the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Shoot 'Em Up (2007)
Heart Tango (2007)
''Spectre (2015) - Lucia Sciarra
Italian models
Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh is the home of the Scottish national rugby team.
It was first built in 1925.
In 1995, the stadium was renovated.
It has seats for 67,144 people.
It held the record for the most people at a rugby union match.
104,000 people watched Scotland play Wales in 1975.
Sports buildings in the United Kingdom
1925 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Scotland
By league
Division 1 Norra
Division 1 Södra
Division 2
Division 3
Alphabetically
Akropolis IF
Annelunds IF
Anundsjö IF
Arameiska-Syrianska KIF
Asmundtorps IF
Avesta AIK
Betsele IF
Bodens BK
Bollnäs GIF
Bollstanäs SK
Borens IK
Bunkeflo IF
Bureå IF
Carlstad United BK
BK Derby
Djurgårdens IF
Eskilstuna Södra FF
Eneby BK
Enköpings IS
Enskede IK
Eskilstuna City FK
Ersboda SK
IFK Falköping
Falu BS
Finlandia/Pallo IF
IFK Fjärås
Floda BoIF
Forssa BK
BK Forward
IK Frej
Friska Viljor FC
Frövi IK
Furunäs/Bullmark IK
IK Fyris
Färjestadens GoIF
Fässbergs IF
Gamla Upsala SK
Gantofta IF
Gerdskens BK
Gestrike-Hammarby IF
Gimonäs CK
Graninge FF
Grebbestads IF
Grimsås IF
Gröndals IK
Gullringens GoIF
IF Hagapojkarna
IS Halmia
Hammarby TFF
Haningealliansens FF
Haparanda FF
Hedens IF
IF Heimer
Helsingborgs Södra BIS
Hemmingsmarks IF
Herrljunga SK
Hertzöga BK
Hjulsbro IK
Holmalunds IF
Hudiksvalls ABK
Husqvarna FF
IFK Hässleholm
Högaborgs BK
Höllvikens GIF
Hörvikens IF
Ifö/Bromölla IF
Infjärdens SK
Inlands IF
Jonsereds IF
FC Järfälla
Juventus Västeräs IF
Kalmar AIK
Karlskrona AIF
Karlslunds IF
Kinna IF
Kirseberg IF
Kisa BK
IK Kongahälla
Korsnäs IF
Kristianstads FF
Krokom/Dvärslätts IF
Kubikenborgs IF
IFK Kumla
Kungsör BK
Köping FF
Laholms FK
IF Leikin
Limhamns IF
Lindome GIF
Lindsdals IF
Linköpings FF
Ljungby IF
Ludvika FK
Luleå SK
Lundby IF
Lundens AIS
Lunds BK
Lunds SK
Lärje/Angereds IF
Malmö Anadolu BI
Marieholms IS
Markaryds IF
Matfors IF
Mjölby AI
Morön BK
Motala AIF
Myresjö IF
GIF Nike
Norrby IF
BKV Norrtälje
Notvikens IK
Nybro IF
Nykvarns SK
Nyköpings BIS
BK Näset/Höllviken
Nässjö FF
Ockelbo IF
Ope IF
Oskarshamns AIK
Piteå IF
Pol/Svanstein FF
Påarps GIF
Rapa-Nui FK
Reymersholms IK
Robertsfors IK
Rydaholms GoIF
Rynninge IK
Rödeby AIF
Sandareds IF
Sandsbro AIK
Sandvikens AIK
Saxemara IF
Segeltorps IF
IK Sirius
Skene IF
Skiljebo SK
Skärhamns IK
Skövde AIK
Slottskogen/Godhem IF
Slätta SK
Snöstorp Nyhem FF
IFK Sollentuna
Spånga IS
Spårvägens FF
Stockviks FF
Storvreta IK
Strands IF
Strömtorps IK
Sunnanå SK
Svalövs BK
Svenljunga IK
Syrianska IF Kerburan
Sävast AIF
Söderhamns FF
Sölvesborgs GoIF
Tenhults IF
IFK Timrå
Tibro AIK
Tidaholms GoIF
Tomelilla IF
Topkapi IK
IK Tord
Torslanda IK
IFK Trollhättan
Tyresö FF
Ulricehamns IFK
Umedalens IF
Vallentuna BK
Valsta Syrianska IK
Varbergs GIF
Vasalund/Essinge IF
KF Velebit
Vetlanda FF
Visby AIK
Visby IF Gute
VMA IK
Värmbols FC
Värmdö IF
IFK Värnamo
Värtans IK
FC Väsby United
IFK Västerås
Växjö BK
Växjö Norra IF
Ystads IF
Ytterby IS
Åhus Horna BK
Åsebro IF
IF Älgarna
Älvsjö AIK
Öckerö IF
IFK Ölme
Örebro SK Ungdom
IFK Österåker
AIK (which stands for Allmänna Idrottsklubben), is a sports club from Sweden.
It is one of the biggest and one of the oldest in the country.
It was founded in 1891.
The name means Common (or Public) Sports Club.
It has departments for many different sports including football, ice hockey, bandy, golf, table tennis, bowling, and handball.
Sports clubs in Sweden
1891 establishments in Sweden
Network Ten is one of three major television networks in Australia.
It started broadcasting television in 1965, when they were called Independent Television Network.
Before The Game
Big Brother Australia
Rove Live
David Tench Tonight
Jamie's Kitchen Australia
The Ronnie Johns Half Hour
The Wedge
9am with David and Kim
Network TEN
Australian television networks
Seven Network is one of three major television networks in Australia.
It started broadcasting in 1956.
In recent years, it has grown into a diversified media company.
Seven Network's main shareholder is Kerry Stokes.
Seven Network's studio headquarters are in a converted warehouse at Jones Bay Wharf in Pyrmont, Sydney.
Its headquarters for its news department are in Martin Place, Sydney.
Seven's major production facilities are at Epping in Sydney's northern suburbs.
Seven Network are planning to move their production facilities to a specially built site at the Australian Technology Park in Redfern.
Accounting or accountancy is the job of sharing financial information about a business to managers and shareholders (people who have invested in the business).
Accounting is often called the "language of business".
Accountants are people who do accounting, and also carry out the auditing or checking of a company's books and records.
In Britain, this auditing is often carried out by a qualified person called a "chartered accountant".
In the United States, the professional designation is Certified Public Accountant or "CPA".
When accountants do accounting work, they write in the books of account (ledgers) that belong to a company.
Every time money is spent or earned, it is written in the ledger.
The information in the ledger is used to prepare the company accounts monthly, quarterly (every three months) and annually (every year).
These annual accounts show what money the company has taken in over time and what it has spent money on.
It also shows if the company made a profit in the year (if it made more money than it spent), who owes the company money, who the company owes money to, and any big expensive items the company has bought which they expect to use for many years.
Lenders, managers, investors, tax authorities (the people who collect taxes for the government) and other decision-makers look at these annual accounts.
Managers and investors look at the ledger and make decisions about how to spend money in the future.
Lenders like banks look at the accounts before they lend money to the company.
Tax authorities look at them to check that the company is paying the correct amount of taxes.
The word accountant originally comes from the Latin word computare – "to reckon, count, number", via French.
"Accomptant" was the original spelling and pronunciation of the word "accountant".
However, over time, people began to drop the "p" in the word "accomptant".
Over time, the word changed both in the way it was said and spelled to how it is today.
Accounting theory
Accountancy is very old.
It started when humans first started to farm and form towns and cities.
People who thought about economics (keeping track of money and valuable things) thought of a way to write down the sizes and values of crops.
Token accounting in ancient Mesopotamia
The earliest accounting records were found among the ruins of ancient Babylon, Assyria and Sumeria, which are more than 7,000 years old.
The people of that time relied on primitive accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds.
Because there is a natural season for farming and herding, it is easy to count and determine if a surplus had been gained after the crops had been harvested or the young animals weaned.
In the twelfth-century A.D., the Arab writer, Ibn Taymiyyah, wrote a book called Hisba.
This book has details about accounting systems that were used by Muslims before the mid-seventh century A.D. Muslim accounting was influenced (changed) by Romans and Persians.
In his book, Ibn Taymiyyah gives details of a complex governmental accounting system.
Accounting in the Roman Empire
The Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Latin: "The Deeds of the Divine Augustus") is a remarkable account to the Roman people of the Emperor Augustus' stewardship.
It listed and quantified his public expenditure, which encompassed distributions to the people, grants of land or money to army veterans, subsidies to the aerarium (treasury), building of temples, religious offerings, and expenditures on theatrical shows and gladiatorial games.
It was not an account of state revenue and expenditure, but was designed to demonstrate Augustus' munificence.
The significance of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti from an accounting perspective lies in the fact that it illustrates that the executive authority had access to detailed financial information, covering a period of some forty years, which was still retrievable after the event.
The scope of the accounting information at the emperor's disposal suggests that its purpose encompassed planning and decision-making.
The Roman historians Suetonius and Cassius Dio record that in 23 BC, Augustus  prepared a rationarium (account) which listed public revenues, the amounts of cash in the aerarium (treasury), in the provincial fisci (tax officials), and in the hands of the publicani (public contractors); and that it included the names of the freedmen and slaves from whom a detailed account could be obtained.
The closeness of this information to the executive authority of the emperor is attested by Tacitus' statement that it was written out by Augustus himself.
Records of cash, commodities, and transactions were kept scrupulously by military personnel of the Roman army.
An account of small cash sums received over a few days at the fort of Vindolanda circa 110 CE shows that the fort could compute revenues in cash on a daily basis, perhaps from sales of surplus supplies or goods manufactured in the camp, items dispensed to slaves such as cervesa (beer) and clavi caligares (nails for boots), as well as commodities bought by individual soldiers.
The basic needs of the fort were met by a mixture of direct production, purchase and requisition; in one letter, a request for money to buy 5,000 modii (measures) of braces (a cereal used in brewing) shows that the fort bought provisions for a considerable number of people.
The Heroninos Archive is the name given to a huge collection of papyrus documents, mostly letters, but also including a fair number of accounts, which come from Roman Egypt in 3rd century CE.
The bulk of the documents relate to the running of a large, private estate is named after Heroninos because he was phrontistes (Koine Greek: manager) of the estate which had a complex and standarised system of accounting which was followed by all its local farm managers.
Each administrator on each sub-division of the estate drew up his own little accounts, for the day-to-day running of the estate, payment of the workforce, production of crops, the sale of produce, the use of animals, and general expenditure on the staff.
This information was then summarized as pieces of papyrus scroll into one big yearly account for each particular sub—division of the estate.
Entries were arranged by sector, with cash expenses and gains extrapolated from all the different sectors.
Accounts of this kind gave the owner the opportunity to take better economic decisions because the information was purposefully selected and arranged.
Luca Pacioli and modern accountancy
Luca Pacioli (1445–1517), also known as Friar Luca dal Borgo, is said to be the "Father" of accountancy.
He wrote a textbook in Latin called Summa de arithmetica, geometrica, proportioni et proportionalita (Summa on arithmetic, geometry, proportions and proportionality, Venice 1494).
This textbook was used in the abbaco schools in northern Italy.
Sons of merchants and craftsmen were taught in these schools.
This textbook was written about math.
It has the first printed description of how merchants from Venice kept their accounts.
Merchants from Venice used a system called the double-entry bookkeeping system.
Pacioli wrote down this system but he did not invent it, but he is still called the "Father of Accounting".
The system he wrote had most of the accounting cycle as it is known today.
He wrote about using journals and ledgers, and warned that a person should not go to sleep at night until the debits were the same as the credits.
His ledger had accounts for assets (things that have value), liabilities (debts and loans that are to be paid to someone else), capital (money), income and expenses.
He showed how to write year-end closing entries and suggested that a trial balance be used to prove that a ledger is balanced.
His treatise (long essay) in the book also has info about other topics, such as accounting ethics and cost accounting.
Post-Pacioli
There was another book written in 1635 that was described as The Merchants Mirrour, or directions for the perfect ordering and keeping of his accounts formed by way of Debitor and Creditor.
This book was written by Richard Dafforne, who was an accountant.
This book has many references to books about accountancy that were written much earlier.
One chapter of this book is titled "Opinion of Book-keeping's Antiquity".
In this chapter the author says that, according to another author, the bookkeeping he wrote about was used two-hundred years earlier in Venice.
There were several editions of Richard Dafforne's book.
The second edition was published in 1636.
The third edition was published in 1656.
Another edition was published in 1684.
The book is very complete in how it describes scientific accountancy.
It contains a lot of detail and explanation.
The science that supports accountancy was liked by many people in the seventeenth century.
This is supported by the fact that there were so many editions.
Starting at this point in history, there have been many books written about accountancy.
Many authors claim to be professional accountants and teachers of accountancy.
Because of this, it shows that there were professional accountants who were employed in the seventeenth century.
Types of accounting
Financial accounting is "a major branch of accounting involving the collection, recording and extraction of financial information, and the summary of it in the form of a periodic profit and loss account, a balance sheet and a cash flow statement in accordance with legal, professional, and capital market requirements".
Management accounting is a type of accounting involving partners helping each other in management decision making, creating management systems for planning and performance, and using financial reporting to help design a company's accounting strategy for the future.
Open-book accounting is an accounting principle.
This principle requires the parties in an economic relationship to show their accounting books to each other.
Tax accounting is a type of accounting that makes sure tax laws are followed.
Accounting scholarship studies the theory of accountancy.
A financial audit is where an internal audit and an external audit are done.
For an external audit, an independent (unrelated) auditor takes a look at financial statements and accounting records.
By looking at these records, the auditor can find out if these records are true, fair and follow Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
Internal audit tries to get info for management usage, and is done by employees.
Accounting research is research in the effects of economic events on the process of accounting, the effects of reported information on economic events, and the roles of accounting in organizations and society.
It encompasses a broad range of research areas including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing and taxation.
Financial Accounting Standards Board Website (FASB)
Government Accounting Standards Board Website (GASB)
National Association of State Boards of Accountancy - CPA Exam (NASBA)
SEC Accounting Bulletins
SEC Division of Corporate Finance
CPA Australia
Institute of Chartered Accountants - Australia
IFRS or formerly IAS information
Association Of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA)
Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants (formerly Hong Kong Society of Accountants)
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW)
Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS)
Malaysian Institute of Accountants(MIA)
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI)
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Proposal for First-Time Application of International Financial Reporting Standards by Foreign private issuers registered with the SEC
Accounting Standards
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) - Deloitte  - Further details on new standards and interpretations
Original texts of IAS/IFRS, SIC and IFRIC adopted by the Commission of the European Communities and published in Official Journal of the European Union http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/accounting/ias_en.htm#adopted-commission
International Accounting Standards Board (2007): International Financial Reporting Standards 2007 (including International Accounting Standards (IAS(tm)) and Interpretations as at 1 January 2007), LexisNexis,
Desmond Michael Lynam (born 17 September 1942) was an British television and radio presenter.
He was born in Ennis, County Clare, Republic of Ireland.
He was best known for  presenting the BBC's sport coverage such as Grandstand.
Lynam also presented Countdown on Channel 4 from 2005-2006.
He was replaced by Des O'Connor.
Irish television personalities
People from County Clare
Irish radio personalities
Irish television presenters
A carbonate is a chemical compound that has the carbonate ion, .
This ion is made of carbon and oxygen.
The name may also mean an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the carbonate group C(=O)(O–)2 of carbon and oxygen.
They have a valency of 1.
When added to an acid, a carbonate will produce carbon dioxide, water and a chemical salt.
Sedimentary rocks containing calcite and other carbonates are plentiful in the earth.
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (24 October 1632 – 30 August 1723; last name pronounced 'Layvenhook') was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands.
He is best known for his work to improve the microscope.
Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to see and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as microorganisms.
He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in small blood vessels.
Van Leeuwenhoek did not write books, but sent letters to the Royal Society in London.
The letters were published in the Royal Society's journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
In his youth van Leeuwenhoek was apprenticed to a draper.
Later, a civil service position allowed him to give time to his hobby: grinding lenses and using them to study tiny objects.
His simple microscopes were skillfully ground, powerful single lenses capable of high image quality.
He looked at protozoa in rainwater, pond water and well water.
He also looked at bacteria in the human mouth and intestine.
In 1677, he first described the spermatozoa of insects, dogs, and humans.
His observations laid the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology.
He was the first to see bacteria, protists, spermatozoa, the cell vacuole, blood corpuscles, capillaries, and the structure of muscles and nerves.
Dobell, Clifford (1960) [1932].
Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his "little animals": being some account of the father of protozoology and bacteriology and his multifarious discoveries in these disciplines.
New York: Dover Publications reprint of original edition by Harcourt, Brace and Company.
1723 deaths
Dutch scientists
Microbiologists
People from Delft
Barbie  is an American fashion doll best known as a toy doll.
Starting as just a doll, Barbie became a brand.
It is most common in the United States.
It is named after a girl named Barbara, who was the toy maker's daughter.
Though the brand is most famous for the doll, other merchandise has been created with the Barbie name such as games, movies, videos, clothing, accessories, and books.
The clothes and fashion accessories allow  girls a taste of high fashion.
Throughout the decades, Barbie has reflected and encouraged feminine growth in the workplace in the United States.
She has been a miniature model of women worldwide.
The doll has been criticized for causing self-image complexes, yet other companies continue to produce similar dolls. "
The Barbie doll is the biggest selling toy in the history of proprietary toy manufacturing."
On average, 172,000 dolls are sold by Mattel each day.
Ruth Handler was the creator of Barbie.
Her parents were Polish Jewish immigrants.
She was the tenth child.
Her husband, Elliot Handler was the founder of Mattel in 1945, which is the largest toy company in the world.
She originally wanted to name the doll "Barbara", after her daughter, or "Babs" after her daughter's nickname.
However, both those names were copyrighted.
Late 1950s
Barbie was first released on March 9, 1959 at a toy fair in New York after seven years of battling disagreements.
At the time, Mattel was the third largest toy company in the United States.
Ruth's display of Barbie was housed at the New Yorker Hotel in a hotel room, since so many businesses brought their toys to put on display.
She had to halt the projected production that she assumed she would acquire in business orders at the fair.
It was a disappointing day for Ruth and Barbie.
In March 1959, Barbie debuted as a teen fashion model on television with more positive response leading the way for the dolls popularity rise.
A blonde Barbie from this decade in mint condition has an appraisal price listing of five thousand-$5,250.
The brunette Barbie that was made at the same time is worth $1,000 more than the blonde.
In the 1960s Barbie's friends joined the line up of fashion dolls.
Ken was her boyfriend and came to be in 1962.
The Ken doll got his name from Ruth's son.
Midge was her friend who was a redhead meeting the toy marketplace in 1963, a year after Ken.
Allen was Ken's friend.
Skipper was her little sister that was produced in 1964.
Tutti and Todd were her twin siblings were introduced in 1966.
Francie was her adult cousin.
In 1967, Francie was changed into the first black Barbie doll causing consumers to believe it reflected the support of interracial marriages.
Since this was during Civil Rights' time, she was not very successful.
Twelve months later Mattel introduced Christie, the second black Barbie, who was much more accepted.
Cara and Julia were also produced as Barbie's black friends.
The roles of Barbie evolved as equality for women's rights progressed.
The doll started in the 1960s portraying stereotypical female positions like teacher, stewardess, nurse, etc.
A series of novels were also written introducing Barbie and her birthplace in the 60's.
Bendable legs and swivel hips were introduced on Barbie in 1965.
Jack Ryan created them.
Hairstyles of the Barbie's in the 1960s were typically the classic bubble-cut hairstyle of the era taken from the First Lady of the early 60's Jackie Kennedy.
The Barbie that is worth the most from this decade according to "Schroeder's Collectible Toys" is Color Magic Barbie made in 1967.
Her hair and costume changes color.
If it is complete with its cardboard box, it is worth $4,000.
The 1970's
Children could purchase the new bendable Barbie's at a discounted rate if they wanted to trade in the old style in the 1970s.
Christie's black boyfriend, Brad was introduced in 1970.
Barbie's facial features were changed in 1971 from eyes cutting from the side and smile without teeth to eyes forward and a wide smile exposing teeth.
This change occurred to keep current with the times representing a "forward-thinking peace-and-love generation."
The first doctor Barbie appeared in 1973.
Cara's boyfriend Brad reached the toy market in 1975.
The flip hairstyle was a popular way for Barbie's hair to be styled in the 70's.
The Sears' exclusive Dramatic New Living Skipper Very Best Velvet Barbie made in 1970-71 has the highest list price for the decade in "Schroeder's Collectible Toys" at $1,500.00.
The 1980's
Hispanic and black Barbies were no longer featured as friends of Barbie's in the 1980s.
They had reached the Barbie title in their own right.
Magic Curl Barbie made its debut in 1982 feauting both black and white races.
The first Asian doll produced representing Hong Kong in 1981 came from a mold with a rounder face and almond shaped eyes.
A Japanese Barbie hit the market in 1985 as one of the first other nationalities offered with the collection of International Dolls of the World Barbies following its release.
Barbie was made into a pilot in 1989.
The doll could be viewed as opening the door for female acceptance in otherwise male dominant careers paving the way with astronaut Barbie debuting eighteen years prior to Sally Ride's first female in space endeavor.
The 1980s also began the Holiday Barbie collection.
The first one was produced in 1988 and its listed value is $325, which is $700 less than what it was worth in the 1990s.
The 1990's
Shani, Asha, and Nichelle were produced to offer greater skin tone and facial feature selection to represent blacks more accurately in 1991.A hit single produced by the band Aqua entitled "Barbie Girl" climbed charts worldwide in 1997.
Also in 1997, Puerto Rican Barbie debuted.
Barbie's body measurements changed in 1998 due to consumer demand.
Her breasts and hips were reduced and waist was widened.
Race car driving NASCAR Barbie hit toy store shelves in 1998 and 1999 foreshadowing the first female race car driver Danica Patrick.
Barbie was flashy and wore bright colors in the 90's.
1994's Barbie Snow Princess worth $1100 is the highest listed of the decade in "Schroeder's Collectible Toys".
Ruth had died, and could not dip Barbie's hand and footprints in her concrete slab on Hollywood Boulevard in 2002.
Instead, Barbara, her daughter for whom the doll was named, did the honors inducting the doll to superstar status.
In 2006 a movie, "The Tribe" used Barbie to connect with being Jewish in America.
In 2008, Barbie was transformed into a representation of African culture for the hundredth anniversary of the first African American sorority Alpha Kappa Alpha.
2009 brought about changes to the black Barbie adding fuller lips and altered facial features at the request of consumer complaints.
Tricelle was given more textured and curlier hair.
Chataine Barbie made in 2003 is worth $425 according to "Schroeder's".
Self Image
Some people believe Barbie gives girls a wrong idea of what they will look like when they grow up.
They think the introduction of the doll was wrong because it made young girls believe they had to become skinny in order to be just like Barbie.
As in earlier dolls, her head is disproportionately large.
Unlike those, her breasts are large and her waist and feet are disproportionately small;.
If her doll size proportions were converted into life size body measurements (breast size, waist size, hip size) only 1 in 100,000 women would match them, at least without plastic surgery.
Someone shaped like Barbie would suffer back problems due to her breast size.
She would be unable to support her weight on her tiny feet and could not walk.
The doll has been blamed for eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia.
She is not supposed to be taken as a literal interpretation of a teenage girl.
Barbie was not built to give girls an inferior complex when comparing themselves to the doll.
She was built to be a longer lasting alternative to the easily torn paper dolls for hours of enjoyment reinacting life scenes through a child's creativity and imagination.
Barbie is a teen doll, which gives little girls a peek at what might happen in their teen life.
This was thought to be bad, because Barbie has lots of boyfriends.
Barbie rivals
Ruth Handler, Barbie's creator, has been blamed for taking the Barbie doll design from a doll made in Germany in 1955, the Lilli doll that was sold mainly at tobacco shops, for men.
Lilli was originally a cartoon character in a tabloid newspaper in Germany created by Reinhard Beuthein in 1952.
O.M. Hausser/Elastolin Company had Max Weissbrodt, a doll maker of theirs get a patent for Lilli's limb design.
Ruth is rumored to have purchased a few of the dolls while in Switzerland with her family.
The Barbie doll has been in competition with other toy companies' doll designs.
Ideal Toy and Novelty Company began making Tammy in 1962, American Character Doll Company challenged Barbie's sales in 1963 with Tressy, and Remco started producing the Littlechap Family in 1964.
However, none had the popularity of Barbie.
At the time of production, Tammy gave Barbie creators a financial scare.
She was based on a movie character played by Debbie Reynolds.
Instead of being surrounded with friends and boyfriends, the doll came with a mother and father, which might be why her popularity never surpassed Barbie's.
Barbie spin-offs
Barbie is a very big trend.
She has had many sisters, boyfriends, and friends.
She has "dream houses" and clothes.
She has many jobs from teacher to doctor to astronaut.
There have been many other dolls like Barbie since Barbie was first produced.
Barbie also created MyScene dolls, a spoof of Bratz.
The fact is the creator of Barbie, Ruth Handler, fought sexism and overcame her domesticated gender role to accomplish her goals in the business arena as a female by producing the world famous Barbie doll.
Scheffler, Joann, "The Barbie Doll's March 1959 debut", Cincinnati Pop Culture Examiner, http://www.examiner.com/x-27339-Cincinnati-Pop-Culture-Examiner~y2010m3d7-The-Barbie-Dolls-March-1959-debut-see-the-first-Barbie-tv-ad-here, retrieved 2010-03-14
Parmesan cheese is the name of an Italian extra-hard cheese made of raw cow's milk.
The original Parmesan cheese is more precisely called Parmigiano-Reggiano.
It is produced only in Italy, in the provinces of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Mantua (partly) and Bologna (partly).
It is usually the cheese to go with Spaghetti and other typical Italian pasta, but it also has many other uses.
Parmesan is a part of Italian national cuisine and it can be eaten both grated and in slivers.
It is hard, sharp and dry.
Parmigiano-Reggiano is DOP / AOC.
This means that the way they are made and the region in Italy they come from are strictly controlled.
The brand (Parmigiano Reggiano) is protected, and only in Europe.
In many parts of the world, cheese is sold as Parmesan cheese that has nothing to do with the true (Italian) Parmigiano Reggiano.
Within the European Union, the term Parmesan may only be used, by law, to refer to Parmigiano-Reggiano itself, which must be made in a restricted geographic area, using stringently defined methods.
In many areas outside Europe, the name "Parmesan" has become genericized: Any one of a number of hard Italian-style grating cheeses are called 'Patmesan'.
After the European ruling that "parmesan" could not be used as a generic name, Kraft renamed its grated cheese "Pamesello" in Europe.
One kind of cheese, which is very similar, but produced in another region in Italy, is Grana Padano.
Grana Padano is produced in Lombardy,
Italian cheeses
Franz Liszt (born Raiding, nr.
Sopron, October 22, 1811; died Bayreuth, July 31, 1886) was a Hungarian composer and pianist.
Liszt (pronounced like “list”) was one of the most important musicians of the 19th century.
He was the greatest pianist of his time and went on lots of tours through Europe where everyone filled the concert halls to hear him.
He wrote a lot of music for piano.
Many of his piano pieces were harder to play than anything that had been written before.
In this way he developed the technique of piano playing, setting new standards for the future.
In his compositions he often used new ideas which sounded very modern in his time.
He was very helpful to other composers who lived at that time, helping them to become better known by conducting their works and playing some of their orchestral pieces on the piano.
Liszt’s father was an official who worked for Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, the same noble family who employed the composer Joseph Haydn.
When he was seven his father started to teach him the piano.
He was a child prodigy, and within a year or two he was already playing in concerts.
He was so promising that some rich Hungarians said they would pay for his music education.
In 1821 his family moved to Vienna.
He had piano lessons from Czerny and composition lessons from Salieri.
He soon became famous although he was still a young boy, and he met famous musicians like Beethoven and Schubert.
Beethoven is supposed to have kissed him on the forehead.
In 1823 his family moved again, this time to Paris.
He wanted to go to the Conservatoire to study music but Luigi Cherubini would not let him in because he was a foreigner (i.e. not French).
So he studied music theory privately with Reicha and composition with Paer.
Soon he was asked to play the piano everywhere in Paris.
He travelled to London.
On his second visit there in 1825 he played to King George IV at Windsor.
Liszt continued to travel to other countries.
After his father died he became a piano teacher in Paris.
He fell in love with one of his pupils.
It was the first of many love affairs he had with various women.
He read a lot of books to try to educate himself properly.
He met Berlioz and he liked the music of Berlioz very much.
In 1831 he met the violinist Niccolò Paganini and he was amazed by his virtuoso playing.
Liszt was to do for the piano what Paganini had done for the violin.
Both men were drawn by cartoonists as devilish characters.
Both men wrote music which was incredibly hard for their instruments.
Soon Liszt met a Countess called Marie d’Agoult.
He began to have an affair with her.
The Countess left her husband and went to live with Liszt in Geneva.
They lived together for several years and had three children.
When Liszt gave away a lot of his money to help pay for a monument to Beethoven in Bonn he had to earn money by going on tours again, so the countess left him.
He still saw her and the children every summer for a few years but finally they separated completely.
Liszt spent eight years in Rome.
He wrote a lot of religious music and took orders in the Catholic church.
His daughter Cosima, who had married a famous conductor Hans von Bülow, left her husband and lived with Wagner.
Liszt and Wagner quarrelled for many years about this.
Liszt spent most of his last years travelling to and fro between three cities: Rome, Weimar and Budapest.
He called this his “vie trifurquée” (three-forked life).
He died in Bayreuth July 31, 1886.
His personality
Liszt had a very strong personality which affected everyone he met.
When he played the piano at concerts he was a great showman.
People drew caricatures of him playing the piano with his wild mop of hair.
He could be very polite and knew how to get on with the aristocracy.
He could be very generous, giving both money and time to other musicians and giving praise where it was deserved.
He was a powerful, unique character and one of the most important romantic composers of his day.
He is known for his dazzling virtuostic piano displays best.
Most of Liszt’s compositions were for piano.
He wrote one piano sonata.
It is in B minor.
Its form is very different from the sonatas of composers like Beethoven.
It is a very Romantic work, but it does not tell a story like a lot of Romantic pieces do.
Mostly his piano works are shorter pieces which are quite free in form.
He often took a theme and transforms it (changes it gradually).
He wrote studies which are much more than just pieces to improve one’s piano technique.
One collection is called Transcendental Studies.
In Switzerland he wrote Années de pèlerinage (Years of Wandering), a collection of pieces to which he gave titles later.
Liszt explored all the possible sounds that the piano could make (it was still a fairly new instrument).
Sometimes he made it sound like an orchestra.
Some of his last piano works are much simpler to play, although the chords would have sounded very modern for his time.
They are like the Impressionistic music of Debussy.
Not all Liszt’s piano pieces were original compositions: he also made arrangements or transcriptions.
It seems a strange idea to us now to take someone else’s symphony and arrange it for piano.
This is what Liszt often did.
He took symphonies by Beethoven or songs by Schubert and changed them so that they could be played on the piano.
Many people did not have the opportunity to hear concerts very often, and they certainly did not have radios or CDs, so Liszt was making these works more famous, helping them to reach a wider audience.
He often made difficult transcriptions which meant that he changed the pieces and added ornamental notes, making a new piece out of an old one.
Liszt’s orchestral music is also very important.
He wrote symphonic poems: pieces which tell a story or describe something.
The best known one is called Les préludes.
He also wrote two piano concertos.
He wrote a lot of church music.
Church music was often quite sentimental in those days, but Liszt tried to make his works help people to feel religious devotion.
For composing and performing Liszt was using a variety of pianos (fortepiano).
In his Portugal tour as well as in Kiev and Odessa tours, he used a Boisselot piano.
This model has been recreated in the XXI century.
The composer also owned an Erard piano, a Bechstein piano and Beethoven's Broadwood grand piano.
In many ways Liszt was typical of the Romantic artist.
He was always looking for a spiritual meaning to life.
He carried a walking stick with the heads of St Francis of Assisi and Gretchen and Mephistopheles, characters from Goethe’s Faust.
He was a 19th-century musician but through his thinking and his music he looked forward to the 20th century.
Demko Miroslav: Franz Liszt compositeur Slovaque, L´Age d´Homme, Suisse, 2003.
The Franz Liszt Site with timeline
Piano Society - Liszt - A short biography and various free recordings in MP3 format.
The Love Affairs of Great Musicians, Volume 2 by Rupert Hughes, full-text from Project Gutenberg
Franz Liszt Project  - A comprehensive Liszt site with searchable databases.
Concert programme for September 16, 1840 at The Centre for Performance History
Old cylinder recordings of orchestral arrangements of Liszt Hungarian Rhapsodies, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library.
International Franz Liszt Piano Competition - official page
Catalogue of the Complete Liszt Recording by Leslie Howard
WorldCat Identities page for 'Liszt, Franz 1811-1886'
Lizst in Limerick , The Old Limerick Journal, Richard Ahern
Hungarian pianists
Fandom (previously known as Wikia and before that, Wikicities) is an organization for making websites that are wikis.
Wikia was started in 2004 by Jimmy Wales, who also started Wikipedia, and Angela Beesley.
The name of Wikicities was changed to Wikia on March 27, 2006 to prevent other people from mistaking it for a wiki on cities, and then renamed again on October 4th, 2016 to Fandom for an unknown reason.
At the time, it was called "Fandom powered by Wikia" until June 2018.
Since October 2018, most of the URLs have changed from x.wikia.com to x.fandom.com this does not include wikis based on serious topics which instead changed to x.wikia.org.
Wikis hosted on Fandom are about something which many people will like.
All content on Fandom is released under a free license, such as the GNU Free Documentation License or the Creative Commons.
Anybody can change pages on wikis at Fandom, so that no single person "owns" or is "the boss" of a wiki, and so that large communities can be made.
The software used is MediaWiki.
Articles on Fandom are often written in more "in-universe" style; meaning that fictional characters and plots are written as if they are real.
Some projects on Fandom are more for people who are very interested in the topic.
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Mozzarella is a kind of  fresh cheese.
Originally, it was Italian but now it can be found all over the world.
Its made of the milk of cows or water buffalos.
A cheese produced in a similar way, but with sheep's milk is common in Sardinia, Abruzzo and Lazio.
It is sometimes called mozzapecora.
Mozzarella made with goats milk can also be found.
Its development is more recent, though.
The main reason it is produced is that goats' milk is easier to digest than that of cows or buffalos.
Mozzarella is common in Italian cuisine.
It can be used on pizza.
Limburger cheese is a cheese made from cows' milk.
Its name comes from the Duchy of Limburg, which is divided between Holland, Belgium and Germany today.
Limburger cheese is known for its strong smell, which is caused by the bacterium that lives in its rind.
Since about the mid nineteenth century, most Limburger is produced in Germany.
In 2006 a study showing that the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) is attracted equally to the smell of Limburger and to the smell of human feet earned the Ig Nobel Prize in the area of biology.
This Cheese has now been placed in strategic locations in Africa to fight against malaria, which is spread by  mosquitoes.
Dutch cheeses
MyScene is a type of doll created by the Mattel Toy Company.
They share the product name of Barbie, but they have differences with the head shapes.
The line was supposedly started as a rival to the popular Bratz dolls.
"Jammin' In Jamaica"
"Masquerade Madness"
"My Scene Goes Hollywood" featuring Lindsay Lohan.
Barbie(Barbie was replaced by Kennedy because they said that she had moved to California)
Nolee
Delancey
Jai, Nia and Kennedy were added when they changed the my scenes dolls to look like Bratz and they took out Nolee and Barbie
Bora Bora is a small island in the Leeward group of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean.
Vaitape is the largest city on the island with 4,000 people.
There is an airport on an islet where residents can fly to other islands in French Polynesia.
Bora Bora Pictures Bora Bora Photos
Bora Bora entry on WorldAtlas.com
Bora Bora Islands Pictures Pictures of the Islands
The Appalachian Mountains (French: les Appalaches) are a large group of North American mountains.
They are partly in Canada, but mostly in the United States.
They form an area from  to  wide, running  from the island of Newfoundland in Canada to central Alabama in the United States.
The individual mountains average around 3,000 ft (900 m) in height.
The highest is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina (6,684 ft or 2,037m).
Mt. Mitchell is also the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River as well as the highest point in eastern North America.
The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel.
Ridgelines and valleys run north-south and travelers must climb them again and again.
Only a few mountain passes run east-west.
The Erie Canal was built through one of them.
In most places the Appalachians are the watershed between the drainage basins of the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean.
The term Appalachia is used to refer to the mountain range and the hills and plateau region around it.
The term is often used to refer to areas in the central and southern, but not northern, Appalachian Mountains.
These areas usually include all of West Virginia and parts of the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina, and sometimes extending as far south as northern Georgia and western South Carolina, as far north as Pennsylvania, and as far west as southeastern Ohio.
In 1965 the United States Congress  created an Appalachian Regional Commission to include these areas and more, as far west as Mississippi.
The Appalachian Trail in the US is about 3,500km (2,190 miles) long and goes through 14 states from Georgia to Maine.
History of the range
The Appalachians today are the worn-down remains of a once huge mountain chain.
They first formed about 480 million years ago during the Ordovician.
They once were as high as the Alps, the Rocky Mountains and the Atlas Mountains.
The birth of the Appalachian ranges, some 480 million years ago (mya), was the first of several mountain-building plate collisions as the supercontinent Pangaea formed.
The Appalachians were at the center of the newly formed Pangaea.
North America and Africa were connected, and the Appalachians were part of the same mountain chain as the "Anti-Atlas" or Little Atlas Mountains in Morocco.
This mountain range, known as the Central Pangean Mountains, extended into Scotland, from the North America/Europe collision (see Caledonian orogeny).
Raven-Symoné Christina Pearman (born December 10, 1985) is an American actress and singer.
She moved to Ossining, New York at age three.
She played the role of "Olivia" in the last three seasons of The Cosby Show (1984).
Pearman is most well known as the person Raven in the TV show That's So Raven and other parts in The Cheetah Girls and The Cheetah Girls 2.
Pearman goes by the name Raven for most of her acting.
In August 2013 Raven-Symoné commented on legalizing gay marriage, "I was excited to hear today that more states legalized gay marriage.
I, however am not currently getting married, but it is great to know I can now, should I wish to".
She was dating AzMarie Livingston since 2012, and in October 2015, she announced that she had broken up with her.
1985 births
Disney singers
LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
The Arabian horse is a breed famous for beauty and stamina.
It is one of the oldest horse breeds in the world.
Arabian horses are bred with horses of other breeds to add speed, beauty, endurance, and strong bones.
Today, Arabian ancestors are found in almost every breed of riding horse.
The Arabian horse developed in the deserts of Arabia by the Bedouin people.
People sometimes brought their horses into family tent for shelter and protection.
This close relationship with humans made the Arabian a horse with a kind temper and quick to learn.
It also was used as a war horse.
This meant that it needed speed and to be very alert.
This blend of traits makes it necessary for people today to treat Arabian horses with kindness and respect.
Breed Traits
Arabian horses have triangle-shaped heads, a wide forehead, big eyes, large nostrils, and small muzzles (noses).
Most have a concave or "dished" profile.
They have a slim, arched neck, smooth hindquarters and a naturally high-carried tail.
Arabians have strong bone and good feet.
They are especially noted for their excellent endurance.
Arabians' hair coat colors are bay, gray, chestnut, and black.
Arabians can have robicono and/or sabino genes.
All Arabians have black skin under their hair coat, except under white markings.
The Bedouin sold many Arabian horses to people from Europe.
Other Arabian horses were captured in war and taken to other countries outside of the Middle East.
Today, Arabian horses are found all over the world.
Arabian horse families are now labeled by where their most recent ancestors were bred, such as "Polish," "Spanish," "Crabbet" (from England), "Russian," "Egyptian", and "Domestic" (in the United States), and "Weil-Marbach" in Germany.
For example, a horse called a "Polish Arabian" is an Arabian horse who has recent ancestors that were bred at farms in Poland, from horses the Polish people bought from the Bedouin in Arabia many centuries ago.
Arabians compete in many places, including horse racing, horse shows, Endurance riding, show jumping, and more.
They also make good pleasure, trail, and working ranch horses for people who do not like competitive events.
Arabians also are seen in movies, parades, circuses and other places where horses are used.
There are many legends and myths about Arabian horses.
One legend says that the prophet Muhammad selected his five finest mares (female horses), called Al Khamsa ("the five") to be the foundation of the Arabian breed.
Another legend says the Queen of Sheba gave an Arabian mare to King Solomon, and that is how the breed began.
Yet another story says Allah made the Arabian horse from the south wind, saying, "I create thee, Oh Arabian...I give thee flight without wings."
In real history, Arabians are one of the oldest human-developed horse breeds in the world.
Pictures of "Proto-Arabian" horses that looked a lot like modern Arabian horses were painted on rocks in the Arabian Peninsula as far back as 2,500 B.C. The ancestors of the Bedouin probably tamed horses not long after they tamed the camel.
A horse skeleton was unearthed in the Sinai peninsula, dated to 1700 B.C., and is considered the earliest proof of the horse in Ancient Egypt.
It was probably brought by the Hyksos invaders.
This horse had a wedge-shaped head, large eye and small muzzle, just like the Arabian horse today.
In the desert, humans were the only source of food and water for the Arabian horse.
Where there was no pasture, the Bedouin fed their horses dates, a fruit of the date palm tree, and camel's milk.