the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It is in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.
It was made for Tipu Sultan of Mysore in about 1795.
Tipu Sultan used the tiger as his emblem, The tiger was a symbol of power but it was also a symbol of royalty in India.
Tipu was quoted as saying he would rather live two days as a tiger than 100 years as a sheep.
The turning of a handle powers mechanisms inside the model.
Air is sent through a pipe that makes sound, like the cries of the victim.
The pitch of the 'wail pipe' changes as the man's arm moves.
Inside the tiger's head air is pushed through two pipes to make a tiger's roar.
The ivory keyboard which operates an organ is hidden.
The type of brass shows it was made in India, but it may have been made by one of the Frenchman in Tipu's court.
Some historians to suggest there was French input into the mechanism of this automaton.
The design is inspired by the death of Hugh Munro, son of General Sir Hector Munro, who had defeated Tipu in battle.
Munro was killed by a tiger in 1792 on Saugor Island.
< Tipu saw this as a sign because he was called the "Tiger".
The model was obtained when the British captured Tipu's capital and killed him in 1799.
Richard Wellesley wrote:
“In a room appropriated for musical instruments was found an article which merits particular notice, as another proof of the deep hate, and extreme loathing of Tippoo Saib towards the English.
This piece of mechanism represents a royal Tyger in the act of devouring a prostrate European.
There are some barrels in imitation of an Organ, within the body of the Tyger.
The sounds produced by the Organ are intended to resemble the cries of a person in distress intermixed with the roar of a Tyger.
The machinery is so contrived that while the Organ is playing, the hand of the European is often lifted up, to express his helpless and deplorable condition.
The whole of this design was executed by Order of Tippoo Sultaun.
It is imagined that this memorial of the arrogance and barbarous cruelty of Tippoo Sultan may be thought deserving of a place in the Tower of London.”
The East India Company decided not to give the Tiger to the Queen, but to keep it.
It was displayed in the East India Company Museum in Leadenhall Street, London in 1808.
The poet John Keats saw it there and included it in his satirical verse, “The Cap and Bells”.
In the poem, a Soothsayer visits the court of the Emperor Elfinan.
He hears a strange noise and thinks the Emperor is snoring.
Replied the page: “that little buzzing noise….Comes from a play-thing of the Emperor’s choice,From a Man-Tiger-Organ, prettiest of his toys''Today
Visitors can no longer operate the mechanism.
A small model of this tiger is in Tipu Sultan's wooden palace in Bengaluru.
Tippoo's Tiger on Victoria & Albert Museum website
Sound and Movement animation at the Victoria & Albert Museum web site
Tiger - Decorative motif & symbol of Tipu Sultan
Tipu biography & Mysore history
Mechanical Music Digest
Stronge, Susan.
Tipu's Tigers''.
London: V & A Publishing, 2009.
The Mitsubishi Carisma is a car produced by Mitsubishi Motors between 1995 and 2004 with a facelift in 1999.
It was related to the first generation Volvo S40/V40 and both cars were produced in the Netherlands.
1.3 60 kW (82 hp)
1.6 66 kW (90 hp), 73 kW (99 hp) and 76 kW (103 hp)
1.8 85 kW (115 hp)
1.8 GDI 90 kW (122 hp) and 92 kW (125 hp)
1.8 MSX 103 kW (140 hp)
1.9 DI-D 75 kW (102 hp) and 85 kW (115 hp)
Carisma
Salmaan Taseer (31 May 1944 — 4 January 2011) was the Governor of Punjab, in Pakistan.
He was shot dead in 2011 in Islamabad by his official security guard, Malik Muhammad Mumtaz Qadri, a member of the Pakistan military's Elite Force.
It is believed he was killed because his ideas were not acceptable to various religious groups in Pakistan.
Taseer had not supported the Pakistan's blasphemy laws which make an insult against Islam punishable by death.
The murderer, Qadri, said he had to kill Taseer because of this, as it was his duty under Islamic law.
He said the killing was not illegal.
Thousands of people have demonstrated in support of Qadri.
Taseer was born in Simla, Punjab, British India.
He studied accountancy in London and later joined Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party in 1967.
He was elected to the Punjab Assembly in 1988 and was Deputy Opposition Leader.
He was also elected to the National Assembly and held the position of Federal Minister for Industries, Production and Special Initiatives.
In May 2008 he was made the Governor of Punjab.
He was a close assistant to Benazir Bhutto.
John McCarthy Roll (8 February 1947 - 8 January 2011) was an American judge who shot dead in the 2011 Tucson shooting.
Roll had stopped at an Arizona shopping center to meet Democrat Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords who was holding an informal meeting.
A gunman attempted to assassinate Giffords, and Roll and four other people were killed.
Another 12 people were wounded, Gifford surviving being shot in the head.
Roll had received death threats in the past.
In 2009 he allowed a group of illegal immigrants to successfully sue a rancher, Roger Barnett.
He had threatened, kicked and set his dogs onto the group.
Barnett had argued they could not sue him because they had no legal rights in the US.
Roll was appointed as a judge by President George H.W. Bush in 1991.
Roll had been an Arizona state attorney, a US attorney and a state court judge.
Skyland is a neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is next to Good Hope Road to the northeast, Alabama Avenue to the southeast, and Fort Stanton Park to the south and west.
It is a part of the area called Anacostia.
The District government wants to rebuild the  Skyland Shopping Center at Alabama Avenue and Naylor Road, SE in Ward 7 into a mixed-used town center.
Local residents asked the District government for help in the 1980s, because the current buildings were falling apart and many stores were empty.
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development decided in 2005 that the District government could not use federal money to buy Skyland because of past mistakes.
The District is working with the Rappaport Cos.
and the William S. Smith Cos.
on a new plan for Skyland.
They want to build  of retail space.
They hope that the new buildings will be filled with  high-quality, national stores and locally-owned shops and restaurants.
Torti Gallas & Partners are architects who are drawing the new plans.
The new buildings will cost $260 million.
On May 25, 2011, DC Mayor Vincent Gray told Wal-Mart officials that he would not allow them to build four other new stores in the District of Columbia unless Wal-Mart also opened a store in Skyland.
However, Safeway holds the exclusive right to sell groceries in the development, which may block a Wal-Mart at Skyland.
The project will also include 420 to 470 units of housing.
About 80 percent of the housing units will be owned by the people who live there and 20 percent will be rented.
People are fighting the plan in court.
The land owners do not want to sell their land to Rappaport and Smith.
The District wants to force the current owners to sell (eminent domain).
Rappaport and Smith filed a Planned Unit Development (PUD) application with the Zoning Commission in 2008.
The DC Council approved a Tax Increment Financing (TIF) package to loan money for the new buildings.
In July 2010, the District's zoning commission approved the plan for the new buildings.
Building will start in 2012.
The new buildings are expected to open in 2014.
Skyland is a part of the Good Hope neighborhood.
Hillcrest to the east and Naylor Gardens to the southeast of the Good Hope neighborhood.
Sid Eudy, born December 16, 1960 in West Memphis, Arkansas, is an American retired professional wrestler, known by the stage name Sid Vicious, Sycho Sid, or Sid Justice.
Sid started his career in 1989, hired by World Championship Wrestling.
During these years, Sid competed  as one of the members of the team known as "The Skyscrapers" with "Mean" Mark Callous and then later with Dan Spivey; he used the powerbomb as his maneuver fight.
After recovering from an injury, Sid returned to the ring in May 1990 as a member of the team of Ric Flair.
After leaving WCW Sid was incorporated into the World Wrestling Federation, he made his presentation as Sid Justice on July 20, 1991 episode of WWF Superstars of Wrestling and was also was chosen as the referee for the main fight at SummerSlam that year in a tag team match between The Ultimate Warrior and Hulk Hogan versus Sgt.
Slaughter and Col.
Mustafa billed as "The Match Made In Hell."
At the 1992 Royal Rumble he was one of the last two in the ring with Ric Flair when Hogan, who was already eliminated pulled Sid over the top rope with Flair assisting from behind helping Flair win his 1st WWF/E title.
His crowning moment came at WrestleMania VIII, where Sid was faced with Hulk Hogan, Sid lost the fight by disqualification when Papa Shango interrupted to help Sid.
Sid return to WCW in May 1993.
That year he teamed with Big Van Vader.
After leaving WCW again, Eudy joined the United States Wrestling Association July 16, 1994, and faced with defeating Jerry Lawler and Sid getting the World Heavyweight Championship.
WWF Championship
In 1995 Sid returns to the WWF/E on Monday Night Raw.
Time after time he confronted Shawn Michaels for the title and at Survivor Series in 1996, where Sid applies a powerbomb to Michaels and gets the WWF/E Championship.
At the 1997 Royal Rumble in Michaels' hometown of San Antonio, Texas the two fought again for the title with Michaels winning his 2nd title.
One month later Sid captured his 2nd title by defeating Bret Hart on Raw,who had defeated Vader, Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker in a Fatal Four Way match the night before.
At Wrestlemania 13 in Chicago, Sid lost the title to the Undertaker.
Sid's last match in the WWF/E was June 9, 1997.
After WWF
After his separation from the World Wrestling Federation, Sid was hired by Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999), after back to the company WCW, where were his former colleagues of the WWF superstars fight Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, Bret Hart, and plus the new WCW superstars as Bill Goldberg, Chris Benoit.
His best moment was when Sid  winner WCW championship by defeating Kevin Nash twice.
WrestleCrap: The Very Worst of Pro Wrestling by R. D. Reynolds,Randy Baer
Billboard Oct 30 1999
Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW by Scott E. Williams,George Tahinos,Shane Douglas
Sid in youtube
WWE Alumni Profile
Pro Wrestling Archive Profile
HitTheRopes.com Interview
Oct 30 2008 Audio Interview with In Your Head
The Music Man is a 1957 musical written by Meridith Willson.
In its original run, it starred Robert Preston, Barbara Cook, David Burns, Pert Kelton and Iggie Wolfington.
Two movies have been made of it, in 1962 and 2003.
It was also revived several times.
Harold Hill, a con man, goes to River City, Iowa and tries to make money by starting a boy's band.
He is helped by sidekick Marcellus Washburne.
Most of the town is taken in by him, including Winthrop Paroo, a boy with a lisp.
Hill also forms the school board into a barbershop quartet and organizes a lady's dance society led by town busybody Eulalie Shinn.
However, some people are suspicious of him.
One of these people is Mayor Shinn, who owns the pool hall that Hill blames for the serious trouble River City is in.
The other is music teach and librarian Marian Paroo.
Hill tries to woo Marian, but has no luck.
In the second act, it's looking good for Hill.
He is actually getting somewhere with Marian, and it looks as though he will be able to collect his money and get out of town.
However, anvil salesman Charlie Cowell shows up and exposes him during the summer sociable.
Hill tries to leave, but he cannot because he is too in love with Marian.
Hill is arrested and is almost tarred and feathered before being forced to conduct the band.
Though the band is not very good, the townspeople are still very proud of it and let Hill go.
"Rock Island"
"Iowa Stubborn"
"Ya Got Trouble"
"Piano Lesson/If You Don't Mind Me Saying So"
"Goodnight My Someone"
"Columbia, Gem of the Ocean"
"Seventy-Six Trombones"
"Sincere"
"The Sadder But Wiser Girl"
"Pick a Little, Talk a Little/Goodnight Ladies"
"Marian the Librarian"
"My White Knight"
"Wells Fargo Wagon"
"Shipoopi"
"Pick a Little, Talk a Little" (reprise)
"Lida Rose/Will I Ever Tell You"
"Gary, Indiana"
"'Till There Was You"
"Goodnight My Someone/Seventy-Six Trombones"
1962 movie
In the 1962 movie, Preston reprised his role as Harold Hill (this after Cary Grant turned it down).
It also had Shirley Jones as Marian, Buddy Hackett as Marcellus, Hermione Gingold as Eulalie, Paul Ford as Mayor Shinn, and Ron Howard as Winthrop.
The movie is very similar to the musical, except that it replaces the song "My White Knight" with "Being in Love".
2003 movie
Otto von Habsburg (given names: Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius, ; 20 November 1912 4 July 2011), was the last Crown Prince of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
His father, Charles, was the Emperor of Austria and the King of Hungary.
The murder of his great uncle, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was the event that led to the start of World War I. His family fled Austria in 1919 after the war.
During World War II he opposed the Nazis and Nazi Germany's takeover over Austria.
Adolf Hitler ordered him to be put to death, but Habsburg left France and spent the war in the USA.
Habsburg gave up his claim to the throne in 1961, and was allowed to return to Austria five years later.
He was a member of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria and became a member of the European Parliament and pushed to get the former communist countries of Eastern Europe allowed into the European Union.
Guardian Media Group plc (GMG) is a company in the United Kingdom that owns various mass media businesses including The Guardian and The Observer.
GMG is owned by the Scott Trust.
It began as the Manchester Guardian Ltd in 1907 when C. P. Scott bought the Manchester Guardian from his cousin Edward Taylor.
It became the Manchester Guardian and Evening News Ltd when it bought the Manchester Evening News in 1924, later becoming the Guardian and Manchester Evening News Ltd after the change in the morning paper's name.
It became the Scott Trust in 1993.
GMG has many parts to it business: Guardian News & Media (the Guardian, the Observer); GMG Radio (regional radio stations under the Smooth, Real, and Rock Radio brands); Trader Media Group (the Auto Trader magazine and website), which it owns jointly with private equity firm Apax); GMG Property Services (estate agency software providers Vebra and Core, lettings software provider CFP Software, graphic design consultancy The Media Design House and consumer portal ThinkProperty.com); and Emap, the B2B events, data and publishing company, also jointly owned with Apax.
In March 2007 GMG sold 49.9% of Trader Media Group to Apax Partners, in a deal that valued Trader Media Group at £1.35 billion.
In December 2007 GMG and Apax made a successful bid to buy Emap for around £1 billion.
In February 2010, the group sold its GMG Regional Media division (consisting of two companies MEN Media and S&B Media which operated 31 local and regional newspaper titles) to Trinity Mirror plc for £44.8 million.
The sale ended the historic connection between The Guardian and the Manchester Evening News.
The Manchester TV channel, Channel M, and two newspapers in Woking were not included in the sale.
Carl Ferdinand Cori (5 December, 1896 — 20 October, 1984) was an Czech doctor.
He won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with his wife Gerty Cori and Bernardo Houssay, for discovering the way the body processed glycogen and sugar.
Czechoslovak scientists
The West End is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C.. It includes the area between K Street to the south, Rock Creek Park to the west and north, and New Hampshire Avenue and 21st Street to the east.
The West End is so named because it was the westernmost part of the original Pierre L'Enfant plan for the city of Washington, before the annexation of Georgetown.
It is home to the embassies of Qatar and Spain, as well as to the Egyptian Defense Office.
The George Washington University and The George Washington University Medical Center are on the edge of the West End, at Washington Circle.
In the past, the West End had many vacant lots and old buildings.
In 1972, the District's Office of Planning and Management wrote an urban renewal plan  "to bring life to a declining part of the city."
Titled "New Town for the West End," the aerial photograph on the cover of the study showed the area that was planned to become a "new intown community."
Today, the Ritz-Carlton Hotel and Residences, the Park Hyatt and Fairmont hotels, numerous luxury condominiums, and several of the city's best restaurants are in the West End.
However, the Columbia Hospital for Women closed and became apartments.
Historically, West End was a predominantly African-American community with brick Victorian rowhouses and warehouses.
From 1880 until May 2002, the Columbia Hospital for Women provided care for women having babies.
The hospital was important because other hospitals in the area (such as Arlington Hospital) refused to help African-American women having babies.
The hospital closed and the building became apartments.
In 2007, controversy began over the last remaining "underdeveloped" parcel of land, known as Square 37.
Bordered by 23rd Street, 24th Street, L Street, and an alleyway, this is unusual because its short buildings from the 1800s to the 1960s, are different from the many new, tall buildings on the neighboring blocks.
Square 37 was home to the Tiverton, the last remaining rent-controlled apartment building in the West End.
The Tiverton tenants gained local media attention for successfully stopping people who wanted to build new buildings on Square 37.
Golden Triangle Business Improvement District - overlaps with the West End
Bernardo Houssay (10 April, 1887 — 21 September, 1971) was an Argentine doctor.
He won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori for finding out how hormones use sugar.
Argentine scientists
The Scimitar oryx or Scimitar horned oryx (oryx dammah) is a species of oryx that is extinct in the wild.
They can be seen in zoos, wildlife parks and reserves.
They used to live all over north Africa.
A baby scimitar oryx is called a calf.
Both male and female scimitar horned oryx have long curved horns.
They  are herbivores and are diurnal.
They are the only species of oryx that does not have black markings.
A male scimitar horned oryx is called a bull.
Capitol Hill is the largest historic residential neighborhood in Washington D.C.. The neighborhood covers an area east of the United States Capitol along wide avenues.
It is one of the oldest residential communities in Washington.
Its two square miles house 35,000 people, so it is one of the most densely populated neighborhoods.
The phrase "Capitol Hill" can sometime mean the United States Congress instead of the neighborhood.
Capitol Hill is also a hill as well as a neighborhood.
The hill rises in the center of the District of Columbia and extends eastward.
Pierre L'Enfant, as he began to develop his plan for the new Federal City in 1791, chose to locate the "Congress House" on the crest of the hill, facing the city, a site that L'Enfant characterized as a "pedestal waiting for a monument."
A large portion of the neighborhood is now designated as the Capitol Hill historic district.
The name Capitol Hill is often used to refer to both the historic district and to the larger neighborhood around it.
To the east of Capitol Hill lies the Anacostia River, to the north is the H Street corridor, to the south are the Southeast/Southwest Freeway and the Washington Navy Yard, and to the west are the National Mall and the city's central business district.
L'Enfant referred to the hill chosen as the site of the future Congress House as "Jenkins Hill" or "Jenkins Heights."
However, the tract of land had for many years belonged to the Carroll family and was noted in their records of ownership as "New Troy."
Some people have said that a man named Jenkins had once pastured some livestock at the site of the Capitol (and thus his name was associated with the site), artist John Trumbull, who would paint several murals inside the Capitol's rotunda, reported in 1791 that the site was covered with a thick wood, making it an unlikely place for livestock to graze.
Noone knows who Jenkins was and how his name became associated with the hill, as reported by L'Enfant.
The neighborhood that is now called Capitol Hill started to develop when the government began work at two locations, the Capitol and the Washington Navy Yard.
It became a distinct community between 1799 and 1810 as the federal government became a major employer.
The first stage in its early history was that of a boarding house community developed for members of Congress.
In the early years of the Republic, few Congressmen wished to establish permanent residence in the city.
Instead, most preferred to live in boarding houses within walking distance of the Capitol.
In 1799 the Washington Navy Yard was established on the banks of the Anacostia River, and provided jobs to craftsmen who built and repaired ships.
Many of the craftsmen who were employed both at the Navy Yard and in the construction of the Capitol chose to live within walking distance, to the east of the Capitol and the north of the Navy Yard.
In 1806, President Thomas Jefferson selected the location of the Marine Barracks, which had to be within marching distance of both the Capitol and the White House, not far from the Washington Navy Yard.
By 1810, shops, goldsmiths, blacksmiths, and churches were flourishing in the area.
The Civil War resulted in more building in the Capitol Hill area, including new hospitals.
Building new houses continued in the 1870s and 1880s.
The neighborhood began to divide along racial and economic class lines.
Electricity, piped water, and plumbing were introduced in the 1890s, and were first available in the downtown areas of the District of Columbia, including Capitol Hill.
There was a real estate development boom between 1890 and 1910 as the Capitol Hill area became one of the first neighborhoods having these modern conveniences.
In 1976, the National Park Service added the Capitol Hill Historic District to the National Register of Historic Places.
The boundaries of the historic district are irregular, extending southward from F Street NE, as far east as 14th Street, as far west as South Capitol Street, and with a southern limit marked chiefly by Virginia Avenue but including some territory as far south as M Street SE.
It includes buildings from the Federal period (1800 to 1820) through 1919, but most of the buildings are late Victorian.
Capitol Hill has remained a fairly stable middle-class neighborhood throughout its existence.
It suffered a period of economic decline and rising crime in the mid-20th century but gradually recovered.
During the so-called "Crack Epidemic" of the 1980s, its fringes were often affected.
More recently, the neighborhood has undergone intense gentrification.
It is, however, largely a residential neighborhood composed predominantly of rowhouses of different stylistic varieties and periods.
Side by side exist early 19th century manor houses, Federal townhouses, small frame dwellings, ornate Italianate bracketed houses and the late 19th century press brick rowhouses with their often whimsical decorative elements combining Richardsonian Romanesque, Queen Anne, and Eastlakian motifs.
The main shopping corridor of Capitol Hill is Pennsylvania Avenue.
It has shops, restaurants and bars.
Eastern Market is an 1873 public market on 7th Street SE, where vendors sell fresh meat and produce in indoor stalls and at outdoor farmers' stands.
It is also the site of an outdoor flea market every weekend.
After a major fire gutted the main market building on April 30, 2007, it underwent restoration and reopened on June 26, 2009.
Barracks Row (8th Street SE), so called because of its proximity to the U.S. Marine Barracks, is one of the city's oldest commercial corridors.
It dates to the late 18th century and has recently been revitalized.
More recently, the Old Naval Hospital has been converted into Hill Center, a new community center.
It is at the corner of 9th and Pennsylvania Avenue SE.
The rehabilitation of the Old Naval Hospital combines the restoration of a historically significant landmark with the cutting edge technologies of modern “green” architecture.
Hill Center is a vibrant new home for cultural, educational and civic life on Capitol Hill.
Famous people who were born in the Capitol Hill neighborhood include John Philip Sousa (whose birthplace, on G St., is still standing) and J. Edgar Hoover.
Frederick Douglass's former house can be found in the 300 block of A Street Northeast. (
In the 1970s the Douglass house was later used as an African Art Museum by Warren M. Robbins).
Capitol Hill has several local community newspapers, such as the Hill Rag.
The Voice of the Hill closed in May 2010.
Capitol Hill Historic District
Capitol Hill at Cultural Tourism DC
Capitol Hill Restoration Society
Friends of the Old Naval Hospital
The Washington Navy Yard is the former shipyard and ordnance plant of the United States Navy in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is the oldest shore base of the U.S. Navy.
The Yard currently serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy.
It has the offices of the Chief of Naval Operations,  the Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Historical Center, the Department of Naval History, the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps, Naval Reactors, Marine Corps Institute, the United States Navy Band, and numerous other naval commands.
Before 2006, it used to be the headquarters to the Marine Corps Historical Center, but that center moved to Quantico.
The Washington Navy Yard was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
It was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 11, 1976.
The land was purchased under an Act of Congress on July 23, 1799.
The Washington Navy Yard was established on October 2, 1799, the date the property was transferred to the Navy.
It is the oldest shore base of the U.S. Navy.
The Yard was built under the direction of Benjamin Stoddert, the first Secretary of the Navy, under the supervision of the Yard's first commandant, Commodore Thomas Tingey, who served in that capacity for 29 years.
The original boundaries that were established in 1800, along 9th and M Street Southeast, are still marked by a white brick wall that surrounds the Yard on the north and east sides.
The next year, two additional lots were purchased.
The north wall of the Yard was built in 1809 along with a guardhouse, now known as the Latrobe Gate.
After the Burning of Washington in 1814, Tingey recommended that the height of the eastern wall be increased to ten feet (3 m) because of the fire and subsequent looting.
The southern boundary of the Yard was formed by the Anacostia River (then called the "Eastern Branch" of the Potomac River).
The west side was undeveloped marsh.
The land located along the Anacostia was added to by landfill over the years as it became necessary to increase the size of the Yard.
From its first years, the Washington Navy Yard became the navy's largest shipbuilding and shipfitting facility, with 22 vessels constructed there, ranging from small 70-foot (21 m) gunboats to the 246-foot (75 m) steam frigate USS Minnesota.
The USS Constitution came to the Yard in 1812 to refit and prepare for combat action.
During the War of 1812, the Navy Yard was an important support facility.
It was also helped defend the capital city from the British.
Sailors at the Navy Yard were part of the hastily assembled American army which, at Bladensburg, Maryland, opposed the British forces marching on Washington.
The Navy Yard sailors and marines of nearby Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., were in the third and last line of defense at Bladensburg.
Together, they fought hand to hand with cutlasses and pikes against the British regulars before being overwhelmed.
As the British marched into Washington, holding the Yard became impossible.
Tingey, seeing the smoke from the burning Capitol, ordered the Yard burned to prevent its capture by the enemy.
Tingey's own quarters (now Quarters A) and the Latrobe Gate were spared from the flames.
Following the War of 1812, the Washington Navy Yard never regained its prominence as a shipbuilding facility.
The waters of the Anacostia River were too shallow to accommodate larger vessels, and the Yard was deemed too inaccessible to the open sea.
Thus came a shift to what was to be the character of the Yard for more than a century: ordnance and technology.
The Yard possessed one of the earliest steam engines in the United States, and was used to manufacture anchors, chain, and steam engines for vessels of war.
During the American Civil War, the Yard once again became an integral part of the defense of Washington.
Commandant Franklin Buchanan resigned his commission to join the Confederacy, leaving the Yard to Commander John A. Dahlgren.
President Abraham Lincoln, who held Dahlgren in the highest esteem, was a frequent visitor.
The famous ironclad USS Monitor was repaired at the Yard after her historic battle with the CSS Virginia.
The Lincoln assassination conspirators were brought to the Yard following their capture.
The body of John Wilkes Booth was examined and identified on the monitor USS Montauk, moored at the Yard.
Following the war, the Yard continued to be the scene of technological advances.
In 1886, the Yard was designated the manufacturing center for all ordnance in the Navy.
Commander Theodore F. Jewell was Superintendent of the Naval Gun Factory from January 1893 to February 1896.
Ordnance production continued as the Yard manufactured armament for the Great White Fleet and the World War I navy.
The  naval railway guns used in France during World War I were manufactured at the Yard.
By World War II, the Yard was the largest naval ordnance plant in the world.
The weapons designed and built there were used in every war in which the United States fought until the 1960s.
At its peak, the Yard consisted of 188 buildngs on 126 acres (0.5 km²) of land and employed nearly 25,000 people.
Small components for optical systems, and enormous  battleship guns were all manufactured here.
In December 1945, the Yard was renamed the U.S. Naval Gun Factory.
Ordnance work continued for some years after World War II until finally phased out in 1961.
Three years later, on July 1, 1964, the activity was redesignated the Washington Navy Yard.
It was headquarters to the Marine Corps Historical Center.
That was moved in 2006 to Quantico.
Cultural and scientific
Many scientific developments took place at the Washington Navy Yard.
Robert Fulton worked on his clockwork torpedo during the War of 1812.
In 1822, Commodore John Rodgers built the country's first marine railway for the overhaul of large vessels.
John A. Dahlgren developed his bottle-shaped cannon that became the mainstay of naval ordnance before the Civil War.
In 1898, David W. Taylor developed a ship model testing basin which was used by the Navy and private shipbuilders to test the effect of water on new hull designs.
The first shipboard aircraft catapult was tested in the Anacostia River in 1912.
A wind tunnel was completed at the Yard in 1916.
The giant gears for the Panama Canal locks were cast at the Yard.
Navy Yard technicians applied their efforts to medical designs for prosthetic hands and molds for artificial eyes and teeth.
The Washington Navy Yard was the ceremonial gateway to the nation's capital.
In 1860, the first Japanese diplomatic mission was welcomed to the United States in an impressive pageant at the Yard.
The body of World War I's Unknown Soldier was received here.
Charles A. Lindbergh returned to the Navy Yard in 1927 after his famous transatlantic flight.
In 1939, Britain's King George VI, representing the dominion of Canada, visited the Yard during his Washington stay.
As of 2004, the Navy Yard houses a variety of activities.
It is the main office of the Naval District Washington, and houses numerous support activities for the fleet and aviation communities.
The Navy Museum welcomes visitors to the Navy Art Collection.
Its displays of naval art and artifacts trace the Navy's history from the Revolutionary War to the present day.
The Naval History and Heritage Command is housed in a complex of buildings known as the Dudley Knox Center for Naval History.
Leutze Park is the scene of colorful ceremonies.
The destroyer USS Barry is a museum ship at the Washington Navy Yard, and is open to tourists.
The Barry is frequently used for change of command ceremonies for naval commands in the area.
The Yard serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy, home to the Chief of Naval Operations.
It is headquarters for the Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Historical Center, the Department of Naval History, the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps, Naval Reactors, Marine Corps Institute, the United States Navy Band, and many other naval commands.
2013 shooting
On September 16, 2013, a shooting took place at the Yard.
Shots were fired at the headquarters for the Naval Sea Systems Command Headquarters building #197.
At least 17 people, including at least eight civilians, one D.C. police officer and one peacekeeper, were shot.
Thirteen fatalities were confirmed by the United States Navy and D.C. Police.
Officials said the gunman, Aaron Alexis, a 34-year-old civilian contractor from Queens, New York, was killed during a gun battle with police.
Arsenal Point
Building 170
List of National Historic Landmarks in the District of Columbia
Washington Navy Yard history
The United States Naval Gun Factory by Commander Theodore F. Jewell, Harper's Magazine, Vol.
89, Issue 530, July 1894, pp 251–261.
Alexey Grigoryevich Stakhanov (; 3 January 1906 – 5 November 1977) was a miner in the Soviet Union.
In 1970, he was made a Hero of Socialist Labor.
In 1936, he became a member of the CPSU.
He became a celebrity in 1935 as part of a movement that was intended to increase worker productivity and demonstrate the superiority of the socialist economic system.
Stakhanov was born in Lugovaya near Oryol.
In 1927, he began working in a mine called "Tsentralnaya-Irmino" in Kadievka (Donbass).
In 1933, Stakhanov became a jackhammer operator.
In 1935, he took a local course in mining.
On 31 August 1935, it was reported that he had mined a record 102 tonnes of coal in 5 hours and 45 minutes (14 times his quota).
On 19 September, Stakhanov was reported to have set a new record by mining 227 tonnes of coal in a single shift.
His example was held up in newspapers and posters as a model for others to follow, and he even appeared on the cover of Time Magazine.
Between 1936 and 1941, Stakhanov was a student of the Industrial Academy in Moscow.
In 1941–1942, he was appointed director of mine No.
31 in Karaganda.
Between 1943 and 1957, Stakhanov worked in the Ministry of Coal Industry of the USSR.
In 1957–1959, he was deputy director of the Chistyakovantratsit trust, and after that, assistant chief engineer at the mine management office No.
2/43 of the Torezantratsit trust until his retirement in 1974.
Stakhanov was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the first convocation.
He was awarded two Orders of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, and numerous medals.
The last Sunday of August was designated "Coal Miner's Day", also apparently in his honor.
Stakhanov's records set an example throughout the country and gave birth to the Stakhanovite movement where workers who exceeded production targets could become "Stakhanovites".
Orwell in Animal Farm presents Boxer as a symbolic character of the "Stakhanovites".
Record disputed
The validity of Stakhanov's record has since been called into question.
In 1985, The New York Times printed a story that said Stakhanov had indeed succeeded in his feat, but that it was only because the Communist Party had pre-arranged the event.
With it, the Communist party wanted to boost public morale.
According to this article, many other miners helped Stakhanov beat the mining record.
The Times quoted the chief of the Tsentralnaya-Irmino mine's branch of the Party, Konstantin G. Petrov: "I suppose Stakhanov need not have been the first... It could have been anybody else.
In the final analysis it was not the individual face-worker who determined whether the attempt to break the record would succeed, but the new system of coal extraction."
In 1988, Soviet newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda claimed that the widely propagandized personal achievements of Stakhanov were puffery – the paper insisted that Stakhanov had used a number of helpers on support works, while the throughput was tallied for him alone.
Still, according to the newspaper, Stakhanov's approach had eventually led to the increased productivity by means of a better organization of the work, including specialization and task sequencing.
The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was the eastern-most tip of the Ancient Greek world.
It lasted between 250-125BC.
It covered Afghanistan but also bits of Turkmenistan, Iran, and Pakistan.
It covered a region originally conquered by Alexander the Great.
Much of our information comes from the Roman Strabo.
Much archaeology has been done in Afghanistan, especially in the cities of Aï Khanoum and Begram.
The National Museum of Afghanistan has put on a touring exhibition about this kingdom.
It has been shown at the British Museum and also in France, Germany and the Netherlands.
Much other archaeology is on display in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.
Northwestern College (NC), formerly Northwestern Business College, is a college in Illinois.
It has no affiliation with Northwestern University.
Northwestern College has campuses in Bridgeview, Chicago, and Napeville.
The Bosporan Kingdom (often called Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus) was an ancient empire, covering the Crimea and a lot of the north coast of the Black Sea.
It is regarded as the first real 'Hellenistic' country also speaking Greek.
The Bosporan Kingdom was the longest surviving known Roman client kingdom (allied state).
It was a Roman Province between 63 and 68, under Roman Emperor Nero.
In the 1st century and 2nd century AD was a period of a new 'golden age' of the Bosporan Kingdom when it was famous for its jewellery.
In the end of the 2nd century the King Sauromates II inflicted a critical defeat to the Scythians (a nomadic tribe) and included all the territories of the Crimea in the structure of his state.
The Bosporan Kingdom became rich from selling wheat, fish and slaves to rest of Europe.
This means that there are a lot of amazing and very rich finds from the Kingdom, especially found in burial barrows (known as kurgans).
Today, there are lots of architectural and sculptural remains from the Bosporan Kingdoms and many finds can be seen in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.
These include gold work and vases imported from Ancient Athens and the rest of Ancient Greece.
Navy Yard, also known as Near Southeast, is a neighborhood on the Anacostia River in Southeast Washington, D.C. Navy Yard is bounded by Interstate 395 to the north, South Capitol Street to the west, and the Anacostia River to the south and east.
The neighborhood is named after the Washington Navy Yard.
The Navy Yard fills about half of the neighborhood.
The neighborhood is in D.C.'s Ward 6, currently represented by Tommy Wells.
It is served by the Navy Yard Metro station on the Green Line.
Historically, the Anacostia River was once a deep water channel with natural resources and home to the Nacotchtank Indians.
In 1791, Pierre Charles L’Enfant designed the plan for Washington D.C. and, recognizing the worth of the Anacostia River, set up the city’s new commercial center and wharfs there.
In 1799, the Washington Navy Yard was built in the area and for many decades was the nation’s largest naval shipbuilding facility.
Today, the Washington Navy Yard has been run by the Navy longer than anywhere else.
The Navy Yard was a busy center in the 19th century and was important in the development of the area.
The lively wharf was a center for jobs, serving ships with lumber and raw materials for the growing city.
It also played a key role in defending the city from the British during the War of 1812.
Surrounding the wharfs was a large commercial district, light industrial businesses, and one of the city’s most notable neighborhoods.
As the city and nation developed, the Navy Yard changed from ship building to making finished ship products and weapons ammunition.
By the mid-1940s in wartime the Navy Yard and the expanded Annex area were making the most ammo with 26,000 employees in 132 buildings on  of land.
However, during the 20th century the river got worse.
The pollution of the river made it less valuable to the city.
After World War II, the Navy Yard moved everything to a smaller campus, slowing commerce in the area.
For this and other reasons the riverfront neighborhoods became overrun with crime.
For many years, the neighborhood was an industrial district The area was formerly home to a large commercial and adult-entertainment district, which has now been displaced.
Since 1990, the building of a new U.S. Department of Transportation office complex and Nationals Park, the new USD$600 million stadium of the Washington Nationals Major League Baseball team, caused quick changes in the neighborhood.
Most of the neighborhood's land and businesses have been purchased by companies and is currently being developed into commercial and residential projects.
The area plans to contain 12 to  of office space, 9,000 residential units, 1,200 hospitality rooms,  of retail space, four public parks, and an Anacostia Riverwalk trail system.
Florida Rock is a  site that will consists of  project in four buildings.
It will contain  of office space,  of retail,  of residential units, and a  hotel.
There will also be two underground levels of parking with 1,087 spaces and green roofs and biofiltration systems.
Construction is scheduled to start in the fall of 2009.
A new Frederick Douglass Memorial Bridge on South Capitol Street has been proposed.
The bridge would be shifted slightly to the south from its current location, possibly terminating in a new traffic rotary to be called Potomac Circle at South Capitol, R, and Potomac Streets.
The Yards is a public-private partnership spanning ,  of office space, 2,800 residential units, 160,000 to 350,000 square feet (15,000 to 33,000 m2) of retail space, and a  riverfront park.
The first construction (400 residential units) began in 2007 and the entire project is to be completed in three phases over 10–20 years.
In 2007, The United States Department of Transportation (USDoT) moved to the area with a new  facility on , housing 7,000 workers.
Building 170, a former electrical substation used by the Washington Navy Yard, is now owned by the USDoT.
Opening for the 2008 season, the new Nationals Park seats 41,000.
The Ballpark District will contain 465,000 to 785,000 square feet (43,200 to 72,900 m2) of retail/restaurant space, 350,000 to 1,600,000 square feet (33,000 to 149,000 m2) of office space, 1,900,000 to 3,600,000 square feet (177,000 to 334,000 m2) (1570 to 2980 units) of residential space, and 7,000-8,000 parking spaces.
Capper/Carrollsburg is a  redevelopment of the Capper/Carrollsburg public housing project as mixed-income residential units.
The 700 Capper public housing units will be replaced one-for-one, and added to them will be another 700-plus market-rate and workforce-rate rental and ownership units.
There will also be  of office space and  of retail space.
The first townhouses will begin construction in early 2008.
Capper Community Center is replacing the current one at 5th and K Streets, and will include a daycare facility for 66 children, recreation center, computer laboratory, gymnasium, game room, and meeting/classrooms.
In 2003, New Marine barracks were built in the area.
In 1999, the DC Housing Authority transferred to the Department of the Navy about six acres of the Arthur Capper Dwellings site at 7th and K Streets, SE, for the development of Bachelor Enlisted Quarters, parking, personnel support and recreational facilities.
The 8th Street Historic District is a sub-area including the greatest remaining concentration of historic structures in the Near Southeast, and provides a strong connection between Capitol Hill and the Navy Yard.
The rebuilding of this area is just starting, but at least one property has been bought by developers for USD $25 million dollars, and will be a new building containing  of office space.
Maritime Plaza is a new development on East M Street.
The first two phases (Buildings 1 and 2) have already been completed.
The first building contains  of office space, while the second houses contractors working with the Navy.
Phases 3 and 4 are each 175,000 square foot/7-story office buildings.
There are also plans for a 250-room 8-story hotel at the southwestern edge of the property.
Washington Canal Park is named for the historic Washington Canal, which provided a water-borne connection between the Anacostia River and the Potomac River via the National Mall.
Designers envision "trees, grass, plants, a splash pool, aquatic garden and fountain.
Officials say runoff from area buildings will be filtered and recycled and used in the water features."
Diamond Teague Park is a planned $16 million  public plaza (also referred to as the "First Street Plaza" or "First Street Landing") at the terminus of First Street envisioned as the principal "window" between the new baseball stadium and the river.
It is expected to be constructed in phases in coordination with the redevelopment projects at Florida Rock.
ANC 6B ANC 6D, Navy Yard's Advisory Neighborhood Commissions
"A Neighborhood's Evolution", news reports and interactive map, by The Washington Post
JDLand, news reports and pictures of Navy Yard's urban renewal
Capital Riverfront, Navy Yard's business improvement district
The Getty Center, located in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, is a campus founded by oilman J. Paul Getty.
It is used for  for cultural exhibitions.
People like its architecture, gardens, and views overlooking the Los Angeles.
It is located at the top of a hill.
Entrances to the building include traveling from a visitor's parking garage at the bottom of the hill.
Alternatively, it also has a three-car cable-pulled tram.
It is one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum.
It has "pre-20th-century European paintings, drawings, illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, and decorative arts; and 19th- and 20th-century American and European photographs".
One of the paintings on display is Irises by Vincent van Gogh.
Besides the museum, the center's buildings house the Getty Research Institute (GRI), the Getty Conservation Institute, the Getty Foundation, and the administrative offices of the J. Paul Getty Trust.
The latter owns and operates the center.
It also has outdoor sculptures displayed on terraces and in gardens.
The center was designed by architect Richard Meier.
The campus includes a central garden designed by artist Robert Irwin.
GRI's separate building contains a research library with over 900,000 volumes and two million photographs of art and architecture.
The center's design included special provisions to address concerns regarding earthquakes and fires.
Location and history
The Getty Museum started in J. Paul Getty's house in Pacific Palisades in 1954.
He made the house larger by adding a new section.
In the 1970s, Getty built a copy of an Italian villa near his home.
This new building was a better place to keep his art collection.
It opened as a museum in 1974.
After Getty died in 1976, all of the land and buildings were given to the Getty Trust to be used as museum space.
However, the collection grew too big for the site.
The people running the museum looked for a new location closer to Los Angeles.
In 1983, the Trust bought the land where the center is now.
The new campus has  on a  site in the Santa Monica Mountains above Interstate 405, surrounded by  kept in a natural state.
The land cost $25 million.
The top of the hill is  above I-405.