the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The first goal of any new artist or band was to get signed to a contract as soon as possible.
In the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, many artists were so desperate to sign a contract with a record company that they usually ended up signing a bad contract, sometimes giving away the rights to their music in the process.
Entertainment lawyers are used by some to look over any contract before it is signed.
Industry consolidation
The resurgence of independent labels
In the 1990s, due to the widespread use of home studios, consumer CD recorders, and the Internet, independent labels began to become more commonplace.
Independent labels are typically artist-owned (although not always), with a focus usually on making good music and not necessarily on the business aspects of the industry or making lots of money.
Because of this, independent artists usually receive less radio play and sell fewer CDs than artists signed to major labels.
However, they usually have more control over the music and packaging of the released product.
On occasion established artists, once their record contract has finished, move to an independent label.
This often gives the combined advantage of name recognition and more control over one's music.
Singers Dolly Parton, Aimee Mann and Prince, among others, have achieved this.
While there are many independent labels, folk singer Ani DiFranco's Righteous Babe Records is often cited as an ideal example.
The singer turned down lucrative contracts from several top-name labels in order to establish her own New-York-based company.
Constant touring resulted in noteworthy success for an act without significant major funding.
Ani and others from the company have spoken on several occasions about their business model in hopes of encouraging others.
On the punk rock scene, the DIY punk ethic encourages bands to self-publish and self-distribute.
This approach has been around since the early 1980s, in an attempt to stay true to the punk ideals of doing it yourself and not selling out to corporate profits and control.
Such labels have a reputation for being fiercely uncompromising and especially unwilling to cooperate with the Big Five record labels at all.
The emergence of net labels
Main Article: net label
With the Internet now being a viable source for music, net labels emerge.
Depending on the ideals of the net label, music files from the artists may be downloaded free of charge or for a fee that is paid via PayPal or an online payment system.
Some of these labels also offer hard copy CDs in addition to direct download (for example, Baltimore's Schismatik record label ships CDs for a nominal charge).
Most net labels acknowledge the Creative Commons licensing system thus reserving certain rights for the artist.
The emergence of open-source labels
Main Article: Open source record label
The new century brings the phenomenon of open-source or open-content record label.
These are inspired by the free software and open-source movement and the success of GNU/Linux.
LOCA Records
Magnatune
Opsound
Accurate pipettes
Piston-driven air displacement pipettes, or 'micropipettes', are the most accurate and precise pipettes.
They handle liquid in the microliter scale, and are used in biology and biochemistry,
Muscle is a tissue in animal bodies.
Their main purpose is to help us to move our body parts.
They are one of the major systems of human and animal bodies.
When a muscle is activated it contracts, making itself shorter and thicker, thereby pulling its ends closer.
Types of muscles
Skeletal muscle, the muscle attached to bones.
They pull on bones to make movements.
Smooth muscle, for example, the muscle in blood vessels and the bladder
Cardiac muscle, the muscle of the heart
Muscle action can be classified as being either voluntary or involuntary.
The skeletal muscles move the limbs (arms and legs).
They move the jaw up and down so that food can be chewed.
Skeletal muscles are the only voluntary muscles, the only ones that we can choose to move.
The cardiac muscle is the muscle in the heart.
When this muscle contracts it pushes blood through the circulatory system.
The cardiac muscle is not voluntary.
The smooth muscles are the other muscles in the body that are involuntary.
Smooth muscles are in many places.
They are in:
The gastrointestinal system – this includes the stomach and intestines.
This is how food moves through us and we take energy from it.
Blood vessels – smooth muscles make blood vessels smaller or bigger.
This controls blood pressure.
Hairs – smooth muscle in hair follicles makes your hair stand up when you are scared or get cold.
Muscle structure
Muscles are made of many muscle cells.
The cells contract together to make the muscle get shorter.
The muscle cells know to do this together because many of them get information sent to them by nerves.
The cells that get the message from nerves tell other cells that are near them.
They tell the other cells by sending an electrical current.
Muscle cells are filled with proteins called actin and myosin.
These are the proteins that make the muscle contract (get shorter.)
Muscle contraction
When a nerve tells a muscle to contract, the muscle opens holes in its cell membrane.
These holes are proteins that are called calcium channels.
The calcium ions rush into the cell.
Calcium also comes out of a special place in the cell called the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
This calcium sticks to the specialized proteins actin and myosin.
This triggers these proteins to contract the muscle.
Contraction also needs ATP.
This is the energy that your cells use.
It is made from using glucose in the cell.
It takes a lot of energy to release contracted muscles.
They use most of the energy for building muscles.
Exercise makes muscles get bigger (see hypertrophy).
Exercise also makes muscles stronger.
If a person does not exercise, their muscles become smaller and weaker.
This is called muscle atrophy.
Diseases of muscles
There are many different kinds of muscle diseases.
There are three big groups of diseases:
Neuromuscular diseases – these are problems with how the nerves tell the muscles to move.
Strokes, cerebral palsy, and Parkinson's disease are neuromuscular diseases.
Motor endplate diseases – these are problems with the place where the nerve tells the muscle to move.
Tetanus and myasthenia gravis are motor endplate diseases.
Myopathies – these are problems with the structure of the muscle.
Muscular dystrophy, cancers like Ewing's sarcoma, and cardiomyopathy are myopathies.
Animal tissues
Muscular system
The , is an 8-bit handheld video game console, first released in Japan in April 1989.
It was later released in North America in July 1989 and then in Europe in September 1990.
It is Nintendo's first handheld.
The Game Boy is also the first portable console to use game cartridges, meaning the games are interchangeable.
The Game Boy family eventually extended to include the Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance, Game Boy Advance SP and Game Boy Micro.
The Game Boy has a green screen that displays four shades of dark green (gray for the Game Boy Pocket).
Like the NES, the Game Boy has four buttons and a cross-shaped direction pad.
The console has a single speaker, and it can be used with stereo headphones.
As many as four Game Boys can be connected together with the Game Boy Link Cable.
Recently, the Game Boy was compared to all Nintendo handhelds and systems released between 1989 and 2016 to see how long each one's battery life lasted, and the Game Boy beat all the other systems with 30 hours of battery life.
The Game Boy provided the most game play at its time, and currently still does.
Tetris (Included with the Game Boy)
The stomach is part of the digestive system.
It is an internal organ between the esophagus and the small intestines.
The stomach is the third stage in the digestive process.
It holds food after ingestion.
Food in the stomach then passes through to the small intestine where most of the food's nutrition is absorbed.
The stomach contains hydrochloric acid made by stomach cells.
As a useful side-effect, the acid kills bacteria in the food.
However, its main function is to help the protein-digesting enzymes called proteases work.
In general, the food is churned, squeezed and mixed.
This prepares it for digestion.
The partially digested food is called chyme.
The stomach acid may cause problems.
It can make peptic ulcers worse.
It can also cause  heartburn—pain in the chest when acid from the stomach refluxes (backs up into) the oesophagus.
These can usually be treated by neutralizing the acid.
Vomiting occurs when food goes back up the oesophagus and out the mouth.
Vomiting can be a symptom of disease.
Stomachs of other mammals work differently to human stomachs.
Ruminants, for example, have a stomach with multiple compartments.
Other words for stomach include belly and tummy.
Pain is a symptom of being hurt or sick.
It is a bad sensation that is physical and emotional.
Most pain starts when part of the body is hurt.
Nerves in that part send messages through senses to the brain.
Those messages tell the brain that the body is being damaged.
Pain is not just the message the nerve sends to the brain.
It is the bad emotion felt because of that damage.
The message that the nerve sends to the brain is called nociception.
What is experienced because of the nociception is pain.
Kinds of pain
Pain can be acute or chronic.
Acute means it only happens a short time.
Chronic means the pain lasts a long time.
Cutaneous pain is from damage to the skin.
This is the pain a person feels when their wrist is cut with a knife.
Visceral pain is from damage to the organs inside the body – like the stomach, kidney, and heart.
This is the pain a person feels when they have an ulcer.
Somatic pain is from muscles, bones, and joints.
This is the pain a person feels when they sprain (twist) a joint like the ankle.
Pain can also happen when there is no underlying injury or cause.
Pain can happen just because the nerves do not work right.
This is called neuropathic pain.
Treatments for pain
For most pain, the best treatment is to stop the damage that makes the pain.
If the ankle is sprained, doctors tell the person not to walk on it.
They tell them to put ice on it.
This helps the injury stop.
For an ulcer in the stomach, doctors stop the acid made in the stomach.
This helps the ulcer to heal.
But many kinds of pain also need medicines to feel better.
There are many different kinds of medicines for pain:
NSAIDs (acronym for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug).
These medicines decrease the inflammation where the person is hurt.
They also work in the brain to decrease pain.
Examples are aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen.
These medicines can make someone sleepy but they are not addictive.
They can cause problems with kidneys and with peptic ulcers.
Opioids are narcotic pain relievers.
They do not have the kidney and stomach problems that NSAIDs have.
But they can make someone very sleepy and have other potential side effects, such as lack of coordination, inability to concentrate, blurred vision, and weight gain.
They can be addictive.
Acetaminophen (e.g. Tylenol) is not a narcotic or an NSAID.
So it is much safer than either one, but can cause liver damage.
Anti-seizure medicines (also called antiepileptics or anti-convulsants) – many of these medicines work for chronic neuropathic pain.
Other pain medicines may not work at all for those kinds of pain.
Examples are carbamazepine and gabapentin.
Anti-depression medicines can also help chronic pain, even if it is not neuropathic pain.
This is partly because of an affect on pain itself.
But it also helps, because living in chronic pain can cause depression.
There are doctors who specialize in pain management.
These are usually anesthesiologists but may also have any one of a number of underlying areas of specialization, such as neurology, physiatry, or internal medicine.
A new genetic method of treating chronic pain is in the research stage.
The idea is to inactivate (turn off) gene HCN2, which plays a key role in chronic pain.
Experiments on mice suggest this will work.
Back pain
American Pain Foundation
Back Pain, Neck Pain, Lower Back Pain - Spine-health.com
Back Pain - spinehealthlife.com
A drain is found in the ground and lets water go through (usually rainwater) to avoid the street or farmland getting flooded.
Super Mario 64 is a 1996 video game created by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64.
The game was the first in the Mario series that used 3D graphics.
Many fans and critics think that it is one of the best video games ever made.
Princess Peach makes a special cake and invites Mario to her castle in Mushroom Kingdom.
As Mario arrives, he learns that Bowser took over the castle and kidnapped Peach.
To defeat Bowser and rescue Peach, Mario enters each worlds on painting walls.
The main hub of the game is Peach's castle.
The player can unlock doors by collecting stars.
There are 120 of them scattered among 15 maps and some secret maps.
The player can get each of the stars by completing each of the achievements per level.
One world requires two stars, for instance.
Each locked door leads to more levels and challenges.
Mario can also leave the castle and explore the small courtyard.
Super Mario 64 was made in less than two years, but it was reported that Shigeru Miyamoto had thought about a 3D Mario game, called Super Mario FX, five years before, while working on Star Fox.
Miyamoto came up with most of the ideas during the era of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) and thought about using the Super FX chip to make it a SNES game, but decided to build it for the Nintendo 64 due to the SNES's technical limitations.
On his Twitter Dylan Cuthbert stated that there was never a Super Mario FX game ever made, and that "Super Mario FX" was the internal code name of the FX chip.
Nintendo started making the game with the creation of the characters and camera system.
Miyamoto and the other designers were initially unsure of which direction the game should take; months were spent selecting a camera view and layout that would be appropriate.
The original concept involved the game having fixed path much like an isometric type game (similar to Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars), before the choice was made to settle on a free-roaming 3D design.
Although the majority of Super Mario 64 would end up featuring the free-roaming design, elements of the original fixed path concept would remain in certain parts of the game, particularly in the three Bowser encounters.
One of the programmers of Super Mario 64, Giles Goddard, explained that these few linear elements survived  to force players into Bowser's lair rather than to encourage exploration.
The development team placed a great amount of attention, time, and effort on getting Mario's movements right.
Before levels were created, the team was testing and perfecting Mario's animations on a simple grid.
The first test scenario used to try out controls and physics involved Mario and a golden rabbit named "MIPS" by the developers (named for the MIPS-type CPU used by the Nintendo 64), the latter of which was included in the final release of the game as a way to find two of the Power Stars.
At first, the developers tried to make the game split screen co-op using both Mario and Luigi.
Initially, the two characters would start at separate points in the castle and work their way through the game together.
However, developers were unable to make the gameplay work.
Shigeru Miyamoto's guiding design philosophy behind Super Mario 64 was to "include more details" than found in games prior to the Nintendo 64.
Some details were inspired by real life.
For example, the Boos are based on assistant director Takashi Tezuka's wife, who, as Miyamoto explained, "is very quiet normally, but one day she exploded, maddened by all the time Tezuka spent at work.
In the game, there is now a character which shrinks when Mario looks at it, but when Mario turns away, it will grow large and menacing."
Super Mario 64 is also known for having more puzzles than earlier Mario games.
It was developed at the same time as The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, but as Ocarina of Time was released more than two years later, some puzzles were taken from that game for Super Mario 64.
Information about Super Mario 64 first leaked out in November 1995, and a playable version of the game was presented days later as part of the world premiere for the Nintendo 64 (then known as Nintendo's "Ultra 64") at Nintendo Space World.
The basic controls had at this point been set in place, and the game was reportedly 50% finished, although most of the course design remained.
Thirty-two courses were made for the game.
Miyamoto thought he would create more, up to 40 courses, not including bonus levels.
The actual number turned out much lower in the final game, though, as only 15 courses could fit.
Appearances in other games
In the original Super Smash Bros. for the Nintendo 64 console, Princess Toadstool's castle is a playable stage in which the fighters fight on top of the roof.
In Mario Party, Peach's stage is a large birthday cake which the player can travel through.
Sequel and remake
In 1999, a sequel, titled Super Mario 64 2, was planned to be released for the Nintendo 64DD (N64 Disk Drive), but it was cancelled, due to the commercial failure of the Nintendo 64DD and unlike its predecessor, Luigi was going to be playable and there would be a multiplayer mode.
Super Mario 64 DS is a 2004 enhanced remake made for the Nintendo DS console.
In this game Mario, Luigi, and Wario all get a letter saying Peach baked a cake for them.
Bowser has kidnapped Princess Peach, Mario, Luigi, and Wario and has jailed them in Princess Peach's castle, by Gomboss, King Boo, and Chief Chilly.
Yoshi is told that he must save them.
Yoshi finds a rabbit and unlocks the door to the castle.
When the player finds keys, they save a character, and can play as them.
Super Mario 64 DS also has a multiplayer wireless versus mode where up to four players can play and minigames which are unlocked by getting keys from rabbits.
Here, there are 150 stars, 30 more than the original game.
Nintendo 64 games
1996 video games
MPEG-1 and/or MPEG-2 Audio Layer 3 (MP3) is a lossy data compression format for audio.
Using it makes smaller computer files containing digitized music and other sounds.
The format is a lossy compression format.
This means that each time something is compressed with it, some information is lost.
This information can not be recovered.
When encoding to MP3 converting some audio data to it), the encoder is smart.
The human ear can not hear certain sounds if they are masked by other sounds.
This means that when encoding certain sound samples, some sounds can be left out as they will not be heard.
This makes it possible to compress audio by a factor of about 5, without noticeable change to the sound of the music.
With slight audible changes to the sound, compression factors of about 10 are possible.
Many people like to use MP3 files to copy music so they can listen to it on their computer.
Record companies do not like it when people use the Internet to share these MP3 files with each other.
They think it is a violation of their copyright.
The record industries have a trade group called the RIAA that has taken people to court for sharing music.
An Internet website called Napster was shut down because of this.
Napster has since re-opened, but does not let people share MP3 files anymore.
Other formats for audio compression are Ogg Vorbis, and FLAC.
Ogg Vorbis is very similar to MP3, although it has many improvements.
FLAC is a lossless compression meaning no information is lost, and gets compression rates of 2-3.
In the 1980s, Dieter Seitzer started the development of a code for audio format of high-quality.
Together with his team at the German Fraunhofer Institut in Erlangen, the professor had the idea to create code with a low bit-rate.
The German institute received the patent for MP3 in 1989.
MP3 was then passed to the International Organisation for Standardisation.
In the same year the MP3 was included into MPEG-1 specification. (
MPEG means Moving Picture Experts Group).
The first player for the MP3 format was designed by the same Fraunhofer Institute in 1990's.
A Croatian student named Tomislav Uzelac developed AMP MP3 Playback Engine in 1997.
After the player appeared on the Internet, two students named Justin Frankel and Dmitry Boldyrev transformed it into Winamp.
They took the engine of the original player and added the interface of the famous Windows.
When Winamp was launched into the net for free use it became successful at once.
This way began the era of free music download.
Soon various programmers started creating additional features for the MP3 player.
Very often they created new encoders, rippers (software for transforming audio tracks into MP3 files) and players.
MP3 players
Because there is no need to pay licensing fees in order to build the player, today many software MP3 players are free.
Some companies claim to have patents covering the MP3 format, but the validity of these patents is questionable because the format specification was published more than 20 years ago, meaning that any relevant patents would have expired.
The most famous MP3 players are Winamp, Sonique, iTunes and MusicMatch.
The main feature of an MP3 player is to turn the MP3 files into standard audio form and then send them to the soundcard of the computer.
The soundcard then outputs the files into speaker so the user can hear them.
Every MP3 player interprets music differently, though each one of them uses the same code for playing the MP3 files.
There are also stand-alone (without a computer) MP3 players.
These may be portable, or they may be built-into a stereo system or car stereo.
According to the MPEG standards, MP3 players are supposed to also be able to play MP1 and MP2 files, although many don't.
When compressing, for each frame a small section of audio, the encoder first splits the audio into 32 different parts using a filter bank, similar to MP2.
The audio is then split further into either 192 or 576 different parts (depending on the complexity of the audio being compressed more complex audio is split into fewer parts using the modified discrete cosine transform.
The MP3 encoder then removes parts that it thinks the human ear cannot hear.
The remaining parts are then compressed using Huffman coding.
Decompression does these same steps except removal of parts of the audio in reverse.
1987 The German Frauhofer Institute starts its research on Digital Audio Broadcasting
1988 MPEG is established as part of the ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
1989 MP3 is patented in Germany
1993 MPEG-1 was published
1994 MPEG-2 was designed; The first MP3 encoder for the PC (L3enc) was released.
1995 MPEG-2 was published
1996 MP3 is patented in United States
1998 The LAME encoder is released.
1999 Music in MP3 format is for the first time distributed, the distributor was SubPop; the first portable MP3 player appeared.
2017 The last MP3 patents expire.
MP3 Players and Their Variety - Find out more about MP3 players, their types and their functions
The Features of MP3 Format and MP3 Player  - How does MP3 work?
Computer file formats for audio
King Crimson are a progressive rock band.
They formed in England in 1969.
Their music is usually called progressive rock, but they also have jazz, gamelan, classical music, heavy metal and experimental music in their sound.
They are not very popular, but they have a loyal group of fans.
Their music has influenced a lot of bands and styles of music.
King Crimson are most well known for their first album, In the Court of the Crimson King, which helped create progressive rock.
Only one person has been in the band since they started, guitarist Robert Fripp.
Right now, the people in the band are Robert Fripp, Mel Collins, Gavin Harrison, Jakko Jakszyk, Bill Rieflin, Jeremy Stacey, Tony Levin, and Pat Mastelotto.
In 1967, drummer Michael Giles and his brother, Peter, a bass guitar player, started a band with Robert Fripp.
They recorded one album called The Cheerful Insanity of Giles, Giles and Fripp.
This album did not do very well, and a lot of critics wrote bad reviews of it.
After this, Ian Mcdonald joined playing keyboards, reeds, and woodwind instruments.
Ian McDonald's friend, Peter Sinfield, joined to write lyrics, and Greg Lake replaced Peter Giles on bass guitar.
Then they bought a mellotron, which helped them sound more like classical music.
They changed their name to King Crimson, and did their first show in Hyde Park, London in 1969.
Their first CD, In the Court of the Crimson King, was a huge success.
Their original style impressed fans and critics.
Micheal Giles and Ian Mcdonald left the band to do solo work.
The three of them still in the band, Robert Fripp, Peter Sinfield, and Greg Lake, released the single Catfood/Groon.
On the next album, woodwind player Mel Collins, singer Gordon Haskell, and Peter Giles all helped record a few songs with the band.
King Crimson released their second album, In the Wake of Poseidon, in 1970.
It was not very popular because it sounded too much like the first album.
In the Court of the Crimson King (1969)
In the Wake of Poseidon (1970)
Lizard (1970)
Islands (1971)
Larks' Tongues in Aspic (1973)
Starless and Bible Black (1974)
Red (1974)
Discipline (1981)
Beat (1982)
Three of a Perfect Pair (1984)
THRAK (1995)
The ConstruKction of Light (2000)
The Power to Believe (2003)
Fleetwood Mac are a British-American rock band that formed in London, England in 1967.
The group was started by Peter Green.
The original group included Mick Fleetwood, John McVie, Jeremy Spencer and Bob Brunning.
In 1968 Danny Kirwan joined the band.
He was then an 18-year-old guitarist and singer.
Peter Green left and, in 1971 was replaced by Christine and John McVie plus Bob Welch.
When Welch left he was replaced by Americans Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks.
The band became famous with the release of the album Fleetwood Mac.
Fleetwood Mac (1968)
Mr. Wonderful (1968)
Then Play On (1969)
Kiln House (1970)
Future Games (1971)
Bare Trees (1972)
Penguin (1973)
Mystery to Me (1973)
Heroes Are Hard to Find (1974)
Fleetwood Mac (1975)
Rumours (1977)
Tusk (1979)
Mirage (1982)
Tango in the Night (1987)
Behind the Mask (1990)
Time (1995)
Say You Will (2003)
1967 establishments in England
The Yardbirds are a English blues band.
They formed in the 1960s.
They are famous for having the guitarists, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page.
Eric Clapton left the band after they turned from a blues band to a pop band, in keeping with the moving trend of music in the 1960s.
He suggested Jimmy Page, who had been a studio musician at the time (performing on records for many stars but not being a member of a specific band).
Unwilling to give up his career as a studio musician, Page suggested Jeff Beck.
Shortly thereafter, Page joined the band, playing bass and lead guitar.
Towards the end of the '60s, the Yardbirds broke up while in the middle of a tour.
Page wanted to keep the band going, and eventually put together a band called "The New Yardbirds" consisting of vocalist Robert Plant, bassist John Paul Jones, and drummer John "Bonzo" Bonham.
This group would soon gain a new name, allegedly taken from a quote by Who drummer Keith Moon.
Moon had said previously said that their band would go over "like a lead zeppelin," and the name "Led Zeppelin" stuck.
The Grateful Dead was a rock band that formed in Palo Alto, California, United States in the 1965.
They are known for their concerts, and devoted followers called "Deadheads".
The band and their music are sometimes associated with the hippie and drug cultures.
Their music style is psychedelic rock combined with other kinds of music like blues, country, folk, and bluegrass.
They are also known for their artwork and logos, which include skeletons and dancing bears.
They were named number 57 on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and added to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994.
They have sold more than 35 million records worldwide and they have played for 25 million people, more than any other band.
The group were together from 1965 to 1995, when Jerry Garcia, the group's lead guitarist and singer, who was seen by many people as the group's leader, died.
The other members were Bob Weir (guitar and singing), Phil Lesh (bass guitar), Ron "Pigpen" McKernan (keyboards, harmonica, and singing) and Bill Kreutzmann (drums).
All of these members were in the group the entire time, they were together, except for McKernan who died in 1973.
Other main members of the band were Mickey Hart (drums 1967 to 1971 and 1974 to 1995), Keith Godchaux (keyboards 1971 to 1979), his wife Donna Godchaux (singing 1972 to 1979), Brent Mydland (keyboards 1979 to 1990), and Vince Welnick (keyboards 1990 to 1995).
Musical groups from San Francisco
John Dawson Winter III (February 23, 1944 – July 16, 2014) was an American albino blues musician from Beaumont, Texas.
His brother, Edgar Winter, is also a famous musician.
He also worked as producer and produced two Grammy winning albums of Muddy Waters (Hard again, I´m ready).
He died in his hotel room in Zurich, Switzerland, aged 70.
It happened two days after his last performance there.
The cause of his death is currently unknown.
Official albums
First Winter (1969, Buddha)
The Progressive Blues Experiment (1968, Sonobeat)
Johnny Winter (1969)
Second Winter (1969)
Johnny Winter And (1970)
Live Johnny Winter And (1971)
Roadwork (1972) - with Edgar Winter's White Trash
Still Alive and Well (1973)
Saints & Sinners (1974)
John Dawson Winter III (1974)
Captured Live! (
Together (1976) with Edgar Winter
Nothin' But the Blues (1977)
White, Hot and Blue (1978)
Raisin' Cain (1980)
Guitar Slinger (1984)
Serious Business (1985)
Third Degree (1986)
The Winter of '88 (1988)
Let Me In (1991)
Hey, Where's Your Brother? (
Scorchin' Blues (1992)
Live In NYC '97 (1998)
I'm A Bluesman (2004)
The Johnny Winter Anthology (2009) via Shout!
The Woodstock Experience (2009)
The Johnny  Winter Story (1969)
About Blues (1970)
Early Times (1970)
Before The Storm (1970)
Birds Can't Row Boats (1988)
The Texas Tornado (1992)
A Rock n' Roll Collection (1994)
White Hot Blues (1997)
Winter Blues (1997)
Texas Blues: The Early Years (1998)
The Return of Johnny Guitar - best of 1984-86 (2000)
Deluxe Edition (Alligator) (2001)
The Best of Johnny Winter (Sony) (2002)
Non-official albums
Austin, TX also known as The Progressive Blues Experiment (1972)
Dervish Blues (live San Bernardino, Ca.) (
Whole Lotta Love (1978)
Ready for Winter (1981)
Still Blues After All These Years/Live In Chicago (1990)
A Lone Star Kind of Day (Relix- Roy C. Ames production) (1991)
Jack Daniels Kind of Day (1992)
White Lightning (1996)
Back in Beaumont (2000)
Blues'N' Tattoo (recorded Live at Central Park New York - 1980-07-27)
People from Beaumont, Texas
Edgar Holland Winter (born December 28, 1946) is an albino musician and record producer from Beaumont, Texas.
He is the brother of Johnny Winter who is also a famous musician.
He mostly plays keyboards and the saxophone.
http://www.edgarwinter.com/bio.php
Albinism is a condition some people, animals, and plants  are born with.
This condition is caused by a lack of pigment melanin (colour) in their hair, eyes, and skin.
A person or animal with albinism is called an albino.
Many albino people prefer to be called a "person with albinism".
There are ten different types of albinism.
People with albinism can have white or light blonde hair.
They can have very pale skin.
Their eyes are blue, or rarely pink-ish.
People with albinism can have problems such as bad vision, increased sweat and getting sunburnt easily.
This is because people with albinism have less pigments in their eyes, skin and hair.
Albinism is rare in the United States.
One out of every 20,000 people in the United States has albinism.
There are about 15,945 people in the United States who have albinism.
Vision problems in albinism include nystagmus (irregular fast movements of the eyes), strabismus (where the eyes fail to balance) and refractory errors (like being near-sighted or far-sighted).
In most environments, Albino animals are more easily seen and so may be attacked by predators.
They lack the camouflage that the non-albino members of their species have.
Also, where colour is a factor in mate selection, they may be at a disadvantage there, too.
Genetics of albinism
Albinism is a hereditary condition.
It is usually inherited in a recessive pattern; it means, both parents have to give the albinism gene to a child to cause albinism.
Parents pass on pairs of genes to their children.
One of the pairs of genes is in charge of making melanin.
If both of these genes are flawed, then little or no pigment is made.
If only one gene is flawed then pigment can still be made.
Famous people with albinism
Edgar Winter-musician
Johnny Winter-musician
Salif Keita-musician
National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (U.S.-based)
Albinism in Popular Culture
Paco de Lucia (real name: Francisco Sanchez Gomez, (21 December 1947  25 February 2014) was a Spanish Flamenco guitar player.
He was born in Algeciras, Andalusia.
He died in Cancún, Mexico from a heart attack.
Entertainers from Andalusia
Spanish musicians
Hearing is one of the five senses.
Ears detect vibrations in the air.
These vibrations are sounds.
Most animals can hear.
Most land vertebrates hear through ears.
Fish hear in several different ways.
Many use their swim bladder to hear, and many use their lateral line.
In mammals, sound travels through three main parts of the ear to be heard.
These are the outer, middle and inner ear.
Outer Ear - This is the part of the ear that we can see called the pinna as well as the inside of the ear called the ear canal.
Sound first travels through the pinna and ear canal then to the eardrum at the end of the canal which the sound makes vibrate.
Middle Ear - Sound continues to travel deeper into the ear and is helped by three of the smallest bones in the body - hammer, anvil and stirrup - to reach the inner ear.
Inner Ear - Here the sound reaches a small tube shaped like a snail shell, called the cochlea.
Inside the cochlea is a fluid, which moves tiny hairs that send signals to the brain which interprets sounds for you to understand and hear
Bhutan (officially called Kingdom of Bhutan) is a small landlocked country in the Himalaya mountains of South Asia.
It is ruled by King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, who has been king since 2006.
Bhutan was founded in 1644 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel.
The Bhutanese people are proud that they have always been an independent country.
Bhutan's capital city is Thimphu.
The official language is Dzongkha.
About 700,000 people live in Bhutan.
The people and government of Bhutan are proud of their culture which is based on Tibetan Buddhism.
97% of Bhutan's people are Buddhist.
Until 1974, Bhutan was closed to the outside world.
Now people can visit the country, but only in small numbers.
The only airport is in Paro District.
The country is bordered on the south by the Republic of India and on the north by China.
The Indian state of Sikkim separates Bhutan and Nepal.
The main export of Bhutan is hydroelectricity which is sold to India.
The economy of Bhutan is very small but is growing quickly.
The currency is the Ngultrum, which is pegged at par with the Indian rupee.
National symbols of Bhutan
The Royal Bhutan Army is Bhutan's military service.
It includes the Royal Bodyguard and the Royal Bhutan Police.
Membership is voluntary, and the minimum age for recruitment is 18.
The standing army numbers about 16,000 and is trained by the Indian Army.
Being a landlocked country, Bhutan has no navy.
It also has no air force or army aviation corps.
The Army relies on Eastern Air Command of the Indian Air Force for air assistance.
More than 770 species of bird and 5,400 species of plants are known to occur throughout the kingdom.
Bhutan has a rich primate life with rare species such as the golden langur.
Bhutan is divided into 20 districts.
Locally these are named dzongkhags.
Bumthang
Chhukha
Dagana
Gasa
Lhuentse
Mongar
Pema Gatshel
Punakha
Samdrup Jongkhar
Samtse
Sarpang
Trashigang
Trashi Yangtse
Trongsa
Tsirang
Wangdue Phodrang
Thimphu, the largest city and capital of Bhutan
Damphu, the administrative headquarters of Tsirang District
Jakar, the administrative headquarters of Bumthang District and the place where Buddhism entered Bhutan
Mongar, the eastern commercial hub of the country
Paro, site of the international airport
Phuentsholing, Bhutan's commercial hub
Punakha, the old capital
Samdrup Jongkhar The south eastern town on the border with India
Trashigang, administrative headquarters of Trashigang District the most populous district in the country
Trongsa, in central Bhutan which has the largest and the most magnificent of all the dzongs in Bhutan
Bhutan's national sport is archery.
Competitions are held regularly in most villages.
Cricket has gained popularity in Bhutan, particularly since the introduction of television channels from India.
The Bhutan national cricket team is one of the more successful affiliate nations in the region.
Football is also an increasingly popular sport.
Caucasoid was a word for a person from Europe, West Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, or the Horn of Africa.
The group of these persons was called "Caucasoid race" or Caucasian race.
In former times, many people divided human beings into three races.
These races were called Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid.
Today, scientists agree that there is only one human race.
Modern genetic research has shown that the idea of three races was wrong.
German anthropologist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752 – 1840) invented the name Caucasian race because he saw a connection to the Caucasus Mountains.
In the United States, white people are often called "Caucasian".
But the "Caucasian race" included people with a skin from white to dark brown.
Some persons in the pictures have white skin, others have brown skin.
But in former times, scientists saw all persons in the pictures as members of the "Caucasian race".
A voice is used when someone speaks or sings.
The sound of their voice can be heard when they are speaking.
The musical part of a song that is sung by a person using their voice is called vocals.
Some people have no voice.
This is muteness.
James Madison Jr. (March 16,1751  – June 28, 1836) was the fourth president of the United States.
He was also the most important author of the United States Constitution and a slaveowner with a big plantation.
Madison was the shortest president, with a height of .
James Madison Jr. was the eldest son of Col.
and Nellie Conway Madison.
Madison married Dolley Todd (née Payne) on  April 18, 1794.
Madison started his career in the Virginia state legislature.
Madison learned many things from Thomas Jefferson.
Madison wanted a stronger federal government of the United States than the Articles of Confederation provided.
He was a member of the meeting that formed the current United States Constitution.
Madison is called the "Father of the Constitution" because he helped write a large part of it and persuaded people that it was a good one.
Madison was elected to the United States House of Representatives.
Madison helped write the first laws for the United States.
Madison also was the main writer of the Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.
Madison was selected by his political party to be the Democratic-Republican candidate for president in 1808.
He won that election and the next election in 1812.
The War of 1812 started while Madison was president.
Madison still hoped for peace, but Congress wanted war so he gave in and approved a declaration of war against Britain on June 18, 1812.
People who still wanted peace called it "Mr Madison's War".
Madison and his family were forced to flee in 1814 when British forces seized control of Washington D.C and burned the White House, and many other buildings, to the ground.
Dolley Madison, his wife, famously saved a portrait of George Washington from the fire.
The war caused Madison to want a stronger government than he had before.
While he originally was against a national bank, he realized that it was necessary and it was necessary for funding a war.
When the charter of the national bank expired, Madison renewed it.
Madison retired to Virginia after his second term.
Madison died on June 28, 1836.
Madison's White House biography
1751 births
1836 deaths
United States representatives from Virginia
Not to be confused with James Monroe King.
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth president of the United States.
He mostly agreed with Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the two presidents before him.
Many cities have been named Monroe.
Monrovia, the capital of Liberia, is also named after him.
Monroe was born in Virginia.
When James was 16, his father died.
At age 18, he joined the Continental Army.
He later studied law with Thomas Jefferson.
Monroe was an anti-federalist; he did not want the United States Constitution to pass.
He was elected to the United States Senate in 1790.
He helped form the Democratic-Republican Party with Jefferson and James Madison.
Monroe was president from 1817 to 1825.
With his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Monroe got Spain to give the United States Florida.
Monroe and Adams also created the Monroe Doctrine, which was a policy that said that the United States did not want Europe to be involved in the Western Hemisphere anymore.
Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise.
The compromise was to delay the slavery issue in the United States.
Monroe was the last president to have fought in the American Revolutionary War and the last one to be one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
Monroe retired to Virginia.
After his wife's death he moved to New York where he died on July 4, 1831 of tuberculosis.
James Monroe's White House biography
James Monroe -Citizendium
1758 births
1831 deaths
Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth president of the United States.
He was the first president born after the United States Declaration of Independence, making him the first president who was born as a U.S. citizen after 1776.
Van Buren was born in Kinderhook, New York, in 1782.
Van Buren studied law by working for Francis Sylvester and later became a lawyer in 1803.
In 1821 he was elected as a member of the United States Senate, representing New York.
President Andrew Jackson selected him as the Secretary of State in 1827.
In 1832, he became Vice-President for Jackson, and in 1836, he became the 8th president of the United States.
During most of the time he was president, the economy was in very bad shape, and he was blamed for it.
He was the first president to have been born a United States citizen, since all of his predecessors were born British subjects before the American Revolution.
Van Buren lost the next presidential election in 1840 to William Henry Harrison.
In 1848, he ran again to be president as a part of the Free Soil Party, but he did not win.
Van Buren died on July 24, 1862, of heart failure after suffering from an asthma attack, on his Lindenwald estate.
Martin Van Buren was born on December 5, 1782 in Kinderhook, New York, south of Albany.
Van Buren was the third born of five children.
His father, Abraham Van Buren, was a farmer and a tavern owner.
His mother was Maria Hoes Van Buren, the granddaughter of a Dutch immigrant.
Martin Van Buren went to school at the Kinderhook Academy in the village where he lived.
At Kinderhook Academy, he excelled in English and Latin.
Van Buren left the school when he was 14 years old.
As a lawyer
In 1796, Van Buren started working in the law office of Francis Sylvester, an attorney that worked in Kinderhook.
He kept the office clean, copied documents and did other jobs.
While he was working there, he learned about law.
After six years under Sylvester, he spent a final year of apprenticeship in the New York City office of William P. Van Ness.
Van Buren passed the New York State Bar Exam in 1803, and became a lawyer.
Five years later, Van Buren became the surrogate (legal officer) of Columbia County.
There was no fixed term of office.
That is, Van Buren would be there until the opposition party was able to elect someone else in his place.
Van Buren held the office about five years until he was removed on March 19, 1813.
Van Buren represented New York in the United States Senate from 1821 to 1828.
He left the Senate to become the governor of New York in 1829.
On March 5, 1829 after he became the governor, President Andrew Jackson made Van Buren the Secretary of State, so Van Buren was only the governor for two months.
From 1833 to 1837, he was the Vice President. (
Jackson was still President at this time.)
Also was leading member of and gained much voting support by Free Soil Party.
Just a few months after Van Buren became president, there was a financial crisis called the Panic of 1837.
Van Buren believed in limited government, and did not respond in a way that many people wanted.
Many people blamed him for the economy becoming worse, and this made him less popular.
He earned the nicknames "Little Magician" and the "Red Fox" for his cunning politics.
Van Buren married Hannah Hoes, a cousin, on February 21, 1807.
They had five children together: Abraham, John, Martin Jr., Smith, and Winfield Scott.
Martin Van Buren developed pneumonia in the fall of 1861.
Due to this, he was bedridden.
In July, 1862, Van Buren had a serious asthma attack and began to weaken.
Van Buren died on July 24, 1862, at his home in Kinderhook, New York, of heart failure.
He was 79 years old.
1782 births
1862 deaths
American Calvinists
Deaths from asthma
South Holland is a province in the west of the Netherlands.
It is called Zuid-Holland in Dutch.
It is surrounded by the North Sea and the provinces North Holland, Utrecht, Gelderland, North Brabant, and Zeeland.
About 3,726,000 people are living in South Holland (2021).
The biggest cities are Rotterdam and The Hague.
The Hague is the capital of the province.
The Hague is also the administrative capital of the Netherlands.
That means that the parliament is there.
Rotterdam has the largest port of Europe.
Leiden, Gouda, and Delft have town centers with many old buildings.
Zoetermeer is a quite new city.
Most of it was built in the 1970s.
Another important city is Dordrecht.
In South Holland there are some typical Dutch landscapes.
Near Leiden there is a region that is known as the Bollenstreek ("bulb district").
In springtime many large fields with flowers can be found here.
These fields are called bulb fields.
Near Rotterdam there is a small village called Kinderdijk with 19 windmills near each other.
The area south of The Hague is called Westland.
Here are many greenhouses.
The south of the province has many islands.
The largest of them are Voorne-Putten, Goeree-Overflakkee, IJsselmonde, the Hoeksche Waard and the island of Dordrecht.
These big islands are connected by bridges and/or tunnels.
Water resources
Plaatsengids.nl
Grand Theft Auto is a series of video games published by Rockstar Games.
The first was released in the late 90s.
This game was played from a bird's-eye view, meaning that it was like seeing the main character from a helicopter.
The second was called GTA 2 and also an add-on pack was added for the first game called GTA: London which was set in the 60s.
Then came the next games which were made in 3D which changed the way Grand Theft Auto was played.
The first in the 3D series was called Grand Theft Auto III which was set in Liberty City which is like New York.
Then there was Grand Theft Auto: Vice City which was set in the middle 80s.
It was very much like Miami in Florida.
The next game in the 3D series is called Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas which is based on Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas.
This game was a very big improvement from the older game because the map was so much bigger.
Grand Theft Auto IV (GTA IV) was officially announced at the Microsoft 2006 E3 Press Conference on May 10, 2006.
Grand Theft Auto IV is now being sold inside stores.
Grand Theft Auto IV now has 2 episodes, and a complete collection.
The latest game released in the Grand Theft Auto series is Grand Theft Auto V. It was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on September 17, 2013 and later on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on November 18, 2014.
Grand Theft Auto V broke the industry sales records by earning US $800 million in the first 24 hours of its release.
The game became extremely popular in the gamers community attracting programmers to create many mods to it.