the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
By the end of the 18th century, Tsarskoye Selo became a popular place for noble people to visit in the summer.
On September 17, 1941 the Germans destroyed the town of Pushkin, destroying many historical buildings and other artifacts.
Buildings and structures in Russia
de:Puschkin (Stadt)#Geschichte
fr:Detskoye Selo
fi:Puškin (kaupunki)#Palatsi- ja puistoalueet
Prince John Constantinovich of Russia () (5 July 1886 – 18 July 1918), also known as Prince Ioann, Prince Ivan or Prince Johan, was the eldest son of Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia.
He was described as a gentle, religious person.
His relatives gave him the nickname of Ioannchick.
He was born at Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, and was in the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.
He later married the Princess Helen of Serbia.
Maria Feodorovna (26 November 1847 – 13 October 1928), born Princess Dagmar of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and later Princess Dagmar of Denmark, was the Empress consort of Russia.
Her son, Nicholas II of Russia, was the last Tsar of Russia.
She was born in Copenhagen, Denmark.
In Greek mythology the Hydra (or Lernaean hydra) was a serpent-like monster.
According to Theogony 313, the Hydra is the child of Typhon and Echidna.
The Hydra had many heads.
If you cut off one hydra head, two more would grow back in its place.
It is also said that the Hydra's teeth were able to raise skeletons from the dead.
There are pictures of the Hydra on vases and bronze plates dating back as far as the 7th century BC.
Hercules (who is called "Heracles" in Greek mythology) kills the  Hydra as one of his labors.
The Hydra lived in the lake of Lerna in the Argolis.
The lake itself is older even than the Mycenaean city of Argos.
Lerna was also the site of  the myth of the Danaids.
The second of the 12 labors of Hercules was to kill the Hydra.
The monster also had one immortal head that was in the middle.
All of the heads could spit deadly acid.
To defeat the Hydra, Hercules called on his nephew Iolaus for help.
As soon as Hercules cut off one head, Iolaus would cauterise the wound with a flaming torch so that nothing could grow to replace it.
After removing the Hydra's immortal head, Hercules buried it under a large rock.
Then he collected the monster's poisonous blood.
In later adventures, he dipped his arrows in the blood to kill other monsters.
"Hydra."
Myths and Legends of the World.
Encyclopedia.com.
11 Apr. 2016<http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
The programs include "CrossOver Linux", "CrossOver Mac", "CrossOver Games" and "CrossOver Games Linux".
They are modified versions of the free and open source Wine compatibility layer.
Fred Figglehorn was first recorded in 2005 and first seen on YouTube in 2006 as a five year old boy.
Cruikshank makes his voice sound higher pitched for the Fred character.
By April 2009, Fred's YouTube subscription page had over one million subscribers, making him the most subscribed person on YouTube.
His peak amount of subscribers was over 3,000,000.
The amount has declined since he started working on his films and TV show due to the hiring of writers to make his scripts for him, thus making his videos less funny.
As of July 27, 2012, his channel has 1,910,093 subscribers.
In February 2009 Cruikshank worked with Nickelodeon acting in an episode of iCarly and creating the movies Fred: The Movie, Fred 2: Night of the Living Fred and Fred 3: Camp Fred.
He also worked with them, creating his own TV show called Fred: The Show.
The Fred Figglehorn franchise has 3 web shows (FЯED, Figgle Chat, and It's FЯED!),
3 movies (FЯED: The Movie, FЯED 2: Night of the Living FЯED and Fred 3: Camp Fred), and a television show (FЯED: The Show).
It also has 2 albums (It's Hackin' Christmas with FЯED!
and Who's Ready to Party?).
It has many types of merchandise, including T-shirts, a talking doll, and many other products.
FЯED: The Movie
An unpopular, hyper teenage boy named Fred Figglehorn has a crush on a girl named Judy, but is sad to see her singing a romantic duet with his enemy Kevin during a music class.
After this, Fred wants to sing a song with Judy, but after trying to sneak his way into her house, he discovers that she has moved.
So Fred goes on a journey to find Judy's new house.
While looking, Fred runs into different characters, including a talking deer, a lost childhood friend who had disappeared in the forest years earlier, a neighborhood girl named Bertha who's friends with Fred, and a boy with a personality opposite to his own named Derf.
When he arrives at Judy's home, he discovers that she is hosting a party to which he was never invited.
He is bullied by her guests who are bullies of him for his poor social status at school and strange personality.
After vomiting on Judy's party dress, Fred leaves the house.
He is angry to find that Kevin has posted a video of him vomiting on Judy online, so he decides to throw a party of his own and not invite anybody to get revenge.
In order to trick others into believing that he has had a spectacular house party, Fred invites Bertha to his house where they dress up mannequins in different outfits and play around.
After Fred edits the video of the fake party, he posts it on the internet, where his schoolmates watch it and believe that Fred and Bertha actually had a really good party.
After watching the video, different students at Fred's school say how awesome Fred and Bertha are (except Kevin, who claims the party was "lame").
Some students say they actually went to the party.
Soon, Judy visits Fred's house and asks if the two may sing together, and Fred accepts the request.
FЯED 2: The Night of the Living FЯED
In school, Fred finds out his music teacher, who had trouble hearing, has been replaced by Mr. Devlin.
Mr. Devlin cleans up and throws away a hearing aide, which is suspicious.
While walking home with his friend, Bertha, he sees a girl, Talia following them.
Fred thinks he is being stalked, so he runs home.
Later, Fred notices Mr. Devlin is his new neighbor.
Fred is now afraid of Mr. Devlin, thinking he may be a vampire.
At school, Devlin asks everyone to join a musical community.
Fred thinks that Devlin is trying to turn everyone into a vampire by having them take his lessons, and everyone is joining.
That night, Fred spies on him and sees him burying what he believes is a body.
Meanwhile, Talia vanishes, making him think she was a ghost.
Kevin's mom then invites them to a party.
It is then found out that Talia is Kevin's sister.
The next day, Mr. Devlin, takes Fred's mom on a date.
This worries Fred.
Fred asks Bertha to help prove Mr. Devlin is a vampire.
Fred and Bertha spy on Mr. Devlin and Fred's mom at a restaurant.
Mr. Devlin orders a bloody steak making Bertha more suspicious.
Later that night, Fred falls from his window because Mr. Devlin sees him as he is trying to get away.
Later, Fred goes around and puts up crucifixes to fend off Devlin, as vampires hate all things holy.
Derf tells Fred to face his fears and defeat Devlin, so Fred buys garlic sauce.
At the piano recital that night, Fred squirts the garlic sauce on everyone, including Talia.
Afterwards, Mr. Devlin invites him to his house for dinner so that they can "bury the hatchet".
Fred sets up a live video stream from his phone so he can prove that Devlin is a vampire.
Inside Devlin's house, Fred discovers a secret butchers' room behind a wall filled with meat and bones.
Devlin creeps in with a long knife and a tall head-dress, scaring Fred.
Fred then drops his phone into a pot of boiling liquid.
The video freezes on Devlin.
This image of Devlin in his headdress makes everyone who sees it think that he is a vampire.
But after Devlin talks about his weird hobbies, Fred now begins to like Devlin.
Everyone at school sees his video, so they believe that Devlin is a vampire, too.
He runs to Devlin's house to apologize but Devlin is too depressed to answer.
Mr. Devlin gets fired and says that he will have to sell his house and move.
Fred feels guilty and tries to fix things by making them think he is the vampire.
Bertha and Talia both help, as Talia reveals how much she hates her brother.
Kevin and his friends go to Devlin's house because they think he has Talia.
Devlin tells them that vampires are not real, but Bertha comes out and says, "Vampires are real, but it's not Devlin.
It's him!"
Then, Fred walks out of the garage carrying Talia, threatening to turn her into a vampire too.
Bertha makes Kevin stab Fred, and he gets sprayed with fake blood.
Devlin sees Fred and accepts his apology.
Devlin says he quit his job and sold his house of his own choice.
Then, as Fred's mom and Devlin are going out for dinner, Fred looks in the mirror and sees that Mr. Devlin has no reflection.
This means he was a vampire after all, and Fred screams in terror as the movie ends.
FRED 3: Camp FRED
There is a third Fred film called Fred 3: Camp Fred.
It was shown on Nickelodeon on July 28, 2012.
Fred is stuck at Camp IWannapeepee as his mom signed him up for the wrong camp as he quickly befriends two campers as they must win this year's Summer Camp Games and beat Camp Superior, where Kevin is a camper.
FЯED: The Show
FЯED: The Show (where Mr. Figglehorn (Fred's abusive imaginary/make-believe father) (played by John Cena) didn't appear), is a Nickelodeon show starring Lucas Cruikshank as Fred.
A preview aired on January 16, 2012 and another aired on February 20, 2012.
The show itself was aired the same day as the second preview.
The show came to production after the success of Fred 2: Night of the Living Fred.
So far, 18 episodes have aired and had to stop production for the release for the third film, but new episodes will air on July 30, 2012.
FЯED
Fred is the original web show Fred started out with.
There are 4 seasons.
Each one seems to have a kind of different style than the one before.
In Season 1, Fred has a blue shirt.
In Season 2, his shirt is red (because his grandma put a red sock in the laundry and the color ran).
In Season 3, his shirt somehow becomes blue again.
Season 4 is in HD and features Fred in many different places besides his house.
Figgle Chat
Figgle Chat is a talk show series Fred made where he interviews special guests (such as "Barack Obama", Hunter Hunterson, and Perez Hilton).
It's FЯED
This web show is an animated version of Fred's world.
The first episode ("Fred gets Animated part 1) was posted on November 17, 2011.
The second part ("Fred gets Animated part 2") was posted on November 24, 2011.
It's Hackin' Christmas with Fred
Who's Ready to Party?
Fred's Youtube Channel
Hound Dog is a song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller.
It was first sung by Willie May Thornton in March 1953, but is best known by Elvis Presley in 1956.
The genre is twelve-bar blues.
Elvis Presley songs
Miss Piggy is a female pig puppet made by Jim Henson that appeared on The Muppet Show on television.
Bert is a golden yellow Muppet created by Jim Henson.
He was on the TV show Sesame Street.
He's Ernie's roommate.
Even though Bert is a grumpy, he is still sometimes happy.
He's yellow with a single eyebrow called a unibrow, and had a vertical striped shirt (compared to Ernie's which is horizontal).
He looks like a banana.
Bert first appeared in the test episodes of Sesame Street in 1969, with his uni brow never moving, and a little more tame.
Then later in the years starting in Season 3 of Sesame Street, Bert can move his uni brow up and down.
Starting in 1997, he was funnier and nicer but still grumpy.
Bert has known to be changed nine times.
Ernie is Bert's brother and roommate.
And is the more clumsy and funny guy.
He was first seen the same day Bert first was seen.
He was voiced by Jim Henson until his death in 1990.
Ernie is an orange Muppet on the television program Sesame Street.
Ernie was created and voiced by Jim Henson.
Steve Whitmire has voiced Ernie since love.
He is Bert's best friend.
They live together.
Ernie is the more active and funny kind of guy.
He looks like an orange football with horizontal stripes on his shirt.
He laughs differently than anyone else and really likes to sing.
Ernie was first seen with Bert in the test episodes of Sesame Street in 1969.
His voice at that time was more similar to Rowlf the dog than Kermit the Frog.
He had purple and yellow stripes on his shirt and a purple nose instead of the red and blue stripes and red nose he has now.
His shirt and nose were changed in the second year of the program.
In the third year, his eye focus got better.
Bert is Ernie's and roommate.
He is more grumpy, but still likes Ernie.
Bee Train Production Inc. (ビィートレイン株式会社, Biītorein Kabushikigaisha?)
usually referred to as Bee Train is a Japanese anime studio, founded by Koichi Mashimo and his colleagues in 1997.
It is most famous for showing strong female characters with a light lesbian attraction.
Mashimo worked around Japan as a director on his own (not employed to a single company) with a group of other artists.
He started a studio that would encourage and help young artists.
He and his friend worked at Production I.G. The company president agreed to help Mashimo with his plan and helped start it.
The first few years the two studios worked together on anime based on popular video games then Bee Train studio grew big enough to work more on its own.
The studio was given a project of short videos to tie in with a new video game series called .hack (said as dot hack).
In addition to the new set of videos the studio was also given a 26 episode television series.
The next years would be met with new additions to the game series and the studio's famous "girls-with-guns" trilogy.
Bee Train became independent in 2006.
The two studios still have a good relationship with each other and work together on projects occasionally.
From 2009 to 2010, the studio expanded to include two new areas called C-Station and D-Station.
Bee Train also has another small office called Studio Road.
Studio Road does the color work for anime.
Bee Train at Anime News Network.com
Bee Train at IMDb.com
"Give A Little More" is the second single released by Maroon 5 on August 17, 2010, from the album Hands All Over.
The music video for the single was released on September 1, 2010, on VEVO.
The song hit radio airplay on October 12, 2010.
The song was produced by Phantom Planet's Sam Farrar.
Hands All Over is the third studio album released under A&M/Octone Records by pop/rock Grammy Award winning band Maroon 5.
The album was released on September 21, 2010, in the United States and in the United Kingdom on September 15, 2010.
The album features the singles "Misery", "Give a Little More", and "Never Gonna Leave This Bed".
The track "Moves Like Jagger" was added to the deluxe edition of the album on July 5, 2011 after its release on June 22, 2011.
Later on in July of 2011 the hit single "Moves Like Jagger" featuring pop singer Christina Aguilera was put on the deluxe edition of Hands All Over for promotional reasons.
The song peaked atop the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
The music video premiered on E!
News on August 9, 2011.
Maroon 5 began writing the songs that appear on Hands All Over after winding down from a world tour in support of their 2007 studio release It Won't Be Soon Before Long.
Several months later, the band received a phone call from Robert John "Mutt" Lange, who had heard that the band were beginning to write a new album, and expressed an interest in producing it.
In a press release on their official website, the album is described as "a killer hybrid of rock, pop, funk and R&B".
Bonus material includes the tracks "The Air That I Breathe", "Never Gonna Leave This Bed (Acoustic version)", "Misery (Acoustic version)", and "Moves Like Jagger" featuring Christina Aguilera.
"Moves Like Jagger" (featuring Christina Aguilera) – 3:21
iTunes & Deluxe Edition bonus tracks
"Last Chance" (Adam Levine, Sam Farrar) – 3:10
"No Curtain Call" (Levine, Jesse Carmichael, Harmony David Samuels) – 3:44
"Never Gonna Leave This Bed" (Acoustic version)  – 3:22
"Misery" (Acoustic version) – 3:46
"If I Ain't Got You" (Live) (Alicia Keys) – 4:00
"The Air That I Breathe" (Levine, James Valentine, Tommy King) – 4:17
"Last Chance" (Live) – 3:12
Japanese Edition bonus tracks
"Last Chance" – 3:10
"No Curtain Call" – 3:44
"If I Ain't Got You" (Live) – 4:00
"Crazy Little Thing Called Love" (Acoustic version) – 3:13
"Wake Up Call" (Live) – 4:00
The lead single for the album is "Misery".
The song was released for digital download on 22 June 2010.
1 on the U.S. Billboard Adult Songs, No.
8 on the U.S. Billboard Top Pop Songs, and No.
14 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.
The video premiered on MTV July 1, 2010.
The second single for the album is "Give a Little More".
The song was released for digital download on 17 August 2010 along with the iTunes Pre-Order sale.
The song hit U.S. mainstream on 12 October 2010.
The song became No.
11 on the U.S. Top Adult Pop Songs.
The video was released on September 2, 2010.
The third single off the album is "Hands All Over".
The song was released on 22 December 2010.
The song, however, did not hit a specific mainstream release did.
The video was released the following day on December 23.
The fourth single off the album titled "Never Gonna Leave This Bed" is set to be released in February of 2011.
The video for the song was shot on January 16 and 17 of 2011 in several different locations in the Los Angeles area.
The fifth single off the album is "Moves Like Jagger".
The song was added to the album on July 5, 2011 after the debut season of the NBC show The Voice concluded.
The single was released on June 22, 2011.
The video for the song premiered on E!
News on Monday, August 8, 2011.
The song off the album Hands All Over called "Stutter" hit mainstream in several different countries in Europe and also hit mainstream in Australia and Japan.
In November of 2010 it was rumored that the song would be the third upcoming single by the band off the album Hands All Over.
However, it was not officially released.
The song "Out of Goodbyes" off the album features country-pop sensation Lady Antebellum in which Adam Levine, frontman, sings a duet with the lead singer of Lady Antebellum, Hilary Scott.
The song appeared in the U.K. Adult Pop chart in January 2011 as No.
96 then jumped to No.
94 in early February.
He is also known as the Iceman, Similaun Man, Frozen Fritz, and Man from Hauslabjoch.
He is Europe's oldest natural human mummy, and has offered a new picture of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans.
Ötzi was found on a mountain ridge, at the border between Austria and Italy.
After the First World War, Austria had to give the southern part of Tyrol to Italy; it is now known as Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
At the time, the border was fixed on the watershed of that ridge.
The problem with this is that the ridge is usually covered by a glacier, which was also the case in 1919 and 1920.
When the border was fixed, the expert team supposed that the watershed was straight below the glacier.
The border was fixed that way in 1922 and 1926.
The body was found on the Austrian side of the slope.
Measurements were done in 1993; they showed that the border is in fact 93 metres from the place where Ötzi was found, on Italian territory.
Since 2006, there is a new contract which fixes the border between Austria and Italy: In the case of glaciers, the border is taken on the surface of the glacier, and no longer on the watershed below.
This also means that the border is now variable, and depending on the state of the glacier, the place where Ötzi was found is in Austria or in Italy.
Rewarding the finders
There was also a long legal struggle by the finders, plaintiffs Helmut and Erika Simon, for a suitable reward.
After many court hearings, the provincial government agreed to pay Erika Simon €150,000.
By that time 17 years had passed, and her husband was dead.
Further research found that the arrow's shaft had been removed before death, and close examination of the body found bruises and cuts to the hands, wrists and chest.
Cerebral trauma suggested a blow to the head.
One of the cuts was to the base of his thumb that reached down to the bone but had no time to heal before his death.
At present it is believed that death was caused by a blow to the head.
Researchers are unsure if this was due to a fall, or from being struck with a rock by another person.
Ötzi exhibits the oldest preserved tattoos in the world.
These include 61 marks made from fireplace soot and ash.
There were groups of short, parallel, vertical lines to both sides of the lumbar spine, cross-shaped  marks on his right knee and right ankle, and parallel lines on his left wrist.
X-ray examination of his bones showed "age-conditioned or strain-induced degeneration" in these areas.
These tattoos may have been related to pain relief treatments similar to acupuncture.
Ötzi's DNA
DNA sequence analysis has shown that Ötzi had brown eyes, blood type 'O', was lactose intolerant, and was likely to suffer heart disease.
He was more closely related to modern Corsicans and Sardinians than to populations in the Alps, where he was discovered.
His ancestors probably came from the Middle East as agriculture became more widespread.
He was also the first known case of a person infected by the Lyme disease bacterium.
He was middle-aged.
"Stutter" is a song performed by American pop rock band Maroon 5 from their third studio album Hands All Over released on September 15, 2010.
The song was written by frontman Adam Levine, Matt Flynn, and Sam Farrar.
It was recorded and produced in Vevey, Switzerland in early 2010 by producer and music engineer Robert John "Mutt" Lange.
The song itself premiered during the band's nationwide summer tour in late July 2010 by featuring it on their set list to perform live.
The track gained much gratitude and was demanded as a single, however was released along with the album, Hands All Over, on September 15, 2010.
Several amateur videos were uploaded to YouTube and other video-sharing social networks prior to its full-length studio release.
On E!
News' online website it was said that the group would release the song as a third single, following up the second single "Give a Little More", released on October 12, 2010, in late December or early January the next year.
However, "Never Gonna Leave This Bed" ended up being the third mainstream single from the album, being released under A&M Records on February 5, 2011.
The track gained a great number of digital downloads around the time of the album's release in late September, 2010 pursuing "Stutter" to debut and peak at number eighty-four on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.
It became the biggest selling song on the album that wasn't a single.
In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, amphoras were used to transport liquids or grain.
Amphores had two handles, used for carrying.
Amphoras existed in different sizes, between 5 litres and 50 litres.
They were made of clay, or metal.
Cargo ships for liquids were full of amphorae.
Most of the amphoras that now exist were made in old times  of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
However, many were made long before then.
Some amphoras date from as far back as 4500 BCE.
Some varieties have been found in ancient China.
Peter Waldo, Valdo, or Waldes (c. 1140 – c. 1218), also Pierre Vaudès or de Vaux, is believed by many to have started the Waldensians.
This was a Christian spiritual movement of the Middle Ages.
People are still alive in southern Europe who come from this movement.
Because not much was written down about Waldo while he was alive, people do not agree how important he was to the Waldensians, because it may have been around before his leadership.
Also, the French historian Thuanus thought Waldo died in the year 1179.
Not many details are known about the life of Waldo.
Some sources say that he was a rich man who sold clothes, and that he was a merchant from Lyon.
Also, sources say that he had some education.
Sometime not long before the year 1160 he was inspired by some events.
One of these was hearing a sermon on the life of St. Alexius.
Another was when saying that one did not believe in transubstantiation (which is the belief that, during Communion, the bread and wine turn into the body and blood of Jesus Christ) became a crime for which one could be punished by death.
A third event was the sudden death of a friend during an evening meal.
After this, he began living a radical Christian life.
He gave his property to his wife.
He gave the rest of his things to the poor.
At about this time, Waldo began to preach and teach publicly about his ideas of living simple lives and about poverty.
He taught that "No man can serve two masters, God and money", (see Gospel of Matthew 6:24) and strongly criticized things done by the Pope and things taught by the Roman Catholic Church.
Some of the things taught by the Catholic Church that he criticized were purgatory and transubstantiation.
He said that the Roman Catholic Church was the prostitute from the book of Revelation.
By 1170, many people were following him.
These people were called the Poor of Lyon, the Poor of Lombardy, or the Poor of God who would spread their teaching abroad while dressed up as peddlers.
Often called the Waldensians (or Waldenses), they were different from the Albigensians or Cathari.
The Waldensian movement had lay preaching (people who were not preachers or priests for a living preached), people who were poor by choice, and strictly obeying the Bible.
Between 1175-1185, Waldo either had a cleric from Lyons translate the New Testament of the Bible into the language that most people spoke, the Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) language, or translate it himself.
In 1179, Waldo and one of his followers went to Rome, where they were welcomed by Pope Alexander III, and the Roman Curia.
They had to explain what they believed in front of a panel of three clergymen, including issues which were then debated within the Church.
These included the idea that all people were priests, teaching the gospel in the language most people spoke, and people living poor, simple lives on purpose.
The results of the meeting were inconclusive, and Waldo's ideas, but not the movement itself, were condemned at the Third Lateran Council in the same year, although the leaders of the movement had not been yet excommunicated (kicked out of the Church).
Sent away from Lyon, Waldo and his followers moved to the high valleys of Piedmont, and in France, in the Luberon.
Finally, Waldo was excommunicated by Pope Lucius III during the synod held at Verona in 1184, and the doctrine of the Poor of Lyon was again condemned by the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 where they are mentioned by name for the first time, and called heresy.
The Roman Catholic Church began to persecute the Waldensians, and many were tried and sentenced to death in different European countries during the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries.
The Waldensians survived by moving the Alps and hiding there.
Centuries after his death, the Waldensian denomination joined the Genevan or Reformed branch of the Protestant Reformation.
Audisio, Gabriel, The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival, c.1170 - c.1570, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. (
1999) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
Link to the Medieval sourcebook text about Peter Waldo
1218 deaths
The Siberian Intervention (1918-1922) was part of a larger plan by the Western powers and Japan.
They wanted to support the White Russians against the Bolshevik Red Army during the Russian Civil War.
Other places included Northwest Russia, Crimea, Bessarabia, and the Caucasus.
Having occupied the Russian Maritime Provinces, the Allied Forces left by 1920.
The Imperial Japanese Army stayed in Siberia until 1922.
The Siberian Intervention came quickly after the Russian October Revolution of 1917.
The new Bolshevik government signed a separate peace treaty with Germany.
That was a serious problem for the Entente powers.
The treaty ended fighting for the Germans facing Russia.
Germany could then move soldiers from east to west; against Europe.
The peace agreement also allowed Germany to get many supplies from Murmansk, Arkhangelsk and Vladivostok.
In addition, a 50,000 man Czech Legion had been fighting on the side of the Allies.
They became trapped.
The Czechs were trying to fight their way out to the east to Vladivostok along the Trans-Siberian Railway.
However, the Bolsheviks controlled that railway.
Great Britain and France decided to use military power and join the Russian Civil War against the Bolshevik government because of all of those problems.
They had three goals:
stop Germany or the Bolsheviks from getting the Allied war supplies in Russia
rescue the Czech Legion and return it to the European front
restart the Eastern Front by helping create a White Russian government.
The British and French did not have enough soldiers, so the asked the United States to help.
They asked the U.S. to send soldiers to both the North Russia Campaign and the Siberian Campaign.
President Wilson agreed in July 1918 even though the War Department said not to help.
The U.S. sent two groups of soldiers: 5,000 soldiers were the American North Russia Expeditionary Force (nicknamed the Polar Bear Expedition); and 10,000 were called the American Expeditionary Force Siberia.
In the same month, the Russian White movement asked the Beiyang government of the Republic of China to send men.
They sent 2,000 soldiers by August.
The Chinese later occupied Outer Mongolia and Tuva.
They sent a battalion to the North Russian Campaign to fight against the Bolsheviks.
Active countries
The British had few soldiers sending only 1,500 troops to Siberia.
These soldiers came from 9th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment and the 25th Battalion Middlesex Regiment.
The Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force was commanded by Major General James H. Elmsley.
The Canadian government approved the mission in August 1918.
The Canadian soldiers were sent to Vladivostok to support the allied armies already there.
There were 4,192 soldiers in the group.
They returned to Canada between April and June 1919.
The Canadians did little fighting.
Fewer than 100 troops left the base area to go to Omsk.
Those 100 worked as administrative staff for 1,500 British troops who were helping the White Russian government of Admiral Alexander Kolchak.
Most Canadians stayed in Vladivostok.
They did routine practice and worked as police in the unstable port city.
The American Expeditionary Force Siberia was commanded by Major General William S. Graves.
At its largest, it was 7,950 officers and enlisted men.
Allied intervention (1918-1919)
The Allies began to work together in Siberia in August 1918.
The Japanese entered through Vladivostok and places along the Manchurian border.
They sent more 70,000 soldiers.
The Allies worried about Japanese plans because they sent such a large group.
On September 5, the Japanese met the leading group of the Czech Legion.
A few days later the British, Italian and French groups joined the Czechs to try to restart the war in the east.
They tried to make a new battle line beyond the Ural Mountains.
This meant that the European allies moved west.
The Japanese had their own goals.
They would not go west of Lake Baikal and stayed behind.
The Americans were suspicious of Japanese plans.
They also stayed behind to watch the Japanese.
By November, the Japanese controlled all ports and major towns in the Russian Maritime Provinces and in Siberia east of the city of Chita.
In the summer of 1918 onwards, the Japanese army supported White Russian groups; the 5th infantry division and the Japanese-backed Special Manchurian Detachment of Grigory Semyonov took control over Transbaikalia.
They started a White Transbaikalia government, but it did not last long.
Mac OS X Lion is an operating system.
It is the eighth major release of Apple's Mac OS X software line.
It is made for Macintosh desktops, laptops, and servers.
It was released on 20th July 2011 via the Mac App Store.
Lion was unveiled to the public at Apple's "Back to the Mac" event on October 20, 2010.
It brings developments from iOS (Apple's mobile operating system for the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad), such as the App Store, to the Mac.
New or changed features
Mac App Store — An application store similar to the iOS App Store.
It will be made available to Macs running Mac OS 10.6 "Snow Leopard" on January 6, 2011.
Like in iOS, it will provide many ways for shoppers to discover apps, one-click installation, and one-click updates of all or selected installed applications.
Launchpad — An application launcher that presents an iOS-like icon grid of installed applications.
Multiple pages and grouping apps in folders will be supported.
Full-screen apps — Native, system-wide support for full-screen applications.
Mission Control — Overview of running applications, putting together other Mac OS features including Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen apps.
Multi-touch gestures — Similar to iOS, gestures performed using a multi-touch input device (e.g. Magic Mouse, Magic Trackpad) will allow the user to scroll, swipe to different pages, and enter Mission Control.
Auto save — Documents automatically save, so users will not have to save their work.
Apps resume when launched — Applications resume in the same state when reopened.
Autohiding Scrollbars — Scrollbars appear in the content area of the window and autohide when not scrolling (similar to iOS).
Removal of "Aqua" UI — The "Aqua" look used in OS X since 2000 (first used in "iMovie 2") was replaced with a flatter, grey look.
Mac OS X Lion at Apple.com
The Planck time is the length of time at which no smaller meaningful length can be validly measured due to the indeterminacy expressed in Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
Theoretically, this is the shortest time measurement that is possible.
Planck time is roughly 10−44 seconds.
However, to date, the smallest time interval that was measured was 10−21 seconds, a "zeptosecond."
It is calculated from the Planck constant, which was first thought of by the physicist Max Planck in 1900.
This work by Planck asserts that the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency, and their relation can be put in terms of familiar units such as the joule by using the proportionality constant Planck gave us.
Heisenberg's original quantum theory was improved by his teacher and colleague Max Born.
Born put Heisenberg's equation into a matrix form.
Born immediately noticed that to calculate using these matrices, one matrix had to be multiplied by another matrix.
In matrix multiplication, multiplying matrix P by matrix X gives a different result from the one obtained by multiplying matrix X by matrix P. He further noticed that the difference between the two matrices involves h, the Planck proportionality constant.
It shows that one can never pin down things like P (momentum) and X (location) exactly.
As a result, we cannot pin down a time any better than we can pin down a place or a momentum.
We get closer and closer and then we reach the "Planck time."
Planck time is usually noted tP, symbol made of the latin letter t lowercase, initial of latin word tempus ("time"), in italic, followed to the right and subscript, by the latin letter P uppercase, initial of the last name of Max Planck.
Planck time is defined by :
where :
is the Planck constant ;
is the gravitational constant ;
is the speed of light in a vacuum ;
is Planck length.
In the International System of Units, the recommended value  for the Planck time is :
with a relative error of 10-4.
In February 1988, during a reception in Kremlin, Mikhail Gorbachev said that he and his wife, Raisa, greatly admired Kaputikyan's poetry.
She appeared as herself in the 1992 documentary Parajanov: The Last Spring, about Sergei Paradjanov, a legendary film-maker of Armenian descent who was persecuted by Soviet authorities (Sayat Nova).
Named "Renowned Master of Arts" by the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1971)
Named "Renowned Worker of Arts" by the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1980)
Received state prizes of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1952) and the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1988)
Received the Nosside Italian prize
Awarded Ordens of St. Mesrob Mashtots (in Yerevan, Armenia) and Knyaginia Olga
Pointillism is a way of painting in which small separate dots of pure color are used to form images.
The artist paints the picture with hundreds of tiny dots, mainly of red, yellow, blue and green, with white.
The eye and mind of the viewer mix the colours to make different shades of these colours, as well as orange, purple, pink, and brown depending on the way the dots of colour are arranged.
Georges Seurat, at first an Impressionist painter, and Paul Signac, developed this technique in 1886.
Other important artists were Camille Pissarro and, in some paintings, Vincent van Gogh.
Art critics who saw their work, laughed at it and called it "Pointillism" as an insult.
This name is still used, but is no longer thought of as an insult.
Traditionally, artists blend pigments (mix colours) on a palette.
Pointillist painters do not mix the colours on the palette at all  they just use the colours straight from the tube.
Traditional painters, and also impressionist painters, use many types of brushstrokes, and many textures of paint.
The surface of the painting may have flat colour, lines, squiggles and dabs of paint.
In a pointillist painting, every part of the picture is done in tiny dots, and most of the dots are about the same size.
Pointillism is usually done in oil paints, because they are thick and do not run into each other when they are painted on the canvas.
Printing and television
Many colour printers and large printing presses use four colours to print in tiny dots of cyan (blue), magenta (red), yellow, and black.
Televisions and computer monitors use a similar technique to show many different colors using only red, green, and blue.
The name Pointillism is also given to a style of 20th-century music.
Different musical notes are made separately from each other, giving a sound texture similar to pointillism.
This type of music is also known as "punctualism" or "klangfarbenmelodie".
In telecommunications, Baud is the unit to measure the symbol rate.
If one symbol can be transmitted per second, this is equal to one Baud.
The unit is named after Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot a French telecommunications engineer who invented the Baudot code.
The Baud rate is different from the gross bit rate, measured in bits/second.
Various electric signal schemes invented in the 20th century such as Phase-shift keying can make bit rates much higher than signal rates.
In another example, gigabit ethernet has a symbol rate of 125MBd.
Gigabit ethernet uses pulse-amplitude modulation and can transmit two bits of payload data per symbol.
Gigabit ethernet uses four balanced pairs for transmission.
It can transmit .
Yun Chi-Young (Hangul: 윤치영, February 10 1898 - February 9 1996) was a Korean Independent Activist and politician, educators, diplomats.
His nickname was 'DongSan' (동산, 東山).
1st Interior Minister (1948) of South Korea, 1st, 2nd and 3rd the National Assembly of South Korean.
Younger Half-Uncle was Yun Bo-seon, 4th president of South Korea.
2nd  Republic of Korea Ambassador to French  1950 to 1951, 13th Mayor of Seoul City at December 17, 1963 to March 30, 1966.
『Yun Chi-young's 20c』(윤치영의 20세기)
http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=520742
Korean writers
Samuel Lewis Francis (June 25, 1923, San Mateo, California – November 4, 1994, Santa Monica, California) was an American painter and printmaker.
He was born in San Mateo, California, and studied botany, medicine and psychology at the University of California, Berkeley.
He served in the United States Air Force during World War II before being injured in a plane crash.
He was in the hospital for several years, and it was while he was there that he began to paint.
Once he was out of the hospital he returned to Berkeley, this time to study art.
Francis was initially influenced by the work of abstract expressionists such as Mark Rothko, Arshile Gorky and Clyfford Still.
He spent the 1950s in Paris, having his first exhibition there in 1952.
While there he became associated with Tachisme.
He later spent time in Japan, and some have seen an influence from Zen Buddhism in Francis’ work.
Francis spent some time in Paris making entirely monochromatic works, but his mature pieces are generally large oil paintings with splashed or splattered areas of bright contrasting colour.
Areas of white canvas are often left to show through, and in later works, paint is sometimes confined to the edges of the canvas.
Francis returned to California during the 1960s and continued painting in Los Angeles.
During the final three decades of his career his style of large scale bright Abstract Expressionism was also closely associated with Color Field painting.
During the last year of his life, suffering from prostate cancer and unable to paint with his right hand after a fall, in a final burst of energy he used his left hand to complete a dazzling series of about 150 small paintings before he died.
He was buried in Olema, in Marin County, California.
After the death of the artist, the Samuel L. Francis Foundation, Inc. (also known as the "Samuel L. Francis Art Museum, Inc." or the "Sam Francis Foundation") was founded.
The Foundation not only serves as his official Estate, but also has a mission "to research, document, protect and perpetuate the creative legacy of [Francis]."
The U.S. copyright representative for the Francis Foundation is the Artists Rights Society.
As of 2008, the Foundation is working to create a Catalogue Raisonné of Francis's work.
In addition to collecting information on known Francis works, they also have a page dedicated to "missing works" for which they are seeking any information interested parties may have.
In 2010, artist and filmmaker Jeffrey Perkins released the documentary "The Painter Sam Francis".
The documentary includes film of Francis at work, filmed between 1968 and the early '90s together with interviews with friends, family, and professional associates of Francis.
Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2003.) .
130–133
Peter Plagens, "Sunny side up - abstract expressionist painter Sam Francis," Artforum, March 1999.
Aphorisms, Lapis, Santa Monica 1984
Samuel L. Francis official website
The Samuel L. Francis Foundation website
Francis' page at the Tate Gallery (includes a brief biography and images of his work)
Sam Francis (artfacts)
Gallery Delaive - Official representative of the Sam Francis estate for Europe
examples of Sam Francis paintings
Sam Francis Biography and Images: Hollis Taggart Galleries
Artists Rights Society, U.S. Copyright Representatives for Sam Francis
Sam Francis papers, 1920-2000, bulk 1950-1994.
Research Library at the Getty Research Institute.
Although some papers remain with family and friends, this portion of the Francis archive gives a perspective on his life and work and documents the local context of production.
The archive contains business and personal correspondence; project and business files with dealers and museums; files on the publications and prints of the Lapis Press; and photographic documentation of the artist, his work, family, friends, and collaborators.
Also included are exhibition catalogs and related publications; gallery and museum posters; films and recordings made about Sam Francis; and samples of products designed by him for commercial projects.
American printmakers
Sodium periodate is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula can be NaIO4 (sodium metaperiodate) or Na5IO6 (sodium orthoiodate).
It has sodium and periodate ions in it.
Sodium periodate is a colorless solid.
It reacts with acids to make periodic acid.
It breaks down when heated to make sodium iodate and oxygen gas.
Sodium periodate can oxidize cellulose.
It is also used as a biodegradable chemical in the human body.
It is also used in organic chemistry reactions.
7 Up is a product of a lemon-lime flavored caffeinate-free soft drink.
The rights to the brand are held by Dr Pepper Snapple Group in the United States, and PepsiCo (or its licensees) in the rest of the world, including Puerto Rico.
It has been reformulated several times since its launch in 1929.
7-Up Soft Drink contains no caffeine and now has no artificial ingredients or preservatives, and only half the sodium as before.
It is distributed by the 7-Up/Dr. Pepper company.
The company promotes the product as having a crisper, more refreshing lemon-lime taste than before.
7 up is type of goods from the Dr Pepper company, it started produce at 1987.
At other country, 7 up is goods from Pepsi Co. It first produced in Missouri, St.Louis.
Periodic acid (pronounced as per·io'·dic acid) is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is HIO4 or H5IO6.
It has hydrogen and periodate ions in it.
Periodic acid is found as a colorless solution.
It is a strong oxidizing agent, like perchloric acid.
It breaks down when heated to iodine pentoxide and oxygen, as well as water.
It does not form I2O7.
It is found as HIO4 in dilute solution and H5IO6 in concentrated solution.
When H5IO6 is heated, it turns into HIO4.
Sodium perbromate
Periodate is an ion.
Its chemical formula is either IO4- (metaperiodate) or IO65- (orthoperiodate).
They are the salts of periodic acid.
The iodine is in its +7 oxidation state.
Periodates are similar to perchlorates.
Sodium periodate is the most common periodate.
Potassium periodate is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is KIO4.
It has potassium and periodate ions in it.
Potassium periodate is a white solid.
It is similar to potassium perchlorate.
It does not dissolve good in water.
It makes potassium iodate and oxygen when heated.
Rey, Rayy, Ray, Rhages or Rages (; ; ) also known as Shahr-e-Rey (), is the oldest city in the state of Tehran, Iran.
Rey today has been added into the Greater Tehran city.
It is linked by the Tehran Metro to the rest of Tehran and has many industries and factories in use.
A settlement began here c 6,000 BCE as part of the Central Plateau Culture.
The settlement was used as a capital by the Medes called Rhaga.
In classical Roman geography it was called Rhagae.
Its name dates back to the pre-Median.
Iodine heptafluoride is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is IF7.
It contains iodine and fluoride ions.
It is a colorless gas with a moldy, stinky odor.
Its melting point is at , and its boiling point is at .
This means that it has a very narrow liquid range.
It is very irritating to the skin.
Hypoiodous acid is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is HIO.
It has hydrogen and hypoiodite ions in it.
Hypoiodous acid is very unstable.
It easily disproportionates to iodine and iodic acid.
It is a disinfectant and oxidizing agent.
Hypoiodite is an ion.
Its chemical formula is IO-.
It easily disproportionates to iodide and iodate.
It is made by reacting iodine with a base.
It is the salt of hypoiodous acid.
Iodine trifluoride is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is IF3.
It has iodine and fluoride ions in it.
The iodine is in its +3 oxidation state.
Iodine trifluoride is a yellow solid.
It breaks down above -28°C.
It is made by reacting very cold fluorine with iodine.
Iodine tricloride
Iodine trichloride is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is ICl3.
It has iodine and chloride ions in it.
The iodine is in the +3 oxidation state.
Iodine trichloride is a yellow solid.
It melts at .
It conducts electricity when it melts.
It is made by reacting a lot of cold iodine with liquid chlorine.
It can also be made by heating liquid iodine with chlorine gas at .
Silver iodate is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is AgIO3.
It has silver and iodate ions in it.
The silver is in the +1 oxidation state.
Silver iodate is a colorless solid.
SemEval (Semantic Evaluation) is a series of workshops that focus on evaluating computer systems that  interpret the meaning of human language (aka  Computational Semantic systems).
Iodate is an ion.
Its chemical formula is IO3-.
The iodine is in the +5 oxidation state.
It can be made by reduction of periodate.
They are similar to chlorates.
They react with acids to make iodic acid.
They are salts of iodic acid.
An example would be sodium iodate.
Iodine pentafluoride is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is IF5.
It has iodine and fluoride ions.
Iodine pentafluoride is a pale yellow liquid.
It is also a powerful oxidizing agent.
It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid.
Iodine pentoxide, also known as iodine(V) oxide and diiodine pentoxide is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is I2O5.
It has iodine and oxide ions.
Iodine pentoxide is a white solid.