the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Bosniuk played most of his career in the WHA with the Minnesota Fighting Saints, New England Whalers and Edmonton Oilers.
He played only 6 NHL games, all with the Buffalo Sabres.
After retiring as a player, Busniuk became a coach.
He led the Thunder Bay Twins Senior Hockey Team to two consecutive championships in the 1980s.
He was later inducted into the Northern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame and the University of Minnesota Duluth Athletic Hall of Fame.
Samantha Gwendoline Cameron (née Sheffield; born 18 April 1971) is a British businesswoman.
She is the wife of David Cameron, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016.
British philanthropists
Lawrence Louis Henry "Hank" Cahan (December 25, 1933 – June 25, 1992) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played in several Canadian and U.S. teams, including Fort William Hurricanes, Toronto Maple Leafs, Pittsburgh Hornets, New York Rangers, Vancouver Canucks, Baltimore Clippers, Los Angeles Kings and Chicago Cougars.
Cahan was born in Fort William, Ontario.
His career as a player began in 1949 and ended in 1974.
Şehrazat Kemalî Söylemezoğlu (born September 3, 1952), known by her stage name Şehrazat or Şehro, is a well-known Turkish television personality, composer, songwriter, producer, and singer.
Water Music (Handel), Suites HWV 348,349, and 350 by Georg Friedrich Händel
An overture in C major, by Georg Philipp Telemann
Sodium azide, also known as sodium trinitride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is NaN3.
It is an explosive.
It can be detonated by an electric spark.
It contains sodium and azide ions.
It reacts with acids to produce hydrazoic acid.
It can be destroyed by reacting it with nitrous acid.
This reaction produces nitric oxide, nitrogen, and sodium hydroxide.
It is a powerful reducing agent, which makes it explosive.
It contains nitrogen in its -1/3 oxidation state.
It is made by reacting ammonia with sodium to make sodium amide.
The sodium amide then reacts with nitrous oxide to make sodium azide.
It can also be made by reacting sodium nitrate with sodium amide.
Another process is reacting sodium nitrite with hydrazine.
It is used in airbags.
It makes the airbags puff out.
A computer detects that the car is crashing and ignites the sodium azide.
This makes sodium metal and a lot of nitrogen gas.
The nitrogen gas inflates the airbag.
It can be used to make other explosives, such as lead azide.
Sodium azide is very toxic.
It reacts with acids to make the explosive hydrazoic acid, which also is a very toxic gas.
It is similar to cyanide poisoning.
It attacks the respiratory system and the circulatory system.
Lithium nitride, Li3N (sodium nitride does not exist)
Hydrazine, also known as diazine, is a chemical compound.
It is composed of nitrogen and hydrogen ions.
Its chemical formula is N2H4.
It contains hydrogen in its +1 and nitrogen in its -2 oxidation state.
It smells like ammonia, but it is more reactive than ammonia.
It is explosive.
It can mix with water.
It is a base similar to ammonia.
It is made by reacting sodium hypochlorite with liquid (not household) ammonia.
If it is reacted with household ammonia, toxic fumes will be released.
It can be made by reacting urea with sodium hypochlorite.
It is used to make foam.
It is also used in rocket fuels.
It can be used in fuel cells.
It is used to make sodium azide by reacting sodium amide with sodium nitrite.
Azide, also known as trinitride, is an ion.
It is formed when hydrazoic acid is deprotonated.
Its chemical formula is N3-.
The most common azide is sodium azide.
Many azides are explosive and very toxic.
Hydrazoic acid is a chemical compound. (
It is similar to hydrogen azide, which is the gas form.
Hydrazoic acid is hydrogen azide dissolved in water.)
Its chemical formula is HN3.
It contains hydrogen and azide ions.
Hydrazoic acid is very explosive.
It is used to make other azides.
It has an unpleasant smell.
It can be made by reacting sodium azide with an acid.
It can be made pure by distillation.
Hydrazoic acid is extremely toxic, even more toxic than sodium azide.
It can make very bad headaches.
It has a bad odor.
It does not accumulate in the body.
Once again, It is dangerous to drink!
Sodium nitrite is a chemical compound.
It contains sodium and nitrite ions.
Its chemical formula is NaNO2.
It is a white or yellowish crystalline compound.
It is a strong oxidizing agent, being reduced to nitrogen.
It is also a weak reducing agent, being oxidized to nitrate.
It contains nitrogen in its +3 oxidation state.
It is found in some vegetables.
It is also found in some meat in small amounts.
Otherwise, it is manmade.
It is used in meat like ham to preserve it.
The nitrites are disinfecting, which helps preserve the meat.
Almost all processed meat (like cold cuts, hot dogs) contains nitrites.
Some people get headaches when they eat nitrites.
These headaches have been named "hot dog headaches".
It is used to make other chemicals and to get rid of sodium azide.
It also can be used when someone is poisoned by cyanide.
Nitrites can form toxic chemicals when heated.
These toxic chemicals are carcinogens, which means they can cause cancer.
That is why some people do not want nitrites in foods.
Others say that because nitrites kill bacteria, they should be included in foods.
Sodium nitrite used in food is colored bright pink so it is not mistaken for salt or sugar.
Nitrite is an ion.
Its chemical formula is NO2–. It contains nitrogen in its +3 oxidation state.
Nitrites are normally strong oxidizing agents.
Most of them are colorless crystalline compounds.
Sodium nitrite is a common nitrite.
They are also weak reducing agents, being oxidized to nitrates (NO3–).
Lithium nitride is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is Li3N. It contains lithium and nitride ions.
Lithium nitride is a red or purple solid.
It reacts with water to make lithium hydroxide and ammonia.
It is the only alkali metal nitride that is stable.
It reacts with hydrogen to make lithium hydride and lithium amide.
It is made by reacting lithium with nitrogen.
This is unusual because almost no other elements react with nitrogen at room temperature like lithium.
It can also be made by reacting nitrogen with lithium dissolved in sodium.
It can be used to store hydrogen.
It can also be used as a source of the nitride ion.
Lithium nitride is toxic and corrosive.
It releases ammonia when put in water.
Nitrous acid is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is HNO2.
It is unstable.
It is made by reacting a strong acid with sodium nitrite.
It is a light blue solution.
It breaks down to make nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and water when it is concentrated.
Nitrogen dioxide can be reacted with water to make a mixture of nitrous acid and nitric acid.
It is used to make chemicals.
Arteriosclerosis is a diseased condition of the arteries.
The artery walls are thickened, hardened and lose stretchiness, called elasticity.
Atherosclerosis is the most common type.
It is the narrowing of arteries from a buildup of plaque, usually made up of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium and fibrin, inside the arteries.
This affects large and medium-sized arteries; however, its positioning varies person to person.
Mönckeberg Arteriosclerosis.
This is when the middle layer of the artery stiffens.
This is because of calcium deposits.
Arteriolosclerosis.
This affects the body's smaller arteries.
The effects of arteriosclerosis can lead to lack of regular blood flow.
Low blood flow to the brain can make you dizzy, numb, have slurred speech, and have other symptoms.
Thromboses can further block the blood flow.
This causes you to be at risk of getting stroke, or a heart attack.
Arteriosclerosis is a major health problem.
Arteriosclerosis can be prevented by reducing risks.
Risks are smoking, obesity, and low amounts of exercise.
Doctors recommend dieting and exercise.
Diets that are low in cholesterol and saturated fats.
Some patients may take drugs that lower the amount of cholesterol in their blood.
The Indian Grand Prix is the 17st race of the FIA Formula One World Championship racing calendar in 2011, following the cancellation of the season opener in Bahrain.
It is scheduled to take place at the Buddh International Circuit on 30 October 2011 in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh in India.
It is subject to approval of the circuit.
Starting in 1997, there have been plans to host an Indian Grand Prix at Calcutta.
In 2003, India had only two permanent raceways.
One in Chennai (Irungattukottai), and Kari Memorial Speedway in Coimbatore.
Two sites in the area of the Bangalore airport were consired.
In the state Andhra Pradesh, land near the airport at Hyderabad were set aside.
In December 2003, an seven-year preliminary agreement to host the GP in Hyderabad in 2007 was signed.
The track was to be build near Gopanapally village, near the outskirts of Hyderabad.
In 2004 pressure came from Mumbai, to shift the track from Hyderabad to Mumbai.
F1 chief Bernie Ecclestone expected India to host a Grand Prix within three years.
He wanted a locating at either Hyderabad or Mumbai.
Both projects then were declared 'dead' when Mumbai's government decided "not to waste money on car fumes while there are more serious issues".
As of 2007, five locations remained in the running for hosting the Indian Grand Prix: Bangalore, the Gurgaon district district in the state Haryana, a permanent track somewhere near New Delhi, a street circuit in New Delhi, as proposed by Vijay Mallya.,
and a site in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
In June 2007, the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) and Bernie Ecclestone announced a provisional agreement for India to host its first Grand Prix in the 2009 F1 season.
The track would be built in the Gurgaon, on recommendation by architect Hermann Tilke.
In September 2007 the IOA announced that the debut race would take place in 2010 on the Jaypee Group Circuit in Greater Noida.
In September 2008, Bernie Ecclestone announced that the Indian Grand Prix has been delayed to 2011.
On 8 September, 2010, the FIA announced the  schedule.
The Indian Grand Prix was on the schedule.
It was scheduled as the 18th race of a 20 race schedule.
Before the season started, the Bahrain Grand Prix, scheduled for 13 March, was called off due to the political unrest in the country.
On 3 June, the FIA’s World Motor Sport Council announced that the Bahrain Grand Prix would be added back to the schedule.
The Bahrain GP was to be held on 30 October, the original date of the Indian Grand Prix.
The Indian GP would have been moved to the end of the schedule.
The race teams objected to adding the Bahrain GP back to the schedule.
It was removed again, and the Indian GP was set to run on the original date of 30 October.
The circuit
The race will be held at the Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida, 50 km from Delhi.
The circuit will be roughly 5.5 kilometres (3.1 miles) and will be designed by F1 circuit designer Hermann Tilke.
The 10-year contract for the race has been given to the Indian construction company Jaiprakash Associates.
Economic benefits
There have been a lot of infrastructure developments in Delhi for the 2010 Commonwealth Games.
There has been no direct funding provided for an Indian Grand Prix.
According to experts, the benefits of India joining the F1 calendar are clear.
The hotel and tourism industry get an immediate boost, and the country's profile would get a lift.
Experts are also that once the Indian Grand Prix starts, it could generate $170 million in revenue and employ as many as 10,000 people.
There will also be opportunities for advertising between manufacturers and F1.
Leading businessman Vijay Mallya said after signing a sponsorship agreement between his Kingfisher Airlines and the Force India team that he was confident the sport would come to the subcontinent. "
It has always been my dream to bring Formula One to India," he told a news conference on the sidelines of the launch of Force India's car in . "
The government of Delhi I think really wants Formula One in India and I am optimistic that maybe we will be able to host our first race in 2009."
Both the Motorsports Association of India and the Federation of Motorsports Clubs of India (FMSCI) have their doubts.
FMSCI president, Rajat Mazumbar, has said that "The only authorized body that can run motorsports in the country is ours" despite the fact the deal has been signed with the Indian Olympic Association.
IndianGrandPrix.net - Unofficial Indian Grand Prix site
Formula1.com
India agree deal on Grand Prix - BBC News
French art critic Louis Vauxcelles first used the term Cubism, or "bizarre cubiques", in 1908 after seeing a picture by Braque.
He described it as 'full of little cubes', after which the term quickly gained wide use.
Art historian Ernst Gombrich described cubism as "the most radical attempt to stamp out ambiguity, and to enforce one reading of the picture – that of a man-made construction, a colored canvas".
The Cubist movement spread quickly throughout Paris and Europe.
A major idea of Braque's was the fractured stringed instrument as a cubist model.
This he painted a number of times with variations, and made sculptures with fractured violins, guitars, etc.,
inside transparent acrylic (perspex) blocks.
Violin and Candlestick, Paris, spring 1910, at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
Woman with a Guitar, 1913.
Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
Features an excellent selection of Braque paintings, with a rather weak text: The course of a painter in the representation of the landscape: Georges Braque
Vaslav Nijinsky  (Kiev, Ukraine, 12 March 1890–London, England, 8 April 1950) was the most famous male ballet dancer of the early 20th century, and an important choreographer.
He was born to Polish parents, both of whom were dancers.
Nijinsky was famous for his dancing ability, and of his ability to show the character of the part he was playing.
He could dance en pointe, a rare skill among male dancers at the time.
His ability to perform seemingly gravity-defying leaps was legendary.
The ballerina and choreographer Bronislava Nijinska was his sister.
They both danced for the Imperial Ballet at the Mariinsky Theatre, and later for the Ballets Russes of Serge Diaghilev.
Imperial Ballet
In 1900 Nijinsky joined the Imperial Ballet School at St Petersburg, where he studied under great trainers such as Enrico Cecchetti.
At 18 he was given a string of leads.
In 1910, the company's prima ballerina assoluta  Mathilde Kschessinska selected Nijinsky to dance in a revival of Marius Petipa's Le Talisman.
Nijinsky created a sensation in the role of the Wind God Vayou.
His performance in The Sleeping Beauty (music by Tchaikovsky) was a tremendous success.
In 1910 he performed in Giselle, and Fokine's ballets Carnaval and Scheherazade (based on the orchestral suite by Rimsky-Korsakov).
His partnership with Tamara Karsavina, in the Mariinsky Theatre, was highly praised: they were called the "most exemplary artists of the time".
A turning point for Nijinsky was his meeting Sergei Diaghilev.
Diaghilev was a celebrated entrepreneur (organiser) of ballet and art exhibitions, who promoted Russian visual and musical art abroad.
From that moment on, Diaghilev directed and managed Nijinsky's career, and they became lovers.
Les Ballets Russes
In 1909 Diaghilev took a company of Russian opera and ballet stars to Paris, featuring Nijinsky and Anna Pavlova.
The season of colourful Russian ballets and operas, works mostly new to the West, was a great success.
It led Diaghilev to create his famous company Les Ballets Russes with choreographer Michel Fokine and designer Léon Bakst.
The Paris seasons of the Ballets Russes were an artistic and social sensation; setting trends in art, dance, music and fashion for the next decade.
Nijinsky also choreographed ballets.
They were avant-garde and controversial.
His ballets were L'après-midi d'un faune (The Afternoon of a Faun, based on Claude Debussy's music) (1912), The Rite of Spring (1913), Jeux (1913) and Till Eulanspiegel (1916).
In The Rite of Spring (Le Sacre du Printemps), with music by Stravinsky (1913), Nijinsky created choreography which went beyond the limits of traditional ballet.
For the first time, his audiences got a sight of modern dance.
The angular movements expressed the heart of Stravinsky's radically modern score.
The music and dance caused a riotous reaction at the Théâtre de Champs-Élysées when they premiered in Paris.
Both the music and dance were landmarks in modernism.
Marriage and breakdown
In 1913 the Ballets Russes toured South America.
Diaghilev did not make this journey, because of a fear of sea travel.
Free from Diaghilev's supervision, Nijinsky became acquainted with Romola de Pulszky, a Hungarian countess.
Eventually, she succeeded in engaging his affections.
They were married in Buenos Aires, and later had a daughter, Kyra.
When the company returned to Europe Diaghilev flew into a rage, and dismissed Nijinsky.
During World War I Nijinsky was interned in Hungary.
Diaghilev succeeded in getting him out for a North American tour in 1916.
During this time, Nijinsky choreographed and danced the leading role in Till Eulenspiegel.
Around this time, signs of his schizophrenia was noticed by members of the company.
He suffered a nervous breakdown in 1919, and his career effectively ended.
He was diagnosed with schizophrenia and taken to Switzerland by his wife.
He spent the rest of his life in and out of psychiatric hospitals and asylums, as his family travelled round Europe.
He never danced again.
Nitric oxide also known as nitrogen monoxide is a chemical compound.
It contains nitrogen in its +2 oxidation state.
It contains nitrogen and oxide ions.
Its chemical formula is often given as ·N=O.
It is a colorless gas.
It is easily oxidized to nitrogen dioxide by air.
It can react with a mixture of air and water to make nitrous acid.
It glows when reacted with ozone.
It is made by reacting ammonia with oxygen with a catalyst.
It is also made in lightning.
It can be made in small amounts by reacting copper with nitric acid.
It can also be made by reducing nitrous acid with compounds such as iron(II) sulfate.
Nitric oxide is used in making nitric acid from ammonia.
Ammonia is reacted with air to make nitric oxide, and the nitric oxide is oxidized by air to make nitrogen dioxide.
The nitrogen dioxide is dissolved in water to make nitric acid and more nitric oxide.
It is also used as a stimulant in the human body.
It has many actions in the human body that are being studied.
Nitric oxide is toxic when breathed in.
It also easily is oxidized to nitrogen dioxide, a toxic brown choking substance.
Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is NO2.
The nitrogen is in the +4 oxidation state.
Nitrogen Dioxide is a reddish-brown gas with a distinct, pungent odor similar to that of Chlorine.
It causes significant and damaging pulmonary effects when it is inhaled, due to the formation of both Nitric (HNO3) & Nitrous (HNO2) acids when it reacts with Water present in the lungs.
When Nitrogen Dioxide is compressed or cooled to near 0° C, two molecules of the Dioxide bond, forming the colorless Dinitrogen Tetroxide.
Upon heating, Nitrogen Dioxide decomposes back into lower oxides of Nitrogen (NO) as well as Oxygen.
It reacts with iodides to form nitrites and elemental iodine.
The presence of NO2 in concentrated Nitric acid causes the acid to take on a yellow color, depending on the concentration of the dissolved gas.
Nitrogen dioxide is normally made by oxidation of nitric oxide by oxygen in air.
It can also be made by heating some nitrates.
It can be made by reacting concentrated nitric acid with copper or tin.
It is used to make nitric acid by dissolving it in water.
Nitric oxide is also released.
Nitrogen dioxide is very toxic.
It has a foul odor, which aids in its detection.
Much care should be taken to avoid contact with this compound.
Kansas City is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas.
It is the county seat of Wyandotte County.
Kansas City is a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri and is the third largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area.
About two million people live in this region.
The city is part of the "Unified Government".
This also includes the cities of Bonner Springs and Edwardsville.
As of the 2000 census, the city population was 146,867.
The city is at Kaw Point, which is the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers.
Kansas City formed in 1868.
It was first officially mentioned in October 1872.
The Kansas-Missouri border area became the first battlefield in the conflict over slavery that led to the American Civil War.
The first city election was held on October 22, 1872.
It resulted in the election of Mayor James Boyle.
The mayors of the city after its organization have been James Boyle, C. A. Eidemiller, A. S. Orbison, Eli Teed and Samuel McConnell.
John Sheehan was appointed Marshal in 1875.
He was also Chief of Police.
He had the control over five policemen.
In June 1880, the Governor of Kansas made the city of Kansas City a city of the second class with the Mayor Samuel McConnell present.
James E. Porter was Mayor in 1910.
It was one of the 100 largest cities for many US Census counts, from 1890 to 1960, including 1920, when it had over 100,000 residents for the first time.
In 1997, voters approved a proposition to unify the city and county governments.
On March 30, 2011, Internet search company Google Inc. announced that Kansas City had been selected as the site of an experimental fiber-optic network that Google will build at no cost to the city.
Kansas City was chosen from a field of 1,100 US communities that had applied for the network.
Google plans to have the network in operation by 2012.
Mayor/CEO
Joe Reardon
Board of Commissioners
At-Large District 1, Mayor Pro Tem, Rev Mark Holland
At-Large District 2, John J. Mendez
District 1, Nathaniel Barnes
District 2, William J (Bill) Miller
District 3, Ann Brandau-Murguia
District 4, Mark Mitchell
District 5, Mike Kane
District 6, Particia Huggins Pettey
District 7, Thomas R. Cooley
District 8, Benoyd M. Ellison
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 127.8 sq mi (331.0 km2).
124.3 sq mi (321.8 km2) of it is land and 3.5 sq mi (9.2 km2) of it is water.
Downtown Kansas City, Kansas
Argentine, former home to the silver smeltery for which it was named.
Armourdale, formerly a city, consolidated with the city of Kansas City in 1886.
Armstrong, a town absorbed by Wyandotte.
Fairfax District, an industrial area along the Missouri River.
Nearman
Pomeroy, late 1800s-early 1900s Train Depot, Trading Post, Saw Mill, and river landing for barges to load-unload.
Stoney Point
Turner, community around the Wyandotte-Johnson County border to the Kansas River north-south, and from I-635 to I-435 east-west.
Vinewood
Wolcott
Welborn
Parks and parkways
Wyandotte County Park
Wyandotte County Lake Park
Kansas City is near "Tornado Alley", a region where cold air from the Rocky Mountains and Canada meets warm air from the Gulf of Mexico.
This situation causes the formation of powerful storms.
The most recent tornado to strike Kansas City itself was in May 2003.
The region is also prone to ice storms, such as the 2002 ice storm during which hundreds of thousands lost power for days and (in some cases) weeks.
The MoKan area was subject to flooding, including the Great Flood of 1993 and the Great Flood of 1951.
Donnelly College
University of Kansas Medical Center (Home of KU's Schools of Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health)
Public and private school districts
Kansas City Kansas Public Schools
Piper Unified School District #203
Turner Unified School District #202
Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas Catholic Schools
Bishop Ward High School, Kansas City
Fairfax Learning Center
J. C. Harmon High School
Kansas City Kansas Community College: Technical Education Center (Formerly Kansas City Kansas Area Technical School, merged with Kansas City Kansas Community College in 2008)
Piper High School, Kansas City (Piper, Kansas)
F.L. Schlagle High School, Kansas City
Kansas State School for the Blind, Kansas City
Sumner Academy of Arts & Science, Kansas City
Turner High School, Kansas City (Turner, Kansas)
Washington High School, Kansas City
Wyandotte High School, Kansas City
Linz, Austria
Karlovac, Croatia
Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico
Unified Government of Wyandotte County/Kansas City, Kansas
Kansas City, KS/Wyandotte County Convention and Visitors Bureau
Kansas City, Kansas Public Libraries
Dinitrogen tetroxide, also known as nitrogen tetroxide or dinitrogen tetraoxide, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is N2O4.
It contains nitrogen in its +4 oxidation state.
It is a colorless gas, although it is sometimes polluted with nitrogen dioxide.
It can ignite on contact with hydrazine.
It can be made by bonding two nitrogen dioxide molecules together at a low temperature or a high pressure.
It is used as a rocket propellant, along with hydrazine.
This mixture is good since it does not have to be ignited.
It is used similar to nitrogen dioxide to make nitric acid.
It can react with metals to make nitrates.
Dinitrogen is highly toxic and corrosive.
Some astronauts breathed it and had to go to a hospital.
List of nitrogen compounds
Nitrous oxide, +1 oxidation state, sweet-smelling anesthetic sometimes called "laughing gas"
Nitric oxide, +2 oxidation state, used in the body as stimulant
Nitrogen dioxide, +4 oxidation state, brown choking gas
Dinitrogen tetroxide, +4 oxidation state, two nitrogen dioxide molecules bonded together
Dinitrogen pentoxide, +5 oxidation state, made from nitric acid
Nitrous acid, HNO2, +3 oxidation state
Nitric acid, HNO3, +5 oxidation state
Dinitrogen pentoxide is a chemical compound.
It is made by removing water from nitric acid.
Its chemical formula is N2O5.
It is a powerful oxidizing agent.
It is made by reacting phosphorus(V) oxide with nitric acid.
The phosphorus(V) oxide removes the water from the nitric acid.
It can be dissolved in chloroform to add the NO2+ group to some chemical compounds.
It is toxic as it can make nitrogen dioxide gas.
Nitrogen trichloride is a chemical compound.
It contains nitrogen in its -3 oxidation state.
It contains nitrogen and chloride ions.
Its chemical formula is NCl3.
It is made by reacting ammonium compounds with chlorine.
It reacts with hot water to release hypochlorous acid and ammonia.
Hypochlorous acid is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is HClO or HOCl.
It is not stable.
It is made by reacting sodium hypochlorite with an acid that cannot be oxidized, such as phosphoric acid.
If the acid can be oxidized, the hypochlorous acid will be destroyed.
It is used to make some chemicals.
It breaks down into hydrochloric acid and oxygen in sunlight.
It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine gas.
It is a powerful disinfectant.
Sodium amide, also known as sodamide, is a chemical compound.
It contains sodium and amide ions.
Its chemical formula is NaNH2.
It is a very strong base, even stronger than hydroxides like sodium hydroxide.
It is a white solid, although it can be gray.
It is made by reacting sodium metal with liquid or gaseous ammonia.
It is used to make hydrazine and sodium azide.
It is used to make various chemicals.
It reacts with water to make ammonia and sodium hydroxide.
It burns in air to make oxides of sodium and nitrogen, such as nitrogen dioxide.
If there is only a little air, explosive chemicals may form.
If it turns yellow or brown, get rid of it immediately.
It is corrosive because it is a strong base.
Amides in inorganic chemistry
An amide ion is different from an amide in organic chemistry.
The amide ion is made by deprotonating ammonia.
This is ammonia acting as an acid, although a very weak one.
Amides made by deprotonating ammonia are very strong bases.
Sodium amide is an example.
Amides in organic chemistry
Amides are also chemical compounds.
They are made by reacting carboxylic acids like acetic acid with amines.
There are many ways to make them.
They are also used in many chemical reactions.
Sodium nitrate, also known as caliche, Chile saltpeter, and soda niter, is a chemical compound.
It contains sodium and nitrate ions.
Its chemical formula is NaNO3.
It can dissolve in water very easily.
It is found in very dry areas.
If it was wet, then the sodium nitrate would dissolve.
But it is normally made artificially by reacting sodium hydroxide and nitric acid.
Chile used to have much sodium nitrate naturally in the very dry Atacama Desert.
It is found in small amounts in leafy green vegetables.
It is used to supply nitrogen to the soil.
It is also used in making gunpowder.
Some other explosives use it.
It can be used to make nitric acid by reaction with sulfuric acid.
It is used in rockets and smoke bombs.
Sometimes it can be a food preservative.
Lead azide, also known as lead(II) azide, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is Pb(N3)2.
It contains lead and azide ions.
It contains lead in its +2 oxidation state.
Lead azide is an explosive.
Most other azides just burn rapidly.
It is used as a detonator to detonate other explosives.
It is made by reacting lead(II) nitrate and sodium azide.
It can be destroyed by sodium dichromate.
It can react with other metals such as copper to make even more sensitive azide explosives.
It does not become less of an explosive when wet.
It will explode if it is dropped .
Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC.
The Medes unified Iran as a nation and empire in 625 BC.
The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–656) and the end of the Sassanid Empire was a turning point in Iranian history.
Iran had been a monarchy ruled by a shah, or emperor, almost without interruption from 1501 until the 1979 Islamic revolution, when Iran officially became an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.
Pre-Islamic
Before Iran was called Iran, and before Iranians lived there, a different group of people lived in Iran.
These people were called the Elamites.
The Elamites are mentioned in the Bible.
The Elamites lived in a kingdom called Elam.
Elam was conquered by Iranian peoples, such as the Medes (a type of Iranian), because the Elamites became weak after fighting the Assyrian people (a different people) for too long.
The Iranians would then go on to conquer the Assyrians, as well.
The name Iran comes from Aryan and is also mentioned in the ancient book of the Zoroastrians, which was called the Avesta.
Iran means "Aryan" in Persian.
Around 500 BC, present-day Iran was the center of the Persian Empire.
Then, Alexander the Great took the country by fighting and the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia later ruled.
After them the Sassanian dynasty (224-651) took over.
Islamic Persia
Other people took Persia by fighting, like the Arabs (7th century), Turks (10th century) and Mongols (13th century).
However, Iran has always maintained a distinct culture and continued to survive.
The Safavid dynasty (1502-1736) made Islam and Shi'a the state religion of Iran although Islam was already popular then.
The latest kings of Iran were from the Pahlavi dynasty, and ruled from 1925 until 1979, when there was a revolution and Ayatollah Khomeini created an Islamic republic.
In 1951, Mohammed Mossadegh was brought to power after being elected as prime minister by nearly all members of the Majlis (parliament) in Iran.
His first act in office was to take control of the oil industry in Iran which had been controlled by Great Britain.
Most of Britain's oil was pumped from Iran at the time.
This move was seen as a danger to Great Britain's security and empire, so they tried to overthrow the government but failed.
After this they convinced the United States through diplomacy that the government of Iran was a communist threat.
The CIA worked in Iran to create riots which led to the removal of Prime Minister Mossadegh.
The United States and Great Britain then made the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi King of Iran, again.
The Shah ruled in Iran for 38 years.
When he left Iran the Iranian government was changed to an Islamic Republic by Islamic Revolution.
Soon afterwards, Iranian Students Movement (Tahkim Vahdat), with the backing of the new government took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and held most of the diplomats hostage for 444 days.
The US has imposed various types of economic sanctions against Iran.
The US claims the Iran supports terrorist groups against Israel.
Iran does not recognize Israel as a state.
Iran, along with most Arab countries believe that Israel does not have the right to occupy the land of Palestinians.
Iran has long borders in common with Iraq. (
The words "Iran" and "Iraq" are similar only in Latin alphabet.
In Arabic and Persian, they are written differently.)
Iranians are ethnically not Arabs.
Iran defended itself against Iraqi invasion in 1980, a war that lasted eight years.
Many Arab and Western countries, including the United States provided weapons (including biological and chemical weapons of mass destruction) and technical support for Iraq's Saddam Hussein.
Now, the West is trying to prevent Iran from mastering nuclear technology, even though Iran is a member of the NPT.
They voice their concern claiming that Iran's intention is to develop nuclear weapons.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has reported numerous times that there is no evidence that Iran is developing nuclear weapons, however, it also says that it can not say for sure that Iran is not doing so in secret.
A CIA report on nuclear activity in Iran, in December 2007 claimed that Iran's secret program to achieve nuclear weapons technology was stopped in 2003, and that since then, it was never restarted.
It reports that Iran's ability to build a nuclear weapon will probably not happen soon.
The presidential elections of 13th June 2009 were officially won by the existing president M. Ahmadinejad, but certain people do not believe this is true.
There were demonstrations because of these results, and some protesters fought with police forces.
Many people who demonstrated thought that the election was a fraud.
Officially nine people died during the protests.
Cobalt(II) chloride, also known as cobaltous chloride and cobalt dichloride, is a chemical compound.
It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state.
Its chemical formula is CoCl2.
It contains cobalt and chloride ions.
Cobalt(II) chloride is normally found in the red (or pink) form.
The red form has water in it.
It can be heated to turn it into the blue form, without water.
The blue form will absorb water from the air and turn red again.
A different blue form is made when cobalt(II) chloride is reacted with a chemical compound that has chloride in it.
Hydrochloric acid works the best, but sodium chloride can be used too.
When it is heated, it turns more blue than when it is cooled.
for an example.
Cobalt chloride can be used to test for chloride ions in this way.
It can be oxidized to cobalt(III) compounds, although cobalt(III) chloride does not exist.
If it is made, it just drops a Cl from CoCl3, making CoCl2 (cobalt(II) chloride) again.
The anhydrous (without water) blue form can be made by reacting cobalt with chlorine.
The hydrated (with water) red form can be made by reacting cobalt(II) oxide or cobalt(II) hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.
It is used to place cobalt into other chemical compounds.
It can be used to make other cobalt compounds.
It is the most common cobalt compound in the lab.
It is a weak oxidizing agent, too weak to ignite things.
Cobalt compounds are toxic in large quantities, like any other transition metal compounds.
They are not toxic like lead or mercury compounds, though.
Cobalt compounds
Man of the Match is an award given to one player from each School Cup match (game).
This award was created and first awarded for the 2021 School Cup tournament.
The award is sponsored by City mark, a large world-wide beer company.
The winner of the award is decided by all playes votes.
The players vote during the match.
Voting closed when the match is over.
The Man of the Match trophy will be awarded to the winning player at the end of the game.
The Prohibition Era was a period in United States history when alcohol was outlawed.
Police would arrest anyone who was found making or selling alcohol illegally.
The Women's Christian Temperance Union and other reformist organizations agitated for this change in order to improve the lives of the people.
Prohibition lasted from 1920 to 1933.
It was established by the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
It was ratified (approved by the states) by January 16, 1919.
It came into effect at January 16, 1920.
The punishment for being caught with an alcoholic beverage was jail time.
The millions of people becoming criminals in such a short period of time led to overflowing prisons and it was common to have a case dismissed.
Prohibition was a constitutional experiment set up by the American government in an effort to decrease crime rates, reduce tax burden, and improve health in Americans.
It had little to do with the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
Prohibition was good as the consumption of alcohol was reduced, but it was bad in that the Mafia and other underground organizations took up rum-running.
They became big and powerful and made trouble.
Prohibition was repealed December 5, 1933 by the Twenty-first Amendment.
Now states can regulate the selling of liquor by themselves.
1930s disestablishments in the United States
Cobalt(II) oxide, also known as cobaltous oxide, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is CoO. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state as an ion.
It also contains oxide.
It can be green or red crystals.
It can also be a grey or brown powder.
Cobalt(II) chloride reacts with a base to get cobalt(II) hydroxide.
Then the cobalt(II) hydroxide is heated to make cobalt(II) oxide.
The reactions are written below:
CoCl2 + 2 NaOH → 2 NaCl + Co(OH)2
Co(OH)2 → CoO + H2O
It can react with acids to make salts containing cobalt.
It is used to make blue glass.
Cobalt(II) hydroxide is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is Co(OH)2.
It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state as an ion.
It also contains hydroxide ions.
It is either reddish or bluish.
It is made by reacting a strong base with a cobalt(II) salt.
Cobalt(II) chloride is normally used.
The blue form is made by reacting ammonium hydroxide with cobalt(II) hydroxide.
It turns into cobalt(II) oxide when heated.
It is used to dry paints, to make other cobalt compounds, and as a catalyst.
Cobalt(III) oxide is a chemical compound.
It contains cobalt in its +3 oxidation state.
Its chemical formula is Co2O3.
It can be made by reacting a cobalt(II) salt with sodium hypochlorite.
This reaction also makes some chlorine.
It is not as strong an oxidizing agent as other cobalt(III) compounds.
Cobalt(II) oxide, CoO, black powder
Cobalt(II,III) oxide, Co3O4, black powder
Cobalt(III) oxide, Co2O3, black powder
Cobalt(II) hydroxide, Co(OH)2, red or blue-green powder
Cobalt(II) sulfate, also known as cobaltous sulfate, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is CoSO4.
It contains cobalt and sulfate ions.
It is reddish without water (anhydrous) and pink with water (hydrated).
It can be made by reacting cobalt, cobalt(II) oxide, or cobalt(II) hydroxide with sulfuric acid.
It is used as a pigment.
It is also used to make other cobalt salts.
It can be used in electroplating cobalt.
It was added to beer in the past but that poisoned people.
Cobalt(II) sulfate is slightly carcinogenic.
It is poisonous in large quantities.
Meccano is a building set that lets people make models and small mechanical devices.
It was made in 1901, and was from the United Kingdom.
Monoclonius is the doubtful name of a ceratopsid dinosaur.
It was a herbivore (plant-eater)  It lived in North America during the Upper Cretaceous, about 76 to 73 million years ago.
Monoclonius was named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1876, soon after the first fossil specimen had been found in Montana.
The specimen was a near complete skeleton with only the feet missing.
It included skull material and the base of the nasal horn.
Its name means "single stem" and refers to its teeth, which have a single root.
Monoclonius is now regarded as a nominem dubium.
It seems to be a juvenile stage of Centrosaurus.
Gordini is a French sports car manufacturer.
The firm was founded by Amédée Gordini.
His nickname was "Le Sorcier", which means "The Sorcerer".
Gordini worked with Renault as an engine tuner.
He sold his firm to Renault.
Renault entered Renault-Gordini cars at the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1962 until 1969.
Renault build sport versions of some models like the Dauphine, Renault 8, and Renault 12.
They included the Gordini badge.
In November 2009, Renault announced that it will bring back the Gordini name.
It will be used on a line of hot hatches (sports compacts).
(† indicates shared drive)
The Popish Plot was a story made up by Titus Oates that caused people to hate the Catholics in England between 1678 and 1681.
Oates said that there was a large Catholic conspiracy to kill Charles II.
His story led to the execution of at least 15 men and caused the Exclusion Bill Crisis.
After a while Oates' complicated story fell apart, and he was arrested and sent to prison for perjury.
Cobalt(II,III) oxide is a chemical compound.
It contains some (1 atom) cobalt in the +2 oxidation state and some (2 atoms) in the +3 oxidation state.
Its chemical formula is Co3O4.
It contains cobalt and oxide ions.
It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine and cobalt(II) chloride.
It is made when cobalt(II) oxide is heated to .
When it is heated to , it turns back into cobalt(II) oxide.
It can cause harm if swallowed.
It dissolves in the stomach acid.
The Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat) is an international treaty to protect wetlands.
It is meant to stop the loss of wetland areas now and in the future.
It recognizes that wetlands are an important ecosystem.
It also recognizes that wetlands have economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value.
It is named after the town of Ramsar in Iran.
The convention was developed and agreed to by 18 nations at a meeting in Ramsar on February 2, 1971.
It came into force on December 21, 1975.
The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance now includes 2,429 sites, which are called Ramsar Sites, covering around 254,611,076 hectares.
This has increased from 1,021 sites in 2000.
The nation with the most sites is the United Kingdom at 168.
The nation with the greatest area of listed wetlands is Canada, with over 130,000 km², including the Queen Maud Gulf Migratory Bird Sanctuary at 62,800 km².
There are now 159 nations that have agreed to the convention.
The nations meet every three years as the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP).
The first meeting was held in Cagliari, Italy, in 1980.
Changes to the original convention have been agreed to in Paris (1982) and Regina (1987).
There is a standing committee, a scientific review panel, and a secretariat.
The headquarters is in Gland, Switzerland, shared with the IUCN.
List of contracting parties
Antigua and Barbuda (02.10.05), Cape Verde (18.11.05), Central African Republic (05.04.06), Iraq (17.02.08), Kazakhstan (15.01.07), Lesotho (01.11.04), Marshall Islands (13.11.04), Montenegro (succ.
03.06.06), Mozambique (03.12.04), Myanmar (17.03.05), Rwanda (01.04.06), Samoa (06.02.05), Seychelles (22.03.05), Sudan (07.05.05), Turkmenistan (03.07.09), United Arab Emirates (29.12.07), Yemen (08.02.08).
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
Ramsar Sites Information Service , web service by a non-profit organisation Wetlands International, providing access to Ramsar database
United States National Ramsar Committee
Peace Palace Library, bibliography on Water resources and International law.
Ramsar Standing Committee Addresses Climate Change and Biofuels
Threats to Ramsar Wetlands in Coastal New South Wales, Australia
Cobalt(II) fluoride, also known as cobaltous fluoride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is CoF2.
It also contains fluoride ions.
It only dissolves a little in water.
The hydrate (type with water molecules attached) can dissolve in water.
It can dissolve in acid.
It can react with hydrogen at  to make cobalt and hydrogen fluoride.
It can be made by reacting anhydrous (without any water molecules attached) cobalt(II) oxide or cobalt(II) chloride with a stream of hydrogen fluoride.
This reaction makes the anhydrous form.
The hydrated (with water molecules attached) form is made by reacting any cobalt(II) compound with hydrofluoric acid.
When fluorine is reacted with cobalt at a high temperature, it makes both cobalt(II) fluoride and cobalt(III) fluoride.
It can be used as a source of the fluoride ion in dentist care.
It is used in lenses.
Cobalt(II) fluoride, CoF2, red solid
Cobalt(III) fluoride, CoF3, strong oxidizing agent
Cobalt(III) fluoride, also known as cobaltic fluoride and cobalt trifluoride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is CoF3.
It contains cobalt and fluoride ions.
It is used to add fluoride ion to other chemicals.
It is a brown solid.
It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid, oxygen, and cobalt(II) fluoride.
It is made by reacting cobalt(II) chloride and fluorine at .
Cobalt(II) oxide and cobalt(II) fluoride can be used instead of the cobalt(II) chloride.
An eyeborg or eye-borg is an electronic eye that allows people to hear colors.
It is mostly used by blind people or by people with color blindness.
It works by using a head mounted camera that reads the colors directly in front of a person, and converts them into musical notes.
The first eyeborg was made in England in 2003 by Adam Montandon in collaboration with colourblind artist Neil Harbisson.
The invention won a British award in Innovation (Submerge 2004) and a European award in Content Tools and Interface Design (Europrix 2004).
In 2007, Peter Kese, a software developer from Slovenia, made further developments to the eyeborg by increasing the number of colors to 360 and adding color intensity through different volume levels.
Matias Lizana, a student from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya is currently developing the eyeborg into a smaller chip as part of his final year project.
The new chip will allow users to hear colors in stereo and to embed the device.
Eyeborg Website  Eyeborg chip development site
Cyborg Enables Color-Blind Artist to Hear His Palette Article about an eyeborg user on Wired (USA 2008)
Eyeborg user example  on The Sunday Times (UK, 2008)
Seeing things in a different light Information from BBC (UK, 2005)
Neil Harbisson's personal website
Christian Dior (Granville, Manche, Basse-Normandie, 21 January 1905 –  Montecatini, Italy, 24 October 1957), was the leading French fashion designer of the post-war world.
He was the founder of one of the world's top fashion houses, the House of Dior (now Christian Dior).
During the German occupation of France in World War II, Christian Dior dressed the wives of Nazi officers and French collaborators.
On 8 October 1946 he founded his own fashion house, backed by Marcel Boussac, the cotton-fabric magnate.
For his first collection, in early 1947, the phrase The New Look was coined by Harper's Bazaar, the fashion monthly.
Dior's designs were more voluptuous than the economy shapes of World War II, when fabric was rationed.
Dior was a master at creating shapes and silhouettes; he said "I have designed flower women".
His look employed fabrics lined with percale (a closely woven plain-weave fabric), boned, bustier-style bodices, hip padding, wasp-waisted corsets and petticoats.
This made his dresses flare out from the waist, giving his models a very curvaceous form.
Some women protested, because his designs covered up their legs, which they did not during wartime.
There was also criticism of Dior's designs, which used a lot of fabric.
Opposition ceased as soon as wartime shortages ended.
The New Look revolutionized women's dress and reestablished Paris as the center of the fashion world.
A-line
The term was first used by Dior as the label for his collection of spring 1955.
The  A-Line collection's feature item, then the "most wanted silhouette in Paris", was a "fingertip-length flared jacket worn over a dress with a very full, pleated skirt".
Evening dresses at this time were always worn with petticoats.
Although an A-shape, this silhouette was not identical to what is now understood to embody the A-line idea.