the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The match also featured Jericho who Punk kicked out of the chamber and suffered a short lasting injury.
Punk was able to win the match and retain his championship.
On the February 20 episode of Raw, Jericho won a 10-Man No.
1 Contender's Battle Royal and earned a match against Punk for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania XXVIII.
To try and gain a psychological edge, Jericho revealed that Punk's father was an alcoholic and also alleged that Punk's sister was a drug addict.
Jericho said that Punk's straight edge philosophy was so that he would not end up falling into the same vices and promised that he would make Punk turn to alcohol by defeating him and winning the championship from him.
A stipulation was added to the match by John Laurinaitis that if Punk was disqualified, he would have lost the championship.
Jericho would then try to get Punk to use a weapon which Punk refused to do.
Punk was able to defeat Jericho and retain his championship at WrestleMania XXVIII.
On both the April 2 and 9 episodes of Raw SuperShow, Punk was able to retain his championship against Mark Henry after he lost to him via count-out and disqualification.
After both of the matches, Jericho would attack Punk and pour alcohol on him.
On the April 16 episode of Raw SuperShow, Punk was able to pin Henry in a no disqualification, no countout match to retain his title.
The feud ended at Extreme Rules when Punk was able to retain his championship by defeating Jericho in a Chicago Street Fight.
Punk would go to feud with Daniel Bryan starting at Over the Limit when Punk was able to retain his championship after he reversed Bryan's finishing submission hold, the "Yes!"
Lock, into a pinning combination.
The replay, however, would show that Punk had visibly tapped out moments after the match finished.
On the SmackDown before the pay-per-view, Bryan would interfere in the non-title match between Punk and Kane to attempt to frame Punk for attacking Kane with a steel chair, which started a three-way rivalry.
On the June 1 episode of SmackDown, a match between Punk and Kane took place for the WWE Championship but it ended in a double disqualification after Bryan ran in and attacked both men.
Bryan's ex-girlfriend AJ would turn her affections towards both Punk and Kane.
The feud ended when Punk was able to defeat Bryan and Kane in a triple threat match at No Way Out after AJ distracted Kane.
Punk was able to defeat Bryan to retain the championship in a No Disqualification match with AJ as the special guest referee at Money in the Bank.
On July 23 episode of Raw named Raw 1000, Punk faced the Money in the Bank winner John Cena and was able to defend his WWE championship but lost the match after Big Show interfered and attack Cena.
After the night's special guest The Rock tried to help Cena, Punk would attack him and turn heel.
On the next Raw, Punk would explain that he attacked The Rock because he was tired of being overshadowed by people like Cena and Rock when the main focus of the company should be on the WWE Champion.
Punk would attack both Cena and Big Show during their number one contender's match later on in the night.
As a result of this, both Cena and Show were put into a title match against Punk at SummerSlam.
At SummerSlam, Punk successfully defended his championship against them in a triple threat match.
During the following weeks, Punk would demand respect from people like AJ Lee, Jerry Lawler and Bret Hart.
He would eventually be managed by Paul Heyman during Punk's feud with Cena.
Punk would face Cena to a draw at Night of Champions.
Even though Cena was suffering from an arm injury, they continued to feud.
Punk would reject Mick Foley and Jim Ross to pick him as his Hell in a Cell opponent and lead to Punk fighting with WWE chairman Vince McMahon.
After Cena's injury made him unable to wrestle at Hell in a Cell, he was replaced by Ryback.
At Hell in a Cell, Punk was able to defeat Ryback and retain his championship after referee Brad Maddox hit Ryback with a low-blow.
On Raw the next night, an angry Mick Foley confronted Punk for not picking John Cena as his Hell in a Cell opponent.
Foley and Punk then agreed to face each other in the traditional five-on-five elimination tag team at Survivor Series.
Punk would chose Alberto Del Rio, Cody Rhodes, Damien Sandow, and The Miz to be on his team but Punk was later replaced as team captain by Dolph Ziggler after Mr. McMahon booked him in a Triple Threat WWE Championship match against John Cena and Ryback instead.
At the pay-per-view, Punk defeated Cena and Ryback after interference from the debuting stable called The Shield (Dean Ambrose, Seth Rollins, and Roman Reigns) which allowed him to retain his WWE Championship.
He would hold the championship for a full year.
On December 4, Punk underwent surgery for a partially torn meniscus which removed him from his title match against Ryback at TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs.
Even though Punk was injured, he became the longest reigning WWE Champion in the past 25 years on December 5, after he reached 381 days which passed John Cena's 380-day reign.
Punk returned to in-ring action on the January 7, 2013 episode of Raw where he defeated Ryback in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match, following interference from The Shield to retain his championship.
Punk defended his WWE Championship against The Rock at the Royal Rumble on January 27, 2013.
A stipulation was added to the match where if The Shield interfered, then Punk would be stripped of the title.
Punk had originally pinned The Rock to retain his championship after The Shield attacked and put The Rock through a table while the arena lights were out.
Vince McMahon came out to the entrance ramp and started to announce that Punk would be stripped of the championship, but he instead restarted the match at The Rock's request.
Punk ended up losing the match, ending his record-setting reign at 434 days.
Punk would receive a rematch for the championship on February 17 at the Elimination Chamber, with the stipulation that if The Rock was disqualified or counted out, he would lose the WWE Championship.
Rock was able to pin and defeat Punk in the match to retain the championship.
On the February 25 episode of Raw, Punk faced off against Royal Rumble winner John Cena for his number one contendership to the WWE Championship, but was defeated.
Departure and retirement (2014)
On January 26, 2014, Punk was the first entrant in the Royal Rumble match.
After he was able to last in the match until the final four, Kane, who was already eliminated earlier in by Punk, eliminated Punk from the outside and then chokeslammed him through the announcer's table.
The night after the Royal Rumble, Punk did not show up Raw or on the SmackDown tapings on Tuesday in Toledo, Ohio even though he was advertised.
It was reported by the Wrestling Observer that, on Monday before Raw, Punk legitimately walked out of the company after he told both Vince McMahon and Triple H that he was "going home".
On February 20, McMahon said that Punk was "taking a sabbatical" during a conference call to investors.
After weeks of hearing the crowd chant for CM Punk at various WWE events, the company decided to make its first comments on the status of Punk on the March 3, 2014 episode of Raw in Punk's hometown of Chicago.
When the show started, they played Punk's entrance music "Cult of Personality" and his old manager Paul Heyman came out instead.
Heyman said that Punk was not at Raw and blamed the crowd.
He also blamed the Undertaker for Punk's split from Heyman.
On July 15, 2014, WWE moved Punk's profile from the active roster to their alumni page without them releasing a statement.
On the same day, Punk thanked his fans without mentioning WWE on Twitter.
In late July, Punk said that he was "never ever" going to return to wrestling.
On November 26, 2014, Punk appeared on his friend Colt Cabana's Art of Wrestling podcast.
During the podcast, Punk decided to break his silence on his decision on leaving the WWE.
Punk said the WWE had suspended him for two months after he walked out in January, and that he was fired by the company months later on his wedding day in June 2014.
He said that them firing him on his wedding day was the last straw and he said that he would never return to the WWE.
He also said that after a legal settlement with WWE, there would not be a further working relationship between them.
The settlement that was reached included Punk giving the company permission to sell the rest of his remaining merchandise.
Punk said that the main reason he left the WWE was because of his health problems.
Punk said that during his last months with the company, he was working through an untreated and possibly fatal MRSA infection, broken ribs, injured knees, multiple concussions which included one at the Royal Rumble when Kofi Kingston kicked him, as well as having lost his appetite and ability to sleep well.
He felt that the company had been pressuring and rushing him to wrestle before he was fully healed.
Punk also noted that he was unhappy with his failure to main event a WrestleMania (saying that his entire career was a failure as a result), him being paid less than the other top wrestlers on the card for WrestleMania 29, being "creatively stifled" and him having the feeling that there were no long-term plans for wrestlers other than John Cena, as well as receiving smaller paychecks and not getting answers as to how the WWE Network would effect the salaries of the wrestlers.
Punk ended with saying that he has "zero passion" left for wrestling.
Not even a week later, Vince McMahon appeared on Stone Cold Steve Austin's podcast The Steve Austin Show.
During the podcast, Stone Cold asked McMahon if he wanted to speak about CM Punk.
McMahon apologized to Punk for the way that his firing happened, which he claimed was a "coincidence" while he blaming the lack of communication in the organization.
McMahon also said that he would like to work with Punk again.
Punk would appear on Cabana's Art of Wrestling podcast again.
During the podcast, Punk said that he did not accept McMahon's apology, saying that it was insincere and a "publicity stunt" as McMahon had not contacted him directly to apologize and that he could have apologized earlier.
All Elite Wrestling (2021 - Present)
CM Punk debuted for All Elite Wrestling in August 2021, after seven years away from professional wrestling.
He will make his in ring return September 5th, 2021 against Darby Allin at All Out in Chicago, Illinois.
Mixed martial arts career
On December 6, 2014, during UFC 181, Punk along with Joe Rogan announced that he had signed a multi-fight deal with Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) to fight in either their middleweight or welterweight division.
UFC President Dana White said that Punk would most likely debut against another fighter at or near his experience level.
His first fight is expected to be sometime in 2016.
CM Punk retired from mixed martial arts in December of 2020, notifying the UFC of his retirement and to withdraw him from the USADA testing pool.
CM Punk is married to AJ Lee.
They were married on June 13, 2014.
He has previously dated professional wrestlers Shannon Spruill, Tracy Brookshaw, Maria Kanellis, and Amy Dumas.
Punk is a fan of the Chicago Blackhawks and the Chicago Cubs.
He wore a Blackhawks jersey and cut a promo during his return to Chicago.
He also attended Blackhawks playoff games.
He is a fan of comics which he collects and reads.
He wrote the introduction to Marvel Comics' "Avengers vs. X-Men".
Punk wrote the Marvel comic Thor Annual #1, which is set to be released sometime in February 2015.
Anaconda Vise (Arm-trap triangle choke)
GTS – Go to Sleep (Fireman's carry dropped into a knee lift)
Arm trap swinging neckbreaker
Arm wrench followed by Punk stepping one of his legs over the wrenched arm and performing a mule kick with the leg below the opponent's face
Belly-to-back suplex, sometimes from the top rope
Diving crossbody
Diving elbow drop – adopted from and used in tribute to Randy Savage
Pepsi Twist (Hammerlock twisted into a short-range lariat)
Koji Clutch
Mongolian chop
Step-up enzuigiri
Rope hung arm trap can opener
Sitout suplex slam
Slingshot somersault senton
Springboard clothesline
Step-up high knee to a cornered opponent followed by a bulldog or a short-arm clothesline
Super frankensteiner
Welcome to Chicago... (Double underhook backbreaker)
Anaconda vise or an arm triangle choke
Pepsi Plunge (Diving double underhook facebuster)
Shining wizard
Arm wrench followed by Punk stepping one of his legs over the wrenched arm and him performing a mule kick with the leg below the opponent's face
Corkscrew dive transitioned into a diving neckbreaker
Crooked Moonsault (Split-legged moonsault)
Delayed vertical suplex
Devil Lock DDT (Hammerlock legsweep DDT)
Facewash
Inverted facelock backbreaker
Inverted frankensteiner
Jackie Chan (While sitting in a corner, Punk grasps the top rope with his hands on each side of the turnbuckle and when the opponent attempts to pull him off the ropes by his legs, he performs a back tuck, landing on his feet)
Pepsi Twist (Jumping hammerlock twisted into a short-range lariat)
Punk-Handle Piledriver (Pumphandle reverse piledriver)
Rolling fireman's carry slam
Springboard corkscrew crossbody
Welcome to Chicago, Motherfucker (Double underhook backbreaker)
Milo Beasley
Tracy Brooks
Alexis Laree/Vicki Adams
Joshua Masters
Dave Prazak
Straight Edge Society (Serena, Luke Gallows, and Joseph Mercury)
The New Nexus (David Otunga, Husky Harris, Michael McGillicutty, and Mason Ryan)
"The Second City Saint/Savior"
"The Straight-Edge Savior/Superstar"
"Paul Heyman Guy"
"The Voice of the Voiceless"
"Mr. Money in the Bank"
"South of Heaven" by Slayer
"A Call for Blood" by Hatebreed
"Miseria Cantare (The Beginning)" by AFI
"Cult of Personality" by Living Colour
"Night Train" by The Bouncing Souls
"¡Olé!"
by The Bouncing Souls
"This Fire Burns" by Killswitch Engage (August 1, 2006 – July 17, 2011)
"Cult of Personality" by Living Colour (July 25, 2011–January 26, 2014)
IWA Mid-South Heavyweight Championship (5 times)
IWA Mid-South Light Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
International Wrestling Cartel
IWC World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Mid-American Wrestling
MAW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Cyberspace Tag Team Championship (1 time) (with Julio Dinero)
NWA Revolution
NWA Revolution Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) (with Seth Skyfire)
OVW Television Championship (1 time)
Second OVW Triple Crown Champion
PWI Feud of the Year (2011) (vs. John Cena)
PWI Match of the Year (2011) (vs. John Cena at Money in the Bank)
PWI Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (2011)
PWI Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (2012)
PWI Wrestler of the Year (2011, 2012)
He was ranked #1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012.
Golden Gods Award for "Most Metal Athlete" (2012)
ROH Tag Team Championship (2 times) (with Colt Cabana)
ROH World Championship (1 time)
St. Paul Championship Wrestling
SDW Northern States Television Championship (2 times)
SPCW Northern States Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
ECW Championship (1 time)
WWE Championship (2 times)1
World Tag Team Championship (1 time) (with Kofi Kingston)
Money in the Bank (2008, 2009)
Nineteenth Triple Crown Champion
Slammy Award for "OMG" Moment of the Year (2008) (Cashing in Money in the Bank to win the World Heavyweight Championship)
Slammy Award for Shocker of the Year (2009) (Forcing Jeff Hardy to leave the WWE after Steel Cage match victory)
Slammy Award for Despicable Me (2010) (Harassing Rey Mysterio and his family)
Slammy Award for Superstar of the Year (2011)
Slammy Award for "Pipe Bomb" of the Year (2011)
Slammy Award for T-Shirt of the Year (2011) ("Best in the World")
5 Star Match (2004) (vs. Samoa Joe at ROH Joe vs. Punk II on October 16)
5 Star Match (2011) (vs. John Cena at Money in the Bank on July 17)
Best Gimmick (2009, 2011)
Best on Interviews (2011, 2012)
Feud of the Year (2009) (vs. Jeff Hardy)
Feud of the Year (2011) (vs. John Cena)
Match of the Year (2011) (vs. John Cena at WWE Money in the Bank)
Best Pro Wrestling DVD (2012) for CM Punk: Best in the World.
1Punk held the title at the same time with Rey Mysterio and John Cena during his first reign.
Punk's second reign is not recognized by WWE after he defeated Cena and became undisputed champion.
Charles Doyle "Charlie" Haas II (born  on March 27, 1972) is an American professional wrestler and former amateur wrestler.
An impossible object is a kind of optical illusion.
Impossible objects are also known as undecidable figures.
In this kind of illusion, a person looks at a two-dimensional picture.
The vision center of the brain does much of its work subconsciously  and automatically.
It interprets the figure as a three-dimensional object.
The viewer usually knows such an object is impossible soon after looking at the figure.
However, the impression of a 3D figure may still remain even when the viewer knows it is impossible in reality.
Some of these figures are more subtle.
In these cases it is not obvious that they are impossible right away.
The viewer carefully needs to look at the geometry of the object to find out that it is indeed impossible.
Impossible objects are of interest to psychologists, mathematicians and artists.
Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd was the first person to draw many impossible objects.
He has been called "the father of impossible figures".
In 1934, he drew the Penrose triangle, some years before the Penroses.
The way Reutersvärd drew it, the sides of the triangle are broken up into cubes.
In 1956, British psychiatrist Lionel Penrose and his son, mathematician Roger Penrose, submitted a short article to the British Journal of Psychology titled Impossible objects: a special type of visual illusion.
This was illustrated with the Penrose Triangle and Penrose stairs.
The article referenced Escher, whose work had sparked their interest in the subject, but not Reutersvärd, whom they were unaware of.
The article was only published in 1958.
From the 1930s onwards Dutch artist M.C. Escher produced many drawings with paradoxes of perspective.
In 1957 he produced his first drawing containing a true impossible object: Cube with Magic Ribbons.
He produced many other drawings of impossible objects, sometimes with the entire drawing being an undecidable figure.
Some artists of the time are also experimenting with impossible figures, for example, Jos de Mey, Shigeo Fukuda, Sandro del Prete, István Orosz (Utisz), Guido Moretti, Tamás F. Farkas and Mathieu Hamaekers.
In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "I, Borg", a plan was made to destroy the entire race of Borg—malevolent cybernetic aliens whose minds were interconnected—by showing one of the Borg a picture of a highly complex impossible object.
This image would be transmitted back to the Borg hive, overloading its consciousness in larger and larger attempts to understand the image.
This plan was dismissed as being genocide, so its potential results were never seen.
In the computer game Diablo II, the "Arcane Sanctuary" region was based on impossible drawings.
Alan Moore's miniseries 1963 features a character called the Hypernaut that lives in a space station shaped like an impossible object.
In the video game Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem the Essence of Xel'lotath, the Sigil of Xel'lotath, is an impossible artifact resembling a warped angel.
In The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror VIII", a blivet (or devil's tuning fork) can be seen on Professor Frink's yard sale.
In The Simpsons Movie, Homer falls down miles of the impossible infinite House of Stairs while having an epiphany.
The video game Echochrome for the PSP and PS3 features a mannequin who must traverse a series of impossible objects.
The set of the climactic scene in the Goblin King's castle in the 1986 fantasy film, Labyrinth, directed by Jim Henson, is based on M. C. Escher's "Relativity", and features impossible staircases and perspectives.
In Pokemon Platinum there is an area full of impossibilities such as these.
Necker cube
Mathematical Circus, Martin Gardner 1979  (Chapter 1 — Optical Illusions)
Optical Illusions, Bruno Ernst 2006
Art of Reutersvard
Real Escher Objects
Impossible World, a repository of impossible object images
Van Halen was a hard rock group from Pasadena, California.
They were formed in 1972.
Guitarist Eddie Van Halen's style of playing changed the guitar world.
He used lots of new techniques such as shredding and tapping.
They made history with their first self-titled debut album in 1978, producing 4 major hits.
The band released twelve studio albums, which have sold 80 million records worldwide.
Eddie Van Halen died on October 6, 2020, from cancer.
His son, bass guitarist Wolfgang Van Halen, confirmed that the band had broken up.
The Alliance for the Future of Austria (, shortenend to BZÖ) is a political party in Austria that was led by Jörg Haider until he died in October 2008.
The current leader is Josef Bucher.
The BZÖ describes itself as "ideologiefrei, aber zukunftsorientiert und wertebewusst" (free from ideology, but forward-looking and conscious of traditional values).
Some of its policies, however, are quite different from those of the Freedom Party.
An increase in direct democracy
A Europe of nation states
The establishment of a "Core Europe" within the EU, including Austria
Support for the social market economy
Minimum employment and environmental standards for businesses
The introduction of the Tobin tax
Support for small businesses
Increased government spending on research and development
A minimum wage
Enhancing the status of vocational education (including an apprenticeship leading to the Matura)
The introduction of a flat tax
Tax breaks for childcare expenses
An EU-wide Green tax shift
Strict control of immigration
A "fair and strict" law on asylum
A referendum on Austrian neutrality
Comprehensive schooling for children from six to fifteen
Compulsory pre-schooling
Compulsory German lessons for the children of immigrants
Support for organic farming
The renationalisation of agriculture
The abolition of inheritance tax
The establishing of a Canadian like Green card model as part of the immigration process
Bisection of National Council, Federal government, Landtage and federal state government
Intermission of compulsory military service and replacement by voluntary army.
Differences and similarities to other parties
Although the party was often designated as a far-right like the Freedom Party, the Alliance for the Future of Austria differs somewhat.
Justic Minister Karin Gastinger a former party member of the Alliance for the Future of Austria, wanted gay and lesbian couples to be able to sign a registry and get rights to partners' estates and medical care as she told the Austrian Press Agency in 2005.
The SPÖ proposes a stricter controlling of prices in addition to the reduction of brokerage commissions.
Both the Alliance for the Future of Austria and the Freedom Party see the main problem in the rising fuel prices; the FPÖ demands a ceiling price for fuel, while the BZÖ in addition wants to reduce taxes on fuels.
However the Alliace for the Future of Austria even announced the people's initiative "Preisstop jetzt!"
calling for a stop to rising prices to be held; however, due to the necessary timeframe, the period during which people will be able to sign for the initiative will only start after the election, thus limiting its potential impact.
SPÖ, ÖVP and the Greens ratified the Treaty of Lisbon in parliament without a referendum, and only FPÖ and the Alliance for the Future of Austria did not sign.
But afterwards the SPÖ stated that for future treaties of the European Union referendums should be held to let the people decide like in Ireland (where they had a referendum).
Due to SPÖ's position change on the EU not only the two opposition parties are using the possibility of EU-referendums before a ratification as subject now.
The ÖVP and the Greens are against any referendums on the Lisbon Treaty, SPÖ demands there should be referendums on future treaties of the European Union, the FPÖ is for a referendum for the Lisbon Treaty, and even want a referendum for EU-Withdrawal.
However the BZÖ differs a bit in comparison to the Freedom Party, as they are for a referendum about the Lisbon Treaty but not, for an EU-Withdrawal.
eng.:
They know not what they do! (
Lukas 23,34),
Idealism is the philosophy that believes the ultimate nature of reality is ideal, or based upon ideas, values, or essences.
The external, or real world cannot be separated from consciousness, perception, mind, intellect and reason in the sense of science.
In some doctrines of idealistic thought the ideal relates to direct and immediate knowledge of subjective mental ideas, or images.
Empiricism is one of several competing views about how we know things, part of the branch of philosophy called epistemology, or "study of knowledge".
Materialism and physicalism share some of attitudes of empiricism.
Stoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy.
It was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC.
It concerns the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom.
This philosophy claims that it is virtuous to maintain a will (a determination, prohairesis) which is in accord with nature.
Stoic philosophers
Antipater of Tarsus (210 BC129 BC)
Cato the Younger (Uticensis 94 BC46 BC)
Chrysippus (280 BC204 BC)
Cleanthes (of Assos), (330 BC232 BC)
Diodotus, (~120 BC59 BC), teacher of Cicero
Diogenes of Babylon (230 BC150 BC)
Epictetus (55 AD135 AD)
Hierocles (2nd century AD)
Marcus Aurelius (121 AD180 AD)
Musonius Rufus (25 AD100AD)
Panaetius of Rhodes (185 BC109 BC)
Posidonius of Apameia (~135 BC51 BC)
Seneca (4 BC65 AD)
Contemporaries: Musonius Rufus, Rubellius Plautus, Thrasea Paetus
Zeno of Citium (332 BC262 BC), founder of Stoicism
Contemporaries: Aristo of Chios, pupil of Zeno; Herillus of Carthage
William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English journalist, political philosopher and novelist.
He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism, and one of the first modern proponents of philosophical anarchism.
Godwin is famous for two books that he published within the space of a year: An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, an attack on political institutions, and Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams, which attacks aristocratic privilege, but also is virtually the first mystery novel.
He was also married to Mary Wollstonecraft, with whom he had two children.
Enquiry concerning Political Justice, and its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness (1793)
Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams (1794)
The Enquirer (1797)
Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1798)
St. Leon (1799)
Fleetwood (1805)
Mandeville (1817)
History of the Commonwealth (1824-28)
A Rose garden or Rosarium is a garden or park, often open to the public, in which roses are grown.
While some rose gardens have only a decorative purpose, most of them are used to present and grow various types of roses.
The first known rose garden was planted by French empress Joséphine de Beauharnais in Malmaison.
When she died, in 1814, the garden had around 250 types of garden roses.
Another old rose garden is the Rosenhöhe Park in Darmstadt, Germany created in 1810 by Princess Wilhelmine of Baden
Growing roses for commercial purposes started in the 19th century.
The important rose gardens created for commercial rose breeding were:
"Roseraie du Val-de-Marne" in L'Haÿ-les-Roses, France
"Dolná Krupá rosarium in Austria-Hungary (now Slovakia
"Europa-Rosarium in Sangerhausen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
Jardins de roses, André Gayraud, éditions du Chêne,
Roseraies et jardins de roses, H. Fuchs in Le Bon jardinier, encyclopédie horticole, tome 1, La Maison rustique, Paris, 1964, .
Kropotkin was born on December 9, 1842 in Moscow, Russia.
His father, Aleksey Petrovich Kropotkin was a prince of the Rurik Dynasty.
His father owned large amounts of land and over 1000 serfs.
His mother, Yekaterina Nikolaevna Sulima was the daughter of a Cossack general.
In 1846, Kropotkin's mother died of tuberculosis.
Two years after, Kropotkin's father married a woman named Yelizaveta Mar'kovna Korandino.
Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
The Conquest of Bread Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
P.Kropotkin, In Russian and French Prisons, London: Ward and Downey; 1887.
Memoirs of a Revolutionist, London : Smith, Elder; 1899.
Kropotkin's own memoirs, which were also published in the United States in the same year and have appeared in a number of modern editions.
The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, London, William Heinemann, 1909, translated from the French by N.F. Dryhurst.
e-text (in French)
Russian Literature: Ideals and Realities (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1915).
Available online at the Anarchy Archives,
Ethics (unfinished).
Included as first part of  Origen y evolución de la moral (Spanish e-text)
In Russian and French Prisons.
Online book.
A criticism of the existence of prisons.
"Research on the Ice age", Notices of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 1876.
"The desiccation of Eur-Asia", Geographical Journal, 23 (1904), 722-741.
Mr. Mackinder; Mr. Ravenstein; Dr. Herbertson; Prince Kropotkin; Mr. Andrews; Cobden Sanderson; Elisée Reclus, "On Spherical Maps and Reliefs: Discussion",  The Geographical Journal, Vol.
Sep., 1903), pp.
294–299, JSTOR
"Baron Toll", The Geographical Journal, Vol.
6. (
Jun., 1904), pp.
770–772, JSTOR
"The population of Russia", The Geographical Journal, Vol.
Aug., 1897), pp.
196–202, JSTOR
"The old beds of the Amu-Daria", The Geographical Journal, Vol.
Sep., 1898), pp.
306–310, JSTOR
Listen, Anarchist!
An Appeal To The Young
Law and Authority.
The Place of Anarchy in Socialist Evolution.
Revolutionary Government.
Are Prisons Necessary?
Chapter X from "In Russian and French Prisons" (1887)
Anarchism : Its Philosophy and Ideal (1896)
The State : Its Historic Role (1897)
On Economics Selected Passages from his Writings (1898-1913)
"Map of the Southern Half of Eastern Siberia and Parts of Mongolia, Manchuria, and Sakhalin: For a General Sketch of the Orography of Eastern Siberia" is a map that was made by Peter Kropotkin
Anarcho-communism, also known as anarchist communism, is the belief that hierarchies, money, and social classes should not exist, and that the means of production should be held in common by society.
Anarcho-communists support direct democracy and a network of voluntary associations, workers' councils, decentralized economic planning and a gift economy in which everyone will be free to satisfy their needs.
Some well-known anarcho-communist writers are Peter Kropotkin, Ricardo Flores Magón and Nestor Makhno.
Anarcho-communism is opposed to more authoritarian forms advocated by Leninists and Maoists.
These groups have violently clashed in Russia, Korea and Spain over their beliefs.
Some examples of anarcho-communism in practice include the Free Territory of Ukraine, Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone, Shinmin Autonomous Region, and the  Revolutionary Spain.
He was the son of architect Franz Martinelli.
In cooperation with his brother Anton Erhard Martinelli, he designed the plans of several baroque church in the Habsburg empire, among which  the church in Grossweikersdorf and the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Blaj.
He also designed several mansions among which the one in Dolná Krupá.
Austrian architects
Agorism is a free-market anarchist political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that believes the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which all "relations between people are voluntary exchanges– a free market."
The term comes from the Greek word "agora," referring to an open place for assembly and market in ancient Greek city-states.
Agorist theory divides people into two classes: people who make their living through the market, and people who make their living by coercing others (called the "economic class" and "political class", respectively).
They support a nonviolent overthrow of the second class by the first, through peaceful black market and grey market activity, known as counter-economics.
Anton Pius Riegel (1789-?)
was an Austrian architect of the 19th century.
He is known for his design of the György Károlyi palace in Budapest Hungary (now housing the Hungarian Museum of Literature) and the mansion of Dolná Krupá in Slovakia.
Museum of Literature
Jana Šulcová - Drei Kapitel aus der Baugeschichte des Schlosses Dolná Krupá
1789 births
19th-century deaths
Bruegmann, M.M. & Caraway, V. 2003.
Hesperomannia arbuscula .
Downloaded on 20 July 2007.
Eureka Tower is a 297.3 metre (975 foot) tall skyscraper in Melbourne, Australia and is the tallest building in Australia when measured to its roof.
Q1, on the Gold Coast, Queensland is the tallest building in Australia because it has a spire that makes its total height 322.5 metres.
Eureka Tower has 91 storeys and one floor underground.
The top 10 floors of the building have windows coated in gold plating and golden toilets.
The viewing deck on floor 88 is the tallest public observation deck in the Southern Hemisphere.
It is 285 metres (935 feet) above the ground and people have a large view of the city of Melbourne.
Emporis Page
Adam Nyerere Bahner (born July 6, 1982), often called by the pseudonym Tay Zonday, is an American keyboardist.
His song "Chocolate Rain", and its YouTube video, became a popular Internet meme in July 2007.
He has won YouTube Awards and Webby Awards.
Tay Zonday's website
Antoine Dufour is a French-Canadian guitarist.
Dufour is famous for his fingerstyle guitar playing.
Until now Dufour has made 3 studio albums, Naissance, Development and Existence.
He has a strong fanbase because of his YouTube videos.
Dufour started playing guitar at the age of fifteen.
Later he studied at the CEGEP, where he first listened to fingerstyle music.
2005 he became second and 2006 first place in the Canadian Guitar Festival's Fingerstyle Guitar Championship.
Also he became third in the International Finger Style Guitar Championship in Winfield, Kansas.
Naissance (2004)
Development (2006)
Existence (2008)
Antoine Dufour / Andy McKee Split DVD (2007)
Antoine Dufour at Candyrat Records
Interview with Antoine Dufour at www.instrumentalcase.com
Musicians from Quebec
Vheissu is an album by experimental band Thrice.
The album introduced a new sound to the bands post-hardcore roots.
It also used many new elements from music boxes to chain gangs and has much softer, dreamy songs such as "Atlantic"
The songs on Vheissu use many biblical themes but Thrice does not think of themselves as a Christian band.
Some of the statements from the album which are clearly from the bible include:
There's no greater love, then that one shed his blood for his friends - from "For Miles"
We were all lost, and now we're found - from "Image of the Invisible"
Once again the bread and wine - from "From Moths to Flame"
It includes pictures of various things and quotes lyrics from different Thrice songs found on the album.
"Image of the Invisible"
"Between the End and Where We Lie"
"The Earth will Shake"
"Atlantic"
"For Miles"
"Hold Fast Hope"
"Music Box"
"Like Moths to Flame"
"Of Dust and Nations"
"Stand and Feel Your Worth"
"Red Sky"
The Artist in the Ambulance is the third album by the post-hardcore band Thrice.
It was released on July 22 2003.
Like previous Thrice albums, some of the money made from selling The Artist in the Ambulance was given to a charity.
The album's booklet features individual cards that have lyrics from Thrice songs, notes, photographs and comments from the band members and the producer.
"Cold Cash and Colder Hearts" – 2:52
"Under a Killing Moon" – 2:41
"All That's Left" – 3:20 (also featured in Madden 2004)
"Silhouette" – 3:06
"Stare at the Sun" – 3:23 (also featured in SSX 3)
"Paper Tigers" – 3:59
"Hoods on Peregrine" – 3:31
"The Melting Point of Wax" – 3:29
"Blood Clots and Black Holes" – 2:49
"The Artist in the Ambulance" – 3:39
"The Abolition of Man" – 2:46 (The Abolition of Man is a 1943 book by C. S. Lewis)
"Don't Tell and We Won't Ask" – 3:59
"Eclipse" – 3:21
"Motion Isn't Meaning" - 1:53
ChuckPalumbo.com (Official Website)
Online World of Wrestling Profile
Chuck Palumbo at WrestlingRevealed.com
People from West Warwick, Rhode Island
Sportspeople from Rhode Island
Vincent James McMahon (better known as Vince McMahon, Sr., (
July 6, 1914 –May 24, 1984) was a U.S. professional wrestling promoter.
He is best known for founding the American promotion, World Wrestling Entertainment, of which his son, Vincent Kennedy McMahon, is now the Chairman of the Board of Directors.
René Adler (born January 15, 1985 in Leipzig)  is a German footballer.
He plays on the position of a goalkeeper for Bayer Leverkusen.
Leverkusen is a city in Germany.
The club Bayer Leverkusen plays in the Bundesliga, the first football league in Germany.
Kreator is a German Thrash metal band from Essen.
They formed in 1982 as Tormentor and are counted to the big three German Thrash Metal bands together with Sodom and Destruction.
Endless Pain (1985)
Pleasure to Kill (1986)
Terrible Certainty (1987)
Extreme Aggression (1989)
Coma of Souls (1990)
Renewal (1992)
Cause for Conflict (1995)
Outcast (1997)
Endorama (1999)
Violent Revolution (2001)
Enemy of God (2005)
Hordes of Chaos (2009)
Phantom Antichrist (2012)
Gods of Violence (2017)
Artist page at Allmusic
Sinister Online interview with Mille Petrozza
Gojira is a death metal/thrash metal band from Bayonne, France.
They formed in 1996 and were called Godzilla until 2001.
Gojira is known for its lyrics about the environment, which is very unusual for a death metal band.
2001: Terra Incognita
2003: The Link
2005: From Mars to Sirius
2008: The Way of All Flesh
2012: L'Enfant Sauvage
2016: Magma
2021: Fortitude
1996: Victim
1997: Possessed
1999: Saturate
2000: Wisdom Comes
2004: The Link Alive (CD/DVD)
Gojira at MySpace
Colin James Barnett (born 15 July 1950) is the 29th Premier of Western Australia.
He was Premier from 23 September 2008 until 17 March 2017.
He is from the Liberal Party.
Barnett, Colin
Nathan Rees (born 12 February 1968) was the 41st Premier of New South Wales.
He was premier from 5 September 2008 until 4 December 2009.
He is from the Labor Party.
Rees, Nathan
Anna Maria Bligh (born 14 July 1960) is an Australian politician who was the 37th Premier of Queensland from 13 September 2007 to 24 March 2012.
She is from the Labor Party.
She is the first female to be Premier of Queensland.
On 16 August 2012 it was announced that Bligh was moving with her husband Greg Withers and the rest of her family to Sydney.
Anna was born at Warwick, Queensland.
She is a descendant of Captain William Bligh.
She grew up on the Gold Coast in south east Queensland.
She was educated at several Catholic primary schools.
Her secondary schooling was at Miami State High School.
She completed the last six months of her schooling at Nowra State High School.
She studied for an Arts degree from the University of Queensland which she finished in 1980.
Anna Bligh worked for many community organisations and the Queensland Public Service.
She worked in the area of employment, training and industrial relations policy.
She was elected to the Queensland Parliament on 15 July 1995 and retired on 30 March 2012 following her defeat as Queensland Premier.
She was made the Minister for Families, Youth and Community Care and Disability Services in the Beattie Labor Government in June 1998.
Ann was Queensland's first female Education Minister.
She later became minister for Finance, State Development, Trade and Innovation.
In 1995 she was made Deputy Premier of Queensland, and also was the Treasurer and Minister of Infrastructure with a budget of $33 billion.
Bligh, Anna
Michael David Rann (born 5 January 1953) was the 44th Premier of South Australia.
He was premier from 5 March 2002 until 21 October 2011.
He is how Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.
Rann, Mike
Politicians from Adelaide
David John Bartlett (born 19 January 1968) was the 43rd Premier of Tasmania.
He became premier on 26 May 2008.
Bartlett resigned, for family reasons on 24 January 2011, and was replaced as premier by Lara Giddings.
She is also the Treasurer and Minister of the Arts.
Politicians from Hobart
John Mansfield Brumby (21 April 1953) was the 45th Premier of Victoria.
He became Premier on 30 July 2007.
After being defeated in the 2010 elections, Brumby was replaced as Premier by Ted Baillieu on 1 December 2010.
Brumby went to the University of Melbourne in 1971 and completed a Bachelor of Commerce degree.
He then got his Diploma of Education from the State College of Victoria, Rusden, in 1975.
He worked at Eaglehawk, Victoria, as a teacher for three years and then became a union official.
Brumby was an elected to the Parliament of Australia in 1983 and represented the electorate of Bendigo.
he lost the seat in the 1990 election.
He was elected to the upper house, the Legislative Council, of the Parliament of Victoria in 1993.
When the leader of the Labor Party, Jim Kennan, resigned from Parliament, Brumby was became the new leader.
He had to resign from the upper house as leaders have to be members of the lower house, the Legislative Council.
He won an election for Jim Kennan's seat of Broadmeadows, Victoria.
He was the Leader of the Opposition in Victoria for six years.
Julia Gillard, the current Prime Minister of Australia, worked as his Chief of Staff.
The Labor Party did not win as many votes in the 1996 election and lost two seats.
Over the next few years the party did not think Brumby would be able to lead them to a win in the next election.
Brumby was replaced as leader by Steve Bracks in March, 1999.
Bracks led the Labor Party and won an election in September 1999.
Brumby became the Minister for Finance in the new government, and a year later was made the Treasurer (in charge of all government spending).
Bracks resigned as Premier in July 2007, and the Labor Party elected Brumby as their new leader.
This made him the Premier of Victoria.
In November 2010 the Labor Party was defeated in the election with a 5.3% swing of votes to the Liberal and National Parties.
Brumby resigned as the leader of the Labor Party.
Premiers of Victoria
Australian educators
Dame Quentin Alice Louise Bryce  (née Strachan; born 23 December 1942) was the 25th Governor-General of Australia, from September 2008 to March 2014.
She was the first woman to be the Governor-General.
Before this she was the Governor of Queensland and she used to be a lawyer.
For her community works she was created a Dame of Grace of the Order of St John in 2003.
If she were not already a Dame, she would have become a Dame of Justice when she became Prior of the Australian Priory of the Order of St John.
Governors of Queensland
Politicians from Brisbane
Crich Tramway Village is an open-air museum of trams and tramways, in Crich, (), Derbyshire, England.
It is the home of the National Tramway Museum.
It is set up as an Edwardian village and has a street with shops which include a sweet shop, café and gift shop.
Other buildings in the open-air museum are the Red Lion Pub from Stoke-on-Trent, Derby Assembly Rooms, Burnley Tramways Offices and the tram sheds and displays.
There are tram lines which go out for about  from the village.
There is also a collection of old street furniture from around the United Kingdom.
The trams that are in the museum used to run on tramlines along the streets of different towns and cities.
Most of the trams at Crich were used in the United Kingdom before the 1960s.
Some are from other countries.
Many were saved and restored after the tram services in the cities stopped.
History of the museum
Before World War II, tramways were an important type of public transport in many cities in the United Kingdom. (
Trams pulled by horses began to be built in the late 19th century.)
After World War II, they began to close.
Many people thought that the trams and tramways got in the way of motor cars and buses and that fuel for buses was costing less than the cost of making electricity.
Most tram networks in the United Kingdom had closed by 1962.
Only one remained in use, the Blackpool tramway which still runs today.
In 1948, a group of tramway enthusiasts decided to buy an open top tram that they had been on during the last tram ride of Southampton Tramways.
For just £10, they bought Southampton No.
45, Although there were trams and locomotives in British museums, there were no working museums or heritage railways in Britain at this time, so at first the idea of amateurs running a tramway or railway seemed impossible.
In 1955 the Tramway Museum Society was started and in 1959, the Society chose a place for the museum after a very long search.
The site was found by the Talyllyn Railway Preservation Society when they were taking apart the old track from George Stephenson's railway for a project in Wales.
In the 1840s, when Stephenson was building the North Midland Railway from Derby to Rotherham and Leeds, he found coal buried under the ground on the way to Clay Cross.
He decided to mine it and make some money.
Crich already had a limestone quarry when he started.
Stephenson saw that he could use this limestone and coal to make burnt lime for agricultural use and then use his railway to move it.
To link the quarry at Crich to the limekilns at Ambergate, a new metre gauge railway was built, which is said to be the first in the world.
The museum is built on part of the old Cliff Quarry, which Stephenson's company bought.
After the Tramway Museum Society's members visited the quarry, they bought part of the site and buildings.
Since buying them, the society has gotten many trams, as well as getting track and power for the trams.
Many of the tramcars were also repaired.
In 1967, the society decided that they would start a village around the tramway, as trams did not run in limestone quarries.
This was the start of Crich Tramway Village.
The museum got lots of street furniture, and even some entire buildings.
Many of these buildings have been changed to hold the museum's collections of books, pictures, and archives.
In 1962 the Tramway Museum Society became a company and a year later it was listed as an educational charity.
Since then, the society has grown with the help of people all over the world.
The Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport said that the museum has a very good collection.
It was one of the first 26 museums that was told this in 1995.
In the early 1990s, the government of the United Kingdom decided that trams were a way of stopping the traffic problems in the UK.
New light rail systems, or "second generation tramways", opened in cities like Manchester, Sheffield and Nottingham.
Twenty years later more systems are being built, like the one in Edinburgh.
1948 - Southampton 45 is bought for £10, which starts British tramway preservation.
1955 - The Tramway Museum Society (TMS) is formed.
1959 - Crich is chosen as the place to house the National Tramway Museum.
1960 - The museum's first tram shed opens on the site of the current Workshop Galleries.
1963 - The first tram is run with "Bonny" the horse and Sheffield 15.
1964 - The first electric tramcar service operates with Blackpool & Fleetwood 2, Glasgow 22, Blackpool 40, Blackpool & Fleetwood 40, Southampton 45, Blackpool 49, Blackpool 59, Sheffield 510 and Grimsby and Immingham 20 (now called Gateshead 5).
1968 - The new tracks to Wakebridge open.
The museum has its first "Grand Transport Extravaganza", a celebration.
Prague 180 arrives during the celebration.
1969 - The museum's purpose-built workshops open.
1971 - The museum has its first full-time paid workers.
1978 - Leicester 76 starts running at the museum.
It is the first tramcar to be restored.
1975 - The Duke of Gloucester becomes patron of the society.
1978 - The scenic tramway to Glory Mine is opened.
The electrical substation at Wakebridge is also opened.
1982 - The first part of the museum library is opened.
1983 - London County Council Tramways 106 starts running.
1985 - The museum loans trams to Blackpool for their electric tram centenary.
Blackpool Corporation loans Blackpool Boat 607 and Blackpool Balloon 710 to the museum.
1988 - The museum loans trams for the Glasgow Garden Festival.
1989 - MET 331 starts running, but it is called Sunderland 100.
1990 - The museum loans trams for the Gateshead Garden Festival.
Leeds 399 enters service.
1991 - The exhibition hall, a large room that is used to display trams, is opened.
1992 - The Bowes-Lyon Bridge is opened by the Secretary of State for Transport.