the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He was born at a time when Russia had a lot of power in Finland and the Finnish people were trying hard to keep their own culture and their independence.
This nationalism can be heard in a lot of his music, especially some of the choral music.
After 1928 he composed very little.
He lived in retirement in his home in the Finnish countryside.
Jean (pronounced the French way) was born 100 km north of the Finnish capital Helsinki.
His grandfather had changed the family name from a Finnish name to the Latin-sounding “Sibelius”.
His father died during a cholera epidemic when Jean was very young.
His family spoke Swedish at home, but when he was eleven he went to a Finnish-speaking school.
He learned to play the violin and wanted to be a soloist.
He loved reading the Kalevala which was a long epic poem about the old Finnish legends.
He also loved the Swedish-speaking poets who wrote poems about nature.
In 1885 he went to Helsinki to study law but he soon gave up law and concentrated on his violin studies and composition.
He went to Berlin to continue his music studies.
He became good friends with the pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni and went with him to Leipzig.
At this time he had mainly written chamber music.
In Vienna he had lessons from Karl Goldmark and heard lots of orchestral music.
He spent a lot of his money, much of it on drink which was to be a big problem for him for many years.
Early success
He went back to Finland in 1891.
He earned money by teaching.
He wrote a big work for orchestra and singers called Kullervo .
The words were in Finnish, the story was from the poem Kalevala.
This work made him famous.
In 1892 he married Aino Järnefelt.
Her father was a general and very keen on the Finnish language.
The Finnish were trying more and more at this time to be free of rule by Russia.
Sibelius wrote more patriotic music during the 1890s e.g. the tone poem En Saga and the Lemminkäinen legends which include the popular The Swan of Tuonela.
His patriotic tone poem Finlandia is still very popular today.
His music at this time was influenced by Wagner and Tchaikovsky.
He also heard Finnish folk melodies and, although he does not use them directly in his music, they became part of his musical language.
In 1897 he was given a state pension which helped him financially although for many years he was still very often short of money because he had expensive tastes.
Between 1899 and 1924 Sibelius composed the 7 symphonies which made him famous worldwide.
His friend, the conductor Kajanus, conducted Sibelius’s works when he took the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra on tour around Europe.
His wife was becoming worried about how much alcohol he was drinking in Helsinki, so 1903 she persuaded him to move the family to a place called Ainola in the Finnish countryside.
They had a house built in Järvenpää.
Apart from a few short periods in Helsinki he spent the rest of his life there.
The first works he wrote there were his Symphony no 2 and the Violin Concerto .
He became seriously ill in 1908 and for several years he had to stop smoking cigars and drinking alcohol.
He continued to travel and visited England several times and the United States in 1914 where he was very popular.
After the war he continued to write more symphonies as well as some short, light pieces.
The last great work that he wrote was the tone-poem Tapiola in 1926.
He tried to write another symphony (no 8) but gave up and destroyed it.
He never wrote any more music.
He continued to live in retirement in his house in the Finnish country for another 30 years.
The house is now a Sibelius museum.
Sibelius's wife Aino came from a highly respectable family.
Although her father was a general in the army, there was a very great interest in culture in the Järnefeld family which included musicians, painters and poets.
Jean fell in love with Aino on his first visit to her home.
Aino was to be a faithful wife to him all his life, although she suffered a lot of hardship due to his drinking problems and his debts.
They had five daughters.
Sibelius is best known for his symphonies and tone-poems.
His symphonies are very different from one another, none can be described as being “typical” of his style.
The early symphonies are Romantic in character, in the later symphonies he tries out lots of new ideas and sounds.
His Violin Concerto is played by all the great violinists.
Sibelius wrote lots of songs for voice and piano.
These are mostly settings of Swedish poems.
He also wrote many choral works, mostly in Finnish.
These vocal works are not so well known outside Finland because the language is not familiar abroad, but there are some very good songs, especially Luonnotar.
Besides his important works he also wrote many short works in order to earn enough money to live.
These include songs as well as many short piano pieces.
Sibelius's music today is extremely popular.
His music has also been an influence on recent composers.
"Sibelius" by Andrew Barnett, 2007;
Disease-related deaths in Finland
The  (SS) was a large security and military organization controlled by the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) in Germany.
"SS" was sometimes written in Runic as , and this symbol was put on the SS flag and insignia.
The SS played a major part in The Holocaust.
For example, they ran the Nazi concentration camps and death camps, where they killed millions of people.
After World War II, judges at the Nuremberg Trials ruled that the SS was an illegal criminal organization.
The judges also said that the SS was the organization that had done most of the Holocaust.
The SS is created
The SS was created in the 1925 to guard Nazi leader Adolf Hitler.
(Schutzstaffel means "Protection Squadron" in German).pp.26-29  From 1929 to 1945, Heinrich Himmler led the SS.
During that time, the SS grew from a small paramilitary unit to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany.p.47
The Nazis saw the SS as a special unit, like the Praetorian Guard (which used to guard Roman emperors).
To be chosen for the SS, a person had to be racially "pure".
This meant they had to prove that all their ancestors were "Aryan".
They also had to be completely loyal to the Nazi party.
They could never ask questions or disagree with anything the SS did.
Parts of the SS
The SS had two different parts.
The Allgemeine-SS ("General SS") were the Nazis' police.
The Waffen-SS ("Armed SS") were special units of soldiers in Nazi Germany's military.
The Waffen-SS became known for fierce fighting and brutality against civilians and prisoners of war.
Its units helped crush the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, where Polish Jews tried to fight back against the Nazis.
Waffen-SS units also killed many American prisoners of war during the Battle of the Bulge in 1944.
The SS was militaristic but not military.
It had its own rank system, insignia, and uniforms.
This made the SS different from the German military, the Nazi party, and people who worked in the German government.
The SS gains power
As the Nazi party gained more and more power in Germany, it gave control of more important jobs (like law enforcement) to the SS.
Many SS organizations became as powerful as parts of the government.
The Nazi party decided that to help it keep its power, it needed to give the SS two even more important jobs.
One of these was to create and run the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the Nazi security and intelligence service.
The other was to control the Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo): the SS secret police.
Because it was in charge of so many important things, the SS could do almost anything it wanted.
Role in the Holocaust
As the SS's leader, Heinrich Himmler used the SS to put the Final Solution into action.
The SS Einsatzgruppen murdered many civilians, mostly Jews, in the countries controlled by Nazi Germany during World War II.
The SS was in charge of creating and running concentration camps and death camps (camps where people were sent to be killed).
In these camps, millions of prisoners died from many causes, including murder, starvation, disease, freezing to death, and being experimented on by Nazi doctors like Josef Mengele.
After the war, the judges at the Nuremberg Trials decided the SS was a criminal organization (a group that was created only to commit crimes).
They ruled that the SS had committed war crimes and crimes against humanity.
They also said that the SS was the organization that had carried out most of the Holocaust.
Ranks of SS Personel
Oberster Führer der Schutzstaffel
Reichsführer
SS Generals
Oberst-Gruppenführer (colonel general)
Obergruppenführer (general)
Gruppenführer (lieutenant general)
Brigadeführer (major general)
SS Officers
Oberführer (senior colonel)
Standartenführer (colonel)
Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel)
Sturmbannführer (major)
Hauptsturmführer (captain)
Obersturmführer (first lieutenant)
Untersturmführer (second lieutenant)
SS NCOS
Sturmscharführer (Regimental sergeant major)
Hauptscharführer (sergeant major)
Oberscharführer (senior sergeant)
Scharführer (sergeant)
Unterscharführer (corporal)
Junior SS personnel
Logarithms or logs are a part of mathematics.
They are related to exponential functions.
Historically, they were useful in multiplying or dividing large numbers.
An example of a logarithm is .
In this logarithm, the base is 2, the argument is 8 and the answer is 3.
In this case, the exponentiation function would be:
Logarithms were first used in India in the 2nd century BC.
The first to use logarithms in modern times was the German mathematician Michael Stifel (around 14871567).
In 1544, he wrote down the following equations:  and .
This is the basis for understanding logarithms.
For Stifel,  and  had to be whole numbers.
John Napier (1550–1617) did not want this restriction, and wanted a range for the exponents.
According to Napier, logarithms express ratios:  has the same ratio to , as  to  if the difference of their logarithms matches.
Mathematically: .
At first, base e was used (even though the number had not been named yet).
Henry Briggs proposed to use 10 as a base for logarithms, such logarithms are very useful in astronomy.
Relationship with exponential functions
Difference to roots
Addition has one inverse operation: the subtraction.
Also, multiplication has one inverse operation: the division.
However, exponentiation actually has two inverse operations: root and logarithm.
The reason why this is the case has to do with the fact that the exponentiation is not commutative.
If x+2=3, then one can use subtraction to find out that x=3−2.
This is the same if 2+x=3: one also gets x=3−2.
If x · 2=3, then one can use division to find out that x=. This is the same if 2 · x=3: one also gets x=. This is because x · 2 is the same as 2 · x.
If x²=3, then one can use the (square) root to find out that x = .
However, if 2x=3, then one cannot use the root to find out x. Rather, one has to use the (binary) logarithm to find out that x=log2(3).This is because 2x usually is not the same as x2 (for example, 25=32 but 5²=25).
Before calculators became popular and common, people used logarithm tables in books to multiply and divide.
The same information in a logarithm table was available on a slide rule, a tool with logarithms written on it.
Logarithmic spirals are common in nature.
Examples include the shell of a nautilus, or the arrangement of seeds on a sunflower.
In chemistry, the negative of the base-10 logarithm of the activity of hydronium ions (H3O+, the form H+ takes in water) is the measure known as pH. The activity of hydronium ions in neutral water is 10−7 mol/L at 25 °C, hence a pH of 7. (
This is a result of the equilibrium constant, the product of the concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxyl ions, in water solutions being 10−14 M2.)
The Richter scale measures earthquake intensity on a base-10 logarithmic scale.
In astronomy, the apparent magnitude measures the brightness of stars logarithmically, since the eye also responds logarithmically to brightness.
Musical intervals are measured logarithmically as semitones.
The interval between two notes in semitones is the base-21/12 logarithm of the frequency ratio (or equivalently, 12 times the base-2 logarithm).
Fractional semitones are used for non-equal temperaments.
Especially to measure deviations from the equal tempered scale, intervals are also expressed in cents (hundredths of an equally-tempered semitone).
The interval between two notes in cents is the base-21/1200 logarithm of the frequency ratio (or 1200 times the base-2 logarithm).
In MIDI, notes are numbered on the semitone scale (logarithmic absolute nominal pitch with middle C at 60).
For microtuning to other tuning systems, a logarithmic scale is defined filling in the ranges between the semitones of the equal tempered scale in a compatible way.
This scale corresponds to the note numbers for whole semitones. (
see microtuning in MIDI ).
Common logarithms
Logarithms to base 10 are called common logarithms.
They are usually written without the base.
Natural logarithms
Logarithms to base e are called natural logarithms.
The number e is nearly 2.71828, and is also called the Eulerian constant after the mathematician Leonhard Euler.
The natural logarithms can take the symbols  or .
Some authors prefer the use of natural logarithms as , but usually mention this on preface pages.
Common bases for logarithms
Properties of logarithms
Logarithms have many properties.
Properties from the definition of a logarithm
, because .
The logarithm to base b of a number a, is the same as the logarithm of a divided by the logarithm of b. That is,
For example, let a be 6 and b be 2.
With calculators we can show that this is true (or at least very close):
, where 0.434294 is an approximation for the logarithm of e.
Operations within logarithm arguments
Similarly, logarithm which divides inside the argument can be turned into a difference of logarithm (because it is the inverse operation of multiplication):
Logarithm tables, slide rules, and historical applications
Before electronic computers, logarithms were used every day by scientists.
Logarithms helped scientists and engineers in many fields such as astronomy.
Before computers, the table of logarithms was an important tool.
In 1617, Henry Briggs printed the first logarithm table.
This was soon after Napier's basic invention.
Later, people made tables with better scope and precision.
These tables listed the values of logb(x) and bx for any number x in a certain range, at a certain precision, for a certain base b (usually b = 10).
For example, Briggs' first table contained the common logarithms of all integers in the range 1–1000, with a precision of 8 digits.
Since the function  is the inverse function of logb(x), it has been called the antilogarithm.
People used these tables to multiply and divide numbers.
For example, a user looked up the logarithm in the table for each of two positive numbers.
Adding the numbers from the table would give the logarithm of the product.
The antilogarithm feature of the table would then find the product based on its logarithm.
Many logarithm tables give logarithms by separately providing the characteristic and mantissa of x, that is to say, the integer part and the fractional part of log10(x).
The characteristic of  is one plus the characteristic of x, and their significands are the same.
This extends the scope of logarithm tables: given a table listing log10(x) for all integers x ranging from 1 to 1000, the logarithm of 3542 is approximated by
Numbers are marked on sliding scales at distances proportional to the differences between their logarithms.
Sliding the upper scale appropriately amounts to mechanically adding logarithms.
For example, adding the distance from 1 to 2 on the lower scale to the distance from 1 to 3 on the upper scale yields a product of 6, which is read off at the lower part.
Many engineers and scientists used slide rules until the 1970s.
Scientists can work faster using a slide rule than using a logarithm table.
Functions and mappings
William Penn (14 October 1644-30 July 1718) was an English colonial leader.
He was very wealthy and owned slaves who he forced to work on his plantation.
He was given what would become the US state of Pennsylvania by King Charles II as a debt to his father.
Penn was a member of the Religious Society of Friends, who are known as Quakers.
Penn and his wife were made honorary United States citizens in 1984 by US President Ronald Reagan.
He was friends with George Fox.
1718 deaths
George Herman "Babe" Ruth, Jr.  (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948) was a famous baseball player during the 1910s and 1930s in Major League Baseball.
He played with the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, and the Boston Braves, and hit 714 home runs in his career.
Only two players, Hank Aaron and Barry Bonds, have hit more.
At the beginning of his career, he was a pitcher.
He is widely considered the greatest baseball player of all time.
Babe Ruth has been called by many nicknames.
Some of the most common are: "The Great Bambino",  "The Sultan of Swat", "The  of Clout", "The Titan of Terror", and "The King Of Crash" .
Ruth learned to play baseball while growing up in Baltimore, Maryland.
His first Major League Baseball (MLB) team was the Boston Red Sox.
Ruth began playing as a pitcher.
He had some of the best pitching statistics in baseball.
The Red Sox won the World Series in 1915, 1916, and 1918.
At that time, there was no designated hitter rule in the American League, where the Red Sox played, so Ruth got chances to hit as a pitcher.
The team realized that he was also good at hitting.
In 1918, Ruth began hitting more and pitching less.
Later in his career, he became an outfielder.
Ruth was becoming a star player.
However, by 1919, Red Sox owner Harry Frazee was having problems with money.
In 1920, the Red Sox sold Ruth to the New York Yankees for cash.
Even though the Red Sox had won several World Series in the years before this, they would not win another one until 2004.
Many baseball fans believed that the Red Sox had become "cursed" by trading Ruth, and called this the "Curse of the Bambino". (
When the Red Sox finally did win a World Series in 2004, they beat the Yankees in the American League Championship to get there.)
After the trade
Ruth spent most of the rest of his career with the Yankees, where he became one of the most famous players in baseball history.
Ruth helped the Yankees win World Series championships in 1923, 1927, 1928, and 1932.
He left the Yankees after the 1934 season and played one last season with the Boston Braves in 1935.
In 1927, Ruth hit 60 home runs, which was then a record for the most home runs in one season.
The record was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 with 61 home runs.
Career batting statistics
baberuth.com - Official site
baberuthmuseum.com  Ruth Museum
Photo of Babe Ruth as a member of the 1916 Red Sox
Boston Braves players
Sportspeople from Baltimore
People often say they created the nu metal genre.
Along with other bands of the time, they were influences for a wave of nu metal, alternative metal and rap metal bands through the mid 1990s and early 2000s, helping Limp Bizkit (who were discovered by Korn themselves) and Slipknot more than other bands.
Despite this, Korn have been quoted for disliking the term and even being called 'metal'.
Jonathan Davis has said that Korn's music can not be classified and that it contains many other influences besides simply 'metal'.
The official review on the iTunes Store for their first album goes as far as saying that Korn "hate the term".
Their first album was first sold in 1994 and also called KoRn.
Since then, Korn has sold over 35 millions records worldwide - including 16,5 millions in the U.S., making them one of the best-selling metal acts of the last twelve years.
The band's catalogue consists of seven platinum studio albums in a row, one platinum compilation album, and seven consecutive debuts (including Greatest Hits, Volume 1 compilation album) in top 10 of Billboard Top 200 best selling albums.
Korn has been selected for 6 Grammys, and won 2 such awards.
8 of their albums has been awarded as multi-platinum, despite only part of them being on Billboard.
Jonathan Davis – lead vocals, bagpipes (1993–present)
James "Munky" Shaffer – guitars (1993–present); backing vocals (2005–present)
Brian "Head" Welch – guitars, backing vocals (1993–2005, 2013–present)
Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu – bass (1993–present)
Ray Luzier – drums (2009–present)
David Silveria – drums, percussion (1993–2006)
Korn (1994)
Life Is Peachy (1996)
Follow the Leader (1998)
Issues (1999)
Untouchables (2002)
Take a Look in the Mirror (2003)
See You on the Other Side (2005)
Untitled (2007)
Korn III: Remember Who You Are (2010)
The Path of Totality (2011)
The Paradigm Shift (2013)
The Serenty of Suffering (2016)
The Nothing (2019)
Requiem (2022)
Blind (August 1, 1994, Korn) (first single)
Need To (April 8, 1995, Korn) (second single)
Faget (June 30, 1995, Korn) (third single)
Shoots and Ladders (October 18, 1995, Korn) (fourth single)
Clown (February 2, 1996, Korn) (fifth single)
Daddy (April 5, 1996, Korn) (sixth and final single)
No Place To Hide (September 14, 1996, Life Is Peachy) (first single)
A.D.I.D.A.S. (March 4, 1997, Life Is Peachy) (second single)
Good God (November 7, 1997, Life Is Peachy) (third and final single)
All in the Family (July 18, 1998, Follow The Leader) (first single)
Got The Life (November 23, 1998, Follow The Leader) (second single)
Children of the Korn (1998, Follow The Leader) (third single)
B.B.K. (1998, Follow The Leader) (fourth single)
Freak on a Leash (May 25, 1999, Follow The Leader) (fifth and final single)
Falling Away from Me (December 6, 1999, Issues) (first single)
Make Me Bad (February 1, 2000, Issues) (second single)
Somebody Someone (July 3, 2000, Issues) (third and final single)
Here to Stay (June 11, 2002, Untouchables) (first single)
Thoughtless (July 15, 2002, Untouchables) (second single)
Alone I Break (November 11,  2002, Untouchables) (third and final single)
Did My Time (July 22, 2003, Take a Look in the Mirror) (first single)
Right Now (October 7, 2003, Take a Look in the Mirror) (second single)
Y'All Want a Single (March 9,  2004, Take a Look in the Mirror) (third single)
Everything I've Known (April 13, 2004, Take a Look in the Mirror) (fourth and final single)
Twisted Transistor (September 27, 2005, See You on the Other Side) (first single)
Coming Undone (February 21, 2006, See You on the Other Side) (second single)
Politics (August 29, 2006, See You on the Other Side) (third and final single)
Evolution (May 17, 2007, Untitled) (first single)
Hold On (October 8, 2007, Untitled) (second single)
Kiss (April 7, 2008, Untitled) (third single)
Haze (April 22, 2008, Untitled) (fourth single)
Oildale (Leave Me Alone) (May 4, 2010, Korn III: Remember Who You Are) (first single)
Let the Guilt Go (July 26, 2010, Korn III: Remember Who You Are) (second single)
Move On (2010, Korn III: Remember Who You Are) (third and final single)
Get Up! (
May 6, 2011, The Path of Totality) (first single)
Narcissistic Cannibal (October 21, 2011, The Path of Totality) (second single)
Way Too Far (March 6, 2012, The Path of Totality) (third single)
Chaos Lives in Everything (March 22, 2012, The Path of Totality) (fourth and final single)
Never Never (August 12, 2013, The Paradigm Shift) (first single)
Spike In My Veins (February 6, 2014, The Paradigm Shift) (second single)
Hater (June 15, 2014, The Paradigm Shift) (third and final single)
Rotting in Vain (July 22, 2016, The Serenity of Suffering) (first single)
Take Me (November 1, 2016, The Serenity of Suffering) (second single)
Black Is the Soul (June 7, 2017, The Serenity of Suffering) (third and final single)
People from Bakersfield, California
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a drug.
It is most commonly used as a pain killer, or to reduce fever or inflammation.
It also has an anti-platelet effect - it reduces the number of platelets in the blood which reduces blood clotting- in that function it is used to prevent heart attacks.
Aspirin is one of the most-used medical drugs in the world.
There are some possible side-effects to this drug.
For example, large amounts can damage the kidneys.
Children taking aspirin can develop Reye's syndrome which causes the liver to become fatty and not work properly and also the brain to become enlarged.
Reyes syndrome can be fatal, but most children survive it with treatment.
People with lung, kidney disease, gout, hyperuricemia (high amounts of uric acid in the blood), hemophilia (a blood clotting disorder), diabetes or high blood pressure should not take aspirin except on the advice of a qualified medical professional.
Nor should people who are allergic to it, to ibuprofen or to naproxen.
People with asthma where attacks are brought about by aspirin should avoid using any anti-inflammatory drugs based on it.
Aspirin was invented in Germany in 1897.
Bayer has a trademark on the brand name "aspirin" in 80 countries.
But in other countries, "aspirin" is the common name for the drug.
He was born into a family of very poor peasants but through a lot of hard work and effort was able to enter the University of Chile - something very unusual in a poor country like Chile.
In this manner he was able to escape the poverty of his parents.
At University he studied dramatic arts or acting; he taught and directed theatre productions.
During this time he met and married  Joan Turner, a British ballet dancer and choreographer who worked in Chile.
Later Víctor Jara started to write and sing songs.
He began to sing songs about the life of humble and poor people in his country: peasants, factory workers, miners, abandoned children, poor women.
He also dedicated music albums to people who live in the shanty towns.
Víctor Jara tried to use his music to bring awareness about the inequality between the richest and the poorest people in society.
How poor folk have a hard time acquiring the most basic things, such as food, health care, education, and housing.
He also supported politicians who called for a fairer distribution of wealth to end poverty.
In 1973 Víctor Jara was killed by a military dictatorship led by General Augusto Pinochet for singing songs about social problems and social injustice.
The U.S. government of Richard Nixon supported the military regime.
El Derecho de Vivir en Paz  (The right to live in peace)
Plegaria a un Labrador (Prayer to a laborer)
Duerme, duerme negrito  (Sleep little black child)
Vientos del Pueblo  (Winds of the people)
El Amor es un camino que derrepente aparece  (Love is a road that suddenly appears)
Cuando voy al trabajo (On my way to work)
Te Recuerdo Amanda (I remember you Amanda)
Chilean singers
World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc., doing business as WWE, is a big company that produces professional wrestling shows.
It is now the most popular company in the wrestling business.
Vince J. McMahon started the company in 1963.
His son, Vince K. McMahon is currently the chairman and CEO of the company and runs the company along with his daughter Stephanie McMahon and her husband Paul Levesque, better known as Triple H.
The company used to be known as the World Wrestling Federation or the WWF.
They changed their name to World Wrestling Entertainment after a lawsuit filed by the World Wide Fund for Nature, formerly known as the World Wildlife Fund, which uses the "WWF" initials in the United States.
In 2011, the company rebranded itself as WWE, although its legal name is still World Wrestling Entertainment.
Weekly shows
Pay-per-view events
Championships and accomplishments
At the top of WWE's championship hierarchy is the WWE Universal Championship on WWE Raw and the WWE Championship on WWE SmackDown.
There are two championships available for female wrestlers: the Raw Women's Championship and the SmackDown Women's Championship.
There are two tag team championships: the Raw Tag Team Championship and the SmackDown Tag Team Championship.
There are three secondary titles in WWE, the WWE Intercontinental Championship and the WWE Cruiserweight Championship on WWE Raw and the WWE United States Championship on WWE SmackDown.
Other accomplishments
Retired championships
Scutellosaurus was a small bipedal herbivorous dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic period, 200–196 million years ago.
It was about a metre long.
Its back was armoured, and it is placed in the Thyreophora with the other armoured dinosaurs.
It was one of the earliest members of this group, and the most basal (primitive) form so far known.
Its closest relatives may have been Emausaurus and Scelidosaurus.
These, and the larger armoured dinosaurs Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus and Huayangosaurus, were all quadrupedal.
The lightly built bipedal Scutellosaurus is similar in form to the ancestral dinosaurs, which were bipedal.
Scutellosaurus was around  long,  tall at the hips, and weighed .
The fossil evidence includes two partial skeletons recovered from Arizona, although of the skull only the lower jaw has been recovered.
There were also several hundred scutes running along its neck to its back and as far down as its tail.
It had an unusually long tail, possibly a counterbalance to the weight of the armoured body, and long arms that suggest it may have browsed on all fours.
The London Eye is a large metal Ferris wheel.
It is also known as the Millennium Wheel and is one of the largest observation wheels in the world.
Since mid-January 2015 it has been known in branding as the Coca-Cola London Eye, after an agreement signed in September 2014.
The London Eye is at the western end of Jubilee Garden, on the South Bank of the river Thames, between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge.
The Eye was opened in 2000.
It is 135 metres high(442ft).
At the time it was built, in 1999, it was the tallest giant wheel in the world, and at present it is Europe's tallest Ferris wheel.
It offered the highest public viewing point in London.
The  observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard is now the highest public view of London.
The London Eye was overtaken in height by the Star of Nanchang, which is 160 meters high.
On the 11th February 2008, the Singapore Flyer overtook the Star of Nanchang with 165 meters:)
Ferris wheels
For other uses, see Finlandia.
Finlandia is a symphonic poem by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius.
He wrote it in 1899 and made some changes to it the next year. "
Finlandia" is the Latin name for Finland.
At the time Sibelius wrote it, Finland was called the "Grand Duchy of Finland".
This was because it was being ruled by Russia.
The Finnish people wanted to rule Finland for themselves.
The music was composed for a pageant to encourage the Finnish people to work for freedom.
The music of Finlandia is exciting and dramatic.
It sounds like the Finnish people struggling to be free.
Towards the end the music becomes calm and a lovely tune is played.
It is a hymn tune which became known as Finlandia.
Many years later Sibelius set some words to this hymn and it is often sung as a separate piece by a choir.
The words were written by Veikko Antero Koskenniemi.
It has become Finland's best known song and almost feels like a second Finnish national anthem.
It is often sung as a hymn in Christian churches to the words "Be still, my soul: the Lord is on your side".
The tune was also used as the national anthem of the short-lived African country Biafra.
Compositions by Jean Sibelius
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants, especially leaves.
It is a type of translocation and part of the water cycle.
The amount of water lost by a plant depends on its size, the light intensity, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soil water supply.
The process of  Transpiration helps in regulating temperature in the plant.
Transpiration was first worked out by Stephen Hales (17 September 1677 – 4 January 1761), an English clergyman.
He proved what is still believed, that the evaporation of water molecules from leaves is the main force pulling the water column up from its origin in the roots.
How transpiration works
Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called stomata, which act rather like pores.
In most plants there are more on the undersides of the leaves than on the top.
The stomata are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore.
Transpiration happens when the guard cells open the stomata.
This lets oxygen and water vapour flow out, and carbon dioxide flow in.
The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, and the oxygen is produced by photosynthesis.
Transpiration also pulls water through the plant.
This brings with it the mineral nutrients from roots to shoots.
Water moves out of the leaves into the atmosphere.
This exerts a pull on the water column, which brings the water up against gravity.
Water gets into the plant at the roots by osmosis, and it transports dissolved mineral nutrients to the upper parts of the plant through the xylem.
A fully grown tree may lose hundreds of gallons (thousands of liters) of water through its leaves on a hot, dry day.
About 90% of the water that enters a plant's roots is used for this process; most of the rest is used in photosynthesis.
Desert plants and conifers have adaptations which reduce water loss.
Examples are: thick cuticles, reduced leaf areas, sunken stomata and hairs.
All these reduce transpiration and conserve water.
Many cacti do photosynthesis in succulent stems, rather than leaves.
The surface area of even a fat stem is far less that the total surface of leaves in a tree.
Also, stomata of desert plants are usually closed during the day and open at night, when transpiration is lower.
A description of transpiration, including the mechanism of transpiration & factors affecting Transpiration.
In botany, a stoma (plural = stomata) is a tiny opening or pore.
It is found on plant leaves and stems, and any other green parts of the plant.
It is used for gas exchange.
Stomata are mostly found on the under-surface of plant leaves.
Almost all land plants have stomata.
Stomata have two main functions.
First is gaseous exchange i.e. intake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen.
The second is the process of transpiration in plants.
Air enters  the plant through these openings.
The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis.
Some of the oxygen produced is used in respiration.
Surplus oxygen exits through these same openings.
Also, water vapor goes into the atmosphere through these pores in transpiration.
The pore is formed by a pair of cells known as guard cells.
These adjust the size of the opening by opening or closing.
To open a guard cell, protons  (hydrogen ions, H+) are pumped into the guard cells.
Water enters into them, the cells gets filled, and they open.
Johann Georg Leopold Mozart (November 14, 1719 – May 28, 1787; pronounced MOHT-sart) was a composer, music teacher and violinist.
He was the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
1719 births
Mozart, Leopold
Famine is a situation where most people do not have enough food to eat.
Without food, the human body grows weaker and weaker until the person becomes very sick or dies (see malnutrition).
In poor countries with much subsistence farming such as in parts of Africa and Latin America, famine can be common.
Famous famines
1816, the Year without a Summer was caused by Mount Tambora erupting.
Tens of thousands died.
The Irish Potato Famine lasted from 1846 to 1849.
It was caused by a potato blight.
In the Holodomor, about 7 million of people starved to death in Ukraine in 1932 and 1933.
The Great Leap Forward killed a few tens of millions of Chinese, in what was probably the biggest famine in history.
Famine Early Warning System monitors agricultural production and other warning signs worldwide
United Nations World Food Programme Hunger relief against poverty and famine
International Food Policy Research Institute Sustainable solutions for ending hunger
In Depth: Africa's Food Crisis, BBC News
In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation transmits information over a carrier wave by varying the frequency.
This technique is different from amplitude modulation which varies the amplitude, but keeps the frequency constant.
This kind of modulation is used in broadcasting and other radio work.
In the context of broadcasting, Frequency modulation is often shortened to FM.
When transmitting analogue sound,  the sound quality of FM signals is better than that of amplitude modulation (AM) signals.
However, FM signals do not travel as far as AM beause they use higher frequencies that do not bounce off the Kennelly–Heaviside layer.
Many radio stations send out both kinds of signals.
AM may be used for talk shows, and FM for music.
FM broadcasting usually includes a difference signal, which can cause two different speakers at home to create different sounds.
This creates stereo sound.
The Monty Hall problem is a famous problem in probability (chance).
The problem is based on a television game show from the United States, Let's Make a Deal.
It is named for this show's host, Monty Hall.
In the problem, there are three doors.
A car (prize of high value) is behind one door and goats (booby prizes of low value) are behind the other two doors.
First, the player chooses a door but does not open it.
Then the host opens a different door.
The host knows what is behind every door, and always chooses a door with a goat behind it. (
If there are goats behind both other doors, one is chosen at random.)
Last, the player choose whether to keep what is behind the first door or to change to the third door (the one the host did not open).
The rules of the problem are that the host has to open a door with a goat behind it and the player has the opportunity to switch.
The question is whether changing choices increases the chances of getting the car.
Most people feel that the car is equally likely to behind either of the two doors that are still closed, so that changing doors does not affect the chance of getting the car.
The true answer is that changing choices increases the chances of getting the car from 1/3 (one out of three) to 2/3 (two out of three).
That 2/3 (two out of three) chance comes from the fact in the initial door choice, the player has a 1/3 (one out of three) chance of picking the door with the car.
There is a 2/3 (two out of three) chance if the car is behind one of the other two doors.
If the player could switch from their one door to the other two doors this would improve their chances.
The fact that the host reveals that one of the other doors contains a goat does not change this probability.
The player is still effectively swapping their one door for the other two (even though one of them has been opened).
1. (
Lose): If the player picks the car, then the host will show a goat.
Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a goat .
Win) : If the player picks a goat, then the host will show the other goat.
Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a car.
3. (
Win) : If the player picks the other goat, then the host will show the first goat.
Monty Hall Problem at Wolfram MathWorld
Graphical Proof of the Monty Hall Problem
A Monty Hall Simulator in Javascript
Monty Hall Simulation Online
Making the Monty Hall Obvious
A tree-diagram of the Monty Hall problem under the Marilyn vos Savant assumptions
The Game Show Problem
An emergency telephone number is a telephone number that can be used to quickly contact emergency services for assistance.
Emergency services usually include police, medical, or firefighting public services.
Many countries' public telephone networks have a single emergency telephone number, sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or the emergency services number.
Most emergency service numbers are 3 digits long so that they can be dialed quickly and remembered easily.
Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services and are different only by the last digit.
In Europe, the telephone number for emergency services is 1-1-2.
In North America, the number for emergency services is 9-1-1.
It can be dialed from any phone connected to a network, as a cellular service plan isn't required or charged for emergency calls.
Some countries, such as Israel, maintains separate but consecutive numbers for police, fire, and medical services.
When the number is dialed on the phone keypad, the call is routed to the nearest emergency telephone operating center.
This center is oftentimes found within the same city or town that the call is made from.
This provides a strong connection and allows emergency services to get to the location better.
In some areas, calls are able to be traced on a map with GPS from cell towers.
This can be helpful if a person calls but is unable to speak or if the telephone connection line disconnected before the call was ended intentionally.
Technological Implications
The ability to contact emergency services has changed in recent years as technology has advanced.
Some mobile devices like the Apple iPhone and Apple Watch and mobile applications such as Noonlight offer capabilities to contact emergency services without having to call or speak to an emergency phone operator.
These features are still being tested and developed by using a smart phone's ability to maintain a very accurate GPS location.
Classified information — sensitive information to which access is restricted by law or regulation to particular classes of people
Classified (rapper) — rapper from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Classified (album) — a Sweetbox album released in 2001
Classified (bond album) — a bond album released in 2005
Classified as in biological classification
Satellite cities are smaller cities that are near to a large city that is the center of a metropolitan area.
They are different from suburbs, subdivisions and bedroom communities because they have their own centre.
Satellite cities could be separate cities outside of the larger metropolitan areas.
However, working as part of a metropolis, a satellite city gets "cross-commuting" (people living in the city working outside of the city and people from other places working in the city).
For example, London has several satellite cities, like Brentwood, Crawley and Chelmsford.
New Haven and Bridgeport are among the satellites of New York City.
Ipswich, Queensland, is a satellite to Brisbane (Australia) and Kitchener and Guelph, to Toronto (Canada).
Satellite cities are almost self sufficient in terms of amenities and facilities.
They usually have all of the things to term them as a separate city but they rely on the parent city or the nearby larger metropolitan area for some of their needs like education or employment.
Shanty towns are slums on the outskirts of many cities – especially in third world countries.
Normally there are not many shanty towns in more economically developed countries.
Often of low cost, with houses badly built with plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, cardboard or any available material.
Often irregular structures good enough to keep the rain away or to protect from the summer sun.
Pets and animals are often left to roam for food and water.
Many are built on land without a permit and often have no roads,  numbered street, electricity or telephone lines.
Some homes in shanty towns have some services but they are unkept and pose health and fire hazards.
Sometimes shanty towns can take up whole parts of a city and may include millions of dwellers  – such as in the cities of Brazil- see Favelas.
Many shanty town settlements are built on the banks of rivers and as a result the residents suffer the effect of floods or from industrial toxins in the water.
Some are built close to rubbish dumps.
Pterodactyloidea is the suborder of short-tailed pterosaurs.
Their fossil record starts in the middle Jurassic.
They became extinct in the K/T extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period.
Pterodactylus, Pteranodon and Quetzalcoatlus are in this suborder.
In 2014 remains of the earliest pterodactyloid was found in China.
It is called Kryptodrakon.
Its minimum age was 162.7 million years ago (mya).
This is about five million years older than any previously known confirmed specimens.
Recent work shows that the group had more variety at the end of the Cretaceous than was thought earlier.
In the early 2010s, several new pterosaur taxa were discovered dating to the late Cretaceous.
These finds include some small sized pterosaur species.
At the end of the Cretaceous period, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which made all non-avian and most avian dinosaurs, as well as many other animals, extinct.
The pterosaurs seem to have gone extinct in this event.
Order Pterosauria
Suborder Pterodactyloidea
Superfamily Ornithocheiroidea
Family Istiodactylidae
Family Ornithocheiridae
Family Pteranodontidae
Superfamily Ctenochasmatoidea
Family Ctenochasmatidae
Superfamily Dsungaripteroidea
Family Dsungaripteridae
Superfamily Azhdarchoidea
Family Lonchodectidae
Family Tapejaridae
Family Azhdarchidae
Michael Praetorius (born Creuzburg an der Werra, near Eisenach 15 February 1571? ;
died Wolfenbüttel, 15 February 1621) was a German composer, organist and music theorist.
He was one of the most important composers of his day and he wrote lots of different kinds of music.
A lot of his music is based on hymns of the Protestant church.
We are not quite certain about the date of his birth.
He was born at a time when there was a lot of argument about religion in Germany.
His father was a strict Lutheran and lost his job more than once because of his beliefs.
We know very little about the life of Praetorius.
He seems to have gone to the Lateinschule (“Latin School”) in Torgau where he had music lessons from Michael Voigt.
He probably never had music lessons after he left school.
Then he went to the University of Frankfurt an der Oder.
There Praetorius graduated in divinity.
Afterwards he found a job as organist to the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
He soon earned a good salary.
He married in 1603 and had two sons.
Although he had his job in Wolfenbüttel for many years he also worked a lot in Dresden where he met Heinrich Schütz and in Magdeburg where he met Samuel Scheidt.
His health was not good, possibly because he worked so hard.
When he died he left a lot of money to the poor.
Praetorius wrote a very large amount of music.
Much of it has been lost.
He wrote a collection of French dances called Terpsichore for a small group of instruments.
These are very happy pieces and are very popular today.
A lot of his music is based on Protestant hymns, written for the services in the Lutheran church.
He liked to write music in which two groups of singers or instrumentalists alternate (take it in turns to sing/play).
His music for choir, which includes many motets, shows him to be one of the best composers of his time.
He liked to write music for two, three or four choirs (all singing different parts).
The tune would be in the top part so that the congregation could join in.
His theory works
Praetorius wrote a book about music theory called Syntagma Musicum.
Part One talks about religious music.
It is very interesting for us today because it tells us a lot about the way that Martin Luther wanted to change music in the church services.
In Part Two he described the musical instruments of his day.
Part Three talks about musical forms: this included discussions about things like music notation (the way music was written), transposition (music), solmization and how to write for large choirs.
He was going to write a Part Four in which he wanted to discuss the technique of musical composition, but he died before he could write it.
1621 deaths
People from Thuringia
The Denver Broncos are an American football team in the National Football League (NFL).
They play their home games in Denver, Colorado, U.S. at Sports Authority Field at Mile High.
The Broncos play in the West Division of the American Football Conference (AFC).
The Broncos won Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXIII, and Super Bowl 50.
Their current head coach is Gary Kubiak.
In 2015, they had the NFL's best defense led by defensive coordinator Wade Phillips.
Hall of Fame players
The Orange Mane - Denver Broncos News and Discussion
2005 Team Statistics at NFL.com
20th-century establishments in Colorado
The Indianapolis Colts are an American football team in Indianapolis, Indiana.
They play in the National Football League.
They were originally the Baltimore Colts.
The team moved to Indianapolis in 1984.
Indianapolis Colts official website
20th-century establishments in Indiana
Prometheus, is a  Titan in Greek mythology.
He is the son of Iapetus and Clymene.
He created humans, originally made out of gold.
He also stole fire from Zeus and gave it to humans.
As punishment, Zeus had Prometheus chained to a mountain.