the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It is along the south coast of the country.
Its capital city has the same name, San Cristóbal.
In 1934, the name was changed to Provincia Trujillo with the municipalities of San Cristóbal, Baní, Monte Plata, Yamasá, Villa Mella, La Victoria, Guerra and Bayaguana.
In 1961, the name was changed again to the present one, Provincia San Cristóbal.
When the Monte Plata province was created in 1982, the San Cristóbal province had the municipalities of San Cristóbal, Villa Altagracia, Bajos de Haina and Yaguate, and the municipal districts of Cambita Garabitos and Sabana Grande de Palenque.
Cambita Garabitos became a municipality in 1987, Sabana Grande de Palenque in 1997, San Gregorio de Nigua in 2001 and Los Cacaos in 2004.
In 2004, Hato Damas became a municipal district; El Carril in 2001; San José del Puerto, Medina and La Cuchilla in 2002; and Cambita el Pueblecito in 2005.
The San Cristóbal province is in the southern part of the country.
It is bordered to the north by the Monseñor Nouel province, to the northeast by the Monte Plata province, to the east by the Santo Domingo province and to the west by the Peravia and San José de Ocoa province.
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the San Cristóbal province, and 295,539 () living in towns and cities.
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 4th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
The San Cristóbal province has a total area of .
It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 19st (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The altitude of the city of San Cristóbal, provincial capital, is  above sea level.
Haina, in the eastern border of the province;
Nigua, that crosses the provincial capital city; and
Nizao, in the western border of the province.
The team plays in the  Football League.
The team play at the Madejski Stadium, named after their owner, John Madejski.
They are currently managed by José Manuel Gomes.
The Oxalidales is a group of six families of flowering plants.
This family has about 1300 species.
These include some herbs, shrubs and trees.
The Edict of Nantes was a law that allowed people to be Protestants in France from 1598 to 1685.
It was signed in Nantes by King Henry IV in April 1598, although some provinces blocked it until 1610.
The purpose of the law was to make peace after the French Wars of Religion.
Henry IV was a former Huguenot (French Protestant) who had changed his religion to being Catholic so that he could be the king of France.
The edict was an early example of freedom of religion in Europe.
However, it did not make Catholics and Protestants equal.
It said that the Catholic Church was the national religion of France.
It only allowed people to be Protestants in certain areas, where they were allowed to defend their own fortress towns.
They also still had to pay money to the Catholic Church and have Catholic holidays.
Many Catholics in France hated the idea of allowing people to be Protestant, while the Protestants thought that it did not go far enough.
The Edict of Nantes was weakened during the reign of King Louis XIII, with many of the fortress towns being captured by the government.
In 1685, King Louis XIV replaced the Edict of Nantes with the Edict of Fontainebleau, which banned people from being Protestant.
This made many Huguenots leave the country, and a hundred years later there were not many left.
In 1787, King Louis XVI made it legal for people to be Protestant again.
During the French Revolution a few years later, France gave people full freedom of religion.
Louis XIV did not like the Edict of Nantes.
Being an  ruler, Louis thought that there should be one king, one nation, and one church only - and that church had to be the Roman Catholic Church.
The king let Roman Catholics  Huguenots even after the Edict.
He hoped the Huguenots would become Roman Catholics.
Finally, in 1685 King Louis withdrew the Edict of Nantes.
The government declared that no one could believe in any religion except Roman Catholicism.
Anyone joining in a Protestant service could die.
Because of this, many Huguenots died for their faith.
Some, though, gave up and became Roman Catholics.
Others, refusing to stop being Protestants, ran away from France.
Louis XIV was horrified when he lost the Huguenots.
They were among the most skilled workers in France.
Many bankers, weavers, and merchants were Huguenots.
Louis XIV ordered that France's borders be closed, and said that nobody could leave the country without his permission.
However, Protestants still found ways to escape.
Some hid in barrels on ships sailing away from France.
Others disguised themselves as peasants and escaped.
All together, probably more than two hundred thousand Huguenots ran away.
Protestant countries in Europe were glad to have such hard-working subjects: over a third of the Huguenots went to the Netherlands.
From there many of them went to the Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope.
Many went to England, and from there to America, especially Virginia and the Carolinas.
These immigrants were very valuable to their new home countries.
They were hard working, obedient, and talented.
They also brought many secrets of French manufacturing with them: for example, they introduced silk production to the rest of Europe.
The cross product is a mathematical operation which can be done between two three-dimensional vectors.
It is often represented by the symbol .
After performing the cross product, a new vector is formed.
The cross product of two vectors is always perpendicular (it makes a corner-shaped angle) to both of the vectors which were "crossed".
This means that cross product normally works only in three-dimensional space; that is, anywhere where you can go up or down, left or right, and forward or backwards.
Information about vectors
A vector is information that describes two things: which way (direction), and how much (magnitude).
Usually, the simplest vector can be an arrow.
How long is the line, and which way does the line and the pointed end of the arrow go?
Importance of the cross product
Being a vector operation, the cross product is extremely important in all sorts of sciences (particularly physics), engineering, and mathematics.
One important example of the cross product involves torque (pushing or pulling in a circle, like twisting off a bottle cap.)
or moment.
Another important application involves the magnetic field.
Visualizing the cross product in three dimensions
The cross product of  and  is a vector that we shall call :
The vector  is perpendicular to both  and .
The direction of  is determined by a variation of the right-hand rule.
By holding your right hand as shown in the picture, your thumb points in the direction of  (the cross product of  and ), with the index finger pointing in the direction that  points, and the middle finger pointing in the direction that  points.
If the angle between the index (your pointer finger) and middle (second finger away from your thumb) fingers is greater than 180°, then you need to turn the hand upside down.
How to calculate the cross product in vector notation
Two dimensions
Since cross products usually only work for three-dimensional vectors, the calculation of cross product in two dimensions thinks of the vectors as if they are on a flat surface (like a sheet of paper) in three dimensions (like a room or a large cube).
where  is just a symbol indicating that the new vector is pointing up (in the z-direction).
If one "crosses" two vectors which are both in the xy-plane, then the product, being perpendicular to both vectors, must point in the z direction.
If the value of  is positive, then it points out of the page; if its value is negative, then it points into the page.
Three dimensions
Coordinate notation
Given vectors  and , where
Then the cross product of  and  is:
With angle
where  is the angle between  and , ‖a‖ and ‖b‖ are the magnitudes of vectors  and , and n is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing  and .
Basic properties of the cross product
Anti-commutativity:
Distributivity over addition:
Scalar commutavity:
Knowth is the name given to a number of passage graves, in the Boyne valley in Ireland.
It consists of a bigger tumulus with two passages, and of 20 smaller ones.
Of the smaller graves, 17 remain, 3 have been destroyed.
Knowth is approximately 1 km west of Newgrange.
It is probably older than Newgrange, which has been dated to about 3.150 BCE, but not as old as Dowth.
The main tumulus is one of the biggest to be found in Ireland.
A kill switch, sometimes called an emergency stop, is a part of a user interface.
User interfaces allow people to operate machines.
The kill switch is there for security.
Its purpose is to switch off the machine as quickly as possible, or to bring it into a state where it can no longer do harm.
It is used in an emergency.
In many ways, switching off the machine in an emergency is different from switching it off normally, as it has to avoid injury or harm at all costs.
Trial by ordeal was a way to decide if someone was guilty or innocent of a crime.
This was usually done by causing the accused person to do a painful task.
If that task was completed without injury or if the injuries healed fast, this taken as a sign of God, which meant that the accused was innocent.
People believed that God would not allow innocent people to be harmed.
He would therefore help them by doing a miracle.
There were three common types of Trial by Ordeal:
Ordeals had to be watched over by a religious person, such as a priest, because each ordeal was supposed to show the judgement of God.
In England, Ordeals were common up to and including the reign of Henry II, who introduced Trials by Jury.
In pre-modern society, the ordeal typically was done together with the oath and witness accounts as the central means by which to reach a verdict.
The term ordeal itself, Old English ordǣl, has the meaning of "judgment, verdict" (German Urteil, Dutch oordeel), from Proto-Germanic *uzdailjam "that which is dealt out".
In Europe, ordeals commonly required an accused person to test himself or herself against fire or water.
How this was done varied in detail, and was different at different places and times.
In England, ordeals were common under both the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans.
Fire was the element typically used to test noble defendants, while water was more commonly used by lesser folk.
Priestly cooperation in trials by fire and water was forbidden by Pope Innocent III at the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, and replaced by compurgation.
Trials by ordeal became more rare over the Late Middle Ages, often replaced by confessions extracted under torture, but the practice was discontinued only in the 16th century.
Johannes Hartlieb in 1456 reports a popular superstition for how to identify a thief by an ordeal by ingestion practiced privately without judicial sanction.
Trial by ordeal has existed in polytheistic cultures as far back as the Code of Hammurabi and the Code of Ur-Nammu, and in animist tribal societies, such as the trial by drinking "red water" (calabar bean) in Sierra Leone.
There the intended effect is magical rather than calling forth justice from a god.
Kurt Ferdinand Friedrich Hermann von Schleicher (7 April 1882 - 30 June 1934) was chancellor of Germany in the last days of the Weimar Republic, before Adolf Hitler became Chancellor and Führer (dictator).
He was also earlier known for being a general during World War I, under Paul von Hindenburg, the President of Germany whilst Schleicher was Chancellor.
General Schleicher cooperated with the Nazis in the 1920s.
He helped  them with weapons and military training.
He was killed as a main target during the Night of the Long Knives by the SS.
Hitler justified his actions the next day by announcing that Von Schleicher and Ernst Röhm were plotting to overthrow him.
His wife, Elizabeth, was also killed in the attack.
Politicians from Brandenburg
The Vienna Philharmonic (in German: die Wiener Philharmoniker) is an orchestra based in Vienna,  Austria.
It is thought of as one of the greatest orchestras in the world.
The orchestra play in a concert hall called the  Musikverein.
Before becoming a member of the Vienna Philharmonic the musicians have to work for at least three years in the opera house (the Vienna State Opera).
Then they are allowed to try to become a member of the Vienna Philharmonic.
The orchestra started in 1842, when Otto Nicolai formed the Philharmonische Academie.
The members of this orchestra made all the decisions about how the orchestra should be organized, and the orchestra still works in this way today.
When Nicolai left in 1847, the orchestra nearly came to an end.
They did not play very much until 1860, when Karl Anton Eckert joined as conductor.
Since then, the orchestra has given concerts all the time.
From 1875 to 1898 Hans Richter was principal conductor, except for the season 1882-1883 when he had an argument with the orchestral committee.
During the time Richter was conductor the orchestra gave the first performances of several very famous works, including Symphonies no 2 and 3  by Brahms and Symphony no 8 by Anton Bruckner.
Gustav Mahler was their conductor from 1898 to 1901.
During this time the orchestra played abroad for the first time.
They played at the 1900 Paris World Exposition.
The next conductors of the orchestra were Felix Weingartner, Wilhelm Furtwängler and Clemens Krauss.
Since 1933, the orchestra has not had one main conductor, but instead it has many guest conductors who have stayed for short periods.
These have included a great many of the world's best known conductors, including Richard Strauss, Arturo Toscanini, Hans Knappertsbusch, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Karl Böhm, John Barbirolli, Herbert von Karajan, Carlo Maria Giulini, Georg Solti, Erich Kleiber, James Levine, Zubin Mehta, Carlos Kleiber, Leonard Bernstein, Claudio Abbado, Riccardo Muti, Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Pierre Boulez, Lorin Maazel, Mariss Jansons, Daniel Barenboim and Valery Gergiev.
Three conductors, however, gave many concerts with the orchestra during the period after World War II: Karajan and Böhm, who were made honorary conductors, and Bernstein, who was made an honorary member of the orchestra.
Since 1941 the orchestra has played the New Year's Day concert every January 1, in their concert hall Musikverein.
The concert is dedicated to the music of the Strauss family composers, especially Johann Strauss II.
The concert is watched on television by people all over the world.
In recent years the orchestra has been criticised because they did not allow women to become full members of the orchestra.
This is now gradually starting to change.
They were also criticised for racism because they only took people who were white.
In 2001 they appointed a violinist who was half-Asian.
Guest Conductors (since 1933)
Rafael Kubelík
Carl Schuricht
Carlo Maria Giulini
Sir Adrian Boult
Giuseppe Sinopoli
Václav Neumann
Riccardo Muti
Marcello Viotti
Christian Thielemann
Daniele Gatti
Simone Young
Willi Boskovsky
Gunter Wand
Vienna Philharmonic website
The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra (in German: Gewandhausorchester Leipzig or just Gewandhausorchester) is a famous German orchestra based in Leipzig, Germany.
It is named after the concert hall in which it is based, the Gewandhaus (pronounce: “Ge-VANT-house”).
The word “Gewandhaus” means "Textiles Hall".
It is a hall that originally was used for people to buy and sell textiles.
History of the orchestra
The beginnings of the orchestra go back to 1743, when a society called the Grosses Concert began performing in private homes.
In 1744 the Grosses Concert moved its concerts to the "Three Swans" Tavern.
Their concerts continued there for 36 years.
Gradually more and more people started to complain about the noise and the behaviour in the tavern, so in 1780 the mayor and city council of Leipzig offered to let the orchestra use part of the Gewandhaus, the building where the merchants were selling textiles.
The orchestra gave its first concert in the Gewandhaus in 1781.
It is the oldest orchestra in Germany, apart from private orchestras who belonged to rich people.
In 1835 the great composer Felix Mendelssohn became the orchestra's main conductor (music director).
He was called the Gewandhauskapellmeister.
He kept this position, apart from one year, until his death in 1847.
In 1885, the orchestra moved into a new hall which was given the same name.
This was destroyed by bombing in World War II in 1944.
The present Gewandhaus is the third building with the name.
It was opened in 1981.
The orchestra gives concerts in Leipzig and all over the world, and makes many recordings.
They also play at the Thomaskirche, the church where Johann Sebastian Bach used to work, and as the official opera orchestra of the Leipzig Opera.
Later principal conductors included Arthur Nikisch, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Bruno Walter, and Václav Neumann.
From 1970 to 1996, Kurt Masur was Gewandhauskapellmeister.
From 1998 to 2005 their conductor was Herbert Blomstedt.
In 2005, Riccardo Chailly took over as both Gewandhauskapellmeister and music director of the Leipzig Opera.
They have released recordings on the Decca label of Felix Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, and the Robert Schumann symphonies in the re-orchestrations by Gustav Mahler.
Music director (Gewandhauskapellmeister)
Conductors laureate
1996-present Kurt Masur
2005-present Herbert Blomstedt
Gewandhausorchester Leipzig official website
For the Wikipedia essay, see "What is a troll?".
For other uses see Troll (disambiguation)
A troll is someone who tries to make people mad by saying things on the Internet.
The purpose is to excite strong emotion in an online community.
This is to get a reaction from other online users, or to cause problems.
In social networks platforms, troll is a user who make inflammatory or inappropriate comments for the sole purpose of upsetting other users and provoking a response.
Sometimes trolling can get a user banned as it can be disruptive.
Some users do it to be humorous when they know others will be angry.
The best solution is to ignore trolls and to not give them the attention they want.
This has become known as "don't feed the trolls".
It can also mean destroying other people's stuff on online video games (specifically Minecraft) or "spawn killing" which is when a player in a war game "kills" another player repeatedly after they re-spawn but before they have a chance to fight back.
This is sometimes called "griefing" because trolls cause grief and make them sad or angry.
In October 2012, the internet news site Gawker, publicly revealed the name of an internet troll who had called himself "Violentacrez".
Michael Brutcsh had collected photos of young girls from Facebook, often in bikinis or short skirts, and them posted them on the site Reddit.
He also posted photos of women, taken without their permission, which focused on their breasts or bottoms.
His actions made many people very angry.
Brutsch said he was an internet troll because "...I just like riling people up in my spare time."
Trolling in Wikipedia
Wikipedia takes a very tough stance on  trolls.
Any recent changes made to a Wikipedia page is automatically displayed on a list and volunteers and administrators look over the page and determines if the change is acceptable.
Santalales is an order of flowering plants.
It has eight families, 151 genera, and about 1,000 species.
All the families in Santalales are parasitic to some degree.
They attach either to the roots or branches of their hosts.
Chivalry is a word from Old French in medieval times when it meant the use of a horse, thus cavalry and knighthood.
Later, it meant the qualities of honour and love.
Today, the terms chivalry and chivalrous are used to describe courteous behavior, especially that of men towards women.
A digraph, bigraph, or digram (from the , dís, "double" and γράφω, gráphō, "write") is a string of two letters where the number of written characters does not match the number of sounds that are spoken.
In other words, two graphemes (units of writing, or letters) are used to represent one phoneme (distinct sound).
For example, since there are no single letters in English alphabet to represent the sounds /ʃ/, /tʃ/, and /θ/, English uses a string of two letters to represent the sounds in the same order sh, ch, and th.
While other sounds such as /f/ and /w/ already have letters that correspond to the sounds, f and w, digraphs ph and wh are used in some words to show their etymologies (origins of words) rather than their current pronunciation.
Latter is |S||U||K||H||A|| Alphabets |96||98||92||94||100|
List of English digraphs
Ch corresponds to /tʃ/ in English
Sh corresponds to /ʃ/ in English
Th corresponds to /θ/ and /ð/ in English.
Ph corresponds to /f/ in English.
Wh corresponds to /w/ in English.
The Cyrillic letter Nyeh (Њ, њ) is a something like a combination of Н and Ь. It is used in Macedonian and Serbian and pronounced like Spanish ñ in "señor" (cf.
Polish ń, Czech and Slovak ň).
Like Љ, Nje has been created by Vuk Karadžić.
Politika (sr.
Политика) is a daily newspaper that is very popular in Serbia.
It is the longest-published newspaper in this country.
It is over one hundred years old (established in 1904).
This newspaper costs around  30 Dinars in Serbia.
Its founder is Vladislav Ribnikar.
Official web address
"Bože pravde" (sr-cyrl.
Боже правде, pron. [
bǒʒe prâːʋde] "boh-zheh PRAHV-deh"; lit. '
God of Justice') is the national anthem of Serbia, enshrined in Article 7 of the Constitution.
It has been around since the 19th century; the music was composed by Slovene musician Davorin Jenko (Davorin Yenko) and the lyrics were written by Jovan Đorđević (Yovan Gyorgyevich) in 1872.
Ten years later, it was first adopted when the Kingdom of Serbia was formed, which then lasted until 1919, a year after the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (then known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) was formed.
It was fully relinquished in 1945 and was replaced by "Hej, Slaveni!".
Parliament of Serbia  A page featuring sheet music for Brass Band, and for Orchestra with mixed choir, as well as an instrumental file
Mitrovica can also refer to Kosovska Mitrovica, a city in Kosovo
Sremska Mitrovica is a city in the Vojvodina province of Serbia.
Today, about 39.000 people live in the city, about 85.000 in its urban area.
The city has a long history going back to the Romans.
Many Roman emperors were born in or around the city.
Cities in Serbia
Mitrovica is a term which can apply with to cities in Serbia:
Sremska Mitrovica a city in Srem, province of Serbia
Kosovska Mitrovica a city on north of the new unilateral declared state of Kosovo
Mačvanska Mitrovica а city in province of Vojvodina, Serbia
A Troll is a Nordic mythological creature, may be: elves, dwarves, or monsters.
Is a usually a giant that lives in caverns or undergrounds.
It is also a well known internet meme.
They are quite short in stature and are violent in nature as their name suggests.
Their appearance is similar to that of a goblin.
They tend to live in caves and under bridges.
Some say they are huge others say they're dwarves.
These monsters live under bridges,in burrows underground or in caves.
They rarely leave their lairs during the day because sunlight turns them into stone.
Water trolls are agile in water but clumsy on land.
But they all have strong teeth and jaws.
Dinornis is an extinct genus of ratite birds.
They are ostrich-like birds of gigantic size, known as Moa.
They were unique to New Zealand.
The genus has five species:
D. novaezealandiae North Island Giant Moa
D. giganteus South Island Giant Moa
D. struthoides
Dinornis new lineage A (undescribed taxon)
Dinornis new lineage B (undescribed taxon)
Troll, a mythological creature
Troll, the movie
Troll 2, a different movie
Troll 3, another horror movie
Troll (internet), internet trolling
The Moscow Symphony Orchestra is an orchestra based in Moscow, Russia.
It was started in 1989.
It was the first orchestra that was started in modern Russia with private money, not with money from the government.
The orchestra have played under famous Russian conductors and with famous soloists, including Yuri Bashmet and Vadim Repin.
The orchestra's main conductor is Vladimir Ziva, and its main guest conductor is Ignat Solzhenitsyn.
The Orchestra have given concerts in United States, Japan, South Korea and Western Europe.
MSO official site
The Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra is an orchestra based in Saint Petersburg in Russia.
It is the oldest orchestra in Russia.
It has had several changes of name because of the way that Russia has often changed.
The orchestra started in 1882.
It was then called the "Imperial Music Choir".
It was the orchestra that belonged to the emperor and it played privately for the court of Alexander III of Russia.
By the 1900s it had started to give public performances.
Richard Strauss conducted the orchestra in 1912.
After the  Russian Revolution the country no longer had a tsar.
The town of Saint Petersburg changed its name to Petrograd, so the orchestra's name changed to "State Philharmonic Orchestra of Petrograd".
In the 1920s the orchestra began to get money from the state.
It was an excellent orchestra and was famous abroad.
Guest conductors who conducted the orchestra included Bruno Walter, Ernest Ansermet and Hans Knappertsbusch at this time.
Around this time the orchestra changed its name to Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, because the city had changed its name again, this time to "Leningrad".
Evgeny Mravinsky conducted the orchestra for 50 years.
They were not allowed to travel abroad, so they were only known outside Russia (the USSR) by their gramophone recordings.
Symphony no 8 by Shostakovich was one famous work of which they gave the first performance.
By 1991 Leningrad had changed its name again to Saint Petersburg, so the orchestra was renamed Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra.
It is an internationally well-known orchestra.
Their conductor today is Yuri Temirkanov.
Chief conductors
Yuri Temirkanov (1988–)
Evgeny Mravinsky (1938–1988)
Fritz Stiedry (1934–1937)
Aleksandr Gauk (1930–1934)
Nikolai Malko (1926–1930)
Valery Berdyaev (1924–1926)
Emil Cooper (1920–1923)
Alexander Khessin (1920)
Serge Koussevitzky (1917–1920)
Hugo Varlikh (1907–1917)
Hermann Fliege (1882–1907)
Home page of the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra
Robert Gerard Tapert (born 14 May 1955) is an American movie producer.
He produced Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Xena: Warrior Princess, Spartacus: Blood and Sand and Legend of the Seeker, all filmed in Auckland, New Zealand.
Tapert's partner is Sam Raimi.
Tapert married Lucy Lawless on 28 March 1998.
Together they have two sons, Julius Robert Bay Tapert (born 16 October 1999) and Judah Miro Tapert (born 7 May 2002).
Tapert is stepdad to Lawless' daughter from a previous marriage, Daisy Lawless (born 15 July 1988).
People from Michigan
Mouthpiece (brass), a mouthpiece used for brass instruments
Mouthpiece (woodwind), a mouthpiece used for woodwind instruments
Mouthpiece (scuba), a mouthpiece used in scuba diving equipment
The NHK Symphony Orchestra is a Japanese orchestra based in Tokyo, Japan.
In Japanese it is written: NHK交響楽団, pronounced: Enueichikei Kōkyō Gakudan.
When the orchestra was started in 1926 it was called New Symphony Orchestra.
It was the first large professional orchestra in Japan.
Later, it changed its name to Japan Symphony Orchestra.
In 1951 it started to get money from the Japanese radio station NHK (Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai), so it changed its name again to the name it has now.
It is thought of as the best orchestra in Japan.
They have played in many parts of the world, including at the BBC Proms in London.
Vladimir Ashkenazy is the orchestra's main conductor (music director) and Charles Dutoit is music director emeritus.
Wolfgang Sawallisch is honorary conductor laureate.
Permanent Conductors, Music Directors and Principal Guest Conductors
Josef König (April 1927–April 1929)
Hidemaro Konoye (January 1926–February 1935)
Nicolai Schifferblatt (July 1929–July 1936)
Joseph Rosenstock (August 1936–September 1946 full-time conductor; March 1956–March 1957 Principal Conductor)
Hisatada Otaka (April 1942–February 1951 full-time conductor)
Kazuo Yamada (April 1942–July 1951 full-time conductor)
Shin'ichi Takata (April 1944–May 1951 full-time conductor)
Kurt Wöss (September 1951–August 1954 Principal Conductor)
Niklaus Aeschbacher (August 1954–March 1956 Principal Conductor)
Wilhelm Loibner (March 1957–February 1959 Principal Conductor)
Wilhelm Schuchter (February 1959–March 1962 Principal Conductor)
Alexander Rumpf (August 1964–July 1965 Principal Conductor)
Hiroyuki Iwaki (February 1969–June 2006 Permanent Conductor)
Yuzo Toyama (February 1979– Permanent Conductor)
Tadashi Mori (February 1979–May 1987 Permanent Conductor)
Hiroshi Wakasugi (April 1995–July 2009 Permanent Conductor)
Charles Dutoit (September 1996–August 1998 Principal Conductor; September 1998–August 2003 Music Director)
Vladimir Ashkenazy (September 2004–August 2007 Music Director)
André Previn, KBE (September 2009– Principal Guest Conductor)
Tadaaki Otaka, CBE (January 2010– Permanent Conductor)
Honorary Conductors
Vladimir Ashkenazy (September 2007– Conductor Laureate)
Charles Dutoit (September 2003– Music Director Emeritus)
Herbert Blomstedt (January 1986–)
Horst Stein (March 1975–)
Otmar Suitner (January 1973–)
Wolfgang Sawallisch (January 1967–October 1994; November 1994– Honorary Conductor Laureate)
Lovro von Matačić (January 1967–January 1985)
Joseph Keilberth (January 1967–July 1968)
Joseph Rosenstock (August 1951–October 1985)
The Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in Tel Aviv is the most famous orchestra in Israel.
It is usually called the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, or abbreviated IPO.
In Hebrew it is written: , pronounced: ha-Tizmoret ha-Filharmonit ha-Yisre'elit.
It was started in 1936 by the violinist Bronisław Huberman when it was known as the Palestine Orchestra.
At this time the Nazis were in power in Germany and Jews were being persecuted.
Many European orchestras were getting rid of their Jewish musicians.
The orchestra gave their first concert in Tel Aviv on 26 December 1936, and was conducted by Arturo Toscanini.
The orchestra tours to many parts of the world.
In 1971 they visited Germany.
Some of the world's greatest conductors have conducted the orchestra.
Leonard Bernstein and Zubin Mehta in particular have had a close relationship with them.
They did not have a main conductor until 1977 when Mehta was made Music Director.
Musical Advisors/Music Directors
Until 1977 the orchestra had no Music Directors.
The conductors most closely associated with the orchestra were called musical advisors.
Zubin Mehta (1968–) (Musical Advisor 1968–1977; Music Director thereafter)
Jean Martinon (1957–1959)
Bernardino Molinari
Paul Paray (1949–1951)
Leonard Bernstein (1947–1949; Laureate Conductor 1947-1990)
William Steinberg (1936–1938)
Israel Philharmonic Orchestra official website
The Metropolitan Opera Association is a big organization in New York City which puts on performances of opera.
The Metropolitan Opera House (often simply called: The Met) is one of the most famous opera houses in the world.
It was started in 1880.
Today the music director is Yannick Nézet-Séguin.
The Metropolitan Opera
Non-profit organizations of New York
1880 establishments in the United States
Single-reed instruments
On single-reed instruments like a clarinet or saxophone the mouthpiece is shaped like a wedge.
The reed is placed near the player's bottom lip.
This area is called the table.
When the player blows, the reed vibrates.
This is then made louder by the instrument.
The shape of the inside of the mouthpiece can change the sound very much.
The sound made by a mouthpiece that is large and round will be very different from the sound made by a mouthpiece that is small and square.
The space between the end of the reed and the end of the mouthpiece is called the tip opening.
The facing (or lay) is the part of the reed that starts to curve around the end of the mouthpiece.
The length of the facing can change the response of the instrument.
The ligature is what holds the reed onto the mouthpiece.
Anything that can hold the reed onto the mouthpiece can be called a ligature.
Most ligatures are made from metal or plastic.
Some people like to use ordinary string to hold the reed onto the mouthpiece.
Mouthpiece (brass), a mouthpiece used for brass instruments.
The Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar (Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra) is a youth orchestra from Venezuela.
The musicians are nearly all in their 20s.
The orchestra was started by the economist José Antonio Abreu in 1975.
Children from poor backgrounds had been given the opportunity, by the Venezuelan government, to learn a musical instrument.
The orchestra consists of some of the best of these players.
The conductor Gustavo Dudamel has been the orchestra's artistic director since 1999.
They have made recordings of music by Beethoven as well as Latin American music.
El Sistema's official website (FESNOJIV)
The European Union Youth Orchestra (EUYO) is an orchestra for young people from countries in the European Union.
The orchestra is given money by the European Union and by a number of EU member states.
It gives young players experience at working together with some of the world's best music teachers and conductors.
The orchestra was started in 1978.
Some of the greatest conductors have worked with the EUYO, including Herbert von Karajan, Vladimir Ashkenazy and Claudio Abbado.
EUYO website
Wiener Schnitzel (Viennese Schnitzel in German, where Schnitzel means a   without bones) is a traditional Austrian dish and is a popular part of Viennese and Austrian cuisine, consisting of a thin slice of veal coated in breadcrumbs and fried.
In Austria the dish is traditionally served with a lemon slice, lingonberry jam and either potato salad or potatoes with parsley and butter.
While the traditional Wiener Schnitzel is made of veal, it is now sometimes made of pork, though in that case it is often called Schnitzel Wiener Art (Germany) (Viennese style schnitzel) or Wiener Schnitzel vom Schwein (Austria) (Viennese schnitzel from the pig) to differentiate it from the original.
In Austria, the term Wiener Schnitzel is protected by law, and any schnitzel called by that name has to be made from veal.
The dish may have originated in Milan, northern Italy, as cotoletta alla milanese, and may have appeared in Vienna during the 15th or 16th century.
According to another theory, it was introduced in 1857 by Field Marshal Radetzky, who spent much of his life in Milan.
The term Wiener Schnitzel itself dates to at least 1862.
Schnitzel Around the World
Schnitzel is often mistaken for sausage in the modern American society.
What many Americans do not realize about schnitzel is that its part of the melting pot of American cultures.
For example, German immigrants to Texas in the 1800s combined schnitzel recipes to make chicken fried steak -- popular in the southwest U.S.A.. Chicken tenders are similar to Schnitzel as well.
Even Israel has its own type of schnitzel.
Areas with large German populations like Argentina also carry schnitzel.
Even though schnitzel is often served as a platter, it comes in sandwiches as well.
If it's a platter, it usually comes with "Spätzle" -- German egg noodles.
By weight, gels are mostly liquid.
But gels also behave like solids.
They have a three-dimensional cross-linked network within the liquid.
It is the crosslinks in the fluid that give a gel its structure.
As colloids, gels are a dispersion of molecules of a liquid within a solid.
In a gel, the solid is the continuous phase; the liquid is the discontinuous phase.
Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is a Spanish mission.
It was founded by Father Junipero Serra in 1772.
It is on the central coast of California, halfway between San Diego and Monterey.
It was named after Saint Louis, the bishop of Toulouse.
It was the fifth of twenty-one missions in California.
Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is noted for its beautiful architectural features, mission life, and historical events.
Mission San Luis Obispo is different from all the other' missions' because it is one of the smallest and has a unique design.
The design has both belfry (a bell tower) and a vestibule, which is an entrance hall between the outer door and the interior of a building.
These are not found on any of the other California missions.
The main nave (the long entrance part of the church) is long and narrow.
At San Luis Obispo there is a secondary nave that is the same size and at the right of the altar.
This is the only "L"-shaped mission church.
Windows around the courtyard have round pillars with square opening, unlike the arches of other missions.
San Luis Obispo is painted white and is surrounded by gardens, wine vineyards, and a fountain.
Mission Life
Women had to cook, sew, garden, and make candles and soap.
Men had to farm and care for the animals while the older people had to fish and make arrows.
The children attended church every day to study Catholicism.
When their studies were done they would work hard helping their families.
The Spanish introduced the gun to the Chumash.
The Hupa were grateful for the Spaniard guns as they depended on them for hunting bears for food.
The Chumash helped these Spaniards build the missions and take care of it and its surrounding
Other hostile Indians attacked San Luis Obispo on three separate occasions before 1774.
During the attack, the thatched roofs of the mission buildings were set afire by blazing arrows.
In May 1807, the mission was designated as one of six in which the California priests could make their annual retreats for spiritual exercises.
Following Mexico's war against Spain in 1810, all the California missions were forced to contribute food and clothing to the army.
In 1830, the bell tower was destroyed in an earthquake, but was later rebuilt with stone.
Title: The Missions of California Mission San Louis Obispo de Tolosa
Author:  Mary Null Boule
Publisher:  Meryant Publishing Inc.
Date:  July 1988
Placed Published:  Vashon, Washington
Mission San Louis Obispo de Tolosa (http://www.missionsanluisobispo.org/)
Retrieved:  February 15, 2009
Mission San Louis Obispo de Tolosa (http://www.californias-missions.org/individual/mission_slo.htm)
is the 44th short movie by The Three Stooges.
It was the first Hollywood movie to make fun of Adolf Hitler.
In the movie, Germany is replaced by the pretend country of Moronica and the Hitler-type character is called Moe Hailstone, and is played by Stooge Moe Howard.
This made Howard the first US actor to play Hitler.
Mačvanska Mitrovica (Мачванска Митровица) is a town located in the Sremska Mitrovica province, in the Srem, province of Serbia.
It is in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.
In the town are around all population: Serbs ethnic and its population numbering 3,896 people (according to the census 2002).
Troll is a 1986 horror movie.
It has no relation to the movies Troll 2 and Troll 3.
Troll 2 is a 1990 horror comedy movie, directed by Claudio Fragasso, under the pseudonym Drake Floyd.
During production, the movie was known as Goblins, and some foreign releases of the movie were labeled as such, but upon release in the United States, the title was changed to Troll 2 in an attempt to help sell the movie by connecting it to an established horror movie, the 1986 Empire Pictures movie Troll.
The two movies, however, have no connection apart from the title.
In fact, despite the title, no actual trolls appear in Troll 2.
This movie has a sequel, Troll 3.
1990 horror movies
Italian horror movies
Boris Tadić (; born on January 15, 1958 63 in Sarajevo) is a former president of Serbia.
He is involved in psychology and he is also the current president of the Democratic Party (Serbia).
Tadić was elected for president on June 27, 2004 with a five-year term of office.
On July 11, 2004 he passed the oath of president.
Second five-year mandate he received by winning on the president elections on February 3, 2008.
Before applying for president of Serbia, he was a Minister of Telecommunications in Yugoslav government and a minister of defense in Serbo-Montenegrin's government.
People from Sarajevo
.gu is the Internet abbreviation of country (top-level domain) (ccTLD) for Guam.
Top-level domains
Swindon Town F.C. are an English football club.
They are based in Swindon and play in Football League One.
They play their home games at the County Ground.
The County Ground is an association football stadium.
It is the home stadium of Swindon Town F.C.
1896 establishments in England
The coscoroba swan (Coscoroba coscoroba) is a distant relative of the true swan.
Many specialists merge this genus, Coscoroba, with ducks, like whistling ducks.
The coscoroba swan is found in South America from southern Chile and central Argentina south to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands.
Recent genetic studies have found a relationship between this species and Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae).
They are sister groups.
Birdlife.
Pitchfork Media is a daily music webzine.
It is based in Chicago, United States.
Its focus is on independent music, especially indie rock.
Pitchfork was made in 1995.
It talks about new music, but journalists there also review albums that have been released again.
Each year Pitchfork chooses an Album of the Year.
Since 2003 they have chose a Track of the Year each year too.
Ultratop is the name of the official Belgian record charts.
Due to the two different regions (Flanders and Wallonia) there are two different record charts.
In Flanders the most important charts are the Ultratop 50 Singles and the Ultratop 200 Albums.
In Wallonia the most important charts are the Ultratop 40 Singles and the Ultratop 200 Albums.
The rankings in these charts are based on record sales.
Paste is a monthly music and entertainment magazine.
It is published in the United States.
In 2005, Paste was listed at #21 on The Chicago Tribune's list of "50 Best Magazines".
Paste appeared on that newspaper's list again in 2007.
Paste was also named "Magazine of the Year" by the PLUG Independent Music Awards in 2006, 2007 and 2008.
In 2008, Paste was nominated for a National Magazine Award in the category of General .
The tambourine looks like a small hand-held drum.
But in addition to the skin (drumhead) there are also small pairs of jingles - like tiny cymbals - in slots around the frame.
However, tambourines come in many types.
Some are made without a skin, particularly for use in schools.
The tambourine came to Europe through the Arabs who brought it to Italy and Spain.
How to play a tambourine
The tambourine is usually held in the hand.
The jingles can be made to sound by hitting the frame of the instrument with the other hand, or by shaking the instrument.
Often the player will hold the instrument high in the air.
This not only looks good, but it can also be heard well.
The other hand can tap rhythms on the skin which makes it sound like a drum as well as making the jingles sound.
It can be hit by the knuckles, or with the finger tips, or the flat of the hand or the back of the hand.
It can also be hit against the side of the leg.
A good player with a good tambourine can sometimes create a nice effect with a "thumb roll".
This is done by making the tip of the thumb slightly wet and then moving it fast along the edge of the skin so that the thumb bounces very fast.
When a tambourine is used in an orchestra it is usually just one tambourine, although Berlioz asked for two tambourines in his overture Le carnaval romain.
It is very often used in music which sounds Italian or Spanish.
It nearly always makes music sound very lively, for example in the second movement of Prokofiev's First Violin Concerto.
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments - Könemann,
Orchestration - Walter Piston (London 1965)
A tachyon is any hypothetical particle that can travel faster than the speed of light.
E. C. G. Sudarshan, V.K Deshpande and Baidyanath Misra were the first to propose the existence of particles faster than light and named them "meta-particles".
After that the possibility of particles moving faster than light was also proposed by Robert Ehrlich and Arnold Sommerfeld, independently of each other.
Lately, Similar concept was coined with the term "tachyon" by Gerald Feinberg in  1967.
Most scientists do not believe that tachyons exist.
Einstein's theory of special relativity states that nothing can accelerate faster than the speed of light, while tachyons are theorized to be constantly traveling faster than the speed of light.
If a tachyon did exist, it would have an imaginary number as its mass.
In modern physics the term "tachyon" often refers to imaginary mass fields rather than to faster-than-light particles.
Such fields have come to play an important role in modern physics.
Kenneth John "Kenny" Ortega (born April 18, 1950) is an American producer, director, and choreographer.
He was the director of all the High School Musical movies.
Filmography and concerts
Gelatin is a protein substance that comes from collagen.
Collagen is a natural protein found in the tendons, ligaments, and tissues of mammals as well as fish.
Gelatin has no smell, no taste, and is either colorless or light yellow.
It can be found in sheets, flakes, or as a powder.
It can be dissolved in water, but not in alcohol.
It is made by boiling the connective tissues, bones and skins of animals, usually cows and pigs.
Once the boiling is done, the collagen will cool and make a jelly.
As a food, gelatin is used to make jellied desserts; used in the preservation of fruit and meat, and to make powdered milk.
Gelatin can also be used as glue for matches or for paper money.
You can also find it used as the syrup in medicine, also known as medicine emulsions.
Gelatin is also found in some makeup.
Because gelatin comes from animals, vegetarians and vegans do not eat or use products that have gelatin added.
Some religious or cultural groups also do not eat gelatin because of the animals used to make it.
For example, people that keep kosher or halal will not eat gelatin because it is often made from cows.
Alternatives to gelatin are products like agar or carrageenan which comes from seaweed or pectin which comes from plants.
Naturist Christians are the Christians who practice naturism or nudism, and are a part of the clothes-free movement.
They believe that the human body was the greatest making of God.
It is  not shameful and should not be covered.
Naturist Christians can be found in almost all of the different groups of Christianity, called "denominations".
They do not find any conflict with the teachings of the Bible, and living their lives and worshiping God without any clothing.
However, most have various differences with New Age and man-centered philosophy (called "humanism") which is common among other naturists and wish to be separated from it.
This includes not worshiping nature at all.
In the Book of Genesis, Adam and Eve were living in the Garden of Eden as 'man and wife' .
They ate the fruit not allowed by God, after being talked into it by the devil in the form of a snake.
Then their eyes were opened, and they knew that they were naked.
So, they gathered fig leaves to be used as simple clothing to cover their sexual organs.
These became lacking very quickly, and Adam and Eve hid themselves from God in the trees.
God to Adam (with Eve) "Who told you that you are naked?" ()
naturism
fr:Naturisme#Naturisme chrétien
it:Naturismo#Cristiani naturisti
nl:Naturisme#Christelijke nudisten
pt:Naturismo#Naturistas cristãos
Lake Eyre (pronounced "air") is the lowest point in Australia, at about   below sea level.
When it fills with water, it is the largest lake in Australia, being  long and  wide.
It is also in the driest part of Australia, getting only about  of rain each year.
It is in the north of South Australia, about  north of Adelaide.
The lake was named after the explorer, Edward Eyre, who was the first Europen to see it in 1840.
It is the centre of the Lake Eyre National Park.
Lake Eyre is in the driest desert region of central Australia.
It is a large endorheic lake system, which means that the water flows in, but does not flow out.
As the water evaporates, the lake dries up leaving a dry salt lake.
The lake does not usually completely dry up, there is often water in small areas on the lake surface.
The rate that the water dries up is  per year, that is about 20 times more than the rainfall in the area.
During the wet season the rivers from Queensland flow towards the lake through the Channel Country.