the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Serie A (3): 1989–90, 1990–91, 2004–05
Coppa Italia (2): 1989–90, 1997–98
Supercoppa Italiana (3): 1996, 1999, 2003
FIFA World Cup: Runners-up 1994, Third-place 1990
UEFA European Football Championship: Runners-up 2000, Semi-finalists 1988
UEFA European Under-21 Championship: Runners-up 1986
UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1988, 1996, 2000
Bravo Award: 1989
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1990, 1994
Ballon d'Or: Third-place 1994, 2003
World Soccer Player of the Year: 1994
ESM Team of the Year: 1994–95, 1995–96, 1999–00, 2002–03
FIFA World Player of the Year: Silver Award 1995
Premio Nazionale Carriera Esemplare "Gaetano Scirea": 2002
FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2002
FIFA XI: 2002
UEFA Champions League Final Man of the Match: 2003
UEFA Team of the Year: 2003, 2005
UEFA President's Award: 2003
Serie A Defender of the Year: 2004
UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll: #10
FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2005
UEFA Club Defender of the Year: 2007
Premio internazionale Giacinto Facchetti: 2008
FIFA Order of Merit: 2008
UEFA Champions League Achievement Award: 2009
Marca Leyenda: 2009
Italian Football Hall of Fame: 2012
World Soccer Greatest XI of all time: 2013
One Club Man Award: 2016
UEFA Euro All-time XI
A.C. Milan Hall of Fame
Most appearances in all competitions (A.C. Milan): 902
Most league appearances (only Serie A regular-seasons): 647
Most league appearances for A.C. Milan (only Serie A regular-seasons): 647
Most UEFA club competitions appearances: 174
Most UEFA club competitions appearances for A.C. Milan: 174
Most European competitions appearances: 168
Most European competitions appearances for A.C. Milan: 168
Most UEFA Champions League appearances for A.C. Milan: 139
Most finals played in UEFA Champions League – 8 (tied with Francisco Gento)
Youngest first-team player (A.C. Milan): 16 years and 208 days (against Udinese, 20 January 1985)
Longest-serving player (A.C. Milan): 24 years and 132 days (from 20 January 1985 to 31 May 2009)
Most FIFA World Cup appearances for Italy: 23
Record of minutes played in the World Cups: 2216
Fastest goal scored in UEFA Champions League/European Cup final history: 50 seconds, 2005
Oldest player to score a goal in UEFA Champions League/European Cup final history: aged 36 years and 333 days, playing for A.C. Milan against Liverpool, 2005
4th Class / Officer: Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2000
5th Class / Knight: Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 1991
Sportspeople from Milan
Alessandro Del Piero (born 9 November 1974 in Conegliano) is an Italian former football player.
He has played for Juventus from 1993 to 2012, Sydney FC from 2012 to 2014 and Delhi Dynamos in 2014 as a striker.
He was the captain of the Juventus team since 2001.
He stopped playing for the national team in 2006.
Del Piero is considered among the best talents that Italian football has ever witnessed.
In 2004, he was included in the FIFA 100, a list of 125 greatest living players.
In 1999, he was listed 77th in the list of the best players of the 20th century published by World Soccer magazine.
He is one of five Italian players to score over 300 goals (312 as pf 6 November 2010) along with Filippo Inzaghi (315), Roberto Baggio (318), Giuseppe Meazza (338) and Silvio Piola (364).
Childhood and early career
Del Piero is the son of Gino, an electrician, and Bruna, a housekeeper.
He regularly played football in the backyard with two friends, Nelso and Pierpaolo as a child.
All three dreamed of becoming footballers, but only Del Piero would eventually manage to do so.
Alessandro's older brother, Stefano, briefly played professional football for Sampdoria before injury struck him.
The family lived in the hamlet of Saccon near San Vendemiano.
While growing up, Del Piero's family did not have much money for travelling abroad, so he was considering being a truck driver in order to see the world.
Del Piero played for the local youth team of San Vendemiano since the age of 7.
He used to play as a goalkeeper because he could play a lot more football that way.
His mother thought it would be better for him if he played as a goalkeeper, since he would not have to run and the possibility of him getting injured was less likely.
His brother told their mother that Alex was better at attacking and Del Piero switched position.
It was while playing with his local side of San Vendemiano in 1988 that Del Piero was first spotted by scouts.
He left home at the age of 13 to play in the youth side of Padova Calcio.
|1991/92||rowspan="2"|Padova||rowspan="2"|Serie B||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|1992/93||10||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||1
|1993/94||rowspan="17"|Juventus||rowspan="13"|Serie A||11||5||1||0||2||0||14||5
|1994/95||29||8||10||1||11||1||50||10
|1995/96||29||6||2||1||11||6||42||13
|1996/97||22||8||4||0||6||4||32||12
|1997/98||32||21||4||1||10||10||46||32
|1998/99||8||2||1||0||4||0||13||2
|1999/00||34||9||2||1||9||2||45||12
|2000/01||25||9||2||0||6||0||33||9
|2001/02||32||16||4||1||10||4||46||21
|2002/03||24||16||0||0||13||5||37||21
|2003/04||22||8||4||3||4||3||30||14
|2004/05||30||14||1||0||10||3||41||17
|2005/06||33||12||4||5||7||3||44||20
|2006/07||Serie B||35||20||2||3||colspan="2"|-||37||23
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Serie A||37||21||4||3||colspan="2"|-||41||24
|2008/09||31||13||3||2||9||6||43||21
|1998||8||3
|2001||6||3
|2003||4||2
Total||91||26
Statistics from RSSSF
Fourth Division
1958 establishments in the United Kingdom
1992 disestablishments in Europe
1990s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Purchasing power is a relation between labor and money.
Some people have money.
Adam Smith says that the purchasing power is the amount of money needed to labour (goods or services) from other people.
Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276 – 194 BC) was a 3rd century BC Greek mathematician, geographer and astronomer.
He was head of the Library of Alexandria from 240  until his death: this was the most important library of the ancient world.
According to the Suda, his contemporaries nicknamed him Beta, (the second letter of the Greek alphabet), because he was the second best in the world in almost any field.
Eratosthenes was a friend of Archimedes, who also lived and worked in Alexandria.
Archimedes was the greatest mathematician and inventor of the age, so perhaps the Beta nickname was not unjust.
The works Eratosthenes wrote are known to us only indirectly: the great Library was destroyed, and no copies survived.
Strabo (~63BC–24AD) wrote about geography in antiquity.
He tells us that the works of Eratosthenes were On the measurement of the Earth and Geographica.
Eratosthenes made several remarkable discoveries and inventions.
He was the first person to calculate the circumference of the Earth (with remarkable accuracy), and he invented a system of latitude and longitude.
He calculated the tilt of the earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy); he may also have accurately calculated the distance from the earth to the sun and invented the leap day.
He created a map of the world based on the available geographical knowledge of the era.
Eratosthenes was also the founder of scientific chronology; he wanted to fix the dates of the chief literary and political events from the conquest of Troy.
Measuring the Earth's circumference
Eratosthenes measured the circumference of the Earth without leaving Egypt.
He knew that on the summer solstice at local noon at the Syene on the Tropic of Cancer, the sun would appear at the directly overhead.
He also knew, from measurement, that in Alexandria, the angle of elevation of the sun would be 1/50 of a full circle (7°12') south of the zenith at the same time.
Assuming that Alexandria was due north of Syene he concluded that the distance from Alexandria to Syene must be 1/50 of the total circumference of the Earth (360 degrees).
His estimated distance between the cities was 5000 stadia () by estimating the time that he had taken to travel from Syene to Alexandria by camel.
He rounded the result to a final value of 700 stadia per degree, which implies a circumference of 250,000 stadia.
The exact size of the stadion he used is frequently argued.
The common Attic stadium was about , which would imply a circumference of , which is  different from the currently accepted circumference of the Earth ().
The method is an early application of trigonometry in the measurement science of geodesy.
Other discoveries and inventions
In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Greek: κόσκινον Ἐρατοσθένους) is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to a specified integer.
It works efficiently for the smaller primes (below 10 million).
The sieve was described and attributed to Eratosthenes in the Introduction to Arithmetic by Nicomachus.
Eratosthenes went further and computed the tilt of the Earth's axis to within a degree.
This is the tilt which is the main cause of the annual climate cycle of spring, summer, autumn, winter.
He also deduced the length of the year as 365¼ days.
He suggested that calendars should have a leap day every fourth year, an idea taken up two centuries later by Julius Caesar.
276 BC births
194 BC deaths
A tubule is a very small tube.
In anatomy, a tubule is a very small tube coated with epithelium from your glands.
Jango Fett is a Star Wars bounty hunter and the genetic template of the Clone troopers for the Clone Wars.
He made his first appearance in Attack of the Clones (2002).
Gif el-Kebir is a large plateau in Egypt.
The name can be translated as the great barrier.
It is located in trhe extreme south-east of Egypt, next ot Lybia and Sudan.
It has about the same size as Switzerland.
It rises 300 m above the rest of the desert.
The plateau is very arid and difficult to access.
There is a crater called Kebir crater in the plateau.
Akhdar
Bakht
Dayiq
Firaq
Gazayir
Maftuh
Mashi
Wassa
The Gilf Kebir is mentioned in Michael Ondaatje's novel 'The English Patient'.
It was also the site of the recent discovery of a bag which had been lost in the Second World War by a dispatch rider (Alec Ross) of the Long Range Desert Group, part of the British Army.
This contained the rider's personal letters and photographs, and had been well preserved.
Karkur Talh and Karkur Murr: major eastern valleys of the Uweinat contain one of the richest concentrations of rock art in the whole Sahara.
Western Uweinat: Shelters under the huge granite boulders in the western Uweinat contain numerous paintings, including the famous sites of Ain Doua.
Jebel Arkenu, Jebel Kissu & Yerguehda Hill, the lesser granite massifs around Uweinat have many smaller sites.
Mogharet el Kantara in the southern Gilf Kebir contains only one known rock art site, a cave  discovered by Shaw & party in 1936.
Wadi Sora in the northwestern Gilf Kebir: the "Cave of Swimmers" (or Swimmers' Cave), discovered by the Hungarian Count László Almásy (The English Patient), plus many other paintings nearby.
The North-western half of the Gilf Kebir aside from Wadi Sora has only a few scattered engravings, of an apparently very ancient age.
In January 2003, Zarzora Expeditions and Jacopo Foggini independently announced the discovery of a major new rock art site in the Western Gilf Kebir (Foggini-Mestekawi Cave).
Libyan Rock Art Documentation Project
McOran E-Cards based on the 'Cave of Swimmers'
'WW11 Army Bag is found in Desert'
Geography of Egypt
HBOS is a major bank.
It was founded in 2001 when Halifax merged with the Bank of Scotland.
It is headquarted in Edinburgh, Scotland.
On 17 September 2008 it was said that Lloyds TSB would take over HBOS.
"Must Get Out" is the 5th single by Maroon 5.
The song was released in 2005 of their first album Songs About Jane.
Notable photographs
Monolith, The Face of Half Dome, 1927.
Rose and Driftwood, 1932.
Yosemite Valley, Clearing Winter Storm, 1937 or earlier, probably 1935
Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico, 1941.
Ice on Ellery Lake, Sierra Nevada, 1941.
Winter morning, Sierra Nevada from Lone Pine, 1944
Georgia O'Keeffe and Orville Cox at Canyon de Chelly
Aspens, New Mexico, 1958.
A few of Adams' photographs
Artists from San Francisco
Dorothea Lange (May 26, 1895 – October 11, 1965) was an influential American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the  Farm Security Administration (FSA).
Lange's photographs made human the tragic consequences of the Great Depression and greatly influenced the development of documentary photography.
Lostprophets were a rock band from Pontypridd, Wales.
They were signed to the record label Sony BMG.
They released five studio albums in their career and had two top ten hits in the UK, "Last Train Home" and "Rooftops".
They won six Kerrang!
They broke up in October 2013 after singer Ian Watkins was charged in December 2012 with raping a baby and other sex crimes.
In November 2013, he was convicted of attempted rape and sexual assault of a child.
On 18 December 2013, Watkins was sentenced to 35 years in prison.
Lostprophets' first release was their 1997 EP Here Comes the Party.
In 1999 Lostprophets were signed to a record label called Visible Noise.
Their first album Thefakesoundofprogress was released on 27 November 2000.
On 2 February 2004 the band's second album Start Something was released in the UK and South Korea.
Six singles were released from the album. "
Burn Burn" reached number seventeen in the UK Singles Chart.
The band's third album, Liberation Transmission, was released in June 2006 and was the band's first album to enter the UK Albums Chart at No.1.
The album was also successful in Japan.
gave it five out of five stars.
In 2009 Lostprophets did a cover of "Boys Don't Cry" on an album of The Cure covers given away free with NME.
The Betrayed, the band's fourth studio album, was released in the UK on 13 January 2010.
It reached number three in the UK Albums Chart.
Their last album, Weapons was released on 2 April 2012.
It reached the number five in the UK Albums Chart.
It got mixed reviews.
HMV stopped selling Lostprophets' albums in 2013 after Watkins was convicted of trying to rape a baby.
The BBC will not play Lostprophets' music anymore.
The Fake Sound of Progress (2000)
Start Something (2004)
Liberation Transmission (2006)
The Betrayed (2010)
Weapons (2012)
Racism is the belief in the natural superiority of one race over another.
It may mean prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism against other people because they are of a different race or ethnicity.
During the Holocaust, Nazis in Germany believed that some races did not even deserve to exist.
These beliefs were racist.
Because of those beliefs, they killed many people who belonged to those races.
Those actions, which resulted from their racist beliefs, were also racist.
Racism has existed throughout human history.
It has caused wars, slavery, the creation of nations, and laws.
However, racism has never been the only cause of wars and slavery.
Leaders often used racism to make their actions seem all right.
For example, the Nazis used the idea that Slavic peoples were less than human to make it seem all right to take over those people's countries.
In the United States, white people used the idea that African Americans were less than them to make it seem all right to treat them as property.
Race and ethnicity
Humans often categorize themselves by race or ethnicity.
They do this based on ancestry, as well as visible traits like skin color and facial features.
People of the same ethnic group are often connected by ancestry, speaking the same language, having the same culture, and living in the same places.
However, scientists say that humans do not really fit well into these categories, biologically.
The DNA of people from different races is very similar.
Evidence from genetics and archaeology suggests that all humans came from the same group of early humans in East Africa.
This means that different races did not appear at different times.
All humans came from the same race, and separated into different races later.
Because white people historically had more power, some people call racism against whites reverse racism.
In the second half of the 19th century, there were different ideas on how species change over time.
Charles Dawin made the idea of evolution popular and spoke about natural selection.
Herbert Spencer spoke about the survival of the fittest.
Social darwinism is the idea that what applies to species also applies to human societies:
The idea of natural selection can also be applied to human societies.
It is important for human development
There's good breeding material, and there's bad one
It is important to select the good material, and to eradicate the bad one
Historical examples of racism
The Jim Crow laws in the United States, about 1890 to 1960
The Nuremberg Laws and The Holocaust in Nazi Germany, 1935-45
The Apartheid laws in South Africa, after 1948
The White Australia policy in Australia
The Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist group
Racist ideologies
European racism
In the late 18th century, Europeans began using the term Aryan to refer to the original prehistoric Proto-Indo-Europeans and their descendants up to the present day (i.e., the Indo-European peoples—those Caucasians who speak the Indo-European languages).
It was also assumed at the time, that, Aryans were a culturally superior people.
By the late 19th century, some Europeans began to use the name Aryan for only the Nordic peoples of Europe (one branch of the Indo-European peoples), as a "pure," "noble" and racially "superior" race they claimed were descended from the original Aryan tribes.
The theory that the Aryans first came from Europe became especially popular in Germany and to a lesser degree in Austria and Hungary.
In Europe, most racism is against Romani people, also known as gypsies.
Antiziganism is common in Europe.
Racism and Colonialism
With the birth of their empires, many other native tribes suffered in Canada,  New Zealand, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India.
Anglo-French racism
As the colonies became independent after the 1950s, many migrated to the U.K. and France, but were discriminated against.
Some British cafes and hotels would not welcome in Caribbean guests and the French made Arabs feel unwelcome in some French towns as well.
Since the 1960s, India, Pakistani and Bangladeshi people have moved to the U.K. and been victimised and 'Paki-bashed'.
9/11, 2001, has heightened the French and British fears about Islam and Arabs in general.
Polish and Brazilian migrant labours are also discriminated against in some places.
Racist parties like the U.K.'s British National Party and National Front trade on these fears to get votes.
Racism in Nazism
Alleged scientific findings of racial differences were used by Nazi Germany to justify the racialist policy with its concept of "Großdeutschland" (Greater Germany) and the Nordic race idea.
The Nazis' attitude towards the Jews were anti-Semitic and falsely blamed them for Germany's defeat in World War I and the Great Depression.
The Nazis and some of their anti-Semitic allies, like Hungary, committed genocide against the Jews during the Holocaust of World War II.
Both the Nazis and Romania's Iron Guard also persecuted the Roma, who were considered part of the allegedly inferior 'Indic' race.
During World War II, the Nazis embarked on a systematic attempt at genocide of the Roma, known as the Porajmos.
The Nazis also knowingly killed of thousands of Slavs, lesbians, Communists, liberals and gays.
Racism in Italy
Many Italian fascists held anti-Slavist views, especially against neighbouring Yugoslav nations, who they saw as being in competition with Italy, which had laid claim to the  Yugoslavia's region of Dalmatia.
Mussolini said Italy would get its own way and was willing to use force to settle arguments.
An early example was Italy's bombardment of the Greek island of Corfu in 1923.
Soon after he succeeded in setting up a puppet regime in Albania and crushed  a rebellion in Libya, which had been an Italian colony since 1912.
Italy, like Germany, Austria and Hungary regarded all Slavs and Roma as stupid, racially inferior due to the effects of Social Darwinism and undeserving of their basic rights.
Anti-Arab discrimination was also used in parts of Libya.
Racism in Romania
The Iron Guard was an antisemitic fascist movement and political party in Romania from 1927 to 1941.
They despised and denounced both Jews and the Roma.
Racism in America
American racism has been a major issue in the country since before its founding.
Historically dominated by White settler society, race in the United States as a concept became significant in relation to other groups.
Generally racist attitudes in the country have been most onerously applied to Native Americans, African Americans and some "foreign-seeming" action against Mexican immigrants among others.
The Chinese, Japanese and Irish had trouble in America, during the 19th century, but the Blacks fell foul of the Jim Crow Laws which once racially separated some parts of America between Blacks and Whites.
These first emerged in the late 19th Century and lasted to the mid 1960s and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Millions of Africans were killed while they were held as prisoners or as slaves by the Europeans and Arabs.
Some call this "The Black Holocaust".
The United States' legal system has been accused of racism.
40% of the prison population are black.
12% of the general population is black.
Racism in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom the two most popular nationalist political parties are the British National Party (BNP) and the UK Independence Party (UKIP).
There is also a group called the English Defense League (EDL).
They are thought to be racist by a lot of people.
They are against unlimited immigration and colonization by Muslims.
Although Muslims can be of any race, they are usually South Asian.
In a 2013 poll, 27% of 1000 British people aged between 18 and 24 said that they did not trust Muslims.
In the United Kingdom most people are white.
7% are Asian and 3% are black.
4.83% of the British population are Muslims.
South African "Apartheid laws" were a system was used to deny many rights of non-white people.
The laws allowed the white minority to keep the Black majority out of certain areas.
Black people had to carry special papers (passes) or have permission to live and work in particular areas.
Whites opposed intermarriage with non-whites and coloured people were also discriminated against, but not as badly as the non-whites.
The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 prohibited marriage between persons of different races and the Immorality Act of 1950 made sexual relations with a person of a different race a criminal offence.
The blacks suffered greatly and were even banned from voting at one point.
Nelson Mandela became South Africa's first black president in 1994.
Mandela ended apartheid.
Currently, racial quota laws discriminate against Whites in South Africa.
The Black President Zuma of South Africa publicly sings "Kill The Boer", which means, Kill the White [Farmer]".
Genocidewatch.org reports that the White South Africans are facing genocide.
The Imperial Rule Assistance Association of Japan
The Imperial Rule Assistance Association (Taisei Yokusankai) was a coalition of fascist and nationalist political movements of Japan such as the Imperial Way Faction  (Kōdōha) and the Society of the East (Tōhōkai).
It was formed under the guidance of Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe  Prior to creation of the IRAA, Konoe had already effectively nationalized strategic industries, the news media, and labour unions, in preparation for total war with China.
Japan needed more land, minerals and colonies, so they annexed Korea, Manchuria and part of China.
The Japanese regarded the Chinese, Koreans and Europeans as an inferior race that should be crushed and exploited.
When Konoe's successor, Hideki Tōjō took over the IRAA he attempted to establish himself as the absolute leader, or Shogun, of Japan, under the Emperor of Japan.
A changing world
With the revelations of the holocaust, as well as worldwide antiracist efforts, old ideas about race changed and, more slowly, some prejudices about race faded.
The civil rights movement tried to liberate persons of African origin from racist white supremacist rule in South Africa and the southern USA.
Blacks could vote in South Africa after a 50-year ban.
The growth of the Hispanic population through immigration from Mexico and elsewhere, combined with and high birth rates, are a factor in the USA's rising population in the last quarter-century.
The 2000 census also found Native Americans/Amerindians at their highest population ever, 4.5 million, since the U.S was founded in 1776.
Korba is a city in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh.
The city is the center of power in the state, meaning that it is the source from which people who live there get their energy supply.
It contains major power companies such as NTPC and LENCO.
Apart from power projects, it is the home of the most profiting coal mines in India namely DIPKA & GEVRA which are part of SECL (South Eastern Coalfields Limited).
Vedanta group's presence is also felt through BALCO aluminium plant.
Apoptosis is the controlled death of a cell.
It is an important part of tissue development.
For example, during limb development in a foetus, apoptosis allows digits (fingers and toes) to separate from each other.
The process is quite common until puberty begins.
Apoptosis is a  regulated and controlled process which works throughout an organism's life cycle.
The rate of apoptosis is balanced by the rate of cell production by mitosis.
The phenomenon of programmed cell death was first described by Carl Vogt in 1842.
In 1885, anatomist Walther Flemming gave a more precise description of the process.
The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis.
The average human adult has more than 13 trillion cells  of which at most only 70 billion die each day.
That is, about 5 out of every 1,000 cells (0.5%) die each day due to apoptosis.
For an average human child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20–30 billion cells die per day.
Sequence of events in apoptosis
When a cell dies by apoptosis, surrounding tissue is not harmed.
Enzymes break down the cytoskeleton of the cell.
Cytoplasm becomes dense, with organelles tightly packed.
Cell surface membrane forms "blebs".
Chromatin condenses and the nuclear envelope breaks.
DNA breaks into fragments.
The cell breaks down into vesicles, taken up by phagocytosis.
Controlling the cell cycle
Apoptosis is the normal end of a cell's life.
At any point in time, there may be too many cells in one area, and the DNA
coding for apoptosis will activate in some of those cells and they will die safely.
This is important to the overall functioning of the organism.
If, for example, the making of liver cells were to speed up and they never died, the liver would no longer function properly.
The liver cells would eventually take over the organism's body.
Apoptosis takes place by the help of lysosomes.
Lysosomes rupture when the cell is old or damaged, this lets out digestive enzymes all over the cell and digests it, therefore killing the cell.
Cancerous cells do not undergo apoptosis, which is why they are such a problem.
They continuously multiply until the host organ or the organism's body cannot function anymore.
This occurs because the apoptosis coding has mutated and so has other coding.
This causes rapid mitotic division of the unwanted cells.
This is a cancerous growth.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 was awarded jointly to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'."
Sydney Brenner, Sir John Sulston and Robert Horvitz received the Nobel Prize for their work on the genome and cells of the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans.
C. elegans was the first animal to have its complete genome sequenced.
Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by eating (phagocytosing)  bacteria and dead or dying cells.
They are important for fighting infections.
They are also important for becoming immune.
Phagocytes are present in all animals and are very complex in vertebrates.
One liter of human blood has about six billion phagocytes.
Their name comes from the Greek phagein, 'to eat or devour ', and kutos, 'hollow vessel'.
Phagocytes were first seen in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov.
Phagocytes can be found in many animals.
Macrophages move like amoebae, and are probably an ancient type of cell.
Professional phagocyte
Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called professional or non-professional, depending on how good they are at phagocytosis.
The professional phagocytes are neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells.
The reason they are called professional phagocytes is because they have receptors on their surfaces which can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria.
Phagocytes are very important in fighting infections and in getting rid of dead and dying cells.
What a phagocyte does
When there is an infection, phagocytes move to the bacteria by sensing chemicals.
These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes that are already there.
The phagocytes move by a way called chemotaxis.
When bacteria touch a phagocyte, they bind to the receptors on the phagocyte and are eaten (phagocytosed).
When bacteria enter some phagocytes, the phagocytes use oxidants and nitric oxide to kill the pathogen.
After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also do 'antigen presentation': this is when the phagocyte moves parts of the killed bacteria back to its surface.
These parts are then shown to other cells of the immune system.
Some phagocytes then move to the body's lymph nodes and show the bacterial parts to white blood cells called lymphocytes.
This action is important in getting immunity.
Phagocyte evasion
Many bacteria have ways to not be eaten or killed by phagocytes.
They may avoid contact by
growing in places phagocytes cannot reach,
putting out chemicals which make it difficult for phagocytes to get to an infection
interfering with the immune response which causes phagocytes to respond
tricking the immune system into treating them as "self", by coating themselves with a natural substance.
FM Static is a Pop punk band that makes albums with Tooth & Nail Records.
The band was started by Thousand Foot Krutch (another band) lead man Trevor McNevan and Thousand Foot Krutch drummer Steve Augustine.
In 2003, they made their first album called (What Are You Waiting For?).
This album has sold over 60,000 copies so far and had the singles "Definitely Maybe" and "Crazy Mary".
On August 1, 2006, FM Static started selling their second album called Critically Ashamed, which has the single "Waste of Time" on it.
Their third album was announced in late April 2008.
The two piece finished recording "Dear Diary" in early August 2008.
It was released on April 7, 2009.
FM Static won the Best Website Ever Made award from the Webgrammys, and they have been nominated for the GMA Canada Covenant Awards.
Trevor McNevan - vocals, guitars
Steve Augustine - drums
Justin Smith (bass)
Jeremy Smith (guitar)
John Bunner (guitar)
What Are You Waiting For?(July 22, 2003)Tooth & Nail Records
Critically Ashamed(August 1, 2006)Tooth & Nail Records
Dear Diary(April 7, 2009)Tooth & Nail Records
My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go!(April 5, 2011)Tooth & Nail Records
2003: Definitely Maybe
2003: Crazy Mary
2003: Something To Believe In
2006: Waste of Time
2006: Six Candles
2006: The Video Store
2006: Girl of the Year
2008: Nice Piece of Art
Definitely Maybe YouTube (Go)
Official Purevolume
Tooth & Nail Records
2000s in music
2003 establishments in Canada
A Wadi is usually a valley, sometimes the bed of a river.
The river that is part of the wadi only has water after heavy rain.
Staying in a wadi can be a danger to life.
This is because the water in a wadi can rise very quickly.
Canyon is another name for it, used in other countries.
A noble gas compound is a chemical compound that has an element from Group 18 of the periodic table in them.
Group 18 (previously called Group 0) contains all the noble gases.
For a long time, scientists thought that noble gases could not form compounds because their valence electron shell had no space for more electrons.
This means that they could not accept any more electrons, which made bonding impossible.
However, in 1933, Linus Pauling said that heavy noble gases could react with fluorine or oxygen, as they are the most electronegative atoms.
His prediction was correct, and xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) was later discovered.
Many more noble gas compounds have been found since then.
Fullerene properties
Noble gases can also make endohedral fullerene compounds when the noble gas atom is pushed inside a fullerene molecule.
In 1993, it was discovered that when C60 is put under pressure of about 3 bar of Helium or Neon, He@C60 and Ne@C60 are made.
Only about one out of every 650,000 C60 were found with a helium atom.
But with more pressures (about 3000 bar), it is possible to get as much as 0.1%.
Endohedral molecules with argon, krypton and xenon have also been made, as well as other compounds of He@C60.
A vector graphics editor is a computer program that lets users make and change vector graphics images and save them in one of many popular vector graphics formats such as EPS, PDF, WMF, SVG or VML.
Editing digital images
Inkscape - Popular open source Vector graphics editor
Vector Magic - Precision Bitmap to Vector Conversion Online
Math Games: Vector vs Raster (maa.org)  - A list of 65 vector graphics editors.
Bitmap And Vector Graphics Explained
Perth, Scotland in Perth and Kinross council area, the original Perth
Perth, Western Australia in Australia, the biggest Perth
Perth, Tasmania in Australia
Perth, Ontario in Canada
Name        = What Are You Waiting For?| type = Album | artist = FM Static  | cover =  | released = July 22, 2003 | length = 39:52 | genre = Pop punk, skate punk | label = Tooth & Nail |
Reviews     =
| next_title = Critically Ashamed  (2006)
}}What Are You Waiting For?'''
is the debut album from FM Static, a Canadian pop punk band.
It was released in the summer of 2003 although there was a TFK record the same year.
Although not a bestseller or anything really great, What Are You Waiting For?''
did manage to sell around 60,000 copies in three and a half years.
Remember, FM Static are only a side project.
Three days later - 2:23
Crazy mary - 2:51
Something to believe in - 2:48
Definitely maybe - 2:49
Donna - 2:27
All the days - 2:26
Hold me twice - 2:44
The notion - 2:11
October - 2:50
My first stereo -2:53
Hey now (hidden song) -3:08
The Negev or Naqab is the southern region of Israel/Palestine.
It is a desert that covers about 60% of the current state of Israel.
Only about 10% of the people that live in Israel live there.
The Negev has borders with Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the west, the Arabah in the Great Rift Valley in the east, and a line connecting Gaza city to Ein Gedi near the Dead Sea to the north.
Beersheba and Eilat are the main cities of the Negev.
The Negev has a UNESCO World Heritage site.
The Negev incense route was a trade route in the Negev.
It connected Arabia to the Mediterranean in the Hellenistic-Roman period.
The trade led to the development of ancient towns, forts and caravanserai en route, and agricultural development.
It was proclaimed as of outstanding universal value by UNESCO in 2005.
Sde Boker archive of articles on the Negev
Israel's Negev Information Site
Photos of Negev
Regions of Israel
Deserts of Asia
Alfred Eisenstaedt (6 December 1898 – 24 August 1995) was a German photographer and photojournalist.
He is renowned for his candid photographs, frequently made using a 35mm Leica M3 rangefinder camera.
He is best remembered for his photograph capturing the celebration of V-J Day in Times Square.
German photojournalists
Petrochemistry in Europe
Educational resource on petrochemistry
Article showing some of the basics of a petchem facility
Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that says how well an atom can attract electrons towards itself.
The electronegativity of an atom is influenced by the atom's atomic number and the distance between the atom's valence electrons (the outermost electrons that take part in chemical bonding) and its nucleus.
It was first theorised by Linus Pauling in 1932 as part of his valence bond theory, and is related to other chemical properties.
Generally, electronegativity increases from the bottom-left to the upper-right of the periodic table; this is known as a periodic trend.
There are many ways to calculate the electronegativity of an atom.
The most common way of calculation is the one suggested by Linus Pauling, and it gives the relative Pauling scale.
This scale gives elements dimensionless quantities (values) between 0.7 and 3.98, with hydrogen being at 2.20.
Ways to calculate electronegativity
Pauling electronegativity
where the dissociation energies (that is, the energy needed to break the bond between the atoms), Ed, of A-B, A-A and B-B bonds are given in electronvolts, and the factor (eV)-½ is added to make sure the final answer has no unit.
With the above formula, we can calculate the difference in elecronegativity between hydrogen and bromine to be 0.73. (
dissociation energies: H-Br, 3.79 eV; H-H, 4.52 eV; Br-Br, 2.00 eV)
The above equation only calculates the difference in electronegativity between two elements.
To make a scale from the equation, a reference point has to be chosen.
Hydrogen was chosen as a reference point because it bonds covalently with many elements.
Hydrogen's electronegativity was first fixed at 2.1, but was later changed to 2.20.
Another thing that need to be known to make an electronegativity scale is which element is more electronegative than the reference point, which is hydrogen.
This is often done with the so-called "chemical intuition": in the above example, hydrogen bromide (H-Br) dissolves in water and breaks into H+ cation and Br- anion.
So, it can be assumed that bromine is more electronegative than hydrogen.
To calculate Pauling electronegativity for an element, the data on the dissociation energies of at least two types of covalent bonds created by the element is needed.
In 1961, A. L. Allred improved Pauling's original data to include the thermodynamic data that is much more available.
These "revised Pauling" electronegativity values are used more often.
Electropositivity
Mainly, this is an attribute of metals.
The alkali metals have a single electron in their outer shell and it is easily lost.
These metals have low ionization energies.
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American scientist, peace activist, author and educator.
He was one of the most important chemists in history.
Pauling was one of the first scientists to work in quantum chemistry, molecular biology and orthomolecular medicine.
He is one of a small group of people to have been given more than one Nobel Prize.
He is one of only two people to receive them in different fields (the other person was Marie Curie) and the only person in that group to have been awarded each of his prizes without having to share it with another winner.
Life and education
Pauling was born and grew-up in Oregon, USA.
He went to Oregon Agricultural College and graduated in 1922 with a degree in chemical engineering.
Pauling then went to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he received his Ph.
D in physical chemistry and mathematical physics in 1925.
Two years later, he became an assistant professor at Caltech, and he completed his academic career there after many decades on the faculty.
Work and awards
In 1932, Pauling came up with the idea of electronegativity and made a scale that would help  the chemical bonding.
Pauling kept doing this work while he also did work on the structure of the atomic .
In 1954, Pauling was given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work that he did on the structure of DNA.
This work led scientists in the UK to come up with the double helix of DNA.
During the Second World War, Pauling worked on military research and development.
But, after the war had ended he became worried about the making and future use of atomic weapons and with the destruction forced on the world by war.
Ava Helen Pauling, Linus's wife, was a  and in time he came to share her beliefs.
Pauling then began to talk about his worries with the effects of nuclear fallout and in 1962, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work against above ground nuclear testing.
Work as author and teacher
Pauling was also an author and a teacher.
His first book, The Nature of the Chemical Bond (1939), is still used today.
his introductory textbook, General Chemistry (1949).
Later in life, he became an advocate for greatly increased consumption of vitamin C and other nutrients.
He generalized his ideas to define orthomolecular medicine, which is still regarded as unorthodox by conventional medicine.
He popularized his concepts, analyses, research and insights in several successful but controversial books, such as How to Live Longer and Feel Better in 1986.
Pauling died of prostate cancer on August 19, 1994, at 7:20 PM at home in Big Sur, California.
A grave marker for him is in Oswego Pioneer Cemetery in Lake Oswego, Oregon.
Honors and awards
Pauling received numerous awards and honors during his career.
Following are awards and honors he has received.
1931 Langmuir Prize, American Chemical Society
1941 Nichols Medal, New York Section, American Chemical Society
1947 Davy Medal, Royal Society
1948 United States Presidential Medal for Merit
1952 Pasteur Medal, Biochemical Society of France
1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1955 Addis Medal, National Nephrosis Foundation
1955 Phillips Memorial Award, American College of Physicians
1956 Avogadro Medal, Italian Academy of b,la
1957 Paul Sabatier Medal
1957 Pierre Fermat Medal in Mathematics
1957 International Grotius Medal
1961 Humanist of the Year, American Humanist Association
1962 Nobel Peace Prize
1965 Republic of Italy
1965 Medal, Academy of the Rumanian People's Republic
1966 Linus Pauling Medal
1966 Silver Medal, Institute of France
1966 Supreme Peace Sponsor, World Fellowship of Religion
1972 United States National Medal of Science
1972 International Lenin Peace Prize
1977 Lomonosov Gold Medal, USSR Academy of Science
1979 Medal for Chemical Sciences, National Academy of Science
1984 Priestley Medal, American Chemical Society
1984 Award for Chemistry, Arthur M. Sackler Foundation
1987 Award in Chemical Education, American Chemical Society
1989 Vannevar Bush Award, National Science Board
1990 Richard C. Tolman Medal, Southern California, Section, American Chemical Society
2008 "American Scientists" US stamp series, $0.41, for his sickle cell disease work
Notable Students
Jerry Donohue
Edgar Bright Wilson
Scientists from Portland, Oregon
California Institute of Technology faculty
Educators from Portland, Oregon
Strabo (; 63/64 BC – ca.
AD 24) was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.
Strabo was born in a rich family from Pontus which had become part of the Roman Empire a short time before.
His mother was Georgian.
He studied under several geographers and philosophers.
Later he made long travels to Egypt and Kush, among others.
It is not known when his Geography was written, though comments within the work itself place the finished version within the reign of Emperor Tiberius.
Strabo's History is nearly completely lost.
Although Strabo quotes it himself, and other classical authors mention that it existed, the only surviving document is a fragment of papyrus now in possession of the University of Milan (renumbered [Papyrus] 46).
Strabo is mostly famous for his 17-volume work Geographica, which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known to his era.
It is an important source of information on the ancient world.
Strabo in Greek, Teubner Edition.
Downloadable Google Books at .
Biography of Strabo
60s BC births
24 deaths
Chris Waddle is a former football player.
|1980-81||rowspan="5"|Newcastle United||rowspan="4"|Second Division||13||1
|1981-82||42||7
|1982-83||37||7
|1983-84||42||18
|1984-85||First Division||36||13
|1985-86||rowspan="4"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="4"|First Division||39||11
|1986-87||39||6
|1987-88||22||2
|1988-89||38||14
|1989-90||rowspan="3"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="3"|Division 1||37||9
|1990-91||35||6
|1991-92||35||7
|1992-93||rowspan="4"|Sheffield Wednesday||rowspan="4"|Premier League||33||1
|1993-94||19||3
|1994-95||25||4
|1995-96||32||2
|1996-97||Falkirk||Division One||4||1
|1996-97||Bradford City||First Division||26||5
|1996-97||Sunderland||Premier League||7||1
|1997-98||Burnley||Second Division||32||1
|1998-99||Torquay United||Third Division||7||0
|1985||11||1
|1988||9||0
|1989||10||2
|1990||13||0
Total||62||6
Ray Ozzie (born November 20, 1955) is an American computer programmer.
He was the "Chief Software Architect" (the person in charge of programming) at Microsoft.
Scientists from Nebraska
Ian Ure (born 7 December 1939) is a former football player.
|1958-59||rowspan="5"|Dundee||rowspan="5"|Division One||2||0
|1959-60||7||0
|1960-61||32||0
|1961-62||34||0
|1962-63||32||0
|1963-64||rowspan="7"|Arsenal||rowspan="7"|First Division||41||1
|1964-65||22||1
|1965-66||21||0
|1966-67||37||0
|1967-68||21||0
|1968-69||23||0
|1969-70||3||0
|1969-70||rowspan="3"|Manchester United||rowspan="3"|First Division||34||1
|1970-71||13||0
|1971-72||0||0
|1972-73||rowspan="2"|St.
Mirren||rowspan="2"|Division Two||3||0
|1973-74||0||0
Total||11||0
an ice rink used for ice skating
a roller rink used for roller skating
Identity theft is a type of fraud that involves using personal details belonging to the victim.
This may be a passport, social security card, student pass, credit card etc.
A person who has his or her identity stolen can end up owing money when the thief spends the person's money or uses the person's credit.
Globally around 40% of the people have been targets of an identity theft crime at least once.
With the pace of development in the online or the digital landscape, identity theft is becoming more sophisticated each day.
As per statistics, there were 4.54 billion internet users in 2020 which is 59% of the world’s population.
On average, there is a 7% rise in internet penetration annually.
Meanwhile, there is a remarkable rise in online shopping, social media, and app usage.
Accordingly, on average, people spend nearly 7 hours on the internet.
With a wide online presence, identity theft has become inevitable in modern society.
Out of all the countries, the USA has consistently topped the list with 16.7 million Identity theft victims reported in 2017 accounting for an overall loss estimated at more than USD 17 billion.
Since there is a marked rise in identity theft every year, people should be more vigilant about the potential theft of their personal and financial information.
Accordingly, it is highly advisable to safeguard one’s login credentials, create strong passwords and keep the virus guards up to date.
It is prudent to constantly monitor your bank accounts for any dubious transactions.
Besides, special caution needs to be taken when disposing of financial statements, receipts, and credit card bills.
Five of The Most Common Types of identity theft:
Financial Identity Theft: This is the most common type of identity theft because cyber crime is an illegal business.
The financial motivation is high.
Cyber criminals will impersonate you so they can gain access to your money – whether it’s stealing and using your credit or debit card information, opening credit lines under your name, or finding ways to get access to your bank account details to drain it.
Medical Identity Theft: Cyber criminals use your personal information, such as your name, your social security number, and your health insurance information.
To either receive medical care in your name, get prescription drugs, buy medical devices, or even submit a claim to your medical insurance.
Criminal Identity Theft: Someone will commit a crime, posing as you when they get in trouble.
They may use your name, data of birth, social security number and any other personal information during an investigation or arrest.
Imagine if your data is added to the state criminal database or potentially the national database!
Child Identity Theft: This type of identity theft happens when a Cyber criminal uses a child’s sensitive personal information to obtain services or benefits such as applying for government benefits, healthcare coverage or nutrition assistance.