the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It is mostly known through the Iliad, an epic poem written by the Ancient Greek poet Homer.
carrying the dead Achilles, protected by Hermes (on the left) and Athena (on the right).
Side 1 from an Attic black-figure neck-amphora,  ~520-510 BC.
The Louvre, Paris.
In the middle 19th century scholars thought Troy and the war were mythical; that they never existed.
However, Heinrich Schliemann discovered the site of ancient Troy, across the Aegean Sea on Asia Minor.
The war may have taken place in the 12th century BC.
History of the Bronze Age and Troy
The Bronze Age was the first era known for humans to create tools and weapons made out of metal which replaced their stone versions.
Beginning in about 3,300 B.C throughout the Middle East and parts of Asia, humans made many innovative advances throughout this age.
Bronze Age civilizations interconnected through trade, war, migration, and innovation.
However, the age ended quickly in 1200 B.C., when many civilizations fell at once.
One of the most well known ancient civilizations to fall was the city of Troy.
Branching off of the Mycenaean civilization and located in Histarlik, the northeast coast of Turkey, this ancient city dates back to over 2,700 years ago.
Believed to be inhabited for almost 4,000 years beginning in 3,000 B.C., this civilization developed grand palaces by building on top of one city after another was destroyed.
This formed into a human-made mound called a “tell”.
Gert Jan van Wingaarden, in his book “Troy: City, Homer and Turkey,” writes, “ There is no one single Troy, there are at least 10, lying in layers on top of each other.”
He says that the city of Troy contains many layers which is why archeological excavators have yet to reach the remains of the first settlement.
Along with enhancing their city the Trojans developed their own writing system and occupied the Dardanelles, a narrow water channel connecting the Aegean Sea to the Black Sea.
The writing system and water channel advanced the city of Troy into a powerful civilization which allowed for many allies to be made but also an arising rivalry.
According to Homer’s story, Illiad, the civilization was doomed to fall as long as the Trojan King’s son, Alexander, remained alive due to a curse placed upon him at birth by Zeus.
The story of the Trojan war  concludes to why such an advanced and powerful civilization like Troy was able to be completely destroyed.
Mythic origin of the war
The origins of the war (in the Iliad) started at the wedding of King Peleus and the nereid (sea-nymph) Thetis.
They had invited almost all the gods to their wedding.
But they did not invite Eris, goddess of strife.
She was angry and she threw a golden apple among the guests on which was written "To the Fairest".
The goddesses Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite caught the apple at the same time and fought over who was the most beautiful.
Because they could not end the fight by themselves, they went to Zeus, the king of the gods.
Zeus chose Paris to decide, and give the apple to who he wanted.
Each of the three goddesses offered Paris gifts so he would choose her.
Hera offered Paris all of Asia.
Athena offered wisdom.
Then Aphrodite offered him the love of the most beautiful woman.
Paris gave the apple to Aphrodite.
Of course, Aphrodite had not thought about the fact that the most beautiful woman, Helen, Queen of Sparta, already had a husband (King Menelaus of Sparta).
But Aphrodite had her son, Eros, shoot Helen with a golden arrow so she fell in love with Paris.
They left for Troy.
Menelaus, Helen's husband, declared war on Troy to retrieve his queen, now called Helen of Troy.
This began the Trojan war.
Homer's Greek Gods
Greek gods play a large role in the myth of how the Trojan War was started.
The reason gods were introduced to the Greek culture was to serve as an answer to the origin of man, as well as to offer authority figures that could be summoned when the Greek needed help.
The Greek gods were believed to have a divine presence and were worshipped by many.
They were an important aspect of Greek culture that flowed over into literature, art, and other topics.
Many of Homer’s works include the involvement of Greek gods and goddesses.
The gods that are seen throughout Homer’s works are immortal and they hold a lot of power.
They have the power to know just about everything and are the highest in authority without any other power above them.
The greatest of the gods is the family in which Zeus is the father.
Throughout the majority of Homer’s writings, Zeus is so supreme that he is used to represent the collective power of gods and Zeus is so commonly mentioned.
This is why in the origin of the Trojan War, the gods go to Zeus for resolutions of conflict.
Unlike some works of writing and some cultures, the gods throughout Homer’s work have no relation to religion but are rather their own separate thing.
The Trojan horse
The war went on for ten years swinging to one side and then the other.
Some of the leading fighters were Achilles, Paris, and Hector.
The Greeks won by building a big wooden horse, which we now call the Trojan Horse.
Greek soldiers hid inside the horse, and others put the horse on the shore and left in their boats.
The Trojans saw the horse and thought that the Greeks had given up and left.
They thought the horse was a gift in their honour.
They dragged the horse into Troy and celebrated their victory.
When night fell, the Greeks hiding inside the horse opened the city gates and set fire to the houses.
The Greeks who had left in their boats had just pretended to leave, to trick the Trojans.
They returned and won the war.
The trick was thought up by Odysseus, King of the small island of Ithaca.
Allusions of the Trojan War
There are many versions to the story of the Trojan War.
Two of the most famous of these stories are Homer’s poetry about this war in his books, the Iliad and the Odyssey.
Full of exaggerations, distortions, contradictions, and pure fictions, these two books do not give a clear indication whether or not the Trojan war actually occurred.
Homer wrote these stories based on the oral tradition of storytelling.
Oral tradition has a tendency to not contain precise memories and can morph into different claims based on different cultural influences and intentions.
For example, the Iliad is shown to have many similar aspects to characters and wars originating from stories throughout the Hellenic world, like the duel between Lycian Sapedon and Rhodian.
These similarities in stories are not originally connected with Troy.
This creates fundamental distortion which contains three principles.
First, a heroic tradition may be constructed to seem as an event that holds more significance than it truly does.
In Herodotus’s version of the Trojan War, he says “his narrative is presented as belonging to the realm of ‘what is said’ rather than ‘what is known.”
He tries to present a credible source of the story by eliminating the gods by making Helen be the daughter of a human, Tyndareus, rather than the daughter of a god.
He also makes Alexander (Paris) not judge on the beauty of the three goddesses and become convinced by Aphrodite’s promise to marry Helen.
Instead, he steals Helen.
He does this because humans decide on their own what is and is not credible about ancient civilizations.
He knew the popular opinion would be that people do not see supernatural as credible but instead as fiction.
Secondly, tradition may be picked up by regions and people who have no relation to the event.
For example, different civilizations would use the information as “propagandistic purposes” to make their civilization look heroic or enemy civilizations remain monstrous.
The process of passing down stories through word of mouth as the only source leads to inevitable change to the truth in the story through the different cultural influences of those telling the story.
For example, if the Spartans were telling their perspective of the Trojan war compared to the Trojans, then the two stories will most likely be very different.
Thirdly, the traditions may become distorted in time including the original main idea so that it is not recognizable from the rest of the evidence.
This means that there most likely was a Trojan war.
However, the war was not the same as what Homer states.
The story is known to be part of spatium histoicum which is the clear belonging of a deep past in which accurate knowledge is difficult to obtain.
For example there is also no written evidence to validate the Trojan war and archeologists can not yet provide evidence of who attacked Troy.
This makes the storyline much easier to change and is why many researchers believe the Trojan war stories are about war with enemies created as a result of a copper shortage in Greece.
At the time, the Trojans were the only ones that would have access to the copper supply in the Back Sea.
Overall, these variations in the story of the Trojan war are not reliable sources to aid figuring out whether the Trojan war happened or not; however, they help give an understanding of the cultural background and intentions of the people during this era.
What really happened
There is no evidence proving the Trojan War did occur, rather there are accounts of information gathered from various excavations suggesting that if the Trojan War did occur, Hisarlik was most likely the site it did.
Hisarlik consists of an ordinary low lying mound with some bits of broken pavement, building foundations, and walls.
However, all in all, it is not extremely distinguishable from the rest of its surroundings.
Visitors who visit Hisarlik can see a large wooden horse, built in more recent years, that serves as an aid in convincing individuals Hisarlik is the true site of Homer’s Troy.
The origin of how the Trojan War was started lies in Homer’s poem, the Iliad.
Hiller, the author of “Two Trojan Wars?
On the Destructions of Troy VI and VII” reminds individuals that our trust in a historical Trojan War is rooted in Homer who is not a historian, but rather a poet.
He also specified that because Homer is a poet, part of his role in creating content is exaggerating for better effect, and therefore evidence in support of a Trojan War needs to be independent from Homer’s epic.
One point made by skeptics of the Trojan War was that it was extremely unlikely that a civilization would declare war and gather a fleet of hundreds of ships over a dispute of a woman, the original belief of the spark of conflict However, Bronze Age kings occasionally were willing to go to war over the abduction of any one of their subjects, but even more so when that subject was a family member.
The information that will provide the most insight into the historical significance of the war are the excavations that occurred.
The first step in establishing the physical location of the war is to find a clearly identifiable location for the war.
This has not been done, although, currently Hisarlik is seen as the most identifiable.
Even so, Heinrich Schliemann favored other locations as the official site of Troy before settling on Hisarlik.
Heinrich Schliemann, perhaps the archaeologist most involved with the search of Troy, began excavations in Hisarlik in 1871.
Because Troy is made of several settlements, another challenge was finding which of the layers were the most likely to match up with the war.
Schliemann believed one of the earliest layers would have to be the site of Troy.
Without much prior knowledge on excavation, Schliemann had his crew dig a trench through the site, which resulted in the destruction of several of the upper layers.
The dwellings and what could be found on that level of the mound did not add up with Homer’s description with Troy, which then required excavation into the later layers.
However, because Schliemann had destroyed most of the newer layers, there was only a little bit of the sixth settlement that survived, which does not provide for a large representation of the settlement.
However, it was the sixth settlement that provided the best evidence of Troy’s existence.
Pottery found on the site of Hisarlik showed that Troy VI most likely ended around the first ¾ of the thirteenth century.
This sets the date for the war around 1250, if the war and Troy were to coincide.
The date of 1250 is in very close proximity to the date given by Heredotos, a Greek historian and as well as given by other Classical Greek sources.
This level also represented a peak period of the layers, once again supporting the idea that it truly was the site of the Trojan War.
However, even with these pieces of evidence, the similar accounts between Homer’s Troy and Hisarlik are still generally slight and do not show any significant evidence.
Another indication that the Trojan War may have occurred is that the excavation of Troy VI provided evidence that signified violent destruction.
However, yet again there is no way to be certain whether the destruction was caused by humans or the environment, or both.
Trojan War in Pop Culture
Over the years, the story of the Trojan War has become an icon as an action-packed tv show like Troy: Fall of a City as well as a binge worthy fictional novel like Daughter of Troy by Dave Duncan.
In order for creators to make these films and books portray as authentic, they add archeological information to aid the culture, history, clothing and supplies used to relate to the ancient civilization.
Some examples include bronze blades and weapons which were artifacts introduced within the Bronze age, a walled city to portray the structure of the ancient cities within Greece, and the incorporation of the references to the Greek gods and goddesses watching every action they make to show their cultural beliefs.
The incorporation of archeological information within pop culture is very relevant and an important aspect to making any type of film, image or novel a success.
Stories, books, movies
These are stories, books, movies, etc.,
that are about the Trojan War, or tell parts of its story:
the Iliad by Homer, does not tell the story of the Trojan War from the beginning, but only a part of the last year of the siege of Troy.
Other parts of the war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments.
Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid.
in the Odyssey by Homer, the main character Odysseus tells of the ten-year journey home after the Trojan War.
the Aeneid, by Virgil, tells the story of Aeneas, who fled from Troy at the end of the war.
Troy, is a movie about the Trojan War.
The story was greatly changed in parts.
It starred Brad Pitt, Eric Bana,and  Orlando Bloom.
A cruise ship (or cruise liner or ocean liner) is a large ship with sleeping cabins and other facilities that takes people on holiday and vacation trips.
Hundreds of thousands of people take cruises each year.
Today's cruise ships are like floating hotels.
They have a complete "hospitality staff" (to serve food and help passengers in other ways) as well as the usual ship's crew.
The largest cruise ships have casinos, shops, many restaurants, theaters for both live entertainment and movies, several pools, day care, a gym, and a running track.
The most expensive cruises often have more crew and staff than passengers.
This means that the people who control the cruise can give many personal services.
Today, hundreds of cruise ships sail all over the world.
Some carry over 3,000 passengers.
These are some of the largest ships ever built.
For some places, such as Antarctica, because it lacks other methods of regular transport, cruise ships are one of the few ways for tourists to visit.
Windows Media Player is a digital media player made by Microsoft.
It is already installed on Microsoft Windows operating systems, and an older version is available for some Apple Macintosh operating systems.
The program allows people to watch certain video files and play music files that are in a compatible file format.
How the program looks can also be changed with skins, and it can be made small enough to fit on the taskbar.
A little Windows Media Player History
Multimedia software
was a 2004 CBS television series.
It was a sitcom starring Jason Alexander as Tony Kleinman, a sportscaster from the fictional "Listen Up!"
His cohost is named Bernie, and is a hall of famer.
Jason has a wife, Dana, and two kids, one named Mickey.
Mickey is very good at golf, but gets low grades.
Jurassic Park III is a 2001 American movie and the third Jurassic Park movie.
It follows The Lost World: Jurassic Park.
Paul Kirby, who says he is a rich business owner, convinces Dr. Alan Grant and his assistant, Billy Brennan, to take him and his wife to Isla Sorna as a vacation and serve as a guide.
Actually, Kirby and his wife want to search for their son, who was stranded on Isla Sorna while on a parasailing trip.
After crashing on the island, they are attacked by a Spinosaurus, who kills several members of their party.
After escaping, the remaining people start hiking for the coast, fighting many dinosaurs, including the Spinosaurus, along the way.
Jurassic Park III is followed by Jurassic World.
2000s adventure movies
2001 science fiction movies
Jurassic Park movies
Movies composed by John Williams
Movies set in islands
Jungle movies
Sequel movies
Laura Elizabeth Dern (born February 10, 1967) is an Academy Award-winning American actress.
Born in Los Angeles, she is the daughter of Bruce Dern and Diane Ladd.
She received an Oscar and Golden Globe Award for her performance as Rose in Rambling Rose.
For the HBO film Afterburn, she received an Emmy Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award.
She has also won Independent Spirit Awards for Blue Velvet and Smooth Talk.
She is perhaps most famous for playing Dr. Ellie Sattler in Jurassic Park.
She used to date Jeff Goldblum.
In 2020, she won another Oscar for her role in Marriage Story.
Jurassic Park 3 (2001)
October Sky (1999)
A Perfect World (1993)
Jurassic Park (1993) - played Dr. Sattler
Rambling Rose (1991)
Wild at Heart (1990)
Haunted Summer (1988)
Blue Velvet (1986)
Mask (1985)
Teachers (1984)
Ladies and Gentlemen, the Fabulous Stains (1981)
Foxes (1980)
A movie trailer (also called a preview or coming attraction) is a short showing of a future (not yet released) movie.
They are shown in a theater before the current movie starts.
They are often later shown in advertisements for DVD releases, and broadcasts of the movie on television.
Movie terminology
Michael Crichton (October 23, 1942 – November 4, 2008) was an American author of many books.
His books were usually in the science fiction, medical fiction, and thriller genres.
He was also a producer, director, and doctor.
Crichton is well known for writing novels that later became well-known Hollywood movies.
His most famous work was Jurassic Park.
Other examples of Crichton's novels that later went on to become big-budget films include Congo, The Lost World, Rising Sun, and Sphere.
Crichton has also created the ER television show.
Crichton was born in Chicago, Illinois.
He was 69" tall.
He had a daughter from his fourth marriage.
In November 4, 2008, he died of throat cancer and lymphoma in Los Angeles, California, aged 66.
He was looked down on by some as a climate change denier In February 2009, his widow gave birth to his only, posthumous son, John Michael Todd Crichton.
Screenwriters from Illinois
He was born in Munich and was one of the first leaders of the Red Army Faction (RAF).
It was often called the Baader-Meinhof gang
Start of the Baader-Meinhof gang
They were arrested and sent to jail, but Baader escaped.
He was caught in April 1970, but in May 1970, he was allowed to go a library outside the prison.
Journalist Ulrike Meinhof and two other women were allowed to join him.
They let a masked man into the library who fired shots at a 64-year-old librarian.
Baader, the three women and the masked man fled through a window, and the group soon became known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang.
Baader and others then spent some time in a Palestinian military training camp in Jordan before being thrown out.
Back in Germany, Baader robbed banks and bombed buildings from 1970 to 1972.
On 1 June 1972, he and fellow RAF members Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins were caught after a gunfight in Frankfurt.
Meins died during a hunger strike in Stammheim Prison, Stuttgart, in 1974.
This was when philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre visited Baader.
He described Baader as "incredibly stupid" and "an asshole".
Stammheim
From 1975 to 1977, there was a long and expensive trial in a specially fortified building on the grounds of Stammheim.
Their jailers said Baader and the others kept their cells as dirty and disgusting as possible in stop searches for things that might be smuggled in; at this time lawyers and defendants were not separated by panes of glass during unsupervised meetings.
Meinhof was found dead in her cell in Stammheim on 9 May 1976, hanging from the ceiling.
RAF members and others claimed that she was killed by the German government.
The so-called second generation of the RAF committed several kidnappings and murders in a campaign in support of the prisoners.
The three remaining defendants were convicted in April 1977 of several murders, attempted murders, and of forming a terrorist organization, and were sentenced to life imprisonment.
Businessman Hanns Martin Schleyer was kidnapped in Cologne on 5 September 1977.
Lufthansa Flight 181 was hijacked in mid-October to try to force the release of Baader and ten other RAF members.
After several weeks that were called the German Autumn, the passengers of the aeroplane were freed in an assault carried out by German GSG 9 special forces in the early hours of 18 October 1977.
On the same day, the RAF killed Schleyer in France.
Next morning, Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe were found in their prison cells, dead from gunshot wounds.
Gudrun Ensslin was found hanging.
RAF member Irmgard Möller was found with four stab wounds to her chest, but survived.
All the official inquiries said that Baader and the others two committed suicide.
Möller insists that the deaths and her injury were extrajudicial executions.
In fiction
In 2002, director Christopher Roth released a film about Baader titled Baader.
Hitler's Children: The story of the Baader Meinhof Terrorist Gang, Jillian Becker
http://www.baader-meinhof.com/
Breaking Comrade Baader Out
German prisoners
German terrorists
People from Munich
Meher Baba (25 February 1894  31 January 1969) referred to himself as the Avatar of the Age.
His birth name was Merwan Irani and his parents' names were Sheriar and Shireen Irani.
His family lived in Poona (Pune) India, but they were of Persian descent.
Today Persia is called Iran.
They were not Hindus or Muslims, but were of the Zoroastrian religion.
Merwan had a normal childhood and liked poetry and sports, especially cricket.
When he was thirteen years old he started a boy's club with his best school friends called The Cosmopolitan Club.
The boys in the club kept up on the news, practiced public speaking at their clubhouse, and raised money to give to the poor.
He graduated from St. Vincent's High School and attended Deccan College.
In 1913, when Baba was nineteen, he was coming home from college riding a bicycle.
A very old Muslim woman named Hazrat Babajan, referred to as a Perfect Master  (God Realized), was sitting under a Neem tree, called for him to come over to her, he said he was drawn to her like iron to a magnet.
He began spending time visiting with her and serving her.
In 1914 she kissed him on the forehead, he then went home.
Baba later said that he became so dazed after this kiss that he could barely find his way home, and that when Babajan kissed him, initially he lost all consciousness of the world, he then realized God within himself.
He was so dazed he neither ate or slept for several weeks.
Moving about semi-autonomously in 1915 Merwan was drawn to the other five Perfect Masters, beginning with Sai Baba of Shirdi who upon seeing Merwan called out to him "Parvardigar!" (
Divine Sustainer).
Upasni Maharaj, also a Perfect Master on seeing Merwan thru a stone, hitting him on the forehead where Babajan had kissed Merwan.
He often went to live with Upasni at Sakori.
The five Masters assisted Merwan in regaining his integration of the physical world of duality with the Divine Oneness that is the Avatar's natural state.
Merwan served as their disciple while in fact he was already fully God Realized.
The process of integration took 7 years during which Merwan often stayed at Upasni's ashram.
He also visited with Babajan and stayed with his family, as his integration became more functional he began taking on jobs such as working at his father's toddy shop, and managing a group of performers.
In 1921 Upasni told some of his followers that Merwan was the Avatar of the Age and that they should now follow Merwan.
In 1921 one of these early disciples began calling Merwan "Meher Baba" which means "Compassionate Father".
In 1922 Meher Baba and a group of male disciples walked from Ponna (Pune) to Bombay (Mumbai) where he established his first ashram, Manzil-e-Meem (House of the Master) where over the next year he trained them as his disciples, from then on Baba would be their spiritual guide.
Baba eventually took these new followers to Ahmednagar, to a place now called Meherabad.
There he gave discourses on spirituality, worked with the local poor villagers, established a dispensary and hospital, cared for the God-mad "masts", and started boarding school for children of all faiths and castes, all free of charge.
Gradually his following grew.
In 1925 Meher Baba began keeping silent and for the rest of his life Baba did not speak.
He communicated first by writing on slates but then adapted an English alphabet board by pointing to letters painted on it.
Years later he stopped using the alphabet board and used his own form of hand gestures.
He kept silent until his death in 1969.
Some people called him "The Silent Master" and there is a book by that title.
Meher Baba traveled around the world many times.
He visited many countries.
He spent several months in England, Australia and the United States.
Many thousands of people came to see him.
Some of them became his followers.
In 1954, when Baba was sixty years old, he said publicly for the first time that he was the Avatar.
In the ancient language of Sanskrit, the word "Avatar" means one who has come down from God.
Baba said that the Avatar is born on Earth every 700–1400 years, and comes to help others find God.
Meher Baba said that in the past the Avatar had been on Earth as Zoroaster, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Jesus, and Muhammad.
Meher Baba's most famous quote is "Don't Worry, Be Happy," partly because it appeared in a popular song.
Others know of him because of the song "Baba O'Reilly" written by Pete Townshend who is a follower of his and named the song partly after Baba.
Regarding publications, there are two of major significance.
In Discourses, messages that were given by Meher Baba concerning many areas of the spiritual life are clearly presented.
In God Speaks, Meher Baba dictated and explained the complete journey of the incarnate soul from stone to man, over thousands of years and many lifetimes, culminating in God Realization; the goal of life.
He said, "Real happiness lies in making others happy."
He showed his followers that the best path is to love God at all times by loving your fellow man, exemplified by his own life of Selfless Service.
He also said he had not come to start a new religion—but to revitalize all religions: "I shall revitalize all religions and cults, and bring them together like beads on one string".
His followers come from all religions: Zoroastrians, Christians, Jews, Hindus, Muslims, Sufis, Buddhists, and Sikhs, as well as from no religion, there are atheists and agnostics who may not necessarily believe in God, but who are attracted purely to his honest and loving way of life.
AvatarMeherBaba.org
Asian Sufis
Trailer (vehicle), an unpowered vehicle pulled by one with an engine
Trailer (movie) or theatrical trailer, an advertisement for an upcoming movie
Uno (stylized on usual branding as all capitalized) is an American card game that was made by Merle Robbins in 1971.
It has since been bought by a company named Mattel.
It uses 108 special cards that are made just to play Uno.
It is similar to Crazy Eights.
The cards are put into 4 different groups: Red cards, green cards, blue cards and yellow cards.
There are also some other cards called "Special Cards".
Skip, Reverse, Draw +2(This card can be canceled by Reverse card which changes the way) , Wild, and Wild +4 cards allow you to do something you cannot normally do, such as pick up two more cards.
The number one in the Spanish language or Italian language
Uno (card game), a card game played with a special deck of cards.
It is made by the Mattel company.
The name originated from the word uno which mean the number one in Spanish which is what you say when you have one card remaining.
United Nations Organization; see: United Nations
Electrical engineering is a subject of engineering.
Its goal is to develop (think and make) different things that use electricity in a helpful way.
Electrical engineers fix or design new and better ways of using devices that use electricity.
Big subjects in electrical engineering include power generation, automation and control of robots, digital systems, and information technology (using radio and computers to move and use data).
To meet new needs, electrical engineering produced new specialties, such as electronic engineering and software engineering.
Early universities taught philosophy and later science.
As the industrial revolution began they had to start teaching new parts of these sciences to keep up with the demand for new items.
When the industrial era began, we needed to study mathematics, physics and chemistry to help support it.
These subjects are "applied" (or, used in the real world) using engineering.
In the late 19th century when electricity was used to make electric motors and to send messages to far away places, a new branch called electrical engineering was invented.
When radio became important, many engineers worked at it, and their branch was later expanded to cover electronic engineering.
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE Virtual Museum
EE HomePage.com Educational & career development resources
Design is a visual look or a shape given to a certain object, in order to make it more attractive, make it more comfortable or to improve another characteristic.
Designers use tools from geometry and art.
Design is sometimes divided to sub-categories: graphic design, buildings and nature design, consumer goods design.
Star Trek is an American media franchise owned by Paramount and CBS, as well as various spin-offs.
The main parts of the Star Trek franchise are:
Seven television series (first shown from 1966 to today) and
Thirteen movies (shown in theaters from 1980 to 2016).
Star Trek was created as a TV series in 1966 by Gene Roddenberry.
He and the other authors of Star Trek have, over time, developed a whole fictional universe set in the future.
Following this fictional universe is the way they have chosen to maintain continuity between the various TV series and the movies.
Trekkies or Trekkers may refer to the many fans who love the series and support this Star Trek Universe.
Many conventions and newsletters exist to serve these fans.
There are even amateur movies made by the fans.
In the 1960s, Gene Roddenberry created Star Trek.
He sold it as a western (a television genre about cowboys), but in space, and compared it to the television show Wagon Train.
He also based it on Gulliver's Travels.
After two pilots (test episodes), Star Trek was first shown on television in 1966.
History of Star Trek
In 2053, World War III ended on Earth.
In 2063 Zefram Cochrane, invented the warp drive, a way to travel faster than the speed of light.
Because of this invention, Vulcans came to Earth to meet the humans.
This is shown in Star Trek: First Contact.
The Vulcans helped humans fight disease and hunger.
In 2150 humans created a United Earth Government that combined all the old governments into one.
A war between Earth and the Romulans made species from different planets work together, and the Coalition of Planets was started in 2156.
In 2161, the planets Vulcan, Earth, Andoria and Tellar started the United Federation of Planets.
The Original Series (1966–1969)
Star Trek: The Original Series is sometimes abbreviated to TOS.
In it, the starship Enterprise travels through space to discover new places - "to boldly go where no man has gone before".
The show was set in the 23rd century.
Captain James Tiberius Kirk, acted by William Shatner
Spock, acted by Leonard Nimoy
Dr. Leonard McCoy, acted by DeForest Kelley
Montgomery "Scotty" Scott, acted by James Doohan
Uhura, acted by Nichelle Nichols
Hikaru Sulu, acted by George Takei
Pavel Chekov, acted by Walter Koenig
The Animated Series (1973–1974)
Star Trek: The Animated Series is also called TAS.
It is an animated version of The Original Series.
The crew are the same, and most are voice-acted by the same actors.
Because it was animated, the planets and species could look more interesting.
Gene Roddenberry asked for the stories in TAS to be removed from Star Trek'''s canon (the official history of Star Trek that is the same in all series).
It is still argued about if they are part of canon or not, but usually agreed that they are not.
The official Star Trek website has added some things from TAS to their library.
The Next Generation (1987–1994) Star Trek: The Next Generation is also called TNG.
It is set 70 years after The Original Series, in the 24th century.
The crew travel on a new starship called the "Enterprise-D".
The stories are also about exploring, and often about fighting hostile (violent or angry) ships.
The crew has many different races.
Captain Jean-Luc Picard, acted by Patrick Stewart
Commander William Riker, acted by Jonathon Frakes
Data (an android), acted by Brent Spiner
Dr. Beverly Crusher, acted by Gates McFadden
Worf (a Klingon), acted by Michael Dorn
Geordi La Forge, acted by LeVar Burton
Counselor Deanna Troi, acted by Marina Sirtis
Wesley Crusher, acted by Wil Wheaton
Deep Space Nine (1993–1999) Star Trek: Deep Space Nine is also sometimes called DS9.
It is set in the late 24th century, at the end of The Next Generations time line and the start of Voyager's.
It is not like TOS and TNG because it is set on a space station and is not about exploring.
This means it has more soap opera elements (lots of stories about the characters).
Most of the stories are about the Cardassian race and the war with the Dominion.
Captain Benjamin Sisko (Commander for seasons 1 to 3), acted by Avery Brooks
Major Kira Nerys, acted by Nana Visitor
Odo, acted by Rene Auberjonois
Jadzia Dax, acted by Terry Farrell
Ezri Dax, acted by Nicole de Boer
Worf, acted by Michael Dorn
Miles O'Brien, acted by Colm Meaney
Quark, acted by Armin Shimerman
Voyager (1995–2001)
Star Trek: Voyager is set in the late 24th century.
It is different from the other series because it takes place in the Delta Quadrant.
The ship Voyager was trapped there after a chase by the Maquis (Starfleet rebels).
The stories are about them trying to find their way home.
This is a long journey, and will take them 75 years.
Captain Kathryn Janeway, acted by Kate Mulgrew
Chakotay, acted by Robert Beltran
Tuvok, acted by Tim Russ
B'Elanna Torres, acted by Roxann Dawson
Tom Paris, acted by Robert Duncan McNeill
Harry Kim, acted by Garrett Wang
The Doctor, acted by Robert Picardo
Seven of Nine, acted by Jeri Ryan
It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1995 to 2001.
It was made to help start a new television channel, UPN.
Enterprise (2001–2005)
Star Trek: Enterprise is set in the 22nd century, which means it is before all the other series on the Star Trek timeline.
It is about the humans and the Vulcans working together after first contact.
The ship, Enterprise, was the first Warp 5 ship made by the humans (with some Vulcan assistance).
The first season famously had many continuity errors (events and technology that did not match what happens in the other series).
Captain Jonathan Archer, acted by Scott Bakula
T'Pol, acted by Jolene Blalock
Charles "Trip" Tucker, acted by Connor Trinneer
Malcolm Reed, acted by Dominic Keating
Hoshi Sato, acted by Linda Park
Travis Mayweather, acted by Anthony Montgomery
Dr. Phlox, acted by John Billingsley
Discovery (2017-)
Star Trek: Discovery is the newest Star Trek series.
It is set in the 23rd century, ten years before the original Star Trek series.
The first season is about a war between the Federation and the Klingons.
Michael Burnham, acted by Sonequa Martin-Green
Captain Gabriel Lorca, acted by Jason Isaacs
Commander Saru, acted by Doug Jones
Paul Stamets, acted by Anthony Rapp
Sylvia Tilly, acted by Mary Wiseman
Ash Tyler, acted by Shazad Latif
The first season was streamed online starting in 2017 on CBS' online streaming service in the United States, and on Netflix outside of the United States.
There will be another season premiering in late 2018.
The Star Trek franchise is a multibillion-dollar industry (a very large business).
It has influenced (affected) many things in real life.
Trekkies
Star Trek has a large following of fans who are very enthusiastic (care a great deal) about the show.
They are usually called Trekkies.
The word was first used by Arthur W. Saha when he saw people wearing fake Vulcan ears at a convention (an event where lots of people interested in the same thing organise to meet) in 1967.
Some fans like to be known as Trekkers' instead.
Two documentaries (factual television shows) have been made about them, called Trekkies and Trekkies 2.
In 1976, NASA made a prototype (test) space shuttle.
It was first going to be called Constitution, but Star Trek fans wrote letters to NASA asking for it to be called Enterprise instead.
Enterprise was used for flight tests, although it was never sent into space.
It is now displayed (put on show) at the Smithsonian Institution.
Parodies and tributes
The movie Galaxy Quest is a Star Trek parody, which means it was made to be like Star Trek in a funny way.
There have been parodies on television in the cartoons Futurama, The Simpsons and Family Guy.
The video games company Blizzard Entertainment puts references to Star Trek in many of its games, like Starcraft and World of Warcraft.
Fans of the show made a new episode, Pilgrim of Eternity, in 2013.
The crew were also professional film and TV people.
Themes Star Trek episodes often tell a moral story.
philosophical and moral questions are common.
In the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Tuvix", a transporter accident puts two characters, Tuvok and Neelix, into one body.
This makes a new person, Tuvix, who has his own personality.
The crew of the Voyager must decide what to do: they can kill Tuvix by separating him back into Tuvok and Neelix, or they can kill Tuvok and Neelix by letting Tuvix live.
In the end, Captain Janeway decides to save Tuvok and Neelix, although the Doctor thinks this is wrong.
Star Trek episodes also often reflect (copy) what is happening in the real world.
One example is the episode "A Private Little War" in Star Trek: The Original Series.
This is said to be like the Vietnam War.
In the episode, the Klingons threaten innocent people.
Captain Kirk has to decide whether to give the people guns so that they can defend themselves.
The episode asks whether you can fight evil without doing evil yourself.
One focus of all the Star Trek franchises is a Federation law called "The Prime Directive."
The Prime Directive states that advanced civilizations should not change more primitive ones; societies should be allowed to develop on their own.
The Prime Directive often makes for a moral conflict—for example, the Prime Directive might forbid using advanced technology to save an intelligent race.
StarTrek.com—The Official Star Trek website
Memory Alpha—A Star Trek encyclopedia that uses information only from canon (official history)
Memory Beta—A Star Trek encyclopedia that uses information from both'' canon and non-canon sources
Fictional universes
Media franchises
A tunnel is an underground passage.
Some tunnels are used for cars, and others are used for trains.
Sometimes, a tunnel is used for movement of ships.
Some tunnels are built for communication cables and some are built for electricity cables.
Other tunnels are built for animals.
Tunnels are dug in different kinds of grounds, from soft sand to hard rock.
The way of digging is chosen by the type of ground.
There are two additional ways of digging : quarry and 'cut and cover'.
In quarry, the tunnel path is drilled in a horizontal way.
This system requires a deep tunnel that's built in a firm rock.
In the 'cut and cover' system, a tunnel is dug in the ground and, afterwards, a roof is built above the tunnel.
This system fits tunnels that are close to the ground like road tunnels and infrastructure.
Building tunnels is a large civil engineering project that could cost very high sums of money.
The planning and building of a long tunnel may take many years.
The Channel Tunnel between France and England is one of the longest tunnels in the world.
It is 50 kilometers long.
The longest tunnel in the world, the Gotthard Base Tunnel, is being dug in Switzerland.
Reasons to build a tunnel
A subway is based on a network of tunnels that are dug underground so the trains will not disturb and will not be disturbed by the local transport.
On the path of a railroad track or a road a tunnel is dug when the lane encounters an obstacle such as a mountain to avoid bypassing the obstacle.
A tunnel is built sometimes to overcome a water obstacle as a replacement for building a bridge above it.
A tunnel is built to connect between military posts so the movement between them will not be visible for the enemy.
A tunnel is built for infrastructure like electricity cables, water, communication and sewerage to avoid damage and disruption above ground.
Some tunnels are used by prisoners to escape jail.
Sometimes tunnels are used by criminals to do a bank robbery (e.g. in Brazil, Summer 2005).
Cut-and-cover
Bottom-up method: A trench is hollowed out, with ground support when needed, and the tunnel is built in it.
In earliest days bricks were used.
The trench is then carefully filled and the surface is reinstated.
Top-down method: Side support walls and capping beams are made from ground level by such methods as slurry walling or neighbouring bored piling.
Only a hollowed out excavation is needed to construct the tunnel roof using beams or in situ concrete sitting on the walls.
The surface is then remade except for access openings.
This allows early recreation of roadways, services, and other surface features.
Excavation then takes place under the permanent tunnel roof, and the base slab is made.
Railway Tunnels in Queensland by Brian Webber, 1997, .
Sullivan, Walter.
Progress In Technology Revives Interest In Great Tunnels, New York Times, 24 June 1986.
Retrieved 15 August 2010.
The Salvation Army is a Protestant Christian organization William and Catherine Booth founded it in the East End of London, England in 1865.
It was called the Christian Mission to start with, but in 1878, the name was changed.
The Booths came from a Methodist tradition, but today the teachings of the movement are mainstream Protestant.
They focus on preaching, and on helping those in need.
They also actively help in disaster relief.
The Salvation Army operates in over 100 countries today.
Its members devote themselves to teaching Christian morals, helping those in need, like the homeless, the sick, the poor, and others.
It operates facilities like shelters, , orphanages, , and a , and offers Sunday church services.
It is one of the largest charitable organisations in the world, which means that it relies on people to give it money to use.
Worldwide outreach
1865 - England
1874 - Wales
1879 - Jersey, Scotland
1880 - Australia, Ireland, United States of America
1881 - France
1882 - Alderney, Canada, Guernsey, India, Sweden, Switzerland
1883 - Isle of Man, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka
1884 - St Helena
1886 - Germany, Newfoundland
1887 - Denmark, Italy, Jamaica, Netherlands
1888 - Norway
1889 - Belgium, Finland
1890 - Argentina, Uruguay
1891 - Zimbabwe, Zululand
1894 - Åland (until 1950), Hawaii, Indonesia
1895 - Gibraltar (until 1968), Guyana, Iceland, Japan
1896 - Bermuda, Malta (until 1972)
1898 - Alaska, Barbados
1901 - Trinidad & Tobago
1902 - Grenada, Saint Lucia
1903 - Antigua and Barbuda, St Vincent & the Grenadines
1904 - Panamá
1907 - Costa Rica
1908 - Korea
1909 - Chile
1910 - Paraguay, Perú
1913 - Russia (until 1923)
1915 - Belize, Myanmar
1916 - China (until 1951), Mozambique, St Kitts
1917 - U.S. Virgin Islands
1918 - Cuba
1919 - Czechoslovakia (until 1950)
1920 - Bolivia, Nigeria
1921 - Kenya
1922 - Brazil, Ghana, Zambia
1923 - Latvia (until 1939)
1924 - Faroe Islands, Hungary (until 1949)
1926 - Suriname
1927 - Austria, Estonia (until 1940), Curaçao (until 1980)
1930 - Hong Kong
1931 - Bahamas, Uganda
1933 - French Guiana (until 1952), Tanzania, Yugoslavia (until 1948)
1934 - Algeria (until 1970), Congo (Kinshasa), Manchukuo (until 1945)
1935 - Singapore
1936 - Egypt (until 1949)
1937 - Congo (Brazzaville), Mexico, Philippines
1938 - Malaysia
1950 - Haïti
1956 - Papua New Guinea
1960 - Swaziland
1962 - Puerto Rico
1965 - Taiwan
1967 - Malaŵi
1969 - Lesotho
1970 - Bangladesh
1971 - Portugal, Spain
1972 - Venezuela
1973 - Fiji
1976 - Guatemala
1978 - Canary Islands
1980 - French Guiana (recommenced)
1985 - Angola, Colombia, Ecuador, Marshall Islands
1986 - Tonga
1988 - Liberia
1989 - El Salvador, Thailand (until 1993)
1990 - Czech Republic (recommenced), Hungary (recommenced), Latvia (recommenced)
1991 - Russia (recommenced)
1992 - Belarus (until 1996), Somalia (until 1995)
1993 - Georgia, Ukraine
1994 - Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova
1995 - Dominican Republic, Estonia (recommenced)
1996 - Rwanda
1997 - Botswana
1999 - St Maarten
2000 - Macau
2004 - Lithuania, Romania
2005 - Falkland Islands, Poland
2007 - Burundi, Greece
People from theSwiss branch of the Salvavion army qualified for the Eurovidion Song Contest, 2013 in Malmö.
At first, they were refused at the ESC.
They could participate, but they had to change their name (to Takasa), and they also had to agree not to wear the typical uniforms on stage.
They didn't qualify for the final round, though.
Other similar organizations
The Church of England has operated the Church Army, since 1882
Legio Mariae was founded in 1921, and has a Roman Catholic background.
1860s establishments in England
An orphanage is an institution that takes in and cares for orphans.
It can also mean the state of being an orphan.
Historically it was very often the church or the state who cared for orphans.
Children in orphanages may have suffered from child abuse or trauma from their parents.
The London Underground is a system of electric trains in London, UK.
After the opening the system was copied in many other cities, for example New York and Madrid.
Even though it is called the Underground about half of it is above the ground.
The "Tube" is a slang name for the London Underground, because the tunnels for some of the lines are round tubes running through the ground.
The Underground serves 270 stations and over 408 km of track.
From 2006–2007 over 1 billion passengers used the underground.
Underground train systems in other cities may be called metros (like the Tyne and Wear Metro in  North East England) or subways (Glasgow Subway in Scotland and in most of North America).
Subway is also used across Britain to refer to underground walkways.
The Metropolitan Line was the first part of the Underground to be made.
It was opened in 1863.
It then ran between Paddington and Farringdon.
It took 40,000 passengers per day.
Later it was made longer.
The District Line was built by a different company.
In 1884, the Circle Line was finished.
All these lines used steam engines at first.
In 1890, a line using electric trains was opened.
It was much deeper below ground than the other lines.
Now it is part of the Northern Line.
More lines like this were opened.
People liked them, so in 1905 the lines that used steam engines were changed to use electric trains.
Into the 20th century
Because the different lines were run by different companies, changing lines was difficult.
Between 1900 and 1902, Charles Yerkes bought most of the companies and formed a company named Underground Electric Railways of London Company Ltd, short UERL.