the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither  be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Thus, the amount of matter cannot change.
Sir Antoine Lavoisier promoted this idea.
This law says that when a chemical reaction rearranges atoms into a new product, the mass of the reactants (chemicals before the chemical reaction) is the same as the mass of the products (the new chemicals made).
More simply, whatever you do, you will still have the same amount of stuff.
The principle of conservation of mass was first outlined by Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) in 1748.
He proved it by experiments—though this is sometimes challenged.
Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) had expressed these ideas in 1774.
Others whose ideas pre-dated the work of Lavoisier include Joseph Black (1728–1799), Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), and Jean Rey (1583–1645).
New York, a US state
New York City, a city in New York and the biggest city in the United States
Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, KG, PC (c. 1485 – 28 July 1540) was an English statesman and lawyer.
He was King Henry VIII's chief minister (like Prime Minister) from 1532 to 1540.
He held many important posts, ending as Lord Chamberlain.
Cromwell did not come from a rich or noble family: he rose in life by his work and merit.
Cromwell tried to modernize government, but this meant that both the nobility and the church would have less power.
Because of this he was seen as an upstart.
He was one of the strongest supporters of the English Reformation, the English Church's break with the papacy in Rome.
Henry VIII was made the head of the Church of England by Parliament in 1534.
Cromwell helped control the new Church with his two new jobs; Vicegerent for spirituals and Vicar general.
Cromwell had supported Henry VIII in disposing of Anne Boleyn and replacing her with Jane Seymour.
During his years as the King's chief minister, Cromwell created many powerful enemies for himself.
His final downfall was caused by the haste with which he encouraged the king to marry Anne of Cleves.
This was a marriage that Cromwell hoped would put the English Reformation back on track after the recent setback with the Six Articles.
The enterprise became a disaster when King Henry told Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage.
Henry told Cromwell to get him out of the marriage by legal means, but the king was obliged to go ahead with it or risk the vital German alliance.
The king's marriage to Anne of Cleves was a disaster for Cromwell.
It was the opportunity that Cromwell's opponents (most notably the Duke of Norfolk) needed to press for his downfall.
Cromwell was executed at Tyburn on 28 July 1540, the same day that the king divorced Anne of Cleves and married Catherine Howard.p60 After his execution, Thomas Cromwell's head was boiled and then set upon a spike on London Bridge, facing away from the City of London.
Henry came to regret Cromwell's execution.
About eight months afterwards, Henry accused his ministers of bringing about Cromwell's downfall by false charges.p496 Henry spent the rest of his life lamenting the fact that Cromwell had been executed.
1540 deaths
People from Middlesex
Photolithography is the combination of photography and lithography.
Its uses include the mass printing of photographs.
Microphototolithography is the use of photolithography to transfer geometric shapes on a photomask to the surface of a semiconductor wafer for making integrated circuits.
A special light-and-shadow pattern is shone through a photomask, onto a sheet or wafer of silicon that had been covered with a material called a photoresist.
The light hardens the photoresist.
When the board is dipped into a special acid, the parts that had no light on them are dissolved away.
Memory chips have thousands or millions of identical cells.
Because is much easier to make than a CPU, (a large die with a non-repetitive structure), RAM chips are far less expensive than processors.
A Christian liturgy is a set of steps or rituals done by Christians as a form of worship, done by Christian denomination.
The liturgy or form of worship has changed over time, and different groups also have different prescriptions on how such a celebration should be done.
The worship on a Sunday might be different from that which is done on Easter.
Liturgy may mean an elaborate formal ceremony such as the Catholic Mass. The open or waiting worship of Quakers is an example of a non-liturgical service because there is no structured order of events.
Liturgical churches are those that use a well-defined liturgy, in which many of the words and music used follow basic patterns each time the service is conducted.
The liturgy may date to the second century or earlier.
Most Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches are liturgical, most other churches to a far lesser extent.
Non-liturgical churches usually follow a common worship sequence from one service to the next, with several elements common to many such services.
These elements often include readings from the Bible, hymns, a sermon, offerings of money, and at certain times, Communion.
A Booby prize is a prize of low value or a joke prize.
It is sometimes given for a terrible performance or last-place finish.
Booby prizes are sometimes humorously and jokingly seen as an object of pride as being noticed for doing something special - losing or coming in last-place.
A booby prize is usually awarded and received with pleasant humor and understanding, it is not seen as a sign of disgrace.
If a contestant playing the Monty Hall problem does not win a car, then the goat that he wins instead is considered a booby prize.
Traditionally, the cadet graduating a military academy with the lowest academic record was given a silver dollar (booby prize) by each of his classmates.
A red lantern (booby prize) is given to the cyclist who finishes last in the Tour de France.
Jerilderie is a town of 768 people in the southern Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia.
It is the only town in the Jerilderie Shire Council Local Government Area.
It can be found along the Newell Highway  south-west of Sydney and  north of the Victorian state border.
Jerilderie's post code is 2716.
Macropods are marsupials belonging to the family Macropodidae.
That family includes kangaroos, wallabies, tree-kangaroos, pademelons, quokkas and others.
They are native to Australia, New Guinea, and their surrounding islands.
Before European settlement, there were about 65 species of macropods.
Six species have since become extinct.
Another 11 species have been greatly reduced in numbers.
Modern macropods are herbivores.
They have specialized teeth made for grinding up fibrous plants.
Macropods usually have a row of broad, straight front teeth, no canines, and a gap before their large molars.
The stomachs of the macropods contain lots of bacteria that help them to digest their food by breaking it down for them.
Macropods have a certain blend of bacteria in their stomachs that lowers the amount of methane produced.
Macropods come in all different sizes.
Almost all have a powerful tail and large back legs.
The word 'macropod' comes from the Greek for 'large foot'.
Their long legs allow macropods to move quickly, and for long distances.
Gestation lasts about one month.
In larger species, it lasts a little longer.
Usually a single offspring is born.
It attaches itself to a teat inside the mother's pouch.
The offspring is able to leave the pouch after 5-11 months.
It is sexually mature at 1-3 years old, depending on the species.
Marsupials evolved about 160 million years ago during the Jurassic period.
They reached Australia in the Palaeocene about 50 million years ago.
The oldest macropod fossil found is about 12 million years old.
Shengzhou is a city of Zhejiang Province in China.
It is a part of Shaoxing Municipality.
Its population (including suburbs) is about 735 000.
Yueju Opera, which is a Chinese opera popular in China, originated in Shengzhou.
Yueju Opera (),is a Chinese opera popular in China.
It originated in Shengxian County(namely Shengzhou).
The word "Yue" in Chinese means Zhejiang province and the regions around it. "
ju" means (Chinese) opera.
At present, Yueju Opera is the second most popular opera in China, after the Beijing Opera.
Harbin, is the capital city of Heilongjiang, a northeast province of China.
In recent years, Harbin is well-known worldwide for Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival, Harbin Summer Music Festival and  Harbin International Beer Festival.
From 1897 to 1902, the Russian Empire built the Chinese Eastern Railway; A concession from Imperial China allowed that; Russia's administration of this railway and the Chinese Eastern Railway Zone - was from Harbin.
The settlement founded by the Russian-owned Chinese Eastern Railway, quickly turned into a boomtown, growing into a city within five years.
The majority of settlers in Harbin came from southern Ukraine (in the Russian Empire).
Daoli District
Nangang District
Daowai District
Xiangfang District
Pingfang District
Songbei District
Hulan District
Acheng District
Shuangcheng District
Shangzhi
Fangzheng County
Bin County
Bayan County
Mulan County
Tonghe County
Yanshou County
Harbin Travel Guide
Sirach, by Ben Sira, which is also known as Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, the Wisdom of Ben Sira, or Ecclesiasticus, is a work from the early second century BC, its original version being written in Hebrew.
It is part of the Apocrypha or deuterocanonical books.
(Opening of first chapter, New Revised Standard Version)
Sirach texts
Although there are many different types of alveoli in the body, the word alveoli is usually used to talk about small air sacs in the lungs of mammals.
These are also called pulmonary alveoli.
These alveoli are located at the ends of the air passageways in the lungs.
They have very thin (one cell thick), wet walls and are surrounded with a network of small blood vessels, or capillaries.
This allows gases to diffuse, or move across, the surface of the alveolus.
When a mammal breathes in, the concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveolus than in the red blood cells.
Therefore, oxygen leaves the alveolus and enters the red blood cells.
When a mammal breathes out, the opposite happens.
The concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in the alveolus than in the red blood cells, so carbon dioxide leaves the red blood cells, enters the alveolus, and is exhaled.
In an average human lung, there are 480 million alveoli.
Their total surface area is around 75 square meters.
Inside the alveoli is where a gas exchange occurs.
Gas exchange is a biological process through which (usually two) different gases are transferred in opposite directions across a specialised respiratory surface.
Gases are constantly required and produced as a by-product of cellular and metabolic reactions so an efficient system for their exchange is extremely important.
It is linked with respiration in animals, and both respiration and photosynthesis in plants.
Parasitoids are parasites whose larvae develop inside another organism's body.
This usually results in the death of the host, which sets them apart from 'traditional' parasites.
There are twelve superfamilies of parasitic wasps which are entirely or mainly parasitoid.
The largest family are the ichneumons, with over 80,000 species.
In parasitoids the adult stage is free-living: it finds the 'host' for the next generation.
The female parasitoid places the eggs, on or in the body of a host.
The host is food for their growth.
In Hymenoptera there are many variations.
The distinction between the 'parasitic' and the 'traditional' hymenoptera can run very thin.
In Britain there are about 6500 species of Hymenoptera  more than in any other insect order  and just one parasitoid superfamily, the Ichneumonoidea, has nearly half of them.
Most workers now recognise only two families in Ichneumonoidea.
These are Ichneumonidae, with over two thousand British species, and Braconidae, with nearly 1200 representatives in Britain.
They are, respectively, the largest and the second largest families of British insects.
Only a beetle family, the Staphylinidae, is near the thousand mark.
Ichneumonoids also include the largest parasitoids.
Hymenopteran parasitoids often have unique life cycles.
In one family, the Trigonalidae, the female wasps deposit eggs into small pockets they cut into the edge of leaves with their ovipositor.
A caterpillar chewing these leaves may swallow some of the eggs.
When they get into the caterpillar's gut, they hatch and burrow through the gut wall and into the body cavity.
Later they search the caterpillar's body cavity for other parasitoid larvae, and it is these they attack and feed on.
Some trigonalids, once they are in a caterpillar or sawfly larva, need their host to fall prey to a social wasp.
The wasp carries the caterpillar back to its nest, and there it is butchered and fed to the wasp's young.
The young serve as host for the trigonalid, the eggs of which are in the butchered caterpillar.
In entomology, the imago is the last stage in the development of an insect.
In an incomplete metamorphosis it comes after the last ecdysis.
If the metamorphosis is complete, it comes after emergence from the pupa.
This is the only stage where the insect is sexually mature and (if a winged species) has functional wings.
The imago is often referred to as the adult stage.
Jennifer Todd (born in 1969 in California) is an American movie producer.
She and her sister Suzanne run a production company called "Team Todd".
They have helped make movies including the three Austin Powers movies, Boiler Room, Prime, Must Love Dogs, Memento, Across the Universe, and The Accidental Husband.
She won the 2001 Independent Spirit Award for best movie for Memento.
Christopher Paolini (born November 17, 1983 in Southern California) is an American writer.
He is best known as the writer of the Inheritance cycle, which has the books Eragon, Eldest,  Brisingr, and the fourth book.
He lives in Paradise Valley, Montana.
Paolini is famous for publishing his book, Eragon when he was only seventeen years old.
He began writing the book when he was fifteen.
His second book, Eldest, was released in 2005.
His third book, Brisingr, was released in 2008.
The final book of the Inheritance Cycle, Inheritance, was released on 8 November, 2011.
Dougie Lee Poynter (born 30 November 1987) is a British musician.
He was born in Corringham, Essex.
He is the bass player and singer for British pop punk band, McFly.
The band's first single, "Five Colours In Her Hair", reached number one in the charts, as did their first album, Room On The Third Floor.
McFly were signed to Island Records before creating their own indie label, Super Records in December 2007.
Poynter is the band's youngest member having joined the band at the age of 15.
Poynter won the 2011 UK series of I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!.
Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikritieh ( , 30 November 1941 – 25 January 2010) was an Iraqi minister.
He was a member of the Baath Party.
During his life, he was Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service.
He was also the governor of occupied Kuwait during the Gulf War.
He was a first cousin to the late President of Iraq Saddam Hussein.
During the 1980s and 1990s,  he became notorious for his role in the Iraqi government's campaigns against internal opposition forces, namely the ethnic Kurdish rebels of the north, and the Shia religious dissidents of the south.
Repressive measures included deportations of the population and mass killings; al-Majid was dubbed "Chemical Ali" by Iraqi Kurds for his use of chemical weapons in attacks against them.
Al-Majid was captured after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide.
He was convicted in June 2007 and was sentenced to death for crimes committed in the al-Anfal campaign of the 1980s.
His appeal against the death sentence was rejected on 4 September 2007, and was sentenced to death for the fourth time on 17 January 2010.
Al-Majid was executed by hanging eight days later.
Bamba () is an Israeli corn snack.
It is a popular snack for children.
Bamba has been made since 1963.
Bamba makes up 25% of the Israeli snack market.
Amadou Bamba, Muslim religious leader and founder of Mouridism
Souleymane Bamba, French-Ivorian footballer representing Hibernian F.C. and the Côte d'Ivoire national football team
Bamba snack, peanut butter snack food made in Israel
La Bamba (song)
Bamba, an Aruban musical instrument - see Music of Aruba
Bamba, alternate spelling for Quechua word "Pampa", meaning plain.
Bambera, a Spanish cante or song form associated with flamenco.
Bamba, Burundi
Bamba, Congo, town in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Bamba, Kenya, a small town in the Kilifi District of Kenya
Bamba, Guinea
Bamba, Mali, a town
Bamba, Mopti a small town in Mali
Bamba Crater, on the planet Mars, named after Bamba, Congo
This is a list of ChuckleVision episodes.
ChuckleVision is a popular British children's television series.
Series 1 (1987)
Series 2 (1988-1989)
Series 3 (1989-1990)
Series 4 (1991)
Series 5 (1992-1993)
Series 6 (1994)
Series 7 (1995)
Series 8 (1995-1996)
Series 9 (1996-1997)
Series 10 (1997-1998)
Series 11 (1998-1999)
Series 12 (1999-2000)
Series 13 (2000-2001)
All the episodes in Series 12-13 were originally 20 minutes in length, but in 2004 the BBC cut them down to 15 minutes in length to suit their schedule.
The original length 20 minute episodes are very rarely broadcast.
Series 14 (2002)
Series 15 (2002-2003)
Series 16 (2004)
Series 17 (2005)
Series 18 (2006)
Series 19 (2007)
Series 20 (2008)
Series 21 (2009)
All information in this article is sourced from "http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006w487/episodes".
Due to the fact that not all episodes are displayed on this website at any one time, the information in this article was also confirmed as being correct from the BBC helpline - 03700 100 222.
A car stereo is a device that can be in a car to listen to the radio, play cassettes or CDs.
More modern car stereos can also play music from memory sticks.
Car stereos typically can not produce much power without circuit which makes the car's battery voltage higher.
Often car speakers have lower impedance.
Then it is easier to get more audiopower without having higher voltage.
Eudora Alice Welty (April 13, 1909 – July 23, 2001) was an award-winning American author who wrote short stories and novels about the American South.
Her book, The Optimist's Daughter, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1973 and Welty was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, among numerous awards.
She was the first living author to have her works published by the Library of America.
Her house in Jackson, Mississippi, is a National Historic Landmark and open to the public as a museum.
Welty worked as a publicity agent for the work progress administration.
She had to travel around Mississippi for her job.
In her own time, she took memorable photographs.
These mostly show how different people from all economic and social classes coped with the Great Depression.
Collections of her photograph were published as One time, One place (1971) and Photograph (1989).
Very often, a photograph was the basis of one of her short stories, including Why I live at the P.O., which was inspired by a woman she photographed  ironing in the back of a small post office.
A talisman is an amulet or other object considered to possess supernatural or magical powers.
A talisman can have protective properties, turning away harmful or evil influences.
It is a very sacred object said to give protection and good luck.
Eagle Comics was a short lived comic book company that existed to reprinting comic serials from the UK's 2000 A.D. magazine for distribution in North American.
They existed from 1983 to 1986 and were based in London, England, with product production and distribution in Canada.
The company was formed by Nick Landau to republish stories from the comics anthology, repackaged into American comic book format (in the same way his Titan Books had been reprinting them as trade paperbacks).
In 1986 the license, from IPC, passed to Quality Communications.
Judge Dredd (33 issues - continued by Quality Comics)
Judge Dredd: The Judge Child Quest (5 issue mini-series)
Judge Dredd's Crime File (6 issue mini-series)
Judge Dredd: The Early Cases (6 issue mini-series)
The Stainless Steel Rat (6 issue mini-series)
Strontium Dog (8 issue mini-series)
Robohunter (5 issue mini-series)
Nemesis The Warlock (7 issue mini-series)
2000 A.D. Monthly (6 issues)
Saint Tikhon of Moscow was a  of Moscow in the beginning of the Soviet Union.
His name, before he became a saint, was Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin().
He was  by the Synod of Bishops.
It is possible that the character of the elder Zosimov in the Russian novel The Brothers Karamazov was influenced by him.
Henry James OM (18431916) was an Anglo-American novelist.
He was one of the most important literary people of the late 19th century.
James was the son of Henry James Senior, a clergyman, and the brother of William James, the psychologist and philosopher.
He grew up mostly in the United States but spent the majority of his life in England.
He became a British citizen in 1915.
His sister, Alice James, was also a writer.
In his novels, he wrote from the viewpoint of one of the characters.
Some literary critics compared this to impressionist painting.
In his own literary criticism, James insisted that writers be allowed the greatest possible freedom in how they looked at the world.
He thought a text should be realistic, and its account of life be recognisable to its readers.
Good novels, to James, show life in action and are interesting.
He published fictional books, articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and wrote plays, some of which were performed during his lifetime.
His plays probably influenced his later novels and tales.
Velupillai Prabhakaran (November 26 1954 — May 18 2009) was the leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.
He fought the Sri Lankan Civil War to make an independent state for the Tamil people in the north of Sri Lanka.
Under his leadership, the Tamil Tigers became one of the most deadly guerilla groups in the world.
Prabhakaran was born in Valvettiturai, a fishing town, on the northern tip of Sri Lanka.
His father worked for the government.
After Ceylon became independent in 1948, life became very difficult for the small Tamil population.
There were laws to limit their chance of getting to university or working for the government.
In 1972, Prabhakaran started a group called the Tamil New Tigers (TNT).
In July 1975 he shot dead Alfred Duryappa, the mayor of Jaffna.
Duryappa was also a Tamil, but Prahbhakaran believed he had become too close to the Sri Lankan government.
Prabhakaran went to India to escape from the police.
He hid in the city of Madras (now Chenai), where he turned the TNT into the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).
Each member had cyanide (poison) carried in a necklace which they could swallow if they were captured.
Other rules that Prabhakaran made for the LTTE were that members could not smoke, drink alcohol or have sex.
The last rule was changed when Prabhakaran married Mathivathani Erambu.
The LTTE secretly set up training camps in India.
Other Tamil guerilla groups were taken over or destroyed by the LTTE.
In July 1983, there were wide spread attacks against Tamils in Sri Lanka.
Many Tamils left the country, and many young people went to the training camps in India.
The LTTE fought against the government.
They had their own navy, the Sea Tigers, and air force.
In July 1987 Prabhakaran started a group called the "Black Tigers".
These were a group of male and female suicide bombers.
Their explosive belts have been copied by groups in Palestine, Chechnya and Iraq.
India sent 100,000 peace keeping soldiers to Sri Lanka in July 1987.
The Indian government and the Sri Lankan government signed an agreement, but Prabhakaran did not like it because it did not create a separate Tamil country.
The Indian soldiers were soon fighting against the LTTE.
Tamil control
The Indian army left Sri Lanka in March 1990, having had 1200 soldiers killed.
Prabhakaran became ruler of the northern part of Sri Lanka.
He attacked everyone he thought was responsible for the war.
In May 1991, female suicide bombers killed the former Indian Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, during an election rally.
Prabhakaran did not trust other people.
He would only drink his own bottled water, he slept with a gun under his pillow.
He thought his cousin, Mahattaya, was plotting against him.
He had him and many others tortured and killed.
In 2001, the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE asked Norway to help make a ceasefire to stop the war.
This lasted for four years before the fighting started again.
This led to increased attacks on the LTTE by the Sri Lankan army.
The LTTE were slowly forced back into a very small area.
Prabhakaran and his son, Charles Anthony, were killed in the fighting, and the LTTE were defeated.
Sri Lankan military people
Independence activists
Mohs' scale of mineral hardness is named after Friedrich Mohs, a mineralogist.
Mohs scale is ordered by hardness, determined by which minerals can scratch other minerals.
According to the scale, Talc is the softest: it can be scratched by all other materials.
Gypsum is harder: it can scratch talc but not calcite, which is even harder.
The hardness of a mineral is mainly controlled by the strength of the bonding between the atoms and partly by the size of the atoms.
It is a measure of the resistance of the mineral to scratching, the Mohs scale is for natural minerals.
For manufactured products other measures of hardness are better.
Diamond is always at the top of the scale, being the hardest mineral.
There are ten minerals in Mohs scale, talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, and for last and hardest, diamond.
Because the Mohs scale was made long ago, it is not exactly correct - for example, several minerals are now known to be harder than the diamond.
The Mohs scale may not be perfect, but field geologists still find it very useful.
Relative hardness of some items
http://www.mineraltown.com/infocoleccionar/mohs_scale_of_hardness.htm
How to use the Mohs scale of mineral hardness
Chinglish is a word for English that is influenced by Chinese.
It often uses Chinese grammar and vocabulary that has been translated into English.
For example, "long time no see (we have not met for a long time)" is translated from Chinese "hǎojiǔbùjiàn".
The term Chinglish comes from a combination of the words Chinese and English.
Proper english translation
Job and Career
Scientist Mohs was born in Germany.
He was a minerologist who studied minerals, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.
He moved to Austria in 1801 where he found a job identifying minerals in a collection that belonged to a rich banker.
He used physical characteristics of the crystals to determine what they were.
One of the characteristics he used to identify minerals was their hardness.
He knew that some of the minerals could scratch others and that if a mineral could make a scratch on another, it must be harder than the mineral that was scratched.
He found that all minerals could scratch the mineral talc, so it must be very soft.
He also found that diamonds were so hard that no other minerals could scratch them.
In 1812, Mohs made a scale from 1 to 10 to describe mineral hardness.
He gave harder minerals larger numbers and softer minerals smaller numbers.
Talc, the softest mineral, he assigned to 1, the smallest number on the scale.
Diamond, the hardest mineral, he assigned to 10, the highest number on the scale.
Later Career
In 1812, Mohs became professor in Graz, Austria.
In 1817, Mohs replaced his mentor Werner, who had died, as a tutor at the mining academy in Freiberg, Saxony, starting in 1818.
In 1826, he was appointed as a professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna.
The Chelicerata are a sub-phylum of the Arthropods.
The sub-phylum consists of only two classes: the Arachnids and the Merostomata.
The Merostomata are the extinct Eurypterids and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura).
The horseshoe crabs are a small, ancient group which has survived relatively unchanged for millions of years.
Groups like this are often called living fossils.
The Arachnida is the huge and successful terrestrial (air-breathing) group of spiders and their relatives.
The chelicerates originated as marine animals.
The first confirmed chelicerate fossils, the eurypterids, date from 445 million years ago in the late Ordovician period.
Although only four marine species survive, all of them horseshoe crabs, there are over 77,000 species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species.
The pycnogonids may or may not be Chelicerates.
This is in dispute, as genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods.
There are 1,300 species of  these 'sea spiders'.
A cameraman or camera operator, is the person who takes motion pictures of the actors in a movie with a motion picture camera.
They also are the people who work the cameras for television shows and news.
The wire-crested thorntail (Discosura popelairii) is a species of hummingbird.
It lives in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
Their coloring is steel-blue, with white shafts, making a pretty sight when spread.
The bird has a crest of bright green feathers.
These birds feed on nectar from flowers using their long tongue or catch insects on the wing.
People diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder are socially inhibited, meaning that they are shy and afraid of social situations.
They feel that they are not good people and are afraid of people rejecting them.
They are very sensitive to other people saying bad or negative things about them.
Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals diagnose people with avoidant personality disorder using a book called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR).
If the person has four or more of the following signs, the DSM-IV-TR says that they have AvPD.
Avoids jobs or activities that involve a lot of contact with other people because of being very afraid of rejection or being criticised by other people
Does not want to get involved with people unless they are sure that the other person likes them
Is restrained or reserved in relationships and does not let people get too close because of being afraid of being made to feel bad
Spends a lot of time thinking about being criticised or rejected in social situations
Feels inhibited when meeting new people because of feeling not as good as other people
Thinks that they are not good with people, not attractive, or not as good as other people
Does not like to take risks or do new things in case they get embarrassed or feel bad
Cassiopeia was a woman in Macedonian mythology.
She was the wife of Cepheus who was king of Ethiopia.
They had a daughter called Andromeda.
Cassiopeia was very beautiful but also very arrogant and vain.
She thought that she was better than other people.
One day, Cassiopeia said that her daughter Andromeda was more beautiful than all of the Nereids.
The Nereids were sea-nymphs.
When the sea-god Poseidon heard what Cassiopeia had said, he was very angry.
He sent floods and a sea monster called Cetus to destroy Ethiopia.
Cassiopeia and her husband Cepheus asked an oracle what to do.
The oracle said that they must sacrifice their daughter so they chained Andromeda to a rock.
A hero named Perseus came and rescued Andromeda.
Later, they got married.
Poseidon was still angry with Cassiopeia and wanted to punish her.
He placed her in the sky.
There is a constellation called Cassiopeia named after her.
Cassiopeia (mythology), a woman in Greek mythology
Cassiopeia (constellation), a constellation in the northern sky
A branch line is a secondary railway line.
It links to a more important route, usually a main line.
David Blyth Hanna, the first president of the Canadian National Railway, said that although most branch lines cannot pay for themselves, they are essential to make main lines pay.
Atlantic Records (Atlantic Recording Corporation) is a major record label.
It sold rhythm & blues, rock and roll, and jazz.
It was founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson.
Some of its groups included Cream, Led Zeppelin, Yes, and Foreigner.
Recording artists
The amazilia hummingbird (Amazilia amazilia) is a species of hummingbird.
The loja hummingbird (A. alticola) has less tan-brown underparts.
It is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the amazilia hummingbird.
The amazilia hummingbird lives in western Peru and Ecuador.
It is mostly common, and can be seen in big cities such as Lima and Guayaquil.
It likes dry, open or partly-open habitats, but also lives in forests.
Schulenberg T. et al 2007.
Birds of Peru.
Christopher Helm.
The Wikimedia Foundation is an American  non-profit foundation.
Their main headquarters is in San Francisco in the United States.
The Wikimedia Foundation runs many projects using the wiki idea and the MediaWiki software.
These projects include Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, Wikivoyage, and Meta-Wiki.
There are many other wikis related to the foundation, but these are mostly smaller projects.
They include the Wikimedia Foundation wiki, the MediaWiki wiki, the Test Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Incubator, Bugzilla, and the Wikimania wiki.
The foundation gets most of its funds from donations, as it is nonprofit.
It also looks for grants.
Some companies have helped Wikimedia by giving free computer hardware, and by hosting servers.
Since people can write the wikis, Wikimedia projects are free to use.
Funds are used to run computer servers and to pay staff.
The Foundation had 160 employees in 2013.
The different boards
Board of Trustees
four who are appointed by the Board itself;
three who are selected by the community of all the different Wikimedia projects;
two who are selected by the local chapters and thematic organizations;
and one emeritus for the foundation's founder, Jimmy Wales.
Nataliia Tymkiv, user:antanana  (English or Ukrainian)
Shani Evenstein, user:Esh77 i(English or Hebrew)
The Foundation also has an Advisory Board, an international network of experts who have agreed to give the foundation meaningful help on a regular basis in many different areas, including law, organizational development, technology, policy, and outreach.
Governance wiki
David Chalmers was born in 1966.
He has lived in Australia all of his life.
He has challenged other philosophers to solve the "Hard Problem of consciousness".
This is the problem of explaining the relationship between physical and mental states.
For example, the brain has a physical way of processing information and this makes an experience, a mental state.
21st-century philosophers
People from South Australia
Australian philosophers
The Australian giant cuttlefish (Sepia apama) is the biggest species of cuttlefish.
It grows up to  in mantle length length and over  pounds in weight.
Australian Giant Cuttlefish live in the southern coast of Australia, from Brisbane in Queensland to Shark Bay in Western Australia.
It lives in rocky reefs, seagrass beds, and sand or mud seafloor to a depth of 100 meters.
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins have been seen to eat them.
Panpsychism is the theory that everything in the universe is somewhat sentient or conscious.
They are all connected parts of the whole.
Panpsychists believe  that all matter in the universe has some degree of consciousness.
In other words the substance of the universe is composed entirely of mind or consciousness.
This is not to say that rocks have a mind but that the individual atoms and other particles in the rock have some sort of awareness and are aware of each other.
Panpsychism is opposed to materialism or any doctrine that argues that the reality of the universe is composed solely of matter.
Panpsychism needs no supernatural miracle to explain consciousness, it is consciousness.
In other words we are all part of a grand communication scheme which is the glue that holds the universe together.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
Catholic Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Panpsychism.net
They were the largest herbivores in their environment, and quickly reached (6 to 10 meters long).
All prosauropods had a long neck and small head, forelimbs shorter than the hindlimbs, and a very large thumb claw for defense.
They were originally thought to be the ancestors of the sauropods, but are now considered by some as a parallel lineage.
Eucnemesaurus
Sellosaurus
Admiral is the highest rank in a navy.
The term is used internationally by many countries.
It derives originally from the Arabic word emīr (= commander), and came to English by way of Old French and Latin.
Admiral of the Fleet: originally, the Admiral in charge of an operational fleet, later used to designate senior status.
Vice-Admiral: step lower in rank than Admiral.
Rear-Admiral: two steps lower in rank than Admiral.
Admiralty: the department of government which administers the navy.
Admiralty Board: committee of the Ministry of Defence (UK)
Admiral: a butterfly of vivid colour belonging to the Nymphalid family.
Drosera, sometimes called Sundews, are carnivorous plants.
They use a thick gluey goo called mucilage to trap and digest their prey.
The mucilage is attached to special hairs called trichomes.
They are one of the most common carnivorous plants.
They have at least 188 species.
They are found everywhere in the world except Antarctica.
Many sundews species usually live for two or more years.
Others live for only one year and reproduce by seed.
Some sundew species can live for 50 years.
Its scientific name is from the Greek δρόσος: "drosos" = "dew, dewdrops".
Its English name is sundew, from Latin ros solis, meaning "dew of the sun".
Both names describe the sweet-smelling, sticky mucilage (goo) that comes down the ends of tentacles on each flower stalk.
This mucilage rolls down the plant, attracting sugar-loving insects day and night.
The mucilage has enzymes which digests them so that the plants can get the nitrogen it needs from it.
Like all plants, the sundew makes its own food, and just uses insects for nitrogen and other nutrients.
These tiny flowering plants are about  tall, about as tall as an adult's hand, though some climbing sundews can be much taller.
One species of sundew, the Drosera erythrogyne, grew up to .
Sundew roots are not very strong.
They are usually simply for taking in water and keeping the sundew firmly planted to the ground.
A fly, butterfly, or other nectar-loving insect will find the sweet smell of the mucilage that oozes from the plant.
Landing on the colorful tip, the insect will immediately be stuck.
The plant has cells that make more mucilage in the place where the insect is.
The gooey mucilage will completely surround the insect.
Then, the sundew plant wraps its outside tentacles around the insect, absorbing its nutrients.
It curls its tentacles around the insect quite quickly: in some species this takes only a few seconds.
Some species, like Drosera glanduligera can curl its tentacles towards its prey in less than a second.
Many sundews can bend parts of themselves so that the prey will be as sticky as possible.
One species, Drosera capensis, actually wraps its leaf around the prey in 30 minutes, as seen in the picture on the right.
The prey usually dies in about 15 minutes.
The sundew will then eat the entire insect except the outside exoskeleton.
When the plant has finished eating, it opens up its tentacles and drops the exoskeleton to the ground.
Sundews have also been used in herbal medicine for a long time.
Today they are still used to stop coughs, asthma, and lung infections.
Because they are carnivorous (eat living things), and because of the beauty of the dew-like mucilage on their tentacles, sundews are also popular as ornamental plants.
However, they can be quite hard to grow: they need lots of water (their soil usually has to keep on being very wet), and this water has to be pure (without minerals inside it), because this can stop them from growing or even kill them.
A key to Drosera species, with distribution maps and growing difficulty scale
A virtually exhaustive listing of Drosera pictures on the web
International Carnivorous Plant Society
Carnivorous Plant FAQ
Listing of scientific Drosera articles online (terraforums.com)
The Sundew Grow Guides
Sundew images from smugmug
Botanical Society of America, Drosera - the Sundews
An editor's website
The bee hummingbird or zunzuncito (Mellisuga helenae) is a species of hummingbird.
It lives in Cuba's Isla de la Juventud.
A newly hatched bee hummingbird chick may weigh about a fingernail clipping.
Its weight is less than a tenth of an ounce (2 g).
Because of this, it is the smallest living bird as well as the smallest theropod dinosaur on record.
The blue-capped hummingbird or Oaxaca hummingbird (Eupherusa cyanophrys) is a species of hummingbird.
It is endemic to subtropical moist forest in the southernmost part of the Sierra Madre del Sur in the Mexican state of Oaxaca.
Its tiny range is threatened by habitat loss.
Eupherusa cyanophrys.
Cwmbran is a town just outside of Newport.
In 2001, about 47,254 people lived there.
It has the second biggest undercover shopping center in Wales.
Cwmbrân was created under the New Town Act of 1946 to house employees of the nearby steelworks.
It has different industries, including the production of car parts, nylon yarn, and cookies.
Towns in Wales
Raje () is the honorary title for a king or nobleman (i.e. "your Majesty") in India.
In India, south Indian states were ruled by the royal Indian dynasties.
The rulers were addressed by the people as Raje.
Some clans of the Maratha community put the name Raje before their original clan name.
Examples of these include RajeBhosale, RajeShirke, RajeMahadik, RajeNimbalkar and RajeMane.
In states like Rajasthan, Rajput community chiefs are known by the titles that include Maharawal, Rana and Maharana.
These mean the same thing as Raje or Maharaja.
The Flag of the State of Colorado has three horizontal stripes of the same width; the top and bottom stripes are blue, and the middle stripe white.
On top of these stripes sits a circular red "C", filled with a golden disk.
The blue is meant to represent the skies, the gold stands for the sunshine enjoyed by the state, the white represents the snowcapped mountains and the red represents the earth.
However, the legislature did not specify the size of the "C" or the exact shade of blue or red.
Because of this, some flags were in slightly different colors and had the "C" wholly within the center stripe.
On February 28, 1929, the General Assembly added to the statement that the flag would be the same color blue and red as the flag of the United States.
On March 31, 1964, the legislature further dictated the diameter of the gold disc to be equal to the center stripe.
The amethyst woodstar (Calliphlox amethystina) is a species of hummingbird.
Tiny, short-billed hummingbird of forests, forest edges, and savanna woodlands.
Both sexes are green on the back with a white band across the rump.
The  males have a pink throat and a forked tail.
Females have a white throat, a short tail, and cinnamon flanks and undertail.
It is found in most of central, and eastern South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname (the Guianas), Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela.
The bird's range surrounds the "Amazon countries" into the Andes foothills and higher heights of upstream river systems, but is not along the Amazon River proper in the central Amazon Basin, or the central upper Basin; it is in Brazil at the river's outlet, and upstream for about 500 km.
The harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), also called the common seal, is a true seal.
They are found in coastal waters of the northern Atlantic and Pacific ocean as well as Baltic and North Seas making them the most wide-ranging of the pinnipeds (walruses, eared seals, and true seals).
A Merit badge is an award earned by youth members of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), based on things within an area of study by finishing a list of  updated .
The purpose of the merit badge program is to allow Scouts to find subjects to figure out if they would like to further pursue them as a career or .
At first, the program also exposed Scouts to the life skills of contacting an Merit Badge Counselor they had not met before, arranging a meeting and then showing the Merit Badge Counselor their skills, kind of like to a job or college interview.
Merit badges are an important part of earning the high ranks in Scouting (Star, Life, and Eagle).
Eagle requires earning 21 merit badges, including 12 in specific areas such as camping, first aid, and citizenship; Life requires eleven and Star six.
List of Merit Badges
The following is a list of Boy Scout merit badges.
Merit badge that are required for Eagle are in italics
American Business
American Cultures
American Heritage
Automotive Maintenance
Basketry
Bird Study
Bugling
Citizenship in the Community
Citizenship in the Nation
Citizenship in the World
Coin Collecting
Composite Materials
Disabilities Awareness
Farm Mechanics
Fire Safety
Fish and Wildlife Management
Indian Lore
Insect Study
Landscape Architecture
Mammal Study
Metalwork
Model Design and Building
Motorboating
Nuclear Science
Plant Science
Pulp and Paper
Railroading
Reptile and Amphibian Study
Rifle Shooting
Scouting Heritage
Small-Boat Sailing
Soil and Water Conservation
Truck Transportation
For 2010 Only
The blue-throated hummingbird, (Lampornis clemenciae), is a species of hummingbird.
It is a good sized hummingbird, 11.5 to 12.5 cm (4½ to 5 inches) in length and 6 to 10 grams in weight.
The blue-throated hummingbird is darkish green on the top of its body, blending to medium gray on its belly.
It has a bright white stripe behind its eye and a narrower stripe reaching backward from the corner of its bill, bordering a blackish cheek patch.
Its tail feathers are iridescent blue-black with broad white tips on the outer two to three pairs.
The species gets its name from the adult male's iridescent blue throat patch (gorget).
The female does not have this.
Instead it has a plain grey throat.
Males sing two types of songs: a simple "peep song", which sounds like a squeaky wheel, and a quiet but hard "whisper song".
The female is also thought to sing during the breeding season to attract males.
The Elephant Seal is a huge seal of the genus Mirounga.
There are two species, one in each hemisphere.
The southern elephant seal, is found in Antarctic waters, while the northern elephant seal lives on islands of California and Mexico.
The elephant seal is the largest amphibious animal.
The bulls have a huge proboscis, and may weigh 750 lbs, and 8 ft in length at maturity although old males can approach 11 ft long and weigh 1,375 lbs in rare cases.
Outside the breeding season, elephant seals come ashore only to shed their skin, a process known as moulting.
In late summer, hundreds of seal gather on beaches and wallow in muddy pools of water.
They lie close to gather while they gradually shed patches of hair and skin.
Eventually, the old skin replaced by a new coat of sleek fur, and the seal return to water.
Mating is preceded by fights between males, who throw their huge bulk against each other.
Winners get to mate with females.
Elephant seals dive to 1550 metres beneath the ocean's surface: the deepest recorded dive of an Elephant seal is  .
The average length of their dives is around 20 min for females and 60 min (1 hour) for males, as they search for their favorite food.
Their diet includes skates, rays, squid, octopus, eels, penguin (Southerns only), and small sharks.
Their stomachs also often contain gastroliths (stomach stones).
James Thomas Humberstone (July 8, 1850 - June 12, 1939) was an English chemical engineer.
In 1872, he founded the Peru Nitrate Company in the Tarapacá Province of Peru (now part of the Tarapacá Region of Chile).
He introduced the Schanks System and other innovations to the industry.
Humberstone was born in Dover, England.
His grandfather had been director of the band of the Scottish Guard.
His father worked in a post office.
His family moved to London when he was young.
Humberstone worked for the London and North Western railway when he was 17.
While he worked there, he learned about mechanics and chemistry.
Later, he joined the Royal School of Mines in London.
He was a very good student.