the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It borders Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia.
Burj Khalifa is Earth's tallest artificial structure.
A cylinder shaped object used for storing other things, especially liquids and food.
They are usually made of metal.
A verb meaning that something is possible, for example, "I can read a book."
The buttocks.
Can, an experimental music group from the 1970s
Life in Turkish, can; also, Turkish name Can.
A wok is a Chinese pan used for cooking.
It has a round bottom.
The most common use for the wok is stir frying, though it can also be used for deep frying, smoking, braising, roasting, grilling, and steaming.
In Indonesia, the wok is known as a wadjang, kuali in Malaysia, and kawali (small wok)  and kawa (big wok) in the Philippines.
The United States Navy is part of the United States Armed Forces (the military of the USA).
It is the largest navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 U.S. allies or partner nations.
It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage, and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned.
With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel.
It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft .
The navy was called the Continental Navy from 1775 until Congress disbanded it and sold the ships in 1785.
It was started again as the Department of the Navy on April 30, 1798.
The Department of the Navy needed places to make ships, which are called shipyards.
So it paid slaveowners to borrow their slaves, then forced the slaves to build and run the shipyards in Washington, D.C., Norfolk, Virginia, and Pensacola, Florida.
The US Navy has about 300 warships, or ships designed for fighting.
The largest warships are aircraft carriers, which have large and flat decks that act as small airports for planes carrying weapons.
The US Navy has more of these aircraft carriers than any other navy in the world, and a large number of planes in Naval Aviation.
Aircraft carriers are often protected by smaller ships, called cruisers or destroyers.
United States Marines
1798 establishments in the United States
A comic strip character created by American Greetings in 1968;
The first name of Ziggy Marley, the son of reggae artist Bob Marley.
The first name of the fictional character Ziggy Stardust.
it:Personaggi minori di PK#Zigfried Flagstarr
A chemical formula is a way that chemists describe a molecule.
The formula says what atoms, and how many of each type, are in the molecule.
Sometimes the formula shows how the atoms are linked, and sometimes the formula shows how the atoms are arranged in space.
The letter shows what chemical element each atom is.
The subscript shows the number of each type of atom.
For example, hydrogen peroxide has the formula  H2O2.
Methane has one carbon (C) atom and four hydrogen atoms; the chemical formula is CH4.
The sugar molecule glucose has six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms, so its chemical formula is C6H12O6.
Reading and writing formulas
Chemical formulas are another way to represent the number of atoms.
Chemical formulas are used to represent kinds of atoms in a combination.
Chemical formulas use subscripts to tell how many of each atom are present in a combination.
Subscripts are small numbers to the lower right of a symbol.
They represent the number of atoms of that element in the equation.
Before writing Chemical formulas, write down the symbol of each atom present in your equation.
Writing chemical formula is a way of informing the chemical figure.
It is most easily found in the periodic table.
The periodic table is a chart of all well-known parts.
Use the periodic table to reference the figure that cannot be remembered.
Element families
Different elements are found in the periodic table.
Each element has a family.
An element family is an arrangement of elements.
This element family has common properties.
They are sharing the same characteristics.
Elements are displayed in order.
Each element is put into families.
There are three main categories such as metals, nonmetals, and semimetals.
Each element family is displayed by the number of electrons in the outer shell.
They can also display the same properties and valence electrons.
Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a member of the Ivy League.
Harvard was started on September 8, 1636, and it is the oldest university in the United States.
Harvard's current president is Lawrence Bacow.
The school color is crimson, which is a dark red color.
Harvard used slaves to serve its leaders and students, and the merchants who used their money to start the school used slaves too.
Also, “Harvard students slept in beds and ate meals prepared by slaves, and many grew up to be prominent slave-holders in early America."
In the 20th century, the university invested millions of dollars in apartheid South Africa.
Harvard is on the Charles River.
Some students go to the Charles River for rowing.
On the other side of the Charles River is the city of Boston.
Boston's subway system has a stop at Harvard.
Some of Harvard's graduate schools are in Boston, but most of Harvard's schools are in Cambridge.
Together, these schools are Harvard University.
Harvard has many libraries like Widener Library.
There are other facilities like skating rinks and the Malkin Athletic Center where students can swim and exercise.
Harvard is almost always ranked as one of the best universities in the world.
Another famous school close to Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Eight Presidents of the United States have graduated from Harvard.
Harvard has over $40 billion.
Notable alumni
George W. Bush, 43rd President of the United States
Bill Gates, Founder of Microsoft
Al Gore, 45th Vice President of the United States
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States
Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States
Natalie Portman, Actress & filmmaker
Mark Zuckerberg, Founder & CEO of Facebook
1636 establishments
1630s establishments in Massachusetts
Tamil is a Dravidian language.
It is spoken in the Tamil Nadu and Puducherry states of India and parts of  Sri Lanka.
Many people in  Singapore and Malaysia also speak it.
Many people speaking Tamil live in various places around the world.
The Tamil language is part of the Dravidian language family, which includes Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam.
According to a survey, 1863 newspapers are published in the Tamil language only every day.
The oldest text found in Tamil is a grammatical work called the Tolkāppiyam.
Tamil has a long literary history, and is spoken by almost 90 million people.
Tamil script
The modern tamil script is an abugida, much like the other brahmic scripts that surround it and from whom it developed from.
The tamil script has 23 consonants and 5 vowels which have long and short forms and the āytam ஃ,.
The āytam is used with other letters to represent sounds not native to the language.
The vowels are written as symbols above, below or on either side of the consonant.
Much like other brahmic scripts, it is written from left to right.
Tamil is the dominant language in  the state of Tamil Nadu, India, and Northern provinces of Sri Lanka.
It is also spoken by significant immigrant communities and the historical Tamil diaspora in like the United States, Germany, Fiji, Indonesia, France, Africa and Thailand.
Kerala is a state in the Republic of India.
It is in the south-west of the country.
The west coast of the state is on the Arabian Sea.
Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are to the east.
The capital city of the state is Thiruvananthapuram, even though the city of Kochi is more densely populated.
The area of Kerala is 15,005 mi2 (38,863 km2), which is bigger than Bhutan but smaller than Switzerland.
In traditional Indian geography it is part of South India.
There are 14 districts in Kerala.
They are:  Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Idukki, Kannur, Kasaragod, Kollam, Kottayam, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad, Pathanamthitta, Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur, and Wayanad.
People in Kerala speak Malayalam.
More than 90% of the people can read the language.
If we mix English and Malayalam together it makes Manglish.
Manglish is used for people in Kerala if we try to speak it we can able to speak it very easily and fluently.
Kerala is known for traditional arts and people enjoy traditional, percussion-filled music.
They also enjoy tribal ceremonies, martial arts, and sports such as soccer, cricket, and badminton.
Kerala is popular for Kalaripayattu, a martial arts form and Kathakali , a Hindu performance art.
Most of the people have access to the internet, TVs, newspapers, and books.
The average amount of reading per week is about seven hours.
The literacy rate is approximately 99.7%.
Provincial symbols of Kerala
The most famous festivals held by Keralites are Onam, the harvest festival and Vishu, the Malayalam Calendar New Year.
In addition to these, temples as well as churches hold festivals in several days of the year.
A common tradition in all these festivals is the hosting of the holy flag, which is brought down on the last day of the festival.
Some temple festivals are called poorams, and the most famous one among these is 'Thrissur Pooram'.
The main attractions of poorams are firecrackers, traditional dance forms like 'Theyyam, Kathakali, Chakyar Koothu etc.'.
Festivals are locally known as utsavams .
Kerala is one of the biggest tourist attractions in India, both for Indians as well as foreigners.
It has beautiful beaches, hill stations and extensive backwaters.
Kerala is also known for its diverse nature.
Something related to the Indian state of Tamil Nadu
Tamil people, an ethnic group from south Asia
Malayalam is a language.
Most people that speak Malayalam live in Kerala, in India.
A speaker of Malayalam is called a Malayali.
Malyalam language has 52 phonemes.
A few of the phonemes are unique for Malayalam.
The word /malayALam/ originally meant mountainous country (/mala/- mountain + /aLam/-place).
Tamil Nadu is its neighbour on the south and east and Karnataka on the north and east.
Coimbatore (Tamil: கோயம்புத்தூர்), also known as Kovai (Tamil: கோவை), is the second largest city in the Tamil Nadu, after Chennai.
It is the administrative headquarters of the Coimbatore District and a major textile and engineering hub of South India.
It forms a part of the ancient Kongu Nadu region of South India, where its people were the first to establish a territorial state.
Coimbatore city, including its suburban areas has a population of 2.4 million people.
It is referred as the Manchester of South India in business circles, and has textile mills, engineering firms, automobile parts manufacturers, health care facilities and educational institutions.
The hill stations of Ooty, Coonoor and Valparai are close to the city, making it a good tourist attraction throughout the year.
The city is on the banks of the Noyyal River and is close to the Siruvani Waterfalls.
This city is a textile based one.
Cities in Tamil Nadu
Madurai is a city in Tamil Nadu, India.
It was the capital of the earlier Pandyan Kingdom.
Madurai is always considered to be a good pilgrim center.
Tourists from various part of the country and world are coming to madurai and enjoying a historical excellence.
The main attraction of the city is meenakshi amman temple.
Various other tourist and pilgrimage places also there such as Alagar Koil, Thiruparangkundram, Palarmuthir solai (means garden with fruits), Thirumalai naicker Mahal (palace of Naickers), Teppakulam (a square tank almost half a kilometer length as one side length), gandi museum (where we can find blood spotted final dress of Gandiji), etc.
The city is said to be as City of Festivals almost all the days in year is having at least a small festival.
The city is also called 'thoonganagaram' which means Non-sleeping city.
Road side shops are very famous in Madurai where all can get good foods in cheaper costs.
Jigardhanda, a typical Muslim cool drink is one of the famous drink from madurai.
Madurai is very famous for jasmine flowers and Alanganallur located near Madurai is famous for Jallikattu.
A Blog for Madurai - News, Updates, Views and Improvement Thoughts
Assam () is a state in the north eastern region of India.
It has an area of 78,438 km² (30,285 mi²).
It is bigger than Panama but smaller than the Czech Republic.
There is one major river (Brahamputra) that flows through the length of the state.
The state lies on the foothills of the Himalayas.
There are two international borders touched by Assam: Bhutan and Bangladesh.
In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone.
According to a 2021 survey, about 55% of the people are Hindus.
About 40% are Muslim.
There is a small (4%) Christian minority.
Others (1%) consists of (Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, and Animism).
Arunachal Pradesh or South Tibet is a state between India and China.
The country that owns this region is disputed.
China says that they own it and call it South Tibet (Zangnan 藏南).
In 2017, China started renaming places in this territory.
In 2019 China destroyed 30,000 "incorrect" world maps that showed South Tibet as part of India.
The territory's northern boundary is about 550 miles long.
It is known as the McMahon Line.
It is part of the border dispute between India and China.
There is another dispute to the northwest in Aksai Chin (also with Pakistan).
In 1962, the Sino-Indian War was fought here.
The war was short and ended in India's defeat.
However, China withdrew back to the modern borders voluntarily.
They still say that they own the region.
Who lives there?
Most of the population look East Asian.
The people look like their neighbors in Tibet and the Myanmar hill region.
As of 2001, there were 1,091,117 people living in South Tibet.
The total area is 32,333 mi² (83,743 km²).
Most people speak Han–Tibetan languages like Nyishi and Adi (over 50%).
The rest speak Indo-Aryan languages like Nepali, Bengali, and Hindi.
State symbols of Arunachal Pradesh
Sino–Indian border dispute
Territorial disputes of India
Bihar (; ) is a state in the Republic of India, covering an area of 38,202 mi² (99,200 km²).
The capital is Patna.
Bihar is bordered by the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the west, Jharkhand to the south, and West Bengal to the east.
To the north of Bihar is the country of Nepal.
In traditional Indian geography it falls under the East Indian zone.
It is one of the poorest regions in India.
Provincial symbols of Bihar
Chhattisgarh is a state within the Republic of India.
It occupies .
The capital at present is Raipur which would change to 'Naya Raipur' near Raipur.
It has eighteen districts: Raigarh, Bilaspur, Bijapur, Korba, Durg, Janjgir, Raipur, Koria, Sarguja, Bastar, Dantewada, Narayanpur, Rajnandgaon, Kanker, Mahasamund, Dhamtari, Jashpur and Kabirdham (Kawardha).
The main languages spoken are Hindi and Chhattisgarhi.
The main religion is Hindu.
Provincial symbols of Chhattisgarh
Gujarat (, ) is a state within the Republic of India.
Gandhinagar is the capital of Gujarat.
This city is named after Mahatma Gandhi.
Its area is 75,686 mi² (196,077 km²), excluding the Kori Creek of the Rann of Kachchh: which is disputed by Pakistan , but it includes the Kutch District, in terms of area it is bigger than Syria but smaller than Senegal.
Ahmedabad, Baroda, Surat, Bharuch, Porbandar, Rajkot, Jamnagar are some important cities in Gujarat.
Champaner, Gondal, Bhavnagar, Utelia, Zainabad, Bhuj, Sasangir are some tourist places.
People in Gujarat are mainly engaged in Agriculture and business.
The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west.
Its capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad.
Gujarat is native place to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
Gujarat is derived from the Sanskrit term Gurjaradesa, meaning "The Land of the Gurjaras", who ruled Gujarat in the 8th and 9th centuries CE.
Parts of modern Rajasthan and Gujarat have been known as Gurjaratra or Gurjarabhumi (land of the Gurjars) for centuries before the Mughal period.
Provincial symbols of Gujarat
Haryana () is a state in the Republic of India.
It is the birthplace of Hinduism.
The main dialect spoken in the area is Haryanvi.
The area is .
It is larger than Denmark but smaller than Estonia.
In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North Indian zone.
Provincial symbols of Haryana
Himachal Pradesh () is a state in northern India.
Shimla is the capital of Himachal Pradesh.
It covers an area of 55,673 km² (21,495 mi²), although the border with China is still disputed.
The land contains high mountains.
It borders to Jammu and Kashmir to the north.
The State of HP is divided into three Divisions, namely Mandi Division, Kangra Division, Shimla Division.
The divisions are further sub-divided into 12 districts.
These are further divided into 73 sub-divisions, 172 tehsils and 35 sub-tehsils.
State symbols of Himachal Pradesh
Official website of Himachal Pradesh Government
Himachal Pradesh Development Report
Himachal Tourism Website
Himachal's Daily news website
Jammu and Kashmir was the northmost state of India.
The state covered  and is mostly in the Himalayan mountains.
Jammu and Kashmir used to be a British protectorate in 1860.
Jammu and Kashmir borderd the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south-east and south respectively.
The other parts of state are administered by Pakistan as Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.
Jammu and Kashmir has a Muslim majority population.
Though Islam is practiced by about 67% of the population of the state and by 97% of the population of the Kashmir valley, the state has large communities of Buddhists, Hindus (inclusive of Meghwal and Sikhs).
Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three divisions: Jammu region, Kashmir Valley, and the Ladakh region.
Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu its winter capital.
The Kashmir valley, often called paradise on Earth, is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape.
Jammu's numerous holy shrines attracts millions of Hindu pilgrims every year from all over the India.
Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.
Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India
Jharkhand (, ) is a state in the Republic of India.
About 20,000,000 people live there.
The state covers .
It is bigger than Sierra Leone but smaller than Panama.
It has many villages and towns.
Ranchi is the capital city.
Provincial symbols of Jharkhand
Madhya Pradesh is a state in the Republic of India.
The state has an area of .
It is bigger than Italy but smaller than Oman.
About 70,000,000 people live there.
The capital of the state is Bhopal.
The largest city is Indore.
Other main cities are Jabalpur and Ujjain.
Ujjain is well known for  mythological reasons.
Mandav, Bhojpur and  Panchmadi are the main tourist attractions.
Provincial symbols of Madhya Pradesh
Manipur () is a state within the Republic of India.
It has area of 8,628 mi² (22,347 km²).
The state is bordered by the Indian states of Nagaland to its north, Mizoram to its south and Assam to its west.
Its eastern border is the Indian border with Myanmar.
Manipur has a long recorded written history of kings ascended in the main throne of Kangla.
The list of these kings can be found in a chronicle known as Cheitharol Kumbaba.
Cheitharol Kumbaba, also spelled Cheitharon Kumpapa, is the court chronicle of the kings of Manipur.
It recorded the history of the Kingdom of Manipur from the founding of the Ningthouja dynasty in 33 CE under king Nongda Lairen Pakhangba until the merger of the kingdom with India in 1949 and the subsequent abolition of monarchy.
It ends with the last king of Manipur, Bodhchandra.
The Cheitharol Kumbaba is probably one of the oldest chronicles of the region and is written on more than 1000 leaves of Meetei paper in Meetei Mayek, an early Meitei script.
Meghalaya () is a state within the Republic of India.
Occupying an area of 8,660 mi² (22,429 km²), bigger than the State of Israel but smaller than Belize.
Its capital is Shillong.
Meghalaya's population is 2,318,822.
The population of Shillong was 314,610 in 2001.
There are problems in Meghalaya arise from the divide between tribals and non tribal settlers, identity issues and growing corruption besides the fear of being reduced to minority by native tribals.
The activity status is classified as active.
Provincial symbols of Meghalaya
Meghalaya Website
Mizoram is a state in the Republic of India.
It is in the eastern region beyond Bangladesh.
It is bigger than the nation of El Salvador but smaller than the State of Israel.
In 2011, Mizoram had 1,091,014 people.
It has less people than every other state except Sikkim.
The word "Mizoram" means "land of the Mizo people".
It is one of the Seven Sister States in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987.
The capital of Mizoram is Aizawl.
Provincial symbols of Mizoram
Nagaland is a northeastern state in the Republic of India.
It is bigger than East Timor but smaller than Eswatini.
Provincial symbols of Nagaland
Odisha,  formerly Orissa, is a state in Eastern India, with an area of , and population of almost 42 million.
Oriya or Odia is the most widely spoken language in the state and is used on an official basis alongside English.
Chilika lake which is located in Odisha is the largest migratory birds on the Indian subcontinent.
Odisha is the 8th largest Indian State and the 11th most populous.
The capital city is Bhubaneswar, and other major cities in the state are Cuttack, Sambalpur, and Rourkela.
Odisha is bordered by the states of West Bengal to the north east, Jharkhand to the north west, Chhattisgarh to the west, Andhra Pradesh to the south, and has a 482km coastline along the Bay of Bengal.
Modern-day Odisha falls under the boundaries of the ancient kingdom of Kalinga in the 3rd Century BCE, and the state is still sometimes referred to as Kalinga.
Odisha is also known as Utkal, and is mentioned in the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, under this name.
The Orissa province was founded on the 1st April 1936, and the anniversary of this is celebrated as Utkal Dibas throughout the state.
The state was created on the basis of the Odia language, encompassing the native speakers of the language.
Popular tourist destinations in Odisha include the Konark Sun Temple, the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves, the Puri Jagannath Temple, and Chilika Lake.
Odisha has a rich culture, the Odissi classical dance form originates from the state and Odia cuisine is well-renowned for its seafood dishes and desserts.
Odisha has successfully hosted several sports events as Asian Junior Women's Rugby Tournament, the 22nd Asian Athletics Championship, and the Men's Hockey World Cup in 2018.
Odisha is mostly inhabited by the Odia people, with Hinduism being the major religion in the state and Christian and Muslim minorities.
There is a large tribal population in Odisha, referred to as the adivasi people, they are the indigenous people and speak various tribal languages and follow traditional religions, although many have converted to Christianity.
Jainism and Buddhism also have important histories in the state.
Biju Patnaik International Airport (BBI) is Odisha's only airport, and the state is well-connected by railways, and national highways.
The current Chief Minister of the state is Naveen Patnaik.
Provincial symbols
Punjab (, ) is a state in the northern Republic of India.
About 24 million people live there.
Its national capital city is Chandigarh.
The city is a separate territory, because it is also used be the capital of Haryana.
The state is in the Punjab region.
It covers an area of 19,445 mi² or 50,362 km².
It is bigger than Slovakia but smaller than Costa Rica.
The state of Punjab has 22 districts.
It is mainly known as the land of god/gurus, Punjab's culture is very rich and the dwellers of Punjab respect their culture .
The half population of Punjab depends on agriculture, that's why its known as food-provider (anna-datta-  in Punjabi).
In Punjab people of all religions live with integrity and love .
The word Doab is a combination of the Indo-Iranian words Doab (two) and āb (water), and thus the (land of) two rivers.
The two rivers are the Beas and Sutlej.
Sometimes, in English, there can be a definite article before the name i.e. the Doaba.
The name is also sometimes spelled as Duoab or Douaab or Doaab.
All of India was once ruled by the British Empire.
The Indians wanted freedom, but the Hindus, Sikhs and the Muslims of India always argued.
So it was decided to divide the country into two parts—one part for Muslims and one part for Hindus and Sikhs.
In 1947 Punjab (British India),  which was a province of India, was divided into West Punjab and East Punjab (which the state is home to the active independence movement of Khalistan by the Sikh nationalists).
East Punjab went to the Republic of modern India, and West Punjab went to Islamic Pakistan.
Provincial symbols of East Punjab
Rajasthan (Sindhi:راجستان) (Awadhi:राजस्थान) or the former : Rajputana is a state in northwestern India.
It is the largest state of India in terms of land area; 132,150 mi² or 342,269 km².
It is bigger than the Republic of the Congo but smaller than Germany.
In traditional India geography it falls under the North Indian zone.
The Thar Desert covers most parts of the state.
The capital of the state is city of Jaipur.
Provincial symbols of Rajasthan
Tripura () ()  is a state in Northeast India.
It covers an area of .It is the 3rd smallest state of India.
It is bigger than Lebanon but smaller than Kosovo.
The capital city is Agartala.
Political history
It is a Disputed Territory claimed as Chittagonian Plains by Bangladesh.
Bangladesh says that as Tripura was an Independent Kingdom and never part of British India, the Republic of India had no right to annex the country after the death of its last King.
Provincial symbols of Tripura
Uttarakhand (2000-2006: Uttaranchal); (Sanskrit:उत्तरखन्द्), is a state in northern India.
The state had 8,479,562 people as of the 2001 census.
It is bigger than Bosnia and Herzegovina, but smaller than Croatia, although the border with China is still disputed.
In traditional Indian geography, it falls within the North Indian zone.
Provincial symbols of Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh (, ) is a state in northern India.
For short, people call it UP.
Lucknow is the capital city of UP.
The population of the state is 199,581,477 (census 2011).
Uttar Pradesh has more people than any other state of India.
It covers an area of 93,933 mi² (243,286 km²).
It is bigger than the United Kingdom but smaller than Guinea.
Uttar Pradesh has a long border with Nepal to the north.
Next to it are also the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar.
There are two geographical main regions:-
The larger Gangetic Plain in the north: it includes the Ganga-Yamuna Doab; the Ghaghra plains; the Ganga plains and the Terai.
It has highly fertile soils and flat topography.
There are also many ponds, lakes and rivers.
The smaller Vindhya Range and plateau region in the south.
There are hills, plains, valleys and plateau.
It is harder to get water.
Divisions of Uttar Pradesh
Agra Division
Aligarh Division
Allahabad Division
Azamgarh Division
Bareilly Division
Basti Division
Chitrakoot (Dham) Division
Devipatan Division
Faizabad Division
Gorakhpur Division
Jhansi Division
Kanpur Division
Lucknow Division
Meerut Division
Mirzapur Division
Muradabad Division
Saharanpur Division
Varanasi Division
The climate of Uttar Pradesh is mostly subtropical.
However weather conditions change a lot depending on where one lives and the season.
Temperature: The average temperatures vary from 12.5–17.5°C (54.5–63.5°F) in January to 27.5–32.5°C (81.5–90.5°F) in May and June.
The highest temperature recorded in the State was 49.9°C (121.8°F).
It was at Gonda on May 8, 1958.
Rainfall: Rainfall is between 1,000 and 2,000 mm (40–80 inches) in the east and between 600 and 1,000 mm (24–40 inches) in the west.
Most of the rain is due to the southwest monsoon.
It lasts from June to September.
Consequently, floods are a problem during those seasons.
They badly damage crops and property.
Droughts: They occur when the monsoon does not come in the usual season.
It leads to crop failure.
Snowfall: In the Himalayan region of the State it usually snows from 3 to 5 metres (10 to15 feet) between December and March.
Airways: The state has four important airports and 23 air strips.
They are in Agra, Kanpur, Lucknow and Varanasi.
Lucknow is the biggest and most important airport of the state.
Railways: Almost all the major cities and even some smaller cities are linked.
The state has the largest railway network in the country.
Its total length is 8,546 km (2006).
It has the sixth largest railway density.
Roadways: The state has the largest road network in the country.
The biggest is Maharashtra.
There are 31 National Highways (NH).
In total they are of 4,942 km (8.5% of total NH length in India).
It has the seventh highest road density in the India (1,027 km per 1000 km2 in 2002).
It also has the largest surfaced urban road network in the country (50,721 km, as on 2002).
Cities of Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Allahabad, Varanasi, Jhansi, Gorakhpur, Noida, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Mathura, Agra and Ghazipur are connected to many National Highways.
Provincial symbols of Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal () is a state in India.
It is in the eastern part of the country.
West Bengal is the fourth most populous state in India.
It is also the seventh most populous sub-national entity in the world.
West Bengal is the sixth largest contributor to India's GDP.
Both West Bengal and Bangladesh are parts of historical and geographic region of Bengal.
Kolkata is the capital city of West Bengal.
In 2001, 80,221,171 people lived in West Bengal.
With an area of , it is bigger than Serbia but smaller than Jordan.
West Bengal has a tropical climate, so it is very hot and humid in summer and cool in winter.
The people who live here are called Bengalis.
Bengalis also live in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is a country to the east of West Bengal
The Indians wanted freedom, but the Hindus and the Muslims of India always argued.
So it was decided to divide the country into two parts—one part for Muslims and the other part for Hindus.
In 1947 Bengal, which was a province of India, was divided into West Bengal and East Bengal,which is now called Bangladesh.
West Bengal went to India, and East Bengal went to Pakistan and was called East Pakistan.
In 1971, Bangladesh became independent, as a result of the Bangladesh Liberation War.
Satyendranath Bose
Surendranath Banerjee
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Vidyasagar
Shibdas Bhaburi
Khudiram Bose
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
Dr. Kadambini Ganguly
Pradeep Kumar Banerjee
Victor Banerjee
Kishore Kumar Ganguly
Biswajit Chatterjee
Bappi Lahiri
Michael Madhusudhan Dutta
Rahul Dev Burman
Sourav Ganguly
Shreya Ghosal
Mithun chakravarti
Provincial symbols of Bengal (west)
Szczecin () is a large city in Poland in West Pomeranian Voivodeship.
As of 2005, 411,119 people live there.
The city is on the river Odra (), near the border to Germany.
It is one of the largest sea ports on the Baltic.
It is the historical capital of the German province of Pomerania.
Szczecin has got one of the biggest harbours on the Baltic Sea.
A metropolitan area is a city and its surrounding suburbs.
The word "metropolitan" comes from two Greek language words meaning "mother" and "city".
A metropolitan area may be much larger than its inner city, and its suburbs may be smaller towns and villages which are now connected to the larger city as it has grown.
The biggest such metropolitan area is that of Tokyo.
8.5 million people live in Tokyo itself, 36.5 million live in the metropolitan area.
A metropolitan area is a large urban area.
The inner city may look little different from the surrounding area of buildings and lights.
The entire built-up area is the metropolitan area.
The inner city may be near the middle, or to one side.
Some urban areas have more than one inner city.
Some places, such as in Australia, have metropolitan government.
The entire metropolitan area is included as a part of the city, and the population of the suburban area is considered to be part of the city's population.
Sydney,  for example, has a population of approx.
4.5 million people, which includes the population of the suburbs, although there are some places which are part of the Greater Sydney Area, whose population does not count toward the population of Sydney.
Political subdivisions
Marathi () is the language spoken in Maharashtra, India.
It is also Maharashtra's official language.
The written script is Devanāgarī.
Marathi News
MarathiMati.net - Marathi Language Web Portal
Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language.
It is spoken in Gujarat, India and also in neighbouring Pakistan.
There are millions of Gujaratis who speak it as their first language.
Gujarati is the 20th most common language in the United States of America.
Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language.
It is the first language of about 130 million people, and is the 10th most spoken language in the world.
Most of the people who speak this language live in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.
It is also spoken in Haryana, India Himachal Pradesh, India and Delhi, India, uttarpradesh rajasthan, Bihar, Jammu amd Kashmir and other states as well .
It is  spoken by the majority of the population of Pakistan.
Punjabi developed from the ancient language of Prakrit developed simultaneously with Sanskrit.
Punjabi is written in two different scripts, called Gurmukhī and Shahmukhī.
Punjabi is the main language spoken by the Sikhs.
Most parts of the Guru Granth Sahib use the Punjabi language written in Gurmukhī, though Punjabi is not the only language used in Sikh scriptures.
The Janamsakhis, stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), are
Punjabi has many dialects.
The dialects are similar enough to each other that speakers can understand most of the dialects that are related to theirs.
In India, the main dialects of Punjabi are: Majhi, Doabi, Malwi and Pwadhi.
In Pakistan, the main dialects are Majhi, "Shahpuri", and "Jhangvi".
Majhi is Punjabi's standard dialect because it forms the standard for writing in Punjabi.
It is spoken in the centre of Punjab, including the districts of Lahore, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Okara, Nankana Sahib, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat, Pakpattan, Hafizabad and Mandi Bahauddin.
In India it is spoken in Amritsar, Tarn Taran Sahib and Gurdaspur districts.
Other dialects of Punjabi include Pahari, Rachnavi, Chenavari, Chhachi, Jandali, Ghebi.
The Saraiki, spoken in southern Punjab, and Dogri, spoken in Kashmir, are closely related to Punjabi.
The relation of several dialects to languages other than Punjabi creates problems in assigning them to one or another "language".
Over 93% of people who speak Punjabi as their first language live in Pakistan and India.
It is the most widely spoken native language in Pakistan.
It is spoken as a first language by over 44% of Pakistanis.
There were 76 million Punjabi speakers in Pakistan in 2008.
In India, Punjabi is spoken as a native language by 3% of the population.
This was about 33 million in 2011.
It is the official language of the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana.
Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where large numbers of Punjabis have emigrated.
In the United Kingdom, it is the second-most-commonly used language.
In Canada, it is the fourth-most-spoken language.
There were 2.2 million Punjabi speakers in the US in 2017.
and 1.3 million in the UK in 2000.
There are three ways to write Punjabi: Gurmukhī, Shahmukhī, and Devanāgarī.
In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the script that is most used is Shahmukhī.
The Majhi dialect is the written standard for Punjabi in both parts of Punjab.
Bhatia, Tej (1993 and 2010) Punjabi: a cognitive-descriptive grammar.
London: Routledge.
Series: Descriptive grammars.
Singh, Maya (1895) The Panjabi dictionary.
Lahore: Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons.
Ethnologue: Languages of India and Pakistan
Sikhism is a religion originally from India .It is one of the 5 Dharmic faiths or Indic Faiths which means it was originated in Indian Subcontinent and whose followers are called "Sikhs".
The word Sikh means student or discipline.
Their holy book is the Adi Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
It is one of the 5 Dharmic or Indic Faith's of India with Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Hinduism.
Many sources call Sikhism a monotheistic religion, According to Eleanor Nesbitt, English renderings of Sikhism as a monotheistic religion "tend misleadingly to reinforce a Semitic understanding of monotheism, rather than Guru Nanak's mystical awareness of the one that is expressed through the many.
However, what is not in doubt is the emphasis on 'one'".
An estimated 180 million people are followers of Sikhism, which then makes it the fifth largest organized religion in the world just after Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and  Buddhism A popular place where this religion is practiced is in South Asia.
Sikhs are usually identified by the Turban (which Sikhs call a Dastaar or Pagri), distinctive headgear which could be worn by both men and women.
Sikhs arrived in North America, South Asia and in 5th June 1897 and played a pivotal role in the opening of the West and construction of the Panama Canal.
Sikhism was brought to the world around 1469 by Guru Nanak Dev, the first of the "Ten Gurus".
Guru Nanak brought the Word of God to manifest upon Earth.
Through his Hymns and Prayers (Shabads), he inspired and uplifted humankind to live a life of truth, righteousness and spirituality.
These Hymns and Prayers were compiled into the Siri Guru Granth Sahib.
Unique amongst the world's major religious scriptures, while compiling the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh Gurus incorporated not only their own writings, but also included the writings of other contemporary saints from Hinduism and Islam (including saints belonging to the lowest strata of untouchables in the Hindu Caste System), who believed in the unity of God and denounced superstition and caste.
Further, the composition and compilation of the Guru Granth Sahib was performed by the Sikh Gurus themselves, rather than being performed by their adherents and followers.
In 1699, Guru Gobind Singh, the Tenth Guru, established the Khalsa and gave Sikhs a distinct identity and reinforced principles taught by all Gurus.
This celebration took place on Vaisakhi and is commemorated each year.
One of the most important ceremonies established by Guru Gobind Singh on that day is Khande di Pahul baptism ceremony, where Sikhs are initiated into the Khalsa and are required to keep the 5 Ks, kakkars or kakke which are articles of faith.
Guru Granth Sahib was bestowed the Guruship by the last of the human form Sikh Gurus, Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1708.
Before passing away, Guru Gobind Singh Ji decreed that the Sikhs were to regard the Granth Sahib as their next and everlasting Guru.
Guru Ji said – “Sab Sikhan ko hukam hai Guru Manyo Granth” meaning “All Sikhs are commanded to take the Granth as Guru”.
So today, if asked, the Sikhs will tell you that they have a total of 11 Gurus. (
10 Gurus in human form, and the eternal shabad Guru, the Siri Guru Granth Sahib).
Guru Granth Sahib is not just a holy book for Sikhs, it is respected and treated as a living being as it is officially The Eternal Guru (Teachers).
Shri Guru Granth Sahib is not written by one human but by saints from all across societies and religions.
It is a universal teacher for all religions giving the message of one God and respect to all humans of every religion.
Some basic beliefs
There is nothing that is beyond or outside the one God.
So, therefore there is nothing being created or destroyed, as the creation and destruction are still only part of the one.
The goal of life is to focus on being at one with God.
This is attainable by meditation, prayer, and being in the company of others who share a similar goal.
Sikhism teaches that God lasts forever, cannot be seen, and has no body.
Therefore, God has no gender.
It is taught that God created the universe  and keeps it running.
God is considered to be infinite, Alpha and Omega, no beginning and no end.
Sikhs worship God, and meditate on God’s name through intense (passionate) repetition.
They believe everything is a part of God and God is a part of everything.
Good, bad, neutral are not applicable to God and are meant only for human beings, as Sikh philosophy indicates that human beings are born innately good.
Since god created the world he could destroy it whenever he wants.
Followers are all trying to reach salvation, meaning they are trying to break the process of rebirth and become one with God.
The thing that is keeping people from reaching union is bad karma.
Bad karma is taught to be caused by pride, anger, greed, attachment and lust.
Sikhs try to stay away from these things.
Sikhs also believe that a piece of God resides within everything in the world.
Once an individual discovers the God within and stops searching else then can he reach salvation.
A Sikh temple is called a Gurdwara (meaning "the house of Guru").
It is the place of worship in the Sikh religion.
Birth, death, baptism and marriage ceremonies are held in the temple.
There are four doors for all religions.
When a person enters the temple, their head must be covered.
There are no chairs in the temple so people sit on the floor.
The temple also serves as a kitchen.
The kitchen is where festival food is donated, prepared and cooked by volunteers.
All the food that has been made there is shared with all the community who visit the temple on that day.
The meal is vegetarian and is called the Langar.
The Golden Temple in Amritsar is the most famous temple in all of the Sikh faith.
It is covered in gold.
In a Gurdwara, no special place or seat may be reserved or set aside for any dignitary, as all are considered equals.
The service consists of singing of the liturgy, as well as the exposition of Sikh history, tradition, and theology.
In traditional Indian society, people of high and low caste were rigidly segregated.
To combat this social problem, the Sikh community kitchen, or langar, requires everyone to sit side by side and eat together, thereby teaching the concept of equality by shattering all barriers of caste and class.
Every major city in the United States and Canada has Sikh gurdwaras and they are open to all Sikh people go to Gurdwara to worship God.
Vaisakhi is an important festival celebrated by Sikhs.
Vaisakhi is also known as Basaki.
It is the harvest festival in the Punjab region.
Vaisakhi is celebrated on the first day of the Basak month, in the Sikh calendar.
Gurus and religious authority
The term guru comes from the Sanskrit gurū, which means teacher, guide, or mentor.
The traditions and philosophy of Sikhism were made by ten gurus from 1469 to 1708.
Each guru added to and reinforced the message taught by the previous one.
This resulted in the creation of the Sikh religion.
In addition to the above, Sikhs also believe in fifteen bhagats or saints, including ones from other creeds, whose words and deeds have been adopted into Sikhism by the great ten Gurus.
Most notable of these bhagats is the Punjabi Sufi saint, Hazrat Baba Farfood
Sikhs believe in equality therefore the are all equal in money.
Nobody is poor and nobody is rich.
There is a Sikh alphabet.
Sikhism, religion and philosophy founded in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent in the late 15th century.
The Sikhs call their faith Gurmat (Punjabi: “the Way of the Guru”).
According to Sikh tradition, Sikhism was established by Guru Nanak (1469–1539) and subsequently led by a succession of nine other Gurus.
5 Ks
Khalsa is the military community of Sikhism.
A Sikh must follow the 5 Ks:
Having unshorn/uncut hair.
This is called a Kesh.
Whether male or female, a person is required to keep their Kesh covered.
People usually cover their Kesh with a turban, or a scarf (Chunni).
A wooden comb in their hair.
This is called a Kanga.
This symbolizes cleanliness which is an important part of Sikhism.
A steel bangle.
This is for protection and physical reminder that a one is bound to the Guru.
This is called a Kara.
This is to show that God has no beginning and no end.
Cotton underwear that has to be always worn.
This is called a Kachera.
It is a reminder to stay away from lust and attachment.
A sword.
This is worn to defend one's faith and protect the weak.
This is called Kirpan.
It is only to be used in self-defense.
Many of these are now welded shut.
Sikhs.org
Sikh Missionary Society (UK)—Non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the Sikh religion, culture and history
Religious Tolerance
Siknet
What is Sikhism
Sikh Wiki
Sikh Karsewa
English translations of sacred texts
Kaveri is a river in south India.
It flows from Karnataka to Tamil Nadu.
Rivers of Tamil Nadu
Bhopal is the capital of Madhya Pradesh, India, and the second largest city of the state, after Indore.
Bhopal is also called the City of Lakes.
It is the headquarters of Bhopal District.
It is in the central part of India.
The city is believed to have first been called Bhojpal, named after the King of Bhoj.
According to this theory, it was later changed to Bhopal.
In 1984 a poisoned gas was leaked from a private chemical factory at night when a worker was cleaning out a clogged pipe connected with a tank containing gas.
The tank had 42 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) that was leaked at midnight and leaving more than 5,000 people and animals dead.
Many people also became sick and they are still suffering from deadly diseases.
This has been called as "World's worst industrial disaster".
A dialect is a form of a language spoken by a group of people.
People who live in the same place may share a dialect; this is called a "regiolect".
People who are similar in some other way, such as social class, may share a dialect.
There is no absolute difference between a dialect and a language.
British English and American English are different standard dialects of English.
They differ slightly in spelling, pronunciation, and vocabulary.
However, they are "mutually intelligible", which means people who speak either variety understand the other.
Deciding if something is a language or a dialect is sometimes a political decision as a way to make minority groups assimilate or become part of a nation's larger culture.
The linguist Max Weinreich once joked that "a language is a dialect with an army and a navy."
Japanese and the Okinawan language are related, as they are Japonic languages, but they are not mutually intelligible.
When Japan took over Okinawa during the Meiji Era, the Japanese government called the Okinawan language a dialect of Japanese.
This was used to forbid Okinawans from speaking Okinawan and to force them to Japanese.
Catalan and Galician used to be considered as dialects of Spanish but are now recognized as languages.
They are about as near to Portuguese and to Occitan, respectively, as they are to Spanish.
Hindi and Urdu are called different languages today, but they used to be the same language, Hindustani.
After Pakistan became separate from India, Hindustani became called Urdu in Pakistan and Hindi in India.
However, speakers of both can understand each other if they are using everyday speech.
The two languages use different writing systems, but writing systems are not an accurate way to decide if languages are related.
Chinese is called a language, but has hundreds of dialects, such as Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu, and Hokkien.
Many of them are not mutually intelligible.
In past times, travel was difficult and so dialects developed in quite small regions.
In Britain, there were dialects in the different parts of the country, and traces can stiill be heard today.
The Romance languages were dialects of Latin that separated in that way.
words: people in England to church, but in Scotland, people go to kirk.
Pronunciation: the r of creatures is silent in most of England but is pronounced by most of the United States.
grammar: instead of I dived, a few people say I dove.