the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Sun contributed to many important computing technologies, such as Unix, RISC processors, thin client computing, and virtualized computing.
Sun created the Java programming language, the Solaris operating system, the Network File System (NFS), and the SPARC instruction set.
Sun was founded on February 24, 1982.
Sun's headquarters were in Santa Clara, California.
In January 2010, it was bought by Oracle Corporation.
The water strider (also known as the pond skater) is a true bug, an insect of the family Gerridae.
It can run across the surface of water.
It lives on ponds and slow-running streams.
It rarely goes underwater.
The underside of the body is covered with water-repellent hair.
There are around 500 known species, commonly placed in around 60 genera.
Also called the Jesus bug (walks on water).
A bowler is a person who bowls or delivers a ball to the batsman in the game of cricket.
Unlike the pitcher in a game of baseball, a bowler delivers with a straight arm (see photo).
A ball bowled with the elbow bent is a throw, and that is illegal.
If the bowler bowls while not in the right part of the nonstriker's ground, or bowls the ball out of the reach of the striking batter, that is also illegal.
Illegal bowling gives the batting team 1 point, mostly can't get players out, and doesn't count toward the limit on the number of deliveries in the game.
A bowler who can also bat well, is called an all rounder.
There are different types of bowler, and a cricket team will usually have a mix of different types.
Fast bowler
A fast bowler uses simple speed to defeat a batsman.
They can send the ball to the batsman at a speed of 145 km/h. They take a long run up before bowling each ball to build speed.
Shoaib Akhtar of Pakistan was the first to bowl at a speed of 160 km/h. Another famous fast bowler is Australian Brett Lee.
Medium pace bowler
A medium pace bowler bowls more slowly.
They often use other tricks to defeat the batsman.
They can get the ball able to curve in the air or change the speed or length (where the ball hits the ground) to fool the batsman.
Some are very accurate so they can repeatedly send the ball to a place which forces the batsman to defend rather than scoring runs.
Others grip the ball so that it lands on its seam; this makes the path of the ball unpredictable.
Spin bowler
A spin bowler usually bowls quite slowly and puts a lot of spin on the ball which makes it bounce at an angle off the ground.
This makes the batsman play each ball carefully.
Generally spin bowlers give up the most runs but they all have "tricks" that they use to fool the batsman and get him or her out.
These tricks are given names such as the arm ball, googly, flipper, topspinner or doosra.
Spin bowling is very much about fooling the batsman rather than speed.
A fast off spin is the normal off spin action but with more pace.
Off spin is when the cricket ball spins towards a right-handed batsmen's bat (bowler's left to right).
With more pace, there usually is less turn (amount of spin).
Off-spin is also called an off-break or finger spin.
A famous spin bowler was the Australian Shane Warne, but his type was the leg break, which uses the wrist to spin the ball from the bowler's right to left.
This is varied with the top spin, when the ball comes on straight and low.
An object made up of three sticks (called stumps) stuck into the earth, with two small sticks (called bails) balanced on them.
They are like a target for the fielding team, and can be hit with the ball to try to get batsmen out.
A batter getting out, meaning they can't bat anymore.
A team that has "lost 5 wickets" has had 5 of its batters get out.
The cricket pitch itself.
There is one wicket in each of the two batsmen's grounds.
The fielding team can hit a wicket with the ball to run out a batsman, but only if there is no batsman in the ground of the wicket.
In addition, when delivering the ball to the batsman, the bowler can hit the wicket in the striker's ground with the ball to bowl the striker out.
The wicket is said to have been "put down" when any of its 5 sticks fall to the ground because it was hit by the ball or a player holding the ball.
The sticks can be put back in place and then hit back off to put the wicket down more than once.
Sides of the field
The field can be defined as having two halves: the "off side" and the "leg side"/"on side", with these being separated by an imaginary line connecting the middle stump of both wickets.
The off side of the field is the right side of a field for a right-handed batsman who is looking at the bowler, and the leg side is the left side. (
This is reversed for a left-handed batsman.)
Batsman getting out
When a language  is translated into another one, there is a problem: the meaning of a word or a phrase in the first language is not the same as that of the word or phrase in the second language.
The first language may also have words, phrases or grammatical structures that do not exist in the second language.
The translator can look at what the text means.
He or she can then try to find expressions in the target language that mean very similar things.
With this approach, the translation will sound more natural, and may be easier to read.
This approach towards translation is known as dynamic or functional equivalence.
It is possible to make a literal translation.
The approach towards this kind of translation is called formal equivalence.
A literal translation may mean that the text is translated word-for-word.
This will be harder to read, but it will be closer to what is written in the source text.
However, there may even be some expressions in the source language that are absent in the target language.
In that case, they are used in the translated text just the way they have been in the source text.
But only the letters used in the source language for those expressions are replaced with letters from the target language.
And it is done in such a way that the expressions used in the translation sound similar to those in the source text.
The Undertones are a punk rock/power pop band from Northern Ireland.
They formed in Derry in 1975.
Entertainers from Northern Ireland
3G, the short form for the third generation, is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunication technology.
It was replaced by 4G.
3G was launched on March 3rd 2003 and was replaced in 2009
Kin selection or kin altruism is a form of natural selection.
Some animals cooperate with relatives, even if this brings risk to themselves.
The classic example of this is seen in the family life of mammals, or in colonial insects such as ants.
Many mammals and birds raise alarms to warn others of danger.
Others cooperate in tasks, such as scrub jays help each other with to build nests.
In all these cases where animals cooperate, the question is whether there is any biological benefit to themselves.
It is now clear that there is benefit if the animals are closely related.
This is because related organisms have (to a degree) a shared genetic inheritance.
The first to write about the concept were by R.A. Fisher in 1930, and J.B.S. Haldane in 1955, but it was W.D. Hamilton who truly formalized the concept.
The actual term kin selection was probably coined by John Maynard Smith, when he wrote:
"These processes I will call kin selection and group selection respectively.
Kin selection has been discussed by Haldane and by Hamilton... By kin selection I mean the evolution of characteristics which favour the survival of close relatives of the affected individual.
By cooperating, relatives influence each other's fitness.
Under natural selection, a gene which improves the fitness of individuals will increase in frequency.
A gene which lowers the fitness of individuals will become rare.
However, behaviour which enhances the fitness of relatives but lowers that of the actor, may nonetheless increase in frequency.
Relatives do, by definition, carry many of the same genes.
This is the fundamental principle behind the theory of kin selection.
According to the theory, the enhanced fitness of relatives may more than compensate for the fitness loss of the helpers (individuals displaying the behaviour).
Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for helping behaviour will spread in a population.
is the reproductive cost to the helper,
is the reproductive benefit to the receiver, and
Anything which is not infected by bacteria (or viruses or parasites).
Unable to give rise to offspring (children) by birth or fertilisation.
Foraging is the act of hunting or gathering food.
For example, cattle forage grass to eat.
The idea of animals foraging is called forage theory, and was first proposed in 1966.
The Pacific Northwest, also referred to as Cascadia, is a region on the west coast of North America.
It refers to the northwestern corner of the United States and the southwestern part of Canada.
The U.S. states of Washington, Idaho, western Montana, Oregon and northern California are in the southern part of the Pacific Northwest.
The Canadian province of British Columbia and the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Alaska is in the northern part.
The entire region is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west.
Historically, the Pacific Northwest had been inhabited by Native Americans.
Starting from about 15,000 years ago, Native Americans settled along the coastline and along the major rivers.
From the 1500s to the 1700s, Europeans explored the region, beginning with the discovery of Oregon and Washington.
In the early 1800s, the famous Lewis and Clark expedition arrived in Washington State.
From the 19th century to present day, the region began to become settled.
Today, the largest cities in the Northwest include Vancouver, Seattle and Portland.
The rugged mountains of the Northwest consist of the Coast Range, which is nearer the coast, and the Cascade Range.
In northern Washington, the Cascade Range is called the North Cascades.
In British Columbia, it is called the Canadian Cascades.
The many rivers of the Northwest result from its wet climate - the mountains trap wet Pacific air, leaving little rain for inland states like Idaho.
The rivers once supported large salmon runs, but large power dams have been built on many rivers.
The main language of the Pacific Northwest is English in the United States and Canada,  among the Native Americans Chinook Jargon is common.
Among the many Asian immigrants, Chinese is being used more in the Northwest.
The Pacific Northwest basically extends from southeastern Alaska to Northern California.
Along this entire length, is a large mountain range, the Cascade Range, that forms the geographic spine of the Pacific Northwest.
The highest mountain in the Northwest is Mount Rainier.
Rainier is  high.
Other notable mountains include Mount Shasta, at , and Mount Baker, at .
East of the Cascades, there is the Columbia Plateau, a high area of land that stretches east to the Rocky Mountains in Idaho and Montana.
In the west, the Coast Range borders the coast more closely.
The Olympic Mountains are on the Olympic Peninsula, an extension of Washington State.
Puget Sound is a large system of bays and straits in northwestern Washington and southeastern British Columbia.
The main rivers of the Pacific Northwest are the Fraser River, the Columbia River, and the Snake River.
The Fraser River is mainly in British Columbia; it flows west to the Pacific Ocean near Vancouver.
The Fraser drains most of the southern Canadian Cascades.
The Columbia River begins in the Canadian Cascades and flows south, then turns west where it meets the Snake River.
From there, it flows on to the ocean near Portland.
The Snake River is mainly in inland Idaho.
After a journey west from the Rocky Mountains, it meets the Columbia at Kennewick, Washington.
Other rivers in the Northwest include the Finlay, the Skagit, the Umpqua, the Rogue, and the Klamath.
The Finlay drains the northern Canadian Cascades and flows on to join the Mackenzie River, which flows through Canada to Hudson Bay.
The Skagit also begins in the Canadian Cascades, and crosses into Washington; it turns west and flows into the sea north of Everett, Washington.
The Umpqua River begins in the Southern Oregon Cascades, and flows west to the Pacific Ocean near Reedsport, Oregon.
The Rogue parallels the Umpqua and dumps into the sea at Gold Beach, Oregon.
The Klamath flows south from a valley in inland Oregon, then turns west through northern California, cutting through the Cascade Range to its mouth near Klamath, California.
Adaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat.
This process takes place over many generations.
It is one of the basic phenomena of biology.
When people speak about adaptation, they often mean a 'feature' (a trait) which helps an animal or plant survive.
An example is the adaptation of horses' teeth to grinding grass.
Grass is their usual food; it wears the teeth down, but horses' teeth continue to grow during life.
Horses also have adapted to run fast, which helps them to escape their predators, such as lions.
These features are the product of the process of adaptation.
The illustration of bird beaks shows an obvious sign of their different ways of life.
However, eating a different food also means having a different digestive system, gut, claws, wings and above all, different inherited behaviour.
For the major adaptations, what changes is not a single trait, but a whole group of features.
Adaptation occurs because the better adapted animals are the most likely to survive, and to reproduce successfully.
This process is known as natural selection; it is the basic cause of evolutionary change.
Adaptation is, first of all, a process, rather than a physical part of a body.
Adaptation... could no longer be considered a static condition, a product of a creative past, and became instead a continuing dynamic process.
Ernst Mayr.p483
However, as a practical term, adaptation is often used for the product: those features of a species which result from the process.
Many aspects of an animal or plant can be correctly called adaptations, though there are always some features whose function is in doubt.
By using the term adaptation for the evolutionary process, and adaptive trait for the bodily part or function (the product), the two senses of the word may be distinguished.
The other is speciation (species-splitting or cladogenesis).p562 A favourite example used today to study the interplay of adaptation and speciation is the evolution of cichlid fish in African lakes.
An organism must be viable at all stages of its development and at all stages of its evolution.
This places constraints on the evolution of development, behaviour and structure of organisms.
The general idea is that each genetic and phenotypic change during evolution should be relatively small, because developmental systems are so complex and interlinked.
But polyploidy in plants is a fairly common large genetic change.
The origin of the eukaryota by the symbiosis of micro-organisms is a more exotic example.
Ecological niches
All adaptations help organisms survive in their ecological niches.
This implies an increase in biological fitness.
These adaptive traits may be structural, behavioural or physiological.
Structural adaptations are physical features of an organism (shape, body covering, armament; and also the internal organization).
Behavioural adaptations are composed of inherited behaviour chains and/or the ability to learn: behaviours may be inherited in detail (instincts), or a tendency for learning may be inherited (see neuropsychology).
Examples: searching for food, sex, vocalizations.
Physiological adaptations permit the organism to perform special functions (for instance, making venom, secreting slime, phototropism); but also more general functions such as growth and development, temperature regulation, ionic balance and other aspects of homeostasis.
Adaptation, then, affects all aspects of the life of an organism.
Suits of adaptations
Important adaptations do not come singly.
They come in groups, which work together to make the animal or plant successful in its particular niche or life-style.
Woodpeckers
The bill: its tip is chisel-like, and self-sharpening by the pecking on wood.
The bird uses it to get at grubs under the bark, to widen a hole to make a nest and to signal its territory by drumming.
Long sticky tongues grab insect grubs which live under bark.
To prevent brain damage from the rapid and repeated decelerations, woodpeckers have evolved a number of adaptations which protect the brain.
small brain size
the position of the brain spreads the area of contact between the brain and the skull
the short duration of contact
the unequal length of the upper and lower parts of their beaks (the lower is longer).
This steers the impact force downwards, away from the brain.
the woodpecker’s brain is held in a skull with uneven, spongy plates that absorb shock.
woodpeckers have a special hyoid bone, which reaches from their beak, loops over top of the skull to completely surround their brains.
Woodpeckers have zygodactyl feet.
This is typical of birds that forage on trunks.
The tails of woodpeckers are stiffened, and when the bird perches on vertical surfaces, the tail and feet work together to support it.
The whole system is helped by changes in the brain, nervous system, muscles and ligaments from what was usual in their ancestors.
Ancestral woodpeckers, which switched to climbing on tree trunks, had ancestral foot and tail structure.
This suggests that a change in behaviour, perhaps to get at a better food source, was one of the first things that happened in the chain of events.
The way evolutionary novelties start is an important topic.
Functions of adaptations
Traits with no function
Not all features of an organism are adaptations.
It may need field investigations or experiments to find out whether it has a function in the life of the species.
Adaptations tend to reflect the past life of a species.
If a species has recently changed its life style, a once valuable adaptation may become a dwindling vestige.
Animals which live in dark caves often lose, over a long period, their colours and eyesight.
The reasons for this may vary.
The loss of structure and function may be a positive adaptation which saves energy and materials.
But it may be simply a by-product of genes selected for other functions (pleiotropy).
Or the structure may be linked in development, and affected by selection for some other structure.
Adaptations with multiple functions
Many adaptations serve more than one function.
This is often the reason some traits become so noticeable that they almost define the species concerned.
The legs of a horse are also a main defence: a horse's kick is very destructive.
The antlers of male deer serve a sexual function as well as a defence against predators.
Man's large brain serves not only for language, but also for thinking and problem-solving.
Bird feathers are not just used to fly; they are the basis of its heat conservation, temperature regulation and signalling
Compromise and conflict between adaptations
It is a profound truth that Nature does not know best; that genetical evolution... is a story of waste, makeshift, compromise and blunder.
Peter Medawar.
All adaptations have a downside: horse legs are great for running on grass, but they cannot scratch their backs; mammals' hair helps temperature regulation, but offers a niche for ectoparasites.
Compromise and make-shift occur widely, not perfection.
Selection pressures pull in different directions, and the adaptation that results is some kind of compromise.
Since the phenotype as a whole is the target of selection, it is impossible to improve simultaneously all aspects of the phenotype to the same degree.
Ernst Mayr.p589
Camouflage to avoid detection is destroyed when vivid colours are displayed at mating time.
Here the risk to life is counterbalanced by the need for reproduction.
The peacock's ornamental train (grown anew in time for each mating season) is a famous adaptation.
It must reduce his maneuverability and flight, and is hugely conspicuous; also, its growth costs food resources.
Darwin's explanation of its advantage was in terms of sexual selection: "it depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species, in relation to reproduction".
The kind of sexual selection represented by the peacock is called 'mate choice', meaning the process selects the more fit over the less fit, and so has survival value.
In practice, the blue peafowl Pavo cristatus is a pretty successful species, with a big natural range in India, so the overall outcome of their mating system is quite viable.
Human birth
The size of the human foetal brain at birth means the brain of a newborn child is quite immature.
The newborn's brain cannot be larger than about 400ccs, else it will not get through the mother's pelvis.
Yet the size needed for an adult brain is about 1400ccs.
The most vital things in human life (locomotion, speech) just have to wait while the brain grows and matures.
That is the result of the birth compromise.
Much of the problem comes from our upright bipedal stance, without which our pelvis could be shaped more suitably for birth.
Neanderthals had a similar problem.
Change of function over time
The function of a trait can, and often does, change over time.
Several terms have been used to describe this: preadaptation, exaptation, cooption. '
Preadaptation' is the most common term used when a preexisting structure or trait inherited from an ancestor evolves a different function.
It was the term used by Julian Huxley and Ernst Mayr.
The term 'pre-' does not mean any foresight, it just means the adaptation was already available, serving some older function. '
Exaptation' was Stephen J. Gould's word.
One example of preadaptation is in dinosaurs, which evolved feathers with the function of thermo-insulation and display long before they were used for flight by early birds.
Sweat glands in mammals were later transformed into mammary glands.
Another example is the long journey of the mammalian ear ossicles, which started in the gill covers of ancient fish, then became part of the lower jaw of reptiles, and then became part of the inner ear of mammals.
Another example is the wings of penguins.
Once used for flying, they are now used for 'flying' under water.
Change of function in organs and structures is extremely common in evolution.
Many of the features of tetrapods (land vertebrates) evolved from features with different functions in the ancestral lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii).
Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats.
Adaptedness is the state of being adapted: the degree to which an organism is able to live and reproduce in a given set of habitats.
An adaptive trait is an aspect of the developmental pattern of the organism which improves the probability of that organism surviving and reproducing.
The first written use of amaranth as a color name in English was in 1690.
The color amaranth represents immortality in Western civilization because the name is derived from the name in Greek mythology of a flower that was believed to never die that grew in the abode of the Greek gods on Mount Olympus.
Something that is perceived as everlasting may be described by the adjective amaranthine. (
The color peach represents immortality in Chinese civilization.)
The name amaranth comes from the Greek a (not) + marainean (to waste away).
A flower that never died that was believed to grow on Mount Olympus.
Tones of amaranth color comparison chart
Cobra Starship was an American alternative dance band.
The group started in 2005 in New York City.
They are most famous for their songs "Snakes on a Plane (Bring It)" and "Good Girls Go Bad".
They are currently signed to record label Fueled by Ramen.
Gabe Saporta - lead vocalist
Ryland Blackinton - guitarist
Alex Suarez - bassist
Nate Novarro - drummer
Victoria Asher - keytarist
The name Puerto Plata ("Silver Port") came from the name given by Columbus to the mountain just to the south of the city: Monte de Plata ("Silver Mountain") because the mountain always had clouds on its top and not because there was the metal silver; that mountain now is called Isabel de Torres mountain (in Spanish, the complete name is Loma Isabel de Torres).
Isabel de Torres was a lady who lived in Puerto Plata in 1605 and had a lot of land in the mountain.
The city was called first Puerto de Plata but later it was changed to just Puerto Plata, the name that is still used
Columbus visited the Puerto Plata Bay on 11 January 1493.
The city was founded and built by Nicolás de Ovando in 1502.
Soon it became the most important port in the northern coast of the Hispaniola island and, in 1508, the king of Spain gave a coat of arms to the city.
Because there were many pirates and other British and French ships along the northern coast of the island, a fort was built here by orders of Carlos I, king of Spain; its construction took several years and it was finished in 1577.
Because at that moment the Spanish's king was Felipe II, the fort was named Fuerte San Felipe (in English, Saint Phillip Fort).
In 1606, those that were living in the towns of Puerto Plata and Monte Cristi were ordered by the Spanish king to move to the southeast of the island and to found a new town: Monte Plata.
Puerto Plata and Monte Cristi were, then, destroyed.
They were founded again in the 18th century with families that came from the Canary Islands.
The municipality had, in , a total population of 128,240: 63,564 men and 64,676 women.
San Felipe de Puerto Plata has a total area of  (without including its municipal districts), about  of the total area of the province of Puerto Plata.
The city is at an elevation of , and at  to the north of Santo Domingo.
The Cordillera Septentrional ("Northern mountain range") runs along the southern half of the municipality.
There are only two roads that go through this mountain range.
It rains a lot in these mountains.
The mountain "Loma Isabel de Torres" (the "Monte de Plata" of Columbus) is at about  to the southeast of the city of Puerto Plata.
It stands alone even if it is part of the Cordillera Septentrional.
On top of the mountain, there is rainforest because it gets a lot of rain there; it rains almost every day.
That forest is now a national park.
It is  high and there are two ways for getting to the top: by road or by a cable car (a type of car that runs on cables above the car).
There are many rivers in the municipality but, because the Cordillera Septentrional is close to the coast, they are all very short.
The two most important rivers are Camú del Norte and Yásica.
Two small rivers that are close to the city are San Marcos and Muñoz.
There are some bays along the coast.
Two of them are the Puerto Plata Bay and Maimón Bay.
The month with the most precipitation on average is December with  of rainfall, followed by November with .
The driest season is summer.
The month with the least rainfall on average is July with an average of  and the second is June with .
Puerto Plata is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is .
The coolest month on average is February, with an average temperature of .
1500s establishments in the Spanish Empire
The North Cascades are a name used for the mountains at the north end of the Cascade Range, south of Canada.
The North Cascades are entirely in the United States, in the state of Washington.
At the Canadian border, the North Cascades are called the Canadian Cascades.
The highest point in the North Cascades is Mount Baker (10,781 ft/3,286m).
North Cascades National Park is located at the northernmost end of the North Cascades.
Some of the primary rivers in the North Cascades are the Skagit, Nooksack, Stillaguamish, and Stehekin.
Lake Chelan is the largest lake in the North Cascades.
Although now termed a reservoir, it was originally a natural lake, but enlarged by a dam.
The urban areas of Seattle, Tacoma and Everett are all west of the North Cascades.
The Columbia River, Washington's largest river, forms the east and south boundary.
is a 1971 animated cartoon movie, written by singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson and Carole Beers, and directed by Fred Wolf.
It first appeared on ABC television, in the United States.
It starred the voices of Mike Lookinland ("Bobby" of The Brady Bunch fame), and actor Dustin Hoffman. (
Later editions replaced Hoffman's voice with that of Alan Thicke, then musician Ringo Starr.)
tells a story about a boy named Oblio (Mike Lookinland), who is the only round-headed person in a land full of people and animals with pointed heads.
Banished to the Pointless Forest for not  to what is "normal", Oblio and his dog Arrow (Don Messick) (whose head was pointed, but he was still loyal to Oblio) meet many different people, and come to learn that everything and everyone indeed has a "point"; a purpose for being what they are.
Oblio and Arrow return home, bringing back what they have learned to share with everyone.
Harry Nilsson said later the inspiration for The Point!
was an LSD experience.
Resting on the ground, he noticed everything (trees, buildings) that reached into the sky from the ground came to a "point", leading Nilsson to believe that "everything has a point, and if it doesn't, then there's a point to that".
Nilsson developed this idea into a story about tolerance, and acceptance of  in others.
Dustin Hoffman as Narrator and Father (1st version)
Alan Barzman as Narrator and Father (2nd version)
Alan Thicke as Narrator and Father (3rd version)
Ringo Starr as Narrator and Father (Direct-to-video releases)
Paul Frees as Oblio's Father, Pointed Man's Right Head, King, Leaf Man and Villagers
June Foray as Pointed Man's Middle Head
Mel Blanc as Pointed Man's Left Head
Lennie Weinrib as Count
Bill Martin as Rock Man
Buddy Foster as Count's Son
Joan Gerber as Oblio's Mother
Don Messick as Arrow
Mike Lookinland as Oblio
Nilsson devoted a whole album to music from The Point!,
alternating songs from the show with his own  of the story. "
Me And My Arrow" became the breakout hit from the album, with a single reaching the Top 20 in the American music charts. (
The song was later used in a commercial, for the Plymouth Arrow automobile.)
Nilsson later adapted The Point!
into a musical stage play, that featured more of his own songs.
A London production of the play reunited former Monkees Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones, who were also friends of Nilsson's.
Darwinius is a genus of primates known from only one fossil.
It was discovered in 1983 by an amateur at the Messel Pit.
This is a disused shale quarry noted for its astonishing fossil preservation, near the village of Messel, about 35 km (22 miles) southeast of Frankfurt am Main in Germany.
The fosssil dates from the Eocene epoch, 47 million years ago.
The genus Darwinius was named to celebrate Charles Darwin on his bicentenary and the species name masillae honors Messel, where the specimen was found.
The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur.
It is the only known specimen of its species.
The fossil, nicknamed 'Ida', was divided into a slab and partial counterslab after the excavation.
The two parts were sold separately, was not reassembled until 2007.
The specimen was privately collected and sold in two parts.
Only the lesser part was known earlier.
The second part shows that the skeleton is the complete primate fossil known.
It includes the skeleton, soft body outline and contents of the digestive tract.
Skull radiography shows teeth developing within the juvenile face.
The individual was a weaned and independent-feeding female that died in her first year of life.
She was "an agile, nail-bearing, generalized arboreal quadruped living above the floor of the Messel rain forest".
Redmond Barry (1813—1880), was a judge in Victoria, Australia.
He is famous for being the person who started the University of Melbourne and the State Library of Victoria.
As a judge he is famous for sentencing bushranger Ned Kelly to death.
He was also the judge in the trials of the rebel miners from the Eureka Stockade in Ballarat, Victoria.
Buxton is a spa town in Derbyshire, England.
It is the highest market town in England.
Buxton is near to Cheshire and Staffordshire.
Buxton is described as "the gateway to the Peak District National Park".
Buxton is also close to Manchester.
Poole's Cavern, a limestone cavern, and St Ann's Well are in Buxton.
Also in the town is an Opera House.
The Romans developed the town when it was called Aquae Arnemetiae (or the spa of the goddess of the grove).
Roman coins have been found in Buxton.
The town largely grew in importance in the late 18th century when it was developed by the Dukes of Devonshire, with a second revival a hundred years later as the people visited to use the healing properties of the waters.
Dr. Erasmus Darwin recommended the waters at Buxton to Josiah Wedgwood.
The Wedgwood family often went to Buxton on holiday.
Two of Charles Darwin's half-cousins, Edward Levett Darwin and Reginald Darwin also settled there.
Notable architecture
The Crescent (1780–1784) was based on Bath's Royal Crescent.
The crescent has a grand assembly room with a painted ceiling.
Buxton Opera House was designed in 1903 and is the highest in the country.
It is attached to the Pavilion Gardens, Octagonal Hall and the smaller Paxton Theatre.
The Pavilion Gardens are 23 acres of gardens.
Famous Buxtonians
Vera Brittain (1893–1970): author of Testament of Youth and mother of Shirley Williams
Tim Brooke-Taylor: comedy actor and one of The Goodies
Dave Lee Travis: former BBC DJ
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll is an 1865 childrens’ story written by Charles Dodgson and illustrated by John Tenniel.
Dodgson used Lewis Carroll as a pen name when writing poetry and fiction.
One of the very commonly used phrases today - “down the rabbit hole” - comes from the beginning of the story.
Alice is a young girl who, while falling asleep outside on a golden afternoon, sees a white rabbit and follows it into a rabbit hole.
When she falls down the rabbit hole, she begins her fantastical adventures in Wonderland.
Her adventures include distortions of time and proportion.
Throughout the story she shrinks and grows repeatedly as she meets characters of all kinds  and sizes, including the iconic Caterpillar who asks “Who are you?”
and Cheshire Cat who asks her “Where do you want to go?”
Alice (main character)
The White Rabbit (always in a hurry)
Dodo (stupid bird)
Caterpillar (VERY wise and old)
Her Cook
Cheshire Cat (knows the way through the wicked forest)
Mad Hatter (funny and crazy as it seems, likes tea very much)
March Hare (friend of the Mad hatters)
Dormouse (friend of the Mad hatters)
King, Queen, and Knave of Hearts (queen of heats and her guards with her husband)
mock turtle
The story starts with Alice sitting with her sister beside a lake.
Suddenly, a white rabbit runs by.
Alice runs after him.
She finds his rabbit hole.
She falls through the hole.
She meets many characters underground and has some amazing adventures.
She grows larger or smaller by eating different things like cakes and mushrooms.
At the end, she enters a lovely garden.
The Knave of Hearts is charged with stealing some tarts.
A trial is held.
Alice thinks the trial is ridiculous.
She says so.
Everyone is offended.
There is a great commotion.
Alice suddenly wakes up.
She is back where she started, sitting with her sister beside the lake.
The story was told on a summer outing to three little girls.
One of them was named Alice Liddell.
Alice asked Dodgson to write the story down.
Dodgson accepted the task.
It took two years.
The story was first called Alice's Adventures Under Ground.
When Dodgson prepared the Alice story for publication, he added more events, such as the Mad Hatters's Tea Party, new characters, such as the Cheshire Cat, and changed the title to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
The story was so popular that Dodgson, (under the pen name Lewis Carroll), wrote a sequel called Through the Looking-Glass.
The Alice stories, often known as Alice in Wonderland, are popular in music, movies and plays.
The book has been adapted many times to movies and television.
These adaptations include:
Tim Burton's 2010 movie version, Alice in Wonderland, starring Johnny Depp, Mia Wasikowska, Anne Hathaway, and Helena Bonham Carter.
Director Jonathan Miller's 1962 version with Anne-Marie Mallik as Alice, Finlay Currie as Dodo, Sir Michael Redgrave as Caterpillar, and John Gielgud as Mock Turtle
Disney's 1951 animated movie Alice in Wonderland with Kathryn Beaumont voicing Alice
Text with illustrations  at the University of Adelaide
Books by Lewis Carroll
The penny sterling (plural pence) is a subdivision of Pound sterling, the currency for the United Kingdom.
The Montreal Wanderers were a professional men's ice hockey team that played in Montreal, Quebec at the Montreal Arena, and were one of the founding franchises of the National Hockey League in the 1917–18 NHL season.
The Wanderers won a total of eight Stanley Cup challenges within a span of five seasons from 1906 to 1910.
Prior to the formation of the NHL, the "Redbands" were one of the most successful teams in hockey.
1904–05 – Federal Amateur Hockey League (FAHL)
1906–08 – Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA)
1909 – Eastern Canada Hockey Association (ECHA)
1910–17 – National Hockey Association (NHA)
1917–18 – National Hockey League (NHL)
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against
Honoured players
List of NHL Wanderers players
Sportsecyclopedia.com article
£sd (pronounced, and sometimes written, L.s.d.)
was the popular name for the pre-decimal currencies (sterling) used in the United Kingdom and in most of the British Empire.
This abbreviation meant “pounds, shillings, and pence”.
It is different when compared to American currency.
The Quebec Bulldogs were a men's senior-level ice hockey team officially known as the Quebec Hockey Club, later as the Quebec Athletic Club.
Their recorded play goes back as far as the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) in 1889, although the Quebec Hockey Club is known to have played in tournaments prior to that date.
The club continued as an amateur team through various leagues, eventually becoming professional in 1908, and eventually playing in the National Hockey League.
The Bulldog name was given by the media and was so popular with the fans a Bulldog mascot was created but was never officially changed until the team moved to Hamilton, Ontario in 1920 and became the Tigers.
1888–1898 – Amateur Hockey Association of Canada
1899–1905 – Canadian Amateur Hockey League
1906–1909 – Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association
Jan. 1910 – Canadian Hockey Association
1910–1917 – National Hockey Association
1919–1920 – National Hockey League
Thomas Dunderdale
Joe Malone
Paddy Moran
Bruce Stuart
Hod Stuart (1901)
Herb Jordan (1905)
Joe Malone (1910–17, 1919–20)
1912 Stanley Cup Champions
Paddy Moran – goal
Goldie Prodgers – point
Joe Hall – cover point
Joe Malone – centre
Eddie Oatman – right wing
Jack McDonald – left wing
Jack Marks – sub
Walter Rooney – centre sub
George Leonard – sub
Joe Savard – sub goalie
1913 Stanley Cup Champions
Paddy Moran goal
Joe Hall – point
Harry Mummery – cover point
Tommy Smith – right wing
Jack Marks – left wing
Russell Crawford – sub
Billy Creighton – sub
Jeff Malone – sub
James "Rockett" Power – sub
Walter Rooney – sub
List of defunct NHL teams
List of Quebec Bulldogs players
Head Coaches of the Quebec Bulldogs
List of pre-NHL seasons
http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nhl/quebecnha/bulldogs.html
http://quebecbulldogs.com/
1888 establishments in Canada
Ice hockey teams in Quebec
Sport in Quebec City
The three-body problem is a problem in the field of physics that experts find interesting.
The goal is to find how three things move when they attract each other with gravity.
It would be for instance the problem of the movement of the Sun, the Earth and the Moon.
Physicists do not have a general solution that always works.
Non-relativistic movement
"Relativistic" refers to the theory of Albert Einstein called Relativity.
This theory must be used when things move at great speed.
But as long as things move at small enough speed, you can use every day classical mechanics, and this is called "non-relativistic movement".
You know if the speed is great or small enough by comparing to the speed of light c, which is the highest possible speed.
In non-relativistic physics, one must know the place and velocity of the three things.
One must also know their masses.
Then one uses Newton's laws of motion to learn how the things move.
Relativistic movement
When a thing is moving, it has energy of movement.
Scientists use a short-cut when they talk about this energy, they call it 'E.'
In a field called General relativity, experts say that movement with higher velocities causes the radiation of gravitational waves.
In this case, the thing moving loses energy, and this makes calculation more difficult.
Experts say that the system is "not conservative".
The three-body problem also happens in astronomy.
The problem consists in calculating the course of three bodies, that influence each other with gravitation.
The first to state the problem was Isaac Newton, in Principia.
Usually, two of the bodies are large, and the third is small.
In the case where the two bodies have the same gravitational force, and that the bodies all have the same mass can be solved exactly.
If this is not the case, the problem is solved through iteration and approximation.
Many different patterns of motion can occur.
Yossi Benayoun (; born 5 May 1980) is an Israeli football player.
He currently plays for Chelsea in the Premier League.
Benayoun plays as an attacking midfielder, and he is the captain of the Israeli national team.
Sir Pelham Francis Warner, known as Plum, (born 2 October 1873 in Port of Spain, Trinidad – died 30 January 1963 at West Lavington, West Sussex), was an England cricketer and a tour manager for England.
He was tour manager during the 1932-33 "bodyline" tour of Australia where England bowled high and fast balls to the body of the Australian batsman, especially the famous Don Bradman.
Douglas Robert Jardine (Bombay, Indian Empire  1900 – Montreux, Switzerland  1958) was an English cricketer and captain of the England cricket team from 1931 to 1933–34.
A right-handed batsman, he played 22 Test matches for England, captaining the side in 15 matches, winning nine, losing one and drawing five.
The 'bodyline' tour
Jardine is best known for captaining the English team during the 1932–33 Ashes tour of Australia.
There, his team used 'bodyline' tactics against Donald Bradman and other opposing Australian batsmen.
A bodyline delivery was one where the cricket ball was pitched short so as to rise towards the body of the opposing batsman on the line of the leg stump.
The plan was to get legside deflections that could be caught by one of several fielders on the leg side.
This tactic was considered by many to be intimidatory and physically threatening.
Jardine is widely regarded by commentators and writers as the person responsible for that strategy.
The spearhead of the England attack was the coal miner's son Harold Larwood, the fastest bowler of the day.
Larwood's partner was Bill Voce, also a top-class fast bowler.
Ranged against them was the great Don Bradman, then averaging over 100 in Test matches.
A controversial figure among cricketers, Jardine was well known for his dislike of Australian players and crowds.
In return, he was unpopular in Australia, for his manner and the bodyline strategy.
Many of his players thought him an excellent captain, though not everyone thought him as good at managing people.
Career in WWII
Jardine joined the British Army in August 1939.
Once World War II began, he was commissioned into the Royal Berkshire Regiment and went with the British Expeditionary Force to France.
He served at Dunkirk, where he was fortunate to escape but suffered some injuries.
After serving as staff captain at St. Albans, he was posted to India for the remainder of the war.
He served in Quetta, and then Simla, as a major.
He became fluent in the Hindustani language.
He gave lectures and played some cricket while in India.
He left the army in 1945.
The Oval is a place in London, England where important cricket matches are played.
The Oval is the home place for Surrey County Cricket Club when they play other counties and England often play their last home test matches there at the end of the summer.
The Oval is located in Kennington, South London.
The nearest tube station is also called Oval but you can get to the place easily from Vauxhall station.
It is most highly developed in social insects such as ants, termites, wasps and bees.
The word was introduced by the entomologist William Morton Wheeler in 1918.
The behaviour has been used to explain theories of how social behaviour developed in insects.
The French psychologist and entomologist August Forel also believed that food sharing was key to ant society.
He used an illustration of it as the frontispiece for his book The social world of the ants compared with that of man.
Trophallaxis serves as a means of communication, at least in bees and ants.
In some species of ants, it may play a role in spreading the colony odour that identifies members.
Oval tube station in Kennington is a station on the Northern line of the London Underground.
It is between Stockwell and Kennington stations.
It is the only station on the Morden branch of the Northern line whose name begins with a vowel.
Oval station is in Travelcard Zone 2.
It is named for The Oval, which it serves.
Nikolaus Harnoncourt (born Berlin, 6 December 1929, died St. Georgen im Attergau, 5 March 2016) was an Austrian conductor.
He was famous for his conducting music from many years ago using orchestras with period instruments.
Harnoncourt was born in Berlin into a noble family who were related to the Holy Roman Emperors and other European royalties.
His full name was Johann Nicolaus Graf de la Fontaine und d’Harnoncourt-Unverzag.
He was brought up in Graz, Austria and studied music in Vienna.
From 1952 to 1969 he was a cellist with the Vienna Symphony Orchestra.
He soon became interested in performing old music with period instruments.
He started a group called Concentus Musicus Wien.
They tried to make the music of composers from the Baroque period sound like it had done when it was written.
Harnoncourt played the viola da gamba as well as the cello.
In 1970 he conducted Monteverdi's opera Ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria at La Scala, Milan.
In 1971, Harnoncourt started to work with the conductor Gustav Leonhardt.
They recorded all of J.S. Bach's cantatas.
This project took until 1990 to finish.
He also recorded Bach's St. Matthew Passion.
He performed with many other orchestras, including the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra.
Often they were orchestras who used modern instruments, but he tried to make them play with an understanding of a historical style (bowing, phrasing etc).
Like other musicians working with historical instruments, he gradually realized that music from later periods such as the Classical music period and even the Romantic period used to sound different from what we usually hear today.
He recorded the symphonies and concertos of Beethoven.
He received many awards for these recordings.
Harnoncourt was married to Alice until his death.
The couple had a daughter, Elisabeth von Magnus, and three sons: Philipp, Franz and Eberhard (who died in 1990).
Harnoncourt retired in December 2015 because of an illness.
Harnoncourt died on 5 March 2016 from the illness.
He was aged 86.
Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Frans Brüggen, Leopold Stastny, Herbert Tachezi.
Johann Sebastian Bach: Gamba Sonatas — Trio Sonata in G major.
Viola da gamba: Jacobus Stainer; Cello: Andrea Castagneri; Flute: A.Grenser; Harpsichord: a copy after Italian builders by Martin Skowroneck.
Label: Telefunken.
Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Gustav Leonhardt, Leonhardt-Consort (Orchestra), Concentus musicus Wien (Orchestra), Alan Curtis, Anneke Ulttenbosch, Herbert Tachezi.
Johann Sebastian Bach: Harpsichord Concertos BWV 1052, 1057, 1064.
Violin, continuo, harpsichord.
Label: Teldec
Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Chamber Orchestra of Europe.
Franz Schubert.
Label: Ica Classics.
Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Rudolf Buchbinder (fortepiano).
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Piano concertos No.
23&25.
Played on a Walter fortepiano replica by Paul McNulty.
Label: Sony.
Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Chamber Orchestra of Europe, Pierre-Laurent Aimard (piano).
Piano Concertos Nos.
Played on a modern piano.