the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
New York University alumni
A coat of arms is a unique design painted on a shield.
These designs may be inherited, meaning that they pass from a father to his children.
In the Middle Ages, these designs were shown on real shields, but today they are usually only drawn or painted on the paper that makes them legal which is called a grant of arms.
The grant of arms is usually allowed only when it is given by the government of a country or its agent.
In England, this is called the College of Arms and in Scotland is called the Lord Lyon.
Coats of arms are normally issued for real people but nowadays lots of countries and businesses also have coats of arms.
Each symbol on the coat of arms will represent something that has an important meaning to that person, country or company.
Heraldry in the SCA
Modar's Heraldry
A spear is a weapon used in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
It is meant  to primarily stab.
Some spears can also slash.
Some kinds of light weight spears were also meant to be thrown.
A lance is a special spear used from horseback.
Knights often used it during medieval times.
A pike is a very big spear for infantry to fight horsemen.
Hats are different in different parts of the world.
Some hats are worn by women, other hats by men, others by both; infants and children may also wear hats, and some hats are not worn by anyone at all.
These hats are just used for decoration.
People who make hats for men are called hatters, and those who make hats for women are called milliners.
The kinds of hats (or caps, which are like hats) worn by different groups within various societies in different countries are very numerous.
Some types of hats or caps are worn as a sign of social roles.
For example, bishops wear mitres and some lawyers wear wigs.
In these cases the special headware is only worn on specific occasions.
Monarchs wear crowns on special occasions.
All kinds of clothing send social messages as to what the person is.
For years workmen in Britain wore caps, but foremen (supervisors) wore bowler hats.
So, in traditional societies it was expected of a person that he or she would dress appropriately.
Other people would know from their clothes what kind of person was on view.
That aspect of hats and clothing in general is much less true today.
baseball cap, for baseball players and many others
beaver hat, made of beaver skin
beret, for fishermen or peasants in parts of western Europe
bowler hat, for men practising some traditionally middle class occupations
coonskin cap, for some hunters or trappers
cowboy hat, for cowhands
fedora, a felt hat of a particular shape
fez, similar to a tarboush, found in many Islamic countries
helmet, either for those serving in the armed forces or for sportsman (e.g. motorcyclists)
mitre, for formal use by bishops
riding helmet, a helmet for horse riders
sombrero, for the Latin American peasant
ten-gallon hat, a type of cowboy hat
top hat, for the smart men of the world
headgear
Postage stamps are pieces of paper which signal that payment has been made for the item to be mailed.
These days they have adhesive on the back.
They are put on the top right-hand corner of an envelope.
They pay the fee for having the postal service take the envelope to where it is being sent.
The idea was British, and the first postage stamps were issued in Britain in the mid-nineteenth century.
On 1 May 1840, the Penny Black, the first adhesive postage stamp, was issued in the United Kingdom.
There are a lot of different postage stamps in the world.
Most countries have their own stamps.
People used to collect them in books called stamp albums.
Sometimes, the stamps all have errors in the printing like in the "Inverted Jenny" picture with the aeroplane printed upside down.
People on stamps
People on stamps is one more common topic in stamp collecting.
For instance, many famous people are featured on stamps in the United States.
Maps on stamps
Maps on stamps is a common topic on stamp collecting.
Almost every country has featured maps on stamps.
There are also topic maps including demographic and cross topic ones (showing explorer routes over maps).
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a country in Europe.
It split off from Austria-Hungary in 1918 and split apart in 1993.
In mid-1938 Nazi Germany took over Czechoslovakia and split off Slovakia.
Sudetenland was annexed by Germany, other parts of Czechia became its protectorate named Bohemia and Moravia.
After World War II the USSR liberated these lands and kept Zakarpattia because of the Ukrainian (Rusyn) majority in that region.
By 1948 pro-Soviet communists got the power finally and declared the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
It was a member of Warsaw Treaty Organization and COMECON , one of the richest countries of the Eastern Bloc.
In thePrague Spring of the late 1960s, Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubcek pursued his own policy of a ‘socialism with a human face’.
In 1968 Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia to restore the old system.
In 1989 Czechoslovakia peacefully changed its political system in the Velvet Revolution.
On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
The countries separated in peace.
Official names
1918–1920: Republic of Czechoslovakia (abbreviated RČS)/Czecho-Slovak State, or Czecho-Slovakia/Czechoslovakia
1920–1938: Czechoslovak Republic (ČSR), or Czechoslovakia
1938–1939: Czecho-Slovak Republic, or Czecho-Slovakia
1945–1960: Czechoslovak Republic (ČSR), or Czechoslovakia
1960–1990: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (ČSSR), or Czechoslovakia
April 1990: Czechoslovak Federative Republic (Czech version) and Czecho-Slovak Federative Republic (Slovak version)
The country subsequently became the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, ČSFR, or Československo (Czech version) and Česko-Slovensko (Slovak version).
1990s disestablishments in Europe
The power of the Teutonic Knights is broken at the Battle of Grunwald by Polish and Lithuanian armies.
Under Henry V of England, England invades France and wins the Battle of Agincourt.
The Council of Constance happens.
Joan of Arc, French soldier and saint
Jami, Persian poet
Pope Alexander V
King Albert of Sweden
Dawit I of Ethiopia
Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury
Jan Hus, religious reformer
Hearst was a media tycoon.
He started a newspaper empire, which is now the Hearst Corporation.
He became known for publishing sensationalist stories, which were often false or only very loosely based on the truth.
The film Citizen Kane by Orson Welles is based upon the story of Hearst's life.
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Joseph Pulitzer (April 10, 1847 – October 29, 1911) was an American publisher of Jewish descent.
He is best known for the Pulitzer Prizes, which were started after his death by his will.
Early days: The Post-Dispatch
Joseph Pulitzer was born in Makó, in present-day Hungary.
Originally, he wanted to do a military career, but was turned down by the Austrian army.
They said his health was bad and that he did not see very well.
He went to live in the United States in 1864 to serve the Union in the American Civil War.
After the war he settled in St. Louis, Missouri.
In 1868 he began working there for a German-language daily newspaper, the Westliche Post.
He joined the Republican Party and was elected to the Missouri State Assembly in 1869.
In 1872, Pulitzer bought the Post for $3,000.
Then, in 1878, he bought the St. Louis Dispatch for $2,700 and merged the two papers, which became the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, which remains St. Louis' daily newspaper.
It was at the Post-Dispatch that Pulitzer developed his role as a champion of the common man with exposés and a hard-hitting populist approach.
The New York World
By 1883, Pulitzer had made a lot of money.
In that year, he bought the New York World.
That newspaper had been losing $40,000 a year.
He paid $346,000 to Jay Gould, the owner.
Pulitzer changed its focus to human-interest stories, scandal, and sensationalism.
In 1885, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, but resigned after a few months' service.
He did not like politics.
In 1887, he recruited the famous investigative journalist Nellie Bly.
In 1895 the World introduced the popular Yellow Kid comic by Richard F. Outcault.
This was the first newspaper comic printed with color.
Under Pulitzer's leadership, circulation grew from 15,000 to 600,000, making The New York World the largest newspaper in the nation.
The editor of the rival New York Sun attacked Pulitzer in print.
He called him "The Jew who gave up his religion".
This was in 1890.
This was intended to turn away Pulitzer's Jewish readership.
Pulitzer's already failing health deteriorated rapidly, and he left the newsroom.
He continued to actively manage the paper from his vacation retreat in Bar Harbor, Maine and his New York mansion.
In 1895, William Randolph Hearst purchased the rival New York Journal, which led to a circulation war.
This competition with Hearst, particularly the coverage before and during the Spanish-American War, linked Pulitzer's name with yellow journalism.
After the World exposed a fraudulent payment of $40 million by the United States to the French Panama Canal Company in 1909, Pulitzer was indicted for libeling Theodore Roosevelt and J. P. Morgan.
The courts dismissed the indictments, in a victory for freedom of the press.
Tries to set up a school for journalism
In 1892, Pulitzer offered Columbia University's president, Seth Low, money to set up the world's first school of journalism.
The university initially turned down the money, evidently unimpressed by Pulitzer's unscrupulous character.
In 1902, Columbia's new president Nicholas Murray Butler was more receptive to the plan for a school and prizes, but it would not be until after Pulitzer's death that this dream would be fulfilled.
Pulitzer left the university $2 million in his will, which led to the creation in 1912 of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, but by then the first school of journalism had been created at the University of Missouri.
Columbia's Graduate School of Journalism remains one of the most prestigious in the world.
Joseph Pulitzer died aboard his yacht in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina in 1911.
He is interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York.
In 1917, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded, in accordance with Pulitzer's wishes.
Brian, Denis.
Pulitzer: A Life (2001)
A well-researched paper on Pulitzer's life and journalism
A well-written detailed biography
St. Louis Walk of Fame
Hungarian Jews
Jewish American politicians
Military personnel of the American Civil War
Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor, reformer and politician.
His New York Tribune was the most influential newspaper of the period 1840 - 1870.
Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties.
He is best known for his socially colored journalism.
He wanted to convince people of his ideas.
He thought that the role of a journalist must be to convince people with sound arguments.
He did not like the sensationalist approach of Joseph Pulitzer and others.
Greeley ran for President in 1872, but died before the election results came.
Whether or not if he died he would have lost to Ulysses S. Grant.
1811 births
writers from New York
The Arachnids are a class of eight-legged arthropods.
They are a highly successful group of mainly terrestrial invertebrates: spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, ticks, and mites, and a number of smaller groups.
Arachnids are defined as coming from the class of Arachnida.
The requirements for this class is to have two body regions; a cephalothorax and an abdomen; 4 pairs of legs; and 2 pairs of mouthpart appendages, the chelicerae and the pedipalps.
All adult arachnids have four pairs of legs, and arachnids may be easily distinguished from insects by this fact, since insects have three pairs of legs.
However, arachnids also have two further pairs of appendages that have become adapted for feeding, defense, and sensory perception.
The first pair, the chelicerae, serve in feeding and defense.
The next pair of appendages, the pedipalps have been adapted for feeding, locomotion, and/or reproductive functions.
Like all arthropods, arachnids have an exoskeleton.
They also have an internal structure of cartilage-like tissue, to which certain muscle groups are attached.
Arachnids have no antennae or wings.
Their body is organized into two parts: the cephalothorax, and the abdomen.
There are some adaptations for life on land.
They have internal respiratory surfaces.
These may be trachea (tubes), or a modification of gills into a 'book lung'.
This is an internal series of lamellae used for gas exchange with the air.
Diet and Digestive System
Arachnids are mostly carnivorous, feeding on the pre-digested bodies of insects and other small animals.
Only the harvestmen and some mites eat solid food particles.
Predigestion avoids exposure to internal parasites.
Several groups secrete venom from specialized glands to kill prey or enemies.
Several mites are external parasites, and some of them are carriers of disease (vectors).
Arachnids pour digestive juices produced in their stomachs over their prey after killing it with their pedipalps and chelicerae.
The digestive juices  rapidly turn the prey into a broth of nutrients which the arachnid sucks into a pre-buccal cavity located immediately in front of the mouth.
Behind the mouth is a muscular, pharynx, which acts as a pump, sucking the food through the mouth and on into the oesophagus and stomach.
In some arachnids, the oesophagus also acts as an additional pump.
The word Arachnida comes from the Greek for 'spider'.
In legend, a girl called Arachne was turned into a spider by the goddess Athena.
Arachne said she'd win a weaving contest against the goddess.
Athena  won, but Arachne became angry, and started to weave an insult to the gods.
Then Athena turned her into a spider for her disrespect.
The subdivisions of the arachnids are usually treated as orders.
Historically, mites and ticks were treated as a single order, Acari.
However, molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the two groups do not form a single clade; morphological similarities are probably due to convergence.
They are now usually treated as two separate taxa – Acariformes, mites, and Parasitiformes, ticks – which may be ranked as orders or superorders.
The arachnid subdivisions are listed below alphabetically; numbers of species are approximate.
Acariformes – mites (32,000 species)
Amblypygi – "blunt rump" tail-less whip scorpions with front legs modified into whip-like sensory structures as long as 25 cm or more (153 species)
Araneae – spiders (40,000 species)
†Haptopoda – extinct arachnids apparently part of the Tetrapulmonata, the group including spiders and whip scorpions (1 species)
Opilioacariformes – harvestman-like mites (10 genera)
Opiliones – phalangids, harvestmen or daddy-long-legs (6,300 species)
Palpigradi – microwhip scorpions (80 species)
Parasitiformes – ticks (12,000 species)
†Phalangiotarbi – extinct arachnids of uncertain affinity (30 species)
Pseudoscorpionida – pseudoscorpions (3,000 species)
Ricinulei – ricinuleids, hooded tickspiders (60 species)
Schizomida – "split middle" whip scorpions with divided exoskeletons (220 species)
Scorpiones – scorpions (2,000 species)
Solifugae – solpugids, windscorpions, sun spiders or camel spiders (900 species)
Thelyphonida (also called Uropygi) – whip scorpions or vinegaroons, forelegs modified into sensory appendages and a long tail on abdomen tip (100 species)
†Trigonotarbida – extinct (late Silurian to early Permian)
†Uraraneida – extinct spider-like arachnids, but with a "tail" and no spinnerets (2 species)
Xiphosura – horseshoe crabs (4 living species)
Arthropods (Greek language for "joint-legged") are a large group of invertebrate animals.
Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, millipedes, and centipedes are all arthropods.
In the scientific classification, all arthropods are members of the phylum Arthropoda.
Arthropods have segmented body, an exoskeleton and legs with joints.
Most arthropods live on land, but some live in water.
Arthropods have by far the greatest number of species of any animal group.
Arthropods are a source of food for many animals, including humans.
Scientists know of more than 1 million species of arthropods.
80% of all known animal species are arthropods.
Many more species have not yet been described.
Most arthropod species are insects. "
Insects are the most diverse organisms in the history of life".
Most arthropods live on land.
The phylum Arthropoda is the only phylum of invertebrates that mostly live on land.
But crustaceans (crabs, shrimp and their relatives) mostly live in water.
Arthropods have a hard exoskeleton.
The exoskeleton reduces the loss of water (dessication).
This helps them to live on land without drying out.
Chelicerates include horseshoe crabs, spiders, mites, and scorpions.
Myriapods include millipedes and centipedes.
Crustaceans include lobsters, crabs, barnacles, crayfish and shrimp.
Most crustaceans live in water.
Hexapods include insects and a few other organisms.
Hexapods have six legs.
Trilobites are a group of extinct arthropods.
Trilobites all lived in oceans.
Trilobites disappeared in the Permian–Triassic extinction event, about 252 million years ago.
The trilobites are the second most famous type of fossils, after the dinosaurs.
The University of Alabama (UA) is a university in the U.S. state of Alabama.
The University of Alabama is in the city of Tuscaloosa.
People can usually just say Alabama or UA for short when they are talking about the University.
UA opened in 1831 and now about 35,000 students study there.
UA is one of the three largest universities in Alabama.
Auburn University and University of Alabama at Birmingham are the other two main schools in Alabama.
Students study many things at UA, such as liberal arts, science, engineering, communication, engineering, education, social work, nursing, human sciences (such as fashion design) and law.
People study to get bachelor's degrees, Master's degrees and doctorates at Alabama.
Also, graduates can get an Education Specialist degree.
Many people have heard about the University of Alabama because it has many good sports teams.
These sports teams are called the Crimson Tide.
The football team from UA has won the national football championship 12 times in the past 83 years and play at Bryant–Denny Stadium.
In 1963, Alabama Gov. George Wallace announced in his inaugural address, "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" as his policy.
He personally blocked the door to Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama to prevent the enrollment of two black students.
He moved aside only when confronted by General Henry Graham of the Alabama National Guard, who was ordered by President John F. Kennedy to intervene.
Colleges and universities in Alabama
1831 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Alabama
Buttercups are a large genus of flowering plants called Ranunculus.
It has yellow, shiny petals, and grows wild in many places.
It is poisonous to eat for humans and cattle, but when dry the poison is not active.
Types of buttercup
There are about 200 to 600 species in this one genus.
They mostly have yellow or sometimes white flowers.
Buttercups include a wide variety of flower types, grouped by a plant naming system in the genus Ranunculus.
Among them are the Meadow Buttercup (Ranunculus acris), Goldilocks Buttercup (R. auricomus), Creeping Buttercup (R. repens), Large White Buttercup (R. platanifolius), Celery-leaved Buttercup (R. sceleratus), Corn Buttercup (R. arvensis), Bulbous Buttercup (R. bulbosus) and Glacial Buttercup (R. glacialis).
Lesser Celandine (R. ficaria), Lesser Spearwort (R. flammula), and Greater Spearwort (R. lingua) also belong to the buttercup family.
Plants of the commonly named buttercup family grow in many different variations but most can be identified by their yellow cupped flowers and free-growing habit.
The plants often climb or sprawl, with leaves arranged in spirals.
Some may contain leaves without stipules and flowers with many stamens.
Molecular investigation of the genus shows that Ranunculus is not monophyletic.
Proposals are under way to split up the genus.
Folklore and Pop Culture
People sometimes hold a fresh buttercup flower under the chin of a friend or family member.
If a yellow reflection from the flower's shiny petals can be seen under the chin, the person is said to "like butter".
This custom is still taught to young children and shows how buttercup petals reflect light.
Some other plants and people are named buttercup, based on the name of the yellow wild flower.
These include a type of pumpkin, and the girl's name Buttercup.
"Build Me Up Buttercup" was the name of a popular song by The Foundations during the 1960s.
A song called "Buttercup" was released by Jack Stauber in 2017.
A cartoon character from The Powerpuff Girls television series was also named Buttercup.
Buttercups and their poisonous effect are used as a theme in the PC game Undertale.
Michael Avenatti, the lawyer of adult movie star "Stormy Daniels" (real name: Stephanie Clifford) against US President Donald Trump's ex lawyer and "fixer" Michael Cohen used on 29 July 2018 the phrase "You better buckle up buttercup" in a tweet addressing Donald Trump's lawyer Rudy Giuliani, which soon became the hashtag #BuckleUpButtercup.
Gomaespuma is a radio show, presented by Juan Luis Cano and Guillermo Fesser.
The program is broadcast by  Onda Cero.
It also has been in M80 radio and in Antenna 3 Radio.
Gomaespuma organises the Flamenco pa tos festival, the most important Flamenco festival of Spain.
Gomaespuma directs a foundation with the same name.
Pay attention to the pedals:  Luis Montoro
Cinema:                   Cándida Villar
Corresponsal en Paris:   Rubén Amón
Corresponsal USA:       Gina Fox
Mister Gárcia:        Claro García
Interviews:            Juan Luis y Guillermo
"Flamenco pa tos":        José Manuel Gamboa y Juan Verdú
The guide of the "Michelines":        Juan Carlos Orlando
The B face:              Carlos Cano
The musical "croqueta":    Santi Alcanda
The woman that i love: Curra Fernández
Books:                 Mar de Tejeda
News:               Esmeralda Velasco
Gomaespuma with: José Manuel Lapeña
Gomaespumino:           Juan Luis y Guillermo
Health for the biggest:     Alfonso del Álamo
Other sections
Cooking with Josechu Letón
Gomaespuma of the succes
Military Gomaespuma
Regional Gomaespuma
"Supernotición que te cagas"
Armando Adistancia
Borja Món de York
Chema Pamundi
Mister Eusebio
Mister Francisco Rupto
Mister Gun
Mister Jesús Tituto
El niño del paquete
Estela Gartija
Gustavo de Básica
Padre Palomino
Peláez
20 years with Gomaespuma
There is not are more family than one family
Greats misfortunes of the Spain history
The father say no
The guide of the "Michelines"
When God press, drowns a lot  (Guillermo Fesser)
Hincaíto (Juan Luis Cano)
The legs are not of the body (Juan Luis Cano)
Trades guide of Gomaespuma (Guillermo Fesser, Juan Luis Cano and Jose Manuel Lapeña
A bullfighter pass (Juan Luis Cano y Ruben Amón)
Web of Gomaespuma
Web of Onda Cero
Web of the Gomaespuma Foundation
History of Gomaespuma )
Engineer is a person with a proper education in the field of engineering.
The word engineer is derived from the Latin root ingenium, meaning "cleverness".
Engineers design materials, structures, machines and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, safety and cost.
Much of the work is applied science, using information given by scientists to do their work.
Apart from working with things, an engineer must also be good at working with people and money.
Computer engineers design and build computers and the parts that computers are made of.
Electrical engineers work with electricity and design electrical equipment, from small things like radios and computers to large things like the wires that carry electricity across the country.
Environmental engineers design and implement solutions to remediate and restore the environment.
They work with robots, hydraulics and air-operated devices to help companies work faster and better with fewer mistakes.
Mechatronics engineers build robots and things that are like robots, but not exactly.
They do things that are robotic-like.
Ocean engineering and Naval Architecture works on construction of ships, submarines and off shore bodies.
They look at the big picture.
As an example, computer engineers need help from electrical engineers to
build a computer.
The computer could be used by aerospace engineers to control an
airplane.
In mathematics, a number can not be divided by zero.
If B  = 0, then  C = 0.
But:
(where B = 0, so we just divided by zero)
The problem is that  could be any number.
It would work if  were 1 or if it were 1,000,000,000.
0/0 is said to be of "indeterminate form" for this reason, because it has no single value.
Numbers of the form A/0, on the other hand, where  is not 0, are said to be "undefined", or "undeterminated."
This is because any attempt to define them will result in a value of infinity, which is itself undefined.
Usually when two numbers are equal to the same thing, they are equal to each other.
That is not true when the thing they are both equal to is 0/0.
This means that the normal rules of maths do not work when the number is divided by zero.
Incorrect proofs based on division by zero
It is possible to disguise a special case of division by zero in an algebraic argument.
This can lead to invalid proofs, such as 1=2, as in the following:
Most people would probably recognize the above "proof" as incorrect, but the same argument can be presented in a way that makes it harder to spot the error.
For example, if 1 is written as x, then 0 can be hidden behind x-x and 2 behind x+x.
The above-mentioned proof can then be displayed as follows:
Dividing by x - x gives:
and dividing by x gives:
The "proof" above is incorrect because it divides by zero when it divides by x-x, because any number minus itself is zero.
Division by zero in computers
If a computer program tries to divide an integer by zero, the operating system will usually detect this and stop the program.
Usually it will print an "error message," or give the programmer advice on how to improve the program.
Division by zero is a common bug in computer programming.
Dividing floating point numbers (decimals) by zero will usually result in either infinity or a special NaN (not a number) value, depending on what is being divided by zero.
Division by zero in geometry
In geometry  This infinity (projective infinity) is neither a positive or a negative number, the same way that zero is neither a positive or negative number
de:Null#Division
Flamenco pa tos is a Spanish festival of Flamenco music.
It is organized by the Gomaespuma Foundation.
This festival is the most important festival in Spain.
The profits of the festival are used by the Gomaespuma Foundation to help children in Managua.
The Festival has been the winner of the National Awards of Flamenco during 2004 and 2005.
Peter the Great (), Peter I () or Pyotr Alekseevich (;  – ) was a czar of Russia.
He transformed Russia from an isolated kingdom into a transcontinental superpower.
He became czar of Russia in 1682, after his sister Sophia Alekseyevna of Russia lost a war.
In 1697 he visited Western Europe and decided Russia must have access to the sea.
He built the city and seaport of St. Petersburg which became the capital of Russia in 1711.
He changed Russia's society, by making new laws so it would be modern like the European countries of the new Age of Enlightenment.
Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov was a close friend of the emperor but was later disgraced due to embezzlement of national funds.
The Great Turkish War: In this war Russia fought against the Ottoman Empire and won.
Russia got some fortresses in the town of Azov from the Ottoman Empire.
Great Northern War: Russia was fighting Sweden during the Great Northern War.
In 1700 Saxony, Denmark and Russia attacked Sweden.
Sweden invaded Russia in 1709 which was not a good idea.
The Russian Army retreated  so the Swedish Army had to chase them.
When a very cold winter came, half of the Swedish soldiers died in the cold.
Eventually the Swedish army caught up to the Russian army and they had a battle, called the battle of Poltava.
Russia won the battle but most of the Swedish soldiers, including their king, Charles XII of Sweden escaped and went to the Ottoman Empire.
Peter didn't like this so he declared war on the Ottoman Empire but he lost and had to give the town of Azov back to the Ottomans.
After that Russia invaded Sweden and conquered  Estonia, Livonia, and Finland.
By 1719 Russia had conquered all of Sweden.
Even though Sweden had clearly lost, they did not give up until 1721.
In 1721 Sweden  signed the Treaty of Nystad where they agreed to give Estonia, Livonia and Ingria to Russia.
Russo-Persian War:  At the start of the war Persia was already in chaos and was about to collapse.
Peter the Great took advantage of this and invaded Persia.
The war went from 1722 to 1723.
In the end, Russia won and gained lots of land from Persia but had lost a lot of men from fighting.
After Peter died, his heirs struggled for power and all the lands that Russia had conquered were given back to Persia.
1672 births
1725 deaths
In music, a note is a small bit of sound, similar to a syllable in spoken language.
For example: in the first two lines of the song  "Twinkle, twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are" there are 14 notes: one for each syllable.
Confusingly, the word "note" can also mean the pitch of a note (how high or low it is).
For example:  the whole of the song "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" can be played using six different notes: C, D, E, F, G and A.
Nearly all music is made up of notes.
Music without notes might be sound effects.
In some Western countries, like United Kingdom, Germany and the USA, the notes (in the sense of the pitches) are given a letter of the alphabet according to their pitch.
From lowest sounding to highest sounding: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. This pattern repeats, so that after G will come A. This A is an octave higher than the first A.
Because there are 12 notes needed in Western music, these 7 notes can have modifiers (symbols or words that change them).
The two main modifiers are sharps, which raise the pitch a half-step, and flats, which lower the pitch a half-step.
The symbol for a sharp is ♯ (like the hash symbol (American: number symbol): #).
The symbol for a flat is ♭ (like a lower-case italic b).
To un-flat or un-sharp a note, the natural symbol, ♮, is written before the note.
When writing in words (like this page), the symbols are written after the note name, for example: "B♭" means B flat and "F♯" represents F sharp.
However, when writing in music notation, the flat, sharp or natural signs are written BEFORE the note.
A way to remember this is to say: if the sign came after the note, it would be too late, and you would have already played it, so it must go before so that you know what is coming.
Sharps and flats can also be written in key signatures.
A key signature is written at the beginning of the piece, and repeated at the beginning of each line.
It gives the sharps or flats which are going to be regular in the piece.
Two other modifiers are double sharps, which raise the note a whole step, and double flats, which lower the note a whole step.
These are much less common that the simple sharp or flat, but can still be seen in some types of music.
The symbol for a double sharp is × and the symbol for a double flat is ♭♭.
For example, E♭♭ is another name for D. This is called an enharmonic equivalent.
Another enharmonic equivalent is C and B♯.
Other note names
In some languages, such as the Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian), notes are named Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si (or Ti) instead of C, D, E, F, G, A, B. This notation is called solfege in the United States.
These notes are the focus for a song in The Sound of Music.
in a bar there are usually shown as  4/4 and you count 1 2 3 4 each bar.
Calabria, officially the Regione Calabria, is a region in the southern part of the Italian peninsula.
It is the tenth largest Italian region by total area (after Apulia and Toscana) with 5,877 sq mi (15,222 km2).
It has more people than any other state with over 2 million people as of 2020.
Its largest cities are Reggio Calabria, Cosenza, and Vibo Valentia.
The capital is Catanzaro.
The region around its borders are Basilicata to the north, the Gulf of Taranto to the east, the Ionian Sea to the south, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from the Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west.
Calabria is the Italian region with the 14th largest economy and one of the most largest in the South .
Calabria Web Portal (IT)
Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear
Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire
Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
WordPress is a piece of software which has become the most widely used content management system and is used for setting up blogs.
It is open source, licensed under the GPL, and written in PHP.
WordPress provides plugins which provide additional functionality through WordPress Plugin Directory.
There are over 54,000+ Plugins available in WordPress repository, and they can be installed through either upload or by one-click installation through the WordPress Plugin Library.
Version 5.8.1 is the latest WordPress release.
It was released in September 2021
On May 27, 2003, Matt announced the availability of the first version of WordPress.
It was well received by the community.
It was based on b2 Cafelog with significant improvements.
The first version of WordPress included a new admin interface, new templates, and generated XHTML 1.1 compliant templates.
In June of 2010, Automattic, the company founded by WordPress co-founder Matt Mullenweg, transferred the ownership of WordPress trademark and logo to the WordPress Foundation.
Free hosting
WordPress can be downloaded and installed on any server with PHP installed.
However, WordPress has a service for users to host blogs, called wordpress.com.
It has a limit of 3 GB of free space, with an option to upgrade for more.
Users  cannot  add their own domain to the blog when using free option.
But when user will buy one of the packages of WordPress.com, then user can use custom domain name.
Wordpress.com - A website that you can create a blog in using WordPress for free
Wordpress.org - The website to get WordPress that you can install yourself
The outback is the remote areas of Australia.
The outback is not a defined area, it is only a term used to refer to locations that are far away from big cities.
Medicine in the outback
Because of the expanses and remoteness in the outback a unique service, The Flying Doctor, was created in 1928.
The aim of the service is to provide medical care to people who cannot reach hospitals or other doctors.
Consultations are carried out via radio or telephone and for serious situations, doctors are flown out to the patients.
Organised travels with a guide to the outback is popular, although some Australian and international tourists travel in their own cars.
Such a trip, especially off the few big roads in the outback, requires very good planning and a suitable vehicle (usually four wheel drive).
On remote routes considerable supplies and equipment are required.
Some big trips cannot be undertaken safely without a convoy of  several vehicles.
Deaths of tourists are a regular occurrences because many people are not well-prepared for their outback trip.
Geography of Australia
Marske by the Sea is a village in the borough of Redcar and Cleveland in England.
It has three primary schools and one secondary school (Bydales School), a museum, and two train stations.
Most of the people who live in Marske do not work in the village, but work in the nearby factory or in Middlesbrough or Redcar.
Marske has a decent range of local shops.
The Longbeck railway station and Marske railway station, which connect to Darlington mainline station, are the only means of transport there.
Villages in North Yorkshire
PayPal is a website that allows the transfer of money among people via web services and email.
The money can be deposited into a bank account.
PayPal was owned by eBay, from 2002 to 2015.
It can be used in more than 200 countries.
In 1938, he performed The War of the Worlds (about an attack on Earth by beings from the planet Mars) on the radio.
It was a radio drama (fiction), but many people took it as a newscast.
Welles also made the movie Citizen Kane in 1941.
Many movie critics think that this movie is the best movie ever made.
His later movies are less liked.
Orson Welles The Orson Welles OTR Archives
War Of The Worlds history of the War Of The Worlds radio broadcast and additional historical material on War Of The Worlds
Mercury Theatre on the Air website provides MP3 and Real Audio files of Welles' radio dramas
Nazi Eyes On Canada, starring Orson Welles , 1942 CBC war loan series
Wellesnet The Orson Welles Web Resource
The Magnificent Ambersons a site that details the strange saga of Welles' second film
The Unseen Welles  a guide to Welles' unfinished and unreleased projects
The Orson Welles collection at the Lilly Library, Indiana University
Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
UBU Web's 365 Days Project Outtake from Welles' Frozen Peas commercial.
MovieMaker Magazine  Article on hoped for eventual release of final Welles movie The Other Side Of The Wind.
Orson Welles biography
Orson Welles' Photo & Gravesite
Orson Welles and the Bat-Man
New York Times Obituary
Biographical resources dedicated to Orson Welles
Orson Welles: The Man Who Was Magic
Orson Welles - The One Man Band (German documentary, 1995)
Actors from Wisconsin
American theatre directors
People from Kenosha, Wisconsin
Slobodan Milošević  (Serbian: Слободан Милошевић, pronounced []; August 20, 1941 – March 11, 2006) was a Serbian, Yugoslav leader.
He was President of Serbia from 1989 to 1996 and then President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1996 to 2000.
He was the leader of Serbia's ruling Socialist Party.
He was a leader in the Yugoslav Wars.
He also led his nation to defend itself against NATO aggression that took Kosovo from Serbia.
NATO leaders charged him for war crimes and crimes against humanity during the bombing of Yugoslavia.
He lost re-election in 2000.
Milosevic did not retreat his army because of NATO's 77 days of bombing.
His goal was to keep Kosovo within Serbian parallel structures.
Once resolution was passed, he retreated but also managed (with other politicians) to hold on to North Kosovo whose area is 1200KM2 or 11%, where 96% of its population is Serbian whose religion is Christian.
Imprisonment and death
After his fall from power in 2001, he was taken to The Netherlands to stand trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, but died after five years in prison before the case could reach a conclusion.
He did not recognize the tribunal calling it an American/UN puppet court and said he was being tried for standing up to NATO expansion.
Many accusations against him regarding Kosovo proved to be false.
It was said by the UN tribunal that Milosevic, who had chronic heart problems and a high blood pressure, died of a heart attack.
Slobodan Milošević, Indictment and Transcripts (ICTY)
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the Netherlands
Presidents of Serbia
Presidents of Yugoslavia
Presidents of Serbia and Montenegro
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
The gymnosperms are a group of seed plants which includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo and Gnetales.
They have naked seeds, in contrast to the seeds or ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms) which are enclosed during pollination.
Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scale- or leaf-like appendages of cones, or at the end of short stalks (Ginkgo).
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together make up the spermatophytes or seed plants.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, Gnetales (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo (a single living species).
Fossil gymnosperms include many that do not belong to the four modern groups, including the so-called "seed ferns" (Pteridosperms) and the "cycadeoids" (Bennettitales).
Most of the Gymnosperms became extinct in the Cenozoic era (from 65 million years ago to present day).
Gymnosperm Database
The Influenza pandemic of 1918 (commonly known as the Spanish flu) was a serious pandemic of influenza.
It lasted for three years, from January 1918 to December 1920.
About 500 million people were infected across the world with a population of 1.80 billion people.
The pandemic spread to remote Pacific Islands and the Arctic.
It killed 50 million to 100 million people— three to five percent of the world's population at the time.
This means it was one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history.
To maintain morale, wartime censors reduced reports of illness and mortality in Germany, Britain (United Kingdom), France, and the United States; but papers could report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII).
This situation created the false impression of Spain being especially hard-hit.
It also resulted in the nickname Spanish flu.
Often, influenza outbreaks kill young people, or the elderly, or those patients that are already weakened.
This was not the case for the 1918 pandemic, which killed mainly healthy young adults.
Modern research, using virus taken from the bodies of frozen victims, has concluded that the virus kills through a cytokine storm (overreaction of the body's immune system).
The strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body.
But, the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults caused fewer deaths among those groups.
There is not enough historical and epidemiological data to show where the pandemic started.
The pandemic may be a cause of the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s.
Another flu pandemic had happened in the 21st century that turns out to be new strain of H1N1.
The outbreak began in Mexico and then the United States; spread to the world.
known by name as Takeshi in Japan, is a fictional character in the Pokémon series of video games, Manga, and television series.
He is often seen traveling along with Ash Ketchum and Misty on their journeys.
One of his gags is that he falls in love with every girl he sees (except for Jessie of Team Rocket).
His nickname is "The Rock-Solid Pokémon Trainer" because he uses rock-type Pokémon.
Brock appears in the first series of the anime.
In his first appearance, he has many siblings and is in charge of them and cares for them since his mother Lola is away chasing dreams and his father Flint ran away from the family.
After Flint comes back, Brock then picks up and his bags and travels with Ash and Misty throughout the Kanto series.
He ends up leaving the group when they get to the Orange Islands to work with Professor Ivy.
He later returns and travels with Ash throughout Johto, Hoenn, and Sinnoh.
He uses rock-types Geodude and Onix, as well as others like Zubat.
Brock appears in the games Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow, and the Red and Blue remakes FireRed and LeafGreen as the gym leader of Pewter City.
He gives out the Boulder Badge and uses Rock-type Pokémon.
He also appears in Gold, Silver, and Crystal and the Gold and Silver remakes HeartGold and SoulSilver as a gym leader the player can face when they get to the Kanto region.
Pokémon characters
Anime characters
The Zetland was a lifeboat in Redcar, England, and is the oldest lifeboat in the world which still exists.
It was put in Redcar in 1802.
In 1858, the lifeboat was given to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI).
The boat was damaged in 1864, and was to be destroyed - however, following protest it was given to the town's people.
Today, it is in its own museum.
Silba is an island in Croatia.
It is found between the islands of Premuda and Olib.
It has an area of 15 km² and its population (as of 2001) was 265; with the village of Silba located at the narrowest point in the middle.
The main administrative centre is Zadar, found on the mainland.
Islands of Europe
Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was a British author and journalist.
He was best known for writing the James Bond spy novels.
He also wrote the children's book Chitty Chitty Bang Bang in 1964.
Fleming was born in London to a wealthy family.
He spent many years working in Britain's Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War.
During this time, Fleming helped with the planning and management of two British intelligence units.
This experience along with his work in journalism provided much of the background to the stories in his James Bond novels.
Fleming wrote his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952.
Because of the book's success, Fleming wrote eleven more novels and two collections of short-stories about the British secret agent.
In total, there have been twenty-six films based on Fleming's famous character.
The twenty-sixth, Spectre, was released in October 2015.
James Bond writers
People educated at Eton College
3 January – Battle of Kinsale  – the battle happened on 3 January 1602 according to the Gregorian Calendar used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle, although, for the English who were still using the old Julian Calendar, the date of the battle was 24 December 1601
February 14 – William Shakespeare First performance of Twelfth Night  on Candlemas
March 20 – The Dutch East India Company is established as The United East India Company by the Dutch States-General
May 15 – Bartolomew Gosnold becomes the first European to discover Cape Cod.
June – James Lancaster's East India Company fleet arrives at Achin (now Aceh), Sumatra to deal with the local ruler.
Having defeated Portugal's ally, the ruler is happy to do business, and Lancaster seizes a large Portuguese Galleon and loots it.
November 8 – The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford is opened to the public.
December 11 – A surprise attack by forces under the command of the Duke of Savoy and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva. (
This actually took place after midnight, in the early morning of December 12, but commemorations/celebrations on Fête de l'Escalade are usually held on December 11 or the closest weekend.)
Ben Jonson writes Poetaster
William Shakespeare writes The Merry Wives of Windsor
Persia and Spain conclude a defensive alliance and declare war on the Ottoman Empire
In Praque, Florian Mathias performs the first successful bowel surgery – removes a dagger from stomach
Jesuit missionary Jeronimo de Angeluin arrives in Japan
A private trading company is established in Copenhagen, with the monopoly on the trade with Iceland.
January 19 - Feodor III become Tsar of Russia.
The Polish-Turkish War (1671 - 1676) ended
King Philip's War (1675 - 1676) ended
Port-de-Paix, Haiti has its first slave revolt
August 26 - Robert Walpole, first Prime Minister of Great Britain
September 16 - Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, mother of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, grandmother of Marie Antoinette
October 8 - Benito Jeronimo Feijoo, Galician scholar
December 19 - Louis-Nicolas Clérambault, French composer
Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor
January 14 – Francesco Cavalli, Italian composer (b. 1602)
January 29 – Tsar Alexis I of Russia (b. 1629)
February 14 – Abraham Bosse, French engraver and artist
March 21 – Henri Sauval, French historian (b. 1623)
April 5 – John Winthrop, the Younger, Governor of Connecticut (b. 1606)
April 29 – Michiel Adriaanszoon de Ruijter, Dutch admiral (b. 1607)
June 7 – Paul Gerhardt, German writer of church hymns
July 5 – Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish soldier (b. 1613)
July 22 – Pope Clement X (b. 1590)
July 25 – François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac, French writer (b. 1604)
August 11 – Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, German writer
September 10 – Gerrard Winstanley, English religious reformer (b. 1609)
October 28 – Jean Desmarets, French writer (b. 1595)
November 1 – Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch theologian (b. 1589)
December 25 – Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Justice of England (b. 1609)
December 25 – William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, English soldier, politician, and writer (b. 1592)
San Marino founded (traditional date)
Armenia uses Christianity as a state religion - the first country to do so.
June 23 – Henry Hudson's crew maroons him, his son and 7 others in a boat