the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Children are often described as 'innocent' meaning that they think the world is all good and do not yet know about the bad things in life.
People talk about living in a 'state of innocence' i.e. children or people with simple minds who have not yet learned that some people are evil.
In Christian cultures this sometimes meant that children did not know about sex.
Guilt (emotion), when a person feels that they have done something wrong
Guilt (law), when a court decides that someone has broken the law
Culpability, the extent to which a person can be held responsible for something
A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of orchestral music which has a story attached to it or describes something such as poem or a painting or any idea which is not music.
A symphonic poem is a kind of programme music (music for instruments which has an idea outside music).
Symphonic poems were mostly written in the 19th century at the time known as the  Romantic period.
They are normally in one movement lasting perhaps between 10 and 20 minutes.
Some of the longest ones, such as Ein Heldenleben by Richard Strauss are much longer, like a symphony with four movements which run into one another.
The idea can be seen in Beethoven’s overtures which tell the story of the opera or play which is about to be performed.
Composers such as Felix Mendelssohn then started to write overtures which told a story but were not attached to any opera.
Fingal's Cave (1832) describes the sea lapping against the rocks of a cave in the Scottish Hebrides.
Franz Liszt was the composer who made the symphonic poem an important musical form.
He wrote twelve works which he called Symphonische Dichtung (Symphonic poem) because the music developed in the same way as in a symphony.
One example is Mazeppa (1851) which describes the poem by Victor Hugo about a wild horse that carries a man tied to him until he is rescued by the Ukrainians and made into their chief.
The opening of Richard Strauss’s  tone poem Also sprach Zarathustra (1895-1896) has become particularly famous in recent years through its use in the movie  2001: A Space Odyssey.
A melody in music is a group of notes of various pitches (how high or low a note sounds) which are played one after another.
Together they make a tune in the same way that a group of words make a sentence.
Some people like to sing melodies.
Melodies have rhythm (the length of the notes).
In music, 'melody' contrasts with 'harmony'.
Harmony means notes which are played at the same time, like chords.
Composers often think of a melody and then add harmony to it.
Some music has more than one melody happening at the same time.
When this happens throughout the whole piece, it is called polyphonic music.
Rounds and fugues are types of polyphonic music.
If the other melody only happens sometimes, then the second melody is called a countermelody.
The adjective of melody is melodic.
There is also the adjective melodious which means: 'a sweet-sounding melody'.
Many melodies are easy to sing, while others are difficult to sing.
Still other melodies are impossible to sing.
Those melodies can still be played on musical instruments.
Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American businessman, investor and co-founder and CEO of Apple Inc. He was the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Pixar Animation Studios until it was bought by The Walt Disney Company.
He was the largest shareholder at Disney and a member of Disney's Board of Directors.
He was seen as a leading figure in both the computer and entertainment industries.
In August 2011, Jobs resigned, and was appointed Chairman of Apple.
He served in that position until he died, at the age of 56, on October 5, 2011 from complications of pancreatic cancer related to type 1 diabetes and metastatic insulinoma.
Steve jobs had a been a type 1 diabetic as child and had problems with insulin when he died.
Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, at Methodist University Hospital in San Francisco, California, U.S., Steve Jobs' mother, Joanne Schieble was Swiss-American; his father, Abdulfattah "John" Jandali was a Syrian.
His birth parents were from Syria and the USA.
They wanted Steve to be adopted by college graduates, that was not the case.
He was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs who promised Steve would go to college.
Jobs went to Reed College for a semester and then dropped out.
He spent 18 more months dropping in on more creative classes.
He also took part in ballet as a child.
Founding of Apple Inc.
Together with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Jobs helped make the idea of the personal computer popular in the late 1970s.
In the early 1980s, still at Apple, Jobs was one of the first to see the potential of using a mouse to control things on a computer screen.
Out of Apple; NeXT and Pixar
In 1985, after differences of opinion about what the company should focus on, Apple's Board of Directors fired Jobs from his position with the company.
He then started NeXT, a computer platform development company which dealt with higher education and business markets.
In 1986, Jobs  bought a computer animation studio from film director George Lucas called Pixar.
Jobs sold Pixar to Disney in 2006, and gained a seat on the Disney board of directors.
Pixar went on to make numerous hugely successful films, such as Toy Story (1995), Monsters, Inc. (2001) and Cars (2006).
Jobs made more money with Pixar than he did while he was with Apple in the 1970s and 80s.
Return to Apple, introduction of new products and retirement
Apple's 1997 buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded where he worked as the Chief Executive Officer, and was paid $1m (£600,000) per year.
He concentrated on making the company profitable again and cancelled a few unprofitable projects, and was a guiding force behind the creation of the iPod, released in 2001; the iPhone, released in 2007; and the iPad, released in 2010.
Due to increasing health problems, Jobs retired as CEO of Apple on August 24, 2011, and suggested Tim Cook as his successor.
However, Jobs continued as the chairman of the Apple Inc.'s Board of Directors.
Jobs had health problems for the last few years and had a liver transplant.
When he died of cardiac arrest caused by pancreatic cancer and related to type 1 diabetes in 2011 in Palo Alto, California, he was worth $8.3 billion (£5.1 billion).
Jobs has four children.
His two daughters, Erin Siena Jobs and Eve Jobs, and a son, Reed Paul Jobs, with his wife, Laurene Powell; and a daughter Lisa Brennan Jobs while in a previous relationship with Chrisann Brennan.
He was a Democrat and a supporter of Barack Obama, even though, as the owner of a multinational corporation, he took many views of business-friendly Republicans.
Jobs also once said that he voted for Ronald Reagan
Steve Jobs in media
He has been played by American actor Ashton Kutcher in the 2013 biopic movie Jobs and by German-born Irish actor Michael Fassbender in the 2015 movie Steve Jobs.
Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft
Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook
Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon
YouTube video of first Jobs' Macworld keynote in 1997, when he returned to Apple, where he announced partnership with Microsoft.
YouTube video of Jobs' commencement address at Stanford University, June 12, 2005.
Steve Jobs at NNDB
Rolling Stone, Steve Jobs: The Rolling Stone Interview—December 3, 2003
BusinessWeek, The Seed of Apple's Innovation—October 12, 2004
Fortune, How Big Can Apple Get?—February 21, 2005
‘Good for the Soul’—Newsweek, October 15, 2006
Deaths from respiratory arrest
American company founders
Company founders
The palace is a complex of buildings, with the Papal Apartment, the Catholic Church's government offices, a handful of chapels, the Vatican Museum and the Vatican library.
In all there are over 1,000 rooms with the most famous including the Sistine Chapel and its renowned ceiling frescoes painted by Michelangelo (restored between 1980-1990) and Raphael's Rooms.
Before 1871, the Quirinal Palace was the Pope's official residence.
After the final overthrow of the Papal States in 1870, the King of Italy confiscated that palace in 1871, making it the king's official residence; after the abolition of the Italian monarchy in 1946, it became the President of the Italian Republic's residence.
Borgia Apartment
Clementine Hall
Domus Sanctae Marthae
Papal Gentlemen
Papal Apartment
Raphael Rooms
A G-string or thong is a narrow piece of cloth or leather, or plastic that passes between the buttocks.
It  is attached to a band around the hips.
It can be worn as a swimwear or  underwear by both men and women.
The difference between a G-string and a thong is that a G-string has less material between the legs.
This makes it look like a string.
Variants of the thong or G-string include the "V-string" and the "T-string".
Origin of the G-string
The G-string or thong is probably the earliest form of clothing known to mankind.
It originated in the warmer climates of sub-Saharan Africa where clothing was first worn almost 75,000 years ago.
Many tribal peoples, like some of the Khoisan people of southern Africa, wore thongs for many centuries.
These early pieces of clothes were made to fit the male genitalia.
The G-string was first developed for men by primitive peoples.
However, in modern days, Western thongs are usually worn by females.
They first became popular in South America in the 1970s.
In Brazil, it was originally a style of swimsuit that had a rear area which  became so narrow, that it would disappear between the buttocks.
The origin of the term "G-string" is not fully known.
The term was first written about by Americans in the late 1800s.
They described the loincloth of Philippine natives.
Others say the term came from the G-string on an instrument.
The origin of the word "thong" is from the Old English thwong, which is a flexible leather cord.
In other languages
In Lithuania, the G-string is often called stringai or siaurikės.
In Portugal and Brazil, the G-string is often referred called fio dental.
This means "dental floss".
In Italy, the G-string is called perizoma.
In Turkey, the G-string is called ipli külot (ipli means "stringed" and külot means "underpants").
In French, German and Dutch, the G-string is usually called "string", a loanword from English.
In Puerto Rico, a Spanish slang term often used for G-string is gistro.
This is most commonly used by Reggaeton artists to refer to the underwear style.
In Argentina and Chile, G-string is widely known as colaless.
In those countries, cola means buttocks.
Colaless means "buttocks-less".
In the Japanese language and in Cantonese, the G-string is widely known as T-back.
This is because of its shape when seen from behind.
The word is sometimes confused with "tea bag".
The term T-back is also commonly used in the Philippines.
However, there are also several usages of the term "T-back" in English as well.
These include Children's literature author E.L. Konigsburg's T-backs, T-shirts, Coat and Suit.
In other kinds of the Chinese language, the G-string is commonly called dingziku (丁字裤).
It means "t character pants".
In Czech, Estonian, Finnish, German, Hungarian and Spanish the G-string is often called tanga.
In Finnish, the plural stringit, "strings", is used, as they are pants, not a "pant".
In Polish the G-string is usually called stringi, which is a pluralized loanword from English (literally: "strings").
In Australia, only the term G-string is used.
Thongs are a type of rubber footwear.
In Hebrew, the G-string is called a hutini, a blend word of the Hebrew word hut (meaning "string") and bikini.
Staple (fastener), a small piece of metal used to hold sheets of material or wires together
Staple food, a food that is the basic part of a diet.
This meaning is often used to cover other areas besides food (A rollercoaster is a theme park staple).
Staple (textiles) is the raw material, or its length and quality, of fibre from which textiles are made.
It is the material in its standard form as a traded commodity.
The Staple Singers, a United States gospel, soul, and R&B singing group.
Staple (band), a Christian post-hardcore band.
STAPLE!,
a convention for creators of comics, minicomics, and other independent media
A staple port was one in which trade in specified goods was regulated.
The term is a medieval one.
Normally the king licensed a particular group of merchants to trade in the commodity, in an area such as his kingdom and their trading had to be done in the staple town or port.
The staple was the staple port where wool exports were traded.
From 1363 to 1558, this was at Calais.
Staple, Nord (pronunciation: stohpl) is a commune in the Nord département of France.
This is the name in its Flemish form.
Étaples, Pas-de-Calais, is another place in which the word appears but in its French form.
Staple, Kent is a village in Kent, England near Sandwich.
Proving that a certain number is transcendental can be very hard.
David Hilbert, "Über die Transcendenz der Zahlen  und ", Mathematische Annalen 43:216–219 (1893).
Alan Baker, Transcendental Number Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1975, .
Proof that  is transcendental
Proof that  is transcendental (PDF)  (German)
G-string, an item of underwear or swimwear
Thong sandal or "flip-flop", a type of sandal held to the foot by a thin strap
Thong, Kent, an English village
a Vietnamese name, Thông
a common Laotian surname, and the Laotian word for gold
In footwear and fashion, flip-flops are a kind of flat, backless sandal.
They have a flat sole held on the foot by a u-shaped strap that passes between the first (big) and second toes and around either side of the foot, attached to the sole at three points, commonly known as the thong strap.
They may have been developed out of traditional Japanese woven or wooden soled sandals (i.e., zori and setta) in Australia.
Thong is a village in Kent, England.
It is south of Gravesend.
Villages in Kent
A hamlet is a small settlement, smaller than a village.
Usually, all settlers in a hamlet are centered around a single economic activity.
A hamlet may consist of a farm, a mill, a mine or a harbor.
All the people living there would be workers on that farm, mill, mine or harbour.
Hamlets, especially those with a medieval church may have resulted from a medieval village, that was abandoned for some reason.
Because of the small size of the settlement, there are usually no buildings which have a central or admninistratrive function.
There usually is no church, town hall or pub.
Roads and streets in the hamlet do not have names, most of the time.5-6 families may live there usually within a 2km radius area.
In Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Alsace region of France, such hamlets often have names that end in -wil, -wil(l)er, -wyhl or -viller.
bg:Махала
he:כפר#כפר מסורתי וכפריר
The Recording Industry Association of America or RIAA is an organization that was created and paid for by large record companies.
It is based in Washington, D.C. It symbolizes the entire recording industry of the United States of America.
The RIAA also participates in the collection, management and distribution of music licenses and royalties.
to protect intellectual property rights worldwide and the First Amendment rights of artists;
to perform research about the music industry;
to watch over and review laws, regulations and rules that apply to the music industry.
The RIAA was created in 1952 to create technical standards for vinyl records so any record could play on any record player without difficulty.
In today's times, the RIAA's goals is to prevent piracy of records.
The RIAA says that the music industry loses nearly 4.2 billion U.S. dollars a year because of this.
Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ)
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP)
Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC)
Official website of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
Mar del Plata is a city of Argentina in the Buenos Aires Province.
It is found on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, about 400 km south of Buenos Aires.
Mar del Plata has a population of 541,733 people.
It is the 7th biggest city in Argentina.
Official Government website
Tourist Info (from the Official Government website)
Mar del Plata Website with news and things to do
Cities in Argentina
Pope Boniface VIII (; c. 1230 – October 11, 1303), born Benedetto Caetani, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 194th Pope  from 1294 to 1303.
Benedetto Caetani was born in 1235 at Anagni in Italy.
Caetani studied at Todi and at Spoleto where he earned a degree in law.
He came from a very noble family.
His family was in government.
In 1281, Pope Martin IV raised Caetani to the rank of cardinal.
In 1291, Pope Nicholas IV made him Cardinal of SS.
Boniface VIII made a rule that if a ruler (king) fined people taxes without the church or popes' permission that the ruler would be excluded from the church.
He would make rash decisions without consideration.
He was known to be harsh, mean, cruel, and did not listen to other people's recommendations.
For example, He declared a very rash papal law that all people, not just Christians, must follow him if they want to go to heaven.
He believed as the Pope, all rulers should bow down to him and respect him.
Dante mentions Boniface in The Inferno.
He identifies the pope as "the Prince of the new Pharisees."
Boase, Thomas Sherrer Ross. (
Boniface VIII.
London: Constable.
OCLC 1387650
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Boniface VII
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Caetani
1235 births
1303 deaths
Scientific concepts
Signal (electrical engineering), a varying quantity that can carry information over air or wires.
Signal processing, the field of techniques used to extract information from signals
Signal (computing), an event, message, or data structure transmitted between computational processes
Cell signalling (biology), the system of communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions
Signal (biology), electrochemical activity in an organism
Signals used in various kinds of transport:
Road traffic signal
International maritime signal flags, using the International Code of Signals
Signals (military), a historical name for the military communications
Signal corps, the branch of military which operates with command, control and communications systems
Signalling theory in biology, how organisms signal their state to others
Distress signal
Smoke signal (See also :Category:Early telecommunications)
Signalling (telecommunications), a part of some communication protocols
Signal (recognition), a way of showing that a person recognizes something; such as the Color of the day used by police.
Signal band A rock band from Northwest Indiana
Signal (band), a Bulgarian rock band
Signals (album), an album by progressive rock band Rush
Signal (magazine)
Signal (toothpaste)
Signal 1 and Signal 2 radio stations
Signal (subscription service), service that provided real-time stock quotes
Signaal (now Thales Nederland), a Netherlands-based defence company
Signal Systems, a company of the McLean Group of Companies
Any implicit, subtle, or disguised message, in situations such as:
Partnership card games (see signal (bridge))
Signaling (economics)
Signals and slots, a software design pattern
Kent (game) a card game also known as Signal or Kemp
The concept is broad, and hard to define precisely.
Definitions specific to subfields are common.
For example, in information theory, a signal is a codified message, i.e., the sequence of states in a communications channel that encodes a message.
In a communications system, a transmitter encodes a message into a signal, which is carried to a receiver by the communications channel.
For example, the words "Mary had a little lamb" might be the message spoken into a telephone.
The telephone transmitter converts the sounds into an electrical voltage signal.
The signal is transmitted to the receiving telephone by wires; and at the receiver it is reconverted into sounds.
Examples of signals
The motion of a particle through some space can be considered to be a signal, or can be represented by a signal.
The domain of a motion signal is one-dimensional (time), and the range is generally three-dimensional.
Position is thus a 3-vector signal; position and orientation is a 6-vector signal.
Since a sound is a vibration of a medium (such as air), a sound signal associates a pressure value to every value of time and three space coordinates.
A microphone converts sound pressure at some place to just a function of time, using a voltage signal as an analog of the sound signal.
Compact discs (CDs).
CDs contain discrete bits representing a sound signal, recorded at 44,100 samples per second.
Each sample contains data for a left and right channel, which may be considered to be a 2-vector (since CDs are recorded in stereo).
Noise typically unwanted but not always.
Shannon, C. E., 2005 [1948], "A Mathematical Theory of Communication,"  (corrected reprint ), accessed Dec. 15, 2005.
1948, Bell System Technical Journal, vol.
379–423, 623-656.
Eddie August Schneider (October 20, 1911 – December 23, 1940) was an American aviator.
He set the transcontinental airspeed record for pilots under the age of twenty-one in 1930.
When he received his pilot's license, he was the youngest licensed pilot in the United States.
Eddie Schneider was born in 1911 in Manhattan in New York City.
His father was Emil August Schneider (1886-1955), a banker and stock broker who born in Germany.
His mother was Inga Karoline Eldora Pedersen (1882-1927), who was born in Farsund, Norway.
The family moved from Manhattan to Red Bank, New Jersey, and then they moved to Jersey City, New Jersey by 1920.
Eddie graduated from Dickinson High School in Jersey City in 1927, the same year that his mother died.
After his mother's death, he and his parents visited Bielefeld, Germany and Farsund, Norway to visit with relatives.
In Germany Eddie went on a plane ride and then aviation became his obsession.
In 1929 he trained at Roosevelt Field on Long Island and became the youngest person in the United States to receive a commercial pilot's license.
That same year he also received a mechanics license, becoming the youngest licensed airplane mechanic in New York.
On August 25, 1930 he set the round-trip transcontinental air speed record for pilots under the age of twenty-one years in his airplane.
He flew from Westfield, New Jersey on August 14, 1930 to Los Angeles, California in 4 days with a combined flying time of 29 hours and 55 minutes.
He lowered the East to West record by 4 hours and 22 minutes.
He then made the return trip from Los Angeles to New York City in 27 hours and 19 minutes, lowering the West to East record by 1 hour and 36 minutes.
His total elapsed time for the round trip was 57 hours and 14 minutes, breaking the preceding record for the round trip.
Frank Goldsborough held the previous record which was 62 hours and 58 minutes.
When Eddie landed in New York on August 25, 1930, his first words were to his father: "Hello Pop, I made it."
He married Gretchen Hahnen (1902-1986) in New York City on June 2, 1934.
Gretchen was the daughter of Zora M. Hahnen (1882-1962) and was originally from Des Moines, Iowa.
Eddie met her at an aviation function.
In 1936 Eddie left for Spain to be a pilot in the Spanish Civil War which was against the law.
Along with fellow Americans Bert Acosta and Frederic Ives Lord he organized the Yankee Squadron.
He was only there for a month before he returned to the United States.
When talking to reporters Eddie said: "I was broke, hungry, jobless ... yet despite the fact that all three of us are old-time aviators who did our part for the development of the industry, we were left out in the cold in the Administration’s program of job making.
Can you blame us for accepting the lucrative Spanish offer?"
On December 23, 1940, Eddie was killed in an accident while training another pilot.
They were trying to land, when a Navy pilot struck the tail of Eddie's plane.
Eddie's plane went into a spin and crashed into the river.
Both the student and Eddie were killed.
Córdoba is a city in the center of Argentina, about 700 km from Buenos Aires.
It is the capital of Córdoba Province.
As of 2006 Córdoba has a population of over 1,300,000 inhabitants, making it Argentina's second largest city.
Cordoba, sometimes abbreviated Cba, is the capital of the same name province and from Buenos Aires Argentina's most populous city.
Consequently, it is an important centre for cultural, economic, financial and entertainment.
Cordoba is referred also as La Docta and to the city of bells.
It is in the central region of the country, on both banks of the River Suquía.
It is the only Department Capital municipality.
Communal participation centers that decentralized is administratively divided into eleven.
The provincial census 2008 established a population of 1.309.536 inhabitants, which indicates that the same grows to rate decreasing.
Shaped a square of 24 km side, totalling an area of 576 km².
Limited to the North with the Columbus Department; East with the Columbus (North of the River Suquía) Department and Department Santa Maria (South of the Suquía River); the Santa María Department in the South and West with Santa Department Mary (South of the Suquía River) and the colon (North of the River Suquía) Department.
Córdoba was founded by from Seville Jerome, Luis Cabrera on 6 July in 1573 as a people of Spanish to serve as a refuge for indigenous to be able to navigate and traded freely.
The city was declared provisional capital on two occasions, the first 1806 (such as capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata during the English invasions), and then click 1955 during the events of the Revolution freedom.
It is the second largest since the beginning of radiation metropolis industrialists.
Cordoba is an important cultural, receiving factory of University students throughout the country and the world. [
10 ] your University the first to have been founded in Argentina and the oldest fourth in America, was founded in 1613.
It is considered one of the most important of the continent.
Has more than one hundred thousand students.
The city has important historical, cultural and tourist points.
The Cañada de Córdoba It is the partial channelling of a stream which crosses the city of South to North.
The Arc of Cordoba is an important symbol in the Southeast, deposit on Route 9 national.
In 2000 the UNESCO declared the Apple Jesuit heritage and American Capital of culture that year was appointed in 2006.
Its skyline is rather low buildings (11-18 floors), but in neighbourhoods as New Córdoba the density is high.
The Tower Angela, 30-story is the highest building.
Cordoba economy relies heavily on the commercial sector (57 per cent of companies), services (31%) and industrial (11%), although respect this last sector is important to clarify that while the number of companies is not as important as in the commercial sector, its weight in the economy it is.
The primary sector, still low in comparison to the rest of the province, has its place in the green belt, on the outskirts of the area urban. [
12 ] In 2007 the Geographical gross product was $10.939.049.000 (1993 purchasing power party) representing approximately 3.65 per cent of the Gross domestic product of the country.
Major deficits in Córdoba include social inclusion (via education) of the inhabitants of the poor districts and villas misery.
On the urban side one of the main problems is the system define, which is overwhelmed and only reaches 50.3 per cent of the population, the value lowest between major cities of the country.
It occurred in Córdoba made of historical relevance.
It was Centre of the University reform in 1918, the industrialization of 1930, the Revolution freedom in 1955 and the Cordobazo, in 1969.
Capitals of Argentine provinces
1573 establishments
16th-century establishments in Argentina
Air New Zealand  is a big passenger airline from Auckland, New Zealand.
It flies mainly in Australasia and South Pacific, but it also has services to Europe, North America and Asia.
It is a Star Alliance member.
It joined the alliance in 1999.
Its main base or hub is Auckland International Airport.
In 1940, TEAL was founded.
Its first flights were from Auckland to Sydney and Wellington.
Later, flights to Fiji, Samoa, Tahiti and the Cook Islands were added.
The Australian government bought 50% of TEAL in 1953.
The remaining 50% was owned by the Government of New Zealand.
In 1961, the airline became completely owned by the Government of New Zealand.
TEAL was officially renamed Air New Zealand on April 1, 1965.
The airline bought Douglas DC-8 airplanes in July 1965.
These were used for longer routes to Honolulu and Los Angeles.
A larger Boeing 747 was bought in 1981.
Air New Zealand bought Ansett Australia in 2000.
Ansett later went out of business.
1965 establishments in Oceania
Airlines of Oceania
Transport in New Zealand
1960s establishments in New Zealand
Air Jamaica is the national airline of Jamaica from Kingston, Jamaica.
It flies regular services from Kingston and Montego Bay to 23 airports in the Caribbean, the USA, Canada and United Kingdom.
The airline's main bases are Norman Manley International Airport (KIN), Kingston and Sangster International Airport (MBJ), Montego Bay.
Airlines of North America
Ecosystem valuation is a widely used tool to find out the impact of human activities on an environmental system.
It is done by giving an economic value to an ecosystem or its ecosystem services.
Value of ecosystem services
The simplest form of ecosystem valuation is that one looks at an ecosystem as if its ecological yield had the same value as it would be on commodity markets.
That means one looks at the value of water, wood, fish or game, that is produced in that ecosystem.
Thus, a price can be put on the natural capital of an ecosystem based on the price of natural resources it yields each year.
More complex arguments in ecosystem valuation regard nature's services and the assignment of values in a service economy to all that nature does "for humans".
Studies compiled by Robert Costanza in the 1990s argued strongly that even just considering the most basic seventeen of these services, the combined value of the ecosystems of the earth was worth more (US$33T) each year than the whole human exchange economy (US$25T) at that time (1995).
Other studies have focused on the marginal value of ecosystem changes, which can be used in cost-benefit analysis of environmental policies.
In Natural Capitalism, 1999, Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins and Hunter Lovins advanced an argument to assign the value of Earth in current currency.
See value of Earth article for that and other examples of this extreme case of ecosystem valuation - biosphere valuation.
direct use value is the value attributed to direct use of ecosystem services;
indirect use value is the value attributed to indirect use of ecosystem services, through the positive externalities that ecosystems provide;
option value is the value attributed to preserving the option to use ecosystem services in the future;
non-use value is the value attributed to the pure existence of an ecosystem and consists of three components: value based on the welfare the ecosystem may give other people; value based on the welfare the ecosystem may give future generations; and value based on knowing that the ecosystem exists.
Methods to estimate the value of ecosystem services which cannot be derived from market prices include "stated preference" methods and "revealed preference" methods.
Stated preference methods, such as the contingent valuation method ask people for their willingness to pay for a certain ecosystem (service).
Revealed preference methods, such as hedonic pricing and the travel cost method, use a relation with a market good or service to estimate the willingness-to-pay for the service.
Is valuation economics, or ecology?
Such valuation, and that of the effectiveness of various environmental health measures that affect the value of life and quality of life, are usually thought to be part of economics.
Natural capital and individual capital are studied ecology as living systems, however, this does not extend to the economics of valuation by which they are related:
Considering "valuation" as an "economic not ecological issue" reflects the way these fields divide of the activities of humans versus non-humans in "making a living".
When humans go out to get food or homes, that is studied in "economics", but when non-humans do it, that is "ecology", though it is clear that there are motivations, methods and certainly bodily needs in common.
Since animals do not put explicit prices on ecosystems they use, but do behave as if they are valuable, e.g. by defending turf or access to water, it is mostly a matter of definition whether ecology should include valuation as an issue.
It may be anthropocentric to do so, since "valuation" more clearly refers to a human perception rather than being an "objective" attribute of the system perceived.
Ecology itself is also human perception, and such related concepts as a food chain are constructed by humans to help them understand ecosystems.
In many cases by those who hold that markets and pricing exist independently of any individual human observers and "users", and especially those who deem markets to be "out of control", ecosystem valuation is considered a (marginal, ignored) part of economics.
Some versions of conflict theory focus on the role of resource scarcity in sparking or propagating human conflicts - in effect holding that the resources or ecosystems they fight over are being held so valuable that they are worth considerable risk of harm to control.
This is at least a relative notion of value and value at risk applied to ecosystem.
Hanley, N. and C. L. Spash (1993).
Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
Pearce, D.W. and R.K. Turner, 1990.
Economics of natural resources and the environment.
BPCC Wheatsons Ltd., Exeter, UK.
378 pp.
Environmental Valuation Reference Inventory
The EcoValue Project
Ecosystem Valuation Toolkit
Ecosystem Valuation
Earth Economics' ESVs
An economist is someone who studies or works in the field of economics.
Economics is the study of how people make choices to satisfy their wants.
"There is only one difference between a bad economist and a good one: the bad economist confines himself to the visible effect; the good economist takes into account both the effect that can be seen and those effects that must be foreseen."
The Conservative Party (informally as the Tory Party) is the main centre-right political party in the United Kingdom.
Their policies usually promote conservatism.
They are the largest party in the House of Commons after the 2019 United Kingdom general election, with 365 out of a possible 650 seats.
The party has generally had liberal economic policies.
that favours free market economics.
The party is British unionist, opposing Irish reunification, Scottish and Welsh independence, and is generally critical of devolution.
After a leadership election in the Conservative Party in June and July 2019, Boris Johnson became the leader of the party.
He became Prime Minister on 24 July 2019 by default, and as of 13 December 2019 was made Prime Minister after the 2019 general election.
Party policies
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland should remain as part of the United Kingdom.
Marriage should be encouraged through the tax system.
Free markets and education should create an opportunity society.
Every child should have the best start with access to good education.
Bold reforms to welfare and vocational skills are central to tackling social injustice.
Innovation, entrepreneurship, and free enterprise are vital in society.
The welfare state should be there for the sick and those in need; those who can find employment and careers should be supported to do so.
Pensions should be tied to a person's average earnings.
There should be less immigration to the United Kingdom.
There should be more support given to members of the British armed forces and their families.
Britain should keep its nuclear weapons.
The monarchy should be preserved.
There should be no changes made to how elections are held in Britain.
The party was founded in 1834 by Robert Peel out of the old Tory Party, which was founded in 1678.
During the 1800s, the party was one of the two main political parties along with the Liberal Party.
In 1846, the party split over the repeal of the 'Corn Laws', which was favoured by Robert Peel and most top Conservatives but was disliked by backbencher Conservative MPs.
Following the repeal, the Peel government fell and Robert Peel and his followers went on to join the Liberal Party.
Because of this, the Conservatives were not able to form a majority government for twenty-eight years.
Under the leadership of Benjamin Disraeli, the party created a philosophy which supported the British Empire, the Church of England, the monarchy and social reforms, which took the party into power from 1874 to 1880.
In 1886, the Liberal Party split over whether Ireland should be given independence.
Those who did not support it became known as the Liberal Unionists and they joined with the Conservatives.
This alliance meant that the Conservatives were in power for most of the period 1885–1906, under Lord Salisbury and then Arthur Balfour.
Early and middle 20th century
By 1906, the Conservatives had another split, this time about the issue of 'tariff reform' and as a result, the party was defeated in a landslide at the 1906 General Election by the Liberal Party.
In 1912, the Conservative Party formally joined with the Liberal Unionist Party to create the modern-day Conservative and Unionist Party, however this is usually shortened to Conservative Party.
The party was in a coalition with the Liberal Party from 1916 to 1922, and was mostly in power from 1922 to 1929 under Stanley Baldwin.
During the 1920s, the Labour Party replaced the Liberals as the Conservative's main political opponent.
The Conservatives were the leading figure in the coalitions of 1931–1935 and 1940–1945, and Winston Churchill was Prime Minister during World War II.
Labour defeated the Conservatives at the 1945 General Election and the Conservatives were forced to accept many of Labour's new reforms like the creation of the welfare state and high taxes.
The Conservatives returned to power from 1951 to 1964, under Churchill, Anthony Eden, Harold Macmillan and Alec Douglas-Home and during this time, Britain saw a period of economic and national prosperity.
The Conservatives were led by Edward Heath from 1965 to 1975 and were in power from 1970 to 1974.
Late 20th century
Whilst Heath was in power, he took Britain into the European Union which later would deeply divide the Conservative Party.
Direct rule had to be placed on Northern Ireland because of the violence that occurred because of The Troubles.
After this, the Ulster Unionist Party stopped supporting the Conservative Party at Westminster.
A miner's strike and rising inflation in 1973 caused Heath to start the three-day working week to ration power.
The February 1974 General Election caused a hung parliament and Labour was in power until 1979.
Margaret Thatcher became Conservative leader in 1975 and successfully introduced a number of monetarist policies.
In 1979, the party was returned to power because of the Labour government's handling of the 'Winter of Discontent' and Britain's growing inflation.
Thatcher was Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and won the General Elections of 1979, 1983 and 1987.
Thatcher's second and third terms saw the privatisation of most of Britain's state-owned industry, such as British Telecom in 1984, British gas in 1986, British Airways in 1987 and British Leyland and British Steel in 1988.
In 1989, the Conservative government introduced the Community Charge, or 'Poll Tax' which was seen as unfair to the poor and was very unpopular.
Thatcher was replaced as Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader in 1990 by John Major.
Major led the country and the party until 1997.
John Major replaced the unpopular Community Charge with the Council Tax in 1992 and led the party to a surprise victory in the 1992 General Election.
Although there was a recession in the early 1990s, John Major's Conservative government started a long period of economic prosperity which would last until the late 2000s.
In the 1997 General Election, the Conservatives were defeated in a landslide and lost all of their Scottish and Welsh seats.
This is blamed on party splits over the European Union, the "Black Wednesday" currency problem in 1992, and the 'New' Labour Party led by Tony Blair.
The party entered thirteen years of opposition, with William Hague leading the party from 1997 to 2001.
At the 2001 General Election, the party's campaign focused on several right-wing policies.
Hague was seen as a powerful speaker, but his leadership was damaged by some poor publicity stunts.
The party made a net gain of only one seat at the 2001 General Election.
Iain Duncan Smith led the party from 2001 to 2003 and he did moderate some of the party's right-wing policies.
He did not return the party to power, and Michael Howard became leader in 2003.
The Labour government under Tony Blair was becoming unpopular because of the Iraq War.
Michael Howard managed to reduce Labour's majority in parliament at the 2005 General Election, from 167 to 66.
Howard resigned soon after this and David Cameron became Conservative Party leader.
Cameron focused on modern and environmental issues.
The Conservatives had a regular lead in opinion polls from 2007 onwards and at the 2010 General Election, the party won the most seats in parliament and the highest number of votes but was 20 seats short of a majority in parliament.
A coalition government was made with the Liberal Democrats and David Cameron became Prime Minister in May 11, 2010.
In the United Kingdom general election, 2015 the Conservatives won 331 seats.
The first Conservative-majority government since 1992 was formed.
Leaders have adopted policies of liberal conservatism.
This has included a "greener" environmental and energy policy, and adoption of  socially liberal views.
An example is the acceptance of same-sex marriage.
However, these policies have been accompanied by a fiscal conservatism: they have maintained a hard stance on bringing down the deficit, and starting a programme of economic austerity.
Other modern policies of one-nation conservatism include education reform, extending student loan applicants to postgraduate applicants.
and Christian democracy Such policies allow poorer students to go further, but still increase tuition fees.
There has also been an emphasis on human rights.
The European Convention on Human Rights is accepted, and individual initiative is supported.
After the UK voted to leave the EU on the 23rd June 2016, Cameron resigned as Conservative leader and PM.
On 11 July 2016 it was announced that Theresa May would become the new Leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister on the evening of 13 July 2016.
Recent policies include a target to reach net zero C02 emissions by 2050, investment in clean energy and the environment, increased education funding, increased funding in science and research, increased police numbers, and increased NHS (National Health Service) funding.
In 2019, the Conservative Party became the first major world government to declare a climate emergency declaration.
After the 2019 general election, there are now more LGBT+ Conservative MPs in Parliament.
Party support
Support for the party comes mainly from the South of England, Eastern England and rural areas, however, in recent years, support from the north of England has increased.
Current representation
Former leaders
Named below are all of the previous Conservative Party leaders since 1922.
Their time as leader is placed in brackets.
Conservative Party (UK), Citizendium
1834 establishments in Europe
1830s establishments in the United Kingdom
A sandwich is a food prepared by placing different kinds of foods between two pieces of bread.
The pieces of bread in a sandwich are referred to as slices or sheets of bread.
Between the slices of bread, people often add in vegetables, meat, or cheese.
The sandwich is thought to have been made first for the Earl of Sandwich, hence the name.
Many people enjoy the sandwich as it is easy and quick to make in a hurry.
Also, the sandwich can be easily eaten with one hand without utensils which allows consumers to have a hand free to do other things.
Some people prefer to eat a sandwich with both hands.
In many countries, children eat sandwiches for lunch at school.
The sandwiches are put in a lunchbox and often wrapped in cling film to keep them fresh.
A sandwich is not limited to a single layer of filling between two pieces of bread.
It can have more than one layer of filling and bread.
Each layer of filling is commonly referred to as a "deck".
For instance, a single decker sandwich would be the standard two slices of bread and one layer of filling.
A double decker sandwich will have three slices of bread with two layers of fillings.
Generally one piece, is one piece of bread cut in two with a filling between each piece.
The double decker sandwich is so called because each layer of filling forms a deck, much like a double decker bus.
A club sandwich is a double decker sandwich with chicken, bacon and salad.
A triple decker sandwich would consist of four slices of bread with three layers of fillings.
The BLT is a common type of sandwich filled with bacon, lettuce and tomato.
If there is only one piece of bread it is sometimes called an open sandwich.
Open sandwiches are very common in Scandinavian countries, e.g. in Denmark "smørrebrød" is an open sandwich.
Another form of sandwich is the toasted sandwich.
The toasted sandwich can be made from slices of toast instead of bread or the sandwich is toasted whole in an oven or a sandwich presser.
Sandwiches made with different types of bread might be given unique names.
A panini, for example, is usually a sandwich on a small roll or loaf which is pressed between two heavy, heated grill plates.
Sandwiches are commonly made of white bread, brown bread or French bread, but can also be made of other types (e.g. a panini uses ciabatta).
There are many different types of sandwiches.
Cold sheets of bread:  Sandwich
Heated sheets of bread: Toastie
A breaded bun : Burger
Ciabatta: Panini
A long bread: Baguette
Wrap: Soft Flatbread
Peanut butter and jelly sandwich: White Bread
Peanut butter sandwich: White Bread
There are many types of filling that can be placed within a sandwich.
Ice cream  (Ice cream sandwich)
chocolate spread
In one episode of The Apprentice, the apprentices were required to make sandwiches for Donald Trump.
In the French film Taxi the protagonist is made a special sandwich with half Bayonne ham, half Paris.
This later sparks the jealousy of another character.
In the Warner Brothers cartoon Scooby Doo, Scooby was well known to love making sandwiches with Shaggy having many layers, often with a great variety of fillings.
In the television series Buffy, during episode 61, Buffy eyes a classmate eating a sandwich, snatches it and hungrily scarfs it down.
In the television series Star Trek, Scotty used the word sandwich to refer to the makeup of a piece of technology which was made of three layers of two materials, which caused the food synthesizer in the galley of the USS Enterprise to believe that he was requesting a meal.
Scotty canceled the process by kicking the offending unit.
The largest sandwich ever made was made by Wild Woody's Chill and Grill, Roseville, Michigan.
It weighed 5,440 lbs.
Artillery is a word for the big guns used in an army, for example cannons and howitzers.
Such guns are used to shoot targets far away.
Artillery is often used to stop enemy troops using an area, to bombard trenches and buildings with enemies in it and to support friendly units.
There are many different weapons that are called artillery.
They may shoot shells or missiles.
Newer systems can even drop mines over a big area, making the area uncrossable.
Anti-aircraft warfare includes the use of artillery to fight planes and other aircraft.
Those who fire the artillery piece are called "gunners".
In most cases someone else, called a "spotter" must see the enemy, because artillery often shoots farther than the gunners can see.
The artillery crews do not have to see the enemy to damage them.
Different types of artillery
Artillery -Citizendium
The House of Lords is one of the two Houses of Parliament of the United Kingdom (UK).
It is in London, the capital city of the UK.
The other house is the House of Commons.