the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
All articles with titles starting with "Quick"
For the aircraft, see P-47 Thunderbolt and A-10 Thunderbolt II.
When lightning is very near, thunder will be heard soon after the lightning flash, and the sound will be very loud.
If the lightning is farther away, the thunder will be a few seconds or many seconds after the lightning.
People can guess how far away the lightning is by counting the number of seconds between the time they see the lightning and hear the thunder.
ja:雷#雷鳴
The year 1 (I) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
The year started on a Monday in the Gregorian calendar.
It was the first year of the 1st century and 1st millennium.
It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral.
The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Paullus.
The denomination 1 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the main method in Europe for naming years.
The year before this is 1 BC in the widely used Julian calendar.
Tiberius, under orders of Augustus, stopped revolts in Germany (1 – 5).
Rome: Gaius Caesar and Lucius Aemilius Paullus became consuls.
The poem Metamorphoses is written by Ovid.
The Aqua Alsienta aqueduct is made in Rome.
Silk appears in Rome.
Start of the Yuanshi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Lord Baochengxun Ni.
Buddhism is introduced into China.
Emperor Ping of Han China's reign begins.
Axum (Ethiopia) is founded (approximate date).
Moxos ceases to be a significant religious area in South America (approximate date).
Arts and sciences
Livy writes his monumental History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita).
Birth of Jesus as given by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar.
However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC.
Lucius Annaeus Gallio, Roman proconsul (d. 65)
Quinctilius Varus, son of Publius Quinctilius Varus and Claudia Pulchra (d. 27)
Pallas, Greek Freedman and political advisor (d. 65)
Arshak II of Iberia, king of Iberia of the Nimrodid Dynasty
The year 2 (II) was a common year that started on Sunday, according to the Julian calendar.
According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Tuesday.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vinicius and Varus.
It was the 2nd year of the 1st century.
Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Livia Drusilla convinced Augustus to allow her son Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen.
This was after six years in enforced retirement on Rhodes.
Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia on the Euphrates.
Publius Alfenus Varus and Publius Vinicius become Roman Consuls.
Cedeides becomes Archon of Athens.
Using Roman military support, Artavasdes III, son of Ariobarzanes II, king of Media Atropatene, becomes the king of Armenia.
Juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor.
The first census is concluded in China.
The census has begun the year before.
Final numbers show a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in a bit more than 12 million households).
The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history.
The Chinese census shows nearly one million people living in Vietnam.
Apollonius of Tyana (d. 98)
Deng Yu, Han Dynasty general and statesman (d. 58)
Lucius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder.
He was also the heir to the throne in Gaul. (
b. 17 BC)
The year 3 (III) was a common year which started on a Monday.
according to the Julian calendar.
According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Wednesday.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lamia and Servilius.
The year is called 3 since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the usual method in Europe for naming years.
It was the 3rd year of the 1st century.
The rule of Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period.
Augustus adopts his grandson, Gaius Caesar, with the expectation that he will succeed him.
Gaius is made proconsul and is sent on a special mission to the East.
Lucius Aelius Lamia is consul of Rome
Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus is consul of Rome
Menneas becomes Archon of Athens
Five German tribes are unified by Marbod, King of the Marcomanni.
The unification of the five tribes represents a direct threat to Rome in the area that will become Silesia and Saxony.
Wang Mang foils a plot by his son,Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to remove him from the regent's position.
Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows.
Ban Biao, Chinese historian (d. 54)
Paul of Tarsus (d. 67)
The year 4 (IV) was a leap year which started on a Tuesday, according to the Julian calendar.
According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Thursday.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Catus and Saturninus.
It was called the fourth year since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the usual method in Europe for naming years.
It was the 4th year of the 1st century.
Emperor Caesar Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor.
At the same time, Agrippa Postumus the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.
Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir.
Sextus Aelius Catus becomes consul.
The Lex Aelia Sentia regulates the manumission of slaves.
Signature of a pact of non-aggression and friendship between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer.
Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, were brought into the Roman army as the Leaders of the auxiliary troops.
Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace.
Augustus Pardons Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus along with Aemilia Lepida, the daughter of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus for alleged involvement in a conspiracy against the emperor.
Marcus Plautius Silvanus is appointed proconsul of Asia.
Polianus Maradonius becomes Archon of Athens
King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia – the beginning of the interregnum
Namhae Chachaung succeeds Bak Hyeokgeose as king of the Korean kingdom of Silla (traditional date)
Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping) daughter of Wang Mang cementing his influence.
Nicholas of Damascus writes the 14 volume History of the World.
Columella, Roman writer (d. 70)
Daemusin of Goguryeo, king of Goguryeo (d. 44)
Gaius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, dies from wounds suffered during a campaign in Artagira, Armenia.
Bak Hyeokgeose of Silla, first ruler of Korea.
Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman emperor, poet and historian (b. 65 BC).
Terentia, first wife of Marcus Tullius Cicero (b. 98 BC).
Ariobarzanes II, King of Media Atropatane (b. 40 BC).
Artavasdas IV, King of Armenia (b. 20 BC).
5 (V) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Thursday.
According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Saturday.
It was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Cinna.
It was the 5th year of the 1st century.
Rome acknowledges Cunobelinus, King of the Catuvellauni, as King of Britain.
Germanic Tribes Cimbri and Charydes send ambassadors to Rome
Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus, Lucius Valerius Messalla Volesus (or Gaius Ateius Capito) become Roman consuls
Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior
Agrippina the Elder marries Germanicus her second cousin.
Livilla marries Drusus Julius Caesar, Tiberius's son.
Polycharmus Azenius becomes Archon of Athens.
Emperor Ping of Han is assassinated.
Grand Empress Dowager Wang appoints Wang Mang as acting-emperor of Han until a suitable successor is found to replace the childless Ping.
Julia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar and Livilla (d. 43)
Drusilla of Mauretania
Ruzi Ying, great-grandson of Emperor Xuan Han, Emperor of China (d. 25)
Yin Lihua, Empress of China (d. 64)
Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman orator, poet and historian (b. 76 or 75 BC)
Ping of Han, Emperor of China is assassinated, poisoned it is believed on the orders of Wang Mang (b. 14 BC).
6 (VI) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Friday.
According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Sunday.
It was the 6th year of the 1st century.
Herod Archelaus, the ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea is deposed and banished to vienne in Gaul.
Iudaea and Moesia become Roman provinces; Syria is guarded by legions X Fretensis, III Gallica, VI Ferrata, and XII Fulminata.
Augustus sets up a special treasury, the aerarium militare to pay bonuses to retiring legion veterans.
Tiberius makes Carnuntum his base of operations against Maroboduus; The Roman legion XX Valeria Victrix fights with Tiberius against the Marcomanni.
the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted, only to be overcome by Tiberius after a hard-fought three year long campaign.
The building of a Roman fort starts the current city of Wiesbaden.
Caecina Severus is made governor of Moesia.
Publius Sulpicius Quirinius becomes Governor of Syria and nominally of Judea.
Quirinius conducts a census in Judea (according to Josephus), which results in a revolt in the province, led by Judas the Galilean, and supported by the Pharisee Sadoq.
The revolt is repressed, and the rebels are crucified, but it results in the birth of the Zealot movement, the members of which regard God as their only master.
Due to a food shortage in Rome, Augustus doubles the corn rations distributed to the people.
Due to a catastrophic fire in Rome, the barracks system is created to allow quicker response in the case of emergencies.
Augustus banishes Agrippa Postumus, one of his adopted sons, to the island of Planasia.
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius become Roman consuls.
Theophilus becomes Archon of Athens.
There are no further records of Archons until after 23.
Juba II of Maurentia and Numidia marries Glaphyra, a princess from Cappadocia.
The marriage is brief as Glaphyra falls for Herod Archelaus and moves to Judea (This union is partially responsible for Herod's ouster from Judea).
Following the ousting of Orodes III, Vorones I is appointed by Rome as King of Parthia.
Parthian grandees refuse to accept him as king.
They invite Artabanus II, another member of the Arsacid house, to the throne, precipitating civil war.
Accession of Ru Zi Ying of the Han Dynasty in China and start of Jushe era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
Candidates for political office in China must take civil-service examinations.
the imperial Liu clan begins to suspect the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign.
The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong
The Introduction of the so-called Section 377 of the British Indian penal code (Law) October, in 1860 is enacted in British India respectively.
Jesus, usually considered the latest possible year of birth, based on the Quirinius census in that year
Nero Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the elder (d. 30).
Milonia Caesonia, Roman empress (d. 41).
February 3 – Ping, emperor of Han Dynasty (b. 9 BC)
Cleopatra Selene (II), Egyptian ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya (b. 40 BC)
Orodes III, briefly emperor of Parthia
7 (VII) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Saturday.
According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Monday.
It was the 7th year of the 1st century.
The Illyrians revolt against Roman rule.
Pannonians revolt with Dalmatians and Illyrian tribes against Roman rule.
Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus dismisses the Judean ethnarch Herod Archelaus.
Publius Quinctilius Varus is appointed governor of Germany.
Tiberius Quinctilius Varus, legate, is charged with organizing Germany between the Rhine and Elba rivers.
He carries out a census, devises tributes and recruits soldiers, all of which create dissension among the Germans.
Abgarus of Edessa is deposed as king of Osroene.
Construction of the Temple of Concordia begins.
Vonones I of the Arsacid Dynasty becomes ruler of Parthia
Zhai Yi, Governor of the Commandery of Dong (modern Puyang, Henan) declares Liu Zin, Marquess of Yang Xiang (modern Tai'an, Shandong) emperor.
This proves to be the largest of the rebellions against Emperor Ruzi of Han.
Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter.
Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes.
By Topic
Strabo writes Geographia (some claimed around AD 18).
Livy is appointed to tutor Claudius in history.
Claudius begins writing and researching a history of the Roman Civil Wars which is critical of Augustus.
Livia and Antonia Minor force him to stop his work destroying any opportunity for political advancement.
Drusus Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the elder (d. 33).
Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman General (d. 67).
Athenodoros Cananites, Stoic philosopher (b. 74 BC).
8 (VIII) is a leap year of the Julian calendar which started on a Sunday.
It was the 8th year of the 1st century.
August 3 – Roman general Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
Vipsania Julia is exiled.
Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced.
Augustus breaks off engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida.
Effort is made to betrothe Claudius to Livia Medullina
Marcus Furius Camillus, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, suff.
Lucius Apronius become Roman Consuls.
Roman poet Ovid is banished from Rome and exiled to the Black Sea near Tomis (present-day Constanţa).
Ovid begins the Fasti (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year.
Tincomarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome; Eppillus becomes king.
Vonones I becomes king of Parthia.
Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
Wang Mang seizes power in China and establishes the short-lived Xin Dynasty.
China invents paper, which is first used by the military.
Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul and brother of emperor Vespasian (d. 69)
Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, Roman general (b. 64 BC).
9 (IX) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Tuesday.
It was the 9th year of the 1st century.
Illyria is turned into a province after a revolt has been defeated.
The Rhine River is established as the boundary between the Latin and German speaking worlds, following the defeat of the Roman army, under the command of Varus, at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
Ovid is banished to Tomis.
Pannonia (modern-day Hungary) submits to Roman rule.
In order to increase the number of marriages, and ultimately the population, the lex Papia Poppaea is adopted in Rome.
This law prohibits celibacy and childless relationships.
Roman finances become strained following the Danubian insurrection, and Varus' defeat in Germany.
This results in the levying of two new taxes: five percent of inheritances, and one percent on sales.
Ovid completes Ibis.
Wang Mang founds the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China (until 25).
November 18 - Vespasian, Roman emperor
Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman general, at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, said to have committed suicide
10 is a year in the 1st century.
It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
At the time, throughout the Roman Empire, it was known as the year of the consulship of Dolabella and Silanus
Differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes of the Irminones.
The Greek dynasty in Bactria is ended
Publius Cornelius Dolabella is a Roman Consul.
Illyria is divided into Pannonia and Dalmatia.
Ovid finishes writing Tristia (the "Sorrows") (5 books) and Epistulae ex Ponto (Letters from the Black Sea) (4 books) describing the sadness of banishment.
Hero of Alexandria, Greek engineer (d. c. 70)
Saint Peter, one of Jesus' disciples and the first pope (d. c. 64).
Didymus Chalcenterus, Greek scholar and grammarian. (
b. c. 63 BC)
11 is a year in the 1st century.
It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Taurus.
Germania Inferior and the Rhine secured by Germanicus
Augustus ends his plan to create a defensive border at the Elbe.
This is to reinforce the Roman defence along the Rhine and the Danube.
Artabanus III of the Arsacid Dynasty becomes ruler of Parthia
In India, Satakarni begins his reign as Emperor of the Andhra Empire (11-29)
Marcus Antistius Labeo, Roman jurist
12 is a year in the 1st century.
It was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Capito.
Annius Rufus is appointed Prefect of Judea.
Germanicus and Gaius Fonteius Capito become Roman Consuls.
Quirinius returns from Judea to become a counselor to Tiberius
Ovid stops writing Fasti because of the lack of resources (being far from the libraries of Rome).
He completes 6 books that detail festivals found in the Roman Calendar.
August 31 – Caligula, Roman Emperor
13 is a year in the 1st century.
It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silius and Plancus.
Abgarus of Edessa is reinstalled as king of Osroene.
Roman Senate passed a senatus consultum restricting the reduced Vigintisexviri to the Ordo Equester.
Tiberius made his triumphant procession through Rome after siege of Germany.
Last year of Shijianguo era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty
Strabo publishes his view on the shape of the Earth
Empress Wang Zhengjun (b. 71 BC)
30 is a year in the 1st century.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vinicius and Longinus.
Kushan Empire is founded
City of Tournai is founded in Belgium
Possible year for the Sermon on the Mount
April 7 - possible date for crucifixion of Jesus
Saint Peter becomes Pope
Phaedrus translates Aesop's fables
Velleius Paterculus writes the general history of the countries known in Antiquity
Nerva, Roman emperor
Quintus Petillius Cerialis, brother-in-law of Vespasian
Praveen Ranjan
April 7 - Judas Iscariot, disciple of Jesus
April 7/Good Friday - Jesus (born about 4 BC) - most widely accepted date by modern scholars (traditionally 33)
Shammai, president of the Sanhedrin and talmudic scholar, died 30 C.E.
50 (Roman numerals: L) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar.
It started on a Saturday.
The Romans create a city called Londinium on the River Thames
Abgarus of Edessa, king of Osroene
Aulus Cornelius Celsus, writer of De Medicina
Gamliel I, the nasi of the Jewish people in Babylonia
The number three (3) is one more than two and one less than four.
It is the first Mersenne prime.
Three is an important number for many cultures (groups of people living together).
It is the first odd prime.
In Roman numerals, it is III.
Famous threes
the Three Stooges
the three Doshas (weaknesses) in Ayurvedic medicine in India
the Trimurti (three aspects of God) in Hindu religion
the Holy Trinity in Christian religion
three gifts of the wise men (Magi) who visited Christ at his birth in the Gospel of Matthew.
the three bears in the fairy tale Goldilocks
the three Imperial Regalia of Japan
10 (ten ) is the number that is after nine and before eleven.
Most people have ten fingers and ten toes.
Ten is the smallest positive whole number with two digits.
Ten is an important number because most people write numbers using multiples of ten.
This is called the decimal number system.
A man is a male adult.
He is the opposite of a woman.
People use the word "man" (one man, two or more men) to talk about gender.
Manhood is the period in a male's life after he changes from a boy.
A boy is a male child; a female child is called a girl.
After boys reach maturity, they can be called a man.
Like most other male mammals, a man inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father.
The men's rights movement is a group that tries to fight for men's rights and opposes misandry.
Biology and gender
There are some sexual differences between a man and a woman.
Men have sex organs which we call "external" (not inside the body).
But many parts of the male reproductive system are internal too.
The study of male reproduction and sex organs is "andrology".
Some people say men, as a group, are more aggressive than women; they want to fight more.
But most research has found that men and women are equally aggressive.
In modern western society, few men wear make-up or clothing of the sort women traditionally wear.
more pubic hair
more facial hair
more body hair
larger hands and feet than women
broader shoulders and chest
larger skull and bone structure
larger brain
greater muscle mass
a more visible Adam's apple and deeper voice
a longer shinbone
Biology is not the only thing which makes people feel they are men, or that other people are men.
Perhaps one in 100,000 men were born without a male body.
We call these transgender or transsexual men.
Some men can have a hormone or chromosomal difference (for example "androgen insensitivity syndrome").
Some men have other intersex conditions.
Some of those intersex people who people said were female (girls) when they were born want to change this later in their lives.
A woman is an adult female human.
The plural of "woman" is "women".
Young human females are called "girls".
The word "women" is sometimes used to refer to females of any age (as in the phrase "Women's rights") and to men who view themselves as women (as in the phrase "Transgender women").
Women are usually a little smaller than men, and have larger breasts and wider hips.
They also usually have less hair on their faces and bodies than men.
Most women are able to get pregnant and give birth to babies.
Women have historically been treated differently from men.
They have also been expected to act differently.
The treatment of and expectations for women have changed with the spread of women's rights in the 20th century.
Women have historically had less control over their lives than men.
They have often been forbidden to own land, vote, hold political office, or choose whom they marry and discouraged from voicing political opinions or attending school.
Since the beginning of the 20th century women have gained many rights in most of the developed world.
Women have also historically faced a lot of sexual violence, harassment, and discrimination.
The amount of sexual violence, harassment, and discrimination has decreased with the spread of women's rights, but many women still face these problems.
Gender roles
Women have historically been expected to bear and raise children, limit their public lives, and allow their male relatives to make decisions for them.
These expectations have changed with the spread of women's rights.
Before modern societies, education of women was limited.
In developed countries, most women have access to education, and even perform better than men at many levels.
In the United States in 2005 and 2006, women have earned 62% of associate degrees, 58% of bachelor's degrees, 60% of master's degrees, and 50% of doctorates.
Science, literature, and art
Throughout history, women have made contributions to science, literature, and art.
There were many female writers, but many published their work under a male name.
In music, women have been composers, songwriters, performers, singers, conductors, scholars, teachers, critics and more.
In the 18th century, biologists began using the symbol for the goddess Venus (♀️) as indicating a female plant or animal.
It is often used for women.
Position is a way to explain where something is.
Left, middle, and right
To find which is your left hand side, hold your hands palms down, point your index fingers and stick your thumbs out at right angles.
The finger and thumb of your left hand will form a capital letter L.
If the letter L you make is reversed, you found your right hand.
Left and right are called opposite sides.
Middle is between up and down and is between left and right.
Middle means the same as center.
encyclopedia  Examples
Far and near
Far means that something is a long way away from you.
Near means it is close to you.
Things can also be near and far other persons and other things.
In sports
In many sports, the term "position" is used to show what occupation a person has on their team.
For example, in baseball, positions include catcher, shortstop and pitcher.
In math and physics
The position of something is where that thing is in space and time.
Usually people use Cartesian coordinates to write down a position.
So a scientist might say that the balloon was at x, y, z when it popped at a certain time.
In society
The position of a person is his status or responsibility in a community or group of people.
It is called rank in the army.
A position, the opposite of left
Right, the opposite of wrong in morality
Rights, something a person has that people think should not be taken away from them
Right-wing, a conservative point of view
Arundel Castle is a castle in Arundel, West Sussex, England.
It was built by Edward the Confessor.
The Religious Society of Friends is a group with Christian roots that began in England in the 1650s.
The formal title of the group is the Society of Friends or the Religious Society of Friends.
People in the Society of Friends are called "Friends" or Quakers - both mean the same thing.
Most Quakers are Christian but the group today includes a few other people.
They live all over the world, but the largest groups are in Kenya, the United States of America, Bolivia, Guatemala, the United Kingdom (England), and Burundi.
The Society of Friends began in the 1650s in England.
A man named George Fox spent several years struggling to figure out how to be a good Christian.
He finally heard God's voice telling him that Christ would make it clear to him what he should do.
Fox went around preaching to people.
He told them they could talk to God themselves - that they did not need a priest or minister to do it for them.
He told them that if they listened within themselves they would hear Christ telling them what to do.
Fox found other people who had similar experiences.
Together they started a religious movement that later became the Religious Society of Friends.
The government of England did not like this new group; at the time it was against the law not to belong to the Church of England.
They put a lot of Friends in jail, or made them pay money as a punishment.
At first, the word "Quaker" was a name used to make fun of Friends, but after a while those people came to like it and use it for themselves.
Seeking freedom of religion, some Quakers moved away to places like America.
A young Quaker named William Penn started a new colony there.
He got the land because King Charles II of England owed his father a lot of money.
This new colony was called Pennsylvania, and it was a place where people could belong to any religion.
Penn wanted people to be fair to each other, and he called the biggest city in his new colony Philadelphia, which means "The City of Brotherly Love."
Soon there were many Quakers in America.
The Quakers were very active in America in the nineteenth century (1800s).
Many of the leaders of the abolition and women's rights movements, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, were Quakers.
Today there are about 375,000 Quakers in the world.
This number is very small compared to other religious groups.
Even so, a lot of people have heard of the Quakers, because they have worked hard to make our world more fair and just.
Quaker worship services are called "meetings for worship".
They start with everybody sitting quietly.
This is because they are trying to listen to God.
Sometimes, a Quaker will feel that God wants him or her to say something.
When this happens, the person stands up and tells everyone.
Then they all sit quietly again.
At some meetings, a many people will speak.
At other meetings, nobody speaks.
Quakers feel that a meeting for worship helps them to understand what God wants.
Usually, worship lasts about an hour.
Quakers also have meetings for worship for weddings and funerals—when two people get married, or if someone dies.
When two people get married, the meeting is about them and the life that they will live together.
When someone has died, the meeting is about remembering things about the person and the life they had.
Many Quakers in North America, South America, and Africa have a different kind of worship service, like other Christian services.
They sing hymns and a pastor gives a sermon.
They also have a quiet time, but it does not last as long.
These Quakers often have strong Christian beliefs.
Quakers seek religious truth in their inner experiences.
They rely on conscience to guide what they do.
They emphasise direct experience of God rather than ritual or ceremony.
They believe that priests and rituals are unnecessary and can get between the believer and God.
What Quakers say matches what they do.
There is a piece of God in everybody, so each person is important.
This is why Quakers value all people equally, and oppose anything that may harm or threaten them.
God can be found in everyday life as much as during a meeting for worship.
Everybody has an "inner light" that tells them what they should do.
The inner light comes from God.
Everybody should try to do what God wants.
We should try not to hurt other people.
We should tell the truth, and not lie.
Quakers think that the truth is very important.
We should not spend a lot of money on ourselves, or wear clothes that make us look rich.
We should take care of the world around us—animals, plants, and our planet—so that it is healthy and can be used by people in the future.
The size of something is how much space the thing takes.
It can also be described as how big or small something is.
Sizes can be measured.
When a size is measured, it is given a number.
Words for sizes
palmer is very small, as in short.
small means "little"
tiny means "very little"
large means "big"
huge means "very big"
A yellow box is 2 metres long, 3 metres wide and 1 metre deep.
The box has a volume of 6 cubic metres.
A green box is 3 metres long, 3 metres wide and 1 metre deep.
The size of the green box is 9 cubic metres.
The green box is larger in size than the yellow box.
A red box is 2 feet long, 3 feet wide and 1 foot deep.
The box has a volume of 6 cubic feet.
A blue box is 3 feet long, 3 feet wide and 1 foot deep.
The size of the blue box is 9 cubic feet.
The blue box is larger in size than the red box.
Antonym, a word that means the opposite of a word
Additive inverse, in mathematics, taking the negative ("opposite") of a number
Something following the line is moving in that direction.
People show directions by pointing.
The word direction is made from the root direct meaning to guide.
Starvation happens when a living being (like a person or an animal) doesn't eat enough food to live properly.
If a living thing is starving for a long period of time, it dies.
Starvation can be seen as an extreme version of hunger.
During starvation, the body will slowly but surely become less fat and stop working properly, until the living being dies or eats enough again to stop starving.
There are other effects of starvation.
These can include:
Tiredness,
problems with thinking properly,
sudden and extreme changes to emotions,
dehydration (lack of water in the body),
vomitting,
loss of muscles,
a swollen stomach caused by kwashiorkor,
weakness and not being able to stand.
When the body is starving, the body will start eating itself in a final attempt to survive.
When there are no muscles and fat left to eat, the person (or animal) dies.
People who eat nothing usually die in a few months.
Even when a starving person eats again, they may have permanent damage to their body.
Some people intentionally starve themselves to lose weight, but this is considered a bad idea because it may damage the body.
In history, countries used to use starvation as a form of the death penalty.
In 1944 Ancel Keys started a scientific experiment about starvation to see the impact of starvation on people and to see how people could best recover from starvation.
The participants were all men.
They ate 1800 calories a day.
Microsoft Word or MS Word (often called Word) is a graphical word processing program that users can type with.
It is made by the computer company Microsoft.
Its purpose is to allow users to type and save documents.
Spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and lines)
Inserts pictures in documents
Choice of typefaces
Special codes
Web pages, graphs, etc.
Displays synonyms of words and can read out the text
Prints in different ways
Microsoft bought the Bravo program, and changed its name to Microsoft Word.
Although it was not very popular when it came out, it had a feature called WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), which meant that people can change the visual style of writing (e.g. bold, italics), by selecting and formatting text, when in other programs like WordPerfect, people had to add special 'codes' to change the style of writing.
WYSIWYG is now a common feature of all computer writing programs.
There are versions for Microsoft Word for other operating systems as well as Microsoft Windows.
New versions support fewer operating systems, although they always support Windows.
From Microsoft Windows
Word for Windows 1.1, for Windows 3.0 came out in March, 1990.
Word for Windows 1.1a, for Windows 3.1 came out in June, 1990.
Word for Windows 2.0, came out in 1991.
Word for Windows 6.0, came out in 1993.
Word for Windows 95 (sometimes called Word 7), came out in 1995.
Word 97 (sometimes called Word 8), came out in 1997.
Word 2000 (sometimes called Word 9), came out in 1999.
Word 2002 (sometimes called Word 10 or Word XP), came out in 2001.
Word 2007 which required Windows XP Service Pack 2.
It was the last version of Microsoft Word to support Windows XP Professional 64-bit edition.
For macOS
Word 1.0 for Mac came out in January 18, 1985.
Word 3.0 for Mac came out in January 31, 1987. (
There was no "2.0" version.)
Word 4.0 for Mac came out in November 6, 1990.
Word 5.1 for Mac came out in 1992.
Word 2001 was released in 2000.
Word 2004 was released in May 2004.
Word 2008 was released in January 15, 2008.
Word 2011 was released in October 2010.
Without configuration the program saved the document in a proprietary file format, so other programs could not open it.
When the user sent his document to a friend, the friend needed a copy of Microsoft Word to read the document.
Then that friend would probably also save documents in the same secret format of Word.
This gave Microsoft Word a dominant position.
www.office.com
Ants are a kind of insect that lives together in large colonies.
They are the family Formicidae.
Ants are a lot like wasps and bees.
They all came from the same kind of animal a long time ago, but now they are different.
There are about 22,000 different kinds of ants, but we only know of 12,500 for sure.
Every kind of ant has a thin part in the middle of their body and two long body parts on their heads called antennae.
Ants live in groups that can be big or small.
Some kinds of ants live in small groups and eat other animals.
Some ants work together in very big groups.
These groups can have millions of ants in them that travel outside every day in a big area.
Ants are small, but they are very strong.
Some ants are strong enough to carry things that are as heavy as 20 ants.
Some ants are called workers.
Workers dig tunnels and carry food back to the colony so that other ants and the queen ant can eat.
The groups that ants live in are called colonies.
A colony has a female ant called a queen which lays eggs.
Those eggs will grow into more ants.
Big colonies of ants have different kinds of ants that grow from the eggs.
These are called different castes of ants.
Some are workers which do jobs like carrying and digging, and soldiers which fight other animals.
Worker and solider ants are females.
Another type of ant are drones which are male ants.
Really big ant colonies are sometimes called superorganisms.
This means the ants work together so well that they are like little parts of one big animal.
Ants cannot live by themselves for very long because they need to work with other ants.
Ants have colonies almost everywhere on planet Earth.
Antarctica lacks ants because it's very cold and there's not much food.
Small islands may not have ants.
The family Formicidae belongs to the order Hymenoptera, which also includes sawflies, bees and wasps.
Ants evolved from a lineage within the vespoid wasps.
Phylogenetic analysis suggests that ants arose in the Lower Cretaceous period about 110 to 130 million years ago, or even earlier.
One estimate from DNA studies places the origin of ants at ≈140 million years ago (mya).
Another study puts it in the Jurassic at 185 ± 36 mya (95% confidence limits).
After the rise of flowering plants about 100 million years ago ants diversified.
They became ecologically dominant about 60 million years ago.
In 1966 E.O. Wilson and his colleagues identified the fossil remains of an ant (Sphecomyrma freyi) from the Cretaceous period.
The specimen, trapped in amber dating back to more than 80 million years ago, has features of both ants and wasps.
Sphecomyrma was probably a ground forager but some suggest that primitive ants were likely to have been predators underneath the surface of the soil.
During the Cretaceous period, a few species of primitive ants ranged widely on the Laurasian super-continent (the northern hemisphere).
They were scarce in comparison to other insects, representing about 1% of the insect population.
Ants became dominant after adaptive radiation at the beginning of the Cainozoic.
By the Oligocene and Miocene ants had come to represent 20-40% of all insects found in major fossil deposits.
Of the species that lived in the Eocene epoch, approximately one in ten genera survive to the present.
Genera surviving today comprise 56% of the genera in Baltic amber fossils (early Oligocene), and 92% of the genera in Dominican amber fossils (apparently early Miocene).p23
Termites, though sometimes called white ants, are not ants and belong to the order Isoptera.
Termites are actually more closely related to cockroaches and mantids.
Termites are eusocial but differ greatly in the genetics of reproduction.
The similar social structure is attributed to convergent evolution.
Velvet ants look like large ants, but are wingless female wasps.
Development and reproduction
The life of an ant starts from an egg.
If the egg is fertilised, the progeny will be female (diploid); if not, it will be male (haploid).
Ants develop by complete metamorphosis with the larval stages passing through a pupal stage before emerging as an adult.
The larva is fed and cared for by workers.
Food is given to the larvae by trophallaxis, a process in which an ant regurgitates liquid food held in its crop.
This is also how adults share food, stored in the 'social stomach', among themselves.
Larvae may also be given solid food brought back by foraging workers, and may even be taken to captured prey in some species.
The larvae grow through a series of moults and enter the pupal stage.
The differentiation into queens and workers (which are both female), and different castes of workers, is influenced in some species by the food the larvae get.
Genetic influences, and the control of gene expression by the feeding are complex.
The determination of caste is a major subject of research.p351, 372
A new worker spends the first few days of its adult life caring for the queen and young.
It then does digging and other nest work, and later, defends the nest and forages.
These changes are sometimes fairly sudden, and define what are called temporal castes.
An explanation for the sequence is suggested by the high casualties involved in foraging, making it an acceptable risk only for ants that are older and are likely to die soon of natural causes.
Most ant species have a system in which only the queen and breeding females can mate.
Contrary to popular belief, some ant nests have multiple queens (polygyny).
The life history of Harpegnathos saltator is
The winged male ants, called drones, emerge from pupae with the breeding females (although some species, like army ants, have wingless queens), and do nothing in life except eat and mate.
The nuptial flight
Most ants produce a new generation each year.
During the species specific breeding period, new reproductives, winged males and females leave the colony in what is called a nuptial flight.
Typically, the males take flight before the females.
Males then use visual cues to find a common mating ground, for example, a landmark such as a pine tree to which other males in the area converge.
Males secrete a mating pheromone that females follow.
Females of some species mate with just one male, but in some others they may mate with anywhere from one to ten or more different males.
Mated females then seek a suitable place to begin a colony.
There, they break off their wings and begin to lay and care for eggs.
The females store the sperm they obtain during their nuptial flight to selectively fertilise future eggs.
The first workers to hatch are weak and smaller than later workers, but they begin to serve the colony immediately.
They enlarge the nest, forage for food and care for the other eggs.
This is how new colonies start in most species.
Species that have multiple queens may have a queen leaving the nest along with some workers to found a colony at a new site,p143 a process akin to swarming in honeybees.
A wide range of reproductive strategies have been noted in ant species.
Females of many species are known to be capable of reproducing asexually through parthenogenesis, and one species, Mycocepurus smithii is known to be all-female.
Ant colonies can be long-lived.
The queens can live for up to 30 years, and workers live from 1 to 3 years.
Males, however, are more transitory, and survive only a few weeks.
Ant queens are estimated to live 100 times longer than solitary insects of a similar size.
Ants are active all year long in the tropics but, in cooler regions, survive the winter in a state of dormancy or inactivity.
The forms of inactivity are varied and some temperate species have larvae going into the inactive state (diapause), while in others, the adults alone pass the winter in a state of reduced activity.
It may seem strange that ants have uses, but there are some.
Some people use ants for food, medicine and rituals.
Some species of ants are used for pest control (they eat pests that destroy food for humans).
They can damage crops and enter buildings, though.
Some species, like the red imported fire ant, live in places where they came to by complete accident.
Hölldobler B. and Wilson E.O. 1998. ''
Journey to the ants: a story of scientific exploration.
Harvard University Press.
Global Ant Project
The super-nettles.
A dermatologist's guide to ants-in-the-plants
Ant Citizendium
metal foil
thin plastic
Knives are better than scissors for some uses.
Unlike a knife, scissors have two sharp edges.
Some types of scissors, like children's scissors, are not very sharp.
Children's scissors are often protected with plastic.
These are called "Safety Scissors".
Scissors can be made for left-handed or right-handed people.
Using scissors made for the wrong hand is very hard for most people.
Isaac Newton named and defined indigo as a spectrum color when he divided up the spectrum into the seven colors of the rainbow.
The spectral range of indigo is between 450 and 420 nanometers.
The name of the color indigo originally came from the indigo plant.
Indigo is a dye made from the indigo plant, used to dye cloth.
Indigo dye also is used to dye denim cloth, which is used to make what are called blue jeans (they should really be called indigo jeans).
This shade of indigo is called indigo dye.
The indigo plant originally came from the nation of India.
The Ancient Greek language word for the dye is indikon.
The Romans used the term indicum, which passed into Italian dialect and eventually into English as the word indigo.
night sky in the mid-evening
some small clams
some eggplants
Jenna Rose's jeans
Meaning of indigo
Indigo represents religion, spirituality, sorcery and intuition.
In the Hindu religion, indigo represents the 6th chakra.
Indigo was also the name of a character from the famous toy line, Rainbow Brite.
Tones of indigo color comparison chart
Violet is the seventh color of the rainbow--it is the color on the inner edge of the rainbow.
Violet is the color between blue and purple.
The name of the color comes from the violet, which is a small flower grown in most parts of the world.
The first written use of violet as a color name in English was in 1370.
Meaning of violet
The color violet represents magic.
Violet is a colour of royalty and extravagance, when paired with yellow, which used to represent abundance and wealth.
Tones of violet color comparison chart
Lavender Blush (web color) (Hex: #FFF0F5) (RGB: 255, 240, 245)
Lavender Mist (web color Lavender) (Hex: #E6E6FA) (RGB: 230, 230, 250)
Languid Lavender (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #D6CADD) (RGB: 214, 202, 221)
Lavender Blue-Grey (Hex: #BDBBD7) (RGB: 189, 187, 215)
Lavender Grey (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #C4C3D0) (RGB: 196, 195, 221)
Pale Lavender (Lavender (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #DCD0FF) (RGB: 220, 208, 255)
Lavender Blue (Periwinkle (www.99colors.net)) (Hex: #CCCCFF) (RGB: 204, 204, 255)
Pastel Lavender (Mauve (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #E0B0FF) (RGB: 224, 176, 255)
Pale Violet (Pale Blue Purple) (Pale Violet (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #CC99FF) (RGB: 204, 153, 255)
Medium Lavender Grey Lilac (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #C8A2C8) (RGB: 200, 162, 200)
Light Lavender (Wisteria (Crayola)) (Hex: #C9A0DC (RGB: 201, 160, 220)
Lavender Pink (Crayola "Lavender") (Hex: #FBAED2) (RGB: 251, 174, 210)
Lavender Rose (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #FBA0E3) (RGB: 251, 160, 227)
Brilliant Lavender (Electric Lavender) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #F4BBFF (RGB: 249, 192, 255)
Lavender Magenta (web color "violet") (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #EE82EE) (RGB: 238, 130, 238)
Vivid Lavender (Psychedelic Lavender) (Heliotrope (www.99colors.net)) (Hex: #DF73FF) (RGB: 223, 115, 255)
Vivid Orchid (Orchid (Crayola colored pencils) (Hex: #CC00FF) (RGB: 204, 0, 255)
Light Blue-Violet (Blue-Violet Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #C77DF3) (RGB: 199, 125, 243)
<li style = "background-color: #b96cca;"> Light Seance (Seance Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #B96CCA) (RGB: 185, 108, 202)<li>
Steel Pink (Crayola Ultra colored pencils) (Hex: #CC33CC) (RGB: 204, 51, 204)
Fandango Pink (Pantone TPX 17-2033) (Hex: #DE5285) (RGB: 222, 82, 133)
Violet-Red (Crayola) (Hex: #F75394) (RGB: 247, 83, 148)
Heather Violet (RAL 4003) (Hex: #DE4C8A) (RGB: 222, 76, 138)
Bright Red-Violet (Xona.com "Violet-Red") (Hex: #D02090) (RGB: 208, 32, 144)
Red-Violet (web color Medium Violet-Red) (Hex: #C71585) (RGB: 199, 21, 133)
Medium Red-Violet (Red-Violet (Crayola)) (Hex: #BB3385) (RGB: 187, 51, 133)
Rose Violet (Pantone TPX 17-2624) (Hex: #C24C92) (RGB: 194, 76, 146)
Medium Lavender Pink (Sky Magenta) (Venus colored pencils) (Hex: #CF71AF) (RGB: 207, 113, 175)
<li style = "background-color: #caabd0;"> Light Medium Violet (Violet Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #CAABD0) (RGB: 202, 171, 208)<li>
Violet Tulle (Pantone TPX 16-3416) (Hex: #C693C7) (RGB: 198, 147, 199)
African Violet (Pantone TPX 16-3520) (Hex: #B284BE) (RGB: 178, 132, 190)
Dull Deep Lavender (Wikipedia Link Lavender) (Hex: #9C87CD) (RGB: 158, 137, 193)
Light Studio (Studio Light (Xona.com color list)) Hex: #B89BDD) (RGB: 184, 155, 221)
Medium Bright Lavender (Bright Ube (www.99colors.net)) (Hex: #D19FE8) (RGB: 209, 159, 232)
Bright Lavender (Light Floral Lavender) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #BF94E4) (RGB: 191, 148, 228)
Light Violet (Hex: #B09DB9) (RGB: 176, 157, 185)
Lavender (Floral Lavender) (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #B57EDC) (RGB: 181, 126, 220)
Rich Lavender (Deep Floral Lavender) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #A76BCF) (RGB: 170, 97, 204)
<li style = "background-color: #9955BB;"> Deep Rich Lavender (Deep Lilac (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #9955BB) (RGB: 153, 85, 187)<li>
Medium Deep Lavender (Amethyst (www.99colors.net)) (Hex: #9966CC) (RGB: 153, 102, 204)
Deep Rich Lavender Grey (Purple Yam) (Ube (www.99colors.net)) (Hex: #8878C3) (RGB: 136, 120, 195)
Deep Lavender (Medium Purple (web color)) (Hex: #9370DB) (RGB: 147, 112, 219)
Lavender Indigo (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #9457EB) (RGB: 148, 87, 235)
Near Violet (Color Wheel Violet) (Hex: #7F00FF) (RGB: 127, 0, 255)
Violet (Middle Violet) (Electric Violet) (Blue Purple) (Hex: #8F00FF) (RGB: 143, 0, 255)