the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
A graviton is a hypothetical particle that 'transfers' gravitation's force (particles like this are known as gauge bosons) from its field.
Gravitons have never been observed, directly or indirectly, however, there have been several theories that use gravitons to explain certain phenomena.
For example, a theory that describes black holes by combining quantum mechanics and gravity, has been advanced by Georgi Dvali and Cesar Gomez, which suggests a black hole is "an overpacked bucket of gravitons".
There are some theories that suggest that gravitons would make up a new group of particles, "attraction particles".
CERN is currently smashing more particles using the Large Hadron Collider to try to find this particle.
All atoms themselves have these graviton particles in orbit around them.
If you gather a lot of atoms together the population of orbiting gravitons increases proportionately.
As a result, a large asteroid for example will have more gravity than a small one.
Because the graviton is a particle that has force (gravity), it is classed as a gauge boson.
Other gauge bosons include the photon, the gluon, and the W and Z particles.
If someone found one, it could lead to a theory which would join the four main physical forces: electromagnetism, gravity, strong force and weak force.
A presentation software is a computer software package used to show information, normally in the form of a slide show.
It mostly includes three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the content.
Originally these programs were used to generate 35 mm slides, to be presented using a slide projector.
As these programs became more common in the late 1980s, several companies set up services that would accept the shows on floppy disk and create slides or print transparencies.
In the 1990s, dedicated LCD-based screens that could be placed on the projectors started to replace the transparencies, and by the late 1990s they had almost all been replaced by video projectors.
Screen Presentation Tools
A liqueur is a sweet-tasting alcoholic drink.
It is often flavored with fruits, herbs, spices, flowers, seeds, roots, plants, barks, and sometimes cream.
The word liqueur comes from the Latin word liquifacere which means "to dissolve."
This is because the flavors are dissolved to help make the liqueur.
In some parts of the world, liqueurs are sometimes called cordials.
Liqueurs have been around for many centuries.
They are related to the herbal medicines that monks used to make.
Liqueurs were made in Italy as early as the 13th century, and were used during signings of treaties during the Middle Ages.
Liqueurs can be enjoyed many ways.
They are commonly drank by themselves, poured over ice, with coffee, or mixed with cream or other mixers to create cocktails.
They are often served with dessert or as a dessert.
Liqueurs may also be used in cooking.
Page about most types of liqueurs
This means that society should follow concepts that can be found in the culture, system and people of the military.
People that say militarism is good are called militarists.
Most important to militarists is discipline.
Discipline means to follow a set of rules.
It also means training that follows such rules.
A strong military is good for discipline.
There are many areas where moral goals and the culture of the military can be applied.
Most notable are private business, government, education and entertainment.
Sparta in Ancient Greece, Prussia in the 19th century was militarist, for example.
North Korea is a good example in modern times.
In militarised societies the military either run the government, or have heavy military influence.
Often the head of state is a military person, though that does not always mean the society is militarised.
The Queen of Spades (, pronounced Pi-KO-va-ya DA-ma) is an opera by Tchaikovsky.
It is based on a short story by Alexander Pushkin.
Sometimes it is known by its German title Pique Dame.
When Tchaikovsky went to Paris in 1876, he saw Bizet’s opera Carmen.
He liked the story's themes of love and bad fate.
The idea of fate is important to the opera Carmen and also to Tchaikovsky’s The Queen of Spades.
Tchaikovsky wrote some of his greatest music in this opera.
Some of it is very graceful, and is similar to Mozart.
In other places it is very romantic, with harmonies that he had learned by studying the operas of Wagner.
Hermann, a young officer, sees a beautiful girl in the park and falls in love with her even though  he does not know her.
His friend tells him that the girl’s name is Lisa, and that her grandmother is an old countess who used to gamble (play cards for money) when she was young.
He says that people used to call the grandmother the "Queen of Spades", and that she knows a secret: she knows about the three cards which will always win the card game.
Hermann can only think of one thing:  he wants to find out the secret of the three cards so that he can gamble and win lots of money.
Then he will be able to marry Lisa.
He hides himself in the grandmother’s bedroom.
When the grandmother goes to bed, he jumps out in front of her and tells her he wants to know the three cards.
She is so scared that she dies before she can speak.
Later, the ghost of the grandmother comes to Hermann and tells him the three secret cards: Three, Seven, Ace.
Hermann’s mind is now on one thing: he must go to casino and play cards and win.
Lisa drowns herself in  a river.
Hermann gambles all his money at the casino, saying "The life is only game and the sure is only death".
The first two cards are the Three and the Seven, but the third card is not the Ace, it is the Queen of Spades.
The old grandmother’s ghost comes again to Hermann.
Hermann kills himself.
The writing of the opera
Tchaikovsky’s brother Modest helped him to prepare the libretto (words) for the opera.
They changed some of Pushkin’s story, making the love scenes important because he thought they would be good with emotional music.
They also made it very dramatic by making Lisa drown herself in a canal and Hermann die at the gaming table.
This is different to what happens in Pushkin’s story.
Tchaikovsky wrote the opera very quickly.
It took him just six weeks to sketch it (write the basic ideas).
Then he spent a short time in Rome and when he returned, he wrote it out for orchestra in another six weeks.
Some of the music is quite Classical (Rococo) in character.
At other times it can sound very Russian.
In the supernatural scenes, Tchaikovsky uses the whole-tone scale like Glinka did in his operas.
The growth-share matrix (aka B.C.G. analysis, B.C.G.-matrix, Boston Consulting Group analysis) is a chart that had been created by Bruce Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970 to help corporations with analyzing their business units or product lines.
This helps the company allocate resources and is used as an analytical tool in brand marketing,  product management, strategic management and portfolio-analysis.
Software that generates the Boston Matrix
Compares and contrasts BCG with other 2 x 2 matrices like Ansoff and 3 x 3 matrices like GE Portfolio
Microsoft Office PowerPoint is a presentation program developed for the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS computer operating systems.
Businesspeople, educators, and trainers use it often.
It is a component of the Microsoft Office system.
In PowerPoint, as in most other presentation software, text, graphics, movies, and other objects are positioned on individual pages or "slides".
The "slide" analogy is a reference to the slide projector.
Slides can be printed, or (more often) displayed on-screen and navigated through at the command of the presenter.
Slides can also form the basis of webcasts.
1993 PowerPoint 4.0 (Office 4.x)
1995 PowerPoint 7 for Windows 95 (Office '95)
1997 PowerPoint 97 (Office '97)
1999 PowerPoint 2000 (Office 2000)
2001 PowerPoint 2002 (Office XP)
2003 PowerPoint 2003 (Office 2003)
2006-2007 PowerPoint 2007 (Office 2007)
2010 PowerPoint 2010 (Office 2010)
2016 PowerPoint 2016 (Office 2016)
2018 PowerPoint 2019 (Office 2019)
Note: There is no PowerPoint 5.0 or 6.0, because the Windows 95 version was launched with Word 7.
All of the Office 95 products have OLE 2  - moving data between many programs - and PowerPoint 7 shows that it was as new as Word 7.
OpenOffice.org Impress, a free, open source alternative to Microsoft PowerPoint
Official website of PowerPoint at Microsoft
flashgeek PowerPoint tutorials and community, especially in regards to using PowerPoint in combination with Macromedia Flash.
PowerPoint Heaven — The Power to Animate Contains PowerPoint movies, showcases, PowerPoint games, animation templates and tutorials on creating animations for your PowerPoint Presentations.
PowerPoint FAQ pages Compilation of Frequently Asked Questions in the Microsoft Office PowerPoint Discussion Groups.
Microsoft PowerPoint Viewer 2003 Download (freeware, 1.9 MiB.) Free PowerPoint Viewer provided by Microsoft, supports presentations from PowerPoint 97 to 2003. (
only Windows)
Microsoft PowerPoint Viewer 2007 Download (freeware, 25.8 MiB.) Free PowerPoint Viewer provided by Microsoft, supports presentations from PowerPoint 97 to 2007. (
pdfonline.com Upload a .ppt and get a .pdf via email
Microsoft Office PowerPoint Discussion Group
Microsoft Office PowerPoint Yahoo!
Group — Help and advice for users of PowerPoint
(Astronauts using PowerPoint to replace paper checklists.)
Qi Xi, sometimes called Chinese Valentine's Day, Magpie Festival, or the Double Seventh Festival is a traditional romantic festival in China.
It take places on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month and often goes into August on the Gregorian calendar.
The story of Cowherd and Weaver Girl
In late summer, two bright stars can be seen on opposite sides of the Milky Way.
These stars are Altair ("the cowherd", Niulang) and Vega ("the weaver girl", Zhinü).
The following story is told about the two:
Long, long ago, there was an honest and kind-hearted fellow named Niulang (Cowherd).
His parents died when he was a child.
Later, he was driven out of his home by his sister-in-law.
So he lived by himself herding cattle and farming.
One day, a fairy from heaven named Zhinü (Weaver Girl) fell in love with him.
She secretly came down to earth and married him.
Niulang farmed in the field and Zhinü wove at home.
They lived a happy life and gave birth to a boy and a girl.
Unfortunately, the God of Heaven soon found this out and ordered the Queen Mother of the Western Heavens to bring Zhinü back.
With the help of celestial cattle, Niulang flew to heaven with his son and daughter.
When he was about to catch up with his wife, the Queen Mother took off one of her gold hairpins and scratched a river in the sky to separate the lovers.
Niulang and Zhinü have been separated on the two banks ever since.
Once a year all of the magpies in the world come to build a bridge for Niulang and Zhinü to meet each other.
This meeting happens on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month.
Because of this, their meeting is called "Qi Xi" (Double Seventh).
Scholars have shown the Double Seventh Festival originated from the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220).
Historical documents from the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 371-420) mention the festival, while records from the Tang Dynasty (618-907) depict the grand evening banquet of Emperor Taizong and his concubines.
By the Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1279-1368) dynasties, special articles for the Qi Xi were seen being sold on markets in the capital.
The bustling markets demonstrated the significance of the festival.
Traditional celebrations
In the past, Qi Xi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls.
It has been known as the "Begging for Skills Festival" or "Daughters' Festival."
In some parts of the Shandong Province, young women offered fruit and pastries to pray for a bright mind.
If spiders were seen to weave webs on sacrificial objects, it was believed the Weaving Girl was offering positive feedback.
In other regions, seven close friends would gather to make dumplings.
They put into three separate dumplings a needle, a copper coin and a red date, which represented perfect needlework skills, good fortune and an early marriage.
Girls also held weaving and needlework competitions to see who had the best hands and the brightest mind, both important to being a good wife and mother in ancient China.
Young women in southern China used to weave small handicrafts with colored paper, grass and thread.
Afterwards, they competed to pass a thread through the eyes of seven needles in a single breath.
The Japanese version of Qi Xi is called Tanabata.
It is held on July 7th.
On the evening of the 7th, slips of paper are hung on bamboo trees.
The notes contain desires that the person hopes will be fulfilled.
Anna Nicole Smith (November 28, 1967 – February 8, 2007) was an American model, actress and celebrity.
She first became popular as Playboy magazine's 1993 Playmate of the Year.
On February 8, 2007, Smith was found in a hotel room in Hollywood, Florida.
At 1:38 p.m. (18:38 UTC) a nurse called 911.
At 1:45 p.m. a bodyguard gave her CPR before she was taken to a local hospital and pronounced dead at 2:49 p.m. Her death was caused by an accidental overdose.
Smith was addicted to prescription medications.
A psychiatrist said in court in 2010 that she was a member of hospital staff in 2006, when Smith was a patient.
The psychiatrist said Smith had borderline personality disorder.
AnnaNicole.com Official website
Models from Houston, Texas
is a Japanese shōjo manga magazine published by Shogakukan for young girls (about 9-13 years old).
It has been published since 1977.
Slow step (Mitsuru Adachi)
Alpen Rose (Michiyo Akaishi)
Mizuiro jidai (Yuu Yabuuchi)
Dr.Rin ni kiitemite! (
Kiyoko Arai)
Mirumo de pon! (
Hiromu Shinozuka)
Kirarin revolution (Ann Nakahara)
Yuu Yabuuchi (1983–)
Kiyoko Arai (1984–)
Masumi shimizu (1989–)
Takemaru SaSaki (1992–)
Tomoko Nishimura (1992–)
Yukino Miyawaki (1992–)
Yumi Tsukirino (1996–)
Mai Jinna (1997–)
Kaoru Igarashi (1999–)
Hiromu Shinozuka (1999–)
Chikako Mori (2000–)
Jun Kawamura (2000–)
Ann Nakahara (2000–)
Ryoko Mizoguchi (2000–)
Chitose Yagami (2001–)
Itsuru Minase (2001–)
Meme Iwaoka (2001–)
Nozomi Shiratori (2002–)
Yūko Kohara (2002–)
Shou Obara (2003–)
Maki Sugawa (2003–)
Mayuki Anan (2004–)
Miru Akino (2004–)
Akira Wao (2005–)
Mariko Kosaka (2005–)
Yayoi Tsukamoto (2005–)
Yūmi Rink (2005–)
Michiru Aoi (2005–)
Aya Misaki (2006–)
Eri Nasubi (2006–)
A sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts the elements of a collection into a certain order.
Most commonly, numbers are sorted by their value, and words are sorted by their lexicographic order (as they would appear in a dictionary or phone book).
Efficient sorting is important for other things: finding an element in a sorted collection is easier, and merging a new element may also be easier if the collection is sorted.
Note that not all sorting algorithms can be applied in all cases.
An example might be that the records can only be read one after another (sequentially); they might be stored on a tape.
The word "ciao" is a greeting in Italian.
It is used for both "hello" and "goodbye".
It is less formal than other greetings in Italian, such as buongiorno or salve.
The word originally comes from the Venetian language.
It is also sometimes used by English speakers and speakers of other languages around the world.
Other words that mean both "hello" and "goodbye" are shalom in Hebrew, salaam in Arabic, annyeong in Korean, and aloha in Hawaiian.
In Vietnamese, the word chào also means "hello" or "goodbye".
It sounds similar, but is not related to the Italian word.
LaTeX is a computer program used for making articles, books and math formulas look good.
LaTeX is well-suited for expressing mathematical formulas on electronic devices in a more human readable format, by showing them in a way similar to how they would be written by hand.
The writer types their article into a plain text document.
A plain text document cannot have styled text, like bold or italic.
When the writer wants to write styled text, they use special LaTeX commands that start with a backslash (\).
For example, the command for bold text is \textbf{This text is bold}.
After the writer is finished writing the article, they tell LaTeX to read the document.
After LaTeX is done, LaTeX makes a file that can be printed.
The command \textbf{This text is bold} would print as This text is bold.
LaTeX was first made in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport at SRI International, who published its first manual in 1986.
The current version is LaTeX2e (styled ), which has been active since 1994.
Academic contributions to LaTeX
In order to support mathematical typesetting, the American Mathematical Society (AMS) has made the AMS-LaTeX package.
AMS also founded MathJax, a Javascript extension to display mathematical formulas on web browsers, with the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Acaric (Developer of Cloud LaTeX)
Beamer (LaTeX-based presentation software)
CTAN (One of the largest LaTeX-related website)
KaTeX (LaTeX for web browsers)
SATySFi (A computer program expected to be an alternative to LaTeX)
Van Dongen, M. R. (2012).
LATEX and Friends.
Springer Science & Business Media.
Grätzer, G. (2014).
Practical LaTeX. Springer.
Datta, D. (2017).
LaTeX in 24 Hours: A Practical Guide for Scientific Writing.
The Scots were defeated at Dunbar on 27 April 1296.
John Balliol abdicated in Montrose castle on 10 July 1296.
John was imprisoned in the Tower of London at first, but then released into the custody of Pope Boniface VIII on condition that he remain in a papal residence.
He was later released around the summer of 1301 and lived the rest of his life on his family's estates in Picardy.
But his supporters argued that he was still the rightful King of Scotland.
Therefore, the Scots rose in rebellion in 1297 under William Wallace and Andrew de Moray and said they  were acting on behalf of King John.
But in fact Scotland had no monarch until the accession of Robert the Bruce in 1306.
|children=Edward Balliol.
John King of Scots (c. 1248 - 1314) is usually known as John Balliol or, correctly, John de Balliol.
He was born in 1248.
After the death of Margaret of Scotland in 1290, John Balliol was one of three major competiters for the throne.
King Edward concluded that he was going to pick Balliol as king of Scotland at Scone, 30th November, 1292, St. Andrew's Day.
Edward I steadily undermined the authority of King John.
He treated Balliol like a 'Puppet King' and the Scots were not happy.
At the Battle of Dunbar King Edwards men slaughtered and wiped out the town of Berwick killing around 8000 people in the brutal killing.
He was stripped of his authority as king and was sent away to France by King Edward.
He later died there.
His son Edward Balliol would later claim the Scottish throne from 1332 until 1356.
1248 births
1314 deaths
A soul patch is a style of facial hair in which hair is only found below the lower lip and above the chin.
Famous wearers
Living business personalities
Ted Yost
Adam McClellan
Living musicians, actors, and television personalities
Gregg Allmjan
Aamir Khan (Bollywood)
Ty Pennington
Creig Mabbit
Deceased musicians
The First War (1296–1328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.
The Second War (1332–1357) began with the English-supported invasion of Edward Balliol and the 'Disinherited' in 1332, and ended around 1357 with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick.
At the end of both wars, Scotland still was a free and independent nation, which was her main aim throughout the conflict.
The wars were also important for other reasons, such as the emergence of the longbow as a key weapon in mediaeval warfare.
Important Figures
King David II
King John Balliol
King Robert I the Bruce
King Edward I
King Edward II
The Battle of Bannockburn (23–24 June 1314) was an important Scottish victory.
It was the decisive battle in the First War of Scottish Independence.
In this battle, the Scottish king Robert the Bruce defeated the English king Edward II.
John of Scotland – King of Scotland
June 23 – June 24 – Battle of Bannockburn during the Wars of Scottish Independence.
Gabra Masqal I becomes Emperor of Ethiopia
An autotroph (from Greek autos = self and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that makes organic compounds from simple molecules.
Autotrophs are needed in every food chain in all ecosystems.
They take energy from the environment (sun light or inorganic sources) and use it to make other organic molecules that are used to carry out various biological functions such as cell growth or repairing broken tissue.
Plants and other organisms that carry out photosynthesis are phototrophs (or photoautotrophs).
Bacteria that use inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus or iron are called chemoautotrophs.
Other organisms, called heterotrophs, eat autotrophs.
There are some species that need organic compounds as a source of food, but are able to use light as a source of energy.
These are not autotrophic, but heterotrophic.
A mixotroph is a (micro)organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon.
Air France is one of the largest airlines in the world.
It is based in France.
It is owned by Air France-KLM.
Before it merged with KLM, it employed 71,654 people.
Its headquarters are at Charles de Gaulle International Airport near Paris.
The airline can be traced back to 1933, when four other French airlines were combined to create Air France.
Air France hired its first flight attendants in 1946.
The airline started flying between Paris and New York City on July 1, 1946.
In 1957, the airline bought its first jet aircraft.
Air France was one of 4 airlines that flew the Concorde.
It used it from 1976 until 2003.
In 1988, the airline became the first to fly the Airbus A320.
In 2003, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and Air France announced they were going to be combining.
The combination ended in 2004.
As of 2016, Air France is going through many financial problems.
1933 establishments
Airlines of France
Air Dolomiti L.A.R.E. S.p.
A is a regional airline from Verona in Italy.
It is named after a section of the Alps known as The Dolomites.
It is part of Lufthansa Regional connecting medium-size Italian airports to other European cities through Munich and Frankfurt am Main airports.
The airline employs 550 people.
Airlines of Europe
Hampshire is a county in the south of the UK.
The county has an area of 1,455 square miles (3,769 km²).
At its widest points, the county is about 55 miles (90 km) east-west and 40 miles (65 km) north-south.
The county town is Winchester.
About 1.6 million people live in Hampshire.
Manuel Pereira da Silva (7 December 1920 – 2003) was a Portuguese sculptor.
He was born in Oporto, Portugal.
The workmanship of Manuel Pereira da Silva has an abstract formal orientation inspired in the human figure, in particularly the man and the woman.
In 2000, the Medal of Cultural Merit was attributed to Manuel Pereira da Silva for the City Council of Vila Nova de Gaia.
In 1939, he entered the Oporto University's College of Arts.
In 1953, he finished his coursework with the final classification of 18 values.
During his coursework he was distinguished with two awards, "Teixeira Lopes" and "Soares dos Reis".
I Exposition of the Independents, in the Oporto University's College of Arts. (
II Exposition of the Independents, in the Atheneum Commercial of Oporto. (
III Exposition of the Independents, in the Coliseum of Oporto. (
Low-relives in Stone in the Rivoli Theatre and in the Coliseum, in Oporto. (
Exposition of the Portuguese Life and the Art in Lourenço Marques, Moçambique (1946)
Exposition of Modern Art in the city of Caldas da Rainha. (
Sculpture in Bronze of General Ulysses S. Grant, 18º President of the United States of America between 1868 and 1876.
This monument was ordered by the Portuguese Government to Pereira da Silva for the capital of Guiné-Bissau. (
Paintings in the Church of Saint Luzia, in the city of Viana do Castelo. (
Paintings of the "Snow White" in the Street of Saint Catarina, in Oporto. (
Sculpture in Bronze in the Square Marquis do Pombal, in Oporto. (
II Exposition of Modern Art in the city of Viana do Castelo. (
1959)
Low-relief in Ceramics in the capital of Angola. (
Low-relief in Stone of "D. Pedro Pitões exhorting the Crusades" in the Courthouse, in Oporto. (
II Exposition of Plastic Arts of the Foundation Calouste Gulbenkian, in the city of Lisbon. (
Retrospective Exposition in Homage to the workmanship of Pereira da Silva by the Artists Association of Vila Nova de Gaia. (
Portuguese artists
The Yeti (also called the abominable snowman) is an animal said to live in the Himalaya mountain range made of ice.
People say they have seen it, but none have ever been caught.
It is supposed to look like an ape that walks upright.
Some body parts, said to be of a yeti, are kept in a few monasteries in the area.
There no real evidence that it exists, but there have been reports of footprints in the snow which could have been made by a yeti.
The yeti has been described as having white shaggy fur and a lean muscular body like an ape.
This "creature" could also live in the Asian mountains near the Himalayan snow line.
Stories about the Yeti and another similar creature, Bigfoot, suggest that if they are real, they could be the same, or similar species.
The yeti can stand at least 6 – 10 foot tall, not as tall as the Bigfoot.
It has also been said the Yeti can weigh at least 200 - 400 pounds.
The yeti is shy, which is why it has never been found.
In 2010 an unsuccessful exhibition, some hunters found a hairless four legged creature, they said was a Yeti.
It was a small hairless cat that lost it's hair from a disease.
The yeti has been shown in couple of movies including Monsters, Inc. The Yeti has also been a WWE wrestler name.
Toys and games using creatures like yetis have been made including Lego Cards (Lego).
A primality test is a method (or algorithm) to find out if a certain number is a prime number.
Cryptography uses prime numbers, and needs to test if a certain number is prime.
The official proof of a prime is through its primality certificate.
Simple methods
Sieve of Eratosthenes: Determine if there is a number (between 2 and n, the number to test) that divides n, without a rest
Wilson's theorem (inefficient):  evaluates to -1 mod p where p is the candidate prime number
Better methods
Padding is a term used in cryptography.
Very often, messages (to be encrypted) start or end in a well-known way (Dear Bob, ..., Yours, Alice).
This is a problem, because that knowledge could be used to break (or start to break) encryption.
To prevent this, a number of random characters are added at the beginning or the end of the message.
This procedure may also be necessary because many cryptographic methods operate on blocks of code.
If a block is not full, additional characters need to be filled in.
Filling in random text has proven very useful.
A dictionary attack is a method used in cryptography to find a key (or username, or password).
A large number of words are tried.
These words usually come from a special collection, called a "dictionary".
The attack is based on trying all the strings in a pre-arranged listing.
The listing is usually derived from a list of words, such as in a dictionary (hence the phrase dictionary attack).
Rocco Francis Marchegiano, better known as Rocky Marciano (September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969), was an American boxer.
Marciano was the World Heavyweight Boxing Champion from 9/23/1952 until 11/30/1956.
He had the shortest reach of any heavyweight champion at only 68 inches (173 cm).
He was also short for a champion, standing 5'11" (180.3 cm).
Marciano is the only heavyweight champion in professional boxing history who never lost or drew (tied) in a professional match.
He won 43 fights by a way of knockout or technical knockout, an 87.76% knockout rate.
Before becoming a professional fighter, Marciano had an amateur record of 11-3.
Marciano's first professional fight was in March 1947.
He won the championship from Jersey Joe Walcott on September 23, 1952.
Marciano was named fighter of the year by Ring Magazine three times.
His three championship fights between 1952-54 were named fights of the year by that magazine.
Marciano's last title fight was against Archie Moore on September 21, 1955.
Marciano was knocked down in the fight, but he got up and knocked out Moore in the 9th round.
Marciano announced his retirement in a press conference on April 27, 1956.
Marciano considered a comeback in 1959 when Ingemar Johansson won the heavyweight championship from Floyd Patterson on June 26, 1959.
However, Floyd Patterson's contract demanded a rematch with Ingemar within one year.
After a period in training and thinking about a comeback, Marciano decided against it and never seriously considered a comeback again.
In 1969, on the eve of his 46th birthday, Marciano was a passenger in a small private plane, a Cessna 172, headed to Des Moines, Iowa.
It was at night and bad weather set in.
The pilot tried to land the plane on a small airfield outside Newton, Iowa, but the plane hit a tree two miles short of the runway.
The passengers died almost instantly.
He is entombed in a crypt at Forest Lawn Memorial Cemetery in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
His widow, who died exactly five years after him at the age of 46, is entombed next to him.
Redemption: The Life and Death of Rocky Marciano
Rocky Marciano Biography
Official Record
Greatest Knock out ever, according to espn poll
Rocky Marciano's greatest fights
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
Exponentiating by squaring is an algorithm.
It is used for quickly working out large integer powers of a number.
It is also known as the square-and-multiply algorithm or binary exponentiation.
It uses the binary expansion of the exponent.
It is of quite general use, for example in modular arithmetic.
The algorithm is believed to have first been documented in the Sanskrit book Chandah-sûtra, about 200 BC.
Squaring algorithm
The following recursive algorithm computes xn for a positive integer n where n > 0:
This algorithm is much faster than the ordinary method to compute such a value.
Multiplying x by itself, n operations are needed to calculate x n. With the method shown above, only log2(n) operations are needed.
A smart card is a card with a microchip in it.
Such cards are used as a method of identification and authentication.
Plastic cards that allow to take out money from a automated teller machine (ATM) often are smart cards nowadays (Some of them still have a magnetic stripe which holds the same information).
Very often the user is identified with a PIN.
If the PIN is entered correctly, money can be withdrawn.
If the PIN is not entered correctly, the card is blocked (after a number of false attempts).
At first, smart cards were used in public telephones in France, in 1983.
There, the card simply stored a pre-paid credit.
This credit was reduced when calls were made.
Another way to solve the problem is that the balance is stored in a remote database.
To make calls, a (usually toll-free number) is first called.
From there, additional calls can be made.
This eliminates the need for cards with chips on them.
Smart cards also have many other uses, such as for making payments.
These kinds of cards are used a lot in Japan, Singapore, and the Octopus card in Hong Kong.
Simple cards only contain memory that can be read and written to.
Examples of this model are phone cards, or cards for health insurance.
All the processing of the data is done outside the cards
Complex cards contain an integrated microchip.
In addition to being able to store data, they can also do some of the data processing.
Unlike with the simple cards, there is generally no way to directly access the memory of the card.
Examples of such cards include the bank cards that can be used for withdrawing money, or the SIM cards used in mobile phones.
Many smart cards have RFID technology that allows them to be used without inserting them into a machine.
They just need to be placed on a reader.
These are called "contactless smart cards" and many credit and debit cards in the 21st century are this kind.
What is a smart card? (
from HowStuffWorks)
In mathematics, two integers (a and b) are co-prime (or relatively prime) if they share no common factors.
This is sometimes written as .
In other words, there is no number, other than 1, that divides both a and b evenly.
In which case, the greatest common divisor (GCD, or highest common factor) of these numbers is 1.
As an example, 6 and 35 are coprime, because the factors of 6, 2 and 3, do not divide 35 evenly.
On the other hand, 6 and 27 are not coprime, because 3 divides both 6 and 27.
Another example is 4 and 5:
5 = 5*1 (Prime).
The only common factor is 1, so they are coprime.
The common factors are 5 and 1, so they are not coprime.
Any two consecutive integers are always coprime.
Sum of any two coprime numbers is always coprime to their product.
1 is trivially coprime with all numbers.
if out of two numbers, any one number is a prime number while the other number is not a multiple of first one, then both are coprime.
This is not applicable to negative numbers
In number theory, the totient of a positive integer n is the number of positive integers smaller than n which are coprime to n (they share no factors except 1).
For example, , because there are four numbers (1, 3, 5 and 7) which do not share any factors with 8.
The function  used here is the totient function, usually called the Euler totient or Euler's totient, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, who studied it.
The totient function is also called Euler's phi function or simply the phi function, since the Greek letter Phi () is so commonly used for it.
The cototient of n is defined as .
The totient function is important mainly because it gives the size of the multiplicative group of integers modulo n. More precisely,  is the order of the group of units of the ring .
This fact, together with Lagrange's theorem, provides a proof for Euler's theorem.
A common use of the totient function is in the RSA algorithm.
The RSA algorithm is a popular method of encryption used worldwide.
For any prime number, p, .
Symmetric algorithm: If there is just one key for encrypting and decrypting, the algorithm is called symmetric.
Asymmetric algorithm: If there are two different keys, each of which can be used only to encrypt data or only to decrypt it, the algorithm is called asymmetric.
If an algorithm is asymmetric, one person publishes a key and accepts messages encrypted with that key.
Anyone can encrypt a message, but only the person who owns the other key can decrypt it.
This is how online stores, banks, etc.,
Key sizes
For symmetric algorithms, a minimum key size of 128 bits is recommended.
For applications that need extreme security, such as top secret documents, 256 bits is recommended.
Many older ciphers used 40, 56, or 64-bit keys—these have all been cracked by brute force attack because the key was too short.
Asymmetric (public key) algorithms need much longer keys to be secure.
For RSA, at least 2048 bits is recommended.
The largest publicly-known key that has been cracked was a 768-bit key.
Hollywood is a city in Broward County in Florida in the United States.
In 2005 there were 145,629 people living in Hollywood, based on United States Census Bureau figures.
Joseph W. Young, Jr. first came to south Florida in 1920 from the state of Washington.
He had also lived in California and liked what he had seen of Hollywood, California and the burgeoning movie industry in that state.
He dreamed of creating a motion picture industry on the east coast, and founded Hollywood, Florida in 1920.
Young originally named his town "Hollywood by the Sea".
Young's own Mediterranean styled mansion was built in 1921 and still stands at 1055 Hollywood Boulevard, the main thoroughfare from downtown Hollywood to Hollywood Beach.
The mansion is on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Hollywood is located on the coastal plain along the Atlantic Ocean in the south-eastern part of the United States, also of Florida.
It is bordered by Pembroke Pines, Fort Lauderdale and Hialeah.
In Hollywood, the summers are long, hot, oppressive, wet, and mostly cloudy and the winters are short, comfortable, humid, windy, and mostly clear.
Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 61 °F to 89 °F and is rarely below 48 °F or above 92 °F.
City of Hollywood official website
Hollywood Historical Society
Hollywood-Specific Alcohol Use Stats
Echo, as a reflection of sound that can be heard a while after the first sound
Echo (mythology), a nymph from Greek mythology
One type of effect pedals, echo
A Magnetic stripe card is a plastic card which has a magnetic stripe on it.
Different kinds of information can be stored on the magnetic stripe.
Such stripes are usually made of small particles of iron (or another metal).
Information is stored by changing the magnetism of the particles, as with magnetic tape
Banking (debit or credit cards)
Tickets issued for transportation or in parking lots.
Keys in hotels and other buildings
Systems to track working hours in companies
There are different ways in which the data is stored on the card.
But all of them are read in much the same way, by "swiping" (sliding the card through a slot) on a machine called a reader.
These readers can be separate from or built into other machines such as a payment terminal in a cash register or point of sale system.
The standard ISO 7811 specifies the format in which information is stored on these cards.
A magnetic stripe holds about 1024 bits of information, which is arranged in three tracks.
The first track holds 76 alphanumeric characters, encoded in 7 bit per character.
The two other tracks  hold 37 and 104 numeric characters, encoded with 5 bits per character.
The first two tracks can only be read, the third track can also be written to.
Cards that are used for banking used to store the PIN as a hash value on the magnetic stripe.
Today, the ATM calculates the hash value, and transmits it to the server of the bank, which does the comparison.
Storing the PIN in the ATM is no longer allowed.
In many payment cards around the world, magnetic stripes are being replaced with a more secure technology called EMV.
Most of these cards, though, still have magnetic stripes to be used in places which do not yet work with EMV.
Magnetic Stripe Formats
A Brief History of Reprogrammable Card Technology (2012)
A payphone is a telephone that lets the public make phone calls if they pay for them first.
Many payphones accept coins, but some can accept credit cards, debit cards, and phone cards as well.
In the 20th century they were very often used, especially in cities.
When people used more mobile phones, payphones quickly became rarer in small towns, and later also in cities.
The Sami people, also spelled as Saami are an ethnic group of people living in Sápmi, an area in the far north of Europe.
It is a part of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.
There are 80,000 to 135,000 Sami people in the world.
The Sami are sometimes called Lapps, but this is insulting and has a negative meaning.
In English the area is sometimes still called Lapland.
There are 10 different Sami languages.
Six of the languages can be written.
The other four have very few speakers.
One account (or description) from 896 was told to Alfred the Great, by Ohthere of Hålogaland (a Norwegian chieftain).
Oh there had some connection to the English king's court.
Old Norse stories, such as the Icelandic sagas, tell about the Sami. "
Olav Tryggvason's Saga says "that the king killed a big man who was "troll-wise" and "there followed him a great number of Finns whenever he had need of them". ("
Finns" is a name that sometimes meant "Sami people".)
In the 19th century, Russia stopped allowing reindeer farmers and their reindeer herds, to come travel over the Norway-Russia border.
Some of the Sami reindeer farmers, moved to another Nordic country, and took their reindeer herds into Russia (but not through the Norway-Russia border); later another country's border with Russia, was closed to herds from reindeer farming (coming into Russia).
During the 16th century there was more farms in Finland.
Farmers from the province of Savonia went to Middle Finland, and the original Sami people often had to leave.
In regard to Sami (in Norway) that had reindeer herds; when these Sami moved their herds (every year), then they would interact with people who lived permanently on the coast; the interaction also included verdde: a friendship of convenience; for example, Sami needed milk and fish after having been on a plateau (or highland) for some weeks; Sami might need repair of equipment; trade was done: People from the coast traded fish for meat from reindeer.
Regarding getting the Sami to change their religion to Christianity: In the 18th century Thomas von Westen (no), a pietist, led missionary work (among the Sami), that has been called a  concerted (or special) effort. "
About a century later, Niels Vibe Stockfleth (no) worked among the Sami and translated [the Bible's] New Testament into" [one of the Sami languages].
Sami language [largely] disappeared among the Coastal Sami.
Sami that did reindeer farming, and Coastal Sami slowly lost the close contact [between the two groups].
Policies to "Norwegianize" the Sami
"There were organized attempts to eradicate [or make to disappear ] the Sami language and culture[,] as a step in assimilating the Sami into Norwegian society".
Policies to "Norwegianize", Samis - were in place from the late 1840s,
"From the late 1840s to the 1950s, missionaries, agricultural experts and schoolteachers" tried "to Norwegianize the Sami"; the "first formal act of Parliament regarding the Norwegianization of the Sami people was made in 1848: 'The government is requested to investigate ... [find out if, and how far] there should be opportunity to bring the Norwegian Lapps, especially those living in coastal areas , instruction in the Norwegian language for the enlightenment of these people, and that the result of their findings be reported to the next Parliament'".
Norway's authorities made "a language directive (or rule) in 1880, which" was "made more forceful in 1898.
It" said "that 'Teachers in those districts where the Lappish ... and Finnish (kvænsk) languages are permitted for the sake of facilitating instruction in the public schools shall do their utmost to spread knowledge  of the Norwegian language and seek to promote its use in the circles where they work'".
Furthermore, the "government had a major objective for the schools: Not a single Sami word was to be heard on the school grounds" or in school buildings.
"The authorities also" used "economic measures to carry out the work of Norwegianization, including the Land Act.
A regulation [or part of the law] from 1902" says that "Sale [of land] may only be made to Norwegian citizens ... who can speak, read, and write the Norwegian language and use it on a day-to-day basis".
From around 1850, a government policy of Fornorskning [tried to remove Sami culture].
An article in Klassekampen said that the policy was very rough [to Sami persons].
Into the 1980s, the policy of Fornorskning lasted in some places.
Creation of associations
[Possibly the first] Sami association (in Norway) was started during the New Year's weekend in 1911: Buolbmag Same Særvve, in Polmak municipality. (
Polmak is now part of Tana (municipality).)
The first Sami association in Sweden, seems to have been started in 1903: Tärnaby lappeforening.
Reindeer farming
Reindeer farming, which is a type of animal husbandry, is done by Sami, between the White Sea and towards the west and the south, across Russia's Kola peninsula, Finland, Sweden and Norway, into the Hedmark area of Norway's county of Innlandet.
In reindeer farming, "the Sami travel with their flocks (of reindeer) according to an established cycle"; the cycle makes sure "that the" [reindeer] can eat properly during the various [or different] seasons of the year.
For example, the spring migration to summer pastures, which have a rich variety of grasses and herbs, takes place just before new calves are born in May.
Summer is a time when the calves grow and the adult animals regain their strength following a long, hard winter".
Among the Sami people are nomads that do reindeer farming.
They lived in their cold environment by domesticating the reindeer.
They were able to get everything they needed from the deer.
Their clothing was made from reindeer skins and wool.
Their tents were also made from raindeer skins.
The wool clothes were beautifully decorated.
The Sami protected the herds, moving with them as they migrated from summer to winter pastures.
They used reindeer to pull sleds carrying their supplies.
During the winter, the herds moved south of where the trees grew.
The Sami lived nearby in homes made of logs or sod.
Winter clothing was made from layers of reindeer skin.
Boots were also made of fur and lined with grass that had been gathered during the short summer.
This way, a Sami could be warm and comfortable in even the coldest weather.
Today only a few of the Sami people still follow the herds.
Most of the Sami now live on small farms in one of the four nations of Lapland.
The sale of reindeer meat is an important source of income for the Sami people.
The Sami did not waste anything they got from the reindeer.
The milk was used to drink or make cheese.
The blood was frozen and later used for soup and pancakes.
The sinews (tendons) were used as sewing thread.
Sami Crafts
Sami crafts are called duodji  (en:).
The men make knives, drums and 'guksi' (burl cups) from wood, bone, and antlers.
The women use leather and roots to make 'gakti' (clothing).
Women also use birch and spruce to weave baskets.
Sami clothing
Sami clothing is called 'gakti' and was originally made from reindeer leather, but now it is usually made from wool, cotton, or silk.
Usually, there are different types of clothing for men and women.
Religion and spirituality
Sami shamanism is the main religion of the Sami people.
These beliefs are connected to the land, animism, and the supernatural.
There is some practice of bear worship.
It is a polytheistic religion with many gods.
The Sami shaman are called the 'Noadi'.
There are some 'wise men' and 'wise women' who try to heal people who are sick.
They use rituals and herbal medicine.
Some Sami people have changed their beliefs to Christianity and joined either the Russian Orthodox Church or the Lutheran.
The character Kristoff in the 2013 Disney film Frozen is Sami.
The song that plays in the movie's first scene, Frozen Heart, was written by the South Sami composer Frode Fjellheim and is in a traditional Sami style called Vuelie.
Some viewers complained that Kristoff was not a good way to show Sami because he is light-skinned and blond.
This is called whitewashing.
Although some Sami look like Kristoff, most have darker skin and hair.
When making the 2019 sequel, Frozen II, Disney signed a contract with Sami leaders and hired Sami experts to make sure the culture would be shown respectfully.
A recent genetic link between Sami and the Volga-Ural region of Russia.
20 September 2006
Nordic people
Sápmi (as its name is in Northern Sami languge), in English commonly known as Lapland (), is the most northern part of Fennoscandia.
Fennoscandia is a peninsula in northern Europe.
The area of Lapland is shared between four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.
In Norway, as far south ased Hedmark county, there are areas with many Sami people.
The original people of Lapland are the Sami people.
The Sami people are also called Lapps.
They are now a minority there.
The weather of Lapland is cold.
Summer is short.
There are big hills with no trees on top of them.
Reindeer live in Lapland.
You can see northern lights in the sky.
The Kingdom of Judah was an ancient Jewish kingdom that existed in the southern part of the Levant.
It was on the western shore of the Dead Sea.
Its main cities were Jerusalem and Hebron.
It existed from the 9th or 8th century BC, up until 586 BC.
After the death of Saul, Israel picked David to rule them. (
1 Chronicles 11:1) After the death of King Solomon, son of David, ten of the twelve of the tribes of Israel did not want Solomon's son, Rehoboam to lead them.
This caused the kingdom to split the Northern Kingdom, the Kingdom of Israel and the Southern Kingdom, the Kingdom of Judah.
Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Judah.