the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Kei Nishikori (Qualifier)<li> Kevin Kim (Qualifying Round)<li> Adrian Mannarino (Qualifier)
<li> Conor Niland (Second Round)<li> Rajeev Ram (First Round)<li> Uladzimir Ignatik (Second Round)<li> Izak van der Merwe (First Round)<li> Mischa Zverev (First Round)''
<li> Benoît Paire (Qualifier)</ol>
Ivan Dodig  Lukáš Rosol  Peter Polansky  Dušan Lojda  Andreas Haider-Maurer  Júlio Silva  Martin Kližan  Milos Raonic'''
<li> Ričardas Berankis
<li> Ryan Harrison
<li> Robert Kendrick
<li> Kei Nishikori
<li> Adrian Mannarino
<li> Rik de Voest
<li> Benoît Paire
<li> Marc Gicquel
Qualifying Draw
First Qualifier
Second Qualifier
Third Qualifier
Fourth Qualifier
Fifth Qualifier
Sixth Qualifier
Seventh Qualifier
Eighth Qualifier
Ninth Qualifier
Tenth Qualifier
Eleventh Qualifier
Twelfth Qualifier
Thirteenth Qualifier
Fourteenth Qualifier
Fifteenth Qualifier
Sixteenth Qualifier
Men's Singles Qualifying
Wine and Christianity
Wine has always been important in Christianity.
Christians believe that Jesus turned water into wine at a wedding where there was not enough to drink (see the picture at the right).
The Bible says that wine was also important at the Last Supper - the last time Jesus ate with his disciples before he was arrested.
The Bible's Gospel of Matthew 26:27 says that Jesus held up a cup of wine and told all of his disciples:
"Take this [cup] all of you and drink from it.
This is the cup of my blood ... My blood will be shed for you and for all so that sins may be forgiven."
Since that time, Roman Catholic church services have always included something called the Eucharist (also called "Holy Communion").
A priest holds up a cup of wine and says a prayer.
At that point, Catholics believe the wine is turned into Jesus's blood.
They believe drinking the wine is a way of remembering that Jesus was willing to die so their sins would be forgiven.
Early Christian Beliefs
In the first 1,800 years of church history, Christians often enjoyed alcoholic drinks as a part of their everyday life.
At church, during the Eucharist, they almost always used wine.
Early Christians believed the Bible and Christian tradition both said alcohol is a gift from God.
They taught that this gift made life happier, but that drinking too much alcohol and becoming drunk was a sin.
Protestant Beliefs
In the early 1500s, the Protestant Church split off from the Roman Catholic Church.
Over time, these two Christian churches started to believe some different things.
By the mid-1800s, some Protestant Christians moved away from the traditional belief that drinking a moderate (small) amount of wine was not bad.
(This belief was sometimes called moderationism).
Some Protestants decided that not drinking wine at all was wisest (this was called abstentionism).
Others decided that drinking any alcohol was sinful (this was called prohibitionism).
Beliefs About Alcohol Today
Today, there are many different types of Christianity, with many different beliefs.
Most people still believe in the traditional position: that drinking some wine is all right, just not too much.
Most Christians' opinions about alcohol depend on how they understand what the Bible says about it.
Alcohol in the Bible
The Bible often mentions alcoholic drinks.
Sometimes it talks about real wine.
Other times, it uses the word "wine" to mean something else.
The Bible uses a few different words for alcoholic drinks.
Though prohibitionists and some abstentionists disagree, most people agree that the words were usually meant to be about intoxicating drinks (drinks that can make a person drunk).
Wine was an important and common drink in Biblical times.
Because of this, the Bible sometimes uses wine as a symbol to teach about good and bad.
Some parts of the Bible use wine as a symbol for good things, like abundance and health.
However, the Bible also calls wine a mocker and beer a brawler (a person who fights too much).
Other parts of the Bible use drinking a cup of strong wine and getting drunk as a symbol of God's anger.
The City of Dunedin Choir a community choir in a city called Dunedin which is in the South Island of New Zealand.
It has people from all age groups: some are old, some are young.
They are all from the Dunedin area.
The choir sings large classical choral pieces of music.
The choir has about 140 members at the moment.
The choir sings many types of music, including music from these periods: Baroque, Classical and Romantic  orchestral works, and also modern New Zealand choral music.
The Choir usually sings in about four or five concerts a year, often performing with an orchestra called Southern Sinfonia.
Choir practice is held every week  in the Crypt of St Paul's Cathedral on the Octagon in the middle of Dunedin.
Recent Performances
Upcoming Concerts
The City of Dunedin Choir has been making audiences enjoy themselves around the region for nearly 150 years.
The  choir used to be two choirs, the Musical Union and the Choral Society, which were both made in 1863 and they joined together the following year with George West as conductor.
The name of the choir became Dunedin Choral Society Incorporated  a few years later.
The society stopped existing in 1888 but started existing with the same name as before in 1897 with James Coombs as conductor.
It changed its name to Schola Cantorum in 1967, after joining together with the University Union Choir, and then it changed its name to City of Dunedin Choir in 1993, the year it had existed for 130 years.
However, through all these "trading name" changes, the official name remains Dunedin Choral Society Incorporated.
The Choir's immediate past Patron was the Hon.
Dame Silvia Cartwright.
The choir's archives, which are at the Hocken Library, say that, Mr H.S. Chapman, Supreme Court Judge, was Patron in 1878 and Governor, the Earl of Ranfurly, was Patron in 1898.
They also say that Sir Hercules Robinson, Governor from 1879 to 1880, attended several concerts during his time as Governor, but he was not a patron.
Dunedin Choral Society Incorporated Rules, 1994/96/2001.
Music in Dunedin.
Dunedin: Charles Begg and Co., 1945.
The Choir has recently been listed on SOUNZ (http://sounz.org.nz), a submission process which includes details of the Choir's performances of works by New Zealand composers.
Only 13 other choirs are listed on SOunz
Performer of New Zealand music, article on SOUNZ
Southern Sinfonia, performance partner to City of Dunedin Choir
Gisborne is a city on the East Coast of New Zealand's North Island.
Gisborne is known as "the first city in the world to see the sun".
This is because it is the first major city on the side of the International Date Line that sees the new day first.
Changi is a place in the east of Singapore.
It has Changi Airport, Singapore Expo, Changi Air Base and Changi Naval Base.
Singapore had its international airport at Kallang and Paya Lebar.
But it expanded so rapidly that the Singapore government worried about having not enough space for airport to grow bigger.
There were many proposals for a new location and the Singapore government chose Changi in the end.
Other places in Changi
There are also other places in Changi, for example the Changi Prison, which had the Japanese Prisoner-of-war (POW) camps.
These camps had the Allied powers prisoners staying there.
The Southern Islands of Singapore is a group of islands at the south of Singapore.
It features famous islands like Sentosa(pictured), the Sisters Islands and Kusu Island.
The Singapore Tourism Board has spent close to S$300 million and took about 15 years to develop the southern islands of Singapore.
This whole project is to bring gas, water, electricity and telecommunication supplies to the southern islands.
The Coupe de la Ligue is a French football competition.
It is organized by the Ligue de Football Professionnel.
It was established in 1994.
Its current champion is Olympique de Marseille.
Wrought iron is a type of iron.
It has very little carbon in it.
Most steels have much more carbon.
It also has some slag in it.
This gives it a fibrous look similar to how wood looks.
It is tough, malleable, ductile, and can be welded easily.
It was most common in the old days when cast iron was the only other type of iron.
Now mild steel is used instead.
If it contains too much sulfur, it becomes very brittle when heated.
Wrought iron has a rough surface that can hold paint and zinc for galvanization much more easily.
Wrought iron was one of the most common types of iron in the medieval times.
Its popularity has declined.
It is needed to make historical items look historical.
Mild steel
Slag is a liquid residue from making iron.
It consists of calcium silicate.
The silicon dioxide in iron has to be taken away.
The calcium oxide reacts with the silicon dioxide solid to make liquid calcium silicate, which is lighter than iron.
It is drained out of the blast furnace.
Slag can be used to make concrete.
Air can be blown through molten slag to make a fluffy insulation made mineral wool.
The 2010 US Open Women's Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw.
Akgul Amanmuradova (Qualifier)
Jelena Dokić (First Round)
Monica Niculescu (Qualifier)
Zhang Shuai (Second Round)
Varvara Lepchenko (Second Round)
Evgeniya Rodina (Qualifying Competition)
Shenay Perry (First Round)
Andrea Hlaváčková (First Round)
Mariana Duque Marino (First Round)
Anastasia Pivovarova (Second Round)
Patricia Mayr (Qualifying Competition)
Zuzana Kučová (Qualifier)
Zuzana Ondrášková (Qualifier)
Rossana de los Ríos (First Round)
Tatjana Malek (First Round)
Anastasiya Yakimova (Second Round)
<li> Nuria Llagostera Vives (Qualifier)
<li> Arantxa Rus (Second Round)
<li> Katie O'Brien (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Olivia Sanchez (First Round)
<li> Maria Elena Camerin (Qualifier)
<li> Anna Floris (First Round)
<li> Alexandra Panova (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Michaëlla Krajicek (First Round)
<li> Stéphanie Dubois (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Laura Pous Tió (First Round)
<li> Maša Zec Peškirič (First Round)
<li> Lilia Osterloh (First Round)
<li> Sesil Karatantcheva (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Anna-Lena Grönefeld (Second Round)
<li> Ekaterina Bychkova (First Round)
<li> Nina Bratchikova (First Round)
<li> Rebecca Marino
<li> Irina Falconi
<li> Maria Elena Camerin
<li> Zuzana Kučová
<li> Zuzana Ondrášková
<li> Olga Savchuk
<li> Sania Mirza
<li> Michelle Larcher de Brito
Women's Singles Qualifying
The 2010 US Open Boys' Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw.
Diego Sebastian Schwartzman (First Round)
John Morrissey (First Round)
Sam Barry (Qualifier)
Diego Galeano (Qualifying Round)
Giammarco Micolani (Qualifying Round) (Lucky Loser)
Libor Salaba (First Round)
Shane Vinsant (Qualifying Round)
Julien Cagnina (Qualifier)
<li> Vitor Galvao (First Round, retired)
<li> Augusto Laranja (Qualifying Round)
<li> Karim Hossam (First Round)
<li> Gregoire Barrere (First Round)
<li> Karue Sell (Qualifier)
<li> Tomas Hanzlik (First Round)
<li> Gonzales Austin (First Round)
<li> Sai Kartik Nakireddi (First Round)
<li> Alexios Halebian
<li> Mackenzie McDonald
<li> Karue Sell
<li> Julien Cagnina
Boys' Singles Qualifying
The 2010 US Open Girls' Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw.
Chanelle Van Nguyen (Qualifier)
Lin Zhu (First Round)
Sabina Sharipova (Qualifier)
Klara Fabikova (First Round)
Risa Ozaki (Qualifier)
Miyu Kato (Qualifier)
So-Ra Lee (Qualifying Competition)
Katerina Popova (First Round)
<li> Gaia Sanesi (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Nour Abbes (First Round)
<li> Rishika Sunkara (First Round)
<li> Robin Anderson (Qualifier)
<li> Melis Sezer (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Lauren Herring (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Zhaoxuan Yang (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Nigina Abduraimova (Qualifier)
<li> Risa Ozaki
<li> Miyu Kato
<li> Nigina Abduraimova
<li> Robin Anderson
Girls' Singles Qualifying
Rafael Nadal defeated Novak Djokovic 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–2 to win his first US Open title.
It was his ninth career major and Nadal completed the Career Golden Slam with the win.
Nadal became the first player since Rod Laver in 1969 to win the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open all in the same calendar year.
Rafael Nadal (Champion)
Roger Federer (Semifinals)
Novak Djokovic (Final)
Andy Murray (Third Round)
Robin Söderling (Quarterfinals)
Nikolay Davydenko (Second Round)
Tomáš Berdych (First Round)
Fernando Verdasco (Quarterfinals)
Andy Roddick (Second Round)
David Ferrer (Fourth Round)
Marin Čilić (Second Round)
Mikhail Youzhny (Semifinals)
Jürgen Melzer (Fourth Round)
Nicolás Almagro (Third Round)
Ivan Ljubičić (First Round)
Marcos Baghdatis (First Round)
<li> Gaël Monfils (Quarterfinals)
<li> John Isner (Third Round)
<li> Mardy Fish (Fourth Round)
<li> Sam Querrey (Fourth Round)
<li> Albert Montañés (Fourth Round)
<li> Juan Carlos Ferrero (Third Round)
<li> Feliciano López (Fourth Round)
<li> Ernests Gulbis (First Round)
<li> Stanislas Wawrinka (Quarterfinals)
<li> Thomaz Bellucci (Second Round)
<li> Fernando González (First Round, retired due to a knee injury)
<li> Radek Štěpánek (First Round)
<li> Philipp Kohlschreiber (Second Round)
<li> Juan Mónaco (First Round)
<li> David Nalbandian (Third Round)
<li> Lleyton Hewitt (First Round)
<li> Michael Llodra (Third Round)
Main draw
Top Half
Bottom Half
Qualifying draw
Kim Clijsters was the defending champion, and successfully defended her 2009 title, after she won 6–2, 6–1, against Vera Zvonareva in the final.
Caroline Wozniacki (Semifinals)
Kim Clijsters (Champion)
Venus Williams (Semifinals)
Jelena Janković (Third Round)
Samantha Stosur (Quarterfinals)
Francesca Schiavone (Quarterfinals)
Vera Zvonareva (Final)
Li Na (First Round)
Agnieszka Radwańska (Second Round)
Victoria Azarenka (Second Round, retired due to concussion)
Svetlana Kuznetsova (Fourth Round)
Elena Dementieva (Fourth Round)
Marion Bartoli (Second Round)
Maria Sharapova (Fourth Round)
Yanina Wickmayer (Fourth Round)
Shahar Pe'er (Fourth Round)
<li> Nadia Petrova (First Round)
<li> Aravane Rezaï (Second Round)
<li> Flavia Pennetta (Third Round)
<li> Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (Fourth Round)
<li> Zheng Jie (Second Round)
<li> María José Martínez Sánchez (Second Round)
<li> Maria Kirilenko (Third Round)
<li> Daniela Hantuchová (Third Round)
<li> Alexandra Dulgheru (Third Round)
<li> Lucie Šafářová (First Round)
<li> Petra Kvitová (Third Round)
<li> Alisa Kleybanova (Second Round)
<li> Alona Bondarenko (Third Round)
<li> Yaroslava Shvedova (First Round)
<li> Kaia Kanepi (Quarterfinals)
<li> Tsvetana Pironkova (Second Round)
Bob Bryan /  Mike Bryan (Champions)
Daniel Nestor /  Nenad Zimonjić (Third Round)
Lukáš Dlouhý /  Leander Paes (First Round)
Mahesh Bhupathi /  Max Mirnyi (Second Round)
Łukasz Kubot /  Oliver Marach (Quarterfinals)
František Čermák /  Michal Mertiňák (First Round)
Jürgen Melzer /  Philipp Petzschner (First Round)
Julian Knowle /  Andy Ram (First Round)
<li>  Mariusz Fyrstenberg /  Marcin Matkowski (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Wesley Moodie /  Dick Norman (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Julien Benneteau /  Michaël Llodra (Second Round, withdrew due to both players' injuries in their single matches against Tommy Robredo)
<li>  Marcel Granollers /  Tommy Robredo (Semifinals)
<li>  Robert Lindstedt /  Horia Tecău (Third Round)
<li>  Simon Aspelin /  Paul Hanley (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Mardy Fish /  Mark Knowles (Third Round)
<li>  Rohan Bopanna /  Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi (Final)
Gisela Dulko /  Flavia Pennetta (Quarterfinals)
Liezel Huber /  Nadia Petrova (Final)
Nuria Llagostera Vives /  María José Martínez Sánchez (First Round)
Květa Peschke /  Katarina Srebotnik (Third Round)
Lisa Raymond /  Rennae Stubbs (Quarterfinals)
Vania King /  Yaroslava Shvedova (Champions)
Chan Yung-jan /  Zheng Jie (Semifinals)
Anabel Medina Garrigues /  Yan Zi (Second Round)
<li>  Cara Black /  Anastasia Rodionova (Semifinals)
<li>  Maria Kirilenko /  Agnieszka Radwańska (Third Round)
<li>  Alisa Kleybanova /  Ekaterina Makarova (Second Round)
<li>  Iveta Benešová /  Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová (Third Round)
<li>  Monica Niculescu /  Shahar Pe'er (Third Round)
<li>  Elena Vesnina /  Vera Zvonareva (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Bethanie Mattek-Sands /  Meghann Shaughnessy (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Hsieh Su-wei /  Peng Shuai (Second Round)
Liezel Huber /  Bob Bryan (Champions)
Cara Black /  Leander Paes (Quarterfinals)
Katarina Srebotnik /  Nenad Zimonjić (Second Round)
Bethanie Mattek-Sands /  Daniel Nestor (Semifinals)
<li>  Rennae Stubbs /  Dick Norman (First Round)
<li>  Elena Vesnina /  Andy Ram (Second Round)
<li>  Lisa Raymond /  Wesley Moodie (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Vania King /  Horia Tecău (First Round)
Brigadier general is a rank in the army.
He is normally in command of a brigade, about 3,000 men.
It is between the rank of major general and colonel.
In the United States, brigadier general is also a rank in the Air Force and Marines and is also called O-7.
Brigadier in the British Army is OF-6, and also in NATO.
The difference is that NATO classes both first and second lieutenants as OF-1.
Harold George "Harry" Belafonte, Jr. (originally Belafonete; born March 1, 1927) is an American musician, singer, actor, and social activist.
His father was from Martinique; his mother was of Jamaican descent.
He is a very successful pop singer.
Some call him the "King of Calypso," because he popularized this Caribbean musical style in the 1950s.
Belafonte is well known for singing the "Banana Boat Song", with the words "Day-O."
He has worked for civil rights and humanitarian causes.
He criticized the policies of George W. Bush.
He endorsed Barack Obama for President of the United States in 2008 and Bernie Sanders for president in 2016.
Bright Road (1953)
Carmen Jones (1954)
Island in the Sun (1957)
The Heart of Show Business (1957) (short subject)
The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1959)
Odds Against Tomorrow (1959)
King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis (1970) (documentary) (narrator)
The Angel Levine (1970)
Buck and the Preacher (1972)
Uptown Saturday Night (1974)
A veces miro mi vida (1982)
Drei Lieder (1983) (short subject)
Sag nein (1983) (documentary)
Der Schönste Traum (1984) (documentary)
We Shall Overcome (1989) (documentary) (narrator)
The Player (1992) (Cameo)
Ready to Wear (1994) (Cameo)
Hank Aaron: Chasing the Dream (1995)
White Man's Burden (1995)
Jazz '34 (1996)
Kansas City (1996)
Scandalize My Name: Stories from the Blacklist (1998) (documentary)
Fidel (2001) (documentary)
XXI Century (2003) (documentary)
Conakry Kas (2003) (documentary)
Ladders (2004) (documentary) (narrator)
Mo & Me (2006) (documentary)
Motherland(2009) (documentary)
Sugar Hill Times (1949-1950)
Tonight With Belafonte (1959)
Petula (1968)
A World in Music (1969)
Harry & Lena, For The Love Of Life (1969)
A World in Love (1970)
Free to Be… You and Me (1974)
The Muppet Show (1978)
Grambling's White Tiger (1981)
Don't Stop The Carnival (1985)
An Evening With Harry Belafonte And Friends (1997)
Swing Vote (1999)
Tanner on Tanner (2004)
That's What I'm Talking About (2006) (miniseries)
When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts (2006) (miniseries)
John Murray Anderson's Almanac (December 10, 1953 - June 26, 1954)
3 for Tonight (April 6 - June 18, 1955)
Moonbirds (October 9 - October 10, 1959) (producer)
Belafonte at the Palace (December 15, 1959 - closing date unknown)
Asinamali! (
April 23 - May 17, 1987) (producer)
Harry Belafonte - a site of sites
Harry Belafonte discography
2004 Global Exchange Human Rights Award - Belafonte's acceptance speech in San Francisco
Ubben Lecture at DePauw University
transcript/MP3/video of interview by Amy Goodman, January 30, 2006
The Bigotry of Belafonte  - by Andrew Sullivan, Salon.com, Oct. 25, 2002
"The Man Behind Belafonte's Music - Irving Burgie" - by Ronald David Jackson, with video
Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks
The HistoryMakers  Biography and video clips
Harry Belafonte Appreciation Group on Imeem
Harry Belafonte: Belafonte At Carnegie Hall
Belafonte and Nat King Cole sing "Mama Look at Bubu"
Belafonte: "Iraq & Afghanistan Wars Are Immoral" - video report by Democracy Now!
Hear Harry Belafonte on the Pop Chronicles
Hamilton Othanel Smith (born August 23, 1931) is an American microbiologist and a Nobel prize winner.
He was jointly awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
He is a leader in the field of genomics.
Hamilton Smith was, with Craig Venter, a leader in the Celera corporation's bid to analyse and sell information about the human genome.
The basic idea was to find ways to make DNA sequencing cheaper so that everyone could have their DNA analysed.
Then the information could be used for medical purposes.
Smith's award was for the discovery of restriction enzymes.
These are enzymes that cut DNA at specific places.
Such enzymes, found in bacteria and archaea, probably evolved to provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses.
Inside a bacterial host, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA.
Host DNA is modified so it does not get cut up.
Together, these two processes are called the restriction modification system.
To cut the DNA, a restriction enzyme makes two cuts, once through each sugar-phosphate backbone (i.e. each strand) of the DNA double helix.
American microbiologists
Macaroni and cheese, also known as mac and cheese, macaroni cheese, or macaroni pie, is a dish of macaroni that is covered in a cheese sauce.
It can be bought packaged.
It is a common food for children in the U.S. It was introduced in America by Thomas Jefferson in 1803.
It originated in Italy and originally was a high-class food.
Pasta (Usually elbow macaroni)
Cheese (Usually American cheese)
Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871 – July 23, 1955) was an American politician from Tennessee.
He was the Secretary of State for 11 years.
He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for helping make the United Nations.
He was a lawyer in his younger years, and an Army officer in the Spanish–American War.
He was a US Representative for over 20 years.
He later was appointed to the Democratic National Committee.
He then became a US Senator, but resigned because he was appointed Secretary of State.
As Secretary he promoted a "good neighbor" policy towards Latin America and help for China in its war against Japan.
He resigned from the secretary position when his health failed.
He died in 1955 from heart attacks and strokes.
Lawyers from Tennessee
A penalty in ice hockey is a punishment when a player breaks rules during a game.
A referee or a game official will decide the penalty.
Normally it is done by placing the person in a penalty box for a certain amount of time.
After that the player can go back into the game.
There are several types of penalties.
Some are more serious and some are less.
Juan Sebastián Gómez (First Round)
Márton Fucsovics (Semifinals)
Tiago Fernandes (Third Round)
Jiří Veselý (Quarterfinals)
Damir Džumhur (Third Round)
Jason Kubler (First Round)
Duilio Beretta (Second Round, retired)
Agustín Velotti (Semifinals)
<li>  James Duckworth (First Round)
<li>  Denis Kudla (Final)
<li>  Renzo Olivo (First Round)
<li>  Máté Zsiga (First Round)
<li>  Victor Baluda (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Dominic Thiem (First Round)
<li>  Roberto Quiroz (First Round)
<li>  Mitchell Frank (Third Round)
Boys Singles
Sir Peter Markham Scott CH CBE DSC and Bar FRS (London, 14 September 1909 – Bristol, 29 August 1989) was a British ornithologist, conservationist, painter, Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve officer and sportsman.
Scott was knighted in 1973 for his contribution to the conservation of wild animals.
He had been a founder of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), a founder of several wetlands bird sactuaries in Britain, and an influence on international conservation.
He received the WWF Gold Medal, and the J. Paul Getty Prize for his work.
Scott was born in London, the only child of Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott (Scott of the Antarctic) and sculptor Kathleen Bruce.
He was two years old when his father died.
Robert Scott, in a last letter to his wife, advised her to "make the boy interested in natural history if you can; it is better than games".
He was educated at Oundle School and Trinity College, Cambridge, at first taking Natural Sciences but graduating in the History of Art in 1931.
After graduating, he studied art in Germany and London.
He had his first exhibition in London in 1933, and sold his first paintings.
In 1935 he published Morning Flight, illustrated by himself.
As a young man, Scott was not wealthy, and the income from his paintings was the basis of his life.
The paintings themselves sold well, but most of the income came from books and reproductions.
The reproductions, which were printed by Ankermann of Bond Street, are still selling well.
From this 'income stream' Scott was able to keep a family, and buy some of the land he wanted for wildfowl refuges.
As war approached, in 1939, he joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.
In 1940 he was a in a Destroyer as a Lieutenant.
After joining Coastal Forces he rose to Lieutenant-Commander and commanded a flotilla of Motor Gun Boats in the Channel.
He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross with bar and an MBE (Military Division).
In 1944 he was a Staff Officer and in March 1945 he was appointed Captain of the brand new Frigate HMS 'Cardigan Bay'.
In the years that followed, he became a television personality, popularising the study of wildfowl and wetlands.
His BBC natural history series, Look, ran from 1955 to 1981 and made him a household name.
From 1973 to 1983, Scott was Chancellor of the University of Birmingham.
Daria Gavrilova (Champion)
Tímea Babos (Second Round)
Irina Khromacheva (Second Round)
Elina Svitolina (Third Round)
Mónica Puig (Quarterfinals)
Karolína Plíšková (Quarterfinals)
Kristýna Plíšková (Second Round)
Laura Robson (Third Round)
<li>  Gabriela Dabrowski (Third Round)
<li>  Jana Čepelová (Second Round)
<li>  An-Sophie Mestach (First Round)
<li>  Zheng Saisai (First Round)
<li>  Tang Haochen (Third Round)
<li>  Beatrice Capra (withdrew due to fatigue after playing three rounds in the women's singles event)
<li>  Sloane Stephens (Semifinals)
<li>  María-Teresa Torro-Flor (First Round)
Girls Singles
Márton Fucsovics and Hsieh Cheng-peng were the defending champions, but Hsieh did not enter the junior competition this year.
Fucsovics played alongside Máté Zsiga, but the team lost to Guilherme Clézar and Tiago Fernandes in the second round.
Márton Fucsovics /  Máté Zsiga (Second Round)
Renzo Olivo /  Agustín Velotti (First Round)
Duilio Beretta /  Roberto Quiroz (Champions)
Oliver Golding /  Jiří Veselý (Final)
<li>  Juan Sebastián Gómez /  Yasutaka Uchiyama (First Round)
<li>  Damir Džumhur /  Mate Pavić (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Denis Kudla /  Raymond Sarmiento (First Round)
<li>  Huang Liang-chi /  Ouyang Bowen (Second Round)
Daria Gavrilova /  Irina Khromacheva (Semifinals)
Karolína Plíšková /  Kristýna Plíšková (First Round)
Tímea Babos /  Sloane Stephens (Champions)
Caroline Garcia /  Mónica Puig (First Round)
<li>  Jana Čepelová /  Chantal Škamlová (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Verónica Cepede Royg /  Cristina Dinu (Second Round)
<li>  Ons Jabeur /  Yulia Putintseva (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Eugenie Bouchard /  Gabriela Dabrowski (Second Round)
Shingo Kunieda, defended his 2009 title after Nicolas Peifer withdrew from the final.
Shingo Kunieda (Champion)
Maikel Scheffers (Semifinals)
pl:US Open 2010#Gra pojedyncza mężczyzn na wózkach
Esther Vergeer, defended her 2009 title, after a win against Daniela Di Toro 6–0, 6–0 in the final.
Esther Vergeer (Champion)
Sharon Walraven (Semifinals)
pl:US Open 2010#Gra pojedyncza kobiet na wózkach
Robin Ammerlaan /  Shingo Kunieda (First Round, withdrew)
Stéphane Houdet /  Stefan Olsson (First Round)
Daniela Di Toro /  Aniek van Koot (Final)
Esther Vergeer /  Sharon Walraven (Champions)
Standings are determined by:
Number of wins
Number of matches
Head-to-head records
Percentage of sets won, or of games won
Steering Committee decision.
Nick Taylor and David Wagner defended their 2009 title, after they won 7–5, 7–6(4), against Johan Andersson and Peter Norfolk in the final.
Roger Federer was the defending champion, but was defeated by Juan Martín del Potro in the final, 6–3, 6–7(5), 6–4, 6–7(4), 2–6.
Roger Federer (Final, lost to Juan Martín del Potro)
Andy Murray (Fourth Round, lost to Marin Čilić)
Rafael Nadal (Semifinals, lost to Juan Martín del Potro)
Novak Djokovic (Semifinals, lost to Roger Federer)
Andy Roddick (Third Round, lost to John Isner)
Juan Martín del Potro (Champion)
Jo-Wilfried Tsonga (Fourth Round, lost to Fernando González)
Nikolay Davydenko (Fourth Round, retired - hip injury - against Robin Söderling)
Gilles Simon (Third Round, retired - knee injury - against Juan Carlos Ferrero)
Fernando Verdasco (Quarterfinals, lost to Novak Djokovic)
Fernando González (Quarterfinals, lost to Rafael Nadal)
Robin Söderling (Quarterfinals, lost to Roger Federer)
Gaël Monfils (Fourth Round, lost to Rafael Nadal)
Tommy Robredo (Fourth Round, lost to Roger Federer)
Radek Štěpánek (Fourth Round, lost to Novak Djokovic)
Marin Čilić (Quarterfinals, lost to Juan Martín del Potro)
<li>  Tomáš Berdych (Third Round, lost to Fernando González)
<li>  David Ferrer (Second Round, lost to José Acasuso)
<li>  Stanislas Wawrinka (First Round, lost to Nicolás Lapentti)
<li>  Tommy Haas (Third Round, lost to Fernando Verdasco)
<li>  James Blake (Third Round, lost to Tommy Robredo)
<li>  Sam Querrey (Third Round, lost to Robin Söderling)
<li>  Philipp Kohlschreiber (Third Round, lost to Radek Štěpánek)
<li>  Juan Carlos Ferrero (Fourth Round, lost to Juan Martín del Potro)
<li>  Mardy Fish (Withdrew due to rib injury)
<li>  Paul-Henri Mathieu (First Round, lost to Mikhail Youzhny)
<li>  Ivo Karlović (First Round, lost to Iván Navarro)
<li>  Victor Hănescu (First Round, lost to John Isner)
<li>  Igor Andreev (First Round, lost to Jesse Witten)
<li>  Viktor Troicki (Second Round, lost to Julien Benneteau)
<li>  Lleyton Hewitt (Third Round, lost to Roger Federer)
<li>  Nicolás Almagro (Third Round, lost to Rafael Nadal)
Kim Clijsters defeated  Caroline Wozniacki in the final 7–5, 6–3.
Serena Williams, the defending champion, lost to Clijsters in the semifinals.
Dinara Safina (Third Round)
Serena Williams (Semifinals)
Venus Williams (Fourth Round)
Elena Dementieva (Second Round)
Jelena Janković (Second Round)
Vera Zvonareva (Fourth Round)
Victoria Azarenka (Third Round)
Caroline Wozniacki (Final)
Flavia Pennetta (Quarterfinals)
Ana Ivanović (First Round)
Nadia Petrova (Fourth Round)
Samantha Stosur (Second Round)
Virginie Razzano (First Round)
<li>  Amélie Mauresmo (Second Round)
<li>  Na Li (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Patty Schnyder (Second Round)
<li>  Anabel Medina Garrigues (Second Round)
<li>  Zheng Jie (Third Round)
<li>  Daniela Hantuchová (Fourth Round)
<li>  Sabine Lisicki (Second Round)
<li>  Sorana Cîrstea (Third Round)
<li>  Kaia Kanepi (First Round)
<li>  Francesca Schiavone (Fourth Round)
<li>  Alisa Kleybanova (First Round)
<li>  Sybille Bammer (First Round)
<li>  Maria Sharapova (Third Round)
<li>  Alyona Bondarenko (Second Round)
<li>  Elena Vesnina (Third Round)
<li>  Ágnes Szávay (First Round)
Bob Bryan /  Mike Bryan (Semifinals)
Daniel Nestor /  Nenad Zimonjić (Quarterfinals)
Mahesh Bhupathi /  Mark Knowles (Final)
' Lukáš Dlouhý /  Leander Paes (Champions)
Max Mirnyi /  Andy Ram (Semifinals)
Mariusz Fyrstenberg /  Marcin Matkowski (First Round)
Wesley Moodie /  Dick Norman (Quarterfinals)
Bruno Soares /  Kevin Ullyett (Second Round)
<li>  Łukasz Kubot /  Oliver Marach (First Round)
<li>  František Čermák /  Michal Mertiňák (Second Round)
<li>  Martin Damm /  Robert Lindstedt (Third Round)
<li>  Simon Aspelin /  Paul Hanley (First Round)
<li>  Travis Parrott /  Filip Polášek (First Round)
<li>  Ashley Fisher /  Jordan Kerr (First Round)
<li>  Stephen Huss /  Ross Hutchins (First Round)
<li>  Marcelo Melo /  André Sá (Second Round)
Cara Black and Liezel Huber were the defending champions, but Serena Williams and Venus Williams defeated them in the final 6–2, 6–2.
Cara Black /  Liezel Huber (Final)
Anabel Medina Garrigues /  Virginia Ruano Pascual (Third Round)
Samantha Stosur /  Rennae Stubbs (Semifinals)
Serena Williams /  Venus Williams (Champions)
Daniela Hantuchová /  Ai Sugiyama (Third Round)
Nuria Llagostera Vives /  María José Martínez Sánchez (Quarterfinals)
Su-Wei Hsieh /  Peng Shuai (Second Round)
Bethanie Mattek-Sands /  Nadia Petrova (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Anna-Lena Grönefeld /  Patty Schnyder (Third Round)
<li>  Maria Kirilenko /  Elena Vesnina (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Zi Yan /  Zheng Jie (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Vania King /  Monica Niculescu (Third Round)
<li>  Alisa Kleybanova /  Ekaterina Makarova (Semifnals)
<li>  Sania Mirza /  Francesca Schiavone (Second Round)
<li>  Raquel Kops-Jones /  Abigail Spears (First Round)
<li>  Victoria Azarenka /  Vera Zvonareva (Second Round)
Carly Gullickson and Travis Parrott won in the final, 6–2, 6–4, against defending champions, Cara Black and Leander Paes.
Liezel Huber /  Mahesh Bhupathi (Semifinals)
Cara Black /  Leander Paes (Final)
Lisa Raymond /  Marcin Matkowski (Quarterfinals)
Anna-Lena Grönefeld /  Mark Knowles (Second Round)
<li> Su-Wei Hsieh /  Kevin Ullyett (Semifinals)
<li> Nadia Petrova /  Max Mirnyi (First Round)
<li> Rennae Stubbs /  Robert Lindstedt (Quarterfinals)
<li> Bethanie Mattek-Sands /  Nenad Zimonjić (Quarterfinals)
Bernard Tomic won in the final 6-1, 6-3 against Chase Buchanan.
Yuki Bhambri (Quarterfinals)
Daniel Berta (First Round)
Bernard Tomic (Champion)
Liang-Chi Huang (First Round)
Agustín Velotti (First Round)
Yong-Kyu Lim (Second Round)
Andrea Collarini (Third Round)
Gianni Mina(Semifinals)
<li>  Shuichi Sekiguchi (First Round)
<li>  Facundo Argüello (First Round)
<li>  Kevin Krawietz (First Round)
<li>  Julien Obry (Second Round)
<li>  Julen Urigüen (First Round)
<li>  David Souto (First Round)
<li>  Dominik Schulz (Second Round)
<li>  Denis Kudla(Quarterfinals)
Heather Watson won in the final 6–4, 6–1 against Yana Buchina.
Kristina Mladenovic (First Round)
Noppawan Lertcheewakarn (Quarterfinals)
Sloane Stephens (Third Round)
Ajla Tomljanović (Second Round)
Silvia Njirić (Third Round)
Lauren Embree (Second Round)
Christina McHale (Withdrew)
<li>  Daria Gavrilova (Semifinals)
<li>  Richel Hogenkamp (Third Round)
<li>  Heather Watson (Champion)
<li>  Tamaryn Hendler (Third Round)
<li>  Miyabi Inoue (First Round)
<li>  Jana Cepelova (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Ulrikke Eikeri (Third Round)
<li>  Beatrice Capra (Quarterfinals)
Marton Fucsovics and Cheng Peng Hsieh won in the finals 7-6(5), 5-7, [10-1] against Julien Obry and Adrien Puget.
Yuki Bhambri /  Liang-Chi Huang (First Round)
Facundo Arguello /  Agustin Velotti (Semifinals)
Francis Alcantara /  Daniel Berta (First Round)
Suk-Young Jeong /  Yong-Kyu Lim (First Round)
<li> Andrea Collarini /  Nikala Scholtz (First Round)
<li> Pierre-Hugues Herbert /  Kevin Krawietz (Quarterfinals)
<li> Hiroyasu Ehara /  Shuichi Sekiguchi (First Round)
<li> Arthur De Greef /  Gianni Mina (First Round)
Boys Doubles
Lertcheewakarn partnered with Elena Bogdan, but Valeria Solovieva and Maryna Zanevska defeated them in the final 1-6, 6-3 [10-7].
Kristina Mladenovic /  Silvia Njiric (First Round)
Tímea Babos /  Ajla Tomljanovic (Quarterfinals)
Elena Bogdan /  Noppawan Lertcheewakarn (Final)
Mallory Burdette /  Sloane Stephens (Second Round)
<li> Richel Hogenkamp /  Ksenia Kirillova (First Round)
<li> Yana Buchina /  Heather Watson (First Round)
<li> Daria Gavrilova /  Irina Khromacheva (Semifinals)
<li> Ulrikke Eikeri /  Mai Grage (First Round)
Girls Doubles
Shingo Kunieda won in the final 6-0, 6-0 against Maikel Scheffers
Stephane Houdet (Quarterfinals)
Esther Vergeer won in the final 6-0, 6-0 against Korie Homan.
Korie Homan (Final)
Stephane Houdet and Stefan Olsson won in the final 6–4, 4–6, 6–4 against Maikel Scheffers and Ronald Vink.
Stephane Houdet /  Stefan Olsson (Champions)
Maikel Scheffers /  Ronald Vink (Final)
Korie Homan and Esther Vergeer won in the final 6–2, 6–2 against Daniela DiToro and Florence Gravellier.
Korie Homan /  Esther Vergeer (Champions)
Daniela DiToro /  Florence Gravellier (Final)
Peter Norfolk won in the final 6–6, 3–6, 6–3, against David Wagner.
Nicholas Taylor and David Wagner won in the final 6-1, 6-7(5), 6-3 against Johan Andersson and Peter Norfolk.
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour is the number one tier tennis tour for men's tennis competition.
The 2010 ATP World Tour calendar cosists of Grand Slam tournaments (organised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the ATP World Team Championship, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), and the ATP World Tour Finals.
Also included in the 2010 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which does not distribute ranking points, and is organised by the ITF.
Official website of the Association of Tennis Professionals
ATP World Tour
ATP seasons
The rectus abdominis muscle is a muscle in the human body.
It is commonly referred to as "Abs".
It is a paired muscle that runs vertically from the lower chest to the pubic region people usually try to put stress to make it look as if they have huge abs and they help us run.
fi:Vatsalihakset#Suorat vatsalihakset
Commander is a rank of naval officer.
It may also be used as a general term for a leader.
Commander as a naval rank
Commander is a rank used in many navies and some air forces.
It is rarely used as a rank in armies, except in special forces for a team leader.
In practice, these were usually unrated sloops-of-war of no more than 20 guns.
The Royal Navy shortened "Master and Commander" to "Commander" in 1794; however, the term "Master and Commander" remained in common use for many years.
A corresponding rank in some navies is frigate captain.
In the 20th and 21st centuries, the rank has been assigned the NATO rank code of OF-4.
A Commander in the Royal Navy is above the rank of Lieutenant-Commander, below the rank of Captain.
It is equivalent in rank to a Lieutenant Colonel in the British Army and Wing Commander in the Royal Air Force.
A Commander may command a frigate, destroyer, submarine, aviation squadron or shore installation, or may serve on a staff.
The Federalist Papers were a series of essays about the United States Constitution.
In total, there were 85 articles, 77 of them appeared in newspapers between October of 1787 and August 1788.
Many talked about how the Constitution would solve America's political problems.
Most of them were published in newspapers in New York and Virginia, states where it was not clear whether or not the Constitution would pass (it did).
Most were written by Alexander Hamilton or James Madison, though a few were written by John Jay.
One of the most famous of the Papers is Federalist No.
It was written by Madison and says that the Constitution would keep the United States from being run by small groups called "factions".
The collection of all papers was also published as a book.
The papers were published using a false name, Publius.
This name was used in reference to Publius Valerius Publicola, a Roman Consul and one of the aristocrats who overthrew the Roman Kingdom in the 5th century BC.
The papers are often thought of as one of the most important works of American political thought.
Sometimes they are used by Supreme Court justices to try to say what the founders were thinking.
The Federalist Papers, original 1788 printing
National Archives on The Federalist
The Federalist Papers on the Bill of Rights
Teaching The Federalist Papers
Booknotes interview with Robert Scigliano on Scigliano's Modern Library edition of The Federalist Papers, January 21, 2001.
Collection of The Federalist Papers
EDSITEment on The Federalist and Anti-Federalist debates on diversity and the extended republic
1788 works
1788 in the United States
is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan on the island of Honshu.
The capital city is Akita.
Akita prefecture is famous for rice and sake.
Historic places
Senshu Park is 5 minutes walk from Akita Station.
The site of castle of the Kubota Castle built by Satake, a daimyo from Hitachi.
Landscape gardener, Abira Nagaoka, designed the park in 1896.
The name "Akita" became established in Tenpyou era.
Akita Prefecture faces the Sea of Japan.
It is bordered by Aomori Prefecture in the north, Iwate Prefecture in the east, Miyagi Prefecture in the southeast, and Yamagata Prefecture in the south.
Mt. Chokai is the second hightest mountain in the Tohoku Region.
Shirakami-Sanchi is a large mountain range along the border between Akita and Aomori prefectures.
National Parks cover about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Towada-Hachimantai National Park
Nyuto Hot Spring Village (There are seven hotels.)
Tsurunoyu
Taenoyu
Kuroyu
Ganiba
Magoroku
Oogama
National Park Resort Village Nyuto Hot Spring
Ōmonoimi jinja and Tsutsukowake jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.
http://www.pref.akita.jp/e/
The Korean Demilitarized Zone () is a piece of land running across the Korean Peninsula that serves as a buffer zone between North and South Korea.
The DMZ cuts the Korean Peninsula almost in half, crossing the 38th parallel.
The west end of the DMZ is south of the parallel and the east end is to the north of it.
It is  long, and about  wide and is the most highly militarized border in the world.
The border between both Koreas in the Yellow Sea and its coastline is known as the Northern Limit Line.
Both sides of the Northern Limit Line are also heavily guarded.
The 38th parallel north cuts the Korean peninsula roughly in half.
The parallel was the original boundary between the US-occupied and Soviet-occupied areas of Korea at the end of World War II.
When the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, informally North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (ROK, informally South Korea) were created in 1948, this line became a de facto international border between the two countries.
It was also one of the most tense fronts in the Cold War.
Both the North and the South remained heavily dependent on their sponsor states from 1948 to the outbreak of the Korean War.
The conflict claimed over three million lives and divided the Korean Peninsula along ideological lines.
On June 25, 1950, a Soviet-sponsored DPRK invasion crossed the 38th parallel.
The conflict ended three years later.
International troops had been deployed and  pushed the frontline back to near the 38th parallel.
In the ceasefire of July 27, 1953, the DMZ was created.
Each side agreed in the armistice to move their troops back  from the front line, creating a buffer zone  wide.
The Military Demarcation Line (MDL) goes down the center of the DMZ and indicates exactly where the front was when the agreement was signed.
In theory, this is a stalemate.
Neither side won or lost.
Because of this, both sides of the conflict are still enemies,  and a large number of troops is still stationed along both sides of the line.
The armistice agreement explains exactly how many military personnel and what kind of weapons are allowed in the DMZ.
Soldiers from both sides may patrol inside the DMZ, but they may not cross the MDL.
Sporadic outbreaks of violence due to North Korean hostilities killed over 500 South Korean soldiers and 50 U.S. soldiers along the DMZ between 1953 and 1999.
Tae Sung Dong and Kijong-dong were the only villages allowed by the armistice committee to remain within the boundaries of the DMZ.
Residents of Tae Sung Dong are governed and protected by the United Nations Command and are generally required to spend at least 240 nights per year in the village to maintain their residency.
In 2008, the village had a population of 218 people.
The villagers of Tae Sung Dong are direct descendants of people who owned the land before the 1950-53 Korean War.
Inside the DMZ, near the western coast of the peninsula, is a place called Panmunjeom.
The  Joint Security Area (JSA) is located there.
Originally,  it was the only connection between North and South Korea.
In 2007 a Korail train crossed the DMZ  to the North on the new Donghae Bukbu Line built on the east coast of Korea.
There are several buildings on both sides of the Military Demarcation Line.
A few are built right on top of the MDL.
The Joint Security Area is the location where all negotiations since 1953 have been held, including statements of Korean solidarity, which have generally amounted to little except a slight decline of tensions.
The MDL goes through the conference rooms and down the middle of the conference tables where the North Koreans and the United Nations Command (primarily South Koreans and Americans) meet face to face.
Though generally calm, the DMZ has been the scene of much saber-rattling between the two Koreas over the years.
Several small skirmishes have occurred within the Joint Security Area since 1953.
The Axe Murder Incident in August 1976 involved the attempted trimming of a poplar tree which resulted in two deaths (CPT Arthur Bonifas and 1LT Mark Barrett) and Operation Paul Bunyan.
Beforehand, the soldiers of both sides were permitted to go back and forth across the MDL inside of the JSA, a privilege since revoked as a result of this incident.
Another incident occurred on November 23, 1984, when a Soviet tourist, who was part of an official trip to the JSA (hosted by the North), ran across the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) shouting that he wanted to defect.
North Korean troops immediately chased after him opening fire.
Border guards on the South Korean side returned fire eventually surrounding the North Koreans as they pursued the Russian national.
One South Korean and three North Korean soldiers were killed in the action.
The defector was not captured.
In late 2009, South Korean forces and the United Nations Command began renovation of its three guard posts and two checkpoint buildings within the JSA compound.
Construction was designed to enlarge and modernise the structures.
Work was undertaken a year after North Korea finished replacing four JSA guard posts on its side of the MDL.
South Korea has discovered tunnels that cross the DMZ.
To build these tunnels, explosives were used.
This left certain traces, called "blasting lines".
The orientation of these blasting lines shows that the tunnels were built from north to south, North Korea built them.
In total, four tunnels have been discovered, the first on November 15, 1974.
North Korea claimed that the tunnels were used for coal mining.
No coal has been found in the tunnels.
All tunnels were dug in a rock called granite.
Some of the tunnel walls have been painted black to give the appearance of anthracite.
It is believed the tunnels were built to allow a North Korean military invasion.
Each tunnel is big enough, so an entire infantry division can pass in one hour, but the tunnels are too small for tanks or other vehicles.
All the tunnels run in a north-south direction and do not have branches.
Engineering within the tunnels, following each discovery, has become progressively more advanced.
For example, the third tunnel sloped slightly upwards as it progressed southward, to prevent water stagnation.
Today, visitors may visit the second, third and fourth tunnels through guided tours.
First tunnel
The first of the tunnels was discovered by a South Korean Army patrol, noticing steam rising from the ground.
The initial discovery was met with machine gun fire from North Korean soldiers.
Five days later, during a subsequent exploration of this tunnel, U.S. Navy Commander Robert M. Ballinger and ROK Marine Corps Major Kim Hah Chul were killed in the tunnel by a North Korean explosive device.
The blast also wounded five Americans and one South Korean from the United Nations Command.
The tunnel, which was about  high by  wide, extended more than  beyond the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) into South Korea.
The tunnel was reinforced with concrete slabs and had electric power and lighting.
There were weapons storage and sleeping areas.
A narrow gauge railway with carts had also been installed.
Estimates based on the tunnel's size, suggest it would have allowed approximately 2,000 KPA soldiers (one regiment) to pass through it per hour.
Second tunnel
The second tunnel was discovered on March 19, 1975.
It is of similar length to the first tunnel.
It is located between  below ground, but is larger than the first, approximately .
Third tunnel
The third tunnel was discovered on October 17, 1978.
Unlike the previous two, the third tunnel was discovered following a tip from a North Korean defector.
This tunnel is about  long and about  below ground.