the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Groups often play music that is written for several different sizes of recorder together.
Often there is a separate musical part for soprano, alto, tenor, and bass recorders.
This covers a wider range of notes, from high sounds to low, than any single instrument could play.
Some music is written for a recorder duet (two instruments), trio (three), or quartet (four).
These groups are called ensembles, from the French word for "together."
Some people play in recorder orchestras.
These sometimes have 50 or 60 players with nine sizes of instrument.
On the death of her husband Constantine X, Eudocia Macrembolitissa becomes regent of the Byzantine Empire.
Work begins on the building of the Tower of London.
Trencavel family takes over in Carcassonne.
The Wartburg castle, according to Legend, built in Thuringia.
Winchester Castle built
Vorša was first mentioned in the chronicles.
Antoine-Joseph (known as Adolphe) Sax (November 6, 1814 – February 4, 1894) was a Belgian inventor and musician who played the flute and clarinet.
He is best known for inventing the saxophone.
Adolphe Sax was born in Dinant in Wallonia, Belgium.
Adolphe began to make his own instruments at an early age.
He entered two of his flutes and a clarinet into a competition at the age of fifteen.
He studied those two instruments at the Royal School of Singing in Brussels.
Adolphe's first important invention was an improvement of the bass clarinet design.
He patented this at the age of twenty-four.
In 1841, Sax moved to Paris.
Around this time he invented the saxophone.
Sax suffered from lip cancer between 1853 and 1858 but made a full recovery.
He died in 1894 in Paris.
Books about Adolphe Sax
Adolphe Sax, sa vie son oeuvre, Malou Haine, Brussel University Press, Brussel, 1980
Sax, Mule & Co, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, H & D, Paris, 2004
Belgian inventors
Belgian musicians
People from Namur (province)
Unforgiven is a 1992 American western movie directed by Clint Eastwood.
It stars Eastwood, Gene Hackman, Morgan Freeman and Richard Harris.
It ranks #98 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies and won the Best Picture Academy Award.
It is set in the 1880s in Wyoming and Kansas about an aging outlaw and killer.
1992 movies
1990s western movies
Movies about revenge
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood
Bucharest is the capital city of Romania.
It is the largest city in the country.
The city has a population of 1.9 million people.
It is made up of 6 "sectors".
It has a humid continental climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).
It became the capital of Romania in 1862.
It is the centre of Romanian media, culture and art.
Bucharest is the 6th largest city in the European Union by population within city limits.
According to European standards, Bucharest is an old city.
The first mention of it appears in 1459.
Its eclectic architecture is a mixture of historical, transitional, Communist and modern styles.
In the period between the two World Wars, thanks to the elegant urban architecture and ingenuity of the urban elite, Bucharest was named "Paris of the East", or "Little Paris" (Micul Paris).
1459 establishments
15th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Romania
Tocantins, a state of Brazil.
Tocantins River, a river in Brazil.
There are also some small Brazilian cities called Tocantins.
An avalanche is a natural disaster linked to snow.
When there is too much snow on a mountain, some of the snow may fall, causing damage to things in its path.
This is called an avalanche.
People talk about avalanches because they may be dangerous to skiers and other people doing winter sports.
Large avalanches may carry stones, boulders and trees with them.
They may bury people under them.
If the people are not found rapidly enough by rescue teams they will die of suffocation (not getting enough air) or of hypothermia (freezing cold).
92% if found within 15 minutes
30% if found within 35 minutes (victims die of suffocation)
nearly zero after two hours (victims die of injuries and hypothermia)
European avalanche risk table
In Europe, the avalanche risk is widely rated on the following scale, which was adopted in April 1993 to replace the earlier non-standard national schemes.
Descriptions were last updated in May 2003 to enhance uniformity pdf .
Generally described in more detail in the avalanche bulletin (regarding the altitude, aspect, type of terrain etc.)
heavy: two or more skiers or boarders without spacing between them, a single hiker or climber, a grooming machine, avalanche blasting.
light: a single skier or snowboarder smoothly linking turns and without falling, a group of skiers or snowboarders with a minimum 10 m gap between each person, a single person on snowshoes.
gentle slopes: with an incline below about 30°.
steep slopes: with an incline over 30°.
very steep slopes: with an incline over 35°.
extreme steep slopes: extreme in terms of the incline (over 40°), the terrain profile, proximity of the ridge, smoothness of underlying ground.
Surviving avalanches
Surviving avalanches is very difficult, as the snow rushes at a very fast rate and can bury anyone alive in seconds.
However, the snow in an avalanche acts like a liquid when descending.
Thus, the best way is to actually 'swim' a backstroke.
This will help as the person will be able to keep his/her face up and breathe, and also not get submerged in the snow at the same time (the force of swimming backwards is in contrast and opposes the force of the snow coming in his/her direction, rather than the snow totally taking over).
Another way is to hold on to something immediately after an avalanche occurs.
The item should be strong so it itself doesn't get drifted away by an avalanche, like a tree or large and heavy rock.
The foot is a unit for measuring length.
It is one of the Imperial units and U.S. customary units.
The shortest way of writing the unit "foot" is by the abbreviation "ft" (or "ft."),
or by a prime symbol ( ′ ).
One foot contains 12 inches.
This is equal to 30.48 centimetres.
It is called a foot, because it was originally based on the length of a foot.
The foot was a common unit of measurement throughout Europe.
It often differed in length not only from country to country but from city to city.
Because the length of a foot changed between person to person, measurements were not even consistent between two people, often requiring an average.
Henry I of England was attributed to passing the law that the foot was to be as long as a person's own foot.
This was one of the first times a standard unit of measurement was put into place.
In 1959, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia and the United Kingdom all signed a treaty known as the 'International Yard and Pound Agreement'.
This standardised the avoirdupois weight and length of all nations.
Those standards are still officially used in both the Imperial system and U.S customary units.
Road signs with height restrictions in the United States and the United Kingdom are in feet and inches.
They are less commonly seen in Canada and Ireland.
In the U.S. and the UK, people usually measure a person's height in feet and inches.
If a person is "five foot eleven", this means that person is 5 feet and 11 inches, or about 180 centimeters.
The height is written 5′ 11″
Many people born before metrication in a number of Commonwealth nations still use feet and inches.
Altitude measurements are still sometimes given in feet, even in metricated nations.
For the state in Brazil, see Acre (state).
An acre is an English unit of area, which is also used in the United States and some Commonwealth countries.
It is most often used to describe areas of land.
By the official definition it is 4,046.8564224 m2 (4,840 square yards).
It is the area of one furlong by one chain.
The international acre is 4,046.8564224 m2, or 0.404686 hectares.
This is based on international foot of 0.3048 m.
the area of an American football field.
Originally, it was seen as the area of land a farmer could plough with an ox in a day.
Since this definition depended on the farmer and the ox, it looked variable.
Therefore, Edward I, Edward III, Henry VIII and George IV passed laws fixing its size.
The Commonwealth countries, including the United States then also introduced these laws.
The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995
The Erfurt massacre was a mass shooting that happened at the Gutenberg Gymnasium in Erfurt, Thuringia, Germany, on 26 April 2002.
A boy that had been expelled from the school 2 months earlier, 19-year-old Robert Steinhäuser, was the person who did all the shooting.
In anger, he came into the gymnasium, and shot dead 12 teachers, a secretary, two students, and a police officer.
After a teacher caught him and put him in an empty room, Steinhäuser shot himself dead.
In total, 17 people were killed.
2002 in Europe
2000s in Germany
2000s murders in Europe
Attacks on buildings and structures in Germany
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2000s
Attacks on schools in Europe
Mass murder in Germany
Mass shootings in Europe
Mass shootings in the 2000s
Massacres in Europe
Murder-suicides in Europe
School shootings
The gymnasium is a form of higher education in Western Europe, especially in Germany.
It is the same as a grammar school Gymnasiums are also common in Hungary and Austria.
Graduating from a gymnasium is considered an accomplishment seeing as how difficult it is to do so.
Huascarán is the highest mountain in Peru, and the fourth-highest mountain in South America.
The top of it is 22,205 feet (6,768 meters) high.
The mountain is located in the Ancash Region of Peru.
Huascarán has turned into a tourist attraction for mountain climbers.
Huascarán is all that is left of an extinct volcano.
It has been getting smaller and smaller.
As recently as 1970, the Ancash Earthquake caused a big part of the mountain to crumble and fall off.
That part of the mountain was all rock and ice, and it killed almost 17,000 people in small towns around the mountain.
Active volcano
Tirant Lo Blanc by Joanot Martorell, Martí Joan De Galba is published.
Yoshitane becomes Ashikaga shogun of Japan.
Charles John Amadeus of Savoy becomes Duke of Savoy at age 1, mother Blanche of Montferrato is regent.
Aldus Manutius moves to Venice.
John Colet receives M.A. from Magdalen College, Oxford.
Castle Church in Wittenberg is begun.
Pedro de Covilham arrives in Ethiopia.
Catholic missionaries arrive in the African kingdom of Kongo.
Regular postal service connects the Habsburg residences of Mechelen and Innsbruck, the first in Germany.
Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action in small-bore tubes.
December 19 – Anne of Brittany married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy
Wijerd Jelckama, Frisian warlord and rebel (d. 1523)
January 11 – Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion.
October 7 Spanish, Venetian, and Papal naval forces under Don John of Austria defeat the Turkish fleet of Ali Monizindade Pasha.
The Ottoman Empire captured the city of Nicosia on the island of Cyprus.
February 15 – Michael Praetorius, German composer (d. 1621)
October – Tirso de Molina, Spainish dramatist and poet (d. 1648)
December 27 – Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (d. 1630)
Pope Innocent I succeeds Pope Anastasius I.
The Vandals start their westward trek from Dacia and Hungary (or 400).
The Visigoths begin to attack the northernmost reaches of Italy, causing destruction in the countryside.
Kumarajiva arrives in Changan.
Western Roman Empire general Stilicho leads an extensive campaign against the Vandals in Rhaetia.
Synod of Turin
January 1 – Eudocia Macrembolitissa marries the general Romanus Diogenes who becomes Byzantine Emperor
Emperor Go-Sanjō ascends the throne of Japan
William the Conqueror takes Exeter, England after a brief siege
Saint Herfast becomes the first Lord Chancellor of England in London, England at the age of 68.
He does the job for two years before he retires
September 1 – King Henry I of England, English royal (d. 1135)
Australian rules football is a sport created in Australia.
It is the national sport and is the most popular sport in Australia.
The main league of Australian rules football is the Australian Football League.
In 1858, Tom Wills, a former student of the Rugby school and Cambridge College, created a set of football rules that were like a cross between rugby, soccer and Gaelic football.
He made up the game for cricketers to keep in shape during the off-season (winter).
Wills had help in making up the game from other people like his cousin H.C.A. Harrison, and W.J. Hammersly and J.B. Thompson.
Wills grew up with Indigenous Australians.
He spoke the language of the people who lived near him and played with the children.
It has been suggested that Australian Rules Football is based in part on Marn Grook, an Aboriginal game with some similar rules to Australian Rules Football.
Because the indigenous people Wills played with as a child would have played Marn Grook, Wills would have been influenced by this game when creating the rules for Australian Rules Football.
The Melbourne Football Club was founded on 14 May 1859; the Melbourne Football Club is one of the oldest surviving football clubs in the world.
A game of football was played between Scotch College and Melbourne Grammar School.
It was played over three days on an oval next to the present day Melbourne Cricket Ground, and the two schools have played an annual game ever since.
This game became known as Melbourne Rules Football, one of many local varieties of football that existed at that time, another notable one being Sheffield Rules Football.
Then following its decision to not join either the association rules (1863) or rugby rules (1871), it became known as Victorian Rules, although it closely resembled the two former rule sets.
Then in the 1880s as rugby and association rules began to diverge in a much greater way, Victorian Rules which resembled the 1850s type of football that both rugby and the association had based their rules on remained much the same except for moving to oval fields from rectangular fields and eventually introducing more posts.
After the sport became popular in other states, people started calling it "Australian Rules".
The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) was created in 1896.
The next year, the first official games were played.
The first clubs were Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Fitzroy, Geelong, Melbourne, St Kilda, and South Melbourne.
In 1908, Richmond and University joined.
University left after the 1914 season.
In 1925, Footscray, Hawthorn and North Melbourne joined the VFL.
West Coast Eagles (joined in 1987)
Brisbane Bears (1987)
Adelaide Crows (1991)
Fremantle Dockers (1995)
Port Adelaide (1997)
Brisbane Lions (1997, when the Brisbane Bears and Fitzroy Lions merged).
Gold Coast Suns (2011)
Greater Western Sydney Giants (2012)
In 1990 the Victorian Football League was changed to the Australian Football League (AFL).
Footscray changed its name to the Western Bulldogs in 1997.
North Melbourne changed its name to the Kangaroos in 1999, but changed back in 2008.
Football is the most popular sport in Australia, with crowd attendances of 50-80,000 people common to normal home and away matches and capacity crowds of 100,000 people at the home of football the MCG during the finals and special matches.
The record crowd still remains at 121,696, who watched that most history-making of all Grand Finals in 1970, between Carlton and Collingwood, where Carlton came from a 44-point deficit at half-time to win the game by implementing an entirely new system of play, handballing out of the backline, which changed the game forever, and marked the beginnings of the transition of the game from one of a 'territorial' base to 'possession football'.
There are 16 teams in the AFL .
Each team has 22 players during game day with team lists of 40-45 players.
During the game, each team has 18 players on the field, consisting of 6 forwards, 3 centres, 6 backmen, and 3 followers.
The 4 remaining players are reserves three of which can be interchanged with any other player in the team as often as the coach wants.
The forth can replace a player but the replaced player can not come back on to the field of play.
Every game consists of 4 quarters, being 20 minutes and overtime (stoppage time, time-keepers acting upon central umpire signals to determine how long).
After every quarter the teams swap direction.
The quarter is started when the umpire blows his whistle and bounces the ball in the middle of the field (similar to a basketball "tip")and opposing players try to tap or punch the ball to their team-mates.
The idea of the game is to kick more goals than the other team.
At each end of the field are 4 poles.
Players score points by kicking the ball between the poles.
A goal is a kick between the centermost posts.
It is worth 6 points.
A Behind (worth 1 point) is a kick that goes between the outer posts.
Players can bounce the ball and hit it with their hand (handball it) to other players .
If a player catches a ball after the ball has been kicked in the air by another player, then this is a "mark" and the player cannot be tackled until he plays on.
Present Teams
Individual major awards
Brownlow Medal (best and fairest )
Coleman Medal (most goals )
AFL Rising Star (best young player)
Leigh Matthews Trophy (most valuable player voted by the players )
Norm Smith Medal (best player in Grand Final)
Michael Tuck (best player in pre -season Grand Final) (now defunct)
AFL Mark of the Year (award for best mark in season)
AFL Goal of the Year (award for best goal in season)
All Australian Team (team made up of the best players from all clubs )
Club Best and Fairest Awards (best player in a club)
The Australian Football League (AFL) is the Australian national league in the sport of Australian Rules Football.
The league is the most popular sports competition in Australia.
In 2017, more than 7.2 million people watched a game in a stadium.
The league started in the city of Melbourne, and was known as the Victorian Football League from 1897 to 1989.
In the 1980s, the league expanded outside the state of Victoria into New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia, and entered South Australia in 1991.
With the league becoming more national, the VFL changed its name to the Australian Football League in 1990.
Since 2012 the league has 18 teams, who play against each other in 22 games over 23 rounds between late March and early September.
These matches are followed by a series of finals matches which end up in the two best teams playing off for the premiership in the AFL Grand Final, one of the largest domestic club championship events in the world.
The clubs
National Competition
AFL is the dominant league in television, print and radio news in Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Tasmania.
Also Australian rules football has more people playing than any other football code in these states and territories.
The AFL is becoming more popular in the states of New South Wales and Queensland.
This happened after the finals wins by the Brisbane Lions (2001, 2002 and 2003) and Sydney Swans (2005).
With the success of these sides, interest in Australian rules football has grown rapidly in these states in recent years.
This directly led to new clubs being added in both states in the 2010s—Gold Coast in 2011 and Greater Western Sydney in 2012.
Major annual awards
Brownlow Medal
AFL Rising Star
Leigh Matthews Trophy
Norm Smith Medal
Jock McHale Medal
Michael Tuck Medal
AFL Mark of the Year
AFL Goal of the Year
All Australian Team
Club Best and Fairest Awards
Entered Competition
of Premierships
| Adelaide Football Club
| Crows
| Adelaide, South Australia
| Adelaide Oval
| 1991
| Brisbane Lions Football Club
| Lions
| Brisbane, Queensland
| Brisbane Cricket Ground (The 'Gabba)
| Club formed after merger of Brisbane Bears and Fitzroy Football Club in 1996.
| Carlton Football Club
| Blues
| Carlton, Victoria
| Etihad Stadium/Melbourne Cricket Ground
| 1897
| Collingwood Football Club
| Magpies
| Collingwood, Victoria
| Melbourne Cricket Ground
| Essendon Football Club
| Bombers
| Essendon, Victoria
| Etihad Stadium
| Fremantle Football Club
| Dockers
| Fremantle, Western Australia
| Domain Stadium
| Nil
| Geelong Football Club
| Cats
| Geelong, Victoria
| Simonds stadium
| Gold Coast Football Club
| Suns
| Gold Coast, Queensland
| Carrara Stadium
| Greater Western Sydney Football Club
| Giants
| Sydney, New South Wales
| Sydney Showground StadiumANZ Stadium
| Hawthorn Football Club
| Hawks'
| Hawthorn, Victoria
| 1925
| North Melbourne Football Club
| Kangaroos| North Melbourne, Victoria
| Melbourne Football Club
| Demons| Melbourne, Victoria
| Port Adelaide Football Club
| Power| Alberton, South Australia
| Richmond Football Club
| Tigers| Richmond, Victoria
| 1908
| St Kilda Football Club
| Saints| St Kilda, Victoria
| Sydney Swans Football Club
| Swans| Sydney, New South Wales
| Sydney Cricket GroundANZ Stadium
| Relocated from South Melbourne, Victoria in 1982.
| West Coast Eagles Football Club
| Eagles| Perth, Western Australia
| 1987
| Western Bulldogs Football Club
| Bulldogs| Footscray, Victoria
| Formerly the Footscray Football Club, renamed in 1998.
Legends of the Game
In 1996, twelve Hall of Fame members were declared Legends of the Game.
Another member of the Hall of Fame is declared a legend every few years.
The following is a list of Legends of the Game.
Ron Barassi Junior (added 1996) Haydn Bunton Senior(added 1996) Roy Cazaly (added 1996) John Coleman (added 1996) Jack Dyer (added 1996) Graham Farmer (added 1996) Leigh Matthews (added 1996) John Nicholls (added 1996) Bob Pratt (added 1996) Dick Reynolds (added 1996) Bob Skilton (added 1996) Ted Whitten Senior (added 1996) Ian Stewart (added 1997) Gordon Coventry (added 1998) Peter Hudson (added 1999) Kevin Bartlett (added 2000) Barrie Robran (added 2001) Bill Hutchison (added 2003) Jock McHale (added 2005) Darrell Baldock (added 2006) Norm Smith (added 2007) Alex Jesaulenko (added 2008) Kevin Murray (added 2010) Barry Cable (added 2012) Royce Hart (added 2013) Tony Lockett (added 2015) Malcolm Blight (added 2017)''
VFL/AFL Records
Highest scoreGeelong - 37.17 (239) vs. Brisbane Bears Carrara Oval, May 3, 1992.
Highest winning marginFitzroy - 190 pointsWaverley Park, July 28, 1979.
Highest aggregate score 52.33 (345) - Melbourne 21.15 (141) vs St Kilda 31.18 (204)MCG, May 6, 1978
Highest score in one quarterSouth Melbourne - 17.4 (106) vs. St Kilda Lake Oval, July 26, 1919
Largest crowdCarlton v Collingwood - 121,696 MCG, September 26, 1970 (Grand Final)
Largest Home & Away Season crowdMelbourne v Collingwood - 99,346 MCG, 1958
Largest crowd for a game between a Victorian and non-Victorian clubAdelaide Crows v St Kilda Saints - 99,645 MCG, September 27, 1997 (Grand Final)
Largest crowd for a game between non-Victorian clubsWest Coast Eagles v Sydney Swans - 97,431MCG, September 30, 2006 (Grand Final)
Largest International crowdMelbourne v Sydney - 32,789B.C. Place, Vancouver, Canada, 1987
Most premierships Carlton 16, most recent 1995, Essendon 16, most recent 2000
Most wooden spoons (last position at the end of the Home and Away Season) St Kilda - 26, most recent 2000
Most consecutive premiershipsCollingwood - 41927-1930
Most games won in a seasonEssendon - 24 (incl.
finals)2000
Most consecutive winsGeelong - 231952-1953
Most consecutive games unbeatenGeelong - 261952-1953
Most consecutive lossesUniversity - 51 (1911-1914)
Most games played in a careerBrent Harvey (North Melbourne) - 432 games
Most games as club captainStephen Kernahan (Carlton) - 226 games
Most goals in a career Tony Lockett (St Kilda/Sydney) - 1359 goals
Most goals in a gameFred Fanning (Melbourne) - 18 Goals
Most goals in a seasonBob Pratt (South Melbourne, 1934) and Peter Hudson (Hawthorn, 1971) - 150 goals
Most consecutive matchesJim Stynes (Melbourne) - 244
Most consecutive matches from debutJared Crouch (Sydney) - 194 (Ended Rd 13, 2006 due to unknown injury)
Tallest playerAaron Sandilands (Fremantle), Peter Street (Western Bulldogs) - 211cm
Shortest playerDanny Craven (St Kilda/Brisbane) - 162cm
Heaviest playerAaron Sandilands (Fremantle) - 124kg
Longest kickAlbert Thurgood (Essendon) - 98.48m (109 yards, 1 foot, 3.2 inches)
Urbain Grandier (born 1590 in Bouère, Mayenne, France ; died April 18,1634 in Loudun, France) was a free-thinking cleric.
A satirical publication against Richelieu was attributed to him.
After this, Pierre-Martin de Laubardement, a statesman was charged to lead the process against Grandier in 1633.
He was charged of having bewitched the ursuline nuns of Loudun.
They became obsessed by him.
His friend, Claude Quillet agreed to defend him in court, but without success.
The Devils of Loudun, by Aldous Huxley, published in 1952
1590 births
1634 deaths
Executed French people
People executed for witchcraft
Armand Jean du Plessis, better known as Cardinal Richelieu (9 September 1585–4 December 1642) was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman.
His full name was Armand Jean du Plessis.
He was later created the Duke of Richelieu and duke of Fronsac.
In order to keep the diocese of Luçon, Armand Jean needed to become a monk.
He joined the Grande Chartreuse, the main monastery of the Carthusian order.
This monastery is in the Isère département, near Grenoble.
As a comparison, Luçon is near La Roche-sur-Yon.
He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607.
For this he obtained a dispensation of the pope; at age 21, he was too young to become a bishop.
He later entered politics and became a Secretary of State in 1616.
Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state.
He became a cardinal in 1622.
He became King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624.
He remained in office until his death in 1642; then Jules Cardinal Mazarin became chief minister.
The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister".
As a result, he is sometimes said to be the world's first Prime Minister.
He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions.
By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strongly centralized state.
His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty; although a Roman Catholic cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers.
With these alliances, he tried to achieve this goal.
His tenure was marked by the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe.
As an advocate for Samuel de Champlain and of the keeping of Quebec, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Quebec to French rule under de Champlain, after the settlement had been captured by the Kirkes in 1629.
This in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of French-speaking culture in North America.
Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Académie française, the learned society responsible for matters of the French language.
Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet l'Éminence rouge ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's vestments and the style "eminence" as a cardinal.
1585 births
French nobility
Belaying is a way to hold and control a rope for a person who is rock climbing.
A climber has to be attached to a rope so they do not fall very far.
A person on the ground who is belaying is called a belayer.
The belayer usually puts the rope through a belay device, which lets the rope move through the device in one direction (as the climber being belayed goes up).
If the climber falls, the device lets the belayer also hold the rope still, so the climber hangs in the air but does not hit the ground.
Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills is a list of the top 100 thrilling movies in American cinema.
The American Film Institute presented it on June 12, 2001.
# Psycho (1960)
# Jaws (1975)
# The Exorcist (1973)
# North by Northwest (1959)
# The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
# Alien (1979)
# The Birds (1963)
# The French Connection (1971)
# Rosemary's Baby (1968)
# Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
# The Godfather (1972)
# King Kong (1933)
# Bonnie and Clyde (1967)
# Rear Window (1954)
# Deliverance (1972)
# Chinatown (1974)
# The Manchurian Candidate (1962)
# Vertigo (1958)
# The Great Escape (1963)
# High Noon (1952)
# A Clockwork Orange (1971)
# Taxi Driver (1976)
# Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
# Double Indemnity (1944)
# Titanic (1997)
# The Maltese Falcon (1941)
# Star Wars (1977)
# Fatal Attraction (1987)
# The Shining (1980)
# The Deer Hunter (1978)
# Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
# Strangers on a Train (1951)
# The Fugitive (1993)
# The Night of the Hunter (1955)
# Jurassic Park (1993)
# Bullitt (1968)
# Casablanca (1942)
# Notorious (1946)
# Die Hard (1988)
# 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
# Dirty Harry (1971)
# The Terminator (1984)
# The Wizard of Oz (1939)
# E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
# Saving Private Ryan (1998)
# Carrie (1976)
# Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)
# Dial M for Murder (1954)
# Ben-Hur (1959)
# Marathon Man (1976)
# Raging Bull (1980)
# Rocky (1976)
# Pulp Fiction (1994)
# Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969)
# Wait Until Dark (1967)
# Frankenstein (1931)
# All the President's Men (1976)
# The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
# Planet of the Apes (1968)
# The Sixth Sense (1999)
# Cape Fear (1962)
# Spartacus (1960)
# What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (
1962)
# Touch of Evil (1958)
# The Dirty Dozen (1967)
# The Matrix (1999)
# The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
# Halloween (1979)
# The Wild Bunch (1969)
# Dog Day Afternoon (1975)
# Goldfinger (1964)
# Platoon (1986)
# Laura (1944)
# Blade Runner (1982)
# The Third Man (1949)
# Thelma and Louise (1991)
# Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
# Gaslight (1944)
# The Magnificent Seven (1960)
# Rebecca (1940)
# The Omen (1976)
# The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951)
# The Phantom of the Opera (1925)
# Poltergeist (1982)
# Dracula (1931)
# The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945)
# The Thing from Another World (1951)
# 12 Angry Men (1957)
# The Guns of Navarone (1961)
# The Poseidon Adventure (1972)
# Braveheart (1995)
# Body Heat (1981)
# Night of the Living Dead (1968)
# The China Syndrome (1979)
# Full Metal Jacket (1987)
# Blue Velvet (1986)
# Safety Last (1923)
# Blood Simple (1984)
# Speed (1994)
# The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam was a country that existed from 1955 to 1975.
It occupied in the southern of what is now Southern Vietnam.
The country was south of the local Demilitarized Zone.
South Vietnam establised on 26 October, 1955 after the 1955 Referendum.
It was first ruled by Ngo Dinh Diem until 1963.
After the 1963 coup, South Vietnam was run by a military government.
It lasted until 1967.
From 1967, On 1 April, 1967, the Second Republic was established.
This Second Republic lasted until the Fall of Saigon when the president Duong Van Minh surrendered to Viet Cong.
South Vietnam ceased to exist on 30 April, 1975.
This day is also known as Black April to Vietnamese anti-communists.
1955 establishments in Asia
1976 disestablishments in Asia
Former countries in Southeast Asia
Robert Ludlum (May 25 1927 - March 12 2001) was an American writer.
He is best known as the author of The Bourne Identity from 1980, which was made into a movie in 2001.
Official website of Robert Ludlum
1170 – Assassination of Thomas à Becket
1171 – Saladin ends the Islamic ruling of Fatimid, bringing back Sunni rule in Egypt.
1179 – Third Council of the Lateran condemns Waldensians and Cathars as heretics (people who turn away from certain religious beliefs); reformation of clerical life
The Arabs ( ʻarab) are an ethnic group widespread in the Middle East and North Africa.
Arabic is one of the Semitic languages, which is also the name of the ethnic family which they belong to.
Who is an Arab
Political: whether they live in a country which is a member of the Arab League (or the Arab World); this definition covers more than 450 million people.
Linguistic: whether their main language is Arabic; this definition covers more than 423 million people.
Genealogical: whether they can trace their ancestry back to the people who first lived on the Arabian Peninsula.
Minorities are the Iraqi Turkmens in some Arab countries.
The Iraqi Turkmen are often considered Arab, but they are an Turkic ethnic group with their own language and culture.
The same goes for Berbers and Bedouins.
There are many people who can be called Arabs by these points, but who do not think of themselves as Arab.
Examples include modern Egyptians (Coptics) and the Syriacs (Aramaics/Assyrians).
Although they live in countries like Syria or Egypt which is part of the Arab League and speak the official language-Arabic, they are different cultural groups.
They have their own languages, culture, identity and churches, such as the Coptic Church and the Syriac Catholic and Orthodox churches.
Even though many have assimilated to Arab society, they have their own heritage that spans 3,000 years.
Traditional genealogy
In Islamic and Jewish tradition, Arabs are a Semitic people who trace their ancestry from Ishmael, a son of the ancient patriarch Abraham and Hagar.
Medieval Arab genealogists separate the Arabs into two groups: the "original Arabs" of South Arabia, descending from Qahtan (identified with the biblical Joktan) and the "Arabized Arabs" (musta`ribah) of North Arabia, descending from Adnan who is descended from Ishmael.
Most Arabs today follow the religion of Islam, whose greatest prophet is Muhammad.
Christianity makes up the largest religious minority - most of the Christians that do consider themselves Arabs belong to the Greek Orthodox Church with smaller numbers of Roman Catholics.
There are some small communities practicing Judaism and polytheism (the worship of many gods).
Yazidis are sometimes counted as Arabs.
A is for Arabs: What the world owes Arabs and Muslims
Maps of the Arab World
News from Arabic countries
Business news from Arab countries
Arabia in ancient history - with a discussion of the ancient usage of the word Arab
Araboo.com - Arab Guide
Arabic Search  - Arabic ThroughSearch
A mebibyte is a unit of measure.
It represents 1024 * 1024 bytes.
1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes
The mebibyte is closely related to the megabyte (MB).
This can either be a synonym for mebibyte, or refer to 106 bytes = 1,000,000 bytes, depending on context (see binary prefix for background).
The two numbers are relatively close together, but mistaking the two has nevertheless led to problems.
The unit MiB was defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in December 1998.
Use of mebibyte and related units is strongly endorsed by IEEE and CIPM and is becoming more common.
One mebibyte equals 1024 (= 210) kibibytes, and 1024 mebibytes equal one gibibyte.
Mibibyte is a common misspelling, presumably from the "i" in the abbreviation or confusion about how the surrounding prefixes (i.e. "kibi" and "gibi") were actually formed.
The "i" is actually from the end of the prefix.
Tebi- and pebi- are similarly abbreviated Ti- and Pi-, but they are not usually misspelled, as storage sizes (and corresponding terms) currently are only this large in specialized situations.
NIST Prefixes for binary multiples
Clergy are people who have an office in a Christian church or other religion such as a rabbi or a priest.
Clergy are often ordained before they are allowed to do their work.
Muslim clergy
Religious workers
Acre is a state in the Northern Region of Brazil.
It borders other two states, Amazonas and Rondônia.
It also borders two countries, Bolivia and Peru.
Its capital city is Rio Branco.
Other important cities are: Cruzeiro do Sul, Tarauacá, Sena Madureira, and Brasiléia.
The state is mostly covered by the Amazon Rainforest.
There are many rivers in Acre.
Some of the rivers are the Juruá, Purus River, Acre River, Tarauacá, Muru, Embirá, and Xapuri.
Until the start of the 20th century, Acre was a territory of Bolivia.
Since the 19th century, most people from Acre were Brazilian people, and they created an independent state.
On November 17, 1903, Acre become a Brazilian territory.
On June 15, 1962, it was unified and became a state.
The roller coaster (some people say the simple form coaster) is a kind of theme park ride.
A roller coaster is usually a small train.
It has a number of carriages that travel on a track.
This track has hills that go up and valleys that go down.
Sometimes it has other features that will turn the train upside-down.
The track can be made from wood or steel.
Some roller coasters are made for children, so they do not travel very fast.
Other roller coasters are made very tall and they travel very fast.
Riders are generally held in place with a bar, a belt, or something similar.
Scientifically, a roller coaster works because of gravity, a force that pulls things down to the ground.
Most roller coaster trains are pulled to the top of a hill on a chain.
The train will slide down the track, which has a number of hills and valleys.
As it slides downhill it goes faster, and it slows down when climbing.
In the United States, LaMarcus Adna Thompson patented the first roller coaster on January 20, 1865.
He named his ride the "Switchback Railway," and workers pulled the carriage to the top of the track.
The first modern steel roller coaster was the Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland.
It opened in 1959.
Types of roller coasters
Steel roller coasters can be separated into many more types.
On a Wing Coaster riders sit on either side of a roller coaster track and nothing is above or below the riders.
On a flying roller coaster riders lie face down so they feel like they are flying.
Cars hang below the track.
Both steel and wooden roller coasters can turn riders upside down.
This is called an inversion.
Son of Beast was the only wooden roller coaster to have an inversion.
However the loop was removed after an incident and after another incident, the ride was torn down.
In 2013, Hades 360 and Outlaw Run have inversions.
The Smiler has the world record for the most inversions.
Famous roller coasters
Fuji-Q Highland'
Coasterpedia, the Roller Coaster Wiki
The Zimbabwe dollar was a currency for Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2009.
Zimbabwe had the highest rate of inflation in the world.
The rate of inflation grew to 231,150,888.87% in July 2008.
Because of hyperinflation, or inflation that is out of control, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe had to print banknotes with higher values to cope with the rising cost of living.
In January 2009, Zimbabwe released a banknote for one hundred trillion dollars, or $100,000,000,000,000.
The Zimbabwe dollar had to be revalued three times due to the rising cost of living: in August 2006, August 2008 and February 2009.
In August 2006, the first revaluation dollar was violent and too quick, meaning that many people lost their savings because they were unable to convert it into the new currency without fear of violence and corruption.
The capital city of Bahia is Salvador.
Other cities where many people live are Feira de Santana, Vitória da Conquista, Itabuna, Ilhéus, and Juazeiro.
Almost all of Bahia is 200 m above the sea level.
The São Francisco River is the longest river in Bahia.
Salvador was the capital of Brazil from 1549 until 1763.
Bahia is the sixth richest Brazilian state.
The economy of Bahia is based on industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, tourism, mining and services.
Bahia is said to have the greatest and most African influence, in terms of culture and customs, in Brazil.
Some of these are the martial art of capoeira and African-derived music such as samba, afoxé, and axé.
Acarajé is a popular street food.
It is one of the symbols of the culture of Bahia.
Body modification (or body alteration) is when a person changes their body in a way that lasts forever or for a long time.
There are many different kinds of body modification, like piercing, circumcision, or tattoos.
Almost all cultures do some kind of body modification.
People who do not like body modification sometimes call it "disfigurement" or "mutilation."
They believe that if someone changes their body, it is wrong and they are doing something dangerous or unethical.
Why people do body modification
Body modification is done for different reasons.
Religions might tell people that they should change their bodies to look a certain way.
Other people with body modifications might just like the way the body modifications look, or how they feel good during sex.
Kinds of body modification
Common body modification
Body piercing is when a hole is made through the skin, and a piece of jewelry is put into the hole.
Some piercings can be stretched so they fit larger, thicker kinds of jewelry.
Tattooing is when ink is put under the skin to make a picture.
Whole body tatooing and tattooing of the lips and eyes would be thought extreme by some.
Scarification is when part of the skin is removed to create a scar.
Branding is when the skin is burned to create a scar.
"Extreme" body modification
Tongue splitting is when a person's tongue is split in two like a snake's.
Subdermal implant is when a small object is placed right underneath a person's skin.
Transdermal implant is when a small object is placed underneath a person's skin, but part of it pokes out of the skin and is visible.
Extra ocular implant (eye jewellery) is when a tiny chip of metal is placed in someone's eye.
Other body modification
Amputation is when a body part is cut off
A serial killer is someone who murders several people at different times (similar killers of more than one person are mass murderers and spree killers).
The victims are usually people the serial killer does not know, and the killer commits his crimes to get a certain kind of excitement or other feeling.
They usually have no practical motive such as robbery or revenge.
Serial killer first became a commonly used phrase for this kind of killer in the 1970s.
This was the result of the crimes of people like Ted Bundy and John Wayne Gacy.
Jack the Ripper is thought by many to be one of the first serial killers that many people knew about, even though his victims were killed long before the phrase was invented.
A serial killer's crimes are nearly always alike in some way.
The killer may only attack a certain type of person, for instance women of a certain age or appearance (young or old, blonde or dark-haired).
He may always use the same kind of weapon to kill his victims, or may treat them in a certain manner, such as tying them up with the same kind of rope or adhesive tape.
Some serial killers have had very strange habits which leave evidence of their work at each crime; for instance Albert de Salvo, the Boston Strangler, would tie the cord with which he had strangled a woman around her neck in a special bow.
To law enforcement officers a serial killer's habits are known as his signature, and they are always valuable leads in detecting who he is and capturing him.
Some of the worst serial killers have been doctors.
Harold Shipman, a British general practitioner, is thought to have killed up to 250 of his patients.
John Bodkin Adams, also British, is thought to have killed 163 patients.
Burke and Hare, the 'resurrectionists', killed to sell bodies to a doctor, Robert Knox.
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international environmental organization.
It was founded as the World Wildlife Fund, which is still its official name in Canada and the United States.
Most of its offices are in Switzerland.
Their mascot, or logo, is the Giant Panda.
It is the world's largest independent wildlife management organization.
It has over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 90 countries.
WWF supports 15,000 conservation and environmental projects around the world.
It is a charity.
About 90% of its fundraising money is from donations by private individuals and businesses.
The group says its mission is "to halt and reverse the destruction of our natural environment".
Much of its work focuses on the conservation of three biomes that contain most of the world's biodiversity: forests, freshwater ecosystems, and oceans and coasts.
Among other issues, it is also concerned with endangered species, pollution and climate change.
The organization runs more than 1,200 field projects worldwide each year.
International environmental organizations
Companies of Switzerland
Deforestation is when forests are destroyed by cutting trees (logging) and not replanting them.
The most common reason is to clear the land to make farms and ranches.
They also cut trees for firewood and lumber and to make room for cities.
Deforestation destroys the habitat of many animals, leading to their death.
The loss is more severe in so called primary forests, which are forests that have yet been untouched by humans.
Deforestation also releases sequestered carbon.
Causes of deforestation
Land has other uses besides growing trees.
The biggest uses of land that was once forested are for farming and ranching.
Some land is also used for roads and buildings, especially in urban areas.
As the population grows, people need to remove more trees.
They also use the wood from the trees as lumber to make buildings and other things, or they burn the trees as firewood.
regulation of the water cycle
production of soil
providing habitat for animals
providing most of our oxygen
maintain the oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2)
balance in the atmosphere
regulation of temperature
prevention of soil erosion
tree diseases
Forests are often planted to protect against natural disasters.
When forests are lost, very often the soil they protected is also lost.
This loss of soil is called erosion.
Trees are also important for carbon sequestration.
When the trees burn or rot, the carbon in them returns to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide.
Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, deforestation causes global warming.
Tropical deforestation is responsible for about 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.
In 2020, a team of scientists studied worldwide deforestation efforts and found they were not working.
They said the idea of everyone working toward the same goal had to change because different groups of people had different reasons for cutting down forests.
APP & APRIL announces end to deforestation in Indonesia
Scuba diving is an activity where people (called "scuba divers", or simply "divers") can swim underwater for a long time, using a tank filled with compressed air.
The tank is a large metal cylinder made of steel or aluminum.
The word scuba is an acronym from  Underwater Breathing  Apparatus.
In the 1600s, a diving bell would be lowered that had trapped air in it.
A diving bell is like a large heavy upside-down bucket that holds air inside when lowered into the water.
A diver would breathe that air and swim in an and out of the bell to work until the air became bad.
Later fresh air was pumped to the diving bell through a hose, so the diver could stay longer.
The first diving suits used a heavy copper diving helmet with windows and a hose from an air pump.
The helmet was clamped to a waterptoof diving suit.
Divers would wear heavy weghts and walk on the seafloor as it was not safe to swim.
The air hose would send air to the helmet from a pump on land or on a boat above the diver.
The air would pass trough the helmet and out into the water through a valve, and the diver would breathe from the air in the helmet.
This wasted a lot of air, but there was no way to only supply air when the diver needed it.
This is called a free-flow system.
Jacques Cousteau was a Frenchman who developed several important parts of the scuba system and made it useful.
One part was a better regulator that only sent air when the diver breathed in.
This let the divers go farther on one tank.
It was made with a mouthpiece on a rubber hose, so a heavy helmet was not needed.
It was light enough to use with fins and easily swim.
He also took many underwater movies and showed people what was under the water and why it needed to be protected.
Scuba tank, (one or more) containing air.
The air is ordinary compressed air for most dives, but for longer dives a mixture of air with more oxygen, called nitrox can be used to avoid decompression sickness, also called the bends (a painful or deadly problem from going to the surface too fast).
The tank is attached to the diver by a harness, which is often part of the BCD.
For deeper dives a breathing gas containing helium can be used to prevent nitrogen narcosis, which can make the diver behave as if drunk, and is dangerous.
Regulator for breathing the air from the tank.
This reduces the pressure of the air coming from the tank.