the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
King Duncan I of Scotland, Scottish royal (died 1040)
The first reference is made to Khotyn, Ukrainian town, and to Nyalka, Hungarian village, as to Chimudi.
1009 (MIX) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used.
It was the ninth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.
February 14: First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
October 18: The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is destroyed by Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
The Ly dynasty, Vietnam's first independent dynasty, is proclaimed.
Sergius IV succeeds John XVIII as Pope.
Suleiman II succeeds Mohammed II as Caliph of Cordoba.
Provinces of Goryeo (modern-day Korea) are redistributed.
Goda of England, Duchess of Brittany, sister of Edward the Confessor (died 1063)
Saint Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury, second Lord Chancellor of England (died 1099)
Pope John XVIII
1024 (MXXIV) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used.
It was the twenty-fourth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.
The Salian Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire is founded by Conrad II.
John XIX succeeds his brother as Pope
Battle of Lemnos:  Kievan Viking raiders (800 men) sail through the straits at Abydos to the Aegean Sea.
From there they made for the island of Lemnos, but are defeated by a Byzantine fleet of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme.
Quentin Jerome Tarantino (born May 27, 1963) is an American filmmaker.
He was born in Knoxville, Tennessee.
Tarantino is an independent movie maker.
He wrote, directed, and acted in Pulp Fiction, Reservoir Dogs and Kill Bill among others.
His movies have become famous for violence and humor.
He won Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay in 1994 for Pulp Fiction and 2012 for Django Unchained.
Reservoir Dogs (1992)
Kill Bill, Vol.
1 & 2 (2003)
Death Proof (2007)
Inglourious Basterds (2009)
The Hateful Eight (2015)
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019)
Actors from Tennessee
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
Leander (Type 12) class frigate website
Hazegray.org on the Leander class
An unofficial Leander Class Frigate Site
A spacecraft is a vehicle that can carry people and cargo beyond the Earth's atmosphere, through space to other planetary bodies, space stations, or orbits and back home again.
Spacecraft which are launched from the surface of a planet are called launch vehicles and usually take-off from launch pads at spaceports.
Most spacecraft today are propelled by rocket engines, which shoot hot gases opposite to the direction of travel.
Other forms of propulsion are used when appropriate.
Spacecraft which do not need to escape from strong gravity may use ion thrusters or other more efficient methods.
Because of the very large amount of energy needed to leave the Earth's gravity, spacecraft are usually very expensive to build, launch, and operate.
Plans for future spacecraft often focus on reducing these costs so more people can participate in space.
But today, costs are still very high, and until recently all spacecraft were sponsored by  national governments.
Human spaceflight vehicles
Most expensive of all is to send people in to space, due to their needs for food, water, air, living space, safety, and control.
People participating in this way have special names: Americans call themselves astronauts; Russians call themselves cosmonauts; Chinese call themselves taikonauts.
The American agency NASA used a launch vehicle called the Space Shuttle.
Currently, they go on Soyuz with the cosmonauts.
The Russian agency RFSA uses a launch vehicle called Soyuz.
The Ukrainian agency UASA uses a launch vehicle called Zenit.
The Chinese agency CNSA uses a launch vehicle called Shenzhou.
A private firm Virgin Galactic is building a launch vehicle called SpaceShipTwo.
A space company SpaceX is building a launch vehicle called Starship.
Some of the most important spacecraft today are artificial satellites.
Artificial satellites are smaller, unmanned spacecraft.
Some go into Low Earth orbit to look at the Earth or for other purposes.
Others are sent to geostationary orbit to relay radio signals from one part of Earth to another, or to watch events on Earth from a high point of view.
Communications satellites are important for television and other communications, and other satellites help with weather prediction and other jobs.
Acoustics is a science.
It studies the mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids.
These waves can make echo, vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.
A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician.
Someone who works with acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer.
Public finance is the study of how the government raises funds and spends its money, and their economic effect.
Budget is the money to be spent on a project, or by a person or organization in a time period.
It usually lists the various things that are to be done, and how much to spend on each.
For example, a construction budget may list the various kinds of material and labor and the money to spend on each.
A budget may also list estimated revenues.
When spending is less than revenues, it is a surplus budget.
When spending is more than revenues, it is a deficit budget.
When they are the same, it's a balanced budget.
An indirect tax is a tax that is paid as part of a product.
Many countries tax gasoline or cigarettes, but they do so indirectly.
Because of the tax, the product will be more expensive.
In turn, the shops will then pay the tax for the number of packets of cigarettes they sold, or for the amount of gasoline.
This is opposed to a direct tax, which is directly paid by the consumer.
Erode is a city in Tamil Nadu, India.
It is the capital of the Erode district.
About 500,000 people live in the city.
Erode District in Tamil Nadu State is very important market centre for Turmeric.
Turmeric is received, not only from Erode district, but also from the other parts of Tamil Nadu and adjoining district like Mysore in Karnataka State.
Erode is well known for marketing of textile products of Handloom, Powerloom and Readymade Garments.
The Handloom and Powerloom product such as Cotton Saree,  Bed Spreads, Carpets, Lungies, Printed Fabrics, Towels, Dhotis are marketed here.
Kangeyam is famous for Bulls and Oil Mills.
Kangeyam cows are not noted for their yield but their availability was in large numbers has helped the district to make a mark in the field of dairy development
Sky Sports is a group of ten channels.
The channels are owned by a major company named British Sky Broadcasting.
It is the most powerful sports television company in the United Kingdom.
Sky Sports is known for its major football coverage and helped launch the FA Premier League in 1992.
Sky Sports has a series of well known shows such as Soccer AM, which is a morning chat show with jokes, it is sponsored by Gillette Soccer Saturday.
On 22 August 1999, Sky Sports launched Sky Sports Active.
The first game was Arsenal vs Manchester United.
It gave the viewer to focus either on one player, or look at different camera angles.
It soon proved to be successful, and Sky decided to continue it.
It can be accessed by pressing the Red Button on your Sky Digital Remote.
On 26 August 2014, Sky Sports Active closed and was replaced by Sky Sports split screen (Only on Sky Q 1TB Box and Sky Q 2TB Box)
On 24 November 2002, Sky Sports won the rights to air the UEFA Champions League, with ITV.
They had beaten channels such as the BBC and Channel 4 to win it.
Part of the deal had stated that ITV would air two games on a Sunday and Sky Sports would air 2 games on a Monday.
Sky soon launched an 8-screen 'Champions League Interactive' channel which showed 8 live games.
In November 2006, Sky Sports launched their News advertisement.
This ad, with the text "THE UK's FIRST SPORTS NEWS STATION" ran until January 2007 in the UK and Ireland.
Sky Sports News launched on TV at the time.
British television networks
Sport in the United Kingdom
British Sky Broadcasting
Rhetoric is the art of convincing and persuading people by language through public speaking or writing.
The root of the word is from Greek ῥητορικὴ [τέχνη] roughly meaning 'the art of speech'.
The word “effectively” in this definition is a relative matter.
What is effective in one context may be entirely different in another cultural setting.
Different languages differ in their rhetorical styles – that is, in the way that they use language to accomplish various purposes.
People can be trained in this skill.
It is the art or the technique of persuasion, used by orators (public speakers), writers and media.
Its origin was in Ancient Greece of the 5th century.
They made their decisions by speaking for or against proposals in a public place.
Also, speeches were made when a person was accused of a serious crime before the magistrates.
Because rhetoric was so important to them, the Greeks and Romans wrote about how to be a good rhetorician.
This is sometimes called 'secondary rhetoric'.
It is a technique which can be taught, and used in writing.
An early example is Plato, who wrote his works in the form of dialogues.
Each question raised is discussed between two characters.
In the ancient world, the Romans, who were much influenced by the ancient Greeks, also used the same methods for decision-making.
Cicero was one of their famous orators.
In their case, the debates did not involve all citizens, just the Roman Senate or the courts.
In medieval universities rhetoric was taught as part of the curriculum.
Rhetoric, dialectic and grammar form the trivium which, with the quadrivium, make up the seven liberal arts of Western culture.
During Antiquity and the Middle Ages, rhetoric was used for persuasion in public and political arenas, and also in the courts of justice.
The words 'rhetoric' or 'sophism' are often used with a negative meaning, of disinformation or propaganda.
As the art of persuasion, the rhetoric continues to be important in present-day public life.
They are also used to describe a speech with doubtful or slanted arguments.
Several hundred rhetorical figures were recognised by classical rhetoricians.
Some of these are still in use, such as metaphor, simile and paradox.
In the modern world, speeches made on television, ideas embedded in advertisements or in front of crowds are all rhetorics.
They speak to people directly with the intention of persuading them.
Before World War II, radio and print media were powerful tools for rhetoric.
The newspapers and books persuade readers towards a particular point of view.
Rhetoric does not depend only on a live audience.
Ethos: depends on the personal character of the speaker (must appear good, worthy of trust).
Pathos: puts the audience in a fit state of mind (stirs their emotions).
Logos: proof, or apparent proof, provided by the words of the speech (the actual argument).
Contrastive rhetoric
A 1988 study was conducted by Söter in Australia among students who were native speakers of Arabic, Vietnamese and English.
The sample, 6th and 11th grade students were asked to write a bedtime story for a young child.
Patterns were immediately evident in the different approaches used by the student's in the story writing task.
The Vietnamese stories placed primary focus on characters and the relationships between them (manifested in a great proportion of dialog).
English stories placed primary focus on the sequential forward movement of the plot.
Arabic stories placed primary focus on descriptive elements of the setting.
Contrastive rhetorics says that people who share a common language might have different rhetoric styles due the influence of culture and exchanges.
The discourse goes beyond the target language's native forms of discourse organization or rhetoric.
A paraphrasing task study was done in the USA among Chinese and Russian students.
American students were easily able to paraphrase, but Chinese students found it hard, perhaps due to their academic environment influenced by Confucian traditions.
Russian students struggled with the paraphrasing because norm in Russian academic environment was that students are only required to read and describe, and was not required to give a personal interpretation or an opinion.
Plato: "The orator is one who intends to mislead another, without being misled himself".
Kant: "Oratory is the art of playing for one's own purpose upon the weaknesses of men, and merits no respect whatever".
Hayakawa S.I. Language in thought and action.
London: Allen & Unwin.
Robert A. Harris.
A Handbook of Rhetorical Devices.
Virtualsalt, 2013.
The Forest of Rhetoric -  silva rhetoricae, Brigham Young University.
A skill or technique is  a learned ability to do something.
It could be playing a musical instrument or playing a kind of sport or even doing something simple like using a corkscrew.
Someone who is trying to do something but not succeeding may be using the wrong technique.
Skill does not always have to be something physical: it may refer to the way a person approaches a problem.
Being able to handle a bow or a gun
Being able to speak any language
Being able to operate computer any how
Hamas (, acronym of Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, , literally "Islamic Resistance Movement") is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist terrorist group.
It was started in 1987 during the First Intifada by Ahmed Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi as the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood organization in Egypt.
In the 2006 Palestinian election, Hamas got 74 of 132 seats in parliament and controls the Gaza Strip.
The group wants to build a Palestinian state based on Sharia law in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip.
It also advocates holy war against Jews and Christians, and wants Muslims to unify against them.
Hamas does not recognize the State of Israel.
Hamas is an acronym of the Arabic phrase , or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or "Islamic Resistance Movement".
Hamas is known for its military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, which plans and carries out attacks on Israel.
Because of its policy of suicide bombings and rocket attacks on civilians in Israel, the United States, European Union and other countries call it a terrorist organisation.
The country of Jordan has made the group illegal.
However, many of the international press, including the English-language edition of the Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz, refer to Hamas members by the more neutral term "militants."
In early 2006, Hamas won a clear victory in the vote for the Palestinian parliament.
Voters saw Hamas as an alternative to exchange the long-ruling Fatah party, the main part of the PLO.
Fatah had not improved the Palestinian people's conditions and reached statehood, and was thought to be corrupt.
Running Gaza
Hamas has shown its organizational ability by building health, education, and social services to help the population in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, where there is much poverty.
Such efforts have increased its support.
In the first half of 2007, Hamas gained political control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah keeps its headquarters in the West Bank.
However, Hamas has stolen large amounts of aid money and gotten Gaza in many wars.
National liberation movements
Nationalist organizations in Palestine
Political parties in Asia
Politics of Palestine
1987 establishments in Asia
A suicide attack is an attack where the attacker (either one person or a group of people) plans on killing people and/or destroying property while also dying in the process.
In a suicide attack, the attacker dies as a result of the attack, for example in an explosion or a crash.
Nowadays, suicide attacks are often done with a vehicle or an explosive material such as a bomb (a suicide bombing), or sometimes both (i.e. a car filled with explosives).
If everything goes according to plan, the attacker is killed as soon as their attack is complete (when their vehicle crashes or their bomb detonates).
Suicide attacks are often done in a crowded place so that as many people as possible are killed.
They are common in the Middle East and South Asia.
Most attacks on Israel, carried out by Hamas or other Palestinian terrorist groups are suicide bombings.
Suicide attacks
A laser is a machine that makes an amplified, single-colour source of light.
It uses special gases or crystals to make the light with only a single color.
The gases are energized to make them emit light.
Then mirrors are used to amplify (make stronger) the light.
In many lasers all the light travels in one direction, so it stays as a narrow beam of Collimated light that does not get wider or weaker as most sources of light do.
When pointed at something, this narrow beam makes a single point of light.
The energy of the light stays in that one narrow beam instead of spreading out like a flashlight (electric torch).
The word "laser" is an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation".
Both the device and its name were developed from the earlier Maser.
A laser creates light by special actions involving a material called an "optical gain medium".
Energy is put into this material using an 'energy pump'.
This can be electricity, another light source, or some other source of energy.
The energy makes the material go into what is called an excited state.
This means the electrons in the material have extra energy, and after a bit of time they will lose that energy.
When they lose the energy they will release a photon (a particle of light).
The type of optical gain medium used will change what color (wavelength) will be produced.
Releasing photons is the "stimulated emission of radiation" part of laser.
Many things can radiate light, like a light bulb, but the light will not be organized in one direction and phase.
By using an electric field to control how the light is created, this light will now be one kind, going in one direction.
This is "coherent radiation".
At this point, the light is still weak.
The mirrors on either side bounce the light back and forth, and this hits other parts of the optical gain medium, causing those parts to also release photons, generating more light ("light amplification").
When all of the optical gain medium is producing light, this is called saturation and creates a very strong beam of light at a very narrow wavelength, which we would call a laser beam.
The light moves through the medium between the two mirrors that reflect the light back and forth between them.
One of the mirrors, however, only partially reflects the light, allowing some to escape.
The escaping light makes up the laser beam.
This is a simple design; the type of optical gain medium used usually defines the type of laser.
It can be a crystal, examples are ruby and a garnet crystal made of yttrium and aluminum with the rare earth metal mixed in.
Gases can be used for laser by using helium, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, neon or others.
Large, powerful lasers are usually gas lasers.
A free-electron laser uses a beam of electrons and can be tuned to emit different colors.
Finally, the smallest lasers use semiconductor diodes to produce the light.
These are the most numerous kind, used in electronics.
Albert Einstein was the first to have the idea of stimulated emission that could produce a laser.
From that point many years were spent to see if the idea worked.
At first, people succeeded in making masers and later figured how to make shorter visible wavelengths.
It was not until 1959 that the name laser was coined by Gordon Gould in a research paper.
The first working laser was put together and operated by Theodore Maiman at the Hughes Research Laboratories in 1960.
Many people started working on lasers at this time, and the question of who would get the patent for the laser wasn't decided until 1987 (Gould won the rights).
Lasers have found many uses in everyday life as well as in industry.
Lasers are found in CD and DVD players, where they read the code from the disk that stores a song or movie.
A laser is often used to read the bar codes or SQR codes on things sold in a store, to identify a product and give its price.
Lasers are used in medicine, particularly in LASIK eye surgery, where the laser is used to repair the shape of the cornea.
It is used in chemistry with spectroscopy to identify materials, to find out what kind of gases, solids or liquids something is made of.
Stronger lasers can be used to cut metal.
Lasers are used to measure the distance of the Moon from Earth by reflecting off reflectors left by the Apollo missions.
By measuring the time it takes for the light to travel to the Moon and back again we can find out exactly how far away the moon is.
Laser pointers are used by people to point at a place on a map or diagram.
For example, lecturers use them.
Also, many people like to play with laser pointers.
Some people have pointed them at aircraft.
This is dangerous, and it is also illegal in many countries.
People have been arrested and prosecuted for this crime.
Computers commonly use an optical computer mouse as an input device.
Modern laser pointers are too big and powerful for this use, so most mice use small VCSEL's, or "Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers" for this purpose.
These lasers are also used in DVD, CD-ROM drives and holography.
NBC, whose letters stand for National Broadcasting Company, is an American television network that started in 1926 as a radio company.
NBC started airing Its first television programs in 1944.
NBC is owned by Comcast, and was previously owned by General Electric and Universal Studios.
NBC owns the cable news channels CNBC and MSNBC.
The network is famous for its three-note chimes, and NBC Sunday Night Football, which is the most watched TV series after American Idol.
Some famous NBC shows are Saturday Night Live, The Fresh Prince of Bel Air, Law and Order, 30 Rock, Frasier, ER, Cheers, Will and Grace, Meet the Press, and Today.
NBC Television Shows
Media in the United States
Thiruvananthapuram () is the capital city of the Indian state of Kerala.
The city used to be known by the name of Trivandrum.
It is on the west coast of India near the far south of the mainland.
The city is the state capital and houses many national and state government offices, organizations and companies.
It is also a major center of learning and is home to several schools and colleges including Kerala University, and to many scientific institutions, the most prominent being the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Technopark, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB) and Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST).
Thiruvananthapuram literally means "City of Lord Anantha" in Malayalam.
The name derives from the god of the Hindu temple at the centre of the city.
Anantha is the serpent Shesha on whom Padmanabhan or Vishnu lies.
The temple of Vishnu lying on Ananta, the Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple is the most recognizable landmark of the city.
The city was officially known as Trivandrum in English until 1991, when the government decided to change the city's name back to the original name, Thiruvananthapuram, in all languages.
However, the city is still widely referred to as "Trivandrum" (now Thiruvananthapuram).
The city is fully electrified by the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB).
The district is divided in to three circles: Transmission circle, Thiruvananthapuram city and Kattakkada.
Domestic users account for 43% of the total power usage, or 90 million units per month.
Thiruvananthapuram district has one 220 kV, nine 110 kV and six 66 kV electrical substations.
A 400 kV substation has just been commissioned by the Power Grid Corporation and will ensure high-quality power supply to the city.
The water supply schemes cover 100% within the city limits.
It is 84% of the urban and 69% of the rural population, when the district is considered.
Peppara and Aruvikkara dams are the main sources of water for distribution in the capital city.
The new project plan for improving the water supply with Japan aid covers Thiruvananthapuram city and six suburban panchayats having urban characteristics.
The sewerage system in the city was implemented at the time of the Travancore Kingdom, and modernised in 1938.
This scheme for the disposal of sullage and sewage is an underground system.
The whole system is controlled by Kerala Water Authority now.
The city area is divided in to seven blocks for the execution of the sewerage system, two commissioned in the 1990s and two after 2000.
The sewerage is pumped to a stilling chamber at the Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) at Valiyathura, and is disposed through sewage farming.
Diary Development Department maintains this sewage farm and fodder cultivation is done here.
There is no revenue generation from this scheme, and the sewerage system in the city is a service provided to the residents.
Strategic Importance
Apart from being the capital of India’s most literate and socially developed state, Thiruvananthapuram is a strategically important city in Southern India.
Being the largest city in India’s deep south, it is important for both military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country.
It is the headquarters of the Southern Air Command(SAC) of the Indian Air Force.
The city is very close to the international shipping route and east–west shipping axis.
Also, it falls under the international air route.
Being the Indian city with the closest air link to the small island-country of Maldives and also Sri Lanka, the city’s medical and health infrastructure caters to patients from both countries, especially Maldives.
Exports of perishables and medicines from Trivandrum International Airport run to full capacity on everyday flights to Maldives and Sri Lanka because of this nearness.
Thiruvananthapuram also provides a key link in movement of goods and passengers to and from southern Tamil Nadu into Kerala, the state border being just 30 km away.
The city is also important for people from around the world seeking help through Ayurveda medicine and therapy.
Ayurveda resorts are coming up at a rapid pace along the International Beach of Kovalam and Varkala coast.
Official District website
Public Relations Department Page on Trivandrum
Government of Kerala Website on Thiruvananthapuram District
Capital cities in India
Settlements in Kerala
Animal Farm is a short novel by George Orwell.
It was written during World War II and published in 1945.
It is about a group of farm animals who rebel against their farmer.
They hope to create a place where the animals can be equal, free, and happy.
In the end, however, they are betrayed and the farm ends up as bad it was before.
The story is an allegory, meaning that the author wanted it to represent real life events.
It is one of the most famous allegories about political events.
It is based on Joseph Stalin's betrayal of the Russian Revolution.
Although rejected by several publishers, when published it became a best-seller.
Animal Farm is one of Orwell's two best-known books (the other is Nineteen Eighty-Four) and is widely viewed as a classic.
Time magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005).
it also featured at number 31 on the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels.
It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996, and is included in the Great Books of the Western World selection.
Manor Farm is run by Mr Jones, a cruel and drunken farmer.
One day, the animals gather at a meeting to listen to Old Major, a wise old pig.
Old Major makes a speech, calling for animals to rise up against their farmers.
The animals are very keen about the idea.
Old Major dies a few days later.
The pigs, who are the most intelligent animals, begin planning a rebellion.
They are led by Snowball and Napoleon.
About three months later, the animals revolt against Mr Jones and take over the farm.
They change its name to "Animal Farm".
They decide the farm will now be ruled only by animals, calling the system "animalism".
They write seven commandments, with the most important being "All animals are equal". “
Four legs good, two legs bad” becomes a popular chant for the sheep.
Mr Jones and his friends attack the farm to try to take it back, but in the "Battle of the Cowshed" the animals drive them away.
Mr Jones flees and never returns.
Snowball and Napoleon fall out with each other, as they have different ideas for how Animal Farm should be led.
Snowball announces plans to build a windmill, but Napoleon disagrees.
Napoleon trains nine puppies, who grow into vicious dogs who will serve him.
When the dogs are fully grown, he uses them to chase Snowball off the farm.
He takes control and rules the farm by himself (as a dictator).
Napoleon uses the dogs to kill any animal that does not agree with him, while a pig called Squealer keeps telling the animals that everything is fine and they should support Napoleon.
Napoleon changes his mind and decides to build a windmill, pretending that it was his idea all along.
The first windmill they build collapses.
Napoleon blames this (and other problems) on Snowball.
He claims that Snowball is sneaking around Animal Farm ruining everything.
Many animals are killed for "being in contact with Snowball".
Napoleon starts working with human beings outside, even though this used to be forbidden.
One of them is their neighbour, a farmer called Mr Frederick.
He brings in a group of men who invade the farm and destroy the second windmill.
The animals fight them off in the "Battle of the Windmill", at great cost.
As the animals build a third windmill, Boxer, their strongest horse, loses his strength because of old age and collapses.
Napoleon sends him to be slaughtered, even though Boxer was loyal to him.
The pigs continue to work with humans and start to behave like them, such as living in the farmhouse and walking on two legs.
They teach the sheep a new chant: “Four legs good, two legs better”.
The commandments are replaced by the words "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others."
In the end, other animals watch the pigs talking with a group of humans and decide they cannot tell which is which.
George Orwell who was a socialist and was opposed to dictatorship (rule by one person).
In particular, he did not like the communist government of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union.
In 1936 and 1937, Orwell fought in the Spanish Civil War.
He had watched as democratic left-wing rebels were pushed out by pro-Soviet communist rebels.
In the introduction to the 1947 Ukrainian translation of Animal Farm, Orwell said he wrote it because he wished to destroy what he called the "Soviet myth".
Orwell said he got the idea from seeing a young boy whipping a large cart horse.
He explained, "It struck me that if only such animals became aware of (knew) their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit (badly use) animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat (the poor, the lower class)".
Characters in the book
There are many characters in the book who are based on real people.
They are grouped into pigs, horses, humans and other animals.
Old Major – An old prize-winning pig.
He is the one who inspires all the animals to rebel against the humans.
The character is based on Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, the communist leader of the Russian Revolution.
Napoleon – A large boar (male pig) who at first leads the revolution with Snowball, then grabs power for himself.
He is the main villain of the story.
The character is based on Joseph Stalin.
He is named after Napoleon, who overthrew the government of the French Revolution.
Snowball – He is the pig who is one of the early leaders of the revolution.
He is popular among the other animals and wants to make Animal Farm a fair place for them to live.
He is mainly based on Leon Trotsky, although Orwell said he was not a supporter of Trotsky.
He also has some characteristics taken from Lenin.
Napoleon later blames anything that goes wrong on Snowball.
Squealer – He serves as Napoleon's public speaker.
He persuades the other animals to support Napoleon, no matter how bad his rule is.
He lies, twists the truth and takes advantage of the animals' bad memories.
He represents "propaganda", which is news reports and art that is meant to get people supporting something.
Minimus – A poet, who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm, after "Beasts of England" is banned.
He creates poems and songs praising Napoleon.
Boxer – A loyal and dedicated cart-horse.
He is the strongest worker among the animals.
He is loyal to Napoleon, who later betrays him.
He and his companion Clover represent the working class during the Russian Revolution.
Clover – A motherly mare approaching middle age.
She is Boxer's companion, and she takes care of him.
Like Boxer, she works as a cart-horse on Manor Farm.
During the book she has doubts about the pigs' behavior, but she instead assumes she is not remembering things properly.
She realises later the situation but is not smart enough to express herself.
She represents the educated working class.
Mollie – A foolish, pretty and vain young white mare.
She likes sugar so much that when eating of sugar is banned, she smuggles some into the farm.
When it is discovered, she leaves for another farm.
The character represents the Bourgeoisie (upper class) of the Russian Revolution, who were happy with their life under rule of Tsar Nicholas II and mostly fled the country after the revolution.
Mr. Jones – The farmer of Manor Farm.
The animals revolt against him because he does not feed them or take care of them, and he whips them.
He is based on Tsar Nicholas II.
Mr. Pilkington – The farmer of Foxwood, a large neighbouring farm.
He and his farm represent the United States.
He and Napoleon are seen arguing at the end of the story, which represents the start of the Cold War.
Mr. Frederick – The owner of Pinchfield, a small but well-kept neighbouring farm.
He briefly enters into an alliance with Napoleon, but cheats the animals and later invades them.
He is a reference to Adolf Hitler.
Benjamin – An old donkey.
He is bad-tempered but very smart and a friend of the horses.
He is thought to represent the older generation - wise enough to see through the pigs' lies, but not willing to stand up to them.
Moses – An old raven who occasionally visits the farm.
He tells the animals stories about a heavenly place above the clouds called Sugarcandy Mountain, where he says that all animals go when they die—but only if they work hard.
Moses is thought to represent the Church (or religious community) in Russia at the time.
Muriel – A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm.
Bluebell and Jessie – A mated pair of dogs.
Their puppies are taken away from them by Napoleon at birth.
The Sheep – The sheep are said to be the stupidest of the animals.
They blindly follow Napoleon and chant slogans like "Four legs good, two legs bad."
Sometimes, Napoleon gets the sheep chanting to stop people talking, a trick that Stalin sometimes used.
The Hens – The hens are among the first to rebel against Napoleon.
The Dogs – Napoleon raises nine puppies to be his bodyguards and secret police.
They serve only Napoleon, and kill anyone who is against him.
The Cows – Their milk is stolen by the pigs, who learn to milk them.
It is stirred into the pigs' food every day while the other animals are not allowed to have any.
The Cat – The cat never does any work, but she is forgiven because her excuses are so convincing.
She has no interest in the politics of the farm.
Animal-ism is a system of beliefs shared by the farm animals of Manor Farm.
The purpose is to ensure the farm animals behave like actual animals and not follow the footsteps of humans beings.
Therefore, any human behavior is considered contrary to the spirit of Animalism.
Beasts of England
"Beasts of England" is a song that is featured in the story.
The tune as said to be "a cross between La Cucaracha and Oh, My Darling Clementine".
Old Major teaches the song to the animals in an early scene, and it becomes very popular.
It becomes the first national anthem of Animal Farm.
Later on, Napoleon orders a new anthem to be written, with words that praise him.
Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
No animal shall wear clothes.
No animal shall sleep in a bed.
No animal shall drink alcohol.
No animal shall kill any other animal.
For the sheep, who are said to be stupid, they are instead taught the chant "Four legs good, two legs bad."
Napoleon sometimes gets the sheep to chant this when he wants the animals to stop talking.
As the story goes on, the pigs start changing the commandments.
For example, "No animal shall drink alcohol" becomes "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess".
By the end of the story, all the commandments have been erased apart from "All animals are equal", which has been changed to "All Animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others."
Meanwhile, the sheep chant has been changed to "Four legs good, two legs better."
1940s books
1945 works
Miso (味噌 or みそ) is a thick or solid paste.
It is a traditional Japanese seasoning.
Miso is similar to the Korean doenjang.
It is made by fermenting soy beans with sea salt or salt and kōji.
Kōji is the product of fermenting rice, barley, or soybeans with a mold culture, Kōji-kin (Aspergillus oryzae).
Often, grains such as barley or rice, and sometimes other ingredients, are added.
Miso is high in protein and rich in vitamins and minerals.
Miso tastes salty and, depending on the grains used and fermentation time, may also be sweet.
Miso is used to make miso soup.
Miso is a very important part of Japanese food.
There are different kinds of miso.
Kome miso  (米味噌) is made from rice and beans.
Mame miso (豆味噌) is made from beans.
Mugi miso (麦味噌) is made from barley  and beans.
Awase miso (合せ味噌) is a mix of these misos.
Miso first came to Japan from China or the Korean peninsula.
Ancient Chinese jan (醤) is the origin of miso.
Jan is an ancient fermented seasoning.
According to classical scholars, jan was called hishio or kuki in the Edo era.
In China, jan was written about in the Shurai.
Miso existed in the Jomon era in Japan.
Jan is the Japanese original seasoning.
In the Nara era, jan was found in Nishi city, Heiankyo.
Miso was used for seasoning porridge made of rice and vegetables.
In the Sengoku period, Miso was important to preserved food.
Many Japanese used to make miso in their own homes.
This was called Temae-miso.
In the Muromachi era, it was used as a food preservative and as a seasoning.
Miso was an important source of nutrients for soldiers.
In the Edo era, industrial mass production method of miso began.
Temae-miso became less common. "
Temae-miso" nowadays also used when a person is proud of something.
There are many different flavors of miso.
It depends on regions.
Shiromiso (白味噌) is popular in the western Kansai region, especially in Kyoto.
Akamiso is popular in the eastern Kantō region or northern region.
Shinshumiso (信州味噌) is generally popular after the second world war, because it is mass produced in factories and sold in supermarkets in over Japan.
http://miso.or.jp/misoonline/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/miso-english-leaflet.pdf
Japan Federation of Miso Manufacturers Cooperatives - official site
in Japanese) is a traditional Japanese soup.
It is made from a kind of broth or stock, called "dashi" into which  miso paste is dissolved.
Various solid ingredients like wakame, seaweed, tofu from soybeans, and sometimes mushrooms, potatos, and eggplants are added to make the finished soup.
The soup is usually served in bowls, sometimes in lacquer bowls.
They can be drunk directly from the bowl without using a spoon.
Solid ingredients are eaten with chopsticks (箸).
Different types of miso produce distinctive soups.
There are three main types of miso: dark-brown, white, and a combination of the two.
Miso (味噌)
Miso soup recipe (with photo)
Kosher Miso soup recipe chabad.org
Wakame (Japanese: わかめ or 若布) is a type of kelp.
Its scientific name is Undaria pinnatifida.
It is sold either dried or salted.
It is often used in miso soup and salads.
In Korea it is called miyeok.
It is used in salads, or as the main ingredient in miyeok soup.
In China it is called qundaicai.
Chinese production is concentrated around Dalian.
In New Zealand Undaria pinnatifida is a very serious weed, and is one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world.
It was first seen in Wellington Harbour in 1987.
It probably arrived accidentally in the late 1980s, on ships from Asia, in ballast water.
It is native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea and China, but recently it has also spread to France, Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina and Australia.
Undaria is now found around much of south-eastern New Zealand, and as far north as Auckland.
It spreads in two ways.
Naturally, through the millions of microscopic spores released by each fertile plant; and attached to vessel hulls and marine farming equipment.
Undaria is a highly successful and fertile species, which makes it a serious invader.
Seaweeds used as human food
AlgaeBase link
Kelp is a type of marine seaweed.
It is a brown algae.
There are many different kinds of kelp.
Kelp grow in large forests, usually near the surface of the water.
It grows in nutrient rich saltwater.
Some kelps grow very fast (up to 30 cm a day).
Kelp can reach a length of up to 60 metres.
The blades are kept afloat by gas-filled bladders.
Kelp plays an important role as food and habitat for fish and other forms.
It may be eaten as a vegetable.
Kelp is found in many places.
People put it in aquariums.
In the Monterey Aquarium there is a large forest of kelp.
Tofu (豆腐), sometimes also called doufu (usually used in Chinese recipes) or bean curd (literal translation), is a food made from soybeans.
In fact, it is a very complex process.
Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk, and then pressing the resulting curds into blocks.
The making of tofu from soy milk is similar to the technique of making cheese from milk.
Wheat gluten, or seitan, in its steamed and fried forms, is often mistakenly called "tofu" in Asian or vegetarian dishes.
In Japan, tofu is a common food, used often in miso soup or as a hot dish.
People in Japan has created various kinds of tofu.
One of them is 絹こし豆腐 (or soft tofu), 木綿豆腐 (or firm tofu, or solid tofu) and "凍み豆腐" (or dried tofu).
It is said that the way to make tofu from soybeans was taught by the Chinese a several hundreds years ago.
you can find its very first history in a diary of 奈良春日大社 in 1183 of the Heian period.
In the United States, tofu is becoming more popular.
Today, Americans buy tofu at the grocery store.
The word “tofu” takes root in common use.
Tofu is rich in textured vegetable protein and is relatively low in calories.
Dietary fiber is a little for process.
More and more Americans and Europeans use it as health food.
Popular tofu dishes
Cold tofu
Boiled tofu
Hot dish
Soy milk originated in China where the soybean was native.
Later on, the soybean and soybean foods came to Japan.
Plant milks
Dashi (出汁、だし) is a kind of stock or broth mainly used for soup or dishes in Japanese cooking.
The most common form of dashi is a simple broth or stock made by kombu (edible kelp) or katsuobushi (flakes of dried skipjack tuna) in boiling water.
niboshi (煮干し) is also used, too.
It is not always necessary to strain the resulting liquid.
Dashi can be a basis for miso soup, Japanese noodle (うどん or そば) soup, and many other Japanese simmering (or boiling) liquids.
Fresh dashi made from kelp and katsuobushi is not so popular today in Japan.
Some people use instant substitutes to add boiled water.
Other kinds of dashi stock are made by soaking (or putting) kelp, shiitake, or niboshi in cool water for many hours.
Or they are made by heating them in water nearly to boiling and then straining the resulting broth.
Kelp stock or konbu dashi is made by soaking kelp, or sea tangle, in water.
Shiitake dashi stock is made by soaking dried shiitake mushrooms in water.
Niboshi dashi stock is made by soaking dried small sardines.
Some use niboshi after taking off (or pinching off) their heads and entrails in water, but others use whole niboshi as this way get tasty dashi, too.
The shiitake mushroom, or simply called "shiitake"(椎茸) (Lentinus edodes or Lentinula edodes) is also known as Chinese black mushroom or black forest mushroom.
It is also called "black mushroom".
It is an edible mushroom, which is typically grown on the tree, such as shii, kunugi and oak.
There are two variant names.
For high grades of shiitake is dōnggū (冬茹: どんこ) ("winter mushroom").
And another is huāgū ("flower mushroom," (香信: こうしん) which has a flower-like cracking pattern on the mushroom's upper surface).
Both are produced at colder temperatures.
There are many cultivated varieties, which grow-up in a temperature at 7C - 26C, most cultivars like cooler tempertatures.
Edible fungi
Soy sauce (US) or soya sauce is a fermented sauce made from soy beans (soya beans), roasted grain, water and salt.
It is commonly used in Chinese, Japanese and Korean cuisine.
It appears in some Western cuisine dishes, especially as an ingredient in Worcestershire sauce.
Real soy sauces are fermented with kōji (麹, the mold Aspergillus oryzae or A. sojae) and other related microorganisms.
Almost all soy sauce has some alcohol added during bottling.
This acts as a preservative to protect it from going bad.
For this reason, soy sauce should always be kept in the fridge.
It should also not be put in direct light.
An opened bottle of soy sauce that has been left unrefrigerated could become slightly bitter.
Although there are many types of soy sauce, all are salty and earthy-tasting brownish liquids used to season food while cooking or at the table.
What some westerners can only describe as a flavorful, kind of sweet taste is a distinct basic taste called "umami" by the Japanese and "xian-wei" (鲜味, lit.
fresh taste) by the Chinese.
Although this seasoning was first used in China, it is used several cuisines across Asia and is a particularly important flavoring in Japanese cuisine.
There are many types of sauce.
Soy links
About Chinese food
A bowl is a container for food.
It can hold liquids, such as soups and solids, like popcorn.
People also prepare salads in it.
A bowl is like a ball cut in half.
Bowls are usually made from glass, ceramic, wood or plastic.
There is a lot of history regarding bowls, but they are known to first be found in China, 20,000 years ago.
The Oktoberfest (also called Wiesn) is a German festival that takes place on the Theresienwiese, a public place in the center of Munich, Bavaria.
It is every year, in late September and early October.
It is a big social event.
There is lots of eating and drinking.
It is on for sixteen days ending on the first Sunday in October.
If this is the first or the second the festival is extended to the end on 3 October, the Day of German Unity.
This is the day when East Germany and West Germany joined into one country again in 1990.
The first Oktoberfest was on 12 October 1810.
The feast was for the wedding of King Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Sachsen-Hildburghausen.
The feast lasted for 5 days.
There was music, eating and drinking.
At the end of it there was a big horse-race.
The next years they had this horse-race and the feast again, because the people had liked it so much.
Today the Oktoberfest is the world's largest fair, and it has become very famous and popular.
About six million people visit it every year.
Many people and tourists from all over the world come to Munich for Oktoberfest.
Other cities have copied the Oktoberfest, and now they also hold feasts that are similar to the Oktoberfest.
The tents
1810 establishments in Europe
1810s establishments in Germany
Entertainment in Germany
Tomb Raider is a computer and video game series.
Originally the games were made by Core Design.
Now they are being made by Crystal Dynamics.
The first game was sold in 1996 for PC, PlayStation and Sega Saturn.
The main character of the game is a woman called Lara Croft.
She is an archeologist and explores ancient places, searching old relics, often fighting a great danger to the world.
Since 2001, Paramount Pictures has made two movies like the game, starring Angelina Jolie.
And 2018 movies, Angelina Jolie has been switch into Alicia Vikander.
Games in the series
The first six games in the series was made by Core Design.
In 2003, parent company Eidos moved development of the Tomb Raider games from Core Design to Crystal Dynamics, another Eidos-owned studio, after the sixth game, Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness, was met with dislike from critics.
Main games
Tomb Raider (1996)
Tomb Raider II (1997)
Tomb Raider III (1998)
Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation (1999)