the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In the second half of the season, the Winx go to an island called Tir Nan Og and release the Earth fairies trapped there.
Once free, the Earth fairies turn on the humans and Wizards, wanting revenge.
Through the second half of the season, the Winx have to face several major Earth fairies.
Late in the season, they earn their Sophix and Lovix, two power-ups to Believix.
In the final episode, the Winx, Roxy, and the Earth fairies join forces to defeat the Wizards, freezing them in a block of ice in the Omega Dimension.
Near the end of the season, Roxy learns that Morgana, Queeen of the Earth fairies, is her mother.
Season five
Season six
Season seven
Season eight
Bloom is the leader of the Winx Club.
She is the Fairy of the Dragon Flame, with red hair and powers that come from fire.
She comes from a planet called Domino, but she grew up on Earth.
She is the most powerful member of the team.
Her boyfriend is Sky, a blond-haired fighter.
Most of Bloom's outfits are blue.
Stella is the oldest fairy in the Winx Club.
She is the Fairy of the Shining Sun and has blonde hair.
She comes from a planet called Solaria.
Her boyfriend is Brandon, Sky's bodyguard.
Stella is a designer and likes to make clothes for the Winx.
Most of Stella's outfits are orange.
Flora is the shy Fairy of Nature.
She has light brown hair and powers that come from plants.
She comes from a planet called Lynphea.
Her boyfriend is Helia, a black-haired artist.
Flora is very kind and has a quiet voice.
Most of Flora's outfits are pink.
Musa is the Fairy of Music.
She has black hair and loves to sing.
She comes from a planet called Melody.
Her boyfriend is Riven, who is sometimes rude to Musa.
Musa and Riven have broken up a few times.
Most of Mesa's outfits are red.
Tecna is the Fairy of Technology.
She has pink hair and likes to work with machines.
She comes from a planet called Zenith.
Her boyfriend is Timmy, a very smart boy with glasses.
Most of Tecna's outfits are purple.
Aisha is a fairy who joins the Winx Club in Season 2.
She is the Fairy of Waves, with dark brown hair and powers that come from water.
She comes from a planet called Andros.
Her boyfriend was Nabu, a wizard from Andros, until he died in Season 4.
Aisha later gets a new boyfriend named Nex.
She is an athlete who likes to play sports.
Most of Aisha's outfits are colors of the ocean: teal, purple, or green.
The Trix are a group of three witches from a college called Cloud Tower.
They are named Icy, Darcy, and Stormy.
Icy has powers that come from ice, Darcy has powers that come from darkness, and Stormy has powers that come from the weather.
Roxy is the youngest and weakest fairy.
She first appears in Season 4.
Roxy is the Fairy of Animals and has straight purple hair.
She is a stubborn tomboy who likes helping all animals in her city, even bugs.
She comes from Earth and does not have a boyfriend.
Daphne is Bloom's older sister.
She is a nymph from Domino.
Her husband is Thoren.
Until Season 5, Daphne was a spirit without a real body, since she had been under a curse.
Italian animated television series
The jack o'lantern mushroom is an orange- to yellow gilled mushroom.
It looks like the chanterelle and emits light.
Unlike the chanterelle, the jack o'lantern mushroom is very poisonous.
While eating this mushroom will not kill you, it may cause cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea.
This mushroom smells and looks very appealing, so there are reports of repeat poisonings from individuals who were tempted to try them a second time.
The Jack-o-Lantern mushroom's fruiting body (its stem and cap) is an orange color.
It grows from late summer into November, in large clumps on or near tree stumps.
However, it can also be found growing on the ground (along buried roots) nearby.
Underneath the cap is its well-known glowing color, which glows in a lime green color.
This mushroom is asexual.
Norfolk County is a city in Ontario, Canada that is largely agricultural.
It has many primary schools and high schools and the majority of citizens are Christian.
Its communities include:
Simcoe
Port Dover
The Internet is available in Simcoe in both dial-up and broadband forms.
Although there are 3 video stores in the city, some people prefer satellite television over cable television or rented DVDs.
The satellite television is cheaper than the local cable in this town.
Basic cable starts out at over $100/month while satellite can range in price from free-to-air to expensive (but with more channels than basic cable).
A Wal-Mart that opened on January 23, 2008 at the northeast end of Simcoe.
A Shoppers Drug Mart and a Boston Pizza are currently open.
During the summer, the town hosts the Friendship Festival, which is famous all over Ontario.
In the fall, the Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show brings carnival rides and midway attractions for 6 days.
Simcoe is also a central area for migrant labour, to harvest tobacco, fruits and vegetables.
For such a small town, Simcoe is famous for producing world class hockey talent.
The town is famous for hockey players Rob Blake, Jassen Cullimore, Dwayne Roloson, Rick Wamsley, John Stevens (although not born in Simcoe, was product of Talbot Street arena hockey program), Geordie Kinnear, Ryan VandenBussche and more who play hockey in the National Hockey League in North America.
Also it is the home of Red Kelly, who played in the NHL.
The Stanley Cup was seen around Simcoe for 3 seasons in a row (over a 4-year period due to NHL Players strike that occurred).
Barry Boughner was from local town Delhi, Ontario.
Serious aspirational professional hockey player kids should strongly consider Simcoe as a starting point (in someone's opinion).
Towns in Ontario
Simcoe Composite School is a high school in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada.
It was established in the year 1898.
There are lots of multicultural courses for students 14 to 21 years of age to study.
The school is located near two parks, a busy downtown, fast food restaurants, and a post office.
There is also a special education program for the mentally disabled to attend special courses and swimming on Wednesday afternoons at the local recreation centre.
English, French, and Spanish are the languages that are taught in Simcoe Composite School.
There are also computer, music, drama, woodworking, and other classes.
Simcoe is one of the oldest high schools in Norfolk County.
Students from all over the county can attend this high school along with several others in the area.
Buildings and structures in Ontario
The Liberal Party of Australia (Liberals, or LIB for short), in coalition with the National Party of Australia (Nationals, or NAT for short), is one of the two main political groups in Australian politics (the other being the Social Democratic Australian Labor Party (ALP).
The Liberals/Nationals are the more conservative of the two main parties.
It was founded by Sir Robert Menzies in 1944.
They lost government to the ALP in the Australian federal election held on 24 November 2007.
This was after 11 years in government under the previous Liberal leader, John Howard.
The current Liberal leader is Scott Morrison.
The Liberal/National coalition is currently in control in the Federal Parliament of Australia after beating the ALP during an election on 7 September 2013.
Liberal Prime Ministers of Australia
Robert Menzies - from 1949 until his resignation in 1966.
Harold Holt - from 1966 until his death in 1967.
John Gorton - from 1968 until his resignation 1971.
William McMahon - from 1971 until his loss to Gough Whitlam (ALP) in the 1972 election.
Malcolm Fraser - from his appointment following the Dismissal of Gough Whitlam in 1975 until his defeat by Bob Hawke (ALP) in 1983.
John Howard - from his victory over Paul Keating in 1996 to his defeat by Kevin Rudd (ALP) in 2007.
Tony Abbott - from his victory over Kevin Rudd in 2013.
Malcolm Turnbull - from replacing Abbott in 14 September 2015 to his resignation in 24 August 2018.
Scott Morrison - from replacing Turnbull as leader of the Liberal Party in 24 August 2018.
Federal Parliamentary Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia
Sir Robert Menzies February 1945 to 26 January 1966
Harold Holt 26 January 1966 to 19 December 1967
Sir John Gorton 10 January 1968 to 10 March 1971
Sir William McMahon 10 March 1971 to 5 December 1972
Sir Billy Snedden December 1972 to March 1975
Malcolm Fraser March 1975 to 11 March 1983
Andrew Peacock March 1983 to September 1985
John Howard September 1985 to May 1989
Andrew Peacock May 1989 to March 1990
John Hewson April 1990 to May 1994
Alexander Downer May 1994 to January 1995
John Howard 30 January 1995 to 27 November 2007
Brendan Nelson 29 November 2007 to 16 September 2008
Malcolm Turnbull 16 September 2008 to 1 December 2009
Tony Abbott 1 December 2009-14 September 2015
Malcolm Turnbull 14 September 2015-24 August 2018
Scott Morrison since 24 August 2018
Current Liberal leaders of States and Territories
Chief Minister of the Northern Territory: Willem Westra van Holte³, since February 2015.
Premier of Tasmania: Peter Gutwein since 2014.
Premier of New South Wales: Gladys Berejiklian, since 2014.
Other notable Liberals
Enid Lyons - first woman to be elected to the Australian House of Representatives (for the UAP), then served as a Liberal from 1944-1951 and was appointed by Robert Menzies as the first woman to sit in the Australian Cabinet.
Neville Bonner as Senator for Queensland, he became the first Indigenous Australian to sit in the Federal Parliament.
Nick Greiner - Premier of New South Wales, 1988-1992.
Jeff Kennett - Premier of Victoria, 1992-1999.
Cate Carnell - Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory, 1995-2000, and first Liberal woman to lead a state or territory.
Peter Costello - Australia's longest serving Treasurer (1996-2007).
Alexander Downer - Australia's longest serving Minister for Foreign Affairs (1996-2007).
Ken Wyatt - first Aboriginal member of the Australian House of Representatives (2010-)
Liberal parties
1940s establishments in Australia
Paul John Keating (born 18 January 1944) was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia.
He was from the Labor Party.
He grew up in the city of Sydney and the suburb of Bankstown.
He left De La Salle College at Bankstown at 14 years of age and worked as a clerk with the Sydney County Council doing this while juggling with studies and managed a rock band called The Ramrods.
Annita van Iersel married Paul Keating in 1975.
In 1998, the Keatings separated.
Keating was Treasurer from 1983 to 1991 and Deputy Prime Minister from 1990 to 1991.
He challenged and beat Bob Hawke for the job of prime minister in 1991.
He won one election in 1993 but was beaten by John Howard in 1996.
As treasurer with Bob Hawke, he made lots of changes to the Australian economy and made it more modern.
In the early 1990s, Australia had a really bad recession while he was treasurer, and when he became Prime Minister.
As Prime Minister he tried to make Australia better friends with Asian countries and liked things like APEC.
He also wanted Australia to become a republic and wanted the government to say it was "sorry" to Aboriginal people for the things that white Australians did long ago.
Keating, Paul
Australian Labor Party politicians
Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is the confederation of countries that used to form the Soviet Union.
On December 8, 1991, leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine met at the nature reserve called Belovezhskaya Pushcha in Belarus.
They discussed the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in place of the Soviet Union.
They reached an agreement about many points and signed a document creating the CIS.
One of these points stated that the alliance would be open to all the republics of the Soviet Union.
Other nations with similar goals could also join the CIS.
The Soviet Union had 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
On 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union had recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Out of the remaining 12 republics, all (except Georgia) joined the CIS.
Before joining the CIS, on 21st December 1991, leaders of these 11 countries had met in Kazakhstan to accept the original CIS agreement of 8th December 1991.
Because Ukraine did not ratify the CIS agreement in the national parliament, it never became an official member of the CIS, but nevertheless participated as a de facto member.
In December 1993, Georgia also joined the CIS.
On 26th August 2006 Turkmenistan left the permanent membership, and became an associate member.
On 15th August 2008 Georgia left the CIS membership, and Georgia's CIS membership officially ended on 17th August 2009.
On 19 May 2018, Ukraine, which stopped participating in CIS in 2014 because of its conflict with Russia over Crimea and the Donbass, formally ended all participation in CIS.
With the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Soviet Union ceased to exist.
It was the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Many consider that with CIS, Russia continues to have some control over the former republics of the Soviet Union.
The CIS has its headquarters at Minsk, Belarus.
An Executive Director heads the CIS.
The CIS is not a successor country to the Soviet Union.
The CIS is an organization or alliance of independent countries.
It is more like the European Community.
The member countries of the CIS had also signed many agreements for economic cooperation and defense cooperation.
They have signed other agreements for cooperation in foreign policy and other matters.
http://cis.minsk.by Belarus
Commonwealth of Independent States - Citizendium
Political organizations based in Europe
Politics of Europe
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an international organization.
On 8th August 1967, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines formed the ASEAN.
At that time, communism was growing in Vietnam, and these five countries were also facing problems inside their own countries.
In this background, these five countries created ASEAN as a show of common display of cooperation.
In short, the purpose of the organization is political and economic cooperation.
The organization is headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia.
There had been an earlier organization called the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA).
It was an international organization of Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand.
These three countries had formed ASA in 1961.
It was named because all the countries in it are a part of Southeast Asia.
In 1976, the ASEAN countries held a conference in Bali.
After this, these countries started closer economic cooperation.
But, by the mid-1980s, the activities of the ASEAN had slowed down.
By 1991, Thailand proposed a free trade area.
The ASEAN countries meet every year to talk about many matters.
Originally there were only five members of the ASEAN.
Brunei Darussalam joined the ASEAN on 7 January 1984.
Vietnam joined the ASEAN on 28 July 1995.
Laos and Myanmar joined the ASEAN on 23 July 1997.
Cambodia became a member on 30th April 1999.
East Timor is the only Southeast Asian country that is not a member of ASEAN.
However both East Timor and Papua New Guinea (which is not considered geographically a part of Southeast Asia) are observers of ASEAN and wish to become full members of ASEAN.
About 8% of the population of the world lives in ASEAN countries.
About 240 million Muslims live in these countries, mostly in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei.
About 170 million Christians live in these countries, mostly in the Philippines.
About 170 million Buddhists live in these countries, mostly in Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Singapore.
The major products of the ASEAN countries are electronics, petroleum, and wood.
The total Gross domestic product of these countries are $1,073.9 billion USD.
All the countries of the ASEAN countries have old cultures, and different types of governments.
The ASEAN countries had created an ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).
27 countries are members of the ASEAN Regional Forum.
The leaders of these countries meet and talk about various matters, especially security and economic cooperation.
The current members in the ARF are: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, Australia, Canada, the People's Republic of China, the European Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, East Timor, United States, and Sri Lanka.
The ASEAN holds a meeting every year.
The meeting lasts for 3 days, and the members discuss many things.
ASEAN Secretariat official website
ASEAN Foundation
Simple English Video about ASEAN, YouTube
An electric motor changes electrical energy into mechanical movement.
A dynamo or an electric generator does the reverse: it changes mechanical movement into electric energy.
Most electric motors work by using the force of magnetism.
Electrostatic motors have also been used.
Inside an Electric Motor
Let's start by looking at the overall plan of a simple two-pole DC electric motor.
A simple motor has six parts:
•	Armature or rotor
•	Commutator
•	Brushes
•	Axle
•	Field magnet
•	DC power supply of some sort
An electric motor is all about magnets and magnetism: A motor uses magnets to create motion.
If you have ever played with magnets you know about the fundamental law of all magnets: Opposites attract and likes repel.
So if you have two bar magnets with their ends marked "north" and "south," then the north end of one magnet will attract the south end of the other.
On the other hand, the north end of one magnet will repel the north end of the other (and similarly, south will repel south).
Inside an electric motor, these attracting and repelling forces create rotational motion.
To understand how electric motors work, the key is to understand how electromagnets work.
An electromagnet is the basis of an electric motor.
Electric motors are boardly classified in to two different categories i.e. DC (direct current) and AC (Alternating current).
With in these categories there are numerous types, each offering unique abilities that suit them well for best applications.
In 1821, Michael Faraday made the first electric motor.
It worked using the force of magnetism.
He created a simple electromagnet by taking a nail and a wire, wrapping about 100 loops of wire around the nail and connected it to a battery.
With this he had a simple electromagnet with north and south pole.
In the  middle of the nail he had made a hole and put a spindle into the hole so that the nail could rotate.
He then took a horseshoe-shaped magnet and placed the wire wrapped nail in the middle.
He connected the wire of the north pole to the negative pole of the battery and the wire of the south pole to the positive pole.
The basic law of magnetism told him what would happen: the north end of the electromagnet would repel the north end of the horseshoe-shaped magnet and would attract the south pole.
The same happened on the other side of the nail, with the result that the nail turned.
However, Faraday was not happy with the results because the electromotor turned only once.
He later discovered that by simply wrapping the wire multiple times around the nail, he could cause the polarity to change back and forth.
These additional "turns" around the nail, caused the wire-wrapped nail to turn continuously around the spindle (as long as the battery is not empty).
Explosives are chemical compounds that cause explosions; they flare up and burst with a loud sound.
Explosive material has many special characteristics: it is a chemically unstable material, it changes its form very fast and, while changing its form, it explodes by bursting and making loud sounds.
There are two types of explosives: low explosives and high explosives.
This classification depends on their rate of explosion.
Low explosives conflagrate (= burn very fast).
High explosives detonate (= explode with bursts).
A low explosive is a material, which burns very fast, but does not explode generally.
For exploding them, people mix them with high explosives.
Sometimes, even a low explosive may detonate.
A high explosive bursts and explodes very fast.
High explosives produce more pressure than low explosives but low explosives are more safe to use.
People use low explosives in fuses, rocket engines and fireworks, and high explosives in mining and demolition (destroying old bridges and buildings).
Guns use low explosives as propellants; most bombs use high explosives.
High explosives may belong to different groups: primary explosives and secondary explosives.
Primary explosives are very unstable and rapidly react to shock, friction, and heat.
Any shock, friction, or heat makes primary explosives to burn or blast fast.
Secondary explosives are much more safe to use and do not react very fast to shock, friction, and heat.
Any shock, friction, or heat may burn such explosives, but not make them to burst and blast.
Some people call secondary explosives as base explosives.
Some people also tell about another group of explosives.
These are tertiary explosives.
These explosives do not react to shock, friction, and heat.
For explosion, tertiary explosives may need a mixture with secondary explosives.
Primary explosives are used as detonators: that is, to cause the secondary explosives to explode.
Mercury fulminate, picric acid, lead azide, nitroglycerine and iodine nitride are examples of primary explosives.
TNT, dynamite, hexogen, HMX and Torpex are examples of secondary explosives.
While sending explosives from one place to another, the packs containing different types of explosives may have different types of markings on the boxes.
The United Nations has advised use of such markings.
1.1 Mass Explosion Hazard
1.2 Nonmass explosion, fragment-producing
1.3 Mass fire, minor blast or fragment hazard
1.4 Moderate fire, no blast or fragment: a consumer firework is 1.4G or 1.4S
1.5 Explosive substance, very insensitive (with a mass explosion hazard)
1.6 Explosive article, extremely insensitive
The United Nations Children's Fund or UNICEF is an international organization.
The United Nations established UNICEF on 11 December 1946.
At that time, its name was United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
Thus, UNICEF became its short name.
In 1953, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund dropped the words Emergency and International from its name.
Its name became United Nations Children's Fund.
But, in short, its name continued as UNICEF.
UNICEF has its headquarters in New York, United States of America.
UNICEF provides many types of assistance and help to children and mothers.
It receives money from different governments and private persons.
It works in almost 190 countries
Young Child Survival and Development
Primary Education and Gender Equality
Child protection
Early childhood
UNICEF has been working for over 60 years in different countries all over the world.
In 1965, this organization received the Nobel Peace Prize for its work.
But, many people and governments have not always praised the work of the UNICEF.
They have pointed out some defects in the way UNICEF works.
Still, it is the world’s leading organization for the development of children.
It operates in 190 countries around the world.
Official UNICEF homepage
UNICEF Colombia
Careers at UNICEF
Donate to UNICEF
Get Legal Advice Here.
German reunification (German: Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) is a term of history.
Unification means making two or more parts as one.
The German reunification is the unification of the two parts of Germany.
After the Second World War, Germany had been divided into two countries.
One was the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), also called "West Germany".
The other part was the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which was also called "East Germany".
The German reunification was on 3 October 1990, when the East German states became a part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
During the Cold war (1945 – 1989)
After World War II, The winners made four Allied Occupation Zones in Germany.
In 1949 the French, British and American zones were joined into the Federal Republic of Germany, also known as "West Germany", while the Soviet zone was made into a separate state known as the German Democratic Republic, or "East Germany".
During the Cold War, West Germany was a democratic country (Politicians were elected in free elections), was allied with the United States of America and had a capitalist economic system (Businesses were owned by citizens).
East Germany was a communist country, a one-party state.
The communist party ruled all the time, elections were only for show, and all businesses were owned by the state.
Like other states in the Soviet bloc, it was controlled by the Soviet Union.
After West Germany's economy began to grow faster and faster in the 1950s, while East Germany's economy was not doing so well, many people moved from East to West Germany.
To stop this emigration, the border between East and West Germany was closed in 1961 by East German forces.
This border was part of the Iron Curtain.
Between 1961 and 1989, leaving East Germany was very hard and extremely dangerous.
Officially leaving East Germany took years to be approved, and people who applied were often spied on by East German police.
Many people who tried to flee over the border were shot and killed there.
The Fall of the Wall (1989)
In 1989, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev started to open the Soviet Union to the west.
Many of the communist countries followed his example.
East Germany tried to ignore this trend, but during 1989, public protest grew inside the country.
After some efforts to keep the country stable, the border was finally opened on 9 November 1989.
Conversion of East Germany into a democratic country started almost immediately.
During the following 11 months, the terms of unification were negotiated between East and West Germany, France, Great Britain, The United States of America and The Soviet Union, and the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany also called the Two Plus Four Treaty, signed by the two German states and the four wartime allies, opened the way towards reunification.
The reunification
Making a new country with a new Constitution.
Letting the new federal states join the existing Federal Republic of Germany.
The second option was chosen, and on 3 October 1990, at 00:01 the five new federal states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and reunified Berlin officially joined the Federal Republic of Germany.
The German Democratic Republic ceased to exist at this moment.
1990 in Europe
1990s in Germany
Democracy movements
The Partitions of Poland or  Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is a term used in history.
They took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place:
5 August 1772
23 January 1793
24 October 1795
After the Napoleonic Era, the 1815 division of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna;
The 1832 incorporation of the "Congress Kingdom" into Russia, and the 1846 incorporation of the Republic of Kraków into Austria; and
The 1939 division of Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
Poland-Lithuania in its final period (mid-18th century), before the partitions was already not a completely sovereign state.
It was almost a vassal, or a Russian satellite state, with Russian tsars effectively choosing Polish kings.
This applies particularly to the last Commonwealth King Stanisław August Poniatowski, who for some time had been a lover of Russian Empress Catherine the Great.
In 1730 Commonwealth's neighbours, namely Prussia, Austria and Russia, signed a secret agreement in order to maintain the status quo: specifically, to ensure that the Commonwealth laws would not change.
Their alliance later became known in Poland as the "Alliance of the Three Black Eagles" (or Löwenwolde's Treaty), because all three states used a black eagle as a state symbol (in contrast to the white eagle, a symbol of Poland).
The Commonwealth had remained neutral in the Seven Years' War, though sympathizing with the alliance of France, Austria, and Russia.
It allowed Russian troops access to its western lands as bases against Prussia.
Frederick II of Prussia retaliated by ordering Polish currency counterfeited to affect the Polish economy.
The Poles tried to expel foreign forces in an uprising (the Confederation of Bar, 1768–1772), but the irregular and poorly commanded forces had litte chance in the face of the regular Russian army and suffered a defeat.
Adding to the chaos was a Ukrainian peasant rebellion, the Koliyivschyna, which erupted in 1768 and resulted in massacres of noblemen (szlachta), Jews, Uniates, and Catholic priests before it was put down by Polish and Russian troops.
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, after 1791, the Commonwealth of Poland, was a state of Poland and Lithuania that was ruled by a common monarch.
The Commonwealth was an extension of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, a personal union between those two states that had existed from 1386.
It was the largest and countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe and had one of the largest populations.
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth covered more lands than the present lands of Poland and Lithuania since it covered also all of present-day Belarus, a large part of present-day Ukraine and Latvia, and the west of present-day Russia.
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had high levels of ethnic diversity and religious tolerance.
However, the amount of religious freedom varied over time.
After several decades of prosperity, it entered a period of political, military and economic decline.
The Commonwealth ended with the final Partitions of Poland in 1795.
Its growing weakness led to it being divided by its more powerful neighbours: Austria, Prussia and the Russian.
In Poland, the official languages were Polish and Latin.
In Lithuania, the official languages were  Old Belarusian, Latin, and Lithuanian.
The Commonwealth was one of largest countries of its time.
It had a large population.
At one time, the Commonwealth covered about 400,000 square miles.
Population was around 11 million.
People of different ethnicities lived in the Commonwealth.
For about 200 years, the Commonwealth withstood wars with other powers of Europe of that time: Muscovy Russians, the Ottoman Empire, and Swedes.
The Commonwealth developed a system of laws and legislature that reduced the power of the monarch.
Some concepts of democracy also developed in the Commonwealth like constitutional monarchy.
In theory, the two countries of the Commonwealth were equal, but Poland had a leading role.
The Commonwealth had a leading influence of the Catholic Church.
However, the government allowed peoples of different religions to follow their religions.
Thus, peoples of many religions lived in the Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth also produced a national constitution, the first in Europe.
Agriculture was the main economic activity in the Commonwealth.
1795 disestablishments
Former state unions
History of Belarus
History of Ukraine
1569 establishments
1790s disestablishments in Europe
The Unification of Germany occurred in the 19th century.
Until then, there had been many states in Central Europe.
Some of them were very small, possibly no more than  from one border to the other.
Many Germans wanted a nation that would be united, powerful and influential.
The leaders of Germany believed that they are part of the German Empire dynasty which led to the strategic battles and alliances which united Germany.
The unification took place on January 18, 1871.
After the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the German nation in Versailles, France, at the Hall of Mirrors.
The unification joined together many independent German states, which became the German Empire.
Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, became Chancellor of the Empire.
The unification of Germany had begun many years earlier, during the Napoleonic Wars.
At the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, which is also called the Battle of Nations, many of the German states joined Russia, Sweden and Austria to defeat Napoleon's army.
In 1815,  the Congress of Vienna ended the Napoleonic Wars.
Austria remained the most politically-powerful German state.
Prussia emerged as Austria's political and diplomatic rival.
There were many problems in unifying the German states.
Not all politicians wanted unification.
Some feared that it would give Austria and Prussia too much power among the many states.
There were also problems in deciding who would collect taxes and how much was be paid.
Before the creation of the modern German State, there were hundreds of small duchies and kingdoms.
Many of these kingdoms were a part of the Holy Roman Empire.
In 800 AD, Pope Leo III made the Frankish King, Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Emperor.
In the 18th century the hundreds of rulers of parts of the Holy Roman Empire were practically independent; they seldom had to obey the Emperor, and often made war against each other or against the Emperor.
During the Napoleonic Wars the empire was abolished.
Napoleon made a new satellite state, the Confederation of the Rhine.
He was soon defeated and the Congress of Vienna reorganized the German states into a new German Confederation.
Bismarck's North German Confederation replaced that, until he converted it into the German Empire.
OPEC, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries  is an international organization.
Since 1965, the headquarters of OPEC has been in Vienna, Austria.
OPEC was established in Baghdad, Iraq on 10–14 September 1960.
According to the United States Department of Energy Energy Information Administration (EIA), OPEC crude oil production is an important factor affecting global oil prices.
OPEC sets production targets for its member nations and generally, when OPEC production targets are reduced, oil prices increase.
Projections of changes in Saudi production result in changes in the price of crude oil.
OPEC was formed in 1960 when the international oil market was largely dominated by  multinational companies known as the 'seven sisters'.
The formation of OPEC was a turning point in state control over natural resources.
In the 1960s OPEC made sure that oil companies could not unilaterally cut prices.
In December 2014, OPEC and the oil men were named in the top 10 most influential people in the shipping industry by Lloyds.
21 countries are members of OPEC.
The names of these countries are:
The United Arab Emirates
Member countries of the OPEC came together to form this international organization with several aims.
Some of the aims are:
To protect the interest of the member countries.
To make sure that the price of petroleum products do not change much.
To make certain a regular supply of petroleum oil to other countries.
To make sure that member countries get the right amount of money from sale of oil products.
To decide policies to follow relating to production and sale of petroleum oil.
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC official site
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation of countries.
Member countries of OECD all have a democratic system of government.
They also accept the principle of a free economy.
A country has a free economy when its government does not control the economic activities of its citizens and companies.
The OECD started 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC).
The Second World War had just ended three years before in 1945.
Some countries of Europe came together to form OEEC to help each other re-build their industry and other things destroyed in the Second World War.
Later on, some non-European countries also joined this organisation.
In 1960, OEEC changed its name, and it became OECD: the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Secretaries General
OECD has thirty-eight member countries, of which 19 became members in 1961.
19 countries joined OECD after 1961.
The names of these countries (with the year they joined in brackets), are:
Italy (1962)
Japan (1964)
Finland (1969)
Australia (1971)
New Zealand (1973)
Mexico (1994)
Czechia (1995)
Hungary (1996)
South Korea (1996)
Poland(1996)
Slovakia (2000)
Chile (2010)
Estonia (2010)
Israel (2010)
Slovenia (2010)
Latvia (2016)
Lithuania (2018)
Colombia (2020)
Costa Rica (2021)
OECD iLibrary - OECD's portal for books, reports, statistics, working papers and journals
International Futures Programme
OECD Forum
Text of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
The OECD Observer
OECD Statistical portal
OECD-UNDP Partnership for Democratic Governance
Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
Video clips
OECD YouTube channel
The 1973 oil crisis started on October 17, 1973.
when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) said, because of the Yom Kippur War, that they would no longer ship petroleum to nations that had supported Israel in its conflict with Syria and Egypt (The United States, Canada, its allies in Western Europe, and Japan).
The embargo was lifted in March 1974.
About the same time, OPEC members agreed to raise world oil prices, after attempts at negotiation with the "Seven Sisters" oil company earlier in the month failed.
Due to the dependence of the industrialized world on crude oil and the role of OPEC as a major supplier, these price increases hurt the economies of the targeted countries, while at the same time limiting economic activity.
The targeted countries responded with new, and mostly permanent, attempts to limit any more dependency.
During this time, many other problems arose.
These problems badly affected the economy of the world.
The problems continued even after 10 years until the early 1980s.
The higher oil prices continued until 1986.
Japan did well soon after the 1973 oil crisis.
For example, Japanese companies started manufacturing automobiles that used less oil to run.
Soon many other automobile companies in different countries also started to manufacture automobiles that used less oil to run.
The Japanese also began focusing on producing electronics such as transistor radios and televisions.
This production is what helped the Japanese economy to bounce back after the shock of the oil crisis.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for peace and human rights.
Presently, it has 57 countries as its members.
Most of the member countries of the OSCE are from Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and North America.
The headquarters of OSCE are in Vienna, Austria.
There are more than 3,500 persons who work for OSCE.
Most of the persons who work for OSCE work at different places, and only about 10% of them work at its headquarters.
Since the end of the Second World War, many countries of the Europe wanted to have an organization to discuss various matters, especially security.
Such discussion had continued since 1950s.
Many years after,
in November 1972, leaders of 35 countries met in Helsinki.
In 1973, these countries set up the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE).
By the end of 1990s, communist governments in many countries had changed.
In this situation, the role of CSCE was also changing.
The leaders from member countries of CSCE met in Paris.
On 21st November 1990, they signed an agreement.
This changed the name of Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) to Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
This international organization continues to function.
OSCE official website
1973 establishments in Europe
The Franco-Prussian War was a war between France and Prussia, which was helped by German allies of Prussia.
The war was provoked by Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck, who wanted to unite Germans under Prussian rule by making them fight together against a common enemy.
Bismarck irritated French Emperor Napoleon III into declaring war on 19 July 1870.
The war ended by a Prussian victory on 10 May 1871.
The French feared a Protestant country on their border.
France had helped Prussia beat Austria during the Austro-Prussian War (1866), but it would not allow the North German Confederation and South German states to unify.
In 1869, the throne of Spain was offered to a prince of the Catholic branch of the Prussian Hohenzollern royal family.
France found out about the offer, and demanded for Prussia to reject it since France did not want to be surrounded by Hohenzollerns.
The prince refused, but the French wanted Prussia to do the same.
Prussian King Wilhelm I sent a telegram from Ems that assuring French Emperor Napoleon III that the prince would not become king of Spain.
Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck publicly released a version that he had edited or doctored to make it seem that his king had insulted the emperor's ambassador.
That was part of his plan to unify the German states.
Both sides exchanged angry words, and France declared war.
On July 19 1870 the war started, and Prussia was fully supported by the South German states.
With its German allies and universal conscription, Prussia brought together a bigger army than the French.
The Prussian Army also had better weapons, training and leadership.
For example, the Prussian General Staff were very well organised.
The army had some old-fashioned equipment like the Dreyse needle gun, but its Krupp mobile artillery (heavy-duty guns) were far better than the old French muzzleloaders.
Notable victories occurred at Sedan, Mars-la-Tour, Gravellote and Metz.
The Germans captured Napoleon in Metz, but French Republicans overthrew the Second French Empire and continued the war for a few months.
The Germans conquered Paris and then made peace.
After the war, France had to give Prussia some regions that had been under French control.
They were most of Alsace and some of Lorraine, most of which spoke German dialects.
Prussia took steps to unite the independent German states into one country, the German Empire.
The historical term for that is the Unification of Germany.
1870s in Germany
Wars involving Germany
In 2014, 32 people were killed by a series of explosions.
In 2021, 46 people were killed in a fire.
Taiping (island) (太平島)
Dongsha Islands or Pratas Islands (東沙群島)
List of counties of Republic of China
Taipei City (The largest city in Taiwan)
Cities in Taiwan
Ports and harbours of Taiwan
Fernando Alonso Díaz (born July 29, 1981 in Oviedo, Spain) is a racing driver in Formula One.
He is from Spain.
He won his first F1 title in 2005 and then became the youngest ever Formula 1 World Champion at the age of 24.
The Drivers' Championship was won again by Fernando with Renault F1 for the second year in a row in 2006 (interestingly, had Alonso not become the youngest World Champion in 2005, he would have still achieved this feat with his 2006 victory) edging out Michael Schumacher of Scuderia Ferrari by 13 points.
Renault also retained the Constructor's Championship, beating Ferrari by only five points.
In 2007 Alonso joined Team Vodafone McLaren-Mercedes and entered a four-way battle for the World Championship with his team-mate, the rookie Lewis Hamilton, and Ferrari drivers Kimi Räikkönen and Felipe Massa.
Halfway through the season, with wins in Sepang and Monaco, Alonso trails his rookie team-mate by 14 points.
The second half of the season should prove interesting.
Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
People from Oviedo
Peter James Crouch (born 30 January 1981) is an English footballer.
He was born in Macclesfield and was raised in Singapore and Ealing, west London.
At 6 feet, 7 inches (201 cm), he is one of the tallest people to ever play in the Premier League.
Crouch played for Liverpool and England.
He was the first player to score 10 goals for England in a single year.
He is known for his famous robotic dance celebration, which he first performed after his goal against Hungary in May 2006.
|2006||12||11
|2009||6||4
|2010||||
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Liverpool F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Delhi is a tobacco town in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada that has fewer than 5000 people.
It has a public library, a convience store, a cemetery, a funeral home, various other stores, and a tobacco museum.
The town also has a high school that has been threatened with closure numerous times by the school board for lack of attendance.
Children from this town participate in little league baseball, ice hockey, and competitive swimming.
Bishkek (Бишкек) is the capital city of Kyrgyzstan.
It has a population of 900,000 (2005).
It was originally founded in 1878 as the Russian fortress of Pishpek (Пишпек).
From 1926 until 1991 it was known as Frunze (Фрунзе), after the Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze.
In the Kyrgyz language, a Bishkek is a churn used to make stirred horse milk (kumis), the Kyrgyz national drink.
Geography of Kyrgyzstan
Dushanbe (, ) is the capital city of Tajikistan.
About 562,000 people live in Dushanbe as of 2000.
The name is borrowed from the Persian word for "Monday" (du "two" + shamba or shanbe "day", lit. "
day two") and refers to the fact that it was a popular "Monday" market place.
The Taiwan Strait or Formosa Strait is a 180 km-wide strait between mainland China and the island of Taiwan.
The strait is part of the South China Sea and attaches to East China Sea to the northeast.
The thinest part is 131 km wide.
The Taiwan Strait is often incorrectly called the "Taiwan Straits".
Straits
Character (persona), a social role
Fictional character, a character who exists in fiction.
Non-fictional character, usage of a real person in a fictional context
Moral character
Sacramental character, a Catholic teaching
Character structure, personal traits
Letter, a symbol used to write a language
Chinese character, a written language symbol
Character (computing), a unit of information roughly corresponding to a grapheme
Character (mathematics)
Character (income tax), a type of income for tax purposes in the USA
Character (1997 movie) a 1997 Dutch movie based on Bordewijk's novel
Character (album), by Dark Tranquillity
Characters (album), by Stevie Wonder
Character Options, a toy company
The Characters, a book by the Greek philosopher  Theophrastus
a trait, a characteristic feature of an organism.
Tashkent (, )) is the capital city of Uzbekistan.
It is also the most populated city in Central Asia, with a population of 2,571,668 in 2020.
Its name translates from Uzbek to "Stone City" in English
Tashkent has been inhabited by people for thousands of years.
It was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1219, but later profited from the Silk Road.
Tashkent was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1865, and became the capital of Russian Turkestan.
Under the Soviet Union, Tashkent grew in population.
Tashkent lies to the west of the Altai Mountains, and is next to the Chirchiq River.
Tashkent is situated at around 430 m (1,411 ft) above sea level.
Tashkent also suffers from earthquakes, and the major 1966 earthquake destroyed most of the city.
Tashkent has a mediterranean climate with continental climate influences.
Winters are cold and snowy, while summers are hot, sunny, and dry.
The record high temperature was 44.6 °C (112.3 °F), and the record low temperature was −29.5 °C (−21.1 °F).
The city has an average of 427 mm (17 inches) of precipitation each year.
The Amir Timur Museum was opened in 1996, and is dedicated to Mongol conqueror Timur.
There are at least 5,000 artifacts on display at the museum.
Around 2 million people visit the location each year, and the museum is featured on the 1,000 soʻm bank note.
The museum is located downtown next to the Amir Temur Square.
The Kukeldash Madrasah (Tashkent) is an ancient madrasa located close to the Chorsu metro station.
It was built in the 16th century during Shaybanid rule.
Throughout its existence, it functioned as a caravanserai, museum, and fortress.
It was one of the few buildings to survive the 1966 earthquake.
The Navoi Theater, formally the Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre, is the possibly the most notable opera house and theatre in Uzbekistan.
It was designed by Alexey Shchusev, who also designed Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow.
It was partially built by the Japanese prisoners of war from 1945–47.
The theatre can house at least 1,400 spectators.