the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Tiberius (Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus, 16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37 AD) was the second Roman Emperor.
He ruled from 14 to 37 AD.
He was the step-son of Caesar Augustus.
Tiberius was one of Ancient Rome's greatest generals, whose campaigns protected the northern frontier.
He reigned for 22 years, and the first part of his imperial work was excellent.
Later, he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive, and somber ruler.
After the death of his son Drusus in 23, the quality of his rule declined and ended in terror.
In 26, Tiberius moved from Rome to the Isle of Capri, and left administration largely in the hands of his unscrupulous Praetorian Prefect Sejanus.
Sejanus became the effective ruler of Rome, and plotted against Tiberius, murdering people who opposed him.
When alerted, Tiberius counter-plotted to remove Sejanus from his official positions, and eventually executed him.
More executions followed of people who had committed crimes under Sejanus' rule.
Tiberius shared in Augustus' tribune powers as of 6 BC, but soon went into retirement in Rhodes.
He was reported as wanting no further role in politics.p117p46 After the early deaths of Augustus' young grandchildren-turned-sons, Lucius and Gaius in AD 2 and 4 respectively, and the earlier death of his own brother Drusus (9 BC), Tiberius was recalled to Rome in June AD 4, where he was adopted by Augustus on the condition that he, in turn, adopt his nephew Germanicus.p119 This continued the tradition of presenting at least two generations of heirs.
In the same year, Tiberius was also granted the powers of a tribune and proconsul, emissaries from foreign kings had to pay their respects to him, and by 13 was awarded with his second triumph and equal level of imperium with that of Augustus.p119/120 Tiberius duly assumed the titles of Augustus when the old man's long reign came to an end in AD 14.
Tiberius Emperor
The northern legions had not been paid, and rebelled.
Germanicus and Tiberius's son, Drusus, were dispatched with a small force to quell the uprising and bring the legions back in line.
Germanicus rallied the mutineers and led them on a short campaign across the Rhine into Germanic territory, stating that whatever treasure they could grab would count as their bonus.
Germanicus's forces smashed across the Rhine and quickly occupied all of the territory between the Rhine and the Elbe.
So Germanicus dealt a significant blow to Rome's enemies, and quelled an uprising of troops, actions that increased his fame with the Roman people.
After being recalled from Germania, Germanicus celebrated a triumph in Rome in AD 17, the first full triumph that the city had seen since Augustus's own in 29 BC.
As a result, in AD 18 Germanicus was granted control over the eastern part of the empire, just as both Agrippa and Tiberius had received before, and was clearly the successor to Tiberius.
But tragedy struck once again, as Germanicus died after a year, apparently poisoned.
Tiberius and Sejanus
Sejanus had served the imperial family for almost twenty years when he became Praetorian Prefect in AD 15.
The death of Drusus elevated Sejanus.
Tiberius had statues of Sejanus erected throughout the city, and Sejanus became more and more visible as Tiberius began to withdraw from Rome altogether.
Finally, with Tiberius's withdrawal to Capri in AD 26, Sejanus was left in charge of the entire state mechanism and the city of Rome.
Sejanus's position was not quite that of successor.
The presence of Livia (the third wife and advisor of Augustus) seems to have checked his power for a time.
Her death in AD 29 changed all that.
Sejanus began a series of purge trials of Senators in Rome.
Germanicus's widow Agrippina the Elder and two of her sons were arrested and exiled in AD 30 and later all died in suspicious circumstances.
In response, Tiberius manoeuvered cleverly.
He knew an immediate condemnation of Sejanus might not succeed.
Since he and Sejanus were then joint Consuls, Tiberius resigned his post of Consul, which forced Sejanus to do likewise.
This removed much of Sejanus' legal powers and protection.
Then, in AD 31, Sejanus was summoned to a meeting of the Senate, where a letter from Tiberius was read condemning Sejanus and ordering his immediate execution.
Macro was appointed Praetorian Prefect, with the specific job of removing Sejanus.
Sejanus was tried, and he and several of his colleagues were executed within the week.
More treason trials followed.
Tacitus writes that Tiberius had been hesitant to act at the start of his reign, but now, towards the end of his life, he seemed to do so without compunction.
However, Tacitus' portrayal of a tyrannical, vengeful emperor has been challenged by several modern historians.
The prominent ancient historian Edward Togo Salmon notes in his work, A history of the Roman world from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138:
"In the whole twenty two years of Tiberius' reign, not more than fifty-two persons were accused of treason, of whom almost half escaped conviction, while the four innocent people to be condemned fell victims to the excessive zeal of the Senate, not to the Emperor's tyranny".
The last years of Tiberius were notable for his complete absence from Rome, and his inactivity as Emperor.
He was now an old man in his 70s, and left decisions to the officials in Rome.
He did nothing to prevent the rise of his grandnephew Caligula, who was now popular with the people (as the only surviving son of germanicus) and who had the support of the Prefect Macro.
In 35, Tiberius would make both caligula and his own grandson Gemellus joint heirs, before dying two years later, in his 78th year.
Some speculate Macro and Caligula hastened the old emperor’s death.
Regardless, Caligula would succeed Tiberius as emperor.
Teberius -Citizendium
42 BC births
37 deaths
14 is a year in the 1st century.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pompeius and Appuleius.
Tacitus reports that the town and port of Nauportus is plundered by a mutinous Roman legion.
Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus as Emperor of the Roman Empire.
Legions on the Rhine revolt after the death of Augustus.
Germanicus and Drusus stop the revolt.
Germanicus is appointed commander of the forces in Germany.
Augustus dies and is declared to be a god.
A census shows there are 4,973,000 Roman citizens.
Claudia Marcella marries Sextus Appuleius.
Sextus Appuleius and Sextus Pompeius serve as Roman consuls.
First year of tianfeng era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
Famine hits China.
Some citizens turn to cannibalism.
August 19 – Roman Emperor Augustus.
Julia the Elder, daughter of Roman Emperor Augustus.
Postumus Agrippa, Grandson of Roman Emperor Augustus.
Ray Douglas Bradbury (August 22, 1920 - June 5, 2012) was an American writer.
His most famous works are The Martian Chronicles and Fahrenheit 451.
He also wrote big collections of short stories such as "Driving Blind."
He was born in Waukegan, Illinois to a Swedish mother.
He graduated from a high school in Los Angeles, California.
Many of his works are based on real life, such as "Dandelion Wine," a book about growing up in small-town Illinois.
His other work includes movies, and screenplays.
He won many awards.
He died in his Los Angeles home.
People from Waukegan, Illinois
Porpoises are  mammals that live in the ocean.
They are in the order Cetacea.
They form the family Phocoenidae.
There are six species of porpoise.
Family Phocoenidae:
Finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides)
Vaquita (Phocoena sinus)
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Burmeister's porpoise (Phocoena spinipinnis)
Spectacled porpoise (Phocoena dioptrica)
Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli)
Porpoises look much like dolphins, but they are different in some ways: They are smaller and more stout.
They have spade-shaped teeth, rounded heads, blunt jaws, and triangular dorsal fins.
Cetology is a type of science.
It is the study of the cetaceans.
It includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
Cetology is the branch of marine mammal science which studies approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea.
The term was created in the mid-19th century from the Greek cetus ("whale") and -ology ("study").
Primatology is a type of science that is part of zoology, that studies primates (monkeys, apes, lemurs, and humans).
Primatology is a part of physical anthropology.
Orangutans (Pongo) are great apes belonging to the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia.
There are two species of orangutan.
They are from Southeast Asia.
There are very few of them left, because loss of the jungle has reduced their habitat.
There are orangutans on view at the Singapore zoo.
The name orangutan comes from two Malay words, orang which means person, and hutan which means forest; so orangutan means person of the forest.
Genus Pongo
Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus
Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii
Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis
Orangutans have red-brown hair.
They have long arms.
They can be strong like chimpanzees, gorillas and humans.
They also have hands that are good for climbing.
The Sumatran Orangutan is smaller and has longer hair than the Bornean orangutan.
Orangutans have suffered from forest loss and are on the very edge of extinction.
Orangutans are from the rainforests on the islands Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia.
They mostly live up in the trees.
They eat fruit, leaves and bark and also insects and bird eggs.
They drink water from rain that has been collected in leaves.
Orangutans are not comfortable on the ground since they have to push themselves along with fists.
Heavy adults move carefully through the trees, using their flexible feet to grasp the tree branches.
Smaller orangutans swing with more ease.
An orangutan's diet consists mainly of fruit, they like ripe fruit.
If they cannot find fruit they will eat bark, leaves and termites, rather than move to somewhere else to get food.
About 60% of an orangutan's diet is fruit, 25% is leaves, 10% is bark and flowers, and 5% is termites and other insects.
After a pregnancy of 230–260 days the female gives birth to usually one baby, but sometimes two, every eight to nine years.
The little ones stay with their mother for years, riding on their mother's back and learning to move through the forest.
The young orangutans are playful and affectionate.
When they are five or six years old, they become more independent and eventually go off on their own.
Primate Info Net Pongo Factsheet
Information from Grungy Ape on the difference between the two Orang-utan species
OrionSociety.org  - 'Does an orangutan find Freedom in the Gift of Words?
Do We?'
Orang utan language project
Facial Expression & Vocalizations
Orangutan Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated to "support the conservation and understanding of the orangutan and its rain forest habitat while caring for ex-captive individuals as they make their way back to the forest."
Orang Utan Republik Education Initiative non-profit organization whose mission is to secure the future of the orangutan through programs of education and outreach in Indonesia.
The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation
Sumatran Orangutan Society International non-profit organization dedicated to the protection of Sumatran orangutans
Greetings are nice things to say when people meet each other.
Greetings may be different from culture to culture.
These are some greetings used a lot in the English language:
"Hello" Formal, Neutral and Informal
"Hi" Neutral and Informal
"Hey" Informal
Good Bye,greeting used while leaving each other
"Good [morning, afternoon, evening,night], Formal , which changes with the time of day
"What's up?", "
Yo", "What's up?", "'
Sup" and "What's happening?",
which are not formal
"G'day", a greeting used a lot in Australia
"Howdy", an informal greeting used a lot in rural areas of the United States
"How do you do", which is used as a question in some places and a normal greeting in others
Hat-raising or tipping
Kissing on the hand or cheek
Namaste common greeting in Asia
Roman salute
Hugging is another one which is used all around the world
Sunlight is the light and energy that comes from the Sun.
When this energy reaches the earth's surface, it is called insolation.
What we experience as sunlight is actually solar radiation.
It is the radiation and heat from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic waves.
The atmosphere affects the amount of solar radiation received.
When solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed by the atmosphere (16%).
Some of it is scattered to space (6%).
Some of it is reflected by clouds (28%).
About 47% of it reaches the Earth's surface.
Without sunlight, there could not be life on the Earth.
Plants need sunlight for the process of photosynthesis.
During photosynthesis the plants use the energy of the sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, to create glucose (sugar).
The glucose can later be used by the plant for energy or animals eat the plant and the glucose in it.
Plants need sunlight to grow green.
Without enough sunlight but with enough water, the plant grows very tall very quickly, but looks yellow and dehydrated, although when touched, the leaves are very moist.
Solar radiation can be both good and bad for a person's health.
When in the light, the human body uses the ultraviolet part of sunlight to make its own Vitamin D. Without sunscreen too much ultraviolet light can cause sunburn and skin cancer.
Sun angle makes difference in seasons on Earth as well as in the length of day and night.
A high angle makes the tropics hot, and a low angle makes the arctic cold.
Intensity of sunlight on planets of Solar System
Different bodies of the Solar System receive sunlight of different intensities.
The table compares the amount of light received by each planet on the Solar System follows:
Use of solar energy
Solar energy is used in many different ways by people all over the world both in its traditional way for heating, cooking or drying and to make electricity where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote places on Earth or in the space.
Sometimes, it is cheaper to make electricity from sunlight than from coal or oil.
Solar radiation - Encyclopedia of Earth
Theism is the religious belief that at least one god exists while rejecting the existence or importance of polytheistic gods or goddesses.
In a broader definition it can also be the belief in God or gods in general, including all types of god-belief.
Polytheism is the belief in several gods, while monotheism is the belief in just one god.
For example, a theistic religion is Christianity.
The opposite to a theist is an atheist.
An atheist is a person who denies or disbelieves the existence of a supreme being or beings.
Different theisms
All of these are rough definitions of the theisms; they are almost always different.
We can split them all into different groups:
atheism — the opposite of theism; not believing in any gods or deities
deism — believing that god(s) exist, but that they do not take part in our lives.
agnosticism — believing we cannot know whether god(s) exist
gnosticism — believing that we can know for certain whether a god(s) exist.
Gnosticism and agnosticism can be combined with other forms of theism.
For example, it is possible to be an agnostic atheist, or a gnostic theist.
In common usage, some people group atheism and agnosticism together under the group of nontheism — absence of clear belief in any deity.
polytheism — believing that many gods or goddesses exist (sometimes known as paganism)
monotheism — belief that only one god exists (Christians, Muslims and Jews believe in monotheism.)
ditheism — belief that two gods exist and they are both equal.
pantheism — god and the universe are the same
panentheism — the universe is part of god
dystheism or maltheism — that god or the gods are evil.
Animism: believing that everything is alive and spirits are in all things, and that all things have souls.
Monolatry: there is (or may be) more than one god, but they are all expressions of the supreme god.
Henotheism: there is (or may be) more than one god, but only one is the supreme.
Kathenotheism: there is more than one god, but only one at a time should be worshipped.
Each is supreme in turn.
The plesiosaurs were an order of large, carnivorous marine reptiles.
They flourished from 245 million years ago (mya) to 65 mya.
In 1719, William Stukeley described the first partial skeleton of a plesiosaur.
The great-grandfather of Charles Darwin, Robert Darwin of Elston told him about it.
Mary Anning was the first to discover a fairly complete plesiosaur.
She found it on the 'Jurassic Coast' of Dorset, England in the winter of 1820/21.
The fossil was missing its skull, but in 1823 she found another one, this time complete with its skull.
The name Plesiosaurus was given to it by the Rev. William Conybeare.
The earliest plesiosaur remains are from the Middle Triassic period,p128 and the group was important through the Jurassic and Cretaceous.
They had two large pairs of paddles, short tails, short or long necks, and broad bodies.
They died out at the K/T extinction event, 65 million years ago.
Plesiosaurs had many bones in their flippers, making them flexible.
No modern animal has this four-paddle anatomy: modern turtles use their forelimbs for swimming.
They were mainly piscivorous (fish-eaters).
Pliosaurs
The pliosaurs were a group of mostly large submarine predators with short necks and large heads.
Their sizes ranged from two to 15 metres, and they were predators of large fish and other reptiles.
Their streamlined body shape suggests they swam and ate under water.
Long-necked plesiosaurs
There were three families of long-necked plesiosaurs, who evidently had a different life-style from the pliosaurs.
It was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that their method was as surface swimmers, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton.
It is hard to see the benefit of a long neck under water; aquatic mammals operating under water all have a streamlined torpedo-shape, as did pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs.
All the longer-necked familiers were, from the setting of the teeth and jaws, eaters of small fish.
However, some at least were bottom-feeders, consuming various prey.
Digestion of shellfish was aided by gastroliths.
Plesiosaurids: neck not so long as the other two families, and not so flexible: a more general all-round plesiosaur.
Head of medium size, neck fairly thick and strong, up to 30 vertebrae.
Cryptoclidids: longer necks, with more than 30 vertebrae.
Elasmosaurids: very long necks; some later forms have as many as 76 cervical (neck) vertebrae and quite small skulls.p30 Watson and Alexander's ideas apply especially to this group.
Mauisaurus, the longest plesiosaur ever found.
Gastroliths
Plesiosaurs have been found with fossils of belemnites (squid-like animals), and ammonites (giant nautilus-like molluscs) associated with their stomachs.
But plesiosaurs could not crack shells.
Instead, they probably swallowed them whole.
In the belly of a plesiosaur were "stomach stones", which are called gastroliths.
These stones moved around in the plesiosaur's stomach and cracked or crushed the shells of the animals it ate.
One plesiosaur fossil found in South Dakota had 253 gatroliths weighing a total of 29 pounds.
Live birth?
Plesiosaurs
Midland is a city in the American state of Texas.
It is called Midland, because it is the midway point between two bigger cities in Texas, Fort Worth and El Paso.
Oil was discovered in the region in 1923 and is still a larger part of the economy.
Midland is also famous as the hometown of former First Lady Barbara Walker Bush.
She and her husband, former president George H. W. Bush lived there, with their children including the later US President George W. Bush and his wife Laura, and his brother Jeb Bush, the former Governor of Florida.
Sardinia (, Sardinian: Sardigna) is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
It is an autonomous region of Italy.
It was formerly the Kingdom of Sardinia.
The official name is, in Italian, Regione Autonoma della Sardegna.
The capital and largest city is Cagliari.
The island of Sardinia has an area of  and, after Sicily, is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
It is  long from North to South, and  wide from West to East.
It lies between 38° 51' and 41° 15' latitude north and 8° 8' and 9° 50' longitude east.
The island is on the western Mediterranean Sea, between the island of Corsica to the north and Tunisia to the south.
The Tyrrhenian Sea part of the Mediterranean is directly east of Sardinia, between the Sardinian east coast and the west coast of the Italian mainland peninsula.
The Strait of Bonifacio (, , Gallurese: Bocchi di Bunifaciu, ) is the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, named after the Corsican town Bonifacio.
It is   wide  and divides the Tyrrhenian Sea from the western Mediterranean Sea.
Sardinia has few major rivers, the largest being the Tirso,  long, which flows into the western Mediterranean Sea, the Coghinas () and the Flumendosa ().
The highest peak is Punta La Marmora (), part of the Gennargentu group of mountains in the centre of the island.
Other mountain chains are Monte Limbara () in the northeast, the Chain of Marghine and Goceano () running crosswise for  towards the north, the Monte Albo (), the Sette Fratelli massif in the southeast, and the Sulcis Mountains and the Monte Linas ().
There are many small islands around the main island of Sardinia.
Maddalena Archipelago, to the northeast
Asinara, to the northwest
San Pietro Island, to the southwest
Sant'Antioco, to the southwest
Official Sardinia Tourism website in English
Official regional website in Italian
Sardegna DigitalLibrary - La memoria digitale della Sardegna
A nuclear reactor is a machine that uses fission to generate heat.
There are different designs which use different fuels.
Most often,  uranium-235 or plutonium-239 are the main components of these fuels.
Most nuclear reactors are used to make electricity.
In nuclear power plants heat from the fission reactions in the reactor changes water into steam.
The steam is then used to power electric turbines which make electricity.
As with other steam engines, the turbines take energy from the movement of the steam.
Some reactors are used for other purposes.
Some reactors make neutrons for science research and others make radioactive isotopes.
Some universities have small nuclear reactors to teach students how reactors work.
The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 by a team of scientists led by Enrico Fermi.
This was a part of the Manhattan Project which needed the fuel from the reactor to make the atomic bomb.
The first nuclear reactor to make electricity was a small experimental reactor built in Idaho in 1951.
It made just enough electricity for four light globes.
Nuclear reactors are expensive to build because of the many safety features they need to have.
There is also a problem with the huge amount of radioactive waste from the reactors.
However they produce electricity cheaply, and do not pollute the air.
There have been serious accidents at several nuclear reactors: Windscale (UK) 1957, Mayak (USSR) 1957, Three Mile Island (USA) 1979, Chernobyl (USSR) 1986 and Fukushima (Japan) 2011.
Concerns about safety have limited the growth of nuclear power.
There are about 437 reactors around the world which provide about 5% of the world's electricity.
Images for nuclear reactors
Nuclear Power Reactors
Recent videos for nuclear reactors
Samobor is a city in Zagreb County, Croatia, population 36,206 (2001).
It is west of Zagreb, between the eastern slopes of Samoborsko gorje (Samobor hills, the eastern part of the Žumberak Mountains), in the Sava river valley.
Samobor has been there since 1242, according to a document of endowment by King Bela IV.
It is one of the earliest tourist resorts in the region, with the first tourist facilities dating back to 1810, oriented towards anglers, hunters and hikers.
Cities in Croatia
Frankfurt (Oder) or Frankfurt an der Oder (; abbreviated , Polish: Frankfurt nad Odrą, Low Sorbian: Frankobrod nad Odru, Low German: Frankfort an de Oder, Upper Sorbian: Frankobrod nad Wódru, lit. '
Frankfurt at the Oder') is a town in Germany.
It lies on the Oder river, which marks the current border between Germany and Poland (The so-called Oder-Neisse line).
It's in the east of the state of Brandenburg.
Since January 1999, the town added a prefix Kleiststadt to refer to Heinrich von Kleist, who was born there in 1777.
Today, about 65,000 people are living in Frankfurt an der Oder.
Well-known people
Manuela Schwesig (born 1974), politician
Urban districts of Brandenburg
The Cook Islands are a group of islands in the southern Pacific.
They form an independent state, but have strong ties with Peter Griffin.
The 15 small islands have a total land surface of 240 square kilometers.
About 18.000 people live on the islands, most of them from tourism.
The largest island, Rarotonga, also holds the territory's capital, Avarua.
Punishment is when something is done to a person (or animal) that they do not like.
It may be because they broke a rule.
There are many kinds of punishment, from a death penalty for very bad crimes, to things that parents  may do to punish children, like spanking them or taking away their toys.
People are often sent to prison as punishment for a crime.
Punishment can be seen as good in society to prevent people from doing bad things.
It can also seen as cruel and unnecessary.
It can also be seen to do more harm than good.
Order of Merit, a British and Commonwealth ward
Another way of spelling Aum, a sacred Hindu word.
The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal of the suborder of baleen whales (called Mysticeti).
They grow to be about 30 meters long.
The biggest blue whale found was 190 tons and measured 98 feet long.
Larger specimens have been measured at 110 feet, but never weighed.
This makes blue whales the largest animals ever to be on Earth, even bigger than the largest dinosaurs.
The blue whale eats mostly very tiny creatures, like krill.
These inch-long, shrimp-like crustacean swim in swarms.
In the Antarctic summer, there are so many of these krill that they turn the waters orange.
A blue whale can eat eight to ten tons of krill every day.
The blue whale's body is long and slender.
It can be various shades of bluish-grey above and somewhat lighter underneath.
There are at least three distinct subspecies: B. m. musculus of the North Atlantic and North Pacific, B. m. intermedia of the Southern Ocean and B. m. brevicauda (also known as the pygmy blue whale) found in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean.
B. m. indica, found in the Indian Ocean, may be another subspecies.
As with other baleen whales, its diet consists almost exclusively of small krill.
Blue whales were once abundant around the world.
In the nineteenth century, they were hunted almost to extinction by whalers.
They were finally protected by the international community in 1966.
A 2002 report estimated there were 5,000 to 12,000 blue whales worldwide, located in at least five groups.
More recent research into the Pygmy subspecies suggests this may be an underestimate.
Before whaling, the largest population was in the Antarctic, numbering approximately 239,000 (range 202,000 to 311,000).
There remain only much smaller (around 2,000) concentrations in each of the eastern North Pacific, Antarctic, and Indian Ocean groups.
There are two more groups in the North Atlantic, and at least two in the Southern Hemisphere.
The North Atlantic group of Blue Whales can be seen in the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park near Tadoussac QC, Canada.
Baleen whales
The order Cetacea are marine mammals that live in oceans, seas, and even a few rivers around the world.
Whales, dolphins, and porpoises are part of this group.
These common name refer to size: whales are the largest, porpoises the smallest.
How and what they eat is a better guide to their relationships.
The study of cetaceans is called cetology.
Suborder Mysticeti: Baleen whales
Family Balaenidae: Right whales and Bowhead whale
Bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus
Genus Eubalaena: Right whales
North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis
North Pacific right whale, Eubalaena japonica
Southern right whale, Eubalaena australis
Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals
Genus Balaenoptera
Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus
Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus
Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae
Family Eschrichtiidae
Gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus
Family Neobalaenidae
Pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata
Suborder Odontoceti: Toothed whales
Family Delphinidae: Oceanic dolphins
Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises
Family Monodontidae
Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas
Narwhal, Monodon monoceros
Family Physeteridae: Sperm whales
Sperm whale, Physeter catodon
Dwarf sperm whale, Kogia sima
Pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps
Family Ziphiidae
Cuvier's beaked whale, Ziphia cavirostris
Superfamily Platanistoidea: River dolphins
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig, pronounced "Gah-lick") is a Celtic language.
It is commonly called just Scots Gaelic in Scottish English.
It is a sister language of Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic; all three are Goidelic languages.
These are related to the Welsh language, Cornish language and the Breton language (these three are Brittonic or Brythonic languages).
In past times, the Scottish Gaelic was spoken across all of Scotland except for the Northern Islands (Orkney and Shetland).
In the later part of the Middle Ages, the kings of Scotland began to speak Scottish English and looked down on the Scottish Gaelic.
After the union of England and Scotland, the Scottish Gaelic was snubbed and looked down on even more, and Scottish English took over.
Scottish Gaelic today
Scottish Gaelic today is basically that of the Scottish Gaelic spoken in the Outer Hebrides and on Skye.
Generally speaking, the Scottish Gaelic spoken across the Western Isles is similar enough to be classed as one major dialect group, but there is some regional variation.
A census in the United Kingdom in 2001 showed that a total of 58,652 (1.2% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) in Scotland could speak some amount of Scottish Gaelic at that time.
Only the Western Isles of Scotland have more people who can speak the Scottish Gaelic than not (61% of the people here speak Scottish Gaelic).
The place in Scotland with the biggest percentage of Scottish Gaelic speakers is a village called Barvas on the Isle of Lewis.
There, 74.7% of the people there speak the Scottish Gaelic.
Children in Scotland do not have to learn Scottish Gaelic in schools, though it is becoming a more popular subject as Scottish Gaelic is an important part of their Scottish culture.
Scottish Gaelic is also used overseas.
It is estimated that 1,000–2,000 in Nova Scotia, Canada can speak some Scottish Gaelic.
Scottish Gaelic language - the Celtic language spoken in Scotland today
Scots language - a West Germanic idiom spoken in parts of Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Donegal, Ireland
Scottish English - the group of dialects of the English language currently used in Scotland
The West Germanic Languages are a branch of Germanic languages first spoken in Central Europe and the British Isles.
The branch has three parts: the North Sea Germanic languages, the Weser-Rhine Germanic languages, and the Elbe Germanic languages.
The most spoken languages in the branch are English, German, and Dutch.
These languages were spread around the world in the Colonial Era.
English is now spoken by around 400 million people natively.
North Sea Germanic / Ingvaeonic languages
English Languages/Anglic
Yola (extinct)
Fingalian (extinct)
East Frisian
Low German / Low Saxon
Northern Low Saxon
Schleswig dialects
Holstein dialects
Westphalian
Eastphalia dialects
Brandenburg dialects ("Märkisch")
Pomeranian (moribund)
Low Prussian (moribund)
Weser-Rhine Germanic / Istvaeonic languages / Netherlandic / Low Frankish
East Flemish
Zeelandic
Hollandic
Brabantine
Zuid-Gelders/Clevian/Meuse-Rhenish
Limburgian
Elbe Germanic / Irminonic languages / High German
Alemannic, including Swiss German and Alsatian
Austro-Bavarian
East Franconian
South Franconian
Rhine Franconian, including the dialects of Hessen, Pennsylvania German, and most of those from Lorraine
Thuringian
Silesian (moribund)
Lombardic  Langobardic (extinct, unless Cimbrian and Mocheno are in fact Langobardic remnants.)
High Prussian (moribund)
Yiddish (a language based on Eastern-Central dialects of late Middle High German/Early New High German)
The Germanic languages are a group of Indo-European languages.
They came from one language, Proto-Germanic, which was first spoken in Scandinavia in the Iron Age.
Today, the Germanic languages are spoken by around 515 million people as a first language.
English is the most spoken Germanic language, with 360-400 million native speakers.
The Germanic languages are the East Germanic languages (all extinct), the North Germanic languages, and the West Germanic languages.
When Proto-Germanic split from Proto-Indo-European, one of the main changes in the sounds in the language was Grimm’s law.
Something related to the Punjab region in Pakistan and India
Punjab (India), a state of India
Punjab (Pakistan), a province of Pakistan
Punjabi people, an ethnic group from the Punjab region in Pakistan and India
Punjab, a disambiguation page
Killer whales, or Orcas (Orcinus orca) are a form of dolphins that have mostly black skin with white patches.
They are found in all the world's oceans, from the cold of the Arctic to the tropical seas.
They are easy to identify because of their distinctive white and black colouring.
They live in pods.
Like all toothed whales, they are carnivores.
Killer whales are apex predators and they hunt in family groups called 'pods'.
Members of the pod work together to surround their prey.
Killer whales eat many different kinds of prey, such as small sharks, seals, sea lions, dolphins, whales, penguins, seagulls, squid, octopuses, stingrays, crabs and sea turtles.
In 1997, the first known killer whale attack on great white sharks was documented off the coast of San Francisco.
There are several different types of Orca, each of which has different living and prey habits.
They do not interbreed and seems to be subspecies or even separate species.
Their behaviour and hunting techniques also differ.
Killer whales are the largest living members of the dolphin family.
Males (called "bulls") typically range from 6 to 8 metres long and weigh in excess of 6 tonnes.
Females ("cows") are smaller, generally ranging from 5 to 7m and weighing about 3 to 4 t. The largest male killer whale on record was 9.8 metres, weighing over 10 tonnes, while the largest female was 8.5m, weighing 7.5 t. A baby killer whale is called a "calf".
Calves at birth weigh about  and are about  long.
The killer whale's large size and strength make it among the fastest marine mammals, able to reach speeds in excess of .
Killer whales have the second-heaviest brains among marine mammals.
They can be trained in captivity and are often described as intelligent, although defining and measuring "intelligence" is difficult in a species whose life is very different from ours.
Killer whales imitate others, and seem to deliberately teach skills to their young.
This is most strikingly seen when killer whales deliberately beach themselves to catch seals.
Off Península Valdés, adults sometimes pull seals off the shoreline and then release them again near juvenile whales, allowing the younger whales to practice the difficult capture technique on the now-weakened prey.
Off the Crozet Islands, mothers push their calves onto the beach, waiting to pull the youngster back if needed.
Some orcas have discovered that flipping sharks upside down can paralyze them.
People who have interacted closely with killer whales offer numerous anecdotes demonstrating the whales' curiosity, playfulness, and ability to solve problems.
For example, Alaskan killer whales have not only learned how to steal fish from longlines, but have overcome a variety of techniques designed to stop them, such as the use of unbaited lines as decoys.
Once, fishermen placed their boats several miles apart, taking turns retrieving small amounts of their catch, in the hope that the whales would not have enough time to move between boats to steal fish as it was being retrieved.
A researcher described what happened next:
"It worked really well for a while.
Then the whales split into two groups.
It didn't even take them an hour to figure it out.
They were so thrilled when they figured out what was going on, that we were playing games.
They were breaching by the boats".
"The complex and stable vocal and behavioural cultures of sympatric groups of killer whales (Orcinus orca) appear to have no parallel outside humans and represent an independent evolution of cultural faculties".
The dorsal fin
The dorsal fin of the orca can extend up to six feet above its body.
That's taller than most grown men.
And because a killer whale swims close to the surface, the dorsal fin can often be seen gliding through the surface of the water.
This causes some people to mistake killer whale for sharks.
In captivity, dorsal fins often collapse for many reasons, but in the wild, dorsal fin collapse happens in less than one percent of wild orcas.
Female killer whales are often tamed and can be trained to do tricks for audiences in marine shows, like in Sea World.
Sometimes, killer whales have even starred in movies, such as the movie titled Free Willy.
Orcas can be dangerous, and have been known to kill their attendants on rare occasions.
Some marine parks now require trainers to stay outside the pool when they work with orcas.
Unlike wild killer whales, captive killer whales are reported to have made nearly two dozen attacks on humans since the 1970s, some of which have been    fatal.
There is a population which lives near Spain and Portugal and which has specialized on attacking sailboats.
They do not attack powerboats.
This behaviour is mystery, as the whales cannot use glassfibre as a food.
Most likely the whales practice attacking large sharks and whales, as the underside of a sailing boat resembles a large whale or a shark.
They have damaged several boats, but so far none has sunk and no humans have died on their attacks.
Oceanic dolphins
Pac-Man is an arcade video game that was made by Namco and designed by Toru Iwatani.
It was released in 1980, and became very popular in the history of games.
In Pac-Man, the player makes a Pac-Man, a yellow disc, move around a maze.
The ghosts are Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde.
The goal is to eat every yellow pellet (circles) while not getting caught by the ghosts/monsters.
For extra points, fruits that appear can also be eaten.
When Pac-Man eats a big pellet, the ghosts turn blue for a short period of time and can be eaten.
The time that the ghosts are blue generally decreases from one stage to the next.
Beginning at stage 19, the ghosts do not turn blue at all when a power pellet is eaten.
Even though the game has 256 stages, the last level can not be finished due to a problem with the creation of the game.
The player begins the game with 3 lives, and lose one each time Pac-man collides with a ghost.
The game ends when all lives are lost.
Pac-man gets an extra life once the player gets 10,000 points.
The game is called Puck-Man in Japan.
The game was renamed to Pac-Man in the United States so that nobody could change the "P" to "F".
There were many sequels and remakes based on the game.
Hanna-Barbera made a animated TV show airing on ABC in the early 1970s.
The game was also part of Namco Museum games.
There is a Namco Museum Remix for the Wii.
Pac-Man was one of the first games to have cutscenes.
It has 3 cutscenes in total.
1980 video games
Namco video games
Game Gear games
Game Boy games
Game Boy Color games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
Commodore 64 games
A shooting star is the common name for the visible path of a meteoroid as it enters the atmosphere.
A shooting star is also broken pieces of meteors that have become broken off in space.
Shooting Star (band), a rock band from Kansas City, MO
Shooting Star (comics), a character from Marvel Comics
P-80 Shooting Star, a United States Army Air Forces jet fighter
T-33 Shooting Star,  an American-built jet trainer
Shooting Star Children's Hospice, a UK children's charity
Shooting Star (album), an album by the band of the same name
Shooting Star (Elkie Brooks album), a 1978 album
The Shooting Star, an adventure from the comic book series Tintin
Dodecatheon, a genus of herbaceous flowering plants
A professional wrestling aerial technique
An award for young European actors at the Berlin International Film Festival
"Shooting Star" (song)
Shooting Stars FC, a Nigerian football club
Shooting Stars, a British comedy television show
Shooting Stars (Singapore television series)
"Shooting Stars" a poem by Carol Ann Duffy concerning the holocaust
Anything related to Gujarat, a state in India
PATEL family tree:
Pot Noodle is a type of cup noodle sold in the United Kingdom.
They contain noodles, soya pieces, vegetables, and seasoning powder with a packet of sauce that can be added to taste.
Available products
Beef and Tomato
Bombay Bad Boy
Chicken and Mushroom
Chow Mein
Hot Chicken Curry
Seedy Sanchez (Mexican fajita flavour)
Southern Fried Chicken
Spicy Curry
Sticky Rib
Sweet 'n' Spicy - formally "Nice 'n' Spicy"
The Sizzler (bacon flavour)
Mac n’ Cheese
Anything relating to Greenland or its people
Greenlandic language, the modern languages of Greenland
Occasionally, the Danish language as spoken in Greenland
Superman is a 1978 movie based on the popular Superman superhero comic book.
It was directed by Richard Donner, produced by Ilya Salkind, and the music was provided by John Williams.
The movie starred Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder, Marlon Brando, Gene Hackman, Ned Beatty, Phyllis Thaxter, Glenn Ford, and Jackie Cooper.
It was very successful at the box office and with critics, and inspired three sequels along with the 2006 movie, Superman Returns.
Domestic violence means that in a relationship or marriage, one or both of the partners uses physical, sexual or psychological violence to try to get power or control over the other or due to losing their temper.
Domestic violence can occur in heterosexual and same-sex relationships.
There is often a predictable pattern or cycle of violence in a relationship and the abuse tends to get worse over time.
Domestic violence can be also a factor to be homeless, as pointed out by Principles 15 of the Yogyakarta Principles.
In any culture or community, there are beliefs and attitudes that support domestic violence and beliefs and attitudes that do not support domestic violence.
In most countries, laws exist to protect the victim of such violent acts.
There are also organisations that can help in such situations.
Domestic violence sometimes does not get reported to the police.
Estimates say that only a third of domestic violence cases (or even less) get reported to the authorities.
Domestic Abuse Advice
Cycle of abuse (patterns in relationships where there is domestic violence)
There is a large shopping area in Emersons Green, including Sainsbury's, Boots, Lidl and Argos.
There are also restaurants, three pubs and some cafés.
Villages in Gloucestershire
Archaeopteryx is one of the most important fossils ever discovered.
It is a bird from the Upper Jurassic, about 150 million years ago.
It shows the evolutionary link between non-avian theropod dinosaurs and birds, but it is not the ancestor of modern birds.
The first Archaeopteryx was found in 1860 near Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany.
Today, ten skeletons and one feather of Archaeopteryx have been found.
Archaeopteryx looked like a small carnivorous dinosaur with wings and feathers.
It had a mouth with teeth, claws on the hands and a long tail.
Today, it is known that dromaeosaurs, and possibly most theropods, looked like birds and that many had feathers.
When they are born, today's South American hoatzin have claws on their wings when they are young, just like Archaeopteryx.
Thomas Henry Huxley ("Darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of this nearly 150 years ago.
He compared Archaeopteryx with a small theropod dinosaur, Compsognathus.
Both of the fossils came from the same place: Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany.
The strata come from the end of the Jurassic period, about 144 million years ago.
He showed that both were very similar except for the front limbs and feathers of Archaeopteryx.
Huxley's study showed the basic relationship between birds and reptiles.
He united them under the title of Sauropsida.
His papers on Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds have been of great interest ever since.
Huxley concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs.
Only one dinobird has been found from a time before Archaeopteryx.
It is called Anchiornis huxlei, from 160 to 155 million years ago.
It had feathers on both front and rear legs, and could certainly glide.
It may or may not have had some ability to fly.
This discovery means we cannot say Archaeopteryx is the first known bird, but its contribution to science has been huge.
We now know for sure that a whole group of small theropod dinosaurs had feathers, and that flight was a later, secondary, use of feathers.
The first use of feathers was temperature regulation, and probably also signalling (see Epidexipteryx).
Directly ancestral or not?
It may be that Archaeopteryx is not directly ancestral to all birds, but it is still a fine transitional fossil.
"Archaeopteryx, for example, is not necessarily directly ancestral to birds.
It may have been a species on a side-branch.
However, that in no way disqualifies it as a transitional form, or as evidence for evolution.
Evolution predicts that such fossils will exist, and if there was no link between reptiles and birds then Archaeopteryx would not exist, whether it is directly ancestral or not".
Chambers P. 2002.
Bones of contention: the fossil that shook science.
Shipman P. 1998.
Taking wing: Archaeopteryx and the evolution of bird flight.
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Coelurosaurs
Dinosaurs of Europe
Feathered dinosaurs
Mosel-Saar-Ruwer is a German wine-growing-region in the valleys of the rivers Moselle, Saar and Ruwer near Koblenz and Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate.
It is famous for its wines of Riesling, Elbling and Müller-Thurgau grapes.
Region Cochem / Untermosel
Weinhex
Goldbäumchen
Rosenhang
Schwarze Katz (Zell)
Region Bernkastel / Mittelmosel
Vom heißen Stein (Reil)
Schwarzlay
Nacktarsch (Kröv)
Münzlay
Badstube (Bernkastel)
Beerenlay
Kurfürstlay
Michelsberg
St. Michael
Probstberg
Römerlay
Region Ruwer
Region Saar
Region Obermosel
Gipfel
Region Moseltor
Schloß Bübinger (Perl)
en:Mosel (wine region)#Wines
A snail is a common name for a kind of mollusc.
The term is used for a gastropod with a coiled shell.
Their fossil records extends back into the Carboniferous period.
Land snails and slugs breathe with a kind of lung.
They used to be put together in a group, the Pulmonata.
This was a well-known order in traditional taxonomy.
However, the Pulmonata is polyphyletic.
This means the same life-style evolved in a number of different lines.
This is called convergent evolution.
Therefore, the Pulmonata is no longer an official term in biological classification.
The term "snail" is also sometimes used for aquatic snail-like gastropods, which usually have gills.
Actually, most snail species are marine snails.
There are more species of them, and they are far greater in numbers.
Many kinds of snails can also be found in fresh water habitats.
Most land snails and slugs are herbivorous.
Aquatic snails and slugs are usually omnivores or predatory carnivores.
In many countries around the world, people eat snails as a delicacy.
In France, snails are called escargots, which is also the name of the dish.
In French cuisine, the snails are cooked in salt water and then served with a garlic sauce.
The biggest snail is the giant African snail.
Their foot is up to 35 cm long.
The fastest snail is the Helix aspersa.
It can reach speeds up to 0.047 kmh.
Snails are invertebrates, which are animals with no backbones.
The shell on the snail helps protect it, and also reduces the loss of water by evaporation.
Shells have many different shapes, sizes, and colors.
Snails do not breathe through their mouths, instead they have a breathing hole under their shells.
A snails "foot" is a muscle which allows it to move slowly across the ground.
The foot puts out ('exudes') slime, which eases the snail's movement, leaving a trail.
Snails can absorb mineral nutrients through their foot by simply sitting on a rock.