the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Billy McCullough
Josh McQuoid
Anton Rogan
Keith Branagan
John Byrne
Tony Cascarino
Kenny Cunningham
Jon Goodman
Joe Haverty
Mark Kennedy
Kevin O'Callaghan
Richard Sadlier
Dave Savage
Pat Saward
Bobby Bowry
Willie Carr
Stephen Crawford
Duncan Hean
John McGinlay
Trinidad & Tobago
Tony Warner
Bruce Murray
Malcolm Allen
Steve Lovell
Steve Lowndes
List of Millwall F.C. players
Millwall F.C. website
Nazarabad County (Persian: نظرآباد) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Nazarabad.
Pakdasht County () is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Pakdasht.
Preston North End F.C. are an English football club.
They are based in Preston, Lancashire.
They play in the Football League Championship at their stadium which is called Deepdale.
The club began in 1880.
It has the nicknames "The Lilywhites", "PNE" and "The North End".
Preston North End was part of the twelve football teams that made up the English Football League in 1888, and were the first team ever to win the English Football League.
Preston North End and Arsenal are the only two teams ever to win the Championship without losing a match.
Rey County (Persian: ری) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Rey.
Robat-Karim County (Persian: رباط‌کریم) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Robat-Karim.
Savojbolagh County (Persian: ساوجبلاغ) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Hashtgerd.
Shahriar County (Persian: شهریار) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Shahriar.
The county has a population of 400,000 people.
Shemiranat County () is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Shemiranat.
Tehran County (Persian: شهرستان تهران) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Tehran.
Varamin County (Persian: ورامین) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Varamin.
The New Den is a stadium in London, England.
It is the stadium where Millwall F.C. are based.
Les Cayes (Kréyòl: Okay; ) is a town in southwest Haiti near the river Ravine du Sud, on the Caribbean coast.
It is the capital of the Sud Département.
Les Cayes is at about 196 km southwest of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince.
It is also the chief town of an arrondissement (a part of a department) with the same name.
The arrondissement has six communes (a commune is like a municipality): Les Cayes, Camp-Perrin, Chantal, Île à Vache, Maniche and Torbeck.
The town had the name of Aux Cayes ("On the cays") because the small Île à Vache island and other cays (Grande Caye and Petite Caye) are near the town.
Now the name is just Les Cayes; Kréyòl still keeps the old name.
In 1504, Diego Velázquez founded the town of Salvatierra de la Sabana (or Salvatierra de la Zabana) where is now Les Cayes.
From here, he left for Cuba to take control of that island on 7 November 1511.
But people left completely the town in 1540 and the French Monsier de la Lance founded the modern town of Les Cayes in 1726.
The town was destroyed by two hurricanes in 1781 and 1788.
On 28 December 1815, Simón Bolívar came to Les Cayes looking for help to fight against the Spanish government in South America.
Bolívar left Haiti on 10 April 1816 for Venezuela, but came back in September of that year to this Haitian town when he lost some battles in South America.
He went back to South America in December of the same year.
Les Cayes is one of the most important port of Haiti, where coffee, sugar, bananas and timber are sent to other countries and other parts of Haiti.
There is also an airport, Antoine Simon Airport, with the name of a president of Haiti that was born in Les Cayes.
People born in Les Cayes
1761: Laurent Geffrard, officer during the Haitian Revolution
1761: André Rigaud, a mulatto chief during the Haitian Revolution
1785: John James Audubon, who studied and made paintings of birds in United States
1789: Charles Riviere-Hérard, president of Haiti from 1843 to 1844
Michel Domingue, president of Haiti from 1874 to 1876
1815: Lysius Salomon, president of Haiti from 1879 to 1888
1832: Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, president of Haiti from 1876 to 1879
1843: François C. Antoine Simon, president of Haiti from 1908 to 1911
Les Cayes Portal
The Louverture Project: Les Cayes
Picture of Downtown Cayes, Haiti
18th-century establishments in Haiti
1720s establishments in North America
Spitz-type breeds of dog have a long thick coat of fur that is often white, and pointed ears and noses.
Many times, the tail is over the dog's back.
No one knows where Spitz-type dogs came from, though most seen today live in the Arctic.
There is no archaeological signs showing stages between the wolf and Spitz-type dogs, but Spitz-like skeletons have been found up to 5,000 years old.
About 3000 years ago, dogs began to migrate from the Arctic into temperate Europe, North America, Asia, and sometimes Africa.
Skeletons from around 2,000 years ago in Switzerland show that Spitz-type dogs have lived in central Europe for thousands of years.
These dogs are the ancestors of the European Spitz-types, such as the German Spitz and Schipperke.
Many Spitz-types also migrated into Korea and China.
Later, many of these dogs were moved by humans to Japan, most likely from Korea.
These Asian Spitz types are the ancestors of today's breeds such as the Chow Chow and the Akita Inu.
Through special breeding, Spitz types have evolved to help humans in three ways: hunting, herding, and pulling sleds.
Smaller breeds such as the Finnish Spitz and the Lundehund were used in Scandinavia to hunt birds and smaller mammals.
Larger breeds such as the Karelian Bear Dog and the Norwegian Elkhound were used for hunting large animals like moose and elk.
The largest of all the Spitz types, notably the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland Dog, were used to pull sleds up until the 19th century.
Spitz types are good at living in cold northern climates.
They often have a warm, water-proof layer of fur that is thicker than the outer layer of fur.
Small ears help reduce the risk of frostbite, and thick fur that grows on the paws protects the dogs from sharp ice.
Many Spitz-type breeds behave like wolves in their independence and aggression towards new humans and animals.
They may need much training before they become friendly.
Some, like the Karelian Bear Dog, are not friendly enough to ever become companion dogs.
The cuteness of the Spitz-type have caused people to create companion dog breeds from them.
The very small Pomeranian was at first a much larger dog similar to a Keeshond before being bred to make a small court animal.
The Keeshond, is a friendly and loyal, though very lively, pet.
Other companion Spitz-type dog breeds is the American Eskimo Dog, and the intelligent Japanese Spitz.
Spitz (dog), a type of dog
Spitz (band), a prolific Japanese rock band
Southampton F.C. is an English football club.
They were founded in 1885 and play their home games at St Mary's Stadium.
1885-1894 St. Mary's Y.M.A. F.C.
1894-1897 Southampton St. Mary's F.C.
1897-present Southampton F.C.
Southend United F.C. are an English football club.
They are based in Southend-on-Sea in the county of Essex.
They started in 1906 and play their home games at a stadium called Roots Hall.
Stoke City F.C. is an English football club based in Stoke-on-Trent.
They started in 1863 as "Stoke Ramblers" which makes them the second oldest Football League club in the world.
Stoke City play their home games at a stadium called the bet365 Stadium.
1863–1878 Stoke Ramblers F.C.
1878–1925 Stoke F.C.
1925–present Stoke City F.C.
Sir Stanley Matthews CBE (born 1 February 1915 – 23 February 2000) was an English footballer.
He was born in Stoke-on-Trent.
Matthews played football for Stoke City and Blackpool.
He was knighted in 1965 and died in 2000.
|1931/32||rowspan="11"|Stoke City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||2||0||0||0||2||0
|1932/33||15||1||0||0||15||1
|1933/34||rowspan="9"|First Division||29||11||4||4||33||15
|1934/35||36||10||1||1||37||11
|1935/36||40||10||5||0||45||10
|1936/37||40||7||2||0||42||7
|1937/38||38||6||3||0||41||6
|1938/39||36||2||2||0||38||2
|1939/40||3||0||0||0||3||0
|1945/46||colspan="2"|-||8||0||8||0
|1946/47||23||4||5||1||28||5
|1947/48||rowspan="15"|Blackpool||rowspan="15"|First Division||33||1||6||1||39||2
|1948/49||26||3||3||0||29||3
|1949/50||31||0||3||0||34||0
|1950/51||36||0||8||0||44||0
|1951/52||18||1||1||0||19||1
|1952/53||20||4||7||1||27||5
|1953/54||30||2||7||0||37||2
|1954/55||34||1||1||0||35||1
|1955/56||36||3||1||0||37||3
|1956/57||25||2||4||0||29||4
|1957/58||28||0||1||0||29||0
|1958/59||19||0||6||0||25||0
|1959/60||15||0||0||0||15||0
|1960/61||27||0||1||0||28||0
|1961/62||2||0||0||0||2||0
|1961/62||rowspan="4"|Stoke City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||18||2||3||1||21||3
|1962/63||31||1||0||0||31||1
|1963/64||rowspan="2"|First Division||9||0||4||1||13||1
|1964/65||1||0||0||0||1||0
|1934||2||1
|1936||0||0
|1937||3||4
|1938||8||4
|1939||3||0
|1940||0||0
|1941||0||0
|1942||0||0
|1943||0||0
|1944||0||0
|1945||0||0
|1946||0||0
|1947||6||1
|1948||6||1
|1950||2||0
|1952||0||0
|1953||3||0
|1954||5||0
|1955||5||0
|1956||5||1
|1957||3||0
Total||54||12
A Short Profile
Biography (in spanish)
1950 FIFA World Cup players
1954 FIFA World Cup players
Sportspeople from Staffordshire
Blackpool F.C. is an English football club.
They currently play in League One.
The club is based in Blackpool in the county of Lancashire.
They started in 1887 and play their home games at a stadium called Bloomfield Road.
The club won the FA Cup in 1953.
Blackpool F.C. official website
Psychiatric hospital, once known as an insane asylum or mental asylum, is a hospital specializing in the treatment of persons with mental illness
Destitute Asylum, an institution built in the 1850s in Adelaide, Australia for isolating cases of extreme poverty
Orphan asylum, an institution dedicated to caring for orphans
Political asylum, also known as Right of asylum
Asylum seeker, also known as Refugee
Asylum 45, a concept album by the Dutch band Non-Divine
Asylum Records, an American record label geared primarily in hip-hop music
Asylum (album), by the American hard rock band Kiss
Asylum (Legendary Pink Dots album)
Soul Asylum, a band formed in 1983, best known for their single "Runaway Train"
Asylum, a band from Croatia formed in 2007.
www.myspace.com/asylumcro
Asylum (song), a single by The Orb from their 1997 album Oblivion
The Asylum, a movie studio
Asylum Entertainment  an American entertainment company founded in 1992
Asylum (movie) of the Patrick McGrath novel, made in 2005
Asylum (television), 1996 UK comedy series
Asylum (comic), a comic series
Asylum (1972 movie), a 1972 horror movie with Peter Cushing
Asylum (2007 movie), a 2007 horror movie from director David R. Ellis
Asylum (Doctor Who), a Doctor Who novel
Asylum (Supernatural), an Episode of TV series starring Jared Padalecki and Jensen Ackles
Asylums, a nonfiction book by Erving Goffman.
Asylum (1991 video game), an overhead shoot 'em up arcade game released by Leland in 1991
Asylum (1986 video game), released for the Commodore 64 in 1986
The last of the Shackled City Dungeons & Dragons adventures
ShadowMan (1999 video game) - Asylum, a big black tower what Legion have built.
The predecessor to the 1986 Commodore 64 game was a version which utilized ASCII graphics for the original IBM PC in 1982
The Asylum (radio show), aired in the 1980s on WMBR
The Articles of Confederation, formally named the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution.
All thirteen states ratified the Articles in early 1781.
Even though the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution were created by many of the same people, the two documents were very different.
The original five-paged Articles contained thirteen articles, a conclusion, and a section for signatures.
The following list contains short summaries of each of the thirteen articles.
(2) Each state will continue to rule itself, except for the specific things the Articles allow the confederation government to do: "Each state [keeps] its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not [given to the confederation government] by this Confederation...."
(3) The United States is a group of states that has come together to protect each other and help each other.
The states have united "for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general [well-being], [coming together] to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them...."
(4) People in the United States have freedom of movement: anyone can pass freely between states except for "paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice."
When a person travels into one state, he gets all of the rights that state gives to people that live there.
If a person is found to have committed a crime in one state and to have run away to another state, he will be extradited to the state in which the crime happened and will be tried there.
(5) Each state gets one vote in the "Congress of the Confederation" (called the "United States in Congress Assembled").
Each state can bring a group of two to seven delegates to the Congress.
Each state's legislature chooses its Members of Congress.
Members of Congress cannot serve for more than three out of any six years.
(6) Only the confederation government is allowed to conduct foreign policy (work with other countries) and to declare war.
Unless Congress gives permission, no states may have navies or full-time armies, and no states may fight in any war.
However, the Articles encouraged each state to have militias.
(7) When an army is raised for common defense, the state legislatures will choose colonels and military ranks below Colonel.
(8) The United States will pay for things using money that the state legislatures will raise.
Not every state will have to pay the same amount.
States with higher property values will pay more.
(9) The confederation government has the powers to declare war, to set weights and measures (including coins), and to have Congress serve as a final court for disagreements between states.
(11) Nine states must agree before a new state is accepted into the Confederation.
Canada is already approved if it applies for membership.
(12) The Confederation accepts war debt from before the Articles are passed.
(13) The Articles cannot be changed unless Congress and all of the state legislatures agree.
Congress of the Confederation
The Articles of Confederation created the Congress of the Confederation, which was formally named the "United States in Congress Assembled".
It became the governing body of the United States.
The Congress of the Confederation had both legislative and executive powers.
That meant the Congress could make the laws and enforce the laws.
The states sent delegates chosen from the state legislature.
The states had one vote each.
The Committee of the States was also created by the Articles of Confederation.
Also known as Council of State, it was meant to be the government when the Congress of the Confederation was not meeting.
Each state had one member.
The Committee had one meeting in 1784.
It so difficult for the United States government under the Articles of Confederation to respond to revolts like Shays' Rebellion because it could not draft an army and use federal troops to respond to riots and revolts.
R. B. Bernstein, "Parliamentary Principles, American Realities: The Continental and Confederation Congresses, 1774-1789," in Inventing Congress: Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress ed by Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon (1999) pp 76–108
Burnett, Edmund Cody.
The Continental Congress: A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March, 1789 (1941)
Barbara Feinberg, The Articles Of Confederation (2002). [
for middle school children.]
Robert W. Hoffert, A Politics of Tensions: The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas (1992).
Lucille E. Horgan.
Forged in War: The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy (2002)
Merrill Jensen, The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774-1781 (1959).
Merrill Jensen: "The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution", Political Science Quarterly, 58 (1943), 356-79.
Calvin Jillson and Rick K. Wilson.
Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774-1789. (
Forest McDonald.
Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution. (
Andrew C. Mclaughlin, A Constitutional History of the United States (1935) online version
Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (1998).
Jackson T. Main, Political Parties before the Constitution.
University of North Carolina Press, 1974
Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress  (1982).
Jack N. Rakove, “The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation,” in The American Founding: Essays on the Formation of the Constitution.
Ed by J. Jackson Barlow, Leonard W. Levy and Ken Masugi.
pp 225–45
Text Version of the Articles of Confederation
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
Articles of Confederation and related resources, Library of Congress
Today in History: November 15, Library of Congress
United States Constitution Online - The Articles of Confederation
Free Download of Articles of Confederation Audio
Audio narration (mp3) of the Articles of Confederation  at Americana Phonic
The Articles of Confederation, Chapter 45 (see page 253) of Volume 4 of Conceived in Liberty by Murray Rothbard, in PDF format.
Official documents of the United States
Native Americans lived in the Americas for thousands of years.
English people in 1607 went to the place now called Jamestown, Virginia.
Other European settlers went to the colonies, mostly from England and later Great Britain.
France, Spain, and the Netherlands also colonized North America.
In 1775, a war between the thirteen colonies and Britain began when the colonists were upset over paying taxation to their government in the UK, but were not being given any chance to vote in the UK/British elections, to contribute to how that money was spent.
Just after dawn on April 19, 1775, the British attempted to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord, Massachusetts, this beginning the war with the "Shot Heard Round the World."
On July 4, 1776, Founding Fathers wrote the United States Declaration of Independence.
They won the Revolutionary War and started a new country.
They signed the constitution in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1791.
General George Washington, who had led the war, became its first president.
During the 19th century, the United States gained much more land in the West and began to become industrialized.
In 1861, several states in the South attempted to leave the United States to start a new country called the Confederate States of America.
This caused the American Civil War.
After the war, Immigration resumed.
Some Americans became very rich in this Gilded Age, and the country developed one of the largest economies in the world.
In the early 20th century, the United States became a world power, fighting in World War I and World War II.
Between the wars, there was an economic boom called the Roaring Twenties, when many people became richer, and a bust, called the Great Depression, when most were poorer.
The Great Depression ended with World War II.
The United States and the Soviet Union entered the Cold War.
This included wars in Korea and Vietnam.
During this time, African-Americans, Chicanos, and women sought more rights.
In the 1970s and 1980s, the United States started to make fewer things in factories.
The country then went through the worst recession it had since the Great Depression.
In the late 1980s, the Cold War ended, helping the United States out of recession.
The Middle East became more important in American foreign policy, especially after the September 11 attacks in 2001.
In the 2010s, Barack Obama's presidency helped many domestic problems in the country such as the auto business and healthcare coverage.
After Obama, the country saw a rise in populist politics with the presidency of Donald Trump.
In 2020, the country oversaw the COVID-19 pandemic, social unrest over racial justice and disputes over the 2020 election results which led to violent reactions.
Pre-Columbian America
The Pre-Columbian Era is the time before Christopher Columbus went to the Americas in 1492.
At that time, Native Americans lived on the land that is now controlled by the United States.
They had various cultures: Native Americans in the Eastern Woodlands hunted game and deer; Native Americans in the Northwest fished; Native Americans in the Southwest grew corn and built houses called pueblos; and Native Americans in the Great Plains hunted Bison.
Around the year 1000, the Vikings visited Newfoundland.
However, they did not settle there.
The English tried to settle at Roanoke Island in 1585.
The settlement did not last, and no one knows what happened to the people.
In 1607, the first lasting English settlement was made at Jamestown, Virginia, by John Smith, John Rolfe and other Englishmen interested in gold and adventure.
In its early years, many people in Virginia died of disease and starvation.
The colony in Virginia lasted because it made money by planting tobacco, rice and cotton.
In 1621, a group of Englishmen called the Pilgrims settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts.
A bigger colony was built at Massachusetts Bay by the Puritans in 1630.
The Pilgrims and the Puritans were interested in making a better society, not looking for gold.
They called this ideal society a "city on a hill".
A man named Roger Williams left Massachusetts after disagreeing with the Puritans, and started the colony of Rhode Island in 1636.
Great Britain was not the only country to settle what would become the United States.
In the 1500s, Spain built a fort at Saint Augustine, Florida.
France settled Louisiana, and the area around the Great Lakes.
The Dutch settled New York, which they called New Netherland.
Other areas were settled by Scotch-Irish, Germans, and Swedes.
However, in time Britain controlled all of the colonies, and most American colonists adopted the British way of life.
The growth of the colonies was not good for Native Americans.
Many of them died of smallpox, a disease brought to America by the Europeans.
The ones who lived lost their lands to the colonists.
In the early 1700s, there was a religious movement in the colonies called the Great Awakening.
Preachers such as Jonathan Edwards preached sermons.
One of them was called "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God".
The Great Awakening may have led to the thinking used in the American Revolution.
By 1733, there were thirteen colonies.
New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, and Charleston were the largest cities and main ports at that time.
From 1756 to 1763, England and France fought a war over their land in America called the Seven Years' War or the French and Indian War, which the British won.
After the war, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 said that the colonists could not live west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Many colonists who wanted to move to the frontier did not like the Proclamation.
After the French and Indian War, the colonists began to think that they were not getting their "rights as freeborn Englishman".
This meant they wanted to be treated fairly by the English government.
This was mainly caused by new taxes the British made the colonies pay to pay for the war.
Americans called this "No taxation without representation", meaning that the colonists should not have to pay taxes unless they had votes in the British Parliament.
Each tax was disliked, and replaced by another which led to more unity between the colonies.
In 1770, colonists in Boston known as the Sons of Liberty got in a fight with British soldiers.
This became known as the Boston Massacre.
After the Tea Act, the Sons of Liberty dumped hundreds of boxes of tea in the sea.
This was known as the Boston Tea Party (1773).
This led to the British Army taking over Boston.
After that, leaders of the 13 colonies formed a group called the Continental Congress ( 1774 ).
Many people were members of the Continental Congress, but some of the more important ones were Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock, Roger Sherman and John Jay.
In 1776, Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense.
It argued that the colonies should be free of English rule.
This was based on the English ideas of natural rights and social contract put forth by John Locke and others.
On July 4, 1776, people from the 13 colonies agreed to the United States Declaration of Independence.
This said that they were free and independent states, and were not part of England any more.
The colonists were already fighting Britain in the Revolutionary War at this time.
The Revolutionary War started in 1775 at Lexington and Concord.
Though American soldiers under George Washington lost many battles to the British, they won a major victory at Saratoga in 1777.
This led to France and Spain joining the war on the side of the Americans.
In 1781, an American victory at Yorktown helped by the French led Britain to decide to stop fighting and give up the colonies.
America had won the war and its independence.
The Federal Period (1781–1815)
In 1781, the colonies formed a confederation of states under the Articles of Confederation, but it lasted only six years.
It gave almost all the power to the states and very little to the central government.
The confederation had no president.
It could not remove Native Americans or the British from the frontier, nor could it stop mob uprisings such as Shays' Rebellion.
After Shays' Rebellion, many people thought the Articles of Confederation were not working.
In 1787, a constitution was written.
Many of the people who helped write the Constitution, such as Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and Gouverneur Morris, were among the major thinkers in America at the time.
Some of these men would later hold important offices in the new government.
The constitution created a stronger national government that had three branches: executive (the President and his staff), legislative (the House of Representatives and the Senate), and judicial (the federal courts).
Some states agreed to the Constitution very quickly.
In other states, many people did not like the Constitution because it gave more power to the central government and had no bill of rights.
To try and get the Constitution passed, Madison, Hamilton and Jay wrote a series of newspaper articles called the Federalist Papers.
Very soon after, the Bill of Rights was added.
This was a set of 10 amendments (changes), that limited the government's power and guaranteed rights to the citizens.
Like the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution is a social contract between the people and the government.
The main idea of the Constitution is that the government is a republic (a representative democracy) elected by the people, who all have the same rights.
However, this was not true at first, when only white males who owned property could vote.
Because of state laws as well as the 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th and 26th Amendments, almost all American citizens who are at least 18 years old can vote today.
In 1789, Washington was elected the first President.
He defined how a person should act as President and retired after two terms.
During Washington's term, there was a Whiskey Rebellion, where country farmers tried to stop the government from collecting taxes on whiskey.
In 1795, Congress passed the Jay Treaty, which allowed for increased trade with Britain in exchange for the British giving up their forts on the Great Lakes.
However, Great Britain was still doing things that hurt the U.S., such as impressment (making American sailors join the British Royal Navy).
John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1796 to become the second President of the United States.
This was the first American election that was between two political parties.
As president, Adams made the army and navy larger.
He also got the Alien and Sedition Acts passed, which were much disliked.
In the election of 1800, Jefferson defeated Adams.
One of the most important things he did as President was to make the Louisiana Purchase from France, which made the United States twice as big.
Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to map the Louisiana Purchase.
Jefferson also tried to stop trade with England and France so that the United States would not become involved in a war the two countries were fighting.
Fighting broke out between the United States and England in 1812 when James Madison was President.
This was called the War of 1812.
Expansion Industrialization And Slavery (1815–1861)
One of the problems of this period was slavery.
By 1861, over three million African-Americans were enslaved in the South.
This means that they worked for other people, but had no freedom and received no money for their work.
Most worked picking cotton on large plantations.
Cotton became the main crop in the South after Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793.
There were a few slave rebellions against slavery, including one led by Nat Turner.
All of these rebellions failed.
The South wanted to keep slavery, but by the time of the Civil War, many people in the North wanted to end it.
Another argument between the North and South was about the role of government.
The South wanted stronger state governments, but the North wanted a stronger central government.
After the War of 1812 the Federalist Party faded away, leaving an "Era of Good Feelings" in which only one party was important, under Presidents James Madison and James Monroe.
Under Monroe, the United States' policy in North America was the Monroe Doctrine, which suggested that Europe should stop trying to control the United States and other independent countries in the Americas.
Around this time, Congress called for something called the "American System".
The American System meant spending money on banking, transportation and communication.
Due to the American System, bigger cities and more factories were built.
One of the big transportation projects of this time was the Erie Canal, a canal in the state of New York.
By the 1840s, railroads were built as well as canals.
By 1860, thousands of miles of railroads and telegraph lines had been built in the United States, mostly in the Northeast and Midwest.
In the early 19th century, the industrial revolution came to America.
Many factories were built in Northern cities such as Lowell, Massachusetts.
Most of them made clothes.
Many factory workers were women, and some were children or people from Ireland or Germany.
Despite this industrialization, America was still a nation of farmers.
In the early and mid-1800s, there was a religious movement called the Second Great Awakening.
Thousands of people gathered at large religious meetings called revivals.
They thought they could bring about a Golden Age in America through religion.
New religious movements such as the Holiness Movement and the Mormons started, and groups like the Methodist Church grew.
The Second Great Awakening led to two movements in reform, that is, changing laws and behaviors to make society better.
One of these was the Temperance Movement, which believed that drinking alcohol was evil.
The other was abolitionism, which tried to end slavery.
People such as Harriet Beecher Stowe and William Lloyd Garrison wrote books and newspapers saying that slavery should stop.
They also formed political movements, which included the Liberty Party, the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party.
Some abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglass, were former slaves.
By 1820, slavery was very rare in the North, but continued in the South.
In the 19th century, there was something called the “cult of domesticity” for many American women.
This meant that most married women were expected to stay in the home and raise children.
As in other countries, American wives were very much under the control of their husband, and had almost no rights.
Women who were not married had only a few jobs open to them, such as working in clothing factories and serving as maids.
By the 19th century, women such as Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton thought that women should have more rights.
In 1848, many of these women met and agreed to fight for more rights for women, including voting.
Many of the women involved in the movement for women’s rights were also involved in the movement to end slavery.
In 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected President.
He was the first president elected from the Democratic Party.
He changed the government in many ways.
Since many of his supporters were poor people who had not voted before, he rewarded them with government jobs, which is called "spoils" or "patronage".
Because of Jackson, a new party was formed to run against him called the Whigs.
This was called the "Second Party System".
Jackson was very much against the National Bank.
He saw it as a symbol of Whigs and of powerful American businessmen.
Jackson also called for a high import tax that the South did not like.
They called it the "Tariff of Abominations".
Jackson’s Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, was from the South.
He wrote that the South should stop the tariff and perhaps leave the Union (secession).
These words would be used again during the Civil War.
People started to move west of the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains at this time.
The first people who moved west were people who caught and sold animal skins such as John Colter and Jim Bridger.
By the 1840s, many people were moving to Oregon by wagon, and even more people went west after the California Gold Rush of 1849.
Many new states were added to the first thirteen, mostly in the Midwest and South before the Civil War and in the West after the Civil War.
During this period, Native Americans lost much of their land.
They had lost military battles to the Americans at Tippecanoe and in the Seminole War.
In the 1830s, Indians were being pushed out of the Midwest and South by events such as the Trail of Tears and the Black Hawk War.
By the 1840s, most Native Americans had been moved west of the Mississippi River.
The MexicanAmerican War ( 1846—1848 )
In 1845, Texas, which was a nation after it left Mexico, joined the United States.
Mexico did not like this, and the Americans wanted the land Mexico had on the West Coast (“Manifest Destiny”).
This led to the U.S. and Mexico fighting a war called the Mexican-American War.
During the war, the U.S captured the cities of San Francisco, Los Angeles, Monterrey, Veracruz and Mexico City.
As a result of the war, the U.S. gained land in California and much of the American Southwest.
Many people in the North did not like this war, because they thought it was just good for Southern slave states.
In the 1840s and 1850s, people in the Northern states and people in the Southern states did not agree whether slavery was right or wrong in the territories—parts of the United States that were not yet states.
People in the government tried to make deals to stop a war.
Some deals were the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, but they did not really work to keep the Union together.
People in the South were angry at books like Uncle Tom’s Cabin that said that slavery was wrong.
People in the North did not like a Supreme Court decision called Dred Scott that kept Scott a slave.
People from the South and people from the North started killing each other in Kansas over slavery.
This was called "Bleeding Kansas".
One of the people from Bleeding Kansas, John Brown, took over a town in Virginia in 1859 to make a point about slavery being wrong and to try to get slaves to fight their owners.
In the election of 1860, the Democratic Party split and the Republican candidate for President, Abraham Lincoln, was elected.
After this, many Southern states left the Union.
Eventually, eleven states left.
They tried to start a new country called the Confederate States of America, or the "Confederacy".
A war started between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South).
Not having factories made it harder for Southern soldiers to get guns or uniforms.
The South could not get supplies because Northern ships blockaded the Southern coast.
Early in the war, Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson won battles over Union generals such as George B. McClellan and Ambrose Burnside.
In 1862 and 1863, the Union Army tried to take the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia several times, but failed each time.
Lee's army invaded the North twice, but was turned back at Antietam and Gettysburg.
In the middle of war, Lincoln made the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves in the Confederacy, and started letting black men fight in the Union Army.
The war started going the Union’s way after the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg in 1863.
Gettysburg stopped Lee from invading the North, and Vicksburg gave the Union control over the Mississippi River.
In 1864, a Union Army under William T. Sherman marched through Georgia and destroyed much of it.
By 1865, Union General Ulysses S. Grant had taken Richmond and forced Lee to give up the fight at Appomattox.
Reconstruction and the Gilded Age
In April 1865, Lincoln was shot and killed while watching a play.
The new president, Andrew Johnson, had to go through the process of reconstruction, which was putting the United States back together after the Civil War.
During this time, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution were passed, freeing slaves, making them citizens and allowing them to vote.
Congress was run by "Radical Republicans", who wanted to punish the South after the Civil War.
They did not like Johnson, and almost removed him from office.
They also sent many soldiers to the South, installed unpopular "scalawag" governments, and made the South pass the 14th and 15th Amendments.
The South did not like this, so they made "Jim Crow" laws that placed blacks in lower roles.
White Southern Democrats started a group called the Ku Klux Klan that attacked blacks and stopped them from voting.
During this time, many people moved to the United States from other countries, such as Ireland, Italy, Germany, Eastern Europe, and China.
Many of them worked in large factories and lived in big cities, such as New York City, Chicago, and Boston, often in small, poor, close-together apartments called "tenements" or "slums".
They often were used by "political machines", who gave them jobs and money in exchange for votes.
Major politicians were chosen by political machines and were corrupt.
The government could do little and leaders of big businesses often had more power than the government.
At this time, there were several very big businesses called trusts.
People who ran trusts made millions of dollars while paying their workers low wages.
Some of these people were John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan.
After the Civil War, people continued to move west where new states were formed.
People now could get free land in the West due to an 1862 law called the Homestead Act.
Most of the land in the West was owned by the government, railroads, or large farmers.
The Transcontinental Railroad, finished in 1869, helped get people and goods from the west to the rest of the country.
Chicago became the center of trade between West and East because many rail lines met there.
There were problems between the white settlers and the native Indians as more people began to move west.
Because of this, many more Indians were killed at battles such as Wounded Knee.
Almost all the Indians' land was taken away by laws like the Dawes Act.
Many Americans thought the railroads charged farmers so much money that it made them poor.
Workers led several strikes against the railroad that were put down by the army.
Also, farmers started groups to fight the railroad, such as the Grange.
These groups became the Populist Movement, which almost won the presidency under William Jennings Bryan.
The Populists wanted reforms such as an income tax and direct election of Senators.
The Populist Party died out after 1896.
Many of the things the Populists wanted would happen during the Progressive Era.
Progressive era and imperialism
In the United States, progressivism is the belief that the government should have a larger role in the everyday life of Americans to provide good living standards for people, especially workers.
Imperialism was the belief that the U.S. should build a stronger navy and conquer land.
In the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries, the U.S. started being more active in foreign affairs.
In 1898, the United States fought a war with Spain called the Spanish–American War.
The United States won, and gained Puerto Rico, Guam, Guantanamo and the Philippines.
Combined with the purchase of Alaska and the taking-over of Hawaii, the United States had gained all the territory it has today, plus some it would later lose after World War II.
Around this time, the U.S. and European nations opened up trade with China.
This was because they had beaten China in the Opium Wars and the Boxer Rebellion.
The U.S. and Europe were able to trade with China through the Open Door Policy.
In 1901, Republican Theodore Roosevelt became President.
He had been a soldier in the Spanish–American War.
He called for a foreign policy known as the "Big Stick".
This meant having a large navy and exercising control over Latin America.
Between 1901 and 1930, the United States sent soldiers into Latin America several times.
When Roosevelt was president, work was begun on the Panama Canal, a link between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans that made travel around the world much faster.
During this time, people started to notice the poor condition of American cities.
A group of people called the “muckrakers” wrote books and newspaper articles about subjects like the power of big business, unclean practices in factories, and the condition of poor people.
Roosevelt and Congress answered their concerns with laws such as the Pure Food and Drug Act.
The Act controlled the way food was made to make sure it was safe.
Another response to the muckrakers was something called "trust-busting", where big businesses were broken up into smaller ones.
The biggest business broken up this way was the Standard Oil Company in 1911.
In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became President.
He was a Progressive, but not quite the same as Roosevelt.
He fought the "triple wall of privilege", which was big business, taxes, and fees on goods coming into the United States.
During this time, the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution were passed.
They allowed for a federal income tax and direct election of U.S. Senators.
The United States did not want to enter World War I but wanted to sell weapons to both sides.
In 1915 a German submarine sank a ship carrying Americans called the Lusitania.
This angered Americans, and Germany stopped attacking passenger ships.
In January 1917 Germany started attacking them again, and sent the Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico about invading the U.S. The United States joined the war against Germany, and it ended a year later.
Wilson worked to create an international organization called the League of Nations.
The main goal of the League was preventing war.
However, the United States did not join because isolationists rejected the peace treaty.
At the end of World War I, a flu pandemic killed millions of people in the U.S. and Europe.
After the war, the United States was one of the richest and most powerful nations in the world.
Boom and bust (1919–1939)
The "Roaring Twenties"
The 1920s were an era of growth and increased wealth for the United States.
Many Americans began buying consumer products, such as Model T Fords and appliances.
Advertising became very important to American life.
During this time, many black people moved out of the South and into large cities such as New York City, Chicago, St. Louis and Los Angeles.
They brought with them jazz music, which is why the 1920s are called the "Jazz Age".
The 1920s were also the Prohibition Era after the Eighteenth Amendment passed.
During the 1920s, drinking alcohol was illegal, but many Americans drank it anyway.
This led to much rum-running and violent crime.
Racism was strong in the 1920s.
The Ku Klux Klan was powerful once again, and attacked black people, Catholics, Jews and immigrants.
People blamed the war and problems in business on immigrants and labor leaders, whom they said were Bolsheviks (Russian communists).
Many people also thought that the United States had lost touch with religion.
They handled that by changing religion, and some of them by attacking science.
After World War I, the United States had an isolationist foreign policy.
That meant it did not want to enter into another global war.
It passed laws and treaties that supposedly would end war forever, and refused to sell weapons to its former allies.
In 1921, Warren G. Harding became President.
He believed that the best way to make the economy good was for the government to be friendly to big business by cutting taxes and regulating less.
While the economy was doing very well under these policies, America had the largest difference between how much money the rich had and how much money the poor had.
Harding's presidency had several problems.
The biggest one was Teapot Dome over oil drilling in the Navy Oil Reserve.
Harding died in 1923, and Calvin Coolidge became President.
Coolidge believed that the government should keep out of business, just like Harding, and continued many of Harding's policies.
Coolidge chose not to seek the presidency in 1928 and Herbert Hoover became president.
In 1929, a Great Depression hit the United States.
The stock market crashed (lost much of its value).
Many banks ran out of money and closed.
By 1932, over a quarter of the nation had no jobs, and much of the nation was poor or unemployed.
Many people were driven off farms, not only because of the Depression, but also because of a storm known as the "Dust Bowl" and because farmers had not been doing well during the 1920s.
President Hoover tried to do something about the Depression, but it did not work.
In 1932, he was defeated and Franklin D. Roosevelt became President.
He created the New Deal.
It was a series of government programs which would give relief (to the people who were hurt by the bad economy), recovery (to make the economy better), and reform (to make sure a depression never happens again).
The New Deal had many programs such as Social Security, the National Recovery Administration (regulated wages), Works Progress Administration (built thousands of roads, schools, government buildings and works of art), the Civilian Conservation Corps (gave young people jobs to help the environment), and Tennessee Valley Authority (built dams and electric lines in the South).
These programs put millions of Americans to work, though often at low pay.
Many of these programs were started early in Roosevelt's term in a time called the "Hundred Days" or in 1935 in a time called the "Second New Deal".
Programs like Social Security grew out of populist movements by people such as Huey Long that were called "Share Our Wealth" and "Ham and Eggs".
The New Deal also led to the rise of worker's unions such as the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
The New Deal is often called the period that "saved capitalism", and stopped America from becoming a Communist or Fascist state.
Although the New Deal improved the economy, it did not end the Great Depression.
The Great Depression was ended by World War II.
As World War II was beginning, the United States said they would not get involved in it.
Most Americans thought the United States should remain neutral, and some people thought the United States should enter the war on the side of the Germans.
Eventually, the U.S. did try to help the Allied Powers (Soviet Union, Britain, and France) with the Lend Lease Act.
It gave the Allies a lot of money and guns in trade for use of air bases throughout the world.
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, a U.S.Naval base in Hawaii.
The U.S. was no longer neutral, and it declared war on the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, Italy).
The U.S. entering World War II ended the Great Depression because the war created many jobs.