the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In 1744 Louis XV negotiated a marriage between his fifteen year old son and the nineteen year old Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese.
The marriage contract was signed 13 December 1744 and the marriage was celebrated by proxy at Madrid 18 December 1744 and in person at Versailles 23 February 1745.
Louis and Maria Teresa Rafaela were well matched and had a real affection for each other.
They had one daughter Princess Marie Thérèse who died before reaching adulthood and killed her mother.
On 10 January 1747 Louis was married by proxy at Dresden to Maria Josepha of Saxony, the fifteen year old younger daughter of Frederick Augustus II, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland and his wife, Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria.
A second marriage ceremony took place in person at Versailles on 9 February 1747.
Louis died of consumption at Fontainebleau in 1765 at the age of thirty-six.
Louis was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne in Sens his heart being buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis.
Named after her mother, she died young.
Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 - 1 September 1755) died in young.
Louis Joseph of France, Duke of Burgundy (13 September 1751 - 22 March 1761) died young.
Xavier of France, Duke of Aquitaine (8 September 1753 -22 February 1754_
Louis XVI of France (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) married Marie Antoinette and had children.
Louis XVIII of France (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824) married Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy, no children.
Charles X of France (9 October 1757 - 6 November 1836) married Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy and had children
Marie Clotilde de France (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) married Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, no children.
Élisabeth of France (3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794) died unmarried.
He went to University of Wyoming for college where he played basketball with the Cowboys.
During his NBA career, Ratliff played for the Detroit Pistons, Philadelphia 76ers, Atlanta Hawks, Portland Trail Blazers, Boston Celtics, Minnesota Timberwolves, San Antonio Spurs, Charlotte Bobcats and the Los Angeles Lakers.
Theo Ratliff at NBA.com
This is the correct spelling of the surname in modern Polish; various other spellings are also used in English and French.
Marie Leszczyńska (Trzebnica, 23 June 1703 – Versailles, 24 June 1768) was a queen of France as wife of Louis XV.
In France, she was referred to as Marie Leczinska.
She was the longest serving Queen consort of France.
Maria was on a list of 99 eligible European princesses to marry the young king.
The marriage by proxy took place on 15 August 1725 in the cathedral of Strasbourg, Louis XV being represented by his cousin Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans.
She had nine children.
Marie had a very close relationship to her children.
On 4 September 1725, she married Louis XV of France.
They had eleven children:
Queen Marie never managed to acquire any political influence.
Marie was a devout Roman Catholic.
She was also a great lover of music and painting and the protector of many artists.
Marie died at Versailles on 24 June 1768, six years before her husband.
Her family sincerely grieved her death.
She was buried at the Basilica of St Denis, and her heart was deposed at the church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours in Nancy (Lorraine).
1768 deaths
Photocatalysis is using light as a catalyst to increase the rate of a photoreaction.
Most known photoreactions begin when light creates a free radical in the reaction system.
Light can have a lot of energy and is able to break chemical bonds.
For example some things fade or lose their color when left in sunlight.
When light breaks the chemical bonds, free radicals are produced.
A free radical is a molecule, atom or an ion that needs an electron.
The free radical will take electrons from other molecules or atoms and this starts chemical reactions.
Terms and background
In a chemical reaction there are reactants also called reagents that you begin with.
Once the reaction takes place you have products.
In the example below methane
(CH4) and oxygen (O2) are the reactants and carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are the products.
Catalysis is using a catalyst to change the rate of a chemical reaction.
For the reactants to become the products the reaction must overcome an energy barrier.
This energy barrier is known as the activation energy (Ea).
For example, when you lit the methane gas you are providing the activation energy to burn(react).
Catalyst is a substance present but not consumed in a reaction like the other reagents while increasing the rate of the reaction.
The graph below shows the catalyst’s effect on the activation energy.
The Y (vertical) axis shows the activation energy while the x (horizontal) axis shows the reaction over time.
With no catalyst present (black line) the reaction has a higher energy to overcome.
In the presence of a catalyst (red line) the activation energy is reduced.
The up and down pattern is how we show light.
The high points are called crests and the low are called troughs.
Light has three characteristics that we use to describe it.
Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two peaks that are next to each other.
Frequency (ν) is the number of times a unit of light can pass by a point over time.
Amplitude is the vertical distance between a peak and the next trough.
Research and uses
An example of organometallic research is mimicking photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to make sugar for food.
Plants use only carbon dioxide gas from the air, water and sunlight.
Plants actually have an organometallic molecule containing Mn that helps them perform this reaction.
Scientists hope to make an organometallic molecule that can make organic products like fuels using only carbon dioxide, water and light.
If this process could be harnessed it could dramatically reduce pollution, because the carbon you make your fuel with is the carbon dioxide from the air.
X-ray crystallography is a way to see the three-dimensional structure of a molecule.
The electron cloud of an atom bends the X-rays slightly.
This makes a "picture" of the molecule that can be seen on a screen.
It can be used for both organic and inorganic molecules.
The sample is not destroyed in the process.
The technique was jointly invented by Sir William Bragg (1862–1942) and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971).
They won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1915.
Lawrence Bragg is the youngest to be made a Nobel Laureate.
He was the Director of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, when the discovery of the structure of DNA was made by James D. Watson , Francis Crick , Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin in February 1953.
The oldest method of X-ray crystallography is X-ray diffraction (XRD).
X-rays are fired at a single crystal and the way they are scattered produces a pattern.
These patterns are used to work out the arrangement of atoms inside the crystal.
X-ray analysis of crystals
Crystals are regular arrays of atoms, meaning that the atoms are repeated over and over in all three dimensions.
X-rays are waves of electromagnetic radiation.
When X-rays meet atoms, the electrons in the atoms cause the X-rays to scatter in all directions.
Because the X-rays are emitted in all directions, an X-ray striking an electron produces secondary spherical waves emanating from the electron.
The electron  is known as the scatterer.
A regular array of scatterers (here the repeating pattern of atoms in the crystal) produces a regular array of spherical waves.
Although these waves cancel one another out in most directions, they add up in a few specific directions, determined by Bragg's law:
Here d is the spacing between diffracting planes,  is the incident angle, n is any integer, and λ is the wavelength of the beam.
These specific directions appear as spots on the diffraction pattern called reflections.
Thus, X-ray diffraction results from an electromagnetic wave (the X-ray) hitting a regular array of scatterers (the repeating arrangement of atoms within the crystal).
NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy is a type of spectroscopy that allows chemists to see the structure of a molecule.
Certain atoms' nuclei have certain magnetic properties when placed in a strong magnetic field.
Atoms like carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine can be detected in this way.
How an NMR works
A chemical sample is prepared by placing a tiny amount of the sample in an NMR tube.
It is dissolved in a special solvent like heavy water (see deuterium) or chloroform-d, then the tube is placed into the NMR machine.
The machine is a large magnet, like an MRI.
Some atoms in the sample will become excited when it is in the magnet, and when the sample is removed, the atoms will go back to a lower energy state.
A computer connected to the NMR can detect this change in excitement and it will cause different peaks and bumps to appear on the NMR diagram.
A chemist can print this diagram and study the various peaks.
Most NMR machines can only detect excitement from one type of atom.
For example, an 1H NMR can only "see" hydrogen atoms.
A 13C NMR can only see activity from carbon atoms.
NMR Diagram
An NMR diagram displays an x-axis with units of parts per million, or "shift."
Peaks that occur farther to the left in the diagram (these peaks are said to be shifted downfield) represent hydrogen atoms that are closer to electronegative atoms like oxygen or nitrogen, or connected to an aromatic (benzene) ring.
Hydrogen atoms that are adjacent to other hydrogen atoms can split peaks as well.
If there are n hydrogen atoms "next door" to a single one, that single one's peak will be split into n+1 peaks.
For example, if a hydrogen atom is adjacent to three others, that hydrogen atom will be split into 4 smaller peaks, called a quartet.
Hydrogen atoms that are part of O-H or N-H bonds won't be split, but they will appear on the diagram as a rounded lump, called a broad peak.
By looking at all these factors in a diagram, a chemist can figure out what compounds are in his or her sample, and they can determine if the compound they have made is pure.
Mercury(I) sulfate, also known as mercurous sulfate, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is Hg2SO4.
It has mercury and sulfate ions in it.
Mercury(I) sulfate is a whitish-yellow solid.
It is not soluble in water.
It does dissolve in dilute nitric acid.
It is made by dissolving a large amount of mercury in concentrated sulfuric acid.
It can also be made by reacting mercury(I) nitrate with any sulfate or sulfuric acid.
Italian Renaissance art is a style of painting and sculpture that began in the late 13th century (1200s) with the work of the painter Giotto and a sculptor Nicola Pisano.
The Renaissance way of painting and sculpting did not become the usual style until about 100 years later.
From 1400 to about 1600 many artists in Italy used and developed the style.
Leonardo da Vinci is a very famous example of an artist in this style.
Proto-Renaissance, 1300–1400.
Early Renaissance, 1400–1475.
High Renaissance, 1475–1525.
Mannerism, 1525–1600.
Cosimo de' Medici was intelligent, deeply religious, very rich, and wanted to be remembered as a man who did great things for Florence.
He was a great patron of the arts and learning.
He paid artists to make many beautiful paintings and sculptures.
He collected many books, that were given to the Friary of St Mark so that a library could be made and many people could use them.
After Cosimo, his sons Piero and Giovanni, and his grandsons Lorenzo and Giuliano continued to be patrons of the arts and of learning.
They gathered a group of philosophers, poets and artists together in the "Medici Academy".
Cunard was formed in 1840 by Samuel Cunard after he decided to start a company that would carry mail from England to the United States.
England paid for the costs of this service, since the country wanted a more regular service than the sailing ships of the time could do.
Cunard started with four steam ships that made crossings of the Atlantic Ocean once a week.
The company became known for its record of good safety–while ships of other companies often sank, killing many people, these sorts of things rarely happened to Cunard.
By the early 1900s, though, Cunard was faced with many other ships from several countries also competing with it for passengers going across the Atlantic.
This caused the company to build three new ships, larger and faster than the ones before them.
They were named RMS Mauretania, RMS Lusitania and RMS Aquitania.
Theses ships made Cunard back into a leading shipping line, even though Lusitania was sunk during World War I by a German submarine, killing 1,200 people.
In 1934, another big Cunard ship, the RMS Queen Mary, began service.
She was the largest ship ever built at that time.
During World War II, Queen Mary and another new ship like her, Queen Elizabeth, carried many soldiers to support England and the US.
By the 1960s, people preferred to cross the Atlantic by jet airplanes rather than by ships, so Cunard sold most of their ships, or made them cruise ships instead of ocean liners.
Cunard still decided to build one new ocean liner, though, RMS Queen Elizabeth 2.
She started service in 1969 and became a very popular ship because she made both cruises and crossings of the Atlantic.
In 1998, Carnival Corporation bought Cunard.
Soon after, the company decided to build a new ocean liner that would make both cruises and Atlantic crossings like Queen Elizabeth 2, but would be bigger.
This ship entered service in 2004 and is named RMS Queen Mary 2.
Cunard operates three ships as of 2010, and has operated many more in the past.
The three that are in service are RMS Queen Mary 2, MS Queen Victoria, and MS Queen Elizabeth.
An emulsifier is an additive which helps two liquids mix.
For example, water and oil separate in a glass, but adding an emulsifier will help the liquids mix together.
Some examples of emulsifiers are egg yolks and mustard.
An emulsifier consists of a water-loving hydrophilic head and an oil-loving hydrophobic tail.
The hydrophilic head is directed to the aqueous phase and the hydrophobic tail to the oil phase.
The emulsifier positions itself at the oil/water or air/water interface and, by reducing the surface tension, has a stabilising effect on the emulsion.
Emulsifiers belong to the surfactants, usually with a grease-loving (lipophilic) and a water-loving (hydrophilic) part, which can nest around boundary layers between aqueous and greasy parts.
Grease and water repel each other, making an emulsion without emulsifier easily fall apart.
An emulsifier prevents this rejection because it projects the water-loving side towards the water and the fat-loving side towards the fat.
The extent to which the hydrophilic or lipophilic character dominates is represented by the HLB value of the surfactant (HLB = Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance).
A high HLB value (10 to 18) indicates a hydrophilic substance suitable for emulsifying fats or oils in water.
Substances with a low HLB (3 to 8) are lipophilic and suitable for water-in-oil emulsions.
Emulgators are used in cosmetics for example in creams and bath oils.
A cream consists largely of an emulsion of fat in water or of water in fat, while a bath oil often contains an emulsifier to partially distribute the oil in the water.
Without an emulsifier, the oil would float on the water.
Examples of emulsifiers used in cosmetic products are glyceryl monostearate, Polysorbate 20, accasia, tragacanth agar, and pectin.
An example of an emulsifier in food is lecithin.
Lecithin is in egg yolk and is used for example in making mayonnaise.
It ensures a good connection between fats and vinegar.
In european food, various E-numbers are used in the series from E400 to E499.
The N Seoul Tower (), officially the YTN Seoul Tower and commonly known as Namsan Tower or Seoul Tower, is a large tower in South Korea.
It is part of Seoul.
The country can be viewed from the tower, making it a tourist attaction.
It has cafes and observatories in it.
Utopia is an idea in philosophy.
The name comes from a book by Sir Thomas More called Utopia.
Utopia (book), a book by Thomas More
Isaac Asimov's Utopia, a science fiction novel by Roger MacBride Allen
Utopia (German science fiction), a German science fiction series
Utopia (online game), a browser strategy game
Utopia (typeface), a style of letters by Robert Slimbach
UTOPIA (Bioinformatics tools)
Utopia (movie) or Atoll K, a Laurel and Hardy movie
Utopia (1983 movie), a German film
"Utopia" (Doctor Who), an episode of Doctor Who
Utopia (rock band), a progressive rock group
Utopia (Unexpect album)
Utopia (Utopia album)
Utopía, an album by Belinda
"Utopia" (Goldfrapp song)
"Utopia" (Alanis Morissette song)
"Utopia" (Within Temptation song)
Utopia, Northern Territory, Australia
Utopia, Florida, U.S.
Utopia, Queens, New York, U.S.
Utopia, Ohio, a former anarchistic community
Utopia, Texas, U.S.
Utopia, Limited, a Gilbert and Sullivan comic opera
A system administrator is a person hired by a company or organization to control the technical stuff of the company.
For example, the system administrator takes care of the server of the company to ensure that it always stays online to allow customers to buy their products online.
The system administrator also takes care of the technical products that the company or organisation purchases.
He does maintenance on computers of the company that had broken down.
System operator
Conoidasida is a class of protists, It contains one order, Eucoccidiorida.
Coccidia is a subclass of microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled obligate parasites belonging to the apicomplexan class Conoidasida.
Coccidian parasites infect the intestinal tracts of animals, and are the largest group of apicomplexan protozoa.
Lawrence Richard Walters, nicknamed "Lawnchair Larry" or the "Lawn Chair Pilot", (April 19, 1949 – October 6, 1993) was an American truck driver.
On 2 July 1982 he flew very high in the sky in a homemade aircraft.
He called his flying machine Inspiration I. It was made of an ordinary outdoor chair and 43 large balloons full of helium.
Walters went up more than 15,000 feet\5,000 meters.
He went from San Pedro, California into an area near Los Angeles International Airport that was only for airplanes.
Many newspapers reported his flight and he became famous.
Balloon flight
Origin of his plan
Walters had always dreamed of flying.
He was unable to become a pilot in the United States Air Force because he could not see well enough.
Walters had first thought of using weather balloons to fly at age 13.
He got the idea when he saw the balloons hanging from the ceiling of a military surplus store.
Twenty years later he decided to try it.
He planned to attach a few large balloons filled with helium to his lawnchair and then float above his backyard.
He planned to stay about 30 feet\9 meters up in the air for several hours.
He had a pellet gun to break some balloons and move back to the ground softly.
Preparation and launch
In 1982, Walters and his girlfriend, Carol Van Deusen, bought 45 eight-foot weather balloons.
They got helium tanks from California Toy Time Balloons.
They used a fake letter from his employer, FilmFair Studios.
It said the balloons were for a television commercial.
They went to the backyard of a home at 1633 W. 7th St. in San Pedro Walters attached the balloons to his lawnchair, filled them with helium.
He put on a parachute and used belts to hold himself in the chair.
He took his pellet gun, a CB radio, sandwiches, cold beer, and a camera.
His friends cut the rope that tied his lawn chair to his Jeep and Walters' lawnchair went up very quickly.
Soon, he was 15,000 feet\5,000 meters up in the air.
During the flight
At first, he was afraid to shoot any balloons.
He thought he might change the way the chair pointed and fall out.
He could not control which way he moved.
He slowly passed over Long Beach and moved into the space where airplanes came into Long Beach Airport.
He used his CB radio to contact people on the ground.
Some people made a recording of the conversation.
Walters asked them to tell the airport what was happening.
He also asked them to tell people he was OK.
After 45 minutes in the sky, he shot several balloons.
Then he accidentally dropped his pellet gun.
He went down slowly until cables hanging from the balloon got caught in an electrical power line.
This caused a blackout in a Long Beach neighborhood for 20 minutes.
Walters was able to climb to the ground.
After the flight
The Long Beach Police Department was waiting for him.
They arrested him immediately.
A reporter asked Larry why he had done it.
Walters said, "A man can't just sit around."
At first, Walters was fined US$4,000 for breaking U. S. Federal Aviation Regulations.
Walters tried to have the fine cancelled.
It was reduced to US$1,500.
Walters received the top prize from the Bonehead Club of Dallas for his adventure.
He was on television programs such as The Tonight Show and Late Show with David Letterman.
He got a special prize in 1993 at the Darwin Awards.
The TV show MythBusters made a flight like Walters had done.
But they used a rope to keep the chair from going too high.
One of the show's hosts went up about 30m. He went back down slowly by shooting balloons with a pellet gun.
Larry gave the lawnchair from the flight to a boy named Jerry because the boy liked him.
Later, Walters realized that was a mistake when the Smithsonian Institute asked him to donate it to its museum.
Twenty years later, Jerry contacted Mark Barry.
Barry is a pilot who wrote about Walters and made a website about his flight.
The chair was still sitting in Jerry's garage and had some of the original ropes and water jugs.
Walters said that he had dreamed about flying this way for twenty years.
And, that if he had not tried it, he would have become crazy.
He did not think that reaching his goal in life would cause so much excitement or make so many people laugh.
After his flight, he quit his job as a truck driver.
He was in a Timex print advertisement in the early '90s, He also gave speeches to help people get more confidence.
But, he never made much money from being famous.
Walters hiked in the San Gabriel Mountains and did volunteer work for the United States Forest Service.
He broke up with his girlfriend after 15 years.
He worked as a security guard sometimes.
In 1993, Walters shot himself in the heart in Angeles National Forest and died.
He was 44 years old.
Other lawnchair balloonists
Kent Couch is a gas station owner from Bend, Oregon.
He flew 240 miles in his lawn chair on Saturday, 7 July 2007.
He landed in a field about 3½ miles NNW of North Powder, Oregon near Idaho.
He travelled an average of 22 miles per hour.
He tied 105 large helium balloons to his lawn chair.
Couch used plastic bags filled with 75 liters water as weight to balance the balloons.
Couch had a BB gun to shoot the balloons and start going down on that first flight.
He tried again and learned how to let helium out of the balloons and go down more carefully.
On 5 July 2008, Couch finally reached his goal.
He travelled to another state and landed his lawnchair in western Idaho.
The trip was 240 miles and took 9 hours and 12 minutes.
On 20 April 2008 a Brazilian Roman Catholic priest Adelir Antonio de Carli flew using a chair and 1000 helium balloons.
He did not check the weather forecast and got caught in a storm.
He had a GPS but did not know how to use it.
He crashed into the sea.
The Brazilian navy found his body near an offshore oil platform on 4 July 2008.
This unsuccessful flight won him a 2008 Darwin Award.
Many other people have tried flying with balloons the same way.
Some may even have gone higher than Larry did.
Cluster ballooning, the modern, more careful approach to Larry's original goal.
The Punk band Channel 3 on Larry Walters;the Song
Darwin Awards: 1982 Honorable Mentions
Check-Six.com - The Flight of Larry Walter - "Lawn Chair Pilot"
The Official Site Of "The Lawn Chair Pilot" (Includes photos, detailed research, approximate flight map, and CB radio recording)
Snopes.com: "Up, Up, and Away!"
The Straight Dope: "Did somebody once go aloft in a lawn chair tied to a bunch of helium balloons?"
Lawn Chair Larry
Larry Walters at Findagrave.com
Fox News Story on similar occurrence cites Larry
News video of de Carli taking off and disappearing in April, 2008
The Upper Jurassic is the last geological epoch in the Jurassic that began 163.5 million years ago (mya), and ended at 145 mya.
It was followed by the Lower Cretaceous.
During the Upper Jurassic epoch, Pangaea broke up into two supercontinents, Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south.
Sea level was high, though not so high as during the Upper Cretaceous.
The Laurasian landmass was broken up by the rising sea into large islands.
The rocks were carbonate limestones and clays.
The epoch included the famous Solnhofen limestone lagerstätte, where Archaeopteryx was found.
Organic productivity
The Upper Jurassic of England and Europe bears a huge amount of the products of life.
The Kimmeridge clay is the main source for the huge North Sea oil reserves, and the whole epoch is stuffed full of marine fossils.
Many dinosaur remains have also been found.
The epoch starts with the Oxford Clay deposited in a shallow seaway of 10 to 50 metres depth.
The first fossils which show small dinosaurs with feathers are found: Anchiornis.
Mercury(I) sulfate, Hg2SO4, mercurous sulfate
Mercury(II) sulfate, HgSO4, mercuric sulfate
Mercury(II) sulfate, also known as mercuric sulfate, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is HgSO4.
Mercury(II) sulfate is a colorless solid.
It reacts with hot water to make sulfuric acid and a mercury oxysulfate that does not dissolve.
Mercury(II) sulfate is made by dissolving a small amount of mercury metal in concentrated sulfuric acid.
It can also be made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with sulfuric acid.
Mercury(II) sulfate is used as a catalyst in making acetaldehyde.
Some byproducts of this reaction that have mercury in them are thought to have poisoned many people in Japan (Minamata disease).
Alois Hitler (born Alois Schicklgruber, 7 June 1837  3 January 1903) was the father of Adolf Hitler.
He was born in Waldviertel.
His third marriage, from 1883 until his death, was to Adolf's mother, Klara who was also his niece.
He was an Austrian customs official.
He retired to a farm in 1895 and he was a beekeeper which means that he collected bees so that they could produce honey.
He died of a stroke in Linz aged 65.
He changed his name from Alois Schicklgruber to Alois Hitler.
The Ethiopian Empire (Ge'ez Script: የኢትዮጵያ ንጉሠ ነገሥት መንግሥተ, Mängəstä Ityop'p'ya) or simply Ethiopia (,  , , , Oromo: Itoophiyaa, , Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ), also known as "Abyssinia" by foreigners, was an old empire.
It used to include modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea.
When it was biggest, it controlled some parts of Egypt, Sudan, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia.
Abyssinia was mentioned in Egyptian records in 980 BC.
Its king made the country Christian in the 4th century.
The Solomonid dynasty ruled from 1270 to 1974 A.D., when it was overthrown by communists.
At the time of its overthrow, it was the longest-lasting government in the world and one of the only two nations that did not get colonized in Africa.
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is a former Harvard University student who created Facebook when he was still studying computer science.
The founding of Facebook made Zuckerberg a billionaire, one of the youngest and richest billionaires of all time according to Forbes.
Besides computer programming, Zuckerberg is also interested in foreign languages, especially Mandarin Chinese.
Mark Zuckerberg was born in White Plains, New York but now he lives in California.
His founding of Facebook was portrayed in the movie The Social Network starring actor Jesse Eisenberg in the leading role.
In 2010, he said that he was going to give most of his money to charity.
In 2010, he was also named Time's Person of the Year.
He was raised Jewish, was an atheist, but thinks different about religion nowadays.
In a public Facebook post, Zuckerberg launched the Internet.org project in late August 2013.
"Zukenberg wears the same colour t-shirt to avoid the waisting of time in choosing the clothes."
Mark Zuckerberg - Forbes
Anne Christine of Sulzbach (Anne Christine Louise; 5 February 1704 – 12 March 1723), also called Anne of the Palatinate, was the first wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont.
She died as a result of giving birth.
On 15 March, 1722 at Vercelli, she married Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont and later King of Sardinia as Charles Emmanuel III.
He was the second son of Victor Amadeus II and Anne Marie d'Orléans and the heir apparent to the Savoyard throne.
The following year, she gave birth to a son who was created the Duke of Aosta.
She died a few days later on 12 March 1723 at the age of nineteen in Turin.
Her only child died in 1725 in his second year, thus she has no descendants.
She was buried at Turin Cathedral and was moved to the Basilica of Superga in Turin in 1786.
Vittorio Amedeo Theodore of Savoy (7 March 1723 – 11 August 1725), given the title of Duke of Aosta but died in infancy; buried at Superga.
5 February 1704 – 15 March 1722 Her Serene Highness Countess Palatine Anne Christine of Sulzbach
15 March 1722 – 12 March 1723 Her Royal Highness The Princess of Piedmont
1704 births
Victor Amadeus of Savoy (Vittorio Amedeo Filippo Giuseppe; 6 May 1699 – 22 March 1715) was the eldest son of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans.
He was the Heir apparent of Savoy from his birth and as such was styled as the Prince of Piedmont.
He acted as Regent of Savoy from September 1713 till September 1714 in the absences of his father.
He died of smallpox at the age of 15.
He was the fifth child and first son of his parents and was baptised with the names Vittorio Amadeo Giovanni Filippo.
The eldest son he would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him.
Though his parents were not close he also had a close relationship with his mother
The Prince of Piedmont was born in Turin in May 1699.
He would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him.
He was also close to his mother.
From birth he was styled as the Prince of Piedmont.
He was the brother of the Princess Maria Adelaide and Queen Maria Luisa of Spain.
He acted as regent of the duchy of Savoy in 1713.
He was the heir to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
There were plans for him to marry Elisabetta Farnese thus linking the duchies of Savoy and Parma by marriage but a union would never take place Elisabetta later marrying Philip V of Spain.
Prior to 11 April 1713 the young prince was entitled to the style of "Highness" however after this date he was raised to the style of Royal Highness.
Piedmont died in Turin on 22 March 1715 having caught smallpox.
He was buried at the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista and later moved to the Basilica of Superga outside Turin.
6 May 1699 – 11 April 1713 His Highness the Prince of Piedmont [Prince of Savoy]
11 April 1713 – 22 March 1715 His Royal Highness the Prince of Piedmont [Prince of Savoy]
1699 births
The Statue of Herman () is a monument in the Southern part of the Teutoburg Forest,  in the district of Lippe, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.
German unity (is) my strength - my strength (is) Germany's might.
Building for the  statue was started in 1841, but was not finished until 1875 with the help of a lot of money from the state of Prussia.
When building was started Germany was made up of lots of small countries.
Most of these were united into the Second German Empire in 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War.
The monument was seen as one of those heping to remind people of Germany's history and  national pride.
The statue is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Germany with over 130,000 visitors a year.
It is possible to climb up onto the base of the statue to look around the countryside
Walhalla (Hall of the Slain, Regensburg, Germany)
Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame, Munich, Germany)
Befreiungshalle (Hall of Liberation, Kelkheim, Germany)
Heldenberg Memorial (in Austria)
Mercury(II) bromide, also known as mercuric bromide, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is HgBr2.
It has mercury and bromide ions in it.
Mercury(II) bromide is a colorless solid.
It is very toxic and similar to mercury(II) chloride.
It can form explosive mixtures with potassium.
It also reacts violently with indium at high temperatures.
It is used as a reagent in a reaction in organic chemistry.
It is also used to test for arsenic.
The arsenic is reacted with hydrogen to make arsine, which reacts with mercury(II) bromide to turn it yellow or brown.
The babirusas are a genus Babyrousa, in the pig family (Suidae) found in Wallacea, or specifically the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, Togian, Sula and Buru.
They are often called deer pigs.
All members of this genus were considered part of a single species until recently the babirusa (B. babyrussa), but following the split into several species, this scientific name is restricted to the Buru babirusa from Buru and Sula, whereas the best-known species, the north Sulawesi babirusa is named B. celebensis.
The name "pig-deer" has sometimes also been used in English, and is a direct translation of the Indonesian babi-rusa.
Mercury(II) fluoride, also known as mercuric fluoride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is HgF2.
It has mercury and fluoride ions in it.
Mercury(II) fluoride is a white solid.
It breaks down when heated strongly.
Mercury(I) bromide, also known as mercurous bromide, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is Hg2Br2.
Mercury(I) bromide is a white crystalline solid.
It easily disproportionates to mercury(II) bromide and mercury metal.
It is made by reacting a bromide like potassium bromide or sodium bromide with mercury(I) nitrate.
It can also be made by reacting mercury and bromine.
Mercury(I) fluoride, also known as mercurous fluoride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is Hg2F2.
Mercury(I) fluoride is a light yellow solid.
It evaporates at 240°C.
It turns black when light is shined on it.
It reacts with water to make mercury metal, mercury(II) oxide, and hydrofluoric acid.
Mercury(II) sulfide, also known as cinnabar, mercuric sulfide, and mercury sulfide, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is HgS. It has mercury and sulfide ions in it.
Mercury(II) sulfide is a red or black solid.
It is found in two forms; cinnabar (alpha form) and metacinnabar (beta form).
The alpha form is more common.
The beta form is made when a mercury(II) salt like mercury(II) chloride reacts with hydrogen sulfide.
It reacts with only the strongest acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a mercury(II) salt again.
It breaks down to sulfur dioxide and mercury metal when heated.
Mercury(II) sulfide is found as the mineral cinnabar.
It is the most common mercury mineral and mercury ore.
It is a bright red mineral.
It is soft and heavy.
Mercury(II) sulfide is what makes the pigment vermilion.
It has been used as a pigment and as a mercury ore.
It was used to make lacquerware, containers covered with lacquer.
It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Grandson of France (2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723) was a member of the royal family of France and served as Regent of the Kingdom from 1715 to 1723.
Born at his father's palace at Saint-Cloud, he was known from birth under the title of Duke of Chartres.
His father was Louis XIV's younger brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, known as Monsieur; his mother was Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate.
In 1692, Philippe married his first cousin, Françoise Marie de Bourbon - the youngest legitimised daughter (légitimée de France) of Philippe's uncle Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan.
Named regent of France for Louis XV until Louis attained his majority in February 1723, the era of his de facto rule was known as the Regency (1715–1723).
He died at Versailles in 1723.
He is referred to historically as le Régent.
Mademoiselle de Valois (17 December 1693 - 17 October 1694) died in infancy.
Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (20 August 1695 - 21 July 1719) married Charles of France, Duke of Berry and had issue.
Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans (13 August 1698 - 10 February 1743) Abbess of Chelles died unmarried.
Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (20 October 1700 - 19 January 1761) married Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena and had issue.
Louis d'Orléans (4 August 1703 - 4 February 1752) married Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden and had issue.
Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (11 December 1709 - 16 June 1742) married King Louis I of Spain, no issue.
Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans (18 December 1714 - 21 May 1734) married Infante Carlos of Spain, no issue.
Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 - 26 September 1736) married Louis François de Bourbon and has issue.
Charles de Saint-Albin (1698–1764);
Jean Philippe bâtard d'Orléans (1702–1748);
Angélique de Froissy (1702–1785).
2 August 1674 – 9 June 1701 His Royal Highness The Duke of Chartres, Grandson of France.
9 June 1701 – 2 September 1715 His Royal Highness The Duke of Orléans, Grandson of France.
2 September 1715 – 15 February 1723 His Royal Highness The Regent [of France], Grandson of France.
15 February 1723 – 2 December 1723 His Royal Highness The Duke of Orléans, Grandson of France.
Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier
Dukes and Duchesses of Nemours
Dukes and Duchesses of Chartres
Philippe of France, Son of France, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the youngest son of Louis XIII of France and his queen consort Anne of Austria.
His older brother was the famous Louis XIV, le roi soleil.
He was known as Monsieur at his brother's court.
Philippe de France was born at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.
Styled Duke of Anjou from birth, Philippe became Duke of Orléans upon the death of his uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans.
During the reign of his brother he was known simply as Monsieur.
Openly homosexual, he married twice: firstly to Henrietta of England, Minette, sister of Charles II of England.
During their marriage, Philippe met and began a relationship with the Chevalier de Lorraine who was the great love of Philippe's life, their long relationship beginning in 1668.
After the alleged poisoning of Minette, Philippe married again in 1671 to Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Liselotte.
He was the founder of the House of Orléans, a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon, and thus the direct ancestor of Louis Philippe I, who ruled France from 1830 till 1848 in the July Monarchy.
Through the children of both of his marriages Philippe became an ancestor of most modern-day Roman Catholic royals, giving him the nickname of "the grandfather of Europe".
Philippe's other legacies include his decisive victory at the Battle of Cassel in 1677.
Through careful personal administration, Philippe greatly augmented his fortune and thus the fortune of the House of Orléans.
Married Princess Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, on 31 March 1661, at the Palais Royal.
The couple had three children:
Marie Louise d'Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) married Charles II of Spain, no children;
Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (16 July 1664 – 8 December 1666) died in infancy;
Stillborn daughter (9 July 1665);
Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) married Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and had children;
Married Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, daughter of Elector Palatine Charles I Louis and Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel, on 16 November 1671 at Châlons.
Alexandre Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (2 June 1673 – 16 March 1676) died in infancy;
Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France (2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723) married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France and had children;
Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676 – 24 December 1744) married Léopold of Lorraine, Duke of Lorraine and had children.
21 September 1640 – 14 May 1643 His Royal Highness The Duke of Anjou, Son of France.
14 May 1643 – 2 February 1660 His Royal Highness Monsieur, Duke of Anjou, Son of France.
2 February 1660 – 9 June 1701 His Royal Highness Monsieur, Duke of Orléans, Son of France.
Dukes and Duchesses of Anjou
gay men
Yousuf Karsh  (December 23, 1908 – July 13, 2002) was a Canadian photographer.
He had Armenian heritage.
He was a portrait painter.
His work includes portraits of statesmen, artists, authors, musicians, film directors, scientists, and other people that do important things.
He was celebrated by a festival in 2009.
Canadian photographers
Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France, Granddaughter of France by marriage (4 May 1677 – 1 February 1749) was the youngest legitimised daughter (fille légitimée de France) of Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Madame de Montespan.
She was famed for her arrogance and belief that she was above most other people.
Originally known as the second Mademoiselle de Blois, that style eventually gave way to the name Françoise Marie de Blois.
She married her first cousin Philippe d'Orléans in 18 February 1692 at the age of fourteen and later bore eight children, four of which would have further children.
Proud, lazy and attractive, she successfully intrigued to have her daughters marry well to the Prince of Conti, Duke of Berry, Duke of Modena and King of Spain, mostly to spite her sister Louise Françoise de Bourbon, the Duchess of Bourbon.
However, she welded little political influence considering her proximity to the political circle of the era.
She was involved in the Cellamare Conspiracy in 1718 which was supposed to overthrow her own husband Philippe d'Orléans as Regent of the Kingdom and replace him with her favourite brother the Duke of Maine.
The marquis d'Argenson said she was very like her mother, Madame de Montespan, but also had Louis XIV's orderly mind with his failings of injustice and harshness.
Among her male line descendents are Philippe Egalité, Louis-Philippe I, King of the French, and Prince Henri, Count of Paris, the present Orléanist pretender to the French throne.
She is also an ancestor of Juan Carlos I of Spain, Philippe, King of the Belgians, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, the pretender to the Italian throne.
Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (20 August 1695 - 21 July 1719) married Charles of France, Duke of Berry and had children but none survived to adulthood.
Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans (13 August 1698 - 10 February 1743) Abbess of Chelles died unmarried and childless.
Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (20 October 1700 - 19 January 1761) married Francesco d'Este, Duke of Modena and had children.
Louis d'Orléans (4 August 1703 - 4 February 1752) married Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden and had children.
Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (11 December 1709 - 16 June 1742) married Louis I of Spain, no issue.
Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans (18 December 1714 - 21 May 1734) engaged to Infante Carlos of Spain but never married and died childless.
Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 - 26 September 1736) married Louis François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and had children.
4 May 1677 – 22 November 1681 Françoise Marie de Bourbon.
22 November 1681 – 18 February 1692 Her Highness Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Legitimée de France, "Mademoiselle de Blois".
18 February 1692 – 9 June 1701 Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Chartres.
9 June 1701 – 2 December 1723 Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Orléans.
2 December 1723 – 1 February 1749 Her Royal Highness the Dowager Duchess of Orléans.
1677 births
Louis d'Orléans (4 August 1703 – 4 February 1752) was the Duke of Orléans and a prince du sang.
At his father's death, he became the First Prince of the Blood (Premier Prince du Sang).
Known as Louis le Pieux and also as Louis le Génovéfain, Louis was a pious, charitable and cultured prince, who took very little part in the politics of the time.
Louis d'Orléans was born at the Palace of Versailles in 1703 to Philippe II, Duke of Orléans and his wife, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of Louis XIV and of his mistress Madame de Montespan.
At his birth, he was given the courtesy title of Duke of Chartres.
He was brought up by his mother and his grandmother, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate.
Louis was very close to his younger sister Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans.
Upon the death of his father on 2 December 1723, he became Duke of Orléans.
He married Johanna of Baden-Baden (1704–1726), the daughter of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden and his wife Sibylle Auguste of Saxe-Lauenburg, on 18 June 1724.
The couple were very happy but Joanne died in childbirth in 1726 and Louis mourned her intensely.
He died in 1752, at the age of forty-eight, at the Abbaye de Sainte Geneviève, having lost most of his sanity.
He was buried at the Val-de-Grâce in Paris.
Louis Philippe d'Orléans (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785) married Louise Henriette de Bourbon in 1743 and had issue.
Louise Marie d'Orléans (5 August 1726 – 14 May 1728) died young.
4 August 1703 – 2 December 1723 His Serene Highness the Duke of Chartres
2 December 1723 – 4 February 1752 His Serene Highness the Duke of Orléans
Monsieur le Prince
1752 deaths
Dukes and Duchesses of Valois
Louis Philippe d'Orléans (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785) was Duke of Orléans and the father of Philippe Égalité.
He greatly augmented the already huge wealth of the House of Orléans.
Louis Philippe d'Orléans was born at the Palace of Versailles on 12 May 1725.
As the only son of Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans and his wife Johanna of Baden-Baden.
In 1743, his paternal grandmother, Françoise-Marie de Bourbon the formidable Dowager Duchess of Orléans, and Louise Élisabeth, Dowager Princess of Conti arranged his marriage to his seventeen-year old cousin, Louise Henriette de Bourbon.
The couple was married on 17 December 1743 at Versailles.
Étiennette Le Marquis
After the death of Louise Henriette on 9 February 1759, Louis Philippe took as his mistress Étiennette Le Marquis, a former dancer who liked to act in comedy plays, and who introduced him into the world of the theater.
Louis Philippe had three children with Étiennette, they were raised under the care of the Orléans family:
Louis Étienne d'Orléans, (21 January 1759 – 24 July 1825), Count-abbé of Saint-Phar
Louis Philippe d'Orléans, (7 July 1761 – 13 June 1829), Count-abbé of Saint-Albin,
Marie Étiennette Perrine d'Auvilliers, (7 July 1761 - ?),
who married François-Constantin, Count of Brossard, a dragon regiment officer.
In spite of his liaison with Étiennette, Louis Philippe had several other mistresses until he met, in July 1766, Madame de Montesson, a witty but married twenty-eight year old.
After the death of the Marquis of Montesson in 1769, Louis Philippe tried to obtain Louis XV's authorisation to marry the young widow.
Finally, in December 1772, the King gave his consent on the condition that the Marquise of Montesson would never become Duchess of Orléans or succeed to any other Orléans titles.
In addition, the couple was to live a quiet life away from the court.
The morganatic wedding took place on 23 April 1773.
Surrounded by all the members of his immediate family, even his three children by Etiennette Le Marquis, Louis-Philippe died on 18 November 1785, at Sainte-Assise at the age of sixty.
He was buried at the Val-de-Grâce convent in Paris, built by his ancestor Anne of Austria to celebrate the birth of Louis XIV of France, Louis Philippe's great grandfather.
A daughter (Château de Saint-Cloud, 12 or 13 July 1745 – 14 December 1745, Château de Saint-Cloud);
Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans (Château de Saint-Cloud, 13 April 1747, – 6 November 1793, Place de la Révolution, Paris (executed)) married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon and had issue.
Bathilde d'Orléans (Château de Saint-Cloud, 9 July 1750 – 10 January 1822, Paris) married Louis Henri, Prince of Condé and had issue.
12 May 1725 – 4 August 1752 His Serene Highness the Duke of Chartres (Monseigneur le duc de Chartres)
4 August 1752 – 18 November 1785 His Serene Highness the Duke of Orléans (Monseigneur le duc d'Orléans)
Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (Louis Philippe Joseph; 13 April 1747 – 6 November 1793) commonly known as Philippe, was a member of the  House of Orléans.
He actively supported the French Revolution and adopted the name Philippe Égalité, but was still guillotined during the Reign of Terror.
His son Louis Philippe became King of the French after the July Revolution of 1830.