the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
At age 37, he became the Vice President of Warner Brothers, in 1973 the President and in 1977 the Vice Chairman.
In 1982 he left Warner Bros. to pursue his dream of climbing to the top of the highest mountain on each continent.
In 1984, he became part of the Disney concern as the second man behind Michael Eisner.
Since 1984 he was the President and the Chief Operating Officer (COO).
With Wells and Eisner at the top Disney became again one of the leading entertainment companies.
Frank Wells died in a helicopter crash at April 3, 1994 at age 62 while returning from a ski trip.
The Disney animation movie, The Lion King, is dedicated to him.
Perfection (concept), a philosophical concept
Perfection (law), a legal concept
Perfect aspect, a grammatical concept
Perfect, Liz homeberg
Perfect group
Perfect set
Perfect graph
In botany and mycology, an organism is considered perfect if it is capable of sexual reproduction; otherwise it is imperfect.
Fungi in the Division Deuteromycota (informally called the Fungi imperfecti) are so classified because sexual reproduction is unknown (or may not occur) in these species.
A flower is called "perfect" (or synoecious) if it has both male and female reproductive parts.
A perfect or hermaphroditic flower has both stamens and an ovary.
If a flower has just male or just female parts it is termed 'imperfect'.
Perfect interval, one of these music intervals:
Perfect octave
Perfect fifth
Perfect fourth
Perfect unison
Perfect (film)
Perfect Records, a record label
Perfect Developer, a tool for developing computer
Perfect, Alanis Morissette song
Perfect, Fairground Attraction song
Perfect John Cale song
"Perfect" (Sara Evans song)
Perfect, Simple Plan song
Perfect, Smashing Pumpkins song
"Perfect" (True Faith song)
"Perfect" (Flyleaf song)
Perfect (Exceeder), a song by Mason vs. Princess Superstar
Perfect (Princess Superstar song), the original, unremixed, version of the aforementioned song
Perfect (band), a band from Poland
Perfect (Sam Shaber album)
The Bodhi Tree was a large and very old sacred fig tree (Ficus religiosa).
It was at the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya.
Siddhartha Gautama, the spiritual teacher and founder of Buddhism, later known as Gautama Buddha, achieved Bodhi (spiritual enlightenment) while sitting under this tree.
The Bodhi tree is easily recognised because of its heart-shaped leaves.
The word "Bodhi tree" is also applied to some existing trees, particularly the Sacred Fig growing at the Mahabodhi Temple, which is probably a direct descendant of the original tree.
This tree is a frequent place for pilgrims to visit, being the most important of the four holy sites for Buddhists.
Historical events
The Bodhi tree at the Mahabodhi Temple is called the Sri MahaBodhi.
According to Buddhism, after his Enlightenment, Buddha spent a whole week in front of the tree, standing with unblinking eyes, gazing at it with gratitude.
A shrine was later built where he had stood.
The spot was used as a shrine even in the lifetime of Buddha, the only shrine that could be so used.
King Asoka held a festival every year in its honor in the month of Kattika.
His queen, Tissarakkhā was jealous of the Tree, and three years after she became queen (i.e., in the nineteenth year of Asoka's reign), she caused the tree to be killed by means of mandu thorns.
The tree, however, grew again, and a great monastery was attached to the Bodhimanda called the Bodhimanda Vihara.
Among those present at the foundation of the Mahā Thūpa are mentioned thirty thousand monks from the Bodhimanda Vihara, led by Cittagutta.
To Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Some Part of Bodhi Tree was sent to Sri Lanka by Ashoka which was planted in 288 BC, making it the oldest verified specimen of any plant.
In this year (the twelfth year of King Asoka's reign) the right branch of the Bodhi tree was brought by Sanghamittā to Anurādhapura and placed by Devānāmpiyatissa in the Mahāmeghavana.
Buddha, on his death bed, had resolved "Mahavamsa" From Gayā, the branch was taken to Pātaliputta, then to Tāmalittī, where it was placed in a ship and taken to Jambukola, across the sea; finally it arrived at Anuradhapura, staying on the way at Tivakka.
Those who assisted the king at the ceremony of the planting of
The trees of other Buddhas
According to the Ceylon Chronicles (e.g., Mhv.xv), branches from the Bodhi trees of all the Buddhas born during this kalpa were planted in Ceylon on the spot where the sacred Bodhi tree stands today in Anurādhapura.
The branch of Kakusandha's tree was brought by a nun called Rucānandā, Konagamana's by Kantakānandā (or Kanakadattā), and Kassapa's by Sudhammā.
The Bodhi-Tree Meditation
History of Bodhi-Tree
Leslie Townes Hope  (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003), better known as Bob Hope, was an American-English actor, comedian and entertainer.
He was the only person who received five honorary Oscars.
Bob Hope was born on May 29, 1903, in London, England to a Welsh mother and English father.
In 1908, the Hopes migrated to Cleveland, Ohio.
In 1920, at age 17, Hope became a U.S. citizen.
Before he was an actor, Hope became a professional boxer.
In this time he was called "Packey East".
Years later, he was popular because of some musicals he played in.
He was also part of some television and radio shows.
At the same time, Bob Hope became a comedian.
Hope visited the United States armed forces between 1941 and 1991 during the conflicts in that time period.
These shows made Hope a household name and well liked by most Americans.
Hope also entertained eleven U.S. Presidents.
In 1939, Bob Hope married Dolores DeFina (May 27, 1909 - September 19, 2011).
The couple adopted four children: Eleanora, Anthony, Linda, and Kelly.
Bob Hope was honored with more than 1500 awards.
Among them are five special Oscars in 1941, 1945, 1953, 1960, and 1966.
Between 1940 and 1978 he hosted the Academy Awards record seventeen times.
And in 1998 he was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II.
Upon accepting the appointment, Hope quipped, "I'm speechless.
70 years of ad lib material and I'm speechless."
Bob Hope died of pneumonia on July 27, 2003, 2 months after his 100th birthday.
He was buried 3 days later, reburied on July 22, 2005 in custom made grave in California.
An obituary on BBC
{{Infobox comedian
| name          = Dawn French
| image         = Dawn French 4.jpg
| caption       = French at the 2005 Make Poverty History march.
| birth_name    = Dawn Roma French
| birth_place   = Holyhead, Wales, UK
| nationality   = British
| medium        = Actress, writer, comedienne
| genre         =
| subject       =
| notable_work  = Various in French & SaundersThe Reverend Boadicea Geraldine Granger in The Vicar of DibleyVarious in Murder Most Horrid
| influences    = John Cleese
| active        = 1981–present
| spouse        =  (divorced); One adopted daughter: Billie
| module = {{Infobox comedian awards
|child=yes
| baftaawards = Fellowship with Jennifer Saunders }}
French studied acting at the London Central School of Speech and Drama, and met Jennifer Saunders there in 1977.
French and Saunders became famous when they appeared on a comedy series called The Comic Strip.
They wrote the famous comedy series French & Saunders which was first on BBC TV in 1987.
She has been nominated for seven BAFTA Awards and also won a Fellowship BAFTA along with Saunders.
French is also well known for appearing as Geraldine Granger in British sitcom The Vicar of Dibley.
In her career in movie, French played "The Fat Lady" picture in the movie Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and voiced the beaver in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
French is known for her larger figure.
She tries to promote the idea that "big" can be beautiful.
As a result, she has her own line of clothes, Sixteen47.
The name is from the statistic that 47% of British females are at least a size 16.
The clothes are made to look good on larger women.
TelevisionThe Comic Strip (1982)Five Go Mad in Dorset (1982)Five Go Mad on Mescaline (1983)The Young Ones (1982–1984)Girls On Top (1985–1986)Happy Families (1985)Kate Bush – Experiment IV (Video)(1986)French and Saunders (1987–2007)Murder Most Horrid (1991–1999)Absolutely Fabulous (1992)The Legends of Treasure Island (1993–1995)The Vicar of Dibley (1994–2007) Geraldine GrangerSex & Chocolate (1997)Let Them Eat Cake (1999)Ted and Alice (2002)Wild West (2002–2004)Marple: Sleeping Murder (2005)Jam and Jerusalem (2006, 2008, 2009)Dawn French's Girls Who Do Comedy (2006)Little Britain Abroad (2006)Marple (2006)High Table (2007)The Meaning of Life (2007)Dawn French's Boys Who Do Comedy (2007)Lark Rise to Candleford (2008 & 2011)Psychoville (2009–2011)The Paul O'Grady Show (2009) [Guest Host]Alan Carr: Chatty Man (2009)Roger & Val Have Just Got In (2010 – present)Paul O'Grady Live (2010)
TheatreMe and Mamie O'RourkeWhen I Was a Girl I Used to Scream and ShoutAll Souls' Night, Lyric TheatreSwan Lake (1996)Then Again (1997)Side By Side (1997)A Midsummer Night's Dream (2001)My Brilliant Divorce (2003)Smaller (2005)La fille du régiment (2007)Still Alive (2008–2009) the last comedy sketch show done by French and Saunders
MoviesEat the Rich (1987)The Adventures of Pinocchio (1996)David Copperfield (1999)Maybe Baby (2000)Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) The Fat LadyThe Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005) Mrs Beaver (Voice)Love and Other Disasters (2006)Coraline (2009) Miss Miriam Forcible/Other Forcible (Voice) Animals United (2010) Angie (Voice)
French and Saunders won the Golden Rose of Montreux award in 2002 and in 2003.
She was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy.
In a 2006 poll French was named as the most admired female celebrity amongst women in Britain.
1989 – Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance in French and Saunders1991  – Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance in French and Saunders1998 – Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Performance in The Vicar of Dibley2000 – Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Performance in The Vicar of Dibley2001 – Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Performance in The Vicar of Dibley2007 – Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Performance in The Vicar of Dibley2009 – Won – BAFTA Fellowship – awarded with Jennifer Saunders
2011 – Nominated – BAFTA Best Female Performance In A Comedy Role in  Roger and Val Have Just Got In British Comedy Awards
1997 – Won – British Comedy Award for Best TV Comedy Actress in The Vicar of Dibley1998 – Nominated – British Comedy Award for Best TV Comedy Actress in The Vicar of Dibley2011 - Nominated - British Comedy Awards for Best TV Comedy Actress in Psychoville
National Television Awards
1998 – Nominated – National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Performer in The Vicar of Dibley2000 – Nominated – National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Performer in The Vicar of Dibley2002 – Nominated – National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Performance in Ted and Alice2003 – Nominated – National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Performance in Wild WestOther
1991 – Won – Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award for TV- Light Entertainment in French and Saunders''
2001 – Along with Jennifer Saunders, declined an OBE.
2002 – Won – Rose d'Or Light Entertainment Festival Award shared with Jennifer Saunders
Biography at the Museum of Broadcast Communications
French and Saunders
Port-au-Prince (Pòtoprens in Kreyòl) is the capital city of Haiti.
Haiti is also divided into ten Départements; Port-au-Prince is the capital of the Ouest Département.
Port-au-Prince is Haiti's largest city.
According to the country's 2015 census, over 2.6 million people lived there.
Port-au-Prince was built in 1749.
At that time, Haiti was a French colony called Saint-Domingue.
Before 1770, Cap-Français (now Cap-Haïtien) was the capital of Saint-Domingue.
In 1770, Port-au-Prince replaced Cap-Français as the capital of Saint-Domingue.
In 1804, the people of Haiti won the Haitian Revolution, and Haiti became an independent country.
Port-au-Prince became the capital of this new country.
During the French and Haitian Revolutions, it was called Port-Républicain, before Jean-Jacques Dessalines renamed it Port-au-Prince.
Shortly after it won its independence, Haiti's new leaders divided the country between a kingdom in the north and a republic in the south.
Port-au-Prince remained the capital of the republic.
Port-au-Prince today
Port-au-Prince is the cultural centre of Haiti.
The State University of Haiti (L'Université d'État d'Haïti, or UEH, in French); the Université Quisqueya; and the Université Caraïbe are all located in the city.
Port-au-Prince is the nation's largest centre of economy and finance.
It has the most important port in the country, where coffee and sugar are exported.
Port-au-Prince has soap, textile, and cement factories, and others to process foods.
There is also an international airport about  north of the city.
It is named Aéroport International Toussaint L'ouverture after national hero Toussaint L'ouverture.
The city was very badly damaged and more than 100,000 people died in the 2010 Haiti earthquake, which is one of the deadliest earthquakes in history.
Due to extreme poverty, the city has still not recovered from the earthquake, and many ruins still remain.
1749 establishments
Establishments in the French colonial empire
1740s establishments in North America
Hameln (English name sometimes Hamelin) is a city in Germany.
In 2005, about 58,000 people lived there.
A very well-known story from there is called The Pied Piper of Hamelin (Der Rattenfänger von Hameln).
The story dates from the Middle Ages.
Historic Photographer of Hameln
The MiG-25 Foxbat is a fast fighter plane made made by Russian airplane company Mikoyan.
Its primary goal is to attack enemies at high speed and altitude.
It first flew in 1964 and was introduced in 1970.
In 1976, a Soviet MiG-25 pilot left the Soviet Union and flew his plane to Japan, where it was looked at.
It is very fast, and can go Mach 3.2 (3.2 times the speed of sound).
However, the engines could be destroyed if the plane is flown this fast.
It can carry 4 radar guided missiles and 4 heat seeking missiles.
It is now being replaced by the MiG-31 Foxhound, but is used a little in other countries.
In geometry, the semi-major axis is the distance from the center of an ellipse to the farthest point on the perimeter of the ellipse.
The semi-major axis is half of the major axis, which goes all the way across the ellipse at the widest part.
The semi-minor axis is a line segment that is at 90 degrees with the semi-major axis.
For the circle, the lengths of the semi-axes are both equal to the radius.
In astronomy, an apsis, plural apsides (IPA: //) is the point of greatest or least distance of the elliptical orbit of an astronomical object from its center of attraction, which is generally the center of mass of the system.
The point of closest approach is called the periapsis or pericentre and the point of farthest excursion is called the apoapsis (Greek από, from, which becomes απ before a vowel, and αφ before rough breathing), apocentre or apapsis (the latter term, although etymologically more correct, is much less used).
A straight line drawn through the periapsis and apoapsis is the line of apsides.
This is the major axis of the ellipse, the line through the longest part of the ellipse.
Similar words are used to identify the body being orbited.
The most common are perigee and apogee, referring to orbits around the Earth, and perihelion and aphelion, referring to orbits around the Sun (Greek ‘ήλιος hēlios sun).
During the Apollo program, the terms pericynthion and apocynthion were used when referring to the moon.
Perihelion and aphelion
The perihelion is the point in the orbit of an object that is nearest to the Sun.
The difference in distance between Earth's nearest point to the sun in January and farthest point from the sun in July is .
Earth is about  from the Sun in early January, in contrast to about  in early July.
When Earth is closest to the Sun, it is winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere.
Thus it is possible to see that Earth's distance from the Sun does not noticeably cause the seasons to change; the relatively minor effects of differences in distance is somewhat masked by the mainly oceanic southern hemisphere vs the half-continental northern hemisphere.
Therefore, the Earth's seasons come and go mainly because Earth does not rotate with its axis exactly upright with respect to the plane of the Earth’s orbit around the sun.
Eccentricity () is defined for all circular, elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic orbits.
It can take the following values:
for circular orbits:  is equal to zero,
for elliptical orbits:  is more than zero but less than 1,
for parabolic trajectories:  is equal to 1,
for hyperbolic trajectories:  is more than 1.
Finding eccentricity
Where eobj is the eccentricity, ra is the apoapsis (far point) of the object's orbit, and rp is the periapsis (near point) of the object's orbit.
The near and far points are the apsides.
The astronomical unit (AU) is a unit of length derived from the Earth's orbit.
It is the average distance the Earth gets from the Sun on the long axis of the ellipse.
Its definition is:  the length of the semi-major axis of the Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun. "
Semi-major" means half the long axis.
The AU is about 150 million kilometers or 93 million miles.
Astronomers usually measure distances within the Solar System in astronomical units.
Mars is about 1.4 AU from the Sun, Jupiter lies at roughly 5.2 AU, and Neptune is roughly 30 AU from the Sun.
Light travels an AU in about 8.317 minutes.
More accuracy
From 1976 to 2012 the AU was defined as “the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with a mean motion of 0.01720209895 radians per day (known as the Gaussian constant)”.
In 2012, the IAU redefined it to be simply .
In the IERS numerical standards, the speed of light in a vacuum is defined as c0 = , in accordance with the SI units.
The time to cover an AU is τA = , resulting in the astronomical unit in metres as c0τA = .
It is very roughly the distance from the Earth to the Sun.
Astronomical Unit Citizendium
In mathematics, a degree is a common way to measure plane angle.
It is written with the symbol , where  corresponds to the entire circle.
It is not an SI unit.
The SI uses radian to measure plane angle.
However, according to the SI brochure, it is an accepted unit by SI.
The actual reason of choosing the degree as a way to measure plane angle is unknown.
One theory says that it is related with the fact that a year is approximately 360 days.
Some ancient calendars, for example the Persian calendar and the Babylonian calendar, used 360 days for a year.
Another theory says that the Babylonians divided the circle using the angle of an equilateral triangle.
The angle was then divided into 60 parts.
This is because they used sexagesimal or base-60 numeral system.
Degree of a polynomial
The position at other times can be measured by taking into account proper motion or orbital motion.
In the case of orbital elements for a solar system body, these change due to perturbation by other bodies in our solar system.
The Julian day or Julian day number (JDN) is the number of days that have passed since the initial epoch defined as noon Universal Time (UT) Monday, 1 January 4713 BC in the Julian calendar.
That noon-to-noon day is defined as Julian day 0.
Thus all JDNs that are evenly divisible by 7 are Mondays.
Negative values may also be used; although, those predate recorded history.
For example, right now at  the JDN is  ().
When this JDN is divided by 7, the remainder is , which is an integer expression for the day of the week with 0 representing Monday.
The Julian date (JD) is a continuous count of days and fractions elapsed since the same initial epoch.
Currently the JD is .
The integral part (its floor) gives the Julian day number.
The fractional part gives the time of day since noon UT as a decimal fraction of one day or fractional day, with 0.5 representing midnight UT.
Typically, a 64-bit floating point (double precision) variable can represent an epoch expressed as a Julian date to about 1 millisecond precision.
Almost 2.5 million Julian days have elapsed since the initial epoch.
JDN 2,400,000 was November 16, 1858.
JD 2,500,000.0 will occur on August 31, 2132 at noon UT.
The Julian day number can be considered a very simple calendar, where its calendar date is just an integer.
This is useful for reference, computations, and conversions.
It allows the time between any two dates in history to be computed by simple subtraction.
The Julian day system was introduced by astronomers to provide a single system of dates that could be used when working with different calendars and to unify different historical chronologies.
Apart from the choice of the zero point and name, this Julian day and Julian date are not directly related to the Julian calendar, although it is possible to convert any date from one calendar to the other.
A meatball is meat that is ground up (finely cut), mixed with other ingredients, then shaped like a ball.
Most meatballs are made out of beef.
Meatballs can also be made out of chicken, fish, or other kinds of meat.
The other ingredients (parts) are usually bread, onion, and eggs.
Meatballs can be cooked by frying, baking, or steaming them.
Meatballs are sometimes served with pasta or in a sauce.
Meatballs originated from Turkey.
There are many types of meatball like foggots,polpette,albondigas etc.
Mandé or Manding is a region between southern Mali and eastern Guinea.
The Hunters from Wagadou (or Ouagadou) founded Mandé, the Mandingo country, notably the mythical ancestors Kontron and Sanin, at the origin of the Malinké and Bambaras hunter brotherhood.
This country was famous for the large number of animals and game that it sheltered, as well as its dense vegetation.
A very popular hunting ground.
The Camara (or Kamara) are considered to be the oldest family to have lived in Mandé, after having left, due to the drought, Ouallata, a region of Wagadou, in the south-east of present-day Mauritania.
They founded the first village of Mandé, Kirikoroni, then Kirina, Siby, Kita.
Many of the families that make up the Mandingo community were born in Mande.
Mandé is the province from which the Mali Empire started, under the leadership of Soundiata Keïta.
General (ret) Amadou Toumani Touré (November 4, 1948 – November 10, 2020) was the president of Mali.
He took power from a military ruler, Moussa Traoré in 1991, then he gave power to civilian (non-military) authorities in 1992.
He won the presidential election in 2002.
He won the next election easily in 2007.
He was born in Mopti, Mali.
Presidents of Mali
Do not confuse this with the modern country Ghana.
The Ghana Empire was in what is now southeastern Mauritania, Western Mali, and Eastern Senegal.
It is also sometimes called the Wagadu Empire.
It started in about 750 and ended in about 1076.
Ghana sat on top of a gold mine and was a very wealthy empire.
Its capital was Koumbi Saleh.
Surrounded Modern Northern Senegal and Southern Mauritania.
Traded with Saharans in gold and salt.
750 establishments
1076 disestablishments
8th-century establishments in Africa
The Mali Empire was a West African country from 1235 to 1645.
The Mandinka people lived there.
It is also called the Manding Empire or Manden Kurufa.
Sundiata Keita started the empire and the empire became famous because its rulers were very rich, especially Mansa Musa I. The Mali Empire had many important cultural effects on West Africa, spreading language, laws and customs along the Niger River.
This was because of the spread of Islam by verbal wording.
For such a prolific empire, there are few written accounts of its greatness.
Most of the written accounts that do exist came from Arab scholars who traveled through the region.
In lieu of written accounts, most of the stories from the locals were passed down through oral histories, songs and poems.
Until this day, ‘griots’ still tell stories of the ancient history in the area.
Architects in the Mali Empire combined styles of the Sahel region and Middle East together, particularly after Emperor Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca.
There were several royal palaces built during the time, many of which are still standing.
Mud bricks, log beams and plaster helped these palaces to remain standing.
The most famous work of architecture from the time period is the Great Mosque of Djenné, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The mosque was rebuilt in 1907 and can still be visited in Djenné.
However, if you aren’t a Muslim, you can’t go inside.
The Mali Empire had one of the richest leaders in history.
The richest and most famous of all the leaders of the Mali Empire was Mansa Musa.
It is thought by some that Mansa Musa could have been the wealthiest person in history.
According to stories, he took 60,000 people on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 along with camels loaded down with gold.
Islam was very important to the Mali Empire.
Most of the kings of the Mali Empire eventually converted to Islam, with their people subsequently practicing as well.
However, unlike many empires, they didn’t make their subjects convert, and the version of Islam that they practiced was combined with the local traditions of the villages.
You can still see many relics in cities like Bamako, Djenné and Timbuktu.
The Mali Empire's most important industry was gold.
People in the ancient world were drawn to it.
The Mali Empire (Timbuktu in particular) was a huge trading center for the gold industry.
Camel caravans would come to the area before leaving across the trans-Saharan trade routes.
The empire had so much gold that it caused the market to crash for a period of time when Mansa Musa brought almost a ton of gold to Cairo.
The army of the Mali Empire was massive.
During the height of the Mali Empire, the army numbered around 100,000 men and 10,000 cavalry, making it one of the largest in the world at the time.
The empire used this army to gain new lands.
1235 establishments
1645 disestablishments
1230s establishments in Africa
Timbuktu is a city in Tombouctou Region, Mali.
Sankore University and other madrasas are in the city.
The city was important for thinking and for religion in the 15th and 16th centuries.
It was important in spreading Islam through Africa at that time.
There are three great mosques: Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahya.
They are reminders of Timbuktu's golden age.
They are always being fixed, but are threatened because the desert is spreading.
Songhay, Tuareg, Fulani, and Mandé people live in Timbuktu.
It is about 15 km north of the Niger River.
There is a route across the Sahara Desert from east to west and this is used for trade.
There is another from north to south.
These two routes meet in Timbuktu.
It is an entrepôt for rock salt from Taoudenni.
This means that the salt is brought here and sold to other people to take it somewhere else, but no tax is charged.
Its location helped different people meet, so local people, Berbers and Arabs met here.
It has a long history of mixed African trade, so it became famous in Europe for this reason.
Therefore, western people often thought of Timbuktu as being exotic.
It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification).
Timbuktu has given a lot of research and study to Islam and to the world.
Important books were written and copied in Timbuktu in the 14th century.
This made the city become the center of writing in Africa.
She started to learn the piano when she was very young, before taking up the organ.
Her family moved to Paris so that she could continue to have music lessons there.
She became an organ student at the Conservatoire in 1933.
In the same year she got a job as organist of the St. Esprit church in Paris.
She had this job for 29 years.
Between 1936 and 1939, she studied organ privately with the great Marcel Dupré, and in 1939 she joined his organ class at the Conservatoire.
After receiving a first prize in organ performance and improvisation in 1941, she studied five more years with Dupré in Meudon, before she played her first recital at Salle Pleyel in Paris in 1946.
This was the beginning of her career as an international recitalist.
She played more than 700 concerts in Europe and the United States.
She was also a remarkable improviser.
When she gave her first solo concert in Paris at Salle Pleyel in 1946, she was given four musical themes and improvised a symphony in four movements.
A teacher of the organ at Nancy and Brussels, she made several LP recordings, of which those of music by Franck are probably the best known.
She had plans to record all the organ works of Olivier Messiaen.
However, she died relatively young, at age 47, of cancer, before she was able to finish this task.
She wrote many compositions, especially for the organ.
These include: Nativité, Six Études, Sept Méditations sur le Saint-Esprit, Triptyque, Twelve Choral-Preludes on Gregorian Chant Themes, Te Deum, Répons pour les Temps Liturgiques, and Prélude et fugue en UT.
French musicians
People from Montpellier
House mouse (Mus musculus) the common mouse is one of the species of the genus Mus.
Often, it is just called a  mouse.
It is a small rodent.
In most parts of the world, they live close to humans.
Laboratory mice are types of house mice and are some of the most important organisms used for research in biology and medicine.
They are the most commonly used laboratory mammal for experiments.
They are quite small, but are not the smallest mammals.
House mice have an adult body length (nose to base of tail) of 7.5–10 cm (3.0–3.9 in) and a tail length of 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in).
The weight is typically 10–25 g (0.4–0.9 oz).
In the wild they vary in color from light to dark agouti (light to dark brown).
Selected strains of mice can be got in various other colours.
It is a small, scaly-tailed mouse with a distinct notch in the cutting surface of upper incisors (seen best in side view).
Its hair short; ears moderately large and naked.
The main problem of small mammals is their high surface to weight ratio: they have a big surface area for such a small mass.
Since heat is radiated from the surface, they have adaptations to help them keep their temperature up to normal.
They need to eat frequently, and live in areas where they are protected from the coldest weather.
Easy access to high-quality vegetable food (such as grains) and a protected habitat helps them survive and multiply.
That is why they are found in numbers living in human settlements.
Their life-span in the wild averages about a year.
They are eaten by a variety of small carnivores, but they reproduce rapidly, so that keeps the numbers up.
Females have 314 babies in a litter, and can have 5 to 10 litters a year.
In good conditions, the mouse population rises quickly.
Although not native to North America, the house mouse was introduced accidentally to seaport towns.
It is now widespread throughout the United States.
It occurs either as a commensal or feral animal in practically all parts of the U.S.
As commensal animals, house mice live in close association with man – in houses, outbuildings, stores, and other structures.
Where conditions permit, feral mice may be found in fields, along watercourses, and in other places where vegetation is dense enough to hide them.
Scientology is a movement based on a system of beliefs.
These beliefs are based on written words by L. Ron Hubbard.
A few other people have added, but almost all of it is his.
He started it in 1954.
Hubbard contributed until his death in 1986.
Different people understand the words Hubbard wrote differently.
In some countries, there are Churches of Scientology.
Some people are suspicious of the Church.
They feel that it is a cult, and a business to make money.
Scientology has been controversial since it began.
Scientology teaches that people are immortal spirits who have forgotten their true nature.
Scientologists say that, through a system called auditing, they help people remember their true nature by re-experiencing painful events in their past and understanding them better.
There are many organizations that are linked to Scientology.
For example, some help people stop using harmful drugs or to get back into society after they served a prison term.
Scientology says that psychiatry is bad, and should   not be allowed to exist.
The Church of Scientology says that 13-15 million people are a part of the Church.
Critics disagree with that figure, however.
They say the organization probably does not have more than 100,000 followers, mostly in the United States.
They say that in 1960, there were probably 50,000 to 100,000 followers in the U.S. In the 1990s, a representative survey claimed there were only about 45,000 followers left.
These figures seemed to have increased a bit, by 2004, where there were an estimated 55,000 followers.
The Church of Scientology was started by the American writer and  philosopher L. Ron Hubbard in the year 1954.
It is not as well known as Christianity or Islam, but it is newer.
Scientologists believe their movement is growing.
They claim it has thousands of churches, some of which are very small.
The largest is in Clearwater, Florida.
Basic beliefs of Scientologists
The word "Scientology" means "the study of knowledge."
Man is made of a body, a mind, and a spirit.
The spirit is the person himself.
He uses his mind and body.
The purpose of life is to survive.
Harmful drugs should not be taken.
Affinity, reality, and communication help us get along with others.
The better you feel about yourself and life, the freer you are.
This scale of emotion is called the Tone Scale.
Auditing helps people look at thoughts and understand them better.
This in turn helps them feel better.
Auditing is very painful.
Aims of Scientology
"A civilization without insanity, without criminals and without war, where the able can prosper and honest beings can have rights, and where man is free to rise to greater heights, are the aims of Scientology."
There is no mental illness, crime, or war
People can be successful
"Honest" people have rights
In 1972, Hubbard told a group of Scientologists: "You are the people the planet obeys.
You are the people who own the planet."
Scientologists say that the book Dianetics was the first self-help book ever written.
It was written by L Ron Hubbard in the year 1950.
Some key concepts in the book are:
A person's mind remembers painful times.
This helps a person to do bad things, and even get sick.
Dianetics calls these kinds of memories "engrams".
A person's mind also remembers everything else.
Auditing is meant to help a person understand his engrams.
Its goal is to become clear of them.
ARC triangle
Affinity (being willing to be close to other people);
Reality (an agreement on what is real); and
Communication (the exchange of ideas).
Hubbard called this the "ARC Triangle."
Scientologists use this in their everyday lives.
It is based upon the idea that making one of these three things better makes the other two better.
Tone scale
The tone scale is a way to rate an emotion as bad, better, or good.
The scale goes from -40 ("Total Failure") to +40 ("Serenity of Being").
Positions on the tone scale started from the idea that one way of feeling is better than a worse way of feeling.
But Hubbard described many other things that go along with emotion, such as health, mating behavior, survival potential, and ability to deal with truth.
The tone scale is frequently used by Scientologists to understand people.
According to Scientology, the lower the individual is on the tone scale, the more complex his problems are.
Well-known members
Many well-known people are followers of Scientology.
Tom Cruise, actor
John Travolta, actor
Kirstie Alley, actress
Anne Archer, actress
Isaac Hayes, singer and actor
Danny Masterson, actor and disc jockey
Laura Prepon, actress
Priscilla Presley, actress
Kelly Preston, actress
Operation Clambake - The Inner Secrets of Scientology, a website critical of Scientology
Maurice Robert "Mike" Gravel (May 13, 1930 – June 26, 2021) was an American Democratic politician.
He was member of the Libertarian Party from 2008 to 2010 when he re-joined the Democratic Party.
He served as a United States Senator from Alaska (1969-1981) and, previously, as member of the Alaska House of Representatives (1953-1966, speaker from 1965-1966).
Gravel was a two-time presidential candidate in 2008 and in 2020.
Gravel was born in Springfield, Massachusetts.
He studied at Assumption College, American International College and at Columbia University.
He moved to Alaska in 1956.
Senate years
From 1953 to 1966, Gravel was a member of the Alaska House of Representatives.
From 1965 to 1966, Gravel was Speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives.
In 1969, he was elected United States Senator from Alaska.
Gravel is best known for his successful effort to end military draft during the Vietnam War and put the Pentagon Papers into the public record in 1971.
He was seen as a possible running mate for George McGovern's 1972 presidential campaign.
Presidential campaigns
As a candidate for the Democratic Presidential nomination in 2008 he wanted withdrawal of US Armed Forces from Iraq, more health care and social security, and  preventing global warming.
He is also one of the earliest and the most famous supporters of direct democracy in the United States.
On March 19, 2019, Gravel created an exploratory committee to run for President once again in the 2020 election.
He said he would run not to win the nomination, but to raise awareness of bigger issues.
On April 2, 2019, Gravel filed to officially run for office.
He dropped out of the race on July 31, 2019 after failing to qualify for the debates.
He endorsed Bernie Sanders and Tulsi Gabbard for President on August 5.
His campaign manager was a 17 year old high school student.
Gravel died on June 26, 2021 at his home in Seaside, California from multiple myeloma at the age of 91.
Official campaign site
Official youtube channel
Congressional biography
United States senators from Alaska
People from Anchorage, Alaska
Iva Zanicchi (born 18 January 1940) is an Italian singer and politician.
She was a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 - 2014.
1965 Iva Zanicchi
1967 Fra noi
1968 Unchained Melody
1970 Iva senza tempo
1970 Caro Theodorakis... Iva
1971 Caro Aznavour
1971 Shalom
1972 Fantasia
1972 Dall'amore in poi
1973 Le giornate dell'amore
1973 Dolce notte santa notte (album natalizio)
1974 Io ti propongo
1974 ¿Chao Iva còmo estas? (
1° album in spagnolo, per il mercato Latino)
1975 Io sarò la tua idea
1976 Confessioni
1976 The Golden Orpheus '76 (live in Bulgaria)
1977 Cara Napoli
1978 Con la voglia di te
1978 Playboy
1980 D'Iva
1980 D'Iva (in spagnolo) (2° album in spagnolo, per il mercato Latino)
1981 Iva Zanicchi
1981 Nostalgias (3° album in spagnolo, per il mercato Latino)
1982 Yo, por amarte (4° album in spagnolo, per il mercato Latino)
1984 Quando arriverà
1984 Iva 85
1987 Care colleghe
1988 Nefertari
1991 Come mi vorrei
2003 Fossi un tango
2009 Colori d'amore
2013 In cerca di te
Singles (Italy)
1963 Zero in amore / Come un tramonto
1963 Tu dirai/Sei ore
1964 Come ti vorrei/La nostra spiaggia
1964 Credi/Resta sola come sei
1964 Come ti vorrei / Chi potrà amarti
1965 I tuoi anni più belli / Un altro giorno verrà
1965 Accarezzami amore / Mi cercherai
1965 Caro mio / Non tornar mai
1966 La notte dell'addio / Caldo è l'amore
1966 Fra noi / Gold Snake
1966 Ma pecché / Tu saje a verità
1966 Monete d’oro / Ci amiamo troppo
1967 Non pensare a me / Vita
1967 Quel memento / Dove è lui
1967 Le montagne (ci amiamo troppo) / Vivere non vivere
1967 Dolcemente / Come stai bene e tu?
1968 Per vivere / Non accetterò
1968 Amore amor / Sleeping
1968 La felicità / Anche così
1968 La felicità / Ci vuole così poco
1968 Senza catene / Diverso dagli altri
1969 Zingara / Io sogno
1969 Due grosse lacrime bianche / Tienimi con te
1969 Un bacio sulla fronte / Accanto a te
1969 Che vuoi che sia / Perché mai
1969 Vivrò / Estasi d'amore
1970 L'arca di Noé / Aria di settembre
1970 Un uomo senza tempo / Un attimo
1970 Un fiume amaro / Il sogno é fumo
1970 Un fiume amaro / Tienimi con te
1970 Una storia di mezzanotte / Il bimbo e la gazzella
1971 La riva bianca,la riva nera / Tu non sei più innamorato di me
1971 Coraggio e paura / Sciogli i cavalli al vento
1972 Ma che amore / Il mio bambino
1972 Nonostante lei / Non scordarti di me
1972 Alla mia gente / Dall'amore in poi
1972 La mia sera / Il sole splende ancora
1972 Mi ha stregato il viso tuo / A te
1973 I mulini della mente / Basterà
1973 Le giornate dell'amore / Chi mi manca é lui
1973 Fred Bongusto:White Crhistmas/ Natale dura un giorno
1974 L'indifferenza / Sarà domani
1974 Ciao cara come stai? /
1974 Testarda io / Sei tornato a casa tua
1975 Testarda io / E la notte é qui
1975 Io sarò la tua idea / Jesus
1976 Mamma tutto / Dormi, amore dormi
1976 I discorsi tuoi / Confessioni
1977 Arrivederci padre / Che uomo sei
1977 Munasterio 'e Santa Chiara / 'O destino
1977 Mal d'amore / Selvaggio
1978 Con la voglia di te / Sei contento
1979 Per te / Pronto 113
1979 La valigia / Ditemi
1979 A parte il fatto / Capirai
1981 Ardente / E tu mai
1983 Aria di luna / Amico
1984 Chi (mi darà) / Comandante
1984 Quando arriverà / Sera di vento
1985 Da domani senza te / Aria di luna
1987 Volo / Uomini e no
2001 Ho bisogno di te
2009 Ti voglio senza amore
Pop singers
The North German Confederation (), was first a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany, and later a federal state.
It was preceded by a Zollverein, a customs union that allowed free trade among most German states.
The Confederation started in August 1866, and the Kingdom of Prussia was the leading state.
On July 1st 1867, the North German Constitution made the alliance a federal state.
An Austrian-Prussian rivalry, starting in the 1700s, had led to the Austro-Prussian War of July/August 1866.
Immediate causes for the war had been the unsettled question of Slesvig-Holstein (which Prussia intended to annex) and a reform of the German Confederation.
After a victory in summer 1866, agreements with Austria and France allowed Prussia to reshape the political landscape in Northern Germany (north of the river Main).
The leading politician of Prussia was minister president Otto von Bismarck, serving under king William I.
On 18 August 1866, Prussia and most of the north German states signed the August Treaty.
They agreed on a military alliance and declared their intention to create a federal state. (
Some other states joined soon.)
A federal state is different from an alliance as it has a federal government and legislation, and it is different from a unitary state as there are still rather powerful states below the federal level.
Plans for a federal state in Germany had existed since the year 1848.
The allied governments led by Bismarck made a proposal for a North German constitution.
An organ was elected to represent the people of Northern Germany, the konstituierender Reichstag.
The election took place in February 1867.
After some modifications of the proposal, the states' governments and parliaments accepted the final draft.
On July 1st, the constitution came into force.
According to the constitution, legislation was the matter of two organs.
The Reichstag was the parliament, elected by all men above the age of 25.
The Federal Council was an organ representing the governments of the states.
The holder of the Bundespräsidium was the king of Prussia (the 'republican' term 'president' had been avoided intentionally).
The holder of the Bundespräsidium installed the Federal Chancellor.
Not by name, but factually this was the (only) federal minister, the head of the executive.
In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, the South German states joined the North German Confederation.
The new constitution of January 1st, 1871, renamed the country from 'North German Confederation' to 'German Empire'.
The holder of the Bundespräsidium received the additional title of an Emperor.
The political system as described in the constitution, and the flag, remained the same. (
The final constitution of the Empire stems from April/May 1871; as a result, nearly all terms that included 'federal' were changed to 'imperial'.)
The modern national state of Germany is, as an international subject and as a legal entity, identical to the North German Confederation.
Law and international treaties of the era 1867-1870 are in principle still valid.
In a conservative-liberal cooperation lasting from 1867 to 1878, Germany saw a remarkable modernisation and unification.
The North German Confederation introduced the metric system, a modern penal code (Strafgesetzbuch), same rights for all denominations, a postal union etc.
The federation handled the mail and issued postage stamps, after 1 January 1868.
But the federation did not issue its own money, so different stamps had to be issued.
Stamps valued in groschen were used in the north, stamps in kreuzer in the Southern District.
All of these stamps were marked NORDDEUTSCHER POSTBEZIRK (North German Postal Area).
A third set of stamps were printed for Hamburg.
These were also marked STADTPOSTBRIEF HAMBURG.
List of member states
Former German countries
1870 disestablishments
1870s disestablishments in Europe
19th-century disestablishments in Germany
MiG Alley was a place during the Korean War that had a lot of North Korean MiG-15 Fagots in the area.
It was over north west North Korea, near China.
F-86 Sabres mainly fought the MiGs.
Some of the pilots were Russian fighter pilots from World War II and were very well trained.
They were called "honchos" (Japanese for "big shot").
The top kills were scored by Soviet aces, so it was said that the Soviets won.
In astronomy, the argument of periapsis (ω) is a way of talking about the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet.
It is also known as the argument of perihelion or the argument of perifocus.
It is the angle (starting from the center of the orbit) between an orbiting body's periapsis and its ascending node.
Periapsis is the point when the orbiting object comes the closest to the thing it is orbiting around; for example, the moon is at periapsis when it is closest to the Earth.
The ascending node is one of two places where an orbiting object passes through the reference plane, an imaginary flat surface which runs through the object being orbited around.
The size of the angle depends on which way the object is orbiting.
The angle is measured in the orbital plane and in the direction of motion.
For specific types of orbits, words such as "perihelion" (for Sun-centered orbits), "perigee" (for Earth-centered orbits), "pericenter" (general), etc.
may replace the word "periapsis".
An argument of periapsis of 0° means that the orbiting body will be at its closest approach to the central body at the same moment that it crosses the plane of reference from south to north.
An argument of periapsis of 90° means that the orbiting body will reach periapsis at its northmost distance from the plane of reference.
The longitude of the ascending node (☊ or Ω) is one of the orbital elements used to specify the orbit of an object in space.
It is the angle from a reference direction, called the origin of longitude, to the direction of the ascending node, measured in a reference plane.
ru:Кеплеровы элементы орбиты#Долгота восходящего узла
In the study of orbital dynamics the mean anomaly of an orbiting body is the angle the body would have traveled about the center of the orbit's auxiliary circle.
Unlike other measures of anomaly, the mean anomaly grows linearly with time.
Because of the linear growth with time, the mean anomaly makes calculating the time of flight between two points on the orbit very easy.
The mean anomalies for the two points are calculated and their difference is found.
Knowing this, the ratio of this difference relative to the entire  encompassing one orbit is simply equal to ratio of the time of flight to the orbital period of one whole orbit (i.e. ).
The orbital period is the time taken for a given object to make one complete orbit around another object.
The year and month are orbital periods.
When mentioned without further qualification in astronomy this refers to the sidereal period of an astronomical object, which is calculated with respect to the stars.
Other periods include the synodic period, which is the interval between conjunctions.