the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Jobs decided all Apple computers from that time on would use a mouse.
In 1985, Wozniak left Apple and sold most of his stock.
He remained an Apple employee and still received an annual salary.
He returned to the University of California, Berkeley in 1986 to complete his degree in electrical engineering.
He also started a number of other projects.
These include starting CL 9, which created a universal remote control.
Wozniak founded Wheels of Zeus which developed wireless GPS-enabled products.
He joined the board of directors of Danger Inc.  which produces mobile computing hardware and software.
He also spent a few years teaching grade school.
In 1985, US President Ronald Reagan presented Wozniak (with Steve Jobs) the National Medal of Technology.
In December 1989, he received an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he studied in the late sixties.
Later he donated funds to create the "Woz Lab" at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
In 1997, the Computer History Museum named him one of its Fellows.
Wozniak was a key contributor and benefactor to the Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose; the street in front of the museum has been renamed Woz Way in his honor.
In September 2000, Wozniak was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
In 2001 he was awarded the 7th Annual Heinz Award for Technology, the Economy and Employment.
The American Humanist Association awarded him the Isaac Asimov Science Award in 2011.
He also received an honorary degrees from North Carolina State University, Nova Southeastern University, and the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology.
In May 2011, Michigan State University gave Wozniak an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree.
Steve Wozniak’s Formative Moment; YouTube
Steve Wozniak on teaching children how to use a computer; YouTube
Krzysztof Artur Oliwa (pronounced ; born April 12, 1973) is a Polish former professional ice hockey player.
VIDEO Fights Oliwa
Edward "Eddie" Leier (born 3 November 1927) is a Polish-born former baseball player, track athlete, and ice hockey player.
As a professional ice hockey player he played two seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League.
Knut Andresen (born 1959 in Asker, Norway) is a former Norwegian ice hockey player who played for the Norwegian national ice hockey team at the 1980 Winter Olympics.
Kevin Jonathan Dallman (born February 26, 1981) is a former Kazakhstani-Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that plays for and captains Barys Astana of the KHL.
He also played for the Boston Bruins, St. Louis Blues, and Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Dallman became a citizen of Kazakhstan and is now eligible to play for the country in international competitions.
Kevin has also expressed interest in playing for Kazakhstan internationally.
Alliance, Nebraska is an average-sized city in the panhandle of Nebraska.
The community consists of mostly farmers and ranchers.
Cities in Nebraska
32-year-old Yelena was killed in a car crash that took place October 4, 2011 in Novoanninsky.
Together with her died her colleagues, 59-year-old Alexander Egorov and 52-year-old Valentin Yudina.
Brian P. Schmidt (born February 24, 1967) is a Distinguished Professor, Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow and astrophysicist at the Australian National University Mount Stromlo Observatory and Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics.
He is widely known for his research in using supernovae as Cosmological Probes.
He currently holds an Australia Research Council Federation Fellowship.
Schmidt shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.
Schmidt, an only child, was born February 24, 1967 in the Montana mountains.
His father, Dana C. Schmidt, was a fisheries biologist.
When he was 13, his family moved to Anchorage, Alaska.
Schmidt went to Bartlett High School in Anchorage, and graduated in 1985.
He has said that he wanted to be a meteorologist "since I was about five-years-old" but "... I did some work at the US National Weather Service up in Anchorage and didn't enjoy it very much.
It was less scientific, not as exciting as I thought it would be - there was a lot of routine.
But I guess I was just a little naive about what being a meteorologist meant."
He decided to study astronomy just before he started at university.
He was graduated BS(Physics), BS(Astronomy) from the University of Arizona in 1989.
He received his MA (1992) and then PhD from Harvard University in 1993.
Schmidt's PhD thesis was supervised by Robert Kirshner and used Type II Supernovae to measure the Hubble Constant.
At Harvard, he met his future wife, an Australian, Jenny Gordon who was studying for a PhD in economics.
In 1994, he moved to Australia.
Schmidt and Adam Riess led the High-z Supernova Search Team which found evidence that the Universe's expansion rate is now accelerating.
They discovered this by looking at Type 1a Supernova.
The discovery was the opposite of the current theory that the expansion of the universe was slowing down.
By studying the color shifts in the light from the supernova from Earth, they discovered that these billion-year old nova were still accelerating.
This result was also found about the same time by the Supernova Cosmology Project, led by Saul Perlmutter.
With two studies getting the same result scientists now accept the accelerating universe theory.
New research is now trying to understand the nature of the universe, such as the existence of dark matter.
The discovery of the accelerating universe was named 'Breakthrough of the Year' by Science Magazine in 1998.
Schmidt was jointly awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Reiss and Perlmutter for their groundbreaking work.
Schmidt has received the Australian Governments Malcolm McIntosh Prize in 2000, Harvard University's Bok Prize in 2000, the Australian Academy of Science's Pawsey Medal Medal in 2001, and the Vainu Bappu Medal of the Astronomical Society of India in 2002.
He was the Marc Aaronson Memorial Lecturer in 2005, and in 2006, he shared the Shaw Prize in Astronomy with Adam Riess and Saul Perlmutter.
Schmidt and the other members of the High-Z Team (the set defined by the co-authors of Riess et al.
1998) shared the 2007 Gruber Cosmology Prize, a $500,000 award, with Saul Perlmutter of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Supernova Cosmology Project (the set defined by the co-authors of Perlmutter et al.
1999) for their discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe.
Brian P Schmidt - Curriculum Vitae
Brian Schmidt's Home Page
Nobel Prize in Phyics 2011 Announcement
Astrophysicists
Scientists from Montana
The Crab Nebula (catalogue designations M1, NGC 1952, Taurus A) is a supernova remnant and 'pulsar wind nebula' in the constellation of Taurus.
The nebula was observed by John Bevis in 1731; it corresponds to a bright supernova recorded by Chinese  and Islamic astronomers in 1054.
In 1840, astronomer William Parsons gave it the name it has today.
The nebula is about 6,500 light-years (2 kpc) from Earth.
It has a diameter of 11 ly (3.4 pc) and expands at a rate of about 1,500 kilometers per second.
It is part of the Perseus Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy.
At the center of the nebula lies the Crab pulsar, a neutron star (or spinning ball of neutrons), 28–30 km across, which emits pulses of radiation from gamma ray bursts to radio waves with a spin rate of 30.2 times per second.
The nebula was the first astronomical object identified with a historical supernova explosion.
The nebula acts as a source of radiation for studying celestial bodies between it and us.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Sun's corona was mapped from observations of the Crab's radio waves passing through it, and in 2003, the thickness of the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan was measured as it blocked out X-rays from the nebula.
The cloudy remnants of SN 1054 are now known as the Crab Nebula.
The nebula is also referred to as Messier 1 or M1, being the first Messier object catalogued in 1758.
Energy levels
Previous analysis showed that with X-ray and gamma ray energies above 30 keV, the Crab is the strongest persistent source in the sky.
Its flux (energy emission) was known to be above 1012 eV.
However, recent work has shown the energy levels are much higher than previously thought.
Scientists found emissions at more than 100 GeV (gigaelectronvolts) – 100 billion times more energetic than visible light.
The creation of the Crab Nebula corresponds to the bright SN 1054 supernova, which was recorded by Chinese astronomers in 1054 AD.
The Crab Nebula itself was first observed in 1731 by John Bevis.
The nebula was independently rediscovered in 1758 by Charles Messier as he was observing a bright comet.
Messier catalogued it as the first entry in his catalogue of comet-like objects.
The Earl of Rosse observed the nebula at Birr Castle in 1848, and referred to the object as the Crab Nebula because a drawing he made of it looked like a crab.
In the early 20th century, the analysis of early photographs of the nebula taken several years apart revealed that it was expanding.
Tracing the expansion back revealed that the nebula must have become visible on Earth about 900 years ago.
Historical records revealed that a new star bright enough to be seen in the daytime had been recorded in the same part of the sky by Chinese astronomers in 1054.
Given its great distance, the daytime 'guest star' observed by the Chinese could only have been a supernova—a massive, exploding star, having exhausted its supply of energy from nuclear fusion and collapsed in on itself.
Recent analysis of historical records have found that the supernova that created the Crab Nebula probably appeared in April or early May, rising to its maximum brightness of between apparent magnitude −7 and −4.5 (brighter than everything in the night sky except the Moon) by July.
The supernova was visible to the naked eye for about two years after its first observation.
Thanks to the recorded observations of Far Eastern and Middle Eastern astronomers of 1054, Crab Nebula became the first astronomical object recognized as being connected to a supernova explosion.
In computing, a trackball is a pointing input device.
It consists of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball about two axes.
It is like an upside-down mouse with a ball that sticks out.
The user rolls the ball with the thumb, fingers or the palm of the hand to move a cursor and can click one of two buttons (identical to mouse buttons) near the trackball to select desktop objects or position the cursor for text entry.
Currently only three major companies: Logitech, A4Tech and Kensington make many of them.
Microsoft was once a major producer.
Large trackballs are sometimes seen on computerized special-purpose workstations, such as the radar consoles in an  air traffic control room, or sonar equipment on a ship or submarine, or computer-aided design.
Potentiometers capture the trackball orientation.
Many notebook and laptop computers in the late 20th century used a small trackball.
It was usually located in front of the keyboard toward the user.
IBM's ThinkPad series of notebook computers use a "pointing stick", called a TrackPoint, that is integrated into the middle of the keyboard keys.
A binary pulsar is a pulsar with a binary companion, often a white dwarf or neutron star.
In at least one case, the double pulsar PSR J0737-3039, the companion star is another pulsar as well.
Binary pulsars are one of the few objects which allow physicists to test general relativity in the case of a strong gravitational field.
Although the binary companion to the pulsar is usually difficult or impossible to observe, the timing of the pulses from the pulsar can be measured with extraordinary accuracy by radio telescopes.
Binary pulsar timing has indirectly confirmed the existence of gravitational radiation and verified Einstein's general theory of relativity.
Two objects orbiting do not do so in absolutely circular paths.
the paths are virtually always elliptical.
So twice a circuit they are closest, and twice a circuit they are furthest away.
This is obvious for the Earth and Sun, but the idea applies much more widely.
When the two bodies are close, the gravitational field is stronger, and the passage of time is slowed.
With pulsars, the time between pulses (or ticks) is lengthened.
As the pulsar clock travels more slowly through the weakest part of the field it regains time.
This is a relativistic time delay.
It is the difference between what one would expect to see if the pulsar were moving at a constant distance and speed around its companion, and what is actually observed.
Binary pulsars are one of the few tools scientists have to detect evidence of gravitational waves.
Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts that two neutron stars would emit gravitational waves as they orbit a common center of mass, which would carry away orbital energy, and cause the two stars to draw closer together.
As the two stellar bodies draw closer to one another, often one pulsar will absorb matter from the other, causing a violent accretion process.
This interaction can heat the gas being exchanged between the bodies and produce X-ray light which can appear to pulsate, causing binary pulsars to occasionally be referred to as X-ray binaries.
This flow of matter from one stellar body to another is known as an accretion disk.
Millisecond pulsars (or MSP's) create a sort of "wind", which in the case of binary pulsars can blow away the magnetosphere of the neutron stars and have a dramatic effect on the pulse emission.
The first binary pulsar, PSR B1913+16 or the "Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar" was discovered in 1974 at Arecibo by Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse, for which they won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Pulses from this system have been tracked, without glitches, to within 15 μs since its discovery.
The 1993 Nobel Prize was awarded to Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse after they discovered two such stars.
While Hulse was observing a new pulsar, named PSR B1913+16, he noticed that the frequency with which it pulsed fluctuated.
It was concluded that the simplest explanation was that the pulsar was orbiting another star very closely at a high velocity.
Hulse and Taylor determined that the stars were equally heavy by observing these pulse fluctuations, which led them to believe the other spacial object was also a neutron star.
The observations made of the orbital decay of this star system was a near perfect match to Einstein’s equations.
Relativity predicts that over time a binary system’s orbital energy will be converted to gravitational radiation.
Data collected by Taylor and his colleagues of the orbital period of PRS B1913+16 supported this relativistic prediction.
They reported in 1983 that there was a difference in the observed minimum separation of the two pulsars compared to that expected if the orbital separation had remained constant.
In the decade following its discovery the system’s orbital period had decreased by about 76 millionths of a second per year.
This means the pulsar was approaching its maximum separation more than a second earlier than it would have if the orbit had remained the same.
Subsequent observations continue to show this decrease.
Zacarias Moussaoui (, Zakariyyā Mūsawī; born May 30, 1968) is a French citizen who plead guilty to conspiring to kill citizens of the United States as part of the September 11 attacks.
As a result of his conviction, he is serving a life sentence without parole at the Federal ADX Supermax prison in Florence, Colorado.
Sari Abboud () or simply known as Massari () which means "money" in Arabic, is a Lebanese-born contemporary R&B/hip-hop singer.
Massari was born in Beirut, Lebanon on December 10, 1980.
His family moved to Canada while he was teenager.
Massari began performing at a young age.
Massari released his debut album Massari in 2005.
The album was certified gold by the CRIA for selling 50,000 copies in that country alone.
In 2009, Massari released Forever Massari.
The album sold over 120,000 copies in Lebanon and Canada, combined.
2006: Massari: Road to Success
For the song "Be Easy".
For the song "Real Love".
BlackBeatsFM Interview with Massari
Kid Nation was a reality show.
It first aired on the CBS network on September 19, 2007.
The show featured 40 children, aged 8–15, living in a ghost town named "Bonanza Town".
No one had lived in the town since the 19th century.
The children were required to create a functioning society in the town, as well as set up a government system used to solve problems in the town.
These gold stars were worth $50,000 and were awarded at the final town hall meeting.
Official Kid Nation Site (CBS)
Big Brother 14 is the upcoming fourteenth season of the US reality television show Big Brother.
The new season was announced during the season finale of Big Brother 13.
Julie Chen will continue to host the season.
The season premier is scheduled to air on CBS in July 2012.
2012 television seasons
The Austrian Hockey League (Erste Bank Eishockey Liga) for sponsorship reasons, is the top level of ice hockey in Austria.
EC KAC has won the most league titles, with 23.
Austrian Champions
1923 Wiener EV
1924 Wiener EV
1925 Wiener EV
1926 Wiener EV
1927 Wiener EV
1928 Wiener EV
1929 Wiener EV
1930 Wiener EV
1931 Wiener EV
1932 Pötzleinsdorfer SK
1933 Wiener EV
1934 Klagenfurter
1935 Klagenfurter
1936 Not Played
1937 Wiener EV
1938 EK Engelmann
1939-1945 Not played
1946 EK Engelmann
1947 Wiener EV
1948 Wiener EV
1949 Wiener EG
1950 Wiener EG
1951 Wiener EG
1952 Klagenfurter
1953 Innsbrucker EV
1954 Innsbrucker EV
1955 Klagenfurter
1956 EK Engelmann
1957 EK Engelmann
1958 Innsbrucker EV
1959 Innsbrucker EV
1960 EC KAC
1961 Innsbrucker EV
1962 Wiener EV
1963 Innsbrucker EV
1964 EC KAC
1965 EC KAC
1966 EC KAC
1967 EC KAC
1968 EC KAC
1969 EC KAC
1970 EC KAC
1971 EC KAC
1972 EC KAC
1973 EC KAC
1974 EC KAC
1975 ATSE Graz
1976 EC KAC
1977 EC KAC
1978 ATSE Graz
1979 EC KAC
1980 EC KAC
1981 Villacher SV
1982 VEU Feldkirch
1983 VEU Feldkirch
1984 VEU Feldkirch
1985 EC KAC
1986 EC KAC
1987 EC KAC
1988 EC KAC
1989 Innsbrucker EV
1990 VEU Feldkirch
1991 EC KAC
1992 Villacher SV
1993 Villacher SV
1994 VEU Feldkirch
1995 VEU Feldkirch
1996 VEU Feldkirch
1997 VEU Feldkirch
1998 VEU Feldkirch
1999 Villacher SV
2000 EC KAC
2001 EC KAC
2002 Villacher SV
2003 Black Wings Linz
2004 EC KAC
2005 Vienna Capitals
2006 Villacher SV
2007 Red Bull Salzburg
2008 Red Bull Salzburg
2009 EC KAC
2010 Red Bull Salzburg
2011 Red Bull Salzburg
Erste Bank Eishockey Liga (EBEL)
Austrian Hockey Association (ÖEHV)
is a city in Fukushima, Japan.
Tamura was created on March 1, 2005 by combining several towns towns and villages from the Tamura District.
They were Funehiki, Ōgoe, Takine, and Tokiwa, and Miyakoji.
Between 1 March and 31 August 2011, many people moved to Tamura.
The population actually went up by about 1,000 people, or 2%.
There are two well-known places to visit in Takine-cho.
Abukuma Limestone Caves and the Hoshi no Mura ("Village of Stars") Observatory are popular with tourists.
Mansfield, Ohio, United States
Tamura official website
The observatory was built in 1924 as The Commonwealth Solar Observatory.
Mount Stromlo had already been used for observations in the previous decade, with a small observatory being built in 1911 by Pietro Baracchi using the Oddie telescope.
The dome built to house the Oddie telescope was the first Commonwealth building built in the new Australian Capital Territory.
Until World War II, the observatory specialised in solar and atmospheric observations.
During the war the workshops made gun sights, and other optical equipment.
After the war, the observatory began stellar and galactic astronomy and was renamed The Commonwealth Observatory.
When ANU began in 1946 in nearby Canberra, they shared staff and started graduate studies.
In 1957 the Mount Stromlo Observatory became part of the ANU.
On January 18, 2003, a huge bushfire hit Canberra and Mount Stromlo.
The observatory was surrounded by a plantation pine forest.
Five telescopes, workshops, seven homes and the historic administration building were destroyed.
The only telescope to escape the fires was the 1868 15-centimetre Farnham telescope.
Some items from the fire are on display in the National Museum of Australia.
They include a melted telescope mirror and a piece of melted optical glass (flint).
The latter has pieces of charcoal and wire fused into it from the fierce heat of the fire.
Rebuilding is largely completed and the Observatory is now a major partner in the construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope.
A copy of the Oddie telescope has been put on display at the observatory.
The MACHO project found the first example of the gravitational lensing of one star by another, known as Gravitational microlensing, in 1993 (Alcock et al.
1993; Paczynski 1996).
This discovery was made by repeated imaging of the Magellanic Clouds with the 50-inch Great Melbourne Telescope using a mosaic of 8 2048 by 2048 pixel CCDs.
The camera was made by the Centre for Particle Astrophysics in California (CFPA).
At the time it was the largest digital camera ever built (Frame & Faulkner 2003).
Between July 1992 and December 1999, the MACHO project made over 200 billion stellar measurements.
The data was studied at the observatory and at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Brian Schmidt, an astrophysicist at Mount Stromlo, led an international group, the High-z Supernova Search Team, which looked at the rate of change of the Cosmic Expansion using type Ia supernovae.
In 1998, the team discovered that cosmic expansion was accelerating, which was the opposite of the current theory.
This universal acceleration means that dark energy must exist.
The discovery was named the top science breakthrough of 1998 by Science magazine.
In 2011, Brian Schmidt shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess for finding the evidence for the accelerating Universe.
The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, co-led by Matthew Colless, began the largest galaxy red shift survey of its time.
It was based at the Anglo-Australian Observatory (AAO) using the 3.9m Anglo-Australian Telescope between 1997 and 11 April 2002.
The survey measured more than 245,000 galaxies.
With the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, this provided the measurements of large scale structure in the low-redshift Universe.
Advanced instrumentation
The workshops at Mount Stromlo Observatory have built two instruments for the Gemini Telescope.
This includes the near infrared integral field spectrometer, NIFS, used on Gemini-North, and the adaptive optics imager for Gemini-South, GSAOI.
The NIFS was destroyed in the bushfires of 18 January 2003 and had to be rebuilt.
A new rapid survey telescope, SkyMapper, is under construction.
SkyMapper will be built at the ANU's other observatory (Siding Spring) and operated remotely from Mount Stromlo.
Mount Stromlo Observatory is at an altitude of  above sea level on Mount Stromlo.
Alcock, C. et al.
1993, Nature, 365(6447), 621-623Paczynski, B. 1996, Annu.
Rev. Astro.
34(1), 419-459
Stromlo An Australian Observatory by Tom Frame and Don Faulkner, Allen and Unwin 1993,
ANU Website
Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the ANU
SkyMapper  Website.
Mt. Stromlo.
SLR Global Performance Report Card
Most important of all has been the scientific output of the Observatory
The Legacy of Mt Stromlo
Pietro Paolo Giovanni Ernesto Baracchi (1851–1926) was an Italian astronomer.
He moved to Australia in the 1870's and worked at the Melbourne Observatory.
In 1910 the Australian government asked him to find a suitable place for an observatory in the new Australian Capital Territory.
Barrachi set up a small observatory on Mount Stromlo in May 1911.
This was the first government building in Canberra and was the beginning of the Mount Stromlo Observatory.
The observatory had a 9-inch (23 cm) telescope, donated by Ballarat gold miner, James Oddie.
The Melbourne Observatory, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, was built in 1861.
It replaced an earlier observatory at Williamstown.
The Melbourne Observatory is now part of Melbourne's Royal Botanic Gardens.
The observatory had an important role as it used observations of the stars to keep accurate time.
It also kept the weather records and scientists were able to make weather predictions.
In 1869 the observatory installed the Great Melbourne Telescope (48 inch) which at that time was the largest steerable telescope in world.
There were problems with its size and image accuracy and by 1890 it was no longer used.
As Melbourne increased in size the light from the city limited the use of the observatory for serious astronomy.
The Great Melbourne Telescope was sold to the Mount Stromlo Observatory in Canberra in 1944.
It was destroyed in a bushfire in 2003, but there are plans to rebuild it and set it up as a display at the Melbourne Observatory.
The Melbourne Observatory is no longer used, but the historic equipment is kept in working condition by the Astronomical Society of Victoria.
This is an amateur group of volunteers interested in astronomy.
They have regular tours, talks and observation nights using the telescopes.
The historic buildings are now used as offices for the gardens, a cafe and a shop.
The Melbourne Observatory
Matthew David Cooke (born September 7, 1978) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey left winger.
He has also played for the Vancouver Canucks, Washington Capitals and Pittsburgh Penguins.
He is known as a pest because of his way of aggravating opponents.
He has also faced many suspensions by the NHL.
In 2009, He won the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins.
He won a gold medal with Team Canada in the 2010 World Ice Hockey Championships.
He won the Stanley Cup in 2009. (
Pittsburgh Penguins)
Mèng Kē (), who is usually known as Meng Zi ()，which means "Master Meng," or Mencius (which is the Latin form of Meng Zi), was not in the generation of students who worked directly with Confucius, but in the second generation after it.
He lived from about 371 B.C. to about 289 B.C. Mencius regarded Confucius as the greatest teacher,<ref>Mencius;;, 2A:22</ref> and he wrote a book in which he tried to explain the full picture behind what Confucius taught.
The book is just called by his name, so in English it is called the Mencius.
In his book, Mencius taught that humans are born with four gifts: The first is the natural ability to feel what other people feel and to want to help and protect them.
The second is to recognize when you are not doing your share of the job of maintaining a good society.
The third is to recognize conflict situations before they grow big and to defuse them.
The fourth is to recognize when some other people are hurting other people and want to obtain justice for those being hurt.
Mencius believed that just as the people owed things to the ruler, the ruler also owed things to the people.
So if a man held the position of ruler but did not do the things for the people that a ruler should do, then it was acceptable for the people to get rid of the ruler, and even to kill him.
Cultural background
The culture that Mencius came from believed that after people died they would have some kind of existence after life.
That belief goes back to distant prehistorical times.
At some time, people began to say that the dead go to 天 Tiān.
Tiān has several meanings including "sky," "day," "Heaven," and "God."
The earliest versions of the character 天 is a picture of a man with a very large head, which suggests "head man" or "leader."
Since Chinese people believed that when any person dies he or she goes to Tiān, and that dead ancestors are more powerful than they were while still alive, it is possible that Tiān originally was the name of the earliest ancestor of the Zhōu ruling house from long before the fall of the previous dynasty, the Shàng.
If that idea is correct, then "Tiān" first was a name for an ancestor.
Later people may have forgotten that this very powerful spirit was originally a living human being, so Tiān became regarded as a god.
After that, "Tiān" could have been used to name the place where the god lived, and since that place was high above us, it came to mean not only "Heaven," but also "the heavens," "sky," "day," etc.
China has myths that go back long before the Shàng and Zhōu dynasties.
There were several culture heroes who were regarded as ancient wise emperors.
There were 黃帝 Huáng Dì, known in English as the Yellow Emperor, 堯 Yáo, 舜 Shùn, and 禹 Yǚ, who all came before what is called the first dynasty, the 夏 Xià.
The story of how Yǚ came to be made emperor is very important to the Confucians.
The myth says that the world started to become flooded and the father of Yǚ (whose name was 鯀 Gǔn) tried to fix the problem by building dams.
Gǔn was not successful because the water just kept coming and when it went over the top of the dams then all of the water that had built up came out very fast.
So Yǚ took over the job of saving China and cleaned out all of the rivers so that the extra water could easily go to the sea.
Mencius does not tell the part of the story about Gǔn, but he does tell the part about how Yǚ made all the rivers deeper to drain the land.
The lesson Mencius and the Chinese people learned from the story of Yǚ was that in all things it is better to give forces a way to get out that will not cause harm, and that damming forces up will always be bad in the long run.
The founders of the Zhōu dynasty believed in the idea that King Wen, the father of King Wu (who was the first to actually rule after the Shàng rulers were defeated), continued to be able to act in the world of human beings even after his death.
He and his own father and grandfather were central figures in an important document called "The Brass-bound Coffer."
Another important document is called "The Announcement of Duke Shao."
Both of these documents introduce and support the idea that Tiān decides who will be the human to act as steward or helper to carry out the will of Tiān on earth, and the idea that Tiān will only let someone be king as long as he looks out for the welfare of all human beings.
At the time of [the sage emperor] Yao, the rivers ceased their normal flow and flooded the Central Kingdom.
Then snakes and dragons took up residence and humans had no fixed abodes.
Those in lower places created nests in the trees for themselves, and those in higher places made underground redoubts.
The Book of Records says: "The inundation alarms me."
"Inundation" means "flood waters."
Yü was employed to manage  the flood.
Yü dredged the earth and conveyed the water to the sea.
He drove away the snakes and dragons and exiled them to the marshes.
When water traveled through the land it formed the Yangze River, the Huai River, the Yellow River, and the Han River.
Since the [marshes] were in remote and cut off places, the depredations visited upon humans by birds and beasts were eliminated, and after that humans got to live on the plains. [
However,] after [people's memories of] both Yao and Shun fell into obscurity the way of the sages went into a steep decline.
If these wise ones could conduct themselves as did Yü in managing the flood waters, then what would there be to dislike about them?
Yü managed the flood waters by doing his work in ways that involved no great fuss.
If these wise ones could also conduct themselves without making any fuss, then their wisdom would be great.
For Mencius, Yü's way of doing things was the best.
Yü was one of the great heroes of Mencius.
Was Mencius a religious leader, a philosopher, or what?
In the West there was a scientist named Konrad Lorenz (1903 - 1989) who studied animals.
He was an ethologist, which means that he carefully studied the behavior of animals and tried to understand why they do the things that they ordinarily do.
He saw, for instance, that if baby ducks see a human instead of a duck right after they hatch, they will ever after follow humans and take them to be their parents.
He called this kind of learning "imprinting."
Mencius studied humans the way Lorenz studied other animals.
Mencius was an ethologist too, but in the language of ancient China he was regarded as a "master," that is, a teacher.
He was a Confucian, and Confucianism is sometimes called a religion.
However, Mencius does not quote religious texts and try to get people to act the way those books say to act.
He also does not name fundamental truths or axioms and try to figure out how people ought to act.
So he is not like most people that we regard as either religious leaders or philosophers.
In modern times we separate philosophy from science, but in earlier times the kinds of studies we now call science were called "natural philosophy," and Mencius was basically a natural philosopher.
His work led to the same general kind of knowledge that Lorenz learned about ducks and other animals.
Mencius asked: what kinds of things do people do that keep families and communities working well, what kinds of things do they do that harm families and communities, and why do they do these thing?
The main observations made by Mencius
Mencius said that we do not need to teach people to love the taste of good food.
The feeling we have for fine cooking is natural.
Similarly, he said, we have other natural feelings that are good gifts that we are all born with.
We cannot really get rid of these gifts except by destroying ourselves, but we can allow them to be covered over so that they do not work right.
It is a little like the way humans cannot just take off their noses and throw them away, but they can put plugs in their nostrils and spoil their ability to smell things.
So it is important that humans not do anything that would prevent their four gifts from working well.
It is too bad that people often let their four gifts get messed up.
When humans are well nurtured and are protected from negative forces, then they will be good of their own free will.
The virtues or powers that humans have are things that they get directly from Heaven.
These same things are in Heaven.
When people do bad things, it is because their other parts have taken control away from their virtues/powers.
Mencius gives a wonderful story that is called Ox Mountain as proof.
The Chinese word for what has been called "gifts" above is 德 dé.
It is a cognate of a word that means "to get," so one way of explaining it is to say that a dé is something that we get from Heaven.
It means "virtue," but only in the sense that it is the power to do something. ("
Virtue" has this meaning in English, too.)
Humans have four virtues or powers.
Here are their Chinese names, a translation of each, and an explanation of each:
仁 rén means the ability to feel what other people are experiencing as if it were happening to you.
So if you see a person putting his hand where it will surely get hurt, maybe someplace where a cobra is waiting coiled to strike, you will feel bad and want to prevent that person from doing it.
In English there are many translations for this word, including "benevolence," "empathy," "human-heartedness," etc.
義 yì means the ability to feel bad about yourself when you know you are not doing your share of the work, you are not doing your duty, etc.
If you went on a trip in the forest with a group of friends, and everybody agreed to take turns washing the dishes, but you never took your turn, you would feel shame for what you had failed to do.
Some of the English translations for this word are "sense of duty," "sense of right and wrong," "sense of justice," etc.
It is important to note, however, that Mencius is describing a feeling of a person about what that person himself or herself does, not a feeling about what other people do.
禮 lǐ means the ability to see your own position in society and the positions of other people in society, and to do things that let people get along well.
For instance, it may be o.k.
for you to go in the back door of your own family's house, or even to go in the back door of your grandmother and grandfather, without knocking.
But if you go into the house of somebody else, they may become afraid or angry because you do not belong there.
Sometimes we need to go into the house of someone else, and there is a lǐ for that situation.
The guest may knock on the door and wait, scratch on the door of the tent and wait, or do something else to let the people inside know that there is somebody outside who has peaceful intentions and would like to come in.
Different cultures may have different inventions to handle this kind of situation.
The important thing is that all cultures will have found their own solutions, and whatever people decide to do is a lǐ.
It does not really matter whether people drive on the left side or the right side of the road.
What is important is that everybody should agree to the same plan.
Perhaps the best English translation for this word is "a sense of propriety," which just means that people have a way of figuring out what is proper.
fitting, or appropriate to do in social situations to prevent unneeded fights. "
It is not proper to just open a door to somebody else's house and walk in." "
It fits the situation to knock on the door and ask permission to come in."
智 zhì means the ability to look at something happening between or among other people and see what is right and what is wrong.
If one person sees a powerful adult walk up and take food away from a starving child, the reaction against the behavior of the adult will be immediate.
Perhaps the best translation for this term is "wisdom," if we keep in mind that the wisdom of Solomon included the ability accurately assess the true facts of the cases brought before him.
Zhì is that kind of wisdom, rather than being some kind of extreme intelligence.
Someone who has zhì can tell what is fair and what is unfair.
Human beings might be able to live perfect lives if they had only these four kinds of motivations or emotional reactions to the world, but they have many other motivations.
They include fear, anger, greed for wealth and power, sex, etc.
Humans very easily learn that they can satisfy these drives more easily if they ignore the inputs from their virtues.
For instance, a child who is large for his age may easily learn that he can take by force whatever he wants from other children his age.
Human beings are born with the four powers that would keep them from doing bad things, and they are also born with the many drives or motivations that can lead them to do bad things to satisfy these needs.
So what determines who will be good and who will be bad?
Mencius observed that humans depend on one more important mental function.
He called it the 志 Zhì, which can sometimes be translated as "aspirations," but which in the case of Mencius is what we would call the will.
Something has to decide what to do when the ethical impulses, the moral feelings, of what Mencius called the "four virtues," conflict with the ordinary impulses that are involved with hunger, sex, aggression, fear, etc.
The part of humans that balances things and makes decisions is the zhì.
For Mencius, if an individual is functioning well, then his or her will can strike a healthy balance among all the impulses and can keep the virtues from being swamped by the ordinary desires.
If a person's will is not in control, then that person may do damage to himself or herself, or to other people.
So it is important while growing up to learn how to keep the zhì from getting taken over by other forces—or by other people.
The individual has a free-will choice about whether to integrate (put together so they will not fight each other) all his impulses and also his intellect, or to give up and just act on whatever impulse is being felt at the moment.
So for Mencius the best path for a human being is to plan and to act to make himself or herself well balanced, integrated (not in a fight with himself or herself and wanting to do both one thing and its opposite), and so a useful person to society.
Voluntarism and the ethical life
Somebody who operates at the very high end of the moral scale by "having his act together" is called a 君子 jūn zǐ, or "morally noble man."
孟子曰：「人之所以異於禽獸者幾希！庶民去之，君子存之。舜明於庶物，
Mencius said: "That by which humans differ from the birds and the beasts is extremely small.
Ordinary people get rid of it, but the morally noble man keeps it safe. [
The sage emperor] Shun clearly saw the many creatures, and he made a close examination of human social relationships.
His actions came out of his benevolence and his sense of duty.
He did not act out [a phony] benevolence and sense of duty."
So a jūn zǐ is somebody who has managed to hold onto the gifts that Heaven has given him, the gifts that can make humans act with benevolence, be led by a sense of duty, want to act in ways that will keep good relations with others, and try to aid and protect people who are being treated unfairly.
To be a real jūn zǐ, the person has to have these true feelings and to act on them.
It is not enough just to act as though one has these feelings.
According to Mencius, anyone can choose become a morally noble man.
All it would take would be to really make that decision and then do it.
Mencius talked about Yan Yuan, who was the favorite disciple of Confucius:
Yan Yuan said: "What kind of a man was Shun?
What kind of a man am I?
All it takes to be like him is to do it."
Of course Mencius realized that "just doing it" is much harder than talking about it.
One has to keep watching oneself all the time.
One goal that Mencius had was to grow what he called an "unmovable mind."
By those words he meant a mind that could not be knocked around by being hit from the outside.
An "unmovable mind" is guarded against doing the wrong thing because one is angry, afraid, etc.
Anything that can pull or push from the outside and make us go out of control could cause harm, but Mencius says that if the will and the four virtues/powers are well integrated, if the person is "really together," then these outside forces cannot take over control.
Nurturing the virtues and powers of human beings
Every culture and every society has developed ways to prevent children from getting into too much trouble.
Even in a single community people may used several different strategies for getting and keeping control over their children.
One way of controlling children is to beat them when they do things that the parents do not want them to do.
Another way of controlling children is to make them feel guilty and expect to be severely punished because they are bad humans.
A third way is to make children feel shame and expect people to laugh at them and then turn away from them.
Method number four is to explain to children the likely results of their actions. "
If you pull the dog's ears he will bite you."
Many parents the world over use more than one of these methods, and they may use all of them from time to time.
The Chinese culture has another method that may not be well known and may be rarely practiced in other places—calling forth the use of the child's own virtue/power.
When a child does something hurtful to someone else, instead of telling the child how bad he or she is the parents may say something like: "Just now we saw you take the eggs out of the sparrow's nest.
We know that you are a good person at heart.
So we wonder whether you thought about how the mother sparrow will feel when she comes back and finds her children gone.
Would you like to put the eggs back now while they are still warm?
The mother sparrow will be coming back soon."
The object of getting the child to look at the feelings that come up in his heart/mind when he or she really thinks about what he or she did is not to make the child feel like a horrible person, and not to make the child fear punishment.
Once the child really listens to the quiet voice of what we in the West would call "the conscience," then the child will naturally feel what the mother sparrow would feel if she came home to an empty nest.
The child will then do something so that the mother sparrow will not need to have that bad feeling.
The next time the child may think about how the mother sparrow will feel before he or she steals any eggs.
It takes a long time to get really good at listing to these four gifts from Heaven, and it takes practice to understand the possible consequences of some things that one might do.
So becoming a really good person is a lifetime job that is never really finished.
In the traditional Chinese society, young people were encouraged to read both the stories of the past that showed good acts and also to read the books by people like Confucius and Mencius to get help in learning to see all the results and learning how to keep anger, fear, and all the other ordinary emotions from overpowering the four moral virtues/powers.
Other books to readThree Ways of Thought in Ancient China'', by Arthur Waley
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Longwave frequencies are used for relatively short range communications such as the most ordinary of the commercial amplitude modulation (AM) radio stations.
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Different short-wave frequencies (with wavelengths shorter than 120 meters) can be reflected well and transmitted by long bounces around the world during times when different conditions prevail in the ionosphere.
So transmitters for such organizations as VOA (Voice of America) and BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) will change operating frequencies from month to month and also from time to time during a 24 hour period.
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The molecule structure  resembles benzene, except that hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine.
It is a colorless powder that is produced using catalysis from Iron(III) chloride or from Hexachlorocyclohexane.
Hexachlorobenzene was used as a fungicide, mostly to treat cereals.
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It can be produced using the Diels–Alder reaction, and has at least 147 constituents.
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It was also used for wood preservation, and against ants and termites.
Chlordane only degrades slowly, which means that it is relatively easy to spread it over long distances.
It accumulates in the body of animals, in mammals mostly in the nervous system and the liver.
Chlordane has been shown to cause cancer in mice; it may cause cancer in humans.
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