the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The show airs nationally across the U.S. and overseas.
The weekly Jimmy Swaggart Telecast and A Study in the Word are shown nationwide and overseas on 78 channels in 104 countries and live over the Internet.
He preaches a message called "The Cross" which is that you can only get to heaven through Jesus.
Swaggart was born in Ferriday, Louisiana, USA.
He is a cousin of musicians Jerry Lee Lewis and Mickey Gilley.
Swaggart is married to Frances Swaggart, who hosts the popular SonLife Radio program, Frances and Friends.
They have one son, Donnie, who is also a minister.
They have three grandchildren, Jennifer, Gabriel and Matthew Swaggart.
Gabriel also serves the ministry as pastor of Crossfire Youth Ministries.
He has also been a very controversial figure, too.
He was caught with a prostitute in 1987, but later asked God (and the public) for forgiveness.
He was caught again in 1991.
American Pentecostals
People from Louisiana
John R. "Johnny" Cash (born J. R. Cash; February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was a Grammy Award-winning American musician, actor and author.
He is considered one of the most important musicians of the 20th century.
He is well known for his country music, his music spanned many other genres, including gospel, folk and rock and roll.
Because of this, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.
He died from diabetes on September 12, 2003 he was 71 years old.
Cash was born John R. Cash in Kingsland, Arkansas in the United States on February 26, 1932.
His parents called him "J.R. Cash" because they could not think of a name.
He only started using the name "Johnny Cash" when he started making music.
He started working in fields when he was five years old, singing with his family.
He had an older brother, Jack, who died when Johnny was 12.
Cash started smoking at 12 years old.
Cash's first memories had a lot of gospel music in.
He was taught by his mother and her friend to play the guitar and sing.
When he was 18, he joined the United States Air Force where he made his first band, called 'The Landsberg Barbarians'.
He left the military in 1954.
Cash was arrested multiple times.
Once he broke his toe when he tried to escape by kicking the bars of his jail cell.
Cash was often called "The Man in Black" because of the clothes he wore, and was best known for his deep voice and powerful music.
Early in his career he was very popular because of his 'outlaw' image and rebellious actions, although later in his life he became very humble.
He was well known for the free concerts he held for prisoners and by starting most of his concerts with the words "Hello, I'm Johnny Cash".
Lots of his music focused on making good or bad choices in life and what happens after choices are made.
It also focused on sadness and being saved or forgiven by God.
Some of his best known songs are "I Walk the Line", "Folsom Prison Blues", "Ring of Fire", "God's Gonna Cut You Down", "A Boy Named Sue", "Hurt", "Mister Garfield", and "Man in Black".
Cash often recorded songs that other singers first made popular.
Cash met his first wife, Vivian while training in the Air Force.
They wrote hundreds of letters to each other while he was in Germany with the Air Force, and married on August 7, 1954.
They had four daughters called Rosanne, Kathy, Cindy and Tara.
They got a divorce in 1966 because Cash drank too much alcohol, took drugs and had lots of affairs.
Cash asked June Carter Cash to marry him in 1968, while on stage.
They got married on March 1st, 1968.
She co-wrote one of Johnny's most famous songs, Ring of Fire.
They stayed together until she died in 2003.
Cash died on September 12, 2003 in Nashville, Tennessee from complications of diabetes.
He was 71 years old.
Cash was buried next to his wife, June Carter Cash, who had died 4 months earlier.
List of country musicians from Arkansas
Johnny Cash Video
Actors from Arkansas
Country musicians from Arkansas
American gospel musicians
American country guitarists
Disease-related deaths in the United States
American gospel singers
Singers from Arkansas
Pluto is the god of the underworld in Roman mythology.
Pluto was also the god of wealth because diamonds and other jewels come from underground.
A myth about Pluto is that he took Proserpina, who was the daughter of Ceres, to the underworld to be his wife.
Ceres cried and did not let plants grow on the Earth.
People needed the plants so much that the god Jupiter made Pluto give her up.
The deal they worked out was that for six months, Pluto got Proserpina.
While Proserpina was in the underworld, no plants could grow on Earth and it was winter.
When Proserpina went back to her mother, it was summer.
This was how the Romans explained the seasons.
Pluto also had a three-headed dog named Cerberus that guarded the gates to the underworld.
Hades - Greek mythology version of Pluto
Maoism is the communist (a plan about how countries should work) idea created by the Chinese man Mao Zedong.
Mao believed that peasants, not factory workers, should lead the communist revolution (change in government).
China followed Maoism when he became leader, in 1949.
This created differences with communism in the USSR and Cuba.
Maoism is still practiced in China today, but it has become different since Mao died in 1976.
Today the Chinese economy is still considered a communistic economy.
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) completely controls all aspects of production and sets workers wages artificially low for the "good of all", which is the basic premise of Maoism.
All worker production is also relegated to the overall good and equality of all,  the definition of which is also determined by the state (CCP).
This effectively shackles the profit motive (upward wage mobility) for the working class, as upward mobility is all but nonexistent except for those in line with, or actively participating in,  the Chinese Communist Party.
Maoism was a theory created because of Mao’s beliefs and ideologies.
Similar to Karl Marx, he agrees that a proletariat revolution is essential in order for society to change.
As opposed to Marx who states that the factory workers should revolutionize, Mao felt that the farmers in China were the ones in need of this revolution.
Marx supports an economically strong state that is industrialized.
Mao on the other hand, does not support industrialization or technology.
The reasoning behind this is that he felt that industrialization would give owners the ability to exploit their workers even more which will result in a weakened proletariat class.
While Karl Marx viewed industrialization to play vital role in the proletariat since factory workers were most likely the ones suffering under capitalism.
Marxism states that “social change is driven by the economy” meaning that society and the economy are intertwined; while Maoism states that willpower is what changes us.
Then in 1960 as the USSR denounced Stalin’s ideas who Mao was an avid admirer of, Mao’s own popularity started to decrease.
With the leader Liu Shaoqi, Mao’s policies were no longer in effect.
Then in 1964, the “Cultural Revolution” happened due to the distribution of Mao’s “Little Red Book” which reemphasized his ideologies.
This resulted in the deaths of many civilians due to conflicts and fighting between Mao’s party and the Red Guard.
Guiding thought of revolution: the heart of Maoism international project
Marx2Mao.org Mao Internet Library
The Encyclopedia of Marxism  Mao Zedong Thought.
The Encyclopedia of Marxism  Mao's life.
Monthly Review January 2005  Text of the leaflets distributed by the Zhengzhou Four.
World Revolution Media Maoist revolutionary film, music, and art archive
Batchelor, J. Maoism and Classical Marxism , Clio History Journal, 2009.
Politics of the People's Republic of China
C++ (pronounced "see plus plus") is a computer programming language based on C. It was created for writing programs for many different purposes.
In the 1990s, C++ became one of the most used programming languages in the world.
The C++ programming language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the 1980s, and was originally named "C with classes".
The language was planned as an improvement on the C programming language, adding features based on object-oriented programming.
Step by step, a lot of advanced features were added to the language, like operator overloading, exception handling and templates.
C++  runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX.
C++ is simple and practical approach to describe the concepts of C++ for beginners  to advanced software engineers.
C++ is a general-purpose programing language which means that it can be used to create different variety of applications.
C++ is used for variety of application domains.
The following text is C++ source code and it will write the words "Hello World!"
on the screen when it has been compiled and is executed.
This program is typically the first program a programmer would write while learning about programming languages.
// This is a comment.
It's for *people* to read, not computers.
It's usually used to describe the program.
// Printing a message to the screen using the standard output stream std::cout.
cout << "Hello World!";
// Print a simple calculation.
std::cout << 3 + 2;
// Create and initialize 3 variables, a, b, and c, to 5, 10, and 20.
int b = 10;
int c = 20;
// Print calculations.
std::cout << a-b-c;
std::cout << a*b*c;
std::cout << a/b/c;
The Korean War, also known as the Forgotten War, took place between 1950 and 1953 between the Republic of Korea (or South Korea), supported by the armed forces of several countries that were commanded by the United States;, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or North Korea), supported by the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union.
The war began at 4:30 a.m. on June 25, 1950.
The fighting stopped on July 27, 1953, after more than two million Koreans had been killed, mostly in the North.
Both sides blame each other for starting the war.
The north, led by communist Kim Il-Sung, was helped mostly by People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union.
There was medical support from Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Poland.
Other support came from Mongolia and India.
The south, led by nationalist Syngman Rhee, was helped by many countries in the United Nations, and especially by the United States.
The war ended on April 27, but the United States still keeps troops in South Korea in case North Korea ever invades again.
Both Koreas are divided by the Korean Demilitarized Zone, which crosses the 38th parallel.
Origins and causes
In 1910, Japan put Korea under Japanese rule and was still ruling when World War II ended.
After Japan surrendered, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to split Korea into two temporary occupation zones, with the Soviets occupying the North and the Americans occupying the South.
It was at first meant to be only for a short time.
At the Moscow Conference of the Council of Foreign Ministers in December 1945, the Americans and the Soviets agreed on Korea having a provisional government, which would not last long.
That became difficult because of the rise of the Cold War.
The Cold War was an important cause in the Korean War.
Relations between the two occupying powers were already bad, but when China became communist in October 1949, US President Harry Truman was very worried that other countries around China would go communist as well, such as Japan.
The US Army was about one twelfth the size of five years earlier.
and Joseph Stalin had recently lost a Cold War dispute over the Berlin Blockade and subsequent airlift.
Both powers argued mainly over fair border lines and the spread of communism.
25th June 1950
North Korea invades South Korea across the 38th parallel and takes most of South Korea.
The South Korean Army retreats to Busan.
The United Nations Army intervenes and lands at Incheon, a small port just about halfway down South Korea.
From there, they fight the North Korean army and push them past the border separating the Koreas and close to the Chinese border, just south of the Yalu River.
China starts to feel threatened since the war happens so close to it and so tells the UN and the South Korean Armies to return to the border and that they have no business to fight so far into North Korea.
October 1950
The warning given by the Chinese is ignored by the UN (led by US General, Douglas MacArthur and so the Chinese the People's Liberation Army invades North Korea and helps the it fight the UN forces until they are pushed past the border.
Because MiG-15s are beating America's Lockheed P-80 Shooting Stars, the F-86 Sabre goes to Korea.
February 1951
Fighting continues until order is restored.
and neither army is in each other's country, when peace talks begin.
11 April 1951
MacArthur relieved of his commands for making public statements that contradicted the administration's policies.
He wants to invade North Korea.
March 1951 – 27th July 1953
Peace talks continue until 27 July 1953, when no peace is declared, but an armistice is signed by both countries, and the UN withdraws.
Total strength
Approximate numbers
South Korea – 603,000 soldiers
United States- 327,000
United Kingdom- 14,200
Canada – 8,100
Turkey – 5,500
Australia – 2,300
Philippines – 1,600
New Zealand – 1,400
Netherlands – 3,418
Ethiopia – 1,300
Greece – 1,250
Colombia – 1,300
Thailand – 1,200
Belgium – 891
South Africa – 873
France – 800
Luxembourg – 44
Total – about 972,000 soldiers
North Korea – 260,600
China – 1,358,456
Soviet Union – 26,000
Total – 1,642,600 soldiers
South Korea – 205,000 deaths – 905,800 wounded
United States – 100,503 deaths – 92,073 wounded
United Kingdom – 1,078 deaths – 2,674 wounded
Turkey – 721 deaths – 2,109 wounded
Canada – 507 deaths – 1,001 wounded
Australia – 380 deaths – 1,192 wounded
New Zealand – 34 deaths – 80 wounded
Netherlands – 150 deaths – 3 MIA
France – 69 deaths
Luxembourg – 2 deaths – 2 wounded
North Korea – 257,806 deaths
China – about 25,000 deaths
Soviet Union – about 300 deaths
The popular television show M*A*S*H was about American doctors serving in the Korean War.
The show lasted longer than the fighting did.
A Korean War timeline of events
Search list of names of the dead
Korean War – Citizendium
Wars involving Australia
Wars involving Belgium
Wars involving Canada
Wars involving Greece
Wars involving New Zealand
Wars involving South Africa
Wars involving the United Kingdom
John Landis (born August 3, 1950) is an American movie director.
Landis was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Los Angeles, California.
He started his career working as a mailboy at 20th Century Fox.
The Kentucky Fried Movie
He directed the music videos for Michael Jackson's "Thriller" and "Black or White".
Thriller won the Video Vanguard Award for The Greatest Video in the History of the World.
American television directors
Movie directors from Los Angeles
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
Screenwriters from Chicago
Screenwriters from Los Angeles
It is the traditional date of the March equinox, although it often falls on March 20.
537 - Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is prevented from doing so at the Praenestine Gate, known as Vivarium, by the defenders under Byzantine generals Bessas and Peranius.
1152 - The marriage of King Louis VII of France and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine is annulled, meaning that their marriage is no longer recognized.
1188 - Emperor Antoku comes to the throne of Japan.
1556 – In Oxford, Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer is burned at the stake.
1684 – Giovanni Domenico Cassini discovers Saturn's moons Tethys and Dione.
1784 – William Herschel discovers the NGC 4379 and NGC 3370 Galaxies.
1788 – A fire destroys 856 buildings in New Orleans and leaves most of the town in ruins.
1800 – With the church leadership driven out of the Vatican during an armed conflict, Pius VII was crowned Pope in Venice with a temporary papal tiara made of papier-mâché.
1800 - The Republic of the Ionian Islands is founded.
Currently, the islands are part of Greece.
1801 – The Battle of Alexandria was fought between British and French forces near the ruins of Nicopolis in Egypt.
1804 – Code Napoléon was adopted as French civil law.
1814 - Napoleonic Wars: Austrian forces repel French troops in the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube.
1844 – The Baha'i calendar begins.
1846 – Adolphe Sax receives a patent for the Saxophone.
1857 – Earthquake in Tokyo, Japan kills over 100,000.
1865 - American Civil War: The Battle of Bentonville ends in a Union victory.
1871 - Otto von Bismarck is appointed Chancellor of the German Empire.
1871 – Journalist Henry Morton Stanley began his trek to find the missionary and explorer David Livingstone.
1913 - Over 360 people are killed and 20,000 homes are destroyed by a flood in Dayton, Ohio.
1918 – World War I: Second Battle of the Somme begins.
1919 - The Chinese High School is established in Singapore by Tan Kah Kee.
1921 - A new economic policy is implemented by the Bolsheviks in response to the economic failure as a result of war communism.
1925 - Syngman Rhee is removed from office as President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.
1925 - The Butler Act bans the teaching of human evolution in Tennessee.
1928 – Charles Lindbergh is presented the Congressional Medal of Honor for his first trans-Atlantic flight.
1933 - Holocaust: Dachau Concentration Camp is completed.
Its first prisoners arrive the next day.
1935 – Shah Reza Pahlavi formally asked the international community to call Persia by its native name, Iran, which means 'Land of the Aryans'.
1937 - Ponce Massacre: 19 people, including a 7-year-old girl, are killed in Ponce, Puerto Rico, being gunned down by police guard acting under orders of US-appointed Governor Blanton C. Winship.
1940 – Paul Reynaud becomes Prime Minister of France.
1943 - Wehrmacht officer Rudolf von Gersdorffplots to assassinate Nazi leader Adolf Hitler by using a suicide bomb, though the plan does not go ahead.
1945 – World War II: British troops liberate Mandalay, Burma.
1945 - World War II: Operation Carthage - British planes bomb Gestapo headquarters in Copenhagen, though a school is also hit, killing 125 people.
1945 - World War II: Bulgaria and the Soviet Union successfully complete their defense of the north bank of the Drava River as the Battle of the Transdanubian Hills concludes.
1946 - The Los Angeles Rams sign Kenny Washington, making him the first African American player in American football since 1933.
1952 – Alan Freed presents the Moondog Coronation Ball, the first rock and roll concert, in Cleveland, Ohio.
1960 – Apartheid: Massacre in Sharpeville, South Africa: Police open fire on a group of unarmed black South African demonstrators, killing 69 and wounding 180.
1963 – Alcatraz, a federal penitentiary on an island in San Francisco Bay, closes.
1964 – In Copenhagen, Denmark, Gigliola Cinquetti wins the ninth Eurovision Song Contest for Italy singing "Non ho l'età" (I'm not old enough).
1965 – Ranger program: NASA launches Ranger 9 which is the last in a series of unmanned lunar space probes.
1965 – Martin Luther King Jr leads 3,200 people on the start of the 3rd and finally successful Civil Rights March from Selma to Montgomery Alabama.
1968 - Battle of Karameh in Jordan between Israel's Defense Forces and Fatah.
1970 – The first Earth Day proclamation was issued by San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto.
1970 – Vinko Bogataj crashes during a ski-jumping championship in Germany; his image becomes that of the "agony of defeat guy" in the opening credits of ABC's Wide World of Sports.
1970 – In Amsterdam, Netherlands, Dana wins the fifteenth Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland singing "All Kinds of Everything".
1975 – The Ethiopian military declares an end to Ethiopia's monarchy.
1980 – President Jimmy Carter announces a United States boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow to protest the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan.
1980 – On the season finale of the soap opera Dallas, the infamous character J.R. Ewing is shot by an unseen assailant, leading to the catchphrase "Who Shot JR?"
1985 – Canadian paraplegic athlete and humanitarian Rick Hansen begins his circumnavigation in a wheelchair in the name of spinal cord injury medical research.
1989 – Sports Illustrated reports allegations that tie baseball player Pete Rose to baseball gambling.
1990 – Namibia becomes independent after 75 years of South African rule.
1994 - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change enters into force.
1999 – Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones become the first to circumnavigate the Earth in a hot air balloon.
2000 - Pope John Paul II visits Israel.
2002 – In Pakistan, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh along with three other suspects are charged with murder for their part in the kidnapping and killing of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl.
2004 – In Malaysia, the 11th Federal and State elections are held, returning the ruling coalition Barisan Nasional to power with an increased majority.
2005 – In Red Lake, Minnesota, 10 are killed in a school shooting, the worst since the Columbine High School massacre.
2006 – The Social networking site Twitter is founded by Jack Dorsey in San Francisco, California.
2010 - The 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver end.
2013 - Justin Welby is officially enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.
2014 - Vladimir Putin signs a decree making Crimea part of Russia.
2016 - Congolese politician Jean-Pierre Bemba is convicted of rape, murder and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court in The Hague.
2018 - Pedro Pablo Kuczynski resigns as President of Peru as a result of a corruption scandal.
2019 - A river ferry capsizes near Mosul, Iraq, killing 70 people.
927 - Emperor Taizu of Song of China (d. 976)
1474 - Angela Merici, Italian religious leader and saint (d. 1540)
1521 - Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1553)
1522 - Mihrimah Sultan, daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent (d. 1578)
1527 - Hermann Finck, German composer (d. 1558)
1626 - Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur, Canary Islands-born Christian missionary (d. 1667)
1672 - Stefano Benedetto Pallavicino, Italian poet and opera librettist (d. 1742)
1685 – Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer (d. 1750)
1713 - Francis Lewis, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1803)
1716 - Josef Seger, Bohemian composer (d. 1782)
1763 – Jean Paul, German writer (d. 1825)
1768 – Joseph Fourier, French engineer and mathematician (d. 1830)
1775 – Lucien Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon Bonaparte (d. 1840)
1786 - Joseph Vance, 13th Governor of Ohio (d. 1852)
1797 - Johann Andreas Wagner, German zoologist (d. 1861)
1801 – Maria Theresa of Tuscany, Queen of Sardinia (d. 1855)
1806 – Benito Juarez, President of Mexico (d. 1872)
1817 - Joseph Poelaert, Belgian architect (d. 1879)
1825 – Alexander Mizhayskiy, Russian aviation pioneer (d. 1890)
1827 - Andrew Leith Adams, Scottish doctor, naturalist and geologist (d. 1882)
1839 – Modest Mussorgsky, Russian composer (d. 1881)
1857 - Alice Henry, Australian activist, journalist and trade unionist (d. 1943)
1859 - Dania Pratt, American golfer (d. 1938)
1865 - George Owen Squier, American inventor (d. 1934)
1867 – Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., American theater producer (d. 1932)
1869 - David Robertson, Scottish golfer (d. 1937)
1874 - Alfred Tysoe, British athlete (d. 1901)
1876 – Walter Tewksbury, American athlete (d. 1968)
1877 - Maurice Farman, French motor racing champion and aircraft manufacturer (d. 1964)
1880 - Broncho Billy Anderson, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1971)
1882 - Aleksander Keskula, Estonian politician (d. 1963)
1882 - Bascom Lamar Lunsford, American singer and lawyer (d. 1973)
1883 - Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, Soviet-Russian politician and diplomat (d. 1938)
1885 – Pierre Renoir, French actor and director (d. 1952)
1886 - Walter Dray, American pole vaulter (d. 1973)
1887 - Erich Mendelsohn, German-American architect (d. 1953)
1887 - M. N. Roy, Indian philosopher and politician (d. 1954)
1889 - Alexander Vertinsky, Soviet-Russian artist, singer and movie actor (d. 1957)
1890 - C. Douglass Buck, Governor of Delaware (d. 1965)
1891 - Jonathan Hale, Canadian-American actor (d. 1966)
1893 - Sidney Franklin, American director and movie producer (d. 1972)
1895 - Leonid Utsoyov, Russian jazz singer, bandleader and actor (d. 1982)
1896 - Friedrich Waismann, Austrian mathematician, physicist and philosopher (d. 1959)
1897 - Salvador Lutteroth, Mexican wrestling promoter (d. 1987)
1901 – Karl Arnold, German politician (d. 1958)
1904 - Nikos Skalkottas, Greek composer (d. 1949)
1906 - John D. Rockefeller III, American philanthropist (d. 1978)
1910 – Mohammad Siddiq S Khan, Bangladeshi intellectual (d. 1978)
1913 – George Abecassis, British racing driver (d. 1991)
1914 - Paul Tortelier, French cellist (d. 1990)
1916 - Bismillah Khan, Indian musician (d. 2006)
1917 - Yigael Yadin, Israeli archaeologist, general and politician (d. 1984)
1918 - Patrick Lucey, 38th Governor of Wisconsin (d. 2014)
1919 - R. M. Hare, British philosopher (d. 2002)
1920 - Georg Ots, Estonian opera singer (d. 1975)
1920 – Eric Rohmer, French director (d. 2010)
1921 - Antony Hopkins, English composer, conductor and pianist (d. 2014)
1922 - Russ Meyer, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2004)
1923 – Nirmala Srivastava, Indian religious figure (d. 2011)
1925 - Harold Ashby, American saxophonist (d. 2003)
1925 - Peter Brook, English theatre and movie director
1927 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German politician and diplomat (d. 2016)
1927 - Halton Arp, American astronomer (d. 2013)
1928 - Surya Bahadur Thapa, Prime Minister of Nepal (d. 2015)
1929 - Jimmy Wardhaugh, Scottish footballer (d. 1978)
1931 - Alda Merini, Italian poet (d. 2009)
1931 – Richard Ratsimandrava, President of Madagascar (d. 1975)
1932 – Walter Gilbert, American chemist
1932 - Joseph Silverstein, American violinist and conductor (d. 2015)
1933 – Michael Heseltine, British politician
1933 - Antonio Pica, Spanish footballer (d. 2014)
1934 - Al Freeman, Jr., American actor (d. 2012)
1935 – Brian Clough, English footballer and manager (d. 2004)
1935 - Erich Kunzel, American conductor (d. 2009)
1937 - Ann Clwyd, Welsh politician
1938 - Luigi Tenco, Italian singer (d. 1967)
1940 – Solomon Burke, American singer-songwriter (d. 2010)
1942 – Fradique de Menezes, former President of São Tomé and Príncipe
1942 – Ali Abdullah Saleh, former President of Yemen (d. 2017)
1942 - Kostas Politis, Greek basketball player and coach
1943 – Vivian Stanshall, English musician (d. 1995)
1944 - Marie-Christine Barrault, French actress
1944 - Hideki Ishima, Japanese guitarist
1944 - Cox Habbema, Dutch actress (d. 2016)
1944 - Mike Jackson, British general
1946 – Timothy Dalton, British actor
1946 - Joseph Mitsuaki Takami, 9th Archbishop of Nagasaki
1946 - Ray Dorset, British musician
1947 - Michael Dibdin, British writer (d. 2007)
1949 - Eddie Money, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2019)
1949 – Slavoj Zizek, Slovenian sociologist and cultural critic
1950 – Roger Hodgson, English musician
1950 - Sergey Lavrov, Russian politician and diplomat
1954 - Mike Dunleavy, American basketball coach
1955 - Jair Bolsonaro, President of Brazil
1956 – Ingrid Kristiansen, Norwegian athlete
1957 – Youssef Rzouga, Tunisian poet
1958 - Marlies Göhr, German athlete
1958 – Gary Oldman, British actor
1959 – Nobuo Uematsu, Japanese composer
1959 - Sarah Jane Morris, English singer-songwriter
1960 – Ayrton Senna, Brazilian Formula 1 driver (d. 1994)
1960 - Jim Matheson, American politician
1961 – Lothar Matthaus, German footballer
1961 - Kassie DePaiva, American actress
1962 – Rosie O'Donnell, American comedienne, actress, talk show host, and publisher
1962 – Matthew Broderick, American actor
1963 - Ronald Koeman, Dutch footballer
1963 – Shawn Lane, American musician
1964 - Ieuan Evans, Welsh rugby player
1964 - Jesper Skibby, Danish cyclist
1965 - Xavier Bertrand, French politician
1966 - Benito Archundia, Mexican football referee
1966 - DJ Premier, American DJ and producer
1967 – Jonas Berggren, Swedish musician (Ace of Base)
1967 – Carwyn Jones, Welsh politician and former First Minister of Wales
1967 – Adrian Chiles, English television presenter
1968 - Scott Williams, American basketball player and sportscaster
1969 – Ali Daei, Iranian footballer
1972 - Chris Candido, American professional wrestler (d. 2005)
1974 - Laura Allen, American actress
1975 – Mark Williams, Welsh snooker player
1975 - Yacoub Al-Mohana, Kuwaiti producer and director
1976 - Rachael MacFarlane, American voice actress
1978 – Nick Baines, English musician (Kaiser Chiefs)
1978 – Kevin Federline, American dancer
1978 – Rani Mukerji, Indian actress and model
1980 – Marit Bjorgen, Norwegian cross-country skier
1980 – Ronaldinho, Brazilian footballer
1980 - Deryck Whibley, Canadian singer and guitarist (Sum 41)
1980 - Lee Jin, South Korean actress
1982 – Antar Yahia, Algerian footballer
1982 – Aaron Hill, American baseball player
1982 - Ejegayehu Dibaba, Ethiopian long-distance runner
1982 - Colin Turkington, Northern Irish racing driver
1983 - Gonzalo Fierro, Chilean footballer
1984 - Guillermo Daniel Rodriguez, Uruguayan footballer
1986 - Michu, Spanish footballer
1988 – Lee Cattermole, English footballer
1989 - Jordi Alba, Spanish footballer
1989 – Rochelle Humes, English singer (The Saturdays)
1989 – Nicolas Lodeiro, Uruguayan footballer
1990 - Mandy Capristo, German singer-songwriter and producer
1991 - Luke Chapman, English footballer
1991 - Antoine Griezmann, French footballer
1993 - Jade Jones, Welsh taekwondoin
1993 - Jade Bidwell, English footballer
1993 - Suraj Sharma, Indian actor
1997 - Martina Stoessel, Argentine actress, singer, dancer and model
2004 - Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer van Amsberg, Dutch royal
547 – Benedict of Nursia, Italian monk (b. 480)
1063 - Richeza Lotharingia, Queen of Poland
1076 – Robert I, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1011)
1181 - Taira Kiromori, Japanese general (b. 1118)
1306 – Robert II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1248)
1487 - Nicholas of Flue, Swiss patron saint (b. 1417)
1556 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1489)
1617 – Pocahontas, Native American, daughter of Powhatan (b. 1595)
1653 - Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha, Albanian statesman and Grand Vizier
1729 - John Law, Scottish economist (b. 1671)
1734 - Robert Wodrow, Scottish historian (b. 1679)
1762 – Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, French astronomer (b. 1713)
1772 - Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, French cartographer (b. 1703)
1795 - Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist (b. 1714)
1801 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (b. 1741)
1843 – Guadalupe Victoria, 1st President of Mexico (b. 1786)
1843 - Robert Southey, English poet (b. 1774)
1857 – William Scoresby, British explorer (b. 1789)
1884 - Ezra Abbot, American scholar (b. 1819)
1910 – Nadar, French photographer (b. 1820)
1915 – Frederick Winslow Taylor, American inventor (b. 1856)
1920 - Federigo Tozzi, Italian writer (b. 1883)
1932 - Frantz Reichel, French athlete and rugby player (b. 1871)
1936 – Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer (b. 1865)
1943 - Cornelia Fort, American pilot (b. 1919)
1957 – C. K. Ogden, English writer (b. 1889)
1961 - Morgan Foster Larson, Governor of New Jersey (b. 1882)
1980 - Peter Stoner, American mathematician, astronomer and Christian apologist (b. 1888)
1985 – Michael Redgrave, British actor (b. 1908)
1987 - Dean Paul Martin, American tennis player, singer, actor and military pilot (b. 1951)
1987 - Robert Preston, American actor (b. 1918)
1991 – Leo Fender, American guitar maker (b. 1909)
1992 – John Ireland, Canadian movie actor and director (b. 1914)
1993 - Sebastiano Baggio, Italian cardinal (b. 1913)
1997 - Wilbert Awdry, English writer (Thomas the Tank Engine) (b. 1911)
1998 – Galina Ulanova, Russian ballerina (b. 1910)
1999 - Jean Guitton, French philosopher, writer and theologian (b. 1905)
1999 – Ernie Wise, British comedian (b. 1925)
2001 – Anthony Steel, British actor (b. 1920)
2001 - Chung Ju-young, South Korean entrepreneur and businessman, founder of Hyundai (b. 1915)
2002 - Herman Talmadge, American politician (b. 1913)
2002 - Milly Dowler, British teenager (murdered) (b. 1988)
2003 - Umar Wirahadikusumah, 4th Vice President of Indonesia (b. 1924)
2004 - Ludmila Tchérina, French actress, dancer and choreographer (b. 1924)
2009 - Walt Poddubny, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1960)
2010 – Wolfgang Wagner, German opera director and festival organiser (b. 1919)
2011 – Nikolai Andrianov, Soviet-Russian gymnast (b. 1952)
2011 – Pinetop Perkins, American musician (b. 1913)
2012 – Tonino Guerra, Italian poet, writer and screenwriter (b. 1920)
2013 - Pietro Mennea, Italian sprinter and politician (b. 1952)
2013 - Chinua Achebe, Nigerian novelist, poet and academic (b. 1930)
2013 - Elsie Thompson, American supercentenarian (b. 1899)
2014 - Jack Fleck, American golfer (b. 1921)
2014 - Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, Iraqi patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church (b. 1933)
2014 - James Rebhorn, American actor (b. 1948)
2015 - Perro Aguayo Jr., Mexican professional wrestler (b. 1979)
2015 - Chuck Bednarik, American football player (b. 1925)
2015 - Hans Erni, Swiss painter, designer and sculptor (b. 1909)
2015 - James C. Binnicker, American air force officer (b. 1938)
2015 - Alberta Watson, Canadian actress (b. 1955)
2016 - Joseph Mercieca, Maltese archbishop (b. 1928)
2016 - Andrew Grove, Hungarian-born American businessman, engineer and author (b. 1926)
2017 - Martin McGuinness, Northern Irish politician (b. 1950)
2017 - Colin Dexter, English writer (b. 1930)
2017 - Henri Emmanuelli, French politician (b. 1945)
2017 - Chuck Barris, American television host, producer and game show creator (b. 1929)
2017 - August Englas, Estonian wrestler (b. 1925)
2017 - Roy Fisher, British poet and jazz pianist (b. 1930)
2018 - Anna-Lisa, Norwegian-American actress (b. 1933)
2018 - Tom Higgins, American rock climber (b. 1944)
2018 - Rolf Leeser, German-Dutch footballer (b. 1929)
2018 - James C. Irwin, American military officer (b. 1929)
2018 - John W. Vogt, American engineer and politician (b. 1936)
2018 - Leo C. Zeferetti, American politician (b. 1927)
Independence Day (Namibia)
Human Rights Day (South Africa)
Benito Juarez' birthday (Mexico)
Spring Equinox – Northern Hemisphere
Autumn Equinox – Southern Hemisphere
International Day against racial discrimination (after Sharpeville massacre)
World Poetry Day
Youth Day (Tunisia)
Harmony Day (Australia)
World Down syndrome Day
Mother's Day (Most of the Arab World)
World Puppetry Day
International Colour Day
International Day of Forests
She acted in several of director John Waters' most well-known movies: Multiple Maniacs, Pink Flamingos, Female Trouble, Desperate Living, and Polyester.
Waters discovered Massey as a waitress in a Baltimore, Maryland, USA bar he and his friends frequented.
Director Robert Maier made a documentary short about her in 1975 called Love Letter to Edie.
1918 births
1984 deaths
Actors from San Francisco
The Statue of Liberty (officially named Liberty Enlightening the World and sometimes referred to as Lady Liberty) is a monument symbolising the United States.
The statue is placed on Liberty Island, near New York City Harbor.
The statue commemorates the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.
It was given to the United States by the people of France in 1886, to represent the friendship between the two countries established during the American Revolution.
It represents a woman wearing a stola, a crown and sandals, trampling a broken chain, and with a torch in her raised right hand and a tabula ansata, or tablet where the date of the Declaration of Independence  (1776)  is written, in her left hand.
The statue is on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, and it welcomes visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans travelling by ship.
The Statue of Liberty is based on the Greek god Libertas, also known as Eleutheria, the Goddess of Liberty, and was given a temple on the Aventine Hill in  238 BC.
Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi sculpted the statue and he obtained a U.S. patent for the structure.
Maurice Koechlin, who was chief engineer of Gustave Eiffel's engineering company and designer of the Eiffel Tower, designed the internal structure.
The pedestal was designed by the architect Richard Morris Hunt.
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc chose copper in the construction of the statue, and for the adoption of the repoussé construction technique, where a malleable metal is hammered on the reverse side.
The statue is made of a covering of pure copper, left to weather to a natural blue-green patina.
It has a framework of steel (originally puddled iron).
The exception is the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf (originally made of copper and later altered to hold glass panes).
It is on a rectangular stonework pedestal.
The foundation is an old star fort in the shape of an irregular eleven-pointed star.
The statue is  tall, but with the pedestal and foundation, it is  tall.
The Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable symbols in the world.
For many years it was one of the first glances of the United States for millions of immigrants and visitors after ocean voyages from around the world.
The statue is the central part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, administered by the National Park Service.
The National Monument also includes Ellis Island.
Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi died in October 4th, 1904.
Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications
There are several metal plaques on or near the Statue of Liberty.
A plaque on the copper just under the figure's feet declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty, designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie (Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co.).
Another plaque declares the statue to be a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors "the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship."
The New York committee made a plaque that commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal.
The Freemasons put another plaque on the cornerstone.
In 1903, a bronze tablet that bears the text of "The New Colossus" and commemorates Emma Lazarus was presented by friends of the poet.
Until the 1986 renovation, it was mounted inside the pedestal; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum in the base.
It is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977, celebrating the poet's life.
A group of five statues is at the western end of the island.
They honor people involved in building the Statue of Liberty.
The statues stand for two Americans—Pulitzer and Lazarus—and three Frenchmen—Bartholdi, Laboulaye, and Eiffel.
The five statues were designed by Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner.
In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The UNESCO "Statement of Significance" describes the statue as a "masterpiece of the human spirit" that "endures as a highly potent symbol—inspiring contemplation, debate and protest—of ideals such as liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy and opportunity."
Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation
"A Giant's Task – Cleaning Statue of Liberty", Popular Mechanics (February 1932)
New York City Designated Landmarks
World Heritage Sites in the United States
March 3 – Georges Bizet's Carmen debuts in Paris
Wadworth Brewery founded.
February 2 – Fritz Kreisler, Austrian violinist and composer
February 28 – Christie MacDonald, actress and singer
May – Paul Sarebresole
July 26 – Carl Jung
September 3 – Ferdinand Porsche, German car designer
June 3 – Georges Bizet
Published music
"Angels, Meet Me At the Cross Road"     w.m.
Will Hays
"Carve Dat Possum" by Sam Lucas & Herbert Hershy
"Dreaming Forever of Thee"      w.m.
John Hill Hewitt
"Grandfather's Clock"     w.m.
Henry C. Work
"I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen"     w.m.
Thomas P. Westendorf
"Nancy Lee" w. Frederick Edward Weatherly, m. Stephen Adams (pseudonym of Michael Maybrick)
"The Witches Flight (Galop Caprice)" by Henry A. Russell
Trial By Jury, Gilbert & Sullivan, London production opened at the Royalty Theatre on March 25
Trial By Jury Philadelphia production opened at the Arch Street Theatre on October 22
Trial By Jury, New York production opened at the Eagle Theatre on November 15
The Zoo, Lyrics and Book: Bolton Rowe Music: Arthur Sullivan, London production opened at St. James Theatre on June 5
Ankst is a Welsh independent record label formed in 1988 at Aberystwyth University.
Ankst has been the launch-pad for several popular Welsh artists, including Super Furry Animals and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci.
The label is now based in Pentraeth on Anglesey.
British record labels
1988 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Wales
February 13 – Michael Jackson purchases a ranch in Santa Ynez, California.
He calls his new home "Neverland".
February 17 – A 12-year old Mötley Crüe fan in Florida is badly burned while trying to imitate a stunt in the band's "Live Wire" music video.
The boy suffered burns over ten percent of his body.
Mötley Crüe said the band's stunts should not be tried at home.
March 12 – Record producer Jimmy Iovine presents the Special Olympics with a donation of $5 million, which was raised with the release of the A Very Special Christmas album.
April 19 – Former rock and roll singer Sonny Bono becomes Mayor of Palm Springs, California
May 1 – Citing the 1st Amendment, a judge drops all charges filed against singer Billy Joel.
Joel was being sued by Jack Powers for defamation following an interview with Playboy in which he called Powers a "creep".
June 14 – A small wildfire starts in Montana near Yellowstone National Park.
It joins other fires.
Eventually, over  of Yellowstone burns before firefighters gain control in late September.
July 1 – Quartetto Cetra's last concert
August 20 – The Iran–Iraq War ends
September 16 – rapper Eazy-E releases his first album Eazy-Duz-It
November 1 – Bad Religion releases Suffer
Hurricane Gilbert strikes the Caribbean, Mexico and south Texas
November 24 – Mystery Science Theater 3000 premieres
December 7 – A powerful earthquake kills nearly 25,000 people in Soviet Armenia
December 21 – A Pan-Am airplane explodes over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing more than 270 people
Ankst music label founded
Peter Ruzicka becomes director of the Hamburg State Opera and State Philharmonic Orchestra
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine" experiences a surge in popularity sparked by television commercials featuring claymation raisin figures dancing to the song.
The California Raisins version of the song peaks at No.
84 on Billboard's Hot 100.
January 12 – Chris Casement, Northern Irish footballer
February 20 – Rihanna, Barbadian singer
February 29 – Lena Gercke, German model
March 27 – Brenda Song, American actress and singer
April 27 – Lizzo, American musician
April 29 – Jonathan Toews, Canadian Professional ice hockey player for the Chicago Blackhawks
May 5 – Adele, British singer
June 7 – Michael Cera, Canadian actor
July 14 – Conor McGregor, Irish boxer
July 16 – Sergio Busquets, Spanish footballer
August 25 – Alexandra Burke, British singer
October 15 – Mesut Oezil, German footballer
November 6 – Emma Stone, American actress
November 8 - Chris McNally, Canadian actor
November 19 – Patrick Kane, American professional ice hockey for the Chicago Blackhawks
November 25 – Nodar Kumaritashvili, Georgian luger (d. 2010)
December 14 – Vanessa Hudgens, American actress
January 5 – Pete Maravich, basketball player (b. 1947)
January 13 – Chiang Ching-kuo, 3rd President of the Republic of China (b. 1910)
January 14 – Georgy Malenkov, 5th Prime Minister of the Soviet Union (b. 1902)
January 15 – Seán MacBride, Irish Republican Army leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1904)
February 1– Heather O'Rourke, American actress (b. 1975)
February 13 – John Curulewski, American guitarist (Styx) (b. 1950)
February 15 – Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
March 9 – Kurt Georg Kiesinger, 3rd Chancellor of Germany (b. 1904)
Andy Gibb, singer (b. 1958)
Phạm Hùng, Vietnamese prime minister (b. 1912)
March 31 – Sir William McMahon, twentieth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
May 25 – Ernst Ruska, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
June 11 – Giuseppe Saragat, 5th President of Italy (b. 1898)
June 25 – Hillel Slovak, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers) (b. 1962)
August 10 – Arnulfo Arias, President of Panama (b. 1901)
August 17 – Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, 6th President of Pakistan (b. 1924)
September 1 – Luis Walter Alvarez, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
September 30 – Trường Chinh, former President of Vietnam (b. 1907)
December 4 – Osman Achmatowicz, Polish chemist (b. 1899)
December 6 – Roy Orbison, singer (b. 1936)
Nobel Prize in Physics shared by Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, and Jack Steinberger for their research on neutrinos
Nobel Prize in Chemistry shared by Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, and Hartmut Michel
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared by Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, and George H. Hitchings
Nobel Prize in Literature won by Naguib Mahfouz, an Egyptian writer
Nobel Peace Prize won by The United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences won by Maurice Allais, French economist
The Accused, starring Jodie Foster and Kelly McGillis
Big, directed by Penny Marshall and starring Tom Hanks
The Cat Came BackCocktail starring Tom Cruise, Bryan Brown, and Elisabeth ShueComing to America starring Eddie MurphyDie HardA Fish Called Wanda, nominated for three Academy AwardsThe Great OutdoorsThe Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!
My Neighbor Totoro, an animated movie
Rain Man, winning 4 Academy Awards
The Thin Blue LineTwinsWorking GirlWho Framed Roger Rabbit?,
based on a novel by Gary K. WolfWillow,  directed by Ron HowardYoung Guns, written by John Fusco
"1-2-3" – Gloria Estefan & the Miami Sound Machine
"Anything for You" – Gloria Estefan
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin
"Every Rose Has Its Thorn" – Poison
"Forever Young" – Rod Stewart
"Get Outta My Dreams (Get Into My Car)" – Billy Ocean
"Got My Mind Set On You" – George Harrison
"Heaven Is A Place On Earth" – Belinda Carlie
"I Get Weak" – Belinda Carlisle
"I Should Be So Lucky" – Kylie Minogue
"Is this Love" – Whitesnake
"Johnny B. Goode" – Judas Priest
"Kokomo" – The Beach Boys
"Lead Me On" – Amy Grant
"Look Away" – Chicago
"Man in the Mirror" – Michael Jackson
"Mountain Song" – Jane's Addiction
"Never Gonna Give You Up" – Rick Astley
"New Sensation" – INXS
"One More Try" – George Michael
"The Promise" – When In Rome
"Roll With It" – Steve Winwood
"Saved By Love" – Amy Grant
"Simply Irristable" – Robert Palmer
"Sweet Child O' Mine" – Guns N' Roses
"Tell It To My Heart" – Taylor Dayne
"Toy Soldiers" – Martika
"Theme from S-Express" – S-Express
"When You Put Your Heart In It" – Kenny Rogers
New booksAlaska  –  James A. MichenerThe Alchemist – Paulo CoelhoKiki: Reine de la Montparnasse – Lou MollgaardBreathing Lessons – Anne TylerA Brief History of Time  –  Stephen HawkingThe Butcher – Alina ReyesCabal – Clive BarkerCandlelight Spells – Gerina DunwichThe Cardinal of the Kremlin  –  Tom ClancyCat's Eye – Margaret AtwoodThe Coming of the King – Nikolai TolstoyCurriculum (poems) –  Grazyna MillerThe Dark Green Tunnel – Allan W. EckertThe Fifth Child – Doris LessingGolden Girl: The Story of Jessica Savitch  – Alanna NashThe Hellbound Heart  –  Clive BarkerThe Icarus Agenda  –  Robert LudlumLove in the Time of Cholera  –  Gabriel García Márquez
Matilda - Roald DahlNervous Conditions  –  Tsitsi DangarembgaOscar and Lucinda  –  Peter CareyThe Player of Games  –  Iain M. BanksA Ring of Conspirators: Henry James and his literary circle, 1895-1915 – Miranda SeymourThe Sands of Time  –  Sidney SheldonScorpius – John GardnerThe Shell Seekers  –  Rosamunde PilcherSourcery – Terry PratchettTapestry – Belva PlainTil We Meet Again  –  Judith KrantzThe Toynbee Convector – Ray BradburyWyrd Sisters – Terry PratchettZoya''  – Danielle Steel
286 - Roman Emperor Diocletian makes his general Maximian co-Emperor.
325 - Emperor Cheng of Jin, at the age of 4 years, becomes Emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in China, succeeding his father, Emperor Ming of Jin.
527 - Byzantine Empire: Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler.
1318 – Scotland takes control of Berwick-upon-Tweed from England.
1545 - The Bolivian city of Potosi is founded after the discovery of major silver deposits in the area.