the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
"Are We the Waiting" (Live from VH1 Storytellers) - 2:57
"St. Jimmy"  (Live from VH1 Storytellers) - 3:07
The National Bowl is a entertainment venue in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England.
It can hold up to 65,000 people.
National Bowl official web site
Music venues
is a weekly Rock magazine by Bauer Consumer Media in the United Kingdom.
The People's Choice Awards is an awards show recognizing the people and the work of popular culture.
The show has been held every year since 1975 and is voted on by regular people.
The People's Choice Awards air on CBS and are produced by Procter & Gamble and Mark Burnett.
Global promotion is handled by Kroszover Entertainment.
The award show's creator, Bob Stivers, made the first show in 1975.
The first awards recognized The Sting as 1974's Favorite Picture, Barbra Streisand as the year's Favorite Film Actress, and John Wayne as its Favorite Film Actor.
Ratings for the show peaked in 1977, when the 3rd People's Choice Awards attracted 35.3 million viewers who saw Farrah Fawcett-Majors win for Favorite Female TV Star, Star Wars win as the Favorite Picture, and Streisand and Wayne win again in the Film Actress and Actor categories.
In 2008, the People's Choice Awards introduced a new category: Favorite Sci-Fi Show.
The nominees were Stargate Atlantis, Battlestar Galactica, and Doctor Who.
The winner was Stargate Atlantis.
The award categories have changed over the years.
For example, the 16th People's Choice Awards had categories including Favorite All-Around Movie (Batman), and both a Favorite Movie Actor (Tom Cruise) and a World Favorite Movie Actor (Dustin Hoffman).
At the 23rd People's Choice Awards, Rob Reiner was named the People's Choice Awards Honoree.
More recently, the 32nd People's Choice Awards (shown in January 2006) included categories such as Favorite On-Screen Match-Up (Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson in Wedding Crashers), Favorite Leading Lady (Reese Witherspoon), Favorite Tour (U2), and an award named after a Procter & Gamble brand: Nice 'n Easy Fans Favorite Hair (Faith Hill).
Poll-based awards
In the 20th century, the awards were based on results from Gallup polls.
Each year, Gallup took a survey of different categories for favorite actor, actress, movie, artist, television show or group.
There was no limit on who or what could be chosen.
The public could choose whomever or whatever it liked.
The results of the annual survey were announced in the form of the People's Choice Awards.
Since polls have margins of error, many years' awards have had ties in at least one category, when Gallup declared that the voting was so close that a single winner could not be chosen.
For example, in 2003, both Spider-Man and The Lord of The Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring were recognized as Favorite Motion Picture.
Switch to online voting
The winners of the 31st People's Choice Awards (shown January 9, 2005) were decided by online voting rather than Gallup polls.
The nominees submitted for Internet voting were picked using an unpublished process involving editors at Entertainment Weekly, the show's production team, and a group of pop culture fans.
The nominees for the 32nd People's Choice Awards were picked by web research company Knowledge Networks, which took what it described as a nationally representative sample of men and women ages 18 to 54, with and without Internet access, to come up with the nominees after being presented with a list of candidates determined by national ratings averages, box office grosses and album sales, and they had the option to write in their favorites.
Knowledge Networks picks these people by calling them and gives a Web TV and Internet access to people without Internet access so they can see what other people think.
The nominees for the 2010 People's Choice Awards were determined by media research company Visible Measures, which specializes in measuring Internet Video audience behavior.
They used a program called True Reach to find out people's reactions to online videos.
In 1988, Nickelodeon created the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, a children's version of the People's Choice Awards.
Though they have similar names, the two shows are owned by different companies.
Also similar but unrelated is the Teen Choice Awards.
People's Choice Awards website
People's Choice blog
Information and results  at the Internet Movie Database
35th Anniversary article from "The Hollywood Reporter"
"The Pretender" is the first single from the Foo Fighters' 2007 album Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace.
2-track CD
"The Pretender"
"If Ever"
Maxi CD
"The Pretender" - 4:31
"Come Alive" (Demo) - 5:31
"If Ever" - 4:15
"Monkey Wrench" (Live from Hyde Park video) - 5:35
"Bangin"
"It's Been Awhile" is a song by American alternative metal band Staind.
The song was released in March 20, 2001.
It was the first single on their third studio album Break the Cycle.
On the Billboard charts, "It's Been Awhile" was able to peak at #5 on Hot 100, #1 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, #1 on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks, #3 on the Top 40 Mainstream, #6 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks, and at #4 on the Top 40 Tracks charts.
"It's Been Awhile" on YouTube
"Scar Tissue" is the first single from the American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers' seventh album  Californication.
Red Hot Chili Peppers songs
Hysteria is when someone has a very strong emotion that is unmanageable.
Often, this means a very strong sense of fear.
When someone has hysteria, it is called "hysterics".
Hysteria could be caused by traumatic events in a person's life.
Today, many psychiatrists and other doctors do not use the word "hysteria" for a patient.
They use other words that have the same meaning.
Some of the words they may use are "psychosomatic", "functional", "nonorganic", "psychogenic", or "medically unexplained".
In music, a theme is the beginning or primary melody.
It is usually familiar sounding and able to be recognized when it is heard.
Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground, 1981-1991 is a book by Michael Azerrad ().
The book tells about the history of 13 alternative rock bands, including Sonic Youth, Fugazi, Minor Threat and Hüsker Du.
Spin was a music magazine that competed with the leading magazine Rolling Stone.
Bob Guccione, Jr. created the magazine in 1985 and sold it to Miller Publishing in 1997.
In February 2006, Miller Publishing sold the magazine for less than US$5 million to a San Francisco-based company called the McEvoy Group LLC.
That company formed Spin Media LLC as a holding company.
The new owners replaced the editor-in-chief Sia Michel with Andy Pemberton, who was once an editor at Blender.
The first issue to be published once he took over was the July 2006 issue—sent to the printer in May 2006—which had Beyoncé on the cover.
Pemberton left Spin in June 2006.
The current editor-in-chief is Doug Brod, who was executive editor from May 2003, and became editor-in-chief in January 2007.
The magazine stopped being made in 2012.
Music in New York City
Jane's Addiction is an alternative rock band from Los Angeles, California.
The band started in 1985.
The band first broke up in 1991, and created the Lollapalooza tour.
The band spent some time touring in 1997, before reuniting in 2001.
They then broke up again in 2004.
In 2008 they got together again.
The band's members are currently vocalist Perry Farrell, bassist Eric Avery, guitarist Dave Navarro and drummer Stephen Perkins.
As well as alternative rock, the band have been described as art rock and hard rock.
We're a Happy Family – A Tribute To Ramones is a tribute album by various artists as a tribute to the Ramones.
Ronnie Blake (born May 23, 1972) is a trumpeter from Fullerton, California.
He has played with many well known musicians including  Aaliyah, Ben Harper, Dr Dre, and Big Bad Voodoo Daddy.
Blake has also toured with Green Day.
Jason White (born November 11, 1973 in Little Rock, Arkansas) is a U.S. guitarist who has played in many punk rock bands.
He plays for punk rock band Green Day.
Jason Jeremy Freese (born in Orange County, California, on January 12, 1975) is an American singer, musician and record producer.
He plays piano/keyboard, guitar, tenor saxophone, accordion, trombone, and sings backing vocals for Green Day when the band tours.
Gabrial "Gabe" McNair (born September 8, 1973) is an American musician and composer.
He is a multi-instrumentalist.
This means he plays many different instruments.
Petra Haden (born October 11, 1971, in New York City) is an American violinist and singer.
Imaginaryland (1999)
Bella Neurox (credited as Miss Murgatroid & Petra Haden) (1999)
Petra Haden & Bill Frisell (credited as Petra Haden & Bill Frisell) (2003)
Petra Haden Sings: The Who Sell Out (2005)
Hearts & Daggers (credited as Miss Murgatroid & Petra Haden) (2008)
Ten Years (credited as Petra Haden & Woody Jackson) (2008)
That Dog. (
Totally Crushed Out! (
Retreat From The Sun  (1997)
Petra Haden Official website
Petra Haden on Myspace
Pete Townshend on Petra Haden Sings: The Who Sell Out from The Boston Globe.
Stephen Reid Bradley (born August 23, 1972 in Richmond, California) is an American musician, songwriter, record producer, photographer, and videographer.
He is best known as the trumpet and keyboardist in the band No Doubt.
He has toured with acts like Greenday, Smashing Pumpkins, and Steel Pulse.
Bradley was born in Oakland,CA.Growing up in Richmond,CA,Bradley was first exposed to music by his mother Janice,and his Uncle Jerley.
She played piano in the house, and encouraged Stephen to practice the Trumpet,when he took it up at age 13.Bradley continued to become more serious about music at El Cerrito High School,playing in the Jazz Ensemble,and the Symphonic Band.
Early beginnings,club days
During high school,Bradley performed with fellow high school friends in a band called Private Culture.
Modeled after The Police,they played local Bay Area clubs in the late 80's early 90's.
On one of these shows, they opened for No Doubt in Berkeley, California.
Thats was the first time Bradley was introduced to the band.
Bradley would go on to play with another Bay Area band called Dizzybam,which was a funk/rock/rap band from Oakland,CA.Bradley would be re-introduced to No Doubt by Dizzybam bassist and co-founder Kerry James.
James and Tony Kanal(No Doubt)were friends, and Kanal reached out to James about finding a trumpet player to fill in for a Bay Area show at The Great American Music Hall(San Francisco).Bradley preformed the show, and was later asked to go on the road with No Doubt to play a leg of the inaugural 'Warped Tour.
During the time with No Doubt,Bradley also pursued songwriting, and producing.
Teaming up with long time friend and multi-instrumentalist David tweedie,the two created the self-titled album Chocolate O'Brian.
That experience led to Bradley branching out as a producer, and songwriter.
Solo work
He later released an EP called "Runaways',in which he teamed up with fellow songwriter and producer Javan Slagle.
Runaways was received well by music critics, and Bradley coincided this with a solo residency at the Skybar in West Hollywood.
In addition to touring with No Doubt,Bradley has toured with Greenday on their Nimrod tour in the early 2000's.
He also toured with Smashing Pumpkins for their 20th anniversary tour.
Photography/Videography
A Very Special Christmas 3 (Various, 1997)
Return of Saturn (No Doubt, 2000)
Chocolate O'Brian (self-titled)2004
Wikked Lil' Grrrls (Esthero, 2005)
The Sweet Escape (Gwen Stefani, 2006
Push and Shove (No Doubt, 2012)
Sorry I'm Late (Cher Lloyd, 2014)
Over and out-single ( Stephen Bradley 2015)
Runaways-EP (Stephen Bradley 2015)
United We Stand (Valley Of The Kings 2018)
Mass Manipulation (Steel Pulse 2019)
People from Richmond, California
Target Mode
Source Mode
Debian Package Maker at Google Code
is a Japanese politician.
He is a member of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party.
He was the 92nd Prime Minister of Japan.
He is from Iizuka, Fukuoka.
Grand Cross with diamonds of the Order of the Sun, 2008
Takashi Hirose (広瀬隆); 『私物国家 日本の黒幕の系図』 Tokyo:Kobunsha (1997) Genealogy14
Official website of Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet
Deputy Prime Ministers of Japan
Group velocity is often considered to be the wave velocity at which information travels.
Often, this can be seen as the speed at which the envelope of the wave travels.
fr:Vitesse d'une onde#Vitesse de groupe
nl:Voortplantingssnelheid#Fase- en groepssnelheid
Polarization (also polarisation) is a property of some types of waves.
Some waves have motion in another direction as well as the direction of the wave.
In water, for instance, the wave will move across the water, but the wave will also move water up and down on the surface.
Light waves are similarly transverse waves though they are also particles.
Sound waves do not have polarization, since they are longitudinal waves.
Light reflected by shiny transparent materials is partly or fully polarized, except when the light is perpendicular to the surface.
Polarization was first discovered in 1808 by the mathematician Etienne Louis Malus.
A polarizing filter, such as a pair of polarizing sunglasses, can be used to observe this effect by rotating the filter while looking through it at the reflection off of a distant horizontal surface.
At certain rotation angles, the reflected light will be reduced or eliminated.
Polarizing filters remove light polarized at 90° to the filter's polarization axis.
If two polarizers are placed atop one another at 90° angles to one another, very little light can pass through both.
Polarization by scattering is observed as light passes through the atmosphere.
The scattered light produces the brightness and color in clear skies.
This partial polarization of scattered light can be used to darken the sky in photographs, increasing the contrast.
This effect is easiest to observe at sunset, on the horizon at a 90° angle from the setting sun.
Another easily observed effect is the drastic reduction in brightness of images of the sky and clouds reflected from horizontal surfaces.
This is why polarizing filters are often used in sunglasses.
Polarizing sunglasses also show rainbow-like patterns caused by color-dependent birefringent effects, for example in toughened glass (e.g., car windows) or items made from transparent plastics.
The role played by polarization in the operation of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is also frequently apparent to the wearer of polarizing sunglasses, which may reduce the contrast or even make the display unreadable.
Polarization filter
Polarization of light is useful, after it has been filtered.
A filter will separate light with one type of polarization from other types.
Most daylight, or light from a light bulb, has a mix of polarizations (lasers are an exception).
The filter works much like trying to put a playing card through a comb - only if the card is turned the right direction will it fit.
Light that is turned a different way will be blocked by the filter.
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) use this to block light to make letters or numbers on a display.
Glasses that have different polarization filters for each eye can separate light meant for the left eye and for the right eye.
This is a common way to make 3D movies and 3D television.
In nature sometimes light that bounces off of a surface has the same polarization - this is called 'glare' from a window or water.
A polarization filter on a camera will remove this glare to help see through the window or water (or can increase the glare, depending on how it is turned).
The photograph on the right was taken through polarizing sunglasses and through the rear window of a car.
Light from the sky is reflected by the windshield of the other car at an angle, making it mostly horizontally polarized.
The rear window is made of tempered glass.
Stress from heat treatment of the glass alters the polarization of light passing through it, like a wave plate.
Without this effect, the sunglasses would block the horizontally polarized light reflected from the other car's window.
The stress in the rear window, however, changes some of the horizontally polarized light into vertically polarized light that can pass through the glasses.
As a result, the regular pattern of the heat treatment becomes visible.
Electromagnetic
General polarization: Some waves can be described by having the electric field perpendicular to the direction of the wave, and these are called TE (transverse electric) waves.
Others have the magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the wave, and these are called TM (transverse magnetic) waves.
These are the most general types of wave polarization.
They can also be called vertical or horizontal polarized waves.
If both the electric field and magnetic field are perpendicular to the direction of the wave, the wave is called TEM (transverse electromagnetic).
Linear, circular, and elliptical polarizations are specific cases of TEM polarization.
Linear, circular, and elliptical polarizations are three specific types of TEM polarization.
They cannot be measured close to an antenna.
Far away from an antenna the fields are TEM, so these can be used.
They are easy to imagine if you look from at the wave straight on.
Linear polarization Looking along the direction of the wave, the electric field is a single straight line.
If the direction of the electric field remains constant, even if the size or magnitude is allowed to change, the state of polarization is referred to as linear.
This is because the tip of the electric field vector traces out a straight line in the plane perpendicular to the forward direction of the wave. (
Similar to shaking a jump rope up and down, looking at the rope from one end.
The moving rope will make the shape of a line).
Circular polarization Looking along the direction of the wave, the electric field traces out the shape of a circle.
If the magnitude of the electric field remains constant, and the direction is allowed to vary, the state of polarization is referred to as circular, because the tip of the electric field traces out a circle in the plane perpendicular to the forward direction of the wave.
In particular, the circle may be traced out in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction (as the wave is traveling away). (
This is similar to swinging a jump rope around for jumping, it makes a circle shape).
Elliptical polarization This is like the circular polarization, but the magnitude changes as it rotates, forming an ellipse.
"Dance, Dance" is the second single from Fall Out Boy's third studio album From Under the Cork Tree.
Released in 2006, the single reached #3 in the U.S., becoming their second Top 10 single.
"Dance, Dance" - 3:00
""It's Not a Side Effect of the Cocaine, I am Thinking It Must be Love"" - 2:11
"A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More "Touch Me"" - 2:49
"Sugar, We're Goin Down" (Zane Lowe Session - London 2006) - 3:49
The video shows the band performing at a homecoming dance in a high school.
The video premiered in October 2006.
2005 - Sugar, We're Goin Down
2006 - Dance Dance
2006 - A Little Less Sixteen Candles...
The video won Viewer's Choice Award at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards.
Boys Like Girls is the debut hit album released in 2006 by rock band Boys Like Girls.
The album was recorded in 2005-2006.
The album has 4 singles.
2007 - Hero / Heroine
2007 - Five Minutes to Midnight
"The Great Escape" (Martin Johnson, Sam Hollander, Dave Katz) – 3:28
"Five Minutes to Midnight" (Johnson, Hollander, Katz) – 3:47
"Hero/Heroine" (Johnson) – 3:52
"On Top of the World" (Johnson) – 3:36
"Thunder" (Johnson, Paul DiGiovanni) – 3:56
"Me, You and My Medication" (Johnson, Bleu) – 4:28
"Up Against the Wall" (Johnson, Hollander, Katz) – 3:39
"Dance Hall Drug" (Johnson) – 3:29
"Learning to Fall" (Johnson, Hollander, Katz) – 3:04
"Heels Over Head" (Johnson) – 3:08
"Broken Man" (Johnson) – 3:31
"Holiday" (Johnson) – 5:08
2006 - Boys girl's album
2009 - Untitled Second Studio Album
2006 - "The Great Escape"
2007 - "Hero / Herione"
2008 - "Thunder"
Paul DiGiovanni – lead guitar
Bryan Donahue – bass
Martin Johnson – vocals, rhythm guitar
John Keefe – drums
"This Love" is the second single from rock band Maroon 5's first album Songs About Jane.
A music video for the song was created and is included on the CD version of the single.
The single was released 2003.
{{Infobox Album |
Name        = Now That's What I Call Music!| type = Compilation | artist = Various artists | released = October 27 1998 | recorded = 1995-1998 | genre = Pop | length = 70:59 | label = Virgin Records |
Reviews     = *Allmusic  link|
Chronology = Series | prev_title =  !(
1998) | next_title = Now That's What I Call Music!
2 (U.S. series)(1999) |}}Now That's What I Call Music''' (U.S. Series) is an original series of around 30 compilation albums released since 1998.
The albums contain the hits or modern music of the latest time period.
Most of the songs are singles from various artists.
Most of the albums contain anywhere from 18-20 tracks.
series in other countries
Arabia (under the name Now That's What I Call Arabia)
Asia region
Now That's What I Call Music! (
released October 27, 1998)
Now That's What I Call Music!,
2 (July 27, 1999)
3 (December 7, 1999)
4 (July 18, 2000)
5 (November 14, 2000)
6 (April 3, 2001)
7 (July 31, 2001)
8 (November 20, 2001)
9 (March 19, 2002)
10 (July 23, 2002)
11 (November 19, 2002)
12 (March 25, 2003)
13 (July 22, 2003)
14 (November 4, 2003)
15 (March 23, 2004)
16 (July 27, 2004)
17 (November 2, 2004)
18 (March 15, 2005)
19 (July 19, 2005)
20 (November 1, 2005)
21 (April 4, 2006)
22 (July 11, 2006)
23 (November 7, 2006)
24 (March 27, 2007)
25 (July 17, 2007)
26 (November 13, 2007)
27 (March 11, 2008)
28 (June 3, 2008)
29 (November 11, 2008)
30 (March 24, 2009)
31 (June 30, 2009)
32 (November 3, 2009)
33 (March 23, 2010)
34 (June 15, 2010)
35 (August 31, 2010)
36 (November 9, 2010)
37 (February 8, 2011)
38 (May 3, 2011)
39 (August 9, 2011)
40 (November 8, 2011)
41 (February 7, 2012)
42 (May 1, 2012)
43 (August 7, 2012)
44 (November 6, 2012)
45 (February 5, 2013)
46 (May 7, 2013)
47 (August 6, 2013)
Christmas series Now That's What I Call Christmas! (
released October 23, 2001)Now That's What I Call Christmas!:
The Signature Collection (September 30, 2003)Now That's What I Call Christmas!,
3 (October 10, 2006)The Essential Now That's What I Call Christmas (September 23, 2008)Now That's What I Call Christmas!
4 (October 12, 2010)Now That's What I Call Today's Christmas (September 25, 2012)
DVD series Now That's What I Call Music!
DVD: The Best Videos of 2003 (November 4, 2003)Now That's What I Call Music!
DVD 2 (November 2, 2004)
Latino series Now Esto Es Musica!
Latino (March 21, 2006)Now Esto Es Musica!
Latino 2 (November 21, 2006)Now Esto Es Musica!
Latino 3 (October 9, 2007)Now Esto Es Musica!
Latino 4 (March 24, 2009)
Special editions Now That's What I Call Music! #
1's (January 24, 2006)Now That's What I Call Party Hits! (
November 13, 2007)Now That's What I Call the 80s (March 11, 2008)Now That's What I Call Classic Rock (June 3, 2008)Now That's What I Call Country'' (August 26, 2008)
Cedrus deodara (; Hindi, Sanskrit:  devadāru;  xue song) is a species of cedar trees.
It is also known as: Deodar cedar, Himalayan cedar, or Himalayan deodar.
It is common in the western Himalayas, eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, north-central India (states such as Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand.
It is also local to Kashmir, southwesternmost Tibet and western Nepal.
It grows in places that are 1500–3200 m above sea level.
It is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching 40–50 m tall, exceptionally 60 m, with a trunk up to 3m thick.
It has a cone-shaped crown with level branches and drooping branchlets.
The leaves are needle-like, mostly 2.5–5 cm long.
It occasionally grows up to 7 cm long.
It can be very thin (1 mm thick), borne singly on long shoots, and in dense clusters of 20-30 on short shoots.
Its colours range from bright green to glaucous blue-green.
The female cones are barrel-shaped, 7–13 cm long and 5–9 cm broad, and break up when mature (in 12 months) to release the winged seeds.
The male cones are 4–6 cm long, and shed their pollen in autumn.
Personal space is a concept from sociology.
The concept talks about two actors (two people).
The basic idea behind it is these actors have space around them.
The closer they are to each other emotionally, the closer an actor will be able to stand to the other, without being intrusive.
The concept was introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966.
Discomfort will result if one actor steps into the personal space of the other, without this being desired.
The amount of space a being needs can be classified in two categories:
Immediate individual physical space (determined by imagined limits)
A space an individual considers theirs to live in; this is often called territory or habitat.
Its size is dependent on many things, such as growth needs, habits, courtships, etc.
Dyer was born in Murree, in British India, now in Pakistan.
He spent his childhood in Shimla and received his early education at the Bishop Cotton School in Shimla.
He was born just six years after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
The rebellion was a war that had been fought by some Indians to end British rule.
It had been defeated by the British but had created segregation, suspicion and fear between the British and the Indians.
Although he had been born after the rebellion had ended, the effects had affected Dyer's life.
Dyer went to Midleton College, County Cork between 1875 and 1881.
In 1885 after his time at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst he joined the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) as a Lieutenant, and served in riot control duties in Belfast (1886) and the Third Burmese War (1886–87).
He then joined the British Indian Army.
First joining the Bengal Staff Corps as a Lieutenant in 1887 and being part of the 39th Bengal Infantry, and then joining the 29th Punjabis.
During his time with the 29th Punjabis he fought in the Black Mountain campaign of 1888, the relief (battle) of Chitral in 1895.
And was promoted to Captain in 1896.
In 1901 he became Deputy Assistant Adjutant General.
and then fought in the Mahsud blockade between 1901 and 1902.
Dyer then joined the 25th Punjabis where he served in the Zakha Khel Expedition (1908).
He was in charge of the 25th Punjabis in India and Hong Kong and was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1910.
During World War I (1914–18), he was in charge of the Seistan Force.
and made a Companion of the Bath (CB).
He was promoted Colonel in 1915, and was made a temporary Brigadier-General in 1916.
In 1919, about a month after the Amritsar killings, in the Third Anglo-Afghan War, his Brigade relieved the garrison of Thal.
He retired on 17 July 1920, having become a Colonel.
In 1919 the British population of Punjab feared a plot by the Indians to overthrow British rule.
There was talk of mutiny and of death threats to Europeans.
Sir Michael O'Dwyer, the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, decided to deport Indians from Punjab who were leading protests against the British.
One person who was targeted was Dr. Satyapal, who was in the Army Medical Services during World War I. He was in favour of non-violent civil disobedience and was stopped from speaking in public.
Another person was Dr. Kitchlew, a Muslim barrister who wanted political change and was non-violent.
The Deputy Commissioner, Miles Irving, did not know much about these two people.
Both men were arrested because Irving suspected them of trying to rebel against the British.
Their arrest led to demonstrations by the people of Punjab.
Crowds gathered in all public places demanding a release of the two men.
Army troops panicked and opened fire on a bridge across a railway line, causing several deaths.
This resulted in a mob which returned to the city centre.
More army troops arrived to stop more demonstrations.
The mobs sought out Europeans in the city.
On April 9 1919, Miss Marcella Sherwood, who worked at the Mission Day School for Girls was bicycling round the city to close her schools.
She was attacked by the mob in a narrow street and was beaten and left wounded.
She was rescued by local Indians who hid her from the mob and moved her to the fort.
This attack on a lady angered Dyer, who was in command of troops in Jullundur.
Brigadier Dyer is infamous for the orders which he gave on April 13 1919 in Amritsar.
It was under his command that 90 troops, made up of 25 Gurkhas, 25 Pathans and Baluch, all armed with .303 Lee-Enfield rifles and the Gurkhas who were with khukris opened fire on a gathering of unarmed civilians, including women and children gathered at the Jallianwalla Bagh in what came to be later known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
The civilians had arrived at Jallianwala Bagh to join the yearly Baisakhi celebrations which are both a religious as well as a cultural festival of the Punjabis.
The Bagh had an area of 6–7 acres and had walls all around.
The walls had ever small entrances which only a few people could go through.
Dyer ordered the troops to fire directly at the crowd of people; they kept shooting until they ran out of bullets (1650 rounds).
The shooting lasted for about 10 minutes.
During the ten minutes of shooting, Dyer kept checking how the troops were shooting.
He ordered the soldiers to shoot where most of the people were.
He did this not because the crowd was slow to leave, but because he wanted to "punish them" for being there.
Some of the soldiers at first fired in the air instead of at the people.
When they did this General Dyer shouted: "Fire low.
What have you been brought here for?."
Later Dyer's himself was to admit that the crowd was not given any warning to leave.
He said  he did not feel sorry for ordering his troops to fire.
Injured and dead
The British army reported 379 dead say it over 1000 dead.
According to a Home Political Deposit report, the number was over 1,000, with more than 1,200 wounded.
Dr. Smith, a British civil surgeon at Amritsar, said there were over 1800 casualties.
Because of the large numbers of people killed and injured, general Dyer became known as "The Butcher of Amritsar" in India.
Crawling Order
Brigadier Dyer sent soldiers to the area where Miss Marcella Sherwood was beaten.
He ordered that any Indians wishing to travel through the street (150 yards) had to crawl on all fours.
This order also included the people who had rescued her.
Because of this order the street was closed, the houses had no back doors and the people could not go out without climbing down from their roofs.
No doctor or supplier was allowed in, resulting in the sick being untended.
The order was enforced by a flogging booth set up in the middle of the street.
After the Amritsar massacre, Dyer's health failed and in 1921 he suffered paralysis.
He died at Long Ashton, near Bristol, on July 23 1927.
The Morning Post remembered him in articles titled, "The Man Who Saved India" and "He did his Duty".
The Westminster Gazette wrote a contrary opinion, "No British action, during the whole course of our history in India, has struck a severer blow to Indian faith in British justice than the massacre at Amritsar, and the attitude of official Anglo-India to it."
The London Gazette is one of the official records of the British government, and one of the most important in the UK.
The London Gazette claims to be the oldest surviving English newspaper.
It was first published on 7 November 1665.
It is not a normal newspaper with typical news stories.
The London Gazette is still published each weekday, except for Bank Holidays.
The Gazette is being digitising and records between the years 1752–1998 are online.
The London Gazette was first published as the Oxford Gazette on 7 November 1665.
Charles II and the Royal Court had moved to Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London, and courtiers were unwilling to touch, let alone read, London newspapers for fear of becoming ill.
When the King returned to London after the end of the plague the Gazette moved too.
The first issue of the London Gazette (labelled No.
24) was published on 5 February 1666.
The Gazette was not a newspaper in the modern sense: it was sent in manuscript by post to subscribers.
It was not printed for sale to the general public.
In time of war, dispatches from the various conflicts are published in the London Gazette.
People referred to are said to have been mentioned in despatches.
When members of the armed forces are promoted, and these promotions are published here, the person is said to have been “gazetted”.
Being "gazetted" (or "in the gazette") sometimes also meant becoming bankrupt.
Notices of engagement and marriage also used to be published in the Gazette.
London, Edinburgh and Belfast Gazettes
TSO (The Stationery Office)
Fabales is an order of flowering plants.
It is included in the rosid group of the eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system.
Under the Cronquist system and some other plant classification systems, the order Fabales contains only the family Fabaceae.
The other families treated in the Fabales by the APG II classification were placed in separate orders by Cronquist, the Polygalaceae within its own order, the Polygalales, and the Quillajaceae and Surianaceae within the Rosales.
Google Chrome is a freeware web browser made by Google.
It builds on parts from other open source software, including WebKit and Mozilla Firefox.
The name comes from the graphical user interface frame, or "chrome", of web browsers.
The open source project behind Google Chrome is known as Chromium.
The first version was a beta for Microsoft Windows was released on 2 September 2008.
macOS and Linux versions were released in December 2009.
The release announcement was going to be made on 3 September 2008, and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features of and reasons for the new browser.
Copies that were for Europe were shipped early and German blogger Philipp Lenssen of Google Blogoscoped made a scanned copy of the 38-page comic available on his website after receiving it on 1 September 2008.
Google then made the comic available on Google Books and their website and referenced it on its official blog along with an explanation for the early release.
As of September 2, 2008, Google has a link to Google Chrome on their main page.
Blacklists
Chrome downloads updates of two blacklists (one for phishing and one for malware) and warns users when they try to visit a harmful site.
This service is also made available for use by others via a free public API called "Google Safe Browsing API".
In the process of maintaining these blacklists, Google also notifies the owners of listed sites who may not be aware of the presence of the harmful software.
Each tab in Chrome is sandboxed to "prevent malware from installing itself" or "using what happens in one tab to affect what happens in another".
Following the principle of least privilege, each process is stripped of its rights and can compute but can't write files or read from sensitive areas (e.g. documents, desktop), this is similar to "Protected Mode" that is used by Internet Explorer 7 on Windows Vista.
The Sandbox Team is said to have "taken this existing process boundary and made it into a jail"; for example, malicious software running in one tab is unable to sniff credit card numbers, interact with the mouse or tell "Windows to run an executable on the start-up" and will be terminated when the tab is closed.
This enforces a simple computer security model whereby there are two levels of multilevel security (user and sandbox) and the sandbox can only respond to communication requests initiated by the user.
Plugins such as Adobe Flash Player are typically not standardised and as such cannot be sandboxed like tabs.
These often need to run at or above the security level of the browser itself.
To reduce exposure to attack, plugins are run in separate processes that communicate with the renderer, itself operating at "very low privileges" in dedicated per-tab processes.
Chrome includes an Incognito mode (similar to Safari's Private Browsing and Internet Explorer 8's InPrivate) which "lets you browse the web in complete privacy because it doesn’t record any of your activity" and discards cookies.
When enabled for a window "nothing that occurs in that window is ever logged on your computer."
The Javascript virtual machine was considered a sufficiently important project to be split off (like Adobe/Mozilla's Tamarin) and handled by a dedicated team in Denmark.
Existing implementations were designed "for small programs, where the performance and interactivity of the system weren't that important" but web applications like Gmail "are using the web browser to the fullest when it comes to DOM manipulations and Javascript".
The resulting V8 JavaScript engine was designed for speed and introduces new features with that in mind such as hidden class transitions, dynamic code generation, and precise garbage collection.
Tests by Google show that V8 is about twice as fast as Firefox 3 and the Safari 4 beta.
The main user interface includes back, forward, refresh, bookmark, go and cancel options similar to Safari browser, while the settings location looks like Internet Explorer 7/8.
The minimize, maximize and close window buttons are based on Windows Vista
Chrome includes Gears which adds developer features that may or may not become web standards, typically relating to the building of web applications (including offline support).
New Tab Page
Chrome replaces the browser home page which is displayed when a new tab is created with a New Tab Page.
This shows thumbnails of the eight most visited websites along with the sites most often searched, recent bookmarks, and recently closed tabs.
This concept appeared first with Opera's Speed Dial.
Omnibox
The Omnibox is the URL box at the top of each tab, based on the one in Opera.
It includes autocomplete functionality but will only autocomplete URLs that were manually entered (rather than all links), search suggestions, top pages (previously visited), popular pages (unvisited), and text search over history.
Search engines can also be captured by the browser when used via the native user interface by pressing Tab.
Popup windows "are scoped to the tab they came from" and will not appear outside the tab unless the user explicitly drags them out.
It is not clear whether they also run in their own process.
At first, Chrome used the WebKit browser engine on advice from the Android.
Since version 28, Chrome has used its own fork, or a version of WebKit called Blink.
This is to allow Google to change Blink to suit Chrome's needs explicitly by removing things that Chrome doesn't need.
The IOS version of Chrome still uses Blink due to IOS' requirements.
Tabs are the primary component of Chrome's user interface and as such has been moved to the top of the window rather than below the controls (similar to Opera).
This subtle change is in contrast to many existing tabbed browsers which are based on windows containing tabs.
Tabs (including their state) can be seamlessly transferred between window containers by dragging.
Each tab has its own set of controls, including the Omnibox URL box.
The first release of Google Chrome Beta (Build 1583) did not pass the Acid3 test; it scored 77/100 and does not render the image correctly.
It passed the Acid2 test initially, but failed upon resizing.
From version 4 onward, Google Chrome has passed the Acid1, 2, and 3 tests.
Webapps can be launched in their own streamlined window without the Omnibox URL box and browser toolbar.
This limits the browser chrome so as not to "interrupt anything the user is trying to do", allowing web applications to run alongside local software (similar to Mozilla Prism, Adobe AIR and Fluid).
Chromium project page at Google Code
Google Chrome features
Official Google Blog article of Google Chrome
Google Chrome Help
The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish: Polska Akademia Nauk, in short: PAN) with seat in Warsaw, is one of the two Polish institutions which have the nature of an academy of sciences.
The Polish Academy of Sciences is an institution of studies of the Polish state, with seat in Warsaw.
It had been established in 1952 by the partnership of previous societies of studies, including Polish Academy of Abilities (Polska Akademia Umiejętności, in short PAU), with its seat in Cracow, and the Scientific Society of Warsaw (Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie) which had been established in the 18th century as Society of Warsaw of the Friends of Sciences (Warszawskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk).
Polish Academy of Sciences at Present
The Polish Academy of Sciences funciona as docta society which acts through a chosen corporation of distinguished scholars and of institutions of research.
The academy also acts through its committees, creating an important scientific consulting body.
Remarkable members
Tomasz Dietl physicist;
Bohdan Paczynski astrophysicist;
Adam Schaff (Marxist philosopher who had been a member of the academy);
Aleksander Wolszczan astronomer.
Foreign members
Aage Niels Bohr physicist;
Karl Alexander Müller physicist;
Roger Penrose mathematician;
Carlo Rubbia physicist;
Chen Ning Yang physicist.
Website of PAN
The  chinese remainder theorem is a theorem from number theory.
It is about congruence.
The original form was:
How many soldiers are there in Han Xin's army? –
If you let them parade in rows of 3 soldiers, two soldiers will be left.
If you let them parade in rows of 5, 3 will be left, and in rows of 7, 2 will be left.
The theorem says that there will be a solution to this question if there's no common factor between the row sizes.
Using the original example, that is that no number divides both 3 and 7, both 3 and 5, nor both 5 and 7 (except, of course, 1).
They're all coprime.
The Chinese remainder theorem is used in cryptography.
For example, for the RSA algorithm.
Chinese remainder theorem at cut-the-knot
"Chinese Remainder Theorem" by Ed Pegg, Jr., The Wolfram Demonstrations Project, 2007
Shorinji kenpo is the style of kenpo (a kind of martial art).
It was created by Nakano Michiomi.
A Japanese with the name Nakano Michiomi - he later changed his name to So Doshin - incorporates his martial art school into his Buddhist teachings.
So Doshin said, that he taught martial arts mostly in order to attract young people to Buddhism.
Religious societies didn't pay the taxes, and So Doshin probably considered it, too.
Until 1972, So Doshin said that he was the 21st grand master of an esoteric northern Shaolin system called Iher Man Thuen.
In 1972 he changed his mind because the Japanese court gave an official decision that his style was not Chinese, but a mixture of karate (perhaps Wado-ryu) and jujutsu (perhaps Hakko-ryu).
Consequently, the style's name was changed from "Shorinji Kempo," meaning "kung fu of Shaolin Temple," to "Nippon Shorinji Kempo," meaning "Japanese Way of Fist of Shaolin."
The students of Nippon Shorinji Kempo have signs of manji on their kimonos, but it is not treated as the symbol of fascism, it signifies happiness in Buddhism.
In music, a riff is an ostinato; a repeated chord progression, pattern, or melody, often played by rhythmic instruments.
The riff is the base of the musical composition.
They are most common in rock music, funk, and jazz.
Deep Purple – "Smoke On The Water"
AC/DC – "Highway to Hell"
Nirvana – "Smells Like Teen Spirit"
Metallica – "Enter Sandman"
Michael Jackson – "Beat It"
Chuck Berry – "Johnny B. Goode"
The White Stripes – "Seven Nation Army"
Black Sabbath – "Iron Man"
Jimi Hendrix – "Purple Haze"
The Rolling Stones – "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
Guns n Roses – "Sweet Child O'Mine"
Queen – "Bohemian Rhapsody"
en:Ostinato#Riff
A Stop error screen is a screen that a device shows when it has an error it cannot fix and has to stop.
These screens are usually called screens of death because the device cannot recover from the error and the operating system or firmware has to close.
The screens are usually color-coded such as a Windows computer showing a Black Screen of Death (BSoD) or an Xbox showing a green screen of death when they have errors.
These screens are usually caused by problems in device drivers.
They can also be caused by hardware errors, such as bad RAM or power supplies, overheating of the inside of the system, or hardware which is run at higher rates than the limits.
This is called overclocking.
Windows 1.0 and 2.0
Windows 3.x, 95, 98, and ME
The first BSOD that looked like an error was in Windows 3.1.
BSODs like that appeared in Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows ME.
These showed an error message with an all-blue screen.
The error screen was shown when there was a startup error, or when there was some other error such as an error occurring in a hardware driver file.
When Bill Gates was showing Windows 98 to the public, a BSOD happened.
The computer crashed when his assistant, Chris Capossela, connected a scanner to show that Windows 98 could support Plug and Play.
Bill Gates responded: "That must be... er... that must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet!"
Windows NT family
Beginning with Windows 2000, the BSOD remained an all-blue color, but changed to show more detailed technical information, and also listed a few steps that the user could do to fix the problem causing the BSOD to appear.
The same screen was used in Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7.
Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 uses a lighter blue color for the BSOD, and made the message easier to read.
It even added an emoticon of a frowing face.
The technical details was replaced with a simple line of text showing the name of the crash error so that the user could look it up on the Internet.
Windows 11 has a black screen of death instead of blue.
Microsoft Website
Portland Bill is a peninsula off the south coast of England.
It has strong tidal currents.
The nearby town of Weymouth is a sailing venue for London 2012.
CERN is a research institute near Geneva, Switzerland.
The full name is Organisation Européene pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Organization for Nuclear Research).
The letters "CERN" are left over from the older Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Council for Nuclear Research).
CERN was founded in 1954.
Today 22 nations are members of the organisation.
It is the world's biggest laboratory for particle physics.
About 2600 people work there full-time, and over 7800 scientists from about 500 universities and research institutes work there in total.
The Onager (Equus hemionus) is a large mammal belonging to the Equidae family.
It is native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, Pakistan, Kashmir, Israel and Palestine, and western China.
It is sometimes known as the Asian Wild Ass.
The pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) is an oceanic dolphin.
It is found in all the world's temperate and tropical oceans.
The species was beginning to come under threat due to the killing of millions of individuals in tuna purse seines (fishing).
The 1980s saw the rise of "dolphin-friendly" tuna capture methods in order to save millions of the species in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Pilot whales are two species of oceanic dolphins, whose scientific name is Globicephala.
The two types of pilot whales are the long-finned pilot whale and the short-finned pilot whale.
Their behaviour resembles that of the larger whales more than that of dolphins.
The two look similar at sea and are usually just known simply as pilot whales or calderón in Spanish.
They and other large dolphins are also known as blackfish.
Pilot whales can be found nearly worldwide.
The long-finned variety prefers colder waters, for example near Antarctica.
The short-finned ones can also be found in tropical waters.
Pilot whales are highly social animals, they live in groups of 20-30 animals, called pods.
Larger groups of over 100 pilot whales have been observed.
Studies suggest that the young remain in the same pod as their parents, which is unusual for mammals.
Female short-finned pilot whales go through menopause.
Females that no longer reproduce contribute to the survival of the young.
The Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata) is a mammal of the oceanic dolphin family.
It is small, and rarely seen.
Its name is because it shares some features with the Killer Whale.
They are not closely related.
The pygmy killer is an average-sized dolphin.
It may easily be confused at sea with other species, in particular the melon-headed whale.
The body is large and dark-colored.
The head is rounded without a beak.
The sides are lighter and the belly is often white.
Several individuals have been seen with a white lining around the mouth and chin.
The dorsal fin is tall.
The pygmy avoids human contact.
These dolphins always move in groups.