the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Three circumstances are possible:
Simultaneously, a gene may cause deleterious traits which are outbalanced by the survival value of positive traits.
A gene may increase fitness in the younger, fertile organism, yet contribute to decreased fitness later in life.
The reproductive contribution at the younger stages of life will ensure the spread of such a gene.
A gene may increase fitness in some habitats, but not others.
Its survival in the population is then balanced.
An example is a bacterial gene which enhances glucose use at the expense of the ability to use other energy sources (such as lactose).
This has positive effects when there is plenty of glucose, but can be lethal if lactose is the only available food source.
Empire of the Sun is an Australian electronic music group which started in 2007.
The band is made up of two musicians, Luke Steele of The Sleepy Jackson and Nick Littlemore of Pnau.
The pair achieved chart success with their first single, "Walking on a Dream", which got to number ten on the Australian charts, and reached 64 on the UK Singles Chart.
Their first album also called Walking on a Dream, released in October 2008, won a platinum award in Australia.
Another single from the album, "We Are the People" reached the top 25.
Recently Empire of the Sun was in the news for getting to fourth position on the BBC’s annual Sound of Music poll 2009.
They are currently signed to EMI Australia and Virgin UK.
In November 2009, the band won four awards from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).
They were given the award for the best group, the best pop release, the Album of the Year, and Single of the Year.
Empire of the Sun is very different, Luke Steele said that "...we are not a band.
We're anything we want it to be..." The two musicians play a lot of instruments and dress in elaborate stage costumes.
Official Empire of the Sun website
Empire of the Sun on MySpace
An interrobang or interabang is a grammatical symbol which combines both the exclamation mark (!)
and the question mark (?).
The basic purpose of is to put at the end an exclamatory sentence, such as one where we are in disbelief (ex.
You did what‽)
It is a very uncommonly used symbol as most people would simply end their exclamatory questions with both of the symbols like this: !?
or ?!
Altruism (or selflessness) is concern for the well-being of others.
A truly altruistic act is something done completely for the benefit of another, without concern for the self.
It usually involves sacrificing something (time, effort or possessions), with no expectation of receiving anything in return (including recognition for the act of giving).
It is considered a virtue in many cultures and a basic aspect of most religions.
It is the opposite of selfishness.
Altruism is different from acts done out of responsibility, loyalty or moral obligation towards a specific individual (such as a god, a king or a government).
Whether "pure" altruism is possible has been debated by scholars for thousands of years.
One theory says that no act of giving, helping or sacrificing can be described as truly selfless, because the person will receive personal gratification from it (that is, a feeling of satisfaction that they have done something good for another).
Whether this theory is correct depends on whether such feelings qualify as a 'reward' or 'benefit'.
The word "altruism" was given by the French philosopher Auguste Comte in French, as altruisme, for an antonym of egoism.
He derived it from the Italian altrui, which in turn was derived from Latin alteri, meaning "other people" or "somebody else".
Altruism in biological observations in field populations of the day organisms is an individual performing an action which is at a cost to themselves (e.g., pleasure and quality of life, time, probability of survival or reproduction), but benefits, either directly or indirectly, another individual, without the expectation of reciprocity or compensation for that action.
Steinberg suggests a definition for altruism in the clinical setting, that is "intentional and voluntary actions that aim to enhance the welfare of another person in the absence of any quid pro quo external rewards".
In one sense, the opposite of altruism is spite; a spiteful action harms another with no self-benefit.
The concept of altruism has long been studied in philosophy and ethics.
The term was originally used in the 19th century by sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte.
It has become an important topic for psychologists (especially those that study evolutionary psychology), evolutionary biologists and ethologists.
The scholars of each field have developed different ideas about altruism.
All agree that altruism is caring about the welfare of other people and acting to help them.
In the study of animal behaviour, altruism is seen in social animals when an individual willingly sacrifices itself for the better survival of the group.
There are several theories about how this behaviour has come about under evolution by natural selection.
Kin selection, is a theory that animals and humans are more altruistic towards members of their own species than to species that are more distantly related.
This has been confirmed in many studies.
See also: Eusociality: Theories of social evolution.
Vested interests.
People are likely to suffer if their family, friends or allies suffer.
Helping one's own family and friends may therefore eventually benefit the self.
This is about cooperation.
Extreme self-sacrifice for the group may happen if something threatens to kill the entire group.
Reciprocal altruism.
A person is more likely to help another if there is a chance that the other person will help them in return, whether immediately or eventually.
This is about reciprocity.
Many people cooperate if and only if others cooperate in return.
Reputation may become important in this.
A person with a good reputation for reciprocity have a higher chance of receiving help even from persons they have had no direct interactions with previously.
Handicap principle.
Acts of altruism are often used to show others what skills one has and what resources one has access to.
This may signal to others that the altruist could be valuable as a sexual partner.
Women find altruistic men to be attractive partners.
In animals, research has found that good hunters have better success finding partners to reproduce with.
In humans, people who know that their acts will be seen sometimes even wastefully donate money they know are not needed by the recipient because it helps their reputation.
Most, if not all, of the world's religions promote selflessness as a very important moral value.
It forms part of the central philosophies of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism and Sikhism, as well as many other religions.
Buddhism teaches love and compassion for all forms of life (ahimsa).
Love is the wish that all beings be happy, and compassion is the wish that all beings be free from suffering.
It considers all living things to be equal.
Unlike most other religions, Buddhists believe that the consequences of our actions come not from punishments based on moral judgment, but from the law of karma (kamma).
Karma is the natural law of cause and effect.
In this law, we experience the effects of what we cause: if you cause suffering, then as a natural consequence you will experience suffering; if you cause happiness, then as a natural consequence you will experience happiness.
Most types of karmas, with good or bad results, will keep one in the wheel of samsāra; others will liberate one to nirvāna.
In Sufism, the idea of īthār (selflessness) is defined as preferring others over yourself.
For Sufis, this means devotion to others and completely forgetting concern for oneself.
It teaches sacrifice for the sake of the greater good.
Islam considers those practicing īthār as abiding by the highest degree of virtue.
In īthār, attention is focused on everything that exists except for the self.
Comte, Auguste, Catechisme positiviste (1852) or Catechism of Positivism, tr.
R. Congreve, (London: Kegan Paul, 1891)
Oliner, Samuel P. and Pearl M. Towards a Caring Society: Ideas into Action.
West Port, CT: Praeger, 1995.
Wedekind, C. and Milinski, M. Human Cooperation in the simultaneous and the alternating Prisoner's Dilemma: Pavlov versus Generous Tit-for-tat.
Evolution, Vol.
93, pp.
2686–2689, April 1996.
What is Altruism?
from Altruists International
Selflessness: Toward a Buddhist Vision of Social Justice by Sungtaek Cho
Altruism: Myth or Reality? ,
by Dan Batson and Nadia Ahmad
The Altruistic Personality and Prosocial Behavior Institute at Humboldt State University
The Visegrád Group (also the Visegrád Four or V4) is a group of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia.
It was created in 1991 in Visegrád, Hungary for the purposes of better cooperation among these countries.
The standard error, sometimes abbreviated as , is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.
The term may also be used for an estimate (good guess) of that standard deviation taken from a sample of the whole group.
The average of some part of a group (called a sample) is the usual way to estimate the average for the whole group.
It is often too hard or too costly to measure the whole group.
But if a different sample is measured, it will have an average that is a little bit different from the first sample.
The standard error of the mean is a way to know how close the average of the sample is to the average of the whole group.
It is a way of knowing how sure one can be about the average from the sample.
In real measurements, the true value of the standard deviation of the mean for the whole group is usually not known.
So the term standard error is often used to mean a close guess to the true number for the whole group.
The more measurements there are in a sample, the closer the guess will be to the true number for the whole group.
How to find standard error of the mean
One way to find the standard error of the mean is to have lots of samples.
First, the average for each sample is found.
Then the average and standard deviation of those sample averages is found.
The standard deviation for all the sample averages is the standard error of the mean.
This can be a lot of work.
Sometimes it is too difficult or costly to have lots of samples.
Another way to find the standard error of the mean is to use an equation that needs only one sample.
Standard error of the mean is usually estimated by the standard deviation for a sample from the whole group (sample standard deviation), divided by the square root of the sample size:
s is the sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population), and
n is the number of measurements in the sample.
In general, the larger the sample, the closer the estimated standard error of the mean is to the actual standard error of the mean.
As a rule of thumb, there should be at least six measurements in a sample.
Then the standard error of the mean for the sample will be within 5% of the actual standard error of the mean (that is, if the whole group were measured).
Corrections for some cases
Sometimes, a sample may come from one place even though the whole group may be spread out, while other times, a sample may be made in a short time period when the whole group covers a longer time.
In which case, the numbers in the sample are not independent, and special equations are used to try to correct for this.
A practical result: One can become more sure of an average value by having more measurements in a sample.
Then the standard error of the mean will be smaller because the standard deviation is divided by a bigger number.
However, to make the uncertainty (standard error of the mean) in an average value half as big, the sample size (n) needs to be four times bigger.
This is because the standard deviation is divided by the square root of the sample size.
To make the uncertainty one-tenth as big, the sample size (n) needs to be one hundred times bigger.
If the standard error of several individual quantities is known, then the standard error of some function of the quantities can be easily calculated in many cases;
Where the probability distribution of the value is known, it can be used to calculate a good approximation to an exact confidence interval;
Where the probability distribution is not known, other equations can be used to estimate a confidence interval;
As the sample size gets very large, the principle of the central limit theorem shows that the numbers in the sample are very much like the numbers in the whole group (they follow a normal distribution).
Relative standard error
The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error divided by the average.
This number is smaller than one.
Multiplying it by 100% gives it as a percentage of the average.
This helps to show whether the uncertainty is important or not.
For example, consider two surveys of household income that both result in a sample average of $50,000.
If one survey has a standard error of $10,000 and the other has a standard error of $5,000, then the relative standard errors are 20% and 10%, respectively.
The survey with the lower relative standard error is better, because it has a more precise measurement (the uncertainty is smaller).
In fact, people who need to know average values often decide how small the uncertainty should be—before they decide to use the information.
For example, the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics does not report an average if the relative standard error exceeds 30%.
NCHS also requires at least 30 observations for an estimate to be reported.
For example, there are many redfish in the water of the Gulf of Mexico.
To find out how much a 42 cm long redfish weighs on average, it is not possible to measure all of the redfish that are 42 cm long.
Instead, it is possible to measure some of them.
The fish that are actually measured are called a sample.
The table shows weights for two samples of redfish, all 42 cm long.
The average (mean) weight of the first sample is 0.741 kg.
The average (mean) weight of the second sample is 0.735 kg—a little bit different from the first sample.
Each of these averages is a little bit different from the average that would come from measuring every 42 cm long redfish (which is not possible anyway).
The uncertainty in the mean can be used to know how close the average of the samples are to the average that would come from measuring the whole group.
The uncertainty in the mean is estimated as the standard deviation for the sample, divided by the square root of the number of samples minus one.
The table shows that the uncertainties in the means for the two samples are very close to each other.
Also, the relative uncertainty is the uncertainty in the mean divided by the mean, times 100%.
The relative uncertainty in this example is 2.38% and 2.50% for the two samples.
Knowing the uncertainty in the mean, one can know how close the sample average is to the average that would come from measuring the whole group.
The average for the whole group is between a) the average for the sample plus the uncertainty in the mean, and b) the average for the sample minus the uncertainty in the mean.
In this example, the  average weight for all of the 42 cm long redfish in the Gulf of Mexico is expected to be 0.723–0.759 kg based on the first sample, and 0.717–0.753 based on the second sample.
Really Wild Animals was a National Geographic television series.
It had Dudley Moore as the voice of "Spin".
Swinging Safari
Deep Sea Dive
Totally Tropical Rain Forest
Amazing North America
Adventures in Asia
Polar Prowl
Hot Dogs and Cool Cats
Dinosaurs and Other Creature Features
Monkey Business and Other Family Fun
Farmyard Friends
Awesome Animal Builders
Secret Weapons and Great Escapes
Adaptive radiation is rapid evolutionary radiation.
It is an increase in the number and diversity of species in each lineage.
It produces more new species, and those species live in a wider range of habitats.
Some definitions phrase it in terms of a single clade: "Adaptive radiation is the rapid proliferation of new taxa from a single ancestral group".
However, in the most striking cases, such as occurred in the Triassic after the greatest extinction event in Earth history, many lines underwent rapid radiation simultaneously.
This must have something to do with the availability of ecological niches and relative little competition.
The Ediacaran biota were the result of an early metazoan radiation.
The greatest radiation of all took place early in the Cambrian period, when most of our animal phyla evolved: see List of animal phyla.
With less competition, groups diversify to fill available habitats and niches.
This is an evolutionary process driven by natural selection.
The term was introduced and discussed by George Gaylord Simpson, the palaeontologist who contributed to the modern evolutionary synthesis.
Others prefer not to use the term.
Robert L Carroll prefers to use the term major evolutionary transitions, though it turns out that all or most of these could also be described as adaptive radiations.
Others use terms like macroevolution, or even megaevolution, as if the processes are different from those which occur below species level.
It is part of evolutionary theory that all processes take place at the level of populations.
All agree, though, that the speed of evolution does change, however it is measured.
Measurement of rates of change
Records of timing are bedevilled by gaps in the fossil record, often at those crucial early stages when numbers are low and geographical distribution is severely restricted. "
In reality, there are long periods within nearly every lineage for which the fossil record remains unknown".p297 These gaps affect our knowledge of timing, and of changes in body shape and function.
Nevertheless, when several distinctly new lines appear within a short period, it seems reasonable to say that the rate of change has been surprisingly fast.
An example would be the appearance of new reptilian groups in the Upper Triassic.
Using the term 'reptile' broadly, the groups include dinosaurs, pterosaurs, Chelonia (turtles), crocodylomorphs (early Crocodilia), phytosaurs, and ichthyosaurs a bit earlier (Middle Triassic).
These radiations occurred after the great Permian–Triassic extinction event that ended the Palaeozoic era.
The Triassic itself had several lesser (but still significant) extinctions.
Unfortunately, the Triassic has the poorest fossil record of the whole of the Mesozoic era.
The evolution of a new feature may let a group diversify because it makes possible new ways of living.
A most striking example is the cleidoic egg, which developed in early amniotes, and permitted vertebrates to invade the land.
The cleidoic egg must have been developed in the latest Devonian or early Carboniferous.
Amphibians, who branched off before this event, still lay their eggs in water, and so are limited in the extent to which they can exploit land environments.
An example of a more modest innovation is the evolution of a fourth cusp in the mammalian tooth.
This trait permits a vast increase in the range of foodstuffs which can be fed on.
Evolution of this character has thus increased the number of ecological niches available to mammals.
The trait arose a number of times in different groups during the Cenozoic, and in each instance was immediately followed by an adaptive radiation.
With birds, the evolution of flight opened new possibilities, and at least two huge adaptive radiations occurred (one before and one after the K/T extinction event).
Even more striking was the evolution of insect flight, which led to huge radiation in the Mesozoic era.
Then, these insect groups developed ways of feeding on flowering plants.
They now outnumber all other forms of animal life by quite a margin.
Adaptive radiations often happen when organisms enter environments with unoccupied niches, such as a newly formed lake or an isolated island chain.
The colonizing population(s) may diversify rapidly and take advantage of all possible niches.
Opportunities occur when land bridges form between areas which were previously separate, and whenever species get to new place in the world.
Vacant islands
In about , the Hawaiian Islands have the most diverse collection of drosophilid flies in the world, living from rainforests to mountain meadows.
About 800 Hawaiian drosophilid species are known.
Studies show a clear "flow" of species from older to newer islands.
There are also cases of colonization back to older islands, and skipping of islands, but these are much less frequent.
By potassium/argon radioactive dating, the present islands date from 0.4 million years ago (mya) (Mauna Kea) to 10mya (Necker).
The oldest member of the Hawaiian archipelago still above the sea is Kure Atoll, which can be dated to 30 mya.
The archipelago itself, produced by the Pacific plate moving over a hot spot, has existed for far longer, at least into the Cretaceous.
The Hawaiian islands plus former islands which are now beneath the sea make up the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain; and many of the underwater mountains are guyots.
All of the native drosophilid species in Hawaii have apparently descended from a single ancestral species that colonized the islands, about 20 million years ago.
The subsequent adaptive radiation was spurred by a lack of competition and a wide variety of vacant niches.
Adaptive radiations commonly follow mass extinctions.
After an extinction event, many niches are left vacant.
A classic example of this is the replacement of the non-avian dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous with mammals in the Palaeocene.
Great radiations
The Cambrian explosion: the most famous of all adaptive radiations.
Most phyla appeared during or just before the Cambrian.
Flight: all forms of flying animals are highly successful
Flight in insects: the Pterygota: the greatest number of living species are flying insects.
Flight in birds: the origin of birds: the greatest number of land vertebrates.
The Upper Triassic radiation of dinosaurs.
The Upper Cretaceous radiation of flowering plants.
Ajda Pekkan (born February 12, 1946 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish singer and actress.
She is one of the most successful Turkish singers with the sales of over 30 million copies worldwide.
She is called "Superstar".
She has released more than 20 albums.
Most famous ones are "Superstar", "Superstar II", "Superstar III" (also known as Superstar 83), "Ajda '90", "Ajda '93", "The Best of Ajda", "Diva", "Cool Kadın" and "Farkın Bu".
Also he recorded singles in French and English.
Ajda was born to Rıdvan Pekkan, an officer in the Turkish Navy, and Nevin Dobruca, a housewife.
She spent her childhood at the Gölcük Naval Base in Kocaeli Province.
Ajda graduated from the Çamlıca Kız Lisesi.
She won a Cover Star contest in 1963 and she began her professional career.
She started her career as an actress.
She was a popular actress in 60s.
She released her very first recording, "Göz Göz Değdi Bana" as a B-Side in 1964.
Following year, she released her first single, "Her Yerde Kar Var" in 1965.
In April 1977, she released an album called "Superstar".
Album sold over millions of copies and became a classic.
Her next album, "Superstar II", released in May 1979.
It was more successful than Superstar.
Songs from album, Bambaşka Biri (It was a Turkish cover of I Will Survive and it became a signature song of Ajda Pekkan), Dile Kolay, Ya Sonra, Haykıracak Nefesim Kalmasa Bile, Yeniden Başlasın, Bir Köşede Yalnız were successful hits.
She gave concerts in Tehran, Paris and Tokyo in the 70s.
She represented Turkey with the famous entry "Petr' oil" at the 1980 Eurovision Song Contest in the Hague, the Netherlands.
She released her first album on CD, "Ajda '90" in 1990.
She recorded her "Ajda '93" album in the USA and Switzerland.
Her complation albums containing the new recordings of his hit songs, "The Best of Ajda" and "Diva" were very successful albums.
Her latest album, "Farkın Bu", which released in July 2011 became the most selling album of 2011 in Turkey.
Ajda Pekkan (1968)
Fecri Ebcioglu Sunar (1969)
Ajda Pekkan Vol III (1972)
La Fete A L’Olympia (1976)
Süperstar (1977)
Pour Lui (1978)
Süperstar II (1979)
Sen Mutlu Ol (1981)
Sevdim Seni (1982)
Süperstar III (1983)
Ajda Pekkan - Beş Yıl Önce On Yıl Sonra (1985)
Süperstar IV (1987)
Ajda ’90 (1990)
Seni Seçtim (1991)
Ajda ’93 (1993)
Ajda Pekkan (1996)
The Best of Ajda (1998)
Diva (2000)
Cool Kadın (2006)
Aynen Oyle (2008)
Farkın Bu (2011)
Complations
Ajda (1975)
Unutulmayanlar (1990)
Hoşgör Sen (1993)
Abidik Gubidik Twist/Göz Göz Değdi Bana (1964)
Her Yerde Kar Var/Onyedi Yaşında (1965)
Moda Yolunda/Serseri (1966)
Seviyorum/İlkokulda Tanışmıştık (1966)
İki Yabancı/Bang, Bang (1967)
Dönmem Sana/İlk Aşkım (1967)
Oyalama Beni/Saklambaç (1967)
Aşk Oyunu/Et C'est Pour Toi (1967)
Boşvermişim Dünyaya/Sevdiğim Adam (1967)
Dünya Dönüyor/Üç Kalp (1968)
Kimdir Bu Sevgili/Onu Bana Bırak (1968)
Özleyiş/Ve Ben Şimdi (1968)
Boş Sokak/Çapkın (1968)
Ne Tadı Var Bu Dünyanın/Mesut Ol Sen (1969)
İki Yüzlü Aşk/Erkekleri Tanıyın (1969)
Durdurun Şu Zamanı/Yaşamak Ne Güzel Şey (1969)
Ben Bir Köylü Kızıyım/Tatlı Dünya (1969)
Son Arzu/Üzgün Yüzlü Dertli Akşam (1969)
Ay Dogarken/Sev Sen de Gönlünce (1969)
Sensiz Yıllarda/Olmadı Gitti (1970)
Yağmur/Tek Yaşanır mı (1970)
Gençlik Yılları/Bilmece Bildirmece (1971)
Yalnızlıktan Bezdim/Gel (1971)
Sen Bir Yana Dünya Bir Yana/İçiyorum (1971)
Olanlar Oldu Bana/Çapkın Satıcı (1972)
Dert Bende/Varsın Yansın Dünya (1972)
Kaderimin Oyunu / Kimler Geldi Kimler Geçti (1973)
Babylone, Babylone / Viens Pleurer Dans Mon Coeur (1973)
Tanrı Misafiri / İçme Sakın (1973)
Seninleyim / Palavra Palavra (1973)
Nasılsın İyi misin / İnanmam' (1974)
Sana Neler Edeceğim / Haram Olsun Bu Aşk Sana (1974)
Hoşgör Sen / Sana Ne Kime Ne (1975)
Al Beni / Aşk Budur (1975)
Ne Varsa Bende Var / Yere Bakan Yürek Yakan (1976)
Je T'apprendrai L'amour / Tu Pars Et tu Reviens (1976)
Gözünaydın / Kim Ne Derse Desin (1976)
Viens Dans Ma Vie / Face a Face Avec Moi (1977)
Aglama Yarim / Sakın Sakın Ha (1977)
A Mes Amours, A Mes Amours / Satisfaction (1977)
Ya Sonra / Yeniden Başlasın (1978)
Pet'r oil/Loving On Petrol/Le Roi Du Petr' oil - Eurovision 1980 Turkey (1980)
Sen İste (2003)
Resim (2009)
Yakar Geçerim'' (2011)
Turkish movie actors
Mary Lillian Ellison (born July 22, 1923 in Kershaw County, South Carolina – died November 2, 2007 in Columbia, South Carolina), better known by her ring name The Fabulous Moolah, was an American female professional wrestler.
She wrestled for WWE.
She was a 4 time WWF Women's Champion.
She was champion for almost thirty years.
That made her champion longer than anyone else in the sport.
She was inducted into the 1995 WWE Hall of Fame.
She was the first woman to join the WWE Hall of Fame.
She is also the oldest WWE Women's Champion ever to win the title against Ivory at No Mercy in 1999.
She was best friends with fellow wrestler Mae Young.
The Fabulous Moolah also has a book about her life titled, The Fabulous Moolah: First Goddess of the Squared Circle.
The Fabulous Moolah's WWE Hall of Fame page
The Fabulous Moolah at findagrave.com
A percentile (or a centile) is a measure in statistics.
It is a way of expressing where an observation falls in a range of other observations.
For example, if a score falls in the 20th percentile, this means that 20 percent of all the scores recorded are lower.
If a score is in the 90th percentile, this means that 90 percent of all the other scores were lower.
In statistics, percentiles are found by taking a large set of numerical data, arranging it in ascending order, and then dividing it into 100 groups with an equal number of data points.
Each of the 99 dividing points is called a percentile of the data set.
Some of the percentiles have special names.
the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles are called the first, second and third quartile, respectively.
The 50th percentile is also called the median.
The Grand Coulee used to be a river in the U.S. state of Washington.
This dry river stretches for sixty miles from the Grand Coulee Dam to Soap Lake.
A feature known as Dry Falls divides the Coulee into two parts.
Dry Falls is thought to be the remains of the largest waterfall ever, two or three times higher than Niagara Falls.
The Grand Coulee is granite bedrock which is 40 to 60  million years old.
The volcanic basalt is  thick.
The coulee is said to have been made when the Columbia River was blocked by a large glacier.
At the end of the last ice age the Columbia River went back to its old route and left the coulee.
The coulee is a mile wide and was formed by a river that now flows a different way.
The area surrounding the Grand Coulee is shrub land.
It has a rainfall of twelve inches per year.
The Lower Grand Coulee contains the Park, Blue, Alkali, Lenore, and Soap lakes.
Until recently, the Upper Coulee was dry.
The Columbia Basin Project dammed the river in 1952.
It used the Grand Coulee as an irrigation network.
The Upper Grand Coulee was dammed and made Banks Lake.
The lake is filled by pumps from the Grand Coulee Dam.
Banks Lake feeds a hundred-mile (160 km) irrigation system.
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is similar to both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Like type 1 diabetes, LADA is an autoimmune disease of the pancreas.
This means the body's immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that are supposed to make insulin.
But LADA is also like type 2 diabetes, because it causes insulin resistance.
This means that insulin does not work as well as it should in a person's body.
Most people with latent autoimmune diabetes are thin or skinny  or have a normal BMI, although some are overweight to slightly obese.
LADA and diabetes
Differences between LADA and type 1 diabetes
Also, people with type 1 diabetes cannot make insulin.
But if they are given a shot of insulin, the insulin works and does its job in their bodies.
But in people with LADA, even if they are given insulin, the insulin may not work as well as it should.
Differences between LADA and type 2 diabetes
Most people with LADA become insulin-dependent (have to inject insulin) within 3-15 years.
This is very different from type 2 diabetes.
Only 20%-30% of type 2 diabetics end up being insulin-dependent.
Another difference is that type 2 diabetes can happen to anyone at any age.
But LADA does not affect children or teenagers.
It usually affects people age 35 and older, but can affect anyone between 20-29 years of age.
With LADA, the pancreas cannot make insulin because the immune system is attacking its insulin-making cells.
This does not happen in type 2 diabetes.
Diagnosis and treatment
People with LADA are sometimes misdiagnosed (diagnosed incorrectly) as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
A special blood test can prove what kind of diabetes a person has.
The test looks for an antibody that only diabetics with LADA have.
It is called a GAD antibody test.
People with LADA usually control their diabetes using very similar methods and changes of lifestyle to type 2 diabetes: eating right, exercising and oral medications; weight loss is optional.
Unlike Type 2 diabetics who might never need to inject insulin, however, the LADA patients become insulin dependent within several years.
Genes and antibodies
There are glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies connected with LADA.
There are also TCF7L2 genes associated with Type 2 diabetes which are also connected with LADA.
The Screwdriver is an alcoholic cocktail.
It is made from orange juice mixed with vodka which is an alcohol.
It got its name because American builders used to add vodka to their orange juice and stir it with their screwdrivers.
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794) was a French nobleman, chemist and biologist.
He is often called the "Father of Modern Chemistry".
His work is an important part of the histories of chemistry and biology.
It also contributed to the beginnings of atomic theory.
He was the first scientist to recognise and name the elements hydrogen and oxygen.
He was executed, as were hundreds of other nobles, during the French Revolution.
Antoine de Lavoisier began studying at the Collège Mazarin in Paris in 1754, when he was 11 years old.
Collège Mazarin was one of the best secondary schools in France then.
He studied to be a lawyer like his father and his grandfather.
He got his degree in 1763 and practised law at the parliament; however, he really preferred scientific research to law, so he also studied chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics.
He got his law degree in 1763, but never practised as a lawyer.
He started a career as a scientist instead.
Science career
During his career, Lavoisier brought major changes to the study of chemistry.
Much of his research was done on combustion.
He is the person who explained combustion by oxidation.
To prove this, Lavoisier studied the air.
In order to do this, in 1776, he burned mercury in an enclosed vase.
His conclusion: the air is a combination of oxygen and is not a chemical element.
He also discovered the law of conservation of mass that is nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed.
It says that the mass of the final products of a chemical reaction is the same as the reactants’ ones.
Today, this principle is the basis of modern chemistry.
While he was doing research for chemistry, Lavoisier was also working at the house.
During this time, the French Revolution began in 1789.
Antoine kept his position in the government.
But, two years later, a new government arrived in power.
This new government was suspicious of Lavoisier's great success as a scientific researcher and as a public administrator.
He was accused of selling modified tobacco.
He was arrested for conspiracy against the people.
Even though there was no proof that showed that Antoine de Lavoisier broke the law, he was sentenced to death on 8 May 1794.
He was executed using the guillotine.
French biologists
The Tequila Sunrise is an alcoholic cocktail made using tequila.
Mexico is known for having Tequila in its bars.
It is named afer the way it looks when it is poured into a glass, similar to the sky at sunrise.
George Gaylord Simpson (16 June 1902 – 6 October 1984) was an American paleontologist.
Simpson was perhaps the most influential paleontologist of the twentieth century, and a major participant in the modern evolutionary synthesis.
He was an expert on extinct mammals and their migrations, especially the Great American Interchange between the Americas.
Simpson  opposed Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, so his work on animal migration lacked this idea.
Simpson dispelled the myth that the evolution of the horse was a linear process culminating in the modern Equus caballus.
He coined the word hypodigm in 1940, and published extensively on the taxonomy of fossil and living mammals.
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Simpson was raised mostly in Denver, Colorado.
He got his degrees from Yale University in 1923 and 1926.
His dissertation, American Mesozoic Mammalia (1929), was the first step in his lifelong interest in the evolution of mammals.
After a post-doctoral year at the British Natural History Museum, Simpson returned in 1927 to take up a post in the American Museum of Natural History.
In 1942, Simpson enlisted in the U.S. Army.
He served as a Captain, then Major, in Army intelligence, Simpson served with American forces in North Africa and western Europe until 1944.
Then he resigned, suffering from a severe bout of hepatitis.
He returned home, with two Bronze Stars.
He was promoted to Curator (head) of the Department of Geology and Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History.
He also held a post as Professor of Zoology at Columbia University (19451959).
He took up his work on early mammals, and worked on the Palaeocene and Eocene faunas of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico.
Major works and awards
In the 1940s Simpson produced three major works.
Tempo and mode in evolution (1944), Principles of classification and a classification of mammals (1945) and The meaning of evolution (1949).
Simpson provided a popular account of modern evolutionary theory with emphasis on evidence from the fossil record.
Simpson was awarded the Linnean Society's Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1958.
He also received the Royal Society's Darwin Medal "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to general evolutionary theory, based on a profound study of palaeontology, particularly of vertebrates" in 1962.
He was awarded the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1965.
"Man is the result of a purposeless and natural process that did not have him in mind".
"I don't think that evolution is supremely important because it is my specialty; it is my specialty because I think it is supremely important".
Attending marvels (1931)
Tempo and mode in evolution (1944)
The meaning of evolution (1949)
Horses (1951)
Evolution and geography (1953)
The major features of evolution (1953)
Life: an introduction to biology (1957)
Principles of animal taxonomy (1961)
This view of life (1964)
The geography of evolution (1965)
Penguins (1976)
Concession to the improbable (1978) (an autobiography)
Splendid isolation (1980)
The Dechronization of Sam Magruder (posthumously published novella, 1996)
George Gaylord Simpson — full and comprehensive biography by L. F. Laporte
George Gaylord Simpson  — biographical sketch from The Stephen Jay Gould Archive
George Gaylord Simpson — a short biography from the PBS Evolution website
George Gaylord Simpson Papers, American Philosophical Society.
American geologists
American paleontologists
Educators from Chicago
Daisy Duck is a cartoon character created in 1940 at Walt Disney Animation Studios.
Daisy is the girlfriend of Donald Duck.
She is characterized by her big ribbon on her head.
Her best friend is Minnie Mouse.
Minnie Mouse is Mickey Mouse's girlfriend.
She likes shopping and she is a showboat.
Daisy Duck is popular among women though she has made relatively few appearances in media compared to Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck..
Duck, Daisy
This is The Hockey News top 100 National Hockey League players of all-time.
The Hockey News is a newspaper that write about ice hockey.
This list is included in the book The Top 100 NHL Players of All-Time ().
Players in boldface were active when the list was published in early 1998.
Flags of players born outside of Canada (regardless of nationality) are included next to their names.
Jean Beliveau
Denis Potvin
Frank Mahovlich
Newsy Lalonde
Jaromir Jagr
Bill Cook
Gilbert Perreault
Max Bentley
Brad Park
King Clancy
Bill Cowley
Peter Stastny
Cy Denneny
Aurel Joliat
Toe Blake
Dave Keon
Earl Seibert
Doug Bentley''
Borje Salming
Georges Vezina
Clint Benedict
Serge Savard
Babe Dye
Sid Abel
Bob Gainey
Sprague Cleghorn
Norm Ullman
Joe Primeau
Darryl Sittler
Dominik Hasek
Babe Pratt
Jack Stewart
Lists of ice hockey players
en:The Hockey News#All-time NHL player rankings
The James Norris Memorial Trophy is given out to the National Hockey League's best "defense player who demonstrates throughout the season the greatest all-round ability in the position".
The James Norris Memorial Trophy has been awarded 53 times to 22 different players since it was first created in 1954.
At the end of each season, members of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association vote to decide the player who was the best defenseman during the regular season.
The trophy is named in honour of James E. Norris, owner of the National Hockey League's Detroit Red Wings from 1932 to 1952.
The trophy was first awarded at the end of the 1953–54 NHL season.
Bobby Orr of the Boston Bruins won the award for a record eight seasons in a row (1968–75).
Doug Harvey and Nicklas Lidström has won the award seven times, while Ray Bourque has won it five times during his career.
The Boston Bruins have won the most Norris Trophies with 14.
The Montreal Canadiens are second with 11.
The voting is done at the end of the regular season by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association, and each voter picks their top five candidates on a 10–7–5–3–1 points system.
Three finalists are named and the trophy is awarded at the NHL awards ceremony after the end of the playoffs.
James Norris Memorial Trophy history at NHL.com
James Norris Memorial Trophy history at Legends of Hockey.net
This book has been long thought to have been written by the Apostle Paul to the Christians in Colossae, a small Phrygian city in modern day Turkey.
Some modern scholars think it was written by a follower of Paul based on how it describes Jesus.
They believe those ideas took some time to be thought out.
It is not as certain that Paul wrote this letter as it is with his other letters.
The letter may have been written by Paul at Rome when he was in jail the first time.
Other scholars have suggested that it was written from Caesarea or Ephesus.
This could have been about 62 A.D.,but it could have been later.
The letter to the Colossians says that Jesus Christ is over the entire created universe and tells Christians to lead godly lives.
The letter consists of two parts: first a teaching section, then a second section about how to live.
Some believe that the letter was needed to warn about growing heresy in the church.
In both parts of the letter are warnings about false teachers who have been teaching wrong things to the people.
Others see both sections of the letter as mainly about encouraging and teaching a growing church.
In the first two chapters the letter strongly says that Christ is over all that has been created.
All things were created through him and for him, and the universe is kept by him.
God had chosen to fully live in Christ.
The "cosmic powers" honored by the false teachers had been defeated at Christ's death.
Christ is the master of all angels and the head of the church.
Christ is the only one who can be a go between with God and humans.
It is the Father (God) in Colossians who is said to have saved us from darkness and put us in the kingdom of His well loved Son, Jesus also in some way restores all of the created world as well ("all things, whether things on earth or things in heaven").
The second part of the letter, chapters 3 and 4, tells the Christians how to live based on what they know about Jesus.
They are told to think about things that are above, to kill the bad desires of their old nature, and to put on the new (Christian) person.
Many special duties of the Christian life are also taught.
These show that we are true Christians.
The letter ends with prayer, instruction, and greetings.
Colossians (KJV)
Colossians (NIV)
A carousel, also known as a merry-go-round, is a ride found in an amusement park or on a playground.
It includes a circle-shaped rotating platform.
A carousel found in an amusement park has seats made to look like objects such as automobiles, trains and animals.
Animals that can be seen on a carousel might be horses, elephants, and swans.
Carousels are often brightly decorated with lights, paintings, and animals around the outside.
A carousel found in an amusement park often moves by machine power.
A carousel is also a common toy on a child's playgrounds.
Playground carousels are not powered by a machine.
The children make the carousel spin by holding on to the handle bars that are attached to the rotating platform.
The child will then run in a circle while holding on to the handle bars making the merry-go-round spin.
The merry-go-round found on a playground will move faster or slower depending on how fast the child runs.
In this Wikipedia article, you will be able to find other words for carousel that are commonly used, a brief history about carousels, animals that may found on carousels, and the scientific principles of how machine powered carousels work.
Other words for carousel
There are many words that have been invented to talk about carousels.
They originate from all over the world.
Both of the terms “Merry-go-round” and “round about” came from the United Kingdom.
The word “carousel,” can also be spelled "carrousel".
It is a word that came from the 17th century.
The word "carousel" is a French word which means "a tilting match".
This refers to the jousting game played by knights.
Both “merry-go-round” and “carousel” are now used interchangeably in North America and The United Kingdom.
There are many words which have the same meaning as carousel.
Since it was a popular ride in the United Kingdom, America, and France, each region had its own term.
Some people call carousels by different names.
In England, a carousel can be called a roundabout, galloper, or tilt.
In France, a carousel can be called a riding ring of wooden horses.
In America, some people may call carousels flying horses, whirlgig, flying Dutchmen, flying jinny, Kelly’s goats, spinning jinny, hobby horses, steam circus, steam riding galleries, galloping-horse steam carousels, carry-us-alls, and the most popular merry-go-rounds.
Most of the words used in the 1700s were to attract customers.
Merry-go-round which means a ride rotating happily and Menagerie which means beasts.
The reason a carousel is generally used today is due to its tie to the origin of the ride.
The earliest types of carousels were most likely created by Arabians.
The first carousels were made for adults to ride.
Today carousels are made for children to ride.
However, the carousel was first recognized as being a carousel in Europe.
People most likely made the first carousels in the seventeenth century.
However carousels were used in France, to practice a game they enjoyed playing.
For this game, horsemen practiced playing a game on which they would ride wooden horses, horses that were carved out of wood.
The wooden horses would be rotated by servants pulling at the rotating platform.
This would be similar to the playground carousels.
Or the horsemen would use real horses to rotate the platform.
The carousel emerged as a ride when a toy dealer in France showed wooden horses on a rotating platform moved by human power or horsepower in the beginning of 18th century.
Carousels became popular in America between 1880 and 1930.
During this time, there were around 5000 carousels built.
Michael Dentzel, an American who immigrated from German and lived in Philadelphia, moved the rotary platform of his carousel using steam power or horsepower in 1814.
Later, the carousels found in amusement parks had platforms moved by a machine.
This concept is still being used today.
It was invented in 1898 in America.
Railroads were the first companies in America to purchase carousels for their customers' enjoyment.
About carousel animals
The most popular of the carousel animals always has been and still is the horse.
Eighty percent of animals carved for carousels in America are horses.
Other animals that have been used on carousels include "Mother Goose" and "Disney" characters.
The "romance" side of the carousel animals is the side that faces the audience.
On the romance side the animal had extra carvings and decorations.
Most of the carousels in Europe and America turn counterclockwise.
In Great Britain, carousels turn clockwise.
The scientific principles
A carousel is set up a little above the ground.
The platform rotates under motor power in the middle and can move up and down.
The number of seats resembling horses or other animals varies depending on the carousel but there are usually between 16 and 60.
The horses on the platform are connected to a pole attached to both the floor and the ceiling of the ride.
The velocity of a carousel’s rotation is about 5 rounds a minute.
An average ride length is 2 to 3 minutes.
The speed of the ride is low in order to keep centrifugal force low because the faster it turns the more centrifugal force the ride will have.
The axis in the middle has centripetal force, which is the opposite force of centrifugal force.
International Museum of Carousel Art
Naver encyclopedia by Doosan encyclopedia
Anthony John "Tony" Abbott (born 4 November 1957) is an Australian politician, who was Prime Minister of Australia from September 2013 until September 2015, serving for just under 2 years.
He became the leader of the Liberal Party, taking over from Malcolm Turnbull on 1 December 2009, and was in turn succeeded by Turnbull as Liberal leader and Prime Minister on 15 September 2015.
He lost his parliament seat in the 2019 election.
Abbott was born in London, England to an Australian mother; her father was Dutch; her mother was Welsh.
Abbott's father was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, moved to Australia during the Second World War and is an unconfirmed naturalized Australian citizen.
Abbott was raised in Sydney, Australia and is a Roman Catholic.