the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
His body was taken to Charette, Louisiana territory (now Marthasville, Missouri) and buried next to his wife Rebecca.
In 1845, a group from Kentucky removed the bones of Daniel and Rebecca Boone from their cemetery in Missouri.
They took them to Frankfort, Kentucky to be buried in a tomb there.
Reverend Philip Fall made a plaster cast of the skull of the body they removed from Missouri.
The plaster cast was then presented to the Kentucky State Historical Society.
In 1862 the State of Kentucky created a monument over the grave in the Frankfurt cemetery.
A forensic anthropologist, Dr. David Wolf, examined the plaster cast and stated it was probably that of a black slave.
Wolf said the cast made by Rev. Fall did not provide enough evidence to be certain, but several clues also point to the conclusion it may not be Daniel Boone.
Wolf stated he does not believe the skull shape, slope of the brow, the brow ridges and occipital bone are caucasian.
The body removed from Missouri was that of a "large and robust man".
According to Boone's brother-in-law Daniel Bryan described Boone as about 5 foot 8 or 9 inches tall.
Boone had blonde hair and blue eyes.
Several Missouri historians have stated before that the bones taken from the Missouri cemetery were actually those of a slave.
When Boone died at 85, the gravediggers discovered an unmarked body had been buried next to Rebecca Boone (died 1813).
The stranger was left in his grave and Daniel was buried at the foot of his wife's grave, but 16 years later, a gravestone was mistakenly placed over the stranger's grave.
When the party from Kentucky took the bodies in 1845, it took the bodies of Rebecca and the stranger next to her wrongly marked as Daniel Boone.
Both states claim to have the actual grave of Daniel Boone.
Daniel Boone; State Historical Society of Missouri
The Daniel Boone Homestead, Birdsboro, Pennsylvania
Daniel Boone and The History of Fort Boonesborough
Boone's Bones Brouhaha
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is an international organization created in Geneva in 1919 for better for working conditions and standard of living.
In 1946, this organization has become a special organization of the United Nations and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969.
Juan Somavía was the ILO's director-general from 1999 until October 2012, when Guy Ryder was elected as his replacement.
This governing body is composed of 28 government representatives, 14 workers' representatives, and 14 employers' representatives.
The Constitution of the International Labour Organization
The constitution of the International Labour Organization affirms that "universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice."
An additional declaration adopted in Philadelphia at the 26th section affirms that "Labour is not a commodity" (I (a)), "Freedom of expression and association are essential to sustained progress" (I (b)), "Poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere" (I (c)), and that "All human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity". (
II (a))
Main purpose of activities
Freedom of trade union
Protection from unemployment
Equal payment for equal work
Abolishment of forced labour
Abolishment of child labour
Abolishment of sweatshop
Abolishment of work or profession discrimination
Fair rights of migrant workers
Decent work for all
Fair and decent rights of domestic workers
James Graham Brown (August 18, 1881 — March 20, 1969) was an American businessman and philanthropist.
He was a hotel owner in Louisville, Kentucky.
It was his hotel, the Brown Hotel, which first served the hot sandwich.
Businesspeople from Kentucky
Social justice is an idea of justice that is based on equality in society.
The idea of social justice goes against any kind of discrimination or abuse based on social class, social status or any other reasons.
This idea is discussed by modern philosophers such as John Rawls.
It is a fundamental idea for International Labour Organization for universal and lasting peace; And Vienna Declaration also affirm social justice as a subject and a purpose of education for human rights.
1858 establishments in Florida
Pennsylvania counties
1810s establishments in Pennsylvania
Calhoun County is the name of many counties in the United States, mostly named after Senator John C. Calhoun:
Calhoun County is a county in Florida.
It is named after John C. Calhoun.
He lived in South Carolina and was a member of the United States Senate.
He later became the President of the United States.
The 2011 Daytona 500 took place on February 20th 2011 at the Daytona International Speedway.
It was the first race of the 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.
Dale Earnhardt, Jr. won the pole in qualifying, however he did not start in 1st place because he crashed his car during practice.
The race was won by Trevor Bayne.
At 20 years old, he is the youngest driver to win the race.
2011 in Florida
Melrose Place was an American primetime soap opera which began July 8th, 1992 and ended May 24, 1999.
The show lasted seven seasons on Fox.
Starring in the show were Daphne Zuniga, Marcia Cross, Courtney Thorne Smith, Josie Bissett, Heather Locklear, and many others.
Aaron Spelling was the executive producer for Melrose Place throughout its seven year run.
Many cast changes happened during this time period.
Speciation is about how species form.
It is a major part of evolutionary biology.
Darwin thought most species came directly from pre-existing species.
This is called anagenesis: species by changing, or 'phyletic evolution'.
For much of the 20th century, scientists thought most species came when earlier species split.
This is called cladogenesis.
No doubt the physical separation of species which once lived together is a main factor.
It is illustrated by so many examples, some of which are discussed below.
However, work in the last 20 years has shown some other causes.
Analysing the DNA sequence of living things has shown that there is often some hybridisation between related species.
That means genes have been transferred by these crosses.
In turn, that means reproductive isolation is not the only definition of a species, and speciation does not always need allopatry (species to be reproductively separated).<ref>Wang R.L; Wakeley J. & Hey J. 1997.
Gene flow and natural selection in the origin of Drosophila pseudoobscura and close relatives. ''
Genetics 147 1091-1106.</ref> The sections below illustrate the idea that physical separation was of prime importance in the formation of new species.
Isolating mechanisms
Isolating mechanisms are things which prevent successful breeding between groups in a species.
Reproductive isolation of populations is established.
This is particularly important to the biological species concept, as species are defined by reproductive isolation.
Before fertilisation
Geographic isolation: Species occur in different areas, and are often separated by barriers.
Temporal isolation: Individuals do not mate because they are active at different times.
This may be different times of the day or different seasons.
The species mating periods may not match up.
Individuals do not encounter one another during either their mating periods, or at all.
Ecological isolation: Individuals only mate in their preferred habitat.
They do not encounter individuals of other species with different ecological preferences.
Behavioral isolation: Individuals of different species may meet, but one does not recognize any sexual cues that may be given.
An individual chooses a member of its own species in most cases.
Mechanical isolation: Copulation may be attempted but transfer of sperm does not take place.
The individuals may be incompatible due to size or morphology.
Gametic incompatibility: Sperm transfer takes place, but the egg is not fertilized.
After fertilisation
Zygotic mortality: The egg is fertilized, but the zygote does not develop.
Hybrid inviability: Hybrid embryo forms, but is not viable.
Hybrid sterility: Hybrid is viable, but the resulting adult is sterile.
Hybrid breakdown: First generation (F1) hybrids are viable and fertile, but further hybrid generations (F2 and backcrosses) are inviable or sterile.
Geographical isolation
This is thought to be the most comon cause of speciation.
The first person to think of it was Moritz Wagner, a German explorer and natural historian.
Wagner's early career was as a geographer, and he published a number of geographical books about North Africa, the Middle East, and Tropical America.
Ernst Mayr, the evolutionist and historian of biology, has given an account of Wagner's significance.p562–565
During his three years in Algeria, Wagner (amongst other activities) studied the flightless beetles Pimelia and Melasoma.
Each genus is split into a number of species, each of which is confined to a stretch of the north coast between rivers which descend from the Atlas Mountains to the Mediterranean.
"... an incipient species will only [arise] when a few individuals transgress the limiting borders of their range... the formation of a new race will never succeed... without a long continued separation of the colonists from the other members of their species".
This was an early description of a process of one kind of geographic speciation.
In 1942 it was reintroduced by Mayr, and the importance of geographic speciation became one of the core ideas of the evolutionary synthesis.
Another term for geographic speciation is allopatric speciation.
Allopatry means 'different land'.
Volcanic islands are formed with no life, and all life has to arrive carried by wind or water.
We know from the Hawaiian islands and from the Galapagos Islands that all forms of life change when they reach the islands from the mainland.
Carson H.L. 1983.
Chromosomal sequences and interisland colonizations in Hawaiian Drosophila.
Genetics 103, 465-482.Kaneshiro K.Y. Gillespie R.G. and Carson H.L. 1995.
Chromosomes and male genitalia of Hawaiian Drosophila: tools for interpreting phylogeny and geography.
In Wagner W.L. & Funk E. (eds) Hawaiian biogeography: evolution on a hot spot archipelago, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 57-71
Ziegler A.C. 2002.
Hawaiian natural history, ecology and evolution.
In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighboring populations, each of which can interbreed with next-door populations.
The two ends of the chain overlap.
The two end populations in the series are too distantly related to interbreed.
Such non-breeding-though-genetically-connected 'end' populations may co-exist in the same region, thus closing a 'ring'.
Ring species provide important evidence of evolution: they illustrate what happens over time as populations genetically diverge.
Richard Dawkins observed that ring species "are only showing us in the spatial dimension something that must always happen in the time dimension".
Larus gulls
This was the classic example of ring species.
The range of these gulls nearly forms a ring around the North Pole (which is not normally flown over by gulls).
The lesser black-backed gulls and herring gulls are sufficiently different that they do not normally hybridize; so, it was said, the group of gulls forms a continuum except where the two lineages meet in Europe.
However, it is generally agreed that this is not quite correct, though the details are extremely complicated.
Naish, Darren 2910.
Tetrapod zoology: book one, chapter 13.
ISBN 978-1-905723-61-4
Ensatina salamanders
The Ensatina salamander is a ring species in the mountains around the Californian Central Valley.
The complex forms a horseshoe shape around the mountains.
Though interbreeding can happen between each of the 19 populations around the horseshoe, the Ensatina eschscholtzii subspecies on the western end of the horseshoe cannot interbreed with the Ensatina klauberi on the eastern end.
It is an illustration of "nearly all stages in a speciation process" (Dobzhansky).Dobzhansky T. 1958.
A century of Darwin, ed Barnett S.A. Harvard Univ.
Press, Cambridge, MA.
pp 19–55.
Richard Highton argued that Ensatina is a case of multiple species and not a continuum of one species.
The greenish warbler
The greenish warbler (Phylloscopus trochiloides) has a number of subspecies, of  which P. t .
viridianus is the most familiar in Europe.
It is a ring species with populations diverging east and westwards of the Tibetan Plateau, later meeting on the northern side.
Their relationships are fairly confusing.
Alström, Per 2006.
Species concepts and their application: insights from the genera Seicercus and Phylloscopus.
Acta Zoologica Sinica 52 (Supplement): 429-434.
Sympatric speciation Sympatric speciation refers to the formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same geographic location.
This is now thought to be very common.
In sympatric speciation, species diverge while inhabiting the same place.
Often-cited examples of sympatric speciation are found in insects that become dependent on different host plants in the same area.
Berlocher S.H. and J.L. Feder 2002.
Sympatric speciation in phytophagous insects: moving beyond controversy?
Annual Review of Entomology 47:773-815
The existence of sympatric speciation as a mechanism of speciation was hotly contested.
People argued that the evidences of sympatric speciation are in fact examples of micro-geographic speciation.
In general, this is not now the preferred explanation.
Rather, it is the result of hybridisation between closely related species, followed by natural selection working on the offspring of such crosses.
One widely accepted example of sympatric speciation is that of the cichlids of Lake Nabugabo in East Africa, which is thought to be due to sexual selection.
Speciation via polyploidization
Many of the existing plant and most animal species have apparently undergone polyploidization in their evolutionary history.
Reproduction of successful polyploid species is sometimes asexual, by parthenogenesis.
For unknown reasons many asexual organisms are polyploid.
Hawthorn fly
One example of evolution at work is the case of the hawthorn fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, which appears to be undergoing sympatric speciation.
Different populations of hawthorn fly feed on different fruits.
A distinct population emerged in North America in the 19th century some time after apples, a non-native species, were introduced.
This apple-feeding population normally feeds only on apples and not on the historically preferred fruit of hawthorns.
The current hawthorn feeding population does not normally feed on apples.
Some evidence suggests that sympatric speciation is occurring.
Hawthorn flies mature later in the season and take longer to mature than apple flies; and there is little evidence of interbreeding (researchers have documented a 4-6% hybridization rate).
Hybridisation
Rarely, a new species forms when individual members of different species mate.
Usually, the products of such hybrid matings are infertile (not fertile), or relatively so, and so get eliminated by natural selection.
One example of a new and successful hybrid species has been found.
The new species is a hybrid of the Italian and Spanish sparrows, and the basic facts have been checked by sequence analysis from the DNA in their blood.
The bird lives in Italy in a region where both parent species live.
It does not reproduce with the Spanish sparrow even though it lives with them side-by-side.
Artificial speciation
New species have been created by domesticated animal husbandry, but the initial dates and methods are not clear.
Lab species
The best-documented creations of new species in the laboratory were performed in the late 1980s.
Each generation was placed into the maze, and the groups of flies that came out of two of the eight exits were set apart to breed with each other in their respective groups.
The history of such attempts is described in Rice and Hostert (1993).
Diane Dodd was also able to show how reproductive isolation can develop from mating preferences in Drosophila pseudoobscura after only eight generations using different food types, starch and maltose.
Reinforcement (Wallace effect)
It may occur after two populations of the same species are separated and then come back into contact.
If their reproductive isolation was complete, then they will have already developed into two separate incompatible species.
If their reproductive isolation is incomplete, then further mating between the populations will produce hybrids, which may or may not be fertile.
If the hybrids are infertile, or fertile but less fit than their ancestors, then there will be no further reproductive isolation and speciation has essentially occurred (e.g., as in horses and donkeys.)
The reasoning behind this is that if the parents of the hybrid offspring each have naturally selected traits for their own different environments, the hybrid offspring will bear traits from both, and would not fit either niche as well as either parent.
The low fitness of the hybrids would cause selection to favour assortative mating, which would reduce hybridization.
This is sometimes called the Wallace effect''' after the evolutionary biologist Alfred Russel Wallace who suggested in the late 19th century that it might be an important factor in speciation.
Reinforcement is required for separation when there is a "hybrid zone" between two forms of a species.
Hybrid zones are regions where diverged populations meet and interbreed.
Hybrid offspring are very common in these regions, which are usually created by diverged species coming into secondary contact.
Without reinforcement the two populations or species would have uncontrollable interbreeding.
Reinforcement may be induced in artificial selection experiments as described above.
Calhoun County is a county in the U.S. state of Alabama.
As of 2010 the population was 118,572.
Its county seat is Anniston.
Benton County was formed on December 18, 1832.
It was named for Thomas Hart Benton, a member of the United States Senate from Missouri.
The first county seat was at Jacksonville.
An F4 tornado struck here on Palm Sunday March 27, 1994.
It destroyed Piedmont's Goshen United Methodist Church twelve minutes after the National Weather Service of Birmingham issued a tornado warning for northern Calhoun, southeastern Etowah, and southern Cherokee.
(or 99.37%) is land and  (or 0.63%) is water.
Alabama and Tennessee River Railway
Cherokee County, Alabama - northeast
Cleburne County, Alabama - east
Talladega County, Alabama - south
St. Clair County, Alabama - west
Etowah County, Alabama - northwest
National protected areas
Mountain Longleaf National Wildlife Refuge
Talladega National Forest (part)
Anniston
Bynum
Choccolocco
Eastaboga
Hobson City
Ohatchee
Oxford (part - part of Oxford is in Talladega County)
Piedmont (part - part of Piedmont is in Cherokee County)
Saks
Webster's Chapel
West End-Cobb Town
Calhoun County is home to the Anniston Museum of Natural History and the Berman Museum of World History.
It also contains a part of the Talladega National Forest.
Dallas is an American soap opera.
It is about the Ewings, a family from Texas involved in oil and cattle ranching.
The show began as a television miniseries during April 1978.
It was broadcasted until May 3, 1991 on CBS.
The cast included Charlene Tilton, Victoria Principal, Priscilla Presley, Patrick Duffy, and Larry Hagman as J.R. Ewing.
The series lasted for fourteen seasons.
Calhoun County is a county in Georgia.
Its county seat is Morgan.
1854 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
1825 establishments in Illinois
Elasmobranchii  is a subclass of the Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fish.
It includes the modern sharks and the rays and skates.
Fossilised shark teeth are known from the early Devonian, around 400 million years ago.
During the following Carboniferous period, the sharks underwent a period of diversification, with many new forms evolving.
Many of these became extinct during the Permian, but the remaining sharks underwent a second burst of adaptive radiation during the Jurassic, around which time the skates and rays first appeared.
Subclass Elasmobranchii
†Plesioselachus
†Order Squatinactiformes
†Order Protacrodontiformes
†Infraclass Cladoselachimorpha
†Order Cladoselachiformes
†Infraclass Xenacanthimorpha
†Order Xenacanthiformes
Infraclass Euselachii (sharks and rays)
†Order Ctenacanthiformes
†Division Hybodonta
†Order Hybodontiformes
Division Neoselachii
Subdivision Selachii (Selachimorpha) (modern sharks)
Superorder Galeomorphi
Order Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)
Order Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)
Order Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)
Order Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
Superorder Squalomorphi
Order Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)
Order Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)
†Order Protospinaciformes
Order Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
Order Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)
Subdivision Batoidea (rays)
Order Torpediniformes (electric rays)
Order Pristiformes (sawfishes)
Order Rajiformes (skates and relatives)
Order Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)
Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. (November 19, 1915 – March 9, 1974) was an American pharmacologist and biochemist.
He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones.
He was born in Burlingame, Kansas  in 1915 and died in Miami, Florida, United States in 1974.
Persian Wikipedia is a member of Wikimedia Foundation.
It started work in December 2003.
founder of Persian version is Roozbeh Pour-Nader.
It is the 18th largest edition by article count.
Persian Wikipedia has currently more than 500,000 articles.
Many of the first articles on the Persian Wikipedia were about chemical materials and historical subjects.
The Wikipedia added geography and religious subjects soon after.
On December 16, 2004, the Wikipedia reached 10,000 articles.
Charts Progress
Wikipedias at MetaWiki
Edward B. Lewis (May 20, 1918 – July 21, 2004) was an American geneticist.
He shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
In 1942 Lewis received a PhD from California Institute of Technology (Caltech), working on Drosophila melanogaster under the guidance of Alfred Sturtevant.
After serving as a meteorologist in the U.S. Air Force in World War II, Lewis joined the Caltech faculty in 1946 as an instructor.
In 1956 he was appointed Professor of Biology, and in 1966 the Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology.
His Nobel Prize winning studies with Drosophila founded the field of developmental genetics and laid the groundwork for our current understanding of the universal, evolutionarily conserved strategies controlling animal development.
Effects of radiation
During the 1950s, Lewis studied the effects of radiation from X-rays, nuclear fallout and other sources as possible causes of cancer.
He reviewed medical records from survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as radiologists and patients exposed to X-rays.
Lewis published articles in Science and other journals and made a presentation to a Congressional committee on atomic energy in 1957.
Genes regulating development
In a series of experiments with the fruit-fly Drosophila, Lewis was able to identify a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes.
The latter then activate or repress cell processes which direct the final development of the organism.
Furthermore, the sequence of these control genes show co-linearity: the order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed in segments along the body.
Not only that, but this cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms.
Each of the genes contains a homeobox, a remarkably conserved DNA sequence.
This suggests the complex itself arose by gene duplication.
Christine Jane Baranski (b. 2 May 1952) is an American Actress, Singer and Producer.
On stage, she played Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd and the title character in Mame.
She has also acted in multiple movies.
Baranski was born in Buffalo, New York.
Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts (21 April 1814 – 30 December 1906), born Angela Georgina Burdett, was a noted nineteenth century philanthropist.
She was the daughter of Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Baronet and Sophia Coutts, daughter of Thomas Coutts the banker.
In 1837 she became the wealthiest woman in England when she inherited her grandfather's fortune of nearly three million pounds sterling.
At the same time she got a Royal Licence (permission from the monarch) to join her father's and grandfather's surnames and become Angela Burdett-Coutts.
Lady Burdett-Coutts did not mary until she was 67.
She married her 29-year-old secretary, the American born William Lehman Ashmead Bartlett, who later became MP for Westminster on 12 February, 1881.
Her new husband changed his surname to Burdett-Coutts.
Lady Burdett-Coutts had no children.
She gave away most of her wealth, setting up on scholarships, endowments, and giving to a wide range of charitable causes.
One of her earliest was to establish, with the novelist Charles Dickens, Urania Cottage, a home that helped young women who had 'turned to a life of immorality'including theft and prostitution.
Among many gifts to churches, she also personally endowed the bishoprics of Cape Town, and Adelaide (1847), and the founding bishopric of British Columbia (1857).
The money from these endowments was invested to help pay for the Bishop's expenses.
She also established the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) in 1883, the Westminster Technical Institute in 1893 and was closely involved with the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA).
President, British Beekeepers Association 1878–1906
President of the Ladies Committee of the RSPCA (England/Scotland).
Church bells for St Paul's Cathedral
Cotton gins for Nigeria
Drinking fountains for dogs
Help for Turkish peasants and the refugees of the 1877 Russo-Turkish War, receiving the order of the Medjidieh, the only time it was conferred on a woman
Housing schemes for the working-class along the lines of contemporary model dwellings companies.
Lifeboats in Brittany, France
The London Ragged School Union
A sewing school for women in Spitalfields when the silk trade declined
Soup kitchens
Support organisations for the aboriginal peoples of Australia and for the Dayaks of Borneo
The Temperance Society
Promotion of the fishing industry in Ireland by helping to start schools and provide boats; she also advanced £250,000 in 1880 for supplying seed to the impoverished tenants
Placement of hundreds of destitute boys in training ships for the navy and merchant service
Financing the first archaeological survey of Jerusalem in 1864 to improve its sanitation
Prominent supporter of the British Horological Institute at a crucial time in its history, due to her acquaintance with John Jones, a BHI founder
In 1858 donated £500 to the Cotton Supply Association and contributed an annual subscription of £100 for five years.
Ten years letter she donated another £500 to the Association.
In 1864 purchased more than one hundred Greek manuscripts (532-546) from Janina (Epirus), transported to England between 1870 and 1872 and presented them to Sir Roger Cholmely's School, they were housed at the Highgate, in London
Commissioned a monument for St Pancras Old Church, containing the names of many people whose bodies had been dug up from the churchyard to make space for the railway.
In 1871, in recognition of her charity work, Queen Victoria made her a peer on her own under the title Baroness Burdett-Coutts, of Highgate and Brookfield in the County of Middlesex.,
although as a woman she was not a member of the House of Lords.
On 18 July 1872 she became the first woman to be presented with the Freedom of the City of London at the Guildhall and in 1874 was Edinburgh's first woman Burgess, also being presented with the Freedom of that city.
Lady Burdett-Coutts died of acute bronchitis at her house in Stratton Street, Piccadilly.
By the time of her death she had given more than £3 million to good causes.
She was buried on 5 January 1907 near the West Door in the nave of Westminster Abbey.
Charles Dickens dedicated his novel Martin Chuzzlewit to her and she had many royal and eminent friends.
The book Flashman's Lady by George MacDonald Fraser makes reference to Angela Burdett-Coutts (fictional) love interest for James Brooke (The White Rajah); and his rejection of her due to his physical affliction.
Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts at the Victorian Web
Article on Angela Burdett-Coutts from Anglicans Online
General Secretary is a title most often used in political parties, and is usually the leader of the party.
The General Secretary (sometimes called First Secretary or Secretary-General) is usually the leader of the Secretariat and the Politburo.
On April 3, 1922, Joseph Stalin became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and had the job of deciding who was a member of the party and where they went.
Vladimir Lenin was de facto leader at the time.
Once Lenin died, Stalin used his power to give allies jobs in the party to become more powerful than everybody else.
Sid Caesar (Isaac Sidney Caesar; September 8, 1922 – February 12, 2014) was an American comedian and actor.
Caesar stared in Your Show of Shows from 1950 until 1954 and in Grease as Coach Calhoun.
Before becoming a comedian, Caesar was a musician.
He won two Emmy Awards during his career.
Caesar was born on September 8, 1922 in Yonkers, New York.
He was of Polish-Russian-Jewish descent.
Caesar was married to Florence Levy from 1943 until her death in 2010.
Official Sid Caesar website
Sid Caesar Biography from Museum of Broadcast Communications
Sid Caesar Biography from New York Times
Archival Television Audio on Sid Caesar
The swallows and martins are a group of passerine birds in the family Hirundinidae.
These birds are adapted to aerial feeding. "
Swallow" is used colloquially in Europe as a synonym for the barn swallow.
Within the swallow, the name "martin" tends to be used for the squarer-tailed species, and the name "swallow" for the more fork-tailed species.
However, there is no scientific distinction between these two groups.
The family contains around 83 species in 19 genera.
Clara Ann Fowler, better known as Patti Page, (November 8, 1927 - January 1, 2013) was an American singer.
She is one of the best known female singers of traditional pop.
She was the best selling female artist in the 1950s.
She will win an honorary Grammy Award in 2013.
Page was born in Claremore, Oklahoma.
Page died on January 1, 2013 in Encinitas, California from natural causes, aged 85.
The Official Patti Page Website
Patti Page Official Biography
Interview with Patti Page
Songwriters' Hall of Fame article on Patti Page
All My Children was an American soap opera set in a fictional suburb of Philadelphia.
Susan Lucci plays Erica Kane.
Other famous people have starred, including Sarah Michelle Gellar.
The show aired on ABC for 43 years since its beginning until September 23, 2011 when cancellation was announced on April 2011.
It was canceled on April 14, 2011 along with One Life to Live due to low ratings and production costs.
Another series was shown in 2013.
1970 television series debuts
Fiction about suburbia
Oregon State University is a four-year university in Corvallis, Oregon in the United States.
It is the largest university in Oregon, and as of February 2011, has over 23,000 students.
The university has classes for both graduate and undergraduate students, and also offers classes online.
Oregon State's athletic teams are known as the Beavers.
Its baseball team won the College World Series in 2006 and 2007.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone GCVO GBE GStJ (Alice Mary Victoria Augusta Pauline; née Princess Alice of Albany; 25 February 1883 – 3 January 1981) was a member of the British Royal Family.
Alice was the longest-lived Princess of the British Royal Family and the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria.
She was by birth a Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and a "Duchess in Saxony", as well as a Princess of Teck by marriage.
On 1917 she was ordered to give up all German titles by George V. Alice was godmother to Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, the granddaughter of her first cousin, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.
Princess Alice was the last grandchild of Queen Victoria to die, in January 1981, almost 115 years after the death of Prince Sigismund of Prussia, the first grandchild of Queen Victoria to die.
He died in June 1866.
Princess Alice was born 25 February 1883 at Windsor Castle.
Her father was Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, the youngest son of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort.
Her mother was Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont.
She had one brother, Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany (1884–1954) who was reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1900–1918).
As the granddaughter of the Sovereign through the male line, she was a Princess of the United Kingdom and a Royal Highness.
As the daughter of the Duke of Albany, she was, therefore, styled Her Royal Highness Princess Alice of Albany.
On 10 February 1904, at St George's Chapel, Windsor, Princess Alice of Albany married her second cousin once-removed, Prince Alexander of Teck, the brother of Queen Mary.
After their marriage, Princess Alice was styled HRH Princess Alexander of Teck.
Princess Alice was one of the carriers of the gene for haemophilia which arose with Queen Victoria.
Princess Alice inherited the gene from her father who himself was a sufferer.
Her eldest son, Rupert, inherited the disease from her; this led to his early death following an automobile accident.
When the British Royal Family abandoned all German titles by Letters Patent issued by King George V in June 1917, Prince Alexander of Teck gave up the title "Prince of Teck" in the Kingdom of Württemberg and the style Serene Highness, and took the surname Cambridge,.
For a short time he was known as Sir Alexander Cambridge, then the Earl of Athlone.
Their two surviving children also lost their Württemberg princely titles.
Princess Alice gave up her titles of Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duchess of Saxony, but her brother Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who held a commission in the German Army, did not and was stripped of his British titles instead.
Alice stayed, a Princess of Great Britain and Ireland and a Royal Highness in her own right, as granddaughter of Queen Victoria in the male line.
From June 1917 until her death, she was styled Her Royal Highness Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone.
The Earl was appointed Governor-General of the Union of South Africa and served from 1924-31: Princess Alice accompanied him and was the Vicereine during that period.
Lord and Lady Athlone had a coastal beach house constructed at Muizenberg, which still stands today and is one of South Africa's national monuments.
The Cape Town Suburb of Athlone was named in honour of the Governor-General and it and the beach house are the only physical reminder of the Athlones' residence at the Cape.
World War II and Canada
On the sudden death of the very popular John Buchan in 1940 Canada was without a Governor General in time of war.
For a long time Canadian governments had intended appointing only Canadians as governors general — Australia had long since done so with the appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs as its governor general.
But wartime did not seem the right time for such a move.
As the Royal Family had got a lot of public support during the Royal Tour of 1939, Lord Athlone seemed a very good candidate.
He was Queen Mary's brother (and thus the King's uncle) and a former governor general of another of His Majesty's Dominions and Mackenzie King advised the King to appoint him.
Post-World War II
At the end of World War II, the American Military Government in Bavaria, under the command of General George S. Patton, arrested and imprisoned Alice's brother, Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, (who was a member of the Reichstag from 1937 to 1945), because of his Nazi sympathies.
Alice, came to Germany with her husband to plead with for his release.
They would not yield, and in 1946, he was sentenced by a de-nazification court, heavily fined and almost bankrupted.
In her lifetime, Princess Alice carried out many Royal duties.
Apart from her normal duties as Vicereine of South Africa and then Canada, she attended the Coronations of four monarchs: Edward VII, George V, George VI, and Elizabeth II.
She was also the Colonel-in-Chief of two British Army units and one Rhodesian Army unit.
During the Second World War, she was Honorary Air Commandant of the Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division.
In 1950, she became the first Chancellor of the University of the West Indies (then the University College of the West Indies).
From the 1930s-60s she was Chair of the Council (governing body) of Royal Holloway College, University of London.
The Earl of Athlone died in 1957 at Kensington Palace in London.
Princess Alice lived on there until 1981, when she died at age 97 years and 313 days.
At her death, she was the longest-lived British Princess of the Blood Royal and the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria .
Her funeral took place in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, attended by all members of the Royal Family.
She is buried alongside her husband and son in the private British Royal Burial Grounds at Frogmore, directly behind the mausoleum of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, in Windsor Great Park.
25 February 1883 – 10 February 1904: Her Royal Highness Princess Alice of Albany
10 February 1904 – 14 July 1917: Her Royal Highness Princess Alexander of Teck
14 July 1917 – July 1917: Her Royal Highness Princess Alice, The Honourable Lady Cambridge
July 1917 – 3 January 1981: Her Royal Highness Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
GCVO: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
GBE: Dame Grand Cross of the British Empire
VA: Lady of the Order of Victoria and Albert
Royal Family Order of King Edward VII
Royal Family Order of King George V
Royal Family Order of King George VI
Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II
regiments.org listing of honours and military titles
A YouTube video of HRH Princess Alice speaking informally about Queen Victoria, her paternal grandmother - circa 1977
Theuriet studied law in Paris and became a civil servant.
He retired as a civil servant in 1886, almost 20 years after his first published book was issued.
The was the Chemin des bois, a collection of poems, many of which had already appeared in the Revue des Deux Mondes.
Theuriet received in 1890 the  from the French Academy, and was made a member of the Academy in 1896.
Le mariage de Gérard (1875)
Raymonde (1877)
Le fils Maugars (1879)
La maison des Deux Barbeaux (1879)
Sauvageonne (1880)
Reine des bois (1890)
Villa tranquille (1899)
Le manuscrit du chanoine (1902)
Much later, he worked on the technique of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA.
This is the most reliable method of altering animal genomes at present, and the technique behind gene targeting and knockout mice.
Danica Mae McKellar (born January 3, 1975) is an American actress and mathematician.
She is best known for playing Winnie Cooper in The Wonder Years.
She also starred in several television movies.
She is also a New York Times bestselling author.
She wrote four popular non-fiction books: Math Doesn't Suck, Kiss My Math, Hot X: Algebra Exposed and Girls Get Curves: Geometry Takes Shape.
The books are meant to encourage middle-school and high-school girls to have confidence and succeed in mathematics.
She married composer Mike Verta on March 22, 2009, in La Jolla, California.
The couple had dated since 2001.
They had their first child on September 7, 2010, a boy they named Draco.
McKellar filed for divorce from Verta in June 2012.
People with this disorder leave bed, without waking up, and walk around.
In certain cases, people do things they also do in everyday life.
According to research done, sleepwalking seems to be a problem related to the mechanism of waking up.
What people do while sleepwalking
The activities can be as simple as sitting up in bed, walking to the bathroom, and cleaning.
Sometimes they are dangerous; examples include  cooking, driving, extremely violent gesture or grabbing at hallucinated objects, or even homicide.
Generally, sleepwalking cases consist of simple, repeated behaviours; occasionally there are reports of people performing complex behaviours while asleep, but the legitimacy of these claims is often disputed.
In 2004, sleep medicine experts in Australia claimed to have successfully treated a woman who claimed to have sex with strangers in her sleep.
In December 2008, reports were published of a woman who sent semi-coherent emails while sleepwalking, including one inviting a friend around for dinner and drinks.
Sleepwalkers often have little or no memory of the what they do, because they are not truly conscious.
Their eyes are open, but their expression is dim and glazed over.
Sleepwalking may last as little as 30 seconds or as long as thirty minutes.
How common is sleepwalking?
There is no data about how common sleepwalking is.
Estimates say that one to two percent of adults are sleepwalkers.
Sleepwalking seems to be more common in children, between ten and thirty percent of children are affected; in most cases, they stop sleepwalking during puberty.
Most cases of sleepwalking are temporary, they occur once, or only a few times.
It looks like some sleepwalking may be inherited; very often, people who are sleepwalkers have other sleepwalkers in the family.
Because people can hurt themselves while sleepwalking, it is a good idea to either wake a sleepwalker, or to guide the person back to bed.
There are drugs that can be given to treat the condition.
As there is no therapy, many experts are against the use of drugs.
La Sonnambula, Italian opera by Vincenzo Bellini
Lucy Westenra, a fictional character in Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, is sleepwalker
Inclusive education is an idea in the field of education.
It means that persons with disabilities or persons who need special care can learn in schools together with people who do not have special needs.
This idea comes from the idea of social justice.
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also says that access to education is a human right.
Whether the education takes place in schools with all kinds of pupils is a matter of practicality.
There is no general rule which can always be followed.
Some kinds of disability needs both specially trained teachers, and a separate environment from the normal classrooms.
The 2011 Australian Open was a tennis tournament featuring six different competitions.
It was part of the 2011 ATP World Tour, the 2011 WTA Tour, ITF Junior Tour and the NEC Tour.
The tournament took place at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia, from 17 January to 30 January.
The event was the 99th edition of the Australian Open.
It was also the first Grand Slam event of 2011.
The tournament was played on hard courts.
It was organised by the International Tennis Federation and Tennis Australia.
In the men's doubles the Bryan Brothers won their fifth Australian Open.
Gisela Dulko and Flavia Pennetta won their first Grand Slam title in the women's doubles.
Daniel Nestor claimed his second mixed doubles Grand Slam alongside Katarina Srebotnik who won her fourth mixed title.
In the junior tournaments both the singles and doubles titles in the boys and girls events were won by Jiří Veselý and An-Sophie Mestach.
Vesely won the doubles alongside Filip Horanský.
Mestach won her doubles crown with Demi Schuurs.
Vesely and Mestach won their first Grand Slam titles.
They became the first players to achieve the junior double together since Kristian Pless and Virginie Razzano.
They achieved this at the 1999 Australian Open.
Shingo Kunieda and Esther Vergeer both won the singles and doubles in the men's and women's wheelchair tennis events.
Kunieda won his fourth Australian Open in a row, his fifth overall.
In the doubles Kuneda was partnered to the title by Maikel Scheffers.
Vergeer's singles win was her eighth Australian Open crown.
It was also her 17th Grand Slam title overall.
The final also marked the fourth time that she has not lost a game during a Grand Slam final.
The win in the final was Vergeer's 404th match win in a row.
Vergeer was partnered by Sharon Walraven in the doubles.
In the mixed events David Wagner won the singles.
Andrew Lapthorne and Peter Norfolk won the doubles competition.
The 2011 Australian Open was the 99th edition of the Australian Open.
It was held at Melbourne Park, in Melbourne, Victoria.
The tournament was an event run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).
It was part of the 2011 ATP World Tour and the 2011 WTA Tour calendars.
The tournament consisted of men's and women's singles and doubles draws as well as a mixed doubles event.
There was also singles and doubles events for boys and girls (players under 18).
The tournament was part of the Grade A group of tournaments of the junior tour.
There was also events for wheelchair tennis players (they competed in three categories: men, women and quadipedic) as part of the NEC tour.
The three biggest courts used were the Hisense Arena, the Margaret Court Arena and the Rod Laver Arena.
Points and prize money
Point distribution
Seniors points
Junior points
Wheelchair points
The 2011 Australian Open offered record prize money to both men and women.
It had a total of A$25 million (US$24 million), up 3.8% on the total prize money from 2010.
The winners of the singles titles took home A$2.2 million (US$2.1 million).
The finalists finalists were given A$1.1 million (US$1 million).
Below is the list of prize money given to each player in the main draw of the professional competitions; all prize money is in Australian dollars (A$).
Prize money for the doubles is given as a team.
Men's and Women's Singles
Winners: $2,200,000
Runners-up: $1,100,000
Semi-finalists: $420,000
Quarter-finalists: $210,000
Fourth round: $93,000
Third round: $54,500
Second round: $32,000
First round: $20,000
Men's and Women's Doubles
Winners: $454,500
Runners-up: $227,250
Semi-finalists: $113,000
Quarter-finalists: $56,000
Third round: $31,500
Second round: $17,200
First round: $9,600
Winners: $135,500
Runners-up: $67,500
Semi-finalists: $33,900
Quarter-finalists: $15,500
Second round: $7,800
First round: $3,800
There were five competitions open to professional tennis players.
The Association of Tennis Professionals and Women's Tennis Association awarded ranking points in all events apart from the mixed doubles.
The singles draws were contested by one hundred and twenty eight players.
Sixty four teams took part in the doubles events.
Thirty two teams lined up in the mixed doubles competition.
At the start of the 2011 Australian Open, World Number one Rafael Nadal was on the edge of history.
He had a chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slams at the same time.
He had won the previous three.
This would not be the Grand Slam, but the media had named it the "Rafa Slam."
The name came from the "Serena Slam" which was used when Serena Williams won all four Grand Slam titles in a row.
Nadal was the number one seed and led the field.
The other top ten seeds were; sixteen time Grand Slam champion, Roger Federer, 2008 Australian Open winner Novak Djokovic, two time Grand Slam finalists Robin Söderling and Andy Murray, Wimbledon runner up Tomáš Berdych, David Ferrer, 2003 US Open champion Andy Roddick, Fernando Verdasco and Mikhail Youzhny.
The start of the 2011 Australian Open saw all the seeds make it to the second round.
But Gulbis, Querrey, who lost in the fifth set 8–6 and Davydenko did not win.
Montanes, Fish, Monfils, Baghdatis, Tsonga, Bellucci and Nalbandian won their matches in the final set.
The second round saw Michaël Llodra lose to qualifier Milos Raonic, Feliciano López who went out to Wildcard Bernard Tomic, Juan Mónaco lost to Robin Haase, Fish lose to Robredo and Montanes lost to Malisse.
While Nalbandian had to retire against Berenkis and Bellucci lost 8–6 in the final set to Hernych.
Youzhny, Verdasco, Almagro and Federer all survived final set deciders to progress to the third round.
Raonic continued his form from the previous round as he upset Youzhny this time in four sets, the biggest upset to date.
While Alexandr Dolgopolov upset Tsonga, coming back two sets to one down.