the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He heard the music of Messiaen and, soon after marrying, he went to Paris to study with Messiaen.
In Paris he met Pierre Boulez and Pierre Schaeffer who was working on musique concrète.
He experimented with different sounds that percussion instruments can make, and he started composing electronic music.
When he went back to Cologne he worked in a studio for electronic music where he studied communications theory.
By this time Stockhausen, Boulez and Nono were the leading composers of avant garde or experimental music.
Stockhausen made Cologne an important centre for electronic music.
He also helped to make the Darmstadt Summer Courses a famous centre for modern music.
He did not invite John Cage to lecture there in 1958.
This led to disagreements with Boulez and Nono.
In California in 1967, Stockhausen married his second wife who was a painter.
During the 1960s he bought land in the country near Cologne and had a house built there.
Stockhausen did not design the house himself, because he was not an architect.
Stockhausen was by now world famous.
He toured the United States and many other countries with a small group of musicians performing modern music.
His music was not only listened to by fans of classical music but was also becoming part of popular youth culture.
His picture was included on the front cover of the Beatles’s record Sgt.
The record company Deutsche Grammophon sold more copies of his music than of any other modern composer except Stravinsky.
During the 1970s Stockhausen became even more popular.
This was partly because other music, like the other arts, had become political and very left-wing in the 1960s, which made people angry.
It was also partly because audiences wanted a change from music that was very complicated, and Stockhausen's music had become much simpler.
His most popular compositions are Tierkreis (1974–75) and In Freundschaft (1977).
Stockhausen broke with his publisher and started to publish his music himself.
From 1977 to 2003 Stockhausen composed Licht ("Light"), a set of seven operas named for the days of the week.
His music
In some student works Stockhausen used twelve tone composition.
He became interested in Messiaen and his composition Kreuzspiel shows  Messiaen’s influence.
In Kontra-Punkte (1953) the music starts with very small bits played by ten instruments.
Gradually these little bits come together and at the end the music concentrates on the piano.
From 1953 he worked seriously at electronic music.
He thought that electronic music was going to be the music of the future.
His Gesang der Jünglinge is a multi-track work, using 5 tracks (later reduced to 4).
Gruppen (Groups) is a work for three orchestras and three conductors.
They sit in different parts of the concert hall and play at different speeds at the same time.
His piano piece Klavierstück XI (Piano Piece eleven) shows no influence of John Cage at all.
The music is written on a huge sheet of paper and the pianist decides as he plays which part of the music to go to next and how to play it.
This means that each performance of the work is different.
This is not “chance” music, but "mobile" music.
He continued to experiment with new ideas.
Kontakte is a work for piano, percussion and electronic music (the tape has been prepared beforehand).
He composed “live electronic” music beginning in the 1960s.
This means using electronics to change the sound of normal instruments that are amplified.
His operatic cycle Licht was started in 1977 and took him 26 years to complete.
There are seven operas: one for each day of the week.
Some of the music for this includes microtonal scales, in which the notes are tuned so that they are less than a semitone apart.
2007 deaths
21st-century German composers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Disease-related deaths in North Rhine-Westphalia
20th-century German composers
Musicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
W. C. Fields (January 29, 1880 – December 25, 1946) was an American comic actor.
He had a recognizable and unique style on stage, movies, and radio.
His real name was William Claude Dukenfield and he started his career when he ran away from home at the age of 11.
He is one of the famous people on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt.
1880 births
Actors from Pennsylvania
Carl Gustav Jung (26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and writer.
He created many theories and ideas that are still used in psychology today.
Psychology is the science of how people think and feel.
His kind of psychology was called analytical psychology or Jungian Analysis.
Jung worked for about seven years with Sigmund Freud early in his career, but they fell out over a theory and from 1913 went their separate ways.
This was because they disagreed about what motivated people and how to understand psychology.
Jung is famous for many things that he did for psychology.
The work he did was important for measuring what kind of personality people have.
The test called the Myers Briggs Type Indicator is based on his ideas.
He is also famous because of his ideas about the ancients - people from many years ago.
Jung spent his life learning from observation and read exceptionally widely subjects as different as philosophy, science, anthropology, religion, literature, art and historical books relating to alchemy and the occult.
He thought he could learn important things about psychology from them.
He investigated them to find out what symbols they contained and how ancient people tried to make sense of the world around them.
Alchemy is considered a precursor of modern chemistry.
He wrote in academic German, for doctors, psychologists and many other educated people.
Most people who study Jung start with the book Man and His Symbols.
It was written by colleagues of Jung so that people would be able understand him.
Another useful introduction to his work is his Biography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, written mostly by his secretary, Mrs Aniela Jaffe, and to which he contributed three or four chapters.
Jung also created important terms called collective unconscious, archetypes, extraversion (outer world) and introversion (internal world).
Jung died a widower in his mid-eighties in Kusnacht, Canton of Zurich Switzerland.
Carl Gustav Jung was born on 26 July 1875 in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau.
The American rock band Tool was influenced by ideas of Jung for their album Ænima.
The Lighthouse (2019) by American movie director Robert Eggers has many references to Jung.
Jung, C. G. 1953.
Psychiatric Studies.
The Collected Works of C. G. Jung Vol.
1953, ed.
Michael Fordham, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, and Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen.
This was the first of 18 volumes plus separate bibliography and index.
Not including revisions the set was completed in 1967.
1961 deaths
Swiss psychologists
Swiss people
Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer.
He wrote horror stories and poems. (
Romantism)
Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809.
His parents were two touring vaudeville actors, David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins.
David left the family under unknown circumstances while Poe was an infant.
When Poe was two his mother died of tuberculosis, leaving Edgar an orphan.
The wealthy John Allan took Edgar into his home in Richmond, Virginia.
In 1815, the Allan family moved to England.
Young Poe went to an English private school.
After five years, the family moved back to Richmond, Virginia.
After moving back to Virginia, Poe entered the University of Virginia in 1826.
While there, he gambled, lost money, and went into debt.
John Allan became angry, and cut off all contact with Poe.
In 1827, Poe published his first work, a collection of poetry titled, Tamerlane and Other Poems.
Poe did not have his name published in the book; it was attributed to "a Bostonian."
Military life
Poe enlisted in the army.
He used the name Edgar A. Perry and lied about his age.
He was successful as a soldier and quickly became a sergeant major.
While in the army his foster-mother Frances Allan died.
Poe attempted to mend his relationship with John Allan.
Poe soon left the army and enrolled at West Point in New York state.
Poe did not enjoy his time at West Point and got very bored.
He was expelled in March 1831.
At this point, John Allan disowned him.
Poe was well-liked by other cadets.
They contributed money to pay for Poe to publish a book of his poems called Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems.
He soon moved to Baltimore, Maryland.
Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York
In Baltimore, Poe lived with his aunt, Maria Poe Clemm.
She was the sister of Edgar's real father.
Clemm also had a daughter named Virginia Clemm.
Virginia admired Poe very much.
In 1836, when Virginia was thirteen, she and Poe married.
Poe was writing a lot by this time.
He sold his first short story in 1832.
His writing did not earn very much money.
He also worked as an editor for various magazines over the years, becoming very well known for his literary criticism.
Poe also was drinking off and on during these years.
In 1842, while Poe was living with Clemm and Virginia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Virginia became sick with tuberculosis.
The family moved to the New York City area in 1843 before settling in The Bronx.
On January 29, 1845, Poe published his most famous poem, "The Raven", making him very popular.
Virginia died a few years later, on January 30, 1847.
On September 27, 1849, Poe left Richmond after a short visit.
It is unknown what happened to him until October 3, when he was discovered outside of Gunner's Hall by a man named Joseph W. Walker in Baltimore.
He was taken to Washington College Hospital.
While in the hospital he became delirious and started seeing hallucinations.
He died on October 7, 1849, in the hospital.
Though it is not known what was his cause of death, there are several possible theories, including congestion of the brain, alcoholism withdrawal, tuberculosis, and rabies.
Poe was buried in the grounds of the Westminster Church and Burying Ground after a small funeral with only a few people.
On May 17, 1875, Poe was reburied at the front of the churchyard after a city-wide campaign to raise money to build a large monument.
He is buried there alongside his wife Virginia, and Virginia's mother Maria Clemm.
"Berenice" (1835) Horror story about obsession
"The Black Cat" (1845) Horror story about a cat
"The Cask of Amontillado" (1846) A story of revenge
"A Descent Into The Maelström" (1845) Man vs. Nature, Adventure Story
"Eleonora" (1841) A love story
"The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" (1845) Talking with a dead man
"The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839) An old house and its secrets
"The Gold Bug" (1843) A search for pirate treasure
"Hop-Frog" (1845) A dwarf seeks revenge
"The Imp of the Perverse" (1845) Procrastination and confession
"Ligeia" (1838) A haunting supernatural tale
"The Man of the Crowd" (1845) How to follow someone
"Manuscript Found in a Bottle" (1833) Adventure at sea
"The Masque of the Red Death" (1842) The horror of the plague
"Mesmeric Revelation" (1849) Conversation with a hypnotized dying man
"The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841) A detective story
"Never Bet the Devil Your Head" (1841) A comedy with a moral
"The Oval Portrait" (1842) A tragic love story
"The Pit and the Pendulum" (1842) A torture chamber
"The Premature Burial" (1844) About being buried alive
"The Purloined Letter" (1845) A detective story
"Silence - A Fable" (1838) A dream
"Some Words With a Mummy" (1845) A mummy speaks
"The Spectacles" (1844) A comedy about love at first sight
"The System of Dr. Tarr and Prof. Fether" (1845) Inside an insane asylum
"The Tell-Tale Heart" (1843) A murderer's guilt
"William Wilson" (1839) A doppelganger story
"The Conqueror Worm"
"The Raven"
"To Helen"
"The Bells"
Poe's resting place
Poe's life, poems, works
Poe Museum
Best Edgar Allan Poe Poems
19th-century American poets
Short story writers
Unexplained deaths
Writers from Baltimore
Writers from Virginia
People from the Bronx
Fred Astaire, born Frederick Austerlitz (10 May 1899 – 22 June 1987), was an American dancer, singer and actor.
He was the most famous stage, movie and television dancer of his day.
Astaire started dancing on the stage with his sister Adèle, and when she married he started a movie partnership with Ginger Rogers.
After that, he danced with a succession of talented American dancers on movie and on television.
He appeared in 32 movies.
His movie partners included Eleanor Powell, Ann Miller, Vera-Ellen, Cyd Charisse: all high-class dancers, and on TV with Barrie Chase.
Their An evening with Fred Astaire won nine Emmy Awards in 1958.
Many male dancers of the 20th century were influenced by him, and said so.
He owed something to the choreography of Hermes Pan, but more to his own perfectionism and relentless practice.
Astaire was also an excellent actor, and a successful, though personally modest, singer.
He introduced some of the most celebrated songs from the Great American Songbook.
He married Phyllis Potter in 1933; they had two children.
After her death, he remarried in 1980 to Robyn Smith, a female jockey 45 years his junior.
Astaire, Fred.
Steps in Time, 1959,
Billman, Larry.
Fred Astaire — a bio-bibliography, Greenwood Press 1997,
Freeland, Michael.
Fred Astaire: an illustrated biography, Grosset & Dunlap, 1976.
Thomas, Bob.
Astaire, the man, the dancer.
Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1985.
(Astaire is the first biographical entry in the IMDB database.)
Fred Astaire biography at Allmovie Guide
Fred Astaire tribute site.
Fred Astaire biography at AlsoDances.
Time.com: The Great American Flyer   Fred Astaire:1899-1987
Time Magazine archive: Astaire essay by Richard Corliss
Astaire's religious views incl.
many extracts from his biographers
Ava Astaire discusses her father's legacy. (
BBC Television - Realplayer required)
Fred Astaire at Find-A-Grave
"He's in Heaven..." - In Memoriam Fred Astaire
1987 deaths
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
Singers from Nebraska
The Game Boy Advance, commonly abbreviated as GBA, is a 32-bit handheld video game console.
It was manufactured by Nintendo.
The predecessor to the Game Boy Advance was the Game Boy Color.
The Game Boy Advance was eventually succeeded by the Nintendo DS in 2004.
The Game Boy Advance was released in Japan on 21 March 2001.
Nintendo later released it in North America on 11 June 2001, in Australia on 20 June 2001, and in Europe on 22 June 2001.
The Game Boy Advance SP (announced in 2002) is one of the two Game Boy Advance variations, first released in Japan on February 14, 2003, in Europe on March 23, 2003, in North America on March 28, 2003, and in Australia on April 10, 2003.
It is similar to the original model, but it has a "clamshell" design, meaning that it can be folded to open and close which was later used in all the DS and 3DS models except the original 2DS.
The Game Boy Advance SP has a rechargeable battery, and it does not run on two AA batteries.
The Game Boy Advance SP has a backlit screen, meaning it has a bright screen (older versions of the GBA SP have a frontlit screen).
Like its predecessor, it is backwards compatible with GB and GBC games.
Game Boy Micro
The Game Boy Micro is one of the two variations of the Game Boy Advance and is the last model in the Game Boy Line (alongside the AGS-101 model of the SP) announced at E3 2005.
Development of the Micro began in 2004.
It is smaller than most handhelds and is designed to fit inside coin pockets.
It retains a rechargeable battery and backlit screen from the Game Boy Advance SP.
The Game Boy Micro removed backwards compatibility with original Game Boy and Game Boy Color games as it is not compatible with accessories made for the GBA and SP.
It also is incompatible with the Nintendo e-Reader.
The Game Boy Micro also has a removable face plate for alternative designs.
The Micro did not sell well as it was overshadowed by its successor, the Nintendo DS, which also plays GBA games.
Size: 50×101×17.2 mm (2×4×0.7 in)
Weight: 80 g (2.8 oz)
Processor: 32-bit 16.8 MHz ARM processor (ARM7TDMI)
Colors: various
Screen: 51 mm / 2 inches, backlit with adjustable brightness.
Resolution: 240×160 pixels
Battery: built-in rechargeable lithium-ion battery.
It has up to five hours of battery life with top brightness and sound and eight hours with both features on default.
Headphones: standard 3.5mm headphone jack
The Game Boy Micro has a switch on its right side to make the volume lower or higher.
If the player presses the L shoulder button, it can be used to adjust the backlit screen between 5 different brightness levels.
Amerie or Ameriie (born Amerie Mi Marie Rogers, married name Nicholson, January 12, 1980), is an American R&B singer.
Amerie was born to a South Korean mother and African American father.
Her first language is Korean.
In 2004, Amerie began dating her manager, Lenny Nicholson.
On March 1, 2010, they were engaged.
The couple married on June 25, 2011, in an oceanfront ceremony in Anguilla.
All I Have (2002) number 9 in US charts
Touch (2005) number 5 in US charts; number 28 in UK charts
Because I Love It (2007), number 7 in UK chart
In Love & War (2009)
Cymatika (2012)
"Why Don't We Fall In Love" (with Ludacris) (2002) number 23 in US charts, number 40 in UK charts
"Talkin' To Me" (2002) number 51 in US charts
"Paradise" (LL Cool J with Amerie) (2002) number 36 in US charts, number 18 in UK charts (2003 release)
"1 Thing" (2005) number 8 in US, number 4 in UK, number 9 in Canada.
Singers from Washington, D.C.
Singers from Massachusetts
Musicians from Massachusetts
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
Musicians from Alaska
Singers from Alaska
He was a lawyer, then speech writer for Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.
He went into show business helping some liberal writers write accurate portrayals of conservatives for a television show.
He soon turned to acting, landing his most famous role as a boring teacher in the movie Ferris Bueller's Day Off.
He was also the main person in the 2008 movie Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed.
His nerdy appearance and dead-pan manner have made him a popular fixture on movies and TV till this day.
From 1997 to 2003 he had his own game show, Win Ben Stein's Money.
He also wrote many books and had articles that appeared in popular magazines and newspapers.
He is also spokesperson for a product named "Clear Eyes".
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Soft rock is subgenre of rock music.
Some people find it lighter and more relaxing than rock and roll while some cannot stand it.
Some singers and musicians who sing soft rock are: Bread, The Carpenters and Chicago.
Angela Dorothea Merkel (born Angela Dorothea Kasner on 17 July 1954 in Hamburg) is a German politician, and was Chancellor of Germany from 22 November 2005 to 8 December 2021.
She was born in Hamburg, at the time part of West Germany, and grew up in the former German Democratic Republic, where she lived until the reuniting of Germany in 1990.
Merkel is now married to Joachim Sauer, a professor of chemistry.
From 2000 to 2018, she was the chairperson (was in charge of) the German conservative party, the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU).
Merkel became Germany's first female chancellor on 22 November 2005 in a coalition of the two biggest German political parties, the CDU/CSU and SPD.
After the next election in 2009, she formed a coalition with the German liberal party FDP.
After the 2013 and 2017 Federal Elections, she again emerged as chancellor of a coalition government.
Her father was a Lutheran pastor and her mother was a school teacher.
Before becoming a politician, she worked as a researcher in Physical Chemistry.
In December 2015, she was named as Time magazine's Person of the Year.
In October 2018, Merkel announced her permanent retirement from politics, as she said she would not seek reelection as leader of the CDU at the party convention in December 2018 and as Chancellor in 2021.
After this, another female politician, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, replaced her as CDU leader.
East German people
German chemists
Government ministers of Germany
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
A Chinese dragon was the symbol of the Emperor of China.
The dragon in the Qing Dynasty came out on national flags.
Dragons are often found in Chinese art and stories.
Since people discovered dragons in Chinese art and stories, dragons are sometimes thought of as a symbol for China.
There are people inside Chinese dragons.
Dragons are very popular in China.
The phoenix is a dragon that has five claws and was a powerful symbol for the emperors in China.
Chinese culture
Robert Selden Duvall (born January 5, 1931) is an American actor and director.
Duvall won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Tender Mercies (1983).
He has also won the Screen Actors Guild Award, several Golden Globe Awards, and a BAFTA Award.
Duvall was born in San Diego, California.
His parents were Mildred Virginia Hart and William Howard Duvall.
He studied at Severn School in Severna Park, Maryland and The Principia in St. Louis, Missouri.
He graduated, in 1953, from Principia College in Elsah, Illinois.
Duvall's career began in 1952.
His first role was as Arthur "Boo" Radley in the 1962 movie To Kill A Mockingbird.
He then appeared on Captain Newman, M.D. (1963).
He landed many of his most famous roles during the early 1970s, such as Major Frank Burns in the blockbuster comedy MASH (1970) and the lead role in THX 1138 (1971), as well as Horton Foote's adaptation of William Faulkner's Tomorrow (1972).
Duvall was married to Barbara Benjamin from 1964 until they divorced in 1975.
Then, he was married to Gail Youngs from 1982 through 1985.
Then he was married to Sharon Brophy from 1991 through 1996.
He has been married to Argentine actress Luciana Pedraza since 2005.
Duvall has no children.
He lives in The Plains, Virginia.
To Kill A Mockingbird (1962)
The Godfather (1972)
Tomorrow (1972)
Network (1976)
Apocalypse Now (1979)
True Confessions (1981)
Colors (1988)
The Apostle (1997)
The Judge (2014)
Widows (2018)
In 2015, at age 84, Duvall became the oldest person ever nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards, with a nomination for the movie The Judge.
Actors from Virginia
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
Movie directors from Illinois
Republicans (United States)
Stevland Hardaway Judkins (born May 13, 1950)  known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist.
A child prodigy,Wonder became one of the most successful and well-known artists on the Motown label.
He has recorded 23 albums and more than 30 U.S. top ten hits,such as Superstition, Sir Duke and I Just Called To Say Love You (which topped all the charts the board it faced).
He has written and produced songs for many of his labelmates and other artists as well.
His music, which concerns love, peace, care and knowledge about the outside world has won him 25 Grammy Awards(the most awarded to a male solo artist).
Wonder plays the drums, guitar, synthesizers, congas, and most famously the piano, harmonica, and the keyboard.
In 2009, United Nations dubbed him "Messenger of Peace".
He was born on May 13, 1950 at St. Mary's of Michigan Medical Center in Saginaw, Michigan.
His real name is Stevland Hardaway Judkins but he later dropped the name Morris and it has been his name for his life.
He has been blind since shortly after his birth.
While in the hospital his incubator was left too warm, which caused his retina to detach and resulted in severe optical nerve damage.
In 1961, Wonder sang his own composition , "Lonely Boy" for Smokey Robinson of The Miracles.
This earned wonder his contract with Motown and he was mentored by Clarence Paul.
Wonder's first album, The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie, was released by Motown Records in 1962 when Wonder was 12 years old.
This album was to showcase Stevie's instrumental talents and contained to compositions that Wonder and Paul co-wrote - Session Number 112 and Wondering.
He released his second album Tribute to Uncle Ray later that year, mostly covers of Ray Charles's songs including a fresh song, Sunset.
These two albums were released in reverse order of recording and failed to gain recognition.
Clarence, feeling a song was coming on set Mother Thank You for release as a single, which was pulled and replaced with I Call It Pretty Music But The Old People Call It The Blues.
The song almost broke into the Billboard Hot 100, appearing at 101 before dropping out of sight.
The followups Little Water Boy and Contract on Love had no success, despite the latter appearing on the Uptight album.
His first live album Recorded Live: The 12 Year Old Genius reached number one in the Billboard 200 and contained the  live two part single Fingertips, This made him the youngest musician ever to have a number one album in the United States and the youngest artist ever to top the chart.
His next few singles were not successful; his voice was changing as he got older and Motown was considering cancelling his contract.
To save him, a fresh single "Up-Tight", co-written with Wonder was recorded in 1965 with reports saying it was based on a rhythm he had been humming and during recording the lyrics were sung back to Wonder as they were unavailable in Braille and that he "never missed a beat".
The single charted at No.1 and an album was rushed into production the following year to back it success.
This established Wonder as a genuine Motown hitmaker.
Since then, he has used a Hohner clavinet.
In 1971, Wonder released the album Where I'm Coming From, an album he expected to see what was going wrong with the world (featured the single "If You Really Love Me".
Around the same time his label mate, Marvin Gaye released a similar album, What's Going On,  which spawned three singles.
The albums have been compared with Marvin's seen as successful, whereas Wonder's seen as "self-indulged, undistinguished, pretentious" and overall lacking in unity and flow.
Wanting to become a more independent artist, Wonder allowed his old Motown contract to expire.
Wonder moved to a new studio and was taught synthesiser engineering.
He then met Malcolm Cecil and Robert Margouleff who introduced him to an electric orchestra  known as TONTO (The Original New Timbral Orchestra) Around the time of its release the previous year, it garnered a lot of attention.
On March 3, 1972 Wonder released a new album by the name of Music of My Mind, with all songs flowing together thematically.
The album spawned the singles Superwoman and Keep On Running.
The album was a success with critics finding it representative of his artistic growth.
Although he was separate from Motown, he would still submit his albums to his old record label, Tamla.
Cecil and Margouleff helped him engineer the TONTO synthesiser and so were listed as associate producers.
This began Wonder's classical period and marked a long collaboration with TONTO's Expanding Head Band.
The albums that followed were Talking Book  and Innervisions, the latter winning album of the year in 1973.
Wonder won his first four Grammy Awards in 1973.
Two of the awards were for his single "Superstition" from Talking Book.
In 1974, Wonder's seventeenth album Fulfillingess' First Finale was released, also winning album of the year.
It featured two number one singles, "Boogie on Reggae Woman", and "You Haven't Done Nothin", a hit which launched criticism against The Nixon Federation - funny enough, 2 days later, Richard Nixon resigned.
Wonder won another four Grammys for the album that year.
It was Wonder's second number one album.
Wonder's next album Songs in the Key of Life also reached number one.
This was Wonder's most critically acclaimed album and the Library of Congress called it culturally, historically or aesthetically significant.
It spawned five singles , Sir Duke, a song explaining the pleasures of music, I Wish   wishing for childhood days to come back As a ballad of love which will last till The Impossible happens, Another Star a fast-paced Cuban style heartbreak ballad which featured on BBC's promotional video for the  2014 World Cup and Isn't She Lovely a song inspired by the birth Wonder's daughter, Aisha Morris.(Wonder would not release it as a single although instructed by a Motown executive to do so.)
The former two songs reached No.1 on the Billboard charts.
In 1979, he released a soundtrack album, Journey Through The Secret Life Of Plants for a documentary The Secret Life Of Plants.
The album used a computer melodian virtually throughout.
The album contain the No.1 ballad Send One Your Love.
The album had been called odd goofy nerdy and foolish.
Wonder blamed Motown for not promoting the album  properly.
In 1980, Wonder released Hotter Than July which included I Ain't Gonna stand For It, a country-style song about a man whose property has been repeatedly trespassed, Master Blaster (Jammin'), a reggae tune dedicated to Bob Marley, "Lately", a ballad and "Happy Birthday", a song in memory of Martin Luther King Jr used for Wonder's campaign to make Luther's birthday a national holiday.
His next was a greatest hits album titled Original Musiquarium I featuring 4 new singles That Girl, Do I Do, Front Line and Ribbon in The Sky.
In 1983, Wonder contributed Stay Gold to the drama The Outsiders.
He then scheduled an album to be titled People Work, Human Play.
The album never surfaced and instead 1984 saw the release of his next soundtrack album The Woman in Red.
It spawned the hit single "I Just Called to Say I Love You" which reached number one in all the countries with charts at the time, therefore becoming his bestselling record.
It was Wonder's only number one in the UK.
It was number one there for six weeks.
In 1985 Wonder released  the digital album In Square Circle and featured on Dionne Warwick's single "That's What Friends Are For" with Elton John and Gladys Knight.
It reached number one in the US.
Wonder shared the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo Or Group With Vocal.
In 1987 Wonder released the album Characters which featured hit singles "Skeletons" and "You Will Know", but was subject to mixed reception.
Michael Jackson's album Bad was released.
Wonder featured on the album's fifth song "Just Good Friends".
In December 1987 Wonder released a single called "Get It", a duet with MJ in turn for Just Good Friends.
In 1991, Wonder's 3rd soundtrack album, Jungle Fever was released a month before the drama film of the same name.
The album helped Wonder climb back into the Top Ten in album charting.
In 1995 Wonder released Conversation Peace.
It was his first album that was not a soundtrack since 1987.
One single, "For Your Love", was released from the album.
It won 2 Grammy awards for Best R&B Male Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.
In 2005 Wonder released his first album in ten years, A Time to Love.
Reviewers were upset with the fact it took ten years for him to release a new album with fresh material.
On June 25, 2011, Wonder performed at the opening ceremony of the 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games in Athens, Greece.
Wonder said in 2013 that he will release 2 new albums in 2014, and is making a third.
The current working titles are Ten Billion Hearts, When The World Began and Gospel Inspired By Lula.
Stevie Wonder at The Songwriters Hall of Fame website
People from Saginaw, Michigan
Blind people
Musicians from Michigan
Singers from Michigan
Littleton is a community in Colorado, near Denver.
It is most famous in 1999 because of the Columbine High School massacre at Columbine High School, which is not actually in the city of Littleton, but is in a ZIP code assigned to Littleton.
Cities in Colorado
County seats in Colorado
Motown is a famous record label founded in Detroit, Michigan in the late 1950s by Berry Gordy.
It is known for signing many well-known rhythm and blues singers and groups.
Some of the artists who sang on the label include:
Smokey Robinson and the Miracles
Gladys Knight and the Pips
American record labels
1950s establishments in Michigan
September 11 - Swami Vivekananda began his first conference in Parliament of World's Religions
June 29 – Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer
July 30 – Fatimah Jinnah, Pakistani Mother of the Nation.
August 17 – Mae West
"Happy Birthday to You"
"The Cat Came Back"
Mustelids are a family of carnivorous mammals.
They are the family Mustelidae, in the order Carnivora.
They are the largest family of mammals.
They are diverse, from weasels who eat mice to wolverines that can kill prey much larger than themselves.
Mustelids live in many habitats: otters for example, live mostly in the water, while one species of weasel lives in the Arctic.
One kind of mustelid, the ferret, has been tamed and used for hunting for a long time.
These days it is mostly kept as a pet.
Because the ferret looks a bit like a rat that has been stretched out in the middle, it is sometimes called a tube rat.
Ratels (or Honey badgers)
Martens
Minks
Polecats
Sables
Stoats
Vanilla Ninja is a music group made up of four girls named Lenna Kuurmaa, Katrin Siska, Piret Järvis.
Previous members are Triinu Kivilaan & Maarja Kivi.
All released singles and their chart peak position: Estonia (EST), Germany (GER), Austria (AUT), Switzerland (SWI), Poland (POL), and Finland (FIN).
2004 - Traces of Sadness (Live in Estonia)
2005 - Best Of: The Video Collection
Band members
Lenna Kuurmaa – vocals, guitar
Katrin Siska – keyboard, vocals
Piret Järvis – guitar, vocals
Maarja Kivi – vocals, bass (2002 - 2004)
Triinu Kivilaan – bass, vocals (2004 - 2005)
Vanilla Ninja Official Estonian Website
Vanilla Ninja Official Latinoamerican Website
Vanilla Ninja Fansite in English
Vanilla Ninja Portaal
VN-VIP Community  (German)
Vanilla Ninja Lithuania (Lietuva)
Vanilla Ninja Argentina
Vanilla Ninja Mexico
Vanilla Ninja Chile
VN-LINN The International Vanilla Ninja Fanclub
Estonian musical entertainers
January 1 – Ole Pedersen Hoiland breaks into the Bank of Norway and steals 64.000 dalers (Swedish dollars)
January 30 – Unsuccessful assassination attempt against President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol – first assassination attempt against a President of the United States.
February 20 – Concepción, Chile is destroyed by an earthquake
March 2 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.
April 18 – Lord Melbourne becomes the new British Prime Minister.
May 5 – In Belgium a railroad opens from Brussels to Mechelen.
It is the first railway in continental Europe.
May 6 – James Gordon Bennett, Sr.
makes the first issue of the New York Herald.
July 4 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad finishes the Thomas Viaduct, at the time the longest bridge in the United States, and the second longest in the world. (
London Bridge was the longest in the world at the time)
September 7 – Charles Darwin gets to the Galapagos Islands aboard HMS Beagle.
October 2 – Texas Revolution begins: Battle of Gonzales – Mexican soldiers try to get the people of Gonzales, Texas to give up their weapons, but the Texans fight back
December 9 – The Army of the Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.
December 16 – Fire in New York City destroys 530 buildings
December 19 – Toledo Blade newspaper begins publishing.
December 28 – Seminole fighter Osceola and his warriors attack U.S. government agent Thompson outside Fort King in Central Florida, starting the Second Seminole War.
The State of Ohio and the Michigan Territory fight the Toledo War over the city of Toledo and the Toledo Strip.
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestum, Copernicus' book on the motion of the Earth, is removed from the Index of Prohibited Books.
Samuel Colt patents the first revolver
Civil war erupts in Uruguay between supporters of Blanco and Colorado parties
The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.
The French word for their language changes to français, from françois
The Australian city of Melbourne is founded by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner.
May 8 – Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first four fairy tales
June 2 – P.T. Barnum and his circus begin their first tour of the United States
September 26 – Donizetti's opera Lucia di Lammermoor is performed for the first time
March 15 – Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (d. 1916)
April 9 – King Léopold II of Belgium (d. 1909)
June 2 – Pope Pius X (d. 1914)
October 23 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (d. 1914)
November 25 – Andrew Carnegie, American industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1919)
November 30 – Mark Twain, American writer and humorist (d. 1910)
March 2 – Emperor Francis I of Austria (b. 1768)
April 21 – Samuel Slater, American industrialist (b. 1768)
May 13 – John Nash, English architect (b. 1752)
June 18 – William Cobbett, English journalist and writer (b. 1763)
July 28 – Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, French marshal (b. 1768)
September 23 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (b. 1801)
Haile Selassie I ( born Tafari Makonnen July 23, 1892 - August 27, 1975) was the Emperor of Ethiopia from April 2, 1930 to September 12, 1974.
He was Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia from 1916 to 1930, when he was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia as one of the Solomonid dynasty.
He fought against Italy, shortly before World War II.
He was one of the founding fathers of the League of Nations and the United Nations and the 8th person to be recognized the Time Person of the Year.
Tafari was made into local governor of Sidamo in 1907 and Harar in 1911.
In Harar, he had a huge following, but he agreed not to remove Lij Iyasu from power as regent in exchange for Iyasu not removing him as governor of Harer.
However, Iyasu became a Muslim and broke his agreement by trying to remove Tafari as governor.
Tafari said that he now did have to keep the agreement and so he removed Iyasu as regent.
Because Iyasu was Muslims, the nobles replaced him with Empress Zauditu on September 27, 1916 and made Tafari regent.
From to then on, Tafari controlled Ethiopia.
He was made negus (king) in 1928 and was crowned "Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God" on November 2, 1930.
His coronation was given widespread publicity throughout the world, especially in two TIME Magazine articles.
The publicity created interest on the faraway island of Jamaica, where a belief in his divinity (Godliness) soon arose because of his titles, and he was seen as a symbol of black liberation.
In 1936, he left Ethiopia after an invasion by Benito Mussolini's Italy.
The Emperor gave a speech at the League of Nations that asked the world to stop the Italians, but it failed to act.
With the help of the British in World War II, he returned to Ethiopia in 1941.
In 1963, the Emperor did everything he could to help start the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), with its headquarters in Addis Ababa.
In 1966, he visited Jamaica, where he met the Rastafarian community of Jamaica.
On September 12, 1974, he was overthrown by a Marxist coup.
He was said to have died of natural causes in August 1975, but evidence later showed that he had been murdered.
However, many Rastafarians claim that he is still alive.
Haile Selassie contributed Ethiopian troops to the United Nations operation in the Congo peacekeeping force during the 1960 Congo Crisis to preserve Congolese integrity, according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 143.
On 13 December 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit to Brazil, his Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Guard) forces staged an unsuccessful coup and briefly proclaimed Haile Selassie's eldest son, Asfa Wossen, as emperor.
The regular army and police forces crushed the coup attempt since it lacked broad popular support; was denounced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; and was unpopular with the army, the air force, and thr police.
The effort to depose the Emperor, however, had support among students and the educated classes.
The coup attempt has been characterized as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, when Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the people's consent".
Student populations began to empathise with the peasantry and the poor and advocate on their behalf.
The coup spurred Haile Selassie to accelerate reform, which was manifested in the form of land grants to military and police officials.
The Emperor continued to be a staunch ally of the West although he pursued a firm policy of decolonisation in Africa, which was still largely under European colonial rule.
The United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding Eritrea's status, with each of the superpowers vying for a stake in the state's future.
The British administrator suggested Eritrea's partition between Sudan and Ethiopia to separate Christians and Muslims.
The idea was instantly rejected by Eritrean political parties, as well as the United Nations.
A UN plebiscite voted 46 to 10 to have Eritrea be federated with Ethiopia, which was later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V).
Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and be represented in what had been the Ethiopian PA, which would become the federal parliament.
Haile Selassie would have none of the European attempts to draft a separate constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and he wanted his own 1955 Constitution protecting families to apply to both Ethiopia and Eritrea.
In 1961, the 30-year Eritrean Struggle for Independence began, followed by Haile Selassie's dissolution of the federation and shutting down of the Eritrean Parliament.
In September 1961, Haile Selassie attended the Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
That is considered to be the founding conference of the Non-Aligned Movement.
In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the Eritrean War of Independence.
The emperor declared Eritrea the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962.
The war would continue for 30 years.
Haile Selassie and then the Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him attempted to retain Eritrea by force.
In 1963, Haile Selassie presided over the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the precursor of the today's African Union (AU).
The new organization would establish its headquarters in Addis Ababa.
In May that year, Haile Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat.
Along with Modibo Keïta of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between Morocco and Algeria.
In 1964, Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the United States of Africa, a proposition later taken up by Muammar Gaddafi.
On 4 October 1963, Haile Selassie addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations that referred to his address to his earlier speech to the League of Nations:Twenty-seven years ago, as Emperor of Ethiopia, I mounted the rostrum in Geneva, Switzerland, to address the League of Nations and to appeal for relief from the destruction which had been unleashed against my defenseless nation, by the fascist invader.
I spoke then both to and for the conscience of the world.
My words went unheeded, but history testifies to the accuracy of the warning that I gave in 1936.
Today, I stand before the world organization which has succeeded to the mantle discarded by its discredited predecessor.
In this body is enshrined the principle of collective security which I unsuccessfully invoked at Geneva.
Here, in this Assembly, reposes the best – perhaps the last – hope for the peaceful survival of mankind.
Emperor Haile Selassie standing in front of throne c. 1965
On 25 November 1963, the Emperor was among other heads of state, including French President Charles de Gaulle, ti traveed to Washington, DC, and attend the funeral of assassinated President John F. Kennedy.
In 1966, Haile Selassie attempted to replace the historical tax system with a single progressive income tax, which would significantly weaken the nobility, which had previously avoided paying most of their taxes.
Even with alterations, the law led to a revolt in Gojjam, which was repressed although enforcement of the tax was abandoned.
Having achieved its design in undermining the tax, the revolt encouraged other landowners to defy Haile Selassie.
A parade in honoir of Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I, turns onto Pennsylvania Avenue from New York Avenue; crowds line the street.
Washington, D.C 1963
While he had fully approved and assured Ethiopia's participation in UN-approved collective security operations, including Korea and Congo, Haile Selassie drew a distinction between it and the non-UN-approved foreign intervention in Indochina, consistently deplored it as needless suffering and called for the Vietnam War to end on several occasions.
At the same time, he remained open toward the United States and praised it for making progress with civil rights legislation in the 1950s and the 1960s.
He visited the US several times during those years.
Main article: List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie
23 July 1892 – 1 November 1905: Lij Tafari Makonnen
1 November 1905 – 11 February 1917: Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen
11 February 1917 – 7 October 1928: Le'ul-Ras Tafari Makonnen
7 October 1928 – 2 November 1930: Negus Tafari Makonnen
2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974: His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings, Lord of Lords, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God and Light of the Universe.
134th Christian ruler of Ethiopia ?
On 21 January 1965, Haile Selassie I was venerated with the title of "Defender of the Faith" by the Patriarchs of the Oriental Orthodox Churches of the World.
National orders
Chief Commander of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia (1909)
Grand Collar of the Order of Solomon (1930)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seal of Solomon
Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Queen of Sheba
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)
Grand Cordon of the Order of Menelik II
Order of Fidelity
1975 deaths
Ethiopian people
Ethiopia (,  , , , Oromo: Itiyophiyaa, , Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ) is a country in the Horn of Africa.
It has one of the longest and most well known histories as a country in Africa and the world.
Ethiopia was one of the few countries in Africa that escaped the Scramble for Africa.
It avoided being colonized until 1935, when it was invaded by the Italians, who took over the country for a brief time.
Ethiopia used to be called Abyssinia.
The word "Ethiopia" is from the Greek word Αἰθιοπία (IPA: /ˌaitʰioˈpia/) meaning sun light burned face.
It is the most populous landlocked country in the world.
It  lost its Red Sea ports when Eritrea gained independence in 1993.
The conception of an Ethiopian nation  is stated to have begun with the Aksumite Kingdom in the 4th century A.D. The Aksumite Kingdom was a predominantly Christian state that at the height of its power controlled what is now the Ethiopian Highlands, Eritrea, and the coastal regions of Southern Arabia.
The Aksumite Kingdom was responsible for the development of the religious movement that became the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.
However, the expansion of Islam in the 7th century caused the decline of the Aksumite Kingdom, and most of the lowland populations converted to Islam, while the highland people remained Christian.
Since the Aksumite people became divided between Christian highlands and Islamic lowlands, religious and tribal tensions and rivalries between the people intensified.
The Aksumite society changed into a loose confederation of city-states that maintained traditions and languages influenced by Aksum.
After the fall of Aksum due to declining sea trade from fierce competition by Muslims and changing climate, the power base of the kingdom migrated south and shifted its capital to Kubar (near Agew).
They moved southwards because, even though the Axumite Kingdom welcomed and protected the companions of Prophet Muhammad to Ethiopia, who came as refugees to escape the persecution of the ruling families of Mecca and earned the friendship and respect of the Prophet.
Their friendship deteriorated when South-Arabians invaded the Dahlak islands through the port of Adulis and destroyed it, which was the economic backbone for the prosperous Aksumite Kingdom.
After a second golden age in the early 6th century the Aksumite empire began to decline in the mid 6th century, eventually ceasing its production of coins in the early 7th century.
Around this same time, the Aksumite population was forced to go farther inland to the highlands for protection, abandoning Aksum as the capital.