the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
2010s Canadian music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
1990s disestablishments in Canada
2002 establishments in Canada
Roy Hodgson  CBE  (born 9 August 1947) is an English former football player and manager who is the current head coach of Watford.
He was the recent manager of Crystal Palace from September 2017 to May 2021.
He, along with Larry Barilli, are amongst the oldest active managers in football history.
England national football team managers
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Guinness World Records is a reference book published each year.
It has a collection of world records, both human achievements and the extremes of the natural world.
The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book series of all time.
It is also one of the most often stolen books from public libraries in the United States.
On 4 May 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, who then worked for Guinness Brewery, went on a shooting party by the River Slaney in County Wexford, Ireland.
He became involved in an argument over which game bird in Europe was the fastest, the koshin golden plover or the grouse.
That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europe's fastest game bird.
Beaver knew that there must be many other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland, but there was no book in the world to settle arguments about records.
He realised then that a book with the answers to this sort of question might prove popular.
Norris and Ross McWhirter were asked to put the book together.
They ran a fact-finding agency in London.
In August 1954 the first book was made.
One thousand copies were printed and given away.
The first 197-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955.
It went to the top of the British bestseller lists by Christmas.
The following year it went to the U.S., and it sold 70,000 copies.
The book was very popular and the company decided to make one updated edition each year.
They published in October to go with Christmas sales.
In 2008, Craig Glenday created Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition.
The latest edition was Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2020.
Recent editions have focused on record feats by human competitors.
Competitions go from obvious ones such as weightlifting to the longest egg tossing distance, or for longest time spent playing Grand Theft Auto IV or the number of hot dogs that can be eaten in ten minutes.
Eating contests and beer and alcohol consumption entries are no longer accepted, possibly for fear of litigation.
Besides records about competitions, it has such facts as the heaviest tumor, the most poisonous plant, the longest-running drama (Guiding Light) in the USA, the longest-serving members of a drama series (William Roache for Coronation Street in the UK, Ray Meagher for Home and Away in Australia), and the world's most successful salesman (Joe Girard), among others.
Each edition has a selection of the large set of records in the Guinness database.
The ways used to make that choice have changed over the years.
The newest records are added, and the records that have been updated are added too.
In 2005, Guinness chose 9 November as International Guinness World Records Day.
This is to encourage breaking of world records.
In 2006 about 100,000 people participated in over 10 countries.
In February 2008, NBC aired The Top 100 Guinness World Records of All Time.
Guinness World Records made the complete list available on their website.
On August 18 2019,Maliha Mohammed from Mombasa in Kenya  broke the record for cooking the longest time, a record 3 days non stop.
Guinness World Records (the official website)
Guinness World Records Corporate  (corporate website)
Mime is a type of acting that does not use words or speech.
Mime is all about physical movement and exaggerating your expressions.
Mimes (people who practice mime) must use their actions to send a message or tell a story.
They are not allowed to speak directly to the audience.
Probably the most well-known mime was Marcel Marceau.
Mime originates from Rome and Greece.
Some people also believe that cavemen used mime to communicate as they could not talk.
The World of Mime Theatre
Physical theatre
A kangaroo  is an Australian marsupial.
It belongs to the genus Macropus.
The common name 'kangaroo' is used for the four large species, and there are another 50 species of smaller macropods.
The kangaroos are common in Australia and can also be found in New Guinea.
Common names
kangaroos: large males are 2 metres tall (6ft 7 inches) and weigh 90 kg (200 lb).
wallaroos: between kangaroos and wallabies in size.
wallabies: small to medium-sized macropods.
tree-kangaroos: Dendrolagus, adapted for arboreal locomotion.
They live in the tropical rainforests of New Guinea, far northeastern Queensland, and some of the islands in the region.
The four species
The red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) is the largest marsupial anywhere in the world.
The red kangaroo lives in the arid and semi-arid centre of Australia.
A large male can be two metres (6 ft 7 in) tall and weigh 90 kg (200 lb).
The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) is less well-known than the red (outside of Australia), but the most often seen, as its range covers the fertile eastern part of the continent.
The western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) is slightly smaller again at about 54 kg (119 lb) for a large male.
It is found in the south part of Western Australia, South Australia near the coast, and the Darling River basin.
The antilopine kangaroo (Macropus antilopinus) is similar to the Eastern and Western Greys.
Like them, it lives on the grassy plains and woodlands.
It lives in large groups.
Kangaroos hop to move around quickly, and walk on two or four  legs while moving slowly.
They cannot walk in any direction and cannot hop backwards.
They can hop or jump as far as about three times their own height.
They can also swim if necessary.
The kangaroo is a herbivore, eating mainly grass, but some species also eat shrubs.
A female Kangaroo has three vaginas.
Kangaroos are marsupials: they carry their young in a special pouch on their bodies.
Baby kangaroos are called joeys.
Kangaroos live in large groups, called mobs.
Each group is made up of breeding females, their young and several adult males.
One of the males is the dominant male, he is the only one that breeds with the females in the mob.
Because they are mostly found in Australia, Australians see it as a national symbol.
The kangaroo is featured holding the Australian coat of arms.
The Australian airline, Qantas, uses the kangaroo as its emblem.
The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) also a has a kangaroo emblem.
Kangaroos can be dangerous because of their powerful legs.
They can lean back on their tails to deliver powerful kicks.
In 2009, a man went to save his dog which had chased a kangaroo into a farm dam.
The kangaroo was able to hold the dog underwater nearly drowning it.
The kangaroo gave the man several big kicks before he was able to grab his dog and escape from the dam.
He needed hospital treatment for his injuries.
The word kangaroo is an Australian Aboriginal word from the Guugu Yimidhirr people of north Queensland.
The word was recorded by Captain James Cook in August 1770.
It was the name for the grey kangaroo, Macropus robustus.
Cook's ship, the HMS Endeavour, had been damaged on coral on the Great Barrier Reef.
It took seven weeks for the ship to be repaired on the banks of a river, now the Endeavour River, at the site of the town of Cooktown.
This gave Cook, Joseph Banks and other crew members time to explore the area and the plants and animals.
The skin and skull of a kangaroo was taken back to England to be put on show.
In James Boswell's book "Life of Johnson" he describes Dr. Samuel Johnson in 1793 hopping around the room to explain to people how a kangaroo moved.
When Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet arrived in Sydney in 1788, they were surprised that the Aborigines did not know the word "kangaroo."
It took them a while to realize that Aborigines at Sydney spoke a different language to those from Cooktown.
Extinct family
There was a now-extinct family of giant kangaroos, the Sthenurinae.
They were adapted for browsing in woodland areas, rather than open grassland.
The largest (Procoptodon goliah) had an estimated body mass of 240 kg.,
which is almost three times the weight of the largest living kangaroos.
Probably they moved at slower speeds, since hopping was not possible.
They would have moved by striding (walking).
The family went extinct about 30,000 years ago.
Macropods
Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross; c. 1820 or 1821 – March 10, 1913) was an African-American anti-slavery worker, and humanitarian.
She was also a Union spy and the first black woman to ever lead an American mission during the American Civil War.
She was born into slavery but she escaped.
During her life, she made nineteen trips.
She helped more than 700 slaves escape.
She used the Underground Railroad.
When Tubman was a child in Dorchester County, Maryland, she was whipped and beaten by many different masters.
When she was very young, an angry overseer threw a heavy metal weight at another slave.
The weight accidentally hit Tubman's head.
That caused seizures, headaches, powerful visionary and dream experiences.
She had those problems all her life.
Tubman believed the visions and vivid dreams came from God.
In 1849, Tubman escaped to Philadelphia.
Slaves were free there.
She later returned to Maryland to rescue her family.
She eventually guided dozens of other slaves to freedom.
Slave owners offered large rewards for the return of their slaves.
Tubman was never caught because nobody knew she was freeing the slaves.
When the American Civil War began, Tubman worked for the Union Army.
She worked first as a cook and nurse.
Later she was an armed scout and spy.
She was the first woman to lead an armed group in the war.
She guided the Combehee River Raid, which freed more than 700 slaves in South Carolina.
After the war, she moved to her family home in Auburn, New York.
There she cared for her aging parents.
She became active in the women's suffrage movement in New York until she became ill.
Near the end of her life, she lived in a home for elderly African Americans.
Years earlier, she had helped create that home.
Harriet was a leader and still is.
Early life and Education
Tubman's mother Rit (whose father might have been a white man) was a cook.
Her father Ben was a woodsman.
He did the timber work on a plantation.
They married around 1808.
According to court records, they had nine children together.
Linah was born in 1808, Mariah Ritty in 1811, Soph in 1813, Robert in 1816, Minty (Harriet) in 1821, Ben in 1823, Rachel in 1825, Henry in 1830, and Moses in 1832.
Tubman's mother was assigned to "the big house" and had very little time for her family.
Tubman took care of a younger brother and a baby.
This was typical in large families.
When she was five or six years old, Brodas hired her out as a nursemaid to a woman named "Miss Susan".
Tubman was ordered to watch the baby.
Tubman was whipped.
She later talked about a day when she was whipped five times before breakfast.
She had the scars for the rest of her life.
She found ways to resist such as running away for five days, wearing layers of clothing as protection against beatings, and fighting back.
As a child, Tubman also worked at the home of a planter named James Cook.
She had to check muskrat traps in nearby marshes.
She did that work even after she got measles.
She became so ill that Cook sent her back to Brodas.
Her mother nursed her back to health.
Brodas then hired her out again.
Tubman spoke later of her acute childhood homesickness.
She compared herself to "the boy on the Swanee River" (referring to Stephen Foster's song "Old Folks at Home").
When she was older and stronger, she did field and forest work, driving oxen, plowing, and hauling logs.
One day, the adolescent Tubman was sent to a dry-goods store for supplies.
There she met a slave owned by another family.
That slave had left the fields without permission.
His overseer was angry.
He demanded that Tubman help restrain the young man.
Tubman refused.
As the slave ran away, the overseer threw a two-pound weight at him.
The weight hit Tubman instead.
Tubman said the weight "broke my skull".
She later explained her belief that her hair – which "had never been combed and ... stood out like a bushel basket" – might have saved her life.
Bleeding and unconscious, Tubman was returned to her owner's house and laid on the seat of a loom.
She had no medical care for two days.
She was sent back into the fields, "with blood and sweat rolling down my face until I couldn't see."
Her boss returned her to Brodess, who tried unsuccessfully to sell her.
She began having seizures and seemed to fall unconscious.
She later said she was aware of her surroundings while appearing to be asleep.
These episodes were alarming to her family.
They couldn't wake her when she fell asleep suddenly and without warning.
This condition remained with Tubman for the rest of her life.
Larson suggests she may have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy because of the injury.
Family and marriage
Around 1844, Tubman married a free black man named John Tubman.
Little is known about him or their time together.
Their marriage was complicated because she was a slave.
Since children would have the status of the mother, any children born to Harriet and John would become slaves.
By this time, half the black population on the Eastern Shore of Maryland was free.
Marriages between free people and enslaved people were not uncommon.
Most African-American families had both free and enslaved members.
Larson suggests that they might have planned to buy Tubman's freedom.
Tubman changed her name from Araminta to Harriet when she arrived to Philadelphia.
When she returned to Manchester to tell her husband to come with him, he was remarried already.
Anderson, E. M. (2005).
Home, Miss Moses: A novel in the time of Harriet Tubman.
Higganum, CT: Higganum Hill Books. .
Bradford, Sarah (1961).
Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People.
New York: Corinth Books.
Bradford, Sarah (1971).
Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman.
Freeport: Books for Libraries Press. .
Clinton, Catherine (2004).
Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom.
New York: Little, Brown and Company. .
Conrad, Earl (1942).
Harriet Tubman: Negro Soldier and Abolitionist.
New York: International Publishers. .
Douglass, Frederick (1969).
Life and times of Frederick Douglass: his early life as a slave, his escape from bondage, and his complete history, written by himself.
London: Collier-Macmillan. .
Humez, Jean (2003).
Harriet Tubman: The Life and Life Stories.
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. .
Larson, Kate Clifford (2004).
Bound For the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero.
New York: Ballantine Books. .
Sterling, Dorothy (1970).
Freedom Train: The Story of Harriet Tubman.
New York: Scholastic, Inc. .
Harriet Tubman, Biographies for kids
1913 deaths
African-American people
Computer parts need a driver because they do not use standard commands.
For example, video cards from Advanced Micro Devices (or AMD) and Nvidia do the same job, but each requires its own driver as different hardware requires different commands.
Different operating systems also need different drivers, a driver written for macOS can not be used by Microsoft Windows.
Computer printers
Graphic cards
Modems
Network cards
Sound cards
RAMs
Compact disc (called CD) and digital versatile disc (called DVD) drives (including player and burner).
Mouse and keyboard
Integrated video cards
PC speaker (the speaker inside the computer case that beeps)
Floppy drives
USB flash drives (or thumb drive)
USB webcams
USB sound cards
USB hubs (devices that turn one USB port into two or more)
A central processing unit (CPU) is an important part of every computer.
The CPU sends signals to control the other parts of the computer, almost like how a brain controls a body.
The CPU is an electronic machine that works on a list of computer things to do, called instructions.
It reads the list of instructions and runs (executes) each one in order.
A list of instructions that a CPU can run is a computer program.
The clock rate, or speed of a CPU's internal parts, is measured in hertz (Hz).
Modern processors often run so fast that gigahertz (GHz) is used instead.
One GHz is 1,000,000,000 cycles per second.
Most CPUs used in desktop (home) computers are microprocessors made by either Intel or Advanced Micro Devices (usually shortened to AMD).
Some other companies that make CPUs are ARM (recently bought by Nvidia), IBM, and AMD under ATI Technologies, which is the leader right now.
Most of their CPUs are used in embedded systems for more specialized things, like in mobile phones, cars, video game consoles, or in the military.
Types of CPUs
In the 20th century engineers invented many different computer architectures.
Nowadays most desktop computers use either 32-bit CPUs or 64-bit CPUs.
The instructions in a 32-bit CPU are good at handling data that is 32 bits in size (most instructions "think" in 32 bits in a 32-bit CPU).
Likewise, a 64-bit CPU is good at handling data that is 64 bits in size (and often good at handling 32-bit data too).
The size of data that a CPU handles best is often called the word size of the CPU.
Many old CPUs from the 70s, 80s and early 90s (and many modern embedded systems) have an 8-bit or 16-bit word size.
When CPUs were invented in the middle 20th century they had many different word sizes.
Some had different word sizes for instructions and data.
The less popular word sizes later stopped being used.
Most CPUs are microprocessors.
This means that the CPU is just a single chip.
Some chips with microprocessors inside them also contain other components, and are complete single-chip "computers".
This is called a microcontroller.
When the CPU runs a computer program, it needs somewhere to store the data that the instructions operate on (the data that they read and write).
This storage is called a register.
A CPU usually has many registers.
Registers must be very fast to access (to read and write).
Therefore, they are part of the CPU chip itself.
Storing all data in registers would make most CPUs too complicated (and very expensive).
Therefore, registers usually only store the data that the CPU is working on "right now".
The rest of the data used by the program is stored in RAM (Random Access Memory).
Except in microcontrollers, RAM is usually stored outside the CPU in separate chips.
When the CPU wants to read or write data in RAM, it outputs an address to that data.
Each byte in RAM has a memory address.
The size of addresses is often the same as the word size: A 32-bit CPU uses 32-bit addresses, etc.
However, smaller CPUs, like 8-bit CPUs, often use addresses that are larger than the word size.
Otherwise the maximum program length would be too short.
Because the size of addresses is limited, the maximum amount of memory is also limited.
32-bit processors can usually only handle up to 4 GB of RAM.
This is the number of different bytes that can be selected using a 32-bit address (each bit can have two values—0 and 1—and 232 bytes is 4 GB).
A 64-bit processor might be able to handle up to 16 EB of RAM (16 exabytes, around 16 billion GB, or 16 billion billion bytes).
The operating system may limit it to using smaller amounts.
The information that is stored in RAM is usually volatile.
This means that it will disappear if the computer is turned off.
On modern computers, RAM is much slower than registers, so accessing RAM slows down programs.
To speed up memory accesses, a faster type of memory called a cache is often put between the RAM and the main parts of the CPU.
The cache is usually a part of the CPU chip itself, and is much more expensive per byte than RAM.
The cache stores the same data as RAM, but is usually much smaller.
Therefore, all the data used by the program might not fit in the cache.
The cache tries to store data that is likely to be used a lot.
Examples include recently used data and data close in memory to recently used data.
Often it makes sense to have a "cache for the cache", just as it makes sense to have a cache for RAM.
In multi-level caching, there are many caches, called the L1 cache, the L2 cache, and so on.
The L1 cache is the fastest (and most expensive per byte) cache and is "closest" to the CPU.
The L2 cache is one step away and is slower than the L1 cache, etc.
The L1 cache can often be viewed as a cache for the L2 cache, etc.
Computer buses are the wires used by the CPU to communicate with RAM and other components in the computer.
Almost all CPUs have at least a data bus - used to read and write data - and an address bus - used to output addresses.
Other buses inside the CPU carry data to different parts of the CPU.
Instruction sets
An instruction set (also called an ISA - Instruction Set Architecture) is a language understood directly by a particular CPU.
These languages are also called machine code or binary.
They say how you tell the CPU to do different things, like loading data from memory into a register, or adding the values from two registers.
Each instruction in an instruction set has an encoding, which is how the instruction is written as a sequence of bits.
Programs written in programming languages like C and C++ can't be run directly by the CPU.
They must be translated into machine code before the CPU can run them.
A compiler is a computer program that does this translation.
Machine code is just a sequence of 0s and 1s, which makes it difficult for humans to read it.
To make it more readable, machine code programs are usually written in assembly language.
Assembly language uses text instead of 0s and 1s: You might write "LD A,0" to load the value 0 into register A for example.
A program that translates assembly language into machine code is called an assembler.
Read data from memory and write data to memory.
Add one number to another number.
Test to see if one number is bigger than another number.
Move a number from one place to another (for example, from one register to another, or between a register and memory).
Jump to another place in the instruction list, but only if some test is true (for example, only if one number is bigger than another).
Even very complicated programs can be made by combining many simple instructions like these.
This is possible because each instruction takes a very short time to happen.
Many CPUs today can do more than 1 billion (1,000,000,000) instructions in a single second.
In general, the more a CPU can do in a given time, the faster it is.
One way to measure a processor's speed is MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second).
Flops (Floating-point operations per second) and CPU clock speed (usually measured in gigahertz) are also ways to measure how much work a processor can do in a certain time.
A CPU is built out of logic gates; it has no moving parts.
The CPU of a computer is connected electronically to other parts of the computer, like the video card, or the BIOS.
A computer program can control these peripherals by reading or writing numbers to special places in the computer's memory.
Instruction pipelines
Each instruction executed by a CPU is usually done in many steps.
For example, the steps to run an instruction "INC A" (increase the value stored in register A by one) on a simple CPU could be this:
Read the instruction from memory,
decode the instruction (figure out what the instruction does), and
add one to register A.
Different parts of the CPU do these different things.
Often it is possible to run some steps from different instructions at the same time, which makes the CPU faster.
For example, we can read an instruction from memory at the same time that we decode another instruction, since those steps use different modules.
This can be thought of as having many instructions "inside the pipeline" at once.
In the best case, all of the modules are working on different instructions at once, but this is not always possible.
Memory management units (MMUs) and virtual memory
Modern CPUs often use a memory management unit (MMU).
An MMU is a component that translates addresses from the CPU to (usually) different RAM addresses.
When using an MMU, the addresses used in a program are (usually) not the "real" addresses where the data is stored.
This is called virtual (the opposite of "real") memory.
A few of the reasons why it is good to have an MMU are listed below:
An MMU can "hide" the memory of other programs from a program.
This is done by not translating any addresses to the "hidden" addresses while the program is running.
This is good because it means that programs can't read and modify the memory of other programs, which improves security and stability. (
Programs can't "spy" on each other, or "step on each other's toes".)
Many MMUs can make some parts of memory non-writeable, non-readable, or non-executable (meaning code stored in that part of memory can't be run).
This can be good for stability reasons and security reasons, as well as for other reasons.
MMUs allow different programs to have different "views" of memory.
This is handy in many different situations.
For example, it will always be possible to have the "main" code of a program at the same (virtual) address without colliding with other programs.
It is also handy when there are many different pieces of code (from libraries) that are shared between programs.
MMUs allow code from libraries to appear at different addresses every time a program is run.
This is good because not knowing where things are in memory often makes it harder for hackers to make programs do bad things.
This is called address space randomization.
Advanced programs and operating systems can use tricks with MMUs to avoid having to copy data between different places in memory.
Multi-core processors became much more common in the early 21st century.
This means that they have many processors built on to the same chip so that they can run many instructions at once.
Some processors may have up to sixty-four cores, like the upcoming AMD Epyc "Milan" series.
Even processors for consumers have many cores, such as the 16-core AMD Ryzen 9 5950x.
Some processors have a technology known as multithreading.
This is the task of running more than one "thread" of instructions in an operating system.
Many modern processors use this to boost performance with heavy multi-threaded programs, such as benchmark programs.
MCST
SRISA
Central processing unit at Citizendium
The Running of the Bulls (in Spanish el encierro, meaning "the enclosing") is an activity that involves running in front of bulls on a course of a sectioned-off area of a town's streets.
It is done all around Spain, but the most famous running of the bulls is in Pamplona.
In most bull runs the bulls are not killed, and they live for a whole season.
This is a dangerous activity but very exciting.
Safety varies in some places like Xabia the area is surrounded by cages that people can slip in and out of but the bulls can not.
Spanish culture
Red shift is a way astronomers use to tell the distance of any object that is very far away in the Universe.
The red shift is one example of the Doppler effect.
The easiest way to experience the Doppler effect is to listen to a moving train.
As the train moves towards a person, the sound it makes as it comes towards them sounds like it has a higher tone, since the frequency of the sound is squeezed together a little bit.
As the train speeds away, the sound gets stretched out, and sounds lower in tone.
The same happens with light when an object that emits light moves very fast.
An object, like a star or a galaxy that is far away and moving toward us, will look more blue than it normally does.
This is called blue shift.
A star or galaxy moving away from us will look more red than it would if the source were not moving in our frame of reference.
This is where red shift got its name, since the colors are shifted towards the red end of the spectrum.
The reason astronomers can tell how far the light gets shifted is because chemical elements, like hydrogen and oxygen, have unique fingerprints of light that no other element has.
Astronomers use spectroscopy to analyse the light from an object (galaxy or star}.
Once they know that, they check to see the difference between where the spectral lines are compared to where they normally are.
From that, they can tell whether it is moving toward us or away from us, and also how fast it is going.
The faster it goes, the farther the spectral lines are from their normal position in the spectrum.
Ned Wright's Cosmology tutorial
Article on redshift from SPACE.com
Cosmic reference guide entry on redshift
Mike Luciuk's Astronomical Redshift tutorial
Animated GIF of Cosmological Redshift by Wayne Hu
The colors of the rainbow
In order to understand spectral lines, color has to be understood.
In a rainbow, the colors of light go from purple to red.
Several hundred years ago, the famous scientist Isaac Newton did an experiment where he showed that even white light from the Sun was made up of all the colors of the rainbow.
When other scientists following him looked at this rainbow very closely, they noticed that there were dark lines breaking up the rainbow, where certain shades of colors should be.
These lines were very small, but could be seen when the rainbow got stretched out very far.
They investigated this further, and discovered that certain chemical elements, like the hydrogen and helium that make up the Sun, absorbed certain frequencies of light where those colors should be, like a sponge absorbs water, but does not absorb chalk.
Elemental fingerprints
Soon, scientists discovered that when they heated other chemical elements, like calcium and oxygen, so hot that they shined with a white light, they found similar lines, but in different places.
No two chemical elements had these lines in exactly the same places along the rainbow, and they also soon discovered that could be used to be able to tell what stars were made up of in the Universe.
The lines that a particular element produces are called the emission spectrum of that element.
The reason the chemical elements can do this is because of the number and places of electrons orbiting around the center of each atom of each chemical element.
These electrons, when light hits them, absorb a specific wavelength, or color of light, and what color they absorb depend on their position around the atom.
Since each chemical element has a certain number of electrons, each chemical element has this unique set of spectral lines.
Since each set of spectral lines was unique, scientists could also be able to use this in a technique called red shift.
Red shift is a method astronomers use, after they know what a star is made of, to tell how fast an object far away in the Universe is moving.
It also tells them how far away it is, .
Godzilla is a giant dinosaur-like fictional monster who first appeared in movies from Japan, in the year 1954.
Since then has been featured in twenty-nine movies.
During his movie career, this large reptile fought against many other mythical monsters, including the giant moth-like Mothra, the three-headed King Ghidorah, his own robotic mirror image Mechagodzilla, and several more enemies.
The original Japanese name, Gojira orゴジラ, is a combination of the words gorilla and kujira (means whale).
In countries where the primary language is English, the name has been changed to Godzilla, is a fictional Japanese movie reptilian monster that has appeared in movies since 1954.
Movie appearances
Godzilla (1954)/Godzilla, King of the Monsters! (
1956) - Embassy Pictures
Godzilla Raids Again/Gigantis, the Fire Monster (1955) - Warner Bros. Pictures
King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962) - Universal International
Mothra vs. Godzilla/Godzilla Vs.
The Thing (1964) - American International Pictures
Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster/Ghidrah (1964) - Walter Reade Organization/Continental
Invasion of Astro-Monster or Monster Zero (US release) (1965) - United Productions of America
Godzilla vs. the Sea Monster (1966) - Walter Reade Organization
Son of Godzilla (1967) - Walter Reade Organization
Destroy All Monsters (1968) - American International Pictures
All Monsters Attack/Godzilla's Revenge (1969) - United Productions of America
Godzilla vs. Hedorah/Godzilla Vs.
The Smog Monster (1971) - American International Pictures
Godzilla vs. Gigan/Godzilla On Monster Island (1972) - Cinema Shares International Distribution
Godzilla vs. Megalon (1973) - Cinema Shares International Distribution
Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla/Godzilla Vs.
The Cosmic Monster (1974) - Cinema Shares International Distribution
Terror of Mechagodzilla/The Terror of Godzilla (1975) - Bob Conn Enterprises
The Return of Godzilla/Godzilla 1985 (1984) - New World Pictures
Godzilla vs. Biollante (1989) - Miramax Films
Godzilla vs. Mothra/Godzilla And Mothra Battle For Earth (1992) - Tristar Pictures
Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II (1993) - Tristar Pictures
Godzilla vs. Space Godzilla (1994) - Tristar Pictures
Godzilla vs. Destoroyah (1995) - Tristar Pictures
Godzilla (1998) - Tristar Pictures, Centropolis Entertainment
Godzilla 2000: Millennium (1999) - Tristar Pictures
Godzilla vs. Megaguirus (2000) - Tristar Pictures
Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack (2001) - Tristar Pictures
Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla (2002) - Tristar Pictures
Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S. (2003) - Tristar Pictures
Godzilla: Final Wars (2004) - Tristar Pictures
Godzilla (2014) - Warner Bros. Pictures, Legendary Pictures
Shin Godzilla (2016) - Funimation
Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters (2017) - Animated - Netflix
Godzilla: City on the Edge of Battle (2018) - Animated - Netflix
Godzilla: Planet Eater (2018) - Animated - Netflix
Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019) - Warner Bros. Pictures, Legendary Pictures
Godzilla vs. Kong'' (2021) - Warner Bros. Pictures, Legendary Pictures, Toho
Tohoeiga official site(Japanese company)
Fictional characters introduced in the 1950s
Horror movie characters
1090 - Béjaïa becomes the capital of the Hammadid Dynasty in Algeria.
1091 - King William II of England invades Normandy.
1093 - Sviatopolk II becomes Grand Prince of Kiev and ruler of Kievan Rus'.
1094 - El Cid becomes ruler of Valencia, Spain.
1095-1099 - The First Crusade
A second wave of crusaders arrives in the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, after being heavily defeated by Kilij Arslan I at Heraclia.
See Crusade of 1101.
Raymond IV of Toulouse, count of Tripoli, takes Ankara from the Seljuk Turks.
Robert Curthose signs the Treaty of Alton, giving up his claim to the Anglo-Norman throne and establishing Henry I as King of England.
The County of Berg, Germany is established.
Canute II of Denmark is canonized.
Louis VII becomes King of France and marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
Rochester Cathedral is hurt by a fire, but is soon rebuilt.
July 5 – Emperor Guangzong of Sung China was forced to step down.
November 20 – Palermo falls to Henry VI
December 25 – Henry VI becomes king of Sicily.
City of Portsmouth awarded its Royal Charter.
Henry Marshal becomes Bishop of Exeter.
Yellow River of China experienced a major course change.
It took over the Huai River drainage system for the next 700 years.
July 16 — Clare of Assisi, Italian follower of Francis of Assisi (d. 1253)
December 26 — Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1250)
February 20 — King Tancred of Sicily
May 5 — King Casimir II of Poland (b. 1138)
June 27 — King Sancho VI of Navarre (b. c. 1133)
June 28 — Emperor Xiaozong of China (b. 1127)
September 27 — Renaud de Courtenay, Anglo-Norman nobleman (b. 1125)
November 15 — Margaret I of Flanders
December 31 — Duke Leopold V of Austria (killed at a tournament) (b. 1157)
Benedictus Abbas, English chronicler
Guy of Lusignan, king consort of Jerusalem (b. c. 1150)
Raymond V of Toulouse (b. 1134)
Roger III of Sicily (b. 1175)
Sviatoslav III of Kiev
Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III.
Pope Innocent III declares for Philip of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor, a reversal of his previous support for Otto IV.
King John issued letters patent creating the new Borough of Liverpool
September 8 – King Sancho II of Portugal
September 30 – Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi mystic (died 1273)
October 1 – King Henry III of England (died 1272)
Henry II, Duke of Brabant (died 1248)
Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (died 1231)
Philip I of Savoy (died 1285)
January 4 – Simon II, Duke of Lorraine
June 17 – Daoji, Chinese buddhist monk (born 1130)
Amaury of Bene, heretic
Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria
Xin Qiji, Chinese poet (born 1140)
Monarchs/Presidents
France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227)
Venice – Pietro Ziani Doge of Venice (ruled from 1205 to 1229)
England – John King of England (reigned from 1199 to 1216)
Latin Empire of Constantinople – Henry of Flanders (reigned from 1205 to 1216)
The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense.
It is in Arlington, Virginia (near Washington, D.C.).
It has limestone walls.
It is in the shape of a pentagon, and has seven floors.
Construction began on September 11, 1941.
Exactly sixty years later, on September 11, 2001, it was hit with an airplane by terrorists.
The crash killed a total of 189 victims (125 in The Pentagon, 64 in plane).
Building description
It has a total floor area of 6,500,000 sq ft (604,000 m2).
Offices are 3,700,000 sq ft (344,000 m2).
Approximately 25,000 military and civilian employees work in The Pentagon.
It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of  of corridors.
The Pentagon includes a five-acre (20,000 m2) central plaza, which is shaped like a pentagon.
The concentric rings are named (from the center out) as "A" through "E" (with in addition "F" and "G" in the basement). "
E" Ring offices are the only ones with outside views and are generally occupied by senior officials.
Office numbers go clockwise around each of the rings, and have two parts: a nearest-corridor number (1 to 10) followed by a bay number (00 to 99), so office numbers range from 100 to 1099.
These corridors radiate out from the central courtyard, with corridor 1 beginning with the Concourse's south end.
Each numbered radial corridor intersects with the corresponding numbered group of offices (for example, corridor 5 divides the 500 series office block).
There are a number of historical displays in the building, particularly in the "A" and "E" rings.
Floors in The Pentagon are lettered "B" for Basement and "M" for Mezzanine, both of which are below ground level.
The concourse is located on the second floor at the metro entrance.
Above ground floors are numbered 1 to 5.
Room numbers are given as the floor, concentric ring, and office number (which is in turn the nearest corridor number followed by the bay number).
So, office 2B315 is on the second floor, B ring, and nearest to corridor 3 (between corridors 2 and 3).
One way to get to this office would be to go to the second floor, get to the A (innermost) ring, go to and take corridor 3, and then turn left on ring B to get to bay 15.
Just south of The Pentagon are Pentagon City and Crystal City, extensive shopping and high-density residential districts in Arlington.
Arlington National Cemetery is to the north.
The Washington Metro Pentagon station is also located at the Pentagon, on the Blue and Yellow Lines.
The Pentagon is surrounded by the Capital Beltway Every day, thousands of commuters traveling between Arlington, Virginia and Washington, DC drive on the roads of the Pentagon Reservation.
The Pentagon Athletic Center (PAC) is a fitness center for military and civilian staff.
It opened in a separate building on the north side of The Pentagon in 2004.
Each year, the Pentagon grounds hold the Marine Corps Marathon and the Army Ten-Miler running events.
The public may take a 60 minute long tour of the building.
Tourists can also visit the Pentagon Memorial that is on the building's west side.
The Pentagon receives around 106,000 visitors per year.
Some numbers about The Pentagon
131 stairs
19 escalators
70 elevators
7,754 windows
284 toilets
691 water fountains
4,200 clocks
16,250 lights
17.5 miles of corridor
200,000 telephone calls per day
1,000,000 emails sent daily
8,700 parking spaces
9/11 Attacks
On September 11, 2001, American Airlines Flight 77 flew into the western side of the Pentagon.
September 11 was also the date the Pentagon began to be constructed.
There were much fewer deaths because that side was being renovated.
189 people died.
There is now a memorial remembering the people who died that day called the Pentagon Memorial.
Each person that died is represented by a bench, for a total of 189 benches.
It was opened on September 11, 2008, exactly 7 years after the attacks.
The Pentagon website
1943 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in Virginia
The Beach Boys are an American pop/surf rock group from Hawthorne, California.
They formed in 1961.
The original members were brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, and their friend Al Jardine.
Many of the band's early songs were about life in southern California, the beach, girls, cars, and surfing.
David Marks replaced Jardine when he went away to school; after Jardine's return, Marks left the band.
Bruce Johnston later became a regular band member, first replacing Brian Wilson on tour, then  joining in on recording sessions.
Reunions with some of the original band members still occur from time to time.
Surfin' Safari (1962)
Surfin' U.S.A. (1963)
Surfer Girl (1963)
Little Deuce Coupe (1963)
Shut Down Volume 2 (1964)
All Summer Long (1964)
The Beach Boys' Christmas Album (1964)
The Beach Boys Today! (
Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!) (
Beach Boys' Party! (
Pet Sounds (1966)
Smiley Smile (1967)
Wild Honey (1967)
Friends (1968)
20/20 (1969)
Sunflower (1970)
Surf's Up (1971)
Carl and the Passions – "So Tough" (1972)
Holland (1973)
15 Big Ones (1976)
The Beach Boys Love You (1977)
M.I.U. Album (1978)
L.A. (Light Album) (1979)
Keepin' the Summer Alive (1980)
The Beach Boys (1985)
Still Cruisin' (1989)
Summer in Paradise (1992)
That's Why God Made the Radio (2012)
The Pet Sounds Sessions (1996)
The Smile Sessions (2011)
The Big Beat 1963 (2013)
Keep an Eye on Summer 1964 (2014)
Becoming the Beach Boys: The Complete Hite & Dorinda Morgan Sessions (2015)
Uncovered and Unplugged (2015)
1967 – Sunshine Tomorrow (2017)
Wake the World: The Friends Sessions (2018)
I Can Hear Music: The 20/20 Sessions (2018)
Smile (1966–1967)
Discographies of Brian Wilson, Dennis Wilson, Carl Wilson, Mike Love, and Al Jardine
1961 establishments in the United States
A modem (comes from: modulator demodulator) is a piece of computer hardware.
It is used to communicate between distant computers.
Two modems, one on each computer, are required to make a connection, and each modem can send and receive data to and from the other modem.
Modulation is changing the digital data from a computer to analog data (audio tones or sounds) to be sent over telephone lines.
Demodulation is changing the analog data which is received over the telephone lines to digital data to be used by the computer.
Modems are classified by the amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured in bits per second (bit/s, or bps).
They are also classified by their connection method.
Dial-up modems were the usual kind in the 20th century, and DSL modems and Cable TV modems are now more used.
Modems that connect to the computer by a cable are called external modems.
Modems that go inside the computer are internal modems.
Some internal modems are part of the motherboard; others are inserted into the computer on a PC card.
Most DSL and cable modems are external.
Many modems are used to connect to the Internet through telephone service or cable television service.
Slow telephone service is called dial-up (maximum 56,000 bits per second).
Faster telephone service is called DSL and is usually more than ten times faster.
Cable modems connect through cable television, and are similarly fast.
A CEA study in 2006 found that dial-up Internet access is on a decline in the United States.
In 2000, dial-up Internet connections accounted for 74% of all U.S. residential Internet connections.
This decline has been more or less mirrored in Canada and Australia.
Dial-up modem use in the US dropped to 60% by 2003, and in 2006 stood at 36%.
Voiceband modems were once the most popular means of Internet access in the U.S. But as more homes adopted faster ways of accessing the Internet, the traditional 56K modem is losing popularity.
The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (often just called the 3DO) is a video game console invented by The 3DO Company.
It was created by Trip Hawkins, the man who created Electronic Arts.
The 3DO was not built by the company itself.
They had a list of instructions that other companies could use to build their own.
Panasonic made the first models in 1993, and other types of the machine were sold in 1994 by Sanyo and GoldStar.
Many good things were said about it when it was created, including being named Time Magazine's "1993 Product of the Year".
It also had many technologies that were new and advanced.
But the 3DO cost more money than the video game consoles that were already popular.
This meant more people bought consoles from Sega or Nintendo instead of the 3D0.
Because of this, no more 3D0s were made after 1996.
It was also not advertised very well, so almost no one knew about it.
Some games planned for it include Alone in the Dark and Myst.
The 3DO company also wanted to make another console called the M2, but it was never released.
video game consoles
The APF-M1000 was a video game console made by APF in 1978.
The controllers had numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 called a numeric keypad) and a joystick.
With a joystick, the player moves the joystick and uses it to control the action in the game.
It could only be used on a color TV.
It came built-in with the game "Rocket Patrol".
CPU: Motorola 6800 at 3579 kHz
Colors: 8 on-screen
Resolution: 256 by 192
Cartridge list
MG1008 Backgammon
MG1006 Baseball
MG1007 Blackjack
MG1004 Bowling/Micro Match
MG1012 Boxing
MG1005 Brickdown/Shooting Gallery
MG1009 Casino I: Roulette/Keno/Slots
MG1001 Catena
MG1003 Hangman/Tic Tac Toe/Doddle
MG1011 Pinball/Dungeon Hunt/Blockout
Built-In Rocket Patrol
MG1013 Space Destroyers
MG1010 UFO/Sea Monster/Break It Down/Rebuild/Shoot
Windsor is a city in southern Ontario, Canada, which is across the Detroit River from the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan.
Windsor was founded in 1749 by the French.
It has a population of 233,763 (counted in 2017).
CBET CBC
Cities in Ontario
QWERTY is a certain typewriter or computer keyboard layout that is commonly used in some English-speaking countries.
The term comes from the fact the first 6 letters of the top row of keys are Q, W, E, R, T, and Y. The QWERTY design was patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874 and sold to E. Remington and Sons during the same year.
The QWERTY layout was invented by Christopher Sholes, the inventor of the first modern typewriter.
At first the letters on the typewriter were placed alphabetically.
However, when the user of the typewriter learned to type quickly, the bars attached to letters became caught in one another.
The typist had to stop and unstick the typebars with his hands.
A business associate of Sholes named James Densmore suggested splitting up the keys to speed up typing by preventing the typebars from striking the typewriter roller at the same time and sticking together.
Some people say the QWERTY layout was created to slow down typing speed, while others say it worked by separating series of English letters.
The QWERTY layout was made to type in English, therefore it has no accent marks as they are not used in native English words.
People from other countries whose own languages used accent marks (such as French, which has letters like "é", "î", and "ç") had problems.
Depending on the operating system and the application being used, one can type accents marks by holding down the Alt key while pressing several number keys in a row.
As an example, holding the Alt key, pressing the number keys 1, 5, and 6, then releasing the Alt key will generate a character numbered 156 in some character set.
The Control or Alt key can be also used together with a letter.