the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Min was shown in statues and on wall carvings as having an erect penis.
The Ancient Greeks believed in a god called Priapus who had a very large penis that was always erect.
He was thought to protect livestock (animals kept by humans for food, milk, leather or wool), fruit plants and gardens, and men's sex organs.
He was also seen as able to chase away evil, and as a protector of sailors, fishermen and others needing good luck.
Long after the Roman Empire ended and many people became Christian, Priapus was still seen as a symbol of health and fertility.
A 13th-century book called the Lanercost Chronicle, which is a history of northern England and Scotland, talks about someone putting up a statue of Priapus to try and stop a disease from spreading among cattle.
Some Native Americans in the Southwestern United States believe in a fertility god called Kokopelli who is in charge of childbirth and agriculture (the growing of plants and animals for food and other uses).
He also plays tricks and is a symbol for the spirit of music.
Kokopelli is sometimes shown as a man playing a flute with a humpback (a back that is bent forwards), things like feathers sticking out from his head, and a very big penis.
Modern views
Today, phalluses do not often appear in artworks or movies (except in pornographic movies which show people having sex with each other).
This is because many people think that showing a man's penis when it is erect is obscene (not decent).
Men with larger penises are commonly thought to be more handsome, manly and powerful.
In 2006, it was reported that an Internet survey of 52,031 heterosexual (straight) men and women showed that men who thought that their penises were larger than the average size believed they were more good-looking.
Of the men, 55% of them were happy with their penis size, but 45% wanted to be larger.
Only 0.2% wanted a smaller penis.
On the other hand, 85% of women were happy with how big their partner's penis was.
Another study that also came out in 2006 in the Netherlands found that out of 251 homosexual (gay) men who were asked, most felt it was better to have a large penis, and those who thought they had one were happy about their bodies.
However, just because a man has a large penis does not always mean he is sexier or stronger than other men, even though many people think this.
For heterosexual men, this is because it is thought that when the penis can go further into the vagina, this helps the woman have a better orgasm.
Scientists are not sure whether this is true or not.
Some research shows that the most sensitive area of the female sex organs includes the vulva, clitoris and the part of the vagina nearest the outside of a woman's body.
There are also parts of the clitoris inside the vulva and vagina.
Therefore, most men's penises are long enough to make their partners feel good during sex.
Also, some studies say it is not how long but how thick a penis is that decides how well it excites a woman sexually.
However, other research seems to say that a long penis that touches and sexually excites the fornix, which is the deepest part of the vagina near the cervix (the opening of the uterus into the vagina), helps a woman to have an orgasm.
A study from the Netherlands of 375 women came out in 2002.
This study said that although 77% of the women felt that the length of a man's penis was not important to them, quite a large number – 21% – felt it was important.
The clitoris () is part of a woman's sex organs.
It makes a woman's orgasms happen, which gives her very good sexual feelings.
Like a man's penis, a woman's clitoris also becomes bigger and harder, moving out and away from the body, when she is sexually excited.
However, because the clitoris is much smaller than the penis, and most of the clitoris is inside the woman's body, only part of its entire length can be seen from the outside.
Some clitoral erections cannot be seen as well as an erection of the penis.
An erection of the clitoris happens in the same way as an erection of the penis.
The clitoris has a corpus cavernosum similar to the penis.
However, instead of the corpus spongiosum it has two vestibular bulbs.
When a woman is sexually excited, the corpus cavernosum and vestibular bulbs fill with blood.
This causes the clitoris and other parts of the woman's sex organs to become larger, harder, and redder in color.
When this happens, they become very sensitive to being touched.
If an erection of the clitoris does not go away after a long time, even though the woman is not being made sexually excited any more, this is a medical problem called clitorism.
Like priapism which can affect a man's penis, it is painful.
A woman who thinks she may have clitorism should see a doctor.
Clitorises range in size.
From a small pea to fingertip-section(s) when still soft.
They engorge with blood and become much larger in all dimensions, and firmer when aroused.
They can range into even 4-5 inches in some.
A penis has a tubular shape while a clitoris has a hood covering and C curvature shape, and yet still tube-like, and rides along the body.
The tip can lift upward more when aroused.
The tip can also be referred to as the pearl.
Sometimes, it can be uncomfortable to the entire clitoris, from its sensitivity, if treated rashly, mistaking erection for pleasure.
This is known mentally by the participant if pleasurable or uncomfortable.
It can be hard, or mid-firm as well, and climb to a shudder, then do a sharp firm up and an outward move right before, and then a tingling jingle inside and to the g-spot on in the other - and this is an orgasm.
Orgasms vary in intensity.
The body and mind can be relaxed and passionate afterwards to continue with love making or setting itself.
Men and women may also have an erection of their nipples when they are sexually excited.
This is caused by the release of a hormone called oxytocin in the body.
Nipples can also become erect when a person feels cold or sexually excited.
Unlike the penis and clitoris, nipples do not have any tissue in them that fills with blood.
Methamphetamine (also called meth or speed) is a man-made stimulant drug.
Many people use it illegally, but it is occasionally used legally by prescription to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or obesity as "Desoxyn".
Methamphetamine has two isomers, "left-handed" and "right-handed".
Left-handed methamphetamine helps fight stuffy nose and is legal.
Right-handed methamphetamine makes people feel high and is mostly illegal.
This page is mostly about the right-handed form.
Methamphetamine is very addictive.
This means that when people start taking the drug, they will want to keep taking more, even if it is making them sick.
Methamphetamine can be in powder or crystal form, and can be snorted, smoked, injected, or eaten.
In its smoked form, methamphetamine is known as "ice," "crystal," "crank," "batu," "barang," "cerita," or "glass".
Methamphetamine has been around for a very long time, though the procedures for manufacturing the drug have changed throughout the years and made it much more potent.
In Germany, in the late 1800s, amphetamine was developed, and in 1919, Japan created methamphetamine, which was easier to produce than amphetamine.
The drug was widely used in combat during World War II to promote wakefulness.
After World War II, there was an epidemic of methamphetamine abuse in Japan, according to the Foundation for a Drug-Free World.
Ways of using methamphetamine (routes of administration)
Snorting
When methamphetamine is snorted, the crystals are ground up and made into little lines (also called rails).
Then they are inhaled through the nose with rolled-up paper, rolled-up dollar bills, empty plastic pen tubes, short plastic straws, or other things that can be made into a small "tube" shape.
When methamphetamine is snorted, its effects last longer than when it is smoked or injected.
The effects can last as long as twelve hours.
However, it takes longer to feel the effects, and there is not as strong of a "rush" (a very happy feeling called euphoria).
Snorting methamphetamine can damage the nasal septum on the inside of the nose.
Also, if people share the same snorting tube, they can get infections.
When methamphetamine is smoked, the crystals are placed into a glass pipe (called a "meth pipe") or a hollowed-out lightbulb.
The crystals are warmed up from underneath by a flame (like from a lighter or matches).
The methamphetamine is not actually "smoked" this way; it is heated up until it melts.
When it melts, it turns into a gas that the user then breathes in.
Smoking methamphetamine causes euphoria to happen very quickly in the person using it, and causes strong euphoria.
However, the vapor (gas) can damage the lungs.
Methamphetamine can be mixed with water, then put into a needle and injected.
Methamphetamine can be injected under the skin (this is called "skin-popping"); into a muscle (intramuscular injection); or into a vein (intravenous inection).
Injecting methamphetamine into a vein causes the quickest, strongest euphoria.
Injecting methamphetamine can damage the body in many ways.
It is very addictive.
People can get infections (including HIV, hepatitis C, and many others) from dirty needles.
People sharing a needle can also cause diseases in their blood.
If methamphetamine is eaten, it gets absorbed into the body from the digestive system.
Although the effects take longer to be felt when compared to other routes of administration (between fifteen and forty five minutes), they tend to outlast the highs achieved through smoking, injecting, and snorting.
The onset is comparatively gentler, but can cause gastrointestinal problems for the user and is not considered one hundred percent safe.
The body naturally filters out some toxins when methamphetamine is ingested orally, but due to the potency of the drug, addiction is still a strong risk factor.
Desired effects
Desired effects are the things people want to feel when they take methamphetamine.
Having a lot of energy
Being able to stay awake for a long time
numbing emotions
Adverse effects
Adverse effects are the bad things that using methamphetamine can cause.
Methamphetamine has many adverse effects.
This means that when people start taking the drug, they will want to keep taking more, even if it is making them sick or depressed.
One of the reasons methamphetamine users who quit the drug go back to using it is the craving to use more because of how good it feels.
The euphoria is so strong that many users claim to have an uncontrollable urge to get more of the drug after using it.
Cravings to use more methamphetamine can make the user obsessed with getting more and getting the same high.
When people are addicted to methamphetamine, they can also have withdrawal symptoms when they do not take the drug after the high goes away.
Withdrawal symptoms can include a wide range of feelings of emotional pain or suffering.
Without methamphetamine, addicts can feel anhedonia.
This means they cannot feel good without using the drug.
Methamphetamine can make a user psychologically dependent.
This means that without using the drug, someone who is dependent experiences withdrawal symptoms.
These include depression, anxiety, paranoia, not being able to sleep and other symptoms involving what's going on in the user's head.
These symptoms are more intense in methamphetamine users than other drug users.
Physical dependence is when a user experiences withdrawal symptoms like, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cold sweats, muscle and joint pain and other symptoms involving negative things happening to the user's body.
Some who are physically dependent report pain all throughout their body and not going away for days or weeks.
Physical dependence is more common among people who use opioids (strong, addictive pain relievers that can cause euphoria in non-medical situations) like morphine, heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone and fentanyl.
Physical dependence doesn't happen in users of stimulant drugs like methamphetamine.
Overdosing (commonly called "OD'ing") on methamphetamine (taking too much) can make a person very sick.
Some of the symptoms of methamphetamine overdose are very dangerous, and can even kill a person.
Methamphetamine overdoses resulting in the user dying are very rare, but in once instance in Thailand, a dose of 200mg in 2 people's systems was enough to kill them.
Overdosing on the drug can cause:
Very high heart rate
Heart attack (or, in the worst cases, the heart can stop beating)
Very high blood pressure, which can cause a stroke
Trouble breathing
Kidney damage or kidney failure
Coma (in the worst cases)
"Meth Mouth"
"Meth Mouth" is a term used to describe destroyed or decayed teeth in people that use methamphetamine.
Meth mouth can happen very quickly.
A new addict can go from having healthy teeth to losing all of their teeth in as little as one year.
The decay (rotting teeth) is not caused by methamphetamine itself, but by users not brushing their teeth, having a lot of sugary drinks, and having dry mouth.
The life expectancy of a methamphetamine addict is 5–10 years.
Other effects on the body
Rhabdomyolysis (the muscles in the body break down)
Insomnia (trouble sleeping)
Sweating a lot
Loss of appetite (not wanting to eat) and losing a lot of weight
Bruxism (clenching the jaw very tightly; the person cannot control this)
Increased libido (wanting to have sex)
Effects on feelings and behavior
Taking risks (doing dangerous things) without thinking things through (like having unprotected sex, which can spread sexually transmitted diseases)
Doing things over and over again (like tapping a pencil for hours at a time); this is called "punding"
Feeling paranoid
Psychosis, including hallucinations and delusions (for example, a person may feel like there are insects crawling under their skin)
Feeling irritable (easily annoyed)
Panic attacks
Long-term effects
Taking methamphetamine for a too long can cause Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
In fact, a teenager taking methamphetamine can show symptoms similar to Alzheimer's.
People who take methamphetamine over a long period of time time often have serious psychological problems, such as:
Mood swings (very quick changes in mood like quickly going from calm to angry)
Delusions (believing things that are not true)
Very bad paranoia
Co-occurring disorders
Some of the mental health disorders that often occur with methamphetamine addiction include:
Conduct disorders
Antisocial disorders
A mother is a female parent.
A mother gives birth to babies after pregnancy.
Pregnancy is usually nine months.
If a woman over the stage of puberty raises an adopted or biological child, then she is a mother as well.
Adopted children are also part of that person's family.
Also see Maternal insult.
Other names for "mother"
In American English, other words for mother are "Mom," "Mommy," Momma," "Mama" and "Ma."
In British English, "Mum" and "Mummy" are usually used instead of "Mom" and "Mommy".
Another variant, often found in the North of England, particularly Yorkshire and Lancashire, is "Mam".
In Irish English, "Mum", "Mummy is most common, often "Mother" or her first name is said, another variant in Dublin is "Ma" (with a hard A)
In Australian English, "Mum", "Mother", "Mummy" and "Mother dearest"
In Indonesian, "Ibu", "Emak", "Bunda"
In Filipino, "Nanay", "Ina"
In German "Mama", "Mami“, "Mutti“, "Mutter"
In Tamil "அம்மா", "Am'mā"
In Mandarin Chinese "妈妈", "Māmā"
In slang "ur mom", "yo mama"
Madre is Mother in Spanish.
Mamma or Mor is Mother in Norwegian.
Mater is Mother in Latin.
Mutter is Mother in German.
Mat is Mother in Russian.
Mama is mother in Swahili
A person who supports democracy
A member of a Democratic Party, such as:
The Caribbean or Caribbean Area (Dutch: Cariben or Caraiben, French: Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Spanish: Caribe) is a region of the Americas.
It includes the Caribbean Sea, its islands (more than 7,000 islands, small islands and cays, most of them surrounding the sea), and the coastal islands of north South America and east Central America.
The West Indies is the name for the group of the islands of the Bahamas and the Antilles.
The Antilles are divided into two groups: the larger Greater Antilles, on the north limit of the Caribbean Sea, and the Lesser Antilles, on the east and south.
The Caribbean islands have many different types of land.
Because of this, the islands have many different kinds of plants and animals, even uncommon ones.
Famous islands in the Caribbean include Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.
The countries of Dominican Republic, and Haiti are on Hispaniola.
Groups of islands
The name Caribbean comes from Carib, indigenous people living in the Lesser Antilles and north South America when the Europeans came to the Americas.
The 18th century saw many countries trying to colonize the islands.
Because of this, Caribbean culture is very similar to those of Africa, India, and many countries in Europe.
The Caribbean Sea is a tropical sea in the center of the Caribbean area.
The body of water is part of the Atlantic Ocean.
The sea is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico.
The Caribbean Sea has many islands, which are popular among North American tourists because of their tropical climate.
The Caribbean Sea is famous around the world as a tourist destination.
Christopher Columbus came across a group of islands in the Caribbean region.
When he did so, he thought he had reached another part of the world.
Because of this, he named the islands the ‘West Indies’.
However, later it was realized that he found an entire region.
It still had its natural resources.
The name ‘Caribbean’ was later given to it by the Amerindian tribe, the Caribs.
That is how it got its name: the Caribbean Sea.
This entire region covers an area of 1,063,000 sq.
miles.
It covers from Mexico to the boundaries of South America.
This sea is just as deep as it is wide.
Its deepest point is believed to be even lower than 25,220 ft, 7,686 m. That makes this point one of the lowest points on the surface of the earth, and the Caribbean Sea one of the deepest seas in the world.
Gibraltar is an Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom.
This means it shares the British King or Queen and has the protection of the British Armed Forces.
It is in southwest Europe on the Mediterranean Sea.
About 32,000 people live there.
They are called Gibraltarians.
Gibraltar has always been important as a military base because this is where the Mediterranean Sea narrows to only 14 kilometres (9 miles) at the Strait of Gibraltar.
This meant that whichever country controlled Gibraltar could see all ships that came into the Mediterranean Sea.
Gibraltar is most famous for The Rock of Gibraltar, a 426 meter high limestone rock rising out of the sea.
The rock can be seen for many miles.
It is home to the Barbary Apes, a type of tail-less macaque which are the only wild monkeys in Europe.
Gibraltar was named for a general who led the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.
It belonged to Spain between the years 1501 and 1704, and it was captured by a group of Dutch and British marines during the War of the Spanish Succession (1704).
In 1713, Spain signed the Treaty of Utrecht.
This treaty ended the war and said Gibraltar would be British permanently.
However, according to this treaty, if the Crown of Great Britain ever wants to leave the territory, the Crown of Spain will have a prior position in order to claim the sovereignty.
Ever since then, Spain has tried to get Gibraltar back.
They attacked the Rock several times in the 18th century.
Gibraltar was very important in World War II.
Since it was in such a good position, it was the perfect place for the British army and navy to have its base.
In World War II the people living in Gibraltar were taken to different parts of the world like Jamaica so they could be protected from the war and also leave the Rock for the soldiers.
The Rock of Gibraltar was used by these soldiers, and long tunnels were made inside it.
These tunnels even had a hospital and living areas for the soldiers.
In 1969 Britain gave Gibraltar a new constitution.
This meant that it gave the people of Gibraltar a large amount of self-government.
Government of Gibraltar
The Unofficial Homepage
Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (with radio streaming)
Satellite view of Gibraltar
Virtual Tour of Gibraltar
Windows 2000 (also known as Win2K, W2K, Win2000 or Windows 2K) is an operating system for computers that have either single or multiple processors.
It was made for 32-bit Intel x86 computers.
It is part of the Microsoft Windows NT line of operating systems, and was released on February 17, 2000.
Windows 2000 comes in four versions: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server.
Additionally, Microsoft offers Windows 2000 Advanced Server - Limited Edition and Datacenter Server - Limited Edition, which were released in 2001 and run on 64-bit Intel Itanium processors.
Windows 2000 was designed for businesses, but it was also popular with home users.
Windows 2000 uses two 'modes' - a 'User Mode' and a 'Kernel Mode'.
The Kernel Mode is specially for hardware drivers (drivers tell the computer how to 'speak' to something) and allows drivers to 'speak' to things in the computer.
The User Mode is for computer programs to run in without fear of causing harm to the computer.
All versions of Windows 2000 have things in common, including many system utilities such as the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) and standard system management applications such as a disk defragmentation utility.
There is lots of support for different languages and for people with disabilities.
Windows 2000 supports the Windows NT file system NTFS 5, the Encrypted File System (EFS), as well as basic and dynamic disk storage.
Dynamic disk storage allows different types of volumes to be used (a volume is an area of storage on a hard disk that has been formatted with its own file system structure).
The Windows 2000 Server version has many more features, including the ability to provide Active Directory services (a way of organising resources such as printers, users and group), a distributed file system (a file system that supports sharing of files) and fault-redundant storage volumes.
Windows 2000 can be installed and deployed to an enterprise through either an attended or unattended installation.
Unattended installations rely on the use of answer files to fill in installation information, and can be performed through a bootable CD using Microsoft Systems Management Server (SMS), by the System Preparation Tool (Sysprep).
Windows 2000 was created from the Microsoft Windows NT operating system versions.
It was originally called Windows NT 5.0 but Microsoft changed the name to Windows 2000 on October 27, 1998.
The first software test version (also known as a beta version) for Windows 2000 was released on September 27, 1997.
Several more test versions were released until Beta 3, which was released on April 29, 1999.
Microsoft further issued three more test versions from between July to November 1999.
They then finally released Windows 2000 to partners on December 12, 1999 .
The public received the full version of Windows 2000 on February 17, 2000 and the press immediately called it the most stable operating system Microsoft had ever released.
Novell (a competitor of Microsoft) did not think that Microsoft's new directory service product (part of Windows 2000) was as good as their own Novell Directory Services (NDS) technology .
On September 29, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000 Datacenter.
Microsoft released Service Pack 1 (SP1) on August 15, 2000, Service Pack 2 (SP2) on May 16, 2001, Service Pack 3 (SP3) on August 29, 2002 and its last Service Pack (SP4) on June 26, 2003.
Microsoft has said that they will not release a Service Pack 5, but instead, have offered an "Update Rollup" for Service Pack 4.
Microsoft stopped developing their Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for Windows 2000 in Service Pack 3.
Microsoft has replaced Windows 2000 Professional with Windows XP Professional, and Windows 2000 Server products with Windows Server 2003.
A project code named "Neptune" started development in 1999.
Neptune was based on Windows 2000, and it was supposed to be a home-user replacement for Windows 98.
However, the project took a long time to create and only one pre-test (alpha version) release was created.
Windows Me was released instead, and the Neptune project later turned into part of a project that became Windows XP.
The only elements of the Neptune project which were included in Windows 2000 were the ability to upgrade from Windows 95 or Windows 98, and support for the FAT32 file system.
Several notable security flaws have been found in Windows 2000.
Code Red and Code Red II were famous computer worms that used problems with the indexing service from Windows 2000's Internet Information Services (IIS) to cause security problems.
In August 2003, two major worms named the Sobig worm and the Blaster worm began to attack millions of Microsoft Windows computers and caused many problems for system administrators and computer operators who used Windows 2000.
This was very embarrassing for Microsoft, and caused many corporations and governments to look carefully at Microsoft's security problems.
Windows 2000 is the last version of Windows that does not require any Pentium instructions, and is therefore the last version that will run on an Intel i486.
"It's official: NT 5.0 becomes Windows 2000", infoWorld.
"Windows 2000 history", ActiveWin.
"NDS eDirectory vs. Microsoft Active Directory? " (
November 17, 1999).
Novell Cool Solutions Question & Answer.
Novell was less than impressed with Active Directory, stating that "NDS eDirectory is a cross-platform directory solution that works on NT 4, Windows 2000 when available, Solaris and NetWare 5.
Active Directory will only support the Windows 2000 environment.
In addition, eDirectory users can be assured they are using the most trusted, reliable and mature directory service to manage and control their e-business relationships—not a 1.0 release."
Windows 2000 official product page
Windows 2000 Professional feature list
Windows 2000 Server Family
Windows 2000 Server information at Technet
Official support page
Windows 2000 Transitions to Extended Support.
The exams take place every June, with English always the first exam.
For example, the English exam took place on June 8 this year (2005).
Exams usually end with the subjects that the fewest people take.
For example, Italian took place on June 24 this year (2005).
Three exams must be passed in order to receive a certificate: They are English, Mathematics, and Irish.
If a student has not lived in Ireland for at least seven years before the exam, he is not required to sit for the Irish exam.
A student may then take 3-6 other subjects to get his certifcate.
The Leaving Certificate is the final exam in the Republic of Ireland secondary school education system.
Students have to do the Junior Certificate before they can take the Leaving Certificate.
Students also have to take Maths and English.
If they took Irish during the Junior Certificate, they also have to take Irish.
Students have to take exams on at least six subjects.
They can take either High or Ordinary level tests.
In Irish and Maths, there is also a Foundation level.
This is for people who have trouble with that subject.
The results are given out in the middle of August.
A leaving certificate is required in order to go on to college or university.
An  empire is a set of lands or regions that are ruled by an Emperor.
An empire usually also has many different cultures.
Well-known empires include the Persian Empire, Roman Empire, Russian Empire, Greek Macedonian Empire, Holy Roman Empire and British Empire.
Today, the only monarch to use the title "emperor" is the Emperor of Japan although his power is mostly ceremonial and the de facto head of government is the Prime Minister of Japan.
Many empires grew mostly by conquering land neighbors and are called land empires.
Sea empires grew mostly by sailing to distant places and conquering them.
The Aztec Empire and the Mongol Empire were land empires.
The Venetian Empire and the British Empire were sea empires.
The largest empire was The British Empire
Before Christopher Columbus, there were several American empires including Vikings (owned Greenland), the Aztec Empire, and the Inca Empire.
The Spanish and the Portugese were the first Europeans to discover America.
Later came the English, later to be called the British Empire controlled most of North America, and the Spanish Empire controlled most of South America and Latin America.
The oldest empire is the Akkadian Empire, whose founder is Sargon of Akkad.
The newest created empire is The Soviet Union created in 1922, which included Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia.
A writer can mean anyone who makes a written work or who writes, but the word more usually means people who write creatively or as a job, or those who have written in many different forms.
Skilled writers demonstrate skills in using language to portray certain ideas and images, whether in fiction or non-fiction.
Types of writing
Lyrical (lyrics to music)
Myths and legends
Nonfiction and creative nonfiction
Types of writers
Novelist
Newspaper reporter
Columnist
Magazine writer
Blog writer
A Business writer is someone who writes proposals and plans for a corporation, as well as reporting for writings on the stock market, financing, and other economic events.
A type of writing used in a professional manner is known as business writing.
It's a work of literature with a specific purpose that delivers important information to the reader in a simple, brief, and effective manner.
An inventor is a person who makes new inventions, devices that perform some kind of function.
The devices are mostly electrical or mechanical.
Someone that invents new ideas or methods on how to do things may also be called an inventor.
Inventors can receive a patent.
Many inventors make small changes to old inventions.
For example, people have invented new ways to make clocks over history.
Early clocks were sundials, later clocks used water, and pendulums.
Modern clocks are often electronic.
Other machines such as vehicles are made of many inventions.
Famous inventors
Nikola Tesla invented the alternating current motor, Tesla coil and many other things.
Michael Faraday, scientist, discoverer of electromagnetic induction, inventor of the electric motor, founder of  electromagnetism.
Thomas Edison, inventor of the phonograph and many other things.
John Kemp Starley, many improvements to bicycles.
Karl Drais, inventor of the Laufmaschine ("running machine") the first bicycle.
Guglielmo Marconi (1874 – 1937) pioneer of radio communication.
Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery.
Gottlieb Daimler, inventor of the first four-wheel successful car.
Karl Benz, inventor of the first successful car.
George Stephenson (1803 – 1859) inventor of the improved locomotive.
James Watt, inventor of the improved steam engine.
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, inventor of the first car (propelled with steam engine).
Nikolaus August Otto, inventor of the first internal-combustion engine.
Richard Trevithick, inventor of the locomotive.
Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine.
Bears are a group of large mammals found all over the world in many different habitats.
They form the family Ursidae, in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora.
There are 8 living bear species.
Family Ursidae: Bears
Giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus
Brown bear, Ursus arctos
Polar bear, Ursus maritimus
American black bear, Ursus americanus
Moon bear, Ursus thibetanus or Selenarctos thibetanus
Sloth bear, Melursus ursinus
Sun bear, Ursus malayanus
Bears usually have a big body with short and thick legs.
They have a broad head and a very short tail.
They have small eyes and round ears.
They usually have longer, shaggy fur.
On each foot they have five claws, which they cannot pull back.
They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting.
They can stand up on their back legs and their front paws are flexible.
Usually bears can climb and swim very well.
Males are usually bigger than females.
Most bears except the giant panda are only one color.
Most bears are russet, brown, or black.
Bears do not have good hearing.
They have powerful senses of smell and sight.
They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores.
Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them.
They can smell better than dogs.
Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food.
They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear.
Some bears hibernate, that means they sleep during the winter to save energy.
Bears are usually omnivorous, which means that they eat plants and meat.
They eat berries, grass, and fish.
An exception is the polar bear, which eats mostly meat.
Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs.
The father does not raise the cubs.
The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is.
The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.
Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere.
They are found in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia.
There used to be bears in northern Africa but they are now extinct.
Meteorology is the science that focuses on the Earth's atmosphere.
People who study meteorology are called meteorologists.
Meteorologists record air pressure, wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, weather patterns, and other information.
Meteorologists use this data to understand weather and to predict it.
Meteorology is a major branch of earth science.
Meteorologists study the causes of particular weather conditions using information obtained from the land, sea and upper atmosphere.
They use computerized and mathematical models to make short and long-range forecasts concerning weather and climate patterns.
A variety of organizations use meteorological forecasts including:
transport services, particularly air and sea travel
shipping and sea fishing industries and sailing organisations
government services, e.g. firefighters or for advice on climate change policy
farmers;
mass media
industry and retail businesses
insurance companies
Produce goods or services
Carry out goals, such as scientific investigation or sending a spaceship to the moon
Solve problems, such as disease or famine
Do things we already do, but more easily.
Technology can be knowledge of how to do things.
Machines are examples of embed.
This lets others use the machines without knowing how they work.
Technological systems use technology by taking something, changing it, then producing a result.
They are also known as technology systems.
The most simple form of technology is the development and use of basic tools.
The discovery of fire and the Neolithic Revolution made food easier to get.
Other inventions, such as the wheel and the ship, helped people to transport goods and themselves.
Information technology, such as the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, has led to globalization.
τέχνη, techne, meaning "art, skill, or cunning of hand"
-λογία, -logia, a suffix meaning "the study of"
Futurism a website about science and technology
Antipater of Sidon and Philon of Byzantium.
This explains why it only lists monuments of the Mediterranean world.
There are other slightly different versions: this is the most usual one.
Great Pyramid of Giza (Egyptian).
The oldest of the wonders, and the only one still standing.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Babylonian).
Built by Queen Semmu-ramat (= Semi-ramis) or King Nebuchadnazzer II.
The exact location of this monument is not known.
It was in Mesopotamia.
Statue of Zeus at Olympia (Greek).
A gigantic statue made of marble and ivory, with applied gold leaf.
Temple of Artemis (Greek).
In Ephesus, Asia Minor (modern Turkey), on the Aegean Sea.
It was burnt down by Herostratus on 21 July 350 BC.
When questioned, he is said to have replied: "To make my name immortal".
First known crime committed for fame.
Mausoleum of Maussollos (Persian).
Tomb of the Anatolian king of that name, built by his widow Artemisia, at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey).
Colossus of Rhodes (Greek).
Built to commemorate the raising of the siege of Rhodes 304–5 BC.
At 30 metres, the tallest statue in the ancient world.
Lighthouse of Alexandria (Egyptian/Greek).
Called the Pharos, this was built for Ptolemy II, about 280 BC.
To this day, Pharos is the name for lighthouse in several European languages.
Out of those structures only the Great Pyramid still exists in the 21st century.
Most of the wonders were built by the Greeks.
Earlier versions listed the Walls of Babylon and the Palace of Cyrus the Great.
Seven wonders of the modern world
Channel Tunnel (England & France)
CN Tower (Toronto, Canada)
Empire State Building (New York, United States)
Golden Gate Bridge (San Francisco, United States)
Itaipu Dam (Brazil/Paraguay)
North Sea Protection Works (Netherlands)
Panama Canal (Panama)
Seven natural wonders of the world
There is no single list of seven natural wonders of the world.
One of the many lists was compiled by CNN:
Harbour of Rio de Janeiro
Parícutin volcano
New7Wonders of the World  was an idea to choose new wonders of the world from a selection of 200 existing monuments.
The mission began in 2001 and ended in 2007 with the announcement of the winners.
The popularity poll was led by Canadian-Swiss Bernard Weber and organized by the New7Wonders Foundation in Zürich, Switzerland.
Voting took place through the Internet or by telephone.
The program caused different reactions from countries and organisations.
Some countries praised their finalist and tried to get more people to vote for it.
Others criticized the contest or did not think it was very important.
Great Pyramid of Giza (awarded honorary status)
Petra (Jordan)
Colosseum (Rome)
Chichen Itza (Yucatán)
Machu Picchu (Peru)
Taj Mahal (India)
Christ the Redeemer (statue in Rio de Janeiro)
Other modern lists
The Taj Mahal, India
Stonehenge, England.
The only prehistoric site on any list.
Machu Picchu, Peru
The Hagia Sophia.
One of many places of worship which might be candidates.
The Seven Wonders of the Modern World
A daughter is a sister, if she has siblings.
A son is a male child of a mother and father.
A feminine child is a daughter.
The Royal Mail is established
January 16 – King Bayinnong, king of the Toungoo dynasty of Burma
February 18 – Mary I of England
January 23 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon
August 9 – Hieronymus Bosch, Dutch painter
November 26 – Giovanni Bellini, Italian Renaissance painter
William Oliver Stone (born September 15, 1946) is an American movie director, producer, writer and actor.
He was born in New York City and raised in Manhattan and Stamford, Connecticut.
Stone became well known in the late 1980s and early 1990s for directing a series of movies about the Vietnam War.
He was in the war as an infantry soldier.
Stone's movies are often about political and cultural issues.
As actor
Battle of Love's Return (1971)
Platoon (1986) (cameo)
Wall Street (cameo) (1987)
The Doors (1991) (cameo)
Dave (cameo) (1993)
Any Given Sunday (1999)
Torrente 3: El Protector (cameo) (2005)
Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps (cameo) (2010)
Graystone (film) (actor) (2011)
Screenwriter only
Midnight Express (1978)
Conan the Barbarian (with John Milius) (1982)
Scarface (1983)
Year of the Dragon (with Michael Cimino) (1985)
8 Million Ways to Die (with David Lee Henry) (1985)
Evita (with Alan Parker) (1996)
Producer/executive producer only
Sugar Cookies (1973)
Blue Steel (1989)
Reversal of Fortune (1990)
From Hollywood to Hanoi (1992)
Zebrahead (1992)
South Central (1992)
Wild Palms (1993) (TV)
The Joy Luck Club (1993)
The New Age (1994)
Indictment: The McMartin Trial (1995) (TV)
Freeway (1996)
The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996)
Cold Around the Heart (1996)
Killer: A Journal of Murder (1996)
Gravesend (1997)
The Last Days of Kennedy and King (1998)
Savior (1998)
The Corruptor (1999)
The Day Reagan Was Shot (2001) (TV)
Comandante (2003)
Persona Non Grata (2003)
Actors from Stamford, Connecticut
Writers from Connecticut
The whale shark (Rhincodon typus), is a filter feeding shark.
It is the largest shark in the world.
It grows up to 12 metres long, and may weigh as much as 47,000 pounds.
The whale shark has a streamlined body and a wide, flattened head.
The mouth is transverse, very large and is nearly at the tip of the snout.
The gill slits are also very large, and are designed as filtering screens.
The first dorsal fin is much larger than the second dorsal fin, and is located at the back of the body.
The caudal fin is semi-lunate (crescent-shaped) in adults, and with the young, the upper lobe is quite longer than the lower lobe.
The whale shark has a unique "checkerboard" colour pattern of light spots and stripes on a dark background.
Whale sharks are grey, blue or brown above, with a surface pattern of creamy white spots between pale, vertical and horizontal stripes.
The use of the strange pattern on the whale shark is unknown, although many bottom-dwelling Whale sharks use these markings as a camouflage against their backgrounds.
They can be as long as 41 feet (12.3 metres) in length, and weigh as much as 47,000 pounds (21.5 tonnes).
However, it is believed that there are some whale sharks which can reach lengths of up to 67 feet (20 metres).
The smallest free-living individuals are around 55 cm (21.7 inches) long.
Whale sharks reach maturity at lengths of around 8–9 metres.
They are the largest species of fish, and the largest animal that isn't a cetacean (whale).
thumb|200px|A whale shark at Ningaloo Reef in western Australia
The whale shark has a very widespread distribution, found in all tropical and warm temperate seas, except in the Mediterranean.
It is found throughout the Atlantic Ocean, from New York, through the Caribbean, to central Brazil, and from Senegal to the Gulf of Guinea.
It also is found in the Indian Ocean, throughout the region, including the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf.
In the Pacific Ocean it is found from Japan to Australia, off Hawaii, and from California to Chile.
Although other shark species of the order Orectolobiformes are benthic (live on or near the bottom), the whale shark lives in the pelagic zone.
Studies show that this shark prefers warm waters, with surface temperatures of around 21-30 °C.
It is often seen offshore but commonly comes close inshore, sometimes entering lagoons or coral atolls.
Whale sharks sometimes swim deeper than 700 metres
In spite of its large size, the whale shark is timid.
Divers usually hold onto the tails of these sharks and swim with them, and the whale sharks never seem to attack.
There is some risk that a diver getting too close to a whale shark could get sucked into the filtering system that the sharks use for feeding.
Another risk is that they can create problems for small boats that they may accidentally knock into.
For the sharks, contact with very large boats can result in severe injuries.
With the basking shark and the megamouth shark, the whale shark is one of the three known species of filter feeding sharks.
It feeds mainly on plankton and nekton, small crustaceans, schooling fish, and sometimes on small tuna and squids.
Whale sharks may also sometimes feed on phytoplankton and macroalgae.
Unlike most plankton-feeding vertebrates, the whale shark does not depend on slow forward motion to operate its filtration mechanism.
Instead, it relies on a versatile suction filter-feeding methodology, which allows it to draw in a larger amount of water than other filter-feeders, such as the Starfish.
This allows the whale shark to capture larger amounts of plankton.
Whale sharks are always seen feeding in a vertical or near vertical position with the head at or near the surface.
There is very little information that has been documented about whale sharks mating and giving birth to young.
Some whale sharks which live in captivity are studied by scientists but the whale shark is not very common in aquariums due to its large size.
However, it is believed that they can have up to 300 pups at a time.
This would be considerably more than other shark species, yet only a small fraction of them live to the age of maturity.
It is believed that this species of shark doesn’t mate until it is about 30 years old.
They can live from 70 to 100 years of age.
thumb|225px|left|A Whale shark at Osaka Aquarium
In the past, the whale shark has been of little interest to fisheries.
Now, commercial fishing for whale sharks are limited, but may expand from an increased demand for food products.
In Taiwan around 100 whale sharks are caught annually.
The meat of the whale shark is sold for high prices in this country, and since of this, there have been larger harvests of whale sharks over the last few years.
Fishing for this shark also occurs in the Philippines, particularly in the Visayas and Mindanao areas, providing food for the local fishing communities.
Whale shark fins are sold in the Orient, especially in Hong Kong.
Occasionally, whale sharks are captured accidentally along the coast of India.
Sometimes the flesh is eaten and the liver oil is used for waterproofing wooden fishing boats and for the manufacture of shoe polish, and it is also used as a treatment for some skin diseases.
The fins of Whale sharks are also sold in India.
Often, the whale shark is used as an indicator of waters which are rich in plankton-feeding fish that will, in turn, attract more valuable species, such as tuna.
Whale sharks have been kept in aquaria in Japan, but their large size and their diet has made it hard to keep a whale shark in an aquarium.
Some locations where the presence of whale sharks appears to be predictable, are increasingly targeted by commercial tourist operations.
Some biological characteristics, such as the slow growth, and long time to mature, makes the whale shark vulnerable to overfishing.
These characteristics also suggest that populations are slow to recover from any overfishing.
The whale shark is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN.
The whale shark is listed by the AFS (American Fisheries Society) as "Conservation dependent" (meaning that the whale shark's population has reduced but it is recovering under conservation plans) in both the Atlantic waters of the U.S.A, and the Gulf of Mexico.
However, it is considered not at risk in the Gulf of California.
In the Maldives and Philippines there has been a ban on the fishing of whale sharks.
This protection was introduced because of the serious impact that the fisheries may be making on whale shark numbers.
The predictable occurrence of whale sharks in a few areas, such as western Australia, has led to the development of an expanding tourism industry.
In this area the whale shark is a protected species and its tourism has been managed through a controlled system, including the licensing of a limited number of operators tours.
Also, divers have been stopped from riding, chasing, or harassing any marine animal in any way, including whale sharks.
Recently, some studies made on the Ningaloo Reef's whale sharks provided information that regular diving is a normal behaviour of these sharks, and there is no avoidance reaction during contact with humans.
National symbols of the Maldives
Qatar (, ,  or ;   ; local vernacular pronunciation: ), officially the State of Qatar ( ), is a sovereign country in Western Asia.
It is on the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.
Its only land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf.
A strait in the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island country of Bahrain, as well as sharing maritime borders with the United Arab Emirates and Iran.
Following Ottoman rule, Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971.
Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since the early 19th century.
Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani was the founder of the State of Qatar.
Qatar is a hereditary monarchy and its head of state is Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.
Whether it should be called a  constitutional or an absolute monarchy is a matter of opinion.
In 2003, the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum, with almost 98% in favour.
As of early 2017, Qatar's total population was around 2.6 million: 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates.