the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
GM animals such as mice or zebrafish are being used for research purposes.
Critics have objected to use of genetic engineering on several grounds, including ethical concerns, ecological concerns.
Economic concerns are raised by the fact GM techniques and GM organisms are subject to intellectual property law.
Ecological concerns are more subtle.
There is a risk that some genetically modified (GM) organisms may be better adapted to some niche in nature, and will take away some the habitat of the regular species.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was won in 2012 by John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for "the discovery that "mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent".
The Nobel Prize for
2020 was won by Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna for "the development of a method for genome editing".
Together, these awards show how close we are to the practical use of genetic changes which could fix many medical problems.
The ability to construct long base pair chains cheaply and accurately on a large scale allows researchers to do experiments on genomes that do not exist in nature.
The field of 'synthetic genomics' is beginning to enter a productive stage.
GM food
GMOs (genetically modified organisms) are involved in controversies over GM food.
Is the food produced from GM crops is safe?
Should it be labeled, and are GM crops needed to address the world's food needs?
These controversies have led to litigation, international trade disputes, and protests, and to restrictive regulation of commercial products in most countries.
We can now produce and use GM and GE seeds.
Some large countries like India and China have already decided that GM farming is what they need to feed their populations.
Other countries are still debating the issue.
This debate involves scientists, farmers, politicians, companies and UN agencies.
Even those involved in the production of GM seedlings are not in total agreement.
Kim Il Sung (, ; April 15, 1912 - July 8, 1994) was the first leader of North Korea from 1948 until his death in 1994.
He died of a heart attack on July 8, 1994.
The North Korean government gave him the title of "Eternal President" after his death.
Kim Il Sung created the Juche political idea.
He ran North Korea differently than the Soviet Union and China.
When he died, his son Kim Jong Il (1941-2011) became the leader of North Korea.
He had that job until he died on December 17, 2011.
His grandson, Kim Jong Un (born 1983) is the leader of North Korea.
His brother, Kim Yong Ju (1920-2021), was also a government official.
Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
In 1945, after the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, the United States bombed Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, severely weakening the Japanese Empire.
The Soviet Red Army entered Japanese-Korea and captured Pyongyang with little difficulty.
They made Kim Il Sung the leader of the North Korean branch of the Korean Communist Party and supplied him with modern Soviet tanks, trucks, arms and artillery for the Korean People's Army (KPA).
The Democratic People's Republic of Korea was declared on September 8, 1948 despite UN resistance.
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin installed Kim as leader of the new state.
The southern portion of the Korean Peninsula declared itself the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in retaliation.
Statues of Kim appeared in North Korea as early as 1949.
The Soviet Union recognized Kim's regime as having sovereignty over the whole Korea, including the south.
It is generally accepted that Kim invaded the south by his own decision and that the Soviets did not influence him.
The south was caught completely by surprise when Kim's army invade in the early morning of June 25, 1950.
The KPA captured Seoul and most of the south apart from Pusan in the south-east.
UN forces backed mostly by the United States landed in Korea and began to push the KPA back north.
Firstly, the UN forces managed to push the KPA back behind the 38th parallel (the imaginary line that divided the Koreas during the war).
The newly formed People's Republic of China was at first reluctant to the idea that the Koreas would be reunited under Kim's regime but accepted when Kim told them that Stalin approved the invasion.
It was put to a UN vote on whether UN forces should attempt to gain control of Korea under democratic rule.
The motion was passed since the Soviet Union was not present during the vote.
Had the Soviets vetoed the proposal, the UN forces would not have been able to press further into Korea.
Eventually UN forces captured Pyongyang and Kim's government was forced to flee north over the Yalu River into China.
The Chinese army mobilized and eventually crossed the Yalu River and fought alongside the KPA and Red Army against US, British and UN forces.
Eventually they reached a stalemate since neither force could gain full sovereignty of the peninsula.
An armistice was signed on July 27, 1953 ending three years of fighting and established the two sovereign nations of North Korea and South Korea.
Since no peace treaty was signed, the two Koreas are technically still in a state of war with each other.
Leader of North Korea
During the early years, North Korea was ahead of its southern neighbor economically; most likely due to Soviet and Chinese aid.
Kim installed a centrally-planned Soviet-style command economy.
The means of production was controlled by the government and food prices were fixed instead of being allowed to rise and fall like in a market system.
Kim Il Sung formally became leader of North Korea with the establishment of the constitution of the DPRK in 1972 which identified him as President of the republic.
To coincide with Kim Il Sung's seventieth birthday in 1982, a 170m tall tower called the Juche Tower was built.
It was made up from 25,550 stone blocks; one for each day of Kim's life.
It is a legal requirement to have a portrait of him, alongside his son Kim Jong Il, hanging in one's home.
Everyone is issued a special cloth to dust and clean the portraits.
In the 1980s a calcium deposit developed on the back of Kim Il Sung's neck.
It swelled up to the size of an orange at its greatest extent.
It was quickly determined that an operation to remove it was not possible due to its close proximity to his spine.
North Korean reporters were thereafter forbidden to photograph Kim Il Sung from the right.
In 1997 with Kim Jong Il fully consolidating his power after the death of his father, North Korea abandoned the Gregorian calendar that is used in the rest of the world.
Instead they use the Juche calendar which starts from the year of Kim Il Sung's birth (1912) as being year 1.
For example, 2015 would be written as Juche 104.
To calculate the date in Juche years, simply subtract 1911 from the current year.
Dates are often written in North Korea with Juche first; for example: April 12, Juche 104 (2015).
Later rule
In the early 1990s, North Korea began to experience a famine, labelled as the 'Great Famine'''.
At the same time the Soviet Union was going through serious economic and social changes as well as suffering a stagnating economy.
The Soviets, who had supplied the DPRK with food amongst other things since the late 1940s, began to demand the North Koreans to pay them back; money that the DPRK did not posses.
The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and food aid stopped almost immediately.
Kim Il Sung's centrally planned economic system, where the government plans the economic output in advance, proved to be too inflexible to avoid the economic disaster.
On the 8th of July 1994, Kim Il Sung had a heart attack and died shortly afterwards, leaving his country severely bankrupt, malnourished and isolated.
A mourning period was declared after he died and did not officially end until 1997; three years after death.
His son, the long-groomed successor, Kim Jong Il succeeded him as supreme leader of North Korea.
Kim Jong Il did not become President since Il-Sung was given the honorary title of 'Eternal President'.
Instead he was named General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (leader of the ruling party).
North Korea is therefore the world's only country that is technically led by a dead man.''
Resistance to Japan
Atheists
A nucleophilic substitution is a chemical reaction.
It is a type of substitution, or replacing, reaction.
It happens when one nucleophile replaces another one on an atom.
The other group leaves the atom and is called a leaving group.
There are different types of nucleophilic substitution.
Which type happens depends on the type of the atoms and molecules involved.
The two main categories of nucleophilic substitution are the SN1 reaction and the SN2 reaction.
Volcanic eruption, the flow of lava and ash from a volcano
Plinian eruption, a type of volcanic eruption
the emerging of a tooth
"Eruption" (song), from Van Halen's first album.
There has always a big military force in Brasschaat.
After World War II there were more military-related things.
Including the defence buildings made to stop the Nazi's from reaching The port of Antwerp.
Now most of them are closed or are used to train the soldiers.
Municipalities of Antwerp
Anything related to Wallonia in Belgium
Walloon people, an ethnic group in Europe, from Wallonia
The okapi (Okapia johnstoni) is an even-toed ungulate mammal from central Africa.
With the giraffe they form the family Giraffidae.
The okapi has a reddish brown body, a whitish gray face, and white and black stripes on its legs.
The okapi has a few features that show its link to giraffes.
Its height is not as large as giraffes.
They are mostly active during the day.
Okapis eat mostly leaves and buds from trees, but also grass, ferns, fruit, and fungi.
Okapis usually live alone.
After 420 to 450 days of pregnancy the mother gives birth to one baby okapi, which drinks milk for up to 6 months.
Okapis become mature when they are 4-5 years old.
In captivity, okapis can live for 30 years or so.
The okapi was unknown and a mystery to western researchers for a long time.
In the past, scientists thought that the okapi was a mix between the giraffe and the zebra.
The International Society for Cryptozoology uses the okapi as its symbol, because the okapi was unknown for a long time.
Okapi fact sheet at BBC.com
Giraffids are mammals, in the order of the even-toed ungulates.
The family has two living species, the giraffe and the okapi.
Family Giraffidae
Giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis
Okapi, Okapia johnstoni
The giraffe and the okapi both live in Africa, south of the Sahara Desert.
The giraffe lives in open savannas, while the okapi lives in the rainforests of the Congo.
Both animals have long necks and legs and long blue tongues.
Male and female giraffes and male okapis have small horn-like stumps on their heads which are covered with skin.
Amman (), is the capital of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the capital of the Amman Governorate.
It is the largest city in the Kingdom and one of the largest Arab cities in terms of population, with a population in 2014 of about 4 million, which also makes it one of the fastest growing cities in the world.
The city is located in the center of the Kingdom at latitude 31 north and longitude 35 east in an area covering 20 mountains.
Amman is the commercial and administrative center of Jordan and its economic and educational heart.
Amman has become a magnet for many Arab communities due to its distinguished location and contemporary architecture.
Amman attracts many tourists annually from Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia, and from the neighboring and nearby Arab countries.
Many families of the Arab Gulf countries in particular visit the city, as there are many tourist attractions in general and medical treatment in particular.
As a result of Amman’s location in such a strategic location in the Levant and the Middle East, its location controls the national economy and drives 90% of investment at the national level.
The history of Amman dates back to the seventh millennium BC, and thus it is considered one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world.
Amman is an ancient city built on the ruins of a city known as “Rabbath Ammon,” later “Philadelphia,” and finally “Amman,” a modification from “Rabbath Ammon,” and the Ammonites took it as their capital.
The city was established on seven hills, and it seems that it was the center of the region at that time.
It is one of the four capitals of the Levant.
It is also one of the ancient Levantine cities that became the capital of the Emirate of Transjordan and then the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan after its independence in 1946 from Britain.
Modern Amman is inhabited by a diverse group of residents of different origins who came from different regions.
Some of them came from nearby Jordanian cities, some came from Palestine, and some came from the Caucasus, Syria and Iraq.
The Greater Amman Municipality has recently witnessed a huge development, as Amman has expanded in a way that the city has never seen before.
Amman's comprehensive plan has won international awards, including the Global Leadership Award in Urban Planning and the City Award for the Asian Continent for 2007.
The number of administrative regions in the Greater Amman Municipality is 22 geographically distributed regions, each region contains its staff.
As for the administrative aspect, there is the Greater Amman Municipality Council, which includes 68 members headed by the Mayor of the Capital, and the Council is in turn divided into 14 different committees.
It is noteworthy that March 2 was adopted as city of Amman day the after the Jordanian Cabinet approved a decision in the beginning of 2021, as part of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Jordanian state.
Amman Street Food documentary on Youtube
Amman Digital Community Facebook page
Greater Amman Municipality Facebook page
Amman public transportation map
Cities in Jordan
Riyadh (/rɨˈjɑːd/;  ar-Riyāḍ Najdi pronunciation: ) is the capital and most populous city of Saudi Arabia.
It is also the capital of Riyadh Province, and belongs to the historical regions of Nejd and Al-Yamama.
It is in the center of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau, and is home to 6.5 million people.
The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, managed by Riyadh Municipality headed by the mayor of Riyadh, and the Riyadh Development Authority, chaired by the governor of Riyadh Province, Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud.
The current mayor of Riyadh is Ibrahim Mohammed Al Sultan.
He was appointed mayor in 2015.
It has been designated a global city.
During the Pre-Islamic era the city at the site was called Hajr (), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of Banu Hanifa.
Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al Yamamah, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras.
Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites, who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby Al Kharj.
The city then went into a long period of decline.
In the 14th century, North African traveller Ibn Battuta wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of Al-Yamamah, and its name is Hajr".
Ibn Battuta goes on to describe it as a city of canals and trees with most of its inhabitants belonging to Bani Hanifa, and reports that he continued on with their leader to Mecca to perform the Hajj.
City districts
Riyadh is divided into fifteen branch municipalities, in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter.
Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts, amounting to over 130 in total, though some districts are divided between more than one branch municipality.
The branch municipalities are Al-Shemaysi, Irqah, Al-Ma'athar, Al-Olayya, Al-Aziziyya, Al-Malaz, Al-Selayy, Nemar, Al-Neseem, Al-Shifa, Al-'Urayja, Al-Bat'ha, Al-Ha'ir, Al-Rawdha, and Al-Shimal ("the North").
Olaya District is the commercial heart of the city, with accommodation, entertainment, dining and shopping options.
The Kingdom Center, Al Faisalyah and Al-Tahlya Street are the area's most prominent landmarks.
The centre of the city, Al-Bathaa and Al-Dir'iyyah, is also its oldest part.
Classified as having a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), temperatures during the summer months are extremely hot.
The average high temperature in August is 43.6 °C.
Winters are warm with cool, windy nights.
The overall climate is arid, and the city experiences very little rainfall, especially in summer, but receives a fair amount of rain in March and April.
It is also known to have dust storms during which the dust can be so thick that visibility is under .
On 1 and 2 April 2015, a massive dust storm hit Riyadh, causing suspension of classes in many schools in the area and cancellation of hundreds of flights, both domestic and international.
Popular culture is culture which interests the general masses of people.
It is influenced and spread by mass media.
People experience or learn popular culture by hearing popular music on the radio, watching television, playing video games, or reading popular books and magazines.
Popular culture may affect all kinds of knowledge or thought, including art, religion, or language.
Popular culture as a problem in society
Popular culture does not follow any one system of ideas, customs, philosophy, religion, or morality.
Some of its forms include grammar, language, or pictures that are not accepted under a society's customs.
For this reason a society or government may not approve of popular culture.
If a government thinks that any form of it may harm people or cause society to change in a bad way, the government may ban it.
This practice is known as censorship.
In some countries popular culture is protected under freedom of speech or other rights.
American popular culture
The United States is an industrialized country (see industrialization) in which citizens use mass media.
Its government protects language and cultures under freedom of speech.
The U.S. has had periods of popular culture since the 20th century.
For instance, after World War II a group of children known as Baby boomers experienced a sudden expansion of popular culture.
Doctors who work at psychiatric hospitals are called psychiatrists.
Usually people choose to be in a psychiatric hospital.
Sometimes psychiatrists can put people in hospitals who do not want to be there, because they think the people are dangerous to themselves or other people.
A halfway house or group home is a place for patients who have left the psychiatric hospital and are slowly being released into society.
Psychiatric hospitals used to be called lunatic asylums.
Earlier asylums like the old Bethlem Royal Hospital in London (nicknamed "Bedlam") were like prisons.
Patients received no treatment and were often imprisoned and chained.
In the 19th century, new asylums were built.
These were designed to be pleasant places with gardens and airy rooms, and later became known as psychiatric hospitals.
Although they no longer looked like prisons, patients still had little freedom or hope of leaving.
The term institutionalisation means when someone has lived in a hospital (or some other place like a prison) for so long that they cannot cope with living outside of it.
In the middle of the 20th century, new drugs were invented that made it easier to treat mental illness.
Governments began to look for ways to care for patients outside of hospitals.
They believed it would lead to better care for patients and save money.
This is known as deinstitutionalisation.
Since the 1970s, many countries have closed large numbers of psychiatric hospitals.
Mentally ill patients are now also cared for in local hospitals, small clinics and in their own homes.
A military camp or bivouac is a semi-permanent facility for where an army stays when it is not at its military base.
Camps are erected when a military force travels away from a major installation or fort during training.
It is also used for operations, and often form large campsites.
In the Roman era the military camp served an entire legion.
Archaeological investigations have revealed many details of these Roman camps in places such as England and Scotland.
A private is the lowest rank of the Army or Marines.
The rank is earned after joining the service or graduating from a military camp.
A spinster is an older word for an unmarried woman.
A word used more often today is "single woman" or bachelorette.
A spinster is also someone who spins yarn from wool using a spinning wheel.
Spinsters use the yarn to make clothes like a tailor, seamster, seamstress.
One famous spinster is the girl in the story of Rumpelstiltskin.
Dick Clark (November 30, 1929 — April 18, 2012) was an American television entertainer.
He was nicknamed "the world's oldest teenager".
From the 1950s to the 2000s, he entertained people from around the United States, as well as the rest of the world.
He also hosted game shows, including The $100,000 Pyramid.
His other shows included Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest.
Clark died on the morning of April 18, 2012 in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack.
Businesspeople from New York
Perl is a programming language that was first made to change text files.
The programming language has been changed many times to do things in addition to changing text files.
Some of these things are tasks like making web pages show information in a better way than before, or take information and show it in a way that makes more sense to people.
Sometimes Perl code is written using many symbols besides letters and numbers, which can make those programs hard to read.
A lot of web pages are written using Perl, but it can be used to do all kinds of things on computers.
It is very good at searching through text looking for patterns, which lets people find words that they may be looking for, or also let people find words they are looking for, and change them with different words much more quickly than they would if they had to do it one word at a time.
Perl is also a high-level programming language.
A high-level language has advanced features which let the programmer tell the computer what to do without having to worry about how the computer is going to do it as compared to low-level programming languages which often require more programmer effort.
A variable is a box where you can put items.
In Perl, every variable starts with its own sigil.
A sigil is the way to tell the Perl interpreter about what type of variable you are using.
Variables can be scalar, array, hash, regular expression, typeglob or subroutine.
Perl Packages
Perl.org
The Perl Foundation
He was Tycho Brahe's apprentice.
Tycho Brahe looked at the way the planets moved in the sky.
Johannes Kepler found a simple way to say how the planets move.
Kepler also studied other things like Kepler's supernova.
How the planets move
A planet moves along a path called an orbit.
Kepler used three laws to say what form the path has and how fast the planet moves
Kepler's first law says that the form of the path is an ellipse, an oval or flattened circle that has two centres.
The Sun is in one of the centers of the ellipse.
Before Kepler, astronomers thought that planets moved in circles within circles (epicycles) according to the system of Claudius Ptolemy with Earth at the middle of the biggest circle.
Kepler's second law says how fast the planet moves around the ellipse.
When the planet is closer to the Sun, it moves faster.
When it is farther from the Sun, it moves slower.
If there is a line between the planet and the Sun, the line sweeps out an area as it follows the planet.
The area it sweeps out in one day is always the same.
Before Kepler, astronomers thought that planets always moved at the same speed along the circles.
Kepler's third law says how fast different planets move.
A planet that is farther from the Sun moves slower than a planet that is closer to the Sun.
If a person multiplies the time (T) it takes for a planet to go around the Sun by itself (T2), that number is proportional to the distance (d) of a planet to the Sun multiplied by itself twice (d3).
Writings by Kepler
Mysterium cosmographicum (The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos) (1596)
Astronomia nova (New Astronomy) (1609)
Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (Epitome of Copernican Astronomy) (published in three parts from 1618–1621)
Harmonice Mundi (Harmony of the Worlds) (1619)
Mysterium cosmographicum (The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos) 2nd Edition (1621)
Tabulae Rudolphinae (Rudolphine Tables) (1627)
Somnium (The Dream) (1634)
Caspar, Max.
Kepler.
transl.
and ed.
by C. Doris Hellman; with a new introduction and references by Owen Gingerich; bibliographic citations by Owen Gingerich and Alain Segonds.
New York: Dover.
Gingerich, Owen.
The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler.
Gingerich, Owen 1973. "
Kepler, Johannes".
In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Volume VII.
Charles Coulston Gillispie, editor.
New York: Scribner's.
Kepler and the "Music of the Spheres"
Gale E. Christianson- Kepler's Somnium: Science Fiction and the Renaissance Scientist
Kepler's Belief in Astrology by Nick Kollerstrom
References for Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler Citizendium
1571 births
1630 deaths
17th-century German philosophers
Astrologers
German astronomers
German esotericists
This code prints Hello world!
at console window:
writeLn('Hello world!');
{ which is short for: writeLn(output, 'Hello world!); }
if n < 2 then
{ the result of a function is stored in a variable }
{ that has the same name as the function: }
factorial := 1;
factorial := n * factorial(n - 1);
n: integer;
write('Enter number: ');
readLn(n);
writeLn(factorial(n));
Pascal variants
Delphi – Modern IDE for creating GUI programs for Microsoft Windows.
There is an open source clone of it for Windows, Mac OS X and FreeBSD, named Lazarus.
The hymen (also called maidenhead) is tissue that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening.
The hymen has no known use.
People used to believe that the hymen always tears after having sexual intercourse for the first time, and that you could if a woman was virgin by looking at her hymen and seeing if it was torn.
However, it turns out that it is impossible to tell if someone is a virgin by looking at their hymen.
Studies have confirmed that all girls are born with hymens.
There are several different types of hymen.
In about 1 in 2,000 females, the hymen does not develop at all.
The hymen may also not have a hole in it; this is called an "imperforate hymen".
In this case a hole will need to be surgically cut into it to allow menstrual fluid (period blood) out.
crescent-shaped
forming a ring around the vagina
folding in on itself
has one or more bands going across the opening
has several holes
What might damage the hymen
When a girl reaches puberty, the hymen becomes stretchy.
The hymen may be damaged by girls fall directly onto sharp objects .
Sexual intercourse is another easy way to damage the hymen along with horseback riding and biking.
A woman's hymen can also break while playing some sports
Hymens in other animals
The stages of growth
When a fetus is developing, there is no vaginal opening.
The hymen comes from the skin covering the vagina at that time.
In young babies, the hymen is thick and pink.
This is because the mother is giving the baby hormones through breast feeding which keeps it thick.
In adolescent girls, the hymen becomes thin, smooth and delicate because she has stopped taking in hormones.
The hymen becomes very sensitive and can easily cause pain if touched.
From puberty, the hymen gets thicker again and becomes pale pink.
This is because of the hormone estrogen.
The Female Hymen and its Significance
Hymen gallery - Pictures of hymens
The Hymen Revealed  - by The-Clitoris.com
Maidenhead is a town in England in Berkshire.
About 60,000 people live in the town.
The town is about 25 miles (41 kilometres) from London.
It is named after a wharf that was built there in 1297.
It lies on the River Thames.
The Gräfenberg spot (usually called G-spot) is defined as a highly sensitive area near the entrance inside of the human vagina.
It is believed to be a part of the urethral sponge.
Some people believe it is a bundle of nerves in the female human reproductive system.
If the area is stimulated, this can cause pleasurable sensations, female ejaculation and a strong orgasm in some women.
Some doctors and researchers who specialize in the anatomy of women say that there is no anatomical evidence for the spot.
The "G-spot" concept was named by Addiego and others in 1981 or by Beverly Whipple and others in 1982.
It is named after the German gynaecologist, Ernst Gräfenberg.
Gräfenberg wrote first about The Role of Urethra in Female Orgasm in 1950.
A book was first published about the G-spot in 1982, called The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality, by three authors from the United States: Alice Kahn Ladas, a psychologist; Beverly Whipple, a registered nurse and sex counselor; and John D. Perry, a psychologist.
Although typically described as near the entrance inside of the vagina, reports of the G-spot's location vary and therefore it has no specific place to be found.
However, there are two methods which are used to find it:
self-reported levels of sexual arousal/pleasure
stimulating an area in the vagina leads to female ejaculation
Some women say that they have "deeper" orgasms when the G-spot is stimulated.
One research team experimented with the vagina by trying to touch the G-spot in certain places under experimental conditions; they found that in most cases, women had a sensitive area near the front of the vagina.
Public views
Some people, including doctors, do not believe that the G-spot exists.
When the book The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality was published in 1982, there was significant criticism.
Some people who are not doctors simply say that it is a "highly sensitive area" in the vagina.
Scientific views
The G-Spot  from UCSB's SexInfo
Skene's glands (also called lesser vestibular glands or paraurethral glands) are glands in the upper wall of the vagina.
They empty into the urethra.
Their location is known as the Gräfenberg spot.
In males, their homologue is the prostate gland.
The glands are named after the person who described them first, Alexander Skene.
He was a physician.
The glands secrete mucus to make sexual intercourse easier.
Bartholin's glands secrete relatively minute amounts (one or two drops) of fluid when a woman is sexually aroused.
Sometimes, the Bartholin's glands become infected and can be swollen or painful.
This can be treated by a doctor with antibiotics.
Skene's glands
- "The Female Perineum: Muscles of the Superficial Perineal Pouch"
A gland is a group of cells in the body which make substances such as hormones.
They are in humans and other animals, and in plants.
If the substance is put directly into the bloodstream, the gland is called endocrine gland.
If the substance is carried by a duct, the gland is called an exocrine gland.
Exocrine  ducts empty outside the body, or into cavities inside the body.
Sweat glands that produce sweat for perspiration.
The pineal gland in the brain, which produces the hormone melatonin at night.
Sevastopol (, formerly called  Sebastopol) is a large seaport and city.
It is on the Crimean Peninsula, on the north side of the Black Sea.
380,000 people live in the city.
It was started in 1783.
The port was shared by naval forces of Ukraine and Russia until 2014 when Russia took control.
Federal cities of Russia
"Aegukka", Korean for "Patriotic Song", is North Korea's national anthem.
To celebrate the country's independence from imperial Japan, it was written by Pak Se-yong and composed by Kim Won-gyun, then it was adopted in 1947 shortly after.
It should not be confused with South Korea's anthem, which has the same name but uses a different romanisation scheme.
It is sometimes also known by the first bit of the song, Achhimŭn pinnara (아침은 빛나라), meaning Let Morning Shine.
Poetic English translation
Shine bright, thou dawn, on this land so fair;
Thy land in silver and gold aboundeth.
The country of three thousand ri;
Thy history five millennia stretcheth.
𝄆 Rich in cultural heritage,
Our Folk were ever renown'd and sage
And as with heart and soul we strive –
Korea shall forever thrive!
𝄇
The spirit of Paektu we embrace,
’Tis where our love of toil dwelleth,
United with truth, our strong will shall face
The whole world and set forth.
𝄆 O nation, thy will our People built
Braceth fierce waves mightily
Our united Korea the Great
Fourisheth eternally!
Aegukga (Aeguk-kka; 애국가 ; 愛國歌), meaning The Patriotic Song is the national anthem of the Republic of Korea (South Korea).
It should not be confused with North Korea's anthem, which has the same name.
The song was first sang against the colonial Japanese.
The song used to be a different tune than the current tune.
South Korean music
A military invasion
Action of a Conquistador
Impressing someone, possibly through courageous actions
A town in the state of New York, see Conquest, New York
A British historian, named Robert Conquest
Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam.
They are the branch of Islam that came through the Rashidun Empire, which started with Abu Bakr and ended by Ali ibn Abi Talib.
Sunni beliefs are based on the Qu'ran and the Kutub al-Sittah.
Sunnis make up around 90% of all Muslims.
With approximately 1.8 billion followers, it is the largest religious denomination of any religion in the world.
Catholicism is the second-largest.
There are four sub-groups within Sunni Islam; Malikis, Hanafis, Hanbalis and Shafi'is.
Adherents of Sunni Islam are Sunnis or Sunnites.
The word Sunni comes from the word sunna (), which means the tradition of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad.
Sunnis are also called ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah (), which means people of tradition and congregation; this means that the Sunnis are united.
Islamic denominations
Hunting is going out to find and kill animals.
Animals and some humans, hunt for food.
People have hunted at least since the stone age.
They used spears, and now people mostly use guns and bows.
Some people kill the animals for fur, to make clothes and shelter, or to decorate their homes, or to sell.
Fox hunting is sometimes a sport.
Many places have rules that limit hunting.
Hunting can be good by keeping animal populations from getting too high.
Hunting too much, though, can kill off species of animals, making them extinct.
Hunting once made the dodo, a bird, become extinct.
Before they invented herding people got meat by hunting.
Boar hunting and fox hunting became became popular in early modern times.
Another form of hunting is not to use guns, bows and arrows or spears, but by animal trapping.
Animal rights activists oppose to hunting.
Anti-hunting laws (English Hunting Act 2004) strive to reduce hunting.
Sports involving animals
Tycho Brahe  (14 December 1546 — 24 October 1601) was an astronomer from Denmark.
He observed the night sky before the invention of the telescope.
He built a large observatory called Uraniborg on the island of Hven in Denmark.
He discovered that the universe outside the Solar System could change when he studied a supernova and a comet.
Johannes Kepler was his assistant.
Tycho made very careful observations of the planets.
When Tycho died in 1601, Kepler continued Tycho's work.
Tycho was not a modern scientist.
He believed in astrology, and his astronomy was a strange mixture of scientific observation and religious belief.
Although he rejected the Ptolemaic system, he also rejected the Copernican system.
He developed a geocentric theory that imagined the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth, but the other planets orbited the Sun.
Unlike most astronomers of his time, he did not believe in the unchanging celestial realm or spheres.
Tycho's Nova, now called SN 1572,proved that changes did take place.
Also, he worked out that comets were real celestial objects, and that their orbits were different to those of the planets.
Tycho Brahe – Accomplishments, Biography, & Facts.
1546 births
1601 deaths
Danish scientists
An ellipse  is a shape that looks like an oval or a flattened circle.
Circles are special cases of ellipses, obtained when the cutting plane is perpendicular to the cone's axis.
An ellipse is also the locus of all points of the plane whose distances to two fixed points add to the same constant.
An ellipse is simply all points on a graph that the sum of the distances from 2 points are the same.
For example, an ellipse can be made by putting two pins into cardboard and a circle of string around those two, then putting a pencil in the loop and pulling as far as possible without breaking the string in all directions.
The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus and nothing at the other.
The equation of an ellipse is :
where the center of the ellipse is (h,k).
2A is the length from each end of the longer skinnier side.
2b is the length of the 2 ends of the short side.
A²-B²=C² for c is the length between the foci and the center.
Ellipse & Hyperbola Construction  - An interactive sketch showing how to trace the curves of the ellipse and hyperbola. (
Requires Java.)
Ellipse Construction  - Another interactive sketch, this time showing a different method of tracing the ellipse. (
Ellipse on MathWorld - More on Ellipse
The Shape and History of The Ellipse in Washington, D.C. by Clark Kimberling
Collection of animated ellipse demonstrations.
Ellipse, axes, semi-axes, area, perimeter, tangent, foci.
Woodworking videos showing how to work with ellipses in wood.
Babur, full name Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur (14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530) was founder of Mughal Empire in Indian subcontinent.
He was eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza.,
governor of Farghana.
Plans of the conquest of India
In 1525 Babur set out to attack and conquer India.
He had only about twelve thousand men with him but he had been promised help by Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of Punjab.
They planned to march together against the ruling Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, who was the King of Delhi at that time.
When Babur reached India, the government was afraid to help him, and eventually backed out, and so Babur started off to Delhi by himself with his small army of men.
Ibrahim Lodi was reported to have one hundred thousand men and one hundred elephants.
But Babur had something which Ibrahim did not have – heavy guns and cannons, the first proper Turkic style artillery seen in medieval India.
There were hardly any guns at that time in India and Babur had managed to get hold of some in Kabul.
He had cannons and some firearms as well.
The two armies met at the famous First battle of Panipat, at a small village near Delhi.
Both armies remained in position opposite each other for a week before the battle began.
Babur was an excellent general and he planned the battle very carefully as conquering Delhi was indeed very important to him.
After the battle about fifteen thousand men of the enemy were killed including their commander Ibrahim Lodi.
Consolidating victory
Babur had to fight more major battles, the battles of Khanua and Gogra.
In 1527 A.D. he had to face a fierce enemy of his at Khanua, the Rajput hero, Rana Sangram (or Sanga)of Mewar.
A ferocious battle was fought between the two in the field of Khanua and Babur won the battle.
In 1529 A.D., Babur got into a battle with the Afghans.
Babur won, but the Afghans were not totally weakened.
They joined hands with Mahmud Lodi, the brother of Ibrahim Lodi, to fight Babur again.
But Babur approached forward and was a successful winner of this Battle in Gogra.
Mughal emperors
1530 deaths
In Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Mantra means a group of words.
There are many such groups of words.
Some mantras have meanings.
However, there are many mantras which are just syllables, with or without any words.
Such mantras do not carry meanings.
From the ancient times, Hindus, as well as in many cases, texts of Buddhism and Jainism contain many mantras.
Traditionally, people associate the mantras with various powers.
However, it is more a matter of individual faith and experience than a fact of science.
The earliest examples of mantras are many hymns and verses of Vedas.
People read them aloud.
They thought that by doing so they would get the blessings of the gods and other beings.
The system continued in Hindu practices of worship and meditation.
Even now, many Hindus believe in the power of mantras to gain health and wealth.
Mantras may form part of worship or people may simply recite them loudly or slowly.
Some time no recitation may take place, and the person would just think of the mantra silently for long time.
A fruit tree is a tree that produces edible fruits to hold its seeds.
However, although every tree produces fruit, not all fruit is edible for humans.
Nut trees bear such fruits as almonds, walnuts, brazil nuts.
Examples of tree fruit
Citrus (Orange, Lemon, etc.)
Nectarine
The Line of Control (LOC) is the line that marks where the region of Kashmir is divided.
The land on one side of the line is controlled by India, and the land on the other side is controlled by Pakistan.
It is not a legal international border, but is the effective boundary between the two countries.
India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir between 1947 and 1948.
The line originally marked the military front when the two countries declared a ceasefire on 1/2 January 1949.
The fronts gradually became a solid boundary.
It was formally named the Line of Control after the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972.
All of Kashmir was previously the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu.
The part of the region that is now under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
The two parts that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK).
The Line of Control is  long.
Another cease-fire line separates the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area of Aksai Chin.
This is further to the east and is called the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
Although the other side is controlled by India, China regards this line as part of its border with Pakistan.
China and Pakistan have agreed on a border, but India has not.
India has built a fence along its side of the Line of Control.
It is currently  long.
It only runs part of the length of the line, the rest of the Line of Control is too inaccessible for construction of a barrier.
Pakistan has objected to the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions on the region.
Territorial disputes of Pakistan
Detmold (; West Low German: Deppelt) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia.
It has about 74,000 inhabitants.
Detmold is the cultural capital of the District of Lippe.
Lippe Rural District
Arnsberg (; Westphalian: Arensperg) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia.
It has about 74,000 inhabitants, who are mostly Catholic.
Hochsauerland Rural District
Siegen is a city in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants and a university.
It has been twinned with the borough of Spandau in Berlin since 1952.
Other twin cities are:
, Rijnsburg, since 1963, continuation of partnership with amalgamated town of Katwijk as of 2006
United Kingdom Morley, since 1966 continuation of partnership with amalgamated City of Leeds as of 1974
, Leeds, since 1974
, Ypres, since 1967
, Zakopane, since 1989
, , Plauen, since 1990
Siegen-Wittgenstein Rural District
After Vienna, Graz has the second highest number of people living in the city.
In 2014 the city and surrounding areas had 605,143 people.
The city has six universities.
The oldest reference to Graz in historical documents is from 1128.
In 1379 Graz became the capital of Inner Austria. (
Inner Austria included Styria, Carinthia, Krain, Inner Istria and Trieste.)
The Roman Empire used Graz as a stronghold to defend against enemies on the southeast.
Two of the buildings created at that period (Glockenturm which is a clock tower, and Uhrturm which is a bell tower) have become landmarks of Graz.
Official Webpage of Graz
Districts of Styria
Linz is a city in Austria with nearly 200,000 inhabitants.
It has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).
It is the third largest city in Austria, after Vienna and Graz.
Linz is the capital city and a district of Upper Austria.
There is the famous artcenter "Lentos" or the "Brucknerhaus" for concerts.
Linz  a picture tour through Linz
Districts of Upper Austria
Innsbruck (;  ; ) is a city in Austria.
It is the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol and also a district of Tyrol.
It is one of the biggest cities of Austria.
It has an area of 104.91 km2.
The highest area is the Praxmarerkarspitze (2641m).
The deepest one is the Inn near Ampass (565m).
The name Innsbruck comes from the German words Inn, a river, and brücke, a bridge.
It means "bridge over the Inn".
The official website of Innsbruck
Districts of Tyrol (state)
Basel (French: Bâle) is a city in the north of Switzerland.
It is sometimes called Basle in English.
Basel is the capital of the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt.
Basel borders Germany and France in the north and the canton of Basel-Land in the south.
The Rhine river flows through the city.
Basel was a prince-bishopric from 999 until 1803.
Most of the city was destroyed in the 1356 Basel earthquake, the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Central Europe.
Basel joined Switzerland in 1501.
Basel is well known for the many chemical and pharmaceutical companies that are located in the city, such as Novartis, Syngenta and Hoffmann-La Roche.
The only ports in Switzerland are located along the Rhine river in Basel, which makes the city important for imports and exports to and from Switzerland.
Basel shares the international airport EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg with the French city Mulhouse.
The University of Basel was founded in 1460 and is the oldest in Switzerland and one of the oldest in the world.
Erasmus, Paracelsus, Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler and Friedrich Nietzsche worked here.
Official website of the city of Basel
Lausanne is a city in Switzerland.
It has a population of about 140,000 people.
The city is the capital of the district Lausanne.
It is also the capital of the canton of Vaud.
Lausanne is the fourth biggest city of Switzerland.
The syndic of Lausanne (syndic is the French word for mayor in the canton of Vaud) is Grégoire Junod, from the Socialist Party, since 2016.
Porto (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpoɾtu]; also known as Oporto in English) is the second-largest city in Portugal after Lisbon and one of the major urban areas of the Iberian Peninsula.
The urban area of Porto, which extends beyond the administrative limits of the city, has a population of 2.4 million (2011) in an area of 389 km2(150 sq mi), making it the second-largest urban area in Portugal.
It is recognized as a gamma+ level global city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group, the only Portuguese city besides Lisbon to be recognised as a global city.
Located along the Douro river estuary in Northern Portugal, Porto is one of the oldest European centres, and its historical core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996.
The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean.
Its settlement dates back many centuries, when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire.
Its combined Celtic-Latin name, Portus Cale, has been referred to as the origin of the name "Portugal", based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin.
In Portuguese, the name of the city is spelled with a definite article ("o Porto"; English: the port).
Consequently, its English name evolved from a misinterpretation of the oral pronunciation and referred to as Oporto in modern literature and by many speakers.
One of Portugal's internationally famous exports, port wine, is named after Porto, since the metropolitan area, and in particular the cellars of Vila Nova de Gaia, were responsible for the packaging, transport and export of the fortified wine.
In 2014 and 2017, Porto was elected The Best European Destination by the Best European Destinations Agency.
Port cities and towns of the Atlantic Ocean
Ports and harbours of Europe
Fürth (; East Franconian:  []; ) is a city in the German state Bavaria, next to Nuremberg (Nürnberg).
It has about 118,000 inhabitants.
The first German railway connection was between Nürnberg and Fürth.
Witten is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr Area and has about 100,000 inhabitants.
Moers (Low German: Meurs, formerly Mörs) is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.