the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
This is about $4 million in 2003 money value.
This was Australia's biggest gold robbery.
Other men in the gang were Daniel Charters, John Fordyce, John Bow and Henry Manns.
The police were quickly at the scene of the robbery and began following the gang.
The police found the horse used to carry the gold and recovered most of it.
A couple of days later the police were able to capture Gardiner and two other gang members.
The next day, six bushrangers led by John Gilbert, held up the police and released Gardiner.
The police watched all Gardiner's friends very closely.
Many were arrested.
Gardiner and Kate Brown decided it was not safe to stay.
He moved to Queensland with his mistress, Mrs. Kate Brown.
Kate was the sister of Ben Hall's wife.
Together they opened a small shop and hotel at Apis Creek near Rockhampton.
After Kate wrote a letter to her family the police found out where they were living.
The police were able to find Gardiner and arrested him in February 1864.
In court the jury decided he had not tried to kill police Sergeant Middleton, but that he was a robber.
The judge, (Sir) Alfred Stephen, sent him to gaol for 32 years.
There is a folk song called Frank Gardiner.
The first line is "Oh, Frank Gardiner he is caught at last he lies in Sydney jail."
Kate Brown went to the Thames goldfields in New Zealand where she killed herself in 1868.
In 1872 Gardiner's lawyer organized a lot of people to write to the governor to get him to let Gardiner out of gaol.
The governor, Sir Hercules Robinson, agreed that Gardiner had been given too many years in prison.
Gardiner was released in 1874 on the condition that he left Australia.
This decision caused a lot of arguments, even in the New South Wales parliament.
It led to the end of the Parkes's government.
On 27 July Gardiner left Australia and by February 1875 he was in San Francisco.
He ran a hotel called the Twilight Saloon.
The Australian newspapers often had stories about him.
He married a rich widow and had twin sons, some even writing he had died in a gunfight in Colorado in 1903.
Most of these stories could not be proved.
A lot of the gold stolen in the Eugowra robbery was retreived back by the police, Gardiner's share was never found.
There are stories of unknown Americans digging on the site of Frank Gardiner's old house in 1910.
Were these Frank's sons searching for the missing gold?
Razia al-Din or Razia Sultana (1205-1240) was a ruler of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) of the Delhi Sultanate.
She was the first and last Muslim lady to rule Delhi.
A Persian historian called her brave, kind and just.
She was the daughter of Iltumish.
She ascended the throne in 1236 A.D.  But the nobles who did not like to be ruled by Razia soon killed her in a war.
Her husband name was Malik Altuniya.
1205 births
1240 deaths
Caravaca de la Cruz is a city of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain.
It has over 25,000 people.
The Bangladeshi movie industry, popularly known as Dhallywood (a portmanteau of the words Dhaka and Hollywood), has been based in Bangladesh's capital, Dhaka, since 1956.
As of 2004, it produced approximately 100 movies a year, with an average movie budget of about 6,500,000 Bangladeshi taka.
The Fray is a rock band formed in 2002.
The band's debut album How to Save a Life (album) was released September 2005.
The Fray released 1 studio album, 2 live albums, and 2 EP's.
The Fray created singles How to Save a Life, Over My Head (Cable Car), Look After You, Vienna, and All at Once.
1 In the United Kingdom, "How to Save a Life" was released in early 2007 as the band's debut single, followed by "Over My Head (Cable Car)" a few months later.
The 1955–56 NHL season was the 39th season of the National Hockey League.
The Montreal Canadiens were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Detroit Red Wings four games to one in the best-of-seven final series.
1955 in North America
An illustrator is an artist who draws.
The drawings can be on books, internet webpages or other things.
They can describe ideas or objects that are hard to describe with just words.
A cartoon illustration can make a humorous essay funnier.
Illustrators also helped greatly in times when many people could not read.
According to an Icelandic Saga, it was founded by the Vikings around 966AD.
There are remains of Roman, Stone Age and Bronze Age settlements, so it was obviously a natural place to put a settlement.
With a population of around 50,000, Scarborough is the largest holiday resort on the Yorkshire coast.
Yorkshire County Cricket Club's second ground is at North Marine Road.
Transport links
A64 – Main road that terminates in the town centre, linking Scarborough with Malton, York, Leeds, the A19 and the A1(M).
This is the main tourist route to the town and is dual carriageway standard for most of its route (between the A1(M) and Malton).
A165 – This is the coastal route that links the town with Filey, Bridlington and Hull.
In 2008, a new road was opened to bypass Osgodby to the south of Scarborough.
This now forms part of the A165.
A170 – This links Scarborough to the North York Moors and Thirsk to the west.
A171 – This is the coastal route to the north that links the town with Whitby and Middlesbrough.
The town has fine arts and recreational facilities.
Two theatres and two cinemas are popular.
There are several museums: Woodend for art, The Rotunda for geology, Scarborough Art Gallery for the fine arts.
Scarborough's fishing industry is still active, though reduced in size.
The working harbour is home to a fish market with a shop and wooden stalls.
Fresh, locally-caught seafood can be bought by the public.
A seaweed farm has been in operation since 2018.
Scarborough is the name of several things.
Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England
Scarborough, Maine, United States
Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
Joe Scarborough, a television host
Scarborough (ship), an Australian ship
Scarborough railway station, in North Yorkshire
A fish farm is a place where fish are bred.
In most cases, this is done for food.
There are two basic types of fish farms:
Those where the fish are raised in tanks
Those where fish are raised in specially prepared areas of the oceans, lakes or rivers.
Sometimes fish can escape.
This is only an economical impact if the fish also occur naturally, but can have a big impact if they do not.
The fish in the farms need to be fed, for this other (smaller) fish need to be raised.
Diseases and parasites may be a problem, because they spread much easier
Fish farms have a bad effect on the surrounding habitat
A mansion is a large and often luxurious house.
It can be big enough for an owner, their family, and their many servants.
One of the definitions is a large, imposing house.
It was originally the called the same as a manor house but when similarly large houses were built in cities they were called "mansions".
A "country house" is a common type of mansion in England.
The Miserable Mill is a book by Lemony Snicket.
It is the fourth book in a series called A Series of Unfortunate Events.
Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire go by train to Paltryville to meet their new guardian at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
When they arrive there, they find that it's a very boring place and that rather than being cared for by their new guardian, Sir, they must work in his sawmill with his mistraught and underpayed employees.
After breaking his glasses, Klaus is sent to the optometrist (eye doctor) Dr. Orwell.
He becomes hypnotized by Dr. Orwell, and causes an “accident.”
Sir therefore threatens that if they cause any more accidents they will be sent to live with Shirley, who is really Count Olaf in disguise.
Olaf’s plans fail, because Violet learns the word that undoes Klaus’s hypnosis.
In the end, the Baudelaire orphans must go to the boarding school Prufrock Prep.
Mass Effect is an award-winning 2007 science fiction video game published by Microsoft and developed by BioWare.
It was released for the Xbox 360 and later on the PC.
The game takes place in the year 2183.
Players control an elite human soldier called Commander Shepard and are able to explore the galaxy on his or her spacecraft, the SSV Normandy.
Plot and Universe
Mass Effect has a very detailed fictional universe, with many of the concepts based on real science.
There are over 20 alien races the player can meet in Mass Effect, with more planned for the sequels.
The game has a science fiction setting and explores themes such as space, racism,  religion and the state of humanity.
The main plot of the game involves the classic science fiction idea of robots or AI that have got out of control.
According to the lead writer of Bioware, Star Wars, Aliens and Blade Runner were all influences on the games setting and plot.
Mass Effect  is set 180 years in the future in the year 2183.
According to the back story humans discovered some ancient technology on Mars.
This enabled them to build faster than light spacecraft.
With this technology humans explored the whole Solar System.
Twenty years before the game begins human explorers find that Pluto's moon Charon, is really a Mass Relay.
Mass Relays are the only way to travel from one distant end of the galaxy to the other.
Mass Relays are ancient technology created by the Protheans, the now exctict race that once ruled the galaxy.
This enables spacecraft and people to be sent across the galaxy.
improve it,
study it,
modify it, and
share the original and the modifications with others.
The free software movement is a software movement which aims to improve the user's rights on software and reducing proprietary (non-free) software through the use of operating systems such as Ubuntu.
The movement is generally signified through open source software such as Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, FileZilla and open source operating systems such as Linux and ReactOS.
The movement is against non-free software that restricts the user's rights.
Examples of non-free software include Microsoft Windows, Adobe Acrobat and UltraEdit.
The word 'free' is ambiguous in English.
Here, it means 'free as in freedom', not 'free as a gift'.
It does not mean that the software is available at no cost.
An example is, "think of free speech, not free beer."
How to Save a Life is a studio album by The Fray.
The album was released in September of 2005.
Singles include "How to Save a Life", "Over My Head (Cable Car)", "All at Once", and "Look After You".
It was recorded in Bloomington, Indiana, a small city around 50 miles outside of Indianapolis.
Singles Discography
2005 - "Over My Head (Cable Car)"
2006 - "How to Save a Life"
2007 - "Look After You"
2007 - "All at Once"
Other Albums
Other albums related to How to Save a Life include:
2002 - Movement EP
2003 - Reason EP
"How to Save a Life" is an alternative rock song off the album by The Fray called How to Save a Life.
The single contains various music videos.
How to Save a Life was written by Isaac Slade and Joe King.
Mount Chimborazo is a mountain and an extinct volcano in Ecuador.
Its last eruption is thought to have been over a thousand years ago.
The top of Mount Chimborazo is the farthest away from the centre of the Earth as is possible to get on land.
Although Mount Everest is higher, Chimborazo is farther from Earth's center due to the fact that the earth bulges at the equator.
OpenOffice Draw is a vector graphics editor and is part of the OpenOffice office suite.
It has "connectors" between shapes, that are available in many types of line styles and allow people to build drawings such as flowchart.
It also includes many features found in desktop publishing software.
OpenOffice users can also install the Open Clip Art Library, which adds a lot of flags, logos, icons and banners for general presentation and drawing projects.
Linux distributions Debian and Ubuntu also have ready-to-use openclipart packages for easy download and install from their online software repositories.
Open Clip Art Library
Draw information page
Graphics Applications Project
Draw FAQ
How to use Draw
OOo2.0 Draw Guide (6.5MB PDF)
How-to: Get to Grips with OpenOffice.org Draw (PDF, free download from official How-tos)
Sample Reference Card for OpenOffice.org Draw 2.0 made by cluesheets.com
OpenOffice.org Draw Templates for designing and drawing labels
OpenOffice Custom Shapes, a repository of custom shapes you can use with OpenOffice Draw
Clker online clipart, offers public domain images in ODG & SVG format, directly usable by openoffice
OpenOffice Math is a tool for creating and editing mathematical formulas, similar to  Microsoft Equation Editor and is part of the OpenOffice office suite.
The created formulas can then be put into other OpenOffice.org documents, for example, those created by Writer.
It allows multiple fonts and can export to PDF.
Product information page from the OpenOffice.org website
Official FAQ from the OpenOffice.org website
Formula Reference and How-to from the official How-to documentation
- includes lots of examples of how to use OOMath
Related Applications
Dmaths is a Math enhancement package for OpenOffice.org licensed under GPL.
OOoLateX is a set of OpenOffice.org macros designed to integrate LaTeX equations (OOoForum discussion )
Anthony Michael Lazzeri (December 6, 1903 – August 6, 1946) was a Major League Baseball player, mostly for the New York Yankees.
He won the World Series with the Yankees in 1927, 1928, 1932, 1936, and 1937.
Revolution Studios is a Los Angeles-based independent movie and television production company founded on January 12, 2000 by Joe Roth, and closed in 2007.
In 2017, the company returned to production of films with their release XXX: Return of Xander Cage.
Nose-picking is the act of sticking a finger into the nose and digging inside.
It is a taboo subject in most countries.
It is considered to be very gross and disgusting despite being a very common habit.
Nose-picking can also cause nose bleeds.
Some people also eat boogers, which can be even more disgusting.
If someone is seen picking their nose, it can be very embarrassing.
BBC home: The Truth About Nose-picking
Toddlers and Nose Picking
(In fact) Nose-picking favorite occupation of the Dutch  (March 2007)  Translated version
Another article on same topic (August 2008)  Translated version
For an elaborate spoof, see "Nose-picking in the Pongidae and Its Implication for Human Evolution", said to be from the American Journal of Nasal Anatomy, (1987)
An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process where a fluid becomes warmer or cooler without getting heat from, or giving it to, something else.
Usually the temperature instead changes because of changes in pressure.
Adiabatic cooling is the usual cause of clouds.
When warm, humid air rises due to convection or other cause, water condenses to make clouds, and in some cases precipitation.
Convection also causes  cold air to sink.
This warms it adiabatically, often destroying a cloud and sometimes causing any precipitation to evaporate before hitting the ground.
If we take some fluids in an insulated system and expand or compress the system very fast, the system won't be able to gain or loose any heat (from outside of the system). (
In reality, you can't get a perfectly insulated system.
But in some cases, the heat transfer is so low that we can call them adiabatic process.)
Here,  is the change of internal energy;  is the change of heat and  is the change of work.
Since there occurs no heat transfer in adiabatic process, the  becomes 0.
So, for adiabatic process, the equation is,
Again, we know that .(;; ;
so, )
Here,  is volume;  is force;  is pressure;  is the area and  is the distance.
Adiabatic process for ideal gas (for reversible adiabatic process)
Here,  is the change of temperature and  is the temperature।
Here,  is the gas constant.
Since,  (Mayer's relation),
Here,  is the heat capacity of gas at constant pressure.
By dividing both sides of the equation (4) with  we get,
The Land Rush of 1889, also known as the Oklahoma Land Run, was the first land run into the Unassigned Lands of Oklahoma.
The Five Civilized Tribes is the term applied to five Native American nations, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors.
Anadarko is the county seat of Caddo County, Oklahoma, United States.
The population was 6,645 at the 2000 census.
The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products.
The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol).
Cyrus Stevens Avery (1871–1963) was known as the "Father of Route 66".
He created the route while a member of the federal board appointed to create the Federal Highway System, then pushed for the establishment of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to pave and promote the highway.
U.S. Route 66 (also known as Route 66, U.S. Highway 66, The Main Street of America, The Mother Road and the Will Rogers Highway) was a highway in the U.S. Highway System.
One of the original U.S. highways, Route 66 was established on November 11, 1926.
However, road signs did not go up until the following year.
The famous highway originally ran from Chicago, Illinois, through the U.S. states of Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, before ending at Los Angeles, running a total of .
It was replaced by freeways starting in the 1950s and stopped being a highway in 1985.
Official Website of Historic Route 66 (National Scenic Byway) in Illinois
Route 66 : From Chicago to California
Kata (型, 形 means: "the form") is a Japanese word which is used in some martial arts and theatre (as kabuki).
In karate, this word describes a simulation of combat—the sequence of movements—which is given in detail and is trained individually or in group.
Before learning it, the martial artist has to try the training of basic technique called kihon.
Such simulation represents a sequence of movements, the attack and the defence in an imagined combat.
Every attack must be made as if there were an opponent in front of the karateka (the karate fighter) in order to reach him, and every defence must be made as if the opponent attacked in a real situation of danger.
Every movement has an interpretation.
The karateka has to show the consideration for its timing and ability to use it.
The goal of the kata is help in the development of the qualities and the abilities both psychological and of the body.
These abilities are necessary for the real combat.
Punch (strike), to strike with the fist
Punch (drink), a beverage made with fruit juice
DSLinux is a port of the Linux operating system to the Nintendo DS platform.
It requires only a device capable of writing to a DS Game Cart.
Hard to use
Hard to install (few devices capable of writing to a DS Game Cart), not really true if your using a 2DS or 3DS.
DSLinux Wiki
VM Corporation, a manufacturer of audio equipment
VM Motori, a manufacturer of engines
VM (operating system), IBM's virtual machine operating system
VM (nerve agent) (NATO designation), a chemical weapon agent
Veronica Mars, a TV series
Viaggio Air (IATA airline designator VG)
Vietnam (FIPS 10-4 and NATO obsolete country code VM)
Virgin Media, a major cable provider in the United Kingdom.
Virgin Mobile, a mobile phone service, a division of Virgin Media
Virtuti Militari
When used in an aircraft squadron callsign it denotes fixed wing aircraft in the United States Marine Corp.
It is also the extension for Apache Velocity files.
Variola major, smallpox
Vasthy Mompoint, a Broadway actress
Väike-Maarja, Estonia
A virtual machine is a program on a computer that works like it is a separate computer inside the main computer.
The program that controls virtual machines is called a hypervisor and the computer that is running the virtual machine is called the host.
The hypervisor controls how the virtual machine can access memory, hard drive space, and other resources on the host computer.
Virtual machines can be created through software known as virtualization software (such as VMware Workstation and VirtualBox).
It is a simple way to run more than one operating system on the same computer.
A very powerful server can be split into several smaller virtual machines to use its resources better.
It can help with security.
If the virtual machine is affected by a virus, the host operating system is unaffected.
A virtual machine can be completely emulated, such as Java.
This lets a program run on different types of computer without having to be converted into a code specific for it.
They can communicate even though the programming languages are not the same.
Grid computing: many computers work together to work like a "virtual supercomputer"
gNewSense is a free software-only Debian based distro.
The project aims to contain only free software in their distribution.
The Melon-headed Whale (Peponocephala electra) is a mammal of the oceanic dolphin family.
It is closely related to the Pygmy Killer Whale and the Pilot Whale.
These dolphin species are known by the common name "Blackfish".
The Melon-headed Whale is widespread throughout the world's tropical waters, although it is not often seen by humans because it prefers to live in deep water.
The Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is an antelope found in Asia.
It commonly seen in India, Nepal and eastern Pakistan.
The mature males appear ox-like and are also known as blue bulls.
The nilgai is the biggest Asian antelope.
Boys Like Girls is an American alternative-pop rock band formed in Boston.
In 2006 Boys Like Girls's self-titled first album was released.
They are mostly famous for the songs "Thunder", "Hero/Heroine", "Five Minutes to Midnight", and "The Great Escape".
Members of Boys Like Girls
Martin Johnson – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2005–present)
Paul DiGiovanni – lead guitar, backing vocals (2005–present)
Morgan Dorr – bass guitar, backing vocals  (2011–present)
John Keefe –  drums, percussion (2005–present)
Bryan Donahue – bass guitar, backing vocals (2005–2011)
2006 - Boys Like Girls
2009 - Love Drunk
2012: Crazy World
2006 - The Great Escape
2007 - Hero/Herione
2008 - Thunder
2009 - Two Is Better Than One (featuring Taylor Swift)
2010 - Heart Heart Heartbreak
2012 - Be Your Everything
2012 - Life of the Party
2013 - Red Cup, Hands Up, Long Brown Hair
2000s establishments in Massachusetts
Helenus was the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy.
His twin sister was Cassandra.
The Kikones or Cicones were a tribe of Thracians.
They lived in the area which is now in Greece and Turkey.
At the time of Odysseus their stronghold was the city of Ismara (or Ismarus), near Mount Ismara, on the south coast of Thrace.
Novell Inc. () is a global software corporation based in the United States specializing in enterprise operating systems such as SUSE Linux Enterprise and Novell NetWare; identity, security and systems management solutions; and collaboration solutions.
Together with WordPerfect, Novell was instrumental in making the Utah Valley a focus for high-technology software development.
Today this area has many small companies whose employees have previously worked at Novell.
Continental climate is a climate that is characterized by winter temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of snow cover each year, and is not arid or semi-arid.
Summers are hot or warm.
In the Köppen climate classification, this climate is split into Dfa (hot summer, no dry season), Dfb (warm summer, no dry season), Dwa (hot summer, dry winter), Dwb (warm summer, dry winter), Dsa (hot dry summer) and Dsb (warm dry summer).
The American Indoor Soccer League or AISL originally considered itself a minor indoor soccer league.
In the 2005-06 season, they recognized themselves as a major soccer league.
The U.S. Highway 66 Association was organized in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1927.
Its purpose was to get U.S. Highway 66 paved from end to end and to promote tourism on the highway.
Cultural heritage, often called "national heritage" or just "heritage", is the legacy of tangible artifacts and intangible attributes, activities or events of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed upon future generations.
The Storm Prediction Center (SPC), in Norman, Oklahoma, is part of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction.
A traditional tribal chief is the leader of a tribe, or the head of a tribal form of government.
A tribal chief is also called a Chieftain.
The megalodon was the largest shark of all time.
Its scientific name is Carcharocles megalodon.
It lived from the early Miocene to the Pliocene epochs, 23 to 3.6 million years ago (mya).
It is not closely related to the present-day great white shark.
Megalodon had teeth, which are among the largest ever found, over  long.
Nicolaus Steno was the first to recognize the teeth as those of a giant shark.
Paleontologists calculate that the shark was up to 18 meters (59 ft) long with average length of 10.5 meters (34 ft).
It weighed up to 48-49 metric tons.
Fossil records of C. megalodon indicate that it  occurred in subtropical to temperate latitudes.
Before the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, the seas were relatively warmer.
This would have made it possible for the species to live in all the oceans of the world.
C. megalodon lived in many marine environments (i.e. continental shelf waters, coastal upwelling, swampy coastal lagoons, sandy littorals, and offshore deep water environments), and moved from place to place.
Adult C. megalodon were not abundant in shallow water environments, and mostly lurked offshore.
C. megalodon may have moved between coastal and oceanic waters, at different stages in its life.
Its prey
Megalodon hunted large and medium-sized whales, attacking the bony areas, such as chest, fins, or tail.
This would stop the whale, or it could kill quickly with a fatal bite to the chest region.
The megalodon bite is considered one of the strongest bites in the animal kingdom’s history.
Fossil evidence is that C. megalodon preyed on cetaceans (i.e., dolphins, small whales, and Odobenocetops, and large whales, (including sperm whales, bowhead whales, and rorquals pinnipeds, porpoises, sirenians, and giant sea turtles.
Marine mammals were regular prey targets for megalodon.
Many whale bones have been found with clear signs of large bite marks (deep gashes) made by teeth that match those of megalodon, and various excavations have revealed megalodon teeth lying close to the chewed remains of whales, and sometimes in direct association with them.
Fossil evidence of interactions between megalodon and pinnipeds also exist.
In one interesting observation, a  megalodon tooth was found lying very close to a bitten earbone of a sea lion.
Megalodon is now considered to be a member of the family Otodontidae, genus Carcharocles.
Megalodon's older classification into Carcharodon was due to dental similarity with the great white shark.
Most authors now think this is due to convergent evolution.
The great white shark is more closely related to the extinct broad-toothed mako (Isurus hastalis) than to megalodon.
The dentition in those two sharks is similar, whereas megalodon teeth have much finer serrations than great white shark teeth.
The great white shark is more closely related to the mako shark (Isurus spp.),
with a most recent common ancestor about 4 mya.
Those who still think megalodon and the great white shark are more closely related, argue that the differences between their dentition are minute and obscure.
The "Dust Bowl" is a phrase used to describe prairie regions of the United States and Canada in the 1930s.
The Dust Bowl spread from Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north, all the way to Oklahoma and parts of Texas and New Mexico in the south.
In these areas, there were many serious dust storms and droughts during the 1930s.
These caused major damage to the Dust Bowl areas' economies, ecology, and agriculture.
The dust bowl was the worst man made disaster in U.S history.
It was many dust storms that happened for many years.
The people who lived in the Dust Bowl area were mostly farmers.
Many years of intense farming without rain left the soil dry.
When strong winds blew, they covered cities, towns, and farms in dried, dusty soil, ruining the farmland.
"Black Sunday"
One famous storm on April 14, 1935, called Black Sunday, was so bad it covered dozens of cities in black clouds of dust and made it impossible to see the sky or even a few feet ahead.
Writer Timothy Egan says that the Black Sunday storm "carried away twice as much dirt as was dug out of the earth to create the Panama Canal."
The Dust Bowl period is still considered one of the worst environmental disasters in United States history.
Many thousands of people died from breathing in the dust, or from starvation.
Many others who survived lost everything they had, and left the Dust Bowl to look for work in other parts of the country.
These people were called "Dust Bowl refugees."
The seriousness of the Dust Bowl disaster later led to greater use of crop rotation, reforesting and other techniques to preserve the quality and quantity of topsoil in American and Canadian farms.
Many songs, books, and works of art were created to tell stories of the people affected by the dust storms.
Some of the most famous of these works are the novels The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, the songs of folk music singer Woody Guthrie, and the photography of Dorothea Lange, who took pictures of many Dust Bowl refugees and their families.
1930s in Canada
The Passionfruit (also spelled passion fruit) is a small, spherical fruit.
It is purple when ripe, and green when not ripe.
The fruit contains many small, black seeds covered with the fruit's flesh.
It is tart and sweet.
The seeds can be eaten on their own or used for various cooking recipes.
Passion fruit is not a very common fruit in England.
In Venezuela, the juice of passionfruits are common drinks.
Mosasaurs were large, predatory marine lizards of the Upper Cretaceous.
The first fossil Mosasaur, Mosasaurus hoffmanni, was found in the Netherlands in 1776.p7 It was named in 1822 by W.D. Conybeare.
Discovery and interpretation
The type specimen was found in a chalk quarry in Maastricht, Holland.
It was found by a German army surgeon, Johann Hoffmann, who collected fossils for the Haarlem Museum.
During a struggle for ownership, the skeletal parts went to the museum, whilst the skull stayed with the owner of the land, who refused to let anyone see it.
The true identity of the monster was decided correctly by the French anatomist Georges Cuvier.
In 1795 French troops were outside Maastricht, and Cuvier arranged for the large skull to be saved when they stormed the town.
The skull duly went to Cuvier in Paris, because he was the leading comparative anatomist of the day.
He recognized the skull as that of a giant lizard, from its teeth and skull bones,p10 though not until 1808, and by then the son of a Dutch professor, Adriaan Camper, had already had the same idea.
The discovery of the specimen was important in another way, because it helped to convince Cuvier that extinction of some species was a fact.
Cuvier later came up with a catastrophism-type theory.
Mosasaurs breathed air, were powerful swimmers, and were well-adapted to living in the warm, shallow epicontinental seas of the Upper Cretaceous.
Mosasaurs were so well adapted to this environment that they gave birth to live young, rather than return to the shore to lay eggs, as sea turtles do.
Thousands of fossils have been found, from every continent.
There are about 40 known species.
Most skeletons have been found in North America in chalk laid down in the Western Interior Seaway.
An interesting fact is that ichthyosaurs had died out by the middle of the Upper Cretaceous, and plesiosaurs and sea-going crocodiles were in decline.
The reasons for this are not known: perhaps there was increased competition from large predator fish.
It is this large marine predator niche that mosasaurs apparently occupied.
They gave birth to live young, just as the ichthyosaurs had done.
They flourished in the later Cretaceous, only to become extinct at the K/T extinction event.
The type species was estimated to be 33' (10m) long.
Mosasaurus had four paddle-like limbs on a long, streamlined body and a long, powerful tail.
The large head had huge jaws, up to 4 ft (1.2 m long) with many teeth.
The jaws could open about 3 feet (1 m).
The lower jaw is loosely hinged to the skull with a moveable joint on each side (behind the teeth).
This loose joint let it swallow huge prey.
They would have hunted fish, turtles, molluscs, and shellfish.
Ammonites have been found bearing mosasaur teeth marks.
The smallest-known mosasaur was Carinodens belgicus, which was about  to  long and probably lived in shallow waters near shore, cracking molluscs and sea urchins with its bulbous teeth.
Larger mosasaurs were more typical: mosasaurs ranged in size up to .
Hainosaurus holds the record for longest mosasaur, at .
Scientists have wondered whether ancient reptiles like mosasaurs were warm-blooded or cold-blooded.
They concluded that the large size of mosasaurs, like whales, meant they were more likely to be warm-blooded than cold-blooded.
Many other species of mosasaur have since been found, for example, Tylosaurus.
Mosasaurus maximus was found at Onion Creek, Texas.
All have the same general body style and pattern of life, though some, like Prognathodon, had crushing teeth for dealing with shellfish.
Present thought is that their closest living relatives are the monitor lizards.
kk:Мозазаврлар
Nevermind is the second studio album by the American rock band, Nirvana.
It was released on September 24, 1991 by DGC Records.
It was produced by Butch Vig and was the first release by the band on the record label.
It was also the first release with drummer Dave Grohl.
Even though it wasn't thought to have been very popular before its release, Nevermind was a very big success.
On January 11, 1992, it had reached number one on the US Billboard 200.
The main single, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" was very successful and reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100.
The three other singles were: "Come as You Are", "Lithium", and "In Bloom".
Nevermind was selling up to 300,000 copies a week between 1991 and 1992.
Nevermind has sold over 30 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling albums ever.
Nevermind helped to make both grunge music and alternative rock popular.
It has been known as one of the greatest albums of all time.
Nirvana was a rock band from Aberdeen, Washington, formed by Kurt Cobain (vocals and guitar) and Krist Novoselic (bass guitar) in 1987.
They first signed to the Seattle record label Sub Pop.
The band released their first album on this label called Bleach in 1989 with Chad Channing on drums.
Channing left Nirvana after this album in 1990, and the band needed a drummer.
After seeing punk band Scream, Cobain and Novoselic liked the drumming by Dave Grohl.
When Scream broke up after this, Grohl joined Nirvana as the drummer.
During the start of the 1990s, Sub Pop was having a difficult time with money.
Because of this, Nirvana looked for a new record label.
They ended up signing with DGC Records
Title and cover
The first name for the album before its release was Sheep.
This came from the kind of people Cobain thought were going to buy the album (sheep is a word meaning someone who does what other people do).
The title was later changed to Nevermind as it was what Cobain thought about bad things in his life.
The album cover of Nevermind shows a naked baby (Spencer Elden) swimming underwater with a U.S. dollar bill on a fishhook.
This is just out of the baby's reach.
Cobain wanted to have a photo of a water birth on the cover but the record label wouldn't let him.
Timothy James McVeigh (April 23, 1968 – June 11, 2001) was a United States Army veteran and security guard who bombed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City.
He was convicted of 11 United States federal offenses, and was sentenced to death and executed for his role in the April 19, 1995 bombing.
Immediately prior to his execution, McVeigh observed the Last Rites with a Catholic priest.
People from Lockport, New York
The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was a United States Federal Government complex at 200 N.W. 5th Street in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
The Murrah building was opened in 1977.
It was the target of the Oklahoma City bombing on April 19, 1995 which damaged the building very badly.
It was later imploded and turned into a memorial.
1995 disestablishments in the United States
In law, a conviction is the verdict that results when a court of law finds a defendant guilty of a crime.
The opposite of a conviction is an acquittal (i.e. "not guilty").
A minor conviction is a warning conviction, and it does not affect the defendant but does serve as a warning.
In Scotland there can also be a verdict of "not proven", which counts as an acquittal.
A convicted person is also called a convict.
Convicted (disambiguation)
The Oklahoma City bombing was a terrorist attack on April 19, 1995 on the U.S. government.
The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, was attacked by Timothy McVeigh.
The truck bombing destroyed much of the building.
As a result it had to be demolished.
McVeigh and Terry Nichols detonated a truck bomb, killing 168 people and injuring over 800 people.
Until the September 11 attacks, it was the deadliest act of terrorism in the US.
1995 in the United States
20th century in Oklahoma
Building bombings in the United States
Car and truck bombings
Murder in 1995
A reservoir is a lake that is usually man-made (meaning it was made by people).
Reservoirs are used to store water for various uses like drinking.
Terry Lynn Nichols (born April 1, 1955) is a U.S. Army veteran who was convicted of being an accomplice of Timothy McVeigh, the man convicted of murder in the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, April 19, 1995), which killed 168 people.
Cimarron County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.
The 2000 census shows it has the least people of any county in Oklahoma.
As of 2000, 3,148 people lived there.
Lethal injection is injecting a person, particularly a dangerous criminal with poison, usually a fatal dose of drugs so the person will die.
This is usually done as capital punishment.
It is the main way to execute prisoners in the United States.
The idea of lethal injection was first suggested in New York in 1888, but Oklahoma was the first place to make a law that said it could use it in 1977.
Texas was the first state to actually use lethal injection for an execution.
This first happened when Charlie Brooks was executed in 1982.
Thirty-four US states now use it for capital punishment.
Other countries to use it are China, Taiwan, and Guatemala.
Lethal injection is usually done by using three chemicals.
The chemicals are usually sodium thiopental (an anesthetic), pancuronium bromide (used to paralyze the person being injected), and potassium chloride (to stop the heart so that the person being injected dies).
In the United States, a chemical shortage has made some states have to wait to inject criminals.
Other states have changed what chemicals they use.
Time.com: A Brief History of Lethal Injection
James Mountain "Jim" Inhofe (born November 17, 1934) is an American politician from Oklahoma.
He is the senior senator of Oklahoma to the United States Senate, beginning in January 2015.
Official U.S. Senate Site
Businesspeople from Iowa
Businesspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Politicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Politicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
United States representatives from Oklahoma
United States senators from Oklahoma
Oklahoma was admitted to the Union on November 16, 1907.
The 2 senators from this state are in 2 different classes.
A class gets re-elected every 2 years.
For example, Class 3 got re-elected in 2010, Class 1 got re-elected in 2012, and Class 2 got re-elected in 2014.
Then the cycle will start over with Class 3 getting re-elected in 2016.
Senators from Oklahoma
Thomas Allen Coburn (March 14, 1948 – March 28, 2020) was an American politician and medical doctor.
A member of the Republican Party, he served as a U.S. Senator of Oklahoma from 2005 to 2015.
He was nicknamed Dr. No because of he blocked many spending bills many times.
He announced in January 2014 that he would leave the senate at the end of the 113th United States Congress and submitted his resignation letter to Governor of Oklahoma  Mary Fallin.
People from Casper, Wyoming
Scientists from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Scientists from Wyoming
Bixby is a city in Tulsa and Wagoner counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and is a suburb of Tulsa.
Midwest City is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the  Oklahoma City metropolitan area.
The council-manager government is one of two main variations of representative municipal government in the United States that began in Staunton, Virginia in 1908.
This system of government is used in the majority of American cities with populations over 12,000.
When a city has a council-manager form of government, the elected city council usually hires a city manager to oversee the day-to-day management of the city employees.
In these cities, the position of Mayor is either a ceremonial position, or does not exist.
Strong-mayor form
Strong-mayor is a form of mayor-council government.
It is made up of an executive branch and a legislative branch.
Both branches are elected by the people.
The executive brance is usually a city mayor.
The legislature is usually a city council.
Oklahoma Rose is a hybrid tea rose.
It was developed in 1964 at Oklahoma State University by Herbert C. Swim and O. L. Weeks.
In 2004, the Oklahoma Rose became the official state flower of Oklahoma.
Okemah is the county seat of Okfuskee County, Oklahoma, United States.
The population was 3,038 at the 2000 census.
Coppo di Marcovaldo (c. 1225 – c. 1276) was an artist who was born in Florence and worked in that part of Italy in the Late Medieval period.
He painted large icons of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Christ Child, in the Byzantine style.
His most famous work is the mosaic of the Last Judgement in the Baptistery of Florence.
He also worked in the towns of Pistoia and Siena.
There are only two paintings that are known to be by Coppo.
One is in the Church of the Servants of Mary in Siena and the other is in the Church of the Servants of Mary in Orvieto.
Another painting thought to be by Coppo di Marcovaldo can be seen in the Civic Museum in San Gimignano.
Diana Davies (editor), Harrap's Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Artists, (1990),
1220s births
1270s deaths
Powys, officially the County of Powys (Welsh: Sir Powys), is the largest principal area and county in Wales.
It is named after the Kingdom of Powys which was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that was founded during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain.
Modern day Powys covers the historic counties of Montgomeryshire and Radnorshire, most of Brecknockshire, and a small part of Denbighshire.
With an area of about 2,000 square miles (5,200 km2), it is the largest unitary authority in Wales by land area and about the same size as the country of Trinidad and Tobago.
It is bordered by English counties of Shropshire and Herefordshire to the east, Gwynedd, Wrexham and Denbighshire to the north, Ceredigion to the west and Rhondda Cynon Taf, Merthyr Tydfil, Caerphilly, Blaenau Gwent, Monmouthshire and Neath Port Talbot to the south.
Newtown, population 11,357
Ystradgynlais, population 8,092
Brecon, population 8,250
Welshpool, population 6,664
It has the lowest population density of all the principal areas of Wales.
Most of Powys is mountainous making north–south travel fairly difficult.
Cimabue, (c.1240 - c.1302), was a painter from Florence in Italy who worked in the Late Medieval period.
His real name was Cenni di Peppi.
He painted large icons in the Byzantine style and was the first great painter in the city of Florence.
The only works of art that are known to be definitely by Cimabue are the mosaic of Christ in Majesty in Pisa Cathedral and two very large ruined frescos in the Church of St Francis in Assisi.
The most famous painting that is believed to be by Cimabue is the "Madonna of Santa Trinita" which is an altarpiece that was done for the Church of the Holy Trinity.
He is also believed to have painted two large crucifixes which hung in the Church of St Domenic in Arezzo and the Church of the Holy Cross (Santa Croce, Florence).
The crucifix of Santa Croce was ruined in a flood and is now in the church's museum.
The biographer Giorgio Vasari wrote about Cimabue's life, 250 years after his death.
He wrote that one day Cimabue was walking in the country when he saw a little shepherd boy scratching a picture of a sheep onto a rock.
The drawing was so good that Cimabue went to the boy's father and begged that he might take the boy as his apprentice and teach him to paint.
The boy was Giotto, who became a very famous painter, and who is thought of as the very first painter of the Italian Renaissance.
Luciano Berti, Florence: the city and its art, (1971) Scala,
1240 births
1302 deaths
Pietro Cavallini (1259 – c. 1330) was a painter who lived and worked in Rome in Italy in the Late Medieval period.
He may have also worked in Naples.
He is thought of as one of the greatest painters of his day, but has never been as well known as Giotto from Florence, who was alive at the same time.
This is probably because only two pictures by Cavallini still exist.
One of them is a mosaic in the Church of Santa Maria in Trastevere.
The other is a fresco in the nearby convent of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. ("
in Trastevere" means "in the part of the Rome that is across the Tiber River".)
The fresco at Santa Cecilia's is a large picture of the Last Judgement with Jesus sitting between rows of saints. (
see right) Unfortunately, the room, which was quite tall, had a new level added, and the floor cut across the fresco.
It is in ruins, but the parts that remain show that Cavallini was trying to make the figures that he painted look solid and three-dimensional like the frescos of Ancient Rome.
Pietro Cavallini probably influenced the artists who travelled from Rome to work at the Basilica of St Francis of Assisi.
It is not known if he painted any of the frescos there.
1250 births
1330 deaths
Lollapalooza is a music festival.
It was started in 1991 by Perry Farrell, lead singer of Jane's Addiction, as a farewell concert for his band.
It happened every year until 1997, then took a break until 2003.
There was no 2004 Lollapalooza.
In 2005, the festival started again, and kept going every year.
From 2005, it has played as a weekend show at Grant Park in Chicago.
Lollapalooza website
Festivals in Chicago
East Tyrol (German: Osttirol) is a small part of the Austrian state of Tyrol, located in the ost part of the state.
The other part of the state is North Tyrol, which also belongs to Austria, but does not share a border with East Tyrol.
East Tyrol borders Carinthia in the east, Salzburg in the north, South Tyrol in the west, Veneto in the south.
Its capitals are Lienz and "the big brother" Innsbruck.
Indian blanket (Gaillardia pulchella) is a short-lived annual flowering plant native to the central United States.
It is easily grown throughout the southeast.
The flowers are bright red with a yellow rim and is slightly smaller than Gaillardia aristatabut is very drought tolerant and even salt tolerant, thriving along coastal dunes.
The Perineum is the area of the human body found between the lower end of the vagina and the anus (in females); and the scrotum and the anus (in males).
When a person reaches puberty, the size of the perineum is about one inch in length.
During puberty, hair will grow around and on the perineum to protect it.
A jar is a type of container, mostly used to store food.
Jars are usually cylindrical, and are usually made of glass or clay.
Types of jars
Mason jar, a jar used to preserve serval foods (such as fruit, jam, vegetables, ...)
Kilner jar, another type of jar for storing foods
Mayonnaise jar, a mason jar especially made for mayonnaise
Canopic jar, used in ancient Egyptian burial
Leyden jar, a simple capacitor
Killing jar
South Tyrol, also known by its Italian name Alto Adige (, Italian: Alto Adige, Southern Bavarian: Sidtiroul), is an autonomous province in northern Italy.
Together with the province of Trento, it makes up the region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.