the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
India is the largest buyer of Nepal's goods.
The yearly monsoon rain, or lack of it, strongly influences economic growth.
From 1996 to 1999, real GDP growth averaged less than 4%.
The growth rate recovered in 1999, rising to 6% before slipping slightly in 2001 to 5.5%.
Nepal has 1/3 of its trade with India.
The people of Nepal belong to two main groups; Indo-Aryan group and Tibeto-Burman group.
Indo-Aryans are mostly Hindus and they celebrate Hindu festivals like Dashain, Tihar, Teej, Maghe Sankranti, Krishna Janmastami, Holi, Janai Purnima, Matatirtha Aunsi, Chhath, etc.
Tibeto-Burmans are Buddhist and they celebrate Lhosar, Buddha Jayanti, etc.
Modern education in Nepal started with the opening of the first school in 1853.
This school was only for the members of the ruling families and their courtiers.
Schooling for the general people began only after 1951.
It was when a popular movement ended the autocratic Rana family regime and started a democratic system.
In the past 50 years, there has been a big expansion of education facilities in the country.
As a result, adult literacy (age 15+) of the country was reported to be 48.2% (female: 34.6%, male: 62.2%) in the Population Census, 2001, up from about 5% in 1952–54.
In the beginning in 1951, there were about 300 schools and two colleges with around 10,000 students.
Now, there are more than 26,000 schools (including higher secondary), 415 colleges, five universities, and two academies of higher studies.
In total, 5.5 million students are studying in those schools and colleges who are taught by more than 150,000 teachers.
Despite such examples of success, there are problems and challenges.
Education management, quality, usefulness, and access are some of the major issues of education in Nepal.
Social differences based on gender, ethnicity, location, economic class, etc.
are still there in some places.
Lack of resources has always been a problem in education.
These problems have made the goal of education for all a challenge for the country.
Nepal has seven provinces.
Each province has 8 to 14 districts.
The districts have local units called municipalities.
Eastern Region (Purwanchal)
Mechi
Central Region (Madhyamanchal)
Bagmati
Janakpur
Western Region (Pashchimanchal)
Dhawalagiri
Gandaki
Mid-Western Region (Madhya Pashchimanchal)
Bheri
Rapti
Far-Western Region (Sudur Pashchimanchal)
Mahakali
Seti
The official calendar of Nepal is the Vikram Samvat, which is a Hindu calendar.
Their new year begins in Baishakh, which is around mid-April.
Nepal has 36 public holidays in the year.
This makes Nepal the country with the most public holidays.
The national cuisine of Nepal is Dhindo and Gundruk.
Dhindo is a type of dough that is served very hot.
Gundruk is a dish with fermented green vegetables.
Association football is the most popular sport in Nepal.
The Nepal national football team plays at Dasarath Rangasala Stadium in Tripureswar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
National symbols of Nepal
King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha invaded the Kathmandu Valley in 1786 and unified Nepal.
Before the unification, Nepal was ruled by various Kirats, Lichchavis, Thakuris and Mallas.
The history mentioned that Kirats ruled Nepal during the 7th century BC.
Though much was not known about Kirats, the Lichchavi dynasty ruled after them.
Lichchavi rule lasted from the 2nd to 9th century AD.
After Lichchavis, Nepal was ruled by the Thakuris who were followed by the Mallas for two centuries.
Nepal was divided into many principalities and small kingdoms in the fifth centuries of Malla rule.
Jang Bahadur Rana the then Prime Minister of Nepal revolted against the royalty in 1844.
The famous Kot Massacre took place during this period in which numbers of noblemen were killed.
The Rana took absolute power but continued to maintain the Shah family in the palace.
The 104 years regime of Ranas came to and end due to their autocratic rules.
In November 1950, King Tribhuvan restored democracy overthrowing the Rana regime with large number of Nepalese people support.
He restored Shah Regime again in Nepal.
After his death King Mahendra had ruled in Nepal from 13 March 1955 to 31 January 1972.
Birendra ruled Nepal from 31 January 1972 to 1 June 2001.
He was known as one of the most noble and peaceful king of Nepal.
The entire family of King Birendra was killed in June 2001 popularly Known as Royal Massacre 2001.
Prince Dipendra was made King while he was on coma stage, later he died in hospital bed.
After the death of Diepndra, Gyanendra Shah late King Birendra’s brother became the King of Nepal.
King Gyanendra Shah was dethroned in 2006 after a decade long People’s revolution led by communist party of Nepal (Maoist) and several weeks protest by major political parties.
After that, Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was established.
Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal. -
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, March 2011
Former monarchies of Asia
Zagreb is the capital city and the largest city of the country of Croatia.
It has a population of 792.000 people and its metropolitan area (Zagreb County, Krapina-Zagorje County and Sisak-Moslavina County) has a population of 1.2 million (2005).
Mainz, Germany, since 1967
Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 1968)
Tromsø, Norway, since 1971
Kyoto, Japan, since 1972
Kraków, Poland, since 1975
Lisbon, Portugal, since 1977
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S., since 1980
Shanghai, China, since 1980
Bologna, Italy, since 1984
Budapest, Hungary, since 1994
Vienna, Austria, since 1994
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 2001
Ljubljana, Slovenia, since 2001
Podgorica, Montenegro, since 2006
Official website of the City of Zagreb
Establishments in Croatia
1090s establishments
Anything related to the country Sweden
Swedish language, the language spoken in Sweden.
Swedish people, who are nationals or citizens of Sweden
Swedish Empire, which existed from 1611 to 1718
Hoffish is a dialect of swedish
The Swedish krona is the currency of Sweden.
The country of Sweden has used this money since 1873.
In the English language, the Swedish krona means the Swedish Crown.
The Swedish crowns consist of:
1 öre (coin) *1991
2 öre (coin) *1991
5 öre (coins) *1991
10 öre (coins) *1991
25 öre (coin) *1991
50 öre (coin) *2010
1 crown (coin)
2 crown (coin) ***
5 crown (coin)
10 crown (coin) * (**)
10 crown (coin)
20 crown (paper)
50 crown (paper)
100 crown (paper)
200 crown (paper)
500 crown (paper)
1000 crown (paper)
*Not in use since:
**Not known when ended.
***Been used earlier and later reintroduced
On December 18 2008, the Swedish Riksbank asked to phase out the 50 öre, the final öre coin, by 2010.
Note, however that the öre would remain as a subdivision unit for electronic payments.
200-krona and 2-krona
The Riksbank decided in 17 February 2010, to recommend the parliament to allow it to issue a 2-krona coin and a 200-krona note, the latter a new denomination for the country.
However it did not recommend replacing the 20-krona note with a coin.
In 2015 the first ever 200-krona note saw its use and in 2016 the 2-krona coin was reintroduced having previously being used between 1876–1971.
Riksbank
In mythology, a giant is a type of very large human-like creature.
The mythology and legends of many different cultures have mythological animals or monsters that look like very big, very strong humans.
One example of a giant is the gigantes of Greek mythology.
Piedmont ( ; , ; Piedmontese, Occitan and , ) is a region in the northern part of Italy.
The name means "foot of mountain" (Alps).
The capital is Turin.
Piedmont has 8 provinces within it.
Turin (Torino)
Terrance Stanley Fox (July 28, 1958 – June 28, 1981) was a Canadian athlete and activist.
He moved to Surrey, British Columbia in 1966 and to Port Coquitlam, British Columbia in 1968.
He lost one of his legs due to bone cancer when he was 18.
He is best known for his run, called The Marathon of Hope, which began on April 12, 1980 in St. John's, Newfoundland, the purpose of the run was to run across Canada (with help of an artificial leg) about  (the length of the average marathon, or foot race) each day.
He originally wanted to run until he got to Vancouver Island on the other end of Canada.
The goal was to raise 1 million Canadian dollars and later one dollar for every person in Canada to help cancer research.
Many people supported and helped him during his run and had a lot of faith in him.
But on August 31, 1980 near the town of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Fox's cancer spread to his lungs.
He had to stop running.
In Canada, he is considered a hero.
People still hold runs for him.
Shortly before his death, he was made a Companion in the Order of Canada (the youngest person in the country to receive such an honor).
In addition, there is a statue of him in Ottawa (Canada's capital city), near Parliament Hill.
Several schools named after him and he has been featured on a Canadian $1 coin.
The Terry Fox Foundation
History Minute PSA
More about Fox, including interviews and news reports
Canadian activists
Cancer deaths in British Columbia
Deaths from bone cancer
People from Winnipeg
Sportspeople from British Columbia
Rick Hansen, CC, OBC (born August 26, 1957 in Port Alberni, British Columbia) is a Canadian athlete and activist.
He was paralyzed in an accident at the age of 15.
Inspired by his friend Terry Fox, who tried to run across Canada after losing a leg to cancer, he set out on a trip to travel around the world, in his wheelchair; it was called the Man in Motion tour.
The money he raised from that tour went to help spinal cord injury research and paraplegic sports.
He still works and does charity to raise money & awareness.
Hansen was one of the torchbearers during the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Radio and TV clips about Rick
History minute PSA
Canadian sportspeople
A fin is a surface used to produce lift and thrust or to steer while traveling in water, air, or other fluid media.
The word was first used for the limbs of fish, but it is now also used to mean other animal limbs and human-made devices.
Dorsal fin on the back.
These fins keep the fish from rolling over.
Caudal or tail fin.
This fin pushes the fish forward in the water.
Pectoral fins (paired).
These fins help the fish steer.
Pelvic fins (paired).
Anal fin: stability
How to do or make something
Scientific method, a series of steps taken to get knowledge
Method (computer science), a piece of code linked with a class or object to perform a task
Method (music), a kind of textbook to help students learning to play a musical instrument
Methodology, the collection, the comparative study, and the critique of the individual methods that are used in a given discipline or field of inquiry
Software development process, a series of steps taken to build software
Method acting, a style of acting in which the actor attempts to replicate the conditions under which the character operates
Method (Godhead), the bassist and programmer for the industrial band Godhead
Discourse on Method, a philosophical and mathematical treatise by René Descartes
"The Method of Mechanical Theorems", part of the Archimedes Palimpsest
Method, a 2004 film directed by Duncan Roy
method, a San Francisco-based corporation which manufactures household products
Method ringing, a British style of ringing church bells according to a series of mathematical algorithms
Region is a geographic term used in many ways in the different types of geography.
In general, a region is a medium-scale area of land or water.
It is smaller than the whole area of something (which could be, for example, the world, a nation, a mountain range, and so on).
A climate zone is one kind of region.
A region is larger than a specific location.
It may be seen as a collection of smaller things (as in "the New England states") or as one part of a larger whole (as in "the New England region of the United States").
In some countries a region is a unit of local government.
March 8 – Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord
January 2 – William Smyth, English bishop and statesman (born 1460)
January 9 – Anne of Brittany, queen of Charles VIII of France (born 1477)
February 11 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, third son of Henry VIII of England
March 11 – Donato Bramante, Italian architect (born 1444)
October 25 – William Elphinstone, Scottish statesman (born 1431)
A toothache is a pain felt in a person's tooth, normally when the tooth is hurt.
A tooth can be hurt by tooth decay caused by plaque or by an injury.
Icing is a paste that is usually made from sugar.
It is also called "frosting".
It is put on cakes to add flavour.
Many kinds of cake have icing, especially cakes made for special occasions like birthday cakes, wedding cakes and Christmas cake.
Anything related to Kurdistan, an area in the Middle East
Kurdish people, an ethnic group
Romford is a town in east London.
It is in the London Borough of Havering, England.
It was first recorded as a town in 1153 in the Red Book of the Exchequer.
The name "Romford" means "wide ford".
The stream that flows through it was only later called "the Rom River" after the town.
In medieval times, this town was granted the right to have the only market for 6 2/3 miles around.
This rule was used in the 1990s to stop a nearby town, Ilford, from opening a market nearby.. Romford had a brewery which now is an entertainment venue.
Towns in London
Maltose (known as malt sugar) is a disaccharide (sometimes called di-glucose).
It is formed from two glucose molecules joined at carbons 1 and 4.
It is found in germinating seeds such as barley as they break down their starch stores to use for food.
A toolbox or toolkit is a box where a person stores tools.
You can find them where people work with tools, like houses that are being built.
A stone is a piece of rock.
It is a mass of hard, compacted mineral.
The word is often used to mean a small piece of rock.
The word "stone" also refers to natural rock as a material, especially a building material.
Natural stones used as building material include granite, marble and sandstone.
Manufactured, artificial products, such as concrete or clay bricks, are not stone.
Stone takes a while to heat up, and stays hot for a while.
It does not conduct electricity well
Stone was one of the first materials used to make tools and buildings.
It is a very sturdy material.
It is less affected by weather than wood or brick.
Depending on the type of rock, stone weathers away much more slowly.
A stone in the river is reshaped by the water and sediment flowing around it.
Stones can be used as primitive weapon.
Person can throw it at enemy or animal, or use it to make more damage in hand-to-hand combat.
A stone is larger than a grain of sand, gravel or pebbles.
A boulder is a large rock or stone.
Precious stone
A hotspot is a place where computers with the ability for wireless connections can connect to the Internet.
Wi-Fi hot spots can be found in some public areas, sometimes for free.
Some local libraries, coffee shops, and restaurants offer hotspots.
Some passenger vehicles have a traveling hotspot for their customers.
Some communication companies also offer hotspots in many different places for their customers.
Winnipeg () is the largest city of Manitoba, Canada.
It is in the eastern prairie region of western Canada.
It is often called the "Gateway to the West".
Winnipeg is the seventh biggest city in Canada with a population of 705,244 people.
The name "Winnipeg" comes from the Cree word for "muddy waters."
Winnipeg is at the place where the Red River and Assiniboine river join.
That area is known as The Forks.
Winnipeg has four professional sports teams.
The teams are the "Winnipeg Blue Bombers" who play football, the "Winnipeg Jets" who play hockey, the Winnipeg Goldeyes who play baseball and the Winnipeg Alliance FC who play soccer.
Winnipeg has four universities: the University of Manitoba, the University of Winnipeg, Canadian Mennonite University and University of St. Boniface.
Winnipeg is in a very flat part of Canada.
Winnipeg has four rivers in it.
These rivers are the Red River, the Assiniboine River, the La Salle River, and the Seine River.
Winnipeg has floods in spring a lot because it is in a very flat area that gets a lot of snow and rain.
In winter, Winnipeg is cold and gets a lot of snow.
The hottest day in Winnipeg was in the year 1936, when it was 42 degrees Celsius.
The coldest day in Winnipeg was in the year 1879, when it was -47 degrees Celsius.
The area that we now call Winnipeg was used by First Nations people for many thousands of years before people from Europe arrived.
First Nations people used this area a lot.
This area was important because it is where two rivers meet.
First Nations peoples often moved around using the rivers on canoes (a small boat that is powered by people with paddles).
The first person from Europe to come to this area was an officer from France in the year 1738.
This area was first used as a permanent settlement (place where people live) by European people in the year 1812.
Winnipeg was incorporated (officially made into a city) in the year 1873.
Winnipeg became big because trains brought money and people from other places along the railroads.
After World War I, Winnipeg stopped getting bigger for a long time.
After World War II, Winnipeg has been getting bigger again.
In the year 1972, Winnipeg got bigger by adding other small cities nearby into one big city, and the new big city was also named Winnipeg.
Cityscape and Politics
Winnipeg has a downtown area in the middle of the city.
The downtown area has many tall buildings.
Downtown is a place where there are a lot of offices and stores.
All around Winnipeg's downtown are residential neighbourhoods (places where people live).
There is a big road that goes all the way around the city.
This road is called the Perimeter Highway.
The two best known roads in Winnipeg are called Portage Avenue and Main Street.
The place where these two roads meet is in the middle of Winnipeg's downtown area.
Main Street goes from the middle of the city to the northern part of the city.
Portage Avenue goes from the middle of the city to the western part of the city.
The mayor of Winnipeg makes decisions about the city in City Hall.
Winnipeg's mayor is a man named Brian Bowman.
City Hall is in downtown Winnipeg.
The provincial premier is a person who makes decisions about Manitoba.
Manitoba is the province that Winnipeg is in.
Manitoba's provincial premier is Brian Pallister.
The premier makes decisions at the legislative building.
Winnipeg.ca - Official Winnipeg website
A kilobyte (kB) is a number used to measure storage space on computer hard drives or computer memory.
A kilobyte originally meant 1000 bytes.
Over time the meaning changed and today it is often used to mean  1024 bytes.
This created some confusion as a "kilo" normally means 1000.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) now defines a kilobyte as being 1000 bytes.
According to the IEC, the correct name for 1,024 bytes is a kibibyte.
A byte is a unit of measurement of the size of information on a computer or other electronic device.
A single byte is usually eight bits.
Some early computers used six bits for each byte.
Bits are the smallest unit of storage on a computer, a single on/off value.
Bytes are often represented by the capital letter B, bits by a lower case b.
A single typed character (for example, 'x' or '8') is stored in one byte.
The character is held as a binary number which encodes a text character.
To map each number to a character an agreed code such as EBCDIC or ASCII is needed.
EBCDIC is a character encoding used mainly on mainframe computers.
It uses 8 bits per byte.
ASCII is another encoding that only uses seven bits.
Extended ASCII uses 8 bits to give more types of characters, mostly used on personal computers.
The byte is the smallest useful unit of measure to show how many characters a computer (or electronics device) can hold.
This is useful for things like RAM, or storage devices like USB drives and other types of Flash memory.
Sending of data (for a modem or wi-fi) is usually measured in bits, not bytes.
On modern computers one byte is equal to eight bits.
Some early computers used fewer bits for each byte.
To tell them apart, computer scientists called an 8 bit byte an octet.
In modern usage, an octet and a byte are the same.
The symbol for "byte" is "B".
Sometimes a lowercase "b" is used, but this use is incorrect because "b" is actually the IEEE symbol for "bit".
The IEC symbol for bit is bit.
For example, "MB" means "megabyte" and "Mbit" means "megabit".
The difference is important because 1 megabyte (MB) is 1,000,000 bytes, and 1 megabit (Mbit) is 1,000,000 bits or 125,000 bytes.
It's easy to confuse the two, but bits are much smaller than bytes, so the symbol "b" should be used when referring to "bits" and an uppercase "B" when referring to "bytes".
Names for larger units
Kilobyte/kibibyte (KB) (210)
Megabyte/mebibyte (MB) (220)
Gigabyte/gibibyte (GB) (230)
Terabyte/tebibyte (TB) (240)
Petabyte/pebibyte (PB) (250)
Exabyte/exbibyte (EB) (260)
Zettabyte (ZB) (270)
Yottabyte (YB) (280)
Byte Chart
People who refer to 1 kilobyte as 1,024 bytes, for example, are technically incorrect; 1,024 bytes should be referred to as 1 kibibyte, according to the IEC.
However, using 1024 for kilo and 1048576 for mega, etc.
was widely practiced before the IEC standards were set in 1998.
There is some confusion and mixing of terms in the marketplace.
Computer memory is still referred to in powers of 2, so 1KB of memory is 1024 bytes, whereas in computer data storage powers of 10 are used, so 1KB is 1000 bytes.
"kilo-" = 1,000
"kibi-" = 1,024
Since computers are very complex digital devices that are based on the binary numeral system rather than the commonly-used decimal numeral system or binary coded decimal system, there are many situations where the standard metric system does not work well, particularly with memory sizes for a computer or storage device.
If a memory or storage device uses a binary number for addresses, the number of different positions to be accessed (the size of the memory) can be expressed as a power of 2, rather than a power of 10.
A subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom.
This means it is very, very small.
Like atoms and molecules, a subatomic particle is far too small to be seen with the eye.
They are also very interesting to physicists who study atoms.
The subatomic particles that make atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons are the most commonly studied ones.
The study of subatomic particles is called particle physics.
These particles are often held together within an atom by one of the four fundamental forces (gravity, electromagnetic force, strong force, or weak force).
Outside of the atom the particles often move very, very quickly- near the speed of light which is very, very fast (around 300,000 kilometres per second).
Baryons are made of quarks while Leptons are thought to be among the smallest particles, called elementary particles.
Baryons have a given Baryon number.
In reactions, the Baryon number must be conserved, meaning that both the starting and ending sides of a reaction must have the same number of Baryons.
Baryonic particles are made up of a combination of 3 of the six quarks, which are among the smallest particles.
The six quark types are up, down (making up protons and neutrons), strange, charm, top, and bottom.
Leptons are generally much smaller than Baryons.
This category includes electrons, Muons, Taus and neutrinos.
Leptons are not made up of quarks and are not divisible.
For every one of these types, there is also an antiparticle.
Antiparticles have the same mass as their normal counterparts, except they have the opposite electric charge.
Anti-matter and matter cannot exist near each other.
Whenever matter and antimatter collide, they destroy each other with a huge release of energy equivalent to E=mc2, where m is the combined mass of the particles, c is the speed of light, and E is the energy produced.
These collisions often take place in large particle accelerators, where the energy can be converted the other way, into matter by the same equation.
This can produce many odd, often heavy (large mass) particles that exist only for a short time.
Most of the particles discovered are created by accelerating particles and colliding them against others, creating huge showers of new subatomic particles which decay extremely quickly.
However, because the particles are moving close to the speed of light, the laws of special relativity become important and time dilation occurs.
This means that time passes slower for the particle, and they can travel (and be measured) over a longer distance than non-relativity science would predict.
Window screen, a plastic or wire mesh that covers a window opening
A partition or room divider
A movie screen where movies are shown.
Another name for a computer monitor
Something that stops things passing through like the grid on a roadside drain
Screen (ice hockey), when a player stops a goaltender from seeing someone shoot in ice hockey
Breathing is moving air in and out of the lungs.
The air going in and out is called breath.
If a person cannot breathe, they will die.
Get oxygen into the body.
Every part of the body needs oxygen to survive.
The only way humans can get oxygen is to breathe it in.
Get carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the body.
When the body makes energy, carbon dioxide gets left over.
The body needs to get rid of extra carbon dioxide, because too much of it is poisonous.
The only way humans can get rid of carbon dioxide is to breathe it out.
When a person breathes in, they bring air into their lungs.
Air has oxygen in it.
The oxygen goes from the lungs into the person's bloodstream.
When oxygen goes into the bloodstream, extra carbon dioxide comes out and goes into the lungs.
This is called gas exchange: basically, oxygen and carbon dioxide are changing places.
Oxygen is now in the bloodstream, which can carry that oxygen around to every part of the body.
Also, carbon dioxide is now in the lungs, where it can be breathed out.
Adults breathe about 18 times a minute, which is more than 25,000 times a day.
Children breathe even faster.
How the brain controls breathing
A part of the brainstem called the medulla oblongata controls breathing.
Groups of neurons in the medulla tell the breathing muscles when to breathe in, when to breathe faster, and when to breathe slower.
The brainstem measures how much carbon dioxide is in a person's blood.
If there is too much carbon dioxide, the medulla tells the body to breathe faster.
This helps the person breathe out the extra carbon dioxide.
Once the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood is normal again, the medulla tells the body to breathe slower again.
The body also measures the amount of oxygen in the blood.
If there is not enough oxygen in the blood, the medulla will tell the body to breathe faster, to take in more oxygen.
Once there is enough oxygen in the blood, the medulla will tell the body to breathe slower again.
Breathing muscles
For a person to breathe, certain muscles have to contract (get tighter) and relax at the right times.
The special groups of neurons in the medulla tell these breathing muscles when to contract (which makes a person breathe in) and when to relax (which makes a person breathe out).
There are a few main groups of muscles that control breathing.
The diaphragm
The diaphragm is the main muscle that controls breathing.
It is a sheet of muscle that runs along the bottom of the rib cage.
When the diaphragm is relaxed, it is shaped like a dome (like a half circle).
When the medulla tells the diaphragm to make the body breathe in, the diaphragm pulls down and straightens out.
This creates more room inside the chest, and more room for the lungs to fill up with air.
Air comes into the lungs (this is inhalation).
When it is time to breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes again and air leaves the lungs.
The diaphragm is controlled by a special set of nerves called the phrenic nerves.
The medulla tells the diaphragm when to contract by sending messages through the phrenic nerves.
Because the diaphragm is so important for breathing, the phrenic nerves are very well protected in the body.
They are at the very top of the spinal cord, near the neck.
The intercostals (rib muscles)
The intercostal muscles run between each rib.
When a person needs to breathe in, these muscles contract and pull the ribs upward.
This creates more room inside the chest for the lungs to fill.
When a person is resting, about 30% to 40% of their ability to breathe comes from the intercostal muscles.
The intercostal muscles are controlled by the intercostal nerves.
The medulla tells the intercostals when to contract by sending messages through these nerves.
The intercostal nerves are not as well protected as the phrenic nerves.
The intercostal nerves run along the thoracic spine (which is in the upper to middle back) and connect to the intercostal muscles.
This means that if a person injured their thoracic spine, they might not be able to use their intercostal muscles.
They would then lose 30% to 40% of their ability to breathe.
However, since the nerves that control the diaphragm are much farther up in the spine and better protected, the person would still be able to use their diaphragm to breathe.
They would still have 60% to 70% of their ability to breathe.
Accessory muscles
Accessory muscles are muscles that a person uses only when they need extra help breathing.
Sometimes this is normal.
For example, if a person has just done a lot of exercise, they may need extra oxygen.
The medulla will tell the accessory muscles to kick in, to make it easier for the person to lift their chest to create more room for the lungs to fill.
The most important accessory muscles are the muscles in the chest, abdomen, and neck.
However, if a person has to use accessory muscles to breathe while they are resting, this is a sign that they are not getting the oxygen their body needs.
They may need medication, extra oxygen given through a mask, or even emergency medical treatment to help them breathe normally.
For example, people with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often use an inhaler when they have trouble breathing.
The inhaler puffs a medicine like albuterol down into the windpipe and into the lungs.
This makes the air passages wider and helps the person breathe better than they could before.
Inhalation (breathing in)
Laura Lane Bush (née Welch; born November 4, 1946) is an American teacher, librarian, memoirist and author.
She was the First Lady of the United States from 2001 to 2009 as the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush.
She was also the First Lady of Texas from 1995 to 2000 when her husband was Governor of Texas.
Bush was born at Midland Memorial Hospital in Midland, Texas.
She is the only child of Harold Bruce Welch  and Jenna Louise Hawkins.
Laura and George met and married in 1977.
She is the mother of Barbara Pierce Bush and Jenna Bush Hager who were born in 1981.
Before she became First Lady she worked as a librarian and a school teacher in Dallas and Austin, Texas.
Dijon is a commune in France.
It is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region; it is also the prefecture (regional capital) of the region but the council of the region meets in Besançon.
Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Divio.
Saint Benignus (Saint Kelly), the city's patron saint, is said to have spread Christianity to the area before being killed.
It was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th century until the late 1400s and was a place of great wealth and power and one of the great European centers of art, learning and science.
Dijon is in the east of the department and in the centre of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.
Paris, the national capital - ;
Bordeaux - ;
Toulouse - ;
Lyon - ;
Montpellier - ;
Strasbourg - ;
Nantes - ;
Marseille - .
Dijon is surrounded by the communesː
The average temperature for the year in Dijon is .
The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of .
The coolest month, on average is January, with an average temperature of .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Dijon is .
The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of precipitation.
The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .
The inhabitants of Dijon are known, in French, as Dijonnais (women: Dijonnaises).
With a population of 153,668, Nevers has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Dijon forms, together with other 14 communes, the urban area of Dijon with a population of 241,591 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .
This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Dijon, formed by 295 communes, with a population of 382,590 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .
Dijon is a prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department since 1800.
It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Dijon and the administrative centre () of six cantons:
Dijon-1, formed with part of Dijon, with 25,235 inhabitants (2014).
Dijon-2, formed with part of Dijon, with 27,485 inhabitants (2014).
Dijon-3, formed with part of Dijon, with 24,359 inhabitants (2014).
Dijon-4, formed with part of Dijon, with 26,824 inhabitants (2014).
Dijon-5, formed with part of Dijon, with 24,403 inhabitants (2014).
Dijon-6, formed with 2 communes (Corcelles-les-Monts and Flavignerot) and part of Dijon, with 26,182 inhabitants (2014).
Dijon is part of the intercommunality Dijon Métropole.
York, England, since 1953
Dallas, United States, since 1957
Mainz, Germany, since 1958
Volgograd, Russia, since 1960
Skopje, Macedonia, since 1961
Reggio Emilia, Italy, since 1963
Cluj-Napoca, Romania, since 1965
Pécs, Hungary, since 1966
Opole, Poland, since 2009
Guimarães, Portugal, since 2011
Chefchaouen, Morocco, since 2016
Prague, Czech Republic, since 2016
Dakear, Senegal, since 2017
Ville de Dijon - official website
Tourist office website
Communes in Côte-d'Or
Sabato "Simon" Rodia (1879–1965)  was an Italian immigrant who lived in the United States in the district of Los Angeles, California, called Watts.
Starting in 1921 and until 1954, he built the Watts Towers, from junk and things he found.
Many people made fun of him and tried to vandalize (damage) the "towers".
He did not like people making fun of him.
In 1955 he moved away from Watts and never returned.
The "towers" remained, and the site where he built them is now a national landmark.
Rodia is one of the famous people seen on the cover of The Beatles' Sgt.
People from Los Angeles
Terry Southern (May 1, 1924 – October 29, 1995) was an American writer.
He was part of the Paris postwar literary movement in the 1950s.
He was a friend to Beat writers in Greenwich Village in the 1960s.
In the 1970s he made changes to the way movies were written.
In the 1980s he wrote for Saturday Night Live and talked about screenwriting at several universities in New York.
Flash and Filigree (1958)
Candy (with Mason Hoffenberg) (1958)
The Magic Christian (1959)
Red-Dirt Marijuana and Other Tastes (1967)
Blue Movie (1970)
Texas Summer (1992)
Dr. Strangelove (with Stanley Kubrick and Peter George) (1964) (Academy Award and BAFTA Award nomination)
The Loved One (with Christopher Isherwood) (1965)
The Collector (uncredited) (1965)
The Cincinnati Kid (with Ring Lardner Jr.) (1966)
Casino Royale (1967) (uncredited)
Barbarella (with Roger Vadim, Claude Brule, Vittorio Bonicelli, Clement Biddle Wood, Brian Degas and Tudor Gates) (1968)
Easy Rider (with Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper) (1969) (Academy Award nomination)
The End of the Road (with Dennis McGuire and Aram Avakian) (1969)
The Magic Christian (with Joseph McGrath) (1969)
The Telephone (with Harry Nilsson) (1988)
1963 O. Henry Award; "The Road Out of Axotle", published in Esquire, August, 1962
1964 Writers Guild of America; Screenwriter's Award for Best Written American Comedy of 1964, for Dr. Strangelove
1964 Academy Award Nomination for Best Writing (Adaptation) for Dr. Strangelove
1964 BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay nomination for Dr. Strangelove
1969 Academy Award Nomination for Best Original Screenplay; Easy Rider (with Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper)
1975 The Paris Review; Funniest Story of the Year; "Heavy Put-Away, or, A Hustle Not Devoid of a Certain Grossness, Granted"
1994 Gotham Award; Writer Award
writers from Texas
O. Henry Award winners
Don Quixote part 2 by Miguel De Cervantes
Emeril Lagasse (born October 15, 1959) is an American celebrity chef.
He is best known for his television program Emeril Live, which airs on the Food Network.
He hosts a Cooking Channel show named Emeril's Florida.
He also has several restaurants and wrote some cookbooks.
He is also famous for his catchphrases "Bam!"
and "Kick it up a notch!"
American chefs
Hurricane Rita was a powerful hurricane in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
It hit the United States' Gulf Coast.
At its peak intensity, it was a strong Category 5 storm with sustained winds of 175 miles per hour.
It made landfall as a Category 3 storm, and caused more flooding in New Orleans, which already had weakened levees due to Hurricane Katrina.
In addition, it caused large power outages.
2005 in the Bahamas
2005 in Florida
2005 in Cuba
2005 in Texas
2005 in Mississippi
History of Arkansas
Hurricanes in Texas
Disasters in the United States
September 2005 events
The Boeing 767 is a wide-body aircraft made and built by Boeing.
The arcraft was developed on July 14, 1978, as apart of the 7X7 project.
The first prototype flew on September 26, 1981.
The aircraft was certified on July 30, 1982.
The aircraft started flying the 767-200 commerically on September 8, 1982 with United Airlines.
They did not fly the 767-100 as it had close to the same seats as the Boeing 757.
The 767-200ER, which has more range, started flying in 1984.
The 767-300, which is a longer version, started flying in 1986.
The 767-300ER, which has more range than the 767-300, started flying in 1988.
A cargo version, the 767-300F, started flying in 1995.
It was made into the 767-400ER, which is longer.
Accidents and incidents
Lauda Air Flight 004 was the first fatal crash of a Boeing 767.
EgyptAir Flight 990
American Airlines Flight 63
Ethiopian Airlines Flight 702
Atlas Air Flight 3591
Start of the Italian War of 1551–59
End of the Great Russian War 1553-1557
September 1 – Jacques Cartier
Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American writer from Maine.
He wrote scary horror novels.
His books and stories have sold more than 300 million copies.
He has written more than fifty novels, two hundred short stories, and nine collections of short fiction.
King's first novel, Carrie, was published in 1974.
Many of his stories have been made into movies or television programs.
The movies and programs include The Shining, The Shawshank Redemption, The Green Mile, Misery, Pet Sematary, It (the miniseries) and the 2017 movie It.
King has written some of his books under the name "Richard Bachman".
He collaborated with Peter Straub on others.
King's highest rated books (as rated by readers) include Carrie, The Shining, The Stand, Misery, It, Cujo,  The Dark Tower, Under the Dome and Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption.
Stephen King was born in Portland, Maine.
His mother's name is Nelie Ruth and his father's name is Donald Edwin King.
King and his wife Tabitha own three different houses.
One house is in Bangor, Maine, one is in Lovell, Maine and one is in Sarasota, Florida.
Stephen and Tabitha have three children and three grandchildren.
StephenKing.com, Stephen King's official website
Actors from Maine
People from Portland, Maine
Writers from Maine
People from Bangor, Maine
Other terms can be used to describe the baby's stage of development.
These terms do not follow clear rules and are used differently by different people, and in different regions.
For example, infant may be used until the baby can walk, while some use "infant" until the baby is one year old.
From birth until 3 months of age, a baby can be called a newborn.
Depending on how many weeks gestation at birth, newborns may be called premature, post-mature, or full term.
The word infant comes from Latin: infans means "unable to speak".
At birth, many parts of the newborn's skull are not yet converted to bone, leaving "soft spots".
Later in the child's life, these bones join together naturally.
A protein called noggin is responsible for the delay in an infant's skull fusion.
During labour and birth, the infant's skull changes shape as it goes through the birth canal.
Sometimes this causes the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head.
It will usually return to normal in a short time.
Sometimes, a woman's baby may die before or during its birth.
Babies which have died in this way are called stillborn babies, or miscarried babies.
Baby Pictures  Newborns, Infants and Toddlers
Kids Height/Weight Calculator  by Parenting Nation
Baby Foods Guide Benefits of Organic Baby Food
Baby Stroller by Stroller List
A cactus is a kind of a plant adapted to hot, dry climates.
Plants which live this kind of life-style are called xerophytes.
Most are succulents, which store water.
Cacti are  members of the plant family Cactaceae, in the order Caryophyllales.
There are about 127 genera, with over 1750 known species.
Almost all of them are native to the Americas, from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north.
The species Rhipsalis baccifera also grows in Africa and Sri Lanka.
Theophrastus was the first to use the word cactus: It comes from Ancient Greek .
Theophrastus used it for a spiny plant whose identity is not known for sure.
Cacti are part of an important food chain in dry, hot climates.
Now cacti have spread to many other parts of the world, and many people like to grow them in pots or gardens.
Many cacti live in dry places, such as deserts.
Most cacti have sharp thorns (stickers) and thick skin.
There are many shapes and sizes of cacti.
Some are short and round; others are tall and thin.
Many cactus flowers are big and beautiful.
Some bloom at night and are pollinated by moths and bats.
Some cactus fruits are brightly coloured and good to eat: many animals eat cactus fruits.
An adaptation is anything that helps a living thing survive and make more of its own kind.
Cacti have many adaptations for living in places that are sometimes dry for a long time.
At other times these places can get lots of rain.
Cacti can have many small, thin roots near the top of the soil.
These roots take in water quickly after a rain.
The same cactus may have one long, thick root called a taproot.
The taproot grows deep in the soil.
It can reach water when the soil on top is dry.
Cacti store water in thick stems.
The stems are covered with tough skin, and the skin is covered with wax.
The thick waxy skin slows down loss of water.
The leaves of cacti are sharp spines (thorns, stickers).
Many animals want the water inside the cactus, but  the sharp spines and thick skin protect the cactus.
Uses  of cacti
Cacti are commonly grown as houseplants.
They are pretty and easy to grow.
Some cacti are grown in gardens, especially in dry areas.
Cactus can be used as a living fence.
The wood of dead cactus is sometimes used for houses
People eat the fruit of some kinds of cactus, such as dragonfruit and prickly pear.
Dactylopius coccus is a scale insect from which cochineal dye is got.
This insect lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia, feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cactus sap.
The insect produces carminic acid, which deters predation by other insects.
The carminic acid can be extracted from the insect's body and eggs to make the red dye.
Cactus in history
The ancient Aztecs of North America held cactus to be very important.
Cactus can be found in many of their sculptures and drawings.
The national coat of arms of Mexico shows an eagle, a snake, and cactus.
Christopher Columbus brought the first cactus to Europe.
Scientists and gardeners became very interested in cactus.
Prickly pear was taken to Australia in the 19th century for use as a natural fence and for use in the cochineal industry.
The cactus spread out of control, but was controlled by the larva of a South American moth.
From the start of the 20th century interest in cactus has grown.
Every year, scientists discover new kinds of cactus.
A bad effect of this has been the digging up of many cacti from the wild, making some kinds endangered.
Cactus stems
A cactus does not have leaves because it lives in dry places.
Leaves transpire, and this can waste water.
So, the cactus saves water by having no leaves.
The green parts of the cactus are actually its stems.
Because the stems are green, they do the photosynthesis for the cactus.
They also grow prickly needles to protect the cactus from animals that want to eat it.
The family contains more than 100 genera.
Cactus and Succulent Society of America
Cactophilia
Cacti & Succulent Picture Gallery
Cacti Picture Gallery
Cacti Picture Gallery of Saint-Petersburg Cactus Club
CactiGuide - many photos, and discussion forum
Termal içlik
A Guide to the Miraculous Cactus World
Intermountain Cactus: Winter Hardy Cactus
International site for Succulents with photos, tips and plant database (in 4 languages)
WWF priority species profile for cacti
A desert is an arid (very dry) biome.
They get less than  of rainfall a year.
Another source defines it as "any region that can have a moisture deficit over the course of a year.
In other words, they can have less rainfall in a year than they give up through evaporation".
These kinds of areas can cover about 33% of the land on Earth.
That includes much of Antarctica, where large areas get no snow at all.
The largest hot desert is the Sahara desert, in northern Africa, covering 9 million square kilometers.
Deserts land surfaces are various  examples are stones, sand dunes and snow.
They have a wide variety of animals and plants.
Deserts sometimes expand (desertification), and sometimes contract.
Deserts are mostly found in the western part of the Americas, Western Asia, Central Australia, and South and North Africa.
Many, such as the Sahara, are very hot during the day and have cold nights, but there are also cold deserts such as the Atacama in South America which remain frozen day and night.
Cold deserts
There are hot deserts and cold deserts.
Cold deserts may be covered with snow or ice but some are so dry that the ice sublimates away.
Some cold deserts have a short season of above-freezing temperatures.
These deserts are called tundra.
An ice cap can be a cold desert that remains below freezing all year-round.
Cold deserts can be found close to the poles.
That is why they are also called polar deserts.
Other regions of the world have cold deserts too, for instance high altitude areas like the Himalayas.
These are called montane deserts.
Antarctica is the world's largest cold desert.
Hot deserts
Hot deserts are mostly in the subtropics.
They can be covered by sand, rock, salt lakes, stony hills and even mountains.
Most non-polar deserts are hot in the day and chilly at night.
The temperature in the daytime can reach  or higher in the summer, and dip to  or lower at night time in the winter.
The largest hot desert in the world is the Sahara in North Africa.
It is almost as large as Europe or the United States.
The Sahara desert is also the hottest desert in the world.
The driest  desert in the world is the Atacama Desert in South America.
The Atacama Desert had no rain for 401 years, between 1570 and 1971.
This desert is caused by a cold ocean current.
It does rain in the desert, but not often.
One place in the Atacama Desert had no rain for 401 years.
In other deserts it may rain every year or once every few years.
Rains in a desert may bring a great amount of water to the ground in a short time.
Some rain passes straight into the dry soil, but the rest may form a temporary river.
Wadis, stream channels that are normally dry, can quickly fill after heavy rain, causing a flash flood.
People sometimes bring water from wet places to hot deserts so plants can grow.
This is called irrigation.
A sandstorm or dust storm arises when wind blows loose sand and dust from a dry surface.
Clouds of sand or dust are often so dense that they obscure the sun.
A sandstorm can move whole sand dunes.
Sandstorms are common in large, dusty deserts.
There are not many animals in the desert, but some animals are able to survive.
They have different ways to survive the intense conditions of the desert.
Examples of animals that live in hot deserts are lizards, small rodents, snakes, and camels.
Plants and animals in hot deserts must live with very little water.