the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Freestyle football is a sport played by one person by kicking a football.
Freestyle football is a new sport, which has become more popular in recent years.
To play freestyle football, one needs skill to keep the ball off the ground.
This is done by juggling the ball with one's feet.
Many people can do this well.
At the same time, they can add in more difficult tricks.
The most famous trick is called 'around the world'.
There are five or more different ways of doing 'around the world'.
Freestyle football can be played anywhere, such as in the street or a park.
Moscow Football Freestyle Organisation
Professional Football Freestyle Agency
Croydon is a large town in Greater London, southern England in the United Kingdom.
It is south of London and is part of the London Borough of Croydon.
The town grew up from Anglo-Saxon times around a palace belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
In 1276 the archbishop allowed a weekly market to take place nearby and this date is taken as the founding of the town.
The town grew in the eighteenth century as a stage coach stop on the way to the popular seaside town of Brighton from London.
In the nineteenth century railways put the town only 15 minutes from London by fast train and it grew 23 times in terms of the number of people living there between 1801 and 1901.
Croydon is well known for having many places to go shopping, which includes two shopping centres called Centrale and the Whitgift Centre.
A third one called Park Place is planned.
Croydon has been rated the 20th best shopping area in the UK.
It is also well known for holding a lot of offices for companies to let.
The council wants to keep Croydon a big town by building more offices and entertainment facilities so a new place called the Croydon Gateway is planned.
Purley Way, just west of Croydon, is a large retail park area which has many shops like Comet (which went in admin in 2012), Sainsbury's, McDonald's, IKEA, Argos, M&S, Boots along with a cinema and bowling alley.
Croydon is very easy to get to.
There is a large bus station on the edge of Croydon, and three railway stations called East Croydon, West Croydon, and South Croydon.
Croydon is also served by Tramlink, a tram system, the only tram system in all of Greater London.
It is the place where all four routes meet.
They go to places like Elmers End and Beckenham in Bromley to the east, Wimbledon and Mitcham in Merton to the west, and Addington and Addiscombe to the south.
Addington is a village in the London Borough of Croydon in south London.
Addington is home to many historical sites in Croydon, like Croydon Palace and the Addington Palace.
St Mary's Church is also in Addington and is known for the cross commemorating five archbishops in the foreground.
Before the tram system was introduced in 2000 connections to the town were very short with only a few buses to Croydon.
New Addington is a town close by to Addington.
Once there was only one school in the village and all the children went to it, now that school has been demolished.
Villages in England
The modern Flag of The Republic of India has three colours, which are placed horizontally.
At the top is saffron, which signifies sacrifice and patriotism.
In the middle is white, which stands for truth in word and actions and purity in our thoughts.
At the bottom is green, which stands for life and prosperity.
In the middle of the white is a blue wheel, which is called the Ashoka Chakra.
It has 24 spokes and it stands for progress.
The Chakra or the wheel also symbolizes the Power of the State governed by Dharma.
It is also called the tiranga or tricolour.
The flag was discovered by Venkayya Pingali.
Moirang in Manipur is the first place in India where the National Flag of India was first hoisted.
It was in this place where the INA War Museum and the INA Martyrs' Memorial Complex were developed to commemorate the contributions of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and his Indian National Army to the Indian Independence Movement.
Gandhi first in 1921, Congress spoke of their flag.
The flag Pingali Venkayya, who had designed.
There were two colours, red for the Hindus, and green for Muslims.
Was in the middle of a cycle.
For the other religions in the white paint was added.
A few days before Independence, the Constituent Assembly national modified.
The spinning wheel replaced by the Ashok Chakra Lee.
The new flag of the country's second President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan explained again.
The national flag of India the top band of Saffron color, indicating the strength and courage of the country.
The strip between the white is a symbol of peace and truth with Dharma Chakra.
The lower green stripe fertility, growth and auspiciousness of the land exhibits.
Built on the white strip cycle menstrual cycle says.
Wheel of Dharma wheel of the law that says the third century BC Mauryan Emperor Ashoka built the Sarnath Temple was taken from.
The Chakra intends to show that this is life in movement and death in stagnation.
Are estimated using the following transfer in Indian flag colors.
In flag saffron, white, green and blue colors that HTML Arljilbi and Web colors in the (hexadecimal notation); CMYK equivalent; Dye color and Penton equal number.
Trevor Royle, The Last Days of the Raj, Cornet Books, Hodder and Stoughton, London, pg.
The Indian Emblem of India  is the symbol of the Republic of India, formally called 'National emblem'.
It has four lions.
The idea for this coat of arms was taken from the Sarnath Lion Capital that was built by Indian emperor Ashoka.
It's a pillar in the city of Sarnath.
Ashoka built it around 250 BC using a single piece of polished sandstone.
The symbol is invariably used on all types of currency notes, passports and coins of India.
In the two dimensional view of this symbol, one can see 3 heads (the fourth being hidden from view).
It was adopted on 26 January 1950, the day that India became a republic.
The wheel beneath the lions is called the Ashoka Chakra or Dharmachakra comes from Buddhism, representing Truth and Honesty.
The horse and the bull probably stand for the Strength (Mental) of the people of India.
There are four Ashoka Chakras in total around the emblem and two horses and bulls each.
The verse written below, Satyamev Jayate is a very popular and revered saying in the ancient language Sanskrit.
It can be divided phonetically into three words - Satyam, which means truth, Ev or aev, that is, only and Jayate which means wins or won.
The whole verse can be translated as, 'Only (the one who speaks) the truth will win or wins.'
This verse describes the power of honesty and truth in society and religion.
You can lie to your friends, family, but you cannot lie to God and yourself.
Your conscience will forever be stained.
The verse can also be translated as 'The truth alone triumphs'.
Meaning that even after all the lies and deceptions with which we have been fooled, the truth will finally emerge victorious.
The Spanish Wikipedia (In Spanish: Wikipedia en Español) is a Spanish-language edition of Wikipedia.
Started in May 2001, it is the 9th-largest Wikipedia by article count.
The Spanish Wikipedia has about  articles.
Spanish Wikipedia main page.
Crystal Palace is a place and former site of a landmark in London, England.
The town is between the London Boroughs of Croydon, Bromley, Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham.
The town is home of the Crystal Palace television mast, a large aerial which receives television and radio signals so that people in London can hear or see the channels.
The Croydon Transmitter was also put in Crystal Palace, so if something went wrong with the Crystal Palace Ariel this one could take over.
The space used to hold The Crystal Palace, a large building made mostly out of glass.
It was called The Great Exhibition of 1851 and used to be in Hyde Park, but the palace was moved to Crystal Palace in 1854.
People went to it for over seven decades.
Sydenham Hill, where the Crystal Palace was, is one of the highest locations in London and the size of the palace made it easy to see from Central London.
This led to the area around the building becoming known as Crystal Palace instead of Sydenham Hill.
The palace was destroyed by fire on the 30th November 1936 and the site of the building and its grounds are now known as Crystal Palace Park and include an olympic sized swimming pool.
Crystal Palace Park is a large park in Crystal Palace, which is known across South London, mainly for the statues of the dinosaurs.
There is also a stadium used for national athletics and a large sports centre.
There is no town centre in Crystal Palace, as most of the area is covered by homes, although many people confuse Upper Norwood town centre (which has a Sainsbury's in it) as Crystal Palace.
Anerley is also close by.
There is a bus station on Crystal Palace Parade and there is a train station in Crystal Palace for Central London and Croydon.
Map of Crystal Palace
Al-`Askarī or the `Askariyya Mosque/Shrine (Arabic: مرقد الامامين علي الهادي والحسن العسكري; transliterated: Marqad al-Imāmayn `Alī l-Hādī wa l-Ħassan al-`Askarī) is a Shī`a Muslim holy site.
It is in the Iraqi city of Samarra.
Samara is 60 miles from Baghdad.
It is one of the most important Shīite mosques in the world.
It was built in 944.
Its dome was destroyed in February 2006 (see al-`Askarī Mosque Bombing).
The remains of the tenth and eleventh Shī`a Imāms, `Alī l-Hādī and his son Hassan al-`Askarī, known as "the two `Askarīs" (al-`Askariyyān), rest at the shrine.
It stands next to a shrine to the Twelfth or "Hidden" Imām, Muħammad al-Mahdī.
The `Askariyya Shrine is also known as the "Tomb or Mausoleum of the Two Imāms", "the Tomb of Imāms `Alī l-Hādī and Hassan al-`Askarī" and al-Hadhratu l-`Askariyya.
Time magazine reported at the time of the 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing that “al-Askari [is] one of Shi'ite Islam's holiest sites.
Only the shrines of Najaf and Karbala are more important.
Even Samarra's Sunnis hold al-Askari in high esteem.
The expression 'to swear by the shrine' is routinely used by both communities".
The Imāms `Alī l-Hādī (also known as an-Naqī) and Hassan al-`Askarī lived under house arrest in the part of Samarra that had been Caliph al-Mu'tasim's military camp (`Askaru l-Mu'tasim).
As a result, they are known as the `Askariyyān ("Dwellers in the Camp").
They died and were buried in their house on Abī Ahmad Street near the mosque built by Mu'tasim.
A later tradition attributes their deaths to poison.
The shrine around their tombs was built in 944 by the Hamdanid governor Nasīr ad-Dawla.
It became a focus for pilgrims.
It was developed and rebuilt several times in following centuries, including, in particular, by Arslan al-Basasiri around 1053 and by Caliph an-Nasīr li-Dīn Allāh in 1209.
Nasir ad-Din Shah Qajar undertook the latest remodelling of the shrine in 1868, with the golden dome added in 1905.
Covered in 72,000 gold pieces and surrounded by walls of light blue tiles, the dome was a dominant feature of the Samarra skyline.
It was approximately 20 metres in diameter by 68 metres high.
Bombings
2006 attack
On February 22, 2006, at 6:55 a.m. local time (0355 UTC) explosions occurred at the mosque.
The explosions destroyed its golden dome and severely damaged the mosque.
Several men, one wearing a military uniform, had earlier entered the mosque.
They tied up the guards there and set explosives, which resulted in the blast.
Two bombs were set off by five to seven men dressed as personnel of the Iraqi Special forces who entered the shrine during the morning.
2007 attack
At around 9 a.m. on 13 June 2007, suspected al-Qaeda people destroyed the two remaining 36m-high golden minarets flanking the dome's ruins.
No fatalities were reported.
Iraqi police have reported hearing "two nearly simultaneous explosions coming from inside the mosque compound at around 9 a.m." A report from state run Iraqia Television stated that "local officials said that two mortar rounds were fired at the two minarets."
Aljazeera picture gallery
Images of the destruction: before and after
BBC picture gallery
BBC video
NYT picture gallery
Mosques in Iraq
Hathor was an Egyptian goddess.
She was a cow goddess and was associated with the Milky Way.
Hathor was the daughter of Ra.
Temples and worship
There are still remains of Hathor's temple in Dendera, Egypt.
Dendara was her most well known.
Her temple is 37 miles away from Luxor.
It is thought that the temple of Hathor was built and decorated between the second century B.C.E. and the first century C.E. It had two intricately designed columned halls with the head of the goddess Hathor engraved in to each of them.
Additionally, several shrines were built on the flat roof of the temple.
There was also an enclosed sacred lake where the priests and patients would bath in order to heal themselves and become pure.
There was sacred treasure hidden in two underground rooms near the sanctuary.
At her temple people would pray to her for good wealth.
Overall, Hathor was a busy goddess, as were most of the other gods and goddesses.
Goddess' purpose
In Egypt, Hathor was the goddess of love, beauty, dancing, music, and fertility.
Hathor is one of the main goddesses.
Hathor means "House of Horus".
Before Hathor was the nice goddess she was the goddess of destruction.
There was a myth that Ra ordered Hathor (Sekmet) to go out to eat the people.
But days passed and Ra wanted Sekmet (Hathor) to stop but Sekmet was enjoying it.
So Ra dyed beer red and scattered it all over the land.
Sekmet saw it and thought it was the blood of the people she killed, so she drank it all and became drunk.
After she slept for three days and woke up renewed, she didn't want to eat human flesh any more and became a new goddess, Hathor.
Hathor appeared in four different forms.
In human form, Hathor had a cow head with two cow horns.
She was represented as a cow because cows were highly valued animals.
She wore a menat which was a special necklace.
A menat is a heavy beaded necklace with a crescent shape in the front and a tall mushroom shaped piece in the back.
In one of her animal forms, she was a cow with an ankh.
An ankh was the symbol of life.
Another of Hathor's animal forms was a fierce lion.
Hathor's symbol was a cow with a sun disc.
The ancient Egyptians drew her as the sky of the Milky Way.
Hathor's titles include the Golden One, the Lady of Song, the Mistress of Maidens, and the Lady of the Sycamore.
She had traveled to Greece from a horrible argument with the gods and goddesses, she was banished from the land, and she was so ashamed of herself, she became the goddess of beauty and love.
Hathor had a lot of power over Ancient Egyptians moods.
Hathor had the power to bring laughter, happiness and joy.
If she was far away the Egyptians mood would become miserable.
Hathor very much enjoyed helping and changing others moods embracing them and loving them dearly.
Hathor saw past the hell that was placed and granted Peace to all for eternity.
Everyone then became their own Ptah.
Relmer, Pat Egyptian Mythology
Dunand, Francoise God and Men in Egypt
Manning, Ruth Ancient Egyptian Women
Wilkinson, Richard The Complete Gods and Goddesses in Ancient Egypt
Barret, Clive The Egyptians Gods and Goddesses
Lesko, Barbara The Great Goddesses of Egypt
Fisher, Lenard The Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
Hathor Article by Caroline Seawright
Domain of Het-Hert (Hathor)
Santorini is a Greek island.
The capital is Thira.
Santorini is 63 miles from the island of Crete.
The total population is 13,600.
Human presences on the island seem to have existed since the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C. The excavations at Akrotiri have confirmed that human activity on the island continued until the eruption of the volcano around 1500 B.C, which entirely buried the island beneath very thick layers of pozzuolona.
At that point, all traces of human activity vanished from the island until the end of the 13th century B.C.
According to Herodotus, the island was initially called Strongyle (the Round One).
Then later, because of its beauty, it was named Kalliste (the Fairest One).
The Phoenicians settled in Kalliste, and after the Phoenicians, the Lacedaemonians arrived and renamed the island after their leader, Theras.
In the 9th century B.C. Thera, became an important stopping point of that era in the travel routes between the East and the West.
The Phoenician alphabet was adopted at this time for writing in the Greek language.
Interestingly though, the conservative Therans, did not follow the cultural development of their counterparts in the other Cycladic islands.
At about 630 B.C the Therans reached the north coast of the African continent where they founded Cyrene, the only Theran colony.
From as early on as the 6th century B.C. Thera had its own coinage.
During the Classical period in Greece [5th and 4th century B.C.] Thera did not play any significant role in the events of that Hellenic time.
During the Peloponesian War Thera sided with Sparta, as expected.
In Hellenistic times the island's strategic position made Thera an important base for the war campaigns in the Aegean of the successors to Alexander the Great.
During the Roman Empire, Thera was little more than a small, insignificant island.
However, when Christianity reached the island early, an organized church was established by the 4th century A.D. The island had neither political nor military significance in Byzantine times, although Alexius I Comnenus [1081 - 1118] founded the church of the Panagia Episkopi at Gonia.
After the fall of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade [1204], the Duchy of Naxos was founded and Thera became the seat of one of the four Catholic Bishops of the Duchy.
The name Santorini was given at that time by the Crusaders, named after a small chapel of Agia Irini [Santa Irene] which some say was at Perissa and others say it was at Riva on Therasia.
The Turkish dominion [1579 - 1821] resulted in the abolition of piracy and the development of international trade.
The Santorinians created close contacts with the great harbours of the Eastern Mediterranean (Alexandria, Constantinople, Odessa) where they founded important communities.
In 1821, Santorini with its shipping power, took part in the fight for independence from the Turks, and in 1830, the island became part of the independent Greek state.
Up until the beginning of the 20th century shipping, textiles, tomato production and viticulture were all flourishing markets, but the change from sail to steam-driven ships and the relocation of the island's factories to mainland Greece had a negative effect on the island's economy.
After the 1956 earthquake there was a huge decrease in the population resulting in an economic catastrophe.
Towards the end of the 1970s however, tourism began to develop, bringing economic relief to the island.
The present-day crescent shape of the island is a consequence of the activity of the volcano in prehistoric times.
The island itself owes its very existence to the volcano.
The last huge eruption of the volcano dates back 3,600 years, to the late Bronze Age.
Thirty million cubic meters of lava in the form of pumice and ash were blown to a height of up to 36 kilometers above the island.
Pumice deposits, dozens of meters thick, buried one of the most prosperous pre-historic settlements of that period, feeding the myth of the lost Atlantis.
The mild activity of the volcano after this major eruption continues into the present (the most recent eruption occurred in 1950) building up two small islands within the caldera, Palea and Nea Kameni.
These islands represent the volcano's most recent activity.
Since the 1st of January 2002, the Euro (EUR) is the currency of Greece.
Notes in circulation are 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euro while coins are in denominations of 1 euro, 2 euro, 1 cent, 2 cents, 5 cents, 10 cents and 20 cents.
A currency converter is available here.
The banks on Santorini are open 8.00 am-2.30 pm Monday to Thursday and 8.00 am-2.00 pm on Friday.
ATMs are available in almost all villages on Santorini.
Most accept Visa and MasterCards as well as debit cards of internationally recognised networks.
Electrical Appliances
The electricity supply in Greece is alternating current, 220-250 volts, 50 cycles.
Appliances for 110 or 120 volts may be operated by using step down transformers of 220 - 250/110 volts connected to each outlet.
Bottled water is recommended for drinking.
Tap water can be used for washing, bathing and cleaning your teeth.
In the area of Oia the tap water that comes from the local desalination plant is drinkable.
There is a taxi stand in the square of Fira.
Taxi fares are based on a catalogue issued by the Ministry of Transport, and not based on the taxi's meter.
KTEL buses carry out daily bus routes to almost all destinations.
The KTEL terminal is also in the square of Fira next to the taxis.
Postal Services
ELTA is the official name of the postal service and their colours are blue and yellow.
The main postal offices on Santorini are in Fira, Emporio and Oia.
Postal agencies are in Pyrgos, Kamari and Perissa.
Mailboxes are available in all the villages of Santorini.
A standard letter or postcard less than 20 grams sent anywhere in Europe or abroad costs €0.65 (as per April 2007).
Courier services are also available.
Most hotels provide internet access for their guests.
Internet cafés are available mostly in Fira.
Santorini National Airport,an airport that serves as both military and civil airport, is north of the village of Kamari.
The airlines that run here include Olympic Air and Aegean Airlines.
To get to and from the airport you can use buses, taxis, hotel car-pickups and rental cars.
Volcanoes of Europe
Sāmarrā () is a town in Iraq.
It is on the east bank of the Tigris in the Salah ad Din Governorate, 125 km north of Baghdad.
In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 348,700 people.
Samarra is a city of culture and heritage.
Samarra is home to the Malwiya Mosque Minerat.
Cities in Iraq
The Holy See (Latin: Sancta Sedes, "holy seat") is the office of the Bishop of Rome, that is, the Pope.
Every episcopal see is seen as holy and the Eastern Orthodox Church constantly applies the adjective "holy" or "sacred" () to all its sees, but "the Holy See" (definite singular) normally means the see of Rome, which is also called "the Apostolic See".
While "Apostolic See" can refer to any see founded by any of the Apostles, the term is in this case used to refer to the see of the bishop seen as successor of the chief of the Apostles, Saint Peter.
Organization of the Holy See
The Pope governs the Church through the Roman Curia.
The Roman Curia consists of the Secretariat of State, nine Congregations, three Tribunals, 11 Pontifical Councils, and a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level.
The Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State, directs and coordinates the Curia.
The current incumbent, Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone, is the Holy See's equivalent of a prime minister.
Archbishop Dominique Mamberti, Secretary of the Section for Relations With States of the Secretariat of State acts as the Holy See's foreign minister.
Bertone and Mamberti have been named in their respective roles under by Pope Benedict XVI in September 2006.
International Grains Council (IGC)
International Committee for Military Medicine (ICMM)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)*
Universal Postal Union (UPU), International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
Note: In 1971, the Holy See announced the decision to adhere to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in order to "give its moral support to the principles that form the base of the treaty itself."
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Latin Union (LU)
Organization of American States (OAS) in Washington
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
United Nations*
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
United Nations Drug Control Programme (UNDCP)
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS)
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
World Tourism Organization (WToO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
World Health Organization (WHO)
World Food Programme (WFP)
Note: the Holy See is a permanent observer in the United Nations and, in July 2004, gained all the rights of full membership except voting.
According to Archbishop Celestino Migliore, Holy See Permanent Observer, "We have no vote because this is our choice."
He added that the Holy See considers that its current status "is a fundamental step that does not close any path for the future.
The Holy See has the requirements defined by the UN statute to be a member state and, if in the future it wished to be so, this resolution would not impede it from requesting it."
Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee (AALCC)
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
United Nations Committee of Peaceful Use of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS)
World Meteorological Organization in Geneva (WMO)
The Holy See sends a delegate to the Arab League in Cairo.
It is also a guest of honour to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.
The Holy See, not the Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states (such as with the United Kingdom), and participates in international organizations.
Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to the Vatican City, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities.
When necessary, the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of the Vatican City.
La Due, William J. The Chair of Saint Peter: A History of the Papacy
The Holy See Website
Primacy of the Apostolic See
CIA World Factbook on Holy See
Between Venus and Mars, the Church of Rome Chooses Both  - The Holy See’s geopolitics analyzed in the light of the dominant doctrines
The Holy See in the course of time, from an Orthodox perspective
Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations
Australian Embassy in The Holy See
Canadian Embassy to the Holy See
British Embassy to the Holy See
The Embassy of the Czech Republic at the Holy See in Vatican
United States Embassy to the Holy See
hu:Vatikán#A Szentszék
The Tigris is a river in the Middle East.
It is the eastern of two rivers that define Mesopotamia.
Mesopotamia literally means (the land) between the rivers.
The other river is called Euphrates.
The source of the river is in the Taurus mountains in Turkey.
From there, it flows through Northern Kurdistan in Turkey and forms part of the border between Turkey and Syria.
The remainder is in Iraq.
The river is 1,900 kilometres (1,181 miles) long.
It comes together with the Euphrates in the Shatt-al-Arab (which is called Arvand Rud in Persian).
The Shatt-al-Arab flows into the Persian Gulf.
The river had an important role in the development of civilization, as early farmers used water from the river to water their crops and produce more food.
Rivers of Iraq
Rivers of Turkey
In ancient Egyptian mythology, Tawaret (also Taweret) was the demon-wife of Apep, the first god of evil.
She was often shown as a hippopotamus.
Because female hippos are aggressive to protect their young, pregnant women wore amulets of Tawaret to protect their pregnancies.
Tawaret was a very popular goddess in the first Dynasty.
She was, overall, the goddess who protected women during childbirth and pregnancy.
In ancient Egypt, it was believed that if you wanted to live through childbirth it was necessary to pray to Tawaret.
ancientegypt.co.uk
Seshat was the ancient Egyptian idea of knowledge, shown as a goddess.
She became the goddess of writing, astronomy/astrology, architecture, and mathematics.
When Thoth became the god of wisdom, Seshat was seen as his daughter, or sometimes, as his wife.
In art, she was shown as a woman with a stylised papyrus plant above her head.
This symbolised writing since the Egyptians wrote on a material that came from papyrus.
thekeep.org
egyptmyths.net
Apep (also spelled Apepi, and Aapep, or Apophis in Greek) in Egyptian mythology was an evil demon.
He was associated with darkness and chaos.
He was often shown as a snake.
Apep's name was often incorrectly defined as he who was spat out.
It was said that he had been formed by Neith, who had been the goddess of the ancient waters in the Ennead, from a length of spit she had spat at Nu, the god of the ancient waters in the Ogdoad.
Some subsequent commentators speculated that Apep must have been an earlier creator, and chief god, thus explaining why he had so much anger towards Ra.
Instead of being worshipped he was done the exact opposite and spat upon.
Models would be made of wax and clay and then burnt, spat upon, and defaced.
Apep was a fifty foot long snake.
He was black, orange, and a little bit green.
Apep was very strong.
He symbolized darkness, storms, night, the underworld and death.
Ramses sixth tomb depicted him, having nine heads, representing the souls he killed.
In some depictions he is shown being attacked by a cat.
The cat represents Bast, the goddess of cats.
Bast was Ra's 'Guardian', so to speak.
Bast's job was to protect Ra on his trips through the Duat every night.
this is how he became the physical description
The asteroid 99942 Apophis, an Aten-class asteroid, is named in its honour, because it was at Level 4 on the Torino impact hazard scale between 2004 and 2006.
The name Apophis was given to the first major false god enemy in the sci-fi series Stargate SG-1
The name Apep Heidemann was given to the major enemy in the Japanese manga Seraphic Feather.
In the Yu-Gi-Oh!
Trading Card Game, there is a snake-like Trap Card Monster called 'Embodiment of Apophis'.
Considering the original Yu-Gi-Oh!
's Egyptian origins, this befits the context of the card game.
Apep, Water Snake-Demon of Chaos, Enemy of Ra...
ancient Egypt: The Mythology - Apep
Ville Valo (born November 22, 1976) is a Finnish baritone singer and songwriter.
He is the lead singer in the Finnish rock band HIM.
He lives in Helsinki, Finland.
HIMzone666
HIMzone666.forum
Singers from Helsinki
Prefix notation is a mathematical notation.
It is a way to write down equations and other mathematical formulae.
Prefix notation is also known as Polish notation.
The notation was invented by Jan Łukasiewicz in 1920.
He wanted to simplify writing logic equations.
Some CASIO calculators use prefix notation.
Some programming languages that were influenced by lambda calculus, like LISP, use prefix notation.
She could also be dangerous, able to kill the enemies of the king with her fiery breath.
In this capacity, she was considered a protector of the king. .
Nephthys has a central role in the popular myths of Osiris; it is her magical powers that helps to resurrect his body, as well as to protect and nurture Horus while he is a child.
She is in some contexts presented as a protector of the dead, in other as protecting the baboon-headed Hapi, one of the 4 canopic jars.
According to myth, Nephthys had four siblings.
Her parents were Geb the god of the earth and Nut the goddess of the sky.
She was the sister of Isis, Osiris, Horus, and sister/twin and consort of Seth.
Nephthys was also the mother of Anubis, the jackal-headed one with black skin.
Relmer, Pat Egyptian Mythology A to Z
Fisher, Leonard The Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
Barett, Clive The Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
pantheon.org
http://www.Touregypt.net/godsofegypt/Nephthys2.htm
http://www.philae.nu/Akhet/Netjurun.html
Anuket was the first ancient Egyptian goddess of the Nile river in areas like Elephantine Island, at the start of the Nile's journey through Egypt, and in nearby parts of Nubia.
Her temple was built at the Island of Seheil.
Since the god Khnum and goddess Satis were thought to be the gods of the source of the Nile, Anuket was believed to be their daughter.
The Egyptians believed that the two tributaries in her area of the Nile were her arms.
Because tributaries move quickly, she became associated with fast-moving things, like arrows, and the gazelle.
When the Nile started its annual flood, the Festival of Anuket began.
People threw coins, gold, jewelry, and precious gifts into the river, thanking Anuket for the life-giving water.
The taboo that was held in several parts of Egypt of not eating fish, which were considered sacred, was lifted during this time.
egyptianmyths.net
It is the best-understood of all proto-languages.
It was put together by the methods of historical linguistics.
Discovery and reconstruction
There are different ideas about when and where PIE was spoken.
PIE may have been spoken as a single language.
Then it began to separate, around 3700 BC.
The most popular hypothesis for where it came from and how it spread is called the Kurgan hypothesis.
In this theory, its origin is in the Pontic-Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe.
There is no direct evidence of PIE because it was never written.
All PIE sounds and words are reconstructed from later Indo-European languages.
The asterisk symbol is used to mark reconstructed PIE words, for example: * 'water', * 'dog', or * 'three (masculine)'.
Many words in modern Indo-European languages seem to have come from such "proto-words" by regular sound changes, such as Grimm's law.
Long vowels ; usually the macron is used to mark long vowels (a:, e:, o:).
Sometimes, a colon (:) is also used to say that the vowel is long.
vowel allophones of consonantal phonemes: .
PIE had a free pitch accent.
That means that the stress of a word could happen on any syllable and could change even for related words.
Different meanings of a word could be marked only with high or low pitch.
PIE was an inflected language: it had roots with suffixes.
That basic root shape is often altered by the ablaut, a system of regular vowel changes.
An example of ablaut in English is the strong verb sing, sang, sung and the related noun song.
Most Indo-European languages are synthetic.
That means they have many morphemes per word.
Morphemes may be combined to make complex words, as in German Root words may be put on "bound morphemes" to show their function, which are morphemes that appear only as part of a larger word.
German example: Aufsichtsratsmitgliederversammlung => "Supervision + council + member + assembly"
Spanish example: escribiéndomelo => "writing it to me"
Those methods were probably used often in PIE.
Languages like English, which don't have a lot of combinations like that, come from from earlier, more typical Indo-European languages.
English comes from from Anglo-Saxon, a Western Germanic language.
The fact that English once was synthetic like German is shown by cranberry morphemes, which are so called because the "cran-" is a fossil of a word that no longer exists.
Also, mulberry and raspberry, where also the first syllable is a bound morpheme.
Sample texts
Because PIE was spoken a very long time ago, there are no texts anymore.
Scientists have tried many times to make example texts for to show what it could be like.
These are just educated guesses.
People have tried for 150 years to make a single sentence in PIE, but this has not happened yet.
Even so, such texts are still useful because they show what PIE might have looked like.
Schleicher (1868)
Avis akvāsas ka
Avis, jasmin varnā na ā ast, dadarka akvams, tam, vāgham garum vaghantam, tam, bhāram magham, tam, manum āku bharantam.
Avis akvabhjams ā vavakat: kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam.
Schleicher's reconstruction says that that the o/e vocalism was secondary.
His version of PIE is more like Sanskrit than modern reconstructions are.
Hirt (1939)
Owis ek’wōses-kʷe
Owis, jesmin wьlənā ne ēst, dedork’e ek’wons, tom, woghom gʷьrum weghontm̥, tom, bhorom megam, tom, gh’ьmonm̥ ōk’u bherontm̥. Owis ek’womos ewьwekʷet: k’ērd aghnutai moi widontei gh’ьmonm̥ ek’wons ag’ontm̥. Ek’wōses ewьwekʷont: kl’udhi, owei!,
k’ērd aghnutai vidontmos: gh’ьmo, potis, wьlənām owjôm kʷr̥neuti sebhoi ghʷermom westrom; owimos-kʷe wьlənā ne esti.
Tod k’ek’ruwos owis ag’rom ebhuget.
The Sheep and the Horses
[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly.
The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses."
The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself.
And the sheep has no wool."
Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
American Heritage Dictionary:
Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, essay on the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European
Indo-European Roots, index
Indo-European Etymological Dictionary  (Leiden University)
Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (University of Texas)
Say something in Proto-Indo-European (by Geoffrey Sampson)
An Overview of the Proto-Indo-European Verb System  (by Piotr Gąsiorowski)
Many PIE example texts
PIE root etymology database
Ptah was the ancient Egyptian god of craftsmen and architects.
Ptah is named in the Turin King List as the first of the eight legendary god-kings of Egypt.
In art, he is shown as a hairless, bearded mummified man, often wearing a skull cap, holding a djed or other large tool (which he is sometimes shown using during mummification ceremonies).
He was believed to be married to Sekhmet.
Ptah was the local god of Memphis, one of the ancient capitals of Egypt.
He is the parson of craftsmen, since it is believed that he invented the arts.
Kurt Josef Waldheim (21 December 1918 – 14 June 2007) was an Austrian diplomat and conservative politician.
He was Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981, and President of Austria from 1986 to 1992.
Shortly before 1986, Waldheim published an autobiography.
During his campaign to become president in 1986, it became public that some statements in that biography were not true.
These were about his past.
Waldheim was an officer for Germany in the Second World War.
He rose to be an oberleutnant in the Wehrmacht.
Much historical interest has centered on Waldheim's role in Operation Kozara in 1942.
According to one post-war investigator, prisoners were routinely shot within only a few hundred meters (yards) of Waldheim's office, and  away at the Jasenovac concentration camp.
Waldheim later stated that "he did not know about the murder of civilians there".
There was a commission of several historians who looked at the issue.
They did find that Waldheim had behaved as he should have done.
He did not commit any war crimes.
However, in his role of an officer, he must have known about the deportation of about 40.000 Jews into concentration camps.
These transports, as well as the shooting of soldiers were a clear breach of law.
In 1990, he had a success: Saddam Hussein held several foreigners as hostages at the start of the Second Gulf War.
When Waldheim heard this, he personally went to Baghdad.
Through talks he could get Saddam to release the Austrian and the Swiss hostages. (
both countries are neutral)
On June 14, 2007, Waldheim died of heart failure.
At the time of his death he was the oldest living former Secretary-General of the United Nations and the oldest living former President of Austria.
Austrian people of World War II
A mop is a tool used for cleaning.
It is usually pieces of cloth or a sponge attached to the end of a long stick.
A dry mop is typically used to clean the floor, while a wet mop is used to remove dust.
The word (then spelled mappe) was first used in English as early as 1496, but new designs and variations of the original mop designs have been introduced, from time to time.
For example, American inventor Jacob Howe received U.S. patent #241 for a mop holder in 1837, and Thomas W. Stewart (U.S. patent #499,402) received a patent for a mop holder in 1893.
Pan was the Ancient Greek god of pastures, flocks, the mountain wilds and rustic music.
In Rome, he was called Faunus.
He had the body of a satyr (legs of a goat and body of a human).
He was also known to produce a sound called a "panic" that caused extreme pain to any who heard it, this sound is the origin of the English word panic.
He was the lord of the wild and as such, all forest dwelling creatures answer to him, including (but not exclusively) satyrs, nymphs, and forest creatures.
Pan was commonly believed to be dead, as a passing sailor heard a call as he passed an island proclaiming "Tell them the great lord Pan is dead."
The sailor spread the news, leading to the belief that he is dead, however some still believe that he lives on today, slowly dying as the wilds of the world are destroyed.
The story of Pan and Daphnis
Original resources on Faunus/Phaunos
Original resources on Pan
Pan Mythology
Forest spirits
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for some event or problem.
For a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it.
Today, a hypothesis refers to an idea that needs to be tested.
A hypothesis needs more work by the researcher in order to check it.
A tested hypothesis that works may become part of a theory—or become a theory itself.
The testing should be an attempt to prove that the hypothesis is wrong.
That is, there should be a way to falsify the hypothesis, at least in principle if not in practice.
"When it is not clear under which law of nature an effect or class of effect belongs, we try to fill this gap by means of a guess.
Such guesses have been given the name conjectures or hypotheses".
Hans Christian Ørsted (1811)
"In general we look for a new law by the following process.
First we guess it. ..."
A 'working hypothesis' is just a rough kind of hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research.
The hope is that a theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails.
Hypotheses are especially important in science.
Several philosophers have said that without hypotheses, there could be no science.
In recent years, philosophers of science have tried to integrate the various approaches to testing hypotheses (and the scientific method in general), to form a more complete system.
The point is that hypotheses are suggested ideas, which are then tested by experiments or observations.
In statistics, people talk about correlation: correlation is how closely related two events or phenomena are.
A proposition (or hypothesis) that two events are related cannot be tested in the same way as a law of nature can be tested.
An example would be to see if some drug is effective to treat a given medical condition.
Even if there is a strong correlation that indicates that this is the case, some samples would still not fit the hypothesis.
There are two hypotheses in statistical tests, called the null hypothesis, often written as , and the alternative hypothesis, often written as .
The null hypothesis states that there is no link between the phenomena, and is usually assumed to be true until it can be proven wrong beyond a reasonable doubt.
The alternative hypothesis states that there is some kind of link.
It is usually the opposite of the null hypothesis, and is what one would conclude if null hypothesis is rejected.
The alternative hypothesis may take several forms.
It can be two-sided (for example: there is some effect, in a yet unknown direction) or one-sided (the direction of the supposed relation, positive or negative, is fixed in advance).
Research and evaluation glossary
Analysis and synthesis - on scientific method, based on a study by Bernhard Riemann from the Swedish Morphological Society
Observations that come from self-defining instruments are often unreliable.
Such observations are hard to reproduce because they may vary even with respect to the same stimuli.
Thus they are not of much use in exact sciences like physics which require instruments which do not define themselves.
It is thus often necessary to use various engineered instruments like: spectrometers, oscilloscopes, cameras, telescopes, interferometers, tape recorders, thermometers etc.
and tools like clocks, scale that help in improving the , quality and utility of the information obtained from an observation.
The role of observation in the scientific method
Scientific method refers to techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.
A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methodologies of knowledge.
Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses.
These steps must be repeatable in order to dependably predict any future results.
Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many hypotheses together in a coherent structure.
This in turn may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.
Among other facets shared by the various fields of inquiry is the conviction that the process be objective to reduce a biased interpretation of the results.
Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, thereby allowing other researchers the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them.
This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established.
Testing and improvement
The scientific process is iterative.
At any stage it is possible that some consideration will lead the scientist to repeat an earlier part of the process.
Failure to develop an interesting hypothesis may lead a scientist to re-define the subject they are considering.
Failure of a hypothesis to produce interesting and testable predictions may lead to reconsideration of the hypothesis or of the definition of the subject.
Failure of the experiment to produce interesting results may lead the scientist to reconsidering the experimental method, the hypothesis or the definition of the subject.
Other scientists may start their own research and enter the process at any stage.
They might adopt the characterization and formulate their own hypothesis, or they might adopt the hypothesis and deduce their own predictions.
Often the experiment is not done by the person who made the prediction and the characterization is based on experiments done by someone else.
Published results of experiments can also serve as a hypothesis predicting their own reproducibility.
East Sutton is a parish (town) about  southeast of Maidstone in Kent, England.
It is small by number of houses but it is in a large area.
East Sutton is home to a women's prison, a council estate of 16 houses and the church of St Peter's and Saint Paul's.
A city hall or town hall is the headquarters of a city or town's administration and usually houses the city or town council, its associated departments and their employees.
It is also usually the base of the city, town, borough or county mayor.
In North America, a hall is labeled a "city" or "town" hall depending on the size of the municipality it serves.
City halls are usually found in larger cities and town halls in smaller urban areas.
In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and many Commonwealth countries, "town hall" is the more common term.
During the 1960s many of the older town halls were replaced by "Civic centres".
The civic centre was a functional building, offices of the council only, without the art gallery or hall for cultural activities which were a feature of many of the older town halls.
The variable measured is most often the light's intensity but could also, for instance, be the polarization state.
A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and measuring their wavelengths and intensities.
Spectrometer is a term that is applied to instruments that operate over a very wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays and X-rays into the far infrared.