the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Big One (1998) directed by Michael Moore
A Price Above Rubies (1998)
Air Bud: Golden Receiver (1998) (distributor, theatrical version, released on home video by Disney)
Phantoms (1998)
Playing by Heart (1998)
Ride (1998)
Rounders (1998)
Senseless (1998)
Shakespeare in Love (1998, with Universal Pictures)
Since You've Been Gone (1998)
Sliding Doors (1998, with Paramount Pictures)
The Mighty (1998)
Velvet Goldmine (1998)
An Ideal Husband (1999)
B. Monkey (1999)
Happy Texas (1999)
Holy Smoke! (
Mansfield Park (1999)
My Life So Far (1999)
Princess Mononoke (1999) (English dub, distributor)
She's All That (1999)
The Cider House Rules (1999)
The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999, with Paramount Pictures)
A Hard Day's Night (2000 theatrical reissue of 1964 movie)
Bounce (2000)
Committed (2000)
Hellraiser: Inferno (2000)
Love's Labour's Lost (2000)
Malèna (2000)
Ordinary Decent Criminal (2000)
The Yards (2000)
Bridget Jones's Diary (2001, with Universal Pictures)
Chocolat (2001)
Daddy and Them (2001)
Iris (2001)
Kate & Leopold (2001)
On the Line (2001)
The Shipping News (2001)
Tears of the Black Tiger (2001, never released, rights sold in 2006 to Magnolia Pictures)
40 Days and 40 Nights (2002, with Universal Pictures)
Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2002)
Cypher (2002)
Frida (2002)
Full Frontal (2002)
Gangs of New York (2002)
Pinocchio (2002) (English dub, distributor)
Pokémon 4Ever (2002) (English dub, distributor)
Rabbit-Proof Fence (2002) (U.S. distributor)
Stolen Summer (2002)
Tadpole (2002)
The Hours (2002, with Paramount Pictures)
The Importance of Being Earnest (2002)
The Adventures of Tom Thumb and Thumbelina (2002) (distributor, direct-to-video)
Undisputed (2002)
Valentín (2002)
Waking Up in Reno (2002)
Bionicle: Mask of Light (2003)
Chicago (2003)
Duplex (2003)
Kill Bill Volume 1 (2003)
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003, with 20th Century Fox and Universal Pictures)
Pokémon Heroes (2003) (English dub, distributor)
The Battle of Shaker Heights (2003)
The Human Stain (2003)
View from the Top (2003)
Deep Blue (2003, With BBC worldwide)
The Aviator (2004, co-production with Warner Bros.)
Kill Bill Volume 2 (2004)
Bionicle 2: Legends of Metru Nui (2004)
Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004, with Universal Pictures)
Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights (2004)
Garden State (2004, with Fox Searchlight Pictures)
Hero (2002, released by Miramax in 2004)
Jersey Girl (2004)
My Baby's Daddy (2004)
Finding Neverland  (2004)
Paper Clips (2004) (distributor)
Pokémon: Jirachi Wishmaker (2004) (English dub, US distributor, direct-to-video)
Shall We Dance? (
Roll Bounce (2005)
Bionicle 3: Web of Shadows (2005)
Cinderella Man (2005, with Universal Pictures)
Deep Blue (2005) (distributor)
Derailed (2005, with The Weinstein Company)
Dracula III: Legacy (2005)
Hellraiser: Deader (2005)
Hostage (2005)
Kinky Boots (2005)
Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys (2005) (English dub, distributor, direct-to-video)
Proof (2005)
The Great Raid (2005)
Tsotsi (2005)
Underclassman (2005)
Hollywoodland (2006, with Focus Features)
Scary Movie 4 (2006, with Dimension Films)
The Queen (2006)
The Hoax (2006)
Breaking and Entering (2006, co-production with The Weinstein Company, distributed in US theaters by TWC and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer)
The Lookout (2007) (co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
Wacky Movie
Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance, and the Rise of Independent Film by Peter Biskind (Simon & Schuster, 2004)
"When Harvey met Mickey"  - Ian G Mason, New Statesman, 11 October 2004
Miramax From Box Office Mojo
The Western States 100 is a 100 mile race that is held each July in California's Sierra Nevada Mountains.
It is the oldest regularly run ultramarathons.
It is considered by some to be the most difficult.
Some of the best runners ever to compete in the Western States 100 race are Scott Jurek and Tim Twietmeyer.
Sports in California
Scott Jurek (b. October 26, 1973) is an famous runner who lives in Seattle, California.
He is perhaps best known for running the difficult Western States 100 Mile Race seven years in a row.
He has also won the Badwater Ultramarathon the past two years.
Sportspeople from Minnesota
The Badwater Ultramarathon is a race run from the lowest point in North America to the trail head of Mt. Whitney.
It is 135 miles in very high heat.
Austria-Hungary or the Austro-Hungarian Empire was a state in Central Europe from 1867 to 1918.
It was the countries of Austria and Hungary ruled by a single monarch.
The full name of the empire was "The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen".
The dual monarchy replaced the Austrian Empire (1804–1867).
It started with the compromise between the ruling Habsburg dynasty and the Hungarians.
It was an empire made up of many different peoples and great power.
It found its political life full of arguments between the eleven main national groups.
It had great economic growth through the age of industrialization.
It also saw social changes with many liberal and democratic reforms.
The Habsburg dynasty ruled as emperors of Austria over the western and northern half of the country and as kings of Hungary over the Kingdom of Hungary.
The Kingdom of Hungary had some ability to govern itself.
It also had a say in things that affected both it and the rest of the empire.
This was mainly foreign relations and defense.
The empire had two capital cities: Vienna in Austria and Budapest in Hungary.
Austria-Hungary was the second largest country in Europe (after the Russian Empire).
It had the third most people (after Russia and the German Empire).
Creation of Austria–Hungary
The Ausgleich or compromise of February 1867 created the Empire's dualist structure.
The Austrian Empire (1804–67) had lessened in strength and in power.
This was because of the Austro–Sardinian War of 1859 and the Austro–Prussian War of 1866.
Also, the Hungarian people were not happy with how Vienna treated them.
This had been going on for many years and it led to Hungarian separation.
This included the Hungarian liberal revolution of 1848–49.
Emperor Franz Joseph tried to reach an agreement with the Hungarian nobility.
He needed their support to keep the empire together.
The Hungarian nobility would not accept anything less than equality between themselves and the Austrian elites.
Governmental structure
Hungary and Austria had different parliaments.
Each had its own prime minister.
The monarch kept the two working together.
He had absolute power in theory but very little in reality.
The monarch’s central government had charge of the army, navy, foreign policy, and the customs union.
The deaths of Franz Joseph's brother, Maximilian I of Mexico (1867), and his only son, Crown Prince Rudolf, made the Emperor's nephew, Franz Ferdinand, next in line to the crown.
On 28 June, 1914, the heir visited the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo.
Bosnian Serb militants of the group Mlada Bosna attacked Franz Ferdinand's motorcade and assassinated him.
Some members of the government, such as Conrad von Hötzendorf had wanted to fight the Serbian nation for many years.
The leaders of Austria-Hungary decided to attack Serbia before it could start a revolt.
They used the assassination as an excuse.
They gave Serbia a list of ten demands called the July Ultimatum.
They expected Serbia would not accept.
Serbia accepted nine of the ten demands but only partially accepted the other one.
Austria-Hungary declared war.
These events brought the Empire into conflict with Serbia.
Russia moved its army to help Serbia.
This set off troop movements on both sides and started World War I.
End of the Empire
Near the end of the war, it was understood that the allied powers would win.
Part of the empire started declaring independence from the monarch.
They formed their own countries.
Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes(with Serbia and Montenegro)
Poland(with lands from Russian and German empires.
"Distribution of Races in Austria–Hungary" from the Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1911
The Austro-Hungarian Military
Austria–Hungary - extensive list of heads of state, ministers, and ambassadors
Austria-Hungary, Dual Monarchy
History of Austro-Hungarian currency
1867 establishments in Europe
1918 disestablishments in Europe
Wisdom is knowing things that help a person to live sensibly and make good decisions.
Wisdom is defined differently by many cultures.
Some say that wisdom is something a person learns as they grow older.
Other cultures expect people to complete certain rituals in order to get wisdom.
If someone has wisdom, they are called wise.
Most cultures from the past have had special people who were supposed to be wise.
People asked them for advice when they had problems because they knew things that ordinary people did not know or could not know.
They were often called "sages".
For the act of skating, see skating.
Skates are cartilaginous fish.
They are the family Rajidae  in the order Rajiformes.
They are chondrichthyes, and closely related to the rays.
There are more than 200 species in 27 genera.
Skates and stingrays
Skates are a bit like stingrays (they are in the same group), but they are usually smaller with shorter, thicker tails.
There is also a difference: skates do not have stings.
Instead, their tails are thicker, with small "thorns" along the edges.
At the base of the tail is a set of extra fins.
Skates and rays are also different in the way the give birth.
Most rays are ovoviviparous (the eggs develop inside a mother's body), but skates lay their eggs.
This means they are oviparous.
Sir Roger George Moore  (14 October 1927 – 23 May 2017) was an English actor and a UNICEF ambassador.
He is probably the most well known for playing fictional spy James Bond in seven movies from 1973 to 1985.
He played James Bond more times than any other actor.
He was also well known for playing Simon Templar in the television show The Saint.
He began his career by becoming a male model.
Moore was the only child of policeman, George Moore, and housewife, Lilian "Lily".
He attended Battersea Grammar School, but was evacuated to Holsworthy, Devon, during the Second World War.
He was then educated at Dr Challoner's Grammar School in Amersham, Buckinghamshire.
He then attended the College of the Venerable Bede at the University of Durham, but never graduated.
Moore served in the Royal Army Service Corps, commanding a small depot in West Germany.
Moore left his first wife, skater Doorn Van Steyn, for singer Dorothy Squires.
Squires was 12 years older than him.
She was also, at that time, much more famous than he was.
They lived together for a short time in Dafen, Llanelli, South Wales.
While making a movie in Italy in 1961, Moore left Squires for Italian actress Luisa Mattioli.
Moore has a daughter and two sons with Mattioli.
Moore ended this marriage in 1993.
His current marriage is to the Danish-Swedish multi-millionaire Kristina 'Kiki' Tholstrup.
In 1999, Moore was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 14 June 2003.
He was proud the honor was for his charity work rather than his acting.
On 11 October 2007, three days before he turned 80, Moore was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Moore's Star was the 2,350th star.
It is appropriately located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard.
His autobiography My Word is My Bond was published the same year.
Humanitarians
United Nations officials
The Melbourne Cup is Australia's major horse race.
It happens once a year.
People say it is The race that stops a nation, it is for horses three-years-old and over, and it is 3200 metres long.
The event has been held on the first Tuesday in November since 1861 (except on one year during the Second World War) by the Victoria Racing Club, on the Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne.
Many people say it is the most important "two-mile" horse race in the world.
The race was first held over two miles, about 3,218 metres, but after Australia changed to the metric system in 1972 it was changed to 3,200 metres.
This made it 61 ft 6in shorter, and Rain Lover's 1968 race record of 3min.19.1sec was changed to 3min.17.9sec.
Now, the record holder is the 1990 winner Kingston Rule with a time of 3min 16.3sec.
The event is one of the most popular events to watch in Australia.
Over 110,000 people attend the race.
Some people dress in traditional formal raceday clothing.
Other people dress in different kinds of strange and amusing costumes,
Seventeen horses raced in the first Melbourne Cup in 1861.
The prize was a gold watch and 170 pounds cash.
Some people say Archer (the winner) walked 800 km to the course from Nowra, New South Wales.
However, it is possible he travelled by ship.
Four thousand people watched the race.
Archer won again the next year.
However, because the owner's application form arrived late the next year, Archer was unable to try for a third cup.
Many owners boycotted (did not race in protest) the race, so it started with only seven horses.
That is the smallest number in the history of the cup.
Off the track
'Fashions On The Field' is a major focus of the day.
Raceday fashion sometimes draws almost as much attention as the race itself.
The miniskirt received worldwide attention when model Jean Shrimpton wore one on Derby Day during Melbourne Cup week in 1965.
In Melbourne, the race day is a public holiday.
In the rest of Australia most people watch the race on television and gamble.
Some people bet at the TAB (the Australian betting office).
Other people bet in workplace cup "sweeps".
(In "sweeps" each person pays a small amount [e.g. $3] and draws a random horse.
First, second, and third place then share the money.)
In 2000 it was estimated that 80 percent of the adult Australian population placed a bet on the race that year.
Sport in Melbourne
1861 establishments in Australia
King Philip's War (Metacom's War) was a war between Native Americans and English colonists.
King Philip's War was fought between 1675 and 1676 in the area of the United States that is now New England.
When the Pilgrims left England, they came to live in Massachusetts near the Indians.
As more Puritans arrived, they needed more land and they took it.
Metacom, or "King Philip" as he was called in English was the leader of one of the Wampanoag Pokanoket tribes.
His father had made a treaty with the English.
The English began to fear the power of the natives.
The two sides accused each other of violating the treaty and preparing for war.
John Wussausmon was Christian convert and a trader.
He told the English that Philip was preparing an alliance to attack them.
When he was found dead, the English executed three Indians for his murder, and people on both sides became more angry.
Philip brought together a large force of Indians and attacked the Puritan settlements.
The resulting war was large.
The Indians lost and thousands of them died but not before the whole countryside suffered much loss.
Many towns burned and every inhabitant was enveloped some way in the conflict.
When King Philip was killed by a native, his head was cut off by Benjamin Church to be brought back to Plymouth.
500 Indians were also taken prisoner and made slaves.
17th century in the Thirteen Colonies
History of Native Americans
Lip balm is a product which is put on lips so they will not dry when a person is outdoors in the sun and wind.
Lip balm is usually made from petrolatum.
Some types of lip balm also include sunscreen to protect the lips from sunburn.
Lip balm comes in tubes and small pots with screw-on lids.
Lip balm is often used during the winter, because the cold winter winds can dry out a person's lips so that they are cracked and hurting (this is called having "chapped" lips).
Coprophagia is the eating of faeces.
Many animals eat faeces, either their own or that of other animal groups.
It is particularly common in dogs and puppies of about six months old, but little is known why; lack of stimulus and variety in the lifestyle or diet have been cited as potential reasons.
Adding pineapple to their food is  a well recognized solution for many dogs.
Humans do it only on rare occasions and it is looked down upon in society.
Eating one's feces can also spread disease.
The Frankenwald (roughly translates to Franconian forest) is a mountain range.
It is in the district of Oberfranken in Bavaria.
It connects the Fichtelgebirge to the Thuringian forest.
It is a long forested plateau.
The hills in the plateau form a watershed between the Rhine and the Elbe rivers.
It was settled in the 13th century.
The main branches of industry were porcelain-making, forestry, and the production of charcoal.
Rafts were built to get the wood into the larger cities, along the Main river, and the Rhine.
First, the people setlted on the plateau.
They cut down some forest, and settled in the clearing that was created that way.
A well preserved example of such a setltlement is Wilhelmsthal.
Only at a later date did people settle in the valleys.
plateaux where the forest has been cleared.
forested slopes
grassy valleys.
Rapid transit is the name for a type of railway which has trains that run very often and carry many passengers at one time.
It is usually in a city or urban area and takes people in and out of it.
Trains go between places very quickly because they do not mix with other traffic.
Most rapid transit railways do not have level crossings, but the tracks go over and under other roads, or run in tunnels or over bridges, so they do not meet.
Many places call their rapid transit system a metro.
Other words for rapid transit, which vary around the world, are subway, underground, tube, elevated, or heavy rail.
These words sometimes describe how the system is built: some systems are completely below or above ground, while others may have both below-ground and above-ground sections.
A single rapid transit system can have many lines that go different places and many stations where people can get on and off trains, and sometimes change between other forms of public transport.
These lines often have stations where people can change from one line to another to go in a different direction.
These kinds of stations are called interchange stations, and many of the biggest rapid transit systems have several of these stations.
Many people consider the oldest rapid transit system of any kind to be the Metropolitan Railway in London, the capital of the United Kingdom.
The first part of what would eventually become the London Underground started building in 1860, and the first part was opened in 1863.
The first underground trains were powered by locomotives that burned coal, and the smoke made many people suffer from choking in the tunnels.
Later trains on the line ran on electric power.
This line, now part of the Metropolitan line, is still running today.
Another railway line in London, the City and South London Railway, was the first rapid transit line to use trains that run on electricity.
This part opened in 1890 and today is part of the Northern line.
Several more underground railways were built in London, and today the Underground, which is called the "tube" for its small trains and tunnels, has eleven lines, some of which run on track that is used by National Rail trains.
The next two cities to build rapid transit lines were Budapest, Hungary (whose first metro line opened in 1896) and Glasgow, Scotland (whose "Subway" also opened in 1896).
Soon, many other big cities in Europe were building metro lines of their own, such as Berlin, Germany (Berlin U-Bahn); Paris, France (Paris Métro); and Moscow, Russia (Moscow Metro).
A number of Paris Métro lines use trains that have rubber tires along with wheels made of steel; this helps the trains run better and smoother especially on steep gradients.
Montreal's metro system is also like this, along with some people mover systems, which carry fewer people than rapid transit.
The first subway in North America was in Boston.
Building started in 1895 and the first section was opened in 1897.
The tunnels for this subway are still used by the Green Line of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), who has since built some other subways.
In 1904, the New York City Subway opened, serving New York City.
It quickly grew and soon became one of the largest in the world.
It still has the most stations of any rapid transit system, with over 400 of them.
Several more cities in the United States and Canada built their own subways, such as Philadelphia (operated by SEPTA); Los Angeles (operated by METRO); Montreal Metro in Montreal, Toronto Subway in Toronto and Vancouver SkyTrain in Vancouver, Canada.
Although most rapid transit systems are mostly built in underground tunnels, there are some lines which have been built above the street.
These "elevated" lines are cheaper to build than subways since no tunneling is required.
A well-known mostly elevated rapid transit system is the Chicago 'L' serving Chicago since 1892.
The New York City Subway also has many elevated sections similar to Chicago.
The Bay Area Rapid Transit system in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Washington Metro in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, two of the newer rapid transit systems built in the US, began running in 1972 and 1976, in that order.
Although these last two systems have long sections of track without stations and run mostly above ground, in some places in the median strip of highways; all lines travel through subways in the inner city parts.
The first subway in South America opened in the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires in 1913 (the Buenos Aires Underground).
The oldest trains on the Underground were used for almost one hundred years, and were not replaced with new cars until 2013.
Other cities in Latin America with rapid transit include São Paulo, Brazil (São Paulo Metro); Santiago, Chile (Santiago Metro); and Mexico City, Mexico (Mexico City Metro).
Trains in Santiago and Mexico City are like Paris and Montreal as they are rubber-tired.
Although there are not as many cities with rapid transit railways as there are in Europe or other places, many large cities operate bus rapid transit networks, which carry many people like railways and often have their own lane on roads, but use buses instead of trains.
These systems are often designed to be converted into rail-based rapid transit in the future.
Asia, Africa, and Oceania (including Australia)
The first subway in Asia was the subway in Tokyo, Japan.
The first section, part of the Ginza Line, was opened in 1927.
Now, there are 13 lines run by two different companies (Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway), and many trains on these lines, called "through trains", run directly onto regular Japanese railways.
Many other cities in Japan have subways of their own, like Osaka, Kyoto, and Nagoya.
In China, the first subway, Beijing Subway, opened in Beijing in 1969.
Other cities in China began to build subways, including Tianjin, Shanghai, and Guangzhou.
These systems, especially Beijing with its 18 lines, have become some of the largest and longest in the world.
For example, the Shanghai Metro had only one line when it opened in 1993, but today has 19 of them.
Both the Beijing and Shanghai systems have over 500 kilometers of track.
Other cities in Asia with big subway systems are Taipei, Taiwan (Taipei Metro), Seoul, South Korea (Seoul Metropolitan Subway); Delhi, India (Delhi Metro); and Singapore (MRT).
Three of Singapore's MRT lines, along with three smaller LRT lines, are automatically operated without a driver.
A few more metro systems that run this way are London's Docklands Light Railway; the SkyTrain in Vancouver, Canada; and the Dubai Metro serving Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.
Africa does not have many cities with rapid transit.
Among those that have one, the oldest is in Cairo, Egypt (Cairo Metro), in use since 1987.
Some cities in South Africa, though, have commuter rail networks with trains that come at high frequencies like rapid transit.
Australia was the last continent to have a rapid transit system, although its biggest cities already have large commuter rail networks, some of which run in tunnels like rapid transit.
The first ever rapid transit system in Australia opened in Sydney (Sydney Metro) in 2019.
It also uses driverless trains.
A municipality is a word used for a city, a town or a village, or a small group of them.
It has a clearly defined territory, and all the people living on that territory share one common local government.
In most countries, a municipality is the smallest administrative subdivision to have its own democratically elected representative leadership.
A municipality is usually governed by a mayor and a city or municipal council.
The municipality can be created as a municipal corporation.
In some countries, municipalities are referred to as "communes" (for example, French commune, Italian comune or Swedish kommun).
A problem is a situation preventing something from being achieved.
The word comes from a Greek word meaning an "obstacle" (something that is in your way).
Someone who has a problem must find a way of solving it.
The means of solving a problem is called a "solution".
"John has locked his car keys inside his car so that he cannot get at them.
John has a problem".
Entertainment examples
Some problems are made up for fun.
These are like puzzles.
Some of them can be solved with logic, others can be solved by trial and error or by a heuristic.
Mathematical examples
"John is three times as old as Mary.
In three years time he will be twice as old as Mary.
How old are John and Mary?"
The answer to this problem is that John is 9 and Mary is 3.
Children often like to give one another problems that can be solved by "lateral thinking".
This means using the imagination rather than strict logic.
Here is an example:
"Peter, Ruth, Samuel and Jessica live in the same house.
Peter and Ruth went out.
When they returned they found Jessica lying dead, surrounded by glass.
They were sure Samuel had done it.
Why did they not call the police?"
The answer is: Samuel was the cat and Jessica was a goldfish.
Sources on problem solving
Duncker, Karl 1945.
On problem solving.
APA Psychological Monographs 58.
Gordon, William J.J. 1961.
Synectics: the development of creative capacity.
New York: Harper.
Polya, George 1945.
How to solve it: a new aspect of mathematical method.
Wertheimer, Max 1959.
Productive thinking.
New and expanded edition was 1945.
Simon, Herbert A. & Newell, Alan 1972.
Human problem solving.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Most of these deal with well-formulated problems.
There are also a number of books on the psychology of thinking, which is obviously a large part of problem-solving:
Bolton, Neil 1972.
The psychology of thinking.
Wason P.C. & Johnson-Laird P.N. 1972.
Psychology of reasoning: structure & content.
London: Batsford.
Novick L.R. & Bassok M. 2005.
In K.J. Holyoak & R.G. Morrison (eds) Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning.
Chapter 14, pp.
321–349.
Monty Hall problem – a problem about goats and a car in a game show, using probability.
Holy orders are the rites or sacraments in which priests are ordained
Religious order, a group of people that live together, and share some ideals
Order (decoration), an award or medal
Legal and military
Court order, made by a judge
Executive order, issued by the executive branch of government
General order, a published directive from a commander
Standing order, a general order of unset duration, and similar ongoing rules in a parliament
Direct order
In scientific classification
Order (biology), a rank between class and family, or a taxon at that rank
Social order, a concept used in sociology, history and other social sciences
Order (chemistry), a concept of chemical kinetics
Order (group theory), the cardinality of a group
Order theory, a branch of mathematics that studies many different kinds of binary relations called orders
Order (ring theory), a kind of an algebraic structure
Orders of approximation, Big O notation
Order of magnitude, a class of scale or magnitude of any amount
Order, or degree of a polynomial
In computer science
Canonical order, the order of elements that follows a certain rules or specifications
In telecommunications
Modulation order, the number of different symbols that can be sent using a given modulation
The opposite of chaos, disorder (in the sense of randomness), or entropy
Collating order, sequence for text, such as alphabetical
Order (business), an instruction from a customer to buy
Order (exchange), customer's instruction to a stock broker
Order (information processing), a measure of the number of objects or sub-systems in a system
Order (organization), an organization of people united by a common fraternal bond or social aim.
Architectonic orders
Way of categorizing Electronic filters by steepness
Way of categorizing the size of lighthouse Fresnel lenses
"The Order"
Order (food), a customer's choice of food at a restaurant or for delivery
Friedrichshafen is a city in Germany.
It is at the north shore of the Lake of Constance.
It is the second largest city at the lakeside, after Konstanz.
About 58.000 people live there.
The city is famous for having one of the first Zeppelins.
Cities in Baden-Württemberg
For the English rock group, see Led Zeppelin.
A Zeppelin is a type of airship.
It is a dirigible, which means it is rigid airship, but can be directed.
It was developed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, in the early 20th century.
The name Zeppelin is now used as a common name for all airships.
Zeppelins were used in the First World War.
In the Second World War the Nazis largely used them for propaganda purposes.
One of the most well-known Zeppelins was the LZ 129 Hindenburg, which caught fire on May 6, 1937, during a landing after a non-stop trip from Germany to New Jersey in the United States.
Another, the LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin was still in use after this disaster although some modifications had to be made after the disaster.
After the Second World War and the fall of the Nazis in Germany, Zeppelins were not used anymore.
Plans exist to use Zeppelins to lift heavy weights.
Sometimes, they are also used as tourist attractions, or for advertising.
Wighard became Archbishop of Canterbury.
Chertsey Abbey was built in England.
Barking Abbey was built in England.
A stanza is a related group of lines or verses in a poem.
A stanza also can be a verse in paragraph form.
They can keep on going without punctuation.
It may also be a line in a poem.
Two most important features of a stanza is the number of lines and the rhyme scheme.
There are many kinds of stanza.
Two-line stanza (aa).
Three-line stanza (aaa).
Four-line stanza (aaaa, aabb, abab, abba)
Five-line stanza (for example ababb)
Six-line stanza (for example ababcc)
Seven-line stanza (for example ababbcc, it is called rhyme royal)
Eight-line stanza (for example abababcc, it is Italian ottava rima)
Nine-line stanza (for example ababbcbcc, it is Spenserian stanza)
Ten-line stanza (for example ababccdeed)
abba abba cdc dcd
ababbcbc ababbcbc ababbcbc bcbc
Some stanzas are named after poets, who invented or often used them.
An example is Sapphic stanza that was named after famous Greek woman poet Sappho.
Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, Art of Versification.
Springfield: 1920.
Nanga Parbat, located in Gilgit-Baltistan, is the ninth highest mountain in the world.
It is 8,126 metres (26,660 ft) above sea level.
It is in Gilgit Baltistan, between Chilas and Astore.
Nanga Parbat means "Naked Mountain".
In 1953, an Austrian German named Hermann Buhl was the first to climb it.
Nanga Parbat is in the west of the Himalayas, and is the most western of the mountains higher than eight thousand meters.
It lies just south of the Indus River, in the Astore District of the Northern Areas in the region of Kashmir.
Not far to the north is the western end of the Karakoram mountains.
Nanga Parbat is the highest peak in the Nanga Parbat Range.
The range covers an area of  in length and  in width.
In the east it joins the Pir Panjal Range.
The steep incline of its peak that rises above the ground far below makes Nanga Parbat a difficult and dangerous climb.
Many deaths in the mid and early 20th century gave it the nickname of "killer mountain".
A mountain list ranked by local relief and steepness showing Nanga Parbat as the steepest
Pictures from a winter expedition in 2013
Mountains of Pakistan
Cheema (Shahmukhi: چیمہ, : ਚੀਮਾ) (also spelled Chima) is a typical group of people of the Jaat cast found in India and bordering Pakistan (In the world any family of Cheema they must be connected to the Sialkot sub-city Sahowala, Balochak Because this is the beginning place of Jutt Cheemas) who are also known as warriors.
Jaat's are a large and important group in Punjab.
Cheema's are one of the few major subclans of Jats.
They speak Punjabi, and usually own vast farmlands.
The majority of Cheema clans who are Muslims are found in West Punjab (Pakistan), and many who are Sikhs are found in East Punjab (India).
The Cheema tribe was called "Shaka" in India, from the name Saka used by the Persians.
From the time of the Mahabharata wars (1500-500 BC) Shakas were mentioned many times in texts like the Puranas, the Manusmriti, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Mahabhasiya of Patanjali, the Brhat Samhita of Vraha Mihira, the Kavyamimamsa, the Brihat-Katha-Manjari, the Katha-Saritsagara, and many other old texts.
it is believed that there are three Royal Families of Jatt in every Punjab.
In Indian Punjab, there are the (Cheema, Grewal, and Gill) "Sikh Jatts" And the Royal Families of the Pakistani Punjab are (Chattha, Cheema, and Warraich) "Muslim Jutts".
Invasion of India (180 BC onward)
Alexander's invasion of Punjab
Alexander overran the Achaemenid Empire in 331 BC and marched into what is now Afghanistan with an army of 50,000.
His scribes do not mention Gandhara or Kamboja; instead, they name twelve small countries in those territories.
This means that Gandhara and/or Kamboja must not have been very great kingdoms in the late 4th century BC.
In 326 BC, most of these twelve or so countries that used to be in the Gandhara Kamboja Mahajanapadas were conquered by the Macedonian conqueror.
Alexander invited all the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara to come to him and submit to his authority.
Ambhi, ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), complied.
After confirming him in his satrapy, Alexander marched against the Sakas (Cheemas are considered to be decadents of the Sakas) and Kamboja highlanders of the Kunar also Swat valleys known in Greek texts as Aspasios and Assakenois (q.v.)
and in Indian texts as Ashvayana and Ashvakayana (names referring to their equestrian nature), who had refused to submit to Alexander.
The Ashvayan, Ashvakayan, Kamboja and allied Saka  clans offered tough resistance to the invader and fought him to a man.
When worse came to worst, even the Ashvakayan women took up arms and joined their menfolk on the field, thus preferring " a glorious death to a life of dishonor".
Thereafter, Alexander marched east to the Hydaspes, where Porus, ruler of the kingdom between the Hydaspes (Jhelum) and the Akesines (Chenab) refused to submit to him.
The two armies fought the historic Battle of the Hydaspes River on the riverbank outside the town of Nikaia (near the modern city of Jhelum).
Porus's army fought bravely but was no match for Alexander's.
When the defiant Raja (though wounded and having lost his sons) was brought before Alexander, a legendary conversation took place in which Alexander inquired of Porus, "How should I treat you?",
the brave Porus shot back, "The way a king treats another king."
Alexander was struck by his spirit.
He not only returned the conquered kingdom to Porus but added the land lying between the Akesines (Chenab) and the Hydraotis (Ravi), whose ruler had fled.
Alexander's army crossed the Hydraotis and marched east to the Hesidros (Beas), but there his troops refused to march further east, and Alexander turned back, following the Jhelum and the Indus to the Arabian Sea, and sailing to Babylon.
In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Yuezhi tribe of modern China moved westward into Central Asia, which, in turn, caused the Sakas (Scythians) to move west and south.
The Northern Sakas, also known as the Indo-Scythians, moved first into Bactria, and later crossed the Hindu Kush into India, successfully wresting power from the Indo-Greeks.
They were followed by the Yuezhi, who was known in India as the Kushans or Kushanas.
The Kushanas founded a kingdom in the 1st century that lasted for several centuries.
Both the Indo-Scythians and the Kushans embraced Buddhism, and absorbed elements of Indo-Greek art and culture into their own.
Another Central Asiatic people to make Punjab their home were the Hephthalites (White Huns), who engaged in continuous campaigns from across the Hindu Kush, finally establishing their rule in India in the fifth century.
Muhammed Bin Qasim's invasion of Punjab
The Chach Nama is a romantic work influenced by the 13th-century history, not a historical text of the 8th-century, states Asif, a historian and professor at Columbia University in New York City of Pakistani origin.
Many Jatt/Cheema were oppressed by Hindu king Raja Dahir who ruled over Punjab where the majority of the population followed Buddhism (Ram Swarup Joon: History of the Jats, Rohtak, India (1938, 1967)).
The Jat made strong alliances with the Muslim Arabs and hailed the conquest of Muhammad bin Qasim an Arab general.
Muhammad bin Qasim defeated the Hindu Raja Dahir in alliance with Jats and other Buddhist Rajas.
On his arrival at the town of Brahmanabad, between six and sixteen thousand men died in the ensuing battle.
Buddhists and the Jat, Meds and Bhutto tribes hailed him as a rescuer from tyranny at the hands of Chach and his kin (regarded as Cusurpers of the Rai Dynasty).
He permitted all to practice their religion freely
Hindus were included in the Ahl al Kitab
the status of Dhimmis (protected people) was conferred upon Hindus and Buddhists
Property destroyed during hostilities was compensated for.
As a sign of respect to his Hindu populace an edict was issued banning cow slaughter in Sindh and Multan.
Oppression of the Jats
The rulers before Islam were: Siharus, Sahasi II, Chach, Dahir.
The first two were Buddhist Jatt, and the last two were Hindu jatt.
The new Brahmin rulers were not friendly to the many Buddhists in Sind at that time, and they were cruel to the Jats and Meds, who were most of the peasants.
Bad conditions were put on the Jats and they lost many civil rights. "
When Chach, the Brahmin chamberlain who usurped the throne of Chach King went to Brahmanabad, he enjoined upon the Jats and Lohanas not to carry swords, avoid velvet or silken cloth, ride horses without saddles and walk about bare-headed and bare-footed".
It was because of this background that Muhammad bin Qasim received cooperation from the Buddhists as well as the Jats and Meds during his campaign in Sind (An advanced history of India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar; Hemchandra Raychaudhuri; Kalikinkar Datta Delhi: Macmillan India, 1973).
In fact, he was hailed as a deliverer by several sections of the local population.
The position of the Buddhists in Sind seeking support from outside can be read in the Chach Nama.
Mohammad Bin Qasim came as a deliverer for the ancient tribes of Jats and Meds and he defeated the oppressing King of Sindh.
From then the war between Buddhists and Hindus saw another contender whose future followers of the monotheistic Islamic faith would change the history of India forever.
Cheemas Today
The Cheema clan hold the largest number of Political seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan and Senate of Pakistan in Punjab,
This Cheema family has had a large number of Civil servants, Judges, Police officials, Federal Ministers, and Provincial Ministers, and even a President of Pakistan.
Many Cheemas have immigrated, establishing successful careers in aid agencies, and armies amongst other professionals.
Cheema has a very strong political control in many districts such as Gujranwala.
Cheema is the owner of many rice and floor mills such as Ghulam Haider Cheema from Aroop used to have the biggest rice and floor business in Pakistan.
Late Sardar (Captain) Autar Singh Cheema was first Pakistan-born but an Indian national to climb the highest peak of the world Mount Everest on 20th May 1965.
He belonged to and after retiring from active service in the Indian army lived in his ancestral village at Chak Sri Ganganagar in Rajasthan India.
Many Cheemas have now settled in England after participating in both WW1 and WW2 Indian army for British forces.
Mostly misled for thinking they would get the freedom of India at the end of the world, which was not.
Approximately 1.3 million Indian soldiers served in World War One - and more than 74,000 of them lost their lives.
The Cheema Clan located in Nurmahal (Cheema Kalan and Cheema Kurd) is situated on the lands of former Noor Jahan (The Persian Queen) the twentieth and last wife of the Mughal emperor Jahangir.
The Queen's secret underground passageways are located on the Cheema land now.
Most of the Cheema lands located in Nurmahal were gifted to the Cheema clan for their bravery, hard work, and centuries of dedication in the Indian Armed forces and Navy.
Hindu scriptures
In the Mahabharata
The Udyogaparava of the Mahabharata (5/19/21-23) tells us that the composite army of the Kambojas, Yavanas, and Shakas participated in the Mahabharata war under the command of Sudakshina Kamboja.
The epic repeatedly says this composite army was very fierce and wrathful.
Mahabharata, too similarly groups the Shakas with the Kambojas and Yavanas and states that they were original noble Kshatriyas but got degraded to vrishala status on account of their non-observance of the sacred Brahmanical codes.
See main article: Kshatriya
In the Manusmiriti
In the Puranas
Cheema is most numerous in the Amritsar district.
There are also 42 villages in the Patiala district.
According to Cunningham, this area used to be called "Chima des" ("Des" or "Desh," in the Hindustani language and Punjabi language, which means "country").
Many people settled in Montgomery (Sahiwal) and Sandal Bar when the British ruled Punjab because of the construction of a large canal network in these areas.
The Cheema also have few villages scattered across Rawalpindi, Bhawalpur, Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, NurMahal or Noor Mahal, Moga, Ludhiana, and Sangrur.
In the western Punjab plains, Cheema communities are not generally found past Chaj Doab.
In the eastern Punjab plains, they are not were found past the Sangrur district, until 1947, when many Sikh Cheemas moved from Sialkot and Gujranwala to settle in Village Chak 4e Sri Ganganagar in Rajasthan Patiala, Karnal, and Sirsa after the partition of the Punjab.
Some families also moved afterward Udhamsingh nagar(Uttrakhand), Pilibhit, Puranpur, and Rampur (Utter Pradesh).
This region is called Mini Punjab and the Terai Region.
In Pakistan, Sialkot and Gujranwal districts both have large Cheema populations with many Cheema villages, such as Chak 4e in Sri Ganganagar (Raj) Begowal, Verowala Cheema Jamke Cheema, Tajokay Cheema, Adamkay Cheema, Bhopalwala, Nishterabad,(Nishterabad village have only one family of Cheema Named Nazar Mohamad Cheema) Sahowala, Kamalpur, Manpur, and Lodikay Cheema, and in Gujranwal, Baddokey Cheema,chak beg, Kot Inayat Khan,Delawar Cheema, Saroki Cheema, Bharoki Cheema,Varoki Cheema,Mansorwali Cheema, Ratti Thatt, Bankay Cheema, Kathor, Kalay Wala, Kheway Wali, Wadala Cheema, Phaloki Cheema, Marday Ki, and Chabba Cheema.
In Rawalpindi district, there is a village near Gujar Khan which is named Sui Cheemian and it has a substantial population of Cheema's.
The Chach-Nama.
English translation by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg.
Delhi Reprint, 1979.
40 Families of Pakistan 1947
Sir Denzil Ibbetson, Delhi 2002, p115 (Panjab Castes)
Ram Swarup Joon - History of the Jatt Arabian historian Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri
Annals, James Todd; History of Sikhs, Alexander Cunningham; Glossary of Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and NWFP H A Rose - Glossary of the tribes and castes of Punjab and NWFP, ''
Ethnic groups in India
Pakistani tribes
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Punjabi people
K2 is the second highest mountain in the world, at .
It is also known as Mount Godwin-Austen or Chhogori.
K2 is part of the Karakoram range.
It is located in Pakistan.
The name K2 came from the first survey of Karakoram.
At that time, the surveyors gave each mountain a simple label of "K" followed by a number.
K2 is known as the Savage Mountain as it is very hard to climb.
It is considered to be harder to climb than Mount Everest.
K2 has the second-highest fatality rate among the eight-thousand-metre mountains.
One person dies for every four who reach the top.
As of 2011, only 300 people have climbed to the top of the mountain.
At least 80 people have died trying to climb it.
K2 has never been climbed during the winter.
The name K2 was first used by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of British India.
Thomas Montgomerie made the first survey of the Karakoram range.
He did so from Mount Haramukh which is  to the south.
At the time he sketched the two most prominent peaks, and called them K1 and K2.
The policy of the Great Trigonometrical Survey was to use local names for mountains when possible.
K1 had the local name of Masherbrum which was soon used.
K2, however, appeared not to have a local name.
This may have been due to its remoteness.
It is not visible from Askole, the last village to the south, or from the nearest village to the north.
It is believed few local people would have gone to where it could be seen.
The name Chogori, from two Balti words, chhogo ("big") and ri ("mountain") (چھوغوری) has been suggested as a local name.
There is not much evidence for its widespread use, however.
It may have been invented by Western explorers.
It does form the basis for the name Qogir () which the Chinese government uses as the official name of the mountain.
As the mountain did not have a local name, the name Mount Godwin-Austen was suggested.
This was in honor of Henry Godwin-Austen who had been an early explorer of the area.
While the name was rejected by the Royal Geographical Society, it was used on several maps and is still used once in a while.
The label K2 is still the name by which the mountain is commonly known.
It is now also used in the Balti language, rendered as Kechu or Ketu.
The Italian climber Fosco Maraini stated that while the name K2 came by chance, is was good for the mountain.
Climbing history
Early attempts
The mountain was first surveyed by a European team in 1856.
Team member Thomas Montgomerie called the mountain K2.
The other mountains were originally named K1, K3, K4, and K5, but were later changed to use local names.
In 1892, Martin Conway led a British expedition that made it to the Baltoro Glacier.
The first real attempt to climb K2 was in 1902 by an Anglo-Swiss expedition.
It took fourteen days for them to reach the foot of the mountain.
After five attempts the team only made it to .
The next expedition was in 1909.
It was led by the Italian Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi.
This team made it only to an elevation of  on the South East Spur of the mountain.
After looking for and not finding other routes, the Duke said that K2 would never be climbed.
The next attempt was not made until 1938.
At that time, American Charles Houston took an expedition to the mountain.
They decided that the Abruzzi Spur was the best route and made it to a height of around .
In 1939, an American expedition led by Fritz Wiessner came within  of the summit.
It ended in disaster when four members died on the mountain.
Charles Houston tried again in 1953.
The try was a failure due to a storm which trapped the team for 10 days at .
One climber died in the expedition.
Many others nearly died in a mass fall but were saved by Pete Schoening.
Finally, in 1954, an Italian expedition made it to the summit.
It was lead by geologist Ardito Desio.
The two climbers to reach the top were Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni, at 6pm on 31 July 1954.
One member of the expedition (Colonel Muhammad Ata-ullah of Pakistan) had been part of the 1953 American attempt as well.
Other members were  scientists, a doctor, a photographer, and others.
Mario Puchoz died in the attempt.
Two other members had to be hospitalized and one had to have his toes amputated due to frostbite.
Later success
The second success was not until 23 years after the first.
It was a Japanese expedition lead by Ichiro Yoshizawa in 1977.
The third success was in 1978, and used a different route from the first two.