the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Several antisemitic beliefs in the book are developed.
Special care is taken to portray Marxism as something very bad which had been a Jewish creation.
The concept of nationally oriented socialism (Nationalsozialismus, that's where the Allied word Nazi (National Sozialistishe) comes from as they did not call themselves Nazi's).
A war should be a war of races, not one of the different classes of society against each other.
From this conflict, sympathy from German class could be amassed.
The political system of the Soviet Union referred to as Bolshevism should be split into parts.
This should be done through what is called a war of the races (Rassenkrieg in German).
According to the book there is not enough space for the German People to live.
Winning such a race war would give the people (of "Aryan" blood) more space to live (Lebensraum), in the east. (
At the time the book was written Germany was roughly the size of Texas).
Germany should not fight a war on two fronts.
Resultingly, England would be a good strategic partner in a war to come.
Parliamentary or Democratic governments should be replaced with a state where a single leader makes decisions.
This was believed to be more in the interest of the people.
The structure of the NSDAP, as outlined in the second volume is developed.
Some autobiographic stories, and a history of the NSDAP, both till 1924.
1925 books
Computer graphics are visual representations of data, made with the help of computer.
Computer graphics can be a series of images (video or animation) or a single image.
Computer graphics are very useful.
Computer-generated imagery is used for movie making, video games, computer program development, photo editing, scientific modeling, design for advertising and more.
Some people see computer graphics as art.
Areas of computer graphics
Computer graphics can be 2D or 3D. They are made differently and used differently.
People can use computer programs to make different types of graphics.
2D graphics
Vector graphics use lines, shapes and text to create a more complex image.
If a vector graphic image is made very big on the monitor, it will still look as good (smooth) as its regular size.
This is one of the reasons vector graphics are liked so much.
Vector images also take very little computer memory when saved.
Vector graphics are made with programs like Adobe Illustrator and Inkscape, and were used for some older computer games.
Today, they are often used for when computer graphics have to be printed out.
Examples of vector graphics
Raster images are made up of very small points called pixels.
Digital cameras create raster pictures but artists can make them with computers too.
The artists don't have to change a single pixel at a time –⁠ raster programs often have tools like paintbrushes, paint buckets and erasers to make a picture.
Programs used to make these include Adobe Photoshop, GIMP and Corel Paint Shop Pro.
Sometimes people do use only pixels to make an image.
This is called pixel art and it has a very unique style.
Examples of raster graphics
3D graphics are graphics that look more realistic because they are three-dimensional.
This means the computer thinks it has a height, a length and a depth, and displays them as we would see them in the real world with our eyes.
Among other things they use solid geometry and trigonometry to create correct perspective.
Some programs used to make 3D graphics are Bryce, 3D Studio Max, Maya and Blender.
3D graphics are used many times in movies and TV shows and video games.
Most of 3D graphics can be seen as vector graphics because it uses mathematical shapes like 3D triangles to describe objects.
But there also exists 3D graphics that uses a grid of "3D pixels" which we call voxels.
Examples of 3D graphics
FC Bayern Munich, also known as FC Bayern München, () is a German football club.
The club was founded in 1900 and has over 200,000 paying members.
It has won the most titles in the Bundesliga and in the German Cup.
The football team is playing in the Allianz Arena.
The team also has the most supporters in all of Germany.
Bayern Munich won its first national title in 1932.
This was the last season before the Nazi Regime took over the power.
Bayern Munich was blamed to be a 'Club of Jews', the president, Kurt Landauer, was forced to flee and several players were punished.
After the war ended, erroneously the local rival 1860 München was considered to be better and let into the first German league.
But in the first season 1963, Bayern Munich won most of its games, ascended into the first league and still plays there without any descend.
Bayern Munich won the UEFA Champions League in 2001 and in 2013.
2013 also was the year of the victory of the historic treble - an achievement no other German club ever gained before.
German Champions/Bundesliga
Winners: (31) 1932, 1968–69, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21 (record)
Winners: (20) 1956–57, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2018–19, 2019–20 (record)
DFB/DFL-Supercup
Winners: 1987, 1990, 2010, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020 (record)
DFL-Ligapokal
Winners: 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2007 (record)
UEFA Champions League / European Cup
Winners: 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76, 2000–01, 2012–13, 2019–20
UEFA Europa League / UEFA Cup
Winners: 1995–96
UEFA/European Cup Winners' Cup
Winners: 1966–67
UEFA/European Super Cup
Winners: 2013, 2020
Winners: 1976, 2001
Trebles
Bayern Munich is the only European team to have completed all available Trebles (continental treble, domestic treble and European treble).
Continental treble (Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal, UEFA Champions League)
2012–13, 2019–20
European treble (UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, European Cup, UEFA Cup)
1966–67 European Cup Winners' Cup, 1973–74 European Cup, 1995–96 UEFA Cup
Domestic treble (Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal, DFL-Ligapokal)
The football competitions, which consist of a single match involving only two teams (for example, the UEFA Super Cup or DFL Supercup) are generally not counted as part of a treble.
12 – "The twelfth man", dedication to fans
Notable past players
At his farewell game, Oliver Kahn was declared honorary captain of Bayern Munich.
The players below are part of the FC Bayern Munich Hall of Fame.
Conrad Heidkamp (DF)
Franz Beckenbauer (DF)
Gerd Müller (FW)
Uli Hoeneß (FW)
Paul Breitner (MF)
Sepp Maier (GK)
Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck (DF)
Franz Roth (MF)
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (FW)
Klaus Augenthaler (DF)
Lothar Matthäus (MF/DF)
Stefan Effenberg (MF)
Oliver Kahn (GK)
Mehmet Scholl (MF)
Bixente Lizarazu (DF)
Giovane Élber (FW)
Philipp Lahm (DF)
Bastian Schweinsteiger (MF)
Famous players of the club
Fan-site
Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Sport in Munich
1900 establishments in Germany
Marine (military), a type of soldier
The Cape of Good Hope is a place near the far south end of Africa, where the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean meet.
It is a well known area for ships that pass in the sea between southern Africa and Antarctica.
It is in the Western Cape Province of South Africa and forms part of the Table Mountain National Reserve.
The first person from Europe to see it was the Portuguese man Bartolomeu Dias.
He saw it in 1488 and named it the "Cape of Storms".
An old map of Cape of Good Hope from 1842
Geography of South Africa
Hand washing is the process of cleaning hands with water and soap or other special liquids.
It is done to take off dirt, germs, and poisons.
Germs and poisons cause diseases and other health problems.
Germs are bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Some diseases are not stopped by antibiotic drugs.
Hand washing prevents lots of new diseases.
Not washing hands before cooking or touching food is risky.
When hands are washed
After using the toilet, urinate, or defecate.
After touching an animal or pet, such as a dog, cat, or turtle.
Before and after touching or helping a sick person.
Before making or cooking food.
After touching uncooked meat, fish, or poultry (bird meat).
Some uncooked foods carry diseases.
Before eating so as to prevent contamination of food from germs.
After blowing one's nose/or sneezing into his/her hand.
Use soap and warm (running, if available) water.
Wet hands and add soap.
Rub wet hands strongly with soap outside running water more than 10 seconds.
Rub all parts of the hands again and again.
Clean all dirt under fingernails.
Then rub hands under running water again and again to take off all soap.
Dry hands using a clean cloth or paper.
Use moisturizing lotion so hands do not dry if the hands are being washed many times every day.
Families & Parents
Train a boy or girl to wash his or her hands every time before eating and after using the toilet, urinating, or defecating.
Wash hands after taking off dirty clothes, pants or diapers from a baby.
Request medical workers, doctors, and nurses to wash their hands before touching a boy or girl.
Medical hand washing
For a medical worker, doctor, or nurse, not washing hands before touching every new person is dangerous.
Use more than enough soap and water and rub each part of the hands again and again.
Rub between each finger.
Use a brush and clean under fingernails.
Use more water to take off the soap and dry hands paper towel.
To scrub the hands for a surgery, water that can  be turned on and off without touching with the hands is needed, a cleaning liquid named "chlorhexidine" or "iodine wash", sterile cloth for drying the hands after washing, a sterile brush for hard washing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails.
Take off all watches, rings, and other jewels from the hands before washing.
Wash the hands  and arms to the elbows again and again.
Be strong and serious about the washing.
Use running water again and again to take off all soap.
Keep hands up so water does not go from arms to hands.
Dry the hands with the sterile cloth and put on surgical shirt or dress.
Sterile means nothing on it that could cause a disease.
3000 word report - Comprehensive overview Importance of handwashing
official website of Global Handwashing Day celebrated on October 15
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945) was the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.
He served 12 years as president, dying shortly after beginning his 4th term, the longest ever spent in office.
After his death, the 22nd Amendment came into effect, limiting how long a person could be President.
Before becoming President, he was Governor of New York from 1929 to 1932, Assistant United States Secretary of the Navy from 1913 to 1920 and a state senator from the state of New York.
His father James Roosevelt I and his mother Sara Delano were from rich old New York families that made money from slavery.
The Roosevelts were originally Dutch, and the Delanos were originally French.
Franklin was their only child.
His father's grandmother, Mary Rebecca Aspinwall, was a first cousin of Elizabeth Monroe, wife of the fifth U.S. President, James Monroe.
One of his ancestors was John Lothropp, also an ancestor of Benedict Arnold and Joseph Smith, Jr. One of his distant relatives from his mother's side is the author Laura Ingalls Wilder.
His maternal grandfather Warren Delano II, a descendant of Mayflower passengers Richard Warren, Isaac Allerton, Degory Priest, and Francis Cooke, during a period of twelve years in China made more than a million dollars in the tea trade in Macau, Canton, and Hong Kong, but upon coming back to the United States, he lost it all in the Panic of 1857.
In 1860, he came back to China and made a fortune in the notorious but highly profitable opium trade supplying opium-based medication to the U. S. War Department during the American Civil War.
He is a 5th cousin and a nephew-in-law of another United States President Theodore Roosevelt.
His 5th cousin, once removed was Eleanor Roosevelt, who was also his wife.
Roosevelt once had an affair with his wife's secretary and later avoided seeing her to protect his political career.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882 in the Hudson Valley town of Hyde Park, New York.
When Roosevelt was five years old his father took him to visit President Grover Cleveland.
The president said to him: "My little man, I am making a strange wish for you.
It is that you may never be President of the United States."
Roosevelt became the longest-serving president in American history.
Roosevelt was the Assistant of the United States Secretary of the Navy under Woodrow Wilson.
He was nominated the vice presidential candidate under James M. Cox in 1920.
Cox and Roosevelt lost to Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge.
In 1921, Roosevelt got sick with poliomyelitis, a disease that paralyzes people.
He never walked again, but Roosevelt remained physically fit, becoming an avid swimmer.
Roosevelt became a champion of medical research and treatment for crippling illnesses, but kept his illness as hidden as much as possible from the public, fearing discrimination.
His disability did not limit his political career; Roosevelt was elected the Governor of New York in 1928.
His wife, Eleanor Roosevelt helped his career by traveling and meeting people when Roosevelt could not.
She became famous as his eyes and ears, meeting thousands of ordinary people and bringing their concerns to Roosevelt.
Presidency, 1933–45
He started a series of popular programs known as the New Deal to fight against the Great Depression.
The New Deal gave people jobs building roads, bridges, dams, parks, schools, and other public services.
Also, it created Social Security, made banks insure their customers, gave direct aid to the needy, and made many regulations to the economy.
Because of this, he was re-elected in a large victory in 1936 and continued the New Deal.
The United States did not fully recover from the Great Depression until it entered World War II.
In 1939, Roosevelt became the first President of the United States to appear on television.
Roosevelt was elected a third term in 1940.
He gave weapons and money to the Allies fighting in World War II as a part of the Lend-Lease program at this time, but the United States was still technically neutral in the war.
On December 7, 1941, Japan launched its attack on the Pearl Harbor military base in Hawaii.
On December 8, the United States Congress declared war on the Empire of Japan.
It was formulated an hour after the famous Infamy Speech by Roosevelt.
After the declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States.
This brought the United States fully into World War II.
The military used a draft to get people to fight the war, but many people in Puerto Rico, a colony of the United States, did not want to fight because they felt the U.S. was treating them badly by occupying the island.
The U.S. forced them to fight and to help pay for war supplies anyway.
Roosevelt also signed an order allowing Japanese Americans to be sent to internment camps against their will.
While still president, he died on April 12, 1945.
Vice President Harry Truman became president.
World War II continued for almost four more months, but Allied victory was already assured.
FDR's White House biography
Lawyers from New York
Disease-related deaths in Georgia (U.S. state)
Governors of New York
Roosevelt family
Venezuela is a country in northern South America.
Its official name is República Bolivariana de Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela).
The official language is Spanish, and the capital is Caracas.
The country has a wide range of geography including islands in the Caribbean Sea, coastal areas, highlands, and parts of the Andes Mountains.
Venezuela is famous for being the home of Angel Falls, the world's tallest waterfall, in the Bolivar state.
Venezuela produces a large amount of oil every year, and it has one of the largest oil supplies in the world.
The country has a very large supply of fossil fuels, gasoline, and minerals.
Venezuela's economy is based on oil, cotton, cocoa, sugar, coffee, and tobacco.
Some other languages spoken in Venezuela are Carib, Guahibo, Warao, Wayuu, Pemon, and Piaroa.
Most people are Roman Catholic at 96%, and a small minority is Protestant at 2%.
People and History
Ancient Venezuelans came from the east, west, south, and north.
Christopher Columbus was the first European to enter Venezuela, but there were already people living there for a long time.
The Spaniards first conquered Venezuela.
Slaves were brought from Africa.
Venezuela's inhabitants are very racially mixed.
This comes from the colonial period.
When whites (the British, Spaniards, French, etc.)
conquered America's territory, they took their black African slaves to America to work.
During Venezuela's colonial time, black people did not have any rights.
They just worked for food.
The native people were taught Roman Catholicism.
For a long time, society was headed by white creoles, people in Venezuela that were descended from Spaniards but considered Venezuela home.
The other Venezuelan people did not like that, and they started thinking about independence.
On July 24, 1823, Venezuela won its independence, led by Simón Bolívar.
Venezuela's modern history was shaped by a number of people, including President Romulo Betancourt, who replaced a military dictatorship with a democracy.
By the 1970s, Venezuela had become rich off of oil revenue, but it had problems in the 1980s and 1990s.
In 1999 Hugo Chávez became president and tried to remake Venezuela as a socialist state.
While popular at first, the economic changes Chavez and the next president, Maduro, passed caused a massive economic depression in the mid 2010s.
The current president is disputed.
The population of Venezuela is about 28,000,000 people.
The ethnic groups of the population are:
65%: multiracial.
21%: European.
10%: African.
3%: Amerindian.
1845 establishments
1840s establishments in South America
Saudi Arabia  officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , is a country in Western Asia including most of the Arabian Peninsula.
The land area is approximately , so Saudi Arabia is geographically the 5th-largest state in Asia and 2nd-largest state in the Arab world after Algeria.
Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south.
It is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba.
It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast, and most of its land is dry and barren.
Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Arabs and Islam  and sometimes called "the Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.
Arabic is the exclusive official language in Saudi Arabia.
Sunni Islam is the state religion.
The practice of non-Islamic religions  is forbidden in public but not in private.
The Hanbali school of faith has a big influence, and the ultra-conservative Wahhabism religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called "the predominant feature of Saudi culture".
Saudi Arabia is the largest state in western Asia by land area (most of the Arabian Peninsula) and the second-largest in the Arab World.
It has an estimated population of 27 million, of which 8.8 million are registered foreign expatriates and an estimated 1.5 million are illegal immigrants.
Saudi nationals comprise an estimated 16 million people.
Saudi Arabia has the world's largest petroleum reserves and is the world's largest oil exporter.
Oil accounts for more than 90% of exports and nearly 75% of government revenues, facilitating the creation of a welfare state.
However, human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have expressed concern about the state of human rights in Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Arabia has cities that are important to the Muslim religion.
Many Muslims from around the world visit Mecca in Saudi Arabia to make a pilgrimage.
The pilgrimage is one of the "pillars of Islam".
Other big cities are Riyadh, Jeddah and Dammam.
The pilgrimage is called hajj in the Arabic language.
Somebody who makes a pilgrimage to Mecca is called a hajj in the Arabic language.
People who are not Muslim are not allowed to enter Mecca.
The area of modern-day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd, and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al-Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir).
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud.
He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud.
The country has since been an absolute monarchy,  governed along Islamic lines.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud (known for most of his career as Ibn Saud) in 1932.
The conquests which eventually led to the creation of the Kingdom began in 1902 when he captured Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud.
The Saudi Arabian government, which is an absolute monarchy, refers to its system of government as being Islamic.
It has a strong basis in  Wahhabism, a minority school of thought in Islam.
The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Masjid al-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.
Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy.
However, according to the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia adopted by royal decree in 1992, the king must comply with Sharia (Islamic law) and the Quran, while the Quran and the Sunnah (the traditions of Muhammad) are declared to be the country's constitution.
The primary source of law is the Islamic Sharia derived from the teachings of the Qur'an and the Sunnah (the traditions of the Prophet).
Saudi Arabia is unique among modern Muslim states in that Sharia is not codified and there is no system of judicial precedent, giving judges the power to use independent legal reasoning to make a decision.
Saudi judges tend to follow the principles of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence (or fiqh) found in pre-modern texts and noted for its literalist interpretation of the Qur'an and hadith.
Because the judge is empowered to disregard previous judgments (either his own or of other judges) and may apply his personal interpretation of Sharia to any particular case, divergent judgements arise even in apparently identical cases, making predictability of legal interpretation difficult.
The Sharia court system constitutes the basic judiciary of Saudi Arabia and its judges (qadi) and lawyers form part of the ulema, the country's Islamic scholars.
Royal decrees are the other main source of law; but are referred to as regulations rather than laws because they are subordinate to the Sharia.
Royal decrees supplement Sharia in areas such as labor, commercial and corporate law.
Additionally, traditional tribal law and custom remain significant.
Extra-Sharia government tribunals usually handle disputes relating to specific royal decrees.
Final appeal from both Sharia courts and government tribunals is to the King and all courts and tribunals follow Sharia rules of evidence and procedure.
A hijab is a traditional Islamic norm whereby women are required "to draw their outer garments around them (when they go out or are among men)" and dress in a modest manner.
Saudi Arabia is different from many Islamic societies in the extent of the covering that it considers Islamically correct hijab (everything except the hands and eyes) and the fact that covering is enforced by Mutaween or religious police.
Among unrelated men, women must cover the parts of the body that are awrah (private).
In much of Islam, a women's face is not considered awrah.
In Saudi Arabia and some other Arab states, all of the body is considered awrah except the hands and eyes.
Accordingly, most women are expected to wear the hijab (head covering), a full black cloak called an abaya, and a face-veil called niqab.
Many historians and Islamic scholars argue that the Quran was interpreted to require the veil as part of adapting it to tribal  traditions.
Saudi Arabia is home to the largest mass of sand on earth, known as the Rub-al Khali desert (Rub-al Khali means "empty quarter").
The temperature is very hot.
There are almost no rivers or lakes in the country.
There are many wadis.
The countries of Yemen and Oman are south of Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Arabia is west of Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq, and Jordan.
All of these countries, except Jordan and Iraq, make the Arabian Peninsula.
Animal life includes wolves, hyenas, mongooses, baboons, hares, sand rats, and jerboas.
There used to be many larger animals such as gazelles, oryx, and leopards.
By the 1950s hunting from motor vehicles made these animals almost extinct.
Birds include falcons (which are caught and trained for hunting), eagles, hawks, vultures, sand grouse and bulbuls.
There are several species of snakes, many of which are venomous, and numerous types of lizards.
There is a wide variety of marine life in the Persian Gulf.
Domesticated animals include camels, sheep, goats, donkeys, and chickens.
Because it is mostly a desert Saudi Arabia’s plant life is mostly small herbs and shrubs that need little water.
There are a few small areas of grass and trees in southern Asir.
The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is widespread.
Saudi Arabia is divided into 13 provinces.
The provinces are divided into 118 governorates.
Saudi Arabia official government website
Saudi TV channels (live streams)
Saudi Arabia profile from the BBC News
Saudi Arabia -Citizendium
Colombia (; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a tropical equatorial country in northern South America.
It is in the northwest part of the continent, and it has an area of 1,141,748 km² (440,839 sq mi).
The countries that have borders on the continent with Colombia are: Venezuela (east), Brazil (southeast), Peru (south), Ecuador (southwest) and Panama (west).
The countries that have borders with Colombia on the sea are: Nicaragua, Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and Dominican Republic.
More than 50 million people live in Colombia.
It is the third most populated country in Latin America after Mexico and Brazil.
The capital of Colombia is Bogotá.
The second city is Medellín, a large industrial center.
The third largest city is Cali, home to many multinational companies.
The most important city of the country on the Caribbean coast is Barranquilla.
It was also the first national port.
Cartagena de Indias has a great Spanish wall from the 17th Century and an old town with 500-year-old buildings.
After these cities comes Bucaramanga, a large city near the Venezuelan border, and the center of the textile industry in Colombia.
The word "Colombia" is named after Christopher Columbus, the explorer who began the European colonization of the Americas.
In 1819, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama declared independence from Spain, and formed a country called "Gran Colombia".
Venezuela and Ecuador separated in 1830.
Panama continued to be part of Colombia until 1903, at which point it proclaimed independence.
The official language is Spanish, but there are many languages spoken by minorities and official in theirs jurisdiction.
Before the Spanish
The land where Colombia now stands has been home to people for more than 20,000 years.
The first people had many groups, cultures, and languages.
There are many tools, caves, and things of those peoples.
In Colombia, the peoples were similar to those of Asia, because scientists say that the first people came to America from Siberia or southeast Asia more than 50,000 years ago.
The peoples of Colombia were called Arawak, Caribe, and Chibcha, but there were many other groups.
The most famous were the Muiscas.
legend of El Dorado comes from the Muiscas.
The king of the Muiscas used to bathe in Lake Guatavita and he used a lot of gold for his bath.
The Spanish heard about this, and the people told them that there was a great golden city somewhere.
They started to look for El Dorado.
The International Airport of Bogotá is called El Dorado International Airport, because the legend was born in Colombia.
The descendants of the first peoples of Colombia live integrated with others.
Some groups live in the forest, but many live in the countryside and in the cities.
The Spanish, led by Christopher Columbus, first came to the Americas in 1492.
Columbus saw the coasts of Venezuela, Colombia and Panama and he gave them his own name.
But Alonso de Ojeda was the first colonist to explore the area of the Gulf of Darién.
After that, the Spanish founded the first European cities on the American continent: Santa Marta in 1525 and Cartagena de Indias in 1533.
It was from Colombia that the Spanish conquered the Incas of Peru.
Spain would enslave the indigenous peoples who were already living there, but they also used the port they built at Cartagena to bring many black slaves from Africa into the area.
The Spanish captured many, many people from Africa and forced them to work on plantations and ranches, in mines, and as personal servants.
While this was happening, they founded the city of Popayán in 1536 and they conquered the Confederation of the Muiscas.
In Bacatá, the capital of the Muiscas, the Spanish founded the city of Santa Fe in 1538.
In 1550 the Spanish declared the territory as a colony and its capital was Santa Fe de Bogotá, but in the first decades it depended on Peru.
Soon after, it was declared a Viceroyalty.
On November 11, 1810, the city of Cartagena de Indias declared its independence from Spain.
The whole region would fight a war to become independent, led by people like Antonio Nariño and Simón Bolívar.
Nariño was one of the most important leaders in the war for the independence of Colombia.
He was a politician, journalist and soldier.
Bolivar was another important leader, and he was a president and a colonel.
Bolivar had promised Alexandre Pétion, the president of Haiti, that he would abolish slavery during his independence war.
But he only agreed because he was afraid the slaves would revolt against the slaveowners, like they did in Haiti, and only freed slaves if they agreed to fight in his army.
He never freed all the slaves, and slavery was not abolished in Colombia until 1851.
The geography of Colombia has six main natural regions.
Each has its own unique characteristics.
The Andes mountain region shares borders with Ecuador and Venezuela.
The Pacific Coast region shares borders with Panama and Ecuador.
The Caribbean coastal region shares borders with Venezuela and Panama.
The Llanos (plains) shares a border with Venezuela.
The Amazon Rainforest region shares a border with Venezuela, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador.
The insular region includes all the islands of the country.
The main rivers of Colombia are Magdalena, Cauca, Guaviare, Atrato, Meta, Putumayo and Caquetá.
Colombia has four main drainage systems: the Pacific drain, the Caribbean drain, the Orinoco Basin and the Amazon Basin.
Most of the population lives in the Andes region.
But the plains make over half the land.
Only about 6% of the people live in the plains.
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range includes the country's tallest peaks (Pico Cristóbal Colón and Pico Simón Bolívar).
Colombia's temperature changes with the altitude, and the temperature is different by region.
The regions around the Andes are colder than the coast, which is lower.
Because of the many altitudes, Colombia has many different fruits, vegetables and kinds of animals.
It has many valleys, beaches, plains, mountains and forests like the Amazon rainforest.
The top of some of the mountains in Colombia are so cold that people can ski over the equator.
The lower mountains have warmer climates.
The sea shores are cooled by ocean breezes.
At sea level near the equator it is hot.
Rivers are important as waterways in the land for shipping things.
One of the most important rivers in Colombia is the Magdalena-Cauca.
The Magdelena River divides the eastern and center mountains.
It makes a fertile valley.
The Cauca River divides the center mountain range and the western ridge, making another great valley.
The Cauca is really a part of the Magdalena.
However, the two do not meet until a few miles before the Magdalena goes into the Caribbean Sea.
Colombia is a megadiverse country.
This means the country is home to a majority of Earth's species.
There are also a high number of endemic species.
Colombia has 1,900 species of bird, more than any other country.
There are about 2,000 species of marine fish.
It is the second most diverse country in freshwater fish.
As for plants, the country has between 40,000 and 45,000 species.
Colombia is second in the number of amphibian species and is the third most diverse country in reptiles.
There are about 2,900 species of mollusks and about 300,000 species of invertebrates.
In May 2006, President Álvaro Uribe was re-elected.
His term lasted until 2010.
Uribe was the first President in Colombia to win a second election in over 100 years.
In August 2010, Juan Manuel Santos became Colombia's president.
Santos won the election on June 20 by a landslide.
He promised to "preside over a government of national unity that will bring social prosperity for all Colombians"
Eight years later, conservative Senator Iván Duque Márquez was elected president and soon became the nation's latest president.
He won the election by 2 million votes against his rival liberal Senator Gustavo Petro.
Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital district.
The capital district is treated as a department.
Departments are divided into municipalities.
Municipalities are divided into corregimientos.
Each department has a local government with a governor and assembly directly elected to four-year terms.
Each municipality is headed by a mayor and council.
Each corregimiento by an elected corregidor, or local leader.
The population of Colombia was approximately 47 million as of 2016.
48% Mestizo
23% Mulatto
20% White
6% Black
2% Amerindian
1% Zambo
There are several guerilla groups in Colombia, the FARC being the most powerful, a guerilla group responsible for kidnappings, murders, attacks, and drug-dealing.
Drug dealing is a problem the government has been trying to fight.
This creates violence in the cities.
With Operation: Jaque, Ingrid Betancourt, three Americans, and 11 soldiers were rescued from the FARC.
Most parts of Colombia are modern and the country has many roads.
All major Colombian cities have airports and there are many ports on both oceans (Pacific and Atlantic).
Because Colombia is a huge country and there are many mountains, airports are very important in the country.
There are some regions like the Amazon Forest and Dariend, where the most important way of transportation is by the rivers.
Roads: The Pan American Highway in South America begins in Colombia.
You can go as far as Tierra de Fuego in Chile using that road.
Most of the Colombian cities are connected by road in Colombia.
The most important roads are the Bogotá-Medellín Highway, the Bogotá-Cali Highway, the Bogotá-Cucuta Highway, the Bogotá-Barranquilla Highway and many others connecting big cities like Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla and Cartagena de Indias with other important centers.
You can go by road from Bogotá to Caracas, Venezuela and Quito, Ecuador.
The major cities have bus stations.
Airports: They are very important in Colombia and all the main cities have their own airports.
The El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá is the most important.
The Palmaseca International Airport in Cali is the second most important.
Other important airports are the ones of Medellín, Barranquilla, San Andrés and Cartagena de Indias.
The Colombian airports have international connections with most of the South American capitals, North America and Europe.
The main Colombian airline is Avianca and it is the second oldest world airline and one of the most important in Latin America.
Ports: Colombia has coasts on both oceans - Atlantic and Pacific - and it is one of the first world water reserve because it has many rivers and lakes.
The longest rivers are the Amazon, Magdalena, Cauca, and the Atrato.
The main ports on the Atlantic coast are Barranquilla, which was the first Colombian port, Cartagena de Indias and Santa Marta.
There are other ones like Rioacha and Turbo.
The ports on the Pacific coast are Buenaventura and Tumaco.
The port of the San Andres Island is also one of the most important for the country in the Caribbean and Antillean Sea.
The city of Leticia is a very important river port on the Amazon river.
Train: The National Train was very important to Colombia during the 20th century, but it was forgotten when roads and airports were developed.
Today the railways in Colombia are used more for tour visits, and they are not modern.
Transportation in the cities: The major Colombian cities have a very good system of transportation.
There are public buses that connect the suburbs to the center of the cities.
There are many taxi companies in Colombia.
There are also very modern urban transports in the main cities like Transmilenio in Bogotá, the Metro in Medellín, and similar proposals in Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena de Indias and many others that are being developed.
Bogotá is the second largest capital city of South America after Buenos Aires and the third largest city after Buenos Aires and São Paulo.
It is also one of the highest capital cities of the world, 2640 meters above sea level.
It has a very active cultural, political, industrial and commercial life.
Bogotá also has many international meetings, seminars, NGOs, organizations, universities, telecommunication centers and conventions.
It is in the Andes.
Many famous Colombians come from Bogotá like Rafael Pombo, José Asunción Silva and Juan Pablo Montoya.
Medellín is the second largest city of Colombia.
At the end of the 20th Century it was known as the "most violent city of the world" because it was the hometown of Pablo Escobar, the leader of the Colombian Mafia.
Now Medellín is safer and has become a very beautiful city.
It is a very important industrial center, the first commercial area of the country and a leader in health care and medicine.
Many foreigners come to Medellín for health services.
It is in the Andes and it is known as the "City of the Eternal Spring" because it has nice weather.
Many famous Colombians come from Medellín like the singer Juanes, the soccer player René Higuita, the artist Fernando Botero and many others.
Cali is the third largest city.
It is very famous for its plantations of sugar cane.
Cali is known as the "World Capital of Salsa".
In Cali there are many skillful salsa dancers and very important Salsa groups.
Cali is also a very modern city.
It is an industrial city and its airport is the second in Colombia.
Near Cali is the port city of Buenaventura in the Pacific Ocean.
Cali is in a valley of the Andes.
The name of the Valley is Cauca because it is crossed by the Cauca River.
Barranquilla is the fourth largest city and it was the first city in Colombia on the Caribbean Sea.
Barranquilla is famous for its trade and international connections because it has a big port.
The Colombian singer Shakira is from Barranquilla.
Cartagena de Indias is the most important tourist center in Colombia on the Caribbean Sea.
It is also a very beautiful city.
Many tourist come to visit the city.
Bucaramanga is near the Colombian border with Venezuela.
This city is a great destination for travelers due to its Spanish history and its technological & urban development; it is a very popular city.
Eje Cafetero (Coffee Growing Axis) is the name of the region where coffee is grown in Colombia.
There are three important cities: Pereira, Manizales and Armenia.
Colombia has made many advances in medicine.
Many foreigners come to the country to get health services, such as organ transplants or plastic surgery.
Doctor Manuel Elkin Patarroyo of Colombia discovered a medicine against malaria.
He donated his discovery to be used in Africa and Latin America.
He did not want to make business of it, instead he wanted to use it to help people.
Colombia is known for its coffee, coal, and emeralds.
It is also the biggest supplier of plantains to the United States.
There are a few armed conflicts in Colombia.
Most rebel groups finance their operations with the trade of illegal drugs (mostly cocaine).
RODAS-LMASO
1810 establishments
1810s establishments in South America
Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603–1659) was a Dutch sea explorer.
He found Tasmania and New Zealand while on voyages in 1642 and 1644, in the service of the VOC (Dutch East India Company).
He also made the first historical sightings of large parts of Australia.
He was born in Groningen, Holland.
He went to Batavia (now called Jakarta) to work for the VOC in 1633.
He went back to Holland in 1636.
He went back to Batavia with his wife, Jannetie Tjaerss, two years later.
He went north to Japan in 1640.
In 1642 Tasman went south to Palembang.
Tasmania and New Zealand 1642-4
Tasman set Governor General of the Dutch East Indies.
This man sailed around to the east coast of Van Diemen's Land and claimed the land for the Dutch on December 3, 1642.
The ships then sailed west and found New Zealand.
His ships were attacked by Maori in large war canoes (boats) and four sailors died.
Tasman then sailed north-east to Tonga and Fiji.
He then sailed north west to New Guinea and got back to Batavia in June 1643.
Western Australia 1644
In 1644 Tasman sailed from Batavia with the ships Limmen, Zeemeeuw and Bracq.
He sailed along the west coast of New Guinea, and then the coast of Australia from Cape York to North West Cape.
He went back to Batavia in August 1644.
He showed that Western Australia and Queensland were part of the same country.
He was not able to get through Torres Strait, but his maps were used for the next 200 years.
Tasman made more trips including to Sumatra in 1646, Siam in 1647, and Manila in 1648.
He purchased a lot of land in Batavia where he died in October 1659.
1603 births
1659 deaths
Dutch explorers
Exploration of Australia
People from Groningen (province)
Hard science is science that uses systematic observation, experiments and sometimes mathematics to get knowledge.
In hard science, experiments have to be reproducible (if the experiment is done a second time, it will have to produce the same results as the first time).
Also, in hard sciences there is usually good agreement as to what is known for sure.
This is not true of soft sciences.
Also, in hard science there is a world-view or theory which is widely agreed.
Hard science subjects include the natural sciences, which are about the natural world.
These include physics, chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy, and botany.
Soft science is any of the social sciences, including history, sociology, and political science.
Those sciences are soft because something could be done more than once, and produce a very different result each time.
Also, there are radical disagreements between various schools of thought.
Some aspects of psychology are hard science, especially relating to perception.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer program or a machine to think and learn.
It is also a field of study which tries to make computers "smart".
They work on their own without being encoded with commands.
John McCarthy came up with the name "Artificial Intelligence" in 1955.
In general use, the term "artificial intelligence" means a programme which mimics human cognition.
At least some of the things we associate with other minds, such as learning and problem solving can be done by computers, though not in the same way as we do.
Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define AI as a system’s ability to correctly interpret external data, to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation.
An ideal (perfect) intelligent machine is a flexible agent which perceives its environment and takes actions to maximize its chance of success at some goal or objective.
As machines become increasingly capable, mental faculties once thought to require intelligence are removed from the definition.
For example, optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an example of "artificial intelligence": it is just a routine technology.
At present we use the term AI for successfully understanding human speech, competing at a high level in strategic game systems (such as  Chess and Go), self-driving cars, and interpreting complex data.
Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it continues to progress at its current pace.
An extreme goal of AI research is to create computer programs that can learn, solve problems, and think logically.
In practice, however, most applications have picked on problems which computers can do well.
Searching databases and doing calculations are things computers do better than people.
On the other hand, "perceiving its environment" in any real sense is way beyond present-day computing.
AI involves many different fields like computer science, mathematics, linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy.
Eventually researchers hope to create a "general artificial intelligence" which can solve many problems instead of focusing on just one.
Researchers are also trying to create creative and emotional AI which can possibly empathize or create art.
Many approaches and tools have been tried.
Borrowing from the management literature, Kaplan and Haenlein classify artificial intelligence into three different types of AI systems: analytical, human-inspired, and humanized artificial intelligence.
Analytical AI has only characteristics consistent with cognitive intelligence generating cognitive representation of the world and using learning based on past experience to inform future decisions.
Human-inspired AI has elements from cognitive as well as emotional intelligence, understanding, in addition to cognitive elements, also human emotions considering them in their decision making.
Humanized AI shows characteristics of all types of competencies (i.e., cognitive, emotional, and social intelligence), able to be self-conscious and self-aware in interactions with others.
AI research really started with a conference at Dartmouth College in 1956.
It was a month-long brainstorming session attended by many people with interests in AI.
At the conference they wrote programs that were amazing at the time, beating people at checkers or solving word problems.
The Department of Defense started giving a lot of money to AI research and labs were created all over the world.
Unfortunately, researchers really underestimated just how hard some problems were.
The tools they had used still did not give computers things like emotions or common sense.
Mathematician James Lighthill wrote a report on AI saying that "in no part of the field have discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised".
The U.S and British governments wanted to fund more productive projects.
Funding for AI research was cut, starting an "AI winter" where little research was done.
AI revived again in the 90s and early 2000s with its use in data mining and medical diagnosis.
This was possible because of faster computers and focusing on solving more specific problems.
In 1997, Deep Blue became the first computer program to beat chess world champion Garry Kasparov.
Faster computers, advances in deep learning, and access to more data have made AI popular throughout the world.
In 2011 IBM Watson beat the top two Jeopardy!
players Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings, and in 2016 Google's AlphaGo beat top Go player Lee Sedol 4 out of 5 times.
Expert systems
https://aiscite.blogspot.com/2021/08/what-is-artificial-intelligence-in.html
A computer programmer is a person who makes computer programs using a programming language.
Programmers are also called software developers, coders, or hackers.
A programmer's main jobs are writing program source code, testing if it works, and debugging (fixing) the program if there are problems.
Programmers often use software tools such as text editors and IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) to help them work.
Computer programming is a profession that can be done from a computer anywhere in the world.
This is called telecommuting - doing work on the Internet instead of in an office.
Some programmers are famous because their software is used by many people.