the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Spanish-speaking people of the region call them cuy (plural: cuyes).
This perception of pigginess occurred in many languages other than English; the German word for them is Meerschweinchen, literally "little sea pigs" (sailing ships stopping to reprovision in the New World would pick up stores of guinea pigs, which provided an easily transportable source of fresh meat), the Russian and Polish word for them is similar, "morskaya svinka" (Морская свинка) and "świnka morska" respectively, meaning also "little sea pig" (it comes from archaic use of the word to mean "overseas").
However, this perception of pigginess is not universal to all languages or cultures.
For example, the common Spanish term is 'conejillo de Indias' (Indian bunny rabbit).
Housing and breeding guinea pigs
Guinea pigs need large open air cages in which to romp and frolic.
They should have a diet of 1/8 cup of high quality grass-based guinea-pig pellets daily, as per manufacturer’s instructions.
They should also have unlimited grass hay, and at least one cup of a variety of veggies.
Guinea pigs like to be held in hand.
Guinea pigs should be kept in cages larger than 7.5 square feet or 10.5 square feet for 2 pigs.
They should always have a friend as guinea pigs are social animals.
Other uses of the term
Guinea pig is also slang for a person who is the first to try something.
It can also mean the subject of an experiment.
This is because guinea pigs are used by biologists as model organisms.
rodents
The Spanish arrive in Peru.
Death of Protestant reformer Huldrych Zwingli
Philip Morris Glass (born January 31, 1937) is an American composer of modern music.
He is one of the most influential music makers of the late 20th century.
Glass has created operas, music for quartets, dance, and much more.
He is known for writing minimalist music.
Glass has described himself instead as a composer of "music with repetitive structures".
Though his early music shares much with what is called "minimalist", he has since evolved stylistically.
21st-century American composers
Audioslave is an American rock band.
The band is made up of Chris Cornell (vocals), who was with Soundgarden until 1997, and Tom Morello (guitar), Tim Commerford (electric bass) and Brad Wilk (drums), who were with Rage Against The Machine until 2000.
Their first album Audioslave was released in 2002 and the next one, named Out of Exile, followed in 2005.
On May 6, 2005 Audioslave became the first American rock group to play in Cuba.
Because of American laws against trade with Cuba, this concert had to be allowed by US authorities.
Audioslave (2002)
Out of Exile (2005)
Revelations (2006)
Post-grunge bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
2007 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in California
Environment means anything that surrounds us.
It can be living (biotic) or non-living (abiotic) things.
It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces.
Living things live in their environment.
They constantly interact with it and adapt themselves  to conditions in their environment.
In the environment there are different interactions between animals, plants, soil, water, and other living and non-living things.
Since everything is part of the environment of something else, the word environment is used to talk about many things.
People in different fields of knowledge use the word environment differently.
Electromagnetic environment is radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation and magnetic fields.
The environment of galaxy refers to conditions of interstellar medium.
In psychology and medicine, a person's environment is the people, physical things and places that the person lives with.
The environment affects the growth and development of the person.
It affects the person's behavior, body, mind and heart.
The living conditions of living organisms in an environment are affected by the weather or climate  changes in the environment.
Environment includes the living and nonliving things that an organism interacts with, or has an effect on it.
Living elements that an organism interacts with are known as biotic elements: animals, plants, etc.,
abiotic elements are non living things which include air, water, sunlight etc.
Studying the environment means studying the relationships among these various things.
An example of interactions between non-living and living things is plants getting their minerals from the soil and making food using sunlight.
Predation, an organism eating another, is an example of interaction between living things.
Some people call themselves environmentalists.
They think we must protect the natural environment, to keep it safe.
Things in the natural environment that we value are called natural resources.
For example; fish, insects, and forests.
These are renewable resources because they come back naturally when we use them.
Non-renewable resources are important things in the environment that are limited for example, ores and fossil fuels after a few thousand years.
Some things in the natural environment can kill people, such as lightning.
Ecological units which are natural systems without much human interference.
These include all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural events.
Universal natural resources and physical phenomenon which lack clear-cut boundaries.
These include climate, air, water, energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism.
A tooth is one of the hard, white things in the mouth.
Teeth (plural) are used to help the mastication process by chewing food.
Chew means to break up and crush food so it can be swallowed (pushed down into the stomach).
Most vertebrates have teeth.
Birds are the biggest group that do not.
Many invertebrates have mouthparts which, to some extent, act like teeth.
Different animals have different kinds of teeth because they eat different foods.
Some animals use teeth as a weapon.
Human adults usually have 32 teeth.
Human children usually have 20 teeth.
Natal teeth
Some human babies are born with teeth.
Natal teeth are teeth that are present at birth.
These are different from neonatal teeth which are teeth that emerge during the first month of life.
Natal teeth are not common.
They occur in about 1 out of every 2–3 thousand births.
They are usually found on the lower jaw.
Natal teeth are usually not well attached and may easily wobble.
Teeth eruption
Deciduous teeth or milk teeth or temporary teeth are the first set of teeth for most mammals.
Humans have 20 of them.
The first teeth (called "primary teeth") start to erupt (come through the gums of the jaw) when a baby is about 6 months old.
When these teeth erupt it can really hurt.
Babies chew on things to make the pain better.
This is called teething (verb: to teethe).
Most children have all 20 teeth by two or three years of age.
At age 6–7 the permanent teeth start to erupt.
By the age of 11–12 most children have 28 adult teeth.
The last four teeth, called 'wisdom teeth' or third molars come in by age 17–21 in most people.
Some people never grow wisdom teeth.
Or they may have only two instead of four.
Teeth structure
The outside white part of teeth is called the enamel.
The enamel is made of calcium phosphate and is very hard.
Under the enamel is the dentine.
The dentine is softer than the hard enamel.
So it is hurt more by tooth decay (cavities).
Under the dentine is the pulp which has the nerves and blood vessels that go to the tooth.
This is the part that causes the pain of a toothache.
Cementum is outside the dentine where there is no enamel.
Cementum holds the tooth to the bone of the jaw.
Types of teeth
Healthy teeth
If they are protected and kept clean, teeth should stay for a person's whole life.
Many people lose their teeth early because they do not do the right things to keep teeth healthy.
Brush teeth after every meal and at bedtime with a soft-bristled brush.
Floss after every meal (but at least once a day at bedtime).
Flossing should be done before brushing!
Drink water with fluoride before brushing.
Or, use a fluoride mouthrinse (but not for children under age 6).
See a dentist every 6 months for a tooth exam and tooth cleaning.
Eat a healthy diet.
Sugars like sucrose and glucose are bad for teeth.
Milk and cheese are good for teeth because they have calcium.
However, milk contains lactose which can cause cavities.
Due to this, drinking a lot of milk can still cause cavities.
Unsweetened (no sugar) chewing gum helps clean teeth, and makes salvia and removes food particles.
Nothing with flavor in-between meals, give your saliva the two to three hours it needs to clean teeth.
The saliva can not do that if there is a continuous food film being put on to the teeth.
Dehydration leads to less saliva production.
Drink plenty of water every day.
Disease of teeth
Plaque is the soft white substance that forms on teeth when they are not cleaned.
It has bacteria in it that hurt enamel.
If plaque is not cleaned off, after 2 days it can become tartar.
Tartar is a hard substance that forms on teeth (mostly near the gums).
Tartar makes gums unhealthy and makes more bacteria grow on the teeth.
Plaque is cleaned off with a toothbrush.
If tartar forms on teeth, a dentist must clean it off.
The bacteria that are on teeth eat into the enamel.
Cleaning and flossing teeth, eating good foods, and having a dentist take off plaque make less bacteria on teeth.
If there is too much bacteria, they eat enamel faster than teeth make enamel.
This makes holes in enamel called cavities.
When a person gets cavities, he has the disease dental caries.
Making cavities in enamel happens slowly.
But once cavities go through enamel, the soft dentine is hurt much faster.
Cavities may be fixed by dentists.
The New Student's Reference Work Wikisource
Tooth Citizendium
Petula Clark, CBE (born 15 November 1932) is a British singer, actress and composer.
She was born in Epsom, Surrey.
She began her career as a child and was popular in Britain during World War II.
In the 1950s, she became a successful pop singer, first in the UK, then in continental Europe, and finally in the United States in the mid-1960s.
Her most famous song is "Downtown," which was recorded in four languages and sold nearly five million copies worldwide.
Her films include The Card (1952), The Runaway Bus (1956), Finian's Rainbow (1968), and Goodbye, Mr. Chips.
She continues to record and perform in concert.
Actors from Surrey
British child actors
British child singers
English pop singers
Sir Thomas John Woodward  (born 7 June 1940), known professionally as Tom Jones, is a Welsh singer.
He has won Grammy Awards.
Jones is particularly noted for his powerful voice.
He released his first album Along Came Jones in 1965.
He has released thirty-nine studio albums since then.
He released his most recent album Spirit in the Room in 2012.
Jones was married to Linda from 1957 until she died of cancer in 2016.
He has a son (born 1957) by Linda.
He has a son (born 1988) by another woman.
British R&B musicians
British soul musicians
Musicians from Glamorgan
Slade is an English Hard rock /Glam rock band.
The band started in 1966 and were popular in the 1970s and 1980s.
The band released fifteen studio albums and four live albums.
With worldwide success, particularly in the UK and Europe, the band scored six number one singles on the UK chart, and a total of 24 top forty singles in the country.
The original line-up split in 1992 which led guitarist Dave Hill and drummer Don Powell to form Slade II, with new members.
The new line-up continues to tour today.
In 1975, the band made a film titled Slade in Flame.
Noddy Holder - Vocals / guitars / bass guitar
Dave Hill - Guitars / vocals / bass guitar
Jim Lea - Bass guitar / vocals / keyboards / violin / guitars
Don Powell - Drums / percussion
Beginnings (as Ambrose Slade, 1969)
Play It Loud (1970)
Slade Alive! (
Slayed? (
Sladest (1973)
Old New Borrowed and Blue (1974)
Slade in Flame (1974)
Nobody's Fools (1976)
Whatever Happened to Slade (1977)
Slade Alive Vol.
2 (1978)
Return to Base (1979)
We'll Bring the House Down (1981)
Till Deaf Do Us Part (1981)
Slade on Stage (1982)
The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome (1983)
Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply (1984)
Rogues Gallery (1985)
Crackers – The Christmas Party Album (1985)
You Boyz Make Big Noize (1987)
Wall of Hits (1991)
Keep on Rockin''' (1994) (as Slade II)
Cum On Let's Party (2000) (as Slade II'')
July 4 – the United States of America say that they are no longer part of England (the Declaration of Independence)
July 12 – Captain James Cook starts his third, and final, voyage to the Pacific Ocean
The city of San Francisco is founded in California, USA (San Francisco was then part of Spain).
The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith is published.
It is an important book in the history of economics.
January 24 – E.T.A. Hoffmann, German writer, composer, and painter (died 1822)
February 11 – Joannis Capodistrias, Greek governor of Troezen (died 1831)
March 10 – Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Prussia (died 1810)
April 1 – Sophie Germain, French mathematician (died 1831)
June 11 – John Constable, English painter (died 1837)
August 9 – Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist (died 1856)
Muttusvami Dikshitar, Indian composer
August 25 – David Hume, Scotish philosopher
Deep Purple are a rock band started in Hertford, England, in 1968.
Their best known song is "Smoke on the Water" from the album "Machine Head".
Some of their other albums like  "Deep Purple in Rock" where a great hit and was rated #1 in Germany.
Deep Purple are one of the pioneering bands and founders of the hard rock and heavy metal genre.
Forming, and Mark I (1967 - 1969)
In 1967, a drummer called Chris Curtis was putting a new band together, where members would only be part of it when it suited them (or would "get on and off").
Because of this format, the band was called Roundabout.
The first musicians to be hired were guitar player Ritchie Blackmore and keyboard player Jon Lord.
Curtis behaved in a disorderly way, and so was fired from his own project.
Blackmore and Lord wanted to continue, and so finished putting the band together themselves, with singer Rod Evans, bass player Nick Simper, and drummer Ian Paice.
They renamed the band "Deep Purple" after a song Blackmore's mother liked, disliking the name "Roundabout".
This band lineup, known as "Mark I", released three albums, called "Shades of Deep Purple" (1968), "The Book of Taliesyn" (1968) and a self-titled (1969).
They released a fairly popular single called "Hush", thought to be radio friendly in America, but, apart from that, did not have any success.
Eventually, Blackmore and Lord decided to change the style of music the band would play from soft progressive rock to hard rock.
While Ian Paice agreed to the change, they decided Evans and Simper would not fit this new style, and were let go from the band.
Mark II and success (1969 - 1973)
The band found a new singer called Ian Gillan and a new bass player called Roger Glover, forming Mark II.
Jon Lord used to play in orchestras, and at this time, wanted to go back to them and base the Deep Purple sound around that.
Whilst the band did perform as an orchestra (with new singer Ian Gillan writing lyrics) gaining the band some publicity, Gillan and Blackmore were not happy about the band being associated with orchestras, and were firm about Deep Purple being a hard rock band, though Jon Lord would write another orchestral piece for the band.
The band eventually got back to their plans of playing hard rock, and released "Deep Purple in Rock" in 1970, which became a big success.
The famous album cover shows the band members' faces engraved into Mount Rushmore.
The album itself had popular songs such as "Speed King" "Child in Time" and "Bloodsucker" (which was later re-recorded by the band in 1998).
Critics and fans were pleased with new singer Ian Gillan's high pitched singing and screaming, and the album has since been considered a classic of the time, along with Black Sabbath's "Paranoid" and Led Zeppelin's "Led Zeppelin II".
The band followed "In Rock" up with "Fireball" in 1971, which did show hints of creative progressive rock but was still as heavy as the last album.
Just weeks later, the band started working on the next album, which would become "Machine Head".
An incident at a Frank Zappa & the Mothers of Invention concert would inspire the band to write their most popular song, "Smoke on the Water" which ended up on the album. "
Machine Head", released in 1972, was another success and featured several other popular songs like "Highway Star" and "Space Truckin'".
Mark II's last album was "Who Do We Think We Are" in 1973, and it featured another hit song for the band, "Woman from Tokyo".
Ian Gillan left the band that year as he did not like the band's touring and recording schedule, because at the time he wanted a break.
He was also arguing with Ritchie Blackmore.
Roger Glover left shortly after, also because of arguing with Blackmore.
Marks III and IV (1973 - 1976)
David Coverdale and Glenn Hughes were hired to replace Ian Gillan and Roger Glover.
Glenn Hughes also had singing talent so it was decided he would act as lead singer on some of the band's songs too.
In fact, since Hughes was hired first, the band considered performing as a 4-piece from then on, with Hughes singing full-time as well as playing bass.
Mark III's first album, "Burn", released in 1974, was successful and seemed to point a positive picture for the band's future without Gillan or Glover.
The singing harmonies from Coverdale and Hughes had something of a blues and funk style to them.
These styles were explored more on the band's next album, "Stormbringer", released later the same year.
Ritchie Blackmore left after he became more unhappy with this style of music, feeling it was just "shoeshine music".
Although many fans were wondering if Deep Purple could carry on without Blackmore, who had been their highly regarded guitar player from their formation up until this point, they chose to continue, and hired American guitar player Tommy Bolin (forming mark IV).
The next album, "Come Taste The Band", showed Bolin bringing a further funk influence into the band's music, having a more creative output than Blackmore did when he left the band.
Breakup, and other projects (1976 - 1984)
Ian Paice and Jon Lord, the last remaining founding members, agreed to end Deep Purple in 1976 after touring was over, but did not inform any other members.
Shortly after, Coverdale informed them he was leaving the band, and only then did Jon Lord tell him: "David, there's no band to leave!"
Glenn Hughes and Tommy Bolin were excited about the next Deep Purple album before they too were told that Paice and Lord had ended the band.
David Coverdale started a band of his own called Whitesnake, and Ian Paice and Jon Lord were members for a period of time.
Ian Gillan had been performing in a solo band since he left in 1973.
Ritchie Blackmore had started a band called Rainbow after leaving in 1975, releasing some successful albums with Ronnie James Dio as lead singer, who would carry on his fame in Black Sabbath and Dio (his own solo band).
However, Tommy Bolin would only release one more solo album before he died in 1976, due to drug use.
Rod Evans put together a band and tried to perform as "Deep Purple", advertising it as a reunion although he was the only member who had ever been part of the band during its initial time together.
Legal action was taken against him by the real representatives of Deep Purple, who sued him for using the band name without permission.
Mark II reformations and Marks V and VI (1984 - 1994)
A real Deep Purple reunion happened in 1984 when the Mark II lineup got back together, and released the album "Perfect Strangers" that same year.
It sold very well and was well received from fans who were excited about the return of the band's iconic lineup.
The songs "Knockin' At Your Back Door" and "Perfect Strangers" were popular.
The band also enjoyed success on tour.
"The House of Blue Light" was the next album to come from the band, in 1987.
Some fans noticed that the band sounded more "modern" on this album than before, which led to mixed opinions.
A new version of the band's 1968 minor hit "Hush" was re-recorded in 1988 by the Mark II lineup to mark the 20th anniversary of Deep Purple.
However, Ian and Ritchie started arguing again over the future of the band, and their differences had torn their working relationship too far apart, meaning Gillan was fired in 1989.
Blackmore seemed to want to make the band sound more commercial (something he had tried to do with his band Rainbow back in the early 1980s).
He hired Joe Lynn Turner (also a former Rainbow singer) to replace Gillan, and the Mark V band released "Slaves and Masters" in 1990.
However, the band's popularity was declining, and Turner was forced out in 1992 by the record company, who wanted the iconic lineup with Gillan back for the band's 25th anniversary.
And so, the Mark II lineup released one more album together in 1993 called "The Battle Rages On...".
However, during the tour, audience attendances were getting lower, and problems between band members arose, with Ritchie Blackmore walking out on the band for good.
Joe Satriani filled in for the rest of the tour, but did not become a full-time member afterwards, due to his label commitments.
The band decided to hire American Steve Morse in 1994.
Revival with Steve Morse and Jon Lord's retirement (Marks VII and VIII) (1994 - present)
With Steve Morse in the band, Deep Purple enjoyed renewed success on tour.
Ian Gillan was especially pleased that Ritchie Blackmore was no longer in the band, as he felt his departure saved them from a breakup.
Since 1994, Deep Purple have enjoyed more success touring than with their studio albums, although their material written with Morse has received good reviews, with fans and critics feeling the band has more creativity again.
Mark VII released two albums, "Purpendicular" (1996) and "Abandon" (1998), before Jon Lord retired in 2002, feeling the need to step down from the band's hard touring schedule.
He was replaced by Don Airey.
Over the next few years, Deep Purple released two more albums, "Bananas" (2003) and "Rapture of the Deep" (2005).
Their next tour, the "Rapture of the Deep tour" started in 2006, and finished in 2011, making it their longest tour to date.
In 2012, Jon Lord died after battling cancer at the age of 71.
The band continue to record as well as tour, and released their nineteenth and latest album, "Now What?!",
in 2013.
Ian Gillan - Vocals (1969 - 1973, 1984 - 1989, 1992 - present)
Steve Morse - Guitar (1994 - present)
Roger Glover - Bass (1969 - 1973, 1984 - present)
Ian Paice - Drums (1968 - 1976, 1984 - present)
Don Airey - Keyboards, organ (2002 - present)
Ritchie Blackmore - Guitar (1968 - 1975, 1984 - 1993)
Jon Lord - Keyboards, organ, vocals (1968 - 1976, 1984 - 2002)
David Coverdale - Vocals (1973 - 1976)
Glenn Hughes - Bass, vocals (1973 - 1976)
Rod Evans - Vocals (1968 - 1969)
Tommy Bolin - Guitar, vocals (1975 - 1976)
Joe Lynn Turner - Vocals (1989 - 1992)
Joe Satriani - Guitar
Nick Simper - Bass, vocals
The first complete lineup of the band.
They released a single that was fairly successful in America called "Hush".
Rod Evans and Nick Simper were fired as the other members wanted to play heavier rock music and did not think they would play this style of music well.
Lead singer - Rod Evans
Guitar player - Ritchie Blackmore
Bass player - Nick Simper
Drummer - Ian Paice
Keyboard player - Jon Lord
This is the band's most famous lineup, releasing albums such as "Deep Purple in Rock" and songs such as "Smoke on the Water".
In 1973, Ian Gillan left the band as he did not like the band's touring and recording schedule, because at the time he wanted a break.
In 1984, this lineup of the band got back together.
However, Ian and Ritchie started arguing again over the future of the band, meaning Gillan was fired in 1989.
He rejoined in 1992, bringing this band lineup together for the third time, although Blackmore left a year later, this time, for good.
Lead singer - Ian Gillan
Bass player - Roger Glover
Ritchie Blackmore left after he became more unhappy with the style of music of the band, which was more funk rock at this time.
Lead singer - David Coverdale
Bass player - Glenn Hughes (also occasional lead singer)
Guitar player - Tommy Bolin
Bass player - Glenn Hughes
Lead singer - Joe-Lynn Turner
Guitar player - Joe Satriani
Joe Satriani turned down the chance to be a member of Deep Purple, so the band found another American guitar player called Steve Morse.
In 2002, Jon Lord retired from the band after 26 years with them (not counting the 8 years the band was split up) leaving Ian Paice as the only founding member left.
He was replaced with Don Airey.
Guitar player - Steve Morse
Keyboard player - Don Airey
Shades of Deep Purple (1968)
The Book of Taliesyn (1968)
Deep Purple (1969)
Deep Purple in Rock (1970)
Fireball (1971)
Machine Head (1972)
Who Do We Think We Are (1973)
Burn (1974)
Stormbringer (1974)
Come Taste the Band (1975)
Perfect Strangers (1984)
The House of Blue Light (1987)
Slaves and Masters (1990)
The Battle Rages On... (1993)
Purpendicular (1996)
Abandon (1998)
Bananas (2003)
Rapture of the Deep (2005)
Now What! (
Infinite (2017)
Whoosh! (
Turning to Crime (2021)
Deep Purple Official Website www.deeppurple.org
The Highway Star
Yogurt, or yoghurt is a milk product made by bacterial fermentation of milk.
The lactose in the milk becomes lactic acid when it is fermented.
Lactic acid acts on the protein in the milk to make yoghurt thick and sour.
The milk is heated to about 80 °C to kill any bacteria present, and to change the milk proteins so that they set together instead of becoming curd.
After it is cooled to about 45 °C, the bacteria culture is added, and the milk is kept at that temperature for 4 to 7 hours to ferment.
Yogurt can also be made from plant milks such as almond milk, soy milk, and coconut milk.
Yogurt is one of the oldest produced foods in human history.
No one knows for sure how long yogurt has been around.
Today, it is eaten all over the world.
It is rich in protein, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and  vitamin B12.
Yogurt derives romfrom the Turkish word yoğurt and in English, the word can be spelled either 'yogurt' or 'yoghurt'.
In Canada 'yogourt' is also common.
It can be spoken with either a short or a long 'o'.
Stamen Grigorov (1878–1945), a Bulgarian student of medicine in Geneva, first examined the bacteria in Bulgarian yogurt.
In 1905 he said that it contained a round and a rod-like lactic acid-producing bacteria.
In 1907 the rod-like bacteria was called Lactobacillus bulgaricus (now Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.
bulgaricus).
The Russian Nobel laureate biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, from the Pasteur Institute in Paris, was influenced by Grigorov's work and made a hypothesis that eating yoghurt regularly was the reason why Bulgarian peasants lived for so long.
Mechnikov believed that Lactobacillus was needed for good health, and worked to make yoghurt popular through Europe.
Yoghurt has a lot of protein, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 in it.
It is healthier than milk is.
Many people who are lactose-intolerant can enjoy yoghurt, because much of the lactose in the milk has been changed into lactic acid.
Marlon Brando, Jr. (April 3, 1924 – July 1, 2004) was an American actor and movie director.
He is best known for his roles in the movies A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), The Wild One (1953), On the Waterfront (1954), The Godfather (1972), Superman (1978), Apocalypse Now (1979) and The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996).
Brando died of respiratory failure from pulmonary fibrosis and congestive heart failure at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on July 1, 2004.
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
Galician (Galician: ) is a modern language that is spoken in Galicia, a region of Spain in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula.
Galician is closely related to Portuguese because they split from the same language, which is now called Galician-Portuguese or Medieval Galician.
Some even say that Galician and Portuguese are two dialects of the same language but with different accents.
However, most scholars say that the differences are now so great since both languages separated in the Middle Ages that they are now truly different languages.
Galician is also very similar to the Leonese language.
Galician is a Romance language that evolved from Vulgar Latin, the Latin of common people in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
The area is now Galicia, the western parts of Asturias and Castile-Leon and the Norte region in northern Portugal.
Galician comes from Galician-Portuguese, spoken during the Middle Ages in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia.
Today, Galician is spoken only in Galicia and by some people in North America, South America and Western Europe.
In Jalisco, Mexico, Galician still leaves traces in the accent and words.
Dialect or language?
Some people say Galician and Portuguese are really two dialects of the same language because there are not a lot of differences between them, but they are officially two separate languages.
Most scholars say they that have become so different over hundreds of years that they are now two different languages.
Ibn Khaldun (; , ; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406) was an influential Arab thinker of the 14th century.
His family were from Andalusia.
Khaldun served the governments of the day in many ways.
He was sometimes in prison.
He lived in Marrakesh in Morocco for a time, and in Granada.
Then he moved to Cairo, where he was a judge.
The most famous book Khaldun wrote is the Kitāb al-ʻIbar (Book of Lessons), a history of the world.
The first part, Muqaddimah (Introduction) is often used alone.
This book is often credited as inventing sociology.
He also wrote his autobiography.
Ibn Khaldun lived a life in search of stability and influence.
He came from a family of scholars and politicians and he intended to live up to both expectations.
He would succeed in the field of scholarship much more so than in any other field.
He died on 17 March 1406, one month after his sixth selection for the office of the Maliki qadi (Judge).
1332 births
1406 deaths
People from Tunis
The Swabian Jura (German: Schwäbische Alb, Bavarian: Schwobm Alb) is a plateau in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
The Swabian Jura is situated between the Black Forest (West), Stuttgart (North), Bavaria (East) and Lake Constance (South).
A lot of fossils are found here.
The highest mountain is the Lemberg (1015 m).
There are many castles, monasteries, churches, ruins, caves and old towns in the region.
The river Danube nearly disappears in the porous limestime near Immendingen.
Important Towns:
Reutlingen (the "gateway" to the Swabian Jura)
Sigmaringen
A National Scenic Byway (Schwäbische Albstraße) leads you from the South West (Trossingen/Tuttlingen) to the North East (Aalen/Nördlingen) - length: over 200 kilometres.
Mountain ranges of Germany
A nerve is a group of special nerve cells grouped together in parallel.
Another word for nerve cell is neuron.
The special neurons grouped together in nerves take information (messages) to and from the human body to the central nervous system.
The central nervous system (acronym) CNS is the brain and spinal cord.
The spinal cord is the big cord that goes from the brain into the back.
It carries all the information that goes from the brain to the nerves in the body.
All the nerves in the body make the peripheral nervous system (acronym PNS).
The brain and spinal cord are the CNS.
All the nerves that come from the spinal cord are the PNS.
Together the CNS and PNS are the nervous system.
Nerve Structure
Nervous system contains neurons and cells called glia.
Glia cells keep the neurons safe and healthy.
Neurons take messages to and from the CNS to the rest.
The dendrite and axon are fibers that go out from the cell body.
Axons take information away from the cell body.
Dendrites take information to the cell body.
Types of nerves
Afferent nerves take messages to the CNS (brain) from the body.
They take messages about sensation from the skin.
They take messages about the position of the body from the muscles.
They take messages about the function of organs like the heart and stomach.
Efferent nerves take messages from the CNS to the body.
They take messages that tell muscles to move.
They take messages to glands.
They tell glands like sweat glands to make sweat (the water that comes out of your skin when you are hot.)
Diseases of nerves
There are many diseases of nerves.
A disease of nerves is also called a neuropathy.
Trauma - nerves can be hurt by injury like being cut with a knife or being crushed when a bone is broken (fractured.)
Toxins – nerves can be hurt by toxins.
These are substances also called poisons that can hurt an organism.
Some toxins that hurt nerves are: alcohol, lead, and some drugs and medicines.
Infections – nerves can be hurt by infections.
Diseases – nerves can be hurt from having some diseases.
The most common disease to cause a neuropathy is diabetes.
This is called diabetic neuropathy.
Article about the nerve from Encyclopedia Britannica
A vaccine is an invented preparation.
It is given to prevent a specific infectious disease.
It only protects against the particular microorganism which it is prepared for.
It is usually given by an injection called vaccination.
At its best, It gives immunity to an infectious disease caused by a particular microorganism (bacteria or virus).
For example, the flu vaccine makes it very much less likely that a person will get the flu.
At first, vaccines were usually made from something that is alive, or was alive.
Now they may be built up by viral biochemistry.
Each vaccine has its own history, and what is true of one might not be true of another.
The word "vaccine" comes from the Latin words vaccīn-us (from the word vacca, meaning "cow").
In 1796, Edward Jenner used a milkmaid infected with cowpox (variolae vaccinae) to protect people against smallpox.
The use of vaccines is called vaccination.
Scientist Edward Jenner created the first vaccine in the 1770s.
At this time, smallpox was a deadly disease.
Jenner noticed that people who had already had cowpox (a disease that is related to smallpox) usually did not get smallpox.
He thought that getting cowpox protected people against smallpox.
To test this idea, Jenner gave a boy cowpox.
Then he infected the boy with smallpox.
The boy did not get sick because he had already had cowpox.
Jenner was right: having cowpox protected people against smallpox.
Because cowpox inoculation made fewer people sick than smallpox inoculation, England made smallpox inoculation illegal in 1840.
In 1853, they made another law that said every child had to be vaccinated against smallpox using Jenner's vaccine.
In the 20th century, scientists created vaccines to protect people against diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella.
In the 1950s, Jonas Salk created the polio vaccine.
Many countries have passed compulsory vaccination laws – laws that require certain people to get vaccinated.
For example, in many countries, children have to be vaccinated against certain diseases in order to go to public school.
One common type of vaccine is a "live vaccine."
This type of vaccine contains a small amount of a live virus or bacteria.
Before the vaccine is given, scientists weaken the virus or bacteria so it cannot make a person sick.
When a person gets a live vaccine, their immune system learns to recognize and fight off that virus or bacteria.
Then, if the person is exposed to the virus or bacteria in the future, their immune system will already "know" how to fight it off.
Examples of live vaccines include vaccines for measles, mumps, and chickenpox.
Another common type of vaccine is an "inactivated vaccine."
These vaccines contain dead viruses or bacteria.
These do not cause the immune system to react as strongly as live vaccines.
Because of this, people may need "booster shots" – extra doses of the vaccine, given at certain times, so their immune system can "learn" how to fight off the infection.
Examples of inactivated vaccines include vaccines for pertussis (whooping cough), rabies, and hepatitis B.
In other vaccines, only a protein molecule from the virus or bacterium is injected into the patient.
The protein is enough for the patient's immune system to recognize the whole germ.
With messenger RNA vaccines, only the messenger RNA (mRNA), which acts as a blueprint or recipe for the protein, is injected into the patient.
The first mRNA vaccines were made in the 1990s, but scientists did not make large numbers of them until the 2010s.
Some mRNA vaccines work against cancer and can make tumors smaller.
Vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a disease.
In other words, a person can get a disease that they were vaccinated against.
Sometimes, this happens because the person's immune system did not respond to the vaccine (it did not "learn" how to fight off the disease after the person got the vaccine).
This may happen because the person's immune system is already weak (for example, because of diabetes, HIV infection, old age, or steroid use).
It may also happen because the person's immune system cannot make the particular B cells which make the antibodies that stick to the pathogen.
Some vaccines work better than others at protecting people from a disease.
The decrease in getting the disease is called efficacy.
For example, if 80% fewer vaccinated people get the disease, 80% is the efficacy.
There are many reasons for different efficacy:
Vaccination works better for some diseases than for others
The vaccine may be for a certain strain of a disease.
If a person gets a different strain of the disease, they can still get sick.
Vaccines usually do not have permanent effects, so a person might need many different vaccinations on a schedule.
If a person missed a scheduled vaccine, they might lose their protection against a disease.
Some people are "non-responders" to certain vaccines.
This means that their immune systems just do not create antibodies to fight off a disease, even after they are vaccinated correctly.
Other things, like ethnicity, age, and genetics, can affect how a person reacts to a vaccine.
In some cases, larger doses are used for older people (50–75 years and up), whose immune response to a given vaccine is not as strong.
Since vaccines first existed, there have been people who did not agree with the idea of using vaccines.
Around the world, most scientists and doctors agree that the benefits of using vaccines are much greater than the risks.
The adverse effects from vaccines are rare.
Not vaccinating people is a much greater risk, because vaccines prevent suffering and death from infectious diseases.
Some political groups argue that people should be able to choose whether or not to get vaccinated.
They argue that laws requiring people to get vaccinated violate individual rights.
In response, one study says: "Vaccine refusal not only increases the individual risk of disease but also increases the risk for the whole community".
Some parents choose not to follow the regular vaccine schedule for their children.
One study looked at parents of children ages six months to six years old.
It found that 13% of these parents reported following an alternative vaccination schedule.
However, of these parents, less than 1 out of every 5 reported refusing all vaccines.
Most refused only certain vaccines, and/or delayed some vaccines until the child was older.
Economics of development and patents
One challenge in developing vaccines is economic.
The diseases that most need vaccines today – HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis – exist mostly in poor countries.
Companies that make vaccines would not make much money because many of the people who need them are too poor to pay for them.
There would also be financial and other risks to these companies if they tried making new vaccines for these diseases.
Throughout history, most vaccines have been developed by governments, universities, and non-profit organizations.
Many vaccines have been highly cost-effective and good for public health.
In recent decades, the number of vaccines given throughout the world has increased dramatically.
This increase, particularly in the number of different vaccines given to children before they start school, may be due to laws and support from governments.
Another obstacle to making new vaccines is that when a new vaccine is made, the maker usually files a patent on their vaccine.
These patents can limit the process used to make the vaccine to the maker (in practice the right can be subcontracted).
That way the patent makes money for the originator.
Additional components in vaccines
Vaccines often contain other things besides the active vaccine (the weakened or dead virus or bacteria).
For example, vaccines may contain:
Aluminum salts or gels.
These are added to help the immune system respond earlier, and more strongly, to the vaccine.
They allow a lower dose of the vaccine to be given.
Antibiotics are added to some vaccines to prevent bacteria from growing while the vaccine is being made or stored.
Egg protein is present in influenza and yellow fever vaccines, because they are made using chicken eggs.
Vaccines may also contain other proteins.
Formaldehyde is used to kill bacteria for certain vaccines.
It is also used to kill unwanted viruses and bacteria that might get into the vaccine while it is being made.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) and 2-phenoxyethanol are used as stabilizers in a few vaccines to make sure the vaccine does not change if it is exposed to heat, light, acidity, or humidity.
Thimerosal is a preservative that contains mercury.
It is added to vials of vaccine that contain more than one dose, to keep harmful bacteria from growing in the vaccine.
Preservatives in vaccines, such as thiomersal, phenoxyethanol, and formaldehyde, prevent serious adverse effects.
Thiomersal is more effective against bacteria, lasts longer in storage, and makes the vaccine stronger, safer, and more stable (less likely to be changed by things like heat).
However, in the United States, the European Union, and a few other developed countries, it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines because it contains mercury.
Some people have argued that thimerosal contributes to autism.
However, there is no convincing scientific evidence for this opinion.
If no preservative is added to a vaccine, harmful bacteria may grow in the vaccine.
For example, in 1928, Staphylococcus bacteria grew in a diphtheria vaccine that had no preservative in it.
Of 21 children who got that vaccine, 12 died.
Most versions of anti-coronavirus are kept at very low temperature before use.
That helps preserve the vaccine in its most effective state.
Use in veterinary medicine
Animals are vaccinated to keep them from getting diseases, and to keep them from infecting humans with diseases.
Pets as well as livestock are routinely vaccinated.
In some instances, populations of wild animals may be vaccinated.
Sometimes, wild animals are vaccinated by spreading vaccine-laced food in a disease-prone area.
This method has been used to try to control rabies in raccoons.
Where rabies occurs, laws may require dogs to get rabies vaccinations.
Several trends in vaccine development
Nowadays, vaccines are given to people of all ages.
Combinations of vaccines are becoming more common.
Vaccines containing five or more parts are used in many parts of the world.
New methods of giving vaccines are being developed.
Some of these new delivery systems include skin patches, aerosols given through inhalation devices, and eating genetically engineered plants.
Scientists are designing vaccines to make people's natural immune responses stronger.
Scientists are trying to make vaccines to help cure chronic infections, instead of only preventing disease.
Public health officials might change their strategies for giving vaccines based on differences in how men, women, and pregnant women react to vaccines.
Scientists are also working on vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders.
For example, the experimental vaccine CYT006-AngQb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure.
Vaccine –Citizendium
Injury means a harm or hurt.
Usually an injury is when the body or a part of the body is damaged by something outside of the body.
Another word for injury to a body is trauma.
Environmental – Burns from heat or injury from cold
Penetrating injury – when a sharp object like a knife pierces the body
Blunt injury – when something hits the body (like punching someone or falling from a tree)
Chemical – being hurt by chemicals like burns from acid
Injury can be accidental or intentional.
In an intentional injury a person tries to hurt another. (
Intentional injury is also called non-accidental injury).
Accidental injury is without meaning to hurt someone.
A traffic collision for example may injure someone accidentally.
Mercedes-Benz () is a brand of cars, trucks, buses and coaches from the Daimler AG company of Germany.
The company was once known as Daimler-Benz and is still sometimes called just "Mercedes."
Mercedes-Benz is the world's oldest car maker and the cars they make cost a lot of money.
The symbol of Mercedes-Benz is very famous.
It is a three-pointed star inside of a circle and was designed by one of the men who started the company, Gottlieb Daimler.
The three points of the star stand for land, air and sea because Daimler's engines were used not only in cars and trucks but in airplanes and boats.
The symbol was first used in 1909.
Mercedes-Benz cars are an important part of the history of the car with many "firsts”.
They were the first to build a diesel-powered car in the 1930s, the first to build a car with fuel injection in the 1950s and the first to offer antilock brakes in the 1970s.
Mercedes-Benz cars have also been important in auto racing history.
The Benz Patent-Motorwagen was the company's first production car, built by Rheinische Gasmotorenfabrik Benz & Cie (known today as Mercedes-Benz) it was built in 1885 or 1886.
It is often considered the first real gasoline -powered car.
By 1901, the cars had become very popular among the rich, mostly because of the efforts of Emil Jellineck.
A-Class – Hatchback / Sedan
B-Class – Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV)
C-Class – Sedan/Saloon, Estate, Coupé and Cabriolet
CLA – 4-Door Coupé and Estate
CLS – 4-Door Coupé and Estate
E-Class – Sedan/Saloon, Estate, Coupé and Cabriolet
G-Class – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
GLA – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
GLB – Crossover
GLC – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
GLE – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
GLS –  Sports Utility Vehicle (SUVS
R-Class -- Station wagon/ Crossover
S-Class – Sedan/Saloon, Coupé & Cabriolet
SL – Grand Tourer
SLC – Roadster
V-Class – Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV)/ Van
AMG GT – Sports car
AMG GT4  – Sports Sedan/Saloon
X-Class - Pickup Truck
EQC - Electric Vehicle
EQV - Electric Transport Vehicle
Mercedes-Benz Trucks  and Daimler Trucks builds trucks together, They build buses, trucks, the Vito and the Sprinter van.
Mercedes-Benz has been building buses from 1895 in Mannheim in Germany.
Mercedes-Benz produces a wide range of buses and coaches.
Mercedes Benz global homepage
1886 establishments in Europe
1880s establishments in Germany
A record label or record company makes and sells audio and video recordings, on various formats including compact discs, LPs, DVD-Audio, SACDs, and cassettes.
The name "record label" is from the paper label at the center of a gramophone record (what is also known as a "phonograph record" in American English).
Labels as brands
Recording companies often spend a lot of time and money in discovering new musicians or developing the talent of artists they already have signed up with a contract.
The association of the brand with the artists helps define the image of both the brand and the artist.
In spite of the fact that both parties need each other to survive, the relationship between record labels and artists can, at times, be a difficult one.
Many artists have had albums changed or censored in some way by the labels before they are released—songs being edited, artwork or titles being changed, etc.
Record labels generally do this because they believe that the album will sell better if the changes are made.
Often the record label's decisions are correct ones from a commercial perspective, but this typically frustrates the artist who feels that their artwork is being destroyed.
In the early days of the recording industry, record labels were absolutely necessary for the success of any artist.