the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Important roads go from the square: Whitehall goes to Parliament, the Mall goes to Buckingham Palace, and the Strand goes to the City of London.
The square is also close to Covent Garden and Charing Cross station.
More than 15 million people go to visit there every year.
It contains a large statue of Admiral Lord Nelson.
The square celebrates the Battle of Trafalgar, fought in 1805.
It contains Nelson's Column, a statue of Nelson mounted on a tall column, with four statues of lions around it.
The column is 56 meters tall while the statue is 5 meters tall.
The National Art Gallery is one of several important buildings facing the Square.
Use of the Square
The square is visited by many tourists.
Mainly, it is used for pleasure and relaxation, but sometimes there are meetings and demonstrations in Trafalgar Square.
When the square was first built, demonstrations were banned.
The ban lasted until the 1880s, when the new Labour movement start to hold demonstrations.
One group that did this was the Social Democratic Federation.
On "Black Monday", 6 February 1886, there was a major demonstration about unemployment which led to a riot in Pall Mall.
There were demonstrations in the 1980s against South African apartheid.
In 1990 there were riots against the Poll tax.
In the 2000s there have been demonstrations against the Iraq war.
In recent years the square has become a gathering place for celebrations.
When England won the Rugby World Cup in 2003 thousands of fans gathered in the square.
This public festivities again happened when London won its bid to hold the 2012 Summer Olympic Games.
Roads in London
National squares
An official language is a language that has special status in a country or other organization.
Usually, the government does its business in the official language.
They are sometimes named in a country's constitution.
Some countries, like Switzerland and Luxembourg, have more than one official language.
Other countries, such as the United States and Australia, may not have a de jure official language set by law, but they may have one or more national languages that is considered de facto official because it is used by the government and people in the country.
An official language does not have to be a written language.
It can be a pidgin language (like in Papua New Guinea), or a sign language (like in New Zealand).
A cake is a type of (usually) sweet dessert which is baked.
Originally, it was a bread-like food, but no longer.
Cakes are often made to celebrate special occasions like birthdays or weddings.
There are many kinds of cakes.
It can be baked in an oven.
Some savory cakes are made on a griddle or a frying pan.
Cakes are baked from a batter.
Batter is made by mixing wet ingredients (like milk and eggs) with dry ingredients (like sugar and flour).
The batter is baked in an oven.
This way of baking is known as the muffin method, because muffins are made this way.
Vegan versions of the same cake abstain from using animal products such as dairy or eggs and instead substitute them with plant derived products such as nut milk and alginate-lecithin gel.
Just like bread, cakes rise in the oven because they contain many small air bubbles.
As cakes rise, the air bubbles expand.
This is why the cake batter expands in the pan (often to twice its original size).
There are two ways of forming the air bubbles, which create different types of cakes.
Almost every kind of cake belongs to one of these families.
Creamed Fat
These cakes are made with butter or another fat, like vegetable shortening.
The common way is to mix the fat and sugar, then add eggs, and then add flour.
The fat should be soft.
It should not be hard or liquid.
Mixing sugar with fat creates many very small air bubbles.
Most birthday cakes are made this way.
Cupcakes are also made this way.
Egg foam
These cakes are not made with solid butter or vegetable shortening.
Some of these cakes are made with melted butter or vegetable oil.
The common way is to mix the eggs and sugar, and then add flour.
These cakes are often much taller, lighter and often spongier than creamed fat cakes.
Angelfood cake and chiffon cakes are egg foam cakes.
Most grocery stores with bakeries sell angelfood cakes.
Angelfood cakes are made by beating egg whites with sugar.
This traps a lot of tiny air bubbles.
The eggs and sugar are mixed with other ingredients.
Then, the cake is baked.
A cake can be decorated with icing (also called "frosting"), chocolate, fruit, and much more.
A layer cake is made by stacking cakes with icing or filling between the layers.
Birthday cakes are sometimes decorated with candles.
Cakes can be served with berries or other kinds of fruit.
A large, rich cake is often called by the French word for "cake": "gâteau" (plural: "gâteaux", both singular and plural pronounced "GA-toe").
It may have a lot of cream.
Some cakes can have edible paper on the top.
A house is a building that is made for people to live in.
It is a "permanent" building that is meant to stay standing.
It is not easily packed up and carried away like a tent, or moved like a caravan.
If people live in the same house for more than a short stay, then they call it their "home".
Being without a home is called homelessness.
Houses come in many different shapes and sizes.
They may be as small as just one room, or they may have hundreds of rooms.
They also are made many different shapes, and may have just one level or several different levels.
A house is sometimes joined to other houses at the sides to make a "terrace" or "row house" (a connected row of houses).
A big building with many levels and apartments is called "a block of flats" (British) or an apartment building.
One of the differences between a house and an apartment is that a house has a front door to the outside world, whereas the main door of an apartment usually opens onto a passage or landing that can be used by other people in the building.
Houses have a roof to keep off the rain and sun, and walls to keep out the wind and cold.
They have window openings to let in light, and a floor.
Houses of different countries look different to each other, because of different materials, climate, and styles.
A house is a building for people to live in.
It is usually built for a family (parents and their children).
Most modern houses have special areas or rooms for people to do the things that they need to live comfortably.
A modern house has a place to cook food, a place to eat, places to sleep and a place to wash.
These things are usually done in separate rooms, which are called the kitchen, the sitting room, the bedrooms, the bathroom, the toilet (or lavatory).
Many houses have a separate dining room for eating meals and a separate laundry.
In some houses the toilet is in the bathroom, and in other houses it is separate.
Many houses may also have a "study" or computer room and a "family room" where the children can play games and watch television.
Detached house
In some countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand many families live in a "detached house" which is separate from other buildings and surrounded by its own yard, but is close enough to town to have shops, good transport and entertainment nearby.
In many other countries, including most of Europe, owning a house like this is something that only the richer families can afford, and is just a dream for most people.
Houses in very poor places
In many very poor countries, a lot of people live crowded in houses with only one room.
They often have to share a toilet with many other families, and have to do the cooking outside.
The house might be made of materials that can be found nearby like mud bricks and grass or from second-hand materials like corrugated iron and cardboard boxes.
In many cities there are thousands of small houses crowded together with narrow alleys between them.
A small house is often called a cottage.
Apart from it, its also called small space.
In England, where this word comes from, it is used to mean a house that has one main storey, with a second, lower storey of bedrooms which fit under the roof upstairs.
Cottages are usually found in villages or in the countryside.
They are nearly always built from material that can be found nearby.
In many places the word cottage is used to mean a small old-fashioned house.
In the United States the word cottage is often used to mean a small holiday home.
Semi-detached or duplex
A semi-detached house is a building that has two houses side by side and covered over by just one big roof.
Each house has a pathway to one side, leading from the front to the backyard.
Semi-detached houses are very common in some cities, and can be single storey or several storeys high.
Terraced houses
A row or terraced house (see the picture in the introduction) is a house that is part of a row of houses joined at the side walls.
Many cities and towns have thousands of row houses because they are a good way to build lots of houses close together.
Many row houses have two rooms downstairs and two rooms upstairs, with a kitchen or wash area at the back.
Houses like this were built for poor factory workers and coal miners in many cities and towns.
"Terrace houses" are a type of row house where each house has a similar front to its neighbours.
Row houses are not always small.
Some cities have large beautiful row houses, such as the Royal Crescent, which was built 200 years ago at Bath in England and is a famous example of Georgian architecture.
In some places, the word "bungalow" is used for any house that is all on one level.
The word came from India and for a long time was used for a house that is built all on one level and has a verandah where people can sit or work outdoors, but under a shady roof.
A bungalow often has a hall down the middle of the house to let the breeze blow through.
Bungalows are often seen in countries with hot summers, in India, South East Asia, South Africa, parts of the United States, South America, Australia and New Zealand.
In regions with flooding, a bungalow is often built up on wooden "stilts" or a high basement.
In the 1800s, bungalows were nearly always built of wood, but from the 1920s it became fashionable to build them of brick as well.
A farmhouse may look like a cottage, a bungalow or a mansion, but in many countries a farmhouse can look quite different to a house in a town, because, as well as having a place for people to live, it also has a place for animals.
Three typical types of farmhouses are found.
Many farm houses are long and have two doors.
One door leads to the rooms used by the family.
The other door opens into a stable for the cows, sheep and chickens.
The stable part often has a loft where hay can be kept to feed the animals in the winter.
Another type of farmhouse has two storeys with a big stable and storeroom underneath, with the rooms for the family on the upper floor.
Another type of farmhouse has buildings such as the family house, the barn and the stable all joined together around a central courtyard.
Old farmhouses of these three types can be found in many parts of Europe and Great Britain.
A mansion is a big grand house, usually with two stories and sometimes more.
A mansion often has beautiful architecture, and shows that the person for whom it was designed and built was rich.
Mansions often have beautiful gardens.
Sometimes a mansion does not belong to a private family, but to a town council, to a big business company, to a church or college and is a place for a person with an important job to live and to entertain guests.
A mansion often has rooms which are not found in ordinary houses, such as a drawing room, a ballroom, a library and a music room.
Mansions often need servants to help keep them in order and there are often special rooms where the servants do particular jobs such as cleaning the silver tableware.
Well-known mansions are the White House in Washington, D.C. where the President of the United States lives and Mansion House in London where the Lord Mayor of London lives.
A palace is a house that is very grand for people like Kings and Queens,or other rich people.
Many palaces are homes of royal or aristocratic people.
Some old palaces been changed by people who lived there over many hundreds of years.
One of the best-known palaces in the world is Buckingham Palace, a royal palace in London.
The largest palace in the world is the Louvre which was built in Paris for the Kings of France.
It now holds a famous art gallery.
What are houses built from?
Houses are usually built from types of material that can easily be made or bought near the place where the house is built.
Because of this, old houses in different towns and different villages look quite different to each other, even in the same country.
In modern times building materials can be transported easily and this means that a builder has much more choice about the types of material to use for a house.
Mud and clay
In many parts of the world, mud or clay are the main building materials.
Clay is a type of soil that sticks together more strongly than most other types of soil.
There are three main ways of building walls with mud and clay.
One way to make a house of clay is simply to pile up the mud or wet clay with the hands, and flatten it into a wall shape.
Often animal hair, straw and dung is mixed with the mud so that the fibres (stringy bits) help hold it together.
Some wooden beams and thin wooden slats are used to hold the roof, which is also made of mud or clay.
The roof is flat and strong enough to walk on, but must slope a bit, in case of rain.
The walls are often protected from rain with plaster and paint.
In many countries the walls are usuallly white, but in other places all the houses are painted different bright clolours.
These types of houses are only found in very dry countries.
Houses built in this way give good protection against the very hot sun and hot dry winds of the dessert.
In the cold nights they stay quite warm.
A second way to make the walls of a house out of mud of clay is "wattle and daub". "
Wattle" is weaving from sticks.
First, long sticks are stuck into the ground and then very thin sticks are woven through them, like making a basket.
The thin wattle wall is then "daubed" or stuck all over on the inside and the outside with damp clay, mud or plaster, usually with some chopped straw or animal hair to help it stick together. "
Wattle and daub" are often found in quite damp places where bendy willow trees or acacias (also called "wattle trees") grow.
The walls need good protection from the rain, so houses like this often have roofs that have big "eaves"; the roof sticks out all around the house so that the water does not run down the walls. "
Wattle and daub" houses often have big roofs made of straw, reeds, banana leaves, palm leaves, wooden shingles or big sheets of bark.
Another way to make a house of mud or clay is to shape the wet soil into bricks before building the walls.
The bricks can be shaped by hand, but more often they are shaped in boxes or "moulds" so that all the bricks are just the same size and shape.
They are left in the hot sun until they have dried hard.
Then walls can be made which are the same thickness all the way up.
Clay bricks that are dried in the sun were used in Egypt and Mesopotamia for thousands of years.
Fired bricks
It was discovered that if clay was used, rather than mud, very strong bricks could be made by "firing" (or baking) them in a "kiln" (a special oven). "
Fired" bricks were like pottery; they did not wash away easily in rain and would sometimes last for thousands of years.
The bricks were joined to each other with a type of cement called "mortar".
Some houses built by the Ancient Romans are still standing 2000 years later.
Bricks became one of the most common building materials.
In most cities, nearly all the houses are built of bricks because they are long lasting, they do not need repairing very often.
Brick houses are generally made strong by having all the main walls two bricks thick.
Two walls are built side by side which are "bonded" (or joined to each other) by having some bricks set so they make a bridge between the two layers.
The pattern of the bonded bricks can be seen from the outside.
The two main patterns are called "Flemish Bond" and "British Bond".
Because brick walls are heavy, a brick house needs to have a very firm base or "foundation" to sit on.
This often means digging deep into the ground to lay a foundation before a brick house can be built.
Houses with brick walls often have tiled roofs, because the tiles can often be made at the brick factory.
Modern bricks and tiles come in a big range of colours, because different materials can be transported from different areas.
People who are employing a builder to build a home are nowadays often shown pictures of all the colours of bricks and tiles that are available.
This means that although in old towns, every house is made of the same type of bricks, in a modern suburb every house may look quite different.
The bricks range from white through shades of red, yellow and brown and are sometimes very patterned, while the roof tiles include blue, green and yellow as well as the traditional red, orange and brown.
In some countries, the clay for bricks does not set very hard, and washes away more easily.
If the bricks are not very hard, then it is usual to cover them with plaster or cement, which can then be painted.
In other places, brick walls are not very fashionable so the walls are plastered and made more elegant with decoration.
Plastering or cementing over brickwork is called "render" or "stucco".
In many countries such as Austria, Italy and Spain, the brick houses are usually covered with stucco and are often painted cream, yellow, orange, pink, red or "orchre" (which is a mustard colour).
Houses made of timber are found wherever there are, or there has once been big forests.
Timber houses are also often found in seaside towns where the sea air makes brick and stone houses feel cold and damp.
One of the oldest ways to make a timber house is to cut tree-trunks into logs.
The logs are then split in half so that there is a flat side for the inside of the wall and a round side for the outside.
The logs then have big "notches' or holes cut into the ends, so that when they are piled up, the logs lock together at the corners of the building without any nails.
These log cabins can be seen in Canada, in Switzerland, in Scandinavia, in Eastern Europe and in Japan.
Many houses are made with a wooden "frame" or skeleton.
On the outside of the frame, to keep out the weather, rows of flat boards are nailed, which overlap each other so that the rain cannot come in.
Walls like this are called "clapboard" or "weatherboard".
Clapboard houses are generally painted to preserve the timber.
In England and some parts of the United States, they are nearly always painted white.
In Australia where "weatherboard" houses are very common, they are usually painted in bright colours.
In England and Australia, clapboard houses are usually quite small, but in the United States there are very many grand mansions that are built in this way.
Some houses with a wooden frame have a brick wall on the outside and a wall of plastered board on the inside.
This is called "brick veneer".
Half-timbered houses
A well-known type of old-fashioned house is the "half-timbered" house.
These are seen in the British Isles, France, and across northern Europe and the Alps.
These houses date mainly from about 1200 to about 1800.
Half-timbered houses are houses that have a wooden frame built up of lots of thick timber pieces that are generally quite short.
The timbers are arranged in a pattern with lots of diagonal pieces to act as braces.
The strong wooden frame is then filled in with all sorts of other material.
In some houses the "infil" is mainly of brick.
In other houses, "wattle and daub" is used between the timber.
Other houses have infill of "rubble" (rough stones) in clay or mud.
The "infil is generally plastered over and painted white (or in some places a colour) while the timbers are often stained black.
If they are not stained, they turn pale silvery grey.
Hundreds of these houses exist, including some that are quite grand.
In the 1800s and early 1900s, there was a fashion to copy "half-timbering" on modern brick houses.
Stone houses
In places where there is lots of stone, many houses are built of it.
In many parts of the world, little cottages are built of stone.
Many mansions and palaces are also built of stone.
Some of the oldest houses in the world are made of stone.
They are circular houses with walls of flat stone slabs laid carefully on each other.
The walls sloped gently inwards to meet in a stone roof.
Other prehistoric stone houses had roofs of thatch.
In parts of the world where there is stone that can be broken into flat slabs, then walls can be built up without any "mortar" to join the stones together.
But the wind blows through the gaps, so the walls need timber or render on the inside, to keep out the weather.
Stone houses of this type often have roofs made of flat stones as well.
Stone roofs are very heavy and are laid on very thick beams.
Many stone cottages are built of flint or "rubble" or "cobble".
These are broken stones that are brought from nearby hills, or stones picked up from the farmer's fields, or gathered from a river bed.
The walls are built up with stones and mortar.
In some places where flint is used, the hard stones are split or "knapped" so that when they are placed on the outside of the wall, they show a shiny flat surface which is more attractive than the dull lumpy outside of a flintstone.
Some types of stone, particularly limestone and sandstone, can easily be cut into big blocks that can be built up like bricks.
It can also be "dressed" or smoothed on its surfaces.
In villages that are near a limestone or sandstone quarry where the stone is cut, many of the cottages are built of neatly cut stones.
But in towns that are far away from the quarries, it is only the mansions and palaces that are built of stone, because it is very heavy and expensive to carry across the country.
The good thing about the types of stone that are used for grand houses is that they can easily be carved into decoration.
Grand houses often have decorative carvings around the doors and windows.
The building stones may also have special textures at the basement or the corners of the building.
Grand stone houses often have roofs of thin stone called slate.
They also have roofs of expensive materials like copper and lead.
Making modern houses
Many houses are now made with steel frames put together with rivets and bolts.
Walls and roofs can be made of boards that combine fibre with cement.
These boards are thin, light in weight to transport, easy to put on the frame, and much cheaper than bricks or timber.
A similar material can be made into roof tiles.
Metal roofing can be rolled into thin sheets, and made in many different colours, with matching gutters and downpipes.
Nicholas Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture, Pelican, ISBN
Trewin Copplestone, Ed.,
World Architecture, Paul Hamlyn, ISBN
John Summerson, Architecture in Britain, Pelican,
Trevor Yorke, Tracing the History of Villages, Countryside Books,
Richard Reid, The Book of Buildings, the Architecture of Europe and North America, Peerage Books,
R. Apperly, R. Irving and P.Reynolds, A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture, Angus and Robertson's,
W.R. Dalziel, All-Colour Guide to Architecture, Grosset and Dunlap,
A gigabyte (GB), sometimes abbreviated as a gig, is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices.
At first it meant exactly 1 billion bytes, usually referring to the number of bytes in a computer hard drive.
Its meaning gradually changed over time, so that today it is often used to mean 1,073,741,824 (230) bytes, especially when referring to the random access memory (RAM) of a modern computer.
Now international standards bodies say a gigabyte should only be used to mean exactly 1 billion bytes, and that gibibyte is a better name for 1,073,741,824 bytes.
In everyday use, people use gigabyte to mean 1,073,741,824 bytes when talking about computer memory and 1,000,000,000 bytes when talking about computer disk space.
Computing measurement
A sailor (or seaman) is a person who works at sea on a boat or ship.
The sailor works under a captain.
The term is only used when the person is working professionally (earning money or make a living).
Water transport
A farmer is a person who grows crops and raises animals to be used as food.
This has been a common job for people since the beginning of civilization.
What farmers do
The word farmer usually refers to a person who has a field, orchard, vineyard, or garden where food is grown.
This food is eaten or sold after it is harvested.
Farmers may also grow raw materials for industrial purposes.
Some examples of raw materials that are used in this way are:
cereals for alcoholic beverages
hides (animal skin) for leather
maize/corn for plastics or fuel
wool or cotton for yarns and making cloth
Agricultural occupations
A constellation is a group of stars which make up imaginary outline or pattern in the night sky (the celestial sphere).
Usually they are said to represent an animal, mythological person or creature in a shape.
When seen, the group of stars seem to make a pattern.
The word constellation comes from Latin: con-, meaning together and stella- meaning stars.
Some examples of constellations are Ursa major, Orion, Leo, Draco, Cancer etc.
People used constellations to tell the difference in the colors.
Constellations were also used to group stars.
Different places in the world may have different constellations, but today astronomy has a fixed set of 88 constellations.
This set is based on the Greek set and later some southern constellations were added, for example Antlia - the air pump.
Most constellations have names that come from Greek mythology, like Orion or Andromeda.
There are 12 constellations in the Zodiac.
The Sun travels through the Zodiac once each year.
There is also a thirteenth constellation Ophiuchus - the carrier of a serpent, which the Sun goes through.
However, most people do not think that it is in the Zodiac.
No one knows who first saw the constellations.
Ancient civilizations, like the Mayans, drew their own star maps of the skies with their constellations, very few of which we use today.
Ptolemy's 48 constellations are still recognized by the IAU today, and the rest of the constellations were added later
A flood is an overflow of water.
This is most commonly due to an overflowing river, a dam break, snowmelt, or heavy rainfall.
Less commonly happening are tsunamis, storm surge.
The most deadly flooding was in 1931 in China and killed between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 people.
The Kerala flood in India was another flood that has destroyed people's houses.
During a flood, people try to move themselves and their most precious belongings to higher ground quickly.
The process of leaving homes in search of a safe place is called a flood evacuation.
Pollution of drinking water
During a flood there is plenty of water logging and overflow of water,  it is mostly polluted and not safe to drink.
If people drink this dirty water, they may suffer from diseases such as typhoid and cholera, hepatitis and other such diseases.
People can get ready to survive a flood by filling many containers with fresh and clean drinking water and storing other emergency supplies; like: medicine and food.
During flood people try to go to higher sides because the flood water wouldn't reach high areas.
Also drains overflow and mix with clean water and people who drink it might fall ill.
Causes of floods
Flooding is usually caused when a volume of water within a water body, such as a lake, overflows outside it.
Sometimes if a dam breaks, it suddenly releases a large amount of water.
The result is that some of the water travels to land, and 'floods' the area.
Many rivers are in a channel, between river banks.
They flood when the strength of the river causes it to flow beyond the banks.
This is more common at bends or meanders.
Flood damage can be prevented by moving away from places that flood.
However, people have long liked to have their homes and businesses alongside water because water is good for agriculture and transport and in other ways.
Floods are also caused due to improper management of drains.
Rainfall is the most common cause.
Snow melt is also a cause of flooding.
Tsunamis and Storm Surge are less common ways that floods happen.
Coastal Flooding is another common cause of flooding, and this is caused by low pressure systems or storms.
You can control floods by improving the drainage and grading of your home.
Installing a flood detection system in your home also helps to prevent flooding.
In many mythologies and religions, Hell or the Underworld is a place where souls of wicked people go after their life on Earth.
It is a real (but perhaps not physical) place which is controlled by either God, or some lesser supernatural being such as Satan.
It is the opposite of Heaven, and is a place apart from God, where there is no love or kindness.
The word "hell" is used in the English version of the Old Testament to translate the Hebrew word for "the grave", , and in the New Testament the Greek , Hades, and , Hebrew Gehenna.
Each of those words have a somewhat different meaning from the popular English meaning of hell.
In English, hell can also simply mean something very bad, as in "War is Hell".
Jewish beliefs about Hell
Many believe that Jews do not believe in Hell, but Jews really do believe.
But it does not consist of eternal torture.
Rather, there are lower levels of Heaven that a person can descend to considering the number of mitzvot (commandments) that they have obeyed.
Gemorah writings tell the Jews of devil beliefs, but these are stories and are taken lightly.
Jews also believe that Satan did exist, but he was an angel that quarreled with God, such as the story of Job.
In Hebrew the word for "the grave", Sheol, is used for the place where people go when they die.
It can also mean a place of torment in the after-life, rather than a physical grave In which the body lies.
Etimology/Gehennem
'Ge Hinnom' : Hinnom valley
'Ge' : Valley
'ben' : Son
'Hinnom' : Hinnom
It was used as a garbage dump, where fires always burned and so became a symbol for hell.
Christian beliefs about Hell
In Christianity, Hell is the place the souls of people go who did not believe in God and receive the forgiveness which Jesus offers.
In Hell, souls suffer and wait for the Last Judgement, a time when all people, living and dead, will be judged by God.
The concept of Hell in Christianity comes from the Bible and the "casting out" of Lucifer.
Jesus referred to hell as "prepared for the Devil and his angels".
In being cast out, he was removed from the God’s presence.
Therefore, if taken in its most literal sense, Hell is eternal separation from God.
Stated another way, to the Christian mind being separated from God is to be in Hell.
Some Christians believe that Hell has real fire and flames, but others do not.
Jesus spoke of Hell in several places as a punishment for evil.
Many Christian groups believe once a soul goes to Hell, it stays forever.
However, some Christian groups think Hell is a temporary place that souls may leave at some point.
Others believe in a permanent Hell but a temporary Purgatory.
Still others believe those who do not go to Heaven stop existing instead of going to Hell.
These Christians are called annihilationists.
Other religions' beliefs about Hell
The Ancient Greeks believed that souls would go to different places within the underworld.
One of those places, called Tartaros, was like Hell.
The god Hades was the ruler of the underworld.
In Buddhism, there are three types of hells, called Naraka.
Unlike in Judaism and Christianity, souls are born into these places based on their karma.
They spend a certain amount of time there and are then reborn somewhere else.
In Islam, Hell is called Jahannam, and it is a place of punishment.
However, some Muslims believe almost everyone will eventually be forgiven and taken to the Islamic Heaven (Jannah).
The only people who will not be forgiven are those who choose to believe in many gods, or no god at all.
In Shintoism, Hell (Yomi) is similar to the Greek Hades, in that all souls go there, no matter their actions in life, to have a miserable existence forever.
Up to 1900
686 – Conon becomes Pope.
1096 - People's Crusade: The Turkish army heavily defeats the People's Army of the West.
1097 - First Crusade: The Siege of Antioch begins.
1209 - Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned by Pope Innocent III.
1392 - Emperor Kameyama of Japan abdicates the throne in favour of his arch-rival Emperor Go-Komatsu.
1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty at the University of Wittenberg.
1520 - Ferdinand Magellan enters what is now known as the Magellan Strait.
1600 – Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats the leaders of rival Japanese clans in the Battle of Sekigahara, which marks the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate, who in effect rule Japan until the mid-Nineteenth century.
1638 - In England, the church at Widecombe-on-the-Moor is struck by lightning during an afternoon service, leading to new scientific research on lightning strikes.
1797 – In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate USS Constitution is launched.
1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Trafalgar – a British fleet led by Admiral Lord Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain under Admiral Villeneuve.
It signalled the virtual end of French maritime power and left Britain navally unchallenged until the twentieth century.
1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Austrian General Mack surrendurs his army to the Grand Armee of Napoleon at Ulm, reaping Napoleon over 30,000 prisoners and inflicting 10,000 casualties on the losers.
Ulm was considered to be one of Napoleon's finest hours.
1816 - The Penang Free School is founded in George Town, Malaysia.
It is the oldest English language school in Southeast Asia.
1824 – Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement.
1854 – Florence Nightingale and a staff of 38 nurses were sent to the Crimean War.
1861 – American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff – Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops in the second major battle of the war.
Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is killed in the fighting.
1867 – Manifest Destiny: Medicine Lodge Treaty – Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders.
The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate a reservation in western Oklahoma.
1879 – Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric light bulb (it lasted 13 1/2 hours before burning out).
1885 - In an assassination attempt, Danish Prime Minister Jacob Estrup is shot.
1888 - The Swiss Social Democratic Party is founded.
1895 – The Republic of Taiwan collapses as Japanese forces invade.
1901  2000
1902 – In the United States, a five-month strike by United Mine Workers ends.
1907 - A magnitude 8.1 earthquake hits Central Asia, killing 12,000.
1910 - HMS Niobe arrives at Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia to become the first ship of the Royal Canadian Navy.
1921 – US President Warren G. Harding delivers the first speech by a sitting President against lynching in the deep south.
1930 - A mining disaster at Alsdorf, near Aachen, Germany, kills 271 people.
1934 – Mao Tse-tung and his followers begin the Long March.
1941 – World War II: Germans rampage in Yugoslavia, killing thousands of civilians.
1943 - The Provisional Government of Free India is declared by Subhas Chandra Bose.
1944 – The first kamikaze attack: HMAS Australia was hit by a Japanese plane carrying a 200 kg (441 pound) bomb off Leyte Island, as the Battle of Leyte Gulf began.
1944 - World War II: Aachen becomes the first major German city to fall to the Allies.
1945 – Women's suffrage: Women are allowed to vote in France for the first time.
1945 – Argentine military officer and politician Juan Perón married actress Evita.
1947 – 21 die as a fire destroys an asylum in Hoff, Germany.
1948 - A Lockheed Constellation airplane crashes at Prestwick, Scotland, killing 39 people.
1957 – The movie Jailhouse Rock, starring Elvis Presley, opens.
1959 – In New York City, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum opens to the public.
It was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
1959 – US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs an executive order transferring Wernher von Braun and other German scientists from the United States Army to NASA.
1962 - Norwegian postal ship Sanct Svithun sinks, killing 41.
1965 - Comet Ikeya-Seki approaches Perihelion, passing 200,000 kilometers (279,617 miles) within Earth.
1966 – Aberfan disaster: A coal tip falls on the village of Aberfan in Wales, killing 144 people, mostly schoolchildren
1967 – Vietnam War: More than 100,000 war protesters gather in Washington, DC.
A peaceful rally at the Lincoln Memorial is followed by a march to The Pentagon and clashes with soldiers and United States Marshals protecting the facility (event lasts until October 23; 683 people will be arrested).
Similar demonstrations occurred simultaneously in Japan and Western Europe.
1969 - Willy Brandt is elected Chancellor of West Germany.
1971 - 22 people are killed in a gas explosion at a shopping centre in Clarkston, East Renfrewshire, near Glasgow, Scotland.
1973 – John Paul Getty III's ear is cut off by his kidnappers and sent to a newspaper in Rome; it does not arrive until November 8.
1977 - The European Patent Institute is founded.
1980 – 1980 World Series: In 6 games, the Philadelphia Phillies win their first World Series.
1981 - Andreas Papandreou becomes Prime Minister of Greece.
1986 – In Lebanon, pro-Iranian kidnappers claim to have abducted American writer Edward Tracy (he will be released in August 1991).
1986 - African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights enters into force.
1987 – Former Miss America Bess Myerson is arrested on charges of bribery, conspiracy, and mail fraud, all involving an alimony-fixing scandal.
She is later found not guilty.
1994 – North Korea nuclear weapons program: North Korea and the United States sign an agreement that requires North Korea to stop its nuclear weapons program and agree to inspections.
1994 - In Seoul, South Korea, 32 people are killed when the Seongsu Bridge collapses.
1997 – Hotel owners from the Detroit area meet to discuss Jack Kevorkian's practice of leaving corpses in hotel rooms.
1997 – The government of Singapore announces in a widely publicized "toilet alert" that the drive for toilet cleanliness is a great success; five toilets were selected by citizens as toilet role models.
2004 – The Boston Red Sox win the American League pennant, defeating the New York Yankees 10-3 in Game 7 of the American League Championship Series, capping off a remarkable comeback from three games to none down to win.
2005 - Hurricane Wilma strikes the Yucatan, Mexico.
2007 - Kimi Raikkonen wins the Formula One World Championship.
2007 - Donald Tusk is elected Prime Minister of Poland.
2015 - This is the exact date that the main characters travel to in Back to the Future Part II.
2016 - A train crash in Eséka, Cameroon, kills at least 55 people.
2017 - The government of Spain begins moves to take direct control of the region of Catalonia after the region's disputed referendum on its independence on October 1.
2019 - The 2019 Canadian federal election is held, with Justin Trudeau's Liberal Party of Canada retaining power, but with a reduced number of seats and in second place in the popular vote behind Andrew Scheer's Conservative Party of Canada.
1328 - Hongwu Emperor of China (d. 1398)
1449 – George, Duke of Clarence (d. 1478)
1527 - Louis I, Cardinal of Guise (d. 1578)
1581 – Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter (d. 1641)
1650 - Jean Bart, French naval commander (d. 1702)
1660 – Georg Ernst Stahl, German scientist (d. 1734)
1671 – King Frederick IV of Demmark (d. 1730)
1672 - Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Italian writer (d. 1750)
1675 – Emperor Higashiyama of Japan (d. 1710)
1687 – Nicolaus I Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1759)
1728 - José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca, Spanish politician (d. 1808)
1762 - Herman Willem Daendels, Dutch statesman (d. 1818)
1772 – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, British poet (d. 1834)
1775 - Giuseppe Baini, Italian composer (d. 1844)
1790 - Alphonse de Lamartine, French writer (d. 1869)
1811 - Filippo Colini, Italian opera singer (d. 1863)
1823 - Emilio Arrieta, Spanish composer (d. 1894)
1833 – Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor (d. 1896)
1837 - James A. Beaver, 20th Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 1914)
1839 - Georg von Siemens, German banker and politician (d. 1901)
1845 – Will Carleton, American poet (d. 1912)
1846 - Edmondo De Amicis, Italian novelist, journalist, poet and short-story writer (d. 1908)
1847 – Giuseppe Giacosa, Italian writer (d. 1906)
1874 - Henri Guisan, Swiss general (d. 1960)
1884 - Claire Waldoff, German singer and entertainer (d. 1957)
1886 – Eugene Burton Ely, American aviator (d. 1911)
1886 - Karl Polanyi, Austro-Hungarian economist (d. 1964)
1887 - James L. McConaughy, American politician, Governor of Connecticut (d. 1948)
1887 - Krishna Singh, Indian politician, 1st Chief Minister of Bihar (d. 1961)
1892 – Otto Nerz, German footballer and coach (d. 1949)
1894 - Edogawa Rampo, Japanese writer and critic (d. 1965)
1895 - Edna Purviance, American actress (d. 1958)
1895 - Paavo Johansson, Finnish javelin thrower (d. 1983)
1896 - Evgeny Schwarz, Russian movie writer (d. 1958)
1901  1950
1901 - Margarete Buber-Neumann, German politician (d. 1989)
1907 - Nikos Engonopoulos, Greek painter and poet (d. 1985)
1911 – Mary Blair, American artist and illustrator (d. 1978)
1912 – Georg Solti, Hungarian conductor (d. 1997)
1914 – Kazimierz Swiatek, Roman Catholic cardinal of Belarus (d. 2011)
1914 – Martin Gardner, American writer (d. 2010)
1917 – Dizzy Gillespie, American musician (d. 1993)
1918 - Hulett C. Smith, Governor of West Virginia (d. 2012)
1921 – Malcolm Arnold, British composer (d. 2006)
1921 - Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, Dutch astronomer (d. 2015)
1921 - Sena Jurinac, Bosnian operatic soprano (d. 2011)
1922 – Liliane Bettencourt, French L'Oreal heiress (d. 2017)
1924 - Joyce Randolph, American actress
1924 - Julie Wilson, American actress (d. 2015)
1925 – Celia Cruz, Cuban Salsa singer (d. 2003)
1925 - Virginia Zeani, Romanian soprano
1926 – Leonard Rossiter, English comedian and actor (d. 1984)
1926 - William Love Waller, Governor of Mississippi (d. 2011)
1927 – Fritz Wintersteller, Austrian mountaineer (d. 2018)
1927 - Howard Zieff, American director (d. 2009)
1928 - Vern Mikkelsen, American basketball player (d. 2013)
1928 - Whitey Ford, American baseball player
1929 - Pierre Bellemare, French writer, radio and television host (d. 2018)
1930 - Pascale Roberts, French actress (d. 2019)
1930 - Ivan Silayev, Soviet Prime Minister
1931 – Shammi Kapoor, Indian actor (d. 2011)
1932 - Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme, Vice president of Nigeria (d. 2017)
1932 - Pál Csernai, Hungarian footballer (d. 2013)
1933 - Georgia Brown, American actress (d. 1992)
1933 - Joan Hinde, English trumpeter and entertainer (d. 2015)
1937 - Hans-Ulrich Schmincke, German volcanologist
1937 - Said Afandi al-Chirkawi, Russian spiritual leader (d. 2012)
1937 - Valentina Pyatchenko, Russian singer (Buranovskiye Babushki)
1940 – Geoffrey Boycott, English cricketer
1940 – Manfred Mann, South African-English musician
1940 - Marita Petersen, Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 2001)
1941 – Steve Cropper, American musician and songwriter
1942 – Christopher A. Sims, American economist
1942 - Paul Churchland, Canadian philosopher
1942 - Judith Sheindlin, American judge (Judge Judy)
1942 - Lou Lamoriello, American ice hockey player, coach and manager
1943 – Tariq Ali, Pakistani writer and historian
1944 - Jean-Pierre Sauvage, French chemist, 2016 joint Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate
1944 - Mandy Rice-Davies, British media personality (d. 2014)
1945 - Nikita Mikhalkov, Soviet-Russian movie director
1946 - Jane Heal, British philosopher
1946 – Lux Interior, American singer (d. 2009)
1948 - Tom Everett, American actor
1949 – Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel
1949 - LeTanya Richardson, American actress
1949 - Mike Keenan, Canadian ice hockey coach
1950 - Ronald McNair, American astronaut (d. 1986)
1951  1975
1952 - Trevor Chappell, Australian cricketer
1952 – Brent Mydland, American keyboardist (d. 1990)
1952 - Patti Davis, American actress and novelist, daughter of Ronald Reagan
1953 – Peter Mandelson, English politician
1953 - Eric Faulkner, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist
1954 - Brian Tobin, Canadian politician
1955 - Catherine Hardwicke, American movie director, producer, designer and screenwriter
1956 – Carrie Fisher, American actress and writer (d. 2016)
1957 - Steve Lukather, American guitarist and singer (Toto)
1957 – Wolfgang Ketterle, German physicist, Nobel Prize winner
1958 - Andre Geim, Russian-born physicist, Nobel Prize winner
1959 – Ken Watanabe, Japanese actor
1960 - Scott Stearney, American Vice Admiral (d. 2018)
1962 - David Campese, Australian rugby player
1964 – Jon Carin, American musician
1965 – Ion Andoni Goikoetxea, Basque-Spanish footballer
1967 – Paul Ince, English footballer
1969 – Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, crown prince of Bahrain
1969 - Chris Law, Scottish politician
1971 – Jade Jagger, socialite and jewellery designer
1971 - Paul Telfer, Scottish footballer
1971 - Thomas Ulsrud, Norwegian curler
1972 - Felicity Anderson, Australian actress
1974 - Costel Busuioc, Romanian tenor
From 1976
1976 - Andrew Scott, Irish actor
1979 - Fernanda Rodrigues, Brazilian actress and television presenter
1979 - Karl Harris, British motorcycle racer (d. 2014)
1980 – Kim Kardashian, American socialite, model and reality television personality
1981 – Nemanja Vidic, Serbian footballer
1981 - Martin Castrogiovanni, Argentine-born Italian rugby player
1983 – Hrvoje Custic, Croatian footballer (d. 2008)
1983 - Amber Rose, American model
1983 - Charlotte Sullivan, Canadian actress
1984 – Kieran Richardson, English footballer
1986 – Natalee Holloway, American teenager (missing since 2005)
1986 - Tamerlan Tsarnaev, Chechen-American terrorist (d. 2013)
1988 - James White, American basketball player
1989 - Sam Vokes, Welsh footballer
1990 - Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, French chess player
1990 – Ricky Rubio, Spanish basketball player
1992 – Bernard Tomic, Australian tennis player
1993 - Kane Brown, American singer
1995 - Cameron Burgess, Scottish-Australian footballer
1995 - Shannon Magrane, American singer
310 – Pope Eusebius
1125 - Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian writer
1204 - Robert de Beaufort, 4th Earl of Leicester
1221 - Alix, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1201)
1266 – Birger Jarl, Swedish statesman (b. 1210)
1422 – King Charles VI of France (b. 1368)
1500 - Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan (b. 1442)
1558 – Julius Caesar Scaliger, humanist scholar (b. 1484)
1600 - Toda Katsushige, Japanese warlord (b. 1557)
1623 - William Wade, English statesman and diplomat (b. 1546)
1687 – Sir Edmund Waller, English poet (b. 1606)
1708 - Guru Gobind Singh, 10th Sikh Guru (b. 1666)
1765 – Giovani Paolo Panini, Italian painter and architect (b. 1691)
1775 – Peyton Randolph, American politician, President of the Continental Congress (b. 1721)
1805 - Killed in the Battle of Trafalgar:
Horatio Nelson, British admiral (b. 1758)
George Duff, Royal Navy captain (b. 1764)
John Cooke, Royal Navy captain (b. 1763)
1818 – Michael Howe, bushranger in Tasmania, Australia
1821 - Dorothea Ackermann, German actress (b. 1752)
1872 - Jacques Babinet, French physicist (b. 1794)
1873 – Johann Sebastian Welhaven, Norwegian poet (b. 1807)
1896 – James Henry Greathead, British engineer (b. 1844)
1903 - Jinmaku Kyugoro, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1829)
1904 - Isabelle Eberhardt, Swiss explorer and writer (b. 1877)
1907 - Jules Chevalier, French priest (b. 1824)
1916 - Count Karl von Stürgkh, Austrian politician (b. 1859)
1929 - Vasil Radoslavov, Bulgarian politician (b. 1854)
1931 – Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian writer (b. 1862)
1931 - Barbecue Bob, American blues musician (b. 1902)
1940 - William G. Conley, Governor of West Virginia (b. 1866)
1944 – Alois Kayser, German missionary, working in Nauru
1944 - Hilma af Klint, Swedish artist and mystic (b. 1862)
1952 - Hans Merensky, South African geologist and philanthropist (b. 1871)
1967 - Ejnar Hertzsprung, Danish astronomer (b. 1873)
1969 – Waclaw Sierpinski, Polish mathematician (b. 1882)
1969 – Jack Kerouac, American beat novelist (b. 1922)