
July 19  Sandinista Day (Nicaragua)
July 20  Independence Day (Colombia)
July 21  National Day of Belgium
July 21  Liberation Day (Guam)
July 22  Saint Mary Magdalene Day (Roman Catholicism)
July 23  Birthday of Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia
July 23  Revolution Day in Egypt
July 24  Pioneer Day (Utah)
July 24  Simon Bolivar Day (Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela)
July 25  Constitution Day (Occupation Day) in Puerto Rico
July 25  Christian feast day of Saint James, includes regional holiday in Galicia
July 26  Independence Day in Liberia
July 26  Independence Day in the Maldives
July 27  Victory Day (North Korea)
July 28  Independence Day in Peru
July 28  Liberation Day (San Marino)
July 29  Feast Day of St. Olav, celebrated in the Faroe Islands
July 29  International Tiger Day
July 29  World Hepatitis Day
July 30  Independence Day (Vanuatu)
July 30  Throne Day (Morocco)
July 31  Ka Hae Hawaii Day
Moveable events
Wimbledon tennis tournament, held in late June and early July
FIFA World Cup, often held in June and/or July
Tour de France cycling race
In Northern Hemisphere countries, many Sports events and Music Festivals take place in July
National Ice Cream month in the United States
Presidents' Day (Botswana) on the 3rd Monday or Tuesday
So-called "Dog Days" in some Northern Hemisphere countries, referring to the hot summer weather
Marathon Races:
Gold Coast, Australia
Recife, Brazil
San Francisco, California, United States
July 1  1863: American Civil War: The Battle of Gettysburg is fought until July 3.
July 1  1867: The Canadian Confederation is founded.
July 1  1937: The 999 emergency dialing service begins in the UK.
July 1  1997: The United Kingdom hands control of Hong Kong back to China.
July 1  1999: The new Scottish Parliament is opened in Edinburgh.
July 1  2013: Croatia joins the European Union.
July 2  1937: Amelia Earhart goes missing.
July 3  1844: The Great Auk becomes extinct, after the last group were killed in Iceland.
July 4  1776: 13 colonies on the East coast of North America issue the Declaration of Independence, now celebrated on this date in the United States.
July 4  1826: US Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson die on the same day as each other.
July 4  2012: Scientists at CERN announce the discovery of a particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson, after experiments at the Large Hadron Collider.
July 5  1811: Venezuela declares independence.
July 5  1962: Algeria becomes independent.
July 5  1975: Cape Verde becomes independent.
July 6  1964: Malawi becomes independent.
July 6  1975: The Comoros become independent.
July 7  1937: The Second Sino-Japanese War begins.
July 7  1978: The Solomon Islands become independent.
July 7  2005: Islamic extremists detonate explosives at tube stations around London and on a bus, killing 52 people.
July 9  1816: The United Provinces of Rio de la Plata declare independence, as the predecessor state of present-day Argentina.
July 9  2011: South Sudan becomes independent from Sudan, after a referendum six months earlier.
July 10  1913: At nearly 57 degrees Celsius, the hottest-recorded temperature on Earth, is measured in Death Valley, California.
July 10  1973: The Bahamas become independent from the UK.
July 10  1985: French agents torpedo the Rainbow Warrior vessel docked in Auckland harbour, New Zealand, where activists on board were protesting against French nuclear tests.
July 11  1960: The novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is first published.
July 11  1995: The worst massacre in post-World War II Europe occurs at Srebrenica, at the height of the Balkan War.
July 11  2010: Spain wins the 2010 FIFA World Cup against the Netherlands after a bad-tempered match.
July 12 or 13  100 BC: Julius Caesar is born.
July 12  1561: St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow is consecrated.
July 13  1930: The 1930 FIFA World Cup in Uruguay begins.
July 14  1789: The Bastille prison is stormed in Paris, starting the French Revolution.
July 16  1950: Uruguay wins its second FIFA World Cup, defeating host nation Brazil in the final.
July 17  1918: The family of Tsar Nicholas II is executed by the Bolsheviks in Russia.
July 17  1936: The Spanish Civil War begins.
July 19  1903: Maurice Garin wins the first Tour de France.
July 20  1810: Bogota, New Granada (now Colombia) declares independence from Spain.
July 20  1969: Neil Armstrong becomes the first person to walk on the Moon, followed shortly after by Buzz Aldrin.
July 21  1983: At -89.2 degrees Celsius, the coldest-ever recorded temperature is measured in Antarctica.
July 21  2011: End of the Space Shuttle programme.
July 22  2009: Solar eclipse over Asia and the Pacific Ocean.
July 22  2011: The 2011 Norway attacks occur, as Anders Behring Breivik kills a total of 77 people in two separate attacks.
July 23  1952: The Egyptian monarchy is removed from power in a coup.
July 24  1911: Explorer Hiram Bingham re-discovers the remains of Machu Picchu in Peru.
July 25  1978: Louise Brown, the first 'test-tube baby', is born in the UK.
July 26  1847: Liberia declares independence.
July 26  1965: The Maldives declare independence.
July 27  1940: Cartoon character Bugs Bunny makes his first appearance.
July 27  1953: The Korean War ends, though an official state of war still exists between North Korea and South Korea.
July 28  1821: Peru declares independence.
July 28  1914: World War I - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
July 28  1976: Tangshan, China, is struck by a huge earthquake, killing many thousands of people.
July 29  1900: King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Gaetano Bresci.
July 30  1930: Uruguay wins the first FIFA World Cup, defeating Argentina in the final in Montevideo.
July 30  1980: The New Hebrides, changing their name to Vanuatu, become independent.
July 30  2012: A massive power blackout affects around 620 million people in Northern India.
July 31  1790: The first US patent is given to Samuel Hopkins for a potash process.
July is often the hottest month in the Northern Hemisphere
The hottest and coldest-ever recorded temperatures on Earth were both recorded in July.
The months of June and July both start with the "Ju" letter combination in the English language and in some languages have only one letter's difference between their names.
July and August are the only months named after people who really lived (Julius Caesar and Augustus respectively).
January and July are the only 31-day months that are exactly six months apart.
In the English language, they are also the only pair of months to both begin and end with the same letters (J and Y respectively)
July 1 is the only day in July that is entirely within the first half of the calendar year.
Canada, the United States and France are among the countries that celebrate their national holidays in July.
The astrological signs for July are Cancer (June 21 to July 21) and Leo (July 22 to August 21).
Japan (; Romanised as nihon or nippon) is a country in East Asia.
It is a group of many islands close to the east coast of Korea, China and Russia.
The Pacific Ocean is to the east of Japan and the Sea of Japan is to the west.
Most people in Japan live on one of the four  islands.
The biggest of these islands, Honshu, has the most people.
Honshu is the 7th largest island in the world.
Tokyo is the capital of Japan and its biggest city.
The Japanese people call their country "Nihon" or "Nippon", which means "the origin of the Sun" in Japanese.
Japan is a monarchy whose head of state is called the Emperor.
Japan is the oldest monarchy in the world, lasting more than 2,000 years.
The first people in Japan were the Ainu people and other Jōmon people.
They were closer related to Europeans or Greeks.
They were later conquered and replaced by the Yayoi people (early Japanese and Ryukyuans).
The Yayoi were an ancient ethnic group that migrated to the Japanese archipelago mainly from southeastern China during the Yayoi period (300 BCE–300 CE).
Modern Japanese people have primarily Yayoi ancestry at an average of 97%.
The indigenous Ryukyuan and Ainu peoples have more Jōmon ancestry on the other hand.
The earliest records on Japan are from Chinese documents.
One of those records said there were many small countries (in Japan) which had wars between them and later a country, ruled by a queen, became the strongest, unified others, and brought peace.
The Japanese began to write their own history after the 5th and 6th centuries, when people from Korea and China taught Japan about the Chinese writing system.
Japan's neighbours also taught them Buddhism.
The Japanese changed Buddhism in many ways.
For example, Japanese Buddhists used ideas such as Zen more than other Buddhists.
Japan had some contact with the Europeans in the 16th century.
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to visit Japan.
Later, the Spanish and Dutch came to Japan to trade.
Also, they brought Christianity.
Japan's leaders welcomed them at first, but because Europeans had conquered many places in the world, the Japanese were scared they would conquer Japan too.
So the Japanese did not let the Europeans come into Japan anymore, except in a small area in Nagasaki city.
Many Christians were killed.
Only the Chinese, Korean, and Dutch people were allowed to visit Japan, in the end, and they were under careful control of the Japanese government.
Japan was opened for visitors again in 1854 by Commodore Matthew Perry, when the Americans wanted to use Japanese ports for American whale boats.
Perry brought steamships with guns, which scared the Japanese into making an agreement with him.
This new contact with Europeans and Americans changed the Japanese culture.
The Meiji Restoration of 1868 stopped some old ways and added many new ones.
The Empire of Japan was created, and it became a very powerful nation and tried to invade the countries next to it.
It invaded and annexed Ryukyu Kingdom, Taiwan, and Korea.
It had wars with China and Russia: the First Sino-Japanese War, the Boxer Rebellion, the Russo-Japanese War, World War I.
In 1918, World War I allowed Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to capture German possessions in the Pacific and in China.
which grew to become a part of World War II when Japan became allies with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.
In 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, a water base of the United States, and destroyed or damaged many ships and airplanes.
This started the United States' involvement in World War II.
American and Japanese forces fought each other in the Pacific.
Once airbases were established within range of the Japanese mainland, America began to win, and started dropping bombs on Japanese cities.
America was able to bomb most of the important cities and quickly brought Japan close to defeat.
To make Japan surrender, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing 150,000 Japanese citizens.
Soon after this the Soviet Union began to fight against Japan, and the Japanese army in Manchuria lost.
Japan surrendered and gave up all the places it took from other countries, accepting the Potsdam Proclamation.
The United States occupied Japan from September 1945 to April 1952 and forced it to write a new constitution, in which it promised to never go to war again.
Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956.
A period of record growth propelled Japan to become the second-largest economy in the world.
On March 11, 2011, Japan suffered one of the largest earthquakes in its recorded history, triggering the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
On May 1, 2019, after the historic abdication of Emperor Akihito, his son Naruhito became Emperor, beginning the Reiwa era.
Japan is a group of islands in the Western Pacific, off the coast of China.
The four biggest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and there are about 6,000 smaller islands there.
Japan is separated from the Asian continent by the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea.
Honshu, which means 'Mainland' in the Japanese language, is the biggest island.
Hokkaido is the island north of Honshu.
Kyushu is the island west of Honshu.
Shikoku is the island to the south-west of Honshu.
In the middle of Japan there are mountains.
They cover the middle of the islands and leave a very narrow strip of flat land on most coasts.
Many of the mountains are extinct volcanoes, but some are still active.
The highest of these mountains is the beautiful, volcano-shaped Mt Fuji (3,776 metres or 12,389 feet high).
Japan has many earthquakes, in fact there are about 1500 of these every year.
The biggest earthquake recorded in Japan was in 2011 - called '2011 Tohoku Earthquake'.
It caused great damage to several power plants forcing Japan to shut down all its nuclear plants.
There was nuclear core meltdown which caused a serious health risk to nearby villages and cities.
90% of the people living in Japan live in just 10% of the land, near the coast.
The other 10% of the people in Japan live away from the coast.
Over 10 cities have more than a million people in them.
The biggest city in Japan is Tokyo, which is the capital.
The ruling party is the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) and the prime minister is Fumio Kishida.
The legislature of Japan is called the National Diet.
In the past, the Japanese learned science by way of China or from Europe in the Meiji Era.
However, in recent decades Japan has been a leading innovator in several fields, including chemical engineering, nanotechnology, and robotics.
There are many technological companies in Japan, and these companies make products for export.
The robot Asimo was made and introduced in the year 2000.
It was manufactured by Honda.
Cherry blossom also known as Japanese cherry and Sakura is thought to be the national flower of Japan.
Japan's traditional food is seafood, rice, miso soup, and vegetables.
Noodles and tofu are also common.
Sushi, a Japanese food made of cooked rice with vinegar with other ingredients such as raw fish, is popular around the world.
The religion in Japan is mostly Shinto and Buddhist.
Due to the tolerant nature of the two main Japanese religions, and the resulting intermixing of the two, many Japanese identify as both Shinto and Buddhist at the same time.
There are small numbers of Christians and Hindus, and a few Jews.
When it comes to popular culture, Japan is famous for making video games.
Many of the biggest companies that make games, like Nintendo, Namco, and Sega, are Japanese.
Other well-known parts of Japanese arts are comics, called manga, and digital animation, or anime.
Many people get to know Japanese or how life in Japan is like by reading manga or watching anime on television.
Armed forces
Tokyo (Capital City）
In Japan there are seven  traditional regions:
Kanto
Chubu
Kansai
Chugoku
Kyushu
Territorial problem
Since Japan is an island nation, Japan has several problems over territory because maritime boundaries can be hard to protect.
These days, Japan is competing for at least 4 different territories.
It cannot agree with some neighbouring countries on whether the land belongs to Japan or the other country.
Senkaku Islands problem (with China and Taiwan)
Liancourt Rocks island problem (with South Korea)
Southern Chishima Islands problem (with Russia)
Sea of Japan problem (with South Korea and North Korea)
Public transportation
There are several important international airports in Japan.
Narita is the major international airport in the Tokyo area.
Kansai International Airport serves as the main airport for Osaka, Kobe, and Kyoto.
Chūbu Centrair International Airport near Nagoya is the newest of the three.
Haneda Airport is close to central Tokyo and is the largest domestic airport in the country.
The Shinkansen is one of the fastest trains in the world and connects cities in Honshu and Kyushu.
Networks of public and private railways are almost all over the country.
People mostly travel between cities in buses.
Modern Japan is divided into 47 prefectures.
Before the Meiji period (1868-1912), the nation was divided into provinces which were consolidated in the prefectural system.
Japan has many traditional sports such as sumo, judo, karate, kyudo, aikido, iaido and kendo.
Also, there are sports which were imported from the West such as baseball, soccer, rugby, golf and skiing.
Baseball is the most popular sport.
Japan has taken part in the Olympic Games since 1912.
It hosted the Olympic Games in 1964, 1972, 1998 and 2020.
From 1912 until now, Japanese sportspeople have won 398 medals in total.
Japanese cuisine
Kantei.go.jp, official prime ministerial and cabinet site
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, papers on Japan's foreign policy, education programs, culture and life.
Sntv24samachar
Shugi-in.go.jp, official site of the House of Representatives
Chief of State and Cabinet Members
Jargon is a special way to use words that are shared only by a certain group of people.
They do not mean what the dictionary says they mean.
They have different meanings to the people using them than their everyday meaning.
For example, the ordinary words boot, net, and web also have special meanings for users of computers, the Internet, and the World Wide Web.
These, and to flame, to ping and many acronyms are part of net jargon.
An acronym means that only some of the letters in the word or phrase are used.
Often this is the first letter of each word.
Other acronyms found online are simply common shorthand.
Jargon is also common in the military.
It includes phrases like SNAFU.
It is the fifth planet from the Sun.
Jupiter is a gas giant, both because it is so large and made up of gas.
The other gas giants are Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Jupiter has a mass of 1.8986×1027 kg. (
318 earths).
This is more than twice the mass of all the other planets in the Solar System put together.
Jupiter can be seen even without using a telescope.
The ancient Romans named the planet after their King of Gods, Jupiter (Latin: Iuppiter).
Jupiter is the third brightest object in the night sky.
Only the Earth's moon and Venus are brighter.
Jupiter has 79 moons.
Of these, around 50 are very small and less than five kilometres wide.
The four largest moons of Jupiter are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
They are called the Galilean moons, because Galileo Galilei discovered them.
Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System.
It is larger in diameter than Mercury.
In 2018 another ten very small moons were discovered
Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System with a diameter of 142,984 km.
This is eleven times bigger than the diameter of Earth.
The lower atmosphere is so heated and the pressure so high that helium changes to liquid.
It rains down onto the planet.
Based on spectroscopy, Jupiter seems to be made of the same gases as Saturn.
It is different from Neptune or Uranus.
These two planets have much less hydrogen and helium gas.
The very high temperatures and pressures in Jupiter's core mean scientists cannot tell what materials would be there.
This cannot be found out, because it is not possible to create the same amount of pressure on Earth.
Above the unknown inner core is an outer core.
The outer core of Jupiter is thick, liquid hydrogen.
The pressure is high enough to make the hydrogen solid, but then it melts because of the heat.
Jupiter is twice as massive as all the other planets in the Solar System put together.
It gives off more heat than it gets from the sun.
Jupiter is 11 times the width of Earth and 318 times as massive.
The volume of Jupiter is 1,317 times the volume of Earth.
In other words, 1,317 Earth-sized objects could fit inside it.
Cloud layers
Jupiter has many bands of clouds going horizontally across its surface.
The light parts are zones and the darker are belts.
The zones and belts often interact with each other.
This causes huge storms.
Wind speeds of 360 kilometres per hour (km/h) are common on Jupiter.
To show the difference the strongest tropical storms on Earth are about 100 km/h.
Most of the clouds on Jupiter are made of ammonia.
There may also be clouds of water vapour like clouds on Earth.
Spacecrafts such as Voyager 1 have seen lightning on the surface of the planet.
Scientists think it was water vapour because lightning needs water vapour.
These lightning bolts have been measured as up 1,000 times as powerful as those on Earth.
One of the biggest features in Jupiter's atmosphere is the Great Red Spot.
It is a huge storm which is bigger than the entire Earth.
It is on record since at least 1831, and as early as 1665.
Images by the Hubble Space Telescope have shown as many as two smaller "red spots" right next to the Great Red Spot.
Storms can last for hours or as long as hundreds of years in the case of the Great Red Spot.
Jupiter has a magnetic field like Earth's but 11 times stronger.
It also has a magnetosphere much bigger and stronger than Earth's.
The field traps radiation belts much stronger than Earth's Van Allen radiation belts, strong enough to endanger any spacecraft travelling past or to Jupiter.
The magnetic field is probably caused by the large amounts of liquid metallic hydrogen in the core of Jupiter.
The four largest moons of Jupiter and many of the smaller ones orbit or go around the planet within the magnetic field.
This protects them from the solar wind.
Jupiter's magnetic field is so large, it reaches the orbit of Saturn 7.7 million miles (12 million km) away.
The Earth's magnetosphere does not even cover its moon, less than a quarter of a million miles (400,000 km) away.
It also experiences large aurorae, which occur due to charged particles from the volcanic moon Io landing in its atmosphere.
Ring system
Jupiter also has a thin planetary ring system.
These rings are difficult to see and were not discovered until 1979 by NASA's Voyager 1 probe.
There are four parts to Jupiter's rings.
The closest ring to Jupiter is called the Halo Ring.
The next ring is called the Main Ring.
It is about  wide and only  thick.
The Main and Halo rings of Jupiter are made of small, dark particles.
The third and fourth rings, called the Gossamer Rings, are transparent (see through) and are made from microscopic debris and dust.
This dust probably comes from small meteors striking the surface of Jupiter's moons.
The third ring is called the Amalthea Gossamer Ring, named after moon Amalthea.
The outer ring, the Thebe Gossamer Ring, is named after the moon Thebe.
The outer edge of this ring is about  from Jupiter.
The orbit of a planet is the time and path it takes to go around the Sun.
In the amount of time it takes for Jupiter to orbit the Sun one time, the Earth orbits the Sun 11.86 times.
One year on Jupiter is equal to 11.86 years on Earth.
The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778 million kilometres.
This is five times the distance between Earth and the Sun.
Jupiter is not tilted on its axis as much as Earth or Mars.
This causes it to have no seasons, for example summer or winter.
Jupiter rotates, or spins around very quickly.
This causes the planet to bulge in the middle.
Jupiter is the fastest spinning planet in the Solar System.
It completes one rotation or spin in 10 hours.
Because of the bulge, the length of the equator of Jupiter is much longer than the length from pole to pole.
The orbit of Jupiter is unusual amongst star systems.
It is usual for giant planets to be much nearer to their stars (many examples are now known).
Because it is not, it suggests an unusual explanation is needed for the arrangement of the planets in the Solar System.
"Over the eons, the giant planet roamed toward the center of the Solar System and back out again, at one point moving in about as close as Mars is now.
The planet's travels profoundly influenced the Solar System, changing the nature of the asteroid belt and making Mars smaller than it should have been.
These details are based on a new model of the early Solar System developed by an international team that includes NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md."
Research and exploration
From Earth
Jupiter is the third brightest object in the night sky, after the Moon and Venus.
Because of that, people have always been able to see it from Earth.
The first person known to really study the planet was Galileo Galilei in 1610.
He was the first person to see Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.
This was because he used a telescope, unlike anyone before him.
No new moons were discovered for more than two hundred years.
In 1892, astronomer E.E Barnard found a new moon using his observatory in California.
He called the moon Amalthea.
It was the last of Jupiter's 67 moons to be discovered by human observation through a telescope.
In 1994, bits of the comet Shoemaker Levy-9 hit Jupiter.
It was the first time people saw a collision between two Solar System objects.
From spacecraft
Seven spacecraft have flown past Jupiter since 1973.
These were Pioneer 10 (1973), Pioneer 11 (1974), Voyagers 1 and 2 (1979), Ulysses (1992 and 2004), Cassini (2000) and New Horizons (2007).
The Pioneer missions were the first spacecraft to take close up pictures of Jupiter and its moons.
Five years later, the two Voyager spacecraft discovered over 20 new moons.
They captured photo evidence of lightning on the night side of Jupiter.
The Ulysses probe was sent to study the Sun.
It only went to Jupiter after it had finished its main mission.
Ulysses had no cameras so it took no photographs.
In 2006, the Cassini spacecraft, on its way to Saturn, took some very good, very clear pictures of the planet.
Cassini also found a moon and took a picture of it but it was too far away to show the details.
The Galileo mission in 1995 was the first spacecraft to go into orbit around Jupiter.
It flew around the planet for seven years and studied the four biggest moons.
It launched a probe into the planet to get information about Jupiter's atmosphere.
The probe travelled to a depth of about 150 km before it was crushed by the pressure of all the gas above it.
The Galileo spacecraft was also crushed in 2003 when NASA steered the craft into the planet.
They did this so that the craft could not crash into Europa, a moon which scientists think might have life.
NASA have sent another spacecraft to Jupiter called Juno.
It was launched on  August 5, 2011 and arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016.
NASA published some results from the Juno mission in March 2018.
Several other missions have been planned to send spacecraft to Jupiter's moons Europa and Callisto.
One called JIMO (Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter) was cancelled in 2006 because it cost too much money.
Jupiter has 80 known moons.
The four largest were seen by Galileo with his primitive telescope, and nine more can be seen from Earth with modern telescopes.
The rest of the moons have been identified by spacecraft.
The smallest moon (S/2003 J 12) is only one kilometre across.
The largest, Ganymede, has a diameter of 5,262 kilometres.
It is bigger than the planet Mercury.
The other three Galilean moons are Io, Europa and Callisto.
Because of the way they orbit Jupiter, gravity affects three of these moons greatly.
The friction caused by the gravity of Europa and Ganymede pulling on Io makes it the most volcanic object in the Solar System.
It has over 400 volcanoes, more than three times as many as Earth.
Jupiter in the Solar System
Jupiter's large gravity has had an effect on the Solar System.
Jupiter protects the inner planets from comets by pulling them towards itself.
Because of this, Jupiter has the most comet impacts in the Solar System.
Two groups of asteroids, called Trojan asteroids, have settled into Jupiter's orbit round the Sun.
One group is called the Trojans and the other group is called the Greeks.
They go around the Sun at the same time as Jupiter.
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
Jupiter (planet) -Citizendium
Very good articles
A king is a man who rules a country, because of inheritance.
A king usually comes to power when the previous monarch dies, who is usually a family member of his.
Sometimes a person may become king due to the previous monarch's abdication, for example George VI.
For most of history, most countries were ruled in this way, especially in Europe.
Some countries, such as France, are no longer monarchies.
Some, such as the United Kingdom, still have a royal family.
In some countries, people chose a new king from other people to decide from.
The wife of a king is called a queen.
A woman who becomes a ruler because of inheritance is also called a queen.
If a country has a king or a queen, that means it is a monarchy.
A country which a king or queen rules is called a kingdom.
Knowledge means the things which are true, as opposed to opinion.
Information which is correct is knowledge.
Knowledge can always be supported by evidence.
If a statement is not supported by evidence, then it is not knowledge.
The evidence makes it justified;        .
This was the point of Ryle's distinction between "knowing that" and "knowing how".
It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic.
In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology.
The philosopher Plato defined knowledge as "justified true belief".
This definition is the subject of the Gettier problems.
All knowledge is a claim to be true, but the claim can be incorrect.
The only claims (propositions) which are certainly true are circular, based on how we use words or terms.
We can correctly claim that there are 360 degrees in a circle, since that is part of how circles are defined.