the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
At that point, the movie ends.
Version 3D
3D Version
The idea for Monsters, Inc. came during a lunch in 1994 attended by John Lasseter, Pete Docter, Andrew Stanton and Joe Ranft.
One of the ideas that came out of the brainstorming session was a movie about monsters. "
When we were making Toy Story, Pete Docter claimed, "everybody came up to me and said that they totally believed that their toys came to life when they left the room.
When Disney asked us to make more films, I wanted to tap into a child-like notion that was similar to Toy Story.
So I decided monsters would be appropriate".
Docter's original idea revolved around a 30-year-old man dealing with monsters (which he drew in a book as a boy) coming back to bother him as an adult.
Each monster represented a fear he had, and conquering those fears caused the monsters eventually to disappear.
Pete Docter started working on the script in 1996.
He completed a draft treatment in February 1997 with Harley Jessup, Jill Culton and Jeff Pidgeon.
However, Sulley worked in the scream refinery before being changed to Monsters Inc.'s top scare producer.
Also Boo was 6 years old, but was changed to 3 years.
This was because "The younger she was, she became the more dependent on Sulley," claimed by Pete Docter.
The initial story did not have the character of Mike Wazowski.
Mike wasn't added to the story until in April 1998, when development artist Ricky Nierva drew a concept sketch of Mike and everyone liked it.
Jeff Pidgeon and Jason Katz story-boarded a test in which Mike was helping Sulley choose a tie for work and Mike Wazowski soon became a vital character in the movie.
Originally Mike had no arms, and had to use his legs as appendages, however due to technical difficulties arms were soon added.
Billy Crystal had been approached to play Buzz Lightyear in the original Toy Story, but turned down the offer.
However, once he saw the film, he regretted not taking the part, and when he was approached to play Mike, he jumped at the offer.
The film went into production in 2000.
One of the major breakthroughs of Monsters, Inc. was the simulated movement of Sulley's fur and Boo's shirt.
The animators would animate the characters "Bald and Naked".
Once the animation was finished, a computer program aided by the Simulation Department would apply the hair and cloth onto the characters.
If Sulley moved the hair would react to the movement just like it would in nature.
The same goes for Boo's T-shirt that would produce wrinkles in the fabric.
This would save the animators from animating the three million hairs on Sullivan individually.
Love Will Keep Us Together by Mark Kozelek
Pretty Noose by Soundgarden
Break On Through (To the Other Side) by Aaron Carter
Put That Thing Back Where That Came or So Help Me by P.O.D.
She's Out of My Life by Michael Jackson
Can't Fight This Feeling by REO Speedwagon
Island in the Sun by Weezer
If I Didn't Have You by Chuck Mosley
Information at Pixar's site
Durango is a state in northwest Mexico.
About 1,510,000 people live there.
Its capital is Victoria de Durango.
Girlfriend (band)
Girlfriend (album), an album by Matthew Sweet
Girl Friends, a Korean pop duo
"Girlfriend" (Michael Jackson song)
"Girlfriend" (Pebbles song)
"Girlfriend" (Matthew Sweet song)
"Girlfriend" (The Pillows song)
"Girlfriend" (Billie song)
"Girlfriend" (Alicia Keys song)
"Girlfriend" ('N Sync song)
"Girlfriend" (The Darkness song)
"Girlfriend" (Avril Lavigne song)
"Girlfriend" (Bow Wow and Omarion song)
A song by B2K on the album Pandemonium!
Girlfriends, an American television show
"Girlfriends" (Flight of the Conchords), a television episode
Doctor Girlfriend, a character from the animated series The Venture Bros.
Girlfriend (magazine)
Girlfriends (1978 film)
Bohemian Rhapsody is a song by English rock band Queen.
It was written by Freddie Mercury, and was released on their 1975 album A Night at the Opera.
Promotional video
Though some artists had made video clips to accompany songs (including Queen themselves; for example, their earlier singles "Keep Yourself Alive", "Liar", "Seven Seas of Rhye" and "Killer Queen" already had "pop promos", as they were known at the time), it was only after the success of "Bohemian Rhapsody" that it became a regular practice for record companies to produce promotional videos for artists' single releases.
The Guardian stated it "ensured videos would henceforth be a mandatory tool in the marketing of music".
These videos could then be shown on television shows around the world, such as the BBC's Top of the Pops, without the need for the artist to appear in person.
A promo video also allowed the artist to have their music broadcast and accompanied by their own choice of visuals, rather than dancers such as Pan's People.
According to May, the video was produced so that the band could avoid miming on Top of the Pops since they would have looked off miming to such a complex song.
He also said that the band knew they would be set to appear at Dundee's Caird Hall on tour, a date which clashed with the programme, thus a promo would solve the issue.
The video has been hailed as launching the MTV age.
The band used Trillion, a subsidiary of Trident Studios, their former management company and recording studio.
They hired one of their trucks and got it to Elstree Studios, where the band was rehearsing for their tour.
The video was directed by Bruce Gowers, who had directed a video of the band's 1974 performance at the Rainbow Theatre in London, and was recorded by cameraman Barry Dodd and assistant director/floor manager Jim McCutcheon.
The video was recorded in just four hours on 10 November 1975, at a cost of £4,500.
Gowers reported that the band was involved in the discussion of the video and the result, and "was a co-operative to that extent, but there was only one leader."
The video opens with a shot of the four band members standing in diamond formation with their heads tilted back in near darkness as they sing the a cappella part.
The lights fade up, and the shots cross-fade into close-ups of Mercury.
The composition of the shot is the same as Mick Rock's cover photograph for their second album Queen II.
The photo, inspired by a photograph of actress Marlene Dietrich, was the band's favourite image of themselves.
The video then fades into them playing their instruments.
In the opera section of the video, the scene reverts to the Queen II standing positions, after which they perform once again on stage during the hard rock segment.
In the closing seconds of the video Roger Taylor is depicted stripped to the waist, striking the tam tam in the manner of the trademark of the Rank Organisation's Gongman, familiar in the UK as the opening of all Rank film productions.
All of the special effects were achieved during the recording, rather than editing.
The visual effect of Mercury's face cascading away (during the echoed lines "Magnifico" and "Let me go") was accomplished by pointing the camera at a monitor, giving visual feedback, a glare analogous to audio feedback.
The honeycomb illusion was created using a shaped lens.
The video was edited within five hours because it was due to be broadcast the same week in which it was taped.
The video was sent to the BBC as soon as it was completed and aired for the first time on Top of the Pops in November 1975.
Alternate version
This video was directed by Paul Rudish and released on December 22, 1996, the video is was based on the fairy tale "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" by Hans Christian Andersen, a broken toy soldier with one leg falls in love with a toy ballerina and protects her from an evil jack-in-the-box.
Unlike the original story, this version has a happy ending.
It was animated by Rough Draft Korea.
While, at first, record companies believed the song would not receive radio airplay due to its length (5 minutes and 55 seconds) and its difference to other songs of the time, it became #1 on many charts.
It is now played on the radio in full-length.
Dewey Finn (Black) has been kicked out of his band.
His roommate is a substitute teacher.
Finn finds one of his requests for a private school and goes in his roommate's place as he needs the money for rent.
He soon finds out that the school, in Woodbury, New York,  has music lessons, so he enlists the class to become his band.
They plan to perform at Battle of the Bands.
However, his roommate's girlfriend finds out that Finn was impersonating her boyfriend and gets him kicked off the job.
Finn is down until the kids get their own school bus, pick Finn up, and play at the concert.
The band loses to another one, but Finn establishes a school for rock, and the kids come over to his place to take lessons.
On July 14, 2008 the School of Rock 2 sequel was confirmed.
In 2012, Jack Black said that a sequel is unlikely.
Movies directed by Richard Linklater
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) is a heavy rail public rapid transit system that serves the San Francisco Bay Area in northern California.
It joins the cities of the East Bay, including Oakland, with San Francisco.
Construction began in 1964.
The first trains began running on September 11, 1972.
As of 2020, there were six main lines on the system, two of which only run during weekdays.
There are  of track (using a wider-than-normal gauge of ).
There are 50 stations.
Like other rapid transit systems in the world, tracks are in underground tunnels in inner cities, and on elevated viaducts in suburban areas.
In some places, they are in the middle of freeways.
The busiest part of the system is the Transbay Tube, a  underwater tunnel under the San Francisco Bay.
Almost 150,000 people pass through the tube every day.
Fare
The fare which people pay to ride BART depends on how far they go.
They first buy paper magnetic stripe cards inside the station.
Then they insert this ticket into the gate, walk through the gate, and take the ticket out.
They then get on board the train.
Sometimes they have to change from one train to another to get to where they want to go.
After they leave the train at their destination, they insert their ticket into the fare gate again to exit the station.
Printed numbers on the card show how much money is left on the ticket.
A passenger who enters and exits the same station will be charged an "excursion fare".
As of July 28, 2012, the fare was $5.25.
In the 2000s, BART was expanded to reach San Francisco International Airport.
It now goes as far as Millbrae.
Two other branch lines have opened since then.
In 2014, BART opened a short line to Oakland International Airport that uses trains pulled by cables.
An extension of the Pittsburg line to Antioch, which opened in 2018, uses diesel multiple units on standard gauge tracks instead of the electric, broad-gauge trains used on the main lines.
A project is also going on to expand the southern main line into San Jose.
The entire extension was supposed to be completed in 2018.
Instead, the first new stations were opened on June 13, 2020 after breakdowns in communication and testing with the line.
Transport in California
Universal Media Disc, a disc format created by Sony for the PlayStation Portable.
Under Monitor Display, a display used in television production galleries to indicate the source displayed above it.
United Macedonian Diaspora, a Washington, D.C. based organization addressing the interests and needs of ethnic Macedonians.
Unified Medical Dictionary: Arabic electronic medical dictionary; (English - French - Arabic)
University of Maryland
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, a campus of the University of Massachusetts
University of Michigan-Dearborn, a campus of the University of Michigan
University of Minnesota Duluth, a regional university of the University of Minnesota
United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, now part of King's College London
Betty Davis (July 26, 1944 – February 9, 2022) was an American funk-soul singer, famous in the 1970s.
She was married to the star of Jazz Miles Davis, from where she took her surname.
Davis died on February 9, 2022 at her home in Homestead, Pennsylvania from cancer at the age of 77.
The Sound of Young America: Betty Davis Interview – June 21, 2007: Betty Davis gives her first radio interview in 30 years.
Betty Davis: Betty Davis – Album review
People from Durham, North Carolina
Let Go is singer Avril Lavigne's first album.
It was released on June 04, 2002.
It has sold 16 million copies, making it Lavigne's best-selling album so far.
"Losing Grip" (Avril Lavigne/Clif Magness) – 3:53
"Complicated" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 4:03
"Sk8er Boi" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 3:23
"I'm with You" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 3:42
"Mobile" (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:31
"Unwanted"  (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:40
"Tomorrow" (Lavigne/Curtis Frasca/Sabelle Breer) – 3:48
"Anything but Ordinary" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 4:10
"Things I'll Never Say" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 3:43
"My World" (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:26
"Nobody's Fool" (Lavigne/Peter Zizzo) – 3:56
"Too Much to Ask" (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:44
"Naked" (Lavigne/Frasca/Breer) – 3:28
Japan Tour Special Limited Version (with a bonus DVD)
"Why" – 4:00
"Complicated" (Video)
"Sk8er Boi" (Video)
"I'm with You" (Video)
"Day in the Life" (NYC Epk)
Tour Edition
"Get Over It" ("Sk8er Boi" B-side)
"Why" ("Complicated" B-side)
"Unwanted" (Live)
"I'm with You" (Live)
"Nobody's Fool" (Live)
Standard AU CD Enhanced Media Content
Video: "Complicated" - 4:12
EPK - 5:55
Bonus track: "I Don't Give"
Lyrics (plays song in background)
"Unwanted"
Anshan (or Anzan, , modern: Tal-i Malyan) was an ancient town in what was then Elam empire (today's Iran) in the province Fars.
The oldest settlement may have been as early as 5500 BC.
Anshan was later ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty and became one of the primary cities of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.
The Persian prince Teispes (675-640 BC) conquered the city and called himself "king of the city of Anshan"
Anshan is a big archaeological place today containing around 200 hectares.
Excavations (digs) carried out by the University of Pennsylvania took place in 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976 and 1978.
The University of Maryland, College Park, often called simply the University of Maryland, is a public university in College Park, Maryland.
It is the largest university in a group called the "University System of Maryland."
In 1856, the Maryland Agricultural College was chartered.
Sixty years later, the state of Maryland took control of the college and renamed it Maryland State University.
In 1920, it joined several professional schools in the area to become the University of Maryland.
It joined the Association of American Universities in 1925.
University of Maryland - Official website
Another Code is about a 13-year-old girl called Ashley Mizuki Robbins who goes to an island called "Blood Edward Island", an island near Washington after her dad sent her a package with a machine in it two days before her 14th birthday.
She goes with her aunt Jessica, who raised her when her parents disappeared.
When her dad is not there, Jessica goes looking for him, and Ashley eventually has to find them both.
She meets a ghost named "D", and joins with him to search a mansion on the island.
More Brain Training from Dr. Kawashima: How Old Is Your Brain? (
known as Brain Age 2: More Training in Minutes a Day!)
is a puzzle video game made by Nintendo on the Nintendo DS handheld.
It's one of the best-selling DS games.
de:Dr. Kawashimas Gehirn-Jogging#Dr.
Kawashima: Mehr Gehirn-Jogging
Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain? (
known as Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!)
It was released in 2006.
It is one of the best-selling DS games.
A second game: More Brain Training from Dr. Kawashima: How Old Is Your Brain?,
was released in 2007.
uses educational puzzles that are math, word games, memorization games, and other kinds of games.
The point of the game is to keep the player's brain young using these educational puzzles.
The player is supposed to try and keep their brain at 20, which the game says is the perfect age.
It's based on a book by Ryuta Kawashima.
The DS is held like a book on its side with the top screen on the left and the bottom screen on the right (opposite for lefties).
Brain Age Check
Brain Age was a popular game, and sold more than 3 million in Japan, 1 million in the United States, and 2 million in PAL regions.
Mario Smash Football (called Super Mario Strikers in North America) is a 2005 football video game made by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube game console.
A sequel was made on the Wii called Mario Strikers Charged Football.
Mario sports games
Mario video games
Mario Strikers Charged Football (called Mario Strikers Charged in North America) is a 2007 football video game made by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Wii game console.
Clubhouse Games is a 2006 video game published by Nintendo and developed by Agenda.
It features 42 parlor games.
It is for the Nintendo DS game console.
Clubhouse Games Nintendo site
The Halifax explosion took place on December 6, 1917 when the SS Mont-Blanc, a French cargo ship loaded with explosives collided with the SS Imo, a Norwegian ship in the harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
1,782 people were killed and over 9,000 people were injured.
This was the largest man-made explosion in history until July 1945 when the first atomic bomb blew up.
It is still the largest accidental explosion in history.
CBC website about the Halifax Explosion
1917 in North America
1910s in Canada
Disasters in Canada
Explosions in North America
The Kassite dynasty was ruled by the Kassites.
They were an obscure mountain tribe who came to power in Babylon after the collapse of the First Dynasty of Babylon in 1595 BC following a Hittite sack of the city, and became rulers of northern Babylonia.
The Kassites
The Kassites (Persian: کاسی‌ها) were an ancient people from Zagros mountains.
Kassites were a federation of several nomadic tribes living in the Zagros mountains, in modern Loristan (Iran).
In the 18th century BCE, the Kassites started to infiltrate Mesopotamia, which was ruled by the successors of the famous king Hammurabi of Babylon (1792–1750).
Kassites threatened Babylonia, which they captured in 1750 BC.
Importance of this empire
By turning southern Mesopotamia into a state, instead of a group of temple-cities, the Kassites made Babylonia an international power.
They ruled Babylonia almost without interruption for about four hundred years — the longest rule by any dynasty in Babylonian history.
Kassite kings established trade and diplomacy with Assyria, Egypt, Elam and the Hittites.
The Kassite royal house intermarried with their royal families.
There were foreign merchants in Babylon and other cities.
Babylonian merchants traded from Egypt (a source of Nubian gold) to Assyria and Anatolia.
Kassite weights and seals, the tools of trade, have been found in Thebes in Greece, in southern Armenia, and even in a shipwreck off the southern coast of today's Turkey.
The Kassite kings set up a network of provinces administered by governors.
Nippur, a formerly great city, had been virtually abandoned.
It was rebuilt in the Kassite period, and became the most important provincial center.
Under the Kassite government, the governor of Nippur ruled as a secondary (lesser) king.
Some 13th century BC Kassite kings even took the title 'Governor of Nippur' for themselves.
The Elamites conquered Babylonia in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state.
The last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there, where he died.
However, Kassites survived as a distinct ethnic group in the mountains of Lorestan long after the Kassite state collapsed.
Richard Hooker, "The Kassites: 1530-1170 The Kassite Interregnum"
is a Japan-only music video game/mini-game-collection.
It was made by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance hand-held game console, and was later released in arcades.
It was made by Nintendo's Research and Development 1.
A sequel called Rhythm Tengoku Gold was released on the Nintendo DS in 2008.
Rhythm Tengoku is a level-based music mini-game collection which has a total of five normal levels and one remix level for every set of levels, which total eight sets, 48 levels in all.
The game is set up with mostly different levels - for example, the first level has the player punch objects and the second level has the player pluck hairs out of an onion, both in the beat to the music that they use.
The player has to beat one level to go onto to the next.
When he or she has beaten all five levels in a set, a remix appears, which is a level that has the five levels in the set remixed into one, using a different song.
Rhythm Tengoku starts with a Rhythm Test that checks how well the player's beat is.
In each level, the player's score at the end is figured out by how well he or she hits the beats.
There are three types of hits:
A perfect hit, where the player hits the beat exactly.
A semi-hit, where the player is slightly off.
A miss, where the player misses or does not even try to hit it.
At the end of the level, the player is awarded one of three ranks - High Level, Mediocre, and Redo.
If the player gets anything but Redo, the level is cleared, and getting High Level in a level gets the player a Perfect Campaign, which unlocks stuff in the "Bonus Corner" depending on how many the player unlocks.
After the player beats enough levels, the game lets him or her try to get a perfect score, which gets the player a heart on the level he or she beats.
The game tells the player when a level can have a heart won on it.
Besides the main game, there are six side features - the Cafe, the Toys, the Games, the Drum Lessons, the Staff, and the Live mode.
The Cafe is used for advice, while the Toys, Games, and Drum Lessons have unlockable mini-games that can be played.
The Staff mode shows the game's credits, and Live is a mode where the player plays in a band and is the drummer.
Drum Lessons
The Drum Lessons mode teaches the player how to play the drums in Rhythm Tengoku.
The teacher, Drum Samurai, shows the player a short song that he or she must copy exactly.
Drums use all of the buttons except for Start and Select, each button being a different part of the drum.
The player is shown how well he or she did at the end and is given a rank.
The drums can be played in the Studio mode, where the player can take any song in the game and play the drums to it.
The drums are also used in the Live mode.
All music tracks in the game was made for it by Tsunku, the game's composer.
Because the Game Boy Advance can only do so much, most of the music is limited, and only a few songs have lyrics.
A soundtrack was released on October 15, 2008 with 140 songs from this game and its sequel, Rhythm Tengoku Gold.
Tsunku contributed more than 30 soundtracks, and worked with Nintendo's Yoshio Sakamoto in making the game.
It was not known until the game's release that Tsunku was involved with the game, with the Drum Samurai being based on him.
Because it was developed by R&D1, it looks like and plays like the WarioWare series.
Rhythm Tengoku has received many positive reviews.
EuroGamer called it "effortlessly entertaining," or that the game was very fun without putting too much work into it.
Edge said it was a best takes on rhythm games and one of the last good Game Boy Advance games.
Rhythm Tengoku received an Excellence Prize for Entertainment at the 10th annual Japan Media Arts Festival in 2006.
By the end of 2006, Rhythm Tengoku sold a total of 282,879 copies and was the 43rd best-selling game of that year.
Arcade version
Nintendo and Sega made an arcade version of Rhythm Tengoku that had multiplayer, which the Game Boy Advance version did not have.
It has all the same levels as in the Game Boy Advance version, but it has a new mode that lets the first six games be played at a faster tempo.
Nintendo released a sequel to Rhythm Tengoku called Rhythm Heaven for the Nintendo DS.
It's made by the same people who made this game.
It uses the DS' touch screen instead of the buttons, and the DS is held sideways.
While Rhythm Tengoku has only been sold in Japan, the second game came out in the United States, Europe, and Australia.
Another game was made called Rhythm Heaven Fever for the Wii.
Official Japanese Website
Graphical menu translation, screenshots, and tips for each minigame
Japan exclusive video games
Sega arcade games
Rhythm Tengoku Gold is a music video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console.
It is the sequel to Rhythm Tengoku.
Rhythm Heaven only uses the touch screen on the DS to play the stages.
In the stages, the player has to do what the game wants him or her to, like in a level where the player has a song in the background, and has to fill robots with a liquid to send it off.
The robot goes on a conveyer belt, and the player has to drop the nozzle to the beat of the music and try to get it to land on its head.
Then, the player has to hold it there until the robot fills up and flies away.
If the player does it right, he or she gets a perfect hit.
If the player overfills, underfills, or barely misses, it's a half-hit.
If the player misses completely, it's a miss.
At the end, the player is ranked, either getting a Perfect Level, Mediocre, or a Miss. The touch screen can do a lot of stuff, like a "flick" motion where the player flicks in a direction with the stylus or just touch the screen.
The first stage has the player flicking a screw using a spring to the beat of the music.
At the right moment, the player has to flick the screw into two squares as they roll down the level at the right time to make them come together.
There's a mode called Guitar Lessons that's like the Drum Lessons in Rhythm Tengoku.
Like in Rhythm Tengoku, Tsunku made the music for this game.
A soundtrack released on October 15, 2008 with 140 songs from this game and Rhythm Tengoku, which came before this game.
A caricature (from the Italian caricatura, which means "loaded portrait") is a portrait or drawing of a person that exaggerates the way they look, usually to create a humorous effect, or a political statement.
Celebrity Caricature
The Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869 were baseball's first all-professional team.
The team is in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The Cincinnati Base Ball Club started in 1866 and played teams in the National Association of Base Ball Players 1867 to 1870.
In 1969, Major League Baseball played those events officially by starting professional baseball.
The Red Stockings established styles in team uniforms and team nicknames that have some currency even in the 21st century.
They also have a particular color, red, as the color of Cincinnati (and serve as the use of "Red Sox" in Boston as well).
1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Club
19c Base Ball
Edward Carl "Eddie" Gaedel (June 8, 1925– June 18, 1961) is a former professional baseball player.
Gaedel played in his only major league game on August 19, 1951, against the Detroit Tigers.
He got walked on four pitches in a row and was taken out of the game.
Gaedel was officially listed as standing  and weighing .
Eddie Gaedel at Baseball Library.com
ESPN.com article: "Short on size, long on history"
Box score for the Gaedel game
Phở  is a traditional Vietnamese rice-noodle soup dish.
It is served in a cup of tea.
It has white rice noodles in beef broth with thin cuts of beef, vegetable, and spice such as chili or chili sauce.
Sometimes, frog legs, shark intestines, snake heads, tendon, tripe, meatballs, chicken leg, chicken breast, or other organs (heart, liver, etc.)
are also available.
Pho that is cooked with chicken instead of beef is called phở gà.
Phở is a very popular food in Vietnam.
It was brought to many other countries when Vietnamese immigrants and refugees moved to those places.
Making phở
A special kind of noodle called bánh phở that is made from rice is used to make phở.
It is flat and white.
The broth is usually made from beef bones.
Meat can also be used to make the broth.
Also there are many spices (ginger, cardamom, cinnamon, star anise, clove) that are boiled too to make the broth.
Sriracha (chili) sauce and hoisin sauce can be added to the phở.
Some people also like to squeeze lime juice into their phở.
Lam, Andrew. "
Pho," All Things Considered, National Public Radio, September 2, 1999 Surprising locations to find pho
Norris, Michele. "
From Pho to Fast Food, an Immigrant's Tale," All Things Considered, National Public Radio, February 6, 2007 Biography of Bich Minh Nguyen
Prakash, Snigdha. "
Pho Sells," Morning Edition, National Public Radio, June 3, 2002.
Campbell soup markets pho
Sullivan, Michael. "
Vietnamese Pho Chain Takes on U.S. Competition," Morning Edition, National Public Radio, March 20, 2007.
Introduction of chain restaurant in the USA
A company is a type of business.
The definition of the term varies by country.
Some companies, usually larger ones, are organized as corporations.
It is often a business organization which makes goods or services in an organized manner and sells them to the public for profit.
It may also be a non-profit organization.
A company may hire people to be the staff of the company.
An ASBO, or an Antisocial behaviour order, is a British legal term for an order that is sometimes served on people who often behave badly and have many complaints made against them because of their behaviour.
The order is designed to stop them from being anti-social, which means causing distress or alarm (among other things) to other people that do not live in the same place as themselves, according to the Crime & Disorder Act.
ASBO's were ended and replaced with "Injunctions" in 2015
Hurting people
Damaging things/Graffiti
Using bad words, sometimes directed at minorities
Dropping rubbish
Hanging around
Being very drunk
Dealing drugs
Being noisy
Scaring and threatening people (attempting to produce fear)
Starting fires
Spitting
Going places where you're not allowed to go
An ASBO prohibits people from doing certain things, in certain times, in certain places.
For instance, it might ban a person from gathering with certain friends in the park after 8 o'clock if that group of people have previously caused trouble together.
There is also something called an ABC, which stands for an Acceptable Behaviour Contract, and are often used to make sure people try to be "nice".
It is flexible, and can be used in serious situations as well as low key ones.
Wearing a hat anywhere in England and Wales
Sitting on the top deck of a bus
Saying the words grass and cripple
Wearing one golf glove
Playing Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?",
stomping and dropping objects
Being sarcastic
Attending meetings that deal with anti-social behaviour
The Massacres of Foibe are the mass killings in which the majority of victims were ethnic Italians in 1943, after the capitulation of Italy on 8 September, and in 1945, when Yugoslav partisans under the command of Tito occupied parts of Venezia Giulia, Istria and Dalmatia.
Historians have claimed the violence  and consequent Italian Istrian-Dalmatian exodus was a planned ethnic cleansing.
National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe is Italian celebration in memory of the victims.
Number of killed Italian citizens
The estimate is several thousand killed Italian citizens.
According to a report issued in 2000 by a mixed Slovene-Italian historical commission established in 1993, the number of people missing from the region, most of whom finished in the foibe, alias local geological clefts, range from 1,300 to 1,600 but this estimate does not include those killed in current Croatian territory.
Some of them were court-martialed fascists or enemy soldiers, but many civilian persons were also killed.
The great majority of the persons killed were of Italian nationality.
The killings beginning after the capitulation of Italy in 1943, and the massacres of 1945 occurred partly under conditions of guerrilla fighting of Slovenian and Croatian partisans with the German and remaining Italian Fascist forces, and partially after the occupation of the territory by the army formations of Yugoslavia.
Killings may have included war crimes as well as civilian crimes of private or political retaliation, as well as "political cleansing" and planned ethnic cleansing since 1947.
Also Italian communists with Slav partisans killed Italian people; in addition to the foibe, several other carnages committed by Italian communist partisans under Palmiro Togliatti's command in the resistance movement have remained unacknowledged and undiscussed for many years.
Victims were not all Italians because many killed citizen were anticommunist Croats and Slovens: many women were raped before killing.
Historians like Raoul Pupo or Roberto Spazzali estimated the total number of victims at about 5,000; Guido Rumici calculates from 11,000 upwards including all people died in concentration camps; Giampaolo Pansa calculates around 15,000 always including all people died in concentration camps; fascist politician and historian Giorgio Pisanò calculated total from 10,000 upwards.
It was never possible to extract all the thousands of corpses from foibes  because some of them are deeper than several hundreds meters.
Until few years ago it had been able to extract from the pits just a small number of bodies, less than six hundred while other sources are attempting to compile lists of locations and possible victim numbers.
Almost all historians calculate hundreds of victims real assassinated by hard pushes to foibe while the estimated number of total people killed in concentration camps is disputed and varies in thousands; probably only a part of total cadavers was hided in foibe but a lot of bodies were accumulated in mass graves.
Main concentration camps were in: Borovnica, Skofja Loka, Osijek, Stara Gradiska, Sisak, Zemun, Vrsac, Osseh, Aidussina, Maribor.
Renowned Italians
Norma Cossetto, she was raped
Francesco Bonifacio
3 Radecchi sisters of Croat ancestry: original surname was Radeki; they were raped
Mario Blasich
Giuseppe Sincich
Mario Skull
Giovanni Baucer
Mario De Hajnal
Giovanni Rubinich
Riccardo Gigante
Carlo Dell'Antonio
Romano Meneghello
Augusto Bergera
Luigi Podestà
Carlo Schiffrer
Michele Miani
Licurgo Olivi
Augusto Sverzutti
2 Luxardo brothers
Dora Pezzoli
Renowned Slavs
Ivo Bric
Vera Lesten
Alojzij Obit
Lado Piščanc
Ludvik Sluga
Anton Pisk
Filip Terčelj
Izidor Zavadlav
Andrej Uršič
Investigations of the foibe
No investigation of the crimes had been initiated either by Italy, Yugoslavia or any international bodies, until after Slovenia became an independent country in 1991.
Italian-Slovene relations in the relevant period (1880s to 1950s) have been under intensive study by historians since 1990.
A joint report by a commission of historians from both countries was published under the auspices of the two governments in the year 2000.
The report puts the Italian-Slovenian relations in a wider context.
It touches also on the question of mass killings associated with the foibe.
As no exact count was ascertained, the report includes a wording of "hundreds of victims," referring to the territory relevant for Italo-Slovenian relations, and thus excluding the Croatian territories.
Italian-Slovene relationships
Even since Slovenia joined the European Union the relations between the two nations are a matter of political debate.
The debate gained high visibility after the Italian Parliament, under Prime Minister Berlusconi and his coalition partners of centre-right provenance, made 10 February a National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe, first celebrated in Trieste in 2005.
The 2005 celebration of the Memorial Day was accompanied by an RAI TV movie production The Heart in the Pit (It: Il Cuore nel Pozzo)  .
The movie was viewed by 17 million spectators on its first broadcasting in Italy alone.
Exiles from Istria and Dalmatia
Many Italians were forced to leave the country after massacres.
Economic insecurity, fear of further retaliation and the change of regime that eventually led to the Iron Curtain splitting the Trieste-Istria region, resulted in approximately 350,000 people, mostly Italians, leaving territories in Istria and Dalmatia.
The inhabitants of territories that were under Italian rule since World War I according to the Treaty of Rapallo of 1920, later assigned to Yugoslavia by the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947-02-10 and the London Memorandum of 1954 were given a choice of opting to leave (optants) or staying.
These exiles were to be given compensation for their loss of property and other indemnity by the Italian state under the terms of the peace treaties.
On February 18, 1983, Yugoslavia and Italy signed a treaty in Rome where Yugoslavia agreed to pay 110 million USD for the compensation of the exiles' property which was confiscated after the war.
By its breakup in 1991 Yugoslavia paid 18 million USD.
Slovenia and Croatia, two Yugoslav successors, agreed to share the remainder of this debt.
Slovenia assumed 62% and Croatia the remaining 38%.
Italy did not want to reveal the bank account number so in 1994 Slovenia opened a fiduciary account at Dresdner Bank in Luxembourg, informed Italy about it and started paying its 55,976,930 USD share.
The last payment was paid in January 2002.
Until today Croatia hopes for a different solution of this matter and has not paid a dollar yet.
The Italian side has not withdrawn a single dollar from the account yet.
In 1992 Italian judge Giuseppe Pittitto started a criminal trial after a complaint against suspected Slav criminals of war.
Oscar Piskulic and Ivan Motika were both principal accused but they were discharged because territorial jurisdiction was rejected and they received acquittal under the amnesty of 1959.
In 1997 some Italian deputies pressed their government for extradition of suspected Slav criminals but diplomatic problems stopped Italian action.
All Italian historians consider Josip Broz Tito the chief of Slav criminals, but his corpse still stays in a mausoleum.
Main foibe
Foiba of Basovizza (Trieste) national monument
Foiba of Monrupino (Trieste) national monument
Foiba of Barbana
Foiba of Beca
Foiba Bertarelli (Pinguente)
Foiba of Brestovizza
Foiba of Campagna (Trieste)
Foibe of Capodistria
Foiba of Casserova
Foibe of Castelnuovo d'Istria
Foiba of Cernizza
Foiba of Cernovizza (Pisino)
Foiba of Cocevie
Foiba of Corgnale
Foiba of Cregli
Foiba of Drenchia
Quarry of bauxite in Gallignana
Foiba of Gargaro or Podgomila
Foiba of Gimino
Foiba of Gropada
Foiba of Iadruichi
Foiba of Jurani
Quarry of bauxite in Lindaro
Foiba of Obrovo (Fiume)
Foiba of Odolina
Foiba of Opicina
Foiba of Orle
Foiba of Podubbo
Foiba of Pucicchi
Foiba of Raspo
Foiba of Rozzo
Foiba of San Lorenzo in Basovizza
Foiba of San Salvaro
Foiba of Scadaicina
Pit of Semez
Foiba of Semi (Istria)
Pit of Semich
Foiba of Sepec (Rozzo)
Foiba of Sesana
Foiba of Terli
Foiba of Treghelizza
Foiba of Vescovado
Foiba of Vifia Orizi
Foiba of Villa Surani
Foiba of Vines
Foiba of Zavni (forest of Tarnova)
Vincenzo Maria De Luca, Foibe.
Una tragedia annunciata.
Il lungo addio italiano alla Venezia Giulia, Editor Settimo Sigillo, 2000
Luigi Papo, L'Istria e le sue foibe, Editor Settimo Sigillo, 1999
Giorgio Rustia, Contro operazione foibe a Trieste, 2000
Claudia Cernigoi, Operazione Foibe - Tra storia e mito,  Edizioni Kappa Vu, Udine, 2005 (Claudia Cernigoi: Operazione Foibe - Tra storia e mito)
Slovene-Italian Relations 1880-1956 Report 2000
Relazioni Italo-Slovene 1880-1956 Relazione 2000
Slovensko-italijanski odnosi 1880-1956 Poročilo 2000
Official site of exiles Italian and English
Foibe Italian
1940s in Italy
Massacres during Word War II
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus was the diaspora or forced migration of ethnic Italians from Istria, Fiume, and Dalmatia,  after World War II.
Those territories were ethnically mixed since the Middle Ages.
Most people were Italians, but there were also Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian and other communities.
Italian sources claim that about 350,000 ethnic Italians had to leave the areas after the conflict.
Official data shows that between 1948 and 1961 (the exodus started in 1943 in Dalmatia and in 1945 in the rest of the territory) the numbers of ethnic Italians living in Slovenia - almost exclusively in Slovenian Istria and along the Italian border - actually decreased by nearly -87% (from 25,451 to 3,072).
The data for the Former Yugoslavia shows a decrease in the same years from 113,278 to 25,615.
According to Slovenian historian Matjaž Klemenčič, "in 1953 only 36,000 (Italians) lived in the region of former Yugoslavia, i.e. 16% of the Italian population before World War II.
Italians also emigrated in later decades (most of them to the Australia, Canada, South America or the USA).
Therefore their population declined in each subsequent census until 1981.
We have to emphasize that the data of the Yugoslav census are unrealiable in relation to the real number if Italians, since many members of the Italian minority, for various reasons, chose 'Nationality Undeclared' or their regional identity (most as 'Istrians').
In the 1991 census there was a relatively large increase of Italians, (19,213 in the Regions of autochthonous settlements of Italians in Croatia) compared to 1981 census (15,132).
Many Italians who in previous census did not declare as such, declared themselves 'Italians' in 1991 because they counted on the help of Italy in forthcoming crises in the region".
Overview of the exodus
The Italians in coastal Slovenia and Croatia were mostly an indigenous population (in 1910 they accounted for more than a third of the local inhabitants, while in Istria they were nearly 55%), bolstered by new arrivals or the so called regnicoli, never well liked by the slavs by the indigenous Venetian-speaking Istrians, who arrived between 1918-1943, when Istria, Fiume, part of Dalmatia, and the islands of Cres (Cherso), Lussino, Lagosta, and Pelagosa (Palagruža) were part of Italy.
Austrian 1910 census indicated approximately 182,500 people who listed Italian as their language of communication in what is now the territory of Slovenia and Croatia: 137,131 in Istria, 28,911 in Fiume/Rijeka (1918), 11,487 in Zara/Zadar, 5,000 in Dalmatia, while the Italian 1936 census indicated approximately 230,000 people who listed Italian as their language of communication in what is now the territory of Slovenia and Croatia, then part of the Italian state (ca.
194,000 in today’s Croatia and ca.
36,000 in today’s Slovenia).
From the end of World War II until 1953, according to various data, between 250,000 and 350,000 people emigrated from these regions.
Some thousands were Slovenes and Croats who opposed the Communist government in Yugoslavia, while most were ethnic Italians, the so-called optanti emigrants who were living permanently in this region on 10 June 1940 and who expressed their wish to obtain Italian citizenship and emigrate to Italy.
The emigration of Italians greatly reduced the total population of the region and totally altered its ethnic structure.
In 1953, officially, only 36,000 Italians lived in Yugoslavia, 16% of the Italian population before World War II.
In its 1996 report on 'Local self-government, territorial integrity and protection of minorities' the Council of Europe's European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission) put it that "a great majority of the local Italians, Italianites (of Slavic and other origin), many thousands of Slovenes and of nationally undefined bilingual 'Istrians' used their legal right from the peace treaty to 'opt out' of the Yugoslav controlled part of Istria.
In several waves they moved to Italy and elsewhere (also overseas) and claimed Italian or other citizenship.
The mass exodus of the optanti (or esuli as they were called in Italy) from 'godless communist Yugoslavia' was actively encouraged by the Italian authorities, Italian radio and the Roman Catholic bishop of Trieste.
After this huge drain, the numerical strength of the remaining Italian minority became stable".
Evidence of Italic people living alongside those from other ethnic groups on the eastern side of the Adriatic as far north as the Alps goes back at least to the Bronze Age, and the populations have been mixed ever since.
A 2001 population census counted 23 languages spoken by the people of Istria.
Istria and Dalmatia were fully latinized at the fall of the Roman empuire in the fifth century.
From the Middle Ages onwards numbers of Slavic people near and on the Adriatic coast were ever increasing, due to their expanding population and due to pressure from the Turks pushing them from the south and east.
This led to Italic people becoming ever more confined to urban areas in Dalmatia, while the countryside was populated by Slavs, with certain isolated exceptions.
But Istria remained fully Italian until the Ottoman invasion in the sixteenth century.
The original majority Italian population suffered economic and political disadvantages, which gradually increased with the Austro-Hungarian empire in the 19th century.
This created a strong emigration: in Dalmatia the Dalmatian Italians were 25% in 1815, but a century later in 1915 they were only 2%.
World War I and the Post-War Period
In 1915, the Italians attacked the Austro-Hungarian Empire  leading to bloody conflict mainly on the Isonzo and Piave fronts.
Britain, France and Russia had been "keen to bring neutral Italy into World War One on their side.
Italy however drove a hard bargain, demanding extensive territorial concessions once the war had been won".
In a deal to draw Italy into the war, under the London Pact, Italy was granted Trentino, Trieste, (the German-speaking) South Tyrol, and Istria including large non-Italian communities.
But Dalmatia was excluded, as was Rijeka.
In Dalmatia, not granted to Italy by the London pact, Italy gained the city of Zadar and some islands.
After World War I, under the Treaty of Rapallo between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and the Kingdom of Italy (12 November 1920), Italy obtained all of Istria with Trieste, the exception being the island of Krk and part of Kastav commune, which went to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
By the Treaty of Rome (27 January 1924) the Free state of Fiume was split between Italy and Yugoslavia.
After the Wehrmacht invasion of Yugoslavia (6 April 1941), the Italian zone of occupation was further expanded.
Italy annexed large areas of coastal Yugoslavia (including most of coastal Dalmatia) and Slovenia (including its capital Ljubljana).
After the Second World War, there were large-scale movements of people choosing to move to Italy rather than live in Yugoslavia.
In Yugoslavia, the people who left were called optanti, which translates as 'choosers', while they call themselves esuli or exiles.
Their motives for leaving may have been fear of reprisals and murders, economic motives, or ethnically based.
The foibe massacres
When the Fascist regime collapsed in 1943 reprisals against Italian fascists and civilians (even Italian communists) took place.
At least 200 Italians were killed by Tito's resistance movement in September 1943; some had been connected to the fascist regime, while others were victims of personal hatred or the attempt of the partisan resistance to get rid of its real or supposed enemies.
These events took place in central and eastern Istria, as well as in Slovenian Primorska.
The second wave of anti-Italian violence took place after occupation of Slav army in May 1945.
This was known as the foibe massacres; actually it was a reenaction of what had been already began in 1943 but in larger scale.
The mixed Italian-Slovenian Historical Commission, established in 1995 by the two governments to investigate the matters,  described the 1945 killings:
The number of victims is not certain.
The Italian historian Raoul Pupo suggests 4,500 were killed (including the events of 1943), mostly Italians, but many bodies wearing Partisan uniforms were found as well, so the number is subject to many interpretations.
Other sources suggest numbers reaching up to 30,000 killed or missing.
Economic insecurity, ethnic hatred and the international political context that eventually led to the Iron Curtain resulted in approximately 350,000 people, mostly Italians, choosing to leave the region.
The London Memorandum of 1954 gave to the ethnic Italians the choice of either opting to leave (the so-called optants) or staying.
Following the exodus, the areas were settled with Yugoslav people.
Periods of the exodus
The second period was soon after the end of the war and approximately around the time of the second wave of anti-fascist violence.