the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Usually found in the river systems of Indus (Pakistan) and the Brahmaputra (Bangladesh, Bhutan & North eastern India), the Ganges (Bangladesh, India & Nepal), and the Mahanadi River (in the  rainforest biome) (India).
Small numbers are in Kaladan and the Ayeyarwady in Myanmar.
It is sympatric, in respective areas, with the mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) and the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus).
Gharials live in rivers.
They are best adapted to the calmer areas in deep fast moving rivers.
Their physical attributes do not make the animals very suited to walk on land.
In fact the only reasons the gharial leaves the water is to either bask in the sun or to nest on the sandbanks of the rivers.
The Gharial has a long, narrow snout.
This is the feature that is most different from most other Crocodilia.
The only other species who has such a snout is the False gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii), which is closely related.
The shape of this snout changes when the animal grows older.
The snout becomes progressively thinner the older the gharial gets.
There is a  bulbous growth on the tip of the male's snout.
This is called a 'ghara' (after the Indian word meaning 'pot').
It is only present in mature animals.
It is used for different activities, such as making a resonant hum during vocalization.
It is also used for attracting females.
The mating ritual includes a section where the male uses this ghara to make bubbles.
The long jaws are lined with many interlocking, razor-sharp teeth.
This is an adaptation to the diet (predominantly fish in adults).
This species is one of the largest of all crocodilian species, approaching the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and the Nile crocodile in maximum size - males reach at least 5 metres in length, and often approach 6 metres.
Reports of 7 metre animals exist, but are unconfirmed.
The leg musculature of the gharial is not suited to enable the animal to raise the body off the ground (on land) in order to achieve the high-walk gait - being able only to push its body forward across the ground ('belly-sliding'), although it can do this with some speed when required.
However, when in water, the gharial is the most nimble and quick of all the crocodiles in the world.
The tail seems overdeveloped and is flattened on the side, more so than other crocodiles.
This enables it to achieve the excellent swimming abilities.
The gharial has 27 to 29 upper and 25 or 26 lower teeth on each side.
These teeth are not received into interdental pits; the first, second, and third mandibular teeth fit into notches in the upper jaw.
The front teeth are the largest.
The gharial's snout is narrow and long, with a dilation at the end and its nasal bones are comparatively short and are widely separated from the pre-maxillaries.
The nasal opening of a gharial is smaller than the supra-temporal fossae.
The gharial's lower anterior margin of orbit (jugal) is raised and its mandibular symphysis is extremely long, extending to the 23rd or 24th tooth.
A dorsal shield is formed from four longitudinal series of juxtaposed, keeled and bony scutes.
The length of the snout is 3.5 (in adults) to 5.5 times (in young) the breadth of the snout's base.
Nuchal and dorsal scutes form a single continuous shield composed of 21 or 22 transverse series.
Gharials have an outer row of soft, smooth or feebly-keeled scutes in addition to the bony dorsal scutes.
They also have two small post-occipital scutes.
The outer toes of a gharial are two-thirds webbed, while the middle toe is one-third webbed.
Gharials have a strong crest on the outer edge of the forearm, leg and foot.
Typically, adult gharials are of a dark olive hue while young ones are pale olive, with dark brown spots or cross-bands.
Young gharials eat insects, larvae, and small frogs.
Adults feed almost only on fish, although some individuals have been known to eat dead animals.
Their snout morphology is ideally suited for piscivory; their long, narrow snouts afford very little resistance to water in swiping motions to snap up fish in the water.
Their numerous needle-like teeth are perfect for holding on to struggling, slippery fish.
Danger to humans
The Gharial is not a man-eater.
Despite its immense size, its thin, fragile jaws make it physically incapable of devouring any large animal, including a human being.
The myth that gharials eat humans may come partly from their similar appearance to crocodiles and because jewelry has been found in the digestive system.
However, the gharial may have swallowed this jewelry while scavenging corpses or because  used to aid digestion or buoyancy management.
The mating season is during November through December and well into January.
The nesting and laying of eggs takes place in the dry season of March, April, and May.
This is because during the dry season the rivers shrink a bit and the sandy river banks are available for nesting.
Between 30 and 50 eggs are deposited into the hole that the female digs up before it is covered over carefully.
After about 90 days, the juveniles emerge, although there is no record of the female assisting the juveniles into the water after they hatch (probably because their jaws are not suited for carrying the young due to the needle like teeth).
However the mother does protect the young in the water for a few days till they learn to fend for themselves.
In the 1970s the gharial came to the brink of extinction and even now remains on the critically endangered list.
The conservation efforts of the environmentalists in cooperation with several governments has led to some reduction in the threat of extinction.
Some hope lies with the conservation and management programs in place as of 2004.
Full protection was granted in the 1970s in the hope of reducing poaching losses, although these measures were slow to be implemented at first.
Now there are 9 protected areas for this species in India which are linked to both captive breeding and 'ranching' operations where eggs collected from the wild are raised in captivity (to reduce mortality due to natural predators) and then released back into the wild (the first being released in 1981).
More than 3000 animals have been released through these programs, and the wild population in India is estimated at around 1500 animals - with perhaps between one and two hundred animals in the remainder of its range.
If the three surviving groups of crocodilians are regarded as separate families, then the gharial becomes one of two members of the Gavialidae, which is related to the families Crocodylidae (crocodiles) and Alligatoridae (alligators and caymans).
Alternatively, the three groups are all classed together as the family Crocodylidae,  but belong to the subfamilies Gavialinae,  Crocodylinae, and Alligatorinae.
Finally, palaentologists tend to speak of the broad lineage of gharial-like creatures over time using the term Gavialoidea.
Janke et al. (
2005), using molecular genetic evidence, found the gharial and the false gharial (Tomistoma) to be close relatives, and placed them together in the same family.
Superfamily Gavialoidea
Indus crocodile
Listed as Endangered (EN C2a, E v2.3)
Janke A, Gullberg A, Hughes S, Aggarwal RK, Arnason U. (2005). "
Mitogenomic analyses place the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) on the crocodile tree and provide pre-K/T divergence times for most crocodilians."
J Mol Evol.
61(5):620-6.
http://reptilis.net/crocodylia/gavies/gavialidae.html a less formal article, great photos
http://www.vic.com/nepal/images/gharial.html  photo of a large specimen in the wild
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/!ggan1.htm teeth and feeding
http://www.whozoo.org/students/lydia/gharials.htm excellent photos from Fort Worth Zoo
http://www.oneworldmagazine.org/tales/crocs/gharial.html  a charming folk tale
http://www.scz.org/animals/g/gharial.html  species summary from Sedgwick County Zoo
http://www.itis.usda.gov  ITIS Taxonomic Serial No.:
202217
Gharials
Reptiles of Pakistan
Franck Ribéry (born 7 April 1983) is a French football player.
He plays for Fiorentina and France national team.
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|2001/02||Championnat National||20||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||5
|2002/03||Olympique Alès||Championnat National||18||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||1
|2003/04||Stade Brestois||Championnat National||35||3||2||1||colspan="2"|-||37||4
|2004/05||Metz||Ligue 1||20||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||2
|2004/05||Galatasaray||Süper Lig||14||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||17||1
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||35||6||6||3||7||1||48||10
|2006/07||25||5||7||1||5||1||37||7
|2007/08||rowspan="6"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||28||11||7||5||10||3||45||19
|2008/09||25||9||3||1||8||4||36||14
|2009/10||19||4||4||2||4||2||30||7
|2010/11||25||7||3||2||4||2||32||11
|2011/12||32||12||4||2||14||3||50||15
|2012/13||27||10||2||0||11||1||41||11
|2012||14||4
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The false gharial or Malayan gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) is a fresh-water reptile.
It looks like  a crocodile with a very thin and long snout, like that of the gharial.
That is where the name of the species is from.
It has long been classed in the family Crocodylidae.
However, recent immunological studies show it is more closely related to the gharial than was originally thought.
So now classed in the family Gavialidae, after all.
The animal is native to six river systems in Sumatra and Malaysia.
It can also be found in Borneo, Java, Vietnam, Thailand (not seen since 1970), and possibly Sulawesi.
Fossils finds in southern China indicate that, at some point in the past, the species occurred there.
The false gharial, like all other crocodilians, lays eggs.
It is a mound nester.
Females usually mature at 2–3 m. Mated females will lay a clutch of 30-60 eggs in a mound of dry leaves or peat.
Once the eggs are laid, and construction of the mound is completed, she abandons her nest.
Unlike most other crocodilian species, the young receive no parental care and are at risk of being eaten by predators like wild boar, mongooses, big cats such as tigers and leopards, civets, and wild dogs.
The young hatch after 90 days and are left to look after themselves.
The false gharial is threatened with extinction throughout most of its range.
The drainage of its freshwater swamplands and clearance of surrounding rainforests removes its habitat.
The animal is hunted frequently for its skin and meat and the eggs are often taken for human consumption.
However, positive steps have been taken by the Malaysian and Indonesian governments to prevent its extinction in the wild.
Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered and the criteria used
BBC News: 'Match-making' for rare male croc
A prime lens is a lens which has a fixed "zoom" or focal length.
It is easier to make fixed focal lenses than to include them in a variable focus lens.
Therefore, fixed focal lenses usually have a larger opening, known as an aperture, than comparable variable focus lenses.
They are usually also of a higher optical quality.
In optics and photography, an aperture is a hole where light can pass through.
In photography
The aperture of a photographic lens is a hole that can be adjusted to different sizes, using the aperture ring.
This ring is behind the lens, but in front of the shutter.
The aperture ring is a flat circle with a small hole in the centre.
The small hole is called the aperture.
The size of the aperture can be changed.
When the aperture is very small only a small amount of light can enter the camera.
When the aperture is big, a lot of light can get in.
This lets the photographer control the amount of light reaching the film or image sensor.
The aperture is changed along with the  shutter speed to control the amount of light that enters the camera.
This amount of light is called the exposure.
Typically, a fast shutter speed will not let much light in (meaning the picture could come out too dark), so the photographer will use a larger aperture to correct for this.
A slow shutter speed will need a smaller aperture to stop the picture coming out too bright.
The size of the aperture is described as an "f-stop."
This is a number that describes the size of the hole in relation to the focal length of the lens.
A low number (such as f1.4 or f2.8) means the aperture is wide open, and lets in a lot of light.
A high number (such as f8 or f11) means that the aperture is small, and does not let in as much light.
In general, such lenses have a lower aperture than comparable fixfocus lenses.
Depending on the manufacturer common zoom lenses (in the 30–100mm focal range, for film photography) usually have a varying aperture, from 4 to 5.6, perhaps 3.3 to 5.6.
There are also some zoom lenses with a fixed maximal aperture (to take the example from before: of 2.6 or 2.8, maximum).
In contrast, fix-focus lenses in that range have maximum apertures of 1.4 to 2.
Digital cameras sometimes have a function called  digital zoom.
This is a mathematical method which simply enlarges a part of the picture.
The result is not as sharp as that of the optical zoom.
When an optical zoom changes its focal length, this will also change the angle of view.
Digital zooms simply make a small part of an image bigger, without changing the angle of view.
Belinda is a closer moon to Uranus, a planet in the solar system.
Belinda was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986, and it was given the designation S/1986 U 5.
It is named after the heroine of Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock.
It is also designated Uranus XIV.
Belinda belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Rosalind and Perdita.
Other than its orbit, radius of  45 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.
At the Voyager 2 images Belinda appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus.
The moon is very stretched, with its short axis 0.5 ± 0.1 times the long axis.
Belinda Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
In photography, the phrase normal lens  is used for camera lenses that have a focal length which is roughly the diagonal of the image projected inside the camera.
Camera lenses with a shorter focal length are called wide-angle lenses, those with a longer one telephoto lenses.
This gives a natural perspective.
In Digital photography the situation is more complex.
The sensor type diameter is not the sensor diameter:
(*) refers to tv-tube diameters that were standards in the 50's.
The normal lens focal length is roughly 2/3 of the TV tube diameter.
(**) this is a mathematical calculation because most of the cameras have zoom lenses.
In cinematography a focal length roughly equivalent to twice the diagonal of the image projected within the camera is considered normal.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar (1927-2001) was one of the most popular and well-known Marathi writers of his time.
He became well-known mainly for his realistic writings about village life in a part of southern Maharashtra called Maandesh.
These writings about Maandesh are set in a period of 15 to 20 years before and after India's Independence.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar was a man of many interests.
He also read a lot of books on different subjects.
He was lovingly called Tatya (“old man”, or “grand old man” in Marathi) by his admirers, friends and family members.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar was born in Madgul, a village in Sangli district of Maharashtra.
The Madgulkar family had probably come from the neighbouring state of Karnataka a few centuries back.
They were one of the eight Brahmin families Madgul, which had a population of over a thousand.
The family owned some land.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar's grandfather and the earlier generations had lived off the land.
However, in Vyankatesh Madgulkar's father’s time, the land could not feed the family.
The family was large.
Apart from Vyankatesh Madgulkar, there were seven children, one of whom died early.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar's father took a job in the government of the Aundh princely state, which ruled over Madgul and the region around it known as Maandesh  .
The job took him to various villages and small towns of Maandesh.
For some time, the family moved with him.
In this way, Vyankatesh Madgulkar got to see life in many parts of Maandesh.
Although his mother was an old-fashioned woman who believed Brahmins should not mix with people of 'lower' castes, Vyankatesh Madgulkar freely mixed with children of other castes and communities.
From them he learnt how to climb trees, how to identify birds, how to trap fish, how to hunt.
Madgul had no electricity, bus service or shop.
But it had a primary school.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar studied there and later in a secondary school in a small town nearby.
But he was not a good student.
Some of his teachers told him he had no future.
When he was a teenager, he left home and joined a group of people fighting for India’s freedom.
For two years he was considered a criminal by the British government.
Working life
After India got Independence, Vyankatesh Madgulkar returned home.
His elder brother (“Anna”), Gajanan, had already left home and become a writer for Marathi films.
`GaDiMa’ (Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar), as he was called, went on to become a famous poet, song and screenplay writer, and a well-known name in Maharashtra.
GaDiMa’s success might have helped Vyankatesh Madgulkar to also think of becoming an artist.
However, he had his own personality, different from that of his brother.
As he said often, he had always had the feeling he was “different”.
He first wanted to be a poet.
He also loved sketching and painting.
And though he did not complete school education, he developed an enormous love for reading.
He learnt and read English books the hard way, with the help of a dictionary.
He read books by the American novelist John Steinbeck, the famous British writer George Orwell and the Irish writer Liam O’ Flaherty, and several other Western writers.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar first tried to become a painter.
He went to the city of Kolhapur in western Maharashtra to learn painting.
However, he lost interest in becoming a painter and turned to writing.
He wrote his first short story when he was 19 years old.
It won a literary prize.
This encouraged him to become a writer.
In 1948, when he was 21, he took up a job as a journalist.
Two years later he moved to the capital of Maharashtra, Mumbai, to write scripts for Marathi films.
In 1955 he took up a job in Pune, in the rural programming department of the government's All India Radio (AIR) station .
He worked here till he retired in 1985.
All this time, he continued to write.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar died in August 2001 at the age of 73.
He died of complications from diabetes.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar wrote in many different ways.
He wrote nearly 40 screenplays for films.
He wrote several folk plays.
He attempted a Marathi version of Fiddler on the Roof.
He translated books, especially wild life books, from English to Marathi.
He wrote essays on his travels, nature and interesting people he had read about, like Richard Burton, the British traveler.
However, he is most fondly remembered for his short stories and novellas (long stories).
He wrote 8 novellas and over 200 short stories.
His first book, Maandeshi Manse (People of Maandesh), was published when he was only 22 years old.
Maandeshi Manse is about different kinds of people Vyankatesh Madgulkar had met during his childhood in Maandesh.
The descriptions of these people are realistic.
However, Vyankatesh Madgulkar explained later that the descriptions were are not fully true.
The people in Maandeshi Manse are creations of the author, based on real people he knew.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar mixed the real world with his own imagination in the same way in all his Maandeshi stories.
He also did not change his style of writing.
Many of the stories told in this way are about poor people.
Some stories are about things that had happened during Vyankatesh Madgulkar's childhood.
Some stories are about family members.
Only a few stories have a plot.
Most stories have one central character.
But a few stories are about happenings rather than on people.
We see all this in his book 'Karunashtak' which mainly revolves around his mother.
Bangarwadi
The most famous of Vyankatesh Madgulkar's writing is his novella called Bangarwadi (1954).
It is about the experiences of a young schoolteacher in a village of shepherds in Maandesh.
The story begins with the schoolteacher walking alone towards the village called Bangarwadi, in the night, across a landscape with few trees.
When the teacher reaches Bangarwadi, he finds that the school is not working.
Over the next months, the schoolteacher successfully runs the school.
However, at the end of the story, lack of rainfall forces all the people of Bangarwadi to leave the village.
The school again has no students.
Within this story, Vyankatesh Madgulkar gives us an unforgettable and detailed picture of a way of living.
One reviewer, Taya Zinkin reviewing the English translation of the book in The Economic Weekly in 1958 said, “(it) is perhaps the most important book written by an Indian about India to appear in English since [Jawaharlal] Nehru’s Discovery of India.”
Bangarwardi was translated in several languages.
The great German scholar on India Gunther Sontheimer translated it in German.
Bookstores in Pune and other Maharashtra cities still sell the original book in Marathi.
It has been reprinted over 15 times.
Bangarwardi was also make into a film by Amol Palekar.
Other writing
Vyankatesh Madgulkar wrote stories about Maandesh for around 20 years, from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s.
Later, he wrote about his family and then about nature.
His last novella, Sattantar (1981), about a community of monkeys, won him the central government’s Sahitya Parishad award for best Marathi book published in that year.
About translations
Vyankatesh Madgulkar has been translated in several languages.
Brief details of translation in English with year of publication are as below:
Bangarwadi was translated as The village had no walls by Ram Deshmukh.
The book was published by Asia Publishing House, Mumbai, in 1958 and again by Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, in 1994.
Vavtal (Whirlwind) was translated as Winds of fire by Pramod Kale.
The book was published by Hind Pocket Books, New Delhi, in 1974.
An excerpt from The village had no walls was published in Treasury of Modern Asian Stories (Mentor Books, New York, 1961).
An excerpt from The village had no walls was published in Stories from South Asia (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988).
A story translated as School Inspection was published in The Rough and the Smooth (Asia Publishing House, Mumbai, 1966).
A translation of Mulanyacha Bakas (The Mulanas’ Bakas ) was published in Modern Indian Literature: An Anthology- Volume Two (Fiction) (Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1993)
Bangarwadi was translated in German by the noted Indologist Gunther Sontheimer (1986)
Service Motar (Bus service) was translated in German (1969)
An excerpt from Bangarwadi was translated in Danish (1964)
Bangarwadi was translated in Hindi (1962?)
Around 20 stories including Bus Service and Shala (School) were translated in Hindi between 1958 and 1981
Sattantar was translated in Kannada (1990)
Vavtal (Whirlwind) was translated in Russian (publication details not available)
Yeshwant Shripad Raste, Vyankatesh Madgulkar Samagra Vadmay Soochi, Utkarsh Prakashan, Pune, 1996
M. D. Hatkangalekar (ed.),
Vyankatesh Madgulkar: Maandeshi Manus aani Kalavant, Shabdh Prakashan, Satara, 2000
Vyankatesh Madgulkar, Karunashtak'', Majestic Prakashan, Mumbai, 2003
Marathi Songs Of Ga Di Madgulkar - The Official Madgulkar Website
Gadima On Facebook - The Official Madgulkar Facebook Page
The Ren and Stimpy Show is an American cartoon created by John Kricfalusi, which aired from 1991 to 1999.
The main characters are Ren Höek (Maurice LaMarche), a chihuahua, and Stimpson J. Cat (Billy West) (Stimpy for short).
The series ended on October 20, 1996, with the episodes "Sammy and Me" and "Last Temptation".
It was also shown on MTV, and was shown in other countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Europe.
People who make cartoons think that Ren and Stimpy is famous because of its classic cartoonish style and gross humor that is different from other animated shows at the time, and then became a cult following.
John Kricfalusi got fired after only one year of working on his show.
He did not send his work on time and often fought with his friends at Nickelodeon, so they fired him.
He made other shows but none were as popular as Ren and Stimpy.
Reruns of Ren and Stimpy currently air on the Nicktoons Network.
John Kricfalusi as Ren Hoek (seasons 1-2)
Billy West as Stimpy and Ren Hoek (seasons 3-5)
Harris Peet as Muddy Mudskipper
Michael Pataki as George Liquor
1991 television series debuts
Perdita is a closer moon to Uranus.
Perdita's discovery was not simple.
The first pictures of Perdita were taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1986, but it was not seen on the photographs for more than ten years.
In 1999, the moon was noticed and reported.
Because no further pictures could be taken to confirm its existence, in 2001 it was thought to be non-existent.
However, in 2003, pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope managed to pick up an object where Perdita was supposed to be.
This proved its existence at last.
After its discovery in 1999, Perdita was labelled S/1986 U 10.
she was the daughter of Leontes and Hermione in William Shakespeare's play The Winter's Tale.
The moon is also called Uranus XXV.
Perdita belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Rosalind and Belinda.
Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of  15 km, and geometric albedo of 0.08, almost nothing is known about it.
Perdita Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
135 film is the official name of the photographic film that is most used today.
It is specified by ISO Standard 1007.
It was introduced by Kodak in 1934 It was made for making pictures, rather than films.
It is 35mm wide; that is why it is often also called 35mm film.
It quickly grew in popularity.
It became more popular than 120 film by the late 1960s.
Since then, it has been the most popular photographic film format.
Despite competition from formats such as 828, 126, 110 and APS, it remains so today.
Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes.
This allows cameras to be loaded in daylight.
The film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a velvet-covered slot.
The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader, which is to be inserted into a corresponding slot in the camera take-up spool.
It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film.
Photographic film formats
fr:Format 35 mm#Utilisation en photographie
It was designed by the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.
It applies only to languages traditionally used by the nationals of the State Parties that are very different from the majority or official language.
The treaty does not protect languages that are used by recent immigrants from other countries.
Also, the treaty does not protect local dialects of the official or majority language.
National official languages are not covered by the treaty, but some regional official languages are.
For example, Catalan is official only in a region of Spain and so can benefit from the treaty.
However, Irish cannot because it is an official language in Ireland even if it is a minority language.
However, Irish is protected in Northern Ireland because it is not an official or national language of the United Kingdom.
There are two levels of protection.
Every country that signed the treaty must give all qualifying languages the lower level of protection.
Countries may decide to give some languages the higher level of protection.
Countries then must do 35 things.
Languages protected under the Charter
European languages
Languages of the European Union
Language policy in France
Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights
Vergonha
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages page (Legal Affairs, Council of Europe)
Finger Eleven is a  Canadian rock band.
it was formed in 1989.
They are from Burlington, Ontario.
There they had achieved minor success as a cover band, then as a full fledged band.
1995 Letters From Chutney (as Rainbow Butt Monkeys)
1997/1998 Tip
2000 The Greyest Of Blue Skies
2003 Finger Eleven
2007 Them vs. You vs. Me
2010 Life Turns Electric
U.S. Street Team
Canadian Street Team
Finger Eleven on JBTV
Audio Interview  recorded February 2007
Interviews and Music Videos
Finger Eleven Pagina En Español
Nefertiti (pronounced at the time something like *nafratiːta) (c. 1370 BC  c. 1330 BC) was the Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten.
She was the mother-in-law and may have been stepmother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
After her husband died, Nefertiti may have also ruled as pharaoh under the name Neferneferuaten.
However, some archaeologists do not think Nefertiti was Neferneferuaten.
Her name in English means "the beautiful (or perfect) woman has come".
Nefertiti was one of the most powerful queens in Ancient Egypt.
Nefertiti was the first and most loved wife of Akhenaten.
He had a total of eight wives, but she was different from the rest.
Ramses was devoted and obsessed with her beauty.
Nefertiti reigned beside the pharaoh toward the eighteenth dynasty.
While she reigned she was known as Ankhkheperure Neferneferuatan.
Nefertiti was such an educated woman, she was able to read and write hieroglyphs.
It was a rare skill that barely anyone had.
While being married she had six daughters, and no matter how old Nefertiti was, Akhenaten still loved her deeply.
There are many tales about Nefertiti being born as a royal and her father being pharaoh Ay, but they are not confirmed.
So it would be unlikely that she did become a pharaoh without royal blood.
Her daughter Meritaten was born a royal, so she had more of a chance of becoming a pharaoh.
Her parenthood is still a mystery.
The only detail known is that they were nobles.
Two of her daughters became queens of Egypt.
In the 12th year of Akheneaton rule many of the princesses died, but what was more confusing was that Nefertiti vanished.
So everyone assumed that she died like the other princesses.
There was no record of Nefertiti’s death and no evidence that she was ever buried.
Bust
She is best known for her bust, which is in the Altes Museum in Berlin, Germany.
This bust is considered to be a beautiful example of Egyptian art.
A man called Ludwig Borchardt with a team of people discovered a portrait bust of Queen Nefertiti.
This bust captured all her beauty even though one of the eyes was damaged.
The famous bust that everyone began knowing Nefertiti was displayed at the museum of Berlin in the 1920’s.
The queen's bust became very known around the world.
This caused Nefertiti to become one of the most recognized and beautiful queens in ancient Egypt before Cleopatra.
Row over Nefertiti bust continues
Do We Have the Mummy of Nefertiti?
by Marianne Luban, 1999 (predates Joann Fletcher's work).
J. Kluger, A. Dorfman, Nefertiti found?,
Time, June 16, 2003; online edition
Tracking Nefertiti Discovery article on Joann Fletcher's work.
King Tut tut tut The Sunday Times on Joann Fletcher's work.
Spinning Nefertiti
Discussion on the Nefertiti found?
The Encyclopedia of El Amarna, examining her time and connections
Nefertiti, a musical based on the Egyptian queen.
Altes Museum, Berlin
"Queen Nefertiti, Images & History"
Reconstruction of  Nefertiti's Face
"M.A. Mansoor Amarna Collection"
Ancient Egyptian queens
A wide-angle lens is a lens that has a focal length that is shorter than that of the normal lens.
Normal lenses have an angle of view of between 40° and 50°.
Wide-angle lenses have an angle of view that is bigger.
For the 135 film format (the most popular photographic film type), normal lenses are 50mm focal length.
35mm (with an angle of view of 63 degrees) and 28mm (75°) are slight wide-angle lenses.
This is different for digital photography.
Many digital cameras use smaller sensors.
This means that the focal lengths have an angle of view that is smaller.
That way, an 18mm lens mounted on a digital camera of this type gives an angle of view of the 28mm wide-angle lens, namely 75 degrees, for a multiplier of 1.5.
Telephoto lens is the opposite.
It has a long focal length, and a narrow angle of view.
The Grand Duchy of Hesse () was a former state that existed in modern-day Germany.
It was formed in 1806 after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the actions of Napoleon, who then elevated the former Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt to the level of grand duchy.
For this reason, this state was occasionally known simply as Hesse-Darmstadt.
Because Hesse-Darmstadt was a member of Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine, it was forced to give up a considerable amount of territory at the 1815 Congress of Vienna.
The territory of the Duchy of Westphalia, which Hesse-Darmstadt received from the 1803 Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, was given to the Kingdom of Prussia.
However, it received some territory on the western bank of the Rhine, including the important federal fortress at Mainz.
Subdivisions of Hesse
Starkenburg: (Capital: Darmstadt) Right bank of the Rhine, south of the Main
Rhenish Hesse, (Capital: Mainz) Left bank of the Rhine, territory gained from the Congress of Vienna
Upper Hesse (Capital: Giessen) North of the Main, separated from Starkenburg by the Free City of Frankfurt, which was later annexed by Prussia in 1866.
Das Großherzogtum Hessen 1806–1918
Großherzogtum Hessen (Kreise und Gemeinden) 1910
Puck is a closer moon to Uranus.
Puck was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on December 30, 1985, and was given the designation S/1985 U 1.
In Celtic mythology and English folklore, a Puck is a mischievous sprite, imagined as an evil demon by Christians; the moon is named after the Puck who appears in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, in which he travels around the globe at night with the fairies.
It is also designated Uranus XV.
Puck is the biggest of the small closer moons to Uranus.
It is in the middle in size between Portia and Miranda, the smallest of the five bigger moons.
Puck's orbit is also located between these two moons.
Little is known about it aside from its orbit, its radius about 81 km, and its geometric albedo approximately 0.11.
Of the moons found by the Voyager 2 imaging team, only Puck was found early enough that the probe could be programmed to take pictures of it in some detail.
Images showed that Puck has a shape of a slightly prolate spheroid (ratio between axises is 0.97 ± 0.04).
Its surface is heavily cratered and is grey in color.
There are three named craters on the surface of Puck.
Observations with Hubble Space Telescope and large terrestrial telescopes found water ice absorption features in the spectrum of Puck.
Puck Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Page that includes a reprocessed version of the Voyager Puck image
Schinus is a large genus of Anacardiaceae.
They are commonly known as pepper trees.
They prefer tropic subhumid zones.
Californian pepper tree S.areira native from Mexico to South America.
Various species grown as ornamental, e.g. S.areira, and Brazilian pepper S.terebinthifolius.
weed behaviour
Germplasm Resources Information Network
USDA
Mab is a closer moon to the planet Uranus.
It was found by Mark R. Showalter and Jack J. Lissauer in 2003 using the Hubble Space Telescope.
It was named after Queen Mab, a fairy queen from English folklore who is noted in William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet.
Because the moon is small and dark, it was not seen in the images taken by Voyager 2 during its Uranus flyby in 1986.
However, it is brighter than another moon, Perdita, which was discovered from Voyager's photos in 1997.
This led scientists to look at the old photos again, and the moon was finally found in the images.
If it is as dark as Puck, then it is about 24 km in diameter.
On the other hand, if it is brightly coloured like the neighbouring moon Miranda, then it would be even smaller than Cupid and comparable to the smallest farther moons.
Mab is heavily perturbed, meaning its movement is not only caused by the gravity of another large thing.
The actual source for perturbation is still unclear, but is probably one or more of the nearby orbiting moons.
Following its discovery, Mab was given the code name S/2003 U 1.
The moon is also known as Uranus XXVI.
Hubble Discovers Giant Rings and New Moons Encircling Uranus – Hubble Space Telescope news release (2005-12-22)
In photography, a telephoto lens is a lens.
There are two different uses of the word.
The less specific use is to mean a lens that has a longer focal length than a normal lens.
Their angle of view is smaller than that of a normal lens.
With telephoto lenses things look closer than they really are.
For 35 mm film, 50 mm is a normal focal length.
Typical telephoto lenses are 85 mm (28°50') and 100 mm (24°).
They are used for portraits mostly.
Other telephoto lenses that are used often are 135 mm (18°), 180 mm  and 200 mm.
Many are zoom lenses.
Different focal lengths
Umbriel is a moon of Uranus found on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell.
It was found at the same time as Ariel.
The name "Umbriel" and the names of all four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by John Herschel in 1852 at the request of Lassell.
Lassell had earlier supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme in 1848.
Umbriel is the 'dusky melancholy sprite' in Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock, and the name suggests the Latin umbra, shadow.
The adjectival form of the name is Umbrielian.
So far the only close-up images of Umbriel are from the Voyager 2 probe, which made observations of the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986.
During the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.
Umbriel's surface is the darkest of the Uranian moons, and reflects only about half as much light as Ariel, Uranus' brightest moon.
It has far more and bigger craters than do Ariel and Titania and is also the least geologically active.
It is mostly made of water ice, with the balance made up of silicate rock, and other ices such as methane.
Methane can break down and form reddish-black organic compounds such as tholins when bombarded by high-energy particles.
Near-IR spectra of Ariel and Umbriel clearly show that water ice dominates the spectra of these objects.
Craters
Umbriel Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
William Lassell, Astronomical Journal 2 (1851) 70
AN, 33 (1852) 257/258
AN, 34 (1852) 325/326
Uranus and moons  as seen by the VLT in August 2007
Titania was found on January 11, 1787 by William Herschel.
He reported it and Oberon the same year.
He later reported four more moons, which turned out to be spurious.
Name and pronunciation
The names of Titania and the other four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by Herschel's son John Herschel in 1852 at the request of William Lassell, who had found Ariel and Umbriel the year before.
All of the moons of Uranus are named for characters from Shakespeare or Alexander Pope.
Titania was named after Titania, the Queen of the Faeries in A Midsummer Night's Dream.
So far the only close-up images of Titania are from the Voyager 2 probe, which photographed the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986.
At the time of the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.
Surface features on Titania are named for characters from plays by William Shakespeare.
Chasms on Titania are called chasmata.
Escarpments here are called rupes.
They are named after the places where plays by Shakespeare happen.
craters on Titania are named after female characters in the plays.
On September 8, 2001, Titania occulted a faint star; this was a chance to both refine its diameter and ephemeris, and to detect any extant atmosphere.
The data revealed no atmosphere to a surface pressure of 0.03 microbars; if it exists, it would have to be far thinner than that of Triton or Pluto.
Titania Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
USGS: Titania nomenclature
The 20 Hunchakian gallows (or Ksan Gakhaghan, also "The 20 Martyrs", "The 20s") is the common name for the group of Hunchakian activists who were hanged in the Sultan Bayazid square of Constantinople in June 15, 1915.
The 7th General Convention of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party which was held in Constanţa, Romania, in 1913, had a unique and great importance not only for the Hunchaks, but in the history of the Armenian people as a whole.
During the Convention, members stressed their concern of the Ittihad (Young Turk) government's blatant disregard of the Armenian lives who resided in Historic Armenia.
The Hunchaks feared that this disregard would only escalate as time past.
The Hunchaks also stressed the importance of a United Independent Armenia which would be impossible under the racist and dictatorial Young Turk government's rule of the Ottoman Empire.
Unfortunately, these secret objectives were passed on to the Turks by an Armenian agent for the government; consequently as soon as the delegates arrived in Constantinople, they were arrested.
By the end of the year a total of one hundred and forty Hunchak leaders were arrested.
After spending two years in terrible conditions in Turkish prisons, and undergoing lengthy mock trials, twenty prominent figures - Paramaz, Dr. Benne, Aram Ach'ekbashian, Vanig and others were sentenced to death by hanging.
A few weeks after the beginning of the Armenian Genocide on June 15, 1915, all twenty men were hanged in the central square of Constantinople, known as Sultan Bayazid Square.
Paramaz's last words before his hanging were, "You can only hang our bodies, but not our ideology. ...
You will see tomorrow on the Eastern horizon a Socialist Armenia."
The list of hanged Hunchakians
Paramaz,
Dr. Benne (Bedros Torosian, Kharpert),
Aram Achekbashian (Krikor Garabedian, Arabkir),
Kegham Vanig (Van), one of the editors of "Gaidz" youth journal,
Mourad Zakarian (Mush),
worker Yervant Topuzian,
Hagop Basmajian,
Smpat Keljian,
Roupen Garabedian,
Armenag Hampartsoumian,
Apraham Mouradian,
Hrand Yegavian,
Karnig Boyajian,
Hovhannes Yeghiazarian,
Mgrdich Yeretsian,
Yerevia Manoukian,
Tovmas Tovmasian,
Karekin Boghosian,
Minas Keshishian,
Boghos Boghosian.
Two other prominent Hunchakian activists, Stepan Sabah-Goulian and Varaztahd, were condemned to death in absentia.
The Twenty Hunchakian Gallows
The parent might have extra money so he/she shares or gives it to the child(ren).
The parent might want to teach the child how to manage money.
The parent might want the child to help him/her to do chores with or without allowance.
The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (SDHP) (), also known as Hentchak is one of the oldest political parties in Armenia and the first Socialist party in the Ottoman Empire and in Persia in the 1880s.
It was founded in 1887 by Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, Ruben Khan-Azat and others, who studied in Geneva, Switzerland, with the goal to gain Armenia's independence from the Ottoman Empire, which is part of Armenian national liberation movement.
Its name, taken from its newspaper Hunchak, means "Bell" in English, and is taken by party members to represent "awakening, enlightenment, and freedom."
All of the 7 founders of Hunchakian party were Russian-Armenian Marxist students who had left Russia to continue their higher education in universities of Western Europe.
They were young persons, in their twenties, and were from well‑to‑do bourgeois families who were financially supporting them.
For the purpose of furthering revolutionary activity in Turkish Armenia, they formed the Hunchakian Revolutionary Party in August, 1887.
Hunchak party fought many battles against the Ottoman Empire, to free the Armenian people from Turkish rule.
One of Armenia's famous national heroes Andranik Ozanian, at first, joined the Hunchak party, but disagreement with party policies led Andranik to leave the Hunchak ranks and join the Dashnak party.
Democratic Republic of Armenia
Activities in Lebanon
In the 1950s, it clashed, sometimes violently, with the Dashnak Party, due to tensions that escalated when the ARF elected Bishop Zareh as Catholicos of Cilicia, a move that was rejected by the Hunchaks.
In the midst of increasing sectarian strife in the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, Lebanon's Armenian community began to close ranks, and in 1972, the Hunchakian Party ran a joint ticket with the Dashnaks.
In 2000, the Hunchakian Party joined forces with Rafik Hariri's Dignity party, which swept the city of Beirut.
In the early 1990s, the party took part in the Nagorno Karabakh conflict.
The party today forms part of the opposition "Justice" bloc.
This party is also active in Lebanon, where it competes for the six National Assembly seats reserved for ethnic Armenians.
Affiliate organizations
Party's Official Web Site
"The 89-th commemoration of the 20 Hunchakian martyrs" / Tchahagir Weekly, Cairo, 17 June, 2004, p. 1
An inverter is an electric apparatus that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
It is not the same thing as an alternator, which converts mechanical energy (e.g. movement) into alternating current.
Direct current is created by devices such as batteries and solar panels.
When connected, an inverter allows these devices to provide electric power for small household devices.
The inverter does this through a complex process of electrical adjustment.
From this process, AC electric power is produced.
This form of electricity can be used to power an electric light, a microwave oven, or some other electric machine.
An inverter usually also increases the voltage.
In order to increase the voltage, the current must be decreased.
So, an inverter will use a lot of current on the DC side when only a small amount is being used on the AC side.
Inverters are made in many different sizes.
They can be as small as 150 watts, or as large as 1 megawatt (1 million watts).
Smaller inverters often plug into a car's cigarette lighter socket and provide 120 or 240 volt AC power from the car's 12 volt supply.
The earliest inverters consisted of a DC motor connected mechanically to an AC generator.
A later design often used with vacuum tube car radios consisted of a rapidly switching relay.
Modern inverters are based on MOSFET or IGBT transistors.
Sine wave inverters produce good-quality AC power.
They use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to produce a true sine wave, which makes them expensive.
A modified sine wave inverter produces a lower quality of AC power, with strong power system harmonics but is cheaper.
The output of a typical modified sine wave inverter is a square wave with a pause between the change in direction.
Various modulation strategies are used in cascaded multilevel inverters to reduce the harmonic contents.
Modified sine inverters reduce the performance of some appliances, such as microwave ovens and appliances containing electric motors, and are known to damage some equipment including smoke detectors and some battery chargers.
The 1998 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in France from 10 June to 12 July 1998.
France won the trophy after beating Brazil in the final 3-0.
(CMR) • Squad
(MAR) • Squad
(NGA) • Squad
(RSA) • Squad
(AUT) • Squad
(BEL) • Squad
(BUL) • Squad
(DEN) • Squad
(NOR) • Squad
(ROU) • Squad
(SCO) • Squad
(YUG) • Squad
(JAM) • Squad
(CHI) • Squad
(COL) • Squad
Third-place match
Jürgen Klinsmann
Ricardo Peláez
Abdejalil Hadda
Salaheddine Bassir
Shaun Bartlett
Theodore Whitmore
Viorel Moldovan
Slobodan Komljenović
Craig Burley
Dan Eggen
Håvard Flo
Kjetil Rekdal
Marc Rieper
Allan Nielsen
Thomas Helveg
Mutiu Adepoju
Victor Ikpeba
Wilson Oruma
Ha Seok-Ju
Cuauhtémoc Blanco
Mario Stanić
Goran Vlaović
Darren Anderton
Dan Petrescu
Hamid Estili
Léider Preciado
José Luis Sierra
Yousuf Al-Thunayan
Celso Ayala
Miguel Ángel Benítez
Emil Kostadinov
Luc Nilis
Mauricio Pineda
Skander Souayah
Tom Boyd (against Brazil)
Youssef Chippo (against Norway)
Pierre Issa (against France)
Andoni Zubizarreta (against Nigeria)
Siniša Mihajlović (against Germany)
Georgi Bachev (against Spain)
Players who were red-carded during the tournament
Gert Verheyen
Anatoli Nankov
Raymond Kalla
Miklos Molnar
Morten Wieghorst
Pável Pardo
Ramón Ramírez
Arthur Numan
Mohammed Al-Khilaiwi