the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Tammy was only the second Atlantic storm to be named with the letter 'T', after Tanya in 1995.
This was also the first time Tammy had been used to name any tropical cyclone worldwide.
Because Tammy caused minor damages in general, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Season.
NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Tammy
NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Tammy
Hydrometeorological Prediction Center's archive on Tropical Storm Tammy
2000s in Georgia (U.S. state)
Abu Najm Ahmad ibn Qaus Manuchehri Damghani (c. 982 – 1040) () or Manucheri was a Persian poet.
He was from Damghan in Iran.
His poems are collected in a Diwan.
982 births
Piranshahr () is a city in northwest of Iran.
The people of Piranshahr are mostly Kurds who consider themselves to be descendants of the Medes, one of the three Aryan tribes who migrated to Iran.
Piranshahr is the capital of Mokrian district.
Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), also named Mawlānā, which means Our Master, is one of the Islamic world's greatest poets.
He is usually known in the English-speaking world simply as Rumi.
He is a Sufi mystic, philosopher and lover of humanity.
His followers began a school of mysticism to encourage and celebrate his teachings—the Sufi branch known to many Westerners as the 'Whirling Dervishes', but whose proper name is the Mevlevi order.
Background and early life
Jalâluddîn Rumi was born in 1207 in Balkh Persia in what is today Afghanistan.
His father Bahauddin was a famous religious teacher and mystic who received a position at the university in Balkh.
When Mongols invaded Persia, Rumi left Persia for Konya, which was then under the Persian empire.
By the time he made it to Konya his mother had died, and he was married with one child, a son.
'Mevlâna' (Our Master) had had his early spiritual education under the tutelage of his father Bahauddin and later under his father’s close friend Sayyid Burhaneddin of Balkh.
Mevlâna grew both in knowledge and consciousness of God over the years.
Eventually Sayyid Burhaneddin told Mevlâna that he was now ready and a mature Sufi and scholar and that the 'next stage' of his spiritual development would soon occur.
And so Sayyid predicted the coming of Shams of Tabriz, the central event and love of Rumi’s life.
At the age of thirty-seven Mevlâna met the spiritual vagabond and holy-man, Shams.
It was his meeting with this dervish on 15 November, 1244  that completely changed his life.
Much has already been written about their relationship.
Prior to this encounter Rumi had been an eminent professor of religion and a highly attained mystic; after this he became an inspired poet and a great lover of humanity.
Shams’ companionship with Rumi was brief.
Despite the fact that each was a perfect mirror for the other, Shams disappeared, not once but twice.
The first time, Rumi’s son Sultan Veled searched for him and found him in Damascus.
The second disappearance, however, proved to be final, and it is believed that he may have been murdered by certain orthodox Muslim theologians, and other people of Konya who resented his influence over Mevlâna.
Later life and work
The effect on Rumi was immediate: abandoning his familial and scholarly responsibilities he gave all his time to learning as much as possible from Shams.
However, the mystic came and went without explanation, and vanished permanently in 1248.
From then on, Rumi devoted himself to poetry, and primarily to the topic of love.
His verses, inspired by Shams—more than 30,000 in all—were collected in a work that he called Diwan-i Shams-i-Tabriz ('The Divan of Shams of Tabriz').
Stylistically, Rumi favoured the well established, ghazal, a traditional Persian meter of up to twelve rhyming lines; and to a lesser extent, the Rubai quartrain form.
Rumi seems to have been permanently engaged in a search of divine inspiration and love.
He saw and found his 'Muse' in various human and natural aspects of existence.
After the Divan he completed his great masterpiece or magnum opus, the Mathnavi-i Ma'navi  ('The Mathnavi/Treatise Devoted to the Intrinsic Meaning of All Things'), which was dictated in its entirety to his student Hissam-ud-din Chelebi over the course of many years.
Although there had been a substantial Islamic mystical tradition prior to Rumi, it is fair to comment that his poetry transformed both thinking and ritual in this regard.
For example, the famous centripetal dance of the dervishes - the sema ritual - is said to have its inspiration in Rumi's own movements around a pole in his garden as he mourned for his companion Shams.
In time, these actions were adapted into Sufic practise by Rumi and then handed down to his favoured disciples who institutionalized them into the activities of the Mevlevi Order that they founded in their Master's honour.
Rumi died on December 17, 1273 AD and his Urs (Spiritual anniversary/festival) is held every year on 8th December at his Turbe (shrine) in Konya.
Rumi's books
The Divan i Shams Tabriz , the poems dedicated to Shams;
The Mathnavi i Ma'navi Persian poems and allegorical stories;
Fihi ma Fihi his main teaching texts and anecdotes;
The Makatib ,his collected letters;
The Majales hatgane,a semi-biographical volume also about his teachings.
Rumi today
In recent times, Mevlana Rumi remains as fresh and vital as ever.
The love poetry of Rumi has found great favour in the West as well as amongst the newer generation of Muslim youth throughout the Muslim world.
For Turks, Afghanistanis, Iranians, Tajiks, and other Central Asian Muslims as well as the Muslims of South Asia, Rumi's importance is considered to transcend religious, national and ethnic borders.
With his works being translated into many languages everywhere, other cultures and people in the world are now also approaching and understanding Rumi more deeply and at times, even trying to follow his teachings and 'Way'.
15. *
See Maulana Jalaluddin Muhammad Rumi (1207-1273) in  "Great Poets of Classical Persian" by R M Chopra, 2014, Sparrow Publication.
1273 deaths
Afghan people
Abu-Shakur Balkhi (born 915 in Balkh) (Persian: بوشکور بلخی) or Boshakor Balkhi was a Persian poet.
He lived in the Samanid era in central Asian Persia and wrote the Afarin Nama in 944.
He died in Balkh, now in modern Afghanistan.
Abu Mo’in Hamid al-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw Qubadiani Marvzi (1004-1088), also known as Nāsir Khusraw Qubādiyānī Balkhi or Nasir Khusraw Balkhi was a Persian poet.
He was born in a village near Balkh in modern Afghanistan.
He knew about science, medicine, mathematics, astronomy and astrology.
He had studied Arabic, Turkish, Greek, Hindi, Sindhi,Hebrew and Persian.
He wrote the Safarnama.
In Safarnama, Naser Khosrow described his journey to Mecca, Cairo and Jerusalem and many other cities.
His poems are collected in a diwan.
He died in Yamagan, a village in Afghanistan.
1004 births
1088 deaths
Hakīm Awhad ad-Din Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani Anvari Abivardi  (1126-1189) () or Anvari is a Persian poet.
He was born in Abivard (a village between Iran and Turkmenistan) and died in Balkh (now in Afghanistan).
He studied science and literature in Tun, a city in Iran.
He studied science, astronomy, medicine and literature.
Anvari knew Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Hindi, and even Hebrew.
Anwari's poems are collected in a Diwan.
He was known as the king of poets in Seljuk empire royal house.
1126 births
is a 2003 album by Canadian band Metric.
There are six videos that came out for this album between 2003/04, they are (directors in brackets):
"Calculation Theme" (Ramon Bloomberg)
"IOU" (Steven Hanft & Michael Lustig)
"Succexy" (Ashley Cahill)
"Combat Baby" (Michael Schiller)
"Dead Disco" (Chris Grismer)
"The List" (Chris Grismer & Emily Haines)
"IOU" – 4:22
"Hustle Rose" – 5:33
"Succexy" – 3:05
"Combat Baby" – 3:29
"Calculation Theme" – 3:31
"Wet Blanket" – 4:07
"On a Slow Night" – 4:36
"The List" – 2:52
"Dead Disco" – 3:25
"Love Is A Place" – 2:09
Emily Haines - piano, singer
James Shaw - guitar, singer
Josh Winstead - guitar
Joules Scott-Key - drums
Michael Andrews - producer
Edson Miller - engineer, mixing
Joe Gastwirt - mastering
Josh Hassin - album cover design
Official samples
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (, October 16, 1919 – July 27, 1980) was the last Shah of Iran.
He was the Shah of Iran from the 1941 abdication of his father, until the Iranian Revolution in 1979.
After the 1979 revolution, the government of Iran changed into an Islamic republic.
Deaths from chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Shahs of Iran
Mehdi Bazargan (; 1 September, 1907 in Bazargan – 20 January, 1995) or Mahdi Bazargan was an Iranian scholar.
He protested against the Shah regime in Iran.
He was jailed many times for political reasons.
Bazargan was Iran's first prime minister after the Iranian Revolution in 1979.
He was against the United States Embassy hostage taking.
He was also against the continuation of Iran-Iraq war.
He resigned on November 4, 1981.
Bazargan died of a heart attack on January 20, 1995 when he was travelling from Tehran to Zürich, Switzerland.
Prime Ministers of Iran
Gazelles are a kind of antelope.
They are in the genera Gazella, Eudorcas and Nanger.
Gazelles are mostly found in the grasslands and savannas of Africa, but they are also found in southwest Asia.
Gazelles are known as fast animals.
They can reach high speeds for long periods of time.
They usually live in herds.
They eat plants and leaves.
They show a special way of running slowly and jumping high when they are chased by lions or cheetahs.
Gazelle comes from the Arabic ghazăl ().
Genus Gazella
Mountain gazelle, Gazella gazella
Speke's gazelle, Gazella spekei
Dorcas gazelle, Gazella dorcas
Saudi gazelle, Gazella saudiya†
Chinkara, Gazella bennettii
Cuvier's gazelle, Gazella cuvieri
Rhim gazelle, Gazella leptoceros
Goitered gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa
Arabian gazelle, Gazella arabica†
Genus Eudorcas
Thomson's gazelle, Eudorcas thomsoni
Red-fronted gazelle, Eudorcas rufifrons
Red gazelle, Gazella rufina†
Genus Nanger
Dama gazelle, Nanger dama
Grant's gazelle, Nanger granti
Soemmerring's gazelle, Nanger soemmerringii
American Idiot is the 7th album by the American punk rock band Green Day.
The following songs are on the album:
"American Idiot" – 2:54
"Jesus of Suburbia" – 9:08
"Holiday" – 3:52
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" – 4:20
"Are We the Waiting" – 2:42
"St. Jimmy" – 2:55
"Give Me Novacaine" – 3:25
"She's a Rebel" – 2:00
"Extraordinary Girl" – 3:33
"Letterbomb" – 4:06
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" – 4:45
"Homecoming" – 9:18
"Whatsername" – 4:12
2004 albums
Green Day albums
1st Division (military), a military or naval division
First Division (sport), a division of a sporting league, typically the highest
Belgian First Division
Football League Championship, formerly called Football League First Division
Russian First Division
Scottish Football League First Division, a professional football competition in Scotland
en:1st Division
ru:1-я дивизия
Kabyle is a Berber language (Kabyle:  , taqbaylit, pronounced ) spoken by the Kabyle people.
There are 3,123,000 speakers worldwide, the majority in Algeria, where there are more 2,000,000 speakers.
Kabyle was (with some exceptions) rarely written before the 20th century; however, in recent years a small but increasing body of literature has been printed.
The originally oral poetry of Si Mohand and Ait Menguellet are particularly notable in this respect.
Slackware is a GNU/Linux distribution which is famous for being stable, fast and suitable for older computers.
Slackware is the oldest Linux distribution that is still supported.
The newest version is Slackware 15.0.
http://www.slackware.com - The official website.
Tropical Storm Bert was a weak storm that only lasted from June 28 to June 29.
Bret hit the eastern coast of Mexico on June 29 before dying inland.
Bret was also the second storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Tropical Storm Bert formed close to land over the Bay of Campeche on June 28 before making landfall on Mexico a few hours later on June 29.
Bert killed a total of two people.
Tropical Depression Two formed from a tropical wave over the Bay of Campeche on June 28, and quickly strengthened and became a tropical storm.
Bret then began to move steadily closer to land during the next few hours before making landfall near Tuxpan, Veracruz in eastern Mexico early on June 29 with 40 mph (65 km/h) winds.
Most of the damage came from floods and landslides caused by the heavy rain.
Several towns were flooded very badly, including Naranjos and Chinampa (south of Tampico).
This was mainly because of the overflowing of the Río Tancochin.
A total of about 3,000 homes were damaged.
Two people were reported dead because of Bret.
Two people inside a car were killed when the car was swept away by the floodwaters in Naranjos.
NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Bret
NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Bret
2005 in Mexico
Harvey was the eighth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
The storm caused no damages.
Harvey formed from a tropical wave to the southwest of Bermuda on August 2 and passed close to Bermuda on August 4, bringing heavy rain to the island.
The storm then began to move east and away from Bermuda, which the storm then reached its strongest strength with 65 mph (100 km/h) before becoming an extratropical cyclone on August 8.
The system stayed in the northern Atlantic Ocean for a few more days before it died out later.
A tropical wave moved west from the African coast on July 22 and went across the Atlantic Ocean without becoming stronger.
When the wave came across the Leeward Islands on July 28, the National Hurricane Center began to watch the system closely for any possible strengthening, which did not happen at that time.
By August 2, conditions had become more favorable and Tropical Depression Eight formed about 350 miles (595 km) southwest of Bermuda.
The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Harvey the next day.
But a lot of wind shear gave Harvey some subtropical characteristics and also made the official forecasts to underestimate the future strength of the storm.
Harvey passed 45 miles (75 km) south of Bermuda early on August 4, with winds of 60 mph (90 km/h), before removing its subtropical characteristics to become a "fully tropical" storm.
As it moved northeast away from the island, the storm strengthened more to its strongest with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h).
Without any notice, more wind shear did not cause Harvey to weaken somewhat, although the storm's path did become confusing.
Harvey became a strong extratropical storm during the night on August 8.
The storm lived for a few more days before dissipating northwest of the Azores on August 14.
As Tropical Storm Harvey came closer to Bermuda, a tropical storm warning was given out late on August 2.
Because it was considered possible for the storm to continue gaining strength, a hurricane watch was given out the next day.
As the storm began move away from Bermuda on August 4, the hurricane watch and the tropical storm warning were cancelled.
Harvey brought heavy rain to Bermuda, with just over 5 inches (130 mm) reported at Bermuda International Airport.
The rain caused some flooding of the roads.
Also, there was a report of 45 mph (75 km/h) winds over Bermuda.
The storm did not cause any bad damage or kill any people on the island.
When Tropical Storm Harvey formed on August 3, it was the earliest time ever in a season that the eighth tropical storm formed.
It beat the previous record held by a storm in.
This was the fourth time that the name Harvey had been used to name a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic.
It was also the sixth time worldwide.
However, because Harvey did not cause any bad damage, the name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be used again during the 2011 season.
NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Harvey
NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Harvey
2005 in Bermuda
Flash Gordon is a science fiction adventure story that began as a comic strip in 1934.
Since then, the Flash Gordon story has been made into movies, TV shows and a radio show.
In the story, Flash Gordon and Dale Arden blast off into space in a rocket invented by the strange Dr. Hans Zarkov.
They travel to the planet Mongo, where the evil Emperor Ming plans to take over the Earth.
Flash, Dale and Zarkov have to make friends with the other people on Mongo, to battle Ming and stop his plans.
A new Flash Gordon TV show premieres on the Sci Fi Channel in August 2007.
2 (Two; ) is a number, numeral, and glyph.
It is the number after 1 (one) and the number before 3 (three).
In Roman numerals, it is II.
Two has many meanings in math.
An integer is even if half of it equals an integer.
If the last digit of a number is even, then the number is even.
This means that if you multiply 2 times anything, it will end in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
Two is the smallest, first, and only even prime number.
The next prime number is three.
Two and three are the only prime numbers next to each other.
The even numbers above two are not prime because they are divisible by 2.
Two is the framework of the binary system used in computers.
The binary way is the simplest system of numbers in which natural numbers (0-9) can be written.
Two also has the unique property that 2+2 = 2·2 = 22 and 2!
+ 2 = 22.
Regina is the capital and second largest city of Saskatchewan, Canada.
It is in the eastern prairie region of Western Canada.
It is nicknamed "The Queen City" because it was named after Queen Victoria, i.e. Victoria Regina, in 1882, by her daughter Princess Louise, who was the wife of the then-Governor General the Marquess of Lorne.
Regina was also previously the seat of government for the North-West Territories, which were once formed part of today's Saskatchewan and Alberta provinces, and also of the District of Assiniboia.
Regina is expected to enter a new period of strong economic growth due to Saskatchewan's agricultural and mineral resources coming into new demand.
The Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League are the only professional sports team in Regina.
They play their home games in Regina at Mosaic Stadium.
Regina also has the Regina Pats of the Western Hockey League and the University of Regina's Regina Cougars/Regina Rams of the CIS.
Regina.ca - Official Regina website
a level of social status
achievement of an objective or goal
the opposite of failure
achievement of freedom
Success, Western Australia, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia in Australia
Success, Arkansas, United States
Success, Missouri, United States
Success, New Hampshire, United States
A parachute uses drag to slow something moving in air.
It is often an umbrella shaped device on which people or things can float slowly and safely down to the ground from a great height, such as an aircraft.
The word parachute comes from the French words parer meaning to protect and chute meaning fall carefully down making sure you are safe.
Drogue parachutes are used to aid horizontal deceleration of a vehicle (a fixed-wing aircraft, or a drag racer), or to provide stability (tandem free-fall, or space shuttle after touchdown).
Parachutes are used in a sport called skydiving.
Paratroopers are soldiers who attack by jumping from an airplane.
The word "parachute" comes from "para", meaning "against" or "counter" in Ancient Greek, and "chute", the French word for "fall".
In many other languages, the word refers to "falling-screen", such as German Fallschirm.
Some modern parachutes are classified as semi-rigid wings, which are maneuverable and can make a controlled descent to break on impact with the ground.
The inventor Leonardo Da Vinci sketched a parachute in his Codex Atlanticus (fol.
381v), in about 1485.
Leonardo's canopy was held open by a square wooden frame.
The feasibility of Leonardo's pyramidal design was successfully tested in 2000 by the Briton Adrian Nicholas and again in 2008 by another skydiver.
According to the historian of technology Lynn White, these conical and pyramidal designs, much more elaborate than early artistic jumps with rigid parasols in Asia, mark "the origin of the parachute as we know it".
The parachute package is called rig.
It consists of backpack, harness and canopy.
The backpack is the container in which the parachute is stored, and which opens up when the parachute is deployed.
The harness is the strapping on which the backpack is attached to the jumper.
Modern harnesses have leg straps, vertical (upwards) straps and chest strap which can be tightened snug.
The fabric part of the parachute is called canopy.
It is attached to the harness by lines, which themselves attach to four straps called risers.
The canopy may be round, bell-like, resembling like a jellyfish, or the canopy may be a mattress-like, resembling a wing profile.
Most army parachutes are bell parachutes, while most recreational, rescue and professional parachutes are wing parachutes.
Usually the backpack contains not just one but two parachutes: main parachute, which is opened normally, and reserve parachute, which is opened in an emergency situation, such as when the main does not open or is tangled.
The use of reserve parachute have saved thousands of jumpers who would otherwise have died.
Old-fashioned bell parachutes were opened by pulling a rip cord.
Modern parachutes do not have rip cords anymore, but the skydiver simply throws a small auxiliary (helper) parachute called pilot chute into air.
This small auxiliary chute then pulls the main parachute canopy out of its pod in the backpack and it inflates (fills with air) automatically.
A parachute is carefully folded, or "packed" to ensure that it will open reliably.
If a parachute is not packed properly it may result in death since the main parachute might fail to deploy (open and develop) correctly or fully.
In the U.S. and many developed countries, emergency and reserve parachutes are packed by "riggers" who must be trained and certified according to legal standards.
Sport skydivers are always trained to pack their own primary "main" parachutes.
Many skydivers never let anyone else to pack their parachutes because they know the rig is correctly packed when they have done it themselves.
Parachutes can malfunction in several ways.
Malfunctions can range from minor problems that can be corrected in-flight and still be landed, to catastrophic malfunctions that require the main parachute to be cut away using a modern 3-ring release system, and the reserve be deployed.
Most skydivers also equip themselves with small barometric computers (known as an AAD or automatic activation device like Cypres, FXC or Vigil) that will automatically activate the reserve parachute if the skydiver has not deployed a parachute to reduce his rate of descent by a preset altitude.
Parachute Accidents
1911 August 14.
Atlantic City New Jersey.
Charles Bennet age 20 of Newark, a parachute jumper, substained mortal injuries when he crashed through the skylight of the Marlborough-Blenheim dining room.
A capital is a city that is home to a government.
A capitol is a building where the legislature meets.
For the capital of the United States, see Washington, D.C.
The United States Capitol is the building where the United States Congress meets.
It is the center of the  legislative branch of the U.S. federal government.
It is in Washington, D.C., on top of Capitol Hill at the east end of the National Mall.
The capitol has a large dome in the center, above a rotunda—a large space that is shaped like a circle.
There are two wings that are connected to the rotunda on opposite sides.
The north wing is where the Senate meets and the south wing is where the House of Representatives meets.
These wings are also called chambers.
On the top floors of the chambers are galleries'', or balconies where people can watch the Senate and House of Representatives from above.
The first capital city of the United States was New York City.
At this time, Congress met in City Hall (Federal Hall) from 1785 to 1790.
When the capital was moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1790 to 1800, the Philadelphia County Building (Congress Hall) became the capitol.
In 1800, the capital moved again to Washington, D.C., and a new capitol building was built.
The capitol was designed by William Thornton.
Construction started in 1793, but it was not completely finished until almost twenty years later.
The Senate started to meet in the capitol in 1800, when the Senate wing was finished.
The House started to meet in the capitol in 1807, even though the House wing was not finished until 1811.
At that time, it was not as big as it is now.
The dome in the center of the building was smaller and made of wood.
In 1814, the capitol was set on fire by the British Army during the War of 1812.
In the 1850s and 1860s, the capitol was fully repaired, and the wooden dome was replaced with a larger iron dome.
The walls of the Senate wing were painted with many murals  about events in American History.
Inside the rotunda, a large fresco was also painted on the ceiling during the repair.
On January 6, 2021, supporters of US President Donald Trump stormed into the capitol.
This caused a lockdown in the building.
United States Capitol Historical Society
United States Capitol Visitor Center
Buildings on the National Mall
Historic district contributing properties
Front-wheel drive, or FWD, is a car setup, where the car's power is at the front wheels.
This makes the car safe in wet and snowy conditions, because it has better traction, or grip, to the road.
But, FWD can cause uneven weight, which may cause brakes to fail if used for large periods of time.
Rear-wheel drive, or RWD, is when a car uses its rear wheels to move.
This is good for dry roads, and for acceleration, or how fast you move forward, as the weight is pushed backwards on the back wheels.
But, RWD cars can spin out, also called oversteer or fishtail.
This can cause crashes if the driver is new and not familiar with RWD cars.
The word wireless is used to refer to any type of electrical or electronic operation which is done without a "hard wired" connection.
Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of wires.
The distances involved may be short (when using a television remote control) or very long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications).
One of the most popular wireless technology is the mobile phone, with more than 6.8 billion subscriptions worldwide as of 2013.
The term wireless technology is generally used for mobile information technology (IT) equipment.
Examples include mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), Global Positioning System (GPS) units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice and keyboards, satellite television and cordless telephones.
The world's first wireless telephone conversation happened in 1880, when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented photophone, a telephone that made conversations wirelessly using light beams.
In 1946, a driver in Saint Louis, Mo. placed the first cell phone call in history.
The cell phone was invented by Bell Labs and future AT&T CEO, H.I Romnes.
de:Funkverkehr
A centrifuge is a device with a motor in it, which is used to spin an object with high speed.
This high speed spinning forces the object outwards.
This force is used for several purposes:
a uranium centrifuge is used to separate two isotopes of uranium (named U-235 and U-238) from each other;
in medical laboratories, serum is separated from the blood samples using a centrifuge;
in chemical laboratories, centrifuges are used to subtract solid parts of an emulsion from its liquid parts.
large centrifuges are used by NASA to expose astronauts to high forces for their training.
Shah () is a Persian word which means the king or ruler of a country.
This word is used in different countries in the world, including Iran, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Presently the term "Shah" is used as a surname commonly by many people in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan who  are Hindu, Moslem and Jain.
Many Indian names which have Shah in them; the most famous of them is Shah Jahan, who as the Emperor of India ordered the creation of Taj Mahal.
One possible etymology of the chess term checkmate is the Persian shah mat, meaning "the king cannot escape"
Approval voting is a voting system used for elections.
In approval voting, each person can vote for any number of candidates they like.
The votes for each of the candidates are counted, and summed up.
The candidate or candidates with most votes are chosen as the winners of the election.
Supporters argue it to be better than plurality voting because voters can vote for the lessor of evils advertised by the media but also for their favorite candidates.
If their goal is just to vote against a candidate, they can do so more forcefully by approving all other candidates.
Ballots can easily be hand counted if voters do not trust computers, which might be needed for Instant Runoff Voting.
Vote spoiling is not an issue with approval voting, so many candidates may run for office.
Opponents argue that voters still have some of the problems of plurality voting, which is that they do not know if they will need to compromise their vote or not(tactical voting).
Giving approval to a compromise candidate could result in that compromise candidate winning, when their favorite would have won had they not given approval to the compromise candidate.
It is possible for 51% of voters (a majority) to view a candidate as their first choice but for that candidate to lose to a compromise candidate because many of those voters approved the compromise candidate as well.
Not knowing whether or not to compromise is a problem with all voting systems when at least three strong candidates run.
An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains agar and some nutrients (food for the microorganisms).
It is used to grow microorganisms.
For example, a blood sample of a patient may be put on agar plate, to let the bacteria that made the patient sick grow.
These bacteria can then be identified using a microscope to let the doctor choose the appropriate treatment of the patient.
When microorganisms grow on the agar plate, they form colonies.
Each colony has similar genetic characteristics.
There are many types of agar plates that are used, but the two main types are defined and undefined.
An undefined plate's nutrients aren't exactly known, but everything in a defined plate is accounted for.
Abū al-Mughīth Hossein ibn Manūr Al Hallāj (c. 858 - March 26, 922) () or Hallaj was a Persian poet and writer.
Hallaj was born in Shūshtar, Iran.
Hallaj memorized the Quran when he was young.
He taught Sufism in Baghdad.
Muslim scholars were against his teachings.
He was imprisoned in Baghdad for eleven years.
In the end, he was tortured and he was beheaded by Abbasid rulers.
858 births
922 deaths
"Again" (1949 song), recorded by many singers, with Doris Day, Vic Damone and Vera Lynn
"Again" (1993 album), by Alan Stivell
"Again" (Alice in Chains song), by Alice in Chains
"Again" (2002 song), by Archive
"Again" (2004 song), by Earshot
"Again" (2005 song), from the album The First Lady by Faith Evans
"Again" (2006 song), by Yui Sakakibara
"Again" (Lenny Kravitz song), the 2001 song by Lenny Kravitz
"Again" (Janet Jackson song), from the album janet.
by Janet Jackson
A conical measure is a conical, or in the shape of a cone.
It has a wide top so that liquids can be poured in more easily and marks on the side of it to help measure the amount of liquid more easily.
They can be made of plastic or glass.
A conical measure can be used in any pouring, measuring or mixing of liquids.
This means that it is useful in:
A conical measure manufactorer  - See for picture
Experiment using conical measures
Abu Al Qasim Hasan ibn Ahmad Unsuri Balkhi (d. 1039/1040) () or Unsuri was a Persian poet.
He was born in Balkh, in modern Afghanistan.
He became the poet of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi.
Mahmud Ghaznavi called him "King of Poets".
All of his poems are in Persian.
His poems are collected in a Divan.
Shariati's life
Shariati was born in 1933 in Mazinan, Iran.
He studied sociology in the University of Paris.
He returned to Iran in 1964.
When he returned to Iran, the Shah regime arrested and imprisoned him for political reasons.
He was released in 1965.
Shariati began teaching at the University of Mashhad.
He began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad institute in 1967.
The Shah regime arrested him again.
When he was freed in 1975, he was not allowed to teach or publish anything.
Shariati decided to leave the country for England.
Three weeks later he died in Southampton under suspicious circumstances.
He was buried in Damascus, Syria.
Shariati's most important books
Hajj (The Pilgrimage)
Where Shall We Begin?
Mission of a Free Thinker
The Free Man and Freedom of the Man
Extraction and Refinement of Cultural Resources
Martyrdom (book)
Arise and Bear Witness
An approach to Understanding Islam
A Visage of Prophet Muhammad
A Glance of Tomorrow's History
Reflections of Humanity
A Manifestation of Self-Reconstruction and Reformation
Selection and/or Election
Norouz, Declaration of Iranian's Livelihood, Eternity
Expectations from the Muslim Woman
Horr (Battle of Karbala)
Abu-Dahr
Hossein Heir of Adam
Islamology
Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism
Jihad and Shahadat
Reflections of a Concerned Muslim on the Plight of Oppressed People
A Message to the Enlightened Thinkers
Art Awaiting the Saviour
Fatemeh is Fatemeh
The Philosophy of Supplication
One, in front of it,Zeros to eternity
Father,mother,we are culprits
The Tale, My brother
The Three Idols
History of Civilization
Man and Islam - see chapter "Modern Man and His Prisons"
Religion versus Religion
Dr Ali Shariati
Dr Ali Shariati PDF Books
History of Iran & Persian
Iranian philosophers
() or Kasai is a Persian poet.
He was born in Marv.
He was a poet in the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi.
He converted to Shia Islam.
He has praised Ali ibn Abi Talib many times in his poems.
953 births
Abul Hasan Ali ibn Julugh Farrukhi Sistani (c. 980 - 1037 or 1038) () or Farrokhi is a Persian poet.
Farrokhi was the best poet in the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi.
1037 deaths
Amir Abdollah Muhammad Mu'izzi (1048-1125) was an 11th century and 12th century poet.
He was from Persia, and was the poet laureate of Sanjar.
He was from the village of Nisa.
He is considered one of the great masters of the Persian panegyric qasideh.
He lived in the courts of Malik Shah I and Sultan Sanjar.
His divan of 18,000 distichs remain.
Anvari says Mu'izzi copied the verses of other poets (this cannot be proven for certain).
Anvari himself is known to have copied Mu'izzi's verses.
Mu'izzi is said to have died by an arrow shot by the King's son in 1125 for unknown reasons.
Эй руйи ту рахшандатар аз киблаи Зардушт,
Бе руйи ту чун зулфи куж аст маро пушт.
Ишки ту маро кушту хавои ту маро сухт,
Чаври ту маро хасту чафои ту маро кушт.
Харчанд хама чавру чафои ту кашидам,
харгиз накунам мехру вафои ту фаромушт.
Бархезу биё то зи руху зулфи ту имшаб,
Пурлола кунам доману пурмушк кунам мушт
Hey your face is brighter than qibla of Zarostra
Without your face and ringlets crooked in my back
Your love killed me and your air burnt me
I have your oppression and your cruelty killed me
Whatever your oppression and cruelty I suffered from
Never I will forget your kindness and loyalty
Get up and come this night
I will make you full of tulips...
Granville, E. G. (1997) A Literary History of Persia
1968 .
The Influence of India and Persia on the Poetry of Germany
1125 deaths
Afzal ad- Din Badil Ibrahim ibn Ali Nadjar Khaqani Shirvani (1120-1190) () or Khaghani Shirvani was a Persian poet.
His most famous poem is The Arch of Madain().
He wrote the poem book Tohfat-ul Iraqein (in Persian: تحفه العراقين meaning A Gift from the Two Iraqs) in his journey to Mesopotamia.
The Shirvanshah ordered his officers to imprison him.
Khaghani was in prison for nearly five years.
In prison, he wrote the poems called Habsiyye (, meaning The Prison Book).
After he was freed, he moved to Tabriz.
Khaghani died in Tabriz.
1120 births
The Seasons (German: Die Jahreszeiten) is an oratorio by Joseph Haydn.
An oratorio is a long musical work with orchestra, choir and solo singers.
It usually tells a story from the Old Testament of the Bible.
The Seasons is different.
It is about the four seasons of the year.
It describes nature and people's relationship to nature during the year.
The Seasons was the last big work that Haydn composed.
He composed it in 1801.
By this time he was the most famous composer in Europe.
Mozart had died ten years earlier, and Beethoven was a young man who was just starting to become famous.
Haydn was nearly 80 years old and his health was not good.
Although he lived another eight years The Seasons was the last big work he wrote.
Soon after he had composed it he stopped composing altogether.
Haydn had only written one big oratorio before The Seasons.
This was an oratorio called The Creation.
It had been performed in 1798 and was very popular all over Europe.
The libretto (the words) had been written by Baron Gottfried van Swieten who was an Austrian nobleman who liked music.
He had helped Mozart in his career and now he was helping Haydn.
He wanted Haydn to write a second oratorio, so he wrote the libretto for The Seasons.
He used a long English poem with the same title by James Thomson (1700-1748).
He made it much shorter and changed it so that it was suitable to be set to music, and he translated it into German.
Haydn took two years to write the music.
It was first performed in Vienna on 24 April 1801.
The audience liked it, although not as much as The Creation.
One problem was that Haydn was not very happy about the libretto.
He thought that oratorios should be about serious, dramatic stories from the Bible or from classical mythology, not about everyday life.
Van Swieten was not very happy when Haydn criticized it, but he did not change it, and Haydn did his best to make the work interesting.
The oratorio is divided into four parts, one for each of the seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter.
Each part lasts at least half an hour and consists of the usual recitatives (which tell the story), arias (songs), choruses (for the choir) and ensemble numbers (for the soloists together and often the chorus as well).
There are three soloists (instead of the usual four).
They represent three simple country people.
There is a soprano called Hanne, a tenor called Lucas and a bass called Simon.
Hanne is supposed to be Simon's daughter.
There is no storyline in the normal sense: it is a series of poems and thoughts about nature during the year.
Part I: Spring
The opening of Spring describes winter going away and spring awakening.
There is a chorus which sounds very pastoral (like the countryside) with its 6/8 rhythm and drones (like country bagpipes).
Simon then sings about the farmer sowing his seed.
He is accompanied by a bassoon which sounds like a lively farmer tilling the earth.
There is a gentle hymn of praise with a fugue which sounds like one from Mozart's Requiem.
Hanne invites the girls and Simon invites the men to go to the fields and admire the earth, water and air.
A chorus praises God.
Part II: Summer
The music describes the countryside.
The farmer is called to work in the morning (the oboe wakes him up).
Again we thank God for nature.
By midday it has become very hot.
Later there are insects buzzing and we hear a shepherd playing on his pipe (the oboe).
Everything is very dry at first, then there is a storm.
The timpani make the sound of the thunder.
When the storm has finished everyone is happy.
We hear the birds singing, the frog croaking and the evening bell chimes eight times.
The day's work is done.
Part III: Autumn
The words at first are about hard work and the rewards for hard work (Haydn thought these were strange words to set to music).
Then there is a duet for a loving young couple (Lucas and Hanne).
This is the only time that the soloists feel like real characters in a story and talk to one another.
Autumn is the hunting season, so there is hunting music.
It sounds quite old-fashioned (like Baroque music).
The bassoon is the hound (the dog).
The hounds become hungry and the music gets faster and faster until, suddenly, the dogs and the music stop.
There is a gunshot (timpani) as the deer is shot.
Autumn finishes with a drinking chorus.
Part IV: Winter
At first, there is thick winter fog.
Then there is a short song (short because nothing grows in winter).
Then there is a story about a traveller who is lost in the snow and comes to a cottage where he finds shelter.
Hanne and the chorus sing a song about a spinning wheel.
Many other composers later wrote music which describes a spinning wheel turning.
There is another song which tells a story about a rich nobleman who tries to make love to a country girl but she escapes by riding off on his horse so he is left with no horse and no girl.
At times this music sounds quite like the music in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute.
Simon sings an aria which compares the seasons with the different stages of life (the seasons are used as a metaphor).
Finally the chorus sing about the dawn of life in heaven.
The oratorio and the seasons start all over again.
The soloists, who have been three country people, are now three angels.
There is a final hymn of praise.
Compositions by Joseph Haydn
Sohrab Sepehri (; October 7, 1928 - April 21, 1980) was an Iranian poet and painter.
His poems are in Persian.
His most famous poetry book is Hasht Ketab (Eight Books).
His poems have been translated to French, English, Arabic, Italian, Swedish, Hindi and Russian.
Sohrab Sepehri died in Tehran.
Mahmud Shabestari (1288-1340; ) is a Persian Sufi poet.
He was born in the city of Tabriz.
His most famous poem is called Gulshan-i Rāz (Persian:  meaning "A Secret Rose Garden").
Gulshan-i Rāz is an important Sufi text.
1288 births
1340 deaths
Nur ad-Din Abd ar-Rahman Jami (,  August 18, 1414–November 19, 1492), or Jami, was a Persian Sufi poet.
He was born in Jam, Persia.
He studied science, Arabic literature, natural sciences, Islamic philosophy and Indian literature in Herat University.
He went to Samarqand and completed his studies there.
Jami wrote eighty seven books, in Persian and Arabic.
Some of his books have been translated to English.
1492 deaths
Sheikh Muslih-ud-Din Mushrif-ibn-Abdullah Saadi Shirazi (1184-1291) () or Saadi was a Persian poet.
He was born in Shiraz, Iran.
He went to Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences in Nizamiyya University of Baghdad.
He travelled to Anatolia, Syria, Egypt and Iraq.
His most famous poetry book is the Bostan (, meaning The Orchard).
He also wrote the Golestan (, meaning The Rosery).
His poems are in Persian and Arabic.
1184 births
1291 deaths
Saint-Paul, Réunion is the second largest city in Réunion.
The largest is Saint-Denis.
In 2008, a train which connects Saint-Paul to Saint-Denis and the main international airport in Réunion will be completed.
Jalalolmamalek pesar-e Gholam-Hossein Mirza (October 1874 - 14 March 1926) () or Iraj Mirza () was an Iranian poet.
He was born in Tabriz, Iran.
His most famous poems are Satan (in Persian: Ebleess), Mother (in Persian: Maadar), Woman's picture (in Persian Tassvir-e-Zan), Story of the Hijab (in Persian Daastaan-e Chaador) and the story of Zohreh and Manouchehr (in Persian: Daastaan e Zohreh o Manouchehr).
He died in Tehran on 14 March 1926.
His tomb is in Shemiran, north of Tehran.
Federalism, a political philosophy
Federation, a union of states
Federalism is a political philosophy in which a group of people are bound together, with a governing head.
In a federation, the authority is divided between the head (for example the central government of a country) and the political units governed by it (for example the states or provinces of the country).
Several countries in the world have a federal government; examples are United States of America, Canada, Nigeria, Australia, India, Brazil, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria.
The European Union can be called a sort of federal government as well.
In the United States Constitution for example, the federal government and state governments both have power.
When states and the federal government do not agree on something, the Supreme Court can decide who is right.
A federation is a union of a number of self-governing states or regions, which are joined together under a central government.
The central government is not able to do a lot of things that central government in more centralized states can.
These things are done by the states (or regions) in a federalized state.
The United States of America is a federation.
The federal (central) government has the highest executive role.
However, state governments can exercise any powers as long as those powers are not assigned to the federal government (by the United States Constitution) and if those powers are not prohibited by the states themselves.
Other examples of federal states are Austria, Argentina, Belgium (since 1993), Canada, Germany, Russia and Switzerland.
A federal republic is a federation of states, with a republican form of central government.
It differs from a unitary state in that in a federal republic, the authorities of the state governments cannot be taken back by the central government.
A republic is a country belonging to the people, whereas a federation is a form of government where by regional divisions are not branches of the central government.
Thus, a federal republic has power divisions and regional governments fall under the power domain of the national government.
Many countries have a federal republic government; for example, the Republic of Austria, the Federal Republic of Brazil, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of India, the United Mexican States, the Swiss Confederation, the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and the United States of America.
As this list shows, some of these countries use "Federal Republic" in their name, and some do not.
Federal Republics usually have presidents.
There can be more than one type of Federal republic.
For example, the United States is a Constitutional Democratic Federal Republic.
Ethiopia also has a Federal Republic government
History of the American Federal republic
To square, to multiply a number by itself
Unit square
Square wave
Square inch
Square (building area)
Engineering and drafting
Carpentry square
Combination square
Machinist square
Speed square
Set square
T-square
Try square
A town square or market square is an open area commonly found in the heart of a traditional town.
Notable squares include:
Dundas Square
Harvard Square
Naghsh-i Jahan Square
Piłsudski Square, Warsaw
Triple Cross Square, Warsaw
Victoria Square, Montreal
Square Lake, Maine
The Square Shopping Centre (Tallaght, Ireland)
Infantry square, a military tactical formation
Pike square, a military tactical formation
Square Division
Square (band)
Sport and leisure
a modifier adjective, used when describing fielding positions in cricket
an adjective or noun, used when describing two positions parallel with one another relative to the goal in football
Square (slang), a cigarette
Square (slang), an unhip person
Square (cipher), a cryptographic block cipher
Square (album) by Buck 65
Square Enix, a video game company
Square Pictures
Square engine
Mandarin square, a Chinese insignia
Square rig, a sailing term
Reef knot, also known as a square knot
An astrological aspect of 90 degrees
"■", written character
In mathematics, a square of a number means the result of multiplying the number by itself.
For example, the square of 6 is 6×6 = 36.
Squaring a number can also be written as 62 = 36.
Squaring is the same as raising to the power of 2.
Many of the units of area are squares.
For example, a square meter means the area equal to the area of a rectangle which is one meter tall and one meter wide.
Pan is a moon of Saturn.
It is the closest moon to the planet, orbiting 133,600 km above Saturn's cloud tops.
It was discovered in 1990 by Mark Showalter.
He discovered Pan when he was analysing the photos taken by Voyager 2.
It orbits inside the Encke gap which it has made Saturn's A Ring.
Pan was named after the Greek god Pan on 16 September 1991.
It is also known as .
Its mass is in the range .
Tropical Storm Franklin was a strong tropical storm that stayed in the western Atlantic Ocean for much of its life.
Franklin was the sixth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and almost became a hurricane two times.
A tropical wave formed west from the African coast late on July 10.