the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The other two regions are Flanders (or Flemish Region) and Brussels-Capital Region.
Start of the Golden Age of the Netherlands.
Beginning of Dutch colonization of North America
The King James Version of the Bible comes out.
William Shakespeare, English poet
Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama visits Quelimane and Moçambique in southeastern Africa.
May 20 – Vasco da Gama arrives at Calicut (now Kozhikode), India, becoming the first European to get there by sailing around Africa.
May 23 – Girolamo Savonarola, ruler of Florence, is executed for criticizing the Pope.
July 31 – On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.
Christopher Columbus lands on the South American continent.
The Portuguese sail up to the coasts of modern Tanzania and Kenya.
John Cabot leaves port on an expedition, never to be seen again.
John Cabot was famous as the famous explorer of the coastline of Canada and its subsequent colonization.
Cabot was the second European to find North America (after Christopher Columbus).
His son, Sebastian Cabot, accompanied his father on many voyages.
Short Biography of John Cabot
1450	John Cabot was born as Giovanni Caboto in the Italian port of Genoa
1461	John Cabot moved to Venice with his family.
John Cabot helped with the family spice trading business
1474	John Cabot married a girl called Mattea.
John and Mattea Cabot had three sons called Ludovico, Sebastiano, and Sancto
1476	:Obtained Venetian citizenship and was naturalized on 28 March, 1476
1490's	Moved to the sea port of Bristol in England
1496	March 5: The English King Henry VII granted John Cabot the right to 'seek islands and countries of the heathen towards the west, east, and north' sailing under the English flag
1497	May 2: John Cabot boards his ship, the Matthew, to explore the lands across the Atlantic, hoping to find a north west passage to the Indies and China.
August 6: John Cabot and his crew of the Matthew land in Bristol and achieved great fame and glory.
He was given a gift of Â£10 for having "found the new isle" and King Henry VII also granted him a pension of Â£20 a year
1498	February 3: John Cabot granted another patent to undertake a second expedition - to "take at his pleasure VI englisshe shippes and theym convey and lede to the londe and iles of late founde by the seid John."
John Cabot assembles a small fleet of 5 ships and 300 men
July 25: The fleet headed north then sailed along the east coast of America past Newfoundland.
One of the ships had to go to an Irish port because of damage.
The remaining four ships of the John Cabot fleet continue their journey across the Atlantic
June 11: The journey was made difficult by icebergs and the cold.
The crews mutinied and refused to proceed farther North so John Cabot had no alternative but to turn South along the coast of Greenland.
He crossed the Davis Strait on to Baffin Land on to Newfoundland and followed the coast Nova Scotia and New England
1499	The death of John Cabot
There is no accurate record of the date or reason for the death of John Cabot but his pension continued to be paid unti1 1499.
It seems reasonable to assume that John Cabot reached England with his returning fleet
from http://www.datesandevents.org/people-timelines/14-john-cabot-timeline.htm
King Gustav III of Sweden makes a new constitution in Sweden, and gains total power.
Marquis de Sade sentenced to death.
May 20-Sir William Congreve, English inventor.
August 24 – King William I of the Netherlands
March 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish thinker and mathematician
Cryptorchidism is a condition where one or both testicles does not drop down ("descend") into the scrotum.
Buddy Holly (born in Lubbock, Texas as Charles Hardin Holley, September 7, 1936 – February 3, 1959) was an American rock and roll singersongwriter.
In April 1959, he had a number one song (after  death) on UK Singles Chart music chart.
He wrote "That'll Be the Day"; In 1957 the song when played by The Crickets, went to number one on Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart.
Holly was important in the history of rock and roll music overall, and in the sub genre, rockabilly music.
Holly played several different types of instruments.
His style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues.
The style of his music shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll.
His group were called The Crickets.
Buddy Holly died on February 3, 1959 when a Beechcraft Bonanza 35 airplane carrying him crashed into a field near Mason City, Iowa.
Also killed in the crash were Ritchie Valens and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, including pilot Roger Peterson.
Buddy Holly Online
International Buddy Site
Buddy Holly (audio) on the Pop Chronicles
1959 deaths
People from Lubbock, Texas
Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. (December 31, 1943 – October 12, 1997) was an American musician and songwriter.
He was of German and Irish ancestry.
He was very popular in the 1970s.
He died when the plane he was flying crashed in California.
Denver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s.
By 1974, he was one of America's best-selling performers, and AllMusic has described Denver as "among the most beloved entertainers of his era"  On 12 October 1997, John Denver died in a plane crash aged 53.
Awards and recognition
1974 Album of the Year for Back Home Again
1975 Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist
1976 Favorite Country Album for Back Home Again
1976 Favorite Country Male Artist
1975 Entertainer of the Year
1975 Song of the Year for "Back Home Again"
1975 Emmy for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special for An Evening With John Denver
1997 Best Musical Album For Children for All Aboard!
1998 Grammy Hall of Fame Award for "Take Me Home, Country Roads"
Inducted in 1996
On 12 October 1997, a lite plane Denver was piloting, crashed into Monterey Bay, killing him.
Denver was 53 years old; his remains were cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Rocky Mountains.
Musicians from New Mexico
Castaic is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in the U.S. state of California.
It is in Los Angeles County.
Census-designated places in California
Unincorporated communities in California
North West England is one of the regions of England in the United Kingdom.
The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are in the south of this region.
The northern area (which includes Cumbria and part of Lancashire) is full of villages.
The North West HUB
Central Point is a city in Oregon, USA.
It has a population of 16,550 people as of 2006.
It has an area of 3.1 square miles.
City of Central Point
Puebla, Mexico is a Mexican city.
It is  southeast of Mexico City in a broad valley.
The city has had many names over the years including City of Angels, City of Tiles, and Heroic City of Zaragoza.
Puebla was the main city of colonial Mexico.
The architecture and look of Puebla is the most European of all the colonial cities.
This is because it was built completely by a Spanish.
Most cities at the time were built within an existing Native American community.
Puebla is highly industrialized, having factories belonging to Volkswagen, Audi, and Bimbo.
The historic downtown area remains a Spanish colonial treasure.
It is filled with 17th and 18th century European architecture.
The city has a nice climate all year around, friendly and courteous people living there and good food.
Puebla (state), a state in Mexico
Puebla, Puebla, the capital city of the state of Puebla
Puebla F.C., Mexican football club
Namur (, ) is a city in Belgium.
It is both the capital of the province with the same name, as well as of Wallonia, one of the three administrative regions of Belgium.
It is in the French-speaking part of Belgium.
Mariska Magdolna Hargitay (born January 23, 1964 in Los Angeles, California, USA) is an American actress.
She is best known for her role on the television series Law & Order, SVU.
She is also the daughter of actors Jayne Mansfield and Mickey Hargitay.
Hargitay plays Detective Olivia Benson on the television series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.
Olivia is a sex-crimes detective who works with people and children who have been abused, assaulted, raped, molested, and otherwise victimized.
Hargitay was inspired by the sad stories she learned on SVU, and she created the real-life Joyful Heart Foundation in 2004.
The Joyful Heart Foundation helps real-life survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault.
Santa Cruz de Tenerife is the capital of the Canary Islands.
It is in Tenerife, the biggest and most important (political and economic) island in the Canary Islands.
The Parliament of the Canary Islands is in Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
The population was 222,417 in 2009.
During the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, thousands of people take to the streets each year for over a week.
On January 18, 1980 it was declared a Fiesta of International Tourist Interest by the Secretary of State for Tourism, and is one of the world's largest carnivals.
Torres de Santa Cruz
Centro Internacional de Ferias y Congresos de Tenerife
Parque Gracía Sanabria
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| website                 =www.sainthelena.gov.sh
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Saint Helena is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean at .
It is named after Saint Helena of Constantinople.
It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, which also includes Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha.
Saint Helena measures about  and has a population of 4,084 (2008 census).
Napoleon was sent to this island by the British and their allies as a result of Napoleon's return from the Elba island and loss at the Battle of Waterloo.
Napoleon died there in 1821.
Early history (1502–1658)
The island was discovered in 1502 by the Portuguese admiral João da Nova, and he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople.
The traditional date of this discovery was long thought to be 21 May, but the results of an investigation into the discovery published in 2015 concluded this date is probably wrong, the 3 May seeming to be historically more valid.
Another theory holds that the island found by De Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha,  to the south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships under the command of Estêvão da Gama on 30 July 1503.Duarte Leite, História dos Descobrimentos, Vol.
II (Lisbon: Edições Cosmos, 1960), 206.
The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water.
They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses.
Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was, for ships travelling from Asia to Europe, an important place to stop to get food and water, and frequently sick sailors were left on the island to recover.
After 1588, the island was visited also by Dutch and English ships.
The Dutch Republic formally made claim to St Helena  in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it.
By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.
East India Company (1658–1815)
In 1657, the English East India Company was given a permit to govern St Helena by Oliver Cromwell, and the following year the Company decided to colonise the island with farmers.
The first governor, Captain John Dutton, got there in 1659, and made St Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean.
A fort was completed and a number of houses were built.
After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a Royal permit to start a colony in the island.
The fort was named James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later King James II of England.
The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792 and Chinese workers were brought to work in the farms.
British rule (1815–1821) and Napoleon's exile
In 1815, the British government decided to use the island of St. Helena as a place of detention for Napoleon Bonaparte.
To prevent any attempt to escape from the nearby islands, they formally annexed the islands of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
In 1821, Napoleon died on the island of St Helena.
In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III got the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821).
It is still French property.
Crown colony (1834–1981)
A local industry using the fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War.
However, the industry declined because of transportation costs and competition from synthetic fibres and the last flax industry closed in 1965.
1981 to present
Geography, plants and animals
The island of Saint Helena has a total area of .
The centre is covered by forest, of which some has been planted.
Much of the island has been identified by BirdLife International as being important for bird conservation, especially the endemic Saint Helena Plover or Wirebird, and for seabirds breeding on the islets near the coast.
The highest point of the island is Diana's Peak () at .
In 1996 it became the island's first national park.
In 2000 a project began to replant part of the lost Great Wood, called the Millennium Forest, and is now managed by the Saint Helena National Trust, established in 2002.
The national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena Plover, known locally as the Wirebird.
Saint Helena is divided into eight districts.
People that works and lives in the Jamestown Harbour and in the Royal Mail Ship St. Helena (RMS) are included in the census in their work places (see reference).
The island had an economy of only one crop until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string.
St Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government.
Saint Helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world.
It also produces and exports "Tungi Spirit", made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, Opuntia ficus-indica'' ("Tungi" is the local St Helenian name for the plant).
Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own postage stamps which provide a significant income.
Banking and currency
Saint Helena has its own currency, the Saint Helena pound, which is at parity with the pound sterling.
The government of Saint Helena produces coins and banknotes.
The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004.
It has branches in Jamestown on Saint Helena, and in Georgetown, Ascension Island.
St Helena Tourism
Saint Helena News - newspaper
South Atlantic news, in association with The Saint Helena Independent
St Helena website
1500s establishments
A helicopter (also often used: chopper or heli) is a kind of flying machine or aircraft.
A helicopter lifts up off
of the ground and moves because of its rotors.
A rotor is several small wings, called rotor blades, that spin together around a shaft.
For that reason, helicopters are sometimes called rotary-wing aircraft.
A helicopter flies differently from an airplane.
An airplane must move forward to stay in the air, but because the helicopter's rotor blades are always moving, the helicopter can stop and stay in one place above the ground.
Not needing a runway, they can land in places where an airplane cannot.
Helicopters can move by tilting their rotor blades, which causes the aircraft to fly in the direction the blades are tilted.
Since around 400 BC, the Chinese had a flying top that was used as a children's toy.
The flying top was made from bamboo and used the same method of spinning wings to fly up in the air.
Later flying tops were made of feathers tied to a stick.
Leonardo da Vinci first thought of a helicopter flown by a man in 1490, and drew pictures of his ideas.
It was hundreds of years later (in the early 20th century) before anyone built one that could really fly.
The first practical helicopters were built by Frenchman Louis Breguet in 1935 and by German Henrich Focke in 1936.
A Russian immigrant, Igor Sikorsky, built and perfected the first practical helicopter in America in 1939.
Helicopters are especially useful when there are disasters when infrastructure is damaged.
Food packets, water, medicines and clothes are dropped from the air to people on the ground who cannot be reached by road.
When people are injured, helicopters can carry them to hospitals faster than an ambulance on the road.
Helicopters are also used by the military, because they can move troops and equipment to places an airplane cannot take them.
Attack helicopters act as attack aircraft carrying and shooting guns and missiles.
Baku (; , from the medieval  Bâd-kube, meaning "wind-pounded city", a compound word of bād, "wind", and kube, which is rooted in the verb کوبیدن kubidan, "to pound", thus meaning a place where the wind would be strong and pounding, and ancient city names  Baraca/) is the capital) is the capital and the largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region.
It is on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula.
Baku is located  below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level.
Modern Baku has three parts: the Old Town (İçəri Şəhər), the boomtown and the Soviet-built town.
About 3 million people live in the metropolitan area.
There are large numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons.
In Baku area there is a lot of oil.
There are a lot of state and private universities.
Baku is hosted the 57th Eurovision Song Contest in May 2012.
They also bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.
The city's three main football clubs are Neftchi Baku, FC Baku and Inter Baku.
Baku is one of world's leading chess centres.
Today, Baku is divided into 11 raions (administrative districts) and 5 settlements of city type.
Windows ME is the Millennium Edition of the Microsoft Windows operating system.
Windows ME is based on Windows 98.
Windows Me was based on MS-DOS (as were Windows 98 and Windows 95), and is meant for people using computers in their homes.
Windows 2000 and Windows ME are similar in looks, but Windows ME has features that families find useful, while Windows 2000 was meant for businesses, although many home users also used Windows 2000 especially after Windows ME got bad reviews.
It was released in the year 2000, and thus was called Windows Millennium Edition.
It was the last Windows to be based on MS-DOS.
Unlike Windows 2000, Windows ME generally got negative reviews due to bugs and incompatible hardware.
Support and updates for Windows ME (and Windows 98) ended in 2006, whereas Windows 2000 was supported until 2010.
A librarian is a person responsible for selecting, organizing, and delivering information materials in a variety of formats such as electronic databases, primary source materials, or printed books.
Librarians also teach people to find and evaluate information found on the World Wide Web using Internet search tools and strategies.
Librarians may work in different areas.
Purchasing materials, putting them into categories, teaching, assisting people with questions, and working with information technology are a few of the possible specializations.
Most librarians work for libraries in schools, colleges, or universities or in municipal, regional, or national libraries.
Some librarians also work for private companies, to help them to organize their documents and reports.
There are librarians that also work with the deaf and in prisons.
Related jobs
Other jobs in libraries include the job of library technician.
To become a library technician, a person needs to complete a college diploma.
Geronimo (Chiricahua Goyaałé 'One Who Yawns'; often spelled Goyathlay in English), (June 16, 1829–February 17, 1909) was a well-known Native American leader, but not chief, of the Chiricahua Apache tribe, but he was a Bedonkohe Apache.
He was born in what is now the state of New Mexico and was also a respected medicine man.
The name Geronimo was given to him by Mexican soldiers who either called to Saint Jerome while fighting him or transcribed his name into Spanish wrong.
He led 38 Apache men, women, and children to resist being sent to reservations by the United States government or being captured by the Mexican Army.
He surrendered in 1886.
After that, he was moved to many different forts in the United States.
In 1904 during the world fair in St. Louis, he sold souvenirs and pictures of himself.
He died in 1909 from pneumonia.
1829 births
1909 deaths
Namur (city), a city in Belgium, capital of Wallonia
Namur (province) in Belgium
The title Marquis of Namur, where Namur refers to the province
Namur, Wisconsin, United States, city founded by Walloon immigrants
Namur (Montreal Metro) Montreal Metro station in Montreal, Canada
Namur island, in the Marshall Islands, now Roi-Namur
A gold rush is when a lot of miners go to a mining place full of gold.
Well-known examples are the California Gold Rush of 1849, the Australian gold rush which began in 1851, or the Fraser river gold rush in British Columbia, Canada in 1858.
The California Gold Rush started when James Wilson Marshall was building a water powered sawmill for John Sutter in 1848.
When he finished building the sawmill, he went to the river to fetch some water.
He saw some shiny little flakes of gold in the river.
He immediately went to tell John, and they tried to keep it a secret.
But word soon got out, and the gold rush started.
It was 1849 when the Gold Rush started.
People who came to California for gold were called forty-niners because they came in the year 1849.
Some of them became rich but most did not.
Some people started selling things.
Many of them became rich, famous, and politically powerful.
Sometimes a woman could earn more than her mining husband.
Men like Levi Strauss also sold things.
He invented and sold jeans made from strong denim.
The California Gold Rush ended in 1855.
Many gold miners went back home because gold was harder to find; others found other work.
1840s in California
1850s in California
Gold rushes
Jeans are a type of pants made from heavy, strong cotton material (fabric) called denim.
They were invented in the United States by Levi Strauss in 1872.
In the late 1800s, jeans were worn by workers.
Jeans are one of the most obvious symbols of American cultural influence in the world.
They are worn in many countries around the world.
In the 1950s, jeans became a popular fashion for teenagers and young adults.
In the 1950s, jeans were part of rockabilly fashion for teenagers.
Now, jeans are a very popular type of pants.
They are usually worn as casual fashion clothing.
Jeans are made in many styles and colors.
The word "jeans" came from the French name of the city in Italy where a strong cotton fabric was made.
The Italian city's name, Genoa, was spelled "jene" in Middle English and "Gênes" in the French language.
Trousers and shorts
Sovereignty is the right of a government to have complete control over its area.
The idea that this right comes from doing good things for the people under control of the government is as old as Ancient Greece if not older.
The exact meaning of Sovereignty has changed some in the past.
The present meaning of Sovereignty is said to come from the Peace of Westphalia, an agreement between the rulers of Europe in 1648 which said:
No one should try to help break up one sovereign government into more than one.
No one should cross over into the land, water, or air where the international law says a government is sovereign, unless they have agreement from that sovereign government.
A sovereign government is the only maker of laws in the land, water or air where international law says it is sovereign.
Ancient Rome was first the Roman Republic, but then when Octavian made the Roman Empire the Emperor of Rome said that he was "Sovereign".
The meaning of this was that he could make any law he wanted, and he did not have to do what the law said himself.
In the time of the Middle Ages many kings and rulers had to do what other leaders said, such as the leader of the Catholic Church, the Pope.
Because of this, the idea of "Sovereignty" was not much used.
In the time of the Protestant Reformation, in the 16th century, governments were breaking away from religious leaders.
Also many wars were fought between different rulers inside areas that are now sovereign countries.
The English Civil War is one example of a war fought in this time between leaders inside one country.
The Peace of Westphalia was made in 1648 and the idea of "Sovereignty" came back.
Governments were now separate from outside leaders and only one government or ruler inside a country could make laws.
The divine right of kings became more widespread.
The English thinker Thomas Hobbes wrote a book in 1651 that said rulers and governments are "Sovereign" because they are good for the safety of the people.
The idea that people could change rulers if they were not safe was new with Hobbes.
In 1789 the French Revolution made an important country's government ruled by the choices of the people for the first time after the Middle Ages (some cities and small countries were democracies in the Middle Ages).
There were many problems and France went back to the old way soon after, but would be ready for Democracy in 1870's.
In England, many people got to vote after The Reform Act in 1832.
The United States broke away from England in 1776-1783, but was not an important country at that time.
Between Countries
Sometimes there is discussion about when a government loses Sovereignty because it is doing bad things for its people.
In this case justice may mean other countries need to intrude on the sovereignty of the government.
Inside a Country
"Sovereignty" when talking about relations between groups inside one country usually means which group has the Legitimacy to rule.
This may not be certain.
Sometimes the group who is most able to rule (because of a strong military) is not Legitimate.
The  (FIFA ; French for "International Federation of Association Football") is the organization that controls international football (also called association football).
The organization’s main  buildings are in Zürich, Switzerland.
FIFA organizes major international football tournaments, and the most famous one is the FIFA World Cup, which has been held since 1930.
FIFA was established on May 21, 1905 in Paris and has 209 national associations as its members.
The organization’s official languages are English, French, German and Spanish.
The most powerful organ of FIFA is the FIFA Congress, which is an assembly made up of representatives from each member association.
The Congress holds a regular meeting once a year, and since 1998 an additional meeting has been held every year.
Only the Congress can pass changes to FIFA's laws.
The Congress decides whether FIFA should accept new national associations and elects the President of FIFA, its General Secretary and the other members of FIFA's executive committee.
The President and General Secretary take care of what goes on within and around FIFA.
The executive committee, with the President as its head, is responsible for deciding the dates, locations and format of tournaments.
Also, there are six regional confederations recognized by FIFA which take care of the game in the seven different continents of the world.
National associations must be members of both FIFA and their regional confederation in order for their teams to compete in FIFA's competitions.
The six confederations are AFC (Asian Football Confederation in Asia and Australia), CAF (Confédération Africaine de Football in Africa), CONCACAF (Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football in North America and Central America), CONMEBOL (Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol in South America), OFC (Oceania Football Confederation in Oceania) and UEFA (Union Européenne de Football Association in Europe).
Paul Darby, Africa, Football and Fifa: Politics, Colonialism and Resistance (Sport in the Global Society), Frank Cass Publishers 2002, .
John Sugden, FIFA and the Contest For World Football, Polity Press 1998, .
Jim Trecker, Charles Miers, J. Brett Whitesell, ed.,
Women's Soccer: The Game and the Fifa World Cup, Universe 2000, Revised Edition, .
FIFA Laws of the Game
1904 establishments
American Idol is an American reality-singing competition series created by Simon Fuller, produced by 19 Entertainment, and distributed by FremantleMedia North America.
It aired on Fox from June 11, 2002 to April 7, 2016, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television.
On March 11, 2018, the 16th season aired on ABC.
The TV show consists of multiple rounds of elimination.
The singers can be anyone between the age of 15 and 29 years.
Host and judges
American Idol has three judges, who give comments on performances.
Simon Cowell (Season 1-9)
Randy Jackson (Season 1-12)
Paula Abdul (Season 1-8)
Kara DioGuardi (Season 8-9)
Ellen DeGeneres (Season 9)
Jennifer Lopez  (Season 10-11, 13-15)
Steven Tyler (Season 10-11)
Mariah Carey (Season 12)
Keith Urban (Season 12-15)
Nicki Minaj (Season 12)
Harry Connick Jr. (Season 13-15)
Katy Perry (Season 16-)
Luke Bryan (Season 16-)
Lionel Richie (Season 16-)
Brian Dunkleman (Season 1)
Season 1 (2002): Kelly Clarkson
Season 2 (2003): Ruben Studdard
Season 3 (2004): Fantasia Barrino
Season 4 (2005): Carrie Underwood
Season 5 (2006): Taylor Hicks
Season 6 (2007): Jordin Sparks
Season 7 (2008): David Cook
Season 8 (2009): Kris Allen
Season 9 (2010): Lee DeWyze
Season 10 (2011): Scotty McCreery
Season 11 (2012): Phillip Phillips
Season 12 (2013): Candice Glover
Season 13 (2014): Caleb Johnson
Season 14 (2015): Nick Fradiani
Season 15 (2016): Trent Harmon
Season 16 (2018): Maddie Poppe
Season 17 (2019): Laine Hardy
Season 18 (2020): Just Sam
Season 19 (2021): Chayce Beckham
Season 1 (2002): Justin Guarini
Season 2 (2003): Clay Aiken
Season 3 (2004): Diana DeGarmo
Season 4 (2005): Bo Bice
Season 5 (2006): Katharine McPhee
Season 6 (2007): Blake Lewis
Season 7 (2008): David Archuleta
Season 8 (2009): Adam Lambert
Season 9 (2010): Crystal Bowersox
Season 10 (2011): Lauren Alaina
Season 11 (2012): Jessica Sanchez
Season 12 (2013): Kree Harrison
Season 13 (2014): Jena Irene
Season 14 (2015): Clark Beckham
Season 15 (2016): La'Porsha Renae
Season 16 (2018): Caleb Lee Hutchinson
Season 17 (2019): Alejandro Aranda
Season 18 (2020): Arthur Gunn
Season 19 (2021): Willie Spence
Season 1 (2002): Nikki McKibbin
Season 2 (2003): Kimberley Locke
Season 3 (2004): Jasmine Trias
Season 4 (2005): Vonzell Solomon
Season 5 (2006): Elliott Yamin
Season 6 (2007): Melinda Doolittle
Season 7 (2008): Syesha Mercado
Season 8 (2009): Danny Gokey
Season 9 (2010): Casey James
Season 10 (2011): Haley Reinhart
Season 11 (2012): Joshua Ledet
Season 12 (2013): Angie Miller
Season 13 (2014): Alex Preston
Season 14 (2015): Jax
Season 15 (2016): Dalton Rapattoni
Season 16 (2018): Gabby Barrett
Season 17 (2019): Madison VanDenburg
Season 18 (2020): Dillon James
Season 19 (2021): Grace Kinstler
Other contestants
Cade Fohener
Julia Gargano
American Idol Official website
A smile is a face made by flexing the muscles near both ends of the mouth.
The smile can also be made through the eyes (See 'Duchenne smile' below).
Smiles usually express happiness.
A smile can be natural or fake.
However, smiling can be different with animals.
When smiling, the teeth shows, but sometimes animals do this when they are threatening.
When chimpanzees show their teeth, it can also be a sign of fear.
Dimples are genetically inherited.
They are caused by the flesh underneath the skin, that forms on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile.
Some people may only have one dimple on only one side of the face.
Duchenne smile
Although there are many different types of smiles, researchers are interested in the duchenne smile because it is done with the eyes.
The Duchenne smile was named after the French physician Guillaume Duchenne.
Duchenne identified two types of smiles.
A Duchenne smile is when the cheek raises and forms a wrinkle around the eyes.
Many researchers think that Duchenne smiles are usually hard to make when you are pretending to smile.
On the Internet, smiles can normally be typed up.
This is normally called a smiley, smiley face, or happy face.
Smileys show emotion when people are not able to see it in real life.
Smileys typed on the computer are called emoticons.
Smileys can change depending on where the person typing the smiley is.
Conniff, R. (2007).
What's behind a smile?
Smithsonian Magazine, 38,46-53.
Ottenheimer, H.J. (2006).
The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology.
Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworh.
Ekman, P., Davidson, R.J., & Friesen, W.V. (1990).
The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain psysiology II.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 342-353.
Russell and Fernandez-Dols eds.
The psychology of facial expression.
Cambridge. .
Messinger D. & Fogel A. 2007.
The interactive development of social smiling.
In  Robert Kail (ed) Advances in child development and behavior, 35, 327-366.
Oxford: Elsevier.
Retrieved 25 June 2010 from
BBC News: Scanner shows unborn babies smile
Słupsk is a city in northern Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship.
It has about 100.000 inhabitants and 43,15 km².
The name that was used for Emperor by the Ethiopians means King of Kings.
The Solomonid dynasty was a line of emperors that ruled in Ethiopia from 1270 to 1975.
There were some other emperors that ruled who were not from the Solomonid dynasty, but the Solomonids were in control most of the time.
The emperors did not use their real name when they became Emperor of Ethiopia, but they made up a new one for their rule.
For example, the first Emperor of the Solomonids was Yekuno Amlak.
But he used the name Tasfa Iyassus after he became ruler.
The dynasty began in 1270, when Yekuno Amlak killed the last king of the Zagwe dynasty, which had ruled Ethiopia.
Yekuno Amlak was made king, and European historians say was the first ruler of the dynasty.
But most Ethiopian books say that Menelik I, the son of King Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba, was the first Emperor of this dynasty.
The leaders of Ethiopia from 1270 to 1975 (mostly Solomonids):
History of Ethiopia
Royal dynasties
1975 disestablishments
1270 establishments
20th-century disestablishments in Africa
The Sound of Music is a musical.
It was based on a 1956 German movie, Die Trapp-Familie and The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria von Trapp.
The book was written by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse.
The lyrics were written by Oscar Hammerstein II.
The music was written by Richard Rodgers.
It was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein.
Hammerstein died nine months after the Broadway opening.
A young Austrian woman named Maria Rainer becomes the governess to the children of Captain Georg von Trapp, a widow.
The children included Liesl (16), Fredrich (14), Louisa (13), Kurt (10 or 11), Brigitta (9), Marta (7) and Gretl (5).
Maria teaches the children how to sing, during the famous song Do Re Mi.
The captain and Maria fall in love and marry.
Von Trapp refuses to join the Nazis and escapes from the Salzburg Festival, where his family performed.
The story ends with Maria and her family leaving from Austria to Switzerland.
The Sound of Music was released on 16 November 1959 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on Broadway.
It starred Mary Martin as Maria and Theodore Bikel as Captain von Trapp.
It moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on 6 November 1962, and closed on 15 June 1963 after 1,443 performances.
The musical opened on the West End at the Palace Theatre on 18 May 1961.
It starred Jean Bayless as Maria and Roger Dann as Capt.
von Trapp.
The musical ran for 2,385 performances.
1950s musicals
Musicals by Rodgers and Hammerstein
Musicals based on books
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards.
Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the movie industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).
The name of the award has changed over time.
It was first Outstanding Picture in 1927.
In 1930, the name was changed to Best Picture.
It is still called that today.
In the list below are the winners of the award for each year.
A list of the winners and other nominees is in the main article for each decade.
Oscars.org (official Academy site)
Oscar.com (official ceremony promotional site)
The Academy Awards Database  (official site)
Academy Awards Photos and News (People.com)
Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
IMDb.com (Internet Movie Database site)
Link to DVD list of all Best Picture Winners
Bulimia nervosa (bulimia) is a disease and a type of eating disorder.
It is when a person eats large amounts of food then will force themself to vomit it up or purge.
Other ways that they get it out of their body include laxatives and exercising.
Most who have it feel that they are fat and want to be skinny.
Most people with bulimia eat large amounts of food then make themselves vomit or purge.
Typically, they will do this at least once a week or more often.
Bulimic people often think about how their bodies look, and usually, the motive behind purging is the want to be skinny.
The person may also have anorexia nervosa.
However, most with bulimia have a normal weight or are overweight, which makes it difficult to know when someone has bulimia from just simply looking at them.
It is also common to have calluses or bruising on the fingers from purging.
Bulimia nervosa can cause many health problems.
Because vomit has lots of acid in it, purging frequently can burn the person's mouth, throat, or teeth.
One can lose nutrients or fluids in their body.
Glands in one's throat and face may get larger and hurt.
The immune system is weakened, as well as the possibility of muscle or heart problems.
Sometimes bulimia can cause difficulty breathing.
This is because the acids that are in your mouth go to your lungs and damage the bronchioles.
There is also feedback to the ego and a social stigma that may cause further psychological impact.
Most people who have bulimia are between the ages of 10 to 25.
It is more common in females than it is in males.
People who have had past trauma are more likely to be bulimic.
People with obsessive compulsive disorder or perfectionism are also likely to have bulimia.
The Turks and Caicos Islands are two groups of islands in the Caribbean Sea, near the Bahamas.
The islands lie southeast of Mayaguana in the Bahamas island chain and north of the island of Hispaniola.
Cockburn Town, the capital since 1766, is in the Grand Turk Island about  east-southeast of Miami, United States.
The islands have a total land area of .
and they are on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The government of Great Britain is also the ruler of the Turks and Caicos, but that ruler always acts through a governor.
There are local elections for premier (similar to a president).
Government offices are in the Grand Turk Island.
The two island groups are in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Bahamas, north of Hispaniola, at .
The Caicos Islands are separated by the Caicos Passage from the closest Bahamian islands, Mayaguana and Great Inagua.
The eight main islands and more than 299 smaller islands have a total land area of , consisting primarily of low, flat limestone with extensive marshes and mangrove swamps and  of beach front.
The weather is usually sunny and relatively dry, but hurricanes are frequent during summer.
The islands have limited natural fresh water resources; private cisterns collect rainwater for drinking.
The primary natural resources are spiny lobster, conch and other shellfish.
Turks Islands
The Turks Islands are separated from the Caicos Islands by Turks Island Passage, which is more than  deep, The islands form a chain that goes from north to south.
Grand Turk.
Here is the capital city, Cockburn Town, of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and all government offices are here.
There is an international airport.
Salt Cay.
It is the second largest of the Turks Islands.
The main income used to be salt, but now it is tourism.
Caicos Islands
North Caicos is the largest island in the country.
Middle Caicos is the second largest island in the country.
South Caicos, or The Big South, is the fishing capital of the country.
Providenciales, or more commonly known as "Provo".
In this island is the "Providenciales International Airport" and there are many holiday resorts.
A large coral reef is situated to the north of the island.
Ambergris Cay
Pine Cay
Parrot Cay
Turks and Caicos Islands features a relatively dry and sunny marine tropical climate with relatively consistent temperatures throughout the course of the year.
The temperature during summer rarely is over  and during winter rarely is below .
Eight of the thirty islands in the territory are inhabited, with a total population in 2012 of 31,458: 16,037 males and 15,421 females.
The population density is 214 persons per square mile.
The official language of the islands is English and the population also speaks Turks and Caicos Islands Creole which is similar to Bahamian Creole.
Due to its close proximity to Cuba and Hispaniola, large Haitian Creole and Spanish-speaking communities have developed in the territory due to immigration from Creole-speaking Haiti and from Spanish-speaking Cuba and Dominican Republic.
Blue Hills
Conch Bar
Cockburn Harbour
Grace Bay Garden Loop, Turks and caicos island
Balfour Town, Turks and Caicos Islands
Whitby, Turks and Caicos Islands
Kew, Turks and Caicos Islands
Sandy Point, Turks and Caicos Islands
Lorimers
Bambarra, Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands website
The French State was the nominal government of all of France except for Alsace-Lorraine.
It also governed the French colonial empire.
It was led by Philippe Pétain, notable for helping to win World War I. When the French and British armies lost the Battle of Dunkirk and the rest of the Battle of France was being lost, the French Parliament made him Prime Minister.
He negotiated an armistice with the Germans, agreeing to be neutral in World War II.
Pétain became Head of State, effectively dictator, and usually did what the Germans told him to do.
The Axis powers militarily occupied northern France and part of the southeast.
The Vichy government, as a client state of Germany, controlled the unoccupied parts of France until November1942.
The German army ran the Northern half.
In 1944, the Vichy government, now effectively a puppet state, moved to Nazi Germany, and later disbanded.
It became known as Vichy France after World War II.
1940 establishments in France
1944 disestablishments
1940s in France
20th-century disestablishments in France
Anguilla is a group of five islands in the Caribbean Sea.
The islands are ruled by the United Kingdom.
Anguilla was colonized by the British Empire and used to be part of what is now Saint Kitts and Nevis, but broke away in 1980 so it could stay part of Great Britain.
Saint Kitts and Nevis wanted to be independent.
The King or Queen of the United Kingdom is the ruler of Anguilla, but she works through a governor.
He or she names, or appoints the governor, and he is just working there in place of the monarch.
The legislature is elected by the people, has 11 members, and is called the House of Assembly.
Anguilla has mostly been part of the British Empire since the 17th century.
The British brought thousands of slaves from Africa and forced them to work, like they did all over the Caribbean and North America.
Many of the slaves decided to run away rather than be forced to work.
When the British decided to abolish slavery they paid all the slave owners a lot of money, but didn't give anything to the slaves.
Now Anguilla gets most of its money from fishing and tourism.
Bermuda (/bɜrˈmjuːdə/ "Ber-myu-dah"; officially, the Bermudas or Somers Islands) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean.
The land has one main island and 180 smaller islands.
Bermuda is a popular tourist place, with mild weather during the winter months.
Off the east coast of the United States, Bermuda's nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) to the west-northwest.
It is about 1,373 kilometres (853 mi) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and 1,770 kilometres (1,100 mi) northeast of Miami, Florida.
Its capital city is Hamilton.
in 1505 by Spanish navigator Juan de Bermúdez (who said it to be inhabited only with pigs), after whom the islands are named.
Bermúdez claimed it for the Spanish Empire.
Unoccupied, the island was settled by England in 1609, making it the oldest and most populous remaining British overseas territory.
Its first capital, St George's, was founded in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the Americas.
The country is in the Atlantic Ocean, near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea.