the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
is the capital city of Niigata Prefecture in Japan.
The port city is on the island of Sea of Japan.
The city has the mouth of Shinano River which is the longest river in Japan.
Niigata has eight neighborhoods or wards (ku).
Niigata City website
Raymond Chandler (July 23, 1888 – March 26, 1959) was an American novelist and a screenwriter.
He became a detective fiction writer after he lost a position as an oil executive.
His first short story, "Blackmailers Don't Shoot", was published in 1933 in Black Mask, a popular pulp magazine.
His first novel, The Big Sleep, was published in 1939.
In addition to his short stories, Chandler published just seven novels during his lifetime.
In the year before he died, he was elected president of the Mystery Writers of America.
He died on March 26, 1959, in La Jolla, California.
The Big Sleep (1939).
Based on the short stories "Killer in the Rain" (1935) and "The Curtain" (1936).
Farewell, My Lovely (1940).
Based on the short stories "The Man Who Liked Dogs" (1936), "Try The Girl" (1937) and "Mandarin's Jade" (1937).
The High Window (1942).
Based on the short stories "Bay City Blues" (1938) and "The Lady In The Lake" (1939).
The Lady in the Lake (1943).
Based on the short stories "Bay City Blues" (1938), "The Lady In The Lake" (1939), "No Crime In The Mountains" (1941).
The Little Sister (1949).
Scenes based on the short story "Bay City Blues" (1938).
The Long Goodbye (1953 UK; Sept 1954 USA; Edgar Award for Best Novel, 1955).
Playback (1958).
Based on an unproduced screenplay.
Poodle Springs (1959). (
incomplete; completed by Robert B. Parker in 1989).
These are the criminal cases of Philip Marlowe, a Los Angeles private investigator.
Their plots follow a pattern in which the men and women who hire him reveal themselves to be as corrupt, corrupting, and criminally complicit as those against whom he is hired to protect them.
Playback (Unproduced)
It is the largest multi-sport event ever held in Scotland, although the country previously hosted the 1970 and 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh.
Over the last 10 years, however, Glasgow and Scotland have also staged World, Commonwealth, European, or British events in all 17 sports proposed for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, including the World Badminton Championships in 1997.
Selection process
Scotland was the first country to consider hosting the 2014 Commonwealth Games in 2004, with Scottish cities being invited by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland to consider making a bid.
In September 2004, Glasgow was announced as the Scottish candidate city over Edinburgh (which hosted the Games in 1970 and 1986, and the inaugural Commonwealth Youth Games in 2000) following a cost-benefit analysis by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland.
The Scottish Executive under then First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell, with the support of the United Kingdom government and all main parties in the Scottish Parliament, formally announced Glasgow's intention to host the games on 16 August 2005.
In March 2006, the bidding process began, with the Glasgow Bid team presenting their case to the Commonwealth Games Federation at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, along with the other confirmed candidate cities; the Nigerian capital, Abuja and Halifax in Canada.
In October 2006, the first voting delegates arrived in Glasgow, in order to inspect the city's existing and proposed amenities and facilities.
Glasgow announced on 16 January 2007, the 17 sports to be included should its bid be successful.
Halifax later withdrew its bid on 8 March 2007, following the withdrawal of funding from the municipal government.
21st century in Scotland
Bullfinches are a genus of passerine birds in the finch family (Fringillidae).
They belong to the genus Pyrrhula.
All species occur in Asia with two species exclusively in the Himalayas and one species, P. pyrrhula, also occurring in Europe.
The Azores bullfinch (P. murina) is a critically endangered species (about 120 pairs remaining), occurring only in the east of the island of São Miguel in the Azores archipelago.
Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequence indicates that the holarctic pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) is the sister group to the ancestor of the bullfinches.
The evolution of the bullfinch species started soon after the pine grosbeak's ancestors diverged from them (at the end of the middle Miocene, about a dozen million years ago (mya).
It is fairly certain is that the bullfinch radiation started in the general area of the Himalayas.
The mountain finches also seem to be part of this clade.
Bullfinches have glossy black wings and tail feathers.
They show a white rump.
The legs and feet are fleshy brown.
Their short, swollen bill is adapted to eat buds, and is black except in P. nipalensis, which has a yellowish bill.
Probably most populations are partially migratory.
Most migrants move short or medium distances.
North European birds move within a wider compass than central European birds.
Numbers migrating show marked annual fluctuations; no link with any particular food source has been established.
Autumn migration begins late, and is fairly brief, mostly October–November; spring migration February–April.
The Eurasian bullfinch population in Britain has been in serious decline since the mid-1970s; numbers have fallen by 62 per cent in 35 years.
Data suggests that productivity has increased over the last decade, and nest failure rates at the chick stage (15 days) have fallen from 37% to 21%.
Goldfinch are finches of the genus Carduelis.
They are small passerine birds of the family Fringillidae.
The goldfinch breeds across Europe, North Africa, and western and central Asia, in open, partially wooded lowlands.
It is resident in the milder west of its range, but migrates from colder regions.
It will also make local movements, even in the west, to escape bad weather.
It has been introduced to many areas of the world.
The goldfinch's preferred food is small seeds such as those from thistles and teasels, but insects are also taken when feeding young.
It also regularly visits bird feeders in winter.
They nest in the outer twigs of tall leafy trees, or even in bamboo, laying four to six eggs which hatch in 11–14 days.
In the winter goldfinches group together to form flocks of up to forty birds, occasionally more.
The song is a pleasant silvery twittering.
Margaret Corbin (born Margaret Cochran, November 12, 1751 – January 16, 1800) was a woman who fought in the American Revolutionary War She and her husband, John Corbin were both from Philadelphia.
On November 16, 1776, they were part of 600 American soldiers defending Fort Washington in northern Manhattan.
The fort was being attacked by about 4,000 Hessian troops under British command.
John and Margaret worked one of the two cannons at the fort.
When her husband died, Margaret took his place at his cannon.
She kept firing until she was badly hurt.
She later became the first woman in U.S. history to get a pension from Congress for military service.
David Strassman (born September 6, 1957) is an American ventriloquist.
He is widely known for performing Chuck and Ted E. Bare, as well as many other puppets.
is a Japanese city in the western part of the greater metropolis of Tokyo, Japan.
It is in the Tsurumigawa River basin.
1958 establishments in Asia
Ichikawa is a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
It is just to the east of Tokyo.
There are a lot of schools and universities there.
Ichikawa station is between Koiwa and Motoyawata Stations on the Chūō-Sōbu Line.
Satomi-kōen is a historic park in the city.
It is near Konodai station.
There are lots of flowers in this park.
Many tourists visit here every year.
Akedo kofun is an historic tomb in the park.
Chiba University of Commerce
Wayo Women's University
Showagakuin Junior College
Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia, from November 4, 1989.
Gardena, California, USA from November 6, 1962
Leshan, People's Republic of China, from October 21, 1981
Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
Rosenheim, Germany, from July 14, 2004.
Wonju, South Korea
People from Ichikawa
Kuniko Inoguchi – Cabinet minister
Michio Hoshino – photographer
Yuki Abe – professional soccer player
Atsuko Maeda – AKB48 singer
Peter Takeo Okada – Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tokyo
Niihama is a city in Ehime Prefecture, Japan.
It is on the island of Shikoku.
In the Edo period, Fujisawa-shuku was 6th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.
http://www.city.fujisawa.kanagawa.jp/introduce/english/ ;
Urawa was a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.
It is now part of the city of Saitama.
is one of the 23 special wards in Tokyo, Japan.
Itabashi is in northern Tokyo.
It borders Toshima to the south.
Nerima is on the ward's western border.
The Arakawa River and Saitama Prefecture are the norther border.
Kita is on the east.
Itabashi website ;
Himeji () is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.
The city is well known for its landmark, Himeji Castle.
Autopsy is an American death metal band from Concord, California.
Autopsy has four members in the band; the current band members are Chris Reifert, Danny Coralles, Eric Cutler and Joe Trevisano.
Chris Reifert – drums/vocals (1987–present)
Danny Coralles – guitar (1987–present)
Eric Cutler – guitar (1987–present)
Joe Trevisano - bass (2010–present)
Eric Eigard – bass (1987–1988)
Ken Sorvari – bass (1988)
Steve Cutler – bass (1990–1991)
Josh Barohn – bass (1991–1993)
Freeway Migliore – bass (1993–1995)
Dan Lilker - bass (the 2010 Maryland Deathfest Show)
Severed Survival (1989)
Mental Funeral (1991)
Acts of the Unspeakable (1992)
Shitfun (1995)
Macabre Eternal (2011)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet communication protocol used to send and relay an email message between email servers.
It is not used to retrieve email messages from a server.
Instead either IMAP or POP is used to retrieve email messages.
The SMTP protocol needs to be made available by an application, this application that responds to the SMTP requests for those who wish to send Email or relay EMail is called a SMTP Serve/SMTP Relay.
You can break it into two types as given below, both are mostly the same other than the a minor difference –
SMTP Server : It is the same thing as a SMTP relay but mainly used when the receiver domain is the same as the server domain.
These are usually used with free email services like gmail.com , yahoo.com.
SMTP Relay Server : This is also a Server, but this term is used when the source email and destination email domains are different from the SMTP server domains.
An example can be SendGrid or SendInBlue who offer these.
These servers are mainly routers for the mail.
How SMTP Works ?
Below is a common guide to how the process of Sending Emails work with the SMTP.
A user wanting to send an email from say source user to recipient user mail uses his Email client to draft an Email with Subject and Body and press Send.
Once the user presses send the Email client will connect to the configured SMTP server for now let’s assume it to be smtp.source.com .
The client and SMTP server do a handshake and if authorization is required then the client will provide credentials for the same.
After handshake the Email Client sends the Receivers address which in our case is recipient mail , subject and the body.
If it had been our user had been sending to a someone in the same domain then our server will simply forward it internally to the local recipient server.
Next the SMTP server using a DNS request for MX records finds out the recipients IP or domain address where his SMTP server is running.
Next it connects to the receivers SMTP address and tried to deliver the email.
The recipients Email Server verifies if it can handle the Email being forwarded to it.
And if all is well then it forwards this to the incoming IMAP or POP3 Server.
(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) SMTP is an international electronic standard for transmission of emails.
Nearly all emails use a free SMTP server.
If you get an email in your inbox, most likely it is sent from an SMTP server.
Post Office Protocol (POP)
He had starring roles in five sitcoms.
They are: The Lovers, Rising Damp, Porridge, its spin-off Going Straight and Bloomers.
Beckinsale has two daughters, actresses Samantha and Kate Beckinsale.
He died of a heart attack in Sunningdale, Berkshire.
Actors from Nottinghamshire
Kenneth Charles Williams (22 February 1926 - 15 April 1988) was a British comedy actor and comedian.
He acted in movies including 26 Carry Ons.
He appeared in many television and radio shows and on stage.
Wiiliams was gay.
He was born in North London and died there of a barbiturate overdose.
Edward Osborne Wilson (June 10, 1929 – December 26, 2021) was an American biologist, naturalist and author.
He was an entomologist who studied ants, but to the public he is known for sociobiology, biodiversity and  conservation.
Wilson's writing has been very influential.
He was a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize for general non-fiction.
He was known for his role as "the father of sociobiology", his environmentalism, and his secular humanist and deist ideas on religion and ethics.
He worked at Harvard University, and was a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.
He was a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism.
He was awarded the National Medal of Science (1977), and the Crafoord Prize (1990), which recognizes research in scientific fields not eligible for the Nobel Prize.
Wilson's work (and books) fell into at least four categories:
He was the twentieth century's leading expert on these insects.
He created the term and wrote the book.
He applies evolution and genetics  to the study of human nature.
This part of his work has been highly controversial.
The term is not as often used as it was before.
The idea of evolutionary psychology is becoming more popular.
Biodiversity and conservation.
This part of his work is agreed by many other experts.
Unity of knowledge.
He argues that all knowledge – including humanities and social sciences – should be a kind of unified science.
This is a philosophical view which has been put forward several times before.p228
Wilson died on December 26, 2021 in Burlington, Massachusetts at the age of 92.
The theory of island biogeography, with Robert MacArthur.
2001 reprint:
The insect societies.
Sociobiology: the new synthesis.
25th anniversary edition, 2000:
On human nature.
Genes, mind and culture: the coevolutionary process.
Promethean fire: reflections on the origin of mind.
Biophilia, Harvard University Press.
Success and dominance in ecosystems: the case of the social insects.
Inter-Research.
ISSN 0932-2205
The Ants, with Bert Hölldobler.
Harvard University Press. ,
Winner of the Pulitzer Prize
The diversity of life Harvard University Press. ;
The diversity of life: special edition.
The biophilia hypothesis, with Stephen R. Kellert.
Shearwater Books.
Journey to the ants: a story of scientific exploration, with Bert Hölldobler.
Naturalist.
In search of nature, with Laura Simonds Southworth.
Consilience: the unity of knowledge.
The future of life, Knopf.
Pheidole in the New World: a dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus.
From so simple a beginning: Darwin's four great books.
W.W. Norton, New York.
Edited, with introductions by Edward O. Wilson.
The creation: an appeal to save life on Earth.
Nature revealed: selected writings 1949-2006.
The Superorganism: the beauty, elegance, and strangeness of insect societies, with Bert Hölldobler.
Anthill: a novel.
Kingdom of Ants: Jose Celestino Mutis and the dawn of natural history in the New World, with José María Gómez Durán.
The Leafcutter Ants: civilization by instinct, with Bert Hölldobler.
The Social Conquest of Earth.
Liveright, New York.
Letters to a Young Scientist.
A Window on Eternity: A Biologist's Walk Through Gorongosa National Park.
The Meaning of Human Existence.
Half-Earth.
The Origins of Creativity.
Scientists from Birmingham, Alabama
Louis-Ferdinand Céline was a pen name of Louis-Ferdinand Destouches (Courbevoie, 27 May 1894 – Meudon 1 July 1961) was a French writer and physician.
Céline was his grandmother's first name.
He is thought to be one of the most important writers of the twentieth century.
He created a new style of writing that modernized both French and world literature.
His most famous work is Journey to the End of the Night.
He is a controversial person because of his anti-Semitic pamphlets.
He was married to dancer Lucette Destouches.
1932: Journey to the End of the Night (Voyage au bout de la nuit)
1936: Death on Credit  (Mort à crédit)
1936: Mea Culpa
1937: Trifles for a Massacre (Bagatelles pour un massacre
1938: School for Corpses (L'École des cadavres),
1941: A Nice Mess (Les Beaux Draps)
1944: Guignol's Band
1949: Cannon-fodder (Casse-pipe) 1949
1952: Fable for Another Time (Féerie pour une autre fois)
1954: Normance: Fable for Another Time II (Normance - Féerie pour une autre fois II)
1955: Conversations with Professor Y (Entretiens avec le Professeur Y)
1957: Castle to castle (D'un château l'autre),
1960: North (Nord)
1964: London Bridge: Guignol's Band II (Le Pont de Londres − Guignol's band II
1969: Rigadoon (Rigodon)
Sociobiology is a field of scientific study which is based on the assumption that social behaviour has resulted from evolution.
It attempts to explain and examine social behaviour in that way.
A branch of ethology and sociology, sociobiology  draws from anthropology, evolution, zoology, archaeology, population genetics, and other disciplines.
As a study of human societies, sociobiology is allied to Darwinian anthropology, ethology and evolutionary psychology.
Ethology investigates collective animal behaviour, such as mating patterns, territorial fights, pack hunting, and the hive society of social insects.
It argues that selection pressure led to the genetic evolution of advantageous social behaviour.
In other words, a typical behaviour  pattern is inherited because it has raised the inclusive fitness of individuals as compared to other behaviours.
This is mainstream biology.
Its extension into human social behaviour is for ethologists absolutely normal, but for others it may be controversial.
While the term "sociobiology" can be traced to the 1940s, the concept did not get recognition until 1975 with the publication of E.O. Wilson's book, Sociobiology.
Certain behavioural traits are inherited,
Inherited behavioural traits have been honed by natural selection.
Therefore, these traits were probably adaptive in the species` original environment.
Therefore, their behaviours have been modified by natural selection
Therefore, the root of human behaviour is inherited, and our ability to change it by social means has limits.
Humans are not blank slates.
Wilson's book had almost 700 pages, which were almost entirely devoted to social behaviour in animals.
His ideas on the evolution of human behaviour was in a short section of 30 pages at the end of the book.
Yet because of this section, the (apparently) new field of sociobiology became the subject of heated controversy.
The criticism was driven by political events of the day.
"The mid-1970s were years of intense political activity on campuses, much of it initiated by left-wing professors and their students who opposed the war in Vietnam.
At Harvard University [Wilson's employer] the war... came under fire from a number of scholars of the Marxist or semi-Marxist persuasion... Marxist philosophy is founded on the premise of the perfectability of human institutions through ideological prescription.
Therefore, persons with Marxist views were particularly unreceptive to the notion that an evolved 'human nature' exists".
Criticism by Richard Lewontin and Stephen Jay Gould, and the Sociobiology Study Group hinted that there was some relationship between these ideas and some of the worst events in history.
The main concern of the critics seemed to be the idea that sociobiology provided aid and comfort for those who would maintain social injustice and inequality.p545
Actually, there was no political content in Wilson's last chapter, and Wilson himself was and is a liberal thinker.
In the 25th anniversary edition of his book Wilson gives his own account of the controversy.
To avoid some of the controversy, though their ideas are rather similar to Wilson's, some psychologists and anthropologists founded the related field of evolutionary psychology.
This shares with sociobiology a belief in the evolutionary origin of behaviour patterns.
However, it is more aimed at human behaviour, where sociobiology arose out of experiments on animal behaviour (ethology).
A human case study
Why do men have standards of beauty which they apply to women?
This is a question to which a typical femininist sociologist would reply: it is culturally determined, a belief system which serves to keep males dominant over females.
To this, John Alcock asks: "What are the actual data?
Are the standards of beauty in Western culture arbitrary?"
The standards of beauty are consistent with youth and good health.
Young, healthy women are more likely to become pregnant and give birth successfully than older or unhealthy women.
Alcock asks:
"How likely is it that millions of years of natural selection on humans... would produce a male psyche.. indifferent to the cues associated with fertile women?
The answer is obvious".p137
Alcock gives the evidence that the signs of youth and beauty are consistent with high reproductive value.p138
An avian case study
In some ways, it is easier to study the behaviour of other animals because our own experiences and prejudices are not involved.
And we can do experiments on them which might not be possible with humans.
Songbird species almost always have a song which is characteristic of the species.
In most cases the details of the song are not inherited.
Instead, they inherit an ability to learn at a certain age.
If a young male White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) is raised in isolation from the sound of other members of the species, it cannot sing their song.
Eventually, it produces a song which is only vaguely like the proper song.
But if the experimenter plays a tape of the adult male song, the young will later produce the complete and perfect song when they get to the right age.
However, if the young bird is made deaf, it cannot learn the song.
From this we learn
that the capacity to learn is inherited rather than the song itself
that hearing the adult song triggers the learning process
that the young bird has to compare the sound it makes to the model song
a young bird offered two or more songs on tape always learns the one characteristic of its own species.
but if the young male is only allowed to meet a mature male of another species, it does learn the "alien" song.
This allows us to be sure that the song, as such, is not inherited, but there is inherited a strong learning bias, which makes sense.
In order to live and reproduce successfully, it pays for a male to attract a female of the same species, and defend its territory against other males of its species.
The right song does both these jobs.p163/5
Sociobiology today
In recent years the supporters of sociobiology have claimed to be "winning".
They feel its basic ideas are quite sound.
We are not blank slates, and our human nature is as much a product of evolution as the rest of us.
Even our widespread love of pet animals may be explained by their improving our survival in a prehistoric past.p35/9
Nature vs nurture
Hamid Karzai (, ; born 24 December 1957) is a former President of Afghanistan.
He served from 22 December 2001 to 29 September 2014.
He was the first democratically elected leader of the country.
He is ethnic Pashtun from Kandahar and can speak several different language, including English, French, Persian, Urdu and his native Pashto language.
He was educated in Afghanistan and India.
He lived in Pakistan before becoming popular in late 2001.
He has many family members and relatives living in the United States.
The 1570 Concepción earthquake occurred at 9:00 (13:00 UTC), on February 8, 1570.
The earthquake destroyed the town of  Concepción.
A tsunami was caused and aftershocks were reported for months after the earthquake.
Parma is a city in Italy.
Things about the city of Parma
The Duchy of Parma, an earlier name for the area around Parma
Parma River, which divides the city and flows into the Po river
Parma F.C., the football (soccer) team from Parma
The Charterhouse of Parma, an 1839 novel by Stendhal that mostly happens in Parma
Parma, Michigan
Parma Township, Michigan
Parma, Missouri
Parma, New York
Parma Heights, Ohio
Parma, Tibet
Parmigiana, a food dish
Monbetsu is a city in Hokkaido, Japan.
It is on the shore of the Sea of Okhotsk.
Cities in Hokkaido
Catatonia means a person is awake, but does not move, talk, or react to anything but pain.
The person can stay stiff and still for hours.
A person with catatonia may look to be in a stupor (being mentally numb and in a daze).
The cause is in the nervous system; the brain and nerves.
This problem was first written about in 1874 in Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein.
Catatonia can sometimes happen with mental disorders.
It can be a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression.
Catatonia may also happen when a person abuses drugs or overdoses by taking too much of a drug.
Catatonia can also be caused by many different medical disorders.
Some causes are infections, such as encephalitis; autoimmune diseases; damage to the brain from strokes; and metabolic problems.
Doctors can treat catatonia.
They usually start with medicines such as benzodiazepines.
If those medicines do not work; doctors may use shock therapy.
Antipsychotic medicines can also be used, but with safety in mind.
Sometimes they can make catatonia worse or have bad side effects.
A group of anesthetic drugs called NMDA antagonists may be helpful when benzodiazepines don't work.
Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders - Catatonic Disorders
Vinessa Elizabeth Shaw (born 19 July 1976) is an American actress and model.
Shaw was born in Los Angeles, California.
She has starred in many movies since the early 1990s.
These include Hocus Pocus, Ladybugs, the 2006 remake of The Hills Have Eyes, and Two Lovers.
The Science Museum is one of the three large museums on Exhibition Road, London.
It is part of the National Museum of Science and Industry.
The museum is a big tourist attraction in London.
The science museum is a great place.
It has been free to enter the Science Museum since 1 December 2001.
This is because it is paid for by the government.
People may have to pay to enter the temporary exhibitions.
Start and history
Bennet Woodcroft started a museum in 1857.
He used items from the Royal Society of Arts and the Great Exhibition.
It included some machinery which became the Museum of Patents in 1858, and the Patent Office Museum in 1863.
In 1883, the things held in the Patent Office Museum were moved to the South Kensington Museum.
In 1885, the Science Collections were renamed the Science Museum.
In 1893, the Science Museum got a separate leader.
The Art Collections were renamed the Art Museum, which later became the Victoria and Albert Museum.
When Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone for the new building for the Art Museum, she said that the museum must be renamed after herself and her dead husband.
The whole museum was named after them, but when that new building opened ten years later, the name was only for the Art Collections and the Science Collections were renamed.
On June 26, 1909 the Science Museum, as an independent entity, came into existence.
The Science Museum’s home today, designed by Sir Richard Allison, were opened to the public over time between 1919–28.
This building was known as the East Block, building of which began in 1913 and was stopped during World War I. As the name suggests it was intended to be the first building of a much larger project, which was never made.
Although called a museum of science, it is really more a museum of industry.
It has working models and real equipment from the industrial revolution in the 18th century, the great Victorian engineering, the age of aeroplanes and space in the 20th century.
The Science Museum holds over 300,000 items, including such famous items as Stephenson's Rocket, Puffing Billy (the oldest surviving steam locomotive), the first jet engine, a remake of Francis Crick and James Watson's model of DNA, some of the earliest remaining steam engines, a working example of Charles Babbage's Difference engine (and the latter, preserved half brain), the first prototype (draft model) of the 10,000-year Clock of the Long Now, and documentation of the first typewriter.
A recent addition is the IMAX 3D Cinema showing science and nature documentaries, most of them in 3-D, and the Wellcome Wing which focuses on digital technology.
The museum houses some of the many objects collected by Henry Wellcome that have to do with medicine.
The fourth floor exhibit is called "Glimpses of Medical History", with reconstructions and dioramas of the history of medicine.
The fifth floor gallery is called "Science and the Art of Medicine", with exhibits of medical instruments and practices from ancient days and from many countries.
The collection has a lot of items from clinical medicine, the biosciences, and public health.
The museum is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine.
The Science Museum has a dedicated library, and until the 1960s was Britain's National Library for Science, Medicine and Technology.
It holds runs of periodicals, early books and manuscripts, and is used by scholars worldwide.
It has for a number of years been run in conjunction with the Library of Imperial College, but in 2007 the Library was divided over two sites.
Histories of science and biographies of scientists are still kept at the Imperial College in London.
The rest of the collection which includes original scientific works and archives are now located in Wroughton, Wiltshire.
Some 170,000 items which are not on current display are stored at Blythe House in West Kensington.
Blythe House also houses facilities including a conservation laboratory, a photographic studio, and a quarantine area where newly-arrived items are looked at.
Power: The East Hall
The East Hall is the first area that most visitors see as they enter the building, going up through three floors.
On the ground, the area is mostly filled with famous steam engines of various sorts, including the oldest surviving James Watt beam engine, which together tell the story of the British industrial revolution.
Up in the air, hung from the ceiling is a big metal ring, the inside of which is covered in white LEDs which form patterns and display messages typed into kiosks by visitors in the Energy gallery.
Exploring Space
Exploring Space is a historical gallery, filled with rockets and exhibits that tell the story of human space exploration and the benefits that space exploration has brought us (particularly in the world of telecommunications).
Making the Modern World
Making the Modern World is a relatively new gallery, in which some of the museum's most iconic objects, including Stephenson's Rocket and an Apollo spacecraft, are imaginatively displayed along a timeline chronicling man's technological achievements.
Flight is another longstanding gallery, up towards the western end of the third floor.
Contained in the gallery are several full sized aeroplanes and helicopters, including Alcock and Brown's transatlantic Vickers Vimy (1919), Spitfire and Hurricane fighters, as well as numerous aero-engines and a cross-section of a Boeing 747.
One of the most popular galleries in the museum is the interactive Launchpad gallery.
Redesigned and reopened in November 2007, the new look gallery houses over 50 interactive exhibits illustrating many different concepts in physical science.
The gallery is staffed by Explainers who are available to demonstrate how exhibits work, conduct live experiments and perform shows to schools and the visiting public.
Touring exhibitions
The Science Museum has made many exhibitions that tour travel around the world.
The Science Box modern science series toured venues in the UK and Europe in the 1990s and from 1995 The Science of Sport appeared in various venues, in different ways, around the world.
In 2005 The Science Museum teamed up with Fleming Media to set up The Science of... who develop and tour exhibitions including The Science of Aliens, The Science of Spying and The Science of Survival .
In 2008, The Science of Survival exhibition opened to the public and allowed visitors to explore what the world might be like in 2050 and how humankind will meet the challenges of climate change and energy shortages.
The museum is next to the Natural History Museum and used to be connected to it by a public corridor, which is now closed.
The closest London Underground station is South Kensington; a subway connects the museums to the station.
At the front of the museum to the east is Exhibition Road.
Directly to the south is Museum Lane and the Natural History Museum.
At the back is Queen's Gate and to the north is Imperial College.
Science Museum website
Albertopolis: Science Museum — architecture and history of the Science Museum
National Museum of Science and Industry  (NMSI) — a collection of British museums that includes the Science Museum
Mapping the World's Science Museums from Nature Publishing Group's team blog
Bezliudivka (; ) is a settlement in the Kharkiv Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine.
Situated on the river Udy (Seversky Donets Basin), 3 km south of Kharkiv, 3 km from the railway station Bezlyudivka.
As of 2001, 9,693 people lived there.
Joué-du-Plain is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
The commune was mentioned in 1216 by the name of "Jeum".
There are 201 people living there.
It is  in size.
The highest point in the commune is .
The river l'Udon flows through the commune.
The forest of Mancelliere is here.
The community festival is 29 June.
The church in the commune is dedicated to Saints Gervais and Portais.
The architectural elements are pointed arches, a Norman tower and Roman arches.
The church was rebuilt in the Renaissance.
Inside the church are sculptures of St. Gervais and Saint Portais made in the 18th century.
Also, there is an 18th century sculpture of Saint Michael made in stone and painted.
There are also sculpted wooden stalls, a statue of the Virgin Mary and a baptismal font made in the 18th century.
The cemetery around the church has two 16th century entrances.
Another important place in the commune is Château de la Motte.
The chateau is a 19th century building.
Joué-du-Plain has a legend that the lord of Chantelou killed his wife and her lover.
The lord painted the front of his chateau with their blood.
The farm called Baritaur is the former place of the lord called "Red House of Chante-lou"
Military taxonomy is an indexing tool or record-keeping template.
It includes weapons, equipment, organizations, strategies, and tactics.
Military taxonomy can be used to  analyze field missions and other activities.
For example, a taxonomy of terrorism would include terms related to terrorists, terrorist groups, terrorist attacks, weapons, venues, and characteristics of terrorists and terrorist groups.
A taxonomy of terms that describes types of military actions is affected by how all elements are defined and used.
Many military strategies can be analyzed using a taxonomy model.
In chemistry, a polar bond is a type of covalent bond between two or more dissimilar atoms, in which electrons are shared unequally.
A covalent bond is the "strong" kind of bond that makes a molecule.
Electrons are negatively charged.
If the two atoms share the electrons equally, then the negative charge is evenly spread out over the entire molecule, balanced out by the positive charges of the protons in the atoms' nuclei.
This makes the entire molecule neutral - a non-polar bond, making a non-polar molecule.
However, if one of the atoms is particularly greedy for electrons (called electronegativity), then its side of the bond will have more electrons.
Therefore, that side of the bond will have a slightly negative charge, and the other side will have a slightly positive charge.
This is important because it turns the bond into an electrical dipole.
This dipole acts like a magnet, if other bonds that work as dipoles are nearby, it will react to them.
In some molecules, these polar bonds are lined up with each other.
Then the entire molecule is a dipole, and attracts other dipoles.
Water does this.
You can see in the image that the hydrogen (small and white) is positively charged and the oxygen (big and red) is negatively charged.
This picture shows how the little water dipoles line up with each other, in the same way that if you toss a bunch of little magnets into a box, they will line up with each other.
This is one of the most basic and important differences between bonds (and the resulting molecules) in chemistry.
This can be easily predicted (because the electronegativity of all the atoms in the periodic table is known).
It creates an enormous difference in how the molecules behave.
Who Framed Roger Rabbit is a 1988 American fantasy-comedy-noir movie.
It is set in 1947 in Los Angeles.
The movie is based on Gary K. Wolf's novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit?.
It was directed by Robert Zemeckis.
The movie was released by Touchstone Pictures.
The movie has both animation and live action parts.
The cartoon characters interact directly with human beings.
Who Framed Roger Rabbit won Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing, Best Visual Effects and Best Film Editing.
Nominations included Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography and Best Sound.
Richard Williams received a Special Achievement Award.
Roger Rabbit won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as Best Direction for Zemeckis and Special Visual Effects.
Bob Hoskins, Christopher Lloyd and Joanna Cassidy were nominated for their performances.
Alan Silvestri and the screenwriters also received nominations.
Roger Rabbit was nominated the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy).
Hoskins was also nominated for his performance.
1980s mystery movies
Jean-François "J. F." Jacques (born April 29, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger.
He plays for the EC KAC of the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL).
He has also played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Edmonton Oilers and the Anaheim Ducks.
He was drafted by the Edmonton Oilers with the 68th pick in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft.
He has played in the NHL for the Edmonton Oilers for 5 seasons.
In the 2011-2012 season he played for the Anaheim Ducks.
In July 2012, he was signed to the Florida Panthers.
Baie-Comeau Drakkar players
Rosside is a small hamlet on the outskirts of Ulverston, in North West England.
The hamlet is about  in size.
It contains approximately 15 houses.
Rosside gains little income from tourism, unlike her neighbouring town of Ulverston, where people flock to the famous Laurel & Hardy museum, a true tribute to the great comedians.
Hamlets in Cumbria
Life After Death is the second and last studio album by American rapper, The Notorious B.I.G.. Life After Death was released on March 25, 1997.
It was going to be released sometime in 1996 but was pushed back for some reason.
It was nominated for three Grammy Awards in 1998, including Best Rap Album, Best Rap Solo Performance for the single "Hypnotize", and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for its single "Mo Money Mo Problems".
The album serves as his last studio album and was released posthumously due to The Notorious B.I.G. being shot and killed in a drive-by shooting prior to its release.
Life After Death was released as a double album.
Allmusic gave the album 4.5/5 stars.
River Pinn is a river in West London.
It starts near Pinner.
List of rivers in England
Celandine Route - along the River Pinn
Lars von Trier (born 30 April 1956) is a Danish movie director and screenwriter.
He has won many prizes.
These include the Golden Palm, Grand Prize, and the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival.
He has a prolific and controversial career, spanning over four decades.
His latest movie The House That Jack Built was released in 2018.
After studying at the University of Copenhagen (1976-79), von Trier was educated at the Danish Film School (1979-82).
In 1992, together with Peter Aalbæk, he established Zentropa, which plays a key role in Scandinavian film production.
He started producing small films from childhood, and as a young man made two half-hour long, privately-financed fiction films: The Orchid Gardener (1977) and Menthe la bienheureuse (1979).
During film school, he made the short film Nocturne (1981), which won an award at the Filmschoolfest Munich 1981, and Liberation Pictures (1982), whose hypnotic modernist imagery is characteristic of Trier's early works.
The so-called Europa trilogy, which revolves around the male idealist in a downfall universe, includes the feature film debut The Element of Crime (1984), the experimental low-budget Epidemic (1987) and the much-maligned melodrama Europe (1991).
The television production Medea (1988) was based on Carl Th.
Trier gained international attention from the beginning.
Both the debut film and Europe won awards in Cannes, but it was only with the television series The Kingdom (1994 and 1997) that he won a large audience.
The black humorous series about ghosts at the National Hospital effectively blended horror and satire.
It was also an experiment in simplifying the production process as well as a break with conventional perfectionism and in doing so formed the basis for the Dogme 95 manifesto, which Trier prepared in collaboration with Thomas Vinterberg and presented in Paris at a conference on the film's future, Le cinéma vers son deuxième siècle, on March 20, 1995, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the film media.
Together with Vinterberg, Søren Kragh-Jacobsen and Kristian Levring, Trier formed a dogma fraternity.
At the turn of the millennium, the dogma brothers collaborated on a live recorded and broadcast television movie, D-Day (2001).
With the "Ten Rules of the Chastity Lift", Dogme was an initiative to cleanse the film and film process of the superficial and superficial, which especially characterizes the commercial American film.
As a kind of alternative artistic and technical method focusing on the modest equipment, the intense game and the strong history, Dogme 95 gained great international impact and put new Danish film on the international agenda.
In total, ten Danish dogma films were produced.
Trier's next film, Breaking the Waves (1996), was not a dogma movie, but the intense melodrama of sexuality and religiosity was narrated with troubled handheld camera and led to an international breakthrough.
The female suffering stories continued in the dogma movie The Idiots (1998) and especially in the musical Dancer in the Dark (2000), which won the Gold Palm at Cannes.
Taken together, the three films form the so-called "Golden Heart" trilogy, named after a picture book Trier had as a child.
In The Five Obstructions (2003), Trier challenged his older colleague Jørgen Leth to remake the short film The Perfect Man (1967) based on changing playing rules.
Dogville (2003), about society and the stranger, is played on a stage floor with white lines and selected props; it, together with Manderlay on freedom and slavery, is the never-ending trilogy about the United States during the '30s crisis.
After the comedy The Boss of It All (2006), which experimented with Automavision, the so-called "Depression Trilogy" marked a change of mood: Antichrist (2009), a bleak horror fable about women's nature; Melancholia (2011), about the downfall of the world; and the five and a half hour long Nymphomaniac (2013-2014), about sexuality as a destructive obsession.
The House That Jack Built (2018) is his latest feature film and follows the serial killer Jack through a defining number of years.
In addition, Trier has written screenplays for Thomas Vinterberg's drama Dear Wendy (2005), about marginalized youth in an American mining town, and for Jacob Thuesen's The Young Years (2007), a comedy about Trier's film school years.
He also created the concept for the theatrical performance The World Clock (1996), performed in the Arts Association in Copenhagen.
Danish movie directors
New Bedford is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts.
It is  south of Boston,  southeast of Providence, Rhode Island, and about  east of Fall River.
It is the sixth-largest city in Massachusetts.
Well-known people from New Bedford
Frederick Douglass, 19th century abolitionist and editor.
Quinn Sullivan, musical child prodigy
Tosashimizu, Kōchi, Japan since 1987
recognition of well-known structures and forms with no need to focus by the foveal line of sight.
identification of similar forms and movements (Gestalt psychology laws)
delivery of sensations which form the background of detailed visual perception.
Slyudyanka (), is a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia.
The town is located on the southern coast of Lake Baikal.
It sits at the foot of the Khamar-Daban mountain range.
It is next to the confluence of the Slyudyanka River and Baikal.
The town is divided into two parts by the Transsiberian Railway.
Slyudyanka had a population of 19,242 in the 2002 census.
18,542 people lived there.
It is served by Slyudyanka-I and Slyudyanka-II railway stations.
The Circum-Baikal Railway starts from the Slyudyanka-II station.
Slyudyanka was founded in 1647 by the Russian Cossacks.
Because of its geographical position, the city grew quickly and became a large transit centre which connected Irkutsk with China and Mongolia.
The town became a railway hub in 1905, when constructing of Transsiberian Railway had been finished.
Also there is a marble deposit in the town.
"Karma Police" is a song by English alternative rock band Radiohead.
It is from their 1997 album OK Computer.
Professional Golfers' Association, (with or without the apostrophe), is the usual term for a professional association in men's golf.
It is often abbreviated to PGA.
There are several PGAs around the world.
Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain & Ireland)
The women's version is Ladies Professional Golf Association.
It is commonly abbreviated to LPGA.
The United States association is called the LPGA.
Other women's bodies have names based on where they are located.
For example, LPGA of Japan or LPGA of Korea.
The organisations which run the world's two leading professional golf tours have the letters PGA in their names.
They are now independent of the Professional Golfers' Associations that created them:
The PGA Tour runs the PGA Tour, Champions Tour and Nationwide Tour.
The PGA European Tour runs the European Tour, Challenge Tour and European Seniors Tour.
At first, PGAs were the main groups for all forms of professional golf in their area.
Now some of them, including those of the United States, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Ireland, are focused on the needs of the professional golfers who work as club or teaching professionals.
They do not have as much to do with tournament professionals.
Fromage frais is a creamy soft cheese.
It is made with whole or skimmed milk and cream.
It is like cream cheese, but with less fat (fewer calories and less cholesterol).
When people need fromage frais but cannot get it, they can use low fat cream cheese.
Pure fromage frais has very little fat.
Cream is often added to make it taste better.
This adds more fat.
8% of the weight of fromage frais with cream can be fat.
There are two ways to serve fromage frais.
It can be served as a dessert similar to yogurt, often with added fruit.
It can be used in savory dishes.
In restaurants it is often served with honey.
Restaurants call this fromage blanc au miel.
What is fromage frais (with or without fat?)
Stupidity, a lack of intelligence
Stupid (art movement), a group of artists in Cologne, Germany, in the 1920s
"Stupid" (song), on Raven-Symoné's self-titled album
Stupid (Sarah McLachlan song), on the album Afterglow
Stupid!,
a UK children's television show on CBBC
Stupid.com, a web site
"Stupid", a song by Swedish musician Per Gessle on his album The World According to Gessle
"Stupid" is a song written by Sarah McLachlan and produced by Pierre Marchand for McLachlan's eighth album Afterglow (2003).
It was released as the album's second single in Australia and the United States in mid-2004.
The song became McLachlan's highest-charting single release in Australia, debuting at number thirty-seven in early June 2004.