the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
With New Additional Features and Quality Graphics it became popular multiplayer game.
It also earned $1 billion within its first three days which made it the fastest selling entertainment product in history and broke 7 records by Guinness World Records.
There has been a lot of arguing, or "controversy," about these games.
Many people do not like how the player can murder random people, and sleep with prostitutes.
Because of this, all 3-D GTA games have been rated Mature so far.
Related games
The Simpsons: Hit & Run
Grand Theft Wiki
PlayStation games
1998 video games
The Black Eyed Peas are an American hip hop group from Los Angeles, California.
Over the years their music has included R&B, dance and Latin.
The group has three members: Will.i.am, Apl.de.ap, Taboo.
Members of this group and its history
Stacy Ann Ferguson, better known by her stage name Fergie, was born on March 27, 1975.
She is an American R&B singer, actress and songwriter.
She was revealed by the TV series for kids "Kids Incorporated" and the TV show "Great Pretenders".
The TV revealed her talents and she began her career of singer with the R&B trio Wild Orchid which became the group of the Black Eyed Peas.
She acted in "Nine" which came out in theatres in 2010.
In 2017, Fergie left the group to focus on her solo career.".
will.i.am (real name William James Adams) was born on March 15th, 1975 in Los Angeles.
He is an American rapper and singer.
will.i.am rose to fame as frontman and co-founder of the Black Eyed Peas.
He has recently left Interscope for a solo deal with Def Jam.
Allan Pineda Lindo, better known by his stage name Apl.de.ap, is a Filipino American Hip-Hop musician and producer.
He was born in November 28th, 1974 in Angeles City in the Philippines, from the age of 11 and he moved to the United States because he was adopted by the Hudgen's family.
He began his career of singer and performer in the group "Atban Klann" with Will.i.am, which become the "Black Eyed Peas" when Taboo entered this group in 1995.
Taboo (real name Jaime Luis Gomez) was born in July 14th, 1975 in Los Angeles.
He has a son named "Josh" who was born in December 5th, 1993.
He joined the Black Eyed Peas in 1995.
Before they became popular, the group's members were will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo and backing vocalist Kim Hill.
She left the group in 2000 and was replaced in 2003 by Fergie.
They first became popular with the single "Where Is the Love" and the album Elephunk and their next album, Monkey Business was also successful.
They have more recently released The E.N.D., an album that has had the successful singles "Boom Boom Pow", "I Gotta Feeling" and "Meet Me Halfway".
Behind the Front (1998)
Bridging the Gap (2000)
Elephunk (2003)
The E.N.D. (2009)
The Beginning (2010)
American hip hop bands
The PlayStation Portable, or PSP, is Sony's first video game console to be a handheld.
It was made in Japan and came out there first on December 12, 2004.
After that, it came out in North America on March 24, 2005 and came out in Europe on September 1, 2005.
It was first announced in 2003 at E3 and then next year its first design was shown off.
It can play PSP video games, as well as music, video, and pictures.
To transfer music, videos, or pictures to a PSP, you must use a USB cable to send the files from a computer to it.
The games and movies come on a disc called the "Universal Media Disc" which holds 1.8 GB (this is a lot more than a normal CD, but less than a DVD).
A Memory Stick Pro Duo can also be used for memory storage.
The PlayStation Portable is the first handheld game console to use a disc as its media storage instead of a cartridge.
In January 2014, shipments of the PlayStation Portable ended in North America.
They also ended in June 2014 in Japan and ended shipments to Europe by the end of 2014.
Games and movies
There are over 700 games for the PSP.
The movies look like the DVD.
The reason the PSP can have movies is because the disc (Universal Media Disc) has a lot of memory space.
In many countries, Spider-Man 2 (the movie) was included for free with the console.
The PSP is wireless, meaning it can connect to the Internet (and other PlayStation Portables) without any cables.
This is called Wi-Fi.
This allows players who are traveling to download items, surf the web and play online.
The PlayStation Portable can also connect with the PlayStation 3 as a sort of remote control for movie playback and for downloading content.
There are five versions of the PlayStation Portable, the PSP-1000 (also known as "PSP fat"), PSP-2000 ("slim and light" edition, a lighter version of the original PSP), PSP-3000 ("bright and light" edition, that includes a built in microphone and improved LCD), PSP-N1000 (or PSP Go, with a sliding screen design, bluetooth and internal storage of 16GB replacing the UMD drive.)
and PSP-E1000 (similar to PSP-3000, but without stereo sound, Wi-Fi and microphone).
The PlayStation Portable is similar to the Nintendo DS, because they are both for games you can take with you.
However, Nintendo and Sony said they were made for different people.
The DS has sold more units than the PSP.
2004 establishments
2014 disestablishments
PSP may refer to:
PlayStation Portable - made by Sony
An abortion is when a pregnancy is ended early, without the natural birth of the child.
A developing human usually takes about thirty-nine weeks to grow and be born.
Normally, this occurs about forty weeks after the mother's last menstrual period.
This developing human is called an embryo for the first eight weeks of the pregnancy, and fetus for the rest of the pregnancy.
Abortion causes the embryo or fetus to die.
When an abortion occurs naturally, it is often called a miscarriage.
Humans can also choose to end the pregnancy before birth takes place.
This is called an induced abortion.
Often, the term abortion often refers only to an induced abortion.
In both types of abortion, the embryo or fetus usually comes out of the womb.
This is called a complete abortion.
In some cases, the embryo or fetus remains inside the womb.
This is called a missed abortion.
Surgery is needed to remove the embryo or fetus from the womb so the woman does not get an infection.
Different countries have different laws regarding induced abortion.
While abortion is illegal in many countries, there are often exceptions that permit it in cases such as family incest, rape, the fetus having severe disabilities or the mother's health being at risk.
Spontaneous abortions
People speak of spontaneous abortion or miscarriage when the embryo or fetus is lost due to natural causes before the 20th week of pregnancy.
A pregnancy that ends this way, but that is between 20 and 37 weeks old is known as "premature birth" if the baby is born alive.
If the fetus dies in the womb after 20 weeks, or while it is born, this is known as "stillbirth".
Premature births and stillbirths are generally not considered to be miscarriages.
How common they are
Spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) are common.
About fifteen percent of pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion.
In many cases, the woman is not even aware she was pregnant.
The pregnancy is only a few days or weeks old and the woman believes the miscarriage is just her menses.
About twenty-five percent of all women will have a spontaneous abortion during their lives.
Most miscarriages occur very early.
Between ten and fifty percent of pregnancies end with a miscarriage,
where the mother or the doctors are aware of it.
These figures depend on the age and health of the pregnant woman.
Most spontaneous abortions occur so early in the pregnancy that the woman is not even aware that she was pregnant.
One particular study showed that 61.9% of pregnancies end in miscarriage before 12 weeks.
In 91.7% of these miscarriages, the woman did not know she was pregnant.
Some people are more likely to have a spontaneous abortion
Those people who have already had several spontaneous or induced abortions run a greater risk of having a spontaneous one.
Those with certain diseases, and those over the age 35 also run a greater risk.
Other causes for abortions can be the infection of either the woman or embryo/fetus, or their immune response.
Certain diseases or  an accidental trauma can also cause a spontaneous abortion.
Putting the woman under trauma or stress to cause miscarriage is considered induced abortion.
Some countries call this feticide.
Cause of spontaneous abortions
Most miscarriages are due to problems with the copying of chromosomes, but some are caused by environmental factors.
When a human is conceived, it gets 23 chromosomes from its mother and 23 from its father.
If it does not get the right number its development happens wrong (it does not grow right.)
It may have many bad birth defects.
Most embryos and fetuses with chromosome problems will not live for a long time.
They die very early.
There are a few chromosome problems that babies can sometimes be born with.
For example, Down syndrome happens when there are three copies of chromosome #21. (
Usually people have 2 of every chromosome.)
This is called trisomy 21 (tri- means 3.)
Symptoms of spontaneous abortions
The most common symptom is bleeding from the vagina.
This can be very little blood (less blood than a normal menses.)
It can be very much blood (much more than a normal menses.)
Some women have bad pains in their low abdomen when they have a miscarriage.
This is sometimes like the pain of menses.
It can be much worse.
Or a woman may have no pain at all.
If the pregnancy is many weeks old, the woman may see the embryo or fetus when it comes out.
But if it is less than 12 weeks old a woman may not see anything but blood.
Treatment of spontaneous abortions
Usually, no treatment is needed for a miscarriage.
However, sometimes some pregnancy tissue remains in the womb after the miscarriage and must be removed.
Sometimes doctors do a surgical abortion.
This is the same kind of surgery that is done for induced abortions.
Doctors can also prescribe women medicines that can help the miscarriage finish without needing surgery.
Induced abortions
An induced abortion is when things are done to end the pregnancy on purpose.
These things are normally done by doctors.
In countries where abortion can be done legally, it is often done by specialists who know a lot about women's bodies (gynecologists).
Abortions done illegally are often performed by people without this special knowledge.
This makes them more dangerous.
Such abortions are usually called unsafe abortions, back-alley abortions or DIY abortions, mainly because the risk to the health of the mother is much higher than with abortions carried out by skilled doctors.
Reasons for an induced abortion
There can be medical reasons why an abortion is performed.
saving the life of the pregnant woman
preserving the woman's physical or mental health
ending a pregnancy that would result in a child being born with severe birth defects, which would be fatal, or which would increase the risk of the child dying at an early age.
reducing the number of fetuses to lower the health risks associated with a multiple pregnancy (like twins)
Kinds of induced abortions
There are two different kinds of induced abortions.
The type of abortion that is done depends on a few different things, like what the woman wants, what her doctor thinks is best, and how far along a woman is in her pregnancy (how long she has been pregnant).
One type of induced abortion is called a "medical abortion" or a "medication abortion".
In this type of abortion, a doctor gives the woman one or two medications that will end her pregnancy.
A medication abortion can only be done early on in the pregnancy.
This is because the medications that are used work best when they are started as early as possible, and after a woman has been pregnant for about two months, the medications usually do not work very well.
Because of this, medication abortion usually is not used after a woman has been pregnant for 9 weeks.
Some of the benefits (or reasons why some women choose this type of abortion) are that it can be started as soon as a woman realizes she is pregnant; it does not require anesthesia; and the woman does not have to have a procedure in a hospital or clinic to have the fetus removed, like with the other kind of abortion that is done.
After a woman is given the medication or medications that end her pregnancy, the abortion happens like a "spontaneous" abortion or a miscarriage. (
The woman passes the fetus, along with the blood and tissue that have built up in the uterus, from her vagina.)
The most common medications that are used for medication abortions are mifepristone and misoprostol.
First, a doctor gives the woman mifepristone, which is sometimes also called "RU-468" or "the abortion pill".
This drug blocks the hormone progesterone in the body.
Without progesterone, the embryo cannot survive.
The lining of the uterus becomes thinner, and the embryo cannot grow or stay attached to the lining of the uterus.
After a few days, a doctor gives the woman misoprostol.
This makes the uterus contract (or get smaller) and the embryo is expelled from (or pushed out of) the uterus through the woman's vagina.
Sometimes, another medication, called methotrexate, is used along with misoprostol in medication abortions.
A woman is given methotrexate, usually as a shot in a doctor's office, and the drug stops the embryo from staying attached to the lining of the uterus.
Then misoprostol is given a few days later.
With the second type of abortion - called "surgical abortion" or "in-office abortion" - a doctor does a procedure that removes an embryo or fetus from the woman's uterus.
This kind of abortion can be done in different ways, depending on how long the woman has been pregnant.
Surgical abortion is simpler, and there are fewer problems that can happen, if it is done earlier on in the pregnancy.
The most common form is called an "aspiration abortion" or a "suction curettage."
This can be done in a doctor's office or clinic.
First the woman's cervix (the top part of the uterus) is dilated (or made bigger).
A medical tool is used to suction out everything inside the woman's uterus, including the fetus.
If the woman has been pregnant for more than 12 weeks, the doctor first has to dilate the cervix (or make the cervix bigger), usually by putting small sticks into the cervix to help it open up.
If another tool, called a curette, has to be used to scrape out tissue that is still inside the uterus, then this form of abortion is sometimes called a "dilation and curettage" (or "D&C").
Risks and complications
A pregnancy that ends without a child being born also may cause some problems to the woman this happens to.
There are two broad groups of things that can happen:
It affects the mental health of the mother
It affects the physical health of the mother
The mother will feel depression from ending the life of her child
Physical problems
Abortion is safer than childbirth if it is done before the 16th week of pregnancy and it is done by a professional.
Certain methods of abortion are pretty safe, and complications are rare.
Generally, stopping a pregnancy that has gone on longer is riskier.
Women usually feel a small amount of pain during first-trimester abortion.
In a 1979 study of 2,299 patients, 97% reported having some amount of pain.
Patients rated the pain as being less than earache or toothache, but more than headache or backache.
Psychological problems
Few studies have been done to see if an abortion affects the woman psychologically, or mentally.
Those that have been done give contradictory results.
One study looked at 13.000 women who had become pregnant even though they did not want to.
The study found that having an induced abortion does not increase the risk of getting mental health problems; the group that was compared were women who also did not want to have a baby, but who did not have an abortion.
Other studies showed similar results: women who had an abortion did better in school or at work after the abortion.
Another study showed that women who had an abortion had a higher self-esteem and felt better than those who did not.
Many women who had an abortion felt better afterwards, they also felt relieved.
They would do it again in a similar situation.
A study done in New Zealand in 2006 showed that many women who had an abortion developed severe depression up to 4 years after they had the abortion.
They were also more likely to have problems with alcohol and illegal drugs than those women who did not have an abortion.
The person who oversaw the study later told media that given these results it would be very hard to say that having an abortion has no psychological effects on the woman who has it.
He called the abortion "a traumatic experience".
Other problems
If a bad thing happens because of a surgery or medicine that a doctor gives, or because of a miscarriage, it is called a complication.
Complications of abortions can be infection, bleeding, pain.
There may or may not be problems getting pregnant again; this is still being researched.
In places where induced abortions are legal less than 1% of induced abortions have a bad complication.
If doctors do induced abortions, the risk to the woman is less than the risk of complications of childbirth (giving birth to a baby).
In places where induced abortions are legal, less women have complications of induced abortion than in places where induced abortion is illegal.
This is because induced abortions that are not done by doctors have much more risks.
For example, after induced abortions became legal in the United States in 1973, less women died from having abortions.
In the United States in 2000, 11 women died from the complications of legal abortion.
The risk of death from a legal abortion is 1/100 of the risk of an appendectomy.
The risk of death from an injection (shot) of penicillin (an antibiotic) is bigger than the risk of death from a legal abortion.
There can be emotional problems for the woman after a spontaneous or induced abortion.
She may feel sad, angry, or guilty that she had a miscarriage or asked for an abortion.
She may think she has done something that made the miscarriage happen, or that having an abortion was the wrong thing to do, and because of this she may feel intense grief.
There are many places where women can get help dealing with these feelings.
Some women who have induced abortions may get criticism from friends or family who have different beliefs.
When scientists look at this in research studies, however, they do not usually see that women have emotional problems after induced abortions.
In 1987, President Ronald Reagan told the Surgeon General of the US to look at this question.
Both president Reagan and the Surgeon General C. Everett Koop did not think abortion was right.
Dr Koop looked at 250 papers that scientists wrote in scientific journals.
Dr Koop said that the science we know does not show that induced abortions cause emotional problems for women who have them.
Numbers and reasons for induced abortions
The number of induced abortions done are different for different parts of the world.
This is also true for the reasons why women decide to have an abortion.
Estimates are that about 46 million induced abortions are done worldwide, every year.
26 million of them occur in places where abortion is legal, 20 million happen in countries where it is illegal to have an abortion.
Some countries, like Belgium (11.2 per 100 known pregnancies) and the Netherlands (10.6 per 100) have a low rate of induced abortion.
Others, like Russia (62.6 per 100) and Vietnam (43.7 per 100) have a comparatively high rate.
Overall, there are 26 induced abortions per 100 known pregnancies.
WHO estimated in 2001 that every year, about 210 million women get pregnant, and that there are about 135 mililon live births.
The remaining 75 million cases are miscarriages or induced abortions.
About forty percent of pregnancies are unplanned, and about a fifth of the pregnant women decide to end the pregnancy early.
This results in about 42 million abortions per year.
About 20 million of these are legal, the rest are against the law.
Most of the illegal abortions are performed by those who are not medically qualified, often with poor hygiene, which often threaten the lives of the women.
The WHO estimated that about 47.000 women died in 2008 because of illegal abortions.
This number was lower than the estimate of 1990, mainly because in South America, women opted to take drugs to end the pregnancy.
Methods used for abortions; times when abortions are done
Abortion rates vary.
The length the pregnancy has gone on, and the method used to do the abortion influence these rates.
According to data collected in the United States, 88.2% of abortions were done in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy, 10.4% between week 13 and week 20 of the pregnancy.
The remaining 1.4% were done in week 21 or later.
90.9% were done by curettage, 7.7% were medical abortions (using drugs, mifepristone in most  cases), 0.4% by "intrauterine instillation" (saline or prostaglandin), and 1.0% by "other" (including hysterotomy and hysterectomy).
The Guttmacher Institute estimated there were 2,200 intact dilation and extraction procedures in the U.S. during 2000 -  0.17% of the total number of abortions performed that year.
The Guttmacher Institute estimated that "most abortions in the United States are obtained by minority women" because minority women "have much higher rates of unintended pregnancy."
In certain parts of the world, disabled people have problems to fit into society.
The sex of the child might influence the status of the mother; often, mothers who bear boys have a higher social status than those who bear girls.
In many parts of the world, raising a child is a very difficult task for a single (unmarried) mother.
Certain countries, like China have measures to control their population growth.
Abortion and the law
Induced abortion is not legal in every place.
In some countries, a doctor who does an induced abortion is committing a crime.
In the United States, Canada, and many countries in Europe abortion is legal (not a crime).
In some countries like Ireland and Somalia it is legal only to save the life of the woman.
In some countries like Chile and El Salvador, abortion is never legal, including in cases where the woman risks dying from continuing the pregnancy.
In countries where induced abortion is not legal many more women die from abortion.
Women still get induced abortions, but they cannot get them in safe hospitals and clinics.
These induced abortions have more complications than abortions done by doctors.
Women who live in places where abortion is illegal, or heavily frowned upon sometimes travel to other places where an abortion can be done legally, so they can have an abortion.
This is a form of medical tourism.
Spontaneous abortion in other mammals
Spontaneous abortions occur in various mammals.
In sheep, it may be caused by crowding through doors, or by being chased by dogs.
In cows, abortion may be caused by contagious diseases, such as Brucellosis or Campylobacter.
This can often be controlled by vaccination, though.
Abortion may also be induced in animals, in the context of animal husbandry.
For example, abortion may be induced in mares that have been mated improperly, or that have been purchased by owners who did not realize the mares were pregnant, or that are pregnant with twin foals.
Feticide can occur in horses and zebras.
Usually this is done because males harass pregnant mares or force copulation.
Scientists have raised the question, how often this occurs in the wild, though.
Male Gray langur monkeys may attack females following male takeover, causing miscarriage.
Opinions about induced abortions
Induced abortion is a subject that is controversial.
Each person has a system of moral values.
Based on their system of morals, people have different opinions about it.
Religion can also influence this opinion.
Different opinions around the world
A number of opinion polls have been carried out around the world.
They have tried to find out what people think about abortion.
Results were different for different countries, but also varied with the questions that were asked.
In May 2005, a survey was done in ten European countries.
The people were asked, if they could agree with the statement: "If a woman does not want children, she should be allowed to have an abortion".
The highest level of approval was 81% in the Czech Republic; the lowest was 47% in Poland.
A poll was done in November 2001.
The poll asked people in Canada in what circumstances they believed an abortion should be permitted.
32% responded that they believe abortion should be legal in all circumstances, 52% that it should be legal in certain circumstances, and 14% that it should never be legal.
A similar poll in April 2009 surveyed people in the United States about abortion; 18% said that abortion should be "legal in all cases", 28% said that abortion should be "legal in most cases", 28% said abortion should be "illegal in most cases" and 16% said abortion should be "illegal in all cases".
In a Gallup poll taken in July of 2011, however, 47% of Americans identified themselves as pro-life and the same percentage of Americans identified themselves as pro-choice.
A November 2005 poll in Mexico found that 73.4% think abortion should not be legalized while 11.2% think it should.
Of attitudes in South America, a December 2003 survey found that 30% of Argentines thought that abortion should be allowed in Argentina "regardless of situation", 47% that it should be allowed "under some circumstances", and 23% that it should not be allowed "regardless of situation".
A March 2007 poll about abortion in Brazil found that 65% of Brazilians believe that it "should not be modified", 16% that it should be expanded "to allow abortion in other cases", 10% that abortion should be "decriminalized", and 5% were "not sure".
A July 2005 poll in Colombia found that 65.6% said they thought that abortion should remain illegal, 26.9% that it should be made legal, and 7.5% that they were unsure.
Pro-life and pro-choice
Some people have strong feelings about abortion.
People who think that the law should let women choose to have abortions are called pro-choice.
People who think that abortion is wrong and that the law should not allow it are called pro-life.
People who are pro-choice believe that women should be allowed to have control over their own bodies when it comes to ending or continuing a pregnancy.
They believe that, because the embryo or fetus is inside the woman's body and does not have developed enough organs to survive on its own until later in the pregnancy, it is not yet a person with rights.
Pro-choice people also make the argument that abortion needs to be legal in order to protect women, because when abortion is illegal, it does not completely stop abortions from happening, but makes it so that women try to do abortions on themselves or get them done by people who are not trained doctors, which puts those women in danger of death or injury.
Pro-choice people believe the way to prevent abortion is to make sure women only get pregnant when they want to.
In addition to advocating the legality of abortion, pro-choice groups like Planned Parenthood often try to improve people's access to things used to prevent pregnancy (called contraception), and try to teach young people about sex to reduce the number of teen pregnancies.
People who are pro-life believe that all humans, including the unborn, have a right to life.
For this reason, they believe abortion is wrong and that it is murder.
They think the law should make abortion a crime in order to protect innocent life within the womb.
However, though pro-life people think abortion is wrong, there are rare cases in which some pro-life people would allow an abortion to happen, like if the pregnancy puts the woman's life at risk or if she got pregnant from rape.
Pro-life people think women who are pregnant and do not want to raise a child should look for alternatives to abortion such as giving the baby up for adoption.
There are many crisis pregnancy centers pro-life people have started to discourage women from having abortions.
They have also started advocacy groups, like the American Life League, Feminists for Life and Live Action, to try to convince more people to believe that abortion is wrong and to try to get governments to make laws to restrict abortion.
Some pro-life people have used violence to try to stop abortions from happening.
However, most people who are against abortion do not do such wrong things and so they try to stop abortions from happening through peaceful activism.
Many religions have a view on abortion.
These views span a broad spectrum from acceptance to rejection.
Most religions generally oppose abortion.
Selected issues of the debate
Generally, when there is a debate about whether abortion laws should be changed in a country, there are advocacy groups.
Some of the arguments these groups often have are outlined below.
Breast cancer hypothesis
There is a hypothesis that induced abortion raises the risk of getting breast cancer.
People who support this, call it a link, rather than a hypothesis.
In early pregnancy, levels of estrogen increase.
This causes the breast to grow, and to prepare for lactation.
In the 1890s, studies were done on rats, before this hypothesis was put forward.
Can the embryo or fetus feel pain?
It is currently unclear from what moment the embryo or fetus can feel pain.
This is also used in the debate about abortion.
Many researchers think that a fetus is unlikely to feel pain until after the seventh month of pregnancy.
At about twenty-six weeks of pregnancy, certain connections are made in the thalamus of the growing fetus.
Developmental neurobiologists suspect that these connections may be critical to perception of pain by the fetus.
However, legislation has been proposed by pro-life advocates requiring abortion providers to tell a woman that the embryo or fetus may feel pain during an abortion procedure.
Researchers from the University of California, San Francisco published a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
The study analyzed data  from dozens of medical reports and other studies.
The researchers concluded that fetuses are unlikely to feel pain until the third trimester of pregnancy.
However a number of medical critics have since disputed these conclusions.
There are certain connections in the thalamus of the fetuse.
These connections develop at about twenty-six weeks of pregnancy.
At the end of the 20th century there was an emerging consensus among developmental neurobiologists that these connections are very important when it comes to the perception of pain in the fetus.
Other researchers such as Anand and Fisk have challenged this late date, positing that pain can be felt around twenty weeks.
Pain can have many different aspects: It might be purely relying on sensory input, but it might also involve emotions and thought.
For this reason, it is perhaps impossible to know exactly when the embryo or fetus feels pain, even if it has developed the links in the thalamus.
Phillip G. Stubblefield & David A. Grimes, “Septic Abortion.”
NEW ENG.
J. MED.
310 (1994).
Strauss L, et al. “
Abortion Surveillance --- United States, 2001.”
MMWR.
53(SS09) (2004).
Warren M. Hern, Abortion Practice 23‐24 (1984), citing JE Wennberg et al. “
The Need for Assessing the Outcome of Common Medical Practices.”
1 Ann Rev Pub Health 291 (1980).
Nancy Felipe Russo. “
Unwanted Childbearing, Abortion, and Women’s Mental Health: Research Findings, Policy Implications.”
Rocky Mountain Psych.
9 (1992).
March of Dimes information about miscarriages
Letter from C. Everett Koop, Surgeon General Dep’t of Health & Human Services, to Ronald Reagan, President of the United States (Jan. 9, 1989).
A clock is a device that tells the time.
Some clocks can only show the time.
Other clocks can show other things.
For example, some clocks can show the date as well as the time, or show other information, like the temperature or the weather, some have stopwatch and some have alarm.
Clocks use different ways to measure time.
Clocks need some sort of steady beat or motion to track the change in time.
Ancient water clocks worked by the steady movement of water from a container with a hole in the bottom to another container without a hole.
Other clocks use pendulums, springs and gears to track the change in time correctly.
Digital clocks work by measuring the vibrations of quartz crystals when charged with electricity.
The vibration frequency of the crystal does not change.
Atomic clocks use the electromagnetic waves absorbed and emitted by atoms such as caesium to measure time.
They are the most precise clocks in the world.
Clock displays
The two most common types of displays on clocks are "analog" and "digital".
Analog clocks
Analog clocks use angles to tell time.
They have hands that rotate around the clock's face (the front of the clock).
The position of the hands shows the time.
The face of the clock is a flat disk.
It will often have the numbers one through twelve on the face to make it easier to read.
Analog clocks commonly have two or three hands.
If it has two, there is a large hand or minute hand and a smaller hand, the hour hand.
Clocks with three hands also have a second hand.
This hand is usually about as long as the minute hand, but much thinner.
Each hand shows the time it is named for and moves around the face of the clock one complete rotation for each movement to the next larger hand.
For example, the second hand moves around the face of the clock in 60 seconds.
It moves once each second.
When it moves all the way around the clock, the minute hand moves forward one space.
When the minute hand moves all the way around the face of the clock (which takes 60 minutes), the hour hand moves forward one section.
The second and minute hands take 60 movements to move all around the face of the clock.
The hour hand only needs 12 movements to do the same.
Digital clocks
Digital clocks use numbers to show the time.
LCDs and LEDs are common for digital clocks.
Unlike analog clocks which are based on 12 hours, digital clocks can use either a 12-hour clock (often with am for morning and pm for afternoon/night) or a 24-hour clock.
Digital clocks are usually smaller and easier to both use and read than analog clocks but they can also be made much larger.
New digital clocks can even correct themselves using the internet or radio signals.
There are also clocks that use sound, usually along with a dial or some other means, to show the time.
The sound could be as simple as a bell or so complex that it sounds the same as a person.
Many clocks that do this are old and are driven by springs or weights rather than batteries or other forms of electric power.
Some special clocks are often used by people who are blind or cannot see well enough to read an analog or digital clock.
They can also be used by people with mental problems that cause them to be unable to read other clocks.
Types of clocks
There are many different types of clocks and watches.
They are different in what they are used for, what they can do or how they are made.
A wristwatch, also called a watch, is worn on the wrist.
It is held in place by two straps connected to the watch, and then wrapped around the wrist and connected to each other.
A pocket watch is kept in a pocket.
It usually has a small chain which is connected to the person's clothing.
This helps people to not lose the watch.
A sundial is an old form of a clock which uses the Sun to tell time.
An alarm clock is a clock that makes a sound (often a buzzing or a bell-like sound) or plays music at a certain time.
It is used by people to wake up from sleep at a time they choose.
A grandfather clock is a tall clock that stands on a floor.
It uses a pendulum to tell time.
A cuckoo clock is a pendulum based clock which makes a sound each hour on the hour.
They often also have a small door.
When the clock makes the sound, the door opens and a small toy bird or other item usually comes out of the door.
An hourglass, also called a sandglass or sand timer, uses sand trickling slowly to measure time.
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Sexual orientation is forms of attraction to people.
There are many different groups.
Some examples are: attraction to a different gender (heterosexuality), attraction to the same gender (homosexuality), attraction to more than one gender (bisexuality), and no attraction any gender (asexuality).
The groups are part of sexual identity.
Some people use something such as pansexual or polysexual.
Other people use nothing at all.
Androphilia and gynephilia are an alternative to the gender binary in homosexual and heterosexual.
Androphilia is attraction to a man or masculinity (any quality or behavior linked to a man).
Gynephilia is attraction to a woman or femininity.
Sexual preference overlaps with sexual orientation but is different.
A bisexual person may like one gender more than another.
Sexual preference may also give the idea of a degree of choice.
The scientific consensus (position in the community of scientists) is that sexual orientation is not a choice.
Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation.
It is thought that this is a complex combination of genetics, hormones, and environment.
Scientists like any biological theory more than any social theory.
This is because there is more proof that supports a biological cause of sexual orientation than a social one.
There is little proof which gives the idea that early life experiences play a part in connection to sexual orientation.
Difference from sexual identity and sexual behavior
Sexual orientation includes heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality, and asexuality.
An asexual has little to no sexual attraction to people.
This may be thought of as a lack of a sexual orientation.
There is a large amount of discussion over whether or not this is a sexual orientation.
Most definitions of sexual orientation are one of two components.
The focus is on the desire of an individual or the partner of the individual.
Some people like to use the definition of the individual.
Sexual identity and sexual behavior are connected to sexual orientation but are different.
Sexual identity is a concept of self.
Sexual behavior is sex with other people.
Sexual orientation is connections to other people.
An individual may or may not show sexual orientation from behavior.
A person who is not heterosexual by sexual orientation and has a heterosexual sexual identity is 'closeted'.
This term may show a stage of change in any society that, little by little, attempts to support the sexual minority.
In any sexual orientation study, scientists use the terms concordance (sexual attraction, sexual behavior, and sexual identity match) or discordance (sexual attraction, sexual behavior, and sexual identity do not match).
Here is an example of discordance.
A woman with attraction to women says she is heterosexual and only has sex with men.
Sexual orientation (homosexual), sexual identity (heterosexual), and sexual behavior (heterosexual) of the woman do not match.
Sexual identity may also describe a perception of the sex of a person.
Sexual preference is almost the same as sexual orientation.
The main difference is sexual preference gives the idea of a degree of choice.
The Committee on Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity of the American Psychological Association says the term supports a "heterosexual bias".
Androphilia, gynephilia, and other terms
Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia) are terms in behavioral science (the study of human and animal behavior) that describe sexual orientation.
It is an alternative to the gender binary in homosexual and heterosexual.
The terms describe the focus of attraction with no need to credit a sex assignment or gender identity to the person.
Other terms such as pansexual and polysexual also do not make any connection to the person.
People may also use terms such as queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, or ambisexual.
Some scientists support use of the terms to skirt bias in concepts of human sexuality in the West.
Sociologist Johanna Schmidt says that a term like "homosexual transsexual" cannot line up in a society where a third gender is supported.
One example would be Samoan Fa’afafine.
Bruce Bagemihl is also against "homosexual transsexual".
This is because Bageminl thought this makes it simple to say a straight transgender woman is a homosexual male looking to run from stigma.
Same gender loving (SGL) is a term by African Americans that is the same as homosexual.
Gender and social pressure
Very early writers thought sexual orientation connects to the gender expression of the person.
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud are some of the more famous writers.
It was thought that a female person with attraction to female people is always masculine.
Just the same, it was thought that a male person with attraction to male people is always feminine.
This understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was a discussion at the time.
By the second half of the 1900s, gender identity was seen as different from sexual orientation.
Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both.
A homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous.
Still, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker say most of the gay men and lesbians describe different degrees of not matching gender roles as a child.
Today, the sexual orientation of transgender people match the gender.
A trans woman who experiences attraction only to women is a lesbian.
A trans man who experiences attraction only to women is a straight man.
Outside of orientation
A gay or lesbian person may do sexual behaviors with someone of a different gender for many reasons.
One reason is the desire for a family that looks common.
Another reason is to skirt bias.
A third reason is to skirt punishment in religion and another reason is to simply be friends with benefits.
Not all LGBT people keep quiet about orientation to a wife or husband.
Some who come out as gay or lesbian have a healthy continuous heterosexual marriage.
Sexual identity can change through the life of an individual.
This may or may not line up with sex, sexual behavior, or sexual orientation.
Sexual orientation is stable and will not change for most people.
Still, some tests say that some people may experience change in sexual orientation.
This is more common for a woman than for a man.
Scientists do not yet know the exact cause of sexual orientation.
People thought that homosexuality was the result of wrong brain development.
Early life experience and sexual abuse was thought to cause wrong brain development.
This thought process comes from bias about homosexuality.
Now many people guess that biology and environment play a complex part as a cause.
Tests link many biological factors which may have relation to the development of sexual orientation.
The factors are genes, prenatal hormones, and brain structure.
Tests are continuous in this area.
Scientists have a belief that sexual orientation is not from any one factor.
Instead, this is thought to be from a combination of genetics, hormones, and environment.
There is more proof that supports a biological cause of sexual orientation than a social one.
It is not thought that sexual orientation is a choice.
Some scientists have the belief that this is set at fertilization.
Statistics say there are biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals.
This may result from the same cause as sexual orientation itself.
Identical twins are more likely to have the same sexual orientation as fraternal twins.
This means genes are linked to the development of sexual orientation.
Studies have not found single 'gay genes', instead several thousand genes of a small influence are involved in sexual orientation.
There are issues with the methods used in this research.
The hormone theory of sexuality holds that certain hormones play a part in the sexual orientation that shows later in a mature person.
Hormones in the fetus may be the prime effect on sexual orientation.
This also may be one of many factors that combines with genes, environment, and social conditions to make a sexual orientation.
In humans, it is normal for females to have two X chromosomes.
For males, it is normal to have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
A human fetus starts as female so the Y chromosome is what makes the changes necessary to switch to male.
Androgen hormones control this process.
These androgens are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
The testicles in the fetus are responsible for the existence of androgens.
The androgens will work together to make the sex difference of the fetus.
This results in differences between males and females.
Some scientists change androgen levels in mammals during fetus and early life as experiments.
More than one study says the chance of homosexuality in a male increases with each successful birth of a male child.
This effect ends if a male uses his left hand more than his right hand since birth.
Fraternal birth order (FBO) effect is a theory that has strong proof of its prenatal origin.
No proof so far links this to an exact prenatal process.
Tests give the idea that this may be from the immune system.
This is a immune reaction from the mother against a substance important to the development of the male fetus.
This reaction is even more probable after every successful male birth.
It is thought that this immune effect changes future males prenatal development.
This process is the maternal immunization hypothesis (MIH).
This starts when cells from a male fetus enter the circulation of the mother.
The immune system of the mother cannot support the Y proteins because she is female.
This causes the development of antibodies.
An antibody travels through the placenta into the section with the fetus.
From here, an antibody crosses the blood–brain barrier of the brain of the fetus.
This alters sex differences in brain structures relative to sexual orientation.
This cause the son to experience more attraction to a man than a woman.
Social environment
There is little proof to support the suggestion that early life experience or sexual abuse play a part in connection to sexual orientation.
The viewpoints of parents may have an effect on how a child experiments with behaviors that link to a certain sexual orientation.
Effort to change sexual orientation
A sexual orientation change effort is a plan that will try to change a same gender sexual orientation.
This is cognitive behavioral therapy or conversion therapy.
No mental health organization gives approval to any effort to change sexual orientation.
Almost all have a statement that says not to get a treatment that claims to change sexual orientation.
Some orginizations with that statement are the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers, Royal College of Psychiatrists, and Australian Psychological Society.
In 2012, the Pan American Health Organization makes a statement that says not to get a service that claims to change people with a not heterosexual sexual orientation.
This is because there is no medical need.
This is also a serious threat to the well-being of people that use this service.
The scientific consensus of the world is that homosexuality is a normal and natural form of human sexuality.
Homosexuality cannot be thought of as a disease.
The Pan American Health Organization also says governments, schools, organizations, and communication outlets need to support respect for differences.
Sometimes, a gay child will have to go to a "treatment" without choice.
A gay child is sometimes put in a place separate from everyone for many months.
Any places that have such poor treatment be subject to punishment under government law.
This is for two reasons.
The first reason is because this is against the moral concepts of medical care.
The second reason is because this is against human rights that the international agreement keeps safe.
The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) takes takes issue with how the mental health society describes the success of conversion therapy.
NARTH also takes issue with how the mental health society describes sexual orientation for two reasons.
One reason is because it is not a fixed two part quality.
The second reason is because it is not a disease.
Instead, it describes as a continuous order of sexual attraction and emotional attraction.