the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Saffron's aroma is often described to be something like metallic honey with grassy or hay-like notes.
Its taste has also been noted as hay-like and somewhat bitter.
Saffron gives a light yellow-orange colouring to foods.
Saffron is widely used in Iranian (Persian), Arab, Central Asian, European, Indian,Turkish, Moroccan and Cornish cuisines.
Confectioneries and liquors also often include saffron.
Common saffron substitutes include safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, which is often sold as "Portuguese saffron" or "assafroa") and turmeric (Curcuma longa).
Saffron has been used as a traditional medicine for a long time.
Modern medicine has also discovered itas having anticarcinogenic (cancer-suppressing), anti-mutagenic (mutation-preventing), immunomodulating, and antioxidant-like properties.
Saffron has also been used as a fabric dye, particularly in China and India, and in perfumery.
Most saffron is grown in a belt of land ranging from the Mediterranean in the west to Kashmir in the east.
Annually, around 300 tonnes of saffron are produced worldwide.
Iran ranks first in the world production of saffron, with more than 94 percent of the world yield.
Iran's annual saffron production is expected to hit 300 tons by the end of the nation's Fourth Five-Year Socioeconomic Development Plan in 2009.
Other minor producers of saffron are Spain, India, Greece, Azerbaijan, Morocco, and Italy.
A pound of dry saffron (0.45 kg) requires 50,000–75,000 flowers.
These flowers would need about a football field's area of cultivation.
Some forty hours of labour are needed to pick 150,000 flowers.
Upon extraction, stigmas are dried quickly and (preferably) sealed in airtight containers.
Saffron prices at wholesale and retail rates range from US$500/pound to US$5,000/pound (US$1100–US$11,000 per kilogram)—equivalent to £250/€350 per pound or £5,500/€7,500 per kilo.
In Western countries, the average retail price is $1,000/£500/€700 per pound (US$2200/£1100/€1550 per kilogram).
A pound comprises between 70,000 and 200,000 threads.
Vivid crimson colouring, slight moistness, elasticity, recent harvest date, and lack of broken-off thread debris are all traits of fresh saffron.
Several saffron cultivars are grown worldwide.
Spain's varieties, including the tradenames 'Spanish Superior' and 'Creme', are generally mellower in colour, flavour, and aroma; they are graded by government-imposed standards.
Italian varieties are slightly more potent than Spanish, while the most intense varieties tend to be Iranian in origin.
Westerners may face significant obstacles in obtaining saffron from India.
For example, India has banned the export of high-grade saffron abroad.
Aside from these, various "boutique" crops are available from New Zealand, France, Switzerland, England, the United States, and other countries, some organically grown.
In the U.S., Pennsylvania Dutch saffron—known for its earthy notes—is marketed in small quantities.
Consumers regard certain cultivars as "premium" quality.
The "Aquila" saffron (zafferano dell'Aquila)—defined by high safranal and crocin content, shape, unusually pungent aroma, and intense colour—is grown exclusively on eight hectares in the Navelli Valley of Italy's Abruzzo region, near L'Aquila.
It was first introduced to Italy by a Dominican monk from Inquisition-era Spain.
But in Italy the biggest saffron cultivation, for quality and quantity, is in San Gavino Monreale, Sardinia.
There, saffron is grown on 40 hectares (60% of Italian production); it also has very high crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal content.
Another is the Kashmiri "Mongra" or "Lacha" saffron (Crocus sativus 'Cashmirianus'), which is among the most difficult for consumers to obtain.
Repeated droughts, blights, and crop failures in Kashmir, combined with an Indian export ban, contribute to its high prices.
Kashmiri saffron is recognisable by its extremely dark maroon-purple hue, among the world's darkest, which suggests the saffron's strong flavour, aroma, and colourative effect.
Saffron types are graded by quality according to laboratory measurements of such characteristics as crocin (colour), picrocrocin (taste), and safranal (fragrance) content.
Other metrics include floral waste content (i.e. the saffron spice sample's non-stigma floral content) and measurements of other extraneous matter such as inorganic material ("ash").
A uniform set of international standards in saffron grading was established by the International Organization for Standardization, which is an international federation of national standards bodies.
Namely, ISO 3632 deals exclusively with saffron.
It establishes four empirical grades of colour intensity: IV (poorest), III, II, and I (finest quality).
Saffron samples are then assigned to one of these grades by gauging the spice's crocin content, which is revealed by measurements of crocin-specific spectroscopic absorbance.
Absorbance is defined as , with  as absorbance (Beer-Lambert law).
It is a measure of a given substance's transparency (, the ratio of light intensity passing through sample to that of the incident light) to a given wavelength of light.
For saffron, absorbance is determined for the crocin-specific photon wavelength of 440 nm in a given dry sample of spice.
Higher absorbances at this wavelength imply greater crocin concentration, and thus a greater colourative intensity.
These data are measured through spectrophotometry reports at certified testing laboratories worldwide.
These colour grades proceed from grades with absorbances lower than 80 (for all category IV saffron) up to 190 or greater (for category I).
The world's finest samples (the selected most red-maroon tips of stigmas picked from the finest flowers) receive absorbance scores in excess of 250.
Market prices for saffron types follow directly from these ISO scores.
However, many growers, traders, and consumers reject such lab test numbers.
They prefer a more holistic method of sampling batches of thread for taste, aroma, pliability, and other traits in a fashion similar to that practiced by practised wine tasters.
Despite such attempts at quality control and standardisation, an extensive history of saffron adulteration–particularly among the cheapest grades–continues into modern times.
Adulteration was first documented in Europe's Middle Ages, when those found selling adulterated saffron were executed under the Safranschou code.
Typical methods include mixing in extraneous substances like beet, pomegranate fibers, red-dyed silk fibers, or the saffron crocus's tasteless and odorless yellow stamens.
Other methods included dousing saffron fibers with viscid substances like honey or vegetable oil.
However, powdered saffron is more prone to adulteration, with turmeric, paprika, and other powders used as diluting fillers.
Adulteration can also consist of selling mislabeled mixes of different saffron grades.
Thus, in India, high-grade Kashmiri saffron is often sold mixed with cheaper Iranian imports; these mixes are then marketed as pure Kashmiri saffron, a development that has cost Kashmiri growers much of their income.
PMID 11788779
PMID 16317646
PMID 16028982
PMID 15259204
PMID 8590890
PMID 16180089
PMID 2025883
Crocus sativus List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)
Kevin Michael "Toby" McKeehan (born October 22, 1964 in Fairfax, Virginia), better known as TobyMac, is a well known Christian singer from the band dc Talk.
The band separated in 2000 to pursue solo careers.
Some of his most notable songs are "Made to Love", "Burn for You", "Boomin", "City on Our Knees", "Me Without You", and "Feel It".
He has also released a live album, Alive and Transported.
People from Fairfax, Virginia
DC Talk (also written as dc Talk) is a well-known Christian rock/rap band, most famous for its song Jesus Freak.
The band started in 1988, and was part of the rise in popularity of the contemporary Christian music genre during the 1990s.
The band split up in 2000 to have solo careers.
Argenteuil is a town northwest of Paris, France.
Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department.
Argenteuil is the second most populated town in the suburbs of Paris (after Boulogne-Billancourt) and the most populated commune in the Val-d'Oise department; however it is not the prefecture.
Its population is about 94,000 (1999).
Dessau (Germany) ;
Clydebank (Scotland) ;
Alessandria (Italy) ;
Hunedoara (Romania)
Communes in Val-d'Oise
Colombes is a town in the northwest suburbs of Paris, France.
Its in the region Île-de-France and the department Hauts-de-Seine.
Its population is about 77,000.
Frankenthal in Germany
The virgin birth of Jesus is a belief held by Christians and Muslims.
It says that Mary, Jesus' mother, was a virgin even after she became pregnant with Jesus.
By the 2nd century, most people in the Christian church believed this.
The idea of the virgin birth was included in the two most common Christian creeds, the Nicene Creed and the Apostles' Creed.
The Nicene Creed says that Jesus "was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary" (meaning that Jesus was God in human form, and was born to the Virgin Mary).
The Apostles' Creed also says that Jesus was "born of the Virgin Mary."
The belief was not challenged, except by some sects which were not very important, before the Enlightenment theology of the eighteenth century.
The Gospels of Matthew and Luke say that Mary was a virgin and that Jesus was created by the Holy Spirit.
These Gospels started the belief that Jesus' creation was a miracle.
This belief, which is now common in Christianity, says that Jesus had no natural father; no sexual intercourse and no male seed was involved in creating him.
The Gospel of Matthew also says that the virgin birth of Jesus fulfills a prophecy from the Book of Isaiah.
Since the second century, the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church have taught that Mary gave birth as a virgin (meaning she stayed a virgo intacta - an "intact virgin" - even after giving birth).
The virgin birth of Jesus is also part of Islam.
The Qur'an often describes Jesus as "Jesus, son of Mary" (Isa bin Maryam).
Beliefs about the virgin birth
Hidden meaning
According to Uta Ranke-Heinemann, the idea that Jesus was born to a virgin was not meant to be taken literally (as if it really happened).
Instead, it is an allegory about something special that God did.
It is like the story about how God made Adam.
Both Adam and Jesus were God's creations.
Raymond Brown argues that Jesus may have been an illegitimate child.
This idea first appeared around 177-180 AD.
Around this time, Celsus wrote that Jesus himself had made up the story about being born to a virgin.
In fact, Celsus wrote, Jesus' mother was a poor country woman who earned her money by spinning (making thread).
She had been married to a carpenter, but he kicked her out.
He did this because she was convicted of adultery with a soldier named Panthera.
After this, she wandered around and secretly gave birth to Jesus.
Later, because he was poor, Jesus found work in Egypt.
There, he learned magical powers.
These made him confident, and he started calling himself God.
Epistles of Paul
The letters of Paul of Tarsus are thought to be the earliest texts in the New Testament.
They do not say that Jesus' mother was a virgin.
In this sentence, Paul says that Jesus was born of a woman, not of a virgin.
This could be evidence that Paul did not know about the virgin birth of Jesus.
However, when Paul was alive, when Hebrew people talked about a new baby, they usually listed only the child's father, or both parents.
The fact that Paul listed no father may suggest that there was no human father.
Some people think God created Jesus without a human father so Jesus could avoid a curse.
In the Old Testament (), God put a curse on Jeconiah, who had been King of Judah.
God told Jeconiah that none of his family would ever 'sit on the throne of David.'
David was one of Jeconiah's ancestors, and had been King of Jerusalem.
says that Jeconiah was an ancestor of Joseph, Mary's husband.
If Jesus was Joseph's child, Jesus would be related to Jeconiah.
God's curse would keep him from being King of Jerusalem.
However, because God created Jesus without a human father, Jesus was not related to Jeconiah, and could be King.
People argue about what Paul meant when he said Jesus was "descended from David according to the flesh."
David, Jeconiah, and Joseph were all in the same family line.
For Jesus to be part of David's family line, he would have to be related to Joseph.
This would mean Joseph had to be Jesus' human father.
However, some people think Paul did not mean Jesus was physically descended from Joseph, only that Joseph acted like Jesus' father.
The order of the Bible
Raymond Brown argues that it is important to look at when each book in the Bible was written.
He says that looking at this shows:
The oldest Christian writings about Jesus talked about his death and resurrection.
The people who wrote the New Testament talked about the things they did and said after learning from Jesus' teachings.
These writings were put together in an order that made sense, not based on which ones were written earliest.
The four Gospels grew from these.
The Gospel of Mark is thought to have been written earliest.
and the Gospel of Mark both start with Jesus' baptism and end with his resurrection.
Neither talks about Jesus' birth.
The Gospels of Matthew and Luke were written later.
They were the first parts of the Bible to talk about Jesus' birth.
However, Paul, in Epistle to the Colossians 1:15, calls Jesus the "first-born Son, superior to all created things."
This makes it clear that Paul saw Jesus as very special, unlike any other human being.
Joseph (Mary's husband)
th:การคืนพระชนม์ของพระเยซูคริสต์
Montreuil is a town in the east suburbs of Paris, France.
Montreuil is near the Bois de Vincennes park in the Île-de-France region and the Seine-Saint-Denis department.
About 91,000 people lived there in 1999.
It is the third most populated suburb of Paris (after Boulogne-Billancourt and Argenteuil).
Communes in Seine-Saint-Denis
Tourcoing  () is a town in the Nord department and Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in France with a population of about 94,204.
It is near Lille and Roubaix and there is a metro and tram line between Tourcoing and these places, which are all close to the Belgian border.
There is a Napoleon III-style Hôtel de ville (Town Hall) built in 1885.
Tourcoing town council website (in French)
Tourcoing Volley-Ball Lille Métropole (Official website of the top team, in French)
See pictures from Antonio Mucherino's web site
ReLoad is an album by Metallica.
It was released in the United States on November 18, 1997 by Elektra Records.
It went straight to No.1 in the Billboard 200.
Three singles were released from it. "
Better Than You" won the 1999 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance.
It was the last studio album by Metallica with Jason Newsted playing bass.
Carpe Diem Baby
Low Man's Lyric
Fixxxer
Consensus is a term which describes general agreement among members of a group or community.
It also means the theory and process of bringing a group together in agreement.
Not majority rule
The cooperative spirit of consensus is different from the competitive spirit which is brought to a point in majority voting.
According to Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales,
We are really strongly focused on consensus.
One criticism of Wikipedia is that the majority rules.
But majority is not the right way to describe it.
We strive for consensus rather than majority rule.
If you are in a group of five or ten people working on an article, if 30 percent of those working on the article dissent, then continue to write the article until all but the most unreasonable agree.
Those who continue to disagree are typically exhibiting non-collaborative, and sometimes abusive, behavior.
"Basics of Consensus" at Northwest Intentional Communities Association (NICA)
Grantland Rice (November 1, 1880–July 13, 1954) was an early 20th century American sports-writer.
Joseph Charles "Chuck" Bernard (August 29, 1911 in Chicago, Illinois – March 1962) was a professional American football center who played for the Detroit Lions in 1934 and was a two-time All-American at the University of Michigan.
NFL Career
American football centers
Saint-Denis is a city and commune in the north suburbs of Paris, France.
Saint-Denis is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-Saint-Denis departement, and is the seat of the Arrondissement of Saint-Denis.
Inhabitants of Saint-Denis are called Dionysiens.
Saint-Denis is home to the Saint Denis Basilica.
France's national football stadium, Stade de France, built in 1998 for the Football World Cup is in Saint-Denis.
Almost every French king since Dagobert Ist, was buried in the Basilica.
Saint-Denis dates back to the second century.
It used to be a village called Catolacus.
Saint Denis, the first bishop of Paris, was martyred in about 250 AD.
He was buried in the cemetery of Catolacus.
Denis' tomb became a place of worship.
During the French Revolution in 1793, the city was renamed Franciade, and the royal necropolis was looted and destroyed.
The name was changed back in 1803.
During the Second World War, the Germans occupied Saint-Denis from June 13, 1940.
The town was liberated by General Leclerc on August 27.
Córdoba, Spain
North Lanarkshire, Scotland
Porto Alegre, Brazil
Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Offensive (Netherlands), a political party
Offensive (military), an attack
The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (U of M or The U) is a public university.
Most of the buildings are in Minneapolis, and some more buildings are about 3 miles (4.8 km) away near Saint Paul.
These two parts are called the Twin Cities campus, and together they are the oldest and largest part of the University of Minnesota system.
The Twin Cities campus is the flagship of the system.
The University of Minnesota is one of the Public Ivy universities in America, which is like saying they can give people an experience in college similar to the Ivy League.
The University of Minnesota was started in 1851, and they are now in the Association of American Universities.
There are lots of students and teachers at the University of Minnesota.
Some of them have won Nobel Prizes and Pulitzer Prizes.
Some famous people who went to the University of Minnesota are Hubert Humphrey, Walter Mondale, and Bob Dylan.
The nickname of the University of Minnesota is the Golden Gophers.
Areas of Study
The University of Minnesota is structured into different units that study specific things.
There are 19 units:
Center for Allied Health Programs
College of Biological Sciences
College of Continuing and Professional Studies
College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences
Carlson School of Management
Medical School
Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs
College of Science and Engineering
Center for Cognitive Sciences
Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment, and the Life Sciences
Institute for Advanced Study at University of Minnesota
Institute for Translational Neuroscience
Institute on the Environment
Minnesota Population Center
Gravity waves — the University of Minnesota has led studies to learn about gravity — the force that moves us toward the center of the earth — and how gravity moves like a wave.
People who study gravity shared this discovery in February 2016.
Gopher — the University of Minnesota made a tool called Gopher, which came before the World Wide Web.
It used links to connect computers together.
People liked the World Wide Web better though, because it was easier to share with people, and it worked with more stuff than just text.
The University of Minnesota keeps the Charles Babbage Institute, a place that stores important examples of computer history.
They started early with Seymour Cray who made powerful computers.
Kinds of People
The campus is made up of more than 50,000 people, so the University of Minnesota is the sixth largest in the United States.
There are many kinds of people that are part of the University of Minnesota, from a lot of different places and groups.
As of Fall 2017, there are 31,535 people who are studying for an undergraduate degree — that is, a level of learning that someone can get after high school.
Of that number, 5,858 are new to the University of Minnesota trying to get a degree for the first time.
There are also 12,614 people trying to get a degree that's even higher than an undergraduate degree, like becoming a doctor.
Minneapolis Campus
The campus started near the Saint Anthony Falls on the Mississippi River, but people moved about 1 mile (1.6 km) over to the place it is today.
The old site is now a small park.
They closed during the American Civil War, but they opened again in 1867 when John S. Pillsbury gave some money.
They were bigger by 1869, so they stopped being called preparatory school and started being called a college instead.
Today there are so many buildings, there are some on both sides of the Mississippi River.
The part with buildings on the east side of the river is called the "East Bank", and the part with buildings on the west side of the river is called the "West Bank".
The University of Minnesota has many buildings on the east side of the Mississippi River.
To help people find their way around, these buildings are divided into several areas: the Knoll area, the Mall area, the Health area, the Athletic area, and the Gateway area.
The Knoll area is the oldest part of the University of Minnesota, and it's in the northwestern corner.
Some buildings in this area are over 100 years old.
The Mall area, or Northrop Mall is in the middle.
It was based on a drawing by Cass Gilbert, but that drawing was too hard to follow.
There are many buildings in the Mall area that are important.
The Health area is in the southeast corner.
Some buildings are part of a hospital.
There's also some buildings where students live, which called a residence hall.
The Athletic area is near the health area.
Some buildings are for students who want to stay healthy to use like a gymnasium.
There are also stadiums and arenas for people in sports to use in student athletics.
The Gateway area is on the east side.
Most of these buildings are for offices, but there are also some buildings for people who are learning about medicine and living things.
The University of Minnesota has some buildings on the west side of the Mississippi River.
Some are for people to learn about theatre, dance, music, and art.
There's also a big library and some buildings for people to learn about social science.
Saint Paul Campus
The place people call the Saint Paul Campus is not in Saint Paul.
It's in a city called Falcon Heights, about 3 miles (4.8 km) away from the Minneapolis campus.
Most of the buildings are for people to about farming and natural resources.
There are also fields and quiet spots.
The Saint Paul Campus is next to the Minnesota State Fairgrounds, where Minnesota has a big party every year.
Student Life
Many students at the University of Minnesota are part of clubs.
Some clubs are fraternities and sororities— that is, a group of students who have things in common and are close together.
There are also clubs for people who are studying the same thing, or for people who want to help like a charity.
The Minnesota Daily is a newspaper made all by students.
It was first made on May 1, 1900.
It gets made twice a week, except in the summer when it's made once a week.
There's another newspaper called The Wake Student Magazine, made all by students.
It was first made in November, 2001.
Minnesota's sports teams mostly play in the Big Ten Conference.
The women's ice hockey team plays in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA); the men's ice hockey team also played in the WCHA until 2013, when the Big Ten began a men's ice hockey league.
1850s establishments in Minnesota Territory
The Minnesota Golden Gophers are the college sports team for the University of Minnesota.
The athletics director is Joel Maturi.
Dixie Dean (William Ralph Dean, 22 January 1907 – 1 March 1980) was an English football player.
He played for Everton FC during the 1920s and 30s.
He scored more goals than any other player in English football history.
Dean was born in Birkenhead in Merseyside.
He began his career at his hometown club Tranmere Rovers before moving on to Everton.
Dean played most of his career at Everton.
When injuries caught up with him, he moved on to Notts County.
Dean is best known for his exploits during the 1927–28 season.
He scored a record 60 league goals that season, when the English first division was by far the strongest football league in the world.
He also scored 18 goals in 16 appearances for England.
There were fewer international games in those days.
A statue of Dean was unveiled outside Goodison Park in 2001.
A year later, he became one of the first 22 players inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame.
Dean was the first Everton player to wear the number 9 shirt, and is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time.
Harry G. Kipke (March 26, 1899 - September 14, 1972) was the head football coach at the University of Michigan from 1929-1937.
He is one of only three coaches in school history to direct teams to four consecutive conference championships.
In criminal law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled criminal procedure.
The sentence generally involves a decree of imprisonment, a fine and/or other punishments against a defendant convicted (found guilty) of a crime.
For example, a man could be given a life sentence for murder.
de:Urteil
Interstate 82 (sometimes called I-82) is a  long Interstate Highway in the states of Washington and Oregon.
The road goes from Interstate 90 and U.S. Route 97 in Ellensburg, Washington southeast through Yakima, Washington, the Tri-Cities of Washington, and Umatilla, Oregon before ending at Interstate 84 in Hermiston, Oregon.
Since I-82 is north of Interstate 84, it breaks the rules for Interstate numbering.
This happened because when Interstate 80N was renumbered to Interstate 84 in 1980, Interstate 82 became north of Interstate 84.
The renumbering was part of a project to remove Interstates that have letters within their numbers.
The highway goes over Selah Creek on a bridge called the Fred G. Redmon Bridge.
When this bridge was opened on November 2, 1971 it was the longest concrete arch bridge in North America.
The bridge is 549 feet long when it goes above the creek.
It is mostly north south despite ending in a 2
In 1999, the state of Oregon wanted to make Interstate 82 longer.
They planned three different roads, but all of them were not chosen.
The freeway also has a spur route, Interstate 182, which connects Interstate 82 to Richland, Washington and Pasco, Washington.
Roads crossed
Interstate 90 and U.S. Route 97 in Ellensburg, Washington
Washington State Route 821 near Selah, Washington
Washington State Route 823 near Selah, Washington
U.S. Route 12 in Yakima, Washington
Washington State Route 24 in Yakima, Washington
U.S. Route 97 in Yakima, Washington
Washington State Route 22 near Zillah, Washington
Washington State Route 223 in Granger, Washington
Washington State Route 241 in Sunnyside, Washington
Washington State Route 22 in Prosser, Washington
Washington State Route 224 in Benton City, Washington
Interstate 182 and U.S. Route 12 near Richland, Washington
U.S. Route 395 near Kennewick, Washington
Washington State Route 14 near Plymouth, Washington
U.S. Route 395 and U.S. Route 730 in Umatilla, Oregon
Interstate 84 and U.S. Route 30 near Hermiston, Oregon
Cities and towns along the highway
Counties along the highway
Highways of Washington State
ORoads
Roads in Washington
Roads in Oregon
Wesley Carter Welker (born May 1 1981, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) is an American football wide receiver for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League.
Sportspeople from Oklahoma City
A food coloring is any substance that is added to food or drink to change its color.
Food coloring is used both in commercial food production and in cooking at home.
Purpose of food coloring
People associate certain colors with certain flavors.
The color of the food can therefore influence its perceived flavor in anything from candy to wine.
For this reason, food manufacturers add dyes to their products.
One of the reasons this is done is to simulate the colour the customer expects as natural.
An example would be to add red coloring to glacé cherries.
Without coloring, the cherries would be beige.
Food coloring can also be done for effect, such as a green ketchup instead of an expected red.
Most people are aware that food with bright or unnatural colors, such as the green ketchup mentioned, contains food coloring.
Far fewer people know that "natural" foods such as oranges and salmon may also be dyed to hide natural variations in color.
The color of foods varies through the seasons.
Processing food and storing it may change its color.
For these reasons, it may give a commercial advantage to add colors to food, so that it has the color expected or preferred by the customers.
Some of the main reasons are:
Compensate for  color lost due to light, air, extremes of temperature, moisture, and storage conditions.
Hide natural variations in color
Make the naturally occurring colors stronger
Give identity to food, so it can be associated with the color
Protect flavors and vitamins from damage by light.
Decorative or artistic purposes such as cake icing
Food colorings need to be tested before they can be used.
These tests are done to make sure the coloring is not poisonous, and has no unwanted side-effects.
Sometimes, different testing-bodies have different opinions on the safety of a certain coloring.
In the United States, FD&C (generally indicates that the FDA has approved the colorant for use in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics) numbers are given to approved synthetic food dyes that do not exist in nature.
In the European Union, E numbers are used for all additives, both synthetic and natural, that are approved in food applications.
Natural colors are not required to be tested by a number of regulatory bodies throughout the world, including the United States FDA.
The FDA lists "color additives exempt from certification" for food.
Natural food dyes
A growing number of natural food dyes are being commercially produced, partly due to consumer concerns surrounding synthetic dyes.
Caramel coloring, made from caramelized sugar, used in cola products and also in cosmetics.
Annatto, a reddish-orange dye made from the seed of the Achiote.
A green dye made from chlorella algae.
Cochineal, a red dye derived from the cochineal insect, Dactylopius coccus.
To make it easy to get the exact color, these color components are often available in very pure form.
They can also be used with suitable carrier materials.
Dyes and lakes
Dyes dissolve in water, but are not soluble in oil.
Dyes are manufactured as powders, granules, liquids or other special purpose forms.
They can be used in drinks, dry mixes, baked goods, confections, dairy products, pet foods and many other products.
Dyes also have side effects which lakes do not, including the fact that large amounts of dyes ingested can color stools.
Lakes are the combination of dyes and insoluble material.
Lakes tint by dispersion.
Lakes are not oil soluble, but are oil dispersible.
Lakes are more stable than dyes and are ideal for coloring products containing fats and oils or items lacking sufficient moisture to dissolve dyes.
Typical uses include coated tablets, cake and donut mixes, hard candies and chewing gums, lipsticks, soaps, shampoos, talc etc.
Food colorings can be used to dye fabric, but are usually not wash-fast when used on cotton, hemp and other plant fibres.
Some food dyes can be fixed on Nylon and animal fibers.
Criticism and health implications
In the past, research has not shown any link between  Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and food dyes.
Newer studies show that synthetic preservatives and artificial coloring agents can make the symptoms of ADD and ADHD worse.
The older studies were inclonclusive on this point, perhaps because the  clinical methods of measuring this behavior were inappropriate.
Parents' reports of food additives proved to be better indicators whether additives were present than clinical tests.
Several major studies show academic performance increased and disciplinary problems decreased in large non-ADD student populations when artificial ingredients and artificial coloring were eliminated from school food programs.
Norway banned all products containing coal tar and coal tar derivatives in 1978.
New legislation lifted this ban in 2001 after EU regulations.
As such, many FD&C approved colorings have been banned.
Tartrazine causes hives in less than 0.01% of those exposed to it
Erythrosine is linked to thyroid tumors in rats.
Natural Food Colors (Food-Info)
A varsity letter (or monogram) is an award in the United States for excellence in school activities.
They are typically awarded to student athletes who have played on a varsity team.
History of the varsity letter and letterman jackets
Free content, or free information, is any kind of work, artwork, or other creative content which does not have lots of legal restrictions about how people can use it.
People have freedom to make changed versions of the content, give changed and not changed versions of the content to others, and sell copies of the content and changed versions of it.
The author of free content does not use all of his copyright monopoly, he gives many of the rights to others.
The articles in Wikipedia are free content.
Free software is different from free music or text, because it is often much more difficult to understand and change a program if one does not have its source code, than it is to change a song or a text.
Because of that, the source code of free software must always be easy to receive, or the software will not be free.
However, source code for pictures, movies and music can also exist and be given to others.
Choosing what to call a “source code” is sometimes important when publishing a work under a copyleft license.
Frederick Lee "Ted" Petoskey (born January 5, 1911 in St. Charles,  Michigan, died November 30, 1996 in Elgin, South Carolina) was a sportsman at the University of Michigan.
He played three sports - American football, basketball, and baseball.
Interstate 5 (sometimes called I-5, or in Southern California, The 5) is a  long Interstate Highway in the states of California, Oregon, and Washington.
The road goes from Mexican Federal Highway 1 at the United States-Mexican border to British Columbia Highway 99 at the  United States-Canadian border.
It is the main interstate highway of the West Coast.
Nearly 60% of its length is in California.
Central Valley of California
Roads in California
In baseball, earned run average (abbreviated to ERA) is the mean of earned runs given up by a pitcher.
It is measured per nine innings pitched in Major League Baseball.
ERA is found by dividing the number of earned runs allowed by the number of innings pitched and multiplying by nine.
For example, if a pitcher pitches 95 innings and allows 25 earned runs, his ERA is 2.37.
Interstate 90 (sometimes called 90) is a  Interstate Highway in the states of Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts.
The road goes from Interstate 5 in Seattle, Washington to Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts.
It is the longest Interstate in the US.
The Washington State Department of Transportation (sometimes called WSDOT) is the part of the government of Washington about roads, railroads, ferries, airports, and other ways to get around.
It was made in 1905 as Washington Department of Highways.
State departments of transportation in the United States
Body-painting (also body painting and bodypainting) is when special colors are applied to a human's skin.
The colors used are temporary.
Depending on the material used, paintings last between a few hours and a few weeks.
Body-painting can be done for various reasons.
to make a work of art
to camouflage one's body
to act in some traditional theatre
to take part in some traditional ceremony
to party, to create a sensation
Materpiscis (Latin for "mother fish") is a genus of pyctodontid placoderm from the late Devonian period, about 380 million years ago.
A fossil of this armored placoderm shows an embryo and umbilical cord inside its body.
So Materpiscis is the oldest known vertebrate to show viviparity (giving birth to live young).
Viviparity of one kind or another is quite common in certain kinds of fish, for example sharks.
The holotype was found in the Kimberley area of northern Western Australia.
Fossils from the Gogo Formation are preserved in limestone nodules, so dilute acetic acid is used to dissolve the surrounding limestone and reveal the fossil.
These fossils are often preserved in three dimensions with minimal distortion.
The species was named Materpiscis attenboroughi in honour of David Attenborough who first drew attention to the significance of the Gogo fish sites in his 1979 series Life on Earth.
Cornelius Crane "Chevy" Chase (born October 8, 1943) is an American Emmy Award-winning comedian, writer, and actor.
He was one of the original cast members on Saturday Night Live.
Diprotodon was the largest marsupial that ever lived.
it existed from about 1.6 million years ago until extinction some 46,000 years ago.
So it lived through most of the Pleistocene epoch.
Diprotodon looked like a rhino without a horn.
Its feet turned inwards like a wombat’s, giving it a pigeon-toed appearance.
It had strong claws on the front feet, so it may have been able to dig up roots to eat.
Footprints of its hairy feet have been found, so we know it had fur like a horse rather than being bald like a rhino.
Diprotodon is found in sites all over Australia, but not in Tasmania.
Female skeletons have been found with babies located where the mother's pouch would have been.
The largest specimens were hippopotamus-sized: about  from nose to tail, standing  tall at the shoulder and weighing about .
Australia's lost kingdom on Diprotodon optatum
Regional Council of Goyder page on the genera
Museum Victoria on the Diprotodontids
Description of Price's research
Tahlequah (Pronounced "Tal a Kwa") is the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma, United States.
It is at the foot hills of the Ozark Mountains.
Tahlequah is also home to Northeastern State University.
The Russo-Japanese War was a war between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire between 1904 and 1905.
The Japanese won the war, and the Russians lost.
The war happened because the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan disagreed over who should get parts of Manchuria and Korea.
The war was fought mostly on the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden, the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea.
The politics of both countries in the war were very complicated, but both wanted to gain land and economic benefits.
The Chinese Empire of the Qing Dynasty was large but weak, and it was Qing land and possessions that were fought over.
For example, Korea had been under Qing rule but was seized by Japan.
Russia wanted a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean for its navy and trade.
The harbour at Vladivostok freezes over in the winter, but Port Arthur (now called the Liaodong Peninsula in China) can be used all year round.
Russia had already rented the port from the Qing and had got permission to build a Trans-Siberian railway from St Petersburg to Port Arthur.
Russia wanted a warm-water Pacific Ocean port for trade and its navy.
Japan wanted to expand her empire into Korea and China.
Japan thought that when Russia completed its railway in 1906, it would be able to beat Japan in a war by being able to supply large numbers of troops there.
To avoid war, Japan wanted to compromise with Russia even if it got the better deal.
Japan wanted a more of Korea and China than it thought Russia would offer.
Japan decided to attack before the railway was complete so that it could do well in a war against Russia.
The war started with a Japanese surprise attack on Port Arthur and continued with Japanese victories in Manchuria and elsewhere.
The last major battle was at Tsushima Strait and destroyed the Russian Navy.
Peace treaty and aftermath
US President Theodore Roosevelt helped Russia and Japan make peace after the war.
That made him win a Nobel Prize.
Russia had to give up all influence in the Far East.
The Russian people were very angry at the government and at Tsar Nicholas II for not continuing the war because everyone was sure that Russia could have won.
That is true because Japan was bankrupt and would have suffered an economic crisis after just a few more months of fighting.
Russia's army was also much stronger than Japan's and had very large reserves to replace the soldiers she lost.
However, Japan had no men with military training to replace its losses and no money to give new men training.
The Japanese got Port Arthur and the Russian railway in Manchuria.
Five years later, in 1910, Japan took over Korea.
Japan would continue to grow its empire in Asia until World War II.
The Russian defeat was one of the reasons for the Russian Army's great improvement after 1904, which helped start the European arms race that was a cause of World War I. The war also contributed to the Russian Revolution and to the Russian Civil War in 1917.
Vladimir Lenin, who helped start the revolution, wanted Russia to lose the war since that showed that the tsar was losing power.
Asakawa, Kanichi. (
1905).
The Russo-Japanese Conflict: Its Causes and Issues.
Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
OCLC 2418247; reprinted by Kennikat Press, Port Washington, New York, 1970.
Koda, Yoji.
"The Russo-Japanese War: Primary Causes of Japanese Success,"  Naval War College Review (Spring 2005)
Mutsu, Munemitsu. (
Kenkenroku (trans.
Gordon Mark Berger).
Tokyo: University of Toyko Press. ;
OCLC 252084846
Nish, Ian, ed.
The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5 Folkestone, Kent : Global Oriental.
;  OCLC 56955351
Goodison Park is the stadium of the English football club Everton FC and is in the heart of the City of Liverpool.
Everton FC is one of the founder members of the football league and holds the record as the longest serving football club in the top tier of English Football.
WikiLeaks is a non-profit organization which uses its website to publish governmental, private data, corporate or religious documents that had previously been secret.
The website was started in 2006, and had over 1.2 million documents in its database by the time one year had passed.
Usually, it does not give out the names and addresses of people who post documents.
The site is based in Sweden.
Though its name is similar to Wikipedia, it is not related to Wikipedia or the Wikimedia Foundation.
The name was chosen because WikiLeaks used a wiki model at first, where people could edit the site, but it has since changed and is no longer open for editing.
In July 2010, WikiLeaks was in the news for publishing over 76,900 documents related to the War in Afghanistan.
In October that same year, WikiLeaks posted almost 400,000 documents that were about the War in Iraq.
This was the largest ever leak of documents about the US Army.
It reported mainly on deaths of civilians, soldiers, and sightings of homemade bombs or armed civilians.
On 28 November 2010, WikiLeaks and five major newspapers - from Spain (El País), France (Le Monde), Germany (Der Spiegel), the United Kingdom (The Guardian), and the United States (The New York Times) - all began to publish the first 291 of 251,287 confidential diplomatic cables from 274 embassies dated from 1966–2010.
WikiLeaks plans to release all of the cables in phases over several months.
This leak was widely covered by the international media, as many of the leaks contained information that affected countries other than the United States.
Some leaks were published by other news organizations like Fairfax Media.
White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs said that an "open and transparent government is something that the President believes is truly important.
But the stealing of classified information and its dissemination is a crime".
In August 2016, WikiLeaks posted more than 20,000 emails from the Democratic National Committee (DNC) that showed they tried to undermine Bernie Sanders.
WikiLeaks Fan Club
WikiLeaksNews.org (An unofficial WikiLeaks news resource & social network)
Non-profit organizations of Europe
Eugowra is a town in the central west of New South Wales, Australia.
The town is placed  west of the state capital, Sydney.
In 2006,  535 people lived in Eugowra.
The word "Eugowra" comes from an Australian aboriginal word meaning "the place where the sand washes down the hill".
The first people to live in the Eugowra area were the Wiradjuri people.
Europeans first began exploring the area in 1815.
John Oxley went through the area on his trip to explore the inland of NSW in 1817.
Farming began at Eugowra station (farm) in 1834.
The town was started in the 1860s on the site of the farm.
This was where the track for people going to the Lachlan gold fields crossed the Mandagery Creek.
A bridge was built over the creek, and then the John Bull Hotel (later the Fat Lamb Hotel) was built next to it.
In 1881, the town was laid out and a police station, courthouse and school were built.
The creek has flooded many times; in 2005 it had a flood peak of .
This cut the town in two, and water flowed through many buildings and houses.
The Gold Escort robbery
Australia's biggest gold robbery took place near Eugowra.
The bushrangers, Frank Gardiner, Ben Hall and their gang robbed the Forbes to Orange Ford and Company coach on 15 June, 1862.
The bushrangers stole  of gold and £3,700 in cash.
The value in 2008 money is about A$4 million.
The site of the robbery was a gully  north of Eugowra, known as Eugowra Rocks.
Coaches and wagons had to slow down to get around a steep gully which went down to Mandagery Creek.
They also had to get past many large granite rocks.
One of these rocks was called "Coonbong" (dead man) by the Wiradjuri people.
Gardiner’s gang stopped two bullock wagons and left them in the middle of the road.
When the gold escort coach arrived it had to slow right down and try to get past the wagons.
The bushrangers, hidden behind the rocks, fired their guns at the coach.
The coach driver and two policemen were wounded.
One policeman had been shot in the testicles.
The horses reared up and the coach was tipped on its side.
One policemen assisted the wounded and they escaped into the bush.
They went towards the Eugowra homestead for help.
The other policeman went back down the road to a small hotel, Lyell's Shanty.
The bushrangers took the gold and money.
They put it onto the back of one of the coach horses.
They went back to their horses which had been hidden up the hill.
They escaped into the bush and stopped at the southern end of Noble’s Lagoon to share out the bags of gold.
They went to Mount Wheogo, north of the Weddin Mountains, where Gardiner had his camp.
A local farmer, Hanbury Clements, heard the gun shots and went to find out what was going on.
He found the wounded men and helped them back to the farm house.
He got on to his horse and rode the  to Forbes in the dark in less than three hours to report the robbery.
The police arrived quickly, and with the help of an aboriginal tracker, Jimmy Dargan, they were soon following the bushrangers.
Gardiner’s camp at Wheogo had a good view of the country.
John "the Warrigal Walsh", (the brother of Ben Hall's wife), warned the bushrangers that the police were coming and the gang got away.
Most of the gold was still loaded on the back of the very tired coach horse.
The bushrangers finally had to leave the horse in the foothills of the Weddin Mountains.
They only took the money with them.
The police got most of the gold back.
Only Ben Hall and Frank Gardiner's share of the gold was not found.
What happened to the Gardiner gang?
Frank Gardiner went to Queensland and was eventually caught.
He went to gaol.
Released after 8 years, he was exiled (forced to leave Australia).
He went to the USA where he died about 1904.
Ben Hall was arrested for the robbery, but Dan Charters would not give evidence that Hall was part of the gang.
Hall set up his own gang and continued to be a bushranger.
He was shot dead by police, west of Forbes, on 5th May, 1865.
He is buried in the Forbes cemetery.
John Gilbert stayed with Ben Hall.
He was shot dead by police near Murrumburrah, on 13 May 1865.
He is buried in the police paddock at Binalong, New South Wales.
Johnny O'Meally stayed with Ben Hall.
Shot dead during a robbery in November 1863.