the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Outside France, the baguette is also called a 'French stick'.
It is a loaf of bread, up to a metre long but only about four to five centimetres in diameter.
The baguette is a symbol of France.
Baguettes are eaten as a sandwich cut in half lengthwise.
They are also eaten for breakfast (usually with jam or chocolate spread).
A loaf the same length as a baguette but thicker (about 8-10 centimetres diameter) is known as 'pain'.
A thin version of the baguette is called 'ficelle'.
The barometer measures air pressure in various kinds of units including hectopascals (hPa).
There are various types of barometers such as the water barometer, aneroid barometer, and the mercury barometer.
The mercury barometer, the earliest barometer, was created by an Italian mathematician named Evangelista Torricelli in 1643.
They are used for measuring altitude, or height above the ground, such as the height of a mountain, and they were often used to measure altitude aboard a hot air balloon.
Barometers are also used in modern aviation.
Miners sometimes use them to determine the depth of a mine.
The most used purpose of the barometer was measuring air pressure.
This helps meteorologists in predicting weather.
The company began in 1865 as a wood pulp mill in Finland and began making paper.
The paper was sold to Russia, the UK, and France.
The company merged with the Finnish Rubber Company which wanted to use its hydroelectricity plant.
After World War Two, Nokia bought a large part of the Finnish Cable Works.
In 1967 the three companies joined to form the Nokia Group.
They began making electronic products, and for a few years early in the 21st century were the world's biggest maker of mobile phones.
Some of its phones, such as the Nokia 1100 and 1110, have sold over 250 million units around the world, and a few others, like the Nokia 3210 and Nokia 3310, sold more than 100 million units.
In 2011, Nokia and Microsoft began a partnership which created Nokia Lumia, a series of smartphones that use the Windows Phone operating system and was meant to replace Symbian as the OS on Nokia's smartphones.
Not many of these phones were sold and because of this, Nokia was losing money.
Finally, in 2013, Microsoft bought out Nokia's mobile phone business, which became a division of Microsoft called Microsoft Mobile.
Microsoft continued to make feature phones with the Nokia brand, but began using the Microsoft brand for its Lumia smartphones.
Nokia's other phones, including the Nokia X which used Android, were discontinued, or no longer made.
Nokia also bought the mapping company Navteq in 2011, and changed its name to HERE.
Its apps were first available only on Windows Phone as part of the company's deal with Microsoft, but they later became available for Android and iOS.
HERE was sold to Volkswagen, BMW, and Daimler in 2015.
Also in 2011, Nokia started a music streaming service called MixRadio.
It became part of Microsoft Mobile in 2014, was sold to a Japanese company in 2015, and was eventually shut down in 2016.
In 2013, Nokia bought out the share of its telecommunications division that was held by Siemens of Germany, and this division is now known as Nokia Networks.
The French company Alcatel-Lucent was bought by Nokia and merged into Nokia Networks early in 2016, which also included taking over the famous Bell Labs.
Microsoft Mobile sold its feature phone business to HMD Global in 2016, which is licensing the Nokia brand for its own phones.
They include the Android-based Nokia 3, Nokia 5, and Nokia 6, and a new version of the popular Nokia 3310 made in 2000.
1865 establishments in Europe
Electronics companies
Companies of Finland
Telephone companies of Europe
1860s establishments in Finland
Mobile phone companies
Research is a way of looking for new information, new understanding, and new facts.
A person who does research is called a researcher.
Some researchers work in academia.
Other researchers work for businesses, for organisations, or for the government.
Research is often used for solving problems or increasing available knowledge.
This can be done by testing theories and making observations.
Research usually prefers to be systematic, organised, and objective.
Research is used in many different fields of study such as science, mathematics, and the humanities.
Researchers take part in field or laboratory experiments, reading relevant books, journals or websites, taking notes and making conclusions.
Teaching and lecturing is only part of the job of a professor or researcher.
When they are not directly teaching classes they are often working on academic research.
Learning institutions can vary widely in what they expect from members of their faculty.
Most expect faculty members to set up their own laboratories.
They hire their own lab employees and obtain their own funding, often from more than one source.
Academic researchers often compete for grants to fund research at their own university.
The more money researchers can attract, the higher the prestige of that university.
The scientific method is the usual way of doing this kind of research.
It is meant to improve understanding of biology, engineering, physics, chemistry and many other fields.
With this kind of research, scientists can understand the world, and discover useful things.
Money for research comes from governments, private corporations, and charities.
Some of these organizations combine research and development of new products and ways of doing their work.
Some basic principles of research
Systematic: from a hypothesis or working objective, researchers gather data according to a scheme set out in advance.
They use the data to change ideas or add new knowledge to that already existing.
The approach used in research is the scientific method.
Organized: members of a research group use the same definitions, standards and principles.
This is part of the detailed plan.
Objective: conclusions from research must be based on observed and measured facts, not on subjective impressions.
The conclusions should be unbiased.
Basic activities at research process
Studying available information on the subject.
Physical or computer modeling.
Measuring the phenomena.
Comparing the obtained results.
Interpreting the results with the current knowledge, considering the variables which might have influenced the result.
Types of research
Basic research, also called fundamental research or pure research, aims to understand nature.
Applied research aims at using the new knowledge to do something.
Research must be published so the world can learn from it.
Nature, Science and Proceedings of the Royal Society, are general scientific journals.
Many special journals are published.
Research must pass the peer review process in order to be published.
The Electronic Entertainment Expo (Exposition) or  E3 , first held in 1995, is one of the biggest conferences for video games.
Every year in late May or early June, game developers and other professional people gather to show new video games, computer hardware, and features.
It is only open to people who have been invited and people visiting must be over eighteen years old.
In 2019, personal information of more than 6000 people were leaked.
As a result, people were harassed.
Video game events
1995 establishments
Prince Edward Island (PEI; ) is a province of Canada.
It is the smallest of Canada's ten provinces.
Most of the people on Prince Edward Island speak English.
Prince Edward Island was named for the son of King George lll of Britain, and it joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873.
This province is  long and 4 to 60 kilometers (2.5 to 37 miles) wide.
The capital, and also the largest city, is Charlottetown.
Prince Edward Island is known for being the location for novels written by Lucy Maud Montgomery including Anne of Green Gables.
It is also important for being the "Birthplace of Confederation", because the Charlottetown Conference in 1864 was in Prince Edward Island.
The government of Prince Edward Island is a parliamentary government, with a constitutial monarchy.
The monarch (king or queen) right now is Queen Elizabeth II, who is also the monarch for the rest of Canada.
The person who represents the Queen is called the Lieutenant Governor.
1873 establishments in Canada
An antigen is a molecule on the outside of a pathogen (a "germ").
It causes the production of antibodies which stick to the invading virus or bacterium.
This is an immune response.
Antigens are usually a protein on the outside of a bacterium or virus.
It gets recognized by the adaptive immune system as foreign, and this stimulates the production of antibodies.
The antibodies combine with the antigens and make the invading virus or bacterium ineffective.
Antigens stimulate the production of antibodies: they do not produce them directly.
Vaccines for the seasonal flu virus is a common example.
The body system is normally tolerant of its own molecules, which don't trigger an attack.
Autoimmune diseases are caused when this safeguard fails.
The first time that a new antigen comes into contact with the body the response of the immune system will be a complete immune response.
During this first response, the antigen will cause antibodies to be made.
Vaccinations usually contain dead bacteria or antigen so the antibodies can recognise it later and make antibodies faster.
Epitope – the distinct surface features of an antigen.
Allergen – A substance capable of causing an allergic reaction.
The (detrimental) reaction may result after exposure via ingestion, inhalation, injection, or contact with skin.
Superantigen – A class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells, resulting in polyclonal T-cell activation and massive cytokine release.
Tolerogen – A substance that invokes a specific immune non-responsiveness due to its molecular form.
If its molecular form is changed, a tolerogen can become an immunogen.
Immunoglobulin-binding protein – proteins that stick to antigens, for example the B-cell antigen receptor complex.
T-dependent antigen – Antigens that require the assistance of T cells to induce the formation of specific antibodies.
T-independent antigen – Antigens that stimulate B cells directly.
Immunodominant antigens – Antigens that dominate (over all others from a pathogen) in their ability to produce an immune response.
Chaos is when something unpredictable or random happens.
It may refer to several different things:
Chaos magic, a branch of occultism
Chaos (mythology), the concept in classical creation stories
Randomness, a lack of intelligible pattern or combination
Chaos theory, a branch of mathematics and physics
Chaos (genus), a type of giant amoeba
19521 Chaos, a Trans-Neptunian Kuiper belt object in space
K-os, Canadian musician
Chaos an American hip hop Recoring artist
Information entropy is a concept from information theory.
It tells how much information there is in an event.
In general, the more certain or deterministic the event is, the less information it will contain.
More clearly stated, information is an increase in uncertainty or entropy.
The concept of information entropy was created by mathematician Claude Shannon.
Information and its relationship to entropy can be modeled by:R = H(x) - Hy(x)"The conditional entropy Hy(x) will, for convenience, be called the equivocation.
It measures the average ambiguity of the received signal."
The "average ambiguity" or Hy(x) meaning uncertainty or entropy.
H(x) represents information.
R is the received signal.
The information gain is a measure of the probability with which a certain result is expected to happen.
In the context of a coin flip, with a 50-50 probability, the entropy is the highest value of 1.
It does not involve information gain because it does not incline towards a specific result more than the other.
If there is a 100-0 probability that a result will occur, the entropy is 0.
Let's look at an example.
If someone is told something they already know, the information they get is very small.
It will be pointless for them to be told something they already know.
This information would have very low entropy.
If they were told about something they knew little about, they would get much new information.
This information would be very valuable to them.
They would learn something.
This information would have high entropy.
Entropy (Information Theory)
Information is not entropy, !
- a discussion of the use of the terms "information" and "entropy".
I'm confused: how could information equal entropy? -
a similar discussion on the bionet.info-theory FAQ.
Java "entropy pool" for cryptographically-secure unguessable random numbers
Description of information entropy from Tools for thought' by Howard Rheingold
An intuitive guide to the concept of entropy arising in various sectors of science – a wikibook on the interpretation of the concept of entropy.
The Spice Girls are a British girl group.
The group formed in 1994.
The group has five members.
Each member uses a nickname initially given to them: Melanie Chisholm ("Sporty Spice"), Emma Bunton ("Baby Spice"), Melanie Brown ("Scary Spice"), Victoria Beckham (née Adams) ("Posh Spice"), and Geri Halliwell ("Ginger Spice") .
They were signed to Virgin Records.
The Spice Girls released their debut single, "Wannabe" in 1996.
It hit number-one in more than 30 countries.
The song helped make the group as a global phenomenon.
The group is credited for starting the trend of commercial success of teen pop in the late 1990s.
Their debut album, Spice, sold more than 28 million copies worldwide.
It is the best-selling album by a female group in music history.
They have sold over 75 million records worldwide.
This makes them the best-selling female group of all time.
It also makes them the most successful British band since the Beatles.
The group released three albums: Spice in 1996, Spice World in 1997 and Forever in 2000.
The Spice Girls starred in Spiceworld: The Movie, which was released in December 1997.
The members reunited in 2007.
They released a Greatest Hits album in November and said a world tour would start in December.
On 1 February 2008, the group said that they would be ending the tour early.
1994 establishments in England
British girl groups
2008 disestablishments in England
Traffic cones (also called road cones, safety cones or pylons) are cone-shaped markers, usually made from plastic, that are put on roads to temporarily redirect car traffic in a safe manner.
Traffic cones are usually placed around construction sites or roadside accidents.
As well, many utility companies such as telephone companies and electric companies place cones on the road when utility workers are working on or near the road.
Cones are also used by driving schools to set up tests of turning and parking skills.
Traffic cones are easily movable and about 60 cm (24 inches) tall.
Traffic cones come in many different colors, with orange, yellow and red being the most common colors.
Many types of traffic cones have reflective strips or stripes of reflective paint, so that the cones are easier to see at night.
Traffic cones were invented in 1914 by Charles P. Rudabaker.
The first cones were made of concrete.
In the 2000s, most cones are made of brightly-colored plastic.
The Traffic Cone Preservation Society
Orange Cones -- Kibo's collection of photographs of cones in unusual places
Automated Traffic Cone Placement-Retrieval Trailer
Traffic signs
Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie DBE (15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was an English writer of crime stories.
Her books are very famous all over the world, and she sold more than 4 billion books around the world.
Only William Shakespeare has sold more books.
Also, her books are written in more languages than any other writer's books.
People can read them in 103 different languages.
Her stories are about murders and finding out who did them.
It is hard to find that person.
There is a detective who tries to catch the bad person.
People like reading her books because they can try to find the answer, too.
Reading these books is like playing a game.
The most well-known characters in her books are Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot.
Miss Marple is an old English lady, and she talks to everyone.
People do not think she is smart, but she always finds the bad person.
She uses logic to find out who is guilty of the murder.
Hercule Poirot is a strange man, a private detective from Belgium who lives in London.
He likes to find out who did the murder by thinking about all the evidence.
The stories of Poirot and Miss Marple were made into many TV shows and movies.
Christie also wrote plays.
One of them is called The Mousetrap, and it started over 60 years ago.
It remains the world's longest-running play.
Christie was born in Torquay in Devon, England.
She did not go to school.
She had lessons from her mother at home.
Her mother thought children should not learn to read until they were eight years old.
But Christie learned how to read by herself when she was four.
She read many books, so she learned to become a good writer.
She later became a very good pianist and singer, too.
She was married twice; she had a daughter called Rosalind Hicks.
She worked in a hospital and in a pharmacy during World War I. She also wrote romance novels and plays.
They were very successful too.
In 1971, she was honoured by the Queen with the title Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
Christie died on 12 January 1976 at age 85 from natural causes at her Winterbrook House in the north of Cholsey parish, adjoining Wallingford in Oxfordshire (formerly part of Berkshire).
She is buried in the nearby churchyard of St Mary's, Cholsey.
The Guinness Book of World Records ranks Christie as the best-selling novelist ever.
Her novels have sold about 4 billion copies.
Her works are the world's most-widely published books after those of William Shakespeare and the Bible.
Her books have been translated into at least 103 languages.
Christie's best-selling novel is And Then There Were None.
It has sold 100 million copies.
It is the world's best-selling mystery novel.
Deaths from natural causes
Writers from Devon
Motion (physics), any physical movement or change in position or place
Circular motion
Equation of motion
Motion perception
Glacial motion
Polar motion
Diurnal motion
Law and politics
Motion (legal), in law
Motion (democracy), a formal step to introduce a matter for consideration by a group
Motion (album), an album by the Cinematic Orchestra
Motion, the two female disco dance performers working with Deney Terrio
Motion control
Motion detection and motion detector
Motion graphic
Apple Motion, motion graphic software by Apple Computer
Motion planning, in robotics
Motion simulator
Valve gear, a part of a steam locomotive
Full motion video
Motion capture
Motion picture
Stop motion
Andrew Motion, poet laureate
Megabit (1,000,000 bits), preferred symbols Mb
Megabyte (1,000,000 bytes), preferred symbol MB
Mebibyte (220 = 1,048,576 bytes), preferred symbol MiB
Bachelor of Medicine, an academic degree (Latin Medicinae Baccleureus)
MacBook, an Apple Computer
Manitoba (Canadian Province/Territory Code)
Maribor, a city in Slovenia
Martinique: FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code
Medal of Bravery (Canadian decoration post-nominal letters)
Mercedes-Benz, a German brand of automobiles, buses, coaches and trucks
Myoglobin, a type of protein chain
Millibar, a unit of pressure.
Sometimes written as mBar.
Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (born Francis Nwia-Kofi Ngonloma, September 21, 1909 – April 27, 1972) was an African political leader.
He was well known as the first Prime Minister, then President, of Ghana.
He imagined a united Africa.
On March 6, 1957, after ten years of campaigning for Ghanaian independence, Nkrumah was elected President and Ghana gained independence from British rule.
Early life and activism
He attended Elementary School at Half Assini where his father worked as a goldsmith.
A German priest called George Fischer influenced his education.
He went to a school for teachers in Accra, then became a teacher himself.
In 1935 he went to Lincoln University in the United States.
He learned more about Communism.
His education continued at the University of Pennsylvania, from 1939 to 1943.
In 1945 he went to London and organized an international conference for African freedom.
At that time he changed his name to "Kwame".
Nkrumah returned to the Gold Coast and founded the Convention People's Party.
He was elected Prime Minister.
When Ghana became independent from England, Nkrumah was its first president.
He created the flag of Ghana.
He required all children to attend school.
More women attended school and took jobs.
For electricity, Nkrumah ordered the building of a hydroelectric dam  known as the "Akosombo Dam" and a nuclear power plant.
After his overthrow, Kwame Nkrumah lived out his life in Conakry, Guinea.
Diagnosed with prostate cancer, in August 1971 he flew to Romania for treatment.
He died in Bucharest, Romania, on 27 April 1972 at the age of 62.
1930: Obtained Teacher's Certificate from the Prince of Wales’ College at Achimota (Formerly Government Training College, Accra)
1931: Teacher, Roman Catholic School, Elmina (Central Region) and later, Head teacher, Roman Catholic junior School Axim (Western Region)
1932: Teacher, Roman Catholic Seminary, Amisano (Central Region)
1935: Entered Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, USA.
1939: Earned a BA (Lincoln University), USA
1942: Earned a BA (Theology), Lincoln University, USA
1943: M.Sc.
Education, MA Philosophy, and completed course work / preliminary examination for a Ph.
D. degree at the University of Pennsylvania, USA
1939 - 1945: Combined studies with part-time lectureship in Negro History. (
During this period, he helped to found the African Studies Association and the African Students Association of America and Canada.)
1945: Voted "Most Outstanding Professor-Of-The-Year by "The Lincolnian"
1945 (May): Arrived in London with the aim of studying Law and completing thesis for a Doctorate but met George Padmore.
The two as Co-Political Secretaries helped to organize the Sixth Pan-African Congress in Manchester, England.
After the Congress, Nkrumah continued work for de-colonization of Africa and became Vice-President of West African Students Union.
He was also leader of "The Circle", the secret organization dedicated to the unity and independence of West Africa, in its struggle to create and maintain a Union of African Socialist Republics
1947: Wrote his first book, "Towards Colonial Freedom"
1947: (December): Returned to Gold Coast and became General Secretary of United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)
1948: Detained with Executive Members of UGCC known later as the "Big Six" following disturbances in the colony.
1948: (September): Established the "Accra Evening News which appeared on the news-stands the same day that he was dismissed as General Secretary of UGCC.
1949 (June): Formed Convention Peoples Party (CPP) with the Committee on Youth Organization (CYO).
1949 (December): Declared Positive Action to demand Independence.
1950 (January): Arrested, following riots resulting from declaration of Positive Action
1951 (February): Won the election while in prison with a vote of 22,780 from the 23,122 ballots cast, to take the Accra Central seat.
He was released later from prison in the same month to form new Government.
1956: Won the elections leading to independence.
1957: (6 March): Declared Ghana's Independence
1958 (April): Convened Conference of the existing independent African States (Ghana, Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Morocco and Liberia).
In December, He held an All-African Peoples Conference in Accra, the first Pan-African conference to be held on African soil.
He took the first step towards African Unification by signing an agreement with Sekou Toure to unite Ghana and Guinea.
1958: Married Helena Ritz Fathia, an Egyptian Coptic and relative of President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt.
Had three children with her - Gokeh, Sarmiah Yarba, and Sekou Ritz
1960: Declared Ghana a Republic.
1961: Nkrumah extended the Ghana - Guinea union to include Mali under Modibo Keita.
1962 (August): Target of an assassination attempt at Kulungugu in the Northern Region of Ghana.
1963 (May): Nkrumah organized a conference of the 32 independent African States in Addis Ababa.
The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was formed at this conference with the purpose of working for the Unity, Freedom and Prosperity of the people of Africa.
1964: Established Ghana as a One Party State with himself as Life President.
1965: Nkrumah published his book "Neocolonialism".
In this book he showed how foreign companies and governments were enriching themselves at the expense of the African people.
This book drew harsh protest from the US government and consequently withdrew its economic aid of $35m previously earmarked for Ghana.
1966 (February 24th): Overthrown in a Military Coup d'état while on trip to Hanoi, North Vietnam.
He left for Conakry, Guinea on being told of the overthrow.
He lived in Conakry as Co–President of Guinea.
1971 (August): Flew to Romania for treatment for his prostate cancer.
1972 (April 27th): Died of cancer in Bucharest, Romania.
1972 (7 July): Buried in Ghana.
Written works
The Osagyefo, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah authored over 20 books and publications.
He was a lead authority on the Political theory and Practical Pan-Africanism.
A list of Nkrumah's publications
Presidents of Ghana
Pan-Africanists
Diego Velázquez (baptized 6 June 1599 – 6 August 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV.
Diego Velázquez had a hard life.
He got married when he was eighteen.
With his wife, he had two daughters.
He died at the age of 61 after having painted many paintings, including Las Meninas.
1599 births
1660 deaths
Kinshasa is the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (once called Zaire).
It is the third largest city in the continent of Africa (after Lagos and Cairo).
About eleven million people live there.
Kinshasa is also a province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Kinshasa is on one side of the Congo river, and Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo, is on the other side.
Kinshasa and Brazzaville are the nearest country capitals in the world.
Henry Morton Stanley founded (started) the town in 1881 and called it Léopoldville (after King Léopold II of Belgium, who controlled the Congo Free State, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), next to a village called Nshasa or Kinshasa.
The city was originally private property (not public).
The post developed successfully as the first navigable port on the Congo River above Livingstone Falls, a series of rapids over 300 kilometres (190 mi) below Leopoldville.
At first, all goods arriving by sea or being sent by sea had to be carried by porters between Léopoldville and Matadi.
Later a railway went around the falls.
Settlements in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef.
It is near the coast of Queensland, Australia.
It is made up of nearly 2900 coral reefs and over 600 islands.
It is 327,800 km2 big and 2600 km long.
It has been listed an important World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
The Great Barrier Reef is the largest structure made by living things.
It can be seen from outer space.
The Reefs are threatened.
The biggest threat to the Great Barrier Reef today is coral bleaching caused by high sea water temperatures as a result of global warming.
During 2016, the worst die-off ever recorded occurred, due to seas warming around the Great Barrier Reef.
Two-thirds of a 700-km (435 miles) stretch of coral in nine months were killed.
The Reef Research Centre has found the remains of coral that are half a million years old.
Corals have been growing in the region for as long as 25 million years.
The corals have not always formed coral reefs.
It is difficult to work out the age of the Great Barrier Reef.
This is because of the way a reef can grow and shrink as the sea level changes.
A coral reef can grow in diameter, that is how wide they are, from 1 to 2 cm per year.
They can also grow upwards from 1 to 15 cm per year.
Coral can not grow if the water is too deep (150 metres or more) because it needs light from the sun.
They cannot grow out of the water (above sea level).
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Institute of Marine Science say the current, living reef started growing about 20,000 years ago.
It started to grow on an older reef.
This makes the beginning of the reef duringay.
The land that forms the bottom of the Great Barrier Reef was a coastal plain.
The plain had some large hills.
Some of these hills were parts of older reefs.
From 20,000 years ago until 6,000 years the sea level began to rise.
As it rose, the corals could grow higher on the hills of the coastal plain.
13,000 years ago the sea level was 60 metres lower than the present day.
Corals began to grow around the hills of the coastal plain.
These became continental islands.
As the sea level rose higher, most of these continental islands were covered by water.
The corals could then grow over the hills.
This formed the present cays and reefs.
Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not risen much in the last 6,000 years.
The CRC Reef Research Centre has worked out that the present, living reef is 6,000 to 8,000 years old.
The remains of a very old barrier reef has been found in the Kimberley area.
This is in the northern part of Western Australia.
The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has been divided into 70 different areas.
These are called bioregions.
Each bioregion has its own special plants and animals.
There are 30 reef bioregions, and 40 are non-reef bioregions.
In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef, there are ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs.
These kinds of reef do not exist in the rest of the Great Barrier Reef system.
The Great Barrier Reef has 1,500 species of fish, and many other animals, algae, and corals.
This includes many vulnerable or endangered species.
Some of these exist only on this reef system.
Thirty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises have been seen in the Great Barrier Reef.
This includes the dwarf minke whale, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, and the humpback whale.
Most of the population of the dugongs live there.
Turtles and Dugongs
Six species of sea turtles come to the reef to breed.
These are the green sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle, hawksbill turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, flatback turtle, and the olive ridley.
There are two different groups of green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef.
One group lives in the northern part of the reef and the other in the south.
Fifteen species of seagrass attract the dugongs and turtles.
They also provide a food and shelter for fish.
The most common kinds of seagrasses are Halophila and Halodule.
Other sea animals
Saltwater Crocodiles live in mangrove and salt marshes on the coast near the reef.
No crocodile nests have been found on the reef.
The salt water crocodiles on the reef travel long distances.
There are not many living around the reef.
Around 125 species of shark, stingray, skates or chimaera live on the reef.
About 5,000 species of mollusc live on the reef.
These include the giant clam, nudibranchs and cone snails.
Forty-nine species of pipefish and nine species of seahorse have been found.
Seven species of frogs live on the islands.
Also, the Moray eel lives on the bottom, preying on fish.
215 species of birds come to the reef or nest or roost on the islands.
This includes 22 species of seabirds and 32 species of shorebirds.
These include the white-bellied sea eagle and roseate tern.
Most nesting sites are on islands in the northern and southern regions of the Great Barrier Reef.
About 1.7 million birds use the sites to breed.
The islands of the Great Barrier Reef have 2,195 known plant species.
Three of these do not live anywhere else.
The northern islands have 300-350 plants which are woody.
The southern islands have 200 plants which are herbaceous.
The Whitsunday region has the most plant species placing at 1,141.
The plant species are mostly spread by fish
Sea snakes
Seventeen types of sea snake live on the Great Barrier Reef.
They take about 4 years to become old enough to breed.
They usually live on the sea floor.
They live in warm waters up to  deep.
They are more common in the southern part of the reef.
Fish, ascidians and bryozoans
More than 1,500 species of fish live on the reef.
These include the clownfish, red bass, red-throat emperor, and several types of snapper and coral trout.
There are at least 330 species of sea squirts (ascidians) on the reef.
These vary in size from 1 mm-10 cm in diameter.
Between 300 and 500 species of bryozoans live on the reef system.
These are small water animals that look like moss, or
Four hundred species of corals, both hard corals and soft corals live on the reef.
Most of these spawn, releasing thousands of eggs, in huge events.
This spawning is controlled by the rising sea temperatures.
This happens in spring, summer and some parts of autumn, as part of the moons lunar cycle, and the day/night diurnal cycle.
Reefs in the inner Great Barrier Reef spawn during the week after the full moon in October.
Outer reefs spawn in November and December.
The common soft corals on the Great Barrier Reef belong to 36 different types.
Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef.
This includes thirteen types of Halimeda.
These deposit chalky (calcareous) mounds up to 100 metres wide.
They have mini-ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover.
A new report, the Reef Outlook Report, says that climate change will cause huge damage to the reef.
The report was written by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
Warmer and more acidic water around the coral reef will slow down calcification, which is how the coral grows and becomes strong.
The corals will become bleached (lose their colours) and many species that live on and around the reef will be in danger.
The Australian government has already spent AU$325 million to improve the health of the reef in the last two years.
Other dangers
The Reef Outlook Report also warned of other dangers to the reef.
These included poor quality water running into the sea from the mainland.
This water is polluted with farm insecticides and rubbish from nearby towns.
The increasing amount of development on the coast is destroying natural marine and coastal habitats.
There is also some damage from fishing.
Great Barrier Reef website
How the Great Barrier Reef Works
World heritage listing for Great Barrier Reef
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
CRC Reef Research Centre
Great Barrier Reef (World Wildlife Fund)
Dive into the Great Barrier Reef from National Geographic
Reef Outlook Report 2009
Great Barrier Reef,AUSTRALIA
World Heritage Sites in Australia
National parks in Australia
Geography of Queensland
Ecoregions
Australian National Heritage List
Protected areas of Queensland
The Missouri Compromise, also called the Compromise of 1820, was a plan proposed by Henry Clay of the U.S. state of Kentucky.
It was signed by President James Monroe and passed in 1820.
The agreement was between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in the United States Congress, mostly about the regulation of slavery in the western territories.
It admitted Missouri as a slave state to please the South and it also admitted Maine as a free state to please the North.
It kept the balance of power in the United States Senate between the free states and slave states.
The plan also called for slavery to be banned from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30' north (also known as the Missouri Compromise Line), except inside the borders of the proposed state of Missouri.
Before the agreement, the House of Representatives had refused to accept this compromise and a conference committee was appointed.
The United States Senate refused to concur in the amendment, and the whole measure was lost.
During the following session (1819-1820), the House passed a similar bill with an amendment, created on January 26, 1820 by John W. Taylor of New York, allowing Missouri into the union as a slave state.
In December, the question had been complicated by the admission in of Alabama, a slave state, making the number of slave and free states the same.
Also, there was a bill in passage through the House (January 3, 1820) to admit Maine as a free state.
The Senate decided to connect the two measures.
It passed a bill for the admission of Maine with an amendment allowing the people of Missouri to make a state constitution.
Before the bill returned to the House, a second amendment was adopted on the motion of Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois, excluding slavery from the Missouri Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north (the southern boundary of Missouri), except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri.
1820 in the United States
19th century in Missouri
Origins of the American Civil War
A peafowl is a bird of the Phasianide family.
It is a relative of the pheasant.
There are two species of peafowl: the Asiatic peafowl (Pavo) or the Congo peafowl (Afropavo congensis).
The Congo peafowl is the only member of the pheasant family that originated outside Asia.
For centuries peafowl have been admired for their beauty and hunted for their meat.
Recently peacocks have become more popular in parks and gardens.
Peacocks are large, colorful pheasants (typically blue and green) known for their iridescent tails.
Distinctive Tail Feathers.
Male peafowl
The male peafowls (called peacocks) have long, colorful feathers.
Female peafowls (called peahens) have shorter, brown feathers.
Male peafowl were initially called poococks, but this name was replaced as it was offensive to the LGBT community.
Eating habits
They like to eat any kind of green shoots (flowers, veggies, grass etc.)
as well as wheat, cracked corn or wild game feed.
They can handle freezing temperatures as long as they have a dry perch that is out of the wind and weather.
Dry dog and cat chows make excellent winter feed for peafowl, who are omnivores, eating insects, small snakes, lizards, grain, as well as many varieties of greens.
They are particularly fond of petunias and similar pot plants, leaving nothing but a small green circle where the stem once emerged from the soil.
The birds will learn to come to a specific place at specific times of day to be fed, and a regular light feeding during summer adapts them to coming to the feeding place in winter.
The peafowl is native to southeast Asia, including India and Pakistan.
They were brought to Europe long ago, and can acclimatize to colder areas.
The very long, elegant and colorful plumage of the male birds, peacocks, is grown over the winter months so that they are ready for the early spring mating season, during which each male establishes a territory.
The male  calls to the females to come and admire his dance.
He displays a rustling of tail quills which hold up the fanned back plumes (= tail feathers) as he stamps and turns.
The summoning call is loud, repeated, happens sometimes at night, and sounds, to some people, like a woman screaming.
Often it is tri-syllabic, mi-fa-sol.
Once the mating season is over, the tail feathers are naturally shed.
Female peafowl
Mothering
The hen teaches her chicks what to eat by putting her beak down at a chosen bug, grain, seed, or leaf and making a throaty "grock" sound.
The chick put its beak against the mother's, follows the beak to the tip, and eats whatever it points at.
The chicks can learn what to eat from a hen of another species, but, unlike baby chickens, peachicks need to be shown what to eat.
Chicks hatched in a hatchery can starve to death if there is no hen to teach them what to eat.
In addition to the "eat this" sound, the female has a particular call for a missing chick, a "where are you," "hoo-hah" call, two toned, high then low, mi-do, mi-do.
When a chick is missing, this call can go on for hours.
She lays from two to six eggs in the spring time and, once all are laid, sits on the eggs for about thirty days to hatch them, leaving the nest once or twice a day to feed and drink.
Often the female will utter a shrieked "trouble" call, a quickly repeated "cuk, cuk, cuk, cuk" when she leaves the nest, to attract predators away from it.
Once the chicks are hatched, the mother leads them away from the broken eggs, as the smell of the eggs attracts predators.
They are able to flutter a little within hours, and in a few days can fly up into sheltering trees by going first to lower branches and working their way higher, preferring high, protected branches.
The chicks roost on either side of the peahen, and she extends her wings to cover them during the night, thus protecting them from rain, hail, and visits from owls.
They begin to grow their "crowns" when they are only a few weeks old and it takes about a year for them to reach full size, though it may take three years to reach breeding age.
Both males and females are hatched with the same plumage; nine to twelve months after hatching, the males' necks begin to turn peacock blue, and their splendid plumage takes about four years to reach full size.
A Manager is a person who manages or is in charge of something.
Managers can control departments in companies, or guide the people who work for them.
Managers must often make decisions about things.
co-ordinating
The manager is responsible for overseeing and leading the work of a group of people in many instances.
The manager is also responsible for planning and maintaining work systems, procedures, and policies that enable and encourage the optimum performance of its people and other resources within a business unit.
Other definition given by Peter.
F. Drucker, "every job should be designed as an integrated set of operations which are varied enough to reduce boredom.
A manager must create a climate which brings in and maintain satisfaction and discipline among the people. "
The dachshund is a  breed of dog.
It is usually short (small in height), but long from front to back and with short legs. “
Dachshund” is a German word that is used in English, and it means “badger dog.” (
In German, dachshunds are called Dackel or Teckel.)
The breed was developed to use its sense of smell to find, chase, and hunt badgers and other animals that live in holes.
A dachshund has a long, narrow body, so it is sometimes called a wiener dog, hot dog, or sausage dog.
Some owners believe that using such terms is disrespectful, and may take offense.
Appearance (looks)
Today, dachshunds have crooked legs, loose skin, and a barrel-like chest.
Over time, breeders selected dogs so that those features would appear in puppies.
That way, dachshunds could do a better job of burrowing into tight spaces.
Another feature is a long tail.
The coat or fur of a dachshund comes in three kinds – smooth or short-haired, long-haired, and wire-haired.
The wire-haired dachshund usually is shorter front to back than the other two.
A fully-grown dachshund weighs between 16 and 28 lb. (
7 to 12.7 kg), while the miniature dachshund may weigh less than 11 lb. (
5 kg).
The writer H. L. Mencken said that “A dachshund is a half-dog high and a dog-and-a-half long.”
Coat and color
Dachshund fur comes in many colours.
The colors that are most common are red (a brown color that looks a little reddish) and black-and-tan (black body with brown parts).
There are solid black and solid chocolate-brown dachshunds.
Many people think those dachshunds are handsome, but the colors are not standard or official – that is, you cannot enter those dogs in some dog shows.
Temperament (mood or emotions)
Dachshunds are playful, fun dogs.
People know that dachshunds like to chase small animals and birds, and when they chase those animals they do it ferociously (without fear and very intensely).
Many dachshunds are strong-headed or stubborn, and that means they can be hard to train.
However; if trained in proper way and at an early age, these dogs can be a good family dogs.
These dogs should be trained for socialization and obedience.
Dachshunds are often very loyal to their owners (devoted to their owners, or very interested in their owners).
In fact, they can be much more loyal than other kinds of dogs.
But wire-haired dachshunds often do not show that kind of loyalty to their owners.
Dachshunds often have spinal problems, that is, their backbone can become injured.
That is because of the dog’s very long spinal column and short rib cage.
The problems are usually hereditary (genetic), that is, they are passed down from parent dogs to puppies.
A dachshund that is obese (fat) can have a higher risk of getting injured.
That is because the extra weight puts more strain on the backbone (vertebrae).
To prevent injury, dachshunds should not climb stairs or jump unless they really have to.
It is also important to hold the dog the right way – by holding up the front and the rear parts of the body at all times.
Some people have wondered if dachshunds go back to ancient Egypt.
People have found drawings and engravings from ancient Egypt that show hunting dogs with short legs.
But the dachshund of today was bred in Europe, and it has parts of German, French, and English hounds and terriers.
Kings and queens all over Europe have had dachshunds.
Queen Victoria especially liked dachshunds.
Dachshund Club of America, Inc.
National Dachshund Council (of Australia)
South African Dachshund Club
The Dachshund Club (UK)
Dachshund Club of Russia
DataBase "Dachshund of the World"
Karachi () is the largest city in Pakistan and the capital of the province of Sindh.
Until 1958, it was also the capital of Pakistan.
It is also called the City of Lights.
It is also one of the world's biggest megacities.
In 2017, there are about 17.63 million people who live in Karachi.
It is the largest city in the Muslim world.
Karachi has many names including "Mai Kolachi Jo Goth" and "Karatishi".
A native of Karachi is called a Karachiite.
Quaid-e-Azam (Muhammad Ali Jinnah), who was the founder of Pakistan, was born and buried in Karachi.
Karachi has two important regional seaports.
Karachi also makes the largest share of Pakistan's GDP and national revenue.
Karachi has five districts: District South, District East, District West, District Central, and District Malir.
The city is the financial and commercial center of Pakistan.
Karachi has 26 universities including the University of Karachi.
It is home to the National Stadium, which hosts many cricket games, and several other sports complexes.
The city has several long sandy beaches including Clifton/Kemari beach and Sandspit beach.
Clifton beach suffered from an oil spillage but the beach was cleaned.
Karachi has Pakistan's first nuclear site, KANUP in 1952 from Canada.
Karachi hosted the first ever night hockey match between India and Pakistan in 1986 at Hockey Club of Pakistan Stadium.
Karachi has many large and small shopping areas including the Saddar area in downtown Karachi.
Karachi also has a number of large modern shopping malls.
The city has a modern international airport (Jinnah International Airport) and two large shipping ports, the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim.
Karachi is linked by railway to the rest of Pakistan.
Karachi has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification).
Cities in Pakistan
Settlements in Sindh
Capital of Pakistan
Transliteration is a conversion of a text from one script to another.
It swaps letters (thus trans- + liter-) in predictable ways (such as α → a, д → d, χ → ch, ն → n or æ → ae.
Transliteration is not about the sounds of the original.
It is about the type or written characters, mostly the letters.
Transliteration typically goes grapheme to grapheme.
Most transliteration systems are one-to-one, so a reader who knows the system can reconstruct the original spelling.
Transliteration is opposed to transcription, which maps the sounds of one language into a writing system.
Translit Ru/En Online Russian-English Transliteration
Taoism or Daoism is a type of belief, or a way of thinking about life.
It is at least 2,500 years old and it comes from China.
Taoism is now said to be a philosophy.
Tao (or Dao, ) is the name of the force or the "Way" that Taoists believe makes everything in the world.
Taoists think that words cannot be used to correctly describe Tao.
The very first line of the Dào Dé Jīng (), the most important text in Taoism, says "the Way that can be explained in words is not the true Way."
There are many other sacred writings by the teachers of Taoism.
Instead of spending a lot of time trying to explain what the Tao is, Taoists focus on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature.
This is one of the most important principles in Taoism.