the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The circuit uses the roads around the city's harbour and America's Cup port area.
One section of the circuit uses a 140 metre long swing bridge.
It also includes some roads designed to be used only for racing purposes by the German architect Hermann Tilke.
Tilke also designed the buildings used for the circuit.
The deal to host the Valencia race was signed on 1 June 2007.
It will last for seven years.
The deal was made with the Valmor Sport group.
The official track layout was unveiled by Valencia councillor and transport minister, Mario Flores, on 19 July 2007.
The track was first used in the last weekend of July 2008.
The circuit hosted a round of the Spanish F3 Championship and International GT Open.
It was first used for the European Grand Prix on 24 August 2008.
The track is  long and incorporates a total of 25 turns.
There are 11 right-hand turns and 14 left-hand turns.
It is estimated that the track has a top speed of around .
Valencia is not as tight as Circuit de Monaco.
There are not very many places to pass.
The straights not not very straight the track gets very dusty off line.
The circuit has been criticised by the drivers for its lack of overtaking opportunites.
There have only been 4 recorded passes in the first race held in 2008, and no passes in 2009.
There is little space in the circuit to make changes to improve passing.
The F1 Valencia Street Circuit Official Site
Valencia Street Circuit guide from Official F1 Site
Valencia F1 Street Circuit in Google Maps
Circuit Ricardo Tormo (also known as Circuit de Valencia and officially named "Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana Ricardo Tormo") is a motorsport race track located in Cheste (Valencia, Spain) and built in 1999.
It has a capacity of 120,000 spectators and seating for 60,000.
It is often used as a test track by the Formula One teams, because of the mild temperatures in winter.
Anthony Davidson holds the unofficial lap record, set in 2006 while testing a Honda, with a time of 1 m 08.540sec.
The track hosts the MotoGP Valencian Community Grand Prix.
The track is named after Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer Ricardo Tormo (September 7, 1952 – December 27, 1998).
Circuit Ricardo Tormo has been featured in a number of video games and simulations.
Circuit de Valencia – Official website
Jamie Szantyr (born June 2, 1981 in New Britain, Connecticut) is an American female professional wrestler currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.
Velvet Sky is a former TNA Knockout Tag Team Champion.
Sky also appeared in the WWE in 2005-06.
Sky formerly dated Former WWE wrestler Gregory Helms but they broke up.
Velvet Sky's TNA profile
A Sydney funnel-web spider or Atrax robustus is a  funnel-web spiders.
Their bite is very serious and venomous and has killed 13 people since 1927.
It is found in Sydney, Australia.
Sydney funnel-web spider at the Museum of Australia
The Circuit Gilles Villeneuve is a motor racing circuit.
It is the location the Formula One Canadian Grand Prix, NASCAR Canadian Tire Series,  NASCAR Nationwide Series and Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series.
The Canadian Grand Prix was held at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve for 30 years.
In , the race was dropped from the Formula One calendar and replaced with the new Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.
On 27 November 2009, Quebec's officials and Canadian Grand Prix organisers announced an agreement with Formula One and signed a new five-year contract.
Circuit Gilles Villeneuve will host the Canadian Grand Prix from  through the  seasons.
The circuit is located on Île Notre-Dame, a man-made island in the St. Lawrence River.
It is part of the city of Montreal, was originally named the Île Notre-Dame Circuit.
It was renamed in honour of Canadian Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve, following his death in 1982.
Gilles is the father of Jacques Villeneuve.
The venue hosted the Champ Car World Series Grand Prix of Montreal from 2002 to 2006.
Barriers run close to the circuit and many experienced drivers have been caught out by them.
A famous part of the circuit is the wall on the outside of the exit of the final chicane.
The wall has the slogan Bienvenue au Québec ("Welcome to Quebec") painted on it.
It has been giving the nickname "Mur du Québec" (Quebec Wall).
In  the wall ended the race of three Formula One World Champions, Damon Hill, Michael Schumacher, and Jacques Villeneuve.
FIA GT champion Ricardo Zonta also crashed into the wall.
Since then the wall has been nicknamed "The Wall Of Champions".
Other drivers who have crashed into the wall include Jenson Button, Fernando Alonso, and Juan Pablo Montoya.
The curbs leading to the final chicane were made higher in .
The new curbs were more difficult for the drivers to see, making the chicane even more challenging.
On 23 June 2006, Canadian Press reported that the city of Montreal had awarded Normand Legault the right to stage the race weekends on the track.
Legault is the promoter of the Formula One race.
The deal run until 2011, with an option to go to 2016.
Legault decided to replace the Champ Car race with races from the Grand American Road Racing Association's Rolex Series and NASCAR's Nationwide Series.
This would be NASCAR's first race in Canada.
On 4 August 2007, Kevin Harvick made history by winning the first Nationwide Series (then Busch Series) race at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve.
The NASCAR races have changed the circuit layout.
The pit lanes were expanded.
NASCAR pit lane must handle at least 43 cars.
As part of Parc Jean-Drapeau, the Circuit is open to visitors, between races, for walking, running, biking, in-line skating, etc.
During the few days of the Grand Prix, Île Notre-Dame is one of the noisiest places in Montreal.
At just about any other time of the year, it is one of the quietest, being located in the middle of a river, on an island filled with greenery and animals, joggers and cyclists.
Comparison of different series at the circuit
In 2002, former Champ Car Champion Juan Pablo Montoya set pole position for the  Canadian Grand Prix with a lap time of 1:12.836.
Several weeks later, during the inaugural Champ Car Grand Prix of Montreal, Cristiano Da Matta set pole position with a lap time of 1:18.959.
2006 was the last year Champ Car and F1 ran on the same track.
The pole position in Formula One was set by Fernando Alonso in a time of 1:14.942.
Sébastien Bourdais set pole in 1:20.005 in Champ Car.
In 2007 NASCAR Nationwide Series (then Busch Series) driver Patrick Carpentier set a pole time of 1:42.086.
The track record for the Rolex Sports Car Series is 1:33.199 set by Scott Pruett in 2008.
Other Montreal area race tracks
Sanair Super Speedway
Parc Jean-Drapeau
1978 establishments in Canada
A1, A-1 or A.1.
may refer to:
A1, the Basic Language Certificate of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Language A1, the former name for "Language A: literature", one of the IB Group 1 subjects
A1, a secondary school subdivision in the  Congolese education system
A1, a baccalauréat series in the education system of some parts of France
A1, a baccalaureate in the Gabonese education system, see Education in Gabon
A1, the highest category of Qualified Flying Instructor in the Central Flying School of the UK Royal Air Force
A1, a grade for the Leaving Certificate, a qualification in the education system of Ireland
A1, the highest available grade for the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia examination in Malaysia
A1, a grade for the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination in Nigeria, see Education in Nigeria
A1, a grade for the Singaporean GCE 'O' Level, an examination in the education system of Singapore
A-1, an Academic grading in Pakistan commonly used in the education system of Pakistan
Books, magazines, comics and manga
A1 (comics), a comics anthology
A-1 Comics, a 1944–1955 Golden Age comics publication
A1—The Great North Road, a book by Paul Graham (photographer)
Cinema and movies
A-1 Headline, a 2004 Hong Kong movie
A 001, operazione Giamaica (Our Man in Jamaica), a 1965 Italian adventure movie directed by Ernst R. von Theumer
A1, a 1999 Syrian movie, see List of Syrian movies
A1 (2019 movie), Indian Tamil movie
A1 Film Company, a Burmese cinema company
A-1 Pictures, a Japanese animation studio
A1 Games, an American video game publisher for the PlayStation
A1 – Slave Pits of the Undercity, a part of Scourge of the Slave Lords, and adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
Larsen's Opening, a chess move, A01 in ECO code
A1, a square on a chessboard
Aone Beats or Aone, music producer
A1, a part in contra dance choreography
A-1 Sound Studios, a recording studio owned by Herb Abramson
A-1, an American rap group behind the album Mash Confusion
A-One (band), a Mandopop group
A1 (band), a British-Norwegian boy band
A1 Bentley, rapper and reality TV star (from Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood)
A1 x J1, teenage rappers who had a hit with "Latest Trends" featuring Aitch
A1, an album by Ertuğ Ergin
A1, an album by Tony Cetinski
A One, an album by Ayumi Hamasaki
A1 (album), a 2002 album by Norwegian band A1
Television and radio
A-One (TV channel), a Russian music channel
A1 TV channel (Macedonia)
A1 Report, a television station in Albania
America One, an American television network
A 1, see List of radio stations in Austria and Liechtenstein
A1, a promotional name for CHIN (AM) radio in Canada
A1, a Slovenian radio network owned by Radiotelevizija Slovenija
A-1 Detective Agency, a fictional detective agency in the radio series I Love a Mystery
A1, a class of star, see stellar classification
"A1" subobject designations, including:
NGC 3603-A1
A1 roads in several countries; see List of A1 roads
The Last Airbender is a 2010 American adventure fantasy movie released on 2 July 2010.
It is a live-action movie adaptation based on the first season of the Avatar: The Last Airbender.
The movie stars Noah Ringer as Aang, the main hero of the story.
Aang and his friends, Katara and Sokka, journey to the North Pole to find a Waterbending master to teach Aang and Katara how control the water.
At the same time, Fire Lord Ozai, the current Fire Lord of the Fire Nation, is waging a seemingly endless war against the Earth Kingdom, the Water Tribes, and the already vanquished Air Nomads.
The movie also stars Nicola Peltz, Jackson Rathbone, and Dev Patel.
The first of a planned trilogy, The Last Airbender was created by Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies.
Development for a movie began in 2007; it was adapted into a movie by M. Night Shyamalan, who also directed and produced.
Other producers include Frank Marshall, Kathleen Kennedy, Sam Mercer and Scott Aversano.
The series from which it was adapted (the first season of Avatar: The Last Airbender) was created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko.
Filming began in mid-March 2009; the movie was released in both traditional two-dimensional projectors, as well as in 3D (using the RealD 3D format).
The Last Airbender was made for $150 million and marketed with a budget of $130 million, making total costs at least $280 million.
Other estimates put the cost between $100 million and $110 million, while various news sources reported the whole Last Airbender trilogy would be made for around $250 million.
Premiering in New York City on 30 June, 2010, it opened in the USA the following day, grossing an estimated $16 million.
The movie has received extremely negative reviews and is widely considered to be one of the worst movies of all time.
It won 5 razzies in 2011, including Worst Picture and Worst Eye-Gouging Mis-Use of 3D.
The movie begins with Katara and Sokka finding an iceberg and freeing Aang, the last airbender, and his flying bison, Appa.
This attracts the attention of Zuko.
Arriving to the Southern Water Tribe, Zuko demands the elderly under the impression that Avatar is an old person until Aang is found.
Aang surrenders himself to Zuko as long as he agrees to leave the village alone.
Eventually he manages to maneuver away from the guards before Katara and Sokka arrive on Appa, making their escape.
Aang and friends visit the Southern Air Temple where the Avatar learns that he was in the ice for 100 years and the Fire Nation killed all the airbenders.
It was there Aang meets up with the only known remaining "flying lemur", naming it "Momo" as it joins Aang's group.
Arriving in a small town of Earth Kingdom that is controlled by the Fire Nation, Aang's group are arrested while helping a boy named Haru.
They then incite a revolution with reminding the disgruntled Earthbenders that earth was given to them through the air ducts.
After, Katara finds a Waterbending scroll that she and Aang used to teach waterbending.
During a side track to the Northern Air Temple on his own, Aang is betrayed by a peasant and captured by a group of Fire Nation Yuu Yan archers, commanded by Zhao.
However, a masked marauder, the "Blue Spirit" (Zuko), free Aang.
Aware that Zuko is the "Blue Spirit," Zhao arranges the prince's demise.
But Zuko survives the attempt on his life and, with Iroh's help, sneaks aboard Zhao's lead ship as his fleet departs for the Northern Water Tribe to execute the plan he and Ozai set up with the scrolls from the Library detailing the spirits there.
Upon arriving, Aang's group is welcomed warmly by the citizens of the Northern Water Tribe.
Sokka falls in love with Princess Yue, while Aang and Katara master their waterbending skills under master Pakku.
Once the Fire Nation armada arrives, Zhao begins his attack while Zuko infiltrates the tribe on his own, capturing Aang while he entered the spirit world to find the dragon spirit to give him the wisdom to defeat the Fire Nation.
Coming to his senses, Aang battles Zuko before Katara freezes him.
As the battles escalates, Iroh watches Zhao slay the moon spirit Tui, causing the Waterbenders to lose all of their powers and abilities to Waterbend.
However, Yue, who was imbued with some of the energy of the Moon Spirit when she was a newborn, sacrifices her life to revive the Moon Spirit.
As Zhao is drowned by Northern Waterbenders after Zuko and Iroh leave him to his fate, Aang uses the ocean to drive the armada back.
Aang now fully embraces his destiny as the Avatar and prepares to continue their struggle against Ozai.
When news of Zhao's death and Iroh's betrayal reaches him, Ozai appoints his daughter Azula to capture both her uncle and older brother while hindering the Avatar in any way before Sozin's Comet makes its return within three years time.
Noah Ringer as Aang, who disappeared 100 years ago.
While chronologically 112 years old, Aang still retains his biological age of 12.
He is the latest reincarnation of the Avatar.
Though he is able of bending all four elements, at the beginning of the movie he has only learned to airbend.
Dev Patel as Prince Zuko, a Fire Nation prince who travels with his uncle Iroh.
He must capture the Avatar, to come back home and return the throne.
Nicola Peltz as Katara, the last waterbender of South Pole.
She and Sokka find Aang into an iceberg.
Jackson Rathbone as Sokka, a warrior from the Southern Water Tribe and Katara's older brother.
He cannot bending, but is extremely intelligent.
Shaun Toub as Iroh, Zuko's uncle and older brother of Ozai.
In past, a great general of Fire Nation.
Aasif Mandvi as Admiral Zhao, a hot-tempered Fire Nation Commander who also want to capture the Avatar.
But, in the end of the movie, he died.
Seychelle Gabriel as Princess Yue, the princess of the Northern Water Tribe.
Cliff Curtis as Fire Lord Ozai, the leader of the Fire Nation as well as Prince Zuko's father.
He is a secondary antagonist of the movie, and the main antagonist of the series.
2010s action movies
2010s fantasy movies
Movies directed by M. Night Shyamalan
Screenplays by M. Night Shyamalan
A season finale (British English: last in the series; Australian English: season final) is the final episode of a season of a television program.
This is often the final episode to be produced for a few months or longer, and, as such, will try to attract viewers to continue watching when the series begins again.
A season finale may contain a cliffhanger ending to be resolved in the next season.
Alternatively, a season finale could bring open-ended storylines to a close, "going out on a high" and similarly maintaining interest in the series' eventual return.
Dallas (1978–1991) — Most seasons of the US soap opera finished with a cliffhanger ending, most famously the “Who shot J.R.?”
storyline in 1980, when an attempt on J.R. Ewing's life takes place in “A House Divided”, the finale of season 2; the mystery is solved four episodes later in “Who Done It” (season 3).
Star Trek: The Next Generation: "The Best of Both Worlds" (1990) — In the third season finale, the Borg attack several Federation colonies and when the Enterprise finally catches up with them, they kidnap Captain Picard.
The Enterprise'''s normal weapons have very little effect on the Borg ship, so the crew devises a way to channel a massive amount of energy into the main deflector dish, turning it into a massive weapon.
An Enterprise away team boards the Borg ship to try and rescue Picard, but discover that he has been assimilated — he is now Locutus of Borg.
The episode ends with Locutus informing the Enterprise that they will be assimilated as well.
Riker's only response is "Mr. Worf, fire."
This episode (and its conclusion) are widely regarded by fans to be the best episodes of the entire Star Trek franchise.
This was also one of the first cliffhangers outside of a soap opera.
Friends: "The One with Ross's Wedding" (1998) — In the fourth season finale of the American sitcom, Ross and several main characters travel to London for his wedding to Emily Waltham.
Rachel unexpectedly arrives, intending to tell Ross she loves him and possibly stop the wedding, but she decides against this at the last minute and the ceremony goes ahead as planned.
However, during the vows Ross says Rachel's name instead of Emily's, and the episode ends with the registrar asking whether he should continue the ceremony.
"The One in Vegas" (1999) — The fifth season of Friends ended with another cliffhanger, this time involving Ross and Rachel marrying drunkenly in Las Vegas, leading to their divorce in the following season.
Frasier: "Something Borrowed, Someone Blue" (2000) — At the end of the seventh season, the major plotline involving Niles's secret love for Daphne ended, as Daphne seemingly rejects Niles on the night before her wedding, but then joins him in the final scene and asks him to take her away with him, and they leave as her wedding to Donny is supposed to be beginning.
Blackadder: "The Black Seal" (1983), "Chains" (1986), "Duel and Duality" (1987) — Along with "Goodbyeee" (1989), the final episodes of the Blackadder series took a liberty that many series would be unable to take, by killing off the major characters (apart from in Blackadder the Third when only Prince George died).
This reinforces the idea that the four series stand alone from each other, and the series' general black humor.
Green Wing: series 1 finale (2004) and series 2 finale (2006) — In an ironic parody of certain season finales, both series of the British hospital sitcom Green Wing conclude with literal cliffhangers.
In series 1, Guy discovers that Joanna is his biological mother, directly after sleeping with her.
In a confused rage, he steals an ambulance (with Mac and Martin managing to jump aboard), and drives it to the edge of a cliff.
In series 2 Dr. Statham, having accidentally killed a dwarf, worries that the police are about to find and arrest him and Joanna, so hijacks a couple's campervan (Martin again rides in the back), but Dr. Statham takes them to the edge of the same cliff.
Their survival is not explained in the following Green Wing Special, and this plot device could be a criticism of the "cliffhanger" method of generating tension and ratings.
Farscape: Bad Timing (2003) was written as the finale of the series' fourth season, ending on a cliffhanger where it appears John Crichton and Aeryn Sun had been killed.
The SciFi Channel had announced the series' cancellation several months earlier, and despite intense fan pressure on the network, negotiations between SciFi and the Jim Henson Company failed to renew the series.
In protest to the cancellation, the Henson company retained the "To be continued" titles at the end of the episode.
The cliffhanger was eventually resolved in the Peacekeeper Wars two-part miniseries.
There are examples of episodes, ostensibly having been the "season finale", unexpectedly becoming the de facto series finale due to the cancellation of the series.
Recent examples of this include John Doe, Invasion, Two Guys and a Girl,  Instant Star, Las Vegas and Everybody Hates Chris''.
Resolutions to cliffhangers and other plots left unresolved in the previous season's season finale.
Introductions of new storylines.
Some stock examples might include a character having a new job (or losing one), a character gets a new love interest (or an existing relationship either ends or enters a new phase), children entering a new school, the core group of characters move to a new home (or hangout, etc.) ...
and the list goes on.
Often, one or more of these stories will introduce a fundamental change to a particular show.
An example is Archie Bunker's Place, where Archie's wife, Edith, died and the characters deal with her death.
Subsequent episodes had Archie adjusting to life as a widower and re-entering the dating scene.
One-up episodes with plots or special guest stars meant to entice viewers.
Some shows feature a special guest star (e.g., Don Drysdale on a season premiere episode of The Brady Bunch or Jerry Seinfeld on a season premiere of 30 Rock); others might have multi-part "adventures," such as the Bradys' family vacations to Grand Canyon and Hawaii.
A change in central setting or, to a lesser extent, remodeling of the setting.
Introductions of new characters, frequently to boost the ratings of a veteran show, two examples are John Doggett in season eight and Monica Reyes in season nine of The X-Files.
In the case of game shows, the introduction of new (or revised) rules, new bonus games, rules concerning prizes (such as what can be won), and/or new models.
The show airing at a new day and/or timeslot, either to improve sagging ratings or - if the ratings are high - to anchor a line-up of new and veteran programs.
Ashley Nichole Simmons (born February 5, 1986 in West Lafayette, Ohio) is an American female professional wrestler currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.
Madison Rayne is a former TNA Knockout Tag Team Champion with Lacey Von Erich and Velvet Sky and is a former two-time TNA Women's Knockout Champion.
Rayne is currently part of the stable, The Beautiful People.
Madison Rayne's Official website
Madison Rayne's TNA profile
Michael Anthony Orlando Cassavitis  (born April 3 1944) known professionally as Tony Orlando is an American singer.
He is best known for being in the singing group, Tony Orlando and Dawn, also the name of a television show that was popular for variety entertainment.
They were known for singing the songs, "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree", "Knock Three Times", and "He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)".
Tony Orlando's Official website
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
glauca) is a large evergreen tree in the genus Pseudotsuga in the plant family Pinaceae.
The tree is native to British Columbia, Idaho and Colorado.
A1 is the official title of the Great Northern Road in England.
It runs up the eastern side of England from London to Edinburgh in Scotland.
It is six hundred and sixty kilometres long, making it the longest numbered road in the U.K.. The A1 has six major junctions with motorways, and over twenty major junctions with other A roads.
The A1 follows, for much of the way, the course of a Roman road, Ermine Street, and the old coach route to Edinburgh.
It is not a motorway, but a lot of it is now built to motorway standards.
It is one of two main roads going from London to Northern England, the other being the M1 motorway.
Passing through Nottinghamshire, the road skirts the remains of Sherwood Forest.
Scotch Corner, in North Yorkshire, marks the point where the traffic for Glasgow and the west of Scotland divides from that for Edinburgh, as it has for hundreds of years before car traffic.
From North Yorkshire to Durham the road follows, for part of the way, another Roman road called Dere Street.
This road ran from Eboracum (York) to the Antonine Wall in the lowlands of present-day Scotland.
In Britannia, as in other provinces, the Romans constructed a network of paved trunk roads to (surfaced highways).
In their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 – 410 AD) they built about 2,000 miles of Roman roads in Britain.
They are shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.
This is the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is available to the general public.
The pre-Roman Britons used unpaved trackways, including ancient ones running along the ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath.
In contrast, most of the Roman network was surveyed and built from scratch, with the aim of connecting key points by the most direct possible route.
The roads were all paved, to permit heavy freight-wagons to be used in all seasons and weather.
Most of the known network was complete by 180 AD.
Its main purpose was to allow the rapid movement of troops and military supplies.
It was also vital for trade and the transport of goods.
Roman roads remained in use as trunk roads for centuries after the Romans withdrew from Britain in 410 AD.
Systematic construction of paved highways did not resume in England until the 18th century.
Construction of Roman roads
The Romans became expert at constructing roads, which they called viae.
It was permitted to walk or drive cattle, vehicles, or traffic of any description along the road.
The viae differed from the many other smaller or rougher roads, bridle-paths, drifts, and tracks.
By law, the minimum width of a via was fixed at 2.4 m where it was straight, and 4.9 m where it turned.
The best sources of information as regards the construction of a regulation via munita are:
The many existing remains of víae publicae.
These are often sufficiently well preserved to show that the rules were, as far as local material allowed, closely followed in practice.
The directions for making pavements given by Vitruvius.
The pavement and the via munita were identical in construction, except as regards the top layer.
A passage in Statius describing the repairs a branch road of the Via Appia (Appian Way).
After the civil engineer looked over the site of the proposed road and determined roughly where it should go, the agrimensores went to work surveying the road bed.
They used two main devices, the rod and a device called a groma, which helped them obtain right angles.
The rod men put down a line of rods called the rigor.
A surveyor looked along the rods and told the gromatici to move them as required.
Using the gromae they then laid out a grid on the plan of the road.
The libratores then began their work using ploughs and, sometimes with the help of legionaries, with spades dug down to bed rock or at least to the firmest ground they could find.
The excavation was called the fossa, "ditch".
The depth varied according to terrain.
Native earth, levelled and, if necessary, rammed tight.
Statumen: stones of a size to fill the hand.
Audits: rubble or concrete of broken stones and lime.
Nucleus: kernel or bedding of fine cement made of pounded potshards and lime.
Dorsum or agger viae: the elliptical surface or crown of the road (media stratae eminentia) made of polygonal blocks of silex (basaltic lava) or rectangular blocks of saxum qitadratum (travertine, peperino, or other stone of the country).
The upper surface was designed to cast off rain or water like the shell of a tortoise.
The lower surfaces of the separate stones, here shown as flat, were sometimes cut to a point or edge in order to grasp the nucleus, or next layer, more firmly.
Crepido, or semita: raised footway, or sidewalk, on each side of the via.
Umbones or edge-stones.
The method varied according to place, materials available and terrain, but the plan was always the same.
The roadbed was layered.
The road was constructed by filling the ditch.
This was done by layering rock over other stones.
Into the fossa was dumped large amounts of rubble, gravel and stone, whatever fill was available.
Sometimes a layer of sand was put down, if it could be found.
When it came to within 1 yd (1 m) or so of the surface it was covered with gravel and tamped down, a process called pavire, or pavimentare.
The flat surface was then the pavimentum.
It could be used as the road, or additional layers could be constructed.
A statumen or "foundation" of flat stones set in cement might support the additional layers.
The final steps used concrete, which the Romans had rediscovered (it had been used in Ancient Egypt).
They seem to have mixed the mortar and the stones in the fossa.
First a small layer of coarse concrete, the rudus, then a little layer of fine concrete, the nucleus, went onto the pavement or statumen.
Into or onto the nucleus went a course of polygonal or square paving stones, called the summa crusta.
The crusta was crowned for drainage.
An example is found in an early basalt road by the Temple of Saturn on the Clivus Capitolinus.
It had travertine paving, polygonal basalt blocks, concrete bedding (substituted for the gravel), and a rain-water gutter.
Main Roman roads
Portway
Akeman Street
Cam'ron started the "Stop Snitchin'" campaign when he was shot outside a nightclub in his Lamborghini, which the gunman was trying to carjack.
Cam'ron said in a 60 Minutes interview that he did not know the gunman, but he did not want to help the police because he did not want to be a snitch and it would hurt his record sales.
He also mentioned his Stop Snitchin' campaign in another 60 Minutes interview when Anderson Cooper asked him, "If there was a serial killer living next to you, you wouldn't tell the police?"
He replied, "I would probably move."
Cam'ron's Myspace
Kaihin-Makuhari Station (海浜幕張駅,かいひんまくはりえき) is a railway station of East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Mihama-ku, Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
This is the nearest station to Makuhari Messe, Chiba Marine Stadium, and the AEON headquarters.
Commuter Rapid
Minami-Funabashi - Kaihin-Makuhari - Kemigawa-Hama
Shin-Narashino - Kaihin-Makuhari - Kemigawa-Hama
JR East station information
Kaihimmakuhari Station bus terminal map
Keisei Bus Makuhari New City route map
Railway stations in Chiba Prefecture
Not to be confused with Nippombashi Station in Osaka, Japan.
Kyōbashi （G 10） - Nihombashi （G 11） - Mitsukoshimae （G 12）
Ōtemachi （T 09） - Nihombashi （T 10） - Kayabachō （T 11）
Airport Rapid, Airport Access Express, Airport Rapid Limited Express
Shimbashi （A 10） - Nihombashi （A 13） - Higashi-Nihombashi （A 15）
Local, Express, Rapid, Commuter Limited Express, Limited Express, Access Express, Rapid Limited Express
Takarachō （A 12） - Nihombashi （A 13） - Ningyōchō （A 14）
Drew Brees (; born January 15, 1979) is a former American football quarterback for the New Orleans Saints.
A native of Austin, Texas, he played college football for Purdue and was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in 2001, where he was their starting quarterback until 2006.
In 2009, he led the Saints to a Super Bowl championship and was named MVP of the game.
The Brees Dream Foundation
New Orleans Saints bio
Mariano Rivera (born November 29, 1969 in Panama City, Panama) is a baseball player.
He has played with the New York Yankees for many seasons.
He is a “closer”, a type of pitcher who pitches in the ninth inning.
Rivera is thought to be one of the best relief pitchers ever, and will probably be in the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Rivera throws a very fast “cutter” pitches that are good at striking out batters.
Rivera has more saves in the World Series than any other pitcher.
He also has more saves all-time then anybody, a record he set in 2011.
Mariano Rivera wears #42, and is the only player in Major League baseball to do so.
Rivera was born in Panama and played his first baseball there.
Awards Won
Rolaids Relief Man of the Year, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2009
DHL Delivery Man of the Year, 2005, 2006, 2009
2004 American League Championship Series MVP
World Series Champion, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2009
A taco truck is a truck that sells tacos and other types of Mexican food.
Some taco trucks also deal in fusion cuisine.
It is one of the most common types of food trucks.
In most taco trucks, the food is made in the truck.
Taco trucks and other food trucks are common around colleges, as college students often eat at them.
Though there are taco trucks all over the world, they are most often seen in Los Angeles and other Mexican-American cities.
In many cities, such as Los Angeles, regular restaurants have tried to shut down taco trucks.
This is because taco trucks sell food at a lower price than many restaurants.
Taco trucks have been criticized in the past for being dirty and unhealthy, but this is not the case anymore.
Chicago is the only city in the United States which does not allow cooking on food trucks but Taquero Fusion, Chicago's Original Taco Truck, managed to figure out a way to provide gourmet tacos to their customers.
The Silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) is a type of shark of the genus Carcharhinus, family Carcharhinidae.
They are mainly found in warm bodies of water in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
The Silky shark is large, slim, and grows up to a maximum length of 3.3 metres (10 feet).
The Silky shark gets its name from the fact that it has a smooth, "silky" texture.
The Silky shark feeds on bony fish such as tuna, mackerel, sardines, and mullets, and molluscs such as squid and paper nautilus.
They have also been known to feed on the bodies of dead whales.
thumb|left | 250px | The Silky shark has a short first dorsal fin, and long pectoral fins
A large, slim shark, the Silky shark has a fairly stretched, rounded snout, a relatively slanting first dorsal fin with a blunt top that is located behind the edges of the pectoral fins, a small second dorsal fin with an extremely long free rear tip (more than two times the height), and a low inter-dorsal ridge (ridge between the dorsal fins).
The pectoral fins are long and slim, and have dusky coloured tips.
Silky sharks are normally dark grey with a shade of bronze, but are sometimes a golden-brown colour.
Their undersides are white.
Except for the first dorsal fin, the tips of all the fins are a dusky colour; this is more visible among the young.
The upper teeth are widely triangular and slanted, becoming more diagonal toward the angle of the jaws which are strongly cut and heavily jagged on the sides.
The lower teeth are raised with smooth edges.
There is usually 1 to 2 symphysial teeth on both, the lower and upper jaw.
The maximum length for this species is 3.3 metres (10 feet).
Males mature at the lengths of 2.2-2.3 metres (9–10 years of age) and grow to a lesser size than females, which reach maturity at the lengths 2.3-2.5 metres (12 years of age), however, these numbers are different among the different populations of this species.
Silky sharks weigh around 350 kilograms (770 pounds).
thumb|left|250px|Müller and Henle's drawing of a Silky shark
The first specimen described was given the name Carcharias (Prionodon) falciformis by Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle in 1841.
The genus name Carcharhinus comes from the Greek words "karcharos" which means "sharpen", and "rhinos" which means "nose".
Other names given to the Silky shark are Squalus or Prionodon tiburo, Gymnorhinus or Gymnorrhinus pharaonis, Aprionodon sitankaiensis, Carcharhinus floridanus, Eulamia malpeloensis, and Carcharhinus atrodorsus.
thumb|right | 250px | Silky sharks are mostly found in open waters
The Silky shark is common in tropical and subtropical waters, and is found in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.
In the western Atlantic, it ranges from the U.S state Massachusetts to Brazil (including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea), and in the east it ranges from Spain to Angola.
It is found in the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea from Tanzania to Mozambique, including Madagascar and the Comores, and in the middle and eastern Indian Ocean in ranges from the Maldives and Sri Lanka to western Australia.
It is found from China to New Zealand in the western Pacific (including the Hawaiian Islands), and Baja California to Peru in the eastern Pacific.
Although the Silky shark is mainly found in the pelagic zone, the Silky shark is not just found in the open ocean, but has also been recorded from depths as shallow as 18 meters (56 ft).
It is an active, swift shark that prefers warmer waters (about 23 °C).
It is commonly found near the edges of continental shelves and over deep water reefs where there is a large amount of food source.
It mainly ranges from the surface down to at least 500 meters (1,550 ft) but has been caught over water as deep as 4000 meters (12,400 ft).
Studies show that groups of Silky sharks contain Silky sharks of different genders, but of the same size.
Young Silky sharks can be found in coastal nurseries and adults are found further offshore, over deeper waters.
thumb|right|250px|Tuna are a favoured prey of the Silky shark
The Silky shark feeds mainly on bony fish such as tuna, mackerel, sardines, mullets, groupers, snappers, sea chubs, sea catfish, eels, lanternfish, filefish, triggerfish, and porcupinefish.
It's diet also includes squid, paper nautilus, and swimming crabs, and there is fossil evidence of it scavenging on dead whales.
Since of their good sense of hearing, and hunting tactics, these sharks are excellent hunters.
They usually work together to "herd" groups of small fish to the surface, trapping the fish.
When the fish are all tightly packed together, the Silky sharks attack the fish with great speed, and often consume the whole group of fish.
The Silky shark is viviparous, meaning that it gives live birth.
In the western north Atlantic, females mate in the late spring (May-June), and give birth in the same time period, but in the next year, meaning that the gestation period lasts 12 months.
The number of pups per litter is 6-14 in the western Atlantic, 9-12 in the eastern Atlantic, 9-14 in the western Indian Ocean, and 2-11 in the central Indian.
The young spend their first few months in coral reefs, but move to the open ocean by the first winter.
In the western north Atlantic, nursery areas are located along the Caribbean islands.
In English, the Silky shark is also called the "Net-eater shark" in the eastern Pacific because of the fact that it is often caught in nets used for fishing tuna.
The Silky shark is also called the "Blackspot shark", "Grey whaler shark", "Olive shark", "Reef shark", "Ridgeback shark", "Sickle shark", "Sickle silk shark", and "Sickle-shaped shark".
In other languages, the Silky shark is called the "cação" (Portuguese), "cazon" (Spanish), "cazon de playa" (Spanish), "cazón-tiburón" (Spanish), "haukkahai" (Finnish), "jaqueta" (Spanish), "jaqueton" (Spanish), "kanhaai" (Dutch), "karcharinos lios" (Greek), "kurotogarizame" (Japanese), "lombo preto" (Portuguese), "malie" (Samoan), "mandi sravu" (Malay), "mangeur d'hommes" (French), "marracho sedoso" (Portuguese), "marracho-luzidio" (Portuguese), "mbamba menyo" (Swahili), "moosi" (Gujarati), "mungsing" (Javanese), "mushi" (Marathi), "papa" (Swahili), "papa bunshu" (Swahili), "pating" (Tagalog), "requin soyeux" (French), "seidenhai" (German), "suga sura" (Telugu), "syhaai" (Afrikaans), "tiburón" (Spanish), "tiburon jaqueton" (Spanish), "tiburón lustroso" (Spanish), "tiburón sedoso" (Spanish), "tinterero" (Spanish), "tollo" (Spanish), "tollo mantequero" (Spanish), "tribon berde" (Papiamento), "tubarão-luzidio" (Portuguese), "yu jereh" (Malay), "yu pasir" (Malay), and "zijdehaai" (Dutch).
Human interaction
Silky sharks are considered dangerous to humans because of their aggressive nature and size.
Silky sharks have been observed with their head raised, back arched and tail lowered, a posture believed to be a form of threat display.
Silky sharks are important to longline and gillnet fisheries in many parts of the world.
In the Gulf of Mexico they are often caught with tuna catches, but are also caught by shark fishery.
In the Caribbean they are sometimes fished, usually by longline, but they are not a common catch.
In the Maldives and Sri Lanka, they are the most important shark species, making up 70-80% of the catches made in the pelagic zone.
In Japanese waters, Silky sharks are a common target species of the shark fishery and are also caught with swordfish and tuna fisheries.
In the mid-Atlantic waters of the U.S.A, the Silky shark is fished on a limited basis, but not in significant numbers.
The meat, oil, and fins of the Silky shark are sold commercially.
The Silky shark is also fished by recreational fishermen.
Like other sharks, the Silky shark is in danger due to overfishing, because of its long gestation period, low number of offspring, and slow growth rate.
A hairpin turn (also hairpin bend, hairpin corner, or just hairpin), is a very tight corner.
It makes a vehicle turn almost 180° to continue on the road.
It gets its name from the way it looks like a hairpin or bobby pin.
Hairpin turns may be called switchbacks in American English.
Hairpin turns may be built when a road or path climbs up or down a steep slope.
This allows the path to travel the slope with a smaller slope.
Hairpin turns may be used in race tracks to slow down the race cars after a long, fast straight.
The Sepang International Circuit (SIC) is a racing circuit in Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
It is near the Kuala Lumpur International Airport, about 60 km south of the capital city Kuala Lumpur.
It is the venue used for the Formula One Malaysian Grand Prix, A1 Grand Prix as well as the Malaysian MotoGP.
The circuit was designed by German designer Hermann Tilke.
The main circuit is 5.54 km long.
It is raced in a clockwise direction.
It is noted for its sweeping corners and wide straights.
The layout is unusual, with a very long back straight separated from the pit straight by just one very tight hairpin corner.
The circuit may be set-up with other configurations.
The north circuit is the first half of the main circuit.
The course turns back towards the pit straight after turn 6 and is 2.71 km long.
The south circuit is the other half of the circuit.
The back straight of the main circuit becomes the pit straight.
It joins onto turn 8 of the main circuit to form a hairpin turn.
This circuit is 2.61 km in length.
Sepang F1 International Circuit
Official information about Sepang at the Formula 1 site
Google Maps location
The Phoronida, or horseshoe worms, are a small phylum of marine animals.
There are twenty species, in two genera.
They are part of the Brachiozoa, which also includes the brachiopods.
Phoronids are worm-shaped, but with a gut that loops and exits the body near the mouth.
That explains the name 'horseshoe worms'.
They are found in all oceans and seas (except the polar seas), and all species have wide geographical ranges.
They occur at depths up to 400 metres, but mainly between 0 to 70 metres.
The life span is thought to be about a year.
The adults are tube worms, and secrete chitinous tubes in which they live.
These tubes can be buried in the mud or sand or rest on the surface of a rocky substrate.
If on rocks, they may live in colonies with their tubes become twisted around each other for support.
Some species can dissolve away holes in rocks such as limestone, calcareous seashells or even cement piers; they then live in these holes which they line with their secreted tubes.
They feed using a lophophore, a ciliated structure that surrounds the mouth.
Together with the Bryozoa and Brachiopoda, the phoronids belong to the lophophorates, sometimes treated as a single phylum.
Though they are normally long, up to 50cm (30 in).
Phoronids are normally very thin.
The digestive tract of Phoronids consists of a short oesophagus which leads into a spherical stomach and then into the intestines which end in the anus.
Phoronids have a simple blood system of one descending artery and ascending vein linked by a network of fine capillaries.
There are also blood vessels into each of the tentacles.
The blood is colourless but contains corpuscles with a haemoglobin-like pigment that helps to carry oxygen.
The nervous system is mainly composed by the nervous ganglion between mouth and anus, a ring nerve at the basis of the lophophore, one or two giant nerve fibres which issue from the ganglion and extend along the body wall.
There are two tubular excretory organs, which discharge to the exterior via nephridiopores, on the anal papilla.
Phoronids may be hermaphrodites or single sexed, and may also reproduce asexually.
Gametes are released through the nephridia.
Fertilisation is probably internal.
Phoronids follow one of two types of reproductive strategy.
Some species, such as Phoronis ovalis, lay only a few (12–25) large eggs which have a lot of yolk.
These eggs are brooded within the adult's tube, they are released only when they have hatched.
The second strategy is to lay a much larger number (up to 500) of smaller eggs.
These eggs are released as soon as they are fertilised.
They hatch a few days later into what is called an 'actinotrocha' larvae.
The larvae undergo a planktonic development for 2–3 weeks, and settle after about 20 days.
Metamorphosis is 'catastrophic', occurring in less than 30 minutes and leading to a slender young phoronid.
Phoronids can regenerate the lophophore if it becomes damaged, in fact Phoronis ovalis voluntarily loses its lophophore in order to lay its eggs.
Once the eggs are laid the animal grows a new lophophore.
Phoronids are suspension-feeders.
They move their lophophores into the prevailing water current.
Food particles in the water current are trapped in a stream of mucous that travels along the tentacles until it reaches the oral ring.
There it is drawn into the mouth and then on into the digestive tract.
Direct uptake of amino acids through the epidermis also occurs.
The fossil record of phoronids is poor.
There are borings dating back to the Devonian which have been attributed to phoronids.
Iotuba chengjiangensis, a form known from only three specimens in the Lower Cambrian, has been interpreted as a phoronid because it appears to have had a U-shaped gut and was tentaculated.
Phoronids may be related to the common but mysterious tubular fossils known as hederellids.
Phoronidae - Guide to the Marine Zooplankton of south eastern Australia , Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute
Bioerosion website at The College of Wooster
Phoronida World database
Systematics of the phylum Phoronida
Emig C.C. & C. de Mittelwihr, 1999.
What is a phoronid?
http://www.itis.usda.gov
The Shanghai International Circuit is a Chinese motor racing venue.
It is in the district of Jiading near Shanghai in the People's Republic of China.
It was the venue of the first Formula One Chinese Grand Prix on 26 September 2004.
The circuit costing about $450 million (USD).
It was paid for by a government-funded joint-venture company.
This company was made up of the Shanghai Juss Corporation, Shanghai National Property Management Co Ltd, and Shanghai Jia'an Investment and Development Co Ltd. Architectural and design experts began visiting the site by April 2003.
The site was transformed from swampland to an international racetrack in 18 months.
A team of 3000 worked around the clock to finish the construction.
The 2008 MotoGP race was the last one at Shanghai International Circuit.
The FIM didn't select the circuit for 2009 because of overcrowding problems.
Like many new Formula One circuits, Shanghai International Circuit was designed by Hermann Tilke.
It features his trademark track feature: a long back straight followed by a hairpin turn.
Current-generation F1 cars can easily exceed  on the long straight between corners 13 and 14.
The track layout was inspired from the Chinese character shang (上).
Shang is the first character in the name of the city Shanghai, and means "above" or "ascend".
Times below are driven over a distance of 5.451 km.
*Intermediate circuit (4.600 km/2.858 mi)
Shanghai International Circuit Statistics from official F1 site
A1GP info of Shanghai International Circuit
The Endeavour River National Park is just north of Cooktown, Queensland, Australia.
It protects the north banks of the Endeavour River.
Both the river and the park are named after Captain James Cook's ship, HM Bark Endeavour.