the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He died a day before his birthday from a heart attack.
Australian drummers
Larches are conifers in the genus Larix.
They grow on the northern hemisphere.
Unlike other conifers, larches lose their leaves during autumn and winter.
There are 10–14 species, for example the European Larch, the North American Larch and the Japanese Larch.
Scientists usually divide them into two main groups, New World species (North America) and Old World species (Europe and Asia).
Inside this one, there are two more groups, Northern (Central Europe, Siberia, Japan, north of China) and Southern (south of China, Himalaya, Myanmar).
Larix decidua or Larix europaea European Larch.
Larix sibirica Siberian Larch.
Larix gmelinii Dahurian Larch.
Larix kaempferi or Larix leptolepis Japanese Larch.
Larix principis-rupprechtii Prince Ruppretch's larch.
Larix potaminii Chinese Larch.
Larix himalaica Langtang Larch.
Larix mastersiana Masters' Larch.
Larix speciosa Yunnan Larch.
Larix griffithii or Larix griffithiana Himalayan Larch.
Larix laricina Tamarack Larch or American Larch.
Larix lyallii Subalpine Larch.
Larix occidentalis Western Larch.
Larch wood is very valuable because it is resistant and it grows quickly.
It is used for boats as well as houses.
Louise Goodman is one of two pitlane reporters for ITV's Formula One coverage.
Before this she worked in marketing for the Jordan team.
She started television broadcast in 1997.
She is said to be the first woman of Formula One live coverage.
Louise Goodman has been ITV's roving pitlane reporter since ITV took the broadcast in 1997.
She usually does driver interviews, while Ted Kravitz brings news from the teams about technical or tactical matters.
She is taller than many F1 drivers, and is known for wearing much jewellery on her arm.
During Q3 in Hungaroring 2006 she interviewed David Coulthard.
Coulthard had been knocked out in Q2.
She asked him how the cold weather was affecting him.
He answered," Ummm...well, it’s a lot nicer to look at you in your tight t-shirts first out."
Goodman sounded startled when she replied, " Thank you so much DC.
I'll have a word with you later."
They then went back to the main commentary team who also sounded rather flustered.
In 2007, she became the presenter of ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship.
Her co-presenter was Ted Kravitz.
Louise Goodman  at ITV.com
The Second Epistle to the Corinthians is one of the books in the New Testament.
It is an epistle (letter) written to the Church at Corinth by the Apostle Paul.
Paul begins by greeting the people in Corinth and reminding them that he is serving the Lord Jesus Christ.
He then spends a lot of time explaining to the people why he is an apostle.
Some of the people are mad at him because in 1st Corinthians he told them to stop doing bad things.
He explains that he told them to stop because he loved them.
He also teaches them that it is very important to forgive others.
Visby is the only city on the Swedish island of Gotland.
In 2005, its population is 22,236.
World Heritage Sites in Sweden
Settlements in Gotland County
Kollam (Malayalam:കൊല്ലം) (known to the Portuguese as Quilon, pronounced koy-lon) is a city and a municipal corporation in Kollam district in the Indian state of Kerala.
It is  north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum).
It is also the headquarters of the Kollam District, one among the 14 districts in Kerala.
To the south is Thiruvananthapuram district, to the north is Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha, to the east is Tamil Nadu and to the west by the Arabian Sea.
Aiglun is a town and commune of the Alpes-Maritimes département, in southeastern France.
Communes in Alpes-Maritimes
The name Alpes-Maritime comes from ,  a Roman military district created in the region by Augustus in 14 BC.
The department of the Alpes-Martimes was created on 4 February 1793 with the territory of the County of Nice that was annexed in January of the same year.
The capital was Nice.
It was divided in three districts: Menton, Nice and Puget-Théniers.
In 1794, district of Menton was changed to district of Fort-d'Hercule (Monaco).
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the three districts were changed into three arrondissements: Nice, Monaco and Puget-Théniers.
After the annexation of San Remo, the arrondissement  of San Remo was created in 1805.
By the Peace of Paris in 1814, San Remo passed to Genoa and the rest of the department passed to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
When Nice became part of France in 1860, the department was created again with Nice as the capital and with the arrondisement of Grasse that was part of Var department.
In the same year, the department was divided in two arrondissements: Grasse and Puget-Théniers.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Puget-Théniers was eliminated.
The Alpes-Maritimes is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
The department is surrounded by the Piedmont and Liguria  regions (Italy) and two departments; the Mediterranean Sea is to the south.
It surrounds the Principality of Monaco on the west, north, and east.
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (northwest)
Var (southwest)
The highest mountain in the department is  Cime du Gélas () on the border with Italy; it is  high.
The lowest point is along the Mediterranean coast.
The main rivers in Alpes-Maritimes are:  Var, Vésubie, Tinée, Roya, Estéron, Siagne, Loup.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Nice is .
There are an average of 94.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in April with 11.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in July with 4.0 days.
The average temperature for the year in Nice is .
Alpes-Maritimes is managed by the Departmental Council of Alpes-Maritimes in Nice.
The department is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
There are 2 arrondissements (districts), 27 cantons and 163 communes (municipalities) in Alpes-Maritimes.
Antibes-1 (0601)
Antibes-2 (0602)
Antibes-3 (0603)
Beausoleil (0604)
Cagnes-sur-Mer-1 (0605)
Cagnes-sur-Mer-2 (0606)
Cannes-1 (0607)
Cannes-2 (0608)
Le Cannet (0609)
Contes (0610)
Grasse-1 (0611)
Grasse-2 (0612)
Mandelieu-la-Napoule (0613)
Menton (0614)
Nice-1 (0615)
Nice-2 (0616)
Nice-3 (0617)
Nice-4 (0618)
Nice-5 (0619)
Nice-6 (0620)
Nice-7 (0621)
Nice-8 (0622)
Nice-9 (0623)
Tourrette-Levens (0624)
Valbonne (0625)
Vence (0626)
Villeneuve-Loubet (0627)
The inhabitants of Alpes-Maritimes are known, in French, as Maralpins (women: Maralpines).
Alpes-Maritimes had a population, in 2014, of 1,083,312, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Grasse, with 560,045 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
The communes in the department with more than 20,000 inhabitants are:
Côte d'Azur tourism
A commune is the lowest administrative division in France.
It represents all parts of a town or a village under the same name, for example Paris, Bordeaux or Rennes.
As of January 1, 2008, there were 36,781 communes in France; 36,569 of them are in metropolitan France and 212 of them are in overseas France.
This is much more than in any other European country.
Every commune in France elects a mayor.
The French word commune was first used in the 12th century[source?],
from Medieval Latin communia, meaning a small gathering of people sharing a common life, from Latin communis, things held in common.[source?]
The cantons of France are area divisions of the French Republic's 341 arrondissements and 100 departments.
Lists of cantons of France
The 100 French departments are divided into 342 arrondissements.
This means districts in English.
Most departments in France only have 3 or 4 arrondissements, but some may have more or less than this.
The following is the current list of arrondissements of France with their INSEE codes, the chief town (or capital), the 2013 population, the area, the population density and the number of communes.
The chief town of an arrondissement is the seat of a prefecture or subprefecture.
Complete list
Lists by departments
France-related lists
This is a list of the 43 cantons of the Ain department, in France, by arrondissement:
Arrondissement of Belley (9 cantons)
Seyssel
Arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse (24 cantons)
Bourg-en-Bresse-Est
Bourg-en-Bresse-Nord-Centre
Bourg-en-Bresse-Sud
Coligny
Miribel
Arrondissement of Gex (3 cantons)
Arrondissement of Nantua (7 cantons)
Oyonnax-Nord
Oyonnax-Sud
Ain department
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark; 10 June 1921 – 9 April 2021; )  was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II.
He was originally a Prince of Greece and Denmark.
He was born on the dining room table in a villa on the Greek island of Corfu, on 10 June 1921.
He was the only son and fifth and final child of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg.
Prince Philip was on active service in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War.
At the end of the war he was on the destroyer HMS Whelp in the Pacific, and was in Tokyo Bay for the Japanese surrender on 2 September 1945.
After he changed his nationality, he became known as Philip Mountbatten.
His cousin was Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma.
Consort
On 20 November 1947, he married Princess Elizabeth, the heiress presumptive to King George VI, he became the Duke of Edinburgh.
He was made a Prince of the United Kingdom in 1957.
King Edward VII Hospital as  a “precautionary measure” after feeling unwell.
On 23 February, it was announced that he had an infection.
On 9 April 2021, it was announced by Buckingham Palace that Prince Phillip had died inside his home at Windsor Castle.
An official statement by Buckingham Palace was released on Twitter.
"It is with deep sorrow that Her Majesty The Queen has announced the death of her beloved husband, His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
His Royal Highness passed away peacefully this morning at Windsor Castle."
George IV (born as George Augustus Frederick on 12 August 1762, died on 26 June 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death.
The Regency, George's nine-year time as "Prince Regent", which started in 1811 and ended with George III's death in 1820, included winning the Napoleonic Wars in Europe.
George IV's only daughter died before he did, so his younger brother became King William IV of the United Kingdom.
People Buried in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle
William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death.
William, the third son of George III of the United Kingdom and younger brother and successor to George IV was the last person to rule both the United Kingdom and Hanover.
His niece, Victoria, ruled only the United Kingdom, not Hanover.
He lived for 20 years with Sophia Jordan.
All William IV's legitimate children (children with his wife) died before he became king, so they were therefore styled as Prince/Princess of Clarence with the style of Royal Highness.
Illegitimate children with Sophia Jordan
George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of Munster
Henry FitzClarence
Sophia Sidney, Baroness De L'Isle and Dudley
Lady Mary Fox
Lord Frederick FitzClarence
Lord Adolphus FitzClarence
Lady Augusta Kennedy-Erskine
Lord Augustus FitzClarence
Amelia Cary, Viscountess Falkland
1765 births
Kings and Queens of Hanover
This is a list of the 42 cantons of the Aisne department, in France, by arrondissement:
Arrondissement of Château-Thierry (5 cantons)
Arrondissement of Laon (13 cantons)
Laon-Nord
Laon-Sud
Marle
Arrondissement of Saint-Quentin (9 cantons)
Saint-Quentin-Centre
Saint-Quentin-Nord
Saint-Quentin-Sud
Arrondissement of Soissons (7 cantons)
Soissons-Nord
Soissons-Sud
Arrondissement of Vervins (8 cantons)
Aisne department
This is a list of the 163 communes of the Alpes-Maritimes département in France:
Nice (pronounced ), a city found in the south of France
OGC Nice, a French football club found in Nice
Treaty of Nice, a treaty taken in Nice by the European Council
Nicaea (İznik, Turkey), place of the First Council of Nicaea and the Second Council of Nicaea
Nice, California, a small town in the United States
Nice (programming language), an object-oriented programming language
NICE (disambiguation)
The use of energy is important to human society for handling problems in the environment.
Developed societies use energy resources for agriculture, transportation, garbage collection, information technology and human communication.
The use of energy has increased since the Industrial Revolution.
This has brought a number of serious problems such as global warming.
Production and use of energy resources is important to the economy of the world.
Making sure energy is used well is needed for any society.
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another through mutual (electromagnetic induction) and without change in frequency.
Transformers are an important part of electrical systems.
The main reason to use a transformer is to make power of one voltage level into power of another voltage level.
High voltage is easier to send a long distance, but less voltage is easier and safer to use in the office or home.
Transformers are used to increase or decrease alternating current (AC) voltage in circuits.
The transformer is usually built with two coils around the same core.
The primary coil or input coil is connected to supply side while secondary coil supplies power to load.
The second one is called the output coil.
Energy is transferred from the primary to the secondary by electromagnetism.
In power grids many transformers are used.
These are networks for delivering electricity from the generator and to the user.
The transformers in your neighborhood, on electricity poles, or the ones connected to underground wires, usually transform high voltage of 7,200 volts to 220-240 volts of electricity to power lights and appliances such as refrigerators in homes and businesses.
Some countries, such as America use different voltages in homes, such as 120 volts.
Transformers cannot increase power, so if the voltage is raised, the current is proportionally lowered.
If the voltage is lowered, the current is proportionally increased.
Step-up transformer: the voltage output is greater than the voltage input.
Step-down transformer: the voltage input is greater than the voltage output.
Some transformers have the same output voltage as input voltage and are used to electrically isolate two electrical circuits.
On 29 April 2001, the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 5,089 people living in Ballycastle.
They also saw that:
25.3% of people were under 16 years old and 18.7% were over 60 years old
46.8% of people were male and 53.2% were female
77.7% of people were from a Roman Catholic background and 20.5% were from a Protestant background.
5.5% of people aged 16–74 had no job.
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 58,388 people living in Bangor.
20.2% of people in Bangor were under 16 years old and 20.3% were over 60 years old
47.7% of people were male and 52.3% were female
82.7% were from a Protestant background and 10.6% were from a Roman Catholic background
Towns in County Down
Munich () is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.
However the district does not include the city of Munich, which it partially surrounds and which is an urban district itself.
Regional news portal for the Landkreis München (German)
1850s establishments in Europe
With Act of Union 1800 (or sometimes Act of Union 1801) (Irish: Acht an Aontais 1800) is used to describe two Acts are meant.
Their official titles are the Union with Ireland Act 1800 (1800 c.67 39 and 40 Geo 3), an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, and the Act of Union (Ireland) 1800 (1800 c.38 40 Geo 3), an Act of the Parliament of Ireland.
The Union Flag
The flag created as a consequence of the merger combined the flags of England and Scotland with "St Patrick's Cross" to represent Ireland.
Wales is not included on the Union Flag, as when the original Union Flag was devised Wales was a part of the Kingdom of England.
Ward, Alan J. The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782-1992.
Irish Academic Press, 1994.
Lalor, Brian (ed).
The Encyclopaedia of Ireland.
Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, Ireland, 2003. ,
Act of Union - Virtual Library
Acts of Union - complete original text
Ebersberg is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.
Anzinger Forst
Ebersberger Forst
Eglhartinger Forst
Freising County Flag
Starnberg () is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.
Five Lake County tourist information
Starnberg information (English)
Traunstein is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.
Tittmoning
Traunreut
Trostberg
Grassau
Waging am See¹
Obing
Waging am See
Berchtesgadener Land (Central Bavarian: Berchtsgoana Land) is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.
Rosenheim is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.
Official website (in German)
Banne is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in southern France.
Communes in Ardèche
Ardèche () is a département in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-central France.
It is named after the Ardèche river.
The department of Ardèche was created on 4 March 1790 with seven districts: Annonay, Aubenas, L'Argentière, Privas, Tournon, Vernoux and Villeneuve-de-Berg.
The capital was Privas alternating with Annonay, Aubenas, Le Bourg(-Saint-Andéol) and Tournon.
In August of that year, the number of districts was reduced to three: Mézenc, Aubenas and Tanargue.
In September, Privas became the only capital of the department.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the three districts were changed into three arrondissements: Privas, L'Argentière and Tournon.
The Ardèche is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
Loire (north)
Isère (northeast)
Drôme (east)
Haute-Loire (west)
Vaucluse (southeast)
Occitanie region
Gard (south)
Lozère (southwest)
The highest point in the department is  Mont Mézenc ().
It is  high.;
it is in the northwest of the department, on the border with the Haute-Loire department.
The lowest point,  above sea level, is where the Ardèche river flows into the Rhône (in the south east of the department).
Loire, that flows through the western part of the department and ends in the Atlantic Ocean.
Rhône, that makes the eastern border of the department and ends in the Mediterranean Sea.
Ardèche, a tributary of the Rhône.
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Privas is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype Cfb.
The southern part of the department has a Mediterranean climate of the subtype Csb.
Ardèche is managed by the Departmental Council of Ardèche in Privas.
The department is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 17 cantons and 339 communes (municipalities) in Ardèche.
Annonay-1 (0701)
Annonay-2 (0702)
Aubenas-1 (0703)
Aubenas-2 (0704)
Bourg-Saint-Andéol (0705)
Le Cheylard (0706)
Guilherand-Granges (0707)
Lamastre (0708)
Le Pouzin (0709)
Privas (0710)
Sarras (0711)
Le Teil (0712)
Thueyts (0713)
Tournon-sur-Rhône (0714)
Vallon-Pont-d'Arc (0715)
Les Vans (0716)
La Voulte-sur-Rhône (0717)
The inhabitants of Ardèche are known, in French, as Ardéchois (women: Ardéchoises).
Ardèche had a population, in 2014, of 322,381, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Tournon-sur-Rhône, with 135,786 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
The communes in the department with more than 7,000 inhabitants are:
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
The following table shows the 17 cantons of the department and the distribution of the communes by arrondissement:
Ardeche department
There are 3 arrondissements in the Ardèche department.
The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).
1790 : creation of the department with seven districts: Annonay, Aubenas, L'Argentière, Privas, Tournon, Vernoux and Villeneuve-de-Berg; the capital was Privas alternating with Annonay, Aubenas, Le Bourg(-Saint-Andéol) and Tournon.
1800 : creation of three arrondissements: Privas, L'Argentière and Tournon.
1988 : Tournon changed its name to Tournon-sur-Rhône.
Lists of arrondissements of France
Ardeche
Ailhon is a town and commune of the Ardèche  department in Southern France.
Muhammad Yunus is a Bangladeshi banker and economist who was born on 28 June 1940.
He was a professor of economics and is famous for his work in microcredit.
Microcredit is a name for giving small loans.
These loans are given to people with very little money.
Most banks do not give microcredit.
Yunus started the Grameen Bank.
In 2006, Yunus and the bank together, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below."
Yunus himself has received several other national and international awards.
He published a book called Banker to the Poor and helped start the Grameen Foundation.
In 2007 Yunus planned to start a political group called Nagorik Shakti ("Citizen Power") in Bangladesh, but he has chosen not to start this group.
He is one of the founding members of Global Elders.
Yunus was one of 20 Nobel Laureates such as Peter Agre, Nadine Gordimer, Yuan T. Lee, Elinor Ostrom, Werner Arber, David Gross, James Mirrlees, Carlo Rubbia, Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, Amartya Sen, Peter Doherty (scientist), Walter Kohn, Douglass North, John Sulston, Murray Gell-Mann, Harold Kroto, Douglas Osheroff who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.
Muhammad Yunus born on 28 June 1940.
He was the third child born to a Muslim family in the village of Bathua near the Boxirhat Road in Hathazari, Bangladesh (Bangladesh was called British India at that time).
Six more children were born in Muhammad's family making nine altogether.
His father was Hazi Dula Mia Shoudagar, and worked as a jeweller.
His mother was Sofia Khatun.
His early childhood years were spent in his village.
In 1944, his family moved to the city of Chittagong, and he went to Lamabazar Primary School.
By 1949, his mother had a mental illness.
Muhammad went to Chittagong Collegiate School and became the 16th best student out of 39,000 in East Pakistan.
During his school years, he was a Boy Scout, and travelled to West Pakistan and India in 1952, and to Canada in 1955 to attend Jamborees.
When Yunus was studying at Chittagong College, he won awards for drama acting.
In 1957, he started studying at the department of economics of Dhaka University.
Chittagong College awarded him with a BA in 1960, and a MA in 1961.
After his MA studies, Yunus became part of the Bureau of Economics as a research assistant for Professor Nurul Islam and Rehman Sobhan.
In 1961 he was given work as a lecturer in economics in Chittagong College.
During that time he started a packaging factory.
He was given a Fulbright scholarship in 1965, to study in the United States.
He was awarded his Ph.D. in economics from Vanderbilt University in the United States, in 1969.
From 1969 to 1972, Yunus was an assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
During the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971, Yunus and other people from Bangladesh living in the United States started a citizens committee and controlled the Bangladesh Information Center to find help for the war.
He published the Bangladesh Newsletter from his home in Nashville.
After the War, Yunus returned to Bangladesh and was given a job with the governments' Planning Commission which was controlled by Nurul Islam.
He thought the job was boring so he took a job at Chittagong University as Head of the Economics department.
He worked with poverty reduction after he saw the Bangladesh famine of 1974, and started a research project to help people who lived in the countryside.
In 1975, he started a Nabajug Tebhaga Khamar (new era three share farm) which the government called the Packaged Input Programme.
Yunus and his friends started the Gram Sarkar (the village government) programme to make the farm project better.
Ziaur Rahman,(the president of Bangladesh in the late 1970s), was in control of starting 40,392 village governments (gram sarkar) in 2003.
On 2 August 2005, after a petition by the Bangladesh Legal Aids and Services Trust (BLAST) the High Court had declared Gram Sarkar illegal and unconstitutional.
In 1976, Yunus visited the poorest households in the village of Jobra near Chittagong University.
He discovered that very small loans could be a lot of help to a poor person.
Some Jobra women were making bamboo furniture and had to take loans for buying bamboo but all their profits were being paid towards the loans.
The first loan Muhammad Yunus gave was USD 27.00 from his pocket.
This $27 was loaned to 42 women in the village, who made a profit of $00.02 each from the loan
In December 1976 the government bank Janata Bank gave Yunus a loan that he could use to make lots of small loans to very poor people.
His group got more loans from other banks and by 1982, 28,000 people had jobs with Grameen.
On 1 October 1983, Grameen was made a full bank and renamed the Grameen Bank (Village Bank) to give loans to poor Bangladeshis.
Yunus and his workers were threatened and women were told they would not have a Muslim burial if they borrowed money from the Grameen Bank, but they have given many, many loans to poor people.
As of July 2007, Grameen Bank has loaned US$6.38 billion to 7.4 million people.
The bank loans money to "solidarity groups".
These small groups are given loans together and if one person can not pay, the rest of the group pays for them.
The Grameen Bank started other groups in the 1980s to do things such as keeping fishing ponds clean and building irrigation pumps.
In 1989, these groups started to get their own names.
The fisheries project became Grameen Motsho (Grameen Fisheries Foundation) and the irrigation project became Grameen Krishi (Grameen Agriculture Foundation).
The Grameen group has grown into many groups of profitable and non-profit, such as the Grameen Trust, the Grameen Fund, Grameen Software Limited, Grameen CyberNet Limited, Grameen Knitwear Limited, Grameen Telecom, and Grameenphone (GP) (Grameenphone is the biggest private sector phone company in Bangladesh).
The Village Phone (Polli Phone) project of Grameenphone has made it possible for 260,000 poor people in over 50,000 villages to own mobile phones since March 1997.
The Grameen ideas have been used in many countries throughout the world, such as the United States.
More than 94% of Grameen loans have been given to women, who have less money and give more to their families.
For his work with the Grameen Bank, Yunus was named an Ashoka: Innovators for the Public Global Academy Member in 2001.
Muhammad Yunus was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Grameen Bank, for their efforts to create economic and social developments.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee said:
Muhammad Yunus has shown himself to be a leader who has managed to translate visions into practical action for the benefit of millions of people, not only in Bangladesh, but also in many other countries.
Loans to poor people without any financial security had appeared to be an impossible idea.
From modest beginnings three decades ago, Yunus has, first and foremost through Grameen Bank, developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty.
Muhammad Yunus was the first Bangladeshi and third Bengali to ever get a Nobel Prize.
After being told of the important award, Yunus said that he would use part of his share of the $1.4 million award money to create a company that makes good food that the poor can afford and the rest would go toward starting an eye hospital for the poor in Bangladesh.
Former U.S. president Bill Clinton was one of the people who said the Nobel Prize should go to Muhammed Yunus.
He said this in Rolling Stone magazine and in his autobiography: My Life.
In a speech given at University of California, Berkeley in 2002, President Clinton said Dr. Yunus was "a man who long ago should have won the Nobel Prize [and] I’ll keep saying that until they finally give it to him."
He has won many other awards, such as the Ramon Magsaysay Award, the World Food Prize the Sydney Peace Prize, the Four Freedoms Award in the category Freemdom from want in 2006, and the Ecuadorian Peace Prize in December 2007.
Dr. Yunus has been awarded 26 honorary doctorate degrees, and 15 special awards.
The Bangladesh government made a postage stamp to honour his Nobel Award.
In January 2008, Houston, Texas declared 14 January as "Muhammad Yunus Day".
In 2006 Doctor Yunus and other important people, such as Professor Rehman Sobhan, Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman, Doctor Kamal Hossain, Matiur Rahman, Mahfuz Anam and Debapriya Bhattchariya, tried to find good people to be elected for government.
Yunus thought about joining government himself that year.
On 11 February 2007, Yunus wrote a letter, published in the Bangladeshi newspaper Daily Star, and he asked what people thought of creating a good government.
The letter asked everyone to give ideas for this and to offer him help Dr. Yunus started a political group called Citizens' Power (Nagorik Shakti) on 18 February 2007.
There was speculation that the army supported a move by Yunus into politics.
but on 3 May, Yunus stopped the group after a meeting with Fakhruddin Ahmed (government politician).
On 18 July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu began a group of world leaders to help the world.
Nelson Mandela announced this new group, The Global Elders, in a speech he on his 89th birthday.
Archbishop Tutu is to serve as the Chair of The Elders.
Yunus is one of the first members of this group.
Other members include Machel, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, and Mary Robinson.
The Elders are to be funded by some of its first members, such as Richard Branson, Peter Gabriel, Ray Chambers, Michael Chambers, Bridgeway Foundation, Pam Omidyar, Humanity United, Amy Robbins, Shashi Ruia, Dick Tarlow, and The United Nations Foundation.
Professor Yunus Family
In 1967 Yunus studied at Vanderbilt University.
He met Vera Forostenko, a student of Russian literature there.
Vera is the daughter of Russian immigrants to Trenton, New Jersey in the United States.
They were married in 1970.
Yunus marriage with Vera ended a few months after the birth of their baby girl, Monica Yunus (b. 1979 Chittagong).
Vera returned to New Jersey and said that Bangladesh was not a good place to raise a baby.
After some time, Yunus married Afrozi Yunus, who was a researcher in physics at Manchester University.
She was appointed as a professor of physics at Jahangirnagar University.
Their daughter Deena Afroz Yunus was born in 1986.
Professor Yunus brother Muhammad Ibrahim is a professor of physics at Dhaka University and the founder of The Center for Mass Education in Science (CMES).
They teach science to girls in villages.
His younger brother Muhammad Jahangir is a popular television presenter.
Yunus oldest daughter, Monica, is an soprano singer in New York City.
By Muhammad Yunus
Grameen Bank, as I See it; Grameen Bank; 1994
Jorimon and Others: Faces of Poverty (co-authors: Saiyada Manajurula Isalama, Arifa Rahman); Grameen Bank; 1991
Planning in Bangladesh: Format, Technique, and Priority, and Other Essays; Rural Studies Project, Department of Economics, Chittagong University; 1976
Three Farmers of Jobra; Department of Economics, Chittagong University; 1974
On Muhammad Yunus
Grameen Bank - Grameen Bank's Official Web Site.
MuhammadYunus.org - Official website of Dr. Muhammad Yunus.
Grameen Foundation - Dr. Yunus led Organization.
Grameen America - The US Part of Grameen Foundation.
Instant USA Loan website -USA Small Business loans
Muhammad Yunus Receives the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize - A Photo Essay by Scott London
Microcredit Missionary - A BusinessWeek Profile
The next steps for microcredit Interview with Muhammad Yunus
Audio Interview with Muhammad Yunus  - By Wolfgang Blau (a.k.a.
Harrer) and Alysa Selene, ZDF Germany
PBS Biography  An article on Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank.
A short biography
A Collection of Video Documentaries about Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank
"Pennies A Day" video featuring Muhammad Yunus
The poor need infotech, says Mohd Yunus by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News & Analysis
International Forum Social Entrepreneurship Award: Honoring Muhammad Yunus -- video
Charlie Rose interview Muhammad Yunus -- 58 mins video interview
Yunus speaks at Council on Foreign Relations - Nov 16th, 2006
Bangladeshi people
Bangladeshi Muslims
John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English poet.
He is often ranked as one of the five most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature; the other four are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Though Keats was the youngest of these poets, he also died before the others: he suffered from tuberculosis and died in Rome at the age of 25.
Keats was the son of an inn-keeper Thomas Keats, who died when Keats was nine years old and Frances Keats; and his mother died of tuberculosis in 1810.
The young Keats began studying to be a surgeon, though his interest in literature grew stronger than his interest in medicine.
He became a friend and follower of the poet and editor James Henry Leigh Hunt, and made his first attempts to write his own poetry.
Keats's active writing life lasted only about six years, from the spring of 1814 through 1819.
His short life meant that he wrote less than many other poets.
His longest poems, Endymion and Hyperion, tell stories from ancient Greek mythology.
Many of his shorter poems are among the best known in English literature, including the ballad "La Belle Dame sans Merci" and his sonnets and odes.
Keats was an active letter-writer throughout his life, like many people of his time.
Hundreds of his letters to friends and relatives have survived, and Keats is often called one of the great letter writers in the English language.
The poetical works of John Keats, edited by William T. Arnold, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., London 1884.
Endymion is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats.
It is his longest poem.
Keats wrote the poem in 1817, and it was printed in a book in 1818.
The poem's opening line is one of the most famous lines of poetry in English literature:
Keats called the poem "A Poetical Romance."
He wrote in four sections or "Books," and each section is about a thousand lines long.
The poem is written in a form called rhymed couplets, which means that every two lines rhyme together.
The story is based on the tale of Endymion from Greek mythology.
Endymion was criticized harshly when it was first published.
Some of Keats's friends and admirers, like the poet Shelley, believed that the stress of this hostile reaction had a bad effect on Keats's mind, and partly caused his early death from tuberculosis at the age of 25.
But most modern critics and scholars of English literature do not think this is true.
19th-century British poems
Hyperion is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats.
The poem is based on the tale from Greek mythology that tells how the Titan Hyperion, the first Greek sun god, was replaced by Apollo.
Keats worked on the poem mainly in August and September 1818.
He finished the first two sections or "Books," each between 350 and 400 lines long, and he also wrote 135 lines of Book III.
But he was not satisfied with what he had written; he re-wrote it bit by bit until April 1819, when he gave up for a while.
Some critics and scholars think that Keats set out to write the kind of long poem he had already done in his Endymion in 1817 – but his outlook on poetry had changed, to a point where he was no longer happy writing the kind of mythological epic that many other poets of his time tried to write.
Keats tried to re-do the poem in a new form that he called The Fall of Hyperion.
He worked on this second version during the last six months of 1819, and though he wrote more than 500 lines, he gave up this second attempt too.
He was never able to complete either version of the poem in a way that satisfied him.
Keats wrote the poem in blank verse, without rhyme.
Though neither version was ever finished, some critics think that they contain some of Keats's best verse, as in the gloomy and powerful opening lines of the first Hyperion:
Deep in the shady sadness of a vale
Far sunken from the healthy breath of morn,
Far from the fiery noon, and eve's one star,
Sat gray-hair'd Saturn, quiet as a stone,
Still as the silence round about his lair;
Forest on forest hung about his head
Like cloud on cloud.
Arlo Guthrie (born 1947) is an American musician and songwriter, and is the son of folk music legend Woody Guthrie.
His most famous song is Alice's Restaurant, which was also the title of his first album.
Guthrie learned music from his father, who wrote songs for him like "Goodnight Little Arlo".
When the young Guthrie became thirteen years old, his father gave him a Bar Mitzvah, and invited many folk musicians.
It was called "the first hootenanny bar mitzvah in history."
Guthrie met Bob Dylan when Dylan came from Minnesota to meet his father Woody.
Dylan taught Guthrie a new way to play the harmonica.
Guthrie started college after high school, but dropped out.
"Alice's Restaurant"
During 1965, Guthrie visited his friends Alice and Ray Brock in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, who lived in an old church, and owned a restaurant.
He recorded a musical commercial for the restaurant.
When Thanksgiving came that year, they invited many people, and afterwards there was a lot of garbage to be picked up and thrown away.
Guthrie and another friend tried to take the garbage to a dump, but it was closed.
They found a large trash pile not far away, and unwisely decided to throw their garbage onto the same pile. (
Dumping trash where it does not belong is called 'littering' and is a crime in most places.)
When local police found out, they arrested Guthrie and his friend.
Since the young men had long hair and looked like hippies, the police wanted to prosecute them and make an example of them to other young people.
They prepared a big court case against Guthrie and his friend, with many photographs of the litter pile.
It turned out the local judge was blind, could not look at the photographs, and was not interested in the case.
He fined Guthrie and his friend fifty dollars, and ordered them to clean up the pile.
Not long after, Guthrie received a draft notice.
The United States Army wanted him to become a soldier.
Guthrie went for a physical examination by a doctor, and had to fill out a questionnaire giving information about himself.
When asked if he had ever been arrested, he talked about the littering incident.
He soon found himself sitting on a bench together with criminals, some of which were violent or dangerous.
He could not believe the way he was treated by the Army.
He began to complain and protest his treatment.
The Army officers decided he would not make a good soldier, but might become a threat to the American government.
They fingerprinted Guthrie, and let him go.
Guthrie decided later the two incidents would make a good protest song and he built one around the jingle he had written.
He called the song "Alice's Restaurant Massacree", and recorded it in front of a live audience.
He did not want other young men to be drafted, and suggested in the song that they might get out of the draft by doing like he had.
The recording became half of his first album, and the rest was filled out with other music, like "The Motorcycle Song".
The album became a hit record.
Guthrie later recorded other albums and songs.
His cover of the Steve Goodman song, "The City of New Orleans", about a famous train named after the city, became another hit.
He bought a farm with the money he earned from his music, and lived there between recording sessions and performing tours.
In time, he became interested in charity work.
He noticed people of different religious beliefs did not always work well together for the same causes, because their beliefs kept them apart.
He tried to work around the differences, and help people find ways to work together to solve the same problems.
He started the Guthrie Center, as a place for people to work together.
He later bought the old church where his friends had lived, and made it the headquarters for the Guthrie Center.
The Guthrie Center
A Sonnet (sonetto in Italian) is a type of poem.
It is 14 lines long and is written in rhyme.
The sonnet first appeared in Italy during the Middle Ages and was widely used during the Renaissance.
The first poet known for his sonnets is Giacomo da Lentini who lived in the 13th century.
After him many poets started writing sonnets.
Two notable ones are Dante Alighieri and Guido Cavalcanti.
The Italian poet Petrarch was famous for his sonnets.
He was very popular and many poets imitated his poems.
Francisco de Sá de Miranda introduced the form into Portuguese literature.
So did Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in England.
Even in distant Poland sonnets were written by Jan Kochanowski, Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński and Sebastian Grabowiecki.
It became common for poets to write sonnets in connected series, called "sonnet sequences," to tell a story, often one about a love affair.
Michelangelo, a famous sculptor and painter wrote sonnets, too.
He exchanged them with Vittoria Colonna.
Poets in other countries quickly adopted the sonnet and sonnet sequence.
William Shakespeare wrote the most famous sonnets in English literature, though other poets of his time, such as Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser, Michael Drayton, and Samuel Daniel, wrote sonnet sequences also.
Later English poets like John Donne, John Milton, William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats wrote sonnets that are still admired and studied today.
In United States Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Emma Lazarus wrote sonnets.
The rigid rhyme scheme of the sonnet went out of fashion during the twentieth century, but a few modern poets still write them sometimes.
Edna St. Vincent Millay was one modern poet writing in English who often worked in the sonnet form.
Modern poets have often changed the traditional rhythms and rhyme patterns of the sonnet, sometimes radically.
In a traditional "English" or "Shakespearean" sonnet, the first twelve lines are divided into three groups ("stanzas") of four lines each, called "quatrains".
The last two lines usually rhyme, and make up a "rhymed couplet" that concludes the poem by summing up the story told in the previous quatrains.
In the traditional "Italian" or "Petrarchan" sonnet, the poem divides into a group of eight lines ("octave") followed by a group of six lines ("sestet").
The letters of the alphabet are used to show the pattern of rhyme, or "rhyme scheme," in the 14 lines in a sonnet.
The rhyme scheme
a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g
is the typical pattern of an "English" sonnet.
a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a, c-d-e-c-d-e
is typical of an "Italian" sonnet.
However, the rhymes of the sestet in an Italian sonnet can vary widely: cdcdcd, cddcdd, etc.
The scheme abba abba cde edc is very rarely, but its ending sequence cde edc was probably the source for Robert Browning's stanza abccba.
It was used in the poem Meeting at night.
Another pattern is Spenserian sonnet, invented by Edmund Spenser.
It runs a-b-a-b, b-c-b-c, c-d-c-d, e-e.
Sonnets can be linked together into a crown of sonnets.
In such a sequence, the last line of the first sonnet repeats as the first line of the second one, and sometimes these lines make up another sonnet.
Slovenian poet France Prešeren is best remembered for his Wreath of Sonnets, an example of a crown of sonnets.
Sonnet Central
With a number namely a and another smaller number b, the ratio of the two numbers is found by dividing them.
Their ratio is a/b. Another ratio is found by adding the two numbers together  and dividing this by the larger number a.  The new ratio is (a+b)/a.
If these two ratios are equal to the same number, then that number is called the golden ratio.
The Greek letter  (phi) is usually used as the name for the golden ratio.
For example, if b = 1 and a/b = , then a = .
The second ratio (a+b)/a is then .
Because these two ratios are equal, this is true:
is a number which, when multiplied by itself, makes 5: .
The golden ratio is called an irrational number.
That means that if a person tries to write it, it will never stop and never make a pattern, but it will start like this: 1.6180339887... An important thing about this number is that if you subtract 1 from it or divide 1 by it, you'll get the same number.
Golden rectangle
If the length of a rectangle divided by its width is equal to the golden ratio, then the rectangle is a "golden rectangle".
If a square is cut off from one end of a golden rectangle, then the other end is a new golden rectangle.
In the picture, the big rectangle (blue and pink together) is a golden rectangle because .
The blue part (B) is a square, and the pink part by itself (A) is another golden rectangle because .
The big rectangle and the pink rectangle have the same form, but the pink rectangle is smaller and is turned.
The Fibonacci numbers are a list of numbers.
A person can find the next number in the list by adding the last two numbers together.
If a person divides a number in the list by the number that came before it, this ratio comes closer and closer to the golden ratio.
Golden ratio in nature
In nature, the golden ratio is often used for the arrangement of leaves or flowers.
These use the golden angle of approximately 137.5 degrees.
Leaves or flowers arranged in that angle best use sunlight.
Easy to understand golden ratio article
Golden Ratio -Citizendium
Golden ratio in the works of the contemporary painter slikara Alfred F. Krupa, YouTube-video
A relational database is a way of storing information (data).
The database matches data by using identical information that is found within the data set.
The resulting groups of data are organized and are much easier for many people to understand.
For example, a database has all information about real-estate sales in a town.
This information can be grouped by year, or by sale price, or by buyer's last name and so on.
Such a grouping uses the relational model (a technical term for this is schema).
Hence, such a database is called a "relational database."
The software used to do this grouping is called a relational database management system (RDBMS).
The term "relational database" often refers to this type of software.
The term relational database was originally defined by and is attributed to Edgar Codd at IBM Almaden Research Center in 1970.
RDBMS(Relational Database Management System):- RDBMS is a software package used to store and retrieve data is organized in the form of tables.
In other words RDBMS store information in rows and columns and conducts searches by using data in specified columns and rows of one tables as well as to find additional data in another related table.
Two dimensional table is a natural way to represent data to a user.
A table must be set up in a way that no information about the relations among data elements is lost.
The Kingdom of Scotland was a historic country and state.
It started in the Early Middle Ages and was in existence until the Early Modern Period.
After 1603, it had the same monarch as the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland.
In 1653, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the government of Oliver Cromwell made Scotland into part of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland: a republic.
However, at The Restoration, Scotland started again to be a kingdom.
It combined with the Kingdom of England to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 because of the Acts of Union 1707.
Ajoux is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Albon-d'Ardèche is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.