the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
After the discovery of Vesta in 1807, no asteroids were discovered for the next 38 years.
During this time the four known asteroids were counted among the planets, and each had its own planetary symbol.
Vesta was normally represented by a stylized hearth ().
Other symbols are  and .
All are simplifications of the original .
Vesta is the second-most massive body in the asteroid belt.
Vesta does have a different interior compared to its surface.
It is in the Inner Main Belt, at a distance of about 2.50 AU.
It is similar to 2 Pallas in volume (although it is not confirmed), but somewhat more massive.
Vesta's shape is close to the shape of a sphere by its own gravity, but the large concavity and lump at the pole (see 'Surface Features' below) did not fit the criteria from being considered a planet under the IAU.
In any case, this resolution was rejected by the IAU membership and Vesta will continue to be called an asteroid.
However, it is possible that Vesta may be listed as a dwarf planet in the future, if it is convincingly determined that its shape is from hydrostatic equilibrium.
Its rotation is actually fast for an asteroid (5.342 h) and prograde, with the north pole pointing in the direction of right ascension 20 h 32 min, declination +48° with an uncertainty of about 10°.
This gives an axial tilt of 29°.
Temperatures on the surface have been thought to be between about -20°C with the Sun overhead, dropping to about -190°C at the winter pole.
Typical day-time and night-time temperatures are -60°C and -130°C, respectively.
This estimate is for May 6, 1996, very close to perihelion, while details vary somewhat with the seasons.
Vesta is thought to consist of a metallic iron-nickel core, above with a rocky olivine mantle, and a surface crust.
From the first appearance of Ca-Al-rich inclusions (the first solid matter in the Solar System, forming about 4567 million years ago), a likely timeline is as follows:
Accretion completed after about 2-3 million years.
Complete or almost complete melting due to radioactive decay of 26Al, leading to separation of the metal core at about 4-5 million years.
Progressive crystallization of a convecting molten mantle.
Convection stopped when about 80% of the material had crystallized, at about 6-7 million years.
Extrusion of the remaining molten material to form the crust.
Either as basaltic lavas in progressive eruptions, or possibly forming a short-lived magma ocean.
The deeper layers of the crust crystallize to form plutonic rocks, while older basalts are metamorphosed due to the pressure of newer surface layers.
Slow cooling of the interior.
Vesta is the only known intact asteroid that has been resurfaced in this procedure.
However, the presence of iron meteorites and achondritic meteorite classes without identified parent bodies indicates that there once were other differentiated planetesimals with igneous histories, which have since been broken by impacts.
Surface features
The most notable surface feature is a very large crater that is 460 km in diameter centered near the south pole.
Its width is about 80% of the entire diameter of Vesta.
The floor of this crater is about 13 km below, and its rim rises 4–12 km above the surrounding area, with total surface relief of about 25 km.
A central peak rises 18 km above the crater floor.
It is thought that the impact responsible blew up about 1% of the entire volume of Vesta, and it is likely that a group of smaller asteroids known as the Vesta family are the remains of this collision.
If this is the case, then the fact that 10 km fragments of the Vesta family have survived bombardment until the present indicates that the crater is only about 1 billion years old or younger.
It would also be the original site of origin of the HED meteorites.
In fact, all the known V-type asteroids taken together account for only about 6% of the ejected volume, with the rest presumably either in small fragments, ejected by approaching the 3:1 Kirkwood gap, or perturbed away by radiation pressure.
Spectroscopic analyses of the Hubble images have shown that this crater has penetrated deep through several distinct layers of the crust, and possibly into the mantle which is indicated by spectral signatures of olivine.
Interestingly Vesta was not disrupted nor resurfaced by an impact of this magnitude.
Several other large craters about 150 km wide and 7 km deep are also present.
A dark feature about 200 km across has been named Olbers in honour of Vesta's discoverer, but it does not appear in elevation maps as a fresh crater would, and its nature is presently unknown, perhaps an old basaltic surface.
It serves as a reference point with the 0° longitude prime meridian defined to pass through its center.
The eastern and western hemispheres show markedly different terrains.
From preliminary spectral analyses of the Hubble Space Telescope images, the eastern hemisphere appears to be have a highly reflective, heavily cratered "highland" terrain with old, dusty rocks, and craters probing into deeper plutonic layers of the crust.
On the other hand, large regions of the western hemisphere are taken up by dark geologic units thought to be surface basalts.
Various small solar system objects are believed to be fragments of Vesta caused by collisions.
The Vestoid asteroids and HED meteorites are examples.
The V-type asteroid 1929 Kollaa has been determined to have a composition akin to cumulate eucrite meteorites, indicating its origin deep within Vesta's crust.
Proof of HED meteorite origin
Vesta is the source of the HED meteorites, which are about 6% of all the meteorites which fall to Earth.
These meteorites have pyroxene, which is a mineral rich in iron and magnesium.
This has been matched exactly to the mineral signatures on Vesta's surface captured by Dawn's instruments.
Its size and unusually bright surface make Vesta the brightest asteroid, and it is occasionally visible to the naked eye from dark (non-light polluted) skies.
Recently, in May and June 2007, Vesta reached a peak magnitude of +5.4, the brightest since 1989.
At that time, opposition and perihelion were only a few weeks apart.
It was visible in the constellations Ophiuchus and Scorpius.
Less favourable oppositions during late autumn in the Northern Hemisphere still have Vesta at a magnitude of around +7.0.
Even when in conjunction with the Sun, Vesta will have a magnitude around +8.5; thus from a pollution-free sky it can be observed with binoculars even at elongations much smaller than near opposition.
— Horizons can be used to obtain a current ephemeris
K. Keil, Geological History of Asteroid 4 Vesta: The Smallest Terrestrial Planet in Asteroids III, William Bottke, Alberto Cellino, Paolo Paolicchi, and Richard P. Binzel, (Editors), Univ.
of Arizona Press (2002),
Views of the Solar System: Vesta
HubbleSite: Hubble Maps the Asteroid Vesta
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vesta - full article
HubbleSite: Hubble Reveals Huge Crater on the Surface of the Asteroid Vesta
HubbleSite: short movie composed from Hubble Space Telescope images from November 1994.
Adaptive optics views of Vesta from Keck Observatory
Differentiated interior of Vesta
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java)
4 Vesta images at ESA/Hubble
Hubble views of Vesta on the Planetary Society Weblog (includes animation)
In some form or another, the concept of animal rights has been around for thousands of years.
In Eastern religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Jainism, the concept of ahiṃsā, meaning non-violence, is a central principle.
Jainism stresses non-cruelty towards animals, prohibiting adherents from working at a zoo, cutting trees, or using any fabrics, including silk, which are produced through harming other living beings.
In Islam, cruelty towards any animal is a punishable sin.
Within Europe and North America, there were many precursors of the modern-day animal rights movement.
The first animal cruelty legislation was passed in 1635, which prohibited tearing wool off of living sheep.
In 1822, Richard Martin, known as “Humanity Dick”, passed Martin’s Act aimed at preventing cruelty towards cattle.
Martin went on to be one of the founding members of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the world’s first animal welfare charity, in 1824.
, undated, retrieved September 4, 2005
"Burning Rage"  by Ed Bradley, CBS 60 Minutes, November 5, 2005
"FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism", by Terry Frieden, CNN, May 19, 2005
Animal Liberation Through Trade Unions?
Allegations of sexism within the animal liberation movement
Lawrence Finsen and Susan Finsen, The Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994).
Gary L. Francione, Rain without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996).
Harold D. Guither, Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998).
James M. Jasper and Dorothy Nelkin, The Animal Rights Crusade: The Growth of a Moral Protest (New York: The Free Press, 1992).
Peter Singer, Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement (Lanham, MD: Bowman & Littlefield, 1998).
Cruelty-Free Kitty a website that discusses products and weather or not they test on animals or not
A sex symbol is a famous or notable person, male or female, who is found sexually attractive by many people.
Many actors, actresses, and popular musicians are considered to be sex symbols by their fans and the public.
BBC: Men pip for the Posh type
Google Zeitgeist  has a list of the most searched for female celebrities on Google
Breakfast cereal is a breakfast food made from cereal grains.
It is a common breakfast meal.
This is made of grain, and usually eaten with milk in the United States.
It is often sweetened with sugar, syrup, or fruit.
There are many kinds of cereals.
Some names of breakfast cereal include Cheerios, Kellogg's, Cocoa Puffs and various other brands.
Most breakfast cereals are made for children, but there are many for adults as well.
Some adult cereals are made for diets or other health benefits.
In the 19th century, Americans ate meat a lot for breakfast and usually did not eat grains and fiber.
But after that, people who were interested in eating more healthy foods began a push for healthy breakfasts.
This brought up the creation of Granula.
The name Granula comes from granulates, formed of grain.
In 1863 this became the first breakfast cereal and included heavy nuggets made from bran, the outer husk of a grain that is taken out when making flour.
The cereal had to be soaked overnight before being eaten.
Simply pouring milk over it was not enough to make it eatable.
The cereals eaten today grew out of a health campaign that began in the 1860s.
Thin baked dough served to patients in hospitals inspired two men, C.W. Post and W. K. Kellogg.
These two men started their own companies, named them after themselves.
Cereal site - All About Cereal
Cereals  by the Vegetarian Society
Nutrition Facts on hundreds of cereals
Sexual attraction is an attraction to other members of the same species for sexual or erotic activity.
In many species this does not always mean a sexual act; indeed, some sexual behavior among primates is mostly a social activity.
What is sexually attractive to humans may change by culture or place.
The sexual attraction of one person to another depends on both people.
Much of human sexual attractiveness is physical (see beauty).
This involves the impact one's appearance has on the senses, especially in the beginning of a relationship:
Visual perception (how the other looks);
Olfaction (how the other smells, naturally or artificially; the wrong smell may be repellent);
Audition (how the other's voice and/or movements sound).
Sexual Attraction Among Humans
FaceResearch – Scientific research and online studies on the role of faces in sexual attraction
Reunions Set Off Sex Urges, Article on sexual attraction among birth relatives.
www.lookism.info deconstruction of attraction and beauty standards
Cheerios is a popular brand of cereal.
It is manufactured by General Mills.
It was founded in 1941 as CheeriOats, the first ready-to-eat oat cereal.
They are still making cereal, and it is produced worldwide.
Cheerios Official Site
Cheerios Ratings for Health, Environmental and Social Impact on GoodGuide
A rehearsal is a practice before a concert or play in a theatre or some other performance.
The group of  will get together to rehearse.
They may rehearse together many times before the performance so that they get used to performing with one another.
A dress rehearsal is the last rehearsal before the performance.
It is called a 'dress rehearsal' because in a theatre the actors will be wearing their costumes.
When an orchestra or other music group have a 'dress rehearsal' this does not mean that they have to dress up.
It simply means that it is the last rehearsal, and it will be in the hall where they are going to perform so that everything is as it will be for the performance.
Orchestras often have section rehearsals or sectionals.
This means that each group of instruments rehearse separately, e.g. the string sectional will be all the string instruments rehearsing together.
This can be useful because they can concentrate on the bits which are particularly difficult for them: the string instruments can talk about the bowing etc.
An open rehearsal is a rehearsal that the public can come and watch.
In opera houses the dress rehearsal is often an open rehearsal.
The entry may be free or the audience may have to pay, but not as much as for a ticket for a performance.
The audience will have to understand that the performance may be stopped if something goes wrong and needs to be rehearsed.
Singers will often save their voices by not singing as loudly as they will in the performance (this is called "marking").
The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is one of the most famous orchestras of the world.
They are based in London's Barbican Centre, but they often tour to lots of different countries.
The LSO started in 1904.
Most of the players had been members of Henry Wood's Queen's Hall orchestra.
They left that orchestra when Henry Wood made a rule that they were not allowed to send deputies to rehearsals or concerts.
The LSO was set up as a self governing organization.
This means that the players themselves organize everything: they decide how much they are going to be paid, who can be in the orchestra, etc.
The LSO gave its first concert on 9 June 1904 with Hans Richter conducting.
He was principal (main) conductor until 1911, when Edward Elgar took over for a year.
Some of the world's most famous conductors have conducted the orchestra.
Since January 2007 Valery Gergiev has been the LSO's Principal Conductor.
André Previn is the Conductor Laureate (Honorary conductor).
In 2006, Daniel Harding became the co-principal guest conductor together with Michael Tilson Thomas.
Richard Hickox is the Associate Guest Conductor of the LSO.
The leader of the orchestra is Gordan Nikolitch.
The LSO was the first British orchestra to play overseas when it went to Paris in 1906.
The LSO players all came close to death in 1912 because they were due to sail on the RMS Titanic for a concert in New York.
Fortunately they had to change the booking at the last minute.
They did tour the USA and Canada that year, and were the first British orchestra to do so.
The LSO made their first gramophone recording in 1920.
Since then they have made many recordings.
Principal Conductors
An obtuse angle is an angle of greater than 90° and less than 180°.
It is bigger than an acute angle.
It is smaller than a straight angle, which measures 180°.
Angles are measured with a protractor obtuse angle is specifically present in hexagon and pentagon and others.
The London Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom.
It is based in the Royal Festival Hall, London.
The orchestra was formed in 1932 by Sir Thomas Beecham, and played its first concert on October 7 1932 at the Queen's Hall, London.
The associate conductor at the time was Malcolm Sargent.
In the 1930s, when Beecham conducted at the Royal Opera House, the orchestra played for operas there.
Beecham made many recordings with the orchestra.
In 1939 the orchestra's sponsors stopped giving money to the orchestra.
The orchestra became a self-governing body, which meant that, like the London Symphony Orchestra, the players organized the orchestra themselves, deciding on their pay, their members, what music they should play etc.
After the war, Beecham returned to the LPO for eighteen months, but left to start a new orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic.
The orchestra continued to play with several guest conductors until Eduard van Beinum was appointed.
When he became ill they appointed Sir Adrian Boult who stayed until 1956, although he continued to work with the orchestra and became its President in 1965.
Through the late 1950s the orchestra did not have much money and had to stop paying the players regular salaries.
They only got paid for the work they did.
In 1958 the LPO appointed William Steinberg as chief conductor.
He helped the orchestra to become better again.
In 1964 the LPO became the resident orchestra for Glyndebourne Festival Opera in the summer.
They continue to do this today.
In 1967 the LPO appointed Bernard Haitink as its principal conductor.
He stayed with the orchestra for 12 years and was followed by Sir Georg Solti.
Sir Thomas Beecham (1932–1939)
Eduard van Beinum (1947–1950)
Sir Adrian Boult (1950–1957)
William Steinberg (1958–1960)
Sir John Pritchard (1962–1966)
Bernard Haitink (1967–1979)
Sir Georg Solti (1979–1983)
Klaus Tennstedt (1983–1990)
Franz Welser-Möst (1990–1996)
Kurt Masur (2000-2007)
Vladimir Jurowski (since 2007)
London Philharmonic Orchestra official website
Vladimir Jurowski (born 4 April 1972 in Moscow) is a Russian conductor.
He is one of the most important young conductors of today.
Jurowski studied at the Moscow Conservatory.
In 1990, he moved with his family to Germany, where he continued to study music in Dresden and Berlin.
In 1995 he conducted at the Wexford Festival and in 1996 at the Royal Opera House.
He continued conducting in Berlin and Bologna.
In August 2000, Jurowski was named the Music Director of the Glyndebourne Festival Opera.
He is now the Principal Conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra.
Jurowski, Vladimir
The name was first used in 1917.
Guillaume Apollinaire wrote the program notes for the ballet Parade, which was created for the Ballets Russes of Serge Diaghilev.
This was a collaborative work by Jean Cocteau, Erik Satie, Pablo Picasso and Léonide Massine.
The program notes ran:
"From this new alliance... there has come about, in Parade, a kind of super-realism ('sur-réalisme'), in which I see the starting point of a series of manifestations of this new spirit".
The movement grew out of Dadaism.
This was, amid the horrors of World War I, a protest at the meaninglessness of civilised life.
At the same time, the work of Sigmund Freud began to filter through, and affect the literary and art worlds.
André Breton was trained in psychiatry, and during the war, he worked in a hospital where he used Freud's methods on shell-shock patients.
Not surprisingly, Breton influenced many writers and artists after the war.
Freud's work placed emphasis on the subconscious mind, and its role in steering behaviour and emotion.
His way of using free association, and dream analysis to get a clue to the subconscious was picked up by the surrealists.
They painted dreamlike fantasies, and practised automatic drawing without sight: 'automatism'.
In 1924, Breton wrote a Surrealist Manifesto, which defined surrealism as:
"Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express -- verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner -- the actual functioning of thought.
Dictated by the thought, in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern".
Breton discussed his first encounter with the surreal, in a description of a hypnagogic state, in which a strange phrase inexplicably appeared in his mind: There is a man cut in two by the window.
This phrase illustrates Breton's view of Surrealism as two distant realities brought together to create a new, uncanny union.
Surrealist works have an element of surprise: unexpected items are placed next to each other for no clear reason.
Many Surrealist artists and writers see their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost.
The works are an artifact, and André Breton said that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement.
From the 1920s in Paris it spread around the globe.
It influenced films such as the Angel's Egg and El Topo.
TRANSCENDENTAL SURREALISM Is a new artistic approach, that stands as  the evolution and redefinition of Surrealism in its classical form, as it became internationally known by Andre Bretton's Manifest in the early 20th century.
Transcendental Surrealism in Visual Arts, presented in 2018 by the greek visual artist - architect Giorgios (Gio) Vassiliou (b. 1970).
It is based on a completely new theory and philosophy that is summarized in  three new foundamental  elements, that follow the evolution of ideas, that have emerged so far during the 21st century, in Visual Arts, Psychology, Physics, and the visual perception of the physical world.
These three new foundamental elements are:
Baznani, Achraf.
History of Surrealism.
Edilivre, France 2018.
Hughes, Robert.
The shock of the new: art and the century of change.
London: Thames & Hudson.
Chapter 5 The threshold of liberty.
Surrealist films
Man Ray made the first surrealist film: Return to reason (1923).
Luis Buñuel and Dali made two well-known surrealist films: Un chien andalou (1929) and L'Âge d'or (1930).
Jean Cocteau made three films, known as the Orphic Trilogy: Le Sang d'un poète (1930), Orphée (1950) and Testament of Orpheus (1960), which includes a cameo appearance by Pablo Picasso.
Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn, known as Pim Fortuyn (, 19 February 1948 – 6 May 2002) was a Dutch sociologist and politician.
He was born in Driehuis.
He was the leader of the LPF (Lijst Pim Fortuyn), a right-wing political party.
He was very popular and was expected to win the 2002 elections.
Fortuyn did not agree with some things the religion of Islam does, and did not want to let criminal Muslims from other countries come to the Netherlands.
He was Roman Catholic and openly gay.
Nine days before the elections, Fortuyn was assassinated during the 2002 Dutch national election campaign by Volkert van der Graaf, who is an extreme environmentalist and animal rights activist.
In court at his trial, van der Graaf said he murdered Fortuyn to stop him from exploiting Muslims as "scapegoats" and targeting "the weak members of society" in seeking political power.
Fortuyn was born on 19 February 1948 in Driehuis, as the third child to a Catholic family.
His father worked as a salesman and his mother was a housewife.
In 1967 he began to study sociology at the University of Amsterdam but transferred after a few months to the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam.
In 1971 he ended his study with the Academic degree Doctorandus.
In 1981 he received a doctorate in sociology at the University of Groningen as a Doctor of Philosophy.
Dutch columnists
Dutch LGBT people
Dutch murder victims
Dutch party chairs
People from Rotterdam
People murdered in the Netherlands
Pim Fortuyn List politicians
Politicians from North Holland
Sociologists
Writers from North Holland
Cyrus the Great (, Kurosh e Bozorg, c. 590 BC or 576 — August 530 BC), was the founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in today's Iran.
He was chosen as the leader of Persian people in Anshan, he defeated the Medes and was chosen as the Shah of the Persian Empire in 599 BC.
Cyrus fought with the Lydian Empire and the Babylonian Empire.
Before leaving Babylon, Cyrus also freed the Israelites who were imprisoned by Babylonians and allowed Jews to return to their native land.
Cyrus was the first king who put an end to slavery in all his territory.
He allowed his people to continue worshipping their own gods.
Cyrus died, probably in battle, in Pasargadae.
His tomb remains in Pasargadae in Iran.
Cyrus was famous for justice and kindness.
530 BC deaths
He is member of the League of Polish Families.
From May 5 2006 to August 13 2007 was the minister of Polish government.
He was the youngest cabinet minister in Polish history.
Polish politicians
Relative density is the ratio of the densities of two materials.
The term specific gravity is similar but not the same.
In specific gravity, the reference material is water.
Mathematically, relative density is found with:
Weight Per Cubic Foot And Specific Gravity
Čajev is small village near Humpolec in the Pelhřimov District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic.
473 people live there and it has 7,98 km².
Satsuma / sat-soo-muh/ .n.
is a variety of tangerine with a loose skin.
It is named after the former Satsuma Province of Japan.
In the United Kingdom it is often associated with Christmas.
The Satsuma Tangerine - University of Florida
PLANTanswers - Texas Cooperative Extension
Mikan ('Citrus unshiu Marc.)
A data storage device is a device for recording (storing) information (data).
Recording can be done using virtually any form of energy.
People have been storing data for thousands of years, by pictures and writing.
Modern storage device may hold information, process information, or both.
Most often the term is used with computers.
Data storage devices can permanently hold data, like files.
Electronic data storage is storage which requires electricity to store and get back that data.
Most storage devices that do not require visual optics to read data fall into this category.
Electronic data may be stored in either an analog or digital signal format.
All information is data.
However, not all data is information.
Data storage equipment
Any input/output equipment may be considered data storage equipment if it writes to and reads from a data storage medium.
Data storage equipment uses either:
portable methods (easily replaced),
semi-portable methods requiring mechanical disassembly tools and/or opening a chassis, or
inseparable methods meaning loss of memory if disconnected from the unit.
Portable methods
Hand crafting
Flat surface
Photographic
Cylindrical accessing
Memory card reader/drive
Mono reel or reel-to-reel
Compact Cassette player/recorder
Disk accessing
Disk drive
Cartridge accessing/connecting (tape/disk/circuitry)
Peripheral networking
Flash memory devices
Semi-portable methods
Hard disk drive
non-volatile RAM
Inseparable methods
Volatile RAM
Recording medium
A recording medium is a physical material that holds data expressed in any of the existing recording formats.
With electronic media, the data and the recording medium is sometimes referred to as "software" despite the more common use of the word to describe computer software.
Ancient and timeless examples
Any object visible to the eye, used to mark a location such as a, stone, flag or skull.
Any crafting material used to form shapes such as clay, wood, metal, glass, wax.
Any branding surface that would scar under intense heat (chiefly for livestock or humans).
Any marking substance such as paint, ink or chalk.
Any item that would hold a marking substance such as, papyrus, paper, skin.
Modern examples by energy used
Thermodynamic
Photochemical
Pins and holes
Punch card
Paper tape
Music roll
Music box cylinder or disk
Grooves  (See also Audio Data)
DictaBelt (groove on plastic belt)
Wire recording (stainless steel wire)
Drum memory (magnetic drum)
Optical storage
Photo paper
Projected transparency
Optical disc
Magneto-optical disc
Holographic versatile disc
3D optical data storage
Semiconductor used in volatile RAM microchips
Floating-gate transistor used in  non-volatile memory cards
Modern examples by shape
Paper card storage
Punched card (mechanical)
Tape storage (long, thin, flexible, linearly moving bands)
Paper tape (mechanical)
Magnetic tape (a tape passing one or more read/write/erase heads)
Disk storage (flat, round, rotating object)
Gramophone record (used for distributing some 1980s home computer programs) (mechanical)
Floppy disk, ZIP disk (removable) (magnetic)
Holographic
Optical disc such as CD, DVD, Blu-ray Disc
Hard disk drive (magnetic)
Magnetic bubble memory
Flash memory/memory card (solid state semiconductor memory)
USB flash drive (also known as a "thumb drive" or "keydrive")
SmartMedia
CompactFlash I and II
Secure Digital
Sony Memory Stick (Std/Duo/PRO/MagicGate versions)
Bekenstein, Jacob D. (2003, August).
Information in the holographic universe.
Scientific American.
Historical Notes about the Cost of Hard Drive Storage Space
Relief is a way of making sculptures or carvings.
You start with a flat stone or wooden base, and take small parts away until you have made the art you want.
Reliefs are found around the world.
They can be used to decorate buildings, such as temples.
Usually the artist makes reliefs of figures, such as people or animals.
In bas-relief, only a bit of the base is taken away.
The figure is quite flat and this is especially common in friezes.
An alto-relief is where the artist takes away a lot of the base material.
This can be very detailed.
Famous reliefs
Great Altar of Pergamon, now at the Pergamon Museum, Berlin
Lions and dragons from the Ishtar Gate, Babylon
Temple of Karnak in Egypt
Angkor Wat in Cambodia
Lion Capital of Ashoka, the national symbol of India
glyphs and artwork of the Maya civilization
The monument to the Confederacy at Stone Mountain, Georgia
Borobudur temple, Java, Indonesia
The Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon now housed at the British Museum.
The representation of Monticello on a US nickel.
Relief (music), the curvature of the neck of a guitar or similar instrument
Relief print, art techniques in printmaking
Relief map, a map depicting elevation
Relief pitcher, a baseball pitcher who is brought into a game in progress
Six ships of the US Navy, listed at USS Relief
In architecture, the frieze is the wide central section part of an entablature: see Frieze, Parthenon Frieze.
In textiles, frieze ("Frisian woolen cloth") is a napped woollen cloth:  see Frieze (textile).
the London art fair: see Frieze Art Fair.
the mathematical concept frieze group.
An entablature (IPA [ɛnˈtæblətʃə]; Latin, and tabula, a tablet) is a major piece of classical architecture.
It is the big part of the building made of moldings and bands that sits flat above the columns, resting on their capitals (tops).
the architrave - the bottom part which runs right above the wall or columns below
the frieze – an unmolded strip that may or may not be decorated
the cornice - the top part which sticks out below the pediment.
Flickr is a photo sharing website and web services suite.
It was founded by Stewart Butterfield and Caterina Fake in 2002.It is also an online community platform, which is considered an early example of a Web 2.0 application.
Users can upload any photo to their website.
The user will then be asked to release the photo under many licenses available.
Some licenses allow other people to reuse it, which makes it possible for Wikimedia Commons to transfer free files from Flickr to their website.
Any person that has a Yahoo!
ID can register their Flickr account in a few seconds.
Flickr provides a free service for users to share their photos online with other people.
However, free users have a limit of 300 MB of uploads per month, 15 MB per photo and 150 MB per video.
However, users can upgrade to the pro account where they can get unlimited uploads at $24.95 per month.
Flickr also has a set of tools for users to upload their photos from their desktops.
However, they can only be used on Windows and Mac computers.
FlickrBlog
Ludicorp corporate website
Flickrbits, a repository for third party plug-ins and API-based tools
Norton AntiVirus (NAV) is a popular product of Symantec Corporation.
It is one of the most widely used antivirus programs.
Norton AntiVirus is sold as a standalone product.
It is also included as part of Norton Internet Security and Norton SystemWorks.
There is also a standalone corporate edition version called Symantec AntiVirus Corporate Edition.
Haemophilia is a blood condition that means bleeding does not stop.
The bleeding occurs because the blood does not clot.
People with hemophilia lack proteins in the blood that make scabs and blood clots.
A person with a small cut or internal bleed (bruise) could bleed to death.
They do not bleed more than a normal person, but they bleed for much longer.
The word comes from the Greek words haima ("blood") and philia ("to love").
To treat this, an affected person can get a blood donation from someone without hemophilia.
The donor’s blood  has the clotting proteins and can temporarily make a normal scab.
30% of hemophilia A and B cases are the first person in their family to have hemophilia which is the result of an unexpected mutation (this means that there is an unexpected change in the body).
It usually affects males.
It is passed from mother to child through genes.
Haemophilia A - about 90% of cases.
There is no blood clotting ability.
Haemophilia B - not as severe, but much less common.
There is not enough blood clotting ability.
Haemophilia C - caused by not one, but two recessive (weak) genes.
Haemophilia A happens in about 1 in 5,000–10,000 male births.
Haemophilia B happens in about 1 in every 20,000–34,000 male births.
Genetic defects on the X chromosome affect males because they have only one X chromosome.
In females, a recessive gene is usually masked by a normal gene on the other X chromosome.
The Y chromosome does carry some genes, but far fewer than the X chromosome.
Defects of this type are called "sex-linked" in genetics.
There is no cure for this disease but there are different treatments available around the world.
Otis R. Bowen, M.D. (February 26, 1918 – May 4, 2013), was the governor of the American state of Indiana from 1973 to 1981.
He was the first governor of Indiana to serve two consecutive terms.
He was also the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services on the cabinet of President Ronald Reagan.
Bowen was born in a farmhouse in Fulton County, Indiana.
He raised his family, practiced medicine, and began his political career while living in Bremen, Indiana, where he still lives today.
On Labor Day weekend in September 1973, Governor Bowen declared amnesty for a group of inmates that took hostages and rioted at the Indiana State Prison.
Although his decision to give "blanket amnesty" was a controversial one, it proved to be the correct decision as all the hostages, who were not only guards, but also a few select inmates who were otherwise weak and preyed upon, were released without harm.
The guards who were subsequently released after a short meeting took place between the leaders of the riot and Governor Bowen in front of b-block....the inmate negotiation took only a few minutes between the governor and a group of inmates led by one Thomas D Brown (ISP#37151) serving 10 years for armed robbery, and was compelling enough to cause Gov. Bowen to declare a successful "blanket amnesty".
The governor's action preceded a "domino effect" of changes made in all aspects of the Indiana Department of Corrections.
The changes involved personnel, regulations and conditions within areas of the system, e.g. medical, food, access to media, and disciplinary aspects of every day life.
Bowen died on May 4, 2013 in his home in Donaldson, Indiana at the age of 95.
Governors of Indiana
United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services
Guacamole (called Guacamol in Central America and Cuba) is a Mexican dip made of avocados, salt and sometimes tomatoes.
Various herbs can be added too, such as chives.
It is depicted as a green, creamy dip or garnish.
It is often served as a dip or garnish with Mexican foods such as tacos and tortilla chips.
Wasakaka
Guacamole recipes and avocado information
Mexican sauces
Avocados
Gordan Nikolitch (born 1968) is a Serbian violinist.
He is the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.
Gordan Nikolitch began playing the violin when he was seven.
He studied at the Musikhochschule (music conservatoire) in Basel, Switzerland.
He worked with many famous people including the composers Witold Lutosławski and György Kurtág.
He became particularly interested in Baroque music and contemporary music.
Gordan has been the leader of the Orchestre d’Auvergne and the Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne before becoming the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.
He has made many recordings, especially of violin music which is not well known.
He often plays chamber music.
The violin he plays was made in Cremona in 1776 by a violin maker called Lorenzo Storioni.
Nikolitch, Gordan
Start of reign of Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I, Seljuk Ruler in Syria
May 25 - Emperor Shenzong of China (b 1048)
May 25 - Pope Gregory VII
July 15 - Robert Guiscard, Norman adventurer.
Literal translation is the translation of text from one language to another "word-for-word", rather than giving the sense of the original.
For this reason, literal translations usually mis-translate idioms.
For example, a literal English translation of the German word "Kindergarten" would be "garden of children," but in English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade.
Example of a literal translation of bible text compared with normal translation (at the right) (pdf)
Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the acronym MT, is part of computational linguistics.
It looks at the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.
Current machine translation software often allows to adapt the translation to subject or profession (such as weather reports) — to improve output by limiting the  allowable substitutions.
This technique is very effective in domains where formal or formulaic language is used.
It follows then that machine translation of government and legal documents more readily produces usable output than conversation or less standardised text.
International Association for Machine Translation (IAMT)
Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)
European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT)
Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation (APAMT)
Association for Computational Linguistics
Machine Translation, an introductory guide to MT by D.J.Arnold et al. (
Machine Translation Archive  by John Hutchins.
An electronic repository (and bibliography) of articles, books and papers in the field of machine translation and computer-based translation technology
Machine translation (computer-based translation)  — Publications by John Hutchins (includes PDFs of several books on machine translation)
NIST 2006 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results
NIST 2005 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results
Machine Translation and Minority Languages
John Hutchins 1999
SMT  An article on statistical machine translation in general and Language Weaver in particular
Free online machine translation powered by PROMT Supports 24 language directions and the following languages: English, Russian, German, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese.
How the Computer Translates  An article on machine translation from the founder of PROMT .
A council is organized in Constantinople, but disturbed by soldiers
Beatus of Liébana, Spanish monk, publishes his Commentary on the Apocalypse.
September 14 — Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad upon the death of his brother al-Hadi, and appoints Salim Yunisi as the Abbasid governor of Sindh and the Indus Valley.
Harun al-Rashid rules until 809.
Emperor Saga, emperor of Japan
Emperor Junna, emperor of Japan
Interlinear text is text on several lines where additional lines  give explanations of the main text.
That can be a transliteration or a translation of each word of the main line (literal translation) or a free translation of the entire main text line.
Interlinear text is usually used to translate or explain the main text.
It is used frequently in foreign language learning material and linguistic literature.
Latin text books and Greek or Hebrew Bibles with interlinears are common examples.
Example of interlinear text (Matthew) (pdf)
Interlinear Glossed Text Standards (E-MELD)
Interlinear Glossed Text Levels (E-MELD)
Toward a General Model of Interlinear Text (E-MELD)
Interlinear Morphemic Glosses
The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses
Online Interlinear of Biblical Greek Scriptures (New Testament) text - Requires Adobe Acrobat
Transcription (linguistics), the conversion of spoken words into written language.
Also the conversion of handwriting, or a photograph of text into pure text
Transcription (genetics), the process of copying DNA to RNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase (RNAP)
Transcription (music), either notating an unnotated piece, common in ethnomusicology, or rewriting a piece, either simply recopying (as for clarity), or as an arrangement for another instrument
Medical transcription, documentation of patients medical records
Piano transcription, a piece of music played on one or more pianos that is an approximation of a source piece of music
in computer speech recognition, transcription is the process of having a speech recognition system/software listen to prerecorded voice and then make it insert the recognizable words into a document for later correction
Transcript (disambiguation)
Transcript (molecular biology) refers to a strand of messenger RNA
Transcript (education), a copy of a student's permanent academic record
Transcript (medical), the documented medical record of patients
Film Transcript, a transcript needed for dialogue
Transcript (law), a record of all court proceedings
Transcript programming language, a computer programming language
Adobe Transcript, a commercial troff tool from Adobe Systems
The Transcript, Ohio Wesleyan University's student-run newspaper
That can be the conversion of human speech into written, typewritten or printed form.
But it can also mean the scanning of books and making digital versions.
A transcriber is a person who performs transcriptions.
Standard transcription schemes for linguistic purposes include the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and its ASCII equivalent, SAMPA.
See also phonetic transcription
In this table IPA is an example of phonetic transcription of the name of the former Russian president known in English as Boris Yeltsin, followed by accepted hybrid forms in various languages.
Note that 'Boris' is a transliteration rather than transcription in strict sense.
The same words are likely to be transcribed differently under different systems.
For example, the Mandarin Chinese name for the capital of China is Beijing in the commonly-used contemporary system Hanyu Pinyin, and in the historically significant Wade Giles system, it is written Pei-Ching.
Practical transcription can be done into a non-alphabetic language too.
For example, in a Hong Kong Newspaper, George Bush's name is transliterated into two Chinese characters that sounds like "Bou-sū" (布殊) by using the characters that mean "cloth" and "special".
Similarly, many words from English and other Western European languages are borrowed in Japanese and are transcribed using Katakana, one of the Japanese syllabaries.
After transcribing
one or both languages may develop further.
The original correspondence between the sounds of the two languages may change, and so the pronunciation of the transcribed word develops in a different direction than the original pronunciation.
the transcribed word may be adopted as a loan word in another language with the same script.
This often leads to a different pronunciation and spelling than a direct transcription.
This is especially evident for Greek loan words and proper names.
Greek words are normally first transcribed to Latin (according to their old pronunciations), and then loaned into other languages, and finally the loan word has developed according to the rules of the goal language.
For example, Aristotle is the currently used English form of the name of the philosopher
whose name in Greek is spelled  (Aristotélēs),
which was transcribed to Latin Aristóteles, from where it was loaned into other languages
One ancient example is the Sanskrit word dhyāna which transcribed into the Chinese word Ch'an through Buddhist scriptures.
Ch'an (禪 Zen Buddhism) was transcribed from Japanese (ゼン zen) to Zen in English.
dhyāna to Zen is quite a change.
Transcripts of software freedom talks, with reasoning for the usefulness of transcripts
The Sumgait pogrom was a pogrom by the local Azerbaijanis that targeted the Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani seaside town of Sumgait on February 1988.
An estimated 30 were killed.
But most say 200.
Nagorno-Karabakh War
Sumqait.com  ,
Aslan İsmayılov.
Sumqayıt — SSRİ-nin süqutunun başlanğıcı.
Bakı: Çaşıoğlu.
204 səhifə.
Aslan Ismayilov.
Sumgayit — Beginning of the Collapse of the USSR.
Baku: Çaşıoğlu.
Аслан Исмаилов.
Сумгаит — начало распада СССР.
Баку: Чашыоглу.
220 стр.
Уголовное Дело № 18/55461-88.
Сумгаит.
1989. (
II)
Həsənova Rəna, Cəfərova Nazxanım.
Sumqayıt danışan tariximizdir.
Sumqayıt şəhərinin 60 illik yubileyinə həsr olunmuş Biblioqrafik göstərici.
Sumqayıt-2009.
sumgayit1988.com
Vladimir Kryuchkov.
Hardline Soviet Communist who became head of the KGB and led a failed plot to overthrow Mikhail Gorbachev
Incomplete list of victims of the massacre
End of the Asuka period, the second and last part of the Yamato period and beginning of the Nara period in Japan; Heijō-kyō (Nara) becomes the capital of Japan.
April 5 — During the Cold Food Festival, Chinese Emperor Zhongzong of Tang had his chief ministers of court, sons-in-law, and high-ranking military officers engage in the festive game of tug of war within a palace of Chang'an City.
The Emperor purportedly laughed when two older ministers fell over during the game.
Founding of the Muslim Kingdom of Nekor in Morocco.
Muslim army invited into Ceuta by its governor, Count Julian, who, being an opponent of Roderick, encourages them to invade the Iberian peninsula.
Roderick deposes Achila to become king of the Visigoths.
The first (wooden) Al-Aqsa Mosque is finished.
Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, Japanese poet
Saint Adalbert of Egmond
Emperor Zhongzong of Tang China (assassinated, b. 656)
Shangguan Wan'er, female Chinese poet and official of the Tang Dynasty (born 664)
The Japanese capital moved away from Nara.
End of the Nara period.
The Chinese engineer and prince Li Gao invents a successful model of a paddle-wheel ship.
August 31—Paul IV abdicates as Patriarch of Constantinople
December 25—Tarasius elected Patriarch of Constantinople
February 14 – Charles the Bald and Louis the German sign a treaty.
Oaths of Strasbourg — alliance of Louis the German and Charles the Bald against emperor Lothar — sworn and recorded in vernacular languages.
Ramiro I succeeds Alfonso II as king of Asturias.
Uurad is succeeded by Bred, then Ciniod.
Charles the Bald marries Ermentrude.
Three year old Michael III succeeds Theophilus (emperor) as emperor of Byzantium.
End of the reign of caliph Moqtasim.
Uyghurs leave the Mongolian plateau.
January 5 — Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid caliph (b. 794)
Emperor Saga of Japan (b. 786)
Alfonso II of Asturias (b. 759)
Theophilus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 813)
Liu Yuxi, Chinese poet, philosopher, and essayist (born 772)
Egbert of Wessex defeats Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellandun.
Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex submit to Wessex and East Anglia acknowledges Egbert as overlord.
Emperor Louis the Pious of the Franks wars against the Wends and Sorbs.
Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 875)
Oldest known mention of the city of Dortmund
Pope John VIII issued the Bill "Industriae Tuae", creating an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with Archbishop Saint Methodius as its head.
The Old Church Slavonic was recognized as the fourth liturgical language, besides Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
Bishopric established in Nitro.
Fujiwara no Tadahira, Japanese regent
Louis the Blind, King of Provence (r. 887 – 900), King of Italy (r. 900 – 901), and Holy Roman Emperor (r. 901 – 905)
Carloman, King of Bavaria
Emperor Seiwa of Japan
is the Japanese tradition of visiting areas where leaves have turned red in the autumn.
The word comes from the two Japanese words  meaning "red leaves" or "maple tree" and , "hunting".
It is also called . "
Kōyō" is another pronunciation of the characters for "momiji".
In Hokkaidō another word for it is .
Many people in Japan do this.
The cities of Nikkō, Tochigi and Kyoto are very popular.