the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He graduated from Hampton Grammar School with ten GCE Ordinary Levels and four Advanced Levels in Physics, Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Additional Mathematics.
May's father Harold worked as a draughtsman at the Ministry of Aviation and had been a long-time cigarette-smoker.
As a result, May dislikes smoking, even to the point where he has prohibited smoking indoors at his more recent concerts.
From 1974 to 1988, May was married to Chrissie Mullen, who is the mother of his three children: Jimmy, who was born on 15 June 1978; Louisa, who was born on 22 May 1981 and Emily Ruth, who was born on 17 February 1987.
Chrissie and Brian separated in 1988.
Personal life and other musical collaborations
He has stated in interviews that he suffered from depression in the late 1980s, even to the point of contemplating suicide, for reasons having to do with his troubled first marriage and his perceived failure as a husband and a dad, his father Harold's death, and Freddie Mercury's illness.
May is married to former Eastenders actress Anita Dobson, whom he met in 1986, and who gained fame in the 1980s for providing vocals to the theme tune to the aforementioned soap, entitled "Anyone Can Fall in Love".
May himself produced the song, which reached #4 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1986.
John Richard Deacon (born 19 August 1951) is a retired English musician.
He is best known as the bass guitarist of the rock band Queen.
He lives in Putney in Southwest London with his wife Veronica Tetzlaff.
They were married on 18 January 1975.
Bass guitarists
Musicians from Leicestershire
Roger Meddows Taylor  (born 26 July 1949) is an English musician, singer and songwriter.
He is best known as the drummer of the rock band Queen.
Entertainers from Cornwall
Le Béage is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Beauchastel is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
The name of the village comes from the "Bel Castrum" castle, built in the 12th century by the Lords Retourtour and Briand.
It was ruined during the French Wars of Religion, and today only the tower remains.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Beauchastel was one of the last salt stores (grenier à sel) of the country.
Beaulieu is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Paul Rodgers (born 17 December 1949) is an English rock singer and songwriter.
He is best known for being a member of Free and Bad Company.
He has recently toured and recorded with Brian May and Roger Taylor of Queen in a group called Queen + Paul Rodgers.
Beaumont is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Beauvène is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Rouffiac-des-Corbières is a village in France.
It is just below the castle of Peyrepertuse.
In 2004, 97 people lived there.
Berrias-et-Casteljau is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Berzème is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
In 2015, it had a population of 180 people.
Bessas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Bidon is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Boffres is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
For other meanings, see Bogey.
Bogy is a commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France.
Bogy can be found about 10 km from Annonay, and 50 km from Valence.
Borée is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
In 2008, the town had a population of about 167.
Borne is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Boucieu-le-Roi is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Boulieu-lès-Annonay is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Bourg-Saint-Andéol is a small commune of the Ardèche département in the Rhône Valley in the southern part of France.
It is the capital of a canton in the arrondissement of Privas, with a population of about 8,000 as of the year 1999.
Monschau in Germany (Eifel) since 1975
Albertirsa in Hungary since 1998
Gaggiano in Italy since 2002
Bozas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Brossainc is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Burzet is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Cellier-du-Luc is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Chalencon is a town and commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France.
Le Chambon is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Chambonas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Kohistan District, Afghanistan
Peyrepertuse Castle is a castle in France.
It is one of the Cathar castles.
It was built before the 11th century.
It is Aude, in Occitanie.
It is built in a strategic position, on a cliff, about 30-40m high.
The castle is first mentioned in the year 806, but the site seems to have been occupied since Roman times.
At that time, it belonged to a Catalan count.
It later changed hands, first to the Count of Barcelona, then to that of Narbonne.
When the Treaty of Corbeil is signed in 1258, the border between France and Spain is right to the south of the castle.
In the year 1240, after the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars, the castle becomes French.
It is extended, and there is a garrison placed there; it protects against invasions until the 16th century when Roussillon becomes a French territory.
Today, the ruins of the castle attract about 100.000 visitors a year.
There is a vineyard nearby.
Official website of the castle (French)
Peyrepertuse on cathares.org (French)
Images of climbers (French)
Article with photos on Peyrepertuse (French)
Castles in France
Remlingen is a former municipality of the district Wolfenbüttel.
Since 1 November 2016, it is part of the municipality Remlingen-Semmenstedt.
Remlingen is close to Wittmar what is an old village from miners in the Asse.
The inhabitants' of Remlingen
are 1953 in three villages.
The mayor is named Klaus-Günter Warnecke.
Samtgemeinde Asse
Former municipalities in Lower Saxony
Bryan Ruiz Gonzalez (b. 18 August 1985) is a Costa Rican soccer (European football) player.
He was born in San José.
At the age of twelve, Gonzalez started playing for Liga Deportiva Alajuelense minor leagues.
He quickly became known as a skilled player.
In 2003, at the age of 18, he began playing first division football.
He would eventually become a professional soccer player with the same team.
During his first tournament, Gonzalez played well.
He soon became an important member of his team.
He played in many important games, like “El Clásico” (The Classic), when Alajuela plays their biggest enemy, Saprissa.
In his second year Gonzalez's team won the CONCACAF Champion's Cup.
Though Gonzalez had only been a professional soccer player for a short time, he was asked to represent his country by playing on the Costa Rica National Team.
He played well and was celebrated by the public.
Suddenly, in 2006, Gonzalez was invited to play for a soccer team in Belgium.
The team, K.A.A. Gent, wanted to sign him to a four-year deal.
Gonzalez accepted.
He became a popular player in Belgium by becoming the best scorer on his team.
He also got a hat-trick.
His success gained Gonzalez a lot of attention and popularity.
He was asked again to play with the Costa Rican national team.
He returned to Costa Rica and played well for the national team.
Afterward, he hoped to get signed by a good European team.
In 2009, Gonzalez played with FC Twente Enschede in Holland, where is team won the Cup.
In 2010, he began playing for the UEFA Champions League Cup.
Costa Rican footballers
Jaco Beach Costa Rica is on the west central coast of Costa Rica's Puntarenas province, on the Pacific Ocean side of the country.
What started as a small surfing village popular with Costa Ricans from all over the Pacific coast, has developed into the most popular and visited tourism destination in the whole country.
As the closest and most developed beach town from Costa Rica's Juan Santa Maria International Airport in San Jose, Jaco is only a 1 hour and 10 minute ride from the airport.
Jaco is home to the largest selection of hotels, vacation rental condos and private vacation rental homes than any other beach town in Costa Rica, as well as 3 casinos, over 75 restaurants, 3 major grocery stores, surf shops, pharmacies, souvenir and artesan shops, bakeries, dentists, emergency care, and an 18-hole championship golf course.
The region is also home to Costa Rica's  best zip line canopy tours, ATV tours, white water rafting, surfing and the fishing capital of Costa Rica at the Los Suenos Resort & Marina, in Herradura Beach directly next to Jaco Beach.
To the immediate south of Jaco is the surf town of Playa Hermosa (Hermosa Beach).
1 hour and 15 minutes to the south of Jaco Beach is the Manuel Antonio National Park and Wildlife preserve offering visitors a first hand glimpse of Costa Rica's famed wildlife species such as white face monkeys, howler monkeys, sloths, pizotes, iguanas, butterflies, frogs, insects, and exotic jungle plants native to Costa Rica.
Jaco information
Costa Rica Fishing Experts
Irazu Volcano National Park has one of the most active volcanos of Costa Rica.
It is in the central mountain range at 31 km to northwest of the city of Cartago, 3,435 meters above sea level.
It last erupted in 1963 and 1965.
Irazu Volcano National Park offers many types of craters, some having small lakes.
The park also includes 2,309 hectares of rain forest.
From the highest point in the park, on a clear day, you can see both, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea at the same time.
The Crater Principal lake has an unusual greenish yellow coloring caused by rainfall dissolving the minerals along the craters walls.
It has also been known to change colour to rust-red depending on the minerals present.
The inactive, dry Diego de la Haya crater sits just up to the right of the Crater Principal and is filled with volcanic ash.
The park is the site of a reforestation project to restore the area which was destroyed by the eruptions.
The forest is made up of conifers and other exotic and native species.
There is a native forest consisting mainly of oaks and alder, protecting the watershed of the Reventado River.
Irazu Volcano National Park
Puerto Viejo de Talamanca is a coastal town in Talamanca in Limón Province.
It is in southeastern Costa Rica and is known simply as Puerto Viejo to the people who live there.
Puerto Viejo de Talamanca is a tourist destination.
The beaches Playa Chiquita, Playa Negra, and Punta Uva are close to Puerto Viejo.
Many tourists stop in Puerto Viejo when going to Panama at Sixaola.
This border crossing is popular with people going to and from Bocas del Toro.
Cathar castles (Châteaux cathares in French) is a term used by the French tourist industry.
It is used for castles in the Languedoc-Roussillon, usually built by the enemies of the Cathars during the Albigensian Crusade.
The true Cathar castles
The Cathars built fortified homesteads, but not castles.
The legend of Cathar architects and builders is no more than a myth.
The cathar church did not build anything.
For this reason, the only ones which can claim the description "Cathar" are the small castles, often totally unknown to the public.
Their unspectacular ruins are often far-away from tourist routes.
The royal citadels
Because Raimond II was unable to recapture Carcassone in 1240, the city walls were strengthened by the French King.
He  also destroyed small castra in the Corbières region and built citadels to protect the border with the kingdom of Aragon.
These five castles are often called the cinq fils de Carcassonne (five sons of Carcassonne):
Château d'Aguilar
Peyrepertuse castle
Puilaurens castle
Quéribus castle
Château de Termes
The abandonment of the citadels
In 1659, Louis XIV and the Philip IV of Spain signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees.
The French king also married the Infanta Marie Therese.
The treaty changed the borders.
It gave Rousillon to France and moved the frontier south to the crest of the Pyrenees, where it is now.
The fortresses therefore lost their importance.
Some maintained a garrison for a while, a few until the French Revolution, but they slowly fell into decay, often becoming sherpherds' shelters or bandits hideouts.
Other "Cathar castles"
Château d’Arques
Château de Durfort
Châteaux de Lastours
Château de Montségur
Château de Padern
Château de Pieusse
Château de Puivert
Château de Roquefixade
Château de Saissac
The Château d'Usson is one of the Cathar castles in southwestern France.
It is in the commune of Rouze, in the Ariège département.
Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964 is a Turkish pop music singer.
She is one of the most successful female Turkish pop singers in Turkey.
Erener is said to be one of the divas of Turkish pop music.
She released her first album which produced by Sezen Aksu, Sakin Ol (Calm Down) in August 1992.
Her debut song "Sakin Ol" became greatly popular.
Next album Lal (Ruby) released in October 1994.
Lal was important for her career, because songs in the album such as "Rüya" (Dream), "Sevdam Ağlıyor" (My Love is Crying), "Mecbursun" (You Have to), "Gel Barışalım Artık" (Let's Make Peace) and "Lal" became hit quickly.
In May 1997, Sertab released her third album, Sertab Gibi (Like Sertab).
She stopped working with Sezen Aksu and she worked with Demir Demirkan in this album.
Although album's sales were very low, album is the favorite album of fans. "
Aşkolan Aşktır" (Love Matters), "Seyrüsefer" (Navigation) and "İncelikler Yüzünden" (Because of the Niceties) were the important songs from the album.
Sertab Erener released self-titled fourth album in March 1999.
Albums hit were "Yanarım" (I Burn), "Zor Kadın" (Hard Woman) and Vur Yüreğim (Hit, My Heart).
Vur Yüreğim's video clip was including real scenes from shocking and afflictive events such as martyr funerals, atomic bomb and natural disasters.
In Europe, she is best known for winning the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 with her hit song Every Way That I Can.
Musicians from Istanbul
Turkish singers
Scouting (sometimes called the Scout Movement) is a youth movement.
It was started in 1907 by Robert Baden-Powell as a movement for boys.
Baden-Powell took many ideas from the experiences he made with the Mafeking Cadet Corps.
This corps was a paramilitary group made of boys.
It was formed during a siege in the Second Boer War.
The boys mainly carried messages.
This was so the soldiers could focus on defending the city.
Originally, the Scout movement was for boys only.
A similar movement for girls, called "Girl Guides" was started in 1910.
In most countries there are associations for Scouts and for Girl Guides.
Today the Scouts often accept girls, too.
In the Scout movement, people learn to work together to achieve a goal.
They also train their character to become better adults.
How many Scouts there are
In 2005, there were more than 28 million Boy Scouts and over 10 million Girl Guides.
They came from 216 different countries.
There were only six countries with no Scout movement in 2006.
They were Andorra, People's Republic of China, Cuba, Laos, Myanmar and North Korea.
Scouting organisations have been banned in People's Republic of China.
They have been replaced by Young Pioneers of China and Communist Youth League of China.
These organisations are a bit similar to Scouts, but without the international brotherhood and the peace mission.
There is a Scout Association in Hong Kong and one in Macau.
Hong Kong and Macau are Special Autonomous Regions of the People's Republic of China, so the Scout associations there are still allowed to exist.
In the Republic of China (Taiwan) Scouting was never banned.
Robert Baden-Powell was a military officer.
He was stationed in India and Africa in the 1880s and 1890s.
Since his youth, he was fond of woodcraft and military scouting.
He therefore showed his men how to survive in the wilderness.
He noticed that if he taught the soldiers to develop independence, they would no longer follow the orders given by their officers blindly.
In 1896, during the Second Matabele War, Baden-Powell first met and became friends with the American-born British Army Chief of Scouts Frederick Russell Burnham.
From Burnham he learned the ways of cowboy and Indian scouts of the Western United States, he started to wear a scout hat like the one worn by Burnham and he discussed with Burnham a scout training programme for boys.
Three years later during the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town of Mafeking by a much larger Boer army (the Siege of Mafeking).
The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of youths that supported the troops.
The cadets carried messages.
This freed the men for military duties.
It also kept the boys occupied during the long siege.
The Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defence of the town (1899–1900).
This experience was one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement.
Each member received a badge that showed a combined compass point and spearhead.
The badge's logo was similar to the fleur-de-lis that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol.
In the United Kingdom the public followed his struggle to hold Mafeking through newspapers.
After the siege, Baden-Powell had become a national hero.
This pushed the sales of a small instruction book he had written about military scouting, Aids to Scouting.
On his return to England he noticed the large interest of boys in this book, which was also used by teachers and youth organisations.
Several people suggested to him to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the Boys' Brigade.
This brigade was a large youth movement, drilled with military precision.
Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that it could grow much larger when scouting would be used.
The original Scout law
(Simpler English version, where needed)
A Scout's honour is to be trusted - This means the scout will try as best as he can to do what he promised, or what is asked of him
A Scout is loyal - to his king or queen, his leaders and his country.
A Scout's duty is to be useful, and to help others
A Scout is a friend to all, and a brother to every other Scout - Scouts help each other, regardless of the differences in status or social class.
A Scout is courteous - He is polite and helpful to all, especially women, children and the elderly.
He does not take anything for being helpful.
A Scout is a friend to animals - He does not make them suffer or kill them without need to do so.
A Scout obeys orders - Even the ones he does not like.
A Scout smiles and whistles
A Scout is thrifty - he avoids unnecessary spending of money.
A Scout is clean in thought, word and deed (added later)
(When these laws were made in 1907, there were no Girl Scouts; of course the laws apply to Girl Scouts all the same)
The promise of 1907
(This was later adapted to different countries, and organisations)
Other Scout-like organisations
Since the Scouts were formed, other people have tried to form scout-like movements.
These movements are a bit like the Scouts but they put more weight on different things.
There are for example Scout-like movements that focus more on the fact that the young people should get a good education in religious matters.
The movements that have been formed in countries such as Cuba or China are much like Scouts; they leave out some elements though, that the national governments thought would harm the country.
The History of Indonesia or more precisely of the Indonesian archipelago in South East Asia with 17,508 islands goes back to Homo erectus (popularly known as the "Java Man").
There have been found fossilised remains of about one million years ago.
Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, came to South East Asia from Taiwan.
They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC.
The native Melanesian peoples went to the far eastern regions.
The agricultural conditions were very good.
When wet-field rice cultivation was developed as early as the eighth century BC,
villages and towns developed, and small kingdoms began to flourish by the first century CE.
Indonesia's sea-lane position helped with management of international trade, where trade with both Indian kingdoms and China already occured for several centuries BCE.
Therefore, trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.
From the seventh century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade.
Hinduism and Buddhism were imported with it.
In the late 13th century, the Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java  and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia; this period is often referred to as a "Golden Age" in Indonesian history.
During the 13th century Islam spread to the  in northern Sumatra.
More and more Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam.
By the end of the 16th century it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra.
But it mixed with existing cultural and religious influences.
The first Europeans arrived in Indonesia in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolise the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku.
Dutch and British traders followed.
In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power.
But Dutch control stretched not very far.
Only in the early 20th century it extended to borders of today.
During the Second World War the Dutch lost control and in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president.
After some fights the Netherlands  formally recognised Indonesian independence in December 1949 (with the exception of The Dutch territory of West New Guinea).
Sukarno moved from democracy towards dictatorship.
But Sukarno lost power to the head of the military, General Suharto who was formally appointed president in March 1968.
He was supported by the US government, and encouraged foreign direct investment in Indonesia, which helped economic growth during the following thirty years.
But his rule went along with corruption and suppression of political opposition.
In 1997 and 1998, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the Asian Financial Crisis.
This increased popular discontent with the New Order and led to popular protests.
Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998.
In 1999, East Timor voted to leave the state of Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year military occupation.
After Suharto's resignation democracy improved.
A regional autonomy program was introduced, and the first direct presidential election took place in 2004.
But some political and economic instability has remained.
A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005.
Sejarah Indonesia – Detailed timeline of events in Indonesian history
Decolonisation - History links for the end of the European formal Empires,  casahistoria.net
bn:ইন্দোনেশিয়া#ইতিহাস
Leviticus (lih-vih-tih-kus) is the third book of both the Bible, and the Torah.
In Hebrew it is known as Wayiqra' (וַיִּקְרָא), meaning 'And He will declare.'
It was written by the Old Testament Patriarch Moses.
Leviticus was written to the Hebrew people of Israel.
The book has several main topics, some of which are the Jewish laws of sacrificing to God, and the work of the priests.
These priests are sometimes known as Levites (what this book is named after).
When was it written
It was likely developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian empire (Yehud Madinata) between 538-332 BCE.
Tradition says this book was written around 1300 B.C. by Moses.
God gives more instructions to Moses.
God asks Moses to repeat what He said to Moses' people, the Israelites.
Continuing from Exodus the Israelites are escaping Egypt.
They reach the Biblical Mount Sinai.
In Exodus, Moses learned from God how to build the holy tabernacle (a tent for praying and worshiping).
In Leviticus God teaches Moses and the Levites how to make sacrifices and how to behave in a good way.
Then Moses makes Aaron a priest of God.
Details about how the priests are to make sacrifices to God are given.
This is sometimes called the "ceremonial law".
Two sons of Aaron were destroyed for doing the work of the priest in the wrong way.
Then God teaches the people how to eat right and be clean.
Examples of food that are forbidden are pork and shrimp.
Meat is also not to be eaten with milk at the same time.
Beyond that, eaten meat is to be taken from animals that were slaughtered in a specific way.
The meat must not contain blood either, as this is seen as representing life in the face of the animal having died.
Regarding staying clean, laws are given about menstruation (the monthly period), sexual relations, skin disease, and how dead bodies are to be disposed of.
Leviticus (KJV)
Leviticus (NIV)
Professor John Cromwell Mather (born 7 August 1946 in Roanoke, Virginia) is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist.
He was given the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006 for his work on COBE satellite with George Smoot.
The COBE satellite measures black holes and cosmic radiation.
This work supported the big-bang theory of the universe beginning.
It made cosmology much more accurate.
The Nobel Prize committee said: "the COBE-project can also be regarded as the starting point for cosmology as a precision science."
Mather is a Senior Astrophysicist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland.
He is a professor of physics at the University of Maryland, College Park.
In 2007, Mather was listed in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in The World.
1964 Newton High School, Newton, New Jersey
1968 B.Sc. (
Physics), Swarthmore College
1974 Ph.D. (Physics), University of California, Berkeley
1974-76 (NRC Postdoctoral Fellow), Columbia University Goddard Institute for Space Studies
Work with COBE
After being awarded his Ph.D. Professor Mather went to work at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies at Columbia University.
He started the work on COBE there (1974-1976).
More than 1,000 researchers, engineers and other workers made the COBE satellite.
John Mather was in control of them all and created the technology for measuring the cosmic radiation.
George Smoot had the job of measuring small changes in the temperature of the radiation.
Professor Mather and John Boslough wrote all about the COBE teams work in a book called The Very First Light.
1964-68  Swarthmore College Open Scholarship (honorary)
1967 William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, 30th place nationwide
1968-70 NSF Fellowship and honorary Woodrow Wilson Fellowship
1970-74 Fellow, Hertz Foundation
1974-76  Postdoctoral Fellow, NRC
1990 NASA GSFC John C. Lindsay Memorial Award
1991 Rotary National Space Achievement Award
1991 National Air and Space Museum Trophy
1992 Aviation Week and Space Technology Laurels for Space/Missiles
1993 Discover Magazine Technology Award finalist
1993 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Space Science Award
1993 American Astronomical Society and American Institute of Physics Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics
1994 Fellow, Goddard Space Flight Center
1994 Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Swarthmore College
1995 City of Philadelphia John Scott Award
1996 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Rumford Prize
1996 Fellow, American Physical Society
1997 Aviation Week and Space Technology Hall of Fame
1997 Member, National Academy of Sciences
1998 Marc Aaronson Memorial Prize
1998 Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1999 Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics
2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers George W. Goddard Award
2006 Peter and Patricia Gruber Foundation Prize in Cosmology
2006 Nobel Prize in Physics
2007 Fellow, SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
John C. Mather biography at the Goddard Space Flight Center
Interview with John Mather from the SPIE Newsroom
Berkeley lab article
Mather's group's data that led to the Nobel Prize in symmetry magazine.
John C. Mather on the Infancy of the Universe at the National Academy of Sciences
American astrophysicists
Scientists from Virginia
People from Roanoke, Virginia
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book of the Christian Bible, and also the sixth book of the Hebrew Tanakh.
It is not clear who wrote the book, although most of the Jewish tradition believe it was Joshua, son of Nun.
It is the first of the books of the Tanakh (Old Testament) covering the history of Israel from the arrival in the Promised Land to the Babylonian captivity.
It is not known when the Book was written, but it cannot have been written before roughly 1200 BC, as the events described in the book occur then.
Some scholars believe it was written much later, perhaps in 550 BC, at the time of the Babylonian exile, when there was a desire to remember and retell their own history.
After the death of Moses, God put Joshua in charge of the people.
Joshua sent two spies to spy on the city of Jericho.
A woman prostitute called Rahab hid these two men and told the enemies they had already left.
She hid them on top of her roof, underneath stalks of flax.
The spies later promised that they would keep the oath that Joshua made with them.
Joshua told the spies to go to Rahab's house and bring out her family and belongings.
The spies did as they were told, as they kept the oath.
Joshua saved Rahab's life, and she went to live in Israel.
Later, God told Joshua to invade the city of Ai.
After they did this, the people of Gibeon tricked Joshua into a treaty.
However, three days later, the people of Israel realized that they really made a treaty with Gibeon's neighbors, the Hivites.
The Hivities became cursed, but the people of Gibeon promised that they would do whatever the Israelites say.
After making peace with the Hivites, they went to lay siege to Gibeon.
The Gibeonites sent a message to Joshua saying he needs to save the people of Gibeon.
So, God killed many of the Amorites by making large hailstones.
Then Joshua made the sun stay over Gibeon, and the moon over Ajalon.
Joshua later got very old and died.
No one will be able to stand against you all the days of your life.
As I was with Moses, so too I will be with you; I will not fail you nor forsake you. (
1:5)
Decide today whom you will serve, the gods your ancestors worshipped in Mesopotamia or the gods of the Amorites in whose land you are now living.
As for my family and me, we will serve the LORD. (
24:15)
Book of Joshua (KJV)
Book of Joshua (NIV)
Home education or homeschooling is a form of education where the parent or guardian is the instructor.
The reason for this form of education is usually the guardian is not happy with the nearby schools, or sometimes for religious or moral purposes.
Many people also want to protect children from bullying and violence.
In recent years, it became popular in many countries.
Before starting homeschooling, it can be a good idea to deschool first.
In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, any homeschool arrangement must by law satisfy inspectors that the children's education is sound.
This is because, under the Education Act of 1944, parents or guardians are legally obliged to send children to school.
The possibility of other methods has been added as a possibility, subject to certain checks.
A common situation is for several families to come together to provide the skills needed.
This serves two purposes.
First, the range of knowledge and skills is wider, and the schooling has a more social angle, which itself is good for the development of children.
History and publications
The idea of home schools came to life in the 1960s, when the effectiveness of classroom education was challenged.
There were a number of critical publications:
Skinner B.F. 1968.
The technology of teaching.
New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
This includes a valuable discussion of the weaknesses of classroom teaching.
Illich, Ivan 1971.
Deschooling society. .
A radical critical discourse on education as practised in modern society.
Hugely influential in its day.
Illich was motivated by leftist political ideas.
One of his main objections to traditional schooling was its tendency to train young people to fit in to the existing society.
Holt, John 1963.
How children fail.
2nd ed 1982.
According to him, schooling does more harm than good to a child's ability and desire to truly learn.
A million-plus best-seller.
How children learn.
2nd ed 1983.
Alternatives and dangers
Some private schools try to achieve similar objectives by other means.
Summerhill attempts to make a school more flexible and responsive to the needs of individual children.
Dangers of home education include the possibility of it being used for religious and political propaganda, and the vulnerability of children to unsupervised adults.
Education may be uneven, leaving children with a patchy grasp of many subjects.
The children would also get to know fewer other children than they would ordinarily.
Also, it is obvious that some parents are better placed to organise home education than others.
In theory, visits by the inspectors of schools might be able to identify problems.
However, at least in the United Kingdom, schools are not inspected every year.
If we cannot inspect all schools annually, how can we expect to monitor individual families?
National Home Education Research Institute
is a railway station in Shinjuku and Shibuya wards in Tokyo, Japan.
According to the Guinness Book of Records, it is the busiest train station in the world.
Adjacent stations
JR East Shinjuku Station
Keio Shinjuku Station
Odakyu Shinjuku Station
Tokyo Metro Shinkuku Station
Toei Shinjuku Station
It has the nickname of Macorís del mar ("Macorís by the sea") to differentiate it from San Francisco de Macorís, in the Duarte Province.
There were two very small towns on the left side of the mouth of the river Macorís (or Higuamo): Mosquito (because there were too many mosquitos) and Sol (English: "Sun", because there were not trees).
Even today, San Pedro de Macorís is called sometimes Mosquitisol after those two old and small towns.
In 1856, the priest Pedro Carrasco built a Catholic church with the name San Pedro Apóstol; the church was between the two towns of Mosquito and Sol.
Both towns grew in direction of the church, forming one town called San Pedro de Macorís.
When the country was again a Spanish colony, San Pedro de Macorís was made a "Comandancia de Armas" (an Spanish military category).
When the country was free again, in 1865, every town with the category of "Comandancia de Armas" became a municipality.
But San Pedro de Macorís was still a very small town of the El Seibo Province.
After 1868, with the sugarcane plantations and the sugar factories, San Pedro de Macorís began to grow and it became one of the most important city in the Dominican Republic.
Many people from Cuba and Puerto Rico came to live here during the last years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century.
Later came people from Spain and the Middle East (Lebanon, Syria) to work in businesses.
The city had, in , a total population of 195,307: 94,562 men and 100,745 women.
San Pedro de Macorís is along the coast on the left side of the Higuamo river, also called Macorís.
It has a total area of , about  of the total area of the province of San Pedro de Macorís.
The city is at an elevation of  above sea level, and at  to the east of Santo Domingo.
It does not have any municipal district (subdivisions of a municipality);
The municipality of San Pedro de Macorís is surrounded by the other municipalities of the province: Ramón Santana to the east, Quisqueya to the west and Consuelo to the north.
The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of rainfall, followed by September with .
San Pedro de Macorís is in a hot region; the average temperature for the year is .
The economy of San Pedro de Macorís grew around the sugar production; there were several sugar factories and most of that sugar was sent to other countries through its port and then it became one of the most important port of the country.
Rum is also produced in the city; rum is made with alcohol from the sugar cane.
1856 establishments
The Epistle to the Galatians (or Galatians) is the forty-eighth book in the Bible (and ninth in the New Testament), written by the Apostle Paul.
The book was written to the people of Galatia, a part of modern day Turkey, with whom Paul had earlier preached and founded the congregation in their area.
It is not known for sure, but most believe that the book was written around 57 A.D. One of the curious verses in the letter is where Paul says "See with what large letters I am writing this in my own hand". (
Chapter 6, verse 11).
This is understood to mean that normally Paul used a secretary to write down as he spoke his letters.
However he wanted the Galatians to be sure it was he himself that was the author of the letter they would receive so he wrote a few lines himself.
Some believe he had poor eyesight and so had to write with "large letters".
Paul's letter is to settle an important question of that day.
It is if the gentile Christians must first join the Jewish religion and keep the Law of Moses.
Paul says that the gentile Galatians do not need to keep the old Laws such as the need for  circumcision, which is the removal of some skin around the male sex organ, done by Jews and Muslims as an act of religious obedience to God.
Paul says that this is no longer important since Jesus has come.
Paul says it is not good that the community has turned from the gospel (Chapter 1, verses 6–10) He says there is only one gospel and one way of being saved through faith in Christ and that adding to that makes it another gospel.
He talks about his early life as a Jew, (Chapter 1, verses 13–14), how he met Christ, often called the conversion of Paul, (Chapter 1, verses 15–16), and his early work (Chapter 1 verses 17–24).
He tells about meeting with the other Christian leaders in Jerusalem as reported in Acts chapter 15, verses 2:1–10.
He says that they agreed with him that the gentiles did not need to be become practicing Jews first.
In Chapter 2 he tells about a meeting with Peter where he told Peter that he was not acting properly towards the gentile Christians by not eating with them.
Then he says that Jews, like Gentiles, are not made right with God by keeping the old Law but by trusting in what Jesus did for them when He died on the cross.
Later in the book he tells that the Law was given to show us how sinful we are so that we would see the need for forgiveness.
He says that when we love others we have fulfilled the true meaning of the Law.
He writes that when we have faith, God sends the Holy Spirit who helps us live a good life and keep from bad things.
He gives a list of those bad and good actions.
(Chapter 5)
The  Epistle to the Galatians has been very important in the history of Christianity, the development of Christian theology, and the study of the apostle Paul.
Galatians (KJV)
Galatians (NIV)
A category or classification - a term used to identify something or someone
A brand or a trademark
A strip or narrow piece of something, especially one used to identify something
promotional tab used in  philately
A molding over a door or window
hu:Etikett (egyértelműsítő lap)
The Neanderthal, a species of the genus Homo, was a near relative of our own species.
Its scientific name is Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.
Neanderthal fossils were only found in Europe, Asia Minor and up to central Asia.
The first fossil was found in a limestone quarry near Düsseldorf: One of the workers found part of a skeleton, in a valley called Neanderthal.
Experts Johann Carl Fuhlrott and Hermann Schaaffhausen said the bones belonged to an older form of modern humans.
These bones are known as Neanderthal 1 today.
Recent research suggests Neanderthals became extinct about 40,000 years ago.
Earlier research had suggested a later date; the problem is the dating of the archaeological sites where their remains have been found.
Neanderthals perhaps evolved from Homo heidelbergensis and split off (last common ancestor) from modern humans between 700,000 and 300,000 years ago.
Neanderthals used to be classified as a subspecies of modern humans (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis).
Now, they are usually classified as a separate human species (Homo neanderthalensis).
Neanderthal remains have been found in most of Europe south of land covered by ice including the south coast of Great Britain.
Finds have also been made outside of Europe in the Zagros Mountains and in the Levant.
The size of the Neanderthal brain shows that Neanderthals were probably intelligent.
On average, they had larger brains than modern humans.
Large brains are something of a physical weakness.
That is because they consume lots of energy, make the skull more likely to be damaged, and cause difficulties during birth.
These disadvantages may be less than the advantages, for example, better problem-solving, better social co-operation, language and tool-making.
Neanderthal flint tools (for example, hand axes) were more finely made than those of early man.
They were much less varied and finely made than the neolithic tools of modern man.
Known Neaderthal art is much less complex than contemporary art from H. sapiens.
The Divje Babe flute
The oldest flute ever discovered may be the so-called Divje Babe flute, found in the Slovenian cave Divje Babe I in 1995.
It is about 43,100 years old.
It is from a juvenile cave bear femur at the Divje Babe site, near a Mousterian hearth.
Archaeologists ask two key questions:
Is it a flute?
This has been discussed at length.
The best summary is that it is certainly possible for it to be a flute, but it is unproved (not certain).
If it is a flute, was it made by Neanderthals?
Again, this is not decided.
It is on public display as a flute in the National Museum of Slovenia (Narodni Muzej Slovenije) in Ljubljana.
The museum's visitor leaflet says that manufacture by Neanderthals "is reliably proven".
This is not a general view, and again it is best to describe the idea as "not proven".
Capacity for speech
For a long time, people have wondered whether Neanderthals could talk.
Many people believe they could, because the large brain size would be hard to understand if they could not.
When an undamaged Neanderthal hyoid bone was discovered, it made people think Neanderthals could talk.
That is because, in humans, the hyoid is a support for the voice box.
Computer analysis has shown that the Neanderthal hyoid was very similar to human hyoids.
Researchers say "our findings are consistent with a capacity for speech in the Neanderthals".
History of discoveries
In August 1856 the specimen that was to become known as Neanderthal 1 was discovered in the Neander Valley, Germany.
The material was found in a limestone quarry near Düsseldorf.
A skull cap was first discovered, followed by two femurs, five arm bones, part of the left pelvis, and fragments of a shoulder blade and ribs.
Actually, some remains had been found earlier, but not recognised as a separate species from us.
The Engis child from Belgium was the first Neanderthal discovered, in 1829.
The second discovered was the Forbes Quarry find from Gibralter in 1848.
Neanderthal men were about 164–168 cm (5.3 ft) tall  and averaged 77.6 kg (171 lbs) in weight.
Neanderthal women stood about 154 cm (5 ft)  tall and averaged 66.4 kg (146 lbs) in weight.
Neanderthals had stronger (more robust) build and distinctive morphological features, especially of the skull.
They were much stronger than modern humans; especially in the upper body.
Neanderthal long bones and joints are thicker than ours, and some long bones have a slight curve.
Both the thickness and the curve suggest the need for more strength than our species.
Young Neanderthals
This research suggests much more rapid physical development in Neanderthals than in modern human children.
The x-ray synchrotron microtomography study of early H. sapiens argues that this difference existed between the two species as far back as 160,000 years before present.
Neanderthals seemed to suffer a high frequency of fractures.
These fractures are often healed and show little or no sign of infection, suggesting that injured individuals were cared for during times of incapacitation.
Neanderthals showed a frequency of such injuries comparable to that of modern rodeo professionals, showing frequent contact with large, combative mammals.
The fractures suggest they may have hunted by leaping onto their prey and stabbing or even wrestling it to the ground.
The skulls are slightly larger than Homo sapiens, and this implies intelligence and probably the use of language.
The skeleton, on the other hand, suggests they tended to solve their problems (such as hunting) more by force than we do.
Neanderthal stone tools are called Mousterian, and are an advance on the Acheulean tools made by earlier species of Man.
Homo sapiens stone tools are far more varied still, and suggest that our species relied more on tools than the Neanderthals.
Neanderthals were almost exclusively meat eaters although their diet did include cooked vegetables.
They made good tools and lived in complex social groups.
Research on their remains has shown that it is possible that they had a spoken language but the nature of any such language is unknown.
There are a number of theories that try to explain why the Neanderthals died out.
It has been suggested that they may have been unable to adapt to the changing climate.
Alternatively it has been suggested that they were unable to successfully compete with the ancestors of modern humans.
Stringer, Chris and Gamble, Clive 1993.
In search of the Neanderthals: solving the puzzle of human origins.
Stringer, Chris and Andrews, Peter 2005.
The complete world of human evolution.
Dennis O'Neil 2004.
Neandertals  retrieved 12/26/2004
Smithsonian
Archaeology Info
Greenwych.ca  - 'Neanderthal Flute: Oldest Musical Instrument's 4 Notes Matches 4 of Do, Re, Mi Scale - evidence of natural foundation to diatonic scale (oldest known musical instrument), Greenwich Publishing
Neanderthal DNA - 'Neanderthal DNA' Includes Neanderthal mtDNA sequences
Neanderthal manifactured pitch
Homo neanderthalensis reconstruction  - Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.
Scientists decode Neanderthal genes
Scientists build 'Frankenstein' Neanderthal skeleton
A Neanderthal's DNA tale
How Neanderthal molar teeth grew
Oldenzaal is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands.
About 32,000 people were living there in 2021.
It lies in Twente region.
Oldenzaal got city rights in 1249.
Gert Timmerman (1935-2017), a singer and musician ("Gert and Hermien")
Homo erectus (Latin: "upright man") is an extinct species of the genus Homo.
Fossil remains were found in Java (1890s) and in China (1921).
Nearly all of them were lost during World War II, but there are casts that are considered to be reliable evidence.
Early in the 20th century it was believed that the first modern humans lived in Asia.
But during the 1950s and 1970s, many fossil finds from East Africa (Kenya) showed that the oldest hominins came from there.
Some characteristics
H. erectus had a cranial capacity (brain size) greater than that the earlier Homo habilis.
The earliest H. erectus remains have a cranial capacity of 850 cm³, while the latest Javan specimens measure up to 1100 cm³. This overlaps that of H. sapiens: the frontal bone is less sloped and the dental arcade smaller than in australopithecines.
The face is more vertical (less protrusive) than either the australopithecines or H. habilis, with large brow-ridges and less prominent cheekbones.
These early hominins stood about , Only 17 percent of modern male humans are taller.
They were slender, with long arms and legs.
The sexual dimorphism between males and females was slightly greater than modern man, with males being about 25% larger than females.
The discovery of the skeleton KNM-WT 15000, "Turkana boy" (Homo ergaster), made near Lake Turkana, Kenya by Richard Leakey and Kamoya Kimeu in 1984, is one of the most complete hominid-skeletons discovered, and has contributed greatly to the interpretation of human physiological evolution.