the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Chalon-sur-Saône-1 (7105)
Chalon-sur-Saône-2 (7106)
Chalon-sur-Saône-3 (7107)
La Chapelle-de-Guinchay (7108)
Charolles (7109)
Chauffailles (7110)
Cluny (7111)
Le Creusot-1 (7112)
Le Creusot-2 (7113)
Cuiseaux(7114)
Digoin (7115)
Gergy (7116)
Givry (7117)
Gueugnon (7118)
Hurigny (7119)
Louhans (7120)
Mâcon-1 (7121)
Mâcon-2 (7122)
Montceau-les-Mines (7123)
Ouroux-sur-Saône (7124)
Paray-le-Monial (7125)
Pierre-de-Bresse (7126)
Saint-Rémy (7127)
Saint-Vallier (7128)
Tournus (7129)
The inhabitants of Saône-et-Loire are known, in French, as Saône-et-Loiriens (women: Saône-et-Loiriennes).
Saône-et-Loire had a population, in 2014, of 555,788, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Chalon-sur-Saône, with 200,084 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
Bourgogne du Sud - Tourism en Saône-et-Loire
Sarthe is a department found in the west of France in the Pays de la Loire region.
Its prefecture is Le Mans and its population is about 543,000 (2006 estimation).
Savoie is a département in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France, bordering  Italy.
The department of Savoie was created in 1860 from the southern part of the Duchy of Sardinia with four arrondissements: Chambéry, Albertville, Moûtiers and Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne.
The capital was Chambéry.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Moûtiers was eliminated.
The Savoie is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
Much of Savoie is covered by mountains; the highest mountain in the department is La Grande Casse () in the Alps; it is  high.
The main rivers in the department are the Isère and its tributary Arch; both flow through the department from east to west.
They are within the watershed of the Rhône river.
The main lake in the department is the Lac du Bourget, the largest and deepest lake entirely in France.
Savoie is managed by the Departmental Council of Savoie in Chambéry.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 19 cantons and 285 communes (municipalities) in Savoie.
Aix-les-Bains-1 (7301)
Aix-les-Bains-2 (7302)
Albertville-1 (7303)
Albertville-2 (7304)
Bourg-Saint-Maurice (7305)
Bugey savoyard (7306)
Chambéry-1 (7307)
Chambéry-2 (7308)
Chambéry-3 (7309)
Modane (7310)
Montmélian (7311)
La Motte-Servolex (7312)
Moûtiers (7313)
Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin (7314)
La Ravoire (7315)
Saint-Alban-Leysse (7316)
Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne (7317)
Saint-Pierre-d'Albigny (7318)
Ugine (7319)
The inhabitants of Savoie are known, in French, as Savoyards (women: Savoyardes).
Savoie had a population, in 2014, of 426,924, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Chambéry, with 271,647 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
Seine-Maritime is a department found in the northwest of France in the Normandy region.
Its prefecture is Rouen.
Its population is about 1,245,000 (2006 estimation).
Seine-et-Marne is a department found in the center of France in the Île-de-France region.
Its prefecture is Melun and its population is about 1,260,000 (2006 estimation).
Departments in Île-de-France
Yvelines is a department in the Île-de-France region.
Its prefecture is Versailles.
About 1,395,000 people live there (2006 estimation).
Deux-Sèvres means literally "Two Sèvres": the Sèvre Nantaise and the Sèvre Niortaise; these are two rivers which flow through the department.
The new department had six districts: Melle, Niort, Saint-Maixent, Parthenay, Thouars and Châtillon (today Mauléon).
The capital (now prefecture) was Niort alternating Saint-Maixent and Parthenay but soon only Niort was the only capital.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into four arrondissements: Melle, Niort, Parthenay and Thouars.
Thouars was changed by Bressuire in 1804.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Bressuire and Melle were eliminated.
On 1 June 1942, Bressuire was again an arrondissement.
The borders of the department were changed in 1973 when the inhabitants of the little commune of Puy-Saint-Bonnet joined the commune of Cholet in the neighbouring department of Maine-et-Loire.
Deux-Sèvres is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
The highest point of the department is Terrier de Saint-Martin,  high, in the commune of Saint-Martin-du-Fouilloux.
Sèvre Niortaise, that flows through the southern part of the department and ends in the Atlantic Ocean.
Sèvre Nantaise, that flows through the northern part of the department and is tributary of the Loire river.
Thouet, that is also a tributary of the Loire.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Niort is .
The average temperature for the year in Niort is .
The department is managed by the Departamental Council of the Deux-Sèvres in Niort.
Deux-Sèvres is part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 17 cantons and 293 communes (municipalities) in Deux-Sèvres.
Autize-Egray (7901)
Bressuire (7902)
Celles-sur-Belle (7903)
Cerizay (7904)
Frontenay-Rohan-Rohan (7905)
La Gâtine (7906)
Mauléon (7907)
Melle (7908)
Mignon-et-Boutonne (7909)
Niort-1 (7910)
Niort-2 (7911)
Niort-3 (7912)
Parthenay (7913)
La Plaine Niortaise (7914)
Saint-Maixent-l'École (7915)
Thouars (7916)
Le Val de Thouet (7917)
The inhabitants of Deux-Sèvres are known, in French, as Deux-Sévriens (women: Deux-Sévriennes).
Deux-Sèvres has a population, in 2014, of 373,553, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Niort, with 212,425 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
The other two, Bressuire and Parthenay, have respectively 96,703 and 64,425 inhabitants.
The department is still a very rural area, with a large proportion of the land of the department used for farming.
Wheat and oats are the main products grown, as well as potatoes, apples, and walnuts.
There are many vineyards in the north.
Somme is a department found in the north of France in the Hauts-de-France region.
Its prefecture is Amiens.
Its population is about 559,000 (2006 estimation).
Tarn is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.
It was created from a part of the old province of Languedoc.
The capitals (now prefectures) were, alternatively, Albi and Castres but, from 1790 to 1797, the capital was only Albi; in 1797, the capital was moved to Castres.
In 1800, Albi became again the capital of the department and the arrondissements were created; the department had four arrondissements: Albi, Castres, Gaillac and Lavaur.
In 1926, the arrondissements of Gaillac and Lavaur were eliminated.
Hérault (southeast)
Aude (south)
Aveyron (north and east)
Haute-Garonne (southwest and west)
Tarn-et-Garonne (northwest)
While the valley of the Tarn river, the main river of the department, forms a plain, the central part  of the department has many hills.
The main mountain ranges are the Monts de Lacaune, in the southeast, and the Montagne Noire in the south.
The Monts de Lacaune ("Mountains of Lacaune") mountain range is near the town of Lacaune; its highest point, and the highest of the Tarn department, is Puech de Rascas, (), at  above sea level.
The Montagne Noire (, "Black Mountain") is a mountain range in central southern France.
It is at the southwestern end of the Massif Central in the border area of the Tarn, Hérault and Aude departments.
Its highest point is the Pic de Nore () at  high.
The mountain is within the Haut-Languedoc Regional Natural Parc ().
The department is managed by the Departamental Council of the Tarn in Albi.
Tarn is part of the region of Occitanie.
There are 2 arrondissements (districts), 23 cantons and 320 communes (municipalities) in Tarn.
Albi-1 (8101)
Albi-2 (8102)
Albi-3 (8103)
Albi-4 (8104)
Carmaux-1 Le Ségala (8105)
Carmaux-2 Vallée du Cérou (8106)
Castres-1 (8107)
Castres-2 (8108)
Castres-3 (8109)
Les Deux Rives (8110)
Gaillac (8111)
Graulhet (8112)
Le Haut Dadou (8113)
Les Hautes Terres d'Oc (8114)
Lavaur Cocagne (8115)
Mazamet-1 (8116)
Mazamet-2 Vallée du Thoré (8117)
La Montagne noire (8118)
Le Pastel (8119)
Plaine de l'Agoût (8120)
Les Portes du Tarn (8121)
Saint-Juéry (8122)
Vignobles et Bastides (8123)
The inhabitants of Tarn are known, in French, as Tarnais (women: Tarnaises).
Tarn has a population, in 2014, of 384,474, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Castres, with 194,373 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
The arrondissement of Albi has 190,101 inhabitants.
The city with more people living in it is the capital, Albi (49,531).
The subprefecture of Castres has 41,382 inhabitants.
Discover Tarn - Comité Départemental du Tourisme du Tarn
Tarn-et-Garonne is a department in the southwest of France, in the Occitanie region.
It is named after the Garonne river and its tributary Tarn.
Its prefecture and largest city is Montauban.
Tarn-et-Garonne is not one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.
It was created on 4 November 1808 during the First French Empire by Napoleon I.
It was formed out of territories belonging to neighboring areas.
More than half of the territory was taken from the Lot (including Montauban and Moissac), over one-third was taken from Haute-Garonne (including Castelsarrasin), and the rest from the departments of Lot-et-Garonne, Gers, and Aveyron.
The new department had three arrondissements: Montauban, Castelsarrasin and Moissac.
The prefecture was Montauban.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Moissac was eliminated.
Tarn-et-Garonne is part of the Occitanie region.
Lot (north)
Aveyron (northeast)
Tarn (east)
Haute-Garonne (south)
Gers (southwest)
Lot-et-Garonne (northwest)
The highest point in the department, at , is the Puech des Carts - Sommet Nord  (), in the commune of Castanet.
Even if Tarn-et-Garonne is one of the smallest departments of Metropolitan France, there is a great diversity of landscapes in the department; for example, the plains between the Tarn and Garonne rivers and in the valley of the Aveyron river, the hills of the Lomagne region (southwest of the department) and in the north, including the Causse (a limestone plateau) of the northeast.
Tarn-et-Garonne is managed by the Departamental Council of Tarn-et-Garonne in Montauban.
The department is part of the region of Occitanie.
There are 2 arrondissements (districts), 15 cantons and 195 communes (municipalities) in Tarn-et-Garonne.
Aveyron-Lère (8201)
Beaumont-de-Lomagne (8202)
Castelsarrasin (8203)
Garonne-Lomagne-Brulhois (8204)
Moissac (8205)
Montauban-1 (8206)
Montauban-2 (8207)
Montauban-3 (8208)
Montech (8209)
Pays de Serres Sud-Quercy (8210)
Quercy-Aveyron (8211)
Quercy-Rouergue (8212)
Tarn-Tescou-Quercy vert (8213)
Valence (8214)
Verdun-sur-Garonne (8215)
The inhabitants of Tarn-et-Garonne are known, in French, as Tarn-et-Garonnais (women: Tarn-et-Garonnaises).
, Tarn-et-Garonne had a population of 252,578, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Montauban, with 175,756 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
The arrondissement of Castelsarrasin has 76,822 inhabitants.
The city with more people living in it is the capital, Montauban (58,826).
The subprefecture of Castelsarrasin has 13,765 inhabitants.
Arkheia History Review of Tarn-et-Garonne
The Var is a department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Provence in southeastern France.
It takes its name from the river Var, which used to flow along its eastern border, but the border was moved in 1860.
Var is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Toulon as is capital.
It was formed with part of the former province of Provence.
The capital was moved, in 1793, from Toulon to Grasse and, in 1795, from Grasse to Brignoles.
In 1797, the capital was moved again, to Draguignan.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the nine districts were changed into four arrondissements: Brignoles, Draguignan, Grasse and Toulon.
On 15 June 1860, the arrondissement of Grasse passed to the new department of Alpes-Maritimes.
With this change, the Var river does not flow any longer through the department named after it.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Brignoles was eliminated but in 1974 Brignoles was made again an arrondissement and the capital was moved from Draguignan to Toulon.
The Var is the only French department that has had four different capitals: Toulon, Grasse, Brignoles and Draguignan; now Toulon is the prefecture (capital) and Brignoles and Draguignan are subprefectures.
Grasse is now a subprefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department.
During World War II, the department was occupied by the fascist Italy, from November 1942 to December 1943.
In 1944, the German army occupied the territory of the Var department.
Var is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (north)
Bouches-du-Rhône (west)
The highest point of the department is Mont de Lachens () with an altitude of  high.;
it is in the commune of Mons in the northeast of the department near the border with the Alpes-Maritimes department.
The Îles d'Hyères is a group of three islands off Hyères.
The islands are named Porquerolles, Port-Cros, and Île du Levant.
Together, they make up an area of .
They can be reached by boat from either Hyères or Toulon.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Toulon is .
Var is managed by the Departmental Council of Ardennes in Toulon.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 23 cantons and 153 communes (municipalities) in Var.
Brignoles (8301)
La Crau (8302)
Draguignan (8303)
Flayosc (8304)
Fréjus (8305)
La Garde (8306)
Garéoult (8307)
Hyères (8308)
Le Luc (8309)
Ollioules (8310)
Roquebrune-sur-Argens (8311)
Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer (8312)
Sainte-Maxime (8313)
Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume (8314)
Saint-Raphaël (8315)
La Seyne-sur-Mer-1 (8316)
La Seyne-sur-Mer-2 (8317)
Solliès-Pont (8318)
Toulon-1 (8319)
Toulon-2 (8320)
Toulon-3 (8321)
Toulon-4 (8322)
Vidauban (8323)
The inhabitants of the Var department are known, in French, as Varois (women: Varoises),
Var had a population, in 2014, of 1,038,212, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Toulon, with 565,669 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
The communes with more inhabitants in the department are:
Vendée is a department found in the west of France in the Pays de la Loire region.
Its prefecture is La Roche-sur-Yon and its population is about 577,000 (2006 estimation).
Vienne is a department in southwestern France in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
It is named after the Vienne river, the most important river in the department.
Vienne is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790.
It was created from parts of the old provinces of Poitou, Touraine and Berry, until the 15th century part of the Duchy of Aquitaine.
The new department had six districts: Châtellerault, Civray, Loudun, Lusignan, Montmorillon and Poitiers.
The capital (now prefecture) was Poitiers.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into five arrondissements: Châtellerault, Civray, Loudun, Montmorillon and Poitiers.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Civray and Loudun were eliminated.
Vienne is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
The highest point of the department is Signal de Prun,  high, in the commune of Adriers, in the Massif Central.
The main river in the department is the Vienne that gives its name to the department; it is one of the main tributary of the Loire river.
The Vienne river flows through the department from north to south.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Poitiers is .
The average temperature for the year in Poitiers is .
The department is managed by the Departamental Council of the Vienne in Poitiers.
Vienne is part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 19 cantons and 274 communes (municipalities) in Vienne.
The following is a list of the 19 cantons of the Vienne department, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Chasseneuil-du-Poitou (8601)
Châtellerault-1 (8602)
Châtellerault-2 (8603)
Châtellerault-3 (8604)
Chauvigny (8605)
Civray (8606)
Jaunay-Clan (8607)
Loudun (8608)
Lusignan (8609)
Lussac-les-Châteaux (8610)
Migné-Auxances (8611)
Montmorillon (8612)
Poitiers-1 (8613)
Poitiers-2 (8614)
Poitiers-3 (8615)
Poitiers-4 (8616)
Poitiers-5 (8617)
Vivonne (8618)
Vouneuil-sur-Vienne (8619)
The inhabitants of Vienne are known, in French, as Viennois (women: Viennoises).
Vienne has a population, in 2014, of 433,203, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Poitiers, with 246,038 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
The other two, Châtellerault and Montmorillon, have respectively 112,313 and 74,852 inhabitants.
Tourism official website
Haute-Vienne () is a department of France in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
It is named after the Vienne river that flows through the department.
Haute-Vienne is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790.
It was created from parts of the old province of Limousin, its southern half, and of the county of Marche, its northern half, as well as some parts of Angoumois and Poitou.
The new department had six districts: Limoges, Le Dorat, Bellac, Saint-Junien, Saint-Yrieix and Saint-Léonard.
The capital (now prefecture) was Limoges.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into four arrondissements: Limoges, Bellac, Rochechouart and Saint-Yrieix.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Saint-Yrieix was eliminated.
Haute-Vienne is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
The department is in the nortwestern border of the Massif Central.
Its altitude is  high; the lowest point is in the valley of the Vienne river and the highest is in the mountains near the Vassivière lake.
The highest point in the department is Puy de Crozat (), that is  high.
The department is managed by the Departamental Council of the Haute-Vienne in Limoges.
Haute-Vienne is part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 21 cantons and 200 communes (municipalities) in Haute-Vienne.
Aixe-sur-Vienne (8701)
Ambazac (8702)
Bellac (8703)
Châteauponsac (8704)
Condat-sur-Vienne (8705)
Couzeix (8706)
Eymoutiers (8707)
Limoges-1 (8708)
Limoges-2 (8709)
Limoges-3 (8710)
Limoges-4 (8711)
Limoges-5 (8712)
Limoges-6 (8713)
Limoges-7 (8714)
Limoges-8 (8715)
Limoges-9 (8716)
Panazol (8717)
Rochechouart (8718)
Saint-Junien (8719)
Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat (8720)
Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche (8721)
The inhabitants of Haute-Vienne are known, in French, as Haut-Viennois (women: Haut-Viennoises).
Haute-Vienne has a population, in 2013, of 376,199, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Limoges, with 298,578 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
The other two, Bellac and Rochechouart, have respectively 39,744 and 37,877 inhabitants.
Tourism office of Haute-Vienne
Vosges is a department found in the east of France in the Grand Est region.
Its prefecture is Épinal.
Its population is about 382,000 (2006 estimation).
Yonne is a department in the centre of France, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.
The largest city in the department, and its prefecture (capital), is Auxerre.
The department is named after the Yonne river, a tributary of the Seine, that flows through the department.
The Celts name of the river was Ica-onna () and from this name come the name of the river and of the people living in the department: Icaunais.
Yonne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Auxerre as its capital.
It was formed from combined parts of the old provinces of Burgundy, Champagne and Île-de-France.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the seven districts were changed into five arrondissements: Auxerre, Avallon, Joigny, Sens and Tonnerre.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Joigny and Tonnerre were eliminated.
Yonne is part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.
The highest point of the department is Bois de la Pérouse (),  high.
Nièvre (south)
Aube (northeast)
Loiret (west)
The northern part of the department is formed by plains that are part of the great plain of Paris.
The mountains of the Morvan and the hills of the Auxerrois (the region around the city of Auxerre) are in the southern half of the department.
The main river in the department is the Yonne, a tributary of the Seine river that flows through the department from south to north.
Other rivers that flow through the department are the Armançon, Loing, Ouanne and Serein rivers.
The average temperature for the year in Auxerre is .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Auxerre is .
Yonne is managed by the Departmental Council of Yonne in Auxerre.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 21 cantons and 428 communes (municipalities) in Yonne.
Auxerre-1 (8901)
Auxerre-2 (8902)
Auxerre-3 (8903)
Auxerre-4 (8904)
Avallon (8905)
Brienon-sur-Armançon (8906)
Chablis (8907)
Charny (8908)
Cœur de Puisaye (8909)
Gâtinais en Bourgogne (8910)
Joigny (8911)
Joux-la-Ville (8912)
Migennes (8913)
Pont-sur-Yonne (8914)
Saint-Florentin (8915)
Sens-1 (8916)
Sens-2 (8917)
Thorigny-sur-Oreuse (8918)
Tonnerrois (8919)
Villeneuve-sur-Yonne (8920)
Vincelles (8921)
The inhabitants of Yonne are known, in French, as Icaunais (women: Icaunaises).
Yonne had a population, in 2014, of 341,814, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Auxerre, with 179,922 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
Wild flowers of Yonne
The Zwentendorf power plant is a nuclear power plant in Zwentendorf an der Donau in Austria.
It has never been used.
This is because the people of Austria voted against using it in 1978.
Today, the plant is used to get replacement parts to other plants of the same type (mainly in Germany), and for staff training.
It is not possible to visit the power plant.
Because the nuclear power plant was never in use, a coal power plant was built in 1987 to replace it.
Territoire de Belfort is a department in eastern France, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.
The largest city in the department, and its prefecture (capital), is Belfort.
Territoire de Belfort is part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region; it is in the northeast of the region.
It has an area of , the fifth smallest department of France (after Paris and its suburbs Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, and Val-de-Marne).
Vosges (north), a short distance
Haut-Rhin (east)
Doubs (south)
Haute-Saône (west)
The highest point of the department is Ballon d'Alsace (),  high, in the Vosges Mountains, commune of Lepuix.
The lowest point in the department,  high, is where the Savoureuse river leaves the department in the commune of Châtenois-les-Forges.
Territoire de Belfort is managed by the Departmental Council of Territoire de Belfort in Belfort.
There is 1 arrondissement (districts), 9 cantons and 102 communes (municipalities) in Territoire de Belfort.
Bavilliers (9001)
Belfort-1 (9002)
Belfort-2 (9003)
Belfort-3 (9004)
Châtenois-les-Forges (9005)
Delle (9006)
Giromagny (9007)
Grandvillars (9008)
Valdoie (9009)
The inhabitants of Territoire de Belfort are known, in French, as Terrifortains (women: Terrifortaines).
Territoire de Belfort had a population, in 2014, of 144,334, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Tourist Office website
Essonne is a department to the south of Paris in the Île-de-France region.
Its prefecture is Évry.
About 1,172,000 people live there (2006 estimation).
Hauts-de-Seine is a department which is the western inner suburbs of Paris in the Île-de-France region.
Its prefecture is Nanterre and its population is about 1,517,000 (2006 estimation).
Seine-Saint-Denis is a department.
It is in the center of France in the Île-de-France region.
Its prefecture is Bobigny.
About 1,459,000 people live there (2006 estimation).
Val-de-Marne is a department in the center of France in the Île-de-France region.
Its prefecture is Créteil.
About 1,279,000 people live there (2006 estimation).
Val-d'Oise is a department to the north of Paris in the Île-de-France region.
Its prefecture is Cergy.
About 1,139,000 people live there (2006 estimation).
Quimper () is a town in France.
It is the prefecture of the Finistère department in the Brittany region.
Its population is around 65,000 (2006).
Limerick, Ireland
Ourense, Spain
Yantai, China
Communes in Finistère
Cuvier was a very important figure in scientific circles in Paris during the early 19th century.
He helped establish the fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology by comparing living animals with fossils.
He proved extinction was a fact.
He was the most influential person believing in  catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century.
His most famous work is the Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation 1817; translated into English as The Animal Kingdom.
Cuvier was a member of the elite Académie française and the French Academy of Sciences.
He is remembered for strongly opposing the evolutionary theories of Lamarck and Geoffroy.
Cuvier believed there was no evidence for the evolution of organic forms, but there was evidence for successive creations after catastrophic extinction events.
Some of Cuvier's most influential followers were Louis Agassiz, and Richard Owen.
His is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.
He was the elder brother of Frédéric Cuvier (1773–1838), also a naturalist.
Cuvier died in Paris, of cholera.
George Washington Campbell (February 9, 1769–February 17, 1848) was an American statesman.
He was elected to the United States House of Representatives as the Representative from Tennessee's at-large congressional district in 1803.
He served in the House from 1805-1809, in the 8th, 9th, and 10th Congresses.
During the 10th Congress, he was the chairman of the Ways and Means Committee.
He was also one of the managers appointed in 1804 to conduct the impeachment hearings for John Pickering, judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire, and later in the same year, the impeachment hearings against Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Born in Scotland, he immigrated to North Carolina in 1772 with his parents.
He graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1794 and began studying law.
He was admitted to the bar in North Carolina and began practicing in Knoxville, Tennessee.
He served as a United States Senator from Tennessee twice, once from 1811 to 1814, having been elected to fill the seat of Jenkin Whiteside, and again from 1815 to 1818.
His first service was from October 8, 1811 to February 11, 1814, when he resigned to accept appointment as the United States Secretary of the Treasury.
He returned to the Senate on October 10, 1815.
He served as the first chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and its predecessor from December 4, 1815, until his resignation from the Senate on April 20, 1818; on this occasion to accept appointment as United States Ambassador to Russia, a position he held from 1818-1821.
Campbell served as a member of the French Spoliation Claims Commission in 1831.
Appointed Secretary of the Treasury by James Madison, he faced national financial disorder brought on by the War of 1812.
Congress had failed to recharter the First Bank of the United States after its charter expired in 1811, and appropriations for the war were unavailable, so Campbell had to convince Americans to buy government bonds.
He was forced to meet to lenders terms, selling government bonds at exorbitant interest rates.
In September, 1814 the British occupied Washington, D.C. and the credit of the government was lowered even further.
Campbell was unsuccessful in his efforts to raise money through additional bond sales and he resigned that October after only eight months in office, disillusioned and in bad health.
Samuel Chase (April 17, 1741 – June 19, 1811), was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and earlier was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland.
1741 births
Chloroform (also called trichloromethane) is a chemical substance.
It is an organic compound.
Chloroform is one of the intermediate substances that occur in the production of Polytetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon.
Chloroform is used as a solvent.
In the 19th century, it was a widely used anaesthetic.
The first who reported to have produced Chloroform was the French chemist Eugène Soubeiran, in 1831.
Soubeiran took acetone and ethanol, and used bleach powder for the reaction.
The American physician Samuel Guthrie prepared gallons of the material and described its "deliciousness of flavor."
Independently, Justus von Liebig also described it.
Chloroform was named and chemically characterised in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas.
Starting in the 1850s factories made large amounts.
Its use as an anesthetic declined in the early 20th century as safer chemicals were more used.
Chloroform is produced by mixing methane and chlorine at a temperature of 400 to 500°C.
In this reaction, the result is a mix of chloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloromethane.
In laboratories, chloroform can be produced by mixing sodium hypochlorite and acetone together.
This is an exothermic reaction, meaning it makes a lot of heat.
as a solvent
as an anaesthetic (though no longer used, as there are side-effects)
as a catalyst to help other reactions
Chloroform was used as an anaesthetic during childbirth and surgery, from about 1847.
It replaced ether which was used before.
Chloroform is very poisonous, and can cause breathing problems, and problems with the heart.
Death from chloroform can come from cardiac arrest.
When Chloroform is stored for a longer time period, it can decay into Phosgene.
Phosgene was a chemical weapon (poison gas) used during the First World War.
Chloroform can cause birth defects and lead to miscarriages.
It may cause cancer.
Santa Cruz de La Sierra, also known as Santa Cruz, is the largest city in Bolivia, capital city of the Santa Cruz department (in the eastern region of the country).
The municipality's population was 1,528,683 inhabitants , and the urban population  was 1,545,161.
Santa Cruz is not only the most populated city in Bolivia, but the department is also the richest, with over 30% of the national GDP.
The city is a major center of petrochemical production in Bolivia, especially because the production of natural gas that exports to neighboring countries.
The main sectors that drive the economy are the oil, forestry and agrobusiness firms.
Settlements in Bolivia
In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations.
The ALU is a basic building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer,  even the simplest microcontrollers contain one for purposes such as timing.
Now, modern microprocessors, microcontrollers and CPUs have very powerful and very complex ALUs.
Also, more recent CPUs may contain up to more than 4 ALUs (see superscalar CPUs).
A Simulator of Complex ALU in MATLAB
ALU full Form
A floating point unit (FPU) is a part of a computer system specially designed to carry out operations on floating point numbers.
Typical operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root.
Most modern computers have integrated FPU hardware; but not all.
In the absence of an FPU, many FPU functions can be emulated, which saves the added hardware cost of an FPU but is significantly slower.
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
An eating disorder is when someone begins eating too much, or when someone begins to avoid eating.
This affects one's mental and physical health.
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two of the most well known eating disorders today.
Eating disorders affect 5-7% of American women, and only a small percent of men are affected.
Eating disorders involve more than just food.
Many people with eating disorders are very sad and feel alone.
They get depressed and do not want to eat in front of other people.
They might use food as a way to cope, or they might restrict their food intake as a means of control.
They might eat a lot of food in a very short period of time.
They might throw up their food because they feel guilty.
They might eat very little because they want to lose weight, even if they are already dangerously underweight (weighing less than what it is considered healthy).
Even if they are underweight, they might see themselves as very fat.
Many people with eating disorders suffer physical complications, like malnutrition (not getting enough nutrients that the body needs to be healthy), or electrolyte imbalances (a change in the amount of elements such as sodium or potassium that causes problems in the body's ability to work properly).
Eating disorders can cause death.
On 1 December 2013 the Daily Telegraph reported that the number of children under thirteen treated in hospital for eating disorders in the UK had tripled.
National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders
National Eating Disorders Association
Effects of Eating Disorders
Derealization (DR) is a change in the way someone views the world so that it seems unreal.
Derealization can also make someone feel as if their environment does not have emotion or depth.
This is a symptom of other problems, such as sleeping disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders.
It can also be caused by drug intoxication.
Similar to derealization is depersonalization, but the two are different.
Depersonalization is a sense of unreality about oneself.
Derealization is a sense of unreality of the outside world.
Paresthesia (pron. ;
paraesthesia in British English, pron. )
is a feeling of tingling, prickling, or numbness with no permanent effects.
It is commonly called "pins and needles".
This feeling may last a short while, or may be more long-lasting.
A long-term effect means there is something wrong with neurons in the body.
An example of this can be felt when sitting cross-legged for a long time and your foot "falls asleep".
The tingling feeling you get when you move is paresthesia.
Anticonvulsant drugs such as topiramate, sultiame, and acetazolamide
Anxiety and/or Panic Disorder
Fabry disease
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
Immune deficiency, such as Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
Ingestion of Beta-alanine
Lidocaine poisoning
Lomotil
Low blood-sugar (Hypoglycaemia)
Nitrous Oxide, long term exposure
Obdormition
Radiation poisoning
Vitamin B5 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Withdrawal from certain SSRIs, such as paroxetine
Paresthesia in detail
What makes your arms, legs and feet fall asleep?
Perfectionism, in psychology, is a type of personality where there is a need for oneself or others to be the best in any given part of life.
There are only two outcomes; anything less than perfect is taken to be unacceptable.
The belief holds that one can achieve perfection and should aim for it.
A person who believes this is called a perfectionist.
At first, some consider perfectionism as helpful.
Perfectionism can lead people to achieve great things and give them motivation.
However, it is considered to be a belief that is mostly unhealthy and harmful.
Perfectionism makes people set goals that are unrealistic and cannot be reached.
This leads to many problems like depression, anxiety, eating disorders and low self-esteem.
Perfectionism may also lead to procrastination as it allows one to avoid being less than perfect ("I can't do this project until I can do it the right way.").
This can mean low productivity.
Perfectionistic behaviour is growing in the newer generation.
Perfectionism has received more attention by popular sayings like “practice makes perfect”.
There are also more and more people who see themselves as a perfectionist.
These people also mentioned their difficulties which comes with this behaviour.
Normal vs Neurotic Perfectionism
In 1978, D. E. Hamachek shows that there are two types of perfectionists: normal and neurotic.
Normal perfectionists are people who set high goals for themselves.
The main thing is that they are open to making some errors.
Neurotic perfectionists also set high goals, but with no room for error.
They view themselves strictly at all times.
This makes them feel like nothing is done well enough.
Both types set high standards for themselves.
This shows that the psychological problems that come with perfectionism come from viewing oneself strictly.
The Comprehensive Model of Perfectionism (CMPB)
There are a few models of perfectionism.
In 2017, Hewitt et al.
released one of the most detailed models.
Their Comprehensive Model of Perfectionistic Behaviour splits perfectionism into many levels of a personality style.
There are three levels:
Trait level
Self-presentational or other-relational level
Cognitive or self-relational level
The first part of this model is multiple perfectionistic traits that are linked.
They include self-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism and other-oriented perfectionism.
These are measures of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS).
The second level is concerned with the image oneself presents to others.
The relational part says that rather than needing to be perfect, there is a need to only appear so.
This leads to displays of perfection and hiding imperfections.
They avoid making mistakes in front of others or speaking about their imperfections.
This is due to a fear of being judged badly by others which will cause feelings of low self-esteem.
The cognitive part of this model refers to repeated and automatic cognitive thoughts of needing to be perfect.
There is a rumination of the difference between one’s present actual self and the perfect self that one can / should be.
Measuring Perfectionism
Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS)
Early theorists suggest perfectionism as firm unrealistic goals for oneself.
These clinical observations were important.
However, it was not possible, to sum up perfectionism as a single term.
This led Frost et al.
in 1990 and in 1991, Hewitt and Flett, to come up with their own multidimensional scales of perfectionism.
Concern over mistakes (CM),
Very high personal standards (PS),
Views of parental expectations (PE),
Views of parental criticism (PC),
Doubts about one’s actions (D), and
Organisation (O).
Self-oriented perfectionism,
Other-oriented perfectionism, and
Socially prescribed perfectionism.
The difference between these parts is not behavioural displays.
It is to whom perfectionism is directed to (self or others) or to whom the perfectionistic behaviour is placed by (socially prescribed).
Self-oriented perfectionism refers to the setting of impossible standards and strictly examining oneself.
Although there are harmful effects, it also results in motivation by aiming to achieve perfection while avoiding failure.
Other-oriented perfectionism is placing unrealistic standards for significant others.
There is a focus on others being perfect and strictly examining them.
This leads to blaming, lack of trust, and unkind feelings towards others.
However, this dimension may link to leadership ability and giving motivation to others.
Socially prescribed perfectionism is the believed need to achieve unrealistic standards placed by other people on oneself.
As the standards placed by others are felt as too much, it may often lead to anger, anxiety and depression.
Why Perfect Is Not Always Best (BBC article)
Seeking Perfection BBC Science and Nature
The RIGHT Stuff - Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder: A Defect of Philosophy, not Anxiety  Steven Phillipson, Ph.D., Center for Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy
The Garonne is a river that runs through northern Spain and the southwest France.
Its mouth is at the Atlantic Ocean.
Physical abuse is a form of abuse which causes feelings of pain, injury, or other physical suffering.
Physical abuse may lead to low self-esteem and other mental problems.
Types of physical abuse
Physical abuse has many forms.
A few examples of physical abuse are:
Striking or hitting
Pushing or pulling
Slapping
Striking with an object
Pinching
Strangling
Electric shock
Exposure to a dangerous animal
Withholding food or medication
Humiliation
Biting
threatening with a gun
Sexual abuse (also called sexual molestation) is when one person forces another person to unwillingly commit any sexual act, harassment or any sexual assault.
A person who commits sexual abuse is called a molester, abuser, or sexual abuser.
When a victim of sexual abuse is under the age of consent, it is known as child sexual abuse.
Some groups of people are more likely to be sexually abused than others.
It is common knowledge that girls and women are sexually abused more often than boys and men, and that abusers are usually men.
Disabled people, especially disabled girls, are much more likely than non-disabled people to be sexually abused.
They are often abused by authority figures in their lives, such as carers.
Disabled people are more vulnerable to sexual assault for a number of reasons.
People of different races have different rates of being sexually abused.
African American girls and women 12 years old and older experience higher rates of sexual abuse.
Rape, Abuse, & Incest National Network RAINN is the largest anti-sexual assault organization and operates the National Sexual Assault Hotlines.
Gender Male - False Accusations of Sexual Abuse  First-hand accounts from men falsely accused of rape and its effect on their lives.
The Sakas were a population of Iranic nomadic tribesmen lived in the plains of Eurasia from Eastern Europe to China, from the Old Persian Period to the Middle Persian Period.
Then Turkic language speakers took their place.
Sakas came across the river Indus and overan Sind and Saurashtra (near Gujrat) .They finally settled down in Kathiawar and malwa.
They were often in war with the Satavahanas.
Rudradaman, one of their best known king was the one who stopped the expansion of Sata ahana power to the north of river Narmada.
The Sakas themselves could not expand to the north as they would have liked to, because Kushanas held them back.
Books and Articles
Davis-Kimball, Jeannine.
Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines.
Warner Books, New York.
1st Trade printing, 2003.
(pbk).
Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. (
Les Saces: Les <<Scythes>> d'Asie, VIIIe av.
J.-C.-IVe siècle apr.
J.-C. Editions Errance, Paris.
Sacaes/Scythians/Chionits
Genetic heritage of central Asia
Genetic journeys and ancestors
Hill, John E. 2004.
The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu.
Draft annotated English translation.
The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.
Hill Auditorium is the largest performance place on the University of Michigan campus in Ann Arbor in the United States.
The auditorium was named after Arthur Hill (1847-1909), who was a regent of the university from 1901 to 1909.
He gave 200,000 dollars to the university to build it.
Opened in 1913, the auditorium was designed by Albert Kahn and Associates.
It was recently fixed up by the same firm beginning in 2002 and was re-opened in 2004.
University of Michigan campus
2000s establishments in Michigan
Goulburn is a city in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia.
It is 190 km south-west of Sydney on the Hume Highway.
It is 690 metres above sea-level.
In 2006 there were 20,127 people living in Goulburn.
Goulburn calls itself as "Australia's first inland city".
The city of Bathurst also claims to be the first inland city in Australia.
Goulburn was named by James Meehan after Henry Goulburn, a British politician.
The Governor Lachlan Macquarie approved the choice of name.
The Aboriginal name for Goulburn is Burbong.
This is a Murring/Wiradjuri word meaning a special place.
Goulburn has a railway station on the Main Southern railway line.
It is a service centre for the many farms in the area.
It also provides a rest stop for those travelling on the Hume Highway.
It has a central park and many historic buildings, including old houses near the railway station on Sloane Street.
It also has two 19th-century cathedrals.
It is home to the Big Merino, the world's largest cement sheep.
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote and to be elected to an office.
The right has generally been given after long political campaigns.
In many countries, it was recognised before universal suffrage.
Before the late 19th century, a very few countries allowed women to vote in political elections.
The modern movement for women to gain the right to vote started in France in the late-18th century.
The French Republic had been founded after a revolution, and political scientist Antoine Condorcet and activist Olympe de Gouges campaigned for women to be allowed to vote in the national election.
In early cases of women's suffrage, only those women who met certain requirements were given the right to vote in certain kinds of elections.
In Sweden, there was conditional women's suffrage during the Age of Liberty (1718–1771).
Unmarried women who owned property could vote in New Jersey from 1776 to 1807.
In the 1792 election in Sierra Leone, all heads of household—one-third of whom were women—could vote.
Several British colonies recognised women's suffrage before most countries.
The female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838.
This right was kept when they were resettled on Norfolk Island in 1856.
Women in South Australia allowed to vote in local elections from 1861, and those on the Isle of Man could vote in parliamentary elections from 1881.
In 1893, New Zealand became the first independent country to give all adult women the right to vote in national elections.
The women in South Australia got the same right in 1894, and became the first to get the right to stand (run) for seats in parliament.
Many countries did the same soon after, following similar battles.
Limited voting rights were also gained by women in several Western countries in the late 19th century, including Sweden, Finland and the United Kingdom.
Russian Empire was the first European country to introduce women's suffrage, in 1906.
It also elected the world's first female members of parliament in its 1907 elections.
At that time it was a part of the Russian Empire.
In the years before World War I, women in Norway (1913) and Denmark (1915) also won the right to vote, as did women in the other Australian states.
In most other Western countries, women's suffrage came at the end of World War I.
Ceylon, now called Sri Lanka, recognised the right in 1931.
It elected the world's first female head of government, Sirimavo Bandaranaike, in the country's 1960 elections.
Women's suffrage was explicitly recognised as a right by the United Nations in 1979.
Grenfell is a country town in the central west of New South Wales, in Australia.
It is in the Weddin Shire.
It is  west of Sydney.
It is close to Forbes, Cowra and Young.
In 2006 there were 1,994 people living in Grenfell.
The Grenfell area was the home of the Wiradjuri Aborigines.
Europeans first settled when gold was found at Emu Creek.
The town was renamed after John Grenfell, the Gold Commissioner at Forbes.
He had been killed in 1866 when bushrangers attacked a stagecoach on which he was travelling.
By 1870-71 more gold was found at Grenfell than in any other town in NSW.
By the middle of the 1870s the gold was running out.
Wheat was first grown in the area in 1871.
The railway reached Grenfell in 1901.
The poet and story writer Henry Lawson was born on the gold fields at Grenfell.
On the Queen's Birthday weekend in June every year, the town has The Henry Lawson Festival of Arts.
Thousands of people come from all over Australia for the art, poetry and writing competitions.
Over the years, famous visitors have included Chips Rafferty, Barry Humphries, Patrick White and Sigrid Thornton.
In June 2007, the Spirit of the Bush Concert was held.
It was organized by Australian of the Year, Lee Kernaghan, local and international star Steve Forde and the Flange, Adam Brand, Leo Sayer, Diesel, and The McClymonts.
Grenfell's web site
About the town
Sydney Morning Herald 5 January 2003: Grenfell's attempts to woo people to move to the town.
Michael "Mike" Vernon (born 24 February 1963 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player.
For 21 years he played in the National Hockey League, he played as a goaltender for the Calgary Flames, Detroit Red Wings, San Jose Sharks and the Florida Panthers.