the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He began living in Iraq, at the Shi'ite holy city of An Najaf.
There, he became involved with Iraqi Shi'ites and gained many religious and political followers throughout the world.
Under pressure from the Shah, who had agreed to a rapprochement between Iraq and Iran in 1975, Saddam agreed to kick Khomeini out in 1978.
After the Islamic Revolution, Khomeini thought defeating Saddam's government may have been the second most important thing to do, only behind keeping his power in Iran.
After Khomeini gained power, small battles between Iraq and revolutionary Iran happened for ten months.
The two countries were fighting over who controlled the Shatt al-Arab waterway, which divides Iran and Iraq.
Iraq and Iran officially went to war with each other on September 22, 1980.
Saddam used the disagreement over the waterway as an excuse to go to war with Iran.
However, the war was more likely an attempt by Saddam - supported by both the United States and the Soviet Union - to have Iraq stop radical revolutions like the one in Iran from spreading any further.
In the first days of the war, there was heavy ground fighting around major ports as Iraq launched an attack on Iran's oil-rich, Arab-populated province of Khuzestan.
After making some gains, Iraq's troops began to suffer losses from human-wave attacks by Iran.
By 1982, Iraq was looking to end the war.
During the war, Iraq used chemical warfare against Iranian forces and Kurdish separatists.
On March 16, 1988, Saddam ordered Iraqi troops to stop a Kurdish uprising.
Iraq attacked the Kurdish town of Halabjah with a mix of poison gas and nerve agents, killing 5000 people, mostly women and children.
Saddam reached out to other Arab governments for cash and political help.
The Iranians, hoping to bring down Saddam's non-religious government and start a Shi'ite rebellion in Iraq, refused a cease-fire until 1988.
End of the war
The eight-year war ended in a tie.
Perhaps 1.7 million died on both sides.
Both economies, previously healthy and growing, were left in ruins.
Saddam was also stuck with a debt of roughly $75 billion.
Borrowing money from the U.S. was making Iraq into its client state, embarrassing a strongman who had sought to define and dominate Arab nationalism.
Saddam also borrowed a large amount of money from other Arab states during the 1980s to fight Iran.
Faced with rebuilding Iraq's infrastructure, Saddam desperately sought out cash once again, this time for postwar reconstruction.
After the war: Tensions with Kuwait
Saddam was pressuring Kuwait to forgive its share of his debt, some $30 billion. (
This would mean Iraq would not have to pay back Kuwait's $30 million.)
Saddam argued that the struggle with Iran had been fought for the benefit of the other Persian Gulf Arab states as much as for Iraq.
Because of this, he said, a share of Iraqi debt should be forgiven.
Saddam had pushed oil-exporting countries to raise oil prices and cut back production.
Not only did Kuwait refuse to do this; they also helped support OPEC's opposition to the production cuts that Saddam had requested.
Kuwait was pumping large amounts of oil, and keeping prices low, when Iraq needed to sell high-priced oil from its wells to pay off a huge debt.
The fact that Kuwait had so much oil made the region even more tense.
Even though Kuwait had fewer people, it had about as much oil in reserve as Iraq.
Together, Iraq and Kuwait had 20 percent of the world's known oil reserves.
The Kuwaiti monarchy made Saddam even angrier by drilling oil out of Iraqi wells.
At the time, Saddam's regime was not disliked by most of the world.
Saddam complained about the drilling to the United States State Department.
Although this had gone on for years, Saddam now needed oil money to get rid of a looming economic crisis.
Saddam still had an experienced and well-equipped army, which he used to influence regional affairs.
He later ordered troops to the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border.
As Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations rapidly grew worse, Saddam was getting different information about how the United States would respond to an invasion.
The United States had been working on starting a good relationship with Iraq for roughly a decade.
The Reagan administration gave Saddam roughly $40 billion worth of arms in the 1980s to fight Iran, nearly all of it on credit.
The U.S. also sent billions of dollars of food and arms to Saddam to keep him from forming a strong alliance with the Soviets.
The U.S. ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, met with Saddam in a meeting on July 25.
Saddam said he wanted to keep talks going.
U.S. officials tried to take a calm, relaxing tone with Iraq.
They explained that neither President George H.W. Bush or Secretary of State James Baker wanted military force to be used.
However, they also said that they would not take any position on the Iraqi-Kuwaiti dispute and did not want to become involved.
Saddam then sent his troops into Kuwait.
The Gulf War
In August 2, 1990, Saddam invaded Kuwait, causing an international crisis.
The invasion of Kuwait gave Iraq, with its own substantial oil fields, control of 20 percent of the Persian Gulf oil.
The U.S. helped Saddam Hussein in the war with Iran, but with Iraq's take over of the oil-rich emirate of Kuwait in August of 1990, the United States led a United Nations force that drove Saddam from Kuwait in February 1991.
Because the United States and the Soviet Union were cooperating in the United Nations Security Council, the Security Council was able to pass resolutions.
These resolutions gave Iraq a deadline to leave Kuwait.
Saddam ignored the Security Council deadline.
On January 16, 1991, coalition of U.S. and Security Council troops launched missile attacks on Iraq.
The United States and a group of allies it had quickly gathered, including Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia, made Saddam's army move from Kuwait in January 1991.
Israel, though Saddam attacked it with Iraqi missiles, did not fight back.
It did not want to anger Arab states into leaving the coalition.
But Saddam had focused attention on the Palestinian problem by promising to make his forces leave from Kuwait if Israel would leave the West Bank, the Golan Heights, and the Gaza Strip.
Saddam's proposal further split the Arab world, pitting U.S. and Western-supported Arab states against the Palestinians.
175,000 Iraqis were taken prisoner and about 85,000 died.
As part of the cease-fire agreement, Iraq agreed to get rid of all poison gas and germ weapons, and to allow UN observers to inspect the sites.
After the war
All of the different religions and the violence the war had created caused after-war rebellions.
After the war, fighting between Shi'ite Muslims, Kurds, and dissident military units was bad.
This was a problem to Saddam's rule.
Saddam acted by stopping all rebellions in their tracks, especially in the North.
Before the war ended, the United States had encouraged Iraqis to rise up against Saddam.
However, when the Shi'ites, Kurds, and dissidents did rise up against Saddam, the United States did not support them.
Without United States support for these rebellions, Saddam survived them.
He was then left completely in control of Iraq.
The country's economy and army never recovered from the Gulf War.
However, Saddam often claimed that Iraq had won the Gulf War, and the United States had lost.
This made Saddam popular in many parts of the Arab world.
Saddam liked to show himself as a strict Muslim.
This was to calm down the religious parts of the society.
He brought back some parts of Sharia law.
This included the 2001 law that said homosexuality could be punished by the death penalty.
The phrase "Allahu Akbar" ("God is great"), in Saddam's handwriting, was added to the Iraq national flag.
Relations between the United States and Iraq remained tense after the Gulf War.
In 1993, the United States decided to attack Iraq, because it thought evidence showed Iraq had sponsored a plan to kill former President George H.W. Bush.
On June 26, 1993, the United States launched a missile attack aimed at Iraq's intelligence headquarters in Baghdad.
The United Nations placed a trade embargo on Iraq, blocking Iraqi oil exports.
This caused hardship in Iraq and almost destroyed the Iraqi economy and state infrastructure.
Only smuggling across the Syrian border, and humanitarian aid kept Iraq from crisis.
Later, limited amounts of income from the United Nations oil-for-food program started flowing into Iraq.
On December 9, 1996, the United Nations allowed Baghdad to begin selling limited amounts of oil for food and medicine.
U.S. officials continued to accuse Saddam of violating the Gulf War's cease-fire agreement, by developing weapons of mass destruction and other banned weapons, and by violating the UN-imposed sanctions and "no-fly zones."
Isolated military strikes by U.S. and British forces continued on Iraq, the largest being Operation Desert Fox in 1998.
Saddam's base of Tikriti tribesmen, family members, and other supporters was divided after the war and in the following years.
This added to the regime's increasingly repressive and arbitrary nature.
Domestic repression inside Iraq grew worse, and Saddam's sons, Uday Hussein and Qusay Hussein, became increasingly powerful and carried out a private reign of terror.
They likely had a leading hand when, in August 1995, two of Saddam Hussein's sons-in-law, who held high positions in the Iraqi military, defected to Jordan.
Both were killed after returning to Iraq the following February.
In 2003, the United States led an invasion of Iraq.
The main reason for the invasion was President George W. Bush's claim that Saddam had weapons of mass destruction.
Bush argued that this made Saddam a major threat to Western allies, such as oil-rich Saudi Arabia and Israel; to Western oil supplies from the Persian Gulf states; and to Middle East stability in general.
The President before Bush, Bill Clinton (1993-2001), maintained sanctions and made occasional air strikes in the "Iraqi no-fly zones" or other restrictions, in the hope that Saddam would be overthrown by his many political enemies.
Things changed in the United States after the September 11, 2001 attacks.
In his January 2002 State of the Union Address to the United States Congress, President Bush said that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea were an "axis of evil."
Bush also argued that Iraq had supported Al-Qaeda, the terrorists who attacked the United States on September 11.
As the war was looming on February 24, 2003, Saddam Hussein talked with CBS News anchor Dan Rather for more than three hours—his first interview with a U.S. reporter in over ten years.
CBS aired the taped interview later that week.
The Iraqi government and military collapsed within three weeks after the beginning of the U.S.-led invasion on March 20.
The United States tried at least twice to kill Saddam with targeted air strikes, but both failed to hit their target.
By the beginning of April, Coalition forces controlled much of Iraq.
The resistance of the much-weakened Iraqi Army either crumbled or shifted to guerrilla tactics, and it appeared that Saddam had lost control of Iraq.
He was last seen in a video which showed him in the Baghdad suburbs surrounded by supporters.
When Baghdad fell to the Coalition on April 9, Saddam was nowhere to be found.
Pursuit and capture
Even when Baghdad was taken over, and most of the fighting had stopped, people still did not know where Saddam was.
For a few weeks, some people said they saw Saddam, and some videotapes of Saddam talking came out, but still nobody knows if they were true or not.
Although Saddam was placed at the top of the "most-wanted list," he could not be found, even when the other leaders of the Iraqi regime were arrested.
His sons and political heirs, Uday and Qusay, were killed in July 2003 in a clash with U.S. forces after a tip from an Iraqi.
On 14 December 2003, the Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) of Iran first reported that Saddam Hussein had been arrested.
These reports were soon confirmed by other members of the Governing Council, by U.S. military sources, and by British Prime Minister Tony Blair.
Shortly afterwards, the U.S. Civil Administrator in Iraq, Paul Bremer, held a press conference in Baghdad.
He officially announced Saddam's capture by saying, "Ladies and gentlemen, we got him!"
United States soldiers found Saddam around 8:30 PM Iraqi time on 13 December, in what was called Operation Red Dawn.
Saddam was hiding in an underground "spider hole" at a farmhouse in ad-Dawr, near his hometown of Tikrit.
The first photos taken of Saddam after the soldiers found him did not look like the photos taken when he was President of Iraq.
He had grown long hair and a long beard.
Later on, he shaved his beard to confirm his identity.
DNA tests proved that he really was Saddam Hussein.
People who talked with him after the soldiers found him said he was healthy, and wanted to talk to people and do what they told him to do.
Paul Bremer said that Saddam would have a trial, but that he did not know yet what kind of trial.
In November 2006, Saddam Hussein was found guilty of 148 murders.
On December 30, 2006, he was put to death.
The hanging was recorded by officials of the government.
A witness also secretly recorded the hanging with a cell phone camera, which included sound.
The recording showed Saddam being calm as he was prepared for his final moments.
Witnesses and executioners could be heard teasing Saddam as the rope was placed on his head, and he was put on the trap door.
He was in the middle of a prayer when the trap door beneath him opened, and he was killed.
Later, pictures and live video of Saddam's taunting and execution, and of his dead corpse were shown on many Internet sites.
Saddam had been married three times.
His first marriage was to his first cousin, Sajida Talfah.
She was the oldest daughter of Saddam's uncle, Khairallah Talfah.
Together, Saddam and Sajida had two sons, Uday Saddam Hussein and Qusay Hussein, and three daughters, Rana, Raghad and Hala.
In early 1997, Sajida was put under house arrest, along with her daughters Raghad and Rana, because they were suspected of being involved in an attempted assassination on Uday on 12 December 1996.
General Adnan Khairallah Tuffah, who was Sajida's brother and Saddam Hussein's boyhood friend, was allegedly executed because of his growing popularity.
Saddam Hussein also married two other women.
The second was Samira Shahbandar, whom he married in 1986 after forcing her husband to divorce her.
She was said to have been his favorite wife.
His third wife was Nidal al-Hamdani, the general manager of the Solar Energy Research Center in the Council of Scientific Research, whose husband apparently was also persuaded to divorce his wife.
In August 1995, Rana; her husband, Hussein Kamel al Majid; Raghad; her husband, Saddam Kamel Majid; and their children defected to Jordan.
They returned to Iraq when they were promised that Saddam Hussein would pardon them.
Within three days of their return in February 1996, both of the Majid brothers were executed.
Saddam's daughter Hala is married to Jamal Mustafa, the deputy head of Iraq's Tribal Affairs Office.
Neither has been known to be involved in politics.
Another cousin was Ali Hassan al-Majid, also known in the United States as "Chemical Ali," who was accused of ordering the use of poison gas in 1988.
Saddam was scheduled to die on Thursday night, 28 December 2006.
Because of last-minute legal appeals in Iraq's Supreme Court of Appeals, Saddam's execution came about 40 hours later.
Saddam Hussein was hanged on 30 December 2006 at 6:05 AM, Iraqi time.
Saddam refused to wear a hood.
He was pronounced dead at 6:10 AM Baghdad time.
Baghdad had curfews on those days, which required people to be off the streets by evening.
2 See PBS Frontline (2003), "The survival of Saddam: secrets of his life and leadership: interview with Saïd K. Aburish" at .
3 From Elisabeth Bumiller's interview of Jerrold M. Post, the founder of the Center for the Analysis of Personality and Political Behavior at the CIA in the New York Times' (May 15, 2004) on the importance of events during Saddam Hussein's youth.
It can be read online at  .
8 The full text of Bush's 2002 State of the Union address can be read online (BBC News) at .
The Saddam Hussein Sourcebook - Provided by the National Security Archive.
1937 births
2006 deaths
Iraqi military people
People executed by hanging
Presidents of Iraq
Prime Ministers of Iraq
People from Tikrit
Vice Presidents of Iraq
SIMBAD online
Jim Kaler's star page
This is a list of the biggest tectonic plates on Earth.
Including small ones, there are about a hundred tectonic plates.
These are only the large ones.
Primary plates
Secondary plates
Caribbean plate
Juan de Fuca plate
Indian plate
Philippine Sea plate ( also known as the Filipino plate)
Scotia plate
Somali plate
Panama Plate
Tertiary plates
Agean plate
Bird, P. (2003) An updated digital model of plate boundaries  also available as a large (13 mb) PDF file
(Amounts in parentheses are estimated reserves, in barrels.)
Daqing Field, Heilongjiang (40 billion)
Campos Basin
Aghajari Field (14 billion)
Ahwaz Field (17 billion)
Gachsaran Field (15 billion)
Marun Field (16 billion)
Kirkuk Field (16 billion)
Rumaila Field (20 billion)
Tengiz Field (15-26 billion)
Kashagan Field, Caspian (~50 billion)
Burgan Field (66-72 billion)
Cantarell Field
Chicontepec Field
Niger Delta Field (34 billion)
Samotlor Field (20 billion)
Romashkino Field (16-17 billion)
Abqaiq Field (12 billion)
Berri Field (12 billion)
Faroozan-Marjan Field (10 billion)
Ghawar Field (75-83 billion)
Manifa Field (11 billion)
Safaniya-Khafji Field, Neutral Zone (30 billion)
Zakum Field, Abu Dhabi (12 billion)
Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (10 billion)
Wilmington Oil Field, California (0.3 billion)
Bolivar Coastal Field
Anarchism is a philosophical movement and political movement, that is against all enforced kinds of hierarchy.
For example, anarchism says that the government is harmful and not needed.
It also says that people's actions should never be forced by other people.
Anarchism is called a libertarian form of socialism.
Anarchism is a group of ideas centered on the belief that government is both harmful and not needed.
The word "anarchism" is from the Greek αναρχία, which means "without rulers", not "without rule"; it is also sometimes translated as "without government".
In the common language, the word anarchy is often used to describe chaos or anomie.
However, anarchists usually do not want this.
Rather, they define "anarchy" as a way of relations between people.
They believe that, once put into place, these relations work on their own.
Anarchists are usually opposed by the systems they wish to remove.
Individual freedom, voluntary association, and being against the state are important beliefs of anarchism.
There are also big differences between anarchist philosophies on things like whether violence can be used to bring about anarchy; the best type of economy; the relationship between technology and hierarchy; the idea of equality; and the usefulness of some organization.
The word "authority" is not clear, but anarchists are not against some types of authority (e.g. the authority of someone skilled in self-defence over someone that wants to learn self-defence), they are only against control by force.
This is a list of countries by total area.
The total area is the sum of all land and Inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers).
Data is taken from the United Nations Statistics Division.
There are multiple continent classification systems in use.
The first continent system is the seven continent system consisting of Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania/Australia, North America, South America and Antarctica.
The six continent system is essentially the same as the seven continent system, the only difference being two continents are merged.
There are two versions of the six continent system, one merging Europe and Asia to create Eurasia, and the other merging North and South America to create The Americas
The only variable in these systems is Antarctica.
As Antarctica has no permanent population it isn't uncommon for it to be removed from these classification systems.
There is no universally accepted answer as to how many countries in the world there actually are.
The minimum answer is the 193 United Nations member states.
However, there are many more constituent, de facto and self-proclaimed independent states that are typically added to that list.
Additionally certain highly autonomous first level administrative divisions fall under the definition of the word country.
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent.
At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area, accounting for about a fifth of the world's land.
With 1.3 billion people as of 2018, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population.
There are 54 fully recognized and independent countries in Africa, and 14.7% (1.216 billion) of the world's population lives there.
Algeria - Algiers
Angola - Luanda
Benin - Porto Novo, Cotonou
Botswana - Gaborone
Burkina Faso - Ouagadougou
Burundi - Gitega
Cameroon (also spelled Cameroun) - Yaoundé
Cape Verde - Praia
Central African Republic - Bangui
Chad (Tchad) - N'Djamena
Comoros - Moroni
Republic of the Congo - Brazzaville
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) - Kinshasa
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) - Yamoussoukro
Djibouti - Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea - Malabo
Egypt (Misr) - Cairo
Eritrea - Asmara
Ethiopia (Abyssinia) - Addis Ababa
Gabon - Libreville
The Gambia - Banjul
Ghana - Accra
Guinea - Conakry
Guinea-Bissau - Bissau
Kenya - Nairobi
Lesotho - Maseru
Liberia - Monrovia
Libya - Tripoli
Madagascar - Antananarivo
Malawi - Lilongwe
Mali - Bamako
Mauritania - Nouakchott
Mauritius - Port Louis
Morocco (Al Maghrib) - Rabat
Mozambique - Maputo
Namibia - Windhoek
Niger - Niamey
Nigeria - Abuja
Réunion (territory of France)
Rwanda - Kigali
São Tomé and Príncipe - São Tomé
Senegal - Dakar
Seychelles - Victoria
Sierra Leone - Freetown
Somalia - Mogadishu
South Africa -  Pretoria
South Sudan - Juba
Sudan - Khartoum
Swaziland (Eswatini) - Mbabane
Tanzania - Dodoma
Togo - Lome
Tunisia - Tunis
Uganda - Kampala
Western Sahara - El Aaiún (disputed)
Zambia - Lusaka
Zimbabwe - Harare
Western Sahara (Listed in Sl No.53 above /*Africa*/) is not a UN Member as on 18/07/2021
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent.
It contains the geographic South Pole and is in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle.
It is surrounded by the Southern Ocean.
At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent.
For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia.
About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice.
However, there is a large part where the ice does not cover land: the ice shelves.
There are important geographical features covered by the ice.
The huge Lake Vostok has been covered by ice for at least 15 million years.
There is a massive rift valley and a huge mountain range, both of which are covered at present.
Asia is the largest and most populous continent and is a continent in the seven continent system.
Asia consists of forty-nine countries as per the United Nations along with many other highly autonomous regions and disputed areas that are often generalised as countries of their own.
Afghanistan - Kabul
Armenia - Yerevan
Azerbaijan - Baku
Bahrain - Manama
Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) - Dhaka (ঢাকা)
Bhutan - Thimphu
Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan
Cambodia (Kampuchea) - Phnom Penh
China - Beijing
East Timor (Timor Leste) - Dili
Georgia - Tbilisi
India - New Delhi
Indonesia - Jakarta
Iran - Tehran
Iraq - Baghdad
Israel - Jerusalem
Japan - Tokyo
Jordan (Al Urdun) - Amman
Kazakhstan - Nur-Sultan
Kuwait - Kuwait City
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek
Laos - Vientiane
Lebanon (Lubnan) - Beirut
Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur
Maldives - Malé
Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar
Myanmar (Burma) - Naypyidaw
Nepal - Kathmandu
North Korea - Pyongyang
Oman - Muscat
Pakistan - Islamabad
Palestine - Ramallah
Philippines - Manila
Qatar - Doha
Russia - Moscow (Russia is a part of Asia geographically, but, politically, it is a part of Europe)
Saudi Arabia - Riyadh
Singapore - Singapore
South Korea - Seoul
Sri Lanka - Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte (administrative), Colombo (commercial)
Syria - Damascus
Tajikistan - Dushanbe
Thailand (Muang Thai) - Bangkok
Turkey (Türkiye) - Ankara
Turkmenistan - Aşgabat
Taiwan - Taipei
United Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi
Uzbekistan - Tashkent
Vietnam - Hanoi
Yemen - Sana'a
Europe is the second smallest continent, but the third most populous.
It is a continent in one of the seven continent systems and the seven continent system.
In other systems it is part of Asia, Eurasia or Eurafrasia.
Below is the list of fully sovereign or de facto countries that are indisputably either entirely or partially situated within Europe.
The 49 countries are:
Albania (Shqipëria) - Tirana
Andorra - Andorra la Vella
Austria (Österreich) - Vienna
Belarus (Беларусь) - Minsk
Belgium (Dutch: België, French: Belgique, German: Belgien) - Brussels
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosna i Hercegovina) - Sarajevo
Bulgaria (България) - Sofia
Croatia (Hrvatska) - Zagreb
Cyprus (Κύπρος) - Nicosia
Czech Republic (Česko) - Prague
Denmark (Danmark) - Copenhagen
Estonia (Eesti) - Tallinn
Finland (Suomi) - Helsinki
Germany (Deutschland) - Berlin
Greece (Ελλάδα) - Athens
Hungary (Magyarország) - Budapest
Iceland** (Island) - Reykjavik
Republic of Ireland (Éire) - Dublin
Italy (Italia) - Rome
Kosovo** - Pristina (Serbia continues to maintain its sovereignty claim over Kosovo.
Not a UN member till date(18/07/2021))
Latvia (Latvija) - Riga
Liechtenstein - Vaduz
Lithuania (Lietuva) - Vilnius
Luxembourg - Luxembourg City
North Macedonia (Македонија) - Skopje
Malta - Valletta
Moldova - Chisinau
Monaco - Monte Carlo Quarter
Montenegro (Crna Gora, Црна Гора) - Podgorica
Netherlands (Nederland) - Amsterdam (Capital), The Hague (Government)
Norway (Norge) - Oslo
Poland (Polska) - Warsaw
Portugal - Lisbon
Romania - Bucharest
Russia** Moscow (Europe up to the Ural Mountains; Asia: the rest to Vladivostok)
San Marino - San Marino
Serbia (Србија) - Belgrade
Slovakia (Slovensko) - Bratislava
Slovenia (Slovenija) - Ljubljana
Spain (España) - Madrid
Sweden (Sverige) - Stockholm
Switzerland (German: Schweiz, French: Suisse, Italian: Svizzera, Romansh: Svizra) - Bern
Ukraine (Україна) - Kyiv
United Kingdom - London
Vatican City** (Italian: Città del Vaticano, Latin: Civitas Vaticana) - Vatican City
There is no official boundary between Europe and Asia, as a result the continental status of some countries is often disputed.
However Russia is considered to be European by the United Nations.
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Cypres (Serial No.9 above) and Turkey (Serial no 45 above and listed in Serial no 43 in */Asia/*) are considered to be a part of Asia by the United Nations.
Iceland sits on the European - North American tectonic plates.
The Western half sits in North America, while the Eastern half sits on the European tectonic plate.
North and Central America
North America is the third largest continent and the fourth most populous.
It is a continent in the 7 continents system, consisting of 23 countries and 22 dependent territories which are:
Canada - Ottawa
Mexico - Mexico City
United States of America - Washington, District of Columbia
Navassa Island - Washington, D.C. (territory of U.S.)
Puerto Rico - San Juan (territory of U.S.)
US Virgin Islands - Charlotte Amalie (territory of U.S.)
Dominican Republic - Santo Domingo
Cuba - Havana
Haiti - Port-au-Prince
Belize - Belmopan
Costa Rica - San José
El Salvador - San Salvador
Guatemala - Guatemala City
Honduras - Tegucigalpa
Guadeloupe (territory of France)
Martinique (territory of France)
Nicaragua - Managua
Panama - Panama City
Trinidad and Tobago - Port of Spain
Jamaica - Kingston
And many more countries and territories
South America is the fourth largest continent and fifth most populous.
It is a continent in the seven continent system.
In other systems it is part of The Americas.
The 12 countries and 3 dependent territories belonging to it are as follows:
Brazil (Brasil) - Brasília
Argentina - Buenos Aires
Bolivia - Sucré
Chile - Santiago
Colombia - Bogotá
Ecuador - Quito
Falkland Islands - Stanley (territory of U.K.)
French Guiana - Cayenne (territory of France)
Guyana - Georgetown
Paraguay - Asunción
Peru - Lima
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands - (territory of U.K.)
Suriname - Paramaribo
Uruguay - Montevideo
Venezuela - Caracas
Several terms are in use to describe the region of Australia and the nations of the Pacific Ocean.
The term Oceania is usually preferred, and this is the term in use by the United Nations.
The term Pacific Islands generally excludes the islands of New Zealand, and the continent of Australia.
The indigenous Māori of New Zealand are Polynesian people.
Historically, the region was called Australasia.
This term is based more on natural history (geology, and geography) rather than on politics.
This term means Australia, New Zealand and the whole of New Guinea, plus those islands which are geologically connected.
Australia - Canberra
Fiji - Suva
New Zealand - Wellington
Federated States of Micronesia - Palikir
Kiribati - South Tarawa
Marshall Islands - Majuro
Nauru - no capital; biggest city is Yaren
Palau - Ngerulmud
Papua New Guinea - Port Moresby
Samoa - Apia
Solomon Islands - Honiara
Tonga - Nuku'alofa
Tuvalu - Funafuti
Vanuatu - Port Vila
Australasia is not a politically designated region.
It is a natural region of islands designated by its geology, geography, botany, and zoology.
It is also an ecozone.
http://www.world-gazetteer.com/home.htm
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/
http://ontheworldmap.com
Lists by continent
This is a list of countries and dependent territories by population.
The number shows how many people live in each country.
Countries with the most people are at the top of the list.
Countries with the fewest people are at the bottom.
Sovereign states and dependencies by population
Note: All dependent territories or constituent countries that are parts of sovereign states are shown in italics and not assigned a numbered rank.
CIA, 9 August, 2005.
North Sea oil:
Pennsylvania (the birthplace of the U.S. oil industry)
Ontario (the birthplace of the Canadian oil industry)
Table of oil producers
http://www.ott.doe.gov/facts/archives/fotw125.shtml
http://www.ott.doe.gov/facts/archives/fotw117.shtml
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reserves.html
Lists of countries
Whinfell Forest - Center Parcs
Darwin Forest
Thetford Forest
Forest of Arden
Wyre Forest (part in Shropshire)
Black Country Urban Forest
To be classified
Forest of Avon
Forest of Mercia
Kielder Forest
Mersey Forest
National Forest
Royal Forest of Dean
Arecleoch Forest
Argyll Forest Park
Carrick Forest
Carsphairn Forest
Changue Forest
Corriedoo Forest
Craik Forest
Dalbeattie Forest
Dundeugh Forest
Fleet Forest
Laurieston Forest
Mabie Forest
Penninghame Forest
Rowardennan Forest
Queen Elizabeth Forest Park
Tairlaw Forest
Wauchope Forest
Ballypatrick Forest Drive
Castlewellan Forest Park
Drum Manor Forest Park
Ely Lodge Forest
Florence Court Forest Park
Glenariff Forest Park
Gortin Glen Forest Park
Gosford Forest Park
Lough Navar Forest Drive
Tollymore Forest Park
This page contains a list of the first 120 prime numbers.
It also contains lists of the first few prime numbers of different kinds.
First 120 prime numbers
List of twin primes
(3, 5), (5,  7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31), (41, 43), (59, 61) (71, 73), (101, 103), (107, 109), (137, 139), (149, 151), (179, 181), (191, 193), (197, 199), (227, 229), (239, 241), (269, 271), (281,283)
List of Mersenne primes
List of Fermat primes
List of Sophie Germain primes
List of Wilson primes
List of Wolstenholme primes
List of factorial primes
List of primorial primes
List of palindromic primes (Up to 100,000)
List of cuban primes
Cuban primes of the form (x3 - y3) / (x - y), x is y + 1:
7, 19, 37, 61, 127, 271, 331, 397, 547, 631, 919, 1657, 1801, 1951, 2269, 2437, 2791, 3169, 3571, 4219, 4447, 5167, 5419, 6211, 7057, 7351, 8269, 9241, 10267, 11719, 12097, 13267, 13669, 16651, 19441, 19927, 22447, 23497, 24571, 25117, 26227
Cuban primes of the form (x3 - y3) / (x - y), x is y + 2:
13, 109, 193, 433, 769, 1201, 1453, 2029, 3469, 3889, 4801, 10093, 12289, 13873, 18253, 20173, 21169, 22189, 28813, 37633, 43201, 47629, 60493, 63949, 65713, 69313, 71538
List of median primes
List of lucky primes
Lists of Primes at the Prime Pages
Interface to a list of the first 98 million primes (primes less than 2,000,000,000)
List of primes up to 1,299,827
Mathematics lists
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µCLinux  is an operating system for small computers inside integrated circuits (chips).
The system is based on the Linux operating system in many ways.
Apart from the rather big size of Linux, µCLinux is much smaller and not as packed with features as Linux.
It finds uses in many places, mostly dealing with sensor and data-gathering of different sorts.
Thanks to its compact nature, it can easily be transferred over slow connections.
Yet it is a stable and robust system distributed as an open source program.
UNIX is a computer operating system.
It was first developed in 1969 at Bell Labs.
Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and others created it.
They used assembly language to write it.
In 1972, the Unix code was rewritten with the new C programming language.
The Unix operating system is a multiuser and multiprocessing system.
This means it can run several application programs at the same time, for more than one user at the same time.
It also is able to operate well in a network of computers.
Computer security is also important in Unix, because many people can have access to it, both by using a computer directly or over a network.
Many ideas in Unix were new.
Other operating systems copied them.
Today, there are many operating systems that have some of the ideas of Unix in them.
For this reason, some people talk about a "Unix philosophy" of doing things.
Linux is one of these systems with many of the Unix ideas in it.
Linux does not use code from UNIX.
Linux only shares some of the ideas and the names of commands.
So, Linux is not a UNIX operating system.
Instead it is called "Unix-like".
There can be many different users in a Unix and Unix-like operating system.
Most of them have a personal area where they can put things.
This is called a user account.
One way of using a Unix system is with the command line interface.
Users run commands and programs by typing text characters.
This takes time to learn, but it is a very powerful and flexible way of working.
It is still used by most Unix administrators.
These commands are run in a shell, which can change slightly between one system and another.
A graphical user interface (GUI) is the other method.
The X Window System is a very common GUI for Unix systems.
The X Window System is only a shell of a graphical interface.
It has many protocols.
The X Window System itself does not let the user to move and resize windows.
Users need a window manager or desktop manager to do that.
Windowmaker
There are many thousands of programs available for the X Window System.
Programs like word processors and spreadsheets are available including free and open-source software.
Two types of Unix
The second group includes free operating systems that usually have BSD in their name, like FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD.
These are based on free BSD.
Mac OS X is also based on BSD.
There are also free systems based on the Linux kernel.
These do not share any code with the original UNIX.
BSD systems share very little code with the original Unix because much of the code has been rewritten over many years.
Many people use the terms Unix and Unix-like systems to be clear.
Most applications can run on any modern Unix or Unix-like system.
KDE and GNOME were developed for Linux and later changed to run on commercial types of Unix.
Manual Pages for FreeBSD - pages saying exactly what each command does
A signature is a special way that people write their name to let others know that they understand or approve of something that was written.
A signature is often used to sign a contract, a cheque, or a petition.
There are many ways to write a signature, and signatures may look different depending on your location.
In the United States, many people have a signature which is made from writing their name in their own handwriting, often in cursive.
Some signatures may be written in a different style than normal writing, which may make it difficult to read.
Some people practice autographs, or fancy signatures that are hard to copy.
Hundreds of years ago some people used sealing wax to make a copy of their signet rings next to or instead of a signature.
This was called their "seal.
This is where the term "seal of approval" comes from.
Some formal documents still use an official wax seal, such as a coat of arms.
Types of signatures
Wet signature:- A wet signature, ink signature, or wet ink signature is the physical marking a person makes to sign their name on a physical document, usually with a pen.
Wet signatures are the most common kind of signatures and have been used for centuries as a unique marking to indicate agreement and prevent fraud.
Physical signatures have been used since 3500 B.C. in the form of seals, but it was in the 1600s when signatures written on paper became widely used and legally valid.
Although wet signatures can be forged by skilled people, they were the norm until the beginning of the 21st century, when online signatures started to become legally binding.
Electronic signature or E-signature:- Software programmes allow an electronic representation of a signature to be used that’s been created by the software.
Digital signature:- A digital signature is a signature created by the authoriser such as copying, pasting and embedding a copy of their signature or a signature created using a stylus pen.
Authentication methods
Cocoa is the seed of the cacao tree.
The seed contains a lot of fat and is used to produce cocoa butter.
Cocoa butter is then used to produce chocolate.
The cocoa which is used to make chocolate is a fine powder.
Chocolate and cocoa are made from the beans of the cacao tree.
The tree might have first come from the foothills of the Andes Mountains near the Amazon River and the Orinoco River in South America.
The tree was brought to Central America by the ancient Mayas, and was grown in Mexico by the Toltecs and later by the Aztecs.
Cocoa was an important product in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.
People who told the story of the conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés said that when Moctezuma II, emperor of the Aztecs, ate dinner he took no other drink than chocolate, served in a golden goblet and eaten with a golden spoon.
Flavored with vanilla and spices, his chocolate was whipped into a froth that dissolved in the mouth.
No less than 50 pitchers of the drink were prepared for the emperor each day, and 2000 more for nobles of his court.
Chocolate was brought to Europe by the Spaniards and became a popular drink by 1700.
They also brought the cacao tree to the West Indies and the Philippines.
It was used in alchemical processes, where it was known as Black Bean.
A pod has a rough leathery rind about 3 cm (1¼ inch) thick.
It is filled with slimy pinkish pulp, sweet but inedible, enclosing from 30 to 50 large almond-like seeds or "beans" that are fairly soft and pinkish or purplish in color.
As soon as they ripen, the pods are removed with a curved knife on a long pole, opened with a machete, and left to dry until taken to fermentation.
Then the beans are removed and piled in heaps, bins, or on grates where, during several days of "sweating", the thick pulp ferments until it thins and trickles off.
The quality of the beans, which originally have a strong bitter taste, depends upon this sweating.
If it is overdone they may be ruined; if underdone they have a flavor like raw potatoes and are susceptible to mildew.
Then the beans are spread out, constantly raked over, and dried.
On large plantations this is done on huge trays, either outdoors by sunshine or in sheds by artificial heat.
However, thousands of tons from smaller producers are dried on small trays or on cowhides.
Finally, the beans are trodden and shuffled about (often using bare human feet) and sometimes, during this process red clay mixed with water is sprinkled over the beans to obtain a finer color, polish, and protection against molds during shipment to factories in the United States, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and other countries.
About 3,000,000 tonnes of cocoa are grown each year.
The Netherlands is the leading cocoa processing country, followed by the U.S.
Use of cocoa
Uses of cocoa are numerous.
It may be used in cakes, creams, drinks, toppings and cookies.
Besides its use as a food, by use of the scientific process it has been determined that cocoa is beneficial for health.
Cocoa has nearly twice the anti-cancer antioxidants of red wine, and up to three times those found in green tea.
Problems with growth and sale
Many cocoa farmers get a low price for their products.
This has led to cocoa and chocolate being available as fair trade items in some countries, but this fair trade remains a minority percentage of total trade.
Slavery has commonly been used in its production: see Cocoa Protocol for an effort to end this.
Pollination is exclusively by midges, which may be affected by pesticides
International Cocoa Organization
The Food of the Gods - the nature, growth, cultivation, manufacture and history of Cocoa, by Brandon Head, from Project Gutenberg
http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/cocoa - cocoa recipes
Food ingredients
The capital of Côte d'Ivoire is Yamoussoukro but its biggest city is Abidjan.
Other cities can be found at List of cities in Côte d'Ivoire.
It borders the Gulf of Guinea to the south and five other African nations.
Liberia is to the southwest, Guinea to the northwest, Mali to the north-northwest, Burkina Faso to the north-northeast, and Ghana to the east.
Côte d'Ivoire is divided into nineteen regions.
The regions are further divided into 81 departments.
Côte d'Ivoire national football team
List of rivers of Côte d'Ivoire
1960 establishments in Africa
Luke McCormick (b. 15 August 1983) is an English football player.
He was born August 15, 1983 in Coventry, England.
He is a goalkeeper.
He plays for the English football team Swindon Town.
In the 2003/04 season, McCormick played when Romain Larrieu could not.
Larrieu injured his knee.
McCormick played instead.
Plymouth Argyle beat Stockport County on 24 January 2004.
The score was 2-0.
In this match McCormick set a new club record of seven clean sheets in a row.
A clean sheet is a game where the other side gets no goals.
On 7 June 2008.
McCormick was arrested on suspicion for killing two people by dangerous driving.
Subsequently, he was released by Plymouth Arygle and was jailed for seven years on 6 October 2008 but could be out in three and a half years.
Club career statistics
|2000-01||rowspan="5"|Plymouth Argyle||rowspan="2"|Third Division||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|2001-02||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|2002-03||rowspan="2"|Second Division||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|2003-04||40||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||0
|2004-05||League Championship||23||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||24||0
|2004-05||Boston United||League Two||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|2005-06||rowspan="3"|Plymouth Argyle||rowspan="3"|League Championship||1||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0||3||0
|2006-07||40||0||5||0||1||0||46||0
|2007-08||30||0||2||0||3||0||35||0
British criminals
English association football goalkeepers
People from Coventry
1983 births
The God paradox is an idea in philosophy.
This idea is explained here:
If God is able to do anything, may this mean He is able to make a mountain heavier than He is able to lift?
If God is able to make a mountain heavier than He is able to lift, then there may be something He is not able to do: He is not able to lift that mountain.
Yes and no
If God is not able to make such a mountain, then there is something He is not able to do: He is not able to make that mountain.
Answers to the God Paradox
The God paradox is a good example of a philosophical problem.
This section has some answers to this paradox.
One answer is that God could make it so he can't lift the mountain by his own choice.
In other words, God can lift the unliftable mountain because he is all powerful, but he chooses not to be able to, and so he chooses to cut his own power, because he is able.
God can also choose to not be able to create such a mountain.
God is all powerful, so he can choose not to have the power to make an unliftable mountain.
Simply said, God can cut his own power, but in so doing, he can still regain that power.
It is a limbo, a state between not powerful and powerful, something that is not definable by our knowledge of what is possible or impossible.
Because God is almighty, he surpasses our definitions of what he can and cannot do.
God cannot
This answer says God is able to do only things less than God.
If you say there exists a mountain that is "heavier than anybody is able to lift," then what you say is funny: it means nothing, because God is able to lift any mountain.
This is because saying a mountain is "too heavy to lift" means this mountain cannot be lifted by anybody.
This does not mean that God is too weak to lift very heavy mountains.
God cannot lift an "unliftable" mountain because that would not make sense.
He also cannot create an "unliftable" mountain because that also would not make sense, if God can lift everything.
God could still lift any mountain that is not defined as "cannot be lifted."
For example, God can make a mountain as heavy as he wants, but he cannot make a round square.
In logic, problems can often be solved by breaking them into smaller pieces.
One solves each of the small problems.
Let us see how one can use this for the God Paradox.
The paradox is:
If God can do anything, can He make a mountain which is too heavy for Him to lift?
God can do anything, which means that He can make a mountain which is too heavy for Him to lift.
We can make this even simpler.
First we must see that because God can do anything:
He can make an unliftable mountain,
He can lift anything.
God can make an unliftable mountain (because of fact 1).
God can lift anything (because of fact 1).
God cannot lift the mountain.
Facts 1, 2 and 3 must always be true.
Now we must see if fact 4 is true or false:
If 4 is true, then 3 must be false (fact 1 must also be false).
The conclusion is that the statement "God can do anything" needs to be qualified.
By this logic God cannot do both of two things that are mutually contradictory.
C. S. Lewis says that logical contradictions are not a "thing".