the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
This means that a lot of energy is needed to remove an electron from xenon.
This activation energy for xenon is 1172 kJ/mol.
To remove a second electron from xenon, an energy of 2046.4 kJ/mol is needed.
Known oxidation states of xenon are 0, +1, +2, +4, +6 and +8.
However, the most stable form is pure xenon, or the xenon's oxidation state of 0.
Xenon has 8 stable isotopes and more than 30 unstable isotopes.
Xenon gas is used in electron tubes, bactericidal lamps, trobe lamps, and lamps used to excite ruby lasers.
Xenon is also a trace gas in the atmosphere, occurring at 87 ±1 nL/L (parts per billion) or approximately 1 in 11.5 million.
It is also emitted from some mineral springs.
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Kuala Lumpur
| settlement_type          = Federal territory and capital city
| official_name            = Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur{{nobold|Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur}}
| translit_lang1           = Other
| translit_lang1_type1     = Jawi
| translit_lang1_info1     =
| translit_lang1_type2     = Chinese
| translit_lang1_info2     =
| translit_lang1_type3     = Tamil
| translit_lang1_info3     =
| image_skyline            =
| image_caption            =
| image_flag               = Flag of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.svg
| image_shield             =
| nickname                 = KL, The Garden City of Lights, City of Contrasts and Diversity
| motto                    = Bersedia Menyumbang Bandaraya Cemerlang| anthem                   = Maju dan Sejahtera
| image_map                =
| map_caption              =
| pushpin_map              = Malaysia#Southeast Asia#Asia
| pushpin_map_caption      =
| coordinates              =
| subdivision_type         = Country
| subdivision_name         = Malaysia
| subdivision_type1        = Administrative areas
| subdivision_name1        =
| established_title        = Establishment
| established_date         = 1857
| established_title2       = City status
| established_date2        = 1 February 1972
| established_title3       = Transferred to federal jurisdiction
| established_date3        = 1 February 1974
| government_type          = Federal administrationwith local government
| governing_body           = Kuala Lumpur City Hall
| leader_title             = Mayor
| leader_name              = Mahadi bin Che Ngah
| total_type               = Federal territory
| area_footnotes           =
| area_total_km2           = 243
| area_metro_km2           = 2,243.27
| elevation_footnotes      =
| elevation_m              = 66
| population_total         = 1,782,500
| population_as_of         = 2019 est.
| population_rank          = 1st
| population_footnotes     =
| population_density_km2   = 7,802
| population_urban         =
| population_metro         = 7,564,000
| population_density_metro_km2 = 2,708
| population_blank1_title  = Demonym
| population_blank1        = KL-ite / Kuala Lumpurian
| postal_code_type         = Postal code
| postal_code              = 50000 to 60000
| imagesize                = 275px
| timezone                 = MST
| utc_offset               = +8
| blank_name               = Mean solar time
| blank_info               = UTC+06:46:46
| blank1_name              = Area code(s)
| blank1_info              = 03
| blank2_name              = Vehicle registration
| blank2_info              = V and W (except taxis) HW (for taxis only)
| blank3_name              = ISO 3166-2
| blank3_info              = MY-14
| demographics_type2       = City Index
| demographics2_title1     = HDI
| demographics2_info1      = 0.867 (very high) (1st)
| demographics2_title2     = GDP
| demographics2_info2      = RM 244,210 million ($59,831 million) (2nd)
| demographics2_title3     = Per capita
| demographics2_info3      = RM 129,472 ($31,720) (1st)
| blank5_name              = Official language(s)
| blank5_info              = Malay
| website                  =
| image_seal               = Seal of Kuala Lumpur.svg
| image_blank_emblem       =
| blank_emblem_size        = 280px
| blank_emblem_type        = Logo
Kuala Lumpur () is the capital city it is the largest city of Malaysia and a Federal Territory.
After Putrajaya was constructed in the late 1990s, the administrative capital has been moved there.
Kuala Lumpur has one of the tallest buildings in the world, the Petronas Twin Towers.
Kuala Lumpur has a tropical rainforest climate (Af'' in the Koeppen climate classification).
The annual range of temperature in Kuala Lumpur is small, only 1°C.
There is no distinct seasonal difference in temperature in the city.
Kuala Lumpur is hot throughout the year.
The annual mean temperature are 26.5 °C (79.7 °F).
The annual rainfall in Kuala Lumpur is high (2393mm).
The rainfall distribution is even in the city, with heavy rainfall all the year.
In April and November, the monthly rainfall is slightly higher.
Mayors of Kuala Lumpur
Since Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory of Malaysia on February 1, 1972, the city has been led by seven mayors.
Tan Sri Dato' Lokman Yusof (1972)
Tan Sri Yaakob Latiff (1973 - 1983)
Tan Sri Dato' Elyas Omar (1983 - 1992)
Dato' Dr. Mazlan Ahmad (1992 - 1995)
Tan Sri Dato’ Kamaruzzaman Shariff (1995 - 2001)
Datuk Mohmad Shaid Mohd Taufek (2001 - 2004)
Datuk Ruslin Hasan (since 2004)
Kuala Lumpur city location map
Maps of Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur Travel Guide  - Comprehensive Travel Guide to Kuala Lumpur | City Guide, hotels, attractions and vacations.
Capital cities in Malaysia
1857 establishments
Geography of Malaysia
National capitals
The speed of light, in any medium,which is usually denoted by , is a physical constant important in many areas of physics.
It is denoted by 'c^0' especially in vacuum medium, although the symbol 'c' can be used to refer to that in any medium.
It is exactly  by definition.
A photon (particle of light) travels at this speed in a vacuum.
According to special relativity,  is the maximum speed at which all energy, matter, and physical information in the universe can travel.
It is the speed of all massless particles such as photons, and associated fields—including electromagnetic radiation such as light—in a vacuum.
It is predicted by the current theory to be the speed of gravity (that is, gravitational waves).
Such particles and waves travel at  regardless of the motion of the source or the inertial frame of reference of the observer.
In the theory of relativity,  interrelates space and time, and appears in the famous equation of mass–energy equivalence .
The special theory of relativity is based on the prediction, so far upheld by observations, that the measured speed of light in a vacuum is the same whether or not the source of the light and the person doing the measuring are moving relative to each other.
This is sometimes expressed as "the speed of light is independent of the reference frame."
Example explaining how speed does not depend on reference frame
George is standing on the ground next to some train tracks (railroad).
There is a train rushing by at .
George throws a baseball at  in the direction the train is moving.
Tom, a passenger on the train, has a device (like a radar gun) to measure throwing speeds.
Because he is on the train, Tom is already moving at  in the direction of the throw, so Tom measures the speed of the ball as only .
Now, repeat the experiment with light instead of a baseball; that is, George has a flashlight instead of throwing a baseball.
George and Tom both have devices that are the same to measure the speed of light (instead of the radar gun in the baseball example).
George is standing on the ground next to some train tracks.
There is a train rushing by at 1/3 the speed of light.
George flashes a light beam in the direction the train is moving.
George measures the speed of light as .
Tom, a passenger on the train, measures the speed of the light beam.
What speed does Tom measure?
Intuitively, one may think that the speed of the light from the flashlight as measured on the train should be 2/3 the speed measured on the ground, just like the speed of the baseball was 2/3.
But in fact, the speed measured on the train is the full value, , not .
A consequence of this fact that the speed of light is the same for all observers, is that nothing can go faster than the speed of light.
Another consequence is that for objects that have mass, no matter how much energy is used to increase the speed of an object, it will get closer and closer, but it will never reach the speed of light.
These ideas were discovered in the early 1900s by Albert Einstein, whose work completely changed our understanding of light.
Relation to fundamental electric and magnetic properties of space
Maxwell's equations predicted the speed of light and confirmed Michael Faraday's idea that light was an electromagnetic wave (a way that energy moves).
From these equations, we find that the speed of light is related to the inverse of the square root of the permittivity of free space, ε0, and the permeability of free space, μ0:
Rømer
Ole Christensen Rømer used an astronomical measurement to make the first quantitative estimate of the speed of light.
When measured from Earth, the periods of moons orbiting a distant planet are shorter when the Earth is approaching the planet than when the Earth is receding from it.
The distance travelled by light from the planet (or its moon) to Earth is shorter when the Earth is at the point in its orbit that is closest to its planet than when the Earth is at the farthest point in its orbit, the difference in distance being the diameter of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
The observed change in the moon's orbital period is actually the difference in the time it takes light to traverse the shorter or longer distance.
Rømer observed this effect for Jupiter's innermost moon Io, and he deduced that light takes 22 minutes to cross the diameter of the Earth's orbit.
Another method is to use the aberration of light, discovered and explained by James Bradley in the 18th century.
This effect results from the vector addition of the velocity of light arriving from a distant source (such as a star) and the velocity of its observer (see diagram on the right).
A moving observer thus sees the light coming from a slightly different direction and consequently sees the source at a position shifted from its original position.
Since the direction of the Earth's velocity changes continuously as the Earth orbits the Sun, this effect causes the apparent position of stars to move around.
From the angular difference in the position of stars, it is possible to express the speed of light in terms of the Earth's velocity around the Sun.
This, with the known length of a year, can be easily converted to the time needed to travel from the Sun to the Earth.
In 1729, Bradley used this method to derive that light travelled 10,210 times faster than the Earth in its orbit (the modern figure is 10,066 times faster) or, equivalently, that it would take light 8 minutes 12 seconds to travel from the Sun to the Earth.
Nowadays, the "light time for unit distance"—the inverse of c (1/c), expressed in seconds per astronomical unit—is measured by comparing the time for radio signals to reach different spacecraft in the Solar System.
The position of spacecraft is calculated from the gravitational effects of the Sun and various planets.
By combining many such measurements, a best fit value for the light time per unit distance is obtained. ,
the best estimate, as approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), is:
light time for unit distance:
c =
The relative uncertainty in these measurements is 0.02 parts per billion (2), as equivalent to the uncertainty in Earth-based measurements of length by interferometry.
Since the metre is defined to be the length travelled by light in a certain time interval, the measurement of the light time for unit distance can also be interpreted as measuring the length of an AU in metres.
The metre is considered to be a unit of proper length, whereas the AU is often used as a unit of observed length in a given frame of reference.
Practical effects
The finite speed of light is a major constraint on long-distance space travel.
Supposing a journey to the other side of the Milky Way, the total time for a message and its reply would be about 200,000 years.
Even more seriously, no spacecraft could travel faster than light, so all galactic-scale transport would be effectively one-way, and would take much longer than than any modern civilisation has existed.
The speed of light can also be of concern over very short distances.
In supercomputers, the speed of light imposes a limit on how quickly data can be sent between processors.
If a processor operates at 1 gigahertz, a signal can only travel a maximum of about  in a single cycle.
Processors must therefore be placed close to each other to minimize communication latencies; this can cause difficulty with cooling.
If clock frequencies continue to increase, the speed of light will eventually become a limiting factor for the internal design of single chips.
Denial is a word used in psychology on defense mechanism.
It  means that someone denies that something has happened or is happening although he really knows it is true.
Usually this happens because admitting it would cause a lot of pain.
Denial is usually the first state of coping with loss.
For example, if someone close to a person dies, the survivor's first feeling might be denial, or refusal to accept the fact that the person is really dead.
Tokyo () is the capital and largest city of Japan located on the island of Honshu.
Tokyo is the center of the Japanese government.
The Imperial Palace is in Tokyo.
Tokyo is the center of business, trade, and industry of Japan.
The city is the center of the largest metropolitan area in the world.
It faces Tokyo Bay.
It became the capital city of Japan in the middle of 19th century, when its name changed from "Edo" to "Tokyo".
Before then, Kyoto was the capital of Japan.
The Emperor of Japan, or Tenno, lived in Kyoto.
Edo was the place where the Tokugawa Shoguns lived.
The city grew up under the control of the shoguns.
Before then it was a small town on the sea.
Edo means "the mouth of a river" in Japanese.
Tokyo was destroyed by fires started by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923.
It was also badly damaged by bombs during World War II.
After Japan lost the war, the city was rebuilt.
1457-1869
Tokyo began as a small fishing village named Edo.
Edo was in the old Musashi Province.
The Edo clan built walls to protect the town in the late 12th century.
In 1457, Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle.
In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu made Edo his base.
He became shogun in 1603, and the town became the center of his military government.
This marked the beginning of the Edo period.
During this time, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world.
More than one million people lived there by the 18th century.
Edo was not the capital of Japan.
The emperor lived in the capital, Kyoto.
However, since the shogun was more powerful than the emperor throughout Japanese history, Edo had more power.
After about 263 years, the Meiji Restoration removed the shogun from power.
In 1869, the 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo.
The old Edo Castle became the Kokyo, the Imperial Palace.
1869-1943
The Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo were established.
This was the capital city until 1943.
1943-present
In 1943, Tokyo City and the "associated municipalities of what was formerly  (1869-1943)" combined into one.
Central Tokyo is built around major railway stations.
Suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level.
There are some expressways.
Tokyo suffered two major catastrophes in the 20th century.
The 1923 Great Kantō earthquake left 140,000 dead or missing.
World War II was the other disaster for the city.
The Bombing of Tokyo from 1944 through 1945 killed between 75,000 and 200,000 people and destroyed half the city.
This was almost as much damage as the atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined.
Tokyo was completely rebuilt after the war.
The 1964 Summer Olympics were a major world event.
New high-rise developments such as Sunshine 60 started in the 1970s.
Tokyo has a four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) with hot rainy summers and cool dry winters.
As of October 2007 about 8.7 million were living in Tokyo's 23 special wards.
The number of people in Tokyo increases to over 15 million during the day.
About 2.5 million workers and students enter the city everyday.
The three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato increase the most.
As of 2005, the regular population in those three areas was only 326,000 at night, but there are 2.4 million in those areas during the day.
Tokyo has many international residents.
As of 2005, the most common groups in Tokyo are Chinese (123,661), Koreans (106,697), and Filipinos (31,077).
Americans (18,848), British (7,696), Brazilian (5,300) and French (3,000) are less common.
Special wards
The 23 special wards of Tokyo are the same area that had been called Tokyo City.
On July 1, 1943, Tokyo City was merged with  to become a special government area.
This made the wards different from other wards in Japan.
Other city wards are part of a larger city government, but these are not.
Each ward is a municipality with its own mayor and assembly like the other cities of Japan.
The special wards often use the word city in their official English name, e.g. Chiyoda City.
The wards have a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government.
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government manages some public works such as water, sewer, and fire-fighting.
To pay for these things, the prefecture collects the municipal taxes usually collected by a city.
Three wards of Tokyo make up the central part of the city.
They are Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato.
Tokyo has many sight-seeing spots, but very few of them are old.
There are very few buildings in Tokyo that are more than 50 years old.
Popular places for visitors range from Tokyo Tower in the center of the city to Mount Takao out in the western countryside.
Tokyo Skytree is a new tower and is the tallest in Japan.
Traditional religious sights such as Meiji Shrine and Sensō-ji attract many tourists.
The Imperial Palace can be seen in the middle of the city, but is not open to the public.
Tokyo is the cultural, business, and political center of the country.
It is also the center of many transport systems.
There are many air, rail, sea, and road links in and out of the city.
Local subway and bus systems serve every part of the city.
Two commercial airports serve Tokyo.
Haneda Airport is in the city limits next to Tokyo Bay.
This airport is mostly for domestic travel.
Most international flights to and from Tokyo go through Narita Airport in Chiba Prefecture.
Several Shinkansen super-express railway lines begin at Tokyo Station, including the  Tōkaidō Shinkansen going west and Tōhoku Shinkansen going northeast.
Tokyo Metro is the city's major subway system.
Tokyo has a busy international and domestic port, but more traffic goes through the nearby port of Yokohama.
There are domestic ferries to the islands of Tokyo, but also to other parts of the country such as Hokkaido.
Many highways meet in Tokyo, including: the Chūō, Kan-Etsu, Tōhoku, and Tōmei Expressways.
All highway distances in Japan start from zero at a marker in Nihonbashi, Tokyo.
F.C. Tokyo
Universities in Tokyo
National Universities
Private Universities
Waseda Jitsugyo (Private school attached to Waseda Univ.)
Tokyo Convention and Visitors Bureau
Tokyo Shitamachi Bus
Laozi (Lao Tsu, Lao-Tze) was a Chinese philosopher best known for Taoism, the Tao Te Ching, and for becoming a deity of Taoism and Chinese folk religions.
A legendary figure of Chinese culture, Laozi may have lived during the Warring States period.
Laozi's work influenced anti-authoritarian and Legalist philosophers.
What was his real name?
Laozi's personal name is supposedly Li Er (李尔).
His courtesy name is Boyang (伯阳).
A popular posthumous name is Li Dan  Lǐ Dān).
During the Tang dynasty, he was called the "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor"  Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì).
Many people of the Li family say they descended from Laozi.
For example, the emperors of the Tang dynasty claimed this.
This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏).
Although these are questionable, they show Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.
Was he even real?
Some philosophers don't think he was real.
Some think the Daodejing was "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands".
The first mention to Laozi is in the "Records of the Grand Historian" by Sima Qian.
In one account, he was an official who lived around the time of Confucius.
His name was "Er Li" or "Dan Li", and he wrote some a book with two parts before leaving west.
In another, he has the name "Lao Laizi", and the book has 15 parts.
In a third, he appears as a royal astrologer named "Lao Dan" living at the time of Duke Xian during the Qin Dynasty.
The oldest Daodejing writing comes from around 375 BCE.
According to traditional accounts, Laozi worked as the Keeper of the Archives (librarian) during the Zhou.
He was able to study the works of the Yellow Emperor and other classics.
Laozi never opened a school but still had many students.
There is a story of his meeting with Confucius (most famously in the Zhuangzi ).
Taoist myths state that Laozi was born when his mother looked at a falling star.
He remained in her womb for 62 years while his mother was leaning against a plum tree.
The Chinese name Li 李 is the Chinese character for "plum".
Laozi was said to have been born as a grown man with a full grey beard and long ears, symbols of wisdom and long life.
Other myths state that he was reborn 13 times after his first life during the days of Fuxi.
In his last birth as Laozi, he lived 999 years and spent his life traveling to reveal the Tao.
His son Zong
In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong.
They are separated when Zong is a child.
Zong became a famous soldier and defeated many enemies.
Laozi was teaching the Dao, and Zong learns Laozi is his father.
Laozi says it is better to treat a beaten enemy with respect and that disrespect to the dead would cause his enemies to seek revenge.
So Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead and hold funeral mournings.
Lasting peace is then made.
Buddha and the origin of Daoism
Sima Qian says Laozi was tired of the moral decay in Chengzhou.
The kingdom was declining.
He traveled west and lived on the frontier until 80.
He was recognized by the guard Yinxi at a western gate.
Yinxi asked Laozi to write his wisdom.
This became the Daodejing.
But the present version of the text includes additions from later periods.
In some versions of the tale, Yinxi liked the work so much that he became a student and left with Laozi, never to be seen again.
In others, the "Old Master" traveled all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha.
Others say Laozi was the Buddha himself.
A seventh-century work, the Sandong Zhunang ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), said Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by Yinxi, who asked to be taught by the great master.
Yinxi wanted to find the Tao and said his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi.
Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a student.
This shows the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted as a student of a master.
Yinxi then trains.
After completing the training, the two go to the western lands of the barbarians.
They reached the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns".
Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student.
Laozi is the livingTao personified, teaching others for salvation.
The story of Laozi became religious since the Han dynasty.
As Taoism became more popular, Laozi was worshipped as a god.
The Way of the Celestial Masters became the first Taoist sect.
Later Taoists view Laozi as the Dao in human form.
Religious Taoism says that Laozi did not disappear after writing the Daodejing but spent his whole life traveling and revealing the Dao to others.
Laozi is traditionally regarded as the founder of Taoism.
Popular Taoism typically presents the Jade Emperor as the main deity.
Intellectual Taoists, such as the Celestial Masters sect, usually present Laozi (Laojun, 老君, "Lord Lao") and the Three Pure Ones at the main gods.
Daodejing
Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the Daodejing, but this is disputed.
It is one of the most significant books in Chinese cosmogony.
Like other ancient Chinese philosophers, Laozi often explains his ideas using paradox, analogy, ancient sayings, repetition, rhyme, and rhythm.
In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy: the ruler is the self, and the others and empire are the body, senses, and desires.
The Daodejing says the Dao is the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, very powerful but also very humble, being the root of all things.
People have desires and free will.
Many act "unnaturally", breaking the natural balance of the Dao.
The Daodejing intends to lead students to "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.
Taoism views them language as biased and artificial and shows this through paradoxes.
Another example: technology may give a false sense of progress.
Laozi says not to reject technology, but instead seek the calm state of wu wei (無爲), without desires.
Laozi says rulers should keep their people ignorant or simple-minded.
This may be political advice, but it could also be religious.
The text uses terms like "valley spirit" (gushen) and "soul" (po).
Wu wei literally "non-action" or "not acting", is an important concept.
The concept is multifaceted, and this is shown by how it can mean many different things and be translated in multiple ways; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" (as in movies or drama), "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".
It is used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao.
It says all ambition originates from the same source.
Laozi used the term to mean simplicity and humility as key virtues, in contrast to selfishness.
Politically, it means avoiding war, harsh laws and heavy taxes.
Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang (坐忘, "sitting in oblivion", emptying the mind of thought) found in the Zhuangzi.
Influence: anarchy, libertarianism, and limited government
Laozi and Zhuangzi influenced many people throughout Chinese history.
Zhuangzi was Laozi's most famous follower.
Zhuangzi had a great deal of influence on Chinese scholars, bureaucrats, and culture.
Politicians have used Laozi's philosophies to deny serving their ruler.
They valued humility in leadership and limited government.
This was either out of morality or for their own political means.
Some anti-authoritarian movements used Laozi teachings to represent the power of the weak.
Laozi supported limited government.
Left-libertarians have been influenced by Laozi.
In his 1937 book Nationalism and Culture, the anarcho-syndicalist writer Rudolf Rocker praised Laozi's "gentle wisdom" and understanding that sometimes political power opposed culture and the community.
In his 1910 article for the Encyclopædia Britannica, Peter Kropotkin said Laozi was one of the earliest supporters for anarchism.
Many anarchists like Ursula K. Le Guin have used Laozi to justify their beliefs.
Le Guin writes that Laozi "does not see political power as magic.
He sees rightful power as earned and wrongful power as usurped... He sees sacrifice of self or others as a corruption of power, and power as available to anyone who follows the Way.
No wonder anarchists and Taoists make good friends."
Economist Murray Rothbard suggested that Laozi was the first libertarian, comparing Laozi's ideas to Friedrich Hayek's theory of spontaneous order.
James A. Dorn agreed, arguing that Laozi like many liberals "argued that minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony."
David Boaz quotes the Daodejing in his 1997 book The Libertarian Reader.
Philosopher Roderick Long argues that libertarianism in Taoism actually borrowed from earlier Confucian writers.
Article by Bing YeYoung "The Shamanic Origins of Laozi and Confucius"
Inspiring thoughts of Lao Tzu
True Tao Home Page: articles, stories focused on practical applications of Tao teachings.
A reconstructed portrait of Laozi, based on historical sources, in a contemporary style.
Lao Tzu Page  that provides teachings on Laozi, his life and philosophical concepts.
A collection of resources on Laozi by Patrick Jennings: Critical Thinkers: Lao Tse & Daoism.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
老子 Lǎozĭ 道德經 Dàodéjīng - 拼音 Pīnyīn + 王弼 WángBì + 馬王堆 Mǎwángduī + 郭店 Guōdiàn
Spiritual teachers
Georg Ohm
North Ireland
Some types of brass are called bronzes.
Brass has a golden appearance.
It is harder than pure metals and resists corrosion.
It costs more than zinc.
Alpha brasses - with less than 40% zinc
Beta brasses -
White brasses - with more than 45% zinc
Things brass are used to make include:
Electrical fittings
Door knobs
Brass is more malleable than bronze or zinc.
The melting point of brass can be 900 to 940 °C or 1,650 to 1,720 °F, depending on what it is made of.
The density of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 g/cm3 (0.303 to 0.315 lb/cu in).
Today, almost 90% of all brass alloys are recycled.
Brass is not ferromagnetic.
Brass scrap is collected and transported to the foundry.
In the foundry, it is melted and recast into billets.
The billets are heated and stretched into the form and size that is wanted.
Brass alloys
There are many brass alloys.
Abyssinian gold
Admiralty brass
Aich's alloy
Aluminum brass
Arsenical brass
Cartridge brass
Common brass
DZR brass
Delta metal
Free machining brass
Gilding metal
High brass
Leaded brass
Lead-free brass
Low brass
Manganese brass
Muntz metal
Naval brass
Nickel brass
Nordic gold
Prince's metal
Red brass
Tombac
Silicon tombac
Tonval brass
Yellow brass
A body is the physical material of a person or organism.
There are organisms which change from single cells to whole organisms: for example, slime moulds.
For them the term 'body' would mean the multicellular stage.
Plant body
Cell body: here it may be used for cells like neurons which have long axons (nerve fibres).
The cell body is the part with the nucleus in it.
The body of a dead person is also called a corpse or cadaver.
The dead bodies of vertebrate animals and insects are sometimes called carcasses.
The word body is sometimes used in other ways.
For example, a lake is a body of water.
The laws on a topic are a "body of law".
Body parts
An alloy is a uniform mixture.
It is made up of two or more chemical elements, of which at least one is a metal.
An alloy has properties different from the metals it is made of.
Combining a pure metal with one or more other metals or non-metals often makes it better.
For example, steel is an alloy made from iron but it is stronger than iron.
Physical properties like density, reactivity and electrical and thermal (heat) conductivity may not be much different than the elements (substances) which make the alloy.
But, properties like strength can be very much different.
The first alloy to be discovered was Bronze.
Bronze is made from copper and tin.
Bronze was discovered a very long time ago in  the prehistoric period.
Then, bronze was being used for making tools and weapons.
This period was known as Bronze Age.
But, later better alloys were discovered which replaced bronze for making tools and weapons.
Now, bronze is used for making ornaments, statues, and bells.
Brass is another alloy made from copper and zinc.
Melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes to liquid.
Most alloys do not have a single melting point.
They have a melting range in which the alloy is a mixture of solid and liquid stages.
The temperature at which melting just starts is called solidus and the temperature at which the melting is just finished is called liquidus.
Terms related to alloys
The term alloy means a mixture of atoms in which the main substance or the primary constituent is a metal.
This primary metal is called the base or matrix.
If an alloy has only two types of atoms, like copper-nickel alloy, then such an alloy is called binary alloy.
If an alloy has three types of atoms, like iron, nickel and chromium, then it is called a ternary alloy.
An alloy with four types of atoms is called a quaternary alloy and an alloy with five types of atoms is called a quinary alloy.
Different varieties or forms of alloys can be made from the same constituent materials (substances from which the alloy is formed).
These different forms or varieties can be formed by using different amounts of the constituents.
Some common alloys
Brass is made of 35% zinc and 65% copper and is used for musical instruments, jewellery, faucets and decorative hardware.
Stainless steel is mostly iron, plus more than 11% chromium, and various amounts of nickel and carbon and is used for tableware, cookware and surgical tools.
Steel is made of 99% iron and 1% carbon and is used for tools, car bodies, machinery, girders and rails.
Bronze is made of mostly copper and some tin and is used for boat hardware, screws and grill work.
Alnico is a mix of aluminium, nickel and cobalt, and it is used to make permanent magnets.
Material is what everything that you can touch is made of.
Even material that is too small to touch, is called material.
We use materials to make things.
We can also call material "physical substances."
Raw material is materials such as ores which we can clean and mix with other materials to make another material like steel, for example.
Cotton is a raw material used to make textiles, which are materials to make clothes.
Some important materials
Cotton fabric
Wool fabric
organic materials
Lumber/wood
The brain is the part of the body which lets animals make sense of things.
It gets input from sense organs, and changes behavior in response to this information.
In humans, the brain also controls our use of language, and is capable of abstract thought.
The brain is the main control centre of the whole body.
The brain is made up of special cells called nerves, which are connected with each other and with other nerves in our body.
In all animals the delicate brain is protected in some way.
In ourselves, and all vertebrates, it is protected by the bones of the skull.
The brain does the thinking, learning, and feeling for the body.
For humans, it is the source of consciousness.
The brain also controls basic autonomic body actions, like breathing, digestion, heartbeat, that happen automatically.
These activities, and much else, are governed by unconscious functions of the brain and nervous system.
All the information about the world gathered by our senses is sent through nerves into the brain, allowing us to see, hear, smell, taste and feel things.
The brain processes this information, and we experience it as pictures, sounds, and so on.
The brain also uses nerves to tell the body what to do, for example by telling muscles to move or our heart to beat faster.
This is generally true but some activity is caused by the spinal cord directly, for example, reflex actions do not involve the brain.
In lower animals, a good deal is done without their brain being involved.
All vertebrates have brains and, over time, their brains have evolved to become more complex.
Some simple animals, however, like sponges, do not have anything like a brain.
Segmented invertebrates have ganglions in each segment, and a ring of nervous tissue around the alimentary canal at the front.
This acts to bring sense data from the front into play with the movement of the body.
In mammals, the brain is made of three main parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brainstem.
The surface of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex, which all vertebrates have.
Mammals also have an extra layer, the neocortex.
This is the key to the behaviour which is typical of mammals, especially humans.
The cortex has sensory, motor, and association areas.
The sensory areas are the areas that receive and process information from the senses.
The motor areas control voluntary movements, especially fine movements performed by the hand.
The right half of the motor area controls the left side of the body, and vice versa.
Association areas produce a meaningful experience of the world, and supports abstract thinking and language.
This enables us to interact effectively.
Most connections are from one area of the cortex to another, rather than to subcortical areas; The figure may be as high as 99%.
The cerebellum coordinates muscles so they work together.
It is also the centre of maintaining position and balance, a vital part of movement helping with simple motor skills.
The brain stem is at the back of the brain (actually underneath it in humans).
It joins the rest of the brain with the spinal cord.
It has lots of different parts that control different jobs in the body: for instance, the brain stem controls breathing, heartbeat, sneezing, eye blinking, and swallowing.
Body temperature and hunger are also controlled by parts of the brain stem.
The volume of the human brain (relative to the size of the whole body) is very large, compared to that of most other animals.
The human brain also has a very large surface (called cortex) for its size, which is possible because it is very wrinkled.
If the human cortex were flattened, it would be close to a square meter in area.
Some other animals also have very wrinkled brains, such as dolphins and elephants.
Here is a rule of thumb: the larger an animal is, the larger its brain will be.p15 Even allowing for that, the human brain, and in particular the neocortex, is very large.
We know it increased in size four-fold over the last several million years of evolution.p79 There are ideas about why this happened, but no-one is quite sure.
Most theories suggest complex social activity and the evolution of language would make a larger brain advantageous.p80 As an additional note, Einstein's brain weighed only 1,230 grams, which is less than the average adult male brain (about 1,400 grams).
The detailed organisation of a brain obviously matters, but in ways which are not understood at present.
Number of cells
A human brain accounts for about 2% of the body's weight, but it uses about 20% of its energy.
It has about 50–100 billion nerve cells (also called neurons), and roughly the same number of support cells, called glia.
The job of neurons is to receive and send information to and from the rest of the body, while glia provide nutrients and guide blood flow to the neurons, allowing them to do their job.
Each nerve cell has contact with as many as 10,000 other nerve cells through connections called synapses.
Sylvius: 400+ structure neuroanatomical visual glossary; used by over half of U.S. medical schools
High-resolution cytoarchitectural primate brain atlases
Kolata, Gene 2013.
In a first, experiment links brains of two rats February 28, 2013
Pais-Vieira, Miguel et al 2013.
Nature Scientific Reports 3, #1319.
A brain-to-brain interface for real-time sharing of sensorimotor information  doi:10.1038/srep01319
A neuron (or neurone) is a nerve cell that carries electrical impulses.
Neurons are the basic units of our nervous system.
Neurons have a cell body (soma or cyton), dendrites and an axon.
Dendrites and axons are nerve fibers.
There are about 86 billion neurons in the human brain.
Almost all brain cells are neurons.
The human brain has about 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex.
The neurons are supported by glial cells and astrocytes.
Neurons are connected to one another, but they do not actually touch each other.
Instead they have tiny gaps called synapses.
These gaps are chemical synapses or electrical synapses which pass the signal from one neuron to the next.
Neuron ( link )
Types of neurons
By connection
Sensory neurons carry information from tissues and organs into the central nervous system.
Motor neurons transport signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells.
Interneurons connect neurons within the central nervous system.
By function
Sensory neurons carry signals from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain.
Relay neurons carry messages between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system
Motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles, motor neurons are connected to the relay neurons.
The signal passes between the neurons via synapses.
Synapses are microscopic voids between cells where chemicals are released from the axon terminal of one cell to specialized chemical receptors on the dendrite of the receiving cell.
Mature neurons never divide: that is the general rule.
They do not undergo cell division.
In most cases, neurons are generated by special types of stem cells.
A type of glial cell, called astrocytes, have also been seen to turn into neurons.
In humans, neurogenesis (the origin of new nerve cells) largely ceases during adulthood  but in two brain areas, the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb, there is strong evidence for substantial numbers of new neurons.
The largest part of the human brain by far is the neocortex.
It has at least ~1010 (10 trillion) neurons which stay with us from birth to death.
Fibrinogen found to inhibit EGFR in neuronal cells Blood clotting protein may inhibit spinal cord regeneration
Cell Centered Database  UC San Diego images of neurons.
High resolution neuroanatomical images of primate and non-primate brains .
Anatomy of the nervous system
The Middle East is a large area of land in the eastern hemisphere.
The lands of the Arabian Peninsula and some of the lands of the eastern Mediterranean are part of the Middle East.
The Middle East's population is mostly Muslim.
The name of the Middle East comes from its position to the east of Europe and to the west of the Far East.
It is normal for the modern countries of Arabia (Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates) to be counted with the modern countries of  Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine (the State of Palestine and Israel) as part of the Middle East.
The name "Middle East" does not always have the same meaning, and the size of the area is not always the same.
When the name Middle East started to be common, it was the name for the lands in between the Near East and the Far East.
The Indian subcontinent was part of the Middle East at that time.
Now, parts of south-west Asia and northern Africa can count as the Middle East.
The land between Egypt and Iran is a common definition.
Many countries in the Middle East today are also part of the Near East.
Sometimes, people name countries that are far away from these countries as countries in the Middle East.
These countries can be in North Africa (like Morocco) and the Indian subcontinent (like Pakistan).
This area also has the name Greater Middle East.
Many ancient civilizations began in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East.
These were Sumer, Babylonia and Assyria in the area called Mesopotamia.
The Abrahamic religions that believe in one God also started in the Middle East. (
Judaism and Christianity began in ancient Palestine and Islam began in Arabia.)
Today, the Middle East is the homeland of Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Jews, among many other ethnic groups.
Islam is the most common religion in the Middle East.
Islam came to most of the Middle East's lands in the 7th century AD, during the first Muslim conquests of the Sasanian Empire and of the Roman Empire's lands.
Today, the Middle East is very important because much of the petroleum that other countries use comes from here.
There are also many arguments and wars, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and the Syrian civil war.
Warsaw (In Polish: Warszawa) is the capital of Poland in Masovian Voivodeship.
It is also the biggest city in that country.
There are about 2,000,000 people living there (1,726,581 as of 31 March 2014).
People from Warsaw are called "Varsovians".
There are other names for Warsaw.
For example,  (Latin, Spanish) and Varsóvia (Portuguese),  (French),  (Italian),  (German, Dutch),  /Varshe (Yiddish),  (Lithuanian),  (Hungarian) and Varšava (Czech)
Warsaw is near the middle of Poland on both sides of the Vistula river, and about 350 km (225 miles) from the Baltic Sea.
It is about 100 m (325 ft) above sea level.
Warsaw has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
People began living here in the 13th century.
By the 15th century, Warsaw had grown enough to be called a city.
It became the capital of Poland in 1596.
The city was destroyed several times in its history, but every time it was rebuilt.
The most important of these times was during the Second World War.
Poland had been occupied by Germany between 1939 and 1944.
On 1 August 1944, the people of Warsaw started fighting to free their city.
There are lot of attractions in the capital of Poland.
The most famous monument of Warsaw is Palace of Culture and Science.
There is a palace in Wilanów.
The king of Poland John III Sobieski lived there.
Many people like going to the Museum of Warsaw Uprising.
The uprising started in 1944 during World War II
Partner cities
Pictures of Warsaw
Official web page of Warsaw
Official tourist web page of Warsaw
Interactive city map
Modern architecture in Warsaw
Historic images of Warsaw
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system, sometimes known as Hindu–Arabic numbers, is the system of numbers used by almost all the world today.
It is a positional notation system.
This system has ten basic symbols, they are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
It represent numbers in the decimal number system.
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system was first developed by the Hindus.
Later, It was introduced to the western world by the Arabs.
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system is one of the few numeral systems that use a place value system.
This system is now commonly used all over the world.
They originated in India in the 6th or 7th century and were introduced to Europe through the writings of Middle Eastern mathematicians, especially al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi, about the 12th century.
They are very different from previous methods of counting, such as the abacus, and paved the way for the development of algebra.
In the past many other systems were used.
Fibonacci popularized the Hindu–Arabic numeral system to the Western World.
A point is a precise position in space.
Imagine touching a piece of paper with a sharp pencil or pen, without making any sideways movement.
We know where the point is, but it has no size to speak of.
In geometry, a point has no size, but has a position.
This means it has no volume, area or length.
We usually represent a point by a small cross 'X' or by a small dot (a small, round shape).
Points are always labelled by capital letters (A, B, C...X, Y, Z).
It is one of the most fundamental but undefined terms in geometry.
Coincident (they are one and the same)
Not coincident (they are not one and the same)
Coplanar (on the same plane)
Colinear (on the same line)
Concyclic (on the same circle)
Colinear
Coincident
Not coincident
Not colinear
Coplanar
Concyclic
Not coplanar
A line is the path of one point moving.
A line has length but no width.
A line is a type of geometric figure.
Straight and curved lines
A line can be straight or curved.
In geometry, the word line means a straight line.
A straight line is the line traced by a point moving in a direction that does not change.
A curved line is sometimes called a curve.
The edge of a circle is not straight and is an example of a curve.
Line segments
A line segment is part of a line.
Here is an example of a straight line segment:
Naming lines
Lines can get their names from any two points on the line.
For example, if a line contains two distinct points, named  and , then the line can be called either , or .
Sometimes, lines are also named with just one symbol.
In which case, a letter such as  might be used.
Parallel: Two lines are parallel if they are on the same plane and they never touch.
Concurrent: Two lines are concurrent if they touch on one point.
Coincident: Two lines are coincident if they are made of the same points.
Perpendicular: Two lines are perpendicular if they make four right angles where they touch.
Skew: In Euclidean space, two lines are skew if they are not parallel but they never touch.
A plane is a perfectly flat surface extending in all directions.
It can be thought of as the ceiling of a room, only extended into all directions infinitely.
A plane has two dimensions: length and width.
All planes are flat surfaces.