the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1791 - Members of France's National Guard under control of Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette open fire on a crowd of radical Jacobins at the Champ de Mars, Paris, killing 50 people.
1821 – Florida goes into US control.
1863 - The New Zealand Wars resume as British forces in New Zealand led by Duncan Cameron begin their invasion at Waikato.
1897 – The Klondike Gold Rush begins in North-western Canada.
1917 – The British Royal Family changes its name to Windsor.
1918 – Nicholas II, the Czar of Russia, his wife, and their 5 children are executed by the Bolsheviks, under orders from Vladimir Lenin.
1936 – The Spanish Civil War begins.
1944 - Port Chicago disaster: At Port Chicago near San Francisco Bay, two ships carrying ammunition for the war explode, killing 320 people.
1944 - World War II: Napalm incendiary bombs are dropped for the first time by American P-38 pilots on a fuel depot at Coutances, France.
1945 - World War II: Allied leaders Winston Churchill, Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin meet in Potsdam to discuss the future of a defeated Germany.
1948 – The South Korean Constitution is proclaimed.
1955 – Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California.
1962 - Nuclear weapons testing: The Small Boy test shot Little Feller I becomes the last atmospheric test detonation of the Nevada National Security Site.
1968 - A revolution in Iraq when Abdul Rahman Arif is overthrown and the Ba'ath Party is installed in power with Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr as new President.
1973 – Afghanistan: Mohammed Daoud Khan removes his cousin Mohammed Zahir Shah from power.
1976 – 25 African countries boycott the Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada.
1976 – Indonesia takes control of East Timor.
1979 – The Sandinistas start to govern Nicaragua, after Anastasio Somoza Debayle flees to Miami, Florida.
1981 - The Humber Bridge in England is opened by Queen Elizabeth II.
1981 - A structural failure leads to the collapse of a walkway at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, collapses, killing 114 people and injuring over 200.
1989 - Poland restores diplomatic relations with Vatican City.
1994 – Brazil wins the FIFA World Cup for a fourth time, after a penalty shootout win over Italy, which is remembered for Roberto Baggio's missed penalty kick.
1996 – A Boeing 747 airplane explodes near Long Island, New York, killing 230 people.
1998 - At a conference in Rome 120 countries vote to create the International Criminal Court.
1998 – An earthquake causes a tsunami, which destroys ten villages in Papua New Guinea, killing 3,183 people, and leaving more than 2,000 unaccounted for.
1998 - 80 years after being executed, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family are buried at the St. Catherine Chapel in St. Petersburg.
2001 - Concorde is brought back into service  nearly a year a crash near Paris.
2006 – A tsunami south of Java kills around 300 people.
2007 – A plane crashes and bursts into flames at São Paulo International Airport in Brazil, killing all 187 people on board, and 12 on the ground.
2011 – Japan wins the FIFA Women's World Cup, defeating the United States in a penalty shoot-out.
2014 - Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, travelling from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, crashes in Eastern Ukraine near the border with Russia, having been reportedly shot down by a missile, killing all 298 people on board.
2014 - Israel-Gaza Strip Conflict: Israel launches a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip.
2015 - Over 120 people are killed in a suicide bombing in Iraq.
2015 - Formula One racing driver Jules Bianchi dies of injuries sustained in a crash at the Japanese Grand Prix over nine months earlier, at the age of 25.
2018 - The European Union-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement is signed.
2019 - The Kivu Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organization.
1476 - Adrian Fortescue, English Roman Catholic martyr (d. 1539)
1487 - Ismail I of Persia (d. 1524)
1674 - Isaac Watts, English theologian and composer (d. 1748)
1698 - Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1759)
1714 - Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, German philosopher (d. 1762)
1744 – Elbridge Gerry, Vice President of the United States (d. 1814)
1745 - Timothy Pickering, 3rd United States Secretary of State (d. 1829)
1752 - Barnaba Oriani, Italian priest, astronomer and scientist (d. 1832)
1763 – John Jacob Astor, American businessman (d. 1848)
1797 - Paul Delaroche, French painter (d. 1856)
1831 – Xianfeng, Emperor of China (d. 1861)
1837 - Joseph-Alfred Mousseau, 6th Premier of Quebec (d. 1886)
1839 - Ephraim Shay, American engineer (d. 1916)
1843 - Julio Argentino Roca, President of Argentina (d. 1914)
1846 – Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay, Russian scientist, anthropologist and explorer of New Guinea (d. 1888)
1853 - Alexius Meinong, Austrian philosopher (d. 1920)
1860 – Clara Viebig, German writer (d. 1952)
1871 - Lyonel Feininger, German-American painter and illustrator (d. 1956)
1871 - J. M. Andrews, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (d. 1956)
1879 - Jack Laviolette, Canadian ice hockey player, coach and manager (d. 1960)
1882 - James Somerville, English admiral (d. 1940)
1888 – Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israeli writer (d. 1970)
1889 – Erle Stanley Gardner, American writer (Perry Mason) (d. 1970)
1894 – Georges Lemaitre, Belgian priest and astrophysicist (d. 1966)
1898 – Berenice Abbott, American photographer (d. 1991)
1899 – James Cagney, American actor (d. 1986)
1900 - Marcel Dalio, French actor (d. 1983)
1903 – Takeyama Michio, Japanese writer (d. 1984)
1911 - Lionel Ferbos, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2014)
1913 - Roger Garaudy, French philosopher and Holocaust denier (d. 2012)
1915 - Arthur Rothstein, American photographer (d. 1985)
1917 – Phyllis Diller, American actress and comedienne (d. 2012)
1917 - Kenan Evren, 7th President of Turkey (d. 2015)
1918 – Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (d. 2003)
1920 – Gordon Gould, American, inventor of the laser (d. 2005)
1920 – Juan Antonio Samaranch, Spanish Olympic official (d. 2010)
1920 - Kenneth Wolstenholme, English sportscaster (d. 2002)
1921 - Louis Lachenal, French mountaineer (d. 1955)
1925 - Jimmy Scott, American jazz singer (d. 2014)
1926 - Willis Carto, American far-right politician (d. 2015)
1927 - Prosper Ego, Dutch activist (d. 2015)
1929 – Sergei K. Godunov, Russian mathematician
1930 - Sigvard Ericsson, Swedish speed skater (d. 2019)
1930 - Ray Galton, English screenwriter (d. 2018)
1931 - Caroline Graham, English author
1932 - Wojciech Kilar, Polish composer (d. 2013)
1932 - Quino, Argentine artist and illustrator
1933 - Keiko Awaji, Japanese actress (d. 2014)
1933 - Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici, 9th Prime Minister of Malta
1933 - Valentina Rastvorova, Soviet-Russian fencer (d. 2018)
1935 – Donald Sutherland, Canadian actor
1935 - Diahann Carroll, American actress and singer (d. 2019)
1939 - Milva, Italian singer and actress
1939 - Spencer Davis, British guitarist
1939 – Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran
1940 - Tim Brooke-Taylor, English actor and screenwriter
1940 - Francisco Toledo, Mexican painter (d. 2019)
1942 - Connie Hawkins, American basketball player and coach (d. 2017)
1942 - Peter Sissons, English journalist (d. 2019)
1944 – Carlos Alberto Torres, Brazilian footballer (d. 2016)
1945 - Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia
1945 - John Patten, Baron Patten, British politician, last British Governor of Hong Kong
1946 – Alun Armstrong, British actor
1947 – Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
1947 - Wolfgang Flür, German drummer (Kraftwerk)
1947 - Dorthe Kollo, Danish singer
1948 – Ron Asheton, American musician (d. 2009)
1948 - Luc Bondy, Swiss theatre and film director (d. 2015)
1949 - Wayne Sleep, English dancer, choreographer and actor
1949 - Geezer Butler, English bass player and politician
1950 - Derek de Lint, Dutch actor
1950 – Phoebe Snow, American singer-songwriter (d. 2011)
1951 – Lucie Arnaz, American actress
1952 - Thé Lau, Dutch musician and writer (d. 2015)
1952 – David Hasselhoff, American actor
1954 – Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany
1954 – Edward Natapei, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (d. 2015)
1956 - Julie Bishop, Australian politician
1957 - Fern Britton, English television host
1958 - Thérèse Rein, Australian businesswoman, wife of Kevin Rudd
1960 - Jan Wouters, Dutch footballer and manager
1961 – Guru, American rapper (d. 2010)
1961 - Jeremy Hardy, English comedian (d. 2019)
1961 - António Costa, Prime Minister of Portugal
1963 - Regina Belle, American singer
1963 – Letsie III, King of Lesotho
1963 - Kim Shattuck, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2019)
1963 - John Ventimiglia, American actor
1963 - Matti Nykanen, Finnish ski jumper (d. 2019)
1964 - Heather Langenkamp, American actress
1965 - Santiago Segura, Spanish actor, screenwriter, producer and director
1965 - Alex Winter, English-American actor, director and screenwriter
1965 - Bastian Sick, German journalist, author and entertainer
1971 - Calbert Cheaney, American basketball player and coach
1971 - Matthew Crompton, English actor
1971 - Cory Doctorow, Canadian author and activist
1972 – Jaap Stam, Dutch footballer
1972 - Andy Whitfield, Welsh actor (d. 2011)
1974 - Laura Macdonald, Scottish saxophonist and composer
1975 - Konnie Huq, English television host
1975 - Elena Anaya, Spanish actress
1976 – Anders Svensson, Swedish footballer
1976 - Marcos Senna, Brazilian-Spanish footballer
1976 - Luke Bryan, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1976 - Gino D'Acampo, Italian-English chef and author
1977 – M.I.A., British singer
1978 - Line Daugaard, Danish handball player
1979 - Rudi Skácel, Czech footballer
1982 – Natasha Hamilton, British singer (Atomic Kitten)
1982 - Bobby Reynolds, American tennis player
1982 - René Herms, German athlete (d. 2009)
1983 - Christian Grindheim, Norwegian footballer
1983 - Sarah Jones, American actress
1984 – Asami Kimura, Japanese singer
1985 – Tom Fletcher, English singer (McFly)
1985 - Neil McGregor, Scottish footballer
1986 - Dana, South Korean singer, dancer and actress
1988 - Gao Yue, Chinese table tennis player
1990 – Mattie Stepanek, American poet (d. 2004)
1992 - Billie Lourd, American actress
1992 - Taavi Rand, Estonian ice dancer
1993 - Ai Okawa, Japanese model and actress
1998 - Felipe de Marichalar y Borbón, Spanish royal
2000 - Maria Aragon, Canadian singer
521 - Magnus Felix Ennodius, Latin bishop and saint (b. 474)
924 – Edward the Elder, King of England is killed in battle (b. c. 874)
1070 – Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders (b. 1030)
1399 - Jadwiga of Poland (b. 1373)
1531 - Hosokawa Takakuni, Japanese commander (b. 1484)
1566 - Bartolomeu Dias, Portuguese monk (b. 1484)
1571 – Georg Fabricius, German poet and historian (b. 1516)
1588 - Mimar Sinan, Ottoman architect and engineer (b. 1489)
1704 - Pierre-Charles Le Sueur, French-American fur trader
1762 – Tsar Peter III of Russia (b. 1728)
1790 – Adam Smith, Scottish economist (b. 1723)
1793 – Charlotte Corday, French aristocrat (b. 1768)
1845 – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1764)
1859 – Stephanie of Hohenzollern, Queen Consort of Portugal (b. 1837)
1878 – Aleardo Aleardi, Italian poet (b. 1812)
1883 - Te Duc, Emperor of Vietnam
1887 – Dorothea Dix, American social activist (b. 1802)
1893 - Frederick A. Johnson, American banker and politician (b. 1833)
1894 - Leconte de Lisle, French poet (b. 1818)
1906 - Carlos Pellegrini, President of Argentina (b. 1846)
1912 – Henri Poincaré, French mathematician (b. 1854)
1918 - Russian Tsarist Family executed by the Bolsheviks:
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (Gregorian calendar date) (b. 1868)
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1895)
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1897)
Tsarevich Alexei of Russia (b. 1904)
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1899)
Alexandra Fyodorovna, Tsarina of Russia (b. 1872)
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1901)
1925 - Lovis Corinth, German artist and sculptor (b. 1858)
1928 – Giovanni Giolitti, five-times Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1842)
1928 - Alvaro Obregon, 39th President of Mexico (b. 1880)
1944 - William James Sidis, American mathematician (b. 1898)
1950 - Evangeline Booth, 4th General of the Salvation Army (b. 1865)
1953 - Maude Adams, American actress (b. 1872)
1959 – Billie Holiday, singer (b. 1915)
1959 – Eugene Meyer, American businessman and newspaper publisher (The Washington Post) (b. 1875)
1961 – Ty Cobb, American Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1886)
1967 – John Coltrane, American jazz musician (b. 1926)
1974 - Dizzy Dean, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1910)
1975 – Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Georgian writer and public benefactor (b. 1893)
1980 – Boris Delaunay, Soviet/Russian mathematician (b. 1890)
1994 - Jean Borotra, French tennis player (b. 1898)
1995 – Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentinian race car driver (b. 1911)
1996 - Victims of TWA Flight 800:
Michael Breistorff, French ice hockey player (b. 1971)
Marcel Dadi, Tunisian-French guitarist (b. 1951)
David Hogan, American composer (b. 1949)
Jed Johnson, American interior designer and director (b. 1948)
Pam Lynchner, American real estate agent and activist (b. 1959)
1996 - Chas Chandler, American bass player and producer (The Animals) (b. 1938)
2001  2010
2001 – Katharine Graham, Washington Post publisher (b. 1917)
2002 – Joseph Luns, NATO Secretary-General (b. 1910)
2003 – Hans Abich, German TV producer (b. 1918)
2003 – Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsichordist (b. 1914)
2003 – Dr. David Kelly, UN weapons inspector (b. 1944)
2003 - Walter Zapp, German inventor (b. 1905)
2004 – Pat Roach, American wrestler and actor (b. 1937)
2005 – Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1916)
2005 - Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish-American actress (b. 1913)
2006 – Mickey Spillane, American writer (b. 1918)
2008 - Larry Haines, American actor (b. 1918)
2009 – Walter Cronkite, American broadcast journalist (b. 1916)
2009 – Leszek Kolakowski, Polish philosopher (b. 1927)
2009 – Meir Amit, Israeli general and politician (b. 1921)
2010 – Bernard Giraudeau, French actor and director (b. 1947)
2011 – Juan María Bordaberry, President of Uruguay (b. 1928)
2011 - Takaji Mori, Japanese footballer (b. 1943)
2013 - Vincenzo Cerami, Italian screenwriter and producer (b. 1940)
2014 - John Walton, Australian actor (b. 1952)
2014 - Ross Burden, New Zealand chef (b. 1968)
2014 - Andries P Putter, South African naval officer (b. 1935)
2014 - Elaine Stritch, American actress (b. 1925)
2014 - Otto Piene, German artist (b. 1928)
2014 - Henry Hartsfield, American astronaut (b. 1933)
2014 - On board Malaysia Airlines Flight 17:
Liam Davison, Australian author (b. 1957)
Shuba Jay, Malaysian actress (b. 1976)
Pim de Kuijer, Dutch columnist and lobbyist (b. 1981)
Joep Lange, Dutch physician (b. 1954)
Willem Witteveen, Dutch legal scholar and politician (b. 1952)
2015 - Owen Chadwick, English rugby player, historian, writer and theologian (b. 1916)
2015 - John H. Gibbons, American scientist (b. 1929)
2015 - Van Miller, American football announcer (b. 1927)
2015 - John Taylor, English jazz pianist (b. 1947)
2015 - Jules Bianchi, French racing driver (b. 1989)
2016 - Wendell Anderson, American politician, Governor of Minnesota (b. 1933)
2016 - Gary S. Paxton, American record producer and singer-songwriter (b. 1939)
2017 - Harvey Atkin, Canadian actor (b. 1942)
2017 - Raymond Sackler, American physician and philanthropist (b. 1920)
2018 - Gary Beach, American actor (b. 1947)
2018 - Rita Bhaduri, Indian actress (b. 1955)
2018 - Yvonne Blake, British-Spanish costume designer (b. 1940)
2019 - Andrea Camilleri, Italian writer (b. 1925)
2019 - Pumpsie Green, American baseball player (b. 1933)
2019 - Wesley Pruden, American journalist (b. 1935)
Constitution Day (South Korea)
Independence Day (Slovakia)
King's birthday (Lesotho)
World Day for International Justice (After the day when the Rome Statute to International Criminal Court is adopted)
World Emoji Day
Vegetables are parts of plants that are eaten by humans as food as part of a meal.
This meaning is often used: it is applied to plants to mean all edible plant matter, including the flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, roots, and seeds.
Carrots and potatoes are parts of the root of the plants, but since they are eaten by humans, they are vegetables.
They are not in the same category as a fruit, nut, herb, spice, or grain.
Though tomatoes are often thought of as vegetables, but because they have seeds, they are, botanically, fruits.
Vegetables are an important part of people's diet.
Vegetables and fruits are sometimes called produce.
Vegetables have vitamins A, B, C, D, minerals and carbohydrates.
The USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends eating five to nine servings of fruit and vegetables everyday.
The total amount eaten varies depending on age and gender.
The word vegetable was first recorded in English in the early 15th century.
It comes from Old French.
It is gotten from Medieval Latin vegetabilis "growing, flourishing" (i.e. of a plant).
The meaning of "vegetable" as a "plant grown for food" was not accepted until the 18th century.
The year 1955 saw the first use of the slang term "veggie".
However, in an Asian context, 'vegetable' may mean any plant produce, apart from grain and nuts, that is eaten cooked, while only the fruits eaten raw are considered as 'fruits'.
For example, an artichoke is thought to be a vegetable, while a melon has the features of a fruit.
"Fruit" has a botanical meaning.
Peaches, plums, and oranges are known as "fruits".
Many plants commonly called "vegetables", such as eggplants, bell peppers, and tomatoes, are fruits in botany.
The question of is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable was asked in the United States Supreme Court in 1893.
The court ruled that a tomato is, and thus taxed as, a vegetable.
This was for the Tariff of 1883 on imported produce.
But the court knew that a tomato is a fruit in botany.
Before agriculture, humans were hunter-gatherers.
They looked for fruit, nuts, stems, leaves, corms, and tubers, scavenged for dead animals and hunted living ones for food.
Growing crops in a forest clearing is thought to be the first example of agriculture.
Useful types of plant were grown while unwanted plants were removed.
Plant breeding through the selection of plant with wanted characteristics such as large fruit and fast growth soon started.
It is likely that many people around the world started growing crops in the period 10,000 BC to 7,000 BC.
Subsistence agriculture was the earliest form of agriculture.
It involves the growing of crops by people to produce enough food for their families.
Anything left is used for exchange for other goods.
Throughout history, the rich have been able to afford different kinds of food including meat, vegetables and fruit.
But for poor people, the food they ate was very dull.
It is usually made up of mainly some staple product made from rice, rye, barley, wheat, millet or maize.
The addition of vegetable gave some variety to the diet.
Some common vegetables
Vegetables are very important in human nutrition.
Most vegetables are low in calories but are large and filling.
They are a source of dietary fiber, essential vitamins, minerals, and trace elements.
When people eat more vegetables, it reduces the incidence of cancer, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic ailments.
The amount of nutrients of each vegetable is different.
Some have useful amounts of protein though and varying proportions of vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin K, and vitamin B6, provitamins, minerals; and carbohydrates.
Vegetables are commonly eaten raw.
It may become contaminated when they are made by an infected food handler.
Hygiene is important when handling foods to be eaten raw.
These vegetables need to be properly cleaned, handled, and stored to stop contamination.
Vegetables have been big part of what humans eat.
Some vegetables are perennial crops but most are annual and biennial crops.
Cultivation of vegetables follows a particular pattern.
The pattern is usually followed like this:
Preparation of the soil by loosening it
Removing or burying weeds
Adding organic manures or fertilizers
Sowing seeds or planting young plants
Taking care of the crop while it grows to reduce the weeds, control pests, and provide enough water
Harvesting the crop when it is ready
Sorting, storing, and marketing the crop or eating it fresh from the ground
On a small garden, tools like the spade, fork, and hoe are used.
On commercial farms, mechanical equipments are used.
These include tractors, ploughs, harrows, transplanters, cultivators, irrigation equipment, and harvesters.
When a vegetable has matured it is ready to be harvested for storage or sale.
There should be little damage and bruising to the crop when harvesting.
Before storage or sale, damaged goods should be removed and produce should be picked according to its quality, size, ripeness, and color.
All vegetables have to be stored to make them available all year round.
A large proportion of vegetables are lost after harvest during the storage period.
The main causes of loss include spoilage caused by moisture, moulds, micro-organisms, and pests.
Storage can be short-term or long-term.
During storage, leafy vegetables lose moisture, and the vitamin C in them is lost quickly.
Cold storage is useful for vegetables like cauliflower, eggplant, lettuce, radish, spinach, potatoes, and tomatoes.
Storage of fruit and vegetables in controlled atmospheres with high levels of carbon dioxide or high oxygen levels can stop microorganisms from growing.
The reason why vegetables are preserved is to make them available all year round.
The goal is to harvest the food when it is mature with a high nutritional value, and preserve these qualities for a longer period of time.
The main causes of spoilage during storage are the actions of naturally-occurring enzymes and micro-organisms.
There are many ways to preserve vegetables and they are:
Canning: This is a process by which the enzymes and the micro-organisms in vegetables are destroyed by heat.
The sealed can prevents air from going to the food to prevent the decomposition of food.
The lowest necessary heat and the minimum processing time are used in order to prevent the breakdown of the product.
It is also done to preserve the flavor for a long time.
The can is can now be stored at room temperature for a long time.
Freezing vegetables to below −10 °C (14 °F) will stop them from spoiling for a short period of time.
But freezing vegetables to below −18 °C (0 °F) will stop them from spoiling for a longer period of time.
Not all micro-organisms will be killed at these temperatures so after thawing the vegetables should be used be used imediately because any microbes there will start to grow.
Traditionally, sun drying has been used for hundreds of years.
Some vegetables such as tomatoes, mushrooms, and beans, can be sun dried by spreading the vegetables on racks under the Sun.
But modern sun drying uses solar powered driers.
Fermentation is another method of preserving vegetables for later use.
Sauerkraut is made from chopped cabbage and depends on lactic acid bacteria which make compounds that stops other micro-organisms from growing.
High levels of both sugar and salt can preserve food by stopping micro-organisms from growing.
Green beans can be salted by covering the beans with salt.
But this method of preservation is not used for other vegetables.
Marrows, beetroot, carrot, and some other vegetables can be boiled with sugar to create jams.
Top producers
In 2010, China was the largest vegetable producing nation, with over half the world's production.
India, the United States, Turkey, Iran, and Egypt were the next largest producers.
Here is a table with the needed information.
It ranges in colour from chartreuse green to pale olive.
In its gem form, it is called peridot.
Dunite is a rock of 90%+ olivine.
Dunite and other peridotite rocks are major constituents of the Earth's mantle above a depth of about 400 kilometers.
Dunite is rarely found on land, except where slabs of mantle rock from a subduction zone have been thrust onto continental crust.
44 BC – Comet Caesar is discovered by Chinese astronomers.
332 - Emperor Constantine announces distributions of food to citizens in Constantinople.
1152 – Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
1388 - During the Battle of Buyur Lake, General Lan Yu leads a Chinese army forward to crush the Mongol hordes of Toghus Temur, the Khan of Northern Yuan.
1498 – Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut, in southern India.
1499 – Alonso de Ojeda sets sail from Cadiz on a voyage to present-day Venezuela.
1565 – The Siege of Malta begins as the Ottomans unsuccessfully attempt to conquer Malta.
1631 – John Winthrop becomes the 1st Governor of Massachusetts.
1652 – Rhode Island passes the first law in North America that declares Slavery illegal.
1756 – The Seven Years' War begins as Great Britain declares war on France.
1763 – Fire destroys a large part of Montreal.
1803 – Napoleonic Wars: The United Kingdom declares war on France.
1804 - Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of France by the French Senate.
1811 – Uruguayan forces under José Artigas defeat Spanish colonial troops in the Battle of Las Piedras.
1812 – John Bellingham is sentenced to death for killing Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Spencer Perceval.
1843 – Disruption in Edinburgh of the Free Church of Scotland from the Church of Scotland.
1848 - Opening of the first National Assembly of Germany opens in Frankfurt.
1860 – Abraham Lincoln wins the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States, ahead of William H. Seward.
1863 – American Civil War: The Siege of Vicksburg begins.
1869 - One day after surrendering at the Battle of Hakodate, Emomoto Takeaki turns over Goryokaku to Japanese forces, signaling the collapse of the Republic of Ezo.
1896 – Khodynka tragedy: Mass panic at the coronation celebration of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia in Moscow results in 1,389 people being killed.
1900 – The UK declares Tonga a British protectorate.
1910 – Earth passes through the tail of Halley's Comet.
1912 – The first Indian movie, Shree Mandalik, is released in Bombay.
1927 – Bath School disaster: 45 people are killed by bombs planted by Andrew Kehoe, who is also killed, at Bath School in Michigan.
1944 – World War II: German paratroopers abandon Monte Cassino after severe fighting.
1944 – Deporting of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Government begins.
1951 – In Lund, Sweden, Tetra Pak is introduced, developed by Erik Wallenberg, through an idea by Ruben Rausing.
1953 – Jackie Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier.
1955 - End of Operation Passage to Freedom: An evacuation of 310,000 Vietnamese civilians, soldiers and non-Vietnamese members of the French army from Communist North Vietnam to South Vietnam ends, following the end of the First Indochina War.
1956 – First ascent of Lhotse, in the Himalayas, at 8,516 metres above sea level, by a Swiss team.
1958 - An F-104 starfighter sets a world speed record at 1,404.19 miles per hour (2,259.82 kilometres per hour).
1969 – Apollo 10 is launched.
1974 – India tests nuclear weapons.
1974 – The Warsaw radio mast is completed.
It collapses on August 8, 1991.
1980 – South Korean students in Gwangju begin pro-democracy protests, which are violently crushed, killing 297.
1980 – Mount St. Helens in Washington state erupts.
A large amount of destruction is caused as many trees and wildlife die, and darkness falls over the nearby area.
57 people are killed, including Harry Randall Truman, who famously refused to leave the area prior to the eruption.
It is the costliest volcanic disaster in US history.
1990 - In France, a modified TGV train achieves  a new rail world speed record of 515.3 kilometers per hour/320.2 miles per hour.
1991 – Northern Somalia declares independence as the Republic of Somaliland, which, to this day, remains unrecognised internationally.
1991 – Helen Sharman becomes the first Briton in space.
1993 - In Denmark, most voters support the Maastricht Treaty, after previously rejecting it in 1992.
1995 – Former United States Army veteran Shawn Nelson goes on a tank rampage in San Diego, California.
1996 - Eimear Quinn, representing Ireland, wins the 41st Eurovision Song Contest in Oslo, Norway.
It is Ireland's 4th win in 5 contests.
1999 - Carlo Azeglio Ciampi becomes President of Italy.
2005 – The Hubble Space Telescope confirms the discovery of Pluto's moons Nix and Hydra.
2009 – The Sri Lankan Civil War comes to an end, as government forces defeat the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.
2012 – Facebook puts its shares onto the Stock Exchange.
2013 - In Malmo, southern Sweden, Emmelie de Forest wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 for Denmark, with the song Only Teardrops.
2015 - A landslide in Salgar, Colombia, kills at least 52 people.
2018 - 10 people are killed in the Santa Fe High School shooting in Texas.
2018 - Cubana de Aviacion Flight 972 crashes shortly after take-off from Havana Airport in Cuba, killing 110 people.
2019 - 2019 Australian federal election: Scott Morrison's conservative coalition scores an unexpected victory in a closely fought election over the Australian Labor Party under Bill Shorten.
2019 - Freedom Party leader Heinz-Christian Strache resigns as Vice-Chancellor of Austria after a video emerges of him being involved in a corruption controversy; Chancellor Sebastian Kurz calls for an early election.
2019 - The 64th Eurovision Song Contest is held in Tel Aviv, Israel, and is won by Duncan Laurence of the Netherlands; this is the first Dutch victory of the contest since 1975.
1048 – Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician, poet and philosopher (d. 1131)
1186 – Konstantin of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod (d. 1218)
1610 – Stefano della Bella, Italian printmaker (d. 1664)
1692 - Joseph Butler, English philosopher and bishop (d. 1752)
1778 - Andrew Ure, Scottish physician and chemist (d. 1857)
1781 - David Hazzard, Governor of Delaware (d. 1864)
1788 - Hugh Clapperton, Scottish naval officer and explorer (d. 1827)
1797 – King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (d. 1854)
1822 – Matthew Brady, American photographer (d. 1896)
1848 – Hermann Alexander Diels, German philologist (d. 1922)
1850 - Oliver Heavside, English physicist (d. 1925)
1851 – James Budd, 19th Governor of California (d. 1908)
1852 - Gertrud Kaesebier, American photographer (d. 1934)
1854 - Bernard Zweers, Dutch composer and music teacher (d. 1924)
1862 - Josephus Daniels, 41st United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1948)
1868 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (d. 1918)
1872 – Bertrand Russell, British philosopher (d. 1970)
1873 - Lucy Beaumont, British actress (d. 1937)
1876 – Hermann Müller, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1931)
1878 - Johannes Terwogt, Dutch rower (d. 1977)
1882 - Babe Adams, American baseball player (d. 1968)
1883 – Eurico Gaspar Dutra, President of Brazil (d. 1974)
1883 – Walter Gropius, German architect (d. 1969)
1887 - Jeanie MacPherson, American actress and screenwriter (d. 1946)
1889 – Gunnar Gunnarsson, Icelandic writer (d. 1975)
1889 – Thomas Midgley, Jr., American chemist and inventor (d. 1944)
1891 – Rudolf Carnap, German philosopher (d. 1970)
1892 - Ezio Pinza, Italian bass (d. 1957)
1895 - Augusto César Sandino, Nicaraguan rebel leader (d. 1934)
1896 - Eric Backman, Swedish long-distance runner (d. 1965)
1897 – Frank Capra, American movie director (d. 1991)
1901 – Vincent du Vigneaud, American chemist (d. 1978)
1902 - Meredith Wilson, American composer (d. 1984)
1904 - Jacob K. Javits, American politician (d. 1986)
1907 - Irene Hunt, American children's writer (d. 2001)
1909 – Fred Perry, British tennis player (d. 1995)
1911 – Big Joe Turner, American blues musician (d. 1985)
1912 – Walter Sisulu, South African activist (d. 2003)
1912 – Perry Como, American singer (d. 2001)
1912 – Richard Brooks, American director (d. 1992)
1913 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, President of India (d. 1996)
1913 – Charles Trenet, French singer and songwriter (d. 2001)
1914 - Georg von Tiesenhausen, German-American rocket scientist (d. 2018)
1914 - Robert J. Wilke, American actor (d. 1989)
1914 - Boris Christoff, Bulgarian opera singer (d. 1993)
1917 - Bill Everett, American comic book writer and artist (d. 1973)
1919 – Margot Fonteyn, British dancer (d. 1991)
1920 – Pope John Paul II (d. 2005)
1920 - Lucia Mannucci, Italian singer and actress (d. 2012)
1922 - Mario Casalinuovo, Italian politician (d. 2018)
1922 - Bill Macy, American actor
1922 - Kai Winding, Danish-American trombonist and composer (d. 1983)
1923 – Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 2004)
1924 - Priscilla Pointer, American actress
1926 - Martin Bregman, American film producer (d. 2018)
1928 - Pernell Roberts, American actor (d. 2010)
1931 - Kalju Pitksaar, Estonian chess player (d. 1995)
1933 - H. D. Deve Gowda, former Prime Minister of India
1933 – Bernadette Chirac, former First Lady of France
1934 - Dwayne Hickman, American actor and television presenter
1936 - Rita Cadillac, French dancer, singer and actress (d. 1995)
1937 – Jacques Santer, Luxembourg statesman
1938 - Joan Blackman, American actress
1939 – Giovanni Falcone, Italian magistrate and anti-Mafia judge (d. 1992)
1939 - Peter Grünberg, German physicist (d. 2018)
1941 – Miriam Margolyes, British actress
1942 – Albert Hammond, British musician
1942 – Nobby Stiles, English footballer
1946 – Frank Hsieh, Taiwanese Premier
1946 - Bruce Gilbert, English guitarist
1946 - Gerd Langguth, German political scientist and author (d. 2013)
1946 - Ameril Umbra Kato, Filipino warlord (d. 2015)
1947 – John Bruton, Irish Taoiseach
1948 - Tom Udall, American politician
1949 - Bill Wallace, Canadian bassist
1949 – Rick Wakeman, British musician
1950 – Thomas Gottschalk, German entertainer
1950 - Mark Mothersbaugh, American singer, musician and composer
1951 - Angela Voigt, German long jumper (d. 2013)
1951 - Ben Feringa, Dutch chemist, Nobel laureate
1952 - Jeana Yeager, American pilot
1953 - Alan Kupperberg, American comic book artist (d. 2015)
1955 – Chow Yun-Fat, Hong Kong actor
1956 - Catherine Corsini, French movie director and screenwriter
1957 - Michael Cretu, German-Romanian musician
1958 – Toyah Willcox, British actress and singer
1958 - Ruben Omar Romano, Argentine football manager
1959 - Ranga Yogeshwar, Luxembourgish science journalist, physicist and presenter
1960 - Brent Ashton, Canadian ice hockey player
1960 - Jari Kurri, Finnish ice hockey player, coach and manager
1960 – Yannick Noah, French tennis player and singer
1962 – Nanne Grönvall, Swedish singer
1962 - Sandra, German singer
1963 - Marty McSorley, Canadian ice hockey player, coach and actor
1964 - Ignasi Guardans, Catalan politician
1966 - Michael Tait, American singer-songwriter and producer
1967 - Heinz-Harald Frentzen, German racing driver
1968 - Sergey Martynov, Belarusian target shooter
1969 - Martika, Cuban-American singer-songwriter, producer and actress
1970 – Tina Fey, American actress and comedienne
1971 – Brad Friedel, American soccer player
1971 - Mark Menzies, Scottish politician
1974 - Nelson Figueroa, American baseball player
1975 – Flozell Adams, American football player
1975 – John Higgins, Scottish snooker player
1975 – Jem, Welsh singer
1975 – Jack Johnson, American singer, songwriter and surfer
1975 - Just Jack, English singer
1975 - Princessa, Spanish singer and songwriter
1976 - Oleg Tverdovsky, Ukrainian-Russian ice hockey player
1976 - Ron Mercer, American basketball player
1977 – Danny Mills, English footballer
1978 – Ricardo Carvalho, Portuguese footballer
1978 - Charles Kamathi, Kenyan long-distance runner
1979 – Mariusz Lewandowski, Polish footballer
1979 – Milivoje Novakovic, Slovenian footballer
1980 – Michael Llodra, French tennis player
1980 – Diego Pérez, Uruguayan footballer
1981 – Mahamadou Diarra, Malian footballer
1984 - Ivet Lalova, Bulgarian sprinter
1985 - Francesca Battistelli, American singer-songwriter
1986 - Kevin Anderson, South African tennis player
1987 – Luisana Lopilato, Argentine actress, singer and model
1988 – Taeyang, South Korean singer
1989 - Mohammad Rashid Mazaheri, Iranian footballer
1990 - Gayoon, South Korean singer and dancer
1990 - Yuya Osako, Japanese footballer
1992 – Spencer Breslin, American actor
1993 – Jessica Watson, Australian sailor
1998 - Polina Edmunds, American figure skater
1999 – Laura Omloop, Belgian singer
526 - Pope John I
1401 – Wladyslaw Opolczyk, Central European politician (b. 1332)
1550 - Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine, French cardinal (b. 1498)
1551 - Domenico di Pace Beccafumi, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1486)
1584 – Ikeda Motosuke, Japanese samurai commander (b. 1559)
1675 - Jacques Marinette, French-American missionary and explorer (b. 1637)
1675 - Stanislaw Lubieniecki, Polish astronomer, theologian and historian (b. 1623)
1721 – Dawit III of Ethiopia (b. 1695)
1781 – Tupac Amaru II, Peruvian Indian revolutionary (b. 1742)
1799 – Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, French playwright (b. 1732)
1800 - Alexander Suvorov, Russian general (b. 1729)
1807 – John Douglas, Anglican bishop (b. 1721)
1808 – Elijah Craig, important to the invention of bourbon (b. 1738?)
1812 – John Bellingham, assassin of Spencer Perceval
1829 – Maria Josepha of Saxony, Queen Consort of Spain (b. 1803)
1844 - Richard McCarty, American politician (b. 1780)
1853 - Lionel Kieseritzky, Baltic-German/French chess player (b. 1806)
1896 - Daniel Pollen, Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1813)
1900 – Jean Gaspard Félix Ravaisson-Mollien, French philosopher (b. 1813)
1909 – George Meredith, English novelist and poet (b. 1828)
1909 - Isaac Albéniz, Spanish pianist and composer (b. 1860)
1910 – Pauline Garcia-Viardot, singer, composer (b. 1821)
1911 – Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (b. 1860)
1922 – Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, French doctor, won the 1907 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845)
1927 – Andrew Kehoe, perpetrator of Bath School disaster
1943 - Onishiki Daigoro, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1883)
1955 – Mary McLeod Bethune, American educator and activist (b. 1875)
1956 – Maurice Tate, English cricketer (b. 1895)
1969 - Prentice Cooper, American politician, 43rd Governor of Tennessee (b. 1895)
1971 - Aleksandr Gennadievich Kurosh, Russian mathematician (b. 1908)
1973 – Jeannette Rankin, first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives (b. 1880)
1975 – Leroy Anderson, American composer (b. 1908)
1978 - Selwyn Lloyd, British politician (b. 1904)
1980 - Deaths in the Mt. St. Helens eruption:
Harry Randall Truman, Guardian of Mt. St. Helens (b. 1896)
David A. Johnston, American volcanologist (b. 1949)
Reid Blackburn, American photojournalist (b. 1952)
1980 – Ian Curtis, British musician, singer/lyricist with Joy Division (b. July 15, 1956)
1981 – William Saroyan, American writer (b. 1908)
1988 – Daws Butler, voice actor (b. 1916)
1995 – Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (b. 1933)
1995 – Alexander Godunov, ballet dancer and actor (b. 1949)
1995 – Elisha Cook Jr., actor (b. 1903)
1995 – Shawn Nelson, US Army veteran (b. 1959)
1999 – Augustus Pablo, Jamaican singer (b. 1954)
1999 – Betty Robinson, Olympic runner (b. 1911)
2000 – Stephen M. Wolownik, Russian musician and arranger (b. 1946)
2001 - Irene Hunt, American children's writer (b. 1907)
2003 – Anna Santisteban, organizer of the Miss Universe contest (b. 1914)
2003 – Barb Tarbox, anti-smoking crusader (b. 1961)
2004 – Elvin Jones, jazz drummer (b. 1927)
2007 – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, French physicist (b. 1932)
2009 – Velupillai Prabhakaran, Sri Lankan leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (b. 1954)
2009 – Wayne Allwine, American actor (b. 1947)
2009 – Dolla, American rapper (b. 1987)
2010 – Edoardo Sanguineti, Italian writer (b. 1930)
2012 – Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, German baritone and conductor (b. 1925)
2013 - Jo Benkow, Norwegian politician (b. 1924)
2013 - Nam Duck-woo, 12th Prime Minister of South Korea (b. 1924)
2013 - Steve Forrest, American actor (b. 1925)
2014 - Wubbo Ockels, Dutch physicist and astronaut (b. 1946)
2014 - Dobrica Cosic, Serbian writer and politician, President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (b. 1921)
2014 - Jerry Vale, American singer and actor (b. 1930)
2014 - Gordon Willis, American cinematographer (b. 1931)
2014 - Hans-Peter Dürr, German physicist (b. 1929)
2014 - Per Almar Aas, Norwegian politician (b. 1929)
2014 - Kaiketsu Masateru, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1946)
2014 - Morris Weiss, American cartoonist (b. 1915)
2015 - Halldor Asgrimsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1947)
2015 - Raymond Gosling, British scientist (b. 1926)
2015 - Aruna Shanbaug, Indian nurse (b. 1948)
2016 - Fritz Stern, German-American historian (b. 1926)
2016 - Boris Schnaiderman, Ukrainian-born Brazilian translator, writer and essayist (b. 1917)
2017 - Reema Lagoo, Indian actress (b. 1958)
2017 - Anil Madhav Dave, Indian politician (b. 1956)
2017 - Roger Ailes, American television executive (Fox News) (b. 1940)
2017 - Jacque Fresco, American futurist (b. 1916)
2017 - Daniele Piombi, Italian television and radio presenter (b. 1934)
2018 - Stephanie Adams, American model and author (b. 1947)
2018 - Billy Cannon, American football player (b. 1937)
2018 - John Carrick, Australian politician (b. 1918)
2018 - Ayad Futayyih Al-Rawi, Iraqi military officer (b. 1942)
2018 - Sir Des Champs, Irish racehorse (b. 2006)
2018 - Darío Castrillón Hoyos, Colombian cardinal (b. 1929)
2018 - Eric McLuhan, Canadian communications theorist and media ecologist (b. 1942)
2018 - Yrsa Stenius, Finnish-Swedish journalist (b. 1945)
2019 - Analia Gade, Argentine actress (b. 1931)
2019 - Jürgen Kissner, German cyclist (b. 1942)
2019 - Quentin Pongia, New Zealand rugby league player (b. 1970)
International Museum Day
World AIDS vaccine Day
Independence Day (Somaliland)
Battle of Las Piedras Day (Uruguay)
The year 30 BC was either a common year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Thursday.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Octavian and Crassus.
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the fourth time.
His partner is Marcus Licinius Crassus the Younger.
Octavian leads his army to the Dardanelles.
He marches into Syria.
Herod the Great sends him vows of loyalty and troops to help.
Gaius Cornelius Gallus arrives in Cyrene and occupies Paraetonium.
Mark Antony retreats with his army to Egypt.
He learns that Pelusium opened its gates to Octavian without resistance.
Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria.
This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic.
Cleopatra evacuates to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea.
King Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burns the Egyptian ships.
The children of Cleopatra are spared by Octavian.
Octavia Minor raises Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphus in her house in Rome.
Common date given for Thiruvalluvar to write the Tirukkuṟaḷ
First possible date for the invention of the wheelbarrow
Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni (d. AD 37)
Mark Antony, Roman consul and general  (b. 83 BC)
Marcus Antonius Antyllus, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia (b. 47 BC)
Hyrcanus II, king and high priest of Judea until 40 BC
August 12 – Cleopatra VII, last queen of Ptolemaic Egypt (b. 69 BC)
August 23 – Ptolemy Caesar, son of Julius Caesar and pharaoh of Egypt (b. 47 BC)
757 - An Lushan, leader of the revolt against China's Tang dynasty, is murdered by his son An Qingxu.
904 - Pope Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
1616 - Dutch seafarers Jacob Le Maire and Willem Cornelisz Schouten successfully sail around Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America to reach the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean.
1676 – Feodor III becomes Tsar of Russia.
1814 - France defeats Russia and Prussia in the Battle of Brienne.
1819 – Singapore is founded.
1834 - Andrew Jackson orders the first use of federal soldiers to suppress a labor dispute.
1845 - The Raven is published in the New York Evening Mirror newspaper, the first publication with the name of the writer, Edgar Allan Poe.
1856 – Queen Victoria institutes the Victoria Cross.
1861 – Kansas becomes the 34th state to join the United States.
1863 – Union forces massacre 400 Native Americans at Bear River, Idaho.
1886 – Karl Benz patents his automobile.
1891 – Liliuokalani is proclaimed Queen of Hawaii.
1900 - The American League is organized in Philadelphia with eight founding teams.
It later becomes Major League Baseball.
1907 – Charles Curtis becomes United States Senator for Kansas.
He is the first in his position known to have Native American ancestors.
1908 - Frederick VIII of Denmark becomes King.
1916 – World War I: Paris is first bombed by German zeppelins.
1929 – All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque is first published.
1936 – The first inductees into the Baseball Hall of Fame are announced.
1940 - Three trains on the Sakurajima Line in Osaka, Japan, collide and explode while approaching Ajikawaguchi Station, killing 181 people.
1941 – Alexandros Koryzis succeeds the Ioannis Metaxas, who died, as Prime Minister of Greece.
1942 – At the end of the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War, Ecuador loses half of its territory to Peru.
1943 - World War II: On the first day of the Battle of Rennell Island, US cruiser Chicago is torpedoed and heavily damaged by Japanese bombers.
1944 - World War II: Around 38 men, women and children die in the Koniuchy massacre in Poland.
1963 – Charles de Gaulle rejects UK membership of the European Community.
1964 – The movie Dr. Strangelove is first shown.
1967 - The 'ultimate high' of the hippie era, the Mantra-Rock Dance, takes place in San Francisco, featuring Janis Joplin, the Grateful Dead and Allen Ginsberg.
1979 - Brenda Ann Spencer kills 2 people and injures 8 in the Grover Cleveland Elementary School shooting.
1981 - Adolfo Suárez resigns as Prime Minister of Spain.
1985 - Final recording session for "We Are the World", by the supergroup USA for Africa.
1986 - Yoweri Museveni takes power in Uganda.
1989 – Hungary establishes diplomatic relations with South Korea.
1991 – Gulf War: The Battle of Khafji begins.
1996 – The La Fenice opera house in Venice is destroyed by fire.
1996 – Jacques Chirac announces the end of French nuclear testing in the Pacific.
1998 - In Birmingham, Alabama a bomb explodes at an abortion clinic, killing 1 person, and injuring another.
2001 – Thousands of student protesters in Indonesia storm the parliament, demanding the resignation of President Abdurrahman Wahid over corruption scandals.
2002 – US President George W. Bush first used the term "Axis of Evil" in his State of the Union speech to describe the governments of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea.
2005 - The first direct flights between mainland China and the island of Taiwan since 1949 take place.
2006 - India's Irfan Pathan becomes the first bowler to take a test-cricket hat-trick in the opening over of a match.
2009 - Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich is convicted of several corruption charges.
2011 - The Asian football championship is won by the Japan national football team over the Australia national football team, which had reached the final in only its second participation at the tournament.
2012 – Tennis: In the Australian Open, Novak Djokovic wins in five sets against Rafael Nadal in the longest Grand Slam final to date.
2014 - Scientists in Japan announce that shocking blood cells with acid could also trigger the transformation into stem cells.
2015 - Over 30 Egyptian soldiers are killed in an attack by militants linked to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on the Sinai Peninsula, where there had also been strong anti-government protests.
1455 - Johann Reuchlin, German philosopher, humanist, jurist and diplomat (d. 1522)
1499 – Katharina von Bora, religious reformer and wife of Martin Luther (d. 1552)
1584 – Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (d. 1647)
1688 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist, philosopher and theologian (d. 1772)
1711 - Giuseppe Bonno, Austrian composer (d. 1788)
1715 - Georg Christoph Wagenseil, Austrian composer (d. 1777)
1717 - Jeffrey Amherst, British military leader (d. 1797)
1718 – Paul Rabaut, French Huguenot pastor (d. 1794)
1737 – Thomas Paine, American writer (d. 1809)
1749 – King Christian VII of Denmark (d. 1808)
1751 - Joseph Bradley Varnum, American politician (d. 1821)
1754 - Moses Claeveland, founder of Cleveland, Ohio (d. 1806)
1756 - Henry Lee III, Governor of Virginia (d. 1818)
1761 – Albert Gallatin, Swiss-born United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1849)
1792 - Lemuel H. Arnold, Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1852)
1801 - Johannes Bernardus van Bree, Dutch composer, violinist and conductor (d. 1857)