the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The history of Scotland begins when humans first began to live in Scotland after the end of the last ice age.
Of the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age civilization that existed in the country, many fossils remain, but no written records were left behind.
These people did not have writing.
Because of where Scotland is in the world and its strong reliance on trade routes by sea, the nation held close links in the south and east with the Baltic countries, and through Ireland with France and Europe.
The sea was very important for trade reasons.
Following the Acts of Union and Industrial Revolution, Scotland grew to be one of the largest commercial, intellectual and industrial states in Europe.
Caledonians, Picts, and Romans
The written history of Scotland begins when the Roman Empire came to the British Isles.
The Romans gave Great Britain its name in  or .
The Romans overcame and controlled what is now England, Wales, and southern Scotland.
To the north of the River Forth was Caledonia, land not fully owned by the Romans).
The Romans, built cities like Edinburgh when they built the Antonine wall.
The Romans had military camps and forts in much of Scotland.
In Classical Antiquity, the Romans named the people in Caledonia in .
During Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, the people of Caledonia were the Picts.
The Roman army left Great Britain in the 5th century, and by the time Roman military had fought many wars with the Picts.
They Romans also fought the Scoti and the Saxons.
Both the Scoti and the Saxons came to the land.
Scoti, Picts, and Saxons
In the Early Middle Ages, the Picts lived in a part of the land with the name Pictland.
The Scoti came from Ireland and started the kingdom of Dál Riata.
Parts of south-western Scotland and northern Ireland were part of Dál Riata.
People there spoke old Goidelic languages.
The Saxons came from Continental Europe.
In the British Isles they have the name Anglo-Saxons.
South-eastern Scotland became part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria.
Their language was Old English.
In Pictland, the Picts started the Kingdom of Alba in the 9th-century.
The kingdom began in the land between the River Spey and the River Forth.
The Pictish language went extinct, and people in the 10th-century kingdom of Alba spoke the Goidelic language, Scots Gaelic.
In time, the kingdom grew.
The lands of Moray and Angus became part of the kingdom.
The northern parts of Northumbria, south of the River Forth, became part of the kingdom.
Norse
Most of the Scottish islands were ruled by the Norse (and then by Norwegians and Danes) for over four hundred years.
The Kingdom of the Isles was a Norse kingdom in the western, coastal parts of Scotland.
They spoke the Old Norse language.
The Norse lands include the Hebrides to the west and Orkney and Shetland to the north.
The Isle of Man was also a part of the Kingdom of the Isles.
The islands still have a culture of their own.
The First War (1296–1328) began with the Edward I of England's invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.
The Second War (1332–1357) began with the English-supported invasion of Scotland by Edward Balliol and the 'Disinherited' in 1332, and ended around 1357 with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick.
The wars were part of a great national crisis for Scotland and the period became one of the most important moments in the nation's history.
At the end of both wars, Scotland was an independent kingdom.
The wars were also important for other reasons, such as the invention of the longbow as an important weapon in medieval warfare.
A series of deaths in the line of succession in the 1280s, followed by King Alexander III's death in 1286 left the Scottish crown in crisis.
His granddaughter, Margaret, the "Maid of Norway", a four-year-old girl, was the heir.
Edward I of England, as Margaret's great-uncle, suggested that his son (also a child) and Margaret should marry, stabilising the Scottish line of succession.
In 1290 Margaret's guardians agreed to this, but Margaret herself died in Orkney on her voyage from Norway to Scotland before she was made Queen, or her wedding could take place.
Because there was no clear heir to the throne anymore, the Scottish people decided to ask Edward I of England to choose their king.
The strongest candidate was called Robert Bruce.
Robert Bruce had castles all around the country, and had a private army.
But Edward wanted to invade Scotland, so he chose the weaker candidate, who was John Balliol.
He had the strongest claim to the throne, and became king on 30 November 1292.
Robert Bruce decided to accept this decision (his grandson and namesake later took the throne as Robert I).
Over the next few years, Edward I kept trying to undermine both the authority of King John and the independence of Scotland.
In 1295, John, on the recommendation of his chief councillors, entered into an alliance with France.
This was the beginning of the Auld Alliance.
In 1296, Edward invaded Scotland.
He removed King John from power, and put him in jail.
The following year William Wallace and Andrew de Moray raised an army from the southern and northern parts of the country to fight the English.
Under their joint leadership, an English army was defeated at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.
For a short time Wallace ruled Scotland in the name of John Balliol as Guardian of the realm.
Edward came north in person and defeated Wallace at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298.
Wallace escaped but resigned as Guardian of Scotland.
John Comyn and Robert the Bruce were put in his place.
In 1305 Wallace was captured by the English, who executed him for treason.
Wallace claimed he did not commit treason as he was not loyal to England.
In February 1306 Robert Bruce murdered John Comyn, a leading rival, in a church.
Bruce went on to take the crown, but Edward's army overran the country yet again after defeating Bruce's small army at the Battle of Methven.
Despite the excommunication of Bruce and his followers by Pope Clement V, his support slowly strengthened; and by 1314, with the help of leading nobles such as Sir James Douglas and the Earl of Moray, only the castles at Bothwell and Stirling were still under English control.
Edward I died in Carlisle in 1307.
His heir, Edward II, moved an army north to break the siege of Stirling Castle and again take control.
Robert defeated that army at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, securing temporary independence.
In 1320, a letter to the Pope from the nobles of Scotland (the Declaration of Arbroath) went part of the way towards convincing Pope John XXII to overturn the earlier excommunication and cancel the various acts of submission by Scottish kings to English ones so that Scotland's independence could be recognised by other European countries.
In 1326, the first full Parliament of Scotland met.
The parliament was made from an earlier council of nobility and clergy around 1235, but in 1326 representatives of the burghs—the burgh commissioners—joined them to form the Three Estates.
In 1328, Edward III signed the Treaty of Northampton which declared Scottish independence under the rule of Robert the Bruce.
Four years after Robert's death in 1329, England invaded Scotland yet again, looking to put the "Rightful King"—Edward Balliol, son of John Balliol—to the Scottish throne, starting the Second War of Independence.
In the face of tough Scottish resistance, led by Sir Andrew Murray, attempts to secure Balliol on the throne failed.
Edward III lost interest in Balliol after the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War with France.
In 1341 David II, King Robert's son and heir, was able to return from temporary exile in France.
Balliol finally resigned his empty claim to the throne to Edward in 1356, before retiring to Yorkshire, where he died in 1364.
In 1603, Elizabeth I, queen of England and of Ireland, died.
The king of Scotland was the queen's heir apparent, and James VI of Scotland (son of Mary, Queen of Scots) became king of England and king of Ireland.
James VI and I (from Scotland's House of Stuart) went to England to control the government, and none of Scotland's kings came to Scotland for more than one hundred years.
In 1707, Scotland and England were joined in the Act of Union to make one big Kingdom, the Kingdom of Great Britain.
When Ireland joined in 1801, the United Kingdom was created.
Scotland was an important part of the colonialism and imperialism of the British Empire.
Scots colonists emigrated throughout the empire, and a large diaspora of Scots lives throughout the world as a result.
The Scottish Enlightenment was an important part of the Age of Enlightenment.
Philosophers like David Hume and Adam Smith led the Scottish Enlightenment.
Soldiers fought some of the wars caused by Jacobitism in Scotland.
The Jacobites wanted the Roman Catholic House of Stuart, and not the Protestant House of Hanover to be kings of Britain and of Ireland.
The last land battle in Great Britain was the Battle of Culloden in 1745.
At that time the government's British Army stopped the Catholic rebellion led by Charles Edward Stuart.
Scots-speakers and English-speakers moved many Gaelic speakers off lands in the Scottish Highlands, and many emigrated to the British Empire and the United States.
In the 19th century, George IV visited Scotland.
After that, Scotland and Scottish culture became more popular.
Tourism to Scotland started in the 19th century.
In a referendum in 1997, a majority of voters in Scotland chose to have political devolution.
The Scottish Parliament, Scottish Government, and the office of first minister of Scotland was set up in 1999.
One first minister of Scotland, Alex Salmond, led the Scottish National Party's Scottish Government from 2007.
in 2014, the Scottish independence referendum ended in a majority (55%) voting against independence from the United Kingdom.
Nicola Sturgeon became first minister on 20 November 2014.
The official languages of Scotland are English, Scots and Scottish Gaelic.
English is spoken by most people in Scotland, while only a small number, mostly in the Western Isles, speaks Scottish Gaelic.
Scottish Gaelic began declining in the late Middle Ages when Scottish kings and nobles preferred English.
Football is the most popular sport in Scotland.
Three of the big cities, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee, have two or three big football teams, and most cities have at least one team.
The two most famous teams in Scotland are known as the "Old Firm".
These are Celtic and Rangers.
These two Glasgow clubs have a lot of history, and are fierce rivals, often causing fights, riots and even murders between the fans.
Rangers are world record holders, having won the most amount of league titles of any football team, currently 55.
Scotland were the winners of the Homeless World Cup in 2007 and are the current champions after they won in August 2011.
They defeated Mexico 4–3 in Paris, France.
Other football clubs
The other main clubs in Scotland are Aberdeen, Hearts, Hibs and Dundee United.
These teams are in the Premier League right now, and usually take the most places in the top six of the league.
Some other Scottish clubs include Gretna, who won three titles in a row, moving from the Third Division, to the SPL in only three seasons.
Gretna ran out of money, and they were shut down.
Also, Raith Rovers, who famously played UEFA Cup Winners, Bayern München.
Raith Rovers were knocked out by Bayern München, but managed to lead 1-0 at half time.
Queen of the south also reached the Europa league, after reaching the 2008 Scottish cup final.
they lost 3 -2 to Rangers.
The top division of Scottish Football is called the "Scottish Premier League" (or SPL), and is currently sponsored by the Clydesdale Bank, a large Scottish Bank.
In 2013, its name was changed to "Scottish Premiership".
Golf is a popular sport in Scotland.
It is unique, as Scotland is the birthplace of golf, and there are many public golf courses where people can play for small fees.
Everywhere else in the world, golf is a game for the rich.
Sandy Lyle was the first Scottish golfer to win a major title in modern times.
Colin Montgomery is one of the best players never to have won a major championship after finishing second five times.
Motorsports
Scotland is also involved with motorsports.
Former F1 driver David Coulthard is a thirteen time Grand Prix winner.
Jackie Stewart is a 3-time F1 World Champion and regarded as one of the best drivers ever.
Jim Clark was a 2-time F1 World Champion and regarded as one of the best ever with Fangio, Schumacher and Senna.
Colin McRae was also the 1995 World Rally Champion.
Elephant Polo
Scotland were the world champions of the unusual sport of Elephant Polo in 2004.
Elephant Polo, registered as an Olympic sport with the Nepal Olympic Committee, was invented by Scotsman Nathan Mochan in 1983.
Andy Murray, originally from Scotland, is currently the United Kingdom's best tennis player, having won singles titles at the US Open, and Wimbledon, where his 2013 win ended a 77-year wait for a British man to win the competition.
He also won Olympic Gold in the men's singles at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.
His brother, Jamie Murray, is a successful doubles player.
Traditional music
The official online website of Scotland
Website of the Scottish Government
Website of the Scottish Parliament
Visit Scotland - by Scotland's national tourist board
Scotland pictures- Scotland in photos
Scotland -Citizendium
The whole island of Ireland used to be a kingdom, called the Kingdom of Ireland but after the Act of Union in the year 1800, it became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
This stayed until 1922, after a civil war, when Ireland was divided into the Republic of Ireland, the sovereign state that takes up the southern part of the island, and Northern Ireland, which stayed as part of the UK.
About 1.8 million people live in Northern Ireland, which has the capital and largest city is Belfast.
The historic administrative roles of its 6 counties have since 1972 been replaced by 26 unitary authorities Counties of Northern Ireland.
Sometimes people use other names for Northern Ireland.
Some call it Ulster, even though some parts of Ulster are actually in the Republic of Ireland.
Others call it "the North" or "the Six Counties", because they do not want to recognize that a part of the island of Ireland is not fully independent and the north of it is actually in the United Kingdom.
Northern Ireland is the smallest part of the United Kingdom at 5,345 sq mi.
The only official flag in Northern Ireland is the Union Flag of the United Kingdom.
The Ulster Banner, however, is still used as the flag of Northern Ireland by loyalists and unionists, and to represent Northern Ireland internationally in some sporting competitions.
English is spoken by almost everyone in Northern Ireland.
Another important language is Irish (sometimes called "Irish Gaelic") and a language known as Ulster Scots, which comes from Eastern Ulster and Lowland Scotland.
The Irish language became less widely spoken in the 20th century, but a revival has led to increased usage, especially in Belfast, the Glens of Antrim and counties Tyrone and Fermanagh.
This revival has been driven largely through the creation of Irish-language schools.
The Irish language is spoken by some nationalists (whether Catholic or Protestant) people.
Ulster Scots is almost exclusive to areas of North Antrim and the Ards Peninsula.
Christianity is the largest religion in Northern Ireland, with over 80% of the population identifying themselves with a Christian denomination at the 2011 census.
Almost 42% of these people identify as Protestant, 41% as Roman Catholic, and just over 17% as nothing or another religion.
The largest Protestant churches are the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Church of Ireland and the Methodist Church in Ireland.
Since the Belfast Agreement (sometimes called the Good Friday Agreement) of Friday, 10 April 1998, there has been mainly peace between the two communities in Northern Ireland, the Protestants and Catholics.
This agreement was agreed by most of the people in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, as well as the Irish and British governments.
It allows for the self-government of Northern Ireland and greater north–south co-operation and co-operation between Britain and the Republic of Ireland.
Additionally, it makes clear the right of the people of Northern Ireland to decide their constitutional future and select whether they are British citizens, Irish citizens or both.
The most popular sports in Northern Ireland are association football, gaelic football and rugby union.
Athletics, boxing, cricket, golf, hockey, hurling, snooker and motor sports are also common.
Most sports are organised on an all-Ireland basis, and in international competitions, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland compete together as Ireland (e.g. Ireland national rugby union team, Ireland national cricket team).
The main exception is football.
Football in Northern Ireland is governed by the Irish Football Association (IFA).
In international competitions Northern Ireland has its own team - the Northern Ireland national football team.
The Northern Ireland team has qualified for three FIFA World Cups (in 1958, 1982 and 1986).
Perhaps the most famous player from Northern Ireland was George Best.
Trains are run by NI Railways which run from Belfast to Portrush, Londonderry, Bangor, Larne, Portadown and Newry.
The Enterprise is run by both NI Railways and Irish Rail and links Belfast to Dublin.
Great Britain is an island in the north-west Atlantic Ocean, one of the British Isles.
It is the biggest European island, off the coast of Continental Europe.
To the west of Great Britain is Ireland, across the Irish Sea.
Across the English Channel to the south of Great Britain is France.
Across the North Sea to the east is Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark and Norway.
Together with many other smaller islands, Great Britain and Ireland have the name British Isles.
The island is part of the United Kingdom, a sovereign state which shares the name Britain with the island.
Three of the United Kingdom's countries are mostly on Great Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales.
The largest city on Great Britain is London.
London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and also the capital of England.
Most of Great Britain is part of England.
The northern third of the island is part of Scotland.
In the south-west of Great Britain is Wales.
The United Kingdom had the name Great Britain between the Acts of Union 1707 and the Act of Union 1800.
Northern Ireland is not on the island of Great Britain, but it is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. (
The island of Ireland contains nearly all of the Republic of Ireland, which is a sovereign state, as well as nearly all of Northern Ireland.)
Great Britain is not the official name of a present-day state.
Some people call the United Kingdom Great Britain and people from other parts of the United Kingdom may not like it when people make this mistake.
Political definition
Great Britain is the largest island of the United Kingdom.
Politically, Great Britain means England, Scotland, and Wales in combination, but not Northern Ireland.
Islands such as the Isle of Wight, the Isles of Scilly, Anglesey, the Hebrides, and the island groups of Orkney and Shetland are all part of the United Kingdom.
In geography they are not part of Great Britain.
For political uses and law, these islands are part of Great Britain because they are parts of the two old kingdoms: Scotland and England (including Wales).
The writings of the Roman cartographer Ptolemy used the name "Great Britain" for the island in the 2nd century AD.
He used the name "Megale Britannia" or "Great Britain" () to show the difference between this larger island and Ireland.
For Ireland, Ptolemy used the name "Mikra Britannia" or "Little Britain" ().
In the later Middle Ages, the kings of England were also the kings of Ireland.
However, the two kingdoms were separate, even though they had the same king.
In 1603, the two kingdoms in Great Britain (Scotland and England) also started to share the same king.
In 1604, James VI and I was the first king to be named "King of Great Britain".
He was the king of Scotland when England's queen, Elizabeth I, died.
From Elizabeth, James inherited the kingdoms of England and Ireland, whereby Great Britain (and the British Isles started) to share one king.
People started to use the Union Jack flag in the time of King James, who had ordered ships to use it in 1607.
The flag joined the flag of Scotland and the flag of England together in one flag.
However, the three kingdoms were separate.
The political union that joined the kingdoms of England and Scotland happened because of the Acts of Union 1707.
These acts of parliament merged the two nations' parliaments (the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England), and joined the two kingdoms into a new Kingdom of Great Britain, or the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
The whole island became one kingdom in this way on 1 May 1707, while Anne as queen.
The Union Jack changed to its present design, which now has another saltire.
The Parliament of Ireland and the Parliament of Great Britain also merged with one another because of the Act of Union 1800.
In 1801, Great Britain and Ireland started to be one kingdom: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
This happened on 1 January 1801, while George III was king.
The Irish Free State left the United Kingdom in 1922, and in 1927, the UK's name changed to be the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
A-Z order
Lists of football teams
Lists about England
It was founded in 1903.
They play at the Pittodrie Stadium in Aberdeen.
They were started in 1888.
They play at Celtic Park in Glasgow.
They are rivals with Rangers F.C..
Celtic were the first British team to win the European Champion Clubs' Cup.
Celtic did this in 1967.
The final of the European Champion Clubs' Cup was in Lisboniure6f4y68uy746ghuthguyfu43678hgdjhdfuiy8974yrtouihdshfjhy
Hibernian Football Club were founded in 1875.
They play in the Scottish capital of Edinburugh at Easter Road Stadium.
Hibernian or, "The Hibees" play in green and white shirts with white shorts and stokings.
A traditionally Catholic team, they play in the Scottish Premiere League, or SPL.
Rangers Football Club were formed in 1873 and are the most successful football team in world football history reaching an unprecedented fifty one league titles in the 2004/2005 season.
Rangers achieved European success in 1972; they won the European Cup Winners Cup.
Overall they have won over a hundred major trophies throughout their history.
Ranger's play their rivals Celtic F.C. in the famous "Old Firm Derby".
Scottish Division One
In June 1893, Dundee Football Club was formed by an amalgamation of two city teams, Our Boys and East End.
Dundee have played at Dens Park Stadium since 19th August 1899.
Dundee became the Champions of Scotland on 28th April 1962 for the first and only time to date.
Dundee have also won the Scottish Cup once, in 1910.
St. Johnstone
Scottish Division Two
Alloa
Ayr United
Forfar Athletic
Scottish Division Three
Albion Rovers
Berwick Rangers
East Fife
East Stirling
Elgin City
Stenhousmuir
Queens Park F.C.
Brora Rangers F.C.
Buckie Thistle F.C.
Clachnacuddin F.C.
Deveronvale F.C.
Forres Mechanics F.C.
Fort William F.C.
Fraserburgh F.C.
Huntly F.C.
Inverurie Loco Works F.C.
Keith F.C.
Lossiemouth F.C.
Nairn County F.C.
Rothes F.C.
Wick Academy F.C.
East of Scotland League
Annan Athletic F.C.
Civil Service Strollers F.C.
Coldstream F.C.
Craigroyston F.C.
Dalbeattie Star F.C.
Easthouses Lily F.C.
Edinburgh Athletic F.C.
Edinburgh City F.C.
Edinburgh University F.C.
Eyemouth United F.C.
Gala Fairydean F.C.
Hawick Royal Albert F.C.
Heriot-Watt University F.C.
Kelso United F.C.
Lothian Thistle F.C.
Ormiston F.C.
Peebles Rovers F.C.
Preston Athletic F.C.
Selkirk F.C.
Spartans F.C.
Threave Rovers F.C.
Tollcross United F.C.
Vale of Leithen F.C.
Whitehill Welfare F.C.
South of Scotland League
Abbey Vale F.C.
Crichton F.C.
Creetown F.C.
Dumfries F.C.
Girvan F.C.
Gretna F.C.|Gretna Reserves
Mid-Annandale F.C.
Newton Stewart F.C.
Saint Cuthbert Wanderers F.C.
Stranraer Athletic F.C.
Tarff Rovers F.C.
Wigtown and Bladnoch F.C.
Scottish Junior Football Association, Western Region
Annbank United F.C.
Ardeer Thistle F.C.
Ardrossan Winton Rovers F.C.
Ashfield F.C.
Auchinleck Talbot F.C.
Beith Juniors F.C.
Bellshill Athletic F.C.
Benburb F.C.
Blantyre Victoria F.C.
Cambuslang Rangers F.C.
Carluke Rovers F.C.
Clydebank F.C.
Coltness United F.C.
Craigmark Burntonians F.C.
Cumbernauld United F.C.
Cumnock Juniors F.C.
Dalry Thistle F.C.
Darvel F.C.
Dunipace F.C.
East Kilbride Thistle F.C.
Forth Wanderers F.C.
Glasgow Perthshire F.C.
Glenafton Athletic F.C.
Greenock F.C.
Hurlford United F.C.
Irvine Meadow XI
Irvine Victoria F.C.
Johnstone Burgh F.C.
Kello Rovers F.C.
Kilbirnie Ladeside F.C.
Kilsyth Rangers F.C.
Kilwinning Rangers F.C.
Kirkintilloch Rob Roy F.C.
Lanark United F.C.
Largs Thistle F.C.
Larkhall Thistle F.C.
Lesmahagow F.C.
Lugar Boswell Thistle F.C.
Maryhill F.C.
Maybole F.C.
Muirkirk F.C.
Neilston F.C.
Petershill F.C.
Pollok F.C.
Port Glasgow F.C.
Renfrew F.C.
Royal Albert F.C.
Rutherglen Glencairn F.C.
St Anthony's F.C.
St Roch's F.C.
Saltcoats Victoria F.C.
Shettleston F.C.
Shotts Bon Accord F.C.
Stonehouse Violet F.C.
Thorniewood United F.C.
Troon F.C.
Vale of Clyde F.C.
Whitletts Victoria F.C.
Wishaw F.C.
Yoker Athletic F.C.
Scottish Junior Football Association, Eastern Region
Armadale Thistle F.C.
Arniston Rangers F.C.
Bathgate Thistle F.C.
Blackburn United F.C.
Bo'ness United F.C.
Bonnyrigg Rose F.C.
Broxburn Athletic F.C.
Camelon F.C.
Crossgates Primrose F.C.
Dalkeith Thistle F.C.
Dunbar United F.C.
Dundee North End F.C.
Dundonald Bluebell F.C.
Edinburgh United F.C.
Fauldhouse United F.C.
Glenrothes F.C.
Haddington Athletic F.C.
Harthill Royal F.C.
Hill o' Beath Hawthorn F.C.
Kelty Hearts F.C.
Kirkcaldy YMCA F.C.
Linlithgow Rose F.C. (Winners of the Scottish Junior Cup in 2001)
Livingston United F.C.
Lochgelly Albert F.C.
Lochee United F.C.
Lochore Welfare F.C.
Musselburgh Athletic F.C.
Newburgh F.C.
Newtongrange Star F.C.
Oakley United F.C.
Penicuik Athletic F.C.
Pumpherston F.C.
Rosyth Recreation F.C.
Saint Andrews United F.C.
Sauchie F.C.
Steelend Victoria F.C.
Stoneyburn United F.C.
Tayport F.C.
Thornton Hibs F.C.
Tranent F.C.
West Calder United F.C.
Whitburn F.C.
North Caledonian Football League
Alness United F.C.
Balintore F.C.
Bonar Bridge F.C.
Bunillidh Thistle F.C.
Dornoch F.C.
Golspie Sutherland F.C.
Halkirk United F.C.
Invergordon F.C.
Tain St. Duthus F.C.
Thurso F.C.
Clubs that do not exist any more
Dumbarton Harp F.C.
Third Lanark F.C.
Dundee Wanderers F.C
February 1 - The Loud House franchise by Mel Brooks.
February 2 – The American Basketball Association is formed.
February 15 – Chicago, a musical group forms
March 13 – Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister of India.
April 28 – Montreal hosts Expo '67.
May 1 – Elvis Presley married Priscilla Beaulieu.
June 5 – June 10 – The Six-Day War
November 30 – Pakistan Peoples Party is founded by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
December 3 – Dr. Christiaan Barnard transplanted the first heart.
Blue Öyster Cult forms.
Jethro Tull forms.
February 10 – Laura Dern, American actress
February 20 – Kurt Cobain, rock musician (d. 1994)
March 17 – Debi Derryberry, American actress
May 7 – Martin Bryant, Australian criminal
June 19 – Mia Sara, American actress
June 20 – Nicole Kidman, American-Australian actress
July 23 - Philip Seymour Hoffman, American actor (d. 2014)
October 16 – Davina McCall, English television presenter
October 28 – Julia Roberts, American actress
November 7 – David Guetta, French DJ
November 16 – Lisa Bonet, American actress
November 22 – Boris Becker, tennis player
November 28 – Anna Nicole Smith, American actress (d. 2007)
December 3 - Nicolae Guță, Romanian manele singer
December 17 – Gigi D'Agostino, Italian musician and DJ
December 19 – Criss Angel, American illusionist
January 3 – Jack Ruby, killer of Lee Harvey Oswald
January 4 – Donald Campbell, waterspeed/landspeed record seeker.
April 19 – Konrad Adenauer, German statesman
July 8 – Fatimah Jinnah, Pakistani Mother of the Nation.
October 9 – Che Guevara, Argentinian Marxist revolutionary (b. 1928)
December 10 – Otis Redding, American singer
Nobel Prize in Physics – Hans Albrecht Bethe, American physicist
Chemistry – Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, George Porter
Medicine – Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald
Literature – Miguel Angel Asturias, Guatemalan writer
Peace – not awarded
Popular songs
All You Need is Love – The Beatles
Daydream Believer – The Monkees
Groovin' – The Young Rascals
Happy Together – The Turtles
Hello Goodbye – The Beatles
I'm A Believer – The Monkees
Incense And Peppermints – Strawberry Alarm Clock
The Letter – The Box Tops
Light My Fire – The Doors
Ode to Billy Joe – Bobbie Gentry
Ooh Baby – Bo Diddley
Penny Lane – The Beatles
Respect – Aretha Franklin
Ruby Tuesday – The Rolling Stones
To Sir With Love – Lulu
Windy – The Association
003½: The Adventures of James Bond Junior – R.D. Mascott (Arthur Calder-Marshall)
The Arrangement – Elia Kazan
The Chosen – Chaim Potok
Christy – Catherine Marshall
The Confessions of Nat Turner – William Styron
The Crows of Pearblossom – Aldous Huxley
Death of a President – William Manchester
Down These Mean Streets – Piri Thomas
The Eighth Day – Thornton Wilder
The Exhibitionist – Henry Sutton
The Gabriel Hounds – Mary Stewart
Go to the Widow-Maker – James Jones
Ice – Anna Kavan
I Heard the Owl Call My Name – Margaret Craven
Jerusalem the Golden – Margaret Drabble
Killing Time – Thomas Berger
Miramar – Naguib Mahfouz
One Hundred Years of Solitude – Gabriel García Márquez
Rosemary's Baby- Ira Levin
The Silent Cry- Oe Kenzaburo
Topaz – Leon Uris
Where Eagles Dare – Alistair MacLean
Wild Season – Allan W. Eckert
These are the German football teams and the leagues they played in for the 2013/14 season (1st to third league).
The highest German league is the Bundesliga (First Division).
Below it is the second Bundesliga (Second Division).
The Third Division is called 3.
The Fourth Division, called Regionalliga is split into a northern, a southern and a western part.
The northern part is called Regionalliga Nord, the southern part Regionalliga Süd and the western part Regionalliga West.
Bundesliga (2013/14)
Hertha BSC Berlin promoted
SV Hoffenheim
Eintracht Braunschweig promoted
FSV Mainz 05
FC Köln
Arminia Bielefeld promoted
Karlsruher SC promoted
FC Kaiserslautern
Liga (2013/14)
FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt
FC Heidenheim 1846
Preußen Münster
SV Elversberg
FC Saarbrücken
Regionalliga Süd (Fourth Division)
Karlsruher SC II
SC Pfullendorf
SV Wehen Wiesbaden II
FC Nürnberg II
Bayern Alzenau
SG Sonnenhof Großaspach
Eintracht Frankfurt II
FC Eintracht Bamberg
Stuttgarter Kickers II
Regionalliga West (Fourth Division)
Fortuna Düsseldorf II
Borussia Mönchengladbach II
FSV Mainz 05 II
Bayer Leverkusen II
FC Schalke 04 II
FC Kaiserslautern II
FC Köln II
VfL Bochum II
Wormatia Worms
Bonner SC
Eintracht Trier
Regionalliga Nord (Fourth Division)
FC Magdeburg
FC St. Pauli II
VfL Wolfsburg II
SV Babelsberg 03
Hamburger SV II
Goslarer SC 08
Hertha BSC Berlin II
FC Hansa Rostock II
ZFC Meuselwitz
VFC Plauen
BFC Türkiyemspor 1978
Hannover 96 II
FC Oberneuland
Bayernliga (Fifth Division)
TSV Grossbardorf
TSV Aindling
FC Bad Kötzting
SpVgg Bayern Hof
SV Memmelsdorf
SpVgg Ansbach 09
TSG Thannhausen
VfL Frohnlach
FSV Erlangen-Bruck
SpVgg Unterhaching II
TSV 1896 Rain am Lech
Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (Fifth Division)
SGV Freiberg
FC 1908 Villingen
TSV Crailsheim
1899 Hoffenheim II
Bahlinger SC
FC Normannia Schwäbisch Gmünd
FC Nöttingen
SV Spielberg
FC Astoria Walldorf
VfL Kirchheim
ASV Durlach
TSG Balingen
TSG Weinheim
Kehler FV
SV Bonlanden
FC Denzlingen
Oberliga Südwest (Fifth Division)
FV Hassia Bingen
FK Pirmasens
SC 1919 Hauenstein
SpVgg EGC Wirges
Borussia Neunkirchen
TuS Mechtersheim
TuS Mayen
SV Rot-Weiß Hasborn
SC Idar-Oberstein
SV Roßbach/Wied
Sportfreunde Köllerbach
SV Niederauerbach
SV Elversberg II
SG 06 Betzdorf
SV Alemannia Waldalgesheim
Sportfreunde 1919 Eisbachtal
SV Auersmacher
Oberliga Hessen (Fifth Division)
SC Waldgirmes
KSV Klein-Karben 1890
VfB 1905 Marburg
Viktoria Aschaffenburg
FSV Frankfurt II
TSG 1887 Wörsdorf
FSV 1926 Fernwald
RSV Würges
KSV 1964 Baunatal
FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden
Rot-Weiss Frankfurt
SVA Bad Hersfeld
Eintracht Stadtallendorf
OSC 1897 Vellmar
Kickers Offenbach II
Viktoria Urberach
FC Eschborn
Hünfelder SV
FC Schwalmstadt
Oberliga NOFV-Süd (Fifth Division)
FC Carl Zeiss Jena II
SC Borea Dresden
FSV Budissa Bautzen
Germania Halberstadt
VfB Pößneck
VfB Auerbach
VfL Halle 96
FC Gera 03
FC Erzgebirge Aue II
SV SCHOTT Jena
FC Red-White Erfurt II
Dynamo Dresden II
FC Lokomotive Leipzig
FC Sachsen Leipzig
Oberliga NOFV-Nord (Fifth Division)
Germania Schöneiche
Lichtenrader BC 25
Torgelower SV Greif
FC Energie Cottbus II
Lichterfelder FC
TSG Neustrelitz
Ludwigsfelder FC
Berlin Ankaraspor Kulübü 07
Berliner FC Dynamo
Malchower SV 90
FSV Optik Rathenow
Greifwalder SV 04
FSV Bentwisch
Reinickendorfer Füchse
Brandenburger SC Süd 05
SV Falkensee/Finkenkrug
NRW-Liga (Fifth Division)
Schwarz-Weiss Essen
Westfalia Herne
SV Schermbeck
MSV Duisburg II
Hammer SpVgg
Germania Dattenfeld
Alemannia Aachen II
SSG Bergisch Gladbach 09
VfB Speldorf
FC Kleve
Arminia Bielefeld II
TSG 1881 Sprockhövel
SC Wiedenbrück
VfB 1948/64 Hüls
SG Wattenscheid 09
Rot-Weiss Essen II
SSVg Velbert
These are some Italian football teams that are or have been in the past years in the main professional division (Serie A).
Juventus F.C. from Turin
A.C. Milan from Milan
F.C. Internazionale Milano from Milan
Torino F.C. 1906 from Turin
Brescia Calcio from Brescia
Bologna F.C. 1909 from Bologna
Genoa C.F.C. from Genoa
A.S. Roma from Rome
S.S. Lazio from Rome
S.S.C. Napoli from Napoli
A.C.F. Fiorentina from Florence
Hellas Verona F.C. from Verona
U.C. Sampdoria from Genoa
Parma F.C. from Parma
Udinese Calcio from Udine
Atalanta B.C. from Bergamo
Chievo Verona from Verona
Perugia Calcio from Perugia
A.C. Siena from Siena
Italy-related lists
These are the Spanish football (soccer) teams and the leagues they played in for the 2014/15 season.
La Liga BBVAB
Deportivo La Coruña
Eibar
Spanish Segunda
Albacet
Barcelona B
Espandigolio
The Welsh League is a football league in Wales.
Some large Welsh clubs play in England's Football League.
Afan Lido F.C.
Barry Town F.C.
Caersws F.C.
Carmarthen Town F.C.
Cwmbran Town F.C.
Haverfordwest County F.C.
Newtown F.C.
Total Network Solutions F.C.
Welshpool Town F.C.
The club was founded in 1886 and was originally called Dial Square F.C. named after a sundial on the side of a factory.
The team plays in a traditional red and white kit.
They played at Highbury in North London from 1913 - 2006, but now they play at the Emirates Stadium.
The current captain of the side is Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang.
Their biggest rivals are Tottenham Hotspur, and the two play against each other in what is called the North London Derby.
Arsenal have won the First Division and Premier League 13 times and the FA Cup 10 times.
They are the only British club to have been the subject of a feature film.
Arsenal are also the team who have gone the longest in the Premier League without being relegated.
They were last relegated during WW1 over 90 years ago.
1996–2018: The Wenger years
Arsenal changed a lot under the management of Arsène Wenger, who was appointed in 1996.
Attacking football, an overhaul of dietary and fitness practices, and efficiency with money
have defined his reign.
Buying key players from Wenger's homeland, like Patrick Vieira and Thierry Henry, Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997–98 and a third in 2001–02.
In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup, won in both the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups, and won the Premier League in 2003–04 without losing a single match, which earned the side the nickname "The Invincibles".
This latter feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004, a national record.
Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first nine seasons at the club, although on no occasion were they able to retain the title.
The club had never gotten beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005–06; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition's fifty-year history to reach the final, in which they were beaten 2–1 by Barcelona.
The club had not gained a trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until, led by then club-record signing Mesut Özil, Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from 2–0 to win the match 3–2.
A year later, Arsenal completed another victorious FA Cup campaign, and became the most successful club in the tournament's history by winning their 13th FA Cup in 2016–17.
However, in that same season, Arsenal finished in the fifth position in the league, the first time they had finished outside the top four since Wenger arrived in 1996.
After another average league season the following year, Wenger departed Arsenal on 13 May 2018.
Since 2018: Post-Wenger era
After transforming the club's operating model to occur with Arsene Wenger leaving, Basque-Spaniard Unai Emery was named as the club's new head coach on 23 May 2018.
In Emery's first season, Arsenal finished fifth in the Premier League and as runner-up in the Europa League.
On 29 November 2019, Emery was sacked and former player and assistant first team coach Freddie Ljungberg was appointed as interim head-coach.
On 20 December 2019, Arsenal appointed former midfielder and club captain Mikel Arteta as the new head coach.
Arsenal finished the league season in eighth, their lowest finish since 1994–95, but beat Chelsea 2–1 to earn a record-extending 14th FA Cup title.
After the season, Arteta's title was changed from head coach to manager.
On 18 April 2021, Arsenal were announced as a founding club of the breakaway European competition The Super League; they withdrew from the competition two days later amid near-universal criticism.
Arsenal finished the season in 8th place once again, and with no European competition next season for the first time in 26 years.
The current manager of Arsenal is Mikel Arteta.
The assistant manager is Fredrik Ljungberg.
Their new Emirates Stadium was opened on the 27th of October 2006, by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Arsenal also has a women's team called Arsenal Ladies F.C.. The ladies team is the only team in women's football history to have ever won four trophies in one season.
The most famous, and successful, Arsenal manager before Wenger is thought to be Herbert Chapman.
Chapman won the First Division with Arsenal twice and the FA Cup once.
Dial Square
-1891 Royal Arsenal
1891-1914 Woolwich Arsenal
1914-present Arsenal F.C.
Premier League: 3
1997-98, 2001-02, 2003-04,2004-05, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-2010
First Division: 10
Premier League clubs
Aston Villa Football Club (nicknamed Villa), is an English football club based in Birmingham.
They have played at Villa Park, in Aston, since 1897.
They were one of the teams that started the English Football League in 1888.
They were also one of the teams that started the Premier League in 1992.
They are one of five English clubs to have won the European Cup.
They won this in 1982.
They have also won the Football League First Division seven times, the FA Cup seven times, the League Cup five times, and the European Super Cup once.
Villa have a large rivalry with nearby team Birmigham City.
This is called the Second City Derby, and they have been playing against each other since 1879.
The team's main home colours are claret and light blue.
Their badge is a yellow lion.
The club is owned by the NWSE group (owned by Egyptian Nassef Sawiris) and American Wes Edens.
Captain and vice-captain of Aston Villa
The captain is Tyrone Mings and the vice-captain is John McGinn.
Club honours
Aston Villa have won European and domestic league trophies.
The club's last English trophy was in 1996 when they won the League Cup, and most recently they won the 2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup.
League Titles
First Division / Premier League: 7
Champions: 1893–94, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1909–10, 1980–81
Second Division / First Division / Championship: 2
Champions: 1937–38, 1959–60
Play-off Winners: 2018–19
Third Division / Second Division / League One: 1
Champions: 1971–72
FA Cup: 7
Winners: 1886–87, 1894–95, 1896–97, 1904–05, 1912–13, 1919–20, 1956–57
League Cup / EFL Cup: 5
Winners: 1960–61, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1993–94, 1995–96
FA Charity Shield / FA Community Shield: 1
Winners: 1981
Sheriff of London Charity Shield: 2
Winners: 1899, 1901
European Cup / UEFA Champions League: 1
Winners: 1981–82
European Super Cup / UEFA Super Cup: 1
Winners: 1982
Intertoto Cup: 1
Winners: 2001
Official Aston Villa website
list of media articles concerning Aston Villa
Aston Villa Fan site
Aston Villa: From the Fans' Perspective
Heroes and Villains Fanzine
- Aston Villa fansite made for the fans, by the fans
1874 establishments in England
The club play in the Championship, their current manager is Gary Monk.
Their home ground is St.Andrews
1875-1888 Small Heath Alliance F.C.
1888-1905 Heath F.C.
1905-1945 Birmingham F.C.
1945-present Birmingham City F.C.
BCFC Fanzine
1875 establishments in England
Blackburn Rovers F.C. is an English football club.
They play at Ewood Park, which is in Blackburn, Lancashire.
The manager of the club is Tony Mowbray.
Blackburn Rovers won the FA Premier League once in the 1994/1995 season.
However, in 1999, they were relegated.
League title
English Premier League: 1
First Division: 2
Second Division: 1
Third Division: 1
Blackburn Rovers ; premierleague
Bolton Wanderers F.C. is an English football club.
It is based 15 miles north of Manchester.
The club plays in the English football league 1, the third tier league in England.
Their home is the University of Bolton Stadium.
It holds around 28,723 people.
Their manager is Ian Evett.
At home they play in a white shirt, navy blue shorts & white socks.
Away they play in a navy blue shirt, white shorts and navy blue socks.
1874-1877 Christ Church F.C.
1877-present Bolton Wanderers F.C.
1905 establishments in England
Chelsea F.C. is an English football club that plays in the English Premier League.
Their home stadium is Stamford Bridge in Fulham, London.
Chelsea is considered to be one of the most successful clubs of England, having won many trophies, including 6 Premier League, 2 UEFA Champions League, 2 UEFA Europa League, 5 League Cup, 8 FA Cup, 1 UEFA Super Cup and 2 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup titles.
Their all-time highest goalscorer is Frank Lampard and their most successful goalkeeper (on the basis of clean sheets and titles statistics) is Petr Čech.
Chelsea is owned by the Russian billionaire businessman Roman Abramovich.
There was a supposed breakaway European Super League that Chelsea were apart of but this quickly collapsed as many English teams pulled out due to fan disagreement.
Chelsea were the first of the English teams to pull out after Chelsea fans protested outside of the stadium before their match against Brighton.
Chelsea started in 1905 and played the second division of the league.
They won their first trophy in 1955, when they became Champions of the First Division.
They won the FA Cup in 1970, 1997, 2000 and 2007.
They won the League Cup in 1965, 1998, 2005 and 2007.
In 1970s Chelsea failed to maintain their position of the first division, due to the financial difficulties.
In 1990s they challenged the title of Premier League.
They came close but did not win it until 2005 and 2006.
In 2003 the Russian billionaire, Roman Abramovich, purchased Chelsea and invested lots of capital to employ new football players.
He also hired Luiz Felipe Scolari as the manager of the club.
Abramovich also employed Peter Kenyon as the chief executive to be responsible for the commercial strategies of the club.
This made Chelsea stronger, and they won the Premier League in consecutive years.
A third straight FA Premier League title slipped through Chelsea's fingertips after their failure to defeat Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium, meaning that Manchester United had won their ninth league title in fifteen tries.
On September 20, 2007, the very successful manager José Mourinho left the club by "mutual consent".
This exit came just days after a shockingly poor performance which saw them barely scrape out a 1-1 draw in a Champions League tie against Norwegian side Rosenborg B.K.. Following Mourinho's exit, Chelsea made Director of Football Avram Grant, the former manager of Israel from 2002 to 2006, the new manager of the club, until May 2008.
Grant took over with Chelsea trailing in the Premier League "title race" behind Manchester United and Arsenal, and managed to keep Chelsea in the hunt for the league until the last game of the season.
He got Chelsea into the Champions League Final for the first time as well as the Carling Cup Final, but he was sacked at the end of the season, along with assistant Henk ten Cate.
Grant was sacked from the job after he lost in the final in a 5-6 penalty shootout loss to Manchester United and replaced by Luiz Felipe Scolari, the then-Portugal coach, in August.
However, after a poor run of results Scolari was sacked on February 9, 2009.
Guus Hiddink took over the club until the rest of the season.
In early June they played in the FA Cup final against Everton, where Chelsea won 2-1, after Frank Lampard and Didier Drogba scored goals.
In that final, Louis Saha of Everton scored the fastest goal in FA Cup history, in 25 seconds.
A week later, the former Milan manager Carlo Ancelotti was named as the new manager of Chelsea.
Antonio Conte was their manager until July 2018 and helped them win the 2016/17 league title.
Frank Lampard, former Chelsea player, became Chelsea F.C.'s successor manager.
He was sacked in mid-season of 2020/21 following series of poor performances.
Thomas Tuchel replaced him, and successfully took Chelsea to the finals of UEFA Champions League 2020/21, played against Manchester City, held in Istanbul, Turkey.
Chelsea won the final 1-0, with the winning goal scored by Kai Havertz.
First-Team Squad
Notable players
Football clubs in London
Everton Football Club are an English football club from the city of Liverpool.
The club currently competes in the Premier League and have played more seasons in the top league of English football than any other team.
Everton were founded in 1878.
They have a long rivalry with Liverpool, mostly because both clubs have their home grounds in the same city.
When they play each other, the match is known as the Merseyside derby.
In the 1890s Everton played at Anfield, which later became Liverpool's stadium.
However, the owner of the stadium increased the rent by a lot, so the club decided to stop paying and leave and build their own instead.
Everton were then moved to a new stadium called Goodison Park.
Everton started out in 1878 with the name St Domingo's FC.
At first it was only for people who went to St Domingo's church, but so many people were interested they let people from the local area join as well.
A year later the club was renamed Everton Football Club, after the area.
Everton's first ever match was against a team called St Peter's in 1879.
Everton won 6-0.
Everton entered the FA Cup in the 1886/87 season.
They were beaten 1-0 by Rangers in the first round.
As football became more and more popular around England, the clubs realised they needed an organised league.
In 1888 the Football League was founded.
Everton were one of the 12 founding members.
Preston North End won the first two leagues and Everton won the third in 1891.
They won their second ever trophy, the FA Cup, in 1905 but did not win another until 1916.
It was not until 1927 that Everton had their first period of long success.
In 1925 they signed Dixie Dean and in 1927 he scored 60 goals in 39 games, setting a new world record and taking Everton to another league title.
Everton were relegated to the second division in 1930/1931.
Within a year they were promoted again, and remained in the first division until they were relegated again in 1950/51 (which resulted in three seasons in the second tier).
This makes them the English football team with the second most consecutive seasons in the top league of English football, behind  Arsenal who have been in the top flight continuously since 1919/20.
Everton's second successful period came after 1961 when Harry Catterick was appointed manager.