the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Even a diploid individual carries genetic variety.
For that reason Dobzhansky preferred "set of chromosomes", and the definition now must be broader than Winklers' definition.
The genome of a haploid chromosome set is merely a sample of the total genetic variety of a species.
There are 10 lists of sequenced genomes on English Wikipedia.
They include animals, archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, fungi, algae, plants, plastomes, and protists.
Readers must look in the main English Wikipedia for them under the title "Lists of sequenced genomes".
Genome sizes
Note: The DNA from a single human cell has a length of ~1.8 m (but at a width of ~2.4 nanometers).
Human genome
Benfey P. and Protopapas A.D. 2004.
Essentials of genomics.
Brown T.A. 2002.
Genomes 2.
Bios Scientific Publishers.
Gibson G. and Muse S.V. 2004.
A primer of genome science.
Sinauer Assoc.
Gregory T.R. (ed) 2005.
The evolution of the genome.
Reece R.J. 2004.
Analysis of genes and genomes.
Saccone C. and Pesole G. 2003.
Handbook of comparative genomics.
Werner E. 2003.
In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes.
Drug Discov Today.
8(24):1121-7.
Witzany G. 2007.
Natural genome editing competences of viruses.
Acta Biotheoretica.
DNA Interactive: the history of DNA science
DNA from the beginning
All about the human genome project from Genome.gov
Animal genome size database
Plant genome size database
GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database
The Genome News Network
NCBI Entrez Genome Project database
NCBI Genome Primer
BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published
Software that maps an Artificial Genome sequence to a Network and to a Lineage tree
IMG The integrated microbial genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI.
Genome — all genetic material carried by an organism
Genome editing — a type of genetic engineering
Genome (book) — a 1999 popular science book by Matt Ridley
G-Nome — a mech PC game created by 7th Level
Genome — a superior humanoid race in Square's console role-playing game Final Fantasy IX
Genome (novel) - science fiction novel by Sergey Lukyanenko
Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are a type of microscope.
AFMs provide pictures of atoms on or in surfaces.
Like the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the purpose of the AFM is to look at objects on the atomic level.
In fact, the AFM may be used to look at individual atoms.
It is commonly used in nanotechnology.
The AFM can do some things that the SEM cannot do.
The AFM can provide higher resolution than the SEM.
Further, the AFM does not need to operate in a vacuum.
In fact, the AFM can operate in ambient air or water, so it can be used to see surfaces of biological samples like living cells.
The AFM works by employing an ultra-fine needle attached to a cantilever beam.
The tip of the needle runs over the ridges and valleys in the material being imaged, "feeling" the surface.
As the tip moves up and down due to the surface, the cantilever deflects.
In one basic configuration, a laser shines on the cantilever at an oblique angle, and allows for the direct measurement of the deflection in the cantilever by simply changing the angle of incidence for the laser beam.
In this way, an image may be created revealing the configuration of the molecules being imaged by the machine.
There are many different operating modes for an AFM.
One is the "contact mode", where the tip is simply moved across the surface and the cantilever deflections are measured.
Another mode is called "tapping mode", because the tip is tapped against the surface as it travels along.
By controlling how hard the tip is tapped, the AFM can move away from the surface when the needle feels a ridge, so that it will not hit against the surface when it moves across.
This mode is also useful for biological samples, because it is less likely to damage a soft surface.
These are the basic modes most commonly used.
However there are different names and methods such as "intermittent contact mode", "non-contact mode", "dynamic" and "static" modes and more, but these are often variations on the above described tapping and contact modes.
On January 14, 2011, he was forced to leave Tunisia and go to Saudi Arabia with his wife Leïla Ben Ali and their three children after a month of protests against his rule.
The Arab Spring started in Tunisia.
Work before Presidency
He was assigned to manage (direct and take care) the Defense Military Security in 1964, and worked there until 1974.
He was then promoted (his grade was changed to a superior one) to director-general of National Security at the Ministry of Interior in 1977.
After that, he was assigned to take care of relations between Tunisia and the Kingdom of Morocco.
The way that Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali governs had cause some problems with groups including the Al-Jazeera channel.
Al-Jazeera does not believe it is correct for Ben Ali to say that Muslim women wearing headscarves (religious clothes) in public places must take then off and say that they will not wear them in public again.
Presidents of Tunisia
Prime Ministers of Tunisia
Heraldry is the art and science of designing and using a coat of arms.
The study of coats of arms is also called armory.
The practice of using distinct markings on a person's shield started in the Middle Ages, when a knight's helmet covered his face, making everybody look the same in battle.
At first, only knights and nobility had coats of arms, but in the Middle Ages, some cities started using heraldry too.
By the end of the Middle Ages, other people began using coats of arms, now called burgher arms, which means they belong to a commoner and not a member of the nobility.
An official in charge of approving and recording coats of arms is called a herald.
The related study of flags is called vexillology.
Heraldry is described in English using a specialised jargon called Blazon which is based on French words.
Heraldry uses only bold, bright colors, called tinctures, with special names.
Gold, for instance, is called Or.
This word is often capitalised to distinguish it from the conjunction or.
Silver and white are sometimes treated as different colors, but in English Blazon both are called argent.
Some combinations of colors represent furs, and these have names that are only used in heraldry.
There are a number of geometric shapes, called ordinaries, that are used in heraldry, and each of these has a special name too.
The shield may be divided in a number of ways, usually following the lines of the ordinaries.
In the United Kingdom a baronet is a man who has the title Sir, like a knight, but who is neither
a senior member of one of the orders of chivalry, sometimes called orders of knighthood, nor
a Knight Bachelor.
On 22 May 1611 King James I set up the present hereditary Order of Baronets in   England.
He made 200 gentlemen of good birth baronets.
He did this partly to reward those people with more than a knighthood, without making them as important as a Baron.
The other reason was that the king needed money to keep soldiers in Ireland.
Each of the new baronets had to pay £1095, which was the cost of keeping thirty soldiers for   three years.
To explore Nova Scotia (New Scotland) in what we now call Canada, King James I of England was going a create  the Baronetage of Nova Scotia in 1624, but he died that year.
His son King Charles I  set up the Baronetage of Scotland and Nova Scotia in 1625.
The new baronets had to pay £2000 or to support six settlers for two years.
Today over a hundred  baronets of Nova Scotia still exist.
The Duke of Roxburghe, who is also Baronet of Innes-Ker of Innes is the Premier Baronet of Scotland  because the baronetcy is the oldest one still existing in Scotland.
It was created in 1625.
The Baronets of Nova Scotia were allowed to wear a badge from 1629.
The design on the badge is the same as the flag of Nova Scotia
The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (German Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) was a dual monarchy in Germany.
This means that one ruler ruled over two countries, in this case the duchies of Coburg and Gotha. "
Saxe" means of Saxony, because there were many small countries but all were ruled by members of the royal house of Saxony.
Usually the royal house of Saxony means the rulers of the Kingdom of Saxony.
The house of Wettin ruled the other states (Wettin is the family's surname).
The royal house of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was created in 1826.
One dynasty of the House of Wettin (the Dukes of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg) became extinct because there were no more male children to inherit.
The remaining members of the family divided their various lands between them.
The duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld gave up Saalfeld and instead got the duchy of Gotha.
Saalfeld became part of Saxe-Meiningen, which also took Hildburghausen when the Dule of Saxe-Hildburghausen became Duke of Saxe-Altenburg.
On 12 November 1826 Ernst III of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld became Ernst I Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Jülich (Juelich), Cleves and Berg, also Engern and Westphalia, Prince of Lichtenberg, Landgrave in Thuringia, Markgrave of Meißen (Meissen), Count of Hennerberg, Count of the Mark and Ravensburg, Lord of Ravenstein and Tonna.
Ernst had two sons.
His younger son, Albert, married his cousin Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha became the name of the royal house of the United Kingdom from 1901 until 1917 (the reign of Edward VII), when the name was changed the Windsor because of hatred of anything German in World War I.
The Duchy in Germany
Ernst I died in 1844 and his elder son and successor, Ernst II, ruled until he died in 1893.
As he had no children childless, the throne of the Duchy passed to the male descendant's of Ernst's late brother Albert the Prince Consort, husband of Queen Victoria.
But, the Duchies did not want to be joined to Great Britain, so their constitutions stopped the King and heir apparent of Great Britain from becoming Duke if other eligible male heirs exist.
Therefore after Edward, Prince of Wales, came his next brother, Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh.
Alfred's only son, also named Alfred, committed suicide in 1899, so when Duke Alfred died in 1900, he was succeeded by his nephew, Charles Edward the Duke of Albany, the sixteen-year-old son of Queen Victoria's youngest son, Leopold. (
Duke Arthur of Connaught and his son did not want to become Duke, so renounced (gave up) their right to succession.)
The new Duke started using the German version of his name, and ruled as Duke Carl Eduard.
Until he came of age in 1905, the Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg acted as Regent, Carl Eduard retained his British title Duke of Albany, but because he fought for Germany in the First World War, he was stripped of his British titles in 1919.
Carl Eduard reigned until 18 November 1918 when the Workers' and Soldiers' Council of Gotha deposed him during the German Revolution.
The two Duchies became separate states, but soon joined with bigger states.
Saxe-Coburg became a part of Bavaria, and Saxe-Gotha merged with other small states to form the new state of Thuringia in 1920 in the Weimar Republic.
The capitals of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha were Coburg and Gotha.
By 1914 the area and populations of the two duchies were:
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the only European country to appoint a diplomatic consul to the Confederate States of America.
The consul was named Ernst Raven, consul in the State of Texas.
When Raven asked the Confederate Government for a diplomatic exequatur (permission to be act as consul) on 20 July 1861 he was accepted.
Other members of the family became kings of Belgium and Bulgaria, and married into nearly all of the other royal families of Europe.
More than 50 years after Bulgaria became a republic, King Simeon returned to Bulgaria and was elected Prime Minister.
After the First World War the Kings of Belgium stopped using the name Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, but never officially changed their name.
Simeon of Bulgaria's legal name is Simeon Borisov Sakskoburggotski
The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha stopped being independent in 1918, when Germany became a republic.
Carl Eduard, the last reigning duke had his British titles taken away for supporting Germany in World War I. He died in 1954.
Belgian royalty
Coburg and Gotha
1826 establishments
1820s establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Germany
Berkelium (IPA: ) is a synthetic, radioactive, chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Bk and atomic number 97.
It is a metallic element and part of the actinide series.
Berkelium was invented by scientists and does not exist in nature.
Berkelium was first made by hitting americium with alpha particles or helium ions.
It is named after Berkeley, California and the University of California, Berkeley.
Its only uses are to create bigger elements and research.
Los Alamos National Laboratory - Berkelium
It's Elemental - Berkelium
WebElements.com - Berkelium
BBC Learning English is a website hosted by the BBC World Service since 1996.
It provides free learning materials for people who speak English as a second language and want to improve their English Language skills.
Omarosa Manigault Newman (born February 5, 1974) known mononymously as Omarosa is a former participant on Donald Trump's television reality show The Apprentice.
Omarosa was born in Youngstown, Ohio where she attended Rayen High School.
She has gone on to appear on various talk shows and other reality shows, where her strong personality has often been the source of controversy.
Her partner was late actor Michael Clarke Duncan.
Omarosa's appearance on Trump's The Apprentice ended on Week Nine, when she was "fired" (see Season 1).
During the final episode, in which two finalists competed, contestant Kwame Jackson chose Omarosa as part of his final team.
Trump complained that Jackson was unable to control Omarosa and added that he should have fired her.
Donald Trump cabinet
In 2016, President-elect of the United States Donald Trump selected Omarosa to be Director of Communications for the White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs.
She resigned on January 20, 2018, a year after taking the position.
Post White House Controversy
In August 2018 while on a book tour, she released controversial recordings of her time in the white house, including conversations with the president and white house chief of staff John Kerry.
She also told MNSBC she had heard Trump use the N-word during the Apprentice.
People from Youngstown, Ohio
The Apprentice is a reality television show that first aired in 2004 in the United States.
The person who came up with the show was Mark Burnett, who earlier successfully brought the British series Survivor to the US.
Until 2016, it was hosted by then-businessman Donald Trump, but in 2005, there was a spin-off hosted by Martha Stewart.
In the program, a group of 15 to 18 people hope to get a job worth US$250,000 to run one of Trump's companies.
In each episode, the contestants are split into two teams who each have to do a task.
The task could be selling something, making an advertisement, or running a stall at an event.
In the end, one team will win (usually because they have made the most money) and they will get a prize of some sort.
The people on the team that loses have to explain to Trump what went wrong, and at the end of every episode, Trump will say "You're fired!"
to one or more people from this team, who then no longer appears in the show for the rest of the season.
However, in the very last episode, Trump says "You're hired!"
to the person who wins the grand prize instead.
The American version of the show had fifteen seasons.
In the first six seasons and the 10th season, the people who appeared on the show were ordinary people.
In seasons 7 to 9 and from season 11 onwards, these people were celebrities, who try to win money for charities instead of running one of Trump's companies.
This version of the show is called The Celebrity Apprentice.
Trump hosted the show until he became President of the United States in 2016.
The most recent season, which aired in 2017, had Arnold Schwarzenegger in charge, but Trump continued to be the executive producer.
However, Schwarzenegger left the show at the end of the season after he was criticized by Trump for low ratings.
Many countries have their own version of The Apprentice, each having a different person in charge.
For example, the version from the United Kingdom has Alan Sugar.
Seasons (in the US)
Season 1 ran from January to April 2004.
It was watched by 20.7 million people and the winner was Bill Rancic.
Season 2 ran from September to December 2004.
It was watched by 16.1 million people and the winner was Kelly Perdew.
Season 3 ran from January to May 2005.
It was watched by 14.0 million people and the winner was Kendra Todd.
Season 4 ran from September to December 2005.
It was watched by 11.0 million people and the winner was Randal Pinkett.
Season 5 ran from February to June 2006.
It was watched by 9.7 million people and the winner was Sean Yazbeck.
Season 6 ran from January to April 2007.
It was watched by 7.5 million people and the winner was Stefanie Schaeffer.
Season 10 ran from September to December 2010.
It was watched by 4.7 million people and the winner was Brandy Kuentzel.
Season 7 ran from January to March 2008.
It was watched by 11.0 million people and the winner was Piers Morgan.
Season 8 ran from March to May 2009.
It was watched by 9.0 million people and the winner was Joan Rivers.
Season 9 ran from March to May 2010.
It was watched by 7.4 million people and the winner was Bret Michaels.
Season 11 ran from March to May 2011.
It was watched by 8.8 million people and the winner was John Rich.
Season 12 ran from February to May 2012.
It was watched by 7.1 million people and the winner was Arsenio Hall.
Season 13 ran from March to May 2013.
It was watched by 5.6 million people and the winner was Trace Adkins.
Season 14 ran from January to February 2015.
It was watched by 7.6 million people and the winner was Leeza Gibbons.
Season 15 ran from January to February 2017.
It was watched by 4.9 million people and the winner was Matt Iseman.
Survivor is a popular reality television game show produced in many countries throughout the world.
In the show, contestants are isolated in a remote location and compete for cash and other prizes.
The format for Survivor was created in the UK in 1992 by Charlie Parsons, and the first production of it was the  Swedish show Expedition: Robinson in 1997.
The US version is commonly considered the mother of American reality TV shows because it was the first highly rated and profitable reality show on broadcast television in the USA.
The show even has its own "reality coaster" at Paramount's Great America in Santa Clara, CA, called Survivor: The Ride!.
Survivor news and blogs
The Weakest Link is Computer Cable television quiz show, broadcast on TV from November 21, 2001 to December 22, 2002.
It was devised by Fintan Coyle and Cathy Dunning, and developed for television by the BBC Entertainment Department.
It was hosted by Craig Charles (2001-2002) and Claudia Winkleman (2002) and narrated by Chris Goldwell.
The series features a team of contestants who take turns answering general knowledge questions.
The object of each round is to create a chain of consecutive correct answers to earn an increasing amount of money for a communal pot within a specific time limit.
The number of "links" in a chain are equal to the number of the contestants at the start of the show.
An incorrect answer breaks the chain and loses all the money accumulated up to that point; however, a contestant can say "bank" prior to their question being asked, the accumulated money is stored, and the chain resets to zero.
Six contestants competed to win a top amount of 50,000 (2001-2002) and 100,000 (2002) by playing a quiz/elimination contest.
At the end of each round, each player is voted off as The Weakest Link.
The original format features a team of six contestants who take turns answering general knowledge questions.
The object of each round is to create a chain of six consecutive correct answers and earn an increasing amount for a single communal pot within a certain time limit.
An incorrect answer breaks the chain and loses any money earned in that chain.
However, before their question is asked, a contestant can choose to bank the current amount of money earned in a chain to a safe pot, after which the chain starts afresh.
A contestant's decision not to bank, in anticipation that they will be able to correctly answer the upcoming question allows the money to grow, as each successive correct answer earns proportionally more money.
When the allotted time for each round ends, any money not banked is lost, and if the host is in the middle of asking a question, or has asked a question but the contestant has yet to answer, the question is abandoned.
Occasionally, the host gives the correct answer whether the contestant is able to answer the question correctly or not.
The round automatically ends if the team successfully reaches the maximum amount for the round before the allotted time expires, and the next person says "Bank".
Each round thereafter is reduced by 10 seconds as players are eliminated.
The remaining two players have 90 seconds on the clock for the triple stakes round.
The first person to be asked a question in the first round is the player whose name is the first alphabetically in the original version.
Every subsequent round starts with the "strongest link"—the player with the most correct answers—from the previous round, unless that person has been voted off, in which case the second strongest answers first.
Money tree
2,250
Voting and elimination
At the end of each round, contestants must vote one player out of the game.
Until the beginning of the next round, only the television audience knows exactly who the strongest and weakest links are statistically due to Goldwell's narration.
While the contestants work as a team when answering questions, they are at this point encouraged to be ruthless with one another.
Players often decide to vote off weaker rivals, but occasionally opt to eliminate stronger players as well.
After the revealing of the votes, the host will interrogate the players on their choice of voting, the reasons behind their choice, as well as about their background and their interests.
After interrogation, the player with the most votes is given a stern "You are the weakest link.
Goodbye!"
and must walk off the stage in what is called the "Walk of shame."
In the event of a tie, the strongest link has the final decision about who is eliminated.
If they voted for a tied player, they have the option of sticking with their vote or changing it.
The strongest link usually sticks with their original choice, unless another player in the tie has voted for them.
Occasionally, the strongest link has voted for someone who is not in the tie, and so is forced to change their decision one way or the other.
The final two contestants work together in a final round identical to the previous ones; however, all money banked at the end of this round is tripled and added to the current money pool, forming the final total for the game.
At the end of this round, there is no elimination, with the game instead moving to a head to head round.
Head to head
For the head to head round, the remaining two players are each required to answer five questions each in a penalty shootout format.
The strongest link from the previous round chooses who goes first.
Whoever has the most correct answers at the end of the round wins the game.
In the event of a tie, the game goes to "sudden death".
Each player continues to be asked questions as usual, until one person answers a question correctly and the other incorrectly.
The winner of the game takes home all of the money accumulated in the prize pool for the game, and the loser leaves with nothing, like all previous eliminated players.
From 2001-2002, the maximum is 50,000 and In 2002, the maximum cash jackpot is 100,000.
The Weakest Link won the CableACE Award in 2002 for Best Exellence.
(Australian)
(American)
de:Der Schwächste fliegt
fr:Le Maillon faible
pl:Najsłabsze ogniwo
en:The Weakest Link (UK game show)
Anne Josephine Robinson (born 26 September 1944) is an English television presenter and game show host.
She was born in Crosby, Lancashire.
She is best known for presenting BBC quiz show, The Weakest Link from 2000-2012 which earned her the nickname "Queen of Mean".
In the United States she presented Weakest Link for three series on NBC.
She is one of the presenters on the long-running British consumer affairs series, Watchdog from 1993-2001 and again from 2009-2015, on 28th June 2021, she became the new host of the long-running game show Countdown.
Scooch are a British bubblegum dance group.
The members of Scooch are Natalie Powers, Caroline Barnes, David Ducasse, and Russ Spencer.
They formed in 1998.
The song reached #5 in the UK Top 40 Singles Chart on 13 May 2007.
People had already had the chance to download the song 2 months before.
If however the download and CD were released at the same time it is considered that they would have been #1 in the UK for 2 weeks in a row.
Performance in the ESC final
Scooch performed in 19th place on the final night and after the votes were confirmed, came 22nd out of 42 entries.
The quartet received 7 points from Ireland and the maximum 12 points from Malta.
This was the first time since 2002 that a UK Eurovision entrant had received the maximum 12 points in the competition from any country.
Rock art is a term in archaeology for any markings that were made on natural stone by human beings.
They can be divided into:
Petroglyphs – carvings into stone surfaces
Pictographs – rock and cave paintings
In addition, there is rock art made by aligning or piling natural stones.
The stones themselves are used as large markings on the ground.
Malotki, Ekkehart and Weaver, Donald E. Jr., 2002, Stone Chisel and Yucca Brush: Colorao Plateau Rock Art, Kiva Publishing Inc., Walnut, CA,  (cloth).
For the "general public", this book has well over 200 color prints with commentary on each site where the photos were taken; the organization begins with the earliest art and goes to modern times.
Rohn, Arthur H. and Freguson, William M, 2006, Puebloan ruins of the Southwest, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM,  (pbk, : alk.
Adjunct to the primary discussion of the ruins, contains color prints of rock art at the sites, plus interpretations.
Schaafsma, Polly, 1980, Indian Rock Art of the Southwest, School of American Research, Sana Fe, University of New Mexico press, Albuquerque, NM, .
Scholarly text with 349 references, 32 color plates, 283 black and white "Figures", 11 Maps, and 2 Tables.
Ekaterina, Devlet.
Rock Art and the material culture of Siberian and central Asian shamanism.
In The Archaeology of Shamanism.
43-54.
01/04/2007.
Rock Art studies - A Bibliographic database at the Bancroft Library containing over 10,000 citations to the world's rock art literature.
The website of Rock Art Foundation - Native American Rock Art
Trust for African Rock Art
British Rock Art Collection
ARARA American Rock Art Research Association.
Rupestre.net A rock art site, mainly devoted to Valcamonica and Alpine Rock Art.
EuroPreArt The database of European Prehistoric Art.
Art and Archaeology of the Dampier Archipelago
Bradshaw Foundation Supports dissemination of information on rock art, migration, and the study of artistic man around the world.
Rock Art in South Africa http://rockart.wits.ac.za/origins/
UNESCO World Heritage: Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
Edward Teach (1680 – 22 November 1718) was a pirate, often called "Blackbeard the Pirate". (
It is not clear what his real name actually was; some historians think that his last name may really have been Thatch.)
He attacked ships in the Caribbean and the American colonies.
His flagship ship was the captured French slave ship La Concorde which Blackbeard renamed Queen Anne's Revenge.
About 1718 it ran aground near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina and was abandoned.
Blackbeard often fought wearing a big feathered tricorn hat, and with lots of  swords, knives, and pistols.
Some pictures show him with lighted rope matches woven into his enormous black beard during battle.
The matches burned slowly and gave of lots of smoke.
They were designed to make him look frightening.
He probably got the idea from seeing the burning rope was used to light the gunpowder in cannons and guns. (
These old fashioned guns were called matchlocks, later a flint was used to make a spark, these were called flintlock guns).
No one knows how many wives Blackbeard had.
The book A General History of the Pirates says that he had as many as fourteen wives, but he was not legally married to most of them.
Blackbeard is thought to have been born in Bristol, England.
Teach went to sea when he was very young.
He served on an English ship in the War of the Spanish Succession, privateering in the Spanish West Indies and along the Spanish Main.
At the war's end in 1713, Teach, like many other privateers, turned to piracy.
Blackbeard was born in a trade epicenter and he grew up knowing about sailing.
Many merchant ships landed and traded there.
Blackbeard the Pirate
Teach began as a pirate under Benjamin Hornigold.
In 1716, Hornigold retired, taking advantage of an amnesty offered to former privateers by the British government.
Teach then took command of his own ship.
During the next two years Blackbeard attacked merchant ships, forcing them to allow his crew to board their ship.
The pirates would seize all of the valuables, food, liquor, and weapons.
Ironically, despite his ferocious reputation, there are no verified accounts of him actually killing anyone.
Capture and death
The Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia, Alexander Spotswood sent two ships after Blackbeard.
On 18 November 1718, Lt.
Robert Maynard sailed from Hampton, Virginia to Ocracoke Inlet, North Carolina.
On 22 November 1718, Maynard and his men defeated Blackbeard and the pirates.
The most complete account of the following events comes from the Boston News-Letter:
Teach was said to have been shot five times and stabbed more than twenty times before he died and was decapitated.
Legends about his death immediately sprang up.
His headless body, was thrown overboard, but swam three times around the ship before sinking.
Teach's head was placed as a trophy on the bowsprit of the ship.
Captain Maynard had to keep the head to claim his prize when he returned home.
Later, Teach's head hung from a pike in Bath, Somerset.
1680 births
Jenolan Caves are limestone caves in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia, 175 kilometres west of Sydney.
They are the most visited of several similar groups in the limestone of the country, and the oldest discovered open caves in the world.
Since 2008, Jenolan Caves has won many tourism awards, including 'Best Tourist Attraction' from Tourism Australia, in 2011.
They have many Silurian marine fossils.
The calcite formations are sometimes pure white and are know for being very beautiful.
World's oldest caves
By measuring the ratio of radioactive potassium and trapped argon gas, which was produced when the potassium decayed, scientists determined the age of the clay in the caves to be approximately 340 million years old, thereby making the cave complex the world's oldest known and dated open cave system.
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in association with the University of Sydney and the Australian Museum lead the efforts in scientific research into the caves.
Aboriginal Heritage
For tens of thousands of years, the Jenolan area has been part of the culture of local indigenous peoples.
This beautiful and mysterious place hold special significance to the Gundungurra people, who knew it as 'Binomil' or 'Bin-oo-mur'.
Gundungurra people's knowledge of the caves goes back a long way, as there is a Dreamtime creation story about how the whole countryside came into being.
The story describes an almighty struggle between two ancestral creator spirits - one a giant eel-like creature, Gurangatch, and the other, Mirrigan, a large native cat or quoll.
In the early years of the 20th century, the Gundungurra people penetrated the caves as far as the subterranean water, carrying sick people to be bathed in this water, which they believed to have great curative powers.
European Discovery
In approximately 1835-40 the area was recorded for the first time by either James, Charles or Alf Whalan, three brothers who each claimed to have discovered the caves while searching for a bushranger, James McKeown, whom they claimed used the caves as a hide-out.
One of the less-visited caverns in the area is called McKeown's Hole, however there is no actual evidence of his existence.
It is more likely the brothers were searching for cattle that had strayed from their nearby farm.[citation needed]
Getting to Jenolan Caves
There is no public transport to Jenolan Caves.
However, there are large carparks and a range of coach operators bring tourists from Sydney and Katoomba every day.
Activities at Jenolan Caves
Ten of the area's "dark caves" are open for regular guided tours every day (1 to 2 hours per tour).
These 'show' cave tour sizes vary; for example the delicate Pool of Cerberus Cave can have only 8 on a tour, while the Lucas Cave (with its large chambers) can have up to 65 people per tour.
Tours also vary in difficulty, for example the Imperial Cave has the fewest stairs, while the River Cave is the most strenuous.
However, the average tourist can tour any of these 'show' caves.
A self-guided tour of the huge Nettle Cave/Devils Coach House is also available in a range of languages.
Night tours run every night except Sundays, including the popular ghost tour, 'Legends, Mysteries & Ghosts'.
Several undeveloped caves are available for Adventure Caving (2 hours to all-day tours).
These Adventure Caving tours include the Plughole Tour, which runs daily and includes basic abseiling.
Other more challenging Adventure Caving tours are available.
Where to Eat and Stay
When visiting Jenolan Caves, tourists can stay at the heritage-listed Jenolan Caves House hotel, designed in 1897 by government architect, Walter Liberty Vernon, as a resort or retreat for the wealthy.
To cater for the expectations of the well-to-do, Vernon included a ballroom and grand dining room (now Chisolm's Restaurant).
Chisolm's is open for dinner every day, serving modern Australian cuisine.
Facilities include an hotel/motel complex, self-contained cottages, restaurant, bar and cafe.
Native Wildlife
Caves of Australia
Sizzler is a chain of steakhouse restaurants in the United States and other countries around the world.
Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad (20 October 1819 – 9 July 1850) was a merchant from Shíráz, Iran who started a version of Shia Islam called Bábism.
After he started the religion, he changed his name to Báb.
People who believe in the Báb are called Bábís, and they believe that the Báb was a prophet.
Bábís also believe that the Báb is the Qá'im that Shi'as believe will come in the future.
The Báb wrote hundreds of letters and books teaching who he was and what the rules of his religion were.
The Báb's new rules replaced the "Sharia law" or Muslim rules for his followers.
Bábism became very large; over ten thousand people believed in the Báb.
The Shi'a clergy, or leaders of Islam in Iran hated the Báb and tried to harm people who followed his religion.
In 1850 a firing squad shot the Báb in Tabríz, Iran.
The Báb had other names, for example the "Primal Point" and the "Point of the Bayán."
The Báb told everyone that another prophet who was stronger and even more powerful was coming soon.
People who follow the Bahá'í religion believe the Báb was talking about Bahá'u'lláh, who started the Bahá'í religion.
The Báb was born on October 20, 1819, in Shiraz, Iran.
His father was a merchant, and many people in the town knew him.
Very soon after the Báb was born, his father died.
The Báb's uncle Ḥájí Mírzá Siyyid `Alí was also a merchant, and he raised the Báb.
When the Báb became an adult, he started working as a merchant with his uncle.
In 1842 he married a woman named Khadíjih-Bagum.
Together they had one son, who they named Aḥmad.
Aḥmad was very sick and died when as a baby.
Someone who lived at the same time as the Báb said he was very calm and quiet; they said the Báb only spoke who he had too, and did not even answer questions.
The Báb was always thinking and praying.
People said he was handsome, and had a thin beard.
He always dressed in clean clothes, and wore a green scarf and a black turban, or wrap of cloth on his head.
The Shaykhis
Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsa'i started a Shi'a Islam religious group in Persia in the 1790s.
The member of the group, who were called Shaykhis, believes that god was sending a new messenger to earth very soon.
They called the new messenger the Qá'im, or theMahdi.
When Shaykh Ahmad died, Siyyid Kázim, who was from Rasht, Iran, became the new leader of the Shaykhis.
Shaykh Ahmad lived was born in 1753 and he died in 1862.
Siyyid Kázim was born in 1793 and he died in 1843.
When the Báb went on a pilgrimage to Karbala and the places near it, he may have listened to Siyyid Kázim teach.
Nobody knows for sure if he did or did not, because there are very few documents or records from that time.
When Siyyid Kázim was dying, in December, he told all his followers—people who believe what he taught—that they should travel and try to find the new prophet from god.
He called that prophet "The Lord of the Age", and told them that he would be discovered very soon.
One of the people who believed Siyyid Kázim prayed and fasted, or stopped eating from dawn to dusk for forty days - his name was Mullá Ḥusayn.
After that he travelled to Shiraz, and he met the Báb.
Announcement to Mullá Ḥusayn
Mullá Ḥusayn got to Shiraz on May 23, 1844.
A young man wearing a green turban greeted him after he had not been in Shiraz for very long.
In Iran at that time, only people who were related to the prophet Muḥammad wore green turbans.
Men who were related to the prophet Muḥammad were called Siyyids.
The young man was the Báb, and he invited Mullá Ḥusayn to his home.
The Báb asked Mullá Ḥusayn why he was in Shiraz, and Mullá Ḥusayn told him that he was searching for the new prophet, or Promised One.
The Báb asked Mullá Ḥusayn how he would know who the prophet way.
Mullá Ḥusayn told him that the prophet would come from a famous and good family, and would know many things without having to learn them, also that he would have no problems with his body.
Then the Báb said that all of those things were true about himself. "
Behold, all these signs are manifest in me."
The Báb was saying that he was the new prophet Mullá Ḥusayn had been looking for.
This shocked, or startled Mullá Ḥusayn.
Mullá Ḥusayn had one more way to know who the new prophet was, and he had not told the Báb about.
Siyyid Káẓim had told Mullá Ḥusayn that the new prophet would write a book explaining the Surih of Joseph.
Siyyid Káẓim had also said that the new prophet would do this without anyone asking him to.
After the Báb told Mullá Ḥusayn that he was the new prophet, he wrote a book about the Surih of Joseph.
The Báb called that book the Qayyúmu'l-Asmá'
After spending the night talking to the Báb Mullá Husayn said this. (
The words below might be hard to read.)
Letters of the Living
Mullá Ḥusayn was the Báb's first disciple.
A student of a religious leader is called a disciple.
In less than five months, seventeen more students of Siyyid Káẓim became disciples of the Báb.
All of the new disciples started believing the Báb was a new manifestation, or prophet of god without anyone else's help.
One of these new disciples was a woman.
Her name was Zarrín Táj Baragháni, and she was a poet.
Later she was given a new name,Ṭáhirih (the pure).
Later people started calling the first eighteen disciples and the Báb the Letters of the Living.
The Báb told the Letters of the Living that it was their job to tell people that he was the new prophet.
The Báb said that the Letters of the Living were special.
In Shi'a Islam there are fourteen special people, called the "Infallibles".
Shi'as believe the "Infallibles" are always right.
Muhammad, the twelve Imáms, and Fatimah, are the "Infallibles" in Shi'a Islam.
Just like the "Infallibles", one of the letters of the Living was a woman, and one was a prophet.
Nineteen was a special number in Bábism.
The Letters of the Living were very much like the Twelve Apostles of Christ.
Breakfast at Tiffany's is a 1961 American romantic comedy-drama movie based on Truman Capote's novella (short book), and starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard.
The movie won two Academy Awards.
It was nominated for a total of five awards.
It was directed by Blake Edwards, who also directed seven Pink Panther movies.
Summary of the story
Breakfast at Tiffany's is about a young woman named Holly Golightly.
Holly suffered an abusive childhood, along with her brother, Fred.
She and Fred ran from the abuse, and were taken in by "Doc" Golightly, who married her when she was about fourteen.
Soon after, the marriage was annulled, and Holly again ran in search of a happier life.
She eventually landed in New York City, where she became a high society escort, trying to raise money to make a home for herself and her brother.
Paul Varjak, an aspiring writer being kept by an older woman, moves into Holly's building.
Paul is amused by Holly's madcap lifestyle, and Holly sees Paul as a sort of "kindred spirit" in that they both are engaged in questionable business pursuits.
They quickly form a friendship, but at some point, Paul's feelings turn romantic.
The romantic attraction becomes mutual after a day of high-spirited fun; however, Holly's fear of being "caged" leads her to reject the relationship.
After some time passes and Holly suffers a series of setbacks, she is reunited with Paul, and has to decide whether she should keep running from commitment, or accept the love he offers.
The movie ends with a very famous scene of Holly, her "no-name" cat, and Paul embracing in the rain.
Explanation of the title
Holly suffers from bouts of anxiety (the "mean reds"), and finds spending time at Tiffany & Co. calming.
She feels "nothing very bad" can happen to a person in such elegant surroundings.
Though she clearly aspires to own beautiful and expensive things, it also seems she yearns for the sense of stability and protection she associates with wealth.
She sometimes gets a breakfast pastry in the morning and takes it with her to look in the store.
When she spends a day with Paul, she takes him to Tiffany & Co., so they can look at all the fine jewelry, and he can experience one of her favorite places.
Breakfast at Tiffany's  at the TCM Movie Database
Tiffany & Co., the jewelry story where the movie gets its name
1961 comedy movies
1961 drama movies
1961 romance movies
Movies directed by Blake Edwards
ja:ティファニーで朝食を#映画化
Juan Ignacio Molina.
Born June 24 1740; Died September 12 1829; Chilean Naturalist.
He is usually referred to as Abate Molina (form of Abbott Molina).
He wrote Compendio della storia geografica, naturale e civile del regno del Cile (1776), latter translated in English, French, German and Spanish.
The journal Moliniana is dedicated in his honour.
Charles E. Ronan: Juan Ignacio Molina.
The World's Window on Chile.
Mescaline' (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a chemical substance.
It occurs naturally in some cactuses, like the Peyote cactus,the Peruvian Torch cactus or the San Pedro cactus.
Small amounts of it can also be found in certain members of the Fabaceae (bean) family, like Acacia berlandieri.
The chemical can cause hallucinations.
In has been used as a drug in Native American religious ceremonies.
It is illegal in many countries.
Some people use it as an illegal drug.
Mescaline is used primarily as a recreational drug and is also used to supplement various types of meditation and psychedelic therapy.
It is classified as a schedule I drug in the U.S., making it illegal in all forms; however, it remains legal in certain religious ceremonies registered by the Native American Church Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.
Use and effects
visual hallucinations and radically altered states of consciousness (psychedelic experience)
open and closed eye visualizations
dream-like state
slowed passage of time
a mixing of senses (synesthesia, such as "seeing a sound" or "hearing colors")
pupil dilation
Side effects or risks
anxiety, fear
racing heart beat (tachycardia)
dizziness
excessive sweating
nausea, vomiting
accidental injury
psychosis, panic or paranoia
amnesia (loss of memory)
post hallucinogen perceptual disorder (flashbacks)
rarely, suicidal thoughts or actions
Use in Pregnancy
[[File:Psilocybe.mexicana.jpg|thumb|right|Psilocybin was first found in the mushroom Psilocybe mexicana]]
Psilocybin is a chemical substance.
It can cause hallucinations when eaten, and has also been found to reverse psychological conditioning, grow brain cells and heal the brain.
It occurs in many kinds of fungi and mushrooms, most notably Psilocybin mushrooms.
Most of these are known as psychedelic mushrooms.
It grows in Europe, South America, Mexico, and the United States.
Mushrooms that contain psilocybin are known as magic mushrooms.
The substance is used as a recreational drug.
Psilocybin works by activating serotonin receptors, most often in the prefrontal cortex.
This part of the brain affects mood, cognition, and perception.
Hallucinogens also work in other regions of the brain that regulate arousal and panic responses.
The hallucinogenic effects of psilocybin usually occur within 30 minutes after a person ingests it and last 4–6 hours.
In some individuals, changes in sensory perception and thought patterns can last for several days.
In 2016, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers first reported that treatment with psilocybin under psychologically supported conditions significantly relieved existential anxiety and depression in people.
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic.
It is a type of drug a doctor might give to put someone to sleep for an operation.
Ketamine can  also be used as a painkiller and a bronchodilator (which makes it easier for air to get into your lungs).
Sometimes it can lead to a special type of hallucination which makes you feel detached from yourself and the things around you which is why some people use it as a recreational drug.
As it can have severe side effects, it is usually not available as an over-the-counter drug.
Ketamine was developed in 1962 as a rapid-acting dissociative anesthetic that was used in surgery.
It was approved for human use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1970.
Unfortunately, abuse began along the West Coast and spread across the country by the 1980s.
The illicit market produced new forms of the drug, available as powder, capsules, crystal rocks, tablets, and injectable solutions.
The drug is largely abused intranasally (via sniffing) or orally.
Medical use
The World Health Organization (WHO) lists ketamine as an essential medicine, especially as an anesthetic and analgesic.
With medical supervision, ketamine is a better surgical anesthetic than many others, and it is safer for a wider range of patients.
It is also the anesthetic of choice in veterinary surgery.
Ketamine is not the first anaesthetic a doctor would think of using in most situations because of the hallucinations it causes.
On the other hand, while most anaesthetics suppress your breathing, resulting in the need for a machine to help you breathe, ketamine does not.
Side effects
Double vision
Finding it hard to express emotions, not being very emotionally reactive
Fast heart beat
Feeling sick and vomiting
Having trouble understanding or producing speech
Changed body image
Impaired memory and attention
Derealization, or losing touch with reality
Muscle rigidity.
Urinary tract effects
Urgently needing to urinate.
Finding it painful to urinate and having blood in your urine.
Not being able to hold as much urine in your bladder
Neurological effects
People who abuse ketamine a lot (more than 4 times a week) have been found to have impaired memory and increased depression when compared to people who don't abuse ketamine.
Those who use ketamine less frequently (1-4 times per week)and those who had stopped taking ketamine showed no difference in the aforementioned parameters.
This suggests that these problems with memory and mood do not affect infrequent users and might be reversible once ketamine use is stopped.
Mechanism of action
Ketamine is a NMDA antagonist in the CNS.