the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
There are two subfamilies, 43 genera and over 3,500 species of the Culicidae.
Vectors for disease
The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria carried by the genera Anopheles and Culex.
Mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually in Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths.
Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication.
Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping.
Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides, nets and repellents.
Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground.
It may or may not be practical to eliminate this water.
The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water.
The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is now highly resistant to the chemical.
Organic repellents
With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which are organic.
These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as mosquito repellents.
Natural predators
The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling populations.
Some bats can eat as many as 500 mosquitoes per hour.
Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day.
The oldest known mosquito with a basically modern anatomy was found in 79-million-year-old Canadian amber from the Upper Cretaceous.
An older sister species with more primitive features was found in amber that is 90 to 100 million years old.
Genetic analyses indicate that the Culicinae and Anophelinae clades may have diverged about 150 million years ago.
The Old and New World Anopheles species are believed to have subsequently diverged about 95 million years ago.
Molasses (Known as treacle in the United Kingdom if it was made to be eaten by humans) is a by-product of sugar canes or sugar beets being turned into sugar.
It is like a thick syrup.
Some people also call molasses sorghum syrup.
The quality of the molasses depends on how the sugar is refined.
Molasses is like a black golden syrup type liquid.
Molasses is the base for making rum.
Sometimes vodka is also made from molasses.
Molasses was first imported to United States by the British, (The Sugar Act, 1764), during the early times of the United States.
The United States got sugar from southern islands.
While the United States was getting sugar, they decided to ask for the leftover material, or molasses.
The United States then used the molasses for their personal use, as well as making it into rum to trade with other nations.
Syrup is a thick, sweet, flavored liquid with a high sugar content.
There are different flavored syrups, such as chocolate syrup, vanilla syrup, and maple syrup.
Syrups are used to sweeten and flavor hot and cold drinks, and they are poured on desserts and breakfast foods.
Used in drinks
Syrups are used in many different types of drinks.
Coffee shops add chocolate syrup and other flavored syrups (for example: vanilla) to coffee drinks.
Ice cream parlors add chocolate syrup to milk shakes.
In Italy, cafés often offer a choice of different syrups that can be added to carbonated soda water, to add sweetness and flavor.
Used for desserts
Syrups are also used in many desserts.
Ice cream parlors pour chocolate and butterscotch syrup on bowls of ice cream.
Cafés and restaurants pour syrup on cakes, pies, crepes, and pancakes.
In North America, maple syrup is often poured over pancakes as a breakfast food.
It is made from the sap of maple trees, which is boiled until it thickens.
During the summer months, flavored syrups are also used over crushed ice to make "slush puppies" or "slush puppies".
In China, pear syrup is used to make ligaotang, a staple of Shanghainese food.
It comes in many flavors, including pinenut, rose, and meat floss.
It is also used as a traditional Chinese medicine to help with coughs or poor appetite.
Sugarcane (or sugar cane) is a genus of plants.
There are between 6 and 37 types of sugarcane (how many there are depends on the interpretation of what is a grass and what is not).
Sugarcane grows in warm and tropical climates.
It first grew in Asia, but after the year 700 people started planting it in Africa and southern Europe.
Later it spread to the Americas and Australia.
Today the biggest producer is Brazil in South America.
India in Asia is second biggest producer after Brazil.
Sugarcane stalks grow to between 2 and 6 meters tall.
These stalks contain sugar, which is used to sweeten food and drinks.
After the sugar has been taken out the remains of the stalks can be burned to generate heat and electricity.
It can also be made into paper, cardboard and cutlery.
This crop requires high temperature and high rainfall.
In areas of low rainfall this crop is cultivated with the help of irrigation.
Black soil or alluvial soil is the best for this crop.
Sugarcane requires a large amount of water.
That is why holding deep soil is required.
As this crop absorbs nutrient matter from the soil, compost manure and chemical fertilizers are used.
It wants 75-100cm rainfall.
Sugar beet is a plant.
Its roots contain a high amount of sucrose.
This can be made into sugar.
Sugar beets are grown for sugar.
The sugar beet is related to chard.
The biggest producers of sugar beet are the European Union, the United States and Russia.
30% of the world sugar production is from sugar beets.
Tourette syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder.
Tourette syndrome can also be called Tourette's syndrome, Tourette's disorder, GTS, Tourette's, or TS.
People that have Tourette's have tics (movements or sounds that the person cannot easily control).
Tourette's is normally inherited, and starts in childhood.
People who have Tourette's have a normal life expectancy and normal intelligence.
Tics are normally not as bad as people get older.
Adults with severe Tourette's are rare.
Fewer than 15% of people with Tourette's have coprolalia.
Coprolalia is using words or phrases that some people might find offensive without being able to stop saying them.
These may include curse words.
However the stereotypical Tourette's sufferer has coprolalia.
Most people with Tourette's do not need treatment.
There are drugs that can help people manage tics.
There are also therapies that can help people live easier with Tourette's.
The disease is named after Georges Gilles de la Tourette.
He was one of the first doctors to describe the symptoms.
Tourette Syndrome Association
Tourette Syndrome (UK) Association
The Church of St. James is dedicated in Glasgow.
The Zeeland archipelago is created by a massive storm in the North Sea.
The House of Brandenburg is founded when Albrecht the Bear is made head of the Nordmark.
The soybean (or soya bean) is a plant with fruit called beans, from Eastern Asia.
The height of a grown soybean is between less than 20 centimetres and up to 2 metres.
One soybean lives for only one year.
Soybeans can be eaten or used to make oil, sauce, milk, flour, tofu and other foods.
These soy foods have much protein, and many vegetarians like that.
Soybeans can also be fermented to make nattō.
In 1997, 81% of all soybeans were of genetically modified stock.
This means that genes were changed directly.
A henagon (or monogon) is a shape in geometry.
It is like a polygon, except that it only has one side and one corner (vertex).
Henagons are considered to be impossible to draw, using Euclidean geometry.
This is because the single side would go to infinity.
Since it only has one side, there is only one angle.
Therefore, all henagons are considered regular shapes.
The Moors were the Muslim inhabitants who lived on the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, parts of Southern France, and North Africa in the Middle Ages.
In Europe, the word is very often used to talk about people whose ancestors were North African.
The Moors (Umayyad Muslims) came from North Africa and Syria.
Many of them came to what is now Spain and Portugal.
They had a very big influence on the culture of these countries.
Ethnic groups in Africa
A habitat is the area in which an organism lives.
It is a summary term for all the resources, physical and living which are present in an area.
It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, and the physical environment which surrounds a population.
Animal habitats
Most animals live in one type of environment because they are best suited to it.
We say they are 'adapted to this environment'.
For example, animals such as frogs, newts, and ducks have webbed feet to help them swim in the water.
There are many different types of habitats and many kinds of adaptations to each habitat.
If the habitat changes, it may no longer be suitable for the animals and plants that live there.
Climate change is making some habitats warmer, and so many animal species are moving to cooler areas.
However some species are not able to move and the populations are getting smaller.
Scientists think that 10% of species may become extinct because of these changes.
Other habitats have been cleared to make them into farm land.
In Australia for example, 80% of the eucalypt forests have been cleared for farming over the last 210 years.
This is threatening the survival of forest animals such as the koala.
Plant habitats
Just as animals adapt to the places they live, so do plants.
Plants are adapted to a wide variety of habitats.
As a result, each plant has certain characteristics.
Some are adapted to living on land while others live in water.
Plants that grow on land usually have stiff stems to hold them upright, while water plants tend to have less rigid stems because the water supports them.
Plants that live in dry climates like the desert have few or no leaves.
Many, such as cacti, store water when rain occurs.
Their adaptations save water.
Plants that grow in shaded areas have large leaves to capture as much sunlight as possible, or they climb towards the light.
Long Island, NY is the longest island in the United States.
Over 7 million people live there.
The majority live in the western part, in Brooklyn and Queens which are parts of New York City.
The other people live in two counties.
Nassau County is in the central area, and Suffolk County fills approximately the eastern half.
To the north is Long Island Sound and to the south is the Atlantic Ocean.
There are almost 200 Long Island Towns on Long Island, NY.
The East River separates Long Island from Manhattan island and the Bronx mainland.
The Narrows separates it from Staten Island.
Long Island is a terminal moraine left by glaciers during the ice ages.
The 2000 census counted 7,448,618,  people living on Long Island, making it the most populated island in all of the United States, and more populated than Ireland and Jamaica.
Long Island is in the eastern time zone.
Geography of New York City
Kathleen Wendy Herald Peyton (born 2 August 1929 in Birmingham, England) is an English writer.
She has written over 50 books, including Blind Beauty (1999) and Stealaway (2001).
About KM Peyton
Reviews of some of KM Peyton's books and series
The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (), often called just FIVB, is the organization that controls international Volleyball.
FIVB web site
In 1492 Spain sent Columbus to the New World.
They found Native Americans, and then they became friends and traded.
They had foods and animals Native Americans had not seen before, like sugarcane, pigs, and horses.
But, they did not know that they were also giving sickness.
They accidentally killed many Native Americans.
They also killed many of them on purpose, in conquering them.
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is an international group that brings together the national astronomical groups from around the world.
It was created in 1919.
It was created to promote and protect the science of astronomy by getting different nations to work together.
Its members are professional astronomers from all over the world, and they all work on research and education in astronomy.
The IAU has good relationships with groups that include amateur astronomers. "
National Members" are usually people with a high level of professional astronomy.
There are more than 10,000 active "Individual Members" in 107 countries.
It has 62 "National Members".
Website of the International Astronomical Union
XXVIth General Assembly 2006
Astronomical organizations
Obfuscation means making something harder to understand, usually by complicating sentences needlessly.
Weasel words are a form of obfuscation.
Obfuscation is usually used when people either do not know what they are talking about or wish to hide their meaning.
Technical term: Obfuscation is sometimes used to make source code much harder to read and reverse engineer.
This can be a significant concern for technology like Java and JavaScript that require source code to be exposed in order to function.
The Chicago Bears are a professional American football team in the National Football League based in Chicago, Illinois.
The Bears were founded in Decatur, Illinois, by George Halas, in 1919.
They were first called the Decatur Staleys, after the A.E. Staley Starch Company which owned the team for its first two seasons.
The team has won nine NFL Championships, with the last being in 1985 (Super Bowl XX).
They also played in Super Bowl XLI in 2006 against the Indianapolis Colts, but they lost 29-17 to Peyton Manning and the Colts.
The team is owned by Virginia Halas McCaskey, and the general manager is Ryan Pace.
The team's current head coach is Matt Nagy since 2018.
The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field.
They played there from 1974-2001 and then 2003-present (Soldier Field was being made new in 2002).
The Bears had played at Wrigley Field from 1921-1970.
Wrigley Field is the home of the Chicago Cubs baseball team, and the Bears were named after the Cubs.
1919 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Illinois
Cool Runnings is a 1993 Disney sports comedy movie.
It stars John Candy and Doug E. Doug.
It is about the first Jamaican bobsled team who wanted to compete in the 1988 Winter Olympics.
Cool Runnings is set in Jamaica.
When a Jamaican sprinter gets disqualified during the tryouts for the Olympics because he fell over, he still wanted to compete.
After seeing a picture of a bobsled, he wanted to become a bobsledder.
He managed to get 3 other people to form a team.
The first ever Jamaican bobsled team was trained by Irv, a retired athlete.
When they went to the Olympics, they successfully passed the track under 1 minute, so they qualified.
After being disqualified, Irv went to talk to the judges, and the Jamaican team were back.
After a rough first round, they came back surprisingly.
however, during the finals the bobsled broke, crashing.
They walked to the finish line, with everyone cheering.
When they returned, they were heroes and the competed in the next Olympics.
1993 comedy movies
1990s sports movies
Movies directed by Jon Turteltaub
Schmallenberg is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia.
It has about 24,965 inhabitants.
Schmallenberg is located in the middle of the Sauerland (Rothaargebirge).
It is about 25 kilometres south of Meschede, and 120 kilometres from Köln (Cologne).
Neighbouring communities
Town twinning
, Burgess Hill
, Wimereux
"Alexander de Smalenburg" is said to have given his name to the city of Schmallenberg.
The origins of the narrow castle lie in a castle complex that belonged to Cologne, and in 1244 the curtain-walled settlement was officially elevated to city status by Konrad von Hochstaden, Archbishop of Cologne.
During the Middle Ages, textile and ironmongery trades were the main industries in Schmallenberg.
Around 1350 there were about 800 living in the town.
After an economically quiet period during the 16th century, the new iron hammer technology put the city back on the map.
At that time, Schmallenberg’s ironmongery trade was considered the most important one in Westphalia.
In parts of the town like in Oberkirchen there were many witchcraft trials.
In 1630 there were 7 processes, from April to June.
During these, 58 people were convicted to burn at the stake, for alleged witchcraft.
One of the victims was Christine Teipel, a 9-year-old child.
After a big fire in 1822, the town was rebuilt using a classical ground plan.
This can still be seen today.
Ten years before that, the city wall and gates had been torn down.
Today, Schmallenberg’s typical features are its half-timbered houses with slated roofs and carved doors, small bays and gables as well as symmetric perrons.
Since the 19th century Schmallenberg was a "Sauerländer centre" of the textile industry (the largest company: FALKE-GROUP).
This gave Schmallenberg the nickname "Strumpfstadt" ("socktown").
Since the development of the textile industry in Schmallenberg is declining dominated the economy many medium-sized enterprises and tourism.
In 2002 there were 7924 on social insurance jobs.
FALKE-GROUP (textile industry, 2006: 2,431 employees)
Burgbad AG (bathroom furniture manufacturer with headquarters in Bad Fredeburg)
Feldhaus (construction company)
Fraunhofer Society
The Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME conducts research in the field of applied life sciences from a molecular level to entire ecosystems.
The IME-Institute  has around 140 employees working at the locations Schmallenberg and Aachen.
Hiking trails adding up to about 2,500 kilometers, leading through forests, across mountains and through valleys make Schmallenberg.
The town at the upper course of the river Lenne has developed into one of Westphalia’s winter sports centers.
250 kilometers of cross-country ski tracks and 30 ski-lifts turn any kind of skiing.
Air transport
Schmallenberger-Sauerland
The French and Indian War took place between 1754 and 1763 in British North America and French North America.
These are now the United States and Canada.
The French had Native American allies and the British had other Indian allies.
The war is also called "the Seven Years' War".
The conflict was a part of the Seven Years' War among the European great powers including Britain and France, which took place in various parts of the world.
France was already fighting Prussia, and did not send many troops to Canada.
Both the British and the French said they owned the Ohio country.
This land was between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, from the Great Lakes to the Ohio River.
France wanted to unite New France, and Britain wanted to prevent that.
Both wanted to control the fur trade, and expected to send settlers some day.
Both European countries used Native American claims to the land.
The British said it belonged to their Iroquois Indians, and the French said it belonged to their Hurons.
Neither side asked what the people of the Ohio Country might want.
The land supported the beaver pelt.
The British 13 colonies feared  control of a pope in North America.
France's land was controlled by the French and the Roman Catholic Church.
The Protestant British settlers saw this as a threat to their religious freedoms that they had under English law.
The French built a new fort in the disputed territory, and the British decided to expel them.
Fighting began with the Battle of Monongahela in 1755.
The British commander, General Edward Braddock, died with many of his men in a failed attack against the French in what later became Pittsburgh.
Militia officer George Washington led the defeated survivors home.
The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763.
France lost all of its North American lands east of the Mississippi River.
All of Canada was given to Britain except the small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, near Newfoundland.
Britain offered France the choice to give up its Canadian land or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which British troops had taken during the war.
France chose to keep the islands, which were valuable for their sugar plantations.
With the Royal Proclamation of 1763, colonists in British North America became unhappy over their share of the winnings.
This became a cause of the American Revolution.
The French and Indian War Website
U-S-History.com: Background of the French and Indian War
French and Indian War Timeline
18th century in the Thirteen Colonies
Sif is a goddess in Norse mythology.
She is the wife of Thor and mother of Thrud and Ull.
Sif has hair made of gold.
It grows just like normal hair.
Her original hair's color looked like wheat.
Loki cut off Sif's hair as a prank.
When Thor found out he made Loki have golden hair made for her by the Dwarves.
It is believed that Sif was a goddess of the home, of field and of the crop.
It is also said that she had some control of destiny.
Thrud is the only daughter of Thor and Sif.
Ull is her son with another man.
Thor also has two sons with a giantess.
In two different poems in Poetic Edda, Sif is said to have a mysterious lover, but no one knows who he is.
A volcano on the planet Venus is named after Sif.
Sif is also a character in the comic book The Mighty Thor from Marvel Comics.
Sif - A research and devotional site dedicated to Sif
Political correctness (or PC for short) means using words that will not offend any group of people.
Some offensive words have been used for a long time.
Some of these words have now been replaced by other words that are not offensive.
These new words are described as politically correct.
This term has been used since the early 1970s.
It started being used in the modern negative sense in the late 80s in America.
Politically correct words or terms are used to show differences between people or groups in a non-offensive way.
This difference may be because of race, gender, beliefs, religion, sexual orientation, or because they have a mental or physical disability, or any difference from what most people believe is normal.
Political correctness with gender
Throughout the 20th century Feminists fought for women to have the same rights as men.
In PC language this is seen in changes to job titles such as "policeman", "postman", and "chairman" which now commonly go by the gender-neutral titles "police officer", "letter carrier" and "chairperson" or "chair" as well as with terms having broader application, such as "humankind" replacing "mankind".
Political correctness in sexual attraction
People who are attracted to the same gender are usually referred to as 'homosexual'.
Likewise, people who are attracted to people of both genders are usually referred to as "bisexual".
However, both of these terms are seen as being perfectly fine by the more politically liberal oriented people.
Political correctness in medicine
People who are mentally disabled are now rarely described as "mentally retarded" (sometimes called "M.R.") but may be said to have "special needs".
M.R. has been changed to I.D.; Intellectual Disabilities.
People who cannot speak are no longer called "dumb", they are non vocal.
Those who are vocal but cannot communicate fluently are called non verbal.
The overall terms 'handicapped” or 'challenged' are not  considered appropriate (there is no distinction between physical or mental, acquired or inborn, because unless you’re the disabled person, it’s your choice to disclose and confirm whether this matters)
Person first language is “ Sarah has physical disabilities”.
This is part of the medical model of disability, which suggests disabled people are something to be fixed, even if there is no pathology to suggest “fixing”.
The social model of disability encourages identity first language (Sarah is disabled) and is not just preferred by most of the disabled community but is also part of the social model of disability.
The social model of disability invokes (rather than erasing as medical model does) the idea that disability isn’t just about limitations within daily life but also acknowledges that most of what creates disability are the social and infrastructural challenges faced, such as inaccessible housing, sidewalks, elevators.
Some of the new politically correct words are often criticized for being rather ridiculous.
Some examples of these are the terms ending in challenged.
For example, someone who is very short might be described as "vertically challenged".
People also say that things that are obviously bad are called by something else which hides the fact that they are bad.
For example, young people who are in trouble with the law, instead of being called "juvenile delinquents" became "children at risk".
Some PC terms may be ambiguous i.e. have two possible meanings. "
hearing impaired" can also refer to someone who has partial hearing (hard of hearing) and "vision impaired" can also refer to someone who has partial vision.
Wikiquote has quotes related to political correctness.
In Norse mythology, Mjölnir (Old Norse: Mjǫllnir - “Lightning” or “That which smashes”) is the hammer of Thor, the god of thunder and lightning.
Forged by the dwarven brothers Brokkr and Eitri, Mjölnir is the most feared weapon in the Nine Realms, capable of leveling entire mountains with only one hit.
Mjölnir was also a symbol of both fertility and destruction, and was thought to possess regenerative healing powers.
"... He [Thor] would be able to strike as firmly as he wanted, whatever his aim, and the hammer would never fail, and if he threw it at something, it would never miss and never fly so far from his hand that it would not find its way back, and when he wanted, it would be so small that it could be carried inside his tunic."
Other spellings
Images of Mjolnir amulets
The Anti-Defamation League , examining the symbol as used by both racists and non-racists
Mythological weapons
An orphan is a child who has lost either or both parents.
Their parents are either dead or didn't want them.
Some orphans end up in a house called an orphanage.
This is where children with no parents live.
Many children that live in an orphanage get fostered or adopted by a person or a couple.
Sometimes parents get sick and die while their child or children are still young, and if no close relatives take care of them, if they cannot or will not do so, they are normally raised in an orphanage.
When several children, brothers or sisters are left orphaned they are normally split up; one child going to one family or one child going to a foster family while another may stay in the orphanage.
Sometimes parents may not have jobs or money and abandon their children because they cannot afford to bring them up.
The parents may feel that if someone else brings them up they may have a better future in the long run.
Orphan care
In many poor countries orphans are often seen wandering about begging for money and food; many may not be going to school.
Not much organised help exists for them in poor countries.
But in richer countries many organisations and institutions help the orphans and work to help parents when they are sick or very poor so they do not abandon their children.
Organisations such as churches and community services assist them.
Orphans in history
Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District () is an opera by the Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich.
It is one of the most important Russian operas of the 20th century.
The words for the opera (the “libretto”) were written by Alexander Preis who based them on a story by the Russian writer Nikolai Leskov.
The opera has nothing to do with Shakespeare’s play Macbeth except for the fact that it is about a woman like Lady Macbeth who is tempted to commit a murder.
History of the opera
Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District was the second opera that Shostakovich wrote.
It was first performed on 22 January 1934 at the Leningrad Maly Theatre.
It was very successful and lots of people came to hear it.
However, Shostakovich lived in difficult times.
The dictator Josef Stalin was making life very difficult for creative people.
He thought that music and all the other arts should praise and glorify their country (the Soviet Union).
He did not allow people to express their own personal feelings.
Anything that he did not like was called “formalist”.
If Stalin did not like someone that person would not be allowed to work.
They might even get sent to prison in Siberia where they were treated very badly.
Many of them died.
Stalin came to hear a performance of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District.
However, he did not like it, and he left during the performance.
A few days later an article was written in the newspaper Pravda about the opera.
The article heading was: “Chaos instead of music”.
It said that the opera was full of horrible music and noisy chords.
The opera was not allowed to be performed again in the Soviet Union for almost thirty years.
Shostakovich had to be very careful what he said otherwise he could have been in big trouble.
He never spoke in public about music and culture.
In 1937 he wrote his Symphony no 5.
The music in this symphony was easier to understand than the music he had been writing before which had a lot of atonal music.
Shostakovich said that this new symphony of his was “a Soviet artist’s reply to just criticism”.
He had to agree to say this so that he would be allowed to carry on composing.
Later, in 1962, he made some changes to the opera and called it Katerina Ismailova.
Since his death in 1975 it is usually the original version which is performed.
The opera tells the story of a lonely woman in 19th century Russia, who falls in love with one of her husband's servants and is driven to murder.
Some of the music is influenced by Expressionism and verismo.
After being condemned by Stalin it was banned in the Soviet Union for almost thirty years.
Katerina is lonely.
She is married to a merchant, Zinovy, but they have no children.
Her father-in-law Boris is horrible to her and blames her for not having any children.
When Zinovy goes away on business Boris forces her to swear to be faithful (not to make love to any other man while her husband is away).
However, one of the servants, Sergei, becomes her lover.
When Boris finds out he is furious and whips Sergei and locks him up.
Katerina poisons Boris with mushrooms.
When he dies she gets the key from his pocket and frees Sergei.
Katerina and Sergei go to bed together, but Katerina suffers from the ghost of Boris.
When Zinovy comes back Sergei hides, but Zinovy guesses what has happened.
Katerina and Sergei kill Zinovy and hide his body in the cellar.
Katerina and Sergei  get married.
A peasant finds Zinovy's body in the cellar and goes to fetch the police.
The police arrive, Katerina and Sergei try to escape but are caught and sent to prison in Siberia.
On the way there Sergei makes love to another girl Sonyetka.
When Katerina finds out she pushes Sonyetka into a river to her death and finally jumps in herself.
It is hard to know why Stalin decided he did not like the opera.
It may have been because the police are made to look silly.
It may have been because it showed people being sent to Siberia.
Maybe it was because Katerina sings a lot of beautiful music, while the other characters have music which often made them look stupid and grotesque.
He may have thought that Shostakovich was being critical of the leaders of the Soviet Union.
1930s operas
Compositions by Dmitri Shostakovich
In English, adopt may mean 1) to take something up, such as an opinion ('we adopt the view that ....'), or 2) for a grown person to care for another person's child as if it was their own.
This article is about the adoption of children.
Adoption and foster care
Before adoption laws there was trouble when people gave their children away, and later wanted them back again.
These days, children may be put in foster care for a short time, and after, the child may go back to the parents again.
But legal adoption lasts for ever.
After legal adoption the adoptive parent(s) have all rights and responsibilities to the child.
The biological parents have no legal rights or responsibilities to the child at all.
Legal adoptions may only be cancelled if they were not done as the law says.
Public view of adoption
In the West, till not long ago, public opinion was that people should only have children if they were married.
Everything else meant shame, not only for the parents, but also for a child whose parents were not married.
Many children of unmarried parents were given for adoption, and adoptive parents would make out they were biological parents and try to keep secret that their child was adopted.
Today there is still secrecy about adoption.
General opinion is that all adoptions are good, but even so, experts know that adoption can be trouble.
Some ask questions about the family love for an adopted child.
Almost one out of three people asked say that adopted children have trouble behaving, have more illness, and are more easily addicted to drugs and alcohol.
But adoptive parents were described by almost 90 percent as “lucky, advantaged, and unselfish”
In many countries there are strong opinions on adoption.
In some places single women may adopt a child, but single men may not.
Some people say men are more likely to abuse children than women  Opinions are changing fast, and many places these days homosexual couples may adopt children.
Adopted people's idea of self
Many adopted people are pleased with their adoption.
But many others are not.
For example, experts have looked into adopted people's identity problems - their idea of self.
Though the law says adoption lasts for ever, people from troubled adoptions want to know about their biological parents more than people from happy adoptions.
Inter-racial adoption may also have problems for the adopted child's idea of self, of culture, and of where they come from.
Adopted people's family history
Many grown people who had a troubled adoption look into their family history.
Even some people who were happily adopted want to know more about where they came from.
In some countries, people can read about their adoption at a public records office.
In other countries adoption records are kept secret.
In England and Wales, people adopted after 1975 may easily read parts of their adoption records.
For people adopted earlier than 1975 there are more complex rules.
In Scotland, adopted people have always been able to find their birth records with details of their biological mother, and possibly their father.
But all over the United Kingdom there are rules that limit the details which public records may give out about living people.
Meetings between adopted people and their biological parents have different effects.
In England and Wales, about 40% of these meetings do not lead to a long lasting relationship.
Women and their loss
Many women are sad after giving a child up for adoption.
Some women never forget, and remember the child on birthdays, and some even say they think of the child every day.
Many feel they were forced to give their child away, and that they did not get any help.
Many can not take in what happened to them.
They want people to know what happened, and to make sure that it does not happen again.
Possible problems about adoptions where Adoptionscentrum helped
Family law
A border dispute is when two governments or more do not agree on the location of the border between their lands.
An example is Pakistan and India over the territory of Kashmir and Kosovo which Serbia believe is theirs.
An historical example is the Honey War between Iowa and Missouri.
Wars are sometimes fought over border disputes.
Irredentism is often a border dispute.
CIA World factbook  The World Factbook by the United States Central Intelligence Agency lists countries that are currently having border disputes.
es:Anexo:Territorios disputados
Ambiguity means that what a thing is, is not clear.
Literally, the word refers to a choice between two different things.
In the proper sense it should mean “two different meanings” because “ambi” comes from the Greek word for “two”.
We see things happen, and then we decide what they mean.
If we cannot decide what is going on, the event is ambiguous.
This is an extension of the original use of the word.
Words or sentences that are ambiguous can lead to misunderstandings (people get the wrong meaning).
This can sometimes be serious, but it can also be funny.
Jokes often rely on ambiguity.
1) The peasants are standing in the streets with placards shouting “We want more pay”  (“revolting” is a verb here).
2) The peasants are horrible, disgusting (“revolting” as an adjective).
The British comedian Ronnie Barker said that he loved the English language because there are so many jokes you can make using ambiguity.
He gave this example:
A mother says to her little boy: “Johnny, go over the road and see how old Mrs Jones is”.
The boy comes back and says to his mother: “Mrs Jones says it is none of my business”.
The mother meant “old” in a friendly way (“dear old Mrs Jones”), but the sentence could also mean: find out Mrs Jones’s age.
This is obviously how Johnny understood his mother's instruction.
Qantas is the flag carrier airline of Australia with its headquarters close to Kingsford Smith Airport in Sydney.
It is the second oldest continuously operating airline in the world.
Qantas is commonly known as the "Flying Kangaroo" because of its logo, which is identified as a white kangaroo on a red right-angle triangle.
Qantas began in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 as Queensland and Northern Territorial Aerial Service Limited.
It flew air mail services for the Australian government.
In 1934, QANTAS Limited and Britain's Imperial Airways formed a new company, Qantas Empire Airways Limited.
Karratha
Chile – Santiago de Chile
China – Hong Kong and Shanghai
Indonesia – Denpasar and Jakarta
Japan – Tokyo and Osaka
New Zealand – Auckland, Christchurch, Queenstown and Wellington
Papua New Guinea – Port Moresby
Philippines – Manila
South Africa – Johannesburg
Thailand – Bangkok
United Arab Emirates – Dubai
United Kingdom – London
United States of America – Dallas, Honolulu, Los Angeles and New York City
Airlines of Australia
Heavy metal is a loud, aggressive style of rock music.
The bands who play heavy-metal music usually have one or two guitars, a bass guitar and drums.
In some bands, electronic keyboards, organs, or other instruments are used.
Heavy metal songs are loud and powerful-sounding, and have strong rhythms that are repeated.
There are many different types of heavy metal, some of which are described below.
Heavy metal bands sometimes dress in jeans, leather jackets, and leather boots, and have long hair.
Heavy metal bands sometimes behave in a dramatic way when they play their instruments or sing.
However, many heavy metal bands do not like to do this.
1960s and 1970s
In the very late 1960s and 1970s, rock and roll turned into a harder, louder form of music called rock.
In the 1970s, rock music bands played huge, loud concerts in outdoor stadiums.
In the early 1970s, many rock bands played psychedelic rock, a type of rock music with lyrics and sounds that were intended to give the listener some idea of what it felt like to be on so-called "mind-expanding" (and usually illegal) drugs, and which some believe even enhanced the experience of being on the drugs themselves.
Many bands from Britain played blues music mixed with rock music, such as The Animals, The Kinks, The Who, Jimi Hendrix, and Jeff Beck.
In the late 1960s, a harder form of rock music called "heavy metal" was invented.
The first use of the term was in a 1968 song by Steppenwolf, "Born to be Wild", and other early heavy metal bands appeared in the same year.
Black Sabbath was the band that invented metal music in the late 1960s, the band played loud, hard rock music based on blues music.
Heavy metal music was mostly based on the sounds of the electric guitar.
The electric guitar in heavy metal is always amplified through powerful amplifiers so that it has a loud, distorted, angry sound.
Other bands such Deep Purple, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Eric Burdon and Alice Cooper played even louder, harder forms of heavy metal rock music.
Many debate which band came first, Black Sabbath or Led Zeppelin, however it is generally accepted in the metal community that both created heavy metal.
In the 1980s more sub-genre's of Heavy Metal bands were created, one of which was "Hair-Metal" with Bands such as Mötley Crüe, W.A.S.P. and Ratt became popular.
Heavy Metal rock bands had long hair and the men wore make up (lipstick and eyeshadow) and tight leather pants and boots.
Many metal songs were about love, sex, partying, having a good time, illegal drug use, and drinking alcohol.
Rarely,but sometimes, metal songs were also politically and socially critical.
In the late 1980s, groups such as Poison and Warrant were very successful, smashing the field with songs like “Talk Dirty to Me,” and “Cherry Pie.”
Another type of heavy metal in the 1980s was thrash metal, also known as thrash.
Thrash metal bands played a faster, more aggressive type of metal.
Thrash metal bands  Metallica, Megadeth, Anthrax and Slayer are considered "The Big Four of Thrash."
In the 1990s, a new form of heavy metal developed, called alternative metal.
Alternative metal combined thrash metal and grunge rock with hip-hop music and industrial music.
Also in the 1990s was nu metal, a shortening of "new metal".
Nu metal mixed rap and hip hop style singing with metal music.
Nu metal bands also often include DJ decks, synthesizers and other electronic instruments.
Nu metal was very successful and made a lot of money, especially bands such as Linkin Park, Limp Bizkit, Slipknot and Disturbed.
Two more aggressive styles of heavy metal music, death metal and black metal, are louder and faster than other types of metal.
The singers usually do not sing, but instead they growl or roar to make the songs more intense.
These lyrics often tell of suffering, dying, and war.
The guitars are usually distorted and drum sets containing double bass drums.
Other important styles of metal are: power metal, a style whose music often is about fiction and epics like The Lord of the Rings, and gothic metal, which has melancholy songs about abstract subjects like pain, life, death, faith and religion.
Gesualdo is an Italian commune  of the region of the Campania, province of Avellino, with about 3.800 inhabitants.
It shares border with  Sturno, Villamaina, Frigento, Fontanarosa, Grottaminarda.
Gesualdo e Carlo Gesualdo
www.carlogesualdo.eu
www.gesualdo.eu
Don Carlo Gesualdo
Settlements in Campania
Australian Football League, an Australian rules football competition in Australia
Arena Football League, an American indoor football league
Aflac, an American insurance company with New York Stock Exchange code AFL
Aphra Behn (10 July 1640 – 16 April 1689) was an English playwright.
1640 births
1689 deaths
Ben Jonson (11 June 1572 – 6 August 1637) was a major poet and playwright in English Renaissance drama.
Many critics consider Jonson to be among the best playwrights of his time, a time when William Shakespeare also lived.
Jonson was classically educated.
He was a well-read and cultured man of the English Renaissance with an appetite for controversy of all kinds.
He is best known for satirical plays Every Man in His Humour (1598), Volpone, or The Fox (c. 1606), The Alchemist (1610) and Bartholomew Fair (1614); also his lyric and epigrammatic poetry'
1572 births
1637 deaths
Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright of Victorian era.
He was born in Camberwell, London.
He was married to the poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
They both moved to Italy and lived in Florence.
Browning died in Venice, Italy.
He was buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.
Browning's longest work was the poem The Ring and the Book.
It consists of more than twenty thousand lines.
It tells about a real crime committed in Italy at the end of 17th century.
Its main hero is Pompilia Comparini, a young woman stabbed to death by her husband, count Guido Franceschini.
Poet's best work is probably the book Men and Woman.
It was published in 1855.
It is a collection of monologues.
Browning's last book is Asolando which was published in 1889.
Gilbert Keith Chesterton wrote a book about Robert Browning; it was called Robert Browning and was published by Macmillan & Co. in 1903.
The unknown warrior was buried in Westminster Abbey on November 11, 1920.
The tomb is covered by a slab of black Belgian marble and is the only tomb in Westminster Abbey that people may not walk on.
The unknown warrior was awarded the United States Medal of Honor on October 17, 1921.
This hangs on a pillar near his burial.
The handles of the unknown warrior's tomb were lost, then found by a man in East London whilst digging up weeds.
Joseph Addison (May 1, 1672 – June 17, 1719) was a famous author and essayist who is known as "The Noblest Purifier of English Literature".
Addison is buried in Westminster Abbey in the north aisle of the Henry VII Chapel.
1719 deaths
Ipiaú is a city in Bahia, Brazil.
It is at around .
The city is in the meeting point of the Contas River and the Água-Branca River (White-water River).
Cities in Bahia
1913 establishments in Brazil
The German Empire ("Deutsches Reich" or "Deutsches Kaiserreich" in the German language) is the name for a group of German countries from January 18, 1871 to November 9, 1918.
This is from the Unification of Germany when Wilhelm I of Prussia was made German Kaiser to when the third Emperor Wilhelm II was removed from power at the end of the First World War.
In the 1920s, German nationalists started to call it the "Second Reich".
The name of Germany was "Deutsches Reich" until 1945. "
Reich" can mean many things, empire, kingdom, state, "richness" or "wealth".
Most members of the Empire were previously members of the North German Confederation.
At different times, there were three groups of smaller countries, each group was later called a "Reich" by some Germans.
The first was the Holy Roman Empire.
The second was the German Empire.
The third was the Third Reich.
The words "Second Reich" were used for the German Empire by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, a nationalist writer in the 1920s.
He was trying to make a link with the earlier Holy Roman Empire which had once been very strong.
Germany had lost First World War and was suffering big problems.
van den Bruck wanted to start a "Third Reich" to unite the country.
These words were later used by the Nazis to make themselves appear stronger.
States in the Empire
Nazi Germany, or "Drittes Reich"
1870s establishments in Germany
1871 establishments in Europe
1918 disestablishments in Germany
Anthony Dymoke Powell  CH, CBE (December 21, 1905 – March 28, 2000) was a British novelist.
He is best known for his A Dance to the Music of Time series of books published between 1951 and 1975.
Powell was born in Westminster, England, to Philip Powell and Maud (née Wells-Dymoke).
His mother came from a wealthy family in Lincolnshire.
Powell's early childhood was spent in a flat in Kensington.
It overlooked the Gardens where he often played.
In 1913, the family moved to  Aldershot and into Stonehurst.
Stonehurst was a large bungalow on top of a hill.
On the start of World War I in August 1914, his father went to France and took part in the early fighting.
Powell moved with his mother to London.
He went to a private school for a short time.
Powell was later sent to a boarding school in Kent.
In early 1919 Powell passed the Common Entrance Examination for Eton where he started that autumn.
Powell went to Balliol College at the University of Oxford to study history in the autumn of 1923.
During his third year Powell lived out of college, sharing a place with Henry Yorke.
Powell travelled on the Continent during his holidays.
Powell came to work in London in the autumn of 1926.
He got a job as an apprentice at the publishers, Duckworth and Company in Covent Garden.
Powell in the 1930s
Powells first novel, Afternoon Men, was published in 1931.
A second novel, Venusberg, followed in 1932.
Powell’s third novel, From a View to a Death, was published in 1934.
All three of Powell’s novels were liked in the London literary world.
His next work was a part of a collection of works in which various authors wrote about their schooldays.
Powell’s memories of Eton appeared under the title of The Wat’ry Glade.
In the autumn of 1936, he left Duckworth’s and took a job as a script writer at the Warner Brothers Studio in Teddington.
The job paid well, but it involved long hours.
With a team of others, he worked to create a cheap movie for the Quota.