the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In an interview in the February 1974 copy of Michigan Alumnus, Wistert said about Ford: "He was a real good competitor—a real bulldog type.
Even during a losing year, he was voted team Most Valuable Player by his teammates, because they believed he was someone who could stay and fight even when they lose."
In 1936, he was a member Michigan football coaching staff of Coach Harry Kipke.
Wistert earned varsity letters in baseball three years.
He was chosen as the Most Valuable Player in the Big Ten Conference in 1934.
The 1934 Michiganensian yearbook wrote that the final game of the baseball season was a 4–0 shutout by Wistert against the University of Chicago Maroon.
It wrote, "Wistert, for the Wolves, allowed only five well- hits during the game.
Although Whitey Wistert walked four men, he more than off-set this by striking out nine of the Maroons to face him."
Wistert also allowed, as the pitcher, Ohio State four hits in a game.
Wistert, still being a minor league baseball player, played for a short while in Major League Baseball, playing in three games for the Cincinnati Reds between September 11, 1934 and September 25, 1934.
In two times he pitched, Wistert let only one run in eight innings, for a career earned run average of 1.13.
Though, in the three times he batted, he went did not hit the ball, so he struck out twice.
Although he only played for a short while in Major League Baseball, Wistert played five years of professional baseball.
Fellow 1933 Michigan Wolverines football All-American, Ted Petoskey also debuted for the Reds in September 1934.
Wistert became part of the College Football Hall of Fame in 1967, one year before his brother Albert did so.
In 1981, he was named to the University of Michigan Hall of Honor in the fourth class of Hall of Fame joiners with his brothers.
Only five other Michigan football players earned this honor before him.
Non-athletic
Wistert became a New York lawyer after he retired from sports.
He went on to become a vice president of an industrial relations in Toledo, Ohio.
He was United States Navy lieutenant in World War II.
Whitey Wistert at baseball-reference.com
Whitey Wistert at baseball-almanac.com
College Football Hall of Fame Bio
Top 100 Michigan Football players
Brest is a town in France.
It is in the Finistère department and the Brittany region.
Its population in 1999 was around 150,000.
Even if it is by far the largest town in Finistère it is not the prefecture (Quimper is).
Cádiz, Spain  (1986)
Constanţa, Romania  (1993)
Denver, Colorado, United States  (1956)
Dún Laoghaire, Ireland  (1984)
Kiel, Germany  (1964)
Plymouth, United Kingdom  (1963)
Saponé, Burkina Faso  (1989)
Taranto, Italy  (1964)
Yokosuka, Japan  (1970)
1959-1973 : Georges Lombard.
1973-1977 : Eugène Berest.
1977-1982 : Francis Le Blé.
1982-1983 : Pierre Maille.
1983-1985 : Jacques Berthelot.
1985-1989 : Georges Kerbrat.
1989-2001 : Pierre Maille again.
2001- : François Cuillandre.
City of Brest
St John's Innovation Centre (SJIC) is a famous company which helps small companies to grow.
It is in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England.
It was started in 1987 in St John’s College, Cambridge, near the Cambridge Science Park.
SJIC at Cambridge Network
News on BBC
Some info at The World Bank
SJIC’ pictures
Companies of England
1987 establishments in England
St John's College is a college of the University of Cambridge.
It was started by Lady Margaret Beaufort in 1511.
It is geographically one of the largest colleges of the University of Cambridge, and the third largest in terms of its membership.
It is the second richest of all the Oxbridge colleges.
The college is also known for its famous choir.
St Johns College on Google maps
Choir of St John's College webcasts
A history of St John's choir school and choristers
St John's College JCR Website
Colleges of the University of Cambridge
The Cambridge Science Park is a group of science and technology-related businesses started by Trinity College, Cambridge in 1970.
It is the oldest science park in the United Kingdom.
It has many science and technology related businesses, and has strong links with the nearby University of Cambridge.
The Lauterpacht Centre for International Law (LCIL) at the Faculty of Law, Cambridge, England, was founded in 1985 by Sir Elihu Lauterpacht under the name The Research Centre for International Law.
It was renamed in 1997 “to honour the achievements of his father Sir Hersch Lauterpacht and himself”.
The purpose of the centre is to "promote international law by a combination of individual and group research”.
The centre is currently directed by Professor James Crawford SC, FBA.
On the Cambridge Graduate Studies Prospectus
Sir Hersch Lauterpacht (16 August 1897 in Zółkiew, Austria-Hungary (nowadays Schowkwa in Ukraine) – 8 May 1960 in London) was an Austrian-born British jurist of Jewish descent.
He was a legal scholar, specialized in international law and a philosopher of law, and also a judge and a lawyer.
Lauterpacht was born in Austrian Galicia, which became Polish after World War I. He studied in Lemberg and in Vienna.
During this time he was the first president of the World Federation of Jewish Students.
He moved to the United Kingdom in 1923, where he studied at the London School of Economics.
He became a British citizen in 1931.
Lauterpacht was a member of the United Nations' International Law Commission from 1952 to 1954, and a Judge of the International Court of Justice from 1955 to 1960.
The Lauterpacht Centre for International Law at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom is named after him.
His son Elihu Lauterpacht started the center and was its first director.
Hersch Lauterpacht.
1897–1960.
Arnold Duncan McNair.
Oxford University Press, London 1962
Sir Hersch Lauterpacht 1897-1960
Judge Schwebel's Memories About Sir Hersch
Tributes from Hans Kelsen and Lord McNair to Sir Hersch Lauterpacht
Jurists
The College Football Hall of Fame is a hall of fame and museum for college football.
It is in downtown Atlanta, GA in the United States.
Inductees
Solid mechanics is the branch of mechanics, physics, and mathematics that concerns itself with how solid matter under external actions works  (such as external forces, temperature changes, applied displacements, etc.).
It is part of a larger study known as continuum mechanics.
One of the most common practical applications of solid mechanics is the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation.
The Chicago Police Department, also known as Chicago P.D. and the CPD, is the main law enforcement agency of the City of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States, under the jurisdiction of the city mayor.
It is the largest police department in the Midwest and the second largest in the United States after the New York City Police Department with over 13,600 sworn officers and over 2,600 other employees.
Dating back to 1837, the Chicago Police Department is one of the oldest modern police forces in the world.
Law enforcement agencies of the United States
1855 establishments in Illinois
Lady Margaret Beaufort (May 31, 1443 – June 29, 1509), of the House of Lancaster, was the mother of King Henry VII of England, and grandmother of Henry VIII.
She was an important figure in the Wars of the Roses.
Lady Margaret Hall, a college of the University of Oxford, is named after her.
A short profile of Margaret alongside other influential women of her time
Margaret Beaufort's patronage of theatre and/or music
The school that was established in honour of Lady Margaret Beaufort's will
The Chicago Tribune Silver Football is awarded by the Chicago Tribune to the college football player chosen to be the Most Valuable Player of the Big Ten Conference.
Official page from the Chicago Tribune
A science park is a property designed and used for supporting high tech, science, or research related businesses.
Science parks are found all over the world, but they mostly exist in developed countries.
Over 140 are found in North America alone.
UK Science Park Association
International Association of Science Parks
Oxbridge is a word that is used to mean the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge in England.
It used to mean a fictional mix of the two universities, but now refers to both in real life.
They are the two oldest universities in England; both were started more than 800 years ago.
They were the only universities in England until the 19th century.
Between them they have produced a large number of Britain's most well known scientists, writers, and politicians, as well as famous people in many other jobs.
Also, they both share a similar college system, as each university is made up of separate colleges.
The Oxbridge boat race
The Varsity Match
Nîmes is a commune.
It is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Languedoc-Roussillon region.
Nîmes dates back to Ancient Rome.
Nîmes was an important Roman town.
Many sites have been discovered, including:
The temple of Diane
The Maison Carrée
The Nîmes amphitheatre, the best-preserved in France.
Preston, United Kingdom, since 1955.
Verona, Italy, since 1960.
Braunschweig, Germany, since 1962.
Prague, Czech Republic, since 1967.
Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany, since 1976.
Salamanca, Spain, since 1979.
Rishon LeZion, Israel, since 1986.
Meknes, Morocco, since 2005.
A Lieutenant is an officers rank in the military, police and fire departments.
It is an entry level supervisory position.
The word comes from the French language.
Lieu means "place" and tenant means "holding".
A lieutenant is someone who takes the place of a superior when that person is not available.
It can also mean a deputy position to assist someone else to carry out their job.
In many military organizations, a lieutenant is an entry level commissioned officer's rank.
Generally, but not always, it is divided into two levels.
A second lieutanant (2LT) (2ndLt) (2d Lt) (O1) is the lower rank of lieutanant.
A second lieutenant is addressed as "lieutenant" the same as a first lieutenant.
In the United States Army, for example, a second lieutenant leads a platoon made up of two or more squads or about 16 to 44 soldiers.
In this capacity he or she functions as a platoon leader or commander.
The length of time an officer can hold the rank of second lieutenant is different in different services.
For example, in the British Army it may be held for up to 2 years.
A first lieutenant (1LT) (1stLt) (1st Lt) (O2) is the senior rank of lieutenant.
A first lieutenant is also addressed as "lieutenant".
In the army, a first lieutenant often functions as the executive officer of a Company (military unit).
A company may have from 110 to 140 personnel.
In the British Army, an officer may hold this rank for up to three years.
There is great variation in the insignia used worldwide.
In most English-speaking and Arabic-speaking countries, as well as a number of European and South American nations, full lieutenants (and equivalents) usually wear two stars (pips) and second lieutenants (and equivalents) one.
An example of an exception is the United States, whose armed forces distinguish their lieutenant ranks with one silver bar for first lieutenant and one gold (brass) bar for second lieutenant.
In many Navies including the United States Navy, a lieutenant is the equivalent rank to an army captain and a lieutenant (junior grade) is the same as an army first lieutenant.
The equivalent to a second lieutenant is the naval rank of ensign.
British Army Officer Ranks; YouTube
All US Military Ranks; YouTube
On Being: A 2nd Lieutenant; YouTube
Trinity College is a college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England.
Trinity has more students than any other college in Cambridge or Oxford.
It is also the wealthiest Oxbridge college.
It owns the O2 Arena.
It is one of the three royal colleges.
Trinity College was formed by King Henry VIII in 1564 when two colleges merged together.
These two colleges were Michaelhouse, which had been formed by Hervey de Stanton in 1324, and King's Hall, which had been formed by King Edward II in 1317 and formed again in 1337 by King Edward III.
Trinity College's Wren Library is the biggest library at Cambridge.
It has around 300,000 books and is open to the public.
The story of Trinity, "The Independent" 14 July 2009 p. 10
Trinity College, Cambridge official website
Trinity College, Cambridge students' union (TCSU) website
Trinity B.A. Society
Trinity College May Ball website
Undergraduates' Perspective of Trinity
Trinity College on Google maps
Trinity College Isaac Newton Trust
1546 establishments in England
Albert Alexander "Ox" Wistert (December 28, 1920 – March 5, 2016) was a former All-Pro American football player.
He played college football at the University of Michigan with the Wolverines.
He played in the National Football League for the Phil-Pitt Steagles in 1943 and the Philadelphia Eagles from 1944 to 1951.
He is named on the Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll.
He has his college jersey #11 retired at the University of Michigan and his NFL jersey #70 retired by the Philadelphia Eagles.
Outside of football he has become a successful life insurance salesman which he had for 40 years.
He was married to his wife Ellie for 61 years before her death and he has three daughters and three grandchildren.
Wistert died on March 5, 2016 in Grants Pass, Oregon.
He was aged 95.
American football offensive tackles
Alvin "Moose" Wistert (June 26, 1916 – October 3, 2005) was an American Football player.
The Detroit News is one of the two major newspapers in the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan.
Janusz “John” Kowalik (born 26 March, 1944 in Nowy Sącz) was a Polish football striker.
A veteran (from the Latin word vetus, meaning old) is a person who has a long experience in something.
The term is most often used to describe people who were in the armed forces, especially those who had to fight in a war.
Veterans associations
At the end of the American Revolution Army and Navy Officers formed the Society of the Cincinnati.
After the US Civil War Veterans from the opposing sides formed their own associations:
Military Order of the Loyal Legion
Grand Army of the Republic
Confederate:
United Confederate Veterans
After the Spanish-American War of 1898 Veterans formed an associations which still exists, called the Veterans of Foreign Wars.
After World War I veterans formed the American Legion
AMVETS - American Veterans organization, also "American Veterans of WW2 and Korea", and later Vietnam
DAV - Disabled American Veterans organization-for veterans who were disabled by their military service
Marine Corps League - United States Marine veterans organization
Veterans organizations are also made up of different branches of the armed services - such as the Army; Navy, USMC or USAF or by units such as ships or divisions or regiments
Besançon is a city in France.
It was the capital of the former Free County (Franche-Comté) region.
It is the prefecture of the Doubs department.
Its population is around 117,600 (2008).
Besançon is an old city.
It is discovered in 58 BC and Julius Caesar writes about it in his book Commentarii de Bello Gallico where it is called Vesontio.
The etymology (origin of the word) is not certain.
It could have a Celtic origin.
The Celtic word wes means mountain.
In the 4th century, the letter B became V. The city name changed to Besontio or Bisontion.
It became Besançon in 1243.
In 1871 the city is going through a revolutionary period, known as Besançon Commune.
The city has a Renaissance citadel.
It was later used by the Nazis during World War II.
Besançon has an oceanic climate and a continental climate.
The average temperature is 10.2 °C (50 °F).
The warmest month of the year is July (18.9 °C or 66 °F) and the coldest month is January (1.6 °C or 35 °F).
Besançon receives about 1108 mm (44 inches) of precipitation per year.
The wettest month is May (111.4 mm or 4.4 in); the driest is July (80.5 mm or 3.2 in).
The highest temperature ever, recorded on 31 July 1983, was 38.8 °C (101.8 °F), and the lowest was a −20.7 °C (−5.3 °F) reached on 1 January 1985.
Besançon Cathedral
Éducation
Tver, Russia
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
Huddersfield – Kirklees, United Kingdom
Bistriţa, Romania
Pavia, Italy
Hadera, Israel
Douroula, Burkina Faso
Man, Côte d'Ivoire
Charlottesville – Virginia, United States
The Hunter Valley is an area of New South Wales, Australia.
The Hunter River flows through the valley.
The Hunter Valley is one of the largest river valleys on the NSW coast.
It is known for its wineries and coal mines.
It is about  to  and less than 2 hours drive from north of Sydney, Australia.
About 590,000 people live in the valley.
More than half of the people live in the coastal cities of Newcastle and Lake Macquarie.
There are also other towns and villages across the valley.
There are 11 Local Government Areas that look after the area.
These eleven LGAs are:
Cessnock City Council
Dungog Shire Council
Gloucester Shire Council
Great Lakes Council
Lake Macquarie City Council
Maitland City Council
Muswellbrook Shire Council
Newcastle City Council
Port Stephens Council
Singleton Shire Council
Upper Hunter Shire Council
Regions of New South Wales
Wine regions of Australia
Mulhouse is a commune in Alsace in north-eastern France, in the Haut-Rhin department, of which it is a subprefecture.
It is in the Grand Est region.
The commune is in the historical and cultural region of Alsace, close to the Swiss and German borders.
The upper town developed from the 18th century on.
The lower town used to be the quarter of merchants and craftsmen.
It developed around the Place de la Réunion (which commemorates its reunion with France).
Nowadays this area is for pedestrians.
Mulhouse is in the southern part of the plain of Alsace in the Haut-Rhin department.
Two rivers run through Mulhouse, the Doller and the Ill, both tributaries of the Rhine.
Strasbourg, the regional capital - ;
The commune of Mulhouse is surrounded by the communes Riedisheim, Rixheim, Morschwiller-le-Bas and Pfastatt.
The area around Mulhouse, at an altitude of about , is characterized by climates with few extremes of temperature.
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Strasbourg is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Mulhouse is .
The average temperature for the year in Mulhouse is .
The inhabitants of Mulhouse are known, in French, as Mulhousiens (women: Mulhousiennes).
With a population of 111,167, Mulhouse has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Mulhouse forms, together with 19 other communes, the urban area of Mulhouse with a population of 246,693 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .
This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Mulhouse, formed by 60 communes with a population of 285,603 inhabitants and an area of .
Mulhouse is a subprefecture of the Haut-Rhin department since 1857.
It is the capital of the Mulhouse arrondissement and is also the administrative centre () of 3 cantons:
Mulhouse-1, formed with a part of Mulhouse, with 40,752 inhabitants (2014).
Mulhouse-2, formed with a part of Mulhouse, with 42,558 inhabitants (2014).
Mulhouse-3, formed with a part of Mulhouse and the commune Illzach, with 42,305 inhabitants (2014).
It is part of the intercommunality Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération.
Walsall, England, since 1953
Antwerp, Belgium, since 1956
Kassel, Germany, since 1965
Bergamo, Italy, since 1989
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
Chemnitz, Germany, since 1990
Giv'atayim, Israel, since 1991
Timişoara, Romania, since 1991 (Coopération décentralisée)
Arkhangelsk, Russia, since 1992
El Khroub, Algeria, since 1999 (Coopération décentralisée)
Sofara, Mali, since 2003 (Coopération décentralisée)
Ville de Mulhouse - Official site
Official website of the Tourist Office of Mulhouse and its region
Boulogne-Billancourt (often called Boulogne or Boulbi) is a town in the western suburbs of Paris in France.
Boulogne-Billancourt is a sub-prefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine département.
It is in the Île-de-France region.
Its population is around 106,000.
Its land area is 6.17 km².
Its population density is 17,877/km².
Boulogne-Billancourt is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe.
Several major communication companies headquarters are in Boulbi.
The hospital Ambroise-Paré Hospital is in the city and one campus of the École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers.
Communes in Hauts-de-Seine
Perpignan () is a city in the south of France.
It is also a commune and the capital of the Pyrénées-Orientales department.
Perpignan was the capital of the old province and county of Roussillon (Rosselló in Catalan) and continental capital of the Kingdom of Majorca in the 13th and 14th centuries.
Perpignan was named, from 2001, as a City of Art and History () by the French Ministry of Culture and Communication.
Perpignan is mentioned in a document from 927 as Villa Perpinianum.
Later, there are other, but similar, names:
Villa Perpiniano (959)
Pirpinianum (11th century)
Perpiniani (1176)
Perpenyà (13th century); this form was the most common until the 15th century and was used even during the 17th century.
In Catalan, the regional language of the Pyrénées-Orientales, the name of the city is .
The medieval town of Perpignan seems to have been founded around the beginning of the 10th century (first mentioned in a document as villa Perpinianum in 927).
Soon Perpignan became the capital of the County of Roussillon.
The last Count of Rossillon, Girard II, gave his lands in 1172 to the King of Aragón and Count of Barcelona.
Perpignan was made a partly self-governing commune in 1197.
The French king Louis IX gave the Roussillon to the Kingdom of Aragón by the Treaty of Corbeil (1258).
Kingdom of Majorca
When James I the Conqueror, king of Aragon and count of Barcelona, founded in 1229 the Kingdom of Majorca, Perpignan became the capital of the territory on the mainland.
This continued from 1278 to 1344.
The Castle of the Kings of Majorca () was built during this period.
The different parts of the kingdom were the Balearic Islands, Northern Catalonia (Roussillon and Cerdagne) and the coastal area of Montpellier.
This period is considered the golden age in the history of the city.
Perpignan became an important center of cloth industry, leather and goldsmiths' and other crafts.
Principality of Catalonia
In 1344 Peter IV of Aragon took the Kingdom of Majorca and Perpignan once more became part of the County of Barcelona.
A few years later Perpignan lost approximately half of its population to the Black Death.
Perpignan was attacked and occupied by Louis XI of France in 1463, but in 1493 Charles VIII of France gave it back to Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Again Perpignan was taken by the French during the Thirty Years' War in September 1642.
Perpignan was finally given by Spain to France, and from then on it is part of France.
The coat of arms of Perpignan shows, as is the case in other cities in the region, the patron saint of the city.
Here St John the Baptist is represented in front of the Catalan colours (yellow and red) with a lamb and a Christian cross in his hands, and walking above water.
Perpignan is at the centre of Roussillon, an old province organized around an agricultural plain.
The city is at approximately  from the Mediterranean Sea and about  from the Pyrenees mountain range.
Perpignan is in the valley of the Têt river, in the Roussillon plain which is bordered to the south by the Pyrenees, to the west by the region of Corbières and to the east by the Mediterranean Sea.
The old city is on the right side of the Têt river, where the small river La Basse joins the Têt.
The cities of Pia and Cabestany are now part of Perpignan, while Bompas, Saleilles, Canohès, Toulouges, Le Soler, Baho, Saint-Estève and Rivesaltes are all close to the city limits.
Nearest cities are Narbonne to the north (65 km), Montpellier towards the northeast (150 km), Barcelona to the south (190 km) and Toulouse to the northwest (200 km).
The distance to Paris is .
The climate of Perpignan is a warm Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters and dry summers and warm.
The average temperature for the year in Perpignan is 15.6 °C (60.0 °F).
The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of 23.9 °C (75.0 °F).
The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 8.3 °C (47.0 °F).
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Perpignan is .
The men of Perpignan are called perpignanais (women, perpignanaises); in Catalan, perpinyanès for a man and perpinyanesa for a woman.
With a population in 2014 of 120,605, Perpignan has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Perpignan forms with 66 communes the urban area of Perpignan with a population of 313,861 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
The centre of this urban area is the metropolitan area of Perpignan, formed by 15 communes with a population of 197,715 inhabitants and an area of .
Perpignan is the prefecture of the Pyrénées-Orientales department since 1790.
It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Perpignan and the administrative centre () of six cantons:
Perpignan-1 : part of Perpignan, with 28,922 inhabitants  (2014)
Perpignan-2 : 3 communes (Bompas, Sainte-Marie, Villelongue-de-la-Salanque) + part of Perpignan, with 29,798 inhabitants (2014)
Perpignan-3 : 1 commune (Cabestany) + part of Perpignan, with 25,633 inhabitants (2014)
Perpignan-4 : part of Perpignan, with 23,862 inhabitants  (2014)
Perpignan-5 : 1 commune (Canohès) + part of Perpignan, with 25,119 inhabitants (2014)
Perpignan-6 : 1 commune (Toulouges) + part of Perpignan, with 23,969 inhabitants (2014)
It is part of the intercommunality Perpignan Méditerranée ().
Hanover, Germany, from 1960
Lancaster, United Kingdom, from 1962
Lake Charles, United States, from 1991
Sarasota, United States, from 1994
Tyre, Lebanon, from 1997
Ma'alot-Tarshiha, Israel, from 1998
Tavira, Portugal, from 2001
Girona, Spain, from 1988
Barcelona, Spain, from 1994
Figueres, Spain, from 1996
Lleida, Spain, from 2005
Traditional commerce is in wine and olive oil, corks (the cork oak Quercus suber grows in Perpignan's mild climate), wool and leather, and iron.
History of Perpignan
Perpignan Tourist Office
Museum guide
Unofficial guide to Perpignan Airport
Companie Transports – Public Bus System
Communes in Pyrénées-Orientales
Murrurundi is a small country town in the Upper Hunter Valley of New South Wales.
Murrurundi is  by road from Newcastle and  km from Sydney.
In 2006 there were 2162 people (ABS 2006) living in Murrurundi.
The town is circled by mountains of the Liverpool Range.
It is on the Pages River, which flows into the Hunter River.
The name Murrurundi is from an Aboriginal word meaning "Five fingers".
This is the name given to a group of rocks at the north end of the town.
The first people to live in the Murrurundi area were the Australian aboriginal people, the Wanaruah and the Kamilaroi.
European settlement of the area began in the 1820s.
Benjamin Hall, the father of bushranger Ben Hall started a cattle farm in the area in 1839.
The town was started by the New South Wales government in 1840.
In the same year, a local land owner - Thomas Haydon - started his own town called Haydonton.
Benjamin Hall opened a butcher's shop in Haydonton in 1842.
Ben Hall lived here until the age of 13.
In 1913, the two towns were joined together to make the modern-day town of Murrurundi.
Kerosene shale was first mined at Mount Temi,  north of Murrurundi in 1886.
The mine was reopened in 1910.
The shale was moved  from the mine on a rope system known as an aerial ropeway.
It was then loaded onto trains at a railway built at Temple Court, just west of Murrurundi.
The mine closed in the First World War.
Every year there is a rodeo and the King of the Ranges stockman (cowboy) contest.
Other sports played in the town include rugby, touch football, swimming, and cricket.
Murrurundi railway station is on the Main North railway line,  from Sydney.
The station opened in 1872.
There is a large brick station-house, a passing loop and goods yard.
Roubaix is a city in the Nord department, in the Hauts-de-France region, in north France.
About 94,000 live there at about 7,119 people per square kilometer.
It is near the cities Lille and Tourcoing.
There is a metro and tram line between Roubaix and these places.
Roubaix is near the Belgian border.
The city is well known for its cycling race Paris-Roubaix which is over 259.5 km and includes almost 50 km of cobblestone sections.
Bradford, United Kingdom, since 1969
Mönchengladbach, Germany, since 1969
Verviers, Belgium, since 1969
Skopje, North Macedonia, since 1973
Prato, Italy, since 1981
Sosnowiec, Poland, since 1993
Covilhã, Portugal, since 2000
Bouïra, Algeria, since 2003
Pau is a commune in southwestern France, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
It is the prefecture (capital) of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department.
It is also the capital of 6 cantons in the department: Jurançon, Pau-Centre, Pau-Est, Pau-Nord, Pau-Ouest and Pau-Sud.
Pau is the second city of Aquitaine, after Bordeaux.
Pau was also the capital of the old historical province of Béarn.
Pau is at about  from Bordeaux and from Toulouse, on a 200 m elevation overlooking the valley of a mountain river called the Gave de Pau, and at  from the Atlantic Ocean and at  from the Pyrenees.
Pau is surrounded by the communes Buros, Montardon, Morlaàs, Bizanos, Idron, Gelos, Jurançon,Lons and Billère.
The climate of Pau is Marine West Coast Climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers.
The average temperature for the year in Pau is 13.5 °C (56.3 °F).
The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of 20.7 °C (69.3 °F).
The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 6.6 °C (43.9 °F).
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Pau is .
With a population of 77,575, Pau has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The inhabitants of Pau are known, in French, as Paulois (women: Pauloises).
Pau is the prefecture of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department since 1796.
Pau-1, formed with a part of Pau
Pau-2, formed with a part of Pau and the commune Idron
Pau-3, formed with a part of Pau and the communes of Bizanos and Mazères-Lezons
Pau-4, formed with a part of Pau and the commune Gelos
Ville de Pau - Official site
General Council of Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Région Aquitaine
Grand Pau
Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
John Dunn (14 December 1846 – 19 March 1866) was an Australian bushranger.
He was only 17 years old when he joined up with Ben Hall and John Gilbert and became a member of their gang.
He was born at Murrumburrah near Yass, New South Wales.
His parents were Michael Dunn and Margaret Kelly.
Dunn was only a small youth and worked as a jockey.
He had robbed a Chinese gold miner and been in trouble with the police.
Ben Hall's gang
Dunn was a member of the gang when they tried to rob the mail coach near Jugiong on 16 November 1864.
Gilbert shot dead Sergeant Parry during the robbery.
The government already had offered reward money for the capture of the Gilbert and Hall; they now offered £500 for John Dunn.
The bushrangers spent Christmas, 1864, with Dunn's parents at Murrumburrah.
After visiting Dunn's grandfather, John Kelly, near Binalong they rode to Binda on Boxing Day, 26 December.
Gilbert and Dunn spent the night dancing at the Flag Hotel.
Hall stood at the door and stopped people from going to get the police.
On 26 January 1865, Hall, Gilbert and  Dunn were at Collector, south of Goulburn.
While Hall and Gilbert were robbing the hotel, John Dunn stayed outside to watch for the police.
Most of the police were out in the bush searching for the bushrangers.
Policeman, Constable Samuel Nelson, was told the bushrangers were at the hotel.
He told his wife he would "have to do his best".
As he walked up to the hotel Dunn shot him in the side of the body, and then fired two shots into his face.
Nelson was the father of nine children.
One of the children saw the shooting.
The bushrangers stole Nelson's gun, and his personal belongings and then left the town.
During the next three months, the gang continued to rob from farmhouses and mail coaches.
In May 1865, Hall, Gilbert, and Dunn were made "outlaws"; they could be killed by anyone at anytime.
Hall was found by the police in the bush near Forbes, New South Wales and shot dead.
A week later, Gilbert was shot by the police at the home of John Kelly, Dunn's grandfather, near Binalong, on 13 May.
Dunn was able to escape, although he was shot in the foot.
Dunn's Grandfather had told the police where the bushrangers were so that he could get the reward money.
Dunn went into hiding near Quambone Station (a farm) but another friend told the police where he was living.
Dunn was shot and badly hurt when the police went to capture him on 26 December 1865.
A policeman, McHale, was shot in the groin.
Even though he was hurt, he climbed out of the police station window but was soon caught again.
He was taken to Sydney to be tried in court.
On 19 January 1866, he was found guilty of killing Nelson and sentenced to death.
He was hanged on 19 March 1865 at the Darlinghurst Gaol.
He was only 19 years old.
He is buried in the old Devonshire Street cemetery in Sydney.
1866 deaths
Gianfranco Zola OBE (born 5 July 1966) is an Italian former football player, who is now the manager of West Ham United.
As a footballer he played for Napoli, Parma, Chelsea and Cagliari He was renowned for his technique, skill and dribbling.
In total, he played in 632 league games and scored 184 goals in his career.
He became manager of West Ham on 11 September 2008, replacing Alan Curbishley, after he stopped working as Italy Under-21's manager.
|1984/85||rowspan="2"|Nuorese||Serie C2||4||0
|1985/86||||27||10
|1986/87||rowspan="3"|Sassari Torres||Serie C2||30||8
|1987/88||rowspan="2"|Serie C1||24||2
|1988/89||34||11
|1989/90||rowspan="4"|Napoli||rowspan="4"|Serie A||18||2
|1990/91||20||6
|1991/92||34||12
|1992/93||33||12
|1993/94||rowspan="4"|Parma||rowspan="4"|Serie A||33||18
|1994/95||32||19
|1995/96||29||10
|1996/97||8||2
|1996/97||rowspan="7"|Chelsea||rowspan="7"|Premier League||23||8
|1997/98||27||8
|1998/99||37||13
|1999/00||33||4
|2000/01||36||9
|2001/02||35||3
|2002/03||38||14
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Cagliari||Serie B||43||13
|2004/05||Serie A||31||9
|1995||8||6
|1996||8||0
|1997||9||3
Total||35||9
People from Sardinia
Asnières-sur-Seine is a town in France near Paris.
It is in the region Île-de-France and the department Hauts-de-Seine.
About 76,000 people live there.
It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe (its density is 17,178/km²).
Asnières-sur-Seine used to just be called Asnières.
The name Asnières was first mentionned in 1158 as Asnerias, from Medieval Latin asinaria, meaning "donkey farm".
The soil of Asnières was poor, where heather grew in Medieval times, was probably only good enough for breeding donkeys.
L'Oréal - cosmetics
Lesieur
Louis Vuitton - luxury products
Fort-de-France is the capital of the French Caribbean oversees department of Martinique.
It is one of the major cities in the Caribbean.
Martinique exports sugar, rum, tinned fruit, and cacao from the port in Fort-de-France.
Belém, Brazil
Communes in Martinique
Bell was born in Santa Ana, California in 1986.
In December 2005, he was badly hurt in a car accident in Los Angeles.
He was in the car with a friend.
A truck went through a red light and hit Bell's car, a 1966 Ford Mustang.
The steering wheel of Bell's car was made of wood and metal.
Because the seatbelts of the car were only around the waist and there were no airbags, he hit his face against the steering wheel.
This caused a broken neck, six dislodged teeth, a broken jaw and a deep cut across his chin.
Bell had plastic surgery to fix his face.
In 2018, he married Janet Von Schmeling.
Bell started to act when he was 5 years old.
At the age of 8, he wrote his first song.
When he was 9, he played "Jesse Ramo" in the movie Jerry Maguire.
In 1999, he started to act in The Amanda Show with Amanda Bynes.
He played Drake Parker on the television series Drake & Josh.
In 2008, Bell played in the movies Superhero Movie and Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh.
Bell learned to play guitar when he was 13.
In September 2005, he started to sell his first album, Telegraph.
In December 2006, he started to sell his second album, Its Only Time.
His third album was released in 2014.
Some songs of his new album appeared, including "Saturday Night", "All alone at the Disco", "Sea Song", "C.C.Rider", "To Hip gotta go", "Little Miss Prissy" and "Jingle Bells".
Bell has made comments that have upset a lot of people.
He made a negative comment when Caitlyn Jenner appeared on the cover of Vanity Fair.
He deleted the comment soon after he posted it but it was still seen by many readers.
In an interview with Buzzfeed he made comments against stars such as Justin Bieber, Lady Gaga and Ariana Grande.
He got into still another controversy with a Justin Bieber fan wishing him death.
On June 4, 2021, Bell was arrested in Cleveland, Ohio, on charges relating to "attempted endangering [of] children and disseminating matter harmful to juveniles."
Bell had sent a minor "inappropriate social media messages" for "months.
On June 23, Bell plead guilty to both charges.
On July 12, 2021, Bell's victim made a public appearance and statement accusing him of sexually assaulting her while she was underage.
Bell was sentenced to two years of probation and 200 hours of community service.
Saffron () (Persian: زَعْفَرَان) is a spice made from the stigma of the flower of the saffron plant.
The spice is used in cooking as a seasoning and as a food colouring.
It is native to Southwest Asia.
It is the world's most costly spice, and has been for a long time.
Saffron has a bitter taste and smells like hay.
This smell is caused by the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal.
Saffron also contains a dye, crocin, that gives food a rich golden colour.
Saffron is a part of many foods from around the world, and is also used in medicine.
The word saffron comes from the 12th century Old French word , which comes from the Latin word .
is also related to the Italian  and Spanish .
Safranum comes from the Arabic word  (), which means "yellow".
The cultivated saffron (saffron crocus C. sativus) flowers in the autumn and comes up every year, so it is known as a perennial plant.
It does not grow wild, and is now a triploid form of the eastern Mediterranean plant called Crocus cartwrightianus.
It is thought that C. cartwrightianus came from Crete.
The saffron crocus resulted when C. cartwrightianus was subjected to a lot of artificial selection by growers who wanted plants with longer stigmas.
It can not reproduce because the saffron crocus's purple flowers do not produce useful seeds.
This means that reproduction needs human help.
The corms (underground bulb-like starch-storing organs) must be dug up, broken apart, and planted again.
A corm lives for only one season, reproducing by splitting into up to ten "cormlets" that will grow into new plants.
The corms are small brown balls up to  in diameter and are covered in thick parallel fibres.
After a period in summer known as "aestivation", some narrow green leaves come up from the ground.
These can grow to up to  in length.
The number of leaves is between five and eleven.
In autumn, purple buds appear.
In October, after most other flowering plants have released their seeds, the saffron grows its brightly-coloured flowers, which are coloured from light to dark purple.
At the time of flowering, the plant is usually less than  in height.
Inside each flower are three prongs, called the "style".
Each prong has a crimson "stigma" of between 25 and 30 mm in length at the end of it.
The saffron crocus grows best in climates like that of the Mediterranean maquis or the North American chaparral, where hot, dry summer winds blow across the land.
However, saffron can live through temperatures as cold as , and short periods of snow.
Saffron needs no extra water if it grows in a wet place like Kashmir, where there is usually 1000–1500 mm of rain each year.
It is also important for the rain to fall at the right time of year: there should be a lot of rain in the spring and little in the summer.
Rainfall just before flowering also makes the plant give more saffron.
Rainy or cold weather during flowering can cause disease, so the plant gives less saffron.
Other things that can make the plant give less saffron are: the weather being damp or hot for a long time; rabbits, rats, and birds, digging in the ground near the plant; parasites such as the roundworm; fungus and corm rot.
Saffron plants grow best in strong and direct sunlight.
Planting is best done in fields that slope towards the sunlight (i.e. south-sloping in the Northern Hemisphere), giving the crocuses' more sunlight.
In the Northern Hemisphere, planting is mostly done in June, with corms planted some 7–15 cm deep.
Growers have found that planting corms  deep and in rows spaced 2–3 cm apart makes more threads, whereas planting depths of 8–10 cm makes more flowers and corms.
Saffron crocuses grow best in crumbly, moist and well-drained clay soils with high organic content.
They are often planted in raised beds, to help with drainage.
Farmers often use 20–30 tonnes of manure per hectare on the plants before plating the corms The buds do not start to grow until early autumn, then in the middle of autumn the plants begin to flower.
Picking the flowers must be done quickly: they flower at dawn, but curl up and die during the day.
The flowers of the saffron crocuses only last for one or two weeks.
From 150 flowers, the farmer can get about 1 g of dry saffron threads.
To produce 12 g of dried saffron (72 g freshly harvested) would take about 1 kg of flowers (1 lb for 0.2 oz of dried saffron).
It can be worked out from this that one freshly picked flower makes 0.03 g of fresh saffron, or 0.007 g of dried saffron.
The history of saffron growing reaches back more than 3,000 years.
The wild plant from which the saffron crocus came was called Crocus cartwrightianus.
Humans began choosing wild plants that had long "stigmas".
Gradually, a form of C. cartwrightianus, C. sativus, came into being in the late Bronze Age Crete.
Experts believe that the first document to mention saffron is a 7th century BC Assyrian book about botany which was written in the time of Ashurbanipal.
There is evidence for the use of saffron in the treatment of about 90 illnesses during the past 4,000 years.
The Minoans had pictures of saffron in their palaces as long ago as 1500–1600 BC, showing how it could be used as a medicine.
Later, Greek legends told of sea voyages to Cilicia, where adventurers hoped to find the world's most valuable saffron.
Another legend tells how someone named Crocus was bewitched and transformed into the original saffron crocus.
Ancient Mediterranean peoples–including perfumers in Egypt, physicians in Gaza, townspeople in Rhodes, and the Greek hetaerae courtesans–used saffron in their perfumes, ointments, potpourris, mascaras, divine offerings, and medical treatments.
In late Hellenistic Egypt, Cleopatra used saffron in her baths to make her feel good.
Egyptian healers used saffron as a treatment for all types of gastrointestinal ailments.
Saffron was also used as a fabric dye in such Levant cities as Sidon and Tyre.
Aulus Cornelius Celsus prescribes saffron in medicines for wounds, cough, colic, and scabies, and in the mithridatium.
Such was the Romans' love of saffron that Roman colonists took their saffron with them when they settled in southern Gaul, where it was extensively cultivated until Rome's fall.
Competing theories state that saffron only returned to France with 8th century AD Moors or with the Avignon papacy in the 14th century AD.
Paints made from saffron were being used for drawing 50,000 years ago.
These have been found in the country that is today called Iraq.
Later, people called the Sumerians used wild-growing saffron in their medicines and magical potions.
Traders carried saffron for long distances before the 2nd millennium BC.
Ancient Persians were growing their own type of saffron (Crocus sativus 'Hausknechtii') in Derbena, Isfahan, and Khorasan by the 10th century BC.
Sometimes saffron threads were woven into textiles,.
They were given as offerings to the gods and used in dyes, perfumes, medicines, and body washes.
Saffron threads were also scattered across beds and mixed into hot tea as a way of curing sad feelings.
Other people were afraid that the Persians would use saffron as a drug and aphrodisiac.
During his Asian campaigns, Alexander the Great used Persian saffron in his tea, rice, and baths to help heal his battle wounds.
Alexander's troops copied their leader's actions and brought the habit of saffron-bathing back to Greece.
No one knows how saffron arrived in South Asia.
Traditional Kashmiri and Chinese accounts date its arrival anywhere between 900–2500 years ago.
Historians studying ancient Persian records date the arrival to sometime before 500 BC, saying it was either Persian transplantation of saffron corms to stock new gardens and parks or a Persian invasion and colonization of Kashmir.
Phoenicians then sold Kashmiri saffron as a dye and a treatment for melancholy.
From there, saffron use in foods and dyes spread throughout South Asia.
For example, Buddhist monks in India started wearing saffron-coloured robes after the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama's death.
However, the robes were not dyed with costly saffron but turmeric, a less expensive dye, or jackfruit.
Some historians believe that saffron first came to China with Mongol invaders by way of Persia.
On the other hand, saffron is mentioned in ancient Chinese medical texts, including the forty-volume Shennong Bencaojing (神農本草經—"Shennong's Great Herbal", also known as Pen Ts'ao or Pun Tsao) pharmacopoeia, a tome dating from 200–300 BC.
Traditionally attributed to the legendary Yan ("Fire") Emperor (炎帝) Shennong, it documents 252 phytochemical-based medical treatments for various disorders.
Yet around the 3rd century AD, the Chinese were referring to saffron as having a Kashmiri provenance.
For example, Wan Zhen, a Chinese medical expert, reported that "[t]he habitat of saffron is in Kashmir, where people grow it principally to offer it to the Buddha."
Wan also reflected on how saffron was used in his time: "The [saffron crocus] flower withers after a few days, and then the saffron is obtained.
It can be used to aromatise wine."
In Europe, saffron cultivation declined steeply following the Roman Empire's fall.
Saffron was reintroduced when the Islamic civilization "Al-Andalus" spread to Spain, France, and Italy.
During the 14th century Black Death, there was a huge increase in demand for saffron-based medicine.
Much saffron had to be imported by Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes.
The theft of one such shipment by noblemen started the 14 week long "Saffron War".
The conflict and resulting fear of rampant saffron piracy spurred significant saffron cultivation in Basel, which grew prosperous.
Cultivation and trade then spread to Nuremberg, where epidemic levels of saffron adulteration brought on the Safranschou code.
Under this law under saffron adulterers were fined, imprisoned, and executed.
Soon after, saffron cultivation spread throughout England, especially Norfolk and Suffolk.
The Essex town of Saffron Walden, named for its new specialty crop, became England's main saffron growing and trading center.
However, an influx of more exotic spices such as chocolate, coffee, tea, and vanilla from newly contacted Eastern and overseas countries caused European cultivation and usage of saffron to decline.
Only in southern France, Italy, and Spain, did significant cultivation continue.
Europeans brought saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church left Europe with a trunk containing saffron corms; indeed, many Schwenkfelders had widely grown saffron in Europe.
By 1730, the Pennsylvania Dutch were growing saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania.
Spanish colonies in the Caribbean bought large amounts of this new American saffron, and high demand ensured that saffron's list price on the Philadelphia commodities exchange was set equal to that of gold.
The trade with the Caribbean later collapsed in the aftermath of the War of 1812, when many saffron-transporting merchant vessels were destroyed.
Yet the Pennsylvania Dutch continued to grow lesser amounts of saffron for local trade and use in their cakes, noodles, and chicken or trout dishes.
American saffron cultivation survived into modern times mainly in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
Trade and use