the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Beaumaris (, Literal translation: beautiful marsh) is a small town on the island of Anglesey of the Menai Strait.
The town itself began  in 1295 when Edward I of England started to build Beaumaris Castle.
This was one of several castle along  the North Wales coast  - others include Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech .
Many of the builders of the castle were from France.
The castle was built on a marsh by the village of Llanfaes.
The French builders called the marsh beaux marais which means "beautiful marsh".
This is how the town got its name.
The people who lived village in Llanfaes were removed  to a new village in the west of Anglesey to make way for the castle.
This village was called Newborough and it still exists today.
Beaumaris has a pier which was opened in 1846.
The pier was  enlarged to 570 feet after storm damage in 1872.
Beaumaris Pier is still a busy base for yachts and other boats.
Beaumaris Photo Gallery
Beaumaris Official Website
Beaumaris Gaol
photos of Beaumaris and surrounding area on geograph
Beaumaris Lifeboat station
Lotte Giants is a South Korean professional baseball team.
It was started in 1982.
The company Lotte supports the team.
Lotte Giants are based in Busan, South Korea.
They are one of the first teams in the Korea Baseball Organization league.
They play in the Sajik Baseball Stadium and the Ulsan Munsu Baseball Stadium.
Lotte Giants won the Korean Series in 1984 and 1992.
In 2008, 2009 and 2010, Lotte Giants had about 4 million people watch them play.
This is the most people to watch a team in the league.
The symbol of the team is a gull.
It represents the harbors of Busan.
The Halomonadaceae are a family of halophilic proteobacteria.
The family was originally created in 1988 to contain the genera Halomonas and Deleya.
Many of its members were only recently discovered, and research is discovering new facts about them.
GFAG-1
GFAJ-1 is a strain of rod-shaped extremophile bacteria in the Halomonadaceae.
It was claimed that, when it did not have phosphorus, it took the usually poisonous element arsenic as a substitute.
Geomicrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon collected lake-bottom sediments in the shallow waters of Mono Lake in California.
Wolfe-Simon cultured the organisms from this hypersaline (very salty) and highly alkaline environment.
They grew in an arsenic-containing medium.
Unfortunately, the conclusions taken from this research have been disproved.
A group of researchers analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1, and could not detect any arsenic.
The phosphorus in its DNA cannot be, and is not, replaced with arsenic.
Life is mostly composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
Although these six elements make up nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and thus the bulk of living matter, it is possible in theory that some other elements in the periodic table might serve the same functions.
It is believed that all life needs phosphorus as a basic piece of the ‘backbone’ that holds DNA together.
Likewise ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a key molecule in the cells' energy cycle.
Sky UK Limited is a satellite television company owned by Comcast.
It used to be called British Sky Broadcasting Limited, BSkyB and Sky.
It offers television and broadband Internet services in the United Kingdom.
The present service can trace its heritage back to 1990, when BSkyB's predecessors British Satellite Broadcasting encrypted their respective film channels – Sky Movies and The Movie Channel which required viewers to get decoding equipment and a subscription to watch the channels.
After the two companies merged, subscribers could get access to both channels, and two years later, the sports channel Sky Sports also became encrypted.
Sewage treatment is the process of dealing with sewage so that it  does not cause harm to people or to rivers.
Sewage flows in sewer pipes from houses and factories.
When it arrives at a sewage treatment plant it passes through many stages.
Larger treatment plants often have more stages than smaller ones.
Large objects and rags are removed using screens.
The sewage then flows through a tank so sand and grit can fall out.
This protects the machines in later stages.
Fats and solids are removed in the first treatment stage.
Sewage enters a tank where solids fall to the bottom and fat floats to the top.
Fats and solids stay in the tank and the water continues to the next stage.
This is called primary treatment.
Modern sewage treatment started in London about 1850.
The first treatment plants for sewage were designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette.
Importance of oxygen
Bacteria and amoebae in the gut and bowels are totally anaerobic.
Oxygen kills them.
A key aspect of the treatment is not just to remove solids, but to  run the sewage through oxygenated water.
It is this which is the most important part of treatment after solids are removed.
The use of chemicals is only done exceptionally.
Dumping sewage into the sea is disgusting, but has been done at times when the treatment plants are not adequate.
Small treatment plants may use a small pond, called a lagoon, to hold the sewage while oxygen destroys the bacteria.
Larger treatment plants use machines to help process the sewage.
Some treatment works have rocks or pieces of plastic for the bacteria to grow on.
Water is pumped over the rocks or plastic.
Solids from the first and second treatment  tanks can be used to make methane gas and fertilizer for farmers fields or may be dried and sent to a landfill.
Vladimir Arnold (12 June 1937 — 3 June 2010) was a Russian mathematician of Jewish descent, said to be one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century.
He worked in many areas of mathematics including dynamical systems, differential equations, hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, classical and celestial mechanics, geometry, topology, algebraic geometry, symplectic geometry, and singularity theory.
Arnold was born in Odessa, Ukraine.
He worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Moscow and later at the Moscow State University.
Arnold died in Paris after going there to seek medical treatment.
He would have be given the Fields Medal in Mathematics in 1974, but this was opposed by the Soviet government.
His other awards include:
Lenin Prize (1965)
Crafoord Prize (1982)
Lobachevsky Prize (1992)
Harvey Prize (1994)
World Prize in Mathematics (2001)
Prize of the American Institute of Physics (2001)
Wolf Prize (2001)
Russian academics
Algebraic geometers
Sewage or domestic wastewater is the liquid waste produced by people when using the toilet, having a bath or shower or washing clothes and dishes.
In some places it also includes rain-water falling on houses and roads.
It can also have liquid waste from factories in it.
It flows in pipes called sewers to be cleaned up at a sewage treatment works.
Sewage is mostly water but it also has many microbes some of which can be harmful.
It can have many chemicals in it which can also cause harm to animals and humans.
Most sewage in poor counties is not treated, and may spread disease.
Snowdonia () is a region in north Wales.
It is also a national park of  in area.
It was the first national park in Wales, set up in 1951.
It is the largest national park in Wales and includes the highest mountain in Wales, and the largest natural lake in Wales.
Before 1951, the word Snowdonia  was used for the much smaller area around Snowdon itself.
The which includes the national park is twice as large.
The English name for the area comes from Snowdon, which is the highest mountain in Wales, at 3,560 feet above sea level.
In Welsh it is named Eryri.
This could be the Welsh word for eagle, which is eryr, or it may mean highlands.
In the Middle Ages, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, who was the Prince of Wales, was called Prince of Wales and Lord of Snowdonia.
In Welsh, it translates to Tywysog Cymru ac Arglwydd Eryri.
Gruffudd's grandfather, Llywelyn Fawr, was called "Prince of north Wales and Lord of Snowdonia."
Before it was a national park, the name "Snowdonia" was used to describe "Snowdon," a small area north of Gwynedd.
Today, the national park covers an area that is two times larger than the area originally called Snowdonia.
The park covers areas as far south as Meirionnydd.
The original Snowdonia includes Snowdon, and three other mountain ranges: the Glyderau, the Carneddau and the Moel Siabod group.
The hills that are south of Maentwrog are not part of the original Snowdonia.
Snowdonia National Park
Snowdonia National Park () was started in 1951.
It was the third national park in Britain.
It makes up , and has  of coastline in its border.
The park is ran by the Snowdonia National Park Authority.
The park has lands that are owned by private people and also by the public.
Snowdonia has many historic sites, including Stone Age burial chambers, Iron age hill forts, Roman forts, churches, and medieval castles.
There are also industrial sites including large slate quarries, copper mines, and woolen mills.
More than 26,000 people live in Snowdonia.
The area attracts over six million visitors every year.
Most of the land is either open or mountainous land, but there is also some farm-land.
Snowdonia National Park does not include the town of Blaenau Ffestiniog, which is like an island in the centre of the park.
The northern area is the most popular with visitors.
It includes Moel Hebog, Mynydd Mawr, the Nantlle Ridge, Snowdon, the Glyderau, and the Carneddau.
These are the highest mountains in Wales.
The second area includes Moel Siabod, Cnicht, the Moelwynion, and the mountains around Blaenau Ffestiniog.
The third area includes the Rhinogydd  and the Arenig.
It also includes the bog Migneint and an extinct volcano, Rhobell Fawr.
Because it a remote area, there are not many visitors.
The southern area includes Cadair Idris, the Tarren range, the Dyfi hills, and the Aran group, including Aran Fawddwy.
People can hike the area, primarily in Snowdon.
People can hike the Snowdon Mountain Railway all the way to the top of the mountain.
People also hike other mountains in the area such as Tryfan and lower areas that aren't very mountainous.
There are  of footpaths that go through the park.
bridleways are also in the area for people to ride horses.
The park also has many areas that are within Right to Roam laws.
Nature and environment
The coastline in the park is a Special Area of Conservation.
The area starts at Llŷn Peninsula and goes down the coast.
There are sand dunes located in the special area.
They are a mix of different types of deciduous trees.
The tree seen the most in the park is the Welsh Oak.
Birch, ash, mountain-ash and hazel trees are also found in the park.
There are coniferous forests that have been planted by people.
These forests include Gwydir Forest.
These forests used to be harvested for wood.
Now they grow without people cutting down the trees.
The park is the only place in Britain where Snowdon lily and the Snowdon beetle can be found.
It is the only place in the world where the Snowdonia hawkweed is found.
An invasive species is growing in the park, too, called the Rhododendron ponticum.
It kills native species that live in the park and also makes fungus grow that is poisonous.
The fungus stays alive up to seven years after the rhododendron is killed.
Almost 20% of the land in Snowdonia is protected under laws.
These laws protect the plants and animals that live in Snowdonia.
Half of the 20% of protected land is part of the national park.
Otters, polecats, and wild goats live in Snowdonia.
So do pine marten's but they are very hard to find and are rare.
Other birds that are rare and hard to find are ravens, peregrine, osprey, merlin, and red kites.
The Snowdown beetle, which is rainbow colored, also lives in Snowdon.
Snowdonia is one of the wettest parts of the United Kingdom.
The area Crib Goch, which is in Snowdonia, is the wettest place in the UK.
It rains, on average,  a year.
Snowdonia National Park Authority
Snowdonia Society
Gwynedd is a large area in North West Wales.
It has a long coast-lime with many cliffs and beaches.
It also has many mountains including Snowdon, the highest mountain in England and Wales.
Large towns include Bangor and Caernarfon.
Superstar K () is a South Korean television talent show series which is held every year.
The concept is the same as the Pop Idol franchise.
It involves finding the next "superstar".
The winner each week is worked out through scores given by judges and votes from viewers.
First held in 2009, Superstar K has become more and more popular.
As the slogan of this program is “Sing the miracle”, plenty of people who volunteered “Season 2” to become a singer were about 1,430,000.
Furthermore, the audition was held by Seoul, Busan, Daejeon, Daegu, Incheon, Jeju, Gwangju, Chuncheon, and even LA.
This audition has lots of stages.
First, participants should take the first local preliminary round, and after passing it, they face the second, and then the third.
After the third round, all participants from all areas gather to Seoul, and semi round, called “Super Week”, is began.
From this stage, all stages become survival formats, and keen.
After the round, 11 people are chosen as last members, and they stay at the same house, take the vocal training, and compete each other every week.
Finally, the one who survive from the competition win the audition.
In this audition, famous judges appear.
The judges are Korean popular singers, Seungchul Lee, Jongsin Yoon, and Junghwa Um.
These singers judge each participant.
As this is TV show, viewers can join the judgment.
When last 11 people compete each other, viewers can vote who they want, and it accounts for 60%.
The singers’ judgment forms 30%, and the rest is up to internet survey.
The winner of each season gets huge rewards.
In Season 2, the winner, named Gak Heo, got ₩200 million, a car worth about ₩25 million.
In addition, a famous music producer made his album and a music video.
He also performed at the Mnet Asian Music Awards.
The album of Ingook Seo, the winner of the Season 1, ranked at the top of the charts for several weeks.
The Jeju United FC, founded in 1982, is a professional football team in the K League 1.
It uses the Jeju World Cup Stadium as its home stadium.
Although it is based in Seogwipo at this moment, it has been through several base changes.
Its original name was Yukong Elephants FC, which was founded in 1982 and based in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do province.
This YooGong football club changed its home stadium to Seoul in 1990.
In 1996, as a part of localization policy, it again changed its home stadium to Bucheon, and changed its name as Bucheon SK.
However, the overall facilities in Bucheon were not enough, so it finally changed its home stadium to the Jeju World Cup Stadium in Jeju Island, thus getting the name 'Jeju United FC.'
Jeju United is famous for educating coaches and for supporting the development of football techniques.
For example, Valeri Nepomniachi, the Russian coach hired in 1994, delivered many developed strategies and techniques to the K League.
This created a vogue 'Nepomniachi Style' among other teams.
Its mascot is Kamguri, which represents the symbol of Jeju, the Mandarin.
Its home stadium, 'Jeju World Cup Stadium,' can accommodate 35,545 people.
Jeju United FC has been doing well in the K League.
It came in 3rd in the 1983 Superleague.
Beginning from this, it has usually maintained good rankings in K-league including the championship in 1989.
In 2010, it maintained first place throughout the season, but was surpassed by FC Seoul at the last match, ending in second place.
The emblem of Jeju United FC is a shield-shaped one with the combination of black, red, and blue.
This will enable people to feel the power of the football team.
To be more specific, the emblem represents Hallasan and the horn of a deer which symbolize Jeju Island.
This expresses the defense power of the team.
At the same time, the sword in the middle which was made from the 'J' in Jeju Island involves the team's spirit that it will adopt the attacking-strategy as its main one.
In addition to this, it uses the motif of SK group's Happy Wings so that the Jeju residents would become united through the soccer.
Jeju World Cup Stadium was built in harmony with Jeju's culture, nature, and life.
First, the entrance was made after the traditional entrance, Olle.
Also, Jeongnang, a traditional door, stands next to the entrance.
The overall shape of the stadium resembles the so-called 'Oreum'.
Oreum is a parasitic volcano, and its top has a concave shape.
To attain this concave shape, the stadium made the field 14m under the ground, which minimized the effect of the wind.
Besides, the roof of the stadium symbolizes Teu, the traditional boat for fishing.
As a home stadium of Jeju United FC, it can accommodate more than 35.000 people.
South Korean football clubs
Frederick Page (September 29, 1915 - December 23, 1997) was a Canadian executive for several ice hockey leagues and organizations.
Page was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.
As president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA), he helped bring amateur hockey teams to Europe for tours.
Later, he helped facilitate negotiations between the CAHA and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF).
This would lead to Page being an executive vice president of the IIHF from 1969 to 1972.
Next, he helped start the Pacific Coast Junior Hockey League, which later merged with the British Columbia Junior Hockey League in 1997.
Page was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.
Bismuthine, also known as bismuthane, bismuth hydride, and hydrogen bismuthide, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is BiH3.
It has bismuth and hydride ions in it.
The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.
Bismuthine is very unstable.
It is only found below -60°C.
Above that temperature it breaks down into bismuth and hydrogen.
It is part of a test for bismuth.
This is similar to the Marsh test for arsenic.
Bismuth compounds
John Edward Schella (May 9, 1947 – August 3, 2018) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player.
Schella made his NHL debut in 1970 with the Vancouver Canucks, spending parts of two seasons with the team before moving to the Houston Aeros, where he spent six seasons.
Schella played one final year in the minor leagues before retiring in 1979.
Awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1989.
Inducted into the NHL Hockey Hall of Fame in 1990.
1 Midseason replacement
This is a list of episodes from the Fox animated television series Bobby's World.
The series premiered on September 8, 1990 and ended on February 23, 1998.
A total of 80 half-hour episodes were produced, and reruns on NBC Kids
Fox Kids Order
Season 1: 1987/88
Season 2: 1988
Season 3: 1989/90
Season 4: 1993-1994
Season 5: 1994-1995
Season 6: 1995-1996
Season 7: 1997-1998
The River Teifi is a river in west Wales.
It starts in the hills above the town of Tregaron and then flows into a large marsh called Tregaron bog.
This bog helps to stop flow in the river being too extreme.
It stores up flood water when it is raining hard and it lets water go during dry weather.
The water in the River Teifi is very good quality.
The river supports lots of wild-life including Salmon and Trout.
The wildlife is so special that the whole river has been given special protetion by scientists to stop it being damaged.
The river passes through small towns such as Lampeter and Newcastle Emlyn before it reaches the sea at Cardigan.
For the last few miles before it reaches Cardigan, the river runs through a deep gorge called Cigerran Gorge.
Some people still fish for Salmon here using a very ancient boat called a Coracle.
Rivers of Wales
The River Ystwyth (; ) is a river in west Wales.
It starts  in the hills between Rhayader and Ysbyty Ystwyth and flow into the sea at Aberystwyth.
Although the river looks very clean, it has high levels of some metals such as lead, zinc and silver.
These metals poison a lot of the wildlife so that only a few things live in some of the river.
These metals get into the river from old lead mines.
Nobody uses the mines any more but the waste material left behind still has lots of metal in it and this dissolves in rain and gets into the river.
Other Reading
Green, John (2006), Afon Ystwyth: The Story of a River, Artery Publications 2006.
David Warren (3 March 1925, Groote Eylandt, Australia— 19 July 2010, Brighton, Victoria, Australia) was an Australian scientist.
He became famous for inventing the black box flight recorder which could give information about the causes of aircraft crashes.
is a Japanese architect and university professor at Yokohama National University.
Nishizawa won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.
In 1995, he started a partnership with Kazuyo Sejima in Tokyo.
Video Pavilion, Kagawa, Japan, 2003
Office of Ryue Nishizawa website
An incubator is a machine used mostly for hatching eggs without the help of a hen or mother.
Thomas Dörflein (13 October 1963 – 22 September 2008) was a German zookeeper at the Berlin Zoo for 26 years.
He became a celebrity after he took care of the polar bear cub Knut, who had been abandoned by his mother shortly after his birth in 2006.
In 2007, Dörflein was awarded the Medal of Merit by the city of Berlin for helping to raise Knut.
Bismuth(V) fluoride, also known as bismuth pentafluoride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is BiF5.
It has five bismuth-fluorine bonds in it.
The bismuth is in its +5 oxidation state.
Bismuth(V) fluoride is a white crystalline solid.
It is an extremely strong oxidizing agent and fluorinating agent, something that adds fluoride ions to other chemicals.
It reacts with water to make ozone and oxygen difluoride.
It also reacts with iodine and sulfur at room temperature.
Above 50°C, it reacts with hydrocarbons like paraffin to make fluorocarbons.
At 180°C, it reacts with chlorine to make chlorine monofluoride and with bromine to make bromine trifluoride.
It is made by reacting bismuth(III) fluoride with fluorine at a high temperature.
It is also made by reacting bismuth(III) fluoride with chlorine trifluoride.
Bismuth(V) oxide
Chlorine monofluoride is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is ClF. It has chlorine and fluoride ions in it.
The chlorine is in its +1 oxidation state.
Chlorine monofluoride is a colorless gas.
It can be cooled to a pale yellow liquid at low temperatures.
Many of its properties are between the properties of chlorine and fluorine.
It reacts with tungsten to make tungsten hexafluoride and with selenium to make selenium tetrafluoride.
It reacts with carbon monoxide to add chloride and fluoride to it.
The Neumünster Zoo (German: Tierpark Neumünster) is a zoo in the north part of Germany.
It was well known for suing the Berlin Zoo for the profits from Knut's publicity.
is a Japanese architect and historian of architecture.
He was born 21 November 1946 in Miyakawa-mura, Suwa-gun, Nagano Prefecture, Japan.
That place is now part of Chino-shi.
He has taught at several Japanese universities including: Tōhoku University, Tokyo University, and Kogakuin University.
He was a visiting scholar at Tōhoku University of Art and Design.
He is professor emeritus at Tokyo University.
Fujimori is especially interested in the history of modern Japanese architecture and natural design.
He is known for using shapes from nature for his designs.
He graduated from the architecture department at the faculty of engineering of Tōhoku University in 1971.
Then he went for graduate study at Tokyo University.
In 1979, he finished his dissertation "Historical Research on City Planning in the Meiji Era" and got his PhD.
In 1986 he won the Suntory Arts Prize for his book "Adventures of an Architectural Detective-Tokyo Edition" (建築探偵の冒険・東京篇 in Japanese).
That year, he also one of the first members of the "Roadside Observation" art group (路上観察学会 in Japanese) with the artist  Genpei Akasegawa and the illustrator and manga artist Shinpo Minami.
In 2001, he finished a dormitory for the Kumamoto Prefectural University of Agriculture.
That dormitory won an architecture prize.
Fujimori was a commissioner for the 10th Venice Biennale in 2006.
He also directed a TV series  for Fuji TV.
Fujimori has written many books about architecture.
Some describe his projects.
Others are books of architectural history.
He has published more than 25 books of his own.
He has edited or written more than a dozen books with other writers.
Fujimori often works with Shoushi Uchida or Nobumichi Oshima.
Some of his projects are listed below.
Jinchokan Moriya Historical Museum - 1991 - Chino, Nagano
Dandelion House - 1995 - Kokubunji, Tokyo
Nira House (Genpei Akasegawa House) - 1997 - Machida, Tokyo
Lone Pine House - 1998 - Fukuoka City
The Forum - Niigata Prefecture Myoukou City
Niwase Family Tomb - 2003 - Kamakura, Kanagawa (with Nobumichi Oshima)
Teahouse Tetsu - 2006 - Hokuto City, Yamanashi Prefecture
Chocolate House - 2009 - Kokubunji, Tokyo
Roof House - 2009 - Shiga Prefecture
Kansas State University (often called K-State) is a public university in Manhattan, Kansas, in the United States, although there is also a branch in Salina, Kansas and Olathe, Kansas.
It was started in 1863.
In fall 2010, 23,588 students were enrolled there.
Knut (5 December 2006– 19 March 2011) was a polar bear who was born in captivity at the Berlin Zoo.
Because his mother rejected him when he was born, he was raised by zookeepers.
People began to protest for him after a German newspaper called Bild-Zeitung quoted an animal rights activist saying the young cub had to die.
Both children and adults supported him, and e-mails and letters asking the zoo to let the cub live were sent from around the world.
Because of his fame, Knut became a tourist attraction and commercial success.
Knut became very popular and the center of mass media attention called "Knutmania".
Many toys, DVDs, and books were made about him.
This brought in lots of money, about five million euros, to Berlin Zoo in 2007.
More people went to the zoo, and that year was the most profitable year in the zoo's 163-year history.
Knut was born at Berlin Zoo.
His mother was Tosca, a 20-year-old polar bear.
She was a circus performer from East Germany, born in Canada, and her 13-year-old mate, Lars, was from a park in Munich.
Tosca gave birth to Knut and his unnamed brother on 5 December 2006.
However, she left her cubs on a rock in the polar bear enclosure and did not take care of them.
The zookeepers rescued the cubs with a fishing net, but Knut's brother died from sickness four days later.
Knut was only the size of a guinea pig, and had to spend the first 44 days of his life in an incubator before zookeeper Thomas Dörflein began raising the cub.
Dörflein had to sleep on a mattress next to the cub at night because Knut needed care.
Dörflein also had to play with, bathe, and feed the cub every day.
Knut's food began with a bottle of baby milk mixed with cod liver oil every two hours.
At four months old, he could eat milk porridge mixed with cat food and vitamins.
Dörflein also appeared with Knut on the twice-daily one-hour shows at the zoo.
Because of this, he appeared in lots of videos and photographs with the cub, and became well known in Germany.
He also won Berlin's Medal of Merit in honor of his hard work and care for Knut.
Dörflein died of a heart attack on 22 September 2008.
In early March 2007, the German newspaper Bild-Zeitung quoted the animal rights activist Frank Albrecht, who said that Knut should be killed instead of humiliated by being raised in a zoo.
He declared that the zoo was breaking the rules of animal protection by keeping him alive.
Wolfram Graf-Rudolf, the director of the Aachen Zoo, agreed with Albrecht.
He stated that the zookeepers "should have had the courage to let the bear die".
A group of children protested at the zoo, holding up signs that read "Knut Must Live" and "We Love Knut".
Others sent emails and letters asking for the cub's life to be spared.
Threatening letters were also sent to Albrecht.
Berlin Zoo agreed to support the baby polar bear, and promised not to harm him.
Albrecht later claimed that he had quoted this because he wanted to change the law, not to have the bear killed.
The publicity from this coverage raised Knut's profile from national to international.
On 23 March 2007, Knut appeared in public for the first time.
About 400 journalists visited Berlin Zoo on what was called "Knut Day" to make reports all over the world.
Because Knut became famous when he was very young, many wrong stories about the cub's health were spread around during his first year.
For example, on 16 April 2007, Knut took a break from his display because of teething pains, but reports said that he might have an unknown sickness.
There were also many death threats, like the one sent on Wednesday 18 April 2007.
The zoo received an anonymous letter by fax which said "Knut ist tot!
Donnerstag Mittag." ("
Knut is dead!
Thursday noon.")
The police increased the bear's security.
In November 2007, Knut weighed over 90 kg (198 lb) and became too dangerous to be cared for closely.
Hundreds of children attended the cub's first birthday celebration.
This party was also shown live on German television.
The national mint also made 25,000 special silver coins for his birthday.
When Flocke, a female polar bear, was born at the Nuremberg Zoo in December 2007, Bild named her Mrs. Knut, suggesting that the two German-born polar bears might become mates.
A year after his public debut, Knut was reported as weighing more than 130 kg (286 lb).
Very strong six-inch glass was put up between him and the zoo visitors.
At the end of March 2008, Markus Röbke, one of the zookeepers who helped raise Knut, said the bear should leave the zoo to help him get used to living alone.
Röbke also said that Knut misses Thomas Dörflein, who was like a father to him, and that he cries when no one is near him. "
Knut needs an audience," Röbke said. "
That has to change".
In July 2008, it was announced that the Neumünster Zoo in northern Germany, which owns Knut's father, sued Berlin Zoo for the money that came from Knut's success.
Neumünster had tried to be friendly with Berlin Zoo at first, but now was trying to use the court to make them give part of the money that came from Knut.
Peter Drüwa, the zoo director at Neumünster, said that they "do not want to remove Knut from his environment, but we have a right to our request for money."
Shortly before Knut's second birthday, there were reports being spread that the bear would have to move to another zoo because he was getting too large for his enclosure.
However, the zoo said that they still wanted to keep Knut.
Disputes between the two zoos continued into 2009.
On 19 May, Berlin Zoo offered to "buy" Knut from Neumünster and take their financial claim on the two-year-old polar bear.
Although Neumünster Zoo set a price of €700,000, Berlin Zoo stated that they would not pay "a cent more" than €350,000 ($488,145).
On 8 July, the Berlin Zoo agreed to pay €430,000 ($599,721) to keep Knut in Berlin.
Giovanna, a female polar bear about the same age as Knut, went to Berlin from Munich's Hellabrunn Animal Garden in September 2009.
She shared Knut's enclosure for a short time while her regular home had repairs.
Her arrival interested people from all over the world, because many sources thought the two bears (although they were sexually immature) would soon be "dating".
However, in March 2010, the German chapter of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) called for Giovanna to stay somewhere else.
Knut and Giovanna share a grandfather, and PETA spokesperson Frank Albrecht thought the same person who had claimed that Knut should be killed would threaten the German polar bear population if they might breed.
The Berlin Zoo did not respond, but noted that Giovanna's stay in Berlin was only for a short time.
In August 2010, Giovanna was moved back to Munich after repairs to her enclosure were finished.
Knut's death
Knut died on 19 March 2011 because of a brain disease.
He had encephalitis (irritation and swelling of the brain).
The swelling was probably caused by a virus, and caused an epileptic fit.
After death, the body of the bear was a subject of further study at the Berlin Museum of Natural History.
Effects of popularity
Commercial success
Berlin Zoo made Knut a trademark in late March 2007.
As a result, its shares became even higher.
Knut earned Berlin Zoo nearly €5 million that year.
Many companies made cuddly toys modeled from Knut.
Steiff, a toy company, made Knut-based stuffed animals in three sizes and models: sitting, standing, and lying down.
They all sold out at the Berlin Zoo in only four days.
The money was used to improve the bear's home.
Candy company Haribo sold a raspberry-flavored gummy bear sweet called Cuddly Knut beginning in April 2007.
They promised to give ten cents to the zoo for every package of Knut sweets it sold.
The gummy bears sold very quickly as well.
Knut has been the subject of several popular songs in Germany, such as the singles "Knut is Cute" and "Knut, der kleine Eisbär" () by nine-year-old Kitty.
In Britain, musical comedian Mitch Benn has performed three songs about Knut for BBC Radio 4 satirical series The Now Show: "The Baby Bear Must DIE!", "
Knut Isn't Cute Anymore", and "Goodbye Knut"—"Goodbye Knut" was about Knut moving to the Neumünster Zoo.
Knut has also been in several DVDs, including one titled "Knut—Stories from a Polar Bear's Nursery".
He appeared on the 29 March 2007 cover of the German Vanity Fair magazine, which was about the bear's life.
On 1 May 2007 it was announced that New York-based Turtle Pond Publications and Berlin Zoo had signed a deal for the worldwide publishing rights to Knut with the hopes of raising global warming issues.
Written by Craig Hatkoff and his daughters, the 44-page book entitled Knut, der kleine Eisbärenjunge (Little Polar Bear Knut) is about Knut's life story as well as photographs.
Although books about Knut had already been published in Germany, this book was the first to be authorized by the Berlin Zoo.
The book was published in Germany by Ravensburger on 26 July 2007.
After that, the US publishing company Scholastic made an English version, Knut: How one little polar bear captivated the world.
On 31 December 2007, the zoo's director said that the zoo had received a proposal for a movie deal  from Hollywood movie producer Ash R. Shah, to make an animated movie about the bear's life.
Shah reportedly suggested a €3.5 million movie deal to the zoo.
The German movie Knut und seine Freunde (Knut and His Friends), was shown in Berlin on 2 March 2008.
Directed by Michael Johnson, the movie was about how Knut was rescued after his mother did not take care of him.
Environmental causes
Dr. Gerald Uhlich, of Berlin zoo, stated that Knut "draw[s] attention to the environment in a nice way."
As a result, the German Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel adopted Knut as the mascot for a conference about endangered species.
Gabriel met with Knut soon after his zoo debut, and said that although Knut was safe, "worldwide polar bears are in danger and if Knut can help the cause, then that is a good thing."
Photographer Annie Leibovitz took pictures of Knut that were used for an environmental campaign.
The polar bear has also been on the logo for the German Environment Minister's campaign to help stop global warming and a 2008 stamp.
The stamp shows the roughly one-year-old Knut with the slogan "Natur weltweit bewahren" ("Preserve nature worldwide").
Official homepage of the Zoologischer Garten Berlin
Knut media centre  at Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg
Turtle Pond Productions website for Knut: How one little polar bear captivated the world
Cultural identity is the identity of a group, culture, or something similar, or a person's association to a group or culture.
Basically, the cultural identity makes a group/culture what it is.
Each culture has its own things that make it different from others.
Cottage pie or shepherd's pie is a type of savory pie.
It is made with minced meat, with mashed potato on top.
It comes from the United Kingdom and Ireland.
The dish is now popular worldwide.
The name "cottage pie" was first used at the end of the 18th century.
It was around that time that the poorer people of Britain, people who lived in cottages in the country, started using potatoes as an everyday food.
Originally, a pie made with any kind of meat and mashed potato was called a "cottage pie".
In modern British English, the dish is usually called "cottage pie" if it is made with beef.
If it is made with lamb it is usually called "shepherd's pie" (because a shepherd looks after sheep).
The modern day cottage pie may now contain vegetables, lentils or beans in place of meat.
According to the Oxford Companion to Food, once upon a time, Scotland made its shepherd’s pies with pastry instead of mashed potatoes.
John Ayto (1990) The Glutton's Glossary: A Dictionary of Food and Drink Terms, Routledge, London.
Cottage pie recipe
Shepherd's pie recipe
A light beam or beam of light is a small projection of light energy coming from a source into a beam.
Sunlight is a natural example of a light beam when it crosses through various objects (clouds, foliage, windows, etc.).
To produce fake light, a lamp and a parabolic reflector is used in many lighting devices such as spotlights, car headlights.
Light from certain types of lasers has the smallest possible beam width, so it produces the most parallel light beams possible.
"SOS" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna.
It is a dance-pop and R&B song that samples the 1981 song "Tainted Love" by Soft Cell.
It was released on February 14, 2006 off of the album A Girl like Me and went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100, her first song to do so.
The song was originally written for Christina Milian.
Bismuth(III) bromide, also known as bismuth tribromide, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is BiBr3.
It has bismuth and bromide ions.
Bismuth(III) bromide is a white to pale yellow solid.
It reacts with water to make bismuth oxybromide, BiOBr, which is a solid.
It can only dissolve in acidic solutions.
It is made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydrobromic acid.
It can also be made by reacting powdered bismuth with bromine.
Bismuth(III) fluoride, also known as bismuth trifluoride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is BiF3.
It has bismuth and fluoride ions in it.
Preparation and properties
Bismuth(III) fluoride is a gray-white powder.
It is made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydrofluoric acid or by reacting a large amount of bismuth with fluorine.
The Freshwater Biological Association, often shortened to the FBA, is a British charity started in 1929.
It  aims are  to promote freshwater biology.
It publishes identification keys to freshwater plants and animals throughout the world, and also maintains a  library of freshwater science.
Membership is open to anyone who is interested in freshwater science.
The Association's main offices are in Far Sawrey, on the banks of Windermere in Cumbria.
The FBA web-site
FBA web-cam at Far Sawrey ferry landing stage
Freshwater biology is the study of plants and animals that live in fresh water.
This includes rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes and other bodies of water.
It is part of the branch of science called Limnology.
Much freshwater biology takes place in man-made places such as sewage treatment works and water treatment works.
In these places water is purified using plants and animals.
Keeping them working as hard as possible helps to make the water as cleaner.
In recent times freshwater biologists have been looking at how plants and animals change in the autumn and spring.
This is helping us to understand more about the effects of climate change.
Tincture of iodine is a disinfectant.
It has iodine and potassium iodide dissolved in ethanol and water.
Normally, iodine does not dissolve in water.
But when potassium iodide
is added, the iodine can dissolve.
Also, ethanol helps iodine dissolve.
Tincture of iodine has about equal amounts of iodide and iodine.
It is not suitable for consumption.
There are two types Tincture''': for every 100 mL, it has 6.8 to 7.5 grams of iodine, 4.7 to 5.5 grams of potassium iodide, and 50 mL ethanol.
The rest is water.
It can be used as a skin disinfectant and as a water disinfectant.
It is used to disinfect minor cuts, burn and scratches.
Because it has iodine in it, it is toxic in large amounts.
Lugol's iodine is an alcohol-free version.
It is commonly used in experiments in middle school science labs.
It is an alcoholic solution of iodine.
Stavropoleos Monastery or the Stavropoleos Church ( or ), is an Eastern Orthodox monastery for nuns in central Bucharest, Romania that was built in the year 1724.
The monastery was named after the Romanian version of a Greek word, Stauropolis, which means "The city of the Cross".
Cayenne is a commune, the capital (prefecture) of the French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France that is in northern South America.
The city is on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne river on the Atlantic coast.
French colonists came back in 1643 and founded Cayenne, but they were forced to leave once more following Amerindian attacks.
In 1664, France finally succeeded at establishing a permanent settlement at Cayenne.
Over the next decade the colony changed hands between the French, Dutch, and English, before being restored to France.
It was captured by an Anglo-Portuguese force at the invasion of Cayenne in 1809 and administered from Brazil until 1814, when it was returned to French control.
It was used as a French penal colony from 1854 to 1938.
Cayenne is a city along the Atlantic coast on the sides of a common estuary of the Cayenne and Montsinéry rivers.
It has an area of ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
The commune is at  from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and  from Kourou.
The distances to other cities out of French Guiana are:
Paris, the national capital, la capitale nationale, .
Fort-de-France, capital of Martinique, .
Paramaribo, capital of Surinam,  to the northwest.
Macapá, capital of Amapá (Brazil), .
The inhabitants of Cayenne are known, in French, as Cayennais (women: Cayennaises).
The city of Cayenne has a population, in 2014, of 55,817; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.
Salvador, Bahia (Brazil)
Place des Palmistes (Palms square)
Saint-Sauveur de Cayenne cathedral
Ville de Cayenne official website
Cities in overseas regions belonging to France
Communes in French Guiana
A toll road (also called a turnpike, toll highway, or express toll route) is a road for which vehicles must pay a fee to use, called a "toll".
Toll roads are there in part to control the number of people using it.
They may be built to allow some users to travel faster and avoid traffic congestion, speeding up traffic.
In the past, tolls were collected to give income to governments or landowners.
Today, tolls can be considered a form of tax which pays for the cost of road construction and maintenance that are not charged on those who do not use that road.
How toll roads work
There are many types of toll roads.
Tolls might be charged to use a bridge, tunnel, or highway.
On some roads, the amount of money you pay depends on how far along the road you go, and/or whether you are driving a car, motorcycle, bus, or truck.
On other roads, you pay the same amount no matter how far you go or what you drive.
There are also many ways tolls can be collected.
In the first toll roads, you had to stop at a booth along the road and pay the toll to a person, called a "collector".
Depending on the road, you might have to do so when you get on, when you get off, or both.
Because many vehicles may be waiting to pay the toll, the area around "toll plazas", which are a bunch of booths blocking the whole road, can be crowded.
Recently, there are roads that have "electronic toll collection", which makes use of computer chips and RFID technology to identify drivers and charge their tolls on their bank accounts.
Tolls might be collected by vehicles traveling on one or more lanes of a road which is otherwise free to use.
These lanes are often called "high occupancy toll lanes" because in most cases, vehicles with more than one person do not have to pay to use the lane.
These lanes are there to encourage carpooling.
If there are fewer cars on the road, more people can get to where they want to go without getting stuck in traffic.
All roads have to be paid for somehow, and so are never truly "free".
Normally, road construction costs are paid for by the taxes on gasoline, diesel, or other  fuel.
Users of toll roads still pay these taxes and the tolls for using this particular road or lane.
Tolls are mentioned in Greek mythology where Charon the ferryman charged a toll to carry the dead across the rivers Acheron and Styx to Hades.
If the soul paid a toll, Charon ferried it across the river.
If not, it wandered between death and life for eternity.
Aristotle and Pliny refer to tolls in Arabia and other parts of Asia.
In India, before the 4th century BC, the Arthasastra notes the use of tolls.
Investor's bonds may be sold to those who are paying for the road to be built, and it is expected that they will be paid back over time by charging tolls.
Once the bonds are paid off, the road is usually given back to the government agency that owns the land it was built on and had allowed the road to be built.
United Kingdom turnpikes
The need to build better roads than the existing ones was a reason for turnpikes.
Turnpike trusts were established in England and Wales from about 1706.
Turnpike trusts were set up by individual Acts of Parliament, with powers to collect road tolls Britain.
At the peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts  had about  of turnpike road in England and Wales.
They had almost 8,000 toll-gates.
The trusts were responsible for keeping and improving most main roads in England and Wales.
This helped distribute agriculture and industrial goods and kept prices low.
The Turnpike trusts  were gradually abolished starting in the 1870s.
Most trusts improved existing roads, but some new ones, usually only short stretches of road, were also built.
Thomas Telford's Holyhead road (now the A5 road) is exceptional: it was a long new road, built in the early 19th century with many toll booths along its length.
Annie Besant (1 October 1847, London – 20 September 1933, India) was a British woman who became one of the leaders of the Indian freedom struggle.
In 1885, Annie Besant joined the Fabian Society and later became a member of 'Marxist Social Democratic Federation'.
She joined the  Theosophical Society, a religious movement founded in 1875 and based on ideas of karma and reincarnation.
As a leader of the Society, Besant helped to spread Theosophical beliefs around the world.
She established the 'Olkot Panjama School' in 1894.
She was the founder of Central Hindu College.
Later this college developed as the Hindu University of Benarus.
Annie Besant started the India Home Rule movement in 1916 and became its president.
In 1917 she became a leading member of the Indian National Congress.
Halophiles are organisms that need salt in their environment to live.