the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
"The Sharpest Lives" – 3:20
"Welcome to the Black Parade" – 5:11
"I Don't Love You" – 3:58
"House of Wolves" – 3:04
"Cancer" – 2:22
"Mama" – 4:39
"Sleep" – 4:43
"Teenagers" – 2:41
"Disenchanted" – 4:55
"Famous Last Words" – 4:59
"Blood" (hidden track) – 2:53 (starts at 1:30)
"Heaven Help Us" – 2:54
"My Way Home Is Through You" – 2:59
"Kill All Your Friends" – 4:28
Biogas is a gas produced by the digestion in an oxygen free (anaerobic digestion) or fermentation of organic matter.
The organic matter can be manure, sewage, municipal waste, compost, food waste or any other biodegradable raw material.
Biogas is mainly methane and carbon dioxide.
Depending on where it is produced, biogas is also called:
swamp gas
marsh gas
landfill gas
digester gas
Biogas can be used as a vehicle fuel or to generate electricity.
It can also be burned directly for cooking, heating, lighting, process heat and absorption refrigeration.
Biogas and anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is much used to make biogas from biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste products.
The methane in bio gas burns more cleanly than coal, and produces more energy with less emissions of carbon dioxide.
The harvesting of bio gas is an important role of waste management because methane is a greenhouse gas with a greater global warming potential than carbon dioxide.
The carbon in bio gas was generally recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants, so releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than the burning of fossil fuels.
Biogas typical composition range
The composition of biogas varies depending on how it is made.
Landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50%.
Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55-75%CH4.
often 5% of air is introduced to get rid of sulfur microbiologically
AGORES - Biogas Biofuel Lille  (PDF)
AGORES - Biogas Biofuel Stockholm  (PDF)
University of Adelaide - An Introduction to Biogas
Biogas in Rural Costa Rica
Solid Waste Association of North America
Landfill Gas Symposium
A liturgy is a ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular group or event.
In religion, it may mean an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), or a daily activity such as the Muslim Salats.
Anglican, Orthodox, Lutheran, or other groups, when using the words "the liturgy", normally mean a standardized order of events observed during a religious service, often including the Eucharist or Communion.
The open or waiting worship of Quakers is an example of a non-liturgical service because there is no structured order of events.
Bowker, John, ed. (
1997) Oxford Dictionary of World Religions.
"What Do Quakers Believe?".
Quaker Information Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.
Orthodox Tradition and the Liturgy
Jewish Encyclopedia: Liturgy
Contemporary Christian Liturgy Website History, theory, practice
The term comes from the late-Latin word missa (dismissal), a word used in the concluding formula of Mass in Latin: "Ite, missa est" ("Go, it is the dismissal").
Dismissal means that someone is allowed to leave.
In this case, people are being allowed to leave because Mass is finished.
In another sense, it also means that people are allowed to leave to go on a mission to tell other people about Jesus and Christianity.
Mass is the most important ceremony and form of worship in the Catholic Church.
The Eucharist is thought to be the most important part of Christian life because that is when the blood and body of Christ is received in the form of bread and wine as a sacrifice.
A Sunday Mass is about an hour long.
On other days, it is about half an hour.
A Mass can be longer or shorter depending on how many people there are taking Communion.
A good Catholic is supposed to go to Mass every Sunday and on some other holy days.
Even though Mass can be on other days, a Catholic is still supposed to go to one on Sunday.
There are four parts in a Catholic Mass. They are all the same all around the world but in different languages.
The four parts are the Introductory Rites, the Liturgy of the Word, the Liturgy of the Eucharist, and Concluding Rites.
Introductory Rites
The priest comes in and everyone does the sign of the cross.
He greets everyone in the congregation.
Then people confess their sins together and ask the Lord for mercy.
After that, they sing the hymn Gloria and the priest says a prayer called the collect.
Liturgy of the Word
In this part of Mass, some parts of the Bible are read.
They are a first reading (which can be from either the Old or New Testament), a psalm, a second reading from the New Testament, and a reading from the Gospel.
Then the priest will have a short sermon (homily).
After that, the Apostles' Creed is said.
Finally, some intercessory prayers can be made on behalf on another person.
Liturgy of the Eucharist
During the Liturgy of the Eucharist, the bread and wine is offered at the altar.
The priest consecrates them, which is when he says that they are the body (bread) and blood (wine) of Jesus.
According to the teachings of the Catholic Church, this turns them into the actual blood and body of Christ (transubstantiation) even though they still look, smell, and taste like bread and wine.
After this, the Lord's Prayer is said.
Next, people in the congregation do a sign of peace (usually a nod or handshake while saying "peace" or "peace be with you") with one another to show that they are now one family in Christ.
The bread and wine are then eaten in a process called Communion.
Only baptized Catholics who are sorry for their sins are allowed to take part in Communion.
Concluding Rites
Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1322-1419
History of the Roman rite of the Mass
Why Fast Before Communion?
by Fr.
William Saunders
Catholic Apologetics of America
Links to documents on the Mass
Mass times in the world
The Annotated Mass
The Order of Mass
Larry Fama's Instructional Mass
Today's Mass readings  (New American Bible version)
The Readings of the Mass (Jerusalem Bible version)
Mass Readings  (text in official Lectionary for Ireland, Australia, Britain, New Zealand etc.)
The Holy Mass: A Pictorial Guide with Text
The Anglican Missal online
Article 24 of the Augsburg Confession , regarding the Mass
Article 23 of the Defense of the Augsburg Confession , regarding the Mass
Christian worship and liturgy
The woodpeckers and its near relatives the piculets, wrynecks and sapsuckers are the family Picidae.
They are near-passerine birds.
Members of the Picidae are found worldwide, except for the parts of old Gondwana which they did not get to: Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar and Antarctica.
Most species live in forests or woodland habitats.
The Picidae are just one of the eight living families in the order Piciformes.
DNA sequence analyses have shown they are a clade.
There are about 240 species and about 35 genera in this family.
Many species are threatened or endangered due to loss of habitat or habitat fragmentation.
Members of the family Picidae have strong bills for drilling and drumming on trees and long sticky tongues for extracting food.
The bills of piculets and wrynecks are shorter, and less strong and sharp than those of woodpeckers, but their morphology is very similar.
Woodpeckers operate mainly on tree trunks, staying in place propped up by their stiff tail feathers.
Piculets and wrynecks live mainly on the branches, and they lack the stiffened tail feathers.
The woodpecker bill's chisel-like tip is kept sharp by the pecking action on wood.
With their smaller bill size, many piculets and wrynecks will forage in decaying wood more often than woodpeckers.
The long sticky tongues, which have bristles, help the birds grab and extracting insects from deep in a hole of a tree.
Detailed studies published in 2004 showed that the tongue wraps around the prey before being pulled out.
Preventing brain damage
Many of the foraging, breeding and signalling behaviours of woodpeckers involve drumming and hammering using the bill.
To prevent brain damage from the rapid and repeated decelerations, woodpeckers have a number of adaptations which protect the brain.
These include small brain size, the orientation of the brain within the skull (which spreads the area of contact between the brain and the skull) and the short duration of contact.
The unequal length of the upper and lower parts of their beaks (the lower being longer), serves to steer the impact force downwards, away from the brain.
Also, the woodpecker’s brain is held in a skull with uneven, spongy plates that absorb shock.
Third, woodpeckers have a special hyoid bone, which reaches from their beak, loops over top of the skull to completely surround their brains.
This acts to keep the brain in place.
It is the movement of the brain inside the skull during impact, more than the blow itself, that causes concussions.
If the brain is held in place, injury risks are greatly reduced.
Other adaptations
The millisecond before contact with wood a thickened nictitating membrane closes, protecting the eye from flying debris.
The nostrils are also protected; they are often slit-like and have special feathers to cover them.
Woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks all have zygodactyl feet.
These feet have four toes, the first and the fourth face backward, and the second and third face forward.
This foot arrangement is good for grasping the limbs and trunks of trees.
Members of this family can walk vertically up a tree trunk.
In addition to the strong claws and feet, woodpeckers have short strong legs.
This is typical of birds that regularly forage on trunks.
The tails of all woodpeckers except the piculets and wrynecks are stiffened, and when the bird perches on vertical surfaces, the tail and feet work together to support it.
Wrynecks
The wrynecks (genus Jynx) are two species of small Old World woodpeckers.
They are very similar to true woodpeckers, but lack the stiff tail feathers that  woodpeckers use when climbing trees.
They are more likely to perch on a branch rather than an upright trunk.
Their bills are shorter and less dagger-like than in the true woodpeckers.
Their chief prey is ants and other insects, which they find in decaying wood or almost bare soil.
They re-use woodpecker holes for nesting, rather than making their own holes.
These birds can turn their heads almost 180 degrees.
When disturbed at the nest, they use this snake-like  head twisting and hissing as a threat display.
This odd behaviour led to their use in witchcraft, hence to put a "jinx" on someone.
Piri Reis (full name Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed) (about 1465 – 1554 or 1555) was an Ottoman-Turkish admiral and cartographer born between 1465 and 1470 in Gallipoli on the Aegean coast of Turkey.
Today, people remember him because of the maps he made.
He made the first Ottoman map to show parts of the Americas, the Piri Reis map, in 1513.
He drew a second map in 1528.
Only a fragment of that map survives today.
That fragment however, shows parts of North America, including Greenland.
It goes from the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland in the north, to Florida,Cuba and parts of Central America in the south.
Therefore, some people believe he drew a map of the Arctic about 200 years before it was discovered.
1460s births
Cartographers
Asian explorers
Turkish military people
Walter Stanborough Sutton (5 April 1877 – 10 November 1916) was an American biologist and surgeon.
Sutton was born in Utica, New York and raised in Russell, Kansas.
He got Bachelors and Masters degres from the University of Kansas.
Sutton then went to Columbia University and got his doctorate in medicine in 1907.
In 1903 Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units.
Edmund B. Wilson (1856–1939), Sutton's teacher, and the author of one of the most famous text-books in biology, called this the Sutton–Boveri hypothesis.
scientists from New York
People from Utica, New York
Star Wars: The Clone Wars is an American computer-animated television series created by George Lucas and by Lucasfilm and Lucasfilm Animation set during Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones from Three Months after the Battle of Geonosis and before Revenge of the Sith when Anakin turns evil.
The series became very popular around the world on Cartoon Network as U.S Cartoon Network owned rights for season 1-5 but as season 6 was relicenced to Netflix in U.S and Canada.
Disney had cancelled the show due to want more of Star Wars Episode 7 and Star Wars Rebels but in September 7 2014 on star wars.com a story arc with rough animation reel was the unreleased episodes due to cancellation and Star Wars Son of Dathomir was turned in to a comic book and another one will come with Asajj Ventress  in June 2015.
The series was spinoff the 2D cartoon series made to a 3D series.
George Lucas (executive producer) had first the idea as wanting to make a series based on the clone wars.
George Lucas intended to make 100 episodes in five seasons.
The first set of episodes were combined to form a movie, which was released in theaters in 2008.
Then the television series continued from there.
In 2020, a seventh and final season was released on Disney Plus.
This was an additional 12 episodes.
The series airs on Cartoon Network U.S and Cartoon Network Worldwide.
First in U.S in 2008.
Netflix had obtained rights for season six.
The seasons of the show was made in DVD released in volumes as Season Two Volume titled Commando Commanders.
DVD called Return of Darth Maul containing Darth Maul return story arc and Asajj Ventress new life.
After Season Six came on Netflix the season came on DVD titled ''The Lost Missions'
Clone Wars, Star Wars.
Darth Maul is a fictional character from the Star Wars universe.
The character first appeared in the movie Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace in 1999.
Darth Maul has also been in many books set in the time period just before the Clone Wars.
Darth Maul was played by Ray Park in the movie.
Darth Maul is the first known apprentice of Darth Sidious.
Maul is a Sith lord who uses the Dark Side of the Force.
Darth Maul has black and red tattoos covering his head and face, a crown of small horns, and evil yellow eyes.
He uses a red, double bladed lightsaber as a weapon.
He flies the starship The Sith Infiltrator.
After Nute Gunray, the viceroy of the Trade Federation, loses Queen Amidala, Darth Sidious sends Darth Maul to track her down.
Darth Maul follows her to Tatooine, where he sends out probe droids to find her.
As Anakin, the Queen and the Jedi Qui-Gon Jinn get ready to leave the planet, Darth Maul attacks on his speeder and Maul and Qui-Gon battle.
After losing the Queen, Darth Sidious sends Darth Maul to Naboo to watch over the planet.
When the Queen launches an attack, Darth Maul shows himself again.
This time Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi start to battle with him.
Darth Maul kills Qui-Gon and almost pushes Obi-Wan down a pit.
In the end, Obi-Wan uses Qui-Gon's lightsaber to cut Darth Maul in half.
Darth Maul fell down the pit, but somehow survived, as shown when he turns up again in the 2008 animated TV series, Star Wars: The Clone Wars.
Star Wars Databank  Maul, Darth
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Probe droids are robots in the Star Wars movies.
They are used for spying and finding people.
Darth Maul used probe droids to find Queen Amidala and the Jedi in The Phantom Menace.
In The Empire Strikes Back, the Imperials use the probe droids to find the Rebel base.
en:List of minor Star Wars droids#Probe droid
Count Dooku of Serenno (also known as Darth Tyranus) is a character from the Star Wars universe.
Dooku is one of the major characters in Episode II: Attack of the Clones.
He was played by late Christopher Lee.
He is the second known student of Darth Sidious.
Dooku is also the leader of the Confederacy of Independent Systems during the Clone Wars.
Fictional characters introduced in 2002
The Clone Wars was a period in the Star Wars movies.
It was first mentioned in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977) and was explored later in several films, books, and television series.
Within the Star Wars franchise, the Clone Wars are a set of battles that took place over three years.
They were fought between the Jedi and the Clone Troopers vs. the Sith and the Battle Droids.
The war began during the events of Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002) and ended in Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005).
From 2008 to 2020, a movie and television series called Star Wars: The Clone Wars were released.
These focused on the events that occurred in between.
Other less prominent media have explored this period as well, such as Star Wars: Clone Wars (an animated series from 2003-2005) and comic books focusing on Darth Maul.
Several new Star Wars characters were created in this period that have become very popular, such as Ahsoka Tano and Asajj Ventress.
da:Clone Wars
Prokaryotes (or monera) are some of the simplest living things.
They are unicellular organisms and they include two major divisions of simple living beings: bacteria, and archaea.
They generally do not have a cell nucleus, nuclear membrane or cell organelles, however a small number of exceptions have been found.
Prokaryotes possess genetic material in the form of a single DNA loop called a Nucleoid that floats around freely inside the cell.
Bacteria include the Cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae due to their photosynthetic capacity).
Besides a nucleus, prokaryotes lack other things eukaryotes (cells with a true nucleus) have.
They reproduce without fusion of gametes.
They do not have membranes.
This means that there are no vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticula or other organelles inside the cell.
However, they do have ribosomes, though of a simpler kind than eukaryotes.
Eukaryote cells include organelles which were once free-living prokaryotes.
In 1977, Carl Woese proposed dividing prokaryotes into the Bacteria and Archaea (originally Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) because of the major differences in the structure and genetics between the two groups of organisms.
This arrangement of Eukaryota (also called "Eukarya"), Bacteria, and Archaea is called the three-domain system, replacing the traditional two-empire system.
The Archaea include simple organisms which were first discovered in extreme environments.
Most of them can survive at very high or very low temperatures.
Some of them can also survive in highly salty, acidic or alkaline water.
Some have been found in geysers, black smokers or oil wells.
The prokaryotes may not be a monophyletic, taxonomic group of common descent, but merely a group of similar organisms.
The relationships between Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryota are assessed differently by different scientists.
The three-domain system of Carl Woese treats them as one monophyletic group.
Cuttlebone is a hard brittle structure found inside cuttlefish.
It is made mainly of calcium carbonate.
The cuttlefish use it to control floating.
Cuttlebones have been used to make polishing powder.
This was then added to toothpaste.
Today, cuttlebone is mainly used for caged birds and turtles in their habitats, so they get their calcium easily and fast.
Decapodiformes is a superorder of Cephalopoda.
It includes cephalopods with ten feet.
These are usually eight short arms and two long tentacles.
Well-known members are cuttlefish, squid, and the extinct belemnites.
Octopodiformes is a group of cephalopods with eight arms and no skeletal structure.
They include Octopods and the Vampire squid.
Octopoda is one of the largest orders which contain the common octopus and some other types.
Fossila are rare, but they do have a fossil record starting in the later Carboniferous.
Octopods are put into two suborders.
One, the Incirrina, is composed of the well-known Octopus of rocky shores and coral reefs and its relatives.
The other suborder, the Cirrina, contains octopods whose tentacles are linked by an umbrella-like mantle, so their activity is rather different from the common octopus.
Vampyromorphida is an order of cephalopods.
There are one extant species (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) and several extinct taxa in it.
Order Vampyromorphida
Suborder †Kelaenina
Family †Muensterellidae
Suborder †Prototeuthina
Family †Loligosepiidae
Family †Plesioteuthididae
Family †Geopeltididae
Family †Leptotheuthididae
Family †Lioteuthididae
Family †Mastigophoridae
Suborder †Mesoteuthina
Family †Palaeololiginidae
Subfamily †Teudopseinae
Subfamily †Palaeololigininae
Family †Trachyteuthididae
Subfamily †Trachyteuthidinae
Subfamily †Actinosepiinae
Suborder Vampyromorphina
Family Vampyroteuthidae
The Taxonomicon: Order Vampyromorphida
Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: Vampyromorpha
Diana Burrell (born 25 October 1948) is an English composer.
She was born in Norwich, Norfolk.
She went to Norwich High School for Girls and then studied music at the University of Cambridge.
She started her career as a viola player, but soon became well known for her compositions was able to be a full-time composer.
Her first big orchestral piece was called Landscape (1988).
It describes the wild, windswept countryside.
It won an Encore Award from the Royal Philharmonic Society and BBC Radio 3.
Another orchestral work has a long title in German:  Das Meer so gross und weit ist da wimmelts ohne Zahlgrosse kleine Tiere (The sea is so big and wide and swarming with numerous little animals).
It describes the sounds and the atmosphere of the sea.
Burrell has written other orchestral works including concertos for viola, flute and clarinet,  an opera The Albatross (1997),  lots of choral works and chamber music.
She likes modern architecture and her music sometimes shows this in the way it is shaped.
She has also written music for young people such as Lights and Shadows (1989) which includes children’s choir, recorder group and lots of percussion.
Burrell teaches at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and is Artistic Director of Spitalfields Festival in London.
She lives in East London.
United Music Publishers official website for Diana Burrell
People from Norwich
For people and places called Saint James, see the disambiguation page.
Saint James, son of Zebedee (death 44 AD) was one of the disciples (learners) of Jesus.
He was the son of Zebedee and Salome and brother of John the Evangelist.
He is called Saint James the Greater to distinguish (mark as different) him from the other apostle named James
(James, son of Alphaeus).
James is described as one of the first disciples who joined Jesus.
The Synoptic Gospels tell that James and John were with their father by the seashore when Jesus called them to begin traveling (Mt.4:21–22, Mk.1:19–20).
According to Mark, James and John were called Boanerges, or the "Sons of Thunder" (3:17).
Acts of the Apostles 12:1–2 records that King Herod had James executed by sword (Ac.12:1–2).
He was likely the first of the apostles martyred for his faith.
Saint James and Hispania
According to ancient local tradition, on 2 January of the year AD 40, the Virgin Mary appeared to James on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta, while he was preaching the Gospel in Spain.
She supposedly appeared upon a pillar, Nuestra Señora del Pilar, and that pillar is conserved and venerated within the present Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, in Zaragoza, Spain.
Following that apparition, St James returned to Judea, where he was beheaded by King Herod Agrippa I in the year 44.
The translation of his relics from Judea to Galicia in the northwest of Iberia was effected, in legend, by a series of miraculous happenings: decapitated in Jerusalem with a sword by Herod Agrippa himself, his body was taken up by angels, and sailed in a rudderless, unattended boat to Iria Flavia in Spain, where a massive rock closed around his relics, which were later removed to Compostela.
The 12th-century Historia Compostellana gives a summary of the legend of St James as it was believed at Compostela.
Two ideas are central to it: first, that St James preached the gospel in Spain as well as in the Holy Land; second, that after his martyrdom at the hands of Herod Agrippa I his disciples carried his body by sea to Spain, where they landed at Padrón on the coast of Galicia, and took it inland for burial at Santiago de Compostela.
The tradition at Compostela placed the discovery of the relics of the saint in the time of king Alfonso II (791–842) and of bishop Theodemir of Iria.
These traditions were the basis for the pilgrimage route that began to be established in the 9th century, and the shrine dedicated to James at Santiago de Compostela, in Galicia in Spain, became the most famous pilgrimage site in the Christian world.
St James's Way is a tree of routes that cross Western Europe and arrive at Santiago through Northern Spain.
Eventually James became the patron saint of Spain.
The name "James" in English comes from "Iacobus" (Jacob) in Latin.
In eastern Spain, Jacobus became "Jacome" or "Jaime"; in Catalunya, it became Jaume, in western Spain it became "Iago", and Portugal and Galicia it was Tiago. "
Saint James" ("Sanctus Jacobus") became "Sant' Iago", which was abbreviated to Santiago.
James's emblem was the scallop shell (or "cockle shell"), and pilgrims to his shrine often wore that symbol on their hats or clothes.
Catholic Encyclopedia: St James the Greater
R. A. Fletcher, Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela Oxford University Press, 1984: chapter 3, "The Early History of the Cult of St. James"
Henry Chadwick, Priscillian of Avila.
Oxford University Press, 1976.
Richard A. Fletcher, 1984.
Saint James's Catapult : The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela (Oxford University Press) (On-line text)
44 deaths
Several men mentioned in the New Testament:
James, son of Zebedee, an apostle, brother of John the Apostle, venerated at Santiago de Compostela
James (son of Alphaeus), an apostle, brother of Matthew the Evangelist
James the Less, son of Clopas and Mary of Clopas, often identified with the son of Alphaeus
James the Just, the brother of Jesus, head of the early Christian Church in Jerusalem
James the Deacon, 7th century missionary to England
James the Confessor, Bishop of Catania in the 8th Century
Rebecca St. James, Christian pop and rock artist
In transportation,
Saint James station (disambiguation), several railway stations around the world
St. James, Maryland
St. James, Minnesota
St. James, Missouri
Saint James Parish, Louisiana
The St. James Theatre, on Broadway in New York City
St. James Court Art Show in Louisville, Kentucky
St. James Catholic Church in Vancouver, Washington
St. James Middle School, a school in Horry County in South Carolina
St. James High School, also a school in Horry County in South Carolina
St. James's Palace, London
Court of St. James's, London
St. James's Park, London
St James' Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, home of football club Newcastle United.
St James Park, football stadium in Exeter
St. James' Church, Clitheroe
St James, County Antrim, Northern Ireland
St James's University Hospital, Leeds, a teaching hospital
St James, Western Australia
Saint James Parish, Barbados
St. James (electoral district), defunct electoral district in Canada
Saint-James, France
St. James' School, Kolkata, India
Saint James Cavalier Centre for Creativity, Malta
St. James Theatre (Wellington), New Zealand
St James, Cape Town, South Africa
St James Power Station, Singapore
The Vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis,  'vampire squid from hell') is a small, deep-sea cephalopod.
It can be found throughout the temperate and tropical oceans of the world.
It has special filaments it can retract; because of this, it has been placed in its own order: Vampyromorphida (formerly Vampyromorpha).
It is similar to both squid and octopus.
It is the only surviving member of its order.
It was first described and mistakenly identified as an octopus in 1903.
The vampire squid can grow to about 30 cm (1 foot) in total length.
It is no threat to humans.
Its 15 cm (6 inch) gelatinous body varies in color between velvety jet-black and pale reddish, depending on location and lighting conditions.
A webbing of skin connects its eight arms, each lined with rows of fleshy spines or cirri.
The inside of this "cloak" is black.
Only the distal half (farthest from the body) of the arms have suckers.
Its limpid, globular eyes—which appear red or blue, also depending on lighting—are proportionately the largest in the animal kingdom at 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter.
Mature adults have a pair of ear-like fins.
These fins stand out from the lateral sides of the mantle.
They serve as the adult's primary means of propulsion (moving around): Vampire Squid are said to "fly" through the water by way of flapping their fins.
Their powerful beak-like jaws are as white as ivory.
Within the webbing are two pouches.
These pouches hide the tactile velar filaments.
The filaments are analogous to a true squid's tentacles, extending well past the arms, however, they are a different arm pair than the squid's tentacles.
Instead, the filaments are the same pair that were lost by the ancestral octopuses.
The Vampire Squid is covered entirely in light-producing organs called photophores.
The animal has great control over the organs.
It is capable of producing disorienting flashes of light for fractions of a second to several minutes in duration.
The intensity and size of the photophores can also be varied.
Appearing as small white discs, the photophores are larger and more complex at the tips of the arms and at the base of the two fins.
They are absent from the underside of the caped arms.
Two larger white areas on top of the head were initially believed to be photophores too, but have turned out to be photoreceptors.
The chromatophores (pigment organs) common to most cephalopods are poorly developed in Vampire Squid.
While this means the animal is not capable of changing its skin colour in the dramatic fashion of shallow-dwelling cephalopods, such trickery is not needed at the pitch black depths in which it lives.
Habitat and adaptations
The Vampire Squid is an extreme example of a deep-sea cephalopod.
People think it lives at aphotic (lightless) depths from 600–900 metres (2,000-3,000 feet) or more.
Within this region of the world's oceans is a discrete habitat known as the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ).
Within the OMZ oxygen saturation is too low to support aerobic metabolism in most higher organisms.
Nonetheless, the Vampire Squid is able to live normally in the OMZ at oxygen saturations as low as 3%; something no other cephalopod—and few other animals—can do.
In order to cope with life in this habitat, vampire squid have developed several radical adaptations.
Of all deep-sea cephalopods, their metabolic rate is the lowest.
Their blue blood hemocyanin binds and transports oxygen most efficiently, aided by gills with especially large surface area.
The animals have weak musculature but maintain agility and buoyancy with little effort thanks to sophisticated statocysts (balancing organs akin to a human's inner ear) and ammonium-rich gelatinous tissues closely matching the density of the surrounding seawater.
At the shallower end of the Vampire Squid's vertical range, the view from below is like the sky at twilight: The highly sensitive eyes of deepwater dwellers are able to distinguish the silhouettes of other animals moving overhead.
To combat this, the vampire squid generates its own bluish light (bioluminescence) in a strategy called counterillumination: The light diffuses the animal's silhouette, effectively "cloaking" its presence from the watchful eyes below.
Its own large eyes detect even the faintest of gleams.
A pair of photoreceptors are located on top of its head, perhaps alerting the animal to movements above.
Like other deep-sea cephalopods, Vampire Squid have no ink sacs.
If threatened, instead of ink, a sticky cloud of bioluminescent mucus containing innumerable orbs of blue light is ejected from the arm tips.
This luminous barrage, which may last nearly 10 minutes, is presumably meant to daze would-be predators and allow the Vampire Squid to disappear into the blackness without the need to swim far.
The display is made only if the animal is very agitated.
Their development goes through three forms: the very young animals have a single pair of fins, an intermediate form has two pairs, and the mature form again has one.
As the animals grow and their surface area to volume ratio drops, the fins are resized and repositioned in order to maximize gait efficiency.
Whereas the young propel themselves primarily by jet propulsion, mature adults find flapping their fins to be the most efficient means.
This unique ontogeny caused confusion in the past, with the varying forms identified as several species in distinct families (Young 2002).
The Vampire Squid likely reproduces slowly by way of a small number of large eggs.
Growth is slow as food is not abundant at depths where the animals live.
The vastness of their habitat and its sparse population make procreative encounters a fortuitous event.
The female may store a male's hydraulically implanted spermatophore (a sort of tapered, cylindrical satchel of sperm) for long periods before she is ready to fertilize her eggs.
Once she does, she may need to brood over them for up to 400 days before they hatch.
The female will not eat towards this culmination and dies shortly thereafter.
Hatchlings are about 8 mm in length and are well-developed miniatures of the adults, with some differences.
Their arms lack webbing, their eyes are smaller and their velar filaments are not fully formed.
The hatchlings are transparent and survive on a generous internal yolk for an unknown period before they begin to actively feed.
The smaller animals frequent much deeper waters, perhaps feeding on marine snow (falling organic detritus).
What behavioral data known has been gleaned from ephemeral encounters with ROVs; animals are often damaged during capture and survive for no more than about two months in aquaria.
An artificial environment makes reliable observation of non-defensive behavior difficult.
With their long velar filaments deployed, Vampire Squid have been observed drifting along in the deep, black ocean currents.
If the filaments contact an entity, or if vibrations impinge upon them, the animals investigate with rapid acrobatic movements.
They are capable of swimming at speeds equivalent to two body lengths per second, with an acceleration time of five seconds.
However, their weak muscles limit stamina considerably.
Unlike their relatives living in more hospitable depths, deep-sea cephalopods cannot afford to spend energy in protracted flight.
Given their low metabolic rate and the low density of prey at such depths, Vampire Squid must use innovative predator avoidance tactics in order to save energy.
Their aforementioned bioluminescent "fireworks" are combined with the writhing of glowing arms, erratic movements and escape trajectories.
These features make it difficult for a predator to home in.
In a threat response called "pumpkin" or "pineapple posture", the Vampire Squid inverts its caped arms back over the body, presenting an ostensibly larger form covered in fearsome-looking though harmless spines (called cirri).
The glowing arm tips are clustered together far above the animal's head, diverting attack away from critical areas.
If a predator were to bite off an arm tip, the Vampire Squid can regenerate it.
Copepods, prawns and cnidarians have all been reported as prey of Vampire Squid.
Little else is known regarding their feeding habits.
Considering their environment,they are unlikely to be picky about food.
Vampire Squid have been found among the stomach contents of large deepwater fish, deep diving whales and pinnipeds such as sea lions.
The Vampyromorphida are characterized by the possession of photophores, a peculiar type of uncalcified endoskeleton called "gladius", 8 webbed arms and the 2 velar filaments.
Until fairly recently known only from the modern species and some fossil remains tentatively allocated to this group, a batch of kirbys from the Middle Jurassic c.165-164 million years ago (mya) specimens found at La Voulte-sur-Rhône demonstrated that clearly vampyromorphid cephalopods were in existence for far longer than has been hitherto believed.
These were described as Vampyronassa rhodanica.
The supposed vampyromorphids from Solnhofen limestone (156-146 mya), Plesioteuthis prisca, Leptoteuthis gigas, and Trachyteutis hastiformis, are large species, and show features not found in vampyromorphids.
They are similar to the true squids, Teuthida (Fischer & Riou 2002).
Bolstad, Kat (2003): Deep-Sea Cephalopods: An Introduction and Overview.
Version of 5/6/03, retrieved 2006-DEC-06.
Ellis, Richard (1996): Introducing Vampyroteuthis infernalis.
IN: The Deep Atlantic: Life, Death, and Exploration in the Abyss.
Alfred A. Knopf, New York. .
Online version retrieved 2006-DEC-06.
Fischer, Jean-Claude & Riou, Bernard (2002): Vampyronassa rhodanica nov.
nov sp.,
vampyromorphe (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) du Callovien inférieur de la Voulte-sur-Rhône (Ardèche, France).
Annales de Paléontologie 88(1) 1−17. [
French with English abstract]  (HTML abstract)
Robison, Bruce H.; Reisenbichler, Kim R.; Hunt, James C. & Haddock, Steven H. D. (2003): Light Production by the Arm Tips of the Deep-Sea Cephalopod Vampyroteuthis infernalis.
Biological Bulletin 205(2): 102-109.
PDF fulltext
Seibel, Brad (2001): Vampyroteuthis infernalis.
Retrieved 2006-DEC-06.
Young, Richard E. (2002): Taxa Associated with the Family Vampyroteuthidae .
Version of June 2002, retrieved 2006-DEC-06.
Image with velar filament in view, detailed caption
The vampire squid's photophores and photoreceptors
Diagram and images of a Vampyroteuthis hatchling
Photomicrograph of arm tip fluorescence
Classical Greece was the period in ancient Greece from about 500–323 BC.
It had a civilisation and style which was considered by later observers to be outstanding.
Politically, the classical period was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th century, or from the  beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars to the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC.
It is considered to have ended in 323 BC with the death of Alexander the Great and the subsequent collapse of the Macedonian Empire.
Gwinnett County is a county in the American state of Georgia.
The county seat of Gwinnett County is Lawrenceville.
The county was created on December 15, 1818.
The Census bureau says there were 754,104 people living in Gwinnett County in 2006.
Official Web site of Gwinnett County Government
1818 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
The University of Georgia (UGA) is a university that is in and around Athens, Georgia.
The university was created January 27, 1785 and was the first state university in the United States.
However, it was not the first state university to hold classes or to graduate students.
That honor belongs to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
About 34,000 students go to the school.
The University's mascot is a bulldog named "Uga".
Only white male students studied at UGA during the first century of its history.
UGA began educating female students during the summer of 1903.
Women were not admitted as full-time undergraduates until 1918.
Before official admission of women to the University, several women were able to complete graduate degrees through credit earned during the summer sessions.
The first woman to earn such a degree was Mary Lyndon.
She received a Master of Arts degree in 1914.
Mary Creswell earned the first undergraduate degree in June 1919, a B.S. in Home Economics.
Two UGA dormitories are named after these graduates: Creswell Hall and Mary Lyndon Hall.
Racial integration started in 1961, with the admission of Hamilton E. Holmes and Charlayne Hunter after notable tension with the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
In 2001, on the fortieth anniversary of their having first registered for classes, the University renamed a prominent campus building in their honor: Holmes-Hunter Academic Building.
Although Hunter and Holmes were the first African-American students to matriculate at UGA, Mary Frances Early became the first African-American graduate by earning her master’s (MMEd) in music education in 1962.
In 1963, Chester Davenport became the first African-American admitted to the UGA School of Law and its first African-American graduate (LL.B. 1966).
A decade later, Sharon Tucker was the first female African-American law graduate, earning her J.D. in 1974.
1785 establishments in the United States
Gerhard Hendrik Armauer Hansen (July 29, 1841 - February 12, 1912) was a Norwegian doctor.
He is famous for discovering the bacteria that causes leprosy in 1873.
That disease is also called Hansen's disease in his honour.
Norwegian physicians
Some fire stations are staffed by full-time firefighters.
These fire stations have offices and living areas for them.
There will also be beds, for when they are on duty at night.
They wait at the fire station to be called out to an emergency.
The firefighters often slide down a pole to get downstairs to the fire engine, as this is quicker than walking down stairs.
In small towns and villages, a fire station may not have full-time firefighters.
Instead, these stations have part-time or volunteer firefighters.
When there is an emergency, they will drive to the fire station and bring out the fire engine.
An outhouse is a small building that covers a toilet.
The toilet inside is often either a pit latrine or a bucket toilet, but other forms of dry (non-flushing) toilets may be found.
A fence is something built like a low wall, often made of metal or wood, to keep something in or to keep something out.
It differs from a wall, which has a foundation.
Fences are usually supported by fenceposts.
Fences can be large or small.
Many are used in gardens but some are used in different places.
Princeton University is a private university in Princeton, New Jersey in the United States.
It opened in 1746 with the name "The College of New Jersey".
It was eventually named "Princeton University" in 1896.
In conversation, it is simply called, "Princeton".
Princeton is one of the 8 Ivy League colleges.
It was the fourth official college in the United States.
1746 establishments
1740s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Dill (Anethum graveolens) is a short-lived annual herb that is often used as a spice, to make food taste better by adding a unique, slightly tangy flavor that goes well with savory foods.
Like caraway, its fernlike leaves are aromatic, and are used to flavor many foods, such as gravlax (pickled salmon), borscht and other soups, cream cheese and pickles.
Dill is said to be best when used fresh, as it lose its flavor rapidly if dried; however, freeze-dried dill leaves preserve their flavor relatively well for a few months.
Plants for a Future: Anethum graveolens
'A Modern Herbal' (Grieves, 1931)
Turkic peoples, a collection of ethnic groups that speak Turkic languages
Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group that lives in what is now Turkey
Mummification is a process in which the skin and flesh of a corpse can be preserved.
The process can occur either naturally, or it can be intentional.
If it occurs naturally, it is the result of cold (as can be found in a glacier), acid (as can be found in a bog) or dryness.
The Egyptians wrapped bandages around the corpse to protect the body from rotting.
Mummies of humans and other animals have been found on every continent, but as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts.
Over one million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats.
They used a hook to remove the brain from taking it out from the nose and they would surgically remove all other organs but the heart, as this was needed for the weighing of the heart ceremony.
The organs would then be buried with the mummy in separate containers called canopic jars.
Intentional mummification
Intentional mummification was common in ancient Egypt, for burying Egyptian pharaohs.
Osiris was probably the first mummy in Egypt.
It takes about 70 days to complete the mummification of a dead body.
The first step is to push a sharp rod up the nose and into the  brain.
From there, the brain is broken up into tiny pieces and removed through the nose, and then the nose is filled with sawdust.
Next, they make a hole in the body to remove all the organs except for the heart.
Jars which had the heads of gods on top were used to store the organs.
The hole was then filled with linen and spices and the body was left under salt to become dry.
Later, after 40 days the body was wrapped in linen bandages.
Priests surrounded the body while it was being prepared and performed rituals.
After the mummifying process was complete, a mask was placed over the head so it could be known in the afterlife.
Ötzi the Iceman a mummy of a man who lived about 5,300 years ago was found to be naturally mummified by ice.
Ötzi was found in 1991 in the Schnalstal glacier, Ötzti Alps, near Hauslabjoch on the border between Austria and Italy.
Mummies in Egypt
There were no restrictions on who could be mummified.
Any Egyptian who could afford to pay for the expensive process of preserving their bodies for the afterlife was allowed to mummify themselves.
Egyptians believed in life after death, and that death was just a transition from one life to another.
They believed that they had to preserve their bodies so they could lead a new life.
They would need all the things they had used when they were alive so their family would put those things in their grave.
Egyptians paid vast amounts of money to have their bodies properly preserved.
It took a very long time from start to finish.
It took them 70 days to embalm a body.
Canonical jars were used by Egyptians to hold the internal organs.
It was very important to Egyptian religion that the human body was preserved.
Anubis was a god of mummification, he had a human body and a head of a jackal.
His job was to prepare the body of the dead to be received by Osiris, the god of the dead.
Osiris will then let the souls on and into the underworld.
How to apply a bandage
How to apply a bandage in a figure of 8 around an ankle. (
YouTube)
How to apply a bandage in circular style around a wrist. (
How to apply a compression bandage for lymphedema.
Xenophobia is the fear or dislike of strangers or unknown things.
Xenophobia can also mean the fear of trying new things, but it is usually the fear of differences between people.
Xenophobia may be about foreign things or people, or just the attitudes of a group towards other groups.
It may increase because of immigration.
Apparently, xenophobia has always existed.
Even the Ancient Greeks believed that barbarians (non-Greeks) were naturally meant to be enslaved.
The Confederacy of Independent Systems (also known as the CIS or Separatists) was an organization that appeared in the Star Wars movies.
The CIS was led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku.
The armies of the Separatists had thousands of battle droids.
The CIS launched attacks against the Galactic Republic.
The Separatists stayed a strong power until the rise of the Empire.
The Confederacy of Independent Systems was first shown in Attack of the Clones.
This movement, led by chancellor Palpatine, gained support and soon had support from thousands of solar systems.
The Galactic Republic feared that a war would begin.
Count Dooku and the Separatist leaders were getting ready for a war.
Nute Gunray, leader of the Trade Federation, gave thousands of battle droids to the Separatist army.
Other leaders, such as Poggle the Lesser and San Hill, gave money and droids to the Separatist cause.
On the planet Geonosis, Count Dooku met with the leaders of powerful companies.
Count Dooku gave his offer and the Confederacy of Independent Systems was formed.
The Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi overheard the meeting and sent a warning to the Republic.
The Republic sent a newly created clone army to fight the battle droids.
This battle on Geonosis began the Clone Wars.
The Geonosian Archduke Poggle the Lesser gives the plans of a new weapon to Count Dooku.
Count Dooku leaves the planet and goes to Coruscant.
He gives the plans to Darth Sidious as well as telling him that the war has begun.
The Clone Wars
During the Clone Wars, fighting between the Republic and the Separatists continued.
Jedi were sent to help the clone armies overcome their enemies.
The droid armies fought to hold more planets in its grip.
For three years the fighting took place across the Galaxy.
The Separatists gained several new allies during the Clone Wars.