the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The momentum measures how much mass is in a thing, how fast it is going, and which direction it is going.
So forces change the momentum, but how much they can change the speed and direction of motion still depends on mass.
The third law says that if one thing puts a force on another thing, the second thing also puts a force on the first thing.
The second force is equal in size to the first force.
The forces act in opposite directions.
For example, if you jump forward off a boat, the boat moves backward.
For you to jump forward, the boat had to push you forward.
Newton's third law says that for the boat to push you forward, you had to push the boat backward.
Often, people say, For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematic Equations
1-Dimensional Kinematics
1-Dimensional (1D) Kinematics are used only when an object moves in one direction: either side to side (left to right) or up and down.
There are equations with can be used to solve problems that have movement in only 1 dimension or direction.
These equations come from the definitions of velocity, acceleration and distance.
The first 1D kinematic equation deals with acceleration and velocity.
If acceleration and velocity do not change. (
Does not need include distance)
Equation:
Vf is the final velocity.
vi is the starting or initial velocity
a is the acceleration
t is time - how long the object was accelerated for.
The second 1D kinematic equation finds the distance moved, by using the average velocity and the time. (
Does not need include acceleration)
x is the distance moved.
t is time
The third 1D kinematic equation finds the distance travelled, while the object is accelerating.
It deals with velocity, acceleration, time and distance. (
Does not need include final velocity)
is the final distance moved
xi is the starting or initial distance
The fourth 1D kinematic equation finds the final velocity by using the initial velocity, acceleration and distance travelled. (
Does not need include time)
Vf is the final velocity
x is the distance moved
2-Dimensional Kinematics
2-Dimensional kinematics is used when motion happens in both the x-direction (left to right) and the y-direction (up and down).
There are also equations for this type of kinematics.
However, there are different equations for the x-direction and different equations for the y-direction.
Galileo proved that the velocity in the x-direction does not change through the whole run.
However, the y-direction is affected by the force of gravity, so the y-velocity does change during the run.
X-Direction Equations
Left and Right movement
The first x-direction equation is the only one that is needed to solve problems, because the velocity in the x-direction stays the same.
X is the distance moved in the x-direction
Vx is the velocity in the x-direction
Y-Direction Equations
Up and Down movement.
Affected by gravity or other external acceleration
The first y-direction equation is almost the same as the first 1-Dimensional kinematic equation except it deals with the changing y-velocity.
It deals with a freely falling body while its being affected by gravity. (
Distance is not needed)
Vfy is the final y-velocity
viy is the starting or initial y-velocity
g is the acceleration because of gravity which is 9.8  or 32
The second y-direction equation is used when the object is being affected by a separate acceleration, not by gravity.
In this case, the y-component of the acceleration vector is needed. (
ay is the y-component of the acceleration vector
t is the time
The third y-direction equation finds the distance moved in the y-direction by using the average y-velocity and the time. (
Does not need acceleration of gravity or external acceration)
Xy is the distance moved in the y-direction
The fourth y-direction equation deals with the distance moved in the y-direction while being affected by gravity. (
Does not need final y-velocity)
is the final distance moved in the y-direction
xiy is the starting or initial distance in the y-direction
viy is the starting or initial velocity in the y-direction
g is the acceleration of gravity which is 9.8  or 32
The fifth y-direction equation deals with the distance moved in the y-direction while being affected by a different acceleration other than gravity. (
The sixth y-direction equation finds the final y-velocity while it is being affected by gravity over a certain distance. (
Does not need time)
Vfy is the final velocity in the y-direction
Viy is the starting or initial velocity in the y-direction
xy is the total distance moved in the y-direction
The seventh y-direction equation finds the final y-velocity while it is being affected by an acceleration other than gravity over a certain distance. (
Science aid: Newton's laws of motion
The Engineering Wiki's shorter page: Newton's laws of motion - engineers may improve it!
Newtonian Physics - an on-line textbook
Newtonian attraction for three Planets (Mathcad Application Server)
Gravity - Newton's Law for Kids
On Line Study Guide-study guide for high school students
Moai are stone statues on Easter Island.
Each moai is made out of one large stone but some have an extra stone on top of the head.
Most were made from the volcanic rock in the Rano Raraku area of the island.
Moai are sometimes called "heads" but they do have shoulders, arms, and a body but these are usually too small for the head, also some of the best known ones had been partly buried over the years and only the heads were showing.
Most moai are between 2.5 and 10 metres high and, usually, weigh 14 tonnes.
There are about 1000 moai placed mainly around the coast of the island plus nearly 400 more which were left not yet finished at Rano Raraku.
When, why, and how they were made is still a mystery today.
It is believed that they were made almost 1000 years ago by Polynesians, who lived there at the time and were made to honour their ancestors (older family members long dead) and bring good luck.
Making the statues would have needed a lot of time and effort.
To move them, they may have used wooden sledges or rollers or even "walked" them by rocking the moai along.
The youngest moai found was built around 1350.
It is believed that, around that time, there began a time of cold weather, little food, and war between the peoples.
By the 19th century, all the moai had been pushed over.
Today, some have been restored.
Grant McCall (1995). "
Rapanui (Easter Island) ."
Pacific Islands Year Book 17th Edition.
Fiji Times.
Retrieved August 8, 2005.
Thor Heyerdahl, Arne Skjølsvold, and Pavel Pavel  The "Walking" Moai of Easter Island.
Kathy Pelta (2001).
Rediscovering Easter Island.
North Minneapolis, USA:Lerner Publications. .
Rupert Matthews (1988).
Ancient Mysteries.
East Sussex, England:Wayland. .
Unofficial Easter Island Homepage
PBS NOVA: Secrets of Easter Island
PBS NOVA: Secrets of Lost Empires: Easter Island
How to make Walking Moai: A hypothesis about transportation method on Easter island
Diogenes of Sinope (or Diogenes the Cynic) was an Ancient Greek philosopher.
He was born in the town of Sinope (now called Sinop, Turkey) around the year 412 BC and died in the city of Corinth, Greece on the year 323 BC.
After being exiled for debasing the currency, he moved to Athens.
He had a simple life-style and behaviour.
This gave him a basis to criticize the social values and institutions of the corrupt, confused society he saw around him.
Diogenes made a virtue of poverty.
He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar in the marketplace.
He became notorious for his philosophical stunts.
He used to carry a lamp during the day, and claimed he was looking for an honest man.
He criticized Plato, disputed his interpretation of Socrates.
He sabotaged Plato's lectures, distracting attenders by bringing food and eating during the discussions.
Diogenes was also noted for having publicly mocked Alexander the Great.
He also made a notion of "cosmopolitan" on world citizenship first time in history.
Diogenes was captured by pirates and sold into slavery.
Eventually he settled in Corinth.
There he explained cynicism to Crates, who taught it to Zeno of Citium.
Zeno worked on  stoicism, which became one of the main schools of Greek philosophy.
None of Diogenes' writings have survived, but there are some details of his life from anecdotes.
The anecdotes come from Diogenes Laërtius' book Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers and some other sources.
323 BC deaths
The body fights infections using the immune system, which is made up of millions upon millions of cells including T cells and B cells.
An important part of the adaptive immune system is that it is much stronger when fighting a disease that it has already fought against before.
Vaccination involves showing the immune system something which looks very similar to a particular virus or bacteria, which helps the immune system be stronger when it is fighting against the real infection.
Vaccination versus Immunization
Another word used for vaccines is immunization.
These words mean things that are a little different.
Vaccination is when a person is given something to make the immune system learn to fight an infectious disease.
Immunization is when a person's immune system learns to fight an infection.
Immunization can happen from vaccination.
But immunization can also happen from getting the infection.
For example, a person can be immune to hepatitis B if he gets sick with hepatitis B. After a person gets hepatitis B and then gets well, he is immunized from getting it again.
A person can also be immunized from hepatitis B by taking the hepatitis B vaccination.
So vaccination and immunization have meanings that are a little different.
But when people say these words, they usually mean the same thing.
People say immunization to mean the same thing as vaccination.
Herd immunity is an important part of how vaccines work.
A herd is a group of animals.
Herd immunity happens when most of the animals in a group are immune to an infection.
If most animals are immune they cannot get the disease.
If they do not get the disease, they cannot give it to other animals.
So even one animal who is not immune is safer.
If none of the other animals in a herd get the infection, they cannot give the infection to the one who is non immune.
This is important in people too.
If 95% of people in a place are immune to a disease, the other 5% are safer.
They are not near infected people, so they won't get infected.
The people who are in the 5% are there for many reasons.
Some got the vaccine but did not react to it.
Their immune system did not learn how to fight it well.
Some of them are too sick to get the vaccine.
It can be children who are too sick with other diseases to get vaccines.
It can be a pregnant woman who cannot get the vaccine because it could hurt her baby.
It can be a person with cancer who does not have a strong immune system.
It can be an older person who has a weak immune system.
So if everyone in a place gets vaccinated, it protects these people too.
If they are not protected by herd immunity, they can get more sick from an infection.
They get the infection more easily and they get sicker from it.
So it is important that people who are healthy get their vaccinations.
It protects the healthy people.
But it also is important to protect other people who are old, weak, or sick.
Types of vaccines
Inactivated vaccines contain particles (usually viruses).
These have been grown for the purpose.
They have been killed, using formaldehyde or by other means.
But the virus still looks intact; the immune system can develop antibodies against it.
Attenuated vaccines contain live viruses, that have been weakened.
They will reproduce, but very slowly, making it an "easy win" for the immune system.
Such vaccines cannot be used on patients with a severely weakened immune system, such as those with AIDS, as they are unable to defeat even this very weak virus.
Subunit vaccines show antigens to the immune system, without introducing virus material.
There are various other methods.
All aim to develop the immune response without allowing the full viral infection to happen.
Safety of vaccination
Today in modern countries almost all people are vaccinated, which has caused many serious diseases to become rare.
However, some people argue against vaccination, as they are worried about possible side effects from the vaccination.
Vaccinations do have some side effects.
These include swelling and redness around the injection site, a sore arm, or fever.
These effects are because of the immune system fighting with the viruses or bacteria which have been injected.
Very rarely, the immune system overreacts so much to the virus that the immune system damages other areas in the body.
As well as these real side effects of vaccinations, some people believe that vaccines cause other serious problems like autism, brain damage, or diabetes.
There is no evidence for this.
Almost all doctors and scientists believe that vaccination does not cause any of these things.
Overall, the vast majority of medical professionals and scientists believe that vaccinations are a good thing and that the benefits of avoiding diseases are far greater than the very small risk of side effects.
All medical organizations around the world, including the World Health Organization(WHO), the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the United States Centers for Disease Control support vaccination.
The word "vaccine" was created by Edward Jenner.
The word comes from the Latin word vacca, meaning cow.
A virus that mainly affects cows (Cowpox) was used in the first scientific demonstration that giving a person one virus could protect against a related and more dangerous one.
History of vaccination
The first vaccination ever was for smallpox.
In 1796 an English doctor, Edward Jenner, noticed something.
He saw that people who got cowpox did not get sick from smallpox.
He gave a young boy the cowpox virus to protect him from smallpox.
This was done by scratching liquid from cowpox sores into the boy's skin.
This same method using the liquid from sores was also used to give people smallpox.
People did this so they might get smallpox on one place on their bodies.
Then they could pick which body part got scars from smallpox.
But sometimes people who did this got very sick from smallpox.
Some even died.
This was a dangerous thing to do.
But people did it because it was less dangerous than getting smallpox.
Edward Jenner gave the boy cowpox in the same way people tried to give smallpox.
Six weeks later, he scratched smallpox into the boy's skin.
The boy did not get sick from smallpox.
This boy was the first person ever to get a vaccination.
It was not until almost 100 years after the smallpox vaccination that the next vaccine for cholera was found in 1879.
After that, vaccines for 28 different types of diseases have been found.
World Health Organization about vaccines
Sabin Vaccine Institute
Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research
Walter Reed National Vaccine Healthcare Centers Network (US)
American Academy of Pediatrics Vaccine Information
Vaccination -Citizendium
The vice president of the United States of America (often shortened to VP or VPOTUS) is the second highest executive officer of the United States Federal Government and the chief deputy to the president of the United States.
In their capacity as the deputy head of government, the vice president is also the president of the Senate who is the presiding officer of the United States Senate - the upper house of the United States legislature.
This position is first in line to succeed as president if the current president resigns, dies or is removed from office.
List of vice presidents
Selection and election
Originally, the vice president was the person who got the second most electoral votes in the presidential election.
This worked well until Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in the election of 1800.
After that, the 12th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution said that the president and vice president are elected separately, and if they tie they would be chosen by the Senate.
Soon after that, political parties began running the president and vice president on one platform.
As such, the vice presidential candidates are usually chosen by the leadership of a political party, with a strong influence by that party's presidential candidate.
The vice president and president are usually from the same political party (for example, Barack Obama and Joe Biden were both Democrats, and George W. Bush and Dick Cheney were both Republicans).
The vice president only has one official duty.
That is to preside over the Senate and to cast a vote in the Senate if there is a tie.
However, recently the duties have been seen to include being a member of the president's Cabinet, or a top advisor to the president (Dick Cheney was the first vice president to take this duty the most seriously).
The vice president is a member of the National Security Council and serves on the board of the Smithsonian.
Also, the 25th Amendment says that the vice president can act as president if the president is incapacitated (can not do the job of president).
For example, Vice President George H.W. Bush acted as president when Ronald Reagan was having an operation.
If the vice president dies or becomes president
Before 1967, if the president died, it was unclear whether the vice president was president or merely acting president.
However, John Tyler and others who took over the office said they were not merely acting president.
Also, if the vice president died, nobody was vice president until a new one was elected.
This uncertainty was corrected after the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Under the 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution, if the president dies, the vice president automatically becomes the president.
If the vice president dies, resigns, or becomes president, the president can appoint a new vice president.
The appointment needs to be confirmed by a majority vote of both the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate.
This has happened twice.
Gerald Ford became vice president after the resignation of Spiro Agnew, and Nelson Rockefeller became vice president when Gerald Ford became president after Richard Nixon resigned.
Vice presidents who became president
The following vice presidents either became president after the death or resignation of the president, or were elected in their own right:
Harry S Truman
Living former vice presidents
Government of the United States
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is an American politician and businessman.
He was the 46th vice president of the United States from 2001 to 2009.
As a Republican, he ran in the 2000 United States presidential election with George W. Bush, and successfully won re-election in the 2004 United States presidential election.
Before he became vice president, he was the Secretary of Defense from 1989 to 1993, during George H. W. Bush's presidency.
He was also a member of the House of Representatives from 1979 to 1989, and was White House chief of staff from 1975 to 1977.
Cheney was born at Bryan Medical Center East Campus in Lincoln, Nebraska to Richard Cheney and Marjorie Cheney.
Cheney grew up in Casper, Wyoming.
Dick Cheney was the former representative for Wyoming's At-large congressional district.
He served in the George H. W. Bush administration from 1989-1993 as a cabinet member.
He was a Congressman, and White House Chief of Staff.
Business career
Vice presidency (2001–2009)
Cheney lives in Wyoming.
He is an active hunter.
In 2006, he shot a friend by mistake while hunting.
He did not run for President in 2008.
He has criticized President Barack Obama.
His wife Lynne Cheney is a distant cousin of President Barack Obama and he is an 8th cousin of President Barack Obama.
He is a 9th cousin, once removed of George W. Bush.
Cheney is distantly related to Harry S. Truman and Robert Duvall by the Duvall family.
He is distantly related to American Express founder Benjamin Pierce Cheney.
On March 24, 2012, Cheney underwent a seven-hour heart transplant process.
Cheney has had several heart attacks.
Dick and Lynne Cheney have 2 daughters, Elizabeth and Mary.
Mary is openly lesbian and Dick supports same sex marriage along with Mary.
Liz is the Congresswoman at-large from Wyoming in the United States House of Representatives.
US Department of State from the Internet Archive
The New York Times — Dick Cheney archives
Vice Presidential Debate, October 5, 2004: Transcript text, Audio and Video (RealPlayer or MPG format)
Businesspeople from Nebraska
Politicians from Nebraska
United States representatives from Wyoming
United States Secretaries of Defense
White House Chiefs of Staff
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Businesspeople from Wyoming
Toad the Wet Sprocket is an American alternative rock band from California.
They formed in 1986, while they were in high school.
Their name comes from a monologue (one person doing all the talking) performed by Eric Idle, called "Rock Notes" on the 1980 album, Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album.
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
1998 disestablishments in the United States
1990s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in California
Boyz II Men is an American boy band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
They were popular in the early 1990s.
Founded in 1988 as a quintet (group of five people), Boyz II Men found fame as a quartet (group of four), with members Nathan Morris, Michael McCary, Shawn Stockman, and Wanya Morris, on Motown Records during the early 1990s.
Based on sales, Boyz II Men is the most successful R&B male vocal group of all time.
It has recorded five #1 R&B hits between 1992 and 1997 and has since sold more than 90 million albums and 50 million singles.
Three of its #1 hits, "End of the Road", "I'll Make Love to You", and "One Sweet Day" (with Mariah Carey), set and broke records for the longest period of time a single remained at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
American boy bands
Musical groups from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1980s establishments in Pennsylvania
John Lester "Johnny" Nash Jr. (August 19, 1940 – October 6, 2020) was an American reggae and soul singer.
His best known singles were "I Can See Clearly Now", "Hold Me Tight" and "Tears on My Pillow".
In his late teens Johnny Nash came to the attention of Arthur Godfrey and put in many appearances on his TV show.
He also had a featured role in the motion picture "Take A Giant Step".
Johnny began recording for the ABC Paramount label, and under the guidance of arranger producer Don Costa, he made a number of albums of standards.
Including "Johnny Nash", "Let's Get Lost", "The Quiet Hour", "Studio Time" and "I Got Rhythm".
Even though he possessed a superb singing voice, it seems that in the early 1960s, all young black male ballad singers were overshadowed by another Johnny.
Johnny Mathis.
Johnny Nash never really came into the forefront of pop music.
He made a couple of obscure jazz tinged albums for the Argo label.
Then after being off the scene for a couple of years, he emerged with a new music genre, the reggae, soul and caribbean type song stylings.
This was the mid 70's and he found new fans and a new popularity.
On June 25, 2019, The New York Times listed Johnny Nash among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.
Nash was born in Houston, Texas.
He died on October 6, 2020 in Houston at the age of 80.
American soul singers
Linda Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is an American retired singer.
She has won ten Grammy Awards and many other awards.
Ronstadt has never married.
She has an adopted daughter and adopted son.
She has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.
Her autobiography was published in 2013.
Country musicians from Arizona
Singers from Tucson, Arizona
The heart is an organ found in every vertebrate.
It is a very strong muscle.
It is on the left side of the body in humans and is about the size of a fist.
It pumps blood throughout the body.
It has regular contractions, or when the heart squeezes the blood out into other parts of the body.
Cardiac and cardio both mean "about the heart", so if something has the prefix cardio or cardiac, it has something to do with the heart.
The human heart has four chambers or closed spaces.
Some animals have only two or three chambers.
In humans, the four chambers are two atria and two ventricles.
Atria is talking about two chambers; atrium is talking about one chamber.
There is a right atrium and right ventricle.
These get blood that comes to the heart.
They pump this blood to the lungs.
In the lungs blood picks up oxygen and drops carbon dioxide.
Blood from the lungs goes to the left atrium and ventricle.
The left atrium and ventricle send the blood out to the body.
The left ventricle works six times harder than the right ventricle because it carries oxygenated blood.
Blood is carried in blood vessels.
These are arteries and veins.
Blood going to the heart is carried in veins.
Blood going away from the heart is carried in arteries.
The main artery going out of the right ventricle is the pulmonary artery. (
Pulmonary means about lungs.)
The main artery going out of the left ventricle is the aorta.
The veins going into the right atrium are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
These bring blood from the body to the right heart.
The veins going into the left atrium are the pulmonary veins.
These bring blood from the lungs to the left heart.
When the blood goes from the atria to the ventricles it goes through heart valves.
When blood goes out of the ventricles it goes through valves.
The valves make sure that blood only goes one way in or out.
Atria to ventricle valves
Tricuspid valve – blood goes from right atrium to right ventricle
Mitral valve – blood goes from left atrium to left ventricle
Ventricles to arteries
Pulmonic valve – blood goes out of the right ventricle to the lungs (through the pulmonic artery)
Aortic valve – blood goes out of the left ventricle to the body (through the aorta)
The heart has three layers.
The outer covering is the pericardium.
This is a tough sack that surrounds the heart.
The middle layer is the myocardium.
This is the heart muscle.
The inner layer is the endocardium.
This is the thin smooth lining of the chambers of the heart.
Cardiac cycle
A heart beat is when the heart muscle contracts.
This means the heart pushes in and this makes the chambers smaller.
This pushes blood out of the heart and into the blood vessels.
After the heart contracts and pushes in, the muscle relaxes or stops pushing in.
The chambers get bigger and blood coming back to the heart fills them.
When the heart muscle contracts (pushes in) it is called systole.
When the heart muscle relaxes (stops pushing in), this is called diastole.
Both atria do systole together.
Both ventricles do systole together.
But the atria do systole before the ventricles.
Even though the atrial systole comes before ventricular systole, all four chambers do diastole at the same time.
This is called cardiac diastole
The order is: atrial systole → ventricular systole → cardiac diastole.
When this happens one time, it is called a cardiac cycle.
Heart's pacemaker
Systole (when the heart squeezes) happens because the muscle cells of the heart gets smaller in size.
When they get smaller we also say they contract.
Electricity going through the heart makes the cells contract.
The electricity starts in the sino-atrial node (acronym SA Node) The SA Node is a group of cells called pacemaker cells in the right atria.
These cells start an electrical impulse.
This electrical impulse sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract.
This motion is called 'atrial systole'.
Once electrical impulse goes through the atrio-ventricular node (AV Node).
The AV Node makes the impulse slow down.
Slowing down makes the electrical impulses get to the ventricles later.
That is what makes the ventricular systole occur after atrial systole, and lets all the blood leave the atria before ventricle contracts (meaning squeeze).
After the electrical impulse goes through the AV Node, the electrical impulse will go through the conduction system of the ventricle.
Conduction means heat or electricity traveling through something.
This brings the electrical impulse to the ventricles.
The first part of the conduction system is the bundle of His.
His is named for the doctor (Wilhelm His, Jr) who discovered it.
Bundle means strings or wires grouped together in parallel.
Once the bundle (meaning a group of strings or wires going in parallel directions) goes through the ventricle muscle, it divides into two bundle branches, the left bundle branch and the right bundle branch.
The left bundle branch travels to the left ventricle and the right bundle branch travels to the right ventricle.
At the end of the bundle branches, the electrical impulse goes into the ventricular muscle through the Purkinje Fibers.
This is what makes ventricle contraction take place and makes ventricular systole.
ECG is an acronym for ElectroCardioGram.
It is also written EKG for ElectroKardioGram in German.
The ECG shows what the electricity in the heart is doing.
An ECG is done by putting electrodes on a person's skin.
The electrodes see the electricity going through the heart.
This is written on paper by a machine.
This writing on the paper is the ECG.
Doctors learn about the person's heart by looking at the ECG.
The ECG shows some diseases of the heart like heart attacks or problems with the rhythm of the heart (how the electricity goes through the heart's conduction system.)
The ECG shows atrial systole.
This is called a P-wave.
Then ventricular systole happens.
This is called the QRS or QRS-complex.
It is called a complex because there are three different waves in it.
The Q-wave, R-wave, and S-wave.
Then the ECG shows ventricular diastole.
This is called the T-wave.
Atrial diastole happens then too.
But it is not seen separate from ventricular diastole.
The PR-Interval is the space between atrial systole (P) and ventricular systole (QRS).
The QT-Interval is from when the QRS starts to when the T ends.
The ST-segment is the space between the QRS and T.
Symptoms of heart disease
What is the heart? -
The gross physiology of the cardiovascular system (2nd Ed.,
2012) – Robert M. Anderson, M.D. (CC-BY-NC)
Atlas of human cardiac anatomy
" healthy heart  " Blog
Anatomy of the cardiovascular system
Heart disease is a general term that means that the heart is not working normally.
Babies can be born with heart disease.
This is called congenital heart disease.
If people get heart disease later, it is called acquired heart disease.
Most heart disease is acquired.
Types of heart disease
Coronary Artery Disease (acronym CAD) – This is a problem with the blood vessels that deliver blood to the heart muscle.
If these blood vessels get very small, or if they become blocked, blood cannot flow through them normally.
Since less blood is supplied to the heart muscle, the muscle cannot work at normal capacity.
The heart muscle can become sick and weak.
Heart muscle can even die if blood flow stops.
Blocked arteries in the heart are often caused by smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and inherited traits from parents.
All of these problems damage the lining of the heart's blood vessels and make them become narrowed or blocked completely.
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) – This is a condition that means that the heart is not pumping at normal levels.
Two common causes are a weak or sick heart muscle and abnormal heart valves.
The valves may not let enough blood through because they are too narrowed.
Or the valve may "leak" and let blood flow backwards (the wrong direction) inside the heart.
When the heart valves do not work normally, the heart muscle has to do extra work and it can become tired.
Bad Heart Rhythms – This is a problem with electrical activity in the heart.
This can make the heart beat too fast or too slow.
Very bad heart rhythms may make the heart stop pumping blood.
The heart needs a normal rhythm to pump the blood well.
If the rhythm is too fast, the heart may not have time for blood to enter the chambers, so there is not enough blood moving through the heart with each beat.
If the heart is too slow, there may not be enough contractions of the heart to supply the body with the blood that it needs.
A person can have heart disease and not feel sick.
Some people with heart disease have symptoms.
This is when there are changes or pain in the body to show a disease is there.
Some symptoms of heart disease are:
Pain in the chest—the heart muscle is not getting enough flow to keep it going.
Trouble breathing—blood may back up into the lungs.
Palpitations (a feeling that the heart is beating too fast, too hard, or not regularly).
Swelling of feet or legs—blood is backing up from the heart into the lower body.
Feeling weak because the body and brain are not getting enough blood to supply them with oxygen.
Cyanosis (skin turning a blue colour) means that too little oxygen is in the bloodstream to supply the cells in the body.
Heart disease is the biggest killer of both men and women in the United States, England, Wales, and Canada.
For example, heart disease causes 4 out of every 10 deaths in the United States.
This is more than all kinds of cancer put together.
Also, one person dies of heart disease about every minute in the United States alone.
Congenital heart disease refers to a form of heart problem that starts before birth (congenital).
Congenital heart disease includes a large number of conditions.
The formation of the heart before birth is very complex and is sometimes abnormal.
For example, if a part of the main artery that comes from the heart is narrowed, that is called coarctation of the aorta.
There may be holes inside the heart which keep the blood from flowing normally inside the heart.
Other congenital heart problems are caused by abnormal heart valves.
In some cases, congenital heart problems are discovered at birth.
Other times the problems may not be detected until the person is older.
WebMD Heart Disease
Freedom Years Heart Disease
American Heart Association
HealthBlaster.com-Heart Health
672,591 people lived in North Dakota in the year 2010.
The capital and seat of government is Bismarck and the largest city is Fargo.
North Dakota is south of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, east of Montana, north of South Dakota, and west of Minnesota.
Manitoba and Saskatchewan are provinces - part of Canada.
Montana, South Dakota, and Minnesota are other states in the United States.
North Dakota is not close to any big bodies of water (oceans or seas).
Because of this, temperatures in North Dakota are very hot in the summer and very cold in the winter.
In the summer, there are sometimes strong thunderstorms.
These storms can have tornadoes and hail.
Before European people came, Native American people lived in the area now called North Dakota.
One important tribe was the Mandan.
North Dakota was one of the last US states to be settled. (
To have people go there to make homes and live.)
On November 2, 1889, North Dakota (and South Dakota) became part of the United States.
Most of the economy is based on agriculture.
The most important agricultural crops are durum, a type of wheat, which is grown all across the state.
In the Red River Valley, there is more rain, and maize (corn) and sugar beets are grown as well.
In the Badlands, there is less rain, and more cattle are raised than crops.
North Dakota has the only bank in the United States that is owned by the state.
The Bank of North Dakota is where all of the money from all government agencies is held.
Most banks in the United States are guaranteed by the FDIC (acronym for Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.)
The FDIC guarantees that people will not lose money if a bank fails.
But the Bank of North Dakota is insured by the state of North Dakota.
LGBT is an initialism that means lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender.
It refers to the a community of people who are not heterosexual, which means to be attracted to the other gender, or cisgender, which means to identify as the gender you were born as.
It has been taken up by many sexuality and gender identity-related community centers.
The word "homosexual"  started being used in America to describe sexual orientations that were not heterosexual.
However, this word began to have bad connotations, as many people thought that it sounded like a condition or mental illness, and therefore the word "homophile" was used instead.
After that, the word "gay" replaced the word "homophile" in the 1970s.
As lesbians became more public about their sexuality in the 1970s, the group of words "gay and lesbian" was often used, and a phase of lesbian feminism started.
This meant that certain lesbian feminist groups separated because did not have knowledge of if they should put feminism or gay rights first.
Lesbian feminists viewed the separation between "butch" and "femme" in mainstream gay (male) culture of the time in the same way that they viewed the separation in society over gender roles between men and women.
They saw these ideas as patriarchal and did not want to join the mainstream gay rights movement because of what they saw as the chauvinism of gay men, and refused to take up their cause.
Many lesbians who were not lesbian feminists saw this as not giving help to the gay rights movement.
This was followed by many bisexual and transgender people wanting to be seen as respected groups in the LGBT community.
Before gender reassignment surgery was massively improved in later years, transgender people had a hard time being accepted.
Still, they fought for their rights, and were greatly boosted when plastic surgery and hormone surgery helped them to be accepted as the gender they identify with.
After the Stonewall riots, there was a change in points of view among the gay and lesbian community.
Many gays and lesbians became less accepting of bisexual and transgender persons in general.
Many gays and lesbians thought that transgender people were acting out stereotypes and that bisexuals were actually gay, but in too much fear to "come out of the closet".
This separation still exists today, and it only became common to speak of all members of the LGBT community with equal respect in the trouble for LGBT rights in the late 1990s.
Acceptance of LGBT people
Some people who are LGBT may not "come out", as they may be a target of discrimination or prejudice, such as homophobia or transphobia.
Many countries have discriminatory laws against LGBT people, some even giving out the death penalty for being gay or bisexual.
Different forms of the acronym
Shortening of the term
When not including transgender persons in general, the acronym is sometimes shortened to just "LGB".
Other letters
Many other letters are added to the acronym, so much so that it has been described as an "alphabet soup" by some.
A few of the other letters added are:
Queer or Questioning—added to the acronym to make it more inclusive.
Intersex—recorded use in the acronym since 1999. (
This acronym is used in all parts of "The Activist's Guide" of the Yogyakarta Principles in Action.)
Asexual
Polyamorous or Pansexual— however, "pansexual" is often thought of as being a category of "bisexuality", as well as the terms "omnisexual" and "fluid".
Hijra—the acronym LGBTIH has seen use in India, in order to join the traditional Indian hijra third gender identity and the related subculture.
Different terms
WSW (women who have sex with women) is the opposite of MSM.
It includes all women who have sex with women.
AMAB (assigned male at birth) is used to describe people who were assigned the male sex at birth.
AFAB (assigned female at birth) is used to describe people who were assigned the female sex at birth.
AIAB (assigned intersex at birth) is used to describe people who were assigned intersex at birth.
MOGAI (marginalized orientations and gender alignments or identities and intersex) is a term somebody can use instead of using the term LGBT.
MOGAI treats the idea of gender modality as more important than these other words do.
It is an umbrella term because it is about many different kinds of people: A gay man and a trans woman, for example, are both MOGAI.
GLBTQ  — Gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer encyclopaedia
Directory of U.S. and international LGBT Community Centres
American Psychological Association's Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Concerns Office
The  rainbow flag is a multi-colored flag consisting of stripes in the colors of the rainbow that is displayed in many cultures around the world as a sign of diversity and inclusiveness.
The German pastor Thomas Müntzer used a rainbow flag as a symbol of solidarity as early as the German Peasants' War of the 16th century.
It is common as a symbol of the Peace movement, first used this way in a peace march in Italy in 1961.
Meher Baba (1924)
In 1924 the Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba designed a rainbow flag.
It is flown each year near his tomb near Ahmednagar, India during the anniversary of his death on January 31, 1969.
Baba explained the symbolism, saying, "The colors in the flag signify man's rise from the grossest of impressions of lust and anger – symbolized by red – to the culmination in the highest state of spirituality and oneness with God – symbolized by sky blue."
Cursillo (1944)
The rainbow is also a symbol in the Christian and Jewish Bible.
It shows God's promise to Noah and his family to never cover the world in water again.
A Christian movement known as Cursillo, founded in 1944, uses these traditional rainbow symbols, including flags.
Their version can have 5 to 7 colors, with red at the top, blue or purple at the bottom, and the Spanish words De Colores! ("
of colors") in large letters on the front.
Peace movement (1961)
This rainbow flag in Italy was first used in a peace march in 1961, inspired by similar multi-coloured flags used in demonstrations against nuclear weapons.
The most common variety has seven colours, purple, blue, light blue, green, yellow, orange and red, and is emblazoned in bold with the Italian word PACE, meaning "peace".
Gay pride movement (1978)
It has also been the symbol of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community since it's creation in 1978.
It is also called the 'Pride Flag.'
The flag was created by Gilbert Baker of San Francisco, California in 1978.
Dualism is the idea or theory that something (an object, an idea or the whole world) is split into two parts.
These parts are separate from each other, and the thing cannot be divided up in any other way.
The idea or theory that something cannot be split into any parts is called monism.
The idea that something can be split into many parts is called pluralism.
In the philosophy of mind dualism means that the mind and the body are two very different things.
Nothing that is part of the body can be part of the mind and nothing that is part of the mind can be part of the body.
People like this sort of dualism because they think that the mind is too important or too strange to be part of the body.
A contrasting idea is that the mind and body are the same thing or that mind is just another word for the brain. (
See also René Descartes)
In epistemology, dualism means that there is a barrier between a person and the world around them.
This barrier splits the world into two for that person, into 'myself' and 'the world'.
Each person can see, hear, taste, smell and touch the world but cannot know it directly.
For example, somebody cannot know just by looking that things are made up of many atoms.
This means that something could happen in the world that we would not know about because we could not see, hear, taste, smell or touch it.
A non-dualist idea is that a person is just another part of the world and that there is no barrier.
For example, it could be said that if somebody cannot see, hear, taste, touch or smell something then it does not affect them.
Dualism is also a common sense idea.
For example, it is a form of dualism to say that a thing is either hot or cold, good or bad, mine or somebody else's, with no allowance for possible states in between.
Ditheism
In theology, dualism may also refer to duotheism, bitheism or ditheism.
This the doctrine or belief that there are two independent divine beings or eternal principles, one good and the other evil.
Examples of ditheism include Zoroastrianism, Wicca and Marcionism.
Although the Bible mentions Satan, this is not ditheism as he is not equal to God, but merely an angel. (
See Epistle of Jude, verse 6).
Ditheism is not the same as dualism, but they are similar.
Ditheism implies (at least) two gods, while moral dualism does not imply any -theism (belief in a god) whatsoever.
Vomiting, also called puking, is emptying the contents of stomach through mouth.
It can be either food or liquid in the stomach.
It can be from infection, contaminated food or drink (food poisoning), foul smells or foul-tasting food, the brain being injured, a block in the small intestines so food and liquid cannot go through, too much alcohol or other drugs.
Also, people can make themselves vomit (self-induced) which is called purging.
Usually people who have eaten or drunk poison are made to vomit any residual (leftover) poison off.
Excessive vomiting may lead to dehydration, which can be dangerous, if not fatal as it will shut down a person's organs and twist the intestines.
Color of vomit
Bright red in the vomit suggests bleeding from the esophagus.
Dark red vomit with liver-like clots suggests bleeding in the stomach, such as from a perforated ulcer
Coffee-ground-like vomit suggests less severe bleeding in the stomach, because the gastric acid has had time to change the composition of the blood
Yellow vomit suggests bile, indicating that the pyloric valve is open and bile is flowing into the stomach from the duodenum (this is more common in older people)
E. coli
Ancient Greece was a large area in the northeast of the Mediterranean Sea, where people spoke the Greek language.
It was much bigger than the nation of Greece we know today.
The civilization of Greece, thrived from the archaic period of the 8th/6th centuries BC to 146 BC.
The period ended with the Roman conquest of Greece in the Battle of Corinth.
For most of this time, the Greeks did not have a single government or ruler.
They did, however, have a common language and culture.
There were many city states, each with its own constitution.
Athens, Sparta and Corinth were powerful city-states.
Some had kings, and some, like Athens, had a form of democracy.
As time went on, the most-powerful cities collected other cities into groups known as "leagues".
This applied to many of the Greek colonies in Asia Minor, most of which had close ties to one or another of the three big cities.
In the middle of this period, there was Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC.
Athenian leadership successfully repelled the threat of Persian invasion in the Greco-Persian Wars.
The Athenian golden age ended with the defeat of Athens at the hands of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 345 BC.
In the last, Hellenistic, period, Greece was unified by the conquests of Alexander the Great.
The city-states continued, under the overall influence of Macedonia.
Greek culture had some influence on the Roman Empire, the premier power of the Ancient World.
In this way, classical Greece was part of the foundation of Western civilization.
Greek was also the language of the Byzantine Empire.
Timeline of Greek History
Mycenaean culture (c.1600–c.1100 BC) was an early Greek culture during the Bronze Age, on the Greek mainland and on Crete.
The bronze age collapse or Greek dark ages (c.1100–c.750 BC).
The archaic period (c.750–c.500 BC).
Artists made larger free-standing sculptures in stiff poses, with the dreamlike 'archaic smile'.
The archaic period ends with the overthrow of the last tyrant of Athens in 510 BC.
The classical period (c.500–323 BC) had a style which was considered by later observers to be an outstanding example (i.e. 'classical')—for instance the Parthenon.
Politically, the classical period was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th century.
They were displaced by Spartan hegemony during the early 4th century BC.
Finally, there was the League of Corinth, which was led by Macedon.
The Hellenistic period (323–146 BC) is when Greek culture (Hellenistic art) and power expanded into the near and Middle East.
This period begins with the death of Alexander and ends with the Roman conquest.
Roman Greece.