the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Other influences include: Portishead, Tori Amos, Nirvana, Korn, Marvin Gaye, Massive Attack, Depeche Mode and SoundGarden.
Lee has stated in several interviews that she likes to experiment with different musical elements and doesn't like "doing the same thing over and over again".
She has experimented with electronic music, most prominently in the first sessions of the pre-production phase of the bands' third album.
She has also expressed interest in folk music.
Lee has been classically trained in piano for 9 years and uses simple chords with left-hand backing in songs.
She often includes the piano as a main or background instrument into the bands' music, most prominently in the album "The Open Door".
Several music critics consider the piano accompaniment as a characteristic feature of Evanescence's music.
Lee often plays the piano during live performances in selected songs, and has been known to cover songs on the piano as well, such the Korn song “Thoughtless”.
She can play the acoustic guitar and has been training in harp, lightly utilizing this instrument in the bands' third record, most prominently in the song "Secret Door".
American recording artist Kelly Clarkson described Lee's concert performances as "intense" and thinks that she's "a beautiful vocalist, and has great taste in melodies and music".
Clarkson also revealed through her Twitter that she would like to sing a duet with Lee.
Lee's vocal range spans 3.6 octaves from a low A2 (2003 Fallen Vocal warm up) to an E6 in full head voice (MTV Video Diary).
Her highest recorded note in full head voice is a C#6 in the song "Weight of the World" and her lowest recorded note is a C3 in the cover of U2's song "With or Without You".
Lee's highest mixed note in studio recording is a G#5 in the collaboration with American rock band Halestorm's song "Break In".
Overall, her highest mixed note is a Bb5 in a cover of Michael Jackson's song "Dirty Diana".
Lee has also been known for her scream in the song "Tourniquet" also, in which is in the note of a D5.
In an MTV special, Lee managed to hit an E6 live during a vocal warm-up in full head voice, also showing that she is capable of reaching up to Bb7 through exclamation.
She is popularly classified as a full-lyric mezzo-soprano, though this has not been confirmed by Lee herself.
Lee is not professionally trained in singing and applies what she learned from her years as a choir member in high school.
Her lower to mid-range belts are often supported, if not resonant, and she can sustain notes in the 5th octave in all vowels.
She also uses several vocal dynamics in her singing, most notably crescendos.
Critics often consider Lee's vocals to be one of the highlights of the bands' music, describing it as "ethereal", "dramatic" and "haunting", while praising its "powerful", "crystalline" and "operatic" qualities.
Songwriting and lyrical themes
A very notable theme in Lee's lyrics is relationship struggles.
She often identifies various events in life with a story between herself and a lover, evident in the song "What You Want" which is actually inspired by her love for her band and fans.
She also writes about her actual relationship struggles, examples include "Call Me When You’re Sober", referring to her ex-boyfriend Shaun Morgan.
Additionally, she often incorporates dark and mysterious themes into the bands' music, and has mentioned that she is particularly fascinated with the idea of death and beyond.
She also resorts to imaginative and picturesque themes as seen in songs such as "Imaginary" and "Lithium".
The songs "Hello" and "Like You" were written in honor of Lee's deceased sister.
Furthermore, Lee's songs are generally inspired by her life struggles and personal experiences. "
Bring Me to Life" was written after meeting a psychiatrist who understood her hidden feelings, while "Snow White Queen" was written after a turbulent experience with a stalker.
She described her writing process in the song "All That I’m Living For", explaining that she mostly writes at night time.
Lee wrote most of the bands' self-titled album with the fans in mind, describing her relationship with them through different lyrical themes.
She also explored more into global issues such as sex trafficking and the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami for this album in the songs "My Heart is Broken" and "Never Go Back", respectively.
Lee was honored by the National Music Publisher's Association with their 2008 Songwriter Icon Award, which recognizes outstanding songwriters for personal achievement.
Lee received the award during the annual NMPA meeting in New York City and performed a song to the attendance as well.
Image and style
Lee has an eclectic clothing style mostly inspired by Victorian, Gothic and Japanese fashion.
She is known to design many of her outfits, such as the outfits she wore for the video of "Going Under" and the dress she wore to the Noble Peace Prize concert in 2011.
She occasionally makes her clothes herself.
In an interview with VEVO stylized, Lee showcased and explained her fashion style, commenting that she'd rather make her own clothes because it's hard to find what she exactly wants elsewhere.
Lee stated that her daily style is very different from when she performs; describing it as "funky, spooky, cute" in an interview.
She explained that her on-stage wardrobe was meant to preserve the atmosphere of the songs and complete the image.
In another interview, she stated that when the band first started performing, she used to heavily wear corsets in fear of diluting the bands' image, but has gradually become more comfortable with her own style.
Her current on-stage style is often characterized by boots, a simple black tank top, a skirt and various ornaments and accessories.
Furthermore, Lee dyes her hair jet black.
During the Fallen era, she used to use blue contact lenses and had a distinct piercing on her left eyebrow.
She has not used them since.
Many fans admire Lee for not using sex appeal in her music.
Lee frequently criticized women who are involved in show-business for abusing their positions as idols by sexualizing their image.
The song "Everybody’s Fool" was written by Lee to mock such celebrities after seeing how her sister was infatuated by this trend.
The video to this song emphasizes how celebrities peddle lies through projecting an image opposite to who they are.
In 2005, Lee came in 4th in Kerrang!
's 50 Sexiest People in Rock list.
She was listed in Blender as one of the hottest women in rock in 2006, alongside other singers such as Joan Jett and Liz Phair.
Revolver Magazine named Lee the #1 Hottest Chick in Hard Rock for their 2011 annual issue and she appeared on the front cover.
When asked about this in an interview, Lee responded "You have to look at all of that as just press.
I'm not the hottest chick in whatever.
I'm a normal girl and it takes a lot of makeup and retouching to make that cover look good".
She also came in at #9 in KROQ's 2011 list of "The Twenty Sexiest Singers of Female-Fronted Rock Bands".
Lee is married to therapist and long time friend Josh Hartzler.
They were engaged on January 8, 2007, with Lee making the first official announcement on January 9.
They were married on May 6, 2007 and through a post to the bands' fan club message boards, she announced that she was "officially Mrs. Amy Hartzler".
Hartzler was the inspiration behind the songs "Bring Me to Life" and "Good Enough".
Lee was involved in a romantic relationship with Seether frontman Shaun Morgan from 2003 till 2005.
Their breakup inspired Lee to write the song "Call When Me You're Sober" which she said was about "the big relationship [she] was in, and the whole breakup, which was really long".
Morgan responded to the song, saying that he was "really upset that she would say and do those things" yet "didn't feel the need to write back and be mean".
When she was younger, Lee wanted to become a veterinarian, but lost her interest after seeing a dog surgery on the television.
Lee mentioned that if she wasn't pursuing a career in music, she would have entered a field in which she could help people, especially abused kids.
During the bands' hiatus, Lee was considering taking a job as a music teacher for children.
Lee's hobbies include painting and cooking.
She sketched the design of the cover art for "The Open Door" and painted the cover art of the charity single "Together Again".
She also hinted during a Q&A with fans that she wanted to start a cooking show.
Lee owns two cats named Stella and Shermie.
In 2011, Lee explained that one of the reasons behind Evanescence's lengthy hiatus after the conclusion of "The Open Door Tour" was because she was feeling pressurized by her band duties, mostly due to the hectic schedule and quick rise to fame.
According to Lee, she "just needed to get away from it" and "wanted to be a normal person for a minute" because her "entire adult life [...] was all about [Evanescence]".
Social efforts
Lee became the American chairperson of the Epilepsy foundation in 2005, and started a campaign called "Out of the Shadows" to raise awareness about epilepsy.
She gained interest about this medical condition because her brother suffers from epilepsy.
Lee supports and advocates To Write Love on Her Arm, a non-profit organization aiming to help people struggling with depression, addiction and self-harm.
In 2010, she supported Restore Freedom, a campaign against sex trafficking, where she helped and advocated towards building a safehouse in New York that shelters and helps survivors of sex trafficking.
She currently has page in the Restore NYC website in which she urges people to donate and help the cause.
Lee later revealed that being involved in this cause inspired her to write the song "My Heart is Broken".
Lee was chosen as the 2012 recipient of the Luella Bennack award at United Cerebral Palsy's 11th annual Women Who Care luncheon, which celebrates women who dedicate time for community projects and charities.
In a statement released by the UCP of New York City, Lee was selected "because of her personal pledge to making life more accessible and understood by everyone", as well as for the "integrity" of her music that "inspired and transformed millions of women worldwide".
In 2000, Lee was featured in two songs by former Evanescence member David Hodges, "Breathe" and "Fall into You".
In 2003, Lee joined artists such as Milla Jovovich and Maynard James Keenan in a discrete musical project for supergroup The Damning Well.
She provided vocals on two tracks, one of which was a duet with former Filter vocalist Richard patrick, but her vocals were eventually taken off the final release because of record label issues.
She also sang backup vocals on Big Dismal's song "Believe" from their first album.
Lee appeared in the Seether song "Broken" in 2004, where she performed a duet with Shaun Morgan.
The song was featured in Seether's 2004 album, Disclaimer II, and soundtrack for the 2004 movie The Punisher.
Broken was released as a single and Lee appeared in the music video wearing black wings.
In February 2007, during an MTV: Unplugged session featuring the band Korn, Lee performed a duet with vocalist Jonathan Davis in an acoustic version of the song "Freak on a Leash".
MTV later released the song as part of MTV: Unplugged Korn, and became the first single off the album.
During Finger Eleven's opening act for an Evanescence concert in Providence, Rhode Island in 2007, Lee came on stage to perform the song "One Thing" with the band.
Additionally, Lee performed the song "Epiphany" with Staind's lead singer Aaron Lewis during the 2007 "My Coke Fest" held in Johannesburg, South Africa.
When asked who she was interested in collaborating with, Lee chose Depeche Mode, Danny Elfman and Daft Punk.
She further described a collaboration in which Elfman would write music similar to movie scores, while Lee would write the vocal parts and lyrics.
Solo album
Lee hinted towards releasing a solo album since 2008.
Lee told Spin Magazine that she wanted to prove she's "more than a one trick pony" and would like to do something different.
She also mentioned that the music she was writing at the time was "nothing [she] would categorize as Evanescence".
After writing much of the material for Evanescence's third album, Lee decided to scrap the songs and start over with the writing process because the songs were "not right for Evanescence" and had little involvement from the rest of the band members.
However, in an interview with Pulse of Radio, Lee noted the possibility of using the discarded tracks in future projects "I think it’s totally possible that some of those songs will end up in a different project someday – maybe solo, maybe something else".
Lee made an appearance on Cartoon Network in 2004, where she "did an interview with a puppet" and performed a "cheesy song on the guitar about Cartoon Network".
She made this appearance for her brother, Robby, who was 10 at the time.
She appeared briefly in the music video for Johnny Cash's "God’s Gonna Cut You Down" in late 2006.
Each celebrity was allowed to choose what they would be doing for the video, so Lee chose to appear laying flowers on a grave.
Her scene was recorded at Trinity Church and she was wearing a black velvet coat that previously belonged to Tim Burton.
In November 2007, Lee was one of the celebrity cameos in the VH1 mockumentary Rock Band Cometh: The Rock Band Band Story that was released to promote the game Rock Band.
Fallen (2003)
The Open Door (2006)
Evanescence (2011)
Synthesis (2017)
Anywhere But Home (2004)
EPs and Demos
Evanescence EP
Sound Asleep/Whisper EP
Mystary EP
Collaborations and other songs
Evanescence official site
BMI Repertoire Listing for Amy Lee
Wild Dances is a song by Ukrainian pop-star Ruslana Lyzhichko (Ruslana).
It won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2004.
City of Lancaster, a local government district of Lancashire, England
Lancaster, Lancashire, a settlement in the City of Lancaster district after which it is named
House of Lancaster, an English dynasty
Lancaster, California, United States
Lancaster, Kentucky, United States
Lancaster, Ohio, United States
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States
Lancaster Barnstormers, an American baseball team
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare is a first person shooter videogame released in 2007.
It is part of the Call of Duty series.
It is available on Xbox 360, PC and Playstation 3.
There is also a version on the Nintendo DS called Call of Duty: DS and another one for the Wii that was released on November 2009 called "Reflex Edition".
The sequel, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, was released in 2009.
It has been awarded with the "Best game of the year", "Best action game" and "Best online game" prices on 2007.
It was the most sold game around the world on 2007, with more than 7.000.000 sold games on 2008 and 13.000.000 on 2009.
Sargent Soap MacTavish.
Member of the 22nd Regiment SAS.
Is the most playable character.
Sargent Paul Jackson.
Belongs to the 1st Division Recon Force of Marines of the United States moved to Middle East.
Is the second more playable character, whose role is controlled in five missions in the Act I. He dies in a nuclear explosion.
Captain John Price.
Player takes the control of Price when he was Lieutenant of the 22th Regiment  SAS, in a retrospective mission 15 years ago on Chernobyl, under orders of Captain McMillan.
Sargent John "Soap" MacTavish is a new soldier of the British army sent to the SAS, on the 22th regiment, who needs training.
When he passes weapons training and the obstacle course, he must choose the difficulty level.
When it is finished, the Prologue mission will start.
HK USP .45
M1911 .45
Heckler & Koch MP5
P90SD
Mini-Uzi
G36C
M4A1
M4A1 SOPMOD
M4A1 with Grenadelauncher M203
M16A4
M16A4 with Grenadelauncher M203
AK-47 with Grenade Launcher GP30
AK-74U
M60 E4
M40A3
Dragunov
Barrett .50
W1200
Non guided:
AT-4
Guided:
Antipersonal mine Claymore.
Flash grenades
Smoke grenades
Multiplayer Mode
Multiplayer mode of Call Of Duty 4: Modern Warfare includes a class system.
Five of them by default: Assault,
Team Deathmatch [TDM]
Two teams fight each other as many times as they can before the time limit
Domination [DOM]
Two teams fight for the control of 3 flags put strategically on the map.
Possession of them increases some points to the team who have the flags.
Sabotage [SAB]
Two teams fight for the possession of a bomb, which is moved by the players and have to be activated on the enemy objective.
The other team can defuse that bomb in a limited time.
Search and Destroy [S&D]
One of the two teams get the bomb, and have to go to the enemy objective and activate the bomb.
The other team have to kill all the enemy members to win, but if the bomb explodes, or all team members die, they lose.
Deatchmatch [DM]
The player is fighting alone, there are no teams.
To win, you have to get the most of the kills.
"RPG" redirects here, for the gaming genre, see role-playing game.
A rocket-propelled grenade or an RPG is the name for any kind of weapon, held on the shoulder that fires rockets that have an explosive warhead.
These warheads are attached to a rocket motor and the rocket has fins which help it to fly straight.
Some types of RPG are reloadable, while others are used only once and then thrown away.
RPGs, with the exception of self-contained versions, are muzzleloaders, loaded from the front end.
RPGs with High explosive anti-tank warheads are very effective against armored vehicles such as armored personnel carriers (APCs).
They can also be used against tanks, as long as the shooter targets a weak part of the tank, such as the tracks or the top door of the turret.
In general, the front armour on a tank is too thick to be penetrated by an RPG warhead.
In some cases, teams attacking tanks with RPGs will have multiple RPG users fire at the same tank, which may penetrate the armour.
Insurgents have sometimes successfully used RPGs to shoot at helicopters.
The Tibetan Plateau, also known as the Qinghai-Tibetan (Qingzang) Plateau, is a vast, high plateau in Central Asia.
It covers most of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the Qinghai Province in China, and Ladakh in Kashmir, India.
The Tibetan Plateau occupies an area of around 1,000 by 2,500 kilometers, and has an average elevation of over 4,500 meters.
It is the highest and largest plateau in the world.
It was formed by the same forces which formed the Himalayas, namely, the movement of the Indian continental plate into Asia.
The Plateau has an great effect on climate, and is the main cause of the monsoon rains.
Heraclitus of Ephesus or Herakleitos (c.535 – 475 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher.
He was a native of Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor.
His teaching, as we have it now, is a series of epigrams.
This means his teachings are sayings and remarks, rather than systematic essays.
Heraclitus is famous for his doctrine of change being central to the universe.
His famous sayings, "All is flux", and "You cannot step twice into the same river" is still remembered today.
Another of his sayings appeals to some psychologists:
"You cannot discover the depths of the psyche, even if you travelled every road to do so, such is the depth of its meaning".
Often it is difficult to understand what he was trying to say.
He believed in the unity of opposites, stating that "the path up and down are one and the same".
"Good and bad are the same".
In many of these 'opposite ends' pairs, if one never happened, then the other would be meaningless.
His utterance that "all things come to be in accordance with this logos," (literally, "word," "reason," or "account") has been the subject of many interpretations.
Logos became a technical term in philosophy, beginning with Heraclitus, who used the term for a principle of order and knowledge.
Diogenes Laërtius states that Heraclitus' work was "a continuous treatise On Nature, but was divided into three discourses, one on the universe, another on politics, and a third on theology."
Theophrastus says (in Diogenes) "... some parts of his work are half-finished, while other parts make a strange medley".
Diogenes also tells us that Heraclitus deposited his book as a dedication in the great temple of Artemis, the Artemisium, one of the largest temples of the 6th century BC, and one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Ancient temples were regularly used for storing treasures, and were open to private individuals under exceptional circumstances.
Many later philosophers refer to the work.
Robinson T.M. 1987.
Heraclitus: Fragments: a text and translation with a commentary.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press. .
Thales of Miletus, about 624 BC – 546 BC, was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher.
He was from Miletus in Asia Minor.
Many, notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition.
According to Bertrand Russell, "Western philosophy begins with Thales".
Thales attempted to explain natural phenomena without reference to mythology and was tremendously influential in this respect.
Almost all of the other pre-Socratic philosophers follow him in attempting to provide an explanation of ultimate substance, change, and the existence of the world—without reference to mythology.
Those philosophers were also influential, and eventually Thales' rejection of mythological explanations became an essential idea for science.
He was also the first to define general principles and set forth hypotheses.
As a result he has been called the "Father of Science", though maybe Democritus is more deserving of this title.
In mathematics, Thales used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore.
He is the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed.
Also, Thales was the first person known to have studied electricity.
Referencesty
Anaximander (;  Anaximandros; c. 610 – c. 546 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia.
He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales.
He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted Anaximenes and Pythagoras amongst his pupils.
Little of his life and work is known today.
According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies, although only one fragment of his work remains.
Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.
Philoctete – Anaximandre: Fragments ((Grk icon))
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Anaximander
Extensive bibliography by Dirk Couprie
Anaximander entry by John Burnet contains fragments of Anaximander
610 BC births
546 BC deaths
His ideas
For him, the primary substance was air.
it was an attempt to find a natural way to explain the world.
520s BC deaths
Eberhardt del’Antonio (April 21, 1926 in Lichtenstein – February 22, 1997 in Dresden) was a German writer.
Eberhardt Del'Antonio was the son of a locksmith.
He learned the job as an technical drawer.
He was fighting for the German army during the Second World War.
Gigantum, Das neue Berlin, Berlin 1957
Titanus, Das neue Berlin, Berlin 1959
Projekt Sahara, Tribüne, Berlin 1962
Heimkehr der Vorfahren, Das neue Berlin, Berlin 1966
Okeanus, Greifenverlag, Rudolstadt 1988
Volle Kraft voraus, Junge Welt, Berlin 1991 (with Jens Prockat)
The Science Fiction of the DDR.
Gorgias (, ca.
487-376 BC), Greek sophist, presocratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily.
Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of sophists.
Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger.
His theory was subjected of critique by Plato in his work Gorgias.
376 BC deaths
Sophism can mean two very different things.
In Ancient Greece, sophism was practiced by sophists, who were a group of teachers of philosophy and rhetoric.
In the modern definition, a sophism is a confusing or slightly incorrect argument used for deceiving someone.
490–420 BC) is often said to be the first of the sophists.
Others include: Gorgias, Prodicus, Hippias, Thrasymachus, Lycophron, Callicles, Antiphon, and Cratylus.
In modern usage, sophism, sophist, and sophistry are derogatory terms, due the influence of many philosophers in the past.
Sophism and platonism were rival schools, as enemies of each other.
A sophism is a statement to deceive someone in a debate or conversation.
It might be made to seem to make sense when really being wrong, or it might use difficult words and complicated sentences to intimidate the audience into agreeing.
An argument ad hominem is an example of sophistry.
A sophist is a person who uses sophisms.
Sophistry means using sophisms for subtly deceptive reasoning or argumentation.
Protagoras () (ca.
490–420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher.
He is called one of the sophists by Plato, the Greek philosopher who followed Socrates.
In Plato's dialogue Protagoras, he credits Protagoras with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue.
It is thought that Protagoras used the phrase "Man is the measure of all things" ().
By this, he meant that nothing is absolutely truth, but there are different truths for each person, and each person makes the truth for themselves.
For example, one person might go outside on a cold day and feel some water in a bucket, and they will say that the water is warm.
And another person might go outside on a hot day and feel the same water, but they will say that the water feels cold to them.
Each person is right.
Joshamee Gibbs (known as Mr. Gibbs or Master Gibbs) is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean movie series.
Alongside Jack Sparrow and Hector Barbossa, he is one of the few characters to appear in every movie.
Gibbs is played by Kevin McNally in the movies.
Writer Terry Rossio has said he actually thinks that Gibbs to be the most important character in the series.
Gibbs is first seen as a Royal Navy warrant officer aboard the vessel carrying Governor Weatherby Swann and his young daughter Elizabeth from England to Port Royal.
Gibbs is highly scared of pirates.
A pirate code is a code of conduct for pirates - a set of rules for how to behave.
Some of these codes were used by real pirates; others are from movies.
Historical articles of piracy
In the second half of the 17th century, pirates started following rules.
These rules had many different names, including Chasse-Partie, Charter Party, Custom of the Coast, or Jamaica Discipline.
Eventually, they became known as Articles of Agreement, or the pirate's code.
These changed from one captain to another.
Sometimes they were different from one voyage (journey) to another.
These rules included punishments for rule breakers and said how much treasure each crew member would receive.
Each crew member signed the articles (or if they could not write, they would make a mark to show they agreed).
After the rules were signed, they were then posted in a common place, often the door of the grand cabin.
There are three known sets of these rules that still exist today.
Most of these come from Charles Johnson's book A General History of the Pyrates.
Part of a code from Henry Morgan, a famous British pirate, is remembered in a book called The Buccaneers of America by Alexandre Exquemelin, who probably sailed with Morgan as a ship's doctor.
Very few of these rules still exist today, because often pirates burned the papers before being caught.
They did this to prevent these papers from being used against them.
Bartholomew Roberts' articles
(This means that all crew members can vote on issues on the ship.
All crew members can have any food or drink they have stolen, unless there is not much to go around.)
Every man to be called fairly in turn, by list, on board of prizes because, (over and above their proper share) they were on these occasions allowed a shift of clothes: but if they defrauded the company to the value of a dollar in plate, jewels, or money, marooning was their punishment.
If the robbery was only betwixt one another, they contented themselves with slitting the ears and nose of him that was guilty, and set him on shore, not in an uninhabited place, but somewhere, where he was sure to encounter hardships.
(When the pirates stole money or other treasure, every pirate would get a share.
But if one pirate defrauded the group by taking more than his share, he would be punished by marooning - being left alone on an island where there were no other people, with no food or water and no way to escape.
If a pirate stole from one other pirate, the guilty pirate would be punished by having his ears and nose cut, and left on shore.)
No person to game at cards or dice for money.
(This means that crew members cannot gamble using money while playing cards or dice)
The lights and candles to be put out at eight o'clock at night: if any of the crew, after that hour still remained inclined for drinking, they were to do it on the open deck.
(This means that all fires had to be put out by 8:00 PM.
If crew members wanted to drink after 8:00 PM, then they had to do it on deck.)
(This means that crew members' weapons had to be kept clean)
No boy or woman to be allowed amongst them.
If any man were to be found seducing any of the latter sex, and carried her to sea, disguised, he was to suffer death;(so that when any fell into their hands, as it chanced in the Onslow, they put a sentinel immediately over her to prevent ill consequences from so dangerous an instrument of division and quarrel; but then here lies the roguery; they contend who shall be sentinel, which happens generally to one of the greatest bullies, who, to secure the lady's virtue, will let none lie with her but himself.)
(This means that no young boys or women were allowed to be crew members.
If a crew member took a woman out to sea in disguise, then he would be killed as punishment.)
To desert the ship or their quarters in battle, was punished with death or marooning.
(This means that if a crew member ran away from battle, he would be killed or left on a deserted island.)
No striking one another on board, but every man's quarrels to be ended on shore, at sword and pistol. (
The quarter-master of the ship, when the parties will not come to any reconciliation, accompanies them on shore with what assistance he thinks proper, and turns the disputant back to back, at so many paces distance; at the word of command, they turn and fire immediately, (or else the piece is knocked out of their hands).
If both miss, they come to their cutlasses, and then he is declared the victor who draws the first blood.)
(This means that the crew members were not allowed to fight on the ship.
If they had to fight, they would fight on shore.
They would start with a duel where both pirates tried to shoot each other.
If both of them missed, they would fight with their swords.
They were not allowed any help from other crew members in their fight.)
No man to talk of breaking up their way of living, till each had shared one thousand pounds.
If in order to this, any man should lose a limb, or become a cripple in their service, he was to have eight hundred dollars, out of the public stock, and for lesser hurts, proportionately.
(This means that no crew member was allowed to leave the ship's crew until each member had 1000 pounds' share of plunder (stolen money or goods).
If a crew member became seriously injured, he would be given 800 dollars.)
(The captain and the quartermaster each receive two shares of stolen money or goods (double what the regular pirates got).
The master, boatswain, and gunner each receive one and a half shares of stolen money or goods.
Other officers receive one and one fourth shares of stolen money or goods.)
The musicians to have rest on the Sabbath Day, but the other six days and nights, none without special favour.
(Musicians could not play music on the Sabbath Day.)
Captain John Phillips's articles
Captain John Phillips, captain of the Revenge, also set a code for his men in 1724:
I.   Every Man Shall obey civil Command; the Captain shall have one full Share and a half of all Prizes; the Master, Carpenter, Boatswain and Gunner shall have one Share and quarter.
(Every pirate had to obey the rules and orders of the Captain and other people in charge.
The Captain would get one and a half shares of any stolen money or goods.
The Master, Carpenter, Boatswain, and Gunner would get one and a quarter shares.)
If any Man shall offer to run away, or keep any Secret from the Company, he shall be marooned with one Bottle of Powder, one Bottle of Water, one small Arm, and Shot.
(If any pirate talked about running away from the ship, or kept any secret from the group, he would be marooned.
A pirate who was marooned by Captain Phillips would be left on a deserted island with one bottle of water, a small gun, a bottle of gunpowder and one bullet, so he could shoot and kill himself if he wanted to.)
If any Man shall steal any Thing in the Company, or game, to the Value of a Piece of Eight, he shall be marooned or shot.
(If a pirate stole anything from the ship that was worth more than a piece of eight (a Spanish dollar), he would be marooned or killed.)
If any time we shall meet another Marooner that Man shall sign his Articles without the Consent of our Company, shall suffer such Punishment as the Captain and Company shall think fit.
V.   That Man that shall strike another whilst these Articles are in force, shall receive Moses’s Law (that is, 40 Stripes lacking one) on the bare Back.
(A pirate who hit another pirate would be whipped 39 times on his bare back.)
That Man that shall snap his Arms, or smoke Tobacco in the Hold, without a Cap to his Pipe, or carry a Candle lighted without a Lanthorn, shall suffer the same Punishment as in the former Article.
(A pirate that fired a gun when not in battle, smoked tobacco in the hold (where gunpowder was kept), or carried a candle that was not in a lantern, would be whipped 39 times on the bare back.
These things were dangerous because they could start fires on the ship or make the gunpowder on the ship explode.)
That Man shall not keep his Arms clean, fit for an Engagement, or neglect his Business, shall be cut off from his Share, and suffer such other Punishment as the Captain and the Company shall think fit.
(If a pirate did not keep his weapons clean and ready for battle, or did not do his job, he would not get a share of any stolen money or goods.
He could also be punished in any other way that the Captain and other pirates decided.)
If any Man shall lose a Joint in time of an Engagement, shall have 400 Pieces of Eight ; if a Limb, 800.
(A pirate who lost a joint in battle would be given 400 pieces of eight.
A pirate who lost an arm or a leg would be given 800 pieces of eight.)
If at any time you meet with a prudent Woman, that Man that offers to meddle with her, without her Consent, shall suffer present Death.
(Any pirate that tried to rape a woman would be killed.)
Articles of Edward Low and George Lowther
The Boston News-Letter, an old newspaper published in the 1700s, printed these rules and said they were set by Captain Edward Low.
The first eight of these articles are basically the same as the rules that Charles Johnson's book says Captain George Lowther used.
Since Lowther and Low are known to have sailed together from about January 1, 1722 to May 28, 1722, Low and Lowther probably did use the same articles.
Low's two extra articles were probably ordinance, or amendment, adopted after the two crews separated.
He that shall be found guilty of taking up any Unlawful Weapon on Board the Privateer or any other prize by us taken, so as to Strike or Abuse one another in any regard, shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall see fit.
(A pirate who was found guilty of taking a weapon onto the ship with the goal of hurting another pirate would be punished.
The punishment would be voted on by the pirates, and would be whatever the Captain and most of the pirates decided.)
He that shall be found Guilty of Cowardice in the time of engagements, shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.
(A pirate who was found guilty of being a coward - not being brave enough - during battle would be punished however the Captain and most of the other pirates decided.)
If any Gold, Jewels, Silver, &c. be found on Board of any Prize or Prizes to the value of a Piece of Eight, & the finder do not deliver it to the Quarter Master in the space of 24 hours he shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.
(If a pirate had any stolen money or goods that were worth more than a piece of eight, he had to give it to the Quarter-Master within 24 hours.
If he did not, he would be punished however the Captain and most of the other pirates decided.)
(If a pirate was found guilty of gambling for money, or stealing money from another pirate, he would be punished however the Captain and most of the other pirates decided.)
He that shall have the Misfortune to loose a Limb in time of Engagement, shall have the Sum of Six hundred pieces of Eight, and remain aboard as long as he shall think fit.
(If a pirate lost an arm or a leg during battle, he would be given 600 pieces of eight.
The pirate could decide whether to stay on the ship or leave.)
Good Quarters to be given when Craved.
He that sees a Sail first, shall have the best Pistol or Small Arm aboard of her.
(The first pirate to see a ship that the pirates could attack would be given the best gun the pirates were able to steal from that ship.)
He that shall be guilty of Drunkenness in time of Engagement shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and Majority of the Company shall think fit.
(A pirate who was drunk during a battle would be punished however the Captain and most of the other pirates decided.)
Pirate Code of Pirates of the Caribbean
In the Disney movie trilogy Pirates of the Caribbean, all the featured pirates are governed by a single Code.
While the Code has the force of law in Shipwreck Cove, where a codex containing the complete code is kept under the care of Captain Teague, elsewhere, the Code is treated more as a set of guidelines than as actual rules.
Really Bad Eggs: Pirates of the Caribbean
Pirate Articles of Capt.
John Phillips 1724
Charles Johnson, A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates, London, 1724.
Benerson Little, The Sea Rover's Practice: Pirate Tactics and Techniques, 1630-1730.
Potomac Books, 2005.
Hallelujah is a folk-rock song by Canadian singer/guitarist Leonard Cohen.
It was first released on his 1984 album Various Positions.
Following its increased popularity after being featured in the movie Shrek (2001), it has been re-recorded by many different artists including Jeff Buckley, Anand Bhatt, Rufus Wainwright, Allison Crowe, k.d.
lang, Tori Kelly, and Damien Rice.
"Hallelujah" experienced renewed interest following Cohen's death in November 2016 and appeared on multiple international singles charts, including entering the American Billboard Hot 100 for the first time.
Cohen sang a different version when he played the song in concert starting in 1988.
A lot of other people who sing it mix lyrics from both versions, and occasionally make direct lyric changes; for example, in place of Cohen's "holy dove", Canadian-American singer Rufus Wainwright changed it to "holy dark", while Canadian singer-songwriter Allison Crowe sang "holy ghost".
Canadian singer k.d.
lang said in an interview shortly after Cohen's death that she considered the song to be about "the struggle between having human desire and searching for spiritual wisdom.
It's being caught between those two places."
Former Barenaked Ladies frontman Steven Page, who sang the song at Canadian politician Jack Layton's funeral, described the song as being "about disappointing people".
1984 version lyrics, on The Leonard Cohen Files
1988 version lyrics, on The Leonard Cohen Files
BBC: Just whose hallelujah is it anyway? –
article on writing and meaning of song
The Birth of kd lang's "Hallelujah" out of the 'Spirit of Music' Perfect Sound Forever online music magazine presents... 2011 article, by philosopher Babette Babich
BBC: Hallelujah!
The rise and rise of Leonard Cohen's once-forgotten classic – 2012 report, by writer Alan Light
Guitar chords
1984 songs
Leonard Cohen songs
Songs written by Leonard Cohen
The Islamic State of Afghanistan was the name given to the nation of Afghanistan during the rule of the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan government.
After 2001, the country was renamed Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
Leonard Norman Cohen (September 21, 1934 – November 7, 2016) was a Canadian singer, songwriter, musician, poet, novelist, and painter.
His work was mostly about religion, politics, sexuality, and personal relationships most notably seen in his best known work "Hallelujah".
Cohen was added into both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame as well as the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
He was a Companion of the Order of Canada, the nation's highest civilian honor.
In 2011, Cohen received one of the Prince of Asturias Awards for literature and the ninth Glenn Gould Prize.
Cohen was born on September 21, 1934 in Westmount, Quebec into a middle-class Canadian Jewish family.
His mother was Marsha (Masha) Klonitsky and his father was Nathan Cohen.
Cohen's father died when he was nine years old.
During his high school years in Westmount, Cohen learned and played the guitar many times and wrote poems.
He studied at McGill University.
Cohen started a career as a poet and novelist during the 1950s and early 1960s.
Cohen did not start his music career until 1967, at the age of 33.
His first album, Songs of Leonard Cohen (1967), was followed by three more albums of folk music: Songs from a Room (1969), Songs of Love and Hate (1971) and New Skin for the Old Ceremony (1974).
His 1977 record Death of a Ladies' Man was co-written and produced by Phil Spector.
In 1979, Cohen returned with the more traditional Recent Songs, which blended his acoustic style with jazz and Oriental and Mediterranean influences.
"Hallelujah" was first released on Cohen's studio album Various Positions in 1984.
This became Cohen's best known work.
I'm Your Man in 1988 marked Cohen's most popular album with the song "Everybody Knows".
In 1992, Cohen released its follow-up, The Future, which had dark lyrics and references to political and social unrest.
Cohen returned to music in 2001 with the release of Ten New Songs, which was a major hit in Canada and Europe.
His eleventh album, Dear Heather, followed in 2004.
After a successful string of tours between 2008 and 2010, Cohen released three albums in the final four years of his life: Old Ideas (2012), Popular Problems (2014) and You Want It Darker (2016), the last of which was released three weeks before his death.
Though never married, Cohen had two children: Adam and Lorca with his girlfriend Suzanne Elrod.
He was also romantically linked with Marianne Ihlen, Janis Joplin and Rebecca De Mornay.
Titles and honors
In 1968, Cohen refused a Governor General's Award (in category for English language poetry or drama) for Selected Poems 1956–1968.
In 1991, Cohen was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame.
In 1993, Cohen won the Juno Award for Male Vocalist of the Year.
In 1994, Cohen won another Juno Award this time for Songwriter of the Year.
In 1996, he was ordained a Rinzai Buddhist monk.
In 2001, Cohen was awarded a SNEP Award for more than 100,000 copies sold of Ten New Songs in France.
In 2003, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honour.
In 2004, Beautiful Losers was chosen for inclusion in Canada Reads 2005.
It was selected and originally to be championed by singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright; however, tour commitments meant that Wainwright had to be replaced by singer Molly Johnson.
In 2006, Cohen was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame.
In 2007, Cohen received a Grammy for Album of the Year as a featured artist on Herbie Hancock's River: The Joni Letters.
In 2008, Cohen was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
In June 2008 he was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec
Folk singers
Musicians from Montreal
People from Westmount, Quebec
Rock singers
Jeffrey Scott "Jeff" Buckley (November 17, 1966 – May 29, 1997) was an American singer and guitarist.
His father was Tim Buckley.
He was also a musician.
Buckley died after drowning in the Wolf River in Memphis at the age of 30.
His body was found on 4 June.
Buckley was born in Anaheim, California.
He was the only son of Mary Guibert, a Panama Canal Zonian and Tim Buckley (1947-1975).
Buckley is of Greek, French, Irish and Panamanian descent.
Buckley was known as Scott "Scotty" Moorhead as a child.
This name was based on his middle name and his stepfather's surname.
Buckley died at the age of 29 on the evening of May 29, 1997.
His death was ruled as an accidental drowning after he went missing after going swimming in the Wolf River Harbor which is a slackwater channel of the Mississippi River.
His body was found floating on the surface on 4 June.
April 13, 1995 - "Grand Prix International Du Disque" by the Académie Charles Cros.
1995 - MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in a Video for "Last Goodbye" (nominated).
1995 - Rolling Stone magazine for Best New Artist (nominated).
1995 - #14 best song of 1995 in the world's largest voting competition for "Last Goodbye" by Triple J Hottest 100.
2006 - Grace was named the #1 Modern Rock Classic of all Time by Mojo.
1998 - Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance for "Everybody Here Wants You" (nominated).
2003 - Grace was ranked #303 of the 500 Greatest Albums by Rolling Stone.
2004 - His cover of "Hallelujah" was ranked #259 of the 500 Greatest Songs by Rolling Stone.
2008 - He was ranked #39 in Rolling Stone's 2008 list: The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time.
2009 - His version of "Hallelujah" was voted in 3rd place, Last Goodbye was 7th, Lover, You Should've Come Over was 56th and Grace came in 69th on the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time.
Jeff Buckley's Official website
They supposedly happen to other religious people like Saint Francis of Assisi, as well as Jesus.
The marks include nail holes in the hands and feet, as if the person had been crucified, but without that having happened.
Those who believe in stigmata say that actual nails were not used, but the holes just appear as a miracle.
Those who do not believe say it is not a miracle.
They have other ways to explain those stories.
The flag of Turkmenistan was adopted on January 24, 2001 as Turkmenistan's national flag.
It is often described as the most detailed national flag in the world.
The green and red colors appear in this flag because they have been venerated historically by the Turkmen.
The waxing crescent moon symbolizes the hope of the country for a shining future and the stars represent the five provinces (Welayatlar) of Turkmenistan-Ahal, Balkan, Dashhowuz, Lebap, and Mary.
The five traditional carpet designs along the hoist represent the five major tribes or houses, and form motifs in the country's state emblem and flag.
These Turkmen tribes in traditional order (as well as top to bottom) are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Arsary (Ersary), Chowdur (Choudur), and Saryk (Saryq).
The Salyr (Salor), a tribe that declined as a result of military defeat before the modern period, are not represented, nor are several smaller tribes or subtribes.
The wreath is one of the odder parts of the flag, added against the rules of heraldry and breaking up the carpet pattern.
It was added as an afterthought to represent the "status of permanent neutrality," which was accepted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 12, 1995.
Philolaus (ca.
480 BC – ca.
385 BC, ) was a Greek Pythagorean and Presocratic.
He argued that all matter is composed of limited and unlimited things, and that the universe is determined by numbers.
He is credited with originating the theory that the earth was not the center of the universe.
The coat of arms of Turkmenistan was created after Turkmenistan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
The eight-point green starburst (known as the star of Rub El Hizb (۞), a symbol of Islam, to which a majority of Turkmen profess) with golden edges features in its center a red circular disc which carries sheaves of wheat, five carpet guls, and centered upon that a smaller blue circle with a lifelike (rather than heraldized) depiction of an Akhal-Teke horse, a source of pride for the Turkmen people.