the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite and other micas, augite and the calcium-rich plagioclase feldspars.
Common mafic rocks include basalt and gabbro.
In terms of chemistry, mafic rocks are on the other side of the rock spectrum from the so-called felsic rocks.
Mafic lava, before cooling, has a lower viscosity than felsic lava due to its lower silica content.
Water and other volatiles can more easily and gradually escape from mafic lava, so eruptions of volcanoes made of mafic lavas are less explosively violent than felsic lava eruptions.
Most mafic lava volcanoes are oceanic volcanoes, like Hawaii.
It is defined as the ratio of the density of a given substance, to the density of water (H2O).
Substances with a specific gravity greater than 1 are heavier than water, and those with a specific gravity of less than 1 are lighter than water.
SG is by definition dimensionless and therefore not dependent on the system of units used (e.g. slugsft−3 or kgm−3), assuming that the units are consistent.
Based on the SG-value of a given substance, the density of that substance can be calculated.
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics Wiley, B.R. Munson, D.F. Young & T.H. Okishi
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Fourth Edition, Wiley, SI Version, R.W. Fox & A.T. McDonald
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, International Edition, Y.A. Cengel & M.A. Boles
The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing carved into it.
There are 3 types of writing on the Rosetta stone; Greek, Egyptian, and another form of Egyptian writing.
French soldiers found it in Egypt in 1799.
It helped people get a better understanding of the Ancient Egyptian writing system called hieroglyphics.
Its discovery led to the translation of Ancient Egyptian writing.
The stone is named after the city where it was found, Rosetta (also called Rashid).
The stone is now in the British Museum in London.
It had three pieces of writing on it that said the same thing in two different languages.
Two pieces of writing were written in Ancient Egyptian, but in two different scripts: Demotic and hieroglyphics.
The third writing was written in Ancient Greek.
The historians could already read the Greek.
Using this knowledge they were able to work out how to read the Egyptian scripts.
The complete Greek text, in English, is about 1600–1700  words in length.
The text is a royal decree from the Hellenistic period about the taxes of temple priests.
It gives them back the tax privileges they had earlier.
Some scholars believe that several copies of the Rosetta Stone might exist, as this proclamation must have been made at many temples.
The discovery of the stone
The soldiers who discovered the stone were part of Napoleon Bonaparte's 1798 campaign in Egypt.
It was given to the British as part of the surrender arrangements when French forces were caught in Alexandria by the Battle of the Nile and a larger force of British and Ottoman troops.
The surrender and treaty is called the Capitulation of Alexandria.
Under the treaty, the French had to hand over their archaeological discoveries to the British, and that included the Rosetta Stone.
Part of the text
A Rosetta Stone website
Rosetta Stone -Citizendium
A curtain is a piece of cloth used to block light, water, or cold air from entering a place (some curtains are better at blocking than others because of the type of fabric used).
Curtains are hung around showers to keep water off the floor around the shower.
Curtains are also hung around windows to keep light from coming in.
A curtain is raised and lowered during a play or other theatrical production.
Curtains can come in many different colors and different types of fabric.
It is also originally a French word.
A criminal record is a list of crimes that a person has done in the past.
These records are kept by different law enforcement agencies.
People can get a criminal record by things like speeding, robbery, breaking and entering and murdering.
Getting a criminal record can stop people from getting certain jobs and going overseas.
A visitor is a person who does not permanently live in a place.
If someone says "I am a visitor here", that means that they do not live in that place all the time.
Espresso is a type of Italian coffee that is concentrated.
In order to make espresso, coffee beans are powdered and hot water is added under high pressure.
This is done using an espresso machine or a macchinetta.
Usually, espresso is made using 7 grams of coffee beans.
This gives espresso a very strong flavor.
Because espresso is so strong, it is usually mixed with other coffee drinks in small amounts.
Drinks that use espresso
Alternative spelling
A damson is a kind of plum.
Like the plum, it comes from the Rosaceae family.
Originally, the fruit comes from the Mediterranean.
Damsons are thought to be members of the 'European Plum' family, which also includes greengage, mirabelle, quetsche, and Italian prune plums.
The damson is generally less sweet than other kinds of plum and is used in jams, jellies, and liqueurs.
Half-time is the name of a break in the middle of a sports game.
This break gives players a chance to rest.
It also gives watchers of the game time to stretch, eat, or go to the bathroom without missing the game.
During half-time, there is usually a show on the field of play.
It may include a marching band or something like it.
This is called a half-time show.
There is a half-time show in the Super Bowl.
Half time is usually 15 minutes, but in the Super Bowl it is usually about 30 minutes to give time for advertisements and performances.
In Football, teams usually switch sides at the beginning of the next half.
Sports with half-time
Football (soccer)
Fluid mechanics is the study of how fluids move and the forces on them. (
Fluids include liquids and gases.)
Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion.
It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms.
The study of fluid mechanics goes back at least to the days of ancient Greece, when Archimedes made a beginning on fluid statics.
However, fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research with many unsolved or partly solved problems.
Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex.
Sometimes it can best be solved by numerical analysis, typically using computers.
A modern discipline, called Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is devoted to this approach to solving fluid mechanics problems.
Relationship to continuum mechanics
White, Frank M. (2003).
Cramer, Mark. "
The Gallery of Fluid Mechanics"
CFDWiki—the Computational Fluid Dynamics reference wiki.
Fluid statics (also called hydrostatics) is the science of fluids at rest, and is a sub-field within fluid mechanics.
The term usually refers to the mathematical treatment of the subject.
It embraces the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium.
The use of fluid to do work is called hydraulics, and the science of fluids in motion is fluid dynamics.
Hydrostatic pressure is pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel.
Meroë (Meroitic: Medewi or Bedewi) is the name of an ancient city.
What remains of the city is on the east bank of the Nile  about 6 km north-east of the Kabushiya station near Shendi, Sudan.
It lies about 200 km north-east of Khartoum.
There are a few villages nearby.
They are called  Bagrawiyah.
Meroë was the capital of the Kingdom of Kush for several centuries.
The Kushitic Kingdom of Meroë gave its name to the "Island of Meroë", which was the modern region of Butana, a region bounded by the Nile (from the Atbarah River to Khartoum), the Atbarah, Ethiopia, and the Blue Nile.
The city of Meroë was on the edge of Butana and there were two other Meroitic cities in Butana, Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa.
The site of the city of Meroë is marked by over two hundred pyramids in three groups.
Of many of these pyramids, there are only ruins left.
Cities in Sudan
Saxe-Eisenach () was the name of three different Ernestine duchies that existed at different times in Thuringia.
In 1662 Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar died, leaving four children: Johann Ernst, Adolf Wilhelm, Johann Georg and Bernhard.
Adolf Wilhelm, got Eisenach, but he had to share this with his younger brother Johann Georg.
Johann Georg eventually took an allowance from the duchy instead of taking part in the government, and moved to live in the small town of Marksuhl.
Adolf William’s first four sons died soon after birth.
In 1668 he died, just before of the birth of his fifth child, Wilhelm August, who became the new Duke of Saxe-Eisenach from his birth, with Johann Georg as regent.
A sickly boy, he died in 1671 at only two years old, and Johann Georg I became the duke of Saxe-Eisenach.
Saxe-Eisenach changed again in 1672.
Frederick William III of Saxe-Altenburg died and his lands were split.
The line of Johann Georg I ruled Saxe-Eisenach for 69 years, until Duke Wilhelm Heinrich died heirless in 1741.
Ernst August I of Saxe-Weimar, Wilhelm's second cousin, inherited Saxe-Eisenach; he and his successors ruled Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach in a personal union until 1809, when the duchies were formally merged into the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
Created in 1572 as Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
Johann Casimir (1572 – 1633, ruled Saxe-Coburg)
Johann Ernst (1572 – 1638, retained Saxe-Eisenach)
Second creation
Albrecht (1640 – 44)
Adolf Wilhelm (1662 – 68)
Wilhelm August (1668 – 71)
Johann Georg I (1671 – 86)
Johann Georg II (1686 – 98)
Johann Wilhelm (1698 – 1729)
Wilhelm Heinrich (1729 – 41)
Personal union with Saxe-Weimar
Ernst August I (1741-1748)
Ernst August II (1748-1758)
Karl August (1758-1809)
1596 establishments
1590s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Germany
1638 disestablishments
1640s disestablishments in Europe
1662 establishments
1660s establishments in Europe
1809 disestablishments
A laxative is a food or drug taken to make bowel movements easier, or to treat constipation.
Sometimes taking powerful or lots of laxatives can cause diarrhea or a flatulence.
Laxatives work by helping your intestines digest undigested food, and do not make you lose weight.
Despite this, some people with eating disorders take laxatives in an attempt to lose weight.
Jebel Barkal, also called Gebel Barkal, is a small mountain in Sudan.
It is about 400 kilometers (248.6 miles) north of a city called Khartoum.
This mountain is about  high and has a flat top.
The Mirage III is a fighter aircraft made by French airplane company Dassault Aviation.
If first flew in 1956 and was introduced in 1961.
It used a triangle wing (called a delta wing).
It had 2 cannons and some missiles.
Because it was an interceptor, an airplane made to shoot down enemy airplanes at high speed, it could go Mach 2.2.
It was used by Israel in the Six-Day War.
Mirage 3
A herbaceous plant is a plant that does not have much wood and its stems are green and soft.
These plants grow fast and produce flowers and many seeds in a short period of time.
In Botany, the word for a herbaceous plant is herb (from Latin herba, "grass") but it is common to use the word herb only for plants that are used in perfumes, medicines and for cooking, even if they are not herbaceous plants.
Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or perennials but most are annuals and die at the end of their growing season (the time when they produce flowers, fruits and seeds), leaving their seeds on the soil; those seeds will produce new plants with good weather.
Wheat and pea are annual herbaceous plants.
Biennial and perennial herbaceous plants will live for two or more years but the stems that are in the air will die every year; the underground stems will form the new aerial stems (stems that are above the ground).
Underground roots and stems can resist more the bad weather (winter or a very dry season) than leaves and stems that are above the ground.
Bulbs are biennal and peonies are perennial herbaceous plants
Most herbaceous plants are small and their stems are not thick because they do not have much wood but there are some cases of big herbaceous plants.
Bananas and papaya (a tropical fruit) are herbaceous plants but they look like trees; papaya has a thick stem but without much wood.
Herbaceous plants are the first plants with flower that come to live in barren lands (lands without plant life) because they are small and produce many seeds.
They are also found in places where the weather conditions are not good for most plants; they can use the little rain that falls in deserts, and they can get enough heat to grow where the soil is covered with snow and ice most of the year, like in very high mountains.
A trophy is an object given to someone because of an accomplishment.
These are often given out through sporting events.
Trophies can also be an animal head.
These are often taken as trophies by hunters.
Many years ago (in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome) the winners did not get any trophy, only a wreath (a wreath is made of flowers and looks like a crown).
The winner also got olive oil in a container that was similar to today trophies.
In local games, the winners got different trophies, such as a vase or a silver cup.
Trophies were introduced back in the world on large scale in last century.
Football, rugby and baseball trophies were introduced.
Nickel Creek was an American acoustic musical group.
Although the group's music has roots in bluegrass, Nickel Creek now calls itself "progressive acoustic".
The band has three people: Chris Thile (mandolin), Sean Watkins (guitar), and Sara Watkins (violin).
A fourth member also plays bass with the band.
Chris Thile's father Scott Thile, Byron House, and Derek Jones have played bass with the group.
Mark Schatz has played bass with Nickel Creek since 2003.
The band has played songs by Radiohead, Elliott Smith, Bob Dylan,  and even "Toxic" by Britney Spears.
However, most of the songs the band play are originals.
The band started in California in 1989 with Scott Thile, Chris' father, playing the double bass.
The oldest of the children, Sean Watkins, was only twelve years old at the time.
In the early days, Nickel Creek made two albums: Little Cowpoke in 1993, and Here to There in 1997.
Nickel Creek: 2000–2001
Alison Krauss produced the album Nickel Creek, which came out in 2000 on Sugar Hill Records.
It was awarded a gold certification in 2002 by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
Nickel Creek got two Grammy Award nominations for the album: Best Bluegrass Album and Best Country Instrumental for "Ode to a Butterfly".
Three singles, "When You Come Back Down", "The Lighthouse's Tale", and "Reasons Why" were released with music videos, and the first two were on the US Country chart.
The album itself topped the Billboard Heatseekers chart, and reached number 125 on the Billboard 200.
This Side: 2002–2004
In 2002, This Side came out and it was also produced by Alison Krauss.
It reached number 18 on the Billboard 200, and was also made gold by the RIAA.
This Side was different from the first album by adding more pop and rock.
Chris Thile described the album in 2002:
On the This Side tour of 2002 and 2003, Nickel Creek played shows as the main act for the most part, but also opened five shows for John Mayer in November 2002 in Upstate New York and New England, and played with Gillian Welch and David Rawlings earlier in the year.
In 2003, Nickel Creek was on Béla Fleck's album Little Worlds.
Nickel Creek also released three singles from This Side: "This Side", "Speak", and "Smoothie Song". "
This Side" appeared on the US Country chart, but the others did not chart with Billboard.
However, "Smoothie Song" topped the AAA Contemporary chart for three weeks.
Why Should the Fire Die?:
Nickel Creek released Why Should the Fire Die?
in August 2005.
The album brought even more rock and pop to Nickel Creek's sound, just as This Side did.
Chris Thile talked about the band's genre and style in a 2005 interview from JamBase: "We actually feel like more than a bluegrass band that stretched out.
We are a band that incorporates bluegrass into our music.
There's been a problem in perception. '
Bluegrass band leaves the fold' (uses a news announcer voice).
Actually, it's a band that incorporates a little bluegrass into whatever the hell kind of music they play."
Sean Watkins also said:
Farewell (For Now): 2006–2007
On August 28, 2006, Nickel Creek announced on their website that they would not be together as a band anymore.
The message was:
After the break was announced, a tour was scheduled.
To say goodbye to their fans, the tour was named the Farewell (For Now) Tour, because the band does not know if they will get together again.
The tour started in April 2007 and ended in November 2007 in Nashville, Tennessee.
The tour had many guest appearances by musicians like Fiona Apple, Glen Phillips, Jon Brion, Bruce Molsky, Béla Fleck, and Tift Merritt.
When talking about Nickel Creek's last tour before the break, Sara Watkins said "A lot of the other stuff will be special in the way that anything is special when you realize that it’s not going to be around forever... Nothing is going be Nickel Creek except Nickel Creek.
I’m not looking for anything to top this.
It can’t be duplicated in my life."
2000: International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA) Emerging Artist of the Year
2001: IBMA Instrumental Group of the Year
2003: Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album (This Side)
2006: Country Music Television (CMT) Top 10 Country Compilations of 2006 (Reasons Why: The Very Best)
2001: Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album (Nickel Creek)
2001: Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance ("Ode to a Butterfly")
2001: Country Music Association (CMA) Award for Best Vocal Group
2001: CMA Horizon Award
2005: Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album (Why Should the Fire Die?)
2005: Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance ("Scotch & Chocolate")
VH1 biography
Bluegrass bands
The Six-Day War was a war that started on 5 June 1967 and ended 10 June 1967.
Israel fought Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, but many other countries helped the different sides.
The war began by Egypt planning to capture Israel, which was seen by the Arab world as an illegitimate state.
The war also began because of fear of an attack from Israel as suggested by soviet intelligence and from internal pressure within Egypt.
Egypt, Syria, and Jordan gathered troops and prepared for battle, and Arab authorities made clear their intentions for the destruction of Israel.
Israel began the mounting precautionary troops against their borders with Syria, Egypt and Jordan as their prime reason.
The Israeli air raids were described as preemptive, a first strike against the Egyptians.
This surprise attack was against the Egyptian airfields.
The Egyptians had 50 runways and about 960 attack aircraft, and the Israelis had 300 attack craft.
Israel attacked while Egypt's planes were still on the ground.
In three, hours nearly the entire Egyptian Air Force was wiped out.
That surprised the Egyptians, and Israel went on to attack on the ground.
Israel was then attacked by Syria and Jordan and defeated them both.
The entire war lasted only six days.
As a result, Israel claimed lands that had great strategical and historical importance for it.
The war led to the 1973 Yom Kippur War, where Egypt took back part of the Sinai, but Israel took part of the West Bank.
Eventually, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt but kept the lands acquired from Jordan.
The UN requested Israel to retreat to the pre-1967 borders and to help form an Arab-Palestinian state.
Negotiations and intermittent fighting continued.
Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser has been described as the first leader of an Arab nation who challenged what was perceived as the Western dominance of the Middle East.
He ordered a concentration of Egyptian military forces in the sensitive Suez zone.
That act was highly provocative, and the Israelis viewed it only one way: Egypt was preparing to attack.
The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) was established in May 1964 in Jordan and combines various Arab organisations under one banner.
In its infancy, the PLO was not associated with violence, but from 1967 on, it became dominated by an organisation called Fatah, meaning "liberation" in Arabic.
It was the Syrian wing and was led by Yasser Arafat.
Military preparation
Before the war, Israeli pilots and ground crews had trained extensively in rapid refitting of aircraft returning from sorties to allow a single aircraft to sortie up to four times a day; the norm in Arab air forces was one or two sorties per day.
That enabled the Israeli Air Force (IAF) to send several attack waves against Egyptian airfields on the first day of the war, overwhelm the Egyptian Air Force, and knock out other Arab air forces on the same day.
The Arabs were so surprised that many have mistakenly believed that Israel had foreign help, especially from the United States.
On May 26, 1967, the Central Intelligence Agency estimated, "The Israelis ... If they attack now they ... would still be able to drive the Egyptians away from the entrance to the Strait of Tiran, but it would certainly cost them heavy losses of men and matériel.
On the eve of the war, Israel believed it could win a war in 3–4 days.
The United States estimated that Israel would need 7–10 days to win.
British estimates supported that view.
The Israeli Army had a total strength, including reservists, of 264,000, but that number could not be sustained, as the reservists were vital to civilian life.
Israel deployed about 40,000 troops and 200 tanks (8 brigades).
Israeli Central Command forces consisted of five brigades.
The first two were permanently stationed near Jerusalem and were called the Jerusalem Brigade and the mechanized Harel Brigade.
Mordechai Gur's 55th paratrooper brigade was summoned from the Sinai front.
The 10th Armored Brigade was stationed north of the West Bank.
On the eve of the war, Egypt massed approximately 100,000 of its 160,000 troops in the Sinai, including all of its seven divisions (four infantry, two armoured, and one mechanized), four independent infantry brigades, and four independent armoured brigades.
No fewer than a third of them were veterans of Egypt's continuing intervention into the North Yemen Civil War and another third were reservists.
With the exception of Jordan, the Arabs relied principally on Soviet weaponry.
Jordan had an army was equipped with American weaponry, and its air force was composed of British aircraft.
Egypt had by far the largest and the most modern of all the Arab air forces, consisting of about 420 combat aircraft, all of them Soviet-built and with many top-of-the line MiG-21s.
Of particular concern to the Israelis were the 30 Tu-16 "Badger" medium bombers, which could inflict heavy damage on Israeli military and civilian centers.
"The Six Days War".
History Learning Site.
HistoryLearningSite.co.uk.
Retrieved 5 February 2015.
1967 in Asia
20th century in Jordan
Wars involving Israel
1960s in Israel
Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct hominid.
It lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago.
A. afarensis was similar to slightly later Australopithecus africanus.
It had a slender build.
A. afarensis may be more closely related to the genus Homo than A. africanus.
Homo includes the modern human species, Homo sapiens.
The most famous fossil is the partial skeleton named Lucy (3.2 million years old) found by Donald Johanson and colleagues, who, in celebration of their find, repeatedly played the Beatles song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds.
Australopithecines
Nakalipithecus nakayamai is a fossil ape species.
It was a discovery of a 10-million-year-old jawbone with teeth, in a volcanic mud in Nakali, Kenya.
N. nakayamai is thought to have lived around 9.9 million to 9.8 million years ago.
More teeth were found in the same place; eleven of them are thought to belong to this specimen.
New ancient ape species discovered
Jawbone sheds light on divergence of humans and apes
A very common defoliant is Agent Orange used by the US Airforce in the Vietnam War to destroy cover of the enemy.
It killed the rainforest and caused birth defects as well as other illnesses among Vietnamese and US soldiers
The Phoenix Lights (sometimes called the "Lights over Phoenix") were a light phenomenon that occurred on March 13 1997 over Arizona and Nevada, in the United States.
Some claim that they were UFOs.
The governor of Arizona also said he thought they could be UFOs.
The thing was V-shaped with 5 lights at the bottom of it in V-formation.
1990s in Arizona
1997 in the United States
Saint Denis, Bishop of Paris and Patron Saint of France
The Maya leave their biggest towns and cities.
Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury
This page lists ways of testing English as a foreign language (EFL).
It is for teachers of English who teach people whose first language is not English.
It lists tests with brief descriptions.
Types of exam
Cambridge exams
The Cambridge exams are very popular in Europe.
The University of Cambridge ESOL makes these exams.
There are five exams for general English.
Students take these exams in many schools.
Students can take the exams in England or in schools in many other countries.
Speaking and listening.
The easiest exam is the KET.
KET means Key English Test.
The KET is the start of the Cambridge exams.
The KET tests basic English.
The PET is more difficult.
PET means Preliminary English Test.
People with a PET know some English.
They can survive social situations in English.
They can also survive work situations in English.
But they often find English difficult.
They also make many mistakes.
The FCE is the most popular of the Cambridge English exam.
FCE means First Certificate in English.
The FCE is good for many businesses.
People with a FCE can use English.
They sometimes find English difficult.
Normally they have no problems with English.
But they make mistakes.
The CAE is a difficult exam.
CAE means Certificate in Advanced English.
The CAE is good for many universities.
The CAE is also good for many businesses.
People with a CAE have no problems working in England or United States of America.
The CPE is the most difficult exam.
CPE stands for Certificate of Proficiency in English.
People who have a CPE are very good at English.
Their English is nearly as good as people who are from England or America.
The CPE is good for universities.
The CPE is also good for business.
Many universities who teach courses in English want a CPE or CAE from foreign-language students.
There are two English exams systems for business.
The Business English Certificate (BEC) is available at three levels comparable to PET, FCE and CAE above BEC means .
The BULATS Business Language Testing Service is a single examination which can offer organisations or individuals the opportunity of assessing their current language level.
The IELTS is the International English Language Testing System.
This system is from the University of Cambridge, the British Council and IDP Education in Australia.
It has one exam for academics or professionals, and one for people who want to live in an English-speaking country.
Universities in Britain, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, Canada and New Zealand  often want an IELTS exam.
IELTS is also becoming popular in North America.
The IELTS tests: speaking, listening, writing and reading.
The TOEFL is a very popular English exam.
It is very useful for student who wish to study in the United States of America.
TOEFL means Test of English as a Foreign Language.
The TOEFL is an academic exam.
Many universities in America want a TOEFL exam.
In 2005 a new TOEFL was made.
The new TOEFL uses Internet.
Its name is Internet-Based TOEFL (iBT).
The old TOEFLs did not stop.
They are called Computer-Based TOEFL (CBT) and Paper-Based TOEFL, but are not now available in all countries.
The TOEIC is a general English exam.
TOEIC means Test of English for International Communication.
The exam has 200 questions.
Every question is a multiple choice question.
A multiple-choice question is a question where you choose which answer (e.g. a, b, c or d) is correct.
The result of the TOEIC is a number.
This number is between 10 and 990.
990 is the best number.
The TOEIC number is often used for jobs.
Many jobs need a number higher than 600.
Managers often need a number higher than 800.
LCCIEB
LCCIEB means London Chamber of Commerce and Industry Examinations Board.
The LCCIEB makes many English exams.
Many businesses like LCCIEB exams.
The EFB means English for Business.
The EFB is a business English exam.
It tests basic general English.
It also tests more difficult business English.
The EFC means English for Commerce.
The EFC is a business English exam.
It tests business writing.
It also tests business skills.
Business skills are ideas how to manage a business.
The EFC is more difficult than the EFB.
The PBE means Practical Business English.
The PBE is a business English exam.
It tests business speaking.
It also tests business listening.
The PBE is for basic English.
People with a PBE can have a basic business conversation.
The SEFIC means Spoken English for Industry and Commerce.
The SEFIC is a business English exam.
It is more difficult than the PBE.
It tests difficult business speaking.
It also tests difficult business listening.
The WEFT means Written English for Tourism.
The WEFT is an English business exam.
It tests speaking at hotels.
It also tests speaking in other parts of tourism.
The WEFT also tests listening.
BULATS
The BULATS means Business Language Testing Service.
The BULATS is a special exams for big companies.
The BULATS are made for a company.
The BULATS for another company is different.
Pitman exams are made by the City and Guilds Group.
There are two important English exams by Pitman.
The ESOL means English for Speakers of Other Languages.
The ESOL tests English at many levels.
The ESOL is good for going to many colleges.
The Spoken ESOL is like the ESOL.
But the Spoken ESOL only tests speaking and listening.
The EBC means English for Business Communications.
The EBS is a business English exam.
There are three levels.
CELS (ARELS/Oxford)
The CELS exams are English exams for people who want to study in England.
CELS means "Certificates in Communicative Skills in English".
The CELS exam comes from the old ARELS and Oxford exams; now they are Cambridge ESOL exams.
The ARELS exam tests speaking and listening.
The Oxford exam tests writing and reading.
The new name of Arels and Oxford together is CELS.
There are three levels in the CELS exam.
Preliminary is the easiest exam.
Vantage is more difficult.
Higher is the most difficult exam.
People who have the CELS are very good at speaking English.
These exams are good for universities.
This exam is different from some other exams because learners get one certificate (paper saying how good they are) for each part of the exam.
A learner can have a high mark on the speaking certificate but a low one in writing, for example.
Compare exams
It is very difficult to compare English exams.
In Europe, the ALTE says how different exams compare.
The ALTE is the Association of Language Testers in Europe.
It has 28 exam makers in it, and compares their exams in 24 languages.
The ALTE says what learners can do at every step of learning.
Because of this, they say the ALTE list is a "can-do" list.
The ALTE list is a simple way to talk about the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEF).
The CEF is from the Council of Europe.
Professional organizations
There are many groups of teachers, professors, and other experts that do research on English language testing.
Some of these may be have good information to help teachers understand testing better.
The Japan Association for Language Teaching Testing & Evaluation Special Interest Group
Official TOEIC English Proficiency Test Website  English
Toeic Language Test in France
Toeic Language Test in Spain
Toeic Language Test in Poland
Toeic Language Test in Germany
Toeic Language Test in GB
Toeic Languages Test in Italy
Official ETS EUROPE TOEFL website
valodas  - Free language learning software.
English the international language
Eumetazoa is a clade which includes all major animal phyla except sponges, and a few other groups of animals, such as the Placozoa.
The Eumetazoa have true tissues, neurons, and an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage.
Borchiellini C. et al.
Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14 (1): 171-179.
Peterson, Kevin J. et al.
Tempo & mode of early animal evolution: inferences from rocks, Hox, & molecular clocks.
Paleobiology 31(2, Supplement): 36-55.
Groups of phyla
The Bilateria are animals which are bilaterally symmetrical.
They have front and a back end, an upside and downside, and a left and right side.
Most animals are bilateral.
Main subgroups
Deuterostomia
Echinodermata (20,000 species, 7000 living)
Chordata.
mostly Vertebrata  (63,000 species)
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa (6 to 20 million species)
Nematoda (20,000 species known +many more)
Arthropoda (one to 10 million species)
Annelida (17,000 species)
Platyhelminthes (20,000+ species)
Mollusca (85,000+ species)
Brachiopoda (5,000 fossil species)
Minor phyla (like Chaetognatha)
A lyre (pronounce to rhyme with "fire") is an instrument which is like a mixture between a harp and a guitar.
It is held in one hand and the strings are strummed using the other hand.
Lyres were among the first string instruments to be invented.
Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks, or sima which is named for its magnesium silicate minerals.
It is thinner than continental crust, and is about 7-10 kilometers thick, however it is more dense, having a mean density of about 3.3 g/cm3.
Oceanic crust generally does not last longer than 200 million years.
In the rock cycle, it is continuously created at oceanic ridges.
At these ridges, hot magma rises into the crust and cools, pushing the crust apart at the ridge.
The continuous formation of new oceanic crust pushes the older crust away from the mid-ocean ridge.
As it moves away from the ridge, the crust becomes cooler and denser, while the sediment may build on top of it.
Marshak, Stephen. (
2005) Earth: Portrait of a Planet (41-87)
Testing the Sea-Floor Spreading Hypothesis
It consists mostly of feldspar and other sialic rocks.
It is less dense than the material of the Earth's mantle, which consists of mafic rock.
Continental crust is also less dense than oceanic crust, though it is considerably thicker; mostly 35 to 40 km versus the average oceanic thickness of around 7–10 km.
About 40% of the Earth's surface lies on-top of continental crust.
Butler, Rob, Making new continents  Accessed 01/29/2006
Saal, A.L., Rudnick R.L., Ravizza G.E. & Hart S.R., 1998.
Re-Os isotope evdence for the composition, formation and age of the lower crust.
Nature, 39317, 1998.
Taylor and McLennan, 1995, Model of growth of continental crust through time in John Victor Walther, 2005, Essentials Of Geochemistry, Jones & Bartlett,
von Huene, R. and D.W. Scholl, 1991. "
Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust."
Reviews of Geophysics, 29, 279-316.
Average composition of Continental Crust
Crust 5.1
This is a List of cities in the United Kingdom.
This list includes all places with city status.
A day for example can be divided into three eight-hour shifts.
An employee only works one of the shifts in each day.
The "first shift" is in the morning, the "second shift" is in the afternoon and evening and the "third shift" is overnight.
The "second shift", also known as the swing shift in some places, is the work shift which takes place in the afternoon and evening.
It usually extends from 4 PM (16:00) to midnight, or from 3 PM (15:00) to 11 PM (23:00).
The "third shift", the night shift, is usually from 11 PM (23:00) or 12-midnight (00:00) to 07:00 or 08:00 in the morning.
A study by Knutsson et al.
in 1986 showed that labors who work shift work in a production floor (papermill as per the research) for more than 15 years, are 3 times more likely to develop ischaemic heart diseases.
Étang Saumâtre (in English, brackish pond) is the largest lake of Haiti.
It is the second largest lake of Hispaniola, after Lake Enriquillo.
It is also known as Lake Azuei.
It is known as Lago del Fondo in the Dominican Republic.
Its Taíno name was Yainagua.
The lake is on the arid part of the Plain of the Cul-de-Sac.
It is  east of Port-au-Prince in the Ouest Department.
Its eastern side is part of the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic; the Dominican city of Jimaní is at less than 1 km from the southeast end of the lake.
The salt-water lake has a length, from northwest to southeast, of .
Its maximum width is .
The water of the lake is dark blue.
Its salinity is about one fifth (1/5) the salinity of sea water.
Very few small rivers flow into the lake.
Many water birds visit the lake to feed, including flamingos.
There are also American crocodiles and some fishes including tilapia.
Because it is an arid region, the vegetation around the lake is poor with cacti and small shrubs.
Lakes of North America
The F6F Hellcat was a United States Navy fighter aircraft made by Grumman during World War II.
I t first flew in 1942 and was introduced in 1943.
It was supposed to be a little bit better than the F4F Wildcat, but became a big improvement.
It was more powerful and could turn better.
It was made to fight the Japanese A6M Zero.
It was able to take off of aircraft carriers.
It was also used by the navy as a "night fighter", which means that a radar was put on it so it could fly at night.
During the war, it had the most aces fly it.
It was retired in 1954.
British military aircraft
The F4F Wildcat was a fighter aircraft made by Grumman.
It first flew in 1937, and was introduced in 1940.
It was used in the Pacific during the early years of World War II.
It could take off from aircraft carriers.
During the war, it mainly fought the A6M Zero.
Because the Wildcat was not beating the Zero, a new airplane was made called the F6F Hellcat.
The Wildcat continued to fight in places where the Hellcat was too big, and was retired in 1945.
The Mitsubishi A6M Zero, often called just the A6M Zero or simply the Zero was a long range carrier ship-based fighter aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.
The aircraft was built by Mitsubishi, making its first flight in 1939, and entering naval service in 1940.
It was the primary fighter used by Japan during the war.
It was the primary enemy of US Naval aircraft such as the Grumman F4F Wildcat, Vought F4U Corsair, and later the Grumman F6F Hellcat, which was specifically designed to combat the Zero.
The A6M Zero was the best fighter at the beginning of the Pacific war.
However, late in the war, new American fighters were able to defeat it.
F6F Hellcat
World War II Japanese aircraft
The CONCACAF Champions League (originally called the CONCACAF Champions' Cup) is a football competition between the best club teams in North and Central America and the Caribbean.
The teams are selected by the Central American and Caribbean Association of Football (the CONCACAF) because of their good performances in matches.
Records and statistics (all time)
Shows teams which won at least two titles.
Top-ten countries
The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football often referred to as just CONCACAF, is the organization that controls North, Central, and Caribbean football.
CONCACAF Champions' Cup
CONCACAF homepage
The Mali Federation was a country in the west of Africa.
Senegal and Mali came together and made this country. (
Mali's name was French Sudan at that time).
It started on April 4 1959 and it was controlled by France.
However, it became independent on June 20 1960.
The Federation's prime minister was Modibo Keïta, and the government was in Dakar.
The Federation ended a short time after independence because Senegal left on August 20 1960 because they had a disagreement about politics.
History of Senegal
1959 establishments
1960 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in Africa
Value Added Tax (often called by its initial letters "VAT" or “V.A.T.”) is the English name of a tax that is added to things sold in the European Union.
It is like a sales tax that is charged in some US States.
The maker charges the wholesaler VAT and pays the tax to the government
The wholesaler charges the shop VAT and pays the government the tax minus the tax it has already paid to the maker
The shop charges the customer VAT and pays the government the tax minus the tax it has already paid to the wholesaler.
The tax can be complicated to work out, because every business or person has to charge the tax, and have an invoice to show they have paid some tax.
The only person who pays the full amount of tax is the customer of the shop.
The government also charges VAT on some services.
This is because some companies do not make a thing which can be used (goods) instead they do something to help a customer (that is, provide a service).
For example, a garage-owner might sell a spare part for a customer’s car.
The garage-owner charges VAT because spare parts are “goods”.
If the garage-owner helps the customer by fitting the spare parts into the car, the garage-owner would charge extra for his time, and would also charge VAT on the amount he charged for the service of fitting the parts.
VAT is not added to all products.
Children's books and clothes do not have VAT.
Saxe-Coburg () was a country in today's Bavaria, Germany.
It was part of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach after the Division of Erfurt in 1572.
In 1596 Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was split, Johann Casimir got Saxe-Coburg and Johann Ernst got Saxe-Eisenach.
When Casimir died in 1633, his brother Ernst of Saxe-Eisenach both countries until he died in 1638.
Saxe-Coburg was then given to other Ernestine duchies.
It became again a duchy in 1681.
From 1699, when Albrecht of Saxe-Coburg died without sons until 1735 it shared a ruler with the Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld.
In 1735 the two duchies were merged as Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Royal Family
1633 disestablishments
1681 establishments
1699 disestablishments
Deuterostomes are a nephrozoan superphylum of bilaterian animals, a taxon above the level of phylum.
It is not part of the usual system of classification.
They are bilateral animals, and are contrasted with the protostomes.
Deuterostomes are distingued by their embryo: in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth.
Chordata (vertebrates and their kin)
Echinodermata (starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.)
Hemichordata (acorn worms and possibly graptolites)
Saccorhytida
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was one of the short lived Ernestine duchies.
It only existed between 1572 - 1596 and again from 1633 - 1638.
It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, today it is within the federal states of Bavaria and Thuringia.
The two princes at this time were still children, so the Elector August of Saxony was regent until 1586.
This is when Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst becgan to rule the duchy.
Johann Ernst retired to his hunting lodge in Marksühl, and in 1590 the two brothers divided the country.
Johann Casimir  kept Saxe-Coburg, and Johann Ernst took Saxe-Eisenach.
Johann Casimir died in 1633so his brother Johann Ernst inherited his possessions, again were short and Coburg and Eisenach were reunited until Johann Ernst's death in 1638.
Dennis Lynn Rader (born March 9, 1945 ) is an American serial killer.
He murdered 10 people near Wichita, Kansas between 1974 and 1991.
He was known as the BTK killer (or the BTK strangler).
BTK stands for Bind, Torture, Kill.
He was named this because that was what he did to the people he killed.
Letters were written soon after the killings and sent to police and to local news outlets.
They talked about the crimes.
The letters had information which only the killer and police knew about the crimes.
The letters stopped being sent for a long time.
In 2004, they started being sent again.
This led to him being located in 2005 and found guilty of the murders.
Rader was sentenced to at least 175 years imprisonment.
People from Kansas
Tom and Jerry Kids Show is a 1990 television series by Hanna-Barbera Studios.
This follows Tom and Jerry as kids in their cat-and-mouse games.
The show also contains segments featuring Droopy and his son Dripple (who would later star in their own short-lived spin-off, "Droopy, Master Detective"), Spike & Tyke (from the original Tom & Jerry) and Blast-Off Buzzard (from "The CB Bears").
The original run lasted until 1994 when the show was canceled.
In certain countries, the Tom & Jerry Kids shorts have aired separately on Boomerang until 2014.
Principal Cast
Charlie Adler - Dripple Dog
William Callaway - Slowpoke Antonio
Brian Cummings - Clyde
Pat Fraley - Kyle the Cat
Teresa Ganzel - Miss Vavoom
Dick Gautier - Spike
Phil Hartman - Calaboose Cal
Don Messick - Droopy Dog
Frank Welker - Tom (the cat), Jerry (the mouse, Season 1-2), Wildmouse, McWolf
Patric Zimmerman - Tyke
Patricia Alice Albrecht
Rene Auberjonois
Gregg Berger
Susan Blu
Charlie Brill
Nicole Brown
Scott Bullock
Arthur Burghardt
Greg Burson
Marsha Clark
Selette Cole
Danny Cooksey
Bud Cort
Jennifer Darling
Mari Devon
Maggie Egan
Kathy Garver
Archie Hahn
Vicki Juditz
Zale Kessler
Kip King
Paul Kreppel
Allan Lurie
Diane Michelle
Brian Mitchell
Bibi Osterwald
Patricia Parris
Pat Pinney
Tony Pope
Hal Rayle
Bob Ridgely
Kimmy Robertson
Stuart Robinson
Roger Rose
Neil Ross
Marcelo Tubert
B.J. Ward
JoAnne Worley
Jill Talley as Jerry (Season 3-4)
Peter Røschke - 1996 -
International Broadcast
Johanna Klara Eleonore "Hannelore" Kohl (née Renner; 7 March 1933 – 5 July 2001) was the wife of former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl (died 2017).
She met him for the first time in Ludwigshafen, Germany, when she was 15 years old.
She was born in Berlin as Eleonore Johanna Renner, and later, she changed her first name to "Hannelore".
When her husband was chancellor she set up the Hannelore Kohl Stiftung (that is the Hannelore Kohl Charity) and the Kuratorium ZNS, a foundation to help find a cure for illnesses of the central nervous system.
On 5 July 2001, Mrs Kohl was found dead in her home in Ludwigshafen.
She had apparently committed suicide with an overdose of sleeping pills.
She was said to have suffered from photo allergy (sunlight burns the skin).
However, journalist Andrew Gimson, writing in The Spectator questioned official version of events, and so did the German newsmagazine, Stern and the BBC.
Kohl is known for her collection of German-style cooking recipes, Kulinarische Reise durch Deutsche Länder (Culinary Journey through German Regions), published in 1996.
Hannelore Kohl's Gravesite
People from Berlin
Amber Nicole Benson(born January 8, 1977) is an American actress, writer, movie director, and movie producer.
She is best known for her role as "Tara Maclay", on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
Benson was born in Birmingham, Alabama.
She had a mixed Christian and Jewish upbringing.
Feature and animation movies
While still working on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Benson wrote, directed, produced, edited, and acted in a movie called Chance (2002).
The movie also featured her Buffy co-star James Marsters.
After her time on Buffy, Benson began working on a series of animated movies for the BBC with co-creator Christopher Golden and animation company Cosgrove Hall.
Ghosts of Albion: Legacy (2003) and its sequels are available on the BBC Cult website (http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/ghosts/legacy/).
In 2006, Benson released her second movie Lovers, Liars and Lunatics through her own production company, Benson Entertainment.
The movie was partly paid for by the sale of special action figures of her character Tara from the Buffy episode Triangle.
Writing career: novels and comics
Benson also writes novels and comic books.
She usually writes these with Christopher Golden.
In 2003, Benson worked with Golden, Terry Moore, and Eric Powell of Dark Horse Comics to create the Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Willow and Tara comic book titled WannaBlessedBe.
During the same year, she worked with Christopher Golden and AJ (Ajit Jothikaumar) of Dark Horse Comics to create the Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Willow and Tara comic books titled Wilderness #1 and Wilderness #2.
In 2005, Benson worked with artist Jamie McKelvie on a short story for the Image Comics collection Four Letter Worlds.