the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Capybaras are closely related to guinea pigs and to chinchillas.
When they are full-grown, they weigh about 55 kg, or 100 pounds.
The capybara's stocky body is about a meter, or 3 feet, long, and its shoulder is about 60 centimeters, or about two feet, high off the ground.
Females are usually bigger and heavier than males.
Capybaras have brown or reddish-brown fur.
When they are old their fur is thin, their skin can get sunburned easily.
Their eyes and ears and nostrils are high on their heads, so they can easily be kept above water when the capybara is swimming.
Capybaras live in grassy wetlands or close to rivers in many parts of South America.
In the morning, evening, and at night they eat grass, mostly on land.
They spend the hottest hours of the day in the water.
They are good swimmers and divers.
Webs between their toes help them swim.
They can only hold their breath under water for about five minutes at a time.
Sometimes they hide in water for much longer, with only their noses sticking out to breathe.
Many predators like to eat them.
They are a favourite food for jaguars, eagles, anaconda snakes, and many other animals.
Capybaras eat plants, mostly grass.
Their babies are usually born in litters of four at one time.
They can start to eat grass once they are about a week old, but they will also keep nursing from their mothers and even from other grown females until they are about four months old.
They live in large groups, usually 10-30 capybaras together.
Some groups have even had 100 capybaras.
They talk to each other using many sounds: clicks, grunts, whistles, and barks.
Conservation and contact with humans
Capybaras are not endangered.
Their population is stable, not increasing or decreasing very much.
They can live in towns or zoos.
Humans can touch them, but it is not common, as it can cause disease.
Sometimes humans eat capybaras.
They are hunted for meat, and sometimes they are raised on farms.
Also, their tough skin is sometimes used to make high quality leather, especially for gloves.
Capybaras are sometimes kept as pets.
They can be kept pets in the United States, but not in some places.
They are also very liked in Japan, and are kept as pets there too.
She was a widow at her second wedding, as her first husband had died young.
When her second husband, Jefferson, was Governor of Virginia, she served as First Lady of Virginia from 1779 to 1781.
The Jeffersons had six children together, but only two daughters survived to adulthood, and only one past the age of 25.
Weakened by childbirth, Martha Jefferson died several months after the birth of her last child, twenty years before her husband became the third President of the United States.
At her wishes, he never married again.
Colonial Williamsburg: Interview of Martha Jefferson, YouTube
Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson , Monticello: For accurate, up-to-date information written and moderated by historians at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.
Martha Jefferson at Find-A-Grave
"Martha Jefferson", First Lady Biography
The Great Awakenings were a few periods of religious revival in United States history.
The term is used sometimes to refer to events like the Protestant Reformation, as well as to identify general trends within U.S. religious culture.
The First Great Awakening (1730s - 1740s)
The Second Great Awakening (1800s - 1830s)
The Third Great Awakening (1880s - 1900s)
The Fourth Great Awakening (1960s - 1970s)
Lycopene is the pigment of tomato.
Its chemical formula is (6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E,20E,22E,24E,26E)-
2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31- Octamethyldotriaconta- 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16,18,20,22,24,26,30- tridecaene.
C40H56.
Housefly is the common fly often found in houses.
The Latin name for the housefly is Musca domestica.
This species is always found near humans.
It is the most common species found on hog and poultry farms, horse stables and ranches.
Not only are house flies a nuisance, but they also carry disease-causing organisms.
Flies are not only an irritant to farm workers but may be a public health concern.
Houseflies are pests and can carry diseases.
Each female fly can lay about 9,000 eggs in its life, in several batches of about 75 to 150.
The eggs are laid on or near meat, often dead animals.
Within a day, larvae (maggots) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed on dead and decaying organic material, such as garbage, carrion or faeces.
They are pale-whitish, and have no legs.
Their life cycle is from 14 hours to 36 hours.
At the end of their third instar, the maggots crawl to a dry, cool place and turn into pupae.
These are coloured reddish-brown and about 8 mm long.
From the pupae emerge adult flies.
The whole cycle is known as complete metamorphosis.
Adults live from two weeks to a month in the wild.
After they come out from the pupae, the flies do not grow.
Small flies of the same species did not get enough food when they were larvae.
The function of an adult fly is to reproduce.
Landfall, an arrival at land on a sea or air journey
Landfall (meteorology), the time at which a storm passes over shore
Landfall, Minnesota
Landfall (journal), a New Zealand literary journal
Landfall (movie), a 1977 New Zealand movie
"Landfall", a track from Mike Oldfield's Tres Lunas album
Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering dealing with chemistry that came to existence in the early 20th century.
Before this time, chemical plants were designed by chemists, who were trained to work on a small scale only.
Chemical engineering combines the jobs of a chemist and that of industrial engineer.
This makes factories more efficient and chemicals much cheaper.
Chemical engineering uses physics (the science of moving objects and forces), chemistry (the science of substances), and mathematics.
There are many different types of jobs for people with degrees in chemical engineering.
environmental sanitation at factories (making certain that nature is not hurt by the factories);
developing types of energy other than those from gas or oil;
biomedical engineering.
The House of Windsor is the current Royal House of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and each of the other Commonwealth realms.
The older part is a branch of the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha line of the House of Wettin, while the newer part is a branch of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg line of the House of Oldenburg.
Descendants of Victoria
Queen Victoria married Prince Albert, son of Duke Ernst I of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Therefore her descendants are members of the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha with the house name of Wettin.
Victoria's son Edward VII and his son George V reigned as members of this house.
But during World War I there was a lot of hatred of anything German.
A lot of this feeling was stirred up by newspapers.
People with German names were beaten up, and shops with German names had their windows broken.
Even the Royal Family were accused of supporting Germany.
On 17 July 1917 George V ordered the Royal Family to give up their German titles, and change German-sounding titles and house names for English-sounding versions.
Prince Louis Battenberg became Lord Louis Mountbatten.
The Duke of Teck became the Marquis of Milford Haven and the name of the royal house, and the royal surname was changed to Windsor, after the town of Windsor and Windsor Castle.
When he heard about the change of name, German Emperor William II joked that he wanted to see Shakespeare's play The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
Descendants of Elizabeth II
On 8 February 1960, the Queen decided instead to keep the House and Family of Windsor but that their personal surname is "Mountbatten-Windsor".
Mountbatten is the surname adopted by Prince Philip before his marriage, an anglicization of his mother's family name of Battenberg.
List of monarchs in the House of Windsor
King George V of the United Kingdom (died 1936)
King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (died 1972)
King George VI of the United Kingdom (died 1952)
Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (1952-)
British Royal Family
Longford, Elizabeth Harman (Countess of Longford).
The Royal House of Windsor.
Revised ed.
Crown, 1984.
The House of Windsor.
University of California Press, 2000.
Royal Family Name from royal.gov.uk
House of Windsor from royal.gov.uk
Royal Family of Great Britain  including the Houses of Hanover, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Windsor.
1975: Portrait d'un mercenaire français
1975: Lebanon in a Whirlwind
1976: Les Enfants de la guerre
1976: Sud-Liban - Histoire d'un village
1976: Pour quelques vies
1976: Beyrouth, jamais plus
1978: Égypte, la cite des morts
1979: Lettre de Beyrouth
1985: Adolescente, sucre d'amour
1995: Kanya Ya Ma Kan, Beyrouth
2005: Dunia
Nomination for Grand Prix des Amériques 2005.
Nomination for the Grand Jury Prize of the Sundance Film Festival 2006
Deaths from endometrial cancer
Ulva or the Isle of Ulva (Gaelic: Ulbha) is an island in the Inner Hebrides in Scotland.
Around 16 people live there.
At the beginning of the 19th century, 600 people lived there.
Lachlan Macquarie who is sometimes known as the "Father of Australia", came from here.
Sugar Ray Robinson (born Walker Smith Jr., May 3, 1921 – April 12, 1989) was an American boxer.
He won the welterweight and middleweight world championships.
Many boxing historians rank Robinson as the best boxer who ever lived.
Robinson was born in Ailey, Georgia.
He moved to Harlem, New York City when he was 12.
He had no losses as an amateur boxer.
He became a professional boxer in 1940 and won the welterweight title from Johnny Bratton in 1946.
He then beat Jake LaMotta (who had, up to that time, been the only man to beat him) for the middleweight championship in 1951.
He lost and regained the title from Randy Turpin before trying, and failing, to beat Joey Maxim for the light heavyweight championship in 1952.
He retired later that year.
He made a comeback, however, and won the middleweight title again in 1955.
He lost it to Gene Fullmer in 1957, but defeated him in a rematch.
Later that year Carmen Basilio also beat Robinson for the title, but Robinson defeated him in 1958 to get the championship back.
Robinson continued to fight until the 1960s.
He died of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease at the age of 67 in Culver City, California in 1989.
The Official Site of Sugar Ray Robinson
Turpin was born in Leamington Spa to a white British mother and black Guyanan father.
He became a professional boxer in 1946.
In 1951, Sugar Ray Robinson traveled to England and gave Turpin an opportunity to fight for his middleweight championship.
Turpin became only the second man to defeat Robinson when he won a fifteen-round decision.
He stopped boxing in the mid-1960s.
He lived in Leamington Spa with his wife and four daughters.
On 17 May 1966 in Leamington Spa he shot one of his daughters (who survived), then shot himself dead.
Tribute website
British boxers
Sportspeople from Warwickshire
Maple (Latin name Acer ) is a genus of trees or shrubs.
Sometimes they are put into a family of their own, the Aceraceae.
At other times they are included in the Sapindaceae.
To include them in the Sapindaceae is the more modern classification.
There are between 100 and 200 species of maples.
Most species are native to Asia, but some also occur in Europe, Northern Africa, and North America.
The word Acer comes from a Latin word meaning "sharp".
It was given because of the characteristic sharp points on the maple leaves.
The first person to talk about the genus that way was French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1700.
The type species of the genus is Acer pseudoplatanus (the sycamore maple).
The maple's distinctive fruit are called samaras, and known by many children as "helicopters" by the way they spin as they fall.
Inside the fruit are found their seeds, which are in pairs.
Each one is enclosed in a "nutlet" attached to a flattened wing of papery tissue.
They are shaped to spin as they fall and carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind.
One tree can release hundreds of thousands of seeds at a time.
Some seeds can remain in the soil for several years before germinating.
What are maples used for?
Maple trees are often planted as ornamental trees in cities.
Some species resist the cold rather well.
Sugar maples are grown to make maple syrup.
Some maples are grown for timber (wood that is used for furniture).
Tilde Maria Henny Märta Fröling (born May 15, 1980) is a Swedish television personality, actress and singer.
She is the daughter of actress Ewa Fröling.
Fröling was born in Stockholm, Sweden.
Swedish actors
Marie Picasso (born 24 April 1979) is a Swedish reality show star, model and singer who rose to fame in 2002 when she was a housemate on Big Brother.
She later got a job as a game show host on TV4 leading two different game shows.
In 2007 she entered Idol 2007 where she is currently in the top 10 of the Swedish version of Pop Idol.
Picasso won Pop idol on 7 December 2007 in Globen Arena in Stockholm with 51,3% of the votes and she won over the first runner up Amanda Jenssen.
Her debut single is called "This Moment".
From Big Brother to Idol 2007
Reality show winners
The Eulipotyphla is an order of mammals.
It was formed from those insectivorous mammals which are monophyletic, a single clade.
The old order Insectivora is now abandoned because it was polyphyletic.
The new order Eulipotyphla has been shown to be monophyletic.
The term insectivorous (insect eating) can still be used to describe lifestyle.
It explains the food habits of this and some other groups of mammals.
Although moles and shrews are not all strictly insectivorous, insects and other small animal life make up the main food of most members of the group.
Some kinds, the otter shrews of Africa and the star-nosed mole of North America, for example, feed also upon fish.
The Townsend mole of the Pacific Northwest often is a nuisance to bulb growers because of its fondness for the bulbs of many kinds of plants.
Moles, as a group, are subterranean in habit.
They spend most of their lives in the darkness of underground tunnels which they dig for themselves.
The eyes of all moles are very small, in some species actually not opening to the outside, and of little value to them: vestigial organs.
On the other hand, their senses of touch and smell are highly developed.
ORDER Eulipotyphla (old 'Insectivora')
Family Erinaceidae
Subfamily Erinaceinae: hedgehogs
Subfamily Hylomyinae: moonrats and gymnures
Family Soricidae (true shrews)
Subfamily Crocidurinae: white-toothed shrews
Subfamily Soricinae: red-toothed shrews
Subfamily Myosoricinae: African white-toothed shrews
Family Talpidae
Subfamily Desmaninae: desmans
Subfamily Talpinae: moles
Subfamily Uropsilinae: shrew moles
Family Solenodontidae: solenodons
Family Nesophontidae: extinct West Indian shrews
Order Afrosoricida
Suborder Chrysochloridea
Family Chrysochloridae (golden moles)
Suborder Tenrecomorpha
Family Tenrecidae (tenrecs)
Order Macroscelidea
Family Macroscelididae (elephant shrews)
Order Scandentia
Family Tupaiidae (treeshrews)
Order Dermoptera
Family Cynocephalidae (colugos)
Bad Kissingen is a city in Bavaria, in the country of Germany.
About 21,000 people live there.
It was first mentioned in 801 CE.
It is a "spa town", a place where people go to rest and relax.
The well that is the source of the spa was first mentioned in 823 CE.
Jack Steinberger (born 1921), American physicist and Nobel Prize winner
A hostel is a place that rents beds to travelers.
They are cheaper than hotels and offer less privacy and a community experience.
Reuters is a British news group and money company that is was started in 1851.
The group is in London and is owned by Thompson Reuters.
Media in the United Kingdom
The Associated Press (also called the AP and AP Wire) is an American non-profit news media company.
The AP is a non-profit cooperative owned by the newspapers, radio and Television stations who share its news stories.
Most articles are written by staff members belonging to the Newspaper Guild Union, a part of the AFL-CIO.
Many news organizations that are not members pay a fee to use the stories.
The AP has more than 250 local news offices in more than 100 countries.
In 2013 the United States Department of Justice announced it had secretly obtained records of telephone calls by AP a few months before the United States presidential election, 2012.
Associated Press CEO Gary Pruitt called the DOJ action: a 'massive and unprecedented intrusion' of Freedom of the Press rights, according to Fox News.
Eric Holder, the United States Attorney General, claimed that he was not involved.
AP official website
Associated Press - a news agency
Advanced Placement - a program that allows college level classes to be taken at school
BBC News is a free news channel, broadcast by BBC.
It began on 9th November 1997 as BBC News 24 until it was rebranded to its current name on 21st April 2008.
The BBC's website, bbc.co.uk, also features a section called BBC News.
This section contains news articles and videos of broadcasts from the news channel.
BBC News at TV ARK
The BBC News Styleguide
Part of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar was given to Bernhard, the fourth son of Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1672.
The second duke had no male heirs to inherit the title, so the territory was taken back by Saxe-Weimar when the second duke died in 1690. .
Dukes of Saxe-Jena
Bernhard (1672 – 1678)
Johann Wilhelm (1678 – 1690)
Reincorporated into Saxe-Weimar
The Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach () was created in 1809 when the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were formally joined into one state.
The two duchies had shared the same ruler since 1741, which is when the Saxe-Eisenach line had died out.
It became a Grand Duchy in 1815.
In 1877, the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach officially became the Grand Duchy of Saxony (), but this name was not often used.
The Grand Duchy was abolished in 1918 with the other German monarchies, and the state joined others to form the new state of Thuringia in the Weimar Republic.
Rulers of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1809 – 1815
Carl August, 1809 – 15; Duke of Saxe-Weimar and of Saxe-Eisenach from 1758
Grand Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1815 – 1918
Carl August, 1815 – 28
Carl Friedrich, 1828 – 53
Carl Alexander, 1853 – 1901
Wilhelm Ernst, 1901 – 18
Heads of the House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1918 – present
Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst, 1918 – 23
Hereditary Grand Duke Carl August, 1923 – 88
Prince Michael, 1988 – present
Alligators and Caimans make up the second largest family of the crocodilians, Alligatoridae.
There are 4 genera and about 7 known species of Alligatorids.
Alligatorids range in size depending on species.
The Chinese alligator (Aligator sinensis) is usually about  while the American Alligator (A. mississippiensis) is usually .
The largest American alligator was  long.
The Black Caiman of the Amazon can reach as much as .
Alligators vs crocodiles
There are several differences between alligators and crocodiles.
Alligators have shorter and wider snouts.
They prefer fresh water to saltwater.
Crocodiles have a gland that removes much of the salt.
Alligators do not have this gland.
In alligators, the fourth tooth of their lower jaw fits into a pit in the upper jaw.
In crocodilians this tooth fits into a groove on the outside of the jaw.
Alligators are also less aggressive than crocodilids.
Usually only the largest of the species are a threat to humans.
ORDER Crocodilia
Genus Leidyosuchus (extinct)
Genus Deinosuchus (extinct)
Subfamily Alligatorinae
Genus Albertochampsa (extinct)
Genus Chrysochampsa (extinct)
Genus Hassiacosuchus (extinct)
Genus Navahosuchus (extinct)
Genus Ceratosuchus (extinct)
Genus Allognathosuchus (extinct)
Genus Hispanochampsa (extinct)
Genus Arambourgia (extinct)
Genus Procaimanoidea (extinct)
Genus Wannaganosuchus (extinct)
Genus Alligator
Alligator prenasalis (extinct)
Alligator mcgrewi (extinct)
Alligator olseni (extinct)
Chinese Alligator, Alligator sinensis
Alligator mefferdi (extinct)
American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis
Subfamily Caimaninae
Genus Necrosuchus (extinct)
Genus Eocaiman (extinct)
Genus Paleosuchus
Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman, Paleosuchus palpebrosus
Smooth-fronted Caiman, Paleosuchus trigonatus
Genus Purussaurus (extinct)
Genus Mourasuchus (extinct)
Genus Orthogenysuchus (extinct)
Genus Caiman
Yacare Caiman, Caiman yacare
Spectacled Caiman, Caiman crocodilus
Rio Apaporis Caiman, C. c. apaporiensis
Brown Caiman, C. c. fuscus
Caiman lutescans (extinct)
Caiman sorontans (extinct) - Not reported in the literature, probably a nomen nudum
Broad-snouted Caiman, Caiman latirostris
Genus Melanosuchus
Melanosuchus fisheri (extinct)
Black Caiman, Melanosuchus niger
Gaza (, transliterated Ġazzah; , transliterated: Azzah) is the largest city inside the Gaza Strip and in the Palestinian territories.
The city has a population of about 400,000.
It is often named "Gaza City" to distinguish it from the larger Gaza Strip.
Cities in Palestine
The only grand duchy in existence today is Luxembourg.
Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 when the Netherlands became an independent kingdom, and King William I of the Netherlands was made Grand Duke of Luxembourg.
In 1890, the two countries separated.
William III of the Netherlands had no male heir, so in the Netherlands he was succeeded by Queen Wilhelmina but Luxembourg followed Salic law, which meant only a man could rule.
The present Grand Duke of Luxembourg is Henri.
The title and origins of grand duchies
The title Grand Duke (Latin: Magnus Dux, German: Großherzog, Italian: Gran Duca, French: Grand-Duc, Swedish: Storhertig, Lithuanian:Didysis kunigaikštis, Polish: Wielki książę, Czech: Velkovévoda) ranks in honour below King but higher than a sovereign Duke (Herzog) or Prince (Fürst).
A Grand Duke (or Grand Duchess) is a person who rules a Grand Duchy.
But in the English language "Grand Duke" can also mean a type of prince who does not rule a country, but is related to the monarch.
In the Russian language Velikiy Knjaz are "Grand Princes", relatives of the Tsar, other princes were noblemen who ranked above a duke.
English says Grand Duke  instead of Grand Prince.
List of grand duchies
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569-1860, part of Italy afterwards)
The Grand Duchy of Berg (1806-1813, part of Prussia afterwards)
The Grand Duchy of Würzburg (1806-1814, part of Bavaria afterwards)
The Grand Duchy of Baden (1806-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
The Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt (1806-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
The Grand Duchy of Finland (1809-1917 in Personal Union with Russia, Republic since 1917)
The Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (1810-1813, part of several German states afterwards)
The Grand Duchy of Poznan (1815-1848 as part of Prussia)
The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (since 1815 in Personal Union with the Netherlands until 1890)
The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1815-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
The Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1815-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (1829-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
The Grand Duchy of Cracow (1846-1918 in Personal Union with Austria, part of Poland)
Today Luxembourg is the only remaining grand duchy.
However some old Grand Duchies still retain the titles granted to them usually in the Congress of Vienna.
Form of address
Most reigning Grand Dukes were called Royal Highness.
Titles and styles for other members of the families were different.
In Hesse-Darmstadt and in Baden, junior members were called Grand Ducal Highness.
The only current grand ducal family in existence, Luxembourg, styles calls its junior members Royal Highnesses, but they were also Princes of Parma.
A Russian Grand Duke or Grand Duchess was an Imperial Highness.
António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, (April 28, 1888 – July 27, 1970) was the Prime Minister and dictator of Portugal from 1932 to 1968.
He was the President of the Republic in 1951, as interim.
He started and led the Estado Novo ("New State"), the authoritarian, right-wing government that ruled Portugal from 1932 to 1974.
Salazar was born in Vimieiro, Santa Comba Dão, Portugal.
His father had been a farm worker who became the farm manager for the Perestrelos family.
His great grandfather had been a landowner and nobleman.
He studied at the Viseu Seminary from 1900 to 1914 with the hope of becoming a priest.
He changed his mind and studied Law at University of Coimbra.
Following a military revolution in 1926 which overthrew a civilian government of squabbling politicians and a country close to failure, Dr. Salazar was invited to take control of the finances of the then-failed state.
Dr. Salazar was Finance Minister for 13 days, but resigned in disgust over interference by politicians and soldiers and went back to his university.
He was again persuaded to take over as Finance Minister in 1928, which he did conditionally on an assurance of greater powers for himself with minimal interference from the military.
Salazar continued as minister until 1932, and was widely credited with turning the fledgling economy around.
He ruled Portugal for almost 40 years, managing to keep Portugal away from the Second World War as well as preventing a Spanish invasion by keeping friends with both sides.
Salazar died in 1970.
Often called a fascist by his opponents, Dr Salazar's regime was instrumental in issuing Portuguese travel documents to thousands of Jews fleeing though Europe and to Portugal a boarding point for the ultimate destination in North America.
Unfortunately Dr. Salazar's contribution to this humanitarian cause was never acknowledged as this activity had to be toned down in the later years of the war.
Instead, the overzealous Consul to France Aristides de Sousa Mendes is often given credit, despite the fact that it was he who recklessly endagered the operation by issuing a flood of travel documents in assembly line fashion.
Tens of thousands of such documents were issued by him in the months of June and July of 1940.
Salazar's cease-and-desist orders to Mendes are often highlighted.
Incidently, the United States had issued similar instructions to all its missions abroad many years earlier, purportedly because of the fear that Germany would smuggle in spies amongst fleeing Jewish refugees.
President Hoover ordered U.S. consuls to strictly interpret the LPC clause of the immigration law.
President Franklin Roosevelt failed to push for a change in immigration laws and policy.
A little known fact is that Salazar's Portugal was the only European nation at the time to have non-white people at all levels of administration and judiciary.
Dark-skinned people termed "colonial subjects" by other contemporary colonial powers very rarely qualified for rights similar to those enjoyed by the citizens of their colonial masters.
Portugal accorded its subjects full civil status.
It was the only state anywhere in the western world to have non-European non-white Members of Parliament.
This status, however, was not universally available to the black people of the African territories i.e. those who were not "assimilados" (which literately translates to "assimilated") which meant those Africans who had not given up their tribal customs nor reached minimum educational standards.
Roughly 4% of the African populace was considered "assimilado" while the people native to the overseas colonies of Cape Verde, India, and China were considered universally "assimilados" even though in the latter two territories, people were not largely Roman Catholic nor did most speak the Portuguese language.
In the mid-sixties, Portugal and its colonies found themselves in the front line of the Cold war, with a proxy war which drained Portugal of its resources.
Salazar was blamed for a war he had no control over as well as the consequent impoverishment of his country.
Thousands from mainland Portugal fled into neighbouring European countries, particularly France, to avoid the military draft and the war in Africa.
Most took up menial jobs and were a convinient source of low cost labour to Europe.
This expatriate segment of society became increasingly empowered after a military coup overthrew the government of Salazar's successor Marcello Caetano in 1974.
Many returned to Portugal to become next generation politicians.
Salazar is still loved by some of the people of Portugal today, and was voted the greatest Portuguese man of all time.
Apologists say that it was more as a way of showing frustration with the current political events and politicians in Portugal than actually a true devotion.
A great segment of the Portuguese people though may beg to differ.
The colonies
In 1945 Portugal had large colonial Empire, including Cape Verde Islands, São Tomé e Principe, Angola (including Cabinda), Portuguese Guinea, and Mozambique in Africa; Goa, Damão (including Dadra and Nagar Haveli), and Diu in India; Macau in China; and Portuguese Timor in Southeast Asia.
Salazar was determined to keep control of Portugal's territories.
After the war the colonies were in a mess.
The Indian nationalists in Goa wanted their country to join with the new independent state of India.
There strikes and protests by the local people against the Portuguese.
The Indian Armed Forces invaded and took over Goa, Daman and Diu in 1961.
Revolutions against the Portuguese were started in Mozambique, Angola, and Portuguese Guinea.
In 1968, Salazar suffered a major stroke, reportedly caused by falling from his chair at his summer house.
President Américo Thomaz was forced to replace him with Marcelo Caetano on September 27, 1968.
Salazar died in Lisbon on July 27, 1970.
Tens of thousands of people went to the funeral and the Requiem Mass and watched the journey of the special train that carried his coffin to his hometown of Santa Comba Dão.
He was buried next to his ancestors and the farmers of the region, in a plain ordinary grave.
Decades as a "dictator" and Salazar's worldly possessions were almost the literal "shirt on his back" .
He died without ever having purchased a motor car, the modest house he lived in Lisbon belonged to the State and is reported as having had two pairs of suits in his wardrobe.
Prime Ministers of Portugal
Princess Nikki is a British reality television show that stars former Big Brother 7 UK house mate Nikki Grahame.
It ran on Wednesday nights between 10:00 - 10:30pm on the digital and satellite television channel E4 from 6 September 2006, for a total runtime of 30 minutes.
The show was devised by Endemol, the company that also devised Big Brother.
It was narrated by the presenter and comedian, Alex Zane.
The format saw Grahame attempt several jobs on each show, which included various unpleasant tasks such as rubbish collecting, deep sea fishing, and waste management.
The show's premise was to see whether or not she would perform the tasks given to her and keep her job for a day, or whether she would quit or be sacked due to her infamous tantrums.
The concept of the show was taken from one of the tasks Nikki undertook while in the Big Brother house.
During the task, she was assigned as Big Brother's personal assistant and had to carry out various duties, which often resulted in Nikki throwing a tantrum and refusing to comply.
The theme music for the programme has been adapted from the 1982 hit single "Hey Mickey!"
by Toni Basil, with the lyrics "Hey Nikki!"
used as a replacement.
Contrary to rumors, no second season is planned.
Creative director Philip Edgar-Jones confirmed the series is finished in an interview with Brother's Bar.
Channel 4 reality television programmes
James William Van Der Beek, Jr. (born March 8, 1977) is an American television and movie actor.
He was born in Cheshire, Connecticut.
He is best known for his role as Dawson Leery in Dawson's Creek.
Dawson's Creek is an American primetime television drama which aired from January 20, 1998, to May 14, 2003, on The WB Television Network.
The lead production company was Sony Pictures Television.
Reruns of the show are currently seen in the US in syndication on TBS and on The N. with Katie Holmes in one of the leading roles.
It is set in Massachusetts.
General Hospital (commonly abbreviated GH) is the longest-running ABC Daytime American soap opera broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company television network.
It is also the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood (having been taped at the Prospect Avenue ABC Television Center West and Sunset-Gower Studios).
Set in the fictional city of Port Charles, New York, General Hospital debuted on April 1, 1963, the same day that rival network NBC launched its own medical daytime drama, The Doctors.
The show originally aired for a half-hour until the network expanded it to the unusual length of 45 minutes in 1976, and then to a full hour in 1978.
The serial was created by soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley, a husband-and-wife team.
General Hospital is credited for starting several trends in the soap opera genre in the 1980s, most notably that of the fast-paced action-adventure plotlines that were remarkably different from the more traditional domestic and social issues that had been the sole focus of most soap operas during the previous decades.
In 2003, when GH was celebrating its 40th anniversary, TV Guide named it "The Greatest Soap Opera Of All Time."
In addition, GH was also named as one of TIME Magazine's "Top 100 Television Shows of All Time."
Current cast members
Upcoming cast changes
Debuting and returning
1990s American workplace television series
1990s workplace drama television series
Popstars is a reality show where a number of people audition of a spot in a new popgroup.
The concept has been sold to most parts of the world.
Her father is of Filipino ancestry.
Her mother is of Hawaiian and Russian ancestry.
Her Catholic parents separated when she was a baby.
At age six, she moved to Louisville, Kentucky.
She took her German American stepfather's surname when he adopted her.
Since 2006, Scherzinger has had an on-off relationship with Lewis Hamilton.
She has had bulimia nervosa.
Scherzinger was one of the group members in Edens Crush after winning a spot from the reality show Popstars.
Scherzinger was later a member of the Pussycat Dolls.
On November 16, 2007, she released her first solo album, Killer Love.
She was a judge on The Sing-Off in 2009 and 2010.
She was a judge on The X Factor in the United States in 2011.
She has been a judge on The X Factor in the United Kingdom since 2012.
Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky
People from Honolulu
Singers from Hawaii
Singers from Louisville, Kentucky
Television personalities from Kentucky
Girls Aloud was a British girl group created by an ITV television show named Popstars: The Rivals in 2002.
The group's members were Cheryl Cole (née Tweedy), Nadine Coyle, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts and Kimberley Walsh.
Girls Aloud have become one of the most successful British pop groups of the 2000s, with a record-breaking twenty consecutive Top 10 singles (including four number ones), six platinum albums (including two number ones) and record sales of more than 4.3 million in the UK.
They have also been nominated for five BRIT Awards, winning Best Single in 2009 for The Promise.
The Guinness Book of World Records list them as "the most successful reality TV group of all time".
In March 2013, the group announced that they were splitting up.
Sound of the Underground (2003)
What Will the Neighbours Say? (
Chemistry (2005)
Tangled Up (2007)
Out of Control (2008)
The Sound of Girls Aloud (2006)
Ten (2012)
Sound of the Underground (2002)
No Good Advice (2003)
Life Got Cold (2003)
Jump (2003)
The Show (2004)
Love Machine (2004)
I'll Stand By You (2004)
Wake Me Up (2005)
Long Hot Summer (2005)
Biology (2005)
See The Day (2005)
Whole Lotta History (2006)
Something Kinda Ooooh (2006)
I Think We're Alone Now (2006)
No No No... (2007)
Call The Shots (2007)
Can't Speak French (2008)
The Promise (2008)
The Loving Kind (2009)
Untouchable (2009)
Something New (2012)
Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me (2012)
The Wulfila Bible (or Gothic Bible) is a translation of parts of the Bible into the Gothic language.
It was done by a Christian Bishop, called Wulfila, in the 3rd century.
It contains mainly a translation of the New Testament.
The basis for the translation was a Greek version of the Bible.
Up till then, the Goths had used runes to write.
This was impractical, though.
For this reason Wulfila also invented the Gothic alphabet.
The Gothic alphabet is based on the Greek one.
Many copies of parts of the text still exist today.
Most of them are from the 6th to 8th century.
The Wulfila bible is the oldest written text of a Germanic language.
It is very important for research.
Text of The Lord's Prayer in the Wulfilabible
þ is pronounced like the English th in the.
atta unsar þu ïn himina
weihnai namo þein
qimai þiudi nassus þeins
wairþai wilja þeins
swe ïn himina jah ana airþai
hlaif unsarana þana sin teinan gif uns himma daga
jah aflet uns þatei skulans sijai ma
swaswe jah weis afletam þai skulam unsaraim
jah ni brig gais uns ïn fraistubnjai
ak lau sei uns af þamma ubilin
unte þeina ïst þiudangardi
jah mahs jah wulþus ïn aiwins
Full text of the Wulfilabible
Smaller gothic fragments
The Plague of Athens was an epidemic which hit the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC), when an Athenian victory still seemed possible.
Many historians believe that it entered Athens through Piraeus, the city's port and sole source of food and supplies.
The city-state of Sparta, and much of the eastern Mediterranean, was also struck by the disease.
The plague returned twice more, in 429 BC and in the winter of 427/6 BC.
Gomme, A. W., edited by A. Andrewes and K. J. Dover.
An Historical Commentary on Thucydides, Volume 5.
Book VIII  Oxford University Press, 1981.
McNeill, William H. Plagues and People.
New York: Anchor Books, 1976. .
Papagrigorakis, Manolis J., Christos Yapijakis, Philippos N. Synodinos, and Effie Baziotopoulou-Valavani.
"DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens," International Journal of Infectious Diseases 10 (2006): 206-214.
ISSN 1201-9712.
Pomeroy, Sarah B., Spartan Women Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. .
Zinsser, Hans.
Rats, Lice and History:  A Chronicle of Pestilence and Plagues.
Originally published in Boston in 1935, later edition in 1963.
Most recent edition 1996, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, New York.
Access to International Journal of Infectious Disease/Article
History of the Peloponnesian War ii, 47–55 .
Live Science article Accessed January 23, 2006.
Women in Classical Athens
Plague of Athens an epidemic which hit the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War.
Euripides wrote the play Alcestis
Zeno of Elea died about 430 BC
The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) was an Ancient Greek military conflict, fought by Athens and its allies, against the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta.
Athens and Sparta were  was the greatest sea power, and Sparta the greatest land power in 5th century BC Greece.
This period of the war ended in 421 BC, with the signing of the Peace of Nicias.
In 415 BC, Athens dispatched a large force, organized by Alcibiades, to attack Syracuse in Sicily.
The attack failed, with the destruction of the entire force, in 413 BC.
The final phase of the war is called the Decelean War, or the Ionian War.
In this phase, Sparta, now receiving support from the Achaemenid Empire, supported rebellions in Athens' subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia, undermining Athens' empire.
Eventually, Athens lost its naval supremacy.
The destruction of the Athenian fleet in a battle in 405 BC effectively ended the war, and Athens surrendered in the following year.
The Peloponnesian War reshaped the Ancient Greek world.
Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece before the war started, was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection.
Sparta became the leading power of Greece.
The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece; poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese, Athens was completely devastated, and never regained its pre-war prosperity.p488 The war also wrought subtler changes to Greek society; the conflict between democratic Athens and oligarchic Sparta, each of which supported friendly political factions within other states, made civil war a common occurrence in the Greek world.
Greek warfare, originally a limited and formalized form of conflict, was transformed into an all-out struggle between city states, complete with atrocities on a large scale.
Shattering religious and cultural taboos, devastating vast swathes of countryside, and destroying whole cities, the Peloponnese War marked the dramatic end to the fifth-century BC 'Golden age of Greece'.xxiii-xxiv
Classical authors
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War
Aristophanes, "Lysistrata"
Modern authors
Bagnall, Nigel.
The Peloponnesian War: Athens, Sparta, And The Struggle For Greece.
New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2006 (hardcover, ).
Cawkwell, G.L. Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War.
London: Routledge, 1997 (hardcover, ; paperback, ).
Hanson, Victor Davis.
A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War.
New York: Random House, 2005 (hardcover, ); New York: Random House, 2006 (paperback, ).
Heftner, Herbert.
Der oligarchische Umsturz des Jahres 411 v. Chr.
und die Herrschaft der Vierhundert in Athen: Quellenkritische und historische Untersuchungen.
Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2001 ().
Hutchinson, Godfrey.
Attrition: Aspects of Command in the Peloponnesian War.
Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ).
Kagan, Donald:
The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969 (hardcover, ); 1989 (paperback, ).
The Archidamian War.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974 (hardcover, ); 1990 (paperback, ).
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981 (hardcover, ); 1991 (paperback, ).
The Fall of the Athenian Empire.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987 (hardcover, ); 1991 (paperback, ).
The Peloponnesian War.
New York: Viking, 2003 (hardcover, ); New York: Penguin, 2004 (paperback, ); a one-volume version of his earlier tetralogy.
Kallet, Lisa.
Money and the Corrosion of Power in Thucydides: The Sicilian Expedition and its Aftermath.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001 (hardcover, ).
Krentz, Peter.
The Thirty at Athens.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982 (hardcover, ).
The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, edited by Robert B. Strassler.
New York: The Free Press, 1996 (hardcover, ); 1998 (paperback, ).
LibriVox: The History of the Peloponnesian War (Public Domain Audiobooks in the USA - 20:57:23 hours, at least 603.7 MB)
Richard Crawley: The History of the Peloponnesian War (Translation of Thukydides' books - in Project Gutenberg)
Peloponnesian war
Wars involving Europe
495–429 BC), an important statesman of Athens.
He also was an orator and a general.
When the royal house of Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg became extinct in 1825, Saxe-Gotha was given to Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Altenburg passed to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen.
After the abolition of German monarchies at the end of the First World War, both Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Altenburg became part of the newly created state of Thuringia in 1920.
Dukes of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Ernest I the Pious (1640-1675), inherited Saxe-Altenburg in 1675
Frederick I (1675-1691), son of Ernest the Pious and the first to be called Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
Frederick II (1691-1732), son
Frederick III (1732-1772), son
Ernest II (1772-1804), son
Emil (1804-1822), son
Frederick IV (1822-1825), brother
Thucydides (; ; born around 460 BC, died around 400 BC) was an ancient Greek historian best remembered for his work on the Peloponnesian War.
He was the son of Olorus.
Herodotus, Histories, A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press (1920).
Pausanias, Description of Greece, Books I-II, (Loeb Classical Library) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). .
Plutarch, Lives, Bernadotte Perrin (translator), Cambridge, MA.
William Heinemann Ltd. (1914).
Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War.
London, J. M. Dent; New York, E. P. Dutton (1910).
Short Bibliography on Thucydides  Lowell Edmunds, Rutgers University
Perseus Project Thucydides, Table of Contents
Thomas Hobbes' Translation of Thucydides
390s BC deaths
Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
Ostrava, Czech republic
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Galaţi, Romania  since 1985
Polychronis Lembesis (1848-1913) painter
Ioannis Koutsis (18601953) painter
Gerasimos Vokos (1868-1927) journalist and writer
Alexandros Christofis (1875-1957) painter
Stylianos Miliadis (1881-1965) writer
Yiorgos Batis (1885-1967) rebetiko musician
Dimitris Pikionis (1887-1968) architect
Michalis Oikonomou (1888-1933) painter
Katina Paxinou (1900–1973) actress
Markos Vamvakaris (1905-1972) musician and composer
Emmanuel Kriaras (1906) philologist and lexicographer
Yannis Tsarouchis (1910-1989) painter
Dimitrios Gavriilidis (1914) artist
Michalis Genitsaris (1917-2005) singer and composer
Andreas Krystallis (1919-1951) painter
Ektor Kaknavatos (1920) poet
Nicola Zaccaria (1923-2007) opera singer
Thanasis Veggos (1926) actor and film director
Andreas Mouratis (1926) footballer
John S. Romanides (1927-2001) priest and theologian
Archbishop Anastasios of Albania (1929)
Dimitris Papamichael (1931-2004)
Costas Simitis (1936) economist and politician, Prime Minister of Greece
Jannis Kounellis (1936) sculptor
Tolis Voskopoulos (1940) singer and actor
Thodoris Dritsas (1947) politician
George Dalaras (1949) singer
Yiannis Kyrastas (1952-2004) footballer and football manager
Eleftheria Arvanitaki (1956) singer
Mando (1966) singer
Grigoris Georgatos (1973) footballer
Spyros Paliouras (1957-1975) writer
Nikolaos Pavlopoulos (1909-1990) sculptor and writer
The Andrianopoulos brothers, founders of the Olympiacos sporting club
Mayors of Piraeus
Christos Agrapidis (1999-2006)
Panagiotis Fasoulas (2007- )
Universities and technological institutes
University of Piraeus
Municipality of Pireas
Piraeus Port Authority
The Marble Lion of Piraeus
Settlements in Greece
The Rhône is a river in France and Switzerland.
It is 812 kilometers long.
The river starts in Rhône Glacier, which is in Switzerland.
Then, the Rhône River joints the Saône, in France (and other rivers) and ends in the Mediterranean Sea.
The River Rhône empties into the Mediterranean.
Only the Nile brings more water into the Mediterranean.
The river drains an area of 95.5500 m2.
The usual amount of water is about 1.700 m3 per second (at Tarrascon).
During floods, this value has reached over 12.000 m3 per second.
This river splits into two smaller rivers before it flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
The space between those rivers is named the Camargue, and many types of animals live there.
Luis Egidio Meléndez (Naples, 1716-Madrid, 1780) was a Spanish painter.
Although he received little acclaim or praise during his lifetime and died in poverty, Meléndez is recognized today as the greatest Spanish still life painter of the eighteenth century.
His mastery of composition and light, and his remarkable ability to convey the volume and texture of individual objects enabled him to transform the most mundane (ordinary) of kitchen fare into powerful images.
Augustine of Hippo (354-430), the Church Father and patron of the Augustinians
Augustine of Canterbury (d. 604), the first Archbishop of Canterbury
Mar Augustine Kandathil (1874-1956): First Indian Archbishop and First Metropolitan of the Catholic St. Thomas Christians.
Norman Ralph Augustine (born 27 July 1935), American aviation engineer/businessman
Augustine Huy Viet Phan, Augustine Moi Van Nguyen, and Augustine Schoffler, three of the Vietnamese Martyrs
Augustin, a commune in Braşov County, Romania
Augustine Inmerlo
Although it was very small, Saxe-Hildburghausen was an independent duchy from 1680 to 1826.
In 1684 the duchy changed its capital from Heldburg to Hildburghausen, and changed its name to Saxe-Hildburghausen.
In 1810, a Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen married Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, who became king of Bavaria 15 years later.
The marriage is the reason for the Oktoberfest, held annually in Munich.
In 1826, the Ernestine duchies were reorganised after the last ruler of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg died without an heir.