the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It also excluded synthetic antibacterial compounds such as the sulfonamides.
Certain bacteria are only affected by specific types of antibiotics.
Antibiotics fight infection caused by bacteria.
Patients might need different types or different amounts of antibiotics depending on what bacteria is causing their health problems.
Because of this, antibiotics should always be used under the supervision of a medical doctor (or other certified medical practitioner).
The doctor can also watch for side effects and change the patient's treatment when necessary.
Antibiotics are very useful when your body is infected by a bacteria.
Antibiotics don't kill virus, so it is useless against a viral infection.
A doctor must determine if a patient's infection is of viral or bacterial origin before taking antibiotics, this is another reason why a medical doctor should prescribe antibiotics instead of relying on self-medication.
Teixobactin
Teixobactin is the first new antibiotic discovered in forty years.
It is active against gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus.
It appears to be one of a new class of antibiotics.
Sexism is generally defined as discrimination based on the gender of a person—looking down on people because they are male or female.
Sexism may also include stereotyped roles for men and women.
International laws, such as Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women or Yogyakarta Principles demand to abolish any kind of sexism.
Sexism could affect a person attending a party, getting a job, joining a game, trying to get a promotion, being selected and so on.
Hatred of women is called misogyny.
Hatred of men is called misandry.
Reverse sexism is misandristically being biased because you think you're disadvantaged.
World literacy is lower for females than for males.
On 9 October 2012 the Pakistani schoolgirl Malala Yousafzai was shot in the head on her schoolbus by Taliban gunmen because she did activism for girls' rights to education.
Go is a board game for two players.
It is called Wei-k'i (or Wei-chi) in Chinese, Patok or Baduk in Korean and  I-go in Japanese.
Go is played on a board with black and white game pieces called stones.
Players take turns placing a stone of their color on intersections of a 19x19 square grid.
The player with the black stones goes first.
A normal Go board has 19 rows and columns of lines.
Some players use 9x9 or 13x13 boards because smaller boards usually mean shorter, less complex games.
A game of Go ends when both players pass their turns without playing.
This usually happens when adding another stone to the board doesn't change the score.
The winner is the player whose stones surround more empty intersections (points).
To that is added captured stones and komi.
Komi are points added to the second player, which in this game is the white player.
A game may also end when a player gives up and resigns.
In a game against a skilled player, a less skilled player may be given a "handicap" of extra stones on the board at the start of the game as well as playing black.
These rules help make the game and final score fair for both players.
Rule 1 (the rule of liberty) is that every stone remaining on the board must have at least one open "point" (an intersection, called a "liberty") next to it (up, down, left, or right), or must be part of a connected group that has at least one such open point ("liberty") next to it.
Stones or groups of stones which lose their last liberty are removed from the board.
Rule 2 (the "ko rule") is that the stones on the board must never repeat the way the stones were the turn before.
Moves which would do so are forbidden, so only moves elsewhere on the board are allowed that turn.
This is to prevent the game from going on forever.
Stones cannot be removed from the board except by the opponent surrounding it.
A group of stones are all "alive" as long as one stone is next to an empty intersection.
Stones with no liberties (no access to empty space) are captured and removed from the board.
At the end of the game, the prisoners are usually deducted from the score of the player who lost them.
The second rule is called Ko (eternity).
You can place stones on any clear intersection you want, as long it isn't taken off right after, or the board looks the same all over as it did before.
This is to stop the game from going back and forth capturing the same stones forever.
Players must make a move somewhere else on the board during a "ko fight" before they can re-capture a stone in the same position.
Its original Chinese name is "" (= wei qi or wei chi).
It is also popular in Japan, and its common name "Go" comes from Japanese.
In Korea the game is called "baduk".
In these three countries the game is an important part of the culture, like chess is in many western countries.
Go and chess are both board games and games of strategy.
They both have no luck or secret information, unlike some other classic games like backgammon (dice are rolled) or poker and other card games which also have secret information.
There are many places to play Go on the Internet, as well as local clubs and national organizations in many countries around the world.
A 2016 survey by the International Go Federation (IGF) found that there are over 20 million players around the world.
Most players live in East Asia.
Go was invented in China but the specific time is not known.
Some say it was invented more than 2,500 years ago and is the oldest board game still played today.
The historian of board games, H.J.R. Murray, said:
Players active in Japan
Eio Sakata - He holds the honorary NHK Cup
Masao Sugiuchi - He used to be the oldest professional player during 2004 to 2017
Masao Kato - former president of the International Go Federation
Utaro Hashimoto - founder of Kansai Ki-in, the largest Go organization in Osaka
Female players
AlphaGo - made by DeepMind Technologies, a Google affiliate
Darkforest - made by Facebook, source codes are available on GitHub
Sensei's Library, the largest Wiki about Go
Go - Citizendium
The Persian Gulf War, sometimes just called the Gulf War, was a conflict between Iraq and 34 other countries, led by the United States.
It started with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on August 2, 1990.
Iraq had long claimed Kuwait as part of its territory.
The war ended the following spring when Iraq's armies were defeated.
There were two military operations.
Operation Desert Storm attacked Iraq's forces both in Kuwait and in Iraq.
It started on 17 January, 1991 with an air strike.
Ground operations started 24 February.
Iraqi forces set fire to oil wells to slow the attack.
The war ended on 28 February, 1991 with a ceasefire.
The long Iran–Iraq War had ended in August 1988.
Iraq owed a great amount of money to Saudi Arabia and had difficulty paying it back.
Saddam Hussein declared the neighboring country of Kuwait to be siphoning Iraqi crude oil from across the border, and on August 2nd, 1990 the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait started.
On January 17, 1991 the US began the Persian Gulf War with a massive US led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm.
After 42 days of fighting U.S. President Bush declared a ceasefire on February 28.
By that time most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled.
Operation Desert storm included a bombing campaign that targeted Iraqi aircraft, anti-aircraft systems, oil refineries, weapon factories, bridges, and roads.
The war was a lopsided victory for coalition forces.
President George Bush decided not to depose Saddam Houssein.
Iran-Iraq War
1990 in Asia
1991 in Asia
Wars involving Egypt
Wars involving Iraq
Wars involving Italy
Wars involving Pakistan
Wars involving Syria
1990 in the United States
1991 in the United States
Conflicts in 1990
In Wikipedia, a Point of view, or POV, is one way of looking at an issue.
Wikipedia seeks a neutral point of view by including all relevant POVs, not just what one person thinks.
On a topic, a point of view is a perspective
In stories a point of view is the experience of the narrator.
See point of view (literature).
Viewpoint is a scrolling shooter video game released for Neo Geo and SEGA Genesis.
A video game developer.
See Point of View (developer).
Sicily[p] is the largest island in the Mediterranean.
Along with some smaller islands it is an autonomous region of Italy.
The capital city of Sicily is Palermo.
The population was about 5,087,000 (over 5 million) in 2004.
Sicily is the biggest region in the nation of Italy.
Phoenician and Greek people colonized the island in the 8th Century BC and sometimes fought wars there.
Carthage controlled most of the island until Ancient Rome conquered it.
In later centuries, Saracens (who significantly impacted the Island genetically and culturally) fought against the Byzantine Greeks, and Normans ruled it for a few centuries.
After the revolts of Sicilian Vespers, the crown of Aragon and Spain took over the Island.
Later, Garibaldi in the Risorgimento conquered it and brought it into the Kingdom of Italy.
[p] - The word "Sicily" is pronounced as "Siss-uh-lee".
Official Site of Regions Sicily (Italian site)
La Sicilia In Rete
Islands of Italy
Autonomous areas
A donkey or ass (Equus africanus asinus) is a mammal of the Equidae family.
The wild ancestor of the donkey is the African wild ass, E. africanus.
The donkey has been used as a working animal for at least 5000 years.
There are a number of other wild asses in different parts of the world.
The name 'donkey' is correct for the domesticated animal.
It is the tame animal that people use for transportation and other work, such as pulling a carriage or plowing a field.
Donkeys can have hybrid children with a common horse.
The child of a female horse and a male donkey is called a mule.
The child of a female donkey and a male horse is called a hinny.
Mules are more common, and have been used for transportation.
Donkeys, zebras and mules all look different from the common horses.
One difference is the ears.
Donkeys ears are much longer than a horse's.
The necks are straighter and the croup and rump are also a different shape.
The back is straighter.
The mane and tail of the donkey are rough.
The mane is still and upright, almost always standing up, and the tail is more like a cow's, most of it covered with short body hair.
Because their mane sometimes fly away, many donkeys wear their manes clipped short or shaved close to the neck.
Hoof shapes are different as well, donkey hooves are smaller and rounder, with more upright pasterns.
The legs should have good bone, but lots of donkeys have long thin legs with tiny feet.
Larger donkeys may appear opposite, with big, heavy legs and large round feet.
Good legs and feet are very important for mules that are trying to find a mate.
This is because, for breeding, a good foot is more liked than a large body on small legs and feet.
The donkey's voice is a very raspy kind, and it makes a loud "Ee - Aww" noise, known as braying (hence Eeyore in the Winnie-the-Pooh books).
Although most people think donkeys are a gray color, sometimes they can have stripes, dark ear marks, as well as the "light points".
This means that it has a white muzzle and white rings around its eyes, and a white belly and inner leg.
Colors of the donkey may be from gray to brown.
Or sometimes they can be black, both red and gray, creamy white, or a unique spotted pattern.
Donkeys come in lots of different sizes.
Some, like the rare French donkey, has huge heads and ears, and very thick, shaggy curled black coat.
Donkeys vary considerably in size, depending on breed and management.
The height at the withers ranges from 7.3 to 15.3 hands (31 to 63 inches, 79 to 160 cm), and the weight from 80 to 480 kg (180 to 1,060 lb).
Working donkeys in the poorest countries have a life expectancy of 12 to 15 years;
Caring for donkeys
Good grass hay and pasture is usually what donkeys enjoy to eat.
If the hay or grass is grained, the protein is best to be lower than 12%.
However, if a donkey is overfed, it will have a "roll" on the neck.
A roll is when fat bunches up and stays in a part of a donkey's body, and they usually happen on its neck or its hip.
If they develop on the donkey, it will usually stay for its whole life.
If the neck roll of fat gets too heavy, it will fall or "break over" to one side and never recover its balance again.
This is why donkeys should not be fed too much.
Many people do not like to work with donkeys.
They think that donkeys are too stubborn and will kick them.
However, a donkey that is nicely trained can be as easily managed as other horses.
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was written by J. K. Rowling and published on 16 July 2005.
The book is the sixth Harry Potter book.
In the sixth book Harry begins his sixth year at the magical school Hogwarts with his best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger.
During the year he has help in his worst class by the mysterious Half-Blood Prince (also known as Severus snape), he has his first romance and learns several very important facts about his enemy, Voldemort.
The film, based on the book, was to be released on 21 November 2008, but on 14 August 2008, it was announced that the film would be pushed back to 17 July 2009.
On 8 January 2009, the film was given a PG rating by the MPPA.
The previous two installments, Goblet of Fire and Order of the Phoenix, were rated PG-13.
The book starts at Severus Snape's house.
Narcissa Malfoy is very unhappy that Voldemort has made her son, Draco, put on a mission.
Voldemort is a very bad man who does not like half-blood or Muggle (non-magical) wizards and witches.
He wants to kill them.
Bellatrix, Narcissa's sister, and Narcissa go to Snape's house.
There, Snape agrees and says he will help Malfoy complete whatever his mission is.
Headmaster Albus Dumbledore comes by Harry Potter's place to ask him to come with him.
Harry says okay.
They go to Horace Slughorn's house.
Slughorn was the former professor of Potions over at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.
He does not want to come back, but when Dumbledore shows Harry, he says okay.
On the train to Hogwarts, Slughorn gets together his club again.
Slughorn likes to take a back seat and has a lot of influence, or power.
Harry is one of the most famous wizards ever and Slughorn wants to be his friend.
When school starts, the first thing Slughorn does is recreate his old Slug Club, filled with people who have power or a good name.
The Half-Blood Prince is of great mystery to Harry.
Harry finds a book with the Prince's name on it and finds that it has many helpful tips for making potions.
He follows the tips and is seen as very smart to Professor Slughorn.
His friend Hermione is mad that Harry is getting credit for information that he does not really know.
The old professor, Professor Snape, is now teaching Defense of the Dark Arts.
Dumbledore gives private lessons to Harry.
They usually involve looking into a Pensieve, which holds old memories.
In flashback, Harry learns that Voldemort was the product of an unhappy witch and a Muggle father that never loved him.
The witch was named Merope and she had an older brother and father that were very bad to her.
They made her work and crushed her spirit.
A Ministry of Magic wizard came and arrested the father and brother.
Merope left the house and gave a love potion to a young man she liked named Tom Riddle.
After she was pregnant with the baby, she stopped giving him the potion and he left her.
Soon afterwards, she goes to an orphanage and gives birth to Voldemort, naming him Tom Marvolo Riddle, and dies shortly afterwards.
Voldemort is a very bad kid.
He steals items from the other kids and uses magic against them.
Dumbledore comes one night to tell him that he has magic and invites him to attend Hogwarts.
One final memory shows Voldemort trying to apply for a job at Hogwarts.
Dumbledore, who was the Transfiguration teacher at the time, was just made Headmaster.
Voldemort wanted to be the new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher.
Dumbledore refused to make him a teacher.
This angered Voldemort.
Since then, no professor has held the Defense Against the Dark Arts job for more than a year and Dumbledore thinks it is because of this meeting.
Dumbledore tells Harry that Voldemort has six "Horcruxes," or pieces of his soul.
While Voldemort has these Horcruxes, nobody can kill him.
A couple of them have been destroyed.
In Harry's second year, he stabbed Riddle's diary with a fang, destroying one.
Before Harry's sixth year started, Dumbledore visited the old Marvolo home and found a ring and destroyed it but lost his hand as a result.
One night, Dumbledore and Harry go out to a cave area.
Dumbledore thinks there is another Horcrux there.
After getting there, they find a goblet.
Dumbledore drinks the entire potion, which makes him dizzy.
They find the locket and go back to Hogwarts, where they find that the Death Eaters and Malfoy have attacked.
They take broomsticks and land at the top of one of the towers.
Malfoy bursts where Harry and Dumbledore are.
Harry is hiding under an invisibility cloak.
Soon, other Death Eaters come up, but Malfoy cannot kill Dumbledore as Voldemort ordered him to do.
Snape comes up and kills Dumbledore.
The Death Eaters all escape afterwards.
Harry tries to get Snape, but Snape is too fast.
When Harry tries to use some curses he found in the Half-Blood Prince's book, Snape fights back and then declares that he is the Half-Blood Prince.
Later, Hermione says this is true, having found a newspaper article about a girl named Eileen Prince (a witch) marrying a man named Tobias Snape (a Muggle), making Snape a half-blood wizard.
Hogwarts holds a funeral for Dumbledore.
Harry opens the locket, only to find that someone named R.A.B was there earlier and found and destroyed the Horcrux.
He also says he will not be coming back to Hogwarts next year.
2005 books
Persian, also called Farsi, is a Western Iranian language.
It is the official language of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.
It is also spoken by many people in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and other neighbouring countries and by immigrants from Central Asia in Russia.
Persian was also taught as a second language in schools in Pakistan until 2006.
In the past, many of those places were parts of the Persian Empire.
Persian has many dialects and is officially called Farsi in Iran, Dari and Farsi in Afghanistan and Tajiki in Tajikistan.
The literary language of each country is a little different, but people from each country can understand one another when they have a conversation.
It has words from French in Iran and many from Russian Tajikistan.
ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن و ه ی
The Persian alphabet used in Iran and Afghanistan is similar to the Arabic alphabet, but since Persian in a different family from Arabic, their vocabulary and grammar are very different.
Since the 1930s, in the countries that were in the Soviet Union, like Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, Persian has been written in the Cyrillic alphabet, like Russian.
All Persian-speakers used to use the Arabic alphabet.
Persian is a very old language, and linguists use names for three different versions of Persian that were used in three different times.
Old Persian was spoken in the first Persian Empire, under the Achaemenid kings, including Cyrus and Darius the Great.
The empire existed from the 6th century BC to the conquest of Alexander the Great.
The second Persian empire was ruled by the Sassanian kings from the 2nd century AD until the Muslim conquest of Iran by the Arabs in the 7th century and spoke Middle Persian, or Pahlavi.
New or Modern Persian is spoken today and was first written down in the 9th century, during the Samanid Empire, which was the first Muslim Persian kingdom and was based in Central Asia.
The earliest writers of New Persian included poets like Rudaki, and Ferdowsi, who wrote an epic, a very long poem, called the Shahname, translated as the Book of Kings in English.
It has myths and historical stories from before the Arabs conquered Persia.
Many other famous writers in Persian language were poets too, a few being Saadi, Hafez, Rumi.
The Persian language has been very important one for literature.
After Arabic, it was the second most common written language in Muslim countries, especially in the East.
Modern Persian
Copenhagen is the capital city of Denmark.
It is also the largest city in Denmark.
In 2014, 1,246,611 people lived in the urban area.
Copenhagen is on the island of Zealand and the smaller island named Amager.
Founded as a Viking fishing village.
Copenhagen was built in the 12th century A.D. and got City rights in 1254.
A few years later, it was destroyed nearly completely.
In 1443, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark.
In 1801, there were more than 100,000 inhabitants in Copenhagen for the first time.
In the 1960s, more than 700,000 people lived in Copenhagen Municipality, and today there are 528,000 inhabitants in the municipality.
Near the city centre there is the famous Freetown Christiania.
Copenhagen is divided into 10 districts.
Indre By
Christianshavn
Vesterbro
Nørrebro
Frederiksberg
Amagerbro
Hellerup
Kastrup
Bispebjerg
Copenhagen Portal - Tourist & Visitors Guide to Copenhagen
Insider Travel Tips and Tourist Guides to Copenhagen
VisitCopenhagen.dk - Wonderful Copenhagen
Copenhagen for Partiers - Tourist Guide
WorldFlicks in Copenhagen: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps
The Nepali language is the official language of Nepal.
Besides Nepal it is spoken in India, Bhutan and parts of Burma.
In the Indian states of Sikkim and  West Bengal also it is an official language.
This language is also known as Gorkhali Language or Khaskura.
It is believed to have originated from the ancient Sanskrit language from which it takes many words.
It is written in Devanagari style of writing which is similar to Hindi.
It is spoken throughout Nepal and is the mother tongue of more than half of the population.
It is also used by the Government of Nepal for all official purposes.
In Nepal it is compulsory to study Nepali language as a subject until Grade 10 (High School).
Nepali culture
Languages of Nepal
Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal.
It is the largest city of Nepal.
The population of the city is about 1.003 million.
It has many Buddhist and Hindu temples and palaces.
Kathmandu has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa in the Köppen climate classification).
Cities in Nepal
Anything related to Nepal
Nepali language or Gorkhali – the official language of modern Nepal as well as parts of India and Bhutan
Nepal Bhasa or Newari – the literary language of the Kathmandu Valley and the old state of Nepal
Note: years before or after the 11th century are in italics.
Note: years before or after the 10th century are in italics.
An unknown event causes the decline of the Maya Classical Era.
Beowulf might have been written down in this century.
It could also have been in the 8th century.
Reign of Charlemagne, and the Carolingian Renaissance in Western Europe.
Large-scale Viking attacks on Europe begin.
Oseberg ship burial.
The Magyars begin their conquest of Pannonia.
The Tukolor settle in the Senegal river valley.
Muslim traders settle in the northwest and southeast of Madagascar.
800: Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome by Pope Leo III.
800: Arab fleet sails up the Tiber.
800 – 909: Rule of Aghlabids as an independent Muslim dynasty in North Africa, with their capital at Tunis.
802: Jayavarman II of the Khmer people in Cambodia founds the Khmer empire and make the Angkorian dynasty.
803: Construction on the Leshan Giant Buddha in Tang Dynasty China is complete, after 90 years of rock-carving on a massive cliff-side.
805 - 820: Tang Dynasty was under the rule of Emperor Xianzong of Tang.
809 – 815: War between the Byzantine empire and Bulgaria.
811: Battle of Pliska fought between a Byzantine force led by emperor Nicephorus I and a Bulgarian army commanded by Khan Krum.
Byzantines are defeated in a series of engagements, ending with the death of Nicephorus I.
813: In Battle of Versinikia the Byzantines are heavily defeated by the Bulgarians.
c. 813 – c. 915: Period of serious Arab naval raids on shores of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas.
814: Charlemagne dies at Aachen.
815: The 30-year Treaty of 815 between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire end the battles between the two countries.
824: Han Yu died.
827 – 902: Aghlabid dynasty colonises emirates in Sicily and then raids Southern Italy.
830: House of Wisdom, a library and translation institute, made by al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, in Baghdad to transfer the knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Indians, etc.
to Muslim world.
Also The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing which is one of the book of algebra is written by Al-Khwarizmi who worked there.
835: Ganlu Incident.
840: Death of Louis the Pious.
841: Dublin is founded on the east coast of Ireland by the Vikings.
843: The three sons of Louis the Pious reach an agreement known as the Treaty of Verdun.
They split the Carolingian empire into three divisions; East Francia was given to Louis the German, West Francia to Charles the Bald and Middle Francia to Lothair I.
845: Buddhism is banned in China.
846 - 859: Emperor Xuānzong of Tang ruled.
He was considered the last capable emperor of Tang Dynasty.
848 – 852: The west bank of the Tiber is added into the city of Rome.
A defensive wall, commissioned by Pope Leo IV, is built around what came to be called the Leonine City.
850 – 875: The first Norse settlers arrive on Iceland.
851: The Arab merchant Suleiman al-Tajir visits the Chinese seaport at Guangzhou in southern China.
He sees the making of porcelain, the Islamic mosque built at Guangzhou, the granary system of the city, and how its municipal administration worked.
859: Muslims make the University of Al Karaouine as a madrasa in Fez, Morocco.
862: The beginning of the Rurik Dynasty in Russia
863: The Chinese author Duan Chengshi describes the slave trade, ivory trade, and ambergris trade of Somalia in East Africa.
862: The Bagratuni Dynasty of Medieval Armenia begins with Ashot I
863 – 879: Period of split between eastern and western churches.
864: Christianization of Bulgaria under Boris I
867: Onward Revival of the Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty.
868: Ahmad ibn Tulun breaks away from the Abbasid Caliphate and establishes the independent Tulunid dynasty.
869: An earthquake and tsunami struck Japan's Sanriku coast, killing 1,000 people.
870: Prague Castle founded.
871 – 899: Reign of Alfred the Great.
875 – 884: Huang Chao leads an unsuccessful rebellion against the Tang Dynasty in China.
878: Battle of Ethandun ends in the victory of Alfred the Great over the Danish warlord Guthrum.
885: Arrival of the disciples of SS.
Cyril and Methodius, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav in Bulgaria.
Development of the Cyrillic Alphabet.
893: Council of Preslav - Vladimir-Rasate is dethroned and succeeded as Prince of Bulgaria by Simeon I. The capital is moved from Pliska to Preslav.
The Byzantine clergy is made to leave and replaced by Bulgarian.
Old Bulgarian becomes the official language of the country.
895/896: The year of the Magyars arrival in Pannonia.
This year is widely accepted as the beginning of the Hungarian "Landtaking"
Late 9th century: Bulgaria goes from the mouth of the Danube to Epirus and Bosnia.
In Italy, some cities became free republics: for instance Forlì, in 889.
The Christian Nubian kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power.
Harald Fairhair wins the battle of Hafrsfjord.
Norway was made into one kingdom.
Chess reaches Japan.
The Medieval Warm Period begins.
The Coptic period, at its most broad definition, ends.
Page from Koran (Surah II:286 and title Surah III) in kufic script, from Syria, is made.
It is now kept at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
Late 9th century – Pallava dynasty ends in Southern India.
Late 9th century - Womb World mandala, To-ji, Kyoto, is made.
Heian period.
9th – 10th century – Bowl with kufic border, from Samarkand, Uzbekistan, is made.
It is now kept at Musée du Louvre, Paris.
Laguna Copperplate Inscription, Kavi script, inscribed in Luzon, Philippines, dated Saka year 822 (900)
Adi Sankara
Al-Jahiz
Árpád, Grand Prince of the Magyars
Basil I the Macedonian (Βασίλειος Α') (811–886), ruled (867)–(886)
Boris I of Bulgaria
Empress Irene of Athens
Han Yu
Harald I of Norway
Huang Chao
Krum, Khan of Bulgaria
Li Deyu
Niu Sengru
Pope Johanna
Rurik
Simeon I of Bulgaria
Taizu of Later Liang
Wang Kon
Wang Xianzhi
Emperor Xianzong of Tang
Emperor Xuānzong of Tang
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
First image of a rotary grindstone in a European source.
Drawing shows crank, first known use of a crank in the West (Utrecht Psalter, 843)
First known printed book, the Diamond Sutra, printed in China using woodblock printing in 868 AD.
Invention of gunpowder by Chinese Taoist Alchemists.
Vulgar Latin begins to develop into various Romance languages.
Two syllabaries or kana are made from simplified Chinese characters in Japan.
Note: years before or after the 9th century are in italics.
Note: years before or after the 8th century are in italics.
Islamic period of Indus Valley
Note: years before or after the 7th century are in italics.
Note: years before or after the 5th century are in italics.
Note: years before or after the 4th century are in italics.
The Republic of Zambia is a country in southern Africa.
It shares its borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west.
It was called Northern Rhodesia and it is currently named after the Zambezi River.
Zambia is a undiscovered tourist hub home to one of the seven natural wonders of the world.
The might Victoria falls.
Zambia is a melting pot of culture and diversity yet to be appreciated with at least 72 spoken languages.
The capital of Zambia is Lusaka, which is also the largest city in the country.
Edgar Lungu is the current president.
Its motto is One Zambia, One Nation and its national anthem is Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free.
Its official language is English.
Zambia originated from Northern Rhodesia which was a colony of Great Britain.
In 1964 Zambia became an independent country.
The first president was Kenneth Kaunda, who ruled Zambia for 27 years with his party Child Grooming INC.
Zambia was a one party democracy.
UNIP was the only legal party and all other parties were banned.
After protests, democratic elections were held in 1991.
Kenneth Kaunda lost the elections and gave away his power in an orderly manner to his successor Frederick Chiluba, a former union leader.
Zambia is now a multi-party democracy.
It has had four democratic elections since 1991.
The latest presidential election was in 2021, which was won by Hakainde Hichilema against Edgar Lungu.
In 1969, Zambia was making a lot of money because of the copper deposits that were mined in Copperbelt province.
When copper became cheaper in the 1970s, the economy got worse because people in Zambia were not making as much money from selling copper.
Today, Zambia is a poor country.
It does not have many industries.
Copper is still its main export.
Commercial farming in Zambia is starting to make more money.
Zambia is divided into nine Groomas.
Each province is divided into several districts.
There are 72 districts all together.
North-Western
Benin (officially called the Republic of Benin) is a country in Africa.
The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo.
The government is based in Cotonou, the country's largest city.
Most people live on the small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin.
Because Benin was colonized by France and is still close to it, the official language of Benin is French.
Languages such as Fon and Yoruba are commonly spoken.
The largest religious group in Benin is Roman Catholicism.
This is followed closely by Islam, Vodun, and Protestantism.
From the 17th to the 19th century, Benin was ruled by the Kingdom of Dahomey.
It was called the Slave Coast by white people from as early as the 17th century, because of the large number of slaves shipped from Porto-Novo, Cotonou, and other ports to European colonies in the Americas.
After slavery was made illegal, France fought a war against Dahomey and took over the kingdom.
They renamed it French Dahomey.
In 1960, Dahomey gained official independence from France.
From 1972 to 1990 a Marxist–Leninist state called the People's Republic of Benin existed.
The current Republic of Benin was formed in 1991.
Benin is a narrow country in west Africa.
The country measures about  at its widest point.
It is between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer.
Benin is bordered by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south.
Reserve du W du Niger and Pendjari National Park attract tourists who want to see elephants, lions, antelopes, hippos, and monkeys.
Historically Benin has been a home for the endangered Painted Hunting Dog, Lycaon pictus;
Benin's climate is hot and humid.
Yearly rainfall in the coastal area averages 1300 mm or about 51 inches.
Benin has two rainy and two dry seasons per year.
The main rainy season is from April to late July, with a shorter less strong rainy period from late September to November.
The main dry season is from December to April, with a short cooler dry season from late July to early September.
In Cotonou, the average maximum temperature is ; the minimum is .
Benin is divided into 12 Departments.
Then it is divided into 77 communes.
Alibori
Atakora
Atlantique
Borgou
Collines
Donga
Kouffo
Littoral
Ouémé
Beninese literature had a strong oral tradition long before French became the main language.
Felix Couchoro wrote the first Beninese novel, L'Esclave in 1929.
Singer Angélique Kidjo and actor Djimon Hounsou were both born in Cotonou, Benin.
Composer Wally Badarou and singer Gnonnas Pedro are also from Benin.
The literacy rate in Benin is one of the lowest in the world.
In 2002 it was said to be 34.7%.
At one time the education system was not free.
Beninese cuisine is known in Africa for its exotic ingredients and flavorful dishes.
Beninese cuisine has lots of fresh meals with a variety of sauces.
In southern Benin cuisine, the most common ingredient is corn.
It is often used to prepare dough which is mainly eaten with peanut- or tomato-based sauces.
Fish and chicken are the most common meats used in southern Beninese cuisine however Beef, goat, and bush rat are also eaten.
The main food in northern Benin is yams.
The northern provinces use beef and pork meat which is fried in palm or peanut oil or cooked in sauces.
Couscous, rice, and beans are commonly eaten, along with fruits such as mangoes, oranges, avocados, bananas, kiwi fruit, and pineapples.
Meat is usually expensive.
Meals are usually light on meat and generous on vegetable fat.
Smoked fish is commonly prepared in Benin.
Many people have outdoor mud stoves for cooking.
The Dominican Republic (Spanish: República Dominicana) is a country on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola; the other country on the island is Haiti.
Its capital, and largest city, is Santo Domingo.
The national language is Spanish.
The country was part of the Spanish empire until the late 18th century.
In the 19th century France, Spain and Haiti controlled it at various times, and later it was independent.
It was occupied by the United States from 1916 to 1924.
The Dominican Republic is a presidential democratic republic.
The country has a tropical climate but modified by elevation and the trade winds (winds that come from the northeast, from the Atlantic Ocean).
The Spanish brought African slaves to the country.
Dominican Republic is one of the biggest producers of cacao.
The island of Hispaniola was discovered by Christopher Columbus on December 5th,  1492, but the first time that he saw part of the present Dominican Republic was on January 4th, 1493 when he saw a headland that he named Monte Cristi ("Mountain of Christ").
That mountain is called now El Morro and is near the city of Monte Cristi.
From Monte Cristi, Columbus went east along the north coast of the island and on 6 January, after visiting the Samaná Bay, he went back to Spain.
In his second trip to America, he founded the first European city in the continent, La Isabela, near the present city of Puerto Plata.
Later, Bartholomew Columbus founded the city of Santo Domingo, the oldest permanent European city in the Americas.
From here, many Spaniards went to conquer other islands (Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico).
Because Cuba was closer to the continent, many people moved there from Hispaniola, and then to the continent.
Because of that, the population of the island grew very slowly.
By the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697, Spain gave the western third of the island to France and kept the eastern part, and so the island had two different colonies: the French Saint-Domingue and the Spanish Santo Domingo.
In 1795, France got the whole island but they could only control the eastern part because Haiti became independent very soon.
In 1809, the French government gave back the old colony of "Santo Domingo" to Spain.
On 1 December 1821, the Spanish lieutenant governor José Núñez de Cáceres declared the independence from Spain.
The new country had the name Estado Independiente del Haití Español ("Independent State of Spanish Haiti").
But on 9 February 1822, the Haitian army occupied the country and stayed for 22 years.
Juan Pablo Duarte founded a secret society, La Trinitaria, to fight for the Dominican independence.
The Haitian occupation ended on 27 February 1844, when the inhabitants of the eastern part of the Hispaniola made a new country named República Dominicana ("Dominican Republic").
From 1861 to 1865, the country was again a Spanish colony.
On 16 August 1863 began the Restoration War when the Dominicans fought to be free again.
That war ended in 1865 when the Spanish left and the Dominican Republic was again an independent country.
The country was occupied by the United States from 1916 to 1924.
In 1930, Rafael Trujillo became the president of the country through a coup d'état.
Trujillo was a cruel dictator, killing thousands of people, among them many Haitians.
Trujillo was killed in 1961.
After the death of Trujillo, Juan Bosch was elected in 1962 and became, in 1963, the first elected president since 1930.
But was Bosch was in power for only seven months.
In 1965, there was a civil war between those that wanted Bosch back on power and those that were opposed to him.
Then the country was invaded again by the United States.
Joaquín Balaguer (1966-1978)
Antonio Guzmán (1978-1982)
Salvador Jorge Blanco (1982-1986)
Joaquín Balaguer (1986-1996)
Leonel Fernández (1996-2000)
Hipólito Mejía (2000-2004)
Leonel Fernández (2004-2012)
The government is divided in three branches: the Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary.
The Executive branch is made up of the President, the Vice President and the Ministers who are called Secretaries of State.
The President is chief of state and head of government and is elected every 4 years.
He nominates the cabinet.
The current president is Danilo Medina Sánchez.
The Legislative branch makes the laws and is made up of the Congress, which is in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic.
The Congress is divided into two groups: the Senate, with 32 members (one for every province and one for the National District), and the Chamber of Deputies with 178 members.
The Dominican Republic is a constitutional democracy ruled by a president.
The president is elected every 4 years.
The current president is Danilo Medina Sánchez, of the PLD.
PRD: the Dominican Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Dominicano).
The PRD is a somewhat socialist party.
The party was founded in 1939 in Havana, Cuba.
It was then established in the Dominican Republic in 1961.
PRSC: the Social Christian Reformist Party (Spanish: Partido Reformista Social Cristiano).
It is a conservative party founded in 1964 by Joaquín Balager, who was President of the Republic from 1966-78 and 1986-96.
PLD: the Dominican Liberation Party (Spanish: Partido de la Liberación Dominicana) was somewhat socialist when it was founded in 1973; currently it's a liberal party.
The land
There are several mountain chains in the Dominican Republic.
The four main chains, from North to South, are:
Cordillera Septentrional (in English, "Northern mountain range"), close to the Atlantic Ocean.
Cordillera Central (in English, "Central mountain range") that continues into northern Haiti where it is called Massif du Nord.
The highest mountains of the West Indies are in this chain; Pico Duarte, with 3,087 m, is the highest.
The main rivers of the Hispaniola have their sources in this mountain range.
Sierra de Neiba.
Sierra de Bahoruco, known in Haití as Massif de la Selle.
The Cibao Valley (Dominican Republic) is the largest and most important valley of the country.
This long valley stretches from North Haiti to Samaná Bay, south of the Cordillera Septentrional.
The San Juan Valley and Plain of Azua are big valleys south of the Cordillera Central.
The Hoya de Enriquillo or Neiba Valley is a very arid valley south of Sierra de Neiba.
Llano Costero del Caribe (in English, "Caribbean Coastal Plain") is in the southeast of the country.
It is a large prairie east of Santo Domingo.
There are very important sugar cane plantations in this plain.
The four most important rivers of the Dominican Republic are Yaque del Norte, Yuna, Yaque del Sur and Ozama.
There are many lakes; the largest is the Lake Enriquillo, in the Hoya de Enriquillo.
At sea level, the average temperature is 25°C, with small changes from one season to another.
In the highest mountains, the temperature in winter can be as low as 0°C.
There are two wet seasons: April-June and September-November.
The most dry period is from December to March.
Rainfall varies greatly; eastern regions, like the Samaná Peninsula, get an average of over 2,000 mm in a year, but less than 500 mm fall in the southwest (Hoya de Enriquillo).
The ethnic composition of Dominicans is around 85% Mulatto & Black, 14% White and 1% Asian.
Mulatto Dominicans: They are mainly descendants of Southern Europeans and West Africans, but they have a little Indigenous Taino ancestry.
Mestizo Dominicans: They are mainly descendants of Southern Europeans and Indigenous people of the island of Hispaniola; some of them have a little West & Central African ancestry.
Black Dominicans: They are descendants of West Africans that were brought over as slaves to work mostly on sugar cane plantations.
Most of the African ancestry of Dominicans can be traced back to the West African countries of Ghana, Cameroon, and Angola.
White Dominicans: They are mainly descendants of Spaniards, Portuguese, and French.
Most of the European ancestry of Dominicans comes from the Canary Islands and Southern Spain, while many others descend from Portuguese, Galicians, Asturians, and French people.
Asian Dominicans: They are the most little racial-ethnic group in the Dominican Republic.
Most of them have they origins in South China coastal provinces and Japan.
Some of them are mixed with non-asian dominicans.
Indigenous Dominicans: They are mainly descendants of the Taino people that have survived to the first century of European colonization, slavery or epidemic deseases.
They just have a different genetic origin than most Dominicans, but they share the same culture with mulatto and mestizo Dominicans.
Most of them have their origins in the Central Mountain Range, the Mountain Range of Neiba and some valleys at the North and South regions.
The Dominican Republic is divided into 31 provinces.
The national capital Santo Domingo de Guzmán is in the Distrito National that is like a province and elects one Senator.
The Dominican Republic has a mixed economy based mainly on agriculture, services (including tourism and finance), trade and money sent from the many Dominicans that live in other countries (United States, Europe).
Agricultural production (mainly sugarcane, with smaller amounts of coffee, cacao, and tobacco) was the main economic activity but now is in third place after tourism and manufacturing in zonas francas ("free zones" where the industries do not pay taxes and all the production is sent to other countries).
The Dominican Republic suffers from poverty, with 83.3% of the population living below the poverty line in 2012.
The wealth distribution is uneven: the richest 10% gets nearly 40% of national income.
There are not many Taíno traditions in the modern Dominican culture; many places keep their Taíno names: Dajabón, Bánica, Haina, Yaque, Samaná, etc.
Also many objects, plants and animals have a Taíno origin and their names have been included in other languages; for example: canoa (canoe, a small boat), hamaca (hammock, a simple bed), maíz (maize, corn), yuca (cassava, that comes from the Taíno word casabe, a kind of cassava bread eaten in the Caribbean), and batata (sweet potato).
That mix of different traditions created a culture that is known as Creole (in Spanish: Criolla), common to all countries in the Caribbean, Louisiana and some parts of South America and Central America.
In the Dominican Republic, only Spanish is spoken, however; there are 3 major languages that are also spoken such as Haitian Creole, Samana English, and the West African Yoruba language known as Lucumi spoken by few.
There is a local dialect or patois which is spoken by all Dominicans - see Dominican Spanish Creole.
In the Chinese Dominican comunnity (composed around 60 000 people) elder generations keep talking in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese Chinese.
The official religion is Roman Catholicism but there is freedom of religion.
Protestant groups are important, representing about 15% of the total population.
Each year major festivities called fiestas patronales are held.
They are Catholic festivities in honor of the Patron saints of the towns and villages; it is a Spanish tradition to associate every town with a Catholic saint.
The festivities includes church services, street parades, fire works, dance contests and other activities.
Dominican Voodoo or Santeria is also practiced in large numbers as well as Dominican Palo, Dominican Kongo religion, and others.
National holidays
The non-working holidays are not moved to another day.
If a movable holiday falls on Saturday, Sunday or Monday then it is not moved to another day.
If it falls on Tuesday or Wednesday, the holiday is moved to the previous Monday.
If it falls on Thursday or Friday, the holiday is moved to the next Monday.
April 5 – Booker T. Washington, American inventor, educator, and writer (d. 1915)
July 10 – Nikola Tesla, Croatian physicist (d. 1943)
July 26 – George Bernard Shaw, Irish writer (d. 1950)
August 3 – Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1919)
December 28 – Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1924)
Navassa Island, or La Navase in Haitian Creole, is a small island without anyone living on it in the Caribbean Sea.
It is located ninety miles south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
The United States government claims the two-square-mile island as a territory of the United States, and it is under control of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
The island is also claimed by Haiti.
Some sailors sailing with Christopher Columbus named Navassa  in 1504, because no fresh water could be found there.
A captain named Peter Duncan gave it to the U.S. in the late 1850s, for the purpose of guano mining.
After a rebellion in 1889, and the Spanish-American War of 1898, the mining was put to an end.
With the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, Navassa became important again, because of a lighthouse being built there.
After World War II, no one lived on it again.
In 1996, Navassa's light was put out of use, and the island was transferred to the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Three years later in 1999, the Fish and Wildlife Service received ownership of the island.
Navassa became a U.S. insular area in October 1857, when a representative of the Baltimore Fertilizer Company took possession of the island in the name of the United States pursuant to the Guano Act of August 18, 1856 (Title 48, U.S. Code, sections 1411-19).
In 1889 the island's actual operation passed to the Navassa Phosphate Company.
All operations were abandoned in 1898, when the island became effectively uninhabited.
Navassa Island is three square miles in area.
Navassa lies about one hundred miles south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, about thirty miles west of Cape Tiburon, Haiti, at the southwest entrance to the Windward Passage, east of Kingston, Jamaica.