the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Robert Jordan (James Oliver Rigney, Jr.), the author of the bestselling The Wheel of Time fantasy series.
Ann Landers (Esther Pauline Friedman), advice columnist
Stan Lee (Stanley Martin Lieber), comic book pioneer
Maddox (George Ouzounian), The Best Page in the Universe
Mao Dun (Shen Dehong), 20th century Chinese novelist, cultural critic, and journalist
Multatuli (Eduard Douwes Dekker), Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, Max Havelaar (1860)
Murray Leinster (William Fitzgerald Jenkins), 20th century science fiction author
Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), 17th century French theatre writer, director and actor, and writer of comic satire.
Natsume Sōseki (Natsume Kinnosuke), early 20th century Japanese novelist
Gérard de Nerval (Gérard Labrunie), 19th century French poet, essayist and translator
Pablo Neruda (Ricardo Eliecer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto) 20th century Chilean poet.
Nobel laureate.
Abu Nuwas (Hasin ibn Hani al Hakami) 8th century Arabic language poet (Persia)
George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair), 20th century British author and essayist
Ouida (Marie Louise de la Ramée), 19th century English novelist
William Penn (Jeremiah Evarts), 19th century activist against Indian removal
Q (Arthur Quiller-Couch), late 19th and early 20th century British author, poet, and literary critic
Ellery Queen (Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee), 20th century detective fiction
Pauline Réage (Anne Desclos), 20th century French author and critic who wrote Histoire d'O
Henry Handel Richardson (Ethel Florence Lindesay Richardson), early 20th century Australian author
Saki (Hector Hugh Munro), early 20th century British satirist
George Sand (Armandine Lucie Aurore Dupin), 19th century French novelist and early feminist
Sayeh (ه‍. ا.
سایه) Hushang Ebtehaj, 20th century Iranian poet (هوشنگ  ابتهاج)
Dr. Seuss (Theodore Seuss Geisel), also used "Theo.
LeSieg", 20th century American writer and cartoonist best known for his of children's books
Shahriar (شهریار) Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Behjat-Tabrizi (), an Iranian poet, writing in Persian and Azerbaijani
Cordwainer Smith (Paul M. A. Linebarger), 20th century science fiction author
Lemony Snicket (author of A Series of Unfortunate Events–Daniel Handler)
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle),19th century French writer
Max Stirner (Johann Kaspar Schmidt), 19th century German philosopher
James Tiptree, Jr (Alice Sheldon), 20th century science fiction author
Toegye (Yi Hwang), 16th century Korean Confucian scholar
Tom Tomorrow (Dan Perkins) 20th century editorial cartoonist
Lazlo Toth (Don Novello), using name taken from that of a deranged man who vandalized Michelangelo's Pieta in Rome, the pen name was used for the satiric "The Lazlo Letters" and other books
Trevanian (Dr. Rodney Whitaker), 20th century American spy novelist
Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorn Clemens, also used "Sieur Louis de Conte" for his fictional biography of Joan of Arc), 19th century American humorist, writer and lecturer
Abigail Van Buren (Dear Abby - Pauline Esther Friedman Phillips), advice columnist
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 18th century French Enlightenment writer, deist and philosopher
Wang Shiwei 王實味 (Wang Sidao 王思禱), 20th century Chinese journalist and literary writer
Artemus Ward (Charles Farrar Browne), 19th century American humor writer
Ibn Warraq is a pen name that has traditionally been adopted by dissident authors throughout the history of Islam, including a current writer from India.
Wonkette (Ana Marie Cox), political gossip weblog writer
Hajime Yatate (Various Sunrise animation staff members)
Yulgok (Yi I), 16th century Korean Confucian scholar
A stage name is a name an entertainer like a movie star or a musician takes in the place of their real or birth name, they might like this name better than their real one or it's easier for people to remember.
Professional wrestlers use stage names also, in their case it is called a "ring name".
Actors and actresses choose stage names for a variety of reasons.
Their real names may be the same as or similar to those of other people, or they may be difficult to say or spell.
Famous examples
Fermat's Last Theorem is a very famous idea in mathematics.
It says that:
If  is a whole number larger than 2, then the equation  has no solutions when x, y and z are natural numbers.
This means that there are no examples where ,  and  are natural numbers, i.e. whole numbers larger than zero, and where  is a whole number bigger than 2.
Pierre de Fermat wrote about it in 1637 inside his copy of a book called Arithmetica.
He said "I have a proof of this theorem, but there is not enough space in this margin".
However, no correct proof was found for 357 years.
It was finally proven in 1995.
Mathematicians everywhere think that Fermat, in fact, did not have a good proof of this theorem.
When ,  and  are whole numbers this is called a "Pythagorean triple".
For example, , and since  we can say  is a Pythagorean triple.
Fermat's Last Theorem rewrites this as
and claims that, if you make the  a larger whole number than 2, then ,  and  cannot all be natural numbers.
For example,  and , and so  is an example that confirms this.
The proof was made for some values of , such as , ,  and , which was managed by many mathematicians including Fermat, Euler, Sophie Germain.
However, since there are an infinite number of Pythagorean triples, as numbers count upwards forever, this made Fermat's Last Theorem hard to prove or disprove; the full proof must show that the equation has no solution for all values of  (when  is a whole number bigger than 2) but it is not possible to simply check every combination of numbers if they continue forever.
An English mathematician named Andrew Wiles found a solution in 1995, 358 years after Fermat wrote about it.
Richard Taylor helped him find the solution .
The proof took eight years of research.
He proved the theorem by first proving the modularity theorem, which was then called the TaniyamaShimura conjecture.
Using Ribet's Theorem, he was able to give a proof for Fermat's Last Theorem.
He received the Wolfskehl Prize from Göttingen Academy in June 1997: it amounted to about $50,000 U.S. dollars.
After a few years of debate, people agreed that Andrew Wiles had solved the problem.
Andrew Wiles used a lot of modern mathematics and even created new maths when he made his solution.
This mathematics was unknown when Fermat wrote his famous note, so Fermat could not have used it.
This leads one to believe that Fermat did not in fact have a complete solution of the problem.
Theorems in number theory
The Clinton-Lewinsky scandal was an American political sex scandal in 1998.
United States President Bill Clinton was said to have had oral sex with 22 year old Monica Lewinsky.
Lewinsky said that she had sex with Bill Clinton nine times from November 1995 to March 1997.
According to her published schedule, First Lady Hillary Clinton was at the White House for some of the time on seven of those days.
The scandal happened after Linda Tripp leaked the secret phone calls between Clinton and Lewinsky.
Clinton did not admit his affair until the annual White House prayer on September 11, 1998, in the presence of several ministers, priests and his wife, Hillary Clinton, in his "I have sinned" speech.
The speech was hand-written by Clinton himself and was delivered on the day of publication of the first report by Independent Counsel Ken Starr, which threatened to impeach President Clinton in the grounds of perjury and his sexual affair with former White House intern, Monica Lewinsky.
Clinton was eventually impeached, but not removed from office.
1998 in the United States
Computer console
A console where programs show information using text characters.
July 3 – In the Battle of Adrianople, Constantine the Great defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
Guam is an island in Micronesia in the Pacific Ocean and is part of the United States.
It is a territory and not part of the fifty states.
The Chamorro people are the native people from Guam.
The capital of Guam is the city of Hagåtña and the largest city is Dededo.
Guam has important United States Air Force and Naval bases, which occupy a major part of Guam's land area.
Guam is also a popular tourist destination.
Guam was one of the first islands in the Pacific Ocean to be visited by the Europeans.
In 1521, while leading the Spanish expedition, Ferdinand Magellan became one of the first European to set foot on Guam.
From then on, Guam became an important part of the trade route followed by the Spanish trading ships called Manila Galleon, which sailed between Mexico and the Philippines every year.
And in 1668, Spain took over Guam as one of its territory.
During this time, the natives assimilated the Spanish culture to a large extent.
In the 1898, Spanish–American War, Spain lost most of its territories to the United States under the Treaty of Paris, including Guam, Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico.
Guam continued to be important due to its strategic location for shipping, and later for air travel in the Pacific.
During World War II, Japan occupied Guam in 1941 for 31 months, but lost the territory to the United States soon after.
The Chamorro people are spread across Guam and Northern Mariana Islands- which is also a United States territory.
However, the Chamorro people from Northern Mariana Islands have not integrated well into the territory as they were under Japanese occupation for about 30 years.
Guam gets most of its money from the United States government.
Much of that money is spent on the military bases, but there are also federal grants given to the Guam government for various programs.
Because it is only a territory, federal income taxes paid by Guam residents are given to the Guam government for its operations.
Guam is a sought after travel destination.
Almost all of these visitors are from Japan.
Japanese tourists like Guam because it is closer to Japan than other American places.
Guam has lots of hotels and other fun places for people to visit.
Tumon Bay is Guam's biggest beach.
It has lots of pretty white sand, and the water has lots of fish.
Tumon is becoming a busy city.
Land and water
Guam is 212 square miles (549 square kilometers) large.
In the north part, it has a flat area of coral and limestone rock.
The south part has mountains.
Around the island is a coral reef.
Guam is next to the Marianas Trench, which is the deepest part of the Earth and underwater.
It sometimes has earthquakes, some of which have been very strong.
Guam is a tropical island.
It is usually quite warm and wet and the temperature does not change very much.
From February to July it is dry, but the rest of the year it is rainy.
Sometimes Guam has very strong and dangerous storms in October and November.
Guampedia, Guam's Online Encyclopedia
The Insular Empire: America in the Mariana Islands, PBS documentary film & website
Official Portal for the Island of Guam
Portals to the World: Guam from the U.S. Library of Congress
KUAM TV/AM/FM
War in the Pacific – Liberation of Guam
Maps – Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection
Military: Naval Air Station, Agana (Tiyan) (closed).
GlobalSecurity.org.
Retrieved 2010-02-19.
Goetzfridt, Nicholas J. (2011) Guahan: A Bibliographic History.
Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press
NOAA's National Weather Service - Guam
Guam -Citizendium
Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th president of the United States from 1921 until his death in 1923.
Before becoming president, he was a senator and the assistant governor of Ohio.
Before he was in government, he was an important newspaper manager.
After World War I, he was elected on the promise to return the United States back to normal.
He supported limited government in the economy.
During his term, he lowered taxes and believed that the economy should not be regulated too much.
Warren G. Harding made the mistake of appointing his friends to high political positions.
As a result, they corruptly abused their power for their personal gain and several scandals happened during his presidency, including the infamous Teapot Dome scandal based in Teapot Dome in Wyoming and involving Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall.
Other untrustworthy people included Edward Doheny and Harry Sinclair.
Harding cheated on his wife with Carrie Phillips, a family friend.
She supported Germany during World War I. In fact, many people thought she was a spy.
He also cheated with Nan Britton, who was over 30 years younger than him.
He fathered a child with Britton.
Afterward, she wrote a book called The President's Daughter, telling her story, but most people didn't believe her.
However, in 2015, DNA testing confirmed that she was telling the truth about the baby.
What happened after his death
Harding's White House biography
1923 deaths
Lieutenant Governors of Ohio
Honduras is a country in Central America.
Its capital is Tegucigalpa.
Most people of Honduras speak the Spanish language (while English has mostly widely spoken).
7,483,763 people live in Honduras and it is  in size.
It is next to El Salvador.
To one side is the Caribbean Sea and to the other in the Pacific Ocean.
Honduras has the world's 4th highest murder rate.
Honduras is divided into 18 departments.
The capital city is Tegucigalpa in the Central District.
Atlántida
Choluteca
Comayagua
Cortés
El Paraíso
Francisco Morazán
Gracias a Dios
Intibucá
Islas de la Bahía
Lempira
Ocotepeque
Olancho
Valle
Bangladesh (officially called People's Republic of Bangladesh) is a country in South Asia.
To its west is Northeast India, to its east is the Southeast Asian country of Myanmar.
Bangladesh's capital and largest city is Dhaka (formerly "Dacca").
Countries that are near Bangladesh include the People's Republic of China, Bhutan, and Nepal.
To the south of Bangladesh is the Bay of Bengal.
Bangladesh became an independent country in 1971, breaking away from Pakistan after fighting a war in which over a million people died.
Most people in Bangladesh are Muslim.
Bangladesh has has an area of 57,320 mi² or (142,576 km²).
It is slightly smaller than Tajikistan.
It ranks 92 out of 195 sovereign countries by area.
There are two main rivers in Bangladesh: The Ganges and the Brahmaputra River.
They are important to Hindu people.
There are often floods in Bangladesh because of these two rivers.
Bangladesh has a population of 174.3 million people.
For much of its history, the Bangladesh was simply just called Bengal and was considered a part of India.
The Bengal delta has been ruled by Hindu rulers, Muslim rulers, and even the British empire.
People have lived in Bangladesh for thousands of years.
Farming developed in Bangladesh very early on.
By 500 BC, people grew rice there.
Farming lead to the development of urban areas like cities.
Early houses in Bangladesh were likely built of wood and mud, and adobe.
Because Bangladesh has monsoons, there is not a lot of evidence of ancient people living there.
From about 300 BC to the 1700s AD, technology like writing and the Bengali language developed.
During this time, many religions were popular and many states were founded.
By the 1500s, the area was rich and even peasants had plenty to eat.
Bengal under Mughal rule
In the 13th century, Turkic armies took over the Bengal delta.
During this time, the delta was ruled by Hindu leaders.
In 1202, the last major Hindu Sena leader was pushed out from his capital in Western Bengal, but they stayed for a short time in East Bengal.
In 1206, a Muslim kingdom called the Delhi Sultanate was founded.
The rulers of the Bengal delta became friendly with the sultanate, and to stay separately ruled the Bengal rulers would pay tribute to the sultanate using war elephants.
In 1341, Bengal became independent from Delhi, and Dhaka became the capital of independent Bengal.
In 1576, Bengal was taken over by Akbar the Great, a Mughal emperor.
Bengal stayed part of the Mughal Empire until the eighteenth century.
When the Mughals ruled the Bengal, they began to make Bengal part of India politically.
Bengal, however, was too far away from the Mughal capital in Delhi.
Because it was hard to talk to Bengal, local governors found it easy to ignore what the Mughals wanted for Bengal.
Although Bengal remained a province, religious leaders and scientists from Mughal-ruled Bengal have been famous throughout India.
As Bengal was part of their empire, the Mughals helped it grow.
They built a road from Delhi to Dhaka, started a postal service, and helped make their calendar better.
This calendar is still used in Bangladesh today.
The Mughals also collected taxes in Bengal.
Soon, Bengal was the richest province and was called the "Breadbasket of India".
The Mughals used Bengali resources to help maintain their army, but they did not help protect the Bengali people from pirates.
This made the Bengali people angry, and the Mughals had to appoint powerful generals to help rule Bengal.
Despite this, Bengal became a center of the textile trade in South Asia.
In 1704, the capital of Bengal was moved from Dhaka to Murshidabad.
In 1707, Aurangzeb, who people think is the last great Mughal emperor, died.
After this, governors in Bengal still paid tribute to the Mughal empire, but were mostly left alone.
These governors protected Bengal from Hindu Marathas during the eighteenth century.
When the Mughal governor Alivardi died in 1756, he left rule of Bengal to his grandson, who would lose Bengal to the British in 1757.
Bengal under British rule
Bengal was under British rule from 1757-1947.
It was part of British India.
English was made one of the official languages of the Bengal Presidency.
Bengal as East Pakistan
In 1947, East Bengal and the Dominion of Pakistan were separated from India, becoming Pakistan.
Pakistan was cut in half, its east and west parts separated by 930 miles (1,500 km) of India.
In 1949, the Bangladesh Awami League formed, wanting the east and west parts of Pakistan separated.
In 1955, East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan, with Dacca becoming the capital.
The people living in East Pakistan were mostly ethnically Bengali, spoke Bengali, and had a different culture compared to the people of western Pakistan.
These differences eventually led to the Bangladesh Liberation War.
Independence from Pakistan
Bangladesh declared itself as independent from Pakistan in 1971  after a liberation war in which over a million people died.
After Indian military intervention, the provisional government returned from exile in Calcutta, Bengal (India).
After the Instrument of Surrender, the Bengali peoples became a sovereign nation.
After Bangladesh became independent, Bengal replaced Urdu and English as the only national and official language.
Bengal is used in government, business, and schools.
Private English-language schools for upper-class students existed into the 1980s.
English is now taught in higher education and is offered as a university subject.
At first, people began to stop speaking Arabic in Bangladesh.
In 1983, after Bangladesh strengthened its ties with Saudi Arabia and other oil-rich countries, people tried to make Arabic a required language to learn in school.
Arabic is widely studied today in Madrassas and Islamic schools so people can understand Islamic texts better.
Despite gaining independence in 1971, Bangladesh is a poor country and has problems with political corruption.
Presently, more than half the population can read and write.
The President of Bangladesh acts as Head of state, but the Prime Minister of Bangladesh acts as Head of government.
The president is elected by lawmakers every 5 years, and has limited powers.
The presidency is largely ceremonial, but sometimes the president has do more than usual.
This is called a Caretaker government.
The prime minister is chosen by the president and must be a member of parliament (MP).
The Cabinet is made up of people chosen by the prime minister, and is appointed by the president.
Bangladesh's parliament is called the House of the Nation, or the Jatiya Sangsad, and has only one chamber.
The Jatiya Sangsad has 300 members who are elected by popular vote, and they have 5-year terms of office.
The highest judiciary body in Bangladesh is the Supreme Court, whose members are chosen by the president.
After famines in 1973 and 1974, the prime minister of Bangladesh instituted a one-party socialist state.
After this, a military junta ruled Bangladesh until 1990.
Since then, Bangladesh has become a parliamentary democracy.
In 2007, a caretaker government was appointed to help end corruption in Bangladeshi politics.
Many politicians were arrested on corruption charges.
Bangladesh is in the Ganges Delta.
This is where the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna come together.
Most parts of Bangladesh are less than  above the sea level.
The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at  in the Chittagong Hill Tracts to the southeast of the country.
Cox's Bazar, south of the city of Chittagong, has a beach that is uninterrupted over .
A large part of the coastline is a marshy jungle, the Sundarbans.
They are the largest mangrove forest in the world.
Bangladesh has heavy cyclones and natural disasters, due to this many lives are often lost.
The country is one of the most densely populated in the world.
Cyclones are very common in the Bay of Bengal during the middle of the year, particularly in the south of country in areas like Sundarban, Chittagong, Cox's Bazaar, or in neighboring Myanmar and Republic of India.
Despite the many storms, Bangladesh does not have a very effective storm prevention system, and cyclones usually inflict heavy damage.
Divisions are divided into districts.
There are 64 districts in Bangladesh.
Dhaka is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh.
Other major cities include Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Barisal, Bogra, Comilla, Mymensingh and Rangpur.
For more locations see List of settlements in Bangladesh.
The main religion in Bangladesh is Islam at (91.57%), while the second largest religion is Hinduism at (7.26%).
Most Muslims in Bangladesh are Sunni.
Islam was made the state religion in the 1980s.
Buddhists and Christians together make up 1% of the population.
Bangladesh have a population of 174.3 million as per 2021 census official survey.
The earliest literary text in Bengali is the 8th century Charyapada.
Medieval Bengali literature was often either religious or from other languages.
The 19th century had poets such as Rabindranath Tagore, Michael Madhusudan Dutt and Kazi Nazrul Islam.
The musical tradition of Bangladesh is lyrics-based with few instruments.
Folk music is often accompanied by the ektara, an instrument with only one string.
Bangladeshi dance forms are from folk traditions.
Bangladesh makes about 80 films a year.
Mainstream Hindi films are also quite popular.
Around 200 daily newspapers are published in Bangladesh, along with more than 500 magazines.
Rice and fish are traditional favorite foods.
Biryani is a favorite dish of Bangladeshis.
The sari is popularly worn by Bangladeshi women.
The salwar kameez (shaloar kamiz) is also commonly worn.
In urban areas, many people wear western clothing.
Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha are major religious festivals in Bangladesh.
Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, and Christmas, called Bôŗodin (Great day), are both national holidays.
The most important non-religious festival is Pohela Boishakh or Bengali New Year, the beginning of the Bengali calendar year.
Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh.
Next is football (soccer).
The national cricket team was in their first Cricket World Cup in 1999.
In 2011, Bangladesh successfully co-hosted the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 with India and Sri Lanka.
Hadudu (kabaddi) is the national sport in Bangladesh.
Other popular sports include field hockey, tennis, badminton, handball, basketball, volleyball, chess, shooting, angling, and carrom.
State symbols of Bangladesh
Bangladesh War
Government website of Bangladesh Bangladesh national portal.
Website of Bangladesh Investment Development Authority
Bangladesh -Citizendium
1972 establishments in Asia
West Germany (German: West Deutschland) is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; , BRD; ), retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic.
It was a country in Central Europe.
It was created on May 23, 1949.
It ended on October 3, 1990 due to German Reunification.
During the Cold War, West Germany was part of the Western bloc.
It was created from the eleven states in Allied-occupied Germany after World War II.
The capital city was Bonn.
West Germany was very important in the Cold War.
The last capital city of Germany Berlin was also split into West Berlin and East Berlin.
After World War II, Germany was split into four zones.
These zones were controlled by the British, French, Americans, and Soviets (Russians).
From 1946 to 1949, the British, French, and American zones combined (came together) to create West Germany.
The Soviet zone became East Germany.
The two zones would not come together again until 1990.
Konrad Adenauer was called in as chancellor from 1947 until 1962.
He was not meant to be the chancellor for a long time, but he stayed longer than expected.
As chancellor, he helped West Germany recover (get better) from World War II and improved the economy.
After Adenauer left, he was followed by Ludwig Erhard, who was also followed by Kurt Georg Kiesinger.
In 1968 the West German student movement protests began.
In 1969 Willy Brandt became chancellor.
Under him, West Germany was nicer to the Eastern countries, and he managed to sign agreements with East Germany, Poland, and Czechoslovakia, who had been more hostile to West Germany.
Brandt had to resign in May 1974 when it was found out that one of his staff members was a spy.
Helmut Schmidt served as chancellor until 1982.
He helped launch the European Monetary System (EMS).
Schmidt was followed by Helmut Kohl, who was chancellor when the Berlin Wall collapsed and Germany reunified in 1990.
Yugoslavia was a country in Europe that lied mostly in the Balkan Peninsula.
It existed in one of three forms from 1918 to 2006.
Yugoslavia means “land of the south Slavs”.
The name derives from those who came in the 7th century from the area that is now Poland.
From 1918 until 1928 it was called the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
From 1928 until World War II it was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
After WWII it was renamed to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with six republics, 2 autonomous provinces: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia and two autonomous provinces in Serbia: Vojvodina in the north, and Kosovo, next to Albania.
In 1991, came the independence of Slovenia, Croatia, in 1992, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, causing the end of the country.
Serbia and Montenegro, were the last two republics in the Socialist Yugoslavia.
In 1992, they formed a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) which ended in 2006 with Montenegro declaring independence.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1945)
In 1903 the Serbian king was murdered and replaced with Peter I. After this Serbia became more nationalist.
Tensions with Austria-Hungary heightened when it conquered Bosnia in 1908.
During this period Serbia managed to extend its borders and capture Kosovo and North Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire.
Many Serbian nationalists wanted to create a unified state for the Slavs of the Balkans.
Covert gangs attempted to assassinate Austro-Hungarian officials, like the Bosnian governor.
In June 1914 a Bosnian Serb called Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
This event eventually led to the outbreak of the Great War (World War One).
Yugoslavia came into existence in 1918 after World War I. The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which came from of a part of Austria-Hungary, joined with the Kingdom of Serbia.
The King of Serbia became the king of the new country.
Southern territories of Yugoslavia were taken by Serbia from the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912-13).
For ten years it was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
It began using the name 'Yugoslavia' in 1929.
The name 'Yugoslavia' is Serbo-Croatian for 'Land of the Southern Slavs'.
The Kingdom was invaded by axis powers in 1941 and quickly fell during World War II.
A Federal Democratic Republic was declared in 1943 with the King's approval, but the monarchy was abolished shortly after.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1992)
A People's republic was created in 1945 by a newly established communist government.
It was ruled by Josip Tito from then until 1980.
The country renamed itself SFR Yugoslavia in 1963.
It was made up of six individual Socialist Republics: SR Croatia, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SR Macedonia, SR Montenegro, SR Serbia and SR Slovenia.
The SFR Yugoslavia was different to other socialist states of the Cold War, deciding to keep itself out of it.
Yugoslavia was the only socialist state to have open borders and allowed Yugoslavs and tourists to freely move around the country.
Yugoslavia also kept warm relations with the West.
It was also an enemy of the Soviet Union after the Tito-Stalin split as Stalin considered him a traitor.
In 1968 the Soviet Union invaded socialist Czechoslovakia to stop its leader from making the country more free.
Tito told the Czechoslovak leader that he was willing to fly to Prague to help him face the Soviets if he wanted.
The Yugoslav republics began turning against one another in the 1970s and 1980s.
Josip Tito ruled Yugoslavia with an iron fist and crushed any nationalist movements that wanted to see the country break up.
His government forced the six republics to stay part of Yugoslavia.
When he died in 1980, the new leaders were less strict and let nationalist  feelings to grow in the republics of Yugoslavia.
The breakup was caused by many things like nationalism, economic difficulty and ethnic problems.
The Socialist state was dissolved in 1992 during the Yugoslav wars.
Serbia and Montenegro stayed together as FR Yugoslavia.
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia/Serbia & Montenegro (1992-2006)
After the dissolution of the SFR Yugoslavia only Serbia and Montenegro were willing to remain in union.
They renamed themselves the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.
The country was led by the controversial statesman Slobodan Milosevic from 1996 until 2000.
He was widely accused of having his opposition assassinated in 2000.
Yugoslavia applied for UN membership in October 2000 and was granted the following month.
For most of its existence the country was involved with what was called the Yugoslav Wars.
There was much ethnic violence including mass genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995) and ethnic cleansing in Kosovo (1998).
It was the worst acts of war seen in Europe since World War II.
The country was bombed by NATO forces in 1999 during the Kosovo war.
In the late 1990s separatism was growing in Yugoslavia and the country dropped the name Yugoslavia in favour of a state union in 2003.
Serbia and Montenegro became independent states in 2006, formally ending the last remaining parts of Yugoslavia
Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball league in North America.
It is often considered to be the highest level of professional baseball in the world.
There are two leagues that make up the MLB: the American League, also called AL, and National League, also called NL.
There are currently 30 teams in the MLB, 29 from the United States and one from Canada, the Toronto Blue Jays.
Major League Format
The 30 teams in MLB are divided into two leagues: American and National.
Each league is divided into three divisions: East, Central, West.
Since the 2013 season, each division has had five teams.
The most recent change took place after the 2012 season, when the Houston Astros moved from the NL Central to the AL West.
Each team in Major League Baseball is scheduled to play a 162-game season.
The season begins in April (or sometimes the end of March) and ends in October.
The teams play other teams in their own division the most, and play very few (no more than six) games against teams in the other league.
Teams usually play each other in series of three or four games at a time.
If a game is canceled because of bad weather, it may be held later, sometimes as part of a doubleheader (two games in one day).
Sometimes these games are not held again if it would not affect either team's place in the standings (the list of teams ordered by their number of wins and losses).
Highest ranking teams after this regular season enter a post-season of "playoff" games.
Teams that are tied at the end of a season may play another game to decide which team(s) will enter the playoffs.
The playoff games determine the champion for each of the two leagues.
In July, there are three days where teams do not play normal games, and a group of the best players play in the "Major League Baseball All-Star Game".
This period is called the "All-Star Break", and it is thought of as the point where half of the season is over.
Some games at the beginning of the regular season have been played in other countries, such as Japan.
There is one difference between games played in the American League and games played in the National League.
The American League teams play with a "designated hitter", a player who bats in place of the pitcher and does not play in the field.
In the National League, the pitcher must bat along with the other players.
In games played in teams from both leagues, the rule that the home team usually plays by is used.
At the end of every season, ten teams play in the playoffs.
Five teams from the AL, and five teams from the NL are in the playoffs.
The team from the West, Central, or East division from each league with the most wins makes the playoffs (a team with the best record in its division is said to have "won its division").
The next two best teams in the AL and the next two best teams in the NL also get to play in the playoffs.
They are called "wild card" teams.
The first playoff round is called the Wild Card game.
The two wild card teams from each league play each other in a one-game playoff.
The winner of each game moves on to the Division Series.
The team with the best record in each league plays the winner of its league's Wild Card game.
The division winner with the second best record plays against the division winner with the third best record.
In the Division Series, teams play "best out of 5".
Once one team beats the other three times, the winning team moves onto the next round of the playoffs, the Championship Series.
The teams that lose are out of the playoffs.
The AL teams that win play in the AL Championship Series.
The NL teams that win play in the NL Championship Series.
The Championship series is "best out of 7 games".
Once one team beats the other four times, the winning team moves onto the next round of the playoffs.
After the Championship Series, there are only two teams left.
These two teams play each other in the World Series, which is also a "best out of 7 games" series.
The winner of the World Series is the champion of the league.
They receive a trophy, depicting flags at different heights.
The first league of professional baseball teams began in 1871 and was called the National Association.
This league did not play baseball the same way MLB does.
For example, batters would walk after nine pitches instead of four.
Many of the teams had problems with money and split up after only one or two seasons.
However two teams are still playing today.
Those teams were the Boston Red Stockings, which today are the Atlanta Braves, and the Chicago White Stockings, which today are the Chicago Cubs.
In 1876, the National League began, and included the Red and White Stockings as well as six other teams.
This league was run better, but many teams still would split up after only a few seasons.
Some, like the teams that are now called the Philadelphia Phillies and San Francisco Giants, are also still playing today.
There were other leagues also.
The American Association started in 1882 and was almost as good as the National League.
However many of its teams would go to the National League, and the American Association disappeared in 1891.
The National League had problems, though.
Players and fans did not behave well, and in 1894 a fire started during a game and destroyed the stadium and part of Roxbury, Boston.
A star (*) means a relocation of a franchise.
See team articles for more information.
1871 establishments in the United States
Henry Louis Gehrig (born Heinrich Ludwig Gehrig; June 19, 1903June 2, 1941) was an American baseball player.
Due to his reliability and stamina, he was nicknamed the Iron Horse.
He played with Babe Ruth and the New York Yankees who were thought the best team of that time.
He played with the Yankees for most of his playing time which started in 1923 and ended in 1939.
He played in 2,130 games without a rest, which was the most of any player until Cal Ripken, Jr. in 1995.
When he stopped playing as well, he went to a doctor who found out Gehrig had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS – which is now sometimes called Lou Gehrig's disease).
The doctor told Gehrig he had only a short time to live.
On July 4, 1939, there was a celebration of Gehrig by the other Yankees, and Gehrig gave a speech that became well-known.
When he spoke that day he said he was "the luckiest man on the face of the earth".
The mayor of New York City congratulated him for his teamwork.
He died less than two years later in New York City.
American baseball players
Disease-related deaths in New York City
New York Yankees players
The United States Senate is the upper house of the United States Congress, which is a small group of elected people who decide the laws of the country.
Every U.S. state elects two people to represent them in the US Senate.
These people are called senators.
Since there are 50 US states, there are 100 senators.
Senators only serve six years at a time, and one-third of them are picked every two years.
Originally the legislature of each state decided who their senators would be.
After 1913, all the people of the state chose their senators by vote.
The Vice President of the United States is in charge of the Senate, but only does anything when there is a tie vote or a special event.
In order to be a senator, a person has to be 30 years old or older, and has to be a citizen of the United States for 9 years or more.
They must also live in the state they represent at election time.
The Senate, along with the United States House of Representatives, votes on which laws the United States should have.
In most cases, both of these groups have to agree on the suggested law and the President has to sign it before it becomes a law.
The Senate is the side of Congress where every state has the same number of votes (two).
This is different from the House of Representatives, where states with more people have more votes than states with fewer people.
This was decided at the Constitutional Convention, because small states like Delaware did not want the larger states to be able to decide everything.
Also, only part of the Senate runs for election during elections.
Every two years, 33 (two elections) or 34 (one election) senators are elected.
For each state, this means that after two elections to the Senate, during one election no one will be elected to the Senate.
Also, like the House, the Senate can override the president's veto with a ⅔ (67 votes) vote.
But unlike the house, some bills require a 3/5 (60 votes) vote (it used to be ⅔ of the vote) to overcome the filibuster.
A filibuster is when senators band together, they can stop bills from going through the senate.
Confirmation powers
The Senate is also in charge of agreeing to treaties with other countries.
The Senate has the sole responsibility for confirming presidential appointments.
These include federal judges, foreign ambassadors and Cabinet members.
If the Senate and President do not agree, the President has to pick someone else the Senate will agree to.
Committees of the United States Senate and other important jobs in the Senate are assigned by the majority political party.
Right now, the Senate is made up of 48 Democrats with 2 Independents who sides with the Democrats which make them the Senate Majority.
The minority of the Senate is made up of 50 Republicans.
The United States Senate Official Website
Sortable contact data
Senate Chamber Map
[ Standing Rules of the Senate]
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present
List of Senators who died in office, via PoliticalGraveyard.com
Chart of all U.S. Senate seat-holders, by state, 1978–present, via Texas Tech University
A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 , via Tufts University
Bill Hammons' American Politics Guide – Members of Congress by Committee and State with Partisan Voting Index
First U.S. Senate session aired by C-SPAN via C-SPAN
Senate Manual via govinfo.gov (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
United States Senate Calendars and Schedules
Information about U.S. Bills and Resolutions
In most countries, art and other made-up things, like stories, books, TV shows, and pictures, are owned by the person that first made them.
This person can let someone else own the things they make, sometimes for money.
The person that owns these things has a copyright for them, which means that person can decide who can copy their work.
If someone else copies that work without asking the owner first, that person is breaking the law.
The owner can take the person to court and try to get money from them because of what they did.
Since a lot of creative work is popular, people want to talk about them, and they may want to talk about them on TV or in a book.
This might mean that they want to use a little bit of it when they talk about it.
The idea of "fair use" was added to most copyright laws to make sure that it would be OK do to this, as long as only a little bit of someone's work is used.
Software programs
Since a lot of creative work is now on computers and on the Internet, it is very easy to copy things and send them to lots of people.
To make sure that people cannot always do this, there are computer programs that try to stop people from copying other people's work (known as digital rights management).
One problem with these programs is that they also mean that you cannot copy even a small part of someone's work, so you cannot do "fair use" without cheating the program.
In some countries, cheating those software programs is also breaking the law.
The duodenum is a short section of the small intestine, and is where most digestion in the small intestine takes place.
It receives secretions, including bile and juice, from the pancreas and the liver through the pancreatic and common bile ducts.
These secretions limit, or neutralise, the stomach acidity.
Also, enzymes help to digest the food.
Soil erosion is the washing or blowing away (by water or wind) of the top layer of soil (dirt).
This is a serious problem for farmers.
If the soil has eroded, the crops that make food will not grow very well.
Erosion also leaves large sinkholes in the ground, which can weaken buildings and even cause them to collapse.
Urban areas are usually protected from soil erosion, so not many buildings collapse from erosion.
Steps for conserving soil from eroding
A wind break is a line of plants that are planted to stop or slow the wind.
A thick row of bushes or shrubs planted next to a field of crops can stop the wind from blowing the soil away.
This method also helps against water erosion, as the soil gets caught up against the roots of the bushes, rather than washing away.
Terraces are level places that have been made on hill sides.
They are used for Terrace farming.
If the crops are growing on a slope, then one should plant them in contour lines that run across the slope, rather than up and down.
So, if the slope goes downhill to the south, then the plants should be in rows that run from east to west.
Groynes (wooden planks) along the beaches can resist erosion, or sea walls against cliffs can protect the cliffs.
Compost is a type of fertilizer that is made from rotting plants.
It is easy and cheap to make, as all it really requires is vegetable waste.
The vegetable waste is broken down by bacteria (germs), and made into compost.
Making a compost heap
To make a compost heap, you need some space fairly far from anyone who might have a problem with the smell.
The bottom corner of a garden, or some other place a distance from the house is a good place.
Compost heaps should also be placed on soil, or grass: a paved yard or concrete are bad places.
The best base for a compost heap is a layer of sand, bricks or gravel about 1m long by 1m wide.
This is not needed, but it can be a good idea.
If using bricks, leave spaces to allow the air to move through.
It also allows for the water to run away.
The best compost heaps have lots of little spaces inside, to allow air to move around.
Vegetable/fruit peels and scraps
Spoiled, rotten or moldy fruit
Cut grass
Adding meat scraps is a bad idea, as they rot slowly, smell bad and attract rats and other vermin.
Human or pet feces is also a very bad idea, as this can transmit disease.
Waste from plants that have died of disease is also bad.
The disease can spread to the plants that the compost is used with.
When making a compost heap, different types of waste should be layered.
A layer of cut grass can be followed by a layer of vegetable waste and table scraps.
Watering the compost heap is a good idea, especially in dry areas.
The water helps encourage the waste to rot and turn into compost.
In anywhere from 3 to 6 months, the compost will be ready.
The compost is ready when it smells like thick earth, with no smell of decay or rot.
Of course, if you have been adding waste all this time, the compost will all be at the bottom of the heap, and will have to be dug out.
The Look of Compost
Cré, the Irish Composting Association Contains information on composting in Ireland.
Composting Basics  Canadian Gardening Magazine
An automatic composter
Haiti (French: Haïti; Haitian Creole: Ayiti), officially the Republic of Haiti (French: République d'Haïti; Haitian Creole: Repiblik d Ayiti) is a country on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.
The other country on the island is the Dominican Republic.
Haiti has two official languages: French and Haitian Creole, or "Kreyol", which is a simple version of French mixed with African languages.
Its capital city is Port-au-Prince.
Haiti has a tropical climate.
In French, the country is called "La Perle des Antilles" (The pearl of the Antilles), because of its natural beauty.
There are many mountains in Haiti.
The country used to be covered with forests.
However, it no longer is, because of deforestation.
It is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere.
Haiti is divided into ten departements.
The main religion is Roman Catholicism.
However, many Haitians also practice Voodoo.
This is a religion which came from African folk beliefs in Benin.
Haiti has many holidays; the largest and most important is the Mardi Gras.
Haiti has a total area of 27,750 km².
Most of it is in the western third of the Hispaniola island.
There are also smaller islands near the Haitian coast, like Gonâve, Île de la Tortue, Les Cayemites, Île-à-Vache and La Navase.
Haiti has many mountains.
There are only some coastal plains and few valleys.
The largest valley is the Cul-de-Sac.
Port-au-Prince is in the western end of this valley.
The country's main river is the Artibonite, which is also the longest in Hispaniola.
Haiti's biggest city is Port-au-Prince, with more than 3 million people in its metropolitan area.
The second largest city is Cap-Haïtien.
The rainy season lasts from April to June, and from October to November.
Hurricanes are common during summer.
In the past, hurricanes have caused a lot of damage and killed many people.
The Taino people were a tribe of Arawak Amerindians.
They lived on the island of Hispaniola before Christopher Columbus found the island and started a European colony there.
Columbus found the island of Hispaniola on his first trip to the Americas.
Within twenty-five years after Columbus arrived, all of the Arawaks had been killed by Spanish conquistadors.
In the early 17th century, the French set up a colony on Hispaniola.
In 1697, Spain sold the western third of the island - Haiti - to the French.
The French colony was based on forestry and making sugar.
It became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean.
However, to do this, the colony brought many slaves over from Africa and destroyed much of the environment.
By the late 18th century, there were nearly half a million slaves in Haiti.