the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
|1994/95||rowspan="4"|Universitatea Craiova||rowspan="4"|Divizia A||15||1||||||||||15||1
|1995/96||30||2||||||||||30||2
|1996/97||29||7||||||||||29||7
|1997/98||19||5||||||||||19||5
|1997/98||Salamanca||La Liga||15||4||||||||||15||4
|1998/99||Valencia||La Liga||25||1||||||||||25||1
|1999/00||Numancia Soria||La Liga||7||1||||||||||7||1
|1999/00||Dinamo Bucureşti||Divizia A||9||0||||||||||9||0
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Naţional Bucureşti||rowspan="2"|Divizia A||18||1||||||||||18||1
|2001/02||29||4||||||||||29||4
|2002||rowspan="3"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="3"|K-League||24||6||||||||||24||6
|2003||31||6||||||||||31||6
|2004||4||0||||||||||4||0
|2004/05||Naţional Bucureşti||Divizia A||11||1||||||||||11||1
|2005||JEF United Ichihara Chiba||J. League 1||7||1||0||0||7||5||14||6
Steve McManaman (born 11 February 1972) is a former English football player.
|1990/91||rowspan="9"|Liverpool||rowspan="2"|First Division||2||0
|1992/93||rowspan="7"|Premier League||31||4
|1994/95||40||7
|1995/96||38||6
|1996/97||37||7
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Real Madrid||rowspan="4"|La Liga||28||3
|2000/01||28||2
|2001/02||23||2
|2002/03||15||1
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Manchester City||rowspan="2"|Premier League||22||0
Total||37||3
Péricles Chamusca (born 29 September 1965) is a Brazilian football manager.
He is best known as an football player.
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||15||1||||||5||0||20||1
|1991/92||10||1||||||0||0||10||1
|1992||rowspan="7"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="7"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||9||0||9||0
|1993||36||4||3||1||3||1||42||6
|1994||25||1||1||0||0||0||26||1
|1995||43||13||1||0||colspan="2"|-||44||13
|1996||29||2||1||0||14||1||44||3
|1997||30||1||1||0||7||0||38||1
|1998||30||3||1||0||6||0||37||3
Tanggula railway station is a railway station on the Qingzang railway in Tibet.
It is in Amdo County.
Tibet is currently an Autonomous Region inside China.
At an altitude of 5,068 meters above sea level it is said to be the highest train station in the world.
The next higher station outside China was Ticlio station in (Peru), at 4,829 m.
Tanggula railway station is less than one kilometre from Tanggula Pass which is the highest point of the Qingzang railway.
That point is 5,072 meters above sea level.
There are no staff at the station, which opened for service on July 1, 2006.
Some say that the railway was built to help China control the people of Tibet.
There are three railway tracks at the station.
Two of them can be accessed by a platform.
The platforms are 1.25km long.
The place where the station was built was specially selected for the view it offers.
In 2008, Tangula Railtours will launch a tourist train service from Beijing to Lhasa through the pass.
Three specially-built luxury trains will be used for the service.
Kazimierz Fajans (b. 27 May 1887 in Warsaw, Poland; d. 18 May 1975 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA) was a Polish physical chemist.
He was a pioneer in the science of radioactivity working in the United States.
Kitee Zoo is the fourth largest zoo in Finland.
It is in Kitee, Finland.
It has over 50 animal species.
It also has over 200 individual animals.
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is a species of pine native to Europe and Asia.
It ranges from Scotland, Ireland and Portugal in the west, east to eastern Siberia, south to the Caucasus Mountains, and as far north as well inside the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia.
Mesenteric ischemia is a medical condition.
It happens when not enough blood gets to the small intestine.
This causes inflammation (swelling) and can harm the small intestine.
A person's blood pressure is too low to get blood to the small intestine
A blood clot is blocking the flow of blood to the small intestine
The small intestine is not getting enough blood because the body's blood vessels have gotten smaller (this is called vasoconstriction)
Trix is a brand of breakfast cereal.
It is made by General Mills for North America and Cereal Partners in other parts of the world.
They are vanilla-flavored puffed cereal pieces.
They were first round, brightly colored cereal pieces.
In 1991, they were changed to puffed fruit-shaped pieces.
In 2006, they were changed back to their round shape in the United States and some other places.
In the present, the slogan says: "Trix is not for rabbits!".
When the cereal was first made in 1955, it originally had three flavors: "Orangey Orange", "Raspberry Red", and "Lemony Yellow".
Between 1984 and 1999, four more flavors were added: "Grapity Purple" (1984), "Lime Green" (1991), "Wildberry Blue" (1998-2006), and "Watermelon" (1999).
Yoplait brand yogurt, made by General Mills, makes Trix Yogurt.
It has flavors such as "Watermelon Burst".
A different type of Trix cereal called "Trix Swirls" is made also.
It is made of puffed pieces with different colored swirls.
Francisco de Paula Martinez de la Rosa (March 10, 1787 – February 7, 1862), was  a Spanish statesman and dramatist, was born in Granada, and educated at the university there.
Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo (November 3, 1856 – May 19, 1912) was a Spanish scholar, historian and literary critic.
Even though his main interest was the History of ideas, and Hispanic philology in general, he also cultivated poetry, translation and philosophy.
Patch fought in the trenches in World War I.  He became a plumber and firefighter.
He never talked to anybody about his experiences in the trenches.
When he was 100 years old he decided he should tell people about what he had seen in the war.
He still had 11 more years to live after that.
When he died at the age of 111 he was the last British person who had fought in the First World War.
This is why he was known as "the Last Tommy".
For the last seven days of his life he was the oldest man in Europe.
He did not want to have a state funeral.
The funeral was at Wells Cathedral.
A very large number of people came.
They were mostly ordinary people, but there were also some important people including Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.
For many of the people there it was a last opportunity to pay respects to the people who fought in the war.
Harry decided to talk about his experiences because he wanted everyone to realize how terrible wars are.
When he talked to the BBC he said: "...if any man tells you he went over the top and he wasn't scared, he's a damn liar."
In the same series, he talked about his friends who were killed, and about the moment when he came face to face with a German soldier.
He remembered the Bible story about Moses coming down from Mount Sinai with God's commandment, 'thou shalt not kill'.
He could not bring himself to kill the German.
Instead, he shot him in the shoulder, which made him drop his rifle.
But the German carried on running towards Patch's gun, so he then shot him above the knee, and in the ankle.
Patch said, "I had about five seconds to make the decision.
I brought him down, but I didn't kill him."
Patch was born and died in Somerset.
In his last years he lived in a nursing home in Wells where he died on 25 July 2009 from natural causes, he was 111 years old.
He died just seven days after the death of Henry Allingham, aged 113, who had been the only other remaining British-resident First World War veteran.
Harry Patch received eight medals.
British supercentenarians
Tommy Atkins (often just Tommy) is a term for a common soldier in the British Army.
The term was used in the 19th century, but it is particularly associated with World War I.  It can be used when talking about the soldiers, or when speaking to them.
German soldiers would call out to "Tommy" across no man's land if they wanted to speak to a British soldier.
The Last Tommy  - a campaign to mark the passing of the last WWI Tommy with a state funeral.
Maurice Samuel 'Mo' Vaughn (born December 15, 1967 in Norwalk, Connecticut) was a baseball player for the Boston Red Sox, Anaheim Angels, and New York Mets.
Vaughn played first base.
Ironically, despite his nickname "Hit Dog", he is best known for hitting home runs.
People from Norwalk, Connecticut
Eiffel 65 is an Italian Italodance/Eurodance music group.
The group has three members in it.
The members of the group are Jeffrey Jey, Gabry Ponte and Maurizio Lobina.
They made an album called Europop.
They are most famous for their songs "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" and "Move Your Body".
Europop (1999)
Contact! (
Eiffel 65 (2003)
2005 disestablishments in Italy
2010 establishments in Europe
2010s establishments in Italy
Henry Allingham (born London, 6 June 1896 - 18 July 2009) was a British supercentenarian and a First World War veteran.
He was an engineer for most of his life.
For the last month of his life he was the oldest living man in the world (according to official records).
He became the oldest man ever in Britain.
Longevity record
Allingham was the oldest ever member of any of the British Armed Forces and the oldest veteran of the First World War.
He was the last survivor of the Battle of Jutland, the last surviving member of the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) and the last surviving founding member of the Royal Air Force.
Between his 110th and 111th birthdays Allingham made over 60 public appearances, including a visit to The Oval on 5 June 2007 (the day before his 111th birthday), where he was wheeled around the boundary in front of the spectators.
James Sisnett later surpassed Allingham's record and later became the second oldest man in the world.
With the help of Denis Goodwin, he wrote a book about his life.
It was published on 23 September 2008.
''Allingham planned to leave his body to medical science.
Allingham said that Denis Goodwin persuaded him to change his mind, because he had become a symbol of the war.
So he had a funeral and cremation.
War medals and awards
Allingham died on 18 July 2009 in his home in Ovingdean, East Sussex from natural causes, aged 113.
A funeral service was held for Allingham at the San Nicolas Church.
The Milgram experiment is the name for a number of controversial experiments in psychology.
They were done by Stanley Milgram in the 1960s.
Milgram wanted to find out how easy it was to get someone to follow orders, even if the orders went against their conscience.
In his experiment, a test subject was ordered by a scientist to inflict electric shocks on another person, though the shocks were faked.
To his surprise, most subjects did as they were told until the very end of the experiment, though many found it difficult.
There have been many repetitions and variations of the experiment, with similar results.
Participants were told they would be helping out in a "learning experiment".
The participant played the role of a "teacher" in which they had to ask questions to the "learner".
Every time the learner got a question wrong or failed to answer, the teacher had to press a switch to give the learner an electric shock.
The voltage increased each time.
In the original version of the experiment, the teacher and learner were in separate rooms, but could talk to each other through the wall.
In fact, the electric shocks were faked.
The "learners" were actually actors, who only pretended to be in pain.
As the "shocks" increased, their cries of pain grew louder.
They protested, banged the wall and stopped answering the questions.
The shocks eventually reached levels that would have been deadly had they been real.
At this point, the learner fell silent.
Much was done to trick the subjects into thinking it was real.
When they arrived, they were told that the actor was another volunteer and that the "teacher" and "learner" roles would be decided at random by drawing slips of paper.
In fact, both slips of paper said "teacher", so the actor pretended to have picked "learner".
The electric shock machine made buzzing noises and could give an actual mild shock of 45 volts.
The teacher would try this out before the experiment began.
If at any time the subject ("teacher") wanted to stop the experiment, the experimenter had instructions on what to say to them.
These were known as "verbal prods".
The prods the experimenter had to use were, in this order:
The experiment requires that you continue.
It is absolutely essential that you continue.
You have no other choice, you must go on.
There were a few other things the experimenter was allowed to say.
For example, if the subject asked about whether the learner would be badly hurt, the experimenter could say "Although the shocks may be painful, there is no permanent tissue damage, so please go on."
If the subject still wished to stop after the four main prods had been used, the experiment was halted.
Otherwise, it was halted after the subject had given the maximum "450-volt" shock three times in succession.
Before Milgram did his experiment, he asked fourteen Yale University psychology students what they thought the results would be.
On average, the students thought that 1.2% of the "teachers" would give the biggest electric shock of 450 volts.
In fact, in Milgram's first set of experiments, 65 percent (26 of 40) of participants gave the final massive 450-volt shock, and all gave a shock of at least 300 volts.
Milgram found that the "teachers" showed signs of stress and nervousness in the experiment.
Signs of this included sweating, trembling, stuttering and groaning.
All of them stopped to question the experiment at some point.
Most continued once they were reassured by the experimenter.
After repeating the original experiment, Milgram and other scientists tried different variations.
The further away the subject was from the learner, the more likely the subject was to obey.
In variations where the learner was in the same room, the subject was less likely to obey.
The further away the subject was from the experimenter, the less likely the subject was to obey.
If the experimenter gave the orders over the telephone, only around 21% of subjects obeyed until the end.
Some only pretended to obey.
The original version used only men as subjects.
Later versions found that women were as obedient as men, though they showed more signs of stress..
Another version took place in a backstreet office, rather than the famous Yale University.
Subjects were less likely to obey, but not much less.
Several variations tried putting more people in the room:
The subject was joined by another actor, who played the role of an obedient assistant.
This made the subject more likely to obey.
Another variation did the opposite.
The subject was joined by an actor who played the role of an assistant who questioned and turned against the experimenter.
This made the subjects less likely to obey.
In another, the subject was given a minor task while an actor performed the electric shocks.
Subjects who did this role were very likely to obey.
Milgram wrote about the experiment in his book Obedience to Authority: an experimental view.
Milgram offered two theories:
The idea is that people tend to do what other people around them are doing.
This is the idea that people become obedient when they see themselves as being "agents" who are doing the work of another person.
One of the main reasons why many subjects continued with the experiment was that they were told that would not be held responsible for any damage that was done to the learner.
"[People] have learned that when experts tell them something is all right, it probably is, even if it does not seem so.
In fact, it is worth noting that in this case the experimenter was indeed correct: it was all right to continue giving the "shocks" — even though most of the subjects did not suspect the reason".
Some researchers argued that the experiments do not fully answer the question as to why apparently normal people commit atrocities in wartime.
For example, the subjects were being told that the shocks would cause no major harm to the learner, whereas those who caused events like the Holocaust knew full well that they were committing murder.
The experiment has been mentioned numerous times in pop culture.
In the graphic novel V for Vendetta Dr. Surridge said that he has lost faith in humanity because of the experiment.
In 2013 there was a conference about it at Nipissing University in Canada.
The Milgram effect was mentioned in the movie I Care A Lot in passing,
A page or page boy is a young male servant.
A different meaning of "page boy", but based on the same idea of one who serves, is for a young boy who helps the bride at a wedding.
In medieval times, a page was a servant to a knight.
He had to clean things, help the knight, for example by running messages for him.
He also learned how to fight.
When he was 14 he usually became a squire.
When he was 21 he sometimes became a knight.
Pages were treated well.
In the Christmas carol "Good King Wenceslas" we hear about the King's page:  "Hither, page, and stand by me, if thou know'st it, telling...."
The decorative page
During the Renaissance and after it became fashionable for black boys and young men to be decorative pages.
They wore fancy costumes and served fashionable ladies and lords.
This custom of having an "African page" lasted for several centuries.
This type of page is almost unheard of today.
A gambit is a chess opening involving a sacrifice,usually a pawn.
In these openings a player, usually White, sacrifices (gives away) a pawn or more.
The usual reason is to develop faster, and get an attack against the black king.
Gambits are also used to control the center of the chess board for better development of pieces.
The player who plays the Gambit hopes for a development advantage against the opponent.
There are a few gambits that require more valuable pieces for a better chance of winning.
Evans Gambit
3.Bc4 Bc5
4.b4 Bxb4
5.c3 Ba5
6.d4 exd4
7.0-0 dxc3
8.Qb3 and White has a serious attack for the pawns.
4.b4 is the Evans Gambit.
In modern times gambits are usually not for direct attacks on the king.
They aim at 'positional' advantages, such as freer play for the pieces.
A well-known example is the Benko Gambit:
2.c4 c5
3.d5 b5
4.cxb5 a6
5.bxa6 Bxa6
6.Nc3 d6
7.Nf3 g6
8.g3 Bg7
9.Bg2 0-0
Carlos Clos Gomez is a football referee from Zaragoza, Spain.
He is a UEFA class 2 referee as of January 2009.
Free fall is what happens when an object is let to fall on its own without propulsion or resistance.
Someone who is standing is not in free fall, but someone jumping from an airplane is, until air resistance builds up, ending in terminal velocity.
An artillery shell is in free fall from the time it is fired until it hits something.
Even the time when it is going up is free fall.
Spacecraft are in free fall when their engine is not on and they are not sitting somewhere, which means most of the time.
In most mathematical calculations the acceleration due to gravity (g) is 9.81 Newton (unit) per kilogram.
In February 2007, Essjay was discovered to have made false claims about his school certificates and job experiences on his Wikipedia user page and to news reporter Stacy Schiff during a report for The New Yorker.
Many people reacted in many ways to the controversy.
Many articles and comments were made in electronic, print, and broadcast media; the Wikipedia community checked Essjay's article changes to check for errors and debated proposals to improve the project's handling of personal identification.
In his activities as an editor, Essjay had spent less time changing the content of articles and more time addressing vandalism and resolving editorial disputes.
Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales supported Essjay's use of an identity, saying, "I regard it as a pseudonym and I don’t really have a problem with it."
Later Wales changed his opinion and asked for Essjay to quit his jobs with Wikipedia and Wikia.
Wales stated that he withdrew his support when he learned "that EssJay used his false credentials in content disputes" on Wikipedia.
The New Yorker interview
Stacy Schiff, a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter writing for The New Yorker, interviewed Essjay as a source for an article about Wikipedia. ("
Know It All"; July 31, 2006) He was suggested for this to her by a member of the Wikimedia Foundation.
The New Yorker, said Essjay "was willing to describe his work as a Wikipedia administrator but would not identify himself other than by confirming the biographical details that appeared on his user page."
During the interview, Jordan told The New Yorker and had said on his Wikipedia user page that he had doctoral degrees in theology and canon law.
He also said he worked as a tenured professor at a private university.
It was later found that he was 24 years old and had quit community college with no qualifications.
The New Yorker published a correction in February 2007, which brought the issue to broader public attention.
The article said that Essjay was on Wikipedia some 14 hours or more a day.
The article also said he was careful to keep his online life a secret from his co-workers and friends.
Essjay was pictured as taking his laptop to class so he could be available to other Wikipedians while giving a quiz.
He said that he needed anonymity to avoid cyberstalking.
Essjay said that he had sent an email to a college professor using his false persona's credentials, telling for Wikipedia's accuracy.
In the message he wrote in part, "I am an administrator of the online encyclopedia project Wikipedia.
I am also a tenured professor of theology; feel free to have a look at my Wikipedia userpage (linked below) to gain an idea of my background and credentials."
Identity revealed
When Essjay was hired by Wikia in January 2007, he made changes to his Wikia profile and "came clean on who he really was," showing himself as Ryan Jordan.
Other Wikipedia editors asked Essjay questions on his Wikipedia talk page about the difference between his new Wikia profile and his previously claimed credentials.
Essjay posted a reason in response to the first question, saying that:
Social activist and Wikipedia critic Daniel Brandt then told "The New Yorker" about the difference in profiles.
In late February 2007 the magazine updated its article with a change (correction) saying that "Essjay now says that his real name is Ryan Jordan, that he is twenty-four and holds no advanced degrees, and that he has never taught."
On March 3, 2007, Andrew Lih, Assistant Professor and Director of Technology Journalism and of the Media Studies Centre at the University of Hong Kong, said on his blog that a part of Essjay's comments on the incident entered "the dangerous domain of defamation and libel" against Stacy Schiff.
Lih quoted Essjay as writing on his Wikipedia talk page: "Further, she [Schiff] made several offers to compensate me for my time, and my response was that if she truly felt the need to do so, she should donate to the Foundation instead."
Lih noted:
Lih wrote that he contacted Schiff for comment about whether she had offered to pay Essjay for his time and quoted her return email.
In it Schiff said that Essjay's statement was "complete nonsense."
Wikipedia community
Talking about Jordan, Wales said, "Mr. Ryan was a friend, and still is a friend.
He is a young man, and he has offered me a heartfelt personal apology, which I have accepted.
I hope the world will let him go in peace to build an honorable life and reputation".
Reaction from inside the Wikipedia community to the Essjay/Jordan identity difference was pointed.
There were many comments.
While most editors opposed at least some of his actions, responses ranged from offering complete support to accusing Jordan of fraud.
As the controversy went further, the Wikipedia community began looking at Essjay's previous changes.
Some felt he had relied upon his false professorship to prove he was right about his changes.
"People have gone through his edits and found places where he was basically cashing in on his fake credentials to bolster his arguments," said Michael Snow, a Wikipedia administrator and founder of the Wikipedia community newspaper, The Wikipedia Signpost. "
Those will get looked at again."
For instance, Essjay had recommended sources such as Catholicism for Dummies, a book granted the nihil obstat and imprimatur by the Roman Catholic Church.
Essjay defended his use of the book by telling fellow Wikipedia editors in a disagreement over the editing of the article Imprimatur: "This is a text I often require for my students, and I would hang my own PhD on it’s  credibility."
Wales was "...reported to be considering vetting all persons who adjudicate on factual disputes." "
I don't think this incident exposes any inherent weakness in Wikipedia, but it does expose a weakness that we will be working to address," Wales added.
He insisted that Wikipedia editors still would be able to remain anonymous if they wished. "
We always prefer to give a positive incentive rather than absolute prohibition, so that people can contribute without a lot of hassle", Wales commented.
However, he also warned that "It's always inappropriate to try to win an argument by flashing your credentials, and even more so if those credentials are inaccurate".
Wales argued "contributors to the site who claim certain credentials will soon have to prove they really have them."
However, Florence Devouard, chair of the Wikimedia Foundation, was not supportive of his credential suggestion, saying, "I think what matters is the quality of the content, which we can improve by enforcing policies such as 'cite your source,' not the quality of credentials showed by an editor."
A formal suggestion that users saying to have qualification would have to give something to prove they really do have them, before using them was rejected by the Wikipedia community, like all previous such suggestions.
As a follow-up to his first comments to The New Yorker, Wales wrote this apology to the magazine, which showed in its March 19, 2007 issue:
Wales stated his regret that Essjay had "made a series of very bad judgments."
He said he hopes the Wkipedia would be better off from the controversy.
Wikipedia critics
Andrew Orlowski, a Wikipedia critic and writer for The Register—a British technology news and opinion website—criticized Jimmy Wales for hiring Essjay at the venture-capital-funded 'Wikia' and for making him a member on the Wikipedia Arbitration Committee.
Essjay had admitted his stated academic and professional credentials were false before he was made a member.
Orlowski added that Essjay's actions showed a harmful community way of thinking inside Wikipedia.
Others to comment negatively included ZDNet writer Mitch Ratcliffe.
Ratcliffe asked "why lying about one's background qualifies a person to work for a company like Wikia, which proposes to help communities to record accurate information" and asked for additional details "such as when he fired Jordan and the reasons for the firing, as well as when he endorsed Jordan in public statements."
Showing comments by Essjay on his Wikipedia talk pages, Sanger stated that other members of Wikipedia management, including Angela Beesley (co-founder of Wikia and a member of Wikimedia Foundation's Communications Committee) and Brad Patrick (legal counsel for the Wikimedia Foundation) had worked in hiring Jordan when they knew of the identity difference.
Sanger also made note that Jordan's dismissal was the result of public response.
That "Only after these sad facts were publicly made aware, only after there was a response, did Jimmy Wales decide to ask for Essjay’s to quit."
Seth Finkelstein (Internet activist) stated that Wikipedia "fundamentally runs by an extremely deceptive sort of social promise" to its editors — that they will gain academic prestige by contributing to an on-line encyclopedia.
Finkelstein said Essjay was a product of that deceptive system, and was "that dream’s poster child."
BusinessWeek commented on proposals for credential verification: "Sadly, not everyone who posts to Wikipedia is concerned with the Ten Commandments.
Some are concerned with revenge.
Some with self-aggrandizement.
Some just have nothing better to do.
We live in an age of fake IDs, fake money, fake e-mails, fake URLs, fake IP addresses, and fake votes..." However, the article argued that Wikipedia could not become a "net police" of reliability on the Internet.
Steve Maich (journalist, Maclean's) stated that the controversy could damage Wikipedia's future as a media business operation, observing that Wikipedia's model was supposedly built upon trust and credibility.
ITworld commented on Wikipedia contributors: "Legitimate writers, scholars and industry experts have very little motivation to contribute to Wikipedia—leaving the project with wannabes and posers like Essjay with too much time on their hands to churn out content."
Andrew Keen (author, Cult of the Amateur) stated the controversy as an example of ignoring expert guidance in favor of the "dictatorship of idiots."
L. Brent Bozell III (president, Media Research Center) commented that "off-setting and off-putting material" can be added to Wikipedia to create "intellectual mischief."
He called the Essjay controversy "enough to make used-car salesmen cringe."
Alex Beam (columnist, Boston Globe) criticized the Essjay affair as being part of what he characterizes as the problems of "crowdsourcing" and the "wisdom of crowds," stating also that the crowd accepts authority unquestioningly: "Who would you rather have write your encyclopedia entries?
Bertrand Russell, T.H. Huxley, and Benedetto Croce, who wrote for the Britannica?
Or ... EssJay?"
Cassandra Jardine (columnist, The Daily Telegraph) stated that Essjay was "hooked on 'Wiki crack'—devotees' jargon for the thrill of seeing your efforts debated."
She further observed that "Essjay has provided a reminder that any given entry could have been written by someone as ignorant as ourselves.
On the other hand, no one has taken issue with his edits, only his assumed persona, so perhaps the real lesson of this democratic medium is that college drop-outs might be as authoritative as professors."
Following the media broadcast of the Essjay controversy, a number of people noted the damage to the credibility of Wikipedia.
On March 2, 2007, a report in The Chronicle of Higher Education commented "the incident is clearly damaging to Wikipedia's credibility—especially with professors who will now note that one of the site's most visible academics has turned out to be a fraud."
Ross Brann, a professor of Judeo-Islamic classes at Cornell University in Ithaca, stated that Wikipedia is without a way to expertly review, saying, "They could make up your life if they wanted to."
Brann also said that Wikipedia "has no place in the University," and he believed the Essjay incident would do nothing to change the negative opinion that academics generally hold about the online encyclopedia.
Students at Cornell stated that they may continue to use Wikipedia as a quick source of information, though they would not cite it in scholarly work.
Essjay's personal talk page on the English Wikipedia, with notice of retirement from the project
Cernunnos is linked with male animals with horns, especially stags (a type of animal).
Because of this, he is linked with fertility.
Cernunnos is also seen as God of the Underworld.
The gameplay of the Pokémon series of role-playing video games involves the capture and training of a variety of fictional creatures called "Pokémon" and using them to battle other trainers.
Every generation of games follows this concept by introducing new Pokémon, items, and gameplay concepts.
Some of the general concepts were featured elsewhere before being introduced in the games; double battles appeared in the anime long before appearing in the games, and Pokémon abilities are similar to the Pokémon Powers introduced in the Pokémon Trading Card Game.
Battling is a large part of the games.
Pokémon can be found in the wild, in dark grass, caves, forests, ponds, the ocean, and even underwater.
Also, whenever the player walks where another trainer can see the player, the two must battle.
Hundreds of trainers are in each of the main series Pokémon games.
Pokémon have six statistics (HP, Attack, Defense, Special Attack, Special Defense, and Speed) which all affect how they perform in battles.
Statistics can be raised by using items and by training the Pokémon.
Before Pokémon Gold and Silver were released, the "Special Attack" and "Special Defense" stats were combined into one statistic, "Special."
This later became too complicated so it was divided into "Special Attack" and "Special Defense."
Starting in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, Pokémon have abilities which affect them in various ways.
These can be abilities that work while in battle or when the player is just walking around.
An example is the ability "Overgrow" which increases the power of Grass-type moves when a Pokémon's health is below 1/3 of its full amount.
Pokémon types
Each Pokémon has either one or two types.
Which types it has affect how it performs when it battles other Pokémon of other types.
For example, a Fire-type Pokémon is weak against Water-type, but is strong against a Grass-type.
It could be compared to a more complex game of rock, paper, scissors.
"Grass"
"Electric"
"Ground"
"Rock"
"Flying"
"Ice"
"Poison"
"Psychic"
Two more were added when Pokémon Gold and Silver were released:
"Steel"
"Dark"
Another type, "Fairy", was added in Pokémon X and Y.
Pokémon Gyms
Pokémon Gyms are buildings where the player faces a Gym Leader, who focuses one of the 18 types of Pokémon.
There are also trainers in the Gym that the player can battle, and they also use mostly that type.
Beating the Gym Leader earns you a Badge which increases your skills.
Pokémon evolve to turn into different Pokémon from the same evolutionary line.
Doing so, they become stronger and can learn more powerful moves, but learn moves at higher levels.
Evolution by leveling up
This is the most common way that Pokémon evolve.
Pokémon in this category evolve when they reach a certain level.
Example: Bulbasaur evolves into Ivysaur at level 16 who can then evolve into Venusaur at level 32.
Example 2: Gastly evolves into Haunter at level 25.
Example: Eevee can evolve into Leafeon if it gains a level near a Moss Rock in Eterna Forest (Sinnoh) or Pinwheel Forest (Unova), or Glaceon if it gains a level near an Ice Rock at Route 217 (Sinnoh) or Twist Mountain (Unova).
Example: Happiny can evolve into Chansey if it gains a level while holding an Oval Stone during the day.
Some Pokemon only evolve by level if they are leveled in a route that is having a certain weather.
This weather can only work to evolve the Pokemon if the weather is not caused by a move or Ability.
Example: Sliggoo evolves into Goodra at level 50, but only if the weather on the route is rain.
Evolution by stones
This is another way that Pokémon evolve.
Some Pokémon can only evolve if they are given certain evolution stones.
Example: Pikachu evolves into Raichu when given a Thunderstone.
Evolution by trading
Some Pokémon only evolve if they are traded to a friend.
Example: Haunter only evolves into Gengar if it is traded with a friend.
Example: Scyther only evolves into Scizor if it is traded to a friend when it is holding the item Metal Coat.
Example: Clamperl will evolve into Huntail or Gorebyss if it is traded while holding the Deepseatooth or Deepseascale, respectively.
Example: Karrablast and Shelmet will both evolve into Escavalier and Accelgor (respectively) when traded with each other.
Evolution by happiness
Another way Pokémon evolve is through happiness.
Whenever the player character in the game walks 100 steps, gives their Pokémon a vitamin such as Protein, Iron, Carbos, Calcium, or Zinc, training it until it gains a level, or when the character does something else to make it happy, it will gain happiness points.
The item Soothe Bell multiplies this amount.
Once a Pokémon has reached a certain happiness level, it will evolve after it is leveled once, sometimes depending on the time of day:
Example: Eevee evolves into either Espeon or Umbreon if its happiness rating is maxed out; into Espeon if this happens during the day, or Umbreon if it happens during the night.
However, such day-and-night distinction exists only in the second-generation games and the generations that follow (but not in Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen).
Evolution by moves
Example: Bonsly can evolve into Sudowoodo after learning the move Mimic.
Evolution by gender
Example: Combee can evolve into Vespiquen if it is female.
Mega Evolution
Some Pokémon can evolve into a Mega form during a battle if they are holding a Mega Stone.
However, the evolution only lasts for the battle.
Example: Venusaur can evolve into Mega Venusaur if it is holding the Venusaurite item.
A large number of different items exist.
They are used to help the player or their Pokémon.
Poké Ball
A Poké Ball is a red-and-white sphere that is used to catch Pokémon.
Many different forms of it exist, such as the Great Ball, the Ultra Ball, the Heavy Ball, the Net Ball, the Dive Ball, the Friend Ball, and the Master Ball (which can catch any Pokémon without fail).
Each of these have different colors and can be used to catch different Pokémon more effectively.
The Pokédex is a tool used by Pokémon trainers all around the Pokémon world in different regions.
These regions include the Unova region, the Sinnoh region, the Hoenn region, the Johto region and the Kanto region.
The Pokédex makes records of information about each of the different Pokémon.
There are 801 different species of Pokémon recorded in the world today.
Different Pokémon are caught in different regions and some Pokémon can only be caught in certain regions, such as Xerneas in the Kalos Region.
Rare Pokémon
Legendary Pokémon are Pokémon that are very rare, and there is usually only one in each game.
Examples of legendaries are Articuno, Zapdos, Mewtwo, Lugia, Groudon, and Dialga.
They are hard to catch, and are stronger than most Pokémon.
Some roam around, while others can be found in one spot until you KO or capture them.
If you KO a legendary, it will usually leave and will never be found again unless the game is restarted or the Elite Four is defeated again.
Because of this, players usually save before engaging the Pokémon.
Mythical Pokémon
Mythical Pokémon are the rarest type of Pokémon, only found by one-time events.
Examples of Mythical Pokémon are Mew, Celebi, and Jirachi.
Shiny Pokémon
Shiny Pokémon are a different color than that Pokémon normal for their species.
Some examples would be a yellow Bulbasaur (they are usually greenish-blue) or a red Gyarados (they are usually blue).
They are extremely rare; there is only a 1 in 4,096 chance of an encountered Pokémon being shiny, but there are ways to improve your chances of obtaining one, which vary per game.
Some Pokemon in the same evolution line have different shiny colors, even if their regular colors are the same.
For example, Ponyta and Rapidash normally have reddish-orange flames.
However, shiny Ponyta have blue flames while shiny Rapidash have silver flames.
Rodolfo Oroz (1895–1997) was a Chilean professor, and philologist.
He won the Chilean National Prize for Literature in 1978.
Sixth President of the Academia Chilena de la Lengua (1959-1980).
Star Wars: Dark Forces is a first-person shooter computer game which takes place in the Star Wars universe.
It was made by LucasArts.
It came out in 1995 for MS-DOS and Apple Macintosh, and a version was later made for Sony Playstation.
The player controls Kyle Katarn, who was once a stormtrooper for the Galactic Empire but left the Empire to become a mercenary.
In Dark Forces, Katarn works for the Rebellion which fights against the Empire.
The game's story is about Kyle finding and stopping an Imperial weapons program called the Dark Trooper Project.
Everything in the game is set in the Star Wars universe.
Many things in the game are taken from the original Star Wars trilogy movies, such as several weapons and most of the game's enemies, but some things were made just for Dark Forces.
Many of the planets that the levels take place on were created for Dark Forces, but a few of them are from Star Wars books.
Dark Forces is a first person shooter, so the player controls Katarn and sees from Katarn's eyes.
Much of the gameplay is about fighting and shooting enemies, but there are also many puzzles to solve to move through the missions.
The player can run, strafe, jump, crouch, and move through shallow water.
The player can also look up and down.
The game can be controlled with keys on the keyboard, and also a mouse can be used to run, turn, and shoot.
The game is made up of separate missions.
Each mission has certain goals that the player must finish.
The missions are all part of the story.
Katarn's pilot drops him off and picks him up, but he goes through the missions alone without any help.
There are many different weapons in the game that the player can use and that enemies also use.
Most of the weapons shoot blaster bolts or other projectiles, but the player can also throw thermal detonators like grenades.
Some of the weapons have a secondary fire mode which shoots in a different way.
The story is told in two ways.
One way is cutscenes, which are animated videos that play between some missions.
Also, before each mission the player is given a briefing which talks about what is happening in the story and what the mission goals are.
In the first mission, Katarn steals the Death Star plans so the Rebels can destroy the Death Star.
The rest of the game is a different story.
The Rebels find out about a secret Imperial program called the Dark Trooper Project.
The Dark Trooper project is a plot to create new robotic Stormtroopers that are very powerful and dangerous.
de:Star Wars: Jedi Knight
Fernando de Herrera (~1534–1597) called "El Divino" was a 16th-century Spanish poet and man of letters.
Much of what is known about him comes from the book Libro de descripción de verdaderos retratos de illustres y memorables varones (Book of the Description of the True Portraits of Illustrious and Memorable Men), which was written in 1599 by Francisco Pacheco.
1597 deaths
Juan Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza (1581?,
Real de Taxco, now in Guerrero - August 4, 1639), was one of the greatest Novohispanic dramatists of the Golden Age.
He was born in New Spain (modern Mexico).
1580s births
1639 deaths
Candan Erçetin is a Turkish pop folk singer in Turkey.
Candan Erçetin was born on 10 February 1963 in Kırklareli.
She studied at Lycée de Galatasaray, and completed Istanbul University with a degree in Archaeology.
In 1991, she graduated from Istanbul Municipal Music School where she studied classical opera.
She represented Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 which held in Bergen, Norway as a member of Klips ve Onlar with the song "Halley" instead of Seden Gürel, who was the member of the group and did not go to Norway with it due to her final exams of Architecture Department of İTÜ.
She taught music in Lycée de Galatasaray for long years.
Presently, as well as continuing her stage performance, she also works as a lecturer at Galatasaray University.
Hazırım (1995)
Sevdim Sevilmedim (1996)
Çapkın (1997)
Oyalama Artık (1998)
Elbette (1999)
Unut Sevme (2001)
Neden (2002)
Chante Hier Pour Aujourd'hui (2002)
Remix (2003)
Melek (2004)
Remix's (2005)
Aman Doktor (2005)
Kırık Kalpler Durağında (2009)
Milyonlarca Kuştuk... (2013)
Ah Bu Şarkıların Gözü Kör Olsun (2015)
Shogo Nishikawa (born 1 July 1983) is a Japanese football player.
|2004||rowspan="3"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||5||0||0||0||1||0||6||0
|2005||13||0||2||0||0||0||15||0
|2006||2||0||0||0||3||0||5||0
|2006||rowspan="3"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||8||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|2007||42||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||43||1
|2008||35||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||36||2
|2009||Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2009||rowspan="2"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||14||1||2||0||0||0||16||1
Hirase was born in Kagoshima Prefecture on May 23, 1977.
After graduating from Kagoshima Jitsugyo High School, he joined J1 League club Kashima Antlers in 1996.
He played many matches from 1999.
In 2001, the club won the champions J1 League for 2 years in a row.
In July 2002, he moved to Yokohama F. Marinos on loan.
He returned to Kashima Antlers in 2003 and moved to Vissel Kobe in August 2004.
He moved to J2 League club Vegalta Sendai in 2008.
The club won the champions in 2009 and was promoted to J1.
On February 5, 2000, Hirase debuted for Japan national team against Mexico.
He played 2 games for Japan in 2000.
In September 2000, Hirase was selected Japan U-23 national team for 2000 Summer Olympics.
|1996||rowspan="6"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="6"|J1 League||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|1997||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|1999||22||5||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||26||5
|2000||26||11||5||0||5||4||colspan="2"|-||36||15
|2001||23||0||3||2||3||1||colspan="2"|-||29||3
|2002||7||2||0||0||5||1||colspan="2"|-||12||3
|2002||Yokohama F. Marinos||J1 League||19||2||2||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||21||3
|2003||rowspan="2"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="2"|J1 League||28||7||4||0||4||1||2||1||38||9
|2004||11||0||0||0||5||1||colspan="2"|-||16||1
|2004||rowspan="4"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J1 League||10||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||11||1
|2005||19||4||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||23||4
|2006||J2 League||30||3||1||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||4
|2007||J1 League||3||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|2008||rowspan="3"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J2 League||38||11||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||38||11
|2009||40||8||1||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||41||9
|2010||J1 League||11||0||1||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
Club 2009
LPRC Oilers
Barrack Young Controller
Mighty Barolle
LISCR
Mighty Blue Angels
Jasmine Rangers
NPA Anchors
Monrovia Breweries
Watanga
Adorence
Gedi & Sons
Azziz Kara
Invincible Eleven & Majestic
Monrovia Black Star
PYC Jubilee
Devereux
United Soccer Ambassadors
Mark van Bommel (born 22 April 1977) is a Dutch football player.
He plays for Bayern Munich and the Netherlands national team.
|1992/93||rowspan="7"|Fortuna Sittard Combinatie||Eredivisie||1||0||||||||||1||0
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Eerste Divisie||13||0||||||||||13||0
|1994/95||30||7||||||||||30||7
|1995/96||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||27||0||||||||||27||0
|1996/97||19||0||||||||||19||0
|1997/98||31||1||||||||||31||1
|1998/99||31||5||||||||||31||5
|1999/00||rowspan="6"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="6"|Eredivisie||33||6||||||||||33||6
|2000/01||32||8||4||0||11||2||47||10
|2001/02||23||5||3||0||7||2||33||7
|2002/03||28||9||3||0||6||0||37||9
|2003/04||23||6||1||0||8||1||32||7
|2004/05||30||14||3||1||14||2||47||17
|2005/06||Barcelona||La Liga||24||2||3||1||9||1||36||4
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||29||6||1||0||8||1||38||7
|2007/08||27||2||6||0||13||1||46||3
|2008/09||29||2||3||0||9||1||41||3
Kohei Kudo (born 28 August 1984) is a Japanese football player.
|2003||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
|2004||12||1||0||0||5||1||17||2
|2005||rowspan="6"|JEF United Ichihara Chiba||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||24||0||1||1||8||1||33||2
|2006||10||0||1||0||3||0||14||0
|2007||33||4||1||0||5||3||39||7
|2008||32||2||1||0||7||0||40||2
|2009||32||3||3||1||6||0||41||4
Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro is a football club that plays in Argentina.
The team plays in the Primera División, the top division of the Argentine football league system.
San Lorenzo is also considered one of the "big five" ("Los 5 Grandes") of Argentine football by Argentinian press, with Independiente, River Plate, Boca Juniors, and Racing Club.
Its historical rival is Huracán.
Primera División (15)
Segunda División (2)
Copa de la República 1943
Supercopa Argentina 2015
Copa Campeonato del Río de la Plata 1923
Copa Aldao 1927
Copa Mercosur 2001
Copa Sudamericana 2002
Copa Libertadores 2014
1900s establishments in Argentina
1905 establishments in Argentina
Racing Club is a football club that plays in Argentina.
This team is now playing in the Primera División, the top division of Argentine football league system.
Racing Club is also known as one of "big five" ("Los 5 Grandes") of Argentine football, with Independiente, River Plate, Boca Juniors, and San Lorenzo.
Primera División (17): 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1921, 1925, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1958, 1961, 1966, 2001 Apertura, 2014
Primera B (1): 1910
National cups
Copa Carlos Ibarguren (5): 1913, 1914, 1916, 1917, 1918
Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires (4): 1912, 1913, 1915, 1917
Copa de Honor Adrián Beccar Varela (1): 1932
Copa de Competencia (LAF) (1): 1933
Copa de Competencia Británica George VI (1): 1945
Copa Intercontinental (1): 1967
Copa Libertadores (1): 1967
Supercopa Sudamericana (1): 1988
Copa de Honor Cousenier (1): 1913
Campeonato Rioplatense Copa Dr. Ricardo C. Aldao (2): 1917, 1918
Supercopa Interamericana (1): 1988
Trofeo Costa del Sol (1): 1968