the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In many countries the burden of proof is on the person claiming that somebody is defaming them.
This means they have to prove that the thing that was said about them is false.
However, in England, it is the other way around.
If somebody claims that a statement is defamation, the person who made the statement has to prove the statement is true.
The act of filing a lawsuit
Sue (dinosaur), the largest Tyrannosaurus rex fossil ever found
Geographic term
Geographically, the term includes the U.S. states and regions of the United States of America that are located across the northernmost part of the country.
It includes, but is not limited to, states along the Canada–United States border.
The United States Census Bureau divides some of the northernmost United States into the Midwest Region and the Northeast Region.
The Census Bureau also includes the northernmost states of the Northwestern United States, that are, within the West Region.
Historical term
Before 19th century westward expansion, the "Northern United States" was considered the present day New England region.
By the 1830s it corresponded to the present day Northeastern United States
During the American Civil War, the Northern United States was composed of the U.S.  that remained in the United States of America, the Union states.
In this context, "The South" is composed of the states that seceded from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America.
However, which states comprised "The North" in this context can be the subject of historical disagreement.
Some slave-holding states that remained in the Union may be excluded.
Southeastern United States
Radical, from Late Latin radicalis "of roots" and from Latin radix "root", may refer to:
in science and mathematics
A radical (chemistry) is an atom, molecule, or ion which is likely to take part in chemical reactions.
Radical symbol (√), a symbol used to indicate the square root or nth root
Radical of an algebraic group, a concept in algebraic group theory
Radical of an ideal, an important concept in abstract algebra
Radical of a ring, in ring theory, a branch of mathematics, a radical of a ring is an ideal of "bad" elements of the ring
Radical of a module, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification
Jacobson radical, the Jacobson radical of a ring, R, consists of those elements in R which annihilate all simple right R-modules
Nilradical of a ring, the nilradical of a commutative ring is a nilpotent ideal, which is as large as possible
Nilradical of a Lie algebra, the nilradical of a lie algebra is a nilpotent ideal, which is as large as possible
Radical of an integer, a concept in number theory
Symmetric bilinear form, a concept in linear algebra
Radical of a Lie algebra, a concept in lie theory
in medicine
Radical surgery, surgery carried out in extreme circumstances and/or with extensive treatment
in linguistics
Root (linguistics), also called a "radical", the form of a word after any prefixes and suffixes are removed
Radical (Chinese character), part of a Chinese character under which it is indexed in a dictionary (also called bùshǒu 部首)
Radical, one of the three consonants in a Semitic root
Radical consonant, a consonant articulated with the root of the tongue
in politics
Political radicalism
Radicalism (historical), the Radical Movement which began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and Latin America in the 19th century
Radical left, another term for the far left
Radical right, another term for the far right
radical a person who shows a strong political stand point
Radical Whigs, influential early writers on Radicalism
Radical Reformation, an Anabaptist movement concurrent with the Protestant Reformation
Radical Republicans, a member of an influential group of American politicians during the Civil War reconstruction
Radical Party, one of a number of political parties around the world
Radicals (UK), parliamentary progressives who were part of the nineteenth-century Liberal coalition
Radical feminism, a current within feminism that focuses on patriarchy as a system of power
Radical veganism, a radical interpretation of veganism, usually combined with anarchism
in culture
Radical chic, a term coined by Tom Wolfe to describe the pretentious adoption of radical causes by celebrities, socialites, and high society
in architecture
Radical Baroque, an architectural style characterized by the curvature of walls and intersection of oval spaces
brands, titles and proper names
Radical Sportscars, an English sports car maker
Radical Entertainment, a video game developer based in Vancouver, Canada
Free Radical Design, a video game developer based in Nottingham, England
Free Radicals (band), a jazz-funk musical group from Houston, Texas
Free Radical Centre, a centre for free radical chemistry and biotechnology that was established in 2005
Radical (Smack album), Smack's fourth studio album, released in 1988
Rachel Louise Carson (born May 27, 1907 – died April 14, 1964) was an American marine biologist and nature writer.
Carson worked for 15 years as a biologist, scientist and editor in the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and then the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
Her books were very important in helping the environmental movement grow.
She was famous for writing Silent Spring.
She also wrote a set of three books about the ocean and what lives in and around it.
Silent Spring caught the attention of many Americans.
Before this not many worried about environmental problems and conservation.
The book looked at problems with DDT and other pesticides (chemicals that kill pests, like mosquitoes and flies).
It was thought these pesticides were safe, but they were actually causing many birds to die.
DDT stayed in insects and fish which were eaten by birds.
The birds then laid eggs with thin shells that would break.
Some birds, like the Bald Eagle almost disappeared from the United States.
In her book Carson said that without changes in how we use pesticides, there may not be birds left at some time in the future.
Instead of hearing birds sing in the spring, it would be quiet, and that is how the book got its title.
This book led to a change in the national pesticide policy and a ban on DDT and some other pesticides.
This new grassroots environmental movement, inspired by the book, led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency.
After her death, Carson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Jimmy Carter.
There is a National Wildlife Refuge in Maine named after her.
Rachel Carson was born on May 27, 1907 in Springdale, Pennsylvania and grew up on a family farm.
It was on the Allegheny River, near Pittsburgh.
Carson liked to read, and was a talented writer from an young age.
She also spent a lot of time exploring around her  farm.
She began writing stories (often with animals in them) at age eight, and had her first story published at age eleven.
She liked to read the St. Nicholas Magazine, which published her first stories.
It also published stories by Beatrix Potter, and the books of Gene Stratton Porter, Herman Melville, Joseph Conrad and Robert Louis Stevenson.
The natural world, particularly the ocean, was a common part of her favorite books.
Carson graduated high school in 1925, at the top of her class of forty-four students.
At the Pennsylvania College for Women (now known as Chatham University), as in high school, Carson was a bit of a loner.
She originally studied English, but switched her major to biology in January 1928.
She continued writing in the school's student newspaper.
Though accepted to graduate school at Johns Hopkins University in 1928, she had to remain at the Pennsylvania College for Women for her senior year because of money problems.
She graduated magna cum laude (highest honors) in 1929.
After a summer course at the Marine Biological Laboratory, she continued her studies in zoology and genetics at Johns Hopkins in the fall of 1929.
After her first year of graduate school, Carson worked in a laboratory with rats and Drosophila, to earn money for tuition.
She wrote her dissertation for her master's degree on how the pronephros in fish developed early in their life.
She earned a master's degree in zoology in June 1932.
She wanted to continue for a doctorate, but in 1934 Carson had to leave Johns Hopkins to find a full-time teaching job to help support her family.
In 1935, her father died suddenly, and Carson had to take care of her aging mother.
This made the money problem even bigger (this was during the Great Depression, when jobs were hard to find).
Working as a biologist
Her biology mentor from college helped her get a part-time job with the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries.
Here she wrote for a educational broadcast called Romance Under the Waters on the radio (this was before television).
It was a seven-minute program that ran once a week for a year.
It was about aquatic life (mostly fish), to increase public interest in fish biology and in what the Bureau of Fisheries did.
This was a job several people before Carson had not been able to do.
Carson also began submitting articles on marine life in the Chesapeake Bay to local newspapers and magazines.
Carson's boss liked what she did, and asked her to write the introduction to a public brochure about the fisheries bureau.
He also had her apply to the first full-time job that became available.
When she took the civil service exam, she outscored all other applicants.
In 1936 she became only the second woman to be hired by the Bureau of Fisheries for a full-time, professional position, as a junior aquatic biologist.
As author
Her 1951 bestselling book The Sea Around Us allowed her to work full-time as a nature writer.
People recognized her as a gifted writer.
Her next book, The Edge of the Sea, and the republished version of her first book, Under the Sea Wind, were also bestsellers.
Together, the three books explore all parts of ocean life, from the shores to the surface to the deep sea.
In the late 1950s, Carson became interested in conservation and the environmental problems caused by new pesticides.
At first, she did not want to write about it, but nobody else would write about the problems of pesticides.
So she studied the problem, and wrote Silent Spring (published in 1962).
Rachel Carson died young, at the age of 56.
She had breast cancer earlier.
It was treated, but after several years cancer came back.
She died April 14, 1964.
Marine biologists
Heterochrony (= different time) is any change in the timing of development in an animal or plant.
It is a key concept in developmental biology and evolution, introduced by Ernst Haeckel in 1875.
It applies to the time a trait appears in the growth of an organism, or to the timing of gene expression in development.p203
Its importance in biology is to explain the way closely related animals may come to have quite large differences in shape, and size, whilst nevetheless having a rather similar genome.
The main components are the time a process starts and stops in development, and the rate at which the process works.
In his book Embryos and evolution (1930) Gavin de Beer stressed the importance of heterochrony, and especially paedomorphosis, in evolution.
Changes to the genes which control timing in development can produce quite striking changes in the adult.
de Beer also conceived the idea of clandestine evolution, which helped to explain the sudden changes in the fossil record which were apparently at odds with Darwin's gradual theory of evolution.
If a novelty were to evolve gradually in an animal's juvenile form, then its development would not appear in the fossil record at all.
Then, if the species were to undergo neoteny, the feature would appear suddenly in the fossil record, despite having evolved gradually.
Stephen Jay Gould commented on this book:
"In a series of remarkable books that established the synthetic theory of evolution, Gavin de Beer's Embryology and evolution was the first and the shortest (1930; expanded and retitled Embryos and ancestors, 1940; 3rd ed 1958).
In 116 pages de Beer brought embryology into the developing orthodoxy... for more than forty years, this book has dominated English thought on the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny."
Stephen Gould
Paedomorphosis: a change in the genotype so the adults of a species retain traits previously seen only in juveniles.
Neoteny: in which bodily development is slowed, but sexual development continues at the same rate.
This results in a sexually mature juvenile or larval form.
See Axolotl.
Progenesis: in which development is halted before full maturity.
Postdisplacement: in which the start of development is delayed.
Neoteny is a type of heterochrony where bodily development is slowed, but sexual development goes on at the same rate.
A classic example is the Axolotl.
It has often been suggested that the human species is, at least to some extent, an example of neoteny.
These features of adult humans are different from those of adult great apes, but more similar to those of juvenile apes:
Sir Gavin Rylands de Beer FRS (1899–1972) was a British evolutionary embryologist.
He was Director of the London Natural History Museum, President of the Linnean Society, and received the Royal Society's Darwin Medal for his studies on evolution.
In the First World War he served in the Grenadier Guards.
Later, he taught at Oxford University zoology department.
In 1938, he was made Reader in Embryology at University College London.
During the Second World War de Beer again served with the Grenadier Guards reaching the rank of temporary lieutenant colonel.
He worked in military intelligence, propaganda and psychological warfare.
Also during the war, in 1940, he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society.
In 1945, de Beer became Professor of Zoology and was, from 1946 to 1949, President of the Linnean Society.
Then he was Director of the British Museum (Natural History) from 1950 until his retirement in 1960.
He was knighted in 1954, and awarded the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society in 1957.
An introduction to experimental embryology — 1926
Early travellers in the Alps — 1930
Embryology and evolution — 1930 (later editions bore the title Embryos and ancestors)
The elements of experimental embryology — 1934 (co-written with Julian Huxley)
The development of the vertebrate skull — 1937
Archaeopteryx lithographica – 1954
Darwin's journal: Darwin's notebooks on the transmutaion of species — 1959
Reflections of a Darwinian — 1962
Homology, an unsolved problem — 1971
Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his world — 1972
Developmental biologists
The Lightning Thief is a 2005 fantasy-adventure novel based on Greek mythology.
It was the first young-adult book written by author Rick Riordan.
It is the first book in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series.
The series is about the adventures of modern 12-year-old Percy Jackson after he discovers he is a demigod (half-human, half-god).
Percy is the son of a mortal woman and the Greek god Poseidon.
Percy and his friends go on a quest (adventure) so that a war between the Greek gods Zeus,
Riordan finished writing his manuscript in 1994.
The Lightning Thief was first bought by Bantam Books in 1997.
Bantam sold it to Miramax Books.
Miramax published it on June 28, 2005.
The book sold more than 1.2 million copies in the next four years.
The book won many awards.
In 2007, it was on The New York Times Best Seller list for children's books.
It was one of the Young Adult Library Services Association's Best Books for Young Adults.
It was made into a movie named Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief.
The movie was first shown in the United States on February 12, 2010.
The next book in the series is The Sea of Monsters.
Concept and development
Planning for both The Lightning Thief and the series began when Riordan started making up stories for his nine-year-old son, Haley.
He had started studying Greek mythology (stories) in second grade.
He wanted his father to tell him stories about them before he went to sleep.
Riordan had taught Greek myths as a middle school teacher.
He remembered some of the myths, which he then told to his son.
Soon, Riordan had told him all the stories.
When Haley wanted him to make up new stories using the characters from the myths, Riordan created the character of Percy Jackson.
Like Percy, Haley had ADHD and dyslexia.
He made up the story of how Percy traveled across the United States to search for Zeus' master bolt.
After hearing the story, Haley wanted his father to write a book about Percy and his friends.
In June 1994, Riordan finished the story.
He started looking for agents to publish it.
He went to many local colleges to find an editor before finding an agent.
He gave his manuscript to his agent and editor to review.
At the same time, he gave the book to some sixth, seventh and eighth graders to read and tell him what was good or bad about it.
They named the book and helped Riordan describe how Percy's sword (Riptide) worked.
In June 1997, Riordan signed with Bantam Books to prepare the book for publishing.
In 2004, Miramax Books bought the book.
The money was enough for Riordan to quit his teaching job and spend his time on writing.
The book was published on June 28, 2005.
It sold over 1.2 million copies.
The book had hardcover, softcover and audio editions.
It has been published all over the world.
The Lightning Thief is a fantasy–adventure novel which uses the ideas of ancient Greek mythology in today's world.
It is written in a fast-paced, humorous (funny) style.
Percy Jackson is a 12 year old boy.
He has ADHD and dyslexia.
He has been thrown out of many schools.
On a trip with his mother, he meets his friend Grover, a satyr (half-goat, half-human).
Grover tells Percy's mother that Percy must go to a camp.
When they drive towards the camp, a Minotaur (monster) attacks them and grabs Percy's mother.
She dissolves into gold sparkles of light, but Grover and Percy escape.
Percy later wakes up.
He learns that he is in Camp Half-Blood, which is a secret training camp for demigods.
Percy has to live in the Hermes cabin because he does not know which god his father is.
He is under the care of Luke Castellan, the cabin counselor (leader).
During a game, the children of the war god Ares attack Percy.
He is healed when he steps into a river.
When Poseidon's trident appears above his head, Percy learns that he is Poseidon's son.
After World War II, Poseidon, Hades and Zeus made an oath (promise) not to have any more children because they were too powerful.
However, Poseidon broke the oath by having Percy.
Chiron tells Percy to find Zeus' master lightning bolt.
Chiron thinks Hades stole the bolt.
However, Zeus discovers that Poseidon has broken his oath, and thinks Poseidon told Percy to steal the bolt.
He tells Percy that he has ten days until the summer solstice to find it.
Before leaving, Luke gives Percy magic shoes.
Percy gives them to Grover.
Annabeth (a daughter of Athena) and Grover join Percy in his quest to find the bolt.
They decide to travel west to reach the entrance to the Underworld, which is in Los Angeles.
They meet many Greek monsters.
They also meet Ares.
Ares tells Percy that his mother is alive.
When they come near the pit of Tartarus, Luke’s shoes try to pull Grover into it, but he escapes.
Percy meets Hades, who also thinks Percy stole the Master Bolt.
He also thinks Percy stole his Helm of Darkness.
Percy knows that Ares has tricked him when he finds the bolt in his backpack.
He runs away from the Underworld.
He has to leave his mother there.
Percy fights and defeats Ares by hurting the god's heel.
Ares gives Percy the Helm of Darkness.
Percy gives it back to Hades.
Olympus is now present at the top of the Empire State Building in New York City.
Percy arrives there to give the master bolt to Zeus.
Percy goes back to camp after hearing that his mother is alive.
He meets Luke, who says that he stole the bolt for Kronos.
He calls a poisonous scorpion which stings and nearly kills Percy.
Percy kills the scorpion first.
Chiron cures Percy, who leaves camp.
He goes to a new school and stays with his mother instead of staying at camp.
Percy Jackson – He is the protagonist (hero, main character); a 12 year old boy who has ADHD and dyslexia.
Percy soon learns that he is the son of Greek god Poseidon and that his disabilities are natural for demigods.
Soon he is forced on an adventure to find Zeus' master bolt to stop a war among the gods from starting.
Annabeth Chase – Annabeth is the daughter of the goddess Athena who was brought to Camp Half-Blood by Luke and Thalia.
She helps nurse Percy after he is attacked by a Minotaur.
She also joins Percy on his quest for Zeus' master bolt.
Grover Underwood – He is a satyr disguised as a boy and Percy's best friend.
He is a recruiter for Camp Half-Blood.
He leads Percy to the Camp after his mother is taken and goes with him on his journey to find Zeus' master bolt.
Luke Castellan – Luke is the leader of the Hermes cabin at Camp Half-Blood.
He helps train Percy in the art of battle.
Later, he betrays Percy and leaves him almost dead.
This reveals that he works for the Titan Kronos.
The Lightning Thief received mostly positive reviews.
Common Sense Media said "there are two levels of fun in The Lightning Thief.
One is the fast-paced quest of a young hero and his friends to save the world" and added "another level of fun here – laughing at the wicked ways the author has updated the gods and monsters for the 21st century".
However, it criticized some parts of the book.
They described the prose as "choppy and attitude-filled" and complained that "[t]he characters aren't emotionally involving".
Its overall rating was 4 stars out of 5.
The New York Times praised The Lightning Thief as "perfectly paced, with electrifying moments chasing each other like heartbeats".
School Library Journal said in its starred review (which is given to outstanding books) that the book was "An adventure-quest with a hip edge" and that "Readers will be eager to follow the young protagonist's next move".
Kirkus praised the book and said, "Packed with humorous (funny) allusions to Greek mythology and clever updates of the old stories, along with rip-snorting [intense] action sequences, the book really shines in the depiction of Percy – wry, impatient, academically hopeless, with a cut-to-the-chase bluntness one would wish for in a hero of old."
Eoin Colfer, author of Artemis Fowl, called it "A fantastic blend (mix) of mythology and modern".
Publishers Weekly also praised the book, regarding it as "swift and humorous" and added that the book would "leave many readers eager for the next installment."
On April 8, 2007, The Lightning Thief was ranked ninth on The New York Times Best Seller list for children's books.
When speaking about the various awards, Rick Riordan said:
The Lightning Thief was the winner of the School Library Journal Best Book of 2005.
It was also one of the books in Chicago Public Library Best of the Best Books List, 2005.
It was also in the VOYA Top Shelf Fiction List.
The book was the Red House Children's Book Award Winner (UK), 2006, and also won Askews Torchlight Award (UK), 2006, and the Mark Twain Award (Missouri Association of School Librarians), 2008.
It was an ALA Notable Book, 2006 and a New York Times Notable Book (2005).
It received the Rebecca Caudill Young Readers' Book Award in 2009.
In June 2004, 20th Century Fox bought feature movie rights to the book.
In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to lead the project.
Logan Lerman played Percy Jackson, Brandon T. Jackson played Grover Underwood, the satyr, Alexandra Daddario played the role of Annabeth while Jake Abel was cast as Luke Castellan.
Pierce Brosnan played Chiron.
The movie is titled Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief and was first shown in the United States on February 12, 2010.
On June 28, 2005, a 10 hour 25 minute audio book version of The Lightning Thief, read by actor Jesse Bernstein, was published worldwide by Listening Library.
Kirkus said in their review, "the narrator’s voice lends a refreshing air of realism to this riotously paced [fast paced] quest tale of heroism that questions the realities of our world, family, friendship and loyalty".
AudioFile Magazine praised the audiobook, saying both adults and children will be "spellbound" when they listen to "this deeply imaginative tale unfold."
School Library Journal both praised and criticized the audio book saying "Although some of Jesse Bernstein's accents fail (the monster from Georgia, for instance, has no Southern trace in her voice), he does a fine job of keeping the main character's tones and accents distinguishable".
The Lightning Thief is followed by The Sea of Monsters.
There, Percy and Annabeth rescue Grover, who has been taken prisoner by Polyphemus, the Cyclops.
They get the Golden Fleece from Polyphemus' island to save the camp.
They are joined by Percy's half brother, Tyson, and Clarisse in this mission.
Like The Lightning Thief, it won several prizes.
It was received well by reviewers too.
It sold over 100,000 copies in paperback.
Foreign language editions
The Lightning Thief was published in many languages.
It was published in French, German, Spanish, Finnish, Swedish, Hebrew and Brazilian Portuguese.
In 2008, it was published in Serbian.
The French edition is known as  (OCLC 3199424908).
The German name of the book is
(OCLC 2554901802).
These two, along with the Spanish version  (OCLC 748684882), were published in 2006.
The three other translations of the book,  (OCLC 23120723516), in Finnish, O ladrão de raios, in Brazilian Portuguese, (in Portugal it is called  meaning The Thieves of Olympus) and  or Persi G'eḳson ṿe-ganav ha-baraḳ (OCLC 24382472372) in Hebrew were published in 2008.
Province of Castellón () or Castelló (Valencian/Catalan) is a province in the northern part of the Valencian Community, Spain.
It is bordered by the provinces of Valencia, Teruel, Tarragona, and the Mediterranean Sea.
Castellon
The Principality of Asturias (, ) is an autonomous community.
It is in the kingdom of Spain or the former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages.
It is on the Spanish north coast facing the Cantabrian Sea.
The capital of the province is Oviedo.
Gijón is the biggest city.
There is an airport in Asturias, from where you can fly to a few places in Spain and in Europe.
The region has borders with Galicia, León and Cantabria.
Castile and León (), known formally as the Community of Castile and León, is one of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain.
A Coruña (;  ; historical ) is the most northwestern Atlantic-facing province of Spain.
It is one of the four provinces which make up the autonomous community of Galicia.
This province is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north.
The Pontevedra Province surrounds it to the south and the Lugo Province to the east.
A Coruna
Córdoba (, ), called Cordova in English, is a province of southern Spain.
It is bordered by the provinces of Málaga, Sevilla, Badajoz, Ciudad Real, Jaén, and Granada.
Its area is 13,769 km².
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (often shortened to Law & Order: SVU) is an American television spin-off of the original police drama series Law & Order which is set in New York City, inside the fictional 16th precinct of Manhattan.
Christopher Meloni as Elliot Stabler
Mariska Hargitay as Olivia Benson
Richard Belzer as John Munch
Dann Florek as Donald Cragen
Michelle Hurd as Monique Jeffries
Stephanie March as Alexandra Cabot
Ice-T as Odafin "Fin" Tutuola
B.D. Wong as George Huang
Diane Neal as Casey Novak
Tamara Tunie as Melinda Warner
Adam Beach as Chester Lake
Michaela McManus as Kim Greylek
Danny Pino as Nick Amaro
Kelli Gaddish as Amanda Rollins
Raul Esparza as Rafael Barba
Peter Scanavino as Dominick "Sonny" Carisi Jr.
Philip Winchester as Peter Stone
Jamie Grey Hyder as Katriona "Kat" Tamin
Demore Barnes as Christian Garland
Octavio Pisano as Joe Velasco
Official websites for the show from NBC
Alfred Waterhouse (19 July 1830 – 22 August 1905) was an English architect, particularly associated with the Victorian Gothic revival.
He is perhaps best known for his design for Manchester Town Hall and the Natural History Museum in London, although he also built a wide variety of other buildings throughout the country.
Financially speaking, Waterhouse was probably the most successful of all Victorian architects.
Though expert within Gothic and Renaissance styles, Waterhouse never limited himself to a single architectural style.
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a method of thinking of computer networking in terms of abstraction layers.
Different communication protocols with similar functions are grouped into different logical layers on the OSI Model.
Each layer of the OSI Model makes use of functions provided by the layers below it and provides functions that are used by the layers above it.
There are 7 layers.
Description of OSI layers
According to the standard OSI Model there are seven layers.
Each layer is dependent upon the layers below it to function.
Layer 7: Application layer
The application layer provides an interface for the end user operating a device connected to a network.
This layer is what the user sees, in terms of loading an application (such as Web browser or e-mail); that is, this application layer is the data the user views while using these applications.
Examples of application layer functionality include:
Layer 6: Presentation layer
Layer 5: Session layer
This layer establishes request/response communication.
When needed, a session is started with authentication, after which a request is sent.
After a response the session might be ended or a new request is sent.
This is the first layer where a client/server concept is introduced.
Where a specific device might change the role from client to server or vice versa.
Layer 4: Transport layer
The Transport Layer is the level at which system reliability and quality are ensured.
This layer manages traffic flow through the network layer to reduce congestion on a network, and performs error checking ensuring quality of service by resending data when data has been corrupted.
Some of the most popular methods of encryption and firewall security take place on this layer.
Layer 3: Network layer
The Routing Layer works to coordinate related parts of a data conversation to ensure that large files are transferred.
In other words, while the data link layer deals with the method in which the physical layer is used to transfer data, the network layer deals with organizing that data for transfer and reassembly.
This layer also handles aspects of Routing Protocols, finding the available [best] path(s) from one network to another to ensure delivery of the data.
Layer 2: Data link layer
The Data Layer is mainly the method in which information from the network is broken down into frames and transmitted over the physical layer.
This layer is also responsible for some Error detection and correction and some addressing so different devices can tell each other apart in larger systems.
Layer 1: Physical layer
The physical layer refers to electrical and physical aspects of devices.
In particular, it specifies how a device sends and receives information, such as using copper wires or fiber-optic cables.
Examples of this include Ethernet or fiber optic cables, phone cords used for dial-up or DSL services, the coaxial cable used to provide broadband internet, the wires used to connect various components of a computer or even the radio signals used in wireless communication.
Other functions of the physical layer include the conversion of signals into something that another layer can use (referred to as a bit), and adjusting the signal to allow for multiple users to use the same connections.
The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of applied art (decorative arts and design).
Named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, it was founded in 1852.
The V&A has a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects.
It covers  and 145 galleries.
Its collection spans 5000 years of art, from ancient times to the present day, in virtually every medium, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa.
The museum is sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
The museum possesses the world's largest collection of post-classical sculpture, the holdings of Italian Renaissance items are the largest outside Italy.
The departments of Asia include art from South Asia, China, Japan, Korea and the Islamic world.
The East Asian collections are among the best in Europe, with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork, while the Islamic collection, with the Musée du Louvre and Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, is amongst the largest in the world.
The V&A is in what is called London's "Albertopolis", an area of immense cultural, scientific and educational importance.
Near it are the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, Imperial College, the Albert Hall and the Albert Memorial.
Since 2001, the Museum has embarked on a major £150m renovation program which has seen a major overhaul of the departments including the introduction of newer galleries, gardens, shops and visitor facilities.
As with other national UK museums, admission to the museum is free.
Faber Drive is a Juno award nominated band from Canada.
They became a band in 2004 when they were discovered by Nickelback frontman, Chad Kroeger and later released their debut album Seven Second Surgery.
They are signed to 604 records which is the area code of the lower mainland of Vancouver.
Their newest album is can'T keEp A SecrEt (sylized to say "TEASE"), which came to stores in 2009.
Seven Second Surgery (2007)
Singles include: "G-Get Up and Dance", "Give Him Up" and "You and I Tonight"
can'T keEp A SecrEt (2009)
Singles include: "Second Chance", "Tongue Tied", "When I'm With You" and "Sleepless Nights (Never Let Her Go)"
2004 establishments in Canada
Abubakari Yakubu (13 December 1981 – 31 October 2017) was a Ghanaian football player.
He has played for the Ghanaian national team.
He was born in Tema, Ghana.
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All of these plants are succulents without leaves.
The plants grows in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay).
In total, there are 50-80 species.
Stems of these plants are round, their diameter is 7–30 cm, their height is 3–25 cm.
The color of stems is grey-green or brown-green or grey-brown.
NCBI: Gymnocalycium
CactiGuide: Gymnocalycium
"Prayer of the Refugee" is the second single from the punk rock band Rise Against's album The Sufferer & the Witness.
It was released worldwide in 2006.
The song was first called "Diaspora", with advance copies of the album using that name instead of "Prayer of the Refugee."
The song is shown as a re-recorded bonus track in the video game Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock.
The song is also showed in "Slednecks 9" DVD.
It's used in "The Compound" segment of the movie.
Physical fitness is the ability to be physically active, to move and respond to the environment.
People can take various tests to measure their physical performance.
Such tests are necessary for some occupations, such as soldiers and firefighters.
Components of physical fitness
The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports — a study group sponsored by the United States Government — declines to offer a simple definition of physical fitness.
Instead, it developed the following chart:
Ancient icons of physical fitness
Mercè Rodoreda i Gurguí (October 10, 1908 – April 13, 1983) was a Spanish Catalan novelist.
Selena is the first studio album by American singer Selena.
It was released on October 17, 1989 by EMI Latin.
The album was recorded in San Antonio and Houston, Texas.
The album was Selena's first album to be released by EMI Latin.
She signed a record deal with them earlier in the year.
Selena got to number seven on the US Regional Mexican Albums chart.
By 1996, 24,000 copies had been sold.
The album helped Selena to win "Female Vocalist of the Year" and "Female Entertainer of the Year" at the 1990 Tejano Music Awards.
Selena's brother, A.B. Quintanilla III was the music producer and songwriter for the album.
Selena wrote "My Love" on her own. "
Sukiyaki" was translated from Japanese to Spanish.
This was done by Selena's father and manager Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. and Pete Astudillo.
The lead single, "Contigo Quiero Estar" got to number eight on the Hot Latin Tracks chart in 1989.
José Behar, president of EMI Latin, went to the 1989 Tejano Music Awards.
He was looking for new musicians.
After Selena sang, Behar called his boss and told him about Selena.
Behar thought he found the next Gloria Estefan.
His boss told him that he was "crazy".
He said this because Behar was only in Texas for a week.
Selena later signed with EMI Latin later that year.
She was the first artist to sign with them.
Recording started in late 1988 and went on until early 1989.
Selena recorded most of the songs in San Antonio, Texas at AMEN Studios. "
Sukiyaki" and "My Love" were recorded in Houston, Texas at Sunrise Studios.
Selena wrote "My Love" by herself.
She wanted the song to be in the album.
Her brother A.B. Quintanilla III was the music producer and main songwriter.
Their father and manager Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. gave the job to A.B. He believed A.B. was good at producing music.
The only songs A.B. did not write were "Sukiyaki", "Contigo Quiero Estar", and "No Te Vayas".
The original "Sukiyaki" was in Japanese.
Selena's lyrics were a Spanish version of an English version of the song by Janice Marie Johnson. "
Sukiyaki" had been one of Abraham's favorite songs when he was growing up. "
Contigo Quiero Estar" was written by Mexican songwriter Alejandro Montealegre. "
No Te Vayas" was written by Reinaldo Ornelas.
A.B. wanted "No Te Vayas" on the album because of its reggae sounds.
He thought it would make the album "exotic" (different) from other Spanish-language albums.
He believed this because of the different music genres they had produced.
Selena was released on October 17, 1989 by EMI Latin.
In its first week on the US Regional Mexican Albums chart (December 2, 1989), it was at number 17.
It got to its highest place on the chart, number 7, on March 24, 1990.
It was on the chart for another three weeks.
On May 5, 1990, it was on the chart again, at number 14.
That was after the release of Ven Conmigo (1990).
However, it left the charts.
It was on the chart again two times in August 1990. "
Contigo Quiero Estar", "Mentiras", and "Sukiyaki" were released as singles.
The lead single, "Contigo Quiero Estar" got to number eight on the Hot Latin Tracks chart.
At the 1990 Tejano Music Awards, Selena won "Female Vocalist of the Year" and "Female Entertainer of the Year".
Her album Selena did better than albums from other female singers.
As of 1996, 24,000 copies of Selena have been sold in the United States.
30,000 copies of Selena were shipped.
On August 27, 2002, Selena was released again.
It was part of the 20 Years of Music series.
It had one bonus track ("La Bamba").
It also had commentaries for each track.
Selena's family and friends talked about what happened during recordings and choosing songs for the album.
Selena — vocals
Pete Astudillo — backing vocals
Ricky Vela — keyboardist
Jose "Pepe" Ojeda — keyboardist
Suzette Quintanilla — drums
Roger Garcia — guitarist
A.B. Quintanilla III — bass guitar, backing vocalist, music producer, songwriter, music arranger
Manny Rodriguez Guerra — recording engineer
Brian "Red" Moore — co-producer
Lisette Lorenzo — cover designer
Ven Conmigo (English: Come With Me), was the third album released by rising Latina superstar Selena, on November 12, 1990, for the CAPITOL/EMI Latin label.
This album, was the first to market Selena as a solo artist, no longer identifying her albums with "Selena Y Los Dinos," though they were still very much a part of the mix.
The album itself, sold 50,000 units in America, and was certified Gold by the RIAA.
Another 242,802 copies were sold on Amazon.com, verifed from their sellers rank.
The group re-recorded "La Tracalera", a cover version of a song by the original Dinos, as well as "Aunque No Salga El Sol," which they had originally recorded, in 1984.
The song "Baila Esta Cumbia," was an instant hit in the U.S., and later crossed over to Mexico.
Ven Conmigo, was the group's first Gold album.
20 Years Of Music
2002 Bonus Tracks
Album Credits
The album Ven Conmigo was recorded and mixed at ZAZ Studios in San Antiono, Texas.
The engineer was Gilbert Velasquez who also mixed the album.
The album's main photo was taken by Robert Lopez.
The album was produced, arranged, and performaned by A.B. Quintanilla III.
The co-arranged was Ricky Vela and Jose C. Ojeda.
The midi and computer sequencing was made by Ricky Vela.
Additional Credits
A.B. Quintanilla, III, wrote and produced almost every song on Ven Conmigo.
David Lee Garza, the accordion player for the title track, "Ven Conmigo, participated in the writing and production, as well.
Selena Quintanilla-Perez (Lead Vocals)
Suzette Quintanilla (Drummer)
A.B. Quintanilla III (Bass & Vocals)
Ricky Vela (Keyboard)
Jose C. Ojeda (Keyboard)
Peter "Pete" Astudillo (Back-up vocals)
Mike Orosoco (Guitar)
"Aunque No Salga El Sol"
"Baila Esta Cumbia"
"No Quiero Saber"
"Enamorada De Ti"
"Ya Ves/La Tracalera"
The village of Nadap lies on the eastern slopes of Velencei Hills, it is a well oriented, self-contained settlement, with charming rural atmosphere.
It is only two kilometers both from the recreation facilities of Lake Velencei and from the M7 motorway, therefore it is easily accessible from Budapest and from Székesfehérvár, too.
Each house in the settlement has a great panorama.
Local sights
The settlements around Lake Velencei are overwhelmed with the spirit of Mihály Vörösmarty.
Nadap is not different either, the poet was baptised in the village on 3 December 1800.
The baptistery is still in the church today.
The inhabitants of the village expressed their admiration for the memory of the poet with a sculpture erected in the Millenium Park.
Nadap.hu
Archaeological artefacts prove that the village was already been populated the in Iron Age.
The name of the village comes from the period when the State was founded; the area was probably awarded as a gift to Knight Pázmány to function as a summer residence.
Little is known about the history of the settlement in the Middle Ages.
One thing is sure: when the Turks were expelled from Hungary the fleeing troops slaughtered the families living here, destroyed the Romanesque church and set the village on fire.
At the beginning of the 18th century Tót people (Slovakians) were settled in the area, the village was even called Tót-Pázmánd for some time.
The inhabitants of the village declared themselves Hungarians already in the 19th century but their Slovakian roots are still noticeable in their conventions (Sibálás - Easter lashing).
Pázmánd.hu
Socratis Kokkalis (born May 27, 1939) is a Greek businessman who has been a member of the Forbes 500 list of the world's 500 richest people.
He is the Chairman, CEO and majority shareholder of Intracom Holdings.
Intracom is one of the largest multinational technology groups in South-Eastern Europe, and the Chairman and majority shareholder of Intralot S.A., the world's leading gaming technology supplier and lottery licensed operator.
He was also the owner and president of Olympiacos CFP, until his retirement in 2010.
CFP is the most successful and most supported Greek football club in Greece.
He is the President of the Kokkalis Foundation.
This is a non-profit organization that promotes education and training, culture and social welfare, medical research and information technology, and athletics, both in Greece and abroad.
The Kokkalis Foundation
Greek businesspeople
Mikhail Botvinnik  (17 August 1911 – 5 May 1995) was a Soviet Russian grandmaster and three-time World Chess Champion.
Botvinnik was the first world-class player to develop within the Soviet Union.
This put him under some political pressure, but also gave him considerable influence within Soviet chess.
He played a major role in the design of the World Chess Championship system after World War II.
After his retirement as a player he coached a few select pupils.
They included three future World Champions Anatoly Karpov, Garry Kasparov and Vladimir Kramnik.
Life & career
Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik was born near St. Petersburg into a Jewish family.
His father was a dental technician, and a cantor (hazzan) in the local synagogue.
His mother was a dentist, which allowed the family to live outside the Pale of Settlement to which most Jews in Russia were restricted at the time.
As a result, Mikhail Botvinnik grew up in Saint Petersburg's Nevsky Prospekt.
His father forbade the speaking of Yiddish at home, and Mikhail and his older brother Issy attended Soviet schools.
Mikhail Botvinnik later said, "I am a Jew by blood, Russian by culture, Soviet by upbringing".p178
To test the strength of Soviet chess masters, Nikolai Krylenko organized the Moscow 1925 chess tournament.
On a rest day during the event,  world champion José Raúl Capablanca gave a simultaneous exhibition in Leningrad.
Botvinnik was selected as one of his opponents, and won their game.
Botvinnik was admitted in 1928 to Leningrad University's Mathematics Department.
In January 1929, he played for Leningrad in the student team chess championship against Moscow.
Leningrad won and the team manager got Botvinnik a transfer to the Polytechnic's Electromechanical Department.
His early progress was fairly rapid.
He won the Leningrad Masters' tournament in 1930 with 6½/8, following this up the next year by winning the Championship of Leningrad by 2½ points over former Soviet champion Peter Romanovsky.
Soviet champion
In 1931, at the age of 20, Botvinnik won his first Soviet Championship in Moscow, scoring 13½ out of 17.
In late summer 1931, he graduated with a degree in Electrical Engineering.
In 1933, he repeated his Soviet Championship win, in his home city of Leningrad, with 14/19.
Soon afterwards Ilyin-Genevsky, one of the older masters and a member of the Soviet embassy in Prague, arranged a match between Salo Flohr and Botvinnik.
Botvinnik fell two games behind by the end of the first six, played in Moscow.
However, aided by his old friend Viacheslav Ragozin and coach Abram Model, he levelled the score in Leningrad and the match was drawn.
When describing the post-match party, Botvinnik wrote that at the time he danced the foxtrot and charleston to a professional standard.
In his first tournament outside the USSR, the Hastings International Chess Congress 1934–35, Botvinnik achieved only a tie for 5th-6th places, with 5/9.
He wrote that, in London after the tournament, Emanuel Lasker said his arrival only two hours before the first round began was a serious mistake and that he should have allowed ten days for acclimatization.
Botvinnik wrote that he did not make this mistake again.
Botvinnik came first equal with Flohr, ½ point ahead of Lasker and one point ahead of José Raúl Capablanca, in Moscow's second International Tournament, held in 1935.
After consulting Capablanca and Lasker, Krylenko proposed to award Botvinnik the title grandmaster, but Botvinnik objected that "titles were not the point".
However, he accepted a free car and a 67% increase in his postgraduate study grant, both provided by the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry.
In early winter, 1936, Botvinnik was invited to play in a tournament at Nottingham, England.
Krylenko authorized his participation and, although his Soviet rivals forecast disaster for him, he scored an undefeated shared first place (+6 =8) with Capablanca, ½ point ahead of the then World Champion Max Euwe and rising American stars Reuben Fine and Samuel Reshevsky, and 1 point ahead of ex-champion Alexander Alekhine.
This was the first tournament victory by a Soviet master outside his own country.
When the result reached Russia, Krylenko drafted a letter to be sent in Botvinnik's name to Stalin.
On returning to Russia Botvinnik discovered he had been awarded the "Mark of Honour".
Later, in 1937, Botvinnik drew a match of thirteen games against Grigory Levenfish.
Botvinnik won further Soviet Championship titles in 1939, 1944, 1945, and 1952, bringing his total to six  – a record he shares with Mikhail Tal.
In 1945 he dominated the tournament, scoring 15/17;  in 1952 he tied with Mark Taimanov and won the play-off match.