the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Oliver left home at 17 to play with Zack Whyte and his Chocolate Beau Brummels and later with Alphonse Trent.
He sang and played trumpet with these bands, becoming known for his "growling" horn playing.
Sy arranged and conducted many songs for Ella Fitzgerald from her years with Decca Records.
As a composer, one of his most famous songs was "T'ain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)" which he co-wrote with Trummy Young.
He joined Jimmie Lunceford's band in 1933 and contributed many hit arrangements to the band, including "My Blue Heaven" and "Ain't She Sweet".
In 1939, he became one of the first African Americans with a prominent role in a white band when he joined Tommy Dorsey as an arranger, though he stopped playing trumpet at that time. (
Fletcher Henderson joined the Benny Goodman orchestra as the arranger in the same year.)
He led the transition of the Dorsey band from Dixieland to modern big band.
His arrangement of "On the Sunny Side of the Street" was a big hit for Dorsey, as were his own compositions "Yes Indeed" (a gospel-jazz tune that was later recorded by Ray Charles), "Opus One," "The Minor is Muggin'," "T.D.'s Boogie Woogie," and "Well, Git It."
After leaving Dorsey, Oliver continued working as a free-lance arranger.
One of his more successful such efforts was the Frank Sinatra album I Remember Tommy, a combined tribute to each man's former boss---and as music director for Decca Records.
The Aristolochiaceae, or Birthwort family, are a family of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 species belonging to the order Piperales.
The type genus is Aristolochia L.
The membranous, cordate simple leaves are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks.
They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical.
Phytochemistry
Many members of Aristolochia and some of Asarum contain the toxin aristolochic acid, which defence against predators, in this case herbivores.
It is known to be carcinogenic in rats.
Aristolochia itself is carcinogenic to humans.
Pipevine swallowtail butterflies lay their eggs on pipevine (Aristolochia species), and the larvae dine on the plant but are not affected by the toxin, which then offers the adult butterfly protection against predators.
"Not Myself Tonight" is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her 2010 album Bionic.
The song was written by Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones, Ester Dean, Jason Perry and Greg Curtis.
It is a uptempo electropop song that using synthesizers and tribal drums.
Its lyrics refer to adopting a different persona on the dancefloor.
It was released on April 13, 2010 as the first single from Aguilera's Bionic album. "
Not Myself Tonight" was a hit single in Asian area.
Someone who whistles
Whistler, British Columbia, known for skiing
James Abbott McNeill Whistler, who painted Whistler's Mother
Context in language is what surrounds a word or piece of text.
In order to understand what words mean, we have to know something about the situation where they are used.
In print, a word, phrase or sentence has other text around it.
This helps the reader to understand the piece in question.
In speech, the social setting as well as the language help the listener to understand what is said.
Something like: "You can take it whenever you need to" might refer to almost anything.
However, if it is said by a doctor to a patient, then the context is clear, and the listener can guess it refers to some kind of medication.
So the context is what goes with a text (written or spoken) which helps the reader (or listener) understand the communication.
However, to understand what is really going on, we may need to go beyond what is said or written.
A simple phrase, such as "I hate you" can mean exactly the opposite.
All kinds of clues are needed to understand what has been said.
Along with verbal communication comes non-verbal communication.
The 2011 Sindh floods occurred in August and September 2011 because of a lot of rain in Sindh, Eastern Balochistan, and Southern Punjab, Pakistan.
The floods caused a lot of damage.
270 people were killed, and 5.3 million people were affected.
1.2 million homes were flooded.
At least 1.7 million acres of land were ruined by the flooding.
It was the worst flooding in Pakistan since the 2010 floods.
In July, Pakistan had low monsoon rains, however in August and September the country received "above normal" monsoon rains.
A strong weather pattern entered the areas of Sindh from the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat in August and gained strength with the passage of time and caused heavy downpours.
The four-week long continuous rains have created floods in Sindh that have never been seen before.
2010s disasters in Pakistan
Floods in Pakistan
2011 floods
Being is a mini-album by singer Ella Koon.
The album was made by well known music producers Eric Kwok (Chinese) and Yanagiman (Japanese).
珊瑚島
殘念
簡單美
歐遊
砂之迷路 (珊瑚島 日本版)
殘念 (Piano Version)
DVD Extras
殘念 MV
珊瑚島 MV
Dare To Be MV
Making of 殘念 MV
Take a Shine To... is an album by Ella Koon, released in July 2011.
It was released a year after her well-received 2010 mini-album Being.
Hit songs include Ella’s first self-composed song “Reluctant to Part (依依)”, which is produced by hitmaker Chiu Tsang Hei with lyrics penned by Siu Hak.
The album also contains RICOH camera CM song “A Moment of Interaction (一刻感應)” and the latest plug “Let Him Go (由他去)”.
由他去 (Let Him Go)
依依 (Reluctant to Part)
夜潛者 (Night Invader)
一刻感應 (A Moment of Interaction - RICOH Camera 2011 CM Song)
母忘你 (Unable to Forget)
The specific tone of the color jungle green called "jungle green" by Crayola was formulated by Crayola in 1990.
The first recorded use of jungle green as a color name in English was in 1926.
Meaning of jungle green
The colors jungle green or tropical rain forest are often used by cartographers to represent the tropical rain forest on a natural vegetation map.
In the United States Army, jungle green is the color used for the uniforms and berets of the United States Army Special Forces or "Green Berets".
(The shade of jungle green used in the uniforms and berets of the U.S. Army Green Berets is closely equivalent to the color shown above as deep jungle green.)
Tones of jungle green color comparison chart
Rohypnol is the common name for a drug or Benzodiazepine called flunitrazepam.
A slang term for it is roofies.
The drug is sold legally, and it has many medical uses.
It is a strong hypnotic (a drug that causes sleep); a sedative (causing relaxation and sleepiness); an anticonvulsant (fighting seizures); an anxiolytic (relieving anxiety); amnestic (causing forgetfulness); and skeletal muscle relaxant.
Most often, it is used as a treatment for sleep disorders like insomnia.
It is thought to be one of the most effective hypnotic medications.
Benzodiazepines were created in 1957 by Roche, a healthcare and pharmaceutical company.
Roche started selling flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) in 1975.
At first, hospitals used the drug when a patient needed a deep sleep.
It was sold commercially in 1975 in Europe, and in the 1990s in the United States.
The drug was given the brand name Rohypnol.
Rohypnol is usually taken by mouth.
It has a long active period  its effects can last 18 to 26 hours, and it can be found in urine and blood tests.
This means that the day after taking the drug, a person may keep feeling tired and having trouble with thinking and balance.
Even after a full day, driving a car may still be dangerous.
The drug is often involved in drug intoxication, including overdoses.
Overdose of flunitrazepam may cause long-term sedation, poor balance, and poor speech.
In serious overdoses, people may have breathing problems, coma, and possibly death.
The overdose will be worse if flunitrazepam is taken with depressants, like alcohol or opiates.
Flunitrazepam overdose can be treated with flumazebecome widely known in the USA for its use as a date rape drug.
It is used by high school and college students, rave party members, and heroin and cocaine users (who call a tablet of flunitrazepam a "roofie").
beans (ZA)
rophy
ruffles
roachies
roofies
ruffies
ruff-up
roach 2 (R2)
ropies
circes
forget-me-pill
forget-me-now
Mexican Valium.
Magic date
date-rape
rumraketter
Victoria sponge
The Victoria sponge cake was named after Queen Victoria, who ate a slice of sponge cake with her afternoon tea.
It is usually called simply sponge cake.
A traditional Victoria sponge cake has raspberry jam and whipped double cream or vanilla cream.
If there is only jam, it is called 'jam sponge' and not a Victoria sponge.
The jam and cream are between two sponge cakes; the top of the cake is not iced or decorated.
Bakers must be careful when it comes to cooking times and temperatures.
Because of that, oven factories often use a Victoria sponge recipe to test their ovens.
Metabolic syndrome is a combination of several medical issues.
They increase the risk for heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes.
25% of people of the United States have metabolic syndrome.
Associated health issues
Raised cholesterol
Raised blood sugar
Reduced HDL cholesterol
Raised triglycerides
Central obesity
Me Against the World is the third studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur.
Me Against the World was released on March 14, 1995.
The album was released when 2Pac was imprisoned and it debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200.
By having this happen, it made him the first artist to have an album debut at number one on Billboard 200 while serving time in prison.
It was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 1996 Grammy Awards.
The album's first single "Dear Mama" was nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance.
A palatal consonant is a consonant that is pronounced with the body (the middle part) of the tongue against the hard palate (which is the middle part of the roof of the mouth).
There is only one palatal consonant in English which is , which is the sound for "y" in the English word "yes".
The most common palatal consonant used in the world is .
Palatal consonant in IPA
An approximant consonant is a consonant that sounds in some ways like a vowel.
For example, lateral approximants like the sound for "l" in the English word "like", the sound for "r" in the English word "right", and semivowels like the sound for "y" in "yes" and the sound for "w" in "wet" are all approximants.
These sounds are pronounced by bringing two parts of the mouth, for example the tongue and the roof of the mouth, close to each other.
However, it is not close enough to cause the air to be blocked, like in a fricative consonant.
Also, the parts are not far apart enough to become a vowel.
Semivowels
Semivowels are a type of approximant consonant, which sound like vowels if you pronounced them alone.
However, many languages use them as consonants.
Here are the common semivowels in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Central approximants
bilabial approximant  (usually transcribed )
labiodental approximant
dental approximant  (usually transcribed )
alveolar approximant
retroflex approximant  (a consonantal )
palatal approximant  (a consonantal )
velar approximant  (a consonantal )
uvular approximant  (usually transcribed )
pharyngeal approximant  (a consonantal ; usually transcribed )
epiglottal approximant  (usually transcribed )
Lateral approximants
In lateral approximants, only the centre of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth.
So, air can only flow through the sides of the tongue, like the sound "l" in "like".
voiced alveolar lateral approximant
retroflex lateral approximant
palatal lateral approximant
velar lateral approximant
velarized alveolar lateral approximant
Coarticulated approximants with dedicated IPA symbols
voiced labialized velar approximant  (a consonantal )
voiceless labialized velar approximant (a consonantal )
labialized palatal approximant  (a consonantal )
All Eyez on Me is the fourth studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur.
All Eyez on Me was released on February 13, 1996.
The album was certified 5× Platinum after just 2 months in April 1996 and 9× platinum in 1998.
The album also featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles "How Do U Want It" and "California Love".
Windows 8 is a version of Microsoft's Windows computer operating system.
Windows 8 was released everywhere on October 26, 2012.
The president of the Windows Division, Steven Sinofsky, said: "With this system we shall make the biggest change from Windows 95", as they have removed the "Start" button and designed a new tile-based user interface to replace the "Start" menu (which first appeared in Windows 95).
Several versions of Windows 8 were made available to software developers well before the final release.
The first of these, the Developer Preview, came out in September 2011.
On February 29, 2012, Microsoft released a beta version of Windows 8.0 known as the Consumer Preview.
Anyone could register online to download this version for free.
After the Consumer Preview, a final preview named "Release Preview" was released on May 31, 2012.
On October 26, 2012, Windows 8, as well as a version for devices using ARM processors, called Windows RT and unable to run most Windows applications, both became available to the general public.
On the same day, Microsoft also put new devices running Windows 8, including its newly-created Surface tablets up for sale in stores and online.
An update for Windows 8 was released on October 17, 2013, and it is called Windows 8.1.
Windows 8.1 returns the normal "Start" button to the taskbar.
During development, Windows 8.1 was known as "Blue".
Windows 10 was made to replace Windows 8, and it came out on July 29, 2015.
Users who owned Windows 7 with Service Pack 1 installed, or Windows 8.1, were able to upgrade to Windows 10 for free until July 29, 2016.
One new feature in Windows 8 is the Windows Store.
The Windows Store lets users buy new computer programs, or download them for free.
Windows 8 adds a new graphic user interface – Modern (also called Metro) – that is meant to be suitable for smartphones, tablets, notebooks, and desktop computers.
This interface shows “tiles”, which work as links and also as interactive widgets (tools you can look at, like RSS feeds, weather, e-mails).
The Modern interface is best used with a touchscreen, but can be controlled by a mouse or keyboard.
Windows 8 still offers the classic desktop interface through the "Desktop" tile.
Microsoft reworked the booting process, replacing the classic BIOS with a new system called UEFI.
This provides Secure Boot, a feature that only lets the computer start by using software its manufacturer has allowed.
Windows To Go allows users to run the complete Windows system from a USB drive.
Although Windows 8 is faster than Windows 7, it demands more pixels on the screen.
The minimum is 1366 x 768 pixels, which affects many laptops that have a maximum resolution of 1024 x 600 pixels.
Some users with older hardware have continued to use Windows 7 for this reason.
Windows 8 will work on resolutions lower than this, but some of its features will be unavailable.
File Explorer, formerly called Windows Explorer, has a new ribbon bar interface.
It can stop and restart a file transfer, and makes it easier to save files that have the same name.
Tablets and convertibles
Two months after Windows 8 was released, there were rumors that Microsoft was making a major update to be code-named "Blue".
In May 2013, Microsoft announced that "Windows Blue" was going to be called "Windows 8.1".
On August 14, 2013, Microsoft announced that Windows 8.1 would be released digitally on October 17, and released in stores and in new computers on October 18.
It included greater customization, and new Modern apps, such as a calculator, sound recorder, and file manager.
In April 2014, Microsoft released an update for Windows 8.1 with improvements for keyboard and mouse users.
This update pins the Windows Store to the taskbar by default.
Each Modern app has a bar at the top and can be closed the same way desktop apps are closed.
Windows 8 news microsoft.com
Computer Magazine
Technet.cz
Microsoft Windows 8 preview microsoft.com
Windows 8 system requirements microsoft.com
In September 2011 Microsoft officially announced Windows To Go at the Build Conference, and gave out bootable USB Flash drives.
These could hold 32GB of information.
They also had Windows To Go pre-installed.
Portable applications
Running Windows from an external USB drive with Windows To Go - Official Microsoft Presentation at BUILD
Windows Developer Preview Guide (Windows To Go in page 36)
Dardistan (Perso-Arabic: داردستان) is a name for the northern Pakistan, and Kashmir in the upper Indus valleys and parts of north-eastern Afghanistan.
It is inhabited by the Dards speaking Dardic languages.
Lahore Stock Exchange (Guarantee) Limited (LSE) is Pakistan's second-largest stock exchange after the Karachi Stock Exchange.
It is in Lahore.
The M25 motorway, or London Orbital, is a  orbital motorway around Greater London.
The motorway was first suggested early in the 20th century, and a few sections were built in the early 1970s.
The M25 was completed in 1986: is one of the world's longest orbital roads.
It is one of the busiest and most congested parts of the British motorway network.
196,000 vehicles were recorded in a single day near London Heathrow Airport.
The M25 is a crucial link between the four main London airports: Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton.
The motorway was originally built with only six lanes (three each way), despite research which suggested eight lanes were necessary.
Now a fourth lane exists over most of the motorway, and more in special sections (see diagram).
Plans were scaled back in 2009 in response to rising costs, but work is still going on.
Public enquiries continued through the 1970s and 1980s.
Each section had its own enquiry, where local citizens and interest groups could question the plans.
In all, "39 public inquiries before independent Inspectors were held, taking over 700 sitting days – with many more working days (and nights) preparing evidence".
Objectors could put forward alternatives, and each of these had to be answered with presentation of evidence.
Evidence included predictions of traffic and events which would affect growth of traffic.
Enquiries and evidence were open to public scrutiny and debate.
Some enquiries lasted a day, and one one lasted 97 sitting days over 13 months.
Proposals had to go before Parliament, and a special Act was needed to authorise the crossing of the northern tip of Epping Forest by the route in tunnel.
Operational history
As predicted by research, soon after the motorway opened in 1986 traffic levels exceeded maximum designed capacity.
In 1990 the Secretary of State for Transport announced plans to widen the whole of the M25 to four lanes.
By 1993 the motorway that was designed for a maximum of 88,000 vehicles per day was carrying 200,000.
15% of UK motorway traffic volume was on the M25 and there were plans to add 6 lanes to the section from Junction 12 to 15 as well widening the rest of the motorway to 4 lanes.
In 1995 a contract was awarded to widen the section between junctions 8 and 10 from six to eight lanes for a cost of £93.4 million and a 'Motorway Incident Detection and Automatic Signalling' (MIDAS) system was introduced to the M25 from junction 10 to junction 15 at a cost of £13.5m in 1995 and then extended to junction 16 at a cost of £11.7m in 2002.
This consists of a distributed network of traffic and weather sensors, speed cameras and variable-speed signs that control traffic speeds with little human supervision.
The system has improved traffic flow slightly, and reduced the amount of start-stop driving.
The use of variable speed limits makes this a "controlled motorway", and if hard shoulders are used at peak times it becomes a "managed motorway".
In 1995 there was a proposal to widen the section close to Heathrow Airport to 14 lanes.
This attracted fierce opposition from road protesters opposing the Newbury Bypass and other schemes, and it was cancelled shortly afterwards.
However, in 1997 the Department of Transport announced new proposals to widen the section from junction 12 (M3) and junction 15 (M4) to 12 lanes.
At the Terminal Five public inquiry a Highways Agency official said that the widening was needed to accommodate traffic to the proposed new terminal, however the transport minister said that no such evidence had been given.
Environmental groups objected to the decision to go ahead without holding a public inquiry.
A decision to go-ahead was given for a 10-lane scheme in 1998, and the £148 million 'M25 Jct 12 to 15 Widening' contract was awarded to Balfour Beatty in 2003.
The scheme was completed in 2005 as dual-five lane between junctions 12 to 14 and dual six lanes from 14 to 15.
The road cost £1 billion (in 1980s money) and took 11 years to build.
It used two million tons of concrete and 3½ million tons of asphalt.
Traffic bottleneck at the Dartford Crossing in the east is the greatest problem on the motorway at present, even though the crossing is technically not part of the M25.
At present the crossing is by bridge from the north, and by tunnel from the south.
There are usually long tailbacks in both directions.
Built business empires and spread business from the capital.
A new commercial property market has developed.
In the M25 area there is 130 million square feet of extra commercial space.
Compare this with the City of London, where the total is about 170 million square feet.
The M25 is a  big catchment area in terms of employment.
Increased house prices.
Before the M25, areas just outside London were a mixture of small rural farms and commuter belt.
Its arrival helped those commuters get on their way faster, pushing house prices in such areas higher. "
We know from our research that house prices generally have gone up about 300% since the M25 opened in 1986," says Anthony Wardell from Knight Franks estate agents.
On the western side of London, house prices have gone up nearer to 400%, he adds.
Changed the way people plan their lives.
M25 expert Chris Marshall says "You can get around London in ways that you couldn't do before and it doesn't just change the lives of people who lived around it before, or who worked around it before, you find that actually it changes the way that people plan their lives.
So now not only does someone who lived in Harlow when it was opened have the opportunity to work somewhere else, but someone say who works say in Heathrow can buy a house on the other side of London."
|-  style="background:#00703c; text-align:center; color:#ffd200; font-size:120%;"
| colspan="6" | A282 (Dartford Crossing)
scope=col| miles
scope=col| km
scope=col| Clockwise exits (A carriageway)
scope=col| Junction
scope=col| Anti-clockwise exits (B carriageway)
scope=col| Opening date
|style="background:#dcdcfe;"| Dartford Crossing South(Queen Elizabeth II Bridge)
scope=row| RiverThames
|style="background:#dcdcfe;"| Dartford Crossing North(Dartford Tunnels)
| November 1963 (west tunnel)May 1980 (east tunnel)October 1991 (bridge)
|3.5
|5.7
| Erith A206
scope=row| J1A
| Erith A206, Swanscombe (A226)
| September 1986
|4.7
|7.5
| Dartford A225
scope=row| J1B
| Exit via J2 – Dartford (A225)
| colspan="6" | M25
|5.5
|8.8
|  London (SE & C), Bexleyheath A2 (W), Canterbury (M2) A2 (E) Ebbsfleet International, Gillingham
scope=row| J2
|  London (SE & C), Bexleyheath A2, Canterbury (M2), Dartford (A225) Ebbsfleet International, Bluewater, Gillingham  Gillingham A2  Dover, Chnl Tnl (M20)  M25(S) (M23)  Rochester A2
|September 1986 (northbound)April 1977 (southbound)
|8.7
|14.0
| London (SE & C) A20 Maidstone, Channel Tunnel, Folkestone M20 Swanley B2173
scope=row| J3
| Maidstone, Channel Tunnel M20 London (SE & C), Lewisham A20
|April 1977 (northbound)February 1986 (southbound)
|12.2
|19.6
| Bromley A21 Orpington A224
scope=row| J4
| Bromley, London (SE & C) A21 Orpington (A224) Hayes
| February 1986
|16.316.4
|26.226.4
| Sevenoaks, Royal Tunbridge Wells, Hastings A21
scope=row| J5
| Maidstone, Channel Tunnel, Dover M26 (M20)  Sevenoaks, Hastings A21
| July 1980
|21.0
|33.8
|Clacket Lane services
scope=row| Services
|July 1993
|25.8
|41.6
| East Grinstead, Eastbourne, Caterham, Godstone A22Redhill, Westerham (A25)
scope=row| J6
| November 1979 (eastbound)February 1976 (westbound)
|28.6
|46.0
| Gatwick Airport, Crawley, Brighton, Croydon M23
scope=row| J7
| Gatwick Airport, Crawley, Brighton, M23(S), Croydon M23(N)
| February 1976
|31.9
|51.4
| London (S & SW), Reigate, Sutton A217 Kingston (A240)
scope=row| J8
| February 1976 (eastbound)October 1985 (westbound)
|38.539.5
|62.063.5
| Leatherhead A243, Dorking, (A24)
scope=row| J9
| Leatherhead A243, Dorking (A24)
| October 1985
|42.643.2
|68.669.5
| Cobham services
|Cobham services
|September 2012
|45.0
|72.4
| London (SW & C), Guildford, Portsmouth A3
scope=row| J10
| London (SW & C), Guildford, Kingston A3
| October 1985 (eastbound)December 1983 (westbound)
|49.8
|80.2
| Chertsey A317, Woking A320
scope=row| J11
| Woking A320, Chertsey A317
| December 1983 (southbound)October 1980 (northbound)
|52.1
|83.8
| Basingstoke, Southampton, Richmond M3
scope=row| J12
| October 1980 (southbound)December 1976 (northbound)
|55.2
|88.8
| London (W & C), Hounslow, Staines A30
scope=row| J13
| November 1981 (southbound)August 1982 (northbound)
|57.0
|91.8
| Heathrow Airport (Terminals 4, 5 and Cargo) A3113
scope=row| J14
| August 1982 (southbound)September 1985 (northbound)
|59.0
|95.0
| The WEST, Slough, Reading, London (W & C), Heathrow Airport (Terminals 2 and 3) M4
scope=row| J15
| The WEST, Slough, Reading M4(W)  London (W & C), Heathrow Airport (Terminals 2 & 3) M4(E)
| September 1985
|63.8
|102.6
|  The NORTH, Birmingham, Oxford, Uxbridge, London (W & C) M40
scope=row| J16
|  Birmingham, Oxford M40(W)  Uxbridge, London (W & C) M40(E)
| September 1985 (southbound)January 1985 (northbound)
| Rickmansworth, Maple Cross (A412)
scope=row| J17
| Rickmansworth, Maple Cross A412
| January 1985 (southbound)February 1976 (northbound)
|69.9
|112.5
| Chorleywood, Amersham A404
scope=row| J18
|71.5
|116.4
| Watford A41
scope=row| J19
| Exit via J20 – Watford A41
| September 1976
|73.5
|118.2
| Hemel Hempstead, Aylesbury A41
scope=row| J20
| Hemel Hempstead, Aylesbury, Watford A41
| August 1986
|76.3
|122.8
| The North, Luton & Luton Airport M1
scope=row| J21
|76.9
|123.7
| Watford A405 Harrow (M1 South)
scope=row| J21A
| St Albans A405 London (NW & C) (M1 (South))
|80.6
|129.7
| London Colney A1081
scope=row| J22
| St Albans A1081
|83.3
|134.0
| Hatfield A1(M), London (NW & C) A1, Barnet A1081South Mimms services
scope=row| J23
| August 1986 (westbound)September 1975 (eastbound)
|85.9
|138.2
| Potters Bar A111
scope=row| J24
| September 1975 (westbound)June 1981 (eastbound)
|91.4
|147.1
| Enfield Town, Hertford A10
scope=row| J25
| Enfield, Hertford, London (N & C) A10
| June 1981 (westbound)January 1984 (eastbound)
|94.9
|152.7
| Waltham Abbey, Loughton A121
scope=row| J26
| January 1984
|99.2
|159.7
| London (NE & C), Stansted Airport, Harlow, Cambridge M11
scope=row| J27
| London (NE & C) M11(N), Stansted Airport, Harlow, Cambridge M11(S)
| January 1984 (westbound)April 1983 (eastbound)
|107.1
|172.4
| Chelmsford, Witham, Colchester A12 Brentwood A1023
scope=row| J28
| Chelmsford, Romford A12 Brentwood A1023
| April 1983
|109.9
|176.8
| Romford, Basildon, Southend A127
scope=row| J29
| Basildon, Southend, Romford A127
| April 1983 (northbound)December 1982 (southbound)
|115.2
|185.4
| Tilbury, Thurrock, Lakeside A13(E), London (E & C) A13(W) Thurrock services
scope=row| J30
| London (E & C), Barking, Tilbury, Basildon, Dagenham, Rainham A13
| December 1982
|115.9
|186.6
| Exit via J30 – Purfleet (A1090), South Ockendon, Thurrock services A1306
scope=row| J31
| Thurrock (Lakeside), Thurrock services A1306, Purfleet (A1090), West Thurrock (A126)
Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was an American physical chemist.
His pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934.
He played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb, and he had ideas on the development of organic life from non-living matter.
On his return to the U.S. and between 1924 and 1928, he taught at The Johns Hopkins University as 'Associate in Chemistry', and then at Columbia where he assembled a team of associates.
He wrote (with Arthur Ruark), Atoms, quanta and molecules, one of the first English texts on quantum mechanics and its applications to atomic and molecular systems.
He discovered deuterium, isolating it by repeatedly distilling a sample of liquid hydrogen.
In 1931, he and his associates went on to demonstrate the existence of heavy water.
Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for this work.
During World War II, Urey's team at Columbia worked on a number of research programs that contributed towards the Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb for the United States.
Most importantly, they developed the gaseous diffusion method to separate uranium-235 from uranium-238.
In autumn 1941, Urey, with G.B. Pegram, led a diplomatic mission to England to establish co-operation on the development of the atomic bomb.
Isaac Asimov, a student at Columbia at this time, remembers Urey lamenting, perhaps too strongly, how pained he was that he could do nothing to help the war effort.
Asimov pointed out innocently that perhaps the enriched uranium kept at Columbia may have had something to do with the war effort.
Urey reddened and changed the subject.
Urey had worried about the German atomic bomb while working on uranium separation at Columbia during the war, and now referred to the most dangerous situation that humanity has ever faced in all history.
After the war, Urey became professor of chemistry at the Institute for Nuclear Studies, then Ryerson professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago before moving to the University of California, San Diego.
A UCSD building was named in his honor in the early 1960s, during a time when nearly all buildings other than student dormitories had only generic names.
The name of the building is actually the "Frieda and Harold Urey Hall".
Urey would have rejected the honor, he hated the architecture of the building, but since it also honored his wife he accepted.
In later life, Urey helped develop the field of 'cosmochemistry' and is credited with coining the term.
His work on oxygen-18 led him to develop theories about the abundance of the chemical elements on Earth and of their abundance and evolution in the stars.
This work was among the pioneering paleoclimatic research.
Urey summarised his work in the book The planets: their origin and development (1952).
Urey speculated that the early terrestrial atmosphere was probably composed of ammonia, methane and hydrogen; it was one of his Chicago graduate students, Stanley L. Miller, who showed that, if such a mixture be exposed to electric sparks and to water, it can interact to produce amino acids, commonly called the "building blocks of life" (see Miller-Urey experiment).
Urey died at La Jolla, California, and is buried in the Fairfield Cemetery in DeKalb County, Indiana.
While working at Columbia University, Urey was a resident of Leonia, New Jersey.
Urey H.C.; Grosse A V. & G. Walden.
"Production of D{Sub 2}O for use in the fission of Uranium", Columbia University, Manhattan Project, (June 23, 1941).
Urey H.C.    "Investigation of the photochemical method for Uranium isotope separation", Columbia University - Division of War Research, Manhattan Project, (July 10, 1943).
Suess H.E. & H.C. Urey.
Abundances of the elements, Columbia University - Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, United States Geological Survey, (July 13, 1955).
Urey H.C.  Research on the natural abundance of deuterium and other isotopes in nature.
Final Report for period ending September 30, 1958, University of Chicago, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (October 31, 1959).
National Academy of Sciences biography
A biography
Educators from Indiana
the German Empire (1871–1918)
the republic informally called the Weimar Republic (1918–33)
the National Socialist state commonly known as the Third Reich or Nazi Germany (1933–45)
The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was Pakistan's first parliament and first met on 10 August, 1947.
The next day Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), was elected as the President of the assembly and the new national flag was approved.
On 14 August, 1947, Jinnah gave a speech which outlined the important principles of the future government of an independent Pakistan.
Jinnah was chosen as the first Governor-General of Pakistan.
The assembly's main task was to write a new constitution for Pakistan.
This was a difficult task, however the assembly did agree on the "Objective Resolution" on 12 March, 1949.
A special committee of 24 members of the Constituent Assembly worked on a constitution based on the ideas in the Objective Resolution.
The Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, shut down the assembly on 24 October 1954, before the draft constitution could be presented.
The President of the Assembly, took legal action as he believed that shutting down the assembly was illegal.
He lost the case in the Federal Court.
A second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was formed on 28 May 1955.
They wrote the new constitution which came into force on 23 March 1956.
Piranha 3D is a 3-D movie directed by Alexandre Aja.
It stars Elisabeth Shue, Steven R. McQueen, Jessica Szohr, Jerry O'Connell, Kelly Brook, Riley Steele, Gianna Michaels, Christopher Lloyd, Ving Rhames, Roberto Chavira, Dina Meyer, Sage Ryan, Brooklynn Proulx and special starring Richard Dreyfuss.
In Lake Victoria, an earthquake forms a underwater fault line.
Hungry piranhas come out.
In the city of Lake Victoria (named for the lake), spring break has just started and some guys go into the lake celebrate and swim.
Elisabeth Shue: Julie Forester - The sheriff of Lake Victoria
Steven R. Mcqueen: Jake Forester - The son of the sheriff
Jessica Szohr: Kelly - The girlfriend of Jake
Jerry O' Connell: Derrick Jones - Director of porno movies
Riley Steele: Crystal - A pornostar
Gianna Michaels: Girl on a parachute
Christopher Lloyd: Carl Goodman - Proprietary of the animal shop
Ving Rhames: Agent Fallon - An agent
Roberto Chavira: Sam - A sub
Dina Meyer: Paula Montellano - Another sub
Sage Ryan: Zane Forester - The another son of the sheriff
Brooklynn Proulx: Laura Forester - The another son of the sheriff.
Dimension Films has announced that a sequel will be released in November 2011 due to the success of this and the sequel will be called Piranha 3DD.
Dreyfuss sang the same song in Steven Spielberg's Jaws.
"You Lost Me" is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her 2010 album Bionic.
The song was written by Aguilera, Samuel Dixon and Sia Furler.
It's a slow melody pop-ballad song that talks about a cheating boyfriend, who has left the world in Aguilera's view as "infected".
It was released on July 6, 2010 as the third single from Aguilera's Bionic album.
The metric system is a number of different systems of measurement with length based on the metre, mass on the gram, and volume on the litre.
This system is used around the world.
It was developed in France and first introduced there in 1795, 2 years after the execution of Louis XVI.
The metric units are based on decimal groups (multiples of ten).
At first the metric system was based on two quantities: length and weight.
The basic units were called the metre and the gramme.
In 1866, the United States started to use the metric system, and is widely used except by the public.
By 1875, many countries in Europe and in Latin America had changed to using the metric system.
In 1875, seventeen countries signed the Metre Convention agreeing to share responsibility for defining and managing the metre and kilogram standards.
The prototype copies of the metre and of the kilogram were called the "international prototype metre" and "international prototype kilogram".
A new organization called the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) was set up.
The international prototype metre and kilogram were kept at the BIPM headquarters.
In 1960, the rules for the metric system were revised.
The revised system was called the "International System of Units" (which is often called  for short).
The definition of SI also included rules for writing SI quantities.
These rules are the same for all countries.
In the 1970s, many people in the United Kingdom and the rest of the Commonwealth started using the metric system in their places of work.
The metric system is a decimal-based system of measurement.
The system has units of measure for each quantity.
The names of most units of measure in the metric system have two parts.
One part is the unit name and the other part is the prefix.
For example, in the name "centimetre", the word "centi" is the prefix and the word "metre" is the unit name.
Sometimes, as with metre, litre and gram, there is no prefix.
In the metric system, all units have a "symbol".
Symbols are a shorthand way of writing the names of units.
All the countries in the world use the same symbol for a unit, even though they might have different ways of writing out the unit name in full.
People write "kilometre" in the United Kingdom.
People write "kilometer" in the United States.
People write "quilómetro" in Portugal.
People write "một kí lô mét" in Vietnam.
People write "kīlomītar" in Arabic-speaking countries.
People write "χιλιόμετρα" in Greece.
People write "километр" in Russia.
People write "公里", "千米", or "粁" in China.
People write "キロ" or "㌔"　in Japan.
People write "킬로미터" in South Korea.
Everybody uses the symbol "km" for "kilometre".
Unit names
The metric system was first developed in France during the French Revolution.
A French law passed in 1795 defined five units of measure.
Three of these names are still in use today.
They are the metre which is the unit of length, the gram which is the unit of mass and the litre which is the unit of volume.
Since then many other units of measure have been developed and many definitions changed.
The metric system now has units of measurement for energy, power, force, electric current, radioactivity and many others.
The most commonly used units of measure in the metric system are listed below.
In the metric system, length is measured in metres.
The symbol for the metre is the letter "m".
The metre was originally defined as being  of the distance between the North Pole and the Equator on the meridian that passed through Paris.
In 1799, a platinum bar that was equal to this length was made and became the "prototype metre"
In the metric system, volume is measured in litres.
The symbol for the litre is "L".
In 1795 the French Government defined one litre as being the same volume as the volume of a cube which had sides that were .
In the metric system, mass is measured in grams.
The symbol for the gram is the letter "g".
In 1795 the French Government defined the gram as the mass of one cubic centimetre of water at the freezing point of ice.
This was difficult to measure, so in 1799 the French Government made a "prototype kilogram" () mass.
In the metric system, temperature is measured in degrees Celsius.
The symbol for degrees Celsius is "°C".
Water freezes at "" and boils at "".
In the metric system, the unit of time is the seconds.
The second was first used as part of the metric system by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1832.
The definitions of the units are often being changed.
In 1960 the definition of the metre was changed.
Since then it has been defined in terms of the speed of light.
In 2019, the kilogram is redefined in terms of the Planck constant.
The prefix milli is used to show that a measurement is  (or 0.001) of the base measurement:
There are 1000 milligrams (mg) in a gram.
There are 1000 millimetres (mm) in a metre.
There are 1000 millilitres (mL) in a litre.
The prefix centi is used to show that a measurement is  (or 0.01) of the base measurement:
There are 100 centimetres (cm) in a metre.
There are 100 centilitres (cL) in a litre.
The prefix kilo is used to show that a measurement is 1000 times as large of the base measurement:
There are 1000 grams in a kilogram (kg).
There are 1000 metres in a kilometre (km).
There are a lot of other prefixes.
micro which means one millionth ().
The symbol for "micro" is the Greek letter μ (called "mu").
deci which means one tenth ().
The symbol for "deci" is "d".
mega which means one million (1,000,000).
The symbol for "mega" is "M".
Care must be taken not to get "m" (for "milli") and "M" (for "mega") mixed up.
How big
These tables will help one to estimate the size of different lengths or masses in the metric system.
In these tables:
The word "Imperial" is short for Imperial units which are the units of measure that have traditionally been used in the United Kingdom.
The word "Customary" is short for U.S. customary units which are units of measure that have traditionally been used in the United States.
British and American spelling
The word metre is used in British English while the word meter is used in American English.
The word litre is used in British English while the word liter is used in American English.
The word gram is used in both British English and in American English.
The word gramme can also be used in British English, but many British people think that this is old-fashioned.
Administering the metric system
In 1875 representatives from the governments of twenty different countries met in Paris to discuss weights and measures.
Seventeen of the countries signed a treaty about weights and measures.
The treaty was called "The Convention of the Metre".
The countries that signed were: Argentine Confederation, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, United States and Venezuela.
They agreed:
To set up an inter-governmental organisation to administer the treaty.
This organization was called the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM).
France was to have responsibility for acquiring suitable premises for the BIPM.
These premises would become neutral territory.
The BIPM offices and laboratories would be located on the site.
To make 40 identical copies of the kilogram.
One was chosen as the prototype (or primary) copy.
This copy was known as the "International Prototype Kilogram".
It replaced the Kilogramme des archives as the world's primary copy of the kilogram.
The Kilogramme des archives would be kept at the BIPM premises.
To make 30 identical copies of the metre.
This copy was known as the "International Prototype Metre".
It replaced the Metre des archives as the world's primary copy of the metre.
The Metre des archives would be kept at the BIPM premises.
To give one copy of the metre and one copy of the kilogram to each country.
These would be called "national prototype metres" and "national prototype kilograms".
To compare the national prototype metres and kilograms against the international prototypes at regular intervals.
To promote the use of the metric system.
The United Kingdom and the Netherlands went to the conference but did not sign the treaty at that time.
After further consideration, the United Kingdom did sign the treaty in 1884 and the Netherlands became a member in 1929.
The United States Congress ratified the treaty in 1878.
The United Kingdom signed the treaty 1884.
Neither country passed laws making it compulsory to use the metric system.
In 1960 the BIPM published the "International System of Units" (or SI).
SI clarified a number of areas of the metric system, particularly in science and in engineering.
The BIPM also standardized the way in which SI was written making it the same for all languages.
There are 16 US fluid ounces in a US pint but there are 20 imperial [UK] fluid ounces in an imperial pint.
The US fluid ounce is larger than the imperial fluid ounce, but the imperial pint is larger than the US pint.
In the 1700's this type situation was common across Europe.
Each country  measured length, weight/mass and volume in its own way.
Sometimes different countries or cities used the same name for different measurements.
Sometimes different cities in the same country had different ways of measuring things.
In 1789 there were a quarter of a million different units of weight and measure in France.
During the French Revolution, French scientists decided that it would be better to have a new system of weights and measures.
The system would be the same in all French provinces and cities.
They also decided that it would be easier if the new system used 10's instead of 12's, 16's or 20's, because people normally count in 10's.
The new system became the official system of measurement in France in 1799.
One of the French leaders, the Marquis de Condorcet declared that  "[the metric system] is for all people for all time".
They decided that the new system would be for everybody on Earth and that the new unit of length would be called a "metre".
They decided there would be  between the North Pole and the equator.
Between 1791 and 1798 two surveyors, Pierre Méchain and Jean-Baptiste Delambre, measured the distance between the cities of Dunkirk to Barcelona using old French units, and used the stars to measure their latitudes.
They used this information to work out that the length of the metre should be 443.296 lignes.
In 1798 the French scientists made a bar of platinum that was exactly one metre long.
They stored this bar in the French archives.
It was called the metre des archives.
People who made one metre rulers were able to check that their rulers were the same length as the metre des archives.
Other scientists made a kilogram weight from platinum which was also put in the archives.
This weight was called the kilogram des archives.
First attempt to metricate France
In 1799 the metric system was made compulsory, meaning people were made to use it by law, in the region around Paris.
This caused a lot of confusion because the police enforced the new measures but customers preferred the old ones.
So shopkeepers had to have both.
People became worried the new measures were used to cheat them.
Politicians tried to educate and convince people to use metric, but the people rejected the metric system.
In 1800 the government tried to make the system acceptable by changing the names of the units back to the simpler names used before metrication.
For example, the decimetre, centimetre, and millimetre were renamed to palme (hand), doigt (finger) and trait (trace).
In 1799 Napoleon became the leader of France.
By 1812 he had conquered most of Europe.
He introduced the metric system to the countries that he conquered.
In 1815 he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo.
After Napoleon was defeated, most of the countries started using their old systems of measurement again.
During this time, the metric system was still the official system of measurement in France.
And it still had simplified unit names.
But the French people continued to use the measures they were used to.
The French government tried to persuade the people to convert.
They mass-produced metric rulers.
They tried to teach the people to use metric measures, and commanded the police to punish people who would not cooperate.
Eventually the government stopped trying and withdrew the metric system.
France abandon the metric system
On 12 February 1812, France stopped using the metric system and started using a new system called mesures usuelles.
The new system was based on many of the old pre-metric units.
The old units were redefined to be round numbers or fractions of the withdrawn metric units.
For example the livre (pound) was reintroduced and changed from 489 grams to 500 grams.
The toise was redefined as 2 metres.
The toise contained 6 pied (feet), changed from 324.8 mm to  of a metre (333.33 mm).
The pied had 12 pouces (inches) and the pouce had 12 lignes.
Second attempt to metricate France
In 1837 the metrication laws were revived in France.
And in 1840, the system did become compulsory throughout France, almost 50 years after it was first introduced.
Wider adoption of the metric system
During the nineteenth century many small countries started cooperating with each other.
In 1815 the Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed from seventeen small states.
Each state had its own system of measurement.
In 1820 they decided that it would be better if everybody used the metric system.
In 1815 the German Confederation was formed.
It was an association of 39 different states.
Each state had its own system of measurements.
In 1834 the German Confederation formed a customs union called the Zollverein.