the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Realizing that he  has a good business, which she intends to improve and save Tara, Scarlett decides to marry him, despite the fact that he was going to marry her own sister.
Scarlett is assaulted in her carriage while driving along the road.
She is not harmed, because one of the former field slaves from Tara is living in a shantytown and rescues her, after which she tells him to go home to Tara.
But Frank and the other men decide to go clear out the  shantytown, where former slaves and criminals lived after the war because they had no homes to return to and no way to feed themselves.
During this act, illegal under the laws imposed by the occupying Union Army, Frank, is killed and Ashley wounded.
Rhett, known to be friends with many of the Northern soldiers, uses his quick wits and concocts a plan with Melanie, who trusts him, and the other women, who trust Melanie's judgment.
Soon after, Scarlett again shocks the "Old Guard", i.e. the remaining southern Atlanta families of her class, by accepting Rhett Butler's proposal.
They enjoy their honeymoon in New Orleans, including Scarlett's obvious enjoyment of the vast amounts of delicious foods and the closeness between them at night when he soothes her as she is awakened by a repeated nightmare.
Rhett promises to help rebuild Tara and they build another mansion in Atlanta.
Enjoying her riches and security for the first time since the war began, Scarlett becomes increasingly greedy, furnishing her new mansion opulently and in Rhett's opinion tastelessly.
She holds parties inviting  northern carpetbaggers, while the southerners of her acquaintance remain poor and dressed in rags.
But Melanie, one of the most respected of all the women of Atlanta, makes it clear that Scarlett and Rhett are still to be accepted in her world.
When Scarlett has a baby that Rhett names Bonnie, Rhett begins to see that if Bonnie is to be accepted into their own world, he must change his reputation.
Melanie helps by making it known that Rhett fought in the Confederate Army.
After Bonnie is born, Scarlett says she will have no more children, and Rhett takes the news badly, since in that time, the only way to ensure no more pregnancies was total abstinence from sex.
Scarlett still wishes she could marry Ashley Wilkes, and she sees him one day and is caught hugging him.
At a party that night, Rhett refuses to accompany her, but forces her to go, first choosing a bright red dress for her to wear.
Scarlett is apprehensive, but as always sails in, holding her head high.
But there's no need for her to worry, because Melanie is as always totally loving and accepting of "our dear Scarlett", walking her to every guest one by one, forcing them to greet her.
She even orders Ashley's sister India to leave her house when India insults Scarlet's reputation.
Rhett, however, is very angry and hurt, and late that night, when she sneaks downstairs to drink a glass of port before bed, he violently grabs her and carries her upstairs to her bedroom.
The next morning she awakes happy, but her mood only lasts until he tells her he's going away and taking Bonnie with him.
In London, he fires the Nanny he'd hired to care for Bonnie when she neglects to leave a nightlight on because of Bonnie's fear of the dark, and is enraged by the woman's insistence that giving in to the child will make her weak; Rhett tells her that Bonnie does not have a weak bone in her body.
Bonnie, looking like a miniature Scarlett, wants to go home, and her father promises they will go right away.
Very possibly - his daughter's nightmares remind him of her mother's on their honeymoon.
But when he greets Scarlett on the enormous staircase he had carried her up the last night he was there, she tells him coldly that she is pregnant with another baby.
He grabs her arm and asks if it's his or Ashley's.
Angry, Scarlett jerks her arm away violently and falls down the stairs, killing their unborn child.
Scarlett and Rhett are further devastated (very upset) when Bonnie, now their only child, insists on jumping her horse.
Scarlett has a flashback to her father's fatal accident while jumping his horse, and jumps up, begging Rhett to stop her.
But with no time to do so, Bonnie falls and dies.
Melanie, who is summoned by Mammy to help Rhett, who has locked himself in a room with Bonnie's body, is also very sick, and pregnant with another baby, despite being told she would never survive another birth.
She collapses outside Rhett's door and is carried home.
News reaches Scarlett and Rhett that Melanie will probably die, and they hurry to see her.
While Melanie and Scarlett are alone, Melanie asks Scarlett to look after her husband, Ashley, and to never stop loving Rhett, who loves Scarlett very much.
She dies just after, and Ashley is extremely upset.
Scarlett finally realizes how much Melanie meant to Ashley, and that Scarlett could never have meant so much to him, and also finally realizes that despite her jealousy and negative thoughts over the years about Melanie, she was truly her best and most beloved friend.
And as she finally has these revelations, she also finally comes to the realization while running through the fog - home to her husband, that this is her nightmare, and the meaning of it is that Rhett truly is the man she loves and wants to be with.
Scarlett hurries home to find Rhett and tell him how much she loves him, but he tells her he wants a divorce because he feels like she never loved him.
He is still very hurt by losing Bonnie, his daughter, and he leaves Scarlett sitting alone on the stairs, alone and unwanted for the first time in her life.
Then, she realizes she always has Tara.
So she decides not to think about Rhett and Melanie and Ashley now and instead, she'll go home to Tara and think about it tomorrow.
Memorable quotations
There are many famous lines from this movie.
People remember these lines and think they are important to the movie.
Scarlett: Sir, you are no gentleman.
Rhett: And you, miss, are no lady.
Rhett: With enough courage, you can do without a reputation.
Rhett (to Scarlett): No, I don't think I will kiss you, although you need kissing, badly.
You should be kissed and often, and by someone who knows how.
Scarlett: I can't think about that right now.
If I do, I'll go crazy.
I'll think about that tomorrow.
Scarlett (to Frank): Great balls of fire.
Don't bother me anymore, and don't call me "sugar".
Rhett (to Scarlett): Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn.
Scarlett: After all, tomorrow is another day!
Scarlett: As God is my witness, I'll never go hungry again!
Although Gone with the Wind premiered in 1939, it is still remembered today as one of the greatest American movies of all time.
When it was released in Atlanta, a parade came before it, plus three days of parties in which the stars of the movie wore costumes and many stores in the city redecorated to look like they would have in the Civil War.
Gone with the Wind received 10 Academy Awards in 1940.
Best Picture - Selznick International Pictures (David O. Selznick, producer)
Best Actress in a Leading Role - Vivien Leigh
Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Hattie McDaniel
Best Cinematography, Color - Ernest Haller, and Ray Rennahan
Best Director - Victor Fleming
Best movie Editing - Hal C. Kern, and James E. Newcom
Best Writing, Screenplay - Sidney Howard
Best Art Direction - Lyle Wheeler
Honorary Award - William Cameron Menzies - for "the use of color for the enhancement of dramatic mood"
Technical Achievement Award - Don Musgrave
Best Actor in a Leading Role - Clark Gable
Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Olivia de Havilland
Best Effects, Special Effects - Fred Albin (sound), Jack Cosgrove (photographic), and Arthur Johns (sound)
Best Music, Original Score - Max Steiner
Best Sound, Recording - Thomas T. Moulton (Samuel Goldwyn SSD)
The movie was named the #4 best movie of all time by the American movie Institute.
The quote "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn," said by Rhett Butler at the end of the movie and was voted the #1 greatest movie quote of all time.
The movie made the most money of all time, after taking inflation into account.
The movie has been criticized for depicting slavery and the Confederacy in a positive way.
Since the George Floyd protests, criticism has increased, with streaming service HBO Max adding a discussion of the movie's themes before the beginning of the movie in response.
1930s drama movies
1930s epic movies
1930s historical movies
1930s war movies
Screenplays by Ben Hecht
Movies directed by George Cukor
RMS Titanic, the ship which sank on its first voyage in 1912
Titanic (1997 movie) a movie about that voyage
Titanic (TV series), a ITV network show
Anthony Carelli (born March 14, 1974) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler.
He currently works for the TNA .
He appears under the ring name Santino Marella.
During his wrestling career, he was a two-time WWE Intercontinental Champion, one-time WWE United States Champion, and one-time WWE Tag Team Champion with Vladimir Kozlov.
Carrelli made his WWE debut on the April 16 edition of WWE Raw under the name of Santino Marella.
He won the WWE Intercontinental Championship after Umaga was attacked by Bobby Lashley.
With this, he became one of a few superstars to win a title in their first match.
WWE profile
Canadian professional wrestlers
Fresco is a way of painting pictures.
A fresco is a kind of mural, a painting that is done on a wall.
A wall painting is sometimes called a fresco by mistake.
A true fresco is painted onto plaster that is fresh.
The plaster has been laid on the wall that day and is still damp.
The word fresco comes from the Italian for "fresh".
History of frescoes
Not all wall paintings are frescoes.
In Ancient Egypt, for example, many of the wall paintings were done on dry plaster and are not true frescoes.
The Royal Palace at Knossos in Crete, c. 1500 BC, had many frescoes.
The scene of athletes dancing with a bull is the most famous.
The Sigiriya Frescoes painted in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka around 485 AD use the "fresco lustro" technique which varies slightly from the pure fresco technique in that it also contains a mild binding agent.
This gives the frescoes added durability as they have survived exposed for nearly 1500 years.
There are many frescoes dating from the late Middle Ages, about 1000-1400 AD when, it was the fashion to paint the inside of churches with people and stories from the Bible.
The order of the pictures was carefully planned by the artists and priests.
Above the altar is usually seen a picture of Jesus Christ.
On the west wall is often a frightening picture of The Last Judgement to remind people to turn to Jesus.
Many frescoes like this can be seen in Greece, Spain, Portugal, Serbia, Armenia, Romania and Russia.
There are a few in Germany, France and Italy.
In Italy, around 1300 AD, the artist Giotto painted frescoes that were so full of life that people were amazed.
Each picture was like looking onto a stage where real people told the story.
This was the beginning of the period of art history called the Renaissance.
Giotto's frescoes became so famous that he had many pupils and followers.
Giotto's most famous frescoes are in the Arena Chapel in Padua.
He also painted in the Church of St. Francis at Assisi and at Santa Croce (Church of the Holy Cross) in Florence.
A hundred years later, about 1400 AD, two artists called Masolino and Masaccio worked in the city of Florence, painting a chapel.
Their names translate as "Little Tom" and "Fat Tom".
Masaccio's way of painting was the biggest change since Giotto, in particular the two weeping naked figures of Adam and Eve.
Everyone thought that Masaccio was one of the greatest painters alive.
But he died at only 27 years old.
These frescoes are in the Church of the Carmine, in Florence.
In the 1400s many other artists in Italy were given the job of painting churches or chapels.
They were paid by patrons, rich people who could afford an artist.
The most important patron was the Pope.
Pope Sixtus IV had built a new chapel in the Vatican in Rome.
In 1481, he got some of the best artists in Italy to decorate the walls for him.
See Sistine Chapel.
In 1508 the work continued in the Sistine Chapel when Pope Julius II made the great artist Michelangelo go to Rome to paint the ceiling.
It took him four years, and he became sick from the strain and the smell.
But when he had finished, he had painted one of the greatest artworks in the world.
Then, 1537-1541, he painted the west wall of the same chapel with The Last Judgement
For the next 200 years, painted ceilings were in fashion.
But artists soon discovered that it was easier to paint in oil on canvas and put it up on the ceiling than to paint on the ceiling in fresco.
The fashion for fresco painting began to fade.
Helen Gardner, Art Through the Ages, Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.
Ponnamperuma, Senani (2013).
Story of Sigiriya.
Melbourne: Panique Pty Ltd. ISBN 9780987345110.
Fresco School
Sigiriya Frescoes
The Count of Monte Cristo is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, père.
The story is about revenge and forgiveness.
The main character of the book, Edmond Dantès, is wrongly sent to prison.
There, he meets an old priest named Faria, who tells Dantès of a treasure.
He escapes and finds the large treasure.
He uses it to carry out a plan of revenge on the three people who sent him to prison.
The novel was well received by critics and readers.
It has been adapted to many stage plays and movies.
The novel was first published in the Journal des Débats in 18 parts from August 28, 1844 to January 15, 1846.
It was first published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes (1844-5).
It was published in English in 1846 by Chapman and Hall.
It has been translated many times since 1846, and into many languages.
Dumas wrote a set of three plays that told the story of The Count of Monte Cristo: Monte Cristo (1848), Le Counte de Morcerf (1851), and Villefort (1851).
The book inspired the plot for other novels, including Lew Wallace's  Ben-Hur (1880).
Pierre Picaud: The "Real" Count
Sparknotes Literary Analysis of The Count of Monte Cristo
1844 books
Hallandale Beach is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States.
The city is named after Luther Halland, a worker for Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railroad.
The population was 37,282 at the 2000 census.
Sometimes the city is called the "southernmost Canadian city".
This is because Hallandale Beach has been a popular vacation spot for years, and most of the tourists come from Quebec and the northeast United States.
Many of these tourists eventually moved to the area to live there.
The National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), also known as the Nazi Party, was a German political party.
It was started in 1920 from the German Workers' Party (German: Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP), which would later be renamed the NSDAP.
On the day it was created, the party published its 25-point manifesto (book of ideas).
The items in this list of ideas included getting rid of the Treaty of Versailles; gaining more land for the German people; taking away any income people had not earned by working; taking away Jewish people's citizenship; changing the education system; and setting up a strong central government.
It is most known for being Hitler's political party.
In 1919, Adolf Hitler joined the German Workers Party.
In 1920 the party changed its name, and Hitler took control in 1921.
In 1923, the Nazi Party tried to start a coup d'état in Munich to take over Germany, but failed.
This battle was called the Beer Hall Putsch.
Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison for treason.
However, he was let out of prison after nine months.
Other people who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch were given the death penalty or 5-6 years imprisoned.
The government also made the NSDAP illegal in Germany.
While he was in prison, Adolf Hitler wrote most of Mein Kampf ('My Struggle').
In this book, he wrote down his political ideas and his future plans for Germany.
In 1924, Hitler was let out of prison early.
He restarted the NSDAP.
He wanted to gain power legally, through elections.
At this time, the NSDAP was only one of a few extreme right-wing, nationalist political parties in Germany.
There were many other parties with similar ideas then.
Important people like Fritz Thyssen and Emil Kirdorf, both leaders of big industries, supported the Nazi Party.
The next elections to the Reichstag were held in 1928.
In these elections, the Nazi Party won 2.6% of the vote.
The party decided to decrease its anti-Semitic slogans in order to do better in the next election.
Instead, the NSDAP focused more on foreign policy and on terrorising the German people.
In local elections in 1929 and 1930, the NSDAP won about 10% of the vote.
In 1930, President Paul von Hindenburg dissolved the Reichstag.
The Nazi Party saw this as an opportunity.
In the elections on 14 September, 1930, the NSDAP won 18.3% of the vote, and had become the second biggest party in Germany.
At this time, most German people wanted to get rid of the Weimar Republic (the Weimarer Republik).
Weimar was the German city where the German constitution was written after the First World War.
People also wanted a stronger Germany, with more soldiers.
The Treaty of Versailles had made it illegal for Germany to have some types of weapons and ships.
On January 30, 1933, Franz von Papen offered to make Adolf Hitler the Chancellor of Germany in a nationalist cabinet.
He did this in secret.
This was a Machtübergabe, or 'transfer of power'.
However, later on, the NSDAP started to call it the Machtergreifung ('seizing power').
It was better for Nazi propaganda to say that they took power from the Weimar Republic, instead of being made the Republic's legal government.
The last free election in Weimar Germany was in March 1933.
The Nazi Party won 44% of the vote.
This was not a majority.
After the Reichstag fire, they managed to get the two-thirds majority they needed to pass the Ermächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act).
With this new law, they dissolved parliament; gave Hitler the power to do anything he wanted; and made all political parties (except the Nazi party ) illegal.
After this, the Nazi party became very important.
People had to be party members to get some jobs, or to get promoted.
The Nazi party ended when Germany surrendered to the Allies on 8 May 1945, who banned the party and all other Nazi organizations.
The NSDAP was dissolved on 8 May 1945.
After that, the NSDAP no longer existed.
They made some reforms which still exist today.
In 1934 they decided that when two people marry, their belongings are still separate.
When paying taxes, a person can deduct the costs of getting from home to work and back again.
They made it harder for places that gave out loans to take goods away from people who owed them money
In 1933, they created extensive animal welfare and protection laws - the basis of animal protection laws today.
But the Nazis did so many bad things that it is now illegal in Germany to display the swastika symbol (shown on the flag above) or use slogans such as Sieg Heil.
In November 2010, a British member of the European Parliament, Godfrey Bloom, was forced to leave Parliament.
This happened after he shouted the Nazi slogan 'Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer' at a German member of Parliament.
Sayings, mottos, and slogans
"Sieg Heil!
Sieg Heil!"
"Hail Victory" (a common Nazi chant at rallies)
"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer!"
"One people, one country, one leader!"
"Deutschland, erwache!"
"Germany, Awake!" (
A popular Nazi song by Dietrich Eckart.
The Nazis put this slogan on many propaganda banners.)
"Die Juden sind unser Unglück!"
"The Jews are our misfortune!" (
An 1880 quote by German historian Heinrich von Treitschke)
"Lang lebe unser ruhmvoller Führer!"
"Long live our glorious leader!"
"Heute Deutschland, morgen die Welt!"
"Today Germany, tomorrow the world!"
"Die Deutschen immer vor dem Ausländer und den Juden!"
"The German always before the foreigner and the Jews!"
"Sicher ist der Jude auch ein Mann, aber der Floh ist auch ein Tier"
"Certainly the Jew is also a man, but the flea is also an animal"
Nazi Party - Citizendium
Carl Nielsen (born in Sortelung, near Nørre Lyndelse on Funen, June 9, 1865; died in Copenhagen, October 3, 1931) was a Danish composer.
He is the most famous composer from Denmark and one of the most important composers of symphonies from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Carl Nielsen was the seventh in a family of twelve children.
His father’s name was Niels Jørgensen.
It was Danish tradition for a child to get his father’s given name as part of his name, so Carl became Carl Nielsen (“son of Niels”).
The family was very poor and Carl had to help in the home.
During the school holidays he looked after the geese.
His father, who was a simple painter, played the violin and cornet in the village band.
Carl soon learned to play the violin and joined in with his father’s band.
He listened to music by Haydn and Mozart and became very interested in general knowledge.
All his life he tried to learn new languages and was interested in literature, art and philosophy.
He loved animals and the nature around him.
When he was 14, he had a job in the military orchestra in the nearby town of Odense.
He played the horn and trombone.
In 1884 some rich people in Odense paid for him to go to the Conservatory in Copenhagen.
He studied music there and did quite well, but there was nothing yet to show that he would be a brilliant composer.
He got a job as violinist in the Royal Chapel, a good orchestra which was conducted by Johan Svendsen.
He got to know the music of Wagner, and he went to Germany to study it.
Later he was not so keen on Wagner’s music, and he was not much influenced by it.
In 1891, he married Anne Marie Brodersen who was a sculptress.
They travelled together to Italy where they saw lots of great art.
When they returned to Denmark Nielsen started composing some of the music that was to make him famous.
In 1901 the Danish government paid him money every year so that he did not have to teach and could spend his time composing.
He also conducted the Royal Theatre when Svendsen retired.
He often travelled to other countries and, later, did some teaching and examining at the Copenhagen Conservatoire.
He was made director of the conservatoire in 1931, shortly before he died.
Nielsen suffered for several years from heart trouble.
He died from this disease on October 3, 1931.
Carl Nielsen wrote nearly every kind of music: opera, chamber music, symphony, concerto, songs.
His music was different from the Romantic music that other composers were writing at that time.
Nielsen liked the music of the Classical period, especially Haydn and Mozart.
He learned from them, but also used a lot of  chromaticism and interesting orchestral sounds which made his music much more modern.
He wrote a serious opera called Saul og David and a comic opera Maskarade.
He wrote a lot of Danish songs which are very popular in Denmark.
By far the most important of his works internationally are his six symphonies and three concertos.
The Fourth and Fifth Symphonies, especially, are performed very often by orchestras all over the world.
He wrote a very large work for organ called Commotio.
Nielsen always said how important his simple village background was for his music.
This can be heard clearly in his popular cantata Fynsk Foraar (Springtime in Funen) which shows his love of the countryside where he grew up.
The Madonna and Child or The Virgin and Child is often the name of a work of art which shows the Virgin Mary and the Child Jesus.
The word Madonna means "My Lady" in Italian.
Artworks of the Christ Child and his mother Mary are part of the Roman Catholic tradition in many parts of the world including Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, South America and the Philippines.
Paintings known as icons are also an important tradition of the Orthodox Church and often show the Mary and the Christ Child.
They are found particularly in Eastern Europe, Russia, Egypt, the Middle East and India.
Types of art work
Works of art which show the Madonna and Child can be paintings or sculptures.
Some paintings are very large and show the Madonna on a throne, with saints standing around it.
These paintings are altarpieces; they are designed to go above the altar in a church.
In some churches, particularly in Italy and in Eastern Orthodox Churches, there are many wall paintings and mosaics of the Madonna and Child.
Most Madonna and Child paintings are small.
They have been painted for private owners and would usually have been kept in houses.
They might be hung on the wall above a table where flowers and candles could be placed to honour the Virgin Mary.
Most of the famous ones are now in art galleries.
Other statues of the Madonna and Child are very small.
In the Middle Ages small statues were carved from ivory.
These precious statues are often very beautifully and delicately made.
They can often be seen in museums.
In Florence in the early 1400s, an artist called Luca della Robbia began making terracotta statues and sculptured altarpieces from clay, which were fired and glazed with colours, most often blue and white, but also purple, green and yellow.
This family business lasted for 120 years.
Many statues of the Madonna and Child may be factory-made and sold as souvenirs.
This tradition of small statues has been around for hundreds of years.
Many of them were made in artist's workshops in the Early Renaissance
In the Orthodox Church, there is also a long tradition of painting images of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child.
These pictures, which are often quite small and are painted on wooden panels, are often very careful copies of particular famous icons.
This tradition continues to the present day.
Famous images of the Madonna and Child
Large altarpieces
The Trinita Madonna, by Cimabue, 1280
The Rucellai Madonna, by Duccio, 1285
The Maesta, the Madonna in Majesty by Duccio, c.1308.
Duomo Museo, Siena, Italy.
The Ognissanti Madonna, by Giotto, 1310
These three famous paintings are all together in one room of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.
Two of these paintings are from the Middle Ages, but Giotto's painting is an Early Renaissance painting, as can be seen in the natural, solid look of the figures which seem to be three dimensional.
The Frari Madonna, by Giovanni Bellini c. 1470 in the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice
The Madonna of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci.
One is in the National Gallery, London, the other one is in the Louvre, Paris.
The family by Giambattista Pittoni
The Ansidei Madonna, by Raphael, National Gallery, London
The Sistine Madonna by Raphael, in the Vatican Museum Art Gallery.
The Madonna of the Sunset by Piero Lorenzetti 1280, Assisi
Small paintings
The Wilton Diptych.
This very rare painting from the Middle Ages was probably done in England and is in the National Gallery, London.
The Madonna of the Magnificat, by Botticelli, Uffizi.
The Doni Tondo, by Michelangelo, 1505, Uffizi.
Raphael did many of these small paintings.
They can be seen at the National Gallery, London, the Uffizi, the Louvre and many other art galleries.
Many churches contain famous statues of the Madonna and Child, particularly old churches.
The Virgin of Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris.
This Madonna is carved of stone.
The Moorish Madonna of Sant' Antonio's Basilica, Padua.
This Madonna has dark brown eyes and olive skin.
Many carved wooden Madonnas of the Middle Ages and many terracotta Madonnas by the dell Robbia family can be seen in museums.
The Virgin of Vladimir.
1131.
This famous icon from Constantinople (modern Istanbul) is kept at the Tretyakov Gallery Moscow.
There are many copies of it.
The Virgin of Chilandari, c.1360.
Mount Athos, Greece.
This painting which is very badly damaged, is famous for its beauty.
Helen Gardner, Art through the Ages, Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.
Ilan Rachum, The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopus Books,
Rene Huyghe, ed.,
Larousse Encyclopedia of Byzantine and Medieval Art, Paul Hamlyn, 1968
Fujio Matsumoto, Takeshi Kosugi, Iconographia mariana , (text in Japanese, but many plates）2008
Depictions of Mary (mother of Jesus)
Göppingen (Swabian: Gebbenga, Gebbeng, or Geppenge) is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
In 2005, there were 57,771 people living in Göppingen.
It is at the bottom of the  high "Kaiserberg", or "Emperors' Mountain".
The first settlement at Göppingen was in the Hallstatt period, 800-480 BC.
A Roman settlement from about 250 BC was found near the present day Oberhofen Church.
An Alemannic prince by the name of "Geppo", is believed to have started the town after the sometime in the 3rd or 4th century.
The town is named after him.
A fire on August 25 1782 destroyed most of the town, but it was immediately rebuilt.
During the 1800s, many factories were built in the area.
Companies such as Märklin and Schuler are still based in the town.
Cooke Barracks
In 1930, an air field was built north of Göppingen.
This was taken over by the Luftwaffe in 1935 and was called the Fliegerhorst Kaserne (barracks).
From 1945 to 1949, displaced persons and refugees were housed in the buildings.
In 1949, it was renamed Cooke Barracks, after Charles H. Cooke, Jr., who been killed in action and given the Silver Star and Soldier's Medal for bravery.
In late 1950, the 7th Army had been reformed in Stuttgart and U.S. Army units began to be stationed at Cooke Barracks.
The barracks were made bigger for the 28th Infantry Division headquarters.
The 28th Infantry was renamed as the 9th Infantry Division (United States) in 1954 and was replaced by the 8th Infantry Division in 1956.
They were then replaced by the 4th Armored Division in 1957, which was renamed as the 1st Armored Division in 1971 and moved to Hindenburg Kaserne in Ansbach in 1972.
The 1st Infantry Division moved from Augsburg in 1972 until 1991.
Cooke Barracks were given back to the German government in 1992.
The barracks were again used to house refugees for some time, then returned to civilian use.
Frisch Auf!
Göppingen currently plays in the German first handball-division (Handball-Bundesliga).
for people who served at Cooke Barracks
What makes this gallery so important is that, although there are bigger galleries, The National Gallery has many paintings of very high quality and also because it has paintings by famous artists whose works are very rare.
These rare paintings include works by Duccio, Masaccio, Uccello, Piero della Francesca, Leonardo, Giorgione, Michelangelo, Caravaggio, Vermeer, Chardin, Klimt, Rousseau and Redon.
The National Gallery is on Trafalgar Square, which is one of the busiest tourist places in London.
It is a grand building of pale grey limestone, with a central dome and a large Classical style porch (portico) like an Ancient Greek temple.
To the left side, the gallery has a large new building called The Sainsbury Wing.
In 1823 a collector called Sir George Beaumont offered to give his famous collection of paintings to the British Government to start a public art gallery.
In 1824 another famous collection of paintings was on sale.
The owner, John Julius Angerstein, had died.
It looked as if his paintings would be sold outside England.
Then there was another offer of paintings from a third collector, The Reverend Holwell Carr.
The Parliament had to make a quick decision.
The Parliament voted that a national collection should be started and a gallery should be built.
They gave 60,000 Pounds Sterling to buy the Angerstein paintings.
They got 38 pictures and were able to display them publicly in the Angerstein House.
The collection grew quickly with the Beaumont and Holwell Carr paintings, and others, being bought or given.
A new gallery was needed.
In 1831 the plans of the architect William Wilkins were accepted.
The site which looks over Trafalgar Square was chosen, old buildings were demolished and the magnificent new gallery was opened on April 9, 1838.
When the National Gallery opened, there was a strong opinion that paintings of the High Renaissance period of the late 1400s to Baroque paintings of the 1600s were the finest type of art.
The word primitive was used to describe Italian paintings from the 1300s and early 1400s.
Luckily, the director of the Gallery, Sir Charles Eastlake, thought it was important to collect some of these primitive paintings, as well as the more popular High Renaissance paintings.
That is how the National Gallery came to own so many very rare works from the Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance periods.
In the 1870s the Gallery was lucky to get two collections of paintings by famous Dutch artists.
The building had to be made larger to house them.
The Gallery was also given paintings by famous British artists; soon there were so many that most of them were moved out to a new gallery called the Tate.
By the 20th century, it was getting more difficult to buy very important paintings; there were other galleries in the United States and Germany who were trying to buy the same paintings.
So the National Gallery began to buy works by more modern painters and soon had a collection of 19th and early 20th century paintings.
This is not a large part of the National Gallery's collection, but it does show small works by many very important artists, particularly the Impressionists.
Important paintings
Early Italian
Duccio, Madonna and Child, c.1300, Sienna
Masaccio, Madonna and Child, c.1426, Florence
Fra Angelico, Christ in Glory, c.1435, Florence
Uccello, St George and the Dragon, c.1450, Florence
The story of this painting is Christian legend about dragon that has stolen a princess.
The princess charmed the dragon and tied it with her belt, but she could not escape.
The noble George came to her rescue and killed the Dragon.
There are many paintings of Saint George in the National Gallery because he is the patron saint of England.
Uccello has tried to show the perspective of the landscape by arranging light and dark areas on the ground.
Diagonal lines are important in this picture.
The line made by the dragon's wing and leg go the same direction as George's spear while the body and tail go in the opposite direction.
Piero della Francesca, The Baptism of Christ, c.1450, Umbria
Mantegna, The Agony in the Garden, 1460, Mantua
Pollaiuolo, The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, 1475, Florence
Sandro Botticelli, Mars and Venus, 1480s, Florence
The story of this painting comes from Roman Mythology.
Mars the God of War, has been making love to Venus, the Goddess of Love.
He is so tired that he does not know that little fauns are playing with his weapons.
But one is about to blow a big shell loudly in his ear.
The message of this painting is that Love can win over War.
The design is based on a big W. which makes the painting symmetrical.
Botticelli did this for the bedroom of Giuliano de'Medici, a wealthy nobleman from Florence.
He painted Mars to look like Giuliano and Venus to look like his girlfriend but Giuliano did not have much time to enjoy his paintings as he was murdered only a short time later.
Perugino, Madonna and Child with the angels Michael and Raphael, 1496, Perugia
Giovanni Bellini, Portrait of Leonardo Loredano, Doge of Venice, 1501, Venice
Early Northern European painting
Unknown painter, The Wilton Diptych, c.1395, England or France
The Wilton Diptych is one of the most precious paintings in the National Gallery, because most small art works from Middle Ages in England were destroyed.
This painting shows King Richard II of England being presented to the Virgin Mary by his three patron saints.
It is painted in tempera; the colours are mixed with egg.
The word "diptych" means it is in two parts and can be closed like a book.
The background is covered with thinly beaten gold leaf.
The blue is made from ground-up semi-precious stone, lapis lazuli.
It may have been painted as a wedding present for the King while he was in France .
Jan van Eyck, The Arnolfini Wedding, 1434, Belgium
Hans Memling, Virgin and Child with saints and donors, 1477, Bruges
Rogier van der Weyden, Pieta, c.1460, Brussels
Hieronymous Bosch, The Mocking of Christ, c.1480, Bois-le-Duc
Albrecht Durer, The Painter's Father, 1497, Nuremberg
Gerard David, Virgin and Child with saints and a donor, 1505, Bruges.
This painting is an altarpiece for a church.
It shows the Virgin Mary seated like a queen on a throne with the Child Jesus.
He is worshipped by three female saints and by the man who has paid the artist to do the picture for the church.
He is called the "donor".
Everything in the picture has been painted in great detail, the clothes, the tiles, the jewelry, the buildings and the flowers.
Many of the things in the picture are symbols.
The little dog is the symbol of faithfulness.
The lilies are the symbol of the purity of the Virgin Mary.
The painting does not show part of a story or a moment in time.
The picture has been painted to help the viewer calm the mind for prayer.
Lucas Cranach, Cupid, stung by a bee, 1522, Weimer
Hans Holbein, The Ambassadors, 1533, born Augsburg died London.
Pieter Breughel the Elder, The Adoration of the Kings, 1564, Brussels
Italy in the 1500s
Leonardo da Vinci, The Virgin of the Rocks, c.1506, Milan.
Michelangelo, The Entombment of Christ, c.1506, Rome.
Raphael, The Ansidei Madonna, c.1505,
Giorgione, Adoration of the Kings, 1507, Venice
Titian, Bacchus and Ariadne, 1523, Venice
This picture comes from Greek Mythology.
Princess Ariadne has been shipwrecked on Naxos, the island of Bacchus.
Bacchus sees Ariadne and falls in love at first sight.
Titian shows him leaping from his chariot which is pulled by cheetahs, while Ariadne turns to run away.
But Ariadne has looked into Bacchus's eyes, and she has fallen in love also.
In the sky is the crown of stars which Bacchus gave her at their wedding.
Titian has painted a spiral movement in many of the figures.
It can be seen in Ariadne's red scarf.
Although this painting is about Mythology, the figures are very realistic.
Parmigiano, Madonna and Child with St John, 1527, Parma
Lorenzo Lotto, Lady as Lucretia, 1530, Venice
This portrait shows a woman in a richly coloured velvet dress, holding a drawing of Lucretia, a noble woman of Ancient Rome who committed suicide by stabbing herself after she had been raped.
The painting may have been done for a family who wanted their daughter to marry well.
The symbolism of the painting shows firstly that the young woman is rich and secondly, she is sexually pure.
These two things were important in making a good marriage.
Lotto has used contrast of colour in the orange and green dress to make a rich effect.
He has also made an unusual use in the contrast of tone.
Very light areas such as her face, bosom and hand control the centre of the painting.
Three more very light areas are placed to the right side, the drawing, hand and note.
This arrangement is asymmetrical
Bronzino, Allegory, c.1550, Florence.
Tintoretto, St George and the Dragon, 1560s, Venice
Italy, France and Spain in the 1600s
Caravaggio, The Supper at Emmaus, c.1600, Rome
This painting is based on a story from the Bible.
Two of Jesus' followers were walking on the road to Emmaus, talking sadly about the death of Jesus.
A man came and walked with them, but at first they did not know him.
That night, having dinner at an inn, they suddenly knew it was Jesus who had risen from the dead and was now alive.
Caravaggio has shown this moment in time as if it was a photograph.
The things that make this picture seem so real are the light, the movement and the details.
Caravaggio has painted the light coming from one side as if there was a large lamp.
The head of the innkeeper makes a shadow behind Jesus that is like a halo.
The picture has caught a single second when Jesus has raised his hand, one man starts to stand up and the other is throwing his arms out.
Only the innkeeper is still.
The view of Jesus' hand, the man's arms and the other man's elbow are foreshortened.
The details show ordinary people with ordinary clothes that are old and torn.
There is also a still life of the basket at the edge of the table.
Caravaggio's lighting and realism were copied by many other painters, including Rembrandt and Velazquez.
El Greco, Christ driving the Traders from the Temple, c.1600, Toledo
Annibale Carracci, Quo vadis?,
1602, Rome
Claude Le Lorrain, Departure of the Queen of Sheba, 1648, France and Rome
This imaginary landscape is based on a story from the Bible.
In this scene, the Queen of Sheba is setting out on her journey from Africa to Palestine to meet King Solomon.
But what the artist really wanted to show was the misty morning light of the sunrise over the sea.
He has also painted three different types of buildings.
To the left is an ancient ruin like the ones the artist saw in Rome.
In the background is a castle and tower from the Middle Ages.
To the left the Queen is coming out of a grand palace in the new style of the Renaissance.
Nothing in this painting has anything to do with Africa or Palestine.
It is about Rome.
By showing the Queen of Sheba, Poussin is saying that the city of Rome, with all its history for 2000 years, is like the most beautiful and intelligent Queen that ever lived.
This sort of painting is called an "allegory".
Nicholas Poussin, Bacchanale, 1603, France and Rome
This painting is a scene from Roman Mythology.
The women are nymphs, the spirits of the forest.
Some of the men are satyrs and have goats' horns and hoofs.
They live on Naxos, the island of Bacchus, and spend a lot of time getting drunk, dancing and making love.
In this wild party, even the babies are drinking wine.
One nymph is about to smash a wine jug on the head of a satyr, who is trying to kiss her friend.
Poussin has used big areas of bright colour.
At first, the painting looks like a jumble of bodies, but everything is very carefully arranged to give a dancing effect to the whole picture.
A big triangular shape contains all the figures.
Outside the triangle on the right is a statue of Pan.
On the left side is a beautiful landscape.
Diego Velazquez, The Rokeby Venus, 1649, Madrid.
This picture is taken from Roman Mythology.
It shows Venus, Goddess of Love and Beauty, looking into a mirror held by her son Cupid.
Velazquez spent most of his time painting portraits for the Royal Family of Spain and their relatives.
He is one of the most famous portrait painters of all time.
But this painting was probably done for himself, and when he did it, he put himself in danger of serious punishment.
In Spain, although the King ruled, the Church was in control.
They watched everything that everybody did, and had a very large number of people put to death.
It was against the law in Spain to paint nude pictures like this one.
Velazquez has been very careful to only show her back.
The image of the face is not very clear.
Old mirrors were not as clear as modern ones.
Perhaps Velazquez wanted to disguise the face of the woman for her protection.
The arrangement and colouring in this painting is very simple.
The graceful lines of the body are repeated in the grey and white bed covers.
The red curtain is at the same angle as her head, and is a warm colour, like her pink flesh.
Murillo, The Two Trinities, 1681, Seville
Holland and Flanders in the 1600s
Gerrit von Honthorst, Christ before the High priest, 1617, Utrecht
Rembrandt, Belshazzar's Feast, 1630s, Leyden
Rembrandt is best known as a painter of portraits, in particular for the many self portraits that record his life from when he was a teenager to his old age.
He also painted many scenes from the Bible like this one.
Prince Belshazzar's father had taken the Jewish people to Babylon as slaves.
Belshazzar was giving a party and he sent servants to bring the gold cups that had been stolen from the Temple in Jerusalem.
Suddenly a strange hand appeared and wrote a message on the wall.
No-one knew what it meant so Balshazzar asked Daniel, who was a Jewish prophet.
Daniel said "You have been weighed and measured by God.
You do not meet God's rules.
Your days are numbered!"
This painting shows how much the Dutch painters learnt from Caravaggio.
This painting can be compared to the Supper at Emmaus.
It is another scene full of drama.
Rembrandt has placed two of the figures at unusual angles.
Belshazzar's body is facing the viewer, but his head is screwed around to see what is happening behind him.
As he leaps up from his chair, he knocks the golden cup held by one of his wives.
She is also at an odd angle because the viewer lookes down on her head and shoulders.
Rembrandt has made a contrast between the rich texture of his robes and his flabby face and fat belly.
Anthony van Dyck, Charles I of England on Horseback, 1631, London.
Peter Paul Rubens, The Judgement of Paris, 1632, Antwerp
Rubens was such a popular painter that he became rich and famous.
He painted portraits and many scenes from the Bible and Mythology.
The story of this painting is from Greek and Roman Mythology.
Paris was a prince who was brought up by a shepherd.
He was given a golden apple and asked to judge a beauty contest between three Goddesses: Juno, the Goddess of the Family; Minerva, the Goddess of War and Venus, the Goddess of Love.
Each one offered a reward: wealth, success in battle and the most beautiful woman in the world as his wife.
Paris chose the last and gave the apple to Venus.
This made two very powerful people angry.
And, what he did not realise was that the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Troy, was already married.
Rubens has painted a picture to decorate the wall of the home of a rich patron.
The painting has lots of details that help to tell the story.
These include little Cupid, a sheepdog, Juno's peacock, Minerva's scary shield and sheep grazing in the beautiful landscape.
But the most important things in the painting are the three beautiful nudes.
This was what made Ruben's pictures so popular.
Franz Hals, Family group, 1640s, Antwerp
Pieter der Hoogh, Courtyard in Delft, 1658, Delft.
Johannes Vermeer, Young Woman at the Virginals, c.1670, Delft.
Meyndert Hobbema, The Avenue, 1689, Middelharnis
Landscape painting became very popular in Holland in the 1600s.
In this picture perspective is very important.
In a very flat country, it can be hard to judge how far away things are.
Hobbema has used this straight road with two rows of tall trees to give a feeling of how far away the town is.
At first glance this painting seems quite symmetrical.
But Hobbema has added lots of differences to make the painting more interesting, balancing a farmhouse on one side with a church on the other and making the two rows of trees quite different.
The 1700s
Watteau, The Lovers, c.1720, France
Giambattista Pittoni ,The Sacrifice of Polyxena, 1740, Venice
Canaletto, The Basin of St Mark's on Ascension Day, c.1740, Venice
Chardin, The little Teacher, c.1740, Paris.
William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode ( a story in six pictures), 1743, London
George Stubbs, A Family in their Phaeton, c.1750, England
In the 1700s, landscape paintings were popular in England, but they were more than just pictures of the beautiful countryside painted as decorations for a room.
Most landscape paintings were also records of a family and the land that they owned.
They were a sign of the family's wealth and status.
In this painting the landowners show off their private park with its variety of trees.
They also show off their splendid pair of horses and their elegant carriage called a "phaeton".
Together, this coach and horses are the 18th century equivalent of a very expensive car.
Stubbs was most famous for painting horses.
He was a master at composing beautiful pictures.
Here, he has created a balance between the lady's large fashionable hat set against the dark tree and the black horses against the pale sky.
Tiepolo, Allegory of Love and Time, 1754, Italy
Joshua Reynolds, Sir Banastre Tarleton, 1782, London
Thomas Gainsborough, The Morning Walk, 1786, London
Goya, The Duke of Wellington, 1812, Spain and France
1800 onwards
Turner, The Temeraire, 1838, London
This is a sad painting.
Its full name is The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last Berth to be broken up as scrap.
This is the last journey for one of the great warships that had fought for England against the French Fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar.
Her tall elegant shape makes a contrast to the dirty black tugboat with smoking funnel that is towing her away.
Turner, who was expert at painting the sea, the sky and the weather, has placed the moon in the sky near the sailing ship.
The moon is in its last phase.
On the other side of the picture, the sun rises with a red glow like fire on the water.
The waning moon is the symbol of the passing of the age of great sailing ships.