the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
For the video game, see Half-Life (video game).
The half-life of a substance is the time it takes for half of the substance to decay.
The word "half-life" was first used when talking about radioactive elements where the number of atoms get smaller over time by changing into different atoms.
It is now used in many other situations where something declines exponentially, like the time it takes for a drug in the body to be half gone.
A Geiger-Muller detector can be used to measure the radioactive half-life; it is the time when the activity is half of the original.
Half-life depends on probability because the atoms decay at a random time.
Half-life is the expected time when half the number of atoms have decayed, on average.
Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.
Taking one atom of carbon-14, this will either have decayed after 5,730 years, or it will not.
But if this experiment is repeated again and again, it will be seen that the atom decays within the half life 50% of the time.
Radioactive isotopes are atoms that have unstable nuclei, meaning that the nucleus of each atom will decay after enough time has passed.
Their nuclei are unstable because the arrangement of protons and neutrons in them are unsteady.
This decay, which means they change into completely different types of atoms.
This is known as radioactive decay.
When they decay, they release particles such as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays.
Sometimes they decay by fission, which means to break into pieces, to make smaller nuclei.
For example, a radioactive carbon-14 atom releases a beta particle to become nitrogen-14.
As an example of fission decay, a fermium-256 atom can split into xenon-140 and palladium-112 atoms, releasing four neutrons in the process.
For example, uranium-232 has a half-life of about 69 years.
Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 88 years.
Carbon-14, which is used to find the age of fossils, has a half-life of 5,730 years.
After ten half-lives, about 99.9% of the atoms have decayed into different atoms, so only 0.1% of the original atoms are left, and 99.9% of the radioactivity from the original kind of atom is gone.
Some atoms decay into other atoms that are also radioactive, so the remaining radioactivity depends on the type of atom.
A Cyclops (Ancient Greek: Κύκλωψ, Kyklōps; plural Κύκλωπες, Kyklōpes) is a member of a race of giants in Greek mythology, each with a single eye in the center of his forehead.
The most famous of these beings is the cyclops Polyphemus, featured in Homer's Odyssey.
Elder Cyclopes
In Hesiod's Theogony, the Elder Cyclopes – Brontes (Greek: Βρόντης - "thunderer"), Steropes (Greek: Στερόπης - "lightning") and Arges (Greek: Ἄργης - "bright") – were one of three races of beings born to Gaia (Earth) and Ouranos (Sky).
The Elder Cyclopes are not featured in either of Homer's works.
In the Odyssey, Homer describes another race of cyclopes as being the sons of Poseidon, god of the sea.
They feature as herdsmen and shepherds with a taste for human flesh.
The account is in Book 9 of Homer's Odyssey.
The magnetic field is the area around a magnet in which there is magnetic force.
Moving electric charges can make magnetic fields.
Magnetic fields can be illustrated by magnetic flux lines.
At all times the direction of the magnetic field is shown by the direction of the magnetic flux lines.
The strength of a magnet has to do with the spaces between the magnetic flux lines.
The closer the flux lines are to each other, the stronger the magnet is.
The farther away they are, the weaker.
The flux lines can be seen by placing iron filings over a magnet.
The iron filings move and arrange into the lines.
Magnetic fields give power to other particles that are touching the magnetic field.
In physics, the magnetic field is a field that passes through space and which makes a magnetic force move electric charges and magnetic dipoles.
Magnetic fields are around electric currents, magnetic dipoles, and changing electric fields.
When placed in a magnetic field, magnetic dipoles are in one line with their axes to be parallel with the field lines, as can be seen when iron filings are in the presence of a magnet.
Magnetic fields also have their own energy and momentum, with an energy density proportional to the square of the field intensity.
The magnetic field is measured in the units of teslas (SI units) or gauss (cgs units).
There are some notable kinds of magnetic field.
For the physics of magnetic materials, see magnetism and magnet, and more specifically diamagnetism.
For magnetic fields made by changing electric fields, see electromagnetism.
H-field
Physicists can say that the force and torques between two magnets are caused by magnetic poles repelling or attracting each other.
This is like the Coulomb force repelling the same electric charges or attracting opposite electric charges.
In this model, a magnetic H-field is produced by magnetic charges that are 'smeared' around each pole.
So, the H-field is like the electric field E which starts at a positive electric charge and ends at a negative electric charge.
Near the north pole, all H-field lines point away from the north pole (whether inside the magnet or out) while near the south pole (whether inside the magnet or out) all H-field lines point toward the south pole.
A north pole, then, feels a force in the direction of the H-field while the force on the south pole is opposite to the H-field.
In the magnetic pole model, the elementary magnetic dipole m is formed by two opposite magnetic poles of pole strength qm separated by a very small distance d, such that m = qm d.
Unfortunately, magnetic poles cannot exist apart from each other.
All magnets have north–south pairs which cannot be separated without creating two magnets each having a north–south pair.
Also, magnetic poles do not account for magnetism that is produced by electric currents nor the force that a magnetic field applies to moving electric charges.
H-field and magnetic materials
(definition of  in SI units)
where  represents the 'free current' enclosed by the loop so that the line integral of  does not depend at all on the bound currents.
For the differential equivalent of this equation see Maxwell's equations.
Ampere's law leads to the boundary condition:
where  is the surface free current density.
Similarly, a surface integral of  over any closed surface is independent of the free currents and picks out the 'magnetic charges' within that closed surface:
where  is the applied magnetic field due only to the free currents and  is the demagnetizing field due only to the bound currents.
The magnetic -field, therefore, re-factors the bound current in terms of 'magnetic charges'.
The  field lines loop only around 'free current' and, unlike the magnetic  field, begins and ends at near magnetic poles as well.
The forehead of humans is the flat space of skin above the eyes, between the eyebrows and where your hair starts to grow.
It exists to make room for the brain inside the skull.
A doctor or nurse will often touch someone's forehead to check whether or not they have a fever.
This is because of the many blood vessels in the head and face.
In ancient Greece individuals with large foreheads were classified as intellectual because of their incredibly large "brain".
Nowadays this is not the case.
James Prescott Joule (24 December 1818 – 11 October 1889) was an English physicist, born in Salford, near Manchester.
In his time he had great contribution to the world of electricity and thermodynamics.
He was best known for discovering Joule's law, which described electric heating by saying the amount of heat produced each second in a conductor by a current of Electricity is proportional to the resistance of a conductor and to the square of the current.
The unit for this is joule, equal to one watt-second.
Later Joule worked with William Thomson to find out that the temperature of gas falls as gas expands.
This principle was then known as the Joule-Thomson effect.
The son of Benjamin Joule (1784–1858), a wealthy brewer, James Prescott Joule was born in the house next to the Joule Brewery in New Bailey Street, Salford on 24 December 1818.
James was tutored at the family home  'Broomhill', Pendlebury, near Salford, until 1834 when he was sent, with his elder brother Benjamin, to study with John Dalton at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.
They only received two years of education in arithmetic and geometry before Dalton was forced to retire because of a stroke.
Joule was a pupil of Dalton and it is no surprise that he had learned a firm belief in the atomic theory, even though there were many scientists of his time who were still skeptical.
He had also been one of the few people receptive to the work of John Herapath on the kinetic theory of gases.
He was further greatly influenced by Peter Ewart's 1813 paper On the measure of moving force.
1818 deaths
People from Salford, Greater Manchester
Andromache is a person in Greek mythology.
She is the wife of Hector of Troy and mother of Astyanax.
After the Trojan War, Neoptolemus took her and Helenus as slaves.
Of Neoptolemus she had a child named Molossus.
After Neoptolemus died, Andromache married Helenus, and became Queen of Epirus.
Astyanax is a person in Greek mythology.
He is the son of Hector of Troy and Andromache.
He is killed at the end of the Trojan War by Neoptolemus, so he could not be a new king of Troy, or want revenge.
Neoptolemos (or Latin Neoptolemus) is a person in Greek mythology.
He is an important person in the Trojan War.
Neoptolemus was the son of Achilles and Deidamea.
He was needed to win the Trojan War.
He killed King Priam and Astyanax, sacrificed Polyxena to his dead father Achilles, and took Helenus and Andromache with him as slaves.
All planets in our solar system follow an elliptical path.
This path is known as an orbit.
Earth's orbit is not a perfect circle.
If we were to draw the Earth's orbit on a sheet of paper as a perfect circle, the width of the line would be larger than the elliptical path of the Earth.
The Earth's orbit takes about 365 days, this is also called a year.
This means that in 365 days (a year) the Earth has gone around the Sun.
From this we can find that the orbital speed of the Earth is about  through space.
The closest distance Earth is to the Sun, or perihelion, is  and the farthest or aphelion is .
It takes light (or any other electromagnetic radiation) just over eight minutes to travel from Sun to Earth.
The orbit varies over long periods of time according to the Milankovitch cycles.
These cycles are one of the main causes of climate change.
Earth – Speed through space – about 1 million miles an hour – NASA & (WP discussion)
Penelope is a person in Greek mythology.
She is the wife of Odysseus of Ithaca and mother of Telemachus.
She became a symbol for the faithful wife.
When her husband Odysseus was on his long journey home, many people thought he was dead.
Because of this, many suitors came who wanted to marry Penelope, because then they would own her land and wealth, and become king of Ithaca.
Penelope thinks of several tricks so that she does not have to marry one of the suitors.
One trick is that she tells the suitors that she will first weave a cloth for the funeral of Odysseus' father, and when she was finished she would marry one of the suitors.
But every night she undoes her weaving again, so that she never finishes it.
Richard Heitman 2005.
Taking her seriously: Penelope and the plot of Homer's Odyssey.
Michigan University Press, Ann Arbor. .
Types or causes of anemia
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia overall
Hemoglobinopathies—much rarer
Sickle-cell disease (once called sickle-cell anemia)
Normocytic anemia
Acute blood loss
Anemia of chronic disease
Aplastic anemia (bone marrow failure)
Macrocytic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia due to not having enough of either vitamin B12 or folic acid (or both)
Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune problem with the parietal cells of the stomach
Methotrexate, zidovudine, and other drugs that stop DNA replication.
This is the most common cause in nonalcoholic patients.
Dimorphic anemia
Dimorphic anemia means two types of anemia at the same time.
For example, macrocytic hypochromic, due to hookworm infestation leading to not enough of both iron and vitamin B12 or folic acid or following a blood transfusion.
Memphis is the second-largest city in the state of Tennessee.
The city has a large port on the Mississippi River.
It is also well known for blues music and barbecue.
The city is also home to FedEx, a leading company that ships packages around the world.
Memphis is also known for being the home of rock and roll legend Elvis Presley.
The United States took the land from Spain in 1797, and Andrew Jackson  implemented the Indian Removal Act that facilitated the expulsion of the Cherokee from the area, making it available to white settlers.
The city was established in 1819.
Until the American Civil War, Memphis was a hub of cotton and slave trade.
Brutal riots of angry whites against black people took place in 1866, in which 46 African Americans were killed.
Yellow fever struck the city in the 1870s, killing a lot of people.
The city recovered, and its population more than doubled.
The Memphis sanitation strikes was one of the key movements in the Civil Rights Movement.
Musicians such as Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis and B.B. King influenced the city's identity as the birthplace of rock and roll.
Memphis is located east of the Mississippi River.
The Wolf River, a tributary of the Mississippi River, crosses the city.
Dari (Fārsī-ye Darī) is a dialect of the Persian language.
It is the Persian language as spoken in Afghanistan.
It is the second official language of Afghanistan, and is widely used by the government and most media agencies.
It is mainly spoken by the Tajiks and other minority groups.
A small minority also exists in parts of Pakistan closest to these named regions.
It is sometimes called Farsi.
People in Afghanistan and Iran who speak Persian can understand each other.
The name Dari was given to the Persian language at a very early date.
Halo is a science fiction shooter video game series.
The games are published by Microsoft were made by Bungie Studios from 2001 to 2010 and are now made by 343 Industries.
Halo: Combat Evolved, (November 2001), as well as Halo: Custom Edition made by Gearbox Software.
Halo 2, for Xbox (November 2004 and PC (September 2007)
Halo 3, for Xbox 360 )
Halo Wars, for Xbox 360 (2008)
Halo 3: ODST, for Xbox 360 (2009)
Halo: Reach, for Xbox 360 (2010)
Halo 4, for Xbox 360 (2012)
Halo 5: Guardians, for Xbox One (2015)
Halo Wars 2, for Xbox One and Microsoft Windows (2017)
Halo Infinite, for Xbox One, Xbox Series X, Xbox Series S and Microsoft Windows (2021)
Counterpoint is the art of composing music by combining different parts (voices) in a way that sounds nice.
Music composed like this is called contrapuntal.
If the tune of Twinkle, twinkle little star is played on the piano and then some chords are added, this is harmony, not counterpoint.
Instead, if the tune of Twinkle, twinkle little star was played while another melody was played, this would be considered counterpoint.
A different way of playing it would be to start the tune with the right hand.
Then, in the second bar (measure), as the fifth note is played, the left hand starts to play the tune an octave lower.
This works well for a time, but in the fifth bar (on the word “Up” in the right hand part) it starts to get dissonant (sounding unpleasant), so changes need to made to the left hand to make it sound nicer.
This way of writing with a particular number of parts (in this case: two) is called "contrapuntal music".
In that example the left hand imitated the right hand at first.
This is called imitation.
If the second part had continued to imitate all the way through the piece it would have been a canon.
But “Twinkle, twinkle” does not work well as a canon.
One famous canon is by Thomas Tallis.
A canon that can be repeated is called a  round.
This is all contrapuntal music.
Counterpoint does not have to have imitation, although it often does.
The important thing is that each part (i.e. each voice) is equally important.
It is not one part singing the tune and the rest just accompanying.
Counterpoint does not have to be one note against one note.
There can be two or more notes in one part against one in the other e.g. crotchets (quarter notes) in one part and quavers (eighth notes) in another.
There is a whole system for this called “species”.
Counterpoint can be varied by inverting it, i.e. putting the top part at the bottom.
When music is written so that the parts can be swapped round it is called "invertible counterpoint".
The word “counterpoint” comes from the Latin “punctus contra punctum” meaning “point against point”.
The word “point” meant “note”.
Several hundred years ago composers found how to write contrapuntal music.
They often took a main tune (called a “Cantus Firmus”) and then added one or two or more parts to it.
The more parts there were the harder it was to compose because it all had to fit so that it sounded good.
Music for several voices written in this way is called polyphonic music.
Polyphony was used in all church music in the Renaissance.
The greatest composer of polyphony was Giovanni da Palestrina (1525-1594).
Students learning the art of composition today still learn counterpoint by taking Palestrina’s music as their model.
canon (music)
Guided by Voices (often called GBV) is an American indie band.
Guided by Voices is very famous for making many albums.
They were active between 1986 and 2004.
The band reunited in 2010 but broke up again in 2014.
In 2016 they reunited for a second time.
The band had many members who only stayed for a while.
Robert Pollard is the most important member.
Before becoming a full-time musical artist, he was a teacher at an elementary school.
While he was teaching, he created lots of music for the band.
Robert is a solo artist today.
He is a great fan of rock music.
His music, and the music of Guided by Voices, is inspired by the famous British band The Beatles and different music styles like post-British Invasion garage rock, psychedelic, prog-rock, as well as punk and post-punk.
Devil Between My Toes (1987)
album (1987)
Devil Between My Toes
Self-Inflicted Aerial Nostalgia (1989)
Same Place The Fly Got Smashed (1990)
Propeller (1992)
Vampire on Titus (1993)
Bee Thousand (1994)
Alien Lanes (1995)
Under the Bushes, Under the Stars (1996)
Tonics & Twisted Chasers (1996)
Mag Earwhig! (
Do the Collapse (1999)
Isolation Drills (2001)
Universal Truths and Cycles (2002)
Earthquake Glue (2003)
Half Smiles of the Decomposed (2004)
Let's Go Eat the Factory (2012)
Class Clown Spots a UFO (2012)
The Bears for Lunch (2012)
English Little League (2013)
Motivational Jumpsuit (2014)
Cool Planet (2014)
Please Be Honest (2016)
August by Cake (2017)
How Do You Spell Heaven (2017)
Space Gun (2018)
Zeppelin Over China (2019)
Warp and Woof (2019)
Sweating the Plague (2019)
Surrender Your Poppy Field (2020)
Mirrored Aztec (2020)
Styles We Paid For (2021)
Guided by Voices Day
In 2004, during the band's last concert tour before breaking up, many cities around the United States picked a day to be "Guided by Voices Day" in that city.
Houston, Texas – October 1
Newport, Kentucky – October 22
Bloomington, Indiana – October 25
Austin, Texas – November 5
Dallas, Texas – November 6
San Diego, California – November 11
Los Angeles, California – November 12
New York, New York – December 5
Chicago, Illinois – December 30
Robert Pollard's Official Website
Guided by Voices Database: large lists of albums and songs
Postal Blowfish: Guided by Voices Fan eMailing List
Disarm The Settlers: Guided by Voices Message Board
TobinSprout.net
Doug Gillard's official website
Guided by Robert Pollard: large fan site
Guided by Voices story from Allmusic.com
Official Multimedia Page at Guided by Voices website  (MP3s and other goodies)
Largeheartedboy.com GBV Radio
GbV music page  at Matador Records
Epitonic.com: Guided by Voices
Assorted Guided by Voices Reviews
Official Video Page at Guided by Voices website
Musicians from Dayton, Ohio
Musical groups from Ohio
Musical groups disestablished in 2004
Disestablishments in Ohio
Musical groups established in 2010
2010 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Ohio
Eugenics is a social and political philosophy.
It tries to influence the way people choose to mate and raise children, with the aim of improving the human species.
Eugenics rests on some basic ideas.
The first is that, in genetics, what is true of animals is also true of man.
The characteristics of animals are passed on from one generation to the next in heredity, including mental characteristics.
For example, the behaviour and mental characteristics of different breeds of dog differ, and all modern breeds are greatly changed from wolves.
The breeding and genetics of farm animals show that if the parents of the next generation are chosen, then that affects what offspring are born.
Negative eugenics aims to cut out traits that lead to suffering, by limiting people with the traits from reproducing.
Positive eugenics aims to produce more healthy and intelligent humans, by persuading people with those traits to have more children.p85 In the past, many ways were proposed for doing this, and even today eugenics means different things to different people.
The idea of eugenics is controversial, because in the past it was sometimes used to justify discrimination and injustice against people who were thought to be genetically unhealthy or inferior.
Modern eugenics was first invented in 1865 by Sir Francis Galton, a British scientist who was the cousin of Charles Darwin.
Galton believed that intelligence and talent were hereditary and were passed from parent to their children.
Based on this, he thought that people could be bred to be smarter, just like animals were bred to be larger or smaller.
Galton thought the best way to do this was to learn more about heredity, and also to tell people that they should only marry people who were smart and strong.
Galton chose the name "Eugenics" because it was very similar to the Greek for "well born".
Galton developed the idea of eugenics throughout his life.
He understood the two types of eugenics, positive and negative eugenics.
One problem, which critics brought up, is the difficulty of agreeing on who is a healthy person, genetically speaking, and who is an inferior person.
Obviously, opinions differ.
Eugenics in Britain and the United States
The rediscovery of the scientific work of Gregor Mendel in 1900 led to modern genetics, and an understanding of how heredity worked.
Mendel himself experimented on peas, and found that many characteristics of the pea plants, such as their colour or their height, could be turned on and off through heredity like a switch.
For example, his peas could be either yellow or green, one or the other.
Another line of thought goes like this.
During their evolution, humans were subject to natural selection like any other form of life.
On average, healthy and intelligent people had a better chance of reproducing.
In modern civilisation, however, it often seems that this process does not apply.
Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Darwin had discussed this very point, with concern.p70 In countries where statistics were collected, those statistics showed that in many cases the poor had more children than the rich.
Also, statistics showed that the total population of some great nations was declining.p73 One startling piece of information was produced by research directed by Karl Pearson, the Galton Professor of Eugenics at University College London, and the founder of the Department of Applied Statistics.
The finding was that half of each succeeding generation was produced by no more than a quarter of the previous generation, and that quarter was "disproportionately located amongst the dregs of society".p74
The evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley was also a supporter of eugenics.
He used this argument several times:
"No-one doubts the wisdom of managing the germ-plasm [heredity] of agricultural stocks, so why not apply the same concept to human stocks?"
Similarly, the American geneticist Charles Davenport was a lifelong promoter of eugenics, and wrote one of its first textbooks.
Chapter 3 There is no doubt of the support given to eugenics by professional scientists of undoubted repute.
In the United States, eugenics became a very popular idea in the early 20th century.
People thought it would cure society of all of its problems at the time, like crime and poverty, because they thought that all aspects of human behavior were probably hereditary.
Very important scientists and politicians supported eugenics, and most thought it was a very progressive and scientific philosophy.
But some of those who led the eugenics movement used it to justify racism and prejudice.
They used eugenics as an excuse to pass laws which to restrict immigration from countries that they did not like, saying that the people in them were genetically "unfit".
They also passed laws which said that people of different races could not get married to one another.
Most importantly, they passed laws which said that people who were thought to have mental illness or mental disability could be sterilised against their will.
Under these laws over 60,000 people were sterilised in the United States between 1907 and the 1970s.
Today we know that interpreting statistics of this type is a complex business, and that many of the studies published early in the 20th century have serious flaws.
Nevertheless, what stopped the eugenics movement was not better science.
It was the realization, after World War II, of the effects of Nazi policies on race in Germany and other countries occupied during the war.
Such war crimes were not, of course, advocated by any eugenicist.
All the same, there was a common theme.
This theme was the growing interest in the rights of individuals as against the rights of the state.
Eugenics after WWII
With the end of the Second World War, forced sterilisation ended in Germany.
It was continued in the United States until 1974.
The main targets were at first those that were ill or that had some physical or mental disabilities.
Only in 1985 was a law of the Swiss canton of Vaud abolished.
This law allowed for the forced sterilisation of  a certain group of people.
It was replaced by a law on the national level, that tells under which circumstances people who are unable to consent, may be sterilised.
Eugenics today
Genetic counselling exists, where parents can get information about their heredity and even prevent the birth of a child if it has a risk of hereditary illness.
Some people do not think the issue is so clear, though, and wonder if genetic screening, genetic counselling, and birth control, are all just another type of eugenics.
Some people wonder if it is bad because it infringes human dignity.
Some people oppose eugenics and genetic counselling for religious reasons.
The idea of eugenics is controversial today for these reasons.
Much of this concern is misplaced.
Genetic counselling is not going to change the genetic composition of the human population to any noticeable extent.
More relevant is the developing power to identify, and then to change directly, elements of the human genome (genetic engineering).
This does have the potential to change the genetic structure of human populations.
Sterilisation often is done for a way of birth control or childfree.
But it have been often done against the will of the person, this is called "compulsory sterilisation."
In Greek mythology, Cerberus (Greek: Κέρβερος, Kérberos; Latin: Cerberus) is the monstrous, multi-headed dog that guards the entrance to the Underworld, preventing the souls of the dead from leaving.
Often called the "hound of Hades", Cerberus was one of the numerous offspring of the monsters Typhon and Echidna; he is usually depicted as having three heads, along with a serpent for a tail.
Cerberus is primarily known for being captured by Herakles, as the last of the hero's Twelve Labors.
Yerevan () is the capital and largest city of Armenia.
In 2004 about 1,088,300 people lived in Yerevan.
Some people write Yerevan as Erevan.
In past, Yerevan was called Erebuni or Erivan.
The history of Yerevan dates back to the 8th century BC, with the founding of the Urartian fortress of Erebuni in 782 BC.
Eventually, the letter "b" in the name Erebuni changed in the 5th or 4th century BC, becoming "v".
The climate of Yerevan is continental, with dry, hot summers and cold, snowy and short winters.
The temperature in August can reach 40°C (104°F), while January may be as cold as -15 °C (5 °F).
The amount of precipitation is small,  about 350 mm (14 in) per year.
As a centre of Armenian culture, Yerevan is the site of Yerevan State University (1919), the Armenian Academy of Sciences, a historical museum, an opera house, a music conservatory and several technical institutes.
The Matenadaran archives hold a rich collection of valuable ancient Armenian, Greek, Assyrian, Hebrew, Roman and Persian manuscripts.
Yerevan has several large public libraries, a number of museums and theaters, botanical gardens and zoos.
It is also at the heart of an extensive rail network and is a major trading centre for agricultural products.
In addition, industries in the city produce metals, machine tools, electrical equipment, chemicals, textiles and food products.
Two major tourist attractions are the Opera House, the ruins of an Urartu fortress and a Roman fortress.
The Armenia Marriott Hotel is in the heart of the city at Republic Square (also known as Hraparak).
from the corridors.
The metro stations had most of their names changed after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Independence of the Republic of Armenia.
Yerevan is Armenia's industrial, transportation, and cultural center.
Manufactures include chemicals, primary metals, machinery, rubber products, plastics, textiles, and processed food.
Not only is Yerevan the headquarters of major Armenian companies, but of international ones as well, as it's seen as an attractive outsourcing location for Western European, Russian and American multinationals.
Recently, Yerevan has been undergoing an ambitious redevelopment process in which old Soviet-style apartments and buildings are being demolished and replaced with modern buildings.
However, this urban renewal plan has been met with opposition and ( ) criticism from some residents.
Sergey Vardanyan 1995.
The capitals of Armenia.
Apolo.
G. Zakoyan, M. Sivaslian, V. Navasardian 2001.
My Yerevan.
Acnalis.
Yerevan Municipality webpage in Armenian and English
Yerevan.ru - The capital of Armenia online (Russian)
Erebuni History and excavation description, edited by Rick Ney
- Online News From Armenia.
Edited by John Hughes.
Yerevan article on Armeniapedia
Yerevan article on Cilicia.com
Armenia Info Yerevan page
The Yerevan Metro system
Interactive CD - Yerevan Virtual
National capitals in Europe
Smallpox was a dangerous disease with a high mortality rate.
It no longer exists as an epidemic disease.
The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977.
The World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980 (said there was no more).
It was caused by a virus.
There are two different species of viruses that can cause the disease.
They are Variola major and Variola minor.
Some people also call smallpox Variola, from the Latin work for "spotted" which is also the viruses' scientific name.
Only humans can get this disease, but it probably came from a virus which infected animals.
Variola major killed between 20% and 40% of those who got it.
Variola minor killed only about 1%.
Many people who survived become blind because of the damage the virus did to the eyes.
During the first half of the 20th century, between 300 million and 500 million people died of this disease.
Even in 1967, about 15 million people caught the disease, and about two million people died of it, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
The first vaccine for smallpox used the results of cowpox infections.
It was invented by Edward Jenner.
It was used to stop people from getting smallpox.
The word "vaccine" came from "vaccina", the Latin word for cow, because cowpox was used.
The WHO (World Health Organisation) vaccinated people all over the world.
In 1980, the WHO said the disease no longer existed, and no one would ever get sick from it again.
Live copies of smallpox are kept in maximum-security laboratories around the world.
Some people believe that smallpox could be used as an agent for purposely infecting enemies in a war.
Today, most people no longer receive a smallpox shot.
Ancient China is a very old civilization.
There are written records of the history of China which date from 1500 BC in the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC).
China is one of the world's oldest continuous (still alive) civilizations.
Turtle shells with writing like ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty () have been carbon dated to about 1500 BC.
They say that China began as city-states in the Yellow River valley.
Many people say that China became a big Kingdom or Empire in 221 BC.
The Qin () emperor Qin Shi Huang made everyone write the same way.
He also had ideas about the state which he based on legalism and fought Confucianism.
This began what we call the Chinese civilization.
Ancient China fought wars and Civil wars and was also sometimes conquered by other people.
Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers along both the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys in the Neolithic era, but the Yellow River is said to be the cradle of Chinese civilization.
With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations.
The written history of China can be found as early as the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 – 1046 BC) although ancient historical texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian (ca.
100 BC) and Bamboo Annals say that a Xia Dynasty existed before the Shang.
Much of Chinese culture, literature and philosophy further developed during the Zhou Dynasty (1045 – 256 BC).
The Zhou Dynasty began to bow to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the kingdom eventually broke apart into smaller states, beginning in the Spring and Autumn Period and reaching full expression in the Warring States period.
This is one of multiple periods of failed statehood in Chinese history (the most recent of which was the Chinese Civil War).
Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China.
In some eras, control has stretched as far as Central Asia, Tibet and Vietnam.
This Chinese imperialism began with the Qin Dynasty: in 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring kingdoms and created the first Chinese empire.
Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that gave the Emperor of China direct control of vast territories.
The conventional view of Chinese history is that of alternating periods of political unity and disunity, with China occasionally being dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were in turn assimilated into the Han Chinese population.
Cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of immigration, expansion, and cultural assimilation, are part of the modern culture of China.
3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors: 50,000 – 2000 BC
Xia Dynasty: c. 2000 – c. 1600 BC
Shang Dynasty (or Yin Dynasty): c. 1600 – 1046 BC
Western Zhou: 1046 – 771 BC
Eastern Zhou
Spring and Autumn period: 771 – 481 BC
Warring States period: 481 – 221 BC
Qin Dynasty: 221 – 206 BC
Han Dynasty: 206 BC – 220 AD
Western Han: 206 BC – 8 AD
Xin Dynasty: 8 – 23 AD
The Kingdom of Wei: 220 – 265 AD
The Kingdom of Shu: 221 – 263 AD
The Kingdom of Wu: 229 – 280 AD
Jin Dynasty
Western Jin: 265 – 316 AD
Eastern Jin: 317 – 460 AD
The Sixteen Kingdoms
"Former Zhao" or "Han Zhao": 304 – 329 AD
"Cheng Han" or "Former Shu": 306 – 347 AD
Former Liang: 314 – 376 AD
"Later Zhao" or "Shi Zhao": 319 – 351 AD
Former Yan: 334 – 370 AD
"Former Qin" or "Fu Qin": 351 – 394 AD
Later Yan: 384 – 409 AD
"Later Qin" or "Iau Qin": 384 – 417 AD
Western Qin: 385 – 431 AD
"Later Liang" or "Lu Liang": 389 – 403 AD
Southern  Liang: 397 – 414 AD
Southern Yan: 398 – 410 AD
Western Liang: 400 – 421 AD
Northern Liang: 401 – 439 AD
"Xia" or "Hu Xia": 407 – 431 AD
"Northern Yan" or "Feng Yan": 409 – 436 AD
Former Chouchi:  296 – 371 AD
Later Chouchi: 385 – 443 AD
Dai: 315 – 376 AD
Ran Wei: 350 – 352 AD
Western Yan: 384 – 394 AD
Zhai Wei: 388 – 392 AD
Western Shu: 405 – 413 AD
Yuwenbu: 302 – 344 AD
Duanbu: 310 – 357 AD
Tuguhun:  313 – 633 AD
Southern and Northern Dynasties
Southern Dynasties
Song: 420 – 479 AD
Chi: 479 – 502 AD
Liang: 502 – 557 AD
Chen: 557 – 589 AD
Northern Dynasties
Northern Wei: 386 – 534 AD
Eastern Wei: 534 – 550 AD
Western Wei: 535 – 557 AD
Northern Chi: 550 – 557 AD
Northern Chou: 557 – 581 AD
Sui Dynasty: 581 – 618 AD
Tang Dynasty: 618 – 907 AD
Tang Dynasty had been interrupted by Wu Chou: 690 – 705 AD
Five Dynasties
Later Liang: 907 – 923 AD
Later Tang: 923 – 936 AD
Later Jin: 936 – 947 AD
Later Han: 947 – 950 AD
Later Chou: 951 – 960 AD
Ten Kingdoms
Wu Yue: 904 – 978 AD
Min (changed its name to Yin at 943 AD): 909 – 945 AD
Jinnan: 907 – 963 AD
Chu: 897 – 951 AD
Wu: 904 – 973 AD
Southern Tang: 937 – 975 AD
Southern Han: 917 – 971 AD
Northern Han: 951 – 979 AD
Former Shu: 907 – 925 AD
Later Shu: 934 – 965 AD
And other regimes
Dingnan Jiedu: 881 – 982 AD
Fongshang Jiedu (or Chi): 887 – 924 AD
Lulong Jiedu (or Yan): 897 – 913 AD
Chender Jiedu (or Zhao): 883 – 921 AD
Yiwu Jiedu: 900(?) –
922 AD and 928 – 929 AD
Wuping Jiedu (or Hunan Jiedu): 950 – 963 AD
Chinyuan Jiedu: 946 – 978 AD
Hexi Regime: ?
Northern Song: 960 – 1127 AD
Southern Song: 1127 – 1279 AD
Liao Dynasty (or Khitan) - 907 – 1125 AD
After the Gin Dynasty ends the Liao Dynasty, Yelü Dashi, an aristocrat of Liao, rebuilded the Liao Dynasty, we call it Western Liao, also known as Kara-Khitan Khanate: 1132 – 1218 AD
Gin Dynasty: 1115 – 1234 AD
Western Xia: 1038 – 1227 AD
Yuan Dynasty (Actually the Mongolia): 1279 – 1368 AD
Ming Dynasty: 1368 – 1644 AD
Qing Dynasty: 1636 – 1912 AD
The Republic of China: 1912 AD – now (It only ruled mainland China until 1949.
It lost in the Chinese Civil War, so now it only rules Taiwan, Penghu, Kingmen, Mazhu, the Taiping Island and the Dongsha Island.
The Republic of China after 1949 is actually Taiwan.)
The People's Republic of China: 1949 AD – now
Shaka kaSenzangakhona (sometimes spelled Tshaka, Tchaka or Chaka; ca.
1787 – ca.
22 September 1828) was the most important leader of the Zulu Empire.
He joined the Zulu tribal groups together into the beginnings of a nation.
This Zulu nation ruled a large area of southern Africa, between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers.
His leadership and his energy make him one of the greatest Zulu chieftains.
He has been called a military genius for his changes and new ideas.
However, there were also brutal and cruel things that happened when he was in charge.
Zulu leader
Shaka maintained a good relationship with the Europeans in Africa, including the Colonial leaders.
He was disliked by other Africans, including his own people, who hated his constant wars.
Ten years of  warfare placed incredible strains on the Zulu nation.
Shaka, unstable and worried about being replaced by an heir, finally snapped into madness after the death of his mother in 1828.
He imposed a year of celibacy on his people.
He killed anyone who did not show enough sadness at the death of his mother.
He was killed within the year by his half-brother, Dingane, who succeeded him as ruler.
1781 births
1828 deaths
African people
History of South Africa
Also, in much religious art, it may be seen surrounding the heads of saintly people such as Jesus.
It is believed by some Hindus that the halo shown around the heads of holy people is a depiction of their  "activated" crown chakra.
Halos are visual phenomena that appear near or around the Sun or Moon, and sometimes near other strong light sources such as street lights.
There are many types of optical halos, but they are mostly caused by ice crystals in certain types of clouds.
The shape of the crystals changes the type of halo seen.
Light is reflected by the ice and may split into colors, similar to the rainbow.
Halo explanations and image galleries at Atmospheric Optics
The underworld is the place in Greek mythology where people go when they die.
The underworld is controlled by Hades, one of the three main gods.
The underworld's gates are guarded by the three-headed dog, Cerberus.
The underworld was surrounded by five rivers.
The Acheron was the river of woe, the Cocytus was the river of lamentation, the Phlegethon the river of fire, the Styx, the river of the unbreakable oath by which the gods took their vows, and the Lethe the river of forgetfulness.
When entering the underworld, Charon would take those with gold coins to the underworld.
Not everyone could enter, because not everyone had golden coins to pay the fare.
Three judges, by the names of Rhadamanthus, Minos, and Aeacus, would then decide where you would go.
People that lived normal lives would go to The Fields of Asphodel.
Heroes would go to The Fields of Elysium.
People who did horrible things would go the Fields of Punishment.
If you were put into Elysium, you could choose to be reborn or stay.
If you went to Elysium three times, then you went to the Isle of the Blessed.
This was like the ultimate heaven.
Tartaros () was another place in the underworld, where immortal enemies of the current Twelve Olympians are eternally punished, for example Kronos and the other Titans.
Tartaros overlaps with the fields of punishment.
The Mughal Empire, (, ) was an Sunni Islam empire in Asia that existed from 1526 to 1858.
The Mughal rule over India was an empire because it stretched over a large area.
It once ruled most of the Indian subcontinent, then known as Hindustan,, and parts of what is now India, Afghanistan and modern Pakistan and Bangladesh between 1526 and 1707.
It was the world's largest economy, at 25% of the world's GDP.
It famously signalled the proto-industrialization and had a lavish architecture.
The Mughal emperors were originally Turk-Mongols.
Babur of the Timurid dynasty founded the Mughal Empire and the Mughal dynasty in 1526 and ruled until 1530.
He was followed by Humayun (1530-1540) and (1555-1556), Akbar (1556-1605), Jahangir (1605-1627), Shah Jahan (1628-1658), and the Islamic Aurangzeb (1658-1707) and several other minor rulers until Bahadur Shah Zafar II(1837-1857).
After the death of Aurangzeb, the rule through sharia ended and the Mughal Empire became weak.
It continued until 1857-1858.
By then, India came under the British Raj.
The Mughal Empire was established by able Muslim rulers who came from what is now Uzbekistan.
The Mughal rule in India saw the country being united as one single unit and being administered under a single powerful ruler.
During the Mughal period, art and architecture flourished and many beautiful monuments were constructed.
The rulers were skillful warriors and also admirers of art.
The Mughals left a permanent mark on Indian society, culture, art and architecture.
Their monuments, artifacts and literature show a period of great wealth and culture.
Paintings in miniature style teach us about the clothing and lifestyle of the Mughal people.
The Mughal people is an ethnic group living in the Indian subcontinent that is a descendant of the Mongol and Turkic conquerors who came to North India from the 14th century.
Mongol, Turkic, and local Indo-Iranian peoples took part in the formation of the Mughal people.
After 1858, when the Mughal Empire was taken over by the British Empire, some of the upper-class Indian Muslims went to exile to the Ottoman Empire.
Their descendants today are named Muğallar (Mughals) in Turkish.
They have become part of Turkish society and speak Turkish as their mother tongue.
History of Afghanistan
History of Bangladesh
1526 establishments
1858 disestablishments
1520s establishments in Asia
19th-century disestablishments in Asia
Mustafa Ali Turi
The Mughal emperor were Turk Mughal
The British Raj was the rule until 1947 by the British Empire in Southeast India. "
Raj" is a word in Hindi that means "rule".
so "British Raj" means rule by the British Empire in Southern Asia.
The area is now in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and [[Myanmar.
The British Raj is also called the British Indian Empire or the Indian Empire.
The term "British Raj" is used for the direct British rule over areas which had been conquered by the British, known as British India.
That included the British influence over many independent princely states.
Those areas were governed by their own traditional rulers under the overall authority of the British crown.
Undivided India is another term to mean the whole area of British rule, but it does not take in Burma, which became in 1937 its own British colony.
The colony of Aden came under the same government in India from 1858 to 1937, and the same was true for British Somaliland (now part of Somalia) from 1884 to 1898 and Singapore from 1858 to 1867.
British rule ended on 15 August 1947.
The borders between India and Pakistan came into effect on the 18 August.
Many people died during the partition of India.
Jammu and Kashmir, like the other princely states, had not been under direct British rule.
India and Pakistan went to war over this area, which is now divided between them.
The 1861 census showed that the British population in the subcontinent was 125,945.
Only 41,862 of them were civilians as compared with 84,083 European officers and men of the Army.
In 1880, the standing Indian Army consisted of 66,000 British soldiers, 130,000 natives, and 350,000 soldiers in the princely armies.
19th-century establishments in India
19th-century establishments in Pakistan
Establishments in Bangladesh
1947 disestablishments in India
1947 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1850s establishments in Asia
It is something that can be used in a lot of ways.
One way is by measuring things, or by seeing which weighs more.
A lever is supported by a fulcrum which it uses to lifts weights.
It is one of six simple machines.
There are three types of levers: first-class, second-class and third-class.
The earliest remaining writings about levers are from the 3rd century BC.
They were written by Archimedes. "
Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the earth."
is a famous quote from Archimedes who stated the correct mathematical principle of levers (quoted by Pappus of Alexandria).
Types of levers
There are three kinds of levers.
The difference between them is where the fulcrum is and where the forces are.
A first-class lever is a lever where the fulcrum is in between the effort and resistance (the load).
Seesaws and crowbars are examples of first class levers.
A second-class lever is where the resistance is between the effort and the fulcrum.
Wheel barrows and wrenches are examples of second class levers.
A third class lever is where the effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum.
Staplers and your forearm are examples of third class levers.
A pulley is a simple machine that is used to lift heavy objects.
Block and tackle system is a modified form of a pulley.
Pulleys are usually used in sets designed to make the amount of force needed to lift something smaller.
Types of pulleys
Static A static or class 1 pulley has an axle that is "staticed" or is stationary, meaning that it cannot be moved.
A fixed pulley is used to redirect the force in a rope (called a belt when it goes in a full circle).
A fixed pulley has a mechanical advantage of 1.
The static pulley has a wheel and an axle.
Movable A movable or class 2 pulley has an axle that is "free" to move in space.
A movable pulley is used to transform forces.
A movable pulley has a mechanical advantage of 2.
That is, if one end of the rope is anchored, pulling on the other end of the rope will apply a doubled force to the objecT attached to the pulley.
Compound A compound pulley is a combination fixed and movable pulley system.
Block and tackle - A block and tackle is a compound pulley where several pulleys are mounted on each axle, further increasing the mechanical advantage.
Plutarch reported that Archimedes moved an entire warship, laden with men, using compound pulleys and his own strength.
He is seen in Poland as the father of the Polish state, since he declared Poland's independence at the end of World War 1.