the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Crochet hooks come in different sizes for different sizes of yarn.
About crochet hook parts
Using crochet hooks
Pterodaustro was a pterosaur.
It is found in the Lower Cretaceous of South America.
Pterodaustro most likely fed on tiny invertebrates: zooplankton and krill.
Pterodaustro was medium-sized, with an adult wing-span of about two meters.
It has only been found in Brazil.
Pterodaustro probably waded in shallow water like flamingos, straining food with its tooth comb, a method called "filter feeding".
Once it caught its food, Pterodaustro probably mashed it with the small, globular teeth present in its upper jaw.
At least two specimens have been found with gizzard stones in the stomach cavity, the first ever reported for any pterosaur.
These clusters of small stones with angled edges support the idea that Pterodaustro ate mainly small, hard-shelled aquatic crustaceans using filter-feeding.
Such invertebrates are abundant in the sediment of the fossil site
In 2004 a Pterodaustro embryo in an egg was reported.
The egg was elongated, six centimetres long and 22 millimetres across and its mainly flexible shell was covered with a thin layer, 0.3 mm thick, of calcite.
Comparisons between the scleral rings (bony ring round edge of eye) of Pterodaustro and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been nocturnal, and may have had similar activity patterns to those modern ducks which feed at night.
Dsungaripterus ("Wing of Junggar Basin") was a pterosaur with a wingspan of 10 feet (3 m).
It had an unusual bony crest running along its snout and long, narrow, curved jaws with a pointed tip.
The crest may have acted as a rudder when flying or may have been a secondary sex characteristic.
Dsungaripterus's head and neck were together almost a metre long.
Its most notable feature are its long, narrow, upcurved jaws with a pointed tip, making the animal look like a pair of flying tweezers.
It had no teeth in the front part of its jaws, which were probably used to remove shellfish and worms from cracks in rocks or from sandy, muddy beaches.
It had knobbly flat teeth more to the back of the jaw that were well suited for crushing shellfish.
Himalia is the biggest non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
It was found by Charles Dillon Perrine at the Lick Observatory on December 3, 1904.
It is named after the nymph Himalia who bore three sons of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter).
Himalia did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as  or Jupiter Satellite VI, although calls for a full name appeared shortly after its and Elara's discovery; A.C.D. Crommelin wrote in 1905,
Unfortunately the numeration of Jupiter's satellites is now in precisely the same confusion as that of Saturn's system was before the numbers were abandoned and names substituted.
A similar course would seem to be advisable here; the designation V for the inner satellite was tolerated for a time, as it was considered to be in a class by itself; but it has now got companions, so that this subterfuge disappears.
It is the biggest member of the group that bears its name, the moons orbiting between 11.4 and 13 million kilometers from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°.
A day on Himalia is only about 7 3/4 hours long.
Himalia appears grey, like the other members of its group, similar to a C-type asteroid.
Measurements by Cassini confirm a featureless spectrum, with a slight absorption at 3 μm which could indicate the presence of water.
In November 2000, the Cassini spacecraft, going to Saturn, made a number of pictures of Himalia, including photos from a distance as close as 4.4 million km.
The moon covers only a few pixels, but seems to be a stretched object with axes 150 ± 20 and 120 ± 20 km, close to the Earth-based estimations.
In February and March 2007, the New Horizons spacecraft to Pluto made a series of pictures of Himalia, culminating in photos from a distance of eight million km.
Himalia Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Brachychiton (also known as the bottletree or kurrajong) is a genus of 31 species of trees and large shrubs.
They grow naturally in Australia and New Guinea.
Fossils from New South Wales and New Zealand are believed to be 50 million years old.
The name Brachychiton is comes from the Greek brachys, meaning "short", and chiton, meaning "tunic".
This refers to its loose seed coverings.
They grow to 4–30m tall.
All species have separate male and female flowers on the same plant.
The female flowers have five separate carpels that can each form a woody fruit that has several seeds.
Themisto or , is a small prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
It was found in 1975, lost, and then refound in 2000.
Themisto was first found by Charles T. Kowal and Elizabeth Roemer on September 30, 1975, reported on October 3, 1975 and designated .
However, not enough observations were made to establish an orbit and it was subsequently lost.
Themisto appeared as a footnote in astronomy textbooks into the 1980s.
Then, in 2000, a seemingly new moon was found by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Yanga R. Fernández and Eugene A. Magnier, and was designated .
It was soon confirmed that this was the same as the 1975 object.
The Sheppard et al.
announcement was immediately correlated with an August 6 2000 observation by the team of Brett J. Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, Jean-Marc Petit, Hans Scholl, Matthew J. Holman, Brian G. Marsden, Philip D. Nicholson and Joseph A. Burns — an observation that was reported to the Minor Planet Center but not published as an IAU Circular (IAUC).
Themisto's orbit is unusual.
Unlike most of Jupiter's moons, which orbit in groups, Themisto orbits alone, midway between the Galilean moons and the first group of prograde irregulars.
Thebe or , is the fourth of Jupiter's known moons (by distance from the planet).
It was found by Stephen P. Synnott in images from the Voyager 1 space probe taken on March 5, 1979 and was given the designation .
Later, it was found on images dating back to February 27, 1979.
In 1983 it was officially named after the mythological nymph Thebe who was the daughter of the river god Asopus and a lover of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter).
Thebe is the farthest of the inner Jovian moons.
It orbits Jupiter at a distance of ~222,000 km (3.11 Jupiter radii).
The orbit of Thebe has an orbital eccentricity of ~0.018 and an inclination of ~1.08° relative to the equator of Jupiter.
These values are unusually high for a closer moon and can be explained by the past influence of the closest Galilean satellite Io; in the past, several mean motion resonances with Io would have passed through Thebe's orbit as Io gradually moved away from Jupiter, and these excited Thebe's orbit.
Thebe is not a sphere, with the closest ellipsoidal approximation being 116x98x84 km.
Its bulk density and mass are not known but assuming that it mean density is like that of Amalthea (~0.86 g/cm³) its mass can be estimated at ~4.3×1017 kg.
Thebe was found in Voyager 1 images by Steve Synnott, a member of the Voyager navigation team.
However, before the Galileo spacecraft arrived at Jupiter, little was known about it.
Galileo imaged almost all of the surface of Thebe and put constraints on its composition.
Thebe Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
An antagonist is the character in a story who stands in opposition towards the protagonist.
As an example, in the Disney movie The Lion King, the main antagonist is Scar.
While the most common practice is for a hero to be the protagonist and the villain to be the antagonist this is not always the case.
As an example in the manga/anime series Death Note protagonist Light Yagami was the villain as it was his goal to rid the world of criminals in order to create his own ideal "utopia" and rule it like a god while antagonist L was the hero as it was his goal to end Light's psychotic killing spree.
Another example is Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street where the titular protagonist and the antagonist Judge Turpin were both villains.
A story may also have secondary antagonist, either a partner/accomplice of the main antagonist or an entirely separate threat altogether (though a lesser one).
Just like the main antagonist they aren't always villains but they are obstacles towards the goal(s) of the protagonist(s).
It is possible for a protagonist to become an antagonist.
A well-known example of this is in the Star Wars movie series, when Anakin Skywalker turns from a Jedi to a Sith, to become Darth Vader.
Joe Grant (May 15, 1908 - May 9, 2005) was an American animator, writer and illustrator.
He worked for Walt Disney between 1933 and 1949 and again from 1989 until his death just a few days before his 97th birthday.
Joe Grant was born at 1908 in New York City.
After school, he began his career as a caricaturist.
In 1933, he was hired by Disney for the Mickey Mouse short movie Mickey's Gala Premiere.
In the next years, he, Albert Hurter, Dick Huemer and Fred Moore were the studios' most important character animator.
He created the witch in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937).
Grant and Huemer created books for Fantasia and Dumbo.
Later, he was the head of the "Character Animation Department" at Disney.
This department was closed in 1949 and Grant left Disney.
40 years later, in 1989, Grant began working for Disney again.
He created characters and sketches for Disney's Beauty and the Beast, (1991).
The movie was the first animated movie which was nominated for the Academy Award for "Best Picture".
He was the only person who worked on Fantasia (1940) and Fantasia 2000.
In 2005, his animation short movie Lorenzo was nominated for an Academy Award.
Just a few weeks later, Joe Grant died while working with his drawing board at the age of 96 in Glendale, California.
Ganymede[p]  is the largest of over 66 moons of the planet Jupiter.
It is also the largest moon in the Solar System.
Ganymede is larger in diameter than the planet Mercury, but has only about half of its mass.
Ganymede is much less dense.
Ganymede is part of a group called the Galilean Satellites.
These also include Io, Europa and Callisto.
Galileo Galilei discovered this moon in 1610.
Simon Marius suggested the name "Ganymede" soon after.
In Greek mythology, Ganymede was Zeus' cup-bearer.
This name and the names of the other Galilean satellites were not favoured for a long time, and were not put into common use until the mid-20th century.
Instead, it is simply referred to by its Roman numeral designation (a system that was introduced by Galileo) as  or as the "third satellite of Jupiter".
Ganymede is the only Galilean moon of Jupiter named after a male figure.
Ganymede is composed of roughly equal amounts of silicate rock and water ice.
Its body has an iron-rich, liquid core, and an internal ocean that may contain more water than all of Earth's oceans together.
Its surface has dark regions, with impact craters dated to four billion years ago.
This covers about a third of the satellite.
Lighter regions, crosscut by grooves and ridges and only slightly less ancient, cover the rest.
The cause of the light terrain's disrupted geology is not fully known, but was likely the result of tectonic activity caused by tidal heating.
[p] ^ The name "Ganymede" is said as /Gan-ee-Meed/.
Callisto is a moon of the planet Jupiter, discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and named after Kallisto.
It is the second largest moon orbiting Jupiter, after Ganymede, and the third largest moon in the Solar System.
Callisto is almost the same size as the planet Mercury, being 99% the diameter of the planet, but is much less massive.
Of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter, Callisto is the farthest out, with an orbital radius of about 1,880,000 kilometres.
It does not form part of the orbital resonance that affects three inner Galilean satellites, Io, Europa and Ganymede.
Like the Earth's Moon, Callisto rotates synchronously with its orbital period.
This means that one side is always turned toward Jupiter, while the other side never sees the face of the planet.
Callisto's surface is less affected by Jupiter's magnetosphere than the seven moons nearer the planet.
Callisto has about equal amounts of rock and ices, with an average density of about 1.83 g/cm³. Chemical compounds on the surface include water ice, carbon dioxide, silicates, and organics.
The Galileo spacecraft made investigations of the moon, and revealed that Callisto may have a small silicate core and possibly a subsurface ocean of liquid water more than 100 kilometers deep.
The surface of Callisto is heavily cratered and extremely old.
The surface does not show any sign of processes occurring below the surface such as plate tectonics, earthquakes or volcanoes, and is thought to have evolved mainly under the influence of meteorite impacts.
Notable surface features include multi-ring structures, impact craters in different shapes, and chains of craters (known as catenae) and associated scarps, ridges and deposits.
On a smaller scale, the surface is varied.
It is made up of frost on hill tops, surrounded by a smooth blanket of dark material in valleys.
This is thought to result from the degradation of small landforms, caused by sublimation.
This is supported by the few small impact craters, and the presence of numerous small knobs which are thought to be their remains.
The absolute ages of the landforms are not known.
Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere made out of carbon dioxide and probably oxygen molecules.
There is also a rather intense ionosphere.
An ocean is thought to exist within Callisto.
This may mean that life might exist.
However, this is less likely than on nearby Europa.
Various space probes from Pioneers 10–11 to Galileo and Cassini−Huygens have studied the moon.
Callisto is considered the most suitable place for humans to settle for future exploration of the Jovian system.
Troyal Garth Brooks (born February 7, 1962) is an American country music singer and songwriter.
He uses rock elements in his recordings and live performances.
Brooks was successful in the country singles and country album charts and later also proved popular in the mainstream pop arena, exposing country music to a larger audience.
Brooks has had one of the most successful careers in popular music history, with over 70 hit singles and 15 charted albums to his credit.
Throughout the 1990s he broke records for both sales and concert attendance.
In 1999, looking to expand his career boundaries, Brooks began a multimedia project involving a fictitious alter ego known as Chris Gaines.
In 2001, Brooks officially retired from recording and performing, after having conflicts between his career and family.
During this time he has sold millions of albums through an exclusive distribution deal with Wal-Mart and has released new singles from time to time.
On November 6, 2007, The Ultimate Hits was released.
Brooks came out of retirement in 2007 when he opened a new arena in Kansas City, Missouri.
He left retirement again in 2013 to play at the  Encore Casino in Las Vegas.
Garth Brooks (1989)
No Fences (1990)
Ropin' the Wind (1991)
The Chase (1992)
In Pieces (1993)
Fresh Horses (1995)
Sevens (1997)
Greatest Hits (1999)
Scarecrow (2001)
The Lost Sessions (2005)
Man Against Machine (2014)
Gunslinger (2016)
The Garth Brooks Collection (1994)
The Hits (1994)
Double Live (1998)
The Ultimate Hits (2007)
Beyond the Season (August 25, 1992)
Garth Brooks and the Magic of Christmas (November 23, 1999)
The Magic of Christmas: Songs from Call Me Claus (September 25, 2001)
"The Dance (song)"  (1990)
"Friends in Low Places" (1990)
"Unanswered Prayers" (1990)
Rodeo (1991)
"Shameless" (1991)
"Baby, Let's Lay Down and Dance" (2016)
The Margraviate of Baden () was made in 1112.
From 1190 to 1771, Baden was broken up into different smaller states.
When the Holy Roman Empire ended in 1806, the Margraviate of Baden became the larger and more powerful Grand Duchy of Baden ().
After World War I ended in 1918, the monarchy in Baden ended so Baden became a republic.
After World War II ended in 1945, Baden was cut in half: the north half became part of Württemberg-Baden and the south half became South Baden.
South Baden changed its name to "Baden" in 1947.
Baden was one of the original states of the Federal Republic of Germany.
In 1952, it joined with Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern to make the state of Baden-Württemberg.
Hüttlingen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld, in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
Hüttwilen is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.
Langrickenbach is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
Lengwil is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
The Mitsubishi Model A is the only car built by the Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Company, a member of the Mitsubishi keiretsu which would later become Mitsubishi Motors, and the first automobile made in Japan.
Based on the Fiat Tipo 3, it was a four-door seven-seat sedan powered by a front-mounted 26kW 2.8 litre straight-4 engine driving the rear wheels, and could drive as fast as 20 mph.
22 were built at the company's Kobe shipyard between 1917 and 1921.
Gopher is a protocol.
It was designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet.
Gopher represented an early alternative to the World Wide Web.
The gopher protocol has some things HTTP-based clients do not have.
It is based on menus.
An item selected from a menu will either open another menu, or a document.
Because of concern over possible licensing fees, and the relative flexibility of the World Wide Web, the protocol did not get much use.
There are less than 200 gopher servers still actively maintained.
Many of the remaining gopher servers are run by individuals.
Most of them are rarely updated except for the ones run by enthusiasts of the protocol.
A handful of new servers are set up every year by hobbyists - over 50 have been set up and added to Floodgap's list since 1999.
Today Gopher exists as an almost forgotten corner of the Internet. -
one can publish email addresses in plaintext without having to worry about spam, and publish large amounts of data without the risk of the server's bandwidth becoming saturated by overuse.
In the early stages of mobile Internet access, some suggested that the simple interface of Gopher would be a good match for mobile phones and Personal digital assistants (PDAs).
Web-based solutions also won in the mobile space, with technologies like Wireless Markup Language (WML)/Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), DoCoMo i-mode, XHTML Basic or other adaptations of HTML and XML.
Several server software packages are still maintained and updated for the Gopher protocol.
For example, the PyGopherd Gopher server provides a built-in WML front-end to Gopher sites served with it.
The Motsognir Gopher server provides PHP5 and Plugin support.
Many current web-browsers have stopped supporting the gopher protocol directly, such as Mozilla Firefox.
But 3rd-party addons and plugins are still available to replace browser-based Gopher functionality.
Gopher Jewels 2 (gopher link)
The Gopher Project
The state of Gopher support for common Web browsers
List of new Gopher servers since 1999 (gopher link)
List of Gopher servers
Gopher Clients
An announcement of Gopher on the Usenet  Oct 8 1991
Old Gopher guide
See what gopher looked like.
This is another website that looks almost like Gopher used to look.
You can see what fun it is to move around on a simple website like this.
The inner moons of Jupiter  are four small moons that orbit close to Jupiter.
These moons are closely interconnected with the rings of Jupiter and serve as both sources and sinks of the ring's material.
Their semi-major axes range between 128,000 and 222,000 km.
Amalthea, the biggest, after which the group is sometimes named
Thebe
Metis and Adrastea each orbit Jupiter in less than one Jovian day (the time it takes for Jupiter to rotate once).
Phobos, a moon of Mars, is the only other moon known to orbit its planet in less than the length of that planet's day.
The Galilean moons are the four satellites of Jupiter found by Galileo Galilei: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
They are by far the biggest of the many moons of Jupiter.
Galileo Galilei found what came to be known as the Galilean moons around December 1609 or January 1610.
As a result of improvements he made to the telescope, Galileo was able to see celestial bodies better than ever before in human history.
Using his improved telescope, Galileo was the first to see four moons of Jupiter.
On January 7, 1610, Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter’s moons.
At the time, he only saw three of them, and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter.
He continued to look at them from January 8 through March 2.
In these observations, he found a fourth body, and also observed that the four were not fixed stars, but rather were orbiting Jupiter.
Galileo’s discovery proved the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers.
It showed there were objects in space to be found, which were not seen by the naked eye.
More importantly, the discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than the Earth dealt a blow to the then-accepted Ptolemaic world system.
This held that the Earth was at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolved around it.
That Jupiter has four moons while Earth has only one further undercut the near-universal belief that the Earth was the center of the universe both in position and in importance.
Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger), which announced celestial observations through his telescope, does not mention Copernican heliocentrism, a theory that placed the Sun at the center of the universe.
Nevertheless, Galileo believed in the Copernican theory.
Galileo called his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ('Cosimo's stars'), in honour of Cosimo II de' Medici (1590–1621), grand-duke of Tuscany, whose patronage he wanted.
At the grand-duke's suggestion, Galileo changed the name to Medicea Sidera ('the Medici stars'), honouring all four Medici brothers (Cosimo, Francesco, Carlo, and Lorenzo).
The discovery was announced in the Sidereus Nuncius ('Starry Messenger'), published in Venice in March 1610, less than two months after the first observations.
Other names put forward, but the names which eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius.
Marius claimed to have found the moons at the same time as Galileo: he named them after lovers of the god Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter): Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, in his Mundus Jovialis, published in 1614.
The numbers run from Jupiter outward, thus I, II, III and IV for Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto respectively.
Galileo used this system in his notebooks but never actually published it.
Seeing the moons
All four Galilean moons are bright enough that they could, if they were farther away from Jupiter, be seen without a telescope.
They have apparent magnitudes between 4.6 and 5.6 when Jupiter is in opposition with the Sun, and about one unit of magnitude dimmer when Jupiter is in conjunction.
The main thing that is hard in observing them is due to the fact that they are very close to Jupiter, and are masked by its brightness.
Their maximum angular separations from Jupiter are between 2 and 8 minutes of arc, close to the limit of human visual acuity.
Ganymede and Callisto, at their maximum separation, are the likeliest targets for possible naked-eye observation.
The easiest way to observe them is to cover Jupiter with an object, e.g. a  tree limb or a power line that is perpendicular to the plane of moons' orbits.
Animation of Galileo's observation, march 1613
A Passion cantata is a cantata.
The cantata takes its theme from the Passion of Jesus Christ, in other words his suffering until his death at the cross.
Larger cantatas with this theme are known as oratorios.
Famous Passion cantatas
In the English repertoire, the two classics are The Crucifixion (1887) by Sir John Stainer and Olivet to Calvary (1904) by John Henry Maunder.
Other works include Sir Arthur Somervell's The Passion of Christ (1914), Charles Wood's St. Mark Passion (1921), Eric Thiman's "The Last Supper" (1930) and William Lloyd Webber's "The Saviour" (1942).
The most famous Passion cantatas are probably the two composed by Johann Sebastian Bach: the St John Passion (1724) and the St Matthew Passion (1727).
A t first it was believed, St Luke Passion (1730) was also written by him.
Now it is thought that he simply rearranged an earlier work.
One notable work in Latin is Arvo Pärt's Passio Domini Nostri Jesu Christi secundum Joannem (The Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ according to John) of 1982.
Aberdeen Grammar School is one of the twelve secondary schools run by the government in the City of Aberdeen, Scotland.
It is run by the Aberdeen City Council education department.
It is the oldest school in the city.
It is one of oldest grammar schools in the United Kingdom.
It is around 750 years old.
Lord Byron went to the Aberdeen Grammar School.
A statue of him has been placed in front of the school.
Grammar schools in the United Kingdom
Schools in Scotland
The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a protocol.
It was made to allow devices like mobile phones to access the internet.
Himalia (the biggest, which gives its name to the group)
Elara
Characteristics and origin
All moons in the group are grey similar to C-type asteroids.
It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from the main asteroid belt.
The radius of the parent asteroid was probably about 89 km, only a bit bigger than that of Himalia, which retains approximately 87% of the mass of the original body.
[[File:thesos.jpg|thumb|right|Drawing of RMS Titanics captain and radio operator, titled "The S.O.S"]]SOS (· · · — — — · · ·) is a Morse code.
It is used as distress code, to signal danger.
It was introduced by the German government in radio regulations on April 1, 1905.
It became the worldwide standard when it was included in the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention, which was signed on November 3, 1906.
The convention became effective on July 1, 1908.
From the beginning, the SOS distress signal has actually been a continuous sequence of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits, all run together without letter spacing.
In International Morse Code, three dits form the letter S, and three dahs make the letter O, so "SOS" became an easy way to remember the correct order of the dits and dahs.
In modern terminology, SOS is a "procedural signal" or "prosign", and the formal way to write it is with a bar above the letters.
It should be written SOS.
In popular usage, SOS became associated with phrases such as "Save Our Souls," "Save our Ship", and others.
It is mostly known by "Save Our Ship".
However, these phrases were a later development, most likely as a Mnemonic to help remember the correct letters—something known as a backronym.
In reality the signal SOS is not an acronym and doesn't stand for anything.
Early developments
Before radio communication was developed in the early 1890s, seagoing ships had already adopted many different visual and audio distress signals.
They used such things as semaphore flags, signal flares, bells, and foghorns.
In the beginning, radio was called wireless telegraphy.
It used Morse code, the dit-and-dah system originally developed for landline telegraphy.
When radio communication was made available to ships, there was a need for standardized communication.
Cooperation was somewhat limited by national differences and rivalries between different radio companies.
The first International Radiotelegraphic Conference was held in Berlin, Germany in 1903.
At the time, Captain Quintino Bonomo, an Italian representative, discussed the need for common operating procedures.
He also had the suggestion that "ships in distress... should send the signal SSS DDD at intervals of a few minutes", according to "The Wireless Telegraph Conference", in the November 27, 1903, issue of The Electrician.
Question on how to do things were beyond the scope of the 1903 Conference.
Although Article IV of the Conference's Final Protocol, signed August 13, 1903, said that "Wireless telegraph stations should unless practically impossible, give priority to calls for help received from ships at sea," no standard signal was adopted at the time.
Because there were no international regulations, each ship was left to develop its own practices.
For example in 1905 the crew of a sinking lightship off Nantucket transmitted the word "HELP" to call for rescue.
Perhaps the first international radio distress call adopted was "CQD" ( — · — ·    — — · —    — · · ).
This was announced on January 7, 1904 by "Circular 57" of the Marconi International Marine Communication Company.
It became effective for Marconi installations on February 1, 1904.
Another suggestion appeared in the 1906 edition of S. S. Robison's "Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the Use of Naval Electricians," published for use by the United States Navy.
This stated that the standard visual flag signals, known as the International Code of Signals, would likely also be adopted for radio use.
Therefore, the flag signal "NC" ( — ·     — · — · ), which stood for "In distress; want immediate assistance", would also likely become the radio distress call.
SOS created in Germany
A third standard resulted in the creation of the SOS distress signal.
The German government issued a set of national radio regulations.
These were used from April 1, 1905.
They introduced three new Morse code sequences, including the SOS distress signal:
Ruhezeichen ("Cease-sending signal"), consisting of six dashes ( — — — — — — ).
The signal was sent by shore stations to tell other local stations to stop transmitting.
Suchzeichen ("Quest signal"), made of three-dits/three dahs/one-dit, all run together (· · · — — — · ).
The signal was used by ships to get the attention of shore stations.
Notzeichen ("Distress signal"), consisting of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits (· · · — — — · · · ), also in a continuous sequence, "to be repeated by a ship in distress until all other stations have stopped working".
SOS was developed from the general German radio call "SOE", with the 3 dits of a "S" easier to hear in static than the one dit of an "E".
The string has no other meaning.
It was also selected because it is easy to recognize and can be sent rapidly.
Comparing SOS (di-di-di-dah-dah-dah-di-di-dit) with the older CQD (dah-di-dah-dit dah-dah-di-dah dah-di-dit) (— ·—· /—— ·—/—· ·) it is obvious how much simpler the new code is.
It would not be mistaken for CQ,either.
CQ is the radio code for "calling anyone" used in casual circumstances.
In 1906, the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention was held in Berlin.
This convention developed many Service Regulations to be added to the main agreement, which was signed on November 3, 1906, and became effective on July 1, 1908.
Article XVI of the regulations adopted Germany's Notzeichen distress signal as the international standard, reading: "Ships in distress shall use the following signal: · · · — — — · · ·  repeated at brief intervals".
The first ship to transmit an SOS distress call appears to have been the Cunard liner Slavonia on June 10, 1909, according to "Notable Achievements of Wireless" in the September, 1910 Modern Electrics.
However, there was some resistance among the Marconi operators about adopting the new signal, and, as late as the April, 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic, the ship's Marconi operators intermixed CQD and SOS distress calls.
But with the need for consistency for public safety, the use of CQD appears to have generally disappeared after this point.
In both the April 1, 1905 German law, and the 1906 International regulations, the distress signal was specified as a continuous Morse code sequence of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits, with no mention of any alphabetic equivalents.
However, in International Morse three dits make the letter S, and three dahs the letter O, and it soon became common to refer to the distress signal as "SOS."
An early report on "The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention" in the January 12, 1907 Electrical World said that "Vessels in distress use the special signal, SOS, repeated at short intervals." (
In American Morse code, which was used by many coastal ships in the United States through the first part of the twentieth century, three dahs stood for the numeral "5", so in a few cases the distress signal was informally referred to as "S5S").
In contrast to CQD, which was sent as three separate letters with spaces between each letter, the SOS distress call has always been transmitted as a continuous sequence of dits-and-dahs, and not as individual letters.
There was no problem as long as operators were aware that "SOS" was technically just a convenient way for remembering the proper sequence of the distress signal's total of nine dits and dahs.
In later years, the number of special Morse symbols increased.
In order to designate the proper sequence of dits-and-dahs for a long special symbol, the standard practice is to list alphabetic characters which contain the same dits-and-dahs in the same order, with a bar atop the character sequence to indicate that there should not be any internal spaces in the transmission.
Thus, under the modern notation, the distress signal becomes SOS. (
In International Morse, VTB, IJS and SMB, among others, would also correctly translate into the · · · — — — · · ·  distress call sequence, but traditionally only SOS is used).
SOS has also sometimes been used as a visual distress signal, consisting of three-short/three-long/three-short light flashes, or with "SOS" spelled out in individual letters, for example, stamped in a snowbank or formed out of logs on a beach.
The fact that SOS can be read right side up as well as upside down became important for visual recognition if viewed from above.
Famous SOS calls
Additional warning and distress signals were introduced after SOS.
On January 20, 1914, the London International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea adopted the Morse code signal TTT ( —  —  —), three letter T's (—) spaced correctly as three letters so as not to be confused with the letter O (- - -'''), as the "Safety Signal," used for messages to ships "involving safety of navigation and being of an urgent character."
When radio transmitters that could send audio were developed, there was a need for a spoken distress phrase, and "Mayday" was adopted by the 1927 International Radio Convention as the equivalent of SOS.
For TTT the equivalent audio signals are "Pan-pan" for urgency and "Securite" for navigational safety.
During the Second World War, additional codes were used to include immediate details about attacks by enemy vessels, especially in the Battle of the Atlantic.
The signal SSS signalled attacked by submarines, whilst RRR warned of an attack by a surface raider, QQQ warned of an unknown raider (usually an auxiliary cruiser), and AAA indicated an attack by aircraft.
They were usually sent in conjunction with the SOS distress code.
All of these codes later switched from three repeats of the letter to four repeats ("RRRR", etc.).
"The Wireless Telegraph Conference", The Electrician, November 27, 1903, pages 157–160, 214.
Final Protocol, First International Radio Telegraphic Conference, Berlin, 1903.
Regelung der Funkentelegraphie im Deutschen Reich , Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, April 27, 1905, pages 413–414.
German Regulations for the Control of Spark Telegraphy , The Electrician, May 5, 1905, pages 94–95.
Robison, S. S., "Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the Use of Naval Electricians", 1st edition, 1906.
1906 International Wireless Telegraph Convention , U.S. Government Printing Office.
"The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention", Electrical World, January 12, 1907, pages 83–84.
"S 5 S" Rivals "C Q D" for Wireless Honors , Popular Mechanics, February, 1910, page 156.
Notable Achievements of Wireless , Modern Electrics, September, 1910, page 315.
Collins, Francis A., Some Stirring Wireless Rescues , from "The Wireless Man", 1912, pages 104–141.
Turnball, G. E., "Distress Signalling" , The Yearbook of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony, 1913, pages 318–322 (includes text of "Circular 57").
Dilks, John H. III, "Why SOS?"
in QST'', June, 2007, pages 88–89.
Naturalization is when a person changes his or her nationality.
Most people have the nationality of the country where they are born and grow up.
In other cases, one can be a citizen of a country because the individual in question had a parent, grandparent, etc who was/is a citizen of a different country.
If they move to another country they will still keep their own nationality at first, but if they stay there for many years and want to stay there for the rest of their lives they may want to change their nationality.
Different countries have different laws about naturalization.
Usually the person must make a promise in a court of law.
He will have to promise to be a good citizen and obey the country's laws.
Sometimes a country gives citizenship to someone who has not asked for it.
Sometimes, someone can keep their first nationality as well as getting a new one.
This is "dual nationality".
Sometimes children whose parents have different nationalities are allowed to have dual nationality.
The reverse also happens.
States sometimes remove citizenship.
This denaturalization can leave the former citizen stateless.
de:Staatsbürgerschaft#Erwerb durch Einbürgerung (Naturalisation)
A semaphore line is an installation used to send optical signals.
It is also known as optical telegraph.
Common system include signal towers with special installations on them or hand-held flags.
The meaning of the signal is determined by the position of the elements, for example the flags.
The signal can be read when it is in a stable position.
In modern usage, it refers to signalling with a set of flags.
Signal towers came before the electric telegraph.
They were faster than sending out post riders with the information.
The Ananke group is a group of moons of Jupiter.
They are retrograde non-spherical moons that follow similar orbits to Ananke and may have a common origin.
Based on the sizes of the moons, the original asteroid may have been about 28 km in diameter.
Since this value is near the approximate diameter of Ananke itself, it is likely the parent body was not heavily disrupted.
Carme (the biggest, which gives its name to the group)
Kalyke (redder than the others)
Aitne
The Carme group may once have been a single body that was broken apart by an impact.
Further support to the single body origin comes from the known colours: all the moons appear light red,
Alexis Bouvard (June 27, 1767 – June 7, 1843) was a French astronomer.
He is particularly noted for his careful observations of the irregulrities in the motion of Uranus and his hypothesis of the existence of an eighth planet in the solar system.
Sir George Biddell Airy (27 July 1801–2 January 1892) was an English mathematician and astronomer, Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881.
His many achievements include work on planetary orbits, measuring the mean density of the Earth, a method of solution of two-dimensional problems in solid mechanics and, in his role as Astronomer Royal, establishing Greenwich at the location of the prime meridian.
His reputation has been tarnished by allegations that, through his inaction, Britain lost the opportunity of priority in the discovery of Neptune.
Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1833: MNRAS 2 (1833) 159
Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1846: MNRAS 7 (1846) 64
Full texts of some of the papers by Airy are available at Gallica: bibliothèque numérique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Sinope, two-thirds the size of Pasiphaë
The Pasiphaë group is believed to have been formed when Jupiter captured an asteroid which broke up after a collision.
The original asteroid was not disturbed heavily: the original body is calculated to have been 60 km in diameter, about the same size as Pasiphaë; Pasiphaë has 99% of the original body's mass.
However, if Sinope belongs to the group, the amount is much smaller, 87%.
is a Japanese movie directed by Akira Kurosawa and released in 1950.
The movie is famous for having an unusual type of story.
The same event is described differently by the four different people involved in it.
Most movies describe the same things in one way during the entire movie.
The four people said different things.
The movie does not say which person is right.
The 1964 movie The Outrage was a remake of Rashomon.
Kurosawa was acknowledged for the screenplay.
The movie's concept is also mirrored in many other movies, including Hero, Vantage Point, Courage Under Fire and Basic.
Rashomon effect
Criterion Collection,  Rashomon, essays
James Challis (12 December 1803 – 3 December 1882) was an English clergyman, physicist and astronomer.
Plumian Professor and director of the Cambridge Observatory, he investigated a wide range of physical phenomena though made few lasting contributions outside astronomy.
He is best remembered for his missed opportunity to discover the planet Neptune in 1846.
Heinrich Louis d'Arrest (13 July 1822 – 14 June 1875) was a Prussian astronomer, born in Berlin.
His name is sometimes given as Heinrich Ludwig d'Arrest.
Awarding of RAS gold medal: MNRAS 35 (1875) 265
AN 86 (1875) 63/64 (one paragraph, in German)
MNRAS 36 (1876) 155
Scientists from Berlin
Olin Jeuck Eggen (July 9, 1919 – October 2, 1998) was an American astronomer.
Some sources incorrectly give his name as Olin Jenck Eggen.
"A Remembrance of Olin Eggen — 1919–1998" , by Nicholas Suntzeff, 6 October 1998; NOAO Newsletter, No.
56, December 1998.
"Eggen Takes the Papers" , by Nick Kollerstrom, Neptune's Discovery: The British Case for Co-Prediction, Science and Technology Studies, University College London.
"The Case of the Pilfered Planet", by William Sheehan, Nicholas Kollerstrom, and Craig B. Waff, Scientific American.com, December 2004.
BAAS 32 (2000), 1661 (obituary)
was an English mathematician, astronomer, chemist, and experimental photographer/inventor.
He was the son of astronomer Sir William Herschel and the father of 12 children.
The Herschel Chronicle
Photographic Process and Early Photograms
Herschel Museum of Astronomy
Wikisource copy of a notice from 1823 concerning the star catalogue, published in Astronomische Nachrichten
British astronomers
The Berlin Observatory (Berliner Sternwarte in German) has its origins in 1700 when Gottfried Leibniz initiated the Societät der Wissenschaften (Brandenburgische Science Society) which would later (1744) become the Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Prussian Academy of Sciences).
The Society had no observatory, but nevertheless had an astronomer, Gottfried Kirch, who observed from a private observatory in Berlin.
A first small observatory was furnished in 1711, financing itself through calendrical computations.
Astronomer Royal is a senior post in the Royal Household of the  Sovereign of the United Kingdom.
There are two officers, the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from 22 June 22 1675, and the second the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, which dates from 1834.
No Catholic or Jew has ever held the position.
From that time until 1972 the Astronomer Royal was Director of the Royal Observatory Greenwich.
As Astronomer Royal he receives a stipend of £100 a year and is a member of the Royal Household, under the general authority of the Lord Chamberlain.
After the separation of the two offices the position of Astronomer Royal has been largely honorary, though he remains available to advise the Sovereign on astronomical and related scientific matters, and the office is of great prestige.
List of Astronomers Royal
The Greenwich Meridian runs through the site of the Observatory.
It is the line at which the longitude is defined as 0°.
HM Nautical Almanac Office
The Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Aerial View of The Royal Observatory, Greenwich at Google Maps
The RGO at Herstmonceux
The Observatory Science Centre
Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
Keira Christina Knightley,  (; born 26 March 1985) is a Golden Globe and Academy Award nominated English actress.
She is best known for her first major movie role as Elizabeth Swann in the Pirates of the Caribbean movie trilogy, and as Elizabeth Bennet in Pride & Prejudice.
Knightley was born on 26 March 1985 in Teddington, London, England.
Her mother, Sharman Macdonald, is Scottish.
Her father, Will Knightley, is English.
He wanted to name his daughter "Kiera", after the Russian ice skater, Kira Ivanova.
When her mother went to register her, she misspelt the name.
Knightley has an older brother, Caleb.
When Knightley lived in Richmond, she studied at Stanley Junior School, Teddington School and Esher College.
When Knightley was three years old, she asked to her parents to hire an agent for her.
They promised to do this, if she studied very well.
That's why Keira was a good and diligent pupil.
Princess of Thieves (2001)
The Hole (2001)
Bend It Like Beckham (2002)
Pure (2002)
New Year's Eve (2002)
Love Actually (2003)
King Arthur (2004)
The Jacket (2005)
Pride & Prejudice (2005)
Domino (2005)
Silk (2007)
Atonement (2007)
The Edge of Love (2008)
The Duchess (2008)
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2017)
The Nutcracker and the Four Realms (2018)
Carnosaurs are a subgroup of the theropod dinosaurs.
They are the clade Carnosauria.
The term was once used very widely, but is now defined more narrowly.
It is called by some authorities the Allosauroidea.
The group includes some of the main carnivores of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, such as Allosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus and Neovenator.
Modern cladistic analysis defines Carnosauria (or Allosauroidea) as those tetanurans which share a more recent common ancestor with Allosaurus than with modern birds.
Carnosaurs are characterized by several features.
Some features must have been adaptations to their large size, such as their open skull, made of struts rather than solid bone.
They had
large eyes and a long, narrow skull.
The femur ("thigh bone") is usually larger than the tibia ("shin bone").
This suggests close-to action was controlled by sight.
The legs are adapted for running, but not extremely so.
They had strong arms, probably used to wrestle prey as the teeth bit in.
The structure of an Allosaurus suggests a strongly-built general all-round predator.
This is a different from a tyrannosaur like Albertosaurus, which was better adapted for running on open ground.
Tyrannosaurs, with their small two-fingered hands, would use their heads for killing prey, and for head-butting rivals.
The idea that the group became extinct at the end of the Jurassic is refuted.
It is now known that the Neovenatorid clade survived until the end of the Mesozoic.
This group (see cladogram below) included  Aerosteon, Australovenator, Fukuiraptor and Neovenator.
Infraorder Carnosauria
Gasosaurus?
Superfamily Allosauroidea
Becklespinax?
Megaraptor?
Family Allosauridae
Antrodemus
Epanterias
Family Carcharodontosauridae
Acrocanthosaurus?
Subfamily Giganotosaurinae
Family Sinraptoridae
Lake Pontchartrain ( in English; Lac Pontchartrain, IPA [lak pɔ̃ʃaʀtʀɛ̃] in French) is a brackish lake in southeastern Louisiana.
It is the second largest salt-water lake in the United States, after the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and the largest lake in Louisiana.
It has an area of 630 square miles (1630 square km) with an average depth of 12 to 14 feet (about 4 meters).
Some shipping channels are kept deeper through dredging.
It is roughly oval in shape, about 40 miles (64 km) wide and 24 miles (39 km) from south to north.
Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation
United States Geological Survey Lake Pontchartrain Fact Sheet
Real-time water data for Lake Pontchartrain
The Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation
New Orleans history of the lake
USGS Environmental Atlas of Lake Pontchartrain
New Orleans District Water Management
Washington Post article alleging levee faults, 21 Sept 2005
National Geographic article about the levees, 2 Sept. 2005
Salon article about disaster predictions, 31 Aug 2005
U.S. Geological Survey article about the Lake Pontchartrain Basin, 3 Nov 1995
BBC article about environmental effects on the lake after the flooding of New Orleans, 8 Sept. 2005
Bianca is a closer moon to Uranus.
It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-23, and was given the designation S/1986 U 9.
It was named after the sister of Katherine in Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew.
It is also designated Uranus VIII.