the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
On September 30, 1968, the first 747 was finished.
People from the 26 airlines that had ordered the 747 were also there.
The 747 first flew on February 9, 1969.
Its pilots were Jack Waddell and Brien Wygle.
There was a small problem with the flaps, but the 747 handled well.
The testing was delayed because of some problems with the JT9D engines.
For example, the engines stalled if the throttles were moved too quickly.
This meant that 747s could not be delivered for many more months.
20 planes were stuck at the factory while they were waiting on engines.
On December 13, 1969 the test plane was being taken to have some changes made to it.
The pilot, Ralph C. Cokely landed too early and did not reach the runway.
One of the landing gears was ripped off, and two of the engines were damaged.
However, Boeing took the 747 to the 28th Paris Air Show in mid-1969.
There, the public saw the 747 for the first time.
Designing the 747 and building the new factory cost a lot of money.
This meant that Boeing had to borrow a lot of money from a bank.
Just before the first aircraft was finished, Boeing had to keep asking for more money.
If Boeing was not given this money, the company could have collapsed.
Boeing was in over $2 billion in debt.
Allen said, "It was really too large a project for us."
However, the 747 program was a success.
Boeing was the only company to make very big planes for many years.
Use by airlines
The very first time a 747 was used by an airline was on January 22, 1970.
Pan Am used it to fly from New York to London.
The flight was supposed to happen on the evening of January 21.
However, the engines on the aircraft overheated.
Pan Am had to find another plane, which took six hours.
The 747 did quite well when it first began to be used.
Some people thought that airports would not be able to handle such a big plane.
However, they could.
There were some problems, but they were quite small and they were fixed quickly.
After Pan Am began to use the plane, other airlines began to use their 747s.
Boeing thought that a lot of 747s would be sold because airlines wanted a plane which could fly for a long time, not because it was so big.
The recession of 1969-1970 was very bad for Boeing.
For over a year after September 1970, it only sold two 747s.
None were sold to an American airline for over three years.
Some airlines did not have enough passengers to fly the 747.
Therefore, they replaced them with the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar.
American Airlines eventually only used its 747s to carry cargo.
In 1983, AA gave its 747s to Pan Am.
Pan Am gave American Airlines some smaller planes.
Delta Air Lines also stopped using its 747s after many years.
Delta would later merge with Northwest Airlines, which operates 747s.
Flights which landed in smaller cities became quite usual in the 1980s.
This was bad for the 747.
However, many airlines still used the 747 to fly across the Pacific.
Upgrades made to the 747
The first type of 747 was called the 747–100.
After this, Boeing made the , which has a higher MTOW (maximum takeoff weight), and the  (Short Range).
The -100SR could carry more passengers.
A higher MTOW means that the plane can carry more fuel and fly further.
In 1971, Boeing made the .
It had better engines and a higher MTOW.
Airliner and cargo versions of the  were made.
The 747SP (special performance) was also made.
It began being used in 1976.
In 1980, Boeing made the 747–300.
The first 747-300 was made in 1983.
Its upper deck was longer, it flew faster and it could hold more passengers.
The  −300 was first called the 747SUD for "stretched upper deck".
Then it was called the 747-200 SUD, then the 747EUD, and finally it was called the 747–300.
In 1985, Boeing began to design the 747-400.
This type has a glass cockpit.
This meant that only two people were needed in the cockpit.
It also had new engines and a new cabin.
The workers who made the 747-400 were not very experienced and Boeing wanted them to work for longer than they needed to.
This meant that there were some problems with the first 747-400s.
The −400 began being used by airlines in 1989.
In 1991, 1,087 passengers were taken to Israel on a 747.
This was a part of Operation Solomon.
The Antonov An-225 cargo transport is the world's biggest plane.
The Hughes H-4 Hercules has the biggest wingspan, but it only flew once.
More developments
Since the 747-400 was made, many more types of 747 have been suggested.
Boeing said that they would make the 747-500X and  in 1996.
These new planes would have cost more than US$5 billion to design and make.
Airlines did not like it enough, so Boeing decided not to make the planes.
In 2000, Boeing said it would make a 747X to rival the Airbus A3XX.
However, airlines did not like the 747X enough, so it was cancelled.
A year later, Boeing began concentrating on the Sonic Cruiser.
The Sonic Cruiser was stopped, so Boeing then focused on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.
Some of the ideas that Boeing had for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER.
In 2004, Boeing said that it might work on the 747 Advanced.
Boeing decided to go ahead with this.
The 747 Advanced used some things from the 787 to make the 747's design more modern.
The 747 was the world's biggest passenger plane until the Airbus A380 was finished in 2007.
On November 14, 2005, Boeing said it had changed the name of the 747 Advanced to the Boeing 747-8.
The last 747-400s were made in 2009.
On February 8, 2010, the 747-8 Freighter made its first flight.
Cargolux got the first 747–8 in 2011.
Eventually, the 747 will be replaced by "Y3".
The Boeing 747 is a big, wide-body airliner.
It has four engines on the wings, and the wings are swept at 37.5 degrees, so the 747 can fly very fast.
The sweep also means that the 747 does not need any special hangars.
The 747 has special flaps, which allow the 747 to fly slowly and land on normal runways.
A 747 can carry a fifth engine on the wing, but it cannot be used.
Types of Boeing 747
The 747-100 was the very first type of 747, which was made in 1966.
The 747–200, the next version, was made in 1968.
The 747-300 was made in 1980 and the 747-400 was made in 1985.
The newest version, the 747–8, was announced in 2005.
These types also have smaller sub-types.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) names these planes by combining the model number of the plane with its type number.
For example, the 747-100 is "B741" and the 747-400 is "B744".
The first 747-100s had six windows on the upper deck.
Later, airlines began to use the upper deck to hold more people instead of using it as a lounge.
Boeing then made an upper deck with ten windows.
Some −100s had the new ten-window upper deck installed after the plane was made (retrofitted).
The −100 had Pratt & Whitney JT9D-3A engines.
Boeing did not make a freighter version of the 747–100, but some airlines have turned some 747-100s into freighters.
167 747-100s were made.
747-100SR
After Japanese airlines requested an aircraft to fly routes between major cities in Japan, Boeing produced the -100SR.
This model flies shorter distances, but is able to carry more passengers.
The first -100SR started flying with Japan Air Lines (JAL) on October 7, 1973.
The -100SR had four General Electric CF6-45A2 or Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7A engines.
A total of 7 -100SR were produced.
Later, Boeing designed a type of -100SR with the ability of taking off with greater weight.
This was the -100BSR.
It was first delivered to All Nippon Airways (ANA) on December 21, 1978.
20 -100BSR were delivered to JAL and ANA.
In 1986, 2 -100BSR with stretched upper deck (SUD) from the -300 series were delivered to JAL.
It was the last -100SR/BSR ever built.
The last delivery was to JAL, in September 1986.
There were a total of 29 -100SR/BSR made.
747SP
The 747SP (SP means special performance) is designed as Pan Am and Iran Air both wanted a wide-body plane that can fly long distances; from New York to the Middle East (for Pan Am) and Tehran to New York (for Iran Air).
The first 747SP was produced on May 19, 1975.
Its first flight was on July 4.
On this flight, it flew at a top speed of Mach 0.92 ().
It started flying people on April 25, 1976, after being delivered on March 5.
Now, it is not often used.
747-200
After the -100 were made, Boeing started making -200.
The -200 has a longer range, but still carries the same number of people.
This is because airlines said the -100 could not fly long distances.
The -200 is made in passenger type (-200B), freighter type (-200F), Combi type (A plane that carries both cargo and people; -200M) and convertible type (a plane that can be easily changed to carry cargo; -200C).
The first -200B was finished on September 10, 1970 before its first flight on October 11 and finally, it started being used by KLM.
Boeing then started making the other types of -200.
The -200F first flight was on November 30, 1971, 7 days after it was finished.
It was then delivered to Lufthansa.
The -200C first flew on March 23, 1973 before being delivered to World Airways in May the same year.
Finally, the -200M had its first flight on November 11, 1974 before being delivered to Air Canada.
There was a total of 393 -200 series ever made, which includes 225 -200B, 78 -200M, 73 -200F, 13 -200C and 4 military.
The 747-300 is a stretched upper deck version of the 747–200.
It was designed to fit more passengers on the upper deck.
The 747-300 also has updated General Electric CF6-80C2 engines.
Otherwise, there are not many differences between the 747-200 and 747–300.
The 747-300 has a length of 231 feet 10 inches and a wingspan of 195 feet 8 inches.
The 747-400 was the next-generation Boeing 747 introduced in 1989.
It is the best-selling variant of the Boeing 747.
It includes improvements over the 747-300 including new engines, and new winglets, which improve fuel efficiency.
Its length is the same as the 747-300 but the wingspan has been increased to 211 feet 5 inches.
The 747-400 retains the same longer upper deck as the 747-300 (excluding freighter versions), and came in six variants: the 747–400, 747-400F, 747-400M, 747-400D, 747-400ER, and the 747-400ERF.
747-8
The most recent variant of the Boeing 747 was announced in 2005 and released in 2011.
It includes a longer stretched upper deck, a new Boeing Sky Interior, an updated flight deck, new wings based on ones from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, and new GEnx turbofan engines.
It totals 250 feet in length, making it the longest commercial passenger jet ever built.
The 747-8 comes in two variants: 747-8I and 747-8F (freighter).
Corfu taken from Byzantine Empire by Robert Guiscard, Norman King of Southern Italy
Byzantine emperor Nicephorus III is overthrown by Alexius I Comnenus, ending the Middle Byzantine period and beginning the Comnenan dynasty
Alexius I helps defend Albania from the Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated at the Battle of Dyrrhachium.
Beginning of the construction of Saint Canute's Cathedral in Odense.
May 8 – Alfonso VI of Castile marries Constance of Burgundy.
Richard Trevithick (April 13,1771 - April 22, 1833) was a Cornish inventor and engineer.
He is best known for making the first working steam locomotive.
However, it was designed to be a road vehicle, not a railroad one.
Trevithick was from the heart of a big mining area in Cornwall, U.K. His parents were Richard Trevithick (1735-1797) and Ann Teague (d. 1810.)
In 1797, Trevithick married Jane Harvey.
He died of pneumonia in 1833.
1771 births
1833 deaths
Wasilla is a small city in the U.S. state of Alaska, about 43 miles from Anchorage.
It is one of the ten largest cities in Alaska.
Sarah Palin was once mayor and owns a house with her family there.
Official City of Wasilla website
Rantoul is a village in Champaign County, Illinois, United States.
Almost 13,000 people were living in Rantoul as of 2000.
Rantoul has an area of 7.4 square miles.
Winter Springs is a city in Florida.
It is sometimes considered a suburb of Orlando.
Fredericton is the capital city of New Brunswick, Canada.
It is filled with rich history.
Fredericton is on the Saint John River.
There is a playhouse.
There are scenic walking trails.
Frederiction is the capital of New Brunswick.
The population of Fredericton was 1,886 at the 2011 census.
Fredericton is known as a cultural and artistic city in New Brunswick.
The city hosts an annual Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival which attracts both regional as well as international jazz, blues, rock, and world musicians.
City of Fredericton's official website
Cities in New Brunswick
Clearwater is a city in Florida, it is in the Tampa Bay area.
It is the county seat of Pinellas County.
The first Hooters restaurant opened here in 1984.
The Church of Scientology's international headquarters is also in the city.
Jordanhill railway station is in a suburb of Glasgow, Scotland.
It is a station where passenger trains stop on the First ScotRail railway line.
The station opened on August 1, 1887 as part of a different railway line.
Railway stations in Scotland
1887 establishments in Europe
1880s establishments in Scotland
A googolplex is the number 10googol, equivalent to 1010100  or 10Ten duotrigintillion or 1010,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
Like the number googol, googolplex was thought of by Milton Sirotta, the nephew of mathematician Edward Kasner.
A googolplexplex or googolplexian is a 1 followed by a Googolplex amount of zeros which is 10Googolplex (101010100 ).
Bands of flint are found embedded in chalk and other kinds  of soft limestone.
When the chalk is eroded, the hard flint nodules survive as pebbles on a shingle beach.
It may happen that the pebbles later get cemented into another rock, such as a puddingstone.
In this way, they make up a sedimentary rock for the second time.
Flint is a cryptocrystalline (means you can't see the crystals) form of the mineral quartz.
It is a variety of chert.
It occurs as a line of knobbly masses in  chalk and some limestones.
Inside the nodule, flint is usually translucent, and can be various colours.
A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture.
Flintstones often have a rough lumpy surface but when they are broken, they look like dark glass.
It has been one of the most useful types of stone to humankind.
Flint was used by hominins for over three million years.
Stone tools found at Lake Turkana in Kenya, are dated as 3.3 million years old.
This predates the genus Homo by half a million years.
The oldest known Homo fossil is 2.8 million years old compared to the 3.3 million year old stone tools.
When flintstones are broken, they have a sharp edge which could be used as a knife, or a scraper.
When flint and an iron-containing material such as pyrite or steel are hit together, they can make a spark.
For many centuries, flint was one of the main ways for people in many countries to make fire.
People would carry a little box called a "tinder box" which had some tinder along with flint and pyrite or steel.
The tinder was used to catch the spark and start a fire.
Tinder could be sawdust, cloth, grass or bark.
Flints were later used to make a spark to fire a gun.
A gun that used flint was called a "flintlock" gun.
Flintstones are used in some countries for building.
In England the flintstones used for building were often "knapped" which means they were broken to show the inside, like the stones used for the tower of Long Melford Church (below).
This gave a better finish to the building that the dull knobbly stones would have made.
Valley Center is a census-designated place in San Diego County, California.
It has a population of 9,277 people.
Settlements in San Diego County, California
Newbridge (Droichead Nua in Gaelic) is a town in County Kildare, Republic of Ireland.
It is the second largest town in Kildare.
Towns in Ireland
Anaheim is a city in the United States.
It was founded by German immigrants in 1857.
It is the home of Disneyland, and two professional sports teams, The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (baseball) and the Anaheim Ducks (ice hockey).
In 2012, there was a riot following a police officer shooting a man.
1857 establishments in California
A chair is a piece of furniture.
It is used for sitting on and it can also be used for standing on if you can't reach something.
They usually have four legs to support the weight.
Some types of chairs, such as the bar-stool, have only one leg in the center.
Those chairs are usually able to spin.
Sometimes chairs have armrests.
These chairs may be called armchairs.
There are many types of chairs such as Windsor chairs and rocking chairs.
There is another type of chair called a sofa or settee Another type of chair is a desk chair.
It has wheels on the bottom to move around.
Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales.
Silesian duchies accept suzerainty of Holy Roman Empire.
Law of Succession is introduced in Norway.
Council of Tours is held, names and condemns Albigensians.
Abbey of Lokkum in Hanover is founded as a Cistercian house by Cornwall
Egyptian empire re– resurrected for 10 days
Hercules is a hero in Roman mythology.
He is a mortal son of Alcmene and Zeus.
Hercules is known for his great strength.
In Greek mythology he is named Herakles, but he has some different stories.
The name Hercules (Latin Herculēs) comes from the Etruscan Hercle.
He was an Etruscan hero who was the equivalent to the Greek hero Herakles.
The twelve
In one of the more well known stories of Hercules, he had to complete twelve tasks.
These tasks were:
Kill the Nemean Lion and bring back its fur. (
Leo)
Kill the Lernaean Hydra.
Capture the Ceryneian Hind.
Capture the Erymanthian Boar.
Clean the Augean stables in a single day.
Kill the Stymphalian Birds.
Capture the Cretan Bull.
Steal the Mares of Diomedes.
Get the Girdle of Hippolyte.
Get the Cows of Geryon.
Steal the Apples of the Hesperides.
Capture Cerberus, the guardian dog of The Underworld and bring him back.
Other versions of the title Hercules
Hercules is also a character in Marvel Comics.
He was an ally of the mighty Thor.
He is the leader and a founding member of the super team the Champions.
He was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in 1962.
Navigation is the methods used to learn where someone is and how to go to another place.
Since this is easy when landmarks are visible, the word is often limited to the methods ships or aircraft use.
The word navigation was invented in the 15th century from the Latin word navis which means "ship" and is found in other Indo-European languages.
Navigation is literally "art of ship mastery" but is also used for 'finding one's way'.
The Global Positioning System is the main tool for it.
One type of navigation was made by the Polynesians and is called Polynesian navigation.
Polynesians used different things found all around them to find their way across large areas of open ocean.
Other early people also learned how to travel large distances using the natural world.
A long time ago (and still used by some people today) people would watch the stars, the sun and the moon.
From this they would know where north was.
With charts they could find how far from the equator they were.
This is called celestial navigation.
Until they had accurate clocks they didn't know their Longitude (how far east or west they were) without seeing landmarks.
Some types of clouds form over land, and waves can bounce off of a shore and travel out to sea.
The time it took to get to a place.
When traveling on land they knew it would take them, for example, two days to get from one place to another.
This time would most likely stay the same.
From this they could travel two days and know they were close to where they wanted to be.
The animals they found helped too.
In different places the people would find different types of fish, whales or birds that only lived in one place, or near land.
From that they could tell either they were near or far from where they needed to be.
An example of people who used the stars were the Vikings.
They knew that the star called Polaris (the North Star) does not change location and points to the north.
They would then know the latitude (distance from the equator), by measuring the angle between Polaris and the horizon.
They also used animals, especially birds, to know if land was nearby.
They also knew that specific kind of clouds form near land and that waves are different near land than at high seas.
Medieval navigation
As time went by better methods of navigation were invented or discovered.
Some of these methods are:
A ship could throw a log over the side.
Attached to the log was a rope with knots tied at regular distances.
By counting how many knots went over the side before they pulled the log back in, they knew how fast they were going.
They would write this down every day and figure out how much they traveled for the day.
This is why a ship's speed is measured in knots.
A compass.
It was discovered that the Earth had two poles (North and South) and that these poles had different magnetic charges (positive and negative).
Resting a strip of magnetic iron on the point of pin it was found that the strip would spin until it matched the magnetic field of Earth.
From this a direction could be taken and paths could be followed.
The compass was first invented in China.
It was later invented in France in 12th century.
Accurate clocks.
With a clock, it was finally possible to know what a person's longitude was.
Longitude is the location east or west.
Before this, only landmarks and dead reckoning could be used.
Pilotage is when ships look out for special beacons or man made markers, which tell them where they are or to watch out for certain obstacles such as reefs.
People divided the compass into 360 degrees.
Then they could give an accurate number for the direction the ship had to follow (the "bearing") to arrive at a harbor.
The first navigational sea maps, called "nautical charts", showed the bearings needed to get from one harbor to another.
Modern navigation
Stellar navigation is an improvement on navigating by stars.
It uses a sextant, a compass and a very accurate clock called a chronometer.
By measuring the altitude of a star (how high it is above the horizon), and its direction on a compass at a known time, the navigator can determine where the ship is.
GPS has pretty much replaced stellar navigation, but stellar navigation is still taught in all maritime schools because it does not need special electronics.
Radio navigation was invented in the early 20th century.
Hyperbolic navigation uses radio transmitters to find the location of a ship between two or three radio transmitters that do not move.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) replaced other radio methods in the late 20th century.
It is a system of satellite transmitters.
Travelers use a small receiver to find their location almost anywhere on Earth.
Hercules is a 1997 American animated musical fantasy comedy movie based on the legendary Greek mythology hero Heracles (known in the movie by his Roman name, Hercules), the son of Zeus in Greek mythology.
The movie was directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, and was produced by The Walt Disney Company.
It is the 35th animated movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series.
"Go the Distance" was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.
It lost both to Celine Dion's hit "My Heart Will Go On" from Titanic.
Tate Donovan as Hercules, based on the mythological deity Heracles.
Josh Keaton provided the speaking voice of Hercules as a teenager.
Roger Bart was his singing voice.
Danny DeVito as Philoctetes/Phil.
James Woods as Hades.
Susan Egan as Megara.
Frank Welker as Pegasus.
Rip Torn and Samantha Eggar as Zeus and Hera, Hercules' birth-parents.
Lillias White, Cheryl Freeman, LaChanze, Roz Ryan and Vanéese Y. Thomas as the Muses (Calliope, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Thalia and Clio respectively), the narrators of the movie's story.
Bobcat Goldthwait and Matt Frewer as Pain and Panic, Hades' henchmen.
Patrick Pinney as the Cyclops.
Hal Holbrook and Barbara Barrie as Amphitryon and Alcmene, Hercules' adoptive parents.
Amanda Plummer, Carole Shelley and Paddi Edwards as Clotho, Lachesis, Atropos, the three Fates who predict Hades' attempt to conquer Olympus.
Paul Shaffer as Hermes.
Jim Cummings as Nessus.
Wayne Knight as Demetrius
Keith David as Apollo
Charlton Heston has a cameo appearance as the opening narrator.
Academy Award for Best Original Song - "Go the Distance" (Nominated)
Golden Globes
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song - "Go the Distance" (Nominated)
Best Fantasy Movie (Nominated)
Favorite Animated Family Movie (Nominated)
Favorite Song from a Movie - "Go the Distance" (Nominated)
Best Performance in a Voice Over Role - Young Actor Josh Keaton for Young Hercules's voice (Nominated)
1997 animated movies
1990s American fantasy movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology
Movies composed by Alan Menken
1990s American comedy movies
Hercules (Disney)
The Karate Kid is a 1984 American drama movie starring Ralph Macchio and Pat Morita.
It tells the story of a boy named Daniel (Macchio) who moves with his mother from New Jersey to Los Angeles, California.
Daniel has trouble adjusting and is victimized by a gang of bullies at his school.
Mr. Miyagi (Morita), the handyman from the apartment building Daniel lives in, teaches Daniel martial arts, so he can fight the bullies in a tournament.
In the song "You're the Best", the Roland Juno-106 patch "Brass" was heard.
The movie was very successful and was compared to the boxing movie Rocky.
It was followed by three sequels: The Karate Kid Part II, The Karate Kid Part III, The Next Karate Kid and a remake in 2010.
Ralph Macchio as Daniel LaRusso
Noriyuki "Pat" Morita as Mr. Miyagi
Elisabeth Shue as Ali Mills
William Zabka as Johnny Lawrence
Randee Heller as Lucille LaRusso
1984 drama movies
1980s sports movies
1980s teen drama movies
American sports drama movies
American teen drama movies
Movies about bullying
Teen sports movies
January 2 – John II becomes Pope, succeeding Pope Boniface II, who had died in 532.
Belisarius, a general in the service of Justinian I, lands in North Africa and attacks the Vandals.
September 13 – Battle of Ad Decimium: Belisarius defeats the Vandals under Gelimer.
Gelimer, forced to flee, leaves Carthage unprotected.
December 15 – The Battle of Ticameron begins.
December – Battle of Ticameron: Belisarius defeats a new Vandal force under Gelimer and Tzazo.
Tzazo is killed in an all-cavalry fight, and Gelimer flees to the mountains of Numidia.
December 16 – The Digesta or Pandectae, a collection of jurist writings and other sources, is completed (see Corpus Juris Civilis).
Theodebert I becomes king of Austrasia.
Crazy Horse (born about 1838 – died September 5, 1877) was an Oglala Sioux Native American chief.
There is a huge sculpture being carved of him in South Dakota, United States.
When Crazy Horse was first born he was given the name 'Curly'.
When he was young, he had a vision when he was not supposed to and his family did not know where he was.
His father found him and was very unhappy at what young Curly had done.
As Crazy Horse grew into a man, he was given his father's name Crazy Horse.
His father then changed his own name to Worm.
Crazy Horse had good medicine, so he was never killed when he went into battle.
He led his people to the Little Bighorn river in northern Montana to join forces with other Sioux bands like the Hunkpapa and Miniconjou, and with other tribes like the Cheyennes and Arapahos.
There they fought General George Armstrong Custer, killing and defeating him and his many horsemen.
Eventually Crazy Horse made a tough decision to lead his people, the Oglalas, to a reservation because they were starving.
Game was scarce and the bison (buffalo) were nearly gone.
He had no choice but to leave the Black Hills.
When he arrived at Fort Robinson, he was forced to give up his weapons and horses.
This made him very unhappy.
One day, even though he was granted time to go on a hunt, he was lied to and, trying to get away, he was stabbed in his liver and died later that night, thus ending the Great Sioux War.
"Once I moved about like the wind.
Now I surrender to you and that is all"
Quote by Geronimo, Chief of the Apaches  .
The Sioux Royal Family, the House of Thasunke Witko, are descendants of Crazy Horse.
A queen, Queen Wakiyan, was elected Queen of the Kingdom of Lakota (in Sioux, "Oglala Oyanke") and of the Oglala Sioux, and tried to improve the economy at the Pine Ridge Reservation with creativity and imagination, and to bring the Sioux forward into modern times;however, a conspiracy of jealous chieftains who were both male chauvinists opposed to having a female leader and also a corrupt group of men jealous of their own power and who prefer to preside over the poverty of the Sioux People, ruthlessly trumped up false allegations in order to depose this good queen.
According to Frederick Hoxie's 'Encyclopedia of North American Indians' Crazy Horse was the third in his male line of descent to bear the name of Crazy Horse, which in Oglala is Tasunke Witko.
Tasunke Witko III was the son of Rattling Blanket Woman and Tasunke Witko II.
He married three times: 1st to Black Buffalo Woman, 2nd to Black Shawl, and 3rd to Nellie Larrabee (Laravie).
Only his second wife, Black Shawl, bore him any children: a daughter named They Are Afraid of Her, who died aged three.
1877 deaths
People from South Dakota
April 25 – Genpei War – Naval battle of Dan-no-ura leads to Minamoto victory in Japan
Templars settle in London and begin the building of New Temple Church
End of the Heian Period and beginning of the Kamakura period in Japan.
Founding of Katedralskolan in Lund, Sweden.
The school is the oldest in northern Europe, and one of the oldest in Europe.
Peter and Asen led a revolt of the Vlachs and Bulgars against the Byzantine Empire, eventually establishing the Second Bulgarian Kingdom.
August 15 – The cave city of Vardzia was consecrated by Queen Tamar of Georgia
April 23 – King Afonso II of Portugal (died 1223)
Inge II of Norway (died 1217)
Gertrude of Merania, queen of Andrew II of Hungary (died 1213)
April 25 – Emperor Antoku, 81st emperor of Japan (b. 1178)
June 16 – Richeza of Poland, daughter of Wladislaus II the Exile of Poland
July 18 – Stefan, first Archbishop of Uppsala
July 25 – King Afonso I of Portugal (born 1109)
September 12 – Andronicus I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor
November 25 – Pope Lucius III
December 6 – King Afonso I of Portugal (born 1109)
Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (born 1161)
Taira no Munemori, Japanese soldier (born 1147)
Taira no Noritsune, Japanese soldier (born 1160)
Taira no Shigehira, Japanese soldier (born 1158)
Taira no Tomomori, Japanese soldier (born 1152)
Ibn Tufail, Arab philosopher, physician, and courtier
January 17 – Gregory XI enters Rome.
January 27 – The Bad Parliament begins sitting.
February 23 – The Bad Parliament dissolved.
May – Continuous riots in Rome induce Gregory XI to remove temporarily to Anagui.
May 22 – Gregory XI issues five Bulls in which the opinions of John Wyclif are condemned.
June 21 – Edward III dies at age 65.
July 16 – Coronation of 10-year-old Richard II.
October 13 – Richard II's first parliament meets.
October 18 – Andronicus IV Palaeologus crowned emperor in Constantinople.
Informed that khan Urus of the White Horde has died, Timur Lenk sends Tokhtamish to take the Horde throne, but the successor of Urus defeats him.
Mamluk sultan Sha'ban II is succeeded by 'Ali II.
Muhammad al-Mutawakkil I is briefly deposed this year as Abbasid puppet caliph of the Mamluks, Zakariyya' al-Mu'tasim taking the throne for that period.
A sermon by a German monk states "the game of cards has come to us this year" and prohibitions against cards are issued by John of Castile and the cities of Florence and Basel.
Papal legate to northern Italy Robert of Geneva (the future Clement VII) pillages Cesena and 4,000 antipapal rebels are massacred.
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe was a cartoon series, that first came out in 1983.
It aired in first run syndication.
It was based on a popular toy line and told the story of Adam, who was prince of the planet, Eternia.
Prince Adam had a magic sword that could turn him into He-Man, the most powerful man in the universe.
He-Man along with, Battle Cat, Teela, Man-At-Arms, and Orko, fought Skeletor, who wanted to take over the universe.
It was very popular in the 1980s and was revived three times, one made in the early 1990s, another in 2002 for Cartoon Network, and another in 2021 for Netflix.
There was also a spin-off called She-Ra: Princess of Power, which was about He-Man's sister.
Other websitess
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe on YouTube
Masters of the Universe  on Hulu
Fantasia Barrino (born June 30, 1984) is an American singer.
She was the winner of the third season on American Idol.
1984 births
American Idol winners
Actors from North Carolina
Lifeguards
Los Angeles City  and Los Angeles County Lifeguards are responsible for the beach and ocean safety in and around the Cabrillo Beach area.
It is also home to a few famous landmarks, namely the 1.75 mile Los Angeles Breakwater which ends at the Angeles Gate Lighthouse, the recently restored Cabrillo Beach Bathhouse, and the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium.
The Angels Gate Lighthouse is home to the annual Angel's Gate Lighthouse Swim competition, held by Lifeguards and San Pedro residents each summer.
Geography of Los Angeles
Chulalongkorn University () is the oldest university in Thailand.
It has been ranked as the number 1 university in Thailand.
It is in Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand).
It was founded in 1917.
Currently, there are about 30,000 students.
The name of the university comes from the name of one of the kings of Thailand, Chulalongkorn (Rama V).
In the QS Asia University Rankings 2016.
Chulalongkorn has been ranked as the top Thai university and ranked 45th in Asia
In the QS World University Rankings 2018.
Chulalongkorn was ranked the 1st in national rankings and ranked 245nd in the world
In the Center for World University Ranking or CWUR, Chulalongkorn was ranked the 1st in national rankings and 320th in world rankings in 2016, considered by alumni, researches, quality of curriculums and instructors.
In the Round University Ranking.
Chulalongkorn was ranked the 1st in national rankings and ranked 398th in the world.
In the CWTS Leiden Ranking 2016.
Chulalongkorn was ranked the 1st in national rankings and ranked 432nd in the world.
In the THE World University Rankings 2016.
Chulalongkorn was ranked 601- 800 in the world.
In the SCImago institutions Ranking, which ranks international researches of universities.
Chulalongkorn was ranked 475th in World rankings in 2016, up six places from last year.
In the U.S. News.
Chulalongkorn was ranked 579th in the world.
considered by the university's reputation, medium, citations, international cooperation, quantity of PhD students, etc.
English Language & Literature
Mechanical, Aeronautical & Manufacturing Engineering
Mineral & Mining Engineering
Veterinary Science
Physics & Astronomy
Environmental Sciences
Earth & Marine Sciences
Materials Sciences
Accounting & Finance
Communication & Media Studies
Social Policy & Administration
Economics & Econometrics
Politics & International Studies
Architecture / Built Environment
Engineering – Civil & Structural
Pharmacy & Pharmacology
Business & Management
Statistics & Operational Research
Development Studies
QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2017 indicates the impressive alumni outcomes or the strongest reputation among employers.
Chulalongkorn University has been ranked as Number 1 in Thailand and 151-200 in the World.[22]
In the Nature Index, the affiliations of high quality scientific articles.
Chulalongkorn was ranked the 1st in Thailand in 2016.
In the UI Green Metric, Chulalongkorn was ranked the 1st in national rankings and the 30th in world rankings.
considered by Setting and Infrastructure, Energy and Climate Change, Waste, Water, Transportation and Education.
The Webometric ranking  indicates quantity and quality is the university's medium, considered by being searched by search engines, online documents and citations in Google Scholar.
Chulalongkorn was ranked 407th in the world.
Undergraduate
Research Scholarships
The 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Scholarship
CU.Graduate School Thesis Grant
Overseas Research Experience Scholarship for Graduate Student
Overseas Academic Presentation Scholarship for Graduate Students
Overseas Academic Presentation Scholarship Option II  for Graduate Student's and Postdoctoral Fellow's Publication
Domestic Academic Presentation Scholarship for  Graduate Student
Postdoctoral Fellowship
Education Scholarships
The  100th Anniversary Chulalongkorn University for Doctoral Scholarship
H.M. the King Bhumibhol Adulyadej's 72nd Birthday Anniversary Scholarship
Thainess Study Schorlarship for Graduate Students
60/40 Support for Tuition Fee
Teaching  Assistant Scholarship
Research Assistant Scholarship
Tuition fees Scholarship for Master to Doctoral
ASEAN Scholarship
Scholarship for International Graduate Students
Living in University
Normally, this university spends 4 years for studying the same as other universities but Faculty of Education, and Faculty of Architecture spends 5 years for studying.
While Faculty of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Dentistry spends 6 years.
1917 establishments
1910s establishments in Asia
Khartoum is the capital city of Sudan.
It is also Sudan's largest city.
It is where the Blue Nile and main Nile come together.
Its name means "elephant tusk".
Two other cities nearby are Omdurman and Khartoum North.
Khartoum has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification).
Konkani is a language from India.
Konkani belongs to Indo-Aryan family of languages.
It is the official language of Goa, a state in India.
Some people from the part of India known as Konkan speak Konkani language.
Konkan is on the west coast of India.
The name Konkani means "from the Konkan".
The word Konkan means corner (kona) and piece/part of earth (kana).
The name of the language comes from the place where it is spoken.
Writing systems
People write Konkani in many different scripts (writing systems or alphabets).
People from different regions use different scripts.
Hindu Konkani people from Goa and Maharashtra use Devanagari script.
Konkani people from Karnataka use Kannada script.
Christains in Goa use Roman script.
Konkani Muslims use Arabic script.
Konkani people from Kerala use Malayalam script.
Devanagari is the official script.
Trench warfare has often been used in defense.
Entrenched soldiers can be somewhat safe from enemy fire.
Trench warfare made World War I longer than expected.
The trench coat got its name from there.
Utility trench has pipes, wires, or other infrastructure
Road trench carries vehicles
Military trench provides shelter for soldiers shooting at each other
Oceanic trench: For example, the Mariana Trench
Rift valley
Archaeological trench dug by archaeologists
A trench coat (or trenchcoat) is a type of outdoor clothing.
Trenchcoats are long coats made from stiff material, like heavy-duty cotton.
They were invented for soldiers to wear in The First World War to keep them warm.
Most trench coats also protect the wearer against rain.
As a fashion
In the 1950s, trench coats became a popular fashion item.
In the 1980s and 1990s, trench coats were worn by punk rock musicians and gothic rock musicians.
There have been many remodels of it.
A trumpet is a brass instrument used mainly in Classical music and jazz music.
The most common type of trumpet is a B♭ trumpet, meaning that if the player plays a C, it will sound like a B♭ in  concert pitch.
The trumpet is played by blowing into the mouthpiece and making a "buzzing" sound.
There are three keys called valves that the player can press to change the pitch.
The trumpet has been around for about 3000 years.
An early example of a brass instrument like a trumpet is called a shofar, which is still used in religious ceremonies.
Eventually people started making trumpet-like instruments with wood (for example, the cornetto), and later, with brass.
Modern bugles are similar to early metal trumpets.
Many years ago, when the use of instrumental music was growing, trumpets became very important.
Trumpets were long and without valves.
This meant a player had to control the pitch of the sound with only his mouth, which was very difficult.
Everyone respected trumpet players because trumpets were just so difficult to play.
The chromatic trumpet was developed in the late 18th century.
In the 19th century, good valves made it easier to play notes on the trumpet.
Still, trumpet is a difficult instrument to master.
Music for trumpet
Classical music is written for solo trumpet, and trumpets are included in orchestras.
Trumpets play an important part in Jazz music, and other various popular genres.
Sometimes, they also play short parts to emphasize sections in rock songs.
Trumpet players
A microwave is a high-frequency radio wave.
They are broadly defined as having a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 1 meter, or narrowly between 3 mm and 300 mm.
Microwaves have many uses including radar, radio astronomy, and to heat food in a microwave oven.
Unlike longer radio waves, they do not bend around land obstacles but go in line of sight.
Still, they are much used for communication because they can have a high bandwidth.
Almost all spacecraft communicate by microwave radio.
When something moves, it almost always has a wave pattern to its movement - this can be seen in water most easily, in ripples and ocean waves.
A very common type of wave in the universe is electromagnetic waves.
Light is an example of an electromagnetic wave, and so is a microwave, for example the cosmic microwave background radiation.
We can only see electromagnetic radiation in the visible light spectrum (which is why it's called the visible light spectrum), so microwaves are invisible.
Microwave Ovens
Microwave ovens work because microwaves make polar molecules (molecules that act like tiny magnets) all face the same direction - to visualize it, imagine that the microwave oven is telling all of the molecules to face left, then right.
Heat is just the movement of molecules, so when the molecules do a great amount of moving, they are hot.
Like other heat sources, microwave radiation can cause burns.
They can go through skin and muscles.
If vital organs are burned, the burns can kill.
This is why a microwave oven does not work with the door open.
wave physics
A microwave oven (commonly called a microwave) is a machine that cooks food using microwaves, a type of radio wave.
The idea was invented when a scientist who was experimenting with radio waves saw his chocolate bar, which was in his pocket, had melted.
He then knew that radio waves could cook food and invented the microwave oven.
In 1945, the heating effect of a high-power microwave beam was accidentally discovered by Percy Spencer, an American self-taught engineer from Howland, Maine.
Hired by Raytheon at the time, he noticed that microwaves from an active radar set he was working on started to melt a chocolate bar he had in his pocket.
First, Spencer deliberately cooked popcorn with a microwave oven.
And the second time, he cooked an egg, which exploded in the face of one of the experimenters.
To prove his finding, Spencer created a high density electromagnetic field by feeding microwave power from a magnetron into a metal box from which it had no way to escape.
When food was placed in the box with the microwave energy, the temperature of the food rose rapidly.
On 8 October 1945, Raytheon filed a United States patent application for Spencer's microwave cooking process, and an oven that heated food using microwave energy from a magnetron was soon placed in a Boston restaurant for testing.
The microwave oven uses a magnetron, which is a type of vacuum tube.
This is similar to a radio transmitter.
It makes very short radio waves which go into the food to a depth of about 2.5cm (one inch).
This makes water molecules twist about 2.5 billion times a second.
This heats up the molecules around it.
As they heat up the heat goes to the inside of the food.
This process is called conduction.
This also happens in a normal oven, but microwave energy goes deeper so that the food cooks much faster.
In an ordinary oven the energy stays mostly near the surface, so it takes more time.
Apart from this, the oven has a wave guide, turntable, and a timer switch.
When we place the food inside the chamber and turn the timer switch on, it sends a command to the magnetron to send microwaves, as well as to the turn table to start turning.
The microwaves of microwave ovens can heat foods containing polar molecules, such as water, as polar molecules are prone to the vibration effect caused by the microwaves.
To heat the food evenly the microwave's turntable spins the food around.
Metals tend to spark in microwaves, rather than heating.
The reason why is that metals like to give away electrons, so when the microwaves "push" at their magnet-like electrons, instead of turning, they just give the electrons away.
A bunch of electrons running off of metal is called electricity, and we see it in the form of sparks.
Metamaterials for microwave shielding
Cobalt (chemical symbol Co) is a chemical element.
It has an atomic number of 27 and an atomic mass of about 59.
It is shiny and conducts electricity.
It is magnetic.
It is a hard metal.
It is moderately reactive.
Iron is more reactive and copper is less reactive.
It dissolves slowly in acids.
This reaction makes hydrogen and a salt of cobalt.
Cobalt is normally in its +2 oxidation state as an ion.
Some chemical compounds contain cobalt ions in its +4 oxidation state.
Cobalt(II) chloride is one of the most common cobalt compounds.
Many cobalt compounds are blue or pink.
One of them is black.
Cobalt comes in two oxidation states, +2 and +3.
Most soluble cobalt compounds are red.
They can also be green, blue, brown, and black.
Cobalt(II) compounds
Cobalt(II) chloride, red solid, most common cobalt compound
Cobalt(II) fluoride, used in dentistry, red solid
Cobalt(II) hydroxide, red or green-blue solid
Cobalt(II) oxide, black solid
Cobalt(II) sulfate, reddish solid, used in pigments
Mixed oxidation state
Cobalt(II,III) oxide, black solid, oxidizing agent
Cobalt(III) compounds
Cobalt(III) fluoride, brown solid, strong oxidizing agent
Cobalt(III) oxide, black solid
Cobalt is too reactive to occur as a pure element in the earth.
It is found in certain minerals.
It is found with copper and nickel deposits.
Normally the three metals are bonded to arsenic and sulfur.
The majority of cobalt mining is in central Africa.
It is found as a byproduct (left over substance) when copper and nickel are produced.
It is made by reaction with the sludge from copper and nickel processing.
Cobalt is used in some types of steel.
It hardens the steel.
It is also used to make very strong tough alloys.
These alloys are known as superalloys.
Some cobalt compounds are used in the lithium-ion battery.
Cobalt compounds were used as an artificial food coloring until 1971.
It was discovered that it has harmful effects.
It is used to make glass blue.
It is also used as a catalyst.
It is also used in some medicines.
The human body needs small amounts of cobalt for certain vitamins.
Cobalt compounds are used to stop cyanide from poisoning the body.
People need cobalt compounds in small amounts, but cobalt is toxic in large quantities.
Sometimes cobalt compounds were added to beer, and people that drank it were poisoned.
It can cause skin irritation when touched.
Canidae is a family of carnivorous and omnivorous mammals of the order Carnivora.
Animals that belong to the family Canidae are called canids.
The family Canidae is divided into two tribes: Vulpini ("true foxes"), and Canini ("true dogs").
Canids of the tribe Vulpini (foxes) are called "vulpines".
Canids of the tribe Canini (wolves, dogs, coyotes and others) are called "canines".
Some people call all these canids "canines", but this is wrong.
Tribe Vulpini, True foxes
Genus Vulpes
Indian Fox, Vulpes bengalensis
Blanford's Fox, Vulpes cana
Cape fox, Vulpes chama
Corsac fox, Vulpes corsac
Tibetan fox, Vulpes ferrilata
Pale fox, Vulpes pallida
Rüppell's Fox, Vulpes rueppelli
Swift fox, Vulpes velox
Kit fox, Vulpes macrotis
Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes
Fennec, Vulpes zerda
Genus Alopex
Arctic Fox, Alopex lagopus
Genus Urocyon
Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Island fox, Urocyon littoralis