the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
and at Download Festival in Donington Park, England and Edgefest in Downsview Park, Toronto, Canada.
The band finished their fourth Projekt Revolution tour.
After that, they performed concerts at many arenas around the UK, including Nottingham, Sheffield and Manchester.
They performed for two nights at the O2 arena in London.
Bennington also said that the band will make a new album after Minutes to Midnight.
However, he said that the band will first perform in the United States so they can have ideas for the next album.
He told Rolling Stone that the band already started writing for the album.
Shinoda also said that the album will be released in the last part of 2009.
Shinoda also announced a live CD/DVD called Road to Revolution: Live at Milton Keynes, which was released November 24, 2008.
It was recorded from their Projekt Revolution concert at the Milton Keynes Bowl on June 29, 2008.
The band also released Songs From the Underground, a compilation of previously unreleased songs.
A Thousand Suns (2008–2011)
In May 2009, the band said that they were working on a fourth studio album.
They planned it to be released on 2010.
Shinoda told IGN that the new album would be 'genre-busting.'
They were taking themes and sounds from Minutes to Midnight He also mentioned that the album would have more experiments and advanced than their other albums.
Bennington also confirmed that Rick Rubin will return as a producer of the new album.
While working on the new album, Linkin Park worked with famous movie music composer Hans Zimmer to make the music for the movie Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen.
The band released a new single for the movie called "New Divide".
Hahn directed the song's music video.
It has scenes from the movie.
On June 2009, the band performed at Westwood Village after the first showing of the movie.
After finishing work on the movie, the band returned to the studio to finish their album.
In late 2009, Bennington's band Dead by Sunrise finally released their album Out of Ashes.
On January 19, 2010, the band released a new song entitled "Not Alone".
It was part of a compilation from Music for Relief called Download to Donate for Haiti.
The compilation was to help the people hurt in the 2010 Haiti earthquake.
On February 10, 2010, the band released the official music video for the song.
On April 26, the band released a game for the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad, a game called 8-Bit Rebellion!
In the game, the band members are characters that can be played.
After beating the game, a new song called "Blackbirds" will be unlocked.
The song was also later released as an iTunes bonus track on their new album.
The band later revealed their new album's title is A Thousand Suns.
It was released on September 14.
The album's first single was "The Catalyst", released on August 2.
The band performed at many concerts so that it can have attention.
They started in Los Angeles on September 7.
The band also used MySpace to get attention for their album.
They released two songs called "Waiting for the End" and "Blackout" on September 8.
They also made a "making of" of the album, entitled Meeting of A Thousand Suns.
It was also shown in their MySpace page.
It was included in the album's deluxe edition.
On August 31, it was told that the band would perform the song live for the first time live at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010.
They performed the song at the Griffith Observatory.
It was a famous place used in many movies.
The album reached #1 on the Billboard 200 chart.
The album's other singles were "Waiting for the End", "Burning in the Skies" and "Iridescent".
On April 13, 2011, Shinoda said that "Iridescent" is part of the soundtrack of the movie Transformers: Dark of the Moon.
This continued Linkin Park songs being the theme songs of the Transformers movies (after "What I've Done" and "New Divide").
The band did more charity work.
On January 11, 2011, they started the new version of Download to Donate for Haiti.
It was called Download to Donate for Haiti V2.0, with more songs to download.
For the new compilation, the band released a remix of "The Catalyst" by Keaton Hashimoto from the "Linkin Park featuring YOU" contest.
Shinoda designed two T-shirts, so that the money earned will help the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami disasters.
Music For Relief also released Download to Donate: Tsunami Relief Japan, another compilation of songs.
The money earned went to Save the Children to help the victims.
The album helped the band reach many year-end positions.
Linkin Park reached No.8 in Billboard Social 50, a chart of artists that use many social networking sites.
In other Billboard Year-End charts, the band reached No.92 in the "Top Artists" chart, as well as A Thousand Suns reaching No.53 in the Year-End chart of the Billboard Top 200 albums and No.7 in the 2010 Year-End Rock Albums, and "The Catalyst" reaching No.40 in the Year-End Rock Songs chart.
The band charted in many Billboard Year-End charts in 2011.
The band was No.39 in the Top Artists Chart, No.84 in the Billboard 200 Artists chart, No.11 in the Social 50 Chart, No.6 in the Top Rock Artists Chart, No.9 in the Rock Songs Artists Chart, No.16 in the Rock Albums Chart, No.4 in the Hard Rock Albums Chart, and No.7 in the Alternative Songs Chart.
Living Things (2012-2014)
In 2012, The band released Living Things, which saw an exploration into a more electronica based sound.
From this album came the songs "Castle of Glass", which was used in the 2012 videogame Medal of Honor: Warfighter, "Roads Untraveled", which was used in the 2014 film Need For Speed, and "Powerless", which was used in the 2012 film Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter.
Like the last album, this one explored a lot of different sounds.
Some fans loved it, and others disliked it.
The album itself sold over 2.5 Million copies as of 2013.
It quickly rose to No.
1 in the Billboard Top 200 Chart.
An extremely successful album for the band, they went on to tour for the next few years.
The Hunting Party (2014-2017)
In 2014, the band once again decided to change their style for the new album.
Mike Shinoda stated that he wished to create a more traditional Rock sound after listening to the radio one day.
The band decided to make the music that they wanted to hear.
The album was explosive, loud and possibly the heaviest they had been yet.
They decided not to have Rick Rubin produce this album, for the first time in 3 consecutive albums.
It features guest appearances by Page Hamilton of the band Helmet, rapper Rakim, Daron Malakian of the band System of a Down,  and Tom Morello of the band Rage Against the Machine.
It was well received by critics and fans alike, and reached No.
3 on Billboard 200.
One More Light and Chester Bennington's death (2017-Present)
Fans immediately reacted with polarised responses.
Some loved the new direction taken by the band, which can be described as "Poppy", whereas others disliked it, calling Linkin Park "Sellouts".
The Official Lyrics video got some of the highest dislikes of any Linkin Park video on YouTube.
Frustrated with the response from fans, Chester Bennington became angry on several occasions, though publicly apologized later on, saying that he understands the fans' perspective, is grateful to all of their fans, and that he should rethink his own perspective.
Despite the polarizing response from critics and fans alike, the album became extremely successful.
Like before, it reached No.
1 on Billboard 200, and was certified gold in several countries.
After touring The Hunting Party, the band decided to write songs with outside help.
They teamed up with several big names in the music industry, with a focus on writing lyrics before music, something they had not really experimented with before.
They said that they wanted to attempt to do away with any notion of genre.
When strangely ridiculed about the lack of guitar and drums on the album, based purely on their first release of "Heavy", Brad Delson responded by saying that actually, there is a lot of guitar in the album.
He then went on to list the songs "Sharp Edges", "Invisible" and "Sorry For Now" as having lots of layers of different guitars each.
The album produced several singles; "Heavy", "Talking to Myself" and "One More Light", the song for which the album is named.
This is the first time that Linkin Park have named an album after a song.
Mike Shinoda described the album as "risky".
The band had been following a traditionally rock oriented sound, and this marked a big change from that style.
Instead of focusing on anger, betrayal or other negative emotions, as they had been known for in the past, many of the songs focus on family, friends, and emotions.
For instance, the songs "Invisible" and "Sorry For Now" both focus on the band member's children, and the title song "One More Light" is about remembering, and caring about someone after they have died.
Chester Bennington's close friend and musician Chris Cornell committed suicide by hanging.
When Chester heard the news, it made him extremely upset, as the pair had known each other for years.
Cornell had performed on stage with Bennington in the past, and was even the godfather of some of his children.
The loss of his friend affected him and the band so much that they decided to perform the song "One More Light" in his memory at the Jimmy Kimmel Live!
Show in Los Angeles, rather than perform a more commercially viable song from the album.
It was a fitting song for them at that time because of its themes of dealing with the loss of a friend or loved one.
After his death, Bennington said "I can't imagine a world without you in it" about Cornell.
Chester began to talk more openly about some of his struggles.
He had previously revealed that he was a victim of child abuse and rape, but also talked about his mental issues, as well as his battles with drugs and alcohol.
He described his depression and anxiety in several talk shows, and stated that he sometimes feels very upset with himself.
Midway through the One More Light Tour, On July 20th 2017, Linkin Park released a music video for "Talking to Myself" on YouTube.
They were unaware that the same morning, Chester Bennington had died in his home in Los Angeles at the age of 41.
News reports surfaced across the internet, and fans began to panic.
On Twitter, Mike Shinoda posted:"Shocked and heartbroken, but it's true.
An official statement will come out as soon as we have one".
His death was ruled as a suicide by hanging.
A half-empty bottle of alcohol was found at the scene, but no other drugs were found.
His housekeeper discovered his body around 9:00 a.m. PDT.
The band, friends, family and fans all paid tribute to Chester.
A trending Twitter hashtag surfaced, "#RIPChester", which was used several million times, and simply listening to Linkin Park songs, fans managed to populate, and even completely fill charts with many classic Linkin Park songs, even some from Meteora and Hybrid Theory, which at the time were over 13 years old.
Remembrance events were held by fans, who attended in their thousands, paying tribute to the late artist by singing songs, lighting candles and creating memorials to Chester.
His funeral was held on July 29th, at South Botanic Garden in Palos Verdes, California.
Many musical tributes were held in his memory, and he was buried there.
On September 18th 2017, Linkin Park released the music video for the song "One More Light", dedicated to Chester.
The song has gained nearly 1 million likes on YouTube, and has had 27 Million views.
It was prefaced with the following statements by Linkin Park members:"One More Light" music video directed by Joe Hahn & Mark Fiore. "
It has been incredibly emotional to work on this, and especially to watch it.
I feel that by doing it, we not only faced some of our biggest fears, but it enabled us to use our talents to bring some light to people that need it.
As we move forward to the Hollywood Bowl show and beyond, I think about the people that connect with the band, outside and inside our circle.
This video is a gesture of good will to the people that want that connection." -
JOE HAHN"One More Light was written with the intention of sending love to those who lost someone.
We now find ourselves on the receiving end.
In memorial events, art, videos, and images, fans all over the world have gravitated towards this song as their declaration of love and support for the band and the memory of our dear friend, Chester.
We are so very grateful and can’t wait to see you again."
- MIKE SHINODAAt the end of the video, the rest of Linkin Park wrote a message for him.
"Chester,You ignited a flame of passion, laughter & courage in our hearts forever.
We miss you, brother.- Joe, Mike, Brad, Dave & Rob"
Mike Shinoda - Vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, piano (1996-Now)
Brad Delson - Lead guitar, Vocals (1996-Now)
Dave "Phoenix" Farrell - Bass guitar, Vocals, samples (1996-1999, then 2001-Now)
Joe Hahn "Mr. Hahn" - Turntable, samples, programming, keyboards, backing vocals (1996-Now)
Rob Bourdon - Drums, percussion (1996-Now)
Mark Wakefield - singing (1996-1998)
Kyle Christener - bass (1998-1999)
Ian Hornbeck – bass (2000)
Scott Koziol - bass (1999-2001)
Chester Bennington - Vocals, rhythm guitar  (1999-2017)
Hybrid Theory (2000)
Meteora (2003)
Minutes to Midnight (2007)
A Thousand Suns (2010)
"Living Things" (2012)
"The Hunting Party" (2014)
"One More Light" (2017)
Xero, a demo tape (1996)
Hybrid Theory EP (1998/2001 re-release)
"LP Underground 2.0" (2002)
Reanimation (2002)
"LP Underground 3.0" (2003)
Live In Texas (2003)
"LP Underground 4.0" (2004)
Collision Course (2004) (with Jay-Z)
"LP Underground 5.0" (2005)
"LP Underground 6.0" (2006)
"iTunes Live from SoHo" (2008)
Road to Revolution: Live at Milton Keynes (2008)
Songs from the Underground'' (2008)
"LP Underground 8.0" (2008)
"Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen – The Score" (2009) (with Steve Jablonsky)
"LP Underground 9.0" (2009)
"8-Bit Rebellion!" (
"A Decade Underground" (2010)
"Underground X: Demos" (2010)
"A Thousand Suns+" (2011)
"LP Underground 11.0" (2011)
"LP Underground 12.0 (2012)
"Studio Collection 2000–2012" (2013)
"Living Things +" (2013)
"LP Underground 13.0" (2013)
"Recharged" (2013)
"A Light That Never Comes (Remixes)" (2014) (with Steve Aoki)
Linkin Park web site
Linkin Park web site on MySpace
Minutes to Midnight album website
1996 establishments in California
circa 4 BC? –
Jesus is born in Bethlehem.
June 22 – Third Macedonian War ends with the Battle of Pydna.
Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus (awarded the surname "Macedonicus" for this victory) defeat and capture Perseus of Macedon when he surrendered.
This ends the Antigonid dynasty, one of the three successor empires created upon the death of Alexander the Great, and starts Roman domination of Greece.
Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau.
It is also the largest city in the country; around 355,000 people live there.
The city is where the Geba river flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
The city was built by the Portuguese in 1687.
It became the capital of Portuguese Guinea in 1942, and has been the capital since independence was declared, except for a short time in 1973 and 1974 when the capital was at Boe.
Bissau is famous for having a carnival every year.
Regions of Guinea-Bissau
Romanesque church at Vezelay has a carving completed
1130 Innocent II is elected pope
Alphonso I becomes the first king of Portugal
Second Council of the Lateran
Romanesque sculptor Gislebertus does his work at Autun, Burgundy, France
1121 Council of Soissons is does not like the work of Pierre Abélard
The problem of the Investiture Controversy in the Concordat of Worms is solved
Pierre Abélard writes Sic et Non
First Council of the Lateran agree to the Concordat of Worms and the council says that priests must still be celibate
The end of the reign of Emperor Toba, emperor of Japan.
Emperor Sutoku becomes the emperor of Japan
1124 Honorius II is elected pope
1128 Geoffrey of Anjou marries Matilda who is the daughter of Henry I of England
1128 Council of Troyes agree to the Order of the Knights Templar
1129 Emperor Toba the emperor of Japan starts his cloistered rule.
January 26 – Treaty of Karlowitz signed.
March 30 – the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh made the Khalsa.
May 1 – Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville starts the first European settlement in the Mississippi River Valley.
William Dampier goes to and discovers what is at the northwest coast of Australia.
March 23 – John Bartram the American botanist (died 1777)
March 25 – Johann Adolf Hasse the German composer (died 1783)
April 17 - Robert Blair the Scottish poet and cleric (died 1746)
May 1 – Hans Joachim von Zieten the Prussian field marshal (died 1786)
May 13 – Marquis of Pombal the Prime Minister of Portugal (died 1782)
November 2 – Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin the French painter (died 1779)
November 25 - Pierre Subleyras the French painter (died 1749)
December 10 – King Christian VI of Denmark (died 1746)
January 21 – Obadiah Walker the English writer (born 1616)
March 12 – Peder Griffenfeld the Danish statesman (born 1635)
April 21 – Jean Racine the French playwright (born 1639)
April 22 – Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz the German statesman and poet (born 1646)
May 12 – Lucas Achtschellinck the Flemish painter (born 1626)
May 15 – Edward Petre the English Jesuit and privy councillor (born 1631)
June 22 – Josiah Child the English Governor of the East India Company (born 1630)
September 26 – Simon Arnauld de Pomponne the French diplomat and minister of Louis XIV (born 1618).
August 25 – Christian V the King of Denmark and Norway (born 1646)
November 29 – Patrick Gordon the Scottish general (born 1635)
Bamberg (, , ; East Franconian: Bambärch, archaic: Babenberg) is a town in the region of Upper Franconia, Bavaria, and the seat of the district administration Bamberg.
The town has about 70,000 inhabitants.
Bamberg is an university city and administrative city.
Its Lord Mayor is Andreas Starke (SPD).
Beside being a modern regional centre, the city also has a cultural and historical side.
Bamberg is a famous town because it has many buildings which are very old.
The basic structure of the town remained untouched through the centuries.
Unlike most other German towns (such as Nürnberg), it was little damaged in World War II.
Only 4.6% was totally ruined.
The town centre is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Bamberg is like Rome because it is built on seven hills, each one with a church at the top.
The cathedral (Dom) is on the main hill.
For hundreds of years the prince-bishops of the cathedral ruled over the land.
This continued until the beginning of the 19th century after which they just continued in their religious function as archbishops.
The town centre below is built by the banks of the river Regnitz which splits into two parts.
The left arm of the river is where the old town centre lies.
The right arm is the Main-Danube Canal (Main-Donau-Kanal), which allows big ships to travel from the river Main to the Danube.
Bamberg town centre
Many tourists visit the beautiful city of Bamberg.
A good place to start is by the statue of Neptune in the pedestrian precinct.
The Bambergers call this statue Gabelmann because Neptune is holding his three-pronged fork (“Gabel”).
The area here is called the Grüner Markt (Green Market).
This place became centre of the bourgeois settlement which developed around it.
Very close by is a big square called Maximiliansplatz.
It is very lively here on market days.
People eat the traditional sausages which are cooked at the sausage stall, and drink Bamberg beer.
There used to be a church at the north-west end, but it was destroyed in 1806 at the time when the archbishops lost their political power.
The patronage of St. Martin was taken over by the former Jesuit church which was built by the architect Georg Dientzenhofer until 1693, situated at the Green Market.
The names of nearby streets tell a lot about the town history.
There is the Fischstrasse (Fish Street) where fishermen used to live.
This leads down to the left arm of the river Regnitz where one can see the place where the boats used to stop to load and unload their goods.
There is an old slaughterhouse.
The Old Canal (Alter Kanal) runs along the east side of town, making a large island on which there are some very old buildings.
The oldest buildings, dating from the 16th century, were built by tanners who became quite rich through their trade of making leather.
Bamberg’s Old Town Hall was built in the middle of the river Regnitz.
It is not on the island, but it is was built by the people who drove huge beams of wood into the riverbed.
Their town hall therefore stood between the south-west bank where the bishops ruled and the north-east bank where the ordinary tradespeople lived.
The Old Town Hall is the most-often photographed building of Bamberg.
There are two bridges here for pedestrians: the Upper and Lower Bridge.
The ancient Lower Bridge passes through the archway of the town hall.
On one side there are beautiful Baroque paintings.
On the other side one can still see the medieval black-and-white walls.
This side was also plastered over with paintings in the Baroque times, but when a bridge nearby was blown up in World War II the plaster fell off, so it is now kept with the original medieval walls showing.
Up a steep climb on a cobbled street is the Cathedral Square (Domplatz).
All the buildings around the square are made from the local sandstone, although they date from different periods.
Bamberg Cathedral (called Kaiserdom i.e. Emperor Cathedral) shows Romanesque and Gothic architecture.
Everyone should have seen the world-famed Rider or Bamberg horseman inside and many other medieval sandstone figures as well.
The Ratsstube is built in the Renaissance style.
The Alte Hofhaltung is medieval.
It is a 15th century courtyard with a long row of two-storey buildings with a wooden gallery.
Across the street from there is the New Residence (Neue Residenz) which is a Baroque palace.
A walk through here leads into the famous Rose Garden (Rosengarten).
From here one can see Abbey Church of St Michael at the very top of the hill.
Just below, going back towards the river, is the Sandstrasse famous for its pubs and night life.
Bamberg is home to the world-famous Bamberger Symphoniker who perform in a new concert hall a short distance from the town centre.
There are also many other music groups, including the Musica Canterey Bamberg who perform old music in some of the historical buildings.
The 19th century German writer E.T.A.Hoffmann lived in Bamberg.
There is a new theatre in the town centre which is named after him.
Bamberg is served by Bamberg-Breitenau Airfield.
At "Flugplatz Bamberg-Breitenau" are operating mostly public aircraft, although it is classificated as a military airport (IATA-Code: ZCD, ICAO-Code: ETEJ).
Most international tourists who travel by plane arrive at Frankfurt International Airport or Munich Airport.
The nearest bigger airport is Nuremberg Airport which can be reached within half an hour by car or one hour by train.
Bamberg has a problem with road traffic because, although there is a bypass, it cannot go all the way round the town because of the hills.
Traffic is not allowed in many streets in the town centre.
There is no parking allowed in the beautiful Domplatz except on Sundays.
Because Bamberg is on a river, transport by boat has always been important.
The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal begins near Bamberg.
It was completed in 1992 and makes it possible for boats to travel from the North Sea to the Black Sea.
In the town itself many people travel by bus.
There is also a Park-and-Ride system.
There is a University in Bamberg.
About 9000 students study there.
The university is spread over lots of buildings in the town centre.
It is a good way to make use of many of the large, historical buildings.
There are good schools in Bamberg including 8 Gymnasien.
Pupils often choose which one to go to according to the subjects they are good at, because each school is strong in a particular area: science, music, language etc.
, Bedford
, Esztergom
, Feldkirchen
, Prague
, Rodez
, Villach
The areas of the town
Bergstadt ("Hilltown")
Gaustadt (Gaustadt)
Gartenstadt ("Gardentown")
Bug (Bug)
Wildensorg (Wildensorg)
Inselstadt ("Islandtown")
Bamberg-Ost ("Bamberg-East")
Bamberg-Nord ("Bamberg-North")
Gereuth (Gereuth)
Wunderburg (Wunderburg)
Gärtnerstadt ("Gardenertown")
Am Klinikum-Babenberger Viertel ("At the hospital-Babenberger Quarter")
Bamberg is famous for its beer.
There are ten breweries in the town, of which the most famous is Schlenkerla which makes smoked beer (Rauchbier).
Schlenkerla (since 1678)
Spezial (since 1635)
Kaiserdom (since 1718)
Fässla (since 1649)
Ambräusianum (since 2004)
Greifenklau (since ca.
Klosterbräu (since 1533)
Keesmann (since 1867 managed by one family)
Mahr (since 1602)
Maisel (since 1894, closed 2008)
Sport teams in Bamberg
Basketball clubs: Brose Baskets Bamberg
Football (soccer) clubs: 1.
FC Eintracht Bamberg, ASV Gaustadt, DJK Don Bosco Bamberg, Wacker Bamberg, DJK Gaustadt, ETSV Bamberg, ASV Viktoria Bamberg, Post SV Bamberg
Official website (German, English)
Bamberg info for visitors (English, German, French, Italian, Russian, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish)
Schlenkerla Brewery website (German, English)
Bamberg beer guide (English)
US Army garrison Bamberg  (English)
Description on the UNESCO World Heritage website {English}
Diving is a form of movement downwards, either from air to ground or to water.
Diving is also a sport.
Diving is often done from a springboard or an elevated platform.
Underwater diving includes Scuba diving.
Scuba diving, however, is typically not considered a sport.
Dives used for scuba diving are relatively simplistic.
An example of this is a giant stride entry, also known as a stride dive.
Diving in water
Types of dives
There are six different types of dives.
Four of the types depend on whether the diver is facing towards the water or away from the water, and if they rotate towards or away from the water.
The other two dives can be a part of the first four.
For example, a diver can do a "inward twisting" or a "forward armstand" dive.
The basic types of dives are:
Forward – The diver faces towards the water and rotates forward.
Backward – The diver stands with their back towards the water and rotates backwards, away from the board.
Reverse – The diver faces towards the water and rotates backwards, towards the board.
Inward – The diver faces away from the water and rotates forward, towards the board.
Twisting – A twisting dive is any of the other dives in which the diver twists their body to the left or right.
Armstand – An armstand dive is where the diver begins the dive from a handstand position.
They are not standing on their feet at the beginning of this type of dive.
Body positions
Tuck – The body is bent at the waist and knees.
The thighs are close to the chest and the heels of the feet are close to the buttocks.
Pike – The diver's legs are straight.
Their body is bent at the waist.
The position of the arms is chosen by the diver.
They are often pointed towards the toes.
Straight – There is no bend in the body at all.
There could be a small arch of the back depending on the type of dive.
Free – The free position is not an actual body position.
It is where the diver uses more than one position.
It is usually used when doing a dive with a somersault or a twist in it
Dive Numbers
100's=Forward
200's=Backward
300's=Reverse
400's=Inward
A-Straight
B-Pike
C-Tuck
D-Free
Aurich (; East Frisian Low Saxon: Auerk, West Frisian: Auwerk, ) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany.
It is the capital of the district of Aurich and is the second largest City in East Frisia, both in population, after Emden, and in area, after Wittmund.
Aurich is twinned with:
Appingedam, Netherlands
Official German list of concentration camps Record of the concentration camp and its sub-camps
Towns and villages in East Frisia
Cloppenburg  (Low Saxon: Cloppenborg, Saterland Frisian: Kloppenbuurich) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of Cloppenburg District.
It lies some  south-south-west of Oldenburg in the Weser-Ems region between Bremen and the Dutch border.
The town is a centre for the largely agricultural region of southern Oldenburg.
Pulsars  are neutron stars which spin rapidly and produce huge electromagnetic radiation along a narrow beam.
Neutron stars are very dense, and have short, regular spins.
This produces a very precise interval between pulses that range from roughly milliseconds to seconds for an individual pulsar.
The pulse can only be seen if the Earth is close enough to the direction of the beam.
Similar to how you can only see a lighthouse when the beam is shining at your direction.
The pulses match the star's turns.
The spinning causes a lighthouse effect, as the radiation is only seen at short intervals.
Werner Becker of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics recently said,
"The theory of how pulsars emit their radiation is still in its infancy, even after nearly forty years of work.
There are many models but no accepted theory".
The first pulsar was discovered in 1967.
It was discovered by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish.
They worked at the University of Cambridge.
The observed emission had pulses separated by 1.33 seconds.
The pulses all came from the same place in the sky.
The source kept to sidereal time.
At first, they did not understand why pulsars have a regular change in the strength of radiation.
The word pulsar is short for "pulsating star".
In 1974, Antony Hewish became the first astronomer to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Controversy occurred because he was awarded the prize while Bell was not.
She had made the initial discovery while she was his Ph.
D student.
Bell claims no bitterness upon this point, supporting the decision of the Nobel prize committee. "
Some people call it the No-Bell prize because they feel so strongly that Jocelyn Bell Burnell should have shared in the award".
In 1974, Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. and Russell Hulse discovered for the first time a pulsar in a binary system.
Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts that this system should emit strong gravitational radiation, causing the orbit to continually contract as it loses orbital energy.
Observations of the pulsar soon confirmed this prediction, providing the first ever evidence of the existence of gravitational waves.
As of 2010, observations of this pulsar continue to agree with general relativity.
In 1993, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Taylor and Hulse for the discovery of this pulsar.
Kinds of pulsars
Rotation-powered pulsars, where the radiation is caused by the loss of rotational energy; radiation is caused by the neutron star slowing down in the speed in which it turns
Accretion-powered pulsars (which are most but not all X-ray pulsars), where the gravitational potential energy of matter that falls onto the pulsar causes X-rays that can be received from Earth, and
Magnetars, where an extremely strong magnetic field loses energy, which causes the radiation.
Although all three kinds of objects are neutron stars, the things that they can be seen to do and the physics that causes this are very different.
But there are some things that are similar.
For example, X-ray pulsars are probably old rotation-powered pulsars that have already lost most of their energy, and can only be seen again after their binary companions expanded and matter from them started falling onto the neutron star.
The process of accretion (matter falling onto the neutron star) can in turn give enough angular momentum energy to the neutron star to change it into a rotation-powered :millisecond pulsar.
This stability allows millisecond pulsars to be used in establishing ephemeris time, or building pulsar clocks.
Timing noise is the name for rotational irregularities observed in all pulsars.
This timing noise is observable as random wandering in the pulse frequency or phase.
The study of pulsars has resulted in many uses in physics and astronomy.
Major examples include the proof of gravitational radiation as forecasted by general relativity and the first proof of exoplanets.
In the 1980s, astronomers measured pulsar radiation to prove that the North American and European continents are drifting away from one another.
This movement is evidence of plate tectonics.
Important pulsars
The magnetar SGR 1806-20 produced the largest burst of energy in the Galaxy ever seen in an experiment on 27 December 2004
PSR B1931+24 "... looks like a normal pulsar for about a week and then 'switches off' for about one month before producing pulses again. [..]
this pulsar slows down more rapidly when the pulsar is on than when it is off. [..
the] way it slows down must have to do with the radio energy and the things that cause it, and the extra slow-down can be explained by a wind of particles leaving the pulsar's magnetic field and slowing down the speed at which it turns.
PSR J1748-2446ad, at 716 Hz (times it turns per second), is the fastest spinning pulsar known.
Lorimer D.R. & M. Kramer 2004.
Handbook of pulsar astronomy.
Cambridge Observing Handbooks for Research Astronomers.
A pulsar discovery - the detection of the first optical pulsar from the American Institute of Physics.
Includes audio and teachers guides.
The listing for the first pulsar (PULS CP 1919) in the Simbad database
The ATNF Pulsar Catalogue
Scientists can predict pulsar starquakes (SpaceDaily) Jun 07, 2006
List of pulsars in binary systems
XMM-Newton makes new discoveries about old pulsars (SpaceDaily) Jul 27, 2006
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords is a RPG video game set in the Star Wars expanded universe.
It was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and was released in December 2004 on Xbox video game console and in February 2005 on PC.
Developed with the Odissey Engine, the game is set five years after KotOR, or 3.951 BBY.
After the Jedi Civil War, Revan left the Galaxy to find something in the unknown areas, something that could be a threat to the Old Republic.
There are less than 100 Jedi left in the Galaxy after the brutal war against Darth Malak.
They are killed, one by one, by Sith assassins who attack from the shadows.
The player will meet several companions who will join him in his quest depending on his alignment and on the gender the player has chosen for his character.
The Exile can eventually meet up to 11 characters: Kreia, Atton Rand, Bao-Dur, The Handmaiden (if the player is set to male), The Disciple (if the player is set to female), Mira (if the player is set to light-side), Hanharr (if the player is set to dark-side), T3-M4, HK-47, G0-T0, and Mandalore.
The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is a play by William Shakespeare.
It is about the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC.
Shakespeare based his play on stories in Plutarch's Life of Brutus and Life of Caesar.
The play was probably written in 1599.
It was first published in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays.
The play was probably one of Shakespeare's first plays to be performed at the Globe Theatre.
The theatre had just been built.
A Swiss traveller saw a tragedy about Julius Caesar at a London theatre on 21 September 1599.
This was probably Shakespeare's play.
The play has been made into movies three times.
In a 1950 movie, Charlton Heston played Mark Antony.
In a 1953 movie, James Mason played Brutus and Marlon Brando played Antony.
In a 1970 movie, Jason Robards played Brutus, Charlton Heston played Antony again, and John Gielgud played Caesar.
Text of Julius Caesar, fully edited by John Cox, as well as original-spelling text, facsimiles of the 1623 Folio text, and other resources, at the Internet Shakespeare Editions
Julius Caesar Navigator Includes Shakespeare's text with notes, line numbers, and a search function.
No Fear Shakespeare  Includes the play line by line with interpretation.
All Julius Caesar  Provides a summary of the play, background on Shakespeare and Julius Caesar, including historical background on Julius Caesar, and a character analysis of Caesar.
Julius Caesar – searchable, indexed e-text
Julius Caesar – from Project Gutenberg
Julius Caesar  – by The Tech
Julius Caesar – Searchable and scene-indexed version.
Julius Caesar in modern English
Lesson plans for Julius Caesar  at Web English Teacher
Quicksilver Radio Theater adaptation of "Julius Caesar", which may be heard online, at PRX.org (Public Radio Exchange).
Julius Caesar study guide, themes, quotes, analysis, multimedia, & teaching guide
Twisted Sister is an American metal band.
They were popular in the 1980's with their music videos We're Not Gonna Take it and I Wanna Rock.
Originally a glam rock band influenced by New York Dolls, when Dee Snider came they moved to a heavy metal direction.
Official Bent Brother site
Official Dee Snider site
Official Eddie Ojeda site
Official A.J. Pero site
February 22 – Native American Quadequine shows popcorn to English colonists.
March 22 – Massachusetts Bay Colony makes having cards, dice and gaming tables against the law.
June 6 – Swedish warships leave Stockholm to go to Germany.
June 26 – July 6 – Swedish troops controlled by Gustavus Adolphus go to Pomerania, Germany to help Protestants.
July 6 – Success the last ship of the Winthrop Fleet, returns safely at Salem harbor, MBC.
September 17 – The city of Boston, Massachusetts is first started.
September 24 – The first ship of de Sauce's emigrants arrive at Southampton Hundred on the James River.
November 10-November 11 – Day of Dupes – Marie de Medicis' tries to stop Richelieu but it does not work.
Johann Heinrich Alsted's Encyclopaedia is published (printed as a book people can buy).
The first story of the Childes Tomb is published.
Many people from Great Britain go to live in Paramaribo, Suriname for the first time.
Puritan pamphleteer Dr. Alexander Leighton publishes "Zion's Plea Against Prelacy: An Appeal to Parliament."
The book was against Anglican bishops, in London.
He was sentenced by Archbishop William Laud's High Commission Court to being whipped in public, branding and having his ears cut off.
January 11 – John Rogers the American President of Harvard (died 1684)
February 19 – Shivaji the person who started the Maratha Empire (died 1680)
April 28 – Charles Cotton the English poet (died 1687)
May 29 – King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland (died 1685)
August 1 – Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh the English statesman (died 1673)
October 14 – Sophia of Hanover the heir (next person to become queeen) of Great Britain (died 1714)
October – John Tillotson the Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1694)
November 24 – Etienne Baluze a French scholar (died 1718)
November 27 – Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria the regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (died 1665)
January 26 – Henry Briggs the English mathematician (born 1556)
February 12 – Fynes Moryson the English traveler and writer (born 1566)
February 26 – William Brade the English composer (born 1560)
April 29 – Agrippa d'Aubigné the French poet and soldier (born 1552)
July 16 – Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (born 1562)
September 17 – Thomas Lake the English statesman (born 1567)
September 18 – Melchior Klesl the Austrian cardinal and statesman (born 1552)
September 20 – Claudio Saracini the Italian composer (born 1586)
September 25 – Ambrosio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases the Spanish general (born 1569)
November 15 – Johannes Kepler the German astronomer (born 1571)
November 19 – Johann Schein the German composer (born 1586)
Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician.
He is the President of Cameroon.
He has been the country's president since 6 November 1982.
Biya was born in the village of Mvomeka'a in Cameroon.
At that time, the country was called French Cameroon.
He studied in France, at the Sorbonne and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, both in Paris.
He graduated in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in public law and a diploma in international relations.
After graduating, Biya returned to Cameroon and worked in the government.
In 1975, the President Ahmadou Ahidjo gave the job of Prime Minister to Biya.
When President Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982, Biya became president of the country.
Shortly afterwards, Ahidjo and Biya began feuding, and Ahidjo was forced to leave Cameroon.
Biya was elected as the President of Cameroon in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997 and 2004, but other parties only have been allowed to enter the elections since 1992.
The results many of these election results have been called fraudulent (achieved through unfair or illegal ways).
Many international organizations, including Amnesty International, have criticized Biya's government for restricting the freedom of the people of Cameroon.
These issues include control of the media (newspapers and radio and television stations)  and violations of human rights.
Biya's supporters point to the country's stability and high literacy rate.
bbc.com's country profile on Cameroon
Paul Biya's Biography (from the 2004 election)
Amnesty International press release from 17/25/97
Presidents of Cameroon
Prime Ministers of Cameroon
The International Olympic Committee (IOC; French: Comité international olympique, CIO) is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece between 776 BC to 393 AD.
Its membership is 203 National Olympic Committee.
It is the committee to support and promote participation in sports throughout the world.
Demetrius Vikelas (1894–1896)
Pierre de Coubertin (1896–1925)
Henri de Baillet-Latour (1925–1942)
Sigfrid Edström (1942–1952)
Avery Brundage (1952–1972)
Lord Killanin (1972–1980)
Juan Antonio Samaranch (1980–2001)
Jacques Rogge (2001–2013)
Thomas Bach (2013-present)
1894 establishments
The Confederation of African Football often referred to as just CAF, is the organization that controls African football.
Confederation Of African Football official CAF site
Football organizations
Oceania Football Confederation Official Site
1966 establishments in Oceania
It is the region Stuttgart in the Stuttgart Government Region.
Seat of the district is the former württembergische Residenzstadt (Royal Württemberg City) of Ludwigsburg, the largest city of the district.
Towns and municipalities
Districts of Baden-Württemberg
The 1260s is a decade.
It started on 1 January 1260 and ended on 31 December 1269.
Kublai Khan became the supreme leader (a title for their leader) of the Mongol Empire and moved his capital to Beijing.
He was at war with the southern Chinese Song Dynasty.
The Mongol Empire lost some of its battles.
The first time it lost a battle with Kublai Khan as the leader was in Palestine when fighting the Mamluks of Egypt.
The Empire also lost in the Caucasus.
The Mamluks were led by their new sultan Baibars.
The Mamluks were soon were more in control in the Middle East because they took control of a number of crusader states and also stopped the Mongol attacks from happening as much.
The Empire of Nicaea took control of Constantinople and also the Latin Empire so it again became the Byzantine Empire.
In Europe there was problems in politics.
Arguments about who was the owner of what land let to many wars in the continent.
In England there was the Second Barons' War.
This was a civil war between the aristocracy who did not like how the King named Henry III behaved.
This was because the King wanted absolute monarchy.
King Otakar II of Bohemia became the most important prince in Europe.
He got more land by fighting wars and also when his family died some of their land became his.
Iceland and Greenland knew of and recognised the overlordship of Norway but when the Norse invaded Scotland the Scottish were able to stop them and they made peace.
In Spain the Reconquista was still happening and several important cities were captured again from the Moors.
The way the pope was elected was made better.
The parliaments of Ireland and England met for the first time.
Several important cultural achievements were made in the decade.
Roger Bacon published important scientific work named Opus Majus.
Also, Thomas Aquinas published Summa contra Gentiles.
Important pices of architecture and sculptures were made in cathedrals in Europe.
These include the Cathedral of Chartres and Nicola Pisano's pulpits for the Duomo di Siena and Pisa's Baptistery.
In religion, the Sukhothai kingdom in Thailand adopted Buddhism as its official religion.
In Europe anti-Semitism became worse because several authorities made laws which said that Jewish people must wear yellow badges so people knew who they were.
Many Jewish people were killed in England and the Talmud was attacked and censored by the Catholic Church.
North and West Europe
1260 – The Baltic Samogatians and Curonians won the Battle of Durbe against the Teutonic Knights.
1263 – October – King Alexander III of Scotland won the Battle of Largs against the Viking armada (group of ships to fight a war) that was sent by King Haakon IV of Norway.
1263 – The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to people to say that they that is was their duty to be loyal to the Norwegian king.
This made the Icelandic Commonwealth stop and also stopped the Icelandic civil war.
1266 – The war between Scotland and Norway ended because King Alexander III of Scotland and King Magnus VI of Norway agreed to the Treaty of Perth.
Central and South Europe
1260 – September 4 – The armed forces of King Manfred of Sicily with the Ghibellines won a battle agains the Guelphs at Monte Aperto.
1260 – War started in the Valais (which is now in Switzerland) as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy.
1263 – Genoa takes the city of Chania on Crete from the Venetians.
1264 – The Thuringian War of Succession stops.
1266 – February 26 – In the Battle of Benevento an army led by Charles (Count of Anjou) won a battle against an armed force from Germany and Sicily whose leader was King Manfred of Sicily.
Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV makes Charles king of Sicily and Naples.
Iberian Peninsula (the land that is mostly Spain and Portugal)
1263 – King James I of Aragon wins a battle against the Moors and takes back control of Crevillente during the Reconquista.
1264 – In Spain, King James I of Aragon takes back control the cities of Orihuela and Elx in Alicante from the Moors.
This ends more than 500 years of Islamic rule.
1265 – King Alfonso X of Castile takes control the city of Alicante, Spain from the Moors during the Reconquista.
1267 – King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign a treaty to agree that the Guadiana River is the southern border between Portugal and Spain.
This is the same as the border now.
1260 – King Otakar II of Bohemia takes control of Styria after winning the Battle of Kressenbrunn.
King Bela IV of Hungary was in control.
1261 – Bela IV of Hungary stops the Tatars coming to fight to take control of Hungry.
1268 – King Stephen V of Hungary starts a war with Bulgaria.
England: The Second Barons' War
1261 – King Henry III of England gets a papal bull which lets him leave the Provisions of Oxford.
This is part of the reason for civil war happening between the monarch and the aristocracy of England.
1264 – Before May – Second Barons' War is an English civil war and it begins in this year.
1264 – May 12 to May 14 – The Battle of Lewes is fought between Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and King Henry III of England in Sussex.
At the end of the battle de Montfort's forces capture both King Henry and his brother (who is the future King Edward I) This made de Montfort the "uncrowned king of England" because he was now in control of England but people did not make him a real King.
1265 – January 20 – In Westminster the first English parliament holds its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster.
The Palace of Westminster is now known as the Houses of Parliament.
1265 – Before August – Future King Edward I escapes from be held hostage by Simon de Montfort.
1265 – August 4 – The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire.
The army of Edward won against the rebellious barons.
the rebellious barons were led by Simon de Montfort.
The army killed de Montford and several of the people that helped him.
Sometimes the event is though of as the death of chivalry in England.
1266 – October – The war gets better because persons that supported Simon de Montfort offer to make peace with the king.
This is named the Dictum of Kenilworth.
1267 – The Second Barons' War stops.