the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
His Sanz cuer m’en vois is a three-part canon in which each part has different words.
Probably the greatest writer of canons in the eighteenth century was Johann Sebastian Bach.
Many of his organ works have canons.
He wrote a famous set of Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her" which have several canons at different intervals and inversions.
He probably  wrote this to show young composers how to write good canons.
Bach also wrote a work called the Musical Offering'' which has what he calls a “canon per augmentationem contrario motu” (canon in augmentation and contrary motion i.e. backwards) as well as a “canon per tonos”.
This last one is a modulating canon which means that the tune changes key.
This is hard to compose well so that it sounds good because when the first voice has just changed key the other one is still catching up in the other key.
Bach was a great master at writing canons and other very complicated musical forms.
After 1750 composers became less interested in writing music which was all polyphonic, although many composers still showed an interest in counterpoint.
Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote canons and even Romantic composers like Schumann and  Brahms showed an interest.
César Franck wrote a canon for the fourth movement of his Sonata for Violin and Piano.
It is quite easy to hear this canon, because the violin plays the tune an octave higher than the piano, and the piano holds on to a long note every other bar while the violin catches up.
In the 20th century composers such as  Schoenberg who wrote serial music were fond of canons.
Modern composers like Pierre Boulez have written rhythmic canons: canons in which, for example, the rhythm of one part is the retrograde (backwards) version of another.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed.
Stanley Sadie:
Spencer Perceval (1 November 1762 – 11 May 1812) was a British statesman and Prime Minister.
He is the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated.
Perceval was the seventh son of John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont by his second wife.
His father, a close friend of Frederick, Prince of Wales and King George III, had served in the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty.
The Orders in Council against trade which Perceval had written in 1807 became unpopular.
In the winter of 1811 the Luddite riots started.
They were also a cause of the War of 1812 with the United States of America.
Perceval was forced to have an inquiry by the House of Commons.
On 11 May 1812, Perceval was on his way to attend the inquiry.
In the lobby of the House of Commons he was shot through the heart by John Bellingham.
Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial.
Bellingham gave himself up immediately.
Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later.
Bellingham had a grievance, but it was not political.
Bellingham petitioned the United Kingdom government for compensation over his imprisonment in Russia.
This had been caused by his employer, but Bellingham blamed the British government for not getting him compensation.
Perceval was an Anglican and considered Anglicanism to be essential to the security of the state.
He opposed Catholic emancipation.
He is buried at St Luke's Church in Charlton, south-east London.
1762 births
Murders by firearm in England
People murdered in London
About the church:
Canon law, a rule or law of the church
A Canon (church), a member of the Chapter of a cathedral or other large church
Canon, a list of all saints
Canon (music), music in which two or more parts ("voices") imitate one another
Canon (fiction), in fiction, all the plots and events that are part of the narrative
Canon (company), a Japanese camera company
Canon, Georgia, a small city in northeast Georgia (USA)
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778) was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist who created the binomial nomenclature.
In this system, every kind of animal and plant is given a name consisting of two Latin words, for its genus and species.
This became used by biologists all over the world, so he is known as the "father of modern taxonomy".
He was a good linguist, and famous in his time.
He was made a noble by the Swedish king.
Carl was born in Sweden.
He was going to be a priest, but did not do well enough in school for that.
Instead, Carl studied at a college for botany because he liked it.
He studied in Lund and tried to improve the garden there.
He later went to another college..
Travels and research
In 1735, Linnaeus moved to the Netherlands for three years.
There, he earned his degree in medicine.
He also published his book on plant classification.
His book was called Systema Naturæ.
His book explained how to classify living things by putting them into groups.
Some of these groups are bigger than others.
Later he moved to Stockholm and practiced as a doctor.
In 1739, Linnaeus married Sara Morea in Stockholm.
Throughout the 1740s he conducted many field trips to places in Sweden to name plants and animals.
When not on travels, Linnaeus worked on his classification, so it would work for plants, animals, and minerals.
The Swedish king Adolf Fredrik made Linnaeus a noble in 1757, and Linnaeus took the last name von Linné, later often signing just Carl Linné.
After he was made a noble, he continued teaching and writing.
His reputation had spread over the world, and he talked with many different people.
Linnaeus was upset by weak health, and he had gout and tooth aches.
A stroke in 1774 weakened him, and two years later he had another, losing the use of his right side.
He died on January 1778 and was buried in Uppsala cathedral.
Linnaeus classified man as among the primates, which was already well understood by anthropologists like Blumenbach and natural historians like Buffon.
It attracted the criticism of the Swedish church.
The Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala accused him of "impiety".
Linnaeus recognised four races in the human species.
These were European whites, American reds (Native Americans), Asian browns, and African blacks.
Blumenbach's classification was similar, with the addition of a Mongolian (= Chinese) or yellow race.
Thus recognition of man's position as a primate and the existence of races was  quite widespread before the theory of evolution was formulated.
Sörlin & Fagerstedt, Linné och hans lärjungar, 2004.
J.L.P.M.Krol, Linneaus' verblijf op de Hartekamp In: Het landgoed de Hartekamp in Heemstede.
Heemstede, 1982.
1707 births
Swedish physicians
Swedish biologists
A botanist is a scientist who studies plants, including flowering plants, and plant-like things such as moss and seaweed.
Botany is a scientific study of plants along with their growth, structure, evolution, and uses.
Botanists may specialize in certain areas of botany.
Some important areas of study include:
Plant taxonomy
Photosynthesis, the process that turns carbon dioxide from the air into food using sunlight
Apoptosis, what makes a cell "decide" to die.
This study area has been important for cancer research.
Modulation, in music, means that the music changes key.
A piece of music might, for example, be "in the key of C major" (meaning that it uses the notes of a C major scale, and the C sounds like the "home key" or "tonic" as it is called in music theory).
Then it could modulate to G major so that the G now feels like the home key and the notes of a G major scale are used (the Fs will be F sharps).
Modulations like the one above are very common, because G is closely related to C (it is the 5th note in a C major scale: the "dominant").
A modulation to the subdominant (4th note of the scale) is also common (e.g. from C major to Fmajor).
Music often modulates to the relative minor (e.g. C major to A minor).
A modulation that goes to a key whose tonic is not part of the original key is called a "chromatic modulation".
Modulating from C major to A flat major would be a chromatic modulation because A flat is not a note in the C major scale.
Most pieces of music will modulate, especially if they are long pieces.
It gives the music variety and helps to give it shape:  the farther away from the tonic it goes the more tension there is.
When the music eventually returns to the original key it feels like a homecoming.
A member of parliament (usually shortened to MP) is a person in the United Kingdom or in Canada who represents the people of an area (called a "constituency") in the House of Commons.
They are voted for by the people in a general election.
The Prime Minister chooses when to hold a general election, but must have an election at least once every five years.
MPs are usually members of a group called a political party.
Conservative party
Conservative Party
New Democratic Party (NDP)
Bloc Québécois (BQ)
British politicians
When a piece of music is in a major key, the relative minor means the minor key which has the same key signature.
It can be found by taking the sixth note of the first scale and playing a minor scale starting on that note.
For example: in C major the sixth note is an A. Therefore, A minor is the relative minor of C major (C major and A minor share the same key signature: no sharps or flats).
Electrolysis is a scientific way of 'splitting'  substances.
Electrolysis means 'electric-splitting'  and involves the separation of substances through an electric current.
Electrolysis is used in the mining industry to split reactive metals from their ores after they are taken from the ground.
Electroplating is also used to plate (cover) things with metal because it costs less than using, for example, solid gold to make jewellery.
Many beauty shops use electrolysis or electrology to remove hair.
This is done by "electrocuting" the hair so it splits along its root.
Electrolysis makes the anions (negative ions) go to the anode (positive electrode) and the cations (positive ions) go to the cathode (negative electrode).
So, for example, oxygen would go to the anode and iron would go to the cathode.
The Jurassic is the second and middle geological period in the Mesozoic era and the eighth period in the Phanerozoic eon.
It began 201.3 million years ago, and ended 145 million years ago.
The Jurassic period happened between the Triassic and Cretaceous periods.
During the Jurassic period, the climate was hotter and wetter than it is today.
Carbon dioxide levels and sea levels were also higher than today.
The Kimmeridge Clay of the Upper Jurassic was laid down in an environment which does not exist on the earth today.
Much of Western Europe was covered by a high sea level.
The supercontinent Pangaea was beginning to break up, causing a narrow Atlantic Ocean.
Because of this, the United Kingdom was covered by a shallow and largely anoxic sea, perhaps less than 100 metres deep, with occasional landmasses.
This was shallower water than the Blue Lias of the Lower Jurassic.
It was often low in oxygen, which caused its organic material to decompose, but only partially.
The Jurassic's mudstones are organic-rich, and gave rise to most of the North Sea oil.
The world of the Jurassic
The Jurassic started with all the continents together, 201.3 million years ago (mya).
This was the global supercontinent Pangaea.
It ended about 145 mya.
The boundary with the following Cretaceous period is not marked by any clear signs.
This is the only boundary between geological periods which has no clear markers.
The Jurassic happened in two parts.
The first was marked by widespread oceanic anoxia, ocean acidification, and relatively high temperatures.
This was likely caused by the eruptions in what we now call South Africa.
Already, Pangaea was beginning to break up.
From now on it was Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south.
The break-up of Pangaea took a long time to complete.
The process of pulling apart in geology is called  rifting.
Floods of lava flowed from fissures (splits) and volcanos.
By the end of the Jurassic, South America had begun to part from Africa.
In the western part of North America, mountain ranges began to form.
This continued as the American tectonic plates gradually moved west.
The westward-moving North American plates gradually rode over the Pacific Ocean plates to form the Rocky Mountains.
Ginkgoales, of which the only living species is Ginkgo biloba, were more diverse during the Jurassic.
On sea and land, evolutionary trends which started in the Upper Triassic continued through the Jurassic.
Archosaurian reptiles dominated the land biota.
Reptile groups radiated and filled many niches.
Dinosaurs, pterosaurs, marine reptiles (ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, turtles) all flourished.
Amongst invertebrates, there was much change.
Modern predators like starfish, crabs, and hole-boring gastropods took over the sea floor, eating the benthic fauna in huge numbers.
Brachiopods gradually lost their grip on the in-shore habitats; molluscan bivalves took their place.
Early mammals existed, but mostly as small nocturnal creatures on the margins of the reptilian world.
The first fossils of small dinosaurs with feathers, such as Anchiornis, come from the Jurassic period.
The famous fossil bird, Archaeopteryx, lived in the Upper Jurassic, though we now know it was not the ancestor of modern birds.
Land plants
The dominant land plants were the ferns, gymnosperms (conifers), large horsetails,'monkey puzzle' trees, ginkgos and cycads.
The coalfields formed in the Jurassic were formed mainly from ferns, which grew thickly, and were for the time the most common plant type.
These plants were not easy to digest, compared to modern flowering plants (Angiosperms).
They must have spent longer in the gut than the food of modern herbivores.
That would make increased size an advantage for sauropods, which did indeed become much larger in the Jurassic than any any animal land life had before.
The Triassic is the first geological period in the Mesozoic era and the seventh period of the Phanerozoic eon.
It lasted 50.6 million years.
The period began 251.9 million years ago, and ended 201.3 million years ago.
The period before the Triassic was the Permian period, the last period in the Palaeozoic era.
The Jurassic period came after the Triassic.
Extinction events
Great extinction events happened at both the beginning and end of the Triassic period.
The Triassic began after the great extinction at the end of the Palaeozoic era, the Permian/Triassic extinction event.
Nobody really knows the exact cause of the Permian/Triassic extinction, but many experts have different theories.
Generally, experts agree that many things caused the extinction.
The Triassic had several more extinction events, whose causes are also unknown.
The most significant of these took place at the end of the Triassic, which was one of the 'big five' Phanerozoic marine extinctions.
The name 'Triassic' comes from the three rock strata that formed during the Triassic period ("tri" means "three").
Three layers of rock strata formed during this period:
Red beds, laid down in desert conditions;
Limestone, laid down in seas, mostly over continental shelves; and
Black slate, laid down in rich organic conditions such as river deltas.
Overall climate
It had about 80% of today's oxygen levels
There was about six times as much carbon dioxide in the air as there was before the Industrial Revolution
The Earth's average surface temperature was about 3o C hotter than it is now
Paleogeography
During the Triassic period, there were no separate continents like there are today.
Almost all the Earth's land mass was together in a single supercontinent called Pangaea ("all the land").
Pangaea was centered more or less on the equator.
All the deep-ocean sediments (the things that settled at the bottom of the ocean) had disappeared.
This happened because oceanic plates moved sideways and downward until they were finally on top of each other, or under each other.
Being a super-continental land mass, Pangaea had limited shoreline.
Because of this, Triassic marine deposits  fossils from Triassic ocean life  are rare in most of the world.
In North America, for example, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west.
However, they are common in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied.
Major adaptive radiations
The first part of the Triassic had much less variety than the Permian, and showed signs of a deteriorated environment.
This situation lasted for about 5 million years, then steadily improved.
Into the vacant ecological niches, new forms evolved, replacing old with new.
This rapid adaptive radiation happened to the reptiles on land, the fish in the seas, and a number of other groups, like the insects.
Diverse communities with complex ecology took 30 million years to re-establish.
The group of bony fish known as the teleosts first appeared during the Triassic period.
The group now includes over 80% of all fish and 95% of all bony fish.
The only other common group of fish are the Chondrichthyes (the sharks and rays).
The rays also appeared during the Triassic.
Many reptile groups first appeared during the Triassic period, possibly because so many niches were vacant at the time.
Some of these new groups died out in the End–Triassic extinction event, but those that survived ruled the Earth for the rest of the Mesozoic.
The Archosaurs, including dinosaurs and crocodiles
Ichthyosaurs
The end-Triassic extinction
Many reptile groups became extinct during the Triassic, including:p.
Crocodilian Archosaurs:
Ornithosuchids
Aetosaurs
Rauisuchians
Other Archosaurs:
Euparkeria
Erythrosuchids
Proterosuchids
Proto-Archosaurs
Rhyncosaurs
Trilophosaurs
Prolacertiforms
Anapsids
Protocolophonids
Also, amongst the Synapsids (which used to be called mammal-like reptiles), the Dicynodonts died out during the end-Triassic extinction.p.
The Triassic was a period of great change in tetrapods: many new and important groups appeared, but many others became extinct.
Of all the periods in the Mesozoic era, there are the least number of fossils from the Triassic period.
This makes it difficult for scientists to explain these events.
Mesozoic era
Geological period
Permian/Triassic extinction event
A chromatic scale is a musical scale which uses every note as it goes up or down i.e. it goes up and down in semitones (half tones).
To play a chromatic scale on the piano every note is played: both white and black notes (e.g. C, C sharp, D, D sharp, E, F etc.).
A chromatic scale can start on any note.
Meaning of the word “chromatic”
The word “chromatic” comes from the Greek word “chromos” meaning “color”.
Organists in the 16th and 17th centuries such as Sweelinck liked to write “Chromatic Fantasias”.
These were pieces based on tunes which were chromatic.
In those days, because of the tuning systems used, not all the semitones were exactly the same size.
Going up a chromatic scale would have been like walking up a staircase with steps which were slightly larger or smaller in depth.
This made chromatic scales very interesting and “colourful” which is why they were called “chromatic”.
Chromatic harmony
Chromatic harmony means harmony (chords) which use notes which do not belong to the key the music is in (they are not in the key signature).
Although Bach in the 18th century used chromatic harmony it was the 19th century composers who used it more and more.
Wagner wrote music which was very chromatic: there were lots of sharps and flats and it kept modulating to different key areas.
The chord at the beginning of his opera Tristan and Isolde is so famous that it is known as the Tristan chord.
It is very chromatic.
The music is full of tension because it leaves us wondering which key the music is in.
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American politician and businessman.
He was the 41st vice president of the United States from December 1974 to January 1977.
Before becoming vice president, he was the 49th governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, and served as assistant secretary of State for American Republic Affairs, as well as under secretary of Health, Education and Welfare.
Before entering politics, he was a businessman.
As a businessman, Rockefeller was president and later chair of Rockefeller Center, Inc., and he formed the International Basic Economy Corporation in 1947.
He served as trustee, treasurer, and president of the Museum of Modern Art, and founded the Museum of Primitive Art in 1954.
A grandson of billionaire John D. Rockefeller and a member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was an art collector and served as administrator of the Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, New York City.
He was from one of the richest and most powerful families in the United States.
His paternal grandfather was John D. Rockefeller Sr.
His maternal grandfather was United States Senator Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island.
He was the son of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and Abby Aldrich.
He was Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973.
He was the brother of David Rockefeller, chairman of Chase Bank, Winthrop, later Governor of Arkansas, John III, and Laurance.
He is the uncle of former Senator John D. Rockefeller IV.
His first was to Mary Todhunter Clark until they divorced.
His second was to Margaretta Fitler Murphy until his death from a heart attack.
He tried three times to gain his party's nomination for the United States presidency but lost to the slightly more conservative Vice President and future President Richard Nixon in 1960 and 1968 and conservative Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona in 1964.
He refused to support Goldwater in the general election after losing to him, which Nixon condemned him for and used to argue that Rockefeller was not a loyal Republican.
He was Vice-President from 1974-1977 under Gerald Ford.
He waged a campaign against future President George Bush to be appointed to that office.
He was in Knights of Pythias.
Rockefeller Archive Center: Nelson Rockefeller  Contains details on the collection of public and private papers available to researchers at the Center.
The Rocky Roll  An extended portrait by Time Magazine of Nelson campaigning for New York Governor in 1958.
Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress biography
Businesspeople from Maine
United States Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare
Politicians from Maine
The common meaning is: keeping and maintaining to make sure that the object is protected against decay and will be (nearly) the same in future.
Art conservation and restoration, the retention of antiquities for museums or exhibition, also called "Art preservation"
Case preservation, in computer storage
Environmental preservation, the active maintenance and advocacy of the protection of the natural environment
Digital preservation, the management of digital information over time
Film preservation, rescuing aging film stock and preserving recorded images
National Film Preservation Board
Historic preservation, the theory and practice of creatively maintaining the historic built environment
Self preservation, part of an animal's fundamental instinct which demands that the organism survive
Pillar (band), a rock band
Pillar (Lake District), a fell in the English Lake District
A door pillar on a car
Paul Pillar, retired CIA National Intelligence Officer (publicly criticized Bush administration)
City Pillars, South African football (soccer) club
Wikipedia:Five pillars
A bier is a flat frame, traditionally wooden but sometimes made of other materials, used to carry a corpse for burial in a funeral procession.
In antiquity it was often simply a wooden board on which the dead was placed covered with a shroud (cloth used for burial).
In modern times, however, the corpse is almost never carried on the bier without being first placed in a coffin, though the coffin is sometimes kept open.
Catafalque
A coffin (also known as a casket) is a box used to store dead bodies, either for burial or after cremation.
Coffins used after cremation are what is known as an urn, where the ashes of the person are stored.
The word comes ultimately from Greek kophinos, a basket.
In English, the word was not used in a funeral sense until the 1500s.
The main distinction between a coffin and a casket is the shape.
A casket regularly has 6 – 8 sides while coffins have a rectangular shape.
Material and design
Many coffins are made out of materials such as wood, steel (which would have been used in Ancient Egyptian sarcophaguses), and many others.
These types of coffins, for example wooden ones can have a rectangular or any other design, whereas a steel or any other metal used in making coffins (or sarcophaguses) could have the exact same but include religious marking added to make it look more appealing.
Museum of Funeral Customs
BBC Business News 2001-12-28: Bamboo Coffins "Coffin-maker resurrects tradition"
Plans For Building A Halloween Coffin
Difference between a casket and a coffin
Agent Orange is a very powerful herbicide that was used in the Vietnam War.
It is a defoliant that destroys forests.
It was used by the United States military so their enemies had no place to hide.
The problem with Agent Orange is that when it is released, some dioxins are also generated.
Dioxins stay a long time in the environment.
They are very toxic, and cause genetic modifications and cancer.
Operation Ranch Hand: Herbicides In Southeast Asia  History of Operation Ranch Hand
Air Force Health Study  Study of Operation Ranch Hand veterans
Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 Institute of Medicine analysis of research on dioxin
Vietnam war orange agent  Collection photos of victim caused by orange agent in Vietnam war and information about the orange agent, disease, effect and symtom
is a Japanese manga and anime series created by Masashi Kishimoto.
It follows an orphaned ninja who dreams to become "Hokage".
The Hokage is the strongest ninja and the leader for the village, called Konoha (meaning "leaf" in Japanese).
As the series progresses, Naruto and his friends begin to solve the ancient history of the ninja world.
His friends including Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno.
Their teacher is Kakashi Hatake.
The manga was first published in 1999 in a Japanese magazine called Shonen Jump.
It was also translated into English.
The anime series premiered in Japan in October 2002.
In the United States, it started in September 2005.
Twelve years ago, a spiritual Nine-Tail fox attacked the Hidden Leaf Village, Minato Namikaze and Kushina Uzumaki sacrificed themselves to seal the monster within a boy named Naruto.
Nobody told Naruto that the fox was sealed inside him.
The villagers treated him badly because of the monster.
When Naruto found out the truth, it made him want to become the next Hokage and earn everyone's respect.
After graduating from being a genin, Naruto joined Team 7.
The members of Team 7 were Naruto, Sasuke Uchiha, Sakura Haruno and their teacher Kakashi Hatake.
They defeated Zabuza and Haku in the Land of Waves.
Orochimaru interrupted the Chunin Exam, killing the Third Hokage and Fourth Kazekage.
Orochimaru tricked the army of the Hidden Sand into opposing the Leaf.
Jiraiya trained Naruto, while Tsunade became the Fifth Hokage.
Sasuke left the village and looked for revenge against Itachi.
Naruto defeated five enemies from the Land of Sound through the forest, but he failed to stop Sasuke from joining up with Orochimaru.
Two and a half years later, Naruto recruited Sai and Yamato.
The Akatsuki organization started kidnapping ninja hosts.
Sasuke formed a tracking party and defeated Itachi.
Then he became stronger and joined Akatsuki.
Naruto learned Sage Mode.
He defeated Nagato for killing Jiraiya and devastating the village, even though he became good.
Tobi interrupted the meeting and declared the Fourth Great Ninja War.
He had a plan to reform the legendary Ten Tails from the nine tailed beasts.
That would control humanity and achieve world peace.
After learning Chakra Mode with the fox spirit, Naruto helped the Allied Shinobi Forces defeat the army of White Zetsu.
Tobi was revealed to be Obito, who kept the power of the eyes containing the Rinnegan and Sharingan.
When Madara came back to life and stole Obito's half of the power, he turned into the Sage of Six Paths.
He used the power of the forbidden art to trap everyone in the Ninja World (except Naruto, Sasuke, Sakura, Kakashi, Obito and other dead ninjas).
Black Zetsu fused with Madara to complete the reincarnation.
That freed Kaguya Otsutsuki to take his place.
In the past, Kaguya's son, Hagoromo, had trained Ashura and Indra.
Ashura and Indra were the first incarnations who came before Naruto and Sasuke.
After Kaguya killed Obito, Kakashi sacrificed his power.
Naruto and Sasuke worked together to seal Kaguya and Zetsu, and Madara died again.
When Sasuke used the forbidden genjutsu, Naruto defeated and spared him.
The world was peaceful and all the spiritual beasts were freed from Kaguya.
Kakashi became Sixth Hokage.
Sasuke realized his mistake, disabled the genjutsu, and forgave everyone.
Years later, Naruto became the Seventh Hokage.
He married Hinata Huyga.
Their daughter was named Himawari, and their son was named Boruto.
Boruto has a special eye and body mark.
Boruto makes a new Team 7 with Konohamaru Sarutobi, Sasuke and Sakura's daughter Sarada, and Orochimaru's artificial son Mitsuki.
Boruto helped Naruto and Sasuke defeat the two clansmen.
Boruto learned that the new enemy group called "Kara" are using their own marks.
Kawaki was taken to the Leaf Village and adopted by Naruto's family.
Ninja Ranks
Ninja Student
Genin
Basically meaning lower ninja.
Rank of missions they are sent to: D and C.
Chunin
Basically meaning middle ninja.
Rank of missions they were sent to: C and B.
Jonin
Basically meaning high ninja.
Rank of missions they were sent to: B, A, and S rank.
Sannin
Sannin is the highest ninja Rank there are only three Sannins in Naruto Manga.
ANBU
They are like ninja black ops and are assassins.
They serve the village's Kage.
The main character of the series.
He is a member of Team 7 and the Jinchuriki of Kurama the Nine Tails.
He wants to become Hokage to gain the villagers' respect and protect everyone.
Over the course of the series, readers find out he is descended from Asura Otsutsuki.
He got his chakra and stamina from Asura Otsutsuki.
Naruto befriends many foreign and Konoha people and helps them so much that he becomes famous.
Naruto eventually completes his dream of becoming Hokage.
He starts a family with Hinata Hyuga and has two children, Boruto and Himawari.
The second main character of the series.
He is a Team 7 member and a surviving member of the Uchiha clan, a powerful ninja clan descended from Indra Otsutsuki known for their Sharingan eyes.
Sasuke's only wish is to avenge his clan.
That made him turn on the Hidden Leaf once he learned the truth until the Fourth Great Ninja War.
By the events of the Boruto, he lost his arm.
Sasuke started investigating the Otsutsuki clan's influence on the world while helping Konohagakure.
One of Naruto's friends and a female member of Team 7, serving as the group's medic ninja after being trained by Tsunade.
Sakura was initially infatuated with Sasuke while resentful to Naruto, gradually seeing the latter as a friend while eventually marrying Sasuke and raising their daughter Sarada.
The leader and sensei of Team 7/Team Kakashi.
Kakashi was a student of Naruto's father's Minato.
He got a sharigan from his teammate Obito Uchiha.
After the Fourth Great Ninja War, Kakashi became the Sixth Hokage and ruled Konoha for many years.
Then he retired so Naruto could be Hokage.
A ninja who takes Sasuke's place in Team Kakashi in Part II.
Sai can bring his drawings to life.
The Foundatin's overseer, Danzo Shimura, raised him to have no emotions.
Sai begins becoming more social as he, Naruto and Sakura become friends.
At the end of the series, Sai marries into the Yamanaka and raises his son Inojin with his wife Ino.
A ANBU member who becomes a secondary leader in Team Kakashi.
Yamato lost his original identity when Orochimaru experimented on him as a child to recreate Hashirama's wood style.
Because he has Hashirama's cells, Yamato helps to stop the Nine Tails whenever Naruto is about to be consumed.
Hidden Leaf Village
Iruka Umino
A teacher at the Ninja Academy.
He lost his parents to Kurama as a child.
That made him feel awkward about being Naruto's teacher.
Iruka is the first person to acknowledge Naruto.
He becomes a father-figure to the boy.
Konohamaru Sarutobi
The grandson of Third Hokage who looks to Naruto as a mentor in this quest to become Hokage, emulating his work ethic, determination, and signature jutsu such as the Rasengan and the Sexy Jutsu among a variety of other techniques.
Konohamaru insists, however, that he will only become Hokage after Naruto has been Hokage first.
By the events of the series epilogue, Konohamaru has ascended to the rank of jonin and become a mentor to Naruto's son Boruto.
One of Naruto's friends and a member of the Hyuga clan.
She is a powerful ninja clan descended from Hamura Otsutsuki.
The Otsutsuki are known for their Byakugan eyes.
Hinata was the first daughter of the main house, but because she was shy and couldn't stand up for herself, her father Hiashi disowned her.
She was replaced by her younger sister Hanabi.
Afterwards, Kurenai Yuhi cared for Hinata.
She became Yuhi's gennin student with Kiba Inuzaka and Shino Abarame.
They became members of Team 8.
Hinata started to like Naruto.
His determination made her feel more confident.
In the last episode, she told him she loved him.
Hinata and Naruto got married and had two children.
Team Asuma
They were known as Team 10.
The members are Third Hokage's son Asama Sarutobi and his three students, Shikamaru Nara, Sakura's rival Ino Yamanaka, and Choji Akimichi.
Shikamaru and his friends are also called  "Ino-Shika-Cho."
Their clans being close allies.
During Part II, Asuma was killed by the Akatsuki member Hidan.
Shikamaru avenged his mentor and became the group's leader.
At the end of the series, Shikamaru kept his promise to take care of Asuma's daughter Mirai Sarutobi.
Shikamaru and his friends each got married.
They raised their children Shikadai Nara, Chocho Akimichi, and Inojin Yamanaka to be the next "Ino-Shika-Cho" group.
Team Guy
A ninja team made of Kakashi's rival Might Guy and his three students Rock Lee, Hinata's cousin Neja Hyuga, and Tenten.
They are a year older than the other Hidden Leaf gennin.
Guy wanted to wait a year before they could take the test to advance in ninja rank and become Chunin.
Neji sacrificed himself to save Naruto and Hinata.
Guy was hurt during his ultimate attack and had to retire early.
Jiraiya
Naruto's mentor and one of the Three Legendary Sannin.
The Three Legendary Sannin were the students of the Third Hokage who survived the Hidden Rain's Hanzo of the Salamander in battle.
Jiraiya is also known as the "Toad Sage" for having learned Sage jutsu from the Roads of Mt. Myobu.
He was told by the elder that his student will become a savior of the world.
Naruto calls him "pervy sage"  because he wrote romance novels.
He also wrote the epic "Tale of the Gutsy Ninja" with Naruto.
During Part I, took Naruto as his student.
In Part II, he left to investigate the Akatsuki.
He found out it was led by his former student Nagato.
Jiraiya died fighting to give the Hidden Leaf a chance against Nagato.
He believed Naruto is the child of the Elder Toad's prophecy.
Hokage
The term Hokage refers to the title of the leader of Konohagakure.
There are seven in total through the series.
Their pictures are carved into the rock formation over Konohagakure.
Hashirama Senju, the First Hokage, was the co-founder of Konohagakure.
He was the leader of Senju Clan.
He was a child during the Warring States period.
Hashirama wanted to end the conflict.
He made friends with Madara Uchiha.
Then, Madara Uchiha decided they were enemies.
Later, Hashirama and Madara made peace between their clans.
Hashirama died, but he was brought back to life twice by Orochimaru.
Tobirama Senju, the Second Hokage, was Hashirama's younger brother.
He was the teacher of Hiruzen Sarutobi.
Heo created the Hidden Leaf'sbuildingseand ways.
He also invented many  jutsuliket include the Shadow Clone Jutsu and the Reanimation Jusu.
Orochimaru used the Reanimation Jutsu on him..
Hiruzen Sarutobi, the Third Hokage, is the first Hokage shown in the series.
He acts as a source of wisdom to younger generations.
He is one of the few characters to always treat Naruto as a person.
He is also the mentor of the Legendary Sannin.
He wa killed by his wayward student while using the Reaper Death Seal.
His soul, the Hokages' souls, and Orochimaru's souls were sealed into the reaper's stomach.
During the Fourth Great Ninja War, Orochimaru released Hiruzen's soul from the Death Seal.
He reanimated him so Sasuke could learn the events behind the Uchiha Clan Massacre.
Sarutobi and the other three Hokage fought against Obito and Madara.
They were put to rest following after Kaguya was defeated.
Minato Namikaze, the Fourth Hokage, is Naruto Uzumaki's father.
He was also Kakashi's teacher and Jiraiya's student.
He perfected Tobirama's Flying Thunder God teleportation Jutsu.
Before the start of the series, Minato siphoned Kurama's Yin chakra.
That weakened the beast.
Namikaze sealed Kurama into Naruto's body.
That meant only Naruto could use the Nine-Tails' yang chakra.
Later, Orochimaru raised him from the dead as a Nine Tails Jinchuriki.
Minato met Naruto again.
He gave the Nine Tails' yin chakra to Naruto.
Then he returned to the afterlife.
Tsunade, the Fifth Hokage, is the Hokage for most of the series.
She was a student of the Third Hokage.
She was a member of the Senju clan.
Her grandfather Hashirama had superhuman strength.
Tsunade uses a transformation technique to look young.
At first, Tsunade did not want to be Hokage because her younger brother Nawaki and her boyfriend Dan Kato both died trying to be Hokage.
Tsunade regained her faith after meeting Naruto Uzumaki.
She became Hokage and taught Sakura and Ino.
By the end of the series, Tsunade retired.
She bestowed the Hokage title to Kakashi.
Danzo Shimura
A Hidden Leaf resident.
He is the leader of the Foundation.
The Foundation is a secret organization that takes care of security.
His goal is to become Hokage.
He thought Hiruzen and his followers were weak.
Danzo caused many bad things like the Uchiha Massacre.
He had Orochimaru add Sharingan eyes and Hashirama's cells to him.
When Tsunade was in a coma, Danzo was Acting Candidate Sixth Hokage.
Sasuke killed him.
After he died, the Foundation fell apart at the end of the Fourth Great Ninja War.
Zabuza Momochi
One of Naruto's first opponents.
He was a member of Hidden Mist's Seven Swordsmen of the Mist, a group of ninja that use particularly large swords in battle.
He killed his whole class as part of a graduation ritual.
Zabuza has a large sword called the Executioner's Blade.
The Executioner's Blade can repair itself by absorbing the iron from blood.
Zabuza had an apprentice named Haku.
Haku could use the Ice-Style Kekkei Genkai.
Zabuza and Haku became rogue ninja after trying to take over the Fourth Mizukage.
They worked for a crime boss named Gato to get money to try again.
Zabuza died after he was betrayed by Gato.
Kabu brought Zabuza and Haku back to life.
Orochimaru
A criminal who served as the principal villain of Part I. He was Hiruzen's student.
Orochimaru joined the Akatsuki and worked with Danzo.
Orochimaru wanted to live forever so he could learn every jutsu.
He did experiments on other ninja.
Then he made his own ninja village, the Hidden Sound Village.
He used the village to experiment on people and make an army.
He wanted to use the army to destroy Konoha.
To live forever, he changes his mind to different bodies every few years.
He wanted to use Sasuke's body to live in.
After the end of part II, Orochimaru stopped fighting Konoha.
He made Mitsuki instead.
Yamato watched him.
Kabuto Yakushi
Orochimaru's right hand and spy.
He is good at medical ninjutsu and can manipulate cells.
Kabuto was initially a Foundation spy.
He had no memory of his past.
Orochimaru helped Kabuto when Danzo did not trust him.
Kabuto used his skills to spy on people for Orochimaru.
After Orochimaru was defeated, Kabuto decided to master Snake Sage jutsu.
He put some of Orochimaru's remains into his body.
He also added DNA samples of Sound Five, Jugo, Suigetsu, and Karin.
Kabuto perfected the Reanimation Jutsu.
He made Tobi work with him as payment for his surfaces.
Kabuto was defeated, but he saved Sasuke.
After the war Kabuto returned to run the orphanage he was raised in with his adopted brother Urushi.
A rogue Hidden Leaf ninja.
He joined the Akatsuki after slaughtering his clan.
He was shown as a villain.
After he died, Itachi was shown to be loyal to the Hidden Leaf.
He only killed his family because they tried to take over when Danzo and Tobi told them to.
Itachi joined Akatsuki after they agreed to keep Sasuke alive.
He planned to have Sasuke kill him.
Itachi secretly stayed loyal to the Hidden Leaf by secretly spying on the Akatsuki.
He was Kisame's partner..
The main enemy of the second part of the series.
It was founded by Jiraiya's students Yahiko, Nagato and Konan as a peacekeeping group in the Hidden Rain.
Danzo and Tobi made it change to paid fighters made of rogue ninja.
Nagato became a leader.
The Akatsuki's new goal was to make everyone understand suffering so that there would be peace.
They acted on Madara's Project Moon's Eye to feed the tailed beasts to the Gedo Statue.
They used an Infinite Tsukiyomi to control all people.
Nagato, called Pain.
He had Madara's eyes put in him when he was a child.
He is the Akatsuki's leader and partner of Konan.
Nagato uses the dead body of his dead friend Yahiko in the Deva Path to be the "Pain."
Yahiko had helped start the Akatsuki with Nagato and Konan.
They learned ninjutsu from Jiraiya.
Nagato was hurt after Yahiko's died.
Then, he used six bodies known as the Six Paths of Pain.
Each body used a sixth of his power.
After he killed Jiraiya, Nagato led an attack on the Hidden Leaf.
Naruto beat his Paths and restored Nagato's faith in Jiraiya's teachings.
Tobi later stole the Rinnegan from Nagato's resting place.
Madara took it back later.
Kabuto brought Nagato back to life in the Fourth Great Ninja War.
Then he was sealed by Itachi.
Konan, the Akatsuki's only female member and Nagato's childhood friend.
As Jiraiya's student, Konan learned to take advantage of her skill with origami.
She used it as an important part of her fighting style.
After Nagato's death, Konan left the Akatsuki.
She fought Tobi when he came to get the Rinnegan eyes.
She was killed in the fight.
Kisame Hoshigaki, a rogue ninja from the Hidden Mist Village.
He is Itachi Uchiha's partner.
He is one of the Seven Swordsmen of the Mist.
Kisame uses a living scaled sword called Sharkskin.
Sharkskin absorbs his enemy's chakra and gives it to Kisame.
This gives him more stamina.
He joined the Akatsuki to see a world without lies.
He attacked Killer Bee.
He became a spy.
He was captured sending the jinchuriki's location to Tobi, then killed himself.
Sasori, a rogue Hidden Sand puppet ninja.
He was called "Sasori of the Red Sand" because he was good at making poison.
He was raised by his grandmother Chiyo after his parents were killed by Kakashi's father.
Sasori's really wanted to make things that last forever.
That let him make dead bodies into puppets that he could use.
Sasori left his village.
He abducted the Third Kazekage and made him into his most important weapon by poisoning his iron sand.
Sasori made himself into a puppet.
He hid himself in his armored body puppet.
That let him control hundreds of puppets at the same time.
When he joined the Akatsuki, Sasori was Orochimaru's partner.
Then he was Deidara's partner.
They captured Gaara and took the One Tail from him.
Sasori was killed.
His puppet body was used by Kankuro.
Deidara, a rogue Hidden Stone ninja.
He made money bombing things with clay bombs.
Then Itachi Uchiha forced him to join the Akatsuki.
Deidara did not like the Uchihas because of what Itachi did to him.
He also thought their Sharingan eyes looked down on his art.
After he helped capture Gaara and the Three Tails, Deidara fought Sasuke.
He blew himself up trying to kill Sasuke.
Deidara was brought back to life by Kabuto in the Fourth Great Ninja War.
He was defeated by Kankuro.
Hidan, a rogue ninja from the Hidden Boiling Water Village.
He was armed with a scythe.
He was Kakuzu's partner.
As member of a death cult called the Way of Jashin, Hidan became immortal.
He made techniques that let him defeat opponents by hurting himself.
Hidan became an enemy of Shikamaru after murdering Asama.
His body was cut up and he was buried in the Nara's family forest.
Kakuzu, a rogue ninja from the Hidden Waterfall Village and Hidan's partner.
He first lived during the First Hokage's time.
Kakuzu mastered a forbidden jutsu that causes his body to be held together by black threads.
He could have up to five hearts to prolong his life for a long time.
He was Akatsuki's treasurer and bounty hunter.
He killed a majority of his partners.
Then he was paired up with the immortal Hidan.
Kakuzu's hearts were destroyed during his fight against the Hidden Leaf ninja.
Kakashi killed him after Naruto hurt his last heart.
Kakuzu was brought back to life during the Fourth Great Ninja War.
Then he was sealed again.
Also known a Tobi.
He is the Akatsuki's true leader.
He is the main enemy for most of Part II.
He was a child during the Third Great Ninja War.
He gave his left eye to his teammate Kakashi when he looke  like he was about to ddie.
When he looked like he was going to diee, Obito was saved by Madara.
Madara replaced the damaged parts of his body with Zetsu prosthetics.
Obito became Madara's student.
Madara made Obitsu watch Kakashi kill Rin Noharu.
Obito decided he would use the Tailed Beasts to destroy reality.
He wanted to create a perfect world.
Obito took Madara's name.
He controlled things that led to the creation of the Akatsuki.
He also controlled things that led to the Nine Tails' attack on the Hidden Leaf Village.
He was angry at his former mentor, Minato.
With his Sharingan, Obito can make it seem like he cannot be touched.
He can teleport a long way.
He can also use Wood Style attacks because he has Hashirama's cells.
After Obito is defeated, he gets back the sharingan he gave Kakashi.
Then he died to protect team 7 from Kaguya.
He helped Kakashi in spirit.
One of two people who started Hidden Leaf Village.
The other was Madara's childhood friend Hashirama Senju.
Madara and Hashirama are reincarnations of the founding ancestors, Indra and Asura.
Sasuke and Naruto are also reincarnations of Indra and Asura.
Madara does not like the Senju because they killed his brothers during the Warring States Period.
He makes peace with Hashirama, but then turns against him again.
Madara tried to destroy the Hidden Leaf Village with the Nine Tails jutsu.
Hashirama stopped him, and Madara faked his death.
Madara used Hashirama's blood for his Rinnegan.
He summoned the Gedo statue to keep himself alive.
He finally died after getting Obito Uchiha to work for him.
He gave his Rinnegan to Nagato so that he could be brought back from the dead later.
After some time, Madara came back from the dead and turned himself into the Ten Tails jinchuriki.
He tried to finish his plan, but Black Zetsu betrayed him.
Madara became a vessel for Kaguya.
When Kaguya was resealed, Madara was close to dying.
He finally made peace with Hashirama and then died for good.
Kaguya Otsutsuki
The main enemy of the Naruto series.
Kaguya was a member of the main family of the Otsutsuki clan.
The Otsutsuki clan were a race of alien ninja whose branch family's descendants include the Senju, the Uchiha, and the Hyuga.
Kaguya decided to protect the world rather than feed off it like her kin.
She became part of the world's Divine Tree as she worked on her ideal of world peace.
Kaguya lost faith in humanity.
She turned some humans into an army called trust White Zetsu.
They were to defend her against other Otsutsuki.
She fought with her half-human twin sons, Hagoromo and Hamura, upon learning they inherited her chakra.
Kaguya became part of the Divine Tree and turned it into the Ten-Tails.
When Hagoromo captured her, she was sealed in the moon.
She turned into the Gedo Statue.
Her chakra turned into the Nine Tailed Beasts.
Before she was sealed, Kaguya made Black Zetsu.
Black Zetsu would help her to come back.
They would use Indra and the Uchiha Clan.
Madara Uchiha would be her new vessel.
Naruto and Sasuke defeated her with their team.
They took out the spiritual beasts and Madara.
Then they sealed Kaguya again.
Zetsu, an Akatsuki who is not human.
He spies for the Akatsuki.
He can get rid of dead or secret Akatsuki members.