the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity in this area is linked to Type 2 Diabetes, insulin resistance and heart disease in humans of both genders.
An alveolar consonant is a consonant with the tongue close to the alveolar ridge, which is the part just behind our teeth.
Alveolar consonants that are pronounced with the tip of the tongue, like in English, are called apical consonants while those pronounced using the blade of the tongue which is the flat part of the tongue behind the tip, are called laminal consonants.
Alveolar consonants in English are , , , , and .
The alveolar consonants , the alveolar nasal, and , the voiceless alveolar plosive, are the most common sounds in human languages.
Alveolar consonants in IPA
John George Kemeny (31 May 1926 - 26 December 1992) developed BASIC with Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College, in 1964.
The following is a list of buses.
The different types of bus, used in this chart, are:
Single-deck
Double-decker
School bus
Minibus
Year refers to the first year introduced.
A range of years is the period the bus was manufactured.
Bus spotting
Coach (used for long distance travel)
Dollar van
Odontochelys is the oldest known turtle to have been discovered.
It was first described from three 220 million year-old specimens excavated in Upper Triassic rocks in Guizhou, China.
As a primitive turtle, Odontochelys differed from modern turtles in several ways.
Modern turtles possess a horny beak without any teeth in their mouth.
In contrast, Odontochelys fossils had teeth in their upper and lower jaws.
One of the most striking features of turtles, both modern and prehistoric alike, are their dorsal shells, forming an armored carapace over the body of the animal.
Odontochelys only had the bottom portion of a turtle's armor, the plastron.
It did not yet have a solid carapace as most other turtles do.
Instead of a solid carapace, Odontochelys had broadened ribs like those of modern turtle embryos that still have not started developing the ossified plates of a carapace.
In a comparison of skull proportions, the skull of Odontochelys is far more elongated in front of the eyes compared to other turtles.
The tail of the prehistoric turtle was longer in proportion to its body than other turtles.
In addition, the transverse processes found in the tail are not fused such as in later turtles.
Taken together, these anatomical differences mean that Odontochelys has some of the most primitive features ever seen in a turtle and is somewhat of a transitional fossil.
Some scientists, however, are skeptical of this idea.
Reisz and Head suggest that Odontochelys does not represent a turtle with a partly evolved shell, but that it is a descendant of an older, land–living turtle, and that the shell became reversed.
Such shells can be seen on modern turtles, like the leatherback turtles (the genus Dermochelys).
It is likely that Odontochelys was aquatic, as the fossil specimens were found in marine deposits full of  conodonts and ammonites.
The primitive turtle swam in shallow marine waters close to shore.
The species' name, Odontochelys semitestacea literally means "toothed turtle with a half-shell" - an apt description of its most striking physical characteristics.
A band gap, also called a bandgap or energy gap, is an energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist.
The term is used in solid-state physics and chemistry.
Band gaps can be found in insulators and semiconductors.
In graphs of the electronic band structure of solids, the band gap is the energy difference (in electron volts) between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band.
This is the same as the energy needed to free an outer shell electron from its orbit about the nucleus to become a mobile charge carrier.
The free electron is able to move freely within the solid material.
So the band gap is a major factor determining the electrical conductivity of a solid.
Substances with large band gaps are generally insulators, those with smaller band gaps are semiconductors.
Conductors either have very small band gaps or no band gap if the energy levels of valence and conduction bands overlap.
In semiconductor physics
Scientists use the band gap to predict if a solid will conduct electricity.
Most electrons (called valence electrons) are attracted to the nucleus of just one atom.
But if an electron has enough energy to fly away from its nearest nucleus, it can join in the flow of electric current across the many atoms that make up the solid.
The electrons that are not tightly attached to just one nucleus are called the conduction band.
In semiconductors and insulators, quantum mechanics show that electrons are only found in a number of bands of energy.
Electrons are forbidden from other energy levels.
The term band gap refers to the energy difference between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band.
Electrons are able to jump from one band to another.
However, an electron needs a certain amount of energy to jump from a valence band to a conduction band.
The amount of energy needed differs with different materials.
Electrons can gain enough energy to jump to the conduction band by absorbing either a phonon (heat) or a photon (light).
A semiconductor is a material with a small but nonzero band gap which behaves as an insulator at absolute zero temperature (0 K) but allows heat to excite electrons enough to jump into its conduction band at temperatures which are below its melting point.
In contrast, a material with a large band gap is an insulator.
In conductors, the valence and conduction bands may overlap, so they may not have a band gap.
The conductivity of intrinsic semiconductors is strongly dependent on the band gap.
The only available carriers for conduction are the electrons which have enough thermal energy to be excited across the band gap.
Band gap engineering is the process of controlling or altering the band gap of a material by controlling the composition of certain semiconductor alloys, such as GaAlAs, InGaAs, and InAlAs.
It is also possible to construct layered materials with alternating compositions by techniques like molecular beam epitaxy.
These methods are used in the design of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), laser diodes and solar cells.
It is hard to draw a line between semiconductors and insulators.
One way is to think of semiconductors as a type of insulator with a narrow band gap.
Insulators with a larger band gap, usually greater than 3 eV, are not put into the semiconductor group and generally do not exhibit semiconductive behavior under practical conditions.
Electron mobility also plays a role in determining a material's informal grouping as a semiconductor.
The band gap energy of semiconductors tends to decrease with increasing temperature.
When temperature increases, the amplitude of atomic vibrations increase, leading to larger interatomic spacing.
The interaction between the lattice phonons and the free electrons and holes will also affect the band gap a little.
The relationship between band gap energy and temperature can be described by Varshni's empirical expression,
, where Eg(0), α and β are material constants.
In a regular semiconductor crystal, the band gap is fixed owing to continuous energy states.
In a quantum dot crystal, the band gap is size dependent and can be altered to produce a range of energies between the valence band and conduction band.
It is also known as quantum confinement effect.
Band gaps also depend on pressure.
Band gaps can be either direct or indirect, depending on the electronic band structure.
Mathematical interpretation
Classically, the ratio of probabilities that two states with an energy difference ΔE will be occupied by an electron is given by the Boltzmann factor:
e is Euler's number (the base of natural logarithms)
ΔE is the energy difference
k is the Boltzmann constant
T is temperature.
At the Fermi level (or chemical potential), the probability of a state being occupied is ½. If the Fermi level is in the middle of a band gap of 1 eV, this probability is e−20 or about 2.0⋅10−9 at the room-temperature thermal energy of 25.9 meV.
Electrons can be excited by light as well as by heat.
The band gap determines what portion of the solar spectrum a photovoltaic cell absorbs.
A luminescent solar converter uses a luminescent medium to downconvert photons with energies above the band gap to photon energies closer to the band gap of the semiconductor comprising the solar cell.
List of band gaps
In photonics and phononics
In photonics band gaps or stop bands are ranges of photon frequencies where, if tunneling effects are neglected, no photons can be transmitted through a material.
A material exhibiting this behaviour is called a "photonic crystal".
Direct Band Gap Energy Calculator
Deal or No Deal is the British version of the game show franchise of the same name.
It is presented by Noel Edmonds, and produced by Endemol.
It began showing in 2005.
Players can win £250,000 (US$388,800).
The odds of winning it is only 4 in 1715 (1 in 429, or 2 in 858).
This is because a player might take a offer from the banker.
The show is on Channel 4 at 4p.m. on weekdays.
It runs for 60 minutes, including adverts.
Before the game starts, different amounts of money are packed randomly into 22 suitcases.
A player is selected, and the case that they have is randomly selected.
In front of the player is a game board with all the possible amounts that could be in his/her box.
The player then opens 5 boxes.
Five possible amounts that could be in the player's box are gone.
Based on the amounts left (that could be in the players box), the "banker" may make an offer to buy the box from the player.
The offer depends on the possible amounts that could be in the player's box according to what is left on the board.
So if there are high amounts that are on the board (that could be in the person's box), the banker will pay more to buy the box.
He might offer £10,000 instead of £3,500 or £1500.
The player may take the offer by saying "deal" of refuse it by saying "no deal".
The player then opens 3 more boxes, and the banker will make another offer.
If after 6 offers, the player says "no deal", they win whatever is in their box.
If they says "deal" at an offer, the player takes home the offer.
The game ends, but they play on to see what would have happened otherwise.
"Moves Like Jagger" is a dance pop single released by American pop rock band Maroon 5 on June 22, 2011 internationally and digitally.
The single features pop singer-songwriter Christina Aguilera and was produced by Shellback, Benny Blanco, and Ari Levine.
The song was later put on the Maroon 5 album Hands All Over in July 2011 for the re-release.
The song peaked at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 singles' chart for four weeks and number-one on the Billboard Digital Songs chart for three weeks.
The song will not feature on the upcoming fourth studio album Overexposed, which is scheduled for release on June 26, 2012.
The song's lyrics refer to a male protagonist's ability to impress a female with his dance moves, which he compares to those of The Rolling Stones frontman Mick Jagger.
The song received a positive critical appreciation, many of them complimented the vocal chemistry between Levine and Aguilera and labeled it "an irresistible summer hit".
The music video for "Moves Like Jagger" was directed by Jonas Åkerlund and filmed in Los Angeles, California on July 8, 2011.
On July 9, Aguilera posted an image of herself from the video shoot via Twitter, saying, "Always great to see Jonas Akerlund.
He created the perfect feel for the song.
Expect a fun video."
The image showed Aguilera performing with a band in front of a background of the American flag.
Four shirtless images of Levine from the shoot were also released online the same day.
More images from the video shoot were released online on July 11, showing Levine and Aguilera performing in front of an American and British-themed backdrop with confetti falling from the ceiling.
Another image showed Aguilera performing in front of a black backdrop with her name "Christina" shown in pink.
Rolling Stones frontman Mick Jagger made an appearance in the video "via archive footage."
The music video premiered on August 8 on E!
"Moves Like Jagger (featuring Christina Aguilera) – 3:21
"Moves Like Jagger (featuring Christina Aguilera) (Soul Seekerz Radio Edit) – 3:25
David Edward Williams  (born 20 August 1971), known professionally as David Walliams, is a British actor, comedian and writer.
He is best known for his partnership with Matt Lucas on the on the BBC sketch comedy series Rock Profile (1999–2000, 2009), Little Britain (2003–2007) and Come Fly With Me (2010–2011).
Born on 20 August 1971 in Wimbledon, London to Peter, a London Transport engineer, and Kathleen Williams, a lab technician, Williams was brought up in Banstead, Surrey.
His parents appeared on The Friday Night Project when he was the guest star on the show.
He was a member of the National Youth Theatre, where he met Matt Lucas.
Williams studied drama at the University of Bristol from 1989 to 1992, one year below Simon Pegg.
Williams changed his name to Walliams () when he joined the actors' trade union, Equity, as there was already a member named David Williams.
This was spoofed in a mock interview on Rock Profile, when Robbie Williams was continuously referred to as 'Robbie Walliams'.
Walliams was also a judge for BGT(Britain's Got Talent).
In September 2011, he swam the entire 140 mile length of the River Thames, raising over £1,000,000 for a charity called Sport Relief.
Walliams has bipolar disorder.
He was married to Lara Stone from 2010 to 2015.
The couple had a son named Alfred in 2013.
Inside Little Britain (with Boyd Hilton and Matt Lucas): London: Ebury Press: 2006:
Camp David (2012)
The Boy in the Dress (illustrated by Quentin Blake) (2008)
Mr Stink (illustrated by Quentin Blake) (2009)
Billionaire Boy (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2010)
Gangsta Granny (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2011)
Ratburger (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2012)
Demon Dentist (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2013)
Awful Auntie (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2014)
Grandpa's Great Escape (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2015)
The Midnight Gang (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2016)
Bad Dad (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2017)
The Ice Monster (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2018)
Fing (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2019)
The Beast of Buckingham Palace (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2019)
Slime (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2020)
Code Name Bananas (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2020)
Megamonster (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2021)
Gangsta Granny Strikes Again! (
illustrated by Tony Ross) (2021)
The World's Worst Children (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2016)
The World's Worst Children 2 (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2017)
The World's Worst Children 3 (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2018)
The World's Worst Teachers (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2019)
The World's Worst Parents (illustrated by Tony Ross) (2020)
The Slightly Annoying Elephant (2013)
The First Hippo on the Moon (2014)
The Bear Who Went Boo! (
There's a Snake in My School! (
Geronimo (2018)
The Creature Choir (2019)
Little Monsters (2020)
Marmalade: The Orange Panda (2022)
British swimmers
Luton is a large town in Bedfordshire, England.
It is about  north of London.
It is on the M1 motorway and has mainline trains from King's Cross and St Pancras stations.
It is an industrial town which has diversified from its original base as a manufacturer of hats and cars.
It is also famous for its airport which serves flights across Europe.
Its fine communications means it has many people who commute to work in London.
It has a population of 213,052 (mid-2019 estimate).
Luton was started in about the 6th century by the Saxons, based by the River Lea.
It has a history of industry: making hats and Vauxhall cars for example.
Luton is a unitary authority, which means it is governed locally by its own council, Luton Borough Council.
It is represented by two members of parliament.
Its football club is in the English football league and play at Kenilworth Road.
Their nickname is 'The Hatters'.
They are called this because of Luton's history of making straw hats.
In chemistry, a superbase is an extremely strong base.
It is a compound that has a high affinity for protons.
Hydroxide ion is the strongest base possible in water (aqueous) solutions, but superbases are much stronger than aqueous bases.
Such bases are useful in organic synthesis and are fundamental to physical organic chemistry.
Superbases have been described and used since the 1850s.
Reactions involving superbases often require special techniques since they are destroyed by water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in the air.
Inert atmosphere techniques and low temperatures minimize these side reactions.
Argyria is a medical condition caused by the exposure to silver.
People with this condition may have a change in skin color to pale or "greyish".
Windows Task Manager is a task manager application.
It is part of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems.
Windows Task Manager gives detailed information about computer performance and applications that are currently running.
It also gives information about processes and CPU usage, commit charge and memory information, network activity and statistics, logged-in users, and system services.
The application can be used to set process priorities, processor affinity, forcibly terminating (ending) processes.
In Windows XP only, the application can be used to shut down, restart, hibernate or log off from Windows.
Task Manager information at Computer Hope
A chemical species is one of a group of atoms, molecules, molecular fragments, ions, etc.,
made to go through to a chemical process or to a measurement.
Generally, a chemical species can be defined as an ensemble of chemically identical molecular entities that can explore the same set of molecular energy levels on a defined time scale.
Chemists also use chemical species to mean a set of chemically identical atomic or molecular structural units in a solid array.
For example, when molecules of NaCl dissolve in water we don't really have any NaCl as such in the solution.
We have Na+ and Cl- ions because NaCl dissociates.
We say the species present in solution are Na+(aq) and Cl-(aq).
In this case, the species present in solution are the ions.
In other cases, where the molecules don't dissolve in water, we would have molecular species in solution rather than ionic species.
In supramolecular chemistry, chemical species are those supramolecular structures whose interactions and associations are brought about by forming or breaking intermolecular bonds.
Studying these actions is the main topic of supramolecular chemistry.
A task manager is a computer program that is used to show information about the processes and programs running on a computer.
Task managers also show the general status of the computer.
They can be used to terminate (end) processes and programs, as well as change the processes priority.
An example of a task manager is Windows Task Manager.
A blind spot is a part of the visual field our brains get no information from.
It is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells where the optic nerve passes through the optic disc of the retina.
Since there are no cells to detect light on the optic disc, a part of the field of vision is not perceived.
The brain fills in with surrounding detail  with information from the other eye, so the blind spot is not normally perceived.
Although all vertebrates have this blind spot, cephalopod eyes, which are superficially similar, do not.
In them, the optic nerve approaches the receptors from behind, so it does not create a break in the retina.
The first documented observation of the phenomenon was in the 1660s by Edme Mariotte in France.
At the time it was generally thought that the point at which the optic nerve entered the eye should actually be the most sensitive portion of the retina; however, Mariotte's discovery disproved this theory.
Blind spot test
Not seeing the blind spot
As to why the blind spot is normally not seen, there are two theories.
One, less favoured, is that it is simply ignored by the brain.
The other is that they are 'filled in' by the brain with information from surrounding areas.
Perception theorists have generally favoured this second hypothesis.
The filling-in works with quite complex and unusual visual patterns, suggesting an active brain process works to mimic patterns surrounding the blind spot.
Vertebrate eye and cephalopod eye
These natural blind spots are present only in the eyes of vertebrates.
Cephalopods have their optic nerves attached to the back of the retina, so they are not a problem.
The vertebrate eye is illogical because light must go through and past the nerve fibres before getting to the retina.
Lo Barnechea is a commune and city of Santiago Province.
According to the Chilean census in 2002, Lo Barnechea has an area of  and 74,749 people live there..
Municipality of Lo Barnechea
Incubus is an American horror movie.
It is black and white.
It was released in 1966 and a restored copy of the movie was released in 2001.
Leslie Stevens directed the movie and William Shatner starred in it.
The actors in the movie did not speak in English.
They spoke in Esperanto.
The movie was called Inkubo in Esperanto.
Incubus was lost for many years, but an old copy was found in France.
The movie was filmed in 18 days in California during 1965.
Incubus did not become popular and was only distributed in France.
Some people believe the movie is cursed because of all of the bad things that happened to the actors and crew.
Several of them died by murder or suicide, or had other bad things happen to them, after making the movie.
William Shatner as Marc
Allyson Ames as Kia
Eloise Hardt as Amael
Robert Fortier as Olin
Ann Atmar as Arndis
Milos Milos as Incubus
Jay Ashworth as Monk†
Forrest T. Butler as Monk†
Paolo Cossa as Narrator (voice)†
Ted Mossman as Monk†
† Uncredited
Tom Weaver, Video Watchdog #53 (1999) "Raising the Incubus"
Incubus  at Rotten Tomatoes
"Curse of the 'Incubus'", By Cara Jepsen
Review at The Daily Show website
Supramolecular chemistry is area of chemistry that studies the relationship and linking molecules into bigger systems.
It focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components.
The study of non-covalent interactions is crucial to understanding many biological processes from cell structure to vision that rely on these forces for structure and function.
Biological systems are often the inspiration for supramolecular research.
2D and 3D Models of Dodecahedrane and Cuneane Assemlies
Supramolecular Chemistry - Thematic Series in the Open Access Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG).
It is a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid).
It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan.
A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities.
Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage and provides much of its resistance to compression.
Along with glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate has become a widely used dietary supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis.
It is commonly extracted from shark cartilage.
Chondroitin sulfate was originally isolated well before chemists learned its structure.
So, its name changed over time.
Early researchers identified different types of the substance with letters.
Chondroitin, without the "sulfate", has been used to describe a type with little or no sulfation.
However, this distinction is not used by all.
The name "chondroitin sulfate" sounds like a salt with a sulfate counter-anion.
The sulfate is attached to the sugar with a covalent bond.
Since the molecule has multiple negative charges at physiological pH, a cation is present in salts of chondroitin sulfate.
Commercial preparations of chondroitin sulfate typically are the sodium salt.
Barnhill et al.
have suggested that all such preparations of chondroitin sulfate be referred to as "sodium chondroitin" regardless of their sulfation status.
Chondroitin sulfate chains are unbranched polysaccharides of variable length containing two alternating monosaccharides: D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc).
Some GlcA residues are epimerized into L-iduronic acid (IdoA); the resulting disaccharide is then referred to as dermatan sulfate.
Protein attachment
Chondroitin sulfate chains are linked to hydroxyl groups on serine residues of certain proteins.
Exactly how proteins are selected for attachment of glycosaminoglycans is not understood.
Glycosylated serines are often followed by a glycine and have neighboring acidic residues.
But this does not always predict glycosylation.
Attachment of the GAG chain begins with four monosaccharides in a fixed pattern: Xyl - Gal - Gal - GlcA.  Each sugar is attached by a specific enzyme, allowing for multiple levels of control over GAG synthesis.
Xylose begins to be attached to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, while the rest of the sugars are attached in the Golgi apparatus.
Sulfation
Each monosaccharide may be left unsulfated, sulfated once, or sulfated twice.
In the most common case, the hydroxyls of the 4 and 6 positions of the N-acetyl-galactosamine are sulfated, with some chains having the 2 position of glucuronic acid.
Sulfation is mediated by specific sulfotransferases.
Sulfation in these different positions gives specific biological activities to chondroitin GAG chains.
Chondroitin's functions depend largely on the properties of the overall proteoglycan of which it is a part.
These functions can be broadly divided into structural and regulatory roles.
Some proteoglycans have both structural and regulatory roles (see versican).
Chondroitin sulfate is a major component of extracellular matrix, and is important in maintaining the structural integrity of tissue.
This function is typical of the large aggregating proteoglycans:  aggrecan, versican, brevican, and neurocan, collectively termed the lecticans.
As part of aggrecan, chondroitin sulfate is a major component of cartilage.
The tightly packed and highly charged sulfate groups of chondroitin sulfate generate electrostatic repulsion that provides much of the resistance of cartilage to compression.
Loss of chondroitin sulfate from the cartilage is a major cause of osteoarthritis.
Chondroitin sulfate readily interacts with proteins in the extracellular matrix due to its negative charges.
These interactions are important for regulating many cellular activities.
The lecticans are a major part of the brain extracellular matrix, where the chondroitin sugar chains function to stabilize normal brain synapses as part of perineuronal nets.
The levels of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are vastly increased after injury to the central nervous system where they act to prevent regeneration of damaged nerve endings.
Although these functions are not as well characterized as those of heparan sulfate, new roles continue to be discovered for the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans.
In cortical development, chondroitin sulfate is expressed by the Sub Plate and acts as a stop signal for neurons migrating from the Ventricular Zone.
Neurons stopping here may then be programmed for further migration to specific layers in the cortical plate.
Chondroitin is in dietary supplements used as an alternative medicine to treat osteoarthritis and also approved and regulated as a symptomatic slow-acting drug for this disease (SYSADOA) in Europe and some other countries.
It is commonly sold together with glucosamine.
Chondroitin and glucosamine are also used in veterinary medicine.
General Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate information  at Arthritis Foundation
"Product Review: Joint Supplements (Glucosamine, Chondroitin, and MSM)"  Summary of a Consumer Labs test of the actual composition of these supplements at consumerlabs.com
"Glucosamine/Chondroitin Products Not Measuring Up", News report of the analysis of commercial supplements by Adebowale et al.
at WebMD
"Chondroitin Sulfate Manufacturing and Risk of Mad Cow Disease" by Winston Wicomb, Ph.D., September 24, 2002.
Information on methods for extraction of chondrotin sulfate from cow trachea, at the Stone Clinic of San Francisco, at stoneclinic.com
"Testing Status: Chondroitin Sulfate M030009", A thorough review of available information on the use of chondroitin sulfate in humans from the National Toxicology Program at National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Chondroitin Sulfate, summary of information on the use of chondroitin sulfate from the publishers of the Physicians' Desk Reference.
"Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT)," ClinicalTrials.gov information on the purpose, design, and analysis of the study at clinicaltrials.gov
"NIH News: Efficacy of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate May Depend on Level of Osteoarthritis Pain", Wednesday, February 22, 2006 at National Institutes of Health
Red Bull X2010 is not a real car.
It is a fictional car in the PlayStation 3 video game Gran Turismo 5 that can go over 400 km/h, and over 6G's.
It laps the Nürburgring in less than 4 minutes.
Adrian Newey designed it
fr:Gran Turismo 5#Red Bull X2010
Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom
Republic of Ireland, the country to the south of Northern Ireland
Ireland, the island that contains both of the above
Banbasa is the smallest town in Champawat district in Uttarakhand, India.
The famous shri Purnagiri temple is only 35 km from here.
It is near the Nepal border (Gaddachoki-Banbasa).
A velar consonant is a consonant that is pronounced with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, also known as the velum, which is the back part of the roof of the mouth.
Velar consonants in English are ,  and .
The consonant  is the most common in all human languages.
George Church (born August 28, 1954) is an American molecular geneticist.
He was one of the people who set out to analyse the human genetic code, the sequence of genes in human DNA.
He invented ways of analysing huge amounts of chemical data, homologous recombination methods, and DNA array synthesizers.
Automated sequencing & software in Genome Therapeutics Corp. gave the first commercial genome sequence, (the human pathogen, Helicobacter pylori) in 1994.
He has been advisor to 22 companies.
He co-founded Codon Devices, a biotech startup dedicated to synthetic biology.
It produces DNA sequences to order.
He co-founded LS9, which is focused on biofuels or renewable petroleum technologies.
In September 2010, Dr. Church was honored for his work in genetics with the Mass High Tech All-Star Award.
He is a senior editor for Molecular Systems Biology.
New Polony DNA Sequencing Methods
Biosketch on Edge.org
Knome homepage
LS9 Inc. homepage
How the Personal Genome Project could unlock the mysteries of life
Revolutions per minute, sometimes called RPM, is a measure of angular frequency.
It means the number of times something spins in one minute.
Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist, molecular biology pioneer, and Nobel laureate.
He helped develop DNA sequence analysis.
Gilbert was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 21, 1932.
Gilbert attended Harvard University for undergraduate and graduate studies, earning a first degree in chemistry and physics in 1953 and a master's degree in physics in 1954.
Gilbert returned to Harvard in 1957 and promoted in 1968 to professor of biochemistry.
In 1969, Gilbert was given Harvard's Ledlie Prize.
In 1972, Gilbert was named American Cancer Society Professor of Molecular Biology.
He is a co-founder of the biotech start-up companies Biogen and Myriad Genetics.
Gilbert is currently the chairman of the Harvard Society of Fellows.
Together with Allan Maxam, Gilbert developed a new DNA sequencing method in 1976.
With George Church he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984.
Gilbert first proposed the existence of introns and exons and explained the evolution of introns in a seminal 1978 "News and Views" paper published in Nature.
In 1986, Gilbert used the phrase RNA world hypothesis for the origin of life. '
RNA World' was a concept first proposed by Carl Woese in 1967.
Gilbert was given the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, shared with Frederick Sanger and Paul Berg.
Gilbert and Sanger were recognized for their pioneering work in devising methods for determining the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid.
Nobel Prize autobiography
The optic chiasma, or 'optic chiasm', is the part of the brain where the optic nerves (CN II) partially cross.
The optic chiasm is located at the bottom of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus.
The images on the nasal (inner) sides of each retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain via the optic nerve at the optic chiasm.
The temporal (outer) images, on the other hand, stay on the same side.
This allows the images from either side of the visual field to go to the appropriate side of the brain, combining the sides together.
Chimaeras are cartilaginous fish in the order Chimaeriformes.
They are sometimes known informally as 'ghost sharks'.
They may be the "oldest and most enigmatic groups of fishes alive today".
Their closest living relatives are sharks, though in evolutionary terms they branched off from sharks nearly 400 million years ago and have remained isolated ever since.
At one time they were a diverse and abundant group, as shown by the fossil record.
They are now found mainly to deep water.
There are fifty living species in six genera and three families.
Studying the evolution of these species has been problematic because there are few good fossils.
DNA sequences have become the preferred approach to understanding speciation.
The order appeared about 420 million years ago during the Silurian.
The three living families seem to have diverged during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous (170–120 million years ago.
They do not have shark-like skin or teeth.
They have smooth scales on their bodies, and three pairs of grinding tooth plates.
They have a poisonous spine on their backs between the head and the dorsal fin.
Otherwise, they are rather like other Chondrichthyes.
They have skeletons are made of cartilage.
They use claspers for internal fertilization of females.
They lay eggs with leathery cases.
They use electroreception to find their prey, which is also common in rays.
Mainframes (also called "big iron") are powerful computers used for large information processing jobs.
They are mainly used by government institutions and large companies for tasks such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.
Mainframe computers are specially used as servers on the World Wide Web (WWW).
They are distinct from supercomputers.
The term originally referred to the large cabinets that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers.
Later the term was used to distinguish very big computers from less powerful ones ("minicomputers" or "personal computers").
Heavy Petting Zoo is the sixth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX.
Heavy Petting Zoo was released on January 31, 1996.
The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and NOFX.
The title of the album is a combination of the words heavy petting and petting zoo.
So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes is the seventh studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX.
So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes was released on November 11, 1997.
The title of the album comes from the title of the fourth book of Douglas Adams's The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series, So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish and the common practice of punk rock fans when they throw shoes lost by crowd surfers on stage.
Pump Up the Valuum is the eighth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX.
Pump Up the Valuum was released on June 13, 2000.
The title of the album is purposely spelled wrong to avoid a lawsuit with Valium and is a play on words.
Youth is the opposite of elderly.
When something is new, it can be called young.
Sometimes "young" is only for living things, and things that are not alive are "new".
The word youth is often used to describe young people from the beginning of the teen years to the beginning of adulthood.
Different things lose their youth or grow old at different rates.
For example, some machines are only be considered young for roughly one year.
There are laws about the age of majority when young teenagers are legally treated as adults.
Even after that age, these youth may still be seen as immature.
This is because complete mental and emotional development is not done until around age 21, and because many young people have not yet had adult life experiences.
For some people, youth is an obsession.
They want to look young.
Because of this, they use various products like face cream and plastic surgery, to stop or slow their looking older.
The "Fountain of Youth" was a popular myth, and people thought that if you took water from the fountain, you would never be old.
Now however, we know that this was a myth, and it was not magical at all.
The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a line notation for the chemical structure of molecules.
It uses a short series ASCII characters to represent structures.
Most molecule editor computer programs can draw a two-dimensional diagram or a three-dimensional model of a molecule based on its SMILES code.
Arthur Weininger and David Weininger wrote the original SMILES specification in the late 1980s.
It has since been modified and extended by others, including by Daylight Chemical Information Systems Inc. In 2007, the Blue Obelisk open-source chemistry community developed an open standard called "OpenSMILES".
In July 2006, the IUPAC introduced the InChI as a standard line notation for representing chemical structures.
People think that it is easier for humans to understand SMILES than InChI. Some chemists argue that SMILES is better than InChI because many different software programs support it.
SMILES also has theoretical (for example, graph theory) backing.
SMILES can be converted back to 2-dimensional representations using Structure Diagram Generation algorithms.
This conversion can sometimes be ambiguous.
Because SMILES just says which atoms are connected without any information about the angles between chemical bonds, computer programs use energy minimization to convert SMILES to 3-dimensional representations.
There are many downloadable and web-based conversion utilities.
"SMILES - A Simplified Chemical Language"
The OpenSMILES home page
"SMARTS - SMILES Extension"
Daylight SMILES tutorial
Parsing SMILES
SMILES related software utilities
NCI/CADD Chemical Identifier Resolver – resolves or generates SMILES from chemical names, CAS Registry Numbers, InChI/InChIKey and many other chemical structure file formats
NCI/CADD Online SMILES Translator and Structure File Generator  – Java online molecule editor
PubChem server side structure editor – online molecule editor
smi23d  – 3D Coordinate Generation
Daylight Depict  – Translate a SMILES formula into graphics
GIF/PNG-Creator for 2D Plots of Chemical Structures
JME molecule editor
Marvin  by ChemAxon – online chemical editor/viewer and SMILES generator/converter
Instant JChem  by ChemAxon – desktop application for storing/generating/converting/visualizing/searching SMILES structures, particularly batch processing; personal edition free
JChem for Excel  by ChemAxon – MS Excel add-in for storing/generating/converting/visualizing/searching SMILES structures
Smormo-Ed – a molecule editor for Linux which can read and write SMILES
InChI.info – an unofficial InChI website featuring on-line converter from InChI and SMILES to molecular drawings
Balloon – A free program for 3D coordinate generation and conformational analysis.
Indigo  – an open-source cross-platform cheminformatics library with a plugin for IUPAC-compliant molecule and reaction 2D structural formula rendering.
Open Babel – an open-source chemical toolbox allowing anyone to search, convert, analyze, or store biochemical data.
Bioclipse  – a free and open source workbench for the life sciences
MolEngine – A .NET cheminformatics toolkit to read/write SMILES, generate 2D coordinate from SMILES, and convert SMILES from/into other Chemical file formats.
JSDraw – A cross-platform javascript chemical structure editor to generate SMILES and SMARTS.
Insulin resistance is a serious condition in which insulin becomes less able to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Usually, insulin helps sugar move out of the blood and into the body's cells.
In the cells, the body can use sugar to make energy.
If this does not happen correctly, too much sugar stays in the blood.
This is called hyperglycemia.
If the blood glucose level is above normal for a long time, this can lead to major health problems.
Insulin resistance often causes certain types of diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults.
A condition called 'metabolic syndrome' is strongly tied to insulin resistance.
High blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)
Fatigue, and sleepiness, especially after meals.
Brain fogginess and inability to focus (can't think clearly).
Weight gain, fat storage, difficulty losing weight.
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Increased thirst (called polydipsia) and hunger (called polyphagia)
Eat less carbohydrates, and very much less direct sugar.
Take more exercise, long walks, activity.
Standard medical test
Blood sugar level test after 12 hours starvation.
Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics and chemical informatics) is the study of large amounts of chemical information.
It is done mostly with the help of computers.
These tools are used by pharmaceutical companies to discovery new drugs.
Cheminformatics uses computer science and information technology to help solve chemistry problems.
Cheminformatics deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, software engineering, data mining, image processing, modeling and simulation, signal processing, discrete mathematics, control and system theory, circuit theory, and statistics, for generating new knowledge of chemistry.
The term chemoinformatics was defined by F.K. Brown  in 1998:
Storage and retrieval
The primary application of cheminformatics is in the storage of information relating to compounds.
The efficient search of such stored information includes topics that are dealt with in computer science as data mining and machine learning.
Computers represent chemical structures in specialized formats such as the XML-based Chemical Markup Language or SMILES.
While some formats are suited for visual representations in 2 or 3 dimensions, others are more suited for studying physical interactions, modeling and docking studies.
Virtual libraries
Virtual compounds may be used to explore chemical space and predict new
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR)
This is to predict the activity of compounds from their structures.
These studies link cheminofrmatics to chemometrics.
Chemical expert systems are also relevant.
They represent parts of chemical knowledge in computers.
OEChem Cheminformatics Programming Toolkit
The Blue Obelisk Movement
The eCheminfo  Network and Community of Practice
Cheminformatics at Indiana University
Indiana Cheminformatics Education Portal
Cheminformatics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
The Chemical Structure Association Trust (see also CSA Trust).
Comprehensive cheminformatics link list and data set repository
A cheminformatics glossary
Chemoinformatics initiatives at NCL Pune, India
International Conference on Chemoinformatics at NCL,Pune
Chemical Informatics Education  and Research  at Indiana University
Famous Cheminformatics quotations
The Cheminformatics and QSAR Society
UK-QSAR and ChemoInformatics Group
Education and Research at the University of Hamburg
Cheminformatics research at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics, Cambridge, UK
YACHS Yet Another CHemistry Summarizer, Laboratoire Informatique d'Avignon LIA, France
Cheminformatics research at NovaMechanics Cyprus
Weblink-Cheminformatics SW and DB
Cheminformatics studies from Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics to OpenEye
The War on Errorism is the ninth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX.
The War on Errorism was released on May 6, 2003.
The album pokes fun at former U.S. president George W. Bush and criticizes him and his policies.
Wolves in Wolves' Clothing is the tenth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX.
Wolves in Wolves' Clothing was released on April 18, 2006.
The producers of the album were Bill Stevenson, Jason Livermore and Fat Mike.
The first 1062 vinyl copies of Wolves in Wolves' Clothing were pressed yellow/green vinyl.
Coaster is the tenth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX.
Coaster was released on April 28, 2009.
The producer of the album was Bill Stevenson.
The album was released as Frisbee on vinyl.
2Pacalypse Now is the first studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur.
2Pacalypse Now was released on November 12, 1991.
Many other rap artist have seen the album as a source of inspiration.
The song "I Don't Give a Fuck" was featured in the 2004 video game, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.
Tupac Shakur albums
Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. is the second studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur.
Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. was released on February 16, 1993.
The album is 2Pac's tenth biggest selling album with 1,366,000 units moved to date.
Alexander Ivanovich Oparin  (Uglich, Russia,  – Moscow, 21 April 1980) was a Soviet biochemist.
He was notable for his ideas on the origin of life, and for writing an early book The Origin of Life.
One of his ideas was that oxygen would tend to destroy organic molecules essential for the evolution of early life.
It was later found that the earth's atmosphere at first had almost no oxygen in it.
He also studied the biochemistry of plants, and enzyme reactions in plant cells.
He developed the foundations for industrial biochemistry in the USSR.
His theory
There is no fundamental difference between a living organism and lifeless matter.
Life must have arisen as a natural evolution of matter.
Methane is in the atmospheres of Jupiter and the other giant planets.
Oparin thought the infant Earth had a strongly reducing atmosphere, containing methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor.
In his opinion, these were the raw materials for the evolution of life.
At first there were the simple solutions of organic substances.
Their behaviour was governed by their atoms and by the arrangement of those atoms in molecules.
Gradually, as the result of the growth and increased complexity of the molecules, structures with new properties developed.
These newer properties were determined by the spatial and mutual arrangement of the molecules.
In this process biological orderliness already exists.
Competition, speed of cell growth, survival of the fittest, struggle for existence and, finally natural selection produced the characteristics of living things.
Oparin outlined a way in which basic organic chemicals might form into microscopic localized systems.
These would be precursors of the cell from which primitive living things could develop.
He cited work done with organic chemicals which, in solution, form droplets and layers.
Oparin suggested that different types might have formed in the Earth's primordial ocean.
They were subject to a selection process leading eventually to life.
Oparin A.I. 1924.
The origin of life.
Moscow: Moscow Worker, (in Russian).
English translation: Oparin A.I. The origin and development of life. (
NASA TTF-488) Washington: D.C.L GPO, 1968.
The origin of life, 2nd edition.
English translation of 2nd ed: The origin of life.
1938, reprinted Dover 1952.
Oparin A. & Fesenkov V. Life in the Universe.
Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences publisher, 3rd edition, 1956 (in Russian)
English translation: Oparin A. and V. Fesenkov.
Life in the Universe.
New York: Twayne Publishers 1961.
Melvin James "Sy" Oliver (born December 17, 1910 in Battle Creek, Michigan; died May 28, 1988 in New York City) was a jazz arranger, trumpeter, composer, singer, and band leader.
His mother was a piano teacher and his father was a multi-instrumentalist who made a name for himself demonstrating saxophones at a time that instrument was little used outside of marching bands.