the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
This is thought to be the oldest discovered human use of adhesives.
In Europe, glue was not used until the 1500–1700s.
At this time, cabinet and furniture makers such as Thomas Chippendale and Duncan Phyfe started to use adhesives to hold their products together.
In 1690, the first commercial glue plant was established in The Netherlands.
This plant produced glues from animal hides.
In 1750, the first British glue patent was issued for fish glue.
In the 1800s, casein glues were invented and made in German and Swiss factories.
In 1876, the first US patent was issued to the Ross brothers for the production of casein glue.
In 1910, a thermoset plastic known as Bakelite phenolic was made.
In 1912, phenolic resin was applied to plywood as a coating varnish.
Adhesives are usually classified by the method of adhesion.
These are then classified into reactive and non-reactive adhesives, which refers to whether the adhesive chemically reacts in order to harden.
They can also be classified by whether it is made from natural, or synthetic materials.
By reactiveness
Non-reactive
There are two types of adhesives that harden by drying.
They are solvent-based adhesives and polymer dispersion adhesives.
They are also known as emulsion adhesives.
Solvent-based adhesives are a mixture of ingredients (usually polymers) dissolved in a solvent.
White glue, contact adhesives and rubber cements are drying adhesives.
As the solvent evaporates, the adhesive hardens.
A polymer based adhesive is a milky white coloured mixture that is based on polyvinyl acetate (PVA).
They are used in the woodworking and packaging industries.
They are also used with fabrics and in engineered products such as loudspeakers.
Pressure sensitive
Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) stick to materials when pressure is applied.
The bond forms because the adhesive is soft enough to flow to the adherend.
The bond is very strong because the adhesive is hard enough to resist flow.
PSAs are made for either permanent or removable applications.
Examples of permanent applications include safety label for power equipment, foil tape for HVAC duct work.
Removable adhesives are made to form a temporary bond, and can be removed after months or years without leaving residue on the adherend.
Removable adhesives are used in applications such as surface protection films, masking tapes, bookmark and note papers, barcode labels and price marking labels.
Contact adhesives are used in strong bonds with high shear-resistance like laminates, such as bonding Formica to a wooden counter, and in footwear.
Natural rubber and polychloroprene (Neoprene) are commonly used as contact adhesives.
Contact adhesives must be applied to both surfaces.
It must be allowed some time to dry.
Once the surfaces are pushed together, the bond forms very quickly.
Hot adhesives, are thermoplastics applied in melted form which turns into a solid when it cools to form strong bonds between.
Ethylene-vinyl acetate-based hot-melts are mainly used for crafts.
Anaerobic
Multi-part
Multi-component adhesives harden by mixing two or more chemical which react together.
There are several commercial combinations of multi-component adhesives in use in industry.
Some of these combinations are:
Polyester resin – polyurethane resin
Polyols – polyurethane resin
Acrylic polymers – polyurethane resins
DIYinfo.org's Glues, Adhesives, Sealants And Gap Fillers Wiki  - Heaps of practical information on adhesives
Adhesive and Sealant Council
ASI Magazine
Gums, or gingiva, the soft tissue partly covering teeth
Chewing gum, a type of confectionery
Bubble gum
Functional gum
Gum base
Gum industry
Vegetable gums, natural gums:
Guar gum
Postage stamp gum
Gum Springs, Arkansas, a town
Trees:
Gum tree (Eucalyptus; Australia and cultivated in other warm areas)
Black gum (Tupelo, Nyssa; eastern North America)
Sweet-gum (Liquidambar; eastern North America and Asia)
Log gum
Astronomy:
Gum (crater), on the Moon
Gum Nebula, an emission nebula
Colin Stanley Gum (1924-1960), Australian astronomer
See also: GUM
Natural gums are polysaccharides of natural origin, that can change the viscosity of a material in solution, even at small concentrations.
Agar (E406), obtained from seaweed
Alginic acid (E400), from seaweed
Beta-glucan, from oat or barley bran
Carrageenan (E407), from seaweed
Gum arabic, from Acacia
Mastic gum, a chewing gum from ancient Greece obtained from the mastic tree
Sodium alginate (E401), from seaweed
Spruce gum, a chewing gum of American Indians obtained from spruce trees
In palaeontology: the process where organic material is converted to inorganic substance.
Waterborne minerals replace organic material in the body of an organism that has died and was buried by sediments.
The minerals may be such as calcium carbonate (calcite), iron oxide (hematite or limonite) or silica (quartz).
In mining geology, the deposition of metals as ore bodies or "lodes" by various processes.
For example, the deposition of metals by hydrothermal vents.
In soil science, the release of organic compounds during decomposition.
Ali ibn Abi Talib (‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib) () (Approximately March 17, 599- January 28, 661) was an early Islamic leader.
He was the fourth Sunni caliph and the first Shia imam.
Since Ali stated that his body should remain a secret, his followers tied his body on a white camel, and went towards northern Afghanistan.
Before being assassinated, Ali had reportedly given instructions to bury his body at the spot where the camel would die.
At this location in Balkh, the white camel expired and Ali was buried secretly.
In the 15th century, Abd al-Ghafur Lari is believed to discover Ali's tomb.
Sunni biography
Biography from USC's MSA website
Shi'a biography
Brief Biography
Ali's Birth in the Kaaba
Website devoted to the Life of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
Sayings of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
Imam Ali Quotes on various topics
Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib  The Commander of the Faithfull
Imam Ali foundation
Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Nahjul Balagha
Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib's status
Imam Ali
Last will
599 births
661 deaths
Imams
The Zakarid Armenia describes territories of Armenia given to the Zakarid-Mxargrzeli princes as a fief by Tamar, the queen of the Kingdom of Georgia.
The complex relationship between women and Islam is shown by both Islamic texts and the history and culture of the Muslim world.
Islamic scholars maintain that the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, affirms women's religious and moral equality.
Islamic feminism is a type of feminism that focuses on women in Islam.
Nawal El Saadawi is an Egyptian feminist who has written many books about women in Islam.
A chador (Persian چادر) is a piece of clothing.
It is for Muslim women.
In Iran, women wear  a chador in public.
The Chador covers all the body except the face.
However some religious women, cover their faces with their chador too.
A chador is a full-length semi-circle of fabric open down the front.
It is thrown over the head and held shut in front.
A chador has no hand openings or closures but is held shut by the hands or by wrapping the ends around the waist.
Inside, a vortex mixer has an electric motor which turns a pipe facing upwards.
This pipe is attached to a small rubber bowl where one can put a beaker of liquid to be mixed up.
The rubber bowl turns quickly and creates a vortex or a spiral flow inside any liquid which is placed on it and is therefore mixed up.
Most vortex mixers have controls which let the user control how fast or slow they want the mixer to turn and can also set it to turn continuously for a certain length of time.
Where they are used
IKA – A vortex mixer manufacturer
VELP – A vortex mixer manufacturer
In depth information on the VSM-3 Vortex Mixer
Talboy – A vortex mixer manufacturer
In-depth article on vortex mixers
In-depth article on the structure of a vortex mixer
A Niqab is a piece of clothing.
Women who wear niqab in public are called Niqabi.
There are many Niqabis in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar,Yemen and Egypt.
Niqab covers all the woman's body including the face.
Niqab around the world
In France, Italy, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, Latvia, Bulgaria, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Tunisia, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands wearing a niqab (and the burqa) in public is illegal.
And in more countries, it is illegal to enter a government building, public building, public transport, schools, or to drive a vehicle with a niqab (or a burqa).
Hira is a cave.
It is on the Arabian Peninsula.
Prophet Mohammad lived in this cave for forty days.
Muslims believed that God spoke to Mohammad in Hira through angel Gabriel.
Story about Hira
Hakīm Abul-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī (935-1020) () or Ferdowsi is a Persian poet.
Ferdowsi was born in Tus.
He wrote the Shāhnāma.
Shahnama is the national epic of Iran.
935 births
Hakim Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Balkhi (935/942-976/980) (Persian: حكیم ابومنصور محمد بن احمد دقیقی بلخی) or Daqiqi was a Persian poet.
He was a Zoroastrian.
His slave killed him.
He wrote the Goshtaspnama.
10th-century births
10th-century deaths
Edward VII (9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was the king of the United Kingdom from 1901 to 1910, which is called the Edwardian period.
He was the first British monarch whose royal house was called the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. (
King Edward's son, George V, changed the name to Windsor in 1917 and this name is in use today.)
Edward was born Albert Edward and was the oldest son of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert.
He was Prince of Wales and heir apparent for longer than any other person (up until that time).
His mother was queen for 63 years and Edward was 59 years old when he became king.
In his younger years as Prince of Wales, he was known as a playboy and popularized many trends in fashion.
He married Alexandra of Denmark, but he had many mistresses.
Family and legacy
Edward VII was the father of George V and grandfather of Edward VIII and George VI.
He is also the great-grandfather of the present queen, Elizabeth II.
There are a number of statues of Edward VII around the British Isles and Commonwealth realms.
Edward was given a grand state funeral with the largest gathering of royalty taken place anywhere in the 20th century.
It included Wilhelm II, the Kaiser of the German Empire (who would later be at war with Britain) and Nicholas II, the Tsar of the Russian Empire, as well as many others.
For the first time in royal history, Edward lay in state for the people to pay their last respects, a reflection of his immense popularity.
Edward was king for only nine years but made a lasting impression.
He became increasingly popular with his people and was credited as a peacemaker for his work in maintaining world stability at a time when war seemed to be looming.
He died at the age of 68 in 1910.
Four years later, the peace he worked so hard to keep was broken with the start of World War I (1914–1918).
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Companion of the Order of the Star of India
1900s in the United Kingdom
Adhesive tape that will stick with application of pressure only (i.e. without activation by water, solvent or heat) is known as pressure sensitive tape.
It can consist of a wide variety of tape backings and pressure sensitive adhesives.
Pressure Sensitive Tape Council
The History of Pressure Sensitive Tape
Tape refers to a strip of long, thin and narrow matter, usually rolled up.
It can also refer to any of these.
Adhesive tape, including:
Gaffer tape
Masking tape
Electrical tape
Cassette Tape, a magnetic data/audio storage device
Tape measure
Tape dispenser
Tape worm
Tape (movie), a 2001 film
Twill tape, a narrow, sturdy woven fabric used like string
Red tape, a colloquialism for heavy or undesirable bureaucratic process
Optical celluloid tape used in movie projectors (a possible precursor to the compact disc)
Tape (pr.
tah-peh), an alternative spelling of tapai, an Indonesian fermented food.
Roman Polanski (born Rajmund Roman Thierry Polanski, 18 August 1933) is a French-Polish movie director, producer, writer and actor.
In 2003, he won the Academy Award for Best Director for his film, The Pianist.p148p186
Polanski was born in Paris, France but his family moved back to Poland in 1937.p313p250 His parents were agnostics.
Because the family was Jewish, they were persecuted by the Nazis in Poland and forced to live in a ghetto.p2/4 Polanski's mother died at Auschwitz.p2 He later went to film school at Lodz  and graduated in 1959.
Polanski won many awards for his short movies and went on to make full-length movies in the United Kingdom and the United States.
While filming the movie Fearless Vampire Killers he met an actress named Sharon Tate.p58/9 Polanski married her in 1968.p75/6 In August 1969, Polanski was in London, and Tate was pregnant.
Tate and some of their friends were murdered in Los Angeles, California, by people who followed Charles Manson.
Polanski dated Nastassja Kinski who later starred in his film Tess.
In 1977, Polanski got in trouble with the law in California when he was caught having sex with a 13-year-old girl called Samantha Gailey (now Geimer).
Polanski went to France.
In the 1990s, Polanski paid an undisclosed sum of money to the woman, in exchange for her dropping the charges.
He was arrested in Switzerland in September 2009.
He was arrested at the request of the United States, so Switzerland could extradite him to the United States.
On July 12, 2010, the Swiss freed Polanski, and decided not to extradite him to Los Angeles.
The Swiss Justice Ministry did not believe the legal strength of the United States extradition request.
According to the press release, the Swiss authorities asked for copies of the proceedings that would justify the extradition.
"The request (..) was rejected by the US Justice Department on 13 May 2010.
In the circumstances, it was not possible to exclude with the necessary certainty that Roman Polanski had not already served the sentence imposed at the time and as a result, the extradition request was seriously flawed.
Given the persistent doubts as to the precise facts of the case, the request had to be rejected."
Polanski is still a fugitive (wanted by the police) in America.
However, Geimer has said "I would love to see him resolve it, the sooner, the better...if we could just put this to rest, that would be great".p180 Polanski apologized to Geimer in a film documentary.
Bernard Kouchner, a French public official, has denounced the USA's extradition request as "sinister" because it came so long after the event.
Knife in the Water (1962) p21
Repulsion (1965) p40
Cul-de-Sac (1966).p53
The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967).p58/62
Rosemary's Baby (1968).p64
Macbeth (1971).
What? (
1973)  .
Pirates (1986).p117/8
Frantic (1988) p119
Bitter Moon (1992 ).p121/2
Death and the Maiden (1994) p125/6
The Ninth Gate (1999).p131/4
The Pianist (2002) p139
Oliver Twist (2005).p151/6
The Ghost Writer (2010)
Carnage (2011).
Venus in Fur (2013)
Based on a True Story (2017)
An Officer and a Spy (2019)
In October 2017, Polanski returned to Poland to appear in a documentary about his childhood during the Holocaust and after the war, with his longtime friend, the photographer Ryszard Horowitz.
They visited Krakow and the village, where Polanski was in hiding after fleeing the ghetto.
The film is produced and directed by Mateusz Kudla and Anna Kokoszka-Romer.
Child sexual abusers
Jewish actors
Jewish criminals
Jewish French writers
Polish movie directors
Polish movie producers
Polish screenwriters
Watford (pronounced wot-fud) is a large town and borough in Hertfordshire in the East of England.
In 2011, it had a population of 131,928 people, making it Hertfordshire's largest settlement.
Despite being Hertfordshire's largest town, the county town is Hertford.
Watford is one of the few places that are not in London to have a London Underground station and to be on the Tube Map.
Watford has four mainline train stations, Watford Junction, Watford High Street, Watford North and Garston, as well as the tube station.
Watford Junction is on the West Coast Main Line between London Euston and Glasgow Central and is also on the London Overground Watford DC line to London Euston.
Watford High Street is also on this line.
Watford North and Garston are on the Abbey Line to St Albans Abbey.
Watford tube station is on the Metropolitan line.
Watford has a professional football club, Watford FC, who have played in the Premier League.
They play their home matches at Vicarage Road Stadium.
Mainz, Germany
Nanterre, France
Pesaro, Italy
Velikiy Novgorod, Russia
Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
Unitary authority districts of England
Home Alone is a 1990 American comedy action movie mostly set in Chicago, Illinois, Paris, Dallas, and Scranton.
It was written and produced by 20th Century Fox by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus.
It stars Macaulay Culkin and features Joe Pesci, Daniel Stern, John Heard, Catherine O'Hara, Roberts Blossom, and John Candy.
The film follows Kevin McCallister (Macaulay Culkin), an eight-year old boy who is mistakenly left behind by his family when they go on a vacation to France, over Christmas.
While his family is gone, Kevin initially relishes being alone and learns to take care of himself, but soon his excitement sours as he must stop two bumbling burglars, Harry (Joe Pesci) and Marv (Daniel Stern), who are planning to rob every house in his neighborhood, from trying to burgle his house too by setting up a series of booby traps.
After falling for most of Kevin's booby traps, Harry and Marv trap him in a vacant house that they robbed earlier and plan to kill Kevin, but his elderly friendly neighbor, Old Man Marley (Roberts Blossom), sneaks in, knocks them unconscious with his snow shovel, takes Kevin home, and the burglars get arrested.
The next morning, it is Christmas and Kevin's parents and siblings come back, while his aunt, uncle, and cousins are still in France.
The film was very popular and was followed by five sequels (two theatrical sequels, two made-for-television films, and one reboot): Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992).
This film brought back most of the original film's cast and has a similar plot and continuity.
Home Alone 3 (1997) had different kids and villains.
Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House (2002) is the first made-for-television movie and features some of the main characters from the first two films, but with a new cast.
Like Home Alone 3, Home Alone 5: The Holiday Heist (2012) doesn't revolve around Kevin, but with newer characters and is the second made-for-television movie.
A reboot of the film titled Home Sweet Home Alone released on November 12, 2021.
In its opening weekend, Home Alone grossed $17 milliion in 1,202 theaters.
The film was nominated for Best Original Score and for Best Original Song.
Composer John Williams wrote the music for the movie, as well as Home Alone 2, and some popular songs that have already existed were played during the movie as well.
1990 comedy movies
1990s criminal comedy movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies produced by John Hughes
Movies set in San Diego, California
The word hijab is used in particular to refer to clothing which covers a woman's chest, head and hair.
This is often done in Islam for females over the age of puberty.
The headscarf, a symbol of hijab, is worn in the presence of adult males outside their immediate family.
It is not necessary when females or males are within their immediate family.
The Arabic word used to specifically mean this is "khimār" ().
This "veil" can come in several different types, such as an ordinary veil (which only covers the head), a niqab, a burka also known as an abayah, which covers the entire body, and any form of covering used to veil.
There are many styles to wear.
Muslim men must also observe standards of modest dress.
la:Gilbab
Scooby-Doo is an American long-running animated series that was made for Saturday morning cartoons in many different versions from 1969-present.
The first series, that was called Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!,
was made for Hanna-Barbera Productions.
Hanna-Barbera made many versions like it and other shows like it until everything was made in The WB Television Network.
Warner Bros. currently handles the production (making) of the show.
Lars Thiesgaard – Scooby Doo
Timm Mehrens – Stubbe
Vibeke Dueholm – Susan
Ann Hjort – Vera
Johan Vinde – Jan
A group of young teenagers and their talking dog solves mysteries in the animated series.
The television show was in the early 2010s.
1969 television series debuts
The Akita Inu is a breed of dog from Japan.
It is usually  high and weighs .
Female Akitas are 5 to 10 kg lighter.
Their coat can be many colors.
There are two coat types in the Akita, the standard coat length and the long coat.
To date, only the American Kennel Club, consider American and Japanese  Akitas to be two varieties of the same breed.
The United Kennel Club and the Japan Kennel Club consider Japanese and American Akitas as separate breeds.
Nezami (Hakīm Nizām ad-Dīn Abū Muhammad Ilyās ibn-Yusūf ibn-Zakī ibn-Mu'ayyid Nezāmi Ganjavi (11411209) )  was a Persian poet.
Nezāmi was born in Ganja, now Azerbaijan.
He wrote five poetry books.
In 1169/1170 the king of Darband sent him the maiden Afaq, and Nizami married her.
In 1174 his son Muhammad was born.
Nizami Gencevi wrote five poems.
The first of them was "Sirler Xezinesi".
The others are "Xosrov ve Shirin", "Leyli ve Mecnun", "Yeddi Gozel" and "Isgendername".
1141 births
1209 deaths
Shahid Balkhi
Boshakor Balkhi
Daqiqi
Mansur Al Hallaj
Kasai Marvazi
Moazzi
Naser Khosrow
Mas'oud Sa'd
Jamal Raza
Jamaluddin Abdurrazzagh Isfahani
Kamaluddin Ishafahi
Attar
Mowlana Rumi
Sanaayi
Bidel Dehlavi
Reza Mirfakhraei
Daryoush Farkhakfar
Shamlou
Mahdi Akhavan Sales
Nima Yooshij
Farrokhi Yazdi
Mohammadreza Alidoosti (محمدرضا علیدوستی)
Ruhollah Khomeini
Daryush Shokof
Mostafa Rahimi
Yahya Alavi Fard
Hadi Khorsandi (هادی خرسندی)
Lists of poets
Iran-related lists
Metric is a Canadian band.
This band was first made in 1998 in Toronto, Ontario.
Metric is made up of Emily Haines, a singer, and also plays the Synthesizer), James Shaw, who plays the guitar, Josh Winstead, who plays bass guitar, and drummer Joules Scott-Key.
Their first CD, called Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?came out in 2003.
Their new CD, Live It Out, was released on October 4, 2005.
Their songs "Monster Hospital" and "Police and the Private" have been used on the television show Grey's Anatomy. "
Monster Hospital" has been used in the television show CSI: Miami.
Metric continued to work on their first CD in the first few months of 2001.
The album under construction included uptempo songs such as the title track "Grow Up and Blow Away", "Raw Sugar", and "Soft Rock Star", and downtempo songs like "White Gold", "The Twist", and "Rock Me Now".
"Parkdale",   Haines and Shaw finished the CD in April and by this time had found a new label — Restless Records, the L.A. indie record company that supported They Might Be Giants, Agent Orange, and The Dead Milkmen.
Metric was heard for the first time by many in August 2001 with the advertisement "Be Afraid", advertising Polaroid's I-Zone Pocket Fortune film.
The music used for the advertisement was taken from the song "Grow Up and Blow Away", with the line "Why does it feel so good to die today?"
changed to  "Why does it feel so good to fly away?".
Old World Underground and Live It Out
In 2003, Metric's first album, Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?
came out in stores.
The album got mostly positive reviews.
The group released six songs individually from the album, the most successful being "Combat Baby", which was  a free song on iTunes in 2004.
As of December 12, 2005 the album went gold in Canada.
Two years later, Metric released their second studio album on October 4, Live It Out.
During this time, Metric was asked and agreed to open for the Rolling Stones in New York City.
Live It Out has been a success in Canada, already selling twice as many copies as Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?.
The album has gone two times platinum in Canada, selling over 200,000 copies.
The band is currently recording their third album, to come out in October 2007 in Toronto.
Information about the album without a name is not yet out to the public.
Grow Up and Blow Away (Recorded 1999   or 2001  ) (Released 2007)
Old World Underground, Where Are You Now? (
Live It Out (2005)
Fantasies (2009)
Synthetica (2012)
Mainstream EP (1998)
Static Anonymity EP (2001)
Live at Metropolis (2007)
Plug In Plug Out (2009)
Spotify Acoustic EP (2010)
Spotify Covers EP (2010)
iTunes Session EP (2011)
Grow Up And Blow Away (UK remix promo cd) (2002/Restless Records(*acquired by Rykodisc 2001))  (4:12/UNGR203)  (Produced by Metric Remixed by Uncle Grant)
Combat Baby
Succexy (promo)
Dead Disco (promo) (Top 10 on Edge 102 Toronto)
Monster Hospital UK #55/CAN #1
Poster of a Girl CAN #3
Handshakes (radio promo) CAN #17
Empty (Digital and Vinyl single released Feb 12/07)
Metric on MySpace
Last Gang Records
Animated music video for the song "Dead Disco (live)"  taken from KUOM's Stuck on AM, volume 5
A great acoustic piano session By Emily Haines
Last.fm page for Metric
Complete Lyric Database
Lazy-i Interview: October 2005
Abu Abdullah Jafar ibn Mohammad ibn Hakim ibn Abdurrahman ibn Adam Rudaki Samarghandi (859 - c. 941) () or Rudaki was a Persian poet.
He was born in Panjakent, Tajikistan and lived in Samarghand.
Rudaki translated the old Indian fable book Panchatantra into Persian verse.
His poems are collected in diwan.
Cedar of Samarkand(Rudaki Continuous Poems Description),Poopak Niktalab , Printed 2020 , Faradid Publishing
859 births
941 deaths
Baba Taher () was a Persian poet.
He lived in Hamadan, a city in Iran.
Baha Taher songs are read in Pahlavi languages.
His tomb is in Hamadan, western Iran.
11th-century deaths
Hakīm Abul-Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow Balkhi Dehlavi (1253-1325) () or Amir Khosrow is a Persian poet.
Amir Khusrow lived in Delhi.
His poems are in Persian and Hindi.
Allaudin Khilji (1296 A.D - 1316 A.D) had a court minister named Hazrat Amir Khusro who was said to be highly gifted in music with an exceptionally innovative mind.
His contribution to Hindustani classical music was said to be unmatched.
It is also said that he created the Sitar (probably inspired by the Veena and other string instruments of Persia).
The modification of the Pakhawaj into the Tabla is also credited to him.
It has also been said that Amir Khusro introduced many styles of singing including Khayal, Tarana, Ghazal and Qawali.
He is credited for some most popular Ragas like Yaman, Poorya and Poorvi.
1253 births
1325 deaths
Khwajeh Shams al-Din Muhammad Hafez-e Shirazi (also spelled Hafiz) (born between 1310 and 1337, believed to have died at age 69) () or Hafez is a Persian poet.
Hafez learnt the Quran by heart at an early age.
His poems are collected in Divan e Hafez.
William Jones translated his work into English in 1771.
Despite his profound effect on Persian life and culture and his enduring popularity and influence, few details of his life are known, and particularly about his early life there is a great deal of more or less mythical anecdote.
Some of the early tazkeras (biographical sketches) mentioning Hafez are generally considered unreliable.
One early document discussing Hafez' life is the preface of his Divān, which was written by an unknown contemporary of Hafez whose name may have been Moḥammad Golandām.
The generally accepted modern edition of Hafez's Divān is known as Qazvini-Ḡani, edited by Moḥammad Qazvini and Qāsem Ḡani.
Legends of Hafez
Many semi-miraculous mythical tales were woven around Hāfez after his death.
Four of them are:
It is said that, by listening to his father's recitations, Hāfez had accomplished the task of learning the Qur'an by heart, at an early age (that is in fact the meaning of the word Hafez).
At the same time Hāfez is said to have known by heart, the works of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi, Saadi, Farid ud-Din and Nezami.
According to one tradition, before meeting Hajji Zayn al-Attar, Hāfez had been working in a local bakery.
Hāfez delivered bread to a rich quarter of the town where he saw Shakh-e Nabat, allegedly a woman of great beauty, to whom some of his poems are addressed.
In the knowledge that his love for her would not be requited and ravished by her beauty, he allegedly had his first mystic vigil in his desire to realize this union, whereupon, overcome by a being of a surpassing beauty (who identifies himself as an angel), he begins his mystic path of realization, in pursuit of spiritual union with the divine.
The obvious Western parallel is that of Dante and Beatrice.
At age 60 he is said to have begun a chelleh-nashini, a 40-day-and-night vigil by sitting in a circle which he had drawn for himself.
On the 40th day, he once again met with Zayn al-Attar on what is known to be their fortieth anniversary and was offered a cup of wine.
It was there where he is said to have attained "Cosmic Consciousness".
Hāfez hints at this episode in one of his verses where he advises the reader to attain "clarity of wine" by letting it "sit for 40 days".
In one famous tale, the famed conqueror Tamerlane angrily summoned Hāfez to him to give him an explanation for one of his verses
14th-century births
Iranian poets
Forough Farrokhzad (January 5, 1935 — February 13, 1967) () was an Iranian poetess.
She lived in Tehran.
In 1967, she died in a car accident.
She was thirty-two.
Maryam Dilmaghani translated her poems to English in 2006.
Ahmad Shamlou (December 12, 1925 – July 24, 2000) () or Shamlou was a Persian poet, writer and journalist.
In 1954, he was arrested.
He was freed in 1955.
Shamlou published more than seventy books.
He wrote short stories, novels, plays, essays and poems.
He died in Tehran and was buried in Karaj.
Parvin E'tesami (March 17, 1907 – April 5, 1941; ) is an Iranian poetess.
She was daughter of Yosuf E'tesami, Iranian poet and writer.
She started poetry when she was 9.
Alladin Pazargadi translated her works from Persian into English in 2000.
Hafez or Khwajeh Shams al-Din Muhammad Hafez-e Shirazi, an Iranian mystic and poet.
Sometimes credited as "Hafiz" or "Hafiz of Shiraz".
Hafiz (Quran), a term used by Muslims for people who have completely memorized the Qur'an
al-Hafiz (d. 1149), the eleventh Caliph of the Fatimids
Hafez al-Assad (1930-2000), president of Syria from 1971 to 2000
Mohamed Ali Hafez, Egyptian Federation for Scouts and Girl Guides Scouting notable, awardee of the Bronze Wolf in 1965
Hafiz, a former member of the Malaysian rock band One Buck Short.
Jihad is an Arabic word meaning "to struggle".
Muslims (believers in Islam) use this word to talk about defending the faith and protecting their family and nation, as well as defending innocent people.
It can also mean fighting with yourself to become a better person.
It is an official part of Shi'a Islam, but it is not an official part of Sunni Islam, though some call it the sixth pillar of Islam.
In some cases, there have been 'Jihads' that have self immolated themselves, in order to get into heaven.
There are suicide bombers, who blow themselves up, because they think that it is right and that they are cleaning the world's filth.
This is, however, wrong in Islam.
It is a major sin to commit suicide or homicide.
Killing another human being in Islam is the equivalent of killing all of humanity.
On the contrary, saving another human being's life is the equivalent of saving all of humanity.
Postfix notation is a mathematical notation.
Postfix notation is also known as Reverse Polish Notation.
The notation was invented by Charles Hamblin in 1920.
He used Jan Łukasiewicz's prefix notation.
Some computer languages, like Postscript use Postfix notation.
It is also used in some models of Hewlett-Packard calculators
With postfix notation, the operations are noted after their arguments.
Because of this, postfix is relatively easy to do with computers that have a stack to do calculations.
Further Explanation
Reverse Polish Notation uses a system that involve "stacks", each of which stores a certain value in specific ranks.
The stacks usually start off with the first stack (often called the X stack), followed by the second stack (often called the Y stack), the third stack, and so on.
New values can be entered on the first stack by pushing up the stack ranks by one.
On a Reverse Polish Notation calculator, the "Enter" function would do the same.
Using a common operator (plus, minus, multiply, or divide) will make the operator act from the first stack to the second stack.
For example, the Reverse Polish Notation "12 3 /" means "take the numbers 12 and 3, then divide 12 by 3".
On a Reverse Polish Calculator, this is written as "12 Enter 3 /", to denote each declared ranking up of the stacks.
Reverse Polish Notation is able to deal with expressions involving brackets too.
Suppose there is a normal equation "4 * (5 + 8)".
In Reverse Polish Notation, this expression will be formatted as "5 8 + 4 *".
The "5 8 +" part refers to the bracket "5 + 8" to equal 13.
The "4 *" part refers to multiplying the result together to get 52.
On that step, the resulting stack from adding 5 and 8 is automatically raised one rank after adding in the new value 4.
Then using the multiply operator will multiply the sum of 5 and 8 by 4 will equal 52.
Documentation included with early Hewlett-Packard calculators explained RPN as the same method you would use to evaluate an expression using paper and pencil.
Basically, first you write down the arguments and then perform the arithmetic function.
From the calculator's perspective, you must provide the argument(s) before calling the function.
The benefit of a calculator with RPN is that you are always certain to which numbers (or intermediate calculation results) a function is being applied.
Infix notation is the common arithmetic and logical formula notation, in which operators are written infix-style between the operands they act on (e.g. 2 + 2).
It is not as simple to parse by computer as prefix notation ( e.g. + 2 2 ) or postfix notation ( e.g. 2 2 + ), but many programming languages use it due to its familiarity.
In infix notation, unlike in prefix or postfix notations, parentheses surrounding groups of operands and operators are necessary to indicate the intended order in which operations are to be performed.
These are explained in the order of operations article.
postfix notation, also called Reverse Polish notation
prefix notation, also called Polish notation
Shunting yard algorithm, used to convert infix notation to postfix notation or to a tree
RPN or DAL?
A brief analysis of Reverse Polish Notation against Direct Algebraic Logic
Fiqh or Islamic jurisprudence () is an expansion of Sharia law and is meant to be used with fatwas by Islamic clerics (known as 'Ulema' in Arabic) to help Muslims not break Sharia law.
Fiqh is a section of Islamic law which deals with acts of Muslim, that includes both worship and daily life actions.
**Islamic jurisprudence or Feqh illustrates Islamic Law for Acts of Worship such as Prayer, Zakat, Fasting, Hajj, and Purification.
Dir en grey is a rock band from Japan.
They began in 1997.
They have recorded twenty eight singles, three EPs and eight albums, of which they have released three in Europe and two in the United States.
Vocal Kyou use growl, falset, mixvoice and hoistle voice in their music.
Their music mixes rock and metal with tribal music.
Many visual kei bands are influenced by Dir en grey.
Kyo (京) – vocals
Kaoru (薫) – guitar
Die – guitar
Toshiya – bass
Shinya – drums
Gauze (1999)
Macabre (2000)
Kisou (2002)
Vulgar (2003)
Withering to Death. (
The Marrow of a Bone (2007)
Uroboros (2008)
Dum Spiro Spero (2011)
Hurricane Wilma was the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in terms of pressure in the Atlantic Ocean.
It destroyed parts of the Yucatán Peninsula and southern Florida during October in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Wilma broke several records for both strength and seasonal activity.
Wilma was only the third Category 5 ever to develop in the month of October, and with its formation, the 2005 season became the most active hurricane season on record, exceeding a total of 21 storms from the 1933 season.
Wilma was the twenty-second storm (including it was a subtropical storm as discovered in reanalysis), thirteenth hurricane, sixth major hurricane, and fourth Category 5 hurricane of the record-breaking Atlantic hurricane season.
Meterological history
The meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma, the strongest tropical cyclone known in the Western Hemisphere, began in the second week of October 2005.
A big weather system formed across much of the Caribbean Sea and slowly organized to the southeast of Jamaica.
By late on October 15, the system had become strong enough for the National Hurricane Center to name it Tropical Depression Twenty-Four.
The depression slowly moved southwestward, and in conditions that were good for strengthening, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Wilma on October 17.
In the beginning, development was slow because of its large size, although thunderstorms slowly organized.
From October 18, and over the next day, Wilma underwent explosive deepening over the open waters of the Caribbean; in a 30-hour period, the system's central atmospheric pressure dropped from 982 mbar (29.00 inHg) to the record-low value of 882 mbar (26.05 inHg), while the winds increased to 185 mph (300 km/h).
At its strongest, the pinhole eye of Wilma was about 3 miles (5 km) in diameter, the smallest known eye in an Atlantic hurricane.
After the inner eye died off because of an eyewall replacement cycle, Wilma weakened to Category 4 status, and on October 21, it made landfall on Cozumel and on the Mexican mainland with winds of about 150 mph (240 km/h).
Wilma weakened over the Yucatán Peninsula, and reached the southern Gulf of Mexico before speeding up northeastward.
Despite increasing amounts of wind shear, the hurricane re-strengthened to hit Cape Romano, Florida as a major hurricane.
Wilma weakened as it quickly crossed the state, and entered the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter, Florida.
The hurricane again re-intensified before cold air and wind shear penetrated the inner core of convection.
On October 26, it turned into an extratropical cyclone, and the next day, the remnants of Wilma were absorbed by another extratropical storm over Atlantic Canada.
Meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma
2005 in Canada
2000s in Cuba
Hurricanes in Mexico
2000s in Belize
History of the Cayman Islands
2000s in Haiti
2000s in Honduras
2000s in Jamaica
2000s in Nicaragua
2000s in the Bahamas
Hurricanes in Florida
October 2005 events
The Yucatán Peninsula is a peninsula in North America.
It separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico.
The peninsula is east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a northwestern geographic divider, separating Central America from the rest of North America.
The peninsula includes the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo; the northern part of Belize; and Guatemala's northern department of El Petén.
Mexican states on the isthmus to the south and west of the peninsula include Chiapas and Tabasco.
The Chicxulub crater is on the north coast.
It is believed to be made by the impact that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Geography of Belize
Geography of Guatemala
The city in New Zealand is at Clarksville, New Zealand
Clarksville is a city in Montgomery County, Tennessee, USA.
Clarksville is the county seat of Montgomery County and is Tennessee's fifth largest city.
As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 132,929, and as of 2017 had an estimated population of 153,205.
Clarksville is the central city of the Clarksville-Hopkinsville metropolitan statistical area, which is made up of Montgomery County, Tennessee, and Christian County, Kentucky.
Cities in Tennessee
Live Earth was a series of concerts held on July 7, 2007, and were organized by Al Gore, who used to be the vice president.
Inspired by Live Aid and Live 8, Live Earth was held to raise awareness about global warming.
It was held in cities on every continent in the world, even Antarctica, and stars like Madonna and the Foo Fighters came out to help.
Wembley Stadium (United Kingdom)
SOS All-Stars (with drummers Roger Taylor of Queen, Taylor Hawkins of Foo Fighters and Chad Smith of Red Hot Chili Peppers)
Damien Rice & David Gray
Paolo Nutini
Terra Naomi
Madonna with Eugene Hütz & Sergey Ryabtzev of Gogol Bordello
June Sarpong
Ryan Bonifacino
Giants Stadium (East Rutherford, New Jersey, United States)
Keith Urban with special guest Alicia Keys
The Police with special guests John Mayer and Kanye West
Dhani Jones
Petra Nemcova
Randy Jackson
Abigail and Spencer Breslin
Robert Kennedy, Jr.
National Mall (United States)
Blues Nation
Native Roots
Sydney Football Stadium (Australia)
Toni Collette & the Finish
Sneaky Sound System
Paul Kelly
The John Butler Trio
Jimmy Barnes
Hamish & Andy
Tim Ross
Adam Spencer
Coca Cola Dome (South Africa)
Danny K
Vusi Mahlasela
The Parlotones
DJ Suga
Makuhari Messe (Japan)
Genki Rockets
Tō-ji (Japan)
HSH Nordbank Arena (Germany)
Shakira with Gustavo Cerati
Stefan Gwildis
Silbermond
Michael Mittermeier
Jan Delay
Reamonn with Ritmo Del Mundo
Samy Deluxe
Katharina Witt
Nova Meierhenrich
Holger Ponick
Andreas Kuhlage
Tim Mälzer
Oli P.
Gülcan Karahancı
Simon Gosejohann
Eberhard Brandes (WWF Germany)
Charlotte Engelhardt
Copacabana Beach (Brazil)
Jorge Ben Jor
Oriental Pearl Tower (China)
Evonne Hsu
Soler
Huang Xiao Ming
Winnie Hsin
Wang Xiao Kun
Wang Chuang Jun
Wang Rui
Pu Ba Jia
Rothera Research Station (Antarctica)
2007 in music
Wembley Stadium was a sports arena in London, England.
It was built in 1923 and was first known as the Empire Stadium, but because the area it was in is named "Wembley," it was renamed "Wembley Stadium."
It featured twin towers by the entrance.
As well as being a sports arena, it had also been the site for several concerts.
The most famous one is the Live Aid concert held there in July of 1985.
In 2000, Wembley Stadium was closed.
In 2003, it was demolished, and a brand-new stadium with the same name was put up in its place.
1923 establishments in England
2003 disestablishments in England
The inch of mercury (inHg or "Hg) was a non-SI unit of pressure.
It was used for measuring barometric pressure, (the thickness of air), in weather forecasts, and aviation (flying), but was replaced by the pascal.
1 inHg at 0 °C = 3,386.389 Pa.
Lou Costello, born Louis Francis Cristillo (March 6, 1906 – March 3, 1959), was an American actor and comedian best known as half of the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, with Bud Abbott.
Kirstie Louise Alley (born January 12, 1951) is an American actress famous for her role in the TV show Cheers, where she played Rebecca Howe from 1987 to 1993, winning an Emmy as the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for 1991.
A year later, she won a Golden Globe for her acting in Cheers as well.
She won an Emmy in 1994 for her role in the TV-drama David's Mother.
Other roles that have been well-liked by the public and the critics that Alley is known for include: playing Diane Barrows in It Takes Two and a single mother in Look Who's Talking, Look Who's Talking Too, and Look Who's Talking Now (all co-starring John Travolta).
Alley has won two People's Choice Awards in the years 1991 and 1998.
From 1971 until 1977 Kirstie was married to Robert Alley.
They began dating in high school and were distant cousins.
From 1983 until 1997 she was married to Parker Stevenson.
They have two children, son William True Stevenson (born September 28, 1992) and daughter Lillie Price Stevenson (born June 15, 1994).
William and Lillie were adopted.
Alley was raised Methodist but is now a member of the Church of Scientology.
In 2007, Alley gave $5 million to the Church of Scientology.
Kirstie Alley - Fab Actress
Unofficial List of Scientology courses completed by Kirstie Alley
Kirstie Alley latest news and blogs
Actors from Wichita, Kansas
Seth Elijah Adkins (born October 30, 1989) is an American actor.
He made his debut in the mid-1990s as a child artiste in the TV shows Small Talk and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch in 1996 and the films ...First Do No Harm and Titanic in 1997.
He later made a successful transition to an adult performer.
One of his most recent roles was in Matt Reeves' Let Me In (2010).
He is also the current actor for Walt Disney's Pinocchio.
Adkins was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
He has two elder brothers, Zachary (b. 1978) and Josh (b. 1981).
His father is a principal and his mother a former teacher.
At an early age and with the support of his parents, Adkins followed his older brother into the acting profession.
He graduated in 2008 from the Public Academy for Performing Arts.
Adkins made his debut in 1996, in the shows Small Talk and in Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.
He appeared in the series ER, and C-16: FBI, and in the films ...First Do No Harm, Stir, Titanic.
He voiced Duby in the film Baby Geniuses.
He had a role in the television movie Wuthering Heights, and in the feature films Funky Monkey, Bad News Bears, Privileged, and Let Me In.
Adkins also appeared in the television series CSI: Miami and Touched by an Angel, Judging Amy, NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service, and Crash.
Seth Adkins's official website
Daniel Louis Aiello, Jr. (June 20, 1933 – December 12, 2019) was an Italian-American actor.
He was in many movies.
These include Once Upon a Time in America, Ruby, The Godfather: Part II, Hudson Hawk, The Purple Rose of Cairo, Moonstruck, Léon: The Professional, Two Days in the Valley, and Dinner Rush.
He is most famous for his role in the 1989 Spike Lee movie Do the Right Thing.
Aiello was nominated for a "Best Supporting Actor" Academy Award in 1990 for his role as Sal, the pizzeria owner.
He won an Emmy Award in 1981.
Aiello was born in New York City.
He died on December 12, 2019, at the age of 86 at a hospital in Saddle River, New Jersey.
He had an infection caused by medical treatment.
Bang the Drum Slowly (1973) as Horse
The Godfather Part II (1974) as Tony Rosato
The Godmothers (1975) (uncredited)
The Front (1976) as Danny LaGattuta
Hooch (1977)
Fingers (1978) as Butch
Bloodbrothers (1978) as Artie
Defiance (1980) as Carmine
Hide in Plain Sight (1980) as Sal Carvello
Fort Apache, The Bronx (1981) as Morgan
Chu Chu and the Philly Flash (1981) as Johnson
Once Upon a Time in America (1984) as Police Chief Vincent Aiello
Old Enough (1984) as Mr. Bruckner
Deathmask (1984) as Capt.
Mike Grasso
Broadway Danny Rose (1984) (uncredited)
The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985) as Monk
The Stuff (1985) as Vickers
The Protector (1985) as Danny Garoni
Key Exchange (1985) as Carabello
Radio Days (1987) as Rocco
Man on Fire (1987) as Conti
The Pick-up Artist (1987) as Phil Harper
Moonstruck (1987) as Mr. Johnny Cammareri
Russicum - I giorni del diavolo (1988) as George Sherman
The January Man (1989) as Captain Vincent Alcoa
White Hot (1989) as Charlie Buick
Do the Right Thing (1989) as Salvatore "Sal" Fragione
Shocktroop (1989) as John Cunningham
Harlem Nights (1989) as Phil Cantone
Jacob's Ladder (1990) as Louis
Madonna: The Immaculate Collection (1990) as Papa (segment "Papa Don't Preach")
The Closer (1990) as Chester Grant
He Ain't Heavy (1990)
Once Around (1991) as Joe Bella
Hudson Hawk (1991) as Tommy Five-Tone
29th Street (1991) as Frank Pesce Sr.
Ruby (1992) as Jack Ruby
The Godfather Trilogy: 1901-1980 (1992) as Tony Rosato
Mistress (1992) as Carmine Rasso
The Cemetery Club (1993) as Ben Katz
The Pickle (1993) as Harry Stone
Me and the Kid (1993) as Harry
Léon: The Professional (1994) as Tony
Prêt-à-Porter (1994) as Major Hamilton
Save the Rabbits (1994) as Ronnie
Power of Attorney (1995) as Joseph Scassi
Lieberman in Love (1995) as Joe Lieberman
Two Much (1995) as Gene
City Hall (1996) as Frank Anselmo
2 Days in the Valley (1996) Dosmo Pizzo
Mojave Moon (1996) as Al
Dellaventura (1997–1998, 14 episodes) as Anthony Dellaventura
Unforgotten: Twenty-Five Years After Willowbrook as Host
Bring Me the Head of Mavis Davis (1997) as Mr. Rathbone
The Last Don (1997) as Don Domenico Clericuzio
A Brooklyn State of Mind (1997) as Danny Parente
Wilbur Falls (1998) as Phillip Devereaux
Mambo Café (2000) as Joey
Dinner Rush (2000) as Louis Cropa
Prince of Central Park (2000) as Noah Cairn
18 Shades of Dust (2001) as Vincent Dianni
Off Key (2001) as Fabrizio Bernini
(2003) as Tony Santini
Zeyda and the Hitman (2004) as Nathan
The Fool (2005) as Voice of the Dummy
Brooklyn Lobster (2005) as Frank Giorgio
Lucky Number Slevin (2006) as Roth
Last Request (2006) as Pop
A Broken Sole (2006) as The Shoemaker
Harry: A Communication Breakdown (2009) as Narrator
Stiffs (2010) as Frank Tramontana