the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
2001) University of Port Elizabeth (DSc.,
2002)  Lancaster University (D.Sc.,
2004) Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Dr. Hon.
University of Manchester (D.Sc.,
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (Dr. Hon.
2009) University of Liege  (Dr. Hon.
VU University Amsterdam (Dr. Hon.,
Harvard University (D.Sc.,
University of the Arts, London (Dr. Hon.,
University of St. Andrews (Dr. Hon.,
Yale University, (Doctor of Engineering and Technology, 2014)
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,  D.Sc
Selected Publications
Berners-Lee, T.J., et al., "",
Electronic Publishing: Research, Applications and Policy, April 1992.
Berners-Lee, Tim.
and Hendler, James "", Nature, April 26 2001 p. 1023–1025.
James Hendler, Tim Berners-Lee and Eric Miller, '', Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan,
Hendler, J., Berners-Lee, T.J., and Miller, E., '  ', Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Vol 122(10), October, 2002, p. 676-680.
, 12th-13th September, 2005.
Hosted by the British Computer Society, London
Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, James Hendler, Nigel Shadbolt, Daniel J. Weitzner, Science Vol.
313, 11 August 2006, pp.
769-771
Tim-Berners Lee, Wendy Hall, James A. Hendler, Kieron O'Hara, Nigel Shadbolt and Daniel J. Weitzner, Foundations and Trends in Web Science, Volume 1, Issue 1 (also available as a book:  144pp September 2006)
Nigel Shadbolt, Tim Berners-Lee "", Scientific American, Vol.
299, No.
4, P. 76, October 2008
Christian Bizer, Tom Heath, Tim Berners-Lee, "" (pdf), International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS), 5(3): 1-22.
DOI: 10.4018/jswis.2009081901, 2009
Tim Berners-Lee, ", Scientific America, Vol.
22, November 2010
(See a full list of publications)
Born London, England, 8 June 1955.
Married to Rosemary Leith.
Assimilation (linguistics), in studying language, the way a sound in a word becomes closer to a neighboring sound.
Assimilation (biology), changing a nutrient into the fluid or solid substance of the body, through digestion and absorption.
Cultural assimilation, the way a smaller group of people gradually copies the customs and attitudes of the larger culture around it.
For cultural assimilation of Native Americans in the United States, see Americanization (of Native Americans).
Assimilation (Star Trek), the way the fictional Star Trek Borg race brings a being into their group structure
The Zerg method of evolving, also called infest(ing)
Media and ethnicity
Accommodation in Jean Piaget's theory of loserness
In psychoanalysis, when conscious and unconscious contents penetrate one another
In computer science, the changing of anti-virus software to find a new virus
In typesetting, the amount that a typeface can make mirror images and other similarities between letters
The first (in animals) is eating and digesting food.
Food is absorbed and broken down.
This is done by physical breakdown (chewing and stomach churning), then chemical breakdown by enzymes and acids) The results are absorbed into the bloodstream.
The second process of is the chemical alteration of substances in the bloodstream by the liver.
Many compounds needed by cells are done by this second process.
Both the liver and cellular secretions can be very specific in their action.
Examples of assimilation by plants
Photosynthesis, the process whereby carbon dioxide and water are transformed into a number of  organic molecules in plant cells.
Nitrogen fixation from the soil into organic molecules by symbiotic bacteria which live in the roots of certain plants, such as Leguminaceae.
Vaihingen an der Enz is a town in southern German state of Baden-Württemberg.
It is on the banks of the Enz river between the large cities of Stuttgart and Karlsruhe.
About 30,000 people live there.
Vaihingen is an old city, going back as far as the year 799 a.d.. Vaihingen was formally established as a town by Count Gottfried von Vaihingen in the year 1252.
After theReformation, Vaihingen became a Protestant city.
During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Vaihingen became a battle ground between the Protestants and Catholics.
The Revolution of 1848 hurt the economy in Vaihingen.
Many people left Vaihingen to look for work in other towns.
In the early 1900s, a railroad connection was made to Vaihingen.
That brought more people, and also businesses, to Vaihingen.
In 1938 Vaihingen became the regional center.
Jacob Friedrich von Abel (1751-1829), Professor of Philosophy
Born in Vaihingen May 9, 1751.
Published his "Introduction to the doctrine of spirituality" ("Einleitung in die Seelenlehre") in Stuttgart, 1786
Karl Friedrich Hensler (1759-1825), Viennese theater director
Karl Gerok (1815-1890), Bishop
Friedrich Kellner (1885-1970) Chief Justice Inspector, Diarist
Born in Vaihingen February 1, 1885.
Kellner lived in Laubach, Hessen, during WWII.
He recorded the misdeeds of the Nazis in a secret diary.
His 10-volume diary was exhibited at the George Bush Presidential Library in 2005.
A Canadian documentary, My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner, was made in 2006.
Internet website for Vaihingen
Pictures of the concentration camp cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the Sites of Memory webpage
Pictures of the military and refugee memorials in the municipal cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the Sites of Memory webpage
Integration, in the most general sense, may be any bringing together and uniting of things: the integration of two or more economies, cultures, religions (usually called syncretism), etc.
Integration, in mathematics, a concept of calculus, is the act of finding integrals
Indefinite integration, in mathematics, refers to antidifferentiation
Racial integration, refers to social and cultural behavior
Economic integration
Regional integration
Horizontal integration and vertical integration, in microeconomics and strategic management, refer to a style of ownership and control
Integration clause, in a contract, a term used to declare the contract the final and complete understanding of the parties
Digital integration, in computer science, allows data from one device or software to be read or manipulated by another, resulting in ease of use
Enterprise application integration, as the use of software and computer systems to bring together a set of enterprise computer applications
Systems Integration, refers to the discipline of designing systems by means of glueing together otherwise separate parts.
Usually associated to the construction of complex systems.
Cultural assimilation, or absorption (but that word also has other meanings), is an intense process of consistent integration in which members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community, with the intent to change one culture to make them similar to another.
That causes a loss of all or many of the characteristics that make the newcomers different.
A region or society where assimilation is occurring sometimes referred to as a "melting pot."
In essence, cultural Assimilation is many different cultural groups working towards one unified goal.
From a historical perspective, assimilation is how an individual or minority group loses its original culture when absorbed into another culture.
In the context of colonialism, it is a policy of total integration of colonies into the colonizing country.
Asian-Nation: Asian American Assimilation & Ethnic Identity
From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated
New Wave (or New Wave music) is a style of rock music that developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
New wave music was inspired by the punk rock movement.
New Wave music is rock music mixed with other types of music, such as punk rock music, funk, disco, ska and pop.
In essence, New Wave maintained the rebellious and energetic side of punk rock, yet was less raw and aggressive.
Whilst a lot of New Wave was lyrically complex, much New Wave was pop-based, containing simple melodies and catchy hooks.
Additionally, New Wave music was also very electronic in nature, and made strong usage of synthesizers.
New Wave is a broad term, and as such, New Wave artists varied greatly in style, ranging from pure rock, to synthpop, to reggae-influenced music.
New Wave, as a genre, additionally had a strong visual aesthetic, and is noted for the colourful fashions which New Wave artists would sport in the 1980s.
When MTV started broadcasting in 1981, many New Wave bands had their music videos played on television.
This made New Wave music more popular.
A well-known New Wave video is Whip It by Devo.
Boomtown Rats
Ian Dury and the Blockheads
Lene Lovich
Apple Corps Ltd. is a multimedia company started 1968 by The Beatles.
It grew out of their earlier company, Beatles Ltd., and included NEMS Enterprises, the company started by Beatles manager Brian Epstein.
The Beatles started Apple in 1967, because they wanted to help other musicians, writers, artists and other creative people to succeed.
They knew many talents were not discovered, because the business side of their fields were controlled by large corporations.
Many corporations cared more about making money than developing new ideas.
The Beatles hoped to find and develop the best new talents.
Brian Epstein helped to work out the plans for Apple, but died before the company was founded.
Epstein's family sold NEMS Enterprises to the Beatles, because they did not wish to keep the company without him.
Apple's first business venture was a retail store, called the Apple Boutique.
It was on Baker Street in London, England.
The outside of the building was painted with a strange mural, and inside clothes and other items were for sale.
The mural and clothes were designed by an artistic trio called The Fool.
More things were stolen than sold in the boutique, and it was not profitable.
Other local businesses did not like the mural outside, and got the city to order it removed.
The Beatles decided to close the store, and gave away everything that had been for sale.
Apple bought a townhouse at 3 Savile Row in London, and it became Apple's headquarters.
The Beatles spent nearly as much time there as they did at Abbey Road Studios.
Nearly all the people who worked for them had offices in the building, and they planned to turn the basement into a recording studio. "
Magic Alex", a Greek-born designer, was in charge of making the recording studio, and also electronics products that Apple could sell, such as an apple-shaped transistor radio.
Apple Corps set up many divisions.
Two of these were Apple Films and Apple Records.
Apple Films handled the television movie Magical Mystery Tour, and also music videos (then called "promos") for new Beatles songs.
Later Apple Films produced movies like Born to Boogie and Son of Dracula.
Apple Records turned out to be the most successful part of Apple Corps, mostly because of the Beatles's record sales.
EMI had a recording contract with the band, but they agreed to become distributors for Apple Records.
Apple would choose, sign up, and promote recording artists, while EMI would press their records and send them to stores.
Hundreds of artists and bands sent in demoes to Apple, hoping to be signed up.
As it turned out, most of the artists chosen were handpicked by the Beatles, their friends, or people who worked for them.
Badfinger, who were Apple's biggest-selling group besides the Beatles, were managed by Mal Evans, who had been the Beatles's road manager.
Jackie Lomax was an old friend from Liverpool.
Mary Hopkin was referred to Apple by Twiggy, a popular fashion model.
Billy Preston played keyboards with Little Richard, who toured with the Beatles years earlier.
The London chapter of the Radha-Krishna Temple had singers, who recorded an album with George Harrison released on Apple.
Other bands and artists were also signed to Apple Records (including Yoko Ono, the wife of John Lennon), but most of their records never became hits.
After Brian Epstein died, the Beatles had not sought a new manager.
They believed they could handle their own affairs, working together with just their helpers and their normal business contacts.
Over time, this proved to be a bad idea.
Small disagreements between the band members turned into major problems at Apple, and agreements could not always be worked out.
Many of the people hired to work for Apple caused more problems than they solved, or cost the company money.
Magic Alex dreamed and talked big, but could not deliver on the promises he made.
Even his recording studio at Apple had to be completely rebuilt, because he had not planned it well or asked for outside help.
The problems between the Beatles led to their breaking up early in 1970.
Apple had been part of those problems, and each Beatle lost interest as he saw his hopes for Apple would not work out.
Without their input, Apple soon wilted.
Its divisions closed one by one.
Apple Records's artists went to other labels, or retired from recording.
Paul McCartney sued to dissolve the Beatles's business interests.
The lawsuit went on for years.
The rebuilt Apple Studio was well-liked, and a good place to work on recordings, but closed its doors by 1975.
Apple's townhouse headquarters was sold. (
A photograph of its front door, covered with graffiti, later appeared on a Ringo Starr album cover.)
In 1975, the Beatles dissolved their partnership, but decided to keep Apple Corps incorporated.
It became the agency in charge of Beatles-related merchandise, such as collectibles, memorabilia, and new releases of old recordings by the band.
Apple also owns the rights to most filmed and videotape of the Beatles, including their public appearances and concerts.
Apple Records reissued many of their non-Beatles recordings on compact disc in the early 1990s, again using EMI as distributors.
A television miniseries, The Beatles Anthology, appeared in 1995, produced by Apple.
It was a long documentary of the band's history, and included rare concert and video scenes.
A companion book was published later.
Apple Corps was most recently in the news, because of a lawsuit between Apple Corps and Apple Computer Inc., an unrelated company.
Music companies
Blondie is an American new wave pop-rock band who were most popular in the 1970s and 1980s.
The lead singer of the band is Debbie Harry.
Their best-known hit was Call Me!.
The group's music mixes pop, rock and disco.
They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Blondie (1976)
Plastic Letters (1977)
Parallel Lines (1978)
Eat to the Beat (1979)
Autoamerican (1980)
The Hunter (1982)
No Exit (1999)
The Curse of Blondie (2003)
Panic of Girls (2011)
Ghosts of Download (2014)
Pollinator (2017)
Official Blondie Web Site
Official Deborah Harry Web Site
Patti Smith (born Patricia Lee Smith on December 30, 1946) is an American singer and poet.
She was an important member of the punk rock music trend in the 1970s.
Her first album Horses was produced by John Cale.
Punk musicians
Talking Heads was a rock band from the United States.
The band first became popular in the late 1970s.
Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said Talking Heads was  "one of the most critically acclaimed bands of the '80s."
Four of the band's albums appeared on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
Three of their songs ("Psycho Killer," "Life During Wartime," and "Once in a Lifetime") were listed in "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll".
Talking Heads were also included at #64 on VH1's list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time."
In the 2011 update of Rolling Stone's "100 Greatest Artists of All Time," the band was ranked at No.
Talking Heads: 77 (1977)
More Songs About Buildings and Food (1978)
Fear of Music (1979)
Remain in Light (1980)
Speaking in Tongues (1983)
Little Creatures (1985)
True Stories (1986)
Naked (1988)
1975 establishments in New York (state)
Devo is an American new wave pop music band formed in Ohio.
Their best-known lineup consisted of Gerald Casale, Mark Mothersbaugh, Bob Mothersbaugh, Robert Casale, and Alan Myers.
They had popular songs in the 1970s and 1980s.
Devo had a big influence on the new wave music movement.
Their most famous song was called "Whip It".
That song was released in 1980.
Q: Are We Not Men?
A: We Are DEVO! (
Duty Now for the Future (1979)
Freedom of Choice (1980)
New Traditionalists (1981)
it's DEVO (1982)
SHOUT (1984)
Total DEVO (1988)
smoothnoodlemaps (1990)
Something for Everybody (2010)
Official YouTube channel
Devo Live Guide
Enigma Records artists
Illegal drugs are drugs which a person is not allowed to own or use.
A drug is any chemical that affects the human body or mind when taken in any way.
Drugs and the law
Countries and places have different laws for different drugs.
Some drugs are allowed only if you have permission (called a “prescription”) from a doctor.
Other drugs are illegal, meaning a person is never allowed to have them.
If the police find a person with drugs they are not allowed to have, the police may take the person to court.
Court cases may result in fines (requiring a person to pay money), prison, or in some countries execution.
Why some drugs are illegal
A government may want to stop some drugs because they are bad to the people that use them, or because making the drug illegal will make the government more money.
A psychoactive drug affects the brain.
Most laws against drugs are against psychoactive drugs.
Why people use drugs
Some people use drugs as medicine if they are sick to help make them feel better.
Some people might use drugs recreationally (for fun), these are usually controlled drugs.
Some people use drugs to make themselves more productive or to help themselves stay awake, in this case they would use a stimulant such as amphetamines or caffeine.
Some people also use drugs because they are addicted. (
See “Health effects of drugs” below)
Drugs in some religions
Some Christians use small doses of wine as part of their religious ceremonies.
Some members of the Native American Church use Peyote (a type of cactus that contains the drug mescaline).
Some Hindus use cannabis (containing THC and CBD) as part of their religious rites.
Health effects
Drugs can have many effects on a person's health.
Some drugs cause many people to die every year.
Tobacco and alcohol can cause death, other drugs do not cause death.
Cannabis and psilocybin mushrooms (“magic mushrooms”) do not cause death.
But all drugs affect a person's health.
Someone that used drugs may get intoxicated.
Intoxicated people may do dangerous things.
They may not be able to safely drive or operate machinery.
Overdose occurs when someone uses too much of a drug.
Overdosing is very dangerous.
It can cause death.
Some drugs are easy to overdose on (heroin, alcohol, and aspirin).
Other drugs are difficult to overdose on (LSD, cannabis).
Many drugs cause long-term (long-lasting) health effects.
Smoking tobacco can cause cancer.
Drinking alcohol damages the liver (cirrhosis).
Sick people may use drugs as medicine to feel better.
Opiates (morphine, heroin and codeine) are analgesics (painkillers).
Nitrous oxide and ketamine are used as anesthetics (to force someone to sleep) for surgical operation.
Amphetamines are legally prescribed to treat attention disorders in some countries, such as the United States.
Combining drugs often causes negative effects.
A person may die if they combine multiple drugs.
Addiction and dependence
An addiction is the repeated use of a drug.
An addict (person with an addiction) uses the drug again and again.
Addicts will continue to use the drug, even if the drug hurts them.
Addiction causes cravings for the drug.
A craving is an intense need for the drug's effects.
Drug tolerance occurs when a person's body adapts to a drug.
The body becomes more resistant to the drug and craves the drug all the time.
If a dependent person stops taking the drug, they may become very sick or die.
Most times medical help is needed to stop addiction.
Addiction and dependence can happen separately from each other.
People can be addicted to things that are not drugs, like gambling or sex.
Some psychoactive drugs are very addictive (causing addiction, like alcohol, heroin, tobacco, methamphetamine and cocaine) other drugs are less addictive (such as khat, cannabis and caffeine) or not addictive at all (such as LSD and Psilocybin mushrooms).
People with anxiety disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, major depression, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), borderline personality disorder (BPD), and schizophrenia have a higher chance of getting addicted.
Ways drugs are used
Different drugs are used in different ways.
The same drug can be available in different forms, and each form is used a certain way.
For example, Crack cocaine (cocaine in solid form) is smoked or vaporized, but powder cocaine (cocaine that looks like salt) is snorted.
Some ways drugs can be taken:
Orally – The drug is placed in the mouth, then swallowed.
Pills are used orally.
Smoked – The drug is burned, then the smoke is inhaled.
Pipes, bongs, cigars and cigarettes are used to smoke.
Insufflated – The drug is a powder.
The powder is snorted directly into the nose.
Vaporized – The drug is heated until it turns into a vapor.
The vapor is breathed in.
Sublingually – The drug is placed under the tongue.
The drug is absorbed through the vein under the tongue.
Dissolving tablets are an example of sublingual drug use.
Buccally – The drug is absorbed through the cheek.
The drug is placed between the cheek and the gums.
Intravenous⁣ (also called IV) – The drug is injected into the veins.
Usually, it is injected through the arm.
A needle and syringe is used for injection.
Intramuscular (also called IM) – The drug is injected into a muscle.
A needle and syringe are also used for injection.
Rectally – The drug is placed in the anus and absorbed there.
The anal drug is called a suppository.
Transdermally – The drug is absorbed through the skin.
Nicotine patches and fentanyl patches are used transdermally.
Orally is the slowest method of using a drug because it must be digested in the stomach first.
Injecting a drug (IV or IM) is the fastest method of using a drug.
IV and IM drugs are most likely to cause an overdose.
It is important to use clean needles to inject.
Injecting with used or dirty needles spreads deadly infections (such as Hepatitis C or HIV).
Smoking anything can cause cancer.
Smoking can also lead to emphysema (a disease of the lungs).
Snorting a drug can lead to ear, nose, and throat conditions.
Eating a drug can cause oral (mouth related) problems, like tooth decay.
Types of psychoactive drugs and their effects
There are many categories (types) of psychoactive drugs (drug that affects the brain).
These categories have subcategories (categories inside categories).
For example, benzodiazepines and opiates are both subcategories of depressants.
Some drugs, such as ketamine have elements of two categories (hallucinogens and depressants).
Every drug is different, so it is important to know the effects of each individual drug.
Hallucinogens change the way people see, hear, feel or think.
The three main groups of hallucinogens are: psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants.
Each group has different effects.
They may cause hallucinations.
Hallucinations are a feeling, sound, or sight that does not exist.
When someone hallucinates, they feel, hear, or see something that is not truly there.
Stimulants
Stimulants speed up the central nervous system.
People using stimulants may feel happy and excited.
Also, they have more energy, concentration, or motivation.
Stimulants may cause difficulty sleeping.
Depressants (downers)
Depressants slow down the central nervous system.
People using depressants feel happy, sleepy, and relaxed.
Depressants slow down bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate.
They may also make speaking or moving difficult.
The difficulty speaking is “slurred speech”.
Anti-psychotics
Antipsychotics are used to balance one's moods or stop hallucinations.
Many anti-psychotics are legal prescription drugs.
A person can have them if they have a prescription from a doctor.
Anti-depressants help mood disorders like depression.
Some anti-depressants are also anti-psychotics.
Crack cocaine (or just crack) is an illegal drug which is made from cocaine.
Cocaine is mostly an illegal drug that comes from the leaves of a plant called coca.
When people smoke crack, they have a feeling called "being high."
The name "crack" comes from the cracking sound the drug makes as it is smoked.
The cracking sound is caused by evaporating water escaping.
In most parts of the world, production (making crack), possession (having crack), and distribution (selling or giving away crack) are illegal.
Crack is a very addictive drug.
People can get both physically and psychologically addicted to crack (meaning that the body and the mind can both become addicted to, or "hooked on," the drug.)
Using crack is dangerous for many reasons.
The drug can cause physical problems (like heart and lung problems or rotted teeth) and psychological (or mental) problems, like depression and psychosis (not understanding what is real and what is not real).
An overdose of crack - taking too much of the drug - can cause death.
Also, because crack is illegal, people have to break the law in order to get it, and they can get sent to jail if they are caught.
People may also do other illegal things in order to get crack or to get money to buy crack, because the urge to get the drug is so strong in people who are addicted.
Crack is called a "gateway drug" because people who use crack are more likely to use other drugs, like methamphetamine and heroin.
Using crack along with other illegal drugs, or alcohol, is even more dangerous than using crack by itself.
Crack is such a strong and addictive drug that a person can become addicted the first time they use crack.
When a person tries to quit using crack, they go through a process called withdrawal that is very hard to go through.
Withdrawal happens when as person's body or mind is used to having a drug in its system all the time, and suddenly the drug is not there any more.
Because crack can cause both physical addiction (when the body is hooked on the drug) and psychological addiction (when the mind is hooked on the drug), quitting crack can cause both physical withdrawal (which causes physical symptoms in the body) and psychological withdrawal (which causes symptoms in the mind).
Symptoms of (or problems caused by) physical withdrawal can include nausea (feeling like throwing up), vomiting (throwing up), and pain in the muscles.
Psychological withdrawal can make a person feel very depressed, anxious (worried and not able to relax), agitated (restless and "keyed up"), or tired.
When a person is withdrawing from crack, the urge to use crack will be very, very strong, and it is very hard for the person to fight off these urges and keep away from using the drug again.
Crack cocaine is inhaled from a small glass pipe.
This is often called a stem.
It has a funnel-shaped 'bowlpiece' where the drug is put to be smoked.
There is a 2 to 3 inch long stem attached that the smoke travels through on the way to the consumer.
These stems may be used in waterpipes, such as 'bongs' or 'bubblers', in which case about a 1/2 inch of the stem is submerged in the water and the smoke is sucked out through the water to the consumer.
These stems are also used to inhale methamphetamine.
When used for crack cocaine or methamphetamine, the stem is generally used as a standalone unit, without any water or attachment of any sort.
After prolonged use, the glass from the stem may deteriorate from exposure to heat as well as acidity, and may become brittle and break or crack easily.
Why is crack cocaine so hard to stop using?
The rising peril of crack cocaine
Dame Leslie Lawson DBE (born Leslie Hornby 19 September 1949, in London, England) is an English actress, fashion model and singer, known professionally as Twiggy.
Her childhood nickname Twiggy came from her thin legs.
In the 1960s, when she first became famous she weighed only .
As an actress, she starred in The Boy Friend, and had featured roles in The Blues Brothers and Young Charlie Chaplin.
She recently appeared as herself, on America's Next Top Model, as one of the judges.
Special effects are used in movies to create images that do not exist.
There are many different types of special effects, for example, making little models or using computer animation.
Action movies often use special effects to create images that would be dangerous or cost a lot of money.
For example, if an action movie shows a very big battleship blowing up, it would be expensive to buy a battleship and dangerous to blow it up.
Most action movies use special effects if they want to show something blow up.
It is cheaper and safer to make a little model of a battleship and blow that up.
Science fiction, fantasy, and horror movies also often use special effects.
They usually tell imaginary stories, often set in imaginary places, that would be impossible to film.
For example, in a science fiction movie about a world with three suns, artists could create a computer image of three suns which would appear in the background.
Using a computer to create special effects is called "computer generated imagery" (CGI) or "computer animation".
Most science fiction movies from the 2000s use a lot of CGI.
Movie production
The Revolutions in the German states developed in most of the 38 states of Germany that were loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
To these states belonged Austria as well though Hungary that was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was not part of the German Confederation.
The biggest successes of the German revolutions happened in March in Berlin and Vienna.
The result was the election of a German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main.
European Revolutions of 1848
1848: REVOLUTION AND REACTION
German Revolution of 1848/49
The German 1848 Revolution: A German Perspective
Constitution of the German Empire ("Constitution of Paulskirche") of 28th March 1849, in full text
1840s in Germany
Abdication is the act of resigning from an office (official job), especially from being the leader of a country.
The word is normally used for kings and queens who decide to give up their position which brings an end to a reign.
The term is also used for popes.
Select list of abdications
Caedwalla of Wessex, 688
Ine of Wessex, 726
Pope Benedict IX, 1048
Stephen II of Hungary, 1131
Pope Celestine V, 1294
Richard II of England, 1399
Pope Gregory XII, 1415.
Murad II, Ottoman Sultan, 1444-1445
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 1556
Christina of Sweden, 1654
James II of England, 1688
Philip V of Spain, 1724
Ahmed III, Sultan of Turkey, 1730
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 1814 and 1815
Charles X of France, 1830
Pedro I of Brazil, 1831
Miguel of Portugal, 1834
Louis Philippe I of France, 1848
Fredrik Kaarle I of Finland, 1918
Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, 1936
Pope Benedict XVI, 2013.
Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, 2013
King Albert II of Belgium, 2013
King Juan Carlos I of Spain, 2014
Emperor Akihito  of Japan, 2019
Beta Columbae is a star in the Columba constellation.
The Columba constellation is known as "The Dove".
Red giants
The Eagles joined the National Football League in the year 1933.
They have appeared in three Super Bowls (XXXIX, XV and LII) and won the Super Bowl LII in 2018, winning the 2017 season.
They have won three championships in 1948, 1949, and 1960, besides the one in 2017.
Sixteen Eagles players have become Pro Football Hall of Famers.
Donovan McNabb was the quarterback for the Eagles from 1999-2009.
He was traded to the Washington Redskins on April 4, 2010.
Michael Vick was also an Eagles quarterback.
Jalen Hurts is the current starting quarterback for the Philadelphia Eagles, but Nick Foles guided the win in 2018.
Official Philadelphia Eagles website
YouTube is a free video sharing and social networking website and app on the internet.
The website lets people upload, view, and share videos.
YouTube was founded on February 14, 2005 by three former members of PayPal.
Google (a search engine company) has owned and operated YouTube since 2006.
YouTube now carries paid advertisements on all pages.
There is a triangle on a box in YouTube's logo.
The people upload videos on YouTube are called YouTubers.
Youtube give YouTubers rewards (called play buttons) by completing milestones.
Videos can be rated with likes or dislikes (the latter cannot be seen since a 2021 update), and viewers can subscribe to channels they like.
Videos can be commented on if viewers log into their own accounts.
The number of times a video has been watched, known as "views", are shown.
YouTube have another app called YouTube Kids for kids.
There are very popular YouTubers such as MrBeast, PewDiePie and Wilbur Soot.
On February 14, 2005, three former workers of PayPal founded the site.
In November 2006, Google bought YouTube.
In 2012, an iOS app was created for YouTube.
They changed their logo in 2017.
YouTube needed the Adobe Flash Player plug-in to play videos in the past.
However, in January 2010, YouTube tried using the built-in features of web browsers (HTML5) so people would not need to use Adobe Flash player to watch videos.
All YouTube users can upload 15-minute long videos.
Users who have used the site for enough time and follow the rules can upload videos that are 12 hours long.
A user needs to verify the account to do this, however.
Everyone could upload long videos when YouTube started, but in March 2006 a ten-minute video limit was put in.
The limit was changed to 15 minutes in July 2010.
Most video formats can be uploaded to YouTube, and videos can also be uploaded from mobile phones.
YouTube is blocked in many schools because it allows children to search for videos that might distract them from their lessons.
But at a higher level than schools (and in workplaces), some governments have blocked YouTube access to their country's public.
Their reasons vary.
Some countries have also banned it.
Turkey blocked YouTube on March 6, 2007 for letting videos that were mean or discriminating to Turks and Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, to be shown.
Because of a "virtual war" between Greeks, Armenians, Kurds and Turks on YouTube, people from each side posted videos to hurt the other.
The video that caused the banning said that Turks and Atatürk were gay.
The video was first mentioned on Turkish CNN and the Istanbul public prosecutor sued YouTube for being mean to Turkishness.
The court suspended access to YouTube while waiting for the removal of the video.
The ban was criticized a lot.
YouTube lawyers sent proof of removal to court and users could access the website again on March 9, 2007.
During the week of March 8, YouTube was blocked in Thailand.
Many bloggers (people who have a "diary" online) believed the reason YouTube was blocked was because of a video of the former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's speech on CNN.
However, the government did not confirm or give reasons for the ban.
YouTube was unblocked on March 10.
On the night of April 3, YouTube was again blocked in Thailand.
The government said it was because of a video on the site that it said was "insulting" to King Bhumibol Adulyadej.
The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology claimed that it would unblock YouTube in a few days, after websites with references to this video are blocked instead of the entire website.
Communications Minister Sitthichai Pookaiyaudom said, "When they decide to withdraw the clip, we will withdraw the ban."
Soon after this incident the internet technology blog Mashable was banned from Thailand over the reporting of the YouTube clips in question.
Brazilian model lawsuit and banning that came after
YouTube is being sued by Brazilian model and MTV VJ Daniela Cicarelli (better known as Ronaldo's ex-fiancée) because she says that the site is making available a video footage made by a paparazzi (or celebrity photographer) in which she and her boyfriend are having sex on a Spanish beach.
The lawsuit says that YouTube has to be blocked in Brazil until all copies of the video are removed.
On Saturday, January 6, 2007, a legal injunction (command) ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from going to the website.
The effectiveness of the measure has been questioned, since the video is not available only on YouTube, but rather has become an Internet phenomenon.
On Tuesday, January 9, 2007, the same court overturned their earlier decision, ordering the filters to be taken down, even though the footage was still forbidden, but without technical support for its blockage.
On May 25, 2007 the state-owned company Maroc Telecom blocked all access to YouTube.
There were no reasons given why YouTube was blocked.
But the guesses are that it might have something to do with some pro-separatist group Polisario clips (Polisario is the Western Sahara independence movement) or because of some videos that criticized King Mohammed VI.
This block did not concern the other two private internet-providers, Wana and Meditel.
YouTube became accessible again on May 30, 2007 after Maroc Telecom unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was only a "technical glitch".
Currently in China, the government has blocked YouTube.
For several years, it has been unblocked but since March 24, 2009 it has been blocked, on May 12, 2022, YouTube Will Be Unblocked on China Due to 14th Anniversary of Great Wenchuan earthquake.
According the site's terms of service, users may upload videos only if they have the permission of the copyright holder and of the people in the video.
Pornography, defamation, harassment, commercials and videos that encourage criminal conduct may not be uploaded.
The uploader gives YouTube permission to give out and change the uploaded video for any purpose, and they do not have permission anymore when the uploader deletes the video from the site.
Users may view videos on the site but are not allowed to save them on their computers.
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system.
The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 104 countries, and a worldwide version.
Testing language
The interface of the YouTube website is available in 76 language versions including, Albanian, Amharic, Armenian, Burmese, Khmer, Kyrgyz, Laotian, Mongolian, Persian and Uzbek, which do have local channel versions.
YouTube has been criticized for how poorly they manage user-generated content and because of how a number of their policies are considered unfair to content creators.
YouTube has been criticized for not properly handling copyrighted content that is added in uploaded videos.
The video recommendation algorithms used in YouTube persistently promote conspiracy theories and false information, as noted by some critics.
There is also criticism that there are violent or sexually suggestive content involving popular characters in certain videos falsely claiming to be targeted to children.
YouTube has also been criticized for attracting pedophilic comments in videos of minors performing activities.
Because YouTube keeps changing policies on the types of content that is eligible to be monetized with advertising, many content creators are concerned about these frequent changes.
YouTube policies restrict certain forms of content from being included in videos being monetized with advertising.
This includes videos containing violence, strong language, sexual content, "controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including subjects related to war, political conflicts, natural disasters and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not shown" (unless the content is "usually newsworthy or comedic and the creator's intent is to inform or entertain"), and videos whose user comments contain "inappropriate" content.
However, it is not clear what is the boundaries for what YouTube's policies specifically accept and do not accept.
Some content creators also say that YouTube's policies also change too often.
For example, on January 16, 2018, the requirement for a channel to be monetized is to get 4,000 hours of watchtime within the past 12 months and at least 1,000 subscribers.
Although YouTube's intent was to avoid monetizing videos of channels seen as controversial, but people criticize that this move greatly harms smaller YouTube channels.
After testing earlier in 2021, YouTube removed public display of dislike counts on videos in November 2021, citing its internal research that found users often used the dislike feature as a form of cyberbullying and brigading.
While some users praised the move as a way to discourage trolls, others felt that hiding dislikes would make it harder for viewers to recognise clickbait or unhelpful videos, and that other features already existed for creators to limit bullying.
Some theorised the removal of dislikes was influenced by YouTube Rewind 2018, which was universally panned and became the most-disliked video on the platform.
YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim referred to the update as "a stupid idea", and that the reason behind the change was "not a good one, and not one that will be publicly disclosed."
Karim felt that the ability for users on a social platform to identity bad content was essential, saying, "The process works, and there’s a name for it: the wisdom of the crowds.
The process breaks when the platform interferes with it.
Then, the platform invariably declines."
YouTube mobile site
YouTube Blog
YouTube founders comment on the Google.com acquisition of YouTube
Greenwich  is a district of London.
It is the main part of the Borough of Greenwich, about 8.9 km east south-east of Charing Cross.
The Royal Greenwich Observatory is in Greenwich.
It was originally built for the Astronomer Royal.
The Oservatory created the Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Greenwich is a town with a long history.
It became the site of a royal palace, the Palace of Placentia, from the 15th century.
This was the birthplace of many members of the Tudor dynasty, including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The palace became ruined during the English Civil War.
It was rebuilt as a hospital by Sir Christopher Wren.
These buildings became the a military college in 1873, which lasted until 1998.
The town became a popular resort in the 17th century.
Many rich houses were built there, such as Vanbrugh Castle (1717).
Estates were built above the town centre.
World heritage site
Maritime Greenwich is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The site includes buildings along the riverfront, and surrounding the 17th century Queen's House.
The group include the complex of the Royal Hospital for Seamen, the Royal Observatory and the Royal Park.
The Royal Hospital was laid out to a master plan created by Christopher Wren.
The hospital complex was built over many decades.
Other architects who added to this long-term project included Nicholas Hawksmoor.
The core of this group of buildings is the Queen's House which was designed by Inigo Jones.
This was the first Palladian building in Britain.
The Royal Park is a symmetrical design in an irregular landscape around the buildings of the World Heritage Site.
The park was created by André Le Nôtre.
Your Online Guide to Greenwich
Greenwich World Heritage Site — official website
Greenwich Tourist Information Centre
Greenwich Guide
London Borough of Greenwich
Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 American biographical crime drama movie.
It stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks.
The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg.
It is based on the 1980 book by Frank Abagnale.
Catch Me if You Can is set in 1963.
Frank Abagnale is played by Leonardo DiCaprio.
Frank is sixteen years old.
Carl Hanratty is played by Tom Hanks.
Carl is an FBI investigator.
When Frank's parents get divorced, Frank decides to leave his house change his name.
He buys a pilot uniform and forges (makes a fake copy of) a pilot licence.
He travels with PanAm airlines to many countries.
He pays with forged cheques in the USA.
Then Frank decides to work as a doctor.
He again forges the documents.
In the hospital he meets a girl.
He works as a lawyer, so that he can marry the girl from the hospital.
Carl Hanratty is at the wedding.
Carl reveals to the girls' father who Frank is.
In the meantime, Frank tells his wife the truth about his life and what he has done.
Carl searches the house, but Frank has already left.
Frank escapes and moves to Mont-de Marson, France where he tries to escape.
Carl Hanratty finds him and convinces Frank to come quietly to face his crime.
Frank goes quietly with Carl.
When Frank leaves jail, he works with Carl Hanratty, helping Carl to catch criminals who forge cheques and other documents.
2002 crime movies
Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany peninsula and the territory between the Seine and Loire rivers
An Tour Tan- Dorioù Breizh – Breton culture and traditions
Gouelioù Breizh - Breton events
Sevenadur ha gizioù Breizh e saozneg - Breton culture and traditions in English
Skol uhel ar vro – High Institute of Brittany - Ti Istor Breizh – The house for the History of Brittany
Personelezh Breizh e saozneg - Breton identity in English
Gaul () was the name given in ancient times to the area of Western Europe that included northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river.
Many Celtic tribes lived in the region and were known by the Romans simply as "Gauls".
In English, the word Gaul () may mean a Celtic inhabitant of that region or for all ancient speakers of the Gaulish language.
In this way, "Gaul" and "Celt" are sometimes used in the same sense.
In Greek, modern-day France is called Γαλλία (same as the Latin Gallia) and the term for a Gaulish person is  Γαλατία (Galatia).
The Danelaw (from the Old English Dena lagu, Danish: Danelagen ) is an 11th-century name for an area of northern and eastern England.
This area was under the administrative control of the Danish Viking empire (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century until the early 11th century.
As can be seen from the map, Danelaw at its height was about a third the territory of England.
Textbooks say correctly that the history left us with place-names which reflect the old languages.
York had been founded as the Roman legionary fortress of Eboracum and revived as the Anglo-Saxon trading port of Eoforwic.
It was first captured in November 866 by a large army of Danish Vikings.
Brenda Ralph Lewis & David Nash Ford, "York: Viking Times"
Timeline of Anglo-Saxon England
Welcome to Jorvik : links on on-line resources
The terms lamb, mutton  or hoggett are used to describe the meat of a domestic sheep.
The meat of a sheep a year old or younger is generally known as lamb, whereas the meat of an older sheep is either hoggett or mutton depending on its age and characteristics.
In some countries all such meat is referred to as lamb.
All of these are known as sheepmeats.
The meat of a lamb is taken from the animal between one month and one year old, with a weight of between 5.5 and 30 kilograms.
This meat generally is more tender than that from older sheep and is often eaten more often in some western countries, most often on Easter.
Hoggett and mutton can taste more flavorful than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids; many therefore prefer the stronger flavour of older animals.
A prion (pronounced pree-on) is an infectious protein.
The word is short for "proteinaceous infectious particles".
All known prion diseases in mammals affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue.
Right now, they cannot be treated and always end in death.
Prions cause many forms of encephalitis, or brain disease, such as scrapie, chronic wasting disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) and kuru.
Prions work by changing the shape of proteins in the infected animals.
While normal proteins have lots of alpha helices, or twisted parts, changed proteins have lots of beta sheets, or flat parts.
Because prions are proteins, and proteins cannot reproduce themselves, it is a mystery how prions work.
A lot of molecular biology research is going on to find out how they reproduce themselves, with no clear result so far.
Hashish is a sticky, thick, dark-colored resin (plant juice) which is made from the flower of the female cannabis plant, Cannabis sativa.
The cannabis plant's leaves and flowers contain chemicals known as cannabinoids.