the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In a short time, it became one of the most popular Sesame Street toys in stores.
The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team.
The team plays its home games in Santa Clara, California at Levi's Stadium, as the teams head office and practice areas are located there.
The 49ers are at this moment part of the Western Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
The team is called the 49ers because of San Francisco's history in the Gold Rush of 1849.
The team colors are red, gold, and silver.
The color Gold is used because of the gold from the gold rush.
The team has won a total of five Super Bowls, with their last victory being in Super Bowl XXIX.
They lost to the Baltimore Ravens in the 2013 Super Bowl, 34-31 after nearly coming back after the power outage.
The 49ers also appeared in Super Bowl LIV, but lost 20-31 against the Kansas City Chiefs.
Lawrence (Buck) Shaw (1946-1954)
Red Strader (1955)
Frankie Albert (1956-1958)
Red Hickey (1959-1963)
Jack Christiansen (1963-1967)
Dick Nolan (1968-1975)
Monte Clark (1976)
Ken Meyer (1977)
Pete McCulley (1978)
Fred O'Connor (1978)
Bill Walsh (1979-1988)
George Seifert (1989-1996)
Steve Mariucci (1997-2002)
Dennis Erickson (2003-2004)
Mike Nolan (2005)
Mike Singletary (2005-2010)
Jim Harbaugh (2011-2014)
Jim Tomsula (2015)
Chip Kelly (2016)
Kyle Shanahan (2017-present)
San Francisco 49ers official web site
The Tennessee Titans are a professional American football team in Nashville, Tennessee.
They are currently part of the South Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
They used to be known as the Houston Oilers, and played in Houston, Texas.
The  team was started in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL).
The Oilers won two AFL championships before joining the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL Merger.
The team moved to the state of Tennessee in 1997.
They played in Memphis for one season before moving to Nashville.
For two seasons, the team was known as the Tennessee Oilers.
They changed their name to the Titans in 1999.
Tennessee Titans official web site
Mumps is a viral disease.
Only humans get it.
Some of the most commons symptoms are fever, headaches, swelling of the parotoid glands, sore throat, and orchitis (which means swelling of the testicles).
hence we can say that mumps can be prevented by MMR vaccination
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was started by Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression.
The CCC gave young men jobs such as fighting forest fires, digging ditches, and planting trees.
The CCC paid these men about thirty dollars a month.
At first, it was planned to get men out of the cities, but more men came from small towns and rural areas.
TripleCCC Museum in St. Louis, Missouri
A killer app is a term used for a video game which makes people want to buy the console it is played on.
People will get the console just so they can play that game.
Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels is a Mario video game made by Nintendo.
It was released as Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan in 1986 for the Famicom Disk System.
Nintendo of America took another game, called Doki Doki Panic, and released that instead under the Super Mario Bros. 2 name.
The Lost Levels was not released in the United States since Nintendo of America felt that Americans would not be happy with the game because they felt it was too hard and it was too similar to Super Mario Bros.
The Lost Levels feature updated graphics from the original, new items, and new functions.
One item is the Poison Mushroom.
Normally a mushroom will make Mario bigger (Super Mushroom) or give him an extra life (1up Mushroom), but this one will make Mario smaller or kill him.
They are easily distinguishable by their skull cap designs and "angry" eyes.
They are also purple in the All-Stars release.
Red piranha plants.
The original green ones will not come up if Mario is near them or over them.
The red ones will come up even if Mario is on top of them.
Mario and Luigi now act differently.
Luigi has a higher jump and skids more when coming to a stop.
The game was first released around the world in 1993 in Super Mario All-Stars for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console.
That game had the other three Super Mario Bros. games with better graphics and a save function.
In 1999, it was packaged in Super Mario Bros. Deluxe for the Game Boy Color.
After the player earned 300,000 points, it was unlocked and subtitled For Super Players.
This version uses the original Super Mario Bros. graphics, does not have wind, and does not have the differences between Mario and Luigi.
In 2004, it was released in Japan as Volume 21 in the Famicom Mini series for the Game Boy Advance.
It was not released anywhere else.
In 2007, it was released on the Wii's Virtual Console service.
Chiang Mai () is the biggest city in northern Thailand.
The city's name is Thai for "new city" because it replaced Chiang Rai, meaning "old city", as the capital of the Lan Na Kingdom.
It is the capital of Chiang Mai Province, the second-biggest province of Thailand.
Neighboring provinces are (from northeast to northwest) Chiang Rai, Lampang, Lamphun, Tak, and Mae Hong Son.
In the north it is next to Shan State of Myanmar.
Cities in Thailand
Hyōgo Prefecture is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu.
The capital city is Kobe.
In 1993, Himeji Castle was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
It is in the city of Himeji.
In 1995, the Great Hanshin earthquake damaged Kobe and neighboring Osaka Prefecture.
It caused the deaths of 5,000+ people.
Hyōgo has coastlines on two seas.
The Sea of Japan is north of the prefecture and the Seto Inland Sea is on the south.
Awaji Island in the Inland Sea is part of Hyōgo.
Izumo daijinju is the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.
Official Hyōgo Prefecture website
Himeji-jo, World Heritage Site
Adelaide Zoo is Australia's second oldest zoo.
It is in Adelaide, South Australia.
The zoo has over 1800 animals from 300 different species.
Web site of the Adelaide Zoo
Buildings and structures in Australia
Zoos in Australia
Ruth Elizabeth Harkness (21 September 1900 – 20 July 1947) was an American fashion designer and socialite.
She traveled to China in 1936 and brought back the first live giant panda to the United States.
Her story was told in a book by Vicki Constantine Croke, The Lady and the Panda, published by Random House in 2005.
Ruth was found dead in a hotel on July 20th 1947.
The Brookfield Zoo is a large zoo near Chicago, Illinois.
The zoo is about  216 acres (874,124 m²), and has around 450 species of animals.
Australia House: Crested pigeons, emerald tree boas, double-wattled cassowaries, emus, princess parrots, Rodrigues flying foxes, short-beaked echidnas, southern hairy-nosed wombats, western grey kangaroos, parma wallabies, prehensile-tailed skinks, Argus monitors, tawny frogmouths, and laughing kookaburras.
Children's Zoo: Harris hawks, great horned owls, American kestrels, turkey vultures, red-tailed hawks, raccoons, ravens, chickens, goats, groundhogs, Holstein cattle, reindeer, sheep.
Feather and Scales: Andean condors, blue poison dart frogs, double-striped thick-knees,  Gambel's quails, greater roadrunners, green aracaries, boa constrictors, and sungazers.
Perching Bird House: African pygmy-falcons, Argus monitors, Bali starlings, bay-headed tanagers, crested wood partridges, green-winged macaws, Micronesian kingfishers, paradise tanagers, tawny frogmouths, and turquoise tanagers.
Fragile Desert: African crested porcupines, Amur leopards, bat-eared foxes, black-footed cats, caracals, meerkats, rock hyraxes, and sand cats.
Fragile Hunters: African lions, Amur tigers, sloth bears, and snow leopards.
Fragile Rainforest: Asian small-clawed otters, bearcats, Burmese pythons, clouded leopard, fishing cats, giant African millipedes, naked mole rats, and northern treeshrews.
Great Bear Wilderness: American bison, bald eagles, brown bears, and polar bears.
Habitat Africa!
The Forest: African forest buffaloes, giant African millipedes, okapis, red-flanked duikers, red river hogs, and reunion chameleons.
The Savannah: Aardvarks, African wild dogs, common ostriches, klipspringers, reticulated giraffes, and warthogs.
Hamill Family Play Zoo: African hedgehogs, barred tiger salamanders, mongoose lemurs, ring-tailed lemurs, Blanding's turtles, musk turtles, boa constrictors, and African cichlids.
Hoofed Animals: Addaxes, Bactrian camels, Grant's zebras, and Grevy's zebras.
The Living Coast: Humboldt penguins, Inca terns, grey gulls, and moray eels.
Pachyderm House: Eastern black rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, and South American tapirs.
Pinniped Point: California sea lions, harbor seals.
Regenstein Wolf Woods: Mexican wolves.
Salt Creek Wilderness: Trumpeter swans.
Seven Seas: Bottlenose dolphins.
The Swamp: American alligators, alligator snapping turtles, eastern screech owls, little blue herons, North American river otters, and snowy egrets.
Tropic World: Asian small-clawed otters, Bornean Orangutans, collared mangabeys, cottontop tamarins, eastern black-and-white colobuses, giant anteaters, Geoffroy's spider monkeys, golden lion tamarins, mandrills, northern white-cheeked gibbons, pygmy hippopotamuses, sooty mangabeys, and western lowland gorillas.
Official Brookfield Zoo website
Buildings and structures in Chicago, Illinois
Zoos in Illinois
is a town in Nishimuro District, Wakayama, Japan.
Settlements in Wakayama Prefecture
is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshū.
The capital is the city of Wakayama.
Wakayama Prefecture is surrounded by Osaka Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Hyogo Prefecture and Tokushima Prefecture.
Wakayama's southwestern coastline faces the Seto Inland Sea and its southeastern coastline is on the Pacific Ocean.
The northern borders of the prefecture meet Osaka Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, and Mie Prefecture.
Hinokuma-kunikakasu jinjū is the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.
Wakayama Prefecture website
A webcast is a type of media file used on the Internet.
It is distributed using streaming media technology to many people at the same time.
It is basically the same as broadcasting over the internet.
Many radio and TV stations, as well as stations that are only on the internet, have webcasts.
Businesses may have webcasts to give presentations or to teach people.
Some people broadcast weddings or funerals through webcasts.
The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team in Kansas City, Missouri.
The team is a part of the Western Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
Their starting quarterback is Patrick Mahomes.
Originally called the Dallas Texans, the club was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League.
The team moved to Kansas City and became the Chiefs in 1963 after then-Kansas City mayor H. Roe Bartle promised the team they would have more ticket sales.
The Chiefs then joined the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL Merger.
The Chiefs hold the distinction of being the second AFL team (after the New York Jets) to beat an NFL club in an AFL-NFL World Championship Game when they beat the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV.
The Chiefs won Super Bowl LIV by defeating the San Francisco 49ers 31-20.
This was the team’s first Super Bowl win since 1969.
The term "chief" is sometimes considered to be insulting to Native Americans.
There has been no serious effort to change the team's nickname.
They have used an arrowhead as their symbol for a long time.
They also named their home field Arrowhead Stadium.
Kansas City Chiefs official site
Year by Year Statistics  (pdf)
Sports E-Cyclopedia.com
The Jacksonville Jaguars are a professional American football team in Jacksonville, Florida.
They are currently members of the Southern Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
The Jaguars, and the Carolina Panthers, became part of the NFL as expansion teams in 1995.
Tom Coughlin (1995–2002)
Jack Del Rio (2003–2011)
Mel Tucker (interim, 2011)
Mike Mularkey (2012)
Gus Bradley (2013-)
Official Jacksonville Jaguars web site
Jacksonville Jaguars Foundation
The Houston Texans are a professional American National Football League team in Houston, Texas.
Their current quarterback is Deshaun Watson.
They are part of the American Football Conference (AFC).
The Texans joined the NFL in 2002 as an expansion team.
The team is, of course, named for their home state.
There was another "Texans" team in the early 1960s, the Dallas Texas.
That team move and became the Kansas City Chiefs.
The first NFL team in Houston was the "Oilers".
The Oilers moved to Tennessee and were renamed the "Titans".
The Texans were created in order to replace the Oilers in Houston.
Well Known Players
Andre Johnson Wide receiver
J.J. Watt Defensive End
Official Houston Texans website
The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team in Cleveland, Ohio.
The team plays in the AFC North division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
The Cleveland Browns started playing in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference and joined the NFL in 1950 after the AAFC folded.
After the 1995 season, the Browns moved to Baltimore, Maryland and changed its name to the Baltimore Ravens.
However, the Browns' team history stayed behind in Cleveland.
A new Cleveland Browns team began playing in the 1999 NFL season, inheriting the history of the first Browns team.
The team has also won four NFL Championships.
It is one of two teams in Ohio, the other team is the Cincinnati Bengals.
They are one of two NFL teams to finish the season with 0 wins, going 0-16 in the 2017 NFL season.
They share this achievement with the Detroit Lions, who went 0-16 in 2008.
Cleveland Browns official web site
Sports in Cleveland, Ohio
The Cincinnati Bengals are a professional American football team in Cincinnati, Ohio.
They are currently members of the North Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
Their first season, 1968, was as an American Football League franchise, but they joined the NFL as part of the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger.
Their current quarterback is Andy Dalton.
The Bengals' stadium is Paul Brown Stadium, in Cincinnati.
Their uniforms are an orange, black, or white jersey with tiger stripes and black or white pants.
Cincinnati Bengals official web site
Bengals History
A commentary often means some sort of voice that will explain what is going on while a program is playing.
Commentary is most often used in sports.
Some famous commentators are Jim Ross, Larry Merchant, Jesse Ventura, Navjot Singh Sidhu and Gorilla Monsoon.
A commentary can mean comments, spoken or written, which help people understand a book, play or work of art.
There has been a settlement on the bend of the River Blackwater for thousands of years.
Archeologists have found evidence that shows the settlement was a Celtic trading port.
The Romans started a settlement here called "Canonium".
The present village of Kelvedon has been lived in since the early Middle Ages.
The building of the Norwich - London railway, made Kelvedon a good place to live, but with easy and quick access to London.
The village was built along one road, High Street.
From the 1930's the village began to spread for miles along the street which was part of the A12.
In the 1960's a bypass was built to go around the village.
In the 1980's a large housing development called "Riverside Park" added hundreds of houses.
Kelvedon Free Music Festival
The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football team in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
They play in the AFC North Division of the National Football League (NFL).
The team is named after the poem, The Raven by Edgar Allen Poe.
The Ravens are rivals with the Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers and Washington Redskins.
The Ravens have won twice Super Bowl title, Super Bowl XXXV, in the 2000 NFL season against the New York Giants and Super Bowl XLVII in the 2012 NFL season against the San Francisco 49ers.
As of 2018, the Ravens' quarterback is Lamar Jackson.
They play at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore, MD.
Baltimore has long been known for their great defense.
In 2000, the Ravens had one of the best defenses in NFL history.
Some major Ravens defenders include middle linebacker Ray Lewis, outisde linebacker/defensive end Terrell Suggs, defensive tackle Haloti Ngata, cornerback Chris McAlister, outside linebacker Peter Boulware, cornerback Lardarius Webb, defensive tackle Tony Siragusa, and defensive back Rod Woodson.
Several Ravens defensive coodinators (Marvin Lewis, Mike Nolan, Rex Ryan, and Chuck Pagano) have gone to be NFL head coaches.
Offense/special teams
The offense has been considered mediocre.
The Ravens have had many different quarterbacks, including Trent Dilfer, Vinny Testaverde, Kyle Boller, and Joe Flacco, with limited success.
The Ravens have gotten good results from players like Todd Heap, Derrick Mason, Flacco, Jamal Lewis, and some others on offense.
The Ravens special teams has also been praised.
Notable players include kicker Matt Stover, punter Sam Koch, and returner Jermaine Lewis.
In 1996, the Ravens' logo had a seal with a "B" for Baltimore.
That logo was featured on the Ravens' helmets.
In 1999, the logo changed to the head a purple Raven with the Baltimore B. That has been on team helmets since.
The Baltimore Ravens uniform combinations are: purple jersey and white pants (standard, introduced in 1999), white jersey with white pants (introduced in 1996, often worn for away games), white jersey with black pants (introduced in 2008, often worn in away games and at the season-home opener), purple jersey and black pants (alternate, 'not often worn,' introduced in 1996), black jerseys and white pants (alternate, introduced in 2008), and black jersey and black pants (alternate, introduced in 2004).
Purple jerseys are most often worn during day-time home games.
The black jerseys are worn only at home games, usually games that are played at night.
The white jersey combinations are worn at most away games.
However, the black pants and white jersey combination is usually worn by the Ravens for their first home game of every season.
That tradition was started under head coach John Harbaugh in 2008.
See main articles: Memorial Stadium (Baltimore) and M&T Bank Stadium.
The Ravens played their first two seasons in Memorial Stadium, where the Baltimore Orioles Major League Baseball team and the Baltimore Colts played.
Before the 1998 season, the Ravens moved to what is now M&T Bank Stadium.
The stadium was called "PSI Net Stadium" up until 2001 when the PSI Net company went bankrupt.
The stadium was referred to as "Ravens Stadium" in 2002.
Many fans signed a letter asking that the Ravens officials name the stadium "Johnny Unitas Stadium" after Baltimore Colts Hall of Fame quarterback Johnny Unitas.
The request was unsuccessful.
Before the 2003 season, the Ravens, Maryland Stadium Authority, and M&T Bank signed a long term contract for the stadium to be called "M&T Bank Stadium."
The stadium's official holding is listed at 71,008 people, but can hold more.
See also: http://www.baltimoreravens.com/News/History/Ring_of_Honor.aspx
Runningback and runningbacks coach Earnest Byner (Inducted 2001)
Owner Art Modell (Inducted 2003)
Defensive end Michael McCrary (Inducted 2004)
Outside Linebacker Peter Boulware (Inducted 2006)
Offensive tackle Jonathan Ogden (Inducted 2008)
Kicker Matt Stover (Inducted 2011)
Running back Jamal Lewis (inducted 2012)
Linebacker Ray Lewis (inducted 2013)
The Baltimore Colts played in Baltimore from 1953 to 1984.
In 1995, Cleveland Browns owner Art Modell announced that his struggling team could no longer compete financially or on the field.
He then announced a highly criticized move to go to Baltimore.
In 1996, the Ravens drafted future stars Jonathan Ogden, Ray Lewis, and Jermaine Lewis.
Four years later, head coach Brian Billick led the Ravens to a 34-7 Super Bowl XXXV victory over the New York Giants.
The next few years were filled with mediocrecy.
In 2004, Baltimore businessman Steve Bisciotti bought the team from Modell.
The Ravens fired Billick in 2007 after a 5-11 season and replaced him with John Harbaugh, who got the Ravens to the playoffs through the next four years.
Ted Marchibroda (1996-1998) Win-Loss record: 16-31-1
Brian Billick (1999-2007) Win-Loss record: 80-64
John Harbaugh (2008-Present) Win-Loss record: 54-26
Baltimore Ravens official web site
The Buffalo Bills are a professional American football team in Buffalo, New York.
They are members of the Eastern Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
The Bills started playing in 1960 as an original member of the American Football League and joined the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL merger.
The Bills won two American Football League titles in 1964 and 1965, but the team has not won a league championship since the merger.
Buffalo is also the only team to win four consecutive AFC Championships (1990-93), though they did not win any of the four following Super Bowls.
Ralph Wilson, the longtime owner who had established the Bills in 1959, died on March 25, 2014.
On September 9, 2014, Wilson's family announced that it had sold the team to Terry Pegula and his wife, Kim.
The Pegulas also own the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL.
The Bills team name is based on the famous "wild west show" star known as Buffalo Bill.
The American bison is the team symbol.
This large mammal is commonly known in North America as the "buffalo", although it is only distantly related to other large mammals known as such.
Buffalo Bills - Official Site
1950s establishments in New York (state)
The Washington Commanders are a professional American football team based in the Washington, D.C. area.
The team plays at FedExField in Landover, Maryland.
The team's head office and training area are at Redskin Park in Ashburn, Virginia.
They are part of the Eastern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
The team began in Boston in 1932.
They were first named for the Boston Braves baseball team.
They were soon renamed the "Redskins."
They kept that nickname after moving to Washington in the late 1930s.
Native Americans and others said this word was insulting to Native Americans.
There were protests and legal challenges, but the team kepy the name for many years.
On June 18, 2014, the United States Patent Office decided that they were going to cancel the Redskins trademarks and called the name "disparaging to Native Americans."
In June 2020, 87 of the team's sponsors wrote a letter asking the team to change its name.
PepsiCo, Nike, and FedEx were three of these sponsors.
Together those three companies pay more than US$600 million to show their products and services next to the team.
That summer, the team announced that there would be a review of the name.
On July 13, 2020, the team officially retired the "Redskins" name, although they did not choose a new team name at that time.
The team played the 2020 and 2021 seasons as the Washington Football Team.
The team hired John Wright to find a new name.
He spoke to fans, former players, and some Native Americans.
Fans liked the name "Red Wolves," but too many other teams already legally owned names and pictures that were like "Red Wolves."
On February 2, 2022, Wright went on the Today Show.
He said the new name would be "Washington Commanders" and showed everyone the new team uniforms.
Some Native American leaders, for example Fawn Sharp of the National Congress of American Indians, said the team also should have apologized for using the name for so long and making so much money with it.
Others said it was a step in the right direction.
Washington Commanders official web site
ESPN's Redskin Page
History of the Washington Redskins
Super Princess Peach (スーパープリンセスピーチ in Japanese) is a 2005 platform video game.
It was developed by TOSE and published by Nintendo.
In 2009, this game was re-released as a Nintendo Selects title.
It was released for the Nintendo DS.
Unlike most Mario video games, Bowser has decided to kidnap Mario.
The player takes control of Peach who must go out and save Mario.
The Minnesota Vikings are a professional American football team in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
The Vikings play in the National Football Conference of the National Football League (NFL).
They are in the NFC North division.
The Vikings have won their division 16 times, which is the third most among teams that are playing in the NFL now.
They appeared in four Super Bowls during the 1970s, and lost all four of them.
The team is called the Vikings because the state of Minnesota was settled by a great many people of Scandinavian ancestry.
The historical Vikings originated in Scandinavia.
Minnesota Vikings Official Website
Radio Home of the Minnesota Vikings
Star Tribune Coverage of the Minnesota Vikings
Pioneer Press Coverage of the Minnesota Vikings
Reno is a city in the American state of Nevada.
It is the county seat of Washoe County.
As of 2000, there were 180,480 people living in Reno.
Charles Fuller built the first log cabin in 1859 and was named Lakes Crossing in 1861.
Wolong National Nature Reserve  is a national park in Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
It was established in 1963.
The reserve has an area of about 200,000 hectares.
There are over 4,000 different species recorded in the reserve.
Wolong National Nature Reserve houses more than 150 highly endangered giant pandas.
In June 1980, the China Research and Conservation Center for the Giant Panda was established.
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the Chinese government cooperated to establish the center.
Researchers have made trials on how to breed the giant pandas.
They have successfully bred 66 panda cubs.
A mountain stream runs through the Wolong Valley (where the Reserve is); the stream is heavily armoured with boulders and smaller rounded stones.
Stream waters are rather alkaline with pH levels in the range of 8.91. (
Hogan, 2007) Water quality turbidity is quite high due to extensive sand and gravel mining in stream.
According to a 2001 research by Dr. Jianguo Liu of Michigan State University, the rate of destruction is higher after the reserve's creation than before its creation.
Using NASA's satellite images and records of the number of people there, Liu's research team concluded that due to tourism and the increase in the number of people, the reserve is facing an unprecedented threat. "
Tourists do not think they have an impact on panda habitat, but indirectly each visitor has some impact," Liu said. "
We do not see ourselves as a destructive force, but we are."
Giant panda cubs at Wolong National Nature Reserve
Dutch informational website about Wolong
Charles Haddon (C.H.) Spurgeon (19 June 1834 – 31 January 1892) was a English Baptist preacher.
People still know him as the "Prince of Preachers".
In his lifetime, Spurgeon preached to about 10 million people.
Spurgeon would often preach 10 times a week at different places.
His sermons have been translated into many languages.
Today, there are more writings and books by Spurgeon than by any other Christian writer.
Spurgeon was the pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle in London for 38 years.
Under the previous pastor, Dr John Rippon, it became the largest Baptist congregation in Great Britain.
He was part of several controversies with the Baptist Union of Great Britain, and later had to leave that denomination.
Throughout his life, Spurgeon suffered from depression and other mental illnesses.
In 1857, he started a charity organisation called Spurgeon's which works all over the world.
Family background and childhood
Charles Spurgeon was born on 19 June 1834, in Kelvedon, in the English county of Essex.
He was the eldest child of Eliza Jarvis and John Spurgeon.
His mother Eliza was born in nearby Belchamp Otten on 3 May 1815.
She was about 19-years-old when Spurgeon was born.
His father John Spurgeon, born in Clare, Suffolk on 15 July 1810, was about 24-years-old.
There were 17 children in Spurgeon's family, but nine of them died when they were babies.
When he was six, Spurgeon read The Pilgrim's Progress.
He read that book over 100 times in his life.
Spurgeon was also very good at mathematics.
As a young boy, he would read the Scriptures at family worship.
He memorised many hymns as a child, and would use many of them in his sermons later in life.
As an early teenager, he was very intelligent, but was also fearful and doubting.
By the influence of his father and grandfather, Spurgeon was kept from most normal sins.
As a child, he thought that he was a good person.
But he later said that, "Day and night God's hand was heavy on me."
He read the whole Bible, but he thought that it was threatening him, rather than promising him good things.
As he got older, these things weighed on his conscience.
On 6 January 1850, when he was 15, a snow storm made him seek shelter in a Primitive Methodist chapel in Colchester.
While he was there, a worker there said to him, "Young man, you look very miserable."
Spurgeon knew this, and he believed now that only God could heal him.
The worker, seeing his need, replied, "Young man, look to Jesus Christ!
You have nothin' to do but to look and live."
Within moments, he was converted to Christianity, or as he said: "God opened his heart to the Salvation message."
He later said that, "I thought I could dance all the way home."
On 3 May 1850, he was baptised in the River Lark, at Isleham.
Later that year, his family moved to Cambridge.
Early adulthood
He preached his first sermon in the winter of 1850–51.
At that time, he was made the pastor of the Waterbeach Baptist Chapel in Cambridgeshire.
His preaching was thought to be very good.
In 1853, he authored his first written work: a Gospel tract.
In April 1854, aged 19 and after he had preached for three months, Spurgeon became the pastor of the New Park Street Chapel in London.
At that time, it was the largest Baptist congregation in the city.
Within months of Spurgeon being the pastor there, he became very famous.
Even before he was 20, Spurgeon had preached over 600 times.
His sermons were published every week, and many people read them.
While he was at the New Park Street Chapel, Spurgeon became friends with James Hudson Taylor.
Taylor was the man who started the China Inland Mission.
The way Spurgeon preached was not new, but it was easy to understand.
When he would read and teach the Bible in his messages, many people would think about what Jesus had said.
Because the church congregation became too large for their building, they had to move to Exeter Hall, then to Surrey Music Hall, and later to the Metropolitan Tabernacle.
By the age of 22, he was a very popular preacher.
He would preach to more than 10,000 people at a time.
Even before the microphone was invented, he spoke to an audience of almost 24,000 at the Crystal Palace.
On 8 January 1856, Spurgeon got married to Susannah Spurgeon.
By the age of 33, she had to stay home because of her disabilities.
They had twin sons, Charles and Thomas, born 20 September 1856.
While he was preaching on 19 October 1856, there was a tragedy.
A group of men yelled "Fire!"
This made many people panic and run for the exits.
It was later found out that seven people died after being trampled to death.
Spurgeon was hurt emotionally by the actions of these men, and it had a large influence on his life.
He had depression for many years.
He later said that he cried for no reason, but still his ministry went on.
Middle life
On 18 March 1861, the church moved to their newly built Metropolitan Tabernacle, at Elephant-and-Castle in London.
The building could hold from five to six thousand people, and was like a modern-day "megachurch".
Spurgeon read many books, up to six a week.
Spurgeon liked singing hymns and wrote several of them.
He published a book of well-known hymns for use at his church.
There was no pipe organ or other instruments in his church; the hymns were always sang unaccompanied.
Spurgeon never called people to come forward after his sermons, which is a custom of many evangelical preachers, who like to talk to the people who have been moved in their faith by the preaching.
Spurgeon would say that anyone could meet him on Monday to talk about Christ.
There was always someone at his door the next day.
He preached there until his death 31 years later.
When the missionary David Livingstone died in 1873, a copy of Spurgeon's sermon, "Accidents, Not Punishments", was found among his belongings.
There was a comment at the top of the first page that read, "Very good, D.L." Livingstone carried the sermon with him when he travelled to Africa, but it was given back to Spurgeon.
Spurgeon had given the message on Sunday, 8 September 1861, at the Metropolitan Tabernacle, in Newington, London.
He had preached it because of two disasters that happened close to his house.
On Sunday, 25 August 1861, there was a tragic accident between two trains in the Clayton Tunnel between London and Brighton.
23 people died from this crash and the crash also injured hundreds.
About two weeks later, on Monday, 2 September another train wreck in North London that made 15 more people die.
Final years and death
Spurgeon gave his last sermon at the Metropolitan Tabernacle on 7 June 1891.
During his pastorate, 14,692 were baptised and joined the Tabernacle.
Spurgeon's wife was often too sick to leave their home to hear him preach.
Near the end of his life, he had poor health with rheumatism, gout, and Bright's disease.
He died in Menton, in France, on 31 January 1892.
Spurgeon's wife and sons lived longer than him.
His body is buried in a tomb in West Norwood Cemetery, in London.
Baptist Union controversies
Around the end of Spurgeon's life, he was part of many conflicts in the Baptist Union of Great Britain (BUGB).
Spurgeon later left the Baptist Union.
Even after Spurgeon's death, there were such controversies there, such as the talk over whether or not the Baptist Union should be allowed to meet in the Metropolitan Tabernacle.
Spurgeon's son, Thomas, who was the co-pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle with Archibald G. Brown, said that, "The Baptist Union almost killed my father." "
Yes," replied someone at BUGB, "and your father almost killed the Baptist Union."
Downgrade controversy
A controversy with Baptists started in 1887 when Spurgeon wrote what was later called the "Downgrade Controversy."
It got that name when Spurgeon used word "Downgrade" when talking about how other Baptists looked at the Bible.
Spurgeon meant that things such as Charles Darwin's theory of evolution were making the Baptist Union weak.
Baptismal regeneration
The "baptismal regeneration" controversy was started by a sermon in the Metropolitan Tabernacle on 5 June 1864.
That was when Spurgeon spoke to Anglican Christian leaders who supported infant baptism.
The sermon is 16 pages long, so it took around an hour for Spurgeon to preach it.
Over 350,000 copies of this sermon were sold.
However, Spurgeon did work with Anglicans, as well as people from other denominations all his life.
Spurgeon's ministries
Stockwell Orphanage was an orphanage started by Spurgeon in London in 1867.
It opened on 9 September 1869, and was originally for boys only.
It began taking girls as well in 1879.
The children were fed, clothed and taught at the orphanage.
The money to pay for this mainly came from donations.
The orphanage was open until London was bombed in the Second World War.
It later turned into Spurgeon's Child Care (and then into Spurgeon's).
It is now mainly in England, but has international projects in Mexico, Africa and Eastern Europe.
Spurgeon's College is a theological institute in London.
Spurgeon started it in 1857.
Spurgeon's College is a member of the Baptist Union.
Spurgeon library
In 1906, William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri paid £500 ($2500) for most of the Spurgeon library.
The Spurgeon library had around 5,100 books in it at the time.
In 2006, the whole library was sold to the Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary.
Some of Spurgeon's sermon notes are at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama.
His works have been translated into many languages.
He also made many volumes of commentaries, sayings, and other types of literature.
2200 Quotations from the Writings of Charles H. Spurgeon
Able To The Uttermost
According To Promise
All of Grace :
An All Round Ministry
Barbed Arrows
C. H. Spurgeon’s Autobiography :
Chequebook of the Bank of Faith :
Christ’s Incarnation
Commenting and Commentaries
The Dawn of Revival, (Prayer Speedily Answered)
Down Grade Controversy, The
Feathers For Arrows
Flashes Of Thought
Gleanings Among The Sheaves
God Promises You :
Good Start, A
Greatest Fight In The World, The
Home Worship And The Use of the Bible in the Home
Interpreter, The or Scripture for Family Worship
John Ploughman’s Pictures
John Ploughman’s Talks
Lectures to My Students :
Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit, The
Morning & Evening :
New Park Street Pulpit, The
Only A Prayer Meeting
Our Own Hymn Book
Pictures From Pilgrim’s Progress
Power in Prayer :
The Preachers Power and the Conditions of Obtaining it
Saint And His Saviour, The
Sermons In Candles
Sermons On Unusual Occasions
Soul Winner, The :
Speeches At Home And Abroad
Spurgeon’s Morning and Evening
Spurgeon's Sermon Notes :
Sword and The Trowel, The
Till He Come
Treasury of David, The :
We Endeavour
The Wordless Book
Word and Spirit :
Words Of Advice
Words Of Cheer
Words Of Counsel
More information on Charles Spurgeon
Chronological index of Spurgeon's sermon
Index of Spurgeon's writings
Spurgeon Gems - Over 2,750 of Spurgeon's sermons in modern English
Spurgeon's quotes and illustrations
Spurgeon's Biography - at Christian Biography Resources
Spurgeon's Audio Biography
"Charles Haddon Spurgeon, A Biography"  - By W. Y. Fullerton
"The Autobiography of Charles Spurgeon", vols.
George Fredrick Müller (German: Georg Friedrich Müller) (September 27, 1805 – March 10, 1898), was an Christian evangelist and worker of orphanages in Bristol, England.
He cared for about 10,000 orphans in his life.
He was well known for giving an education to the children under his care, so much that sometimes he was accused of giving the poor more than they should be given.
Müller was born in Kroppenstedt, a village in the Kingdom of Prussia.
His early life he was not very righteous.
He was a thief, a liar and a gambler.
At age 14, while his mother was dying, he was playing cards with friends and drinking.
His father wanted to give him a religious education that would give him a wealthy job as a clergyman in the church.
While studying divinity at college, a fellow student invited him to a Christian house meeting.
He was welcomed there, and he soon began reading the Bible.
He also began talking much with the others at the meetings.
He soon left his sinful life, and began wanting to be a missionary.
He began preaching in churches nearby.
He still met with the growing group of evangelical believers in his university.
In 1828, Müller almost started working with Jews in England.
But when he got there, in 1829, he fell ill.
When he got better, he promises he would obey the will of God.
He soon left London.
He believed that God would provide for his needs as he did his Christian work.
He became the pastor of a chapel in Devon.
Soon after, he married Miss Mary Groves.
While he was the pastor of the church, he would not take a regular salary.
He also stopped renting pews for the church.
He said that would give too much money to the wealthy.
He moved to Bristol in 1832.
In 1834, he founded the "Scripture Knowledge Institution for Home and Abroad".
It had the goal of helping Christian schools and missionaries.
And also it gave away the Bible.
He did not get any money from the government.
He only accepting personal gifts.
But still they received, and gave away £1.5 million ($2,718,844 USD) by the time of his death.
It was mainly used for supporting the orphanages he worked at.
But also they giving away nearly two million Bibles and other religious texts.
Müller and his wife began working with orphans in 1836.
They then kept thirty girls in their own home.
Soon after that, they opened three more orphanages.
That made the total of children they cared for about 130.
In 1845, as they got bigger, Müller decided that they would build another building for around 300 children.
In 1849, that home opened.
By 1870, more than 2,000 children were being helped in their five homes.
To this point, Müller had never asked for financial support, and he did not go into debt.
Even though their five homes cost over £100,000 to build.
Many times, he would get free food donations only hours before it was time to eat.
That helped his faith in God even more.
Every morning after breakfast there was a time of Bible reading and prayer.
Every child was given a Bible when they left the orphanage.
The children had nice clothes.
Müller even had a school inspector make sure things were done right.
In 1871, an article in The Times stated that since 1836, 23,000 children had been educated in the schools.
Also it said that thousands had been educated in other places that they paid for.
The article also said that since he started, 64,000 Bibles, 85,000 Testaments, and 29,000,000 religious books had been made, and given away.
They also had to pay the support of 150 missionaries.
In 1872, after the death of his first wife in 1870, he got married to Susannah Grace Sanger.
In 1875, at the age of 70, he began a 17-year period of missionary travel.
He preached in the United States, India, Australia, Japan, China, and nearly forty other countries.
He traveled over 200,000 miles, and that was before the airplane was invented.
Because he knew several languages, he was able to preach in English, French, and German.
His sermons were translated into over twelve other languages.
He told in his autobiography how he came to closely read the Bible, he came with "great astonishment" to find that it was able to "speak decidedly" to him.
He was a founding member of the "Open Brethren" movement.
In 1892, he went back to England.
He later died on March 10, 1898.
The George Müller Foundation
Mueller Resources at WholesomeWords.org
George Mueller's Strategy for Showing God (lecture by John Piper on Feb. 3, 2004)
Bristol Suburbs Photo Album (Including pictures from the Orphanage at Ashley Downs)
George Müller  By Gilson Santos
The Church under attack : George Muller & Bethesda Chapel, Bristol
The spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), also known as the Andean bear is the last of the lineage of short-faced bears.
Locally, it is also called ukuku, jukumari or ukumari.
The other short-faced bears are now extinct.
They lived during middle to late Pleistocene age.
The spectacled bear is a relatively small species of bear native to South America.
It has black fur with a distinctive beige-coloured marking across its face and upper chest.
Males are 33% larger than females.
Males can weigh 130 – 200 kilograms (286 – 440 lb), and females 35 – 60 kilograms (77 – 132 lb).
They are found in several areas of northern and western South America, including western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, western Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, and eastern Panama.
Spectacled bears are the only surviving types of bear native to South America, and the only surviving member of the subfamily Tremarctinae.
Their survival has depended mostly on their ability to climb even the highest trees of the Andes.
Convergent evolution is a process in biology.
It occurs when two species from unrelated lines develop the same traits or features.
This happens because they live in similar habitats, and have to develop solutions to the same kind of problems.
Similarity in traits can occur in two ways.
Both species might have acquired the trait by descent from a common ancestor.
In this case the structures are homologous.
An example is the tetrapod limb, which has been inherited from early tetrapods in the late Devonian/early Carboniferous, about 360 million years ago.
On the other hand, both might be independent adaptations to similar conditions in their habitat.
In this case the structures are analogous.
Convergent evolution leads to analogous features.
Wings: the wings of insects, birds, bats and pterosaurs are similar to a certain degree.
In particular, they are all thin and strong, with a wide surface area.
The wings can be mechanically moved in a regular way so as to create lift; and so on.
In each case the wings evolved separately, so their form reflects certain physical necessities.
The three larger animals all have insulation and temperature regulation, and hence a high rate of metabolism.
That is also necessary for flight, which requires a great deal of energy.
Eyes: One of the most famous examples of convergent evolution is the camera eye of cephalopods (e.g. squid), vertebrates (e.g. mammals) and cnidaria (e.g. box jellies).
Their last common ancestor had a simple photoreceptive spot, but a range of processes led to the progressive refinement of this structure to the advanced camera eye.
The similarity of the structures in most respects, despite the complex nature of the organ, illustrates how there may be some biological challenges which have an optimal solution.
Nectar-eaters: Four groups of songbirds from different families in different countries specialise in nectar-eating.
They are the hummingbirds (Trochilidae; Americas); the sunbirds (Nectariniidae; South Africa); the honeyeaters (Meliphagidae; Australia); and the honey-creepers (Drepanididae; Hawaii).p224 They have similar adaptations because all of them use their tongue to eat nectar from the center of flowers.
Vultures of the Old and New Worlds come from separate, though related families.
Old World vultures come from the family Accipitridae, which also includes eagles, kites, buzzards, and hawks.
New World vultures belong in the family Cathartidae, and use scent as well as sight.
They are both large, soaring birds which are specialist feeders on dead carcasses.
They have powerful beaks, long featherless necks, strong stomach acids, an extensive crop to store the food while eating, and so on.
These traits have evolved independently.
The shape of large, fast-moving aquatic animals tends towards a torpedo shape: tuna, sharks, dolphins, killer whales, ichthyosaurs all have a similar shape.
This streamlined shape reduces drag as they move through the water.
Fins of some (ichthyosaurs, sharks) occur in the same places on the body.
They have arrived at this shape from very different starting points.
The sabretooth cat lifestyle evolved independently at least five times in mammals.
Small animals which sleep in trees: Many hang on with their feet, in which case they usually have a tendon locking device which keeps them hanging on even during sleep.
These various examples have evolved independently of each other: this is known from the fine details of the mechanism.
One plus of a locking mechanism is that it allows attachment to slender branches on which predators might be unable to walk.
Parallelophyly
Parallelophyly is the special case where two or more lines with a close common ancestor acquire the same character independently.
Cichlid fish in Lake Tanganyika in East Africa have developed the same feeding method in six different lines.
Stalked eyes occur irregularly and independently in acalypteran flies.
They have clearly inherited the genetic capacity for such eyes.
This capacity is selected only in some lines.p62, 225
Michelangelo Antonioni  (, ; 29 September 1912 – 30 July 2007) was an Italian film director, screenwriter, editor, and painter.
His best known movie is Blowup, made in 1966.
He died on the same day as Ingmar Bergman, another famous director.
He was born in Ferrara and died in Rome.
Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo (July 23, 1886 A Coruña, Spain - December 14, 1978 Locarno, Switzerland) was a Spanish diplomat, writer, historian and pacifist.
He was the father of Nieves Mathews and professor/historian Dr. Isabel de Madariaga.
He was the grandfather of Javier Solana.
Cueva de Zaratustra  Madariaga and his Memorias de un federalista
Madariaga European Foundation
Spanish historians
Bislama is one of the three national languages of Vanuatu.
It is a new language, made during the last two or three hundred years by mixing English with some French and some local words.
The way the words are put together is like people have talked in Vanuatu for a long time -- not like English or French words are put together.
Stoa long haos - The store next to the house.