the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Following the fashion of the time, his hair has not yet been cut and his clothes match those of his sister, Georgette, who perches on the family dog.
Pleased with the painting, Madame Charpentier used her influence to ensure that it was hung in a choice spot at the Salon and introduced Renoir to her friends, several of whom commissioned work from him."
1870s paintings
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Howitzers are one of two main types of field artillery, the other being the field gun.
Howitzers fire a heavy shell in a high-trajectory from a short barrel.
They have a short range, but they are slightly more mobile than similar size field guns.
Since World War II howitzers have gained longer barrels and increased range to become gun-howitzers.
Towed howitzers
Self-propelled howitzers
Kim Jang-saeng (, July 8 1548 - August 3 1631) was a Korean scholar, writer, politician, and Neo-Confucian philosopher of the  Joseon period.
His penname was Sagye (사계, 沙溪).
grandfather : Kim Ho (김호, 金鎬)
father : Kim Gye-hui (김계휘, 金繼輝)
mother : Lady Shin, Pyungsan clean (평산 신씨, 平山申氏)
wife : Ladt Cho, Chanryung clean (창녕조씨)
Son : Kim Jip
Son : Kim Ban, father of Kim Ikhun and grandfather of Kim Manjung
Sagyejeonseo (사계전서, 沙溪全書)
Gyungseopanui (경서판의)
Garyejipram (가례집람, 家禮輯覽), Exposition of Family Rites
Sangryebiyo (상례비요, 喪禮備要)
Geunsaroksukui (근사록석의, 近思錄釋疑)
Gyungseobyunui (경서변의, 經書辨疑)
Songganghaengrok (송강행록, 松江行錄)
Sagyeyugo (사계유고, 沙溪有故)
Ahn Bang-jun
Song Ik-phil
Korean philosophers
Hermes and the Infant Dionysos is a statue possibly made by the ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles.
The statue was discovered in 1877 in the ruins of the Temple of Hera at Olympia, Greece.
It is now in the Archaeological Museum of Olympia.
The statue was probably made in the 4th century BC.
This date is based on a remark by the 2nd century Greek traveller Pausanias.
Hermes stands 2.15 meters (7 ft.
½ in.)
He is missing two fingers of his left hand, both forearms below the elbow, the left foot, and his penis.
Dionysos is missing his arms (except the right hand on Hermes' shoulder).
He is missing the end of his right foot.
Much of the tree trunk and the plinth are also lost.
However, an ancient base survives, made of a grey limestone block between two blocks of marble.
The group is sculpted from a block of Parian marble.
Hermes measures 2.10/2.12 meters, 3.70 m with the base.
The right foot of Hermes is integral with a section of the base.
The face and torso of Hermes are striking for their highly polished, glowing surface.
The back shows the marks of the rasp and chisel.
The rest of the sculpture is not completely finished.
At the time of its discovery, the hair had some slight traces of cinnabar, a form of mercury sulfate with a red color that may have been a preparation for gilding.
Cinnabar tints are seen on the sandal straps of the original foot, with traces of gilding.
The sandal also bears the motif of a Heraclean knot.
Lilith is a female demon in Jewish legends, found first in the Dead Sea scrolls.
The legend is related to a Hebrew language term lilith meaning night, and has also been linked to beliefs about demons called lili in ancient Mesopotamia.
It is believed by some that during creation, Lilith was made before Eve was.
This version states she was created from the same dirt as Adam.
She later came to change the earth and make it peaceful.
To make the blind see.
To let man kind have power over themselves and not let a narcissist rule.
To let love and joy rule.
Just like magic.
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Wednesday, January 1 (dominical letter E).
Examples include 1975, 1986, 1997, 2003, 2014 and 2025 in the Gregorian calendar,
or 2015 and 2026 in the Julian calendar.
This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 200 when divided by 400.
The most recent such year was 1800 and the next one will be 2200 in the Gregorian calendar (see bottom tables).
This common year is one of three common years that has only one Friday the 13th, the others being Common year starting on Friday and Common year starting on Saturday.
The Friday the 13th in this common year is in June.
This characteristic is shared with a Leap year starting on Tuesday.
In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 20, Valentine’s Day is on a Friday, Presidents Day is on February 17, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Monday, Mother’s Day is on May 11, Memorial Day is on May 26, Father’s Day is on its earliest possible date, June 15, Independence Day is on a Friday, Labor Day is on its earliest possible date, September 1, Columbus Day is on October 13, Halloween is on a Friday, Veterans Day is on a Tuesday, Thanksgiving is on November 27, and Christmas is on a Thursday.
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Tuesday, January 1 (dominical letter F).
Examples include Gregorian years 1974, 1985, 1991, 2002, 2013, 2019, and 2030;
This common year is one of two common years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Common year starting on Sunday and Common year starting on Monday.
The Friday the 13ths in this common year are in September and December.
This characteristic share it with a Leap year starting on Monday.
In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on its latest possible date, January 21, Valentine’s Day is on a Thursday, Presidents Day is on February 18, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Sunday, Mother’s Day is on May 12, Memorial Day is on May 27, Father’s Day is on June 16, Independence Day is on a Thursday, Labor Day is on September 2, Columbus Day is on its latest possible date, October 14, Halloween is on a Thursday, Veterans Day is on a Monday, Thanksgiving is on its latest possible date, November 28, and Christmas is on a Wednesday.
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Monday, January 1 (dominical letter G).
Examples incude Gregorian years 1973, 1979, 1990, 2001, 2007, 2018, and 2029;
or 2013 and 2019 in the Julian calendar.
This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 300 when divided by 400.
The most recent such year was 1900 and the next one will be 2300 in the Gregorian calendar (See tables at bottom.)
This common year is one of two common years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Common year starting on Sunday and Common year starting on Tuesday.
The Friday the 13ths in this common year are in April and July.
This characteristic is shared with Leap Years Starting on Sunday but they also have another one in January.
In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on its earliest possible date, January 15, Valentine’s Day is on a Wednesday, Presidents Day is on February 19, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Saturday, Mother’s Day is on May 13, Memorial Day is on May 28, Father’s Day is on June 17, Independence Day is on a Wednesday, Labor Day is on September 3, Columbus Day is on its earliest possible date, October 8, Halloween is on a Wednesday, Veterans Day is on a Sunday, Thanksgiving is on it’s earliest possible date, November 22, and Christmas is on a Tuesday.
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Thursday, January 1 (dominical letter D).
Examples include years 1970, 1981, 1987, 1998, 2009, 2015 and 2026 in the Gregorian calendar,
or 2010, 2021 and 2027 in the Julian calendar (see bottom tables).
This is the only common year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th, in February, March and November.
The other type of year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th is a Leap year starting on Sunday which has three Friday the 13ths in January, April, and July.
Also interestingly, with the exception of skipped leap years, leap years starting on Sunday falls exactly three years either side of two consecutive common years starting on Thursday; the most recent occurrence was 2012 between 2009 and 2015.
From February until March in this type of year is also the shortest period (one month) that runs between two instances of Friday the 13th.
In this common year, February is rectangular in calendar where weeks start on a Sunday, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 19, Valentine’s Day is on a Saturday, President's Day is on February 17, Saint Patrick’s Day is on a Tuesday, Memorial Day is on its earliest possible date, May 25, U.S. Independence Day and Halloween are on a Saturday, Labor Day is on its latest possible date, September 7, Veterans Day is on a Wednesday, Thanksgiving is on November 26, and Christmas is on a Friday.
This common year is also the only one where Memorial Day and Labor Day are not 14 weeks (98 days) apart: they are 15 weeks (105 days) apart in this common year.
Leap years starting on Wednesday share this characteristic.
Like leap years starting on Wednesday, this common year also has the shortest gap between Halloween (October 31) and the end of Daylight Saving Time in the US (November 1) by one day.
Prior to 2007, this common year had the longest gap between the end of Daylight Saving Time in the US (October 25) and Halloween by 6 days.
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Friday, January 1 (dominical letter C).
Examples include 1971, 1982, 1993, 1999, 2010, 2021, and 2027 in the Gregorian calendar,
or 2011 and 2022 in the Julian calendar.
This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 100 when divided by 400.
The most recent such year was 1700 and the next one will be 2100 in the Gregorian calendar (see bottom tables).
In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 18, Valentine’s Day is on a Sunday, Presidents Day is on its earliest possible date, February 15, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Wednesday, Mother’s Day is on May 9, Memorial Day is on its latest possible date, May 31, Father’s Day is on June 20, Independence Day is on a Sunday, Labor Day is on September 6, Columbus Day is on October 11, Halloween is on a Sunday, Veterans Day is on a Thursday, Thanksgiving is on November 25, and Christmas is on a Saturday.
This is one of three common years to have only one Friday the 13th, the other two being Common year starting on Wednesday and Common year starting on Saturday.
The Friday the 13th in this common year is in August.
This characteristic is shared with Leap Years Starting on Thursday but also have another one in February.
This is the only year type where the nth "Doomsday" (this year Sunday) is not in ISO week  n; it is in ISO week n-1.
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Saturday, January 1 (dominical letter B).
Examples include 1977, 1983, 1994, 2005, 2011, 2022 (the current year), and 2033 in the Gregorian calendar,
or Julian years 2017 and 2023 (see bottom tables).
The question mark for the ISO week before week 1 is due to ambiguity based on whether or not the previous year was a leap year.
If it was, then that week is week 53, if it was a common year then it is week 52.
This common year is one of three common years that have only one Friday the 13th, the others being Common year starting on Wednesday and Common year starting on Friday.
The Friday the 13th in this common year is in May.
This characteristic is shared with a Leap year starting on Friday.
In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 17, Valentine’s Day is on a Monday, Presidents Day is on its latest possible date, February 21, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Thursday, Mother’s Day is on its earliest possible date, May 8, Memorial Day is on May 30, Father’s Day is on June 19, Independence Day is on a Monday, Labor Day is on September 5, Columbus Day is on October 10, Halloween is on a Monday, Veterans Day is on a Friday, Thanksgiving is on November 24, and Christmas is on a Sunday.
A common year is a year with 365 days—in other words, not a leap year.
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday, January 1 (dominical letter A) or for any year in which “Doomsday” is Tuesday.
Examples include years 1978, 1989, 1995, 2006, 2017, and 2023 in the Gregorian calendar,
In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 16, Valentine’s Day is on a Tuesday, Presidents Day is on February 20, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Friday, Mother’s Day is on its latest possible date, May 14, Memorial Day is on May 29, Father’s Day is on June 18, Independence Day is on a Tuesday, Labor Day is on September 4, Columbus Day is on October 9, Halloween is on a Tuesday, Veterans Day is on a Saturday, Thanksgiving is on November 23, and Christmas is on a Monday.
This common year is one of two common years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Common year starting on Monday and Common year starting on Tuesday.
The Friday the 13ths in this common year are in January and October.
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet switching network and we me of the first to use TCP/IP.
It was made by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United States Department of Defense.
It was the main network of a set that came to make up the global Internet.
Gung Ye (, 869? -
24 July 918) was the Korean Goryeo Dynasty's first King.
He was a Silla noble.
His family name was Kim (김, 金), but was changed to Gung (궁, 弓).
His first name was Seonjong (선종, 善宗).
He was the illegitimate child of King Heonan of Silla or Gyungmun of Silla.
Later, around 880 he lost in the  Silla royal family's war of succession.
Gung Ye disappeared in the north.
In 900, he started a country called Goryeo.
The Academy of Korean Studies, Korea through the Ages Vol.
1, The Editor Publishing Co., Seoul, 2005.
918 deaths
The cantor's duties and qualifications have varied a lot in different times and places.
In Roman Catholic and Anglican worship the cantor is the person (usually a man) who sings the solo parts of a chant, while the choir sing the choral parts.
In the Middle Ages the cantor came to be the supervisor or director of the choir.
In Anglican cathedrals they are often known as the precentor.
Stanley Sadie 1980 vol 3;
Crelle's Journal, or just Crelle, is a journal that was published monthly for mathematical articles.
It was founded by August Leopold Crelle in 1826 in Berlin.
The full German title is  Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (in English: Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics).
Crelle edited the journal until his death in 1855.
Lots of very important mathematical articles were published in it.
Some of these were articles which had a very big influence on the development of mathematics.
It published famous articles by mathematicians such as Niels Henrik Abel, Georg Cantor, and Gotthold Eisenstein.
It was edited by Carl Wilhelm Borchardt from 1856–80, during which time it was known as Borchardt's Journal.
The editor today is Rainer Weissauer (Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg).
The Alvis Stormer, usually just called the Stormer, was a British armoured vehicle.
It was in service with the British Army until mid-2009, when the Stormers were gradually retired.
It was made by the British company Alvis Vickers.
Alvis Vickers is now called BAE Systems Global Combat Systems.
Different types of Stormer
There are three different kinds of Stormer.
Stormer HVM
Flat bed Stormer
Stormer 30
Stormer 30 is a changed Stormer chassis which gives a tracked reconnaissance vehicle.
This type has a turret.
The vehicle is still only a prototype.
It is unknown when it will enter service.
The vehicle will be able to be moved around by the C-130 Hercules used by the RAF aircraft as well as the CH-53, which is currently in service with NATO and other nations across the world.
Weight: 13.5 tonnes
Top speed: 80 kilometres per hour
Range: 650 km.
Skip (written as $kip) is a singer-songwriter and pop artist.
He is known for his single entitled "Skippin'" which is a part from his self-titled debut album.
The song was a hit in the Philippines, certified gold.
At the age of 10, $kip performed for live audiences and clubs where people gave him credits for his act.
People also rated him performances.
One comment lead him to join a local competition and sang "Benny And The Jets", but didn't he win.
Two days after the competition, a call from his old record label offered him to get signed.
In 2011, he rejected his label and was forced to move to another one.
A week after releasing his first single, the song directly charted in the Philippines where it peaked in the top 8 for 2 straight weeks.
The single was then a certified Gold.
According to PARI (Philippine Association of the Record Industry), the single's certification was supposed to be higher, but all agreed that the single can only make it to Gold.
Skip has said that his debut album will be released some time in December 2012.
In February 2012, he performed his second single from the album, titled "Clap!
Clap!".
The song directly debuted on the Philippine Charts and there it peaked on number 10.
$kip (2012)
Kim Jip (1574 - 1656) was a Korean politician, scholar, teacher, and writer during the Joseon Dynasty.
He was also known as Shindokjae (신독재, 愼獨齋) or Shindok (신독, 愼獨).
His Chinese name was Sagang ().
He was the son of Kim Jangsaeng, and the teacher of Song Siyeol and Yun Seongeo.
Shindokjaejip (신독재집, 愼獨齋集)
Uiryemunhaesok (의례문해속, 疑禮問解續)
Ba...
Bi...
Bl...
Bo...
Br...
The following is a series of lists of counties, towns, cities, villages, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York.
The lists include information on the number and names of counties in which the places lie and their lower and upper ZIP code bounds, if applicable.
For the links to individual pages of places (counties, towns, cities, villages, and census-designated places), please see the Administrative divisions of New York at the bottom.
USGS Fips55 database
Jeong Gu (1543 - 1620) was a Korean politician and philosopher, historian, writer, Confucian scholar and poet of the Joseon Dynasty.
a penname was Hangang (), Chinese style name was Dogah () or Gabo ().
HangangMunjip (한강문집 寒岡文集)
Taegeukmunbyun (태극문변 太極問辨)
GAryejipramboju (가례집람보주 家禮輯覽補註)
Ohseonsaengyeseolbunryu (오선생예설분류 五先生禮說分類)
Gangjangrok (갱장록 羹墻錄)
Shimgyungbalhwe (심경발휘 心經發揮)
Shimuijejobup (심의제조법 深衣製造法)
Yefisangryubunryu (예기상례분류 禮記喪禮分類)
Ohbokyunhyukdo (오복연혁도 五福沿革圖)
Toegyesanjeryemundab (퇴계상제례문답 退溪喪祭禮問答)
Gaejeongjujaseojeolyochongmok (개정주자서절요총목 改定朱子書節要總目)
SEonghyunpung (성현풍 聖賢風)
SEonghyunpungBeom (성현풍범 聖賢風範)
Susaeuninrock (수사언인록 洙泗言仁錄)
Yumjangarngjangrock (염락갱장록 濂洛羹墻錄)
Gwanui (관의 冠儀)
Honui (혼의 婚儀)
Jangui (장의 葬儀)
Gyeui (계의 稧儀)
Yukdaeginyon (역대기년 歷代紀年)
Gogeumchungmo (고금충모 古今忠謨)
Chiranjeyo (치란제요 治亂提要)
wharyongji (와룡지 臥龍誌)
Uianjipbang (의안집방 醫眼集方)
Gwangsasoljip (광사속집 廣嗣續集)
Changshanji (창산지 昌山誌)
Dongbokji (동복지 同福志)
Kwandongji (관동지 關東志)
Younggaji (영가지 永嘉志)
Pyungyangji (평양지 平壤志)
Hamjuji (함주지 咸州志)
Jujashibunryu (주자시분류 朱子詩分類)
Ghogeumhoisu (고금회수 古今會粹)
http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=135770
http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=3521
Nitrocellulose (also: cellulose nitrate, flash paper) catches fire quickly.
It is formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent.
When used as a propellant or low-order explosive, it is also known as guncotton.
Nitrocellulose can be plasticized by camphor.
Kodak, and other suppliers, used placticized nitrocellulose as a film base in photograph, X-ray films and motion picture films.
People call this nitrate film.
After numerous fires caused by unstable nitrate films, safety film started to be used from the 1930s in the case of X-ray stock and from 1948 for motion picture film.
Big Bertha  is the name of a type of super-heavy howitzer made by the famous armaments manufacturer Krupp in Germany on the eve of World War I. Another huge gun,  42-cm Gamma-Device howitzer, was the forerunner of the Bertha.
Many sources say that Bertha is a reference to Bertha Krupp, heiress and owner of the Krupp industrial empire.
However, not all accept this.
During the war, the Germans gave numerous other nicknames to the M-Device. '
Dicke', meaning fat or big in German, is apparently not a reference to the physical aspect of Ms Krupp.
The name "Big Bertha" subsequently came to be applied generally by the Allies to any very large German gun.
This included the railway guns which used mounted battleship guns known as "Langer Max" and the ultra-long range "Paris Gun".
Strictly speaking, however, Dicke Bertha, or Big Bertha, is only applicable to the 42-cm M-Device howitzer.
Bertha was the result of lessons learned by the Germans (and Austrians) from the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05.
During the war, the Japanese had dismounted a number of their coastal defence 28-cm howitzers and used them to help break their siege of the fortified Russian naval base at Port Arthur.
This was a complete novelty as, until that time, it had been assumed by military experts that the largest transportable siege guns were around 20-cm in calibre.
Other Europeans completely failed to draw the lessons the Japanese had taught, and went forward without any huge siege guns.
Big Bertha gained a strong reputation on both sides of the lines due to its early impressive successes in smashing the forts at Liege, Belgium.
The German press went wild with enthusiasm and declared the Bertha a 'wonder weapon'.
When used later during the German assault upon Verdun in February 1916, however, it proved less effective, as the fort, made of concrete reinforced with steel, could mostly withstand the large semi-armour-piercing shells of the Berthas.
Only Fort Vaux was severely damaged during this event, destroying the water storage and leading to the surrender of the fort.
A total of 12 complete M-Devices were built; besides the two available when the war started, ten more were built during the war.
This figure does not include additional barrels.
As the war ground on several Berthas were destroyed when their barrels burst due to faulty ammunition.
Later in the Great War, an L/30 30.5-cm barrel was developed and fitted to a number of Bertha carriages in order to provide longer-range, though not quite as heavy fire.
"Sun, Moon, and Talia" () is a fairy tale by Giambattista Basile.
It was published in his Pentamerone (1636).
It is similar to the "Sleeping Beauty" tales by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm.
A great lord consults several wise men about the future of his newborn daughter Talia.
They predict she will be put in danger from a splinter of flax.
To protect his daughter, the father commands that no flax be brought into his house.
Years later, Talia sees an old woman spinning flax on a spindle.
She asks if she may try it.
As soon as she begins to spin, a splinter of flax goes under her fingernail.
She drops to the ground, and appears dead.
Her father puts Talia in one of his country houses and abandons her.
Some time later, a king, hunting in the nearby woods, follows his falcon into the house.
He finds Talia, and tries unsuccessfully to wake her up.
He rapes her and returns to his own city.
Still deep in sleep, Talia gives birth to twins (a boy and a girl).
They are tended by fairies.
One day, the boy begins to suck on Talia's finger and draws out the flax splinter.
Talia awakens immediately.
She names them "Sun" and "Moon" and lives with them in the house.
The king returns and finds Talia is the mother of twins.
He tells her what happened and they form a bond.
However, the king is married.
His wife is suspicious and learns the truth.
She gains possession of the two children.
She orders the cook to prepare them for consumption.
The cook spares the children and sends the queen a dish of lamb.
The queen taunts the king while he eats.
The queen has Talia brought to court.
She commands that a huge fire be lit in the courtyard, and that Talia be thrown into the flames.
Talia undresses and screams with grief.
The king hears Talia's screams.
He commands that his wife be thrown into the fire instead.
The king and Talia marry.
81-3.
Unexpurgated translation of Sun, Moon, and Talia
Analysis of the Sleeping Beauty stories
It was her fifth studio album overall.
It was released in late 2007 by Jive Records.
It was originally supposed to be the fourth single released off of her fifth studio album Blackout.
It was later included as a bonus track on her sixth studio album Circus.
La Belle au bois dormant () is an opera in three acts by Michele Carafa to a French libretto by François-Antonine-Eugène de Planard after the fairy tale of the same name by Charles Perrault.
It was first performed on March 2, 1825 at the Salle Le Peletier of Paris Opera.
The choreography was composed by Pierre Gabriel Gardel, and sets designed by Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri.
Main roles
Aurora, soprano
The Queen, soprano
The Prince, tenor
Carabosse, baritone
King Florestan, baritone
Amadeus Almanac
A mortar is an artillery weapon which fires explosive shells.
The shells are known as (mortar) bombs.
They are fired at targets which are close, as mortars do not have long range.
It has a short barrel which fires the mortar bomb at a low speed high into the air to reach its target.
They have been used since medieval times.
Mortars are made in different sizes, from large and heavy mortars to infantry mortars which can be carried by just one soldier.
They are called an indirect fire weapon because the bomb drops onto the target from above, rather than being aimed straight at it.
Soldiers firing a mortar do not need to be able to see their target.
A mortar is quite simple and easy to use.
Most are muzzleloaders made up of a tube that a gunner drops a bomb into.
The tube is usually set at between 45 and 90 degrees angle to the ground.
The higher the angle, the shorter the range.
When the bomb reaches the bottom of the tube it hits a firing pin.
The mortar bomb's weight is enough to set off the firing pin which ignites the round and fires it.
Some larger mortars have a firing pin that is set off by using a string instead of automatically.
From the 18th to the early 20th century, very heavy siege mortars were used.
These were very difficult to move around.
These had up to one metre calibre.
They were often made of cast iron.
Smaller designs that were easier to move around were brought in during the First World War.
Mortars are still used today.
Light and medium mortars are easy to move around.
They are usually used by infantry units.
Mortars can fire from a trench or defilade.
Heavy mortars are usually between 120- and 300-mm calibre.
These weapons are usually towed or put on to vehicles.
They are sometimes loaded from the back (breech-loaded).
They are usually used by infantry in battalions or divisions.
Even mortars this large are simpler and cheaper than howitzers and field guns.
A mortar can be moved around by one or more people (bigger mortars can usually be broken down into parts) or moved around in a vehicle.
An infantry mortar can usually be set up and fired from a mortar-carrier.
A mortar-carrier is a modified armoured vehicle or one built especially to be a mortar-carrier.
They have a big hatch on the roof.
Mortars with two barrels—like the AMOS PT1—are the latest kinds of heavy mortar.
They are put on carriers such as armoured personnel carriers, tank chassis and patrol boats.
Light versions of mortar are usually used by at least two men.
Heavier mortars are fired by three to five men.
Lighter mortars can be fired from anywhere that gives a good firing position.
However, medium mortars are usually fired from prepared, well fortified positions.
Mortars are mainly medium calibre weapons.
However, mortars both bigger and smaller than this have been made.
An example of a smaller mortar is the British 51 mm Light Mortar.
The 51 mm is carried by just one soldier.
It is made up of only a tube and a base plate.
A bigger example is the Soviet 2S4 M1975 Tyulpan (tulip flower) 240 mm self-propelled mortar.
Mortars are not very stable if they are used on snow or soft ground.
This is because the recoil pushes them into the ground.
The Raschen Bag can be used to avoid this problem.
The ammunition fired by mortars are properly called "bombs".
One possible reason for this is that the fins that stabilise the round when it is flying, and the shape of the round makes it look like a bomb dropped from aircraft.
Mortars can fire many different bombs.
High explosive.
This is a normal round which explodes when it hits the ground.
Smoke round.
This creates thick smoke, it can be various colours.
It is fired on enemy positions or in open areas to block visibility, so friendly forces can move without being visible.
White phosphorus.
This makes a thick smoke screen to blind and burn the enemy, causing second and third degree burns from the explosion.
Illumination round.
This is a flare which hangs underneath a parachute.
It lights up the battlefield at night.
Special features of mortars
Mortars are usually smaller and lighter than howitzers and field guns.
When the mortar bomb is launched, it descends at a very steep angle (almost straight down).
Mortars can be very helpful if they are used in hidden places.
It can be even more helpful if there are people around the battlefield that help tell the mortar where to fire (forward observers).
Mortars have existed for hundreds of years.
They were first used in sieges.
A European description of the Siege of Belgrade (1456) by Giovanni da Tagliacozzo says that the Ottoman Turks used seven mortars that fired "stone shots one Italian mile high".
The speed of these was said to be very slow.
It was also said that men could be prevented from being injured by putting observers out who warned the troops of what angle the mortars were firing at.
Early mortars like the Pumhart von Steyr were big and heavy.
They were also difficult to move around.
An early mortar that could be moved easily was invented by Baron Menno van Coehoorn  (Siege of Grave, 1673).
At the Siege of Vicksburg, General Ulysses S. Grant reported making mortars "by taking logs of the toughest wood that could be found, boring them out for six or twelve-pound shells and binding them with strong iron bands.
These answered as coehorns, and shells were successfully thrown from them into the trenches of the enemy."
Mortars were very useful in the muddy trenches of the Western Front.
A mortar round could be aimed to fall straight into a trench because of the deep angle that the bombs fell at.
Biggest mortars
The biggest mortars ever made were the French "Monster Mortar" (36 French inches; 975 mm; developed by Henri-Joseph Paixhans in 1832), Mallet's Mortar (36 inches; 910 mm; designed by Robert Mallet and tested by the Woolwich Arsenal, London, in 1857) and the "Little David" (36 inches; 914.4 mm; developed in the United States for use in World War II).
All three mortars had a caliber of 36 "inches".
However, only the "Monster Mortar" was used (at the Battle of Antwerp in 1832).
"Home-made" mortars
"Home-made" mortars have been used by insurgent groups.
They are usually used to attack well defended military bases or to scare civilians.
An early example was the Davidka.
This was used during the Israeli War of Independence in 1948.
The Provisional Irish Republican Army used some of the best-known examples during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.
The biggest types came to be known as "barracks busters".
They were usually made of heavy steel piping put onto a steel frame.
Well-known events using "home-made" mortars include the 1985 Newry mortar attack.
This was when nine members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary were killed.
Another well-known event is the Downing Street mortar attack in 1991.
In this, the IRA mortared 10 Downing Street during a meeting.
Three bombs were launched but only one exploded.
It landed in the back garden of the British Prime Minister's house.
It only broke the windows at the back of the house.
Prime Minister John Major had to move to Admiralty House while the windows were being fixed.
FM 3-22.90 Mortars - 7 Dec 2007(US Army)
FM 3-22.91 Mortar Fire Direction Procedures - 17 July 2008 (US Army)
Mallet's Mortar, the biggest British mortar ever made.
Mortars during World War I
The  was a field gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).
It became a standard field gun of the IJA after the end of the Russo-Japanese War.
In 1905 (Meiji 38), the Imperial Japanese Army selected Krupp's artillery design.
At first, the field guns were imported.
Plans to replace the Type 38s with Type 90 75 mm field guns went forward in 1931.
However, Type 38s continued to be used.
Combat record
Type 38 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page
US Technical Manual E 30-480
The Himalayan is a cat breed that was created in 1950 by crossing the Siamese and the Persian.
It has point markings and blue eyes like a Siamese, and long fur like a Persian.
Sometimes it is considered to be a color variation of the Persian, and not a separate breed.
A bombard is a large-caliber, muzzle-loading, medieval cannon or mortar.
It was used in sieges for throwing heavy stone balls.
The name bombarde was used in a French historical text around 1380.
The modern term bombardment comes from this.
Bombards were usually used during sieges to hurl various things into enemy forts.
Items such as stone or metal balls, burning materials and weighted cloth soaked in quicklime or Greek fire are have been written about.
A famous example of a bombard is Mons Meg, a large weapon built around 1449 and used by King James II of Scotland.
It was very powerful and used for bringing down castle walls.
Mons Meg could fire  shots and was one of the largest bombards in its time.
It is now on public display at Edinburgh Castle.
Other known bombards include two wrought iron weapons, the Pumhart von Steyr and Dulle Griet.
There were also weapons cast in bronze, the Faule Mette, Faule Grete, and Grose Bochse.
The Tsar Cannon is a late 16th century show-piece.
The Dardanelles Gun was built in the Ottoman Empire in 1464 by Munir Ali.
It weighed 18.6 t and was 518cm long.
It could  fire stone balls of up to 63cm diameter.
A bombardment is an attack by artillery weapons against fortifications, troops or towns and buildings.
It word came from the name of the medieval artillery weapon, the bombard, which was used to fire heavy stones during a siege.
Before World War I the word bombardment was only used for the attack of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings.
Since then it has come to mean any mass attack delivered by artillery or short range  missiles, and also as aerial bombardment if delivered by bomber aircraft or long range missiles.
It now is also used to describe activities in science, such as firing high energy particles like electrons into atoms in the study of nuclear reactions.
The word can also be used informally, for example, a person could be "bombarded" with questions.
In its old strict sense the term was only applied to the bombardment of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings.
The purpose is to destroy the courage of your enemies.
Civilians in a besieged town would put pressure on their military leaders to surrender before the place was destroyed.
The practice of using artillery to do this was especially common up until World War I. Since then long range artillery bombardment has been joined by aerial bombardment delivered by aircraft and missiles.
Rapier is a British surface-to-air missile.
It was developed for the British Army and Royal Air Force.
It began being used in 1971 and eventually replaced all other anti-aircraft weapons in the British Army.
It replaced both guns for targets that were flying low down, and the English Electric Thunderbird which was used against targets that were higher up and further away.
Rapier defends against fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aircraft and cruise missiles.
It is also able to fire two missiles at once.
Rapier started being developed in 1961.
It was done privately at the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC).
Then, the missile was known as "Sightline".
The project was to fight supersonic, low-flying aircrat.
At the time the British Army was going to buy the American MIM-46 Mauler for air-defense.
Mauler ran into problems in 1963, so the Ministry of Defence started giving money to Sightline.
Sightline was supposed to be a backup in case Mauler failed.
This eventually happened, and Sightline was eventually developed as "Rapier".
The missile was 1966 for testing.
Full versions of Rapier were tested in 1968.
A contract was given in 1969 for the missile to begin being made.
Rapier began being used in 1971 with the British Army, and 1974 with the Royal Air Force Regiment.
The first Rapier was a launcher on wheels.
It had four missiles.
The launcher is a large cylinder.
It has two missiles on each side.
Blindfire Radar
The first Rapier was accurate and simple to use.
However, it could not be used in all types of weather.
To fix this, BAC started working on a different radar unit.
This led to the Marconi DN 181 "Blindfire" radar in 1970.
The first Blindfires were sold to the Iranian Army in 1973.
The British Army did not buy the Blindfire system until 1979.
It soon became noticed that a version of Rapier that could be moved around was needed.
BAC decided to change Rapier to fit onto  the M548, a version of the M113 armored personnel carrier.
In 1974, this weapon was developed as "Tracked Rapier".
The vehicles were bought by the British Army.
The first Tracked Rapiers were used with 11 (Sphinx) Air Defence Battery, of 22 Air Defence Regiment, Royal Artillery in 1982-83.
Moving to firing takes only 30 seconds.
This was a very big improvement to Towed Rapier.
The biggest difference between towed and tracked Rapier was that the tracked Rapier launcher has eight missiles.
The towed Rapier only has four.
There was no room for Blindfire on a single M548.
Because of this, it is towed or put onto a different M548.
Tracked Rapier has been replaced by Starstreak missile launchers.
These are put onto the Alvis Stormer.
The "Field Standard B" (FSB) added some basic upgrades to Rapier.
Also, the radar which searches for enemy aircrat was upgraded so that it could be easily shut down.
Laserfire
Because of all the new upgrades, the first, cheap Rapier was gone.
To make Rapier cheaper, BAC began developing the "Rapier Laserfire" in 1982.
Tracking and firing is similar to the first Rapier.
However, the Laserfire lights up the target and automatically tracks it with a powerful YAG:Nd laser.
Missile upgrades
In 1988, a better missile started being tested.
This missile exploded before it hit the target.
This allowed Rapier to hit smaller, faster targets.
The missile has two versions, the Mk.
2A to shoot down aircraft, and the Mk.
2B, which can be used against light tanks and other armoured vehicles.
History in combat
In April 1982, the first Rapier was used during the Falklands War.
Early reports about Rapier were good.
They said Rapier got 14 kills and probably killed another 6 more.
However, later reports said that around four enemy aircraft were shot down by Rapier.
Only one Argentine aircraft, a Dagger A, was definitely a Rapier kill.
"Within the total only five Argentine aircraft might have been shot down by Rapier, and, as originally noted by Ethell and Price, only one of these was certain, with two probables and two possibles.
Similar discrepancies arose over other weapons systems, notably Blowpipe (one confirmed kill as against nine confirmed and two probables in the White Paper) and Sea Cat (zero to one against eight confirmed and two probables in the White Paper). […]
This confirmation that MoD had exaggerated, however unwittingly, the capabilities of Rapier was deemed to be political dynamite.
It was observed that if this assessment became publicly known it 'could have a serious adverse effects on sales' prospects for Rapier, which is the staple revenue-earner for BAe's Dynamic Group."
The main problems were that Rapier could not fire very far, and that there was no proximity fuse.
This meant that the gunner had to hit the aircrat with the missile directly.
There were also problems with Rapier's IFF system.
Possible replacement
It has been announced the UK Ministry of Defence was giving money to a company to find a replacement for Rapier.
The Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM) would have some components the same as the ASRAAM missile which is in service with the RAF.
Imperial Iranian Air Force
Imperial Iranian Army
Islamic Republic of Iran Army
Kenyan Air Force
Indonesian Army
Republic of Singapore Air Force
Turkish Air Force - 86 launchers.
They were made more modern in Turkey.
Swiss Air Force
United Arab Emirates Army
British Army - Royal Artillery
Rapier missile information on BAe website
Rapier missile information on MBDA company website
Step Up is a 2006 American romantic musical teen drama movie set in Maryland.
This movie is similar to "Bring It On" (which was released in 2000), except there is hip hop involved.
This movie was released August 11, 2006 in the United States.
The reviews were mixed to negative, though the movie had a high box office intake.
The sequel, Step Up 2: The Streets, was released February 14, 2008.
It stars Briana Evigan, Robert Hoffman, and Cassie and directed by Jon Chu.
A second sequel called Step Up 3D was released on August 6, 2010.
A third sequel called Step Up Revolution was released in 2012 and the fifth and final movie, Step Up: All In, was released in 2014.
was a field gun of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).
It was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.
This artillery piece was planned to replace the Type 38 75 mm field gun in front line combat units.
Before World War I, the Imperial Japanese Army mainly had Krupp cannons from Germany.
After the Versailles Treaty, the Japanese considered other options including field guns designed by Schneider et Cie from France.
The Type 90 75 mm field gun was used in Manchukuo.
It was used against the Soviet Red Army at the Battle of Nomonhan.
Type 90 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page
U.S. Technical Manual TM-E 30-480
Step Up 2: The Streets is a 2008 American musical teen drama movie.
It is the sequel to Step Up.
This sequel is set in the Baltimore region and was released in February 2008.
The movie got substandard reviews, though it received almost $151 million throughout the world.
The movie tells of teenager Andrea "Andie" West whose mother died from cancer when Andie was 16.
Andie now lives with Sarah (her guardian and her mother's best friend), though actually Andie always feels like she does not really belong anywhere.
She loves dancing, although she is performing very poorly during school.
One day, Andie, who is with Maryland School of Arts, is expelled from there by the MSA school director after the dance studio at her school is vandalized by students from 410 (four-one-oh), a competing [hip hop] dancing crew.
She is also expelled from MSA due to her connection with a hip hop crew known as The Streets, at which point Sarah has had enough of Andie's behavior and threatens to send Andie to Texas to live with her aunt.
Andie then receives a text from her best friend Missy.
Movies directed by Jon M. Chu
Phobias are irrational fears of things and situations which can be a danger but most are not harmful.
There are many kinds of phobias.
Here are listed more than 200 of them.
Trypophobia - fear of clustered holes
Turophobia - fear of cheese
Transphobia - fear of　transgender and transsexual people
Trypanophobia - fear of needles/ injections
Trudoculphobia - fear of a sharp object piercing the eye
Funny and fictional phobias
Anatidaephobia - fear that a duck, somewhere, is watching you
Arachibutyrophobia - fear of peanut butter stuck to the roof of the mouth
Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia - fear of long words
Venustraphobia - fear of pretty women
A railway gun, also called a railroad gun, is a large artillery weapon, built on, transported by, and fired from a specially designed railway wagon.
Many countries have built railway guns, but the best known were made by Krupp and used by Germany in World War I and World War II.
Smaller guns were often part of an armoured train.
Railway guns are no longer used.
Their large size and limited movement made them easy targets.
They have been replaced by  aircraft, rockets, and missiles.
The idea of railway guns was first suggested in the 1860s by a Mr Anderson.
He published a pamphlet in the United Kingdom titled National Defence in which he proposed a plan of ironclad railway carriages.
A Russian, Lebedew, claimed to have first invented the idea in 1860 when he is reported to have mounted a mortar on a railway car.
The first railway gun used in battle was a banded 32-pounder Brooke naval rifle.
In the American Civil War it was mounted on a flat rail car and protected with sheets of iron.
On 29 June 1862, Robert E. Lee had the gun pushed by a locomotive over the Richmond and York River line (later part of the Southern Railway) and used at the Battle of Savage's Station.
There is also a photo of a Union 13-inch siege mortar mounted on a rail car during the Siege of Petersburg, Virginia.
It was nicknamed the Dictator or the Petersburg Express.
Germany already had a few Big Bertha guns at the start of the First World War but the French had a shortage of heavy field artillery.
Large coastal defense guns and naval guns were moved to the front.
These were usually unsuitable for field use and needed some kind of mounting.
The railway gun was an obvious solution.
By 1916, both sides were using railway guns.
Baldwin Locomotive Works made five 14"/50 caliber railway guns on trains for the United States Navy during April and May 1918.
Each train carried a Mk 4 14"/50 caliber gun.
These were a  naval rifle used on New Mexico and Tennessee class battleships, mounted on a rail carriage with four 6-wheel bogies.
One of these guns is on display outside the museum at the Washington Navy Yard.
The Second World War saw the final use of railway guns.
The Germans used the massive  Schwerer Gustav gun, the largest artillery piece to be used in battle.
The rise of the aeroplane effectively ended the use of the railway guns.
Like battleships, they were big, expensive, and easily destroyed from the air.
Surviving railway guns
A 12 inch railway gun is at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, Virginia (see this link  for an image and brief description).
A US Navy 14"/50 caliber railway gun from World War I is at Washington Navy Yard, DC.
A German Krupp K5 gun ("Anzio Annie") is on show at the  United States Army Ordnance Museum.
It was made using parts from two German guns that shelled the Anzio beachhead.
They were partly destroyed by their crews before being captured by the Allies.
A second K5 can be seen at the Battery Todt museum, near Audinghen in northern France.
Soviet era 305mm MK-3-12 guns are on show at the Krasnaya Gorka fort near Lomonosov, Russia, and the Museum of Railway Technology, Saint Petersburg.
Soviet ТМ-1-180 180mm guns may be seen at Krasnaya Gorka fort,  the Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow and at Sevastopol Railway Station in the Ukraine.
The last surviving American-made Bethlehem 177 coastal railway gun is on show at Museu Militar Conde de Linhares in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Hall, D Major.
Military History Journal The South African Military History Society. -
Vol 2 No 3 June 1972.
Guns in South Africa 1899-1902 Part V and VI
Miller, H. W., Lt.
Railway Artillery: A Report on the Characteristics, Scope of Utility, Etc.,
of Railway Artillery, Volume I Washington: Government Print Office, 1921
"When Artillery First "Took to the Rails"
"Railwaygun Web Museum" .
Retrieved April 21, 2005.
Railway Gun Museum
K5 Eisenbahngeschutze
United States Navy Railway Batteries
"Gun Train Guards Ends of Panama Canal -- Rolling Fort Crosses Isthmus in Two Hours" Popular Mechanics, December 1934 pp.844-845 excellent drawings in article on the 14-inch M1920 railway gun
In science fiction, an ion cannon is a  beam weapon.
It shoots beams of ions (atoms or molecules  with an electrical charge).
Because of its power, it is usually said to be a superweapon.
An ion cannon is a type of particle cannon.
The particles it shoots are ionized.
Because of their electrical charges, they can cause electronic devices, vehicles, and anything else that has an electrical or similar power source to stop working.
Ion cannons are used in many  science-fiction movies and television series.
Ion cannons are also used in many video games.
Real-world connections
The science fiction idea for these weapons comes from the particle cannon created by Nikola Tesla.
Tesla's cannon shot ions into the ionosphere.
This caused them to be charged more.
Research of this idea is still being done with directed-energy weapons.
Media references
In the Star Wars universe, Ion weapons are common.