the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It rarely grows above a height of 5 meters (15 feet).
These plants grow in extremely scarce condition of water ( xerophytes )   like ber .
A pilgrimage is a journey or travel, that is often done for a religious purpose
The Pilgrims is the name for the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony, which is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.
In 1620 they traveled to New England on a ship called the Mayflower.
There were 102 passengers on the ship.
They were English Puritans who had left England years earlier to live in Leiden because of religious differences with the Church of England.
Unlike other Puritans who wanted to reform the Church of England, they wanted to separate from it, so they were called Separatists.
The original settlers of Plymouth Colony are known as the Pilgrim Fathers, or simply as the Pilgrims.
The Mayflower was a cargo ship and was not meant for passengers.
It was uncomfortable and small.
Many Pilgrims got sick on the journey or soon after they arrived.
One child was born on the Mayflower.
When they arrived in America, they built homes and farms.
They received help from the Wampanoag people.
The Wampanoag people taught the Pilgrims how to plant corn, hunt, and fish in the new land.
They had a big feast for 3 days, which was the first thanksgiving.
Musical keys
Classic female blues music was played from 1920 to 1929.
The most popular of female blues singers were Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Mamie Smith, Ethel Waters and Rosa Henderson.
The Delta blues is one of the earliest types of blues music.
It started in the Mississippi Delta (a place in the US that goes from Memphis to Mississippi).
Guitar and harmonica are usually used to play it.
Delta blues music was first played in the 1920s.
Tommy Johnson and Ishman Bracey were recorded by Victor in 1928.
Robert Wilkins was first recorded by Victor in Memphis in 1928, and  Big Joe Williams and Garfield Akers were also recorded in Memphis in 1929 by Brunswick/Vocalion.
List of artists
CeDell Davis
Junior Kimbrough
Tommy McClennan
Snooky Pryor
Hound Dog Taylor
Big Joe Williams
Trail of the Hellhound - Delta Blues in the lower Mississippi Valley
The Mississippi Delta Blues Society of Indianola
Chuck is the third album by Sum 41.
It was released on October 12, 2004.
Chuck Acoustic EP (Tour Edition Promo)
"Pieces" (Acoustic) – 3:16
"No Brains" (Acoustic) – 3:03
"Over My Head (Better Off Dead)" (Acoustic) – 2:56
"Some Say" (Acoustic) – 3:42
"There's No Solution" (Acoustic) – 3:26
Sum 41 albums
Sexual dimorphism is an idea in biology.
It means that the male and the female of a species look different enough to see.
The word comes from the Greek: di (two) and morphe (form).
It is the most common type of polymorphism.
It may be caused by  sexual selection, that is, competition between members of the same species for partners to reproduce.
Sexual dimorphism is inherited, which means the differences between males and females help the animal stay alive in some way.
The things that make the two sexes of a species different are called secondary sex characteristics.
They are not directly part of the reproductive system.
They are the product of sexual selection for traits that give an animal an advantage over others in staying alive and reproduction.
In humans, beards are a secondary sex characteristic.
Human beings do not use beards to make babies.
A man can even shave off his beard and he will still be able to have children.
But men grow beards and women do not, and they are easy to see.
Size: Males in some species have harems ('ownership' of a group of females).
In this case the males are usually larger than the females, e.g. gorillas, lions.
In other species, the female is larger, usually because she makes the eggs.
E.g. some vultures and frogs.
Sexual dimorphism is extreme in rotifers, with the males (if present) always much smaller than the females.
Even more extreme are the sea devils, whose tiny males physically fuse with the females to form a chimaera.
Sometimes, one sex has additional features (used in courtship): antlers of deer, breasts of women,..
Hair (males often have more hair, e.g. the Gorilla)
Teeth: Asian elephants: only the males have tusks.
African elephant: both sexes have tusks.
pigs and walrusses: the males have very pronounced canines
Horns or antlers are often carried only by males.
Colouring: sexual dimorphism in butterflies is common.
Batesian mimicry is often seen only on females, while the males have the typical colours of their type.
This is the usual explanation: females, often carrying the precious eggs, get the most benefit from looking like something that predators do not want to eat or by being hard to see at all.
Males, which need to be recognised by females before mating takes place, need to be easy to see.
In this case, usually the males display, and the females select.
Territory defence.
Males may signal to other males that they 'own' an area.
If males carry weapons, they may use them to fight for mates.
Weapons and size are multi-functional: they are used for defence against predators as well as against other males of their species.
Some animals show these differences only during mating season.
Deer shed their antlers and peacocks shed their tails out of season.
This minimises the key disadvantage of sexual dimorphism, which is, it makes the male much easier to be seen by predators.
Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for Whigs then for the Tories), poet and cleric.
He became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.
He is remembered for books and poems he wrote like: Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the Books, An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, and A Tale of a Tub.
Swift is probably the most well known prose satirist in the English language.
He is less well known for his poetry.
Swift originally published all of his work under pseudonyms — such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M.B. Drapier — or anonymously.
He is known for being a master of two styles of satire; the Horatian and Juvenalian styles.
Swift was a good writer, famous for his satires.
The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed.
Basil Blackwell, 1965-) comprises fourteen volumes.
A recent edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed.
Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long.
One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed.
P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.
e-texts of Swift's works
at The Online Books Page
at Gulliver's Travels
1667 births
Essayists
Marcus Porcius Cato (Latin: M·PORCIVS·M·F·CATO) (234 BC, Tusculum–149 BC) was a Roman statesman, surnamed the Censor (Censorius), Sapiens, Priscus, or the Elder (Major), to distinguish him from Cato the Younger (his great-grandson).
He came of an ancient Plebeian family who all were noted for some military service but not for the discharge of the higher civil offices.
He was bred, after the manner of his Latin forefathers, to agriculture, to which he devoted himself when not engaged in military service.
But, having attracted the notice of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, he was brought to Rome, and successively held the offices of Cursus Honorum: Tribune (214 BC), Quaestor (204 BC), Aedile (199 BC), Praetor (198 BC), Consul (195 BC) together with his old patron, and finally Censor (184 BC).
234 BC births
149 BC deaths
Kavirondo is the old name of the region around Kavirondo Gulf (now Winam Gulf) as well as of two native peoples living there under the regime of British East Africa (The "Nilotic Kavirondo" and the "Bantu Kavirondo").
Broadly, this was defined as those who dwelt in the valley of the Nzoia River, on the western slopes of Mount Elgon, and along the northeast coast of Victoria Nyanza.
From local young warriors, armed with spears, bows, arrows, & clubs, who were observed to sit on their heels, which in Kiswahili is kaa virondo.
Thus the region became Kavirondo, the inhabitants pejoratively called wa-Kavirondo: “people who sit on their heels”
From kaba-londo: In Buganda two unusual words related to royalty were combined, kabaka, the king & namu-londo, the stool used as throne on which the king is crowned.
Origins and divisions
Kavirondo is the general name of two distinct groups of tribes: The  Bantu immigrated from the south and the other Nilotic, came from the north.
The Bantu appear to have been the first.
The Nilotic tribes are probably an offshoot of the Acholi.
They appear to have crossed the lake to reach their current home, the country around Kavirondo Gulf.
Of the two groups the Bantu now occupy a more northerly position than their neighbors, and are practically the most northerly representatives of that race (Hobley).
Their further progress north was stopped by the southward movement of the Nilotic tribes, while the Nilotic Kavirondo in their turn had their wanderings arrested by an irruption of Elgumi people (themselves probably of Nilotic origin) from the east.
The Bantu Kavirondo are divided into three principal types: the Awa-Rimi, the Awa-Ware and the Awa-Kisii.
Their Bantu neighbors call the Nilotic Kavirondo Ja-Mwa.
The generic name for the Nilotic tribes is Ja-Luo, but the Bantu Kavirondo call them Awa-Nyoro.
The two groups have many characteristics in common.
Culture and society
Traditionally, these people seem to be naked.
The men of the Nilotic Kavirondo start to wear a small piece of goat-skin on their penis when they become fathers.
This is called Sembe.
Even though this covering is practically useless as a covering, ettiquette says it must still be worn.
Even those men who wear clothes must wear the goat-skin, when they are fathers.
Men of the tribe have traveled more, and have had more contact with white people.
Some of the tribesmen now wear European-style clothing.
Women traveled less, or were more conservative.
They kept the nudity, or the few garments they had before.
Among the Bantu Kavirondo married women wear a short fringe of black string in front and a tassel of banana fiber suspended from a girdle behind.
This tassel looks like a tail from a distance.
The first travelers to Africa talked about a "tailed race".
The Nilotic Kavirondo women wear the tail, but not the fringe in front.
For dandy they wear a goat-skin slung over the shoulders.
Some of the Bantu tribes practice circumcision, the Nilotic tribes do not.
Patterns are tattooed on chest and stomach for ornament.
Men, even husbands, are forbidden to touch the women's tails, which must be worn even should any other clothing be wrapped round the body.
The Kavirondo are known for being independent, eager, and ready to fight.
They are seen as honest, and as having a high sexual morality, traits common among the Bantu tribes.
For this reason, polygamy is common.
Among the Bantu tribes a man has the refusal of all the younger sisters of his wife as they attain puberty.
Practically no woman lives unmarried all her life, for if no suitor seeks her, she singles out a man and offers herself to him at a reduced price, an offer usually accepted, as the women are excellent agricultural laborers.
The Nilotic Kavirondo incline to exogamy, endeavoring always to marry outside their clan.
Girls are betrothed at six or seven, and the husband-elect continually makes small presents to his father-in-law-elect till the bride reaches womanhood.
It is regarded as shameful if the girl be not found a virgin on her wedding day.
She is sent back to her parents, who have to return the marriage price, and pay a fine.
The wife's adultery was formerly punished with death, and the capital penalty was also inflicted on young men and girls guilty of adultery.
Among the Bantu Kavirondo the usual minimum price for a wife is forty hoes, twenty goats and one cow, paid in installments.
The Nilotic Kavirondo pay twenty sheep and two to six cows; the husband-elect can claim his bride after half payment; if a woman dies without bearing children, the amount of her purchase is returnable by her father, unless the widower consents to replace her by another sister.
The women are prolific and the birth of twins is common and considered a lucky event, which is celebrated by feasting and dances.
Among the Bantu Kavirondo the mother of twins must remain in her hut for seven days; among the Nilotic Kavirondo the parents and the infants must stay in the hut for a whole month.
If a Bantu mother has lost two children in succession, the next child born is taken out at dawn and placed on the road, where it is left till a neighbor, usually a woman friend who has gone that way on purpose, picks it up and takes it to its mother who gives a goat in return; a somewhat similar custom prevails among the Niotic tribes.
Names are not male and female, and a daughter often bears her fathers name.
The Kavirondo bury their dead.
Among one of the Bantu tribes, the Awa-Kisesa, a chief is buried in the floor of his own hut in a sitting position, but at such a depth that the head protrudes.
Over the head an earthenware pot is placed, and his principal wives have to remain in the hut till the flesh is eaten by ants or decomposes, when the skull is removed and buried close to the hut.
Later the skeleton is unearthed, and reburied with much ceremony in the sacred burial place of the tribe.
Married women of the Bantu tribes are buried in their hut lying on their right side with legs doubled up, the hut being then deserted.
Among the Nilotic tribes the grave is dug beneath the veranda of the hut.
Men of the Bantu tribes are buried in an open space in the midst of their huts; in the Nilotic tribes, if the first wife of the deceased be alive he is buried in her hut, if not, beneath the veranda of the hut in which he died.
A child is buried near the door of its mothers hut.
A sign of mourning is a cord of banana fiber worn round the neck and waist.
A chief chooses, sometimes years before his death, one of his sons to succeed him, often giving a brass bracelet as insignia.
A man's property is divided equally among his children.
While some tribes live in isolated huts, those in the north have strongly walled villages.
The walls are of mud and formerly, among the Nilotic tribes, occasionally of stone.
Since colonization by the British the security of the country induced the Kavirondo to let the walls fall into disrepair.
Their huts are circular with conical thatched roofs, and fairly broad verandas all round.
A portion of the hut is partitioned off as a sleeping-place for goats, and the fowls sleep indoors in a large basket.
Skins form the only bedsteads.
In each hut are two fireplaces, about which a rigid etiquette prevails.
Strangers or distant relatives are not allowed to pass beyond the first, which is near the door, and is used for cooking.
At the second, which is nearly in the middle of the hut, sits the hut owner, his wives, children, brothers and sisters.
Around this fireplace the family sleep.
Cooking pots, water pots and earthenware grain jars are the only other furniture.
The food is served in small baskets.
Every full-grown man has a hut to himself, and one for each wife.
The huts of the Masaba Kavirondo of west Elgon have the apex of the roof surmounted by a carved pole which Sir H. H. Johnston says is obviously a phallus.
Among the Bantu Kavirondo a father does not eat with his sons, nor do brothers eat together.
Among the Nilotic tribes father and sons eat together, usually in a separate hut with open sides.
Women eat apart and only after the men have finished.
Though a peaceful people the Kavirondo fight well.
Their weapons are spears with rather long flat blades without blood-courses and broad-bladed swords.
Some use slings, and most carry shields.
Bows and arrows are also used; firearms are however displacing other weapons.
Kavirondo warfare was mainly defensive and intertribal, this last a form of vendetta.
When a man had killed his enemy in battle he shaved his head on his return and was rubbed with medicine (generally goats dung), to defend him from the spirit of the dead man.
The Awa-Wanga abandoned this custom when they obtained firearms.
The young warriors were made to stab the bodies of their slain enemies.
In the colonial era the Kavirondo are on the increase due to their fecundity and morality.
Those who live in the low-lying lands suffer from a mild malaria, while abroad they are subject to dysentery and pneumonia.
Epidemics of small-pox have occurred.
Native medicine is of the simplest.
They dress wounds with butter and leaves, and for inflammation of the lungs or pleurisy, pierce a hole in the chest.
There are no medicine-men: the women are the doctors.
Certain of the incisor teeth are pulled out.
If a man retains these he will, it is thought, be killed in warfare.
Among certain tribes the women also have incisor teeth extracted, otherwise misfortune would befall their husbands.
For the same reason the wife scars the skin of her forehead or stomach.
A Kavirondo husband, before starting on a perilous journey, cuts scars on his wife's body to ensure him good luck.
Of dances, the Kavirondo have the birth dance, the death dance, that at initiation and one of a propitiatory kind in seasons of drought.
Their music is plaintive and sometimes pretty, produced by a large lyre-shaped instrument.
They also use various drums.
The Ja-Luo women use small beads attached to pieces of brass for ear ornaments.
Like the aggry beads of West Africa these beads are not of local manufacture nor of recent introduction.
They are ancient, generally blue in color, occasionally yellow or green, and are picked up in certain districts after heavy rain.
The natives believe they come down with the rain.
They are identical in shape and color to ancient Egyptian beads and other beads obtained from ancient cities in Baluchistan.
Religion and beliefs
They appears to practice a vague ancestor worship, but the northern tribes have two gods, Awafwa and Ishishemi, the spirits of good and evil.
To the former, cattle and goats are sacrificed.
The Kavirondo have great faith in divination from the entrails of a sheep.
Nearly everybody and everything are ominous of good or evil to the Kavirondo.
The Kavirondo are essentially an agricultural people: both men and women work in the fields with large iron hoes.
In addition to sorghum, Eleusine and maize, tobacco and hemp are both cultivated and smoked.
Both sexes smoke, but the use of hemp is restricted to men and unmarried women, as it is thought to injure child-bearing women.
Hemp is smoked in a hubble-bubble.
The Kavirondo cultivate sesamum and make an oil from its seeds which they burn in little clay lamps of the ancient saucer type, the pattern being, in Hobley's opinion, introduced into the country by the coast people.
The Kavirondo keep cattle, sheep, goats, fowls and a few dogs.
Women do not eat sheep, fowls or eggs, and are not allowed to drink milk except when mixed with other things.
The flesh of the wild cat and leopard is esteemed by most of the tribes.
Among the Bantu Kavirondo goats and sheep are suffocated, the snout being held until the animal dies.
From Eleusine a beer is made.
The Kavirondo are plucky hunters, capturing the hippopotamus with ropes and traps, and attacking with spears the largest elephants.
Fish, of which they are very fond, are caught by line and rod or in traps.
Bee-keeping is common, and where trees are scarce the hives are placed on the roof of the hut.
C. W. Hobley, Eastern Uganda, an Ethnological Survey (Anthrop.
Inst.,
Occasional Papers, No.
I, London, 1902)
Sir H. H. Johnston, Uganda Protectorate (1902)
J. F. Cunningham, Uganda and its Peoples (1905)
Paul Kollmann, The Victoria Nyanza (1899).
The Magellan goose (Chloephaga picta picta) or upland goose is a bird of Anatidae family.
It is most commonly found in the southern part of South America, Tierra del Fuego.
The Upland goose is a subspecies of Chloephaga picta leucoptera.
The Upland Goose is one of the most conspicuous birds in the Falklands.
The subspecies Chloephaga picta leucoptera is only found in the Falklands.
It is slightly larger than the South American subspecies.
Stamp of Falklands
facts sheet
The Rocker is a comedy movie.
It was released on August 20, 2008.
The movie stars Rainn Wilson, Josh Gad, Christina Applegate, Teddy Geiger, Will Arnett, Emma Stone, and Bradley Cooper.
It was written by Maya Forbes & Wallace Wolodarsky.
Wolodarsky is best known for his work on writing for The Simpsons.
Opinions of the movie
Based on 92 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, The Rocker had an overall approval rating of 36 percent, with a weighted average score of 5.1/10.
Entertainment Weekly gave it a C-, saying "the movie ... shamelessly ... rips off School of Rock, recycling its flaky-educator loser-of-the-gods premise, only this time in high school"
The Rocker was released on August 20, 2008 in the United States.
It did not make as much money at the box office as it was expected to make.
It opening at #12 with $2.64 million for its first weekend.
The movie earned less than $7 million overall during its entire theatrical run.
One of the stars of the movie, Emma Stone, had another movie (The House Bunny) open the same weekend.
It earned much more than The Rocker, opening at #2.
Rainn Wilson as Robert “Fish” Fishman, drummer
Christina Applegate as Kim
Josh Gad as Matt Gadman, keyboardist
Teddy Geiger as Curtis Wood, lead vocalist and guitarist
Emma Stone as Amelia, bassist
Will Arnett as Lex
Fierce Creatures is a 1997 British comedy movie.
The movie was written by John Cleese and directed by Fred Schepisi and Robert Young.
The story is based around a British zoo.
It has recently been bought by New Zealand businessman Rod McCain (played by Kevin Kline) and put under the management of Rollo Lee (Cleese).
In order to gain more money, Lee decides to use a "fierce creatures" policy.
This means that only animals which could kill people would be kept in the zoo.
The movie was a Spiritual sequel to A Fish Called Wanda and used the same main cast.
John Cleese as Rollo Lee
Jamie Lee Curtis as Willa Weston
Kevin Kline as Vince McCain/Rod McCain
Michael Palin as Adrian 'Bugsy' Malone
Robert Lindsay as Sydney Lotterby
Ronnie Corbett as Reggie Sea Lions
Carey Lowell as Cub Felines
Bille Brown as Neville
Derek Griffiths as Garry Ungulates
Cynthia Cleese as Pip Small Mammals
Richard Ridings as Hugh Primates
Maria Aitken as Di Harding
Movies directed by Fred Schepisi
The Bucket List is a 2007 American comedy-drama movie.
It was written by Justin Zackham and directed by Rob Reiner.
The movie stars Jack Nicholson, Morgan Freeman, Sean Hayes, Beverly Todd, and Rob Morrow.
The story follows two men who have terminal cancer (Nicholson and Freeman) on a road trip with a wish list of things to do before they "kick the bucket".
The "Bucket List"
Witness something truly majestic
Help a complete stranger for a common good
Laugh till I cry
Drive a Shelby Mustang
Kiss the most beautiful girl in the world
Get a tattoo
Visit Stonehenge
Spend a week at Louvre
See Rome
See the pyramids
Get back in touch (previously "Hunt the big cat")
The Bucket List at Yahoo!
2007 comedy-drama movies
2000s road movies
Movies about death
Movies directed by Rob Reiner
Shōjo (少女) is a Japanese word meaning "girl".
The characters, or kanji, mean "little" and "woman".
The word is mainly used to describe a demographic for anime and manga- girls 7-19.
Like many Japanese words, the characters of the word shōjo come from Chinese.
The first known use of the word comes from a Chinese book called The Book of the Later Han.
In Chapter 86, young girls are mentioned:盤瓠種，昔帝嚳時患犬戎入寇, 乃訪募天下，有能得犬戎之將吳將軍頭者，購黃金千鎰，邑萬家，又妻以少女
Translation: The myth of Yao: the country is being invaded by barbarians, the king is looking for warriors who are able to take the head of the general of the invading army, and for this the king will award a thousand Yi of gold, many houses, and young girl(s) as their wife/wives.
The word was brought to Japan in the 7th century, when they began using a Chinese-style legal system.
During this time, shōjo meant girls from 17 to 20.
Modern Use
Nowadays, the word shōjo is legally used to mean any woman or girl under 20.
This is like how shounen is used to mean men or boys under 20.
Shounen (media)
The Five Families are the five major Italian-American Mafia crime families which have controlled organized crime in New York City since the 1930s.
The Five Families, under the suggestion of Salvatore Maranzano and Charles "Lucky" Luciano, were responsible for the establishment of The Commission, a council that changed how things worked with Mafia activities in the United States.
Bonanno: Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano (Salvatore Montagna is the acting boss)
Gambino: Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo and Jackie "Nose" D'Amico
Colombo: Carmine "Junior" Persico (Thomas Gioeli is the acting boss)
Genovese: Daniel "Danny the Lion" Leo
Lucchese: Vittorio "Vic" Amuso (Steven "Wonderboy" Crea is the acting boss)
The Colombo family was once known as the Profaci Crime Family, until a coup caused a name change in the early 1960s.
Former Godfather Joe Massino had wanted to change the name of the Bonanno Family to the Massino Family but since his arrest and defection it is unlikely to happen.
The DeCavalcante crime family, based in nearby Elizabeth, NJ, also has ties to the five New York families.
In The Godfather, five crime families control the Mafia of New York, but the families have different names.
The Corleones, go to war with the other members of the Five Families, the Tattaglias, the Barzinis, the Cuneos, and the Straccis.
In The Sopranos, the DiMeo Crime Family of New Jersey have close business connections with the Lupertazzi Crime Family of Brooklyn, one of the five families in New York.
Members of the DeCavalcante family believed themselves to be the ones used for the DiMeo family.
The Gambino crime family is one of the "Five Families" that controls organized crime activities based in New York City, United States, within the  Mafia (or Cosa Nostra).
It was named after Carlo Gambino.
Bosses of the Gambino crime family
1907–1917 — Pellegrino Morano (Brooklyn Camorra leader, jailed 1917, then deported)
1916–1928 — Salvatore "Toto" D'Aquila (what was left of the Brooklyn Camorra aligned with the D'Aquila group, killed by Joe Masseria October 10 or 28, 1928)
1928–1930 — Alfred "Al Mineo" Manfredi (killed during Castellammarese War November 5, 1930)
1930–1931 — Francesco "Frank/Don Cheech" Scalise (demoted after Salvatore Maranzano was killed)
1931–1951 — Vincenzo "Vincent" Mangano (recognized as the first official boss of the family which would be the Gambino Family, disappeared April 15, 1951, allegedly killed by Albert Anastasia)
1951–1957 — Albert "Mad Hatter" Anastasia (former head of the infamous death-squad Murder Incorporated, stepped up after Mangano disappeared, killed October 25, 1957, on orders of his Underboss Carlo Gambino)
1957–1976 — Carlo Gambino (family godfather, seized also the power of the commission and recognized as the most powerful boss during his entire regime from the late 1950s and all the way up to the mid 1970s, died October 15, 1976, of natural causes)
1974–1976 — Paul "Big Paul" Castellano (acting boss) (Followed orders from his boss, Carlo Gambino, right upon his death in 1976)
1976–1985 — Paul Castellano (originally a captain and Gambino's brother-in-law who was promoted by Gambino on his death bed, which triggered a small war between two of the family's factions, killed on the orders of rival John Gotti, December 16, 1985)
1986–2002 — John Gotti (most infamous boss recognized in the media, stepped up with younger regimes, caused great rivalry between him and two other families, jailed from 1990 to 2002, officially recognized boss, died June 10, 2002, while incarcerated)
1992–1996 — Ruling Committee/Panel (aides to acting boss) Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo 1992-96 (jailed), Leonard "Lenny" DiMaria 1992-96 (jailed), John "Jackie Nose "DAmico 1992-96
1996–2002 — Ruling Committee/Panel Jackie D'Amico 1996-98 (jailed), Peter "One Eye" Gotti 1996-1999 (promoted), Louis "Big Lou" Vallario 1996-2002, Stephen "Stevie Coogan" Grammauta 1996-2002, Michael "Mikey Scars" DiLeonardo 1996-2002 (jailed 2002, defected November 2002) (Committee/Panel disbanded 2002, with death of longtime Don and Godfather, John Gotti)
1992–1999 — John A. Gotti Jr. also known as "Junior" Gotti (acting boss) (jailed 1999)
1999–2002 — Peter "One Eye" Gotti (acting boss)
2002–2003 — Peter Gotti (recognized as official boss, jailed 2002)
2002–2005 — Arnold "Zeke" Squitieri (acting boss)
2005–present — Jackie D'Amico (acting boss),  Domenico "Italian Dom" Cefalu (acting underboss), Joseph "Jo Jo" Corozzo (consigliere)
2005–2006 — Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo (possibly the official sitting boss)
2006–2007 — Nicholas Corozzo (Boss), Jackie D'Amico (street boss/caporegime), Domenico "Italian Dom" Cefalu (underboss, arrested on violation of his parole, in custody), Arnold "Zeke" Squitieri (acting underboss), Joseph Corozzo (consigliere)
2007–2008 — Nicholas Corozzo (Boss), Jackie D'Amico (street boss/caporegime), Leonard "Lenny" DiMaria (street boss/caporegime)On strict supervised release until 2008, Arnold Squitieri (acting underboss), Joseph Corozzo (consigliere)
2008–present — Derek Gualtieri (Boss), Deion Gualtieri (acting boss), Arnold Squitieri (underboss), Joseph Corozzo (consigliere) (present regime-hierarchy 2008)
Current family leaders
Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo - Capo, former rival of John Gotti and Boss of the Gambino crime family.
Brother of Consigliere Joseph Corozzo and the current head of the caporegimes.
Named as one of the main defendants in the Operation Old Bridge case, but was tipped off in advance and went for almost four months on the run.
Pleaded guilty to enterprise corruption, incarcerated at the Metropolitan Correctional Center (MCC) on separate counts of conspiracy to commit murder.
John "Jackie Nose" D'Amico - Capo, took over the old John Gotti crew in the early 1990s, operated in Queens and Brooklyn with labor racketeering, loansharking, extortion and murder.
Currently an alleged Street boss or Acting boss along with the Corozzo brothers.
Named as one of the main defendants following the indictments from Operation Old Bridge, he pleaded guilty to an extortion operation at Staten Island and was in August sentenced to 2 years in prison.
Arnold "Zeke" Squitieri - Underboss, longtime caporegime in the Gambino crime family, used to operate in Manhattan, Queens and Brooklyn with drug trafficking during the 1980s.
Now he's currently promoted to family Underboss.
Squitieri was convicted of drug trafficking, illegal gambling and tax evasion in 2006, and is currently serving just over seven years in prison.
Joseph "Jo Jo" Corozzo - Current Consigliere and brother of Nicholas Corozzo, with alleged loansharking and illegal gambling operations in Manhattan and Queens.
Held his position since 1992 as a former rival of John Gotti.
Named in the Operation Old Bridge indictments along with his brother, Corozzo was arrested and put into custody on February 8 and was in August sentenced to 46 months in prison after pleading guilty to a racketeering conspiracy charge.
Current family Capos
Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo - Capo and Boss of the Gambino crime family.
Brother of Consigliere Joseph Corozzo, uncle of Joseph Jr. and the current head of the caporegimes.
Became a fugitive for almost four months, currently incarcerated.
Currently an alleged street boss or acting boss along with the Corozzo brothers.
Took a plead deal after the massive roundup of Gambino Family members and is serving a 2-3 year sentence.
Thomas "Tommy" Gambino - Capo, son of former family godfather Carlo Gambino and nephew to Paul Castellano.
Crew originally based in Brooklyn, Queens and Manhattan, New York.
Controls labor racketeering in the Garment District.
Leonard "Lenny" DiMaria - Capo, personal right-hand-man for Nicholas Corozzo since early 1970s.
Operates in Brooklyn and Manhattan with racketeering and loansharking.
Alleged racketeering operations in Florida.
Francesco "Frank" Cali - Capo, accordingly the official Gambino "ambassador to the Sicilian Mafia", Cali extorted money with Leonard DiMaria from Joseph Volleros trucking company on Staten Island.
A major suspect in the drug trafficking between the Sicilian Mafia and the Gambinos, Cali is currently incarcerated.
Thomas "Tommy Sneakers" Cacciopoli - Capo in the New Jersey faction of the Gambinos.
Domenico "Italian Dom" Cefalu - Capo and former Underboss.
Born in Italy, Cefalu is the Sicilian faction-leader of the family, along with Anthony Megale.
Currently imprisoned on violation of his parole and due to the indictments from Operation Old Bridge.
Daniel "Danny" Marino - Capo of the Gambinos' Queens faction with labor and construction racketeering operations.
A longtime rival of John Gotti, Marino was involved in the murder-conspiracy that killed Frank DeCicco instead of Gotti in 1986.
Anthony "Sonny" Ciccone - Capo.
A legend on the Brooklyn waterfront and dock boss, now serving a long prison sentence.
Salvatore "Vinny Papa" Ricchiettore - Acting Capo and current dock boss on behalf of Anthony Ciccone on the Brooklyn waterfront.
Longtime member of the Gambino crime family.
George "Butters" DeCicco - Capo and brother of former Gambino Underboss, Frank DeCicco.
A loyalist to John Gotti, DeCicco has been operating out of the Staten Island and Brooklyn factions of the family with loansharking since the 1980s.
Currently on trial.
Anthony "Tony Genius" Megale - Capo and co-leader of the Sicilian faction of the family with Domenico Cefalu, Megale was the former acting underboss of the Gambino family after Peter Gotti was sent to prison in 2002.
Currently incarcerated.
Eugene "Gene" Gotti - Capo, imprisoned for drug-trafficking, loansharking, murder and extortion.
Brother of John, Peter, Vincent Gotti and Richard.
Gene Gotti is serving 50 years in prison, but is in charge of all Gambino family loansharking business in New York.
Richard "Richie" Gotti - Capo of the Manhattan side.
Brother of John, Peter, Gene and Vincent.
Controls loansharking, extortion and garbage routes.
Waste management consultant in Manhattan.
Salvatore "Fat Sally" Scala - Capo with extortion, racketeering and loansharking operations based in the Queens faction.
Former heroin-trafficker and recognized by Jerry Capeci as one of the designated shooters in the murders of Paul Castellano and Thomas Bilotti.
Louis "Louie Bracciole" Ricco - Caporegime, controls illegal gambling, loansharking and racketeering in one half of the Bronx, as well as operating out of the New Jersey and Brooklyn factions of the family.
Salvatore "Tore" LoCascio - Capo - Son of the imprisoned Consigliere, Frank "Frankie Loc" LoCascio.
Control of the other half of the Bronx faction.
Used to operate within pornography that earned so much as $350 million a year, until he was prosecuted in 2003.
Ronald "One Armed Ronnie" Trucchio - Capo with control of The Ozone Park Boys, used to operate in Queens with a $30 million-a-year illegal gambling operation.
Sentenced to life imprisonment in 2005.
Stephen "Stevie Coogan" Grammauta - Capo in the Manhattan faction of the Gambino family.
Recognized by Jerry Capeci as one of the real shooters in the murder of Albert Anastasia in 1957.
Reportedly served as acting boss in the "Ruling Panel" from 1996 to 2002.
Louis "Big Lou" Vallario - Capo, served from 1996 to 2002 as acting boss in the Family's Ruling Committee/Panel.
Took over the crew of Sam Gravano in the 1980s.
One of the last aides to John Gotti.
Controls crew in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn.
Joseph "Sonny" Juliano - Capo in the Brooklyn faction of the Gambino crime family with illegal gambling, loansharking, fraud and wire fraud activities.
Used to manage and operate a multi-million-dollar illegal gambling ring in 30 different locations in New York City.
Vincent "Vinny the Shrimp" Corrao - Capo with illegal gambling and narcotics operations.
Crew originally based in Brooklyn.
Vincent "Little Vinny" Artuso - Capo with control of the Palm Beach, Florida faction of the Gambino family.
Former drug trafficker and recognized by Jerry Capeci as one of the four designated shooters in the murder of Paul Castellano in 1985.
Anthony "Tony Pep" Trentacosta - Caporegime in the South Florida faction of the family.
Former friend of John Gotti, used to run a gasoline racket that cost the US government $1 billion in tax dollars during the 1980s.
Carlo Gambino (; August 24, 1902 – October 15, 1976) was a Mafioso who became Boss of the Gambino crime family, that is still takes the name today.
No one expected Gambino to seize control over the Commission of La Cosa Nostra in the US, at 1957 Apalachin Convention.
Gambino was known for being low-key and secretive and unlike many modern mobsters, Gambino served no time in prison, but lived to the age of 74, when he died of a heart attack in bed.
People from Palermo
In physics, energy transfer is when energy is moved from one place to another.
Energy cannot be made or destroyed.
However, it can be transferred and it can change from one form of energy to another form of energy.
Galagos, also known as bushbabies or  (meaning "little night monkeys" in Afrikaans), are small, nocturnal primates native to continental Africa.
There are 21 species, and they form the family Galagidae.
Range varies with species but includes most of the forested and bush regions of Africa south of the Sahara including some of the nearby islands such as Zanzibar.
Their range does not extend to Madagascar.
There are many kinds of bush babies.
There are also many of the animals.
Bush babies are the most successful prosimian primates in Africa.
Galagos are omnivorous but mainly eat insects.
Their favorite food is grasshoppers, but they also eat small birds, eggs, fruits, seeds and flowers.
Euoticus has specialized front teeth for removing tree bark so it can eat tree gum.
The Mongolic languages are a group of languages that are spoken in Central Asia.
Some linguists propose to put Mongolic languages in the same group as the  Turkic and Tungusic languages.
They call this group the Altaic languages, but not all linguists agreed upon this.
The best-known member of this language family is Mongolian.
In Cyrillic orthography as it is used in Mongolia it is written Монгол Хэл, and in the vertical Uygur-derived script as used in it is Inner Mongolia in China it is written Mongγol Kele).
It is the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia, and is spoken by around 5.7 million people in Mongolia, Russia, and China.
Γarudi (2002): Dumdadu üy-e-yin mongγul kelen-ü bütüče-yin kelberi-yin sudulul [The study of grammatical forms in Middle Mongolian].
Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
Janhunen, Juha (2003a): Written Mongol.
In: Janhunen 2003: 30-56.
Janhunen, Juha (2003b): Para-Mongolic.
In: Janhunen 2003: 391-402.
Janhunen, Juha (2003c): Proto-Mongolic.
In: Janhunen 2003: 1-29.
Poppe, Nicholas (1964 [1954]): Grammar of Written Mongolian.
Rybatzki, Volker (2003): Middle Mongol.
In: Janhunen 2003: 47-82.
Sechenbaatar, Borjigin (2003): The Chakhar dialect of Mongol - A morphological description.
Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian society.
Ethnologue report on Mongolic languages
The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus, Tungus) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria.
Some linguists consider them to be part of the Altaic languages but many others do not think so.
Evenki (obsolete: Tungus), spoken by Ewenkis in central Siberia and northeastern China and
Even (Lamut) of eastern Siberia
Manegir
Southeast Tungusic
Nanai (Gold, Goldi, Hezhen)
Akani
Birar
Kile
Samagir
Orok
Ulch
Oroch
Udege
Southwest Tungusic (or the Jurchen-Manchu group)
Manchu of Manchuria, the language of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Dynasty of China.
Sibe - spoken in Xinjiang autonomous region by descendants of a Manchurian tribe dispatched by the Qing Dynasty to Xinjiang as a military garrison.
Jurchen - an extinct language of the Jin Dynasty of China.
Ethnologue entry for Tungus languages
Kane, Daniel.
The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters.
Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 153.
Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1989.
Monumenta Altaica - Altaic Linguistics.
Grammars, Texts, Dictionaries, Bibliographies of Mongolian and other Altaic languages
Tungusic Research Group at Dartmouth College
The Pioneer program is the name of a few unmanned space missions done by NASA between 1958 and 1978.
Problably the best-known of these probes were Pioneer 10 and 11, launched in 1972 and 1973 respectively.
The Musée d'Orsay is an art museum in Paris.
The building was built in 1900, and first used as a railway station.
In 1986, it became the museum, and it is still very famous today.
The museum exhibits artworks of the 19th century including Impressionist paintings.
The Impressionist paintings include works by Monet, Degas, Renoir, Cézanne, Manet, and Van Gogh.
That's why the Orsay is called the 'Impressionism museum'.
The museum holds mainly French art dating from 1848 to 1915, including paintings, sculptures, furniture, and photography.
Its extensive collection of impressionist and post-impressionist masterpieces is the largest in the world.
It features work by such painters such as Monet, Manet, Degas, Renoir, Cézanne, Seurat, Sisley, Gauguin, Van Gogh and many others.
Paintings: major painters and works represented
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres  — 4 paintings (the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre)
Eugène Delacroix  — 5 paintings (the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre)
Théodore Chassériau  — 5 paintings (the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre)
Gustave Courbet — 48 paintings including The Artist's Studio, A Burial at Ornans, Young Man Sitting, L'Origine du monde
Jean-François Millet — 27 paintings including Spring, The Gleaners
Honoré Daumier — 8 paintings
Eugène Boudin — 33 paintings including Trouville Beach
Camille Pissarro — 46 paintings including White Frost
Édouard Manet — 34 paintings including Olympia, The Balcony, Berthe Morisot With a Bouquet of Violets, The Luncheon on the Grass
Berthe Morisot  — 9 paintings
Edgar Degas — 43 paintings including The Parade, also known as Race Horses in front of the Tribunes, The Bellelli Family, The Tub, Portrait of Edouard Manet, Portraits, At the Stock Exchange, L’Absinthe
Paul Cézanne — 56  paintings including Apples and Oranges
Claude Monet — 86 paintings (the main collection of his paintings is in the Musée Marmottan Monet) including The Saint-Lazare Station, The Rue Montorgueil in Paris.
Celebration of June 30, 1878, Wind Effect, Series of The Poplars, Rouen Cathedral.
Harmony in Blue, Blue Water Lilies
Alfred Sisley — 46  paintings including Inondation at Port-Marly
Pierre-Auguste Renoir — 81 paintings including Bal au moulin de la Galette, Montmartre
Ferdinand Hodler — Der Holzfäller (The Woodcutter)
Gustave Caillebotte — 7 paintings including The Floor Planers
Édouard Detaille — The Dream
Vincent van Gogh — 24 paintings including Self Portrait, portrait of his friend Eugene Boch, The Siesta, The Church at Auvers, View from the Chevet, The Italian Woman, Starry Night Over the Rhone, Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Bedroom in Arles
Paul Gauguin — 24 paintings including Tahitian Women on the Beach
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec — 18 paintings
Paul Signac — 16 paintings including Women at the Well
Georges-Pierre Seurat — 19 paintings including The Circus
Edouard Vuillard — 70 paintings
Henri Rousseau — 3 paintings
Pierre Bonnard — 60 paintings including The Chequered Blouse
André Derain — Charing Cross Bridge, also known as Westminster Bridge
Edvard Munch — 1 painting
Gustav Klimt — 1 painting
Piet Mondrian — 2 paintings
James McNeill Whistler — 3 paintings including Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artist's Mother, also known as Whistler's Mother
Cystitis is the infection of the urinary bladder.
Women get this more often than men, but men can get it also.
It also affects all age groups.
The Royal Academy (RA), is an art institution based in Burlington  House, Piccadilly, London.
It is a club for top painters and sculptors.
They elect their own members, and give regular exhibitions of art works.
The Royal Academy was formed to rival the Society of Artists after an leadership dispute between two leading architects, Sir William Chambers and James Paine.
Paine won, but Chambers used his strong connections with King George III to create the Royal Academy, in 1768.
It was formally launched the following year.
Membership of the Royal Academy is up to 80 practising artists, each elected by ballot of the General Assembly of the Royal Academy.
They are known as Royal Academicians (RA, or more traditionally as R.A.).
The Royal Academy is governed by these Royal Academicians.
The Last Judgment is a fresco by Michelangelo painted on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City.
Clement VII commissioned the painting in 1534, the last year of his papacy.
After the election of Paul III Farnese, Michelangelo, aged 61, began work in 1536.
He completed the Last Judgement in the autumn of 1541.
The Last Judgment shows the Second Coming of Christ, as described by John the Evangelist in the apocalypse.
The painting depicts the moment when the living and dead are judged by Christ, and their souls consigned to heaven or hell.
The painting was not unanimously admired at the time.
Due to his depiction of holy persons in the nude, with exposed genitals, Michelangelo was accused of immorality and obscenity.
The cardinal said that this could not be tolerated inside the most important church of Christianity.
A censorship campaign was started, known as the "Fig-leaf campaign".
Carafa and Monsignor Sernini (Mantua's ambassador) launched the campaign to remove the frescoes.
When the Pope's own Master of Ceremonies, Biagio da Cesena, said "it was mostly disgraceful that in so sacred a place there should have been depicted all those nude figures, exposing themselves so shamefully," and that it was no work for a papal chapel but rather "for the public baths and taverns," Michelangelo worked the Cesena's semblance into the scene as Minos, judge of the underworld (far bottom-right corner of the painting).
It is said that when Cesena complained to the Pope, the pontiff responded that his jurisdiction did not extend to hell, so the portrait would have to remain.
In the painting, Michelangelo does a self portrait depicting himself as St. Bartholomew after he had been flayed (skinned alive) This is reflective of the feelings of contempt Michelangelo had for being commissioned to paint the Last Judgement.
The fancy rat or pet rat is a type of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) that is bred to be a pet.
The name fancy rat has nothing to do with the "fanciness" of how they look.
It comes from the phrase animal fancy.
A person who keeps pet rats is said to be involved in "rat fancy."
Some people domesticate black rats (Rattus rattus), and Gambian pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus).
These types of rats are not usually called fancy rats because the hobby does not center around them.
Fancy rats have been bred as pets at least since the late 19th century.
They can have many different colors and coat types.
They are sociable, intelligent animals.
They can learn to come when called, use a litter box, and do many different tricks.
Pet rats act differently from rats found in nature.
The number of generations since they have been removed from the wild and how they were bred has an effect on how much they act differently.
They are not any more of a health risk than other common pets.
In Ancient Greece the Gymnasion (or Gymnasium, romanized name) was a place where athletes could train for the competitions in public games, such as the Olympic Games.
Gymnos means naked.
Only men were allowed to enter, and train; they did so fully naked (as the name implies).
Athletes also competed in the nude.
This was said to encourage aesthetic appreciation of the male body.
It was believed to be a tribute to the Gods.
Gymnasia and palestrae were under the protection and patronage of Heracles, Hermes and, in Athens, Theseus.
The picture above shows the Pompeii gymnasium from the top of the stadium wall.
The depression in the center-left of the picture was filled with water and used for swimming practice as well.
Mock sea battles (naumachiae) took place in the flooded arena floor or a specially dug pool in the arena.
According to Oscar Brockett in his History of the Theatre, 5th Ed. (
1987), p. 70, "Perhaps the most spectacular of all entertainments were the naumachiae, or sea battles.
The first was given in 46 B.C. by Julius Caesar on a lake dug for the occasion; it featured a battle involving 2,000 marines and 6,000 oarsmen.