the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as teleconnections and climate indices.
Climatology News Daily publication with news in all areas of climatology plus free news feeds for webmasters.
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC assesses the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change.
KNMI Climate Explorer The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute's Climate Explorer graphs climatological relationships of spatial and temporal data.
Climatology as a Profession Amer.
of Physics account of the history of the discipline of climatology in the 20th century
Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger is a 2001 single from the album Discovery by Daft Punk.
Kanye West's 2007 song Stronger from the album Graduation uses a sample from Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger.
Fiona Apple McAfee Maggart, or Fiona Apple (born September 13, 1977) is an American musician.
Her song Criminal, which was on her first album, Tidal, won a Grammy Award in 1998 for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.
Apple was born in New York City to singer Diane McAfee and actor Brandon Maggart.
She started psychotherapy when she was 11.
When she was 12 she was raped outside the apartment she lived in.
She had obsessive-compulsive disorder.
In 1994 Apple gave demo tape containing the songs "Never Is a Promise", "Not One of Those Times", and "He Takes a Taxi" to her friend, who was the babysitter of music publicist Kathryn Schenker.
Schenker passed the tape on to Sony Music executive Andy Slater.
Slater signed Apple to the label.
In 1996 Apple's first album Tidal was released.
Apple won the MTV Video Music Award for "Best New Artist" for her song "Sleep to Dream" in 1997.
Apple famously said that "the world is bullshit" in her acceptance speech.
In 1999 Apple's second album When the Pawn... was released.
Apple sang with Johnny Cash on a cover of Simon & Garfunkel's "Bridge over Troubled Water" on Cash's 2002 album American IV: The Man Comes Around.
Apple's third album Extraordinary Machine was released in 2005.
Apple was on the cover of NYLON magazine.
In 2012 Apple's fourth album The Idler Wheel... was released.
A cover of "I'm in the Middle of a Riddle" that Apple made with her sister Maude Maggart was released on February 4 on Sweetheart, a Valentine's album only sold at Starbucks.
Apple is vegan.
In October 2013 she asked a fan to leave her concert in Portland, Oregon after they shouted "Get healthy!"
at her.
MTV Fiona Apple page
A pastor is what a leader is called in some Christian Churches.
The word pastor is Latin for "shepherd".
New Advent.
The Catholic Encyclopedia's entry on the term pastor.
Gunpoint Pentecostal Church.
A Pentecostal view on the term pastor.
Pastors' Families and Personal Lives   A collection of resources about keeping a pastor's personal life vibrant.
Pastor's Role .
A collection of articles about the role of a pastor in a church.
Pastoral Administration .
Articles about a pastor's role as administrator of a church.
Egyptology is the study of Ancient Egypt.
It falls under both history and archaeology.
Someone who studies or works in this field is called an Egyptologist.
The first part of the name comes from a nearby Roman-British village called Letocetum.
It was captured by the Mercians some time before 669, when it was called Licidfelth.
Between 786 and 803, the Christian archbishop in England was here, instead of Canterbury.
Towns in Staffordshire
Civil parishes in Staffordshire
New France was a colony settled by France in North America.
The regions in New France included Quebec, Acadia, and the Louisiana Territory.
Quebec City was its capital.
The French settled there after finding Quebec and in doing so created New France.
The colony was most valuable for its fur trade.
France lost the colony during the French and Indian War and it became part of British North America, except the western part of the Louisiana Territory which France had ceded in 1762 to the Spanish Empire.
In 1800 Spain returned that territory to Napoleon, who sold it to the United States in 1803.
Historical territories of Canada
1760s disestablishments
1530s establishments in North America
Establishments in Canada
El Llano (The Plain) is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña province.
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 4,193: 2,161 men and 2,032 women.
El Llano became a municipality by the law 687 of 2 July 1974.
Before that date, it was part of Comendador.
El Llano has an area of .
It is to the east of Comendador, next to the San Juan province.
1970s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Hondo Valle (in English, Deep Valley) is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña Province.
It is in the northern Sierra de Neiba mountain range.
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 7,194: 3,782 men and 3,412 women.
Hondo Valle was elevated to the category of municipality by the law 916 of 12 August 1978.
Before that date, it was a municipal district of Comendador.
Hondo Valle is in a small valley on the Sierra de Neiba mountain range, at an elevation of 890 m. It is at  to the south of Comendador.
The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by September with .
The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of  and the second is December with .
Hondo Valle is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is .
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 4,360: 2,394 men and 1,966 women.
Juan Santiago became a municipal district of Comendador by the law 916 of 12 August 1978.
Then, in 2005, it became a municipality of the Elías Piña province.
Juan Santiago has an area of .
The limits of the municipality are the municipality of El Llano to the north, the San Juan province to the east, the Independencia province to the south and the municipality of Hondo Valle to the west.
2005 establishments in North America
Río Limpio (in English, Clean River) is a Dominican municipal district of Pedro Santana in the Elías Piña Province.
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 3,364: 1,913 men and 1,451 women.
Río Limpio has an area of .
It is on the right side of the Vallecito river, a left tributary of the Artibonite river.
The town is to the west of the Loma Nalga de Maco mountain,  high (), the highest mountain in the western Cordillera Central mountain range.
The main crops are coffee and rice.
1992 establishments in North America
Sabana Cruz (in English, "Savanna [of the] Cross") is a Dominican municipal district of Bánica in the Elías Piña Province.
It has a total area of 66.0 km².
In the last national census (2002), the population of Sabana Cruz was of 2,081 persons.
The population density was 31.5 persons/km².
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 2,056: 1,127 men and 929 women.
Sabana Larga is to the northeast of the city of Comendador, on the northern side of the Macasías river, the main left tributary of the Artibonite river.
Destiny Fulfilled is the fourth studio album by the American R&B trio Destiny's Child.
The album features the top five singles "Lose My Breath" and "Soldier" along with the top twenty single "Cater 2 U" and top thirty single "Girl".
Destiny Fulfilled debuted too early at number-nineteen on the Billboard 200 selling 61,000 copies a week before its official release.
During its first official week of sales the album sold over 497,000 (558,000) copies and went to number two on the pop charts behind Eminem's Encore and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart (for two weeks).
The album sold over 337,000 copies in its second week (number four), 164,000 in its third (number nine) and 214,000 in its fourth (number seven).
Destiny Fulfilled was made Triple platinum by the RIAA after only eight weeks on the chart in January, 2005.
It spent nine weeks in the top ten and fifty weeks on the Billboard 200 and has sold 2.7 million copies in the US says Nielsen SoundScan.
The album has sold 6 million copies worldwide, to date.
Soldier (featuring T.I. & Lil Wayne)
Is She The Reason
Through With Love
Why You Actin
Wal-Mart/Sam's Club limited edition 2CD Tracks
"My Man" (featuring Beyoncé) – 3:36
"2 Step" – 3:25
"What's It Gonna Be" (featuring Beyoncé) – 3:36
"Survivor" (Extended Remix featuring Da Brat) – 4:24
"Independent Women Part 2" – 3:45
"Game Over" (Int.) –
"Why You Acting" (Int.) –
"Got's My Own" (Japan) – 3:58
Kanal 5 homepage
Television channels in Europe
Decadence (pronounced: DEK-a-dence) means a state in which people are behaving in a way that is regarded by some people as being morally bad.
The adjective is 'decadent'.
It has nothing to do with the word decade (10 years).
Where the word came from
“Decadence” comes from the Latin words “de” (from) and “cadere” (to fall).
Thus it means to fall from a higher state of being.
Decadence and society
Decadence is usually a state in a society which used to be good but has become bad.
Many people have started to behave in a way that others think is shocking and society does not function as well as it did before.
Of course, not everyone will agree what is “good” or “bad”, but some societies, such as Sodom and Gomorrah, are thought to have been decadent.
Decadence and the arts
The end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century is often called the fin de siècle (end of century).
It is an example of a supposed decadent society in literature and art.
In France there were several writers who were happy to be called “decadent”.
They included Paul Verlaine, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé.
In France, the symbolist artists such as Gustave Moreau regarded themselves as "decadent".
In England decadent artists included the author Oscar Wilde and visual artists such as Aubrey Beardsley.
The "decadents" advocated living a "decadent lifestyle", which means a lifestyle based on seeking  the maximum possible amount of aesthetic pleasure.
In the early 1970s, glam rock musicians such as David Bowie called themselves "decadent".
David Bowie's 1973 album Diamond Dogs is about the theme of decadence.
Glam rock musicians and fans of glam rock music signaled that they were decadent by wearing platform shoes.
The popular 1976 film Rocky Horror Picture Show was a humorous depiction of "decadence".
People of the goth subculture, which began in the early 1980s among fans of the band Bauhaus, generally regard themselves as being "decadent".
One way they may symbolize themselves as being decadent is by wearing fishnet stockings.
Colors that symbolize decadence
The color lavender is usually used to symbolize decadence.
Both of the books in the "further reading" list below are colored different tones of lavender.
In the 1890s, the color mauve was used to symbolize decadence--the 1890s were called the mauve decade.
Decadence: the strange life of an epithet By Richard Gilman--New York: 1979--Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Dreamers of decadence: the symbolist painters of the 1890s By Philippe Julian 1971
Kanye Omari West (; born June 8, 1977, and legally named Ye  since October 2021) is an American rapper, record producer, and fashion designer from Chicago, Illinois.
He rose to fame in the mid 2000s.
His first three albums, The College Dropout, Late Registration, and Graduation received many awards, critical acclaim, and commercial success.
In 2008, he released his fourth album, 808s & Heartbreak.
In 2010, he released his fifth, titled My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy.
In 2013, he released his sixth album, Yeezus.
Yeezus obtained great reviews from many music critics.
In 2016, he released his seventh album, The Life of Pablo.
West also runs his own record label called GOOD Music.
West was born to middle-class African-American parents in Atlanta, Georgia.
He moved with his mother to Chicago when he was three years old.
He started writing poetry at the age of five.
Kanye moved with his mother to Nanjing, China when he was 10.
In 1997 West started taking painting classes at  Chicago's American Academy of Art.
After a short time he changed to Chicago State University to major in English.
When he was 20 he left college to focus on music.
West started his music career as a producer creating beats for local Chicago artists.
He was well known in these beats to take samples of old and popular soul songs, speed them up, raise the pitch and put these samples in his beats to enhance the sound.
This is called Chipmunk Soul.
In the late 1990s, West became a member of the amateur rap group called Go-Getters with GLC, Timmy G, and Really Doe.
In 1999 they released their only album, World Record Holders.
In 2003 West released his first mixtape, Get Well Soon.... In Get Well Soon.... He rapped on an instrumental from Twista's single "Slow Jamz".
In 2004.
West's first album The College Dropout was released by Roc-A-Fella.
It entered the Billboard 200 at number two.
That year West started a record label called GOOD Music.
John Legend is signed to the label.
West was nominated for three American Music Awards.
In 2005 West's second album Late Registration was released.
The second single "Gold Digger" was nominated for Record of the Year at the 2006 Grammy Awards.
West was also nominated for Best New Artists.
Other rappers on the album included Jay-Z, Ludacris, and Mos Def.
In 2005 West released his first fashion line.
West's third album Graduation was released in 2007.
The album was nominated for eight Grammy Awards.
The album's second single "Stronger" won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance.
In 2008, West's fourth album 808s & Heartbreak was released.
The album was sung instead of rapped by West.
It sold 450,145 copies in its first week.
West acted in the 2008 movie The Love Guru.
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy was released on Roc-A-Fella Records in 2010.
Music critics gave it great reviews.
Pitchfork gave the album a score of 10/10.
Pitchfork rarely give 10/10, so this was a big achievement.
Rolling Stone gave it five out of five stars.
In 2011 West released an album with Jay-Z called Watch the Throne.
In 2011 "All of the Lights" was released as the fourth single from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy.
Rihanna sang in it.
On May 23, 2012 a short film made by West called Cruel Summer was shown for the first time at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.
The film was given good reviews.
The film's name came from an album West released called Cruel Summer on his record label GOOD Music.
On June 18, 2013 West's sixth album Yeezus was released.
The album got very good reviews from music critics.
In November 2013 West gave a lecture at Harvard University.
On November 15, 2013 Busta Rhymes' single "Thank You" was released.
West rapped on it with Lil Wayne and Q-Tip.
On November 24, 2013, West said in an interview that he is making his seventh album. "
New Slaves" was nominated for Best Rap Song at the 2014 Grammy Awards.
On June 27 2015, West headlined Glastonbury Festival 2015 to much controversy.
On February 14 2016, Kanye West released The Life of Pablo on Tidal, Jay-Z's online music service.
On April 1, 2016, West released The Life Of Pablo on other music services, including Spotify, Apple Music, and Google Play Music.
West married Kim Kardashian in 2014.
They have a daughter, North "Nori" West, who was born on June 15, 2013.
They also have a son, Saint West, who was born on December 5, 2015.
Their third child, daughter Chicago West, was born on January 15, 2018.
They recently welcomed their fourth child, a son named Psalm West.
In September 2015, West announced that he intends to run for President of the United States in 2020.
He later implied on Twitter that he intends to run for President in 2024 due to Donald Trump's rigged win in the 2016 election.
On December 13, 2016, West met with President-elect Trump to discuss (according to West) "bullying, supporting teachers, modernizing curriculums, and violence in Chicago."
Kanye West has released 10 studio albums:
KanyeWest.com
Kanye Talk
Kanye West at Rocafella Records
Kanye West's iTunes Celebrity Playlist
Allmusic.com artist page
Kanye West Tabs at Homemusician.net
Tiny Mix Tapes on Kanye
Kanye's new album, Graduation, at Power 105.1 - NYC
Rap musicians from Georgia
Singers from Wyoming
Giro (Kiro) Manoyan () is an Armenian politician, one of the leaders of ARF Dashnaktsutiun and the head of Armenian Cause Office.
Manoyan attended and finished Concordia University in Montreal, Canada.
In the 1980s he was the Executive Director of the Armenian National Committee of Canada.
From 1989 to 1999, he edited the Horizon Weekly Armenian newspaper.
Since 2000, he is the Director of the International Secretariat of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Bureau in Yerevan.
An interview with Kiro Manoyan
Castleton is a small village in the Derbyshire Peak District national park, in England.
It is built on a limestone part of the national park and nearly all the buildings are built of limestone.
It has extremely good access as it is near some main cities.
The main attractions in Castleton include Mam Tor, a tall mountain made out of shale.
Burbage Moor is a lovely walking spot.
It has some climbing spots and has a valley in a valley.
Winnats Pass is a path way in between two cliffs.
It is very spectacular walking through it.
There are big limestone caves near Castleton.
They have stalagmites stalactites.
Blue John is a type of rock which is found near Castleton.
Water can be seen flowing out of the ground.
This is water which has soaked into the limestone.
Derbyshire Guide
Pigot's 1835 Directory
Minerals, Mines and Quarries
Villages in Derbyshire
The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA).
They play their home games in the Crypto.com Arena in Los Angeles, California, which they share with the Los Angeles Clippers, their sister team the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League.
The Lakers were originally known as Minneapolis Lakers.
The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA, and have won 17 NBA championships, tied with the Boston Celtics for the most in NBA history.
Gail Goodrich
Jamaal Wilkes
James Worthy
Derek Fisher
Luke Walton
Trevor Ariza
Metta Sandiford-Artest
Three of the Lakers' rivals are the Boston Celtics, Portland Trail Blazers, and the Sacramento Kings.
1940s establishments in Minnesota
Asterix () is a French comic book.
It was created by René Goscinny (words) and Albert Uderzo (pictures).
Goscinny died in 1977 and Uderzo continued to draw and write the series by himself until his death in 2020.
The title character Asterix is a Gaul, a member of a Celtic tribe that lived in France, in the year of 50 B.C.E. Asterix lives in a small village in northwest Gaul (Ancient France) during the time of Julius Caesar in 50 BC.
Unlike the rest of Gaul, this village has not been taken over by the Romans, because the people in the village drink a magic potion brewed by their druid Getafix.
Asterix has many adventures with his friend, Obelix, a Menhir delivery man.
The stories have been adapted into movies and video games; there is even an amusement park.
There is also a couple of cartoons made after this popular comic, and both the comic and the cartoon can be made into so that the characters speak French.
A hurdy gurdy is a stringed musical instrument played by a rosin-covered wheel.
It dates back to the Middle Ages.
The hurdy gurdy can create three types of sounds.
The melody is played on melody strings by pressing keys on the side of the instrument.
These press tangents against the strings.
Hurdy gurdies can also have drone strings, which play one note continuously.
Many hurdy gurdies also have a buzzing bridge.
Turning the wheel faster causes this to make a rhythmic buzzing sound.
Bands that feature hurdy gurdies
Valravn
Kelten Zonder Grenzen
The Mediaeval Baebes
Magicians' real names, if different, follow in parentheses.
Randi, James.
Conjuring. (
Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin
P.C. Sorcar
The P-47 Thunderbolt (also called The Jug ) was a fighter aircraft made by Republic Aviation.
It first flew in 1941, and was introduced in 1942.
It had a very big Pratt and Whitney R-2800-59 engine, which had more than 2,000 horsepower.
Because of this, the P-47 could go more than 430 miles per hour.
In fact, it was the biggest engine ever at the time.
It had 8 machine guns, 2 more than most fighters.
It's shape and speed made it similar to the Fw 190.
During 1944, the P-51 Mustang was lighter, faster, and could turn better.
Because of this, it started replacing the P-47 as a fighter.
The P-47 was then used for bombing in late World War II.
It was retired from the American Air National Guard in 1955.
P-40 Warhawk
is a modern Japanese martial art and Olympic sport.
It was developed in 1882 by Jigorō Kanō.
Judo grew out of an older martial art, Jujutsu or Jū-jutsu.
Jujutsu was an ancient and deadly martial art which used chokes, throws, joint locks, and strikes.
Kanō created judo by using techniques which were common in jujutsu.
He eliminated techniques that he thought were dangerous in training, so that students could train with resistance.
Some basic throws are Tai-otoshi and De-ashi-barai (these are in Japanese).
There are two types: groundwork and feet work.
Ground work is when both players are on the ground.
Usually the attacker would be on top and the uke (defender) would be on the bottom.
In feet work both players would move along the mat in a variety of moves.
Every once in a while a player will throw his/her opponent on the floor.
In competitions the players will go full on for each other and once someone has thrown his/hers opponent down they need to hold them down for 20 seconds or the point won't count.
The person who has the most points at the end wins a gold, silver or bronze.
Michelle Williams (actress) - American Academy Award-nominated actress.
She is best known for her parts in the movie Brokeback Mountain and the television series Dawson's Creek.
Michelle Williams (singer) - American singer.
She was a member of the group Destiny's Child.
Humus (or humous) is the organic matter in the soil.
It is made of dead parts of plants and animals.
Humus takes in water and has plenty of nutrients.
Nitrogen is the most important.
Plants put roots into the soil to get the water and nutrients.
Humus is good for plants because it is like a sponge.
How this happens
When plants and insects die they are first raw organic matter.
Bacteria and fungi eat the raw material, but they do not eat all of it.
They leave a small amount behind.
The part they leave behind is named "humus".
This activity is dynamic and keeps happening.
There is always more dead material arriving on top.
So the soil always has organic material in it, along with small pieces of rock.
"Soil" refers to anything between the top of the dirt and the top of the underlying rock (called "bedrock").
Soil is often broken into layers.
The top layer is high in organic matter (roting plants and such).
Then there is a layer of layer of soil where rain water has removed some metals (called "leaching").
Those metals get collected in another, lower layer.
Finally, there is a layer made up mostly of broken bits of bedrock.
A soil can have all of these layers, or only a few.
Fields of application in soil science
Soil survey
Standard methods of analysis
Soil fertility / Nutrient management
Ecosystem studies
Watershed and wetland studies
Pedotransfer function
Related disciplines
Agricultural sciences
Irrigation management
archaeological stratigraphy
Landscape ecology
Wetland science
Certified Professional Soil Scientist
Registered Professional Soil Scientist  (PDF)
SoilScience.info
SoilScience.info's Daily Dirt - Soil Science in Mainstream Media and Popular Press
SoilScience.info's Job Listings
They are appointed by letters patent to be one of "Her Majesty's Counsel learned in the law".
They are not a separate type of lawyer.
They are more than long serving lawyers,  because their status is given by the Crown and recognised by the courts.
Queen's Counsel have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court, and wear silk gowns of a special design (hence the informal title Silks).
The special robes are the reason why becoming a QC is often called "taking silk".
In order to "take silk" a lawyer usually has to serve as a barrister or a Scottish advocate for at least 10 years.
Recently solicitors have also been appointed Queen's Counsel.
A QC's status means they generally charge higher fees than ordinary barristers, and always have another barrister as an assistant.
This assistant is called a "junior" even if the junior has been a lawyer longer than the "silk".
Pedogenesis or soil evolution (formation) is how soil is created.
Climate regulates soil formation.
Soils develop more in areas with more rainfall and more warmth.
The rate of chemical weathering increases by 2-3 times when the temperature increases by 10 degrees Celsius (50°F).
The organisms living in and on the soil form distinct soil types.
Coniferous forests have acidic leaf litter.
Mixed or deciduous forests leave a larger layer of humus.
Prairies have very high humus accumulation, creating a dark, thick soil.
Pedogenesis is the major topic of the science of pedology.
Its other aspects include the soil morphology, classification (taxonomy) of soils,  and their distribution in nature.
Buol, Stanley W; F.D. Hole & R.W. McCracken.
Soil genesis and classification.
4th ed, Iowa State Univ.
Press, Ames.
Hole Francis D. & J.B. Campbell.
Soil landscape analysis.
Totowa Rowman & Allanheld.
11 (eleven  or ) is a number.
It comes between ten and twelve, is an odd number, and is a prime number, after 2, 3, 5, and 7.
Twelve is a number.
It comes between eleven and thirteen, and it is an even number.
It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.
Its ordinal is 12th (twelfth).
In Roman numerals, it is written as XII.
It is the base of duodecimal numbers.
It is often called dozen.
12 is also referred to as, The Twelve Imams or the Twelve Apostles of Christ
Twelve is the first abundant number.
Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed from sediment.
They are deposited over time, and often show layers which can be seen in cliffs.
Other types of rock are igneous rock and metamorphic rock.
Sediments are usually formed from matter which falls to the bottom of oceans and lakes.
The matter includes tiny pieces of other rocks, and dead animals, plants and microorganisms.
Also, inorganic chemicals may be precipitated from solution in the water.
The three most common sedimentary rocks are limestone, sandstone and shale.
Sedimentary rocks cover 7580% of the Earth's land area, but they make up only 5% of the Earth's crust.
The relative abundances of the different types of sedimentary rocks are:
Shale - 60%
Sandstone - 20%
Carbonate - 15%
All others - 5%
Squeezed and compressed over time, the sediments become 'consolidated' (made solid) into layers of rock.
Stratigraphy is the study of those layers
Cementation occurs when dissolved mineral components deposit in the interstices of sediments.
It is the sticking together of sediment that forms a rock.
Otherwise, rocks may have the water squeezed out, yet remain for long periods with their character unchanged.
There are many quarries of unconsolidated deposits where sand and gravel are removed for the construction industry.
Such quarries may be taking out sand which has lasted as sand since the Jurassic period.
But consolidated sand, sandstone, can be a very hard rock.
Types of sedimentary rock
Solids swept down from the land.
Bits & pieces laid down in water, e.g. shells.
Chemicals in solution, which may be precipitated.
These sedimentary processes – weathering, transportation, and deposition – reach three final end products: quartz sand, shale (from clay), and limestone (CaCO3).
Most sedimentary rocks are variations on this general pattern.
Chalk, limestone, and dolomite are all basically made from calcium carbonate.
This comes from a mixture of minerals and pieces of animals (especially animal shells).
They are mostly formed in oceans.
Shales, sandstones, and conglomerates are all clastic rocks.
They are made from pieces of other rocks.
The pieces may have come from erosion by water, ice or wind.
Some sedimentary rocks are made of just one type of sediment, all about the same size, such as sand.
Other sedimentary rocks will have large and small lumps, and pieces of different types of rock.
Well-known sedimentary rocks are sandstone and limestone.
Sedimentary rocks may be found anywhere on Earth.
When sedimentary rocks are heated and squeezed, they become metamorphic rocks.
Igneous rocks have a volcanic origin.
Over a very long time, rocks get recycled, in two ways.
When marine sediments are raised above sea level, they get weathered, and the pieces carried down to the sea.
On a much longer time-scale continental plates may collide.
Then one plate goes under the other (is subducted), and all its material is recycled, emerging much later.
Blatt, Harvey and Tracy, Robert J. 1996.
Petrology: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, Freeman, 2nd Ed.
Folk R.L. 1965.
Petrology of sedimentary rocks PDF version .
Austin: Hemphill’s Bookstore.
Basic sedimentary rock classification
Fourteen is a number.
It is between 13 and 15.
It is divisible by 1, 2, 7, and 14.
A rock is a naturally occurring solid.
It is made of minerals (which are crystalline), or other mineral-like substances.
The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock.
That means the Earth's crust is made of rock.
The different minerals in the rocks make different kinds of rock.
Rock is often covered by soil or water.
It is beneath the oceans, lakes, and rivers of the earth, and under the polar icecaps.
Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.
Rock classification
Rocks are classified by their minerals and chemical make-up.
The processes that formed them are also noted.
Rocks may be igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
Rock types may change in a so-called 'rock cycle'.
For the main article, see Igneous rock
Igneous rocks are formed when molten magma cools, either above or below the surface.
They are divided into two main categories: plutonic rock and volcanic rock.
Plutonic or intrusive rocks are made when magma cools and crystallizes slowly within the Earth's crust (example granite).
Volcanic or extrusive rocks result from magma reaching the surface either as lava or ejecta (examples pumice and basalt).
For the main article, see Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are the most common rocks on Earth.
They form at or near the Earth's surface.
Sedimentary rock is formed in layers which were laid down one by one on top of another.
Some of the layers are thin, some are thick.
Layers are made by deposition of sediment, organic matter, and chemical precipitates.
Deposition is followed by squeezing of sediment under its own weight, and cementation.
This process is called 'consolidation': it turns the sediment into a more or less hard substance.
Shale (including mudstone, and siltstone): 60%
Sandstones 20%.
Carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite): 15%.
All others: 5%.
For the main article, see Metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks are formed by rocks coming under great pressure and high temperatures.
These temperatures and pressures are found under mountains and volcanoes, especially when continental plates move together.
These conditions change the make-up of the original minerals.
Impact on human life
Rocks have had an impact on human life.
They have been used by humans for over two million years.
The mining of rocks for their metals has been one of the most important things in human advancement.
Rocks are mined for building materials of all kinds.
Quarrying
Fifteen is a number.
It is between fourteen and sixteen, and is an odd number.
It is divisible by 1, 3, 5, and 15.
Sixteen is a number.
It comes between fifteen and seventeen, and is an even number.
It is also the 4th square number, after 1, 4, and 9.
Weathering is the breaking down of Rock (geology) rocks, soil and their minerals through direct contact with the Earth's atmosphere, waters, or living things.
It is a natural process.
Mechanical weathering
Mechanical or physical weathering is when the rocks and minerals are broken down but the Chemical composition remains the same.
Mechanical weathering physically breaks up rock.
Rain is another force that works slowly.
The force of raindrops on some rocks make them wear down.
Rain also can make a chemical change in some rocks, because it is usually slightly acidic.
The water mixes with the minerals in the rock to break it down.
Changing temperature can make a rock crack.
Every day when the sun shines on the rock, its surface is heated.
Heat causes the surface to expand (get bigger) a little.
The inside of the rock, though, does not heat up as fast as the outside of the rock.
The inside of the rock stays cooler.
At night, the surface cools down and contracts.
The expanding and contracting makes some places on the surface weak, and a crack is made.
Also, if water gets into a crack in a rock and the temperature goes below the freezing point, the water will freeze and expand.
After some time, the rock may be weak enough to break into pieces.
Ice, which can be miles thick, grinds the surface of the rock below it.
The particles are carried with the ice, and if a glacier ends up in the sea, so does all the material carried with it.
Lava or magma
Lava or magma can cause weathering when molten rock touches older rock.
It causes the older rock to change form to a different crystal structure.
Chemical weathering
Carbon dioxide cycle
The carbon dioxide cycle is the most important for weathering.
CO2 is put into the atmosphere mostly by volcanoes, and it is taken out of the atmosphere by photosynthesis, and by one other process.
While it is in the air, CO2 can dissolve in water droplets to form weak carbonic acid.
When rain hits rock it does so with mechanical energy and dilute acid.
The acid dissolves many types of minerals and rocks though, of course, very slowly.
When a mineral like feldspar is dissolved, it lets sodium ions into the sea; chlorine ions come from other minerals.
The sea tastes salty because of the elements which have been dissolved out of rocks.
In chemistry, recrystallization is a procedure for purifying compounds.
A crystal compound often has other compounds on it that make it less useful.
To get rid of these extra items, the crystal is placed in a boiling liquid.
Soon the crystal dissolves.
The boiling solution, or the mix of the liquid and the dissolved crystal, gets colder.
The crystal will form again.
The unwanted compounds stay in the solvent, or the liquid.
Now the crystal is pure and made of only the compound.
Each type of compound works best in a certain type of liquid.
Sometimes two or more liquids mixed together are needed to dissolve a crystal.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock that undergoes metamorphic  recrystallization to form marble, and clays can recrystallize to muscovite mica.
For ice, recrystallization means the growth of larger crystals at the expense of smaller ones.
Some biological antifreeze proteins have been shown to inhibit this process, and the effect may be relevant in freezing-tolerant organisms.
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 is an law for environmental conservation made by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
It protects native species and restricts the release of non-native species into the wild.
The Act is split into four parts.
Killing most mammals and almost all birds is illegal in the United Kingdom, except for certain types and for certain reasons.
General licences under the act to hunt birds are issued each year by the Department for Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in England.
The Department can give a licence to kill or disturb birds.
It also gives out a general licence.
This allows any "authorised person", that is someone who has the landowner's permission, to kill certain birds, or to destroy their eggs or nests, if there is no other way to get rid of the birds.
1or to prevent serious damage to livestock or damage to foodstuffs for livestock, crops, vegetables, fruit, growing timber, fisheries or inland waters.
Official text of the Act
Soil classification can be approached from both the perspective of pedogenesis and from soil morphology.
But in both cases interpretations do not vary widely.
Eswaran, H., Rice, T., Ahrens, R., & Stewart, B. A. (Eds.). (
Soil classification : a global desk reference.
Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.
McBratney, A. B., & de Gruijter, J. J. (1992).
A continuum approach to soil classification by modified fuzzy k-means with extragrades.
Journal of Soil Science, 43(1), 159-175.
A Compendium of On-Line Soil Survey Information - Soil Classification for Soil Survey by D. G. Rossiter
Engineering soil description and classification
A manor house or fortified manor-house is a country house, which has historically formed the centre of a manor (see Manorialism).
The term is sometimes used for relatively small country houses which belonged to gentry families, as well as to grand stately homes, particularly as a technical term for minor late medieval castles more intended for show than for defence.
In general terms, the manor house was the house of a feudal lord of a manor, which he occupied only on occasional visits if he held many manors.
Although not built with strong fortifications as castles were, many manor houses were partly fortified: they were enclosed within walls or ditches.
Often the farm buildings were within these walls as well.
Many manor houses had small gatehouses and watchtowers.
The main feature of the manor house was its great hall.
By the beginning of the 16th century, manor houses as well as small castles began to acquire the character and amenities of the residences of country gentlemen.
This late 16th century transformation produced many of the smaller Renaissance châteaux of France and the many country mansions of the Elizabethan and Jacobean styles in England.
In France, the terms château or manoir are often used to describe a French manor house.
Maison-forte is another French word to describe a strongly fortified manor house.
In the western France provinces of Brittany and Normandy, certain large manors enjoyed real means of protection.
In modern usage, the term manor or manor house is often used, especially outside Europe, to mean simply either a country house or indeed any other house considered to resemble one, without any reference to age or to the historical sense of the term.
Reality TV show recreating life in an Edwardian manor house.
Estonian Manors Portal - the English version gives the brief overview of 438 best preserved manor houses in Estonia.
The English country house is generally accepted as a large house that was once in the ownership of an individual who in most of the cases owned another great house in the West End of London.
The country house was not only a weekend retreat for aristocrats, but also often a full time residence for the minor gentry.
Evolution of the English country house
The country houses of England have developed over the last 500 years.
Before this time most larger houses were fortified, because their owners were feudal lords or overlords of their manor.
The Tudor period of stability in the country saw the first of the large unfortified country houses.
With the rise of modern industry and urbanization, when people left the country to go to the big cities the popularity of country houses declined as there were less people in the country.
After 1945 it became very difficult to pay for the huge staff that was required to maintain these houses.
Girouard, Mark.
Life in the English Country House : a social and architectural history details the impact of social change on design
The National Trust - England, Wales, & Northern Ireland
The National Trust for Scotland
An English Manor House Head Gardener's Online Diary
Lost Heritage - A Memorial to the Lost Country Houses of England
The larynx (plural larynges), also known as the voice box, is an organ in the neck of humans and animals.
It  helps to protect the wind pipe by stopping it from inhaling food.
It also helps with breathing and making sounds.
The larynx houses the vocal cords.
The larynx makes the voice.
Both pitch and loudness are controlled here.
It has a small slit through which air passes and makes the vocal cords vibrate.
The vibrating vocal cords make the air vibrate.
This sound changes as it travels through the vocal tract.
It becomes a different sound based on the position of the tongue, lips, mouth, and pharynx.
When swallowing, the backward motion of the tongue forces part of the larynx called the epiglottis to cover up the opening to the larynx, also called the laryngeal opening.
This is to stop the food swallowed from entering the lungs.
The larynx is also pulled upwards to help with this process.
If the larynx is irritated by something that is swallowed, a strong cough reflex is used to protect the lungs.
Disorders of the larynx
There are several things that can cause a larynx to not function properly.
Some symptoms are hoarseness, loss of voice, pain in the throat or ears, and breathing difficulties.
Larynx transplant is not done very often.
The world's first successful operation took place in 1998 at the Cleveland Clinic, and the second took place in October 2010 at the University of California Medical Center in Sacramento.
Acute laryngitis is the sudden inflammation and swelling of the larynx.
It is caused by the common cold or by excessive shouting.
It is not serious.
Chronic laryngitis is caused by smoking, dust, frequent yelling, or prolonged exposure to polluted air.
It is much more serious than acute laryngitis.
Presbylarynx is age-related hardening of the soft tissues of the larynx.
It results in weak voice and restricted vocal range.
Bowing of the front portion of the vocal cords is found on laryngoscopy (an examination of the larynx).
Polyps and nodules are small bumps on the vocal cords.
They can be caused by prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and vocal misuse.
Two related types of cancer of the larynx, namely squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma, are strongly associated with repeated exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol.
Laryngeal spasm.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux is a condition in which acid from the stomach irritates and burns the larynx.
Similar damage can occur with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Laryngomalacia is a very common condition of infancy.
The soft, immature cartilage of the upper larynx collapses inward during inhalation, causing the airway to be (partly) blocked.
Laryngeal perichondritis, the inflammation of the perichondrium (a connective tissue around the cartilage) of laryngeal cartilages, causing the airway to be (partly) blocked.
Speech and Hearing Science: Anatomy and Physiology 3rd edition.
Willard R. Zemlin.
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
An endangered species is a species (a population) of animals, plants or other organisms that is in danger of becoming extinct.
This could happen because there are few of that animal left, its predators have grown in number, or the climate that it lives in is changing, or the places it lives in have been destroyed.
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has worked out that endangered species are 40% of all organisms.
Many countries have laws to protect these plants and animals.
These laws, if obeyed, can save species by stopping hunting, land development or making parks and reserves.
Poaching and other illegal activities, however, can still destroy them.
Only a few plants and animals at risk of extinction, mostly vertebrates, are put on the lists and get legal protection.
Many more species become extinct, or will become extinct, without people knowing about it.
This is a list of mammals that are endangered.
Bornean ferret-badger
Ethopian wolf
White rhinoceros  (currently considered as near endangered)
Here is a list of birds that are endangered.
Crowned solitary eagle
Marquesan imperial pigeon
Endangered or Not, but at Least No Longer Waiting March 6, 2013 New York Times
Archosaurs are a large group of reptiles, including all crocodiles, birds, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs (flying reptiles).
There are also a number of smaller extinct groups, mostly from the Triassic period.
The Archosaurs are definitely a monophyletic clade, and do not include reptiles such as the Squamata (lizards and snakes) and the Sphenodontia (Sphenodon).
They have these diagnostic features, called synapomorphies in cladistics talk:
Teeth set in sockets, which makes them less likely to be torn loose during feeding.
Opening in the skull in front of the eyes but behind the nostrils, reduces the weight of the skull.
Small openings in the jaw bones, which reduces the weight of the jaw slightly.
Legs held under the body rather than sprawled, or may be held under the body.
This improves both breathing and movement.
A special ridge for attaching muscles to the femur.
This detail may have made it possible for dinosaurs to stand on two legs.
All early dinosaurs and many later ones were bipedal.
The archosaurs or their immediate ancestors survived the catastrophic Permian–Triassic extinction event.
Benton comments: "The key tetrapods to benefit from the Permo-Triassic mass extinction was the Archosauromorpha".
Then, in the early and middle Triassic, there was rapid evolution into the types of aquatic and land tetrapods which dominated the rest of the Mesozoic era.
Archosaur classification
†Pterosauria
Crurotarsi or Pseudosuchia: The crocodile line of crown-group Archosauria
†Phytosauria: semi-aquatic long-snouted types
†Aetosauria: quadrupedal armoured herbivores
†Ornithosuchidae: look rather like dinosaurs
Crocodylomorpha (Crocodilia and their ancestors)
†Rauisuchia ?
uncertain group, includes some large-bodied quadrupedal predators
This is an even wider group, which includes diapsid Sauropsida which appeared in the middle Permian and Triassic periods.
Their relationships are not well established at present.
Benton M.J. 2015.
Vertebrate paleontology.
4th ed, Blackwell, Oxford: Evolution of the Archosauromorphs, p154.
Carroll R.L. 1988.
The MS Explorer was a cruise ship (MS stands for motor ship).
It had been known as  MS Lindblad Explorer (–1985) and MS Society Explorer (–1992).
It was registered in  Liberia.
It was designed for sailing in cold areas, such as around Antarctica.
The MS Explorer was originally ordered by the Swedish explorer Lars-Eric Lindblad.
The ship was sold several times.
Its last owner was the Toronto-based travel company G.A.P Adventures.
It had bought the Explorer in 2004.
Besides being the first cruise ship ever built specifically to ply the frigid waters of the Antarctic Ocean, the Explorer became the first ever to sink there when it struck an unidentified submerged object, possibly ice, on November 23, 2007, which caused a 10-by-4 inch (25 × 10 cm) gash in the hull.
Everyone escaped from Explorer in the early hours of November 23, 2007, after taking on water near the South Shetland Islands in the Southern Ocean, which is usually stormy, but was calm at the time.
The Explorer was confirmed by the Chilean Navy to have sunk at approximately position: 62 degrees 24 minute South and 57 degrees 16 minutes west, between South Shetlands and Grahams Land, in the Bransfield Strait, where the depth is roughly 2,000 feet (600 m).
Commissioned by Lars-Eric Lindblad, the Swedish-American pioneer of exotic expedition tours, the Explorer was built in 1969 at Nystads Varv shipyard in Uusikaupunki, Finland.
The ship was built to stay afloat with two of its compartments filled with water, and its ice class on the HELCOM scale was IC.
The vessel was originally named the Lindblad Explorer in honor of Lars-Eric Lindblad.
On February 11, 1972 the Explorer ran aground (into the ground) near La Plaza Point, Antarctica; its passengers, Lars-Eric Lindblad among them, were rescued by the Chilean Navy.
It was towed to Buenos Aires, Argentina and then to Kristiansand, Norway for repairs.
In 1998 Explorer was the first ship to sail around the James Ross Island;.
The Explorer was depicted on at least two postage stamps issued by South Georgia.
The ship left Ushuaia, Argentina on November 11, 2007, on a 19-day cruise intended to trace the route of 20th century explorer Ernest Shackleton through the Drake Passage (an area typically stormy with rough seas).
After visiting the Falkland Islands and South Georgia Island the Explorer hit an unidentified submerged object in the Bransfield Strait close to King George Island in the Antarctic Ocean, near the South Shetland Islands, on November 23, 2007.