the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The term political machine has been used mostly since the 19th century in the United States, used to describe machines like Tamanny Hall who stayed in control mostly because of the large support from the immigrants in Manhattan during the 19th century.
bg:Клиентела
cs:Klientelismus
de:Klientelismus
es:Clientelismo político
fr:Clientélisme
gl:Clientelismo
nl:Cliëntelisme
pt:Clientelismo
sk:Klientelizmus
Hall & Oates is an American musical group.
The members are Daryl Hall and John Oates.
They came from Philadelphia.
Their greatest fame was from the late 1970s to mid 1980s.
During this time they had many hit songs.
They faded from view in 1990, but the duo are still performing together.
Whole Oats (1972)
Abandoned Luncheonette (1973)
War Babies (1974)
Daryl Hall & John Oates (1975)
Bigger Than Both of Us (1976)
Beauty on a Back Street (1977)
Along the Red Ledge (1978)
X-Static (1979)
Voices (1980)
Private Eyes (1981)
H2O (1982)
Big Bam Boom (1984)
Ooh Yeah! (
Change of Season (1990)
Marigold Sky (1997)
Do It for Love (2003)
Our Kind of Soul (2004)
Home for Christmas (2006)
Hall & Oates Official website
The title Duke of Normandy was given to the rulers of the duchy of Normandy.
This fief was created in 911 by Charles the Simple King of France for Rollo, a leader of Northmen.
In 1066 the seventh duke, William II, became King William I of England.
The title of Duke of Normandy was held by the Kings of England until Henry III gave up the title by treaty in 1259.
King John had lost mainland Normandy in 1204, and kept only the Channel Islands.
Today the Channel Islands are a British Crown dependency.
Early Dukes of Normandy (911-1204)
Rollo 911-928
William I Longsword 928-942
Richard I 942-997
Richard II the Good 996-1026
Richard III 1026–1027
Robert I The Magnificent 1027-1035
William the Conqueror* 1035-1087 (William II as Duke of Normandy, William I as King of England)
Robert II Curthose 1087-1106
William Rufus* as regent 1096-1100
William Clito as claimant 1106-1134
Henry I Beauclerk* 1106-1135
William III Atheling (Under his father, Henry I)
Stephen of Blois* 1135-1144 (usurped from Empress Matilda)
Geoffrey Plantagenet 1144-1150 (jure uxoris)
Henry II* 1150-1189
Henry the Young King* as junior duke 1170–1183
Richard IV Lionheart* 1189-1199
John Lackland* 1199-1216, lost mainland Normandy in 1204.
Henry III* 1216–1259, renounced mainland Normandy and the ducal title by Treaty of Paris (1259).
Fernando Wood (14 June 1812 – 14 February, 1881) was an American politician of the Democratic Party from Pennsylvania.
He served as the Mayor of New York City twice (1855 – 1857, 1860 – 1862), United States Representative three times (1841–1843, 1863–1865, and 1867–1881) and as Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means in both the 45th and 46th United States Congress (1877–1881).
He was head of the political machine Tammany Hall.
In 1854 he was elected Mayor of New York City and took office in 1855.
He ran again in 1856, but lost to Daniel F. Tiemann, who was mayor from 1857 to 1859.
Wood was re-elected in 1860 and took office again that year, for the last time.
After being a mayor, Wood returned to the United States Congress.
He died at the age of 68.
Terry Edward Branstad (born November 17, 1946) is an American politician.
He was the United States Ambassador to China from May 24, 2017 to October 4, 2020.
He was the 42nd Governor of Iowa from in January 14, 2011 until his resignation on May 24, 2017.
Branstad was the 39th governor of Iowa from 1983 to 1999 and President of Des Moines University from 2003 to 2009.
He is a member of the Republican Party and is the longest-serving governor in Iowa or American history.
In 2010, he won a three-way primary election to run as the Republican candidate for governor.
He ran against incumbent Governor Chet Culver, a Democrat, and four third party candidates in the November 2, 2010 general election.
He won the general election in November, defeating Culver by 52.9% to 43.1%.
Branstad started the 2010 race with a lead in both the primary and general elections.
He won the Republican primary with 50.4% of the vote, 9.5% ahead of the next candidate.
In December 2016, Branstad was nominated by President-elect of the United States Donald Trump to become the United States Ambassador to China.
Branstad was confirmed by the Senate on May 22, 2017, and was succeeded as Governor of Iowa by Lieutenant Governor Kim Reynolds after he resigns to take up the ambassadorship.
He resigned in October 2020.
Branstad's family were Norwegian-American Lutheran farmers who lived in Leland, Iowa.
Branstad graduated from the University of Iowa and earned a law degree from Drake University Law School.
He served in the United States Army from 1969 to 1971 and earned the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service.
In 1989, he was named an honorary member of Alpha Gamma Rho Fraternity at Iowa State University.
Governor of Iowa (1983–1999)
When he became governor at age 36, Branstad was the youngest governor in Iowa's history and when he left office, he was Iowa's longest-serving governor.
He served as chair of the National Governors Association during 1989–1990, and was chair of the Midwestern Governors Association.
In 1997, he chaired the Education Commission of the States, the Republican Governors Association, and the Governors' Ethanol Coalition.
Honor doctor of University of Northern Iowa.
Post-gubernatorial career
In August 2003, Branstad became the president of Des Moines University.
On October 16, 2009, he said that he was leaving Des Moines University to run for governor again.
In 2001, Branstad was appointed by President George W. Bush to chair the President's Commission for Excellence in Special Education.
This group's goal was to make a plan to improve the educational performance of students with disabilities.
After finishing that work with the commission in 2003, he was asked to serve as a member of the National Advisory Council for Positive Action for Teen Health, or PATH.
The Council's goal is to detect adolescent mental illness.
2010 Gubernatorial campaign and election
On August 2, 2009, the Des Moines Register reported that Branstad might run for the Republican nomination for governor.
On October 7, 2009, Branstad filed papers to run for governor in the 2010 election.
According to a poll taken in September 2009 by The Des Moines Register, he had a 70% positive rating from Iowans compared to Governor Chet Culver's rating of 50%.
United States Ambassador to China
Branstad announced his resignation on September 15, 2020.
He left the ambassadorship on October 4, 2020.
1982 election for Governor of Iowa:
1982 General Election:
Terry Branstad (R), 52.8%
Roxanne Conlin (D), 46.6%
1986 election for Governor of Iowa:1986 General Election:
Terrie Branstad (R), 51.9%
Lowell Junkins (D), 48.0%
1990 election for Governor of Iowa:
1990 General Election:
Terry Branstad (R), 60.6%
Donald Avenson (D), 38.8%
1994 election for Governor of Iowa:Republican Primary
Terry Branstad (R), 51.8%
Fred Grandy (R), 48.1%
1994 General Election:
Terry Branstad (R), 56.8%
Bonnie Campbell (D), 41.6%
2010 election for Governor of Iowa:Republican Primary
Terry Branstad (R), 114,290 votes, 50.4%
Bob Vander Plaats (R), 92,759, 40.9%
Rod Roberts (R), 19,916, 8.8%
'2010 General Election:
Terry Branstad (R), 52.9%
Chet Culver (D), 43.1%
Branstad Reynolds 2010  official campaign site''
Terry Branstad Campaign Material by ArchivoElectoral.org
Lieutenant Governors of Iowa
Ambassadors of the United States to China
The Ford Expedition is a full sized SUV that can carry up to nine people.
This SUV debuted around 1997 as a replacement for Ford Bronco.
The vehicle is used by EMS, by law enforcement and by fire department agencies.
First Generation (1997-2002)
The First generation Expedition, also known as the UN93 was manufactured on July 22, 1996 in Wayne, Michigan  and Revealed on October 2 ,1996.
Its front end is identical to the 10th gen Ford F-150.
It has 3 variants, XLT, Eddie Bauer, and SVT (Which was discontinued days later).
The engines can be a 4.6, 5.4, and 5.6.
Second Generation (2003-2006)
The Second generation Expedition was manufactured on March 2002 under the U222 chassis code in Wayne, Michigan and revealed at the 2002 North American International Auto Show.
Chironex fleckeri, commonly known as sea wasp, is a well-known, lethal,  venomous species of Box jellyfish.
It lives in coastal waters from northern Australia and New Guinea north to the Philippines and Vietnam.
Humans can easily be killed by its sting.
It is considered the most lethal jellyfish in the world because of the numerous incidents resulting in injury or death to humans.
Distribution of Box Jellyfish in Australia
The 2010–11 Queensland floods were a series of floods in Australia which began in December 2010 and ended in January 2011.
The majority of the floods were in Queensland including its capitals city, Brisbane.
The rain also caused floods further south in central and western Victoria.
at least 90 towns flooded.
A huge area of Queensland, the size of Texas and France combined, was flooded.
The floods forced thousands of people to leave their homes.
At least 70 towns In Queensland and over 200,000 people were affected.
Three-quarters of the state of Queensland has been declared a disaster zone.
The 2010–2011 floods have killed 35 (not 30) people across Queensland since November and 14 are still missing.
More than 20 people have died in flash floods between Brisbane and Toowoomba.
The floods were caused by heavy rain from tropical cyclone "Tasha" that joined with a trough during a La Niña event.
La Niña is an unusual weather pattern, which brings wet weather to eastern Australia.
The 2010 La Niña was the strongest since 1973.
This caused heavy rainfall across Queensland.
December 2010 was the wettest on record, with 107 places getting their highest rainfalls ever.
The state average rainfall level of 404.7mm was much bigger than the old record of 369mm set in 1975.
2010 was also recorded as the state's wettest spring since 1900 and Australia's third wettest year.
Flooding started across parts of the state in early December.
On 28 December a monsoonal trough crossed the coast from the Coral Sea, bringing very heavy rain from the Gulf of Carpentaria to the Gold Coast.
About 300 roads were closed, including nine major highways.
Many places, including Condamine and Chinchilla were flooded several times.
Coal railway lines were closed and many mine sites flooded.
The floods have caused fruit and vegetable prices to rise as crops have been destroyed.
The wet conditions have also led to a large number of snakes seeking safety on the higher ground or in houses with people.
Saltwater crocodiles and sharks were seen in some flooded areas of towns.
Flooding in the Fitzroy River
The flooding forced 8,000 people to leave Theodore, Queensland Theodore and other towns.
The military transported people by helicopter to an evacuation centre at Moura, Queensland.
The total evacuation of a Queensland town had never happened before.
Emerald, Queensland was cut-off by road on 29 December as the Nogoa River rose.
The next day, the river level rose above the 2008 flood peak level of .
At the peak of the flooding, 80% of the town was flooded, the worst the town ever experienced.
1,200 people from Emerald were listed as evacuees.
Rockhampton had nearly a week to get ready for the flood peak from the Fitzroy River, which flows through the centre of the city.
The airport was closed on 1 January.
A metal flood barrier was set up to protect the buildings.
An evacuation centre was set up at the Central Queensland University.
The Bruce Highway leading south out of Rockhampton was closed to traffic.
The river reached  just short the of the predicted  maximum.
The Port of Gladstone cut back its coal exports because the coal piles at the port were too wet and further coal deliveries could not be made by rail.
The Goonyella railway line which is used by a number of coal mines in the Bowen Basin was closed for one week and shipments of grain were also stopped.
Burnett River - The River of Magic Water
The towns of Gayndah, Queensland and Mundubbera, Queensland when the Burnett River flooded on 28–29 December.
The river peaked at  at Mundubbera.
This was the highest river height since 1942 and flooded more than 20 houses.
Downstream at Gayndah, the river peaked at  with floodwaters reaching two houses.
Both towns were isolated for several days and there was major disruption to the drinking water supply and local agricultural production.
Bundaberg had its worst flooding in 40 years, after the Burnett River flooded the city.
Floodwater forced 300 households to leave their homes .
Fitzroy Basin in flood – why and how?
Flooding in Australia and Flooding in Rockhampton, Queensland at NASA Earth Observatory
Flash flood death toll rises to 9
Brisbane City Council COP Situational Awareness Application , a map showing the flooding in Brisbane
Australian floods wreak havoc on Queensland economy
2011 disasters
2010s in Australia
The Ford Flex was a full size crossover which was manufactured by Ford Motor Company.
Its styling was based on the concept of the Ford Fairlane.
The vehicle made its debut in 2007 at the New York International Auto Show.
It replaced the Ford Freestar as well as its sibling, the Mercury Monterey and the Ford Taurus X and began sales in June 2008 as a 2009 model.
It was facelifted for the 2013 model year and ended production in 2019.
Rod R. Blagojevich (born December 10, 1956) was 40th Governor of Illinois beginning January 13, 2003 and ending January 29, 2009.
He succeeded George Ryan, who would also be arrested for non-related charges.
Blagojevich was the first Governor of Illinois to be impeached while in office and the first Democratic politician in over 25 years to face such charges.
In February 2020, President Donald Trump ended Blagojevich's prison sentence four years earlier.
Blagojevich was born in Chicago, Illinois, the second of four children.
His father, Radislav, was an immigrant steel plant laborer from a village near Kragujevac, Serbia.
Blagojevich graduated from Chicago's Foreman High School after transferring from Lane Technical High School.
He began boxing at a young age.
During 2002, Blagojevich campaigned for his party's nomination to become governor.
Blagojevich won a close primary campaign against former Illinois Attorney General Roland Burris and Chicago Public Schools Superintendent Paul Vallas, who ran well in the suburban collar counties of Chicago.
Blagojevich finished strongly in Southern Illinois, winning 55% of the primary vote downstate, enough to win a primary victory by a thin margin.
In the general election, Blagojevich defeated Topinka and the Green Party's Rich Whitney, outspending Topinka $27 million to $6 million.
Blagojevich won re-election.
Arrest and conviction
He was arrested in December 2008 on federal corruption charges, including conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud.
Blagojevich was later impeached during January 2009, convicted and removed from office on January 29, 2009.
On December 7, 2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison.
He is held at Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood in Jefferson County, Colorado.
On May 31, 2018, President Donald Trump, soon after having pardoned commentator Dinesh D'Souza, told reporters that he was considering reducing Blagojevich's sentence (without pardoning him).
Trump called Blagojevich's 14-year sentence "unfair", saying that Blagojevich's statements about enriching himself were "stupid", but also the sort of thing "that many other politicians say".
Blagojevich has been married to Patricia Mell Blagojevich.
His family owns a home in Ravenswood, Chicago, but live in Jefferson County, Colorado because of Blagojevich's prison stay.
Governors of Illinois
The Prodigy are an English electronic dance music group.
It was by Liam Howlett in 1990 in Braintree, Essex.
Along with Fatboy Slim, The Chemical Brothers and The Crystal Method, as well as other acts, members of the Prodigy have been said as founders of the big beat genre which achieved mainstream popularity in the 1990s and 2000s.
They have sold over 25 million records worldwide.
They named the band after the  synthesizer, Moog Prodigy.
The Daintree Rainforest is a tropical rainforest in Queensland, Australia.
At around 1200 square kilometres the Daintree is the largest continuous area of tropical rainforest on the Australian mainland.
It is named after Richard Daintree, an Australian geologist and photographer.
These are some of its ancient flora:
some of the earliest land plants: the whisk ferns and the club mosses;
seven ancient families of true ferns;
the ancient, fern-like cycad Bowenia spectabilis (zamia fern) and other cycads, including Cycas, and the giant Lepidozamia hopei (zamia palm);
ancient conifers such as Podocarpus (plum pine or brown pine), Prumnopitys (brown pine or southern yew), Araucaria (hoop and bunya pines), and Agathis (kauri) which are living counterparts of Jurassic-age fossils (i.e., age of the dinosaurs);
12 primitive angiosperm (flowering plant) families: relict angiosperm plant families that are known as fossils from the Cretaceous including Cunoniaceae, Proteaceae (banksia and macadamia family), Winteraceae, Myrtaceae (eucalypt and lilly pilly), Monimiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Aquifoliaceae (holly family), Chloranthaceae, Trimeniaceae, Epacridaceae (heath family), Olacaceae and families of angiosperms to represent the longest continuous history associated with the Gondwanan landmass.
The Daintree Rainforest itself meets all four natural criteria on the Criteria for Selection to be a World Heritage Site, though it is just part of the Wet Tropics site.
The Wet Tropics are one of only twelve natural World Heritage Sites in the world which meet all four criteria.
The Daintree area is next to another World Heritage site, the Great Barrier Reef.
This makes it the only place in the world where two natural World Heritage Sites meet.
The Daintree Rainforest contains 30% of the frog, marsupial and reptile species in Australia, and 65% of Australia's bat and butterfly species.
18% of bird species in the country can be found in this area.
There are also over 12,000 species of insects.
All of this diversity is contained within an area that takes up 0.2% of Australia.
The Daintree Rainforest is extremely ancient; it is thought to be over one hundred and thirty-five million years old.
About 430 species of birds live among the trees.
The primitive flowering plants Austrobaileya scandens and Idiospermum australiense are also endemic to the Daintree.
The forest is north of Mossman, Queensland, on the coast, north of Cairns in the tropical far north of Australia.
Part of the forest is protected by the Daintree National Park and drained by the Daintree River.
The Daintree Rainforest is loosely defined as the area between the Mossman Gorge and the Bloomfield River.
The roads north of the Daintree River wind through areas of lush forest, and have been designed to minimize damage to the forest.
The Daintree Region is home to a number of rare and endangered species, including the southern cassowary and Bennett's tree-kangaroo.
It is listed as an important bird area, but might just as well be listed for its fungi, which are said to be astonishing.
Animals include the saltwater crocodile and the musky rat-kangaroo.
Forests of Australia
The Red City Hall () is the town hall of Berlin, in the Mitte borough on Rathausstraße near Alexanderplatz.
It is the home to the governing mayor and the government (the Senate of Berlin) of the Federal state of Berlin.
The landmark building got its name from the red clinker bricks with which it is covered.
The Rathaus was built between 1861 and 1869 in the style of the north Italian High Renaissance by Hermann Friedrich Waesemann.
It was modelled on the Old Town Hall of Toruń, now in Poland, while the architecture of the tower is reminiscent of the cathedral tower of Notre-Dame of Laon in France.
It replaced several individual buildings dating from the Middle Ages and now fills an entire city block.
The building was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in World War II and rebuilt to the original plans between 1951 and 1956.
The Neues Stadthaus, which survived the bombing and had been the head office of the Berlin city fire insurance company  in Parochialstraße was the temporary city hall for the post-war city government for all four sectors of Berlin until September 1948.
The reconstructed Rotes Rathaus, then in the Soviet sector, served as the town hall of East Berlin, while the Rathaus Schöneberg in Schöneberg borough was seat of the West Berlin Senate.
After German reunification, the administration of reunified Berlin officially moved into the Rotes Rathaus on 1 October 1991.
Senate of Berlin
Mayor of Berlin
Nikolaiviertel
Marx-Engels-Forum
CityMayors feature
Red Town Hall 360° Panorama
1860s establishments
1809–1948
(generally "Lord Mayor")
Leopold von Gerlach (1809–1813)
Johann Büsching (1814–1832)
Friedrich von Bärensprung (1832–1834)
Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick (1834–1848)
Franz Christian Naunyn (1848–1851)
Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick (1851–1862)
Karl Theodor Seydel (1863–1872)
Arthur Hobrecht (1872–1878)
Max von Forckenbeck (1878–1892)
Robert Zelle (1892–1898)
Martin Kirschner (1899–1912)
Adolph Wermuth (1912–1920)
Gustav Böß (1921–1929)
Arthur Scholz (1929–1931)
Heinrich Sahm (1931–1935)
Oskar Maretzky (1935–1937)
Julius Lippert (1937–1940)
Ludwig Steeg (1940–1945)
Arthur Werner (1945–1946)
Otto Ostrowski (1946–1947)
Louise Schroeder (1947–1948)
Ferdinand Friedensburg (1948)
1948–1991 (East Berlin)
Friedrich Ebert, Jr. (1948–1967)
Herbert Fechner (1967–1974)
Erhard Krack (1974–1990)
Dr. Ingrid Pankraz (1990)
Dr. Christian Hartenauer (1990)
Tino Schwierzina (1990–1991)
Thomas Krüger (1991) provisional
The Mayor of Berlin (Regierender Bürgermeister von Berlin) was democratically elected in January 1991.
1948–1991 (West Berlin)
After reunification
The Gondwana Rainforests of Australia, formerly known as the 'Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves', are the most extensive area of subtropical rainforest in the world.
The area includes 50 separate reserves covering .
It is around the New South Wales–Queensland border.
The Gondwana Rainforests are so-called because the fossil record indicates that when Gondwana existed it was covered by rainforests containing the same kinds of species that are living today.
The number of visitors to the reserve is about 2 million per year.
The Queensland areas include the Main Range, at its most northern point; and extending south, the Lamington, Mount Chinghee, Springbrook  and Mount Barney national parks.
The New South Wales areas include the Barrington Tops, at its most southern point; and extending north, the Dorrigo, Mount Warning, New England, Mebbin, Nightcap, Border Ranges, Oxley Wild Rivers, Washpool, Willi Willi and Werrikimbe national parks.
The most heavily visited parts are Dorrigo National Park and the Natural Bridge section of Springbrook National Park.
Unter den Linden ("under the linden trees") is a boulevard in the Mitte district of Berlin, the capital of Germany.
It is named for its linden (lime in British English) trees that line the grassed pedestrian mall in the middle of the road
Unter den Linden runs east–west from the site of the former Stadtschloss royal palace at the Lustgarten park, where the demolished Palast der Republik used to be, to Pariser Platz and Brandenburg Gate.
Eastward the boulevard crosses the river Spree near the Dom (Berlin Cathedral) and continues as Karl-Liebknecht-Straße.
The western continuation behind Brandenburg Gate is Straße des 17.
Major north–south streets crossing Unter den Linden are Friedrichstraße and Wilhelmstrasse.
Unter den Linden at the heart of the historic section of Berlin developed from a bridle path laid out by Elector John George of Brandenburg in the 16th century to reach his hunting grounds in the Tiergarten.
It was replaced by a boulevard of linden trees planted in 1647, stretching from the city palace to the gates of the city, by order of the “Great Elector” Frederick William.
While the western part of the boulevard retained its character, the area around present-day Bebelplatz was changed after the Thirty Years' War and fortified.
By the 19th century, as Berlin grew and expanded to the west, Unter den Linden became the best-known and grandest street in Berlin.
In 1851 the famous equestrian (horse-riding) statue of King Frederick the Great, designed by Christian Daniel Rauch, was put up on the centre strip.
In the course of the building of the Nord-Süd-Tunnel for the Berlin S-Bahn in 1934/35 most of the linden trees were cut down and during the last days of World War II the remaining trees were destroyed or cut down for firewood.
The present-day linden were replanted in the 1950s, they are affected by air pollution as well as by soil contamination.
Since 1937, the numbering has started at the Schlossbrücke (Palace Bridge), connecting Unter den Linden with the Lustgarten and Museum Island.
The disputed replica of the Alte Kommandantur is No.
1, vis-à-vis the Zeughaus arsenal, the oldest building on Unter den Linden, built between 1695 and 1706, today the seat of the Deutsches Historisches Museum (No.
Buildings along the street include (from east to west) the Kronprinzenpalais (former palace of the Hohenzollern crown princes, No.
3), the Neue Wache war memorial built in 1817 (No.
4), considered by many to be Karl Friedrich Schinkel’s masterpiece.
Furthermore, on Bebelplatz the Berlin State Opera (No.
7), coloquially called Lindenoper, St. Hedwig's Cathedral and the Altes Palais (No.
9), favoured residence of Emperor Wilhelm I; in the north the main building of the Humboldt University (No.
6) and House I of the Berlin State Library (No.
On the western end are the Russian Embassy (former Soviet Embassy, No.
63-65) the Hungarian Embassy (No.
76) at the corner of Wilhelmstrasse and finally the Hotel Adlon (No.
77) at the corner of Pariser Platz, which has been completely rebuilt on the site of the prewar hotel.
Well-known statues of Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt in front of the university as well as of the Prussian generals Scharnhorst and Bülow also adorn the street.
Along Unter den Linden
Berlin Brandenburger Tor railway station – formerly Berlin Unter den Linden
Unter den Linden - Interactive 360° Panorama
Webcam: Live-View of the street Unter den Linden with Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany
Yucatán (state), much smaller than the peninsula
Chihuahua (state) the state.
Chihuahua (city)
Chihuahua (dog).
Chihuahua (song) by DJ BoBo.
Chihuahua is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico.
The municipal seat is the state capital, the city of Chihuahua.
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 758,791, with 748,551 in the municipal seat.
Municipio de Chihuahua  Enciclopedia de los municipios de México, INAFED
The city of Chihuahua is the state capital of the Mexican state of Chihuahua.
It is also the seat of Chihuahua Municipality.
It has a population of about 825,327.
The predominant activity is industry, including domestic heavy, light industries, consumer goods production, and to a smaller extent maquiladoras.
A bridle path is a pathway or trail between two places.
It is designed for people riding horses, but can also be used by people walking.
A footpath is a track between two places designed only for people walking.
Frederick II (; 24 January 1712 – 17 August 1786) was a King in Prussia (1740–1786) from the Hohenzollern dynasty.
As a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, he was Frederick IV Margrave of Brandenburg.
He was also the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel.
Victorious in war, he became known as Frederick the Great () and was nicknamed der alte Fritz ("Old Fritz").
When he was young, Frederick was mostly interested in music and philosophy and not military affairs.
Frederick tried to escape from his strict father, Frederick William I, with childhood friend, Hans Hermann von Katte.
When they were captured Frederick was forced to watch von Kattel's execution.
Many historians consider him to be bisexual and perhaps possibly celibate in his later life.
After the death of Frederick William I in 1740, Frederick the Great only attended his wife with formal visits once a year.
Shortly after becoming King in Prussia, he attacked Austria and claimed Silesia during the Silesian Wars.
Near the end of his life, Frederick united most of his separated parts of his kingdom through the First Partition of Poland.
For years Frederick exchanged letters with Voltaire.
He modernized the Prussian bureaucracy and civil service and promoted religious tolerance.
Frederick patronized the arts and philosophers, and wrote flute music.
Frederick is buried at his favorite residence, Sanssouci in Potsdam.
Because he died childless, Frederick was succeeded by his nephew, Frederick William II of Prussia, son of his brother, Prince Augustus William of Prussia.
In 1732, Queen Sophia Dorothea tried to arrange a dual marriage of Frederick and his sister Wilhelmina with Amelia and Frederick, the children of her brother, King George II of Great Britain.
Fearing an alliance between Prussia and Great Britain, Field Marshal von Seckendorff, the Austrian ambassador in Berlin, bribed Field Marshal von Grumbkow, the Prussian Minister of War,  and Benjamin Reichenbach, Prussian ambassador in London.
They pair discreetly slandered the British and Prussian courts in the eyes of the two kings.
Angered by the idea of the marriage Frederick William made impossible demands to the British, such as Prussia acquiring Jülich and Berg, leading to the collapse of the marriage proposal.
After von Kattel died Frederick was granted a royal pardon and released from his cell on 18 November, but he was not given back his military rank.
Instead of returning to Berlin, however, he was forced to stay in Küstrin and began learning statecraft and administration for the War and Estates Departments on 20 November.
Tensions eased slightly when Frederick William visited Küstrin a year later, and Frederick was allowed to visit Berlin on the occasion of his sister Wilhelmina's marriage to Margrave Frederick of Bayreuth on 20 November 1731.
The crown prince returned to Berlin after finally being released from Küstrin on 26 February 1732.
Frederick William considered marrying Frederick to Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the niece of Empress Anna of Russia, but this plan was opposed by Prince Eugene of Savoy.
Frederick himself proposed marrying Maria Theresa of Austria in return for renouncing the succession.
Instead, Eugene persuaded Frederick William, through Seckendorff, that the crown prince marry Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern, a Protestant relative of the Austrian Habsburgs.
Although Frederick wrote to his sister that, "There can be neither love nor friendship between us," and he considered suicide, he went along with the wedding on 12 June 1733.
He had little in common with his bride and resented the political marriage as an example of the Austrian interference which had plagued Prussia since 1701.
Once Frederick secured the throne in 1740, he would not let Elisabeth visit his court in Potsdam, and instead gave her Schönhausen Palace and apartments at the Berliner Stadtschloss.
Frederick bestowed the title of the heir to the throne, "Prince of Prussia", on his brother Augustus William; despite this, his wife remained devoted to him.
Frederick was given back a rank in the Prussian Army as Colonel of the Regiment von der Goltz, stationed near Nauen and Neuruppin.
When Prussia gave troops to help Austria during the War of the Polish Succession, Frederick studied under Prince Eugene of Savoy during the campaign against France on the Rhine.
Frederick William, weakened by gout brought about by the campaign, gave Frederick Schloss Rheinsberg in Rheinsberg, north of Neuruppin.
In Rheinsberg, Frederick assembled a small number of musicians, actors and other artists.
He spent his time reading, watching dramatic plays, making and listening to music, and regarded this time as one of the happiest of his life.
Frederick formed the "Bayard Order" to discuss warfare with his friends; Heinrich August de la Motte Fouqué was made the grand master of the gatherings.
The works of Niccolò Machiavelli, such as The Prince, were considered a guideline for the behaviour of a king in Frederick's age.
In 1739, Frederick finished his Anti-Machiavel, which put another point of view.
It was published anonymously in 1740, but Voltaire distributed it in Amsterdam.
Reign (1740–1786)
When Frederick ascended the throne as "King in Prussia" in 1740, Prussia consisted of scattered territories, including Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg in the west of the Holy Roman Empire; Brandenburg, Hither Pomerania, and Farther Pomerania in the east of the Empire; and the former Duchy of Prussia, outside of the Empire bordering the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
He was titled King in Prussia because this was only part of historic Prussia; he was to declare himself King of Prussia after acquiring most of the rest in 1772.
Warfare and Conquest
Frederick's goal was to modernize and unite his vulnerably disconnected lands; toward this end, he fought wars mainly against Austria, whose Habsburg dynasty reigned as Holy Roman Emperors, almost continuously from the 15th century until 1806.
Frederick established Prussia as the fifth and smallest European great power by using the resources his frugal father had cultivated.
The First Silesian War (1740–1742), part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), resulted in Frederick conquering the Polish part of Silesia.
Austria attempted to recover Silesia in the Second Silesian War (1744–1745), but Frederick was victorious again and forced Austria to stick to the previous peace terms.
Prussian possession of Silesia gave the kingdom control over the Oder River.
Habsburg Austria and Bourbon France, traditional enemies, allied together in the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 following the collapse of the Anglo-Austrian Alliance.
Frederick swiftly made an alliance with Great Britain at the Convention of Westminster.
As neighboring countries began conspiring against him, Frederick was determined to strike first.
On 29 August 1756 his well-prepared army crossed the frontier and invaded Saxony, thus beginning the Seven Years' War which lasted until 1763.
He faced widespread criticism for his attack on neutral Saxony and for his forcible incorporation of the Saxon forces into the Prussian army following the Siege of Pirna in October 1756.
The sudden death of Empress Elizabeth of Russia put her pro-Prussian nephew Peter III in power.
This led to the collapse of the anti-Prussian coalition.
Although Frederick did not gain any territory in the ensuing Treaty of Hubertusburg, he was able to keep Silesia.
Prussia became popular in many German-speaking territories.
Late in his life Frederick also involved Prussia in the smaller War of the Bavarian Succession in 1778, in which he stopped Austrian attempts to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria.
When Emperor Joseph II| tried the scheme again in 1784, Frederick created the Fürstenbund, making Germans see him as a defender of German liberties, in contrast to his earlier role of attacking the imperial Habsburgs.
Frederick frequently led his military forces personally and had six horses shot from under him during battle.
Frederick is often admired as one of the greatest tactical geniuses of all time, especially for his usage of the oblique order of battle.
Even more important were his operational successes, especially preventing the unification of numerically superior opposing armies and being at the right place at the right time to keep enemy armies out of Prussian core territory.
In a letter to his mother Maria Theresa, the Austrian co-ruler Emperor Joseph II wrote,
Modernization of Prussia
Frederick transformed Prussia from a European backwater into an economically strong and politically reformed state.
His conquest of Silesia, which provided Prussia's new industries with raw materials, helped boost industrial production and development, and he protected these industries with high tariffs and a minimum of restrictions on internal  domestic trade.
The modernizing mechanisms and technology of the state also enabled Frederick, in 1747, to undertake a massive six-year drainage and "reclamation" program in the country's northern marsh-land.
This rationalist-mided program, which Frederick saw as the "taming" and "conquering" of "useless" and "barbarous" nature,  created roughly 150,000 acres of arable farmland, but also eliminated vast swaths of natural habitat, destroyed the region's biodiversity, and displaced numerous indigenous communities.
With the help of French experts, Frederick also reorganized Prussia's taxation policy, implementing a system of indirect taxation, which was more lucrative than the previous policy of direct taxation.
Frederick also commissioned the eminent Prussian merchant Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky to help promote trade.
Gotzkowsky directed Frederick to reform the Prussian system of toll levies and import restrictions, and to construct a major a silk factory in an effort to compete with the French silk trade.
In 1763, when Gotzkowsky went bankrupt during an Amsterdam-based financial crisis, Frederick took over a porcelain factory of his.
Frederick also presided over national currency reform during his reign.
The effects of the Seven Years' War and the acquisition of Silesia had transformed the economy, depreciating the national currency and leading to high nation-wide inflation.
The Prussian Mint Edict of May 1763 revalued the national currency, stabilizing the rates of highly depreciated coinage and mandating that the payments of taxes be in currency of prewar value.
Other European rulers soon undertook similar monetary reforms, which helped to lower region-wide prices.
After the acquisition of Royal Prussia (West Prussia) in 1772, Frederick also changed his title from the  "King in Prussia,"  which had been the royal title used since the coronation of Frederick I, to the  "King of Prussia," underscoring the increasing prominence of his state and his own importance as a ruler.
Frederick was generally a champion of religious tolerance, including accepting Jesuits, fleeing the suppression of Pope Clement XIV, as teachers in Silesia, Warmia, and the Netze District.
He was interested in attracting many skills to his country, whether from Jesuit teachers, Huguenot citizens, or Jewish merchants and bankers, particularly from Spain.
He wanted development throughout the country.
As an example of this practical-minded but not fully unprejudiced tolerance, Frederick wrote in his Testament politique that:
Jews on the Polish border were therefore encouraged to perform all the trade they could and received all the protection and support from the king as any other Prussian citizen.
The success in integrating the Jews into those areas of society that Frederick encouraged them in can be seen by the role played by Gerson von Bleichröder in financing Bismarck's efforts to reunite Germany.
As under Frederick much wasteland was made arable Prussia was looking for new colonists.
Frederick repeatedly emphasized that nationality and religion were of no concern to him.
Frederick had famous buildings constructed in his capital, Berlin, most of which still exist today, such as the Berlin State Opera, the Royal Library (today the State Library Berlin), St. Hedwig's Cathedral, and Prince Henry's Palace (now the site of Humboldt University).
However, the king preferred spending his time in his summer residence Potsdam, where he built the palace of Sanssouci, the most important work of Northern German rococo.
Sanssouci, which translates from French as "carefree" or "without worry", was a refuge for Frederick. "
Frederician Rococo" developed under Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff.
Near the end of his life Frederick spent more and more time alone.
His circle of friends at Sanssouci gradually died off without replacements, and Frederick became increasingly critical and arbitrary, to the frustration of the civil service and officer corps.
The people of Berlin always cheered the king when he returned to the city from provincial tours or military reviews, but Frederick took no pleasure from his popularity with the common folk, preferring instead the company of his pet Italian greyhounds, whom he referred to as his 'marquises de Pompadour' as a jibe at Madame de Pompadour.
Frederick died in an armchair in his study in the palace of Sanssouci on 17 August 1786.
Frederick had wished to be buried next to his greyhounds on the vineyard terrace on the side of the corps de logis of Sanssouci.
His nephew and successor Frederick William II instead ordered the body be entombed next to his father in the church of the Potsdam garrison.
Near the end of World War II, Adolf Hitler ordered the coffins of Frederick and Frederick William I, as well as those of Paul von Hindenburg and his wife, transferred first to an underground bunker near Berlin, then hidden in a salt mine close to the town of Bernrode, Germany, to protect them from destruction.
The US Army discovered the four coffins on 27 April 1945, behind a 6-foot-thick (1.8 m) masonry wall deep within the mine, and moved them to the basement of Marburg Castle, a collection point for recovered Nazi "treasure".
As part of a secret project dubbed "Operation Bodysnatch", the US Army relocated both kings first to the Elisabeth Church of Marburg and then on to Burg Hohenzollern close to the town of Hechingen.
After German reunification, the body of Frederick William was entombed in the Kaiser Friedrich Mausoleum in Sanssouci's Church of Peace.
On the 205th anniversary of his death, on 17 August 1991, Frederick's casket lay in state in the court of honor of Sanssouci, covered by a Prussian flag and escorted by a Bundeswehr guard of honour.
After nightfall, Frederick's body was finally laid to rest on the terrace of the vineyard of Sanssouci, according to his last will without pomp and at night ("... Im übrigen will ich, was meine Person anbetrifft, in Sanssouci beigesetzt werden, ohne Prunk, ohne Pomp und bei Nacht..." (1757)).
"I speak French to my ambassadors, English to my accounts, Italian to my Mistress, Latin to my God, and German to my horse."
"An educated people can be easily governed."
Frederick in popular culture
German films
The Great King () is a 1942 German drama movie directed by Veit Harlan and starring Otto Gebühr.
It depicts the life of Frederick the Great.
It received the rare "movie of the Nation" distinction.
Otto Gebühr also played the King in many other movies.
Films with Otto Gebühr as Frederick the Great
1920: Die Tänzerin Barbarina – director: Carl Boese
1921–23: Fridericus Rex – director: Arzén von Cserépy
Teil 1 – Sturm und Drang
Teil 2 – Vater und Sohn
Teil 3 – Sanssouci
Teil 4 – Schicksalswende
1926: Die Mühle von Sans Souci – director: Siegfried Philippi
1928: Der alte Fritz – 1.
Teil Friede – director: Gerhard Lamprecht
1928: Der alte Fritz – 2.
Teil Ausklang – director: Gerhard Lamprecht
1930: Das Flötenkonzert von Sanssouci –director: Gustav Ucicky
1932: Die Tänzerin von Sans Souci – director: Friedrich Zelnik
1933: Der Choral von Leuthen – director: Carl Froelich
Heiteres und Ernstes um den großen König – director: Phil Jutzi
1936: Fridericus – director: Johannes Meyer
1937: Das schöne Fräulein Schragg – director: Hans Deppe
1942: Der große König – director: Veit Harlan
In the 2004 German movie Der Untergang, Adolf Hitler is shown sitting in a dark room forlornly gazing at a painting of Frederick, possibly a reference to the dictator's fading hopes for another Miracle of the House of Brandenburg.
American films
In the 1970 movie Patton, General Patton incorrectly cites Frederick the Great as saying, "L'audace, l'audace, toujours l'audace!" ("
Audacity, audacity — always audacity!")
Although Frederick is never seen on screen, he is mentioned several times in Stanley Kubrick's 1975 movie Barry Lyndon.
In the movie, he is referred to as "The great and illustrious Frederick" and his army is both praised and criticized.
For example, a quote from the film: "During the five years which the war had now lasted, the great and illustrious Frederick had so exhausted the males of his kingdom that he had to employ scores of recruiters who hesitated no crime, including kidnapping, to keep supplied those brilliant regiments of his with food for powder."
24 January 1712 – 31 May 1740 His Royal Highness the Crown Prince
31 May 1740 – 19 February 1772 His Majesty the King in Prussia
19 February 1772 – 17 August 1786 His Majesty the King of Prussia
Digital edition of Frederick the Great's Works by Trier University Library (in German and French)
Voltaire and Frederick the Great  by Lytton Strachey
Story about Frederick and Madame de Pompadour
Free scores at the Mutopia Project
Gabrielle Giffords is an American politician.
She was born June 8, 1970.
She is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives.
She was badly injured January 8, 2011, during a shooting in Tucson, Arizona.
Giffords was shot in the head at very close range, but survived.
She was holding a meeting around the parking lot of a supermarket when the shooting happened.
In return for support in the War of the Spanish Succession Emperor Leopold I allowed Frederick to call himself King in Prussia.
The Duchy of Prussia was outside the Empire, and he was only regarded as King outside the Empire.
In 1772 Frederick II annexed most of Poland and decided to call himself King of Prussia.
The Holy Roman Emperor was not as strong as they had been, and in 1806 the Empire ceased to exist.
The tabasco pepper is a variety of chili pepper species Capsicum frutescens.
It is best known through its use in Tabasco sauce, followed by peppered vinegar.
Tabasco sauce  is the brand name for a hot sauce produced by  US-based McIlhenny Company of Avery Island, Louisiana.
Tabasco sauce is made from tabasco peppers (Capsicum frutescens var.
tabasco), vinegar, and salt, and aged in white oak barrels for three years.
It has a hot, spicy flavor.
The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 made the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, allowing the states to vote on whether slavery was legal or not.
This law canceled the Missouri Compromise, which declared that slavery was not legal in those areas.
It was passed on May 30, 1854.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act angered many in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing agreement.
In the pro-slavery South, it was strongly supported.
After the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters rushed in to settle Kansas to affect the outcome of the first election held after the new law went into effect.
Pro-slavery settlers carried the election but anti-slavery settlers claimed the results were fraudulent, and did not accept defeat.
The resulting fighting in Kansas gave it the nickname "Bleeding Kansas".
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Kansas-Nebraska Act from the Library of Congress
1854 in the United States
1850s in Kansas
History of Nebraska
Guerrero is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico.
The municipal seat lies at Vicente Guerrero (aka Ciudad Guerrero).
The municipality covers an area of 5,603.6 km².
Guerrero is a one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico.
The municipal seat lies at Guerrero.
The municipality covers an area of 3,219.7 km² and is located on the international border between Mexico and the USA, here formed by the Río Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande), adjacent to the U.S. state of Texas.
Gobierno Municipal de Guerrero Official website
Final regular season standings for the 2006–07 NHL season.
Green background indicates win.
Red background indicates regulation loss.
White background indicates overtime/shootout loss.
Free agents acquired
Free agents lost
Claimed off waivers
Lost on waivers
Draft picks
Official site of the Chicago Blackhawks
2006–07 NHL season
Game log: Chicago Blackhawks game log on espn.com
Team standings: NHL standings on espn.com
Player stats: Chicago Blackhawks 2006–07 reg.
season stats on espn.com
Draft picks: 2006 NHL Entry Draft
Chicago Blackhawks season, 2006–07
Kathie Lee Gifford (born August 16, 1953) is an American talk show host, singer and actress.
She is best known for hosting Live with Regis and Kathie Lee from 1985-2000 with Regis Philbin.
She later co-hosted the fourth hour of NBC's Today show.
She has received 11 Daytime Emmy nominations.
She won her first Daytime Emmy in 2010 as part of the cast in The Today Show.