the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The most important economic activities in the province are farming (cattle and sugar cane) and tourism.
The eastern coast of the province, in the region of Punta Cana and Bávaro, is the most important touristic centre of the country with many hotels along beaches with white sand.
Bayahibe, in the southern coast, is also an important touristic centre.
1961 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in the Dominican Republic
"Just Say No" was an advertising campaign, part of the U.S. "War on Drugs", dominant during the 1980s and early 1990s.
It wanted to discourage children from using illegal drug(s) offering various ways of saying no. "
Just Say No" was also used to discourage violence and premarital sex.
The slogan was created by First Lady of the United States Nancy Reagan.
La Romana is a province of the Dominican Republic.
Its capital city has the same name, La Romana.
It was created in 1959.
It was a municipality of the El Seibo province before being elevated to the category of province.
La Romana province is in the southeast part of the country.
It is bordered to the northwest by the El Seibo province, to the northeast and east by the La Altagracia province and to the west by the San Pedro de Macorís province.
The Caribbean Sea is to the south.
The province was created in 1944 with the name of La Romana, with two municipalities: La Romana (the capital city) and Higüey; before that date, it was part of the El Seibo province.
But that same year, the name of the province was changed to La Altagracia.
Its original name was given back to the province in 1961 when the new La Altagracia province was created.
Guaymate was made a municipality of the province in 1971 and Villa Hermosa in 2004.
Cumayasa was made a municipal district in 2004 and Caleta in 2006.
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the La Romana province, and 231,312 () living in towns and cities; it is one of the few provinces of the country where most of the people lives in cities.
The population density was  persons/km², one of the highest in the country.
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 10th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
Blacks are the main ethnicity of this providence, at 90% of the population.
The rest of the 10% is mostly composed of mulattoes.
The La Romana province has a total area of .
It has   of the area of the Dominican Republic, one of the smallest province of the country, and it is ranked as the 30th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are only a few low hills in the province and almost all the land is flat.
Chavón, in the eastern border of the province;
Dulce or La Romana, that crosses the capital city; and
Cumayasa, in the western border of the province.
The small islands of Saona and Catalina are part of the province.
There are several important industries in the province; the oldest and one of the most important is the production of sugar.
There is also a very important zona franca ("free zone" where the industries do not pay taxes and all the production is sent to other countries).
1944 establishments in North America
Settlements in Salzburg (state)
The Freedom Party of Austria (German: Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, shortened to FPÖ) is an Austrian political party led by Norbert Hofer
Their ideology is national conservative.
They are the third biggest party in the Austrian Parliament.
The party leader is currently Norbert Hofer.
Country Studies - Austria
The Greens – The Green Alternative (, shortened to GRÜNE) is an Austrian political party.
Its leader is Werner Kogler and it is founded 1993.
The party is a member of the European Green Party and its ideology is Center-Left.
The main ideology is green politics that aims to create an ecologically sustainable society.
1990s establishments in Austria
A cubicle is a small room.
It can be a small work space often seen in offices.
It can also be a place used for changing clothes in, often found at swimming pools and gymnasiums.
Robert Propst designed the first cubicle in 1964.
He wanted to "empower" people, and make them work better.
Propst worked for a home furnishings company called Herman Miller at the time.
In 1968, when the company started selling the cubicle, it did not sell well.
Herman Miller later designed a new type of cubicle that was cheaper.
The cubicle is now very popular in offices around the world.
Navel lint is mostly stray fibers from one's clothing, mixed with some dead skin cells, and body hair.
The lint comes from a person's shirt or top.
The fibers move there from friction of body hair.
Women have less navel lint because of their finer and shorter body hair.
Older men have it more because they have more hair and it is thicker.
The Viking Age was a period of time in Northern European and Scandinavian history from the eighth to eleventh centuries.
Scandinavian Vikings, also called Norsemen, explored the oceans and rivers of Europe through trade and warfare.
The Vikings also reached Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland, and Anatolia.
Some Vikings are believed to have settled at L'Anse aux Meadows, an archaeological site on the northernmost tip of the island of Newfoundland, Canada, at a place they called Vinland.
In England the Viking Age began dramatically on June 8, 793, when Norsemen destroyed the abbey on Lindisfarne.
Monks were killed in the abbey, thrown into the sea to drown, or carried away as slaves along with the church's wealth.
The Viking devastation of Northumbria's Holy Island shocked and alerted the royal courts of Europe. "
Never before has such an atrocity been seen," declared the Northumbrian scholar Alcuin of York.
More than any other single event, the attack on Lindisfarne cast a shadow on the perception of the Vikings for the next 1100 years.
In the 1890s scholars outside Scandinavia began to rethink the achievements, artistry, technological skills and seamanship of the Vikings.
Until Victoria's reign in Britain, Vikings were portrayed as violent and bloodthirsty.
The stories from medieval England had always portrayed them as 'wolves among sheep'.
During the nineteenth century, public opinions changed.
The first challenges to the many anti-Viking images in Britain emerged in the 17th century.
Some scholarly works on the Viking Age became available to readers in Britain.
Archaeologists began to dig up Britain's Viking past.
Linguists started to work on identifying Viking-Age origins for rural idioms and proverbs.
The new dictionaries of the Old Norse language enabled the Victorians to study some of the Icelandic Sagas.
During the second half of the 18th century the Icelandic Sagas were still used as important historical sources, but the Viking Age was regarded as a barbaric and uncivilized period in the history of the Nordic countries.
Until recently, what was known about the history of the Viking Age was based on the Icelandic Sagas, the history of the Danes written by Saxo Grammaticus, the Russian Primary Chronicle and the War of the Irish with the Foreigners.
Few scholars still accept these texts as reliable sources; historians nowadays rely more on archaeology and numismatics, which have helped people understand the period.
The Norsemen were explorers, colonizers and traders as well as plunderers.
The Vikings from Norway explored the North Atlantic and settled Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Orkney Islands, Caithness in Scotland, Greenland and (briefly) North America.
The Vikings from Denmark raided ports and coastal towns along the coasts of Europe and Britain.
The Vikings from Sweden pushed east, into areas that are now parts of Russia and Ukraine, establishing trade connections with the Middle East and beyond.
By the 9th century, a strong central authority was established in Jutland, and the Danes were looking beyond their own territory for land, trade and plunder.
Norway had been settled over many centuries by Germanic peoples from Denmark and Sweden who made farming and fishing communities around its coasts and lakes.
The mountains and fjords formed strong natural boundaries.
The communities remained independent of each other, unlike the situation in Denmark which is lowland.
By the year 800, there were 30 small kingdoms in Norway.
The sea was the easiest way of communicating between these Norwegian kingdoms and the outside world.
In the eighth century Scandinavians began to build war ships and send them on raids.
The Viking longships were capable of travel on the open seas but also had a very shallow draft, meaning they could sail into shallower bays and farther up rivers than other ships of their time.
This led to the term Viking, which came from the Old Norse word vīk (meaning inlet or bay).
A person who went on raids was said to go "viking".
It is unknown what triggered the Vikings' expansion and conquests.
This era was at the same time as the Medieval Warm Period (800 – 1300) and stopped with the start of the Little Ice Age (about 1250 – 1850).
The lack of pack-ice during their time may have allowed the Norsemen to go "a-viking" or "raiding".
It is believed that the heathen Norsemen suffered from unequal trade practices by Christian merchants who were given preference through a Christian network of traders.
A two-tiered system of pricing existed among merchants who secretly traded with the Norse heathens.
Viking raids occurred both separately and together with regular trading expeditions.
Historians also suggest that the Scandinavian population was too large for the peninsula and there were not enough crops to feed everyone.
This led to a hunt for more land to feed the ever-growing Viking population.
Internal conflicts, especially during the period of conquest and settlement that followed the early raids, caused the progressive centralisation of power into fewer hands.
This meant that lower classes who did not want to be oppressed by greedy kings went in search of their own lands.
Those who settled Iceland created Europe's first modern republic with a yearly assembly of elected officials called the Althing.
The earliest date given for a Viking raid is 787 AD when, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a group of men from Norway sailed to Portland, in Dorset.
There, a royal official mistook them for merchants.
They killed him when he tried to lead them to the king's manor to pay a trading tax on their goods.
The beginning of the Viking Age in the British Isles is, however, often given as 793.
It was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that the Northmen raided the important island monastery of Lindisfarne:
"AD.
This year came dreadful fore-warnings over the land of the Northumbrians, terrifying the people most woefully: these were immense sheets of light rushing through the air, and whirlwinds, and fiery dragons flying across the firmament.
These tremendous tokens were soon followed by a great famine: and not long after, on the sixth day before the ides of January in the same year, the harrowing inroads of heathen men made lamentable havoc in the church of God in Holy-island (Lindisfarne), by rapine and slaughter."
-Anglo Saxon Chronicle
In 794, according to the Annals of Ulster, there was a serious attack on Lindisfarne's mother-house of Iona, which was followed in 795 by raids on the northern coast of Ireland.
From bases there, the Norsemen attacked Iona again in 802, causing great slaughter amongst the Céli Dé Brethren, and burning the abbey to the ground.
The end of the Viking Age is traditionally marked in England by three major events: the failed invasion by Haraldr Harðráði, who was defeated by Saxon King Harold Godwinson in 1066 at the Battle of Stamford Bridge; in Ireland, the capture of Dublin by Strongbow and his Hiberno-Norman forces in 1171; and in Scotland by the defeat of King Hákon Hákonarson at the Battle of Largs in 1263.
Harold Godwinson was subsequently defeated within a month by William, Duke of Normandy, who was another descendant of Vikings.
Normandy had been acquired by Normans (Norsemen) in 911.
Scotland took its present form when it regained territory from the Norse between the thirteenth and the fifteenth centuries.
Most Scandinavian historians and archaeologists give a different definition.
Instead, the Viking age is said to have ended with the establishment of royal authority in the Scandinavian countries and the adoption of Christianity as the dominant religion.
The date is usually put somewhere in the early 11th century in all three Scandinavian countries.
The end of the Viking Age in Norway is marked by the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030.
They proclaimed Norway as a Christian nation, and Norwegians could no longer be called Vikings.
The Kingdom of the Franks under Charlemagne was especially hard-hit by Viking raiders, who could sail down the Seine without much difficulty.
Near the end of Charlemagne's reign and throughout the reigns of his sons and grandsons, a string of Viking raids began, leading to a Scandinavian conquest and settlement of the region now known as Normandy.
In 911, French King Charles the Simple made an agreement with the Viking warleader Rollo, a chieftain of either Norwegian or Danish origin.
Charles gave Rollo the title of duke and granted him possession of Normandy.
In return, Rollo swore fealty to Charles, converted to Christianity, and swore to defend the northern region of France against raids by other Viking groups.
Several generations later, the Norman descendants of these Viking settlers identified themselves as French and brought the French language and their variant of French culture to England in 1066.
With the Norman Conquest, they became the ruling aristocracy of Anglo-Saxon England, leading to the change from Old English to Middle English language.
At the start of the Viking age, the Vikings believed in the Norse religion.
They believed in a  of gods and goddesses, as well as Valhalla, a heaven for warriors.
The lower class of society would go to a place called "hel", similar to life on earth.
According to Viking beliefs, Viking chieftains would please their war-gods by their bravery, and would become "worth-ship"; that is, the chieftain would earn a "burial at sea".
They also performed land burials which often still included a ship, treasure, weapons, tools, clothing and even slaves and women buried alive with the dead chieftain, for his journey to Valhalla and adventure in the after-life.
Poets composed sagas about the exploits of these chieftains, keeping their memories alive.
Freyr and his sister Freya were gods of "fertility", which means being able to grow.
They made sure that people had many children and that the land produced plenty of crops.
Some farmers even called their fields after Freyr, in the hope that this would ensure a good harvest.
Toward the end of the Viking Age, more and more Scandinavians were converted to Christianity, often by force.
The introduction of Christianity did not immediately end Viking voyages, but it may have been a factor that helped the Viking Age to an end.
Trade centres
Settlements outside Scandinavia
Jórvík (Yorkshire)
Hjaltland
Bjarmland
Garðaríki
Serkland
Miklagard
Helluland
In fiction and theater
In the late 19th century (1800s), Richard Wagner and other artists in the Romantic period made operas and other artwork about ancient Germanic culture.
They came up with the idea of Vikings wearing fur clothes and helmets with wings or horns on them and drinking out of hollowed-out animal horns.
Carey, Brian Todd. “
Technical marvels, Viking longships sailed seas and rivers, or served as floating battlefields”, Military History 19, no.
6 (2003): 70-72.
Downham, Clare.
Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014.
Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, 2007
Forte, Angelo.
Oram, Richard.
Viking Empires.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005
Henry, Francoise.
Irish Art in the Early Christian Period.
London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1940
Hudson, Benjamin.
Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in North America.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Maier, Bernhard.
The Celts: A history from earliest times to the present.
Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003.
TimeRef - Viking Invasions of England
Jorvik and the Viking Age (866 AD - 1066 AD)
Old Norse literature from «Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad» Norway.
BBC - History - Blood of the Vikings
All About Vikings
Viking memories in Oslo
A collusion is a secret agreement between two or more people or groups, usually to create unlawful advantages over other groups.
Collusions often organize secret agreements to gain an advantage by modifying the market unfairly.
In businesses, this is often done by intentionally by secretly changing the supply and demand of goods and services.
Claret is a type of French red wine.
It is also known as Bordeaux after its region of appellation d'origine contrôlée.
This is the French system which certifies where food and drink comes from.
The wine from Bordeaux was a dark rosé spiced drink in the Middle Ages.
That's why it was called "claret", from the French clairet.
It changed to the present dry dark red in the 18th century.
The wine industry in Bordeaux has economic problems.
It faces fierce  competition from New World wines.
Also, the French drink less wine nowadays.
In 2004, exports to the U.S. dropped 59% in value over the previous year.
Sales in Britain dropped 33% in value during the same period.
The UK, a major market, now imports more wine from Australia than from France.
Chilean red wine is also extremely popular now.
Probably there is no single reason for these changes.
Bordeaux wines are almost always blends from two or more types of vine.
Many New World wines are single vine strains such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Syrah (Shiraz), and the white wine grapes Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc.
Bottles labelled by type of grape (and so by taste) has caught on with the public.
Also, the cheaper French wines are much more expensive when exported.
All wines and spirits into countries like the UK are heavily taxed.
A cheap French (or Spanish or Italian) wine which might sell in at home fore under £1, will sell for £4 or more in the UK.
Customers have evidently decided that wine from elsewhere is a better deal.
The situation is quite different for sophisticated Bordeaux wines.
The Waitrose wine list for 2015/16 lists 11 red Bordeaux wines which sell for over £100 a bottle, and the top prices are:
Château Lafite Rothschild 2007 Pauillac Premier Cru Classé: £750 per bottle
Château Mouton Rothschild 2009 Pauillac Premier Grand Cru Classé: £900 per bottle.
The infinite monkey theorem says that a monkey randomly hitting keys on a typewriter will eventually type out one of William Shakespeare's works.
When people talk about the infinite monkey theorem, the "monkey" is not always a real monkey.
Instead, it is an example of a device that produces random letters.
However, the chances of a monkey actually typing a text, like Shakespeare's Hamlet, are very small.
Simplified Proof
For example, let it be that Shakespeare wrote "Wikipedia is the best website in the world".
If the monkey does not have extra characters like numbers (example: 4, 2) and symbols (example: #, ~) then the monkey will only have 53 things on is keyboard to press.
Those are: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, and the spacebar.
Since there are only 53 buttons the monkey is allowed to press, eventually, he will hit the "W" button.
This is because the monkey has infinite time to press the buttons and has a 1 in 53 chance of pressing the W button.
Then, he will probably hit another button and not type the sentence "Wikipedia is the best website in the world".
But, the monkey has infinite time.
That means, in total, he will press the "W" button infinity times.
After every time the monkey presses the "W" button, he has a 1 in 53 chance of pressing the "i" button.
But, since the "W" button will be pressed infinite times, the word "Wi" will appear infinite times too.
This is because the chance of "i" following "W" is equal to the chance of "W" which is 1/53 multiplied by the chance of "i" following it which is 1/53.
That is 1/2809.
That is really small, but since "W" and "i" appear an infinite amount of times in the monkey's words it becomes certain.
Meaning there is a 100% chance that eventually, the word "Wi" will appear.
However, since "W" and "i" both will be presses by the monkey an infinite amount of time, "Wi" will actually appear an infinite amount of times too.
This goes on and on.
Eventually, after even longer time, there will be the word "Wik" because "Wi" appears infinite times and "k" has a 1 in 53 chance of following it.
Now, since "Wik" appears infinite times, we know that "Wiki" will eventually appear too.
Not only that, we know "Wiki" will appear an infinite amount of times.
Following this logic, we will see "Wikip" and "Wikipe" and "Wikiped" and "Wikipedi" all the way until we will see "Wikipedia is the best website in the world".
Not only that, but we will see it infinite times.
Since the sentence "Wikipedia is the best website in the world" was just any sentence, by using the proof above, one can know anything appears an infinite amount of times.
Therefore, we know that all of Shakespeare's things will appear.
Even the things he threw away, even the thoughts he had at night, and even Hamlet.
The Million Monkey Room , an essay by D.R. Belz from The Baltimore Examiner
RFC 2795 - The Infinite Monkey Protocol Suite (IMPS)
Ascomycota is a phylum of fungi (kingdom Fungi).
Members are commonly known as the sac fungi.
They have a sac, the ascus, which contains four to eight ascospores in the sexual stage.
The structure defines the group and distinguishes it from other fungi.
The ascus is a tube-shaped sac, which contains the sexual spores produced by meiosis and which are called ascospores.
A random variable is used in mathematics to study probability theory.
It was developed to model the chance of events happening in all kinds of real-life scenarios.
Take two measurable spaces, and name them  and .
A measurable space is any pair of sets, called  and , that follow these rules:
is not empty;
The elements of  are subsets of ;
and the empty set are both elements of ;
is closed under complements and countable unions.
A random variable, named , is a measurable function from  to .
This is written .
A random variable is typically represented by capital roman letters such as , ,  and , and can be either discrete (taking on a countable set of values) or continuous (taking on an interval of values).
The set  is called the sample space.
The set  is called the event space.
Use in Probability
Take a probability measure  on .
Take a set  in .
Then  is defined to mean .
Examples with Dice
When you roll a dice, 6 events can happen.
These events are the different numbers that can show on the dice: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
Dicing Fruit
Here is an example of a random variable.
You roll a fair dice once.
If the number on the dice is odd, you eat an apple, and if the number is even, you eat an orange.
The random variable is the type of fruit that you will eat.
Before you roll the dice, you don't know if you will eat an apple or an orange.
We can also write this with mathematics:
Take .
Take  to be the power set of .
Our random variable follows the even/odd rule from above:
Here  represents the number on the dice after you roll it.
We said the dice is fair.
In mathematics, this means  for  and .
The event that you eat an apple is a set in the event space.
The probability that you eat an apple is the probability measure of this set.
Dicing Fruit Unfairly
Here is another example.
Sometimes a dice is unbalanced.
This means that it rolls some numbers more often than others.
We can do the same experiment as above, but with an unbalanced dice.
For example, let's say that we use a dice that has been changed in one way: it never rolls the number 5.
Then you are less likely to eat an apple, because 5 is an odd number.
The random variable is exactly the same as before:
This is because end possibilities have not changed.
After the dice is rolled, you will eat an apple or an orange.
You don't know which.
What has changed is the probability that you eat an apple or an orange.
In mathematics, this means
The event that you eat an apple is the same set as for the fair dice.
But this event is now less likely to happen, because the dice cannot roll a 5.
In other words, the probability that you eat an apple is different than for the fair dice.
Probability spaces
The examples show that a random variable doesn't automatically give probabilities.
If we choose  differently, one random variable can give different probabilities.
For this reason, mathematicians often define a random variable on a probability space.
The mathematical notation for this is .
This fixes the probability measure.
Then there is no confusion about the probabilities of events.
Klenke, Achim, Probability Theory: A Comprehensive Course : Springer (2013)
María Trinidad Sánchez is a province of the Dominican Republic.
It is in the northeastern part of the country, along the Atlantic coast.
Its capital city is Nagua.
It was created on 1958.
It was a municipality of the Samaná province before being elevated to the category of province.
María Trinidad Sánchez was an aunt of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, one of the founders of the country.
She helped the Dominican soldiers during the first days of the independence from Haiti.
She was killed on 27 February 1845 by orders of the first Dominican president, Pedro Santana.
The territory of the province was part of the Duarte province and then it was made a municipality of the Samaná province.
In 1958, it was made a province with the name Julia Molina, after the mother of the dictator Rafael Trujillo, with the municipalities of Julia Molina and Cabrera and the municipal district, later a municipality, of Río San Juan.
In 1961, after Trujillo's death, the province was given the present name and the capital was named Nagua.
María Trinidad Sánchez is in the northeast of the country.
The province has the Samaná province to the southeast, the Duarte province to the south and west and the Espaillat province to the northwest.
The Atlantic Ocean is to the north and east of the province.
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the María Trinidad Sánchez province, and 74,019 () living in towns and cities.
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 20th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
The María Trinidad Sánchez province has a total area of .
It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 20th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The Cordillera Septentrional (in English, "Northern mountain range") is in the southern part of the province, going from the northwest to the southeast.
The mountains here are not very high, and the mountain range ends in the southeastern part of the province, in a large swamp called Gran Estero close to the Samaná province.
The protected areas in the province are the Natural Scientific Reserve Loma Guaconejo (Reserva Científica Natural Loma Guaconejo), the National Park Cabo Francés Viejo and the National Park Gran Laguna.
There are 4 municipalities and 6 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.
The main economic activities in the province are farming and fishing.
In some partes of the province, mainly in the northern parte (Río San Juan and Cabrera), tourism is an important activity because there are many beautiful beaches.
Monseñor Nouel is a province of the Dominican Republic.
Its capital city is Bonao.
The province was created in 1982.
It was a municipality of the La Vega province before being elevated to the category of province.
The valley where is the province was named by the Spanish conquistadors as Sabana de Bonao ("Bonao Savanna"; Bonao was the Taíno name of the region.
Later, the city was abandoned and was founded again during the Haitian occupation with the name of "Paraje del Yuna".
In 1859, it became a military post in the municipality of La Vega.
In 1936, it became a municipality of La Vega province under the name of Monseñor Nouel.
The province was created in 1982 with the municipality of Monseñor Nouel and the municipal districts of Piedra Blanca and Maimón.
In 2005, the name of the municipality of Monseñor Nouel was changed to Bonao even if the name had been changed since 1960.
In 1982, Maimón became a municipality and in 1991 Piedra Blanca became the third municipality of the province.
Villa Sonador became a municipal district in 1999, Sabana del Puerto in 2000, Juan Adrián in 2001, Juma Bejucal in 2004, and Arroyo Toro-Masipedro and Jayaco in 2006.
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Monseñor Nouel province, and 112,305 () living in towns and cities.
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 17th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
The Monseñor Nouel province has a total area of .
It has   of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 24th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The altitude of Bonao, provincial capital, is  above sea level.
The province is mainly in a valley surrounded by mountains: the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range" by the north, west and south, and by the Sierra de Yamasá ("Yamasá mountain range"), a branch of the Cordillera Central, by the east.
It is a province with an important production of rice.
Cattle raising is also important, mainly for milk.
1982 establishments in North America
Monte Cristi is a province in the north-west of the Dominican Republic.
The capital city is San Fernando de Monte Cristi (usually simply Monte Cristi).
When Christopher Columbus visited for the first time the northern coast of the Hispaniola island, he saw on 4 January 1493 a mountain with the shape of a dromedary and named it as Monte Cristo or Monte Christi ("Mountain of Christ") to this mountain now known as El Morro, close to the city of San Fernando de Monte Cristi.
Nicolás de Ovando founded a small fishing hamlet in the place where is now Monte Cristi.
In 1533, Juan de Bolaños brought a group of 60 families from the Canary Islands to live in the place.
In 1545, other 30 families to live here.
The town was destroyed in 1606 by order of the Spanish Crown and the inhabitants were moved, together with the inhabitants of Puerto Plata inhabitants, away from the northern coast to form the new town of Monte Plata.
In 1751, Monte Cristi was founded again by order of Ferdinand VI, king of Spain.
Monte Cristi was made as a Maritime District (a special administrative category similar to a province and that has been abandoned) in 1879.
The 1907 Dominican Constitution changed its status to province.
It was part of the Santiago province before being elevated to the category of province.
Guayubín is a municipality since 1855, Villa Vásquez since 1938, Pepillo Salcedo since 1949, Castañuelas since 1974 and Las Matas de Santa Cruz since 1985.
Villa Elisa and Hatillo Palma became municipal districts in 1997, Cana Chapetón in 1999 and Palo Verde in 2002.
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Monte Cristi province, and 58,224 () living in towns and cities.
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 21st (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
The Monte Cristi province has a total area of .
It has   of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 9th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The altitude of San Fernando de Monte Cristi, provincial capital, is  above sea level.
The Monte Cristi province is in the northwestern part of the Cibao Valley; this part is also called the Yaque del Norte Valley or Línea Noroeste and is very dry because it does not rain much here.
The most important river in the province is the Yaque del Norte, the longest river of the Dominican Republic.
Other rivers are Guayubín and Maguaca, tributaries of the Yaque del Norte.
The Cordillera Septentrional ("Northern mountain range") runs along the northern coast of the province; there are not high mountains, only low hills.
At the western end of this mountain range is the "El Morro" mountain, forming a headland or a small peninsula.
The main economic activity in the province is farming and banana and rice are grown here.
Fishing and salt production is also important in the capital city of San Fernando de Monte Cristi.
1879 establishments in North America
Monte Plata is a province of the Dominican Republic; its capital city has the same name, Monte Plata.
It was split from San Cristóbal in 1982.
The province was given the name of the capital city, Monte Plata.
In colonial times, people from Monte Cristi and Puerto Plata came to live to this region by orders of the Spanish king and gave to the town a new name that comes from the two original towns, Monte Plata.
After the Dominican independence from Haiti in 1844, this region was part of the old Santo Domingo Province.
During the Restoration War against Spain (1861 - 1865), there were several important battles in the region.
In 1932, the region was made part of the new San Cristóbal province and then it was made a province with the name of Monte Plata but soon the name was changed to Monseñor Meriño after the Archbishop Fernando Arturo de Meriño, who was President of the Dominican Republic in 1880-1882.
Then, in 1944, the province was made part of the San Cristóbal province again until 1982 when the new Monte Plata province was created with the municipalities of Monte Plata, Sabana Grande de Boyá, Yamasá and Bayaguana.
In 2004, Peralvillo became a municipality.
The Monte Plata province is in the centre of the country.
To the north, it has the Sánchez Ramírez, Duarte and Samaná provinces; to the east, the Hato Mayor and San Pedro de Macorís; to the south, the Santo Domingo province; and to the west, the San Cristóbal and Monseñor Nouel provinces.
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Monte Plata province, and 91,838 () living in towns and cities.
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 15th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
The largest city of the province is Bayaguana, with an urban population (in ) of 20,303 inhabitants.
The capital of the province, Monte Plata, has an urban population of 16,115 inhabitants.
The Monte Plata province has a total area of .
It has   of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 5th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The altitude of Monte Plata, provincial capital, is  above sea level.
The Sierra de Yamasá is found to the east and north of the province.
Los Haitises is a karstic region found in the northwestern part of the province; most of it is now a national park.
The river Ozama is the most important river in the province.
Other rivers are Yabacao, Yamasá, Comate, Mijo and Guanuma, all tributaries of the Ozama.
The most important economic activity of the province is farming.
Some important crops are sugar cane, cacao and fruits like orange.
Luís Pereira (born 21 June, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="5"|Palmeiras||rowspan="5"|Série A||25||4
|1973||37||1
|1975-76||rowspan="5"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="5"|La Liga||21||3
|1977-78||30||2
|1978-79||31||2
|1979-80||29||3
|1980||Flamengo||Série A||0||0
|1981||rowspan="5"|Palmeiras||Série A||16||0
|1983||rowspan="3"|Série A||19||1
|1984||14||2
|1985||19||1
|1985||Portuguesa Desportos||Série A||0||0
|1986||Santo André||Série A||0||0
|1986||rowspan="2"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="2"|Série A||24||0
|1973||7||0
|1974||14||0
Marinho Peres (born 19 March, 1947) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="2"|São Paulo||rowspan="2"|Série A||12||1
|1972||rowspan="3"|Santos||rowspan="3"|Série A||1||0
|1973||15||1
|1974-75||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||17||3
|1975-76||3||0
|1976||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||22||0
|1977||rowspan="3"|Palmeiras||rowspan="3"|Série A||13||0
|1980||Galícia||||0||0
|1980||rowspan="2"|América||Série A||0||0
|1974||10||1
José Maria Rodrigues Alves (born 18 May, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="13"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="8"|Série A||11||0
|1972||25||0
|1975||26||1
|1976||22||0
|1977||19||1
|1980||rowspan="4"|Série A||15||0
|1973||9||0
Wilson da Silva Piazza (born 25 February, 1943) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="9"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="9"|Série A||21||0
|1972||26||1
|1973||39||0
|1974||6||0
|1975||28||0
Marinho Chagas (8 February, 1952 - 1 June 2014) was a former Brazilian football player.
|1972||rowspan="5"|Botafogo||rowspan="5"|Série A||28||3
|1973||32||6
|1975||13||1
|1977||rowspan="2"|Fluminense||rowspan="2"|Série A||11||6
|1978||17||4
|1979||New York Cosmos||NASL||24||8
|1980||Fort Lauderdale Strikers||NASL||19||3
|1981||rowspan="3"|São Paulo||rowspan="3"|Série A||15||0
|1974||15||2
Jairzinho (born 25 December, 1944) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="4"|Botafogo||rowspan="4"|Série A||10||5
|1972||19||9
|1973||13||5
|1974-75||Olympique Marseille||Division 1||18||9
|1975||rowspan="3"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="3"|Série A||0||0
|1977-78||Portuguesa||Primera División||0||0
|1978||Noroeste||Série A||0||0
|1979||Nacional Fast||Série A||2||0
|1980||Jorge Wilstermann||Liga de Fútbol Profesional||0||0
|1981||Botafogo||Série A||0||0
|1982||9 Octubre||Serie A||0||0
|1964||1||1
|1966||10||0
|1968||13||7
|1969||9||5
|1970||14||11
|1972||5||3
|1973||6||2
|1974||16||4
Total||81||33
Leivinha (born 11 September, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="5"|Palmeiras||rowspan="5"|Série A||21||4
|1972||27||15
|1973||38||20
|1975||2||1
|1975-76||rowspan="4"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="4"|La Liga||31||18
|1976-77||15||8
|1977-78||19||7
|1978-79||18||7
|1979||São Paulo||||0||0
|1972||4||2
|1973||5||3
|1974||12||2
César Augusto da Silva Lemos (born 17 May, 1945) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="4"|Palmeiras||rowspan="4"|Série A||19||9
|1973||23||9
|1974||3||2
|1975||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||12||2
|1976||Santos||||0||0
|1977||Fluminense||Série A||3||0
|1978||Botafogo||Série A||10||2
Paulo César Lima (born 16 June, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||Botafogo||Série A||6||1
|1972||rowspan="3"|Flamengo||rowspan="3"|Série A||23||4
|1973||17||2
|1974-75||Olympique Marseille||Division 1||31||16
|1975||rowspan="3"|Fluminense||rowspan="3"|Série A||22||9
|1977||rowspan="2"|Botafogo||rowspan="2"|Série A||17||4
|1979||Grêmio||Série A||5||1
|1980||Vasco da Gama||Série A||0||0
|1981||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||0||0
|1982-83||Aixoise||Championnat National||21||3
|1983||Grêmio||Série A||0||0
|1977||10||0
Renato Cunha Valle (born 5 December 1944) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||27||0
|1972||rowspan="4"|Flamengo||rowspan="4"|Série A||26||0
|1973||20||0
|1976||rowspan="3"|Fluminense||rowspan="3"|Série A||22||0
|1973||2||0
Valdomiro Vaz Franco (born 17 February, 1946) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="10"|Internacional||rowspan="10"|Série A||24||5
|1972||28||13
|1973||40||6
|1974||9||4
|1975||28||4
|1976||22||10
|1977||13||6
|1978||25||9
|1979||8||2
|1980||rowspan="2"|Los Millonarios||rowspan="2"|Professional Football||||
|1982||Internacional||Série A||12||1
|1973||8||2
|1974||7||1
Alfredo Mostarda Filho (born 18 October, 1946) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1972||rowspan="4"|Palmeiras||rowspan="4"|Série A||29||0
|1973||35||0
|1975||24||1
|1976||Coritiba||Série A||0||0
|1977||Santos||Série A||9||0
|1978||rowspan="3"|Palmeiras||rowspan="3"|Série A||24||1
Marco Antônio (born 6 February, 1951) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="6"|Fluminense||rowspan="6"|Série A||17||1
|1974||27||5
|1976||rowspan="5"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="5"|Série A||17||1
|1977||15||0
|1978||26||1
|1981||rowspan="2"|Bangu||rowspan="2"|Série A||14||1
|1983||rowspan="2"|Botafogo||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
|1976||8||0
Paulo César Carpegiani (born 7 February, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="6"|Internacional||rowspan="6"|Série A||1||0
|1972||29||4
|1973||40||2
|1974||5||1
|1975||26||7
|1977||rowspan="5"|Flamengo||rowspan="5"|Série A||12||0
|1980||17||0
Ademir da Guia (born 3 April 1942) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="7"|Palmeiras||rowspan="7"|Série A||24||4
|1972||26||4
|1973||40||4
|1975||24||4
Sebastião Miranda da Silva Filho (born 26 February, 1952) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="3"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="3"|Série A||25||11
|1972||21||3
|1973||30||20
|1974||rowspan="5"|São Paulo||rowspan="5"|Série A||7||5
|1978||11||4
|1978||rowspan="2"|Tampa Bay Rowdies||rowspan="2"|NASL||14||1
|1979||6||2
|1979||Memphis Rogues||NASL||12||5
Jonas Eduardo Américo (born 6 August, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="6"|Santos||rowspan="6"|Série A||24||4
|1972||27||8
|1973||33||7
|1975||6||1
|1976||12||4
|1976||Colorado||||0||0
|1977||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||0||0
|1977||Internacional||Série A||9||2
Total||41||8
Félix Miéli Venerando (born 24 December, 1937) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="7"|Fluminense||rowspan="7"|Série A||15||0
|1972||22||0
|1974||10||0
Hércules Brito Ruas (born 9 August, 1939) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="3"|Botafogo||rowspan="3"|Série A||16||0
|1972||20||6
|1973||27||5
63||11
|1966||20||0
Total||45||1
Clodoaldo (born 26 September, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player.
Considered as one of the best defensive midfielders of all time.
|1966||rowspan="9"|Santos||rowspan="8"|Série A||
|1972||15||1
|1973||29||0
|1975||15||1
|1970||14||1
|1971||4||0
Gérson (born 11 January 1941) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||São Paulo||Série A||14||1
|1972||rowspan="3"|Fluminense||rowspan="3"|Série A||11||0
|1973||4||0
|1961||||
|1962||||
|1963||||
|1969||9||1
|1970||11||2
Total||70||14
Tostão (born 25 January 1947) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||Cruzeiro||Série A||22||8
|1972||rowspan="2"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="2"|Série A||24||3
|1968||15||8
|1969||9||12
|1971||6||2
|1972||5||1
Total||54||32
Eduardo Roberto Stinghen (born July 4, 1946 in Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso), better known as Ado, is a former Brazilian footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
Roberto Miranda (born 31 July, 1944) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="2"|Botafogo||rowspan="2"|Série A||25||9
|1972||Flamengo||Série A||0||0
|1973||rowspan="4"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="4"|Série A||29||11
|1974||17||4
|1975||11||2
|1976||América||Série A||0||0
José Guilherme Baldocchi (born 14 March 1946), better known as Baldocchi, is a former Brazilian footballer who played as a central defender.
José de Anchieta Fontana (born 31 December, 1940) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="2"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="2"|Série A||10||0
|1972||24||0
Everaldo (11 September 1944 – 28 October 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.
He has played for Juventude, Grêmio and Brazil national team.
He is regarded as one of the best left-backs of all time.
|1971||rowspan="4"|Grêmio||rowspan="4"|Série A||25||10
|1972||18||3
|1973||18||3
|1974||24||4
|1969||7||0
|1970||10||2
Joel Camargo (18 September, 1946 – 23 May 2014) was a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||Santos||Série A||0||0
|1971-72||Paris Saint-Germain||Division 1||2||0
|1973||Clube Regatas Brasil||Série A||5||0
Dadá Maravilha (born 4 March, 1943) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="2"|Atlético Mineiro||rowspan="2"|Série A||27||15
|1972||28||17
|1973||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||22||6
|1974||9||2
|1974||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||0||0
|1975||Sport Recife||Série A||26||12
|1976||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||21||16
|1977||rowspan="2"|Ponte Preta||rowspan="2"|Série A||11||6
|1978||21||11
|1978||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||0||0
|1980||Náutico Capibaribe||Série A||3||0
|1981||Santa Cruz||Série A||13||7
|1981||rowspan="2"|Bahia||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
|1982||14||8
|1983||Goiás||Série A||20||4
|1983||rowspan="2"|Coritiba||Série B||0||0
|1984||Série A||0||0
|1984||Atlético Rio Negro||Série B||0||0
|1985||Nacional||Série A||21||8
|1985||XV Novembro-Piracicaba||||0||0
Gylmar dos Santos Neves (22 August 1930 – 25 August 2013) was a Brazilian football player.
He has played for the Brazil national football team.
|1953||1||0
|1956||16||0
|1957||9||0
|1958||9||0
|1960||10||0
|1961||5||0
|1962||11||0
|1963||11||0
Total||94||0
Djalma Santos (27 February 1929 – 23 July 2013) was a Brazilian footballer.
|1954||7||1
|1956||19||1
|1959||7||0
|1960||10||1
|1966||4||0
Total||98||3
José Maria Fidélis dos Santos (born 13 March, 1944) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="4"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="4"|Série A||13||0
|1972||15||0
|1974||28||0
|1975||América||Série A||0||0
|1976||rowspan="2"|ABC||rowspan="2"|Série A||12||0
|1977||17||0
Hilderaldo Bellini (7 June 1930 – 20 March 2014) was a Brazilian football player.
|1958||8||0
|1961||2||0
|1965||8||0
|1966||6||0
Altair Gomes de Figueiredo (22 January 1938 – 9 August 2019) was a Brazilian football player.
He played for Fluminense and Brazil national team.
Orlando Peçanha de Carvalho (20 September, 1935 – 10 February,  2010) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1961||rowspan="5"|Boca Juniors||rowspan="5"|Primera División||26||0
|1962||28||0
|1963||20||0
|1964||30||0
Total||30||0
Paulo Henrique Souza de Oliveira (born 5 January, 1943) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||Botafogo||Série A||0||0
|1971||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||15||0
|1973||Avaí||||0||0
Rildo da Costa Menezes (23 January 1942 – 16 May 2021) was a Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="2"|Santos||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||0
|1972||ABC||Série A||15||0
|1973||rowspan="2"|Central Brasileira||rowspan="2"|Série A||27||1
|1974||18||1
Aílton Corrêa Arruda (born 26 April, 1937) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1974||rowspan="3"|Internacional||rowspan="3"|Série A||2||0
|1975||30||0
|1976||20||0
|1977||Operário||Série A||12||0
|1978||Coritiba||Série A||24||0
|1979||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||0
Denílson Custódio Machado (born 28 March, 1943) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="3"|Fluminense||rowspan="3"|Série A||16||0
|1975||Vitória||Série A||14||0
Antônio Lima dos Santos (born 18 January, 1942) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="3"|Santos||rowspan="3"|Série A||7||1
|1974||Fluminense||Série A||3||0
|1975||rowspan="2"|Portuguesa Desportos||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
Zito (18 August 1932 – 14 June 2015) was a former Brazilian football player.
Alcindo Martha de Freitas (born 31 March, 1945) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="3"|Santos||rowspan="3"|Série A||8||2
|1972||14||3
|1973-74||rowspan="2"|Jalisco Guadalajara||rowspan="2"|Primera División||0||0
|1975-76||América||Primera División||38||24
|1976||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
|1978||Francana||||0||0
Wálter Machado da Silva (2 January 1940 – 29 September 2020) was a Brazilian football player.
|1969||Racing Club||Primera División||28||18
|1971||rowspan="3"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="3"|Série A||0||0
|1972||23||0
Adhemir de Barros (born 21 March, 1942) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1971||rowspan="3"|São Paulo||rowspan="3"|Série A||19||0
|1973||Tiradentes||Série A||18||2
|1974||Operário||Série A||10||1
|1975||rowspan="2"|Colorado||||0||0
|1976||Londrina||Série A||10||1
|1977||Francana||||0||0
|1978||São Bento||||0||0
The Cyrillic letter lyeh (Љ, љ) is a combination of Л and Ь and is used in Serbian and Macedonian.
It is used to denote the palatal lateral approximant , a sound similar (but not equal) to the palatalized alveolar lateral  represented by the digraph Ль.
It was created by Vuk Karadžić and is same to the Latin digraph  in Serbian language and Croatian language.
It is romanized using the letter L with caron (Ľ ľ).
A countdown is a series of numbers getting lower in value towards zero.
Usually something will happen when the counter finishes.
A Higher is a level of study in the Scottish educational system.
It is studied by students in their last two years at secondary school aged fifteen to seventeen and is slightly harder than the English GCSE.
Education in Scotland
San Cristóbal is a province of the Dominican Republic.