the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Under the new structure, the existing superintendent was replaced by a school chief, or chancellor, who was selected by the mayor and would report directly to him.
This power shift also allowed the mayor to make swift changes in the system's central office, alter teacher qualification requirements, and implement a school consolidation process.
His selection of Michelle Rhee to manage District schools surprised many people.
In choosing Rhee, he stepped outside of the local landscape to consult with national education experts including New York City School Chancellor Joel Klein.
The move to restructure the school's reporting system and the addition of a school chancellor as a direct report have been credited with putting the school system on the path to long-awaited improvements.
To ensure that maximum resources would go directly to classrooms, the mayor and chancellor closed 23 underenrolled schools and significantly reduced the school system's central administrative staff.
Student achievement at the secondary level rose 14 points in reading and 17 points in math since 2007, gains that are unprecedented in DC history and unparalleled nationwide.
Student SAT scores rose 27 points in 2010.
Graduation rates rose each year since 2007, and 72 percent of district students took the Practice Scholastic Aptitude Test, a.k.a.
the PSAT, which functions as a practice test for students entering college.
His administration also took on a major, five-year maintenance and construction effort to dramatically improve school buildings by 2014.
The Mayor and Chancellor successfully negotiated a collective bargaining agreement with the Washington Teachers Union.
The contract has become a national model for other jurisdictions, especially because it establishes a system of performance-based teacher compensation.
While focusing on improving schools, the Fenty Administration changed district agencies, ensuring more efficient and effective service delivery throughout district government.
Fenty's choice for police chief, Cathy Lanier, also made national headlines.
Under Fenty, Lanier has added police officers to the streets and expanded community policing initiatives, for example, "beefing up" the policy of accepting anonymous text message tips from local residents to cut down on retaliation.
By local news accounts, there is evidence of success.
The homicide rate in the District dropped 25% in 2009.
The closure rate for homicide cases rose to 70%.
In his "State of the District" speech, the Mayor reported that homicides were at their "lowest level since 1964" and that "both violent crimes and property crimes" had experienced a double-digit decline.
Fenty has championed development efforts across the district.
Across the district, several schools, libraries, parks and recreation centers have been renovated to offer state-of-the-art facilities for residents, youth and families.
There have been many improvements made to recreational play spaces for children: Under Fenty, 16 neighborhood and school playgrounds were opened and 9 play courts and fields were completed.
Under his leadership, the District's largest shopping center, the D.C. USA Shopping Center, was opened.
New developments, such as the Camp Simms retail development, have infused new life into the neighborhood with a retail grocery store and a sit-down restaurant east of the Anacostia River.
Renovation of affordable housing units helped provide housing during tough economic times.
The Fenty Administration also expanded health care coverage for the uninsured and established thousands of units of affordable housing, while creating the "Housing First" program to provide permanent supportive housing for the district's homeless.
The administration also reduced the backlog of Child Protective Services (CPS) investigations by improving the retention of social workers, increasing recruitment of social workers to fill vacancies, and building a quality, experienced leadership.
Additionally, the Fenty Administration improved the delivery of emergency medical services.
It also finalized the sale of Greater Southeast Community Hospital (now United Medical Center) in a public-private partnership that kept the facility open for patients east of the Anacostia River.
In December 2009, Fenty signed the Religious Freedom and Civil Marriage Equality Act of 2009 to legalize same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia.
During the signing ceremony, Mayor Fenty and other attending district officials expressed their support for the gay rights movement by expressing "they want the District to provide a road map for gay rights activists as the debate over same-sex marriage...moves across the nation..."
Mayor Fenty and his administration came under attack from political opponents.
Council Chair Gray complained that Fenty did not share  with the district council tickets donated by a local sports arena.
Chair Gray demanded that Fenty hand the tickets over to him so Gray could have control of them.
The D.C. council also charged that Fenty circumvented them in making contracts for park improvements.
Rather than treat them as district contracts, the contracts were made with the D.C. Housing Agency.
Unsuccessful 2010 re-election campaign
Fenty officially launched his reelection bid on April 10, 2010, at his campaign headquarters at 5929 Georgia Avenue, NW, in Washington, D.C.’s Brightwood neighborhood.
The Fenty campaign's headquarters were located on the site of the old Curtis Chevrolet dealership within Ward 4, the ward in which Fenty began his political career as an Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner in ANC 4C.
Fenty faced ten candidates in the District's September 14, 2010, Democratic primary.
On July 31, 2009 (13½ months before the 2010 primary), Fenty's 2010 mayoral campaign passed the 2006 primary fundraising total of $2.4 million.
On August 1, 2010, the editorial board of The Washington Post officially endorsed Fenty.
Washington City Paper followed on September 9.
One primary candidate in particular, Sulaimon Brown devoted his efforts to attacking Fenty rather than establishing his own positive campaign.
After the election, Brown was given a $110,000 per year job in the D.C. Department of Health Care Finance within the new administration.
However, Brown was later fired because of questions about his past.
A Washington Post poll released on Aug. 29 found Gray with a 17-point lead among likely voters.
A Clarus poll conducted September 7 gave Gray a 7-point lead among likely voters, and a Public Policy Polling survey sponsored by WAMU-FM radio and Washington City Paper showed an 11 percent lead for Gray.
Fenty lost the Democratic primary election to Vincent C. Gray.
Gray received 53 percent of the vote to Fenty's 46 percent.
Following the reporting of the results, Fenty called it highly unlikely he would run for public office again.
After politics
Fenty signed with Greater Talent Network, a major speakers bureau, in January 2011.
The same month, Fenty became an outside adviser and counsel to Heffler, Radetich & Saitta, an accounting and consulting firm based in Philadelphia.
Also in January 2011, it was announced that Fenty would become a distinguished visiting professor of politics, a featured lecturer and a career adviser in the Department of African American Studies at Oberlin College.
In February 2011, Fenty became an outside adviser to Rosetta Stone, which produces foreign language learning software.
In March 2011, Fenty became a strategic adviser for the state and local government practice of Capgemini Government Solutions LLC, an information technology consulting firm.
In May 2011, Fenty became a member of the advisory board of EverFi Inc., an online education and certification firm.
In July 2011, Fenty joined the law firm Klores Perry Mitchell P.C. as special counsel.
On the Morning Joe broadcast on March 8, 2011, Adrian Fenty backed Wisconsin Republican Governor Scott Walker's union-busting bill and said that the Democratic state senators should be held accountable.
Election history
Washington, D.C. Mayor Adrian M. Fenty
Fenty for Mayor official Web site
CityMayors profile
Adrian Fenty radio interview on WAMU's Kojo Nnamdi Show
Adrian Fenty radio interview on WTOP's Post Politics Program
Mayor Against Illegal Guns homepage
Washington Post profile of Fenty
Washington Post endorsement of Fenty
Article about the Mayor's Inaugural Ball
Fenty Sweep Is One for the Record Books
Mayors of Washington, D.C.
Bernadette is a feminine given name.
It is the female version of the masculine name Bernard.
Celebrities with the name Bernadette include the actress Bernadette Peters.
People named Bernadette
St. Bernadette Soubirous (1844–1879), Marian visionary of Lourdes
Bernadette Bowyer (born 1966), Canadian field hockey player
Bernadette Lafont (1938–2013), French actress
Bernadette Sembrano (born 1976), Filipino television reporter, newscaster and host
Bernadette Szőcs (born 1995), Romanian table tennis player
Bernadette Rostenkowski, a character on the TV show The Big Bang Theory
"Bernadette", a 1967 hit recording by the Four Tops
"Bernadette", a single by IAMX from his 2011 album Volatile Times
Hwang Hui (, Hanja:黃喜, 1363 - 1452) was a Korean Goryeo dynasty and Joseon Dynasty scholar and politician.
He was the Prime Minister of Joseon Dynasty from 1431 to 1449.
Maeng Sa-seong
Kim Jong-seo
Choi Yun-deok
Naver.com article (Korean)
Nate Studies (Korean)
1363 births
1452 deaths
Sulaimon Maurice Brown (born July 31, 1970 in Charleston, SC) is an accountant.
He was a candidate for mayor of the District of Columbia in 2010.
During the campaign, he actively supported another candidate, Vincent Gray.
After Gray became mayor, Brown's criminal record became public.
He is being investigated by the United States Attorney.
Brown is also being investigated by committees of the DC City Council and of Congress.
Brown earned a Bachelor of Business Administration - Accounting from the University of the District of Columbia.
Brown worked as a University of the District of Columbia police officer until 2005.
Brown then worked at various accounting firms.
In 1988, Brown was tried and acquitted by a jury on an attempted murder charge in Chicago.
Brown was also accused of assault in Essex County, New Jersey, but a grand jury refused to indict Brown.
The Washington City Paper reported that DC court records show "gun charges against Brown were dropped in 1991 in exchange for Brown going to a diversion program, and a jury found Brown guilty in 1995 for unlawful entry."
The City Paper also reported that a restraining order had been issued against Brown in 2007.
The press asked Brown if he had a criminal record.
Brown replied that he had been arrested once for trespassing at Howard University.
Brown was a volunteer in Adrian Fenty's 2006 campaign for mayor.
According to Brown's 2009 website, Brown "worked behind the scenes campaigning for many elected officials [including] The President of the United States Barack Obama.
He has helped in efforts to get White House Legislation passed and most recently trying to get a Supreme Court nominee appointed."
Brown became a candidate for the 2010 Democratic Party nomination for mayor.
On June 24, 2010, Brown was running out of money because he had not held a job for 18 months.
Brown discussed his financial problems with another candidate for mayor, Vincent Gray.
Brown and Gray reached an agreement for Gray to provide cash payments to Brown for the rest of the campaign.
They also agreed that if Gray won the election, the city would hire both Brown and his brother.
Before the primary election, Brown received $44,000 from the Gray campaign and an additional $750 from Lorraine Green, Chairwoman of Gray's campaign.
Howard Brooks carried the cash between Gray's campaign and Brown.
Because Brown was a declared candidate, he participated with Mayor Fenty in a number of candidate debates.
At the August 2010 forum in Ward 8, Brown questioned whether Fenty loved his parents.
According to the Washington Post, "During the election, Brown, 40, drew attention at debates by urging voters to cast ballots for Gray and criticizing incumbent Adrian M. Fenty."
Brown received 209 votes in the primary.
Gray defeated Fenty in the September 14, 2010 primary, and Gray won the general election in November 2010.
Gray became Mayor in January 2011.
Political appointment
The Gray Transition Team hired the Capitol Inquiry firm to check Brown's background.
Capitol Inquiry discovered Brown's past legal proceedings in Chicago and New Jersey, and included them in a confidential report.
In January 2011, Brown was hired to a $110,000-a-year job in the DC Office of Health Care Finance.
Gray claimed that Brown was hired by Wayne Turnage, the director of that office.
When the Washington City Paper raised questions about the hiring of Brown, he was quickly fired.
DC police escorted Brown out of his new office.
Mayor Gray called a press conference the same day, and stated:
He’s qualified to do the work, Mark.
What he did on the campaign has no relation to this.
What he did on the campaign is what he decided to do.
I didn't ask him to do that nor did I encourage him to do that.
Turnage said that he fired Brown because they could not get along and not because of what was printed about his background.
Brown sat in the back of the press conference as an uninvited guest, and spoke to reporters at the end of the conference.
When the press asked Brown if Gray had promised him a job, Brown refused to answer.
Brown blamed City Councilman David Catania for his being fired.
Brown said that Catania had threatened to delay the confirmation of Turnage until Brown was fired.
Catania denied this.
In April and May 2011, the DC City Council issued a subpeona to get Brown to testify.
Brown hid from the people trying to give him the subpeona and went to court to fight having to testify.
On May 31, 2011, the D.C. Superior Court order Brown to testify before the D.C. Council committee that was investigating this matter.
On June 6, 2011, Brown testified under oath that Gray had paid him cash to keep in as a candidate in the primary race and had promised him a job.
Brown claimed that Gray himself had ordered one of the payoffs.
The City Council probe showed that Green, Gray's chief of staff Gerri Mason Hall and Gray's personnel director Judy Banks gave Gray's political allies city jobs.
They did it in a way that did not pay attention to qualifications or laws.
Brown was required to report the money that he got as campaign contributions.
On June 5, Brown gave the press copies of money orders payable to "Sulaimon Brown for Mayor" from relatives of Howard Brooks, including Brook's son (Peyton Brooks), the son's girlfriend, and a cousin of Brook's wife.
The last two denied ever making the contributions.
Peyton Brooks was also hired as a $110,000-a-year special assistant in the Office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development.
Peyton Brooks was one of several children of Gray's campaign workers to be fired after the press printed stories about the jobs.
Brown said that he received additional money orders from Howard Brooks, but that those did not have names on them.
The United States Attorney's Office is also investigating.
Brown said that the Federal Bureau of Investigation asked Brown about the payments from Brooks, Green and Gray.
Sulaimon Brown Resume distributed at Feb. 24 press conference
Campaign website from Internet Archive
The 2011 Norway attacks were two attacks in Norway on 22 July 2011.
The first attack was a car bombing near government buildings in Oslo.
The second attack was a mass shooting at a summer youth camp on an island northwest of Oslo.
Of the total 77 deaths, 55 were teenagers, and another 96 people were injured.
The car bomb also shattered many windows of buildings in the government quarter of downtown Oslo.
The bomb explosion was near the office of Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg at 15:26.
It killed eight people and injured several others.
The second attack happened about 90 minutes later, at a youth camp organized by the youth group (AUF) of the Norwegian Labour Party (AP) at the island of Utøya in Tyrifjorden, Buskerud.
A gunman disguised as a policeman opened fire at the campers, killing 69 people.
The police arrested several suspects, but most were released.
Anders Behring Breivik, a 32-year-old Norwegian Protestant man, committed both attacks.
He was later charged with both attacks.
Oslo bombing
On 22 July 2011 at 15:26 (CEST) a powerful explosion went off near the offices of the Prime Minister of Norway (H-blokka) and several other government buildings, such as the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (R4) and Ministry of Finance. (
See map)
The nearby street was filled with glass and debris following the explosion.
The wreckage of a car was sighted near one of the affected buildings.
A giant cloud of white smoke was seen as a fire burned at the Ministry of Petroleum.
The blast was heard at least seven kilometres away.
Following the explosion, police cleared the area and searched for more explosive devices.
The police asked people to leave central Oslo.
Eight people are known to have been killed in the explosion, with fifteen injured, eleven seriously.
A doctor at the Oslo University Hospital said the hospital staff were treating head, chest and abdominal injuries.
Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg was not hurt in the blast.
Norway’s finance minister, Sigbjørn Johnsen, was on holiday in Denmark at the time.
Impact on transportation
All roads into Oslo's downtown area were closed as police moved people from the area and warned Oslo residents to stay away from the city center.
They were also told to limit their usage of mobile phones due to concerns of another possible terrorist attack.
Public transport into and out of the city was stopped.
The police checked cars on the road to Oslo airport, which remained open as the police conducted searches in cars at the site.
The Gardermoen railway line between Lillestrøm and Oslo airport was shut down after a suspicious package was found close to the tracks.
The same happened at the offices of TV 2, which were evacuated after a suspicious package was found outside the building.
Utøya shooting
About 90 minutes after the Oslo explosion, a gunman in police uniform, believed to be Anders Behring Breivik, got on a ferry about 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of Oslo.
The ferry went to the island of Utøya in lake Tyrifjorden.
The island was the site of the Labour Party's annual Workers' Youth League (AUF) youth summer camp.
Once on the island, the gunman began to shoot the mainly adolescent campers, before finally being captured.
The shooter was dressed as a police officer, and said he had come over for a routine check following the bombing event in Oslo.
He signalled and asked people to gather around him before firing his weapons, killing and injuring many people.
He first shot people on the island and later started shooting at people who were trying to escape by swimming across the lake.
The police reported that most of the casualties were youths of about 15 and 16 years old.
People on the island were reported to have hidden in lavatories or undergrowth, communicating by text message to avoid giving their positions away to the gunman.
The shooting supposedly lasted for 90 minutes.
The police were informed about the shooting at 17:27, and at 18:27 the gunman had been arrested.
When the police arrived at the scene, they were confronted with a scene of survivors begging the officers to throw away their weapons.
They were afraid that the men in uniforms would again open fire on them.
At about 03:50 (CEST) on 23 July 2011, the National Police Commissioner Øystein Mæland thought the number of deaths at Utøya was "at least 80" with the count expected to increase.
Sixty-nine people died.
The attacker is Anders Behring Breivik.
He was arrested on Utøya for the shootings and also linked to the Oslo bombings.
He has been charged and convicted of carrying out both attacks.
He is in prison.
Acting national police chief Sveinung Sponheim said that the suspected gunman's Internet postings "suggest that he has some political traits directed toward the right, and anti-Muslim views, but whether that was a motivation for the actual act remains to be seen".
Police have described Breivik as being a right-wing extremist.
Breivik described himself as a conservative nationalist.
He has been described as a Christian fundamentalist by news sources.
He is reported to have written many posts on the website "document.no", described by Aftenposten as "Islam-critical and Israel-friendly".
He went to meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), linked with the website.
He is was also once a member of the right-wing Progress Party (FrP) and its youth wing FpU. FpU leader Ove Vanebo said Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but he left the party as his viewpoints became more extreme.
Media reports say that Breivik posted comments on the internet saying he is an admirer of Winston Churchill and Max Manus, and also of Dutch politician Geert Wilders.
Breivik said Wilders' Party for Freedom, is "the only true party for conservatives".
Breivik has said he is "pro-gay and pro-Israel".
On Twitter he paraphrased utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill: "One person with a belief is equal to the force of 100,000 who have only interests."
The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) said that Breivik published a 1516-page manifesto, on his anti-multiculturalist and right-wing militant ideologies, on the day of the attacks.
Beliefs that there were other perpetrator(s)
Several witnesses at the youth camp, believe (as of 23 July 2011) that there was more than one shooter.
The police have received descriptions of a second gunman, and are currently checking this information.
Due to the uncertainty surrounding these witness descriptions and the chaotic nature of the events the police have, as a matter of precaution, yet to make an official comment on the matter.
Acting Police Chief Sveinung Sponheim has said that "It's very difficult at this point to say whether he was acting alone or whether he was acting as part of a larger network".
At a press conference on the morning after the attacks, prime minister Jens Stoltenberg called the attack a "national tragedy" and the worst atrocity since World War II.
Stoltenberg said that the attack would not hurt the Norwegian democracy, and said the proper answer to the violence was "more democracy, more openness, but not naivety".
Svein Østerud (no:), professor emeritus, said that before we can analyze the trauma of the nation, we have to acknowledge that Breivik and [some] other terrorists, are youths that lost their way, when going thru institutions ... while struggling to find one's identity, and at the same time (and everyday) being forced to [ conform to the] norms set by school, parents, and social media.
At Utøya, the place of memorial is called ["the clearing"] "Lysninga"; a part of it is ["the ring"] "Ringen" - a "ring of steel [that] hangs between trees and here the names and age of the majority of those 69 killed are engraved"; "it lies at the highest point of the island"; It was unveiled during the summer of 2015.
Hegnhuset was inaugurated in 2016.
National memorial in Hole municipality
In June 2017 the government decided that one of the national memorials, should be placed at Utøya-kaia, in Hole municipality; the memorial will not [be a work of art, or] have an artistic expression.
KORO (no), an agency under the Ministry of Culture, will no longer formally be tied to the process in regard to the memorial in Hole.
Jan Kjærstad (en) published in 2017, Berge, a novel that is about  the attacks and a triple homicide in 1999, in Norway (en).
Stor eksplosjon i Oslo sentrum, Aftenposten, news report in Norwegian, with pictures.
Allvarligt bombattentat skakar Oslo, Sveriges Radio, news report in Swedish, with pictures.
LIVE: Oslo explosion, BBC News, live news broadcast on the bombing in Oslo.
Oslo Attacks: A Bloody Aftermath  — slideshow by Life magazine
Norway Massacre: Island Under Siege  — slideshow by Life magazine
2010s explosions in Europe
2010s mass shootings in Europe
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2010s
Islamophobic attacks and incidents
July 2011 events
2011 attacks
Terrorist incidents in Europe in the 2010s
Harald Cerny (born 13 September 1973) is a former Austrian football midfielder.
He played mostly for TSV 1860 München.
He started his career  with ASV Hinterbrühl and FC Admira/Wacker where he played in the different youth teams.
At the age of 19 he went to Bayern München where he started the professional career.
The first two years he played for the second squad but in the 1992/93 he played in the first team giving his debut versus Eintracht Frankfurt.
1993 he went back to Austria playing with  FC Admira/Wacker .
After Wacker Innsbruck in the 1994/95 season he went back to Munich but played for Bayerns rival TSV 1860 München.
With 268 matches, 238 of them in the Bundesliga, for 1860 he is the record holder of the club.
Due to injuries, he ended his career in 2007.
Cerny made his debut for Austria in  March 1993 against Greece.
He played 47 matches and  scored four goals.
His last international was an April 2004 against Luxembourg.
He was also in the squad for the  1998 FIFA World Cup in France.
There he played two matches versus Cameroon and Chile.
He started with the local club SV St.Veit and turned professional with F.K. Austria Wien.
He came together with his older brother Mario, who soon went back to St. Veit.
Franz Wohlfahrt played then 20 years or 496 matches for this club divided in two sections.
With Austria Wien he became 6 times Austrian Champion and four times Austrian cup winner.
He became widely known during a UEFA Cup match versus Ajax Amsterdam when he was injured by a bar thrown by an Ajax supporter.
Following this Ajax was banned for one year in European football.
From 1996 till 2000 he played for the German team VfB Stuttgart, with the club he played in the 1997/98 UEFA Cup final versus Chelsea (0:1).
2000 he went back to Austria Wien.
2002 he ended his career but in 2007 he started again playing for ASK Hirm, whose goalkeeper was injured.
In 1983 he played in the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship.
His first match in the senior team was in August 1987 in a match versus Switzerland.
His last match was  a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup versus Turkey.
He was also a goalkeeper in the 1998 FIFA World Cup squad.
In 1999 he was goalkeeper during the 0:9 defeat versus Spain in Valencia.
All in all he played 59 matches for Austria.
Austrian League: 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93
Austrian Cup: 1985–86, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1993–94
German Cup: 1996–97
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: Runner-up 1997–98
Austrian Footballer of the Year: 1993
Exchange of gases or gas exchange is carried out by organisms.
Animals breathe out carbon dioxide and breathe in oxygen.
Plants use carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis, which makes oxygen.
Plants only do this out during the day, when there is sunlight.
Plants respire all day and night.
In the human respiratory system, gas exchange happens in the alveolus (alveoli for plural).
These are in the lungs and help with diffusion.
Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream, from the air.
Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration.
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream, into the air.
Carbon dioxide is a waste product made by respiration.
Pentene is the name of alkenes with the formula C5H10.
They are hydrocarbons.
In total, there are five different pentenes.
Pentens occur in cracking processes and in natural gas.
Pentenes are used for polymerization, and for the synthesis of isoprene, amyl alcohols and Alkylphenols.
Amyl alcohols are used as stabilizers in the production of Chloroform and Dichloromethane to stop phosgene from being made.
Paul Edmund de Strzelecki (20 July 1797 — October 1873) was a Polish man who taught himself geology.
He became famous for his explorations in Australia.
He was born in Gluszyna, near Poznan, Western Poland in 1797 and later served briefly with the Prussian army.
He tried unsuccessfully to marry a young girl, and then was accused of stealing money from his employer.
He moved to London and gave himself the title of Count Strzelecki.
In 1834 he went to North America and spent time visiting mineral areas and exploring for minerals.
He is said to be the first person to find copper in Canada.
In 1836 he travelled along the west coast from Chile to California.
In 1839 he visited the Hawaii, Tahiti, New Zealand and finally landed in Sydney, Australia.
He wanted to make a geological map, and explored large parts of New South Wales and Victoria, including the Australian Alps.
He climbed Australia's highest mountain, and named it Mount Kosciuszko, after the Polish leader, Tadeusz Kosciuszko.
He spent several years in Tasmania before going back to Sydney.
He went back to London in 1843.
He wrote a book on his discoveries in Australia called Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land.
He was given the Founder's Medal by the Royal Geographical Society.
In 1847—8 he was put in charge of the giving out money in Ireland during the Great Famine for the British Relief Association.
He established standards for giving out assistance that are still being used.
He was made a Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society and the Royal Society.
He was awarded the K.C.M.G. in 1869.
He died from cancer in 1873.
He left instructions that after his death his papers were to be burnt and his body buried in an unmarked grave.
A road from Lyndhurst to Innamincka was named the Strzelecki Track after Paul Strzelecki.
It was used until the 1930's to move cattle to Adelaide, and now is the main road to Moomba, a huge natural gas field which supplies Adelaide and Sydney.
The Strzelecki Ranges in Victoria are also named after him.
A large national park on Flinders Island, the Strzelecki National Park, was named after Strzelecki who climbed the mountains there in 1842.
Stress is a measure of the internal forces in a body between its particles.
These internal forces are a reaction to the external forces applied on the body that cause it to separate, compress or slide.
External forces are either surface forces or body forces.
Stress is the average force per unit area that a particle of a body exerts on an adjacent particle, across an imaginary surface that separates them.
In SI units, force is measured in newtons and area in square metres.
This means stress is newtons per square meter, or N/m2.
However, stress has its own SI unit, called the pascal.
1 pascal (symbol Pa) is equal to 1 N/m2.
In Imperial units, stress is measured in pound-force per square inch, which is often shortened to "psi".
The dimension of stress is the same as that of pressure.
In continuum mechanics, the loaded deformable body behaves as a continuum.
So, these internal forces are distributed continually within the volume of the material body. (
This means that the stress distribution in the body is expressed as a piecewise continuous function of space and time.)
The forces cause deformation of the body's shape.
The deformation can lead to a permanent shape change or structural failure if the material is not strong enough.
Some models of continuum mechanics treat force as something that can change.
Other models look at the deformation of matter and solid bodies, because the characteristics of matter and solids are three dimensional.
Each approach can give different results.
Classical models of continuum mechanics assume an average force and do not properly include  "geometrical factors". (
The geometry of the body can be important to how stress is shared out and how energy builds up during the application of the external force.)
Simple stresses
In some situations, the stress within an object can be described by a single number, or by a single vector (a number and a direction).
Three such simple stress situations are the uniaxial normal stress, the simple shear stress, and the isotropic normal stress.
Uniaxial normal stress
Tensile stress (or tension) is the stress state leading to expansion; that is, the length of a material tends to increase in the tensile direction.
The volume of the material stays constant.
When equal and opposite forces are applied on a body, then the stress due to this force is called tensile stress.
Therefore in a uniaxial material the length increases in the tensile stress direction and the other two directions will decrease in size.
In the uniaxial manner of tension, tensile stress is induced by pulling forces.
Tensile stress is the opposite of compressive stress.
Structural members in direct tension are ropes, soil anchors and nails, bolts, etc.
Beams subjected to bending moments may include tensile stress as well as compressive stress and/or shear stress.
Tensile stress may be increased until the reach of tensile strength, namely the limit state of stress.
Stress in one-dimensional bodies
All real objects occupy three-dimensional space.
However, if two dimensions are very large or very small compared to the others, the object may be modelled as one-dimensional.
This simplifies the mathematical modelling of the object.
One-dimensional objects include a piece of wire loaded at the ends and viewed from the side, and a metal sheet loaded on the face and viewed up close and through the cross section.
Stress analysis, Wolfram Research
ESDU Stress Analysis Methods
True stress and true strain
Stress-Strain Curve for Ductile Material
Encyclopædia Britannica article
In organic chemistry, a pericyclic reaction is a type of chemical reaction between organic compounds.
In the case of pericyclic reactions, the transition state of the molecule is a ring (has a cyclic geometry), and the reaction goes forward in a concerted way.
The most important groups of pericyclic reactions are:
Electrocyclic reactions
Cycloadditions
Sigmatropic reactions
Group transfer reactions
Cheletropic reactions
Dyotropic reactions
In general, pericyclic reactions are equilibrium processes.
However, it is possible to push the reaction in one direction if the product is at a significantly lower energy level.
This is applying Le Chatelier's principle to a reaction involving a single molecule.
Many pericyclic reactions have similar stepwise radical processes connected with them.
Chemists disagree whether some reactions are pericyclic reactions.
For example, it is not definitively known whether the [2+2] cycloaddition mechanism is concerted (or may depend on the reactive system).
Many pericyclic reactions have similar reactions that are metal-catalyzed.
But these metal-catalyzed reactions are also not really pericyclic.
The metal catalysts stabilize the reaction intermediates.
So the reaction is not concerted, but rather metal-stabilized.
Pericyclic reactions in biochemistry
Claisen rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate in almost all prototrophic organisms.
[1,5]-sigmatropic shift when precorrin-8x is being changed into hydrogenobyrinic acid
non-enzymatic, photochemical electrocyclic ring opening and a (1,7) sigmatropic hydride shift in vitamin D synthesis.
a conversion of Isochorismate into salicylate and Pyruvate in a catalyzed, true pericyclic reaction.
Pericyclic reactions
Rearrangement reactions
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A cycloaddition is a chemical reaction between reactants with double bonds that get replaced by a ring structure.
It is a pericyclic chemical reaction where "two or more unsaturated molecules (or parts of the same molecule) combine with the formation of a cyclic adduct in which there is a net reduction of the bond multiplicity."
It is a cyclization reaction: it makes new ring of atoms.
Cycloadditions are named by the basic size of the molecules that are being brought together.
This would make the Diels–Alder reaction a [4 + 2]cycloaddition, and the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition a [3 + 2]cycloaddition.
This type of reaction is a non-polar addition reaction.
Heat can cause the double bonds to form a ring.
Thermal cycloadditions usually have (4n + 2) π electrons participating in the starting material, for some whole number n.  Because of orbital symmetry, most cycloadditions are suprafacial-suprafacial.
Rarely, they are antarafacial-antarafacial.
There are a few examples of thermal cycloadditions which have 4n π electrons (for example the [2 + 2] cycloaddition).
These proceed in a suprafacial-antarafacial sense.
For example, the dimerisation of ketene has a orthogonal set of p orbitals.
Those p orbitals allow the reaction to proceed using a crossed transition state.
Light can also cause the double bonds to form a ring.
Cycloadditions in which 4n π electrons participate can also occur as a result of photochemical activation.
Here, one component makes an electron move from the  highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) (π bonding) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (π* antibonding).
After the electron is promoted to the higher orbital, orbital symmetry allows the reaction to proceed in a suprafacial-suprafacial manner.
Another example is shown below, the photochemical dimerization of cinnamic acid.
Some cycloadditions instead of π bonds operate through strained cyclopropane rings; as these have significant π character.
For example, an analog for the Diels–Alder reaction is the quadricyclane-DMAD reaction:
In the (i+j+...) cycloaddition notation i and j refer to the number of atoms involved in the cycloaddition.
In this notation a Diels-Alder reaction is a (4+2)cycloaddition and a 1,3-dipolar addition such as the first step in ozonolysis is a (3+2)cycloaddition.
This notation uses parenthesis.
The IUPAC preferred notation however,  with [i+j+...] counts electrons and not atoms.
It uses square brackets.
In this notation, the Diels–Alder reaction and the dipolar reaction both become a [4+2]cycloaddition.
The reaction between norbornadiene and an activated alkyne is a [2+2+2]cycloaddition.
Types of cycloaddition
Diels-Alder reactions
Huisgen cycloadditions
Nitrone-olefin cycloaddition
Formal cycloadditions
Cycloadditions often have metal-catalyzed and stepwise radical analogs, however these are not strictly speaking pericyclic reactions.
When charged or radical intermediates are involved in a cycloaddition, or when the cycloaddition result is found in a series of reaction steps, they are sometimes called formal cycloadditions to make a difference from true pericyclic cycloadditions.
One example of a formal [3+3]cycloaddition between a cyclic enone and an enamine catalyzed by n-butyllithium is a Stork enamine / 1,2-addition cascade reaction:
A cheletropic reaction is a type of pericyclic reaction where one atom on one of the reagents gets two new bonds.
A pericyclic reaction is one that involves a transition state with a cyclic array of atoms and an associated cyclic array of interacting orbitals.
A reorganization of σ and π bonds occurs in this cyclic array.
What sets cheletropic reactions apart is that on one of the reagents, both new bonds are being made to the same atom.<ref name="Fleming">Ian Fleming.
Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemistry Reactions.
Wiley, 1976.</ref>  A few examples are shown to the right in Figure 1.
In the first case, the single atom is the carbon atom in the carbonyl group.
That carbon atom ends up in carbon monoxide.
The end result is making two new bonds to one atom.
The first two examples are known as "cheletropic extrusions" because a small stable molecule is given off in the reaction.
The driving force for these reactions is often the entropic benefit of releasing a gas (e.g. CO or N2).
Theoretical analysis
Because of the geometry of the molecules involved in cheletropic reactions, they confirm a number of predictions made by theoretical chemists.
Cheletropic reactions confirm the conservation of molecular orbital symmetry.
Two possible geometries can explain the reaction.
The small molecule can approach in either a linear or non-linear way.
In the linear approach, the electrons in the orbital of the small molecule are pointed directly at the π system of the big molecule.
In the non-linear approach, the orbital approaches at a slightly off angle.
The π-systems ability to rotate as the small molecule approaches is crucial in forming new bonds.
The direction of rotation will be different depending on how many π-electrons are in the system.
A diagram of a two-electron fragment approaching a four-electron π-system using frontier molecular orbitals is shown below.
The rotation will be disrotatory if the small molecule approaches linearly and conrotatory if the molecule approaches non-linearly.
Disrotatory and conrotatory tell how the bonds in the π-system are rotating.
Disrotatory means opposite directions while conrotatory means the same direction.
This is also shown in the diagram below.
Using Huckel's Rule, one can tell if the π-system is aromatic or anti-aromatic.
If aromatic, linear approaches use disrotatory motion while non-linear approaches use conrotatory motion.
Linear approaches will have conrotatory motion while non-linear approaches will have disrotatory motion.
Cheletropic Reactions Involving SO2
When sulfur dioxide reacts with butadiene and isoprene, two different products result.
The reaction mechanism will control what gets made.
A kinetic product and a thermodynamic product are both possible.
More of the thermodynamic product gets made than the kinetic product.
The kinetic product comes from a Diels–Alder reaction, while a cheletropic reaction makes a more thermodynamically stable product.
The cheletropic pathway is used more because it makes to a more stable five-membered ring adduct.
The scheme below shows the difference between the two products.
The path to the left shows the thermodynamic product, while the path to the right shows the kinetic product.
Suarez and Sordo showed this in 1995.
They showed this both with experiments and using Gaussian calculations.
Monnat, Vogel, and Sordo, in 2002, measured the kinetics of addition of sulfur dioxide to 1,2-dimethylidenecycloalkanes.
They wrote that the reaction of 1,2-dimethylidenecyclohexane with sulfur dioxide can give two different products depending on reaction conditions.
The reaction makes the corresponding sultine through a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction under kinetic control (≤ -60 °C), but, under thermodynamic control (≥ -40 °C), the reaction makes the corresponding sulfolene through a cheletropic reaction.
The activation enthalpy for the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction is about 2 kcal/mol smaller than that for the corresponding cheletropic reaction.
The sulfolene is about 10 kcal/mol more stable than the isometric sultine in CH2Cl2/SO2 solution.
Similar results were found in an 1995 study by Suarez, Sordo, and Sordo which used ab initio calculations to study the kinetic and thermodynamic control of the reaction of sulfur dioxide with 1,3-dienes.
Solvent effects
The effect of the solvent of the cheletropic reaction of 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-dihydrothiophen-1,1-dioxide (shown at right) was kinetically investigated in 14 solvents.
The reaction rate constants of the forward and reverse reaction in addition to the equilibrium constants were found to be linearly correlated with the ET(30) solvent polarity scale.
Reactions were done at 120 °C and were studied by 1H-NMR spectroscopy of the reaction mixture.
The forward rate k1 was found to decrease by a factor of 4.5 going from cyclohexane to methanol.
The reverse rate k-1 was found to increase by a factor of 53 going from cyclohexane to methanol, while the equilibrium constant Keq decreased by a factor of 140.
It is suggested that there is a change of the polarity during the activation process as evidenced by relationships between the equilibrium and kinetic data.
The authors say that the reaction appears to be influenced by the polarity of the solvent, and this can be shown by the change in the dipole moments when going from reactant to transition state to product.
The authors also state that the cheletropic reaction doesn’t seem to be influenced by either solvent acidity or basicity.
The change in the solvent polarity will influence the rate less than the equilibrium.
The rate constants will be characterized by opposite effect on the polarity: k1 will slightly decrease with the increase of ET(30), and k-1 will increase under the same conditions.
The effect on k-1 will be larger than on k1.
Carbene Additions to Alkenes
One of the most synthetically important cheletropic reactions is the addition of a singlet carbene to an alkene to make a cyclopropane (see figure at left).
A carbene is a neutral molecule containing a divalent carbon with six electrons in its valence shell.
Because of this, carbenes are highly reactive electrophiles and generated as reaction intermediates.
Interaction of the filled carbene orbital with the alkene π system creates a four-electron system and favors a non-linear approach.
It is also favorable to mix the carbene empty p'' orbital with the filled alkene π orbital.
Favorable mixing occurs through a non-linear approach (see figure 2 at right).
However, while theory clearly favors a non-linear approach, there are no obvious experimental implications for a linear vs. non-linear approach.
A sigmatropic reaction in organic chemistry is a pericyclic reaction.
A sigmatropic reaction does not use a catalyst and involves a single molecule (an uncatalyzed intramolecular process).
It changes one σ-bond into a different σ-bond.
The name sigmatropic is the result of a compounding of the long-established "sigma" name for single carbon-carbon bonds and the Greek word tropos, meaning turn.
This is a rearrangement reaction which means that the bonds in a molecule shift between atoms without any atoms leaving or new atoms added to the molecule.
In a sigmatropic reaction, a substituent moves from one part of a π-bonded system to another part in an intramolecular reaction with simultaneous rearrangement of the π system.
True sigmatropic reactions usually do not need a catalyst.
Some sigmatropic reactions are catalyzed by a Lewis acid.
Sigmatropic reactions often have transition-metal catalysts that form intermediates in analogous reactions.
The most well-known of the sigmatropic rearrangements are the [3,3] Cope rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, Carroll rearrangement and the Fischer indole synthesis.
Overview of Sigmatropic Shifts
Woodward-Hoffman Sigmatropic Shift Nomenclature
A special notation is used to describe sigmatropic shifts.
Each of the carbon atoms on the backbone of the molecule are assigned a position number.
Sigmatropic rearrangements are described by an order term [i,j].
This means the migration of a σ-bond adjacent to one or more π systems to a new position (i-1) and (j-1) atoms removed from the original location of the σ-bond.
When the sum of i and j is an even number, this is an indication of the involvement of a neutral, all C atom chain.
An odd number suggests that there is a charged C atom or of a heteroatom lone pair replacing a carbon-carbon double bond.
Thus, [1,5] and [3,3] shifts become [1,4] and [2,3] shifts with heteroatoms, while preserving symmetry considerations.
Hydrogens are omitted in the third example for clarity.
Here is a way to find the order of a given sigmatropic rearrangement.
The first step is to give numbers to each atom starting with the atoms of the bond being broken as atom 1.