the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In that among the Persians there existed the Magi, and among the Babylonians or Assyrians the Chaldaei, among the Indians the Gymnosophistae, and among the Celts and Gauls men who were called druids and semnothei, as Aristotle relates in his book on magic, and Sotion in the twenty-third book of his Succession of Philosophers.
In Medieval times, witchcraft gradually became an enemy of Christianity.
Christians thought that witchcraft was the work of the devil, and the Bible was used as evidence against witchcraft.
Verses such as Deuteronomy 18:11–12 and Exodus 22:18 ("Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live") were very influential.
In Europe in the Late Medieval/Early Modern period, Catholics, Protestants, and state leaders became very afraid of the power of witches.
There were large witch-hunts in many places.
People believed that the devil was using witches to try to overthrow Christianity, so tens or hundreds of thousands of people were killed, and others were put in prison, tortured, and had lands and possessions taken away from them.
Most of these witches were women, because people believed women were more likely to be witches.
Witch-trials looked for evidence to prove that a person was a witch.
Evidence included such things as signs of plant medicine, or images of non-Christian gods.
One way to physically test if a person was a witch was to 'swim a witch'.
This meant they would throw them in a river with their hands tied.
If they sank, they were innocent.
If they floated, they were guilty of witchcraft and were hanged.
This violent practice was not based on any actual evidence.
Instead, it allowed the witch-hunter to look right and powerful for the scared people who were watching.
In South America, people continue to practice a form of witchcraft which started before the arrival of European Christianity.
Throughout the Andes, there are many places called witch markets, such as the Mercado de las Brujas in La Paz, Bolivia.
These markets sell items such as plant medicines
Witches are often seen in art and cinema.
Many movies have focused on witches and witchcraft such as; Bewitched, Harry Potter, the Wizard of Oz, Hocus Pocus, and Rosemary's Baby.
Many television shows also have witches and witchcraft.
Some examples are: Charmed (1998 and 2018), American Horror Story: Coven, and Sabrina the Teenage Witch.
A Heteronym is a word, or rather several words, with different meanings.
However the words are spelt the same way.
Usually they are pronounced differently.
Potassium permanganate is an inorganic chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is KMnO4.
It contains potassium and permanganate ions.
The manganese is in the +7 oxidation state.
It is also known as permanganate of potash and Condy's crystals.
Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent, which means it has a tendency to take electrons from other chemicals.
It dissolves in water to give purple solutions.
If it is evaporated, it makes purple-black shiny crystals.
It has a sweet taste and is odorless.
In 1659, a German chemist, Johann Rudolf Glauber, melted a mixture of the mineral pyrolusite and potassium carbonate to obtain a material that made a green solution (potassium manganate) when dissolved in water.
It slowly changed colour to violet (potassium permanganate) and then finally red.
This report is the first description of the production of potassium permanganate.
Just under 200 years later a Londoner named Henry Bollmann Condy was a chemist.
He had an interest in disinfectants and made some things like ozonised water.
He found that when he melted pyrolusite with sodium hydroxide and dissolved it in water, it made a solution that had good disinfectant properties.
He patented this solution, and sold it as Condy's Fluid.
The problem was that the solution was not very stable.
This was fixed by using potassium hydroxide rather than sodium hydroxide.
This gave a more stable material.
It also was able to be dried to the just as good potassium permanganate powder.
This powder was called Condy’s crystals or Condy’s powder.
Potassium permanganate was easy to make so Condy tried to stop other people from making it and selling it themselves.
Chemical applications
Potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent.
It also is used in disinfectants and in deodorizers.
It can be used to make many different kinds of chemicals.
In waste water treatment, it is used to get rid of hydrogen sulfide, a stinky toxic gas.
In analytical chemistry, an accurate concentration of KMnO4 is sometimes used to see how much of a certain reducing agent is in the titration.
In a related way, it is used as a reagent for wood pulp.
Mixing potassium permanganate and formaldehyde makes a mild tear gas.
As an oxidant in organic synthesis
Dilute solutions of KMnO4 convert alkenes into diols (glycols).
This behaviour is also used as a qualitative test for the presence of double or triple bonds in a molecule, since the reaction makes the permanganate solution colorless.
It is sometimes referred to as Baeyer's reagent.
KMnO4 oxidizes pseudoephedrine hydrochloride to produce methcathinone, a Schedule I drug in the United States.
Consequently, the DEA has restricted its use and sale by classifying it as a List I controlled precursor.
Potassium permanganate is listed as a Table I precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
Acids and Potassium Permanganate
Concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with potassium permanganate to give manganese(VII) oxide, which can be explosive. .
This reaction also makes ozone.
The ozone can ignite paper soaked in alcohol.
This reaction is very dangerous.
6 KMnO4 + 9 H2SO4 → 6 MnSO4 + 3 K2SO4 + 9 H2O + 5 O3
2 KMnO4 + 16 HCl → 2 MnCl2 + 2 KCl + 8 H2O + 5 Cl2
The Mn-containing products from redox reactions depend on the pH. Acidic solutions of permanganate are reduced to the faintly pink Mn2+ ion, as in manganese(II) chloride.
In neutral solution, permanganate is reduced to brown manganese(IV) oxide, where Mn is in a +4 oxidation state.
Manganese(IV) oxide is the stuff that stains skin when potassium permanganate is put on it.
Potassium permanganate spontaneously reduces in an basic solution to green-coloured potassium manganate, where manganese is in the +6 oxidation state.
Biomedical uses
Dilute solutions are used as a treatment for canker sores (ulcers) (0.25%), disinfectant for the hands (about 1%) and treatment for mild pompholyx dermatitis or fungal infections of the hands or feet.
A dilute solution of acidified potassium permanganate is used in histology to bleach melanin which obscures tissue detail.
Potassium permanganate can be used to differentiate amyloid AA from other types of amyloid pathologically deposited in body tissues.
Incubation of fixed tissue with potassium permanganate will prevent amyloid AA from staining with congo red whereas other types of amyloid are unaffected.
Miscellaneous uses
Solutions of KMnO4 have been used together with 80% hydrogen peroxide to propel a rocket.
In this use, it was called Z-Stoff.
This propellant is still used in torpedoes.
A dilute (10 mg/l) of potassium permanganate can be used to eliminate snails from plants prior to placing them in a fresh-water aquarium.
High-grade potassium permanganate can be found at pool supply stores and is used in rural areas to remove iron and hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell) from well water.
KMnO4 is often included in survival kits along with either glycerine or a glucose tablet for making fire.
The glucose tablet can be ground up, mixed with the potassium permanganate and it will burn if rubbed.
It can also be mixed with anti-freeze from a vehicle to make fire.
Doing this can be dangerous and should be done carefully by dipping some paper into the anti-freeze and then adding a small amount of potassium permanganate.
It can also sterilize water and wounds so it is useful in a survival kit.
KMnO4 is employed to treat some parasitic diseases of fish, in treatment of drinking water, as well as an antidote in phosphorus poisoning.
In Africa, it has been used as a disinfectant for vegetables such as lettuce.
Solid potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizer and in general it should be kept separated from reducing agents.
Some reactions need a bit of water.
For example, powdered potassium permanganate and powdered sugar will ignite (but not explode) a few seconds after a drop of water is added.
Dilute solutions of KMnO4 are not dangerous.
KMnO4 forms dangerous products when mixed with concentrated acids.
Potassium permanganate stains skin and clothing and should be handled with care.
Clothing stains may be washed away using acetic acid.
Skin stains disappear within 48 hours.
F. Burriel, F. Lucena, S. Arribas and J. Hernández, (1985), Química Analítica Cualitativa, page 688, .
Fatiadi, A. J. Synthesis 1987, 85-127. (
Review) ()
F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo, and M. Bochmann (April 1999).
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Wiley-VCH.
van Rijswijk MH, van Heusden CW.American Journal of Pathology.1979Oct;97(1):43-58.
PMID 495695
Dzhabiev, T. S.; Denisov, N. N.; Moiseev, D. N. and Shilov, A. E., "Formation of Ozone During the Reduction of Potassium Permanganate in Sulfuric Acid Solutions", Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry, 2005, volume 79, pages 1755-1760.
Barthel, H. and Duvinage, B., "Clemens Winkler.
His Experiments with Ozone in 1892", Praxis der Naturwissenschaften, Chemie, 2000, volume 49, page 18ff.
Wright JR, Calkins E, Humphrey RL.Laboratory Investigation.
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PMID 839739
International Chemical Safety Card 0672
Potassium compounds
After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Charles the Bald, Louis the German and Lothair II of Lotharingia fight about the division of the empire until the treaty of Verdun (843).
Viking raid of Western Francia (France) (845).
Vikings conquer Frisia, the present Netherlands and the German North Sea coastline.
Beginning of Arab domination on Taranto, which will last until 880.
Louis the German
Lothair I
Ragnar Lodbrok
885: Vikings lay siege to Paris
886: Alfred the Great of Wessex captures London
Basil I
Han Myung-hoi (died 1487), Korean politician
Jan Hus (born c. 1369), Bohemian religious thinker and reformer
Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, overruns Moscow as punishment for Grand Prince Dmitri Donskoi's resistance to Khan Mamai of the Blue Horde in the 1370s.
Dmitri Donskoi pledges his loyalty to Tokhtamysh and is allowed to remain as ruler of Moscow & Vladimir.
John Wyclif's teachings are condemned by the Synod of London.
The Ottomans take Sofia from the Bulgarians.
August: The iconic painting The Black Madonna of Czestochowa is brought from Jerusalem to the Jasna Góra monastery in Poland.
September, 30: The inhabitants of Trieste (now in northern Italy) donate their city to Duke Leopold III of Austria
After a five-year revolt, Berkuk deposes Hajji II as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, marking the end of the Bahri dynasty and the start of the Burji dynasty.
Death of Louis I of Hungary and Poland.
Louis' daughter Mary becomes Queen of Hungary.
The Poles, who did not wish to be ruled by Mary's fiancée, the future Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, choose Mary's younger sister, Jadwiga, to become ruler of Poland.
After two years of negotiations, Jadwiga is eventually crowned "King" in 1384.
Charles of Durazzo executes the imprisoned Joan I of Naples and succeeds her as Charles III of Naples.
Ibrahim I is selected to succeed Husheng as Shah of Shirvan (now Azerbaijan).
Kęstutis, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, is taken prisoner by former Grand Duke Jogaila whilst meeting him to hold negotiations.
Kęstutis is subsequently murdered and Jogaila regains rule of Lithuania.
Ahmad deposes his brother, Husain, as ruler of the Jalayirid dynasty in western Persia.
James I succeeds his nephew, Peter II, as King of Cyprus.
Rana Lakha succeeds Rana Kshetra Singh as ruler of Mewar (now part of western India).
Konrad III Zöllner von Rotenstein succeeds Winrich von Kniprode as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
Balša II of Zeta (now Montenegro) conquers Albania.
Dawit I succeeds his brother, Newaya Maryam, as Emperor of Ethiopia.
Winchester College is founded in England.
Duke Frederick IV of Austria (died 1439)
Eric of Pomerania, King of Norway, Sweden and Denmark (died 1459)
Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick (died 1439)
Lope de Barrientos, a powerful bishop in Castile
April 5 – Janusz Suchywilk, Polish nobleman
May 12 – Queen Joan I of Naples (born 1327)
August 3 – Kestutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania (born 1297)
August 13 – Eleanor of Aragon, queen of John I of Castile (born 1358)
October 13 – King Peter II of Cyprus
Philip van Artevelde, Flemish patriot (born 1340)
King Louis I of Hungary (born 1326)
Nicole Oresme, French philosopher (born 1325)
The silkworm is the larva( the active immature form of an insect)or caterpillar of the Bombyx mori moth.
Silk has been made for at least 5000 years in China.
The moth is important because it makes silk.
It is entirely dependent on humans, and it no longer lives in the wild.
Silkworms eat mulberry leaves, and are native to northern China.
The domesticated B. mori and the wild Bombyx mandarina can still breed and sometimes produce hybrids.
The female silkworm lays about 300 eggs at a time.
She lays eggs on the leaves of mulberry trees.
The eggs are covered with gelatinous secretion by which they stick to the leaves.
The female moth (silkworm) lays eggs and dies after laying eggs as she does not eat anything.
The eggs are kept in a cool place so that they can be stored for a long time.
In a favorable condition, they hatch into larvae.
Larvae are produced in about 2 weeks from eggs at a temperature of 18 to 25 degree Celsius.
The cocoon is made of one thread of raw silk from 300 to 900 meters (1000 to 3000 feet) long.
The fibers are very thin.
About 2,000 to 5,000 cocoons are needed to make a pound of silk.
If the animal is allowed to survive after spinning its cocoon, it will make a hole in the cocoon when it exits as a moth.
This would cut the threads and ruin the silk.
Instead, silkworm cocoons are thrown into boiling water, which kills the silkworms and also makes the cocoons easier to unravel.
The adult silkworms (moths) cannot fly.
The silkworm-moths have wings about 2 inches wide and a white hairy body.
Females and males are similarly colored.
Adult silkworms have small mouths and do not eat.
Silkworm legends
In China, there is a legend that the discovery of the silkworm's silk was first invented by the wife of the Yellow Emperor, Leizu around the year 2696 BC.
According to the book written in the 13th century, she was drinking tea under a tree when a cocoon fell into her tea.
She picked it out and as it started to wrap around her finger, she slowly felt something warm.
When the milk ran out, she saw a small cocoon.
In an instant, she realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk.
She taught this to the people and it became common.
There are many more legends about the silkworm.
Khotan is an oasis, located on the southern edge of Taklamakan Desert, and was one of the first places outside of inland China to begin cultivating silk.
In the far past, the Chinese guarded their knowledge of silk.
It is said that a Chinese princess smuggled eggs to Khotan, hidden in her hair.
After this, the way to cultivate silk was transmitted to the Western Asia, and also Europe.
The Japanese also love silk and started cultivating and weaving silk in the earlier age than the western countries.
According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, a history book published in the 3rd century, Japan exported silk to Wei, a kingdom in the northern part of the China mainland, in the 2nd century.
It takes 5000 silkworms to make a single kimono.
In Korea, silkworm pupae are boiled and seasoned, then eaten as a popular snack food known as beondegi.
In China, street vendors sell roasted silkworm pupae.
The pupae are a delicacy in the Northern Area of China.
They are baked with Satay sauces and rice to add extra flavor.
In Japan, silkworm pupae are usually used as bait to catch fish, and sometimes served as tsukudani.
It can be made by dipping and boiling Silkworm Pupae in a sweet-sour sauce with soy sauce and sugar.
Scoble M.J. 1995.
The Lepidoptera: form, ffnction, and diversity.
Princeton Univ.
Goldsmith M, Toru Shimada and ­Hiroaki Abe 2004.
The genetics and genomics of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.
In the Annual Review of Entomology 50:71-100.
Sericulture - producing silk fibers by raising silkworms; also called "silk farming"
Hatch and Feed Silkworms
Death Valley is a National Park in the U.S. state of California.
It is the hottest, driest, and lowest place in North America.
It is a desert southeast of the Sierra Nevada mountain range.
Death Valley is a part of the Mojave Desert.
It is the most important part of Death Valley National Park.
It is an endorheic basin, which means that the rivers in it do not flow to the sea.
Death Valley has many famous and unusual geographical features in iurethrat.
Some of these features include sand dunes, salt flats, colorful rocks, and tall mountains.
Large parts of Death Valley are below sea level.
One feature, named Badwater Basin, is the lowest place in North America.
The salt flats are another famous feature in Death Valley.
Salt flats are very unusual.
They are large, flattened areas where the surface of the ground is covered by salt instead of dirt.
The salt that makes up a salt flat can be many inches or centimeters deep.
The salt flats were created because thousands of years ago, Death Valley was underwater.
Death Valley was covered by a lake that was named Lake Manly by geologists (scientists who study the Earth).
Lake Manly used to be very large, but changes in the weather caused the rivers that brought water into the lake to dry up.
After a long time, the water in Lake Manly began to dry up too.
As the water dried, it left behind all the minerals that the rivers had brought to it along with their water.
As these minerals dried, they created a crust (a brittle outer layer) of salt and other minerals on top of the dirt.
Many lakes and seas in other parts of the world dried up in the same way.
Traveling rocks
All across Death Valley, rocks and stones leave small paths behind them in curved, zigzagged (with twists and turns), or straight patterns.
The rocks are not alive, of course, but they still travel across the lake bed.
Dr. Robert Sharp, a geology professor, decided to find out about these rocks.
He put tags on 30 stones of different sizes and shapes, hammered spikes into the ground where the rocks were sitting, and then he studied what happened for the next seven years.
Twenty eight of the stones did indeed move, sometimes more than .
Dr. Sharp matched the movements with the weather and found that the rocks moved because of wind and rain.
Even though Death Valley gets less than two inches of rain a year, the raindrops make the smooth clay in the dry lake bed very smooth and slippery.
The wind then blows the rocks across the slippery surface, sometimes as fast as  every second.
The changes in the weather that made the rivers dry up have not gone away.
Death Valley is still very dry.
There are less than  of rain in Death Valley every year.
Because Death Valley is so dry all the time, even the dirt that is not covered in salt has become very hard.
This means that even though it does not rain often, when it does rain, the dirt cannot absorb all the water quickly enough, and the water can turn into a flash flood (a flood that happens very fast and very violently).
In August 2004 there was a very bad flood.
The flood damaged many buildings and cars, and killed several people.
The flood also destroyed many roads, so nobody could go in or out of Death Valley.
Death Valley National Park had to be closed for a long time while the park rangers fixed everything.
Death Valley has extremely hot summers; the temperature can be 130 °F (54 °C).
On July 10, 1913, it was 134 °F (57 °C), which is the hottest recorded temperature in the world.
In winter, days are warm and nights are cool; snow is very rare.
Death Valley was named in 1849.
Miners and settlers tried to travel across the valley during the California Gold Rush.
Many people died because it was so hot and dry.
It has very little water because the water evaporates, or disappears in the clouds, before it can touch the ground.
Of the few people who lived in Death Valley, most were miners, especially of borax.
Death Valley National Park
Death Valley National Park is a national park in the U.S. states of California and Nevada.
It includes Death Valley.
The park was designated as a national monument in 1933 and a national park in 1994.
It contains  in California and Nevada.
Death Valley National Park is the largest wilderness area in the United States.
The park is east of the Sierra Nevada, between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts.
It has a diverse desert environment of salt-flats, sand dunes, badlands, valleys, canyons, and mountains.
This is the largest national park in the lower 48 states and is an International Biosphere Reserve.
About 95% of the park is a wilderness area.
It is the hottest and driest of the national parks in the United States.
The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin, which is  below sea level.
The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment.
Some examples include creosote bush, bighorn sheep, coyote, and the Death Valley pupfish, a survivor of much wetter times.
Mulberry (Morus) is a genus of 10–16 species of trees.
They are native to warm regions of Asia, Africa and the Americas, with most of the species native to Asia.
Mulberries are fast-growing when young, but soon become slow-growing and rarely grow over 10-15 meters tall.
The leaves are simple, often lobed, and ridged.
The fruit grows in bunches, 2-3 centimeters long, is red to dark purple in color, edible, and sweet with a good flavor in several species.
The fruit is used in pies, tarts, and wines.
The fruit of the black mulberry, native to southwest Asia, and the red mulberry, native to eastern North America, have the strongest flavor.
The fruit of the white mulberry, an east Asian species, has a very weak flavor.
Mulberries can be grown from seeds, and this is the best idea as seedling-grown trees are generally healthier.
However, they are most often planted from large pieces cut from other mulberry trees, which easily take root.
Mulberry leaves, particularly those of the white mulberry, Morus alba, are important as food of the silkworm, the cocoon of which is used to make silk.
Morus alba is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen, which is launched at over half the speed of sound. "
This is the fastest motion yet observed in biology, and approaches the theoretical physical limits for movements in plants".
Procaine is a analgesic drug.
It is used primarily to reduce the pain of getting certain shots, and is also used by dentists.
The drug is usually sold under the name Novocaine, or Novacaine.
Procaine was first made in 1905, and was the first man-made pain-killer that could be taken as a shot.
It was created by the German scientist Alfred Einhorn (1857-1917) who gave the chemical the name Novacaine, from the Latin word novus (which means new) and caine, as in "cocaine."
Procaine is not often used today because other safer and better working pain-killing drugs now exist.
Prior to the discovery of procaine, cocaine was the most commonly used pain-killer.
Procaine (like cocaine) has the advantage of reducing bleeding, unlike other pain-killers and without the dangerous qualities of cocaine.
Leizu was a legendary Chinese queen.
According to tradition, she discovered silk and invented the silk loom in the 28th century BC.
Leizu discovered silkworms while on a walk near the king's mulberry trees.
However, there are different stories of exactly how she discovered that silkworms make silk.
One story says that she used her finger to touch a worm, causing a strand of silk to come out.
As the silk continued to come out, she wrapped it around her finger.
When the silk ran out, she saw a small cocoon, and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk.
Another story says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons.
She collected some cocoons, and then sat down to have some tea.
While she was sipping a cup of tea, she dropped a cocoon into the steaming water.
A fine thread started to separate itself from the cocoon.
Leizu found that she could unwind this soft and lovely thread around her finger.
She asked her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees, where she could keep the worms that made these cocoons.
She is credited with inventing the silk reel, which joins thin silk threads into a thicker thread strong enough for weaving.
She is also credited with inventing the first silk loom.
It is not known how much, if any, of this story is true, but historians do know that silk was first made in China.
Leizu shared what she found out with others and the knowledge became common.
Chinese royalty
Reforesting is the process of replacing plants in an area where they have been cut down or destroyed.
It usually refers to trees, but could include other types of plant life.
Moths are insects of the order Lepidoptera.
They are closely related to butterflies, which evolved from them.
They also have wings, just like butterflies.
Most species of moths are active only at night.
They can be told apart from butterflies in several ways.
Moth antenna look like little feathers,  and their wings are held flat on their backs when they are not flying.
Most Lepidoptera are moths.
There are thought to be about 160,000 species of moths (nearly ten times the number of species of butterflies).
Thousands of species are still to be described.
Most moths are tiny: they are called micromoths or microlepidoptera.
The large moths are much better known, but fewer.
Most species of moths are nocturnal, but not all.
There are crepuscular and diurnal species.
Moths as pests
Moths, usually their caterpillars, are a major farm pest in many parts of the world.
Caterpillars eat the plants that farmers grow and sometimes kill them.
The caterpillar of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) causes great harm to forests in the northeast United States.
In warm climates, the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) is perhaps the most serious pest of cabbage crops.
Several moths in the family Tineidae have larvae which eat  clothes and blankets made from natural fibres, such as wool or silk.
They are less likely to eat materials containing some artificial fibres.
They may be repelled by the scent of wood from juniper and cedar, by lavender, or by other natural oils.
Silk production
Some moths are farmed.
The most important of these is the silkworm.
The silk industry produces over 130 million kilograms of raw silk, worth about 250 million U.S. dollars, each year.
Not all silk is produced by Bombyx mori.
There are several species of Saturniidae that also are farmed for their silk, such as the Ailanthus moth (Samia cynthia group of species), the Chinese oak silkmoth (Antheraea pernyi), the Assam silkmoth (Antheraea assamensis), and the Japanese silk moth (Antheraea yamamai).
Attraction to light
Moths will fly around bright objects, and appear to be attracted to light.
Most scientists think that this is because moths use the light of the moon to help them fly in a straight line.
The light from lamps confuses the moths.
Moths usually pollinate night-blooming flowers because they are nocturnal (they rest during the day and come out at night).
A moth uses its proboscis to collect nectar just like a butterfly does.
However, moths do not always land on the flower to get the nectar: they often hover near the flower and flap their wings hard while they sip the nectar.
Because of this, moth-pollinated flowers do not need a landing pad.
In fact, some moth-pollinated flowers point downward, like the yucca flowers.
Predators and parasites
Nocturnal insectivores often feed on moths.
Many bats, and some species of owls and some other birds eat moths.
Moths are also a minor part of the diet of some lizards, cats, dogs, rodents, and some bears.
Moth larvae are eaten by many birds, and are also vulnerable to parasitism by ichneumon wasps.
Many adult moths and larvae are protected by noxious substances eaten by the caterpillars.
They advertise their foul taste in various ways.
Warning colouration is visible by day, and some adult moths emit clicks which bats learn are warning signals.
Baculoviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses which parasitize insects.
They are often used as biological control agents.
They are members of the Baculoviridae, a family that is restricted to insects.
There is evidence that ultrasound in the range emitted by bats causes flying moths to make evasive manoeuvers because bats eat moths.
Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a reflex action in the noctuid moth that cause it to drop a few inches in its flight to evade attack.
Tiger moths also emit clicks which foil bats' echolocation.
Notable moth species
Death's-head Hawkmoth Acherontia sp.
Luna Moth Actias luna
Atlas moth Attacus atlas The largest moth in the world
Emperor Gum Moth Opodiphthera eucalypti
Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar
Cotton bollworm or corn earworm Helicoverpa zea, a major agricultural pest
Codling moth Cydia pomonella, a pest mostly of apple, pear and walnut trees
Light brown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana
The silkworm Bombyx mori is the larva of a moth.
The Peppered moth, Biston betularia, is the subject of research into Peppered moth evolution.
A cocoon is a shell made of silk by most kinds of moth caterpillars and other insect larvae.
Some butterfly larvae (in the family Hesperiidae and subfamilies Parnassiinae and Satyrinae) do spin cocoons.
However, most butterfly pupae are called chrysalids.
Some caterpillars attach small twigs or pieces of vegetation to the outside of their cocoon to hide it from predators.
Others spin their cocoon in a hidden place.
Examples would be on the underside of a leaf, in a crevice, or down near the base of a tree trunk.
en:Pupa#Cocoon
ms:Pupa#Kokun
Proctor Silex Co. was created in 1960 with the merger of Proctor Electric and Silex Corporation.
The company made household appliances such as toasters, irons, and coffee makers.
In 1990 Proctor Silex merged with Hamilton Beach.
History of Proctor-Silex, 1788 to 1972
Companies based in Virginia
Home appliance companies
The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting and attempted bombing at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, near Denver, that happened on April 20, 1999.
Eighteen-year-old Eric Harris and 17-year-old Dylan Klebold carried out the massacre and were both students at the school.
They murdered 12 students and one teacher using guns.
Ten of the murders happened in the school's library, where they then killed themselves with their guns.
Before the shootings, they had planted two large propane bombs in the school's cafeteria.
They could have killed many people in there, but they did not explode.
They also planted two car bombs in the school's parking lot, which were supposed to kill first responders and news reporters.
They also did not explode.
They also carried pipe bombs and molotov cocktails, which they lit and threw.
Most of them exploded but nobody was injured or killed by any of the bombs used during the massacre.
After the shooting
After the shooting, many people wanted to know why it had happened.
Many people thought that Klebold and Harris had done it because they were bullied, and schools in the United States began talking about how to stop bullying.
However, it is now thought that Klebold and Harris were bullies themselves.
Other people blamed parts of the media, saying that the lyrics of bands and singers like Marilyn Manson and violent video games that the shooters played might have caused it.
In 2002, filmmaker Michael Moore released a documentary movie called Bowling for Columbine that was about why the shooting happened and about the role guns have in American culture.
In the movie, Moore interviewed Marilyn Manson.
Many impromptu memorials were created after the shooting.
Memorials included victims Rachel Scott's car and John Tomlin's truck.
In 2000, youth advocate Melissa Helmbrecht organized a remembrance event in Denver.
It featured two surviving students.
It was called "A Call to Hope."
The library (where most of the shooting happened) was removed and replaced with an atrium.
In 2001, a new library, the HOPE memorial library, was built next to the west entrance.
1999 in the United States
1990s murders in the United States
20th century in Colorado
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1990s
Mass murder in the 1990s
Mass shootings in the United States
Massacres in the United States
Murder in Colorado
Murder-suicides in the United States
School shootings in the United States
José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda is a hero of the Philippines.
He was a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated for changes in the colony under the Spanish occupation.
He was born on June 19, 1861 in the town of Calamba, Laguna.
Family and early life
He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls).
His parents went to school and were well known.
His father, Francisco Rizal Mercado, worked hard as a farmer in Biñan, Laguna.
Rizal looked up to him.
His mother, Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos, was born in Meisic, Sta.
Cruz, Manila.
She read a lot and knew about art and many other things.
Rizal said she was loving and very smart.
He learned the alphabet from his mother when he was three years old.
At age five, while learning to read and write, he also showed that he could draw and paint.
He surprised his family and relatives with his pencil drawings and sketches and with his moldings of clay.
In 1877, at the age of 16, he finished school (Bachelor of Arts) from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila.
In the same year, he went to another school to study Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas.
At the same time, he took classes to become a surveyor and assessor at the Ateneo.
In 1878, he went to the University of Santo Tomas to become a doctor.
He stopped in his studies when he felt that the Filipino students were not being treated right by the priests who were also their teachers.
On May 3, 1882, he went by boat to Spain.
In Spain, he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid.
On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he got his degree and became a doctor.
On June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he got another degree in Philosophy and Letters.
Having traveled throughout Europe, America and Asia, he spoke 22 languages.
Rizal was a very smart man.
He was good at many other jobs besides being a doctor:
He hoped to make political changes in his country and to make the Filipinos go to school.
Rizal wrote many poems and books that show his love for his country.
In March 1887, his book, Noli Me Tangere was published.
It shows the bad habits of the Spanish priests.
El Filibusterismo, his second novel was published on September 18, 1891.
It is sadder than his first book.
Rizal was not liked by those in power.
He told people about the bad things that were done by the priests and the people working for the government, and this caused trouble for him and his relatives.
Because of this, he and those who he knew were watched by the government.
They made up bad things about him.
When he arrived from Hong Kong with his sister Lucia, they said that in Lucia's luggage they found letters Rizal wrote that spoke about the priests in a bad way.
Because of this he was put to jail in Fort Santiago from July 6 to July 15, 1892.
He was made to stay in Dapitan and there he did farming, fishing and business.
He also worked in a hospital.
He taught others English and Spanish and the arts.
When the Philippine Revolution (the war of Filipinos against the Spaniards) started on August 26, 1896, his enemies went after him fast.
They were able to get people to say bad things against him and connected him with the war.
He was never allowed to talk to these people.
Because the Spanish authorities thought he was responsible for the activities of the rebels, he was exiled to the city of Dapitan in Zamboanga, in the Southern Philippines.
From November 3, 1896 until his death, he was imprisoned at Fort Santiago.
During his last days in prison, he wrote a poem which is now known as the Mi Ultimo Adios.
The poem contains Rizal's final farewell.
After a trial by the military, he was convicted of rebellion (going against the government), sedition (making trouble) and of illegal association (having meetings that are not allowed by the government).
He was sentenced to death and was executed by firing squad in the early morning hours of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field.
His body was initially buried in an unmarked grave in the Paco Cemetery.
His bones were then exhumed and are now located in their final resting place at the Rizal Monument.
Although many people think Jose Rizal is actually the national hero, he isn't.
As of this moment, The National Heroes Commitee hasn't picked a national hero of the Republic of the Philippines.
No law or declaration announce a national hero of the Philippines.
Filipino writers
Idiot is a word used to describe someone who is not very smart.
Modern usage
"You idiot, look at what you just did!" (
using the word as a noun)
"I think that idea is perfectly idiotic." (
using the word as an adjective)
Eg: the man who created the search system to give me the opposite of everything i search, want a picture of a apple here is a picture or two man digging a hole with someone far off in the background eating a old apple
In literature and folklore
The word "fool" is similar to "idiot", but it is not as strong.
In the history of drama a "fool" was a jester: someone who made people laugh.
Kings often had jesters in real life.
A court jester had the job of making the king feel happy when he was sad.
Jesters often pretended to be stupid, but were actually very clever.
There are jesters and fools in a lot of Shakespeare’s plays.
The word simple can also be similar to "idiot".
Someone who is simple is a person who is not very clever or "streetwise".
They are naïve and can easily be made to believe things because they are kind and expect everyone else to be kind as well.
Such people are often called simpletons.
Idiots or simpletons are commonly used in literature.
In German literature (and in Wagner’s opera), Parsifal is described as "perfect fool" because he does not understand the evil ways of the world and is therefore completely good.
That is why he can break the magic spell cast by Klingsor.
The idiot often appears in Russian literature.
Because the idiot is so simple he (it is always a male) is often able to express the truth which other people cannot see.
Dostoevsky wrote a novel called The Idiot.
It is about a man who is simple and trusting.
At the end of the opera Boris Godunov by Mussorgsky the crowd of poor people gather round the simpleton who is the last person to sing in the whole opera.
His moans express the fact that Russia will continue to be ruled by cruel dictators and the people will remain poor.
In humorous parlance
The word "idiot" refers to a genetically incompetent human who is mentally inert on exposure to others - may have dampened senses and mental acuity when applied to any relatively simple task from long periods spent in a dark cave: the idiot's "natural habitat".
Idiots tend to be ignorant of any metal and physical deficiency within themselves, simply because they do not want to believe it exists (even though it does, and they are aware of it).
Mental deficiencies of others however, are overtly proclaimed by the idiots in order for them to separate themselves from habitual human tendencies, though they succumb to them more than they intend.
They make no effort to rectify these though, as they view themselves in the best possible light.
Developmental psychology, also called human development, is the emotional study of how a person changes psychologically (mind and behavior) as they get older.
Developmental psychologists first studied infants and children, and later they also studied teenagers (or adolescents) and adults.
Developmental psychology studies human change in a lot of areas, including motor skills (and other processes that are both physical and psychological), problem solving abilities, understanding of concepts, learning language, moral understanding, and identity.
Kosovo (/ˈkɒsəvoʊ, ˈkoʊ-/; Albanian: Kosova or Kosovë, pronounced [kɔˈsɔva] or [kɔˈsɔvə]; Serbian Cyrillic: Косово, pronounced [kôsoʋo]), officially the Republic of Kosovo (Albanian: Republika e Kosovës;  / Republika Kosovo), is a partially-recognised state and disputed territory in Southeastern Europe.
On 17 February 2008, Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia.
It has since gained diplomatic recognition as a sovereign state by 95 UN member states.
Geographically defined in an area of 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi), Kosovo is landlocked in the center of the Balkans and bordered by the uncontested territory of Serbia to the north and east, North Macedonia to the southeast, Albania to the southwest and Montenegro to the west.
It possesses remarkable varied and diverse landscapes for its size by climate along with geology and hydrology.
Most of central Kosovo is dominated by the vast plains and fields of Metohija and Kosovo.
The rugged Prokletije and Šar Mountains rise in the southwest and southeast, respectively.
The official results of the censuses in Kosovo about ethnic groups and nationality from after World War II to 1991 are below.
The numbers of Albanians in the 1991 census were only guesses based on censuses in the past.
Most Albanians did not do the 1991 census.
Today, Kosovo is mainly Albanian.
Kosovo is divided into 7 districts.
These districts include 38 municipalities:
History of Kosovo and Metohija
The Rastko Project
Coordination Center of SCG and the Republic of Serbia for Kosovo
Eastern Orthodox Resource Centre
Hugo Roth, Kosovo Origins: an historian's comprehensive overview
Dušan T. Bataković, The Kosovo Chronicles, Plato Books, Belgrade 1992.
R. Petrović, M. Blagojević, The Migration of the Serbs and Montenegrins from Kosovo and Metohija, SASA, Belgrade 1992,
Dušan T. Bataković, Kosovo.
La spirale de la haine, L'Age d'Homme,  Lausanne 1998.
Kosovo-Kosova.
Confrontation or Coexistence, Nijmegen: University of Nijmegen & Political Cultural Centre 042 1996.
Kosovo.
Avoiding Another Balkan War,Thanos Veremis & Evangelos Kofos, (eds.),
Athens:Eliamep & University of Athens, 1998.
Contending Voices on Balkan Interventions, William Joseph Buckley, ed.
,William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan &  Cambridge U. K 2000
Jean-Arnault Dérens,  Kosovo.
Année zéro, préface de Marek Antoni Nowick,i Paris: Paris-Méditerranée, 2004.
The lips are a body part around the mouth.
There is a (usually larger) lower lip, and a smaller upper lip.
They help us to eat, touch and speak.
There are diseases that can affect the lips, for example herpes simplex.
Someone can get this disease by kissing or having oral sex.
An allergy  is something which triggers an allergic reaction.
This is the immune system defending the body against attack by bacteria and viruses.
Sometimes the system goes wrong, and is triggered by some quite normal food, or flares up when the family pet comes into the room.
This is what the ordinary person calls an 'allergy'.
Allergic reactions
When people come in contact with something they are allergic to, there can be many different reactions.
These reactions include itchy eyes,  drippy or stuffy noses, swollen faces, hives, sneezing, and coughing.
If it is a food allergy, the person may get an upset stomach.
Sometimes a person's oesophagus, or throat, may swell up so much that the person can no longer breathe.
This is called anaphylaxis.
When this happens, a doctor must give the person a medicine called epinephrine to make the swelling go down.
Some people with allergies to very common things, like bee stings or fish, carry this medicine with them so it can be used quickly in an emergency.
The device they use to inject the medicine is called an epinephrine autoinjector.
Common allergies
Nuts, especially peanuts
Fish or shellfish
Soy products
Fruits (kiwis and bananas)
Furry pets
Bee or wasp stings
Dust mites
Tobacco smoke
He was wrongly accused of treason against the French military.
This scandal was known as the Dreyfus affair.
French Jews
French military personnel of World War I
People from Grand Est
Nucleic acids are large molecules where genetic information is stored.
There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA and ribonucleic acid, better known as RNA.
The nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.
A nucleotide is made of a nitrogenous base, sugar with five carbon atoms and a  phosphate group.
Nucleic acids allow organisms to transfer genetic information from one generation to the next.
When a cell divides, its DNA is copied and passed from one cell generation to the next generation.
DNA is organized into chromosomes and found within the nucleus of our cells.
Its function in any cell is to carry the sequence of bases which will be transcribed into RNA.
The function of RNA is much more difficult to explain.
One well-known function is for messenger RNA to be translated into proteins, mainly enzymes.
But there are other types of RNA, and these are called non-coding RNAs.
Adam Elliot (born January 2, 1972) is an Australian animator.
He is from Melbourne, Australia.
His short movie called Harvey Krumpet won the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.
He uses claymation and has won five Australian Film Institute Awards because of his work.
Elliot was brought up on a prawn farm run by his father who had once been a circus clown, and his mother who had been a hairdresser.
The family later moved to Melbourne, where Elliot made money selling hand painted T-shirts at local markets.
After finishing school he went to the Victorian College of the Arts to study animation.
Adam Elliot's website
Australian filmmakers
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder (a disease a person is born with) where a person's body cannot break down an amino acid called phenylalanine.
Amino acids are necessary to make proteins, an important part of the human body.
Phenylalanine only comes from the food we eat; our bodies do not make any by themselves.
Average people produce an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase in their bodies.
When they ingest phenylalanine, the body cannot use it, so this enzyme changes phenylalanine into tyrosine, which the body can use.
In people with PKU, very little or no enzyme is made.
Since the phenylalanine they eat is not being changed into tyrosine, it builds up in their bodies.
This can cause problems with the way their bodies work.
Symptoms vary from person to person.
Because of the rarity of PKU, many symptoms go undiagnosed or unrecognized.
In addition, there are variations in the categories of PKU individuals.
There are untreated, early treated, late treated, those returning to diet, Hyperphe, Classical PKU, uncontrolled, and highly controlled.
For your average infant a doctor will diagnose PKU with a quick blood test.
Their symptom will be high PHE levels.
If that infant goes undiagnosed for weeks or months, he/she may start to exhibit some or all of the following symptoms for uncontrolled PKU.
The symptoms include:
focus/concentration problems
seizures
lowered intelligence
tremors
problems with memory
gait (walking) problems
skin problems
mousy odor
irritability
phobias
mental fog
slower thinking and response
hyperactivity
lethargy
social anxiety
decreased motor function and hand/eye coordination
psychotic symptoms
mild paralysis
autistic behaviors
social withdrawals
lack of autonomy
social maturity deficits
decreased positive emotions
low self-esteem
Today, scientists know what foods have phenylalanine in them, and they have created a special diet for people with PKU.
Since they cannot use it, people with PKU cannot eat foods that have a lot of phenylalanine, like eggs, meat and milk.
An artificial sweetener called aspartame is also a source of phenylalanine.
People with PKU take a lot of vitamins to make up for the foods they cannot eat, especially vitamins B6 and B12.
Babies with PKU are fed a special formula.
It has everything babies need to stay healthy, but with very little phenylalanine.
There are also low protein foods like breads and flour (Made from corn and starch instead of regular wheat).