the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In many countries, such as the United States, some schools require wearing a uniform, and some do not.
Originally, school uniforms were introduced to hide the social differences between students, but uniforms can also help with safety.
Using standard uniforms can also save the money needed to buy extra clothes as fashion to impress other people at school.
Uniforms are also thought to improve discipline and school spirit.
However, school uniforms can also help with health and safety by having clothes which have been tested to be safer when worn.
Some fabrics can cause skin rashes in some people, while a uniform can be made of comfortable fabrics.
Also, loose-fitting clothes can get caught in machinery or playground equipment, which limits what activities children can do safely.
There are several types of economic bullying which can be lessened by use of school uniforms.
When many students are from families with less money, sometimes students with more money have stood out because they wore newer shoes, where neither shoe was in poor shape.
In schools where more students are rich, poorer students have been insulted for the old-style or tattered clothes they wore.
Primates are an order of mammals.
It includes all lemurs, monkeys and apes, including humans.
Most primates (but not humans) are mainly or entirely forest dwellers.
There are about 400 species of primates.
All primates are similar to humans in many ways, but language is an important advantage which only humans have.
Other primates have a pattern of calls and gestures, but not language as we know it.
Primates have hands with five fingers and flat fingernails (most other animals have claws).
All primates are covered with fur (hair), but in humans the body hair is only noticeable in two places: on the head and around the genitals.
Primates are split into two groups: Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini.
Haplorrhini includes monkeys, tarsiers and apes including humans.
Strepsirrhini includes lemurs, lorises, galagos (also called bush babies) and the aye-aye.
Primates are one of the few eutherian groups which re-evolved colour vision.
Colour vision was lost in mammals during the long period when dinosaurs ruled the Earth, and mammals were mainly small nocturnal animals.
Suborder Strepsirrhini
Lemurs
Lorises
Suborder Haplorhini
Tarsiers
Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
Catarrhini:
Old World monkeys
Apes and humans
The Tropic of Cancer (cancer (♋) is Latin for crab) is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth.
This is the parallel of latitude that is 23° 26' 22" north of the Equator.
At every June Solstice the Sun passes straight overhead on the tropic.
This never happens anywhere north of the Tropic of Cancer.
An equinox is when the sun passes directly over the equator.
There are two equinoxes each year.
Equinox can also mean either of the two days when this happens.
On these days, the nights are equal in length at latitudes L° North and L° South.
The word equinox comes from two Latin words meaning "equal" and "night".
Around the day of the equinox, the length of the day is a little over twelve hours and the length of the night is a little under twelve hours.
They are not exactly equal because the sun is not a point in the sky and because the sunlight bends as it comes to earth.
The exact day and time when this happens depend on how far away from the equator it is being measured.
They occur on or around March 21 and September 21.
Solstices fall around June 21st and December 21st at odd intervals.
The equinoxes are the beginning of spring, and autumn (or fall in the US).
The time of daylight is quite easy to measure.
This was done in many cultures where festivals were celebrated at the equinoxes.
First bridge
The valley called Schöllenenschlucht is an important access route to the St.Gotthard alpine pass.
However, the valley is very narrow, featuring a dangerous river Reuss.
The first bridge across the river was built in 1230.
This was a wooden bridge.
This meant that due to bad weather it had to be replaced often.
In the 16th century, it was replaced by a bridge of stone.
That stone bridge was heavily damaged in the Napoleonic wars in 1799.
Nobody could use the bridge because of the damage.
Trade with Italy was done over the alpine pass at Splügen.
Second bridge
Only in 1820 could the order to build a new bridge be given.
The construction of the bridge took 10 years.
Third bridge
In the middle of the 20th century, the second bridge was no longer able to handle the traffic.
A third bridge, featuring two lanes, one for each direction, was built in 1958.
Myth of the creation of the bridge
Building the first bridge was very hard.
According to a local myth, the first bridge was built by the devil himself.
The condition attached was that the devil should get the soul of the first to pass over the bridge.
So, when the bridge was finished, people chased a goat over the bridge.
Of course, the devil was furious, so he went to pick up a large stone (called Teufelsstein, the devil's stone).
He wanted to smash the bridge he just built to pieces.
On his way to the ridge however, he encountered an old believing woman with a cross.
Scared of the cross, he left the stone, and fled.
The devil's stone weighs 2000 tons.
300.000 Swiss Francs were used in 1977 to shift the stone 127 meters to make way for the motorway passing over the St.Gotthard pass.
Buildings and structures in Switzerland
The term grandparent means the parents of a person's father or mother.
Grandparents have always been important members of a family.
The role of a parent is often very different from the role of a grandparent.
Parents are the providers and disciplinarians of their children.
Grandparents are often much freer to enjoy and have fun with their grandchildren.
A grandparent-grandchild relationship is usually much simpler than that of a parent and child.
The term 'grandparent' is used for both male and female genders.
The male grandparent is called a grandfather.
The female grandparent is a grandmother.
When looking at the relationship from the point of view of the grandparent, the term grandchild is used.
A grandchild is the child of a person's child.
It can also be used based on gender.
Grandchild is correct for either gender.
Grandson is male.
Granddaughter is female.
Grandparents and grandchildren
For example: Bob has a son named Rick.
Rick, in turn, has 2 children; a boy (Bill) and a girl (Mary).
Bob is the grandfather (male grandparent) of both Bill and Mary.
Bill is the grandson (male grandchild) of Bob, and Mary is the granddaughter (female grandchild) of Bob.
Rick's mother would be the grandmother (female grandparent) of both Mary and Bill.
There are a number of nicknames for a person's grandparents.
These include 'grandpa', 'grandpapa', 'papa' and 'pawpa' for a grandfather.
Nicknames for grandmothers include 'grandma', 'grammy', 'granny', and 'nanna'.
There are also many unique nicknames.
An example is American actress Goldie Hawn who did not want to be called 'grandma', instead came up with the nickname 'Glamma.'
Traditionally, grandparents were highly respected in most cultures.
Today many grandparent-grandchild relationships are declining.
Much of the modern world does not value older people the way societies did in the past.
Also, popular entertainment, especially programs and movies aimed at 'tweens' (children 10 to 12 years old) portray adults as being foolish.
This makes the involvement of grandparents more important than ever.
Great-grandparents
A person's great-grandparent's parents would be that person's "great-great-grandparents".
Commonly the prefix great- is added, one for each additional generation.
To avoid having to add several "greats" when discussing a direct ancestors, ordinals are commonly used instead.
For example, a "great-great-grandfather" would be a "second great-grandfather".
A "great-great-great-grandfather" would be a third great-grandfather, and so on.
Some sources also use cardinal numbers for numbering greats.
For example, a great-great-great-great-great-great-grandmother becomes "six times great grandmother".
However, sixth great-grandmother would be most commonly used.
Not counting the individual person in the relationship, a parent is the first generation of the person's ancestors.
A grandparent is the second generation (from the individual).
A great-grandparent would be the third generation and so a great-great grandparent would be in the fourth generation of ancestors, and so on.
Another way of putting it is a person's second great-grandparent is a grandparent's grandparent.
In the past, many great-grandparents died long before their great-grandchildren were born.
Today, people in many societies are living longer.
This means many children get to know at least one of their great-grandparents.
Nuclear family vs close kin
The word 'family' is often used to mean the same as the term Nuclear family.
Strictly speaking, a nuclear family is made up of a husband, a wife, and their children.
It may also be used to include a stepparent, stepchildren or adopted children.
However, the latter family unit is more commonly called a blended family.
Close kin however extends the family unit.
For example, second cousins are all descendants of one or both great-grandparents.
Family units extending to second cousins are considered close kin.
So the term includes great-grandparents as well.
Third cousins (all those descended from second great-grandparents) are not considered close kin, but just family.
Distant grandparents and pedigree collapse
A person's ancestor tree is a binary tree.
It is formed by the person, the parents (2), the grandparents (4), great-grandparents (8), and so on.
With each increasing generation of great-grandparents the number doubles.
In other words, a person's sixth great grandparents (great-great-great-great-great-great-grandparents) would number 256 or  (2 to the 8th power).
However, the number of individuals in such a tree grows exponentially and will eventually become impossibly high.
For example, a single individual alive today would, over 30 generations going back to the High Middle Ages, have about  generations or just over a billion ancestors.
That would be far more than the total world population at the time.
This paradox or impossible situation, is explained by having shared ancestors, which is called pedigree collapse.
Instead of every person today having a family tree of all unique ancestors, many of these ancestors occupy more than one position in the pedigree.
In other words, one's 15th great-grandfather may have been their 15th great-grandfather more than once if the person today is descended from children of both or all of his marriages.
So in a typical family tree, the same ancestor may pop up in more than one place in the pedigree.
Pedigree collapse is generally caused by close relatives marrying in the past, which was common in many societies.
Even today, because most people do not know their ancestry beyond their grandparents, they are inadvertently marrying their own distant cousins.
On average, a typical European marriage today is between sixth cousins (those descended from a common sixth great-grandparent).
In closed societies the relationship is usually much closer.
Thirty Years' War goes on in Europe.
September 8, 1636 – Thanks to a vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Harvard College is the first college in the Americas.
King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway (1588–1648).
King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (1625–1649).
Hong Taiji, Emperor of the Qing.
King Louis XIII of France (1610–1643).
Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of France (1624–1642).
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1620–1637).
Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel and Gelderland (1625–1647).
Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644).
King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1611–1632)
Leptons are elementary particles with spin 1/2 (a fermion) that are not affected by strong nuclear force.
They are a family of particles that are different from the other known family of fermions, the quarks.
Electrons are a well-known example that are found in ordinary matter.
There are six leptons: the electron, muon, and tau particles and their associated neutrinos.
The different varieties of the elementary particles are commonly called "flavors", and the neutrinos here are considered to have distinctly different flavor.
Of the six leptons, three have electric charge and three do not.
The best known charged lepton is the electron (e).
The other two charged leptons are the muon (µ) and the tau (τ), which are like electrons but much bigger.
The charged leptons are all negative particles, their antiparticles are positively charged (for example, the antiparticle of the electron, e-, is a positron, e+).
Permanent Dutch settlement of New York Bay and the Hudson River.
Permanent English settlements in Massachusetts and Virginia.
Jersey is an island in the English Channel off the northwest coast of France.
It is a crown dependency of the British monarchy.
Jersey is called a bailiwick because the person who is the head of law for the island is called the Bailiff.
The Bailiwick of Jersey also includes the islands of the Minquiers and Ecréhous, where nobody lives.
The other islands of the Channel Islands belong to the Bailiwick of Guernsey.
The country code (also used for internet) is JE.
Over 106 000 people live on the main island.
Thirty per cent of them live in its only town, Saint Helier.
Jersey is not a part of the United Kingdom or of the European Union, but the Queen of the UK is the Queen of Jersey as well.
It has its own parliament called the States of Jersey which passes laws for the island.
The Chief Minister of Jersey is in charge of the government.
His name is John Le Fondré.
Jersey is divided into 12 parishes which elect their own politicians and have control over some roads and the Honorary (volunteer) police.
People lived in Jersey before the sea rose and made it an island.
There are many pre-historic (very old) buildings in Jersey, like La Hougue Bie.
The island was part of Normandy, and in 1066, Normandy became part of England.
In 1259, the King of England lost Normandy but kept Jersey and Guernsey.
During World War 2, Jersey was controlled by the Nazis.
It was freed on 9 May 1945, which is called Liberation Day and is the national day of Jersey.
Jersey is an island.
It is in the English Channel, a sea in between France and England.
It is 22 kilometres (14 miles) from France and 160 kilometres (100 miles) from England.
It is the biggest of the Channel Islands, a group of islands.
The other big Channel Island is called Guernsey.
The island can have a hot weather in summer and normally has mild weather in winter but sometimes is as cold as -10.3 degrees Celcius.
It is sunnier than England, but it rains more as well.
Jersey's culture is a mixture of French and British culture.
The people speak English, but the old language is called Jèrriais, which is like French.
Because Jersey is an island, fish is a popular food in the island.
There is a fish market in the middle of St Helier which sells fresh fish.
Jersey is famous for its milk (from Jersey Cows) and its potatoes (called Jersey Royals).
Jersey's newspaper is called the Jersey Evening Post which has been printed since 1890.
There is a musical festival every year called the Weekender which happens in Trinity.
The Jersey Eisteddfod is a big art, music, drama, language and dance compeition that happens every year.
Many islanders take part and are given certificates.
Jersey takes part in the Commonwealth Games and the Island Games (which happened in Jersey in 1997 and 2015).
Jersey does not have famous sports teams, so islanders who can play sports really well often play for England or other countries in the UK.
Jersey has a lot of finance companies who manage people's money.
Some call it a tax haven because it has low taxes and many people that use its businesses to pay lower taxes.
Saint Helier is the capital and main town of Jersey.
There are many shops, offices, parks and important buildings.
Saint Saviour is on the east of Saint Helier.
There are lots of houses and many people who live here work in Saint Helier.
Saint Clement is in the south east of the island.
It is the smallest parish in area.
Grouville is next to Saint Clement.
It has a large golf course.
Saint Martin is north of Grouville.
It has a large castle in the village of Gorey called Mont Orgeuil Castle.
Trinity has lots of farms.
Jersey's zoo is in Trinity.
Saint Ouen is the biggest parish in area.
It has Saint Ouen's Bay, a large beach which is good for surfing.
Saint Brelade has a lovely beach called St Brelade's Bay and a lighthouse called Corbiere Lighthouse.
About Jersey (Visitors' guide)
Les Pâraîsses d'Jèrri en Jèrriais  (map of parishes, coat-of-arms, and history)
States of Jersey (Jersey government's website)
BBC Jersey
Jersey History
This is Jersey (Local Portal)
Jersey Insight (Local Portal)
Map of Jersey
The Democratic Republic of East Timor or Timor Leste is a country in Southeast Asia.
It is on the eastern side of the island of Timor.
It also includes the smaller islands of Atauro and Jaco Island, and a small area, named Oecusse, inside the west side of Timor.
Oecusse is an exclave, which means it is separated from the main part of the country by part of another country.
That other country is Indonesia.
The capital and largest city, Dili, is home to one hundred and fifty thousand people.
The next largest city is Baucau. (
see List of settlements in East Timor).
East Timor gets its name from the Malay word for "east", timur.
For a long time, Portugal controlled the East Timor and called it the Colony of Portuguese Timor.
In 1975, the Portuguese army left, and East Timor was invaded (taken over) by the Indonesian army in 1975.
The invasion was very violent.
The army stayed there until 1999, when they gave up control of the territory with the help of the United Nations.
At the time, the United States government said it did not know Indonesia was going to invade East Timor.
But secret documents, released from 2002 to 2005, show that Henry Kissinger, the Secretary of State of the United States, did know, and supported the invasion.
When it got its independence on 20 May 2002, it became the first country to become independent in the twenty-first century (since the year 2001).
In 2006, when Montenegro became independent, East Timor was no longer the newest one.
Since then, East Timor has not been given much attention in the news.
Recently, the Colombian music artist Shakira made a song named "Timor", which talks about the country.
The attention is because there has been fighting in East Timor between gangs (groups of criminals with guns), security forces (the country's army).
Australia, a large nearby country, sent troops in to make peace.
There were some migrants from Austronesia searching for a new life on this island.
Some of the people arrived from South China and North Indochina looking for trade because East Timor had resources which could be exported, like sandalwood, honey, slaves and wax.
During the Second World War, the Japanese occupied the region, encountered strong resistance to their attempts to force the population to grow foods for their troops and export.
At the time 30% of the population died.
On 25 April  1974, the Portuguese Armed Forces headed by General António de Spínola organized a Military Coup against Salazar’s regime called the Revolution of Carnations.
After this revolution, Portugal decided to give freedom to the colonized countries.
East Timor is the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands.
To the north of the island are the Ombai Strait, Wetar Strait, and the greater Banda Sea.
To the south the Timor Sea separates the island from Australia.
The country has many mountains.
Its highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at .
The climate is tropical and generally hot and humid.
The Nino Konis Santana National Park is on the eastern tip of the island.
The park includes coral reefs, coastal area, and mountains.
East Timor is divided into 13 municipalites.
These were formerly named districts.
The municipalities are divided into administrative posts (former subdistricts), and further subdivided into sucos.
The 13 municipalities are:
Aileu
Lautém
Liquiçá
Manatuto
Manufahi
Asia Times article on the Timor Gap dispute
ETAN Links – Extensive links on East Timor
Governo Timor Leste – Official governmental site
Bairo Pite Clinic website – Information on Health in East Timor
Health Alliance International website  – More information on health projects in East Timor by HAI
Jornal Nacional – Semanário
Links to Timor Leste government sites
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation
Suara Timor Lorosae – local newspaper in Tetum and Indonesian
Tourism Timor-Leste – Tourism Guide to travel to Timor-Lest
Country music (sometimes called Country & Western) is a form of music that has been enjoyed by people all over the United States for decades.
Famous singers from this genre include Johnny Cash, Patsy Cline, the Judds, Dolly Parton, Glen Campbell, George Jones and Tammy Wynette, George Strait, Kenny Rogers, Loretta Lynn, Randy Travis, Tanya Tucker, Willie Nelson, Reba McEntire, Garth Brooks, Toby Keith and Hank 3
Country music's strongest appeal is with American rural and small-town populations, but many American cities have a large audience.
The music also has listeners in Canada, in England, and worldwide.
The popularity of Country comes and goes with each decade.
Sometimes a new movie (like Midnight Cowboy or Urban Cowboy), hit record (like "She Believes In Me" by Kenny Rogers), or new performer (like Randy Travis in the 1980s) raises new interest.
Country music has its roots and beginnings in folk music.
The old cowboy and pioneer songs of the American frontier were popular in the early twentieth century, and so were arrangements of pop music songs by rural (or rural-sounding) performers.
Country musicians also adapted new musical instruments, like the Hawaiian steel guitar.
Modern-day Country music started in the years after World War II.
The Sons of the Pioneers and The Carter Family performed old and new songs, in a way that reminded people of singalongs and jamborees of the past.
Hank Williams is often called the first songwriter of country music.
His songs were easy to learn and remember, and their lyrics said things felt by many people.
His music is still performed today.
Some of the early rock and roll musicians, like Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Elvis Presley, began their career as country performers.
Nashville, Tennessee became the center of Country music, much like New Orleans became the center of Jazz.
The Grand Ole Opry broadcast performances by The Carter Family and others, and became an important breaking ground in Country music.
A television series, Hee-Haw, was a long-running showcase for Country performers, and was hosted by musicians Buck Owens and Roy Clark.
When cable television became popular in the United States, The Nashville Network (TNN) and Country Music Television (CMT) brought Country music videos and related programming to nationwide audiences. (
In later years, as interests changed, TNN changed its programming.
It also changed names, first to "The National Network", then to Spike TV, which is its name today.)
Country music began in the Southern United States at 1920.
And Bob Wills had developed the Western Swing.
Country comedy
Country-styled comedy is also popular, with writers and performers like Jeff Foxworthy, Bill Engvall, Larry the Cable Guy, and others.
Many comedians have appeared with Country acts, including Andy Griffith, Ray Stevens, and George Lindsey.
Lindsey, Lulu Roman and Junior Samples were cast members of Hee-Haw, and so were Grandpa Jones and Minnie Pearl.
Homer and Jethro and Pinkard & Bowden were duos of musicians who made parodies of Country and pop songs.
The Beverly Hillbillies, a CBS television series, included music by Flatt and Scruggs.
Members of the cast appeared in character at Country concerts, and on other television shows, to entertain audiences.
Roughstock - country music resource; also has a history of the genre
CMT (Country Music Television)
The Country Music Association (America)
Country Weekly magazine
Grand Ole Opry website
Countryfied Soul
Thomas Neale designed Seven Dials
The Salem Witchcraft Trials are held in Massachusetts Bay Colony (1692).
Dutch explorer Arnout Vielle discovers the first trade route down the Ohio Valley, New York Colony financed and profitable (1692).
King Christian V of Denmark (1670–1699).
Queen  Mary II of England and Scotland (1689–1694).
King  William III of England and Scotland (1689–1702).
Tsar Ivan V of Russia (1682–1696).
King Charles II of Spain (1665–1700).
King Charles XI of Sweden (1660–1697).
Daibhidh O Duibhghennain, d. 1696
Tootsie is a 1982 American romantic comedy-drama movie from Columbia Pictures.
It stars Dustin Hoffman as a struggling actor, who dresses as a woman and soon has a role in a soap opera.
The theme song to the movie, "It Might Be You", was a Top 40 hit in the U.S., and also hit #1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart.
Stephen Bishop sang the song and the music was by Dave Grusin / Marilyn and Alan Bergman.
Dustin Hoffman as Michael Dorsey / Dorothy Michaels
Jessica Lange as Julie Nichols
Teri Garr as Sandy Lester
Dabney Coleman as Ron Carlisle
Charles Durning as Leslie "Les" Nichols
Bill Murray as Jeff Slater
Sydney Pollack as George Fields
George Gaynes as John Van Horn
Geena Davis as April Page
Doris Belack as Rita Marshall
Lynne Thigpen as Jo
Estelle Getty as Middle Aged Woman
Michael M. Ryan as Elderly Aged Man
The movie was nominated for ten Academy Awards.
Lange was the only winner, for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.
Best Picture: Sydney Pollack and Dick Richards
Best Actor in a Leading Role: Dustin Hoffman
Best Actress in a Supporting Role: Teri Garr
Best Director: Sydney Pollack
Best Original Screenplay: Larry Gelbart, Murray Schisgal and Don McGuire
Best Original Song ("It Might Be You"): Dave Grusin (music), Alan Bergman (lyrics) and Marilyn Bergman (lyrics)
Best Sound: Arthur Piantadosi, Les Fresholtz, Dick Alexander and Les Lazarowitz
Best Cinematography: Owen Roizman
Best Film Editing: Fredric Steinkamp and William Steinkamp
1982 comedy-drama movies
1980s romantic comedy movies
1980s romantic drama movies
Movies directed by Sydney Pollack
Lynyrd Skynyrd is an American southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida.
Their name comes from one of their school teachers who was named Leonard Skinner.
They wrote songs including: "Sweet Home, Alabama", "Simple Man" and "Freebird."
The lead singer's name was Ronnie Van Zant.
After Ronnie died, his brother Johnny Van Zant became lead singer.
Plane crash
On October 20, 1977, the band was on tour flying to Baton Rouge, Louisiana for their next gig, when their 1977 Convair 240 plane ran out of fuel and crashed in a heavily wooded area.
Ronnie Van Zant, Steve Gaines, backup singer Cassie Gaines, assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick and the pilots were killed in the crash.
The rest of the band and crew were injured and temporarily split up.
They reunited in 1987 with Van Zant's younger brother Johnny as their new singer.
Peter Handke is known for his extremely critical (and perhaps even absurd) plays.
Perhaps his best-known play is called Publikumsbeschimpfung (translates roughly as insulting /offending the audience).
The play consists of actors insulting and offending the audience, and later congratulating them for the good performance.
The play has been labelled as  antitheater.
Peter Handke, Song of childhood
"A son's long good-bye", Svenska Dagbladet, Karl-Erik Tallmo, September 23, 1988
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
European translators
People from Carinthia (state)
International Direct Dialing (see also: List of country calling codes)
Iodine deficiency disorders.
This term is often in use when people talk of plans to stop it.
Insulin-dependent diabetes
Density is a measurement that compares the amount of matter an object has to its volume.
An object with much matter in a certain volume has high density.
An object with little matter in the same amount of volume has a low density.
where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume.
Changes of density
Increasing the pressure always increases the density of a material.
Increasing the temperature usually lowers the density, but there are exceptions.
For example, the density of water increases slightly between its melting point at 0 °C and 4 °C.
When water freezes, it expands by about 9% in volume, making ice that is less dense than liquid water.
Water expands as it drops below 4 °C.
Fresh water is often used as a standard of relative density.
This is called specific gravity.
The most common SI units for density are g/cm3 and kg/m3.
When the numerator is much larger than the denominator, that means the substance has a higher density.
When the denominator is much larger than the numerator, the substance has a lower density.
"Density" sometimes means the ratio between other properties instead of mass and volume.
Then it means how much of a property can be found in a specific piece of what they are looking at.
For example, population density is how many people live within the same amount of land area.
The population density in the city is higher than the country side because people live closer to each other in the city.
In computers, storage density is how much data can fit on a data storage device in relation to its physical size.
A Blu-ray disc has a higher storage density than a DVD which has a higher storage density than a CD, even though they all have almost exactly the same volume.
A gram, or gramme, is a unit of measure in the metric system.
It measures mass, or how much matter something is.
The symbol is g. One gram used to be defined as the mass of one cubic centimetre of pure water at 3.98 degrees Celsius.
Now one gram is defined as 1/1000 of a kilogram.
A milligram is 1/1000 of a gram.
Longitude is a way to say where a place is on the Earth.
It is measured starting from an imaginary north-south line called the Prime Meridian. (
A meridian is an imaginary line drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole.)
Longitude says how far east (positive numbers) or west (negative numbers) of the Prime Meridian any place is.
Longitude is measured using degrees, the same way an angle is.
The Prime Meridian is 0° (zero degrees), and the farthest away is +180° eastward and -180° westward.
Unlike latitude, which has the equator as a natural starting position, there is no natural starting position for longitude.
Other meridians have been used in the past, but most scientists now agree to use the Prime Meridian.
For centuries navigators at sea were seldom able to know their longitude.
The problem was solved by making better clocks (chronometers) in the early 19th century.
Unlike  latitude, longitude does not maintain a constant distance between degrees since meridians all come together at the poles and are far apart at the equator.
This means people near the North or South Pole can cross many degrees of longitude by travelling a short distance.
The time difference between longitudes is 4 minutes per degree.
The distance between degrees of longitude is maximum at the equator.
What are the lines latitude and longitude
Hilary Erhard Duff (often as Hilary Duff)  (Born: September 28, 1987) is an American actress and singer.
She got celebrity famous by being in the television program show' Lizzie McGuire she has gone onto a movie career, with roles in mainstream pictures.
Among the movies she plays in are Cheaper by the Dozen, The Perfect Man, A Cinderella Story, Raise Your Voice, Material Girls and independent movies such as War, Inc. and Greta.
Duff has also ventured into a music career as a pop musician, releasing 8 albums (for example Most Wanted, Dignity, Metamorphosis, Hilary Duff) and 15 music videos (for example Reach Out, With Love, Stranger, Wake Up, So Yesterday, Come Clean).
Lately she has also ventured into a fashion career as a designer for DKNY, with her new line Femme for DKNY.
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9;
colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Year
style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Film
style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Role
style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Notes
| Human Nature
| Young Lila Jute
| rowspan=3 | 2003
| Agent Cody Banks
| Natalie Connors
| The Lizzie McGuire Movie
| Lizzie McGuire/Isabella Parigi
| Cheaper by the Dozen
| Lorraine Baker
| rowspan=2 | 2004
| A Cinderella Story
| Samantha "Sam" Montgomery (Cinderella)
| Raise Your Voice
| Teresa "Terri" Fletcher
| rowspan=2 | 2005
| The Perfect Man
| Holly Hamilton
| Cheaper by the Dozen 2
|Material Girls
| Tanzania "Tanzie" Marchetta
| also Producer
|War, Inc.
| Yonica Babyyeah
| rowspan=3 | 2009
|What Goes Up
| Lucy
| Premiered at the 3rd Annual Buffalo Niagara Film Festival
| Greta
| also Executive Producer
| Stay Cool
| Shasta O'Neil
| Premiered at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival
|rowspan="2"| 2010
|Provinces of Night
|Raven Halfacre
| [Post-production]
|The Story of Bonnie and Clyde
| Bonnie Parker
|[Pre-production]
| unreleased
| Foodfight!| Sunshine Goodness
| (Voice only)
Santa Claus Lane (2002)
Metamorphosis (2003)
Hilary Duff (2004)
Dignity (2007)
Breathe Out. (
Disney Artist Karaoke Series: Hilary Duff (2005)
Most Wanted (2005)
4Ever (2006)
Best of Hilary Duff (2008)
Metamorphosis / Hilary Duff / Dignity (2009)
The Girl Can Rock (2004)
Live At Gibson Amphitheatre - August 15th, 2007'' (2009)
Official music site
1987 births
An oil platform is a large structure placed in the sea.
It is used to drill for oil or natural gas at the bottom of the sea.
The platform may be attached to the sea floor (stationary)or it might be movable(mobile).
In general, oil platforms are located on the continental shelf.
As of 2006, drilling for resources up to 8km away from the platform was possible.
A continental shelf is the part of the continent that is under water.
The shelf was part of the land during the ice ages in the glacial periods, but under water in the interglacial periods.
We are at present in an interglacial period.
Every continent is in the sea, like an island.
Most of the island is above the water line, and we see it as a continent.
Some of it though, is below the water line.
Beyond the continental shelf, the bottom goes down to much greater depths.
The continental shelf is a shallow ocean.
It varies in depth, up to 140 metres deep.
It varies greatly in its width.
At the leading edge of a moving continental plate there will be little or no shelf.
The western edge of the Americas are an example.
The shelf on a passive edge of a plate will be wide and shallow.
The widest shelf is the Siberian shelf in the Arctic Ocean: it is 1500 km (930 miles) in width.
Inland seas
There have been, at some periods, shallow seas inside continents.
These are called epicontinental seas.
Much of present-day North America was covered by an epicontinental sea called the Sundance Sea during the Jurassic period.
In the Cretaceous an even larger area was covered by the Western Interior Seaway.
Continental seas have the richest life of the oceans, more species and greater numbers than anywhere else.
This is because it has both sunlight and nutrients for photosynthesis.
This causes microscopic algae and cyanobacteria to bloom, and then animals eat the phytoplankton.
Most of the nutrients in the oceans are washed down from the continents by rivers.
In particular, the continents are almost the only source for some key elements such as iron.
The lack of nutrients away from continents explains why so much of the Pacific Ocean is almost barren of life, and why the shelves are so rich in life.
The shelf usually ends at a point of decreasing slope (called the shelf break).
The sea floor below the break is the continental slope.
The character of the shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break, where the continental slope begins.
With a few exceptions, the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly ; this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages, when sea level was lower than it is now.p43
The Mariana Trench is the deepest known submarine trench.
It is also the deepest known location on Earth itself.
It lies south and east of the Mariana Islands, and has a depth up to 10,971 m (7 miles).
The western end of the trench is near Guam.
The deepest part of the trench is known as the Challenger Deep.
It is named after the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS Challenger, whose expedition of 1872–76 made the first recordings of its depth.
A 2009 sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep from the Kilo Moana found a spot with a depth of  (6.82 miles).
The sonar system has an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth.
Water pressure is more than a thousand times as great as at the surface.
The Challenger Deep has been reached four times by submersibles, namely the manned bathyscaphe Trieste on 23 January 1960, the unmanned robotic deep-sea probes Kaiko (Japanese) in 1995 and Nereus (U.S.) in 2009, and by James Cameron in the Deepsea Challenger on 26 March, 2012.
Cameron was able to film a 3D movie of the bottom of the trench.
The HMS Challenger expedition found radiolaria in the two dredged samples taken when the Challenger Deep was first discovered.
On their 1960 descent, the crew of the Trieste noted that the floor consisted of diatomaceous ooze and reported observing "some type of flatfish, resembling a sole, about 1 foot long and 6 inches across" lying on the seabed.
The report has since been questioned, with suggestions that it may have been a sea cucumber.
The video camera on board the Kaiko probe spotted a sea cucumber, a scale worm and a shrimp at the bottom.
At the bottom of the Challenger deep, the Nereus probe spotted one polychaete worm about an inch long.
An analysis of the sediment samples collected by Kaiko found large numbers of simple organisms at .
Eighty-five percent of the specimens were organic, soft-shelled forams.
This is unusual compared to samples of sediment from other deep-sea environments, where the percentage of organic-walled foraminifera ranges from 5% to 20%.
As small organisms with hard, calcareous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because of the high solubility of calcium carbonate in the pressurized water, scientists theorize that the preponderance of soft-shelled organisms in the Challenger Deep may have resulted from survivors of the biosphere present when the Challenger Deep was shallower than it is now.
Tectonic plates
At the boundary, the western edge of the Pacific Plate is subducted beneath the small Mariana Plate.
Because the Pacific plate is the largest of all the tectonic plates on Earth, crustal material at its western edge has had up to 170 million years to compact and become very dense; hence its great height-difference relative to the higher-riding Mariana Plate, at the point where the Pacific Plate crust is subducted.
This deep area is the Mariana trench proper.
The movement of these plates is also responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands.
The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Islas de los Ladrones meaning "Islands of Thieves") are a group of islands made up by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the western Pacific Ocean.
They are the southern part of a seamount range that goes on for 1,565 miles (2,519 km) from Guam to near Japan.
The Marianas are the northernmost islands of a larger island group called Micronesia.
The Marianas have a total land area of 396 square miles (1026 km²) and are composed of two administrative units:
Guam is a US territory
the Northern Mariana Islands (including the islands of Saipan, Tinian and Rota) comprise a Commonwealth of the United States .
The first European to discover the island group was Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.
In 1667 Spain formally claimed them, and named them after Spanish queen consort and later regent Mariana of Austria.
Island insular areas of the United States
In computing, an image scanner is a device used to transfer images or text into a computer.
There are special models for scanning photo negatives, or to scan books.
In the computer, the signal from the scanner is transferred to a digital image.
This image can then be edited, printed, etc.
All scanners have special parts which are used to take a picture from an object.
Charge-coupled device or Contact Image Sensor parts take the light from the object and change it into a digital signal.
The digital signal is then transferred to the computer memory or is read in the scanner's processor.
With some software it can be changed to a compressed digital image, like JPEG or PNG.
Text printed or written by hand can be changed to ASCII code by an OCR program.
Desktop scanner (flatbed scanner).
This is probably the most popular type.
An object to be scanned (picture, image, text sheet) is put on the glass.
Under the glass, there is a moving Image Sensor.
Hand scanner.
The device is moved on the paper by hand.
It was popular during the 1990s.
Rotary scanner (drum scanner) used for fast scanning large numbers of sheets of paper.
Smartphone scanner scans a document by taking a photo with the smartphone's camera.
Lexmark
Mustek
Plustek
Scanning tips
More tips on scanning
HP scanning
Scanner (radio), for searching for and receiving radio broadcasts
Image scanner, which digitizes a two-dimensional image
3D scanner, which digitizes the three-dimensional shape of a real object
Neutron scanner, a scanner which utilizes neutrons to penetrate objects for analysis
Port scanner, in computer networking
Virus scanner (Antivirus)
Vulnerability scanner, a computer program that probes for weaknesses
Barcode reader, which reads the data encoded in a barcode
Lexical analyzer, a computer program
Stepper, a part of the photolithography process
A rotating radar antenna
An outside broadcasting control vehicle
An automotive electronic control unit diagnostic tool
An automated spotlight
A biometric scanner, an electronic device with a sensor to read patterns or images from faces, irises and finger pads to create a biological template or profile
WikiScanner, a tool that provides a searchable database of anonymous Wikipedia edits
Scanner (comics), a mutant appearing primarily in X-Men comics.
Scanner (band), a German speed metal band
Scanners (band), an alternative band from London
Scanner, the stage name of British electronic musician Robin Rimbaud
Scanner (Code Lyoko), a fictional teleportation device
Scanner (Half-Life), a floating enemy in the Half-Life video game series
Scanners Live in Vain, a science fiction short story by Cordwainer Smith
A Scanner Darkly, a science fiction novel by Philip K. Dick
Scanners, a 1981 science fiction horror film
In much science fiction, especially older science fiction, the term scanner is used to refer to what is usually now termed a computer monitor.
A personality type described by self-help author Barbara Sher
A brassière, commonly called a bra, is an undergarment for women.
Its main purpose is to support their breasts, but is sometimes also used for sexual attraction in the form of lingerie.
The bra is a nineteenth century invention which took off as a fashion garment in the 20th century.
Brassière measurement
Brassière measurement (also called bust size or bra size) refers to the size of bra a woman wears.
Bra sizes were first introduced in the 1910s.
The sizes vary from one manufacturer to another.
Bra size systems are often used to label off-shelf bras and not custom-made bras.
The term cup, in relation to bras, began being used in 1916 when two patents were issued.
Cup sizes are given in letters such as A, B, C, D, E, F and G the Further the letter is the bigger the bra needed so for example a C size bra is bigger then an A size bra.
Bra sizes in most countries have a number and a letter (for example, 34B).
The number comes from the measurement of the ribcage directly underneath the breasts.
The letter is a measure of how much larger the breasts are than the ribcage.
This is found by measuring the chest over the breasts (across the nipples) and subtracting the ribcage measurement from the breast measurement, then finding the matching letter of the alphabet.
For example, someone with a 3-inch difference between the breast measurement and the ribcage measurement would have a C-cup bra.
However, this does not always work, since different manufacturers have differently-sized bras.
Many women prefer to find a brand and size that works for them by trial and error.
Torture is when someone puts another person in pain as a punishment or in order to force them to do or say something.
This pain may be physical or psychological.
People who have been tortured often suffer from long term physical problems or mental health issues and the person may even die.
Reasons for torture
Reasons for torture can include punishment, revenge, political re-education, deterrence, and interrogation.
Victims or third parties may be forced to take actions against their will.
Torture may for the sadistic gratification of those watching the torture.
Torture for information
A common reason for torture is to get information from the victim, for example, to get confessions or the names of accomplices.
Information got by torture is unreliable, because people suffering tend to say whatever the questioner wants them to say.
Nevertheless, it was used for centuries by all kinds of societies.
It was authorised by the Christian Church during the  Inquisition from 1252 to 1816.
Almost all countries agree that torture is a violation of human rights and one of crimes against humanity.
On 10 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
Article 5 states, "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment".
Amnesty International is the leading non-governmental organisation against the use of torture.
It has regularly reported on which countries it thinks still use torture.
It says "Over the last five years, Amnesty has reported torture in at least three quarters of the world - 141 countries".
For births and deaths in the 1860s see :Category:1860s births and :Category:1860s deaths.
The Treaty of Ratisbon between France and England in 1684 ended the Age of Buccaneers.
1685: The Chinese army attacks a Russian post at Albazin.
Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
In this document, he introduces his laws of motion, and his theory of gravity.
The Glorious Revolution brings William and Mary to power in England.
King Christian V of Denmark (1670–1699)
King Charles II of England and Scotland (1660–1685)
King James II of England and Scotland (1685–1688)
Queen Mary II of England and Scotland (1689–1694)
King William III of England and Scotland (1689–1702)
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705)
King Peter II of Portugal (1667–1706)
Tsar Feodor III of Russia (1676–1682)
Tsar Ivan V of Russia (1682–1696)
Tsar Peter I of Russia (1682–1725)
King Charles II of Spain (1665–1700)
King Charles XI of Sweden (1660–1697)
Padshah Aurangazeb (Mughal Empire)
Bhonsle Dynasty of the Marathas
Shambhaji (1680–1689)
Rajaram Chhatrapati (1689–1700)
Cheaper by the Dozen refers to two movies based on the book of the same name by Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey:
Cheaper by the Dozen (1950 movie), the 1950 original, starring Clifton Webb
Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 movie), a 2003 remake starring Steve Martin, Ashton Kutcher and Hilary Duff
Dependency theory
In project management, a dependency is a link amongst a project's terminal elements.
In computer science, dependency is a state in which one object uses the functions of another object.
Dependency theory is an economic worldview.
A dependent area is a classification of territory.
A dependent territory.
Co-dependency is a state of behaviour.
A chemical dependency is such a strong need for a substance in order for an animal (usually a person) to function properly.
A former or current colony, such as those governed by the United Kingdom.
Iqaluit (Inuktitut: ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ) is the capital of and largest community in Nunavut Territory in Canada.
It is the most northerly capital in Canada, and is also Canada's fastest growing community.
The name  is Inuktitut word meaning "place of many fish".
It is built on the mouth of the Sylvia Grinnell River, on Frobisher Bay.
English explorer Martin Frobisher sailed into the bay in 1576 and thought he had discovered the Northwest Passage.