the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
People can buy a one way ticket or a Octopus card to enter MTR.
Octopus card is a contact-less smart card.
Octopus cards
The Octopus card is a rechargeable contactless smart card used in an electronic payment system in Hong Kong.
It was launched in September 1997 for use on both the MTR and the KCR and now is the most widely used electronic cash system for transactions in Hong Kong as many retailers are fitted with readers.
The Octopus card uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology so that users need only hold the card in front of the reader.
Physical contact is not required, and the card need not even be taken out because the reader can penetrate through material.
This fare collection system has been so popular that many cities such as Singapore, London, Chicago, and Taipei have adopted the idea, launching their own version of smart cards, respectively named EZ-link, Oyster card, and EasyCard.
Except for the Airport Express, MTR fares are slightly lower when using an Octopus card compared to using single journey tickets.
For example, the cost of the 3-minute journey from Admiralty to Tsim Sha Tsui across the Victoria Harbour is (as of 2005) HK$7.9 using the Octopus card, compared with HK$9.0 for a single-journey ticket.
Tourist pass
Other fares
The magnetic fare card system is used for single journey tickets.
These tickets are pre-paid for between pre-determined stations, and are good for only one trip.
Fares for the Airport Express are substantially different from main line fares.
Apart from single tickets, same-day return tickets (same price as a single), and one-month return tickets are also available.
A one-day pass can be used to unlimited travel to/from Hong Kong Disneyland within the same day, and costs HK$50.
This pass can be purchased from any MTR Customer Service Centres or Airport Express Customer Service Centres.
MTR rolling stock
Four variations of rolling stock operate on the MTR on 1.5kV DC overhead electrification.
All trains are electric multiple units (EMUs), with ATC and ATP, operating on 1432 mm rail gauge.
Except for the rolling stock of the Airport Express, all trains are designed with features to cope with high density passenger traffic on stopping services.
Examples are the latitudinal seating arrangement, additional ventilation fans and 5 doors on each side per car.
The Tung Chung Line and the Airport Express use dedicated rolling stock designs specified to their respective lines.
Initially run in 7-car formations, they have now been lengthened to eight cars.
These two variations are built jointly by Adtranz (now Bombardier Transportations) and Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles between 1994–97.
The other lines are operated using a mixture of the other two variations, known as the "M-Train" and the "K-Stock".
The "M-Stock" (or CM-Stock") of "M-Train" are the oldest trains on the MTR, built originally by Metro Cammell (now Alstom) and refurbished by United Goninan.
The "M-Train" is the only variation that uses sliding doors, as opposed to others which use plug-doors.
The "K-Stock" are built jointly by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and ROTEM, and a further order of 32 cars is due to be in service on the Tung Chung Line by 2007.
The Disneyland Resort Line uses driverless "M-Trains" with their appearance overhauled to suit the atmosphere and theme of the line.
Windows on each carriage and the handrails inside are made into the shape of Mickey Mouse's head, and there are bronze-made Disney characters decorating the interior of the carriages.
MTR Metro Cammell EMU (DC)
Kwun Tong Line
MTR Metro Cammell EMU )DC)
MTR CNR Changchun EMU
Tsueng Kwan O Line
MTR Rotem EMU
MTR Adtranz-CAF EMU
Tung Chung Line
East Rail Line
MTR Metro Cammell EMU (AC)
MTR SP1900 EMU
MTR SP1950 EMU
Light Rail
Art promotion
With the objective "not only bring MTR passengers more time for life, but also more time for art", the "Art in MTR" Initiative has been a success since its reception in 1998, where the Airport Express Artwork Programme was the pioneer project.
Thereafter, live performances, art exhibitions, display of artwork by established and emerging artists, students and young children have been brought into the MTR stations.
MTR Corporation Limited have even made art part of the station architecture when building new stations or renovating existing ones.
Artworks are exhibited in different forms on the network, including "arttube", open art gallery, community art galleries, roving art, living art, and art in station architecture.
By incorporating elements of art into the railway network, the travelling environment for the passengers is not only enhanced, but also makes their journeys even more pleasant and enjoyable.
Moreover, with MTR stations being an integral part of the neighbourhood, the programme also provides opportunities to promote Hong Kong's community art, encourage art appreciation among the public and give residents a feeling of home at the stations.
MTR Corporation Limited has suggested several future projects to the Hong Kong Government, with some already being built.
The network is also set to grow quite much when MTR Corporation Limited joins with the government-owned Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC), with the non-binding "Memorandum of Understanding" agreement signed on 11 April 2006 to give MTR Corporation control of the KCR network for 50 years.
The new Sha Tin to Central Link that was first given to KCRC would now also be run by MTR Corporation Limited, which will run from Tai Wai Station in Tai Wai to Central.
It has also been suggested to improve parts of MTR that are running now.
Airport Station on the Airport Express will have a new platform to serve passengers flying out of Hong Kong International Airport's Skyplaza.
New subway links to the stations are also being made, and it has been proposed to lengthen the Tseung Kwan O Line with a branch line to Tseung Kwan O South, and the Kwun Tong Line as far as Whampoa Garden, also linking with the Sha Tin to Central Link expansion.
The West Island Line and South Island Line, first suggested to the government by MTR on 21 January 2003, was finally accepted on 30 June 2005.
It was made up of the West Island Line that took the Island Line to Kennedy Town, and the South Island Line (East section) from Admiralty to Ap Lei Chau and South Island Line (West section) that connects the other two lines.
This is being talked about now and the whole longer line should be finished and running by 2012.
MTR service
Map of the Hong Kong MTR
Journey time and Fare Information
Information on Octopus Cards
Video of the effect of SARS on the Hong Kong MTR (Subway System)—Video of the effect of SARS on the Hong Kong MTR (Subway System)
The ribcage is a part of the skeleton of humans and some animals.
It is made up of curved bones called ribs.
The rib cage is found in the chest area.
It protects a person's internal organs from damage.
Most humans have 12 pairs of rib bones with one from each pair on each side of the chest.
Some people may have 11 or 13 pairs of rib bones.
The bones are also filled with bone marrow.
The bones that are connected to the sternum directly are called true ribs, and the bones that are connected to the sternum indirectly, through the seventh bone, are called false ribs (eighth, ninth, and tenth bones), and the bones which are not connected to the sternum, and is connected to the back bone, are called floating ribs.
If these floating ribs were connected to the sternum, we could not breathe properly, as the chest needs space to expand and decrease.
The rib cage is also called the thoracic cavity.
Entrepreneur, in the sense of one who founds (starts) a company
Laminitis, a horse illness in which "foundering" is a common symptom
Founder Group, China's second-largest personal computer vendor
Founder effect, a biological idea used to explain genetics in a small isolated population
Founding Fathers, often called the "Founders", people who are important in starting an institution
Founding Fathers of the United States, the political leaders who participated in the American Revolution as leaders of the Patriots
Founders, a race of beings in the fictional Star Trek universe
An interview is a conversation where somebody is trying to get information from another person.
The person asking questions is the interviewer and the person answering questions is the interviewee.
In companies, interviews are generally conducted to test the interviewee, check their knowledge, examine their skills, behavior and attitude, and many other aspects that are required to fulfill organizational needs.
Employers interview people trying to get a job to find out if they are a good person for the job.
Researchers use an interview to ask people to find how they feel or what they know about something.
Since the middle 19th century, interviews have often been used in journalism to get information for stories on news shows or in newspapers.
Police interview witnesses to a crime to find out what happened.
Military intelligence agents interview prisoners to learn about enemy plans and capabilities.
These interviews are often called interrogation.
Athelstan or  Æthelstan, (893/4–27 October 939), called the Glorious, was the first King of England.
He reigned from 924 to 939.
He was the son of King Edward the Elder.
Athelstan's reign is sometimes overlooked but it was of great importance to political developments in the 10th century.
Athelstan was the son of Edward the Elder, and grandson of Alfred the Great.
His father succeeded, after some difficulty, to the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons formed by Alfred.
His father had also been the King of Mercia.
When Edward died Athelstan quickly became King of Mercia but he was not immediately accepted as King of England.
His brother, Ælfweard, had more support in England but died soon after Edward.
This made it easier for Athelstan to become king.
For Athelstan it was very important to have many allies.
A year after his crowning he married one of his sisters to the Viking King of Northumbria, Sithric.
However, Sithric died only a year later, and Athelstan seized Northumbria.
This move made him king of more land than any other before him, roughly the same as modern England.
Historical records indicate that the other rulers in Great Britain accepted him as king at Bamburgh around this time.
890s births
939 deaths
Firefly is an American science fiction television series.
It first aired in the United States and Canada on September 20, 2002.
It is set in the future, but also has many things about it which would be expected in a story of the American Old West.
This combination of past and future gives a unique science fiction setting for the story.
It was created by writer and director Joss Whedon, creator of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel.
He created it with his production company, Mutant Enemy.
Whedon was the executive producer, along with Tim Minear.
Firefly was first broadcast on the FOX network.
It was cancelled after only eleven of the fourteen episodes were shown.
Even though the show did not last long, it sold very well when it was released onto DVD and had great fan support.
Because of this, Whedon and Universal Pictures made a movie based on the series, titled Serenity.
The movie was named after the fictional spaceship in the show.
It won an Emmy in 2003 for "Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series".
The series is set in 2517 AD.
It follows the adventures of the crew of Serenity, a Firefly-class spaceship.
The cast play the nine characters who live on Serenity.
Whedon described the show as "nine people looking into the blackness of space and seeing nine different things".
The show looks at the changing lives of people who fought on the losing side of a civil war.
It also shows the pioneer culture that is on the edges of their star system.
It is a future where the only two superpowers, the United States and China, joined to create a single government.
This government was called the Alliance.
This also caused the two cultures to blend into each other.
Whedon said that nothing has changed in the future.
There are more people with better technology, but they still have the same problems politically, morally and ethically.
Whedon came up with the idea for the show after reading The Killer Angels, a novel about the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War.
He wanted to follow people who had fought on the losing side of a war.
He wanted to look at their lives after the war on the edges of civilization.
It was meant to be the kind of drama with a lot of people trying to figure out their lives in a pioneer environment.
Whedon wanted to have a show that was about when life was physical and things did not come easy to people.
Whedon was also very interested in science fiction and wanted to make something for television that was character-driven and dirty.
For the name of the show, Joss Whedon wanted something that had strength and movement.
He felt that the word "firefly" had both.
The fact that it was also something small with a powerful name made him like it more.
From there, he created the ship in the image of a firefly.
While making the first episode, Whedon was arguing with FOX that the show should be shown in widescreen format.
Because of this, he filmed scenes with actors on the edge of both sides so that they would have to show it that way.
However, the pilot was turned down by the FOX executives.
They thought that it did not have enough action.
They also did not like the captain.
FOX told Whedon on a Friday afternoon that he had to make a new script by Monday morning or they would not do it.
Whedon and Tim Minear spent the weekend writing a new episode, "The Train Job".
In this new episode, the captain was more "happy" and they added "larger than life" characters.
These characters were the henchman "Crow", and the "hands of blue" men, that also introduced a X-Files-type ending.
Set design
Production designer Carey Meyer built the ship Serenity in two parts.
It was built as a complete set.
It had ceilings and working lights built in as part of the set that the cameras could use.
It also had movable parts.
This helped with moving the camera around inside the set.
There were other good things about this set design.
One was that it let the people watching feel that they were really in a ship.
For Whedon, the design of the ship was very important.
It defined the known space for the viewer.
He wanted to show that it was simple and that it was "beat-up but lived-in and ultimately, it was home".
Each room had a feel to it, usually shown by the paint color.
Their small budget was a reason to use the ship for much of telling the story.
When the characters did go off of the ship, the worlds all had Earth atmosphere and colors.
They could not afford to build alien worlds.
The theme song, "The Ballad of Serenity", was written by Joss Whedon and performed by Sonny Rhodes.
Whedon wrote the song before the series was approved by Fox.
An early recording done by Whedon can be found on the DVD release.
The soundtrack to the series was released on CD on November 8, 2005 by Varèse Sarabande.
The musical score matches the blending of cultures in the show.
Cowboy guitar blended with an Asian feel was the musical background for the series.
Greg Edmonson wrote the music for the series.
He said that he wrote for the emotion of the moment.
In casting his nine-member crew, Whedon looked first at the actor and how they got along with others.
All nine cast members were chosen before filming began.
However, while filming the original pilot "Serenity", Whedon saw that the actress cast as Inara Serra (Rebecca Gayheart) was not right for the role.
Morena Baccarin auditioned for the role and two days later was on the set in her first television show.
Whedon asked Nathan Fillion to play the lead role of Malcolm Reynolds.
After telling him the idea for the show and showing him the pilot, Fillion wanted the role.
Fillion was called back several times to read for the part before he was cast.
Alan Tudyk auditioned and was told to come back in to test with the possible Zoes (the character's wife).
It was down to him and one other person.
The Zoes did not work out and Tudyk was sent home.
He got a call telling him he had the part anyway.
Veteran science fiction-fantasy actress Gina Torres (The Matrix Reloaded, Xena: Warrior Princess) did not at first want to do another science fiction show, but "was won over by the quality of the source material."
As she recalled, "So you had these challenged characters inhabiting a challenging world and that makes for great storytelling.
AND NO ALIENS!"
Adam Baldwin grew up watching westerns.
The character of Jayne Cobb was a role that was perfect for him.
Canadian actress Jewel Staite has been an actress since age nine.
She videotaped her audition from Vancouver.
she was asked to come to Los Angeles to meet Whedon, where she was cast for the role of Kaylee Frye, the ship's engineer.
Sean Maher remembers reading for the part and liking the character of Simon Tam.
He said it was Whedon's personality and vision that "sealed the deal" for him.
For the role of Simon's sister, Whedon called in Summer Glau for an audition and test the same day.
Glau had first worked for Whedon on an episode of Angel.
Two weeks later Whedon called her to tell her she had the part.
This was Glau's first speaking role.
The veteran television actor Ron Glass (Barney Miller, All in the Family), has said that until Firefly, he had not thought about a science-fiction western role but he fell in love with the pilot script and the character of Shepherd Book.
Back story
The series takes place in the year 2517, on several planets and moons.
The television series does not say if these are in one star system.
The movie Serenity makes clear that all the planets and moons are in one large system.
The characters refer to "Earth-that-was" and in the movie, it is said that long before the events in the series a large population had left from Earth to a new star system: "Earth that was could no longer sustain our numbers, we were so many."
The people settled in this new star system, with "dozens of planets and hundreds of moons."
Many of these were terraformed, a process in which a planet or moon is altered to resemble the Earth.
The terraforming process was only the first step in making a planet livable.
Only the most central planets got more treatment.
This caused many of the border planets and moons to have environments that fit the Western setting.
The show takes its name from the Firefly-class spaceship Serenity that the main characters call home.
Its tail section lights up during acceleration, looking like the glowing part of a firefly.
The Alliance is shown to control the star system through an organization of "core" planets.
DVD commentary suggests that two main "core" planets make up the Alliance.
One is mostly Occidental in culture, the other is Asian.
This explains the series' mixed linguistic and visual themes.
The central planets are under Alliance control, but the outer planets and moons resemble the 19th century American West, with little government control.
Settlers people on the outer worlds have relative freedom from the central government.
The outer areas also have Reavers, a cannibalistic race.
The captain of the crew of Serenity is Malcolm "Mal" Reynolds (Nathan Fillion).
The episode "Serenity" shows that the captain and his first mate Zoe Washburne (Gina Torres) are veteran "Browncoats" of the civil war.
A later episode, titled "Out of Gas", shows that Mal bought the spaceship Serenity to continue living beyond Alliance control.
Much of the crew's work is made up of cargo runs or smuggling.
One of the main story arcs is that of River Tam (Summer Glau) and her brother Simon (Sean Maher).
River was a child prodigy.
Her brain was experimented on.
She seems to have schizophrenia and often hears voices.
It is later found out that she is a "reader", someone with psychic abilities.
Simon gave up a very good career as a surgeon to save her from the Alliance.
They join the crew in the original "Serenity".
Because of this rescue, they are both wanted criminals.
Signature show elements
Firefly takes place in a multi-cultural future.
Because of this, Mandarin Chinese is a common second language.
It is used in advertisements, and characters in the show often use Chinese words and curses.
The show also has slang not used in today's culture.
There are changes to modern words, or new words ("shiny" is a synonym of "cool").
The Japanese katakana and an Old West dialect are also used.
One of the problems that Whedon had with FOX was the tone of the show, especially with the main character Malcolm Reynolds.
FOX wanted Whedon to make his character more "jolly".
They felt he was too dark in the original pilot.
Firefly had an ensemble cast that played the nine crew members of the ship, Serenity.
These characters fight criminals, Alliance security forces, the insane Reavers, and the mysterious men with "hands of blue" - who seem to work for a secret agency which is part of the huge corporation, The Blue Sun Corporation.
The crew needs to get enough income to keep their ship working.
While doing this, they must stay hidden from people looking for them.
Malcolm "Mal" Reynolds, played by Nathan Fillion, is Serenity's captain and former sergeant in the Battle of Serenity Valley during the war.
Zoe Alleyne Washburne, played by Gina Torres, is second-in-command of Serenity.
She is a loyal wartime friend of Captain Reynolds, and wife of Wash.
Hoban "Wash" Washburne, played by Alan Tudyk, is Serenity's pilot and Zoe's husband.
He is jealous about his wife's "war buddy" relationship and total support of their captain.
Inara Serra, played by Morena Baccarin, is a "Companion".
A companion is the 26th century version of a courtesan or geisha.
Inara has high social position.
She and Mal have a hard relationship, with romantic tension playing a big part in several episodes.
Jayne Cobb, played by Adam Baldwin, is the hired muscle.
He joined the crew for mercenary reasons.
He is often the "main gun" for jobs and is someone that can be counted on in a fight.
He thinks he is the smartest guy in space but he is just the opposite.
As Whedon says several times, he is the person that will ask the questions that no one else wants to talk about.
Kaywinnit Lee "Kaylee" Frye, played by Jewel Staite, is the ship's mechanic.
In the episode "Out of Gas", it is shown that she has no formal training.
She keeps Serenity running with an intuitive gift for the workings of mechanical equipment.
A very happy young woman, Kaylee has a romantic crush on Dr. Simon Tam.
Kaylee's character is the soul of the ship: according to Joss Whedon, if Kaylee believes something, it is true.
Dr. Simon Tam, played by Sean Maher, is a very good doctor.
He is on the run after getting his sister River out of a government facility.
His lack of social skill in a relationship with Kaylee is shown many times in the series.
His life is defined by caring for his sister.
River Tam, played by Summer Glau, was smuggled onto the ship by her brother.
River was a child prodigy of unmatched genius.
She was experimented on by Alliance doctors.
This made her delusional.
It also caused her to act very strangely.
Her trying to figure out what became of her is a theme shown throughout the series and the movie.
Derrial Book, played by Ron Glass, is a "Shepherd" (much like of a reverend, minister or pastor).
In the episode "Safe", it is shown that he has very high status in the Alliance but it is never said why.
Throughout the series, he shows an unusual knowledge about firearms and criminal activities.
FireflyFans.net - Primary Firefly Fansite
Firefly and Serenity at Wikia
Firefly and Serenity  on Whedonesque.com
Firefly Timeline
Done the Impossible - A documentary about Browncoats and their drive to bring back Firefly.
Worlds of Serenity  - A hard SF author examines the plausibility of the 'Verse.
2002 American television series endings
Canute (or Cnut the Great)  (ca.
995–12 November 1035) was a Viking King of England, Denmark, Norway, part of Sweden and governor or overlord of Schleswig and Pomerania.
Danish influence in the North Sea region was never greater than in his time.
He had treaties with the Holy Roman Emperors, Henry II and Conrad II and good relations with the popes of his time.
Canute was the only man to be King of England, Denmark and Norway.
He also ruled part of Sweden.
Conquest of England
In the summer of 1015, Canute's fleet set sail for England with a Danish army of perhaps 10,000 in 200 longships.
The invasion force was to be in often close and grisly warfare with the English for the next fourteen months.
Practically all of the battles were fought against Aethelred's son, Edmund Ironside.
Canute, a Christian, had two wives.
His first wife, or perhaps concubine, was called Ælfgifu.
She was a handfast wife, meaning the marriage was made by joining hands, not by a church ceremony.
This was legal at that time.
She became his northern queen.
His second wife was Emma of Normandy, who was also called Ælfgifu in Old English.
Their wedding was a Christian wedding.
She was kept in the south, with an estate in Exeter.
Both wives bore sons who became kings of England.
Canute kept the Church sweet with many gifts.
1 – Ælfgifu of Northampton
Sweyn Knutsson, King of Norway
Harold Harefoot, King of England
2 – Emma of Normandy
Harthacanute, King of Denmark and England
Gunhilda of Denmark, wed Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor.
Canute and the waves
There is a story that Canute sat on his throne ordering the sea to turn back.
We do not know whether this really happened.
It seems to come from Henry of Huntington (c. 1088 – c. 1154).
He relates it as follows:
"When King Cnute had reigned for twenty years, he departed this life at Shaftesbury and was buried at Winchester in the Old Minster.
A few words must be devoted to the power of this king.
Before him there had never been in England a king of such great authority.
He was lord of all Denmark, of all England, of all Norway, and also of Scotland.
In addition to the many wars in which he was most particularly illustrious, he performed three fine and magnificent deeds....The third, that when he was at the height of his ascendancy, he ordered his chair to be placed    on the sea-shore as the tide was coming in.
Then he said to the rising tide, 'You are subject to me, as the land on which I am sitting is mine, and no one has resisted my overlordship with impunity.
I command you, therefore, not to rise on to my land, nor to presume to wet the clothing or limbs of your master.'
But the sea came up as usual, and disrespectfully drenched the king's feet and shins.
So jumping back, the king cried, 'Let all the world know that the power of kings is empty and worthless, and there is no king worthy of the name save Him by whose will heaven, earth, and sea obey eternal laws.'
Thereafter King Cnut never wore the golden crown on his neck, but placed it on the image of the crucified Lord, in eternal praise of God the great king.
By whose mercy may the soul of King Cnut enjoy rest."
Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum (VI.17)
Canute the Great At Find A Grave
Canute the Great
990s births
1035 deaths
Kings and Queens of Norway
Saint Henry II (972 – 13 July 1024), called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Roman Emperor of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty.
1024 deaths
When computers connect and transmit data between each other on the Internet, they follow a set of rules to do so.
These rules are universal; all computers throughout the Internet must follow them.
Otherwise, the Internet would not function as computers would not be able to transmit data in a meaningful and useful way.
These rules are called protocols.
There are many different protocols, each for different purposes, and they all together are called the Internet protocol suite.
The two most important protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which ensure data is delivered at the right place, and without errors, and is what computers use when they access servers (computers that have the data that is accessed on the Internet) on the World Wide Web, as well as for email, and the like.
Other protocols include the Network Time Protocol, which ensures clock synchronisation in computers, and there are many others.
The TCP/IP model and other related protocols are maintained by the  Internet Engineering Task Force, whose parent organisation is the Internet Society, and which also cooperates closely with other standards bodies such as the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and ISO/IEC.
Internet History – Pages on Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and TCP/IP (reviewed by Cerf and Kahn).
– Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974 Version
A TCP/IP Tutorial – from the Internet Engineering Task Force (January 1991)
TCP/IP FAQ
The TCP/IP Guide – A comprehensive look at the protocols and the procedures/processes involved
A Study of the ARPANET TCP/IP Digest
TCP/IP Sequence Diagrams
Daryl's TCP/IP Primer – Intro to TCP/IP LAN administration, conversational style
Introduction to TCP/IP
A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, Cerf & Kahn, IEEE Trans on Comms, Vol Com-22, No 5 May 1974
Conrad II (c. 990 – June 4, 1039) was the son of Count Henry of Speyer and Adelheid of Alsace.
He was elected king in 1024 and crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on March 26, 1027, the first emperor of the Salian Dynasty.
990 births
1039 deaths
Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of kings of Germany, named after its first emperor Otto I the Great.
But it is also known as the Saxon dynasty after the origin of this family of noblemen.
The family itself is also sometimes known as the Liudolfings, after its earliest known member Liudolf and one of its most common names.
The Ottonian rulers are also regarded as the first dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, as successors of the Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne, who is commonly viewed as the original founder of a new (Frankish) Roman Empire.
Although he was never Emperor, Henry I the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, was the founder of this imperial dynasty, since his election as German king made it possible for his son, Otto the Great to take on the imperium.
Since Otto I most of the German kings were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
Under the reign of the Ottonian rulers, the kingdom of the Eastern Franks finally became Germany as the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia and Bavaria joined in one empire.
After the end of the Ottonian dynasty (with the death of Henry II in 1024) the crown passed to the Salian dynasty.
Luitgard, a daughter of Emperor Otto I had married the Salian Duke Conrad the Red of Lorraine.
His great-grandson was Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor.
Henry I the Fowler, King of the Germans and Duke of Saxony, died 936
Otto I the Great, Holy Roman Emperor and Duke of Saxony, died 973
Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, died 983
Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, died 1002
Saint Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, died 1024
Liudolf, Count of Saxony, died 864/866
Saint Altfrid, Bishop of Hildesheim, died 874
Brun, Duke of Saxony, died 880
Otto I the Illustrious, Duke of Saxony, died 912
Gerberge of Saxony, died 954
Henry I, Duke of Bavaria, died 955
Liudolf, Duke of Swabia, died 957
Hedwige of Saxony, died 965
Bruno I, Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia, died 965
William, Archbishop of Mainz, died 968
Otto, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria, died 982
Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, the Wrangler, died 995
Bruno, Bishop of Augsburg, died 1029
Copernicium (formerly Ununbium) is a chemical element in the Periodic Table.
It is also named eka-mercury.
It has the symbol Cn.
It has the atomic number 112.
Using periodic trends, people think that it will be a liquid metal.
It is likely to be more volatile than mercury.
Copernicium was first made on February 9, 1996 at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany.
Copernicium was made by nuclear fusion of a zinc atom with a lead atom.
The zinc nuclei was bombarded on to a lead target in a machine named a heavy ion accelerator.
In May 2006 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research checked that it had been made using a different method.
They identified the last atoms that were made from radioactive decay of copernicium.
WebElements.com - Copernicium
Apsidium - Copernicium
Indication for a gaseous element 112
Element 112 is Named Copernicium
Otto I the Great (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), son of Henry I the Fowler, king of the Germans, and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of the Saxons, King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor.
He won a big war against the Magyars and later conquered northern Italy.
912 births
973 deaths
The Tropic of Capricorn, or Southern tropic, is one of the five major circles of latitude of a map of the Earth.
It is 23° 26′ 22″ south of the Equator.
It marks the most southerly latitude at which the sun can appear directly overhead.
This happens at the December solstice, when the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun to its maximum extent.
French Polynesia - passing just south of Tubuai
Tonga - passing just north of the Minerva Reefs
Coral Sea Islands Territory (Australia) - passing just south of Cato Reef
The Tropic of Capricorn is named because about 2000 years ago the sun was entering the constellation Capricornus on the December solstice.
Now the sun appears in the constellation Sagittarius during the December solstice.
The word "tropic" comes from the Greek tropos, meaning turn.
This refers to the fact that the sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.
Edward III (13 November 1312–21 June 1377) was a King of England.
He ruled for 50 years.
Edward was crowned when he was fourteen years old, after his father was forced to abdicate.
After his victory against the Scots, he declared himself heir to the French throne in 1337, and so started the Hundred Years' War.
The war went very well for England; the victories of Crécy and Poitiers led up to the Treaty of Brétigny, by which he gained a lot of territory.
When he became older, he was much less active, mostly a result of his bad health.
He died of a stroke in 1377, aged 64.
Edward also established the Order of the Garter, and developed legislature and government.
However, during his reign there was the Black Death.
Edward and his wife, Philippa of Hainault, had many children and, as they traveled, the children were generally known by where they were born (though the oldest son, Edward "of Woodstock," became known to later generations as Edward, the Black Prince).
Prince Edward died before his father Edward III, and his older son, Edward "of Angouleme," had died a child, so younger son Richard "of Bordeaux" succeeded Edward III as Richard II of England before being deposed by his cousin Henry IV of England, whose father, John "of Gaunt", had married the heiress of Lancaster.
His family, the House of Lancaster, fought the Wars of the Roses with the House of York descended from the daughter of Edward III's son Lionel "of Antwerp" (who was older than John) over who was the rightful king.
In his own time and for centuries after Edward III was praised a lot, but by Whig historians he was seen as an irresponsible adventurer.
This view has turned, and modern historians see what a good king he was.
The Medieval Sourcebook) has some good sources relating to the reign of Edward III:
The Ordinance of Labourers, 1349
The Statute of Laborers, 1351
Thomas Walsingham’s account of the Good Parliament of 1376.
Man of War: Edward III, King of England at myarmoury.com
1312 births
1377 deaths
Wicked Sciences is an Australian television series.
It takes place in Sandy Bay.
It tells the story of two teenagers who suddenly become science geniuses.
Toby Johnson is a normal student of Sandy Bay High School, juggling between school and the normal life of a teenager.
Elizabeth Hawke is the teacher's pet.
Nobody like her in the high school and she likes nobody, excepted Tony.
She has liked Tony from her childhood.
One day, Toby and her were in the laboratory of the school.
They were hit by a strange blue ray and they become sciences geniuses.
But they do not know why.
The normal life of Sandy Bay is changed by the two geniuses.
Details on the story
On the first school day at Sandy Bay High School, Toby and his best friend Russel met a new student, Dina Demeris.
They quickly became friends.
During science class, they were chatting.
When they got caught, Dina was the one who was going to be punished, but Toby said that it was his fault.
He was to be punished with Russ.
The teacher, Mr. Tesslar showed the students the fossils he found during the summer.
He started to scan them with a machine and asked who wanted to finish the work.
Elizabeth accepted.
That evening, Russ, Toby and Elizabeth were in the science laboratory.
Toby and Russ had to clean the aquarium, and Elizabeth was scanning the stones.
Russ had a bad idea.
He tried to use his mouth to change the water.
He ran to the restrooms and Toby and Elizabeth cleaned the ground.
A frog got out of the aquarium and jumped on the keyboard of the machine.
The device scanned a strange blue stone and made a blue ray which hit Toby and Elizabeth.
Toby Johnson: Toby is a regular student, but he is also a science genius.
He tried to tell his adventure to Mr.Tesslar, but decided to keep it a secret.
He has a crush on Bianca.
Russel 'Russ' Skinner: Russel is the best friend of Toby.
He is afraid of Garth.
Dina Demeris:
Elizabeth Hawke:
Garth King:
Verity McGuire:
Sacha Johnson:
James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was one of the most prominent British politicians of the 20th century.
He was an MP from 1945-1983.
He won more elections than any other 20th century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (in 1964, 1966, February and October 1974) — but only once with a clear majority (1966).
Wilson resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party in 1976.
He died of colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease in 1995.
Wilson, Harold Chronology World History Database
Congregationalists
English Protestants
People from Huddersfield
Politicians from Yorkshire
The Labour Party is the main centre-left political party in the United Kingdom.
It is a social democratic party.
It has been one of the UK's two main political parties from the early 20th century to the present day.
It is currently the second largest party in the British House of Commons, with 202 out of 650 seats.
It forms the Official Opposition.
Its last leader was Jeremy Corbyn.
The current Labour Party leader is Sir Keir Starmer, who took over in April 2020.
The Labour Party was in power in the United Kingdom government from 1997 to 2010.
Now it sits in opposition.
It was in power in the Scottish Parliament (in coalition with the Scottish Liberal Democrats) until 2007.
It is the largest group in the London Assembly, although until May 2016 the Mayor of London was a Conservative party member.
It is also the second largest party in local government.
Political beliefs
The railways in the United Kingdom should be brought back into public ownership (also known as renationalising the railways).
The government should invest money in expanding and upgrading public transport (e.g. buses and trains).
Tax on billion and multi-million-pound businesses should be increased.
Tax on the income of the top 5% of earners should be increased.
The government should do more to tackle tax avoidance.
Support for trade unions.
The government should be able to place limits on how much landlords are able to charge rent (also known as rent controls).
The minimum wage should be increased.
Support workers rights.
Opposition to austerity.
Support the welfare state.
The party was officially formed in 1906, just after the general election, as a successor of the Labour Representative Committee formed in 1900.
In 1918, the party made a new constitution with the commitment to socialism, or the socialization of the industry.
This could be found in Clause 4.
The Labour Party won the general election in 1945 for the first time.
From 1951 Labour was in opposition for thirteen years, during which there were serious fights between the left and right wings of the party.
The leader of the left wing was Aneurin Bevan.
His supporters were called the "Bevanites".
They wanted a less confrontational policy in foreign affairs and more socialist actions.
The leaders of the right wing were Clement Attlee and Hugh Gaitskell.
They believed that Western capitalism had changed a lot and that socialism and public ownership was not so important.
Gaitskell tried to remove Clause 4 from the party constitution at the 1959 conference, but he could not.
In 1994, Tony Blair forced the Labour Party to drop Clause 4.
This was an important step to change the party into "New Labour".
In 2015, dark horse candidate Jeremy Corbyn announced his candidacy for the leadership of the Labour Party.
At the beginning, he was thought of as a socialist fringe candidate, but he later became the lead candidate in polls and got the support of the majority of trade unions affiliated to the Labour Party, along with those of three non-affiliated unions.
On 12 September 2015, he was elected Leader of the Labour Party, with a majority vote of 59.5% in the first round of the ballot.
Past Leaders (since 1906)
Keir Hardie, 1906–1908
Arthur Henderson, 1908–1910
George Nicoll Barnes, 1910–1911
Ramsay MacDonald, 1911–1914
Arthur Henderson, 1914–1917
William Adamson, 1917–1921
John Robert Clynes, 1921–1922
Ramsay MacDonald, 1922–1931
Arthur Henderson, 1931–1932
George Lansbury, 1932–1935
Clement Attlee, 1935–1955
Hugh Gaitskell, 1955–1963
George Brown, 1963 (Acting)
Harold Wilson, 1963–1976
James Callaghan, 1976–1980
Michael Foot, 1980–1983
Neil Kinnock, 1983–1992
John Smith, 1992–1994
Margaret Beckett, 1994 (Acting)
Tony Blair, 1994–2007
Gordon Brown, 2007–2010
Harriet Harman, 2010 (Acting)
Ed Miliband, 2010–2015
Harriet Harman, 2015 (Acting)
Jeremy Corbyn, 2015–2020
Keir Starmer, 2020–present
Labour Prime Ministers
Official Labour Party website
Unofficial website with an archive of electoral manifestos and a directory of related websites
Unofficial history website
Guardian Unlimited Politics — Special Report: Labour Party
1900 establishments in the United Kingdom
Cyperus papyrus (also known as Papyrus sedge, Bulrush or Paper reed) is a plant.
It is a sedge.
They grow  tall.
The plant is perennial (grows every year) and originally comes from Africa.
It was used to make a fabric much like paper.
This was called papyrus, and served much the same purpose that paper does today.
Its roots were also used as fuels.
Also makes rope and sandals too.
The Georgia Institute of Technology is a public university (school for after high school) in Atlanta, Georgia.
It is also known as Georgia Tech.
The school's colors are white and old gold (mustard yellow).
Their mascot is Buzz, a Yellow Jacket (a kind of bee-like wasp).
1885 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
A dissident is a person who does not agree with an opinion, policy, or structure.
There are also other types of dissidents like social dissidents who do not agree with popular social attitudes.
Josiah was a child king of Judah.
He was born around 640 BC.
Josiah started his rule as king at the age of 8 when his father, Amon, died.
Josiah was thought of as a good king.
He following in the steps of his ancestor King David.
Josiah ruled for 31 years in Jerusalem and died in 609 BC.
He was killed by King Necho of Egypt while Josiah was helping the king of Assyria fight off the attacks of the Egyptian.
Josiah's son Jehoahaz became the new King of Judah.
Jewish Encyclopedia: Josiah
Catholic Encyclopedia: Josias
640s BC births
600s BC deaths
Jehoahaz was a king of Judah.
His birth name was Shallum.
He is thought to be an evil king.
Jehoahaz began his rule at age 23 in 609 BC when his father, King Josiah was killed by the king of Egypt, Necho.
He only ruled for 3 months in Jerusalem before the Egyptian king took him to Egypt and put another of Josiah's sons on the throne as the new King of Judah.
Jehoahaz died in Egypt.
The Antarctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth.
It is the parallel of latitude at 66° 33′ 39″ south of the Equator, crossing mostly the Southern Ocean.
In the Antarctic Circle, all places have twenty-four hours of daylight on the Summer Solstice in December.
In June on the Winter Solstice all places have twenty-four hours of night.
There is a minimum of one whole day that the sun does not set and one whole day that the sun does not rise.
The continent of Antarctica is a land mass that is most of the area within the Antarctic Circle.
The South Pole is in the center of the Antarctic Circle.
There is no permanent population of persons south of the Antarctic Circle.
There are research centers from some nations on Antarctica.
Teams of scientists live in the research centers for part of the year.
In past centuries some whaling stations were set up on Antarctica and some of the whalers would live there for a year or more.
At least three children have been born in Antarctica.
It is one of the coldest places on earth.
The lowest temperature ever recorded on earth was recorded in Antarctica (-129.3)
Antarctic Circle org
Toast is bread which has been grilled until hot and crispy.
A toaster, grill or open fire is used.
Toasted bread is both darker in color and crunchier than normal bread.
Toast can be eaten with a range of condiments spread on the surface, such as butter, jam, honey, and cheese to make cheese on toast, though these are optional as some people prefer their toast without condiments (dry toast).
Toast can also be used to make 'toasties', where a filling is compressed and heated between two slices of buttered bread in a toastie maker.
Popular fillings include cheese, jam, peanut butter and chocolate spread.
Before the invention of modern cooking appliances such as toasters and grills, bread has been produced in ovens for millennia.
Toast can be made in the same oven.
A toaster is a machine that cooks bread.
The bread is put into the toaster and after a few minutes it pops up, toasted.
The pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1919.
How Toasters Work (Howstuffworks.com)
Swiss cheese is a name for a number of cheeses that are like Swiss Emmental cheese.
This name is mostly used in the United States and Canada, and in most cases, the cheeses are made there and are not from Switzerland.
Like it, they have holes, which are made by the bacteria that change milk into Swiss cheese.
Propionibacterium uses the lactic acid that is made by other bacteria, and it gives off a gas called carbon dioxide.
This slowly forms bubbles that become the holes.
The holes in the cheese are called the "eyes", and a Swiss cheese that does not have holes is called a "blind" cheese.
Most often, Swiss cheeses with larger eyes have a better taste, as the same things that make the eyes bigger also make the taste of the cheese better.
These include longer time and more warmth as the cheese is formed.
Emmental cheese has been produced in France, Germany, and Austria for a long time.
This is why the names Emmental and Swiss Cheese can be used for kinds of cheese that are not made in Emmental in Switzerland but are made the same way.
Henry VI (6 December 1421 - 21 May 1471) was King of England upon the death of Henry V on 31 August 1422 to 1461 and then from 1470 to 21 May 1471.
He was also the King of France from 1422 to 1453.
The  King
Henry was the only child of King Henry V of England and was his heir.
He was born on 6 December 1421 at Windsor.
He became king at the age of nine months on 31 August 1422, when his father died.
His mother, Catherine of Valois, was then only twenty years old.
Because she was the daughter of King Charles VI of France, and France had been the enemy of England, the English people did not trust her and she was not allowed to have a large part in raising her son.
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, Henry IV's youngest son, was given the position of Protector and Defender of the Realm and the Church (Regent of England) until the King was old enough to rule.
His job was to keep the peace and deal with Parliament.
Henry IV's oldest living son, John, Duke of Bedford, was made the Regent of France.
He was in charge of running the war that was happening.
Bedford also replaced Gloucester as Regent of England whenever he was in England.
Henry was eventually made King of England at Westminster Abbey on 6 November 1429 a month before his eighth birthday.
He was made King of France at Notre Dame in Paris on 16 December 1431.