the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Amtrak announced that no alternate transportation options would be made available into or out of the affected area.
By August 26, the possibility of never-before-happened destruction and damage was already being considered.
Some computer models were putting the city of New Orleans right in the center of their track probabilities, and the chances of a direct hit were forecast at 17% (with strike probability rising to 29% by August 28).
This scenario was considered a potential disaster because 80% of the New Orleans metropolitan area is below sea level along Lake Pontchartrain.
Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was more than 20 ft (6 m) near Biloxi, emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.
This risk of devastation had been known for some time; previous studies by FEMA and the Army Corps of Engineers had warned that a direct hurricane strike on New Orleans could lead to massive flooding, which would lead to thousands of drowning deaths, as well as many more suffering from disease and dehydration, as the flood waters slowly retreated from the city.
At a news conference 10:00 AM on August 28, shortly after Katrina was upgraded to a Category 5 storm, New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin ordered the first ever mandatory evacuation of the city, calling Katrina, "a storm that most of us have long feared".
To speed up the evacuations, authorities used contraflow lane reversal on Interstate 10 leading west of New Orleans, as well as on Interstate 55 and Interstate 59 leading north from the city.
The city government also established several "refuges of last resort" for citizens who could not leave the city, including the massive Louisiana Superdome, which housed approximately 26,000 people with food and water for several days as the storm came ashore.
The Louisiana National Guard delivered three truckloads of water and seven truckloads of MRE's to the Superdome, enough to supply 15,000 people for three days.
Louisiana's hurricane evacuation plan calls for local governments in areas along and near the coast to call for evacuations in three phases, starting with the immediate coast 50 hours before the start of tropical storm force winds.
Persons in areas designated Phase II begin evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and those in Phase III areas (including New Orleans) evacuate 30 hours before the start of such winds.
However, many parishes were not able to provide sufficient transportation for citizens who did not have private means of evacuation, and many private care-taking facilities who relied on the same bus companies and ambulance services for evacuation were unable to evacuate their charges.
Fuel and rental cars were in short supply and many forms of public transportation had been shut down well before the storm arrived.
The end result was that hundreds of thousands of residents and tourists were unable to evacuate and remained in the city.
Nonetheless, some estimates claimed that 90-92% of the 1.3 million residents of the New Orleans metropolitan region evacuated including 80% of Orleans parish.
The Waterford Steam Electric Station, Unit 3, also known as Waterford 3, is a nuclear power station located on a 3,000-acre (12-km²) up-river from Hahnville, Louisiana, in St. Charles Parish.
U.S. Department of Energy web page for Waterford
NRC's web page on Waterford
Buildings and structures in Louisiana
A passenger car (North America) is a type of railway rolling stock that is designed to carry passengers.
In British English it may be called a coach or carriage.
McComb is a city in Pike County, Mississippi, about 80 miles south of Jackson, just off of Interstate 55.
As of the 2000 census, 13,337 people lived there, about a thousand more than in the 1980 census (12,331).
McComb was founded in 1872 after Henry Simpson McComb of the New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railroad (which would become the Illinois Central Railroad and now a part of the Canadian National Railway), decided to move the railroad's maintenance shops away from New Orleans, Louisiana, to avoid the New Orleans' saloons.
Website about McComb
McComb Enterprise Journal Newspaper
Map of McComb with links to local businesses
McComb Police Department
McComb City Railroad Depot Museum
Percy Quin State Park , six miles south of McComb
1870s establishments in Mississippi
Checkpoint Alpha was at Helmstedt in West Germany, in the former British Zone.
It was at the western end of the main road (autobahn) to West Berlin.
Checkpoint Bravo was at Dreilinden at the West Berlin end of that autobahn.
Checkpoint Charlie was at Friedrichstraße in West Berlin.
It was the most famous.
It was the only place where foreigners could walk or drive from West Berlin into East Berlin.
As it was the only crossing point there were sometimes queues of people waiting to cross.
But military traffic was never stopped, because Berlin was supposed to be under the control of all four wartime allies.
The Checkpoint today
After the end of the Cold War, and the reunification of Germany the checkpoints were no longer needed.
The big concrete buildings of Checkpoint Bravo are now used by the German Customs Service .
Checkpoint Charlie was only a wooden hut in the street.
It was moved to what is now the Allied Museum at 110 Clayallee, and a small replica put up in Kochstraße.
The fake checkpoint is very popular with tourists who have their photographs taken in front of it.
Most countries have a Customs Service.
The customs service works mostly at ports, airports and the countries borders to make sure that people do not bring things into the country which are banned, or that the right amount of tax has been paid on goods that can be imported (brought into the country).
Some customs officers work at a post office.
They do not meet the public, they examine letters and parcels which have been sent from outside the country, to make sure nothing illegal is being brought into the country.
In the United Kingdom the customs service was called "Customs and Excise".
This is because it was once two separate bodies.
The Customs service collected tax (called customs duty) on goods being brought into the country, for example brandy from France or tea from India.
The Excise service collected tax (called excise duty) on goods made in the country, for example Scotch whisky or Irish whiskey.
Today all cars and lorries must pay a tax to be allowed to drive on the road.
Although most people call this "road tax" or "car tax", it is officially called "vehicle excise duty".
The name comes from a gaelic word.
In Ireland, it is called whiskey, with an added letter 'e'.
Whiskey made in the United States often uses the Irish spelling.
Single malt: All of the whisky has been made from single batch of malt in one single distillery.
They have been matured in oak barrels, usually 6 to 24 years.
Glenfiddich is the world's best-selling single malt whisky.
It comes from Speyside in the Scottish Highlands, and accounts for 35% of world sales.
The Glenlivet comes second, from the same area.
Thus, despite all attempts at competition, this small area near the Spey River still dominates the world market for single malt whisky.
Other well-known single malts are Laphroaig, Lagavulin, Bowmore, Ardbeg and Talisker.
Most single malts come from Scotland, either Lowlands, Highlands or Scottish Isles.
Nikka Yoichi comes from Japan.
Blended whisky or Scotch: A Scotch is a mixture of various single malts.
This is the most common type of whisky.
Famous blended whiskys are Johnnie Walker, Chivas Regal, Ballantines, J&B, The Famous Grouse and Vat-69.
In the United States the word "scotch" refers to the blended whiskys of Scotland.
Blenders do not distill whisky, but mix various single malts.
Irish whiskey: These are blended whiskeys from Ireland.
While Scottish whiskys are distilled twice, Irish whiskeys are distilled three times before they are matured.
Famous Irish whiskeys are Jameson's and Bushmill's.
Bourbon whiskey: Bourbon is American whiskey which contains maize.
It may all be made from maize (corn whiskey) or it may also contain barley malt.
Famous bourbons are Four Roses, Jim Beam and Kentucky Gentleman.
The name comes from Bourbon county, Kentucky.
Rye: As name implies, rye whiskey is made from rye malt.
These are especially popular in Canada.
Famous Canadian rye whiskeys are Canadian Club and Alberta Premium
Scotch whisky is legally defined by Scotch Whisky Order of 1990 (UK), and the Scotch Whisky Act of 1988,.
Must be distilled at a Scottish  from water and malted barley, to which only other whole grains may be added, have been processed at that distillery into a mash, converted to a fermentable substrate only by endogenous enzyme systems, and fermented only by the addition of yeast,
Must be distilled to an alcoholic strength of less than 94.8% by volume so that it retains the flavour of the raw materials used in its production,
Must be matured in Scotland in oak casks for no less than three years,
Must not contain any added substance other than water and caramel colouring, and
May not be bottled at less than 40% alcohol by volume.
Alcohol is a favorite way to collect tax (called excise duty) in the United Kingdom.
When Gordon Brown, a Scot, became Chancellor of the Exchequer, he concentrated on taxing beers and wines, and did not increased the duty on whisky.
This, he said, was to help the Scotch whisky industry to recover, increase exports and make more money.
Iocaste or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
Chaldene or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
Amanda Jenssen (born September 12, 1988) was the first runner up at Pop idol Sweden 2007.
Her first album was released in 2008 and became a number 1 album on the charts.
Erinome or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard et al.
Aoede or , is a moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.
It received the designation .
Aoede is about  in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of  in 714.657 days, at an inclination of 160° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.6012.
It was named in March 2005 after Aœde, one of the three original Muses.
Aœde was the Muse of song, and was a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) by Mnemosyne.
Aoede belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between  and , and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.
The Italian Wikipedia (In Italian: Wikipedia in Italiano) is the Italian-language edition of Wikipedia.
This edition was started in January, 2002 and has over  articles.
It is currently the 8th largest edition by article count.
2011 mass blanking protest
Volunteers on the Italian Wikipedia decided they did not like a proposed law before the Italian Parliament.
The proposal was from October 4 to October 6 2011.
During this time, all of the site's articles were hidden.
Wikipedia's administrators blocked the website which was being debated at the time in the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian parliament.
This was the first time that a Wikipedia had blanked all its content to protest.
The Wikimedia Foundation released a statement on October 4.
The Foundation Board officially supported the short closing of Italian Wikipedia.
In October 2011, the manifesto, which replaced the Italian Wikipedia, had been viewed approximately 19 million times.
On October 6, 2011, the website content was put back.
Wikipedia added a banner across the top of each page explaining the reason for the protest.
Italian newspaper Il Tempo journalist Alberto Di Majo described the closure of the Italian-language Wikipedia as an "unexpected merit" of the proposed law.
Some people questioned whether a non-profit United States foundation should try to change laws written in Italy.
Italian Wikipedia main page
Quraish is also the name of a Sura in the Qur'an.
It was the tribe to which the Islamic Prophet Muhammad belonged and which led the opposition to his message.
Not very much of this tribe followed Islam.
Sir William Muir: Life of Mohamet, 1894
Thomas Patrick Hughes (ed.):
A Dictionary of Islam, 1885
Benjamin Walker.
Foundations of Islam
Karen Armstrong: Muhammad
M. M. Sharif : A History of Muslim Philosophy
Edward William Lane (ed.):
Selections from The Quran, 1890
Naseem Sadiqui: Muhammad: The Benefactor of Mankind, 1994
A. Guillaume: Life of Muhammad (Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat), 2004
http://www.princeton.edu/~batke/itl/denise/quraysh.htm
Arche or , is a moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2002, and got the designation .
Eukelade or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and got the designation .
Surat Quraysh (Arabic: سورة قريش ) (after the tribe of Quraysh) is the 106th chapter of the Qur'an.
It is a Makkan sura that consists of four ayat.
It urges the Quraysh tribe who dominated Mecca to serve Allah, who had protected them, for the sake of their own future.
Quraysh at Sacred Texts
Quraysh at Altafsir.com
Surah (sometimes spelt sura or surat  (), plural suwar ) is an Arabic term that literally means "something enclosed or surrounded by a fence or wall."
A surah is a "chapter" of the Qur'an.
They are traditionally ordered in order of length and begin with the shortest.
Each surah is named for a word or name mentioned in an ayah (section), of that 'surah'.
List of suras
Al-Fatiha  (The Opening), 7 ayats, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
Al-Baqara (The Heifer), 286 ayat, 40 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Imran (The Family of Imran), 200 ayat, 20 rukus, Madinan sura
An-Nisa (The Women), 176 ayat, 24 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Ma'ida (The Table), 120 ayat, 16 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-An'am (The Cattle), 165 ayat, 20 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-A'raf (The Heights), 206 ayat, 24 rukus Makkan sura
Al-Anfal (The Spoils of War), 75 ayat, 10 rukus, Madinan sura
At-Tawba (The Repentance), 129 ayat, 16 rukus, Madinan sura
Yunus (Jonah), 109 ayat, 11 rukus, Makkan sura
Hud (Hud), 123 ayat, 10 rukus, Makkan sura
Yusuf (Joseph), 111 ayat, 12 rukus, Makkan sura
Ar-Ra'd (The Thunder), 43 ayat, 6 rukus, Madinan sura
Ibrahim (Abraham), 52 ayat, 7 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Hijr (Al-Hijr, The Stoneland, The Rock City), 99 ayat, 6 rukus, Makkan sura
An-Nahl (The Bee), 128 ayat, 16 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Isra (Isra, The Night Journey, The Children of Israel), 111 ayat, 12 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Kahf (The Cave), 110 ayat, 12 rukus Makkan sura
Maryam (Mary), 98 ayat,6 rukus, Makkan sura
Ta-Ha (Ta-Ha), 135 ayat, 8 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Anbiya (The Prophets), 112 ayat, 7 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Hajj (The Pilgrimage, The Hajj), 78 ayat, 10 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Muminun (The Believers), 118 ayat, 6 rukus, Makkan sura
An-Noor (The Light), 64 ayat, 9 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Furqan (The Criterion, The Standard), 77 ayat, 6 rukus, Makkan sura
Ash-Shu'ara (The Poets), 227 ayat, 11 rukus, Makkan sura
An-Naml (The Ant, The Ants), 93 ayat, 7 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Qisas (The Stories), 88 ayat, 9 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Ankabut (The Spider), 69 ayat, 7 rukus, Makkan sura
Ar-Rum (The Romans, The Byzantines), 60 ayat, 6 rukus, Makkan sura
Luqman (Luqman), 34 ayat, 4 rukus, Makkan sura
As-Sajda (The Prostration, Worship, Adoration), 30 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Ahzab (The Clans, The Coalition, The Combined Forces), 73 ayat, 9 rukus, Madinan sura
Saba (Saba, Sheba), 54 ayat, 6 rukus, Makkan sura
Fatir (The Angels, Originator), 45 ayat, 5 rukus, Makkan sura
Ya-Seen (Ya-seen), 83 ayat, 5 rukus, Makkan sura
As-Saaffat (Those Who Set The Ranks, drawn Up In Ranks), 182 ayat, 5 rukus, Makkan sura
Sad (The Letter Sad), 88 ayat, 5 rukus, Makkan sura
Az-Zumar (The Troops, Throngs), 75 ayat, 8 rukus, Makkan sura
Ghafir (The Forgiver), 85 ayat, 9 rukus, Makkan sura
Fussilat (Explained In Detail), 54 ayat, 6 rukus, Makkan sura
Ash-Shura (Council, Consultation), 53 ayat, 5 rukus, Makkan sura
Az-Zukhruf (Ornaments Of Gold, Luxury), 89 ayat, 7 rukus, Makkan sura
Ad-Dukhan (Smoke), 59 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Jathiya (Crouching), 37 ayat, 4 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Ahqaf (The Wind-curved Sandhills, The Dunes), 35 ayat, 4 rukus, Makkan sura
Muhammad (Muhammad), 38 ayat, 4 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Fath (Victory, Conquest), 29 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Hujraat (The Private Apartments, The Inner Apartments), 18 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
Qaf (The Letter Qaf), 45 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
Adh-Dhariyat (The Winnowing Winds), 60 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
At-Tur (The Mount), 49 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
An-Najm (The Star), 62 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Qamar (The Moon), 55 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
Ar-Rahman (The Beneficent, The Mercy Giving), 78 ayat, 3 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Waqia (The Event, The Inevitable), 96 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Hadid (The Iron), 29 ayat, 4 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Mujadila (She That Disputeth, The Pleading Woman), 22 ayat, 3 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Hashr (Exile, Banishment), 24 ayat, 3 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Mumtahina (She That Is To Be Examined, Examining Her), 13 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
As-Saff (The Ranks, Battle Array), 14 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Jumua (The Congregation, Friday), 11 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Munafiqoon (The Hypocrites), 11 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
At-Taghabun (Mutual Disillusion, Haggling), 18 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
At-Talaq (Divorce), 12 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
At-Tahrim (Banning, Prohibition), 12 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Mulk (The Sovereignty, Control), 30 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Qalam (The Pen), 52 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Haaqqa (The Reality), 52 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Maarij (The Ascending Stairways), 44 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
Nooh (Nooh), 28 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Jinn (The Jinn), 28 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Muzzammil (The Enshrouded One, Bundled Up), 20 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Muddaththir (The Cloaked One, The Man Wearing A Cloak), 56 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Qiyama (The Rising Of The Dead, Resurrection), 40 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Insan (Human), 31 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Mursalat (The Emissaries, Winds Sent Forth), 50 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
An-Naba (The Tidings, The Announcement), 40 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
An-Naziat (Those Who Drag Forth, Soul-snatchers), 46 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
Abasa (He Frowned), 42 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
At-Takwir (The Overthrowing), 29 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Infitar (The Cleaving, Bursting Apart), 19 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Mutaffifin (Defrauding, The Cheats, Cheating), 36 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Inshiqaq (The Sundering, Splitting Open), 25 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Burooj (The Mansions Of The Stars, Constellations), 22 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
At-Tariq (The Morning Star, The Nightcomer), 17 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Ala (The Most High, Glory To Your Lord In The Highest), 19 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Ghashiya (The Overwhelming, The Pall), 26 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Fajr (The Dawn, Daybreak), 30 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Balad (The City, This Countryside), 20 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Ash-Shams (The Sun), 15 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Lail (The Night), 21 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Ad-Dhuha (The Morning Hours, Morning Bright), 11 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Inshirah (Solace, Consolation, Relief), 8 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
At-Tin (The Fig, The Figtree), 8 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Alaq (The Clot, Recite), 19 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Qadr (Power, Fate), 5 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Bayyina (The Clear Proof, Evidence), 8 ayat, 1 rukus, Madinan sura
Az-Zalzala (The Earthquake), 8 ayat,  1 rukus, Madinan sura
Al-Adiyat (The Courser, The Chargers), 11 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Qaria (The Calamity, The Stunning Blow, The Disaster), 11 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
At-Takathur (Rivalry In World Increase, Competition), 8 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Asr (The Declining Day, Eventide, The Epoch), 3 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Humaza (The Traducer, The Gossipmonger), 9 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
Al-Fil (The Elephant), 5 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
Quraysh (Quraysh), 4 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
Al-Ma'un (Small Kindnesses, Almsgiving, Have You Seen), 7 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
Al-Kawthar (Abundance, Plenty), 3 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
Al-Kafirun (The Disbelievers, The Kafirs), 6 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
An-Nasr (Succour, Divine Support, Victory), 3 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
Al-Masadd (The Palm Fibre), 5 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
Al-Ikhlas (Sincerity), 4 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
Al-Falaq (The Daybreak, Dawn), 5 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
Al-Nas (Mankind), 6 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
List of all Surahs of the Qur'an
Qur'ān Verses in Chronological Order
Components of the Quran
Kore or  is a moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003 and given the designation .
Chapter (books), a main division of a piece of writing
An organizational division, such as a chapter of the Audubon Society or of a fraternity.
Chapter (religion), an assembly of members in a religious order
Chapter Arts Centre, a cultural centre in Cardiff, Wales
Chapter Music, a record label
Chapters, a Canadian bookstore chain
Chapter house, a building attached to a cathedral or collegiate church
A chapter is one of the main divisions of a piece of writing of some length, such as a book.
Chapters can be numbered in the case of such writings as law code (see Chapter 7 or Chapter 11) or they can be titled.
For example, the first chapters of some well-known novels are titled:
"The Boy Who Lived" – Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, J. K. Rowling
"Into the Primitive" – The Call of the Wild, Jack London
Many novels of great length do not have chapters.
Non-fiction books, especially those used for reference, almost always have chapters for ease of navigation.
The chapters of reference works are almost always listed in a table of contents.
In ancient civilizations, books were often in the form of papyrus scrolls, which contained about the same amount of text as a typical chapter in a modern book.
This is the reason chapters in recent reproductions and translations of works of these periods are often presented as "Book 1", "Book 2", etc.
Sura is a meal set of dishes, soup and dessert for king in ancient Korea
Sura, a chapter of the Qur'an
Sura (month), the first month in the Javanese calendar
Sura (city), a city in ancient Babylonia
Sura River, a river in Russia
Sura, Penza Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Penza Oblast, Russia
Sura, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia
Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura
Sura Saenkham
Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility, a research facility in Russia
Calf muscle
Summer Undergraduate Research Award
Sura, Arabic word which means to ascend and Arabic name of graphic designer Sura Design
Sura drink In Hindi indicates an intoxicating drink.
Surah is a twilled fabric made of silk or rayon, or a combination thereof.
SURA, the Southeastern Universities Research Association (www.sura.org)
Khan Kubrat establishes Great Bulgaria.
December – Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba.
Queen Seondeok is crowned in Korea.
Yazdgird III starts to rule in Persia.
Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph and the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661) is established.
That means the first Schism within Islam.
June 8 — Muhammad, prophet of Islam
October 12 — Edwin of Deira, king of Deira and Bretwalda
Charibert II, King of Aquitaine
King Chilperic of Aquitaine
Sponde or , is a moon of Jupiter.
It was named in August 2003 after one of the Horae (Hours), which presided over the seventh hour (libations poured after lunch).
The Hours, goddesses of the time of day but also of the seasons, were daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) and Themis.
The Battle of Uhud () was fought on 23 March 625 (3 Shawwal 3 AH of the Islamic calendar) at Mount Uhud, in what is now north-western Saudi Arabia.
It occurred between a force from the Muslim community of Medina led by Muhammad, and a force led by Abu Sufyan from Mecca, the town from which many of the Muslims had previously emigrated (hijra).
The Battle of Uhud was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, after the Battle of Badr in 624, where a small Muslim army had defeated the larger Meccan army.
Muhammad had preached the religion of Islam in Mecca from 613 to 622.
He had attracted a small community of followers, but also had opposition from the rest of the Quraysh, the clan that ruled Mecca and to which he belonged.
The Muslims fled Mecca in 622 after years of persecution and established themselves at Medina (formerly known as Yathrib).
They considered themselves to be in a state of war with Mecca and raided Meccan caravans that had Muslim belongings left in Mecca.
The Meccans sent out a small army to punish the Muslims and stop their raiding.
At the Battle of Badr in 624, a small Muslim force had defeated the much larger Meccan army.
Quraysh soldiers met the Muslims at Uhud.
The Muslims got attacked from behind and lost the battle.
The battle of Uhud
What were the reasons of the battle of Uhud?
http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/audio/yasir_index.htm
http://www.shia.org/ohud.html
Battles of the Ancient World
March 23 - Battle of Uhud (Mohammad looses against the inhabitants from Mecca)
October 27 — Pope Honorius I succeeds Pope Boniface V as the 70th pope.
Adamnan, abbot of Iona
Empress Wu Zetian of China
Hasan ibn Ali — 2nd Shia Imam and recognised as the 5th Caliph by the Shia
Zhang Jianzhi, Chinese chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 706)
October 25 — Pope Boniface V
The Battle of Badr (), was fought March 17, 624 CE  of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia).
It was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca.
The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory because of divine intervention.
Also, it is attributed to the genius of Muhammad.
Although it is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Muslim holy book, the Qur'an, virtually all contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, written decades after the battle.
Books and articles
Manaqib Ashab al-Badriyyin  A prayer citing the virtues and exploits of the Muslims who took part in the battle.
Badr at IslamAnswers.
The Battle of Badr at Al-Islam.
The first battle of Islam at Badr: Islamic Occasions Network
Hope Springs Eternal  A nice multimedia presentation at IslamOnline.
MSN Virtual Earth: A modern-day satellite image of Badr, now called "Badr Hunayn".
Tafsir (Sura 8: verse 11 to 18) - Battle of Badr: Analysis of Qur'anic verses by Irshaad Hussain.
Badr
Hermippe or , is a moon of Jupiter.
A ceasefire (or truce) is a stoppage of a war or any armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees with the other to stop aggressive actions for some time.
Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal peace treaty, but they have also been called part of an informal understanding between opposing forces.
On December 24, 1914, during World War I, there was an unofficial ceasefire  as both the Germans and the British sought to observe Christmas (the "Christmas Truce").
There was no treaty signed, and after a few days the war resumed.
A ceasefire was reached on July 27, 1953 to halt the conflict of the Korean War and establish a demilitarized zone.
But no peace treaty has been signed.
Therefore, officially North and South Korea are still at war.
Present examples
Pakistan's government has repeatedly claimed that the Republic of India is violating the Simla Agreement by constructing a fence along the cesefire line in the Kashmir Conflict.
Then-Pakistani President and ex-Army Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan) Pervez Musharraf promised in 2002 to curb infiltration into the Territorial dispute.
After the November 2003 ceasefire line agreement, building resumed and was completed in late 2004.
LoC fencing was completed in Kashmir Valley and Jammu region on 30 September 2004.
According to Indian Military sources, the fence has reduced by 80% the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the occupied territory of the disputed state to attack Indian soldiers.
Another example of a ceasefire in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was announced between the State of Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8, 2005.
When announced, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined the ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere."
Khālid ibn al-Walīd Never got defeated in History (; died 642) also known as Sayf-Allah al-Maslul or also known as  (The Sword of The Sword Of Allah), was one of the two famous Arab generals of the Muslim army during the Muslim conquests of the 7th Century.
He is famous for his military success, as he commanded the forces of Muhammad and of his immediate successors Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab.
He was undefeated in over a hundred battles against the numerically superior forces of the Byzantine Roman Empire, Sassanid Persian Empire, and their allies.
Therefore he is regarded as one of the finest military commanders in history.
His greatest strategic achievements were his quick conquest of the Persian Empire and conquest of Roman Syria within three years from 633 to 636.
His greatest tactical achievements were his successful double envelopment maneuver at Walaja and his victories at Ullais and Yarmouk.
Khalid ibn Walid was from the Meccan tribe of Quraysh, who opposed Muhammad, and he played a vital role in their victory at the Battle of Uhud.
He converted, however, and joined Muhammad after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and commanded various expeditions for him.
After Muhammad's death, he played a key role in commanding Medinan forces for Abu Bakr in the Ridda wars, the capture of the Sassanid Arab client Kingdom of Al-Hirah, and the defeat of the Sassanid Persian forces during his conquest of the Persian Empire.
Youth and approximately 590 root Khalid bin Walid was born in the year.
His mother and father is Lübabe family Velid'dir sad.
Family (tribe sad) specializing in military matters and is a privileged tribe of Quraysh.
As a youth, spears, bows and swords were learning to use and cavalry.
Personal weapon of choice was the sword.
Before the early years of Islam Islam Khalid bin Walid, corresponding to a soldier in his youth was notorious in pure Quraysh.
He did not participate in  the Battle of Badr but he participated in the Battle of Uhud.
Khalid fought against Muslims for the first time.
Muslims in this battle orders to the rear of the cavalry deployed in a way that can sag.
However, the path of Muhammad (SAW) this horse and fifty archers for defense has hired.
The beginning of the war on Muslims to come up with their position archers terkedince, Khalid bin Walid opportunity to evaluate and Muslim armies from the rear with the cavalry in order has stuck.
Khalid ibn al-Walid with this movement changed the course of the war and has defeated the Muslims.
This is the last time after the war against Muslims fought in the Battle of Trench.
After agreement with previously Hudaybiyyah Muslim brother, Walid joined the ranks via
A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Rawalpindi: Nat.
Publishing House (1970) ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.
Map of Khalid bin Al-Waleed's Conquests
585 births
642 deaths
Tactic (method)
Tactic (municipality)
Tactical bombing
Tactics (band)
Tactics (game)
Tactics (manga)
Tactics (sports)
Military tactics () are the art of organizing an army and the techniques for using weapons or military units to fight an enemy in battle.
Tactics are distinct from strategy, which concerns a longer time scale.
They have changed over time, mainly because of changes in military technology.
Tactics are methods to use military forces in combat and include basically many types of the military operations such as frontal assaults, attempts to flank the enemy, the keeping of troops in reserve, and the use of ambushes.
Specialized tactics exist for many situations, such as securing a room or individual building, to large-scale operations, such as establishing air superiority over a region or the use of shock tactics.
Military tactics are used at all levels of command, from individual and group up to entire armed forces.
The military theorist Carl von Clausewitz said "tactics is the art of using troops in battle; strategy is the art of using battles to win the war."
Balck, W. 1914.
Vols 2.
W. Krueger.
Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: U.S. Cavelry Association.
On War.
ed and trans.
M. Howard and P. Paret.
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ.
Creasy, E. 1963.
Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World.
London: Dent and Sons.
Esposito, V., ed.
The West Point Atlas of American Wars.
Gerhard Muhm : La Tattica nella campagna d’Italia, in LINEA GOTICA AVAMPOSTO DEI BALCANI, (Hrsg.)
Amedeo Montemaggi - Edizioni Civitas, Roma 1993
Jomini, A.-H. 1862.
The Summary of the Art of War.
Philadelphia: Lippincott.
U.S. Department of the Army.
U.S. Army Field Manual 100-5: Operations.
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Napoleon's tactics and strategy
Several international or multinational conferences have been called the Geneva Conference, because they were held in the city of Geneva, Switzerland.
These conferences include:
The Geneva Naval Conference (1927) to discuss naval arms limitation
The Geneva Conference (1932) to discuss general arms limitation
An international conference, Geneva Conference (1954), to restore peace in Indochina and Korea, April through July 1954 that meant the division of Vietnam.
A multinational conference, Geneva Conference (1955), to discuss European security, German reunification, disarmament, and cultural exchange.
Leaders from the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France met in July 1955.
A multinational conference, Geneva Conference (1958), to discuss nuclear weapons testing, involving the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States, beginning in October of 1958.
A multinational conference, Geneva Conference (1973), to find a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Geneva Accord, a 2003 extra-governmental and therefore unofficial peace proposal meant to solve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
They combine movement – usually some type of marching and other movements – with their musical performance.
Its instruments typically are brass instruments, woodwinds, and percussion instruments.
The music usually has a strong rhythmic component suitable for marching.
Marching bands use a uniform, often bearing the name and emblem of their organization.
Many bands have a color guard, who perform with flags and other props.
rec.arts.marching.band.college Usenet newsgroup FAQ
MarchingWiki.com
Marching.com
MarchingArts.com
Compendium of College Marching Bands
marchingbandplanet.com
World Association of Marching Show Bands
The main sights of Hergiswil are: an old clergy house, the church, the chapel Maria zum guten Rat, old mansion Thumigerhaus, and a glazier's workshop with museum.
The workshop was established in 1817.
It burned down on one occasion.
Official Homepage of Hergiswil
Official Homepage of the Glasi in Hergiswil
Glasi Ecuador site
Bruch was born in Cologne.
He had a long career as a teacher, conductor and composer, moving among musical posts in Germany: Mannheim (1862-1864), Koblenz (1865-1867), Sondershausen, (1867-1870) Berlin (1870-1872), Bonn, where he spent 1873 -1878 working privately.
At the height of his reputation he spent three seasons as conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society (1880-83).
He taught composition at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik (the Berlin Conservatoire) from 1890 until his retirement in 1910.
His conservatively structured works, in the German romantic musical tradition, placed him in the camp of Romantic classicism exemplified by Johannes Brahms, rather than the opposing "New Music" of Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner.
In his time, he was known primarily as a choral composer.
His Violin Concerto No.
1 in G minor, Op.
26 (1868) is one of the most popular Romantic violin concertos.
Classical Net, Basic Repertoire: Max Bruch
Joseph Stevenson, "Max Bruch"
"Max Bruch, Kol Nidrei"
http://www.richmondsymphony.com/concerts/note_04_21-24_06.htm
Site dedicated to Max Bruch  (includes a list of works by opus number)
The economy of Oberdorf is mainly based in agriculture.
The main sight of Oberdorf is the Benedictine convent Maria-Rickenbach.
The convent can only be reached by cable car.
Official Website of Oberdorf
Postgraduate is the name for someone who is doing further education, after obtaining both a Bachelor's degree and a Master's degree  from a university.
A typical form of this kind of education is a doctoral thesis, or Ph.D. Another such degree is probably the Master level of the revised Bologna system.
Masters can be done in about 1.5 years after doing a bachelors degree, theses usually take 3–4 years, after the master level.
Stans is the capital city of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.
It has a population of 7,300 people.
The area of Stans is 11 km².
Stans was first noted in 1172.
In 1798, it was attacked by French troops, followed the decision of Nidwalden not to adapt a new constitution.
Children whose parents were killed by this event were gathered by the teacher Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi for his first school.
The open-air assembly (Landsgemeinde) was held in Stans each year until 1997.
The Stanserhorn (1900m) mountain and tourist resort
The Stanserhornbahn: A cable car which takes people from the base of the mountain to the hotel at the top.
It was first built in 1893.
The main square (Dorfplatz)
Saint Peter and Paul church: built from 1641 to 1647 with a Romanesque tower
The Saint Klara monastery
A monument for the local hero Arnold von Winkelried and his birth place (Winkelriedhaus).
Stanserhorn
The main sights of Stansstad are: a museum of the buildings, a tower (Schnitzturm), and the chaper Marie Linden in Kehrsiten.
Official website of Stansstad
The main sights of Wolfenschiessen are: the parish church St. Maria, the chapel St. Joder in Altzellen, the mansions Hechhuis, and the Grossitz mansion.
Official Website of Wolfenschiessen
Bischofszell is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in the country of Switzerland.
It has a population of 5,500 people.
Münchwilen is a municipality and capital city of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
The shores of Lake Constance near Arbon have been inhabited since the Stone Age.
Archaeological digs in 1885 and 1944 have uncovered stilt houses from the Stone and Bronze Ages.
At first, it was assumed that these were built over water, since they were raised on stilts.
However, it is now known that they were on the shore and were built in this fashion because the ground was swampy.
During Roman times, Bergli was probably a Roman fort.
The raised situation and view over the lake were strategically important.
Since 1957, regular excavations have shown the remains of late Roman fortifications.
The Latin name of Arbon, Arbor Felix (meaning happy tree), first appears in the Itinerarium Antonini in 300.
In 610, Irish monks who were followers of Columban of Luxeuil settled in Arbon.
They found a small Christian settlement called Castrum there.
One of these monks was St. Gallus, the founder of the monastery of St. Gallen.
He died in 627 in Arbon.
In 720, a fortification on the site of the present castle was built by a Frankish troop.
The foundations of this early fortress remain.
Ecclesiastically, Arbon belonged to the territory of the Bishop of Constance.
In 1255, Bishop Eberhard von Waldburg gave Arbon a dispensation for market rights in the area and built the city wall.
That century saw an influx of inhabitants from the surrounding farms.
From 1262 to 1264, and again in 1266, the young Duke of Swabia, Conradin of Hohenstaufen, resided in Arbon because the Bishop of Constance was his guardian.
The surrounding towns of Steinach, Mörschwil, Horn, Goldach, Egnach, Roggwil, and Steinebrunn all belonged to the parish of Arbon.
The 14th century saw further growth.
Linen production and other crafts developed.
Between 1322 and 1334, Bishop Rudolf von Montfort rebuilt the crumbling fortress.
A fire of unknown cause in 1390 destroyed much of the Altstadt.
A second fire in 1494 was set by the sons of a hanged thief.
When Thurgau was conquered by the Swiss Eidgenossen in 1460, the Bishops of Constance retained Arbon.
However, in the Swabian War of 1499, they lost civil rights over the territory, retaining only ecclesiastical supremacy.
Arbon then became part of the Old Swiss Confederacy.
The castle of Arbon in its present form was built in 1515 by Bishop Hugo von Hohenlandenberg.
The tower is older and dates to 993.
In 1525, the first stirrings of the Reformation reached Arbon.
In 1537, the reformed congregation was forced to return the church of St. Martin to the Catholic Church and meet in the chapel in Erdhausen, although only a small minority of the population remained Catholic.
Religious conflict continued until the 18th century.
In 1712, Thurgau declared equality for the various faiths.
In the 18th century, the linen and embroidery industry was established in Arbon.
The industrialists built attractive villas in the area, such as the «Rotes Haus» built in 1750.
In 1798, Thurgau was occupied by French troops, along with much of the rest of Switzerland.
The adoption of the Swiss constitution ended Arbon's dependence on the Bishops of Constance.
The Bishop's representative, Franz Xaver Wirz von Rudenz, was forced to leave the city.
In 1803, Arbon became part of the new canton of Thurgau.
From 1803 to 1815, Arbon and Horn (an exclave in the canton of St. Gallen) were united in one municipality.
In the 19th century, Arbon developed into an economic and manufacturing center.
This occurred primarily because of the pioneering efforts of industrialist Franz Saurer, who move his foundry from St. Gallen to Arbon in 1863.
Starting in 1888, his factory built all kinds of machinery and motors.
Until 1983, the factory produced trucks and buses, and until 1986 military vehicles.
Today, the factory produces only textile machinery.
At its high point, the factory employed 5000 workers.
The population grew from 660 in 1844 to over 10,000 at the turn of the century.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, Arbon has had a large non-Swiss minority.
Tensions between ethnic groups led to riots with several fatalities in 1902.
In 1911, Arbon was the site of the International Socialist Congress.
From the 1920s to the 1950s, the Social Democratic majority held power in the city, and it was known as red Arbon.
http://www.arbon.ch
City of Arbon
Official website of Aadorf
Website of Guntershausen
Website of Ettenhausen
Website of Wittenwil
A genius is a person who is exceptionally intelligent.
People may have different ideas of how clever one has to be in order to be called a “genius”.
A genius may be extremely clever at maths or science or games such as chess, or they may be creative geniuses who are brilliant writers, musicians or artists.
Albert Einstein is perhaps the world’s most famous genius.
He was extraordinarily good at math, but in other areas, such as languages, he was not particularly good.
Leonardo da Vinci and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were geniuses who can also be described as polymaths because they were brilliant in lots of different subjects.
Geniuses are usually child prodigies, i.e., they already show they are a genius when they are young children.
Genius is not quite the same as talent.
Talent means the ability to learn a particular skill very quickly.
A genius, on the other hand, is also very creative and able to do things that no one else has thought of.
Some geniuses, such as Goethe, are very sensible, reliable people who are good at organizing their lives.
However, there are many geniuses who have unusual personalities.
They may be very absent-minded, they may not have much common sense, or they may suffer at times from depression and changes of mood.
Altnau is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
Amlikon-Bissegg is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
www.amriswil.ch
Taygete or  is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
Glarus is one the Cantons of Switzerland.
Glarus is also the capital city of the Canton of Glarus.
Betschwanden is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
Official website of Betschwanden
Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Glarus is a canton in east Switzerland.
In 2010, the 25 communes were merged to only three: Glarus, Glarus Nord, and Glarus Süd.
Officially, Glarus is a German-speaking canton; of the roughly 40.000 people, 83.6 percent are German-speaking, and 6.8 percent speak Italian.
According to a statistical survey done in 2000, 44% of the population are Protestant (including Jehovas Witnesses, and  the New Apostolic Church), 37.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.5% are Muslims, 6.5% are non-believers, 2.3% are either Eastern orthodox or Oriental orthodox and 3.7% belonged to other communities or did not say.
The canton of Glarus is dominated by the deep valley of the Linth River.
Most of the area is mountainous.
The total area of the canton of Glarus is 685 km².
The history of this canton is dominated by religion.
The people who lived in the Linth Valley were converted to Christianity in the 6th century by the Irish monk Saint Fridolin.
He is still in the coat of arms of the canton today.
He started Säckingen Abbey near Basel.
The area around Glarus was owned by the abbey starting in the 9th century.
By 1288, the Habsburgs slowly took over all the abbey's rights.
Then the people of Glarus joined the Swiss Confederation in 1352.
Between 1506 and 1516, the reformer Huldrych Zwingli was a priest in Glarus.
By 1564, all of Zwingli's followers were eliminated, but the Protestants and Catholics there still fought with each other.
To make peace it was decided that each side should have its own assembly (Landsgemeinde) in 1623.
In 1683, each side was granted the right to have its own tribunals.
Between 1798 and 1803, Glarus was part of the Canton of Linth made by Napoleon.
In 1836 the constitution was changed to unite the assemblies and establish only one Landsgemeinde.
About two thirds of Glarus (593 buildings) were destroyed after a big fire in 1861.
After the fire, Glarus was rebuilt in block fashion according to construction plans by Bernhard Simon and Johann Caspar Wolff.
The 25 municipalities (gemeinden) were:
Haslen (united former municipalities Leuggelbach, Nidfurn and Haslen)
Luchsingen (united former municipalities Diesbach, Hätzingen and Luchsingen)
Official Site (German)
the Linth valley on Google Maps
Circles and municipalities
The district of Mendrisio has 27 municipalities divided in 5 circles (circoli):
Circle of Mendrisio: Mendrisio, Coldrerio, Genestrerio, Salorino;
Circle of Balerna: Balerna, Casima, Castel San Pietro, Monte, Chiasso, Pedrinate, Morbio Inferiore;
Circle of Caneggio: Caneggio, Cabbio, Vacallo, Sagno, Morbio Superiore, Bruzella, Muggio;
Circle of Stabio: Stabio, Novazzano, Ligornetto.
Districts of Ticino
Chert is a type of rock that includes flint and agate.
It sometimes has fossils in it, usually shells.
It is a sedimentary rock, and it is very hard.
It is made from quartz.
People used chert to make arrow heads because it was hard and sharp when broken.
The color of chertz is usually white or gray, but can be red, yellow or dark grey.
If there is a lot of iron oxide in the chert it can be dark red; this type of chert is called "jasper."
The municipality was created on 4 April 2004 when it incorporated the former municipality of Salorino.
On 5 April 2009 it incorporated the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Rancate and Tremona.
On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.
Coldrerio is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.