the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Neurosyphilis can also appear later, usually four to 25 years after a person first got syphilis.
(This is called late neurosyphilis.)
Late neurosyphilis can cause many serious problems.
Meningovascular syphilis, which causes seizures
General Paresis: In this brain disease, syphilis causes chronic meningoencephalitis - an infection of both the meninges and the brain which does not go away.
This causes parts of the brain to die.
Because of this, the person gets dementia (which causes problems with the way a person thinks, remembers, acts, and behaves toward other people)
The person also gets tabes dorsalis (which causes problems with balance, and pain in the legs and feet)
Cardiovascular syphilis
This type of tertiary syphilis causes problems with the cardiovascular system (the heart and blood vessels).
It usually happens 10 to 30 years after the person first got infected with syphilis.
The most common problem it causes is syphilitic aortitis, which affects the aorta.
The aorta is the most important artery in the heart; it helps carry blood to the entire body.
Syphilitic aortitis can make the aorta become too big.
If the aorta is too big, it cannot work correctly.
Congenital syphilis
Two out of every three infants born with syphilis have no symptoms.
In the other infants, symptoms can appear as the baby gets older.
The most common symptoms are:
Hepatosplenomegaly (where two important organs, the liver and spleen, are larger than usual)
Swelling in the lungs
If babies with syphilis do not get treated, they can get late congenital syphilis, which has much more serious symptoms.
For example, the child can have seizures, and their body and brain may not grow normally.
Syphilis is caused by the Treponema pallidum bacterium.
Treponema pallidum is a species of bacterium which is shaped like a spiral: a spirochaete.
There are different types of Treponema pallidum bacteria, which are called subspecies.
Scientists think that Treponema pallidum can only live inside humans.
The bacterium cannot survive outside a human for more than a few days.
Transmission: how syphilis is spread
Syphilis is spread mostly by sexual contact or during pregnancy from a mother to her fetus.
Syphilis can pass through undamaged mucous membranes, or through damaged skin.
Because of this, syphilis can be spread through oral sex, vaginal sex, and anal sex.
It can also be spread by kissing, if the person with syphilis has a sore in their mouth.
Only a very small amount of the Treponema pallidum bacterium needs to get into a person's body to cause syphilis.
However, not everybody who is exposed to primary or secondary syphilis will get the disease.
A person can get syphilis if they get a blood transfusion from someone with the disease.
However, many countries test blood donations for syphilis.
In countries that do not do this, getting syphilis from a blood transfusion is much more likely.
It is hard for doctors to diagnose syphilis just from the signs and symptoms that happen early on, because many diseases can cause skin sores and rashes.
Instead, they can diagnose syphilis by doing a blood test, or by looking at the blood under a microscope.
Blood tests are used more often, because they are easier to do.
However, blood tests cannot tell which stage of syphilis a person has.
Safer sex
If a person does not know if their sexual partner has syphilis, having safer sex can help protect them.
For example, using a latex condom the right way lowers the risk of getting a sexually transmitted disease like syphilis.
However, even if a person uses a condom, it is still possible for him to get syphilis.
To be in a long-term relationship with a partner who does not have syphilis;
For both partners to be loyal in their relationship and not have sexual contact with anyone else; and
To avoid using alcohol or other drugs, because they make people more likely to have risky, unsafe sex, which can spread syphilis.
Preventing congenital syphilis
Congenital syphilis in newborn babies can be prevented by testing mothers for syphilis during early pregnancy and treating women who are infected.
By following these steps, in 2015, Cuba became the first country in the world to eradicate the spread of syphilis from Cuban mothers to their babies.
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and the World Health Organization say that all pregnant women should be tested for syphilis.
If a woman tests positive, her sexual partners (the people she has had sex with) should also be treated.
In most developed countries, congenital syphilis is not common.
It still happens once in a while, when women do not get any health care during pregnancy.
However, congenital syphilis is much more common in developing countries.
Many women in these countries do not get healthcare during pregnancy, and others get healthcare that does not include testing for syphilis.
When there are programs that make syphilis testing easier to get, fewer babies get congenital syphilis in these countries.
Preventing syphilis from spreading
If people do certain things, they are more likely to get syphilis.
Medical professionals say that these people should get tested regularly.
For example, the CDC says that men who have sex with men should be tested at least every year.
Getting tested regularly helps prevent syphilis from being spread.
If a person is tested and finds out that they have syphilis, they are more likely to get treatment, and will not accidentally spread syphilis to other people.
Syphilis is a notifiable disease in many places, including Canada, the countries in the European Union, and the United States.
This means that if a healthcare provider (like a doctor or a nurse) knows that a patient has syphilis, the provider has to tell public health authorities that the patient is infected.
Public health workers then talk to all of the patient's sexual partners.
They tell them someone might have given them syphilis, without telling them who that person is.
Doctors might also try to get patients with syphilis to tell their sexual partners to get treatment.
Early infections
Usually, people need just one dose of penicillin G or azithromycin.
If a person cannot take either of these medicines (for example, because they are allergic to them), some other medications work too.
For example, Doxycycline and tetracycline are two other possible choices; however, they cannot be used in pregnant women.
The Treponema pallidum bacterium has become resistant to many different antibiotics, including macrolides, clindamycin, and rifampin.
This means that these antibiotics no longer kill the bacterium.
Late infections
For example, if a person has neurosyphilis, they need antibiotics that will kill the infection in their central nervous system (their brain and major nerves).
However, it is hard for penicillin G to get into the central nervous system.
Because of this, a single shot of penicillin - which will usually cure early syphilis - is not enough to cure neurosyphilis.
Instead, people with neurosyphilis usually need to be given large doses of penicillin for at least 10 days.
Usually, they also need to get the medicine intravenously (through a needle placed into a vein) so it goes more directly to the central nervous system.
If a person is allergic to penicillin, other antibiotics like ceftriaxone, doxycycline, or tetracycline can be used, but they have to be given over longer periods of time.
Once a person has late-stage syphilis, treatment will keep their syphilis from getting any worse.
However, if syphilis has already damaged the person's body, the treatment will not make that damage go away.
At best, treatment can only have a very small effect on the damage that has already happened.
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Sometimes, the treatment for syphilis can cause a side effect called the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.
This reaction usually starts within one hour after treatment begins, and lasts for 24 hours.
Its symptoms include fever, muscle pains, headache, and a fast heart rate.
Antibiotic medication breaks open syphilis bacteria to kill them.
As the bacteria break open, proteins come out of them.
These proteins cause the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.
By 1999, syphilis had infected about 12 million people.
More than 90% of these people lived in the developing world.
Syphilis causes problems in 700,000 to 1.6 million pregnancies every year.
Syphilis can cause a pregnant woman to have a miscarriage, a stillbirth, a premature baby, a baby with congenital syphilis, or a baby that dies before it is a month old.
In sub-Saharan Africa, syphilis causes up to 20% of perinatal deaths (deaths that happen soon after a baby is born).
Syphilis used to be very common, and it caused sickness and death all over the world.
It was especially very common in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries.
During the early 20th century, syphilis quickly became less common in the developed world, because antibiotics were being used more and more.
Syphilis kept becoming less common until the 1980s and 1990s.
Since the year 2000, syphilis is getting more common again in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Europe, mostly among men who have sex with men.
In China and Russia, syphilis has gotten more common among heterosexual ("straight") people since the 1990s.
Studies say this is because of unsafe sexual practices, like having sex with many different people, prostitution (getting paid to have sex), and not having safer sex to protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
Over the 19th and 20th centuries, the symptoms of syphilis have become less severe (not quite as bad).
This is partly because there are more treatments that work well, and if they are given early, syphilis does not get as bad.
Also, the bacteria that causes syphilis has become weaker.
If people with syphilis get treated early on, they can usually be cured without the disease causing damage that cannot be fixed.
However, syphilis is still very dangerous.
It still causes serious problems, and sometimes death, if it is not treated.
Syphilis also makes a person two to five times more likely to get HIV.
Confection (having both syphilis and HIV) is common.
In some big cities, it happens in as many as 30% to 60% of people with syphilis.
Nobody knows exactly where and how syphilis started.
There are two major ideas about where the disease came from.
The first idea is called the "Columbian hypothesis."
(A hypothesis is an educated guess about how something happened).
This hypothesis says that when Christopher Columbus's crew came back to Europe after exploring the "New World", they brought syphilis back to Europe and spread the disease there.
The other idea is called the "pre-Columbian hypothesis."
("Pre-Columbian" means "before Columbus.")
This hypothesis says that syphilis was already in Europe before Columbus, and people just did not realize that the disease existed.
The first written records that talk about an outbreak of syphilis in Europe are from 1494-1495.
The outbreak happened in Naples, Italy, when France was invading (trying to take over Italy).
Because syphilis was spread by French soldiers who were coming back from Italy, at first it was called the "French disease."
The name "syphilis" was first used in 1530 by an Italian doctor and poet named Girolamo Fracastoreo.
He used the word "syphilis" as the title of a Latin poem that talked about the damage the disease was causing in Italy.
At other times in history, syphilis was also called the "Great Pox".
In 1905, two men named Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann discovered that syphilis is caused by the Treponema pallidum bacteria.
Five years later, Paul Ehrlich created the first treatment that helped treat syphilis (called Salvarsan).
After that, scientists started to study penicillin.
In 1943, it was officially decided that penicillin worked for syphilis.
This was a major success in the treatment of syphilis.
Before penicillin, the treatments used for syphilis were often even worse than the disease.
For example, people were treated with mercury (which is poisonous and causes serious health problems), or people were just kept away from everyone else.
From 1932-1972, the United States Public Health Service did a study on syphilis in Alabama.
They wanted to see how syphilis got worse when it was not treated.
The researchers chose a group of poor African-American sharecroppers, but never told them they had syphilis.
Even after the 1940s, when the researchers knew penicillin could cure these people, they refused to let them get treatment or even tell them that penicillin could help them.
This study, now called the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, was very important in creating medical ethics.
Many famous people in history may have had syphilis.
For example, some people think that Franz Schubert, Arthur Schopenhauer, Édouard Manet, and Adolf Hitler had the disease.
Treponema pallidum bacterium
Gonorrhea is a disease.
It is transmitted by having sex.
It is among the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases.
Gonorrhea is also sometimes called "the clap."
Gonorrhea can be cured using antibiotics but the entire course of antibiotics must be used.
Its presence was found up to 700 years ago.
At that time, this disease was described by coming from the "Le Clapiers" part of the city of Paris.
This part of the city was known to be where prostitutes lived.
It is caused by a bacterium, Neisseria gonorrheae.
Since it is caused by a bacterium, it can be treated with antibiotics.
The use of latex condoms when having sex can prevent it from spreading.
Sometimes antibiotics do not cure gonorrhea.
This is because the bacterium is becoming immune or resistant to the medicine.
When this happens, the infection is more difficult to cure.
Cichlids (pronounced 'sick-lids') are fishes from the Cichlidae family, in the order Perciformes.
Cichlids come in many different sizes, from 2.5 centimeters to almost a meter long.
All cichlids have some form of parental care for their eggs and fry.
That parental care may come in the form of guarding the eggs and fry or it may come in the form of mouthbrooding.
The Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) was a pitched battle between the Anglo-Saxon English and an invading Norman army.
The day-long battle ended in the death of the Anglo-Saxon king and a decisive victory for the Normans.
William, the Duke of Normandy, was crowned as King William I of England 10 weeks later.
The Norman conquest was a major turning point in England's history.
In 1002 Ethelred King of England married Emma, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy.
When King Canute came to the throne of England in 1016, he took Queen Emma of Normandy as his wife.
Edward the Confessor the older son stayed in Normandy for many years at the court of the dukes.
The last duke who protected him there was his cousin Duke William.
Edward became king of England in 1042.
in 1052 King Edward, who was childless, made William his heir.
But Harold did not respect his oath to William.
The next day, the day of the funeral, Harold Godwinson was crowned king of England.
The story was that on his deathbed the king had changed his mind and promised Harold the throne.
But the news of the king's death and Harold's taking the throne must have been a surprise.
When William heard the news that Harold had become king his reaction was swift.
At the same time Duke William was planning his invasion so too was Harald Hardrada.
The ridge itself was called Senlac Hill.
William removed his helmet so his men  could see he was still alive.
When William saw that many of Harold's men were following his knights back down the hill, he used a trick he had learned years before.
He turned suddenly and charged the oncoming English foot soldiers, who had no chance against mounted knights.
Next William used something new.
This may be where King Harold was killed by an arrow through his eye.
By nightfall the English were either dead on the field or being hunted down by William's men.
William called his men back and they spent the night camped on the battle field.
The battle was won, but the English still had smaller armies which had not joined King Harold at Hastings.
The Battle of Hastings was a major turning point in English history.
William's claim to the throne was strong, and he was able to back it up with force.
On Christmas Day in 1066 William was crowned King of England.
Some time later the battle was pictured on a series of panels called the Bayeux Tapestry.
His victory at Hastings gave William the nickname he has been known by ever since: 'William the Conqueror'.
1066 in England
The Asiatic peafowl is a kind of bird.
They are the genus Pavo from the Phasianidae family.
They originate from Southeast Asia.
Genus Pavo
Blue peafowl or Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus): originally from India, and Pakistan.
In Pakistan, it is the provincial/regional bird of the province of the Punjab
Green peafowl (Pavo muticus): was very widespread in southeast Asia, including northern Myanmar and southern China, Laos, Thailand,  Vietnam, Cambodia, peninsular Malaysia and the islands of Java.
Habitat destruction and hunting have reduced its range.
The male is called a peacock, the female a peahen.
The males are very colorful, and they have very long train feathers (or tail feathers), which they can move up like a fan.
Females are less colorful, and do not have the long train-feathers.
Both the male and the female have a little "crown" of feathers on their head.
Birds of Asia
Reading (pronounced: "Redding") is a large town in Berkshire in England.
It is the largest settlement in Berkshire.
It is home to about 230,000 people.
Reading is found in South East England, between London and Bristol.
The River Thames goes through the town.
Reading replaced Abingdon as the county town of Berkshire in 1867.
There is a large statue of a lion in Forbury Gardens, and local legend has it that the sculptor killed himself by jumping off the top because he had sculpted the legs wrong.
The lion is a memorial to soldiers from Berkshire who were killed in Maiwand, (Afghanistan) in a war in 1880.
Reading is the home of a school which used to be a Hospital in World War I and World War II.
It is named Redlands Primary School.
Madejski stadium is home to the Reading Football Club whose nickname is "The Royals".
They are also known as the "Biscuit Men".
The stadium was opened on 22 August 1998.
Reading is the largest town in England.
Of course, there are larger cities in England but Reading has not been granted city status and it doesn't have a cathedral.
Also, Reading is home to the Oracle, a huge shopping centre and a large university named University of Reading.
Reading began life as a Saxon Settlement.
Reading was originally called Reada Ingas, which means people of Reada.
Reada was a Saxon leader in the area with his tribe in the 6th century.
The Normans built a  wooden castle in Reading.
It was later replaced by a stone castle.
The king then demolished the castle in 1152 fearing it might come into the hands of his enemies.
"The Blade" in central Reading is the tallest building in Reading.
It is 86 metres tall.
It is visible from many places in the town.
Palmer Park was founded by George Palmer and it has a statue of George Palmer in it.
Palmer Park was built for his workers to rest and people still enjoy using the park today.
There is a very famous hospital called The Royal Berkshire Hospital.
It was opened in 1839.
TV presenter Chris Tarrant (Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?)
and comedian Ricky Gervais are from Reading, and also actress Kate Winslet, who has a road named after her.
Musician Mike Oldfield is also from Reading.
Tony Sullivan (local legend) is also a resident in the town.
The town has two universities and is famous for its rock festival.
Reading is home to Championship football and rugby teams.
A "dozen" is a unit of measurement.
It means twelve (12) items of something.
The term goes back to duodecim, which means 12 in  Latin.
Humans might have started to count on a base 12 because there are approximately 12 cycles of the moon in one cycle of the sun.
In other words, a solar year has 12 months.
The first to have used the unit were probably the Mesopotamians.
12 dozen  (144 items) are a gross.
12 gross (1728 items) are called a great gross.
The dozen is convenient because its multipliers and multiples are convenient: 12 = 3 × 2 × 2, and 360 = 30 × 12.
The French word douzaine means "about twelve" and is part of a family of words with similar meanings, e.g. vingtaine – "about 20"  centaine – "about 100"  etc.
A baker's dozen, also known as a long dozen, is thirteen.
There is a dozen members in a team
The European sprat is a kind of fish.
It is related to the herring.
It lives in the ocean, all around Europe.
It has about 12% fat in its flesh.
It is a source of many vitamins.
It is an important fish for commercial fishing, and can be found in many cans in shops.
It can also be salted, to preserve it better.
"The Little Mermaid" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen.
It was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1837 in the third volume of Fairy Tales Told for Children with "The Emperor's New Clothes".
The tale glorifies suffering and self-denial.
There is a statue of The Little Mermaid in the harbor of Copenhagen.
The story has been adapted to opera and animated movies.
A mermaid princess swims to the surface of the sea.
As it happens, she sees a human prince and falls in love with him.
She wants to meet him again; however, she is a mermaid, and her father, who is the king of the sea, would not let her do so.
She wants to find a way to win the prince's love, so she goes to the sea witch's cave.
She will get an immortal soul if she wins the love of a human.
She sacrifices her voice and her tail to the sea witch for two human legs.
The prince becomes her companion.
But, he falls in love with another person.
The mermaid has the chance to return to the sea.
She must kill the prince to go back, and so she refuses.
She dies, and is transformed into a daughter of the air.
She will receive an immortal soul if she does good deeds for three hundred years.
In 1957, Germaine Tailleferre wrote a three act opera with the subject.
In 1968, there was a Soviet animated movie.
In 1976, a co-production of the Soviet Union and Bulgaria resulted in a live-action movie.
In 1989, The Walt Disney Company also made an animated movie.
In 2008, Studio Ghibli made a movie inspired by the story called Ponyo.
Zipes, Jack.
The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales.
Oxford UP.
Den lille Havfrue Original text in Danish from the Danish Royal Library website.
The Annotated Little Mermaid  by Heidi Anne Heiner, Paull's translation, with scholarly annotations, scans from six illustrated editions, bibliography.
Andersen was born in Odense, Denmark.
His father was a shoemaker, and his mother washed clothes for customers.
The family was poor.
When Andersen was 11, his father died.
At 14, Andersen left his mother and his home.
He moved to Copenhagen.
The king helped Andersen finish his education.
Andersen wanted to be an actor or dancer.
He did not have the talent for either.
He started to write novels, plays, poems, short stories, and travel books.
In 1835, he published four fairy tales that were liked by the readers.
After this success, he wanted to write more fairy tales.
Andersen's stories were popular all over Europe.
He was invited into the homes of rich and powerful people.
He fell in love with several men and women.
He was in love with singer Jenny Lind.
He also fell in love with ballet dancer Harald Scharff.
Andersen was a happy and carefree man.
He wanted to see the sights.
He hoped travelling would make him even happier.
He always carried a rope with him.
He planned to use this rope as a fire escape if needed.
In the spring of 1872, Andersen fell off of his bed and suffered major injuries.
He never recovered fully.
Soon after that, Andersen showed signs of liver cancer.
He died on 4 August 1875 from liver cancer.
The Princess and the Pea (1835)
The Tinderbox (1835)
Thumbelina (1835)
The Little Mermaid (1837)
The Emperor's New Clothes (1837)
The Steadfast Tin Soldier (1838)
The Wild Swans (1838)
Ole Lukøje (1841)
The Swineherd (1841)
The Angel (1843)
The Nightingale (1843)
The Ugly Duckling (1843)
The Little Match Girl (1845)
The Red Shoes (1845)
The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep (1845)
The Snow Queen (1845)
The Fir Tree (1845)
The Shadow (1847)
The Story of a Mother (1847)
Accidental deaths from falls
Danish poets
Disease-related deaths in Denmark
The Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium is a football stadium in Istanbul in Turkey.
It is home to the club Fenerbahce.
Fenerbahçe SK Stadium Link
Satellite Photo of Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium
Football stadiums in Turkey
List of passenger airlines
: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
See the section titled "Côte d'Ivoire" above
: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZFor countries in the Middle East, refer to the section below.
China, Republic of
See the section China, Republic of above.
See the section East Timor above.
Australasia and the Pacific
The Caribbean and Central America
Åland
Cyprus, Turkish Republic of Northern
For Danish territories with home rule, see Faroe Islands and Greenland.
FinlandSee above for Åland
For DOMs/TOMs, see the sections for French Guiana, French Polynesia, Guadeloupe, New Caledonia, Réunion, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
Macedonia, Republic of
TUIfly Nordic (before: Britannia Nordic)''
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
Air Saint-Pierre
Net Airlines
Hageland Aviation Services
Maxjet
Nella Linhas Aéreas
Flying - information at Wikivoyage about air travel
The Atlantic herring is a kind of herring, a fish.
It can be found on both sides of the Atlantic.
It can grow up to 45cm in length, weighing more than half a kilogram.
It is a swarm fish, meaning many fish come together and form a school (or swarm) of fish.
Swarms of up to 4 cubic kilometers in size have been measured of atlantic herring, with an eastimated 4 billion individual fish.
Like with so many other fishes though, commercial overfishing is posing a problem.
Stocks of herring have been collapsing.
Baltic herring
The herrings that occurs in the Baltic Sea is much smaller.
Some people consider it a dstinct subspecies.
They call it Baltic herring, C. harengus membras.
The Pelagie Islands are three islands in the Mediterranean.
They are Lampedusa, Linosa and Lampione.
They are between Malta and Tunisia.
They are part of the African continent but belong to Italy.
Because of deforestation, the islands are very barren.
In the past they lived on agriculture, but nowadays they live on fishing and tourism.
Islands of Africa
Lampedusa is the largest of the Pelagie Islands.
Sicily is 205 km to the north, Tunisia is 113 km to the south.
There are no sources of freshwater on the island, so those living there collect rainwater.
Fauna and Flora, as well as the climate is similar to what can be found in North Africa.
There is a NATO base on the island.
It is also a popular destination for refugees who try to enter the European Union that way.
Muscat () is the capital and largest city of The Sultanate of Oman.
It is the largest city in the mintaqah (governorate) of Muscat.
The city of Muscat has a population of 1.28 million people (2015).
The official language is Arabic and English is used as an additional language for many purposes, including business and tourism purposes.
Muscat is located on the north east coast of Oman.
The city is 3,500 km2  in size.
People started living in the Muscat area about 2300 years ago but the first writings of the city are about 1900 years old in the 1st century CE.
Muscat developed into an important city in the 9th century CE because of business and trade at the port.
Portugal, Persian (Iran) and Turkey had many wars for control over Muscat from the 1500s to the 1700s.
The Al Bu Sa 'id tribe has ruled Muscat since then.
Climate and weather
Muscat is a hot and dry city.
The average daytime temperature in summer can be as high as 40 °C.
The winter is cooler and the average daytime temperature is between 19 °C and 22 °C.
There is very little rain with only 10 cm per year.
Muscat has several tourist sites including seven museums, a fort, an old palace and a new opera house.
The city has beaches with hotel resorts.
People can do many water-sports including dolphin tours in the city's harbour.
In 2016, 2.5 million tourists visited Muscat.
According to an article in Times Of Oman, almost 500,000 people visited in February alone for the popular Muscat Festival.
The Ukrainian language (Ukrainian: українська (мова), transliteration: ukrajins'ka mova) is an Eastern Slavic language.
This language is a part of the Indo-European language family.
Ukrainian is the second most spoken Slavic language.
It is the official language of Ukraine.
There are 37 million speakers in Ukraine.
Most of them are native speakers.
All over the world there are more than 50 million speakers.
1only before o
2only after consonants; a capital letter does not exist; the soft sign ь is not a letter representing a sound, but modifies the sound of the preceding letter, indicating palatalisation ('softening').
3an apostrophe (’) is used to mark de-palatalization of the preceding consonant.
A native speaker is someone who learned to speak a language as part of their childhood development.
A native speaker's language is usually the language their parents speak and/or the language of their country of origin.
It is the only language of a monolingual person, and likely the first language of a multilingual person which is acquired naturally in their native environment.
It may serve as the basis for their sociolinguistic identity.
The speaker learnt the language in childhood,
mastery of idiomatic forms of the language,
comprehension of regional and social variance,
fluent, spontaneous production and comprehension of discourse.
Mastery of the grammar and vocabulary of the language tacitly.
Davies, A. (2004).
The native speaker in applied linguistics.
In A.Davies & C. Elder (Eds.),
The handbook of applied linguistics (pp.
431-450).
Oxford, UK: Blackwell
is a series of video games made by Arc System Works and Sammy Studios.
is the Publishers of the North America regional.
The second game, Guilty Gear X release for PlayStation 2 home console.
Release in 2001 in Japan and North America.
The third installment (Guilty Gear X2) releases on PlayStation 2 in 2003.
Florence Nightingale, OM (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910), was an English nurse.
She helped create the modern techniques of nursing.
She became a leader of the team of nurses who helped wounded soldiers during the Crimean War.
She was the first female to receive the Order of Merit, one of the highest honours awarded by the British monarch.
As a nurse she was given the name 'The Lady with the Lamp' because at night, she checked on the wounded soldiers and always carried 'The Lamp' with her.
Florence Nightingale was a wonderful woman, coming from a wealthy family she refused the aristocrat lifestyle her family expected from her and instead focused on helping the poor, the injured and the sick.
She helped make modern nursing possible.
Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer, and lived to be 90 years old.
In her lifetime she was concerned with spreading medical knowledge.
Some of her books were written in simple English so that they could easily be understood by those with poor reading skills.
She also was an early user of graphs  and diagrams to display data.
Studies of statistics
Nightingale was helped to understand statistics by her country's leading expert on public statistics, William Farr.
He was a founder of medical statistics, and epidemiology.
Farr worked with her on all the statistics from the Crimean War, which she publicised in her writing.
She proved that more men had died from disease than fighting, a very important piece of information.
The disease in question was mostly cholera.
Cholera is caused by a bacterium spread by people drinking water contaminated by sewage.
Unfortunately, both she and Farr believed the disease was caused by foul air: this was called the miasma theory.
The miasma theory was refuted by John Snow, who discovered the real cause of an outbreak in London.
The cause was foul water from a water pump in Broad Street, London.
Snow's work was published in 1855, but it was 30 years before the germ theory was generally accepted.
Farr publicly acknowledged he was wrong in 1866, but Nightingale never really gave up the miasma idea.
London's cholera epidemics stopped once the authorities built sewage treatment plants, delivered cleaner water, and built a system of underground pipes that kept sewage from seeping into the water supply.
Florence Nightingale was born into an upper class British family in 1820 in Florence, Tuscany, Italy.
She was named after the town where she was born.
The family moved back to London when Florence was a young girl.
She was a Unitarian.
Although her parents expected her to become a wife and a mother, in 1845 she decided to become a nurse.
While she was training she campaigned for better conditions for poor people in Britain.
In 1854 to 1856 during  the Crimean War , Florence was working in Harley Street in London.
After reading many reports about the poor treatment of sick and injured soldiers, she travelled to Crimea to see for herself and discovered the hospitals were crowded and dirty.
She knew Sidney Herbert, who was Secretary of War during the Crimean War and he helped her.
At the hospital in Istanbul where the injured soldiers were sent, Florence realized that soldiers died more often from diseases like cholera than from their injuries in war.
She used her knowledge of maths and statistics to show the British
government that providing better conditions for sick and injured soldiers would help them win the war.
She was, however, quite wrong about how cholera spread.
There is a syndrome named after her called "Florence Nightingale Syndrome".
It occurs when a soldier falls in love with a nurse.
While she was working in Crimea she became known as “The Lady with the Lamp” because she would walk around the hospital in the evening carrying a lamp and check on the soldiers.
When she returned to England she started a school in 1860 for nurses at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London.
She wrote her most important book Notes on Nursing.
She was a keen Christian but also believed that pagan and eastern religions also contained genuine worth.
She was a strong opponent of discrimination against all types of Christians as well as against non-Christians.
Nightingale believed religion helped provide people with the fortitude for arduous good work.
Florence Nightingale died in her room peace fully in her sleep from heart attack in 1910 in London.
There are many statues of her in Britain, including one in Waterloo Place in London and a Florence Nightingale museum, also in London.
British nurses
It tells a fictional story which takes place in the 1960s during the Vietnam War.
It tells the story of an Army Captain who is sent on a boat deep into the Cambodian jungle to capture a Special Forces colonel who, it is suggested, has gone insane.
It was partly based on Joseph Conrad's novel about a journey down the Congo River, Heart of Darkness.
It is now thought to be a great movie, but in the making it ran into problems.
Its key star Martin Sheen, is on the screen for almost all the movie.
He had a breakdown, and a heart attack.
Editing the mile plus of film took years.
It was unfinished when it was shown in the Cannes Film Festival.
Apocalypse Now is today considered to be one of the greatest films ever made.
It was nominated for eight Academy Awards at the 52nd Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director (Coppola), and Best Supporting Actor for Robert Duvall.
It went on to win for Best Cinematography and Best Sound.
It ranked #14 in Sight & Sounds greatest films poll in 2012, and #6 in the Director's Poll of greatest films of all time.
The film as now shown on streaming channels is the Director's "Final Cut".
This was first shown in 2019 at the Tribeca Film Festival.
It runs for 3 hours, 3 minutes.
American Film Institute lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – No.
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"I love the smell of napalm in the morning." –
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No.
1979 drama movies
French-language movies
The Sixth Crusade is launched by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, after delays due to sickness and an excommunication from Pope Gregory IX.
Conrad IV of Germany becomes titular King of Jerusalem, with Frederick II as regent.
Baldwin II becomes emperor of the Latin Empire in Constantinople, with John of Brienne as regent.
Amadeus IV becomes count of Savoy.
Francis of Assisi founder of the Franciscan order Canonized by Pope Gregory IX
Sukaphaa, the first Ahom king, establishes his rule in Assam.
The Ahom kings reigned for close to 600 years.
First mention of the Transylvanian town of Reghin, in a charter of Andrew II of Hungary.
August 5 – English troops capture William Wallace
Wenceslas III becomes king of Bohemia
Archbishop of Bordeaux, Bertrand de Got, was elected as Pope Clement V.
Philip IV of France accused the Knights Templar of heresy.
January 25 – Edward III becomes King of England.
Beginning of reign of Alfonso IV of Aragon.
April 6 – Petrarch sees a woman he names Laura in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon, which awakes in him a lasting passion.
He writes a series of poems dedicated to her, which are collected into his Canzoniere ("Song Book").
October 28 – Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine I defeats Maxentius and becomes the only Roman Emperor in the West.
Construction of the Arch of Constantine in Rome begun.
January 10 - Abraham Darby I makes cast iron using coke fuel at his Coalbrookdale blast furnace in Shropshire, England.
February - In America, Mardi Gras is celebrated one more time with Masque de la Mobile in the capital of French Louisianne, Mobile (Alabama), before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43 km) down the Mobile River to Mobile Bay in 1711.
February 2 - Alexander Selkirk is rescued from shipwreck on a desert island, inspiring the book Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe.
July 8 (New Style) - Battle of Poltava: In the Ukraine, Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at Poltava (see above).
August 8 - The hot air balloon of Bartolomeu de Gusmão flies in Portugal.
September 11 - Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, the Netherlands and Austria defeat France.
October 12 - The City of Chihuahua, México is founded.
December 25 - In London, 10 ships leave for the New York colony, carrying over 4,000 people.
February 24 – Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor (d. 1782)
March 10 – Georg Steller, German naturalist (d. 1746)
August 7 – Jean-Jacques Lefranc, marquis de Pompignan, French poet (d. 1784)
August 8 – Tokugawa Ietsugu, 7th Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan (d. 1716)
September 18 – Samuel Johnson, English writer and lexicographer (d. 1784)
November 2 – Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, (d. 1759)
December 18 – Elizabeth of Russia, reigning Empress of Russia (d. 1762)
John Cleland, English novelist (d. 1789)
Charles Collé, French dramatist (d. 1783)
April 14 – Emperor Go-Kogon of Japan (died 1374)
July 25 – Albert, Count of Holland (d. 1404)
King Albert of Sweden (died 1412)
Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow (died 1406)
Pope Gregory XI (died 1378)
Pope Innocent VII (died 1406)
Gao Qi, Chinese poet (died 1374)
Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Empire (died 1405)
March 12 – Emperor Go-Kogon of Japan (born 1336)
July 19 – Petrarch, Italian poet (born 1304)
November 25 – Prince Philip II of Taranto
King Gongmin of Goryeo
Joanna of Flanders, Duchess of Brittany (born 1295)
Gao Qi, Chinese poet (born 1336)
William Whittlesey, Archbishop of Canterbury
Mongol leader Ghazan Khan is converted to Islam, ending a line of Tantric Buddhist leaders.
Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII begin having disagreements.
Jayavarman VIII of the Khmer Empire in Cambodia abdicates.
Marco Polo returns to Italy from his travels to China.
Edward I summons the Model Parliament.
September 16 – Elizabeth de Clare, English noblewoman (died 1360)
John IV, Duke of Brittany (died 1345)
Eudes IV, Duke of Burgundy (died 1350)
Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (died 1361)
Joanna of Flanders, military leader in the Breton War of Succession (approximate date; died 1374)
Nicephorus Gregoras, Byzantine historian (approximate date; died 1360)
Al-Nasr Muhammad, sultan of Egypt (died 1341)
Saint Roch (approximate date; died 1327)
April 25 – King Sancho IV of Castile (born 1257)
August 12 – Charles Martel d'Anjou (born 1271)
December 7 – Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford, English politician (b. 1243)
December 21 – Marguerite Berenger of Provence, queen of Louis IX of France (born c. 1221)
Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol (born 1238)
October 24 – The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War.
King Valdemar Atterdag of Denmark seizes Scania (from 1658 a Swedish province).
May 2 – Yongle Emperor of China (died 1424)
The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina) is one of the two autonomous provinces in Serbia.
It is located in the northern part of the country, in the Pannonian plain.
Its capital and the largest city is Novi Sad and the second largest city is Subotica.
January 30 – King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded.
His widow Henrietta Maria lives in her native France.
January 30 – The Commonwealth of England, a republican form of government, replaces the monarchy as the form of government of England and later of Scotland and Ireland.
Members of the Long Parliament serve as government.
January 30 – Prince Charles Stuart declares himself King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland.
At the time all three Kingdoms had not recognized him as ruler.
February 5 – In Edinburgh, Scotland claimant King Charles II of England is declared King in his absence.
Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne.
March 11 – The Frondeurs (rebels) and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil.
March 19 – The House of Commons pass an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring that it is "useless and dangerous to the people of England".
May 17 – Banbury mutiny ends – leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged
May 19 – An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth is passed by the Rump Parliament.
Robert Blake is promoted to become an Admiral of the English fleet
August 15 – Admiral Robert Blake blockades Prince Rupert to allow Oliver Cromwell to land in Dublin and begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
September 2 – The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.
Unknown date – Urga founded (now Mongolian capital)
Digger movement crushed at St George's Hill
February 2 – Pope Benedict XIII
February 8 – Gabriel Daniel, French Jesuit historian
February 11 – William Carstares, Scottish minister
April 5 – Elihu Yale, American benefactor of Yale University
April 9 – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland
June 13 – Adrien Baillet, French scholar and critic
July 23 – Pope Clement XI
September 15 – Titus Oates, English minister and plotter
December 7 – Charles Garnier, French Jesuit missionary
January 30 – King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland (executed)
March 9 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman
March 9 – Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (executed)
March 16 – Jean de Brébeuf, French Jesuit missionary
March 19 – Gerhard Johann Vossius, German classical scholar and theologian
March 26 – John Winthrop First Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony
May 14 – Friedrich Spanheim, Dutch theologian
June 3 – Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet
September 6 – Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, English explorer and geographer
September 15 – John Floyd, English Jesuit preacher
October 3 – Giovanni Diodati, Swiss Protestant clergyman
October 16 – Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter
November 19 – Caspar Schoppe, German scholar
December 4 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet
December 8 – Noël Chabanel, French Jesuit missionary
Pennsylvania Station, or Penn Station, is a name of several railway stations in the United States.
The name "Pennsylvania Station" comes from the times when all these stations belonged to the Pennsylvania Railroad and, later, to Penn Central.
The stations in New York City, Newark, New Jersey, and Baltimore still have this name.
The station in Pittsburgh, although officially known as Union Station, is also called Penn Station by locals.
All these stations are currently served by Amtrak.
Railway stations in the United States
James Danforth "Dan" Quayle (born February 4, 1947) is an American politician who was the 44th vice president of the United States.
He served with President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993).
Quayle was born at Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital (When he was born as Methodist Hospital in 1947) in Indianapolis, Indiana.
His parents were Martha Corinne (née Pulliam) and James Cline Quayle.
He has often been incorrectly referred to as James Danforth Quayle III.
In his memoirs, he points out that his birth name was simply James Danforth Quayle.
The name Quayle originates from the Isle of Man, where his great-grandfather was born.
His maternal grandfather, Eugene C. Pulliam, was a rich and influential publishing magnate who founded Central Newspapers, Inc., owner of over a dozen major newspapers such as The Arizona Republic and The Indianapolis Star.
James C. Quayle moved his family to Arizona in 1955 to run part of the family's publishing business.
While his family was very wealthy, Quayle was less rich; his total net worth by the time of his election in 1988 was less than $1 million.
Quayle and his wife are Presbyterians.
He currently lives in Paradise Valley, Arizona.
Lawyers from Indianapolis, Indiana
Manx people
United States representatives from Indiana
Politicians from Indianapolis, Indiana
Cincinnati is a city in the southwestern corner of the state of Ohio near the states of Kentucky and Indiana.
The city is in Hamilton County, Ohio.
Cincinnati is home to major sports teams including the Cincinnati Reds and the Cincinnati Bengals, as well as events like the Cincinnati Masters and the Thanksgiving Day race.
The University of Cincinnati traces its foundation to the Medical College of Ohio, which was founded in 1819.
Cincinnati was named after the Roman leader Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus and was an early major city in the midwestern United States.
Many Germans settled in the city and the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood gets its name from the river in Germany.
Soap and machine tools are major industries in the area, which is home to the company Procter & Gamble as well as Macy's.
Cincinnati's economy and population declined in the late 1900s, but the city is on the upswing.
The Over-The-Rhine neighborhood has seen a lot of new businesses and development in recent years.
People from Cincinnati
Michael K. Allen – former Hamilton County, Ohio prosecutor
Stan Aronoff – former president of the Ohio Senate
Oba Chandler – rapist and murderer on death row in Florida
Dixon Edwards – former NFL linebacker
Marc Edwards – NFL fullback
Ray Edwards – NFL defensive end
Joseph H. Albers – first bishop of Lansing, Michigan
Anthony Allaire – New York City Police inspector
Levi Addison Ault – businessman, naturalist, donor of Cincinnati's Ault Park
Doris Day -actress, singer, animal lover
Pete Rose -  most MLB hits, ever.
Famous athlete.
Charles Manson -  Manson family leader, Famous 60's murder conspirator.
Barry Larkin - Cincinnati Red's player, Famous Athlete.
Ken Griffey Sr.,
Cincinnati Red's player, Famous Athlete.
Ken Griffey Jr., Cincinnati Red's player/Seattle Mariners player, Famous Athlete.
18th-century establishments in the Northwest Territory
A cable car is a type of car that runs on cables above the car.
The machines that drive the cables are in the two "winding houses".
One winding house is at the bottom and one at the top.
It is used much in areas where there are a lot of mountains.
The construction of the longest cable way in the world was finished in 16th October 2010 in Armenia.
Its name is Wings of Tatev and has length of 5.7 km.
A picture of a typical cable car
Cableways
Tokusatsu is a Japanese word that means "special effects".
It is used to talk about television shows and movies that have superheros, giant monsters, and other science fiction and fantastic themes.