the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Commonly referred to as Amida-butsu (阿弥陀如来), he is the primary Buddha of the Pure Land school of Buddhism.
He is also believed to be a Buddha who possesses infinite meritorious qualities; who expounds the dharma in his pure paradise and is likely  the most well known and popular of the Five Wisdom Buddhas.
He is traditionally held in Buddhist mythology to be the founder of Zen Buddhism, as well as the founder of Shaolin.
One legend reports that after years of meditation, Bodhidharma lost the usage of his eyes and appendages.
The Daruma doll was created in honor of this legend.
The Seven Lucky Gods
Also known as Benten, she is the goddess of everything that flows: words (and knowledge, by extension), speech, eloquence, and music.
Said to be the third daughter of the dragon-king of Munetsuchi, over the course of years she has gone from being a protective deity of Japan to one who bestows good fortune upon the state and its people.
Derived from the equivalent goddess in Hinduism Goddess Saraswati.
Also called Bishamon or Tamonten, he is the god of fortunate warriors and guards, as well as the punisher of criminals.
Said to live halfway down the side of Mount Sumeru, the small pagoda he carries symbolizes the divine treasure house that he both guards and gives away its contents.
Often shortened to simply Daikoku, he is variously considered to be the god of wealth (more specifically, the harvest), or of the household (particularly the kitchen).
He is recognised by his wide face, smile, and flat black hat.
He is often portrayed holding a golden mallet, seated on bales of rice, with mice nearby (which signify plentiful food).
The sole member of the gods believed to have originated in Japan, he was originally known as Hiruko (蛭子), the first child of Izanagi and Izanami.
Said to born without bones, he eventually overcame his handicaps to become the mirthful and auspicious Ebisu (hence one of his titles, "The Laughing God").
He is often depicted holding a rod and a large red bream or sea bass.
Jellyfish are also associated with this god and the fugu restaurants of Japan will often incorporate Yebisu in their motif.
Often confused with Jurōjin, he is the god of wisdom and longevity and said to be an incarnation of the Southern Polestar.
He is accompanied by a crane and a turtle, which are considered to be symbols of longevity, and also sometimes accompanied by a black deer.
The sacred book tied to his staff is said to contain the lifespan of every person on Earth.
Best known in the Western world as the Laughing Buddha, Hotei is likely the most popular of the gods.
His image graces many temples, restaurants, and amulets.
Originally based on a Chinese Chan monk, Hotei has become a deity of contentment and abundance.
Also known as Kisshōten or Kudokuten, she is the "eighth" member of the Seven Gods of Fortune, a Taoist deity often combined with the traditional members.
Also known as Gama, he represents longevity.
He is often seen with a fan and a stave, and accompanied by a black deer.
Divinities
Lantana camara or Spanish flag is a hairy shrub native from tropical America.
It is regarded as a notorious weed, and popular ornamental garden plant in many parts of the world.
Presence of two types of ﬂowers with respect to nectar sugar in two gregariously ﬂowering species
Medicinal uses
His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso is the fourteenth Dalai Lama.
His full name is Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso.
The Dalai Lama was born in Tagtser (Amdo) in Tibet to a family of farmers on 6 July 1935.
He is the fourteenth and current Dalai Lama.
He is the political and spiritual leader of Tibet.
On October 6, 2009, he received the Lantos Human Rights Prize from United States House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.
In 1989 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work encouraging understanding between different religions and encouraging people and countries to care for one another.
He is always working for the freedom of Tibet through dialogue, and encourages young Tibetans to study their language, history and philosophy to preserve it and to promote it to the world.
Dalai Lamas
This article is about a religious leader.
The article about the animals is at Llama
In the Tibetan language, lama means teacher.
A lama is a religious teacher, guide, or mentor of Tibetan Buddhism.
The meaning is similar to the Sanskrit term guru.
The word lama is part of the title, Dalai Lama.
Rinpoche is a title in Tibetan Buddhism which may be given to a religious teacher known as a lama.
The word "Rinpoche" literally means "precious one".
In Tibet and Bhutan, when used as "Guru Rinpoche" it refers to Padmasambhava, who first brought Tibetan Buddhism to the Himalayas.
When used as "Je Rinpoche", it refers to Je Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug School.
Padmasambhava is the person who brought Buddhism to Tibet in the 8th century.
The name is in the Sanskrit language and means "born from a lotus flower".
In Bhutan and Tibet he is better known as Guru Rinpoche ("Precious Master") or Lopon Rinpoche, where followers of the Nyingma school regard him as the second Buddha.
The mantra of Padmasambhva is "Om Ah Hum Vajra Guru Padma Siddhi Hum" and is called the Vajra Guru mantra.
There is also a prayer called "The Seven Line Prayer" which is devoted to him.
The Seven Line Prayer: Text and commentary
() is the Japanese word for fox.
There are a lot of foxes in Japanese folklore.
Stories depict them as intelligent beings and as having magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom.
The most important of their magic tricks is the ability to assume human form.
While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others — as foxes in folklore often do — others portray them as faithful guardians, friends, lovers, and wives.
Foxes and human beings lived close together in ancient Japan; this is why there are legends about them.
Kitsune have become closely associated with Inari, a Shinto kami or spirit, and serve as his messengers.
This role has reinforced the fox's supernatural importance.
The more tails a kitsune has — they may have as many as nine — the older, wiser, and more powerful it is.
Because of their potential power and influence, some people make offerings to them as to a god.
Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone which means 'sound' or 'voice') is the science of the sounds of human speech.
Someone who is an expert in phonetics is called a phonetician.
Phonetic theory regards the nature of sounds in speech (called phones) and how they are made, heard and thought of.
Phonology, which came from it, studies sound systems and sound units (such as phonemes and distinctive features).
Phonetics is one of the two parts of orthographical linguistics, the other part being spelling, differing from grammar and lexis.
articulatory phonetics, regarding the place of articulation and the movement of the lips, tongue, vocal tract, and vocal folds,
acoustic phonetics, concerned with the traits of the sound waves and how the inner ear hears them, and
auditory phonetics, concerned with speech perception (mostly how the brain thinks of what the ears hear)
The first time phonetics was studied was 2,500 years ago in what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan
, with , when he wrote about the place and manner of articulation of consonants in Sanskrit in his 5th century BC essay on Sanskrit linguistics.
The major Indic scripts today order their consonants the way  did.
Accessible sources
Introduction to phonetics for beginners
Laws of Form is a book by George Spencer-Brown published in 1969.
It is about logic, mathematics, and philosophy.
The mathematical systems that Spencer-Brown presented in the book are known by the names "calculus of indications", "distinction calculus", and often just "LOF".
Laws of Form grew out of the author's work in electronic engineering.
The book has been published in several editions and translations and has never gone out of print.
A short book, its mathematical part is only 55 pages long.
Laws of Form was listed in the Whole Earth Catalog in 1969 and quickly became a cult classic.
The calculus of indications and the primary algebra may be regarded as a way to think about a fundamental activity of the mind, namely, the ability to distinguish or to draw distinctions.
The book argues that this ability is the foundation of human cognition and consciousness.
According to Spencer-Brown, the primary arithemetic and primary algebra reveal new connections among logic, mathematics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind.
Mathematical ideas
Let 0 and 1 be the two basic primitive values of Boolean algebra.
Let AB denote a binary operation of Boolean algebra.
Let (X) stand for the Boolean complement of X. Then the calculus of indications is simply Boolean arithmetic reduced to the two equations 11=1 and (1)=0.
These are the only "axioms" in LoF.
The primary algebra is mainly a simpler notation for Boolean algebra, except for one thing.
In Boolean algebra, () is not defined. ()
is "empty" complementation (the complementation of "nothing").
On the other hand, in the primary algebra () is defined, and stands for one of 0 or 1. (())
stands for the other primitive value, and is the same thing as the blank page.
Let A and B be any two expressions of the primary algebra.
The primary algebra is made up of equations of the form A=B, and these equations are treated in the same way as the equations of the number algebra taught in all schools.
Standard methods of logic seldom use equations.
LoF argues that doing elementary logic with the primary algebra is easier.
In particular, if A is a tautology in logic, then one of A=() or A=(()) holds in the primary algebra.
Laws of Form proves the following fact about the primary algebra:
Cannot prove both A=B and A/=B. Hence the primary algebra is free of contradiction (is consistent);
Can always prove whichever of  A=B and A/=B happens to be true. (
The primary algebra is complete.)
Hence the primary algebra is a well-behaved piece of mathematics.
It can be useful even if the philosophy and cognitive science of LoF are wrong or uninteresting.
Spencer-Brown, George, 1997 (1969).
Laws of Form.
E. P. Dutton.
Laws of Form Web Site
Spencer-Brown Form : MathWorld
Logical Graph  : PlanetMath
Logical Graph : Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms
Louis H. Kauffman, Box Algebra, Boundary Mathematics, Logic, and Laws of Form
Mathematics books
Born in New York City, the Marx Brothers were the sons of Jewish immigrants from Germany.
Their mother, Minnie Schönberg, was from Dornum in East Frisia, and their father Simon Marrix (whose name was changed to Sam Marx, and who was nicknamed "Frenchy") was a native of Alsace, now part of France, and worked as a tailor.
The family lived in the then-poor Yorkville section of New York City's Upper East Side, between the Irish, German and Italian Quarters.
The Marx Brothers began as a musical group, during the days of vaudeville theater.
They would make jokes, play funny characters, and pretend to get into fights when they performed.
In time their  got them more applause (and work) than their music, and they became a comedy group.
Music stayed in their act, with the brothers performing in character, but their focus was on getting laughs.
Makeup and costumes gave their characters their look.
When the brothers were out of costume, they could blend into the audience.
Gummo did not appear in any of the movies.
In the movies, each brother played a role that was mostly the same in every movie.
Groucho was a "wise guy" who had big bushy eyebrows, glasses, and a moustache who smoked a cigar; Chico spoke with an Italian accent and played the piano; Harpo never spoke and played the harp.
Zeppo usually played the straight man.
He left the group in 1933, and they worked with other actors.
Margaret Dumont played the leading lady role in many of their shows.
She did not appear to know when a joke was made about her, and this made her role funnier.
The brothers had some good years and some bad years.
Groucho lost a lot of money in 1929, when the stock market collapsed. (
Years later, he visited the New York Stock Exchange, and drew so much attention that trading stopped for several minutes.
Groucho joked that he came "to get his money's worth" in stopping business.)
Chico had a problem with gambling, and lost more money than he won at it.
Harpo and his wife could not have children of their own, so they adopted enough to have a large family. (
When Adolf Hitler took control of Germany in the 1930s, and stories came back about his mistreatment of Jewish people, Harpo legally changed his name from Adolph to Arthur, even though he was better known as Harpo.)
Groucho kept working after his brothers retired.
He hosted a television quiz show called You Bet Your Life, which was more liked for Groucho's way of hosting than for the game itself.
He made a few movie and television appearances late in his life.
He also appeared at Carnegie Hall, telling stories about his life and career, and singing songs from every part of his career.
A recording of his Carnegie Hall show became a .
Humor Risk (1921), previewed once and never released; thought to be lost
The Cocoanuts (1929), released by Paramount Pictures
Animal Crackers (1930), released by Paramount
The House That Shadows Built (1931), released by Paramount (short subject)
Monkey Business (1931), released by Paramount
Horse Feathers (1932), released by Paramount
Duck Soup (1933), released by Paramount
A Night at the Opera (1935), released by MGM
A Day at the Races (1937), released by MGM
Room Service (1938), released by RKO Radio Pictures
At the Circus (1939), released by MGM
Go West (1940), released by MGM
The Big Store (1941), released by MGM
A Night in Casablanca (1946), released by United Artists
Love Happy (1949), released by United Artists
The Story of Mankind (1957), released by Warner Brothers
Groucho:
Copacabana (1947), released by United Artists
Double Dynamite (1951), released by RKO
A Girl in Every Port (1952), released by RKO
Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (
1957), released by 20th Century Fox (uncredited)
The Mikado (1960), made for television
Skidoo (1968), released by Paramount.
Harpo:
Too Many Kisses (1925), released by Paramount
Stage Door Canteen (1943), released by United Artists (cameo)
Chico:
Papa Romani (1950), television pilot
Zeppo:
A Kiss in the Dark (1925), released by Paramount (cameo)
Maurits Cornelis Escher (17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972), usually referred to as M. C. Escher, was a Dutch graphic artist born in Leeuwarden, Netherlands.
He is known for his often mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs and mezzotints.
These feature impossible constructions, explorations of infinity, architecture and tessellations (tilings).
During his life, Escher made 448 lithographs, woodcuts and wood engravings.
He did over 2000 drawings and sketches.
He also illustrated books, designed tapestries, postage stamps and murals.
Escher was interested in different ways of making art, he used tile-like repeated patterns in many of his paintings.
Early in his career he drew inspirations of nature: he studied art, landscapes and insects.
Some of Escher’s most famous drawings include: Drawing hands, Relativity and Flying Fish.
Most of his works were related to mathematics.
An adit is a type of entrance to a mine which is horizontal or nearly horizontal.
Adits are usually built into the side of a hill or mountain, and often occur when coal or ore is located inside the mountain but above the local valley floor or coastal plain.
The use of adits is generally called drift mining.
An adit may be used for haulage typically by rail, drainage, ventilation or any combination thereof.
Trackage is often removed for scrap value.
Adits may contain wooden timbering or masonry to help protect against soil erosion.
The A5M Claude was a Japanese fighter aircraft made by Mitsubishi.
It first flew in 1935 and was introduced in 1937.
It was the first monoplane (fixed-wing aircraft with one set of wings) that could work from an aircraft carrier.
It was similar to the P-26 Peashooter, an American monoplane fighter.
It fought in the second Sino-Japanese War.
After the Pearl Harbor attacks, it was not good enough to fight against American fighters like the Curtiss P-40 and the F4F Wildcat, so it was replaced by the A6M Zero.
A6M Zero
Birmingham is the biggest city in the U.S. state of Alabama, with about 230,000 people living in it.
Its metropolitan area has over 1 million people living in it.
The city has an area of about  and an elevation of  above sea level.
Birmingham was founded in 1871.
Three smaller towns came together to make one, which grew into a large town.
It was named after Birmingham, England, a British industrial city.
The Alabama city is famous for its iron ore, coal, and limestone, which are used in making steel.
Birmingham Sunday
Birmingham became famous around the world when a bomb exploded in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church on Sunday September 15, 1963.
Four young black girls were killed.
A member of the Ku Klux Klan was charged for the bombing many years later.
Richard Farina wrote a sad song called "Birmingham Sunday" in 1964 to the tune of "I Love A Lass".
It has been recorded by several singers, including Joan Baez.
1870s establishments in Alabama
"Independent Women (Part I)" is an R&B song written by American singer-songwriter Beyoncé Knowles, Sam Barnes, Jen-Claude Olivier, and Cory Rooney for Destiny's Child's third studio album, Survivor (2001), only considered as a bonus track.
It was produced by Knowles, Rooney, and Poke & Tone and first appeared on the soundtrack to the film Charlie's Angels.
Released as both the soundtrack's and album's first single in fall 2000, the song held the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks from November 2000 to February 2001.
Although, for the United Kingdom, it was released on the same day, with both Part I and Part II counting as the song release.
At the end, the women are greeted by the ever-mysterious "Charlie".
Lead vocals: Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland
Vocal production - Beyoncé Knowles
Recorded by Manelich Sotolongo at Lobo Studios, Deer Park, New York
Additional recording by Troy Gonzalez, Ramon Morales at TK Studios, Hawaii
Audio mixing - Rich Travali
Former Vocals by Farrah Franklin
"Independent Women Part I" (Liquid 360 Dark Angel Mix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Skratch Attack Mix)
"Independent Women Part I" (A Cappella)
"Independent Women Part I" (Joe's Smooth 200 2Step Mix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Joe's Smooth Jazz Carnival Mix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Maurice's Independent Remix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Maurice's Radio Mix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Victor Calderone Club Remix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Victor Calderone Drum Dub Remix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Instrumental)
"Independent Women Part I" (Let It All Blow Remix)
"Independent Women Part II" (Instrumental)
Huntsville is a city in the north of the U.S. state of Alabama.
It is in Madison County.
It extends west into Limestone county.
Huntsville is the county seat of Madison County.
The 2000 census showed that Huntsville has a population of 158,216 people.
In 2009, the population grew to 179,653.
The Huntsville Metropolitan Area's population was estimated at 406,316.
John Hunt first settled in Huntsville in 1805.
The town was named Twickenham after Alexander Pope's home town at the request of Leroy Pope.
However, the town was renamed to "Huntsville" on November 25, 1811.
It has grown across nearby hills and along the Tennessee River.
It has textile mills and also munitions factories.
Also in this city are NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command at the Redstone Arsenal.
The National Trust for Historic Preservation named Huntsville to its "America's Dozen Distinctive Destinations for 2010" list.
First settlers
Huntsville is named after John Hunt.
He was the first settler of the land around the Big Spring Park.
However, Hunt did not correctly register his claim.
The area was purchased by Leroy Pope, who imposed the name Twickenham on the area to honour the home village of his kinsman Alexander Pope.
Twickenham was carefully planned.
The streets were built from the northeast to southwest direction based on the Big Spring (see images below).
However, due to anti-English feeling during the War of 1812, the town name was changed to Huntsville to honour John Hunt, who had been forced to move to other land south of the new city.
Incorporation 1811
In 1811, Huntsville became the first official town in Alabama.
However, the recognized "birth" year of the city is 1805.
This was the year of John Hunt's arrival.
The city's sesquicentennial anniversary was held in 1955 and the bicentennial was celebrated in 2005.
Emerging industries
Huntsville's quick growth was generated by the cotton and railroad industries.
Many rich planters moved to the area from Virginia, Georgia and the Carolinas.
The forty-four delegates who met in Huntsville wrote a constitution for the new state of Alabama.
The new state constitution said that Huntsville is Alabama's first capital.
This was temporary for one legislative session only.
The capital was then moved to another temporary location, Cahawba, until the legislature selected Montgomery as the permanent location.
In 1855, the Memphis and Charleston Railroad was built through Huntsville.
It became the first railway to link the Atlantic coast with the lower Mississippi River.
Huntsville firstly opposed secession from the Union in 1861, but provided many men for the state's defense.
The 4th Alabama Infantry Regiment, led by Col.
Egbert J. Jones of Huntsville, fought at the Battle of Manassas.
It was the first major battle of the American Civil War.
The Fourth Alabama Infantry, which contained two Huntsville companies, were the first Alabama troops to fight in the war.
Eight generals of the war were born in or near Huntsville.
After the Civil War
After the Civil War, Huntsville became a center for cotton textile mills, such as Lincoln, Dallas and Merrimack.
Each mill had its own housing community.
It included everything the mill workers needed (schools, churches, grocery stores, theatres, and hardware stores, all within walking distance of the mill).
Great Depression 1930s
During the 1930s, industry decreased in Huntsville because of the Great Depression.
Huntsville became known as the Watercress Capital of the World because of its harvest in the area.
Madison County produced most cotton in Alabama during this time.
By 1940, Huntsville was still a small quiet town with a population of only 13,150 inhabitants.
This quickly changed with the beginning of World War II.
Huntsville was chosen as the location of Huntsville Arsenal, with chemical and munitions manufacturing plants.
The Arsenal was almost closed in 1949 when it was no longer needed, but it saw new life when Major General Holger Toftoy with support from Senator John Sparkman convinced the U.S. Army to choose Huntsville as the location for its missile research program.
In 1950, General Toftoy brought German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun and his team to Redstone Arsenal to develop what would eventually become the United States' space program.
The city's nickname is "The Rocket City" for its close history with U.S. space missions.
Huntsville has been important in developing space technology.
Since the 1950s, when the German scientists headed by Wernher von Braun, brought to the United States at the end of World War II through Operation Paperclip, managed to develop rockets for the U.S. Army.
Their work included designing a rocket, that carried the first U.S. satellite and astronauts into space.
The Saturn V, used by the Apollo program manned Moon missions, was developed at Marshall Space Flight Center.
Huntsville continues to play an important role in the United States' Space Shuttle and International Space Station programs.
Huntsville's economy was nearly crippled and growth came to a near standstill in the 1970s following the closure of the Apollo program.
The emergence of the Space Shuttle and the ever-expanding field of missile defense in the 1980s helped give Huntsville a resurgence that has continued into the 21st century.
Burlington is a city in the American state of Vermont.
It is the county seat of Chittenden County.
Burlington was first settled in 1783.
It became a city in 1865.
Burlington is Vermont's largest city.
It has a population of about 40,000 people.
It is the smallest American city that is also the largest in its state.
Burlington has a metropolitan population of about 210,000.
The city is located on the east bank of Lake Champlain.
Burlington has an area of about 15.5 sq miles.
It sits at an elevation of 200 feet.
The suburb of Shelburne is 7 miles nearby Burlington.
Grace Coolidge, wife of Calvin Coolidge and First Lady of the U.S.
Howard Dean, Current Chairman of the Democratic Party, former presidential candidate in 2004, and former Governor of Vermont.
Bernie Sanders, current United States senator of Vermont, former Mayor of Burlington, and 2016 United States presidential election candidate.
Burlington College, private non-profit liberal arts college.
Closed in May 2016.
, Moss Point,
Puerto Cabezas,  1984
Yaroslavl,  1988
Bethlehem and  Arad 1991
Nishinomiya, Hyōgo,  2008
Official website of the City of Burlington
City of Burlington Sister Cities
WikiBurlington
Elevation data: [ USGS—City of Burlington, VT]
1783 establishments
Loretta Purdy Spencer was the mayor of Huntsville, Alabama.
Her first term began October 4, 1996.
Her last term ended on November 3, 2008.
Spencer is the first woman to be elected mayor of Huntsville.
Tuscaloosa is a city and county seat of Tuscaloosa County, Alabama.
Tuscaloosa has a population of about 84,000 people and a metro population of about 117,000 people.
Tuscaloosa has an area of about .
It sits at a height of 223 feet.
Dothan is a city and county seat of Houston County.
The city has a population of about 65,000 people.
Dothan has an area of about  and sits at a height of .
City of Dothan web site
Dothan Chamber of Commerce
is a Japanese singer and actress.
She was born  on 5 August 1981 in Tokyo.
Decatur is a city and county seat of Morgan County, Alabama.
It has a population of about 56,000 people.
Decatur has an area of about 60 miles and sits at a height of about 561 feet.
Official City Tourist Website
Auburn is a city in Lee County, Alabama, United States.
It is the largest city in eastern Alabama.
In 2009, it had a population of 57,833.
It is a principal city of the Auburn-Opelika Metropolitan Area.
Auburn is a college town and is the home of Auburn University.
Auburn is known for its fast growing during the last years.
It is currently the fastest growing metropolitan area in Alabama.
It is also the nineteenth-fastest growing metro area in the United States since 1990.
Auburn is among the top ten list of best places to live in United States for the year 2009.
The city's unofficial nickname is “The Loveliest Village On The Plains”.
This comes from a line in the poem “The Deserted Village” by Oliver Goldsmith: “Sweet Auburn!
loveliest village of the plain...”
The first settlers arrived in the winter of 1836 from Harris County, Georgia.
The leader of these settlers was the judge John J. Harper.
They wanted to build a town that would be the religious and educational center for this area.
Auburn was firstly official mentioned on February 2, 1839.
At this time it covered an area of .
By that time, Methodist and Baptist churches and also a school were built.
In the mid-1840s, different academies for boys and girls were founded in addition to the primary school.
By 1858, of the about 1,000 free residents of Auburn, some 500 were students.
In 1856, the state legislature allowed to build a Methodist college, the East Alabama Male College in Auburn.
This college, now Auburn University, opened its doors in 1859.
It offered a classical and liberal education.
With the Civil War in 1861, Auburn quickly emptied.
All of the schools and most businesses closed.
Auburn was the site of a hospital for Texan Confederate soldiers.
After the Civil War, Auburn went in a long depression.
Public schools did not reopen until the mid-1870s.
Most businesses remained closed.
A series of fires in the 1860s and 1870s burned down the downtown area.
East Alabama Male College was turned over to the state in 1872.
In 1892, the college became the first four-year college in Alabama where women are allowed to study.
This, combined with new funding businesses, allowed the city to start expanding again.
By 1910, Auburn's population had returned to its pre-war level.
SIAA Conference championships won by the Auburn college’s football team brought attention and support to Auburn.
It helped fill the city's coffers.
Money began to flow into Auburn again with America's entry into World War II.
Auburn’s campus was turned into a training ground for technical specialists in the armed forces.
After the war, Auburn was flooded by soldiers returning to school on the G.I. Bill.
Because of this increase of students, Auburn began a period of growth that lasted through the 1950s and 1960s.
Auburn grew outside of the original boundaries of the city.
Auburn grew to an area of nearly .
In 1957, the construction of Interstate 85 began.
This connected Auburn to the major cities of the state.
It allowed for Auburn University to schedule more home football games in Auburn.
It also pushed the tourism sector in Auburn.
Growth slowed somewhat in the 1970s.
A series of budget cuts made it clear that Auburn's economic concentration on Auburn University put the city in a bad position.
A series of reports in the 1980s and 1990s made the Auburn public school system among the top in the state.
Between 1980 and 2003, Auburn's population grew by 65%.
Auburn's economy expanded by 220%.
With growth came issues of urban sprawl.
This has become the primary political issue in Auburn at the turn of the 21st century.
The city of Auburn is in western Lee County.
It borders the city of Opelika to the northeast and by Chambers County to the north.
The city borders in south to the Macon County line.
Auburn is located at  (32.597684, -85.480823).
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of  in 2000, of which,  of it is land and  of it (1.11%) is water.
The elevation of Auburn at City Hall is  above sea level.
Although because of Auburn’s topography, elevation ranges from  above sea level to  above sea level.
The city council acts as the legislative part of the city.
It passes laws, regulates and appoints citizens to the city's various boards, including the Auburn City Board of Education.
Each member of the city council is elected for a four-year term from one of eight geographic areas.
Area one1 is designed to ensure African-American representation on the council.
Ward 1 - Arthur L. Dowdell, Sr.
Ward 2 - Shelia Eckman
Ward 3 - Thomas W. Worden
Ward 4 - Brent Beard
Ward 5 - Robin Kelley
Ward 6 - Dick Phelan
Ward 7 - Gene Dulaney
Ward 8 - Bob Norman
The mayor of Auburn is elected to a four-year term.
The mayor has no administrative duties, as the City Manager serves as the CEO.
As such, the position of mayor in Auburn is primarily symbolic.
The current mayor of Auburn is Bill Ham, Jr.
The day-to-day operations of Auburn are run by the City Manager.
The City Manager is responsible for the appointment and dismissal of all department heads.
He advises the council on policy matters, creates and administers the city budget.
The current City Manager of Auburn is Charlie Duggan.
Auburn's economy is centered around Auburn University and university-related services.
Auburn University employs 4,300 people.
This is about one-quarter of the city's total working population.
In addition, 2,400 people are employed by the federal and state government.
They are in positions which are generally connected with the university.
Some 8,500 are employed in the local service sector.
Auburn's industrial base is built around mid-sized, high-tech manufacturing and research firms.
Auburn has four technology parks.
The main areas of industrial focus are on the manufacture of small engines and fuel cells.
The  Auburn University Research Park is currently under construction.
Overall, the manufacturing sector employs 5,000 people in Auburn.
Casper is an American city in the state of Wyoming.
It is in Natrona County.
About 50,000 people live in Casper.
Casper has an area of about 25 square miles and sits at an elevation of 5,150 feet.
Wilmington is the largest city in the state Delaware, United States, and the county seat of New Castle County.
It had 72,664 people in 2000.
It now has 70,851 people as of 2010.
Wilmington has an area of about  and is  above sea level, at the place where the Christina River and Brandywine Creek meet.
U.S. President Joe Biden is from Wilmington and owns a home here.
1638 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in Delaware
The Niña was one of the ships Christopher Columbus sailed to the new world.
The others were the Pinta and the Santa Maria.
The Pinta is one of the ships Christopher Columbus sailed to the new world.
The others were the Niña and the Santa Maria.
The Santa Maria was one of the ships Christopher Columbus sailed to the new world.
The others were the Pinta and the Nina.
It is named after Saint Mary.
52 Europa is an asteroid.
It has a diameter of 289 km, and was found on February 4, 1858 by H. Goldschmidt.
It is named after Europa, one of Zeus's conquests in Greek mythology.
Europa is the seventh biggest asteroid by volume and the sixth biggest by mass (after Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea, and Interamnia) and contains somewhat less than 2% of the mass of the entire main belt.
It is a very dark carbonaceous C-type, and the fourth-biggest of these.
It orbits close to the Hygiea asteroid family, but is not a member.
Spectroscopic studies have found evidence of olivines and pyroxenes on the surface.
Lightcurve data for Europa has been very hard to interpret, so much so for a long time its period of rotation was in dispute (5 and a half, or 11 hours?)
despite many observations[8].
It has now been determined that Europa is a prograde rotator, but the exact direction in which its pole points remains unclear.
The most detailed analysis indicates that it points either towards about ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (70°, 55°) or (40°, 255°) with a 10° uncertainty [2].
This gives an axial tilt of about 14° or 54°, respectively.
It has been found that the star CV Aquarii found in 1934, was actually an incorrect misidentification of 52 Europa .
<div id="Michalowski04">T. Michałowski et al.
Photometry and models of selected main belt asteroids I. 52 Europa, 115 Thyra, and 382 Dodona, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol.
416, p. 353 (2004).
G. Michalak Determination of asteroid masses II. (
6) Hebe, (10) Hygiea, (15) Eunomia, (52) Europa, (88) Thisbe, (444) Gyptis, (511) Davida and (704) Interamnia , Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol.
374, p. 703 (2001)
E. Dotto et al.
ISO results on bright Main Belt asteroids: PHT – S observations, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol.
358, p. 1133 (2000).
S.R. Sawyer A High-Resolution CCD Spectroscopic Survey of Low-Albedo Main Belt Asteroids, PhD thesis, The University of Texas (1991).
P. Schmeer and M.L. Hazen CV Aquarii identified with (52) Europa , Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Vol.
28, p. 103 (2000).
V. Zappalà, M. di Martino and S. Cacciatori On the ambiguity of rotational periods of asteroids - The peculiar case of 52 Europa, Icarus, Vol.
56, p. 319 (1983).
The Three Jewels, also called the Three Treasures, the Three Refuges, or the Triple Gem, are the three things that Buddhists give themselves to, and in return look toward for guidance, in the process known as taking refuge.
Buddha, which means The Enlightened or Awakened One, who, depending on one's interpretation, can mean the Historical Buddha, Shakyamuni, or the Buddha nature or ideal within all beings;
Dharma, which means The Teaching, which is the Teachings of the Buddha.
Sangha, which means The Community, The Community of those great people who have attained Enlightenment, so that those people (Sangha) will help you to attain Enlightenment.
What is called Buddhism in western countries is called buddha-dharma in eastern countries.
This term simply means "Path of Awakening" and is thus a form of dharma.
"Dharma" usually refers not just to the sayings of the Buddha but to the later traditions of the various schools of Buddhism which expanded upon the Buddha's teachings.
Tradition says that the Buddha gave 84,000 different teachings to various types of people based on their needs.
Alternately, "dharma"
may be seen as the truth which is beyond worldly things, so the word may refer to the ultimate reality, "truth", "phenomena", or "the way things are".
The Dharma is one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism of which followers of Buddhism seek refuge in (what one relies on for his/her lasting happiness).
The three jewels of Buddhism are the Buddha (mind's perfection of enlightenment), the Dharma (teachings and methods), and the Sangha (awakened beings who provide guidance and support).
de:Dharma#Dharma im Buddhismus
The Helvetic Republic was a state lasting for five years, from 1798 to 1803.
Its name came from the Helvetii people.
The Helvetii were a Celtic tribe and the main dwellers of the Swiss plateau in the 1st century BC.
They are usually featured in Julius Caesar’s commentaries on the Gallic War.
Celts in Switzerland (German)
Saas-Fee is the main village in the Saastal or the Saas Valley and is a municipality of the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
www.saas-fee.ch
Large panorama of Saas Fee
Evolène is a municipality of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Official tourisme website
Official webpage of the city of Baden
Schools in Baden
Official Website of Baldingen
Beinwil (Freiamt) in Canton Aargau, Switzerland.
Beinwil am See in Canton Aargau, Switzerland.
Beinwil, Solothurn, Switzerland.
Beinwil (Freiamt) is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Treaties are signed by members of the government of a country.
Many treaties make a country do something, or change the law of the countries which agree to it.
Therefore some countries can only ratify a treaty if it is confirmed by the legislature of the country, or by a referendum (a vote of the people).
In the past treaties were signed by delegates chosen by the ruler of a country.
To make sure that the treaty was acceptable to the ruler the treaty would not take effect until it was ratified by the ruler.
The United States is only bound by a treaty if the Senate agrees.
So although President Woodrow Wilson signed the Treaty of Versailles which ended the First World War with Germany and set up the League of Nations the treaty never took effect for the USA because the US Senate never gave its "advice and consent" (agreed) to the treaty.
This is why there was a separate peace treaty between Germany and the USA
In the United Kingdom the government ratifies treaties, it does not need the agreement of the House of Commons.
However if the treaty is going to change the law then a separate act of parliament is needed.
For example before Britain entered the European Union in 1973 the European Communities Act had to be passed to  make the changes to the law that were needed.
Beinwil am See is a municipality of the district Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team.
They play in New Orleans, Louisiana.
They play their home games at the Smoothie King Center.
The Pelicans are a part of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
The team started playing in the NBA in 1988 as the Charlotte Hornets playing in Charlotte, North Carolina.
They moved to New Orleans in 2002.
During the 2005 - 2006 and 2006 - 2007 seasons, the team was moved to Oklahoma City because of the damage caused in New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina.
During this time they were called the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets.
The team returned to New Orleans for the 2007-2008 season.
After the 2012-2013 season, on April 18, 2013, the team changed its name to the "New Orleans Pelicans", and their team colors became red, blue, and gold.
Michael Jordan, owner of the Charlotte Bobcats, brought the Hornets name back to Charlotte by renaming the Bobcats for the 2014-2015 season.
20th-century establishments in Louisiana
WWE is an American professional wrestling promotion based in Stamford, Connecticut.
WWE personnel consists of professional wrestlers, managers, play-by-play and color commentators, ring announcers, interviewers, referees, trainers, producers, road agents, creative writers, and various other positions.
WWE contracts typically range from developmental contracts to multi-year deals.
WWE describes most personnel as independent contractors.
Personnel on the main roster appear on specific brands such as Raw and SmackDown Live while they can also appear on WWE's primary weekly television programming such as Main Event, Superstars, Total Divas as well as pay-per-views, and at live events.
Personnel from the NXT division appear on the television series of the same name, which airs online in the U.S. and on TV in select countries, and at live events.
Personnel on the main roster may wrestle in NXT and vice versa.
Personnel are organized below by their role in WWE.
Their ring name is on the left and their real name is on the right.
If someone is inactive for any reason, due to injury, suspension, not appearing in more than 30 days, or otherwise, that information is noted.
WWE refers to its performers as superstars.
McMahon family
The McMahon family are the principal owners of WWE.
In addition to their corporate positions, they also appear on-air as authority figures and wrestlers across all brands.
Male wrestlers
Female wrestlers
Other on-air personnel
NXT 2.0
Note: NXT UK and 205 Live—while distinct brands—are also considered part of NXT, thus wrestlers may appear on all three brands.
205 Live
Note: 205 Live and NXT UK—while distinct brands—are also considered part of NXT, thus wrestlers may appear on all three brands.
The following list features wrestlers and other personnel - promoted as free agents - who make limited or part-time appearances (such as Hall of Famers or legends), and thus aren't bound to any one brand, as well as newly-signed and undrafted personnel who are awaiting brand assignment.
Performance Center trainees
US Performance Center trainees
UK Performance Center trainees
Broadcast team
The following section pertains to announcers who cover WWE broadcasts.
This group includes presenters, ringside commentators, ring announcers, backstage interviewers, pre-show hosts, and analysts.
Off-screen personnel
Select former or retired WWE wrestlers not currently on the main roster (sometimes billed as "WWE Legends") and other celebrities and personalities have contracts to make periodic appearances—either on WWE TV or for promotional events—serving as "ambassadors" (public representatives/spokespeople) for the company.
Backstage personnel
Creative team
Medical team
Music department
Performance Center staff
Note: as NXT and 205 Live are based at the Performance Center, PC coaches and trainers also work as producers for the brands.
WWE Corporate staff
Board of Directors and executive officers
Senior management
WWE roster at WWE.com
The Queen Vic (full name The Queen Victoria) is a fictional pub in the British television show EastEnders.
It has the fictional address of 46 Albert Square, Walford, London E20.
It is known for being painted several times during the series.
The Charlotte Hornets (NBA), an NBA (basketball) team that played as the Charlotte Bobcats from 2004 to 2014
The Charlotte Hornets, another NBA team that played under that name from 1988 until moving to New Orleans in 2002; known since 2013 as the New Orleans Pelicans
The Charlotte Hornets, a minor league baseball team that played from 1901 to 1973
The Charlotte Hornets, an American football team that played in 1974 and 1975 in the now-defunct World Football League
Ian Beale is a fictional character in EastEnders.
He is played by Adam Woodyatt.
Ian is the son of Pete and Kathy Beale.
He is the nephew of Pauline Fowler.
Ian Beale page  on the BBC EastEnders website
Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs is a 1970 album by Derek and the Dominos.
It includes one of the best rock songs of all time, with the memorable guitar riff, "Layla".
Songs from the album
"I Looked Away" (Eric Clapton, Bobby Whitlock) – 3:05
"Bell Bottom Blues" (Clapton) – 5:02
"Keep on Growing" (Clapton, Whitlock) – 6:21
"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out" (Jimmie Cox) – 4:57
"I Am Yours" (Clapton, Nezami) – 3:34
"Anyday" (Clapton, Whitlock) – 6:35
"Key to the Highway" (Charles Segar, Willie Broonzy) – 9:40
"Tell the Truth" (Clapton, Whitlock) – 6:39
"Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad?" (
Clapton, Whitlock) – 4:41
"Have You Ever Loved a Woman" (Billy Myles) – 6:52
"Little Wing" (Jimi Hendrix) – 5:33
"It's Too Late" (Chuck Willis) – 3:47
"Layla" (Clapton, Jim Gordon) – 7:04
"Thorn Tree in the Garden" (Whitlock) – 2:53
The National Rugby League (NRL) is a professional sports league in Australia.
They play rugby league.
There are 16 teams.
Fifteen teams are from Australia and one is from New Zealand.
The NRL is very popular in Australia but only in the states of New South Wales and Queensland and there is also one team in Victoria.
It is the biggest rugby league competition in the world.
The teams are the
Winners and runners-up for recent NRL Grand Finals include:
2020 Melbourne Storm 26 defeated Penrith Panthers 20
2019 Sydney Roosters 14 defeated Canberra 8
2018 Sydney Roosters 21 defeated Melbourne  6
2017 Melbourne 34 defeated North Queensland 6
2016 Cronulla 14 defeated Melbourne 12
2015 North Queensland 17 defeated Brisbane 16
2014 Souths 30 defeated Canterbury 6
2013 Sydney Roosters 26 defeated Manly 18
2012 Melbourne 14 defeated Canterbury 4
2011 Manly 24 defeated Warriors 10
2010 St George Illawarra 32 defeated Sydney Roosters 8
NRL - Premiership Winners
Alison Maria Krauss (born July 23, 1971) is an American bluegrass-country singer and fiddle player.
She is famous for being the leader of the band Alison Krauss & Union Station, and has produced albums for artists like Nickel Creek, Reba McEntire, and Alan Jackson.
She has 28 Grammy Awards, more than any other female artist in history.
Musicians from Illinois
Fiddlers
Mandolinists
Lyle Pearce Lovett (born November 1, 1957) is an American country singer-songwriter and actor.
Official Lyle Lovett Website
The Thinking Man's Cowboy, by Matt Dellinger, New Yorker, February 23, 2004.
Homeboy, by Alec Wilkinson, New Yorker, February 1, 2004.
Lovett charges ahead with his career - USA Today, May 10, 2002.
Lyle Lovett Trampled by Bull, Hospitalized With Broken Leg  - FOX News, March 29, 2002.
Official Lyle Lovett Lost Highway Artist Page
UnOfficial Website/Fan site
Dolly Rebecca Parton (born January 19, 1946) is an American, Grammy Award-winning country music singer/songwriter, composer, author, and actress.
She has become one of the most successful female country artists in history, with 25 number-one singles (a record for a female country artist) and 41 top-10 country albums (a record for any country artist).
She is known for her top-three single "Here You Come Again" and the number-one hits "9 to 5" and "Islands in the Stream" (a duet with singer Kenny Rogers).
Her 1967 song "Dumb Blonde" was heard by country singer Porter Wagoner, and he asked Parton to be a part of his television show.
Her single "Jolene" reached number one in 1974, becoming a solo artist, though still performed and recorded with Wagoner.
"I Will Always Love You" (1974)
"Tennessee Homesick Blues" (1984)
"Yellow Roses" (1989)
"Why'd You Come in Here Lookin' Like That" (1998)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"  (2004)
Dolly Parton Music (official music site)
Vincent Grant "Vince" Gill (born April 12, 1957) is an American country music singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist.
"Don't Let Our Love Start Slippin' Away" (1992)
"What the Cowgirls Do" (1994)
On music charts
AReached #1 on U.S. Radio & Records country singles charts.
B"I Still Believe In You" also peaked at #30 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart.
CAlbum cut.
DFailed to chart.
Turn Me Loose (1983) and (1994)
The Things That Matter (1985)
The Way Back Home (1987)
When I Call Your Name (1989)
I Never Knew Lonely (1990)
Pocket Full of Gold (1991)
I Still Believe in You (1992)
Let There Be Peace on Earth [1993] and (1999)
When Love Finds You (1994)
Souvenirs (1995)
Super Hits (1996)