the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In 2000, with Belgrade now the capital city of Serbia, the orchestra was built up again.
Many new players from other countries joined the orchestra, most of them were young.
Their concert hall was rebuilt.
They have worked with famous people such as Zubin Mehta, Sarah Chang and Nigel Kennedy.
However, the orchestra are facing difficult times again.
They need more money.
In 2009 they advertised in the city's newspapers that they were available to play at weddings, funerals, baptisms, divorces and saints' days.
Some people thought the advertisement was not the right thing for the orchestra to do, but it has attracted support from many young people.
Orchestras
1923 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Serbia
Futrono is one of the 12 municipalities in the province of Valdivia, in the region of Los Lagos of Chile.
It is located on the north side of the Ranco lake, but the town of Futrono is not on the shore.
This place was a territory of mapuches indigenous.
They called this town, Futronohue.
Then, it becomes a port used to transport things to Puerto Nuevo, and after that to La Unión.
In 1941, the municipality was created and that made it grow in population.
Cities in Chile
Tigranes the Great (, ; also called Tigranes II and sometimes Tigranes I) was the king of Armenia.
He ruled from 95 BCE to 55 BCE.
His country became for a short time the strongest state in the Roman East.
He was involved in many battles during his reign.
He had battles against the Parthian, Seleucid, and Roman empires.
Kingdom of Armenia (Antiquity) (Expanded lands massively)
Monarchs of Armenia
Stratford Canning was a Whig and would introduce his nephew in the 1780s to prominent Whigs such as Charles James Fox, Edmund Burke, and Richard Brinsley Sheridan.
George Canning's friendship with Sheridan would last for the remainder of Sheridan's life.
The Chester city walls are big intact defensive walls around an important English city of Chester.
The city has been defended with walls since the foundation of the Deva Victrix fort on the site in 79.
The first walls were built to help the Roman fort in 79, although these were replaced by stronger stone walls between the 1st and 3rd century.
The walls enclosed a far smaller area than the modern walls, with the south-western corner much farther from the River Dee.
citywalls
Physicalism is the view that everything in the universe is made out of physical matter.
Physicalism does not believe in gods, spirits, or other things that are not made of physical material.
A person who believes in physicalism is a materialist.
A herd is a large group of animals.
The term is used for mammals, particularly hoofed animals.
Herding is a good example of collective animal behavior.
Other terms are used for similar types of behavior in other types of animal.
For example, a large group of birds is usually called a flock (this may also refer to certain mammals as well) and a large group of carnivores is usually called a pack.
In addition, special collective nouns may be used for particular cases: for example a flock of geese, if not in flight, is sometimes called a gaggle.
However, in theoretical discussions in behavioural ecology, the term "herd" is used for all these kinds of assemblage.
A herd may also refer to one that tends and cares for such groups (e.i.
shepherds tend to sheep, and goatherds tend to goats, etc.).
When an association of animals (or, by extension, people) is described as a "herd", that means that the group tends to act together (for example, all moving in the same direction at a given time), but that this does not occur as a result of planning or co-ordination.
Rather, each individual is choosing behaviour that corresponds to that of the majority of other members, possibly through imitation or possibly because all are responding to the same external circumstances.
A herd can be contrasted with a co-ordinated group where individuals have distinct roles.
Many human groupings, such as an army detachments or sports teams, show such co-ordination and differentiation of roles, but so do some animal groupings such as those of eusocial insects, which are co-ordinated through pheromones and other forms of animal communication.
Conversely, some human groupings may behave more like herds.
Ungulates (meaning roughly "hoofed animal") are several groups of mammals.
Most of them use the tips of their toes, usually as hooves, to support their body weight while moving.
As a descriptive term, "ungulate" normally excludes cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises), because they do not have most of the typical morphological characteristics of ungulates.
However, recent discoveries show that the Cetacea were descended from early artiodactyls.
Ungulates are typically herbivorous and many use specialised gut flora to digest cellulose.
Some modern species, such as pigs, are omnivorous.
Some prehistoric species, such as the Mesonychia, were carnivorous.
Ungulates include odd-toed ungulates such as horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs, and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, camels, sheep, deer, and hippopotamuses.
Cetaceans are also even-toed ungulates although they do not have hooves.
Even-toed ungulate
Herd may also refer to:
Bachelor herd, gatherings of juvenile male animals who are still sexually immature
Herding, the act of bringing individual animals together into a group
Herding dog, dog that either has been trained in herding or that is a member of a breed developed for herding
David Herd (footballer), Scottish former football player
Fred Herd, Scottish professional golfer from St Andrews
Sandy Herd, Scottish professional golfer from St Andrews
Herd behavior, situations in which a group of individuals react coherently without there being any co-ordination between them
Herding instinct, social tendency in humans to identify with and model many behaviors and beliefs after a larger group of individuals with whom they identify
The Herd (album), the self-titled first album from the Australian hip hop band
The Herd (band), Australian hip hop outfit from the suburbs of Sydney
The Herd (UK band), English pop group
David Herd (anthologist), Scottish anthologist
Herding Cats, phrase
Richard Herd, American character actor in television and film
Herd (film), a short film directed by Mike Mitchell (director)
Aylesbury is the county town of Buckinghamshire in south central England.
It had a population in 2001 of 65,173.
Aylesbury is near London.
Aylesbury was a major market town in Anglo-Saxon times.
Aylesbury replaced Buckingham as the county town of Buckinghamshire in 1529 by order of King Henry VIII.
Augusta is a city in the state of Georgia.
As of 2000, the population was 195,182.
In 1996, the governments of the City of Augusta and Richmond County combined to form the Augusta-Richmond County.
The consolidated city-county is today simply known as "Augusta, Georgia".
The area that makes up the city of Augusta includes almost all of Richmond County, except for the towns of Hephzibah and Blythe.
These towns have their own governments separate from that of Augusta.
Augusta is on the Georgia/South Carolina border.
It is about 150 miles east of Atlanta.
It is the second largest city and second largest metropolitan area in the state.
Augusta is the birthplace of the Southern Baptist denomination.
It is also the location of Springfield Baptist Church, the oldest African-American Baptist church in the United States.
The city is famous for its golf course, the Augusta National Golf Club which is home to the first major golf tournament of each year, The Masters.
The city was named for Augusta, Princess of Wales, daughter-in-law of King George II of Great Britain and mother of King George III of Great Britain.
It was the second state capital of Georgia from 1785 until 1795
Augusta's official nickname is The Garden City.
It is also known as Masters City, because of the Masters golf tournament.
City of Augusta Homepage
Augusta Metropolitan Convention and Visitors Bureau
1736 establishments
18th-century establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Landsberg Prison is a prison in the town of Landsberg am Lech in the southwest of the German state of Bavaria.
It is about  west of Munich.
The Landsberg Prison was built around 1910 on the town's western edge.
Its most noted prisoner was Adolf Hitler.
Hitler was there in 1924 after being found guilty of treason for his part in the Beer Hall Putsch.
It was during his time at Landsberg that Hitler wrote his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle) with help from Rudolf Hess.
During the occupation of Germany by the Allies after World War II, the US Army named the prison as "War Criminal Prison No.
They held many Nazi war criminals there.
Executions of war criminals were also done at Landsberg.
The last of these executions happened on June 8, 1951.
These were the last executions in the Federal Republic of Germany, then commonly known as West Germany.
Landsberg "The Hitlertown": The City of Youth
Buildings and structures in Bavaria
Prisons in Germany
Melun is a city in France.
It is the capital of the Seine-et-Marne department, in the Île-de-France region of France.
The city is about 40 kilometres southeast of Paris, in a bend of the river Seine.
Between Brie and Gâtinais.
It is between 37 metres and 102 metres of above the sea.
At the last count in 1999, 37.500 people lived there.
The city is home to the production of the Brie de Melun, a saltier variant of the Brie de Meaux.
A school for police officers has been in the city since 1945.
Other than that there are pharmaceuitical and aviation industries and a prison complex in the city.
The first historical mention of the city is in 52BC, as Melodunum.
The modern name of the city comes from the name it had in the 6th century, Meluneum.
Clovis I makes a duchy out of the city.
He also has fortifications built.
The city gains new importance.
The city is also prone to raids of the vikings, most notably those in 852 and 866.
Midi-Pyrénées ( or Mieidia-Pirenèus) is a former administrative region of France.
It is now part of the administrative region of Occitanie.
It is part of the historical region of Occitania.
The name of the region is not based on any old name, like in most other regions, but on the geography of the region, Midi (meaning "southern France") - Pyrénées (Pyrenees mountains that are the highest mountains in the region).
The French adjective and name of the people living in the region is Midi-Pyrénéen.
The departments in the region were Ariège, Aveyron, Haute-Garonne, Gers, Lot, Hautes-Pyrénées, Tarn, and Tarn-et-Garonne.
Its capital was Toulouse.
The Midi-Pyrénées region is the largest region of Metropolitan France.
It had an area of .
It bordered to the south with Spain and Andorra.
It also bordered four French regions: Aquitaine to the west, Limousin to the north, Auvergne to the northeast and Languedoc-Roussillon to the east.
The south is dominated by the high mountains of the Pyrenees.
The north-east and the north are part of the highlands of the Massif Central
The central and north-western parts of the region, however, are flat.
This zone is dominated by the Garonne river and its tributaries, which drains most of the region to the Atlantic Ocean.
The Pic Vignemale (), at , is the highest point of the Midi-Pyrénées region; it is on the border with Spain.
The Vignemale is in the Pyrénées National Park.
In 2012, The Midi-Pyrénées region had a population of 2,926,592.
Its population density was  inhabitants/km2.
Regional Council of Midi-Pyrénées official website
france.fr - Official website of France
About-France.com: MIDI-PYRENEES - a short guide
Alsace (Alsatian and Alemannic German: Elsàss, pre-1996 German: Elsaß) was an administrative region of France.
It is now part of the administrative region of Grand Est.
Alsace was on the eastern border of France.
It was on the west bank of the Upper Rhine, next to Germany and Switzerland.
Before the region merged with Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine in 2014, data from INSEE stated that about 1.8 million people lived there as of 2013.
Its capital was Strasbourg, the largest city.
It changed hands between France and Germany many times.
The people living there had an attitude and set of social values that was closer to the German ones, than the French.
Language, cuisine, music, dress and customs were Germanic, and very close to the Swabian ones across the Rhine.
The overall culture was generally more German than French, being somewhere between German and French.
Alsace was part of the Holy Roman Empire and was still inhabited by people speaking a dialect of Upper German.
In the 17th century, all of Alsace was annexed (in steps) under King Louis XIV of France.
He made it one of the provinces of France.
The Treaty of Verdun had divided the empire of Charlemagne in the 9th century, eventually causing Alsace to be frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because the possession of these two régions (as Alsace-Lorraine) was often contested in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Lorraine () is a former administrative region in the northeast of France.
In 2012, the population was 2,356,600.
The most important population centres were Nancy and Metz, with about 300,000 people each, followed by Thionville, with about 130,000.
Other important cities were Epinal and Bar-le-Duc.
France is split into 18 administrative regions (regions).
These regions are a kind of local government.
Thirteen regions are in Metropolitan France (the part of the country that is in Europe).
Each region contains a few of the Departments of France.
It is called collectivist territorial.
Five regions are overseas.
There used to be 27 regions.
In 2016, some regions were combined and there are now 18.
Auvergne () is a former administrative region of France.
It is now part of the administrative region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.
It is in the Massif Central in south-central France.
The inhabitants of the region are known as Auvergnats.
The four departments in Auvergne were Allier, Cantal, Haute-Loire, and Puy-de-Dôme.
Its capital was Clermont-Ferrand.
The Auvergne region has an area of , 4.8% of France's total surface area.
It was surrounded by six other former regions: Burgundy to the northeast, Rhône-Alpes to the east and to the southeast, Languedoc-Roussillon to the south, Midi-Pyrénées to the southwest, Limousin to the west and Centre-Val de Loire to the northwest.
The landscape of the region varies greatly, with valleys, mountain, meadows and forests.
Much of the regions is in the Massif Central, a high region in south-central France with mountains and plateaus.
There are many dormant volcanoes (volcanoes that are not active) in Auvergne, mainly in the Monts Dore and in the Chaîne des Puys.
The highest point in Auvergne is the Puy de Sancy (), at  high.
Auvergne has about 50 freshwater ponds and lakes.
Some are high in the mountains and have volcanic origins.
The Guéry Lake is, at  high in the Puy-de-Dôme department, the highest lake in Auvergne.
Loire, that runs through the Haute-Loire in the southeast and then, after returning from the Rhône-Alpes region, makes the northeastern border of the Allier department; and
Allier, that runs though the centre of the region.
The Auvergne region had a population, in 2012, of 1,354,104, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The region is predominantly agricultural.
Cattle are common and are used both for meat (beef) and for milk, which is made into a number of well-known cheeses such as Bleu d'Auvergne, Cantal, Fourme d'Ambert and Saint-Nectaire.
The main industry in Auvergne is the tyre industry, represented by Michelin, with headquarters and history in Clermont-Ferrand, and Dunlop in Montluçon.
Regional Council of Auvergne official website
Holidays in Auvergne
About-France.com: Auvergne guide and tourist attractions
Lower Normandy (called Basse-Normandie in French) is a former  administrative Regions of France.
It is now part of the region of Normandy.
The capital city was Caen.
In 2007 about 1.4 million people lived there.
Lower Normandy became a region in 1956.
The old region of Normandy was split into Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy.
The departments in the region were Calvados, Manche, and Orne.
The economy is centered on agriculture.
Cider is made there and livestock is farmed.
There is a bit of textile industry as well.
It was the first region of France when it comes to producing butter, cheese and horses.
The west part of the region is used mainly for farming, because of the prairies.
Camembert, Pont-l'évêque and Livarot cheeses come from this region.
Centre-Val de Loire is one of the administrative regions of France.
Its capital is Orléans but its largest city is Tours.
The Centre-Val de Loire region is the seventh largest region of France with an area of .
It is in north central France and borders with 6 regions: Normandy to the northwest, Île-de-France to the north, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the southeast, Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the south and Pays de la Loire to the west.
Paris, the national capital, ;
Bordeaux, ;
Lyon, ;
Marseille, ;
Montpellier, ;
Nice, ;
Strasbourg, ;
Toulouse, .
The Centre-Val de Loire is crossed by the longest French river: the Loire, .
Some other rivers that flow through the region are:
Eure - .
Loir - .
Cher - .
Loing - .
Indre - .
The Le Magnoux (), at , is the highest point of the Centre-Val region.
It is in northwestern Massif Central, in the southern end of the Cher department.
= Arrondissements          Cant.
= Cantons          Comm.
= Communes
, the Centre-Val de Loire region had a population of 2,577,435, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Regional Council website
Prefecture of the region
Champagne-Ardenne is a former administrative region of France.
Its capital was Chalons-en-Champagne.
Another very important city in the region is Reims.
The region is heavily centered on farming.
It was the first region of France in the production of barley and alfalfa.
Many cereals are also grown here.
It is also very important for vegetables and wine.
It is nearest to the east border.
Sparkling wine is officially allowed to be called champagne if it is from here.
Upper Normandy (called Haute-Normandie in French) is a former region of France.
It is now part of the administrative region of Normandy.
The capital was Rouen, which is now the capital of Normandy.
In 2007 about 1.9 million people lived in the region.
Upper Normandy was formed as a region in 1956.
The old region of Normandy was split into the current Upper Normandy and Lower Normandy.
The departments in the region were Seine-Maritime and Eure.
The region was the first producer of flax in France.
It is also quite industrialized, specialising in petrochemical and pharmaceutical, as well as manufacturing industries.
Limousin is a former administrative region of France.
It is now part of the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
Its capital was Limoges.
With 42 people per square kilometer, this was one of the least populated regions.
About 710,000 people lived on roughly .
Languedoc-Roussillon (; ) is a former administrative region of France.
It is the southernmost region of mainland France and borders to the south with Spain and Andorra.
Its capital was Montpellier, the largest city.
In French, the name of the inhabitants of the region is Languedocien-Roussillonnais.
The name of the province of Languedoc originates from the language spoken in southern France, langue d'oc, also known as Occitan, and Roussillon, an area in the South of present-day Languedoc-Roussillon.
The Languedoc-Roussillon region has an area of .
It bordered to the south with Spain and Andorra; to the east is the Mediterranean Sea (the Gulf of Lion).
It also bordered four French regions: Midi-Pyrénées to the west, Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes to the north, and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) to the northeast.
The highest point in Languedoc-Roussillon is Pic Carlit () in the Pyrénées-Orientales department; it is  high.
The Languedoc-Roussillon region has a population, in 2012, of 2,700,266, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Regional Council of Languedoc-Roussillon official website
Tourism in Languedoc-Roussillon
Poitou-Charentes is a former administrative region of France.
It was in the west, bordering the Atlantic.
Its capital was Poitiers.
In 2007 about 1.7 million people lived in the region.
The region is well known for making wines.
It is better known for its spirits, such as Cognac and Pineau.
There is also some tourism and a little agriculture.
A short guide to the Poitou Charentes region
Nord-Pas-de-Calais (sometimes also Nord-Pas de Calais)  used to be an administrative region of France.
It is now part of the administrative region of Hauts-de-France.
Its prefecture was Lille.
In 2012, four million people lived there (365,000 in the urban area of Lille).
The local economy was based on carbon, steel and textiles.
The secondary sector (industry) employed 33.8% (of an 28.9% national average).
Unemployment was at 12.9 per cent (9.8% national average).
Structural investment in the TGV and the Channel Tunnel has shown some improvement though.
The tourism industry does well thanks to the border with Belgium and closeness to England.
Picardy ()  used to be an administrative region of France.
Amiens was its capital.
In 2007 almost 1.9 million people lived in the region, 186,000 of them in the capital.
Agriculture is very important for Picardy.
There are many products, including potatoes, cereals, and vegetables.
Picardy was also called Jardin de France, meaning 'Garden of France'.
Pays de la Loire (or Pays-de-la-Loire) is an administrative region of France.
Its capital is Nantes.
In 2018, about 3.8 million people lived in the region.
There are seven big centers, with more than 100.000 people in the respective urban area:  Nantes, Angers, Le Mans, La Roche-sur-Yon, Cholet, Saint-Nazaire and Laval.
The economy is centered around the production of food, and agriculture in general.
It is the third in France in that sector.
51% of meat products, 19% of milk, and 67% of the natural produce of grain (cereals) are produced there.
Some people in the region also speak other local languages.
Rhône-Alpes is a former administrative region of France.
In 2010, about six million people lived in the region.
The capital was Lyon.
Grenoble and Saint-Étienne are also important cities in the region.
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur or PACA (, Italian: Provenza-Alpi-Costa Azzurra) is one of the 18 administrative regions of France.
Its capital is Marseille.
The Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region is the tenth largest region of France with an area of .
It is in southeastern France and borders to the east with Monaco and Italy (with the Italian regions of Liguria and Piedmont).
To the north is the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and to the west is the Occitanie region.
To the south, the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur has about  of coast along the Mediterranean Sea.
Toulouse, ;
Nice, .
Rhône -
Durance -
Verdon -
Var -
Tinée -
Estéron -
Loup -
Vésubie -
Siagne -
The Barre des Écrins (), at , is the highest mountain of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
It is in the Écrins National Park (), one of the ten French national parks.
The Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region had, in 2014, a population of 4,983,438, with a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Encyclopédie Larousse online
Île-de-France is a region of France.
The capital city is Paris.
It is also the capital city of France.
In 2013 about 12 million people lived in the region.
About 2.1 million people live in the city of Paris.
There are 8 departments in the region.
Pont-l'évêque is a soft cheese from Normandy.
It is produced in the village with the same name.
It has had an AOC since 1976, which means it can only be made in Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados.
It is made from the milk of cows.
Livarot is a cheese from Normandy.
It is a soft cheese made from the milk of cows.
Ajaccio (Latin: Ajax; French: Ajaccio; Corsican: Aiacciu), pronounced "ah-YAH-cho", is a town in France.
It is the capital of the territorial collectivity of Corsica and the prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud.
Ajaccio is on the west coast of the island of Corsica in a sheltered position at the foot of wooded hills on the northern shore of the Gulf of Ajaccio.
The harbour is to the east of the town and is protected on the south by a peninsula.
Ajaccio has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), Emperor of the French
Joseph Fesch (1763-1839), cardinal
Tino Rossi (1907-1983), singer, actor
Fred Scamaroni (1914-1943), WW II Resistance hero
Alizée (born 1984), pop singer
Irène Bordoni (1895-1953), singer, Broadway theatre & movie actress
Sources and References
Communes in Corse-du-Sud
the Chef-lieu de département, the town in which the administration of a département is located ;
the Chef-lieu de région, the town in which the administration of a région is located ;
the jurisdiction of a préfecture ;
the official residence or headquarters of a préfet.
Subdivisions of France
This article is about the visible spectrum.
For all other uses see: Spectrum (disambiguation)
A spectrum, plural: spectra, is a band of several colours: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red.
A spectrum can be seen if the Sun's light is passed through a prism and allowed to gather on a white screen.
This visible spectrum is part of the larger electromagnetic spectrum.
Spectroscopy is the study of spectra.
A natural example of a spectrum is a rainbow.
The word spectrum was first used by scientists studying optics.
They used the word to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a prism.
The spectrum seen when light passes through a prism is an example of the dispersion of light.
The material from which the prism is made has a different  refractive index n than air.
Usually, nprism is greater than nair, and nair is taken to be approximately one.
This implies that light travels a little slower in the material of the prism than in the space surrounding it.
The angle of refraction can be determined from the angle of incidence and the refractive indexes using Snell's law.
The reason why the white light separates into in its component colors instead of remaining white is because the shorter wavelengths are refracted, or bent, more than the longer wavelengths.
Thus, red, having the longest visible wavelength, will appear closest to the line perpendicular to the surface of the material (the normal), that is, it will be bent the least.
Violet light, with the smallest wavelength  in the visible spectrum, will be bent the most.
The rainbow produced will always be in the same order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.
Arshak II (or Arsaces II) (350-367) was the son of Diran.
During his reign, Shapur II of Persia tried to take over Armenia once and for all.
Arshak II was taken prisoner during talks about peace with Shapur and later killed himself in prison.
Despite having many troubles during his reign, Arshak II was able to change many parts of his kingdom for the better.
The creation of many monasteries, to keep monks away from the problems of everyday life.
They also helped spread the gospel
The building of hospitals
The creation of many schools to teach Assyrian and Greek, since the Holy Bible was read in those languages at that time
The ban of inbred marriages, polygamy, divorce, pagan rituals, drunkenness and killings for revenge
The better treatment of slaves
Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, A. hador [Armenian History, volume I], Athens, Greece, 1994, pg.
350 births
367 deaths
Tiridates III (or Trdat III) was the king of Armenia (286-330), and was also known as Tiridates the Great. (
Some scholars may be wrong because they call him as Trdat IV as a result of the fact that Tiridates I of Armenia reigned twice.)
In 301, Tiridates made Christianity as the sole religion in Armenia, making Armenia the first Christian state in the world.
Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, A. hador [Armenian History, volume I],  Athens, Greece, 1994, pg.
96-105.
The Library of Congress - Armenia - A Country Study
Yuri Babayan - Tiridates the Great
286 births
330 deaths
Tiridates I of Parthia was the brother of Arsaces I.
Tiridates II of Parthia ruled c. 30–26 BC
Tiridates III of Parthia ruled c. AD 35–36
Tiridates I of Armenia ruled c. 56–59 and 62–72
Tiridates II of Armenia ruled c. 197–238
Tiridates III of Armenia ruled c. 283–330
Trdat the Architect, reconstructed the dome of Hagia Sophia in 989 and built the Cathedral of Ani.
Aotearoa is the current Māori language name for New Zealand.
It has replaced previous translations such as Niu Tirani (which was used in the Treaty of Waitangi) and Niu Tireni (which was used in the Whakaputanga Declaration of Independence).
It translates to the land of the long white cloud or one long white cloud.
Hagia Sophia (Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία) is a religious building that was first built as a church in the European side of Istanbul, Turkey.
The present building, now a mosque, was the third church building on the site.
The third Hagia Sophia was built between 532 and 537, as the cathedral of Constantinople, the capital city of the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity.
The Roman emperor Justinian the Great ordered the construction.
The architects were Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus.
The Greek historian Procopius wrote about Hagia Sophia's construction.
The building's roof (a large dome) fell down not long after the church was complete.
Justinian again ordered the church's completion.
The dome broke apart and has been rebuilt many times, but the walls and floor of the building are the same as those of Justinian's time.
The decorations, including mosaics and frescoes, are mostly from the Middle Ages.
After an earthquake, Trdat the Architect finished rebuilding it again in 994.
It was used as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral until 1453, except when it was the Roman Catholic cathedral between 1204 and 1261.
The Ottoman sultan and caliph Mehmed the Conqueror converted Hagia Sophia into a mosque in 1453 after the Fall of Constantinople.
It became a museum in 1935 after the decision of the secularist Turkish government under Kemal Atatürk in 1934.
In July 2020, the Islamist Turkish government under Tayyip Erdoğan ordered the Hagia Sophia to be turned back into a mosque following a supreme court annulment of a 1934 presidential decree that made it a museum.
Mosques in Turkey
Incense is a fuel that is burned to make a smell.
It can be used for many purposes, for example, during rituals in some religions.
Incense can be used to make a place smell better or to help improve mood.
In Judaism, instructions for the use of incense were given in Exodus. (
E.g. Exodus 30:1).
In Christianity, Christ is given myrrh and frankincense by the wise men. (
Gospel of Matthew 2:11)
Incense in Catholicism
Religious objects
Magic (paranormal)
Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England.
A large part of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire.
The northern part of Derbyshire overlaps with the Pennines, a famous chain of hills and mountains.
The county contains part of the National Forest, and borders on Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire and Cheshire.
Chatsworth — a stately home
Crich Tramway Village, Crich
Derwent Valley Mills — a World Heritage Site
Hob Hurst's House — English Heritage
Nine Ladies Stone Circle — English Heritage
Sutton Scarsdale Hall — English Heritage
Wingfield Manor — English Heritage
Creswell Crags — pending World Heritage Site proposal
West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England.
It was created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972  and in 2005 covered an area of 2,029 km² and a population of 2.1 million.
It is the most built up and biggest urban area in Yorkshire.
Divisions and environs
West Yorkshire is divided into five local government districts; they are the City of Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, the City of Leeds and the City of Wakefield.
The county borders Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Derbyshire, North Yorkshire and South Yorkshire.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of West Yorkshire at current basic prices published (pp.240-253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
Ackworth, Allerton Bywater
Baildon, Bailiff Bridge, Batley, Beeston, Bingley, Birkby, Birkenshaw, Boothtown, Boston Spa, Bradford, Brighouse
Castleford, Cleckheaton, Copley, Cragg Vale, Cullingworth
Denby Dale, Dewsbury
Elland, Emley, Esholt
Fairburn Ings, Ferrybridge, Fitzwilliam
Garforth, Golcar, Gomersal, Greetland, Guiseley
Halifax, Harewood, Hartshead, Hartshead Moor, Haworth, Hebden Bridge, Heckmondwike, Hemsworth, Heptonstall, Hipperholme, Holmfirth, Honley, Horbury, Horsforth, Huddersfield
Keighley, Kippax, Kirkburton, Kirkstall, Knottingley
Ledsham, Ledston, Leeds, Linthwaite, Liversedge
Marsden, Meltham, Mirfield, Morley, Mytholmroyd
New Mill, Newmillerdam, New Farnley, Nostell, Norristhorpe
Oakworth, Ossett, Oxenhope, Otley, Oulton
Pontefract, Pudsey
Queensbury
Rastrick, Riddlesden, Ripponden, Rothwell, Roberttown
Saltaire, Sandal, Scammonden Scarcroft, Scholes, Shelley, Shepley, Shibden, Shipley, Silsden, Slaithwaite, Sowerby Bridge, Stanbury, Swillington
Thornbury, Thornton, Thornhill, Todmorden, Tong
Wakefield, Walton, West Bretton, Wetherby, Wilsden
Historic environment
Harewood House
Cliffe Hall, also known as Cliffe Castle
Esholt Hall
Firsby Hall
Kirklees Hall
Ledston Hall
Linthwaite Hall
Linton Hall
Lotherton Hall
Kershaw House
Oulton Hall
Sandal Castle
Shelley Hall
Tong Hall
Kirkstall Abbey, Kirklees Priory, Nostell Priory, Pontefract Priory
Wetherby Castle
Scarcroft Water Mill
Roman Lagentium (Castleford)
Saltaire, a model village
Keighley and Worth Valley Railway
Brontë Parsonage Museum, Haworth
Royal Armouries museum, Leeds
Colne Valley Museum
Pennine Farm Museum, Ripponden
Pontefract Museum
West Yorkshire Folk Museum, Shibden
National Coal Mining Museum for England (Netherton)
National Media Museum, Bradford
Yorkshire Sculpture Park, West Bretton
Tolson Museum, Dalton (Huddersfield)
Wakefield Museum
Redhouse Museum
Emley Moor, site of the tallest self-supporting structure in the UK (a TV mast)
Walton Hall, West Yorkshire, home of naturalist Charles Waterton and the world's first nature reserve
RSPB Fairburn Ings - wetland centre for birds
Seckar Woods LNR, a Local Nature Reserve
New Swillington Ings Nature Reserve
Otley Chevin - extensive wooded parkland on high ground with extensive views North over Wharfedale and South as far as the Peak District
Harewood Estate - Leeds Country Way public footpath runs through the estate, beautiful landscaped gardens and home to Red Kites amongst many other birds
Scammonden Water, Deanhead Reservoir - both in the moors near Ripponden
River Aire, River Calder, River Hebble, River Spen, River Worth
Aire & Calder Navigation
Calder and Hebble Navigation
Huddersfield Broad Canal
Huddersfield Narrow Canal, Standedge Tunnel
Knottingley & Goole Canal
Rochdale Canal
South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, in the north.
The county was created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 and in 2001 covered an area of 155,205 hectares.
Divisions and Environs
South Yorkshire is divided into four local government districts; they are the City of Sheffield, the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley and the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham.
The county borders Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, East Riding of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire.
The main settlements of South Yorkshire developed around the industries of mining and steel manufacturing.
The main mining industry was coal which was concentrated to the north and east of the county.
There were also iron mines in the area.
The rivers running off the Pennines to the west of the county supported the steel industry that is concentrated in the city of Sheffield.
Sheffield, an industrial city known for steel and cutlery
Doncaster, an old Roman town known for railways and horse racing;
Rotherham, an industrial town bordering Sheffield on the River Don;
Barnsley, a market town on the River Dearne, the former administrative centre of the metropolitan county.
South Yorkshire is made up of three main urban areas.
Dearne Valley is made up of Barnsley and a number of villages and towns.
The Sheffield urban area is made up of Sheffield and Rotherham and the Doncaster urban area is Doncaster and surrounding areas.
Other towns and villages
Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet, Sheffield
Cannon Hall Museum, Park & Gardens, Barnsley
Chapel of Our Lady of Rotherham Bridge ("Chapel on the Bridge"), Rotherham
Clifton Park Museum, Rotherham
Conisbrough Castle
Cusworth Hall
Doncaster Mansion House
Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield
Monk Bretton Priory
Sheffield Winter Gardens
Roche Abbey
Rother Valley Country Park
Howden Moors
St Lawrence Church, Adwick le Street
Wentworth Castle & Gardens, Barnsley
Weston Park Museum & Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield
Woodlands model village
Worsborough Mill and Country Park
A salad is a serving in a meal that includes leaf vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, or arugula.
Uncooked or cold cooked vegetables that are sliced into small pieces (for example tomato or onion) are then mixed with the leaf vegetables.
Some salads use cheese like Greek salad uses Feta.
A salad dressing or vinaigrette is then poured on top of the vegetables.
Salad dressings and vinaigrettes are a mixture of oil, herbs, spices, and flavorings.
Types of salad
Green salad
A green salad or garden salad has leafy vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, or rocket (arugula).
The salad leaves may be cut or torn into bite-sized fragments and tossed together (a tossed salad).
They may also have nuts or croutons.
Vegetable salad
Vegetables other than greens may be used in a salad.
Common raw vegetables used in a salad include cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, onions, carrots, celery, and radishes.
Other ingredients include mushrooms, avocado, olives, hard boiled egg, artichoke hearts, heart of palm, green beans, cheeses.
Fruit salads
Dessert salads
Dessert salads rarely include leafy greens and are often sweet.
Common variants are made with gelatin or whipped cream; e.g. jello salad, pistachio salad, and ambrosia.
Other forms of dessert salads include snickers salad, glorified rice, and cookie salad popular in parts of the Midwestern United States.
Composed salad
A composed salad is a salad arranged on a plate rather than put into a bowl.
It can be used as a meal in itself rather than as a part of a meal.
Dressings
A green salad is often served with a salad dressing.
Italian dressing
French dressing
Vinaigrette
The purpose of salad dressing depends across cultures.
There are many often used salad dressings in North America.
Traditional dressings in southern Europe are vinaigrettes, while mayonnaise is predominant in eastern European countries and Russia.
In Denmark dressings are often based on crème fraîche.
In China, where Western salad is a recent adoption from Western cuisine, the term salad dressing (沙拉酱, shalajiang) means to mayonnaise or mayonnaise-based dressings.
Garnishes
There are many vegetables and other fare that are often added to salads.
shelled sunflower seeds
onions (mostly the red variety)
bacon bits (sometimes the bits are artificially flavored pieces of textured soybean protein)
radishes
grated carrots
surimi - artificial crab meat
Watercress salad
Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is a county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire.
The county town is traditionally Nottingham, at , though the council is now based in West Bridgford (at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent).
The districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Broxtowe, Gedling, Mansfield, Newark and Sherwood, and Rushcliffe.
The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 but is now a unitary authority, although it remains part of the county.
Nottinghamshire contains the ancestral home of the poet Lord Byron, Newstead Abbey, which he sold in 1818.
It is now owned by Nottingham City Council and open to the public.
Settlements and communications
The traditional county town, and the largest settlement in the historic and ceremonial county boundaries, is Nottingham.
The City is now administratively independent, but suburbs including Arnold, Carlton, West Bridgford, Beeston and Stapleford are still within the administrative county and West Bridgford is now home of the county council.
Clumber Park
Rufford Country Park
Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem
Hawton Church
BBC Nottingham
Nottinghamshire Indymedia
Visit Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire Police
Flickr Nottingham  A collaborative blog from the members of the Nottingham Flickr Group, covering the county as well as the city
Nottingham Nightclub Guide
The Pennines are a mountain range in England.
Often said to be the "backbone of England", they form an unbroken range stretching from the Peak District in the Midlands, through the Yorkshire Dales, parts of Greater Manchester, the West Pennine Moors of Lancashire and Cumbrian Fells to the Cheviot Hills on the Scottish border.
Their total length is about .
The name Pennines is believed to come from the Celtic pennioroches, meaning "hill", although the earliest written reference to the name dates only from the 18th century.
Altitude and size
The mountains are not very tall and are often called hills.
The highest is Cross Fell in eastern Cumbria, at .
Other main mountain peaks include Mickle Fell , Whernside , Ingleborough , Pen-y-ghent , and Kinder Scout .
The Pennines make up the main watershed in northern England, dividing the eastern and western parts of the country.
The rivers Eden, Ribble, and Mersey flow west towards the Irish Sea.
On the other side of the watershed, the rivers Tyne, Tees, Swale, Calder, Aire, Don, and Trent flow east to the North Sea.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system for writing down sounds.
It was created by the International Phonetic Association in 1886, so that people could write down sounds of languages in a standard way.
Linguists, language teachers, and translators use this system to show the pronunciation for words.
Wikipedia also uses the IPA to show how certain words are meant to be spoken.
Most symbols are letters in the Latin alphabet, or variations of it.
For example, the palatal approximant (the y in yesterday) is written with [].
In IPA symbols can be written between slashes (called a broad transcription, e.g."little" can be written as /lɪtl/ ) or in square brackets (called a narrow transcription, e.g. "little" can be written [lɪɾɫ], which is how specific groups say it).
Narrow translation is more precise than broad.
The IPA has symbols only for sounds that are used normally in spoken languages.
The Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet (or extIPA) are used to write down other sounds.
The IPA is sometimes changed, and symbols are added or taken away.
Right now there are 107 different letters in the IPA.
There are also 52 marks which are added to letters to change their sound.
These marks are called "diacritics".
In 1886, a group of French and British language teachers formed the International Phonetic Association.
These teachers used the Romic alphabet at first.
They later changed the alphabet so that different languages would all write the same sounds with the same letters.
Use of the alphabet
The IPA is made to have one symbol for every sound.
This means that every letter always makes the same one sound.
This is different from English.
In English, some letters make multiple sounds.
For example, the letter <x> in English normally is spoken as two sounds ([ks]), but could also be spoken as [gz] or [z].
Pulmonic consonants
Pulmonic consonants are made by blocking air coming from the lungs.
Most consonants (and all English consonants) are pulmonic.
The symbols for these sounds are arranged in a table.
The rows show how the sound is made (the manner of articulation), and the columns show where it is made (the place of articulation).
Non-pulmonic consonants
Non-pulmonic consonants are made without air coming from the lungs.
There are three types of non-pulmonic consonants.
Implosive consonants are made by taking air into the mouth.
Ejective consonants are made by forcing the air out of the larynx instead of the lungs.
Click consonants are made by creating an airtight pocket in the mouth and quickly releasing it.
Homepage of the International Phonetic Association
Interactive IPA Flash Charts
Interactive IPA Chart, for all languages
Language transcription
The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in north west England.
It is a popular vacation area, famous for its lakes and its mountains and its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth and the Lake Poets.
The Lake District is about 34 miles (55 km) across (north-to-south or west-to-east).
It is entirely within Cumbria, and is one of England's few mountainous regions.
All the land in England higher than three thousand feet above sea level is in the Park.
25 highest fells
The 25 highest fells (of those given an individual chapter in the Pictorial Guides by Alfred Wainwright) are:
Scafell Pike, 978 m / 3210 ft
Scafell, 965 m / 3162 ft
Helvellyn, 951 m / 3118 ft
Skiddaw, 931 m / 3054 ft
Great End, 910 m / 2986 ft
Bowfell, 902 m / 2960 ft
Great Gable, 899 m / 2949 ft
Pillar, 892 m / 2926 ft
Nethermost Pike, 891 m / 2923 ft
Catstycam, 889 m / 2917 ft
Esk Pike, 885 m / 2903 ft
Raise (Lake District), 883 m / 2896 ft
Fairfield, 873 m / 2863 ft
Blencathra, 868 m / 2847 ft
Skiddaw Little Man, 865 m / 2837 ft
White Side, 863 m / 2831 ft
Crinkle Crags, 859 m / 2818 ft
Dollywaggon Pike, 858 m / 2815 ft
Great Dodd, 857 m / 2807 ft
Grasmoor, 852 m / 2795 ft
Stybarrow Dodd, 843 m / 2772 ft
St Sunday Crag, 841 m / 2759 ft
Scoat Fell, 841 m / 2759 ft
Crag Hill, 839 m / 2753 ft
High Street, 828 m / 2717 ft
Only one lake in the National Park has the word 'Lake' in its name, namely Bassenthwaite Lake.
All the others such as Windermere, Coniston Water, Ullswater and Buttermere use other forms, such as 'mere' and 'water'.
The major lakes and reservoirs in the park are given below.
A number of words/phrases are local to the Lake District and are part of the Cumbrian dialect.
fell - brought to England by Viking invaders and close to modern Norwegian 'Fjell' meaning mountain
tarn - a word that has been taken to mean a small lake in a corrie, it is a local phrase for any small pool of water
Yan Tan Tethera - the name for a system of sheep counting which was traditionally used in the Lake District.
Though now rare, it is still used by some and taught in local schools.
Lake District official website
Lake District Walks
Illustrated Guide to the Lake District
Hollingsworth, S. 'The Geology of the Lake District: a review', Proc.
Geologists Assoc.,
65 (Part 4) 1954
Moseley, F. Geology of the Lake District, Yorkshire Geologic
Chosroes III The Small (or Khosrov III Godag), was the son of Tiridates III, was a member of the Arshakuni Dynasty and the king of Armenia from 330 – 339 AD.
He was a man of short stature, thus his name.
He founded the city of Dvin which later became the Armenian capital.
During his reign, two generals, Vatche Mamikonian and Vahan Amatuni, started a battle, often coming to help the king.
During these years, pro-Sassanid  and anti-Mamikonian sentiment grew in Armenia and so did anti-Roman sentiment.
Pro-Sassanid groups gained popularity so much so that they were successful in assassinating Catholicos St. Aristaces I, son of Gregory the Illuminator.
Shapur II, Sassanid king of the Persians, invaded Armenia twice and did gain some territory.
Vatche Mamikonian was killed in those battles and was later named a saint by the Armenian Apostolic Church for his sacrifice.
Chosroes II died in 339 AD.
339 deaths
Queen Isabella of Armenia (died c. 1252) ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1219–1252.
She was the daughter of Leo II of Armenia and Sybilla of Lusignan (daughter of Amalric I of Cyprus).
Leo named Isabella as his heir.
Her first husband was Philip, son of Bohemund IV of Antioch, whom she married in 1223.
Philip was murdered in 1225.
Her second husband was Hethum (or Hetoum) I, to whom she was married against her will on June 14, 1226.
Hethum was co-ruler (or ruler) of Armenia from 1226 to 1270.
The couple had six children:
Leo III (d. 1289)
Thoros (d. 1266),