the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In the 1930s and 1940s
In 1933, a company was formed of all the bus, tram and underground companies, called London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB).
It planned to make the network longer, but the Second World War stopped this.
In the war, some Underground stations were used as shelters against bombs.
After the war more passengers used the underground.
Minor changes were made: Victoria Line was opened in the 1960s, and currently the Piccadilly Line was extended to Heathrow Airport in 1977.
The Jubilee Line was opened in 1979, and extended to Stratford 20 years later.
Night Tube was introduced in 2016.
The system uses two kinds of trains, a big type - called sub surface trains and a smaller type - deep level trains.
The big ones are used for the rectangular tunnels (District Line, Metropolitan Line, Circle Line), the small ones for the round tunnels.
Most lines have different trains, although they fit into one of the two categories.
The Underground's trains usually drive to 270 stations.
14 Stations are outside of London.
The Underground uses zones to collect fares.
There are 9 zones.
Zone 1 is the most central zone.
The only London Underground stations in Zones 7 to 9 are on the Metropolitan line beyond Moor Park, outside Greater London.
Some stations are in two zones, and the cheapest fare applies.
Paper tickets or the contactless Oyster card can be used for travel.
The Oyster Card is a plastic card which stores credit (money and Travelcards) which the owner uses to pay for Underground travel.
The user must "charge" (put money onto) their card at a ticket machine.
They then touch the card on a yellow reader to pay for their journey.
Since its introduction in 2002 it has become very popular with regular travelers, as the prices are much cheaper if you use an Oyster card.
There are ticket offices, some open only in the rush-hour, and ticket machines, which can be used at any time.
Some machines take coins only, other touch-screen machines take coins and English notes, and usually give change.
These machines also take credit and debit cards: some newer machines accept cards only.
Summary of ticket types
Station access
When most of the stations in the London Underground system were built, disabled and wheelchair access was not considered.
While many above-ground stations have only a few steps to the platform, nearly all Underground stations have some of the systems's 410 escalators and 112 lifts (elevators).
Newer stations include disabled access, and many older stations install disabled access when they are refurbished or rebuilt.
Since 2004, maps inside the trains show which stations have step-free access from street level.
Transport for London plan to have a network of over 100 fully accessible stations by 2020, which means that 75% of Tube journeys can be made with step-free access.
The escalators in the London Underground system are some of the longest in Europe.
They run 20 hours a day, 364 days a year and are used by 13,000 people per hour, with 95% of them running at one time.
There have been relatively few accidents in the Underground's history.
Most happen if people accidentally fall onto the tracks.
In some stations there are pits in the middle of the track to stop people being injured if they fall onto the track.
Newly rebuilt parts of the system, especially on the Jubilee line, have platform doors.
These doors only open when a train stops and prevent people falling or jumping onto the tracks.
Platform doors
Bomb attacks
In the 1930s, 1970s and 1990s, the Underground was bombed many times by the IRA, and for this reason there have been no wastebins in or around stations until very recently, when clear plastic sacks were introduced in some parts of the system.
On 7 July 2005, there were three attacks by radical Islamic terrorists on two Circle Line trains and on one Piccadilly Line.
Smoking is not allowed in any part of the underground.
It was banned after a fire in King's Cross Station in 1987.
The commuters of London often complain about the Underground.
Even newspapers, especially the Evening Standard, often criticise the system.
Usually the complaints are about delays, overcrowding and the fares.
Sometimes strikes of London Underground staff occur.
Fares
London Underground fares are now the most expensive of any rail system around the world, including the luxurious Orient Express, and they continue to rise at very high levels.
Concern has also been raised over the huge difference between oyster card fares and cash fares, with the criticism that the high cash fares will discourage tourists and day visitors to London from traveling around the City.
Because the underground is a very old system, engineering work is often needed and often causes delays.
There can be other reasons as well, for example signal failures or other breakdowns.
Customers can claim a refund if their tube journey is delayed for more than 15 minutes due to problems within the control of Transport For London.
Overcrowding
Because many more commuters use the underground than planned, overcrowding often happens.
This can cause stress and frustration with the underground system among commuters.
According to a report by MPs, commuters face "a daily trauma" and are often forced to travel in "intolerable conditions".
Industrial action
Because so many passengers travel on the London Underground network every day, strikes or industrial actions on the Underground network have a very high impact on London's traffic and can impact on London's economy.
London Underground and the rail unions claim to be under high pressure from the working public, private businesses and government departments.
Strike actions on the London Underground occur for a number of reasons, including health and safety, working conditions and pay levels.
There were several such strikes in the late 1970s.
Transport for London Home page
Tube and DLR maps
Tourist information
British Transport Police
1863 establishments in England
is a radio and TV program.
It is entirely paid for through donations from listeners, viewers, and foundations and does not accept advertisers, corporate underwriting, or government funding.
It is one of the biggest independent news organizations in the United States.
The Socialist Party is a Trotskyist political party active in England and Wales and part of the Committee for a Workers' International.
They publish a weekly newspaper entitled The Socialist and a monthly Socialism Today.
As an organisation, it has evolved from the Militant Tendency, who in the early 1980s started to be expelled from the Labour Party, for organising a mass campaign against the Poll Tax.
There was a debate with the Militant Tendency whether or not to cease working within the Labour Party and the majority of the group decided to do so, although a minority around Ted Grant broke away to form Socialist Appeal.
This debate ran alongside a parallel debate on the future of Scottish politics.
The result was that the experiment of operating as an "open party" was first undertaken in Scotland under the name of Scottish Militant Labour.
This initiative would eventually lead to the foundation of the Scottish Socialist Alliance.
The majority of Scottish members, after forming the Scottish Socialist Party, left the CWI in early 2001 as they moved away from traditional Trotskyist politics.
For a while, the party was known as Militant Labour.
In 1997, the group changed its name to the Socialist Party, but the ownership of this name has been contested by the much older Socialist Party of Great Britain.
As a result, the new party is frequently known as "The Socialist Party of England and Wales".
In elections, it has had to use the name "Socialist Alternative".
They were one of the founders of the local Socialist Alliance groups, but they left in 2001.
Since ending their tenure in the Socialist Alliance, the Socialist Party has run candidates in elections as Socialist Alternative.
Following the UK local elections, 2006, it has three councillors in Coventry, one in Stoke, two in Lewisham, South London and one in Huddersfield.
In February 2005, the Socialist Party announced plans to contest the 2005 parliamentary elections as part of a new electoral alliance called the Socialist Green Unity Coalition.
Several former components of the Socialist Alliance that did not join Respect also joined the SGUC.
The Socialist Party is a smaller organisation than the Militant of the 1980s, but has influence in some trade unions.
In 2005, 23 Socialist Party members are elected members of trade union national executive committees.
Under the leadership of Peter Taaffe, their policies have remained close to the Trotskyist mainstream.
Their demand for the nationalisation of the one hundred and fifty top British companies and their longstanding practice of running in elections has led some critics to label them as reformists though the party insists that their method is based on Trotsky's Transitional Programme.
The Socialist Party is affiliated to the Committee for a Workers International, and is indeed the largest of its forty members.
The party participates also in the broader European Anticapitalist Left.
In November 2005 at its annual 'Socialism' event, the Socialist Party formally launched the 'Campaign for a New Workers' Party' with the aim of persuading individuals, campaigners and trade unions to help set up and back a new broad left alternative to New Labour that would fight for working class people.
The National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT union) held a conference in January 2006 to address what it calls 'The crisis in working class representation',  in which Dave Nellist was invited to speak.
Most of the speakers were in favour of a broad left alternative to New Labour.
The remaining speakers, such as MP John McDonnell, wished it well.
Socialist Party website
Socialism Today, the theoretical monthly journal of the Socialist Party
Committee for a Workers' International website
Campaign for a New Workers Party
Political parties in England
Political parties in Wales
Socialist Party Teachers website
Socialist Party Teachers blog
Education in the United Kingdom
The National Union of Teachers is the largest teachers' union in the United Kingdom.
It has a policy of campaigning on educational issues as well as the conditions of service of its members.
National Union of Teachers website
Socialist Party is the name of several different political parties around the world with a variety of different political views.
Albania - Socialist Party of Albania
Argentina - Socialist Party (Argentina)
Australia - Socialist Party (Australia)
Socialist Party (francophone Belgium)
Socialistische Partij - Anders (Flemish Socialist Party)
Bulgaria - Bulgarian Socialist Party
Chile - Socialist Party of Chile
European Union - Party of European Socialists
France - Socialist Party (France)
Georgia - Socialist Party (Georgia)
Germany - Die Linke
Greece - Panhellenic Socialist Movement
India - Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
Republic of Ireland|Ireland - Socialist Party of Ireland (CWI affiliate)
Italy - Partito Socialista Italiano
Latvia - Latvian Socialist Party
Netherlands - Socialistische Partij
Portugal - Socialist Party (Portugal)
Puerto Rico - Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño
San Marino - Partito Socialista Sammarinese
Senegal - Socialist Party (Senegal)
Spain - Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
Switzerland - Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (also known as the Swiss Socialist Party)
Ukraine - Socialist Party of Ukraine
Socialist Party USA
Social Democratic Party (a disambiguation page)
70 - Titus and his Roman legions breach the middle of the Wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem.
1224 - The University of Naples is founded.
1257 - Krakow receives city rights.
1283 - Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, captures Charles II of Naples.
1654 - Queen Christina I of Sweden abdicates (leaves) the throne and secretly converts to Roman Catholicism.
1806 - Louis Bonaparte becomes regent of the Netherlands.
1817 - The first Great Lakes steamer, Frontenac, is launched.
1829 - HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship, Voladora, off Cuba.
1832 - The June Rebellion breaks out in Paris in an attempt to overthrow the monarchy of Louis-Philippe.
1837 - Houston, Texas is incorporated as part of the then-Republic of Texas.
1849 – Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy.
1851 - Harriet Beecher Stowe's serial Uncle Tom's Cabin starts a 10-month run in the 'National Era' newspaper.
1862 - The Treaty of Saigon is signed, ceding parts of southern Vietnam to France.
The guerrilla, Huong Dinh, continues to fight against the Europeans, against the order of Emperor Tu Duc.
1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Piedmont, Virginia - Union forces under General David Hunter defeat a Confederate army at Piedmont, Virginia, taking nearly 1,000 prisoners.
1870 - Fire rips through Pera, a part of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), destroying over 3,000 houses and killing around 1,300 people.
1883 - The first regularly-scheduled Orient Express leaves Paris.
1888 - An earthquake of over magnitude 5 strikes the Rio de la Plata region between Argentina and Uruguay.
1900 - Second Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria.
1915 – Denmark amends its constitution to give women the right to vote.
1916 - Louis Brandeis is sworn in as Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
1917 - World War I: Conscription into the military, for the war, begins in the United States.
1924 - The first fax to be sent across the Atlantic Ocean is sent by Ernst Alexanderson.
1941 - 4,000 Chongqing residents choke to death in a bomb shelter during the bombing of Chongqing.
1942 - World War II: The United States declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania.
1944 - World War II: Over 1,000 British bombers drop 5,000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries in Normandy, in preparation for the D-Day landings the next day.
1945 - The Allied Control Council, the military occupation governing body of Germany after World War II, officially takes control.
1946 - A fire at the Fort de la Salle Hotel in Chicago kills 61 people.
1947 – George Marshall calls for aid to war-torn Europe.
1949 - Thailand's first female Member of Parliament, Orapin Chaiyakin, is elected.
1953 - Denmark's Constitution is reformed, allowing a woman to become monarch.
Future Queen, Margrethe II of Denmark, becomes next-in-line to the throne.
1956 - Elvis Presley introduces the famous Hound Dog single.
1959 - The first government of the State of Singapore is sworn in.
1963 – British politician John Profumo resigns in a sex scandal.
1963 - Mass protests occur in Iran against Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini is arrested.
1967 – The Six-Day War begins, fought between Israel and its neighbours.
1968 - Robert F. Kennedy is shot in Los Angeles, California, by Sirhan Sirhan.
Kennedy dies the next day as a result of his injuries.
1969 - The International Communist Conference begins on Moscow.
1975 - Egypt's Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War.
1975 - The United Kingdom holds a referendum on membership of the European Economic Community, with a majority voting to stay part of the organization.
1976 - The Teton Dam in Idaho collapses, killing 11 people.
1977 – A coup occurs in the Seychelles.
1981 - The first cases of what would later be known as AIDS, are reported.
1984 - Operation Blue Star: Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi orders a storming of the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the holiest place in the Sikh religion.
1989 – The Unknown Rebel halts a line of tanks in an act of defiance at the Chinese government's violent crackdown at Tiananmen Square in Beijing.
1998 – A seven-week strike begins at General Motors.
1998 - Ethiopia and Eritrea start fighting a border war.
2000 - Sumatra is hit by a magnitude 7.9 earthquake, killing over 100 people.
2000 - A 6-day war begins in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo between Rwandan and Ugandan forces.
2001 – Tropical Storm Allison hits Texas.
2002 – Elizabeth Smart, a teenager, is kidnapped from her home in Utah.
2003 – A heatwave in India and Pakistan reaches its height with temperatures of over 50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit).
2004 - Ronald Reagan, 40th President of the United States dies from pneumonia at the age of 93.
2006 – Serbia declares independence from the Union of Serbia and Montenegro.
2009 - A fire kills 31 people at a day-care center in Hermosillo, Mexico.
2011 - Ollanta Humala defeats Keiko Fujimori in a close Presidential election in Peru.
He becomes President on July 28.
2012 - Governor of Wisconsin Scott Walker becomes the first US state governor to keep his position after a recall election.
1341 – Edmund of Langley, a younger son of King Edward III of England (d. 1402)
1493 – Justus Jonas, German Protestant reformer (d. 1555)
1553 - Bernardino Baldi, Italian mathematician (d. 1617)
1606 – Pierre Corneille, French playwright (d. 1684)
1640 - Pu Songling, Chinese writer (d. 1715)
1646 - Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician (d. 1684)
1660 - Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (d. 1744)
1718 – Thomas Chippendale, English furniture maker (d. 1779)
1723 – Adam Smith, Scottish economist (d. 1790)
1757 – Pierre Jean George Cabanis, French physiologist (d. 1808)
1760 - Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist (d. 1852)
1771 – Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (d. 1851)
1781 – Christian August Lobeck, German classical scholar (d. 1860)
1791 - Salim bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (d. 1856)
1805 - Samuel Adams, Governor of Arkansas (d. 1850)
1806 - Magnus Eiriksson, Icelandic theologian and writer (d. 1881)
1819 – John Couch Adams, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1892)
1830 - Carmine Crocco, Italian guerrilla (d. 1905)
1850 – Pat Garrett, American Western lawman (d. 1908)
1862 – Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930)
1868 - James Connolly, Scottish-Irish socialist leader and general (d. 1916)
1868 - William W. Brandon, 37th Governor of Alabama (d. 1934)
1876 – Tony Jackson, American musician (d. 1920)
1878 – Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1923)
1879 – Robert Mayer, philanthropist (d. 1985)
1883 – John Maynard Keynes, English economist (d. 1946)
1884 – Ralph Benatzky, composer (d. 1957)
1884 - Frederick Lorz, American long-distance runner (d. 1914)
1892 - Jaan Kikkas, Estonian weightlifter (d. 1944)
1894 – Roy Thomson, Lord Thomson of Fleet, English publisher (d. 1976)
1895 – William Boyd, American actor (d. 1972)
1898 – Federico García Lorca, Spanish lyricist and dramatist (d. 1936)
1898 - Salvatore Ferragamo, Italian shoemaker (d. 1960)
1899 - Otis Barton, American engineer and diver (d. 1992)
1899 - Theippan Maungwa, Burmese writer (d. 1942)
1900 – Dennis Gabor, Hungarian-born physicist (d. 1979)
1902 - Arthur Powell Davies, American minister, author and activist (d. 1957)
1906 - Eraldo Monzeglio, Italian footballer (d. 1981)
1908 - Navi Naryana Reddy, Indian philanthropist and social reformer (d. 1991)
1912 – Josef Neckermann, German entrepreneur and  dressage equestrian (d. 1992)
1914 - Beatrice De Cardi, British archaeologist
1919 – Richard Scarry, American children's writer (d. 1994)
1921 - Sheila Sim, British actress (d. 2016)
1925 – Art Donovan, American football player (d. 2013)
1925 – Boy Gobert, actor (d. 1986)
1926 - Camillo Cibin, Italian papal bodyguard (d. 2009)
1926 - Gurgen Dalibaltayan, Armenian colonel-general (d. 2015)
1928 – Robert Lansing, American actor (d. 1994)
1928 – Tony Richardson, British actor (d. 1991)
1930 - Alifa Rifaat, Egyptian writer (d. 1996)
1931 – Jacques Demy, French playwright (d. 1990)
1931 - Jerzy Prokopiuk, Polish anthropologist and philosopher
1932 – Christy Brown, Irish writer (d. 1981)
1933 - William Kahan, Canadian mathematician
1934 – Bill Moyers, American journalist
1934 - Vilhjalmur Einarsson, Icelandic athlete
1935 - Helmut Benthaus, German footballer
1938 – Karin Balzer, East German hurdler
1939 – Joe Clark, sixteenth Prime Minister of Canada
1939 – Margaret Drabble, English novelist
1941 – Martha Argerich, Argentine pianist
1941 – Spalding Gray, American actor, screenwriter, and monologue artist (d. 2004)
1941 - Robert Kraft, American businessman
1942 – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea
1944 - Massimo Cacciari, Italian philosopher and politician
1944 – Tommie Smith, American athlete
1945 - Patrick Head, English businessman
1946 - Stefania Sandrelli, Italian actress
1947 – Kevin Schon, American actor
1947 – Laurie Anderson, American performance artist, actress, composer
1949 – Ken Follett, Welsh writer
1952 – Nicko McBrain, English musician (Iron Maiden)
1953 - Kathleen Kennedy, American movie producer
1954 - Simon Hopkinson, English food writer
1955 – Edinho, Brazilian footballer
1956 – Kenny G, American musician
1958 – Ahmed Abdallah Sambi, former President of the Comoros
1959 - Robert Lloyd, English singer
1960 - Julie Kirkbride, English politician
1961 - Anthony Burger, American singer and pianist (d. 2006)
1961 - Mary Kay Bergman, American voice actress (d. 1999)
1962 – Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este
1962 - Jeff Garlin, American actor, comedian and producer
1965 - Sandrine Piau, French soprano
1965 - Bob Probert, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2010)
1967 – Joe DeLoach, American athlete
1968 - Ed Vaizey, English lawyer and politician
1970 – Martin Gelinas, Canadian ice hockey player
1971 – Mark Wahlberg ("Marky Mark"), American singer and actor
1971 - Miyuki Komatsu, Japanese actress
1972 – Mike Bucci (Nova, Simon Dean), American professional wrestler
1973 - Andy McLaren, Scottish footballer
1974 - Chad Allen, American actor
1974 - Nina Conti, English ventriloquist and actress
1975 - Anna Nova, German pornographic actress
1976 - Ross Noble, English comedian
1976 - Aesop Rock, American rapper, musician, songwriter and producer
1978 - Fernando Meira, Portuguese footballer
1979 – David Bisbal, Spanish singer
1979 - François Sagat, French actor
1979 - David Weir, British Paralympic athlete
1979 – Pete Wentz, American musician (Fall Out Boy)
1981 – Jade Goody, British TV personality (d. 2009)
1981 – Sebastien Lefebvre, Canadian musician (Simple Plan)
1982 - Zvjezdan Misimovic, Bosnia and Herzegovina footballer
1984 – Mark Wilson, Scottish footballer
1985 - Jeremy Abbott, American figure skater
1985 - Ekaterina Bychkova, Russian tennis player
1985 - Rubén de la Red, Spanish footballer
1986 - Dave Bolland, Canadian ice hockey player
1986 - Amanda Crew, Canadian actress
1987 - Charlie Clements, English actor
1987 - Marcus Thornton, American basketball player
1989 - Megumi Nakajima, Japanese voice actress
1990 - Sophie Lowe, English-Australian movie actress
1990 - Junior Hoilett, Canadian footballer
1991 - Martin Braithwaite, Danish footballer
1992 - Emily Seebohm, Australian swimmer
1993 - Laura Giuliani, Italian footballer
1995 - Beckii Cruel, British dancer and singer
1997 - Kieran Tierney, Scottish footballer
1998 - Yulia Lipnitskaya, Russian figure skater
2005 - Irene Urdangarin y Borbon, Spanish royal
301 - Sima Lun, Chinese usurper of the Jin Dynasty (b. 249)
535 - Patriarch Epiphanius of Constantinople
567 - Patriarch Theodosius I of Alexandria
754 - Saint Boniface, English missionary, bishop and martyr
1017 - Emperor Sanjo of Japan (b. 976)
1296 - Edmund Crouchback, son of Henry III of England (b. 1245)
1316 – King Louis X of France (b. 1289)
1568 - Lamoral, Count Egmont, Flemish soldier and statesman (b. 1522)
1625 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer (b. 1583)
1667 - Pietro Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal and historian (b. 1607)
1688 - Constantin Phaulkon, Greek adventurer (b. 1647)
1716 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician (b. 1682)
1722 - Johann Kuhnau, German composer and musician (b. 1660)
1791 - Frederick Haldimand, 22nd Governor of Quebec (b. 1718)
1816 - Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer (b. 1741)
1819 - Bodawpaya, King of Burma (b. 1745)
1826 - Carl Maria von Weber, German pianist, composer and conductor (b. 1786)
1857 - Henry Hubbard, Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1784)
1866 – John McDouall Stuart, Australian explorer (b. 1815)
1900 – Stephen Crane, American writer (b. 1871)
1904 - Sami Frasheri, Albanian writer (b. 1850)
1906 – Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann, German philosopher (b. 1842)
1910 - O. Henry, American author (b. 1862)
1916 – Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British field marshal (b. 1850)
1921 - Georges Feydeau, French playwright (b. 1862)
1930 - Pascin, Bulgarian painter (b. 1885)
1947 - Nils Olof Chrisander, Swedish actor and director (b. 1884)
1967 - Arthur Biram, Israeli philologist, philosopher and educator (b. 1878)
1975 - Paul Keres, Estonian painter (b. 1916)
1979 - Heinz Erhardt, German actor and comedian (b. 1909)
1991 - Heo Jong-suk, Korean writer, poet, journalist and Communist activist (b. 1902)
1993 – Conway Twitty, American musician (b. 1933)
1998 - Jeanette Nolan, American actress (b. 1911)
1998 - Sam Yorty, 37th Mayor of Los Angeles, California (b. 1909)
1999 - Mel Tormé, American jazz musician (b. 1925)
2000 - Don Liddle, American baseball player (b. 1925)
2000 – Franco Rossi, Italian movie director and producer (b. 1919)
2001 - Pedro Lain Estralgo, Spanish medical researcher (b. 1908)
2002 – Dee Dee Ramone, American musician (The Ramones) (b. 1951)
2003 - Juergen Moellemann, German politician (b. 1944)
2003 - Manuel Rosenthal, French composer and conductor (b. 1904)
2004 – Ronald Reagan, American actor and politician, 40th President of the United States (b. 1911)
2007 – Povel Ramel, Swedish entertainer (b. 1922)
2008 - Eugenio Montejo, Venezuelan poet (b. 1938)
2012 - Barry Unsworth, British author (b. 1930)
2012 - Ray Bradbury, American writer (b. 1920)
2013 - Stanislaw Nagy, Polish cardinal (b. 1921)
2014 - Reiulf Steen, Norwegian politician and diplomat (b. 1933)
2014 - Don Davis, American musician, songwriter and producer (b. 1938)
2015 - Alan Bond, Australian businessman (b. 1938)
2015 - Jerry Collins, New Zealand rugby player (b. 1980)
2015 - Tariq Aziz, Iraqi politician (b. 1936)
2015 - Jane Briggs Hart, American aviator (b. 1921)
2015 - Sadun Boro, Turkish sailor (b. 1928)
2015 - Giacomo Furia, Italian actor (b. 1925)
2015 - Kazuo Chiba, Japanese Aikido teacher (b. 1940)
2016 - Manohar Aich, Indian bodybuilder (b. 1914)
2016 - Gianluca Buonanno, Italian politician (b. 1966)
2016 - Jerome Bruner, American psychologist (b. 1915)
2016 - Jarbas Passarinho, Brazilian politician (b. 1920)
2017 - Kathryn Stripling Byer, American poet (b. 1944)
2017 - Andy Cunningham, British magician, puppeteer and actor (b. 1950)
2017 - Helen Dunmore, British writer (b. 1952)
2017 - Marilyn Hall, Canadian-born American television producer and philanthropist (b. 1927)
2017 - Giuliano Sarti, Italian footballer (b. 1933)
2017 - Cheick Tioté, Ivorian footballer (b. 1986)
2018 - Brian Browne, Canadian jazz pianist and composer (b. 1937)
2018 - Pierre Carniti, Italian politician and trade unionist (b. 1936)
2018 - Denman, Irish-bred racehorse (b. 2000)
2018 - Feng Ting-kuo, Taiwanese politician (b. 1990)
2018 - Kate Spade, American fashion designer (b. 1962)
Constitution Day (Denmark)
Arbor Day (New Zealand)
Liberation Day (Seychelles)
June 05
1472 – Orkney and Shetland are annexed to the crown of Scotland.
1547 – Edward VI of England is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.
1724 – The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London.
1725 – The first reported case of white men scalping Native Americans takes place in New Hampshire colony.
1792 – The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, is signed by President George Washington.
1798 - Louis-Alexandre Berthier removes Pope Pius VI from power.
1799 - The Blackbrook Reservoir in Leicestershire, England, breaks.
1810 – Andreas Hofer, Tyrolean patriot and leader of rebellion against Napoleon's forces, was executed.
1816 – Gioachino Rossini's The Barber of Seville debuts at Teatro Argentina, with a fiasco.
1835 – Concepción, Chile is destroyed by an earthquake
1846 - Polish insurgents lead an uprising in Krakow to incite a fight for independence.
1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Olustee takes place in Florida.
1865 - The Uruguayan War ends.
1872 – In New York City the Metropolitan Museum of Art opens.
1873 – The University of California opens its first medical school in San Francisco, California.
1877 - Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake is first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow.
1878 - Pope Leo XIII is elected.
1901 – The legislature of Hawaii Territory convenes for the first time.
1909 - The Futurist Manifesto is published by the French journalist Le Figaro.
1913 – King O'Malley drives in the first survey peg to mark commencement of work on the construction of Canberra.
1915 - The "Panama-Pacific International Exhibition", a World's Fair, is held in San Francisco, to show the city's recovery from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
1919 - Emir of Afghanistan Habibullah Khan is murdered during a hunting trip.
1921 – The movie The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, starring Rudolph Valentino, premieres.
1929 - American Samoa becomes a US Territory.
1931 – California gets the go-ahead by the United States Congress to build the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge.
1933 - United States Congress proposes the 21st Amendment to the United States Constitution, which will end Alcohol Prohibition.
1935 - Caroline Mikkelsen becomes the first woman to set foot on the continent of Antarctica.
1942 – Lieutenant Edward O'Hare becomes America's first World War II flying ace.
1943 – American movie studio executives agree to allow the Office of War Information to censor movies.
1943 – The Paricutín volcano begins to form in Paricutín, México.
1944 – World War II: "Big Week" begins with American bomber raids on Nazi aircraft manufacturing centers.
1944 – World War II: The United States takes Eniwetok Island.
1952 – Emmett L. Ashford becomes the first African-American umpire in organized baseball by being authorized to be a substitute umpire in the Southwestern International League.
1952 – The movie The African Queen opens at the Capitol Theatre in New York City.
1959 – The Avro Arrow programme to design and manufacture supersonic jet fighters in Canada is cancelled by the Diefenbaker government amid much political debate.
1962 – Mercury program: While aboard Friendship 7, John Glenn orbits the Earth three times in 4 hours, 55 minutes, becoming the first American to do so.
1965 – Ranger 8 crashes into the Moon after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts.
1974 – Science fiction writer Philip K. Dick claims he began experiencing intense gnostic visions on this date.
1976 – The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) disbands.
1978 - The last Order of Victory is given to Leonid Brezhnev.
1986 - Silvio Berlusconi takes over AC Milan.
1987 – Unabomber: In Salt Lake City, in the USA, a bomb explodes in a computer store.
1988 - Nagorno Karabakh votes to separate from Azerbaijan and join Armenia.
War breaks out soon after.
1989 - An IRA bomb destroys a section of the British Army Barracks at Ternhill, England.
1991 - The giant statue of Albanian leader Enver Hoxha is brought down in Tirana by protestors.
1992 – Ross Perot announces his intention to run in the 1992 U.S. presidential election on CNN's Larry King Live.
1992 – The FA Premier League is formed and takes over as the professional league in England from season 1992–93.
1993 - New Scientist magazine reports the discovery of the youngest-observed star.
Named VLA 1623, it is around 10,000 years old.
1998 – The afternoon newspaper Nashville Banner publishes its final edition.
2001 – FBI agent Robert Hanssen is arrested and charged with spying for Russia for 15 years.
2002 – In Reqa Al-Gharbiya, Egypt, a fire on a train injures over 65 and kills at least 370.
2003 – In Rhode Island, USA, The Station nightclub fire kills about 100 and injures over 200.
2005 – Spain becomes the first country to vote in a referendum on ratification of the proposed Constitution of the European Union, passing it by a substantial margin, but on a low turnout.
2005 – Jeff Gordon wins his third Daytona 500.
2010 – Floods and mudslides hit the Portuguese island of Madeira, killing 43 people.
2013 - Kepler-37b, the smallest-known planet outside the Solar System, is discovered.
2014 - After several people had been killed during clashes two days earlier, protests in Kiev, Ukraine, erupt into violence again, with at least 20 people reported to have been killed.
The EU imposes sanctions on Ukraine later the same day.
2016 - Prime Minister David Cameron announces that the United Kingdom is to hold a referendum on its membership of the European Union, on June 23.
1469 – Thomas Cajetan, Italian cardinal (d. 1534)
1631 – Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English statesman (d. 1712)
1633 - Jan de Caen, Dutch portrait painter (d. 1702)
1726 - William Prescott, American Revolutionary colonel (d. 1795)
1753 - Louis-Alexandre Berthier, French marshal (d. 1815)
1759 – Johann Christian Reil, German physician (d. 1813)
1794 – William Carleton, Irish novelist (d. 1869)
1802 – Charles Auguste de Bériot, Belgian violinist and composer (d. 1870)
1811 - Henry Hastings Sibley, American politician (d. 1891)
1815 - Louis Le Chatelier, French engineer and chemist (d. 1873)
1819 – Alfred Escher, Swiss politician and railroad entrepreneur (d. 1882)
1829 - Antonio Guzman Blanco, President of Venezuela (d. 1899)
1839 – Benjamin Waugh, British social reformer (d. 1908)
1844 – Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian physicist (d. 1906)
1844 – Joshua Slocum, Canadian seaman and adventurer (d. 1909)
1848 - Edward Henry Harriman, American railroad executive (d. 1909)
1860 - Karl Mantzius, Danish theatre and movie actor, director and writer (d. 1921)
1866 - Carl Westman, Swedish architect and designer (d. 1936)
1867 – Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife (d. 1931)
1874 - Mary Garden, Scottish operatic soprano (d. 1967)
1879 - Hod Stuart, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1907)
1881 - Dora Altmann, German actress (d. 1971)
1882 - Elie Nadelman, Polish-born American sculptor (d. 1946)
1886 – Béla Kun, Hungarian politician (d. 1939)
1887 – Vincent Massey, Governor-General of Canada (d. 1967)
1888 - Georges Bernanos, French soldier and writer (d. 1948)
1898 – Jimmy Yancey, American musician (d. 1951)
1899 – Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, American businessman (d. 1992)
1900 - Maryam Jinnah, second wife of Muhammad Ali Jinnah (d. 1929)
1901 – Muhammad Naguib, 1st President of Egypt (d. 1984)
1901 – René Dubos, French microbiologist (d. 1982)
1901 - Louis Kahn, American architect (d. 1974)
1902 – Ansel Adams, American photographer (d. 1984)
1904 – Alexei Kosygin, Soviet Premier (d. 1980)
1906 - Gale Gordon, American television and radio actor (d. 1995)
1909 – Heinz Erhardt, German comedian, entertainer and actor (d. 1979)
1912 - Muriel Humphrey Brown, United States Senator and Second Lady of the United States (d. 1998)
1914 - John Charles Daly, American broadcaster (d. 1991)
1916 - Jean Erdman, American dancer and choreographer
1917 - Juan Vicente Torrealba, Venezuelan musician and composer
1918 – Leonore Annenberg, American billionaire (d. 2009)
1920 - Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington, sister of John F. Kennedy (d. 1948)
1920 - Karl Albrecht, German businessman (Aldi Süd) (d. 2014)
1923 – Forbes Burnham, 1st Prime Minister and 3rd President of Guyana (d. 1985)
1923 - Victor G. Atiyeh, 32nd Governor of Oregon (d. 2014)
1924 - Gloria Vanderbilt, American socialite and clothing designer (d. 2019)
1925 - Tochinishiki Kiyotaka, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1990)
1925 – Robert Altman, American movie director (d. 2006)
1926 - Richard Matheson, American science fiction writer and screenwriter (d. 2013)
1926 - Bob Richards, American pole vaulter
1926 - Alfonso Sastre, Spanish playwright, essayist and critic
1926 - Ken Olsen, American engineer (d. 2011)
1926 - Philip S. Goodman, American screenwriter, producer and director (d. 2015)
1927 – Sidney Poitier, American-Bahamian actor, director and diplomat
1927 – Ibrahim Ferrer, Cuban musician (d. 2005)
1928 - Jean Kennedy Smith, American diplomat and sister of John F. Kennedy
1929 - Eduardo Mac Entyre, Argentine artist (d. 2014)
1929 - Toshiro Mayuzumi, Japanese composer (d. 1997)
1930 – Willie Cunningham, Northern Irish footballer (d. 2007)
1930 - Ken Jones, English actor (d. 2014)
1930 - Gianfranco Parolini, Italian movie director and screenwriter
1931 - John Milnor, American mathematician
1936 - Shigeo Nagashima, Japanese baseball player and coach
1936 – Larry Hovis, American actor (d. 2003)
1937 – Robert Huber, German chemist
1937 - Roger Penske, American racing driver and entrepreneur
1937 - Nancy Wilson, American singer and actress
1940 – Jimmy Greaves, English footballer
1941 - Giuseppe Arzilli, Sammarinese politician
1941 – Buffy Sainte-Marie, Canadian musician
1942 – Phil Esposito, Canadian ice hockey player
1942 – Mitch McConnell, American politician
1942 - Claude Miller, French movie director and screenwriter (d. 2012)
1943 - Mike Leigh, English writer and director
1944 – Willem van Hanegem, Dutch footballer
1944 – Lew Soloff, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2015)
1945 – Annu Kapoor, Indian actor
1945 - George F. Smoot, American astrophysicist
1945 - Henry Polic II, American actor (d. 2013)
1946 – Brenda Blethyn, British actress
1946 - Richard Cocciante, French-Italian singer and songwriter
1946 - Sandy Duncan, American singer and actress
1947 – Eggert Magnusson, Icelandic businessman
1947 – Peter Osgood, English footballer (d. 2006)
1948 – Christopher A. Pissarides, Cypriot-British economist
1948 - Pierre Bouchard, Canadian ice hockey player
1949 – Ivana Trump, Czech-American socialite
1950 – Walter Becker, American guitarist
1951 – Gordon Brown, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
1951 - Randy California, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1997)
1952 - Abdala Bucaram, former President of Ecuador
1953 – Poison Ivy, American musician
1953 - Riccardo Chailly, Italian conductor
1954 – Anthony Head, British actor
1954 – Patty Hearst, American heiress
1954 - Jon Brant, American musician
1960 – Kee Marcello, Swedish guitarist
1960 - Joel Hodgson, American comedian
1961 – Imogen Stubbs, British actress
1961 – Ion Geolgau, Romanian footballer
1962 - Pierre Quinon, French pole vaulter (d. 2011)
1962 - Atul Chitnis, German-Indian technician (d. 2013)
1963 – Ian Brown, British singer (The Stone Roses)
1963 - Charles Barkley, American basketball player
1963 - Joakim Nyström, Swedish tennis player
1964 - Rudi Garcia, French footballer
1966 – Cindy Crawford, American model
1966 - Dannis Mitchell, American athlete
1967 – Kurt Cobain, American rock musician (Nirvana) (d. 1994)
1967 - Kath Soucie, American voice, film, stage and television actress
1967 - Lili Taylor, American actress
1968 - Ted Hankey, English darts player
1969 - Kaiji Takayama, Japanese professional wrestler
1969 - Sinisa Mihajlovic, Serbian footballer
1969 - Danis Tanovic, Bosnian movie director and screenwriter
1971 – Jari Litmanen, Finnish footballer
1971 - Joost van der Westhuizen, South African rugby player (d. 2017)
1971 - Shawn McKenzie, American programmer
1971 - Calpernia Addams, American author, actress, activist and musician
1972 - Brent Gretzky, Canadian ice hockey player
1972 - Neil Primrose, Scottish musician (Travis)
1973 – Kimberley Davis, Australian actress
1974 - Karim Bagheri, Iranian footballer
1975 - Nicolas Wallin, Swedish ice hockey player
1975 – Brian Littrell, American singer (Backstreet Boys)
1977 – Ed Graham, British drummer (The Darkness)
1978 – Lauren Ambrose, American actress
1978 - Jay Hernandez, American actor
1980 – Imanol Harinordoquy, French rugby player
1980 – Arthur Abraham, Armenian-German boxer
1980 – Artur Boruc, Polish footballer
1980 - Luis Gabriel Rey, Colombian footballer
1981 – Tony Hibbert, English footballer
1981 - Elisabeth Görgl, Austrian skier
1982 - Jason Hirsh, American baseball player
1983 - Justin Verlander, American baseball player
1984 - Trevor Noah, South African comedian and television host
1984 - Ramzee Robinson, American basketball player
1985 – Yulia Volkova, Russian singer
1986 - Diego Reis, Brazilian footballer
1987 - Miles Teller, American actor
1988 - Jiah Khan, Indian actress (d. 2013)
1988 – Rihanna, Barbadian singer and actress
1990 - Ciro Immobile, Italian footballer
1991 - Antonio Pedroza, English-Mexican footballer
2014 - Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland, Swedish royal
702 - K'inich Kan B'Alam II, King of the Mayan city of Palenque (b. 635)
1154 - Wulfric of Haselbury, English saint (b. 1080)
1171 - Conan IV, Duke of Brittany (b. 1138)
1194 – King Tancred of Sicily (b. 1138)
1408 – Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, English politician (b. 1342)
1431 – Pope Martin V (b. 1368)
1513 – John, King of Denmark (b. 1455)
1618 – Philip William, Prince of Orange (b. 1554)
1762 – Tobias Mayer, German astronomer (b. 1723)
1771 – Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Marain, French geophysicist (b. 1678)
1773 – King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (b. 1701)
1778 - Laura Bassi, Italian scholar (b. 1711)
1790 – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1741)
1799 - Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician (b. 1733)
1803 – Marie Dumesnil, French actress (b. 1713)
1806 - Lachlan McIntosh, Scottish-American military and political leader (b. 1725)
1810 – Andreas Hofer, Tyrolian patriot (b. 1767)
1871 – Paul Kane, Canadian painter (b. 1810)
1893 - P. G. T. Beauregard, American general (b. 1818)
1895 – Frederick Douglass, American abolitionist (b. 1817)
1907 – Henri Moissan, French chemist (b. 1852)
1910 - Boutros Ghali, Egyptian politician (b. 1846)
1916 – Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer and pacifist (b. 1844)
1919 – Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1872)
1920 – Robert Peary, American Arctic explorer (b. 1856)
1920 – Jacinta Marto, Portuguese religious figure (b. 1910)
1929 - Maryam Jinnah, second wife of Muhammad Ali Jinnah (b. 1900)
1948 - Robert P. Lamont, 5th United States Secretary of Commerce (b. 1867)
1952 - Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, President of Ecuador (b. 1888)
1961 – Percy Grainger, Australian composer (b. 1882)
1963 - Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian conductor (b. 1914)
1963 - Jacob Gade, Danish composer (b. 1879)
1965 – Fred Immler, German actor (b. 1880)
1966 – Chester W. Nimitz, American admiral (b. 1885)
1968 - Anthony Asquith, British movie director and writer (b. 1902)
1969 - Ernest Ansermet, Swiss conductor (b. 1883)
1970 - Sophie Treadwell, American playwright and journalist (b. 1885)
1972 – Maria Goeppert-Mayer, German physicist (b. 1906)
1972 - Walter Winchell, American journalist (b. 1897)
1976 – René Cassin, French judge (b. 1887)
1982 – René Dubos, French microbiologist (b. 1901)
1992 - Dick York, American actor (b. 1928)
1993 – Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (b. 1916)
1996 – Solomon Asch, American psychologist (b. 1907)
1999 – Sarah Kane, English playwright (b. 1971)
2000 - Anatoly Sobchak, Russian politician (b. 1937)
2003 - Orville Freeman, 29th Governor of Minnesota (b. 1918)
2005 – Hunter S. Thompson, American writer (b. 1937)
2007 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish painter (b. 1913)
2007 – F. Albert Cotton, American chemist (b. 1930)
2010 – Alexander Haig, American politician (b. 1924)
2012 – Vitaly Vorotnikov, Soviet-Russian politician (b. 1926)
2012 - Katie Hall, American politician (b. 1938)
2012 - Sullivan Walker, American actor (b. 1939)
2013 - Antonio Roma, Argentine footballer (b. 1932)
2014 - Walter D. Ehlers, American soldier (b. 1921)
2014 - Rafael Addiego Bruno, Uruguayan jurist and politician (b. 1923)
2014 - Garrick Utley, American television journalist (b. 1939)
2014 - Reghu Kumar, Indian composer (b. 1953)
2014 - Tea Ista, Finnish actress (b. 1932)
2014 - Cuthbert A. Pattillo, American air force general (b. 1924)
2015 - Henry Segerstrom, American politician (b. 1923)
2016 - Fernando Cardenal, Nicaraguan priest and politician (b. 1934)
2016 - Ove Verner Hansen, Danish actor and opera singer (b. 1932)
2016 - Nando Yosu, Spanish footballer and manager (b. 1939)
2017 - Vitaly Churkin, Russian diplomat (b. 1952)
2017 - Mildred Dresselhaus, American scientist (b. 1930)
Rihanna Day (Barbados)
David Eric "Dave" Grohl (born January 14, 1969) is an American rock musician and singer.
He is best known as the lead singer and guitarist of rock band Foo Fighters and the drummer of the grunge band Nirvana from 1990 to 1994.
He has also been part of thirty different bands in his life, including one from the 1980s called Scream.
Other bands he has played in include Nine Inch Nails and Tenacious D.
Dave Grohl lived most of his early life in Springfield, Virginia.
He played in many local punk bands, on guitar.
By 15 years old he was a drummer in the hardcore punk band, Scream.
Scream toured all over the United States and Europe but broke up in 1989.
After they broke up he tried out to be a drummer in a small band called Nirvana.
Grohl joined Nirvana in 1990, along with Krist Novoselic and Kurt Cobain.
They went on to be one of the most successful bands of the decade, selling over 50 million albums worldwide.
Grohl joined shortly before the release of Nevermind.
Nevermind proved to be a classic album, one that is still a big influence on the alternative metal and alternative rock scene.
The band only recorded one more studio album though, In Utero in 1993.
On April 8, 1994, Kurt Cobain's body was found at his home in Seattle.
He had shot himself in the head with a shotgun.
This event ended Nirvana and Grohl started his own band Foo Fighters in 1995.
The original Foo Fighters album was recorded entirely by Grohl himself.
He recorded the parts for each instrument one at a time and then combined them.
Foo Fighters are now a multi Grammy Award winning rock band and sell out huge arenas when they are on tour.
American punk musicians
American rock drummers
Musicians from Ohio
Musicians from Virginia
God Save the Queen first performed.
Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve writes and publishes the folk story Beauty and the Beast.
An embryo is the earliest stage in the development of a fertilised egg (the zygote).
It is the term used for any animal or plant, from the first cell division until birth, or hatching, or germination in plants.
The development of the embryo is called embryogenesis, and the study of embryos is called embryology.
The development of an embryo passes through various stages: the blastula, a hollow ball of cells; the gastrula, migration of cells; morphogenesis; tissue differentiation, and so on.
In organisms that reproduce sexually, once a sperm fertilizes an egg cell, the result is a cell called the zygote, which has DNA from each of the two parents.
In plants, animals, and some protists, the zygote divides by mitosis to produce an  embryo.
he:עובר#התפתחות עובר האדם
WordPad is a word processor application.
It is made by Microsoft.
WordPad is a basic word processor.
It has simple formatting functions.
The software comes free with Microsoft Windows operating systems.
WordPad is similar to Notepad but lets the user format text, something users cannot do in Notepad.
However, WordPad is very basic compared to normal word processors like Microsoft Word or OpenOffice Writer.
Wordpad saves documents in Rich Text Format, unlike Notepad's use of simple text files, allowing users to change the alignment and color of the font, and add things like bullets and font effects.
Microsoft Paint, also called MS Paint or simply Paint is a computer program made by Microsoft.
It allows people to create picture files as well as edit picture files saved on their computer.
Microsoft Paint is also a program for adding texts to images saved on a computer.
There are various tools to help people edit photos, including:
the paint bucket
spray can
line and curved line tools
multiple shape tools
cut out tool
Many digital artists or editors prefer programs like Photoshop, but many on a tighter budget or with less time on their hands use Paint.
Because of this, there are many Internet tutorials to help enhance the creative skill of every Microsoft Painter.
Graphics software
My Computer is seen on the Microsoft Windows computers.
My Computer allows the user to access the local drives, such as the local disk, also known as the C: Drive.
The user can also access external drives.
Examples of an external drive are a floppy disk drive (A: Drive) and the CD Drive (D:).
My computer also lets the user access My Documents and other files.
Whenever any external drive is attached to the computer, the user can directly access that drive from My Computer menu. "