the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Bertrand Russell, by John Slater, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994.
The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell, edited by P.A. Schilpp, Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University, 1944.
Russell, by A. J. Ayer, London: Fontana, 1972. .
A lucid summary exposition of Russell's thought.
Biographical books
Bertrand Russell: 1872 – 1920 The Spirit of Solitude by Ray Monk (1997)
Bertrand Russell: 1921 – 1970 The Ghost of Madness by Ray Monk (2001)
Bertrand Russell: Philosopher and Humanist, by John Lewis (1968)
Bertrand Russell, by A.J. Ayer (1972), reprint ed.
The Life of Bertrand Russell, by Ronald W. Clark (1975)
Bertrand Russell and His World, by Ronald W. Clark (1981)
"Contents Recommended"
"A Free Man's Worship" (1903)
Am I an Atheist or an Agnostic?
Icarus: The Future of Science
Has Religion Made Useful Contributions to Civilization?
Ideas that Have Harmed Mankind
In Praise of Idleness  (1932)
Nobel Lecture  (1950)
Political Ideals
Proposed Roads to Freedom  (1918)
"16 Questions on the Assassination" (of President Kennedy)
The Analysis Of Mind
What is an Agnostic?
"The Elements of Ethics" (1910)
Pembroke Lodge - childhood home and museum
The Bertrand Russell Society - a member organisation of the International Humanist and Ethical Union
The Bertrand Russell Society Quarterly
The Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation
Biography and quotes of Bertrand Russell
Russell Photo Gallery
The Bertrand Russell Archives
Resource list
The First Reith Lecture given by Russell (Real Audio)
Bertrand Russel -Citizendium
20th-century British philosophers
British activists
Labour Party (UK) people
LGBT rights activists
United Kingdom Earls
Welsh politicians
Welsh writers
Alfred North Whitehead, OM (15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician who became a philosopher.
He was born in Ramsgate, Kent, and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
He wrote on algebra, logic, foundations of mathematics, philosophy of science, physics, metaphysics, and education.
He is the co-author, with Bertrand Russell, of the important Principia Mathematica.
1861 births
A mask is a type of clothing which covers the face.
It is similar to a veil, but more close-fitting.
There are different reasons why people use masks.
A person can use a mask so others do not know who they are (as when committing a crime).
Or, a mask may keep someones face safe from harm (like a gas mask so harmful gases do not get into the lungs).
There are many practical uses for masks in everyday life.
Mostly, the masks used are semi-masks which cover only the bottom half of the face, the mouth and nose.
An example is the use of masks in operating theatres, and
by wood-workers.
In surgery, the purpose is to keep bacteria off the patient; in wood-working the purpose is to keep wood fibres out of the lungs.
In Venetian masks only the top half of the face is covered, to prevent recognition.
Ice hockey masks, used in the Hannibal Lecter movies, cover the whole face to protect it from the hockey puck moving at high speed.
The word
The word 'mask' might have come from other languages.
The French masque, the Italian maschera, the Spanish máscara, the Latin (not classical) mascus/masca (meaning "ghost") or the Arabic maskharah (meaning "jester" or "man in masquerade") all use the same word.
One of the oldest masks found is the Death Mask.
This stone mask is 9000 years old and is probably the oldest mask in the world.
It is kept in Musée de la bible et Terre Sainte, Paris.
Masks are used in many magical or shamanistic rituals in non-western societies.
The celebration or appeasement of animistic spirits takes place with dance and song in ancient performances in many parts of the world.
In these events performers use costumes and masks to mimic the supposed spirits.
From this kind of beginning, the use of masks in ancient Greek theatre may have started.
The actors and chorus in this early theatre all used masks.
Masks in recent times
Masks have been used to protect people against air-borne diseases.
They were worn during the plague in the Middle Ages; during the influenza epidemic of 1918, and the COVID-19 epidemic.
Gas masks were issued in World War II even though phosgene gas was never used in that war (it had been in WWI).
2019-20 coronavirus pandemic
During the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, a new variation of trikini, with two pieces for the body and a face mask was designed.
Indian film actress Kajol popularized the idea of this trikini.
Figurative uses
There are some other uses of the word 'mask', which arise by extension.
That means using 'mask' as a metaphor.
In film a mask is a screen which cuts out part of the image.
In social theory, a mask is the behaviour a person takes on in his role or job.
Thus policemen, head teachers, army commanders, prime ministers act as they are expected to act (most of the time).
The inference is that behind the mask is the 'real' person.
Their role is a mask.
As a verb, 'to mask' means to cover or hide.
Greek theatre
International Mask and Carnival Museum of Binche
A holiday is a regularly reoccurring festive day.
Usually, but not always, the festive day is observed every year.
The word "holiday" is derived from the words "holy" and "day."
In British English, the word "holiday" is used to refer to a Vacation as well as a public holiday.
Long holidays with no work
Spring Festival, May Day, and National Day (People's Republic of China)
Golden Week (Japan)
The Majówka, also called the Picnic (Poland)
Holy Week, sometimes with Easter, St. Patrick's Day, Easter Monday and Good Friday (Ireland)
A long weekend, when a holiday is next to the weekend (Australia and England).
In the United States, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents' Day, Memorial Day and Labor Day are always on Monday to create a "long weekend" or "3-day weekend".
Other holidays like America's Independence Day and Veterans' Day can come on a weekday or weekend.
If the holiday is on a weekend, it is moved to Friday or Monday to create a "3-day weekend."
Calendars sometimes mark these holidays twice.
For example, in 2006, Veterans' Day in America was on Saturday, November 11. "
Veteran's Day (observed)" was also on the calendar; it was Friday, November 10.
Holidays in western countries during winter
Boxing Day (Wren day, St. Stephan's day)
Merry Christmas (also called Feliz Navidad (Spanish) and Joyeux Noel (French))
Merry Yuletide
Happy Hanukkah
Happy Kwanzaa
Joyous Yule
Happy Solstice
Happy Holiday(s)
Holidays celebrated around the world
New Year's Day (1 January)
Valentine's Day (14 February)
International Women's Day (8 March, mostly in Eastern European Countries)
World Party Day (3 April)
Earth Day (22 April)
Labour Day, Worker's Day or May Day (1 May, most countries - United States and Canada celebrate Labour Day on the first Monday of September)
Mother's Day (second Sunday in May in North America, fourth Sunday in Lent in UK)
Father's Day (Different countries have different dates)
Halloween (31 October)
New Year's Eve (31 December)
Holidays celebrated in various countries
Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday, either January 15 or the third Monday in January
Abraham Lincoln's birthday, either February 12 or the second Monday in February
George Washington's birthday (or Presidents' Day), either February 22 or the third Monday in February
Memorial Day, last Monday in May
Independence Day, July 4
Labor Day, first Monday in September
Thanksgiving, fourth Thursday in November
Religious holidays
Buddhist holidays
Blessed Rainy Day in Bhutan
Celtic and Norse holidays
In the order of the Wheel of the Year:
Samhain (Celtic): 31 October-1 November, Celtic New Year, first day of winter
Winternights (Norse): 29 October-2 November, Norse New Year
Yule (Norse): 21 December-22 December, winter solstice, Celtic mid-winter
Imbolc (Celtic): 1 February-2 February, Celtic first day of spring
Ostara/Easter (Norse): 21 March-22 March, vernal equinox, Celtic mid-spring
Beltane (Celtic): 30 April-1 May, Celtic first day of summer
Litha (Norse): 21 June-22 June, summer solstice, Celtic mid-summer
Lughnasadh (Celtic): 1 August-2 August, Celtic first day of autumn
Mabon/Harvest End (Norse): 21 September-22 September, autumnal equinox
Hindu holidays
Baisakhi
Daserra
Diwali Amvasaya (Laxmi Puja)
Diwali (day 2)
Bhaubeej
Ekadasi
Gokul Ashtami
Gudhi Padwa
Mahashivratri
Makar Sankranti
Pongal
Rama-Lilas
Ram Navami
Vaikunta Ekadasi
Ugadi
Ascension Day (Jesus enters Heaven)
Assumption of Mary (The Virgin Mary enters Heaven)
Childermas
Christmas (Birth of Jesus)
Corpus Christi(Sacrifice of Jesus)
Easter (Jesus is born again)
Easter Triduum
Easter Vigil
Good Friday (Death of Jesus)
Holy Thursday (The Last Supper)
Pentecost or Whitsun (The Holy Spirit goes to the followers of Jesus)
Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras (last day of Carnival)
Winter Lent
Watch Night
Islamic holidays
Aashurah Muharram
Eid (based on the lunar calendar)
Eid ul-Fitr, Lesser Bairam
Eid ul-Adha, Greater Bairam
Mawlid Al Rasul - Prophet Muhammad's Birthday
Nisfu Shaaban
Nuzul Al Qur'an - First announcement of Holy Koran
Ramadan-Ul-Mubarik
Isra' Mi'raj - Prophet Muhammad's enters heaven.
Youm Arafat - Day before Eid ul-Adha
Bahá'í holidays
Naw Ruz (Bahá'í New Year)
1st Day of Ridván
9th Day of Ridvan
12th Day of Ridvan
Declaration of the Báb
Ascension of Bahá'u'lláh
Martyrdom of the Báb
Birth of the Israel
Birth of Bahá'u'lláh
Jewish holidays
Shabbat (Sabbath, observed weekly)
Rosh Hodesh (first day of the Hebrew calendar month)
Lag Ba'omer
Shavuot (Festival of Weeks; Harvest Festival)
Tisha B'Av
Rosh Hashanah (New Year)
Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement)
Sukkot (The Feast of Tabernacles)
Hanukkah (also: Chanukah; the Festival of Lights)
Tu Bishvat (New year of the trees)
Purim (Deliverance from Evil)
Spokane (Pronounced: ) is a city in the U.S. state of Washington.
Spokane is in the eastern half of the state, about 20 miles (30 km) from Idaho.
Spokane is 92 miles (148 km) south of Canada.
Spokane is the second largest city in Washington, while Seattle is the largest.
Spokane's nickname is the "Lilac City" because of how many of those flowers grow in the area.
Spokane was founded in 1871 when a sawmill was built on the Spokane Falls.
In 1889 a fire burned down the downtown area of Spokane.
In 1892 the railroad came to Spokane, and this made it easier for people to get into and out of the city.
In 1974 Spokane hosted the World's Fair.
This brought a lot of people and business into Spokane.
Spokane River
The Spokane River flows through the city.
In downtown Spokane, there is a large waterfall called the Spokane Falls.
The first buildings in Spokane were built near the falls.
In the Summer, Spokane is hot and dry.
Spokane has cold and snowy Winters.
Spring and Fall are very short.
Temperatures over  or less than  do not usually happen in Spokane.
However, the hottest temperature in Spokane was , and the coldest was .
The M16 is an assault rifle used by the United States since the Vietnam War in 1963, based on the AR-15.
Since 1975, the M16 has been used by many different countries.
First designed by Eugene Stoner in the United States of America, it is currently the standard infantry rifle used by the United States Military Forces.
The rifle is being used by over 80 nations.
The M16 uses the 5.56mm NATO (.223) caliber cartridge, with a muzzle velocity (the speed of bullet leaving the rifle) of over 900 meters per second (over 3,000 feet per second), and has a maximum effective range of 550 meters, with a rate of fire (how fast the gun shoots) of approximately 800 rounds per minute.
The M16A1 can shoot semi automatic and fully automatic fire.
The M16A2 can shoot semi automatic and three-round-burst fire.
The M4A1 Carbine retains full automatic and semi automatic fire.
The M16 normally holds 30 cartridges in its magazine, but there are variants of the magazine that hold only 20 or 10 cartridges.
There is also an M16 variant for the Canadian Army called Diemaco C-7.
The Diemaco C-7 rifles have maple leaves on the left side.
Rose, Alexander.
American Rifle-A Biography.
2008; Bantam Dell Publishing. .
5.56 mm firearms
The foreskin, or prepuce, is a fold of skin that covers the glans penis when the penis is uncircumcised.
Most male mammals either have a foreskin that covers the glans penis or a sheath in which the whole penis can retract.
Human foreskin
The outside of the foreskin is like normal skin but the inside of the foreskin is a membrane like the inside of an eyelid or  mouth.
The foreskin is attached to the penis by the frenulum, but it can move.
It is very stretchy.
On the penis, the most sensitive areas to fine-touch are located on the foreskin.
The foreskin can be pierced or slit for fashion reasons.
Sensitivity in humans
The foreskin contains Meissner’s corpuscles, which are nerve endings involved in fine-touch sensitivity.
They are most numerous in the “ridged band”, the junction of the inner and outer foreskin layers, and least numerous in the smooth inner layer of foreskin.
Compared to other hairless skin areas on the body, the Meissner's index was highest in the finger tip (0.96) and lowest in the foreskin (0.28).
The foreskin is the least sensitive hairless tissue of the body.
A study also found that “the number of these nerve endings decreases significantly after the teenage to young adult years when sexual activity begins.
This makes it very difficult to propose any sexual function for Meissner’s corpuscles.
A more feasible hypothesis is to regard them as a juvenile phenomenon, perhaps serving to protect the penis until the onset of puberty reveals its sexual function.”
Studies in sexual sensation concluded that the glans, not the foreskin, is involved in sexual sensation, particularly the corona and frenular (the area under the frenulum) areas.
Thus, speculation and outdated opinion pieces claiming special properties of the foreskin, such as in penile function and masturbation, should be viewed with skepticism.
In modern times, there is controversy regarding whether the foreskin is a vital or vestigial structure.
In 1949, British physician Douglas Gairdner noted that the foreskin plays an important protective role in newborns.
He wrote, “It is often stated that the prepuce is a vestigial structure devoid of function... However, it seems to be no accident that during the years when the child is incontinent the glans is completely clothed by the prepuce, for, deprived of this protection, the glans becomes susceptible to injury from contact with sodden clothes or napkin.”
During the physical act of sex, the foreskin reduces friction, which can reduce the need for additional sources of lubrication. "
Some medical researchers, however, claim circumcised men enjoy sex just fine and that, in view of recent research on HIV transmission, the foreskin causes more trouble than it’s worth."
The area of the outer forskin measures between 7–100 cm2, and the inner foreskin measures between 18–68 cm2, which is a wide range.
Regarding vestigial structures, Charles Darwin wrote, “An organ, when rendered useless, may well be variable, for its variations cannot be checked by natural selection.”
In the March 2017 publication of the Global Health Journal: Science and Practice, Morris and Krieger wrote, "The variability in foreskin size is consistent with the foreskin being a vestigial structure."
It has been found that larger foreskins place uncircumcised men at an increased risk for HIV infection most likely due to the larger surface area of inner foreskin and the high concentration of Langerhans cells.
Circumcision of the foreskin
Circumcision is when the foreskin is cut off.
The removal of the foreskin can protect against certain medical conditions and infections.
It is done to satisfy medical, religious, hygienic, rituel, and aesthetic views.
In many countries men get circumcised, because foreskin is not important for the male body.
Restoring the foreskin would involve expanding the skin to make something similar to the foreskin, but connective tissues cut during circumcision cannot be brought back.
Some companies are testing regeneration of a pure foreskin, but as of April 2021, there is nothing new in that field.
The reason of a foreskin restoration is, forced circumcised Men want back a foreskin, mainy done in USA.
Foreskin.org - Many pictures of human foreskin
Sid Vicious (10 May 1957 – 2 February 1979) was an English punk musician.
His real name was John Simon Ritchie and he was born in Lewisham, London.
He was a member of the band The Sex Pistols from February 1977 to January 1978, but played his instrument (the bass guitar) very badly.
His bad behaviour was more important to the band than playing his instrument well.
On 22 October 1978, his American girlfriend Nancy Spungen (19581978) was stabbed to death with a knife in New York City.
It is not clear if Vicious killed her.
He was charged with murder, and released on bail.
Before he was due to go to court, he died of an accidental overdose of heroin in New York City.
A movie was made about the lives of Vicious and Spungen.
The name of this movie is "Sid and Nancy."
Gary Oldman plays Vicious.
British punk musicians
The Wii ( ; also known as the Nintendo Wii) is the video game home console made by Nintendo.
It first came out on November 19, 2006, in North America.
It plays video games made for the Nintendo Wii and, specifically for the original model, the Nintendo GameCube.
It was succeeded by the Wii U on November 18, 2012 which has backwards compatibility with all Wii games and controllers.
With over 101 million units sold, the Wii is Nintendo's highest-selling home console.
The Wii recieved positive reviews.
Wii Hardware
CPU: "Broadway" processor at 1 GHz
GPU: ATI "Hollywood" at 243 MHz
Memory: 88 MB RAM
Storage: 512 MB of flash memory
Wii Channels
There are many things called Channels on the Wii.
They are called Channels because just like on TV, you can look through channels by pressing − and +.
Each Wii Channel does something different.
Some of them need to connect to the internet to work, using either Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection or WiiConnect24, but some information that has been saved can be viewed without a connection to the internet.
WiiConnect24 was discontinued on June 27, 2013.
However, support has lasted until January 30, 2019 when all the ways of accessing the Internet has been removed.
Disc Channel
Wii Shop Channel
The Wii Shop Channel was used to buy downloadable Virtual Console (old games), WiiWare games, and other Wii channels mentioned here.
An internet connection was required to use this channel.
The Wii Shop Channel closed in January 31, 2019.
Mii Channel
The News Channel was used to look up news on different topics, ranging from national news, to sport and entertainment.
Forecast Channel
The Forecast Channel was used to check the weather forecast on most cities around the world.
There was a feature that let you select your local area to receive weather updates.
Everybody Votes Channel
The Everybody Votes Channel was a channel containing regularly updated polls.
There were three national polls (updated on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays) along with one worldwide poll.
The Internet Channel allowed users to access the web.
It is based on the Opera Browser.
You would need an internet connection to use this channel.
From September 1, 2009, the Internet Channel became free to download after an update was released to support Adobe Flash (a program to watch movies on the internet).
Refunds consisting of a free Virtual Console NES title worth 500 Wii Points were offered by Nintendo to Wii owners who had downloaded it before for the same price.
Check Mii Out Channel
The Check Mii Out Channel (known as Mii Contest Channel in the UK) was used to send and pick up other Miis, and was also used in voting contests to see which Mii is the best.
Nintendo Channel
The Nintendo Channel was used to watch videos, collect and send feedback on certain Wii titles, and to download Nintendo DS game demos to a Nintendo DS using the DS Download Service.
An internet connection was needed to use this channel.
Today and Tomorrow Channel
The Today and Tomorrow Channel is a channel that was only released in Europe, on 9 September 2009, used to view daily horoscopes.
Up to six Mii characters can be registered.
It offers advice on five topics; love, work, study, communication, and money.
It also offers hints on food, fun, and care.
Another feature is a Mii compatibility check.
Homebrew Channel
The Homebrew Channel is an unofficial channel used for loading unofficial software, or homebrew.
With homebrew, you can do many things that the Wii cannot normally do on its own (play DVDs, stream media from a computer, run emulators, etc.).
Because the channel is not supported by Nintendo, they do not help fix problems with it.
Wii Speak Channel
The Wii Speak Channel is downloadable once you buy the Wii Speak, used in certain games like Animal Crossing: City Folk.
An internet connection is required to use the Wii Speak Channel.
The Wii Remote is a controller that is like a regular television remote.
The Wii Remote uses accelerometers and infrared light sensors (from LEDs inside a 'sensor bar') to know where it is in 3D space.
This lets people control the game using physical movement and by pressing buttons.
The controller connects to the console using Bluetooth.
It has a rumble feature (the controller shakes when the game being played tells it to do so) and a speaker inside the remote.
An attachment to the Wii Remote that comes with the Wii console and can also be bought by itself in stores is the Nunchuk controller.
It also has an accelerometer and an analog stick with two buttons, and connects to the bottom of the Wii Remote with a wire.
A wrist strap can also be used to stop the player from dropping or throwing the Wii Remote.
Because of problems with the straps, Nintendo has given all players a free stronger replacement for all straps.
It also comes with a cover called the Wii Remote Jacket, which protects the Wii Remote and the thing that it hits from being damaged or broken.
It also gives a stronger grip which makes it harder for the Wii Remote to slide out of players' hands.
Attachments for the Wii Remote
Nintendo and many other companies have made attachments for the Wii Remote.
They are usually connected by a wire or by a small plug at the bottom of the Wii Remote.
The Nunchuk is the most common attachment for the Wii Remote.
It is made to fit perfectly into someone's hand.
It comes packaged with the Wii.
The Nunchuk has an analog stick on the front and two buttons on the back.
A Nunchuk is needed for many Wii games, as it is required to move characters around the game.
Wii Motion Plus
The Wii Motion Plus connects to the bottom of the Wii remote to help the sensors find the remote more accurately.
It improves the playing of some games.
Nintendo has released a "classic" controller for the Wii.
The design is similar to the SNES's controller, but has two analog sticks and four shoulder buttons as opposed to two.
It is mainly made for playing older games that can be bought from the Wii Shop Channel.
There is also a case that looks like a gun for the Wii Remote and Nunchuk.
It is named the Zapper after a NES gun controller.
When the Wii Remote and the Nunchuk are placed inside it, the shape of the controller in the player's hands is changed.
The Zapper does not actually plug into the Wii Remote.
It just holds it in place.
The Zapper also includes a free, short game to help the player get used to it.
There are many pretend instruments made by Nintendo and other companies for playing music video games like Guitar Hero and Rock Band.
So far, they have made guitars and drums.
They plug into the bottom of the Wii Remote.
There are also microphones that plug into the USB port on the back on the Wii console.
There is also a plastic wheel.
These come with Mario Kart Wii and other racing or car driving games.
The Wii remote goes into the middle of the wheel.
There are some built-in buttons on the wheel to make it easier to click on things on the screen.
A revision of the Wii (also called the RVL-101) that was released near the end of its lifecycle was announced on August 17, 2011.
This model is designed to only sit horizontally (with the buttons changed accordingly) and is incompatible with the Nintendo GameCube's software and its accessories.
This model was released in North America on October 23, 2011, in Europe on November 4, 2011, and in Australia on November 11, 2011.
It was not released in any Asian countries.
The Wii Family Edition includes a black console, the game New Super Mario Bros. Wii, and the Super Mario Galaxy: Original Soundtrack.
Another late-cycle revision of the Wii (also called the RVL-201) was announced on November 27, 2012.
As its name suggests, the Wii Mini is the smallest model of the Wii.
Like the Family Edition, it is not compatibile with GameCube games and its accessories.
In addition, it also does not have online features and several built-in channels, such as the Photo Channel and the Weather Channel, similar to the Wii Mode on the Wii U. It also can only sit horizontally.
The main feature is its notable redesign.
Unlike the original Wii and Family Edition which are mostly white, the Wii Mini is black with a red framing.
All the buttons are located on the top of the console and it lacks online support for Wii games.
Additionally, the Wii Mini has a manually operated top-loading disc drive (similar to that of the GameCube) instead of the slots that former models have.
The console launched in Canada on December 7, 2012 for $99.99.
It was then released in Europe on March 15, 2013 at a cost of at least $79.99.
It was then launched UK on March 22, 2013 for $99.99.
It was finally launched in North America on November 17, 2013, bundled with a red Wii Remote Plus and a red Nunchuk for $99.99.
Like its predecessor, the Wii Mini was not released in any Asian countries and it and it was not released in Australia either.
The Wii Mini is the third home Nintendo console since the SNES and NES to receive a redesign right after its respective successors launched though the NES 101 model launched 2 years after the SNES launched.
The N64 received no redesigns of any kind and the GameCube had a small revision which lacked the unused Serial Port 2 (though the cover still remains) and the unpopular Digital AV Out port.
Wii Points
Official Wii website
Wii hardware
Joseph Strutt was an English engraver in 1749.
He put patterns into objects (like words into stone) and collected things from the past.
He died in 1802.
1802 deaths
People from Essex
Patricia "Tricia" Nixon Cox was born on February 21, 1946 in Whittier, California.
She is the daughter of former US president Richard Nixon and Pat Nixon.
She is the older sister of Julie Nixon Eisenhower.
Unlike her sister, Tricia performed many ceremonial jobs, like going with her father to campaign stops and state visits.
She married Edward F. Cox on June 12, 1971.
Grocon Pty Ltd is a big Australian construction company based in Melbourne.
It is owned by the Grollo family.
Companies of Australia
Głuchołazy (Bad Ziegenhals) is a town in Poland, in Opole Voivodeship, in Nysa County.
It had a population of 15,052 in 2004.
Official town webpage
Glucholazy Unofficial Website
April 6 – Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope, and founded Cape Town.
May 18 – Rhode Island passes the first law in North America making slavery illegal.
May 29 – First Anglo-Dutch War opening battle fought off Dover between Lt.-Admiral Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp's 42 Dutch ships and 21 English ships divided into two squadrons, one commanded by Robert Blake and the other by Nehemiah Bourne.
March 3 – Thomas Otway, English dramatist (d. 1685)
March 28 – Samuel Sewall, English-born judge (d. 1730)
April 7 – Pope Clement XII (d. 1740)
April 21 – Michel Rolle, French mathematician (d. 1719)
December 9 – Augustus Quirinus Rivinus, German physician and botanist (d. 1723)
December 25 – Archibald Pitcairne, Scottish physician (d. 1713)
February 7 – Gregorio Allegri, Italian composer (born 1582)
June 21 – Inigo Jones, English architect (born 1573)
July 30 – Charles Amédée de Savoie, 6th Duc de Nemours, French soldier (born 1624)
August 22 – Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (bborn 1583)
August 23 – John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, English royalist politician (born 1600)
October 8 – John Greaves, English mathematician and antiquarian (born 1602)
October 20 – Antonio Coello, Spanish writer (born 1611)
November 4 – Jean-Charles de la Faille, Belgian mathematician (born 1597)
December 11 – Denis Petau, French theologian and historian (born 1583)
November 21 – Jan Brożek, Polish mathematician, physician, and astronomer (born 1585)
December 23 – John Cotton, founder of Boston, Massachusetts (born 1585)
March 26 – Henry I of England's forces defeat Norman rebels at Bourgtheroulde.
April 27 – David I kills Alexander I to become King of Scotland.
Gaufrid consecrated as the first Abbot of Dunfermline Abbey.
December 21 – Honorius II is elected pope.
Tyre falls to Crusaders.
Dun Beal Gallimhe erected by King of Connacht, Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair.
Margrave Ottokar III of Styria
February 2 — Duke Borivoj II of Bohemia
March 15 — Ernulf, Bishop of Rochester (b. c. 1040)
April 23 — King Alexander I of Scotland
December 13 — Pope Callixtus II
Guibert of Nogent, French historian and theologian (b. 1053)
The Columbia River is a river in British Columbia, Canada, and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon.
The Columbia River is about 1,243 miles long.
It is the fourth-largest river in the United States by volume.
The Columbia has the greatest discharge (flow) of any North American river entering the Pacific.
Its largest tributary is the Snake River, which flows west from the state of Idaho.
The lower part of the Columbia forms the border between the states Washington and Oregon.
The Columbia drains 254,000 square miles (657,857 km2) of land, beginning in the Canadian Rockies and flowing west through the Cascade Range, to where it empties into the Pacific Ocean.
There are 14 dams on the Columbia River.
Three are in Canada, and the other 11 are in the United States.
The dams generate hydroelectricity and provide flood control and water for farms.
There are also dams on the Snake River and many other tributaries.
These dams have, along with their benefits, caused salmon populations in the river to go down.
Major tributaries
Rivers of Washington (U.S. state)
17 January – A court case in Guildford recorded evidence that a certain plot of land was used for playing “kreckett” (i.e., cricket) as early as 1550.
January 24 – Battle of Turnhout.
Maurice of Nassau defeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas in the Netherlands
February 5 – In Nagasaki, Japan, 26 people were martyred.
They practiced Catholicism and were taken captive after all forms of Christianity were outlawed the previous year.
The first opera is considered to have been written.
Bali discovered by the Dutch explorer Cornelis Houtman
Abbas I ends the Uzbek raids on his lands.
Yaqob succeeds his father Sarsa Dengel as Emperor of Ethiopia
First edition of Francis Bacon's Essays published.
A martyr is originally a witness and now means a person who died or was killed because of their faith, for example Saint Stephen.
It is often used for people who died for any belief or idea, especially in politics.
Whittier is a city in Los Angeles County, California, USA.
It is near Pico Rivera, Santa Fe Springs, La Habra and La Mirada.
It is one of the oldest cities in the Los Angeles Area.
Early settlers included Manuel Nieto and Pio Pico.
In the 1880s, the land that is now Whittier was bought by Quakers, who named the city after John Greenleaf Whittier, a Quaker poet.
These Quakers started Whittier College.
In the early 1900s, Whittier was mostly orange groves, but became a suburb of Los Angeles after World War II.
In 1987, a large earthquake hit the city, destroying many buildings and leading to a wave of civic activism.
This activism helped save many old buildings, including the Bank of America Building, the Southern Pacific Railroad Depot, and the Hoover Hotel.
Whittier's largest employers are Whittier College, Presbyterian Hospital, and Whittwood Mall.
There has been talk of new development on the site of Nelles School for Boys and in Uptown.
Besides Whittier College, Whittier has a community college, Rio Hondo College, five public high schools (Whittier, California, Pioneer, Santa Fe, and La Serna High), and several elementary and middle schools.
Bundesversammlung
Bundesrat of Germany
Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
The Supreme Courts of Germany
Bundesgerichtshof - Federal Court of Justice of Germany Civil and criminal law
Bundesfinanzhof - Federal Finance Court of Germany Tax and customs law,
Bundesarbeitsgericht - Federal Labour Court of Germany Employment law
Bundesverwaltungsgericht - Federal Administrative Court of Germany Administrative law
Bundessozialgericht - Federal Social Court of Germany Social security, public health insurance etc
Government of Germany
Germany-related lists
Ministers of France
French Congress of Parliament
French National Assembly
French Senate
Constitutional Council of France
Council of magistrature
Politics of France
French institutions
EarthBound (called Mother 2 in Japan) is a console role-playing game made by Ape, Inc. and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console.
It is the second game in the EarthBound series, after Mother.
It has a sequel called Mother 3.
There are many places in the world of EarthBound.
It starts in Eagleland, EarthBound's version of the United States.
The player can explore many other areas, including Winters, a snowy country based on the United Kingdom, Dalaam, an oriental land, and Scaraba, an Egyptian-themed land.
Two areas from the series have been used in the Super Smash Bros. series.
Super Smash Bros. Melee had a level about the first area, Onett, and another level called Fourside.
Onett was reused in Super Smash Bros. Brawl.
There are many characters in EarthBound, but only four main playable characters.
Ness - the main character.
Like many other characters in role-playing games, he does not speak, only answering "yes" or "no".
He starts his quest when a meteor crashes near his house.
He appears in all games of the Super Smash Bros. series as a playable character.
In the first and third game he must be unlocked.
Paula - The lead female character.
She gets kidnapped by an insane cultist called Carpainter, and she talks to Ness telepathically to get him to save her.
Jeff Andonuts - A genius boy.
He comes to save Ness and Paula when the latter speaks to him telepathically.
Poo - A martial artist.
He joins Ness, Paula, and Jeff after he completes his trial- which is actually painful to watch, and is told to join with them.
Giygas - The main antagonist appears as a swirling red cloud of hatred, unlike his form in the predecessor in which he looks like an alien.
He takes over the universe ten years in the future, and is trying to keep Ness from stopping him.
Pokey Minch - Ness' annoying neighbor.
He goes with him to see the meteor, but heads his own way throughout the game.
Buzz Buzz - A strange being from ten years in the future who looks just like a bee.
He goes into the past to persuade Ness to go on his journey to defeat Giygas before he rules the universe.
Dr. Andonuts - Jeff's dad.
Mr. Saturn - A race of small light-skinned people.
They are mostly just a head with feet, a big nose, whiskers and a bow in their one strand of hair.
They speak in a strange language and say "boing", "dakota", "ding" and "zoom" a lot.
The Runaway Five - A traveling band.
Ness and The Runaway Five help each other out many times.
The band is based on the Blues Brothers.
Apple Kid - An inventor.
Does not look very smart, but he helps Ness and friends out a lot.
Tony - Jeff's friend.
Everdred - An admirer of Paula who lives in Burlin Park in Twoson.
Brick Road - A dungeon maker who Ness and friends meet up with.
Ness' Mom - Ness' Mom helps Ness out at certain points in the game.
Ness' Dad - Ness' Dad is never seen, and can only be called on the telephone.
He stores money for Ness and saves his adventure.
EarthBound takes place in the year 199X (meaning somewhere in between 1990 and 1999).
Ness is sleeping, when a large crash is heard, which wakes him up.
He goes to see what it is, and arrives to see a meteor had crashed.
His friend, Pokey, tells Ness to go away because he's bothering the cops, even though the cops are finding Pokey annoying.
He returns home, and is awoken by a loud knocking, and Pokey comes in.
He tells Ness that his brother is missing, and Ness, Pokey, and Ness' dog King go to the meteor to find Picky.
After they find Picky, a being that is at first thought to be a bee flies out of the meteor, and tells them about the future, Giygas, and that legends say that three boys and a girl would save the universe.
When Picky and Pokey are returned to their house, their mom is frightened by Buzz Buzz and swats him.
This fatally injures him, and before he dies, he gives Ness an item called the Sound Stone, and tells him to find the eight "Your Sanctuary" spots.
Ness goes to find these Your Sanctuary spots, as well as the two other boys and the one girl.
EarthBound is a turn-based role-playing game.
When in battle, the player can do many different things, including Fight, PSI, Goods, Auto-Fight, and Run Away.
Fight has a character use his or her weapon on an enemy, PSI lets the character use PSI if he or she has any to use, Goods lets the player use an item in the selected character's inventory, Auto-Fight lets the computer take control of the characters, and Run Away obviously has a chance to end the battle.
Nintendo removed many things from the English version of EarthBound.
They removed any reference to child abuse, any taking about death, any reference to religion, and the Red Cross logo.
Despite people thinking the red crosses were removed because of religious references, they were actually removed because of Nintendo not wanting to deal with a law suit over it, as the Red Cross has copyright.
EarthBound and its series has had a strong cult following in and outside of Japan.
It has its own web site called Starmen.net, and has had multiple petitions, including one to release Mother 1 + 2 in English and one to release Mother 3 in English.
Both of these petitions had very many signatures, but have not been successful.
Later titles
EarthBound was re-released for the Game Boy Advance along with Mother as Mother 1 + 2, only in Japan.
It has been rated by the ESRB for release on the Wii's Virtual Console, but it has no release date.
It was going to have a sequel on the Nintendo 64 called EarthBound 64, and it was going to be in 3D. However, after being delayed for many years, it was cancelled.
Five years later, Nintendo announced that it was being re-released for the Game Boy Advance as Mother 3, and would feature the same plot and characters.
Mother2.Net
Mother Party (Japanese)
Mother series
1994 video games
Mother (マザー Mazā) was a video game sold only in Japan for the Family Computer (FC).
They planned to sell the game in the USA, but Nintendo of America chose not to release it.
This is because when they finished making it into English, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System was already being sold.
The game was released on the Wii U Virtual Console in the USA in 2015.
Ninten (ニンテン Ninten) (Also known as "Ken" (ケン Ken) in the MOTHER novel)
Ana (アナ Ana)
Loid (ロイド Roido)
Teddy (テディ Tedi)
Queen Mary (クイーン・マリー Kuīn Marī)
Mimmie
Mr Saturn
Giygas
EarthBound IPM
Starmen.net: Earthbound Zero
Mother Party (Mother-jp.net): Mother  (Japanese)
1989 video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Mother 1 + 2 is a video game for the Game Boy Advance which includes Mother and Mother 2 (EarthBound US).
Much of the music is different than the console games (Mother 2 is mostly the same, but Mother was changed a lot to make it similar to the United States one that was not sold).
Official Mother 1 + 2 website (Japan)
Mother 1 + 2 Starmen.
Mother2.net
en:EarthBound (series)#Mother 1 + 2
Mother 3 is a video game for the Game Boy Advance, made by Brownie Brown and HAL Laboratory.
It was released on April 20, 2006 and it is the third game in the Mother video game series, called EarthBound outside of Japan.
The game was kept secret until it appeared in June of 2003 during a Mother 1 + 2 commercial in Japan.
Once it appeared, the game stayed near the top of Famitsu's Most Wanted Games list.
Mother 3 was first going to be made for the Nintendo 64 and then later for the Nintendo 64DD.
It was going to be called Earthbound 64.
It was canceled after the developers were having problems making the 3D graphics work.
It was moved to the Game Boy Advance, and came out in 2006.
It uses much stuff from EarthBound 64, including the characters Lucas, Claus, Flint, and Boney, as well as the villain of the game.
Mother 3 takes place on Nowhere Islands.
The Nowhere Islands are a large amount of islands in the middle of the ocean.
They contain one volcano, two mountains, a castle, and one small village called Tazmily.
The story takes place when Lucas, his brother Claus, and his mother Hinawa take a vacation to his grandpa's house.
During the vacation, Lucas and Claus play with a race of peaceful T-Rex like creatures called Dragos.
After a long day of playing, they head home, not after Hinawa sending a message to Flint, her husband, that they are heading back.
Lucas is the main protagonist, son of his mother Hinawa and father Flint.
Lucas is known to be gentle.
He is yellow haired with a stripe of yellow and red on his shirt.
Official site (Japanese)
1101.com (Shigesato Itoi's website): Mother 3 (Japanese)
SpaceWorld 1999: Mother 3 (Japanese)
Press coverage
IGN: Mother 3
GameSpy: Mother 3
GameStats: Mother 3
Fansites
Starmen.net, the biggest EarthBound/Mother fansite.
2006 video games
Cancelled video games
Cardcaptor Sakura is a manga series from Japan.
It is also an anime series.
Cardcaptor Sakura is sometimes abbreviated as CCS.
Cardcaptor Sakura was created in 1996 by a team of artists named CLAMP.
CLAMP has created many other series, but Cardcaptor Sakura is one of the most popular.
The manga was first published in Nakayoshi from 1996 to 2000.
The story is about Sakura Kinomoto, a middle school student who accidentally frees a deck of magical cards from a book hidden in her father's study.
The book's guard, Keroberos, gives Sakura the task to find and capture the troublemaking cards.
The series focuses on themes of love and family, Sakura and her friends, and their different relationships.
The anime aired on Japanese television from 1998 to 2000, changing parts of the manga's story and introducing new characters, and has two films as well.
The English version of the anime was licensed by Nelvana, renamed Cardcaptors, and the story was changed a lot to suit an American audience.
Ten-year old Sakura Kinomoto is an athletic girl in middle school.
She finds a strange book, named the Clow Book, in her father's study.
She finds the Clow Cards inside.
She learns the cards are magical, accidentally setting them free when she calls the name of the Windy Card.
The book's guardian, Kero, gives Sakura the task of finding and capturing the cards, using the Clow Wand to seal them in their card forms.
Sakura is helped by her best friend Tomoyo Daidouji, who designs Sakura's battle costumes and records her adventures on a video camera.
Sakura meets Syaoran Li, a boy of her age and a relative of the Clow Cards' creator Clow Reed.
Syaoran wants to capture the cards himself, becoming Sakura's rival, though they later become friends.
The two capture all of the cards between them, but have to face the second guardian of the Clow Cards, Yue, to decide who will become the new master of the cards.
Yue is revealed to be the true form of Yukito Tsukishiro, the friend of Sakura's older brother Toya.
Sakura defeats Yue and becomes the new owner of the Clow Cards.
Eriol Hiiragizawa, a student from England, arrives in Sakura's town and begins causing magical troubles around town.
Sakura learns she has to transform the cards into Sakura Cards to continue using their magic or they would become normal cards.
Eriol is revealed to be a reborn Clow Reed, and after tasking Sakura with one last challenge, all of the cards are successfully transformed.
Syaoran, who fell in love with Sakura, confesses to her, who comes to love him in return.
Syaoran returns home to Hong Kong but returns two years later to be with Sakura.
Cardcaptor Sakura is shown in many countries around the world.
CCS is popular, because it is very cute.
There are many posters and many toys about CCS.
Anime series based on manga
Canonization of Saint Thomas à Becket, buried at Canterbury
August 9th – Construction starts on the Leaning tower of Pisa
Castle at Abergavenny was seized by the Welsh.
Conversion to Christianity of Peter Waldo and the subsequent founding of the Waldensians.
End of Qiandao era and start of Chunxi era of the Chinese emperor Xiaozong
End of reign of Polish ruler Boleslaus IV of Poland and start of reign of Casimir II of Poland
Eleanor of Aquitaine and her sons rebel against her husband Henry II of England in the Revolt of 1173-1174
First recorded use of algebraic chess notation
Allies of World War I
French and British forces in the Crimean War
Straight allies, people who identify as heterosexual and who support equal civil rights for the LBGTQ community
Allies (band), a popular 1980s era Contemporary Christian music group featuring Bob Carlisle
Allies (Crosby, Stills & Nash album), 1983
Allies (Fred Frith album), 1996
"Allies" (Stargate Atlantis), a Stargate Atlantis episode
"Allies" (song), the sixth track on the album Passionworks by Heart
The Allies (Australian rules football), a representative Australian rules football team
Allies (film), a 2014 British war film
Sunderland is in North East England.
It was a county borough, and is now part of the City of Sunderland in Tyne and Wear.
It sits at the mouth of the River Wear.
Monkwearmouth was created in 674 when Saint Benedict Biscop started a monastery.
Monkwearmouth is on the north side of the river.
Bishopwearmouth was founded in 930.
It is on the south side of the river.
Sunderland, at the mouth of the river was a small fishing village.
It was given a charter in 1179.
The charter gave the people of the small town some rights which people outside the town did not have.
Sunderland grew as a port, mostly selling coal and salt.
In the 1300s people began to build ships along the river bank.
By 1835, the port of Sunderland was so important that its name was used when the three old villages became the a borough.
Sunderland became a city in 1992.
A person born in Sunderland is sometimes called a Mackem.
In 674, Benedict Biscop built the Wearmouth (St. Peter's) monastery.
He was given the land by King Ecgfrith of Northumbria.
Biscop's monastery was the first monastery built of stone in Northumbria.
Biscop brought glass makers from France.
This was the start of glass making in Britain.
In 686, the community was taken over by Ceolfrid, and Wearmouth monastery and its other site in Jarrow became very important places of learning in Anglo-Saxon England.
The library had about 300 books; all of them were hand written and painted.
Bede wrote the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) in 731.
This is why he is often called The father of English history.
In 930, King Athelstan of England gave the land on the south bank of the river to the Bishop of Durham.
This is why the area is still called Bishopwearmouth.
By 1100, the Bishopwearmouth parish included a small fishing village at the mouth of the river (modern day East End) known as 'Soender-land', or Asunder-land which became Sunderland.
This settlement was granted a charter in 1179 by Hugh Pudsey, then the Bishop of Durham.
By 1346, ships were being built at Wearmouth.
The merchant Thomas Menville started building ships so he could transport the things he wanted to sell.
In 1589, salt making started in Sunderland.
Large vats, called ‘’panns’’, of seawater were put on coal fires.
When the water boiled, the salt was left behind.
This is known as salt panning.
Today, the road leading to where the pans were is still called Pann's Bank.
It is on the river bank near the city centre.
As more coal was needed to heat the salt pans, coal mining started in the area.
Only poor quality coal was used in salt panning; the best coal was sold and shipped out of the town.
This is why the port began to grow.
This put Sunderland in competition for the first time with its coal-trading neighbour Newcastle.