the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In December 2002, Jakks Pacific signed a three-year deal for licensing Dragon Ball Z toys, which was possible because of the bankruptcy of Irwin Toy.
Jakks Pacific's Dragon Ball Z 5-inch figures were cited as impressive for their painting and articulation.
In 2010, Toei closed deals in Central and South American countries which included Algazarra, Richtex, Pil Andina, DTM, Doobalo and Bondy Fiesta.
In 2012, Brazil's Abr-Art Bag Rio Comercio Importacao e Exportacao closed a deal with Toei.
A nerve impulse is the way nerve cells (neurons) communicate with one another.
Nerve impulses are mostly electrical signals along the dendrites to produce a nerve impulse or action potential.
The action potential is the result of ions moving in and out of the cell.
Specifically, it involves potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ions.
The ions are moved in and out of the cell by potassium channels, sodium channels and the sodium-potassium pump.
Special faster connections
Faster electrical synapses are used in escape reflexes, the retina of vertebrates, and the heart.
They are faster because they do not need the slow diffusion of neurotransmitters across the synaptic gap.
Therefore, electrical synapses are used whenever fast response and coordination of timing are crucial.
These synapses connect the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells directly together.
When an action potential reaches such a synapse, the ionic currents cross the two cell membranes and enter the postsynaptic cell through pores known as connexons.
Thus, presynaptic action potential directly stimulates the postsynaptic cell.
Elektra: several people from Greek mythology, most often the daughter of Agamemnon and Klytaimnestra (Clytemnestra).
On spelling: the Greek alphabet does not have a 'C', so they spelled the name with a 'K'.
Elektra (Sophocles) c. 401 BC: When King Agamemnon returns from the Trojan War with his new concubine, Cassandra, his wife Clytemnestra (who has taken Agamemnon's cousin Aegisthus as a lover) kills them.
Clytemnestra believes the murder was justified.
Agamemnon had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia before the war, as commanded by the gods.
Electra, daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, rescued her young, twin brother Orestes from her mother by sending him to Strophius of Phocis.
The play begins years later when Orestes has returned as a grown man with a plot for revenge, as well as to claim the throne.
Elektra (Euripides) c. 415: Years before, near the start of the Trojan War, the Greek general Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter Iphigeneia in order to appease the goddess Artemis and allow the Greek army to set sail for Troy.
His wife Clytemnestra never forgave him, and when he returned from the war ten years later, she and her lover Aegisthus murdered Agamemnon.
There follows the reuniting of the brother, Orestes, and sister, Elektra, and their conspiracy to murder their mother and her lover.
The original creator of this kind of tragedy was Aeschylus with his Oresteia trilogy, 485 BC.
130 Elektra, an asteroid
Electra is the star 17 Tauri
A hare is a mammal of the order Lagomorpha, in the same family as the rabbit.
They are larger than rabbits and have black tipped ears.
Their diet (the food they eat) resembles what rabbits eat; they eat ruttabaga and lettuce.
They graze on grass and leafy weeds.
Hares are very fast-running animals.
The European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) runs at speeds up to .
The five species of jackrabbit found in central and western North America can run at , and can leap up to 3m (ten feet) at a time.
They live solitarily or in pairs; a "drove" is the name for a group of hares.
Mating season
Normally a shy animal, they change their behaviour in spring, when hares chase one another around meadows.
This may be competition between males to attain dominance (and hence more access to breeding females).
During this spring frenzy, hares can be seen "boxing"; one hare striking another with its paws (probably the origin of the term "mad as a March hare").
For a long time, this was thought to be intermale competition, but closer observation has shown it is usually a female hitting a male to prevent copulation.
When a doe is ready to mate, she runs across the countryside, starting a chase that tests the stamina of the following males.
When only the fittest male remains, the female stops and allows him to copulate.
Snowshoe hare
This is a species of hare found in cold climates in North America.
As with the Arctic fox, its hair is white in winter, and brown in the summer.
These are different morphs.
This ability gives it camouflage, which it needs because it is the favourite food of the Canadian lynx.
The ESSEC is an important school teaching business to adults in France.
It was created in 1907 in Paris, but it has moved to Cergy-Pontoise, a city west of Paris, in 1973.
In 2006, ESSEC set up a campus in Singapore, Asia.
Twice a year, about 50 ESSEC students go and study there.
ESSEC is now one of the most famous Business Schools and Grandes Écoles in France.
ESSEC is frequently ranked first nationally.
ESSEC Business School Paris Singapore website in English
1907 establishments in Europe
Schools in France
National symbols are patriotic symbols representing nations and countries.
Sometimes, symbols are used for cultural or ethnic groups that do not have their own country yet.
National symbols try to unite people or send a message by representing the national people, values, goals, or history.
People often honor their nation, country, or group by celebrating their national symbol.
Common official national symbols
The flag of a nation
The coat of arms, seal (device) and stamp of the land and/or ruling dynasty
The national colours
Animals and plants/flowers, whether real or not
Crosses or other symbols of religion
National anthems, royal and imperial hymns
The office of the Head of State
The regalia of a monarchy, such as crown jewels
The Father of the Nation and other founding fathers
The Mother of the Nation and other honourable female leaders and politicians.
Common unofficial national symbols
National myths about the country's history or founding
National epics
National dishes
National dress
National holiday
National instrument
Nationalism (music)
National pastimes
Folk dances
Folk instrument
Tricksters
Monuments and cliches associated with tourism
Various other national emblems, including special plants, animals and objects associated with the nation,
in a nation largely stamped by a particular religion, some of its mste revered symbols may be adopted as national symbols (occasionally even officially), e.g. the patron saint or equivalent deity, a major pilgrimage site, church or temple
National symbols of the United Kingdom
A computer bus (often simply called bus) is part of most computers.
Its role is to transfer data, signals, or power between some of the components that make up a computer.
The size or width of a bus is how many bits it carries in parallel.
Common bus sizes are: 4 bits, 8 bits, 12 bits, 16 bits, 24 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits, 80 bits, 96 bits, and 128 bits.
Computers use such buses to link:
CPU to on-board Memory
multiple CPUs in a multi-cpu system
Arithmetic logic unit to the rest of the CPU
hard drives, graphics cards, etc.
to the main system.
Drives are usually connected by Serial ATA or the earlier ATAPI bus.
USB and Firewire connections go to printers and other peripheral devices.
The Diego Ramírez Islands are a group of islands.
They are in the Drake Passage, about 100 km southwest of Cape Horn.
The Ildefonso Islands are 93 km to the north-northwest.
There is a group of 6 islands to the north, then there is a waterway of 3 km, then there is another group to the south.
There is a weather station in one of the islands.
The islands are an important nesting place for birds.
The islands belong to Chile, and are named after Diego Ramírez.
They were first sighted on 12 February 1619 by Marco Ramirez of the Garcia de Nodal expedition, and named after the cosmographer of the expedition.
They were the southernmost landmass known at the time.
They kept this status for 156 years.
In 1775, James Cook discovered the South Sandwich Islands, which are much farther south.
The Chilean Navy built a meteorological station above Caleta Condell, a small cove on the northeast side of Isla Gonzalo (Gonzalo Island), in 1957, and resupply it several times each year.
This is the southernmost manned outpost of South America (including islands), even if the South Sandwich Islands are regarded as part of South America.
The Argentinian station on Thule Island was taken down in June 1982  after the Falklands War.
The next southerly manned outpost of South America is the lighthouse of Cape Horn.
Cruise ships sometimes pass by on their way to and from Antarctica.
The archipelago has 2 groups.
The North group is smaller and is named as Rocas del Norte.
There are 5 islands in this group, Islote Cabezas, Islote Peñailillo, Isla Norte, Islote Martínez and Islote Mendoza.
In the South group are many islands, for example; Islote Santander, Islotes Vergara, Isla Bartolomé (the principal island), Islote Pontevedra, Islote García, Isla Gonzalo (the second longest) and Islote Ester.
All the islands have moss on the ground, and they have a cold climate all year, with much rain every month.
Because of how far south they are, there is a strong wind from the west.
Islands of Chile
Although some people can learn music by ear, most people who are taught to play musical instruments learn new pieces by reading the printed music which is in front of them on a music stand.
When someone has learned to play a piece of music well enough to perform it, it is good if they can learn to play it without the printed music.
This is called “playing from memory” or “playing by heart”.
When a musician is practising a piece of music so that it can be played from memory this is called memorizing the music.
Most Classical musicians will agree that it is good to play from memory when performing as a soloist.
It means that the player understands the music really well, and he is able to concentrate completely on the way he plays the music (the interpretation).
In some music competitions the competitors are expected to play from memory.
A pianist playing a recital will usually play everything from memory.
It is particularly important for singers who are performing songs (Lieder) to sing without music because they can then communicate directly with the audience using the expression on their faces.
Some conductors conduct from memory.
If they do, they ought to know every single note for every single instrument from memory.
There are some conductors who have such amazing memories that they can do this.
Some people find it easier to memorize music than others.
There are different ways of practising to help memorize music: by memorizing a few bars at a time, by studying the printed music away from the instrument, or by “thinking” through the piece away from the instrument.
Some people have a “photographic memory” and can see in their mind the music as printed on the paper.
Some people rely on aural memory (hearing it in one’s imagination).
There is also muscular memory (the fingers "knowing" what to do).
Probably most people use some combination of all these methods.
When people perform from memory they are often worried that they might have a memory lapse (forget how the music goes).
It can happen, of course, even to the greatest musicians.
The famous violinist Bronislaw Huberman and the pianist  Eugen d’Albert were once performing Beethoven’s Kreutzer Sonata.
Both were playing from memory.
One of them kept going wrong in the same place, playing something that had happened earlier, so that they played the middle bit three times before eventually managing to finish the piece.
However, this is quite common, and can happen to anyone.
People who learn musical instruments should try to memorize some of their pieces.
Many famous musicians have a large repertoire (a collection) of pieces that they can play from memory.
Musical performance techniques
A grave, or burial spot is where somebody or something is buried after they have died.
Graves are usually placed in a graveyard, with a headstone used to identify the dead person.
A funeral will occur if the family has enough money.
If they do not, there will not be a proper funeral.
The name on the grave is of the dead person.
For example, William Shakespeare was buried in England.
Polyrhythm happens when two different rhythms are played at the same time in music.
African, Latin, and Afro-Cuban music often use polyrhythms.
Polyrythm is another word for layering and adding volumes to the piece of music.
It happens when one person starts playing a rhythm and then other people start joining in, adding dynamics to it.
It happens in Africa during festivals and occasions along with a call and response style of playing.
Theme Hospital is a simulation computer game developed by Bullfrog and EA Games.
It was published in 1997.
The game is quite humorous.
In the game, the player must build and operate a hospital.
There are different rooms you can build.
These are to diagnose the patient and to treat the illness.
Some illnesses are quite unusual.
One is the bloaty head disease where the patient's head blows up.
Another is the slack tongue disease, where the patient has an unusually long tongue.
Theme Hospital Clinic  (a fansite and strategy guide)
1997 video games
Electronic Arts video games
Pontin's is a holiday company which was founded by Fred Pontin in 1946.
It is now owned by Trevor Hemmings and has eight centres in England and Wales.
Pontin's official website
The twin prime conjecture is a mathematical theory.
It says that it is possible to find two twin primes that are as big as wanted.
Twin primes are prime numbers that differ by two.
For example, 3 and 5 are both prime and differ by two.
They are twin primes.
23 is prime, but it is not a twin prime.
The primes nearest to 23 are 19 and 29.
Twin primes were discovered by Euclid in 300 B.C.
Since Euclid's time mathematicians have wondered whether there are an infinite number of twin primes.
Many mathematicians are still trying to find the answer.
Conjectures
en:Twin prime conjecture
fr:Conjecture des nombres premiers jumeaux
Mud is a mixture of soil, silt, loam or clay, mixed with and water.
It is a type of soil that is also called "clay soil".
Others include the sandy soil, or sand, and garden soil.
Wet mud has a soft wet texture.
Young children sometimes play in puddles of mud.
Mud is usually brown.
Some animals including worms, frogs, snails, clams, and crayfish live in mud.
Pigs and elephants use it to cool themselves in hot weather.
Some people enjoy making mud pies out of mud.
Great river systems like the Amazon bring down to the delta immense amounts of mud which ends up in the sea outside the fan of the river mouth.
Mudrock is what the mud may become millions of years later.
Mudrocks make up fifty percent of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth.
The Zutons are a rock band from Liverpool, England.
They formed in 2001.
They are on the Deltasonic record label.
The band were nominated for the British Breakthrough Act award at the 2005 BRIT Awards.
David McCabe – lead vocals, guitar
Boyan Chowdhury – lead guitar, vocals
Abi Harding – saxophone, vocals
Sean Payne – drums, percussion, vocals
Russell Pritchard – bass guitar, vocals
Their first album, Who Killed...... The Zutons?,
was released on 18 October 2004, and got to number 9 in the United Kingdom album chart.
It came with a printed 3-D cover, and special glasses to view the cover.
Many fans wore the glasses to concerts.
The album was a nominee for the 2004 Mercury Music Prize.
The new album Tired of Hanging Around was released on April 17, 2006 and reached 2 in the UK album charts.
The band went around the UK doing concerts in May 2006 following the release of this album.
Their second UK tour will begin in November 2006.
Dwarf planet is the name used to classify some objects in the solar system.
This definition was made on August 24, 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), and can be described as; a dwarf planet is a body orbiting the Sun that is big enough to round itself by its own gravity, but has not cleared its orbital path of other rival bodies.
At the same meeting the IAU also defined the term planet for the first time.
Some astronomers think that the term "dwarf planet" is too confusing and needs to be changed.
Ceres (in the Asteroid belt)
Pluto (Pluto was named by an 11-year-old girl because it was the initials of the astronomer who found it. )
The dwarf planets, unlike the terrestrial and gas giant planets, are in more than one region of the solar system.
Ceres is in the asteroid belt.
The high orbital eccentricity of Pluto puts it mostly outside Neptune's orbit, but partly inside.
The others are in the trans-Neptune region.
NASA's Dawn and New Horizons missions reached Ceres and Pluto, respectively, in 2015.
Dawn had already orbited and observed Vesta in 2011.
There are many other dwarf planets in the solar system.
Most of them are also Kuiper belt objects.
Ceres was found by Giuseppe Piazzi on January 1, 1801.
Classified as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.
Pluto was found by Clyde W. Tombaugh on February 18, 1930.
Reclassified as a dwarf planet on August 24, 2006
Haumea was found by a team led by Mike Brown on December 28, 2004.
Accepted as a dwarf planet on September 17, 2008.
Makemake was found by a team led by Mike Brown on March 31, 2005.
Accepted as a dwarf planet on July 11, 2008.
Eris was found by Mike Brown and his science team on January 5, 2005.
Accepted as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.
Dwarf planet Citizendendium
The blue peafowl or Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) is a bird native to the Indian subcontinent.
Birds of Pakistan
The green peafowl (Pavo muticus) is a bird that is native to Southeast Asia.
The Nintendo Virtual Boy was a mostly-portable (easily moved) game console which had two screens that showed only red and black graphics.
To use the system, one had to put one's face close to the system so that each eye could see only one screen.
By showing each eye a different image, the system could create a 3D effect.
The way the system displayed images was not by LCDs, as some would think.
At the time, LCDs could not be used because they had two problems when they were first tested on the console: they would blur if anything moved on the screen, and users would see double instead of depth.
Instead, a vertical line of 224 very bright, but very small, LEDs were used for each eye.
These LEDs flashed on and off very fast in certain patterns.
This line of LEDs was then magnified by a lens, and a vibrating mirror would reflect each line at a certain time into each eye, creating a full image due to the human eye's persistence of vision.
Unfortunately, due to the quick flashing of the LEDs, many users felt sick, became dizzy, or had headaches after playing for a long time.
To help this, an "automatic pause" feature was added, which stopped the game play every 30 minutes for the player to rest his or her eyes.
The Virtual Boy was first sold in 1995, but was not popular.
Consumers did not like the console's high price, monochrome graphics, eye and neck strain, and need for a stand.
Many were saving money for the soon-to-be-sold Nintendo 64.
Nintendo lowered the price many times, but the system did not sell well and was discontinued (Nintendo stopped making them) in 1996.
Only 22 games were released in Japan and North America.
Virtual Boy sold 770,000 units.
Popular games for the system include Mario Tennis and Virtual Boy Wario Land (Known as Wario Cruise in Japan).
The Virtual Boy was made by Gunpei Yokoi, who also made the Game Boy and Game & Watch.
Duke University is a private university in Durham, North Carolina, founded in 1838.
It was formed by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity.
The school moved to Durham in 1892.
It has advanced research.
Some famous people including former President of the United States, Richard Nixon<ref>Richard M. Nixon.
The White House.'.'
Retrieved July 25, 2011.</ref> went to the school.
In its 2012 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked the university's undergraduate program 10th among national universities.
America's Best Graduate Schools 2009.
U.S. News & World Report, 2009.
Retrieved on April 23, 2009.
Duke has good libraries, such as Bostock Library.
It also has a famous medical school and law school.
The school's colours are blue and white and its president is Richard Brodhead.
Duke University owns 220 buildings on  of land.
This includes the  Duke Forest.
Duke University has own press Duke Univeristy Press''.
Duke has 26 varsity sports teams, known as the Blue Devils.
Duke's athletic programs are considered among the very best in the NCAA.
Duke's teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference.
Its Men's Basketball Team under coach Mike Krzyzewski has won the NCAA Tournament four times, and bought out the 2015 title as well.
In football The Blue Devils have won seven ACC Football Championships.
They have had ten players honored as ACC Player of the Year (the most in the ACC), Duke's teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference.
1838 establishments in the United States
Existentialism is a way of thinking that focuses on what it means for people to exist.
It is a philosophical movement.
It became well-known in books and movies of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Existentialism is known for dealing with nihilistic problems, but is generally still a kind of .
It says that humans have will and consciousness, but they live in a world that does not.
The premise that people must make choices about their life while knowing they are mortal is what existentialism is all about.
Kierkegaard was a very religious man, but existentialism in the 20th century became more and more atheistic.
Most of its main thinkers and writers were in mainland Europe.
For example, Jean-Paul Sartre spent most of the Second World War in a German prison camp, reading the philosophy of Martin Heidegger.
When he came out he gave a lecture called Existentialism and Humanism.
This early lecture may be easier to read than his later work.
Many religions and philosophies (ways of thinking about the world) say that human life has a meaning (or a purpose).
But people who believe in existentialism think that the world and human life have no meaning unless people give them meaning: ‘existence precedes [is before] essence’.
This means that we find ourselves existing in the world, and then we give ourselves meaning, or 'essence'.
As Sartre said, "We are condemned to be free".
This means that we have no choice but to choose, and that we have full responsibility for our choices.
Another way to put it is that we are always making choices even if we don't realize it.
Existentialists believe that our human 'essence' or 'nature' (way of being in the world) is simply our 'existence' (being in the world).
More simply put, the 'essence' of a human, or what makes a human a 'human', is not due to nature or uncontrollable circumstances; rather, human essence is really just what we choose to make it.
This means that the only nature we as humans have is the nature we make for ourselves.
As a result of this, existentialists think that the actions or choices that a person makes are very important.
They believe that every person has to decide for themselves what is right and wrong, and what is good and bad.
People who believe in existentialism ask questions like ’what is it like to be a human (a person) in the world?’
and ’how can we understand human freedom (what it means for a person to be free)?’
Existentialism is often connected with negative emotions, such as anxiety (worrying), dread (a very strong fear), and mortality (awareness of our own death).
Some existentialists, like Sartre and Heidegger, think that thinking about these emotions helps people to choose the way that they want to live their lives.
Existentialism is sometimes confused with nihilism.
It is different from nihilism, but there is a similarity.
Nihilists believe that human life does not have a meaning (or a purpose) at all; existentialism says that people must choose their own purpose.
Existentialism in books
The Outsider,  by Colin Wilson (1956), examined the idea of the social outsider in modern society.
It was one of the few books in English to give a readable explanation of the ideas and writings of Dostoyevsky, Sartre and Camus, especially the idea of alienation.
Irrational Man: a study in existential philosophy, by William Barratt (1958), Anchor Books .
This is a more direct study of existentialism by a professional philosopher.
It introduced the idea of existentialism as a philosophy.
Franz Kafka wrote books about people who feel hopeless because they are trapped in absurd (meaningless or senseless) situations that they do not understand.
Fyodor Dostoevsky, a Russian writer, wrote novels such as Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov.
Dostoevsky also wrote Notes from Underground, which is the story of a man who cannot fit into society and who feels alienated.
Hermann Hesse is a writer who wrote the book Steppenwolf in 1928.
Hesse used an existentialist idea from Kierkegaard to write this book.
Jean-Paul Sartre wrote novels such as Iron in the Soul that have existential themes.
The people in Jean-Paul Sartre's stories often faced death, and had to make hard choices.
Albert Camus wrote novels such as The Stranger that had stories about existentialism.
The Stranger tells the story about a man who does not have feelings (emotions) after his mother dies.
The man does not believe in God.
The man does not have feelings (emotions) after he murders (kills) an Arab man.
Existentialism in movies
Ingmar Bergman made a movie called The Seventh Seal in 1957.
It shows the doom and gloom of the late Middle Ages caused by the Black Plague, famine, the Hundred Years' War between France and England, and papal schism.
The movie Taxi Driver (which has the actor Robert De Niro) from 1976 has existential ideas in it.
The main character feels sad and lonely, because he cannot understand the world.
I Heart Huckabees is a 2004 film directed by David O. Russell.
The movie revolves around a man who hires two existential detectives to find out about his "coincidence."
He meets his "other" and is tempted with the dark side of existentialism.
King of the Hill was an American animated cartoon that ran from 1997 to 2010 on FOX.
It featured a husband, a wife, a son, and their live-in niece.
FOX, the network running the series, would not be showing new episodes anymore after its 13th and final season.
The final four episodes aired in May 2010.
Characters on King of the Hill
Hank Hill - An American propane and propane accessory salesmen living in Arlen, Texas, who believes in old-fashion ideals and watches modern society go down the drains.
His favorite football team is the Dallas Cowboys.
He is married to Peggy and loved his bad and former dog Ladybird.
He is 43, then 44, then 45 years old.
Peggy Hill - a substitute Spanish teacher at Arlen high school, desperate to work and outdo other rivals.
She writes a column in the local newspaper, then she got fired and then worked in real estate, before quitting only to come back.
She is married to Hank.
She is 42, then 43, then 44 years old.
Robert "Bobby" Hill - A strange Jr. High student who plays soccer, although Hank wants him to play football.
He is 11, then 12, then 13 years old.
Luanne Platter - a hairdresser who lives with the Hills.
Hank desperately wants her to go to college or get an apartment.
She is married to Lucky and has a child.
Luanne yelled at Cotton.
She is 19, then 20, then 21 years old.
Dale Gribble - A crackpot conspiracy theorist who believes the government is out to get everyone—and everyone else is out to get him.
Dale always comes out with snappy comments to annoy Hank.
He also uses an alias called "Rusty Shackleford".
He is married to Nancy even though she cheats on him with John Redcorn.
Dale was Hank's best friend.
William "Bill" Dauterive - A tortured constantly depressed victim of divorce, who is an Army barber and was Hank's best friend.
Jeffrey "Jeff" Boomhauer - A ladies man who talks very fast, almost in gibberish, and loves old muscle cars.
He is 46, then 47, then 48 years old.
Carton "Carl" Moss - A former high school football player, friends with Hank, and former school principal.
Jack Einahr C. Mendoza
King of the Hill on Retrojunk
2010 American television series endings
Television series set in Texas
A hairdresser's job is to organise hair into a particular style or "look".
They can cut hair, add colour to it or texture it.
A hairdresser may be female or male.
Qualified staff are usually called "stylists", who are supported by assistants.
Most hairdressing businesses are unisex, that is, they serve both sexes, and have both sexes on their staff.
Qualifications for hairdressing usually mean a college course, or an apprenticeship under a senior stylist.
Some aspects of the job are quite technical (such as hair dying) and require careful teaching.
Esther "Eppie" Pauline Friedman Lederer, better known as Ann Landers (July 4, 1918 – June 22, 2002), was an American writer.
She is best known for writing the famous advice column "Ann Landers."
For almost 45 years, it was a part of many newspapers across North America.
In it, people wrote for advice and she answered.
American columnists
Northern bluefin tuna are the largest kind of tuna fish.
They live for 11 to 26 years.
It is one of the largest, fastest, and most colorful of all the world’s fishes.
Their name comes from the Latin: Thunnus Thynnus
The normal size is 6.6 ft (2 m) at about 1,100 lb (500 kg).
The I.G.F.A. record for a bluefin caught on rod and reel is 1,496 lb.
Bluefins feed on mackerel, herring, mullet, whiting, squid, eels, and crustaceans.
They are very powerful and fast and can swim at speeds up to 50 mph.
Catching areas
40% North-West Pacific
19% North-East Atlantic
6% North-West Atlantic
35% Mediterranean
An Automaton (one automaton, several automata) is a concept from mathematics.
Sometimes the concept is called state machine.
It is like an abstract machine.
Such a machine can be given input, which is either rejected, or accepted.
It's like a vending machine.
When something is bought, coins (or money) needs to be inserted into the machine.
If these are the right coins, they are accepted, and the requested item is dropped so it can be removed.
If the coins are wrong, they are rejected.
Internally, the automaton has different states it can be in.
Feeding it input may (or may not) change its state.
That way, the automaton goes through all the input, consuming one item (which mathematicians call a symbol) at a time.
When no symbol is left, the automaton is in a certain state.
This may be an final state.
In this case the input is accepted.
Otherwise, the input is rejected.
If the machine has a countable, finite number of states, it is called finite state machine.
A diagram that shows all the states, and transitions of such a machine is called finite state diagram.
Like in real life, there are machines that are too complex to understand.
The mathematician and computer scientists therefore ask themselves if a certain automaton is minimal.
If it is not minimal, there must be another automaton with fewer states that can do the same thing.
An example of an automaton is the Turing machine.
A Vending machine is an automatic machine that sells food or drink or other items.
An automated teller machine is a kind of vending machine, as are arcade games and bulk vending machines for toys or prizes, or anything that vends a physical item, service, or fun in exchange for money.
Vending machine foods include snacks such as potato chips, chocolate bars, and candy.
Hot vending machine drinks include coffee, tea, and hot chocolate.
Cold vending machine drinks include juice, bottled water, and soft drinks.
Other merchandise includes newspapers or cigarettes.
Vending machines in bathrooms sometimes sell condoms, mouthwash, or toothpaste and toothbrushes.
The machines usually work when some money (usually coins or paper money) is put in a slot.
Then, a button needs to be pushed, or a lever pulled.
If there is enough money, the selected item will be dropped to a tray, where it can be taken out by hand.
Ticket vending machines will print the ticket.
Older vending machines were all mechanical, but most newer ones are partly electronic.
Many modern vending machines can accept debit or credit cards in addition to cash.
The first vending machine came about during 1st century AD in Roman Egypt and was invented by the Roman mathematician and engineer, Hero of Alexandria.
It dispensed a certain amount of holy water, so people would not take much of it from the temple.
People dropped tokens to release a certain amount of water.
In 1615, small machines that dispensed tobacco were placed in English taverns.
In 1822, Richard Carlile, an English bookseller and publisher, created a machine that dispensed banned works, thus, allowing readers to purchase them.
During the 1850s and 60s, the first, fully-automatic vending machine was introduced which sold stamps and writing paper.
By the 1880s, coin-operated vending machines were introduced in London and Percival Everitt invented a machine that dispensed envelopes, postcards and notepapers.
In 1887, Sweetmeat Automatic Delivery Company set up multiple vending machines in England, which sold chocolates, chewing gums, perfumes and matches.
In 1888, United States of America had its first vending machine, set up by the Thomas Adams Gum Company, which sold tutti-frutti gum.
In 1907, one of the early models of the modern-day gumball dispensing machines came out.
Through the 1940s and 1950s, soda-vending machines also became popular.
Due to this, Coca-Cola immensely increased their sales and currently, has one of the largest number of vending machines in the world.
Japan has a reputation for having some of the most innovative uses of automated vending, providing machines that offer fresh fruits and vegetables, sake, hot foods, batteries, flowers, clothing and, of course, sushi.
Japan has the highest per capita rate of vending machines in the world.
A bar is a building or business where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or liquor) are served.
Bars are also found in pubs and nightclubs.
They may also serve snack food.
In most countries, bars are regulated and licenced by the regional or local governments, which establish laws regarding the opening hours and serving policies.
In Canada and the United States, a liquor tax is placed on the sales of alcoholic beverages.
Cape Horn (; ) is a cape.
It was named for the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands.
It is the southernmost land area of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile.
Many people see Cape Horn as the southern tip of South America.
Cape Horn is the most southerly of the great capes.
The Drake Passage is directly to the south of it.
For many years, it was a major milestone on the clipper route by which sailing ships carried trade around the world.
The waters around the cape are very dangerous because of strong winds, large waves, and icebergs.
These reasons have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard.
Today, the Panama Canal has greatly reduced the need for cargo ships to travel via the Horn.
However, sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting, and a number of recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe.
Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Vendée Globe, sail around the world via the Horn, and speed records for round-the-world sailing follow the same route.
An iceberg is a large piece of ice floating in the sea.
They are generally found in cold water near the North or South Pole.
Icebergs are especially common during spring, when ice has begun to melt.
About 90% of an iceberg is below the water line and ten percent above.
Just by looking at the part you can see, it is hard to tell how the part underwater looks, and how close you can get before crashing into it.
Icebergs break off from larger structures made of ice, like glaciers or ice shelves.
These are formed by snowfall in very cold places where it will not melt in the summer.
The snow builds up and compacts into ice.
This is gradually pulled downhill by gravity and into the sea.
The ice then falls off and makes icebergs.
The icebergs can drift in the sea for years before they have melted completely.
The first person to give a correct scientific explanation of this phenomenon was Mikhail Lomonosov, around 1750.
The density of ice is about 0.92 kg per liter, that of sea water is about 1.025 kg per liter.
For this reason, 920 parts of the 1025, or about 90 percent, of the iceberg's volume need to be below the water line.
Lomonosov grew up on the shore of the White Sea in the European part of Russia.
He studied in Marburg, and is credited with introducing the word iceberg into the Russian language.
Icebergs are very dangerous to ships, and many ships have sunk after crashing into icebergs.
The most famous one was RMS Titanic in 1912.
The largest iceberg people know about was called B-15.
It broke off from the Antarctic ice shelf in the year 2000, and was as large as the island of Jamaica (over 10,000 km2).
It soon started to break up into smaller pieces, some of which still remain in 2008.
Circumnavigation originally meant going around something, by ship.
Usually, it means people going around the world.
The first known circumnavigation was done by Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan), from 1519 to 1522.
Magellan took five ships and went west, from Spain.
He discovered a waterway which is now named after him, the Strait of Magellan.
Magellan died in a fight with natives on the Philippine island Mactan in April 1521.
The voyage was completed under command of Juan Sebastián Elcano.
Elcano returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, where the voyage had started, with 18 survivors and valuable cargo in 1522.
This proved that the earth was a globe.
Other Famous circumnavigations
1577-1580 led by the Englishman Francis Drake
1586-1588 by Thomas Cavendish
1598-1601 by the Dutchman Olivier van Noort
1614-1617 by Georg Spielberg, a German who sailed for the Dutch
1766-1769 by Louis Antoine de Bougainville (The first French circumnavigation)
1803-1806 by Adam Johann von Krusenstern, first Russian circumnavigation
A thought experiment is an experiment that takes place in people's minds instead of in a laboratory or in the real world.
In a real-life experiment, people can see and measure changes, but thought experiments only show special ways of thinking.
Anyone can do a thought experiment.
The usual goal of a thought experiment is to show what might happen: if this were true, what would follow from it?
The history of science has many thought experiments in it.
Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to use the German term  (means 'thought experiment') in about 1812.
Posing hypothetical questions had been done for long time (by scientists and philosophers).
However, people had no way of talking about it.
Breaking Benjamin is a hard rock band from Pennsylvania.
The band is best known for their songs "Polyamorous", "So Cold", "Sooner or Later," "The Diary of Jane," and "Breath."
The band was formed in 1998 by lead vocalist Benjamin Burnley and drummer Jeremy Hummel.
The band has released five albums: "Saturate"(2002), "We Are Not Alone"(2004), "Phobia"(2006), "Dear Agony"(2009), "Dark Before Dawn"(2015) and Ember (2018)
The band's album "Dark Before Dawn" was released on June 23rd, 2015.
This album has made 5 singles which are "Failure", "Angels Fall", "Ashes of Eden" "Defeated" and "Never Again"
Musical groups from Pennsylvania
A headland is an area of land that is surrounded by water on three sides.
Very often, the land areas are called capes.
A bay is an area of water.
It is surrounded by land on three sides.
The water areas are also called gulfs.
A bay is a large body of water in the land next to a sea or lake between two headlands.
The waves coming to the shore in a bay are usually constructive waves, and because of this, many of them have a beach.
A bay may be metres across, or it could be hundreds of kilometres across.
A bay often contains beaches.
Bays form where weak rocks, such as sands and clays, are eroded, leaving bands of stronger rocks, such as chalk, limestone, or granite, forming a headland, or peninsula.
Headlands and bays are formed when there are parallel sections of softer and harder rock perpendicular to the coast.
The sea erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock, forming a bay.
The harder rock that is left protruding into the sea is the headland.
The Drake passage is a body of water.
It lies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
To the north is Cape Horn and the South American continent, to the south are the South Shetland Islands, now part of the British Antarctic Territory.
It is part of the Southern Ocean.
It is named after the English privateer Sir Francis Drake, who accidentally discovered it.
He never sailed the passage, because sailing the Strait of Magellan was less dangerous.
The Drake passage is also the shortest route from Antarctica to the rest of the world.
The only islands in the passage are the Diego Ramirez Islands, about 60 km south of Cape Horn.
The passage is also known for very rough seas.
Waves of 10 m are not uncommon here.
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton page of the important and complex bathymetry of the Passage
A personal story describing crossing the Passage
A NASA image of an eddy in the Passage
Larger-scale images of the passage from the US Navy (Rain, ice edge and wind images)
BBC News story on a scientific study dating the age of the Drake Passage
A glacier is a large body of ice and snow.
It forms because the snow in an area does not all melt in summer.
Each winter, more snow is added.
The weight of all the snow creates pressure.
This pressure turns the lower parts of the snow into ice.
After this happens for many years, the glacier will start growing large.
It becomes so heavy that gravity causes the ice to move.
It flows downwards like water but very slowly.
A glacier only moves about  per year.
New snowfalls replace the parts that flow away.
Glaciers are the largest sources of fresh water on Earth.
The largest bodies of salt water are the oceans.
Glaciers will only form in places that are cold enough and get enough snow over time.
It often takes tens or hundreds of years for a glacier to form.
There are two kinds of glaciers: continental glaciers and alpine glaciers.
Alpine glaciers are also called mountain glaciers.
Continental glaciers are glaciers that spread out over a large area of land.
They were created mostly during the Ice Ages a long time ago.
There are still some continental glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica.
They often flow downwards into the sea and break up.
The broken parts that float in the sea are called icebergs.
Alpine glaciers form in mountain areas.
They are smaller than continental glaciers.
Alpine glaciers usually flow until they reach a point where the temperature is warm enough that the ice melts completely during the summer.
Glaciers are very important.
They have a large effect on the environment.
They do this because they are very large and heavy.
When they move, they erode mountains and land.
Also, since they froze long ago, snow crystals and air bubbles inside are kept in good condition.
These can provide a large amount of information for scientists.
Recently glaciers have been melting more than they did in the past.
Many scientists think this is happening because global warming is changing the climate.
Glaciers are blue in color.
This is because water is very good at absorbing light.
Only the strongest light, with the most energy, is able to escape.
Blue is the color of light that has the most energy.
Because of this, blue is the only color of light that can escape without being absorbed.
The thicker the glacier is, the more blue it appears.
Uncited references
Swisseduc - Glaciers online Website on Glaciers in English and German
Time lapse movies of Grosser Aletschgletscher
Illustrated glossary on Glaciers online, in English and German
Glacier information for schools
National Snow and Ice Data Center - Glaciers
USGS Glacier Studies Project
Glaciers and Glacial Hazards - USGS
2003-08-15 Scientists Rewrite Laws Of Glacial Erosion
Fjords National Park, Alaska
NOVA scienceNOW - A 7-minute video of the NOVA broadcast of July 26, 2005.
Hosted by Robert Krulwich, the video is about the world's fastest glacier and why it is moving too fast.
Sight-reading (or sight-singing for singers) is the ability to play music that one has never seen before.
It is important to be able to read music well in order to sight-read.
Many people who learn to play an instrument will take examinations from time to time.
One of the tests that is usually required for an examination is some sight-reading.
People who find it hard to read music will find it hard to sight-read.
The best way to improve is by regular practice.
People who play in orchestras will need to be good sight-readers because they often have to play music that they have never seen or heard before.
People who learn the piano often find sight-reading hard because they have to read two staves at once (one for each hand).
Playing through lots of easy music is a good way to improve.
Playing piano duets with a friend is also great fun.
When someone is reading aloud their eyes are looking several words ahead of the word they are speaking.
In the same way a good sight-reader will try to look ahead of the notes he is playing.
The player is "anticipating" (thinking about what is going to happen next).
In this way he can try to make the music expressive, even if it means leaving out some of the notes.
A good sight-reader will be able to see the printed music and imagine what the notes should sound like.
In this way he will not need to keep looking at his fingers to check whether he is playing the correct notes.
Some pianists are very good at sight-reading.
The pianist John Ogdon was able to read extremely difficult modern music at first sight.
Related resources
SightReadingMastery
Fast Keys
de:Notation (Musik)#Blattspiel
A child prodigy is a child who is very smart at an early age.
They can do things that average people can only do when they are adults.
Child prodigies are often musicians or mathematicians.
A child prodigy does not always grow up to be a world-famous genius.
Some of them lose their exceptional gifts in adulthood.
The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a child prodigy.
He could play the harpsichord when he was three, and by the time he was six his father was taking him on concert tours to show off his son's talent.
Fortunately Mozart did grow up to be a world-famous composer.
The composer William Crotch was also a child prodigy.
He could play God Save the King with both hands on the piano when he was two.
But Crotch did not become famous like Mozart.
He just grew up to be a good musician.
There may have been many other child prodigies who never became clever adults at all, or who died before they could become famous.
Sometimes their childhoods are very difficult because people expect so much of them.
The great German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss was an exceptional child prodigy.
It is said that when he was three he saw a mistake his father had made when adding up the wage bills.
Another famous child prodigy was the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton.
At the age of 13, Hamilton was not only a brilliant at math but also spoke 13 languages.
In 2002 a 12-year-old Ukrainian boy called Sergey Karjakin became the youngest ever Grandmaster at chess.
Zerah Colburn was the first of several children known as "mental calculators."
Zerah was born in 1804 in Vermont.
At age six, before he could read or write numbers, he could multiply a two-digit number by a two-digit number in his head.
At age eight, he could compute 8 to the sixteenth power.
His answer was 281,474,976,710,656.
By the time he was 10 years old, Zerah's father took him to cities all over the United States to display his amazing abilities.
He was also already well known in Europe.
His abilities declined as he got older.
Later he wrote an autobiography about his life and his unusual skills.
A Puerto Rican is a person from Puerto Rico or anyone who is descended from some one who was originally from Puerto Rico.
Puerto Ricans are American citizens, even though Puerto Rico is only a territory of the United States and not an official state.