the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
East of it is Lower Saxony, that is a part of Germany.
About 495,000 people are living in Drenthe (2021).
Thousands of years ago, there were already people in Drenthe.
Around 3500 BC people made dolmens (hunebedden), piles of big stones.
53 of the 54 dolmens in the Netherlands are in Drenthe.
Most of them are in the northeast of the province.
The oldest paper with the name Drenthe on it is from 820.
It was called Pago Treanth (district Drenthe).
Papers from 1024 and 1025 show that is was a county at that time.
From 1046 until 1528, the bishops of Utrecht ruled over Drenthe.
From 1581 until 1795 it was part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, but Drenthe itself was not a province.
In 1796, under the Batavian Republic, Drenthe was a province for the first time.
In the Second World War, the nazis build a concentration camp near Westerbork.
From there, they put Dutch Jews on the train to other camps in Germany and Poland.
In the last train from Westerbork was also Anne Frank.
She was a Jewish girl and she wrote a diary.
She died in the concentration camp Bergen-Belsen in Germany.
After the war her diary became world famous.
The most important cities are Assen (the capital), Emmen, Meppel and Hoogeveen.
In Drenthe there is many heathland.
In Drenthe many people speak Low Saxon dialects.
The dialects in Drenthe are called Drents.
These dialects are different in each town or village.
D-Day is a term used in military planning to mean the actual day a major operation or event is to begin.
The days leading up to a D-Day are called D-1, D-2, D-3, etc.
This allows scheduling a sequence of events before the start date is chosen.
The days after a D-Day are D+1, D+2, D+3, and so on.
Several different days in military history were named D-Day.
However, the most famous D-Day was the Normandy landings during Operation Overlord.
This was on the morning of June 6, 1944, when the largest naval attack in military history took place.
It was in France during World War II.
Operation Overlord was led by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower.
The Allies (Britain, Canada, and America in this case), breached the Normandy coastline.
They broke through the German fortification chain, the Atlantic Wall.
It was a turning point in World War II, though over 3,500 men were lost.
The invasion started with airborne landings at 3:30 AM, and the seaborne invasion started at 6:30 AM and took 19 hours.
Operation Overlord was planned for months, and was scheduled for June 5, but was delayed due to bad weather.
In the next several months the Allies fought in France and took various useful ports such as Caen, and later Paris.
After less than a year, the Allies entered Nazi Germany, and Germany surrendered.
An invasion of southern France was intended to start at the same time, but there were not enough landing craft for both.
Its actual D-Day was August 15.
Omaha-Beach.
Org D-Day 7.6.1944
November 15 – Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats the pagan Mercian king Penda in the Battle of the Winwaed
Empress Saimei ascends to the throne of Japan.
Clovis II succeeded by Clotaire III.
Peada succeeds his father Penda as king of Mercia
A Byzantine fleet is defeated by the Arabs at Finike.
Ishpeming is a city in Marquette County, Michigan, USA.
As of the 2000 census, the city had a total  of 6,686 people living in it.
There used to be more people in the 1950s and 1960s, when the iron ore mines were in full operation.
The city has a total area of 24.0 km² (9.2 mi²).
22.5 km² (8.7 mi²) of it is land and 1.5 km² (0.6 mi²) of it (6.16%) is water.
Ishpeming is 1436 feet above sea level.
The movie Anatomy of a Murder was filmed in Ishpeming and areas around it in 1959.
City of Ishpeming
Ishpeming Public Schools
Humphrey Bogart (December 25, 1895 - January 14, 1957) was an American actor.
He is nominated for three Academy Awards on each movies, including Casablanca, The African Queen and The Caine Mutiny.
Bad Sister (1931)
The Petrified Forest (1936)
Kid Galahad (1937)
San Quentin (1937)
Angels with Dirty Faces (1938)
Swing Your Lady (1938)
You Can't Get Away with Murder (1939)
The Roaring Twenties (1939)
They Drive by Night (1940)
Brother Orchid (1940)
High Sierra (1941)
Across the Pacific (1942)
Action in the North Atlantic (1943)
Sahara (1943)
To Have and Have Not (1944)
Passage to Marseille (1944)
Conflict (1945)
The Big Sleep (1946)
Dark Passage (1947)
Dead Reckoning (1947)
The Two Mrs. Carrolls (1947)
Key Largo (1948)
In a Lonely Place (1950)
Beat the Devil (1953)
The Barefoot Contessa (1954)
The Caine Mutiny (1954)
Sabrina (1954)
The Desperate Hours (1955)
We're No Angels (1955)
The Harder They Fall (1956)
Documentary 42': Humphrey Bogart... Behind the Legend  (Video)
Cancer deaths in San Francisco
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Funk is a type of music from the United States that was developed in the 1960s by African American musicians and singers such as James Brown, Sly and the Family Stone, George Clinton, and The Meters.
Funk music emphasizes the rhythm of the music.
Funk music is dance music that mixes rhythm and blues music with soul music.
Funk bands use many rhythm instruments, such as electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, and keyboard instruments, mainly synthesizers and electronic organs.
Funk bands also have people who play horns, including saxophones, trumpets, and trombones.
Role of the electric bass
In funk music, the electric bass has a more important role than in other styles of popular music.
Many funk songs are based on a strong bass line (melody) played by the electric bass player.
Well-known funk bass players include Bootsy Collins, Louis Johnson and Larry Graham of Sly & the Family Stone.
Larry Graham invented a new style of electric bass playing called "slap bass technique."
With this technique, the bass player slaps and plucks the strings to create a strong rhythm.
Late 1960s
The United States singer and musician James Brown was one of the first funk musicians.
James Brown recorded a song in 1965 called "papa's got a brand new bag" which is considered the first funk song.
Other musical groups copied the rhythms and musical style developed by James Brown and his band.
A band called The Meters played funk music in New Orleans.
The Meters had hit songs such as "Sophisticated Cissy" and "Cissy Strut" in 1969.
Another funk group, The Isley Brothers, had a hit song in 1969 called "It's Your Thing".
In the 1980s, funk music changed.
Funk musicians began using electronic instruments such as synthesizer keyboards and electronic drum machines instead of electric bass, electric organ, trumpets, saxophones, and drums.
Rick James had hits in the 1980s with funk songs such as "Give It To Me Baby" and "Super Freak."
The band Queen had funk songs such as "Another One Bites The Dust."
The musician and singer Prince had hit songs.
In the later 1980s, two new styles of funk developed called "funk rock" and funk metal.
These styles of music mixed funk music with rock and metal music.
Funk rock and funk metal bands include Red Hot Chili Peppers, Living Colour, Jane's Addiction, Prince, Urban Dance Squad, Primus, Fishbone, Faith No More and Rage Against the Machine.
Funk music influenced 1980s hip hop music.
Many hip hop musicians use funk songs by James Brown or George Clinton to compose new hip hop songs.
1990s and 2000s
In the late 1990s, the band Phish developed a live sound that would come to be characterized by some as "cow funk" and by others as "space funk", which consisted of extended danceable grooves that accented beat 1 of the 4/4 rhythm (i.e. classic funk), while often emphasizing heavy "wah" pedal and other psychedelic effects from the guitar player and layered Clavinet from the keyboard player.
See the following collection for many representative examples-Phish Space Funk 3.0 Youtube
:Category:Funk bands
Vincent, Rickey (1996).
Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One.
St. Martin's Press. .
Thompson, Dave (2001).
Backbeat Books. .
Florida found by the Spanish (the first Europeans to do so).
February 21 – Pope Julius II
September 9 – James IV of Scotland
The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) is a species of shark.
It is the world's largest living predatory fish.
Mature sharks may grow up to  in length and  in weight.
There also have been a few reports of great white sharks measuring over .
This shark reaches its sexual maturity around 15 years of age.
The lifespan of a great white shark may be as long as 70 years or more.
Great white sharks can accelerate to speeds over .
Great white sharks have about 300 teeth, arranged in many rows.
The first two rows of the teeth are used for grabbing and cutting the animals they eat, while the other teeth in the last rows replace the front teeth when they are broken, worn down, or when they fall out.
The teeth have the shape of a triangle with jags on the edges.
Great white sharks are carnivores.
The great white sharks is an apex predator.
It hunts fish, seals, sea lions, seagulls, penguins, squid, octopuses, dolphins, small whales, crabs, shrimps, stingrays, sea turtles and other sharks.
The great white shark has no natural predators other than the killer whale.
Some orcas have discovered they can paralyse the shark by flipping it upside-down.
Then they hold the shark still with their mouth, and that suffocates it (sharks get oxygen by moving through the water).
The bestselling novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the film by Steven Spielberg show the great white shark as a "ferocious human eater".
In real life, humans are not the preferred food of the great white shark.
However, of all shark species, the great white shark has the second largest number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans.
The great white shark is a shark and a type of cartilaginous fish belonging to a biological class known as Chondrichthyes.
These fish are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and a skeleton made of cartilage not bone.
These sharks are also known as Lamniformes, which is an order of sharks commonly referred to as mackerel sharks.
This species of shark has two dorsal fins, an anal fin, five gill slits and a mouth extended behind the eyes.
The great white shark is one of nature’s most deadly carnivores, and is distinguishable by its jaws and many sharp teeth.
The difference is the ability for both the shark’s jaws to move when ambushing its prey.
It will first bite with the lower jaw to sink its teeth in, then closes the upper jaw and begins thrashing its head repeatedly to tear off chunks of flesh .
Its mouth may contain as many as 3, 000 teeth at one time, sitting in five rows with the largest set in the front.
In the event a tooth is lost, another comes forward from a stash of backup teeth embedded in the shark’s jaws.
In addition to the teeth and jaws of great white sharks, their senses have greatly adapted to sharpen their skills as hunters.
Their sense of smell is most accurate and great whites can detect a single drop of blood in ten billion drops of water.
They possess an “ear stone” which helps the animal position itself in the water depending on the direction it is swimming.
Sharks also utilize excellent vision with retinas divided into two areas for daylight and nighttime swimming, and protect them by rolling them backwards into the skull before biting.
One of their most interesting senses relates to their touch and electro-reception.
A series of pores in the shark’s nose allow them to detect electromagnetic fields and sense animal vibrations in the water, as well as accurately navigate through the open ocean.
The great white becomes an adult about nine years after its birth.
The growth of the great white shark is about 25-30 centimetres per year and they grow to an average size of 4.5 meters.
The largest can be as much as 6.4 meters in length.
Their liver, a delicacy to killer whales, can weigh up to about 24 percent of its own body weight.
Great white sharks live in the sea.
They live near the coast, in all warm waters.
They occasionally make dives into the deep water of open oceans.
They can be in water as shallow as three feet deep.
The deepest scientists have seen a shark dive is about 1200 meters (4000 feet).
That is down into the bathypelagic zone, where there is no sunlight.
Western Atlantic: from Newfoundland to Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Northern Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Guadeloupe;
East Atlantic: France, Senegal, Ghana, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mediterranean: North Africa, South of France, West and South coast of Italy, Croatia, Malta, Greece;
Indian Ocean: South Africa, Seychelles, Red Sea
Western Pacific: Japan, Korea, China, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand;
Central Pacific: Hawaii
Eastern Pacific: from Alaska to California, and from Panama to Chile.
Research has shown that the sharks of northern California are genetically different to other shark populations.
DNA evidence shows the population separated from other great whites about 200,000 years ago (during the Pleistocene Era).
By tagging the sharks they also learned that they are generally alone, but follow the same route through the ocean, and stay in the same places.
From January to July they live near Hawaii, and then move to Californian waters between August and December.
Human interactions
Sharks have been on Earth much longer than humans, which is one reason why humans are not part of their diet.
Most scientists think sharks do not like the way humans taste.
Some people think that humans are not good food for great white sharks, because the human body has a lot more bone and less muscle and fat than the shark likes.
Some scientists think sharks attack humans because they have mistaken the human for a seal or sea lion.
Seals and sea lions have blubber, which the shark likes.
Other scientists think sharks' senses are good enough to tell that the human is not a seal.
They think sharks do not know what the human is and bite it to learn more.
Usually in a shark attack, the shark bites the human once and then swims away for a while.
Sometimes the shark will bite off a leg or arm, but usually the bite is just a bite.
Sometimes there is no tissue loss at all (nothing bitten off).
Deaths in such cases are generally caused by loss of blood from the first wound.
In cases where attacks have occurred and the victim has been unable to escape quickly, partial or whole consumption has occurred; lone divers are especially at risk of this.
Scientists are not sure why this is but they have some ideas.
Sharks are very curious but they do not have whiskers or hands or tentacles like other animals.
To learn more about an object, a shark has to either bump into it or bite it.
Sharks' teeth and mouths are very sensitive.
When sharks see a new object, for example, a surfboard, they bite it to know what kind of object it might be.
It is also possible that human behavior and shark behavior just don't match.
In the 1980s, John McCasker proposed the Bite and Spit hypothesis.
McCasker said that a shark will attack dangerous prey like an elephant seal by biting it once and then letting go.
The shark then swims away to wait for the prey to bleed to death before going back to eat its body.
But when a shark bites a human once, the human's friends come and help them out of the water.
Maybe the shark would finish eating the human, but it does not get the chance.
But sharks usually attack seal-sized (or human-sized) prey in one strong bite from underneath, so people are not sure if McCasker's idea is right.
Great White Shark pictures  - Great White pictures on Shark-Pictures.com
Wildlife Journal Junior. (
2020).Chondrichthyes - Rays, Sharks, Skates, Chimaeras.
Explore the Natural World.
Available from: https://nhpbs.org/wild/chondrichthyes.asp.
July 6 – Treaty of Edinburgh
Anton Praetorius, fighter against torture and chase of witches (d. 1613)
August 7– Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian murderer
November 28– Baltasar of Marradas, Spanish noblemanbleman, knight of the Knights of Malta, imperial field marshal, governor in Bohemia (d. 1638)
April 19– Philipp Melanchthon, German humanist and reformer
September 29– King Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1496)
Cary Grant (January 18, 1904 - November 29, 1986), born as Archibald Alexander Leach in Bristol, United Kingdom, was an actor in the United States.
He starred in many movies, including 1959's North by Northwest.
Grant became an American citizen in 1942.
At that time, he legally changed his name to "Cary Grant."
He died of a stroke on November 29, 1986.
Actors from Bristol
Emotions are what people feel.
They are very ancient, and can be seen in all mammals.
Emotions are caused by a complex mixture of hormones and the unconscious mind.
Only with great difficulty can we control our emotions by conscious effort.
They cause mammals to change behaviour according to changes in their situation.
In our case they sometimes run against our attempt to live our lives in a logical way.
A scientific definition is not simple; over 90 definitions have been offered by experts.
A definition of emotion needs to includes three things:
conscious experience (feelings)
expressions which can be seen by others
actions of the body ('physiological arousal')
Here  is one definition:
"Emotion is a complex psychological phenomenon which occurs as animals or people live their lives.
Emotions involve physiological arousal, appraisal of the situation, expressive behaviours, and conscious experience.
Emotion is associated with feeling, mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation".
In physical terms, emotions involve body systems which have operated for hundreds of millions of years.
These are the hormone system, the autonomic nervous system and the 'lower' brain centres (hindbrain and midbrain).
Function of emotions
The study of emotions became one of Darwin's books after The Descent of Man.
He published The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in 1873.
He had discovered, by sending letters and a list of questions worldwide, that in different societies emotions were expressed in almost the same way.
If so, the mechanisms which made the expressions must be inherited.
They must have been developed in the same way as all other features of man, evolution by natural selection.
It was already known from anatomy that the muscles and nerves of the face were the same or similar in all humans.
Darwin illustrated the expression of the emotions with a series of photographs and woodcut illustrations.
Ekman did the same thing on a research visit to New Guinea, where he asked villagers to identify the emotions shown in the photographs.
This was part of a long-term effort to test and extend Darwin's insights into emotions.
Some of Ekman's conclusions are:
Micro expressions last only a fraction of a second.
They occur when people conceal their feelings. (
p15, p222)
Emotions are autoappraisers, reactions to matters which seem to be very important to our welfare. (
p21)
Emotions often begin so quickly that we are not aware of the processes in our mind which set them off. (
Autoappraisers scan for events which are critical to our welfare and survival. (
p23)
Our evolutionary heritage makes a major contribution to the shaping of our emotional responses. (
p26)
The desire to experience or not to experience an emotion motivates much of our behaviour. (
p217)
An efficient signal – clear, rapid and universal – informs others of how the emotional person is feeling. (
Dyslexia is a learning disability, a condition that makes it difficult to learn and understand things in the same way others do.
It is a very common problem.
It effects on the way the brain understands words.
The most common signs of dyslexia are reading and writing problems.
Estimates are that in the United States between 5 and 9% of school children have dyslexia, though estimates go as high as 50%.
There are many dyslexia types.
A person can have dyslexia even if they are intelligent and educated.
Recent studies show there are many small business owners that have dyslexia; between 35 and 50 percent of U.S. and British entrepreneurs are affected.
Researchers think many dyslexic entrepreneurs are successful because they can delegate responsibilities (of writing letters) and still be good at speaking.
At the end of the 19th century, scientists did a lot of research about dyslexia and found some of the reasons that people are dyslexic.
A professor who did research in the 1980s and 1990s looked at the brains of dyslexic people who had died.
He found that some parts of the brain were not connected very well, and that this happened during the fourth month of pregnancy.
This problem has a big effect on the left half of the brain.
The newest research shows that three genes are the reason for dyslexia.
One thing that causes dyslexia is a problem with the central hearing nerve.
This problem can not be found with a normal hearing test, so a special doctor has to do special tests to find it.
It means that people with heavy dyslexia are sensitive to loud noise, may have problems speaking, and may not be able to concentrate.
It may also cause problems with rhythm and melody of music.
Finding dyslexia
In order to tell if a child has dyslexia, they have to be seen by a doctor.
A child can be called dyslexic if they cannot read or write well and there is no other reason for the problem.
Doctors are trying to create early tests to help find out whether a child has dyslexia before they are old enough to go to school.
If this happens, a child can start to be treated very early, and they may have fewer problems at school.
Many well-known people have dyslexia, including: Stephen Hawking, Jamie Oliver, Whoopi Goldberg, Ozzy Osbourne, Jay Leno, John de Lancie, Keira Knightley, Susan Hampshire, Orlando Bloom, Keanu Reeves, Richard Branson, Henry Winkler, Patrick Dempsey, Albert Einstein, and Tom Cruise.
These people though continue to thrive with their work.
Children with dyslexia can be helped.
One way teachers help dyslexic students is to break words into different sounds.
The student must learn how to write the different sounds and create words.
This helps with reading and writing.
Some people think that dyslexic children can read and write better if they put pieces of colored paper on top of what they are reading.
The AK-47 is a Russian assault rifle first used in 1949.
It and an updated version called the AKM were used by the Soviet Union's military (which was called the Soviet Army).
It was later replaced by the AK-74.
The AK-47 quickly became famous and spread all around the world because it was simple to fire, clean and maintain, and also because of its reliability, meaning that it can be fired for a long time without jamming.
The AK-47 and its successors continue to be used by many of the world's armies.
Many terrorist and insurgent groups also use the AK-47.
It is a cheap, reliable, and easy-to-use weapon.
The AK-47 was also available with a folding stock, the AKS-47, and a shortened version with the AKS74 folding stock, the AKMSU (used by armoured vehicle crews), although this was soon replaced by the AKS74U, which fires the 5.45 cartridge of the AK-74.
There was also a light machine gun variant with a longer barrel and different shaped stock called the RPK.
The AK-47 uses gas-operated reloading.
When the bullet is moved down the barrel, a little bit of the gas behind the bullet is made to go up a small tube that pushes away the bolt.
The shooter does not have to reload by hand for every shot - the gun reloads by itself.
When you pull the trigger, the bullet in the chamber fires.
You then release and then pull the trigger again to fire another round.
When used this way, it is called a semi-automatic firearm.
A few AK-47's are made to be used only this way but most are fully automatic firearms.
Spread in third world countries
They were used in the Cambodian Civil War and the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.
During the 1980s, the Soviet Union became the principal arms dealer to countries embargoed by Western nations.
This included Middle Eastern nations such as Iran, Libya, and Syria, which welcomed Soviet Union backing against Israel.
After the end of the Soviet Union (1989/90), AK-47s were sold openly and on the black market to any group with cash, including drug cartels and dictatorial states.
More recently they have been seen in the hands of Islamic groups such as Al-Qaeda, ISIL, and the Taliban in Afghanistan and Iraq, and FARC, Ejército de Liberación Nacional guerrillas in Colombia.
The proliferation of this weapon is shown by more than just numbers.
The AK-47 is included in the flag of Mozambique, an acknowledgment that the country gained its independence in large part through the effective use of their AK-47s.
It is also found in the coats of arms of East Timor and the revolution era Burkina Faso, as well as in the flags of Hezbollah, FARC-EP, the New People's Army in the Phillipines, TKP/TIKKO and other "Revolutionary Peoples" groups.
AK-47 Museum virtual tour
AK-47 - Encyc
Assault rifles
Rifles of the Cold War
Military of Russia
7.62 mm rifles
February 10 – French and Indian War: The 1763 Treaty of Paris ends the war and France cedes Canada to Great Britain.
15 February – the Treaty of Hubertusburg puts an end to the Seven Years' War between Prussia and Austria and their allies
March 1 – Charles Townshend becomes President of the Board of Trade in the British government
May 7 – Chief Pontiac begins the "Conspiracy of Pontiac" by attacking British forces at Fort Detroit.
June 2 – Pontiac's Rebellion: At what is now Mackinaw City, Michigan, Chippewas capture Fort Michilimackinac by diverting the garrison's attention with a game of lacrosse, then chasing a ball into the fort.
June 28 – earthquake in Komarom, Hungary
August 5 – Pontiac's War – Battle of Bushy Run – British forces led by Henry Bouquet defeat Chief Pontiac's Native Americans at Bushy Run in the Pennsylvania backcountry.
The Treaty of Paris signed by Great Britain, France and Spain brings an end to the Seven Years' War (also called the French and Indian War in the United States)
First publication of Bayes' theorem
Proclamation of 1763
February 3 – Tulip mania collapses in the United Provinces (now the Netherlands) by government order
February 15 – Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
December 17 – Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan
Pierre de Fermat makes a marginal claim to have proof of what would become known as Fermat's last theorem.
France places a few missionaries in the Côte d'Ivoire, a country it would come to rule more than 200 years later.
England wages war against the Mashantucket Pequots
First opera house, Teatro San Cassiona, opens in Venice
René Descartes – Discours de la Methode
Elizabeth Poole becomes the first woman to have founded a town (Taunton, Massachusetts) in the Americas.
February 3 – Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II.
April 11 – Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II.
June 30 – French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture Bordeaux
August 20 – The French capture Bayonne, the last English stronghold in Guyenne
Foundation of the University of Glasgow
Nicholas of Cusa invents concave lens spectacles to treat myopia
Roger van der Weyden paints his Last Judgement
Lodi dynasty succeeded the Sayyid dynasty in India
April 22 – Isabella of Castile
Change of era name from Yongxi (1st year) to Benchu era of the Chinese Han Dynasty
Change of emperor from Han Zhidi to Han Huandi of the Chinese Han Dynasty
Colima is a state in west Mexico.
About 760,000 people live there.
Its capital is also called Colima.
Sir Peter Robert Jackson ONZ KNZM (born 31 October 1961, Wellington, New Zealand) is a New Zealand film director.
He is most widely known for directing The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.
He also directed the 2005 film, King Kong.
In 2003, Jackson won three Academy Awards for The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King: Academy Award for Directing, Academy Award for Best Picture and Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay.
Bad Taste (1987)
Meet the Feebles (1989)
Valley of the Stereos (1992) (short film)
Braindead (a.k.a.
Dead Alive) (1992)
Heavenly Creatures (1994)
Forgotten Silver (1995) - mockumentary
The Frighteners (1996)
King Kong (2005)
The Lovely Bones (2007)
Halo (2008) - executive producer
The Adventures of Tintin - executive producer
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012)
Actors from Wellington
New Zealand movie directors
New Zealand movie producers
New Zealand screenwriters
Valencia is a city in Spain, on the Mediterranean coast.
It is the capital of the Community of Valencia.
It has 807,396 people, making it the third-largest city in Spain and the fifteenth in the European Union.
Valencia's climate is on the boundary of hot semi-arid (Bsh in the Koeppen climate classification) and hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).
Valencia Tourism Offical Site
Murcia is the capital of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain, and its biggest city, with a population of 410,000 in the city and more than 740,000 in the metropolitan area.
The municipality is the seventh largest in Spain.
The city is in the Segura Valley, in an area called la Huerta de Murcia, which is a very important agricultural center with oranges, lemons, tomatoes, onions, etc.;
the varied fruits and vegetables typical of the Mediterranean lands.
It has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh in the Koeppen climate classification).
The city has a Baroque cathedral and a university.
Zaragoza (sometimes called Saragossa in English) is the capital of Aragon, in the Ebro Valley, in the crossroad from Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid, and Bilbao.
The population is 643,000.
The most important monument is the Nuestra Señora del Pilar (Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar).
Malaga (Spanish: Málaga) is a Spanish city in Andalusia, Spain on the Mediterranean coast.
The city has 560,000 people.
There are more than 1,000,000 people in the surrounding area.
It is the second biggest city in Andalusia after Sevilla, and the sixth biggest in Spain.
The 20th century artist Pablo Picasso was born in Málaga.
Málaga enjoys a subtropical–mediterranean climate.
It has one of the warmest winters in Europe, with average temperatures of 17 °C (62.6 °F) during the day and 7–8 °C (45–46 °F) at night in the period from December through February.
The climate is subtropical-Mediterranean (Köppen climate classification: Csa) with very mild winters and hot summers.
Málaga enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of about 300 days of sunshine and only about 40-45 with precipitation annually.
Its coastal location with winds blowing from the Mediterranean Sea make the heat manageable during the summer.
Málaga experiences the warmest winters of any European city with a population over 500,000.
The average temperature during the day in the period December through February is .
During the winter, the Málaga Mountains (Montes de Málaga) block out the cold weather from the north.
Generally, the summer season lasts about eight months, from April to November, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes surpass .
Its average annual temperature is  during the day  and  at night.
In the coldest month, January, the temperature ranges from  during the day,  at night and the average sea temperature is .
In the warmest month, August, the temperature ranges from  during the day, above  at night and the average sea temperature is .
The highest temperature ever recorded at the airport is  on 18 July 1978.
In the month of August 1881, the average reported daytime maximum temperature was a record .
The coldest temperature ever recorded was  on the night of 4 February 1954.
The highest wind speed ever recorded was on 16 July 1980, measuring .
Snowfall is virtually unknown; since the end of the XIX century, Málaga city has only recorded snow one day in the 20th century, on 2 February 1954.
Annual average relative humidity is 65%, ranging from 58% in June to 72% in December.
Yearly sunshine hours is between 2,800 and 3,000 per year, from 5–6 hours of sunshine / day in December to average 11 hours of sunshine / day in July.
Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry.
Málaga is one of the few cities in Europe which are "green" all year round.
Málaga.diwiki.org  Periódico digital
La Palma is another island of the Canary Islands
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria is the biggest city of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean.
The city, with a population of 383,308 in 2010, is the eighth-largest in Spain.
Canarias (Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands).
It is also the capital of the island of Gran Canaria and of the province of Las Palmas.
The islands of this province are Gran Canaria, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.
The city was founded in 1478.
The town has a beautiful old area.
This area (Vegueta) has a lot of houses from the 16th to the 19th Centuries.
There is still a house where Christopher Columbus stayed in 1492.
He stayed there before he went to the Americas.
The interesting cathedral was begun in the year 1500.
Las Palmas (for short) is famous for its very nice and dry weather all year round.
It is also famous for its Las Canteras Beach.
This beach is more than 3 kilometers long.
The beach brings a lot of tourists to the city.
Places to visit: Vegueta (old area); Triana (traditional commercial area); Playa de Las Canteras (Las Canteras Beach); cathedral; Casa de Colón (Columbus House); Museo Canario (archaeology museum); CAAM - Centro Atlántico de Arte Moderno (Modern Art Centre); Museo Élder de la Ciencia (science museum); Museo Néstor (museum with paintings); Teatro Pérez Galdós (theatre); Auditorio Alfredo Kraus (concert hall); Jardín Canario (Canary Garden, mostly with plants from the Canary Islands); Doramas Park.
Palma de Mallorca is the capital of the Balearic Islands and the Mallorca island, in the Mediterranean Sea, in front of the Iberian Peninsula.
The city, with a population of 410,000, is the ninth-largest of Spain.
It is a very important tourist center in the world, and is famous for its historic architecture.
It has one university, a subway, and the international airport lies just southwest of the city.
Córdoba is a city in Andalusia, Spain.
It is the capital of Córdoba province.
It had a population of about 326,000 in 2017.
Córdoba is 138 kilometers (86 miles) northeast of the city of Seville and is on the Guadalquivir river.
Córdoba has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification) with the hottest summers of all European cities.
The Romans occupied Córdoba in 206 B.C. The city was very important in the 900s CE as a famous center of Moorish art and culture.
The Mezquita de Córdoba is the city's chief landmark.
It was built as a mosque (Muslim house of worship) in the 700s and was made into a Roman Catholic cathedral in 1238.
More than 1,000 pillars of stone including granite, onyx, marble and jasper support its arches.
A soft, fine-grained leather called cordovan is made in Córdoba.
Córdoba is the center of an agricultural region.
Farms produce grain, grapes, olives, and vegetables.
Municipalities in Andalusia
Alacant or Alicante (, Valencian: ) is a city in Spain.
It is the capital of the province of Alicante.
It is in the southern part of the Valencian Community.
It is also a historic Mediterranean port.
The population of the city of Alicante proper is about 332,067, as of 2014, ranking as the second-largest Valencian city.
Including nearby municipalities, Alicante was populated by 458,843 residents.
Population of the metropolitan area (including Elche and satellite towns) was 795,034 as of 2009.
Based on population it is the eighth-largest metropolitan area of Spain.
The city is a sea port and a tourist centre.
The avenue Maisonnave is the principal commercial street in the city of Alicante.
In fact, Maisonnave is the sixth most expensive avenue in the whole of Spain, which gives an idea of the importance that this  street has.
The Corte inglés has in this central street both branches that it possesses in Alicant, one at each end of the avenue.
Santa Barbara's Castle is 166 metres up the Benacantil mountain.
It's very strong with great strategic value.
It's called Santa Barbara's Castle because the 4th of December is Santa Barbara's day and the 4th of December in 1248 is when it was taken from the Arabs by Alfonso of Castilla.
Alicante Information
Phonology is part of linguistics.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
Phonology is the science that studies the way that sounds (phones) carry meaning in language.
Sounds (phones) that carry meaning in language are called phonemes.
Sounds that do not carry meaning in the language are called allophones.
Phonology focuses on the study of phonemes, "units of sound (speech) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language."
Phonology also includes studies of how words are articulated, or spoken.
Phonology refers to the sound patterns of a language.
Phonology is different from phonetics.
Phonology studies how sounds form meaning in language.
Phonetics studies how those sounds are formed.
Studies of phonology and phonetics are sometimes combined, which results in more specific areas of study.
In 300 BC, Panini was the first person to study phonology.
He created a grammar (a set of language rules) for Sanskrit (an ancient Indian language).
He also created a list of the phonemes in Sanskrit.
He assigned a symbol to represent each phoneme.
The symbols are still used today in phonology.
The first person to use the word "phoneme" was the French linguist (one who studies language) A. Dufriche-Desgenettes.
In the 1800s, Jan Baudoin gave the definition of phoneme that is uses today.
Soon afterward, Baudouin de Courtenay began the study of phonology.and worked on the theory of phonetic alternations, which predicts changes in the sounds of a language.
One of the best schools of phonology was the Prague school.
In 1939, a student of that school, Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, published one of the most important studies on phonology.
His work was titled Principles of Phonology.
Another important person in the Prague school was Roman Jakobson.
Roman was the most well-known linguist in the 1900s.
In 1968, Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE).
This book described generative phonology, which studies how grammar changes how people use language.
Branches of linguistics
People who study language are called linguists.
There are many ways to use linguistics every day.
Some linguists are theoretical linguists and study the theory and ideas behind language, such as historical linguistics (the study of the history of language, and how it has changed), or the study of how different groups of people may use language differently (sociolinguistics).
Some linguists are applied linguists and use linguistics to do things.
For example, forensic linguistics is used in crime investigations, and computational linguistics is used to help make computers understand languages, as in speech recognition.
Although linguistics is the scientific study of language, a number of other intellectual disciplines are relevant to language and intersect with it.
Semiotics, for example, is the general study of signs and symbols both within language and without.
Literary theorists study the use of language in literature.
Linguistics additionally draws on and informs work from such diverse fields as acoustics, anthropology, biology, computer science, human anatomy, informatics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and speech-language pathology.
Discourse analysis is the study of entire conversations or texts.
Many linguists compare languages to find similar properties.
That makes it possible to find things shared by all the languages of the world and also learn the languages that are related in a language family.
Linguists who study how languages are structured and how they work are said to study theoretical linguistics.
Another part of linguistics is involved in understanding how languages are used in society or in the world.
Sociolinguistics studies how language is used in society, and historical linguistics studies how languages change over time and how languages were in the past.
One part of historical linguistics is etymology, the study of the history of words.
The part of linguistics that aims to find out how language works in the mind is known as psycholinguistics.
The study of language began in India with Pāṇini, the 5th century BC grammarian who wrote about the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit grammar, which described the different kinds of vowels and consonants of Sanskrit as well as its verb and noun classes.
In the Middle East, Sibawayh (سیبویه) wrote a book about Arabic in 760 AD, Al-kitab fi al-nahw (الكتاب في النحو, The Book on Grammar) and was the first known author to talk about the difference between sounds and phonemes.
Linguistics started in the West as early as it did in the East, but Western linguistics at that time was more like philosophy and less the study of language.
Plato was the first western philosopher to write about semantics in his Cratylus in which he argues that words represent concepts that are eternal and exist in the world of ideas.
The word etymology is first used to talk about the history behind a word's meaning.
The Region of Murcia is an autonomous community in the south-east of Spain.
The region has 1,350,000 people.
The capital is Murcia, with 410,000 people.
Other important cities are Cartagena, Lorca, Molina de Segura, and Cieza.
March 26 – Utrecht University is founded in the Netherlands.
Harvard University founded.
In the American colonies, Roger Williams (theologian) founds Rhode Island.
The Moors begin to control Spain.
The Arabs begin to control Southern Pakistan.
Segura is a Spanish river that is 325 kilometers (200 miles) long.
It flows through the provinces of Jaen, Albacete, Murcia, and Alicante, and the cities of Cieza, Molina de Segura, Murcia, Orihuela, Rojales, and Guardamar.
It then flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
Rivers of Spain
Orihuela is a city on the coast in Spain in the Alicante province, on the Segura river in a district called Vega Baja.
Oranges and lemons are grown.
The city has a population of 75,000 with very important historical monuments like the Cathedral and the church of Santiago, the church of Santa Justa and Rufina and the Seminarium.
Cities in Valencia (autonomous community)
Municipalities in Valencia (autonomous community)
Alicante Province
Alacant () province is the fifth largest Spanish province by population with 1,750,000, and the second largest in the Valencian Community.
It is on the south-east Mediterranean coast and the capital is the city of Alicante, a sea- port with a University.
It is a commercial city with monuments like Sainte Barbra Castle.
Other important cities are Elche, 215,000 with palms trees and its important shoe industry; Torrevieja, 100,000, tourist centre with the world-famous Habaneras contest; Orihuela, 75,000, agricultural important center; Benidorm, 67,000, the Mediterranean Manhattan; Alcoi, 60,000; textile center, and Elda, 55,000, shoes industry.
The most important river is the Segura, in the south, which provides the water to Alicante, Elche, Torrevieja, Orihuela and other cities.
There are others like Vinalopo, Serpis, Amadorio, Ravine of the Sheeps and Monnegre.
The biggest mountain is Aitana, and other mountains are Mariola, Puig Bell, Maigmo and Gold Head, near Alicante.
In the coast there are islands, the most important is Tabarca, and other is the Benidorm island.
An important coast success is the Penon of Ifach, in Calpe.
The activities in Alicante province are tourism, industry (shoes, carpets, plays, dolls, textiles) and modern agriculture of regadium (oranges, lemons, tomatoes, almonds, wine).
There are two universities: University of Alicante and University of Michael Hernandez.
Turkmenistan ( or ; , ;), also known as Turkmenia, is a country in South-Central Asia.
It has borders with Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan.
It has no ocean but it is on the Caspian Sea to the west.
The capital of Turkmenistan is Ashghabat.
Turkmenistan was part of the Soviet Union since its creation, in 1922.
At first, Turkmenistan was an autonomous republic within Russian SFSR.
In 1925 it was promoted to a Soviet republic.
Turkmenistan is an independent country since 1991, after the breakup of the Soviet Union.
Saparmurat Niyazov became Turkmenistan’s first president in 1991.
Turkmenistan is divided into five provinces and one capital city district.
The provinces are divided into districts which may be either counties or cities.
Turkmenistan is one of the driest desert areas in the world.
Some places have an average annual precipitation of only .
The highest temperature recorded in Ashgabat is .
Kerki, an extreme inland city located on the banks of the Amu Darya river, recorded  in July 1983, but this value is unofficial.
50.1C is the highest temperature recorded at Repetek Reserve, recognized as the highest temperature ever recorded in the whole former Soviet Union.
Turkmenistan is the world's 52nd-largest country.
It is slightly smaller than Spain and somewhat larger than the US state of California.
Over 80% of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert.
The Turkmen shore along the Caspian Sea is  long.
The Caspian Sea is entirely landlocked, with no access to the ocean.
Turkmenistan has a humid climate.
Annual rainfall is low, particularly in summer.
Winters are dry and mild.
The wettest region in Turkmenistan is Köýtendağ Range.
Köýtendağ is in southeastern Turkmenistan on the borders with Uzbekistan.
Caesium (or cesium) is the chemical element with the atomic number 55 on the periodic table.
Its symbol is Cs.
Caesium is an alkali metal.
Its melting point is low (28 °C).
It is extremely reactive.
Because of its high reactivity, it is a dangerous chemical.
It may set itself on fire (ignite) in air.
It explodes on contact with water.
It reacts more violently than the other alkali metals with water.
Because of this, caesium is stored in mineral oil.
Caesium is a rare element.
Since there is little caesium on the Earth, it is rather expensive.
The human body does not need caesium.
In large amounts, its chemical compounds are mildly poisonous because it is close to potassium, which the body does need.
Caesium was first described in 1860, by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen.
They were testing mineral water, from Bad Dürkheim.
After they separated calcium, strontium, magnesium and lithium, they saw two lines in the "blue" range of the spectrum.
Because of these lines, they concluded that in addition to the elements already found, there must be another unknown substance in the mineral water.
They named this substance caesium, after the color blue.
Isotopes and compounds
Caesium has at least 39 known isotopes ranging in atomic mass from 112 to 151.
Only one of these, Cs, is stable.
Therefore, the naturally-occurring isotope of caesium is Cs, which is not radioactive.
Cs is used in atomic clocks, its vibration frequency used to define the length of the second.
Another isotope, Cs is not made naturally but is made after nuclear fission has been done.
It is very radioactive and used as an industrial gamma ray source.
Caesium forms compounds with many other chemical elements.
Caesium formate is used in oil drilling because of its high density.
Caesium is extremely reactive in air and water.
Caesium rapidly oxidizes in air and can spontaneously combust (randomly catch on fire) at any moment.
For this reason, it must be stored in kerosene or a mineral oil, like other group one elements (Lithium, Natrium, Rubidium, and Francium.)
In water, Caesium violently reacts to make Caesium Hydroxide (2CsOH).
The Caesium sinks for about one second, then explodes.
The explosion is over 50 times the size of the size of the element dropped in the water, and the explosion is enough to break a common Pyrex Beaker, Flask, or Test Tube.
You can find a video of the reaction here.
Rubidium is chemical element 37 on the periodic table.
Its symbol is Rb.
Its atomic mass is 85.47.
It has 37 protons and 37 electrons.
It is a soft silver colored metal.
It was first discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff in Heidelberg, Germany.
Rubidium melts at a very low temperature, for example it could melt in a person's hand.
Rubidium is an alkali metal.
It can make an amalgam with mercury.
Rubidium is very reactive.
It will ignite in air because it reacts with many other elements in the air like oxygen and nitrogen.
Rubidium reacts very violently with water to make hydrogen and rubidium hydroxide, a strong corrosive base.
The reaction is normally very hot so the hydrogen ignites.