the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical efficiency, the effectiveness of a simple machine, mechanical advantage over ideal mechanical advantage
Thermodynamic efficiency, useful work per change in heat
Exergy efficiency, measure of 2nd-law themodynamic loss
Thermal efficiency, useful work per the higher heating value of the fuel
Radiation efficiency, ratio of radiated power to power absorbed at the terminals of an antenna
Efficiency (aerodynamics), for fixed wing aircraft the Lift-to-drag ratio
Efficiency (economics), a general term, to capture the amount of waste or other undesirable features
Pareto efficiency, making one individual better off, without making any other individual worse off
Kaldor-Hicks efficiency, like a less stringent Pareto efficiency
Allocative efficiency, an optimal distribution of goods
The optimisation of a social welfare function
Efficiency wages, paying workers more than the market rate for increased productivity
Efficiency (statistics), a measure of desirability of an estimator
Efficiency ratio, expenses as a percentage of revenue, etc.
Efficiency Movement, of the Progressive Era 1890-1932, advocated efficiency in the economy, society and government
Material efficiency, compares material requirements between construction projects or physical processes
Textual efficiency, density of a message
Algorithmic efficiency, the speed and space requirements of a computer program
Quantum efficiency, a measure of sensitivity of a photosensitive device: the percentage of photons hitting the photoreactive surface that will produce an electron–hole pair
is a Japanese manga book.
Donkey Kong is a Nintendo video game character.
He was first seen in a video game in 1981.
He is a large gorilla who lives deep in the jungles of his very own island.
Since 1994 he has worn a red necktie with his initials "DK" in yellow, his only piece of clothing.
He appears as both the hero and villain of the Donkey Kong games.
Appearances in video games
Super Mario Strikers
is a Japanese manga artist.
He is well known for his books, Manga Kenkanryu (Hate Korea Wave) and Manga Kenchogokuryu (Hate China Wave).
He is thought to be anti-Korean and anti-Chinese, but the detail of his profile is not known well.
The categorical imperative is an idea that the philosopher Immanuel Kant had about ethics.
Kant said that an "imperative" is something that a person must do.
For example:  if a person wants to stop being thirsty, it is imperative that they have a drink.
Kant said an imperative is "categorical," when it is true at all times, and in all situations.
The example of a thirsty person Kant named the Hypothetical Imperative.
Kant used the hypothetical imperative to explain his ideas about the ethics of a categorical imperative.
For example, it is not usually a moral choice when a person decides to drink water, no matter why they are drinking the water.
If a person is very thirsty, then it is a hypothetical imperative that they drink the water.
Instead of the hypothetical imperative, Kant said that the moral choices are governed by a categorical imperative.
The categorical imperative is something that a person must do, no matter what the circumstances.
It is imperative to an ethical person that they make choices based on the categorical imperative.
Another way of saying that, is that an ethical person follows a "universal law" regardless of their situation.
Kant explained his ideas about following the categorical imperative by introducing one more idea he called a "maxim."
A maxim is another way of saying what we want to do and why we want to do it in one sentence.
We can learn ethical maxims by applying the test of the categorical imperative.
And he said we can live ethical lives if we use these maxims whenever we make decisions.
The categorical imperative, hypothetical imperative, and the maxim can all be seen in the example of the thirsty man.
A man locked alone in a room for one night, and he brought nothing with him except a bottle of water.
The man has had nothing to drink all day and is very thirsty.
We can call this man, "Thirsty Man."
A hypothetical imperative might be that "a thirsty man must drink water if he wants to stop being thirsty."
If Thirsty Man lived by a maxim based on this hypothetical imperative, it might be "If I can, I will drink water whenever I am thirsty."
In this example, Thirsty Man is not making any obvious moral choice.
Some philosophers would say that the Thirsty Man's maxim is a reasonable one.
Based on Thirsty Man's maxim, he will soon drink the water.
A few minutes later a second man is brought into the room.
Both men are told that they will be in the room all night, and that no one else will be back to see them until morning.
Thirsty Man has not yet opened the water bottle.
The new man has not had anything to drink for many days.
The second man is clearly dying of dehydration.
If he is not given water soon he will die.
We can call this second man, "Dying Man."
Thirsty Man now has a decision to make, will he share the water or drink it himself?
Thirsty Man does not live by the maxim of "I will drink water when I am thirsty," because that maxim fails the test of being universally fulfilling the categorical imperative.
Thirsty Man believes that the categorical imperative is the Golden Rule.
To be an ethical person, Thirsty Man believes he must at all times treat others the way he would want them to treat him.
From the categorical imperative of the Golden Rule, Thirsty Man has adopted a maxim of "I will give anything I can to anyone I meet, if that person needs what I have much more than I need it."
Thirsty Man prepares to decide if he will drink the water that he wants to drink, or if he will give it to Dying Man.
Thirsty Man tests both choices by comparing them to his maxim.
He sees that it is imperative  that he give the water to Dying Man.
Thirsty Man gives the water to Dying Man.
Dying Man drinks nearly the entire bottle, but then he chokes on the last sip.
There is nothing Thirsty Man can do to stop the choking, and Dying Man dies.
There are many philosophies of ethics, and many philosophers who have very different opinions.
Some philosophers might say that it would have been ethical if Thirsty Man had kept the bottle for himself to drink.
It was his bottle to begin with and he could do whatever he wanted with it.
Other philosophers might say that Thirsty Man was ethically wrong to give the bottle to Dying Man because the water ended up choking the Dying Man to death.
An important part of Kant's idea is that the morality of a choice is based on why we make the choice (intention), and not based on what happens after we make it (consequence).
Another important part of Kant's idea is that these ethical decisions are not rules or laws handed down to us (universal law or objectively true ethical statement).
Kant thought that ethical decisions needed to be based in logic and reason (correct reasoning or deductive reasoning).
Kant elaborated on these ideas by saying that we should treat other persons as persons and not as tools who can help us in some way.
He said we should do this based on the ethical duty that all persons have to each other, an ethical duty which could be called a universal law.
Kant's ideas about this universal law and the categorical imperative are important basic components of the philosophy of Absolutism.
Multiculturalism is a word that describes a society where many different cultures live together.
It is the simple fact of cultural diversity.
In a multicultural society, there is not an official (decided by the people in charge) culture that every person must be a part of.
Instead, all cultures are respected as much as each other.
A multicultural society can result when people from many different countries migrate to one place, or an empire conquers many countries.
Tolerance is a big help for multiculturalism.
Xenophobia makes it difficult.
A multicultural society would be composed of people from different ethnic backgrounds and cultures living and working together.
In society when people from different backgrounds link with each other's culture shows the acceptance of each other's culture and background.
Comfort women were women and girls forced into sexual slavery.
These women, mostly Korean, were forced by the Imperial Japanese Army in occupied territories before and during World War II.
Estimates of the number of these "comfort women" range up to 20,000 while two-fifths of them were Japanese.
Some Chinese scholars claim it to be as much as 410,000.
Military of Japan
Glycolysis is a metabolic process in most organisms.
It is the first stage in cellular respiration.
It allows both aerobic  and anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis releases only a small amount of energy.
The word "glycosis" comes from the Greek words γλυκύς (meaning "sweet") and λύσις (meaning "rupture").
Glycolysis is thought to be the archetype of a universal metabolic pathway.
It occurs, with variations, in almost all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic.
The wide occurrence of glycolysis shows that it is one of the most ancient known metabolic pathways.
Glycolysis has ten intermediate compounds, catalysed by ten different enzymes.
Only the broad outline is described here.
Preparatory phase
The first half of glycolysis is the preparatory phase.
It starts off by adding a phosphate group to glucose (Glucose 6-phosphate).
Next, the Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into Fructose 6-phosphate.
Another phosphate group is added turning it into fructose -1,6- biphosphate.
The fructose -1,6-biphosphate is then split in two, one part turning into G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
The dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into G3P, leaving us with the two G3P triose sugar molecules used in the Pay-off phase.
Pay-off phase
The second half of glycolysis is known as the 'pay-off phase', by the net gain of the energy-rich molecules ATP and NADH.
Since glucose leads to two triose (G3P) sugars in the preparatory phase, each reaction in the pay-off phase occurs twice per glucose molecule.
This yields 2 NADH molecules and 4 ATP molecules, leading to a net gain of 2 NADH molecules and 2 ATP molecules from the glycolytic pathway per glucose molecule.
Aerobic respiration
Cells performing aerobic respiration (respiration using oxygen) synthesize much more ATP, but not as part of glycolysis.
These further reactions use the pyruvate from glycolysis.
Cellular respiration (overview)
Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle)
The Glycolytic enzymes in Glycolysis
Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
Notes on glycolysis
In the analysis of personality, the term archetype is often broadly used to refer to
a stereotype—personality type observed multiple times, especially an oversimplification of such a type; or
an epitome—personality type exemplified, especially the "greatest" such example.
But in a strict linguistic sense, an archetype is merely a defining example of a personality type.
In this sense "mother figure" can be considered an archetype and instances can be found in various female characters with distinct personalities.
Archetypes have been present in mythology and literature for hundreds of years.
The use of archetypes to analyze personality was advanced by Carl Jung early in the 20th century.
The value in using archetypal characters in fiction derives from the fact that a large group of people are able to unconsciously recognize the archetype, and thus the motivations, behind the character's behavior.
The word archetype appeared in European texts as early as 1545.
It derives from the Latin noun archetypum via the Greek noun arkhetypon and adjective arkhetypos, meaning "first-moulded".
The Greek roots are arkhe- ("first" or "original") + typos ("model", "type", "blow", "mark of a blow").
Jung, C. G., (1934–1954).
The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious. (
1981 2nd ed.
Collected Works Vol.9 Part 1), Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen.
Arrien, Angeles (1992).
Signs Of Life:  The Five Universal Shapes And How To Use Them.
Sonoma, CA, USA:  Arcus Publishing Company.
Einführung in die Archetypen des Unbewussten nach C.G. Jung
A prototype is an original type, form, or instance of some thing.
It serves as a typical example or standard for things of the same category.
Some prototypes are used to find defects or to test an idea.
Proof of principle prototype (or model): Shows that something can be done.
These kinds of prototypes are built to test a part of the design.
These prototypes do not look like the finished product, in most cases.
Such prototypes are used to show that certain design choices will work or will not work.
Form-study prototype (model): This tries to show what the finished design will look like, but without the function.
Such prototypes allow to take decisions about the exact shape, size, or ergonomic properties.
This lets a designer see if things fit together, and will feel right.
Visual prototype: These will look like the actual product, and are used for market research.
They do not have any of the functionality of the final product.
An example is a concept car at a car show.
It may look like a new car but may not even have an engine.
Functional prototype: These will behave and act like the final product as much as possible.
For cost reasons, they may be smaller in size, or they may not have the final look of the product.
fr:Étalon (modèle)
An original model or prototype of which all other similar persons, objects, or concepts are developed.
Archetype, traditionally defined in the field of psychology as the idealized model of a person or personality
Stock character, standard character types seen in fiction and literature
Archetype (information science), a formal re-usable model of a domain concept
Archetype (album), an album by Fear Factory
Becoming the Archetype, a Christian metalcore band
Flies in the genus Microdon are a type of hoverfly.
Microdon and its subfamily are different from most other flies because they are myrmecophiles.
This means they live in ant colonies (nests).
There are more than 350 species of Microdon in the world.
Some of these will be split off in time because Microdon has been used as a catch-all for various unrelated species.
Most Microdon live in the tropics; 30 species live in North America.
What they look like
Microdon adults are very hairy and look like bees.
They are 8 to 15 mm long.
The antennae are almost as long as the fly's face.
These flies have black or pale (white or golden) hairs, and their bodies are either black or metallic green or blue.
The larvae of Microdon flies look strange.
They are very round and look like stout little slugs.
At first scientists thought they were mollusks and scale insects.
They move slowly.
Adult Microdon flies do not hover around flowers such as many other hoverflies; instead they remain close to the ant colonies where they grew up.
Larvae may be found very deep in ant nests.
Some Microdon larvae eat ant larvae (Duffield 1981); others are scavengers, which means they eat dead plants or insects in the ant colony.
Most Microdon larvae can only live in the colony of one kind of ant.
A pattern is an idea, a concept or a model.
The model is usually abstract, and can then be applied to the domain where it is used.
Pattern matching is checking if a certain pattern is present.
Many patterns can directly be recognised by the senses.
Some patterns are based on the fact that there are repetitions, that a certain thing occurs over and over again.
An example of a simple pattern might be the tiling of a floor.
For example, lots of bathrooms have a paisley or floral tiling pattern on the floor.
In computer science, design patterns are model solutions for problems that occur often.
Sometimes people see patterns when there are none.
This is called pareidolia.
Mathematical patterns
In Mathematics, there are many different patterns.
For example, the Fibonacci sequence is a complex type of pattern.
There are some simple ones like:
In this pattern, the next number is the product of the previous number multiplied by 2.
Basically a mathematical pattern is a sequence of numbers which follows one rule.
Bean is the name used for the seeds of several plants.
Most of these plants are known as legumes.
Their scientific name is Fabaceae.
Common beans, lentils, soybeans, peas are some types of beans.
Beans contain a lot of fibre.
They are also high in protein.
Vetches and lupins are all in that group of plants but not all legumes are edible.
Laburnums for example are very poisonous as are some lupins.
The seeds of other plants (which are not Fabaceae), are sometimes also called beans.
This is mostly because they look like true beans.
Example for such beans are Coffee beans, Cocoa beans, and Vanilla beans.
The Luxembourg Franc was the type of currency used in Luxembourg from 1848 to 1999.
Belgium was another country that used the Luxembourg Franc.
The symbol for the Luxembourg Franc is fr.
or F. On January 1, 1999, the Luxembourg Franc was replaced by the Euro (€).
1 Euro is equal to about 40 Luxembourg Francs.
The Belgian franc was a type of money.
It is nearly the same as its partner, the Luxembourg franc.
The Belgian franc was founded in 1848 in Belgium.
The symbol for the Belgian franc is fr.
or F. It was replaced by the euro (€) on January 1, 1999.
One euro has the same value as about forty Belgian francs.
The different types of coins used were 1, 5, 20, and 50 francs.
50 cents was another type of coin, but is not common.
Economy of Belgium
1848 establishments in Europe
Paradise Island is an island in the Bahamas.
The island is just north of the island of New Providence, Bahamas.
There are two bridges connecting the two islands.
One was built in 1999 and the other one was built in the late 1990s.
Paradise Island (and all of the Bahamas) is known for its sandy white beaches and all year round warm climate.
The island is also is known for Atlantis, a hotel and casino.
Paradise Island is a hot spot for filming movies.
The Beatles film Help!
and James Bond movie Casino Royale are only some of the movies filmed on Paradise Island.
Paradise Island official website
Atlantis official webstite
Bahamas tourist site
Islands of the Bahamas
Edward Jonathan "Eddie" Izzard (born 7 February 1962) is an English actor and stand-up comedian.
She has acted in movies and television.
She is known for her strange comedy and for being a transvestite (she often wears men's clothes when working and in her personal life).
Before going into entertainment, she had a successful career in clinical research where she was widely regarded as the 'Queen of risk-based monitoring'.
Izzard has described herself as "a lesbian trapped in a man's body".
Izzard's website
An emulator is a computer program or software that makes one kind of computer behave like a different one, so that it can use the same programs or do the same things as the other one.
They are best for using old software and games on newer computers.
They can be hardware that you add to the computer, or software that you use on it.
Some types of emulators require newer computers that have the right system requirements.
For example, you need a processor that is fast enough to meet the demands of the emulator.
Memory (both RAM and hard drive space) may be another factor to help it run smoothly and more accurately.
With the more advanced emulators, if your computer is too old, the emulator or even the operating system may crash.
Types of emulators
The simplest type of emulator is called an interpreter, and it runs the foreign program one step at a time.
This is the slowest type of emulator but it is easy to debug and port to new platforms.
Another type is called the dynamic recompiler, and it takes foreign code a block at a time and recompiles (converts) it into native code.
Foreign code that has already been converted is kept, so if the foreign program uses that code again, the emulator does not have to recompile it again.
This type of emulator is much faster than the interpreter.
Another type is the virtualizer, which only makes slight modifications to the foreign code, and runs it directly on the host processor.
The virtualizer requires that the guest (foreign) and host systems use the same type of CPU.
ReactOS is a project to develop an operating system that is compatible with software for Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and its successors.
In 2018, the project is still in its first stage of development.
ReactOS is not based on Linux or Unix.
ReactOS uses some code from the Wine project.
ReactOS official website
ReactOS Google+ page
ReactOS SourceForge page
ReactOS VKontakte page
MenuetOS (also known as MeOS) is an operating system for architecture computers for x86 and x86-64 processors, by Ville Mikael Turjanmaa.
It is a very small system, which can be run from a floppy disk.
It is written in only assembly code, and works fast because of these differences and because it has less "code overhead".
SkyOS is a privately-owned operating system currently in production.
SkyOS is mostly POSIX-compliant.
It comes with the core of the open source GNU tools, including GCC.
Due to its level of POSIX-compliance and port of the GTK+ widget toolkit, many Linux or other UNIX applications have been ported, including AbiWord and Gaim, as well as a few games, such as Quake.
SkyOs official website
Jodie Foster (born Alicia Christian Foster; November 19, 1962) is an American actress, movie director and producer.
She has starred in many movies like Bugsy Malone, Taxi Driver, The Silence of the Lambs and Panic Room.
She has won many awards including two Oscars.
Foster began directing movies in 1991.
These include Little Man Tate; Home for the Holidays  and The Beaver.
Foster is openly lesbian and is married to photographer Alexandra Hedison.
Hedison is the daughter of actor David Hedison.
Movie work
1976: Taxi Driver as Iris Steensma
1976: Bugsy Malone as Tallulah
1988: The Accused as Sarah Tobias
1991: The Silence of the Lambs as Clarice Starling
1997: Contact as Dr. Ellie Arroway
2002: Panic Room as Meg Altman
2021: The Mauritanian as Nancy Hollander
The President of the French Republic is the head of state of France.
The current President is Emmanuel Macron since 14 May 2017 defeating Marine Le Pen in the second round of the presidential election on 7 May 2017.
List of French presidents (Fifth Republic)
Living former presidents of France
Context (language): the text in which a word or passage appears and which affects its meaning; also the words and social setting which surrounds a spoken word or passage.
ConTeXt, a macro package for the TeX typesetting system
ConTEXT, a Windows text editor
Context (computing), the virtual environment required to suspend a running software program
Archaeological context, an event in time which has been preserved in the archaeological record
the Context Science Fiction Convention, held every fall in Columbus, Ohio
Context analysis, analysis of the environment in which a business operates
Context awareness, ability for computers to adjust to the natural environment
Context menu, usability improvement based on context awareness
Context mixing, a type of data compression algorithm
Context principle, philosophy of language
Context Sensitive Solutions, transportation
Context theory, theory of how environmental design and planning of new development should relate to its context
Contextualization, a translation approach that is not literal; predominately used in regards to Bible translations
Trama (context or flesh), the mass of non-hymenial tissues that composes the mass of a fungal fruiting body
Low context culture
High context culture
Locality (disambiguation)
Context-sensitive
Opaque context
Orthodoxy means right belief or purity of faith.
Orthodoxy is established by an absolute authority.
History of Orthodox Christianity
Orthodox Christian Information Center
Corn Pops is a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg's.
It was originally called Sugar Pops in 1951, and then changed Sugar Corn Pops, and then to "Corn Pops" and in January of 2006 the name of the cereal was changed to Pops, only to be changed back to Corn Pops several months later.
In the middle of 2007, Corn Pops made a new kind of cereal called "Peanut Butter Pops".
Canadian variant
Canadian Corn Pops are round, while the American Corn Pops are flat and longer.
Canadian and American Corn Pops taste very different; it has been suggested that the American type is sweeter.
They also have a different texture.
Canadian Corn Pops are closer to Kix cereal.
Canadian and American Corn Pops contain no trans-fat.
Sugar Corn Pops Are Tops! (
pre-1980s)
Gotta get... POPS! (
1981 - 1988)
Gotta have my pops. (
1988 - 2000)
It's hard to stop when it's pops. (
1995 - 1999)
Breakfast cereals
Końskowola   is a village in Southeastern Poland.
It is the capital of a separate commune within Puławy County and the Lublin Voivodeship.
It has 2,188 inhabitants (as of 2004).
The town was established on June 8, 1532.
Końskowola served as a center of the foodstuffs trade for the surrounding area.
Several textile production factories were also located there.
During World War II, on September 15, 1939, Końskowola was taken by German troops and occupied.
During the course of WWII, the Germans set up a POW camp and camps for slave labor in the town.
The POW camp was soon stopped, but a labor camp continued in operation through 1943.
A ghetto was established in the town, to which many groups of Jews were relocated, including Jews from Slovakia.
On May 8, 1942, the Nazis conducted an Aktion in which many Jews were rounded up and transported to a death camp.
In October 1942, the ghetto's population was killed in a massacre carried out by German troops.
Some 800-1000 Jews, among them women and children, were taken to a nearby forest and killed.
The ghetto's remaining inhabitants were moved to another camp.
With the approach of Soviet Union forces in the summer of 1944, the Germans had plans to burn the town.
On July 25, 1944, the German occupation forces were attacked by fighters of the Polish resistance.
The town was soon freed from the Germans.
Erich Maria Remarque (22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was the pseudonym of Erich Paul Remark, a German author.
Erich Paul Remark was born in Osnabrück.
His parents were of the working-class.
When he was eighteen, he had to go to war.
The Army sent him the front lines of World War I. He was wounded there, by stray shell fragments.
After the war, he changed his last name to Remarque.
This had been the family-name until his grandfather's time.
He worked at a number of different jobs.
He also took the jobs of librarian, businessman, teacher, journalist and editor, at some time.
In 1929, Remarque published his most famous work, All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues) under the name Erich Maria Remarque.
He Changed his middle name to honour his mother.
The novel described the utter cruelty of the war from the perspective of a twenty-year-old soldier.
A number of similar works followed; in simple, emotive language they realistically described wartime and the postwar years.
An opposite view is found in Storm of Steel (In Stahlgewittern) by Ernst Jünger.
In 1933, the Nazis banned and burned Remarque's works.
They made propaganda materials.
In the materials, they said that he was a descendant of French Jews and that his real last name was Kramer, his original name spelled backwards.
This is still listed in some biographies despite the complete lack of proof.
He had been living in Switzerland since 1931, and in 1939 he emigrated to the United States of America with his first wife, Ilsa Jeanne Zamboui, whom he married and divorced twice, and they became naturalized citizens of the United States in 1947.
In 1948 he went to Switzerland, where he spent the rest of his life.
He married the Hollywood actress Paulette Goddard in 1958.
He was married to her until his death in 1970, at age 72.
He is buried in the Ronco cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland.
Goddard is also buried there  Goddard left  $20m to New York University to fund an institute for European study which is named after Remarque.
In 1967, he was awarded the Great Cross of Merit (which is a class of the Bundesverdienstkreuz.
The Bundesverdienstkreuz is the only Order of Merit that Germany currently awards.)
In 1991, the city of Osnabrück, where he was born, instituted the Erich-Maria-Remarque-Friedenspreis (Peace Prize named after Erich Maria Remarque); It is awarded in the week of his birthday, in the city hall.
Tony Judt, a historian, founded the Erich-Maria-Remarque institute at the University of New York, in 1995.
Die Traumbude (1920) Debut novel
Im Westen nichts Neues (1929), (All Quiet on the Western Front), its film adaptation
Der Weg zurück (1931), (The Road Back)
Drei Kameraden (1937), (Three Comrades), its film adaptation
Liebe deinen Nächsten (1941), (Flotsam)
Arc de Triomphe (1946), (Arch of Triumph), its film adaptations Arch of Triumph (1948 film) and Arch of Triumph (1985 film)
Der Funke Leben (1952), (The Spark of Life)
Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben (1954), (A Time to Love and a Time to Die )
Der schwarze Obelisk (1956), (The Black Obelisk)
Die letzte Station (1956, play), (Full Circle)
Der Himmel kennt keine Günstlinge (1961), (Heaven Has No Favorites), its film adaptation Bobby Deerfield
Die Nacht von Lissabon (1963), (The Night in Lisbon)
Schatten im Paradies (published posthumously, 1971), (Shadows in Paradise)
Mariana Parvanova, "... das Symbol der Ewigkeit ist der Kreis."
Eine Untersuchung der Motive in den Romanen von Erich Maria Remarque.
Tenea, Berlin,  (in German)
Slovak website about Erich Maria Remarque
picture tomb at Ronco
People from Osnabrück
Bellinzona ([] in French Bellinzone [] and Bilitio [] in Latin) is the capital of the Swiss Canton of Ticino.
Its German name Bellenz [] is no longer in use.
With about 17.300 people living there, it is the second biggest city of the canton (after Lugano, with about 52.000 people).
Bellinzona official website
Rabadan carnival
Municipalities of Ticino
James Rodney "J. R." Richard (March 7, 1950 – August 4, 2021) was an American Major League Baseball starting pitcher for the Houston Astros.
Richard was excellent in basketball and baseball in high school.
He was drafted by the Houston Astros in the first round of the 1969 amateur draft.
He made his baseball debut on September 5, 1971, and pitched a complete game and had fifteen strikeouts.
After that, he was one of the top pitchers in the National League, and in all of baseball.
He led the league in many pitching categories.
They include strikeouts, earned run average (ERA) and hits allowed per nine innings.
On July 30, 1980, Richard suffered a stroke and collapsed while playing catch before a game.
He was sent to Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas and had emergency surgery.
The surgery removed a dangerous blood clot in his neck.
The next year, Richard tried to make a comeback into baseball, but the stroke had slowed down his reaction time and vision.
He then spent the next few seasons in minor league baseball.
He was later released by the Astros on April 27, 1984.
After baseball, Richard was involved in business.
He had a few bad business deals and went through two divorces.
This left him homeless in 1994.
He then found help in a local church, and then became a minister and baseball instructor for young people in Houston.
Richard died on August 4, 2021 at a hospital in Houston, aged 71.
The cause of death was problems caused by COVID-19.
Retrosheet: J. R. Richard
Houston Astros players
Conrad "Cronos" Lant (born 15 January 1963) is the vocalist and bass player in black metal band Venom.
He was born in 1963 in London, England.
Cronos started to sing in 1978 in the band Guillotine.
Then he knew Jeffrey "Mantas" Dunn and they founded Venom.
In 1989 Cronos left the band to start a solo work.
Venom could not go on without him and they stopped singing in 1993.
Then Cronos returned in 1995 and rejoined the band.
County Wicklow (Irish: Contae Chill Mhantáin) is a county on the east coast of Ireland.
It is directly south of Dublin.
County Wicklow has an area of 2,024 square kilometres (781 sq mi).
Wicklow is known as "The Garden of Ireland" because of its scenery.
The county town is Wicklow.
County Wicklow's largest municipality is Bray.
Bray has a population of 30,951 and is not a suburb of Dublin.
Other main towns include Greystones and Arklow.
Wicklow County Council
Map of Wicklow
Wicklow News
Pictures of County Wicklow, Irelandscape
It is in south central Zambia on a plateau at 1300 m (4265 ft) in altitude.
Lusaka has 1,084,703 people living in it.
Cities in Zambia
The oldest shield known was a device used to block hand weapons and arrows.
The shield has been constructed differently over time, even animal hides were used, and the size and weight were largely different as well.
In the Middle Ages, Kite shields were commonly used.
The Kite shield is a shield in the form of a kite.
Because of the lack of mobility due of the kite shields' weight, kite shields were given up for more mobility and two handed weapons.
The Buckler was a shield with a round shape.
It was commonly used as a replacement for the heavy Kite shields.
Modern Shields
Shields were used even after gunpowder weapons.
the shield is still used by police and army forces today.
Many shields now in days are usually made from advanced material, as well as electronics.
Shields also vary from not only hand helds, but clothing, such as vests and, in a way, boots and gloves.
A kite shield is a Middle Age shield in the shape of a kite.
The kite shield was used by many knights and people for protection, but was given up for two-handed weapons and more mobility.
Gerbilling is an urban legend.
This means it a story that is not true.
It is the act of placing a gerbil into the human rectum for sexual pleasure.
Other small live animals (usually gerbils but also mice, hamsters, rats and various other rodents) are used.
Folklorist Jan Harold Brunvand writes that the urban legend began in 1984.
It involved a mouse and an unidentified gay man.
In passing years this story changes into a gerbil, and was made to involve to many named male celebrities that were publicly thought to be gay.
Rumors about various male celebrities engaging in gerbilling have become popular urban legends over the years.
In Poland, World War II historian Marek Jan Chodakiewicz lectured on gerbilling at the Institute of National Remembrance's educational center, describing that his ex-girlfriend Debbie, a registered nurse, extracted a fat-smeared hamster from the rectum of a gay man in 1984.
Polish media stated that the hamster story is a well known urban legend, so well known that it has a Wikipedia page.
The Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste, PS) is one of the largest political parties in France.
It replaced the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in 1969.
The party's candidate for the 2007 presidential election, Ségolène Royal, was defeated by Nicolas Sarkozy by about 53% to 47%.
In 2012, Socialist Party's candidate François Hollande won the presidential election.
French socialism until 1969
After the failure of the Paris commune (1871), French socialism was figuratively beheaded.
Its leaders were killed or exiled.
France's first socialist party, the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France (Fédération des travailleurs socialistes de France or FTSF), was founded in 1879.
In 1899, the participation of Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet caused a debate about socialist participation in a "bourgeois government".
Three years later, Jaurès, Allemane and the possibilists founded the French Socialist Party while Guesde and Vaillant formed the Socialist Party of France.
Then, in 1905, during the Globe Congress, the two groups merged in the French Section of the Workers International (Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière or SFIO).
Jaurès became the party leader.
The Socialists suffered a severe split over participation in the wartime government of national unity.
In 1919 the anti-war socialists were heavily defeated in elections.
In 1920, during the Tours Congress, the majority and left wing of the party broke away and formed the French Section of the Communist International (Section française de l'Internationale Communiste or SFIC).
This party joined the Third International, that was  founded by Lenin.
The right wing, led by Léon Blum, kept the "old house" and remained in the SFIO.
After the liberation of France in 1944, the SFIO had a coalition with a powerful Communist Party (which became the main left-wing party) and the Christian Democratic MRP.
This alliance did not survive the Cold War.
Blum proposed the construction of a Third Force with the center-left and the center-right, against the Gaullists and the Communists.
However, his candidate to lead of the SFIO, Daniel Mayer, was defeated by Guy Mollet.
Mollet was supported by the left wing of the party.
Paradoxically, he spoke a Marxist language without questioning the alliance with the center and the center-right.
He was Prime Minister at the head of a minority government in 1956.
The SFIO returned to opposition in 1959.
The SFIO did not nominate a candidate for the 1965 election.
Consequently, it supported the candidacy of François Mitterrand, a former minister of the Fourth Republic who had been a conservative, then an independent of the left.
He was resolutely anti-Gaullist.
He obtained an honourable result and faced De Gaulle in an unexpected second ballot.
He thus appeared as the leader of the non-Communist left.
The foundation of the PS and the "Union of Left" (1969–1981)
In 1969 the SFIO was replaced by the Socialist Party (Parti socialiste or PS).
It was joined by pro-Pierre Mendès-France clubs (Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left led by Alain Savary) and left-wing republican groups (Union of Socialist Groups ad Clubs of Jean Poperen).
During the Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress, Alain Savary was elected First Secretary with the support of his predecessor Guy Mollet.
He proposed an "ideological dialogue" with the Communists.
Two years later, pro-François Mitterrand clubs (Convention of the Republican institutions), joined the party.
Mitterrand defeated the Savary-Mollet duo by proposing an electoral programme with the Communists.
Mitterrand's presidency and the practice of power (1981–1995)
The PS lost the majority in the French National Assembly in 1986, forcing Mitterrand to "cohabit" with the conservative government of Jacques Chirac.
Nevertheless, Mitterrand was re-elected President in 1988 with a moderate programme entitled "united France".
He proposed neither nationalisations nor privatisations.
He chose as Prime Minister the most popular and moderate of the Socialist politicians, Michel Rocard.
His cabinet included 4 center-right ministers but it was supported by only a plurality in the National Assembly elected in June 1988.
Jospin and the "Plural Left" (1995–2002)
In opposition, the PS reconstructed a coalition with the other left-wing forces: the PCF, the Greens, the Left Radical Party and the MDC.
This "Plural Left" (Gauche plurielle) gained the 1997 legislative election and Jospin became Prime Minister of the third "cohabitation".
His policy was broadly progressive but had little to do with socialism as traditionally understood.
The Aubry laws reduced the working time to 35 hours a week.
A universal medical cover was instituted.
However, the policy of privatization was pursued.
After the 2002 shock
In the 2004 regional elections,  the Socialists had a major comeback.
In coalition with the former "Plural Left", they gained power in 20 of the 22 metropolitan regions (all except Alsace and Corsica) and in the four overseas regions.
In fact, it benefited from a "sanction-vote" against the right.
On 1 December 2004, 59% of the members of the Socialist Party decided to approve the proposed European Constitution.
However, several well-known members of the Party, including Laurent Fabius, and left-wingers Henri Emmanuelli and Jean-Luc Mélenchon, asked the voters to vote "no" in the 29 May 2005 French referendum on the European Constitution, at which the proposed Constitution was rejected.
2007 presidential elections
On 16 November 2006, the members of the Socialist Party chose Ségolène Royal to be their candidate with a majority of 60%.
Her challengers, Strauss-Kahn and Fabius, obtained 21% and 19% respectively.
Alain Savary (1969–1971)
François Mitterrand (1971–1981)
Lionel Jospin (1981–1988)
Pierre Mauroy (1988–1992)
Laurent Fabius (1992–1993)
Michel Rocard (1993–1994)
Henri Emmanuelli (1994–1995)
Lionel Jospin (1995–1997)
François Hollande (1997–2008)
Martine Aubry (2008–2012)
Harlem Désir (2012–2014)
Jean-Christophe Cambadélis (2014–2017)
Rachid Temal (2017–2018; acting)
Olivier Faure (2018–present)
Parti Socialiste – Official site
Anomie means the absence of the usual moral or ethical values, where a person or group lacks ethical standards.
In the context of society or government it may be a cause of social unrest.
The word comes from Greek, namely the prefix  a- “without”, and nomos “law”.
The original meaning of anomie was "against or outside the law".
In contemporary English the word anomie can mean not only normlessness but also anarchy.
Émile Durkheim and later theorists, meant with anomie a reaction against or a retreat from the regulatory social controls of society, and is a completely separate concept from anarchy which is an absence of effective rulers or leaders.
Anomie in literature and film
In Albert Camus’s existentialist novel The Stranger, the protagonist Meursault struggles to construct an individual system of values as he responds to the disappearance of the old.
He exists largely in a state of anomie, as seen from the apathy evinced in the opening lines: “Aujourd’hui, maman est morte.
Ou peut-être hier, je ne sais pas” (“Today Mother died.
Or maybe yesterday, I don't know.”)
Dostoevsky, whose work is often considered a philosophical precursor to existentialism, often expressed a similar concern in his novels.
In The Brothers Karamazov, the character Dimitri Karamazov asks his atheist friend Rakitin, ”...without God and immortal life?
All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?”
Raskolnikov, the anti-hero of Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment, puts this philosophy into action when he kills an elderly pawnbroker and her sister, later rationalizing this act to himself with the words, “...it wasn’t a human being I killed, it was a principle!”
On Hermann Hesse´s Der Steppenwolf we can also find a very clear picture of anomie.
The protagonist affirms that the men of the Dark Ages did not suffer more than those of the Classical Antiquity, and vice-versa.
It is rather those who live between two times, those who do not know what to follow, that suffer the most.
In this token, a man from the Dark Ages living in the Classical Antiquity, or the opposite, would undergo a gulping sadness and agony.
Marco Orru 1883.
The Ethics of Anomie: Jean Marie Guyau and Emile Durkheim, British Journal of Sociology, 34, #4.
499–518.
Jordi Riba 1999.
La morale anomique de Jean-Marie Guyau.
Paris : L'Harmattan.
"Anomie" discussed at the Émile Durkheim Archive.
Fog is a meteorological phenomenon when the clouds are getting thick.
It may appear on land or sea and it usually lowers visibility (makes it hard to see very far).
When fog forms at high levels it creates a cloud called stratus.
When the air chills, moisture will turn to fog.
Fog is made up of tiny water droplets or, in very cold conditions, ice crystals.
When seen on a high speed camera, (a special camera that takes many frames and can view videos at very low speed) it looks like hundreds of small water droplets moving through the air.
These water droplets make up the fog or mist.
There are many types of fog, classified according to what makes the condensation.
They include evaporation fog, advection fog, radiation fog, and upslope fog.
The thickness of fog varies depending on the atmosphere, temperature, weather and location.
Frost is ice that is formed when water vapor freezes onto a surface.
It has a white, powdery appearance.
It forms on cold surfaces when the temperature of the air is very low.
It can destroy crops.
Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost.
This varies with the type of plant and tissue exposed to low temperatures.
Greenhouses help to protect crops from cold and frost damage.
The 1983 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active Atlantic hurricane season ever recorded.
The season officially started on June 1, 1983, and ended on November 30.
The seaon had only a total of 4 named storms, which was less than half of the average number of storms in a season.
In addition, it was the least active season since ACE recording began in 1950.
The most strongest and deadliest storm of the season was Hurricane Alicia, which hit Texas causing great destruction and killing 21 people directly.
The damages it brought totaled up to be $2 billion.
Tropical Depression One
Tropical Depression Two
Alicia formed in the north-central part of the Gulf of Mexico on August 15.
It traveled west, strengthening into a hurricane.
It quickly reached Category 3 strength as it approached the Texas coastline, and made landfall at Galveston, Texas on August 18 at its strongest intensity.
The storm then moved northward, its eye passing over Houston.
Alicia still kept its tropical characteristics while over land, but eventually becoming extratropical and combining itself with another storm over northern Kansas on September 21.
A total of 21 people died in the storm, which caused $5.1 billion (2005 USD) of damages.
Hurricane Barry
An African tropical wave crossed the Atlantic Ocean and strengthened into Tropical Storm Barry for a short time just off the east coast of Florida on August 24.
Barry weakened to a depression just before it made landfall near Melbourne, Florida, but managed to cross the Florida peninsula and continued west across the Gulf of Mexico.
In the central Gulf, it began to restrengthen, and was a minimal Category 1 hurricane when it made landfall in northeastern Mexico.
Barry then began to quickly weaken over land at about 1200 UTC August 29 and soon dissipated.
Hurricane Chantal
A group of scattered tropical thunderstorms 200 km south of Bermuda, strengthened into the fifth tropical depression of the 1983 season.
An Air Force Reconnaissance aircraft found winds of 35 kt (40 mph, 65 km/h) and was named Tropical Storm Chantal.
Chantal continued to strengthen and developed into a minimal hurricane with 75 mph (120 km/h) winds on September 11 and maintained that strength until September 13, when it weakened back into a tropical storm.
Chantal travelled northeast over open waters, missing the island of Bermuda, before weakening and being destroyed by a frontal system on September 15.
As Chantal never made landfall, no damage or fatalities were reported that was related to the storm.
However, Chantal created giant waves that were 30–40 ft (9–12 m) high across the East Coast of the United States.
Tropical Depression Six
This was a depression that formed over the Lesser Antilles.
It caused no major damage.
Tropical Storm Dean
Tropical Storm Dean was a short-lived storm that began as a subtropical storm which developed between Bermuda and the Bahamas on September 26.
The subtropical storm headed north-northeast and became tropical the next day.
Gale warnings were issued from North Carolina to New England that were produced by Dean, but the storm turned northwest and made landfall on the eastern shore of Virginia on September 30.
The storm died out several hours later.
Dean was one of only two tropical storms ever to make landfall in eastern shore of Virginia, the other storm being Tropical Storm Bret from the 1981 season.
Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Rating
The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season.
ACE means the measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have higher ACEs.
ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 35 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength.
The 1983 season had a cumulative ACE of 16.86 (17), which is extremely below normal and currently the least active season on record since 1914, which had an ACE rating of 2.53.
Monthly Weather Review
Detailed information on all storms from 1983 from NHC
U.S. Rainfall information for storms from 1983 from HPC
Alexandra Fyodorovna (Russian: Императрица Александра Фёдоровна) (born Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine 6 June 1872 – 17 July 1918) was Empress consort of Nicholas II, the last Tsar of the Russian Empire.