the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The tax has then become an issue of the antiglobalization movement and a matter of discussion not only behind academic institutions but even in the streets and in parliaments around the world, such as the UK and France.
Tobin tax projects in the world
Since one country acting alone would find it very difficult to introduce this tax, many argue it would be best done by an international institution.
It has been proposed that having the United Nations manage a Tobin tax would solve this problem and would give the U.N. a large source of funding independent from donations by participating states.
However, there have been initiatives of national dimension about the tax.
The Tobin tax idea was the subject of much discussion in Europe in the summer of 2001.
On June 15, 2004, the Commission of Finance and Budget in the Belgian Federal Parliament approved a bill implementing the Spahn tax (a version of the Tobin tax proposed by Paul-Bernd Spahn).
According to the legislation, Belgium will introduce the Tobin tax once all countries of the eurozone introduce a similar law.
ATTAC
Disarming the markets, editorial by Ignacio Ramonet, Le Monde Diplomatique 1997
Tobin Tax Initiative
War on Want
coverage of the issue in HedgeWorld
The Guardian editorializes against the Tobin tax
Currency Transaction Taxes - analysis from Global Policy Forum
English version of James Tobin interview on Der Spiegel on Jubilee 2000 web site
ATTAC France's view on Tobin's interview (English version)
Website offering coverage of Tobin tax initiatives, as well as supportive and critical papers
JEEA article by Prof. Hau
in law:
Sentence (law), for example the death penalty
Sanctions (law), a punishment for violating rules of procedure, or for abusing the judicial process.
in sports:
getting a Penalty (American football) gets a punishment for your team's rule infraction
getting a Penalty kick (football)/(soccer) gets a "reward" for the other team's rule infraction, or refers to the tiebreak procedure where there has been no rule infraction, and there is neither a punishment nor a reward.
See also Penalty area.
in Contract Bridge and other card games a penalty can be both an "intra-game" scoring bonus which is not associated with any rule infraction, or an "extra-game" punishment for a rule infraction such as a "revoke".
Penalty (ice hockey).
See also Penalty box.
Penalty (rugby)
Penalty (Brazilian sports manufacturer)
in other sports or games, penalties may be referred to as fouls or faults
in finance and banking:
a payment forfeited for an early withdrawal from an account or an investment
Tax penalty, a fee required for missing a deadline or some other violation.
The Penalty, a film.
Visoko  is historic town in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
It has 17000 residents.
Visoko lies on river Bosna and Fojnica.
Visoko was capital town of medieval Bosnia in early years of country.
From this time, most important objects are old town Visoki on Visočica hill, trade center Podvisoki, Mile - place where the kings were crowned and Moštre where was Bosnian church university.
In 1463 Ottomans counqered Bosnia.
Ajas-beg is founder of modern Visoko.
He built mosques, trade shops and other objects.
News from Visoko
VISOKOIN - Nezavisni News Magazin
City of Visoko
Turistic presentation of Visoko
Neolithic findings in Okolište, Visoko
Short history of Visoko
Visoko in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition
Tragovima bosanskog kraljevstva  - Tourist route for medieval Bosnia (English)
Trail of the Bosnian Kingdom  - Cultural Tourism in Visoko
Speculation has a special meaning when talking about money.
The person who speculates is called a speculator.
A speculator does not buy goods to own them, but to sell them later.
The reason is that he wants to make a profit from the change in price.
One tries to buy the goods when they are cheap and to sell them when they are expensive.
There is a good chance to profit as long as the market price of a good changes often in different directions.
Speculation includes the buying, holding, selling, and short-selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument.
It is the opposite of buying because one wants to use them for daily life or to get income from them (as dividends or interest).
Speculation is one of the biggest market roles in western financial markets.
The others are hedging, long term investing and arbitrage.
Speculators do not plan to keep an asset for a long time.
A quarterback (QB) is a position in American and Canadian football.
Quarterbacks are members of the offense, or attacking team.
They line up directly behind the center, in the middle of the offensive team's line.
A quarterback is usually the leader, and starts most plays.
In addition, the quarterback gives commands to the other players before the start of a play.
A quarterback will in most attacking plays throw the ball to a member of their team, ready to run to the end of the pitch.
Quarterbacks may also run the ball themselves, as well as hand the ball to a runningback.
These players are usually the faces of their respective teams.
Some very notable players at this position in history are Tom Brady, Jim Kelly, and Peyton Manning.
Special tactics
If quarterbacks don't like the formation the defense is using, they may use an audible.
An audible is a way for the quarterback to change the play at the line of scrimmage (where players line up to start a play).
He changes what the play will be by shouting out things that his teammates will understand.
An audible may be called if the quarterback sees how the defensive players are lined up and does not think that the play that has been called would be good against how the defense is lined up.
An arrest is when a person's liberty is removed by taking them into detention (custody).
This is usually done after an investigation of a crime or in stopping a crime from taking place.
The term comes from Anglo-Norman.
It is related to the French word arrêt, which means "stop".
Police and some other organisations are allowed to arrest people.
In some places, normal people can arrest others (a "citizen's arrest").
For example, in England and Wales, a citizen's arrest can be made on someone who has committed a serious crime, though there are rules as to when and how this can be done.
The word "arrest" comes from Anglo-Norman.
It is taken from the French word arrêt.
Arrêt means 'to stop or stay'.
There are many slang terms for being arrested in different countries.
In British slang, the term "nicked" is often used to mean "arrested", and "nick" can also mean a police station.
In the United States and France, "collared" is sometimes used.
The term "lifted" is also used.
The way arrest is done
When there is a good reason to think someone has committed a serious crime, the police usually handcuff an arrested person.
The person will be taken to a police station or jail.
There, they can be bailed or have their charge read out to them and asked how they plead.
This is called an arraignment.
Indian law says that arrests do not need to be formal.
The arrest can be made by a normal citizen, a police officer or a Magistrate.
The police officer needs to tell the person who is being arrested what they did wrong and that they can be let go on bail if the crime allows people to be bailed.
A Miranda warning is only needed when a person has already been arrested is being questioned.
This warning tells the person who has been arrested that they can be silent, can have a counsel with them, and warns them that whatever they say can be used against them.
Police also must tell the person who has been arrested about their Miranda Rights.
In the United Kingdom a person must be told that they are under arrest.
They must also be told, in simple language that they can understand, the reasons for their arrest.
A person must be 'cautioned' when they are arrested unless this can not be done, for example if the person being arrested is being violent or is drunk.
The caution given in England and Wales is: You do not have to say anything, but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court.
Anything you do say may be given in evidence.
Being stopped, questioned or arrested by the police (Directgov, England and Wales)
Jos Oehlen, sculptor
Albert Oehlen, painting artist
Markus Oehlen, German artist
Mischa Oehlen, movie director
Jos Oehlen (born March 12, 1953 in Tegelen) is a Dutch sculptor.
Jos Oehlen studied at the Academy of Tilburg and the "Rijksakademie voor Beeldende Kunsten te Amsterdam."
Most of his sculptures are done in bronze but he has also created some sculptures in granite and marble.
His most recent large sculpture is "The Pelican" in Uny, Hungary.
Article on Receiving and Giving Hands  (in Dutch)
Images of Sculptures
The Pelican
Ontvangende En Gevende Handen  (Receiving and Giving Hands)
Oehlen, Jos
James Tobin (March 5, 1918 – March 11, 2002) was an American economist.
Outside academia, Tobin became widely known for his suggestion of a tax on foreign exchange transactions, now known as the "Tobin tax".
This was designed to reduce speculation on currency markets, which he saw as unproductive.
He also suggested that the money gained from the tax could be used to fund projects for the benefit of Third World countries, or to support the United Nations.
Tobin's academic work included pioneering contributions to the study of investment, monetary and fiscal policy and financial markets.
He promoted and developed the ideas of Keynesian economics.
He believed that governments should intervene in the economy in order to stabilise output and avoid recessions.
James Tobin at the Nobel Foundation e-Museum
James Tobin at the Cowles Foundation site
James Tobin  at the HET site
Short biography at nobel-winners.com
American economists
The Bretton Woods system was the first system used to control the value of money between different countries.
It meant that each country had to have a monetary policy that kept the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value—plus or minus one percent—in terms of gold.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created to fight against temporary imbalances of payments.
The Bretton Woods system was the first monetary order that organized monetary relations among independent nation-states.
Plans to rebuild the international economic system after the end of World War II started before the war ended.
730 delegates from all 44 Allies of World War II came to Bretton Woods, New Hampshire for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference.
The delegates discussed and then signed the Bretton Woods Agreements during the first three weeks of July 1944.
The planners at Bretton Woods set up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system.
They started the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (now one of five institutions in the World Bank Group) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
These organizations became active in 1946 after enough countries had ratified the agreement.
Until the early 1970s, the Bretton Woods system worked.
It controlled conflict and achieved the common goals of the leading states that had created it, especially the United States.
But in 1971, In the face of increasing strain, the United States decided not to allow the conversion of dollars to gold and the system collapsed.
The Gold Battles Within the Cold War (PDF)  by Francis J. Gavin (2002)
International Financial Stability (PDF)  by Michael Dooley, PhD, David Folkerts-Landau and Peter Garber, Deutsche Bank (October 2005)
"Bretton Woods System", prepared for the Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy by Dr.B.Cohen
Bretton Woods Agreement  by Addison Wiggin Author of Empire of Debt
Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software is a German company that develops and publishes video games.
It is in Heusenstamm, Germany.
It was founded in 1993 by Adi Boiko and Wilhelm Hamrozi.
Boiko is now president of the company and Hamrozi is chief executive officer (CEO).
The company is known for the Anno series (also by Max Design), Knights of Honor (by Black Sea Studios) and ParaWorld (by SEK).
Anno 1503: The New World
Anno 1503: Treasures, Monsters and Pirates
Anno 1602: By Royal Command
Anno 1602: Creation of a New World
Anno 1602: New Islands, New Adventures
Anno 1701
Knights of Honor
TechnoMage: The Return of Eternity
Official Sunflowers website
Video game companies of Europe
In general, conversion is the transformation of one thing into another.
Articles on particular kinds of conversion are:
Conversion (construction)
Conversion (law)
Criminal conversion
Conversion (linguistics)
Conversion (marketing)
Conversion syndrome (psychology)
Conversion (options) (an option-trading strategy)
Currency conversion (aka Exchange rate)
Miniature conversion (miniature figures)
Secondary conversion
Deathbed conversion
Two-point conversion (American football)
Conversion (Rugby football)
Units conversion by factor-label
CHS conversion (computing)
Code conversion (computing/telecommunications)
Conversion (chemistry)
Conversion (logic)
Electric vehicle conversion
Energy conversion
Type conversion (computing)
Conversion rate (websites and Search engine optimization)
“Anti-globalization” is considered by many to be a social movement, while others consider it to be several separate social movements.
In either case, participants are united in opposition to the political power of large corporations, as exercised in trade agreements and elsewhere, which they say destroys the environment, human rights, labor rights for worker, national sovereignty, the third world, and more.
Most people who are called "anti-globalization"  prefer instead to describe themselves as the Global Justice Movement, the Movement of Movements (a popular term in Italy), the "alter-globalization" movement (popular in France), and a number of other terms.
The Scorecard on Development: 25 Years of Diminished Progress (CEPR)
About Globalization
Center for Economic and Policy Research
Wobblies
Economic Globalization and the Environment
Smygo  News & views for anarchists & activists
Corporatewatch
History of the G8 - UK government site
YaleGlobal Online - An online publication of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization
New World Disorder  - Feature website on the movement from RTÉ, the Irish national broadcaster.
"The ABCs of the Global Economy" from Dollars & Sense Magazine
Simon Peyton Jones (1958-) born in South Africa and is a British computer scientist.
He does research on (lazy) functional programming languages, such as Haskell.
He works at Microsoft Research in Cambridge, England.
He is married to Dorothy, a priest in the Church of England.
Simon Peyton Jones page, Microsoft Research website
British computer scientists
The Zambezi River is the fourth largest river in Africa.
It is also the largest river that enters the Indian Ocean.
It starts in Zambia, flows successively through Angola, Zambia again, borders Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, through Mozambique where it enters the ocean.
Much more water flows during the rainy season, October through March.
The Victoria Falls, the most beautiful sight on the river, is listed as one of  the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The Kariba Dam on the Zambezi is a major source of hydroelectricity
Geography of Angola
Geography of Botswana
Geography of Namibia
Geography of Zimbabwe
In logic, the truth value of a logical statement says how much it is true.
Usually, the truth value can only be "true" or "false".
For example, "The car is red" is true when the car is red, and false when it is not.
The "true" truth value is often written as , T or 1, and the "false" truth value as , F or 0.
The truth value of a complex statement can be found using a chart called truth table.
In multi-valued logics, the truth value can be other values as well.
For example, one could use a value between 0 and 1 to say how much it is true.
Zero would mean that it is completely false, and one would mean that it is completely true.
When the car is orange (and we define orange as half red, half yellow), the truth value could be 0.5 because the statement is half true and half false.
it is also used in critical thinking.
Fuzzy logic, a multi-valued logic
A charitable organization is an organization that supports a cause by fundraising or through donations and charity.
The organisations arrange for all the distribution of any money to each cause.
There are many well-known charities all over the world.
Two of the most well-known charities are UNICEF and the Red Cross.
Non-profit organization
Southwest  is the direction halfway between south and west.
It is the opposite of northeast.
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (; ; February 1, 1931 – April 23, 2007) was the first President of Russia and the country's first elected leader.
He served from 1991 to 1999.
Yeltsin was born in a small village near the Ural Mountains on February 1, 1931.
As a boy, he lost two fingers from his left hand after he and his friends played with grenades they had stolen from an army store.
Yeltsin worked as a builder, then joined the Communist Party in 1961.
He was the leader of the city of Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) during the 1970s.
One of the things he did was demolish the building where Nicholas II and his family were shot.
In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev made Yeltsin the leader of the city of Moscow.
Yeltsin became one of the more liberal members of Gorbachev's government, and he often complained that Gorbachev's reforms were not doing enough.
Eventually, in 1987, he had an argument with Gorbachev and ended up being kicked out.
Yeltsin then became determined to get revenge.
After Russia's elections in 1989, Yeltsin became leader of the Russian Parliament.
It was his idea to create the office of President of Russia in the first place.
Yeltsin became the first elected leader of Russia in 1991.
He won 57% of the vote.
Two months later, Yeltsin became a hero across Russia when he helped stop an attack on the government in Moscow.
Later that year, the Soviet Union collapsed as Russia and all 14 other divisions made themselves independent.
Yeltsin won support from the United States and Europe when he promised to bring capitalism and democracy to Russia, but the 1990s were difficult times for Russia and Yeltsin was an unpopular leader while President.
In 1993, the Russian Parliament tried to remove Yeltsin from power after he tried to hold early elections.
The problem got so bad that Yeltsin ended up using tanks to attack the Russian Parliament building.
After he stopped Parliament, Yeltsin ruled as a dictator for a few months until a new constitution was approved by voters.
Throughout the rest of his time as President, Russia would be affected by many money problems, including inflation and corruption.
Yeltsin decided to sell off many things the government had owned, such as oil and natural gas, and many government businesses, but these ended up falling into the hands of a small powerful group of billionaires, who became known as the oligarchs.
In 1998, Russia suffered a large financial crisis.
Yeltsin also started a war to stop the Chechnya part of Russia from breaking away.
Despite these problems, Yeltsin was re-elected in 1996.
His biggest opponent was a Communist, Gennady Zyuganov.
Many Russians felt that if Zyuganov was elected, it would cause a civil war.
But by the time he resigned on New Year's Eve in 1999, Yeltsin was so unpopular, that his approval rating was believed to be just 2%.
Yeltsin's Prime Minister Vladimir Putin took over as President.
This was only temporary, but Putin was then properly elected a few months later when an election was held to decide who should replace Yeltsin.
Yeltsin struggled with alcoholism while President.
This often resulted in some strange behaviour when he visited other countries.
During a visit to Berlin, he grabbed a stick and tried to conduct a military band.
During a visit to Washington, he was found drunk outside the White House by members of the Secret Service.
He also suffered from heart attacks.
Yeltsin died of congestive heart failure on April 23, 2007 in Moscow, Russia, aged 76.
His funeral was held on April 25, 2007.
CNN Cold War — Profile: Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin
Yeltsin and Post-Soviet Problems from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Death of a Bear – Hammernews
The Good Czar The Strange Nobility of Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin's finger amputation
Photos of Yeltsin's grave at Findagrave
The treasurer of a government manages the Annual Budget of a state or country.
The budget is used to give money to government departments and to pay for the debts or promises the government makes.
This post is called Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom.
There is a treasurer of the United States, but the United States Secretary of the Treasury actually controls the department.
SAS may refer to:
S.A.S., Special Air Service in the UK military
Yorkshire is a historic county in Northern England.
It covers a large area of the Pennines and its east coast borders the North Sea.
The River Humber separates Yorkshire from Lincolnshire and the River Ouse flows into it.
The main towns and cities in Yorkshire are Leeds, York, Sheffield, Bradford, Middlesbrough, and Hull.
It is the largest county in the United Kingdom.
It covers just under  with a population of around 5 million.
Yorkshire was historically split up into three parts known as the East, North, and West Ridings while the county town York was in the middle.
In the local government reorganization of England in 1974 the counties of West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire were established instead.
Humberside included the former East Riding and Cleveland included part of the former North Riding.
It has a wide range of landscapes: the green hills and valleys of the Yorkshire dales, the rugged heather of the Yorkshire moors, the coast which includes the resorts of Whitby or Bridlington.
It also has several large cities including York (county town), Leeds, Sheffield (the greenest city in Europe and built on seven hills), Hull, Bradford, Doncaster, Harrogate and Wakefield.
A pixel (short for picture element) is a single point in a picture.
On the monitor of a computer, a pixel is usually a square.
Every pixel has a color and all the pixels together are the picture.
The color of a pixel can be stored by using a combination of red, green and blue (RGB) but other combinations are also possible, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK).
The word "pixel"
The word "pixel" was first used in a paper by Frederic C. Billingsley in 1965.
He did not create the word himself.
He got it from Keith E. McFarland but Keith does not know where he got it from.
Keith said that the word was in use in those days.
The word "pixel" uses "pix" as a shorter word (an abbreviation) for "picture".
The word pix was first used in 1932 in Variety, a magazine.
It was an abbreviation for "pictures" or movies.
By 1938 the word "pix" was also used for pictures that did not move (still pictures).
The word "picture element" is even older.
For example, the German word Bildpunkt (which means "picture point") was used in a 1888 patent of Paul Gottlieb Nipkow.
Olomouc is the sixth largest city in the Czech Republic.
In the past, Olomouc was a capital city of Moravia.
The city has about 102,000 residents.
Its larger urban zone has a population of about 480,000 people.
There are many churches and historical buildings.
There is beautiful Holy Trinity Column in the centre.
UNESCO has this column on the list of World Heritage Sites.
There is a nice astronomical clock.
Its university is the oldest in Moravia and second oldest in the Czech Republic.
The university was founded in 1573 as part of effort to reestablish Roman Catholicism in the country.
Roughly nine out of ten people of the Czech Crown lands were Protestants at the time.
An astronomical clock is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information.
It shows the relative positions of the sun, moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets.
Some examples are large public clocks, but others are instruments for use inside buildings.
Astronomical watches are made by several manufacturers.
They are also extremely accurate.
The clocks made in the Middle Ages used the geocentric method, showing the Earth at the centre.
The Sun rotates round the Earth:  this accords with daily experience and with the world view of pre-Copernican Europe.
The idea of an astronomical clock is ancient.
Although not a clock in the traditional sense, the 2nd century BC Antikythera mechanism of ancient Greece was used to calculate the positions of the sun, moon, and stars at any given point by use of complex mechanical gears.
European astronomical clocks are probably descended from the technology of the Antikythera mechanism.
As Cicero later wrote in the 1st century BC, Archimedes and Posidonius's orrery achieved virtually the same thing.
Theobroma is a genus.
There are about 20 species in it.
They are small trees, native to the forests of Central and South America.
The name translates to food of the gods.
Some of these trees have edible seeds.
Best known are perhaps the Cacao tree, the source of cocoa and chocolate.
Other well-known trees are Cupuaçu, and Mocambo.
Theobroma species are used as food plants by the larvae of some moths of the genus Endoclita including E. chalybeatus, E. damor, E. hosei and E. sericeus.
The larva of another moth, Hypercompe muzina, feeds exclusively on Theobroma cacao.
Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), also spelled Cupuassu and Copoasu, is a tropical rainforest tree related to Cacao.
Common throughout the Amazon basin, it is widely cultivated in the north of Brazil.
The largest production occurs in  Pará, followed by Amazonas, Rondônia and Acre.
Cupuaçu trees usually are between  5 and 15 meters (16 to 50 feet) tall.
Some trees can reach 20 meters (65 feet).
They have brown bark.
Their leaves are 25–35 cm (10–14 in) long and 6–10 cm (2–4 in) across.
These leaves have 9 or 10 pairs of veins.
As they mature, their leaves change colour from pink-tinted to green.
Eventually they begin bearing fruit.
Cupuaçu fruits are oblong, brown, and fuzzy, 20 cm (8 in) long, 1–2 kg (2–4 lb) in weight, and covered with a thick (4–7 mm), hard exocarp.
The white pulp of the cupuaçu is uniquely fragrant.
It contains theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) instead of the xanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) found in cacao.
Cupuaçu can replace cocoa in many day-to-day foods, especially for children, such as chocolate milk.
It is frequently used in desserts, juices and sweets.
Cupuaçu seeds can be made into cupulate, which looks and tastes just like chocolate but is cheaper and more resistant to heat.
Asahi Foods, a Japanese company, once tried to patent the production and use of Cupuaçu seed fat, but they failed.
Theobroma grandiflorum
http://www.rain-tree.com/cupuasu.htm : More detailed information
Linear search or sequential search is a method to find an item in a list.
It is a search algorithm.
Start out with a list, L which may have the item that we want to look for.
If the list L is empty, then the list has nothing.
The list does not have the item that we are looking for, so we stop here.
If the list L is not empty, we look at all the elements in the list.
For each element:
If the element equals the item that we are looking for, the list has the item in question, so we will stop here and return the position in the list that has the element that we are looking for.
If not, we will go on to the next element.
When we reached the end of the list and still have not found the element that we are looking for, then the list does not have the item that we want.
In the Java programming language, linear search looks like this.
This method has two parameters: an array of integers and the item we are looking for (also an integer).
It says the location in the array if it finds the item.
If it does not find it, it says -1.
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
if (list[i] == item) {
Searching and sorting algorithms
Rosé wine is a kind of wine.
It is made from red grapes by letting the juice have only very short skin contact.
All colour and tannins come from the skin of the grape.
This number is called the index.
Arrays in C
int k = 3 + array[3];  // k is now 3 + 33 = 36
Arrays in Java
In music a Tierce de Picardie (meaning Picardy third) is a major chord at the end of a piece of music in a  minor key.
In the 16th to 17th centuries this was a very common way to end a piece in a minor key.
This is because music in the minor sounds melancholy or disturbed in comparison to the major because the third note of the scale is flattened (lowered by a semitone).
In the harmonic series this minor third is the 7th harmonic which sounds dissonant against the fundamental (first note of the scale).
This means that ending in the major gives a sense of relief after the tension of the minor.
In a piece in A minor, for example, where the third note of the scale is C natural, in a Tierce de Picardie the final chord will include a C sharp, changing the chord from A minor to A major.
Beethoven’s "Fifth Symphony" is in C minor but the last movement is in the major.
This is not a Tierce de Picardie in this case, as the term applies only when just the last chord alters.
The term was introduced in 1767 by Rousseau in his "Dictionnaire de musique" (Dictionary of Music).
“Tierce” means “third”, but no one knows why he called it “Picardie” (Picardy is an area in the north of France).
Bach used it fairly often in his music.
The first movement of the "Concerto for Two Violins and Orchestra" is a good example.
In his "Fantasia and Fugue in G minor BWV542" the fugue ends with a Tierce de Picardie and, in some editions, the Fantasie as well.
It is possible that Bach would have finished the Fantasie with a major chord only if he was playing it on its own (without the fugue), but we cannot be sure of this.
Another good example of the Tierce de Picardie is the end of Cantata No.
82 "Ich Habe Genug", which is extremely effective.
Another famous piece that ends in a Tierce de Picardie is Greensleeves.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a famous French-speaking philosopher.
He was born in Geneva, Switzerland and always described himself as being Genevan.
Rousseau lived in the 18th century during the Age of Enlightenment.
His political ideology influenced the French Revolution and aided the development of nationalism and socialist theories.
Rousseau was also a composer, writing numerous books about music theory.
Rousseau authored Confessions, an autobiography, one of the first of its kind.
Many later philosophers were influenced by him.
He wrote a novel Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse, which was a best-seller and influenced 19th century writers of romanticism.
Rousseau believed that men were born good and innocent, and that corruption and sadness happened because of life experiences and experiences in society.
He believed that if society were gone, man would be happy and pure once again.
Rousseau is most famous for his social contract ideology, which is often compared to the social contract of John Locke.
This ideology is stated in Rousseau's book, The Social Contract.
1712 births
Swiss composers
People from Geneva
Theodoric the Great (454–August 30, 526), known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the Ostrogoths (488–526), ruler of Italy (493–526), and regent of the Visigoths (511–526).
He united several German tribes and encouraged Arianism.
Theodoric the Great at MiddleAges.net
454 births
526 deaths
Pumpkin Studios was a company that made computer and video games.
It was founded in 1996.
It was in Bath, England.
They made one game: Warzone 2100.
It was a real-time strategy game for PC and PlayStation.
It used a few new ideas such as machines that use radio waves to find other objects (radar technology) and machines that shoot objects (artillery).
The game also used movies to tell the story to the player.
These movies are called full motion videos.
Pumpkin Studios, MobyGames
Pumpkin Studios website (no longer used)
Warzone 2100 website
Video game companies of the United Kingdom
1996 establishments in England
2000 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century disestablishments in England
Lublin - city in eastern Poland.
It's in the Lublin Voivodeship.
It has an area of 147.5 km2.
About 354,000 people live in Lublin.
Characteristic for Lublin are: high schools (incl.
Catholic University of Lublin, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin University of Technology, Medical University of Lublin), Majdanek State Museum] and trolleybuses.
Real-time strategy (RTS) is a genre of computer and video games.
In real-time strategy games, every player has an army to attack the other player(s).
Every player has a military base and people or vehicles (these are called units).
The player also has money to create new units or to build new buildings.
These buildings can allow the player to do things, such as creating units or to use new technology.
In real-time strategy games, everything the player does, happens right away: there's no time between doing something (like telling a unit to move) and seeing it happen.
This is different in turn-based strategy where the players take turns to do things.
God game vs. Simulation
Most RTSs are God game, that is, the player does not control a single member or unit while playing, but controls all aspects of the game: direct the units, their tactics, improvements and attacks, and direct the planning and Construction of the base, its improvements and the quantity of resources and production.
A great example is Starcraft.
While in simulation, the player controls a member of the faction, being a collector, soldier, spy, producer, diplomat or leader of the faction itself.
Example is the Ark: Survival Evolved in its "Hunger Games" mode.
Examples of real-time strategy games
Age of Empires series
Command & Conquer series
Supremacy 1914
Raw materials are materials that have not been processed.
They are in the form in which they are found in nature without any thing done to them.
Raw materials are made into other things.
A plant or tree
Grains such as wheat and rice
Vegetables such as carrots and onions
Meat such as beef and chicken
Wood from a tree
Honey from a bee's nest
Minerals or metal from a mine
Crude oil
Bread and pasta
Toothpaste and soap
Furniture such as chairs and tables
Machines such as cars
Clothing and shoes
Oil that goes in cars
Pasta is a food made from starch and water.
It is usually cooked in hot water before being eaten.
Pasta has been very popular in Italy and has also been eaten in many parts of Asia for a long time.
It is also the national dish of Italy, invented in 1986
Pasta is often noodles.
It is usually eaten in sauce, fried or in soup.
Pasta is usually made from either wheat flour or rice flour, but it can be made with other types of flour.
Pasta sometimes has eggs in it.
Pasta comes in many different shapes and sizes.
Long pasta is named noodles.
it has different names for each width.
the name also changes if the edge is wavy.
Short pasta comes in many shapes, each with a different name.
they are named after what they look like.
one common example is "bow-ties".
In addition to Italy, Pasta is also a popular dish in Greece.
In Greek cuisine  there is a pasta dish called pastitsio which is similar to lasagna.
Types of Pasta
Linguini
Tagliatelle
www.archimedes-lab.org :: Pasta shapes – history and a pasta shapes list
www.food-info.net :: Pasta shapes – a well-illustrated list
www.lifeinitaly.com :: History of Pasta  – includes pictures of how pasta is made.
Information about Italian Pasta
Flour is grains that have been dried and ground into powder.
It is usually made of wheat, but can also be made from many other grains, nuts and other substances.
Flour is used to make many foods.
Flour is an important part of bread, pasta, cookies, cakes, tortillas.
Flour is made in a flour mill where the grain is put between two stones or steel wheels which are rubbed together to make the grains into powder.
The main kinds of flour used in cooking are all-purpose flour, self-raising flour and cake flour.
Self-raising flour contains a leavening agent.
This makes the food rise (expand) during baking.
It produces lighter and softer baked foods by creating small bubbles.
Flour that does not have a leavening agent is called all-purpose flour, or plain flour.
Flour can also be made at home.
Some people like to make flour at home because when flour comes from the factory, the outer shells of the grains have usually been removed.
The outer shells have fiber which is needed for metabolism.
Flour has many nutrients.
You can even make flour out of things such as pumpkins, pumpkin seeds, brown and white rice, wheat, etc.
It was discovered around 6000 BC that wheat seeds could be crushed between simple millstones to make flour.
The Romans were the first to grind seeds on cone mills.
Most mills were driven by wind (windmills) or water.
Later, they were driven by steam.
In the 1930s, some flour began to be enriched with iron, niacin, thiamine and riboflavin.
In the 1940s, mills started to enrich flour and folic acid was added to the list in the 1990s.
The Boston Tea Party was a protest by American colonists (These people were known as patriots) against King George III's rule in America.
It happened on December 16, 1773.
The Boston Tea Party was an act of protest against the British for the Tea Act, one of several new attempts to tax colonists.
The Americans had no one to speak for them in the British government.
They were frustrated that they were being taxed by the government but had no part in how the government was run.
They did not think it was right to pay taxes when they did not have a representative in the government ("No taxation without representation!").
Also, merchants selling their goods would lose their profit because of the taxes.
The Americans began purchasing smuggled goods, which were much cheaper.
To show how angry they were, the Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, dressed up as Native Americans and went onto ships in the Boston Harbor.
They took boxes of tea and dumped them into the water.
The British government was enraged about this.
Parliament made even stricter laws for the colonies, later called the Intolerable Acts.
One of the Acts closed Boston Harbor until the colonists paid for all the tea they dumped.
Another took away the right of Boston to govern itself,
David Kinnison [1764[?]-1852] who served briefly in the American Revolution  also claimed to have been a member of the Boston Tea Party....although he would have been only 9 years old at the time!
Boston Tea Party -history.com
The Boston Tea Party Historical Society
1770s in Massachusetts
History of Boston, Massachusetts
A cookie is a sweet dessert made from flour.
Cookies are made in an oven.
They are also called biscuits in many English-speaking countries.
In the United States and Canada, many varieties of biscuit are called cookies as well.
Most cookies are flat and round like a disc.
Cookies often have flavors added to them, like spices, chocolate, butter, peanut butter, nuts or dried fruits.
Most cookies are very sweet.
Today, many people think of cookies with warmth and love.
Cookies may be used like chocolate and candy as a reward when children do good deeds.
Even though it is close to cakes and other sweetened breads, cookies usually do not use water for cohesion.
Water in cakes makes the base (in the case of cakes called "batter") as thin as possible, which allows the bubbles to form better.
Cookies do not have bubbles, so they do not need this.
In cookies, some form of oil or fat is used for cohesion.
Oils, like butter, egg yolks, vegetable oils or lard are much more viscous than water and evaporate freely at a much higher temperature than water.
So a cake made with butter or eggs instead of water is more dense when cooked.
Cookies where made in Ancient Greece around 1200 BC.
Hard wafers have been made for as long as baking existed.
They were very popular because they last a long time and are not fragile, but they were normally not sweet enough to be called cookies today.
Cookies were made at first in 7th century AD Persia, just after the use of sugar became common there.
They spread to Europe through the Muslim conquest of Spain.
By the 14th century, they were common in all parts of Europe, and could be found anywhere from royal cuisine to street vendors.
People started to travel around the world at that time, and cookies made a good travel snack; a sweeter version of the travel cakes used throughout history.
One of the most popular early cookies, which traveled very well and became known on every continent, was the jumble, a hard cookie made mostly from nuts, sweetener, and water.
Vanilla cookie
Chocolate cookie, often called Chocolate chip cookie
Nut cookie, especially peanuts and walnuts
Ginger cookie
Fig cookie
Chocolate chips are small pieces of chocolate.
They are used to make desserts, usually in baking.
Chocolate chips are most common in cookies.
Chocolate chips are also used in some cakes and other desserts.
Chocolate chips were invented in 1937 when Ruth Graves Wakefield of the Toll House Inn added cut-up chunks of a semi-sweet Nestlé chocolate bar to a cookie recipe.
Lots of people liked the new cookies, and Wakefield made an agreement in 1939 with Nestlé to put her recipe on the chocolate bar's packaging.
In return, Nestlé gave Wakefield a lifetime supply of chocolate.
At first, Nestlé put a small chopping tool in the chocolate bar package.
In 1941 Nestlé and one or more other chocolate bar companies started selling the chocolate in chip (or "morsel") form.
The Nestlé brand Toll House cookies is named after Toll House Inn.
Encephalopathy means problem of the brain.
Most of the time, it is used by medical doctors, to speak about changed brains and thus changed thinking or changed behavior.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Sri Guru Nanak Ji (15 April 1469 – 22 September 1539) was the creator of Sikhism, and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus.
His father's name is "Mehta kalu" and mother's name is "Mata tripta" .The last Guru said that there would be no more Gurus after him and Sikhs would be taught by the Sikh holy book, which is called Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
The word "Guru" means "teacher" in many Indian languages.
His two son's are "Sri Chand" and "Lakshmi Das".
Beside followers of Sikhism, Guru Nanak is considered holy by Punjabi Hindus and Sahajdhari Sindhis across the Indian subcontinent.
Because of his close connection with Hazrat Sheikh Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar, the Punjabi Sufi saint, Nanak Dev is also considered by many Muslims to be a Sufi, or adherent of Sufic tenets.
Guru Nanak was born in Nankana Sahib, in Punjab.
This is now part of Pakistan.
When Guru Nanak was a child he refused the upanayana (holy thread) to initiate him into the Hindu religion.
Later in his life he married Mata Sulakhani with whom he had two sons.
They were called Sri Chand and Lakshmi Das.
According to the Sikh religion, one day he was bathing in the river and god took him up to heaven.
His family members were very worried as they had thought he died.
After three days he returned with the message of god.
He gave up his job to spread the message on how to be a good person.
All Pictures of Shri Guru Nanak Dev ji shown here are not true/original.
These are just imaginations (Kalpana) of different painters/artists.
So plz don't show such pictures (like the first one in which Guru ji is shown wearing a Mukt/Taaz, which is completely against Guru Ji's life long teachings, characteristics and way of life he lived and gave the same ideologies (sandesh) to whole humanity.
So please respect.
Eternal Glory of Sri Guru Nanak Ji
Sikh-History.com
Max Arthur MacAuliff, The Sikh Religion, Vol 1, (The Life of Guru Nanak Ji), Oxford University Press, 1909.
Satguru Nanak Ji (for Children) - eBook
Sufis, Philosophers, and Nanak
A short video documentary summarizing the life of Satguru Nanak Ji
1539 deaths
The Etruscan civilization lasted from about 900 BC to 27 BC and was a culture in ancient Italy.
The Romans called the people Etrusci or Tusci.
The Ancient Greeks called them Tyrrhenoi or Tyrrsenoi.
The Etruscans called themselves Rasenna.
The Etruscan civilization began in pre-history.
They lived in an area which included modern Tuscany, but was larger.
At their height, they had three confederacies (like modern states): Etruria, Latinum and the Po Valley, and Campania.
The Etruscans ruled Rome until 396 BC.
Not much is known about the Etruscan language.
Not much of its writing survives.
Most what survives is from engravings on tombstones.
The Etruscans used an alphabet similar to those in Phoenicia and Greece.
The language is related to the Tyrrhenian language family and is not clearly related to other languages.
Some Etruscan letters were used by the Romans in the Latin alphabet, which many languages use.
Some Romans, such as Cicero, were fluent readers of Etruscan, but few of their writings survive.
The lack of texts makes knowledge of their society and culture depend on much later Roman sources.
Politics was based on the small city and probably the family unit.
In their heyday, the Etruscan elite became rich by trade with the Celtic world to the north and the Greeks to the south, and filled their large family tombs with imported luxuries.
Ancient Greece had a huge influence on their art and architecture, and Greek mythology was evidently very familiar to them.
Etruscan does not survive in any great literary works, unlike Greek and Latin.
An Etruscan religious literature existed, and evidence suggests that there was a body of historical literature and drama as well.
For example, the name of a playwright, Volnius, is known.
He wrote the "Tuscan tragedies".
Although there is no evidence of notation, it is possible that Etruscan music had a written form.
The Etruscans mined metals like copper and iron.
They became rich and powerful and travelled around the Mediterranean Sea.
The Etruscans began to lose power in the 5th century BC.
The Romans began conquering parts of Etruscan land.
By the beginning of the 1st century BC, the Etruscans had been entirely defeated.
Etruscan art included wall paintings, metalwork and sculpture in terracotta.
Sculpture in cast bronze was famous and widely exported, but few large examples have survived because bronze was valuable and so was often recycled.
Etruscan religion
Etruscan religion was a set of stories, beliefs, and religious practices.
These came from the preceding Iron Age Villanovan culture.
They were heavily influenced by the mythology of ancient Greece and Phoenicia.
They had similarities to Roman mythology and religion.
As the Etruscan civilization was assimilated into the Roman Republic in the 4th century BC, the Etruscan religion and mythology were partially absorbed.
There was a Roman tendency to absorb local gods and customs of conquered lands.
The Sea of Japan is a sea in the western Pacific Ocean.
It is bordered by Korea to the west, Russia to the north and Japan to the east and south.
The Sea of Japan is a sea in the north-western edge of the Pacific Ocean.
It is separated from the ocean by the Japanese Archipelago, including Sakhalin, Hokkaidō and Honshū.
It is surrounded by these islands and the Eurasian Continent.
It covers 978,000 square km.
The average depth is 1,667 meters.
The depth of the deepest point is 3,742 meters.
Five (or Six) narrow channels of water link the Sea of Japan and other seas: the Strait of Tartary and La Pérouse Strait with the Sea of Okhotsk; the Tsugaru Strait with the Pacific Ocean; the Kanmon Straits with the Seto Inland Sea; the Busan and Tsushima Strait with the East China Sea.
The Sea of Japan has a shallow area in its center, called the Yamato Bank.
Water here is less than 1,000 meters deep.
It has three major sea basins: the Yamato Basin in the southeast, the Japan Basin in the north, and the Tsushima Basin in the southwest.
These three surround the Yamato Bank counterclockwise.
The structure of the Sea of Japan can be divided into two layers: the surface water layer is about 300 meters deep, and the deep sea layer is below this.
Currents in the surface layer move in the counterclockwise direction.
One of them is the Tsushima Current, which is a warm current from the Korean Straits to the north-east direction along the shore of the Japanese Archipelago and mainly considered to be the branch of the Kuroshio Current.