the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Although isolated ichthyosaur vertebrae are quite common, the first fossil which showed the ichthyosaur form was found by Mary Anning (1799–1847) and her brother Joseph.
Mary Anning was an early British fossil collector, dealer and paleontologist.
Many of her finds may be seen today at the Natural History Museum, London.
The genus Ichthyosaurus was first described in 1699 from fossil fragments discovered in Wales.
The first fossil vertebrae were published twice in 1708.
The first complete ichthyosaur fossil was found in 1811 by Mary Anning in Lyme Regis, along the Jurassic Coast.
She later discovered three separate species.
The first major find
Mary Anning's first great discovery was made shortly after her father's death when she was just twelve.
In 1810 her bother Joseph found what he thought was a crocodile skull, but the rest of the animal was not in evidence.
Mary kept searching and a year later a storm weathered away part of the cliff and exposed part of the rest of the skeleton of the 17 ft (5.2m) long creature, which she was able to dig out of the cliff and collect with a little help from local quarrymen.p33–41 Anning later discovered three more species.
In 1821 William Conybeare and Mary’s old friend Henry De la Beche, published a paper which analyzed the specimens found by Mary and others.
They concluded that ichthyosaurs were a previously unknown kind of marine reptile, and they decided there had been at least three species.
Ichthyosaurs were reptiles that evolved fish-shaped body outlines.
Some of their characteristics were unique: they had enormous eyeballs, sometimes more than 25 cm in diameter.
They had large hands ('manus') with up to 20 bones in a single digit, and up to 10 digits per manus.
They had streamlined form, paddles, fish-like tail, and no neck.
Ichthyosaurs averaged about 2–4m (6–13 ft) in length; a few were smaller, and some species grew much larger.
They had a porpoise-like head and a long, toothed snout.
Built for speed, like modern tuna, some ichthyosaurs appear also to have been deep divers, like some modern whales.
It has been estimated that ichthyosaurs could swim at speeds up to .
Similar to modern cetaceans such as whales and dolphins, they were air-breathing.
According to weight estimates by Ryosuke Motani, a  Stenopterygius weighed around  whilst a  Ophthalmosaurus icenicus weighed 930–950 kg (1.03–1.04 short tons).
Body size and metabolism
Scientists have wondered whether ancient reptiles like ichthyosaurs were warm-blooded or cold-blooded.
Scientists from the University of Plymouth studied many animals that dive and hold their breath, from insects to whales.
They found that larger animals can hold their breath longer than smaller animals because they can store more oxygen for their size, and they found this difference was much bigger for warm-blooded animals than for cold-blooded animals.
They said this could be why modern whales became so large.
They concluded that the large size of ichthyosaurs, like whales, meant they were more likely to be warm-blooded than cold-blooded.
Biologist Stephen Jay Gould said the ichthyosaur was his favourite example of convergent evolution.
Its similarities to fish are not homologous, caused by common descent, but analogous, caused by selection in the same environment:
"This sea-going reptile with terrestrial ancestors converged so strongly on fishes that it actually evolved a dorsal fin and tail in just the right place and with just the right hydrological design.
These structures are all the more remarkable because they evolved from nothing – the ancestral terrestrial reptile had no hump on its back or blade on its tail to serve as a precursor".
The eyes of ichthyosaurs are large in comparison to the size of the body, suggesting they hunted by sight even in dimly-lit waters or at night.
In fact, ichthyosaurs hold the record for eye size: the largest was 264mm in diameter (~10.4 inches), from the species Temnodontosaurus platyodon.
This is the largest eye ever recorded for any vertebrate; the colossal squid eye is larger still.
The eyes of ichthyosaurs are protected by sclerotic rings.
These are circlar bony plates inside the outer edges of the cornea of the eye.
Their function is mechanical support of the eye.
They are well preserved in fossil ichthyosaur skulls.
At first, the downward-pointing tail bones were hard to interpret.
Then, later in the 19th century, a remarkable find was made.
Some specimens of Mixosaurus and Stenopterygius were well preserved in the black mudstones of Germany.
These fossils were preserved in such fine sediment that the fossils were almost perfect, with only a few bones disturbed or missing.
The outline of the body shape could be seen as a thin carbon film.p10 Even though the soft parts had rotted away long ago, they left their imprint behind.
For the first time, scientists could see clearly that the tail of ichthyosaurus was shaped like the tail of a fish.
And on its back, like a shark, there was a dorsal fin.
Live birth was always assumed for ichthyosaurs, because with their paddles they could never have manoeuvred on land to lay eggs like turtles do.
As reptiles, they produced cleidoic eggs, but they were entirely aquatic and their eggs developed inside the mother.
Once more, evidence came from the early Jurassic of Germany, where several fine examples clearly show embryos inside the rib cage of the adult.
Other examples exist of the young actually being born.p125 They came out tail first.
No doubt, some complication of birth had killed both mother and offspring together.
A recent study of the earliest ichthosaur, Chaohusaurus, from the Lower Triassic shows an early example of live birth.
A remarkable feature was a baby close to emerging head-first.
The authors comment:
"Its headfirst birth posture... strongly indicates a terrestrial origin of viviparity, in contrast to the traditional view.
The tail-first birth posture in derived ichthyopterygians, convergent with the conditions in whales and sea cows, therefore is a secondary feature".
They comment "obligate marine amniotes appear to have evolved almost exclusively from viviparous land ancestors".
In other words, ichthyosaurs gave live birth when they were still land dwellers.
Then, later, they adapted to an aquatic life.
Ichthyosaurs became extinct during the Upper Cretaceous, about 30 million years before the K/T extinction event.
There was an ocean anoxic event at the Cenomanian–Turonian stage boundary.
The deeper layers of the seas became anoxic and poisoned by hydrogen sulphide (H2S).
As life died off in the lower (benthos) levels of the sea, so did the predators at the top of the food chain.
The last pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs became extinct.p251
Ichthyosaurs had been dwindling in numbers for some time; they were no longer the force they once were in the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic.
By the middle Jurassic, it was thought thought they all belonged to the single clade, the Ophthalmosauridae.
By the Cretaceous it was thought that only three genera survived.
For the last 50+ years it has been thought that only one genus, Platypterygius, was known at the time of the anoxic event in the Upper Cretaceous.
However, a recent review looked at the main collections in western European museums.
This review found evidence for four genera of ichthyosaur only a few million years before the extinction event.
These genera occupied various "feeding guilds".
Platypterygius: a top predator
Sisteronia: a "pierce-oriented" feeder on soft and small prey
Cetarthrosaurus, a generalist
an undertermined Ophthalmosaur: a generalist feeder
This means that there was still diversity in ichthyosaurs a few million years before the extinction event.
They may have survived right up to the extinction event.
It is true, though, that the ichthyosaurs had declined from their peak.
By the Cretaceous they certainly had more competitors than in the Triassic, and more elusive prey.
The adaptive radiation of teleost fish meant their new prey were fast swimming and highly evasive.
The teleosts also included fast-swimming predatory fish, which must have been competitors.
From what we know now, the ocean anoxic event must have ended the last ichthyosaurs.
The ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs were replaced in the marine ecology by the giant mosasaurs.
The mosasaurs were probably ambush hunters, whose sit-and-wait strategy apparently proved most successful.
Ellis, Richard 2003.
Sea Dragons: predators of the prehistoric oceans.
University Press of Kansas.
McGowan C. & Motani R. 2003.
Ichthyopterygia.
Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 8, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
Motani R. 2000.
Rulers of the Jurassic seas.
Scientific American vol.283, #6.
Ichthyosaurus was an extinct marine reptile from the Lower Jurassic.
It was the first member of the order Ichthyosauria to be discovered.
The first complete skeleton was discovered in the early 19th century (1810/11) by Mary Anning in the Dorset Jurassic Coast.
Many more specimens were found in Europe, especially from the limestone quarries in Holzmaden, southern Germany.
Ichthyosaurus bore live young.
This we know from fossil evidence.
It was thought at first that Ichthyosaurus laid eggs on land, but fossil evidence shows that the females gave birth to live young.
Because they did, their life habit could be entirely aquatic.
They were well-adapted to life as fully pelagic organisms because they never needed to come onto land.
The babies were born tail first to prevent them from drowning in the water.
Hundreds of well-preserved, fossilised skeletons have been found in Jurassic rock at Holzmaden.
Some of the bones were still articulated.
Some fossils still had baby specimens inside them, indicating that Ichthyosaurus was viviparous.
Similar finds in the related Stenopterygius also show this.
The German fossils also featured the outline of Ichthyosaurus skin, showing it had a fleshy dorsal fin on its back and a large caudal fin.
Other ichthyosaur fossils proved this feature was not limited to Ichthyosaurus.
Ichthyosaurus ear bones were solid, probably transferring water vibrations to the inner ear.
Still, hunting by sight was the creature's main feeding activity; it had huge, sensitive eyes, protected by bony shields.
Coprolites (fosillized excreta) of Ichthyosaurus show its diet consisted of fish and squid.
Stenopterygius was a typical, dolphin-shaped ichthyosaur of the Lower Jurassic.
It is like the poster reptile of the ichthyosaur family, Ichthyosaurus, but with slightly narrower flippers  and a smaller head.
Its name means "narrow wing".
Stenopterygius was more streamlined than the earlier ichthyosaurs of the Triassic period, and likely swam faster in pursuit of prey.
Some Stenopterygius fossils have been found with the remains of juveniles inside--clearly instances of mothers dying before they could give birth.
As with other ichthyosaurs, Stenopterygius females gave birth to live young.
Their eggs developed internally before birth.
Temnodontosaurus was an ichthyosaur from the early Jurassic, some 196 to 190 million years ago.
It was found in England by Mary Anning, and later in Germany.
It was, in fact, her first ichthyosaur.
Her brother found the skull, and she found the rest of the skeleton, in about 1810.
It was described in 1814.
There are four or five species of Temnodontosaurus.
They grew to killer whale size, about 30 to 40 feet.
This huge ichthyosaur cruised the shallow seas hunting.
But hunting what?
A discussion by Christopher McGowan suggests that other reptiles might have been on the menu.
McGowan also mentions that in the museum collections are some teeth and bones which suggest even larger ichthyosaurs existed.
Ichthyosaurs hold the record for eye size: the largest was 264mm in diameter (~10.4 inches), from the species Temnodontosaurus platyodon.
The eyes are surrounded by sclerotic rings, a kind of bony support.
Californosaurus was an ichthyosaur, an extinct marine reptile.
It was 10 feet (3 m) long.
It had four paddle-shaped flippers and sharp teeth in long, pointed jaws (looking a bit like a dolphin).
Californosaurus lived during the late Triassic period in seas that covered what is now California.
It fed on fish and other small marine creatures.
Like other ichthyosaurs it probably never came onto dry land, and gave birth in the water.
It is the most basal known true ichthyosaur, shaped more or less like a dolphin.
The long-snouted head is small in comparison with the rest of the body, as in basal ichthyosaurs such as Mixosaurus and Cymbospondylus.
The tail is sharply turned downwards, in common with more advanced ichthyosaurs, with a small vertical fluke.
It may have had a small dorsal fin.
Cymbospondylus was a large but primitive Triassic ichthyosaur of the Middle and Upper Triassic.
It had a long eel-like body up to 10 meters or more in length.
Cymbospondylus is known from both Germany and Nevada.
No doubt, like other large marine reptiles and present-day aquatic mammals, it had a wide oceanic distribution.
Cymbospondylus was one of the largest ichthyosaurs.
Fossils ranging from  long.
It was also one of the least fish-like of the ichthyosaurs, lacking a dorsal fin and fluked tail.
It did, however, have an elongated snout like other ichthyosaurs.
The one metre long head of Cymbospondylus, with large jaws, contained rows of teeth adapted for catching and holding on to fish, belemnites, and cephalopods such as ammonites.
The long tail would have been excellent for swimming, and allowed Cymbospondylus to move at fast speeds and efficiently hunt down shoals of swimming fish.
Adult Cymbospondylus probably spent much of their time hunting in deep offshore water, only coming into shallow water to breed or to catch seasonally available prey.
Like other ichthyosaurs, Cymbospondylus probably gave birth to live young, as it had no way to lay eggs.
These, on reaching adult size, probably had few, if any, predators that could harm them.
The eel-like tail of Cymbospondylus made up almost half the total body length, and it is possible that the tail was used as a primary swimming mechanism.
Like present day sea snakes, Cymbospondylus probably swam by wriggling its body from side to side.
Mixosaurus was a small, common and cosmopolitan Triassic ichthyosaur.
It was only about a meter in length.
Fossils are known from Alaska, Canada, China, Timor, Indonesia, Italy, Nevada, New Zealand, Spitsbergen, and Svalbard.
Thus it lived in the Tethys Sea but also ventured further afield.
Mixosaurus seems to have been a transitional form between the more primitive eel-shaped icthyosaurs such as Cymbospondylus and the more advanced Shatsasaurs and Euichthyosaurs (the latter including the familiar dolphin- or porpoise-shaped icthyosaurs).
Ophthalmosaurus was an ichthyosaur of the Upper Jurassic (165 to 150 million years ago), named after its large eyes.
Well-preserved skeletons, ranging in age from juveniles to adults, have been found in Europe, North America and Argentina.
Ophthalmosaurus had the largest eyes of any vertebrate relative to its body size.
Its eyes, 4 inches in diameter, occupied most of the space in the skull.
They were protected by bony plates (sclerotic rings), which most likely assisted to maintain the shape of the eyeballs against water pressure at depth.
The size of the eyes and the sclerotic rings suggests that Ophthalmosaurus hunted at a depth where there is not much light or that it may have hunted at night when a prey species was more active.
Its snout was long and thin, perfect for snapping at fast, maneuverable, prey.
Calculations suggest that a typical Ophthalmosaurus could stay submerged for approximately 20 minutes or more.
The swimming speed of Ophthalmosaurus has been estimated at 2.5 metres per second or greater.
Even assuming a conservative speed of 1 m/s, an Ophthalmosaurus would be able to dive to 600 meters and return to the surface within 20 minutes.
A valve is a device that it is used to decrease or stop the flow of a fluid (like gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries).
It can be installed for example in a pipe or a vessel.
There are many types of valves.
globe valve
gate valve
butterfly valve
safety valve.
Valve Sizing and Selection
Flow in known Design Types of Shut-off Valves
Valve Corporation, a computer software/games company responsible for the best-selling Half-Life games
Valve hall, a building which contains the valves of the static inverters of an HVDC plant
Mercury arc valve, a type of electrical rectifier which converts alternating current into direct current
Poppet valve, a valve consisting of a hole and a tapered plug on the end of a shaft
Heart valve, valves in the heart that maintain the unidirectional flow of blood
Vein valve, valves in veins and other fluid cords in body
Valve Records, a record label
Valve Recordings, a record label
Thermionic valve, an electronic component otherwise known as a vacuum tube
Valve, a paired clasping process on the male genitalia of a moth
Valve is one of eight overlapping shells on a chiton mollusc
Valve Sound System
HHH may refer to:
H. H. Holmes, one of America's first modern-day serial killers
Hash House Harriers, an international group of running clubs
Hilton Head Airport, in South Carolina, United States
Hilton Head Island High School, in South Carolina, United States
Hog Hoggidy Hog, a South African band
Holland Heineken House
Hot Hot Heat, a Canadian band
Hubert H. Humphrey (1911–1978), the 38th Vice President of the United States
Hugo's House of Horrors, a computer game
Hungry Hungry Hippos, a tabletop game
Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome
Hans-Hermann Hoppe, an Austrian school economist of German origin
Haven of Hope Hospital, a public hospital in Hong Kong
Hunter Hunt-Hendrix, musician best known for her project Liturgy
Hunter Hearst Helmsley, stage name of professional wrestler Paul Levesque
HHHR Tower, in Dubai
Triple H (disambiguation)
Philip Carteret (22 January 1733 – 21 July 1796) was an English officer in the Royal Navy.
He sailed as a lieutenant on John Byron's circumnavigation (sailing around) of the world in 1764.
He went around the world again as part of the Royal Navy's exploration in 1766.
Carteret joined the Royal Navy in 1747 at the age of 14.
He first served on the Salisbury.
He sailed with John Byron from 1751 to 1755.
As Lieutenant on HMS Doplhin, he went with Byron on the round world trip from 1764—1766.
As soon as he had returned from his first trip, Carteret was put in charge of HMS Swallow to go on a second circumnavigation with Samuel Wallis who sailed in the HMS Dolphin.
The two ships were separated sailing around Cape Horn, so Carteret continued on alone.
He discovered Pitcairn Island on 2 July 1767.
He did not land on the island.
He also discovered the Carteret Islands, Mururoa, and the Duke of Gloucester Islands.
He got back to England in 1769.
The Swallow was in bad condition and the success of the long trip shows Carteret's courage and skill.
Carteret's health was ruined by his voyage of exploration.
He was put on half pay, and in 1773, he wrote the story of the voyage as part of a book about the voyages of Byron, Wallis, Carteret and Cook.
The book's editor John Hawkesworth, made changes to the story, so Carteret wrote his own book which was not printed until 1965.
In 1779 he took the ship HMS Endymion to the West Indies.
This was his last trip.
He was promoted to Vice-Admiral and he retired to Southhampton in 1794.
His personal papers are kept in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England.
Judeo-Aramaic is a dialect of Aramaic that was spoken by many Jews during the Second Temple Period (587 BC-70 AD) and for a few centuries afterward.
Probably the mother tongue of Jesus, it was influenced mostly by Hebrew.
Sarah Jane Smith is a fictional character in the British television series Doctor Who and its related spin-offs.
She is played by Elisabeth Sladen.
Sarah Jane was a companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor.
She is an investigative journalist.
Sarah Jane Smith is one of the companions who travelled the longest with the Doctor; Sarah Jane is also one of the most popular and well known companions.
Sarah Jane appeared in two spin-offs: K-9 and Company, and the as the main character of the ongoing series The Sarah Jane Adventures.
Sarah Jane also appeared in the new Doctor Who series with the Tenth Doctor ("School Reunion", "The Stolen Earth", "Journey's End").
She first appeared in 1973 in The Time Warrior, and then travelled with the Third Doctor.
After the Doctor regenerated, she travelled with the Fourth Doctor.
At the end of The Hand of Fear, the Doctor had to go back to Gallifrey, where Sarah Jane was not allowed to go.
Sarah Jane left the TARDIS and the Doctor, and returned to Earth.
Sarah Jane was a regular companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor, on the programme from 1973 to 1976 (seasons 11 – 14).
She returns in the Fifth Doctor story "The Five Doctors" (1983), the 30th anniversary story Dimensions In Time (1993), and most recently in the  episodes "School Reunion" (2006), and "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End" (2008), alongside the Tenth Doctor, and other companions of his era.
The Tenth Doctor also featured in her own TV series "The Sarah Jane Adventures".
Sarah Jane Smith at the Tardis Index File
Fold mountains are mountains formed mainly by the effects of folding on layers in the upper part of the Earth's crust.
The term is rather out of date, though still fairly common in physical geography literature.
In the time before plate tectonics became well understood, the term was used for  mountain belts, such as the Himalayas.
These mountain ranges are not caused by the folding of the earth's crust.
The main mechanism causing a thickening of the crust at these sites of continent-continent collision along boundary is thrust faulting.
Fold mountains are formed when two tectonic plates move together (a convergent plate boundary).
Fold mountains are usually formed from sedimentary rocks which accumulated along the margins of continents.
When plates and the continents riding on them collide, the accumulated layers of rock may crumple and fold like a tablecloth that is pushed across a table, particularly if there is a mechanically weak basal layer such as salt.
The Jura mountains  a series of sub-parallel mountainous ridges formed by folding over a Triassic salt bed due to thrust movements as the Alps pushed into Europe.
The 'Simply Folded Belt' of the Zagros mountains in Iran – here both thrusts and folds are occurring.
This mountain range, about 1,500 kilometres long, formed only in the past five million years.
Oil reserves and huge salt deposits are rising up from the subsurface.
They emerge as salt "glaciers".
This, and their regular folding, makes these mountains unique in the world.
The Akwapim-Togo ranges in Ghana
part of the Appalachians in the Eastern United States, known as the "Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians".
Boris Abramovich Berezovsky (23 January 1946 – 23 March 2013) was a Russian-British business man, billionaire, and former mathematician.
He was best known for the powerful positions he held in the 1990s when Boris Yeltsin was president of Russia.
Berezovsky was deputy secretary of Russia's security council, and a friend of Boris Yeltsin's daughter Tatyana.
He had a lot of power over what the newspapers were allowed to print and what the television stations could say.
They were not allowed to say anything bad about Yeltsin.
Berezovsky made his fortune importing Mercedes cars into Russia in the 1990s.
He made a lot of money from Avtovaz cars and he owned the Sibneft oil company.
When Putin came to power Berezovsky fled to London where he was given political asylum.
He said that he was trying to put an end to Putin's power.
The Russian authorities accused him of trying to murder several leading critics of Putin's regime, including Alexander Litvinenko and journalist Anna Politkovskaya, in order to make Putin look bad.
The Swiss accused him of taking money illegally.
In 1994 someone tried to kill Berezovsky.
Several other people may have tried to kill him.
He said these people were Russian agents.
Berezovsky died on 23 March 2013 in Sunninghill, Berkshire, England, aged 67.
He lived in London, England.
On March 25, police said that his death was caused by hanging.
There were no signs of a struggle.
Investigation of his death
On 23 March 2013, Berezovsky was found dead at his home.
His body was found by a bodyguard in a locked bathroom, with a ligature around his neck.
Alexander Dobrovinsky, a lawyer who represented Berezovsky, wrote that he may have committed suicide.
He added that Berezovsky had fallen into debt after losing a protracted lawsuit against Roman Abramovich, and had spent the last few months of his life selling his possessions to cover his court costs.
Berezovsky was also said to have recently been depressed and to have isolated himself from friends.
He reportedly suffered from depression and was taking antidepressant drugs.
A day before his death he told a reporter in London that he had nothing left to live for.
When Berezovsky's death became known, there was speculation by mainstream British news media that Moscow might be somehow involved.
The Thames Valley Police classified his death as "unexplained" and launched a formal investigation into the circumstances behind it.
Specialists in chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials were sent to Berezovsky's home as a "precaution".
These specialists later "found nothing of concern".
A post-mortem examination carried out by the Home Office pathologist found the cause of death was consistent with hanging and there was nothing pointing to a violent struggle.
However, after an inquest into the death in March 2014 the coroner, Mr Peter Bedford, recorded an open verdict commenting, "I am not saying Mr Berezovsky took his own life, I am not saying Mr Berezovsky was unlawfully killed.
What I am saying is that the burden of proof sets such a high standard it is impossible for me to say".
Russian mathematicians
Leptictidium (meaning delicate weasel) was a genus of small prehistoric eutherian from Eocene period.
this extinct species of mammal lived alongside the dinosaurs, but died out when the tropical forests opened up.
Leptictidium had long hind legs, and probably used only those two legs when moving fast.
Whether it hopped on two legs or ran bipedally is still a matter of debate.
It had a long, bare tail which acted as a counterbalance, and a long, mobile snout to help it find its prey.
The leptictids were found right across Eurasia.
Leptictidium itself was a specialised hopper with the best preserved specimens found in the Messel shales of Germany.
Oceanic dolphins are the members of the Delphinidae family, of the order Cetacea.
They are aquatic mammals.
They are found worldwide, mostly in the shallower seas of the continental shelves.
These dolphins usually live in the open seas, unlike the river dolphins.
Family Delphinidae
Melon-headed whale, Peponocephala electra
Orca (Killer whale), Orcinus orca
Pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata
False killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens
Genus Globicephala: Pilot whales
Long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas
Short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus
Long-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus capensis
Short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis
Genus Lissodelphis
Northern rightwhale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis
Southern rightwhale dolphin, Lissodelphis peronii
Genus Sotalia
Tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis
Genus Sousa
Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis
Indian humpback dolphin, Sousa plumbea
Atlantic humpback dolphin, Sousa teuszii
Genus Stenella
Atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis
Clymene dolphin, Stenella clymene
Pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata
Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris
Striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba
Genus Steno
Rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis
Genus Tursiops: Bottlenose dolphins
Common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin
Genus Cephalorhynchus
Chilean dolphin, Cephalorhynchus eutropia
Commerson's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii
Heaviside's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus heavisidii
Hector's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus hectori
Genus Grampus
Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus
Genus Lagenodelphis
Fraser's dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei
Genus Lagenorhynchus
Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus
Dusky dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obscurus
Hourglass dolphin, Lagenorhynchus cruciger
Pacific white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens
Peale's dolphin, Lagenorhynchus australis
White-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Genus Orcaella
Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris
Australian snubfin dolphin, Orcaella heinsohni
Horatio Gates Spafford (October 20, 1828, Troy, New York – October 16, 1888, Jerusalem) was a prominent American lawyer and Presbyterian church elder.
He is best known for penning the Christian hymn "It Is Well With My Soul".
Horatio was a lawyer in Chicago.
He lost all of his possessions in the great Chicago fire.
After that, he lost his only son to a disease at the age of four.
He then planned a family holiday and was held up for business reasons.
His family went ahead any way, on the ship all four of his daughters died and his wife survived.
Photos of Horatio Spafford and a MIDI file of the hymn
Many details on life of Spafford
The Spafford family tragedy
Cyber  high school is a high school on the internet.
It teaches students over the Internet.
It means that a high school student has the option of receiving their education at home.
In the United States, 38 states have some form of cyber high school, according to CBS News.
These schools often include giving a computer, internet connection, textbooks and cyber high school software.
Cyber high school teachers are sometimes able to work from home, depending upon the state's cyber curriculum.
If the state is against the idea then the tutor has to go at a special location to be able to teach.
Always Coming Home is a book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in 1985.
This book is a novel about a group of humans called the Kesh, living in the future in California.
, Eksmo, 2005
, Prószyński, 1996
Official author book site
The Hainish Cycle is the setting for a number of science fiction books and stories that were written by Ursula K. Le Guin.
The Dispossessed (1974) - Urras-Anarres (Tau Ceti)
The Word for World is Forest (1976) - Athshe/New Tahiti
Rocannon's World (1964) - Rokanan (Fomalhaut II)
Planet of Exile (1966) - Werel (Gamma Draconis III)
City of Illusions (1967) - Terra
The Left Hand of Darkness (1969) - Gethen
Four Ways to Forgiveness (1995) - Yeowe-Werel
The Telling (2000) - Aka
Frances Jane Crosby (usually known as Fanny Crosby) (March 24, 1820 – February 12, 1915) was an American poet and lyricist.
She wrote Protestant hymns.
She was a lifelong Methodist.
She wrote over 8,000 hymns in her life, even though she became blind shortly after she was born.
She was also known for her preaching and speaking.
Crosby is one of the most famous hymn writers in history.
Some of her most well-known and best-loved songs are "Blessed Assurance", "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour", and "To God Be the Glory".
The New York Institute for Special Education page on Fanny Crosby
Fanny Crosby page at Cyberhymnal  Words and MIDI music for over 400 hymns.
Biographies at Wholesome Words
Melville Island is a member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Canada with an area of .
No one lives on Melville Island.
It is the 33rd biggest island in the world and Canada's 8th biggest island.
Melville Island is shared by the Northwest Territories, which has the western half of the island, and Nunavut, which has the eastern half.
The mountains on Melville Island are some of the biggest in the western Canadian Arctic.
Some of them reach heights of one kilometre.
Melville Island was first visited by the British explorer Sir William Parry in 1819.
Not only did he find the island, but he had to spend the winter at what is now called "Winter Harbour", until August 1, 1820.
The island is named for Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville who was First Sea Lord at the time.
Southampton Island is one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
It is a big island at the entrance to Hudson Bay, Canada.
It is part of the Kivalliq Region of the Nunavut Territory.
The area of the island is 41,214 km².
It is the 34th biggest island in the world and Canada's 9th biggest island.
The only settlement on Southampton Island is Coral Harbour (pop.
712, Canada 2001 Census), called in Inuit Salliq.
Prince of Wales Island one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
It is an Arctic island in Nunavut, Canada, between Victoria Island and Somerset Island and south of the Queen Elizabeth Islands.
It is a low tundra-covered island with an irregular coastline deeply indented by Ommanney Bay in the west and Browne Bay in the east.
Its area has been thought to be around 33 339 km².
Prince of Wales Island is the world's 40th biggest island and the 10th biggest in Canada.
Its highest known point, found at 73°49'N; 97°50'W – and 320 m high – is an unnamed spot in the island's far northeastern end  overlooking the Baring Channel, which separates the island from nearby Russell Island.
Somerset Island is a member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
It is a big island across the 2 km wide Bellot Strait from the Boothia Peninsula in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada.
It has an area of 9,570 square miles (24,786 km²), making it the 45th biggest island in the world and Canada's twelfth biggest island.
No one lives on Somerset Island
The Provinces of Ireland were the main divisions of Ireland prior to 1922 when it was partitioned as a result of the majority of it becoming independent.
Ireland was divided into four different provinces, or territorial divisions.
A mission statement tells the purpose of a company or organization.
Basically, it says in a very short way WHO the organization does something for, WHAT is the kind of thing it does, and WHICH WAY it does it (that is, instead of other ways one could do that same thing).
It can be used to tell quickly what the organization does.
It can also help to give members of the organization a common idea of what they're here to do.
A mission statement basically sums up everything that something is about.
Put very simply, for performance it would sum up what the purpose of the performance is.
That might be to entertain.
WHO: People who want fast food, all over the world
WHAT: Good food that tastes good and doesn't cost too much (well...)
WHICH WAY: The same way anywhere, no bells and whistles in the shop, but friendly employees there.
WHO: Poor and oppressed people around the world
WHAT: Help them get a better chance of being better off and be a good person, too
WHICH WAY: Work for fair conditions of life and let people know what God has always wanted to give them and how to get it
Diplomatic mission, a diplomatic outpost in a foreign territory
Space mission, the launch of craft into outer space.
List of human spaceflights, a list of manned space missions.
Combat mission, a military action.
Mission, Oregon
Mission, South Dakota
Mission Ridge Ski Area, Washington
Mission, British Columbia, a district municipality in British Columbia
Mission, Calgary, a neighbourhood in Calgary, Alberta
Okanagan Mission, a neighbourhood of Kelowna BC, is locally known as "the Mission"
Missões, Brazil, a region of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil roughly occupying the same area previously dominated by the colonial missions founded by Padre Roque Gonzales.
São Miguel das Missões, one of the best preserved of the old colonial missions
Mission statement, a brief statement of the purpose of an organization
Mission (grape), a variety of grape
Philip Paul Bliss (July 9, 1838 – December 29, 1876) was an American writer of hymns.
He was also a Gospel music singer.
He wrote many well-known hymns in his lifetime.
He also wrote the tune for Horatio Spafford's "It Is Well with My Soul".
Christian Biography Resources
The Memoirs of PP Bliss
The Music of Philip Paul Bliss
Notes: Some of these countries are also considered part of Asia.
Their names are given in italics and <u/l>only their European area is given</u/l>.
Not all states within the geographical region are part of the European Union, although member states are in the majority.
Non-member states are marked with an asterisk (*).
This currently includes all of the Asian border states.
countries in order of geographical area
A graphical projection is a protocol by which an image of a three-dimensional object is projected onto a planar surface without the help of math.
This is a list of cities in Romania, by population for the first section, and a complete listing in the second section:
Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants
William Wilberforce (24 August 1759–29 July 1833) was a British evangelical politician and philanthropist.
He was a leader of the movement to end the slave trade.
BBC historic figures: William Wilberforce
English philanthropists
People from Kingston upon Hull
The flag of Romania is a vertical tricolour of blue, yellow, and red.
The colours stand for the three historical provinces of Romania.
The current design was made official in 1994, but the flag has been used since 1989.
The first design of the flag was in 1834, but the three colours date from the sixth century.
It is very similar to the Flag of Chad, except that this flag is very slightly lighter in color.
The Coat of arms of Romania is the coat of arms that has been adopted by the Romanian Parliament on 10 September 1992.
The design for it came from the coat of arms that the Kingdom of Romania created back in 1922.
It displays a golden aquila that is holding a cross in its beak.
It also shows a mace and a sword in its claws.
It contains the three colors of the Flag of Romania: red, yellow, and blue.
Sighişoara is a city and municipality in Mureş County, Romania.
It is on the Târnava Mare River.
Sighişoara had a population of 28.102 people as of 2011.
Dinkelsbühl (Germany)
Kiskunfélegyháza (Hungary)
Baden (Switzerland)
Blois (France)
Città di Castello (Italy)
Town hall of Sighişoara City
Treaty of Berlin (1885)
Athens is one of the most famous cities in the world.
It is the capital city of Greece and the most important financial, industrial, maritime, political, and cultural center of the country.
It is also one of the world's oldest cities.
Scholars disagree on whether the city is named for the goddess Athena, or the goddess for the city.
Athens has a population of about 4 million people and is growing.
It is in the prefecture, or division of the country, of Attica.
Its port, Piraeus, is the largest passenger port in Europe, and the second-largest port in the world.
Athens has a borderline cold semi-arid climate (BSk in the Köppen climate classification) and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification).
The average rainfall is relatively low, due to the rain shadow from the Parnitha mountains.
Frost is infrequent and snow does not occur every winter.
History of Athens
Ancient Athens was a powerful city in Classical times.
It was known for its philosophy and learning.
The city was home to various ancient philosophers.
Its schools of philosophy included Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum.
The Parthenon, a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, is the most famous of its ancient monuments.
It was built between 447 BC and 438 BC and its decoration continued until 431 BC.
Athens had its own Constitution and it created the world's first known democracy.
The city started to decline in 529 AD when the Emperor Justinian I closed its philosophical schools.
The Parthenon was made a Christian church.
That saved it later from the destruction of non-Christian temples, in the theocracy which followed Justinian's conversion.
The Ottoman Turks took control of Athens in 1458.
The Turks made the Parthenon into a Muslim mosque.
The Parthenon was later damaged in 1687 when gunpowder exploded inside it.
Athens was freed from the Turks during the Greek War of Independence (18211833).
It was an unimportant little town then, but the Greeks made it their capital.
Athens is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Acropolis of Athens and the 11th-century Daphni Monastery.
1896 – The first modern-day Olympic Games took place in Athens.
2004 – The Olympic Games took place in Athens again.
Some of the most important ones are:
the National Archaeological Museum, the largest archaeological museum in the country.
It has a vast collection of antiquities from more than 5,000 years (late Neolithic Age to Roman Greece);
the Benaki Museum with several branches;
the Byzantine and Christian Museum, an important museum of Byzantine art;
the National Art Gallery, the most important art gallery in Greece;
the National Museum of Contemporary Art, which opened in 2000 in a former brewery building;
the Numismatic Museum, housing a major collection of ancient and modern coins;
the Museum of Cycladic Art, art from the islands, including its famous figurines of white marble;
the New Acropolis Museum, opened in 2009, replacing the old museum on the Acropolis.
Almost one million people visited during summer June–October 2009.
the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum, a museum that displays artifacts from the burial site of Kerameikos.
Much of the pottery and other artifacts show Athenian attitudes to death and the afterlife, through many ages.
the Jewish Museum of Greece, a museum that describes the history and culture of the Greek Jewish community.
The Athens Metro, inaugurated in January 2000, is the only metro system in Greece.
It has a total of three lines.
It is famous for many of its stations that feature works of art and displays of the archeological remains found during its construction.
The Athens Tram has a total length of 27 km and covers ten Athenian suburbs from Syntagma Square (the central square of Athens) to the southwestern part of the city.
The tram network is still under construction as it will be extended toward the port of Piraeus.
The Attiki Odos is a modern motorway system that runs in the greater Athens metropolitan area and has a total length of 65 kilometers.
Washington, DC, USA
Los Angeles, California, USA
Athens, Georgia USA
Genova, Italy
Rabat, Morocco
City of Athens official website
Athens Safety Review
Photos of Athens
An Online History of Athens
Athens travel guide
Athens Citizendium
Quechuas is the term used for several ethnic groups in South America that use a Quechua language (Southern Quechua mainly).
They belong to several ethnic groups in South America, above all in Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.
The Quechuas of Ecuador call themselves - as well as their language Kichwa - Kichwas or Quichuas.
The Kichwa-speaking group of Colombia are the Ingas.
Chancas (in Huancavelica, Ayacucho y Apurímac)
Huancas (in Junín; spoke Quechua before the Incas did)
Cañaris (in Ecuador; adopted the Quechua language from the Incas)
Q'ero (an Andean Quechua community)
Ethnic groups in South America
The Members Church of God International is a group of members of a Christian denomination with headquarters in the Philippines.
Commonly known by their TV show Ang Dating Daan (The Old Path), they have million members and has thousands of locales worldwide.
Currently, their presiding minister is Eliseo Soriano ang their vice presiding Minister is Daniel S. Razón.
Eliseo Soriano is currently preaching in other countries.
They reject the Roman Catholic belief about Trinity.
The Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that was created in 1542 and originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America.
It was governed from the capital of Lima.
In 1542, the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castilla, that shortly afterwards would be called the Viceroyalty of Peru.
In 1544, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) named Blasco Núñez Vela Peru's first viceroy, but the viceroyalty was not organized until the arrival of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572.
Francisco de Toledo, "one of the great administrators of human times", established the Inquisition and created laws that applied to both Indians and Spanish alike.
So he broke the power of the encomenderos and reduced the old system of forced native labor.
He improved the safety in the viceroyalty with fortifications, bridges and la Armada del Mar del Sur (the Southern Fleet) against the pirates.
The Amazon basin and some large regions nearby had been considered Spanish territory since the Treaty of Tordesillas.
But this treaty meant not much during the time Spain controlled Portugal (1580 - 1640).
The first Jesuit reduction to convert and "civilize" the Indigenous population was founded in 1609, but some areas were occupied by Brazilians as Bandeirantes gradually extended their activities throughout much of the basin and adjoining Matto Grosso in the 17th and 18th centuries.
These groups had the advantage of remote geography and river access from the mouth of the Amazon (which was in Portuguese territory) making it impossible for the Spanish authorities to control them.
One famous attack upon a Spanish mission in 1628 resulted in the enslavement of 60 000 indigenous people.
In fact as time passed they were used as a self funding occupation force by the Portuguese authorities in what was effectively a low level war of territorial conquest.
Finally the reality of the situation was recognized with the transfer of sovereignty over the much of the basin and surrounding areas to Portugal in the 1750 Treaty of Madrid.
1824 disestablishments
16th-century establishments in Spain
Disestablishments in South America
Vilcabamba  was founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and was the last city of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards in 1572.
That meant the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule.
After the Incan empire fell, the city was burned and the area swiftly became a remote, not very populated or connected part of Peru.
The ruins of the city were rediscovered by Hiram Bingham in 1909 in a remote forest site 130 km west of Cuzco, but he failed to realize its significance, because he believed that Machu Picchu, which he also rediscovered, was the fabled "Lost City of the Incas".
It was not until explorations and discoveries in the 1960s, that many came to see this site at Espíritu Pampa as the real Vilcabamba of legend.
MacQuarrie, Kim: The Last Days of the Incas.
Simon & Schuster, 2007. .
1539 establishments
Vere Gordon Childe (Usually known as Gordon Childe) (Sydney, New South Wales, 14 April 1892 – Mount Victoria, New South Wales, 19 October 1957) was an Australian archaeologist.
He was best known for his excavation of the unique Neolithic site of Skara Brae in Orkney.
He is also credited with coining the terms 'Neolithic Revolution' and 'Urban Revolution'.
He attempted to place his discoveries inside a theory of prehistoric development on a wider European and world scale.
Neil Faulkner 2007.
Gordon Childe and Marxist Archaeology.
International Socialism 116.
Australian social scientists
Bogosian met Jo Bonney in 1980.
Six weeks later he married her.
Bogosian's home website
The  is the time in Japanese prehistory which started in roughly 14,000 BC to 10,000 BC.
"Jōmon" means "patterns of plaited cord" or "cord-patterned"  from the way they decorated their pottery.
The Jōmon came long ago from Central Asia and southern Siberia to Japan.
They were very different from modern East Asians and were more similar to Europeans and people in the Middle East.
Many scientists link them to the paleolithic population of Europe (Cro-Magnon).
Their culture is unique and some similarities exists with Native American cultures of the northwestern coastal cultures.
University of Tokyo, Memory of the Jomon Period
Niigata Prefectural Museum of History, The Prehistoric Archaeology of Japan
For a full account of the biological family, see Hominidae
For the novel by Klaus Ebner see Hominid (novel)
A hominid is any member of the biological family Hominidae.
These are the "great apes", living and extinct.
At present there are humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.
The word "hominid" has been used in various ways.
The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades.
These revisions led to different uses of the word "hominid".
The original meaning of the taxon Hominidae meant only humans and their closest relatives.
Now this group is called the Hominina.
A hominoid or ape is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: existing members are the lesser apes (gibbons) and great apes.
A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae: all of the great apes.