the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In Penguins of Madagascar (2014), Jacobs once again reprised his role as King Julien.
He had also provided voice-overs in various commercials.
In addition to the performances that led to All Hail King Julien, Jacobs had been doing voice work for animated television series, including Phineas and Ferb (in which he provided additional voices) and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (in which he voiced Snake / Snakeweed), as well as several video games.
He had said that animation, much like the theater, gives actors a chance to play a wide range of roles.
He said:  He had personally stated that King Julien is his favorite voice role and would gladly reprise his role if ever asked.
Jacobs' performance had received more recognition than the character's predecessor Baron Cohen.
In Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012), he provided Julien's singing voice for the soundtrack.
He provided the voice of Raam and Yeppau in the Lego Star Wars franchise.
On September 20, 2017, Jacobs and his co-star John DiMaggio (who voiced Baash) also appeared as guests on The Star Wars Show.
He had a voice role in Teen Titans Go!
as George Washington and Kiril in The Lion Guard.
In 1993, Jacobs originated the role of Chico Fernández in Jeff Daniels' comedy The Vast Difference at the Purple Rose Theatre.
Jacobs was nominated for the 2010 Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Television Production for his voice role of King Julien in Merry Madagascar (2009), but lost the award to Tom Kenny.
He won a 2011 Daytime Emmy Award and 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for his voice role of King Julien in The Penguins of Madagascar (2008–2015) and All Hail King Julien (2014–2017).
2010: Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Television Production – Nominated
2011: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program – Won
2015: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program – Won
The Invitation to William was a letter sent by seven famous Englishmen.
They were later named the Immortal Seven.
They sent this letter to William III, Prince of Orange, received by him on 30 June 1688 (Julian calendar, 10 July Gregorian calendar).
In England a Catholic male heir to the throne, James Francis Edward Stuart, had been born.
The letter asked William to force the ruling king, his father-in-law James II of England to make William's Protestant wife Mary, James's oldest daughter, the heir.
This might possibly be done by saying that the newborn Prince of Wales was not really James' son.
The letter told William that if he were to land in England with a small army, they would rise up and support him.
The Invitation shortly told him about their complaints against King James.
They said that the King's son was not really the King's son and that the English people generally believed him to be false.
They complained that William had sent a letter to James congratulating him on the birth of his son.
It was carried to William in The Hague by Rear Admiral Arthur Herbert (the later Lord Torrington) disguised as a common sailor.
It was read by a secret code.
The invitation made William decide to carry out his existing plans to land with a large Dutch army.
This ended in the Glorious Revolution.
James was allowed to escape and was replaced by William and Mary as joint rulers.
The signatories
The Earl of Danby
The Earl of Shrewsbury
The Earl of Devonshire
The Viscount Lumley
The Bishop of London (Henry Compton)
Edward Russell
Henry Sydney (who wrote the Invitation)
Ashley, Maurice, The Glorious Revolution of 1688, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1966.
Harris, Tim, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720, Penguin Books, Ltd., 2006.
|1994||rowspan="2"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||32||11||2||0||1||0||35||11
|1997||31||20||0||0||10||5||41||25
|1999||Yokohama F. Marinos||J. League 1||17||4||3||1||4||1||24||6
A royal house or royal dynasty is a family title, or family name of sorts.
It is used by royalty.
It usually means the members of a family in old and young people, who are loosely related.
Unlike most western people, a great number of the world's royal families do not have family names, and those that have them do not use them often.
They are referred to instead by their titles, often related to an area ruled or once ruled by that family.
Royal Houses still exist today.
Deposed or extinct sovereign Houses
The majority of these nations are now republics or part of republics.
The Princely Houses of Germany often have given their own names to the states they ruled.
House of Saumell i Zafra Prince of Achaea.
Aragon Dinasty    Dinastia Aragon
|2006||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2006||rowspan="3"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||17||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||2
|2007||20||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|2008||11||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
Yu Hasegawa (born 5 June 1987) is a Japanese football player.
|2006||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 2||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|2006||Gifu||Regional Leagues||4||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||1
|2007||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2007||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 2||9||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|2008||rowspan="3"|Montedio Yamagata||J. League 2||39||13||2||0||colspan="2"|-||41||13
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||31||10||1||0||5||0||37||10
Alexandro Marques de Oliveira (born 17 June 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.
|2005||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||8||2||0||0||8||2
|2004||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||6||0||0||0||6||0
Hirakawa was born in Kanagawa Prefecture on January 10, 1965.
After graduating from Juntendo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nissan Motors (later Yokohama Marinos) in 1987.
From 1988 to 1990, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup for two years in a row.
During the 1990s, the club won the 1990 JSL Cup, 1991 and 1992 Emperor's Cup.
In Asia, the club won the 1991–92 and 1992–93 Asian Cup Winners' Cups.
Toward the end of his career, he played for Yokohama Flügels in 1995 and Consadole Sapporo in 1996.
He retired in 1996.
In March 1985, Hirakawa was selected the Japan national team for 1986 World Cup qualification.
At this qualification, on March 21, he debuted against North Korea.
After he joined Nissan Motors, he was selected Japan again in 1988 and 1989.
In 1992, he also played 1 game for the first time in 3 years.
He played 13 games for Japan until 1992.
|1987/88||rowspan="5"|Nissan Motors||rowspan="5"|JSL Division 1||20||1||||||0||0||20||1
|1988/89||12||1||||||5||2||12||1
|1989/90||14||0||||||4||0||18||0
|1991/92||22||0||||||3||1||25||1
|1992||rowspan="3"|Yokohama Marinos||rowspan="3"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||0||0||9||1||9||1
|1993||31||2||3||0||5||0||39||2
|1994||11||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
|1995||Yokohama Flügels||J1 League||13||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|1996||Consadole Sapporo||Football League||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
Tezuka was born in Tochigi Prefecture on September 4, 1958.
After graduating from Chuo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Fujita Industries in 1981.
The club won the league champions in 1981.
He played 167 games and scored 42 goals in the league.
On June 11, 1980, when Tezuka was a Chuo University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against China.
He played 25 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1988.
After retirement, Tezuka started coaching career at Fujita Industries (later Bellmare Hiratsuka, Shonan Bellmare) in 1991.
In 2003, he moved to Mito HollyHock and became an assistant coach.
In 2005, he moved to Thespa Kusatsu and became a manager.
In 2007, he signed with Japanese Regional Leagues club Fagiano Okayama.
He promoted the club to Japan Football League in 2008 and J2 League in 2009.
In 2010, he moved to Fukushima United FC and managed until 2011.
|1981||rowspan="10"|Fujita Industries||rowspan="9"|JSL Division 1||15||5
|1983||13||0
|1985/86||21||8
|1986/87||21||5
|1987/88||22||4
|1988/89||11||1
|1989/90||20||5
|1990/91||JSL Division 2||21||4
|1994||rowspan="5"|Tokyo||rowspan="5"|Football League||30||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|1996||26||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|1997||8||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|1999||rowspan="2"|Tokyo Gas||J. League 2||16||0||0||0||4||0||20||0
|2000||J. League 1||1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
Toshihiro Uchida (born 12 August 1972) is a former Japanese football player.
Kim Yong-Sik (July 25, 1910 - March 5, 1985) was a South Korean professional footballer and coach.
He was a member of the Japanese national team and the Korean national team.
He competed in two Summer Olympic Games.
|1936||2||0
Japan National Football Team Database
If a main performer is unable to perform, the understudy will take their place.
The understudy is often a member of the chorus who might have had a small part in the performance anyway.
Sometimes an understudy is called a "standby".
A standby is usually not a member of the chorus or ensemble.
They may be required to be present in the theatre during the performance, or part of it, in case of a problem.
Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York (22 March 1638 – 31 March 1671) was the first wife of James, Duke of York (the future King James II of England and VII of Scotland).
She was also and the mother of two queens, Mary II of England and Scotland and Anne of Great Britain.
The royal family stayed in exile after the English Civil War.
Anne's father served as the Royalist chief adviser to the future King Charles II of England, James's older brother.
Anne was Maid of Honour to Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, sister of Charles and James.
It was during this time that James seduced Anne while she was in his sister's service and Charles forced James to marry Anne.
He said that her strong character would be a good influence on his weak-willed brother.
Duchess of York
The couple went through an official marriage ceremony on 3 September 1660, in London, after the English Restoration of the monarchy.
Anne was not a beautiful woman.
In fact, Samuel Pepys slights her as being quite plain.
However, the French Ambassador described her as having "courage, cleverness, and energy almost worthy of a King's blood".
1671 deaths
The Bill of Rights (a short title) is an act of the Parliament of England.
Its full name is The Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown.
It is often called the English Bill of Rights.
The Bill of Rights was passed by Parliament in December 1689.
It provides many of the rights requested in the Petition of Right in February after the overthrow of James II of England in the Glorious Revolution, and is still in effect today.
Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz (Prague, 17 May 1836 – New York, 12 August 1900) was an Austrian chess grandmaster who emigrated first to London, then to the USA.
He was the first undisputed World Chess Champion and held it from 1886 to 1894, unofficially from 1872.
Steinitz won the title by beating Johannes Zukertort in a match in 1886.
He lost it to Emanuel Lasker in 1894.
He also lost a rematch with Lasker in 1897.
Born a Jew in Bohemia, Steinitz studied mathematics at the Vienna Polytecnic, and won the Vienna chess championship in 1861 with a score of 31/32.
After playing in the London 1862 tournament, he stayed in London as a professional player in clubs and coffee houses.
He won a series of matches against all the best English and other players living in London.
This established him as one of the best player in the world.
Apart from the chess, this match was a landmark in chess organisation.
It was the first event to be timed by clocks.p82 The time for each move was recorded by hand.
The totals for each player could then be added.
This was the first practical step taken to make sure each player had the same total thinking time available.
It had always been a problem that some players took much longer than others, unfairly so.
Timing also helped to keep the total time for play within bounds.
Eventually, special chess clocks were designed, and the idea has spread to other two-person games such as Go.
Steinitz beat Johannes Zukertort in 1872, and again later in 1886.
This last match all agree was for the world championship.
Zukertort was a brilliant and boastful player, who was also resident in London for many years.
Both the men wrote for chess magazines, and there was a good deal of rivalry.
Steinitz did not win a really strong tournament until London 1872, and did not finish above Andersson until Vienna 1873.
He came equal first at Vienna 1882, and second (to Zukertort) in London 1883, both top-class events.
In general, his tournament play was not so outstanding as his match play.
In match play he was the best of his day: he won 24 matches running until Lasker beat him.p396
As a younger man, Steinitz played in the all-out attacking style that was common in the 1860s.
Later, he developed a new positional style of play and demonstrated that it was superior to the previous style.
His new style was controversial, and some even branded it as 'cowardly'.
Some of Steinitz's games showed that it could also set up attacks as ferocious as those of the old school.
Steinitz was argumentative, and was often in disputes with other chess writers.
He was a prolific writer in chess magazines, and defended his ideas vigorously.
The debate was bitter and sometimes abusive: it became known as the 'Ink War'.
By the early 1890s, Steinitz' approach was more widely accepted and the next generation of top players acknowledged their debt to him, especially his successor as world champion, Emanuel Lasker.
"In the beginning of the game ignore the search for combinations, abstain from violent moves, aim for small advantages, accumulate them, and only after having attained these ends search for the combination – and then with all the power of will and intellect, because then the combination must exist, however deeply hidden".
He was given an enthusiastic reception, played several exhibitions, many casual games, a match for stakes of £50 with a wealthy amateur, and slightly more serious matches with New World professionals.
The match with the Cuban champion Celso Golmayo Zúpide was abandoned when Steinitz was leading (eight wins, one draw, one loss).
His hosts even arranged a visit to New Orleans, where Paul Morphy lived.
While based in New York he played matches against Zukertort (St Louis 1883), twice against Russia's Mikhail Chigorin (Havana 1889 & 1892), Isidor Gunsberg (New York 1890/91).
Finally, there were the two losing matches against Emanuel Lasker, (Philadelphia/New York/Montreal 1894 and Moscow 1896/97).
These were all for the world championship.
There were also a dozen matches against lesser masters, including four against J.H. Blackburne, the leading English professional.
The book of the Hastings 1895 chess tournament, written collectively by the players, described Steinitz as follows:
"Mr. Steinitz stands high as a theoretician and as a writer; he has a powerful pen, and when he chooses can use expressive English.
He evidently strives to be fair to friends and foes alike, but appears sometimes to fail to see that after all he is much like many others in this respect.
Possessed of a fine intellect, and extremely fond of the game, he is apt to lose sight of all other considerations, people and business alike.
Chess is his very life and soul, the one thing for which he lives".
Steinitz died in poverty, having spent some of his last years in a New York mental institution.
His second wife and their two young children survived him, and a fund of $1050 was raised to help them.
Bachmann L. 1910–1921.
Schachmeister Steinitz.
4 vols, reprint Olms 1990.
The games of Wilhelm Steinitz.
ed Pickard & Son 1995.
A collection of 1,022 Steinitz' games with annotations.
Kasparov, Garry 2003.
My great predecessors, part I. Everyman Chess. .
Wilhelm Steinitz, world chess champion.
Paul Steinitz, organist and conductor.
was the 13th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Historians consider Emperor Seimu to be a legendary  person, and the name Seimu-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.
Seimu is almost certainly a legend; but the Kojiki and Nihonshoki record his name.
Events of Seimu's life
The limited information about Seimu does not imply that no such person ever existed.
When the game is paused temporarily.
Less common today, as most games are played to a finish.
If a game is adjourned, a sealed move is necessary so the player to move does not have any advantage.
Adjudication
Method to decide the result of an unfinished game.
It is done by an expert who judges the position on the board.
The expert is often appointed before the tournament or match starts.
The method is only used if games are not played to a finish, and there are no adjournments.
Adjust piece
See J'adoube
System of chess notation in which each square has one name.
From White's left to right, each file is labelled from a to h. From White's bottom to top, each rank is labelled 1 to 8.
Thus the left bottom square is a1, and the right top square is h8.
An assault on part of the opponent's position.
May be short-term (e.g., after 1.e4 Nf6, Black attacks White's pawn on e4), or long-term.
Examples of long-term attacks:  a sustained mating attack against the enemy king or a minority attack against the opponent's queenside pawn structure.
See also: defence and initiative
Bad bishop
Basic endings
Endgames with few pawns or pieces.
Set positions and ideas which can be taught to learners, and which every player should know.
Examples: doing checkmate with
a rook
two bishops
a bishop and knight.
a rook and pawn versus an opponent rook
A bind is a hold on the opponent's position which stops him from freeing it.
Usually by means of pawns; a severe type of restraint.
The term used to describe the retention of both bishops.
This term is usually used after one of both knights has been exchanged for one of both bishops.
The player with the 'bishop pair' theoretically has the advantage over an opponent with two knights, or a bishop and a knight.
Blindfold chess
Chess played by a strong player without being able to see the board.
The player is not blind, but sits with his back to the boards, or wears a blindfold.
Moves are called out in notation.
Blitz chess
Defined by FIDE (Appendix C) as a game where all the moves must be made within a set time of less than 15 minutes for each side.
They are always played with clocks.
Some special rules are required.
Players need not write down the moves; touch & move does not apply.
Instead, a move is completed only when the player starts the opponent's clock.
There is usually a provision for a player to stop the clock and claim a draw when there is no way for the opponent to win.
Wins on time must be claimed by the player; games are drawn if both flags fall.
A type of chess played by four players on two boards.
Pieces can be moved from one board to another.
A checkmate on either board wins the game.
A simultaneous move (the only one in chess) whereby king and rook move past each other.
See page for details.
The earliest form of chess.
See History of chess.
Cheating at chess
Any deliberate violation of the Laws of Chess.
The most frequent accusations of cheating include violations of the touch and move law (Article 4) and 'no outside help' (Article 12) rules.
Clocks control the timing of chess games.
They show separately the time taken by each player.
Electronic clocks can also count the moves made, and apply the set time limits for a game.
A forcing sequence of moves, usually has a sacrifice, to gain the advantage.
In the diagram White wins with 1.Nh6+ Kh8 2.Qg8+ Rxg8 3.Nf7#.
This is both a combination and a smothered mate.
Chess with moves sent by mail.
Once popular, especially in remote areas, but now not so popular.
It has been hurt by the invention of computer chess engines.
Counter-attack
Where a player defends by attacking his opponent instead of making defensive moves.
Example: when players castle on opposite wings, both attack each other's king, making as few defensive moves as possible.
Dark square bishop
An opening played by Black, e.g. Sicilian Defence.
A move or series of moves taken to protect a piece or position which is under attack.
Descriptive Notation
An older form of notation, each half of the board describes its squares based in relevance to prices of the board.
An E4 opening could be described as King’s Pawn 4 or Queen’s Knight to queen’s Bishop 3.
Although this method is very uncommon and superseded by Algebraic Notation, it is still encountered in several chess books.
A fundamental concept of opening theory.
The number of pieces in active play.
Can be assessed comparatively, by counting the number of active pieces developed by each side.
To some extent, development is reactive.
What one player does is affected by what the opponent does.
Therefore, development proceeds differently in different openings.
The squares on which bishops move, at 45o to the ranks and files.
Discovered check
Double attack
The basis of all tactics.
It occurs when one move attacks two places at the same time, as might happen with a discovered check, or a fork.
Doubled isolated pawns
Doubled pawn
Two pawns of the same colour on the same file.
Can only happen after a capture by one of the pawns.
One of three potential outcomes of a chess game, the others being Win and Loss.
Draws may occur by agreement, by stalemate, or by the expiration of a player's time when the opponent does not possess sufficient material to cause checkmate, i.e. a lone king.
In tournament play, a draw results in a score of 0.5 for each player; otherwise the players score 1.0 for a win, and 0.0 for a loss.
A style of play which is "double-edged".
Typically, long-term pawn weaknesses may be counterbalanced by piece activity.
Dynamism stemmed from the teachings of the 'Hypermodern movement', which challenged the dogma found in more classical teachings, such as those of Wilhelm Steinitz and Siegbert Tarrasch.
Elo rating
The rating system invented by the late Professor Arpad Elo, and used by FIDE since 1970.
The system gives a four-figure number which shows how well a player has scored in those games which have been entered into the database.
It is an estimate of strength based on results, and is widely used to place players into categories.
2500 and above is grandmaster level.p123
A special method of capturing, only available to a pawn on its fifth rank.
See En passant rule.
Simple capture of material by each player.
Specifically, the exchange of a rook for a minor piece (bishop or knight).
Fianchetto
Developing the bishop at the squares b2, g2, b7 or g7.
Also, moving a pawn one square forward to allow this.
It is a hallmark of the hypermodern openings: the bishops there do not occupy the centre, but influence it.
Fédération Internationale des Échecs: the International Chess Federation.
The overall governing body of the game.
Fifty-move rule
The game is drawn if 50 moves are played with no captures and no pawn moves.
This is to prevent a player forcing his opponent to play on in a position where no win is possible, yet where three-fold repetition has not happened.
The rule is ancient: the Arabic version of the game, Shatranj, had a 70-move rule.
There is an exception to the 50-move rule.
There are some positions which require more than 50 moves to win, yet have no captures or pawn moves.
They are rare, and many players never see such an event in their lifetime.
The circumstance is as follows.
Suppose a computer study has shown that a particular position can be won in 58 moves (without pawn moves or captures), but not fewer.
This is proved because a computer can try out every alternative.
Then the case is published (so FIDE can list it for arbitrators).
The cases listed by FIDE in 1988 were:
Q v B+B; Q v N+N; B+B v N; N+N v pawn; Q+pawn one square from promotion v Q; R+B v R. In all cases, no other pieces except the kings are on the board.p134
What FIDE did for these cases was to extend the 50-move rule to 75 moves.
However, still more cases were found, many with far more moves needed.
At that, FIDE decided to cancel the extension.
Now the 50-move rule applies to all games without exception.
Little images of pieces used in diagrams and printed chess scores (moves).
Software is available which permits chess authors to compose text with diagrams and figurines.
Together with standard symbols, this makes texts available for international sale.
For this to apply, the text should have little or no prose, or use a widely understood language like English.
The eight vertical columns on the board, numbered a to h. The phrase open file is used when no pawn blocks a file.
The phrase semi-open file is used when only one pawn blocks a file.
Forsyth notation
A method for recording positions.
The board is read from a8 to h8, and rank by rank from the black side to the white side.
Then the result is written down by hand, putting numbers for blank squares.
Upper case letters (capitals) are used for white pieces; lower case letters for black pieces. *
rnbqkbnr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/RNBQKBNR is the starting position.
A chess opening in which a player offers a pawn (or more) for fast development and an attack.
King's Gambit: 1e4 e5 2f4: Black can take the pawn and keep it.
Queen's Gambit: 1d4 d5 2c4: Black can take the pawn, but cannot keep it.
It is not really a gambit, but called so by tradition.
Grading or rating: a number which indicates how likely one player is to beat another.
A competitive ranking list based solely on results.
The situation where a player, in error, moves a piece to where it can be captured without an exchange.
For instance, player A. just hung his or her bishop.
The situation where one player is making threats, and his opponent must respond to them.
The attacking player is said to "have the initiative" and can often dictate the way the game develops.
Isolated pawns do not have a pawn of the same colour on either of the adjacent files.
An Isolated Queens Pawn, or 'IQP' for short, is one of the most common types of Isolated Pawns.
Openings with an IQP lead to distinctive [[middlegame]] strategies.
J'adoube
Means 'I adjust'; said before adjusting a piece on the board during a game.
Usually occurs when a player has made a move, and carelessly left the piece overlapping the square.
Kriegspiel ('War game') is an unorthodox chess game in which the players only know for certain the moves of their own pieces.
They have to deduce where the opponent's pieces are by questioning an umpire.
It is played on three boards with partitions between them.
The umpire sits with the middle board with the true position.
Players are permitted to ask two kinds of question. "
Can I move here?"
and "Are there any?" (
meaning pawn captures).
The umpire replies accordingly.
Checks and captures are announced by the umpire, and provide more clues.
The game was invented by Henry Michael Temple (1862–1928).p211
Living chess
Chess played with human beings as pieces on a giant board.
A spectacle which has been performed since the 15th century.
Usually, masters or other celebrities decide the moves, and a steward with a stick instructs the 'pieces' where to move.p230
Luft, the German word for "air" (sometimes also "space" or "breath"), is sometimes used for a space made by a pawn move.
Especially it means a space made for the king to avoid a back rank checkmate.
Major piece
Not a game, but a series of games.
Used of team events or a series of games between two players.
Material refers to the chess pieces other than the king, and their respective values.
Traditional material values given to the pieces are: Queen (9); Rook (5); Bishop and Knight (3.0); Pawn (1.0), although the values are the subject of substantial discussion.
The part of the game which follows the opening.
Plans are formed, based on the position, and put into action.
Minor piece
The method of writing down chess moves.
See also Forsyth notation.
The start of the game, about a dozen moves.
Openings have names, and extensive theory has been worked out by masters.
Traditionally, the opening ends when minor pieces (knights and bishops) have been developed, and players have castled.
However, modern openings go much further, into the early middlegame.
See development.
Opening variation
A line in a particular opening.
For example, in the Sicilian defence there are many different lines which are called variations.
A position on the chess board where a piece is close to the enemy but difficult for the opponent to remove.
There is no reason it has to be a knight, nor does it have to be protected by a pawn.
Overworked/Overloaded
Overworked, also known as overloaded, is a tactical weakness in chess where a piece is tasked to defend multiple threats at the same time.
In many cases, this results in the overworked piece being unable to move and/or being forced to prioritize which task it can preform in order to mitigate loses.
Pawn storms
A situation arising from opposite-side castling.
One, or both players, advance their pawns towards their opponent's king.
This is usually not done on same-side castling, as advancing the pawns in front of one's own king is generally unsafe.
Perpetual check
When a piece does not move because to do so would expose a more valuable piece to capture.
Pins against the king are absolute because it is illegal to move the pinned piece.
Play dominated by long-term manoeuvring, not short-term attacks and threats.
It needs judgement more than calculation.
The term is contrasted with tactics.
A chess problem is an artificial construction, not part of the game, but using a board and pieces.
It is a separate intellectual activity.
Chess problems have a history as long as the game itself, and their own terminology.
The Arabs (9th/10th centuries) used specially composed positions (mansurbat) as teaching devices; the idea of specifying a set number of moves to mate is European.
Problem solving tournaments are held, and there is a World Championship for problem solvers.
There are also international prizes for problem composers.p319
Promotion is what happens when a pawn reaches the other side of the board (that is, the 8th rank) and cannot move further.
Then it becomes any other piece on the board, except the king.
Players usually promote their pawns to a queen  (called queening) because it is the most powerful piece on the board.
There are cases where a player might want to promote a pawn to a knight, rook, or bishop instead.
This is called an underpromotion, but they almost never happen, as almost all promotions are made to a queen.
A key concept of positional chess.
It is a move, or sequence of moves, to deal with an opponent's plan before it starts.
Sometimes one can completely stop the threat; sometimes one just makes the plan relatively harmless.
The idea was spelled out in detail in Nimzovich's books My system and Chess praxis.
Prophylactic moves are often seen in games by Capablanca, Petrosian and Karpov.
Randomized chess
The idea of choosing the layout of the pieces on the back row at random.
The point is to avoid opening knowledge.
White picks the pieces out of a bag and places them left to right; Black places his pieces on the corresponding squares.
Alternatively, each player places his own pieces at random, producing two different arrays.
The idea has been tried several times in the last 200 years, but has never caught on.
Usually special rules are needed for the king (castling?)
and the bishops (no two bishops on the same colour squares).
More serious is the great difficulty players experience in getting the pieces to work together.p331
Rapidplay
Rapidplay (FIDE Laws, Appendix B) is a game where each player has a set time for all the moves.
That time can be from 15 to 60 minutes.
Players need not record the moves.
The touch & move rule is usually put aside by the organiser; if so starting the opponent's clock is the official end of a move.
In other words, a player can change his mind so long as his own clock is running.
Removing the Defender/Removing the Guard
To concede loss of the game.
A resignation is usually done by stopping the clock, and sometimes by offering a handshake or saying "I resign".
The intentional loss of material to get a more important result.
Often the start of a combination.
Sacrifice the exchange
The intentional exchange of piece of greater value for a piece of smaller value in order to get a more important result.
For instance, the exchange of a rook for a minor piece (bishop or knight), or the exchange of a queen for a rook.
Score sheet
The sheet of paper used to write down the moves of a game in progress.
During formal games both players must record the game using a score sheet.
Made when a game is adjourned.
Score sheet with move and position are placed in an envelope, and played on the board when the game is resumed.
Simultaneous display
When a master plays a number of opponents at the same time.
Usually arranged as a ring of tables, with the master moving round inside, and the opponents outside.
Players move when the master arrives at their board, master replies and moves on.
Skewer
Like a pin, but the valuable piece is in front.
So black B, white K and white R on a diagonal in that order wins the rook.
Where a player is not in check, but has no legal moves.
It is a draw in modern chess.
A chess or endgame study is a position which is made to show an interesting point.
It is usual for studies to be endgame positions.
Unlike chess problems, studies are connected to the game.
A term in positional chess, where a player loses ground because he/she has to make a move.
See Zugzwang.
A series of symbols are in wide use.
They help annotate games of chess.
very good move
deserves consideration
doubtful move
+/= White has a small advantage
=/+ Black has a small advantage
± White has advantage
–/+ Black has advantage
+– White has a winning advantage
–+ Black has a winning advantage
∞ unclear position
=/∞ with compensation for sacrificed material
Δ with the idea of
↑ with initiative
→ with attack
Short-term attacks requiring exact calculation, sometimes called 'forcing sequences'.
It is contrasted with positional play, which is long-term strategy.
In chess, a single move.
A loss of a tempo would be taking two moves where one would do.
This may, or may not, be critical in the early stages of a game.
Article 4 of the Laws of Chess.
If the player to play touches a piece, it must be moved if possible.
If there is no legal move, then the player may make any legal move.
See also J'adoube, which permits adjustment of pieces without penalty.
To arrive at the same position from different move orders.
Common in certain openings, such as the Modern defence.
A position, usually in an ending, where the player to move loses because he/she must move.
A more complex definition is given by Hooper:
"Zugzwang... is a position in which whoever has the move would obtain a worse result than if it were the opponent's turn to play".p458 See Squeeze.
was  the 14th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Historians consider Emperor Chūai to be a legendary person, and the name Chūai-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.
Chūai is almost certainly a legend; but the Kojiki and Nihonshoki record his name.
He was a grandson of Emperor Keikō.
Chūai's wife is known as Empress Jingū.
Her son would become known as Emperor Ōjin.
Events of Chūai's life
The limited information about Chūai does not imply that no such person ever existed.
According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Fujiidera of Osaka Prefecture.
, also known as  was a legendary empress of Japan.
Although her name was once included in the traditional order of succession, she is now considered as a regent.
Historians consider details about the life of Empress Jingū to be mythical; and the name Jingū-tennō was created for her posthumously by later generations.
No certain dates can be assigned to this empress's life or reign.
Jingū is almost certainly a legend; but the Kojiki and Nihonshoki record her name.
Jingū was the principle wife of Emperor Chūai  Her son would become known as Emperor Ōjin.
The Gukanshō mentions her, but she is not included on the list of persons born within the line of Imperial descent.
Events of Jingū's life
The limited information about Jingū does not imply that no such person ever existed.
After her death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the empress's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun).
Jingū is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.
1883: Empress Jingū was the first portrait and the first woman to be featured on the Japanese paper currency; however, the representation of Jingū which was created by Edoardo Chiossone is imagined.
In the centuries before the Meiji period, Jingū was known as the 15th Japanese imperial ruler, according to the traditional order of succession.
However, Jingū's name is now removed from the official list of emperors of Japan.
Jingū's son, Emperor Ōjin, is today considered to have been the 15th emperor in the order of succession.
List of Emperors of Japan
Sumiyoshi-jinja - a shine created by her
Bank of Japan: Empress Jingū on bank note (1883)
Stamp library: Empress Jingū on 10-yen violet postage stamp (1924)
Stamp library: Empress Jingū on 10-yen green postage stamp (1924)
The hypermoderns were a school of chess players who set out to rethink some of the principles of chess openings.
The name was given to them by the Polish-French grandmaster Tartakower.
The key idea was, in reaction to the older ideas of Siegbert Tarrasch, to dispute control of the centre by more subtle methods.
Whereas old theory was to occupy the centre with two or three pawns immediately, the hypermoderns concentrated more on attacking the opponent's centre.
A characteristic first move was 1Nf3 with White, or 1...Nf6 with Black, especially in reply to 1d4.
To 1e4 they favoured an asymmetric defence such as 1...e6 or 1...c5 rather than the classical reply 1...e5.
Nimzovich was the founder, and Alekhine, Tartakower, Réti, Grünfeld, and  Bogolyubov all took part.
All were top grandmasters of the 1920s and 30s.
Several modern openings owe their popularity to this group: Alekhine's Defence (1e4 Nf6); Réti's Opening (1Nf3); the King's Indian Defence (1d4 Nf6 2c4 g6 3Nc3 Bg7); the Grünfeld Defence (1d4 Bf6 2c4 g6 3Nc3 d5) and the Modern Defence (1...g6).p178
In statistics, a confidence interval, abbreviated as CI, is a special interval for estimating a certain parameter, such as the population mean.
With this method, a whole interval of acceptable values for the parameter is given instead of a single value—together with a likelihood that the real (unknown) value of the parameter will be in the interval.
Thus, if we're not sure of the exact number of vehicles that crossed a bridge, we can say 400 plus or minus 10 instead of just saying 400.
The confidence interval is based on the observations from a sample, and hence differs from sample to sample.
The likelihood that the parameter will be in the interval is called the confidence level, and the end points of the confidence interval are referred to as confidence limits.
Very often, this is given as a percentage (for example, the 95% confidence interval).
The confidence interval is always given together with the confidence level.
For a given estimation procedure in a given situation, the higher the confidence level, the wider the confidence interval will be.
The calculation of a confidence interval generally requires assumptions about the nature of the estimation process, since it is primarily a parametric method.
One common assumption is that the distribution of the population from which the sample came is normal.
As such, confidence intervals as discussed below are not robust statistics, though changes can be made to add robustness.
Meaning of the term "confidence"
The term confidence has a similar meaning in statistics, as in common use.
In common usage, a claim to 95% confidence in something is normally taken as indicating near certainty.
In statistics, a claim to 95% confidence simply means that the researcher has seen one possible interval from a large number of possible ones, from which 19 out of 20 intervals contain the true value of the parameter.
Practical example
A machine fills cups with margarine.
It is adjusted so that the content of the cups is 250g of margarine.
As the machine cannot fill every cup with exactly 250g, the content added to individual cups shows some variation, and is considered a random variable X.
This variation is assumed to be normally distributed around the desired average of 250g, with a standard deviation of 2.5g. To determine if the machine is adequately calibrated, a sample of n = 25 cups of margarine is chosen at random, and the cups are weighed.
The weights of margarine are X1, ..., X25, a random sample from X.
To get an impression of the expectation μ, an estimate is needed.
The appropriate estimator is the sample mean:
The sample shows actual weights x1, ...,x25, with mean:
If we take another sample of 25 cups, we could easily expect to find values like 250.4 or 251.1 grams.
A sample mean value of 280 grams, however, would be extremely rare if the mean content of the cups is in fact close to 250g.
There is a whole interval around the observed value 250.2 of the sample mean within which, if the whole population mean actually takes a value in this range, the observed data would not be considered particularly unusual.
Such an interval is called a confidence interval for the parameter μ.
To calculate such an interval, the endpoints of the interval have to be calculated from the sample, so they are statistics, functions of the sample X1, ..., X25, and hence are random variables themselves.
In our case, we may determine the endpoints by considering that the sample mean  from a normally distributed sample is also normally distributed, with the same expectation μ, but with standard error σ/√n = 0.5 (grams).
By standardizing, we get a random variable
which depends on the parameter μ to be estimated, but with a standard normal distribution independent of the parameter μ.
Hence it is possible to find numbers −z and z, independent of μ, where Z lies in between with probability 1 − α, a measure of how confident we want to be.
We take 1 - α = 0.95.
The number z follows from the cumulative distribution function:
This might be interpreted as: with probability 0.95, we will find a confidence interval in which we will meet the parameter μ between the stochastic endpoints
This does not mean that there is 0.95 probability of meeting the parameter μ in the calculated interval.
Every time the measurements are repeated, there will be another value for the mean  of the sample.
In 95% of the cases, μ will be between the endpoints calculated from this mean, but in 5% of the cases, it will not be.
The actual confidence interval is calculated by entering the measured weights in the formula.
Our 0.95 confidence interval becomes:
As the desired value 250 of μ is within the resulted confidence interval, there is no reason to believe the machine is wrongly calibrated.
The calculated interval has fixed endpoints, where μ might be in between (or not).
Thus this event has probability either 0 or 1.
We cannot say:  "with probability (1 − α), the parameter μ lies in the confidence interval."
We only know that by repetition in 100(1 − α) % of the cases, μ will be in the calculated interval.
In 100α % of the cases, however, it does not.
And unfortunately we do not know in which of the cases this happens.
That is why we say: "with confidence level 100(1 − α) %, μ lies in the confidence interval."
The figure on the right shows 50 realisations of a confidence interval for a given population mean μ.
If we randomly choose one realisation, the probability that it contains the parameter is 95%.
However, it is also possible that we may have unluckily picked the wrong one as well.
was the 17th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Richū to be possibly legendary, but probable.
The name Richū-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.
Some scholars identify him with King San in the Book of Song.
King San sent messengers to the Song Dynasty at least twice in 421 and 425; and this historical person was succeeded by his younger brother.
According to Nihonshoki and Kojiki, he was the first son of Emperor Nintoku.
Richū had two sons; but he was followed on the throne by his brother, who would become known as Emperor Hanzei.
The enthronement of Hanzei by-passed Richū's two sons.
Events of Richū's life
Very little is known about the events of Richū's life and reign.
Richū is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.
Jacobitism was (and, to a much smaller extent, is) the political movement that tried to put the Stuart kings back onto the thrones of England, Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland.
The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII.
Jacobitism began after the deposition of James II and VII in 1688.
He was replaced by his daughter Mary II jointly with her husband and first cousin William of Orange.
The Stuarts lived on the European mainland after that, sometimes trying to get back the throne with the help of France or Spain.
The most important places of Jacobitism were Ireland and Scotland, especially the Scottish Highlands.
In England, Jacobitism was strongest in the north, and some support was also in Wales.
A great number of Catholic people liked Jacobitism.
They hoped the Stuarts would end bad laws.
Lots of different helped the military campaigns for all sorts of reasons.
In Scotland the Jacobite cause became a lasting romantic memory.
Ruvigny & Raineval, Marquis de (Melville Henry Massue) (comp.).
The Jacobite Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage & Grants of Honour.
Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1904.
The Lion in the North, John Prebble, Penguin Books 1973
Maritime Scotland, Brian Lavery, B T Batsford Ltd., 2001,
Scotland, A Concise History, Fitzroy Maclean, Thames and Hudson 1991,
Bonnie Prince Charlie, Fitzroy Maclean, Canongate Books Ltd. 1989
The Jacobites, Britain and Europe 1688 – 1788, Daniel Szechi, Manchester University Press 1994
The Myths of the Jacobite Clans, Murray G. H. Pittock, Edinburgh University Press 1995
Came ye o'er frae France – folk-rock version by Steeleye Span.
Georgian Monarchy: Politics and Culture, 1714-60, Hannah Smith, Cambridge University Press 2006
Horie was born in Hamamatsu on September 13, 1913.
He played for Waseda WMW, which was consisted of players from his alma mater, Waseda University.
At that club, he played with many futures Japan national team players, such as Motoo Tatsuhara, Yasuo Suzuki, and others.
In May 1934, when Horie was a Waseda University student, he was selected by the Japan national team for the Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
At that competition, on May 15, he debuted against Philippines.
In 1936, he was also selected by Japan for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.
At the 1936 Summer Olympics, he played against Sweden, and Japan completed a come-from-behind victory.
It was the first victory in the Olympics for Japan and a historic victory over one of the powerhouses, the team became later known as the "Miracle of Berlin" (ベルリンの奇跡) in Japan.
In 2016, the team was selected for the Japan Football Hall of Fame.
However, he fractured his right arm in the match, and could not play in the next game against Italy.
He played three games for Japan until 1936.
After 1936 Summer Olympics, Horie retired from his playing career and joined the Asahi Shimbun.
In 1951, he became a professor at his alma mater, Waseda University.
He also became a manager for Waseda University and instructed many international players like Shigeo Yaegashi, Saburo Kawabuchi, Masakatsu Miyamoto, Kunishige Kamamoto, and others.
Maksim Shatskikh (born 30 August 1978) is a Uzbekistani football player.
He plays for Arsenal Kyiv and Uzbekistan national team.
|1996||Sokol Saratov||First League||12||0
|1996||Torpedo Volzhsky||First League||4||0
|1997||Lada Togliatti||First League||22||9
|1998||Gazovik-Gazprom Izhevsk||First League||27||9
|1999||Baltika Kaliningrad||First League||19||5
|1999/00||rowspan="10"|Dynamo Kyiv||rowspan="10"|Premier League||25||20
|2002/03||29||22
|2003/04||20||10
|2004/05||29||11
|2006/07||29||9
|2007/08||23||10
|2009||Lokomotiv Astana||Premier League||15||9
|2009/10||Arsenal Kyiv||Premier League||||
|1999||3||6
|2006||5||4
|2007||5||8
Total||46||30
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough KG PC (26 May 1650 – 16 June 1722) was an important English soldier and statesman.