the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In the United States an Independent city or a consolidated city-county is roughly equivalent to a unitary authority.
The city might be separate from any county government, as in Virginia, or merged with a county government, as in San Francisco, California, or as is common in Florida.
Another type of local government that is roughly equivalent to a unitary authority is a county when there are no municipal or township governments in the county.
That is the case in Arlington County, Virginia, and Baltimore County, Maryland.
Unitary authorities or single-tier municipalities exist as a single level of government in a province that otherwise has two levels of local government.
One should not confuse municipalities in provinces with no upper-level of local government as single-tier municipalities, as these are the only level of local government in that province.
Political systems
Local government in the United States
ru:Унитарные единицы Англии
Administrative division is a term for an administrative region within a country that is created for the purposes of managing of land and the affairs of people.
The area typically has a local government with a certain degree of autonomy, and is on a level below that of the sovereign state.
Select examples
Autonomous communities
1st level:
Spain: 17 comunidad autónomas
Cantons
Switzerland: 26 cantons
2nd level:
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 10 kantons or županija
Costa Rica: 81 cantones
Ecuador:   cantones
Luxembourg: 12 cantons
4th level:
France: 4,039 cantons
Comarcas (regions)
Panama: 9 comarcas
Romania: 2,686  comună
5th level:
France: 36,679 communes
Croatia: 22 županije
Estonia: 15 maakonnad
Hungary:  19 megyék
Norway: 19  fylker
Romania: 41 judeţe
Sweden: 21 län
United Kingdom:  counties
United States: 2,995 counties
Benin: 12 départements
Bolivia: 9 departementos
Denmark: 14 amter
El Salvador: 14 departementos
Guatemala: 22 departementos
Haiti: 10 départements
Honduras: 18 departementos
Ivory Coast: 58 départements
Paraguay: 18 departementos
Uruguay: 19 departementos
Argentina: 376 departementos
Burkina Faso: départements
France: 100 départements
Indonesia: 268 kabupaten
Belize: 6 districts
Luxembourg: 3 districts
Afghanistan: districts
Austria: 100 Bezirke
Bangladesh: 64 zila
Germany: 22 Regierungsbezirke
Kenya:   wilaya
Lebanon: 25 districts
Malaysia: 3 wilayah persekutuan
Nepal: 76 districts
Pakistan: 147 districts
Panama:  distritos
Paraguay:  distritos
Switzerland: 159 districts
3rd level:
Peru: 1,747 distritos
Australia : 6 states
Austria : 9 Länder
Brazil : 26 estados
Germany : 16 Länder
India : 27 states
Malaysia : 13 negeri
Mexico : 31 estados
Myanmar : 7 chiu
Nigeria : 36 states
Palau : 16 'states
Sudan : 26 wilayat
United States : 50 states
Venezuela : 23 estados
Egypt : 27 muhafazat
Iraq : 18 muhafazat
Kuwait : 6 muhafazat
Lebanon : 6 muhafazat
Oman : 4 muhafazat
Palestine : 16 muhafazat
Syria : 14 muhafazat
Tunisia : 24 wilayas
Yemen : 19 muhafazat
Libya : 22 shabiyat
Mongolia : 1 hot
Republic of China : 2 municipalities
Angola : munícipios
Croatia : općina
Indonesia : 73 kota
Pakistan : Municipalities of Pakistan
Andorra : 7 parròquies
Antigua and Barbuda : 6 parishes
Barbados : 11 parishes
Dominica: parishes
Grenada : 6 parishes
Jersey : 12 parishes
Montserrat :   parishes
Nevis : 14 parishes
Grenadines : 6  parishes
Louisiana : 64 parishes
Japan : 47 prefectures
Central African Republic : 14 préfectures
Greece : 51 nomes
Algeria: 48 wilayas
Angola: 18 províncias
Argentina: 23 provincias
Canada: 10 provinces
China (PRC): 22 shěng
China (ROC): 2 provinces
Congo: 11 provinces
Costa Rica: 7 provincias
Dominican Republic: 31 provincias
Gabon: 9 provinces
Indonesia: 33 propinsi and special territories
Iran: 30 ostan
Kenya: 7 mkoa
Kyrgyzstan: 7 oblastar
Mongolia:  aymguud
Netherlands:  12 provincies
Pakistan: 4 provinces
South Africa: 9 provinces
Belgium: 10 provincies or provinces
Bolivia:   provincias
Burkina Faso: 45 provinces
Spain:  50 provincias
Italy: 107 provinces
Oman:  wilayat
Peru: 180 provincias
1st level :
Belgium : 3 Gewesten or régions ot
Burkina Faso : 13 régions
Chile : 13 regiones
Ethiopia : 9 kililoch
France : 25 régions
Italy : 20 regioni
Oman : 5 mintaqah
Peru : 25 regiones'''
Poland : 16 wojewodtzwo 2nd level:
Finland : 20 Liittot or Förbunder Serbia :  7 regions
Australia : 9 territories
Canada : 3 territoires
Pakistan : 5 territories
Republic of India : 6 territories
Country (a national or supra-national entity)
Empire (a supra-national entity)
State (a national or supra-national entity)
ISO 3166-2 Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions — Part 2''
United Nations' Second Administrative Level Boundaries (SALB) dataset
A county council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a county.
This term has slightly different meanings in different countries.
County councils were responsible for more strategic services in a region, with smaller urban district councils and rural district councils responsible for other activities.
The new system was a major modernisation, which became necessary because of the increase of functions carried out by local government in late Victorian Britain.
County Councils were introduced in 1889 in England and Wales by the Local Government Act 1888.
They took over the administrative functions of the unelected Quarter Sessions.
The system was soon extended to Scotland, by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, and the island of Ireland by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898.
Except in Scotland, the areas they covered were called administrative counties and were not always the same as the traditional shire counties.
In the United States, most of the individual states have counties as a form of local government; in nine states, they are headed by a county council.
In other states, each county is headed by a county commission or a county board of supervisors.
fi:Kunnanvaltuusto Suomessa
sv:Kommunfullmäktige (Finland)
Lafayette Ronald Hubbard  (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986) was an American pulp fiction writer.
He created Dianetics and Scientology.
Hubbard was born in Tilden, Nebraska to Harry Ross Hubbard and Ledora May Hubbard.
He died of a stroke in Creston, California.
Population and settlement
Its main cities are Nottingham, Leicester, Lincoln, Derby, Northampton, Mansfield and Chesterfield.
Leicester is officially the largest city in the region, although the largest area is the Nottingham Urban Area.
A historical basis for such an area exists in the Five Burghs of the Danelaw.
The current government office region was created in 1994.
East Midlands Development Agency
East Midland Directory
East Midlands Regional Assembly
Government Office for the East Midlands
Government's list of councils in the East Midlands
East Midland Network Exchange
This is a list of characters appearing in the Pirates of the Caribbean movie series.
Jack Sparrow
Jack Sparrow begins the Curse of the Black Pearl as a pirate captain without a ship.
He is played by Johnny Depp.
Sparrow had been captain of the Black Pearl before his first mate, Hector Barbossa led a mutiny and took over.
Sparrow was left alone on a small island with nothing but a gun, one bullet, and a bottle of rum.
The crew thought he would either die of thirst or shoot himself.
When they returned expecting to find him dead, Sparrow was gone.
No one knew how he did it and many amazing stories grew around their former captain.
In reality, the island was used by smugglers to hide their illegal rum.
When the smugglers returned, Sparrow left the island on their ship.
Sparrow assembles a crew to help him reclaim the Black Pearl.
After the curse is lifted from the crew of the Black Pearl, he kills Barbossa with the same gun he was left with on the island.
He becomes captain of the Black Pearl again.
Elizabeth Swann
Elizabeth Swann is the daughter of Weatherby Swann, Governor of Port Royal.
She is played by Keira Knightley.
Elizabeth loves Will Turner but accepts James Norrington's marriage proposal to save Turner.
The marriage is called off after Will is rescued.
She marries Will Turner and they have a son, Henry.
After Elizabeth gives birth, William is forced to go to sea for ten years.
He is reunited with his family in At World's End, but only for one day due to a curse.
This curse is broken when Poseidon's Trident is destroyed at the end of Dead Men Tell No Tales allowing Will to reunite with Elizabeth and their son Henry.
Hector Barbossa
Captain Hector Barbossa is an evil and murderous pirate and arch-rival of Jack Sparrow.
He is played by Geoffrey Rush.
Barbossa was Jack Sparrow's first mate but led a mutiny and became captain of the Black Pearl.
He leaves Sparrow on a deserted island to die but Sparrow managed to escape.
Barbossa and the crew are cursed to not die but also not to feel any pleasure after they steal a chest of Aztec gold.
Just as the curse is lifted, Jack Sparrow shoots Barbossa (using the bullet from the gun left with him when he was marooned).
This shot kills Barbossa.
However, he is brought back to life by Tia Dalma to rescue Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones' Locker.
Barbossa was brought back to free Tia Dalma, not to rescue Jack Sparrow.
Tia Dalma was actually in the process of reviving Barbossa when Jack showed up and traded the cursed monkey for a jar of dirt to ward off Davy Jones.
Jack had not finished in Davy Jones's Locker yet when she started to revive Barbossa.
This could also be Tia Dalma's reason for helping the others rescue Jack without charging them.
In the fifth film, he became a rich pirate and helps Jack to find the Trident.
During the adventure, he reunites with his illegitimate daughter Carina and ends up redeeming himself by sacrificing himself to save her and the others from Salazar which leads to his death.
William "Will" Turner is a blacksmith and self-taught swordsman who lives in Port Royal.
He is played by Orlando Bloom.
Will was found holding on to a piece of wood at sea as a boy and rescued by a ship traveling to Port Royal.
He falls in love with Elizabeth Swann, the governor's daughter, and wants to marry her.
However, because she is rich and he is poor, it does not seem possible.
When Elizabeth is taken by Barbossa, Will teams up with Jack Sparrow to rescue her.
Sparrow tells Will that Will's father, Bootstrap Turner was one of his crew on the Black Pearl.
Bootstrap Turner was the only one on the crew who did not want to mutiny against Sparrow.
Will finally marries Elizabeth in At World's End.
However, Will is made captain of the Flying Dutchman, and is only allowed to return to port every ten years.
James Norrington
James Norrington is a British Royal Navy Officer.
He is played by Jack Davenport.
James Norrington is a commodore in the Royal Navy.
He is in love with Elizabeth Swann and she accepts his proposal to rescue Will.
After Jack Sparrow escapes hanging on the gallows, Norrington gives him a day's head start to let him escape.
This causes him to lose his commission and position in the Royal Navy.
He goes to Tortuga, a private port where many pirates and criminals live.
However, he redeems himself by stealing the heart of Davy Jones and giving it to Lord Beckett.
However, he regrets this decision as Beckett begins executing all pirates.
James Norrington was killed by Bootstrap Bill Turner on board the Flying Dutchman after helping Elizabeth and her crew escapes the ship's brig.
Lord Cutler Beckett is a ruthless lord of the East India Trading Company and he was an officer at the royal navy.
He is played Tom Hollander.
He has killed aboard the ship the Endeavor.
He loses his control of Davy Jones after Will Turner stabs the heart of Davy Jones and becomes the captain of the Flying Dutchman.
The Endeavor is destroyed by the Black Pearl and the Flying Dutchman, killing almost all on board, including Beckett.
Tia Dalma
Tia Dalma is the human form of the goddess Calypso.
She is played by Naomie Harris.
Little is known about Tia Dalma.
She once had a relationship with Jack Sparrow when they were "inseparable".
It was in this time when she gave Sparrow his compass.
She was also Davy Jones' lover at one point.
She was the one who turned him into a monster after he cut his heart out for her.
Davy Jones is captain of the Flying Dutchman and the sworn enemy of Jack Sparrow.
He is played by Bill Nighy through the movie and he's the overall main antagonist of the series.
Davy Jones turned into a monster after he cut his heart out for Calypso.
He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman, a ship crewed by those offered a second chance at life for a hundred years.
Their job is to ferry souls to the afterlife.
However, Davy Jones uses the crew for his own purposes.
This has caused him and the crew to transform into monsters resembling sea life.
Davy Jones was killed by Will Turner aboard the Flying Dutchman.
Will was stabbed by Davy Jones and then Bootstrap charged at Davey Jones and attacked him.
But when  Davey Jones got a grip on him he took out his sword and was going to stab Bootstrap just as Jack sparrow took the heart out of the chest and helped Will stab it with a  broken sword.
Davy Jones did not cut his heart out for Calypso.
He cut his heart out after she betrayed him by not showing up the day Davy Jones was allowed to make port.
He was so hurt that he cut out his own heart so he would never have feelings ever again.
This is also the reason Davy Jones taught the Brethren Court how to bind Calypso in a human form.
Sao Feng
Sao Feng is a Pirate Lord of the Brethren Court.
He was played by Chow Yun-Fat.
Sao Feng is the pirate lord of the South China Sea.
He is known for betraying anyone, even his friends, to get on the winning side.
He says this is "just good business".
He often uses a dao as his weapon of choice.
Elizabeth and Barbossa visit Sao Feng to request a ship and a crew.
Feng is suspicious and informs them that earlier that day someone broke into his uncle's temple and attempted to steal the navigational charts to World's End.
He reveals the thief to be Will Turner.
Barbossa and Elizabeth deny knowing Will, but when Feng threatens to kill him, Elizabeth reacts, confirming they are allies.
Barbossa explains that the Brethren Court has been summoned to meet at Shipwreck Cove and Feng, being one of the nine Pirate Lords, is honor-bound to attend.
Feng demands to know why they want to sail to the Locker.
When Will admits they want to rescue Jack, Feng becomes angry and declares that he would only bring Sparrow back to life to kill him in person.
Barbossa reminds Feng that Jack is one of the nine Pirate Lords and is still in possession of a "piece of eight," a pirate lord's symbol, and didn't have a successor to give it to before his "death".
Joshamee Gibbs
Joshamee Gibbs, known as Mr. Gibbs, is a pirate.
He is played by Kevin McNally.
Mr. Gibbs is the right-hand man to Jack Sparrow.
He helps Jack Sparrow assemble a crew to go after the Black Pearl.
He is very superstitious.
Not much is known about his past, aside from the fact he had served in the Royal Navy at one point.
Weatherby Swann
Weatherby Swann is the governor of Port Royal and is the father of Elizabeth Swann.
He was played by Jonathan Pryce.
Governor Swann wanted Elizabeth to marry James Norrington.
However, he did not mind when she chose Will Turner instead, because he wanted her to be happy.
Pintel and Ragetti
Pintel and Ragetti are pirates.
Pintel is played by Lee Arenburg, and Ragetti is played by Mackenzie Crook.
Pintel and Ragetti were part of the crew on the Black Pearl.
They took part in the mutiny led by Barbossa, and each became immortal after taking part in the cursed chest of Aztec gold.
Ragetti has a wooden eye, which is in fact Barbossa's Piece of Eight.
They often are comic relief in the movies.
Bootstrap is Will Turner's father.
He was part of the crew of the Black Pearl with Jack Sparrow as captain, but he did not take part in the mutiny.
After stealing the Aztec gold (meaning he was cursed, and immortal) Bootstrap felt bad for the part he played in the mutiny against Jack.
He stuck up for Jack, so Barbossa strapped him to a cannon and sent him to the depths, unable to breathe yet unable to die (as said by Bootstrap himself in Dead Man's Chest).
Davy Jones offered him a way out of his eternal torture, and Bootstrap Bill accepted.
Thus he becomes part of the crew on the Flying Dutchman with Davy Jones.
He also chose to be on the ship with his son William Turner after agreeing to leave every ten years to give his wife and his son a visit.
The Kraken is a fictional sea monster.
It is based on the mythical beast in mythology (extremely redundant).
It is a sea monster that does the bidding of Davy Jones.
When summoned by him, it arises from the ocean.
Often Davy Jones tells it to destroy ships that he believes threaten or annoy him.
The Kraken kills Jack Sparrow and destroys the Black Pearl but Jack lived.
The Kraken is Killed in fact by Davy Jones.
He has a lizardy kind of skin.
Captain Teague
Captain Teague is a pirate and is Keeper of the Code for the Brethren Court.
He is played by Keith Richards.
Teague is Jack Sparrow's father.
He is the former Pirate Lord of Madagascar, but he resigned to become Keeper of the Code.
Anamaria is a female pirate.
She is played by Zoë Saldaña.
Not much is known about her, other than her ship was stolen by Jack Sparrow at one point.
She becomes part of Jack Sparrow's crew in helping him find the Black Pearl.
Lieutenant Gillette
Lieutenant Gillette is a British Royal Navy officer.
He is played by Damian O'Hare.
Gillette is James Norrington's Flag-Lieutenant.
He survives the battle on the HMS Dauntless.
Lieutenant Groves
Lieutenant Groves is a British Royal Navy Officer.
He is played by Greg Ellis.
Groves is a British Royal Navy Officer.
He served under the command of James Norrington.
He also serves as Beckett's second-in-command aboard the Endeavour when it is destroyed by the Flying Dutchman and the Black Pearl.
When Beckett gives no commands to the crew, he orders them to abandon the ship.
Mercer is an employee of the East India Trading Company.
He is played by David Schofield.
Mercer is Beckett's assistant.
Beckett often uses Mercer to carry out his "dirty" work, such as assassination and spying.
Giselle and Scarlett
Giselle and Scarlett are prostitutes from Tortuga.
Giselle is played by Vanessa Branch.
Scarlett is played by Lauren Maher.
Both women often flirt with Jack Sparrow.
They both also often slap him for lying to them.
Pirates of the Caribbean Wiki – Pirates.wikia.com
Pirates of the Caribbean Online wiki – PotC-Wiki.com
Official Disney website for Pirates of the Caribbean
Unlike Greater Manchester, which is a metropolitan county and Greater London, which is a region, Greater Nottingham not officially an administrative area.
But it is an own Nottingham Urban Area with a population of 666,358 at the time of the 2001 census.
The Nottingham Urban Area includes Nottingham itself and the surrounding towns and villages of Arnold, Beeston, Breaston, Carlton, Clifton,  Eastwood, Heanor, Hucknall, Ilkeston, Kimberley,  Long Eaton, Ripley, Ruddington, Stapleford, and West Bridgford.
This Nottingham Urban Area is separated from the Derby Urban Area only by a narrow gap between Breaston and Borrowash.
Similar narrow gaps exist between the Nottingham urban area and the Mansfield Urban Area and Alfreton Urban Area.
Greater Nottingham partnership (GNP)
Office for National Statistics: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas
map depicting ONS definition
Hanau is a town in Hesse, Germany.
It is 25 km east of Frankfurt am Main, where the little river Kinzig joins the river Main.
About 100,000 people live in Hanau.
John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich was born on November 3, 1718 and died on April 30, 1792 in Great Britain.
He is known for the person the sandwich is named after.
1718 births
Nottingham is a city (and county town of Nottinghamshire) in the East Midlands of England.
The centre of Nottingham lies on the River Leen and its southern boundary follows the course of the River Trent, which flows from Stoke to the River Humber estuary.
According to the 2011 census, Nottingham has a city population of 305,700.
Nottingham is a member of the English Core Cities Group.
It has been nicknamed "Shottingham" due to the high rate of gun crime.
An early name for Nottingham was "Tigguo Cobauc" which means "a place of caves."
Founded by Anglo-Saxon invaders after 600 AD, parts of the settlement have included man-made caves, dug into soft sandstone.
The legend of Robin Hood developed in the Middle Ages.
Robin Hood is said to have lived in Sherwood Forest, which extended from the north of Nottingham to the north side of Doncaster, Yorkshire.
His main opponent was the Sheriff of Nottingham.
While the legends are almost certainly untrue, particularly in their details, they have had a major impact on Nottingham, with Robin Hood imagery a popular choice for local businesses and many modern tourist attractions use the legend.
The Robin Hood Statue in Nottingham is outside the Nottingham Castle within walking distance from the Old Market Square.
Three pubs in Nottingham claim the title of England's Oldest Pub.
The  are Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem near the castle, The Bell on the Old Market Square, and The Salutation on Maid Marian Way.
Settlements within and around Nottingham
Within the City of Nottingham
Around the City of Nottingham
- Ghent
- Harare
- Karlsruhe
- Ljubljana
- Minsk
- Ningbo
- Poznań
Famous people from Nottingham
(1763) George Africanus, noted Nottingham entrepreneur of African origin
(1793) George Green (of Green's Mill), mathematician and physicist, famed for Green's theorem
(1829) William Booth, founder of The Salvation Army
(1850) Jesse Boot, chairman and managing director of Boots the Chemists who transformed it into a national concern.
Company was founded in Nottingham in 1849 by his father, (1815) John Boot
(1935) Stella Rimington, first female head of MI5, educated at Nottingham High School for Girls
(1785) Henry Kirke White poet
(1788) The poet Lord Byron resided at Newstead Abbey and is buried at nearby Hucknall along with his mathematical daughter (1815) Ada Lovelace
(1885) D. H. Lawrence, internationally famous author, born in Eastwood and educated at Nottingham High School
Nottingham in Pictures
Student guide to Nottingham
globalnet.co.uk
The Open Guide to Nottingham
Nottinghamshire Independent Media Centre
Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem Inn
The Park Estate
New College Nottingham
Nottingham Playhouse
Nottingham Theatre Royal and Concert Hall
History of Nottinghamshire
The University of Nottingham
Nottingham Web Resources - Nottingham directory and pictures
Weather For Nottingham
Nottingham business guide
A Brief History of Nottingham From "Local and National Histories" by Tim Lambert
Shoppingham a shopping guide of local shops  - This is Nottinghams guide to local shops
Nottingham, Maryland
Nottingham, New Hampshire
Nottingham Township, Harrison County, Ohio
Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania
East Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania
West Nottingham Township, Pennsylvania
HMS Nottingham
"Little Red Riding Hood" (or "Little Red Cap") is a French fairy tale for young children about a young girl and a wolf.
The story comes from a folktale which means that it was a spoken story for a long time before it was a written story.
It was first written down in the late 1600s, by Charles Perrault.
The best-known version (the way the story is told) is  by the Brothers Grimm and dates from the 19th century (1800s).
The most famous version of the story is the one written by the Brothers Grimm in the 19th century.
The Brothers Grimm listened to many traditional stories from old people and wrote them into a book.
They did not originally mean for their book to be read as children's stories; they were writing down German folklore for scholars to read.
But their book became famous as a book of children's stories anyway.
The title of the story is properly translated as "Little Red Cap" even though it is usually known in English as "Little Red Riding Hood".
A girl has been given red cap (or cloak and hood) to wear.
Her mother sends her to take food to her sick grandmother.
The mother tells her she must not stop on the way.
A wolf sees the girl walking through the woods and makes a plan to eat her.
The wolf politely asks the girl where she is going.
The girl answers him, because he seems friendly.
The wolf tells the girl to pick some flowers for her grandmother.
While she is picking flowers, the wolf goes to grandmother's house and eats her.
He puts on the grandmother's night-cap and gets into her bed.
When the girl arrives at her grandmother's house, she gets into bed with the wolf.
In the Perrault version, the girl is surprised to see what her "grandmother" looks like without her clothes. "
What big eyes you have!"
she cries. "
The better to see you with!"
the wolf responds.
The dialogue continues, with the child remarking upon other body parts until she notes the wolf's big teeth. "
What big teeth you have!"
The better to eat you with!"
The wolf leaps upon the child and eats the girl.
In the Grimms' version, a woodcutter (lumberjack) comes and cuts open the wolf's body.
He saves the grandmother and the girl who are still alive in the wolf's stomach.
Then, stones are put in the wolf's body to kill the wolf.
History of the story
The story of Little Red Riding Hood seems to have been told for centuries in different countries, under different names.
Anthropoligist Dr. Jamie Tehrani said some versions of Little Red Riding Hood are 3000 years old.
One of Aesop's Fables is a version of Little Red Riding Hood, according to Tehrani.
In France, the story has probably been told for at least 700 years.
In Italy, there are several versions.
One is called The False Grandmother.
There is also a story from China which is like this, called The Grandmother Tiger.
There are also versions of the story from the Middle East and Africa.
In the old versions of the story the wolf is sometimes a terrible monster or a werewolf.
In one version of the story, the wolf gives the girl some food to eat.
It is part of the body of her grandmother.
The wolf tells the girl to throw all her clothes in the fire, and get into bed.
She says that she needs to use the toilet first.
The wolf ties her with a long string so that she cannot run away without him knowing.
But the girl puts the rope around something else, and escapes.
In these early versions of the story, Red Riding Hood escapes on her own.
She uses her own intelligence and her own courage.
The Brothers Grimm and other later authors added male heroes who save Red Riding Hood.
The story was first written and published in a book from 1697 by the French writer Charles Perrault.
The name of the book, in English, is Tales and Stories of the Past with Morals: Tales of Mother Goose.
The story is called The Little Red Cap (Le Petit Chaperon Rouge).
Perrault's version of the tale is the original printed version, but it is likely based on an older oral tradition.
It is uncertain if Perrault knew a folk tale from the south of France about a girl who cleverly escapes a werewolf occupying her grandmother's bed.
Perrault wanted to make a strong point about wise and foolish behaviour.
He wanted to show that a beautiful young woman was in danger of having men with bad morals try to trick her into wrong behaviour.
In Perrault's story the girl is eaten and there is no happy ending.
The story has been changed many times in the centuries following its publication.
It is a little different from the way that the Brothers Grimm tell it.
In their version, a huntsman slays the child-devouring wolf.
He then frees the heroine from the animal's stomach.
In some modern versions of the story, especially versions for very young children, the grandmother does not die.
She hides in the closet or cupboard instead.
Telling the story for young children
An important part of the story is the questions and answers.
In the story, the wolf knocks at the grandmother's door.
"Knock, knock!"
"Who's there?"
"Little Red Riding Hood!"
"Lift up the latch and walk in!"
Red Riding Hood says "What big eyes you have!"
and the wolf replies "The better to see you with!"
Red Riding Hood says "What big ears you have!"
and the wolf replies "The better to hear you with!"
Red Riding Hood says "What big teeth you have!"
and the wolf replies "The better to eat you with!"
Stories with some of the same ideas
There are many stories in which a hungry wolf threatens a young person or animal.
In most of these stories, the young one escapes by cunning (cleverness).
One story is the Russian folktale Peter and the Wolf.
The Brothers Grimm told the story of the Little Kids and the Wolf.
Another story like this is The Three Little Pigs, first published by James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps.
As with many fairy tales, hidden messages can be found in Little Red Riding Hood.
People have very different interpretations (ways of understanding the hidden meanings).
There are two well-known ways that the story of Little Red Riding Hood can be interpreted.
The first type of interpretation is about morality.
It is about what is right and what is wrong.
The easiest message for children to understand is that it can be dangerous to trust strangers.
A more adult interpretation is about sexuality.
Some people think that the story of the girl being "eaten" is really a symbol for rape.
Susan Brownmiller wrote a book about it, called Against Our Will.
Some of the other versions of the story seem to be more about rape than the way that the Brothers Grimm wrote it, which was for children.
Charles Perrault makes his meaning quite clear.
At the end of the story he writes:
"From this story one learns that children, especially young lasses, pretty, courteous and well-bred, do very wrong to listen to strangers.... all wolves are not of the same sort.... there is one kind [that is not] noisy, nor hateful, nor angry, but tame, obliging and gentle, following the young maids in the streets, even into their homes.
Alas! ....
these gentle wolves are ... the most dangerous!"
Some scholars say Perrault was not talking about rape but about sexual morality.
At the time, there was an expression in French that is "seen the wolf" in English.
If a girl had sex and was no longer a virgin, people would say she had "seen the wolf."
Erich Fromm based his ideas only on the story the Brothers Grimm wrote.
He sees the red cap of Little Red Riding Hood as a symbol for menstruation.
In old French and Italian versions of the story, the girl is independent and clever.
She tricks the wolf and escapes without any help.
The second way of seeing the stories has nothing to do with peoples' behaviour or feelings.
These interpretations have to do with the cycle of the sun and the seasons, and with the cycle of life, with people dying and being born.
One interpretation is about night and day.
In this interpretation, Red Riding Hood's bright red cap is a symbol for the sun.
The sun is swallowed by the terrible night (the wolf).
When she is cut out again, it represent the dawn.
This bears a resemblance to the Norse Legend of the wolf Skoll (or Fenrir) who swallows the sun at Ragnarök.
Another interpretation is that the tale is about the season of spring, or the month of May, escaping the winter.
The story could be seen as a description of the May Queen ritual that represents the coming of Spring, with the crown of flowers replaced by the red hood.
Other re-tellings
François Adrien Boieldieu (1775 - 1834) made an opera from the story.
The opera is called Le petit chaperon rouge.
Its first performance was in Paris, in the year 1818.
In 1927, Sir Compton MacKenzie used Little Red Riding Hood as the central character of a novel for children "Santa Claus in Summer".
Red Riding Hood, in this re-telling, is the daughter of a highway man called Riding Hood.
The story has been adapted to various media.
Tex Avery made a cartoon out of it, Red Hot Riding Hood.
He adapted the story to be more appealing to adults.
Little Red Riding Hood works at a striptease club.
The wolf, dressed in a suit, goes after the stripper (a stripper is a person who is paid to take off his or her clothes in public).
Roald Dahl re-told the story in a funny poem about Little Red Riding Hood.
It is in his collection Revolting Rhymes.
Lon Po Po is an ancient Chinese version of Little Red Riding Hood which won the 1990 Randolph Caldecott Medal for its watercolour and pastel illustrations by Young.
Many paintings have been done of Little Red Riding Hood.
Artists who have painted pictures of this story are George Frederick Watts, Samuel Albrecht Anker, and François Richard Fleury.
Jack Zipes, ed. (
2000) The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales.
Oxford University Press, pp.
302–3.
Fairyland Little Red Riding Hood.
SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: The Little Red Riding Hood story.
Grimm's version of Little Red Riding Hood.
Different versions of Little Red Riding Hood.
Another collection of different versions of Little Red Riding Hood.
Abridged Version of Little Red Riding Hood.
Little Red Riding Hood, audio version
Works by Charles Perrault
Dettelbach is a town in Kitzingen in the Regierungsbezirk Unterfranken in Bavaria, Germany.
It is on the right edge of the Main, 20 km east of Würzburg, and 8 km north of Kitzingen.
It includes surrounding villages as administrative subdivisions, namely Bibergau, Brück, Dettelbach-Bahnhof, Effeldorf, Euerfeld, Mainsondheim, Neuses am Berg, Neusetz, Schernau und Schnepfenbach.
Dettelbach website
Neuses am Berg
Euerfeld
Albertshofen is a municipality in Kitzingen in Bavaria in Germany.
Kitzingen () is a town in Bavaria, capital of Kitzingen.
It is part of the Franconia geographical region and has around 21,000 residents.
It is said to be Franconia's wine trade center.
Wiesenbronn is a municipality  in Kitzingen in Bavaria in Germany.
Neuhof may refer to:
In Austria
Neuhof, Austria, a part of Untersiebenbrunn
In the Czech Republic
Neuhof, the old German name of Nový Dvůr, near Nymburk
Neuhof, Strasbourg, a district in the south of Strasbourg
, a district in the port area of Hamburg, Germany
Neuhof, Hesse, a municipality near Fulda, Hesse
Neuhof, Lower Saxony, in the Hildesheim district, Lower Saxony
Neuhof an der Zenn, in the Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim district, Bavaria
Penkun-Neuhof, a part of Penkun in the Uecker-Randow district, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Neuhöfer Karpfenteiche, ponds in the west of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Neuhofer See, a lake in Landkreis Nordwestmecklenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Neuhof Substation, was a 110 kV electrical substation in Neuhof, Bad Sachsa, Lower Saxony
Bahnhof Neuhof bei Zossen station, a railway station in the village of Neuhof, Brandenburg
In Romania
Neuhof, the German name for Bogda Commune, Timiș County
In United States
Neuhof Hutterite Colony in Mountain Lake Township, Cottonwood County, Minnesota
Neuhofen
Neuenhof (disambiguation)
Geiselwind is a market town in Lower Franconia (Bavaria) in Kitzingen in Germany.
It has a population of around 2,300.
Geiselwind is in the region of Lower Franconia (Würzburg).
On the edge of the municipal area is the Dreifrankenstein ("Three Franconia Stone"), where the regions of Lower Franconia and Middle Franconia and Upper Franconia meet.
Geiselwind has the following Ortsteile: Burggrub, Dürrnbuch, Ebersbrunn, Füttersee, Geiselwind, Gräfenneuses, Holzberndorf, Ilmenau, Langenberg, Rehweiler, Wasserberndorf and Freihaslach.
Markt Einersheim is a market town and municipality in Kitzingen in Bavaria, Germany.
Mainbernheim is a municipality in Bavaria, Germany,4 kilometers to the south of Kitzingen (Landkreis, district of Kitzingen) in the direction of Nürnberg.
Robert College, also called RC, is an American high school in Istanbul, Turkey.
It is the most prestigious, private high school in Turkey.
The institution was founded by Cyrus Hamlin, with the financial help of Christopher Rhinelander Robert, in 1863 (during the Ottoman Empire).
Robert College is also the first American educational institution founded outside the United States.
It was founded as a boys' college for Christian minority of the empire.
Later the girls section was opened as American College for Girls.
Then the Muslims were allowed to be educated in the schools.
Hüseyin Pektaş became the first Muslim boy to graduate from college.
In 19th century, many additions were made to college including, middle school and high school.
After the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the school continued to educate young people, who later became the leaders of the country.
Prime ministers Bülent Ecevit and Tansu Çiller are among the school's graduates.
In 1971, Robert College donated one of its two campuses (Boys' campus or Bebek campus) to the Republic of Turkey.
A new, public university was founded on this campus.
The other campus (Girls' campus or Arnavutköy campus) has since been serving the society as a coeducational high school.
This article is the abridged and simplified form of Robert College article on English Wikipedia.
Buildings and structures in Turkey
A demonym or gentilic is a word used for people or the inhabitants of a place.
The name of a people's language is usually the same as this word, for example, the "English" (language or people).
Some places may not have a word for the people that live there.
Suffix demonyms
The English language has many ways to create demonyms.
The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location's name.
These may use Latin, Semitic or Germanic suffixes, such as:
-an (America → American, Rome → Roman)
-ian (Paris → Parisian, Russia → Russian, India → Indian, Canada → Canadian)
-ine (Florence → Florentine, Argentina → Argentine)
-ite (Vancouver → Vancouverite, Moscow → Muscovite) (mostly cities)
-er (London → Londoner) (mostly cities)
-eno (Los Angeles → Angeleno or Los Angeleno, uses the Spanish eño suffix for demonyms)
-ish (Spain → Spanish, Denmark → Danish) (mostly countries)
"-ish" is usually used as an adjective.
Many common "-ish" forms have different demonyms. (
Spain/Spanish/Spaniard; Denmark/Danish/Dane; Judea/Jewish/Jew or Judean; Poland/Polish/Pole)
-ese (Taiwan → Taiwanese, Vienna → Viennese, Tyrol → Tyrolese, Vietnam → Vietnamese, Japan → Japanese)
"-ese" is usually only proper as an adjective, or to refer to the entire group of people.
For example, "The Chinese" means all people from China.
-i (Iraq → Iraqi, Bengal → Bengali) (mostly Middle Eastern and South Asian places)
-ic (Hispania → Hispanic)
"-ic" is mostly used as an adjective to refer to an ethnic or linguistic group, for example Hispanic vs. Spanish
-iote (Cyprus → Cypriote, Phanar → Phanariote), especially for Greek locations.
Irregular forms
In many cases, both the location's name and the demonym are created by using a suffix, for example England and English and Englishman.
This is not always true, for example, France → French; Philippines → Filipino or Pilipino.
In a few cases, the name of the country is not at all related to the name of the people (Netherlands → Dutch).
This is usually because the two words come from different languages.
The demonyms in federal states or autonomous region can also differ in this way.
For example, people in Khatumo State are often called reer darawiish.
Thats because the dominant tribe Dhulbahante used to be anti-colonial dervishes.
Reer DarawiishDemonyms can be nouns or adjectives.
In many cases the noun and adjective forms are the same (Canadian/Canadian); in other cases they are different (Spaniard/Spanish).
Cultural problems
Some peoples, mainly cultures that were taken over by European colonists, have no demonym.
They may also have a demonym that is the same as the name of their nation.
Examples include Iroquois, Aztec, Māori, and Czech.
Often, the native languages of these people have forms that did not get used in English.
In Czech, for example, the language is Čeština, the nation is Česko or Česká republika, and the people are Češi.
The demonym for people of the United States of America has a similar problem. "
American" can mean either someone from the United States, or someone from any part of American region or the two American continents (North America and South America).
United Statian is not frequently used in English, but it exists.
It is commonly used in Spanish (estadounidense) and widely used in Latin American Spanish.
French (étatsunien(ne)) exists but is rarely used, Portuguese (estado-unidense or estadunidense) but it is not as commonly used, Italian (statunitense) exists but is rarely used, and also in Interlingua (statounitese).
In Esperanto the country is Usono and the demonym is Usonano, avoiding confusion with Amerikano.
US American (for the noun) and US-American can be used but is not widely used in German (US-Amerikaner'').
To read the Gettysburg Address, see Gettysburg Address at Wikisource
The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln.
It was delivered on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863.
This speech was made during the American Civil War, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
This was four-and-a-half months after the Union Army had a victory over the Confederate States Army at the Battle of Gettysburg.
The address is one of the greatest speeches in the history of the United States.
Lincoln spoke of how humans were equal as it has been said in the Declaration of Independence.
He also said the Civil War was a fight not simply for the Union, but "a new birth of freedom" that would make everyone truly equal in one united nation.
The speech famously begins with "Four score and seven years ago", referring to the American Revolution in 1776. "
Score" in this case is an old word meaning "twenty."
Lincoln used the ceremony at Gettysburg to encourage the people to help America's democracy, so that the "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth".
The speech is very important in the popular culture of the United States.
However, people are not sure about the exact words of the speech.
The five known manuscripts of the Gettysburg Address are different from one another in some details.
They are also different from the words of the Gettysburg Address that have been printed in modern newspapers.
About 172,000 American soldiers fought in the Battle of Gettysburg from July 1–3, 1863.
The Battle of Gettysburg was an important influence on the American Civil War and on the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, where only 2,400 people lived.
The battlefield had more than 7,500 bodies of dead soldiers and 5,000 horses.
Sarah Broadhead, a wife and mother living in the town, feared that they would "be visited with pestilence".
Eliza Farnham, a nurse, called the place "one vast hospital".
An army medical officer spoke similarly: " days following the battle of Gettysburg  greatest amount of human suffering known in this nation since its birth".
The people of Gettysburg wanted to bury the dead properly.
At first, they planned to buy land for a cemetery and ask the families of the dead to pay for the burial.
However, David Willis, a rich 32-year-old lawyer, did not like this idea.
He wrote to the Governor of Pennsylvania, Andrew Gregg Curtin, asking that a National Cemetery be supported by the states.
Wills was allowed to buy 17 acres (69,000 m²) for a cemetery to honor the people who died in the battle.
He paid $2,475.87 for the land.
At first, Wills wanted to dedicate this new cemetery on Wednesday, October 23.
He asked Edward Everett to be the main speaker.
Everett was a very famous orator at that time.
He had also served as Secretary of State, U.S. Senator, U.S. Representative, Governor of Massachusetts, president of Harvard University, and Vice Presidential candidate.
However, Everett replied that he would not be able to prepare a good speech so quickly, and wanted to move the date of the dedication.
The organizing committee agreed, and the dedication was moved to Thursday, November 19.
Wills and the event committee then asked President Lincoln to join in the ceremony.
Wills' letter said, "It is the desire , as Chief Executive of the nation, formally (officially) set apart these  a few appropriate (proper) remarks".
Lincoln was officially asked to join only 17 days before the ceremony, while Everett had received his invitation 40 days earlier. "
Although there is some evidence Lincoln expected Wills's letter, its late date makes the author (writer) appear  days was extraordinarily (remarkably) short notice for presidential participation even by nineteenth-century standards".
Also, Wills's letter "made it equally clear to the president that he would have only a small part in the ceremonies".
Lincoln came by train to Gettysburg on November 18.
He spent the night in Wills's house on the Gettysburg town square.
There, he finished the speech he had written in Washington, D.C. There is a popular story that Lincoln completed his address on the train on the back of an envelope, but it is not true.
There are several early copies on Executive Mansion paper, and reports of Lincoln finishing his speech while he was a guest of David Wills at Gettysburg.
On the morning of November 19 at 9:30 a.m., Lincoln, riding a brown horse, joined the townspeople, and widows marching out to the grounds to be dedicated.
About 15,000 people went to the ceremony.
This included the governors of six of the 24 Union states.
They were Andrew Gregg Curtin of Pennsylvania, Augustus Bradford of Maryland, Oliver P. Morton of Indiana, Horatio Seymour of New York, Joel Parker of New Jersey, and David Tod of Ohio.
Canadian politician William McDougall came as Lincoln's guest.
Historians do not agree about the exact place where the dedication ceremony was held inside the cemetery.
Moving all the bodies to the graves in the cemetery was less than half complete on the day of the ceremony.
Political importance
By August 1863, tens of thousands of people had been killed or injured because of Civil War battles.
This made people in the North begin to dislike Lincoln and the war.
Lincoln's 1863 drafts were not popular, and people became angriest with them around the time of the New York Draft Riots.
This was just ten days after the Battle of Gettysburg.
In September 1863, Pennsylvania's Governor Curtin told Lincoln that people were turning against the war effort:
If the election were to occur now, the result would be extremely doubtful (not sure), and although most of our discreet friends are sanguine of the result, my impression is, the chances would be against us.
The draft is very odious  in the State... the Democratic leaders have succeeded in exciting prejudice and passion, and have infused their poison into the minds of the people to a very large extent, and the changes are against us.
In the summer of 1864, Lincoln was worried that the people's bad feelings would make him lose the Presidential election.
In the fall of 1863, he grew very concerned about keeping up the Union's spirits toward the war effort.
That was the greatest purpose of Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg.
Program and Everett's "Gettysburg Oration"
Music, by Birgfield's Band
Prayer, by Reverend T.H. Stockton, D.D.
Music, by the Marine Band
Oration, by Hon.
Music, Hymn made by B.B. French, Esq.
Dedicatory Remarks, by the President of the United States
Dirge, sung by a chosen Choir
Benediction, by Reverend H.L. Baugher, D.D.
Lincoln's short speech became known in history as one of the best examples of English public speeches.
Everett's two-hour oration was called the "Gettysburg address" that day, but his oration is not well-known today.
It began:
"Standing beneath this serene sky, overlooking these broad fields now reposing from the labors of the waning year, the mighty Alleghenies dimly towering before us, the graves of our brethren beneath our feet, it is with hesitation that I raise my poor voice to break  of God and Nature.
But the ; — grant me, I pray  sympathy".
"But they, I am sure, will join us in saying, as we bid farewell to the dust of these martyr-heroes,  the glorious annals of our common country, there will be no brighter page than that which relates the Battles of Gettysburg".
Text of Gettysburg Address
After Everett finished his speech, Lincoln spoke for two or three minutes.
Lincoln's "few appropriate remarks" summarized the war in ten sentences.
Lincoln's speech is very important in history, but modern scholars do not agree about the words of the speech.
There are many different modern versions printed in newspaper accounts of the event.
Among these, the Bliss version, written some time after the speech for a friend, is seen by lots of people as the most reliable text.
Its text is different, however, from the written versions prepared by Lincoln before and after his speech.
It is the only version Lincoln put his signature on.