the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
His mother gave money for a museum of his works to be built in Albi, his birthplace.
Moulin Rouge (1952), directed by John Huston, with Jose Ferrer as Toulouse-Lautrec
Lautrec (1998), directed by Roger Planchon
2001), directed by Baz Lurhmann, with John Leguizamo as Toulouse-Lautrec.
Toulouse-Lautrec and Montmartre at the National Gallery of Art
Website dedicated to Lautrec.
Website about Lautrec with virtual tours.
Factmonster page about Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de
People from Occitanie
A sensation
Alleghany County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.
In 2000, 10,677 people lived there.
Since it is in the mountains, Alleghany County has cooler summers than most other places in North Carolina.
The temperature usually does not go above 85 °F in the summer.
But in the winter the temperature is colder than most places in North Carolina.
Adjacent Counties
Grayson County, Virginia - north
Surry County, North Carolina - east
Wilkes County, North Carolina - south
Ashe County, North Carolina - west
Important Roads
1859 establishments in North Carolina
Sparta is a town in Alleghany County, North Carolina, United States.
The population was 1,817 people as of the year 2000.
Teapot Museum
Anson County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.
In 2000, 25,275 people lived there.
In 1753, the northern part of Anson County became Rowan County.
In 1762 the western part of the county became Mecklenburg County.
In 1779 the northern part of the county became Montgomery County, and the part east of the Pee Dee River became Richmond County.
And in 1842 the western part of Anson County was combined with the southeastern part of Mecklenburg County to make Union County.
Stanly County, North Carolina - north
Richmond County, North Carolina - east
Marlboro County, South Carolina - south east
Chesterfield County, South Carolina -south
Union County, North Carolina -west
Ansonville
Lilesville
McFarlan
Morven
Peachland
Polkton
Wadesboro
Anson County government official website
1750 establishments
Wadesboro is a town in Anson County, North Carolina, United States.
The population was 3,552 people as of the year 2000.
Official website of Wadesboro, NC
Alexander County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.
In 2000, 33,603 people lived there.
Wilkes County, North Carolina - north
Iredell County, North Carolina - east
Catawba County, North Carolina - south
Caldwell County, North Carolina - west
Alexander County government official website
1840s establishments in North Carolina
Ashe County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.
In 2000, 24,384 people lived there.
Native Americans used to live in Ashe County.
Pieces of broken pottery, arrowheads, and other Native American things have been found in the county.
In 1849, the southwestern part of Ashe County was combined with parts of Caldwell County, Wilkes County, and Yancey County to make Watauga County.
In 1859, the eastern part of Ashe County became Alleghany County.
West Jefferson.
Connected counties
Alleghany County, North Carolina - east
Wilkes County, North Carolina - southeast
Watauga County, North Carolina - southwest
Johnson County, Tennessee - west
Ashe County government official website
1799 establishments in the United States
1790s establishments in North Carolina
The Long March is the  retreat of Mao Zedong and the Communists in 1934-35.
The communists went to their stronghold away from Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists.
Here they were able to join together and start fighting again to beat the Nationalists.
They trekked 6,000 miles over 370 days, and only 8,000 survived out of 100,000 people.
However, because they had survived such a difficult trial together the survivors were very dedicated and created a more cohesive group.
Mao Zedong rose up as a leader during this time.
The long march was over 12400 km, in one year.
About 300,000 people started, and fewer than 10% finished.
They climbed some mountains more than 4000 meters high,
Before the Long March, China had two sides: the nationalists and the communists.
Both sides wanted to rule the country.
This brought the Chinese Civil War.
Chinese nationalists used 500,000 soldiers to remove the communists from Jiang Xi.
They failed four times before.
Now the nationalists changed the way to attack the communists, using encirclement (make a circle around the enemy army) to stop them from running away.
The Communists leader Borgu tried to fight 500,000 soldiers face to face.
But the problem is that the Jianxi communists just had 86,000 soldiers and more than half of them just had a broadsword and no guns.
They failed to push the nationalist army back, so they tried to go to meet another communist army in Shaanxi.
How it changed China’s history
The Long March was an important event in Chinese history.
It made the China communists army survival and change the way they fight the capitalism.
The communists also choose Mao Zedong to became the leader of the communists and all the red armies in china (china communists army), They should listen Mao Zedong to fight.
It was a point for the communists decide fight and live in the countryside and use guerrilla to fight with the nationalists.
The Long March also made the nationalists follow the communists and kill some local warlord leaders so they controlled more parts of China.
They followed the communists all the way to ShaanXi and killed a lot of red army soldiers so that after World War II, the communists had very few soldiers.
They took four years to get more soldiers so they could win the civil war.
Different opinions about the march's result
The communists' believed they won by making a lot of soldiers survive and successfully meet the Communists party in Shaanxi.
They also said it is so successful to run away from 100,000 soldiers encirclement and about 200,000 soldiers  hunt between the long march.
The Nationalists' thought they were successful because the communists were running away from the battle and were forced to move to the other side of China.
They killed at least half of the Red Army soldiers in China.
The reason they have different opinions is because their goals were very different: the Communists just wanted to survive the Nationalist army's attack.
The Nationalists' goal was to destroy the Red Army in Jian Xi, making the communists weaker than before.
It took the communists four years to rebuild their army and win the civil war.
Avery County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.
In 2000, 17,167 people lived there.
Its county seat is Newland.
It is known for growing Fraser Fir Christmas trees.
Avery County is part of the High Council of Governments.
The county was made in 1911 from parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County, and Watauga County.
Avery County was the last county made in North Carolina.
Bordering counties
Johnson County, Tennessee – north
Carter County, Tennessee – west
Caldwell County, North Carolina – southeast
Burke County, North Carolina – south
McDowell County, North Carolina – south
Mitchell County, North Carolina – west
Watauga County, North Carolina – north
Banner Elk
Beech Mountain
Crossnore
Elk Park
Linville
Newland
Avery County government official website
Hersfeld-Rotenburg is a Kreis (district) in the east of Hesse, Germany.
In 1821 districts were created in Hesse, including the districts Hersfeld and Rotenburg, which stayed nearly unchanged after Hesse-Kassel was taken over by Prussia.
In 1972 both districts were joined into one.
The Saturnian moon Rhea may have a thin ring system with three narrow bands in a disk of solid particles.
The discovery was announced in the journal Science on March 6 2008.
In November of 2005 the Cassini orbiter found that Saturn's magnetosphere near Rhea did not have energetic electrons.
According to the discovery team, this is best explained by assuming they were absorbed by solid material in the form of an equatorial disk having denser rings or arcs, with particles perhaps many decimeters to about a meter in diameter.
Voyager 1 saw an area without as many energetic electrons trapped in Saturn's magnetic field downstream from Rhea in 1980.
These measurements, which were never explained, were made at a farther distance than the Cassini data.
On November 26, 2005, Cassini made the one targeted Rhea flyby of its primary mission.
It passed within 500 km of Rhea's surface, downstream of Saturn's magnetic field, and saw the resulting plasma wake as it had with other moons, such as Dione and Tethys.
In those cases, there was a cutoff of energetic electrons as Cassini crossed into the moons' plasma shadows (the regions where the moons themselves blocked the magnetospheric plasma from reaching Cassini).
However, in the case of Rhea, the electron plasma started to drop off at eight times that distance, and decreased gradually until the expected sharp drop off as Cassini entered Rhea's plasma shadow.
The extended distance corresponds to Rhea's Hill sphere, the distance of 7.7 times Rhea's radius inside of which orbits are dominated by Rhea's rather than Saturn's gravity.
When Cassini emerged from Rhea's plasma shadow, the reverse pattern occurred: A sharp surge in energetic electrons, then a gradual increase out to Rhea's Hill-sphere radius.
These readings are similar to those of Enceladus, where water coming out from its south pole absorbs the electron plasma.
However, in the case of Rhea, the absorption pattern is symmetrical.
In August 2007, Cassini passed through Rhea's plasma shadow again, but farther downstream.
Its readings were similar to those of Voyager 1.
There are no images or direct sightings of the material thought to be absorbing the plasma, but the likely candidates would be difficult to detect directly.
Further sightings are planned for Cassinis first mission extension, with a targeted flyby scheduled for March 2, 2010.
Cassini'''s flyby path makes interpretation of the magnetic readings difficult.
The obvious candidates for magnetospheric plasma-absorbing matter are neutral gas and dust, but the quantities required to explain the seen decrease in electrons are far higher than Cassinis measurements allow.
Therefore the finders, led by Geraint Jones of the Cassini'' MIMI team, argue that the decrease of electrons must be caused by solid particles orbiting Rhea:
The simplest explanation for the symmetrical punctuations in plasma flow are "extended arcs or rings of material" orbiting Rhea in its equatorial plane.
These symmetric dips bear some similarity to the way by which the Rings of Uranus were found in 1977.
However, not all scientists are convinced that the seen signatures are caused by a ring system.
No rings have been seen in images, which puts a very low limit at least on tiny dust-sized particles.
Furthermore, a ring made of boulders would be expected to generate dust that would likely have been seen in the images.
Simulations suggest that solid bodies can stably orbit Rhea near its equatorial plane over astronomical timescales.
They may not be stable around Dione and Tethys because those moons are so much closer to Saturn, and therefore have much smaller Hill spheres, or around Titan because of drag from its dense atmosphere.
Many suggestions have been made for the possible origin of rings.
An impact could have brought material into orbit; this could have happened as recently as 70 million years ago.
A small body could have been disrupted when caught in orbit about Rhea.
In either case, the debris would eventually have settled into circular equatorial orbits.
Given their long-term orbital stability, however, it is possible that they survive from the formation of Rhea itself.
For different rings to exist, something must separate them.
Suggestions include moonlets or clumps of material within the disk, similar to those seen within Saturn's A ring.
NASA podcast
Werra-Meißner is a Kreis (district) in the north of Hesse, Germany.
The Hohe Meißner with  is the highest of the Meißner mountains.
The river and the mountain gave the district its name.
The Hohe Meißner was also home to USA military forces up to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.
Soldiers of the Special Forces guarded the eavesdropping listening post situated on the hilltop.
Waldeck-Frankenberg is a Kreis (district) in the north of Hesse, Germany.
The district was created in 1972 by merging the two districts Frankenberg and Waldeck.
Most of the area of the district was previously part of the old principality of Waldeck.
Schwalm-Eder is a Kreis (district) in the north of Hesse, Germany.
, Kajaani City,
, district of Sedgemoor
, district of Piła and
, the Rayon ov (Yaroslavl Oblast).
Velvet Revolver (VR), was a Grammy Award-winning rock supergroup that started in 2002.
The members of the band are Slash (guitarist), Duff McKagan (bassist, backing vocals), Matt Sorum (drums) of Guns N' Roses, and Dave Kushner (guitarist) of Wasted Youth.
Scott Weiland of Stone Temple Pilots was previously the lead singer.
He joined the band after Stone Temple Pilots broke up in 2003.
The band got success with their first album Contraband and released their second album Libertad in 2007.
Scott Weiland left the band in 2008, though he did one more one-off show with the band in 2012.
Velvet Revolver have had several searches for a new singer since then, but have yet to announce a replacement.
Velvet Revolver Official Site (dot com) / Velvet Revolver Official Site (dot net)
Velvet Revolver @ RCA Records
Velvet Revolver VH1 Artist Page
Velvet Revolver MTV Artist Page
Velvet Revolver AOL Artist Page
Velvet Revolver Billboard Artist Page
Velvet Revolver All Music Guide Artist Page
Velvet Revolver Rolling Stone Artist Page
Scott Weiland talks about "Libertad"
Officiële Velvet Revolver Benelux Website
Online wiki for Velvet Revolver concerts and setlists
The Manchu people are a Tungusic people who came from Manchuria (today's Northeastern China).
During their rise in the seventeenth century they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until  the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, which established a republican government in its place.
The Manchu are still a separate ethnicity from the Han Chinese and are categorized as a seperaet ethnic minority by the government of China but the majority of Manchus no longer speak their own language much as the majority of the Irish people remain separate from English but speak English as their first language.
http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/EthnicGroups/136932.htm
Qiren.cn (Simplified Chinese)
Kristanna Sommer Loken or Kristanna Sommer Løken (born October 8, 1979) is an American actress known for her work in both film and television, and a former fashion model.
She is perhaps known as T-X from the movie Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) and Rayne from the movie Bloodrayne (2006).
All of Loken's four grandparents were immigrants to the United States from Norway.
Mortal Kombat Conquest (1998) (as Taja)
Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) as T-X
Ring of the Nibelungs (2004) as Brunhild
BloodRayne (2006) as Rayne
The L Word (2007) as Paige Sobel
Painkiller Jane (2007) as Jane Vasco / Painkiller Jane
In the Name of the King (2008) as Elora
KristannaLoken.net (Official website) (requires Flash)
(Official)
Kristana Loken Comes Out
Manila Standard Today interview (January 27, 2006)
Curve interview  (January 2006)
JoBlo.com interview (December 29, 2005)
Models from New York
Geneva (,  ,  ,  , ) is the second biggest city in Switzerland.
Only Zürich is bigger.
Geneva is the biggest city in Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland).
Geneva is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva.
It is situated where the Rhône River leaves Lake Geneva (called in French Lac Léman).
Geneva is a very important financial and diplomatic center.
There are many international organizations in Geneva, including the United Nations and the Red Cross.
A 2009 survey states that Geneva has the third highest quality of living in the world (narrowly outranked by Zürich).
Geneva was first written about as a border town, set up to protect the Roman Empire against the Helvetii.
The Romans took the city in 120 B.C. In A.D. 443 it was taken by Burgundy, and with the latter fell to the Franks in 534.
In 888 the town was part of the new Kingdom of Burgundy, and with it was taken over in 1033 by the German Emperor.
From 1154 the bishops of Geneva had the status of prince of the Holy Roman Empire, but the counts of Geneva and later the counts of Savoy were "guardians", always ready to take over from the bishops.
In 1290 the counts of Savoy got the right to appoint a deputy ruler (vice-dominus) of the diocese, the title of Vidame of Geneva was granted to the family of count François de Candie of Chambéry-Le-Vieux a Chatellaine of the Savoy.
The vidominus or Curia Viscount of Geneva, had legal and financial powers over the town, under the control of the Bishop and the Duchy of Savoy.
In 1387 Bishop Adhémar Fabry granted the town its great charter, the basis of its communal self-government, which every bishop on his accession was expected to confirm.
The last Count of Geneva died in 1394, and the House of Savoy took over their land.
In 1416 the counts became dukes, and kept trying to bring the city of Geneva under their control, often by making members of their own family to Bishops of Geneva.
The city protected itself by joining the Swiss Federation (Eidgenossenschaft), uniting itself in 1426 with Berne and Fribourg.
In the Protestant Reformation Bern favoured the new Protestant teaching and demanded liberty of preaching for the Reformers Guillaume Farel and Antoine Froment, but Catholic Fribourg renounced in its union with Geneva in 1511.
Later the Protestant leader John Calvin was based in Geneva from 1536 to his death in 1564.
At the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) the territory of Geneva was enlarged to cover 15 Savoyard and 6 French parishes, with more than 16,000 Catholics; at the same time it became a part of the Swiss Confederation.
The treaty said that Catholic religion was to be protected, and that no changes were to be made without agreement with the Holy See.
Later, Pope Pius VII made the cities of Geneva and Lausanne a new diocese of and part of Geneva diocese that was in France part of the French diocese of Annecy.
The Protestant and Old Catholic churches got money from the city taxes, but the Roman Catholics did not.
On 30 June 1907, most of the Catholics of Geneva voted for the separation of Church and State.
Geneva is located at 46°12' North, 6°09' East, at the south-western end of Lake Geneva, where the lake meets the Rhône River.
It is surrounded by two mountain chains, the Alps and the Jura.
The city of Geneva has an area of .
The area of the Canton of Geneva is .
The altitude of Geneva is 373.6 m.  This is the altitude of the largest of the Pierres du Niton, two large rocks in the lake that are used as a reference point for surveying in Switzerland.
Geneva has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).
Winters are cool and generally a little cloudy.
During the winter, it is possible to have several days without thawing, and a day or two with severe freezes where the thermometer displays -10 °C.
There are several days each month when, if anticyclonic conditions are stable, the clouds may stay for several days.
From March, with temperatures rising it feels like summer in late May.
However, the rain intensifies and often has a stormy character during the month of May.
These may be short but strong storms depositing several centimetres of rain within just a few minutes.
Summers are often hot and rather humid, although some may be more changeable, the mornings remain relatively fresh.
During the summer season, the rains are less frequent but more intense.
This is the season where you most likely get thunderstorms with hail.
If the weather in early September is still hot, it cools down quickly to become really cold in November.
The morning frosts are then reappearing.
Autumn is also the season of mists, and the month of October is often the month with the most fog in the year.
The fog can be very intense, restricting vision to less than 100 m in the areas outside the city.
Le Courrier, founded in 1868, was originally supported by the Roman Catholic Church, but has been completely independent since 1996.
Mainly focused on Geneva, Le Courrier is trying to expand into other cantons in Romandy.
Both Le Temps (headquartered in Geneva) and Le Matin are widely read in Geneva, but both actually cover the whole of Romandy.
Geneva is covered by the various French language radio networks of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, in particular the Radio Suisse Romande.
While these networks cover the whole of Romandy, special programs related to Geneva are sometimes broadcast on some of the local frequencies in the case of special events such as elections.
Other local station broadcast from the city, including RadioLac (FM 91.8 MHz), Radio Cité (Non-commercial radio, FM 92.2 MHz), OneFM (FM 107.0 MHz, also broadcast in Vaud), and World Radio Geneva (FM 88.4 MHz), Switzerland's only English-language radio station.
The main television channel covering Geneva is the Télévision Suisse Romande; while its headquarters are in Geneva, the programmes cover the whole of French-speaking Switzerland.
Léman Bleu is a local TV channel, founded in 1996 and distributed by cable.
Because Geneva is nearly surrounded by France, many French television and radio channels can be picked up in Geneva.
Movie going is a favorite activity in Geneva and there are plenty of theaters throughout the city.
Most movies are dubbed into French.
Because of the number of English speakers in the city movies may also be subtitled.
In has over 1,000 restaurants, so it is the undisputed capital of cuisine in Switzerland.
However eating out can be expensive, and many people drive the few kilometres over the border into France where prices are lower.
Traditions and customs
Since 1818, a particular chestnut tree is used as the official "herald of the spring" in Geneva.
The sautier (secretary of the Parliament of the Canton of Geneva) observes the tree and notes the day of arrival of the first bud.
While this event has no practical impact, the sautier issues a formal press release and the local newspaper will usually mention the news.
In 2007, the first bud appeared on 2 March.
Geneva celebrates Jeune genevois on the first Thursday following a Sunday in September.
By local tradition, this commemorates when the news of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of Huguenots reached Geneva.
The Genevois (people of Geneva) joke that the federal equivalent holiday, Jeune fédéral, is celebrated two weeks later on account of the rest of the country being a bit slow on the uptake.
Genevans also traditionally celebrate the failure of a Savoyard attempt to invade the city in 1602.
The celebration, which takes place in December, is called L'Escalade, and includes a parade in the Old Town, a marathon, and numerous costume parties across the city.
Inhabitants generally eat vegetable stew to commemorate a fictional character called Mère Royaume who is said to have thrown boiling hot soup on the Duke of Savoy's men when they were climbing the walls of the city during the night (hence the name L'Escalade, which means "the climb" in French).
Traditionally, children are encouraged to knock on people's doors and sing songs in old Genevan, while teenagers generally throw eggs and flour at each other.
Another tradition is to cross a pot made of chocolate filled with marzepan vegetables while saying "and so perished the enemies of the Republic".
The main sport team in Geneva is Servette FC, a football club founded in 1890 and named after a borough on the right bank of the Rhône River.
Servette was the only club to have remained in the top league in Switzerland since its creation in the 1930s; however, in 2005, management problems caused the bankruptcy of the club's parent company, causing the club to be demoted two divisions lower.
It is now playing in second division.
Geneva is also home of the Genève-Servette Hockey Club, who play in the Swiss Nationalliga A.
The city of Geneva is divided into 8 "quartiers" or districts, often made up of several conglomerated neighborhoods.
On the Left Bank (Rive Gauche) these include Jonction, Centre / Plainpalais / Acacias, Eaux-Vives and Champel while the Right Bank includes Saint-Jean / Charmilles, Servette / Petit-Saconnex, Grottes / Saint-Gervaise and Paquis / Nations.
The population of the Canton is split between 148,500 people originally from Geneva (33.7%), 122,400 Swiss from other cantons (27.6%) and 170,500 foreigners (38.7%), from 180 different countries.
Including people holding multiple citizenship, 54.4% of people living in Geneva hold a foreign passport.
While Geneva is usually considered a Protestant city, there are now more Roman Catholics (39.5%) than Protestants (17.4%) living in the Canton.
22% of the inhabitants claim not to be religious, the rest being shared between Islam (4.4%), Judaism (1.1%), other religions and people who did not respond.
Geneva's economy is mainly services oriented.
The city has an important and old finance sector, which is specialized in private banking (managing assets of about 1 trillion USD) and financing of international trade.
It is also an important centre of commodity trade.
Geneva hosts the international headquarters of companies like JT International (JTI), Mediterranean Shipping Company, Serono, SITA, Société Générale de Surveillance and STMicroelectronics.
Many other multinational companies like Caterpillar, DuPont, Electronic Arts, Hewlett-Packard, INVISTA, Procter & Gamble and Sun Microsystems have their European headquarters in the city too.
There is a long tradition of watchmaking (Baume et Mercier, Chopard, Franck Muller, Patek Philippe, Rolex, Raymond Weil, Omega, etc.).
Two major international producers of flavours and fragrances, Firmenich and Givaudan, have their headquarters and main production facilities in Geneva.
Geneva Motor Show is one of the most important international auto-shows.
The show is held at Palexpo, a giant convention centre located next to the International Airport.
The show is so important that the Jet d'Eau is switched on for longer than usual because of all the visitors in the city during the show.
The city is served by the Geneva Cointrin International Airport.
It is connected to both the Swiss railway network SBB-CFF-FFS, and the French SNCF network, including direct connections to Paris, Marseille and Montpellier by TGV.
Geneva is also connected to the motorway systems of both Switzerland (A1 motorway) and France.
Public transport by bus, trolleybus or tram is provided by Transports Publics Genevois (TPG).
In addition to an extensive coverage of the city centre, the network covers most of the municipalities of the Canton, with a few lines extending into France.
Public transport by boat is provided by the Mouettes Genevoises, which link the two banks of the lake within the city, and by the Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman (CGN) which serves more distant destinations such as Nyon, Yvoire, Thonon, Evian, Lausanne and Montreux using both modern diesel vessels and vintage paddle steamers.
Trains operated by SBB connect the airport to the main station of Cornavin in six minutes, and carry on to towns such as Nyon, Lausanne, Fribourg, Montreux, Neuchâtel, Berne, Sion, Sierre, etc.
Regional train services are being increasingly developed, towards Coppet and Bellegarde.
At the city limits, two new stations have been created since 2002: Genève-Sécheron (close to the UN and the Botanical Gardens) and Lancy-Pont-Rouge.
In 2005, work started on the CEVA (Cornavin - Eaux-Vives - Annemasse) project, first planned in 1884, which will connect Cornavin with the Cantonal hospital, the Eaux-Vives station and Annemasse, in France.
The link between the main station and the classification yard of La Praille already exists; from there, the line will go mostly underground to the Hospital and the Eaux-Vives, where it will link up to the existing line to France.
Support for this project was obtained from all parties in the local parliament.
Taxis in Geneva can be difficult to find, and may need to be booked in advance especially in the early morning or at peak hours.
In addition, which may be surprising in a modern country like Switzerland, taxis often refuse to take babies and children.
The University of Geneva was founded by John Calvin in 1559.
The International School of Geneva is the oldest international school in the world.
It was founded in 1924 along with the League of Nations.
Geneva is also home to one of the most prestigious graduate schools of international relations, the Graduate Institute of International Studies.
Other international schools include the International School of Geneva and Institut International de Lancy (founded in 1903).
The Canton of Geneva's public school system has "écoles primaires" (4-12), "cycles d'orientation" (12-15), and the post-obligatory "collèges" (15-19), the oldest of which is the Collège Calvin.
It is housed in the ancient buildings of the University of Geneva, and could be considered one of the oldest public schools in the world.
As the Geneva authorities say, the history of the city is closely related to that of the foreign communities.
Ever since the migration of foreigners to Geneva, these communities have found refuge, bringing their know-how, their customs and hope of a new life.
They have widely participated in the international influence of Geneva, to its economic prosperity, and also to the spreading of views and of science.
Many other communities or minorities are also very well represented in Geneva, including sexual minorities, with no less than three organizations: Dialogai, a gay organization; Lestime, a lesbian organization; and association 360, an LGBT organization.
The Gay International Group (Geneva, Switzerland) is a good resource for gay foreigners, tourists or expatriates.
Also, a new LGBT group has debuted within the University of Geneva itself, called "Think Out".
This group addresses students and professors linked directly or indirectly with the matter of sexual diversity.
There are a lot of different communities in Geneva.
Even if Geneva is supposed to be the Protestant Rome, many religions are represented in Geneva.
The Plymouth Brethren have a thriving assembly there, established since the days of John Nelson Darby.
Besides the Protestants, the Catholic religion becomes more influential thanks to immigration from Latin countries.
The Jewish community is one of the oldest of Switzerland, and the more recent Muslim community is emerging in this tolerant city.
The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
The International Civil Defence Organization (ICDO)
The International Organization for Migration (IOM)
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR)
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
The World Trade Organization (WTO)
Geneva was the seat of the League of Nations between 1919 and the league's dissolution in 1946.
It was first housed in the Palais Wilson, and then in the Palais des Nations, which now hosts the United Nations.
Numerous international non-governmental organizations have also elected Geneva as their headquarters, including:
The Aga Khan Foundation
The Airports Council International
The Conference of European Churches (CEC)
The International AIDS Society
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
The International Baccalaureate program
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
The International Road Transport Union (IRU)
The International Union Against Cancer (UICC)
Mandat International (MI)
The International Committee of Committees (ICC)
The UN Watch
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
The World Council of Churches (WCC)
The World Heart Federation (WHF)
The World Economic Forum (WEF)
the World Organization of the Scout Movement
The World Wide Web Virtual Library
The International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (also known as The Geneva Association)
CARE International
Youth With A Mission (YWAM)
The international board of directors for Médecins Sans Frontières
Famous literature involving Geneva
Belle du Seigneur by Albert Cohen,
Eleven Minutes by Paulo Coelho
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
Geneva Nights by Clint Borgen,
Politics and the Arts by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Angels and Demons by Dan Brown
Asterix in Switzerland by René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo
The Calculus Affair by Hergé
The final part of Krzysztof Kieślowski's film trilogy, Three Colors called Three Colors: Red (1994), is set in Geneva
The sequence The Ozerov Inheritance (1972) of the television series The Persuaders!
is set in Geneva
In  2005 Academy Award-winning Syriana (2005) Matt Damon plays an energy analyst based in Geneva.
In the television series Babylon 5, the capital of the Earth Alliance is in Geneva.
The final scene of the movie F/X takes place in Geneva as the characters played by Bryan Brown and Brian Dennehy go there to recover a fortune from a bank.
In the television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, the original Red, Yellow, and Black Rangers (Jason, Trini, and Zack) were sent to a peace conference in Geneva when their actors left the show mid-season.
Scenes from Sean Connery's James Bond Film Goldfinger (1964) are set in Geneva.
While 007 supposedly lands in Geneva, and the map device in his car indicates that he is driving north along the left side of the city, the actual footage of the car moving along what should be Rue de Lausanne is not taken in or around Geneva, but rather further north-east in the German speaking part of the country.
Jean de Senarclens, "Geneva: Historic Guide", Editions du Tricorne, 1995.
Geneva - Welcome to Networld
Official website of the City of Geneva
Official website of the Canton of Geneva
The official Chestnut Tree , on the website of the Canton of Geneva
Geneva Palexpo, exhibitions and congresses  center, owned by the State of Geneva .
International Geneva Motor-Show.
Geneva Tourism
Geneva public transport
International Geneva Welcome Centre
Brief history of Geneva
Geneva information
Student Blog Geneva
University of Geneva
RadioLac website
Radio Cité website
OneFM website
Léman Bleu local Tv station
Municipalities of Geneva
Concubinage is the state of a woman in a relationship with a man of higher social status that gives her less rights than a marriage.
In most of the cases the man has an official wife and one or more concubines.
Concubines have only limited rights of support from the man, and their children have lower status than children born by the official wife or wives; these legal rights distinguish a concubine from a mistress.
Historically, the family of a girl were in favour of a concubinage with a mighty man, as it meant economic security for the woman.
But concubinage could also mean sexual slavery of one member of the relationship, typically the woman, who was a pleasure slave to the man.
In the Western world there is no legal status of concubines, as only monogamous marriages are allowed.
Any other relationship does not enjoy legal protection; the woman is necessarily a mistress.
Rosales v. Battle (2003) 113 Cal.
App.4th 1178 (California court decision involving status of concubine.
Link requires free registration.)
A mistress is a man's long term female sexual partner and companion who is not married to him.
This term is especially used when the man is married to another woman.
The relationship is generally stable; however, the couple do not live together openly.
Also, the relationship is usually but not always secret.
Rather often the man is paying for some of the woman's living expenses.
A mistress has no legal relationship to the man, that makes the difference to the status of a concubine.
The term can also be used to describe the "other" companion in a female same-sex marriage.
Likewise, a woman may be married to a man and have a mistress of her own.
Historically, the term was used for women who could afford a comfortable lifestyle, because a wealthy man financed that so that she will be available for his sexual pleasure.
Such a woman could move between the roles of a mistress and a courtesan.
Today however, the word mistress is used primarily to refer to the female companion of a man who is married to another woman; in the case of an unmarried man it is usual to speak of a "girlfriend".
In the courts of Europe, particularly Versailles and Whitehall in the 17th and 18th centuries, a mistress often had great power and influence.
A king might hold numerous mistresses but have a single "favourite mistress" or "official mistress" (in French, "maîtresse en titre"), as with Louis XV and Madame de Pompadour.
Eastern Front (Sudan)
The Italian campaign of 1524-1525 fought during the Italian War of 1521.
The Italian Campaign fought by Napoleon Bonaparte between 1796 and 1797.
The Austro-Sardinian War fought by Napoleon III of France and Kingdom of Sardinia against Austria in 1859.
The Italian Campaign (World War I) was fought primarily by Italy against Austria-Hungary in World War I.
The Italian Campaign (World War II) that began after the Allied invasion of Italy in World War II.
The following is a '''list of the counties of Wisconsin:
The Eastern Front of World War I was the theatre in which Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Russian Empire.
Planning places to concentrate forces was very important because there were few railways on the Eastern Front, and troops could not be moved and reinforced as quickly as on the Western Front.
Russia lost many battles, but its overall situation improved as Russia improved its forces, and more and more allies entered the war.
The Eastern Front ended when the Russian Civil War broke out in 1917.
The communists signed a peace treaty with Germany so that they could focus on winning the civil war.
WWI Eastern Front Photo.
WWI Eastern Front Part II
With the Russian army, 1914-1917 by Alfred Knox
Gibbons belong to the group of lesser apes.
They are known for their ability to swing from one tree to another with great agility and swiftness.
There are four genera of gibbons.
Gibbons live in dense tropical forests, for example, in Sumatra, Thailand, and Malaysia.
Extraordinary abilities
Gibbons are the best tree travelers in the animal kingdom.
They almost seem to be flying as they swing themselves hand over hand through the trees.
Like great apes, gibbons can also walk upright on the ground.
When they walk on the ground, gibbons hold their long arms in the air to keep them from dragging.
Gibbons are "singers" too.
Their powerful voices travel for kilometers through the forests of Southeast Asia.
At times, a male, a female, and their young get together and "sing" in a chorus.
These sounds help groups of gibbons stay in contact.
They also tell unwelcome visitors to stay away.
Gibbons stay busy for most of the day.
They swing through the trees, looking for leaves, flowers, fruit, and insects to eat.
When night falls, small groups settle down in familiar trees for the night.
Male and female
Unlike most other primates, male and female gibbons are not very different in size and shape, although they may differ in color.
The males are usually black, while the females tend to be ash blond.
Female gibbons have one offspring per gestation period and live about 25 years.
The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates (44), Hoolock (38), Nomascus (52), and Symphalangus (50).
Family Hylobatidae: gibbons
Lar gibbon or White-handed gibbon, Hylobates lar
Agile gibbon or Black-handed gibbon, Hylobates agilis
Müller's Bornean gibbon, Hylobates muelleri
Silvery gibbon, Hylobates moloch
Pileated gibbon or Capped gibbon, Hylobates pileatus
Kloss's gibbon or Mentawai gibbon or Bilou, Hylobates klossii
Genus Hoolock
Western Hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock
Eastern Hoolock gibbon, Hoolock leuconedys
Genus Symphalangus
Siamang, Symphalangus syndactylus
Genus Nomascus
Gibbon Conservation Center
Gibbon Network and Research Lab
Same-sex marriage (also known as gay marriage) is a term for a relationship in which two people of the same sex live together as a family in a governmentally, socially, or religiously recognized marriage.
Access to same-sex marriage is sometimes called marriage equality, especially by supporters.
Marriage by the civil law is presently available to same-sex couples at any place in some countries.
The countries that have them are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark (including Greenland and Faroe Islands), Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Uruguay.
The Netherlands was the first country to allow marriages of two people of the same sex in 2001.
Same-sex marriage became legal everywhere in the United States in 2015.
The Supreme Court ruled that not allowing same-sex couples to marry was unconstitutional.
In Mexico, same-sex marriages are practised in Mexico City and 15 states, but recognised throughout Mexico.
There are various faiths that practise same-sex marriages, including Eckankar, Wicca, Unitarian Universalism, Raelism, and Native American religions with a two-spirit tradition.
In the Netherlands, a same-sex marriage law does not actually exist.
Back in 2001, the existing (normal) marriage law was 'only' changed, so that it now includes marriage of same-sex partners.
This means that same-sex marriage in the Netherlands is not different from a normal marriage; it's exactly the same.
The Dutch law says the following:
Dutch civil law, book 1, article 1
Dutch constitution, article 1
Civil unions
Civil unions, civil partnership, domestic partnership, unregistered partnership/unregistered co-habitation or registered partnerships offer some of the benefits of marriage and are available in: Andorra, Australia (except Commonwealth law), Austria, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark (replaced by same-sex marriage in 2012), Ecuador, Estonia, Finland (replaced by same-sex marriage in 2017), France, Germany (replaced by same-sex marriage in 2017), Greece, Hungary (unregistered co-habitation since 1996; registered partnership from 2009), Iceland, Ireland (replaced by same-sex marriage in 2015), Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands (including Aruba), New Zealand, Norway (no longer separate civil union as of June 2008 same-sex marriages are under same law as male-female-marriages), Portugal, San Marino, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden (replaced by same-sex marriage in 2009), Switzerland, the United Kingdom (also available in some overseas territories) and Uruguay.
They are also available in some parts of Argentina, Mexico, Taiwan and Japan.
In the United Kingdom, civil partnerships have identical legal status to a marriage, and partners have all the same benefits and legal rights; ranging from tax exemptions and joint property rights, to next-of-kin status and shared parenting responsibilities.
Partnership ceremonies are performed by a marriage registrar in exactly the same manner as a secular civil marriage.
The controversy over recognition of same-sex unions as marriages is a very important part of a larger debate about the definition of a family.
Same-sex marriage is not considered as valid by many religions.
Many others, however, see same-sex marriage as important for all people to be equal.
They sometimes say that religions and law (Defense of Marriage Act, for example) who do not support same-sex marriage are intolerant (they do not show respect to other peoples' beliefs).
Additionally, people married in civil unions usually do not enjoy all the benefits (lower taxes, health insurance etc.).
Organizations involved in same sex marriage
Various organizations exist in part to support the rights of homosexual or gay men and women to marry people of the same sex.
One organization is the Human Rights Campaign or HRC.
Same-sex couple
LA Weekly  feature, "California Supreme Court Set to Consider Gay Marriage", Feb. 2008 by Matthew Fleischer
Today is Freedom to Marry Day - Just Don't Say "Gay Marriage"!,
Evan Wolfson, Huffington Post, February 12, 2008.
Chiron is the name given to a moon of Saturn claimed to be sighted by Hermann Goldschmidt in 1861.
It has since been determined that it does not exist as it was never seen again.
Dual monarchy  is a union of two monarchies where the thrones of each monarchy are combined.
A typical case is a personal union in which the crowns of the separate kingdoms are held by one person.
The following are examples of dual monarchies, listed alphabetically with the dominant or co-dominant nation first:
Austria-Hungary, a dual monarchy that existed from 1867 to 1918.
Babylon and Nippur during the second half of the rule of the Kassite government in Babylonia, the 13th and 12th centuries BC; the governor of Nippur, the guennakku, ruled as a secondary administrative monarch.
Brandenburg-Prussia from 1618 until 1701, when King Frederick III became King in Prussia
Castile and Aragón from the union of 1469 resulting from the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile until the abolition of the Crown of Aragón by the Nueva Planta decrees in 1707.
The Kingdom of Spain technically existed as a dual monarchy for 238 years and, for this reason, American history lessons about Spain at the time of the voyages of Christopher Columbus teach not simply about "King Ferdinand," but about "Ferdinand and Isabella."
Denmark and England from the conquest of England by Sweyn I of Denmark in 1013 until the death of Harthacanute in 1042 and the dissolution of the union.
Denmark-Norway, a dual monarchy that existed from 1536 to 1814.
Sweden-Norway, a dual monarchy that existed from 1814 to 1905
Various periods of personal unions between the monarchies on the British Isles:
England and Ireland from 1541 to 1707. (
Including  Scotland between 1603 and 1707, although parts of Scotland held out until 1652.)
Great Britain and Ireland from 1707 to 1800.
United Kingdom and the Irish Free State from 1927 to 1936/1949. (
See Monarchy in the Irish Free State.)
Kush and Egypt during the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt, with Kushite kings on a dual throne from circa 780 BC to 672 BC.
The Netherlands and Great Britain from 1689 to 1702 as a result of the British Glorious Revolution replacing James II of England with the stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau and his co-ruler and wife Mary II of England
Oman and Zanzibar as a dual sultanate from the death of Said bin Sultan in 1856 until the British conquest of Zanzibar in 1896.
Poland-Lithuania from the Union of Krewo in 1385 to its liquidation by the third and final of the Partitions of Poland in 1795.
This was the personal union known as the Polish-Lithuanian Union from 1385 to 1569, when the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was founded.
In 1401, Lithuania was granted vast internal autonomy by the Union of Vilnius and Radom.
Portugal and Brazil from the relocation of the Portuguese monarchy from Napoleonic-occupied Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro in 1808 until the independence of the Brazilian Empire in 1825.
Spain and Portugal during the Iberian Union from 1580 to 1640.
This was technically a triple monarchy of Castile, Aragón, and Portugal (see above).
The Kalmar Union between Denmark, Norway and Sweden was also a triple monarchy.
Union generally means that two or more things are joined into one.
That can be an organization of several people or organizations, several objects combined into one, and so on.
The term may mean:
The Union, referring to the federation that is the United States
The Union (American Civil War), the states that did not declare their secession
The Union Army, the army of the United States in the Civil War
National Union Party (United States), forerunner of the United States Republican Party during the 1864 election
Act of Union, one of several acts by the English Parliament
United Kingdom, the constitutional result of that legislation
African Union, an inter-governmental organization in Africa
European Union, a supranational and inter-governmental organization in Europe
Government of India, known officially as the Union Government
Personal union, a group of separate, independent states that share the same monarch