the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Tropical cyclone of February 2006 / 90L Invest (South Atlantic)
A small area of convection 600 miles southeast of Rio de Janeiro moved into an area of low wind shear and barely 26°C warm waters on February 23, 2006.
The wave had deep convection, was able to form a closed LLC and had 35 mi/h (56 km/h) winds as measured by Quikscat on February 24, 2006.
These characteristics were operationally recognized for three hours before high shear began to tear the system apart, just short of the six hours required to be officially declared a tropical depression.
It is possible that the system maintained these features longer and may have briefly been a tropical depression.
While under study, the system was referred to as 90L Invest.
The shear would eventually cause the system to dissipate later that night.
Tropical storm Anita
Tropical storm Iba
Known South Atlantic Subtropical storms
Subtropical storm Arani
Subtropical storm Bapo
Subtropical storm Cari
Subtropical storm Deni
Subtropical storm Eçaí
Subtropical storm Guará
Subtropical storm Jaguar
Subtropical storm Kurumí
NOAA info on South Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
Opera buffa is an Italian term meaning “comic opera”.
It is mainly used for 18th century Italian comic operas.
Opera buffa contrasts with opera seria (“serious opera”) in which the story was a tragedy.
Opera seria was supposed to be “serious”, while opera buffa was an entertaining musical comedy.
Like the opera seria, everything was sung, there was no spoken dialogue.
This was different from comic opera in other countries.
The story in opera buffa is told in recitative and then there were arias for the characters to show their feelings and show off their voices.
Although we use the term “opera buffa” today, in the 18th century they called such operas by other names, e.g. “commedia in musica”, “dramma giocosa”, “operetta”, “burlesca” etc.
An opera buffa was usually a full length work: one which would fill a whole evening’s entertainment.
It was different from an “intermezzo” or “farsa” which was a short musical comedy that was performed during the intervals of a musical tragedy, although the difference between the two is not always obvious.
The intermezzo became longer and longer during the 18th century and gradually developed into opera buffa.
Pergolesi’s La Serva Padrone was an intermezzo which became very famous after Pergolesi’s death.
It influenced opera buffa.
Opera buffa always included a lot of caricature.
The characters showed human weaknesses such as , ,  and  (people who were pretending to be wise and important).
They often poked fun at the ruling classes.
In opera buffa the acting was always very important.
It was a very lively show, with a lot happening very quickly.
At the end of each act all the main characters sang together: this is called an “ensemble” (the French word for “together”).
Opera buffa started in Naples and gradually spread to other parts of Italy.
It was particularly popular at carnival time.
Important composers of opera buffa include Carlo Goldoni and Baldassare Galuppi.
By the end of the 18th century it was not always possible to tell the difference between an opera buffa and an opera seria.
Mozart’s opera Don Giovanni, for example, has a lot of comedy, but there is also a serious side.
Opera seria  is an Italian term which refers to the "serious" style of Italian opera in the 18th century.
It was different from opera buffa which was a musical comedy.
Opera seria was supposed to be about serious tragedy.
The term “opera seria” only started to be used after the time when it was popular in order to talk about the historic period.
Italian opera seria was always in the Italian language, even when it was composed or performed in other countries such as Germany, Austria, England and Spain.
In France the opera seria was not so popular.
They had their own forms of opera.
Opera seria was often called dramma per musica ("drama through music").
The story was told in recitative, a quick-flowing music with simple accompaniment.
Then there were arias which were the big songs where the singers could show off their skills.
They were normally in da capo form (a main section, a middle section, and the main section repeated).
The opera would start with an overture and there would also be some ensembles where several characters sung at once.
The stories of opera seria were usually about the ancient Greek and Roman gods or kings.
This was in contrast to opera buffa, which was about ordinary people and often made fun of kings and nobility.
The main singers in opera seria were mostly castrati, male singers who had been castrated when they were young so that they still sang with high voices.
Gradually during the 18th century the female singers got more of the main roles (the “prima donna” or “first lady”).
One of the first composers of opera seria was Alessandro Scarlatti.
In England George Frideric Handel wrote many great opera seria.
The most important man in the development of mid-18th century opera seria was Metastasio who wrote libretti.
His words were set by the greatest composers in Europe: Hasse, Porpora and, especially, Mozart.
In the later part of the 18th century Christoph Willibald Gluck changed a lot of traditions in opera.
He did not want opera to be just a way for singers to show off their voices.
He wanted the story to be important.
He did not use dry recitative but tried to make the drama, dance and music all important, especially the chorus.
Orfeo ed Euridice was his first important opera, followed by others such as  Alceste.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was influenced by Gluck’s reforms.
His two great opera seria were Idomeneo (1780) and La clemenza di Tito (1791).
Mostly, however, Mozart was not so interested in writing about the old Greek gods and kings.
His other great Italian operas: Cosi fan tutte, Le Nozze di Figaro and Don Giovanni are something between opera seria and opera buffa.
These were set to libretti by Lorenzo da Ponte.
Other important opera seria composers were Luigi Cherubini and Gaspare Spontini, followed by Rossini whose musical style made further changes to opera seria.
Mosbach (South Franconian: Mossbach) is a town in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
About 25,000 people live there.
It is between Heidelberg and Heilbronn.
There are other big towns nearby: Sinsheim, Eberbach and Osterburken.
In Neckarelz, a suburb of Mosbach, is the most important train station.
There are trains running from Mannheim - Heidelberg - Heilbronn, Stuttgart - Heilbronn - Neckarelz and Kaiserslautern - Mannheim - Heidelberg - Mosbach - Osterburken.
There are also 2 other stations: Mosbach and Mosbach West.
There are only trains from Kaiserslautern to Osterburken.
Mosbach has an area of .
The postal codes are from 74801 to 74821, the old one was 6950.
The telephone numbers start with +49 6261, The cars have number plates with the letters MOS.
Mosbach.de
There are 32 historic counties on the island of Ireland.
26 are in the Republic of Ireland and 6 are in Northern Ireland.
The counties in italics do not have a county council, instead they are have two or more smaller administrative county councils (called districts, in Northern Ireland)
Several large towns are county boroughs.
These councils have the same powers and duties of a county council.
Melk Abbey or Stift Melk is a Benedictine abbey.
It lies on the Danube, near the city of Melk.
It is located in Lower Austria.
It is one of the distinguishing features of a region known as Wachau.
It is an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The abbey was almost totally destroyed in a fire, on 14 August 1297.
It was rebuilt in Baroque style at the beginning of the 18th century.
Benedictine abbeys
Buildings and structures in Austria
Christianity in Austria
Walenstadt is a small city in east Switzerland.
It is near Lake Walen and is divided in four part cities: Tscherlach, Berschis, Walenstadt and Walenstadtberg.
Municipalities of St. Gallen
Exhibitionism is a tendency some people have.
These people derive pleasure from the fact that other people can see them naked, or while having sex.
Exhibitionism is much more common in extraverts, especially people who have histrionic personality disorder.
Norman Percevel Rockwell (February 3, 1894 – November 8, 1978) was an American painter.
During 40 years Rockwell drew the cover pages of The Saturday Evening Post.
He died of emphysema in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.
The Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge owns much of his work.
He is well known for the set of paintings called the Four Freedoms - four pictures of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, called: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Want and Freedom from Fear.
Other famous paintings are
The Problem We All Live With (1964) - the painting shows Ruby Bridges.
The Zuiderzeewerken (Zuiderzee Works) are a system of dams, land reclamation and water drainage works in the Netherlands during the twentieth century.
Plans for the works date back to the 1600s, but it was not until a very bad flood in 1916, that the Dutch parliament finally agreed to pay for the works.
Now it is one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World.
First some dams or dykes were built to separate the South Sea () from the North Sea.
The biggest was the Afsluitdijk ('closure dyke').
When it was finished in 1932, the South Sea was completely cut off and from then on would become a lake called the IJsselmeer.
Land reclamation meant building more dams and pumping out the water inside.
The new land is called a polder.
Polders make new land for agriculture and make flood protection better, because the lake is smaller.
There are gates and sluices at the ends of the Afsluitdijk.
The gates, called locks, can be opened to let ships through.
The sluices let water out of the IJsselmeer.
If there were no sluices the lake would fill up and flood the countryside.
This is because it is always being filled with water from rivers and the polders which are still being drained.
Nieuw Land Poldermuseum –A Flevoland museum on the Zuiderzee Works and Dutch water management in general.
The Zuiderzee Museum–Dedicated to the history and culture of the former Zuiderzee.
Directorate IJsselmeer Region –The administration responsible for maintaining most of the Zuiderzee Works.
Dams in Europe
Geography of the Netherlands
Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (February 3, 1898 – May 11, 1976 ) was a Finnish architect who made many important contributions to architecture.
Sometimes called the "Father of Modernism".
Alvar Aalto was born in Kuortane, Finland.
He studied architecture at the Technical University of Helsinki from 1916 to 1921.
He returned to Jyväskylä, where he opened his first architectural office in 1923.
Alvar Aalto died in May 11, 1976, in Helsinki.
Alvar Aalto Foundation Custodian of Aalto's architectural drawings and writings.
Aalto bibliography  - From the official site
Alvar Aalto - Design Dictionary  Illustrated article about Alvar Aalto
Alvar Aalto's Savoy Vase (1936)
Finnish people
The Crook of Devon is a Perthshire village about 6 miles south west of Kinross on the A977.
It was famous in the 17th century for its witch burnings.
Down the road at the side of the Institute (Village Hall) on the right hand side is a field called Lamblaires and in the north west corner is the place where the witches were  strangled and then burned at the stake.
Overview of Crook of Devon
Opéra comique is a French opera tradition.
Many French operas from the early 18th century to the early 20th century are opéras comiques.
In this French tradition there is spoken dialogue as well as songs and dances.
It developed from the popular vaudevilles.
In Paris there is a theatre called the Opéra-Comique where these operas were performed.
Although “opéra comique” means “comic opera” it is not necessarily comedy.
Bizet’s opera Carmen is probably the most famous opéra comique, and it is a tragedy.
By the late 19th century the opéra-comique usually had no spoken dialogue.
There was music all the way through (as there is in Carmen).
A Vaudeville was a French satirical poem or song in the 17th and 18th centuries.
It was used a lot in French theatre where entertainments using such songs were called "comédie en vaudeville".
Late in the 19th century, a type of variety show done in American theaters came to be called "vaudeville" which was popular from the early 1880s to the early 1930s.
The typical American vaudeville performance was made up of a several different, unrelated performances which were grouped together into a single show.
Entertainers typically traveled from town to town as arranged by a "vaudeville circuit".
It became less popular after the rise of movies, cinema, and radio, which eventually took over as the main forms of public entertainment.
The earliest vaudeville was the vau de vire, a Norman song of the 15th century, named after the valley of Vire.
During the 16th century a style grew in the towns in France called the voix de ville ( city voices), whose name may have been a pun on vau de vire.
These were also satirical.
The two styles came together and in the 17th and 18th century.
The term 'vaudeville' came to be used for songs satirizing political and court events.
The comédie en vaudeville grew from the tradition of these simple songs.
The Paris audiences in the late 17th and early 18th century enjoyed hearing the familiar vaudeville tunes to new words.
These comedies then grew into opéra-comique.
Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Vaudeville.
is a city at the east side of Rotterdam.
It is on the river IJssel and it has around 65,000 inhabitants.
The place is well-known because the Dutch Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende lives there.
The name is used especially for the bright red flowers which are common in this group.
They are symbolic, and used to remember the Armistice Day of World War I, now known as Remembrance Day.
Now it is celebrated in the Commonwealth for those who died in all wars.
Some types can be grown and used to make the drug opium.
Ancient Egyptian doctors had their patients eat seeds from a poppy to relieve pain.
Poppy seeds contain small quantities of both morphine and codeine.
These are pain-relieving drugs that are still used today.
The morphine practically disappears from the seeds twenty days after the flower has opened, so from then on poppy seeds and their oils are not narcotic.
There are a number of showy flowers, typically one per stem, in to the poppy family.
They include a number of attractive wildflower species with showy flowers growing singularly or in large groups.
Many species are grown in gardens.
These include large plants used in a mixed herbaceous border and small plants that are grown in rock or alpine gardens.
The flower color of poppy species include: white, pink, yellow, orange, red and blue.
Some have dark center markings.
The cultivated species include many other colors ranging from dark solid colors to soft pastel shades.
Before blooming, the petals are crumpled in bud, and as blooming finishes, the petals often lie flat before falling away.
The pollen of the oriental poppy, Papaver orientale, is dark blue.
The pollen of the field poppy or corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas) is dark blue to grey.
Bees use poppies for their pollen.
The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is grown for opium, opiates or seeds to be used in cooking and baking.
A time signature is a set of two numbers, one on top of the other one, written right after the key signature in a piece of music.
The two numbers in a time signature tell you how many of one kind of note there are in each measure in the song.
For example,  means that there are four beats in each measure and the quarter note gets one beat.
Finding out what certain time signatures mean
The number in the top of the time signature tells a player how many of a certain kind of note there are in each measure.
The number in the bottom of the time signature tells what kind of note is used a certain number of times in each measure.
The number on the bottom of the time signature can be any exponent of 2.
So, 64  could be a number that is put in the bottom of the time signature, but 65 could not be one.
This table shows different numbers that could be the bottom of a time signature, and what they mean.
Note that each note down lasts for one-half of the amount the note above it lasted.
For example, one quarter note lasts one beat, and one-half note lasts one half of a beat, because one divided by two is one-half.
Time signatures that are used very often
Symbols that are used instead of time signatures
The letter C has been used instead of using  time.
The symbol "" is called "cut time" (alla breve) and has been used instead of using  time, where every note is cut in half.
So, in "cut time", a quarter note, which usually gets one beat, gets one-half of a beat.
Note (music)
RSS is a family of Web feed formats used to publish often updated content such as blog entries, news headlines or podcasts.
An RSS document, which is called a "feed," "web feed," or "channel," contains either a summary of content from an associated web site or the full text.
RSS makes it possible for people to keep up with their favorite web sites without having to check them manually.
This flow of content between websites and users is called "web syndication".
RSS content can be read using software called an "RSS reader," "feed reader" or an "aggregator."
The user subscribes to a feed by entering the feed's link into the reader or by clicking an RSS icon in a browser that begins the subscription process.
The reader checks the user's subscribed feeds often for new content, downloading any updates that it finds.
This content is stored in an standard XML file that many different computers and programs can understand.
This file tells the programs how to show the content to the user.
Really Simple Syndication (RSS 2.0)
RDF Site Summary (RSS 1.0 and RSS 0.90)
Rich Site Summary (RSS 0.91)
RSS is used also on exchanges.
An example of using RSS, is Carbon Place, which uses it to show orders to the public.
There were other similar formats before RSS that were not as popular.
The first one was the Meta Content Framework made in 1995 by Ramanathan V. Guha and others at Apple Computers.
The first version of RSS was called RDF Site Summary.
It was made by Dan Libby and Ramanathan V. Guha at Netscape and made public in March 1999.
This became RSS 0.9.
In July 1999, RSS 0.91 was created by Dan Libby,  which got rid of some features that weren't useful.
It also added elements from Dave Winer's news syndication format.
Libby renamed the format from RDF to RSS Rich Site Summary and planned how it should be made better in the future.
In 2001, the company was restructured by their owner, AOL, and no longer supported RSS.
After that, the format was being developed by the RSS-DEV Working Group and Dave Winer.
Winer was the first to write programs that could read and write RSS and were not made by Netscape.
RSS 1.0 was produced in December 2000 by the RSS-DEV team, which included representatives of O'Reilly Media and Moreover Technologies.
This version added support for XML namespaces and RDF, which was previously removed in RSS 0.91.
This version also changed the name back to "RDF Site Summary" and added new elements that help describe content, such as Dublin Core.
Also in December 2000, Dave Winer released RSS 0.92.
It added the enclosure element, which could be used to include sound in RSS feeds.
This feature is one of the origins of Podcasting.
Winer also made drafts of RSS 0.93, which allowed many enclosure elements per an item element, along with RSS 0.94, but those versions were cancelled after being released.
In September 2002, Winter made RSS 2.0, the next major version of RSS.
This version introduced the following changes:
Renamed the format to Really Simple Syndication
Removed the type attribute from the RSS 0.94 draft
Added support for namespaces, like in RSS 1.0 released by RSS-DEV
To make sure that old programs which only support RSS 0.92 still work with RSS 2.0, namespace support only applies to other content within the feed, not the elements themselves.
Other formats such as Atom tried to remove this limitation, however it never caught on.
YOV(feed)
RSS and YOV search engine Search for feeds.
Submit your own feeds for free.
A European Union member state is any one of the twenty-seven countries that have joined the European Union (EU) since it was found in 1958 as the European Economic Community (EEC).
From an original membership of six states, there have been five successive enlargements.
The largest happened on 1 May 2004, when ten member states joined.
Following the addition of Croatia in 2013, the EU's membership now stands at twenty-eight.
Negotiations are also under way with other states.
The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration.
However, this term is also used to refer to the intensification of cooperation between EU member states as national governments allow for the gradual centralising of power within European institutions.
Before being allowed to join the European Union, a state must fulfill the economic and political conditions generally known as the Copenhagen criteria: these basically require that a candidate member state must enjoy a secular, democratic system of government, together with the corresponding freedoms and institutions, and respect the rule of law.
Under the terms of the Treaty on European Union, enlargement of the Union is conditional upon the agreement of each existing member state as well as approval by the European Parliament.
Bulgaria and Romania make up the second part of the EU's fifth enlargement, and joined the EU on 1 January 2007.
This date was agreed upon at the Thessaloniki Summit in 2003, confirmed at Brussels on 18 June 2004, and affirmed by the country reports of October 2004 and the final report delivered on 26 September 2006.
Bulgaria and Romania signed their Treaty of Accession on 25 April 2005 at a ceremony held at Neumünster Abbey in Luxembourg.
The United Kingdom was a former EU member state.
It joined the European Economic Community on 1 January 1973.
On 23 June 2016, 51.9% of voters chose to leave the EU.
The country formally withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020.
This means there are 27 member states are left in the EU.
Europe-related lists
The family name Porter.
The given name Porter.
Many places are named for people named Porter
A person who carries objects
A person who works on a railroad and helps passengers
A kind of beer
A quetzal is a brightly colored bird in the trogon family.
They are found in forests and woodlands, especially in humid highlands.
These birds live in the Americas.
The word "quetzal" was first used for the resplendent quetzal, a famous long-tailed quetzal that lives in Central America.
The resplendent quetzal is the national symbol of Guatemala.
They are strongly sexually dimorphic, as usual with the males being brighter.
Parts of the female plumageis brown or grey.
These largely solitary birds feed on fruits, berries, insects and small vertebrates (such as frogs).
Even with their famous bright plumage, they can be hard to see in their natural wooded habitats.
In Aztec times, the quetzal was worshiped as the god of the air.
Its long tail feathers, which can grow up to 2 ft (60 cm) long, were highly prized for making into costume and head-dresses.
The Powerpuff Girls is an American comedy-action satirical adventure superhero children's animated television series.
It aired on Cartoon Network in from 1998 to 2009.
It is about three humanoid superheroines named Blossom, Bubbles, and Buttercup who live in Townsville, USA.
They are in kindergarteners and have superpowers, who use their powers for good by saving the world from villains.
The show is based off of a short made by the series creator from 1992 called Whoopass Stew.
The original show was created by Craig McCracken and the 2016 revival series was developed by Nick Jennings and Bob Boyle.
It was created and produced by Hanna-Barbera and Cartoon Network Studios, who also developed a theatrical film adaption in 2002 titled The Powerpuff Girls Movie by Warner Bros Animation.
Blossom, Bubbles and Buttercup are 3 kindergarten superheroes who live with their father, Professor Utonium, in the City of Townsville.
Its their job to use their powers to reduce crime and defend the town from evil villains who want to take it over while also partaking in normal activities like chores and going to school.
Original Voice Cast
Cathy Cavadini - Blossom
Kath Soucie, Tara Strong - Bubbles
E. G. Daily - Buttercup
Tom Kane - Professor Utonium
Tom Kenny - The Mayor of Townsville
Jennifer Hale - Miss Keane, Sedusa, Princess Morbucks
Jennifer Martin - Miss Sarah Bellum
The show saw several VHS and DVD releases while it was on the air, and the entire series was released on DVD in 2009 as a celebration for the shows 10th anniversary.
Similar television series
Dexter's Laboratory, which shared similar production staff and voice actors as Powerpuff Girls also features a child with uncanny abilities fighting against his neighbor named Mandark.
Animated adventure television series
The Teutonic Knights are a Roman Catholic military order.
It was formed at the end of the 12th century in Acre, Palestine, during the Crusades.
The Teutonic Knights are now a clerical order based in Vienna, Austria.
In 1226 Konrad of Masovia brought the Teutonic Knights to fight against Baltic pagan Prussian tribes.
They won quickly and, their new country being Prussia, were called Prussians.
The knights started to be a danger for the then weak Poland.
Finally, the power of the Teutonic Order was crushed in Battle of Tannenberg in 1410.
Orders, decorations, and medals
Renju (Japanese and ) is a version of the board game Gomoku.
The game comes from Japan.
It is played in many other countries including China, Korea, Russia, Estonia and Sweden.
It is played with black and white stones on a Go board.
Renju International Federation has complete rules and history of the game
Nihon Renju Sha Japanese Renju Federation
Korean Omok Association (omok is the Korean name of the game)
China Renju federation (RIF China)
Naini Lake has too low a level of oxygen in the bottom layer to sustain fish.
This is mostly due to pollution, which includes illegal dumping of garbage.
Trade Guide for Nainital District
Settlements in Uttarakhand
24 is an Emmy and Golden Globe winning American television series broadcast by Fox Network in the US and shown worldwide.
The show first came on TV on November 6, 2001, airing eight seasons of 24 episodes each until May 24, 2010.
The show returned on May 5, 2014 for a 12 episode miniseries called Live Another Day that aired until July 14, 2014.
The first six seasons were all focused the fictional Los Angeles branch of the Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU).
The seventh season focused on the Washington, D.C. branch of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
The eighth season focused on the fictional New York City branch of CTU.
Live Another Day focused on the London station of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
24 is shown in real time, with each season depicting a 24-hour period in the life of Jack Bauer (Kiefer Sutherland), who works with the government as it fights threats to the country.
Live Another Day, however, mainly depicted a 12-hour period over its 12 episodes, but ended the final episode with a 12-hour time jump to finish the 24 hour cycle.
Bauer is often in the field for each season's main government agency as they try to protect America from terrorists.
The show also follows the actions of other agents, government officials and terrorists associated with the plot.
The first six seasons of the show were all based in Los Angeles and nearby locations  — both real and fictional  — in California, although sometimes other locations have been used as well.
Some of the fourth and sixth seasons, and all of the seventh season, were in Washington, D.C.. The eighth and final season of the original series was in New York City.
Live Another Day was set in London.
Legacy was set in Atlanta.
Kiefer Sutherland as Jack Bauer
Mary Lynn Rajskub as Chloe O'Brian
Carlos Bernard as Tony Almeida
Dennis Haysbert as David Palmer
Elisha Cuthbert as Kim Bauer
Kim Raver as Audrey Raines
James Morrison as Bill Buchanan
D.B. Woodside as Wayne Palmer
Penny Johnson Jerald as Sherry Palmer
Roger Cross as Curtis Manning
Gregory Itzin as Charles Logan
Official 24 website
This is a list of winners and nominations for the Tony Award for Best Musical, first awarded in 1949.
1949 Kiss Me, Kate - Music and lyrics by Cole Porter, book by Samuel and Bella Spewack.
1950 South Pacific - Music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, book by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan.
1951 Guys and Dolls - Music and lyrics by Frank Loesser, book by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows.
1952 The King and I - Book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, music by Richard Rodgers.
1953 Wonderful Town - Book by Joseph Fields and Jerome Chodorov, music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green.
1954 Kismet - Book by Charles Lederer and Luther Davis, music by Alexander Borodin, adapted and with lyrics by Robert Wright and George Forrest.
1955 The Pajama Game - Book by George Abbott and Richard Bissell, music and lyrics by Richard Adler and Jerry Ross.
Book by Jerome Robbins, music by Moose Charlap and Jule Styne and lyrics by Carolyn Leigh, Betty Comden and Adolph Green
Plain and Fancy.
Book by Joseph Stein and Will Glickman, music by Albert Hague, and lyrics by Arnold Horwitt.
Silk Stockings.
Book, music abd lyrics by Cole Porter
1956 Damn Yankees -  Book by George Abbott and Douglass Wallop, music by Richard Adler and Jerry Ross.
Pipe Dream.
Book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, music by Richard Rodgers.
1957 My Fair Lady - Book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, music by Frederick Loewe.
Bells Are Ringing.
Book and lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, music by Jule Styne.
Candide.
Book by Lillian Hellman, music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Richard Wilbur.
The Most Happy Fella.
Book, music, and lyrics by Frank Loesser.
1958 The Music Man - Book by Meredith Willson and Franklin Lacey, music and lyrics by Meredith Willson.
West Side Story.
Book by Arthur Laurents, music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.
New Girl In Town.
Book by George Abbott, music and lyrics by Bob Merrill.
Oh, Captain!.
Book by Al Morgan and José Ferrer, music and lyrics by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans.
Book by E. Y. Harburg and Fred Saidy, music by Harold Arlen, lyrics by E. Y. Harburg.
1959 Redhead -  Book by Herbert and Dorothy Fields, Sidney Sheldon and David Shaw, music by Albert Hague, lyrics by Dorothy Fields.
Flower Drum Song.
Book by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joseph Fields, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, music by Richard Rodgers.
La Plume de Ma Tante.
Written, devised, and directed by Robert Dhery, music by Gérard Calvi, English lyrics by Ross Parker.
1960 (tie) - The Sound of Music - Book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse.
Lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, music by Richard Rodgers.
AND Fiorello!.
Book by Jerome Weidman and George Abbott.
Lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, music by Jerry Bock. (
This is the only tie for Best Musical in the history of the Tony Awards.)
Gypsy.
Book by Arthur Laurents.
Lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, music by Jule Styne.
Once Upon a Mattress.
Book by Jay Thompson, Marshall Barer, and Dean Fuller.
Lyrics by Marshall Barer, music by Mary Rodgers.
Take Me Along.
Book by Joseph Stein and Robert Russell, lyrics and music by Bob Merrill.
1961 Bye Bye Birdie - Book by Michael Stewart, music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Lee Adams.
Do Re Mi.
Book by Garson Kanin, music by Jule Styne, lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green.
Irma La Douce.
Book and lyrics by Alexandre Breffort, music by Marguerite Monnot.
English book and lyrics by Julian More, David Heneker and Monty Norman.
1962 How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying - Book by Abe Burrows, Jack Weinstock and Willie Gilbert, music and lyrics by Frank Loesser.
Carnival!.
Book by Michael Stewart and Helen Deutsch, music and lyrics by Bob Merrill.
Milk and Honey.
Book by Don Appell, lyrics and music by Jerry Herman.
No Strings.
Book by Samuel A. Taylor, music and lyrics by Richard Rodgers.
1963 A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum - Book by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart, music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.
Little Me.
Book by Neil Simon, music by Cy Coleman, lyrics by Carolyn Leigh.
Oliver!.
Book, music, and lyrics by Lionel Bart.
Stop the World - I Want to Get Off.
Book, music, and lyrics by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley.
1964 Hello, Dolly! -
Book by Michael Stewart, music and lyrics by Jerry Herman.
Funny Girl.
Book by Isobel Lennart, music by Jule Styne, lyrics by Bob Merrill.
High Spirits.
Book, lyrics, and music by Hugh Martin and Timothy Gray.
She Loves Me.
Book by Joe Masteroff, music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick.
1965 Fiddler on the Roof - Book by Joseph Stein, music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick.
Golden Boy.
Book by Clifford Odets and William Gibson, music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Lee Adams.
Half a Sixpence.
Book by Beverly Cross, music and lyrics by David Heneker.
Devised by Joan Littlewood for Theatre Workshop, Charles Chilton and Members of the Cast.
1966 Man of La Mancha - Book by Dale Wasserman, music by Mitch Leigh, lyrics by Joe Darion.
Mame.
Book by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, music and lyrics by Jerry Herman.
Skyscraper.
Book by Peter Stone, music by Jimmy Van Heusen, lyrics by Sammy Cahn.
Sweet Charity.
Book by Neil Simon, music by Cy Coleman, lyrics by Dorothy Fields.
1967 Cabaret - Book by Joe Masteroff, music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb.
I Do!.
Book and lyrics by Tom Jones, music by Harvey Schmidt.
The Apple Tree.
Book by Sheldon Harnick and Jerry Bock, music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick.
Walking Happy.
Book by Roger O. Hirson and Ketti Frings, music by Jimmy Van Heusen, lyrics by Sammy Cahn.
1968 Hallelujah, Baby!
Book by Arthur Laurents, music by Jule Styne, lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green.
The Happy Time.
Book by N. Richard Nash, music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb.
How Now, Dow Jones.
Book by Max Shulman, music by Elmer Bernstein, lyrics by Carolyn Leigh.
Illya, Darling.
Book by Jules Dassin, music by Manos Hadjidakis, lyrics by Joe Darion.
1969 1776 - Book by Peter Stone, music and lyrics by Sherman Edwards.
Book by Gerome Ragni and James Rado, music by Galt MacDermot, lyrics by James Rado.
Promises, Promises.
Book by Neil Simon, music by Burt Bacharach, lyrics by Hal David.
Zorba.
Book by Joseph Stein, music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb.
1970 Applause - Book by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Lee Adams.
Coco.
Book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, music by Andre Previn.
Purlie.
Book by Ossie Davis, Philip Rose, and Peter Udell, music by Gary Geld, lyrics by Peter Udell.
1971 Company. -
Book by George Furth, music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim
The Me Nobody Knows. -
Book by Robert H. Livingston, Herb Schapiro, Stephen M. Joseph, music by Gary William Freedman, lyrics by Will Holt.
The Rothschilds. -
Book by Sherman Yellen, music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick.
1972 Two Gentlemen of Verona. -
Based on the play by William Shakespeare.
Music by Galt MacDermot, lyrics by John Guare.
Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death. -
Book, music, and lyrics by Melvin Van Peebles.
Follies. -
Book by James Goldman, music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.
Grease.
1973 A Little Night Music. -
Book by Hugh Wheeler, music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.
Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope. -
Book, music, and lyrics by Micki Grant
Pippin. -
Book by Roger O. Hirson and Bob Fosse, music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz.
Sugar. -
Book by Peter Stone, music by Jule Styne, lyrics by Bob Merrill
1974 Raisin. -
Book by Robert Nemiroff and Charlotte Zaltzberg, music by Judd Woldin, lyrics by Robert Brittan.
Over Here!. -
Book by Will Holt, music and lyrics by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman.
Seesaw - Book by Michael Bennett, music by Cy Coleman, lyrics by Dorothy Fields.
1975 The Wiz. -
Book by William F. Brown, music and lyrics by Charlie Smalls.
Mack and Mabel. -
The Lieutenant. -
Book, music, and lyrics by Gene Curty, Nitra Scharfman, and Chuck Strand.
Shenandoah. -
Book by James Lee Barrett, Peter Udell, and Philip Rose, music by Gary Geld, lyrics by Peter Udell.
1976 A Chorus Line. -
Book by James Kirkwood, music by Marvin Hamlisch, lyrics by Edward Kleban.
Bubbling Brown Sugar. -
Book by Loften Mitchell.
Chicago. -
Book by Fred Ebb and Bob Fosse, music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb.
Pacific Overtures. -
Book by John Weidman, music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.
1977 Annie. -
Book by Thomas Meehan, music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Martin Charnin
Happy End. -
Music by Kurt Weill, lyrics by Bertolt Brecht.
I Love My Wife. -
Book and lyrics by Michael Stewart, music by Cy Coleman.
Side by Side by Sondheim. -
Music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.
1978 Ain't Misbehavin'. -
Music by Thomas "Fats" Waller.
Dancin'. -
No credited authors; directed and choreographed by Bob Fosse.
On the Twentieth Century. -
Book and lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, music by Cy Coleman.
Runaways. -
Book, music, and lyrics by Elizabeth Swados.
1979 Sweeney Todd. -
Ballroom. -
Book by Jerome Kass, music by Billy Goldenberg, lyrics by Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman.
The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. -
Book by Larry L. King and Peter Masterson, music and lyrics by Carol Hall.
They're Playing Our Song. -
Book by Neil Simon, music by Marvin Hamlisch, lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager.
1980 Evita. -
Book and lyrics by Tim Rice, music by Andrew Lloyd Webber.
A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine - Book and lyrics by Dick Vosburgh, music by Frank Lazarus.
Barnum. -
Book by Mark Bramble, music by Cy Coleman, lyrics by Michael Stewart.
Sugar Babies. -
Written by Ralph G. Allen, music by Jimmy McHugh, lyrics by Dorothy Fields and Al Dubin.
1981 42nd Street. -
Book by Michael Stewart and Mark Bramble, music by Harry Warren, lyrics by Al Dubin.
Sophisticated Ladies. -
Music by Duke Ellington
Tintypes. -
Book by Mel Marvin and Gary Pearle.
Woman of the Year. -
Book by Peter Stone, music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb.
1982 Nine. -
Book by Arthur Kopit, music and lyrics by Maury Yeston.
Dreamgirls. -
Book and lyrics by Tom Eyen, music by Henry Krieger.
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. -
Pump Boys and Dinettes. -
Book, music, and lyrics by Pump Boys and Dinettes (theatre organization featuring John Foley, Mark Hardwick, Debra Monk, Cass Morgan, John Schimmel, and Jim Wann).
1983 Cats. -
Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, lyrics from the poems of T. S. Eliot with additional lyrics by Trevor Nunn.
Blues in the Night. -
No credited authors, conceived and directed by Sheldon Epps.
Merlin. -
Book by Richard Levinson and William Link, music by Elmer Bernstein, lyrics by Don Black.
My One and Only. -
Book by Peter Stone and Timothy S. Mayer, music by George Gershwin, lyrics by Ira Gershwin.
1984 La Cage aux Folles. -
Book by Harvey Fierstein, music and lyrics by Jerry Herman.
Baby. -
Book by Sybille Pearson, music by David Shire, lyrics by Richard Maltby, Jr.
Sunday in the Park with George. -
Book by James Lapine, music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.
The Tap Dance Kid. -
Book by Charles Blackwell, music by Henry Krieger, lyrics by Robert Lorick.
1985 Big River. -
Book by William Hauptman, music and lyrics by Roger Miller.
Grind. -
Book by Fay Kanin, music by Larry Grossman, lyrics by Ellen Fitzhugh.
Leader of the Pack . -
Book by Anne Beatts
Quilters.. - Book by Molly Newman and Barbara Damashek, music and lyrics by Barbara Damashek.
1986 The Mystery of Edwin Drood. -
Book, music, and lyrics by Rupert Holmes.
Big Deal. -
Book by Bob Fosse.
Song and Dance. -
Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, lyrics by Don Black.
Tango Argentino. -
No credited authors, conceived and directed by Claudio Segovia and Héctor Orezzoli
1987 Les Misérables. -
Book by Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil, music by Claude-Michel Schönberg, lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer.
Me and My Girl. -
Book and lyrics by L. Arthur Rose and Douglas Furber, music by Noel Gay.
Rags. -
Book by Joseph Stein, music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz.
Starlight Express. -
Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, lyrics by Richard Stilgoe.
1988 The Phantom of the Opera. -
Book by Richard Stilgoe and Andrew Lloyd Webber, music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, lyrics by Charles Hart.
Into the Woods. -
Romance/Romance. -
Book and lyrics by Barry Harman, music by Keith Herrmann.
Sarafina!. -
Book, music, and lyrics by Mbongeni Ngema.
1989 Jerome Robbins' Broadway. -
No credited authors, directed by Jerome Robbins.
Black and Blue. -
Starmites. -
Book by Stuart Ross and Barry Keating, music and lyrics by Barry Keating.
1990 City of Angels - Book by Larry Gelbart, lyrics by David Zippel, music by Cy Coleman
Aspects of Love - Book by Andrew Lloyd Webber, lyrics by Don Black and Charles Hart, music by Andrew Lloyd Webber
Grand Hotel - Book by Luther Davis, music & lyrics by George Forrest and Robert Wright
Meet Me in St. Louis - Book by Hugh Wheeler, music & lyrics by Ralph Blane and Hugh Martin
1991 The Will Rogers Follies - Book by Peter Stone, lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, music by Cy Coleman
Miss Saigon - Book by Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg, lyrics by Alain Boublil and Richard Maltby, Jr., music by Claude-Michel Schönberg
Once on This Island - Book & lyrics by Lynn Ahrens, music by Stephen Flaherty
The Secret Garden - Book & lyrics by Marsha Norman, music by Lucy Simon
1992 Crazy for You - Book by Ken Ludwig, lyrics by Ira Gershwin, music by George Gershwin
Falsettos - Book by William Finn and James Lapine, music & lyrics by William Finn
Five Guys Named Moe - Conceived by Clarke Peters, music & lyrics by various composers
Jelly's Last Jam - Book by George C. Wolfe, lyrics by Susan Birkenhead, music by Jelly Roll Morton
1993 Kiss of the Spider Woman - Book by Terrence McNally, lyrics by Fred Ebb, music by John Kander
Blood Brothers - Book, music, & lyrics by Willy Russell
The Goodbye Girl - Book by Neil Simon, lyrics by David Zippel, music by Marvin Hamlisch
The Who's Tommy - Book by Pete Townshend and Des McAnuff, music & lyrics by Pete Townshend
1994 Passion - Book by James Lapine, music & lyrics by Stephen Sondheim
A Grand Night for Singing - Music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II
Beauty and the Beast - Book by Linda Woolverton, lyrics by Howard Ashman and Tim Rice, music by Alan Menken
Cyrano: The Musical - Book & lyrics by Koen van Dijk, music by Ad van Dijk
1995 Sunset Boulevard - Book by Christopher Hampton and Don Black, lyrics by Don Black, music by Andrew Lloyd Webber
Smokey Joe's Cafe - Music & lyrics by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller
1996 Rent - Book, music, and lyrics by Jonathan Larson
Bring in 'da Noise/Bring in 'da Funk - Book by Reg E. Gaines; lyrics by Reg E. Gaines, George C. Wolfe, and Ann Duquesnay; music by Daryl Waters, Zane Mark, and Ann Duquesnay
Chronicle of a Death Foretold - Book adapted by Graciela Daniele and Jim Lewis, based on the novel by Gabriel García Márquez; music by Bob Telson
Swinging on a Star - Book by Michael Leeds, lyrics by Johnny Burke, music by various composers
1997 Titanic - Book by Peter Stone, music & lyrics by Maury Yeston
Juan Darien - Book by Elliot Goldenthal and Julie Taymor, lyrics by Elliot Goldenthal, music by Elliot Goldenthal
Steel Pier - Book by David Thompson, lyrics by Fred Ebb, music by John Kander
The Life - Book by Cy Coleman, David Newman, and Ira Gasman; lyrics by Ira Gasman; music by Cy Coleman
1998 The Lion King - Book by Roger Allers and Irene Mecchi; lyrics by Tim Rice; music by Elton John; additional music & lyrics by Lebo M, Mark Mancina, Jay Rifkin, Julie Taymor, and Hans Zimmer
Side Show - Book & lyrics by Bill Russell, music by Henry Kreiger
The Scarlet Pimpernel - Book & lyrics by Nan Knighton, music by Frank Wildhorn
Ragtime - Book by Terrence McNally, lyrics by Lynn Ahrens, music by Stephen Flaherty
1999 Fosse - Conceived by Richard Maltby, Jr., Chet Walker and Ann Reinking, music & lyrics by various composers
The Civil War - Book by Gregory Boyd and Frank Wildhorn, lyrics by Jack Murphy, music by Frank Wildhorn
It Ain't Nothin' But the Blues - Book by Charles Bevel, Lita Gaithers, Randal Myler, Ron Taylor, and Dan Wheetman; music & lyrics by various composers
Parade - Book by Alfred Uhry, music & lyrics by Jason Robert Brown
2000 Contact - Conceived by Susan Stroman and John Weidman, book by John Weidman, music & lyrics by various composers
James Joyce's The Dead - Book by Richard Nelson, music by Shaun Davey, lyrics by Richard Nelson and Shaun Davey
Swing! -
Conceived by Paul Kelley, music & lyrics by various composers
The Wild Party - Book by Michael John LaChiusa and George C. Wolfe, music & lyrics by Michael John LaChiusa
2001 The Producers - Book by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan, music & lyrics by Mel Brooks
A Class Act - Book by Linda Kline and Lonny Price, music & lyrics by Edward Kleban
The Full Monty - Book by Terrence McNally, music & lyrics by David Yazbek
Jane Eyre - Book by John Caird, lyrics by John Caird and Paul Gordon, music by Paul Gordon(songwriter)
2002 Thoroughly Modern Millie - Book by Richard Morris and Dick Scanlan, new lyrics by Dick Scanlan, new music by Jeanine Tesori
Mamma Mia! -
Book by Catherine Johnson, music & lyrics by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus
Sweet Smell of Success: The Musical - Book by John Guare, lyrics by Craig Carnelia, music by Marvin Hamlisch
Urinetown The Musical - Book by Greg Kotis, lyrics by Greg Kotis and Mark Hollman, music by Mark Hollman
2003 Hairspray - Book by Thomas Meehan, music by Marc Shaiman, lyrics by Scott Wittman and Marc Shaiman
Amour - Book & original French lyrics by Didier Van Cauwelaert, book adaptation and English lyrics by Jeremy Sams; music by Michel Legrand
A Year with Frog and Toad - Book & lyrics by Willie Reale, music by Robert Reale
Movin' Out - Conceived by Twyla Tharp, music & lyrics by Billy Joel
2004 Avenue Q - Book by Jeff Whitty, music & lyrics by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx
The Boy from Oz - Book by Martin Sherman (original book by Nick Enright), music & lyrics by Peter Allen
Caroline, or Change - Book & lyrics by Tony Kushner, music by Jeanine Tesori
Wicked - Book by Winnie Holzman, music & lyrics by Stephen Schwartz
2005 Monty Python's Spamalot - Book by Eric Idle, music by John Du Prez and Eric Idle, lyrics by Eric Idle' based on the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail
The Light in the Piazza - Book by Craig Lucas, music & lyrics by Adam GuettelDirty Rotten Scoundrels - Book by Jeffrey Lane, music & lyrics by David Yazbek
The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee - Book by Rachel Sheinkin, music & lyrics by William Finn
2006 Jersey Boys - Book by Marshall Brickman and Rick Ellice, music and lyrics by Bob Gaudio and Bob Crewe
The Color Purple - Book by Marsha Norman, music & lyrics by Brenda Russell, Allee Willis, and Stephen Bray
The Drowsy Chaperone - Book by Bob Martin and Don McKellar, music & lyrics by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison
The Wedding Singer - Book by Tim Herlihy and Chad Beguelin, music by Matthew Sklar, lyrics by Chad Beguelin
2007 Spring Awakening - Book by Steven Sater, music by Duncan Sheik, lyrics by Steven Sater
Curtains - Book by Rupert Holmes, music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb
Grey Gardens - Book by Doug Wright, music by Scott Frankel, lyrics by Michael Korie
Mary Poppins - Book by Julian Fellowes, music and lyrics by Robert B. Sherman, Richard M. Sherman, George Stiles, and Anthony Drewe2017 Dear Evan Hansen - Music and lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul, book by Steven Levenson'''
1948 Mister Roberts1949 Death of a Salesman
1950 The Cocktail Party1951 The Rose Tattoo
1952 The Fourposter1953 The Crucible
1954 The Teahouse of the August Moon1955 The Desperate Hours
1956 The Diary of Anne Frank1957 Long Day's Journey Into Night
1958 Sunrise at Campobello 1959 J.B.
1960 The Miracle Worker1961 Becket
1962 A Man for All Seasons1963 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
1964 Luther1965 The Subject Was Roses
1966 Marat/Sade1967 The Homecoming
1968 Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead1969 The Great White Hope
1970 Borstal Boy1971 Sleuth
1972 Sticks and Bones1973 That Championship Season
1974 The River Niger1975 Equus
1976 Travesties1977 The Shadow Box
1978 Da1979 The Elephant Man
1980 Children of a Lesser God1981 Amadeus
1982 The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby1983 Torch Song Trilogy
1984 The Real Thing1985 Biloxi Blues
1986 I'm Not Rappaport1987 Fences (play)
1988 M. Butterfly1989 The Heidi Chronicles
1990 The Grapes of Wrath1991 Lost in Yonkers