the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In one of the applications, it is actually good: the password-hashing method used in OpenBSD uses an algorithm that comes from Blowfish which makes use of the slow key schedule; the idea is that the extra computational effort required gives protection against dictionary attacks.
See key strengthening.
It is a 16-round Feistel cipher and uses large key-dependent S-boxes.
It is similar in structure to CAST-128, which uses fixed S-boxes.
In 1996, Serge Vaudenay found a known-plaintext attack needing 28r + 1 known plaintexts to break, where r is the number of rounds.
Moreover, he also found a class of weak keys that can be detected and broken by the same attack with only 24r + 1 known plaintexts.
This attack cannot be used against the regular Blowfish; it assumes knowledge of the key-dependent S-boxes.
Vincent Rijmen, in his Ph.D. papers, introduced a second-order differential attack that can break four rounds and no more.
Still there is no known way to break the full 16 rounds, apart from a brute-force search.
There is no good cryptanalysis on the full-round version of Blowfish known publicly till 2008.
However, in 2007, Bruce Schneier noted that while Blowfish is still in use, he recommended using the new Twofish algorithm instead
Vincent Rijmen, "Cryptanalysis and design of iterated block ciphers", doctoral dissertation, October 1997.
Bruce Schneier, Description of a New Variable-Length Key, 64-bit Block Cipher (Blowfish).
Fast Software Encryption 1993: 191-204 .
Bruce Schneier, The Blowfish Encryption Algorithm—One Year Later,  Dr. Dobb's Journal,  20(9), p. 137, September 1995 .
Serge Vaudenay, "On the weak keys of Blowfish," Fast Software Encryption (FSE'96), LNCS 1039, D. Gollmann, Ed.,
Springer-Verlag, 1996, pp.
27–32.
Official Blowfish website
List of products using Blowfish
SCAN's entry for Blowfish
Blowfish PHP and JavaScript implementation with online demo
Blowfish JavaScript implementation and Page Encryption
Blowfish PHP implementation
Blowfish Java implementation (LGPL)
Sir Harry Pateshall Colebatch (29 March 1872 – 12 February 1953) was the 12th Premier of Western Australia from 17 April to 17 May 1919.
He was Premier for the shortest time in Western Australian history.
This was because he was a member of the upper house of Parliament and it was usual for the Premier to be from the lower house.
When he could not find a position in the lower house he resigned.
Colebatch, Hal
People from Herefordshire
Sir Henry Bruce Lefroy (24 March 1854 – 19 March 1930) was the 11th Premier of Western Australia from 28 June 1917 to 17 April 1919.
He became premier after the Australian Labor Party split over the issue of conscription.
Labor politicians led by John Scaddan agreed to join the Nationalist Party if Lefory was the leader, not Frank Wilson.
He found it diificult to keep control over a government formed by different political parties.
When it was discovered that he had used his casting vote in a Cabinet meeting to keep the leadership, he was forced to resign.
He lost his seat in the 1921 elections and retired back to his farm.
Lefroy, Henry
Chevvy Pennycook (born 6 April 1987 in Bristol, England) is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership.
Bristol Rugby profile
John Scaddan (4 August 1876 – 21 November 1934) was the 10th Premier of Western Australia from 7 October 1911 to 27 July 1916.
He was only 35 when he won a record majority of seats in the 1911 elections, making him the youngest premier of Western Australia.
His parents were from Cornwall and had moved to Moonta to work in the large copper mines.
They later moved to Eaglehawk, near Bendigo where Scaddan worked in the gold mines and studied to be an engine driver.
In 1896 he moved to the Western Australian goldfields.
He was elected to parliament in 1904 where he became famous for his long speeches, some going for me than three hours.
He became premier when the Labor Party won the 1911 election.
He believed that the government should own and control businesses and he set up state owned shipping lines, brickworks, sawmills, trams, abattoirs, fishing, quarries and even a hotel.
While many of these were well run, many were not, and a costly failure at the Wyndham freezing works led to a loss of support.
At the next election he only won by two seats.
When one ALP member disappeared, and another resigned in 1916, the Country Party were able to form a new government with help from the Liberal Party.
When the Labor Party split on conscription, Scaddan who supported it, joined the new National Labor Party.
He later joined the Country Party.
He was elected in and out of parliament over the next 15 years.
He felt Western Australia was not treated fairly by the government of Australia, and was on a committee which looked at how Western Australia could become an independent country.
He died suddenly from a Cerebral hemorrhage in 1934.
Scaddan, John
Frank Wilson (12 May 1859 – 7 December 1918) was the 9th Premier of Western Australia from 16 September 1910 until 7 October 1911 and then again from 27 July 1916 until 28 June 1917.
He was a member of the various conservative political parties which were formed in Western Australia, including the Liberal Party, the Liberal League, and the Ministerialist Party.
He was defeated by the Australian Labor Party in the elections of October 1911.
He was able to form a group of anti-labor members in 1916 and become premier a second time.
He lost this support when the Country Party was able to form a National Party to support the war effort.
He lost his seat in the parliament to the County Party by only four votes in October 1917.
Seriously ill with cancer, he died a few months later.
Wilson, Frank
People from Sunderland
Sir Newton James Moore (17 May 1870 – 28 October 1936) was the 8th Premier of Western Australia from 7 May 1906 until 16 September 1910.
He became the premier when Rason resigned.
He resigned as premier in 1910 and moved to London to become agent-general for Western Australia.
During World War I he joined the Australian Army as an officer.
After the war he was elected to the British House of Commons, taking over former Australian Prime Minister Sir George Reid's seat.
In his first speech to the parliament he said that women should be able to become members of parliament.
Newton, Moore
Mathew Turner (born 18 January 1988 in Cape Town) is a South African rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership.
He plays as on the wing.
South African rugby union players
People from Cape Town
Andrew Hill "Andy" Card Jr. (born May 10, 1947) is an American politician and lobbyist, former United States Cabinet member, and head of George W. Bush's White House Iraq Group.
Card served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation under George H. W. Bush and the White House Chief of Staff under his son.
He announced his resignation as Chief of Staff March 28, 2006, effective April 14, 2006.
United States Secretaries of Transportation
People from Brockton, Massachusetts
Eton College, or just Eton, is a British independent school for boys between the ages of 1318.
It was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI, as the King's College of Our Lady of Eton.
Eton College is in Eton, near Windsor in the English county of Berkshire.
It is north of Windsor Castle.
The school is one of the original nine English "public schools" as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868.
The school is a member of the Eton Group of independent schools in the United Kingdom.
The current Headmaster is Simon Henderson.
For every 8 pupils there is one teacher.
Eton is a full boarding school.
All pupils live at the school.
It is one of four such remaining boys' public schools (the others being Winchester College, Harrow School, and Radley College).
Eton has educated many British and foreign aristocrats.
Prince William and his brother Prince Harry went there.
The list of graduates includes twenty former prime ministers, including David Cameron and Boris Johnson.
The Good Schools Guide called the school "the number one boys' public school", adding "The teaching and facilities are second to none".
The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group.
It is registered as a charity.
Eton College official website
1440 establishments
1440s establishments in England
PuTTY is a terminal emulator application which can act as a client for the SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw TCP computing protocols.
The word "PuTTY" has no meaning, though 'tty' is  sometimes used to refer to the Unix terminals, as an acronym for 'teletype'.
PuTTY was first written for Microsoft Windows, but it has been ported to other operating systems including some Unix-like platforms.
Mac OS and Mac OS X are still being ported, while unofficial ports have been ported it to the Symbian and Windows Mobile operating systems.
PuTTY is currently beta software.
Licensed under the MIT License, and it is free and open source software.
Control over the SSH encryption key and protocol version.
Command-line SCP and SFTP clients, called "pscp" and "psftp" respectively.
Control over port forwarding with SSH (local, remote or dynamic port forwarding), including built-in handling of X11 forwarding.
Emulates most xterm, VT102 control sequences, as well as much of ECMA-48 terminal emulation.
IP Version 6 support.
Supports 3DES, AES, Arcfour, Blowfish, DES.
Public-key authentication support.
Support for local serial port connections.
PuTTY - the Telnet and SSH client itself;
PSCP - an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy;
PSFTP - an SFTP client, i.e. general file transfer sessions much like FTP;
PuTTYtel - a Telnet-only client;
Plink - a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends;
Pageant - an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP and Plink;
PuTTYgen - an RSA and DSA key generation utility;
pterm - a standalone terminal emulator.
W-PuTTY-CD
Development libraries related to PuTTY
W-PuTTY-CD, PuTTY Communications in a Microsoft Windows™ DLL
Other versions of PuTTY (for Windows):
KiTTY
QuestPutty
ExtraPuTTY (Portable PuTTY for USB sticks,TestStand Step, Win32 API,PuTTY Communications in a Microsoft Windows™ DLL ....)
PuTTYcyg
Portable PuTTY for USB sticks
Other programs related to PuTTY
PuTTY Connection Manager
Secure Copy or SCP is a method of securely transferring computer files between a local and a remote host or between two remote hosts, using the SSH protocol.
How the SCP Protocol Works
It was started in 1925 by Gottfried Duttweiler.
He started in Zürich with a wagon and sold products 40% cheaper than others.
At first he sold only coffee, rice, sugar, noodles, coconut oil and soap.
Later, he started selling more and in 1926, Duttweiler built his first market, also in Zürich.
Migros Switzerland website
Supermarkets of Switzerland
In computing, the SSH File Transfer Protocol (sometimes called Secure File Transfer Protocol or SFTP) is a network protocol that implements file transfer between computers.
It is often used as more secure alternative of an FTP protocol, which transmits file contents, folder contents and even passwords without encryption.
SFTP is different from SCP, which is another protocol relying on an SSH connection.
It is also different from FTPS, which used SSL to encrypt the connection itself, rather than sending the data through an SSH tunnel.
Many popular FTP programs have added support for SFTP.
Access to the SFTP server can be granted either through a username, a password or by using a  public key.
Computer security  is a branch of information technology known as information security which is intended to protect computers.
Computer security has three main goals:
Confidentiality: Making sure people cannot acquire information they should not (keeping secrets)
Integrity: Making sure people cannot change information they should not (protecting data)
Availability: Making sure people cannot stop the computer from doing its job.
Computer security involves telling computers what they are not to do.
This makes computer security unique because most programming makes computers do things.
Security takes much of a computer's power.
Limit access to computers to "safe" users.
Peripherals that block any "unsafe" activity.
Firewall and antivirus software.
An example of complexity and pervasiveness of the issue is vending machines, per Hackers Lurking in Vents and Soda Machines April 7, 2014 New York Times.
Mark Odejobi born 18 January, 1988 in London, England is a rugby union player for London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership.
He plays as a winger.
Wasps profile
Damien Varley (born 29 October 1983 in Limerick) is an Irish rugby union player for Munster in the Pro 12 and Heineken Cup.
He plays as a Hooker.
Varley plays his club rugby with Garryowen.
Before he played for the London Wasps.
Crayon Shin-chan (, Kureyon Shin-chan, also known as Shin-chan in other countries) is a Japanese manga and anime series written by Yoshito Usui.
It has 56 (including the New Crayon Shin-chan series) manga volumes.
The anime has been broadcast since 1992, and there are twenty-four movies as of 2016.
They are popular all over the world.
The anime program Shinchan has more than 900 episodes.
This show is broadcasteon Tv Asahi in Japan and on Hungama TV in India.
Shinnosuke "Shin-chan" Nohara is a little boy who does everything he can to annoy his parents and teachers (and succeeds), but he only means the best.
He just tries to have a good time and sometimes annoys people in the process.
Shinnosuke Nohara: 5 years old boy.
He lives in Kasukabe, Saitama in Japan and goes to Futaba kindergarten.
He is also very fat and chubby.
Hiroshi Nohara: Shinnosuke's father.
He works for Futaba company.
Misae Nohara: Shinnosuke's mother.
She is a housekeeper.
Himawari Nohara: Shinnosuke's sister.
0 years old.
July 24, 1993:
Theme Song:
Singer: Watarirouka Hashiritai 7
April 20, 2013
Theme Song: Family Party
Singer: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu
Singer/Band: Ketsumeishi
The special crossover episode Kamen Rider Den-O + Shin-O aired in 2007 to promote the Kamen Rider Den-O movie.
A second special series was aired in April 2012 featuring Shin-chan and Kamen Rider Fourze to not only promote Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called!:
Me and the Space Princess, but also Kamen Rider × Super Sentai: Super Hero Taisen.
Official Futabasha Crayon Shin-chan website
Official TV Asahi Crayon Shin-chan website
The Adventures of Hamtaro (とっとこハム太郎, Tottoko Hamutarō, literally Trotting Hamtaro) is a children's storybook series by Ritsuko Kawai.
The main character is a hamster named Hamtaro.
After moving into a new town, Hamtaro finds that he's in the company of lots of different hamsters, making up a group of hamster friends that go on crazy adventures through the city.
Before they save Laura and other humans from nasty predicaments, however, they have to learn how to save themselves.
Finn Harps are a football team in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland.
They play in the Eircom Premier Division.
Sadomasochism is a word which is mostly used in a social (non-medical) way.
It means that people get together to either give or receive pain and humiliation.
Usually it's a form of sex play.
Sadists enjoy inflicting pain on others or humiliating them.
Masochists get pleasure from being tortured, hurt, or humiliated.
Lanzarote is one of the two islands in the east of the Canary Islands.
It is located 100 km west of the Western African coast line and 11 km north of the neighbouring island Fuerteventura.
About 130,000 people live on Lanzarote.
The largest town on the island is Arrecife.
Lanzarote has one international airport at Arreceife (airport code ACE).
Lanzarote's economy is mainly supported by tourism.
Web Centers of Art, Culture and Tourism of Lanzarote
Official Lanzarote Website
Pictures of Lanzarote
GlobalSecurity.org,  India-China Border Dispute
Kawaguchi, Yuki.
"Arunachal Pradesh Territorial Dispute between India and China,"  ICE Case Studies (US).
161, November, 2005.
1910s treaties
Moradabad () is a city and a municipal corporation in Muradabad District in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
It was established in 1600 by prince Murad, the son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.
As a result the city came to be known as Moradabad.
It is the administrative headquarters of Moradabad District.
It is also the birthplace of the origins of the Urdu language.
Theodor Heuss (31 January 1884 in Brackenheim - 12 December 1963 in Stuttgart) was a German politician.
He was the first person elected to a regular term as President of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Heuss was born in Brackenheim, near Heilbronn.
He studied art history and state studies in Munich and Berlin.
He received his doctorate in 1905 in Munich.
In 1908 he married Elly Heuss-Knapp (1881-1952).
He worked for a political magazine from 1908 to 1912, and then for a regional newspaper.
In 1910 he joined the Progressive People's Party and stayed there until 1918.
Between 1923 and 1926 he published the magazine Die Deutsche Nation ("The German Nation").
Heuss became a member of the German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, DDP) and was a member of parliament for two periods.
After World War II Heuss was the first Minister of Culture in Baden-Württemberg.
He was one of the founders of the Free Democratic Party of Germany after WW II.
In 1949 he was elected as first President of the Federal Republic of Germany.
He was reelected once.
India-Pakistan maritime trespassing refers to the frequent trespassing and violation of respective national territorial waters of India and Pakistan in peacetime.
Most trespassing is common to Pakistani and Indian fishermen operating along the coastline of the Indian state of Gujarat and the Pakistani province of Sindh within the disputed region of Rann of Kachchh.
The Indo-Bangladeshi barrier is a 4,000-kilometer fence that India is presently constructing to seal off the Indian-Bangladeshi international border from what was formerly East Bengal.
East Bengal was a partitioned region of Bengal, called East Pakistan from 1956 to 1971.
This obstruction is virtually isolating Bangladesh from the rest of India to a very large extent nowadays, since the Modi Govt.
intervention, regarding the disputes along Indo-Bangla Border, along with the records of illegal immigrants of people belonging to both of the nations.
Frank-Walter Steinmeier (born 5 January 1956) is a German politician.
He was Foreign Secretary, Vice Chancellor of Germany and is currently the twelfth President of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Steinmeier was born in Detmold in 1956.
After his abitur (secondary school exam) and his military service, he studied law in Gießen.
In 1982, he passed his first exam.
His second exam was completed and passed in 1986.
Between 1986 and 1991, he worked as assistant to the Doctor of Public Law and Political Science at the Gießen University.
He obtained his Doctorate of Law in 1991.
After 1991, he worked in the State Chancellory of Lower Saxony for the Minister-President, Gerhard Schröder.
From 1998, he was Undersecretary of State in Gerhard Schröder's Chancellor Office after Schröder became Chancellor of Germany.
In 1999 he became Secretary of State.
In 2005, he became the new Foreign Minister of Germany in the coalition cabinet of Angela Merkel.
He became Vice Chancellor of Germany in 2007.
In 2008 he was elected to be the chancellor candidate of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) for the election in 2009.
The SPD got their worst result ever in a German federal election (23.0%), and Steinmeier became leader of the SPD parliamentary group in the Bundestag.
He is running for a second term, with the election to be held on 13 February 2022.
Mary Elizabeth Gore (née Aitcheson; born August 19, 1948), known as Tipper Gore, is an author and photographer who was the Second Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the wife of Al Gore, from whom she is separated.
She and Al Gore separated in 2010.
She is known for her role in the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC), criticizing music with profane language and promoting Parental Advisory stickers (known as "Tipper Stickers") on record covers, especially in the heavy metal, punk and rap genres.
The Second Gentleman of the United States is the husband of the Vice President of the United States.
The Second Lady of the United States would be the wife of the Vice President.
The name took shape as late-20th-century and early-21st-century vice presidential wives took on public policy roles that attracted a great deal of media attention.
Tipper Gore, wife of Vice President Al Gore of Tennessee, was active in several campaigns to remove indecent material from popular American entertainment like movies, television shows and music, starting when her husband was a senator.
Marilyn Quayle, wife of Dan Quayle.
Tipper Gore, wife of Al Gore.
Lynne Cheney, wife of Dick Cheney.
Jill Biden, wife of Joe Biden
Karen Pence, wife of Mike Pence
Douglas Emhoff, husband of Kamala Harris
List of spouses of the Vice Presidents
Abigail Smith Adams, wife of John Adams (1789-1797)
Vacant: Thomas Jefferson (1797-1801) was a widower
Vacant: Aaron Burr (1801-1805) was a widower
Vacant: George Clinton (1805-1813) was a widower
Ann Thompson Gerry, wife of Elbridge Gerry (1813-1814)
Hannah Minthorne Tompkins, wife of Daniel D. Tompkins (1817-1825)
Floride Bonneau Colhoun Calhoun, wife of John C. Calhoun (1825-1832)
Vacant: Martin Van Buren (1833-1837) was a widower (his daughter-in-law Angelica Van Buren would serve as his First Lady)
Vacant: Richard Mentor Johnson (1837-1841) was unmarried, yet some considered Julia Chinn to be his common law wife with whom he had two children.
Letitia Christian Tyler, wife of John Tyler (1841)
Sophia Nicklin Dallas, wife of George M. Dallas (1845-1849)
Abigail Powers Fillmore, wife of Millard Fillmore
Vacant: William R. King (1853) was unmarried
Mary Cyrene Burch Breckinridge, wife of John C. Breckinridge
Ellen Vesta Emery Hamlin, wife of Hannibal Hamlin
Eliza McCardle Johnson, wife of Andrew Johnson
Ellen Maria Wade Colfax, wife of Schuyler Colfax
Vacant: Henry Wilson (1873-1875) was a widower
Vacant: William A. Wheeler (1877-1881) was a widower
Vacant: Chester A. Arthur (1881) was a widower
Eliza Morgan Hendricks, wife of Thomas A. Hendricks
Anna Livingston Reade Street Morton, wife of Levi P. Morton
Letitia Green Stevenson, wife of Adlai E. Stevenson
Jennie Tuttle Hobart, wife of Garret Hobart
Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt, wife of Theodore Roosevelt
Cornelia Cole Fairbanks, wife of Charles W. Fairbanks
Carrie Babcock Sherman, wife of James S. Sherman
Lois Irene Kimsey Marshall, wife of Thomas R. Marshall
Grace Goodhue Coolidge, wife of Calvin Coolidge
Caro Dana Blymyer Dawes, wife of Charles G. Dawes
Vacant: Charles Curtis (1929-1933) was a widower
Mariette Rheiner Garner, wife of John Nance Garner
Ilo Browne Wallace, wife of Henry A. Wallace
Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman, wife of Harry S. Truman
Elizabeth Jane Rucker Hadley Barkley, wife of Alben W. Barkley
Thelma Catherine Ryan "Pat" Nixon, wife of Richard Nixon
Claudia Alta Taylor "Lady Bird" Johnson, wife of Lyndon Johnson
Muriel Faye Buck Humphrey, wife of Hubert Humphrey
Elinor Isabel Judefind Agnew, wife of Spiro Agnew
Elizabeth Ann Bloomer Warren Ford, wife of Gerald Ford
Margaretta Large Fitler Murphy Rockefeller, wife of Nelson Rockefeller
Joan Adams Mondale, wife of Walter Mondale
Barbara Pierce Bush, wife of George H. W. Bush
Marilyn Tucker Quayle, wife of Dan Quayle
Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Aitcheson Gore, wife of Al Gore, Jr.
Lynne Ann Vincent Cheney, wife of Dick Cheney
Jill Tracy Jacobs Biden, wife of Joe Biden
Karen Batten Pence wife of Mike Pence
Douglas Emhoff (Second Gentleman), husband of Kamala Harris
Living former Second Ladies
Lynne Ann Vincent Cheney (born August 14, 1941) was the second lady of the United States from 2001 to 2009.
She is the wife of former U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney.
She is a novelist, conservative scholar, and former talk-show host.
Lynne Ann Vincent was born in Casper, Wyoming.
Her mother, Edna Lolita (nee Lybyer), became a deputy sheriff, and her father, Wayne Edwin Vincent, was an engineer.
She is a descendant of Mormon pioneers.
She has family roots in Denmark, Sweden, England, Ireland, and Wales.
She was raised Presbyterian and became Methodist after she married Dick Cheney.
Blue Skies, No Fences: A Memoir of Childhood and Family (2007) ()
Our 50 States: A Family Adventure Across America (2006) ()
A Time for Freedom: What Happened When in America (2005) ()
When Washington Crossed the Delaware : A Wintertime Story for Young Patriots (2004) ()
A is for Abigail : An Almanac of Amazing American Women (2003) ()
America: A Patriotic Primer (2002) ()
The Body Politic: A Novel (2000) ()
Kings of the Hill: How Nine Powerful Men Changed the Course of American History (1996) ()
Telling the Truth (1995) ()
Academic Freedom (1992) ()
American Memory: A Report on the Humanities in the Nations Public Schools (1987) ()
Sisters (1981; New American Library, Penguin Group) ()
Executive Privilege (1979) ()
The Common bluebottle (Graphium sarpedon) is a species of swallowtail butterfly.
It is found in South and Southeast Asia and in parts of Australia.
There are 15 subspecies with different geographical distributions.
The Bama Boyz (a.k.a the Bamaz) are a Grammy-nominated, Dove Award winning, American record production, songwriting, and artist trio, with Eddie “E-Trez” Smith III, Jesse J. Rankins, Jonathan D. Wells as members.
Musical groups from Alabama
2000s establishments in Alabama
Swallowtail butterflies are large, colorful butterflies which form the family Papilionidae.
There are at least 550 species, and though the majority are tropical, members of the family are found on all continents except Antarctica.
The family includes the largest butterflies in the world, the birdwing butterflies of Australia (genus  Ornithoptera).
Graphium is a genus of swallowtail butterflies.
They are commonly known as swordtails.
They are native to Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania.
The genus has over 100 species.
These species are mostly tropical.
Their coloration is variable.
Their habitat varies from rainforests to savannahs.
Some species have tails on their hind wings which may be long and swordlike.
Others do not have any tails.
Graphium species are often seen at mud puddles.
ja:アオスジアゲハ#アオスジアゲハ属
Sauerbraten (also known as Cube 2 or Sauer, German for “sour roast”) is a cross-platform, Quake-like, first-person shooter computer game that runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS X using OpenGL and SDL.
The game features single-player and multiplayer game play and contains an in-game level editor, its main feature.
The game engine is free and open source software, under the Zlib License, with commercial support available from the developer's own business counterpart, Dot3 Labs.
The game started as a redesign to the original Cube Engine, and its first release was made on May 6, 2004.
The game gets updated quite regularly.
Sauerbraten was made out of the game Cube, but is much more advanced and a player can create new levels.
Sauerbraten was not made to look very good, but to allow easy map making within the game without making a big download.
Sauerbraten CTF Edition is less than 350 megabytes.
The game Crysis is around 3,000 megabytes.
Map editing
Maps are made out of cubes, which can be made longer or shorter and can be reshaped.
These cubes can be mapped out easily, using the in-game editor.
This means that both map-makers and players can make very big, detailed maps very quickly.
This is not like other games such as Quake, where you need a lot of effort and bugfixing work to even get the map to work.
This simplicity in editing has resulted in a lot of maps released by players and developers.
They are available on the Quadropolis forums.
The game has singleplayer and multiplayer modes.
Multiplayer can be with LAN and Internet connection.
Online game types are deathmatch, last man standing,"Capture" (where teams fight for control of parts on the map), Quake-style Capture the Flag, also instant-shot games (Instagib, Insta-clan-arena, insta-capture) as well as online multiplayer map editing, which is one of Sauerbraten's most interesting and popular features.
In single player modes the computer controls monsters against you.
The game has been shown in a Burger King television commercial, it received four out of five stars in a MacWorld UK review, and the game was mentioned in Issue 3 of Games for Windows: The Official Magazine (as well as their 101 Free Games Article), where it was described as being "perfect for both stingy and creative gamers alike".
Official Sauerbraten site
Sauerbraten project at SourceForge.net
Community Cube/Sauerbraten mapping and modding site
Tool to monitor servers for cube-based games
Speaker of the House of Commons (UK), which has historically comprised:
Speaker of the House of Commons of England (-1706)
Speaker of the House of Commons of Great Britain (1707-1800)
Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (1801-)
Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons (1867-)
Speaker of the Northern Ireland House of Commons
A town crier is a person who is employed by a town council to make public announcements in the streets.
The crier can also be used in court or official announcements.
Criers often dress elaborately, a tradition known from the 18th century, in a red and gold robe, white breeches, black boots and a tricorne hat.
They carry a handbell to make a loud noise and they shout the words "Oyez, Oyez, Oyez!"
before making their announcements.
The word "Oyez" means "hear ye," which is a call for silence and attention.
Oyez is from an Anglo-Norman word for listen.
Some town criers announcements are recorded in books called a Proclamation Book The proclamations book in Chester from the early 19th century records the town criers call as "O Yes, O Yes!"
In Medieval England, town criers were the most important way of spreading news with the people of a town.
Many could not read newspapers.
Royal proclamations, local bylaws, market days, advertisements and even selling loaves of sugar were all proclaimed by a bellman or town crier for centuries.
During Christmas 1798, the Chester Canal Company sold some sugar that was damaged in their packet boat and this was advertised by the town crier.
Chester's first 'belman' was in 1540.
His was paid one (old) penny for 'going for anything that is lost' and 4 old pennies for leading a funeral procession.
In 1681, a fire safety law that all houses should have tiled roofs, not thatched, was to 'be published throughout the city by the day bellman.
In 1553, the crier was paid 13 old pennies for 'ridunge the banes' (reading the banns or adverts) for the Chester Mystery Plays.
In 1598, bellman Richard Woodcock must have been dressed in a similar way to the London bellman, for he had 'a tymber mast typt at both endes and embellished in the middest with silver' (a wooden stick with silver decorations).
In 1620, there was a fight at the crossroads between the butchers and the bakers where the 'Cryer brake his Mace in peeces Amonge them'(broke his silver stick among them).
In 1607, one public notice read by George Tunnall, the bellman, that putting rubbish in the river was illegal.
In 1715, a local man recorded that the 'Belman at the Cross ... Reads publicly a proclamation in the Mayor's name, commanding all persons in the City to bee of peaceable and civil behaviour, not to walk around the Streets or Rows at unreasonable hours of night'.
In 1743, John Posnitt took over as 'Day and Night Bellman'.
In 1792, Chester had a day-time and night-time bellman, John Yarwood and a crier, William Ratcliffe, but by 1835 there seems to have been only one position.
It was not until 1998 that Chester had both a crier and a bellman again.
Town criers were protected by royalty, as they sometimes brought bad news such as tax increases.
To this day, any town crier in the British Commonwealth is protected under old English law that they are "not to be hindered or heckled while performing their duties".
To injure or harm a town crier was seen as an act of treason against the ruling monarchy.
The term "Posting A Notice" comes from the act of the town crier, who having read his message to the townspeople, would attach it to the door post of the local inn.
The same as England, town criers were the most important way to deliver news to the people of the town because many people could not read newspapers or write.
Proclamations, local bylaws, market days, adverts, were all proclaimed by a bellman or crier.
Criers were not always men, many town criers were women.
Bells were not the only way to make noise - in Holland, a gong was often used, and in France a drum was used, or a hunting horn.
Modern town criers
The best dressed town crier and escort at the last World Championships (date of entry 2008) are Peter and Maureen Taunton  from the county town of Stafford, UK.
They also hold the title of the best dressed town crier in Britain 2008 Competition held at Alnwick for the Loyal Company of Town Criers.
They are also the Best Dressed Crier at the National Town Crier Competition in Hastings 2007.
Peter Moore has been The London Town Crier   for more than 30 years.
He is Town Crier for The Mayor of London, The City of Westminster, and London Boroughs.
He is also Freeman and Liveryman of The City of London.
The need for town criers has disappeared and they became part of the local folklore.
There are European and World Championship competitions for modern town criers.
Gordon Emery, Curious Chester (1999)
Town Crier history
Town Crier Plymouth
The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic caused by bubonic plague.
It happened during the years of 541 to 542 in the Byzantine Empire.
It was the first pandemic recorded in history.
Historians estimate that this pandemic killed as many as 100 million people across the world, partly because it returned every twelve years until 770, when it stopped for about 500 years.
Between 541 and 700, the Plague of Justinian killed about half of the people in Europe.
It also may have contributed to the success of the Muslim conquests.
Origin and impact
Through trade, the plague came from India to Ethiopia or Egypt.
Eventually, trade ships brought the plague north to the large city of Constantinople.
Ships bringing grain, which Constantinople imported, carried rats along with them.
These rats carried the plague.
By the end of the pandemic, the plague had killed 40% of Constantinople's population.
At its worst, it killed 10,000 people in Constantinople every day.
In total, about 25 million people died because of the Plague of Justinian.
It is said to have contributed to the fall of the Byzantine Empire, because it killed farmers and caused famine.
Also, the empire relied on tax money, and the plague killed many taxpayers.
Edward Walford, translator, The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594, 1846.
Reprinted 2008.
Evolution Publishing, . —
The author, Evagrius, was himself stricken by the plague as a child and lost several family members to it.
Procopius.
History of the Wars, Books I and II (The Persian War).
H. B. Dewing.
Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP, 1954.—Chapters XXII and XXIII of Book II (pages 451–473) are Procopius's famous description of the Plague of Justinian.
This includes the famous 10,000 people dead a day in Constantinople statistic (page 465).
Little, Lester K., ed.,
Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750, Cambridge, 2006. .
Rosen, William.
Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe, Viking Adult, 2007. .
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Plant cutting, also known as striking/cloning, is a technique for vegetatively (asexually) propagating plants.
With this method,  a piece of the source plant containing at least one stem cell is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir or rock wool.
The cutting then grows new roots, stems, or both, and becomes a new plant independent of the parent.
Lassalle was born in Breslau.
His father sent him to a business school in Leipzig.
Lassalle changed to the University of Breslau.
He later studied in Berlin.
Lassalle took part in the revolutions of 1848-49.
He was put into prison and later banned from Berlin.
He lived in Düsseldorf that time.
In 1859, Lassalle returned to Berlin.
Lassalle was a liberal politician in the early 1860s.
The liberals had some struggles with Otto von Bismarck.
Lassalle thought about the living conditions of the working class.
He found that the idea of self-help would not help the working class people.
This led him to become a member of the Communist league.
There he was in opposition to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Lassalle founded the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (General German Workers' Association, ADAV) in 1863.
This party later became the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
Genscher was born at Reideburg, near Halle.
Genscher served in World War II from 1943 to 1945.
He joined the Nazi Party at the age of 18.
After the war, he studied economics and law in Halle and Leipzig.
He joined the East German Liberal Democratic Party (LDPD) in 1946.
In 1952, Genscher fled to West Germany.
There he joined the Free Democratic Party (FDP).
He passed his second state examination in law in Hamburg in 1954.
After that, he became a solicitor in Bremen.
In 1965, Genscher was elected to the Bundestag, the West German parliament for the first time.
From 1969 to 1974, he was Federal Minister of the Interior under Chancellor Willy Brandt.
Genscher was Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1982 under Helmut Schmidt.
Two weeks later, he began to serve in the same positions under Helmut Kohl.
He served the second time from 1982 to 1992.
He was Germany's longest serving Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor.
Jonny Kennedy (born 16 February 1990) is an English rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership.
He was born in Leighton, Cheshire.
He plays as a centre or on the wing.
Sale Sharks profile
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Franz Müntefering (born January 16, 1940) is a German politician.
He used to be Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
Biography by German Bundestag
Nick Royle  (born 1983)  is a current England Rugby Sevens International rugby union player.
Carl Fearns (born 28 May 1989 in Liverpool) is an English rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership.
James Gaskell (born 20 May 1990) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership.
Martin Halsall (born 25 December 1984 in Blackpool, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership.
People from Lancashire
Alex Shaw (born 31 March 1987 in Maidstone, Kent, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership.
Chris Leck (born 21 May 1986 in Manchester, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership.
Secret Water is the eighth book in Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of children's books.
This book is set in and around Hamford Water in Essex, close to the resort town of Walton-on-the-Naze.
It brings the Swallows and the Amazons together and introduces a new group of characters, the Eels and the Mastodon.
Ransome sailed to Hamford Water, an area of salt marshes and low lying islands in his boat Nancy Blackett.
He set the book in this tidal place which offered a new setting for his characters and chances to explore and map the area.
The Swallows mean to sail in the Goblin to Hamford Water and camp with their father, but he is called away on naval business.
Instead he maroons them with a small boat (dinghy) on an island.
Before he leaves, Father gives them a basic map of the area they call Secret Water and suggests they map the area before he returns to pick them up.
They see some mysterious footprints which turn out to belong to the Mastodon, a local boy.
He mistakes them for the Eels, another family who camp in the area regularly.
Later the Eels arrive and are initially hostile before they settle down for a friendly war.
It seems that due to the distractions of war and being cut off by the tides, the chart will not be completed.
However early in the last morning two separate groups of children complete it.
Beaumont Cut
Gran Turismo is a driving simulation video game created by Polyphony Digital for Sony PlayStation console.
The game was first sold in 1997.
There are seven main games of Gran Turismo series and by late 2008 over 50 million Gran Turismo games have been sold by Sony.
Each of the games simulate many different types of car including small, big, racing, old, new, Formula one and concept cars such as the Nike 2022.
The cars look very realistic.
Gran Turismo games were one of the first video games to include music from famous artists.
Sony also released three Gran Turismo Concept versions.
The game play is races similar to all real-life car racing including racing driver tests and everything from one short lap races in slow cars to 24 hour Le Mans racing challenges in prototype cars.
Gran Turismo series
Aramids are polymers.
The name stands for aromatic polyamide.
Structurally aramids are similar to proteins.
Stephanie Kwolek developed aramids at DuPont in 1965.
DuPont uses the trade name Kevlar for them..
Aramids are very present in security helmets, in splinter-resistant glass, in Ballistic vests, but also in other domains.
They are used as a replacement for asbestos as a building material, for gaskets and other sealings, but also as helpers to make sails, parachutes and similar tools.
A brute force attack is a term in cryptanalysis.
It means trying to break a coded cyphertext by trying a lot of possibilities with fast computers.
For example, a large number of the possible keys are tried in the key space.
If successful , this decrypts the encrypted message.
The theoretical possibility of a brute force attack is recognized by the cryptographic system designers.
They work to make the cryptographic system very difficult for computers to break using brute force attack.
For that reason, one of the definitions of "breaking" a cryptographic scheme is to find a method faster than a brute force attack.
The selection of an appropriate key length depends on how difficult it will be to break it using a brute force attack.
By obfuscating the data before encryption, brute force attacks are less effective and more difficult to determine.
For symmetric encryption, a key size of 128 bits is considered secure against brute force by traditional computers.
192 or 256 bits is considered secure against quantum computers.
Many old ciphers, such as DES, used short keys which made them breakable by brute force.
Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering.
Information theory measures the amount of information in data that could have more than one value.
In its most common use, information theory finds physical and mathematical limits on the amounts of data in data compression and data communication.
Data compression and data communication are statistical, because they guess unknown values.
The amount of information in data measures how easily it is guessed by a person who does not know its value.
A key measure in information theory is "entropy".
Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process.
For example, identifying the outcome of a fair coin flip (with two equally likely outcomes) provides less information (lower entropy) than specifying the outcome from a roll of a dice (with six equally likely outcomes).
Some other important measures in information theory are mutual information, channel capacity, error exponents, and relative entropy.
In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on a groups of bits of fixed length, called blocks, using an exact transformation.
During encryption, a block cipher algorithm might take (for example) a 128-bit block of plaintext as input, and output a corresponding 128-bit block of ciphertext.
The exact transformation is controlled using a second input — the secret key.
Decryption is similar: the decryption algorithm takes, in this example, a 128-bit block of ciphertext together with the secret key, and output the original 128-bit block of plaintext.
One of the early block cipher designs was the Data Encryption Standard (DES), developed at IBM and published as a standard in 1977.
A successor to DES, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES); also using block cipher, was adopted in 2001.
Authentication (pronounced  "aw-then-ti-keyt") (from Greek αυθεντικός; real or genuine, from authentes; author) is the actions taken to establish or verify something (or someone) as authentic.
It is the method of verifying claims made by someone about the thing.
This might involve confirming the identity of a person, the origins of an object (or something), or to make sure that a computer program (or user) is a trusted one.
People are usually authenticated by something they know (password), something they have (key), or something they are (biometrics).
In cryptography, DES-X (or DESX) is an alternative to the DES (Data Encryption Standard) block cipher designed to increase the complexity of a brute force attack using a technique called key whitening.
As DES suffers from brute force attack DES-X was a trial to overcome such drawbacks.
A hostname (also known as a sitename) is the unique name by which a network device (which may be a computer, file server, network storage device, copier, cable modem, etc.)
is defined and known on a network.
The hostname is used to identify a particular host in various electronic communication networks such as the World Wide Web, e-mail or Usenet.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a measurement standards laboratory which is a non-regulatory (non-controlled) agency of the United States Department of Commerce.
The institute's mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and Technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life.
In cryptography, key size or key length is the size (measured in bits or bytes) of the key used in a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher).
Typical key sizes in modern symmetric ciphers are 128, 192, and 256 bits.
Older symmetric ciphers used only 40, 56, or 64 bits, which can be broken by brute force.
128 bits is considered secure against brute-force by traditional computers, but not quantum computers.
192 and 256 bit keys are considered quantum-safe, and AES keys of these lengths are approved for protecting top secret information.
Asymmetric (public key) ciphers such as RSA need a much longer key to be secure.
RSA keys are typically at least 2048 bits.
A large key size alone does not necessarily mean a cipher is secure - there are many insecure ciphers which have a large key size but have other design flaws that allow them to be broken.
Wassily  Kandinsky  ( – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist.
He was one of the most important 20th-century artists.
He was a major figure in modern art and painted some of the first modern abstract works.
His art changed several times during his life.
It was fauvist, abstract, expressionist and constructivist in turn.
Born in Moscow, Kandinsky spent his childhood in Odessa.
He enrolled at the University of Moscow and chose to study law and economics.
Quite successful in his profession—he was offered a professorship (chair of Roman Law) at the University of Dorpat—he started painting studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) at the age of 30.
In 1896 he settled in Munich and studied first in a private school, then at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich.
He went back to Moscow in 1914 after World War I started.
He was unsympathetic to the official theories on art in Moscow and returned to Germany in 1921.
There he taught at the Bauhaus school of art and architecture from 1922 until the Nazis closed it in 1933.
He then moved to France where he lived the rest of his life, and became a French citizen in 1939.
He died at Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1944.
Later in life he would recall being fascinated and stimulated by colour as a child.
His fascination with colour symbolism and psychology continued as he grew.