the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Gryffindor
Gryffindor house was started by Godric Grand Gryffindor, from whom it gets the name.
The house especially values courage.
Its symbol (animal) is the lion and its colours are scarlet (red-purple) and yellow / goldish yellow.
Nearly Headless Nick is the house ghost.
The Gryffindors always compete with the Slytherins.
The Gryffindor Common Room (the place where the Gryffindor students spend their time and do their homework) is in one of the castle's towers, at the seventh floor.
At the door, there is the Fat Lady, or the Lady who is fat.
She lets the students in only after they give her the password (which changes from the beginning of the school year to the end of the school year).
The Fat Lady wears a blue dress.
In the room there is a place with fire, many chairs and tables, and two pair of stairs which take the girls and boys to their sleeping rooms.
Hufflepuff
Hufflepuff house was started by Helga Hufflepuff, from whom it gets the name.
The house especially values hard work, patience, friendship and fair play.
Its symbol (animal) is the badger and its colours are black and yellow.
The Fat Friar is the house ghost.
The Hufflepuff Common Room door is near the kitchens, in the dungeons.
It is a quite cozy and welcoming place, not at all like a dungeon.
In the room there are yellow hangings and fat armchairs, with little underground tunnels that take the students to their sleeping rooms.
The tunnels have round doors like barrel-tops.
Helga Hufflepuff
Ernie Macmillian
Cedric Diggory
Ravenclaw
Ravenclaw house was started by Rowena Ravenclaw, from whom it gets its name.
The house especially values intelligence.
Its symbol (animal) is the eagle and its colours are blue and bronze, the house's saying is "Wit beyond measure is man's greatest treasure".
The Grey Lady is the house ghost and when she was alive she was Helena Ravenclaw, daughter of Rowena Ravenclaw.
The Ravenclaw Common Room is in Ravenclaw Tower, on the west side of the Castle.
At the door the students must answer a riddle that the eagle-shaped door knocker asks them.
Slytherin
Slytherin house was started by Salazar Slytherin, from whom it gets the name.
The house especially values ambition and determination.
Its symbol (animal) is the snake and its colours are green and silver.
The Bloody Baron is the house ghost.
They were formed in 1917 as one of the six original NHL teams.
They were called the Toronto Arenas, but changed their name to St. Patricks, then to Maple Leafs, in the 1920s.
The maple leaf is a symbol of Canada.
The hockey team was actually named for an older team, a minor league baseball team called the Toronto Maple Leafs.
The Maple Leafs have won the Stanley Cup championship 13 times, more than any team except the Montreal Canadiens.
However, they have not won since 1967.
They won in their first year, 1918, and then again in 1922 and 1932.
In their early years, they had many NHL scoring champions: "Babe" Dye in 1923 and 1925, "Ace" Bailey in 1929, Harvey "Busher" Jackson in 1932, Charlie Conacher in 1934 and 1935, and Gordie Drillon in 1938.
However, no Toronto player has been scoring champion since then.
They were a strong team in the 1940s.
They won the Stanley Cup in 1942 against the Detroit Red Wings, four games to three, even though they were losing three games to none at one point.
This was the first of six championships in ten years; they also won in 1945, then three years in a row: 1947, 1948, and 1949, and again in 1951.
Some of their best players in that time included goaltender Turk Broda, forward Syl Apps, and defence "Babe" Pratt, who won the Hart Trophy as the most valuable player in 1944.
Ted "Teeder" Kennedy won the Hart Trophy in 1955; but no other Maple Leaf has won that award.
The team won four Stanley Cups in the 1960s: three in a row - 1962, 1963, and 1964 - and again in 1967.
Frank Mahovlich, a left winger, was the star player.
They were also led by defenceman Tim Horton (who began the Tim Horton's doughnut shops), center Dave Keon, goaltender Johnny Bower, and winger George Armstrong.
Keon won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the top player in the playoffs in 1967.
In the late 1970s, the Maple Leafs were a good team, with players such as centre Darryl Sittler (who scored a record 10 points in one game) and Swedish defence Borje Salming (one of the first Europeans to play in the NHL).
However, there were 18 NHL teams by then, so it was hard to come first.
Wendel Clark was a strong player in the 1980s; he became the team's all-time top scorer.
Mats Sundin was another Swedish star in the 1990s and 2000s.
They also had some good goaltenders around this time: Curtis Joseph, then Ed Belfour.
Toronto Maple Leafs players
1910s establishments in Canada
The Red Wings were formed in 1926.
The Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) folded that year, and many of the players from the WCHL's Victoria Cougars went to play for Detroit.
As a result, the team was first called the Detroit Cougars, then later it changed to Detroit Falcons, before becoming known as the Red Wings.
In the late 1940s, the line of Sid Abel, Gordie Howe, and Ted Lindsey became very important to the team.
Abel won the Hart Trophy in 1949, and Lindsey won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 1950.
Howe then won six Hart and six Art Ross Trophies between 1951 and 1963.
Terry Sawchuck was a star goaltender, who ended up with more career shutouts than any other goalie (103).
Red Kelly won the first ever Norris Trophy as best defence.
As a result of having such great players, the Red Wings won four Stanley Cups in six years:  1950, 1952, 1954, and 1955.
Two of these were very close:  they were won in overtime of the 7th and deciding game in 1950 (against the New York Rangers) and 1954 (against the Montreal Canadiens).
These are the only two times the NHL championship has gone to overtime of game seven.
The Red Wings continued to be a strong team throughout the 1960.
They lost the NHL Finals five times between 1956 and 1966.
Norm Ullman was their star center in the 1960s.
They were not a strong team again until the late 1980s.
Steve Yzerman became a star at this time.
Sergei Fedorov became the first Russian to win the Hart Trophy in 1994.
The Red Wings won the President's Cup as top team in the NHL regular season in 1995, 1996 (with a record number of wins), and 2002.
They won the Stanley Cup in 1997, 1998, and 2002.
Nicklas Lidstrom won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman three times beginning in 2001.
The team was one of the richest in the NHL, which helped them get many good players.
Winnings
The Red Wings have won eleven Stanley Cups, the third most of any team, and the most of the United States teams.
They first won in 1936 and 1937, and again in 1943.
Ebbie Goodfellow won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player in 1940.
Sid Howe was also a star on the team at this time.
1926 establishments in the United States
Wayne Gretzky (born January 26, 1961 in Brantford, Ontario) known as "The Great One", is a  Canadian retired ice hockey player.
Gretzky played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 20 seasons.
He was coach and part-owner of the NHL's Phoenix Coyotes until he stepped down on September 24, 2009.
He also managed Canada's Olympic hockey teams in 2002 and 2006, as well as Canada's 2004 World Cup of Hockey team.
The Gretsky family comes from Belarus, or more precisely from the Brest region (the village of Ogdemer), from where his paternal grandfather Terenty Lavrentiyovych Gretsky emigrated.
Grandmother Veyna Maria was Ukrainian and comes from Pidhaitsi (now Ternopil region); he and his grandfather spoke Ukrainian to each other.
His parents were Walter and Phyllis Gretsky; his father considered Ukrainian his native language.
The family had four other children: Kim, Kate, Brent and Glenn.
Wayne signed his first contract at the age of 16 with the Indianapolis Racers.
He then played for the National Hockey League (NHL): "Edmonton Oilers" (Ukrainian-Canadian Dave Semenko was his bodyguard from rival teams), "Los Angeles Kings", "New York Rangers".
Gretzky was a star junior player with the Sault Ste.
Marie Greyhounds of the Ontario Hockey League.
When he was a boy he went from a bad first season, to great improvement.
But this success also brought criticism because his father pushed Gretzky's success over other young players'.
In 1978, when he was 17, he began playing as a professional with the Indianapolis Racers of the World Hockey Association (WHA), but was sold to the Edmonton Oilers after only a few games.
He was third in WHA scoring and rookie of the year.
The WHA folded in 1979, and the Oilers team joined the NHL.
At the age of 19, Gretzky won his first Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player (MVP).
He won this trophy nine times.
In 1981, he won his first of ten Art Ross Trophies as NHL scoring champion.
He set many records in the 1980s, including most goals (92), assists (163), and points (215) in a season.
In the 1981-82 season, he scored 50 goals in 39 games, when the record had been 50 games.
He was named as Sports Illustrated athlete of the year in 1982.
He was also called "the greatest player of all time" in Total Hockey: The Official Encyclopedia of the NHL.
Gretzky won four Stanley Cup championships with the Edmonton Oilers:  1984, 1985, 1987, and 1988.
He won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs in 1985 and 1988.
Then, in 1988, he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings.
He helped them to the finals in 1993.
In 1996, he was traded to the St. Louis Blues, and signed with the New York Rangers at the beginning of the 1996-97 season.
He retired, and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, in 1999.
When he retired, he had 2857 career points, over 1000 more than the next highest player.
To this day, no one else has reached 2000.
He still holds the record for most career goals (894) and assists (1963) (he has more assists than anyone else has points).
He holds many other records, such as most 100-point seasons (15), most points in the playoffs (47 in one year and 382 career), and most games in a row with at least one point (51).
He was named to the first or second all-star team 15 times and was MVP of the NHL all-star game three times.
He had 61 official NHL records when he retired.
In 21 years of playing on the ice (1487 games), Wayne Gretsky broke virtually all NHL records.
He has 894 goals and 2857 points.
He has won the NHL's most prestigious awards nine times (including "Most Valuable Player" and "Best Scorer").
In the Stanley Cup he played 208 matches, scored 122 goals.
Four-time (1984, 1985, 1987, 1988) winner and three-time (1983, 1986, 1993) Stanley Cup finalist.
7 seasons in a row he was named the most productive player in the NHL (1980-1987).
Awarded the Order of Canada (1984), member of the Hockey Hall of Fame (1999).
Participant in the 18th Winter Olympics (Nagano, 1998), executive director of the Canadian national team at the 19th (Salt Lake City, 2002) and 20th (Turin, 2006) Olympic Games.
Since 2005 - head coach, later co-owner of the team "Coyotes" (Phoenix, Arizona, USA).
He set 61 NHL records and was nicknamed the Great for his achievements.
For his outstanding contribution to the development of world hockey in 1994, Wayne Gretsky was awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy.
The athlete is also recognized as the best NHL hockey player of all time, immortalized in the "Hockey Hall of Fame".
Number 99, under which he played, is assigned to him in all NHL teams.
Gretzky's number, #99, was retired by the entire league.
He was named Canada's male athlete of the 20th century.
He has also been honoured with Canada's highest honour for a civilian:  the Order of Canada.
Gretzky married American actress Janet Jones in 1988.
They have five children:  Paulina, Ty, Trevor, Tristan, and Emma.
Art Ross Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Edmonton Oilers players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Los Angeles Kings players
New York Rangers players
Ontario Hockey League players
St. Louis Blues players
World Hockey Association players
Stanley Cup champions
The Hart Trophy is given to the most valuable player of the National Hockey League every year.
It was given to the NHL by Dr. David Hart, father of NHL coach and manager Cecil Hart.
It was first awarded in 1924.
Wayne Gretzky has won the most Hart Trophies with nine, followed by Gordie Howe with six and Eddie Shore with four.
Howie Morenz, Bobby Orr, Bobby Clarke, and Mario Lemieux have won the award three times each.
The closest vote for the trophy was in 2002, when Jose Theodore and Jarome Iginla tied; Theodore won because he had more first-place votes.
In 1999, Chris Pronger won by one point over Jaromir Jagr; and in 1990, Mark Messier won by two points over Ray Bourque.
Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: Frangford am Maa,  "Frank ford on the Main"), is one of the biggest cities in Germany.
The city of Frankfurt has a population of 700,000.
The metropolitan area, called Rhine-Main after its two biggest rivers, has over four million people.
Frankfurt is an important centre for traffic and for the financial business.
The Frankfurt International Airport is the largest in Germany, and one of the largest in the world.
Frankfurt's train station is one of the largest, and its highway crossing is the centre of Germany's street network.
Frankfurt is the seat of the European Central Bank, the German Federal Bank (Bundesbank) and of the biggest German banks, and it has an important stock exchange where shares of German companies are traded.
Frankfurt is on the Main river.
The city's name means ford of the Franks - a ford is a place in a river where it is so shallow that you can walk through it, and the Franks were a Germanic people which existed in the first millennium.
So, this was a place where travellers could cross the river without a boat.
The frankish kings built a palace and a church here.
Over the centuries, this group of buildings grew to be a big city which was famous for international trade and fairs, like today.
Frankfurt was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire, and its emperors were crowned here.
In the 19th century, Frankfurt was the capital of the German Confederation which was founded after the Holy Roman Empire fell apart.
During the revolution of 1848, the first freely elected German parliament worked in Frankfurt.
During the Industrial Revolution, many factories and railway lines were built in Frankfurt and its suburbs.
In the city centre, a lot of big buildings were built, like an opera house, theatres, stock exchange, railway stations, department stores or museums.
Tram lines were constructed to make travelling inside the growing city easier.
In World War II, the old city was totally destroyed by airplane bomber attacks.
After the war, Germany was divided into two parts, and Frankfurt became the economic capital of West Germany while Bonn was chosen to be the political capital.
Frankfurt is a very international city.
Every third inhabitant is not German.
Most immigrants come from southeastern Europe, Turkey and North Africa, but there are people from almost every country living in Frankfurt.
There are also many international business companies here, and the big airport links Frankfurt with many countries in the world.
Many banks are based in Frankfurt, which is why so many are offered there.
Frankfurt has some of the tallest buildings in Europe, which is why the city is although called "Mainhattan".
Frankfurter is also a name for a hot dog, or sausage, because they are said to have originated in the city.
Frankfurt has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).
Hugh Capet (French: Hugues Capet) (941–996) was King of the Franks from 987 until his death in 996.
The Capetian dynasty he started ruled France in an unbroken line for 300 years.
Hugh was born in the winter of 941 and was the son of Hugh the Great and Hedwige of Saxony.
His grandfather was King Robert I.  His grandmother was Beatrice of Vermandois.
She was a Carolingian; a daughter of Herbert I of Vermandois.
By this connection he was the fifth great-grandson of Charlemagne through Pepin of Italy.
While still a young man Hugh got the nickname "capet" from the cape he wore.
These were tokens of the lay abbacies he held.
Elected king of the Franks
When King Louis V died with no heir Adalbero of Reims made a plea for electing Hugh Capet.
He proposed the throne was not a hereditary right but that the king should be the best man for the job.
The assembly at Senlis agreed and elected Hugh King of the Franks.
He married Adelaide of Aquitaine.
She was the daughter of William III of Aquitaine.
Together they had:
Hedwig, who married Reginar IV, Count of Hainaut.
Gisela, who married Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu.
Robert II 'the Pious', who succeeded Hugh as king.
940s births
996 deaths
Disney Channel is a cable television network that is owned by The Walt Disney Company.
The channel shows programs that are made for family audiences, mostly pre-teens and teenagers.
The channel began on the morning of April 18, 1983.
Its programs ran for 18 hours a day until December 1986.
In 1983-1997, the channel was called The Disney Channel.
Programming blocks
Disney Channel programs shows targeted at preschool-age children on weekdays from 6 a.m.-2 p.m. ET/PT (6-10 a.m. during the summer months) and weekends from 6-9 a.m. ET, called Disney Junior. ,
the only programming featuring classic Disney characters is Mickey Mouse Clubhouse on the Disney Junior block.
Other programming in this block includes Mickey and the Roadster Racers, Hotel Transylvania: The Series, Sofia The First, and Elena of Avalor.
On May 26, 2010, it was announced that the Playhouse Disney block will be re-branded under the name Disney Junior starting on February 14, 2011 which later became its own digital cable and satellite channel on March 23, 2012, replacing SOAPnet.
The Disney Junior channel is a direct competitor to Nickelodeon's Nick Jr. network and PBS and Comcast's PBS Kids Sprout.
Hotel Transylvania: The Series
Tangled: The Series
Miles from Tomorrowland
Elena of Avalor
Alexei: The Series
Mickey and the Roadster Racers
Nutri Ventures
Dragon Ball Z Kai
Yu-Gi-Oh
Eon Kid
PhamVietDung
Phan Viet Dung
Scary Larry
Pink Panther & PalsRoboCop: Alpha CommandoSuper 4ClarenceMiraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat NoirThe Powerpuff GirlsDramaZak StormBig City GreensAssorted Hot Wheels TV SpecialsMax SteelRocket MonkeysTai Chi ChasersDuck DodgersTeenage Mutant Ninja TurtlesKirby Right Back At Ya!G.I. Joe Sigma 6Transformers: PrimeLegend GangMy Goldfish is EvilGrizzy and the LemmingsRabbids InvasionBackyard Wizard of OzBilly Dilley's Super Duper Subterranean SummerRight Now KapowComedy BitesStar vs the Forces of EvilTeen TitansRat-a-TatDorothy and the Wizard of Oz
Grossology''
People have carefully bred dogs for thousands of years.
Sometimes they inbreed dogs who have the same close ancestors, and sometimes they mix dogs from very different ancestors or even from different breeds.
This continues today, resulting in hundreds of dog breeds, some that are similar to each other, and others that are very different.
This list includes common breeds, rare breeds, and breeds that are still being developed into new breeds.
See each article for more information.
Breed categories
Hunting dogs
Hounds, including Sight hounds and Scent hounds
Gundogs, including Pointers, Retrievers, and Spaniels
Terriers
Working dogs (or Utility)
Herding dogs, including Sheepdogs
Sled dogs
Extinct dog breeds
Fighting dogs
Toy dogs
Dog breeds are also sometimes grouped into similar types, such as Mastiff types, spitz types, pit bulls, or Lurchers.
Dog breed list
Af-Am
Akita, see also American Akita
Alano Español
Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog
Alaskan husky
Alopekis
Alpine Dachsbracke
American Akita - see Great Japanese Dog
American Bulldog, including
JDJ American Bulldog
Scott's American Bulldog
Southern White American Bulldog
American English Coonhound
American Husky
American Staghound
An-Az
Anatolian Shepherd Dog
Anglo-Francais de Petite Venerie
Appenzeller Sennenhund
Arctic Husky - see Siberian Husky
Argentine Dogo
Ariege Pointer
Ariegeois
Artois Hound
Australian Bulldog
Australian Jack Russell Terrier - see also Jack Russell Terrier, Parson Russell Terrier and Russell Terrier
Australian Koolie - see Koolie
Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog
Austrian Brandlbracke
Azawakh
Ba-Be
Balkan Hound - see Serbian Hound
Bandog
Basset Artésien Normand
Basset Bleu de Gascogne
Basset Fauve de Bretagne
Bavarian Mountain Hound
Beagle-Harrier
Bearded Tibetan Mastiff - seeTibetan Kyi Apso
Beauceron
Bedlington Terrier
Belgian Griffon
Belgian Shepherd Dog, often divided into:
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Groenendael)
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Laekenois)
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Malinois)
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Tervuren)
Berger Picard
Bergamasco
Bernese Mountain Dog (Berner Sennenhund)
Bi-Bo
Biewer
Black and Tan Coonhound
Black Mouth Cur
Black Russian Terrier
Blue Heeler - see Australian Cattle Dog
Blue Paul Terrier
Bluetick Coonhound
Boerboel
Borador (cross breed).
Border Terrier
Bosanski Ostrodlaki Gonic Barak
Bosnian Tornjak
Bouvier Bernois - see Bernese Mountain Dog
Bouvier des Ardennes
Br-Bu
Braque d'Auvergne
Braque du Bourbonnais
Braque Francais (Gascogne type)
Braque Francais (Pyrenean type)
Braque Saint-Germain
Brazilian Mastiff - see Fila Brasileiro
Brazilian Terrier
Briquet Griffon Vendeen
Broholmer
Brussels Griffon - see Griffon Bruxellois
Romanian Shepherd Dog
Bull Terrier (Miniature)
Bully Kutta
Ca-Ci
Ca de Bou - see Perro de Presa Mallorquin
Canadian Eskimo Dog (Canadian Inuit Dog)
Estrela Mountain Dog
Cão da Serra de Aires
Cão de Castro Laboreiro
Cão de Fila de São Miguel
Cão de Fila da Terceira
Cão de Gado Transmontano
Caravan Hound - see Mudhol Hound
Cardigan Welsh Corgi
Carpatin
Catahoula Leopard Dog (Catahoula Cur or Catahoula Hog Dog)
Catalan Sheepdog
Caucasian Ovcharka
Central Asia Shepherd Dog
Cesky Fousek
Cesky Terrier
Korea Jindo Dog
Chippiparai
Cirneco dell'Etna
Cl-Cz
Cocker Spaniel - see American Cocker Spaniel or English Cocker Spaniel
Collie - see Rough Collie, Smooth Collie, Bearded Collie or Border Collie
Coolie - see Koolie
Cordoba Fighting Dog
Corgi - see Welsh Corgi, Cardigan Welsh Corgi and Pembroke Welsh Corgi
Croatian Sheepdog
Cur - see also Black Mouth Cur, Catahoula Leopard Dog, Mountain Cur, Stephens Cur, and Treeing Cur
Curly Coated Retriever
Czechoslovakian Wolfdog
Dakota Sport Retriever
Dandie Dinmont Terrier
Danish Broholmer
Danish/Swedish Farm Dog
Deutsch Drahthaar - see German Wirehaired Pointer
Deutsche Bracke
Deutscher Wachtelhund
Dhoki apso - see Tibetan Terrier
Do-Khyi - see Tibetan Mastiff
Dobermann (Doberman Pinscher)
Dogo Cubano
Dogue de Majorque - see Perro de Presa Mallorquin
Drentse Patrijshond (Dutch Partridge Dog)
Drever
bDutch Shepherd Dog - See Hollandse Herder
bDutch Smoushond
East Siberian Laika
English Coonhound
English Foxhound
English Pointer
English Toy Spaniel - see King Charles Spaniel
English Toy Terrier (Black & Tan)
Entlebucher Mountain Dog/Sennenhund/Cattle Dog
Epagneul Picard - see Picardy Spaniel
Epagneul Pont-Audemer  - see Pont-Audemer Spaniel
Eskimo Dog (Esquimaux) - see Canadian Eskimo Dog
Estonian Hound
Eurasier
Eurohound
Feist
Finnish Hound
Finnish Lapphund
Flat-Coated Retriever
Foxhound - divided into American Foxhound, English Foxhound
Fox Terrier - divided into Fox Terrier (Smooth), Fox Terrier (Wire), Miniature Fox Terrier, Toy Fox Terrier
Francais Blanc et Noir
Francais Blanc et Orange
Francais Tricolore
Franzuskaya Bolonka
French Spaniel
French Wirehaired Pointing Griffon
Ga-Go
Gawii
German Longhaired Pointer
German Pinscher
German Rough-haired Pointer
German Shepherd Dog -- see Alsatian
German Spaniel - see Deutscher Wachtelhund
German Spitz - divided into:
German Spitz (Gross)
German Spitz (Klein)
German Spitz (Mittel)
German Wirehaired Pointer
Giant Schnauzer
Glen of Imaal Terrier
Gonczy Polski - see Polish Scenthound
Gordon Setter
Gos d'atura - see Catalan Sheepdog
Grand Anglo-Francais Blanc et Noir
Grand Anglo-Francais Blanc et Orange
Grand Anglo-Francais Tricolore
Grand Basset Griffon Vendeen
Grand Bleu de Gascogne
Grand Gascon Saintongeois
Grand Griffon Vendeen
Gran Mastin de Borínquen
Great Japanese Dog
Great Pyrenees - see Pyrenean Mountain Dog
Greater Swiss Mountain Dog (Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund)
Greek Shepherd (Greek Sheepdog)
Greenland Dog (Greenland Husky)
Griffon Bleu de Gascogne
Griffon Fauve de Bretagne
Griffon Nivernais
Groenendael - see Belgian Shepherd Dog (Groenendael)
Gull Dong
Gull Terr
Hairless Khala
Haldenstovare
Hamiltonstövare
Hanover Hound
Himalayan Sheepdog
Hollandse Herder (Dutch Shepherd dog)
Hovawart
Hungarian Greyhound - see Magyar Agar
Hungarian Wirehaired Vizsla - see Hungarian Vizsla
Hygenhund
Icelandic Sheepdog
Indian Bullterrier
Indian Pariah dog
Irish Bull Terrier
Irish Staffordshire Terrier
Irish Terrier
Istarski Kratkodlaki Gonic
Istarski Ostrodlaki Gonic (Istrian Coarse-Haired Hound)
Istrian Sheepdog
Italian Spinone - see Spinone Italiano
Jack Russell Terrier - see also Australian Jack Russell Terrier, Parson Russell Terrier and Russell Terrier
Jämthund
Japanese Terrier
Jindo - see Korea Jindo Dog
Jonangi
Kangal Dog
Kanni
Karelian Bear Dog
Kars Dog
Kelpie - see Australian Kelpie
Kelb-tal Fenek - see Pharaoh Hound
Kishu
Korean Mastiff
Korthals Griffon - see Wirehaired Pointing Griffon
Krasky Ovcar - see Istrian Sheepdog
Kromfohrlander
Kyi Leo
Laekenois - see Belgian Shepherd Dog (Laekenois)
Lakeland Terrier
Lancashire Heeler
Landseer (Continental-European type) - see also Newfoundland
Lapinporokoira
Large Munsterlander
Llewellyn Setter - see English Setter
Löwchen
Mackenzie River husky
Magyar Agar
Malinois - see Belgian Shepherd Dog (Malinois)
Maremma Sheepdog
Mastiff - see English Mastiff
Meliteo Kinidio
Mexican Hairless - see Xoloitzcuintle
Middle Asian Owtcharka - see Central Asia Shepherd Dog
Miniature Australian Shepherd
Miniature Bull Terrier - see Bull Terrier (Miniature)
Miniature Fox Terrier
Mioritic
Moscovskaya Storozhevaya Sobaka (Moscow Watchdog)
Mountain Burmese
Mountain Cur
Mudhol Hound
Munsterlander - see Large Munsterlander or Small Munsterlander
Nebolish Mastiff
Norrbottenspets
Northern Inuit -- see Utonagan
Norwegian Buhund
Norwegian Lundehund
Nova Scotia Duck-Tolling Retriever
Old Danish Pointer
Old English Bulldog
Olde Englishe Bulldogge
Osterreichischer Kurzhaariger Pinscher
Otto - see Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog
Owczarek Podhalanski
Pa-Pl
Pakistani Sheepdog
Pakistani Shepherd Dog (Bhagyari Kutta)
Panja, see American Mastiff
Parson Russell Terrier - see also Australian Jack Russell Terrier, Jack Russell Terrier and Russell Terrier
Patterdale Terrier
Pekeapoo
Perdiguero de Burgos
Perro Cimarron
Perro de Pastor Mallorquin
Perro de Presa Mallorquin
Perro de Toro
Peruvian Hairless Dog
Peruvian Inca Orchid
Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen
Petit Bleu de Gascogne
Petit Brabancon
Petit Gascon Saintongeois
Phung San
Picardy Shepherd - see Berger Picard
Pinscher - see Affenpinscher, Austrian Short-Haired Pinscher, Dobermann, German Pinscher, Miniature Pinscher, Swiss Shorthaired Pinscher
Pit Bull - see American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier,  American Bulldog, Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Po-Py
Podenco Canario
Pointer - see English Pointer
Polish Scenthound (Gonczy Polski)
Polish Greyhound - see Chart Polski
Polish Sighthound - see Chart Polski
Polish Hound (Polish Ogar)
Polish Lowland Sheepdog (Polski Owczarek Nizinny or PON)
Polish Tatra Sheepdog - see Owczarek Podhalanski
Portuguese Podengo
Portuguese Pointer
Portuguese Shepherd Dog - see Cao da Serra de Aires
Posavac Hound
Prazsky Krysavik
Pudelpointer
Puggle
Pumi
Pyrenean Mastiff
Queensland Heeler - see Australian Cattle Dog
Rafeiro do Alentejo
Rajapalayam
Rampur Greyhound
Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz
Rough Collie
Russian Black Terrier - see Black Russian Terrier
Russian Hound
Russian Toy Terrier
Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka - see Tsvetnaya Bolonka
Russko-Evropeiskaia Laika
Russell Terrier - see also Australian Jack Russell Terrier, Jack Russell Terrier and Parson Russell Terrier
Sa-Se
Saarlooswolfhond
Sabueso Espanol
Sapsali
Sarail hound
Schillerstovare
Schnauzer - divided into Miniature Schnauzer, Standard Schnauzer, Giant Schnauzer
Schnoodle
Schweizer Laufhund
Schweizer Niederlaufhund
Scottish Deerhound - see Deerhound
Sealyham Terrier
Segugio Italiano
Seppala Siberian Sleddog
Serbian Hound
Serbian Mountain Hound
Serbian Tricolour Hound
Sh-Sp
Shiloh Shepherd Dog
Silken Windhound
Silky Terrier - see Australian Silky Terrier
Sindh Mastiff - see Indian Mastiff
Skye Terrier
Sloughi
Slovak Cuvac
Slovakian Hound
Slovensky Hrubosrsty Stavac (Ohar)
Smalandsstovare
Small Greek Domestic Dog - see Meliteo Kinidio
Small Munsterlander
Smooth Collie
Smooth Fox Terrier - see Fox Terrier (Smooth)
Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier
South Russian Ovtcharka
Spanish Alano - see Alano Español
Spanish Galgo - see Galgo Espanol
Spanish Mastiff
Spanish Water Dog
Spitz -- see Spitz for a list of Spitz-type breeds
Springer Spaniel - see English Springer Spaniel or Welsh Springer Spaniel
St-Sw
Standard Schnauzer
Stephens Cur
Styrian Coarse-haired Hound
Swedish Elkhound - see Jämthund
Swedish Lapphund
Swiss Shorthaired Pinscher
Tatra Shepherd Dog - see Owczarek Podhalanski
Tenterfield Terrier
Tervuren - See Belgian Shepherd Dog (Tervueren)
Thai Bangkaew Dog
Thai Ridgeback
Teddy Roosevelt Terrier
Tibetan Kyi Apso
Tibetan Lhasa Apso - see Lhasa Apso
Toy Bulldog
Toy Manchester Terrier
Toy Mi-Ki
Transylvanian Hound
Treeing Cur
Treeing Tennessee Brindle
Treeing Walker Coonhound
Tsvetnaya Bolonka
Tyrolean Hound
Utonagan
Valley Bulldog
Vizsla - see Hungarian Vizsla
Volpino Italiano
Weimaraner
West Siberian Laika
Westphalian Dachsbracke
White Shepherd Dog - see Berger Blanc Suisse
Wilkinson Bulldog
Wire Fox Terrier - see Fox Terrier (Wire)
Wirehaired Pointing Griffon
Yugoslavian Mountain Hound - see Serbian Mountain Hound
Yugoslavian Tricolour Hound - see Serbian Tricolour Hound
Fédération Cynologique Internationale  (most of Europe)
American Kennel Club  (United States)
The Kennel Club (United Kingdom)
top 10 dog breeds
Canadian Kennel Club
Australian National Kennel Council
New Zealand Kennel Club
United Kennel Club (United States)
Popular UK Dog Breeds
Lists of animals
Milli Vanilli was a German musical group, formed in Munich.
They consisted of Fab Morvan (born 1966) and Rob Pilatus (1965-1998).
They were popular in the late-1980s.
In 1990, people found out that the group never sang anything at all.
Even at concerts, they pretended to sing (lip synching) while a recording was played.
Milli Vanilli Music Videos @ MTV.com
MTV Artist Arena: Milli Vanilli
All Music Guide entry for Milli Vanilli
Fabrice Morvan's official website
1980s German music groups
1990s German music groups
German pop music groups
Entertainers from Munich
September 7 – War of Spanish Succession – The armies of Austria and Savoy defeat the French army at the Battle of Turin.
January 17 – Benjamin Franklin, American philosopher, founding father and inventor (d. 1790)
March 3 – Johann Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1653)
December 9 – King Peter II of Portugal (b. 1648)
Geology is the study of the nonliving things that the Earth is made of.
Geology is the study of rocks in the Earth's crust.
People who study geology are called geologists.
Some geologists study minerals (mineralogist) and the useful substances the rocks contain such as ores and fossil fuels.
Geologists also study the history of the Earth.
Geology is divided into special subjects that study one part of geology.
Some of these subjects and what they focus on are:
Geomorphology – the shape of Earth's surface (its morphology)
Historical geology – the events that shaped the Earth over the last 4.5 billion years
Hydrogeology – underground water
Palaeontology – fossils; evolutionary histories
Petrology – rocks, how they form, where they are from, and what that implies
Mineralogy – minerals
Sedimentology – sediments (clays, sands, gravels, soils, etc.)
Stratigraphy – layered sedimentary rocks and how they were deposited
Petroleum geology – petroleum deposits in sedimentary rocks
Structural geology – folds, faults, and mountain-building;
See Earth science for details.
Volcanology – volcanoes on land or under the ocean
Seismology – earthquakes and strong ground-motion
Engineering geology – geologic hazards (such as landslides and earthquakes) applied to civil engineering
Geotechnical engineering: It is also called Geotechnics.
It is branch of geology that deals with the engineering behavior of earth materials.
Types of rock
Rocks can be very different from each other.
Some are very hard and some are soft.
Some rocks are very common, while others are rare.
However, all the different rocks belong to three categories or types, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
Igneous rock is rock that has been made by volcanic action.
Igneous rock is made when the lava (melted rock on the surface of the Earth) or magma (melted rock below the surface of the Earth) cools and becomes hard.
Sedimentary rock is rock that has been made from sediment.
Sediment is solid pieces of stuff that are moved by wind, water, or glaciers, and dropped somewhere.
Sediment can be made from clay, sand, gravel and the bodies and shells of animals.
The sediment gets dropped in a layer, usually in water at the bottom of a river or sea.
As the sediment piles up, the lowers layers get squashed together.
Slowly they set hard into rock.
Metamorphic rock is rock that has been changed.
Sometimes an igneous or a sedimentary rock is heated or squashed under the ground, so that it changes.
Metamorphic rock is often harder than the rock that it was before it changed.
Marble and slate are among the metamorphic rocks that people use to make things.
All three kinds of rock can be changed by being heated and squeezed by forces in the earth.
When this happens, faults (cracks) may appear in the rock.
Geologists can learn a lot about the history of the rock by studying the patterns of the fault lines.
Earthquakes are caused when a fault breaks suddenly.
Soil is the stuff on the ground made of lots of particles (or tiny pieces).
The particles of soil come from rocks that have broken down, and from rotting leaves and animals bodies.
Soil covers a lot of the surface of the Earth.
Plants of all sorts grow in soil.
To find out more about types of rocks, see the rock (geology) article.
To find out more about soil, see the soil article.
Geologists use some simple ideas which help them to understand the rocks they are studying.
The following ideas were worked out in the early days of stratigraphy by people like Nicolaus Steno, James Hutton and William Smith:
Understanding the past: Geologist James Hutton said "The present is the key to the past".
He meant that the sort of changes that are happening to the Earth's surface now are the same sorts of things that happened in the past.
Geologists can understand things that happened millions of years ago, by looking at the changes which are happening today.
Horizontal strata: The layers in a sedimentary rock must have been horizontal (flat) when they were deposited (laid down).
The age of the strata: Layers at the bottom must be older than layers at the top, unless all the rocks have been turned over.
In sedimentary rocks that are made of sand or gravel, the sand or gravel must have come from an older rock.
The age of faults: If there is a crack or fault in a rock, then the fault is younger than the rock.
Rocks are in strata (lots of layers).
A geologist can see if the faults go through all the layer, or only some.
This helps to tell the age of the rocks.
The age of a rock which cuts through other rocks: If an igneous rock cuts across sedimentary layers, it must be younger than the sedimentary rock.
The relative age of fossils: A fossil in one rock type must be about the same age as the same type of fossil in the same type of rock in a different place.
Likewise, a fossil in a rock layer below must be earlier than one in a higher layer.
Pisa is a city in Tuscany, Italy.
About 90,000 people live in the city.
The city has a very long and turbulent history.
The "Leaning Tower of Pisa" is a famous landmark of Pisa.
Important buildings
The Leaning Tower, the most famous image of the city.
Campo dei Miracoli (in English: "Square of Miracles") in the north of the old town center.
Duomo di Pisa.
The Baptistry.
The Camposanto (The monumental cemetery of the city).
Piazza dei Cavalieri, (the "Knights' Square" in English).
Church o Santo Steano dei cavalieri,in the "Knights' Square".
St. Sixtus,a small church.
The church of St. Francis, designed by Giovanni di Simone, built after 1276.
In 1343 new chapels were added and the church was elevated.
Church of San Frediano, built by 1061.
Church of San Nicola, built by 1097, was enlarged between 1297 and 1313
The small church of Santa Maria della Spina,
The church of San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno,
Lungarno, the avenues along the river Arno.
The Medici Palace, a building of the Appiano family, who ruled Pisa in 1392–1398.
In 1400 the Medici acquired it, and Lorenzo de' Medici lived here.
The  is Europe's oldest university botanical garden.
The  ("Royal Palace").
, a Gothic building of the 14th century.
, a Gothic building
: where there are the original sculptures of Nicola Pisano and Giovanni Pisano.
: showing the sinopias from the camposanto, the monumental cemetery.
: exhibiting sculptures and painting from 12th century–15th century,of Giovanni and Andrea Pisano, the Master of San Martino, Simone Martini, Nino Pisano and Masaccio.
Famous people born in Pisa
Guglielmo Agnelli
Christian Amoroso
Anselm of Capraia
Gerardo Appiani
Giovanni di Balduccio
Iacopo Balestri
Ercole Bazicaluve
Bona of Pisa
Guido Buffarini Guidi
Philippe Buonarroti
Pope Eugene III
Orazio Gentileschi
Ugolino della Gherardesca
Ignazio Hugford
Francesco Marianini
Giuseppe Melani
Antonio Pacinotti
Pandolfo Masca of Pisa
Andrea Parola
Giovanni Pisano
Nino Pisano
Girolamo Riminaldi
Orazio Riminaldi
Titta Ruffo
Rustichello da Pisa
Paolo Savi
Sidney Sonnino
Marco Storari
Terramagnino da Pisa
Francesco Traini
Soozie Tyrell
Sisters cities
, Kolding
, Angers
, Acre
, Niles
, Unna
, Cagliari
Cheshire is a county in England.
It is the North West part of the country.
It is most famous for making salt and cheese.
Cheshire is made up of lots of little towns including the Borough of Macclesfield which covers a large area of plains.
The main attraction is in Kerridge where there is the famous landmark 'White Nancy.'
The Cayman Islands are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean Sea.
The territory is made up of three islands: Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac.
Its capital, George Town, is on the main island (Grand Cayman).
The Cayman Islands are governed by the United Kingdom.
The Queen chooses a Governor to represent the territory.
The Governor can use his powers freely, but the Queen still has executive power.
There are no direct taxes that residents and companies have to pay.
The government receives most income from indirect taxes.
However, there are tourist taxes and airport taxes.
The Cayman Islands have a Tropical climate.
The wet season runs from May to October, and the dry season runs from November to April.
The Cayman Islands are a popular tourist spot because they have coral reefs.
This is why many tourists travel on airplanes or on cruise ships to go snorkeling and scuba diving.
There are three airports in the Cayman Islands.
The main one is Owen Roberts International Airport.
It is located on Grand Cayman near George Town.
Cayman Islands at the CIA World Factbook
Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed Daijo Daijin, chief minister of the government of Japan
Peter of Blois becomes the tutor of William II of Sicily
Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund
Absalon fortifies Copenhagen
William Marshal, "the greatest knight that ever lived", is knighted
Afonso I of Portugal is defeated by the Kingdom of León
Amalric I of Jerusalem unsuccessfully invades Egypt
William of Tyre becomes archdeacon of Tyre
May 29 – Battle of Legano, in which The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I
Edgar I deposes Donald III to become king of Scotland.
The First Crusade reaches Constantinople.
Crusaders besiege Nicaea, win the Battle of Dorylaeum, and capture Latakia from the Seljuk Turks, and begin the siege of Antioch.
January 7 – The first American commercial bank opens (Bank of North America).
January 15 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris goes before the United States Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage
February 5 – Spanish defeat British forces and capture Minorca.
March 8 – In Ohio the Gnadenhutten massacre of Native Americans takes place in which 29 men, 27 women, and 34 children were killed by white militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by another Native American group.
April 6 – Rama I succeeded King Taksin of Thailand who was overthrown in an coup d'état.
April 12 – A British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes in the West Indies.
June 18 – In Switzerland, Anna Goldi in sentenced to death for witchcraft – the last legal witchcraft sentence
August 7 – George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit to honor soldiers wounded in battle.
It is later renamed to the more poetic "Purple Heart".
November 30 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris, representatives from the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain sign preliminary peace articles (later formalized in the Treaty of Paris).
London creates Foot Patrol for public security
Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries try to cross the English Channel with a hot-air balloon
The Parliament of Great Britain extends James Watt's copyright for the steam engine to the year 1800
Amalric II succeeds Henry II of Champagne as King of Jerusalem.
Theobald III becomes Count of Champagne.
The town of Arbroath, Angus, Scotland is consecrated, and dedicated to St Thomas Becket.
Kaloyan becomes tsar of Bulgaria.
Corfu is occupied by the Genoese.
Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, negotiates a peace with Wales.
North Crawley is split into Great Crawley and Little Crawley.
Philip of Swabia marries Irene Angela, daughter of Byzantine emperor Isaac II.
October 22 — Emperor Juntoku of Japan (d. 1242)
Amadeus IV of Savoy (d. 1253)
Raymond VII of Toulouse (d. 1249)
January — William Longchamp, Lord Chancellor of England and bishop
April 28 — Rhys ap Gruffydd, Welsh ruler (b. 1132)
September 10 — Henry II of Champagne (b. 1166)
September 28 — Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1165)
Marguerite of France, daughter of Louis VII of France (b. 1158)
End of the reign of Emperor Tsuchimikado, emperor of Japan
Emperor Juntoku ascends to the throne of Japan
Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Pope Innocent III for invading southern Italy in 1210
Gottfried von Strassburg writes his epic poem Tristan about 1210
Beginning of Delhi Sultanate
Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a Mongol campaign against the Kyrgyz
May 5 – King Afonso III of Portugal (died 1279)
June 24 – Count Floris IV of Holland (died 1234)
July 22 – Joan of England, Queen consort of Scotland, wife of Alexander II of Scotland (died 1238)
Ibn Nafis, Persian anatomist (died 1288)
Lu You, Chinese poet (born 1125)
Jinul, Korean Buddhist philosopher
July 17, King Sverker II of Sweden (born in the 1160s), in the Battle of Gestilren
Electronic mail (or E-mail or email) is an Internet service that allows people who have an e-mail address (accounts) to send and receive electronic letters.
Those are much like postal letters, except that they are delivered much faster than snail mail when sending over long distances, and are usually free.
Like with regular mail, users may get a lot of unwanted mail.
With e-mail, this is called spam.
Some programs used for sending and receiving mail can detect spam and filter it out nearly completely.
To send or receive an email in the traditional way, one needs a device (computer, phone etc.)
connected to the Internet and an e-mail program (simply called mailer).
Several formats exist for email addresses.
The most common, called RFC 2822, looks like user@domain.com.
E-mail messages are sent mostly by text, and sometimes by HTML style.
Some companies let people send and receive emails for free from a remote website.
Gmail, Hotmail and Yahoo!
are among the many that do this kind of "web mail".
Webmail does not follow the pattern below exactly because the webpage is a web application and takes care of many details by itself.
The traditional way uses a mailer, as is usual with smartphones.
Microsoft invented its own "communication protocol" (or set of rules) for sending and receiving mail, called "Exchange".
Exchange protocol works entirely differently from the traditional method and is not explained here.
This diagram gives an example of what happens when email is sent from one person to another using the traditional method.
In this example, Alice is sending email to Bob.
First, Alice writes a message to Bob in her e-mail program.
Her e-mail program puts the message together along with some other information, such as her email address, the address of the person she is writing to, the time at which she is sending her message, and so on.
When it is ready, Alice's mail program sends the message to a central computer called a mail server (or a Mail Transfer Agent) using some rules called the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
The mail server that Alice is using to send her message (smtp.a.org) takes Alice's message and looks at the address to see where the message is being sent.
The mail server then goes out on the internet and tries to find the mail server that Bob is using.
It does this by talking to a Domain Name System (DNS) server, which keeps records about how to find different computers on the internet, including mail servers.
The DNS server gives Alice's mail server the proper address for the server that Bob is using to receive his email (mx.b.org).
Alice's mail server sends the message to Bob's email server, which puts it into Bob's mailbox.
Bob opens his e-mail program and downloads his messages using one of two sets of rules—either the Post Office Protocol (POP) or the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP).
His messages include the new message from Alice.
You can send files along with your emails by using the Attachment feature.
This is a common way of sending longer documents, spreadsheets, photographs etc.
to other people
The CC (Carbon Copy) function lets you send a copy of the email to other people
the BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) function also lets you send a copy of the email to other people.
This function hides the names of the recipients from each other
RFC 2822 Internet Message Format.
April 2001
March 17 – Emperor Shijō of Japan (died 1242)
Guo Shoujing, Chinese astronomer and mathematician
John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey (died 1304)
Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Wigmore (died 1282)
April 6 – William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
June 13 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese saint (born 1195)
November 6 – Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (born 1196)
November 17 – Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (born 1207)
Abd-el-latif, Arab physician and traveller
February 10 – Emperor Shijō of Japan (born 1231)
October 7 – Emperor Juntoku of Japan (born 1197)
William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle
Archambaud VIII of Bourbon
Hojo Yasutoki, regent of Japan (born 1183)
Richard Mor de Burgh
Emperor Go-Toba, reign of 82nd emperor of Japan starts (1183-1198)
June 11 – Henry the Young King, son of Henry II of England (born 1155)
Alexius II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (born 1167)
William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester
Maria Comnena, the Porphyrogenita, Byzantine princess, by poison (born 1149)
Renier of Montferrat (the Caesar John), Italian husband of Maria Comnena, by poison (born 1162)
February 28 – Henry the Young King, son of Henry II of England (died 1183)
May 17 – Jien, Japanese poet and historian (died 1225)
November 11 – King Alfonso VIII of Castile (died 1214)
Saito Musashibo Benkei, Japanese fighting monk
Kamo no Chomei, Japanese writer (died 1216)
Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi, a Sufi saint and mystic of Islam.
The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there.
He replaces Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands.
Prince William of Orange is outlawed, and Count Lamoral of Egmont imprisoned.
February 10 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is murdered at the Provost's House in Edinburgh.