the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Services rom Highbury station to Tower Bridge and from Highbury station to Kennington Gate started on 10 April 1908.
The station closed just after 12.30am on 6 April 1952.
Much of the station remains in the disused tunnel but there is no public access.
Holborn Tram Station in 1933
Underground-History.co.uk  Includes illustrated account of a visit to the site in November 2003
These changes in gene activity may stay for the rest of the cell's life.
They may last for many generations of cells, through cell divisions.
Epigenetics works by mechanisms such as DNA methylation.
A general definition is "the study of... gene activity during the development of complex organisms".
Thus epigenetic can be used to describe anything other than DNA sequence which influences the development of an organism.
A stricter or narrower definition is "the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function which cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence".
The term "epigenetics" has been used to describe processes which are not heritable.
An example is histone modification.
So some definitions do not require heritability.
Adrian Bird defined epigenetics as "the structural adaptation of chromosomal regions so as to register, signal or perpetuate altered activity states".
This definition includes DNA repair or cell division phases, and stable changes across cell generations.
It excludes others such as prions unless they affect chromosome function.
A somewhat out of date but otherwise reliable and readable account is from The Guardian newspaper.
Genomic imprinting in this context means tagging a gene for the lifetime of the individual.
Tagging is the basic operation where cytosine amino acids have a methyl group added by the enzyme DNA methyltransferase.
This changes the operation of that gene to be (usually) more favourable to the individual.
Usually, it switches the gene off.
In general, the advantage of this is to keep the gene output in the most favourable condition for the lifetime of the particular individual.
Imprinting seems to have evolved only about 150 million years ago in animals.
It seems largely confined to mammals.
However, it may have originated separately (and earlier) in plants.
The best example of epigenetic changes in eukaryotes is the process of cell differentiation.
During morphogenesis, generalised stem cells become the cell lines of the embryo which in turn become fully differentiated cells.
In other words, a single fertilized egg cell – the zygote – divides and changes into all the many cell types: neurons, muscle cells, epithelium, blood vessels etc.
As the embryo develops, some genes get switched on, while others are switched off or moderated.
This process is called gene regulation.
There are many molecules inside the cell nucleus which do the job of adjusting the genes' output.
DNA and histones make up what is called chromatin.
Epigenetic modifications to the chromatin are copied during cell division.
This produces a line of cells, all of which are alike.
This is called a tissue.
Meiosis cancels epigenetic changes, and resets the genome to its baseline state, so the process unfolds in each new generation.
There are some exceptions to this rule, but none of these exceptions involve changes to DNA base pair sequences.
This process is different from mutations of the DNA.
Genetic mutations change the primary DNA sequence, and mutations can happen in any cell.
However, only mutations in cells involved in reproduction can affect the offspring.
Forms of genetic imprinting have been found in plants and filamentous fungi.
Cellular differentiation is how a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.
It is part of developmental biology.
Different tissues have different kinds of organelles inside the cells.
Differentiation occurs many times during the development of a multicellular organism.
The organism changes from a single zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types.
Differentiation is also a common process in adults: adult stem cells divide to make fully-differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover.
Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals.
These changes are largely due to changes in gene expression.
With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself.
It does involve switching off many genes not needed in a particular tissue.
Thus, cells in different tissues may have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.
Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types.
A cell that is able to differentiate into many cell types is known as pluripotent.
Such cells are called stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants.
A cell that is able to differentiate into all cell types is known as totipotent.
In mammals, only the zygote and early embryonic cells are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques.
The process controls the organized spatial distribution of cells during the embryonic development of an organism.
Morphogenetic responses may be induced in organisms by hormones, by substances produced by other organisms, or by mechanical stresses induced by spatial patterning of the cells.
Morphogenesis can take place in an embyro, a mature organism, in cell culture or inside tumor cell masses.
Gastrulation is a phase early in the development of most animal embryos.
In it the embryo is dramatically restructured by cell migration.
Gastrulation varies in different phyla.
It is followed by organogenesis, when individual organs develop within the newly formed germ layers.
The gastrula is the double-walled stage of the embryo.
During gastrulation, some of the cells of the blastula migrate inwards to make an inner layer, the endoderm.
In some animals another cell layer forms, the mesoderm, between the endoderm and the ectoderm.
Germ layers
Among animals, sponges show the simplest organization, having a single germ layer.
Cnidaria and ctenophores show an increase in complexity, having two germ layers, the endoderm and ectoderm.
All higher animals (from flatworms to humans) possess a mesoderm as well as ectoderm and endoderm.
Development of germ layers
The purpose of gastrulation is to position the 3 embryonic germ layers, the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm.
These layers later develop into certain bodily systems.
The ectoderm develops into the skin, nails, the epithelium of the nose, mouth and anal canal; the lens of the eye, the retina and the nervous system.
The endoderm develops into the inner linings of the digestive tract, as well as the linings of the respiratory passages.
It also forms many glands, such as the liver and pancreas.
The mesoderm forms the somites, the notochord, and the mesenchyme, which give rise to the muscles, circulatory and excretory systems of the body.
This key innovation evolved hundreds of millions of years ago and led to the evolution of nearly all large, complex animals.
The formation of a mesoderm led to the development of a coelom.
Organs formed inside a coelom can freely move, grow, and develop independently of the body wall while fluid cushions and protects them from shocks.
Cellular differentiation
Wat Phra-sri Rattana Mahathat or Wat Yai is the most important monastery of Phitsanulok.
It was built in the reign of Phra Maha Thamma Racha I in 1357 BCE.
In the temple, there is a Buddha image called Phra Buddha Chinnaraj.
The pearl inlaid wooden doors of the temple were built by King Borommakot in 1756 as tribute to Phra Buddha Chinnaraj.
Behind the temple, there is a large pagoda  high with a staircase leading up to the niche containing the Buddha relics.
In front of the pagoda, there is Phra Attharos, a standing Buddha image.
Jikji is the short title of a Korean book whose full title can be translated as Anthology of the Great Priests' Zen Teachings.
It is a Buddhist document, and was printed during Korea's Goryeo era in 1377.
Jikji is a book about Zen Buddhism published in Heungdeok temple.
It was written by the Buddhist monk Baegun who died three years before this edition was printed.
Baegun was the chief priest of the Anguk and Shingwang temples in Haeju.
Jikji was published 78 years before Johannes Gutenberg's "42-Line Bible".
Jikji consists of two volumes.
Only the second volume is extant.
This volume is held in the National Library of France.
UNESCO confirmed Jikji as the world's oldest metalloid type book in September 2001, and includes it in the Memory of the World program.
The National Library of France was founded at the Louvre by Charles V in 1368.
It grew under Louis XIV and opened to the public in 1692.
Following a series of regime changes in France, it became the Imperial National Library and in 1868 it moved to new buildings on the Rue de Richelieu.
In 1896, the library was the largest collection of books in the world.
In 1988, President François Mitterrand agreed to build a new modern library.
It now contains more than twenty million volumes.
Riding, Alan.
"France Detects a Cultural Threat in Google," New York Times.
April 11, 2005.
National libraries in Europe
Fitness in biology is the relative ability of an organism to survive and pass on its genes to the next generation.p160 It is a central idea in evolutionary theory.
Fitness is usually equal to the proportion of the individual's genes in all the genes of the next generation.
Like all terms in evolutionary biology, fitness is defined in terms of an interbreeding population, which might or might not be a whole species.
If differences in individual genotypes affect fitness, then the frequencies of the genotypes will change over generations; the genotypes with higher fitness become more common.
This is the process called natural selection.
An individual's fitness is caused by its phenotype, and passed on by its genotype.
The fitnesses of different individuals with the same genotype are not necessarily equal.
It depends on the environment in which the individuals live, and on accidental events.
However, since the fitness of the genotype is an averaged quantity, it reflects the reproductive outcomes of all individuals with that genotype.
Fitness measures the number of the copies of the genes of an individual in the next generation.
It doesn't really matter how the genes arrive in the next generation.
For an individual, it is equally "beneficial" to reproduce itself, or to help relatives with similar genes to reproduce, as long as similar number of copies of individual's genes get passed on to the next generation.
Selection which promotes this kind of helper behaviour is called kin selection.
Our closest relatives (parents, siblings, and our own children) share on average 50% (half) of our genes.
One step further removed are grandparents.
With each of them we share on average 25% (a quarter) of our genes.
That is a measure of our relatedness to them.
Next come first cousins (children of our parents' siblings).
We share 12.5% (1/8) of their genes.p100
Hamilton's rule
William Hamilton added various ideas to the notion of fitness.
His rule suggests that a costly action should be performed if:
Biological fitness says how well an organism can reproduce, and spread its genes to its offspring.
The theory of inclusive fitness says that the fitness of an organism is also increased to the extent that its close relatives also reproduce.
This is because relatives share genes in proportion to their relationship.
Another way of saying it: the inclusive fitness of an organism is not a property of itself, but a property of its set of genes.
It is calculated from the reproductive success of the individual, plus the reproductive success of its relatives, each one weighed by an appropriate coefficient of relatedness.
The British social philosopher Herbert Spencer coined the phrase survival of the fittest in his 1864 work Principles of biology to mean what Charles Darwin called natural selection.
The original phrase was "survival of the best fitted".
Cilla Black (27 May 1943 – 1 August 2015) was a English television personality, singer and actress.
Her birth name was Priscilla Maria Veronica White and she was born in Liverpool.
She became known for her songs "Anyone Who Had A Heart" and "You're My World" as well as her long-running TV shows Blind Date (1985-2003) and Surprise Surprise (1984-2001).
In the early 1960s, young Cilla worked at the Cavern Club in Liverpool, where the Beatles often performed, as a hat check girl.
She also sang onstage at the Cavern sometimes, backed by the band that was playing at the time. "
Swinging Cilla" was well-liked by the Cavern's members and guests.
One day Brian Epstein visited the Cavern to meet the Beatles, and ask about a record they made, so he could sell copies at his family's music store.
Stories rose later that Cilla was working, and she first met Epstein when he gave her his hat and coat.
Neither one remembered this later, though, and each believed the story was not true.
Epstein's getting to know the Beatles led to his becoming their manager, and with his help, they won a recording contract.
The Beatles' talent and work with music producer George Martin led to hit records.
Epstein decided to manage other Liverpool musicians.
Along with the bands and male singers he signed up, Epstein chose Cilla as his only female performer.
He suggested her stage name (changing White to Black), so she and her family could keep their privacy.
Martin also agreed to record her, helping choose songs that would showcase her voice.
Cilla became popular first in England and Europe, then in America as the Beatles' music started the "British Invasion" there in 1964.
One of her first hits, "Anyone Who Had A Heart", was recorded earlier by American singer Dionne Warwick.
The two records sounded similar, even though Cilla had not heard Warwick's version, and a few people believed she had copied it.
Both women later also recorded the theme song for the movie Alfie, but they sounded different.
Cilla had other hit records, including "You're My World" and a television theme song, "Step Inside, Love".
Epstein enjoyed working with her, even helping her choose wardrobe for performances and looking after her backstage, but personal problems later took away his attention.
He died in 1967, after a drug overdose.
In time, Cilla Black stopped having hits.
She remained popular in England, though, and was a welcome hostess and guest on television.
She also made appearances from time to time, to sing the songs from the time she was most popular.
In later years, her health became poor.
Arthritis made walking painful, and she was nearly deaf.
She admitted that she did not want to live past 75 years old, because she enjoyed her life less and less as she aged.
Cilla Black died of a stroke after a fall at her holiday home near Marbella, Spain, on 1 August 2015, aged 72.
Her funeral took place in Liverpool on 20 August 2015.
Accidental deaths in Spain
Singers from Liverpool
Paulista Avenue (in Portuguese: Avenida Paulista) is the most important avenue and one of the main financial centers of the city of São Paulo, Brazil.
Didcot is a town in Oxfordshire about  south of Oxford.
Until 1974 it was part of Berkshire.
History and economy
Didcot first appears in historical records in the 13th century as Dudcotte, Berkshire.
Parts of the original village still exist in the Lydalls Road area and part of All Saints' Church dates back to the 11th century.
The Great Western Railway, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, reached Didcot in 1839.
In 1844 the Didcot railway station was opened.
The original station burnt down in the later part of 19th century.
Didcot is junction of the routes to London, Bristol and Oxford.
It was formerly a junction for Southampton via the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway but that closed in the 1960s.
Power stations
The Didcot Power Stations (which are next to each other, and actually in Sutton Courtenay) supply electricity to the National Grid.
The power station has also proved a popular man-made object for local photographers.
One power station was closed in 2013 and has been demolished.
The other is still operating in 2018.
Didcot Twinning Association
Didcot Railway Centre
Didcot.com community website
Didcot First
Didcot Town FC
Future Didcot
Cornerstone arts centre
The Didcot Herald
Didcot Choral Society
Horsepower is a unit of power that is approximately how much work one horse can do.
It is equal to 746 watts.
The idea of horsepower was originated by James Watt, who invented the steam engine.
Because people used horses to pull carts, it was an amount of energy that could be understood by most people at that time.
A human can only maintain about , but an engine can maintain much higher than that.
Small motors can create  while a jet engine can create more than .
Mason Evan Raymond (born September 17, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger.
He currently plays for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL).
He has also played for the Vancouver Canucks and Toronto Maple Leafs.
He was drafted 51st overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.
Pavol Demitra (November 29, 1974 – September 7, 2011) was a Slovak professional ice hockey centre who last played for the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
He first played in the NHL in 1993, having previously played with the Ottawa Senators, who selected him in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, St. Louis Blues, Los Angeles Kings and Minnesota Wild.
Before he joined the NHL, Demitra played in Slovakia, as well as the American Hockey League (AHL) and International Hockey League (IHL), minor professional leagues in North America.
In Demitra's NHL career spanning 16 years, he has achieved the 300-goal mark and won the Lady Byng Trophy for sportsmanship in 2000.
On September 7, 2011, at 4:02 PM local time, Demitra died when a Yakovlev Yak-42 passenger aircraft, that was carrying the entire hockey team of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl crashed near Yaroslavl, Russia.
The plane was on its way to Minsk, Belarus, to start the 2011-12 KHL season.
Kevin Francesco Bieksa (born June 16, 1981 in Grimsby, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL).
After playing junior hockey in Ontario, Bieksa was awarded a scholarship to Bowling Green University, where he spent four years.
While at university, Bieksa was selected by the Canucks in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft, and joined their minor league partner, the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League (AHL), after graduating.
After spending time with the Moose, he joined the Canucks.
A physical defenceman, Bieksa has increased his scoring totals in each of the full seasons he has played in the NHL.
The 1992 United States presidential election happened on November 3, 1992.
Bill Clinton, the Democratic candidate and Governor of Arkansas, won the election.
He defeated the incumbent president, George H. W. Bush, who was a Republican, and Ross Perot, an independent candidate.
Clinton got 370 electoral votes, Bush got 168, and Perot got 0.
A person running for president needs to get 270 to win.
George H.W. Bush may have lost the election for several reasons.
He broke his promise of "Read my lips: no new taxes" by increasing taxes during his term.
Some of his most well-known accomplishments during his presidency came from his foreign policy, and because of the Cold War and Gulf War being over, foreign policy became a smaller issue, as the economy became a bigger issue, since the economy was bad.
George H. W. Bush, President of the United States from Texas
Pat Buchanan, conservative columnist from Virginia
David Duke, state representative from Louisiana
Harold Stassen, former Governor of Minnesota and perennial candidate
Candidates gallery
Bill Clinton, Governor of Arkansas
Jerry Brown, former Governor of California
Paul Tsongas, former U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
Bob Kerrey, U.S. Senator from Nebraska
Tom Harkin, U.S. Senator from Iowa
Douglas Wilder, Governor of Virginia
Eugene McCarthy, former U.S. Senator from Minnesota
Larry Agran, former Mayor of Irvine, California
1992 popular vote by counties
1992 popular vote by state
1992 popular vote by states (with bar graphs)
1992 elections
The family includes about 50 genera and 550 species, with a pantropical distribution; one genus (Toona) extends north into temperate China and south into southeast Australia, and another (Melia) nearly as far north.
South Jakarta () is a city in Jakarta, Indonesia.
It is the second largest administrative city in Jakarta after East Jakarta.
Bolduc was selected by the St. Louis Blues with the 127th pick in the 2004 NHL Draft but never played for them.
He has also played for the Vancouver Canucks.
He signed a contract with the Coyotes on July 2, 2011.
Rouyn-Noranda Huskies players
Shawinigan Cataractes players
The Manitoba Moose are a professional ice hockey team that play in the American Hockey League (AHL).
They play in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, at the MTS Centre.
They are the farm team of the Winnipeg Jets.
The team originally played as the Manitoba Moose from 1996 until 2011.
They were relocated to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador and became the St. John's IceCaps, which is the AHL farm team of the Winnipeg Jets.
The team played in St. John's for four seasons.
Manitoba Moose Official Site
The Internet Hockey Database - Manitoba Moose (AHL)
The Internet Hockey Database - Manitoba Moose (IHL)
Manitoba Moose on CJOB
2015 establishments in North America
American Hockey League teams
Sport in Manitoba
2010s establishments in Canada
Sticklebacks are fish of the Gasterosteidae family.
FishBase currently recognises sixteen species in the family, grouped in five genera.
Several of the species have a number of recognised subspecies, and the taxonomy of the family is thought to be in need of revision.
An unusual features of sticklebacks is that they have no scales, although some species have bony armour plates.
They are related to pipefish and seahorses.
Stickleback species are found in fresh water environments in Europe, Asia and North America.
They feed on small crustaceans and fish larvae.
Sticklebacks have strong separated spines in the dorsal fin.
All species show similar mating behaviour, with co-operation between the sexes, and protection of the eggs.
The males construct a nest from vegetation held together by secretions from their kidneys.
The males then attract females to the nest.
The females lay their eggs inside, where the males fertilise them.
The males then guards the eggs until they hatch.
Mikhaíl Bulgakov  ( – 10 March 1940) was a Soviet Russian writer and playwright active in the first half of the 20th century.
He is best known for his novel The Master and Margarita, which has been called one of the masterpieces of the 20th century.
Mikhail Bulgakov was born in Kiev on May 15 1891.
Two of his grandparents were priests and his father was an assistant professor.
At school Bulgakov developed an interest in Russian writing, European writing, the theatre and the opera.
In 1913 Bulgakov married Tatiana Lappa.
When the First World War started he volunteered with the Red Cross as a doctor.
Bulgakov was sent to an area where fighting was heavy, and he was badly injured at least twice.
In 1916, he graduated from the Medical School of Kiev University.
Bulgakov then joined the White Army with his brothers.
They fought against the communists who were taking control of Russia.
Bulgakov also fought in the Ukrainian People's Army.
After the Russian Civil War, Mikhail and his brothers went to the Caucasus in Western Russia.
Mikhail worked as a journalist.
Many members of Bulgakov's family left Russia for Western Europe.
Bulgakov was not allowed into other countries, however, as he had a disease: typhus.
The injuries Bulgakov received in the First World War continued to cause him a lot of pain.
To ease the pain, he started injecting himself with morphine.
He eventually became addicted.
He wrote a book about this period called Morphine, which was finally released in 1926.
Bulgakov left medicine behind as he was now sure he wanted to be a writer.
He moved to Moscow with his wife Tatiana in 1921.
Bulgakov eventually divorced Tatiana, and married Lyubov' Belozerskaya in 1924.
He published a number of works in the early 1920s.
By 1927, however, he was criticised by people who said he was writing against the Soviet government.
By 1929, Bulgakov's writing career was in ruins.
Government censorship stopped his work and plays being released in the USSR.
In 1931, Bulgakov got married again, to Yelena Shilovskaya.
Yelena inspired one of the main characters in Bulgakov's most famous novel, The Master and Margarita.
In the last ten years of his life, Bulgakov continued to write novels, plays and translate  works in other languages.
Many could still not be published in the USSR of the 1930s.
Those that were published were often heavily criticised.
Bulgakov did not like the way Soviet system prevented his works being published.
He wrote a letter to the Soviet government asking permission to leave the country.
He even spoke directly to Stalin on the telephone, asking to be allowed to leave the USSR.
Stalin's reply implied that if Bulgakov attempted to leave, he would be killed.
Stalin did allow Bulgakov to work at a small theatre in Moscow, however.
Bulgakov eventually worked at the Moscow Art Theatre, but the Soviet system still did not allow him to write as he really wanted.
This, and the fact that he was not allowed to go abroad to see his family, made Bulgakov very unhappy.
Bulgakov died from problems with his kidneys on March 10, 1940.
The novel is a satire on the Soviet society.
It is covered by a plot in which two apparently unrelated stories alternate chapter by chapter.
Connecting these two themes are Satan himself, and the Master with his devoted lover Margarita.
The Master is an embittered author, whose historical novel about Pontius Pilate had been rejected by the Soviet literary committee MASSOLIT.
"On first reading the novel.
readers were astonished by its daring satire and hilarious comedy".
Bulgakov started writing the novel in 1928.
He burnt the first manuscript of the novel in 1930, seeing no future as a writer in the Soviet Union.
The work was restarted in 1931.
The second draft was completed in 1936 by which point all the major plot lines of the final version were in place.
The third draft was finished in 1937.
Bulgakov continued to revise the work, helped by his wife, but was forced to stop work on the fourth version four weeks before his death in 1940.
A censored version (12% of the text removed and still more changed) of the book was first published in Moscow magazine (#11, 1966 and #1, 1967).
The text of all the omitted and changed parts, with indications of the places of modification, was published on a samizdat basis.
In 1967 the publisher Posev (Frankfurt) printed a version produced with the aid of these inserts.
In the Soviet Union, the first complete version, prepared by Anna Saakyants, was published in 1973, based on the version of the beginning of 1940 proofread by the publisher.
In 1989 the last version was prepared by literature expert Lidiya Yanovskaya based on all available manuscripts.
The novel is autobiographical.
Bulgakov is the Master, and his trials and difficulties are very similar to those the Master faces.
Margarita is  Yelena Shilovskaya, his long-term girlfriend who became his third wife.
The burning of the Master's manuscript is just what Bulgakov did, and for the same reasons of despair and frustration.
Of course a state literary committee prevented its publication, just as MASSOLIT did in the novel.
And Bulgakov was fascinated with the confrontation between Christ and Pontius Pilate.
Bulgakov never lived to see the manuscript published, nor to enjoy his post-war fame.
He died from nephrosclerosis (an inherited kidney disorder) on 10 March 1940.
His father died of the same disease, and Bulgakov had long expected his fate.
The White Guard (1926, translation 1971; 2008) A novel about a life of a White Army officer's family in civil war Kiev.
Set in Ukraine, beginning in late 1918, the novel concerns the fate of the Turbin family as the various armies of the Russian Civil War – the Whites, the Reds, the Imperial German Army, and Ukrainian nationalists – fight over the city of Kiev.
Great Soviet short stories (1962)
The Master and Margarita (1967)
Black snow: a theatrical novel (1967)
Heart of a Dog (1968) A biting satire of the New Soviet man written in 1925 at the height of the NEP period, when Communism appeared to be weakening in the Soviet Union.
A country doctor's notebook (1975)
Diaboliad and other stories (1990)
The Terrible news: Russian stories from the years following the Revolution (1990)
Notes on the cuff & other stories (1991)
The Fatal Eggs and other Soviet satire, 19181963 (1993).
The lead title was a science fiction novella, written in 1924 and first published in 1925.
The book became popular.
It was attacked by some Soviet critics who saw it as a satire of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the leadership of Soviet Russia.
A dead man's memoir (a theatrical novel) (2007)
The early plays of Mikhail Bulgakov, 1990
Peace plays: two, 1990
Zoya's apartment: a tragic farce in three acts, 1991
Six plays, 1991
Life of Mr. de Molière, 1962
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS (3 November 1892 – 1 December 1964), known as Jack (but who used 'J.B.S.' in his printed works), was a British geneticist and evolutionary biologist who emigrated to India towards the end of his life.
He was one of the founders (along with Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright) of population genetics.
Jack Haldane was a communist, atheist and a writer of popular science books, and articles for the Daily Worker.
His major professional work was his contribution of mathematical papers on the theory of evolution, which assisted the modern evolutionary synthesis.
Between 1919 and 1922 he was a Fellow of New College, Oxford University, then moved to Cambridge University, where he accepted a Readership in Biochemistry at Trinity College and taught there until 1932.
During his nine years at Cambridge, Haldane worked on enzymes and genetics, particularly the mathematical side of genetics.
Haldane wrote many popular essays on science that were eventually collected and published in 1927 in a volume entitled Possible Worlds.
He then accepted a position as Professor of Genetics and moved to University College London where he spent most of his academic career.
Four years later he became the first Weldon Professor of Biometry at University College London.
Haldane's move to India, initially to the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) was influenced by a number of factors.
Officially he stated that his chief political reason was in response to the Suez Crisis.
He wrote: "Finally, I am going to India because I consider that recent acts of the British Government have been violations of international law."
His interest in India was also because of his interest in biological research, belief that the warm climate would do him good and that India offered him freedom and shared socialist dreams.
At the ISI, he headed the biometry unit and spent time researching a range of topics and guiding other researchers around him.
Haldane J.B.S. 1932.
The causes of evolution.
The "Lost Generation" is a term used to describe a number of  American writers and artists who went to live in Europe after the First World War.
People associated with the Lost Generation include Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Sherwood Anderson and John Steinbeck.
The writer and poet Gertrude Stein is often considered to have come up with the term She supposedly heard her  French garage owner speak of his unskilled young workers as "une generation perdue" (a generation lost).
Ernest Hemingway then used the term in the introduction to his novel The Sun Also Rises.
After the First World War, members of the Lost Generation decided that they did not want to live a normal life in America.
They went to Europe, often Paris.
Away from America, the Lost Generation often  drank heavily, had affairs and tried to find meaning in life.
The Lost Generation produced some of the finest writing of all time, and arguably created a new style of writing.
Hamilton became famous through his theoretical work on kin selection and altruism.
He explained its genetic basis, and this was a key part of the  gene-centered view of evolution.
In doing this, he became one of the forerunners of sociobiology, as popularized by E.O. Wilson.
Hamilton was certainly a big influence on Dawkins.
He also published important work on sex ratios and the evolution of sex.
From 1984 to his death in 2000, he was the Royal Society Research Professor at Oxford University.
He died of malaria contracted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Collected papers
Hamilton started to publish his collected papers starting in 1996, with short essays giving each paper context.
He died after the preparation of the second volume, so the commentaries for the third volume came from his coauthors.
John Maynard Smith, FRS (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British theoretical evolutionary biologist and geneticist.
Originally an aeronautical engineer during the Second World War, he then took a second degree in genetics under the well-known biologist J.B.S. Haldane.
Maynard Smith was instrumental in the application of game theory to evolution and theorized on other problems such as the evolution of sex and signalling theory.
Fellow, Royal Society (1977)
Darwin Medal (1986)
Frink Medal (1990)
Balzan Prize (1991)
Linnean Medal (1995)
Royal Medal (1997)
Crafoord Prize (1999)
Copley Medal (1999)
Kyoto Prize (2001)
Darwin-Wallace Award (2008).
This was at the time awarded every 50 years by the Linnean Society of London.
Maynard Smith was one of thirteen co-recipients.
Maynard Smith J. 1958.
The theory of evolution.
London, Penguin Books.
1993 edn
Maynard Smith J. 1968.
Mathematical ideas in biology.
Maynard Smith J. 1972.
On evolution.
Edinburgh University Press.
Maynard Smith J. 1974.
Models in ecology.
Maynard Smith J. 1978.
The evolution of sex.
Maynard Smith J. (ed) 1981.
Evolution now.
London, Macmillan.
Maynard Smith J. 1982.
Evolution and the theory of games.
Maynard Smith J. 1986.
The problems of biology.
Maynard Smith J. 1988.
Did Darwin get it right?:
essays on games, sex and evolution.
London, Chapman & Hall.
Maynard Smith J. 1989.
Maynard Smith J. and Szathmáry E. 1997.
The major transitions in evolution.
Maynard Smith J. and Szathmáry E. 1999.
The origins of life: from the birth of life to the origin of language.
Maynard Smith J. and Harper D. 2003.
Animal signals.
Kawasaki Station (川崎駅,かわさきえき) is a railway station of JR East,  in Kawasaki, Japan.
Rapid Acty, Local
Shinagawa - Kawasaki - Yokohama
Rapid, Local
Kamata - Kawasaki - Tsurumi
Nambu Line
Kawasaki - Shitte
Mudvayne is an American heavy metal band.
They formed in Peoria, Illinois in 1996.
They play for the record label Epic Records.
Beginnings (1996–98)
In 1996, the band was formed with it's original line-up.
In 1997, the band released their very first EP, Kill, I Oughta.
In 1998, the band got signed under Epic Records.
L.D. 50 (1999–2001)
In 1999, the band started working on their debut album, which was released on August 22, 2000.
The album peaked at No.
1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart and No.
85 on the Billboard 200.
The band participated in the Tattoo to Earth tour, along with many other bands.
This album contains the singles Dig and Death Blooms.
The End of All Things to Come (2002–03)
In January 2002, the band was starting to work on their second album.
It was released on November 19, 2002.
It was certified Gold by the RIAA in 2003.
Also in 2003, the band had participated in the Summer Sanitarium Tour.
This album contains the singles Not Falling and World So Cold.
Lost and Found (2004–06)
The album was worked on all throughout 2004, it was set to be released in November 2004, with its first single (Determined) set to be released in September of that year, but was pushed back due to production issues, it was eventually released on April 12, 2005.
The album sold 100, 000 copies at the week of it's release.
It debuted at No.
2 and was certified Gold by the RIAA later that same year.
This album contains the singles Determined (which was nominated at the 2006 Grammy Awards), Happy?,
Forget to Remember and Fall into Sleep.
By the People, for the People, The New Game, self-titled album and Break-up (2007–10)
On November 27, 2007, Mudvayne released their compilation album.
Also in 2007, they have been working on a new album, which was released on November 18, 2008.
It was initially set for a late 2007 release but production was temporarily put on hold in mid 2007, before resuming in early 2008.
15 on the Billboard 200.
It sold 48, 000 copies at the week of it's release.
This album contains the singles Do What You Do, A New Game and Scarlet Letters.
In 2008, right after the release of their fourth album, they started to work on their final album, which was their self titled album.
It was released on December 21, 2009.
54 on the Billboard 200 and sold around 34, 000 copies at the week of it's release.
By the next week, sales dropped drastically.
This album contains the single Scream with Me.
He used to work for the Daily Mirror as their politics reporter, and was an alcoholic.
Then he had a breakdown, gave up drinking, and started working for Tony Blair in 1994.
He was seen as one of the main spin doctors in the Labour Party.
He eventually resigned over the 45 minute claim in the dossier prepared over the Iraq War, after the Hutton report had come out and Dr. David Kelly was dead.
He currently works as a broadcaster, journalist and spokesman for Leukaemia Research.
He is said to be re-joining the Labour campaign team for the 2010 election.
A cave is a natural underground hollow space.
They can have narrow passageways (corridors) and chambers (caverns).
They are usually formed when underground acidic (sour) water wears away softer stones, such as limestone.
Only the hard rock, such as granite, is left.
Caves can also be formed during natural catastrophes, such as earthquakes, or by ice and glaciers.
Caves can have formations in them such as stalagmites and stalactites.
These are made over thousands of years by water dripping and leaving mineral deposits.
Many creatures live in the entrance areas of caves, for example snakes, mice, spiders & porcupines.
Only a few animals are found deep in caves.
Bats often live in caves.
Another common creature found in caves is cave crickets.
In the past, people lived in caves.
People used to live in many European caves in the Stone Age.
Caves still provide shelter for trekkers.
Some caves have beautiful paintings on the walls.
People who explore caves are called cavers or speleologists. (
The study of caves is called speleology.)
They go into caves for fun, exercise and to see the different formations.
This can be a dangerous sport because caves sometimes have deep holes.
Cavers also have to climb and crawl through the passages.
Cavers usually go into caves with four or more people.
Each person has 2 or 3 light sources.
One light is attached to each helmet.
People go into caves to try and explore more about the world.
An automobile (or car) is a land vehicle used to carry passengers.
Automobiles usually have four wheels, and an engine or motor to make them move.
The word "automobile" comes from the Greek prefix "αυτό" (self) and the Latin word "mobilis" (moving).
This name means "self-moving", as cars run on their own power and do not need horses or other power from outside to move.
Types of automobiles
Automobiles are made in different shapes and sizes, for people with different needs.
Here are some common types.
A convertible is an automobile with a roof that can be opened or taken off for an open-air drive.
Sportier convertibles are called roadsters.
A hatchback is a smaller automobile with a cargo area that uses the same space as the cabin (instead of a separate trunk like in a sedan or coupé).
They combine the sportiness of coupés and sedans with the storage space of SUVs.
A station wagon (estate car in British English) is a hatchback-like automobile that has a less sloped rear window and more space for passengers and luggage.
A pickup truck is a truck with a separate cabin and cargo area on a ladder frame.
The cargo area is called the "bed".
A sedan (saloon in British English) is an automobile with a sloped rear window and separate trunk that has four doors.
A coupé (coupe in American English) is like a sedan, but usually only has two doors and is seen as sportier than a sedan.
An SUV (sport utility vehicle) is a rugged automobile that has a combined passenger and cargo area (like in hatchbacks, station wagons, and vans).
SUVs are very popular due to their usefulness.
A van is a big box-shaped automobile meant for carrying plenty of passengers or cargo.
There are many different sizes of vans, such as minivans, which are made for families.
To make an automobile move, it must have energy to turn the wheels.
This energy might be chemical energy in gasoline or electrical energy in a battery.
How quickly the engine or motor can send the energy to the wheels, and how much energy is sent, is called the power of the motor.
The power of an automobile is usually measured in kilowatts or horsepower.
As of 2019, most automobile burn a fuel to make an internal combustion engine (sometimes called a "motor") run.
The power from the engine then goes to the wheels through a transmission, which has a set of gears that can make the automobile go faster or slower.
The most common fuel is petrol, which is called "gasoline" or "gas" in American English.
Gasoline is called a fossil fuel because it comes from tiny fossils that were made millions of years ago.
Over millions of years, they turned into oil, which was then drilled up from deep inside the Earth, and then turned into fuel by chemical changes.
Old gasoline-powered automobiles are noisy and their exhaust makes city air dirty, which can make people ill.
But automobiles made after the mid-2010s are cleaner.
Burning gasoline, like any kind of fossil fuel, makes carbon dioxide, which makes global warming.
Since 2017, less gasoline powered automobiles are being made, and some places will not allow gasoline-powered automobiles in future, like Amsterdam in 2030.
The cleanest automobiles are electric vehicles.
They are usually plugged into a power outlet or a charging station and store electricity in a battery at the bottom of the automobile.
The electricity then drives an electric motor, which turns the wheels.
Some electric automobiles have 2 motors: one at the front, and one at the back.
A few have 4 motors (one for each wheel).
Other sources of energy
Some automobiles burn diesel fuel, which is used in big trucks and buses, and a few use wood gas.
In some countries, such as Brazil and Sweden, a mixture of ethanol and gasoline, called "gasohol" in Brazil and "E85" in Sweden, is used as automobile fuel.
Other fuels include propane, natural gas, compressed air, and ethanol (which comes from plants).
There are automobiles designed to run on more than one type of fuel — these are called "flex-fuel" and are rare.
A few automobiles generate electricity from hydrogen fuel cells (like the Honda Clarity).
As of 2019, most of the hydrogen that people use comes from burning fossil fuels, but scientists and engineers are trying to make hydrogen from renewable energy a lot cheaper and easier to use.
Some automobiles even use solar cells for their electricity, but they are not very practical.
There is a competition every year where people try to design a automobile that can last the longest and go the farthest on solar energy alone.
There is also a type of automobile that uses both an engine and an electric motor.
This is called a hybrid electric vehicle; an example is the Toyota Prius.
Regenerative Brakes
All automobiles have brakes which work by friction to stop the automobile quickly in an emergency or stop it rolling when parked.
Electric automobiles also have regenerative brakes, which slow the automobile by turning the energy in its movement back into electricity, like an electric motor working the opposite way.
So regenerative means the electricity is generated again.
The earliest recorded automobiles were actually steam engines attached to wagons in the late 18th century.
The steam engines were heavy, making these wagons slow and hard to control.
Better and faster steam automobiles became common late in the 19th century.
Some automobiles in the early 20th century were powered by electricity.
They were slow and heavy and went out of use until the idea came back later in the century.
The internal combustion engine changed the way many automobiles were powered.
The engine used either gasoline, diesel, or kerosene to work.
When the fuel is exploded in a cylinder it pushes the piston down and turns the wheels.
Although many people tried to make a good automobile that would work and sell well, people say that Karl Benz invented the modern automobile.
He used a four-stroke type of internal combustion engine to power his Benz Patent-Motorwagen in 1886.
He began to make many automobiles in a factory and sell them in Germany in 1888.
In North America, the first modern automobile was made by brothers Charles and J. Frank Duryea in Springfield, Massachusetts.
The Duryea brothers' automobile also won the first-ever car race in 1895, competing against automobiles made by Benz.
The race was in Chicago, Illinois, and 53 miles long.
The Duryeas then began making the first automobiles for everyday use in 1896.
That year, they made 13 automobiles by hand in Springfield, Massachusetts.
Benz may have invented the first modern automobile, and the Duryeas the first automobile to be sold, but Henry Ford sold the most automobiles to the most people.
In 1910 he began making and selling his Model T, which was a huge success.
Many people could afford this automobile, not just the rich, because Ford used mass production.
This meant he made many Model Ts in a short time in a factory.
People say that the Model T is the automobile that "put America on wheels".
The Model T was the most popular automobile of the time because it was cheap but it was still a good quality automobile that ordinary people could own.
Since then, many different kinds of automobiles have been designed and built, from minivans to sports cars.
In the 1950s, the United States made and used more automobiles than all the rest of the world.
Fifty years later, China became the largest maker and user of automobiles.
Automobiles are faster than walking or riding a bike if you are going a long way.
They can carry more than one person and a large amount of luggage.
Depending on local public transport quality, they can also be faster and far more convenient than using buses, bicycles or trains, and can often go where public transport cannot.
4-wheel drive "off road" vehicles are particularly good at reaching places difficult for other wheeled transport due to bad roads or harsh terrain.
However, they cost more and burn more fuel, and there are many places even they cannot go.
Most automobiles enclose people and cargo in a closed compartment with a roof, doors and windows, thus giving protection from weather.
Modern automobiles give further protection in case of collisions, as they have added safety features such as seat belts, airbags, crumple zones and side-impact protection that would be expensive or impossible on two-wheeled or light 3-wheeled vehicles, or most buses.
With regular check ups and service, automobiles can last a very long time.
In some countries like Australia, people have to get their automobile checked by authorised mechanics regularly by law to confirm that their automobile is safe to drive.
They can go to an automobile mechanic to get their automobile checked or have a mobile mechanic come to them to repair their automobile.
Buying and running a automobile needs a lot of money, especially for newer good-quality automobiles.
There are things to pay for — the automobile itself, fuel, parts (for example, tyres), maintenance, repairs, insurance to cover the cost of crashes or theft, parking charges, and toll roads and any taxes or licensing fees charged by the government.
When automobiles crash, they can become damaged and hurt people, and the life of a person is more important than keeping a automobile from damage.