the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
one of the famous Arab figures Nadr ibn al-Harith wrote a book about the stories of the Molouk of Ajam (persian kings)Rustam Naqsh-e Rustam and Jamshid and Fereydun and presented it to the new Muslims and said that my book is more important than the stories of Muhammad.
Al-A'sha another  famous  Arabic Jahiliyyah (pre Islam) poet from ArabiaNajd, had wrote poems describing Ajam/Persian king(Molouk Ajam) one of the  Al-A'sha poem is:" أَوْ عَاتِقًا مِنْ أَذْرُعَاتٍ مُعَتَّقًا مِمَّا تَعَتَّقَهُ مُلُوكُ الأَعْجَمِ For the first time in the Umayyad period, the derogatory use of the word Ajam applied to the Persians.
but during Abbasid and after  The word Ajam was used for the Persians not only for humiliating but also a source of pride, as some Arabs even in The pre-Islamic period proudly narrated the glorious stories of the Molouk(kings) of Ajam and the Molk of Jam (Persia).the Arab poets Yaqut al-Hamawi  and Al-Mutawakkil wrote: "I am the son of the honors Offspring of Jam(jamshid) holder of the glory legacy of Persian kings.انا ابن المکارم من النسل جم و حائز ارث ملوک العجم
according to the Documents on the Persian Gulf's name it is very natural that in Arabicizing the words sometimes A is added to the words like Asfehan Isfahan in Arabic from the word Persian word SEPAHAN .
during the period Iranian Intermezzo native Persian Muslim dynasties the word ajam and persian both were used to refer to Iranian.
Many Arabic sources refer to Persian language as Ajami language or Ajmo.
Persian is the official language in Iran as "Parsi" and "Farsi", in Afghanistan as Parsi and Dari,  and Tajiki  in Tajikistan, Persian in Bahrain is called "Ajami" and in Kuwait "Ayami" .
In classical Arabic, especially in the first centuries of the Islamic period, the Persian language was called "the language of the Ajam" لسان العجم, and the Iranian people were called the "Ajami" and the persian gulf was called Ajam Gulf, in many books and deed,  Tafsir al-Zahak The oldest commentary on Quran wrote on page 524 " In Surah An-Nahl, verse 103,the word Ajami refers to Salman Farsi and says Ajami is the Persians.
.also Arabic word for dictionary is mo'jam (moajam) that means definition of the non Arabs(ajam) word.
According to The Political Language of Islam, during the Islamic Golden Age, 'Ajam' was used colloquially as a reference to denote those whom Arabs in the Arabian Peninsula viewed as "alien" or outsiders.
The early application of the term included all of the non-Arab peoples with whom the Arabs had contact including Persians, Byzantine Greeks, Ethiopians, Armenians, Assyrians, Mandaeans, Arameans, Jews, Georgians, Sabians, Samaritans, Egyptians, and Berbers.
During the early age of the Caliphates, Ajam was often synonymous with "foreigner" or "stranger".
In the Western Asia, it was generally applied to the Persians, while in al-Andalus it referred to speakers of Romance languages - becoming "Aljamiado" in Spanish in reference to Arabic-script writing of those languages - and in West Africa refers to the Ajami script or the writing of local languages such as Hausa and Fulani in the Arabic alphabet.
In Zanzibar ajami and ajamo means Persian which came from the Persian Gulf and the cities of Shiraz and Siraf.
In Turkish, there are many documents and letters that used Ajam to refer to Persian.
In the Persian Gulf region and also the Turks people still refer to Persians as Ajami, referring to Persian carpets as sajjad al Ajami (Ajami carpet), Persian cat as Ajami cats, and Persian Kings as Ajami kings.
Notable examples
The Persian community in Bahrain is called Ajami.
Ajam was used by the Ottomans to refer to the Safavid dynasty.
The Abbasid Iraq Al-Ajam province (centered around Arax and Shirvan).
The Kurdish historian, Sharaf Khan Bidlisi, uses the term Ajam in his book Sharafnama (1597 CE) to refer to the Shia Persians.
In the Eastern Anatolia Region, Azerbaijanis are sometimes referred to as acem (which is the Turkish translation of Ajam).
Although claimed otherwise by Mahmood Reza Ghods, Modern Sunni Kurds of Iran do not use this term to denote Persians, Azeris and Southern Kurds.
According to Sharhzad Mojab,  Ecem (derived from the Arabic ‘ajam) is used by Kurds to refer to Persians and, sometimes, Turks.
Adjam, Hajjam, Ajaim, Ajami, Akham (as Axam in Spain for ajam), Ayam in Europe.
In Turkish, the word acem refers to Iran and Iranian people.
In Arab music, there is a maqam (musical mode) called Ajam, pejoratively translated to "the Persian mode", corresponding to the major scale in European music.
Barbarian - which came to refer to people who spoke neither Greek nor other "civilized" languages (such as Latin), and derived from a root meaning "speaking incomprehensibly" or "babbling"
Ethnic and religious slurs
Persian communities outside Iran
Anti-Iranian sentiments
Racism in the Arab world
Boston Terriers are a dog breed.
They are considered to be one of the few American breeds as they can trace their origins to Boston, Massachusetts.
It's hard to believe that these comical, family friendly dogs were originally bred to be ferocious pit-fighting dogs tracing their ancestors to an English Bulldog and the now extinct English White Terrier.
They are usually very small, but can also be bred as medium sized dogs.
They are considered to be cute dogs and are getting ever more popular.
They are in many commercials and many celebrities have them.
Boston Terriers are a smart breed of dogs.
They can be extremely hyperactive, but overall are well behaved with training.
Their excitement and enthusiasm is a perk of their personality.
They are compactly built with short, round heads, short tails, but strong limbs.
They have a smooth coat, with colors of brindle, seal brown or black and evenly marked with white.
Boston Terriers are inside dogs that love affection.
This breed is balanced with being independent (sometimes stubborn) and affectionate and wanting attention from humans.
They require very little work when a part of a family and they are good dogs for children.
Caring for a Boston Terrier requires little work.
With a short coat, Bostons might need a bath every one to two weeks.
Brushing is not necessary although it helps remove loose hair and reduces shedding.
Bostons love rawhides (a chewy animal skin) and other chew toys that help with keeping their teeth healthy.
Brushing your dog's teeth is recommended by vets for any breed.
Boston Terriers do have sensitive stomachs and will eat grass when their stomach is upset but for the most part, this breed does not have restrictions on what they can eat.
The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) fought between two rival alliances: the first side was the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the Electorate of Hanover, and Prussia; the second side was Austria, the Kingdom of France, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Saxony, and Sweden.
Gregorian Calendar accepted in Europe.
The French and Indian War on the American Continent.
Lisbon is destroyed by an earthquake.
Great Upheaval: French settlers are moved out of Acadia by the British.
The Battle of Plassey of 1757 in Bengal resulted in the beginning of British rule in India and the end of Indian independence.
Betsy Ross, American seamstress
Miguel Hidalgo, Mexican Catholic priest and revolutionary
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France
Johann Sebastian Bach, German musician
King John V of Portugal
Montesquieu, French writer
Iyasus II, Emperor of Ethiopia
January 22 – Coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic).
Unitarian Democrat Pieter Vreede makes an end to the power of the parliament (with a conservative-moderate majority).
7 March – French forces invade the Papal States and establish the Roman Republic
April 7 – The Mississippi Territory is organized from territory from Georgia and South Carolina and is later twice made larger to include disputed land claimed by both the U.S. and Spain
April 26 – France leaves Geneva
May 24 – Irish nationalists start bloody rebellion against British occupation.
June 12 – French take Malta
June 12 – Coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic).
Moderates depose Pieter Vreede.
July 1 – Napoleon's troops land in Egypt
July 14 – The Alien and Sedition Acts become United States law making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false statements about the United States government
July 21 – Napoleon defeats Mameluke forces near the Pyramids
July 24 – Napoleon occupies Cairo
July 30 – Selim III defeats Napoleon in Egypt
July 31 – Second elections in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic).
No general elections this time.
August 1 – Horatio Nelson defeats the French navy under Admiral Brueys at the Battle of the Nile.
Nelson himself is injured on the head.
August 22 – French troops land at Killala in County Mayo to assist Irish rebellion.
September 18 – Lyrical Ballads published anonymously by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth
Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, Scientific Editor, Astronomer, begins editing journals about navigation and the geographic positions of cities.
XYZ Affair in the U.S., followed by naval battles, but no war is declared.
First mechanical music boxes
Alessandro Volta and La Place discover electricity
The Afghans Army occupied Lahore in Punjab
Aarau is the temporary capital of the Helvetic Republic
Alois Senefelder invents lithography
Eli Whitney contracts with the US Federal Government for 10,000 rifles, which he produces with interchangeable parts
Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first American Novel Wieland or The Transformation an American Tale
French Revolution (1789-1799) Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign
May-October – Irish Rebellion of 1798
Erik den helige is succeeded by Karl Sverkersson.
See Swedish monarchs.
Heiji Rebellion in Japan
Yasovarman II succeeds his uncle Dharanindravarman as ruler of the Khmer Empire.
Dharanindravarman's son Jayavarman, acquieses to his cousin's succession and goes into exile in neighboring Champa.
Spital am Semmering founded by Margrave Ottokar III of Styria
The City of Tomar is founded in Portugal by Gualdim Pais
Nur ad-Din invades Egypt, and his nephew Saladin becomes the sultan over the territory conquered by Nur ad-Din.
Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy sacks the Kievan Rus' capital Kiev.
Start of the conquest of Ireland.
Richard fitzGilbert de Clare ('Strongbow') makes an alliance with the exiled Irish chief, Dermot MacMurrough, to help him recover his kingdom of Leinster.
Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II to establish her great court in Poitiers where the Courts of Love flourished.
Spring, London, popular uprising of the poor against the rich led by William Fitz Osbern.
According to a popular legend, Prince Madog of Gwynedd reached North America in what is present-day Alabama.
Stefan Prvovencani becomes Grand Župan of Serbia
Creation of water boards in the region of present-day Netherlands, thereby being one of the oldest democratic entities still in existence in the world today.
January 3 — Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (d. 1231)
Alice of Champagne, daughter of Henry II of Champagne and regent of Jerusalem (d. 1246)
August 15 — Conrad II, Duke of Swabia (b. 1173)
King Alfonso II of Aragon (b. 1152)
Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria
William Fitz Osbern
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich, Prince of Trubchevsk and Kursk
January 2 – Russia and Prussia divide Poland
January 9 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fly in a balloon in the United States.
January 21 – After being found guilty of treason by the French Convention, "Citizen Capet" i.e. Louis XVI of France is guillotined.
February 1 – France declares war on Great Britain, the Netherlands (see French Revolutionary Wars)
February 12 – The Congress of the United States passes a law legally requiring the return of slaves escaping from slave states into free territory or states, the Fugitive Slave Act
February 25 – George Washington holds the first Cabinet meeting as President of the United States.
February 27 – The Giles resolutions are introduced to the United States House of Representatives asking the House to condemn Alexander Hamilton's handling of loans.
March 1 – John Langdon becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate until March 3
March 5 – French troops are defeated by Austrian forces and Liège is recaptured
March 7 – France declares war on Spain
April 1 – Unsen volcano erupts in Japan and causes an earthquake.
About 53.000 dead
April 6 – Committee of Public Safety established in France with Georges Danton as its head.
April 22 – George Washington signs the Neutrality Proclamation.
May 31 – Regular troops under Francois Hanriet demand that the Girondins must be expelled from the national convention
June 2 – Girondins overthrown
June 10 – The Jardin des Plantes museum opened in Paris (a year later it would become the first public zoo).
July 9 – Act Against Slavery passed in Upper Canada
July 13 – Charlotte Corday kills Jean-Paul Marat in his bath
July 22 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific Ocean becoming the first Euro-American to complete a transcontinental crossing north of Mexico
July 29 – John Graves Simcoe decides to build a fort and settlement at Toronto, having sailed into the bay there
August 10 – Feast of Unity – Crowds in Paris burn monarchist emblems
August 23 – Universal conscription in France
September 5 – In France, the French National Convention votes to implement terror measures to repress French Revolutionary activities.
The ensuing "Reign of Terror" will last until the spring of 1794 and causes death of 35,000-40,000 people.
October 12 – The cornerstone of Old East, the oldest state university building in the United States, is laid in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, on the campus of the University of North Carolina.
The 12th of October is now celebrated at the University as University Day.
November 8 – In Paris, the French Revolutionary government opens the Louvre to the public as a museum
October 16 – Execution of Marie Antoinette
October 28 – Eli Whitney applied for a patent for his cotton gin, (the patent was granted the following March).
October 31 – Execution of arrested Girondist leaders in France in a guillotine
November 24 – French Revolutionary Calendar begins
December 8 – Execution of Madame du Barry
December 9– New York City's first daily newspaper, the American Minerva, is established by Noah Webster.
December 17 – French forces under Napoleon capture Toulon from royalists and British troops
The city of Butler, Pennsylvania founded
Louis XVI of France b. 1754
1800 (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.
As of the start of 1800, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
World population hits 1 billion.
March 14 – Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti is elected pope as Pius VII.
March 21 – Pius VII is ordained.
April 24 – U.S. Library of Congress founded.
May 5 – Great Britain passes the Act of Union to join Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to take effect on 1 January 1801.
The act is signed by King George III in August.
May 15 – Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy.
June 14 – Battle of Marengo, Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy.
June 2 – First smallpox vaccination in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.
June 27 – Pascha Jussuf Karamanli of Tripoli declares war on Sweden by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.
September 5 – The island of Malta, that was occupied by the French, is conquered by British troops.
November 1 – U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).
November 17 – The U.S. Congress holds its first Washington, DC session.
December 3 – Battle of Hohenlinden, the French army defeats the Austrian troops.
December 24 – An assault on Napoleon Bonaparte fails in Paris.
December 24 – Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris.
Invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta: the first chemical battery
The infrared radiation is discovered by Wilhelm Herschel.
The Althing of Iceland, the world's oldest parliament, is abolished.
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir  (born April 15, 1930) was the 4th president of Iceland.
She was president from 1980 to 1996.
She was the world's first elected female head of state.
With a presidency of exactly sixteen years, she also remains the longest-serving, elected female head of state of any country to date.
Currently, she is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, and a Member of the Club of Madrid.
At her election in 1980 she was the first woman to be elected the head of state in a democratic election.
She was re-elected unopposed in 1984 and 1992, and beat her opponent in the election of 1988.
She studied literature and drama at the University of Grenoble and the Sorbonne in Paris, and also at the University of Iceland.
She graduated in English and French literature, and has a degree in education.
official cv
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Institute of Foreign Languages
People from Reykjavík
Presidents of Iceland
Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (born May 14, 1943) is an Icelanic politician.
He served as the fifth President of Iceland, from 1996 to 2016, re-elected without opposition in 2000, and was re-elected in 2004, 2008, and 2012.
From 1962 to 1970, he studied economics and political science at the University of Manchester.
He was a professor at the University of Iceland for political science, served as a Member of the Althing, and was the Minister of Finance (1988–1991).
He married Guðrún Katrín Þorbergsdóttir in 1974, who gave birth to twin daughters the following year.
Guðrún Katrín was very popular in Iceland, and her charm is without a doubt one of the main reasons her husband was elected; she charmed the nation from the start of his campaign.
Her death from cancer in 1998 was a shock to the nation and her family.
Ólafur's second marriage was to Dorrit Moussaieff to whom he had been engaged since May 2000.
This took place on his 60th birthday May 14, 2003.
He announced in his new year's message on 1 January 2016, that he would be stepping down from the presidency at the end of his fifth term, namely on 1 August 2016.
He left office on 1 August 2016.
He was succeeded by Guðni Th.
Jóhannesson.
March 4 - Sir John Lawrence, British Indian administrator
October 22 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer
May 14 – Paraguay declares independence from Spain.
Bolivia declares indepencence.
Uruguay fights against Spain.
Coral Springs is a planned city in Florida, United States.
It was founded on July 10, 1963.
1963 establishments in the United States
In 1565 St. Augustine is founded by the Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés on August 28 in modern-day Florida.
The city is the oldest continually occupied European settlement in the continental United States.
In 1569, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is founded.
Start of Eighty Years' War.
Queen Elizabeth I in England
Philip II, King of Spain
William Shakespeare, British writer
Karl I of Liechtenstein, first Prince of Liechtenstein
Jahangir, Mughal Emperor of India
Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Flemish painter
Vladimir of Staritsa, Russian prince
The Affenpinscher is a small breed of dog in the toy group.
These dogs originally came from Germany.
They are known to have existed since the 1600s.
Their name comes from the German word "Affe," which means "monkey," because their faces remind people of monkeys.
Originally, the dog was bred to be a "ratter," a type of dog that kills rats and mice in homes, farms, and stables.
Now that mice are not so commonly found in the home, Affenpinschers are usually just kept as pets.
The Affenpinscher is a very small kind of dog.
It weighs between .
Its height is between  at the shoulder.
Their face is flat and "monkey-like."
The most common and preferred colour of fur for this breed is black, but they can also come in grey, beige, and other colours.
In the American Kennel Club, a good example of these dogs could be any colour.
In the French and British Kennel Clubs they must only be black.
Even though Affenpinschers were bred to hunt mice, they do not like to chase other animals, so they can happily live with other pets.
They are playful but very stubborn.
These dogs can be difficult to train, because they do not like to listen to instructions and often become bored.
Affenpinschers are somewhat territorial (protective) when it comes to their toys and food, so they are not recommended for homes with very small children.
This dog is mostly quiet, and does not bark much.
It can become very excited if attacked, and shows no fear.
toward any aggressor.
A small study showed that these dogs live an average of 11.4 years, which is not very long for a small dog (small dogs usually live 14-15 years).
One of their most common health problems is bladder disease, which happens most often when the dogs are older (8 years and up.)
Their short faces can make it difficult for them to breathe and exercise in hot weather.
Like many kinds of dogs, Affenpinschers often get a disease called hip dysplasia which makes it difficult for them to run or walk.
Extinct variant
The Seidenpinscher (Silky coated Pinscher),  was bred from the Affenpinscher and the Maltese (dog) around 1800.
The dog had long, tousled, silky hair, a curly tail like the Maltese dog, a face like the Affenpinscher, and a size like a Affenpinscher or Maltese dog.
All colors was allowed.
The Seidenpinscher is believed to have died out between the two world wars.
A well-known painting is that of the Seidenpinscher Puss from 1863.
The Yorkshire Terrier or Yorkie is a small breed of terrier dog.
It originated in the United Kingdom in the town of Yorkshire, from where it gets its name.
They were first bred to catch mice and rats, so they are often fast and energetic.
Yorkies usually weigh about 7 pounds (3.18 kg) and have a dark gray or black coat with a brown face.
According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), Yorkies are the second most popular dog breed in America, behind only the Labrador Retriever.
They are really playful, they will always want to play.
The Chiffons was an all-woman singing group.
They started in New York City in 1960.
1960 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in New York (state)
Mott the Hoople was a English hard rock/glam rock band.
They formed in 1969 and broke up in 1976.
Turner & Hooch is a 1989 American criminal comedy-drama movie.
It stars Tom Hanks as Detective Turner and Beasley the Dog as Hooch.
It was a very successful movie from A Dog’s Life.
1989 comedy-drama movies
1980s buddy movies
1980s crime drama movies
Buddy cop movies
Buddy drama movies
Movies about dogs
Movies directed by Roger Spottiswoode
The Temptations are a successful R&B singing group.
They formed in Detroit, USA in 1960.
The Temptations have four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and 14 Billboard R&B number-one singles.
They have three Grammy Awards.
The Temptations were the first Motown act to earn a Grammy Award.
1960s establishments in Michigan
Brenda Mae Tarpley or Brenda Lee (born December 11, 1944 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American pop singer.
She was popular in the 1960s.
She stood  tall and was called “Little Miss Dynamite” because of her strong voice.
She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002.
Brenda Lee's official site
Buddy Clark (born Samuel Goldberg, July 26, 1912 – October 1, 1949) was an American popular singer of the Big Band era.
He had success in the 1930s and 1940s, returning to the United States after World War II.
He died in a plane crash in 1949.
1949 deaths
Air Supply is a pop music singing group.
They formed in Melbourne, Australia in 1976.
The current members are Russell Hitchcock (born June 15, 1949 in Melbourne) and Graham Russell (born June 1, 1950 in Nottingham, England).
In 1981 they got with their song "The One That You Love" a number one hit in the United States.
They had their most popular times during the early 1980s.
Australian rock bands
Musical groups from Melbourne
Musical groups established in 1975
1975 establishments
The Sex Pistols were the first popular punk group in Britain and one of the first bands to come from the rising U.K. punk scene of the late 1970s.
They were only together for about 3 years, from late 1975 to early 1978, and they were known for their rowdy behaviour more than their music.
The music they made gave many new artists a big influence on their music, mostly in the alternative music and punk scenes such as California punk rock group Green Day.
The band members were Johnny Rotten (vocals), Paul Cook (drums), Steve Jones (guitar) and Glen Matlock (bass).
Sid Vicious later replaced Matlock on bass in February 1977 but died 2 years later.
They recorded only one studio album, called Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols during the summer of 1977.
One of their most famous songs is "Anarchy In The UK".
Another one of their most famous songs is "God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)", which was banned by the BBC for it's contents.
They split up after a show at Winterland on January 14th, 1978, with Rotten saying "You ever get the feelin' you're bein' cheated?"
Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols (1977)
The Great Rock n' Roll Swindle (1979) (Soundtrack to a film of the same name)
Flogging A Dead Horse (1980) (Greatest Hits Compilation Album)
God Save The Sex Pistols
John Lydon Official Site
Photographs by Bob Gruen
1975 establishments in the United Kingdom
1978 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Walter Murphy (b. December 19, 1952) is a classically trained American pianist.
He had a hit song in the late 1970s, "A Fifth of Beethoven".
Walter Murphy's Allmusic Page
Transition from the Muromachi to the Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan
Fourth War of Religion in France, including the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
Vilcabamba, last independent part of the Inca Empire, is conquered by the Spanish.
8.3 Ms Earthquake destroys the town of Concepción
Abbas I of Safavid dynasty, Shah of Iran
Juan Pujol, Catalan composer of music and organist
Robert Catesby, English leader of the Gunpowder Plot
Tupac Amaru, last of the Inca kings
John Knox, Scottish religious reformer
Bette Davis (April 5, 1908 – October 6, 1989), full name Ruth Elizabeth Davis, was an American actress of the stage, cinema and television.
She was born in Lowell, Massachusetts.
She was nicknamed "The Queen of Hollywood" or the "First Lady of the American Screen" and "The Fifth Warner Brother" during her career.
Bette Davis made over 100 films across 60 years.
Some of the most popular
films include: Of Human Bondage (1934), Marked Woman (1937), Jezebel (1938), Dark Victory (1939), The Letter (1940), The Little Foxes (1941), Now, Voyager (1942), Watch on the Rhine (1943), Mr. Skeffington (1944), All About Eve (1950), The Virgin Queen (1955), The Catered Affair (1956), Pocketful of Miracles (1961), What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (
1962), Death on the Nile (1978) and The Whales of August (1987).
In 1981 Kim Carnes sang the hit song "Bette Davis Eyes".
Davis liked the song.
Carnes gave Davis a gold record.
Davis hung the gold record on a wall.
She died of breast cancer in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
Bette Davis at Classic Actresses
Classic Movies (1939 - 1969): Bette Davis
Actors from Massachusetts
Cancer deaths in France
People from Lowell, Massachusetts
The Gunpowder Conspiracy  of 1605 was a plan to murder King James I of England and VI of Scotland.
Other names for the plot are The Powder Treason or The Gunpowder Plot.
A group of Catholics wanted to blow up the Houses of Parliament during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605.
This would have killed the king, and most of the Protestant aristocracy.
Robert Catesby led the planning of the conspiracy, which started in May 1604.
The people who helped him were either rich Catholics, or gentry families who had a lot of influence.
Catesby may have come up with the plot when he saw that there was little hope that Great Britain would become more tolerant to Roman Catholics, under King James I. Many Catholics were disappointed about the situation.
It is more likely though that Catesby simply wanted to give the Catholics in England a chance: The plot was to be the first step of a rebellion.
Afterwards,  James' nine-year-old daughter (Princess Elizabeth) could be put in as a Catholic head of state.
Other plotters were Thomas Winter (also spelled Wintour), Robert Winter, John Wright, Christopher Wright, Robert Keyes, Thomas Percy (also spelled Percye), John Grant, Ambrose Rokewood, Sir Everard Digby, Francis Tresham and Thomas Bates (Catesby's servant).
The explosives were prepared by Guy "Guido" Fawkes, a man with 10 years military experience.
Fawkes had fought with the Spanish against the Dutch in the Spanish Netherlands.
The main Jesuit in England, Father Henry Garnet was said to know the details of the plot.
Oswald Tesimond, a fellow Jesuit had told him.
Robert Catesby confessed them to Tesimond, and gave him the permission to tell Garnet.
Although he was convicted, there has since been some debate over how much Garnet really knew.
As the details of the plot were known through confession, Garnet was not allowed to reveal them to the authorities.
He did not think it was a good idea.
Nevertheless, the plot went ahead.
Garnet's opposition to it did not save him from being hanged, drawn and quartered for treason in 1606, though.
In the 17th century, the Palace of Westminster was made of many buildings, spread over a large area.
They were grouped around the medieval chambers, chapels, and halls of the old royal palace.
This palace housed both Parliament and the various law courts.
The palace was also easier to access than it is today.
Merchants, lawyers, and other people lived and worked on the palace grounds.
As a member of the King's Bodyguard, Percy was able to lease rooms next to the House of Lords, in May 1604.
The plotters' original idea was to dig their way under the foundations of the Lords chamber to put the gunpowder there.
The main idea was to kill James, but many other important targets would be present, including most of the Protestant nobility and senior bishops of the Church of England.
Guy Fawkes, as "John Johnson", was put in charge of this building, where he posed as Percy's servant.
Catesby's house in Lambeth was used to store the gunpowder with the tools for digging.
However, the Black Plague came back to London in the summer of 1604 and proved to be particularly severe.
For this reason, the opening of Parliament was changed to 1605.
By Christmas Eve, the miners had still not reached the buildings of Parliament, and just as they restarted work early in 1605, they learned that the opening of Parliament had been further postponed to 3 October.
The plotters then took the opportunity to row the gunpowder up the Thames from Catesby's house in Lambeth, to hide it in their new rented house: they had learned (by chance) that a coal merchant named Ellen Bright had vacated a ground-floor undercroft directly beneath the House of Lords chamber.
Presented with this golden opportunity, Percy immediately took pains to secure the lease.
He created the story that his wife would join him in London and that he would need the extra storage space.
Fawkes assisted in filling the room with gunpowder, which was hidden beneath a wood store under the House of Lords building, in a cellar leased from John Whynniard.
By March 1605, they had filled the undercroft underneath the House of Lords with 36 barrels of gunpowder, hidden under a store of winter fuel.
Had all 36 barrels been successfully ignited, the explosion could easily have reduced many of the buildings in the Old Palace of Westminster complex to rubble, and would have blown out windows in the surrounding area of about a one kilometre radius.
The conspirators left London in May, and went to their homes or to different areas of the country, because being seen together would arouse suspicion.
They arranged to meet again in September; however, the opening of Parliament was again postponed.
The weakest parts of the plot were the arrangements for the subsequent rebellion which would have swept the country and installed a Catholic monarch.
Due to the requirements for money and arms, Sir Francis Tresham was eventually admitted to the plot, and it was probably he who betrayed the plot in writing to his brother-in-law Lord Monteagle.
An anonymous letter revealed some of the details of the plot; it read: "I advise you to devise some excuse not to attend this parliament, for they shall receive a terrible blow, and yet shall not see who hurts them".
According to the confession made by Fawkes on Tuesday 5 November 1605, he had left Dover around Easter 1605, bound for Calais.
He then travelled to Saint-Omer and on to Brussels, where he met with Hugh Owen and Sir William Stanley before making a pilgrimage to Brabant.
He returned to England at the end of August or early September, again by way of Calais.
Guy Fawkes was left in charge of executing the plot, while the other conspirators fled to Dunchurch in Warwickshire to await news.
Once Parliament had been destroyed, the other conspirators planned to start a revolt in the Midlands.
During the preparation, several of the conspirators had been concerned about the safety of fellow Catholics who would be present in Parliament on the day of the planned explosion.
On the evening of Friday, 26 October Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter while at his house in Hoxton.
Monteagle had the note read out loud, possibly to warn the plotters that the secret was out, and promptly handed it over to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, the Secretary of State.
The conspirators learned of the letter the following day, but decided to go ahead with their plan, especially after Fawkes inspected the undercroft and found that nothing had been touched.
Having been shown the letter, the King ordered Sir Thomas Knyvet to conduct a search of the cellars underneath Parliament, which he did in the early hours of 5 November.
Shortly after midnight, Fawkes was found leaving the cellar the conspirators had rented and was arrested, giving his name as John Johnson.
Far from denying his intentions during the arrest, Fawkes stated that it had been his purpose to destroy the King and the Parliament.
Nevertheless, Fawkes maintained his false identity and continued to insist that he was acting alone.
Later in the morning, before noon, he was again interrogated.
He was questioned on the nature of his accomplices, the involvement of Thomas Percy, what letters he had received from overseas and whether or not he had spoken with Hugh Owen.
On 5 November we began a Parliament, to which the King should have cometh in person, but refrained through a practice but that morning discovered.
The plot was to have blown up the King at such time as he should have been sat in his royal throne, Nobility and Commons and with all Bishops, Judges and Doctors at one instant, and the blast to have ruined the whole estate and kingdom of England.
Fawkes was taken to the Tower of London and interrogated there under torture.
Torture was forbidden, except by the express instruction of the monarch or a body such as the Privy Council or the Star Chamber.
In a letter of 6 November, King James I stated:
The discovery of the Gunpowder Plot aroused a wave of national relief at the delivery of the king and his sons, and inspired in the ensuing parliament a mood of loyalty and goodwill, which Salisbury astutely exploited to extract higher subsidies for the king than any (bar one) granted in Elizabeth's reign.
In his speech to both Houses on 9 November, James expounded on two emerging preoccupations of his monarchy: the Divine Right of Kings and the Catholic question.
He insisted that the plot had been the work of only a few Catholics, not of the English Catholics as a whole, and he reminded the assembly to rejoice at his survival, since kings were divinely appointed and he owed his escape to a miracle.
Trial and executions
On hearing of the failure of the plot, the conspirators fled towards Huddington Court near Worcester, a family home of Thomas and Robert Wintour.
Heavy rain, however, slowed their travels.
Many of them were caught by Richard Walsh, the Sheriff of Worcestershire, when they arrived in Stourbridge.
The remaining men attempted a revolt in the Midlands.
This failed, coming to a dramatic end at Holbeche House in Staffordshire, where there was a shoot-out resulting in the deaths of Catesby and Percy and capture of several other principal conspirators.
Jesuits and others were then rounded up in other locations in Britain, with some being killed by torture during interrogation.
Robert Wintour managed to remain on the run for two months before he was captured at Hagley Park.
The conspirators were tried on 27 January 1606 in Westminster Hall.
All of the plotters pleaded "Not Guilty" except for Sir Everard Digby, who attempted to defend himself on the grounds that the King had reneged on his promises of greater tolerance of Catholicism.
Sir Edward Coke, the attorney general, prosecuted, and the Earl of Northampton made a speech refuting the charges laid by Sir Everard Digby.
The trial lasted one day (English criminal trials generally did not exceed a single day's duration) and the verdict was never in doubt.
The trial ranked highly as a public spectacle, and there are records of up to 10 shillings being paid for entry.
Four of the plotters were executed in St. Paul's Churchyard on 30 January.
On 31 January, Fawkes, Winter and a number of others implicated in the conspiracy were taken to Old Palace Yard in Westminster, in front of the scene of the intended crime, where they were to be hanged, drawn and quartered.
Henry Garnet was executed on 3 May 1606 at St Paul's.
His crime was of being the confessor of several members of the Gunpowder Plot, and as noted, he had opposed the plot.
Many spectators thought that his punishment was too severe.
Antonia Fraser writes:
Anthony-Maria Browne, 2nd Viscount Montagu, due to Guy Fawkes being one of his servants and Robert Catesby having warned him not to attend Parliament.
Lady Agnes Wenman of Thame Park as a Catholic and relative of the Dowager Lady Elizabeth Vaux.
Dowager Lady Elizabeth Vaux for being a supporter of Fr.
Henry Garnet.
Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden for being a Catholic, son of the above.
Edward Stourton, 10th Baron Stourton for being a cousin of Sir Francis Tresham who was a Gunpowder Plotter, and for getting a letter telling him to be absent from Parliament.
Henry Mordaunt, 4th Baron Mordaunt for getting a letter telling him to be absent from Parliament.
Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland for being the cousin of Sir Thomas Percy (plotter)
Sir Alan Percy brother of the above and Lieutenant of the Gentleman Pensioners under Northumberland's captaincy, who were also the King's Bodyguard.
Dudley Carleton, 1st Viscount Dorchester for being the secretary of the Earl of Northumberland.
Historical impact
Greater freedom for Catholics to worship as they chose seemed unlikely in 1604, but after the plot in 1605, changing the law to afford Catholics leniency became unthinkable; Catholic Emancipation took another 200 years.
Nevertheless, many important and loyal Catholics retained high office in the kingdom during King James' reign.
Interest in the demonic was heightened by the Gunpowder Plot.
The king himself had become engaged in the great debate about other-worldly powers in writing his Daemonology in 1597, before he became King of England as well as Scotland.
The apparent devilish nature of the gunpowder plot also partly inspired William Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Demonic inversions (such as the line fair is foul and foul is fair) are frequently seen in the play.
Another possible reference made in Macbeth was to equivocation, as Henry Garnett’s A Treatise of Equivocation was found on one of the plotters, and a resultant fear was that Jesuits could evade the truth through equivocation:
The Gunpowder Plot was commemorated for years after the plot by special sermons and other public acts, such as the ringing of church bells.
It added to an increasingly full calendar of Protestant celebrations which contributed to the national and religious life of seventeenth-century England.
Through various permutations, this has evolved into the Bonfire Night of today.
Professor Ronald Hutton has considered the possible events which could have followed the successful implementation of the Gunpowder Plot, with the resultant destruction of Parliament and death of the king.
He concluded that the violence of the act would have instead resulted in a more severe backlash against suspected Catholics.
Without the involvement of some form of foreign aid, success would have been unlikely, as most Englishmen were loyal to the institution of the monarchy, despite differing religious convictions.
England could very well have become a more "Puritan absolute monarchy", as "existed in Sweden, Denmark, Saxony, and Prussia in the seventeenth century", rather than follow the path of parliamentary and civil reform that it did.
When Parliament met in January 1606 for the first time after the plot they passed an Act of Parliament called the "Thanksgiving Act".
This made services and sermons commemorating the Plot an annual feature on 5 November.
The act remained in force until 1859.
On 5 November 1605, it is said that the people of London celebrated the defeat of the plot with fires and street festivities.
The tradition of marking the day with the ringing of church bells and bonfires started soon after the Plot and fireworks were also included in some of the earliest celebrations.
In Britain the fifth of November is also called Bonfire Night, Fireworks Night or Guy Fawkes Night.
It remains the custom in Britain, on or around 5 November, to let off fireworks.
Traditionally, in the weeks running up to the 5th, children made "guys"—effigies supposedly of Fawkes—usually made from old clothes stuffed with newspaper, and with a grotesque mask, to be burnt on 5 November bonfire.
These effigies would be shown in the street, to collect money for fireworks, although this practice is becoming less common.
The word guy came thus in the 19th century to mean an oddly dressed person, and in the 20th and 21st centuries to mean any male person.
Institutions and towns may hold firework displays and bonfire parties, and the same is done on a smaller scale in back gardens throughout the country.
In some areas, particularly in Sussex, there are extensive processions, large bonfires and firework displays organised by local bonfire societies; the most extensive of which takes place in Lewes.
The cellar in which Fawkes watched over his gunpowder was demolished in 1822.
The area was further damaged in the 1834 fire and destroyed in the subsequent rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster.
The lantern which Guy Fawkes carried in 1605 is in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
A key supposedly taken from him is in Speaker's House, Palace of Westminster.
These two items were shown in a major exhibition held in Westminster Hall from July to November 2005.
According to Esther Forbes (a biographer), the Guy Fawkes Day celebration in the pre-revolutionary American Colonies was a very popular holiday.
In Boston, the celebration took on anti-authoritarian overtones, and often became so dangerous that many would not venture out of their homes.
In November 1930, taking advantage of the bonfires used on the holiday, Alfred Arthur Rouse murdered an unknown man and planted his body as a substitute for Rouse's in his Morris Minor (1928) automobile (which was then set alight).
The scheme did not work out, and Rouse was arrested, tried and executed for the crime.
Accusations of state conspiracy
Many at the time felt that Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury had been involved in the plot to gain favour with the king and enact more stridently anti-Catholic legislation.
Such theories alleged that Cecil had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agents had already infiltrated it, for the purposes of propaganda.
These rumours were the start of a long-lasting conspiracy theory about the plot.
Yet while there was no "golden time" of "toleration" of Catholics which Father Garnet had hoped for at the start of James' reign, the legislative backlash had nothing to do with the plot: it had already happened by 1605, as recusancy fines were re-imposed and some priests expelled.
There was no purge of Catholics from power and influence in the kingdom after the Gunpowder Plot, despite Puritan complaints.
The reign of James I was, in fact, a time of relative leniency for Catholics, few being subject to prosecution.
This did not dissuade some from continuing to claim Cecil's involvement in the plot.
In 1897 Father John Gerard of Stonyhurst College,  namesake  of a Jesuit priest who had performed Mass to some of the plotters, wrote an account called What was the Gunpowder Plot?,
alleging Cecil's culpability.
This prompted  a refutation later that year by Samuel Gardiner, who argued that Gerard had gone too far in trying to "wipe away the reproach" which the plot had exacted on generations of English Catholics.
Gardiner portrayed Cecil as guilty of nothing more than opportunism.
Subsequent attempts to prove Cecil's responsibility, such as Francis Edwards's 1969 work Guy Fawkes: the real story of the gunpowder plot?,
have similarly foundered on the lack of positive proof of any government involvement in setting up the plot.
There has been little support by historians for the conspiracy theory since this time, other than to acknowledge that Cecil may have known about the plot some days before it was uncovered.
Modern plot analysis
According to the historian Lady Antonia Fraser, the gunpowder was taken to the Tower of London magazine.
It would have been reissued or sold for recycling if in good condition.
Ordnance records for the Tower state that 18 hundredweight (equivalent to about 816 kg) of it was "decayed", which could imply that it was rendered harmless due to having separated into its component chemical parts, as happens with gunpowder when left to sit for too long—if Fawkes had ignited the gunpowder during the opening, it would only have resulted in a weak splutter.
Alternatively, "decayed" may refer to the powder being damp and sticking together, making it unfit for use in firearms — in which case the explosive capabilities of the barrels would not have been significantly affected.
The Gunpowder Plot: Exploding The Legend, an ITV programme presented by Richard Hammond and broadcast on 1 November 2005, re-enacted the plot by blowing up an exact replica of the 17th-century House of Lords filled with test dummies, using the exact amount of gunpowder in the underground of the building.
The dramatic experiment, conducted on the Advantica Spadeadam test site, proved unambiguously that the explosion would have killed all those attending the State Opening of Parliament in the Lords chamber.
The power of the explosion, which surprised even gunpowder experts, was such that seven-foot deep solid concrete walls (made deliberately to replicate how archives suggest the walls in the old House of Lords were constructed) were reduced to rubble.
Measuring devices placed in the chamber to calculate the force of the blast were themselves destroyed by the blast, while the skull of the dummy representing King James, which had been placed on a throne inside the chamber surrounded by courtiers, peers and bishops, was found a large distance away from the site.
According to the findings of the programme, no-one within 100 metres of the blast could have survived, while all the stained glass windows in Westminster Abbey would have been shattered, as would all windows within a large distance of the Palace.
The power of the explosion would have been seen from miles away, and heard from further still.
Even if only half the gunpowder had gone off, everyone in the House of Lords and its environs would have been killed instantly.
The programme also disproved claims that some deterioration in the quality of the gunpowder would have prevented the explosion.
A portion of deliberately deteriorated gunpowder, at such a low quality as to make it unusable in firearms, when placed in a heap and ignited, still managed to create a large explosion.
The impact of even deteriorated gunpowder would have been magnified by the impact of its compression in wooden barrels, with the compression overcoming any deterioration in the quality of the contents.