the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Nihil novi act adopted by the Polish Sejm (parliament) in 1505, transferred most of the legislative power from the Monarch to the Sejm.
This event marked the beginning of the period known as "Nobility Commonwealth" when the State was ruled by the "free and equal" Polish nobility.
The Lublin Union of 1569, established the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as an influential player in European politics and a vital cultural entity.
Conflict with neighbors
In the 17th century Sweden attacked all of Poland (this was called “the Deluge”).
Many wars against the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Cossacks, Transylvania and Brandenburg-Prussia ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.
During the following 80 years, the government and natione were weaker, making Poland dependent on Russia.
Russian tsars took advantage of this by offering money to traitors, who would block new ideas and solutions.
Polish people did not like the new kings, and often rebelled.
Constitutional state
In 1791, in an attempt of reform the Sejm of Poland and Lithuania accepted the Constitution of May 3 which was the first modern constitution in Europe and the second (after the United States) on Earth.
But that did not help against the partitions of Poland in 1793 and 1795.
Post-Napoleonic period
Napoleon made another Polish state, “the Duchy of Warsaw”.
After the Napoleonic wars, Prussia, Russia, and Austria again split Poland among themselves at the Congress of Vienna.
See also: Polish victims of The Holocaust
During World War I all Western Allies agreed to save Poland.
On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany attacked Poland, and the Soviet Union attacked on September 17.
Warsaw was defeated on September 28, and was split up into two pieces, one owned by Nazi Germany, the other by the Soviet Union.
The eastern part of the German zone was turned into the German Government area.
The war resumed with Operation Barbarossa.
During the war, about 5.6 million citizens of Poland died, half of them Polish Jews.
Poland also gave the most troops, after the US, the British and the Soviets, to ultimately defeat Nazi Germany.
At the war's end, Poland's borders were moved west, pushing the east border to the Curzon line.
The west border was moved to the Oder-Neisse line.
The shift forced millions of people to move: Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, and Jews.
After these events, Poland became, for the first time, a real country.
There are still many Polish people in the neighboring countries Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania, as well as in other countries.
Soviet era
After the Second World War, the Soviet Union put a Communist government in Poland, and the country was named the People's Republic of Poland.
In 1989 Solidarity - a political group led by Lech Wałęsa - helped defeat the communist government in Poland.
Post-communist and the EU
During the early 1990s the country turned its economy into one of the most solid in Central Europe.
There were many improvements in human rights, such as free speech, democracy, etc.
In 1991 Poland became a member of the Visegrad Group and joined NATO in 1999 also with the Czech Republic and Hungary.
A History of East Central Europe by Oscar Halecki
History of Poland, in paintings
History of Poland on Historycy.org forum
The term "Polish-Lithuanian union" means a development from the personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, allso called the "Republic of the Two Nations", in 1569 and eventually to the creation of a short-lived  state in 1791.
1385 - Union of Krewo - a personal union;
1401 - Union of Vilnius and Radom;
1413 - Union of Horodło;
1432 (1432-34) - Union of Grodno;
1499 - Union of Kraków and Vilnius;
1501 - Union of Mielnik;
July 1, 1569 - Union of Lublin - creation of the Republic of the Two Nations;
May 3, 1791 - Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791:  the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were abolished, and a common state was created in their place.
Personal unions can begin for very different reasons.
In many cases a princess who is already married to a king becomes pregnant, and their child inherits the crown of both countries.
However, a personal union sometimes was seen as a means against uprisings if a state wants an annexation of an other state.
The unions can be written down in a constitution, which clearly expresses that both states shall share the same person as head of state.
When that is not the case, a personal union can easily be broken.
Partial personal union with France since 1607 (the French president, and formerly the king of France, is one of the Heads of State in Andorra, the other co-head of state is the Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell, Catalonia, Spain.)
Personal union with Poland 1003 - 1004 (Bohemia occupied by Poles)
Personal union with Poland 1300 - 1306 and Hungary 1301 - 1305 (Wenceslas II and Wenceslas III)
Personal union with Luxembourg 1313 - 1378 and 1383 - 1388
Personal union with Hungary 1419-1439 (Sigismund of Luxemburg and his son in law) and 1490 - 1526 (Jagellon dynasty)
Personal union with Austria and Hungary 1526 - 1918 (except years 1619 - 1620)
Personal union with the Duchy of Prussia from 1618, when Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia died without male heirs and his son in law John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg became ruler of both countries.
Brandenburg and Prussia maintained separate governments and seats of power in Berlin and Königsberg respectively until 1701, when Frederick William I consolidated them into one government.
Since 1941, upon the ratification of the Westminster Statute in 1942 - which ended the British Parliament's ability to legislate for Australia.
The Australia Act of 1986, amongst other things, removed the Privy Council as the last court of Appeal in the Australian Judicial System.
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom serves, independently, as Queen of Australia, through her Vice-Regal Representative, the Governor-General, nominated by the Prime Minister.
Personal union with the Kingdom of England from 1541, when the Irish Parliament proclaimed King Henry VIII of England to be also King of Ireland, to 1707 when the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland both united by the Treaty of Union and were replaced by the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland from 1603, when King James VI of Scotland became King of England and King of Ireland to 1707, when the kingdom of England and the kingdom of Scotland united and were replaced by the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 when the two kingdoms were merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Personal union with Hanover from 1714 to 1800.
As a Commonwealth realm from 1922-1936/1949, when it became a republic (see Irish head of state from 1936-1949).
Personal union with Norway from 1380 to 1814 (the Norwegian Riksråd was abolished in 1536)
The Kalmar Union with Norway and Sweden from 1389 to 1521 (sometimes defunct)
The kings of Denmark at the same time being dukes of Schleswig and Holstein 1460-1864. (
Holstein being part of the Holy Roman Empire, now part of Germany)
Personal union with Iceland from 1918 to 1944 when Iceland became a republic
Personal union with Ireland from 1541 (when Ireland was raised to the level of a kingdom) to 1707
Personal union with Scotland from 1603 to 1707 (when they were joined together in the Kingdom of Great Britain)
Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the Dutch Stadtholder also serving as the King of England, Scotland and Ireland.
The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696.
Only 2 Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen.
Personal union with the Duchy of Brittany from 1491, when Duchess Anne of Brittany married King  Charles VIII of France under duress, to 1532 when the Duchy of Brittany was formally annexed to the Kingdom of France.
Personal union with Navarre from 1589 to 1620, when Navarre was formally integrated into France.
Partial personal union with Andorra since 1607 (the French president is one of the Heads of State in Andorra)
Personal union with Ireland from creation in 1707 to abolition in 1801 (when they were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
Personal union with Hanover from the accession of George I in 1714 to abolition in 1801
Personal union with Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1801
Personal union with the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1837, when differing succession laws resulted in Queen Victoria ascending the British throne and her uncle Ernest Augustus that of Hanover.
Personal union with Spain from 1519 to 1556 under Charles V.
Personal union with Croatia from 1102 to 1918.
Personal union with Poland from 1370 to 1382 under the reign of Louis the Great.
This period in Polish history is sometimes known as the Andegawen Poland.
Louis inherited the Polish throne from his maternal uncle Casimir III.
After Louis' death the Polish nobles (the szlachta) decided to end the personal union, since they did not want to be governed from Hungary, and chose Louis' younger daughter Jadwiga as their new ruler, while Hungary was inherited by his elder daughter Mary.
Personal union with Poland in the second time from 1440 to 1444.
Personal union with Bohemia from 1419 to 1439 and from 1490 to 1918
Personal union with the Holy Roman Empire from 1410 to 1439 and from 1526 to 1806 (except 1608-1612)
Personal union with Austria from 1867 to 1918 (the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary) under the reigns of Franz Joseph and Charles IV (in fact it was rather a dynastic union, not a personal union.)
Personal union with Denmark from 1918 to 1944 when the country became republic.
Personal union with England from 1541 (when the Irish Parliament proclaimed King Henry VIII of England, King of Ireland) to 1707 (upon the formation of Great Britain).
Personal union with Scotland (and England) from 1603 to 1707 (when England and Scotland were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain)
Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the King of Ireland, Scotland and England also serving as Stadtholder of most of the provinces of the Netherlands.
Personal union with Great Britain from 1707 to 1801 (when they were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland).
Personal union with Hanover from 1714 to 1801.
Personal union with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1922 to 1937/1949 (see Irish head of state from 1936-1949).
Personal union with Poland from 1386 to 1569 - the Polish-Lithuanian Union.
In 1569 transformed into a federation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Personal union with the Netherlands from 1815 to 1890
Personal union with France from 1589 to 1620, when Navarre was formally integrated into France.
Personal union with England, Scotland and Ireland from 1689 to 1702, with the Stadtholder of most of the provinces of the Netherlands also serving as King of England, Scotland and Ireland.
The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696.
Personal union with Luxembourg from 1815 to 1890.
Personal union with Sweden from 1319 to 1343
Personal union with Denmark from 1380 to 1814 (the Norwegian Riksråd was abolished in 1536)
The Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden from 1389 to 1521 (sometimes defunct)
Personal union with Sweden from 1814 (when Norway declared independence from Denmark and was forced into a union with Sweden) to 1905
Personal union with Hungary from 1370 to 1382 and 1440 to 1444(see Hungary section above)
Personal union with Lithuania from 1386 to 1569 known as the Polish-Lithuanian Union.
In 1569 the union was transformed into a federation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Eastern part: Personal union with Russia from 1814 to 1832, known as Congress Poland; following the suppression of an army revolt, the territory was annexed outright by Russia.
Poland-Lithuania
Personal union with Sweden from 1592 to 1599
Personal union with Saxony from 1697 to 1705, 1709 to 1733 and 1733 to 1763
Iberian Union with Spain from 1580 to 1640 (under Philip II of Spain, his son and grandson)
Personal union between Wallachia and Transylvania from 1599 to 1600 under the rule of Michael the Brave
Personal union between Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania from 1600 to 1601 under the rule of Michael the Brave
Personal union between Wallachia and Moldavia from 1859 to 1862 under the rule of Alexander John Cuza
Personal union with England and Ireland from 1603 to 1707 (when England and Scotland were joined together in the Kingdom of Great Britain)
Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the King of Scotland, England and Ireland also serving as Stadtholder of most of the provinces of the Netherlands.
Personal union with the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 to 1556 under Charles I (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor)
Iberian Union with Portugal from 1580 to 1640 (under Philip II of Spain, his son and grandson)
Personal union with Norway from 1319 to 1343
The Kalmar Union with Denmark and Norway from 1389 to 1521 (sometimes defunct)
Personal union with Poland-Lithuania from 1592 to 1599
Personal union with Norway from 1814 to 1905 (sometimes called Sweden-Norway)
Personal union with Hanover from 1801 to 1837, when differing succession laws resulted in Queen Victoria ascending the British throne and her uncle Ernest Augustus that of Hanover.
Scordatura in music is a technique in which players of string instruments tune their strings to different notes from a normal tuning.
The word “scordatura” is an Italian word which means “mistuning”.
It was used for lutes, guitars, viols and instruments of the violin family.
Using a scordatura tuning made the instrument sound different.
For example: a string tuned to a slightly higher note will sound louder and brighter because it is tighter.
Care has to be taken not to tune it too high otherwise it will break.
Scordatura also made it possible to play unusual chords or combinations of notes in string-crossing (when the bow moves quickly from one string to another).
When a composer writes for an instrument using scordatura tuning he shows at the beginning of the music what notes the strings must be tuned to.
The music is then written, not as it sounds, but so that the player can read it as if the instrument were being played normally, e.g. if a G string is tuned up to G# and the composer wants a G# he simply writes a G, but it will sound G#.
Scordatura in the Baroque period
Scordatura tuning was mainly popular in the Baroque period from 1600-1750.
Composers such as Heinrich Biber often used it.
He composed a group of sonatas for violin and accompaniment called the "Rosary Sonatas".
In each sonata the violin is tuned in a different way.
In Sonata XI (called Resurrection) he even asks the violinist to make the two middle strings cross over between the bridge and the tailpiece so that the violin is tuned to two Gs and two Ds.
Scordatura in the Classical Period
In the classical period a famous example of scordatura is Mozart’s, "Sinfonia Concertante" for Violin, Viola and Orchestra in which he asks the viola to tune all four strings a semitone higher than usual.
This makes it sound louder and brighter so that it matches the brightness of the violin, especially as the violin is playing with normal tuning in the key of E flat, which sounds a soft key (because the key of Eflat hardly uses any “open” strings).
Later examples
In the late 19th century and 20th century there are examples of composers using scordatura.
In his Fourth Symphony Mahler asks the violin soloist (the leader of the orchestra) to play on a violin tuned to Gsharp-D-A-Eflat.
The music is describing a poor beggar playing a violin.
The violin soloist needs a second instrument for this, so that he can swap quickly back to a normal violin.
Saint-Saëns asks the solo violin in Danse Macabre to tune the E string to Eflat to make it sound like the devil.
Applying to host the games was supposed to begin in 2019.
The host city was supposed to be announced in 2021.
In July 2017, The International Olympic Committee decided to award 2024 and 2028 Games at the same time.
On July 31, 2017, an agreement was announced that Los Angeles would apply to host the 2028 Summer Olympics.
The agreement made Paris, France host the 2024 Summer Olympics.
On September 13, 2017, the hosts for both Olympic games was announced at the 131st IOC Session in Lima, Peru.
Candidate City
Los Angeles, California, United States (chosen)
Summer Olympics in the United States
2020s in California
There are three main hypotheses as to the origins of the Etruscan civilization.
Autochthonous development in situ out of the Villanovan culture, as claimed by the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus who described the Etruscans as indigenous people who had always lived in Etruria.
A migration from the Aegean sea, as claimed by a couple of Greek historians: Herodotus, who described them as a group of immigrants from Lydia in Anatolia, and Hellanicus of Lesbos who claimed that the Tyrrhenians were the Pelasgians originally from Thessaly, Greece The third hypotheses is reported by Livy and Pliny the Elder, the  Etruscans as related to Rhaetian people to the north and other populations living in the Alps.
German linguist Helmut Rix proposed the Tyrsenian language family, with Etruscan related to the Rhaetic language spoken in the Alps north of Etruria, and to the Lemnian language spoken in Lemons.
In particular the Lemnian language could have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula.
Etruscan alphabet
Etruscan architecture
Etruscan chariot
Etruscan cities
Etruscan history
Etruscan jewelry
Etruscan numerals
Etruscan Sibyl
Etruscan society
Etruscan terracotta warriors
Etruscan honeysuckle
Etruscan Pygmy Shrew
Etruscan Resources, a company based in Nova Scotia that operates gold and diamond mines in Africa.
The Etruscan Mask, a film.
Inscriptions have been found in northwestern and west-central Italy in the region that still has a name that came from the Etruscans, Tuscany (from Latin tusc "Etruscans") and in Latium, north of Rome, in Umbria west of the Tiber, around Capua in Campania and in the Po Valley to the north of Etruria.
That is probably the area in Italy in which the language was once spoken.
Etruscan News Online, the Newsletter of the American Section of the Institute for Etruscan and Italic Studies.
Etruscan News back issues , Center for Ancient Studies at New York University.
Etruscology at Its Best, the website of Dr. Dieter H. Steinbauer, in English.
Covers origins, vocabulary, grammar and place names.
Viteliu: The Languages of Ancient Italy at web.archive.org.
The Etruscan Language, the linguistlist.org site.
Links to many other Etruscan language sites.
The Albanian language () is an Indo-European language.
It is spoken mostly in Albania (3,500,000), Kosovo and (500,000) Republic of North Macedonia.
Ghegs, Tosks, Arbëresh, Arvanites, Arbanasi
An overview of the Albanian language and culture
Albanian language family tree
List of free online resources for learners
The Trialeti culture was seen around the 2nd millennium B.C. In the late 3rd millennium B.C. settlements of the Kura-Araxes culture began to be replaced by early Trialeti culture sites.
The Trialeti culture was the second culture to appear in the Caucasus, after the Kura-Araxes culture.
The Trialeti culture shows close ties with the highly-developed cultures of the ancient world, particularly with the Aegean.
Shulaveri-Shomu culture
History of Georgia (country)
The Kura-Araxes culture or the Early trans-Caucasian culture, a people that lived from 3400 BC until about 2000 BC.
The earliest evidence for this culture is found on the Ararat plain; thence it spread to Georgia by 3000 B.C.
The Chronology of the Caucasus During the Early Metal Age: Observations from Central Transcaucasus  - Giorgi L. Kavtaradze
The Beginnings of Metallurgy  - includes extensive discussion of Kura-Araxes metalworking
Biodiesel is a type of fuel prepared by changing vegetable oil, animal fat, special types of algae and possibly even sewage.
It is considered a type of renewable energy, since it all comes from living plants and animals.
It can be used to power an engine, usually for vehicles, including airplanes.
It replaces diesel that comes from petroleum, a type of fossil fuel.
Biodiesel is much cleaner and has less pollution than diesel fuel made from fossil fuels.
It also acts as a solvent (like soap).
In fact, it cleans the engine so much that it might pull out old dirt in the engine and clog up the filters.
After the filters are replaced then it is fine.
In the United States and several other places, new laws say that regular diesel fuel must be low in sulfur.
This gets rid of pollution, especially acid rain, but it also makes the fuel less slippery.
Adding in biodiesel helps keep the fuel slippery and the engine running smoothly.
Most biodiesel comes from plants.
This means a lot of farmland is used to grow plants for fuel instead of for feeding animals and people.
There are scientists, chemical engineers and agricultural engineers who are studying ways to use algae and saltwater plants to make oil.
This would not take away farmland that is used to grow food.
Also, some biodiesel comes from waste oil and waste animal fat, that would otherwise be thrown away.
NASA is testing biodiesel made from chicken fat to fuel their airplanes.
All diesel fuel has a problem starting an engine in cold weather, but biodiesel has more of a problem.
This can be solved by mixing biodiesel and regular diesel at the right mixture.
Or by heating the fuel before it is used by the engine.
There might be a heater built into the vehicle for this.
Biodiesel from plants
Most biodiesel is made from oilseed.
Oilseed is any type of seed that has enough oil in it to be useful in making vegetable oil.
Some people make their own biodiesel by converting old oil that is used in restaurants to fry foods.
The exhaust smells a bit like french fries.
Biodiesel from algae
Someday algae might be used to make more biodiesel than is made today with vegetable oil.
Algae can be grown in places that food cannot be grown in, so it would not take food away from people.
But right now it is still too expensive, but scientists are looking at ways to make the process better.
Nimrod (; ,  an-Namrūd) according to the Bible was the son of Cush, grandson of Ham and a "mighty hunter before the Lord" who built cities at Akkad, Erech (Uruk), and Babel.
According to many legends, and as told by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, he became an evil tyrant who forced all his subjects to bake bricks for the Tower of Babel.
Julie Deborah Kavner (born September 7, 1950 in Los Angeles, California) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress and comedienne, best known for playing Brenda Morgenstern on Rhoda in the 1970s, as an actress in several Woody Allen-directed films and playing the voice of Marge Simpson on the animated television show The Simpsons.
She also voices Marge's sisters Patty and Selma.
The Simpsons (1991) – Marge Simpson
Storybook Weaver (1994) - Mayzie Bird
The Simpsons Cartoon Studio (1996) – Marge Simpson
Virtual Springfield (1997) – Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier
Simpsons Bowling (1999) – Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier
The Simpsons Wrestling (2001) – Marge Simpson
The Simpsons: Road Rage (2001) – Marge Simpson
The Simpsons Skateboarding (2002) – Marge Simpson
The Simpsons: Hit & Run (2003) – Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier
Storybook Weaver Deluxe (2004) - Mayzie Bird
The Simpsons Game (2007) –– Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier
The Simpsons: Tapped Out (2012) – Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier
"Do the Bartman" (1990) – Marge Simpson
The Simpsons Ride (2008) – Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier
Three games in the main series are: Age of Empires, Age of Empires II and Age of Empires III.
There is also a spinoff game called Age of Mythology.
It is similar to Age of Empires, but players can also control monsters like the cyclops.
After Ensemble Studios had closed down, another game called Age of Empires Online was made.
It is "free to play", which means that you do not have to pay money to play the game, but you can buy things in the game if you want to.
Age of Empires I (2018) and Age of Empires II (2019), twenty years later, come in Definitive Editions with better graphics et cetera.
Definitive Edition of Age of Empires III is in development.
In Age of Empires, the player usually guides a small tribe of people to build a city.
The people, called villagers, can hunt deer, collect berries, and farm for food.
They can chop trees for wood.
They can collect gold and stone at mines in the ground.
The villagers build buildings to make a large city.
There are enemy cities that the player must destroy.
When the player has enough food, wood, gold, and stone, the player can train soldiers to fight the enemy.
At the beginning of the game, the player only gets weak soldiers, but the player can get better and better units as time goes on.
Each game takes place over four or five time periods called ages.
Each players starts in the first age and wants to get to the last age.
Each game has a different set of ages:
Age of Empires starts in the Stone Age, and then you can advance to the Tool Age for 500 food, and then you can advance to the Bronze Age for 800 food, and then you can advance to the Iron Age for 1000 food and 800 gold.
Age of Empires II (Age of Kings) starts in the Dark Age, and then you can advance to the Feudal Age for 500 food, and then you can advance to the Castle Age for 800 food and 200 gold, and then you can advance to the Imperial Age for 1000 food and 800 gold.
Age of Empires III starts in the Discovery Age, then you can advance to the Colonial Age for 800 food, then you can advance to the Fortress Age for 1200 food and 1000 gold, then you can advance to the Industrial Age for 2000 food and 1200 gold, and then you can advance to the Imperial Age for 4000 food and 4000 gold.
When a player has enough food and gold to advance to the next age, the player must wait.
After about a minute, the city reaches the next age.
The player's buildings look different and the player can do new things to improve his town and soldiers.
New, powerful soldiers such as archers (people that shoot with a bow and arrow), cavalry (warriors that ride horses), catapults (machines that throw stones), artillery (big guns that shoot cannon balls) can be used.
The player can build walls and towers to defend the city.
The player can even build many different Wonders that give different effects.
All of the Age of Empires games are usually good because the game makes sure no type of soldier is too powerful.
There is always a way to kill a large group of enemy units.
For example, if a group of twenty archers is attacking, the player should fight back with cavalry or artillery.
Many people call this balance, because it is impossible for one unit to get too powerful.
The Age of Empires games have many different groups of people to choose from.
Each group has a different set of soldiers and abilities.
There are four common ways to play Age of Empires:
Random Map: Players start with a small town.
They build up and fight each other.
Deathmatch: Players start with a small town, but with lots of food, wood, gold, and stone.
Because the players start with so much, they can build a huge army very fast, and there are big fights.
Treaty: Players start with a small town.
They build up their economy and cannot attack for a period of time.
Because the players have time to build huge economy, there are big and long fights.
Regicide (Age of Empires II): Players start with a small town, and a king.
The player must protect his own king and kill the enemy kings.
Once a player's king dies, he loses and can no longer play.
Age of Empires can be played alone (against computer players) or online against human players.
Age of Empires can be played online using official multiplayer platforms or programs like GameRanger and Voobly.
For other meanings, see Bridge (disambiguation).
A bridge on a string instrument is something that stands on the body of the instrument and supports the strings.
It sends the vibrations of the strings to the main part of the instrument so that the sound can be heard.
The bridge of an instrument in the violin family (violin, viola, cello and double bass) can be seen very clearly.
It is a piece of hardwood which is shaped like a bridge.
The top is like an arch in shape because the player needs to be able to play on one string at a time.
The feet of the bridge have to be shaped to fit on the front of the instrument (the “belly”) which is curved.
The bridge is not fixed to the instrument: it is only held up because of the tension (tightness) of the strings.
The soundpost, a small wooden column inside the body, is also held up by tension of the strings and the bridge.
The part of the string which vibrates and gives the note is the part between the bridge and the top of the fingerboard (or the part between the bridge and where the player puts his finger).
The other end of the string is fixed to a tailpiece.
Bridge (structure), a structure built so that a transportation route can cross above an obstacle.
The Bridge (documentary movie), a movie about suicides on the Golden Gate Bridge.
Bridge (dentistry), a fixed prosthesis used to replace missing teeth.
Bridge (exercise), most commonly the balancing of the body on the head and feet.
Bridge (graph theory), an edge whose removal disconnects a graph.
Bridge (grappling), a move intended to dislodge an opponent in top control.
Bridge (prosody), a point in a line of poetry where a break in a word-unit cannot occur.
Bridge (ship), the area from which a ship is commanded.
Main Bridge (Star Trek), the control center of Starfleet vessels in the Star Trek universe.
Contract bridge, a card game.
Bridge loan, a short-term loan to cover a gap in time until a new long-term financing is realised.
Adobe Bridge, a program included with the Adobe Creative Suite to link the other programs together
Hashiwokakero, meaning "build bridges", a Japanese puzzle.
"bridge the gap": a phrase meaning to connect different things or ideas
Bridge cameras combine some of the advantages of large and small cameras
Bridge Records, Inc., a record label
Bridge (chemical), an unbranched chain of atoms or an atom or a covalent bond connecting two bridgeheads in a polycyclic compound.
A Salt bridge, in chemistry, is a laboratory device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (electrochemical cell)
Salt bridge (protein) (or salt bond), in protein chemistry, is the term used to denote chemical bonds between positively and negatively charged side-chains of proteins.
Bridge rectifier, an electronic circuit for converting alternating current to direct current.
Wheatstone bridge, an electronic circuit for comparing resistors, capacitors or inductors to high standards of accuracy.
Bridge (instrument), the device that anchors the strings to or holds the strings above the body of a string instrument, such as a violin or guitar.
Bridge (music), an interlude that connects two parts of song.
Bridge pattern, a computer science design used to separate an abstraction and its actual implementation.
Network bridge, an electronic device used to connect two computer or telephone network segments.
Frank Bridge, composer
Places with the name Bridge
Bridge, Kent, a place in Kent, England.
Scotland has many place names in the style of Bridge of Allan.
Brazilwood or Pau-Brasil, sometimes known as Pernambuco wood (Caesalpina echinata) is a Brazilian tree.
It has a dense, orange-red wood (which takes a high shine), and it is the most frequently used wood for making bows for string instruments from the violin family.
The wood also gives a red dye called brazilin.
There are several trees in this family which have very similar properties, including the development of red dye.
The term "brazilwood" is sometimes used for these other species as well.
The tree was exploited for their dye in the 18th century, and is now lost over much of its original range.
Chav (male) and chavette (female) are mainly negative, unkind slang words used in the United Kingdom for a subcultural stereotype of young underclass white people.
Chav: "a young working class person who dresses in casual sports clothing or a baseball cap".
They may wear fashion based on American hip-hop such as fake gold jewellery and designer clothing, combined with elements of working class British street fashion.
Many are either school age or late teens/early twenties and may come from a family culture of social security claimants ("SS claimants").
The term first appeared in dictionaries in 2005.
They tend to listen to R&B, hip hop, UK garage, grime and reggae and drum & bass music.
"Chav" has started to mean a variety of things.
Most chavs do not wear Burberry – this happened mostly in the '90s and early '00s.
Chavs are stereotypically narrow-minded and more often than not, below average intelligence.
Chavs also tend to use slang language to appear "cooler" and more "edgy".
Chavs may be associated with criminality, including: assault, mugging, robbery, burglary and car crime.
Anti-social behaviour orders (Asbos) were introduced to tackle such persistent offending.
In 2011, Owen Jones published his first book, Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class.
Jones says in it that 'chav' is a word used to make working-class people seem less human.
In 2014, The Guardian Suzanne Moore wrote an article calling R&B singer and songwriter Tulisa a chav.
The council house is a form of public housing found in Ireland and the United Kingdom, sometimes called social housing in modern times.
Council houses were built and operated by local councils to help the local population.
As of 2005, approximately 20% of the country's housing is owned by local councils or by housing associations.
The largest council estate in the country (and one of the largest in the world) is Becontree, Dagenham, with a population of over 100,000.
Building started in the 1920s and took nearly 20 years to finish.
Public services in the United Kingdom
Midnight Madness is a 1980 comedy movie from Walt Disney Productions, starring David Naughton.
The movie is about a group of college students who participate in an all night puzzle solving race.
It is Michael J. Fox's first film role.
The movie did not do well in theaters and many critics did not like it.
However, the movie has gained a cult following, and has been the inspiration for many real-life puzzle and alternate reality games.
The Last of Sheila
Fagabeefe: An unofficial fan page devoted to the film
Another website about the movie
Roger Ebert's 1980 review
Comprehensive Synopsis/Review at 3B Theater
DVD review at Digitally Obsessed
Hot Springs, Arkansas's 2006 Midnight Madness
Midnight Madness Brevard County, Florida
Barvas or Barabhas is a village on the Isle of Lewis.
It is said to have the biggest percentage of Gaelic speakers in Scotland, (74.7% here speak Gaelic.)
Its biggest town is called Stornoway, which has a population of over 5000.
Most people on the island speak Gaelic.
On the island, there is a town called Barvas, which is the place which has the biggest percentage of Gaelic speakers (74.7% of the people speak Gaelic).
Inner and Outer Hebrides
Stornoway is the biggest town in the Outer Hebrides.
It is on the Isle of Lewis, and over 5,000 people live there.
It has nearby the Stornoway Airport, an old RAF airbase which now acts a link between the island and the Scottish mainland.
Skye is the largest and most northerly island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland.
More than 9000 people live there, and half of the people speak Gaelic.
The main settlement is Portree, known for its picturesque harbour.
The island has been occupied since the mesolithic period and has a colourful history.
It was rule by the Norse for 400 years, then dominated by Clan MacLeod and Clan Donald.
The Highland Clearances of the 19th century caused a decline in the population from over 20,000 to around 9,200 in the early 21st century.
The population has risen 4% from the census of 1991.
The main industries are tourism, agriculture, fishing and whisky-distilling.
Skye is part of the Highland Council local government area and is now linked to the mainland by a road bridge.
The island is renowned for its spectacular scenery, vibrant culture and heritage, and its abundant wildlife, including the Golden Eagle, Red Deer and Atlantic Salmon.
Skye has a rich heritage of ancient monuments from the clans, especially castles.
Dunvegan Castle has been the seat of Clan MacLeod since the 13th century.
It may have been inhabited by a single family for longer than any other house in Scotland.
The 18th century Armadale Castle, once home of Clan Donald was abandoned as a residence in 1925 but now hosts the Clan Donald Centre.
Nearby are the ruins of two more MacDonald strongholds, Knock Castle, and Dunscaith Castle, the legendary home of Queen Scáthach.
The Black Cuilin
The Black Cuillin, low mountains mainly composed of basalt and gabbro, include 12 peaks the Scots call 'Munros'.
This is some of the most dramatic and challenging mountain terrain in Scotland.
The ascent of Sgùrr a' Ghreadaidh is one of the longest rock climbs in Britain and the Inaccessible Pinnacle is the only peak in Scotland that requires technical climbing skills to reach the summit.
A full crossing of the Cuillin ridge may take 15–20 hours to complete.
On July 11, 2017, a proposal to choose the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland.
On July 31, 2017, the International Olympic Committee made a deal with Los Angeles to host the 2028 Summer Olympics.
It made Paris host the 2024 Summer Olympics.
Candidate Cities
Paris, France (2024 Host City)
Los Angeles, California, United States (2028 Host City)
Cancelled Potential Bids
Germany, Hamburg
Thomas Bach stated that Hamburg would apply for 2024 Olympic Games.
Hamburg would have hosted the games the first time in history and would therefore have received the virtue over Berlin as Berlin's inhabitant had a negative atmosphere towards the Olympic Games application.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
A study by eleven graduate students from the University of Pennsylvania showed that Philadelphia should have considered bidding for the 2024 Olympics.
The study said that one of the city's biggest challenges would be convincing the voters who select the host city that Philadelphia is a "world-class city", something that "will require strategic changes in the city’s landscape in conjunction with a persuasive marketing strategy".
The study mentions that when arriving in the city from Philadelphia International Airport, it is difficult to find a route that does not have abandoned oil tanks, old structures and thousands of tons of waste.
One good thing about having the Games in Philadelphia is that it is near many large cities.
On July 10, 2007 it was revealed that the Canadian Olympic Committee had worked on a potential bid for the 2020 or 2024 games for Toronto, the capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada.
This would have been Toronto's third bid for the summer Olympic games, after unsuccessful bids for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Games.
The subtropical city of Brisbane would seriously consider bidding for the Olympic Games in 2020 or 2024, former Queensland Premier Peter Beattie has said.
His announcement came after IOC President Jacques Rogge said the IOC would love to see a bid from Brisbane in the future.
Australia hosted the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne.
In 1986, Brisbane lost the bid for the 1992 Summer Olympics, which were held in Barcelona.
However, Brisbane has experience in hosting major international sporting events; the city hosted the 1982 Commonwealth Games and the 2001 Goodwill Games.
2020s in France
2024 in sports
The 2022 Winter Olympics, formally called the  XXIV Olympic Winter Games, is the 24th Games of the Winter Olympics.
It is an international winter sports event that will be held from February 4 to February 20, 2022.
The winning bid was announced in the summer of 2015 and Beijing was chosen, and since it hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics, it will be the first city ever to host both the Summer and the Winter Olympics.
Beijing, China (chosen)
Harbin, China: Li Zhanshu, governor of Heilongjiang, has said that "If we fail again for the 2018 Games, we are determined to win the 2022 Winter Games."
Harbin bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics, but did not make the short list.
Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan considers to bid for the 2022 games, either in Almaty, the former capital, largest city, and financial centre, or divided between Almaty and Nur-Sultan, the capital.
The Almaty alternative gives higher chance of winning, but the divided alternative is preferred by the government because of lower cost, since more arenas and hotels exist already.
Kazakhstan hosted the 2011 Asian Winter Games, which can be seen as preparation for hosting the Winter Olympic Games in 2022.
The Asian Winter Games were divided between Astana and Almaty.
On November 29, 2011, Almaty was chosen to host the 2017 Winter Universiade.
Lviv, Ukraine
Prahova Valley, Romania -  Romanian Prime Minister Călin Popescu Tăriceanu said on June 14 2007 that the country is thinking about a bid for the Games to be held there.
Quebec City, Canada
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States: Salt Lake City considered a bid for either the 2018 Games or the 2022 Games.
The city hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada – Lake Placid, New York, USA: Officials from Quebec and the state of New York have met to talk about the possibility of a bid together.
With Vancouver hosting the 2010 Winter Olympics, the earliest that Canada hoped to host the Olympics was 2022.
Montreal, Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Games and Lake Placid hosted the 1932 and 1980 Winter Games.
Winter Olympics in Asia
2020s in China
2022 in Asia
Sport in Beijing
Guarneri is the name of a family of famous violin makers from Cremona in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Together with the families Amati and Stradivari they made some of the best violins the world has known.
Andrea Guarneri (c. 1626 - 7 December  1698) was a pupil in the workshop of Nicolo Amati from 1641 to 1646 and returned to make violins for Amati from 1650 to 1654.
He married a rich lady and they were able to buy a large house which became known as the “Casa Guarneri”.
Two of his sons: Pietro Giovanni and Giuseppe Giovanni, became violin makers.
Andrea Guarneri produced some fine violas, one of which was played by William Primrose in the early 20th century.
Pietro Giovanni Guarneri (18 February  1655 - 26 March  1720), known as Peter of Mantua (Pietro da Mantova) to distinguish him from his nephew Pietro Guarneri.
He worked in his father's workshop from around 1670 until his marriage in 1677.
He had settled in Mantua by 1683, where he worked both as a musician and a violin maker.
His instruments are generally better than his father's.
However, he did not make so many instruments because he spent a lot of his time playing them.
None of his children became violin makers.
Joseph Szigeti played one of his instruments.
Andrea's younger son, Giuseppe Giovanni Battista Guarneri (25 November  1666 - 1739 or 1740), known as filius Andreae, joined his father's business in Cremona.
He inherited it in 1698.
He is one of the great violin makers.
Giuseppe Giovanni Battista was father to two other instrument makers:  Pietro Guerneri who settled in Venice and Bartolomeo.
Pietro Guarneri (Peter of Venice or Pietro da Venezia) (14 April  1695 - 7 April, 1762) made some instruments that are as great as those of his father.
One of his cellos was played by Beatrice Harrison.
Bartolomeo Giuseppe Guarneri (del Gesù), also known as Joseph (21 August   1698 - 17 October   1744), has been called the finest violin maker of the Amati line (Amati and his pupils).
Giuseppe is known as del Gesù because his labels always have the characters I.H.S. (iota-eta-sigma) and a Roman cross.
His instruments are different from the others made by his family.
They are thought of as the greatest violins with the exception of those by Stradivari.
The famous violin virtuoso Niccolò Paganini’s favorite instrument was a Guarneri del Gesù violin of 1743.
The "Lord Wilton" Guarneri del Gesù violin made in 1742 was owned by Yehudi Menuhin and other Twentieth-century 'del Gesù' players have included, Arthur Grumiaux, Jascha Heifetz, Isaac Stern and Henryk Szeryng.
http://www.grovemusic.com/Grove Music Online
Guarneri family web page, violins, violin labels
Guarneri web site
The Violin Site - Violin Making
Casa Guarneri Auctioneers of fine musical instruments
Amati is the name of a family of Italian violin makers.
They made violins between about 1549 and 1740.
They worked in Cremona in Italy, the town which is famous for violin making.
Andrea Amati: the founder of the family
The most famous member of the family was Andrea Amati who was born some time before 1511 and died in Cremona on 24 December 1577.
He can be thought of as the inventor of the violin in its modern form.
He made violins, violas and cellos.
A small number of his instruments are still in existence.
They are dated between 1564 and 1574 and they have the coat of arms of Charles IX of France on the back.
His sons Antonio and Girolamo Amati
Andrea Amati’s two sons were Antonio Amati who was born about 1540 in Cremona and died there on 14 February 1607 and Girolamo Amati who was born about 1561 in Cremona and died of the plague there on 21 October 1630.
They are known as "The Brothers Amati", but they did not work much together.
However, they both produced some great instruments.
They made the shape of the f holes perfect and gave their instruments more strength.
They also made some large violas and cellos.
They had an enormous influence on all other violin makers.
Nicolò Amati
Nicolò Amati was the son of Girolamo Amati.
He is now the most famous member of the family.
He was born on 3 December 1596 and died on 12 April 1684) He was the most eminent of the family.
He had become a very skilled violin maker by 1630 when his father died.
During the next few years there was a lot of suffering because of the plague and not many people could afford to buy instruments.
Then, after 1640, there was more demand again and Nicolò made many great instruments.
Those that have survived are among the most sought-after and expensive violins today.
He made instruments that were slightly wider and were known as the “Grand Pattern”.
Many other violin makers learned from him.
These pupils include Andrea Guarneri and possibly also Antonio Stradivari.
The last maker of the family was Nicolo's son, Girolamo Amati, known as Hieronymus II.
He was born on 26 February and died on 21 February, 1740.
Although he made some improvements to his father's instruments, they are not as good.
Antonio Stradivari became the greatest violin maker at this time.
The Guardians of Scotland were appointed to act as King during the two interregnums of 1290-1292 and 1296-1302.
An interregum is a time when a monarchy has no king.
It is from the Latin for "between reigns".
1292 establishments
Establishments in Scotland
14th-century disestablishments in Europe
1292 disestablishments
1295 establishments
1302 disestablishments
Alvin Burke, Jr. (born October 28, 1973) is an American professional wrestler and rapper.
He is better known by the ring name Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP).
He is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).
He has also worked with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW).
He is a former one time WWE Tag Team Champion with Matt Hardy and a former two time WWE United States Champion.
He spent six months in a juvenile detention center after a robbery and later completed 9½ years of an 18½ year prison sentence for armed robbery and kidnapping which at the time he started it he was sixteen.
He has a rare heart condition called Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
He converted to Islam while in prison but has since described himself as a nonbeliever.
Rap musicians from Florida
Sportspeople from Miami, Florida