the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The king of Thailand is the only person allowed to go near the Emerald Buddha.
The king changes the clothes on the Buddha three times every year.
In summer the Buddha is dressed in a crown and jewelry; in winter he wears a golden shawl, and  in the rainy months he wears a gold robe and headdress.
The temple was started in 2325 B.E. during the reign of King Rama I and finished in 2327 B.E. The temple was built to hold the Buddha statue which is believed to have been made in Thailand in the 14th century.
Captured by the Cambodians in 1552, the statue was kept in Laos for 214 years until King Rama I recaptured it.
He brought it with him when he moved his capital to Bangkok in 1784.
The design of this temple was copied from Wat Phrasrisanphet in the Ayudhaya period.
Because Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram is important, it is renovated every 50 years.
Buddhist temples in Thailand
1784 establishments in Asia
The colossal squid, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, is the biggest squid in the world, 9–10 metres (30–33 feet) long.
The colossal squid is bigger than a giant squid.
Its body is reddish brown and it lives up to 2000m below the surface of the Southern Ocean.
It is the main food eaten by sperm whales.
The colossal squid has ammonium chloride in its body, so it tastes bad for humans.
The colossal squid is thought to have a slow metabolic rate, requiring only around 30 g of prey daily.
Estimates of its energetic demands suggest that it is a slow-moving ambush predator, using its large eyes primarily for predator detection rather than active hunting.
The eye is 27 cm (10.63 in) wide, with a lens 12 cm across.
This is the largest eye of any known animal.
These measurements are of the partly collapsed specimen: when living the eye was probably 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) across.
The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is displaying this specimen in an exhibition which opened in 2008.
A website on the squid specimen is also available.
James Morrison, born November 11, 1962, is famous Australian jazz musician.
He has played with people such as B. B. King and Ray Charles.
He was born Boorowa, New South Wales.
He started playing trumpet at the age seven.
He also plays trombone, euphonium, flugel horn, tuba, saxophones, and piano.
In 1979, aged 16, he performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival, and graduated from the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music the next year.
He was given the Mo Award, for the Australian Performer of the Year in 1990.
In 2000 he played the opening fanfare for the Sydney Olympic Games.
James Morrison's official website
I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!
is a television show like Big Brother where a group of celebrities get together as they sky dive down to the jungle.
For a few weeks, they have to cope with jungle creatures such as snakes, spiders, cockroaches and more.
The UK version of the show takes place in Queensland, Australia and airs every November-December on ITV1 in the UK.
The presenters are Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly.
Bushtucker trial
Evey day, someone has to do a task known as a "bush trucker trial".
The public has to vote on which celebrity has to do it apart from in the first two or three days.
Sometimes, near the end of the series the celebrities decide who participates in the trail.
To make the trials more challenging, they put some creepy crawlies with them.
All trials have stars, and they earn stars for meals back at the camp.
Cut scenes
Like Big Brother, the show has a lot of cut scenes.
One of them has a spider which catches a bug and spins it around and makes an amusing sound.
Crossing over is a basic concept of genetics and cell biology, often called recombination.
It occurs during meiosis.
Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids during the production of gametes.
The effect is to assort (shuffle) the alleles on parental chromosomes, so that the gametes carry combinations of genes different from either parent.
This has the overall effect of increasing the variety of phenotypes present in a population.
The process can be seen directly in stained cells, and indirectly if there are genetic markers or not on the chromosomes.
The visible crossovers are called chiasma (plural: chiasmata), which is Greek for a cross.
F. A. Janssens was the first to suggest what chiasmata meant.
The large-scale effect of crossing over is to spread variation through a population.
This is the main result of sexual reproduction compared to non-sexual modes of reproduction.
The main advantage to the parents is the greater variety in their offspring.
This, it is thought, increases the chance that some of the offspring will survive and reproduce.
This has been the subject of much investigation and discussion.
Chromatids are the daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome which are joined by a single centromere.
When the centromere divides, the chromatids become separate chromosomes.
Each of the two daughter chromatids contains the same DNA and chromatin protein as its original chromosome.
But in meiosis, crossing over (exchanges) take place between two of the non-sister chromatids.
This has profound consequences: it produces genetic recombination, and increases the variability of gametes.
Wat Pho (more fully Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram) is the "Temple of the Reclining Buddha".
It is the one of the most important Buddhist temples in Thailand.
With 99 pagodas, this temple has the most pagodas in Thailand.
It is the largest and oldest Buddhist temple in Bangkok, and home of Thailand's largest Buddha.
It is the temple where the art of Thai massage was developed.
The important pagodas are the pagodas of King Rama I, King Rama II and King Rama IV.
This temple was rebuilt from the old Wat Photaram from the Ayudhaya period by King Rama I in 1788.
It took seven years and five months and 18 days to finish.
King Rama I changed the name from “Photaram” to “Phracheatupon Vimonmungkrawat”.
King Rama III (1824—1851) did a lot of repairs to the building.
King Rama IV renamed this temple "Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram".
Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram is a popular place for tourists.
The "Reclining Buddha" (Phra Buddhasaiyas) is  long and  high.
It was made during Rama III's work on the temple.
His body is covered in gold, his eyes and feet have mother-of-pearl decorations.
The bottom of his feet have 108 scenes made from the shells on them in both Chinese and Indian style.
Habbo, or Habbo Hotel, is a virtual game on the Internet which is for teenagers.
It is played by lots of people at once so is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game.
The chain of websites is owned by the Sulake Corporation and has been online since 2000.
Habbo has services in many countries and have over 10 million unique visitors every month.
Habbo is a popular online community for teens to chat with each other, and establish their own creative world.
This site was founded and launched in Finland, the main location in the gaming system is known as a hotel lobby.
Kay is an American jewelry company that is all around the world.
Its slogan is, "Every kiss begins with Kay".
The tag line was written in 1997 by a Senior Art Director named Randall Herrera working for an agency called Stern Advertising in Pepperpike Ohio.
It was one of several lines offered up to Kay Jewelers and is still going strong to this day.
Marshal of the Royal Air Force Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard GCB OM GCVO DSO (3 February 1873 – 10 February 1956) was a British Army officer who commanded the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) from August 1915 to January 1918.
The RFC was followed by the Royal Air Force (RAF), which was founded in March 1918.
Trenchard, who learnt to fly in 1912, eventually became Chief of the Air Staff in 1919.
In that position he reorganised the Air Ministry, and laid the foundations of the Royal Air Force.
Trenchard was Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police from 1931 to 1935.
The Commissioner is the highest ranking police officer in the United Kingdom, despite the fact that his authority is generally confined to Greater London.
As a boy Trenchard found learning difficult.
He failed many tests and only just got into the British Army as an officer.
Trenchard first went to India with the Army and he then asked to go to South Africa because he wanted to fight in the Boer War.
During the fighting, Trenchard was shot in the chest and became unable to walk properly because of damage to his back.
He returned to England where a doctor told him to go to Switzerland because the air was better than in England.
Trenchard became bored and started to bobsleigh.
After crashing on a fast bend, Trenchard was able to walk properly - because his back was fixed.
After his health got better still, Trenchard returned to the war in South Africa.
In 1912, Trenchard learned to fly and joined the Royal Flying Corps.
He became the second most important man at the Central Flying School in England and had several important jobs in the Royal Flying Corps during World War I. Trenchard was the man in charge of the Royal Flying Corps in France from 1915 to 1917.
In 1918, he was the first man in charge of the Royal Air Force for a short time.
He then went back to France to take over the Royal Air Force bombing attacks on Germany.
Winston Churchill put him back in charge of the Royal Air Force in 1919.
Over the next 10 years, Trenchard started Air Force training bases and made sure that it was used to enforce the law in parts of the British Empire.
In the 1930s Trenchard was in charge of the London's police force (the Metropolitan Police) and as an older man he argued for keeping a big RAF.
In modern times, some people say that Trenchard was one of the first people to argue for strategic bombing.
Air of authority - a history of RAF organisation - Marshal of the RAF The Viscount Trenchard of Wolfeton
USAF Association Magazine - Trenchard at the creation
First World War.com - Who's Who: Hugh Trenchard
History learning site - Hugh Trenchard
British Ministry of Defence - Trenchard: father of the RAF
Danaus is a genus of butterflies.
Danaus is in the family Nymphalidae.
Species in this genus are commonly known as Tigers or Monarchs.
Danaus affinis Fabricius, 1775 - Malay Tiger
Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758 Plain Tiger
Danaus cleophile Godart, 1819 - Jamaican Monarch
Danaus eresimus Cramer, 1777 - Soldier
Danaus erippus Cramer, 1775 - Southern Monarch
Danaus genutia Cramer, 1779 - Common Tiger
Danaus gilippus Cramer, 1775 - Queen
Danaus ismare Cramer, 1780 - Ismare Tiger
Danaus melanippus Cramer, 1777 - White Tiger
Danaus plexippus Linnaeus, 1758 - Monarch.
Danaus at www.funet.fi
Harold Clayton Lloyd, Sr. (
April 20, 1893 – March 8, 1971) was an American actor and producer.
Along with Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton, Lloyd is remembered as one of the most popular and influential comedians of the silent movie years.
Harold Lloyd made nearly 200 movies.
Many were without sound but later movies had sound.
His movies usually had "thrill" sections where Lloyd would be in fast chases and performed his own stunts.
Lloyd did these dangerous stunts himself even though a movie accident had caused the loss of his right thumb and index finger.
Although Lloyd's movies were not as commercially successful as Chaplin's, Lloyd made a lot more money than Chaplin during their movie years. (
$15.7 million to Chaplin's $10.5 million).
Marc-Antoine Charpentier (born near Paris,  1643; died  Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 24 February 1704) was a French composer.
He lived in the period known as the Baroque period.
His most famous music is his  Te Deum.
This work begins with a prelude which today is extremely popular.
It was the signature tune for the European Broadcasting Union where it was used to introduce programmes such as the Vienna New Year's Concert and the Eurovision Song Contest.
It is often used as a voluntary for weddings.
We do not know much for certain about his early life.
He went to Italy where he learned a lot by studying the music of Italian composers.
He studied with the composer Giacomo Carissimi for several years.
When he returned to France he got a job as musician to the Duchess of Guise who was a rich lady who employed several musicians.
He worked for her for many years, both as a singer  (he had a high tenor voice known in French as an “haute-contre”), and as a composer.
When the great playwright Molière stopped working with Lully he asked Charpentier to work with him.
He wrote music for several plays by Molière including Le malade imaginaire.
After Molière's died in 1673, Charpentier continued to write for other playwrights such as Thomas Corneille and Jean Donneau de Visé.
He often used more musicians than he was allowed (only Lully, the king’s composer, was allowed to use lots of musicians for his performances).
In the end Charpentier stopped writing music for plays.
In 1679, Charpentier was invited to compose for the king’s son, the Dauphin.
The Dauphin had a private chapel and Charpentier wrote religious music for him.
In 1683 he was given a royal pension.
In April of that year he became very ill and could not work for a time.
From late 1687 to early 1698, Charpentier was maître de musique to the Jesuits, Soon he stopped composing big works such as oratorios and concentrated on smaller works for church worship which were sometimes played by a large number of players.
He also was music teacher to the Duke of Chartres.
In 1698 he was made maître de musique at the  Sainte-Chapelle in Paris.
This was one of the top musical jobs in France (the only better job in sacred music in France was director of the royal chapel at Versailles).
He kept this job until his death in 1704.
After his death nearly all the works he wrote for the Chapel were destroyed.
This was the usual procedure when a maître de musique died.
His famous Mass Assumpta Est Maria has survived.
Perhaps that is because it was not composed for the Chapel.
Charpentier’s compositions include oratorios, masses, operas, and many smaller works.
He also wrote a lot of music for plays.
Many of his smaller works for one or two voices and instruments he called air sérieux or air à boire if they are in French, but cantata if they are in Italian.
Geneviève Bujold (born 1 July 1942) is a Canadian actress.
She is best known for her portrayal of Anne Boleyn in the 1969 movie Anne of the Thousand Days.
Bujold was born in Montreal, Quebec, into a Catholic French Canadian working-class family.
She received a strict convent education for twelve years.
After that, she entered Montreal's Conservatoire d'art dramatique.
There she was trained in the great classics of French theatre.
She made her stage debut as Rosine in Beaumarchais' Le Barbier de Séville in 1962.
Bujold got her first major break in 1965, while on a theatrical tour in Paris.
She was noticed by French director Alain Resnais, who offered her a role in his movie La guerre est finie, opposite Yves Montand.
This led to her staying in France for a time.
There she appeared in two other movies: Philippe de Broca's Le Roi de Coeur, opposite Alan Bates, and Louis Malle's Le voleur, opposite Jean-Paul Belmondo.
Back in Canada, Bujold married screenwriter/director/producer Paul Almond in 1967.
She starred in three of his movies; Isabel (1968), The Act of the Heart (1970) and Journey (1972).
She won the Canadian Film Award for best actress for the first two.
The couple divorced in 1973, but worked again together in Final Assignment (1980) and The Dance Goes On (1991).
The latter also featured their son Mathew Almond (born in 1968).
Bujold appeared in Michel Brault's Entre la mer et l'eau douce (1967).
She appeared in Claude Jutra's Kamouraska (1973), and won her third Canadian Film Award for best actress for that role.
Bujold made notable appearances on American television (Hallmark Hall of Fame, NBC) in George Bernard Shaw's classic plays; Saint Joan in 1967, and Caesar and Cleopatra in 1976, the later opposite Sir Alec Guinness.
She also appeared in Jean Anouilh's Antigone in 1974 (Great Performances, PBS).
International recognition came in 1969, when Bujold portrayed Anne Boleyn in Charles Jarrott's movie Anne of the Thousand Days, opposite Richard Burton's Henry VIII.
Her performance won her the Golden Globe Award for best actress in a leading role and an Academy Award nomination in the same category.
The following year, she played Cassandra in Michael Cacoyannis's movie version of The Trojan Women, opposite Katharine Hepburn, Vanessa Redgrave and Irene Papas.
Bujold is fluent in both French and English.
She has worked steadily in the United States, Canada and France.
Notable movies have included; Earthquake (1974), L'incorrigible (1975), Swashbuckler (1976), Obsession (1976), Another man, another chance (1977), Coma (1978), Murder by Decree (1979), Monsignor (1982), Tightrope (1984), Choose Me (1984), Dead Ringers (1988), The Moderns (1988), Les noces de papier (1989), Mon amie Max (1994), The House of Yes (1997), Eye of the Beholder (1999), Finding Home (2003), etc.
In 1994, she was chosen to play the lead character in the popular television series Star Trek: Voyager.
She made headlines when she quit after the first episode, finding the shooting schedule too demanding.
Geneviève Bujold has lived in Malibu, California, since 1974.
She has a second son, Emmanuel (born in 1980), with companion Dennis Hastings.
1967 - Prix Suzanne Bianchetti for most promising actress in Le voleur
1968 - Canadian Film Award for best actress in Isabel
1969 - Golden Globe Award for best actress in Anne of the thousand days
1970 - Canadian Film Award for best actress in The Act of the Heart
1973 - Canadian Film Award for best actress in Kamouraska
1979 - Genie Award for best supporting actress in Murder by Decree
1990 - Prix Gémeaux for best actress in Les noces de papier
The Canadian Film Encyclopedia, The Toronto Film Festival Group, November 2007.
Andris Nelsons (born November 18 1978) is a Latvian conductor.
He is particularly known as the conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra.
Nelsons was born in Riga, Latvia.
His mother started the first early music group in Latvia.
His father plays the cello and conducts choirs.
Nelsons learned to play the trumpet.
He played the trumpet with the Latvian National Opera.
He had always wanted to be a conductor.
The conductor Mariss Jansons taught him to become a good conductor.
In 2003 Nelsons became principal conductor of the Latvian National Opera.
He stayed with them for five years.
In 2006, he became chief conductor of the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie of Herford, Germany, for three years.
Latvian conductors
The same video format can be (in dependency to used codec) denoted by several different FourCC codes.
Even there is no exception to the rule to use more FourCC codes for that format by same codec.
For example, some different DivX codec versions denote MPEG-4 ASP format by DIVX and DX50 codes.
Therefore, selection of this code depends on used codec and thus on used multimedia framework.
FourCC.org – FourCC codes for video codecs and uncompressed formats
Frederick Ralph Cornelius Penner, CM (born November 6, 1946) is a Canadian TV host who is famous as a children's entertainer.
Penner does concerts and lectures across North America.
From 1985 to 1997 he had his own television show called "Fred Penner's Place."
It was shown on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television network.
It was co-produced and shown on Nickelodeon in 1989 and 1990.
Fred Penner was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
He began writing songs when he was only four years old.
He taught himself how to play guitar.
He learned that he could use his music to communicate and educate his sister who had Down Syndrome.
After he graduated from university he worked with mentally and physically challenged children by using music to comfort and entertain them.
Penner recorded an album of the music he used to educate his mentally challenged students.
The album was called "The Cat Came Back."
He also recorded a song of the same name which became a very famous children's song.
He sang The Cat Came back on the popular children's TV show "Sharon, Lois & Bram's Elephant Show" in 1984.
The following year the CBC network gave Penner his own TV show.
In 1991 he was made a Member of the Order of Canada.
He was given this honour for his years of "using music and song to entertain and educate his young audience".
Fred Penner's Official Site
Frasin is a town in Suceava County, Romania.
The Suceava River is 2 nautical miles to the northwest of Frasin, and Vama is 3.5 nautical miles west of Frasin.
Frasin, a town in Suceava County
Frasin, a village in the Pleşoi commune in Dolj County
Frasin, a village in the Vladimir commune in Gorj County
MyWikiBiz is a wiki directory that lets people write about themselves.
It began as a service creating Wikipedia articles for paying corporations.
The site was founded by Gregory Kohs, a market researcher.
Gregory Kohs and his sister started the MyWikiBiz venture in Pennsylvania in July 2006, first as a paid editing service, writing content for Wikipedia and other  sites.
The legitimacy of the idea was supported by the English Wikipedia’s Reward Board, where interested parties would offer cash rewards or gifts to create or improve Wikipedia articles.
Topiary is the art of creating sculptures by clipping trees and bushes (shrubs).
The shrubs used in topiary are evergreen, have small leaves, and produce dense foliage.
Common plants used in topiary include bay laurel, holly bushes, myrtle and privet hedges.
Shaped wire cages are sometimes used in modern topiary but traditional topiary depends on using special scissors with patience and a steady hand.
Notably, the Samban-Lei Sekpil is the tallest topiary plant in the world.
The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener.
A friend of Julius Caesar introduced Rome to the topiary.
In Japan and China they have “cloud pruning” where they cut bushes into the shapes of clouds and “Karikomi”, where they cut large shrubs into curved shapes and objects.
Bonsai is a form of topiary.
During the 16th century in Europe typical traditional topiary included geometric shapes: balls, pyramids, cones, and spirals.
In the 20th century Walt Disney used topiaries in the form of his cartoon characters to decorate his theme parks.
Aldwych tramway station was a tram stop that was underneath Kingsway.
The tramway station should not to be confused with Aldwych tube station.
The stop is part of the Kingsway tramway subway.
Services running from Angel Islington to Aldwych started on 24 February 1906.
Services from Highbury & Islington station to Tower Bridge and Kennington Gate started on 10 April 1908.
The Strand Underpass, which opened in 1964, comes to surface level part way through the former location of the Aldwych tramway station.
No sign of the former station is visible on the surface or from the road tunnel however.
Includes an illustrated account of a visit to the site in November 2003
LCC Tramways 1914 Map showing routes south of Aldwych station
The 1969–70 NHL season was the 53rd season of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Twelve teams each played 76 games.
The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the St. Louis Blues four games to none in the final series.
The 1970–71 NHL season was the 54th season of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Fourteen teams each played 78 games.
The Montreal Canadiens were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Chicago Black Hawks in seven games in the final series.
The Buffalo Sabres and the Vancouver Canucks made their NHL debuts this season.
Francis I  (Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real power of those positions.
With his wife, Maria Theresa of Austria, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty.
From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine, but lost Lorraine when he had to give it to France.
He was the father of Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France.
He married Maria Theresa of Austria for love.
with the input of the Prince of Craon.
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1737-1740).
Archduchess Maria Anna (1738-1789).
Archduchess Maria Caroline (1740-1741).
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790)
Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (1742-1798)
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1743-1808).
Archduke Charles Joseph (1745-1761).
Archduchess Maria Amalia (1746-1804)
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II (1747-1792)
Archduchess Maria Caroline (stillborn 1748).
Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela (1750-1762).
Archduchess Maria Josepha (1751-1767).
Queen Maria Carolina of Naples and Sicily (1752-1814)
Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre, born Maria Antonia (1755-1793)
Archduke Maximilian Francis (1756-1801)
8 December 1708 - 4 June 1723: His Highness Prince Francis Stephan of Lorraine
4 June 1723 - 27 March 1729: His Highness The Hereditary Prince of Lorraine
27 March 1729 - 12 July 1737: His Royal Highness The Duke of Lorraine
12 July 1737 - 20 January 1745: His Royal Highness The Grand Duke of Tuscany
20 January 1745 - 18 August 1765: His Imperial Majesty The Holy Roman Emperor
Francis 2
Alexander Selkirk, (1676 - 13th December 1721) also known as Alexander Selcraig, was a Scottish sailor.
He became famous for his amazing story of survival and is likely to have inspired Daniel Defoe to write the book Robinson Crusoe.
He was on an expedition when the captain of the ship, Captain Stradling, left him on an island off the coast of Chile.
Selkirk's job on board was the navigator.
He controlled where the ship needed to go and where it was at that point in time.
He had an important job.
He tried to warn the captain about certain repairs that were needed but the captain ignored Selkirk and carried on sailing.
Selkirk knew the ship was to drown at any given moment and tried to demand the repairs were taken care of but nobody listened.
They had stopped at an island to restock fresh water and supplies.
Selkirk said he would rather stay on the island than continue to ride on a dangerous, leaky ship.
So there he was left.
He had last minute second thoughts and tried to get back onto the ship but Stradling refused.
Selkirk was marooned on that island for about four years and had to rely on himself and his skills for survival.
At the time of his rescue, he had been gone for about four years.
He was very familiar with crafting things himself out of resources on the islands and having to use his survival skills.
He heard noises and when he went to find out what it was, he saw ships on the horizon.
He didn't know if they were on his side or enemies but he knew he had to try.
He got their attention and so they sailed over to his island.
Once they had beached on the shore, Selkirk came out from the bushes with his hands up.
It turned out they were English and on his side.
They let him aboard their ship and they were at sea for another year, stopping off at a few places, before returning to England.
When he returned, his story was written down by a person in his town and has been made into a slightly different version by Daniel Defoe who named it Robinson Crusoe. '
Robinson Crusoe' has been rewritten many times by lots of different people.
There were some differences like how Crusoe was stranded for over twenty years and Selkirk, four.
Even though this story was based off Selkirk, the exact island he was deserted on was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island after previously being called Juan Fernández Island.
Robert Gould Shaw (October 10, 1837 in Boston, Massachusetts – July 18, 1863 in Morris Island, South Carolina) was a colonel during the American Civil War.
He led the all African American 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.
Robinson Crusoe Island is the largest of three islands in the Juan Fernández archipelago, belonging to Chile.
The island is also known as Isla Más a Tierra or Aguas Buenas.
More than 800 people live on the island, which is  from the coast of South America.
In 1966, Chile renamed it Robinson Crusoe Island, because Alexander Selkirk had spent about four years alone there.
Selkirk may have been the person who inspired Daniel Defoe to write the book Robinson Crusoe.
Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton VI (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American actor and movie director.
He is most famous for his silent films which showed his skill at physical comedy.
The magazine Entertainment Weekly listed Keaton at number seven on their list of "The Greatest Directors of All Time."
And in 1999 the American Film Institute placed Keaton at 21 on their list of "The Greatest Male Actors of All Time."
Famous movie critic Roger Ebert wrote that Keaton's "extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929, he worked without interruption on a series of movies that make him, arguably, the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies."
In a 2002 worldwide poll by "Sight & Sound" Keaton's 1927 movie titled "The General" was number 15 on their "Best movies of All Time" list.
Three other Keaton movies were also added to the magazine's survey.
Buster Keaton Museum
Buster Keaton in Five Easy Clips
Russian roulette is a deadly game played with a revolver.
In the game, there is only one bullet in one of the six cylinder slots of the revolver.
The person then closes the cylinder, spins it, places it against their head or sometimes inside their mouth and pulls the trigger.
The person therefore has a one-in-six chance of killing themselves.
It is done either for bravado, boredom, suicide or other reasons.
It sometimes used in fiction as part of interrogations, where the interrogator asks the suspect if he wants to play a game of Russian roulette and palms the bullet.
A nude beach is a place where people can swim, without having clothes on.
There are many nude beaches found around the world.
For example, there is a public nude beach called Haulover Beach near Miami, Florida.
There is a public nude park usually called Hippie Hollow Park (but officially called McGregor Park) on a lake near Austin, Texas.
There is an admission charge and children are not allowed.
There are several nude beaches in California.
People are nude at one end of a public nude beach called Crystal Crescent Beach near Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
There is a public nude beach called Hanlan's Point Beach on an island near downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
There is a public nude beach called Wreck Beach in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
There is a public nude beach close to New York City called Gunnison in Sandy Hook, New Jersey.
An undercroft is traditionally a cellar or storage room, often brick-lined and vaulted, and used for storage in buildings since medieval times.
Buddha Bar is a Parisian bar and restaurant.
It is in Boissy-d'Anglas street, in the 8th district of Paris, famous for its atmosphere.
The franchise has expanded with similarly themed Buddha Bar venues in Prague, Kyiv and London, among others.
October 2012 saw the launch of Buddha-Bar London and Parisians,  Tarja Visan has brought her expertise across the channel and into the heart of Knightsbridge.
Buddha-Bar London aims to push culinary boundaries and the menu blends Far Eastern cuisine with Western tastes and influences.
Chinese, Japanese, Thai and other Eastern flavours are stylishly entwined to spearhead a new-wave Pacific Rim cuisine.
Dishes created especially for London include Venison Tataki, Smoked Duck and Foie Gras Gyoza, Dragon Scallop and Pan-fried Seabass with Shiso Butter.
Buddha Bar website
Trisomy 18, also known as Edwards syndrome is a trisomy.
It is a genetic disorder.
People with trisomy 18 have three copies of chromosome 18. "
Normal" people have two copies of the chromosome.
It is named after John H. Edwards, who first described the syndrome in 1960.
It is the second most common autosomal trisomy, after Down Syndrome, that carries to term.
It is estimated that about  one in 3,000 live births are affected.
The incidence increases as the mother's age increases.
The syndrome has a very low rate of survival.
People with Edwards syndrome often have heart abnormalities, kidney malformations, and other internal organ disorders.
About 95% of the babies with Edwards syndrome die before they are born.
About half of all babies born with the condition will reach two months of age, and only 5-10% will survive for a year.
The median life span is five to fifteen days.
One percent of children born with this syndrome live to age ten, typically in cases of the less severe mosaic Edwards syndrome.
The Thames Embankment is a major feat of 19th century civil engineering.
It reclaimed marshy land next to the River Thames in central London.
The Embankment now runs on the northern side of the river from Parliament in Westminster to the City of London.
It is a continuous four-lane road (mostly a double carriageway).
It connects with all the bridges along the route from Westminster Bridge to Blackfriars Bridge.
It was built in two parts, the Victoria and the Chelsea Embankment, but it is now unified.
Londoners regard it as a single road, the Embankment.
There is a much smaller road on the south side of the river, called the Albert Embankment.
The London Transport Executive (LTE) was the organisation responsible for public transport in the Greater London area, England, United Kingdom, between 1948-1963.
In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the public name and operational brand of the organization was London Transport.
The Strand is a street in the City of Westminster, London.
It links the City of London with the centre of London at Charing Cross and Trafalgar Square.
The Strand is the southern boundary of the Covent Garden district.
Covent Garden is the space once occupied by a famous fruit and vegetable market, and is now a huge pedestrian precinct with many and  varied commercial outlets.
The Strand passes Aldwych, and joins directly with Fleet Street at Temple Bar.
The street is just over three-quarters of a mile long.
It includes many commercial premises, two theatres, and hotels.
The most notable hotel is the Savoy Hotel, one of the grand London hotels.
Parnassiinae is a subfamily of butterflies.
It belongs in the family Papilionidae.
They are commonly known as Apollos and Parnassians.
The butterflies in this subfamily are only found in the Holarctic Region (the Holarctic Region is the northern part of North America and Eurasia).
The caterpillars and adults are poisonous to vertebrates.
The caterpillars are thought to be Müllerian mimics with millipedes.
The adult butterflies are thought to be Müllerian mimics with adult Whites.
After mating, the male glues a structure to the end of the female's abdomen.
This keeps the female from mating again.
This structure is called a sphragis.
Tribes and genera
Parnassiini Duponchel, 1835
Hypermnestra Ménétriés, 1846
Parnassius Latreille, 1804
Luehdorfiini Chapman, 1895
Archon Hübner, 1819
Luehdorfia Crüger, 1878
Zerythiini
Sericinus Westwood, 1851
Bhutanitis Atkinson, 1873
Zerynthia Ochsenheimer, 1816
Allancastria Bryk, 1934
The two species listed here are extinct.
They are also of uncertain placement.
Doritites bosniackii Rebel, 1898†
Thaites ruminiana Scudder, 1875†
Parnassiinae at Tree of Life
Papilionidae
Milot, (Kréyòl: Milo) is a town in northern Haiti, in the  arrondissement (part of a Haitian department) Acul-du-Nord, Nord department; the town is on the northern foothills of the Massif du Nord mountain range.
The most important economic activity in Milot is farming.
Some crops are sugar cane, cacao, tobacco and citrus fruits like orange.
Christophe built a palace in Milot where he and his family lived; the palace was named Sans-Souci.
He also built a fort,  Citadelle Laferrière, high in the mountains at about 8 km from Milot, and some smaller forts in Ramiens, on the road to the Citadelle.
These buildings are now part of the Natural History Park - Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers, a World Heritage Site designated by the UNESCO in 1982.
Islam is a minority religion in Austria with 4.22% of the population in the 2001 census.
Most Muslims came to Austria after 1960.
They were migrant workers from Turkey and Ex-Yugoslavia.
There are also communities of Arab and Pakistani origin.
The westernmost Bundesland Vorarlberg has the highest share of Muslims in the country with 8.36%.
There is a lot of industry there.
It is followed by the capital Vienna with 7.82%.
The central Bundesländer Salzburg, Upper Austria, Tyrol and Lower Austria have an average Muslim population.
The south-eastern states of Styria, Carinthia as well as Burgenland in the east have fewer Muslims than the average.
Austria is unique among Western European countries.
It is until now the only country that has granted Muslims the status of a recognized religious community.
They were first recognised after Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878.
Austria has regulated the religious freedoms of the Muslim community with the so called "Anerkennungsgesetz" ("Act of Recognition").
This law was reactivated in 1979 when the Community of Muslim Believers in Austria (Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Österreich) was founded.
This organization has the right to give lessons of religious education in state schools.
It could also collect "church tax", but so far it has not exercised this privilege.
It does not build, finance or administer mosques in Austria.
The religious life takes place in mosques belonging to organisations.
These organisations represent one of the currents of Turkish, Bosnian and Arab Muslims.
Among the Turkish organisations, the "Federation of Turkish-Islamic Associations" is controlled by the Directorate for Religious Affairs, whereas the other groups, such as the Süleymancıs and Milli Görüş can be seen as branches of the pan-European organisation centered in Germany.
Muslims in Austria according to their ethnic groups
Study for Bundesministerium des Innern: Perspektiven und Herausforderungen in der Integration muslimischer MitbürgerInnen in Österreich, Mathias Rohe, Universität Erlangen.
May 2006 (summary by MilitantIslamMonitor.
Org: Radical Islam in Europe: Austrian government study concludes 45% of Muslims unwilling to integrate)
Anna Strobel: Unique Legal Status – Muslims in Austria  From: Herder Korrespondenz, 2006/4, pp.
Census 2001: Population 2001 according to religious affiliation, languages, origin and nationality (PDF)(German), Statistik Austria.
Religion in Austria
Clever Hans (in German, der Kluge Hans) was a horse that was supposed to be able to do lots of difficult mathematical sums and solve complicated problems.
Later, it was discovered that the horse was giving the right answers by watching the reactions of the people who were watching him.
How Hans seemed to be clever
Hans was a horse that lived in Germany in the early 20th century.
He belonged to a man called Wilhelm von Osten.
Von Osten was a teacher who taught mathematics at a local school.
He was an amateur horse trainer.
This was a time when people were becoming interested in how intelligent animals were.
This was largely because of what Charles Darwin had been writing about.
Von Osten taught Hans to add, subtract, multiply, divide, work with fractions, tell the time and date, read and spell and to understand German.
If he asked the horse a question such as: "What is 12 plus 12", the horse would tap its hoof 24 times.
Von Osten traveled round the country with Hans, showing off his clever horse to the public.
Scientists became interested in Clever Hans.
The psychologist Carl Stumpf got a group of people together to study what was happening.
His assistant  Oskar Pfungst was the main investigator.
The horse almost always gave the right answer when he could see his owner.
He also gave the right answer if someone else asked him a question.
This showed that Von Osten was not deliberately giving him secret signs.
Pfungst provided the horse with blinders, which meant the horse could see only straight ahead.
If he could see the person asking him the question, he got the answers right 89% of the time.
If the person asking the questions was standing to the side, where the horse could not see, the answers were right only 6% of the time.
Also, the horse did not get the answer right if the person asking the question did not know the answer himself.
When the horse could answer the question, it started to tap more slowly when it got near to the right answer.
Then it stopped when it got to the right answer.
This showed that the horse was watching the person asking the question, and could sense when the person was expecting him to stop.
Von Osten probably did not realize that he was giving the horse signals just by looking at him.
The horse was, indeed, clever to guess what was wanted of him, but of course it did not understand the mathematics.
The final proof was that Pfungst discovered how to signal to the horse, by slightly raising his eyebrows.
Then he could get the horse to give any response he wanted.
The Clever Hans effect
This effect is often called the "Clever Hans effect".
It is used in psychology to describe when an animal or a person senses what someone wants them to do, even though they are not deliberately being given signals.
It is important to take this effect into account when testing animals' intelligence or human intelligence.
An animal may need to be separated from its trainer if their true intelligence is to be observed.
On the other hand, an animal may be upset when it cannot see its trainer, so it might not give the right answer.
This problem can often be solved by creating a situation in which the trainer does not know the right answer.
The Clever Hans effect is famous, and has been used in popular culture.
For example, there is an episode of The Simpsons ("Smart and Smarter"), in which Lisa Simpson becomes jealous of her baby sister Maggie because Maggie seems to be even more intelligent than Lisa.
Then it is discovered that Maggie has been watching Lisa so carefully that she could sense what the answers were.
Lisa is relieved to discover this.
Classics in Psychology: Oskar Pfungst's Clever Hans (the horse of Mr. von Osten), by Robert H. Wozniak
Clever Hans the math horse
Richard Vincent "Rick" Mercer (born October 17, 1969) is a Canadian comedian who has been on shows like This Hour Has 22 Minutes and his own show The Rick Mercer Report.
The London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) was the organisation responsible for public transport in London, England, United Kingdom, and its environs from 1933 to 1948.
In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the public name and operational brand of the organisation was London Transport.
London bus route historic numbering
The 1924 London Traffic Act imposed a numbering scheme known as the Bassom Scheme, named after Chief Constable A.E. Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who made it.
The numbers were grouped also by the company that operated the route.
The Railway Archive - London Passenger Transport Act, 1933 (25 MB)
The County of London was a county of England from 1889 to 1965, corresponding to the area today known as Inner London.
It was created as part of the general introduction of elected county government in England, by way of the Local Government Act 1888.
County of London boundary map
Brockley is an area and electoral ward of the London Borough of Lewisham in England.
It is about  south east of Charing Cross, it is covered by the London postcode district SE4.
Downham is a district occupying much of the boundary between the London Borough of Lewisham and the London Borough of Bromley; it is the name of an electoral ward covering much of the area on the Lewisham side.
Downham was named in honour of Lord Downham, who was chairman of the London County Council between 1919-20.
Howard William Morenz (June 21, 1902 – March 8, 1937) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player.
He played centre for three National Hockey League (NHL) teams: the Montreal Canadiens (in two stints), the Chicago Black Hawks, and the New York Rangers.
Before joining the NHL, Morenz was a very good player in the junior Ontario Hockey Association, where his team played for the Memorial Cup, the championship for junior ice hockey in Canada.
In the NHL, he was one of the best players in the league and set several league scoring records.
A strong skater, Morenz was called the "Stratford Streak" and "Mitchell Meteor" because he was very fast.
Considered one of the first stars of the NHL, Morenz played 14 seasons in the league.
He was a member of a team that won the Stanley Cup three times, all of them being the Canadiens.
During his NHL career he was in the top 10 leading scorers ten times.
For seven seasons in a row Morenz led the Canadiens in both goals scored and points.
Three times in he was named the most valuable player of the league, and he led the league once in goals scored and twice in points scored.
He was named to the NHL All-Star Team three times.
Morenz died from problems with a broken leg, an injury he suffered in a game.
After his death, the Canadiens stopped using his jersey number, the first time the team had done so for any player.
When the Hockey Hall of Fame opened in 1945, Morenz was one of the first 12 people to be added.
In 1950, the Canadian Press named him the best ice hockey player of the first half of the 20th century.
All statistics are taken from NHL.com.
Norbury is a town in the London Borough of Croydon, on the border with the London Borough of Lambeth and the London Borough of Merton.
It shares the postcode London SW16 with nearby Streatham.
Norbury is  south of Charing Cross.
Waterloo station, also known as 'London Waterloo', is a major railway terminus in London.
It is owned and operated by Network Rail.
It is near the South Bank in the London Borough of Lambeth, and in Travelcard Zone 1.
Station information for Waterloo from Network Rail
Waterloo photo gallery on Flickr
Waterloo Station Central Telephone Enquiry Bureau (CTEB) History
http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/3164
Leyton is an area of East London and part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest,  northeast of Charing Cross.
It borders Walthamstow and Leytonstone; Stratford in Newham; and  Homerton and Lower Clapton in the London Borough of Hackney.
Tooting is a suburb in the London Borough of Wandsworth in south London.
It is  south south-west of Charing Cross.
In the periodic table of the elements, the atomic radius tends to increase as you move down a group because the number of electrons is greater, and so the radius of the circle of electrons in the element is bigger.
As you move to the right across a period, the atomic radius tends to decrease due to the shielding effect.
Dale Davis (born March 25, 1969) is a retired NBA basketball player who played the positions of center and power forward.
When he played in the NBA, he played with the Indiana Pacers, the Portland Trail Blazers, the Golden State Warriors, and the Detroit Pistons.
He played college basketball at Clemson University.
In construction, underpinning is the process of strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an existing building or other structure.
Underpinning may be needed for a many of reasons:
The original foundation is not strong or stable enough.
The usage of the building has changed.
The type of soil supporting the foundation may have changed (possibly through subsidence) or were misjudged during planning.
The construction of nearby structures causes the excavation of soil supporting existing foundations.
It is more economical, due to land price or otherwise, to work on the current structure's foundation than to build a new one.
Epistasis is the interaction between genes at different loci.
It was a term invented by William Bateson in 1909.
When Gregor Mendel did his experiments on the sweet pea, he chose seven traits, such as round vs wrinkled peas, and tall vs short plants.
He found the plants had pairs of 'factors' (genes) which controlled their appearance (phenotype).
However, one pair of factors never affected the other pairs.
But with epistasis, the action of one gene does affect another gene, even one on a different chromosome.
Use of the term has varied somewhat.
Its original meaning was quite narrow: for instance, a gene for no wings in Drosophila will obviously mask genes for any other aspect of the wings.
In general, however, epistasis denotes any departure from independence of the effects of different genetic loci.
Holborn tramway station (not to be confused with Holborn tube station) was a tram stop underneath Kingsway in central London.
It was part of the Kingsway tramway subway route.
When the station opened opened it was named Great Queen Street.
Services from Angel Islington to Aldwych started on 24 February 1906.