the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Many officials were convicted of criminal charges including bribery, making false records, conspiracy and tax evasion.
In 1971 Barron was convicted of jury tampering in an earlier trial.
Barron was sentenced to 5 years in prison.
Biography of William W. Barron
Inaugural Address of William W. Barron
Ali Sami Yen Spor Kompleksi - Türk Telekom Arena is a new multi-purpose stadium in the Şişli district of Istanbul, Turkey.
It became the new home ground for Galatasaray S.K. in 2011, replacing the old Ali Sami Yen Stadium.
The stadium has an all seated  capacity of 52,652.
Stadium: 195,000 m² - 228m x 190m x 70m
Playing level: 120 m x 83 m
Gross grass area: 111 m x 72 m
Playing field: 105 m x 68 m
Total concrete used during stadium construction: 190,000 m³
Total steel used during stadium construction: 35,000 tonnes
Total steel used for the roof: 5,500 tonnes
The things associated with a country led by a powerful leader (an empire) or with that leader (Emperor) as a person.
A system of weights and measures (Imperial units) formerly used by the old British Empire, and in places it controlled or affected, including inches, feet, ounces, pounds, and other measurements which are frequently used by English-speaking people, as opposed the International System based on meters and liters.
was the 47th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
His reign started in 758 and ended in 764.
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was Ōi-shinnō (Ōi-no-ō).
The posthumous name of Emperor Junnin was given by Emperor Meiji.
He was the seventh son of Prince Toneri, a son of Emperor Temmu.
His father died when he was at the age of three, and he was given no rank nor office of the court.
Events of Junnin's life
7 September 758 (Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 1st day of the 8th month): In the 10th year of Kōken's reign, the empress abdicated.
The succession (senso) was received by her adopted son.
Then Emperor Jimmu is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).
760 (Tenpyō-hōji 4): New coins were minted.
764 (Tenpyō-hōji 8): Junnnin was sent in exile to Awaji.
10 November 765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1, 23rd Day of the 10th Month):  Former Emperor Junnin died in exile.
Junnin caused grain storage centers (Jōheisō) to be established in the provinces.
The government stored rice from the years of good harvests.
This rice was used to control higher prices when harvests of rice were not good.
The Jōheisō were abolished during the Kamakura period.
The actual site of Junnin's grave is known.
This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Awaji.
The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Junnin's mausoleum.
It is formally named Awaji no misasagi.
Era of Junnin's reign
Tenpyō-hōji  (758-765)
733 births
765 deaths
Macaroni is a pasta food which is made of wheat and flour.
It is from Italy.
It is in the shape of a small tube.
It can either be straight or curved.
The curved type is called elbow macaroni.
Macaroni is almost never eaten by itself.
It is usually eaten with another food or covered in a sauce.
A very popular type of macaroni is "Macaroni and cheese", which is macaroni covered in melted cheese.
In Libya, macaroni is called Macroona Imbakbaka.
Libya has Italian food because it used to be an Italian colony.
Fried chicken are pieces of chicken that have been either battered or floured and then pan fried, pressure fried or deep fried.
The breading adds a crisper crust to chickens' exterior.
The chicken is cut at the joints with the bones and skin being left.
Some fast food restaurant chains serve fried chicken, most notably Kentucky Fried Chicken, Popeyes and Chick-fil-A.
Fried chicken is stereotypically associated with black people but anybody can eat it.
There have been a number of public controversies about remarks that people have made about fried chicken and black people that have been considered racist.
The term fried chicken was first used in the 1830s.
Scottish people were the first European people who were frying chicken, although it was not seasoned or battered.
People in West Africa were the ones who seasoned it.
However, the first dish which was deep fried was fritters.
Fritters were popular during the Middle Ages.
Jon Meade Huntsman, Jr. (born March 26, 1960) is an American businessman, diplomat and politician.
He was the 8th United States Ambassador to Russia from October 3, 2017 to October 3, 2019 for the Donald Trump administration.
He was the 11th United States Ambassador to Singapore from September 22, 1992 through June 15, 1993.
He served as the 16th Governor of Utah from January 3, 2005 through August 11, 2009.
During the Barack Obama administration, Huntsman served as the United States Ambassador to China from August 28, 2009 through April 28, 2011.
On March 8, 2017, Huntsman accepted a position as United States Ambassador to Russia under the nomination from President Donald Trump.
He was sworn in on October 3, 2017.
On August 6, 2019, Huntsman submitted his resignation letter to President Donald Trump as Ambassador to Russia, effective October 3, 2019.
He unsuccessfully ran for Utah Governor again in the 2020 race.
Huntsman was born in Palo Alto, California, but went to school in Salt Lake City, Utah.
His father is businessman Jon Huntsman Sr.. He dropped out of high school to be in a rock band.
Later, he got a G.E.D. and went to college at the Universities of Utah and Pennsylvania.
After living in Taipei for a year, Huntsman served in the Reagan and Bush Administrations.
He was Ambassador to Singapore when he was only 32.
When Bill Clinton was President, Huntsman ran his family's multimillion-dollar chemical company.
He served as George W. Bush's Ambassador to Indonesia and Deputy Trade Representative.
In 2004, Huntsman was elected Governor of Utah.
While in office, he cut taxes.
While governor, most people in Utah approved of him.
He was re-elected in 2008, but resigned as Barack Obama's Ambassador to China.
Huntsman served in that capacity from 2009 to 2011.
While Ambassador, he watched some Chinese protest; this led to the Chinese blocking his name on Google for a while.
2012 United States presidential campaign
Huntsman was a candidate for President of the United States in the 2012 Republican primaries.
He was one of the most moderate candidates running in the primaries.
Huntsman ran on his strong record of job creation in Utah, which had the highest job creation rate in America while he was governor.
He has also polled near the bottom of the candidates in the race, although he had a strong showing in New Hampshire.
He lost the primaries to Mitt Romney.
Russian ambassador
On March 8, 2017, Trump nominated Huntsman to serve as the United States Ambassador to Russia.
He began the position on October 3, 2017.
He resigned in October 2019.
2020 Utah gubernatorial election
On November 14, 2019, Huntsman announced his plans to run for Governor of Utah again in the 2020 election.
He lost the Republican nomination to Spencer Cox in July 2020.
Huntsman is a Mormon and went on a Mormon mission in Asia, but has explored other faiths.
Huntsman is also an Eagle Scout.
Huntsman has seven kids.
Two of them are adopted.
One of his children, is Abby Huntsman who is a co-host of The View.
Horizon PAC
Huntsman Presidential Campaign Staff
Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
Biography at the United States Department of State (archived)
Michael Brendan Dougherty, Jon Huntsman, the No-Drama Conservative, The American Conservative, August 24, 2011
"Jon Huntsman Could Do Without Bill Clinton’s Kudos", Andrew Goldman, The New York Times Magazine, 4 January 2013
A Dame school was a private elementary school in English-speaking countries.
The word "Dame" means a woman who has the title of a Knight.
The children were usually taught by women and did not learn very much.
The schools were most common from the 17th century to the 19th century.
Most of these schools were located in Britain, the United States, and Australia.
The Dame schools were also a common place for girls to be educated because they could not go to other schools, which were only for boys.
The girls at Dame schools often learned how to sew or do other crafts.
Dame schools were different—some were day care facilities overseen by women who were not literate, but other schools taught the students how to read and write.
The differences of Dame schools in England were shown in 1838 by the Statistical Society of London that found almost half of all children surveyed were only taught spelling, with few being taught mathematics and grammar.
Dame schools became less common in Britain after the introduction of compulsory education in 1870.
Schools that were below government-specified standards of tuition were closed.
Dame school buildings that still exist
Orton, Eden, Cumbria
Thursley, Surrey (it is a building in the courtyard of a church)
Upper Stratton near Stratton St Margaret, Swindon (residential property)
Hedon in Holderness (residential property)
In North America, "dame school" is a name for a private school with a female teacher during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.
The education at these schools could be good or very good.
Most dame schools were in New England, where every child needed to be literate because of the laws.
In the Southern colonies, there were not as many women who knew enough to teach the children.
Motivated by their Puritan religion, some austrailian women in 17th century opened small, private schools in their homes to teach reading to young children.
All children needed to know their religion and how to read because of the Massachusetts School Law of 1642.
This law was later made more important by the famous Old Deluder Satan Act.
According to Puritan beliefs, Satan would try to keep people from understanding the Scriptures, therefore all children had to be taught how to read.
For a small fee, women, often housewives or widows, offered to take in children to whom she would teach a little writing, reading, basic prayers, and religious beliefs.
These women received pay in coin, home industries, alcohol, baked goods, and other valuables.
Teaching materials generally included a hornbook, primer, Psalter, and Bible.
Both girls and boys were provided education through the dame school system.
Dame schools generally focused on the four R's of education-Riting, Reading, Rithmetic, and Religion.
In addition to primary education, girls in dame schools might also learn sewing, embroidery, and other "graces".
Most girls received their only formal education from dame schools because of sex-segregated education in common or public schools during the colonial period.
If their parents could afford it, after attending a dame school for a rudimentary education in reading, colonial boys moved on to grammar schools where a male teacher taught advanced arithmetic, writing, Latin, and Greek.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, some dame schools offered boys and girls from wealthy families a "polite education".
The women running these special dame schools taught "reading, writing, English, French, arithmetic, and music, and dancing".
Schools for upper-class girls were usually called "female seminaries", "finishing schools" instead of "dame schools".
The first school in Australia started in 1789.
The school was a  Dame school where children were taught basic skills by a prisoner, Isabella Rossen.
A Dame's School, photo Peter Henry Emerson (1856-1936)
The Dame School by Frederick George Cotman
A Dame's School by Thomas Webster
The Dame's School by Thomas Faed
Dame School - Staffordshire Figures 1780-1840
http://www.nps.gov/fova/forkids/the-dame-school.htm
http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/schools.htm
A marine is a member of a military force.
Marines specialize in military actions in other countries, such as amphibious warfare.
Marines usually have strong links with the country's navy.
The commander in the field is usually the commander of the fleet.
Support for the marines such as medical, legal, and supplies come from the navy.
The anchor is often used as a symbol for the marines.
The word marine is from the English word marine, meaning of the sea, from the French marin(e), of the sea which was from the Latin marinus ("maritime").
The name marine means "navy" in French, Dutch, and German.
Marine forces are usually part of the navy, but they can be part of the army or act on their own.
In the past the marines have protected ships at sea.
When ship crews were pressed (forced to serve) the marines protected the ship from mutiny.
They would also board other ships during battle or capture prize ships.
They carried out raids on the shore to help the navy.
Marines would also take part in campaign ashore, to help the army.
In the earliest days of naval warfare, there was little difference between sailors and soldiers on a warship.
The oarsmen of Ancient Greek and Roman ships had to be able to fight the oarsmen of other ships.
Armed soldiers were used on Greek ships to get on board enemy ships to fight their crews.
The Roman Navy's two legions, I Adiutrix and II Adiutrix, were among the first special naval infantry units.
The first organized group of marines was created when Charles V first assigned the naval infantry of the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles (Naples Sea Old Companies) to the Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons) in 1537.
This was the start of the current Spanish Navy Marines (Infantería de Marina) corps.
The American Marine Corps began on 10 November 1775 in Tun Tavern, Philadelphia, just seven months before America declared its independence on 4 July 1776.
The main task for marine troops is military actions near the coast.
Based on ships they are trained to land on and secure key points to around 50 miles inland.
Marines leave the warships using helicopters, landing craft, hovercraft and amphibious vehicles.
The Argentine Marine Corps (Infantería de Marina de la Armada de la República Argentina or IMARA) is a part of the Argentine Navy.
It has a Fleet Marine Force with one marine battalion, artillery, air defence, communications, logisticss, engineer and vehicle units.
There is a Southern Marine Force with two marine battalions, a river operations battalion, a special forces unit (the Amphibious Commandos Group) and several security battalions and companies.
The 5th Battalion of the Infanteria de Marina fought in the Falklands War ().
Several of the colonies of Australia had volunteer naval infantry forces in the second half of 19th century.
The Victorian Naval Brigade was formed in 1859, the Sydney Naval Brigade in 1864, the Queensland Naval Brigade in 1873 and the Naval Artillery Volunteers in 1897 (New South Wales).
After the Federation of Australia they became the Commonwealth Naval Militia.
When the Royal Australian Navy began in 1911 the volunteers were renamed the Royal Australian Naval Brigade.
In 1915 it had 2,817 officers and men.
The Naval Brigade was disbanded in 1920 and volunteers joined the Royal Australian Naval Reserve.
The 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment of the Australian Army will be retrained as marines by 2014.
The Bolivian Naval Force has about 2,000 naval infantry soldiers and marines.
The Corps of Naval Fusiliers (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais), with about 15,000 men, is part of the Brazilian Navy.
The Marine Corps has an Operational Brigade and some Guard and Ceremonial Duty Battalions.
The main unit is the brigade-sized Divisão Anfíbia (Amphibious Division).
The Royal Cambodian Navy had a force of 2,000 marines in 2007.
The Chilean Corps of Naval Infantry (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina) is a part of the Chilean Navy.
They specialise in amphibious assaults and belong to the Chilean Special Forces Unit, along with the Combat Divers.
The Corps has four units, organized along the Chilean territory.
Each unit has its own anti-aircraft guns, artillery and landing craft.
People's Liberation Army Marine Corps
Republic of China Marine Corps
The 24,000-member Colombian Marine Corps is a single division with four brigades (one counter-terrorist and three river brigades), each with several battalions as well as small security units.
It is a part of the Colombian Navy.
The Croatian Navy has a 200-man naval infantry corps headquartered in Split.
The group has three companies divided between Pula, Šibenik and Ploče and the 4th Guards Brigade (based at Split), which was moved to the Croatian Navy as a naval infantry unit in January 2002.
The Cuban Revolutionary Navy (Marina de Guerra Revolucionaria or MGR) has a small marine battalion called the Desembarco de Granma.
The 5,000-man Ecuadorian Navyhas a 1,700-man Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina) in Guayaquil.
It was formed on 12 November 1962.
It has two security battalions, one in the Amazon River area and the other on the Pacific coast.
There is also a commando battalion based on the Galápagos Islands.
The El Salvador Navy has two 600-man Marine Infantry Battalions (Batallon de Infanteria de Marina or BIM), and a 300-man Naval Commando Force.
The BIMs were located at La Unión and Usulatan.
The Finnish Uusimaa Brigade () in Ekenäs is part of the Finnish Navy and trains the Finnish Marine Commandos, known as coastal jaegers.
It is the only Swedish-speaking unit in the Finnish Defence Forces.
The Fusiliers Marins (Sailor-Riflemen) are navy sailors.
They protect ships and coastal installations.
Out of their ranks come the navy special forces Commandos Marine (Naval Commandos.)
Troupes de marine or "Marine Troops", are a part of the French Army.
Troupes de Marine and the Foreign Legion are the only units of the French army permanently based in Africa, one regiment in Djibouti, one battalion in Senegal, one battalion in Ivory Coast (until 2009, now forming the core of Operation Unicorn), one battalion in Gabon, as well as bases in the French Overseas territories.
The Troupes de Marine has infantry (Infanterie de Marine), paratroopers and light cavalry, and artillery (Artillerie de Marine).
They provide the ground soldiers for French amphibious task forces and are specially trained for that purpose.
The 9th Marine Brigade (9e Brigade Légère Blindée de Marine (9 BLBMa)) works with the 3 Commando Brigade of the Royal Marines, exchanging officers, sharing training and exercises.
The Spezialisierte Einsatzkräfte Marine (Naval Special Deployment Force) is a special operations group of the German Navy.
The battalion includes the Kampfschwimmerkompanie (German commando frogmen), the Minentaucher kompanie and a boarding-company.
The unit is based at Eckernförde.
The Marineschutzkräfte (Naval Protection Force) protects of naval bases and facilities.
The battalion is based in Eckernförde and has five units: one staff and support company, three infantry companies and a military intelligence platoon.
The Greek 32nd Marine Brigade "Moravas" (32η Ταξιαρχία Πεζοναυτών Mοράβας) and the Amphibious Raider Squadrons (known as MAK) are naval infantry and maritime operations forces in the Hellenic Army and supported by the Hellenic Navy.
The Honduran Navy set up one 600-man marine infantry battalion (Batallón de Infantería de Marina or BIM) in 1982.
The Indian Navy has an elite special operations unit called "MARCOS" (Marine Commandos).
They carry out secret activities and counter-terrorism, specializing in sea-based land warfare.
Also, they provide support to Indian Army units in specialized areas, such guarding Jammu and Kashmir's Wular lake.
This unit was established in 1986, and has about 2000 marines.
The Indian Army also has the 340 Independent Infantry Brigade (Amphibious), part of the 12 Corps (Jodhpur, Rajasthan) of the South Western Command.
The Indonesian Marine Corps (Korps Marinir TNI AL), is a part of the Indonesian Navy started on 15 November 1945, which has:
Two Marine Forces ("Pasukan Marinir"), a unit similar to a division, led by a Marine Brigadier General.
Three Marine Infantry Brigades (with nine Marine Infantry Battalions).
Two Marine Cavalry Regiments (with Marine Amphibious Tank and also Amphibious Artillery-bearer Landing Craft Battalions).
Two Marine Artillery Regiments (with Marine Rocket, Howitzer and Gun Battalions).
Two Marine Combat Support Regiments, with Marine Engineer, Military Police, Base Defense, Motorized Transportation, Amphibious-Reconnaissance and also Logistic Battalions.
Two Marine Bases in Jakarta and Surabaya.
Two Marine Hospitals.
An anti-terrorism unit called "Detasemen Jala Mangkara" (literally "Sea Ghost Detachment").
At the fall of the Shah in the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Imperial Iranian Navy had three battalions of marines.
That force has since grown to 2,600 marines in two marine brigades each of three marine battalions.
These two brigades have also been reported as three marine battalions in the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy (which may be part of the Iranian Army).
The Navy of the Revolutionary Guard Corps has several units with marine-type functions, with at least one 5,000 man brigade of three or four marine battalions.
They also have a Takavar Naval Commando Battalion
The Iraqi Navy is a small force with 800 sailors and six platoons of marines designed to protect the shoreline and inland waterways.
The navy also protects offshore oil platforms.
The force will consist of 2,000 to 2,500 sailors by 2010.
The Givati Brigade is an amphibious force and is one of the infantry brigades in the Israel Defense Forces.
Shayetet 13 is the elite commando unit of the Israeli Navy.
It carries out special operations at sea, sea-to-land missions, maritime intelligence gathering, and counter-terrorism operations.
The San Marco Regiment is a marine unit of the Italian Navy (Marina Militare).
COMSUBIN (Commando Raggruppamento Subacquei ed Incursori Teseo Tesei) is the elite combat frogman force of the Navy and one of the Italian special forces.
The Serenissima Regiment is the marine infantry unit of the Italian Army (Esercito Italiano).
Its soldiers are called Lagunari.
JGSDF 13th Brigade
JGSDF Western Army Infantry Regiment (Ranger), in Sasebo
The Republic of Korea Marine Corps is the marine corps of the Republic of Korea, and is the second largest marine corps in the world with approximately 30,000 men in regular service and thousands more in reserve.
Though theoretically it is under the direction of the Chief of Naval Operations, the Marine Corps operates as a distinct arm of the South Korean forces, unlike most other marine branches, which generally operate as part of the country's navy.
It was founded as a reconnaissance force just prior to the start of the Korean War.
The ROKMC also saw combat during the Vietnam War while stationed in Da Nang, occasionally fighting alongside US Marines and Navy SEALs.
The ROKMC has hovercraft of Russian and American origin, 107 tanks including the indigenous K1 and an upgraded variant of the M48A5, various utility vehicles and ships, and a variety of helicopters (notably the AH-1 Cobra).
Their motto is '귀신 잡는 해병대'. (
Loosely translated 'Ghost-catching/killing Marines)
The NKPA's Light Infantry Training Guidance Bureau has two or more amphibious light infantry/sniper brigades.
These brigades are believed deployed to Wonsan on the east coast and Namp'o and Tasa-ri on the west coast.
In organization and manpower, they are reduced versions of the regular light infantry brigades with a total strength of approximately 5,000 men organized into ten battalions.
Each battalion has about 400 men organized into five companies each.
Some amphibious brigade personnel are trained as frogmen.
The Mexican Naval Infantry (Spanish: Infantería de Marina) of the Mexican Navy consists of 20,000 marines spread in a brigade of three battalions, plus a battalion attached to the Presidential Guard Brigade, three regional battalions with headquarters in Mexico City, Acapulco and Veracruz, and thirty-five independent companies (mainly In Celaya) and detachments distributed among ports, bases and zonal headquarters.
The marines are responsible for port security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe, and patrolling major waterways.
The marines have light arms, heavy weapons and armored amphibious vehicles.
The Navy has ceded most of its riverine responsibilities to the Army, and has reduced the size of the marine force, putting them back aboard ships where they play a vital role in drug interdiction and boarding of suspect vessels in territorial waters.
The Myanmar Navy raised a naval infantry battalion of 800 men in 1964, followed by a second battalion in 1967.
Two more battalions may have also been raised.
They were deployed mainly to the Arakan and Tenasserim areas, and to the Irrawaddy delta, to assist in counter-insurgency operations, but also performed other security duties.
The Royal Netherlands Navy naval infantry unit is the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps (Korps Mariniers), founded in 1665 as an infantry regiment to the Dutch Navy.
Today, it is a brigade approximately 3500 marines strong, consisting of three marine infantry battalions (one of which is in Aruba and Curaçao), one amphibious combat support battalion and one logistical battalion.
The Dutch Marine Corps is an elite light infantry unit, operating as a rapid-reaction force, deployable anywhere in the world within 48-hours notice.
Dutch Marines train in all possible geological and climate conditions for their role.
Enlisted marine recruit training lasts 30 weeks, and marine officers train up to five years (including naval academy time).
The Coastal Ranger Command (Kystjegerkommandoen or KJK) of the Norwegian Navy is an amphibious unit trained to operate in littoral combat theatres, as naval infantry and coastal artillery.
The Pakistan Marines division of the Pakistani Navy was re-established on April 14, 1990 with about 2000 men and plans to expand the force significantly by 2015.
The marines are based at PNS Qasim naval base.
The Pakistan Marine Corps assisted in the recovery efforts following the country's floods in 2010.
The Paraguayan Marine Corps (Cuerpo de Fusileros Navales) is a battalion-sized organization consisting of four company sized brigades.
The Peruvian Naval Infantry (Infantería de Marina del Perú) consists of around 3,000 naval infantrymen and includes an amphibious brigade of three battalions and local security units with two transport ships, four tank landing ships, and about forty Chaimite armored personnel carriers.
Since 1982, IMAP detachments have been deployed, under army command, in counter-insurgency operations.
The Philippine Marine Corps (PMC) has a strength of about 10,000 men divided into three brigades.
The Philippine Marine Corps is considered the shock force of the armed forces and is the first unit to be involved in any amphibious or seaborne clashes.
The Polish Navy maintains several naval infantry units responsible for port and coastal security.
The Polish Army maintains the 7th Coastal Defense Brigade, which bears traditions of the disbanded 7th Coastal Defence Division (the Blue Berets), therefore it is sometimes referred to as the Marines of Poland.
However, as of 2010 there are no plans by the Polish Army to create an active marine unit.
Therefore, the 7th Brigade carries out only limited-scale exercises of amphibious assaults.
Since 1621, the Portuguese Navy has maintained a naval infantry corps, which is currently known as Corpo de Fuzileiros.
The Portuguese Marine Corps consists of about 1500 men, including two naval infantry battalions, a naval police unit, a special operations unit and several support units (logistical, fire support, landing craft, etc.).
The 307th Marine Battalion (Batalionul 307 Infanterie Marină) is the light infantry/reconnaissance unit of the Romanian Naval Forces.
It is located in Babadag, Tulcea County, and was formed in the mid 1970s for the defence of the Danube Delta and Romanian Black Sea shore.
The Russian Naval Infantry, () are the amphibious forces of the Russian Armed Forces.
The naval infantry includes the 65th Naval Infantry Brigade of the Russian Pacific Fleet, the independent brigades of the Northern and Baltic Fleets and of the Caspian Military Flotilla, and the independent regiment of the Black Sea Fleet.
The Saudi Navy maintains two 1500-man marine brigades consisting of three battalions each.
The brigades are assigned to the Western Fleet headquartered in Jeddah and the Eastern Fleet headquartered in Jubail.
The brigades have 200 Pegaso BMR AFVs and HMMWVs.
The South African Navy's new Rapid Reaction Squadron is a marine type unit.
It is planned that this squadron will eventually be a battalion sized unit.
Currently it consists of roughly two companies.
Members are sailors and use naval ranks.
They are trained in infantry combat up to company sized operations.
They are also used for crowd control and conduct peacekeeping operations.
During peacekeeping operations they are meant to augment an army infantry battalion.
Their role is very similar to the now disbanded South Africa Marine Corps.
The Spanish Navy Marines (Infantería de Marina) are the oldest existing marine force in the world, as they were established on February 27, 1537, by Charles I when he permanently assigned the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles (Naples Old Sea Companies) to the Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons).
Their red trouser stripes mark the Infanteria de Marina as part of the Royal Household Corps, an honor only shared with the Royal Guard, and were given by Charles III to the marines in reward for their fierce defence of the Castillo del Morro in Havana against the British fleet in 1763.
Special Boat Squadron is the elite special operations unit of the Sri Lanka Navy.
It is capable of carrying out amphibious raids/operations, maritime counter-terrorism, reconnaissance and target indication, combat swimmer missions and small boat operations.
As a special forces unit, its role is not limited to water-borne operations.
It also conducts operations on land, either with ground combat units of the Navy and the Army, or separately.
Naval Patrolmen are naval infantry units of the Sri Lanka Navy.
It may be 2-3 battalions strong.
These units were formed primary as a protective force for base and port security, but has since been trained and deployed for amphibious and land combat operations.
In addition to having light arms, the patrolmen have 60mm, 82mm mortars and operate Unibuffel light armored vehicles.
The Swedish Amphibious Corps (Svenska amfibiekåren) is an arm of the Swedish Navy.
The Corps consists of six battalions, capable reconnaissance, amphibious assaults and combat on, over and under the surface of the sea.
The Republic of China Marine Corps (traditional Chinese：) is responsible for amphibious combat, counter-landing and reinforcement of the main island of Taiwan, remote islands, defense of ROCN facilities, and also functions as a rapid reaction force and a strategic reserve.
Royal Thai Marine Corps (RTMC)
Royal Tongan Marines in Tongan Navy (Tonga Defence Services)
The Amphibious Marines Brigade (Amfibi Deniz Piyade Tugayı) of the Turkish Navy consists of 6,000 men based in Foça near İzmir, three amphibious battalions, an MBT battalion, an artillery battalion, a support battalion and other company-sized units.
The Su Altı Taarruz (SAT) of the Turkish Navy is a special operations force for underwater attack.
The missions include the acquisition of military intelligence, amphibious assault, counter-terrorism and VIP protection.
The Su Altı Savunma (SAS) of the Turkish Navy is a special operations force for underwater defense.
The Ukrainian Marines was founded in 1993 from a unit of the former Soviet Naval Infantry.
The UAE Marines is a battalion-sized unit; it has BTR-3s.
The Royal Marines (RM) were formed in 1664 and are a part of the UK Naval Service.
They have the longest infantry training in the world, which stands at 32 weeks for an enlisted recruit and 64 weeks for an officer recruit.
They include a commando brigade (3 Commando Brigade RM), a naval security unit responsible for guarding Britain's naval nuclear weapons and other security duties (the Fleet Protection Group RM), a landing craft and boat-training group which is also a parent unit for three landing craft units deployed on amphibious-support ships, a naval special forces unit (the Special Boat Service) and a naval band service (Royal Marines Band Service).
The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is the largest marine force in the world, responsible for many United States expeditionary operations.
They were created in 1775 to guard naval vessels during the American Revolutionary War.
While the USMC is a component part of the Department of the Navy in the military command structure, it is a military branch separate from the United States Navy.
The USMC also provides security guards at U.S. diplomatic posts throughout the world.
They also provide helicopter transportation for the President of the United States aboard Marine 1.
Their motto is Semper Fidelis, "always faithful".
And mascot Chesty the Bulldog after receiving another title from the Germans after the battle of Belleau Wood "Teufelshunde" meaning Devil Dogs.
The Uruguayan Marine Corps (Cuerpo de Fusileros Navales or FUSNA) is a battalion-sized organization consisting of four company sized brigades.
The Venezuelan Marine Corps (Infantería de Marina) is a sub-division of the Venezuelan Navy.
Headquartered in Meseta de Mamo, Vargas, the estimated numerical strength of this unit is approximately 8,000 men and women.
Its mission is to "enlist and direct its units in order to form the disembarking force and/or support of amphibious or special operations; executing naval safeguarding and environmental policing, as well as actively participating in the national development".
The Vietnam People's Navy maintains a naval infantry force.
It once stood at eleven brigades each of several battalions.
The first naval infantry unit was established in 1975 and was known as the 126th Brigade.
Currently the Vietnam People's Navy maintains two naval infantry brigades which are the 101st Brigade and 147th Brigade.
Historical marine forces
The ancient Greek states did not possess specialized marine infantry, instead they used hoplites and archers as an onboard contingent (epibatai).
The Roman Navy used regular infantry as marines.
Naval personnel were trained for raiding and also provided the troops for at least two legions (I Adiutrix and II Adiutrix) for service on land.
For several centuries, the Byzantine navy used the descendants of the Mardaites, who were settled in southern Anatolia and Greece, as marines and rowers for its ships.
Emperor Basil I also established a separate marine regiment, 4,000 strong, for the central Imperial Fleet based at Constantinople.
These were professional troops, and were counted among the elite tagmata.
In the 1260s, when emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos rebuilt the navy, he recruited the Tzakones (settlers from Laconia) and the Gasmouloi (men of mixed Greek-Latin descent) as special marine troops.
Despite the progressive decline and virtual disappearance of the navy, they remained active until the late Palaiologan period.
The Meredessantpataljon, was a short lived infantry battalion of the Estonian Navy.
The battalion was created in 1919 from the crews of the Estonian surface warships and was based in Tallinn.
The unit was mainly used on the Southern Front during the Estonian War of Independence.
The unit was operational from March to June in 1919.
The Troupes de marine were founded in 1622 (as compagnies ordinaires de la mer) as land forces under the control of the Secretary of State of the Navy, notably for operations in French Canada.
The Compagnies de la Mer were transformed in line infantry regiments by Napoleon, but became once more marine forces in 1822 (for the artillery) and 1831 (for the infantry).
These Troupes de marines were in the 19th century the main overseas and colonial forces of the French military.
In 1900 they were put under the orders of the War Ministry and took the name of Troupes Coloniales (Colonial Forces).
In 1958 the designation of Troupes Coloniales was changed to Troupes d'Outre-Mer (Overseas Forces) but in 1961 it reverted to the original Troupes de marine.
Throughout these changes in title these troops continued to be part of the French Army.
German Empire: During the German Imperial era, three ‘sea battalions’ or Seebatallione based at Kiel, Wilhelmshaven and Tsingtao were maintained.
These units served intermittently as colonial intervention forces.
The III Seebatallion at the imperial navy’s east Asian station at Tsingtao was the only all-German unit with permanent status in a protectorate/colony.
The battalion fought at the Siege of Tsingtao.
East Germany: The East German army's Nr29.
Regiment ("Ernst Moritz Arndt") was a Motorized Rifle Regiment intended for amphibious operations in the Baltic Sea; while the Volksmarine Kampfschwimmer: Combat swimmer units were intended for support of amphibious operations and for raiding.
The old Iraqi Navy maintained several marine companies.
The Iraqi Republican Guard maintained a Marine Brigade as part of its 8th As Saiqa Special Forces Division.
The brigade had Brazilian made Engesa EE-11 Urutu wheeled armored personnel carriers.
The Blackshirt militia maintained an independent Marine Group with four MVSN battalions (24th, 25th, 50th and 60th).
Both the Imperial Japanese Navy and Imperial Japanese Army maintained marine-type units.
Both were dissolved at the end of World War II and Japan no longer has marines.
The Imperial Japanese Navy's Land Forces maintained several combat units.
Special Naval Landing Forces were the Empire of Japan's Marine Corps.
The IJN also maintained the Guard Forces (keibitai) and Defense Units (bobitai), both of whom also received amphibious assault and beach defence training.
However, their performance was poor or average when they were used as assault troops.
The Imperial Japanese Army's 3,500 man Sea-Landing Brigades (1st to 4th) were used to conduct amphibious assaults on an island, but afterwards they stayed to garrison that island.
The Lebanese Forces militia maintained a small elite marine unit until the LF was disarmed and disbanded the unit.
The Marines were the navy of the militia and it maintained a force of small boats.
The Corps was founded on 10 December 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War by the unofficial leader of the republic Johan de Witt and Admiral Michiel de Ruyter as the Regiment de Marine.
Its leader was Willem Joseph Baron van Ghent.
The Dutch had successfully used ordinary soldiers in ships at sea in the First Anglo-Dutch War.
It was the fifth European marine unit formed, being preceded by the Spanish Marines (1537), the Portuguese Marines (1610), the French Marines (1622) and the English Royal Marines (1664).
Like Britain, the Netherlands has had several periods when its Marines were disbanded.
The Netherlands itself was under French occupation or control from 1810 until 1813.
A new marine unit was raised on 20 March 1801 during the time of the Batavian Republic and on 14 August 1806 the Korps Koninklijke Grenadiers van de Marine was raised under King Louis Bonaparte.
The modern Korps Mariniers dates from 1814, receiving its current name in 1817.
The role of Ottoman naval infantry originated in Orhan's conquest of the Karasi Beylik and the capture of its fleet.
From then on Janissaries and Azaps were sometimes deployed as marines during the 14th Century.
The Deniz azaps were used during the 16th Century; while troops called Levend (Bahriyeli) were raised on and off over the centuries - over 50,000 of them by the late 18th century.
The last raised units were the Ta'ifat al Ru'sa (corsair captains militia) recruited from among the North African Arabs and indigenous Berbers.
Ottoman marines were part of the Ottoman navy.
Portugal raised numerous companies of Special Marines (Fuzileiros Especiais) and African Special Marines (Fuzileiros Especiais Africanos), both at home and in the African colonies of Guinea-Bissau, Angola and Mozambique, for service in Africa during the Portuguese Colonial Wars.
The African Special Marines were all-black units.
The Imperial Russian Navy used several regiments of marine equipage troops that fought as much on land as they served in ship detachments.
One battalion was formed within the Guard, and served on the Imperial family's ships.
The Soviet Navy had a number of small battalion-sized naval infantry and coastal defence units that mostly served in the ports and bases before the Second World War.
During the war, and building on the visuals of the mutinied sailors of Petrograd in 1917, the Stavka ordered formation of naval infantry brigades from the surplus to either ship or shore duty sailors, and forty brigades served in mostly ground troops roles until 1944 when they were used for amphibious operations in Norway and along the Black Sea coast.
The South Africa Marine Corps was set up as a sub-branch of the South African Navy in 1979, with the primary purpose of protecting harbours.
The Marines were disbanded in 1989, following a major restructuring of the Navy at the end of the South African Border War.
The Royal Marines date from the establishment of a Maritime Regiment of Foot in 1664.
Six regiments of Marine Regiments for Sea were formed in 1702 but by 1713 they had been disbanded or taken into the army as regiments of foot.
In 1755, a permanent Corps of fifty companies of marines was established for direct service under the Admiralty and this force has an unbroken descent to the Royal Marines of today.
See History of the Royal Marines.
The Royal Navy has since its beginning formed naval landing parties of seamen for action ashore, this being later formalised into the Naval Brigades.
These brigades would often dismount guns from their parent vessels for use ashore, these guns often being the only artillery available.
The most famous example of this form of land service was provided by the guns accompanying the forces relieving Ladysmith.
The Corps of Colonial Marines were raised from former slaves as auxiliary units of the Royal Marines for service in the Americas: Two of these units were raised and subsequently disbanded.
The first was a small unit which existed from 1808 to 12 October 1810, the second was more substantial and existed from May 1814 to 20 August 1816.
The Royal Naval Division was part of the Royal Navy in the First World War.
In 1914, the shortage of ground forces for the Western Front led to the creation of the Division, composed of two brigades of sailors and a brigade formed by the Royal Marines.
The Division was part of the Royal Navy but for command purposes was integrated into the army's command structure.
The sailors were initially disappointing as infantry, but eventually developed into one of the better divisions.
The Division participated in the defence of the Belgian city of Antwerp in late 1914, and then served with heavy casualties at the Battle of Gallipoli.
At different times the Division included various army units.
The division ceased to exist after the end of the First World War.
Gooch's Marines, the 61st Foot, raised in the American colonies for the War of Jenkins' Ear in 1739.
This was a 3,000 man American regiment of the British Army that served alongside British Marines.
Among its officers was Lawrence Washington, half-brother of George Washington.
It was disbanded as a regiment in 1742 and the remaining independent companies were merged with another regiment in 1746.
Nobel Jones' Company of Marine Boatmen of the Georgia militia also fought in the War of Jenkins' Ear, helping defeat a Spanish amphibious landing on St. Simons Island in the Battle of Gully Hole Creek and the Battle of Bloody Marsh.
American Colonial Marines were State Marines raised for the various state navies that came into existence shortly before the Revolutionary War.
The Continental Marines were the marine force of the American Colonies during American Revolutionary War.
The Corps was formed by the Continental Congress on November 10, 1775 and was disbanded in 1783.
The Continental Marines' first and only Commandant was Captain Samuel Nicholas.
Hillet Marine River Regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War, this regiment consisted of 10 rifle companies, a Cavalry Battalion of 5 companies, and an artillery battalion of three batteries, all of whom operated from Mississippi River gunboats as part of the Mississippi River Squadron.
Republic of Vietnam
The forerunner of the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps (VNMC) was established by Ngo Dinh Diem, then prime minister of what was then the State of Vietnam on October 13, 1954.
The Republic of Vietnam was established in October 1955 after Diem used a fraudulent referendum to topple Bao Dai.
The VNMC became defunct on 1 May 1975 after the fall of Saigon.
The 12th Naval Infantry Brigade (Mornaricka Pesadijska Brigada) of the Yugoslavian Navy consisted of 900 to 2,000 men in three battalions.
A multi-ethnic unit, the brigade was broken up during the dissolution of the Yugoslav federation and saw little action.
Navy (Simple English)
An Insider's Guide to USMC Bases
Paul's papacy was troubled by disputes with the Lombards.
He had good relations with Pepin, who was king of the Franks.
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Paolo
700 births
767 deaths
Paul 1
Richard John "Rick" Santorum (born May 10, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician.
He served as the United States senator of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2007.
He ran for President of the United States in 2012 and in 2016.
Santorum was born in Winchester, Virginia.
He is of Italian American descent.
He was raised in West Virginia, Butler, Pennsylvania, and Illinois.
He went to college and to law school at Penn State University.
Soon after, he became a lawyer in Pittsburgh.
U.S. senate (1995-2007)
Santorum served in the House of Representatives from 1991 to 1995.
With the 1994 elections that elected many Republicans, he was elected to the United States Senate.
He served in the Senate for two terms, from 1995 to 2007.
In the Senate, Santorum was known for having very conservative views about abortion and gay marriage.
Santorum lost in the 2006 election for a third term as a Senator to State Treasurer Bob Casey, Jr and C. Richard Semple II.
After being in the Senate, he worked in a think tank and for Fox News.
In 2011 and 2012, Santorum ran for President of the United States in the Republican primaries.
He based his campaign on social issues.
He dropped out of the race in 2012.
Today, Santorum writes a political column for the conservative news website World Net Daily.
Santorum announced his candidacy for the 2016 presidential election on May 27, 2015.
He dropped out of the race on February 3, 2016 after poor polling numbers and loosing the Iowa caucuses.
He later announced his endorsement for Marco Rubio.
Santorum married Karen Garver in 1990.
Together, they have seven children.
Rick Santorum for President
Column archives at Townhall.com
Pope Paul II (;  23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471), born Pietro Barbo,  was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 212th Pope from 1464 until his death in 1471.
Pietro Barbo was born in Venice.
He was a nephew of Pope Eugene IV.
Barbo became a cardinal in 1440.
He was sometimes called the Venetian cardinal.
Pastor, Ludwig. (
1894).
The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, Vol.
IV, Chapter I.  London, J. Hodges.
OCLC 64083707
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul II
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Barbo ; "The election of Pope Paul II (1464)"
1417 births
Paul 2
Rechtsstaat is an idea in continental European thought.
It is that in a country, the state's power is limited by the laws.
This might either be the laws agreed upon, or natural law.
It is similar to the idea of the rule of law.
A chatterbot is a computer program that responds to input in a natural language.
An example is ELIZA.
ELIZA was one of the first chatterbots.
Every year, there is a contest for chatterbots called the Loebner prize.
The Loebner prize is an award given out every year to a chatterbot.
The winner is chosen by a Turing test: Each judge talks (text-based) to a chatterbot and to a human.
The judge guesses which is which.
The contest started in 1990 by Hugh Loebner.
The first winner was "Whimsical Conversation".
Tetration is the hyperoperation which comes after exponentiation.
means y exponentiated by itself, (x-1) times.
List of first 4 natural number hyperoperations, the inverse of tetration is the super root shown in the example
1.subtraction
a succeeded n times.
a- n={aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii….}n