the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
These women were called Suffragettes.
This is because they were fighting for Universal suffrage which means everybody is able to vote.
The Suffragettes staged many protests for their rights.
Some women even committed suicide to show how wrong it was that they could not take part in politics.
After women received the vote, feminism worked to make all of society more equal for women.
First wave (approx.
1830s – early 1900s)
In technical terms, the first wave of feminism could be dated earlier to include pre-nineteenth century women's rights movements.
In particular, the French Revolution of 1789 is often attributed as the beginning of the first demands for women's rights.
This went on to inspire Mary Wollstonecraft, whose book A Vindication of the Rights of Women was published in 1792.
It is widely recognized as one of the earliest significant works of feminist literacy.
However, first wave feminism is usually dated as occurring between the mid to late nineteenth century and early 1900s.
During the first wave, women began to realize that they must first gain political power before they could bring about social change.
This wave focused on gaining the right to vote (universal suffrage).
Later, the focus shifted to include sexual, economic, and reproductive concerns.
During the inter-war years, the feminist movement declined.
Anti-feminism was on the rise, focusing on the issue of women and work.
Women were being 'persuaded' to return to their traditional roles in the home and give up their war jobs.
There were also issues within the organized ranks of feminism itself.
The ideologies and priorities of certain groups were changing.
Some felt that equality with men had been reached and shifted their focus onto the needs of women as women, such as the subjects of birth control, family allowance, and protective legislature.
This caused the split into the dominant groups of equality feminism and new feminism.
New feminists focused on the role of traditional women in the home and as mothers.
Equality feminists encouraged women to look beyond the home and fought for equality with men in every aspect of life.
Equality feminists opposed protective legislature, such as maturity leave, purely on principle.
The topic of protective legislature eventually led to the divide of first wave feminism.
Middle-class feminists tended to oppose protective legislature, whereas working class feminists largely supported it.
This split between the previously dominant equality feminism and the rising new feminism marks the end of the first wave of feminism.
Second wave (1960s-1980s)
Second wave feminism is marked by the rise of political concerns.
Where the first wave of feminism dealt with women in the workforce, as well as the right to own property and vote, the second wave of feminism lobbied for 'liberation' from a patriarchal society.
The key to second wave feminism was the struggle over the female body itself - how it was represented and the significance attached to the reality of biological differences.
Second wave feminism was also characterized by the problematization of equality.
Questions arose about what gaining equality would achieve, due to the societal roles men and women were still expected to fill.
This led to the call for extreme change in order to revolutionize the very fabric of a patriarchal society.
This was the beginning of the radical, Marxist, and socialist feminist groupings.
It also marked a shift in the politics of liberal feminism, focusing more on 'sexual politics', such as the family, abortion, rape, domestic violence, and sexuality.
Third wave (1990s – present)
Third wave feminism is generally described as the feminism of a younger generation who acknowledge both the effect and the limitations of the ideologies presented by second wave feminism.
This new generation argues that the conditions which prompted second wave feminism no longer exist and therefore, feminism needs a revamping in order to be applicable to modern day.
It is also argues that second wave feminism catered too much to a small group of people, namely white, middle-class, heterosexual women.
Third wave feminists largely seem to have grown up with feminism as a strong concept in society, thus influencing them from a young age.
It is taught in schools and is also prominent in the media.
Third wave feminists largely focus on issues surrounding individual self-expression.
This includes how identity is formed and communicated through things such as appearance, sexuality, and intersectionality.
Third wave feminism was also created in order to include a larger grouping of people, recognizing women from different cultural backgrounds, religions, sexualities, ethnicities, and abilities to name a few.
Fourth wave (approx.
2008 – present)
Some say that a fourth wave of feminism is already upon us, prompted by the increase in internet culture.
This wave is similar to the third wave but is distinguished by more advanced technology and broader ideas of equality.
This wave stands more in solidarity with other social justice movements.
Fourth wave feminism uses the internet and its "call-out" culture to challenge misogyny and sexism in popular media such as television, literature, advertising, etc.
This has caused companies to change how they market to women in order to avoid being "called out".
Another part of fourth wave feminism is the existence of people who reject the word feminism because of "assumptions of gender binary and exclusionary subtext: 'For women only'".
In 21st century online communities/ support groups focused on masculinism discourse as a counterpart to online presence of feminism is known as manosphere.
Masculinism fueled by primordialist ideologies have also resulted into an openly anti-feminist toxic culture known as "incels" (involuntarily celibate).
Starting in 1960, there have been many women elected to high positions of power, such as prime minister.
Sirimavo Bandaranaike was the first, followed by Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, Elisabeth Domitien and Margaret Thatcher.
Dame Eugenia Charles lasted nearly 15 years in the post, a record.
Types of feminism/feminist theories
Liberal feminism
Liberal feminism drew its strength from the diversity of liberal thought following the Enlightenment.
The basis of liberal feminism is the emphasis on the power of the individual.
If everyone individually stands up for what is right, discriminatory practises will change.
Liberals also value education, arguing that equal education of men and women will lead to equality in society.
Liberal feminists would be more likely to accept the argument (to a degree) that certain positions in society (such as the home and the workplace) are better suited to the 'traditional' gender placements.
Socialist or Marxist feminism
Socialist or Marxist feminism are similar in that they both believe revolution is the answer to change.
They both link social conditions with capitalism and believe that overthrowing the current system is the only way to get what you want.
Like liberal feminists, socialist or Marxist feminists acknowledge that men are necessary as part of the movement for change.
Whatever the theory, socialist and Marxist countries have never had women in major government posts.
Women have often achieved ministerial positions in democracies.
Thus rhetoric (what regimes say) does not always line up with what regimes do in practice.
Radical feminism, particularly in the USA, developed from the civil rights and new left clusters.
Radical feminists were largely fed up with the male-dominated left wing radicalism and formed the Women's Liberation Movement.
This movement was formed in order to create woman-centered politics and to escape from male-oriented politics.
They believed this could only be done in a safe women-only space, and this led to the policy of separatism for which radical feminism is best known for.
Radical feminists are often misunderstood and seen as "man-hating" because of the way their women-oriented politics seem to reject male input.
Evangelical feminism
Evangelical feminism or 'Christian feminism' was developed from religious movements.
Evangelical feminists work to protect and spiritually reform those who need it, such as women and children from outside the church.
These feminists believe that everyone is equal under one God and strive to bring that equality to the church and their individual lives.
Equality feminism
Equality feminism is a subsection of the feminist movement.
Equality feminism's focus on the similarities between the sexes is on the basis that men and women's abilities are indistinguishable from their biology.
This type of feminism encourages the broadening of horizons, encouraging women to look beyond the home.
Its ultimate goal is for the sexes to be completely equal in every part of life.
New feminism
New feminism is a philosophy similar to equality feminism.
It focuses on how the differences between men and women complement each other, rather than one sex's biology causing a superiority over the other.
New feminism, unlike equality feminism, recognizes the different strengths and roles given to men and women.
New feminism advocates for equality in how men and women are treated in their individual roles in society.
Its basic concept is the emphasis placed on important differences being biological rather than cultural.
Women should be supported as child bearers, both economically and culturally, but this should not be a role that is forced upon them.
The main aim is to emphasize the importance of women and men as individuals and that in all senses (legal, social, economic), they should be equal despite their natural differences.
Global feminist thought
Global Feminist Thought is primarily the movement of  women's rights on a global scale.
Women are impacted in different communities around the world and have common problems they face on a day-to-day basis; usually at home or in the work force.
Although different cultural locations have different experiences that will shape their experiences and perceptions, they have common themes.
Global feminists tend to focus on nationality (like race, gender and class) and they reach out to help those in developing and third world countries, as well as address oppression created through histories of colonialism and imperialism.
It works to end capitalism, imperialism, sexism and racism, along with having everyone considered equal on a global view.
It encourages feminists to confront the problems they are facing and reach out for help, as they are not the only ones experiencing that particular problem.
Lean-In Feminism
Lean-In Feminism is an approach were women act and behave in a toxic manner and justify their actions by messaging if a man behaved the same way they did, he wouldn’t get called out on it.
Elizabeth Holmes, founder of Theranos; Ellen DeGeneres of Ellen DeGeneres Show; Amy Klobuchar, American senator; Chelsea Handler, American comedian; Zoe Sugg, YouTube vlogger etc are considered to be prime examples.
This is a negative idea of empowerment seen in social movements that posits women in power are unimpeachable and immune to feminist critique, simply by virtue of the fact that they have achieved such high positions.
It is hard to distinguish people of this approach from supportive feminists, because they often cloak themselves with publicity stunts of advocating for all women in order to maintain their hegemony within a kyriarchal system.
Anti-feminism
Writers such as Camille Paglia, Christina Hoff Sommers, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Daphne Patai oppose some forms of feminism, though they identify as feminists.
They argue, for example, that feminism often promotes misandry (hatred of men) and the elevation of women's interests above men's, and criticize radical feminist positions as harmful to both men and women.
Daphne Patai and Noretta Koertge argue that the term "anti-feminist" is used to silence academic debate about defects of feminism like lack of intersectionality and visible separatism.
People do not like feminism because they think that women are already equal or more important in the eyes of law.
Philoandrist's often say that society in general is not equal for men and a version of that is what women experience.
Critics say basic tenets like equity and equality in outcome (egalitarian humanism) is a striving factor among men as it is with women.
Analysis of feminist theories suggest that in its mid to high levels the topic boils down to aggressive misandry with its separatist and otherness positions (Extremism) rather than being collaborative or supportive.
Some say this is reflected in rights in child custody and divorce.
Philogynist's say this to be just the toxic side of things.
The level of binary thinking with wrong attributions is considered to be a factor.
Some example are: Women not regarded as equal to men due to biological differences, the antithetical disregard between women: white vs. women of color, Privilege theory: disregarding existence of ableism among men as among women (Angela Merkel, Melinda Gates, Oprah Winfrey, Tarja Halonen, etc.),
viewing women as generally weak and forcing empowerment, etc.
Some social areas were these are reinforced: the treatment and role of women in the military, denial of ordination of women in churches (Ephesians 5:21), and partisan policies based on and tied to past events.
Some people consider feminism denies strength exhibited by females through maternal and care aspects or discourages these aspects by terming them closely to weakness or slavery.
Some people argue that feminism is a showcase of existential crisis between matriarchal and patriarchal systems.
It is reflected in radical feminism which  defines liberation as successful totalitarian and forceful overturn of time-honored traditions, religious beliefs, gender roles, relationships, society, culture, power, authority dynamics, and economic structures.
Some theorists consider that conscious and unconscious bias is rampant within human beings (Unconscious bias training), such state of oppression is common and an understanding to halt them in destructive forms is what equality should be about.
Some people say feminism from its supportive nature is distorted and used for propaganda's like heterosexuality is confinement and distinct female sexuality is liberated only through celibacy, autoeroticism, or lesbianism.
Political movements
Eivør Pálsdóttir (born 21 July 1983 in Syðrugøta, Faroe Islands) is a Faroese singer and composer.
She sings in Faroese, but also in English, Icelandic, Swedish and Danish.
"Krakan", her second solo album, won the nomination for an Icelandic Music Award in three categories.
Eivor won Best Singer and Best Performer in Iceland in 2003.
Eivør Pálsdóttir (SHD 50, tutl 2000)
Clickhaze EP (HJF 91, tutl 2002)
Yggdrasil (HJF 88, tutl 2002)
Krákan (12T001, 12 tónar 2003)
Eivør (12T010, 12 tónar 2004)
Trøllabundin (together with the Big band of Danmarks Radio 2005)
Human Child (R 60117-2, RecArt Music 2007)
Mannabarn (R 60116-2, RecArt Music 2007, Faroese version of Human Child)
Eivör Live (SHD125, tutl 2009)
Undo your mind EP (Copenhagen Records 2010)
Larva (SHD 130 tutl 2010)
Eivor.com Official Website
Danish singers
Danish composers
Faroese people
The hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), or hippo, ancient Greek for "river horse" (Ιπποπόταμος), is a large mammal in Africa that usually eats plants.
It is one of only two species in the family Hippopotamidae that are still alive.
The other is the pygmy hippopotamus.
The hippopotamus is the second largest land animal in size, and the third largest land animal in weight.
The elephant is the heaviest, and the white rhinoceros is the second heaviest, but a bit smaller than the hippo.
The hippo is also the heaviest artiodactyl.
The hippopotamus is semi-aquatic.
This means that even though it usually lives on the land, it spends a great amount of time in rivers and lakes where males lead groups of 5 to 30 females and young.
In the daytime, they keep cool by staying in the water or mud.
They give birth to baby hippos in the water, too.
At dusk, they come out to graze on grass.
Hippopotamuses rest together in the water, but they like to graze by themselves.
The hippopotamus has a torso that is shaped like a barrel, a very big mouth and teeth, an almost hairless body, short legs and great size.
It is the third largest land mammal, judging by its weight, which is between between 1½ and 3 tonnes.
The white rhinoceros weighs 1½ to 3½ tonnes, and the three species of elephant weigh 3 to 9 tonnes.
Even though it has short, fat legs, it can run more quickly than a human.
Some hippos have run at 30 km/h (19 mph) for short distances.
The hippopotamus is one of the fiercest animals in the world.
It is often called one of the most dangerous animals in Africa.
There are about 125,000 to 150,000 hippos in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Zambia (about 40,000) and Tanzania (20,000–30,000) have the most hippos.
They are threatened because they are losing their habitats and being poached for their meat and ivory teeth.
The word "hippopotamus" comes from the ancient Greek , hippopotamos, from , hippos, "horse", and , potamos, which means "river".
So, "hippopotamus" means "horse of the river".
More than one hippopotamus are called hippopotami, and 'hippopotamuses', or 'hippos' is also used.
Hippopotamusi are social.
About 30 hippos live together in groups.
A male hippopotamus is known as a bull.
A female hippopotamus is called a cow, and a baby hippo is called a calf.
The species is also known as the common hippopotamus or the Nile hippopotamus.
Hippopotami are the fourth largest mammals in the world (after whales, elephants, and rhinoceroses).
The Egyptian hippopotamus is smaller than the others.
They can live in the water or on land.
They can walk or even run along the bottom of a river.
Because hippos are so large, it is difficult to weigh them in the wild.
Most adult male hippos weigh between .
Females hippos are smaller, and usually weigh between .
Older males can get even bigger.
They are at least  and sometimes even weigh .
Male hippos seem to keep on growing for their whole lives.
Females hippos, though, become heaviest when they are about 25 years old.
Hippos have big and heavy bodies, dark gray skin, and short legs.
A hippo's main defence is their extremely strong mouth.
They can grow to be 15 feet long and weigh 3,000 pounds.
Hippopotami are herbivores which live in groups.
Despite being semiaquatic and having webbed feet, an adult hippo is not a particularly good swimmer nor can it float.
It is rarely found in deep water; when it is, the animal moves by porpoise-like leaps from the bottom.
They usually stay in the mud and water during the day and come out to eat grass or leaves at night.
Though they are bulky animals, hippopotami can gallop at 30 km/h (19 mph) on land but normally trot.
Many hippos lived in North Africa and Europe until about 30,000 years ago.
They used to be common in Egypt's Nile region from long ago, though they are not there now.
Pliny the Elder writes that, in his time, the best place in Egypt for finding this animal was in the Saite nome.
The animal could still be found around there after the Arab Conquest in 639.
Hippos are still found in the rivers and lakes of Uganda, Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, northern Democratic Republic of the Congo and Ethiopia, west through Ghana to Gambia, and also in Southern Africa (Botswana, Republic of South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia).
Some hippos also live in Tanzania and Mozambique.
They like to live in places with water that is not too deep.
Hippos and humans
Hippos are very aggressive towards humans, whom they commonly attack whether in boats or on land with no apparent provocation.
This aggression by the hippopotamus is caused by humans coming too close to their children.
Hippopotami are very protective of their young and they often fear that humans pose a large threat to their young.
They are widely considered to be one of the most dangerous large animals in Africa.
The earliest proof that humans were involved with hippos comes from butchery cut marks on hippo bones at Bouri Formation from around 160,000 years ago.
Later rock paintings and engravings showing hippos being hunted.
They have been found in the mountains of the central Sahara from 4,000–5,000 years ago near Djanet.
Ancient Egyptians also knew much about hippos.
They knew the hippo was a fierce, wild animal that lived in the Nile.
In Egyptian mythology, Tawaret, a goddess of protection in pregnancy and childbirth, had the head of a hippo.
This was because ancient Egyptians saw how protective female hippopotami could be about their young.
Hippos: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
IUCN Hippo Specialist Group
Even-toed ungulates
A prefecture is a word used by countries such as Greece and Japan (called νομός, nomós in Greece and called 県 ken in Japan).
It is a smaller part of a country with its own government.
In France, it is the head of the department (see Prefectures in France for more detail).
2010 (twenty ten) (MMX) was .
There are many debates over how the years are spoken.
The year 2010 can be spoken as "twenty-ten" or "two thousand (and) ten".
January 1 – Spain takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union from Sweden.
January 1 – A suicide bombing occurs at a volleyball game in Lakki Marwat, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, killing at least 95, and injuring over 100.
January 4 – The tallest-ever man-made structure, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is officially opened.
January 8 – The Togo national football team is involved in an attack in Angola.
As a result, it withdraws from the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations.
January 12 – A 7.0-magnitude earthquake occurs in Haiti, devastating the nation's capital, Port-au-Prince.
January 15 – The longest annular solar eclipse of the 3rd millennium occurs.
January 25 – An Ethiopian airplane crashes into the Mediterranean Sea shortly after taking off from Beirut Rafik Hariri International Airport, killing all of the 90 people on board.
February 3 – The sculpture L'homme qui marche by Alberto Giacometti is sold for £65.7 million ($103 million), setting a new record for a work of art sold at auction.
February 7 – Viktor Yanukovich is elected President of Ukraine.
February 7 – Laura Chinchilla becomes the first woman to be elected President of Costa Rica.
February 12–28 – The 2010 Winter Olympics are held in Vancouver and Whistler, Canada.
February 18 – A military junta, called the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy, headed by Salou Djibo, takes power in Niger, replacing President Mamadou Tandja.
February 20 – Widespread flooding occurs on the Portuguese island of Madeira.
February 25 – Viktor Yanukovich is sworn in as President of Ukraine.
February 27 – A magnitude 8.8 earthquake occurs off the coast of Chile.
It has killed around 500 people, and is thought to have had an impact on the Earth's axis, slightly shortening its days.
February 28 – With 14 gold medals, Canada becomes the most successful host nation of the Winter Olympics.
March 16 – The Kasubi Tombs, which formed Uganda's only World Heritage Site, are destroyed by fire.
March 21 – The 50th anniversary of the Sharpeville massacre is marked in South Africa.
March 23 – The ROKS Cheonan, a South Korean navy ship carrying 104 personnel, sinks off the country's west coast near Baengnyong Island in the Yellow Sea, killing 46 people.
A later report in May 2010 says that North Korea sank the ship, but denies the allegations.
March 24 – South Talpatti Island, a disputed territory between India and Bangladesh disappears under the Bay of Bengal, due to rising sea levels.
March 29 – Two female suicide bombers blow themselves up on the Moscow Metro, killing around 40 people.
April 3 – South African far-right leader Eugene Terre'Blanche is beaten to death at his farm near Ventersdorp, South Africa.
April 3 – The African Renaissance Monument opens in Dakar, to mark 50 years of Senegal's independence.
April 7 – Amidst fierce rioting in Kyrgyzstan, President Kurmanbek Bakiyev flees the capital city, Bishkek by plane to the southern city of Osh; the opposition seizes control of the government, and places former foreign minister Roza Otunbayeva as head of an interim government.
She later becomes President on July 3.
April 10 – Poland's President Lech Kaczynski and his wife Maria are among 96 people killed when their plane crashes in thick fog near Smolensk in western Russia.
April 14 – A 6.9 magnitude Earthquake strikes Qinghai province in China, killing more than 1000 people.
April 14 – A volcanic eruption occurs near a glacier (Eyjafjallajokull) in southern Iceland, leading to flooding in the nearby area.
The cloud of volcanic ash from the eruption causes air traffic all over Northern and Western Europe to be shut down.
April 20 – General Reynaldo Bignone, former military ruler of Argentina is sentenced to 25 years in prison, for ordering torture during the military dictatorship.
April 20 – Deepwater Horizon oil spill: An explosion occurs on the Deepwater Horizon Oil Platform in the Gulf of Mexico, near Louisiana.
11 oil workers are killed, and an oil spill is caused, leading to an environmental disaster.
April 27 – Panama's former military leader Manuel Noriega is handed over to France by the United States.
April 27 – Greece's sovereign credit rating is downgraded to junk, four days after its government asked for help in resolving its financial crisis.
Stock markets around the world drop.
May 1 – The 2010 World Expo in Shanghai opens.
It lasts until October 31.
May 2 – The Eurozone and Inernational Monetary Fund agree to a 110 billion Euro Bailout for Greece, which also involves sharp austerity measures (large reduction of government budget deficits).
May 4 – Nude, Green Leaves and Bust by Pablo Picasso sets a new record for a work of art sold at auction, selling for $106.5 million in New York.
May 7 – Scientists conducting the Neanderthal Genome Project announce that humans and neanderthals, who later died out, could have interbred.
May 8 – Laura Chinchilla becomes Costa Rica's first female President.
May 11 – David Cameron becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, forming a coalition government of the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats.
May 12 – An Afriqiyah Airways plane crashes in Tripoli, Libya, killing 103 people.
Only one person survives.
May 19 – Violent clashes begin as government forces crush demonstrations by anti-government Red Shirt protestors in Thailand's capital city Bangkok.
May 20 – Scientists announce that they have created a form of synthetic life.
May 20 – Five artworks with a worth of 100 million Euros are stolen from the Musee d'Art Moderne de la Ville in Paris, France.
May 22 – An Air India Express Flight 812 airplane overshoots the runway and bursts into flames in Mangalore, southern India, killing 158 people.
May 26 – Kamla Persad-Bissessar becomes Trinidad and Tobago's first female Prime Minister.
May 28 – In terrorist attacks on two Ahmadi mosques in Lahore, Pakistan, 98 people are killed.
May 29 – Germany's Lena Meyer-Landrut wins the Eurovision Song Contest.
May 30 – Central America is hit by Hurricane Agatha.
More than 180 people are killed.
May 31 – Israeli forces storm the Gaza-bound international flotilla in the Mediterranean Sea.
This event leads to widespread International condemnation.
May 31 – Germany's President Horst Koehler resigns from office.
June 2 – Prime Minister of Japan Yukio Hatoyama resigns from office.
June 2 – A gunman goes on a shooting rampage in Cumbria, North West England, killing 12 people and injuring 11, before killing himself.
June 9 – Ethnic violence erupts in Kyrgyzstan, and thousands of people try to flee into neighbouring Uzbekistan, as hundreds are killed.
June 11 – The 2010 FIFA World Cup begins in South Africa.
It is the first time that the FIFA World Cup is staged in Africa.
June 19 – Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden marries Daniel Westling, who receives a new royal title.
June 24 – Julia Gillard becomes the first female Prime Minister of Australia, as Kevin Rudd announces his resignation, after a leadership contest is called within the Australian Labor Party.
June 24 – The longest match in professional tennis history comes to an end at Wimbledon, as John Isner beats Nicolas Mahut 70-68 in the deciding set.
June 25 – June 27 – The 36th G8 Summit and the 4th G20 Summit are held in Huntsville, Ontario, Canada.
June 30 – Benigno Aquino III becomes President of the Philippines.
June 30 – Christian Wulff is chosen to succeed Horst Koehler as President of Germany.
He takes office on July 2.
July 1 – Belgium takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union from Spain.
July 2 – More than 270 people are killed when a ffuel tanker overturns and explodes in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.
July 8 – The first 24-hour flight by a solar powered plane is completed by Solar Impulse.
July 11 – A total solar eclipse is witnessed over the South Pacific Ocean, including Easter Island.
July 11 – The Spain national football team wins the FIFA World Cup, after a 1-0 win over the Netherlands national football team.
July 11 – Bomb attacks by Somali Islamist group al-Shabaab kill 74 people in Uganda's capital city Kampala.
July 15 – Argentina legalises same-sex marriage.
July 22 – The International Court of Justice rules that Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008 was not illegal.
July 24 – A stampede at a music festival in Duisburg, Germany kills 19 people.
2 later die in hospital.
July 25 – Wikileaks, an organisation based in Sweden, leaks over 90,000 reports on the US military involvement in the war in Afghanistan, as public information.
July 28 – An Airbus airplane carrying 152 people, travelling from Karachi, crashes in the Margalla Hills near Islamabad, Pakistan, killing all of the people on board.
late July/early August – Widespread flooding, caused by heavy monsoon rains in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan, and spreading south to the Punjab and Sindh, kills at least 1,600 people, and makes more than a million people homeless.
Millions of people are affected.
August 6 – In an official capacity, US officials attend the commemoration of the Hiroshima atomic bomb for the first time.
August 10 – The WHO declares that the H1N1 Influenza Pandemic is over.
August 14 – August 26 – The first ever Summer Youth Olympic Games are held in Singapore, with 3,531 participating athletes aged 14 to 18 from 204 National Olympic Committees.
August 19 – The United States ends combat operations in Iraq, as its last combat brigade departs for Kuwait.
Additional support troops are required to leave Iraq by 31 December 2011 under an agreement between the US and Iraqi governments.
August 23 – Nine people, including the hostage taker are killed in a hostage crisis on board a bus in Manila, Philippines.
September 4 – 2010 Canterbury earthquake: A magnitude 7.1 earthquake strikes the South Island of New Zealand, including the city of Christchurch, causing widespread damage and power outages.
September 28 – A landslide kills at least 7 people in Oaxaca, Mexico.
September 28 – Kim Jong-un, son of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il is named Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission and the Central Commission of the Workers' Party, a possible step towards becoming his father's successor.
October 4 – Europe wins the Ryder Cup golf tournament over the United States.
October 4 – Toxic sludge escapes from an alumina plant in western Hungary.
October 5 – Former Société Générale employee Jerome Kerviel is sentenced by a court in France to a five-year suspended sentence for losses of up to 4.9 million Euros, one of the largest-ever frauds.
October 8 – Chinese activist Liu Xiaobo wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
October 10 – The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved and split up into a new constitutional status.
Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius become special municipalities of the Netherlands, while Curaçao and Sint Maarten become constituent countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
October 13 – Thirty-three miners are rescued from the San Jose mine near Copiapo in Chile, after surviving 700 metres underground for a record 69 days, after a mining accident.
October 23 – The International Space Station takes the record for the longest continuous occupation in space from Mir.
October 23 – In preparation for the Seoul summit, G-20 finance ministers agree to reform the IMF and shift 6 per cent of the voting shares to developing nations and countries with emerging markets.
October 25 – A magnitude 7.7 earthquake off the west coast of Sumatra, and the resulting tsunamis kill over 400 people, and leave hundreds missing.
October 26 – Start of continuous eruptions of the volcano Mount Merapi on Java, killing hundreds of people, and leading to thousands being evacuated.
October 31 – Dilma Rousseff is elected as the first female President of Brazil.
November 4 – Aero Caribbean flight 883 crashes in central Cuba, killing all 68 people on board.
November 11 – The G-20 summit is held in Seoul.
South Korea is the first non-G-8 country to host it.
November 13 – Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi is released from house arrest.
November 17 – Researchers at CERN trap 38 antihydrogen atoms for a sixth of a second, marking the first time in history that humans have trapped antimatter.
November 19 – An explosion traps 29 miners at the Pike River Mine near Greymouth on New Zealand's South Island.
They are confirmed dead after a second explosion five days later.
November 21 – Eurozone countries agree to an economic rescue package for the Republic of Ireland from European Financial Stability Facility in response to its financial crisis.
November 22 – A stampede at the Bon om Thook water festival in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, kills 347 people.
November 23 – In one of the most serious clashes since the Korean War, North Korea shells Yeonpyeong Island, prompting a military response from South Korea.
November 28 – WikiLeaks releases a collection of more than 250,000 American diplomatic cables, including 100,000 that were marked as secret or confidential.
November 29 – The Eropean Union agrees to an 85 billion Euro rescue deal for the Republic of Ireland from the European Financial Stability Facility, the IMF, and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden.
November 29 – December 10 – 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Mexico, also referred to as the 16th Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 16) takes place; it serves too as the 6th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 6)
December 2 – NASA announces the discovery of arsenic-based life forms in California.
December 2 – FIFA decides that Russia will host the 2018 FIFA World Cup and Qatar will host the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
December 4 – A political crisis begins in the Ivory Coast.
The international community recognises Alassane Ouattara as the winner of the election, but President Laurent Gbagbo refuses to step down.
Many people are killed in post-election violence and the Civil War that lasts until April 2011.
December 11 – Two bombs explode in central Stockholm, Sweden, killing the perpetrator.
December 15 – A boat carrying asylum seekers crashes into cliffs on Christmas Island, killing at least 40 people.
December 15 – The discovery of the head of King Henry IV of France, which was lost after the desecration of his grave in 1793, is announced.
December 17 – Tunisian fruit seller Mohamed Bouazizi sets himself on fire in an act of protest.
He dies 18 days later.
This leads to the overthrow of President Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali and to uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East.
December 21 – For the first time since 1638, a lunar eclipse occurs on the day of the December solstice.
Physiology or Medicine – Robert G. Edwards
Physics – Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov
Chemistry – Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki
Literature – Mario Vargas Llosa
Peace – Liu Xiaobo
Economics – Dale Mortensen, Peter A. Diamond and Christopher Pissarides
Major holidays
January 1 - New Year's Day
January 7 - Orthodox Christmas
February 1 – Imbolc, a Cross-quarter day (Celebrated on February 2 in some places)
February 2 - Candlemas commemorating the Purification of the Virgin.
It marks the liturgical end of the Christmas season.
February 14 – Chinese New Year
February 16 – Shrove Tuesday / Mardi Gras, end of Mardi Gras / Carnival season
February 17 – Ash Wednesday (first day of Lent)
March 1 – Holi, a religious festival in India
March 20 (21 in the Far East) – Vernal Equinox, also known as Ostara
April 4 – Easter
May 1 – Beltane, a Cross-quarter day
August 1 – Lammas, a Cross-quarter day
August 11 – Ramadan begins
September 8 – 10 – Rosh Hashanah, the "Jewish New Year"
September 10 – Eid ul-Fitr
September 17–18 – Yom Kippur
September 23 – Autumnal Equinox, also known as Mabon
November 5 – Diwali, a religious festival in Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism.
November 16 – Eid al-Adha, a religious festival in Islam
December 25 – Christmas
2010 (1984)
Tamala 2010: A Punk Cat in Space (2002)
Absolon (2003)
Banlieue 13 (2004)
Stand on Zanzibar (1968) by John Brunner
2010: Odyssey Two (1982) by Arthur C. Clarke.
Tracy Hickman, The Immortals (1996)
The Mayflower Project (2001) by K.A. Applegate.
In the Presence of Mine Enemies (2003) by Harry Turtledove.
The Pearl Jam song "Do the Evolution" references the world in 2010: "I crawled the earth, but now I'm higher.
2010, watch it go to fire."
The Bad Religion song "Ten in 2010" appears on their album The Gray Race.
The Mint Chicks song "2010" is the b-side to the vinyl single "Walking Off a Cliff Again" and also appears on their album Screens.
Knight Rider 2010 (1994 TV movie)
Maico 2010 (1998)
The Simpsons episode "Lisa's Wedding", from the 6th season, takes place in 2010.
A Stargate SG-1 episode called "2010" took place in that year. (
Code Geass The event of Britannia's invasion of Japan happens on August 10, 2010.
In the SimCity franchise the Scenarios Vol.
I: Great Disasters, in SimCity 2000, there is a nuclear meltdown in Boston and Silicon Valley which is set in 2010.
Street Fighter 2010: The Final Fight is a futuristic spinoff of the original Street Fighter released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990
Dino Crisis 2, the sequel to the 1999 game, released in 2000.
Eris (symbol ) is a dwarf planet and a trans-Neptunian object (TNO).
It is the second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System.
Eris is slightly smaller than Pluto, but it is more massive (has more mass) than Pluto.
It is a "scattered disc object" in the Kuiper belt, further out than Pluto.
It is also called a plutoid because the IAU decided to rename all trans-Neptunian dwarf planets as plutoids.
Eris orbits the sun once every 557 Earth years.
It has an elliptical orbit, inclined at an angle of 44° between the plane of the orbit of the planet and the ecliptic, the plane containing Earth's orbital path.
Eris was originally called Xena, after the main character of the television series Xena: Warrior Princess.
Due to complications, it was officially named Eris on September 13, 2006.
Eris is named after the goddess of strife, discord, ⁣ contention and rivalry in Greek mythology.
Moon of Eris
Eris has one moon called Dysnomia.
It was discovered on September 10, 2005.
Dysnomia was originally nicknamed Gabrielle, after a character from the television series Xena: Warrior Princess, like Eris.
However, like Eris, it was renamed to Dysnomia due to complications.
Dysnomia was named after the daughter of Eris, in Greek mythology.
Dysnomia is the goddess (or spirit) of lawlessness and poor civil constitution.
Media reports have argued that Eris is the tenth planet, along with astronomers and NASA scientists.
However, the definition of a planet was changed in August 2006.
Under the new specifications, Eris, along with Pluto, was lowered in status to a dwarf planet.
Scientists continue to find out more about Eris and its moon, and look for more moons and possible rings.
Because Eris is so far away, it would take 24.5 years to visit Eris with a space probe.
Operation Overlord was the 1944 campaign for the invasion of continental Europe in World War II.
It was fought by the Allied forces against German forces.
The most critical part was the Normandy landings, which were to get the Allied armies onto the continent of Europe.
This might have failed.
Heavy casualties were expected, even if it succeeded.
The Battle of Normandy raged until German forces retreated across the Seine on 30 August 1944.
This marked the close of Operation Overlord.
The main Allied forces came from the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada.
Nine other nations also sent units, the rest being Australia, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Greece, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway and Poland.
Preparations were large and complex.
Operation Overlord was the largest and deadliest amphibious assault in the history of warfare.
Almost three million troops crossing the English Channel from England to Normandy in then German-occupied France.
Plans for D-Day
Maps of Normandy beaches were created.
The planners knew heavy tanks and transport could not travel on the beaches, which had soft peat underneath them.
Detailed maps of the area were required.
Where peat had to be travelled on, the plan was to lay down matting.
On 7 April and 15 May, Bernard Montgomery presented his plan for the invasion.
He planned a ninety-day battle, ending when all the forces reached the Seine.
The goal for the first 40 days was to capture Caen and Cherbourg (especially Cherbourg, for its deep-water port).
Then Brittany and its Atlantic ports would be captured.
Railways and roads in northern France would be bombed to block reinforcements for the defenders.
Next, the Allies would go 125 miles (190 km) to the southwest of Paris.
The Allies would then control the land between the rivers Loire in the south and Seine in the northeast.
The Allies developed new technology for Overlord.
The "mulberry", a mobile concrete harbor, allowed the Allies to supply their soldiers on the beach without capturing one of the heavily defended Channel ports.
Major-General Percy Hobart, a military engineer, designed modified Sherman and Churchill tanks.
In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies worked at military deception.
German coastal defences were stretched thin in 1944.
Once Normandy had been chosen as the site of the invasion, it was decided to attempt to trick the Germans into thinking it was a fake invasion and that the true invasion was to be elsewhere.
This was called Operation Bodyguard.
In the weeks leading up to the invasion, the Allies tried to make the Germans think that the main invasion would take place at the Pas de Calais and in Norway.
The deception was an industry in itself.
It included dummy messages, dummy tanks in places near Dover and the south coast of England, using double agents to spread false information, dummy radio messages, and so on.
The deception was highly successful.
It led Hitler to delay sending reinforcements from the Pas de Calais region for nearly seven weeks (the original plan had specified 14 days).
In his memoirs, General Omar Bradley called Bodyguard the "single biggest hoax of the war".
Rehearsals and security
Allied forces rehearsed their roles for D-Day months before the invasion.
On 28 April 1944, in south Devon on the British coast, 946 American soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats attacked one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger.
The security of D-Day was supported by stopping unplanned news from getting out of Britain.
Travel to and from the Republic of Ireland was banned and movements near the coasts was not allowed.
The German embassies and consulates in neutral countries were given false information.
All the same, there were several leaks before or on D-Day.
An embassy spy in Istanbul gave the Germans documents containing references to Overlord, but these documents lacked detail.
Another leak was General Charles de Gaulle's radio message after D-Day.
He stated that this invasion was the real invasion.
This had the potential to ruin the Allied tricks.
Eisenhower referred to the landings as the initial invasion.
The Germans did not believe de Gaulle and waited too long to move in extra troops against the Allies.
Allied invasion plan
The British did an airborne assault on the River Orne.
The British goal was to capture the Orne River bridges to prevent German armor from using them and to prevent retreating Germans from blowing them up.
This way, they could be used by Allied armor and vehicles.
The British sea attack units would attack through Sword and Gold Beaches.
The United States had an airborne division and land units, which were to take Omaha Beach, the Pointe du Hoc and Utah Beach.
The Canadians would work with British units to attack Sword Beach.
The British and Canadians had separate beaches, Gold Beach and Juno Beach, respectively.
The Invasion Fleet was made upfrom eight navies made up of warships and submarines, split into the Western Naval Task Force (Rear-Admiral Alan G Kirk) and the Eastern Naval Task Force (Rear-Admiral Sir Philip Vian).
The fleet was led by Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay.
Codenames
The Allies assigned codenames to the various operations involved in the invasion.
Overlord was the name for the landing on the Continent.
Getting a secure hold on the area was codenamed Neptune.
It began on D-Day (6 June 1944) and ended on 30 June 1944.
By this time, the Allies had control in Normandy.
Operation Overlord also began on D-Day, and continued until Allied forces crossed the river Seine on 19 August 1944.
German preparations and defenses
Through most of 1942 and 1943, the Germans thought successful Allied invasion in the west would not happen.
Preparations were limited to building fortifications at the major ports.
The number of military forces in Nazi Germany reached its peak during 1944 with 59 divisions in France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was in charge of the wall.
He improved the defences of the entire coastline.
Steel obstacles were put on beaches, concrete bunkers and pillboxes constructed, and low-lying areas were flooded.
Pointed stakes were set up on likely landing grounds to make it hard for the Allies to do airborne landings.
The Germans fortified the foreshore area as part of their Atlantic Wall defences (including tank turrets and barbed wire).
These projects were not finished, especially in the Normandy sector.
Allied bombing of the French railway system made it hard to move materials, and the Germans were convinced by the Allied tricks that the landings would take place in the Pas de Calais.
The sector which was attacked was guarded by four divisions, of which the 352nd and 91st were of high quality.
The other defending troops included Germans who were not fit for active duty on the Eastern Front, conscripted Poles and former Soviet prisoners-of-war who had agreed to fight for the Germans.
These units had German leaders.
Mobile reserves
Rommel's defensive measures were made difficult by arguments over how to use armoured forces.
Von Geyr and Rommel disagreed over the how to use  Panzer divisions.
Rommel thought armoured formations be close to the coast, to attack while the invaders were weak.
Von Geyr said they should instead be put around Paris and used in a big group when the Germans knew which beach was being invaded.
Hitler made a compromise solution.
Rommel was given only three tank divisions, one of which was close enough to the Normandy beaches to fight on the first day.
The other mechanized divisions were put under the control of the German Armed Forces HQ (OKW) and were placed across France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
The opportunity for launching an invasion was limited to only a few days in each month, because a full moon was needed.
This would provide light for the aircraft pilots and create a spring tide.
Eisenhower had picked 5 June as the date for the assault.
However, on 4 June, conditions were unsuitable for a landing.
High winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft.
Low clouds would prevent aircraft finding their targets.
Meteorologists predicted an improvement in the weather for 6 June.
At a meeting on 5 June, Eisenhower and his senior commanders discussed the situation.
Eisenhower decided to launch the invasion that night.
Had Eisenhower delayed the invasion, the only option was to go two weeks later.
This would have been during stormy weather.
The invasion
Inland airborne landings