the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
If the material breaks down, it will release an atomic particle, which will hit the geiger counter, which will release poison gas, which will kill the cat.
The question now is: at the end of the hour, is the cat alive or dead?
Schrödinger says that according to the Copenhagen Interpretation, as long as the door is closed, the cat is dead and alive.
There is no way to know until the door is opened.
But by opening the door, the person is interfering with the experiment.
The person and the experiment have to be described with reference to each other.
By looking at the experiment the person has influenced the experiment, therefore it may not give us the correct answer.
The thought experiment was invented by Schrödinger to demonstrate the foolishness of thinking about quantum states for large objects.
It has also been referenced many times in pop culture.
Wollongong is a city in New South Wales, Australia.
It is on the eastern coast of Australia, , just over one hour from the south of Sydney and 2.5 hours from Canberra.
It is the third largest city in New South Wales, after Sydney and Newcastle.
Yuletide is a pagan holiday also known as the Winter solstice.
Generally celebrated by Wiccans and Northern European Christians. "
Yuletide" celebrates the birth of the Sun and also celebrates the "Mother" at the height of her "Greatness".
Pagans celebrate Yuletide in many ways, most will decorate a "Yuletide" tree, keep it in their homes until most of the leaves fall off then burn the Yule log.
Many Wiccans will decorate their alters with Yule colours and items and generally just honour the Goddess.
Yuletide in Christianity
The Christian holiday, Christmas, was created by the Christian Romans based around the polytheistic (many Gods) Sun God festival (Sol Invictis) on the winter solstice, and people in northern Europe combined it with their Yule festival.
Yule is celebrated on the 25th of December by most Northern Europeans and the 21st of December, by Wiccans and many non religious groups.
For them, Yule is celebrated as the longest night of the year.
It is the night when the sun sets earliest and rises latest the next day.
The Wiccan ritual includes thanking the Goddess for the past year and asking for a happiness in the year to come.
Rouche, Michel, "Private life conquers state and society," in A History of Private Life vol I, Paul Veyne, editor, Harvard University Press 1987
Farrar, Janet and Stewart ([1989] 1998).
The Witch's God, "IX Oak King and Holly King".
35-38.
Phoenix Publishing, Inc.  Blaine, Washington.
Stone, John Robert, Observing Bede's Anglo-Saxon Calendar
Canberra (National Capital)
Sydney (Capital)
Albury (NSW-Victoria border)
Armidale
Cessnock
Goulburn
Lake Macquarie
Nowra
Queanbeyan (adjacent to Canberra)
Tweed Heads (NSW-Queensland border)
Wyong
Darwin (Capital)
Brisbane (Capital)
Hervey Bay
Nambour
Redcliffe
Sunshine Coast {region}
Thuringowa
Adelaide (Capital)
Port Augusta
Port Pirie
Victor Harbor
Whyalla
Hobart (Capital)
Devonport
Glenorchy
Melbourne (Capital)
Latrobe City
Perth (Capital)
Bunbury
Mandurah
Warrnambool is a city on the south-western coast of Victoria, Australia.
About 32,000 people live in the city.
It is at the western end of the Great Ocean Road.
It is also on the Princes Highwaywhich links Melbourne and Adelaide.
Warrnambool is 265 kilometres and 3 hours from Melbourne by road or rail.
The name Warrnambool is an Indigenous Australian word meaning "water between two rivers", "two swamps", or "plenty of water".
The Mahogany Ship
It is possible that the first European people to come to Warrnambool arrived in the 1500s.
There is a wrecked ship in the sand dunes near Warrnambool which historians believe is an early Portuguese ship.
It may have been part of an expedition in 1522, led by Christovao Mendonca.
The wreck was first seen in 1836, but the last sighting was in 1880.
Tt is now covered in sand, and its exact location is now unknown.
It is just one of the 80 wrecked ships along the coast.
There are 29 wrecks in Lady Bay at Warrnambool.
The first recorded exploration of this part of the Victorian coast was by the French explorer Nicholas Baudin in 1802.
During the 1830s whaler hunters lived on the coast during the whaling season.
Early settlement
Farmers began to settle along the coast during the 1840s.
In 1846 the town was surveyed and laid out, and the first land sale was held in 1847.
Whitney Adela Sloan (born August 21, 1988) is an English actress.
She is from London, England.
Perhaps her most notable role is in a recent Disney made movie, Go Figure.
Macedonia (region) as a complete region including the whole Macedonia
Republic of North Macedonia, a Balkan, land-locked country
Macedonians, a Slavic people who live in the Republic of North Macedonia
Macedonian language, a Slavic language spoken in the Republic of North Macedonia
Macedonia (Greece), the biggest region of Greece
Blagoevgrad, a province in Bulgaria sometimes called 'Pirin Macedonia'
Macedonia, Iowa, a city in the U.S. state of Iowa
Macedonia, Ohio, a city in the U.S. state of Ohio
Former places
The ancient Macedonian Empire, a place in today's Greek Macedonia
Macedonia (Roman province), a province of the early Roman Empire
Macedonians (ethnic group)
Macedonia (food), a fruit-vegetable salad
Rock, paper, scissors (RPS) is a two-person hand game.
It is often used as a selection method in a similar way to coin flipping or drawing straws to randomly select a person for some purpose.
However, unlike truly random selections, it can be played with skill if the game extends over many sessions, as a player can often recognize and exploit the non-random behavior of an opponent.
Sportsmen often use RPS (both officially and unofficially, in place of a coin toss) to decide on opening plays.
Similarly, uncertain calls, or even the whole game in case of rain, may be so decided.
It is also often used as a method for creating appropriately non-biased random results in live action role-playing games, as it requires no equipment.
It is also used in some gambling sites as a form of novelty betting.
The exact name of the game can vary, with the three components appearing in a different order, or with "stone" in place of "rock".
Non-English speakers may know the game by their local words for "rock, paper, scissors", although it is also known as Janken or Yakyuken in Japan, Kawi Bawi Bo in Korea, Pierre-Papier-Ciseaux in France, Ca-Chi-Pun in Chile, and in South Africa as Ching-Chong-Cha, the words used in the 'count'.
The players both count aloud to three, or speak the name of the game (e.g. "Rock!
Scissors!"
or "Reaux!
Sham!
Beaux!"),
each time raising one hand in a fist and swinging it down on the count.
On the third count, or on a further beat after the third count (saying "shoot"), the players change their hands into one of three gestures, which they then "throw" by extending it towards their opponent.
The objective is to select a gesture which defeats that of the opponent.
Gestures are resolved as follows:
Charles Darwin (1809–1882), the person who developed the biological theory of evolution by natural selection
Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), the grandfather of Charles
Darwin, Northern Territory, capital city of the Northern Territory, Australia
Darwin (operating system), a computer operating system used on Apple's Mac OS X
Katie Liu Leung (born 8 August 1987) is a Scottish actress.
She is most famous for her role as Cho Chang in the Harry Potter series.
She was born in Dundee, Scotland.
Her parents, Peter and Kar Wai Li Leung, are Chinese immigrants.
After her parents got divorced, she lived with her father in a £400,000 house in Motherwell, Scotland.
Her two brothers and a younger sister, also lived with her.
Her father owns a restaurant and a fast food business in Motherwell.
Leung went to school at Hamilton College, a Scottish private school in Glasgow.
She speaks fluent Cantonese and some Mandarin.
Leung has been named as Scotland's most stylish female and as the hottest Scotswoman by The Scotsman.
She has also been in Teen Vogue and in Evening Standard.
Film & Television & Stage
Best Kiss Nominee 2008 MTV Movie Awards U.S. (alongside Daniel Radcliffe)
Scotland's Most Stylish Female
80 on the Cosmogirl's Hot 100 List.
Outstanding Newcomer Award, Asian Excellence Awards (Top 4)
Young Scots Award (nominee)
Film noir movies were mostly made from the early 1940s to the late 1950s in the United States, and they were usually filmed in black-and-white.
The term "film noir" comes from the French term for "black film" or "dark film".
Film noir movies include many different genres of movies, such as gangster movies, police movies, and detective movies.
Film noir movies were often filmed so that there were many dark shadows in the movie, even on characters' faces.
The Hollywood film noir movies were influenced by German film directors such as Fritz Lang, who used dramatic lighting techniques.
Another influence on film noir movies was 1930s French books or movies about heroes who would die at the end of the story or stories with sad endings.
Film noir movies were also influenced by crime fiction, such as the detective and crime stories by Dashiell Hammett, James M. Cain, and Raymond Chandler.
Examples of film noir movies and actors
Some important film noir movies are: Stranger on the Third Floor (1940); The Maltese Falcon (1941) Double Indemnity (1944) The Big Sleep (1946) The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946); Key Largo (1948);Kiss Me Deadly (1955), and Touch of Evil (1958).
Movies from after the film noir period
The film noir period was the 1940s and 1950s.
Even in the years after the 1950s, some movies were made in the film noir style.
In the 1960s and 1970s, there were movies like The Manchurian Candidate (1962) and Chinatown (1974), which were influenced by the film noir movies from the 1950s.
In the 1980s and 1990s there were movies that were a bit like film noir movies, like Body Heat (1981), Basic Instinct (1992), Kill Me Again (1989), Red Rock West (1992), and Fargo (1996).
In the 2000s, there are also movies that are like film noir movies in some ways.
For example, there are films such as Memento (2000) and Sin City (2005).
There are also science fiction movies that look a bit like film noir movies because they look dark and they have a lead character who does some bad things, such as Soylent Green (1973); Blade Runner (1982), which starred Harrison Ford; and Minority Report (2002), which starred Tom Cruise.
Things seen in film noir movies
Film noir movies are often shot in cities at night, and the stories often take place in bars, nightclubs, gambling clubs, casinos, and cheap hotels.
This makes film noir movies look very dark, because the scenes are shot at night, or inside dark places like a bar or hotel.
Film noir movie scenes often have a lot of shadows, such as the shadows of window frames, blinds, or stair banisters.
There are also often dark shadows on the movie scenes, even on the faces of the actors.
All of the shadows and darkness make the film noir movies feel mysterious and stressful.
The characters in film noir movies are often motivated by greed, jealousy, or revenge.
The characters in film noir movies are often private detectives or police officers who are investigating crimes committed by bad criminals and gang members such as murder, gambling or prostitution.
In film noir movies, there are often stories about robberies, heists, extortion of money (which is called "blackmail"), or murder.
Watching film noir movies
In film noir movies, even the heroes or lead characters are often bad or partly bad in some way.
For example, the hero of a film noir movie may help an innocent man or woman who is being threatened by a criminal, or rescue a woman from a criminal gang.
Yet the hero or lead character may also do bad things, such as commit crimes, hurt or threaten people, or tell lies.
Often, the hero or lead character of a film noir film will be bitter, sad, lonely, or depressed, because of bad things that happened to them.
The person watching the movie has to decide if they think that a hero who does both good and bad things is a good person or not.
The stories from film noir movies can make the audience think about how people should act, or how people should make choices in their life.
This is one of the things that people like about watching film noir movies.
Film noir movies are not happy movies.
In happy movies, like romance movies, people fall in love, get married, and live happy lives.
In film noir movies, sad things happen.
A good man with a wife might need money for their rent, and borrow the money from a criminal gang leader, because the good man has no other way of getting the money.
Then the bad gang leader might force the good man to do bad things to pay back the money.
Maybe the bad gang leader will threaten to hurt the good man's wife.
Then the good man has to decide between protecting his wife or doing a bad crime.
People who watch film noir movies like to see stories about people who have to make hard choices, or people whose lives have sad things happen in them.
Real life is not a romantic comedy; people often have to make hard choices or have sad things happen.
Books about film noir
Robert Ottoson wrote a book in 1981 about film noir called A Reference Guide to the American Film Noir: 1940–1958.
"A Guide to Film Noir Genre" by Roger Ebert
Aesthetics of film noir
Jazz fusion (or "jazz-rock fusion" or fusion) is a genre or style of music.
Jazz fusion mixes jazz with rock.
Some jazz fusion also uses funk, rhythm and blues and world music.
Jazz fusion is usually played with instruments, without singing.
The songs are often longer than those in pop music.
A jazz fusion song could be five to ten minutes long.
A pop song is usually about three minutes long.
Also, jazz fusion songs have a long solo played by instruments.
Frank Zappa, for example, had long guitar solos in his music, which was of the jazz fusion genre.
In jazz fusion, solos are improvised, or made up as they are played, during a performance.
Jazz fusion music is not heard much on the radio in the United States or Canada.
In Europe, it is more popular on radio stations.
Jazz fusion began in the late 1960s in the United States.
In the late 1960s jazz musicians such as Miles Davis and a band called The Tony Williams Lifetime began using electric instruments such as electric bass and electric piano in their jazz music.
As well, jazz musicians began adding rhythms or beats from soul music, rhythm and blues, and rock music into their jazz music.
Two important jazz fusion albums are In a Silent Way and Bitches Brew.
In the 1970s, more people began playing jazz fusion.
It became more popular, so more people began listening to jazz fusion and going to jazz fusion concerts.
In the 1970s, jazz musicians such as Herbie Hancock, Joe Zawinul, Jan Hammer and Chick Corea began using electronic synthesizers in their songs.
In the early 1980s, a new style of jazz fusion called "pop fusion" began being played.
This new style of pop fusion was softer and slower than fusion from the early 1970s.
Pop fusion was played a lot more on the radio than the fusion from the early 1970s.
Pop fusion musicians include Lee Ritenour, Al Jarreau, Kenny G, Bob James and David Sanborn.
UEFA Euro 1968 Final
1976 UEFA Champions League Final
1984 European Cup Final
1987 World Athletics Championships
1990 FIFA World Cup Final
1996 UEFA Champions League Final
2009 UEFA Champions League Final
S.S. Lazio and A.S. Roma home matches
Sports buildings in Italy
Buildings and structures in Rome
1937 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in Italy
Thermal insulation, materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer
Building insulation, thermal insulation added to buildings for comfort and energy efficiency
Insulator (electricity), materials used to reduce the conduction of electricity
Soundproofing, reducing sound
The Arc de Triomphe (meaning arch of victory),  at the centre of the place de l'Étoile and the western end of the Champs-Elysées, is a very famous monument in Paris.
Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte commissioned it in 1806 after victory in the Battle of Austerlitz.
It is a large arch, but it is not possible to drive underneath it.
Jean-François Chalgrin designed it, and it has roughly 300 steps that lead to the top.
It has four main sculptures and six reliefs.
Just beneath the vault of the arch, there is the tomb of the unknown soldier.
The names of French generals and battles are engraved on the walls.
Tombs of Unknown Soldiers
The construction of the Arc de triomphe ended in 1836, meaning it's 216 years old!
It can mean a theatrical play
It can mean a film or movie
It can mean a musical concert
It can mean a performance at the opera
It can also mean a television program
Traffic lights (or traffic signals) are lights used to control the movement of traffic.
They are placed at road intersections and crossings.
The different colors of lights tell drivers what to do.
Light cycles
Traffic lights change their colors in the same order every time.
In most English-speaking countries, traffic lights usually change in this order:
Red light on: This tells drivers to stop.
Green light on: This means the driver can start driving or keep driving.
Yellow light on: This tells drivers to stop when it is safe to, because the light is about to turn red.
Lester Wire was credited with the invention of the electric traffic light in 1912 in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Garrett Morgan, an African-American inventor, also developed a traffic signaling system, and was one of the first people to get a patent for a traffic light.
A railway signal or just signal is a mechanical or electrical machine that gives train drivers or engineers information about the line ahead.
These traffic signals say whether the train must stop or may continue and what speed the train may go.
In Britain, modern signalling uses a system similar to road traffic lights.
The signals are coloured lights mounted on a pole.
A red signal means 'do not go further'.
A yellow signal gives a warning to the driver that the next signal is showing a red.
Some signals can show two yellow lights, known as a "double yellow" and are warnings to the driver that the next signal is showing a yellow.
A green signal means 'you can continue'.
On older lines semaphore signals are still used.
These are poles with a coloured bar at the top, which can be moved so that it is either horizontal, or at an angle.
When a red bar is horizontal this means that the train must stop, and when it is pointing diagonally up or down it means that it's safe for the driver to continue.
There are also signals with yellow bars which give warnings in the same way as yellow lights on newer signals.
Rail technologies
Maitland is a city in  New South Wales, Australia.
The city is on the Hunter River.
Maitland is 200 km north of Sydney and 30 km northwest of Newcastle.
Maitland is sometimes called the largest city that is not on the sea in New South Wales.
The Maitland Gaol, which closed in 1998, is now a tourist attraction.
The Maitland City Council website
The Maitland Gaol website
Benalla is a city in Victoria, Australia.
In 2016, 9,298 people lived there.
Benalla is on the Hume Highway between Sydney and Melbourne.
The town is on the Broken River, which often floods.
Benalla has a station on the main railway line between Sydney and Melbourne.
Benalla is widely known for it's annual 'Wall to Wall' festival which sees many tourists through the area to visit the wall art.
Major Thomas Mitchell went through this area on his way back to Sydney in 1836.
One of the men with him, a convict named James Taylor, was drowned while trying to cross the Broken River.
After Mitchell many farmers arrived with sheep to make new farms.
The Reverend Joseph Docker (1793 - 1865) started a farm called "Benalta" in 1838 but later settled on the run Bontherambo, near Wangaratta.
The name came from the Taungurung Australian aboriginal word meaning "musk duck".
The name was later changed to Benalla.
Seven men, working for farmers George and William Faithfull, were killed by the aborigines at Winding Swamp on April 11 1838.
The police under Captain Lonsdale killed many Taungurung people as punishment.
Their ears were cut off and taken back to Melbourne as a trophy (prize).
The Benalla Botanical Gardens were started in 1886.
They cover an area of .
The gardens are well known for their collection of roses.
The gardens also have three Ulmus x viminalis, an elm tree hybrid.
These trees are listed on the Significant Tree Register of the National Trust.
They are the only known examples of the hybrid elm in Australia.
Grafton is a small city on the northern coast of New South Wales, Australia.
It is on the Clarence River and is 640 kilometres north of Sydney.
The town is famous for its double-decker road/railway bridge.
Zupaysaurus was a dinosaur that lived in South America 213 million years ago, during the Upper Triassic period.
It was about 5 meters (15 feet) long.
A dinosaur very similar to it, Dracovenator, lived in South Africa at the same time.
During the Triassic period, all the continents were connected to form the supercontinent of Pangaea, and animals could migrate freely between them.
Zupaysaurus was a carnivore.
Ceratosaurs
Zephyrosaurus was a small dinosaur.
It was a relative of Hypsilophodon.
It lived 132 million years ago, in the western part of what is now North America.
It was 6 ft (2 metres) long and 3 ft (1 metre) high.
The remains are bones from various parts of the body.
It had a steep face, a raised knob on the upper jaw, and a larger knob on the cheekbone.
Some of the bones may have allowed movement within the skull (cranial kinesis) as well.
Like other hypsilophodonts, it had beak teeth.
Hypsilophodon was a small, fast-running, plant-eating dinosaur.
It lived 125 million years ago, was 2.3 metres long (7/8 feet), including tail, and weighed about the same as a man.
It was originally thought to be a young Iguanodon which could climb trees.
Later it was realised to be a different species, and to be a running dinosaur, not adapted for climbing.
Like most small dinosaurs, Hypsilophodon was bipedal and ran on two legs.
Its entire body was built for running; a light-weight, low, aerodynamic posture, long legs and stiff tail for balance.
All this would have allowed it to travel remarkably fast for its size.
Hypsilophodon fed on low-growing vegetation, most likely preferring young shoots and roots in the manner of modern deer.
The structure of its skull, with the teeth set far back into the jaw, strongly suggests that it had cheeks, an advanced feature that would have facilitated the chewing of food.
There were twenty-eight to thirty ridged teeth in the animal's jaw which, due to their alternate arrangement, appear to have been self-sharpening.
As in almost all dinosaurs and certainly all the ornithischians, the teeth were continuously replaced.
The level of parental care in this dinosaur has not been defined, although a neatly-arranged nest has been found, suggesting that some care was taken before hatching.
Fossils of large groups have been found, so it is likely that the animals moved in herds.
For these reasons, the hypsilophodonts, particularly Hypsilophodon, have often been referred to as the "deer of the Mesozoic".
Despite living in the Cretaceous, Hypsilophodon had a number of primitive, or basal, features.
For example, there were five fingers on each 'hand' and four on each foot.
Most dinosaurs had fewer digits by the Cretaceous period.
Also, although it had a beak, Hypsilophodon still had pointed triangular teeth in the front of the jaw.
Most herbivorous dinosaurs had, by this stage, lost the front teeth altogether (although there is some debate as to whether these teeth may have had a specialized function in Hypsilophodon).
The group Hypsilophodontidae remained the same from the Upper Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous.
It is possible that this was because the animals were almost perfectly adapted to their lifestyle, therefore selective pressure, it is assumed, was low.
The family named after Hysilophodon has these genera:
Anabisetia
Atlascopcosaurus
Fulgurotherium
Gasparinisaura
Gongbusaurus (= Eugongbusaurus)
Hexinlusaurus.
Jeholosaurus
Notohypsilophodon
Orodromeus
Othnielosaurus.
Koreanosaurus.
Parksosaurus
Qantassaurus
Yandusaurus
Iguanodonts
Iguanodon is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous period in Europe, North America, Africa and Asia.
It lived 125/126 million years ago (mya).
Discovered in 1822 and described three years later by English geologist Gideon Mantell, Iguanodon was the second dinosaur formally named, after Megalosaurus.
Together with Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus, it was one of the three genera originally used to define Dinosauria.
A large, bulky herbivore, Iguanodon is thought by some to be in the same family as the duck-billed hadrosaurs.
The taxonomy of the genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long-standing ones reassigned to other genera.
Scientific understanding of Iguanodon has evolved over time.
New information is got from the fossils.
Researchers have made informed hypotheses about  the living animal, including feeding, movement, and social behaviour.
As one of the first scientifically known dinosaurs, Iguanodon has a small but notable place in the public's perception of dinosaurs.
Its artistic representation changed after new interpretations of its remains.
I. bernissartensis, described by George Albert Boulenger in 1881, is the type species for the genus.
This species is best known for the many skeletons discovered in coal measures in Bernissart, Belgium in 1878.
36 adult skeletons were excavated at this site, a coal mine.
This is by far the largest find of this species.
The species is large and strong.
I. galvensis, described in 2015, is based on adult and juvenile remains found in deposits in Teruel, Spain, dating to about 126 mya.
Posture and movement
Because its front limbs were shorter than the hindlimbs, Mantell guessed it could move on two legs, as opposed to Owen, who thought it was quadrupedal.
As it happens, it probably used both modes.
Slow walking would be done on all fours, and faster running on the hind legs.
Either way, the position of the body would be more horizontal than upright, with the tail held above the ground by its ossified (bony) ligaments (they can be clearly seen on the skeleton).
It would defend itself against predators on its hind legs, using its strong front arms and dagger-like thumbs as weapons.
The teeth were close-set grinding teeth suitable for a browser.
it is believed that, as with most other ornithischians, Iguanodon had some sort of cheek-like structure, muscular or non-muscular, to keep food in the mouth.
Xylem is a tissue in vascular plants.
Its cells have thick, hard walls.
Xylem tissue dies soon after it is formed and is the wood in the middle of a tree.
The dead cells are like pipes, hollow and rigid.
Xylem is one of two tissues in the plant which transport substances that plants need to live.
Substances that xylem transports include water and minerals obtained through the plant's roots, as xylem runs from the roots to the stems and leaves.
The other transport tissue is the phloem, which transports energy in the form of sugar (as well as any other chemicals) from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
Xylem cells are present in all parts of a plant, in stems, roots, and leaves.
Water is carried against gravity by the negative pressure that builds up through the process of transpiration, which is the evaporation of moisture in leaves.
Xylem parenchyma which are living cells with thin walls
Xylem fibres
Tracheids
Xylem vessels
Allosaurus averaged 8.5 metres (28 ft) in length, though some remains suggest it could reach over 12 meters (39 ft).
Its three-fingered forelimbs were smaller than its large hind legs, and the body was balanced by a long, heavy tail.
It weighed 2/3 tons.
It is the most common large predator found in the Morrison Formation of North America.
This formation was laid down 155 to 145 million years ago, in the Jurassic.
Allosaurus was at the top of the food chain.
It probably preyed on large herbivorous dinosaurs and perhaps even other predators (e.g. Ceratosaurus).
Potential prey included ornithopods, stegosaurs, and sauropods.
Some paleontologists think Allosaurus had cooperative  behavior, and hunted in packs.
Others believe they may have been aggressive toward each other.
Groups have been found together in the fossil record.
This might be evidence of pack behavior, or just the result of lone individuals feeding on the same carcass.
Remains of many individuals have been found, including some which are almost complete.
Over sixty-nine individuals from one species have been found.
Sauropods, live or dead, seem to be likely candidates as prey.
Sauropod bones with holes fitting allosaur teeth, and the presence of shed allosaur teeth with sauropod bones have been found.
There is dramatic evidence for allosaur attacks on Stegosaurus.
An Allosaurus tail vertebra has been found with a partially healed puncture which fits a Stegosaurus tail spike.
Also, there is a Stegosaurus neck plate with a U-shaped wound that correlates well with an Allosaurus snout.
Allosaurus was probably not a predator of fully grown sauropods, unless it hunted in packs.
It had a modestly sized skull and relatively small teeth, and was greatly outweighed by adult sauropods.
Another possibility is that it preferred to hunt juveniles instead of fully grown adults.
Researchers have made other suggestions.
Robert T. Bakker compared the short teeth to serrations on a saw.
This saw-like cutting edge runs the length of the upper jaw, and could have been driven into prey.
This type of jaw would permit slashing attacks against much larger prey, with the goal of weakening the victim.
Another study showed the skull was very strong but had a relatively small bite force.
The authors suggested that Allosaurus used its skull like a hatchet against prey, attacking open-mouthed, slashing flesh with its teeth, and tearing it away without splintering bones.
They suggested that different strategies could be used against different prey.
The skull was light enough to allow attacks on smaller and more agile ornithopods, but strong enough for high-impact ambush attacks against larger prey like stegosaurs and sauropods.
Their ideas were challenged by other researchers, who found no modern examples of a hatchet attack.
They thought it more likely that the skull was strong to absorb stresses from struggling prey.
The original authors noted that Allosaurus itself has no modern equivalent, so the absence of a modern 'hatchet attacker' was not significant.
They thought the tooth row was well-suited to such an attack, and that articulations (joints) in the skull helped to lessen stress.
Another possibility for handling large prey is that theropods like Allosaurus were 'flesh grazers' which could take bites of flesh out of living sauropods, sufficient to sustain the predator so it did not need to kill the prey outright.
This strategy might have allowed the prey to recover and be fed upon again later.
Another idea is that ornithopods, the most common available prey, could be subdued by Allosaurus grasping the prey with their forelimbs, and then making bites on the throat to crush the trachea.
The forelimbs were strong and capable of restraining prey, and the articulation of the claws suggests that they could have been used to hook things.
The shape of the Allosaurus skull limited binocular vision to 20° of width, slightly less than that of modern crocodilians.
As with crocodiles, this may have been enough to judge prey distance and time attacks.
The similar width of their field of view suggests that allosaurs, like modern crocodiles, were ambush hunters.
Finally, the top speed of Allosaurus has been estimated at 30 to 55 kilometers per hour (19 to 34 miles per hour).
Cleveland-Lloyd discoveries
The fossil site  known as the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry in Emery County, Utah was known in 1927, but major operations did not begin there until 1960.
An effort from nearly 40 institutions got thousands of bones between 1960 and 1965.
The quarry is notable for the many Allosaurus remains, the condition of the specimens, and our ignorance of its ancient origin.
It is estimated that the remains of at least 46 A. fragilis have been found there, out of at least 73 dinosaurs.
The fossils found there are disarticulated (separate) and well-mixed.
Suggestions as to how it arose include animals getting stuck in a bog, to becoming trapped in deep mud, to falling victim to drought-induced mortality around a waterhole, to getting trapped in a spring-fed pond or seep.
Regardless of the cause, the great quantity of well-preserved Allosaurus remains means the animal is one of the best-known theropods.
Individuals of almost all ages and sizes are found, from less than 1 meter (3.3 ft) to 12 meters (39 ft) long.
There are five recognised species of Allosaurus:
A. fragilis
A. tendagurensis
A. atrox
A. europaeus
A. jimmadseni
Allosaurus, like Tyrannosaurus, has come to represent the quintessential large, carnivorous dinosaur in popular culture.
It is a common dinosaur in museums.
A number of museums cooperated in excavations at the Cleveland Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry.
By 1976, museums in eight countries on three continents had Cleveland-Lloyd allosaur material or casts.
Allosaurus is the official 'state fossil' of Utah.
Allosaurus is top predator in both Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel, The Lost World, and its 1925 film adaptation, the first full-length motion picture to feature dinosaurs.
Allosaurus was used as the starring dinosaur of the 1956 film The Beast of Hollow Mountain, and the 1969 film The Valley of Gwangi.
Gwangi is billed as an Allosaurus, though Ray Harryhausen based his model for the creature on Charles R. Knight's depiction of a Tyrannosaurus.
Allosaurus appeared in the second episode of the 1999 BBC television series Walking with Dinosaurs and the follow-up special The Ballad of Big Al, which speculated on the life of the 'Big Al' specimen, as revealed by the numerous injuries and pathologies in its skeleton.
Carnosaurs
Ceratosaurus was a predatory dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic period, 156 to 145 million years ago.
It had a large horn on its nose, and a pair of smaller horns in front of its eyes.
Uniquely among theropods, Ceratosaurus had armor, in the form of small osteoderms running down the middle of its back.
Dinosaurs of Africa
Carnotaurus was a predatory dinosaur that lived 70 million years ago.
It was a large theropod which lived in South America during the Upper Cretaceous between about 72 and 70 million years ago.
Although there is only one well-preserved skeleton, it is one of the best-understood theropods from the southern hemisphere.
The skeleton, found in 1984, was uncovered in the Chubut Province of Argentina.
Carnotaurus is a member of the Abelisauridae, a group of large theropods.
The abelisaurids were a family of large theropods which lived only in the ancient southern supercontinent Gondwana.
They were the dominant predators of the later Cretaceous of Gondwana.
They occupied the ecological niche filled by the tyrannosaurids in the northern continents.
Carnotaurus was a lightly built, bipedal predator,  in length and at least  in weight.
As a theropod, Carnotaurus was highly specialized and distinctive.
It had thick horns above the eyes, a feature not seen in other carnivorous dinosaurs, and a very deep skull sitting on a muscular neck.
Also, it had small, vestigial forelimbs, smaller even than those of Tyrannosaurus.
The remains include skin impressions showing a mosaic of small, non-overlapping scales about 5 mm in diameter.
The mosaic was interrupted by large bumps that lined the sides of the animal, and there are no hints of feathers.
The distinctive horns and muscular neck may have been used in fighting rivals of its own species.
Rivals may have fought with quick head blows, by slow pushes with the upper sides of their skulls, or by ramming each other head-on, using their horns as shock absorbers.
The feeding habits of Carnotaurus remain unclear: some studies suggest the animal was able to hunt down very large prey such as sauropods, while other studies find it preyed mainly on relatively small animals.
Carnotaurus was well adapted for running and was possibly one of the fastest large theropods.
Palaeoecology
The animal lived in an environment of estuaries, tidal flats or coastal plains.
The climate would have been seasonal with both dry and humid periods.
The most common vertebrates collected include  lungfish, turtles, crocodiles, plesiosaurs, dinosaurs, lizards, snakes and mammals.
Turtles are represented by at least five taxa.
In 2011, the discovery of a new enantiornithine bird from the La Colonia Formation was announced.
It appears in the movie Dinosaur (2000), when two Carnotaurus were fighting with Iguanodon, Pachyrhinosaurus and other species.
And in Jurassic World 2: Fallen Kingdom (2018), when fighting a Sinoceratops and gets taken down by the iconic "Rexy" the Tyrannosaurus rex.
Later on in the movie, when it escapes the "Lockwood Manor" and in Michael Crichton's book "The Lost World" (1995)
Abelisauridae
Dinosaurs of South America
Coelophysis was a small fast running carnivorous dinosaur.
It is one of the earliest known genera of dinosaur.
Coelophysis was found in Upper Triassic strata dated to about 200 million years ago (mya).
It lived in what is now the southwestern United States.
Similar dinosaurs are found all over the world at that time.
Coelophysis walked on two legs (as did all theropods).
It was no more than about three feet (1 meter) tall at the hips but because of a long tail could be almost 10 feet (3 meters) long.
There is some evidence that these animals hunted in packs, from the large numbers found together at the Ghost Ranch fossil site in New Mexico.
Two different sizes of this species have been found in the fossil record.
At first paleontologists thought that they were two different species, but most now think that this is because Coelophysis males were larger than the females.
This trait, known as sexual dimorphism, is often seen today in many animal species.
Coelophysis had a long narrow head (approximately ), with large, forward-facing eyes that afforded it stereoscopic vision and as a result excellent depth perception.
The eyes were supported by bony rings ("sclerotic" rings).
The complete sclerotic ring of a juvenile Coelophysis bauri was compared to those of reptiles and birds.
Evidently Coelophysis was a daytime predator which hunted by sight.
The study found that its vision was superior to that of most lizards, and ranked with that of modern birds of prey.
Conditions of find
For a while, it was thought that Coelophysis were cannibalistic, because what looked like Coelophysis babies were seen in the stomach of an adult Coelophysis.
However, these specimens were misinterpreted.
Several specimens of "juvenile coelophysids" were actually small crurotarsan reptiles such as Hesperosuchus.
In some cases bigger individuals were crushed on top of smaller ones.
There is no longer any evidence to support cannibalistic behavior in Coelophysis.
Edward Drinker Cope first named Coelophysis in 1889.
This was during the "Bone Wars" with Othniel Charles Marsh.
An amateur fossil collector, David Baldwin, found the first remains of the dinosaur in 1881.
The type species, C. bauri was named after him.
These first finds were too poorly preserved to give a complete picture of the new dinosaur.
In 1947, a substantial 'graveyard' of Coelophysis fossils was found in New Mexico, at Ghost Ranch, close to the original find.
So many fossils together were probably the result of a flash flood, which swept away a large number of Coelophysis and buried them quickly and simultaneously.
It seems such flooding was commonplace at the time.
The Petrified Forest of nearby Arizona was caused by a log jam of tree trunks caught in a flood.
The Ghost Ranch specimens were numerous, with many well-preserved specimens.
Since the Ghost Ranch specimens were discovered, more skeletons have been found in Arizona, New Mexico and an as-yet unconfirmed specimen from Utah, including both adults and juveniles.
The deposits where Coelophysis was discovered date from the late Triassic, bur similar specimens have been found in the Lower Jurassic elsewhere in the world.
Coelophysis is the state fossil of New Mexico.
Coelophysidae
Triassic dinosaurs
Dilophosaurus has been examined several times over the years and has been put into no less than nine different theropod groups.
It may be related to the smaller Coelophysis.
Specific details of its life-style are few.
Some of its fossils were found in terrain which was a low-lying slow-moving river system at the time.
The animal was obviously a carnivore.
Dilophosaurus was shown in the movie When Dinosaurs Roamed America scaring off a pack of Megapnosaurus and eating an Anchisaurus.
SimCity 4 is the fourth sequel to the SimCity computer game.
It was created by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts.
The main new feature in this game is the addition of 'God Mode'.
This is one of the three elements of gameplay.
Players can add mountains, lakes, rivers and canyons to their landscape.
Another feature is "MySims" mode, a mode that lets players import their Sims from the game The Sims and add them into their city.
This lets players see what they are thinking.
Cities are grouped into regions, which allow different cities in the same region to be connected.
They can be connected by road or train, and cities could share water.
Some regions come with the game, but you can create your own.
RCI stands for residential (housing), commercial, and industry demand.
The higher the demand, the faster the city grows.
No demand or negative demand causes buildings to be empty and run down.
City Growth
Big buildings show up when you have high density zones.
The amount of people living in the city changes the amount of skyscrapers built in the city.
Skyscrapers can be built when residential population reaches 30,000, and when commercial population reaches 45,000.
Elasmosaurus was a 46 foot long swimming reptile that lived in the North American Inland Sea.
It was a plesiosaur.
It was first discovered in 1868 by a scientist named Edward Drinker Cope who accidentally put the head on the tail.
It had 71 cervical vertebrae.
It was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that their method was as surface swimmers, mostly eating with their head above water, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton.
It is hard to see the benefit of a long neck under water.
Aquatic mammals operating under water all have a streamlined torpedo-shape, as did pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs.
All the longer-necked families were, from the setting of the teeth and jaws, eaters of small fish.
The large number of neck vertebrae is probably linked to the modest degree of flexibility between adjacent vertebrae.
The Waffen-SS was part of the Schutzstaffel (SS). "
Waffen-SS" means "armed SS" in German.
The Waffen-SS was a paramilitary organization within the SS.
The divisions of the Waffen-SS were made of specially trained soldiers.
Their original job was to protect higher-ranking people in the SS and the Nazi Party.
Together with the Sturmabteilung ("Storm Battalion," or SA), they were used as a police force.
The Waffen-SS was officially an extra police force on the streets.
In 1937, some soldiers were reorganized.
Nazi leaders gave some SS members the job of guarding and running concentration camps (and, later, death camps).
These soldiers were moved from the Waffen-SS to the SS-Totenkopfverbände.
Heinrich Himmler led the SS from 1929 until Nazi Germany lost World War II in 1945.
After World War II, the SS were found guilty of crimes against humanity, and the SS was made illegal.
Divisions of the Waffen-SS
SS-Infantry-Divisions
SS-Mountain-Divisions
SS-Tank-Grenadier-Divisions
SS-Tank-Divisions
SS-Cavallary-Divisions
All Infantry divisions had Anti-aircraft-cannons and supply battalions
All mountain divisions had either a tank division or stormtroopers.
All tank divisions had special battalions
All divisions had more infantry
War crimes of the Waffen-SS
The motorised infantry "Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler" took over the Wormhoudt, in northern France.
This happened in the month of May 1940.
During the takeover, members of the division shot 45 captured British prisoners of war.
About a day after Allied soldiers had landed in Normandy, members of the SS Panzer Division "Hitlerjugend" shot about 18 Canadian prisoners of war in the courtyard of the Abbey Ardenne Near Caen.
Kurt Meyer was charged after the war for the war crime and was sentenced to death.
However, the case fell apart when Canadian officers came to his defense.
The massacre of Oradour-sur-Glane is directly linked to the history of the Waffen-SS.
The 2nd tank division "Das Reich" killed 642 people.
There were 245 women and 207 children among them.
The victims were either shot, or burned in their houses.
British SS
One of the strangest SS units was the British Free Corps.
It was a unit of the Waffen SS during World War II.
The unit was made of about 27 prisoners of war from the British Empire.
One British soldier who helped recruit other soldiers to join the unit was John Amery.
After the war, he was sentenced to death for high treason, he was then executed.
The troops after 1945
In 1951, the Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit der ehemaligen Angehörigen der Waffen-SS was founded in Germany.
This translates to Mutual support organisation of former members of the Waffen-SS'.
In English, it is better known as "HIAG."
The group wanted soldiers who were in the Waffen-SS to be treated the same as soldiers of the Wehrmacht (the regular German Army).
The group also publishes a magazine.
The magazine tries to send the message that the Waffen-SS were just normal soldiers.
Sometimes, there are also revisionist articles in it.
Waffen-SS Divisions
Pizzicato means:  playing a string instrument by plucking the strings (pulling a string with the finger and letting go quickly).
Instruments such as the violin, viola, cello and double bass are normally played with a bow, but if the composer wants the player to pluck instead of bow, the word “pizzicato” or just “pizz” is written in the music.
When the player has to play with the bow again the word “arco” is written in the music (“arco” is the Italian word for “bow”).
How to play pizzicato
When instruments of the violin family are played pizzicato the player usually plucks the string with the index finger (pointing finger) of the right hand somewhere over the fingerboard.
Bassists typically use the index and middle finger.
Sometimes the player may rest the thumb on the edge of the fingerboard to keep the hand steady.
Sometimes more fingers can be used for particularly fast pizzicato sections.
Cellists and double bass players can use the thumb for plucking, especially for playing chords.
It is also possible to play pizzicato with the left hand (the hand which is normally doing the fingering).
It is not difficult to pluck an open string with the left hand.
Stopped strings are harder, and the brilliant violinist and composer Niccolò Paganini wrote some virtuoso pieces with extremely difficult left hand pizzicato.
Very occasionally violinists may be asked to pluck their instruments holding them down in their laps.
This is normally when they are deliberately imitating a guitar.
Very often players have to change very quickly from bowing to plucking and back again.
It is easy to play a bowed note and then immediately a plucked note if the bowed note finished near the heel of the bow (the end where the bow is held).
If the bowed note finishes near the tip the player needs a moment to get the hand ready to pluck.
It can take a little more time to go back to bowing again because the player has to get the bow back into playing position.
If there is a long pizzicato section then it is more comfortable to put the bow down instead of holding it in the right hand all the time.
This is fine so long as the player has time to pick the bow up again when it goes back to arco.
The sound of pizzicato
Pizzicato notes sound short and detached (staccato).
The player can get different sounds by plucking in different parts of the string.
High notes sound very short and dry.
Pizzicato notes on the double bass sound much more resonant (big and boomy).
Double basses often play pizzicato to give extra rhythmic and harmonic support.
For example: in a waltz the cellos and violas might be accompanying  the tune with an “um-cha-cha, um-cha-cha” while the double basses just pluck on the “um” (the first beat of the bar).