the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He has used the magic tarn helmet to change himself into a dragon so that he can guard the treasure of the gold and the ring (we saw how he got the treasure in the first opera, Das Rheingold).
Siegfried, who was not yet born at the end of the second opera, Die Walküre, is now a young lad.
He has been brought up by the dwarf Mime, Alberich's brother.
Mime is just as horrible as his brother.
Mime is hammering away at the anvil, trying to repair the sword that was smashed to pieces by Wotan in Act Two of Die Walküre.
He wants to make the bits into a strong sword, but every time he thinks he has managed it Siegfried picks up the sword and breaks it with his strength.
The reason that Mime wants to make the sword is so that he can give it to Siegfried (who is obviously the hero who is meant to have the sword in the end) and tell him to fight the dragon.
Then Mime will be able to get the ring from him so that he can have power over all the world.
When Siegfried enters he brings a bear from the forest.
The bear chases Mime and Siegfried laughs.
Then he lets the bear go free.
Mime says to Siegfried that he should be thankful to him for looking after him as a child and bringing him up.
He has never told Siegfried who his parents were (they were Siegmund and Sieglinde, both now dead).
Siegfried does not understand anything about how babies are born.
He has never seen a woman before.
He only knows Mime who is pretending to be his father.
Siegfried has noticed that young birds look like their parents and he asks Mime why he does not look like him.
In the end Mime is forced to tell Siegfried about his parents and about the sword that was smashed by Wotan.
Siegfried tells Mime to forge (make) the sword so that he can kill the dragon.
Siegfried goes off.
Wotan, the chief god, appears.
He is disguised as a wanderer.
Mime says he wants to ask him three questions, and if he cannot answer them he can chop off his head.
Wotan agrees.
First Mime asks him the name of the race of people who live below the earth.
Wotan says they are the Nibelungs.
Then Mime asks who are the people who live on the earth’s surface.
Wotan says they are the giants.
Then he asks him who lives in the sky.
Wotan says they are the gods.
He has answered all three questions correctly.
He now tells Mime it is his turn to ask Mime three questions which he must answer if he wants to keep his head.
Mime is terrified, but has to agree.
First Wotan asks him who are the people whom Wotan loves a lot although he has to be harsh with them.
Mime answers: the Wälsung race.
Then Wotan asks him the name of the sword that Wotan left for Siegfried.
Mime answers: Nothung.
Finally Wotan asks him who can put the pieces of the sword together.
Mime is now terrified because he does not know the answer.
Wotan tells him the answer: it is the person who does not know fear.
He says to Mime that he can keep his head for the moment.
He will leave it to the fearless person to chop it off later.
When Mime and Siegfried are together again, Mime tries to frighten Siegfried so that he knows what fear is.
He tells him all about the huge dragon in the cave. "
Does that not frighten you?"
he asks him. "
Not a bit" answers Siegfried, who likes the thought of fighting a dragon.
Siegfried works at the anvil and starts to make the sword.
Mime is thinking of how he will trick Siegfried after the dragon has been killed, so that he can get the sword and kill Siegfried.
At last Siegfried manages to make the mighty sword.
He calls out its name: "Nothung"!
Then he crashes the sword down on the anvil which splits into two pieces.
Outside the dragon’s cave Wotan, still disguised as a wanderer, meets Alberich (Mime’s brother who has not been in the story since the first opera).
Alberich hates Wotan for having snatched the ring from him.
Wotan does not care, and even wakes the dragon up, but the dragon does not want to fight them.
Mime and Siegfried appear.
Siegfried is not frightened at all.
He just wants to know where the dragon’s heart is so that he can kill it.
Mime leaves him alone.
Siegfried sits down in the forest and thinks.
He is glad to know now that the ugly Mime is not his father.
He hears a bird singing and he tries to imitate the bird’s song with a pipe he has made from a reed.
He blows his horn and the dragon appears.
Siegfried plunges the sword into the dragon’s heart.
Siegfried instinctively puts his hand in the dragon’s mouth and tastes its blood.
Suddenly he can understand what the bird is saying.
The bird (originally sung by a boy but normally now by a woman) tells him to take the ring and the tarn helmet (which allows the wearer to change shape or make himself invisible).
He takes them.
Mime and Alberich appear.
They are arguing about who shall have the ring and the tarn helmet.
Siegfried appears with both.
Mime offers Siegfried a drink which is drugged.
The bird warns Siegfried not to drink it.
Siegfried kills Mime by chopping his head off with the sword.
The bird then tells Siegfried about his beautiful bride Brünnhilde who is lying on a rock, protected by fire, waiting to be rescued by him.
Erda, the wise Earth Goddess, tells Wotan about the Norns who are weaving the rope of destiny.
She is surprised to hear how Wotan has punished Brünnhilde.
Wotan says he now looks forward to the end of the gods, and wants Siegfried to take his place.
Siegfried arrives.
He tells Wotan (who is a stranger to him) about his heroic deed with the dragon.
He finds Wotan annoying and smashes Wotan’s sword.
He goes to the rock where Brünnhilde is lying.
Siegfried bursts through the flames and finds the sleeping Brünnhilde.
He gently takes off her helmet, then her breastplate.
Suddenly he sees that she is a woman.
For the first time in his life he is frightened, yet he very much wants to wake her up.
He kisses her lips and she opens her eyes and sits up.
She tells him that she has always loved him, even long before he was born.
Siegfried feels his passion growing and tries to put his arms round her, but now it is Brünnhilde who is frightened.
She tells him not to spoil the purity of their love.
Finally they embrace.
It took Wagner more than 15 years to write this opera which is one reason why the music of Act Three is slightly different in style.
Some ideas from the love music of Siegfried and Brünnhilde were later re-used by Wagner in a separate orchestral piece, called the Siegfried Idyll.
Many of the leitmotifs (musical ideas that belong to particular characters or ideas) are ones that were heard in the Das Rheingold or Die Walküre.
One unusual instrument in the orchestra is the anvil.
It is played when Mime, and later Siegfried, are hammering on the anvil trying to forge the pieces of the sword together.
The rhythm of this music is the same rhythm heard earlier in the Nibelung scene in Das Rheingold.
When Wagner started working on the opera he called it Der junge Siegfried (The young Siegfried) but by 1856 he had changed the title to Siegfried.
The German word “Sieg” means “victory” and “Fried” or “Friede” means “peace”.
It is a good name for a hero.
The role of Siegfried is sung by a tenor.
The singer needs a very strong voice, often called a “Heldentenor” in German (a “heroic tenor”).
He is on stage for most of the opera which lasts about four hours.
The first opera in the cycle is Das Rheingold
The fourth opera in the cycle is Götterdämmerung
The whole cycle is called Der Ring des Nibelungen
See also Siegfried (about the character from Norse mythology)
The libretto in German
Götterdämmerung is an opera by Richard Wagner.
It is the fourth and last of the cycle of operas that together tell a story called Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung).
The story continues from the end of the third opera which was called Siegfried. "
Götterdämmerung" is the German name for "Ragnarök".
Götterdämmerung is the longest of the four operas.
It takes about five hours to perform.
It consists of a prologue and three acts.
Wagner finished composing the opera in the autumn of 1874.
It was first performed on 17 August 1876 as part of the complete Ring cycle.
The three Norns, daughters of Erda the Earth Goddess, are spinning the rope of destiny.
This rope is a symbol of what has to happen in the end.
They take it in turns to tell the story of the past, spinning as they sing and passing on the rope to the next one.
The first Norn tells how Wotan went to drink from the Well of Wisdom for which he lost an eye.
He then cut a spear from a tree which then died.
The second Norn tells how a young hero broke Wotan’s spear and how the gods were sent from Valhalla to chop down the World Ash.
The third Norn tells how the logs from the ash tree have been piled round Valhalla ready for a fire that will burn everything.
The Norns have visions of the future.
The rope breaks.
The Norns disappear into the earth.
Brünnhilde and Siegfried come out of a cave by the rock where they were left at the end of the third opera.
Siegfried has to go off to do heroic deeds.
He gives Brünnhilde the ring as a token of his love for her.
She gives him her horse which is called Grane (pronounce: GRAH-ne).
Siegfried travels down the river Rhine.
Act One takes place in the Hall of the Gibichung palace.
Gunther is the chief of the Gibichungs.
His half-brother Hagen tells him he would look more important if he got married.
He also says that Gunther’s sister Gutrune ought to get married.
He tells him about Brünnhilde who, he thinks, is still asleep on the rock surrounded by fire that no one except Siegfried would be able to get through.
He says that if they manage to get Siegfried to marry Gutrune, then she could persuade him to go and catch Brünnhilde for Gunther.
He says that they could give Siegfried a potion (a special drink) which would make him forget that he loved Brünnhilde.
They hear Siegfried’s horn outside and the great hero arrives.
Siegfried asks Hagen whether he knows him.
Of course, Hagen does.
Siegfried is carrying the magic tarn helmet which allows a person to change their shape or become invisible.
Siegfried, however, does not know what the tarn helmet can do, and Hagen has to explain it to him.
Gutrune appears and offers Siegfried a drink.
It is the potion which is going to make him forget any other woman.
He drinks to the health of Brünnhilde.
As soon as he has drunk it he looks at Gutrune and is in love with her.
He agrees to marry her, and he agrees to get a wife for Gunther.
Hagen tells him about Brünnhilde on the rock.
Siegfried has forgotten about her.
He agrees to put on the tarn helmet and disguise himself as Gunther and to go and get Brünnhilde.
He goes off, leaving Hagen guarding the palace.
The next scene takes place on the top of the Valkyrie rock.
Her sister Waltraute arrives on a flying horse.
She says that Wotan (their father, the chief God) returned to Valhalla with his spear broken.
She says he told the gods to pile up the logs from the World Ash for a fire which will burn everything.
Wotan desperately wants the ring to be given back to the Rhine Maidens (who were guardians of the gold, from which the ring was forged, in the first opera).
Brünnhilde refuses to give her the ring that Siegfried had given her as a token of their love.
Waltraute disappears.
After the weather calms the flames flicker again.
Siegfried arrives, disguised as Gunther.
Brünnhilde is horrified to see a person she thinks is a stranger.
Siegfried says she is his bride, forces the ring from her finger and drags her into a cave for the night, although placing the sword between them.
Back at the palace Alberich tries to persuade his son Hagen to get the ring.
Hagen wants to get the ring, but only for himself.
He no longer wears the tarn helmet so he looks like himself.
Hagen blows his horn to call his vassals (soldiers) for a celebration.
Gunther is to marry Brünnhilde and Siegfried is to marry Gutrune.
Brünnhilde cannot understand why Siegfried is doing this.
She sees the ring on his finger and asks him how he got it, as she thinks Gunther snatched it from her.
Siegfried says that he won it by killing a dragon.
He tells people how he tricked Brünnhilde and swears that a sword lay between them during the night, although Brünnhilde tries to make people think otherwise.
Brünnhilde is left alone with Gunther and Hagen.
She tells them that, although Siegfried is so strong and impossible to kill in battle, he has one weak spot on his back.
Gunther does not like the idea of having Siegfried killed, but Hagen promises him that he can then have the ring.
They decide to kill Siegfried and to tell Gutrune that he was killed by a wild boar.
The last act takes place in a wild forest.
Siegfried’s hunting horn is heard, and then the hunting horn of the Gibichungs.
By the river Siegfried happens to meet the Rhine Maidens and teases them by showing them the ring, but does not let them have it.
They tell him about the curse on the ring but Siegfried does not believe them.
He meets Hagen.
They drink together.
Siegfried tells the men all about his life, how he was brought up by Mime, about the sword, the dragon and the bird singing.
Then he cannot remember any more.
Hagen gives him another drugged drink which makes him start to remember what actually happened.
He remembers Brünnhilde and how he found her surrounded by fire.
He gradually realizes how he has been tricked and feels unbearable sadness.
Two ravens fly overhead and Hagen plunges his spear into Siegfried’s back.
He dies while speaking the name of Brünnhilde.
His body is carried off to a funeral march.
Back at the palace his body is brought in.
Gutrune accuses Gunther of murdering him, but Gunther says Hagen did it.
Hagen says he did it because Siegfried, when disguised as Gunther, had slept with Brünnhilde.
He tries to snatch the ring from the dead Siegfried’s finger, Gunther tries to stop him but is murdered by Hagen.
He tries again to snatch the ring but to everybody’s horror the arm of the dead hero rises in the air.
Brünnhilde enters and tells everyone how she promised Siegfried her love.
Gutrune curses Hagen and falls onto her brother’s dead body.
Brünnhilde orders a funeral pyre (a fire) to be prepared.
She sings to Wotan that Siegfried is now at peace in death and that she understands more now.
She takes the ring and promises to return it to the Rhine Maidens.
She lights the fire which flares up and she rides on her horse Grane into the flames.
The whole building catches fire, and the Rhine overflows and puts it out.
Hagen jumps into the water trying to get the ring from the Rhine Maidens who drown him and finally take it back.
The flood dies down and Valhalla (the gods’ palace) is lit up by the fire.
The gods and the heroes die in the flames.
The Twilight of the Gods has happened and Brünnhilde has redeemed the world with her love.
The music of this long opera is extremely cleverly linked so that musical ideas flow into one another and combine to comment on the drama.
Many of the themes have been heard in the other three operas.
It is a very exhausting opera to sing, especially for Brünnhilde.
There are usually two long intervals during a performance.
The orchestra is very large and includes eight harps.
Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung (Alberich)) is a cycle of four operas by Richard Wagner.
Wagner took the story of the operas from a book called the Nibelungenlied (the Nibelung Song) which was written in the 12th century by a German poet.
We do not know the name of the poet.
The story is about the ancient gods from German mythology.
Wagner made a lot of changes to the story in order to make it suitable for his four operas.
Wagner’s story tells of a hoard of gold which is being guarded by the Rhinemaidens.
The dwarf Alberich steals the gold and uses some of it to make a ring which makes the owner powerful over all the world.
When Wotan, the chief god, steals it from him, Alberich puts a curse on the ring.
The ring will bring death to whoever has it.
The ring goes through the hands of several characters, all of whom die in the end.
Alberich belongs to a race of dwarfs called the “Nibelungs”.
The word “Nibelungen” in the title of the cycle: Der Ring des Nibelungen (“The Ring of the Nibelung”), refers to Alberich (it is singular, not plural).
The story of Wagner’s Ring cycle sounds quite fantastic and strange, like a fairy tale.
Although the characters seems very different from real people,  the story tells us all about basic human emotions.
It is a story about greed, love, lust, intrigue etc.
This is what makes it so powerful.
Wagner’s music matches each character and situation beautifully.
It develops continuously: there are no breaks in the music during the acts.
Wagner used what he called leitmotifs (leading motives).
These are tunes or chords or little musical phrases which are linked to particular people in the opera.
In this way he can hint at things very cleverly in the music.
For example: there is a leitmotiv for the curse.
Whenever we hear this curse motive we know that the curse of the ring is working.
Wagner spent about twenty years writing the Ring cycle.
He started in the 1850s when he was living in Switzerland.
He wrote all the libretto (the words) himself, as he always did for his operas.
By 1857 he had finished the first two operas and two thirds of Siegfried.
It was many years later that he finally finished Siegfried and wrote the final opera as well.
Wagner wanted to have the Ring cycle performed in a special opera house which would be built in the way he wanted.
He needed a lot of money for his ideas, and he was very lucky to find someone who adored his music and was happy to give him a lot of money.
This was King Ludwig II of Bavaria (sometimes called the “mad king of Bavaria” because he did become insane).
Wagner told the King that the Ring cycle would be performed in Munich which was the capital city of Bavaria.
Later, when it seemed impossible to build a new opera house there, Wagner broke his promise and built his opera house in Bayreuth instead.
The King did not seem to mind and still gave him lots of money for the project as well as a nice house to live in.
Das Rheingold was first performed in Munich in 1869 and Die Walküre in 1870.
The whole Ring cycle was first performed in 1876 in the new opera house called the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth.
In Finnish mythology, Väki means races of Haltijas (Finnish elves) and their magical powers.
Different things in nature had their own väki guarding them.
For example, Väki of water lived in and protected water.
Väki is the name of both the magical power and Haltijas.
Väki could sometimes be seen.
They looked like little man-like creatures.
Sometimes Väki went inside people and made people ill.
Väki makes people ill if they behave badly in their kingdom.
For example, if someone shouted in a forest without reason then the Väki of forest may make then ill.
Shaman could heal these illnesses by telling the väki to leave the person and go back to its original place.
The other version of väki refers to the realm of the dead.
Väki was the anonymous pack of dead people.
Once they (väki) had been our beloved ones, relatives etc.
but after spending some time in the afterlife they had been become unknown masses of dead creatures without any personal markings.
sv:Rådare
The Sudetenland was a mountainous area of Czechoslovakia.
The name comes from the Sudetes, a mountain range, but it was also used for other places in Bohemia in which mostly-German people lived.
They wanted their homes to be part of Germany, not Czechoslovakia.
Nazi Germany took Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in 1938, which contributed to the start of World War II.
WW2DB: Annexation of Sudetenland
The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne.
The Russian town of Kostroma is destroyed by the ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod.
October 24 – Death of Valdemar IV of Denmark.
Petru I succeeds his father, Costea, as ruler of Moldavia (now Moldova & eastern Romania).
The Mamluks from Egypt conquer the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
Leo VI of Armenia is imprisoned for several years in Cairo until a ransom is paid by King John I of Castile.
Mujahid Shah succeeds his father, Mohammad Shah I, as Sultan of the Bahmanid Empire in Deccan, southern India.
Moscow & Tver sign a truce.
Tver agrees to help Moscow fight the Blue Horde.
Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (approximate date; d.1415)
Nicolas Grenon, French composer (approximate date; d. 1456)
Lan Kham Deng, King of Lan Xang 1416-1428 (d. 1428)
July 5 – Charles III of Alençon, French archbishop (b. 1337)
October 24 – King Valdemar IV of Denmark
December 21 – Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian writer (born 1313)
Coral is a reddish or orangeish shade of pink.
The color is named after the sea animal also called corals.
The first written use of coral as a color name in English was in 1513.
Meaning of coral
Coral and coral blue color for painting a room to give a calm feeling of warmth.
In some sects of Hinduism, coral red instead of red is shown as being the color which represents the first (muladhara) chakra in Hindu philosophy.
Tones of coral color comparison chart
Crimson is  reddish magenta color between red and rose on the color wheel.
You can make it by combining a strong, bright deep red with a little blue.
It is originally the color of the dye produced from the dried bodies of a scale insect, Kermes vermilio.
The word crimson has been in written use in the English since 1400,
Meaning of crimson
In English, crimson is traditionally associated with the color of blood, and hence is associated with violence, courage and martyrdom.
Crimson was the most distinctive color of British officers' uniforms until the introduction of khaki camouflage, and remains in use for the colours (flag).
The King's Royal Hussars still wear crimson trousers.
In Poland, karmazyn ('crimson') is a synonym for a Magnate (someone who is a member of the nobility).
Tones of crimson color comparison chart
Rose is the color halfway between red and magenta on the color wheel.
It represents the color of the rose flower.
The first recorded use of rose as a color name in English was in 1382.
Meaning of rose
Saying that someone has rosy cheeks suggests that they are in good health.
Saying that someone is "seeing through rose-colored strawberries" means that they are an optimist, only seeing the good and neglecting to notice the bad. (
The opposite type of person, a pessimist, is symbolised by the color grey).
The color rose represents romantic love because it is customary to give rose flowers to one's beloved on Valentine's Day, 14 February.
Rose is a popular color for women's clothing, lipstick and shoes.
The color rose is well loved in Iran because the cultivation of the rose flower is thought to have began in Iran.
Rose is the national color of Georgia (specifically, that tone of rose called Dogwood Rose or Georgian Rose [shown on the color chart below]) because the people of Georgia believe the cultivation of roses began there.
The revolution in which current Georgian president Mikhail Saakashvili came to power in 2003 was called the Rose Revolution.
Marrakesh, Morocco is sometimes called the Rose City because many of its buildings are colored shades of rose or pink.
Comparison of pruple, magenta, rose and red
Tones of rose color comparison chart
Light Rose White (Xona.com color list “Rose White Light”) (Hex: #FFFBFB) (RGB: 255, 251, 251)
Rose White (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FFF6F5) (RGB: 255, 246, 243)
Light Pale Rose (Xona.com color list “Pale Rose Light”) (Hex: #FFF3FA) (RGB: 255, 243, 250)
Light Classic Rose (Xona.com color list “Classic Rose Light”) (Hex: #FDE9F5) (RGB: 253, 233, 245)
Pale Rose (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FFE1F2) (RGB: 255, 225, 242)
Misty Rose (web color) (Hex: #FFE4E1) (RGB: 255, 228, 225)
Light Dull Pallid Rose (Xona.com color list "Rose Light") (Hex: #F5E2DE) (RGB: 245, 226, 222)
Pink (web color) (Tamarisk) (Light Red) (Hex: #FFCBDB) (RGB: 255, 192, 203)
Chantilly (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #F8C3DF) (RGB: 248, 195, 223)
Cupid (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FBBEDA) (RGB: 251, 190, 218)
Medium Light Pink (web color "Light Pink") (Hex: #FFB6C1) (RGB: 255, 182, 193)
<li style = "background-color: #f9c8cb;"> Crystal Rose (Pantone TPX 12-1708) (Hex: #F9C8CB) (RGB: 249, 200, 203)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #f5c5c2;"> English Rose (Pantone TPX 13-1310) (Hex: #F5C5C2) (RGB: 245, 197, 194)<li>
Tea Rose (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #F4C2C2) (RGB: 244, 204, 231)
Light Can Can (Xona.com color list “Can Can Light”) (Hex: #EBCBD6) (RGB: 237, 203, 214)
Light Charm (Xona.com color list “Charm Light”) (Hex: #EDBACD) (RGB: 237, 186, 205)
<li style = "background-color: #f6c6d8;"> Light Carissma (Xona.com color list “Carissma Light”) (Hex: #F6C6D8) (RGB: 246, 198, 216)<li>
Classic Rose (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FBCCE7) (RGB: 251, 204, 231)
Bright Pale Rose (Crayola colored pencils "Pale Rose") (Hex: #FFCCFF) (RGB: 255, 204, 255)
Light Hot Pink (Xona.com color list “Hot Pink Light”) (Hex: #FFB3DE) (RGB: 255, 179, 222)
Persian Pink (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #F77FBE) (RGB: 206, 70, 118)
Light Deep Pink (Xona.com color list “Deep Pink Light”) (Hex: #FF5CCD) (RGB: 255, 92, 205)
Rose Pink (Hex: #FF66CC) (RGB: 255, 102, 204)
<li style = "background-color: #f091A9;"> Mauvelous (Crayola) (Hex: #F091A9) (RGB: 240, 145, 169)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ef9bb9;"> Light Cabaret (Xona.com color list “Cabaret Light”) (Hex: #EF9BB9) (RGB: 239, 155, 185)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ea88a8;"> Carissma (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #EA88A8) (RGB: 234, 136, 168)<li>
Charm Pink (Plochere) (Hex: #E68FAC) (RGB: 230, 143, 172)
Light Cadillac (Xona.com color list “Cadillac Light”) (Hex: #DC9DB3) (RGB: 220, 157, 179)
Dull Pallid Rose (Xona.com color list "Rose") (Hex: #E7BCB4) (RGB: 231, 188, 180)
Light Rosy Brown (Xona.com color list “Rosy Brown Light”) (Hex: #E2CACA) (RGB: 226, 202, 202)
Light Brandy Rose (Xona.com color list “Brandy Rose Light”) (Hex: #E1C7C3) (RGB: 225, 199, 195)
Light Bazaar (Xona.com color list “Bazaar Light”) (Hex: #CFBCBE) (RGB: 207, 188, 190)
Light Blush (Xona.com color list “Blush Light”) (Hex: #DE98B2) (RGB: 222, 152, 178)
Can Can (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #D591A4) (RGB: 213, 145, 164)
Rosebloom (Pantone TPX 15-2214) (Hex: #E38FB7) (RGB: 227, 143, 183)
Light Rouge (Xona.com color list “Rouge Light”) (Hex: #D58EB5) (RGB: 213, 142, 181)
Medium Raspberry (Xona.com color list Raspberry Light) (Hex: #C077A6) (RGB: 198, 119, 166)
Puce (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #CC8899) (RGB: 204, 136, 153)
Charm (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #D47494) (RGB: 212, 116, 148)
<li style = "background-color: #db7093;"> Pale Violet Red (web color) (Hex: #DB7093) (RGB: 219, 112, 147)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #de6fa1;"> Thulian Pink (Icelandic Pink) (First Lady) (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #DE6FA1) (RGB: 222, 111, 61)<li>
Wild Watermelon (Crayola) (Hex: #F05B78) (RGB: 253, 91, 153)
<li style = "background-color: #d94972;"> Cabaret (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #D94972) (RGB: 217, 73, 114)<li>
Blush (Crayola)  (Hex: #DE5D83) (RGB: 222, 93, 131)
French Rose (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #F64A8A) (RGB: 246, 74, 138)
Violet-Red (Crayola) (Hex: #F7468A) (RGB: 247, 70, 138)
Wild Strawberry (Crayola) - (Hex: #FF3399) (RGB: 255, 51, 153)
Brilliant Rose (Crayola "Magenta"; Brilliant Rose 1949-1958) (Hex: #F653A6) (RGB: 246, 83, 166)
Raspberry Pink (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #E25098) (RGB:226, 80, 155)
Deep Pink (web color) (Hex: #FF1493) (RGB: 255, 20, 147)
Rose (Hex: #FF007F) (RGB: 255, 0, 127)
Process Magenta (Printer's Magenta) (Pigment Magenta) (CMYK) (Hex: #FF0090) (RGB: 255, 0, 144)
Razzle Dazzle Rose (Crayola) (Hex: #FF33CC) (RGB: 255, 51, 204)
Magenta Rose (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #FF00AF) (RGB: 255, 0, 175)
Persian Rose (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #FE28A2) (RGB: 254, 40, 162)
Hollywood Cerise (Fashion Fuchsia) (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul) (Venus colored pencils) (Hex: #F400A1) (RGB: 244, 0, 161)
Foobar (Hex: #F00BA4) (RGB: 240, 11, 164)
Mexican Rose (Mexican Pink) (Mexican Tourist Board) (Hex: #E4007C) (RGB: 228, 0, 124)
Mystic Pearl (Crayola Pearl Brites) (Hex: #D65282) (RGB: 214, 82, 130)
Vivid Cerise (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #DA1D81) (RGB: 218, 29, 129)
Royal Fuchsia (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #CA2C92) (RGB: 202, 44, 146)
Light Flirt (Xona.com colour list “Flirt Light”) (Hex: #D500B6) (RGB: 213, 0, 182)
Byzantine (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex:BD33A4) (RGB: 189, 51, 164)
Raspberry Rose (Pantone TPX-19-2432) (Hex: #C7458B) (RGB: 199, 69, 139)
Medium Red-Violet (Crayola Red Violet) (Hex: #BB3385) (RGB: 187, 151, 133)
Red-Violet (Pigment Purple) (web color Medium Violet Red) (Hex: #C71585) (RGB: 199, 21, 133)
Deep Cerise (Crayola Cerise) (Hex: #DA3287) (RGB: 218, 50, 135)
Cerise (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #DE3163) (RGB: 222, 49, 99)
Amaranth (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #E52B50) (RGB: 229, 43, 80)
Rose Pearl (Crayola Pearl Brites) (Hex: #F03865) (RGB: 240, 56, 101)
<li style = "background-color: #ff355e;"> Radical Red (Crayola) (Bright Amaranth Pink) (Hex: #FF355E) (RGB: 255, 53, 94)<li>
Fiery Rose (Crayola Extreme Twistables) (Hex: #FF5470) (RGB: 255, 84, 112)
Folly (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #FF004F) (RGB: 255, 0, 79)
American Rose (American Beauty) (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #FF033E) (RGB: 255, 3, 62)
Electric Crimson (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #FF003F) (RGB: 255, 0, 63)
Raspberry (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul)(Hex: #E30B5C) (RGB: 227, 11, 92)
Ruby (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #E0115F) (RGB: 224, 17, 95)
Dogwood Rose (Georgian Rose) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #D71868) (RGB: 215, 24, 104)
Rose Red (Pantone TPX 18-1852) (Hex: #C21E56) (RGB: 194, 30, 86)
Popstar (Resene color list) (Hex: #BE4F62) (RGB: 190, 79, 98)
Deep Blush (Blush (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #B44668) (RGB: 180, 70, 104)
Rose Dust (Crayola Silver Swirls) (Hex: #9E5E6F) (RGB: 158, 94, 111)
Bazaar (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #98777B) (RGB: 152, 119, 123)
Medium Girlsenberry (color used in fashion design) (Hex: #AA786D) (RGB: 170, 120, 109)
Rose Quartz (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #AA98A9) (RGB: 170, 152, 169)
Rosy Brown (web color) (Hex: #BC8F8F) (RGB: 188, 143, 143)
Brandy Rose (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #BB8983) (RGB: 187, 137, 131)
Old Rose (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #C08081) (RGB: 192, 128, 129)
Turkish Rose (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #B57281) (RGB: 181, 114, 129)
Rose Gold (Hex: #B76E79) (RGB: 183, 110, 121)
Girlsenberry (web safe color used in web site design) (Hex: #CC5555) (RGB: 204, 85, 85)
<li style = "background-color: #cd5c5c;"> Chestnut (web color Indian Red ) (Hex: #CD5C5C) (RGB: 205, 92, 92)<li>
Fuzzy Wuzzy Brown (Crayola) (Hex: #C45655) (RGB: 196, 86, 85)
<li style = "background-color: #b94e48;"> Deep Chestnut (Vermont Maple Syrup) (Crayola Chestnut) (Hex: #B94E48) (RGB: 185, 78, 72)<li>
Rose Vale (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #AB4E52) (RGB: 171, 78, 82)
Cadillac (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #B04C6A) (RGB: 176, 76, 106)
Light Black Rose (Xona.com color list “Black Rose Light”) (Hex: #B12B7F) (RGB: 177, 43, 127)
Flirt (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A2006D) (RGB: 162, 0, 109)
Rouge (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A23B6C) (RGB: 162, 59, 108)
Light Rosewood (Xona.com color list “Rosewood Light”) (Hex: #B00049) (RGB: 176, 0, 73)
Raspberry Rose (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #B3446C) (RGB: 179, 68, 108)
Copper Rose (Hex: #996666) (RGB: 149, 102, 102)
Rose Taupe (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #905D5D) (RGB: 144, 93, 93)
Raspberry Glace (Plochere) (Hex: #915F6D) (RGB: 145, 95, 109)
Light Bulgarian Rose (Xona.com color list “Bulgarian Rose Light”) (Hex: #9A393D) (RGB: 154, 57, 61)
Cordovan (Hex: #893F45) (RGB: 137, 63, 69)
Dark Raspberry (Xona.com color list "Raspberry") (Hex: #872657) (RGB: 135, 38, 87)
<li style="background-color: #755258; color: #ffffff"> Galaxy (Resene color list) (Hex: #755258) (RGB: 117, 77, 82) <li>
Black Rose (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #67032D) (RGB: 103, 3, 45)
Rosewood (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #65000B) (RGB: 101, 0, 11)
Rose Ebony (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #674846) (RGB: 103, 76, 71)
Bulgarian Rose (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #480607) (RGB: 72, 6, 7)
The word maroon comes from the French word marron which means "chestnut".
The first recorded use of maroon as a color name in English was in 1789.
Meaning of maroon
Vajrayana Buddhist monks wear robes that are colored various shades of maroon.
Tones of maroon color comparison chart
Ochre or Ocher is a golden-yellow or light yellowish brown colour.
The word is from the Greek ochros, meaning "yellow".
Ochre is natural earth pigment containing hydrated iron oxide.
Meaning of ochre
The use of ochre is particularly intensive: it is not unusual to find a layer of the cave floor impregnated with a purplish red to a depth of eight inches.
The size of these ochre deposits raises a problem not yet solved.
The colouring is so intense that practically all the loose ground seems to consist of ochre.
One can imagine that the Aurignacians regularly painted their bodies red, dyed their animal skins, coated their weapons, and sprinkled the ground of their dwellings, and that a paste of ochre was used for decorative purposes in every phase of their domestic life.
We must assume no less, if we are to account for the veritable mines of ochre on which some of them lived.
Tones of ochre colour comparison chart
Teal gets its name from the colored area around the eyes of the common teal, a member of the duck family.
The first written use of Teal as a color name in English was in 1917.
Tones of teal color comparison chart
Tones of the Teal color comparison chart
Plochere Color System website
What Color is Teal and How You Can Use It in Your Home Decor, Architect Anton Giuroiu , Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism, Bucharest, Romania
or navy is a dark shade of the color blue.
Some people mistake navy blue for black because some navies (such as the United States Navy) use a shade of navy blue that is so dark it is practically black.
Meaning of navy blue
Navy blue represents sailors and also represents the navy of a nation.
Navy blue also represents the sport of yachting.
Since 1748, British Royal Navy uniforms have been white and navy blue.
Other navies also adopted these uniform colors.
This is where the color got its name.
Navy blue is the most popular color for a jacket known as a blazer (which also has brass buttons) which is often worn on special or formal occasions.
Navy blue colored blazers are also often worn by people who are employed in customer service positions that serve the public from behind a desk, such as hotel concierges.
Navy uniforms colored a color called Regimental (now called Persian Indigo), made by dyeing cloth with indigo dye, were popular among many nations during the 19th Century.
Tones of navy blue
Lime is a yellowish green color.
It is the color that is half way between the color chartreuse green and yellow on the color wheel.
The color lime is named after the fruit, lime.
The official web color named lime actually corresponds to pure green on an RGB display.
Lime green is the color of the outer skin of a lime.
Lime pulp is the color of the inside of a lime and of limeade, a fruit drink that is made from limes.
The first recorded use of lime as a color name in English was in 1905.
Meaning of lime
The color lime implies someone or something that is tangy, tasty, and bold like the flavor of limeade, the drink that is made from limes.
Sailors in the British Navy are called limeys because they used to be issued large rations of lime fruit to eat to prevent the disease scurvy on long sea voyages.
Tones of lime color comparison chart
Karl Jochen Rindt (born  April 18 1942 in Mainz, Germany – died September 5 1970 in Monza) was a German racing driver who represented Austria during his career.
In 1970, he won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, but died in a crash in Monza.
He was the only driver to win the championship after he died.
Austrian sportspeople
Sportspeople from Rhineland-Palatinate
Claudio Arrau León (; February 6, 1903 – June 9, 1991) was a Chilean classical pianist.
Arrau started to play the piano as a boy and was giving concerts at the age of 5.
The Chilean government heard of the child prodigy and quickly organized to have him sent to Germany to study with the best music teachers.
At the age of 7 Arrau started to study music seriously at the Stern Conservatory, Berlin, Germany.
By the age of 11, Arrau was playing like a master, and performed the works of Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin and Johannes Brahms in recitals.
Later in life Arrau became an important teacher of the piano and taught some of the most famous pianists in the world.
Arrau married Ruth Schneider, an opera singer, and settled in the United States.
Throughout his career he won the highest awards for piano playing.
He died in Austria in 1991.
Chilean people
People from Bío Bío Region
Patriotism means loyalty of a person to his/her own nation or the leaders of the nation.
A patriot is a person who is on the side of his/her own nation or its leaders.
Patriotism is different from nationalism.
Also, contrary to a nationalist, patriots do not favor                imperialism, while nationalists tend to favor imperialism.
An example of a nationalist favoring imperialism would be Adolf Hitler.
The English term "patriot" is first known from the Elizabethan era, via Middle French from Late Latin (6th century) patriota "countryman", ultimately from Greek πατριώτης (patriōtēs) "countryman", from πατρίς (patris), "fatherland".
The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century..
Misogyny (similar to Misandry) is a type of discrimination that refers to the discrimination of female people (women).
Misandry, a similar term, refers to discrimination of men.
A misogynist is a person who hates women.
Misogynists hate women because they believe there is something wrong with them, such as being stupid, dirty or evil.
The opposite of being misogynistic is being anti-sexist or misandrist.
Reated pages
Malmeneich is a village in Hesse, Germany.
It belongs to the municipality of Elz.
The postal code for Malmeneich is 65604 and its dialing code is 06433.
345 people live in the village.
Malmeneich is in the Westerwald.
The average elevation is 250m above sea level.
The highest point is in the forest and is 292m high.
The average temperature is 9,9°C.
The village get between 700-720mm of rain each year.
Though this seems moderate, temperatures can vary between -20°C and 35°C.
Malmeneich and the media
There was an entry about Malmeneich on the Hessian television in 2002.
This was for a project of hr3 which aimed to report about Hessian villages with less than 1000 people living in them.
At the European elections in 2005, a citizen of Malmeneich was caught after voting five times.
He got judged and this crime went through the regional media.
Traveljournals.net Information on Malmeneich
Official website of the municipality of Elz
Villages in Hesse
Maroon (colour), a dark red
Maroon (people), runaway slaves in the Caribbean
Marooning, the act of leaving someone on a deserted island
Maroon (rocket), a loud rocket used for signaling
Chicago Maroon, an independent student newspaper of the University of Chicago
Colgate Maroon-News newspaper of Colgate University and the oldest university weekly newspaper in America
Saint Maroon
Marooned (Red Dwarf episode), an episode of Red Dwarf
The Queensland Maroons, officially called Queensland State of Origin Team, a representative rugby league team that plays Rugby League State of Origin
The Montreal Maroons were a professional ice hockey team, in existence from 1924 to 1938
The Toledo Maroons were a National Football League team, in existence from 1922 to 1923
The Kenosha Maroons were a National Football League team, in existence in 1924
The Fighting Maroons, the athletic teams of the University of the Philippines
The Chicago Maroons, the athletic teams of the University of Chicago
The Maroons, all the athletic teams of Roanoke College
The Maroons, all the athletic teams of Moline High School
The Maroon Beret is the internationally recognised symbol for elite airborne forces.
Maroon (album), a 2000 album by the Barenaked Ladies
Maroon (band), a German vegan and straight edge band
Maroon 5, a United States pop band
"Maroon", the adopted name Russell Shoatz, a former Black Liberation Army member
Maroons (Hip hop group) from Oakland, California (Lateef & Chief Xcel)
Maroon, Bugs Bunny's civil wording for Moron
United Parcel Service (UPS) is an American company that transports packages.
It is the largest package delivery company in the world.
UPS delivers more than 14 million packages a day to more than 200 countries.
It is based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, USA.
The company started in 1936 when several smaller companies merged and took the new name.
It was owned by employees until 1999 when it offered stock to outsiders.
The company uses brown uniforms and delivery trucks.
The company trademarked the color so other delivery companies cannot use a brown logo.
UPS Airlines is a part of UPS that handles the transportation of packages over long distances and between countries.
UPS has almost 300 airplanes in its fleet.
UPS corporate website, shipping, tracking, service information
ST Courier
Gómez Pereira (1500 – 1567) was a Spanish philosopher, doctor, and humanist from Medina del Campo.
He was most famous for his work in medicine, but he did many different things such as business, engineering, and especially philosophy.
As a doctor, he was in favor of using the empirical method, instead of more medieval ideas about medicine.
His ideas in philosophy may have helped René Descartes come up with the  famous idea "cogito ergo sum".
This is Latin for: "I think, therefore I am".
He was the second of five brothers; his father, Antonio, had a small store that sold clothes, and his mother, Margarita, died when he was 15, so the children were raised by his aunt, Ana de Avila.
Some of his ancestors were Jews from Portugal who had become Christians.
He studied philosophy at the University of Salamanca.
His professor, Juan Martinez, was later the archbishop of Toledo, Spain.
He also studied medicine and graduated in 1520.
He then settled down as a doctor in his home town, Medina, living with his wife, Isabel Rodriguez, and becoming quite successful in business, even having his own warehouses of wine, and renting rooms to other merchants.
He never had children.
He became famous as a doctor, being well known in other cities of Spain.
He even went to the court of Philip II of Spain and saved the life of the prince,  Don Carlos, when he had an accident.
He was also famous as an inventor, and in 1563, he and another inventor named Francisco Lobato got a patent for a type of flour mill powered by water.
Pereira, Gomez
1567 deaths
Spore is a computer game made by Will Wright.
He also made The Sims and SimCity.
It consists of five phases of gameplay, the cell, creature, tribal, civilization and space phases.
It is a game in which the player is able to create and evolve a species from a germ into a galactic superpower.
It was released on September 7, 2008 in America, and September 5 in Europe.
One of the biggest parts of the game is the different editors.
Almost all things in the game can be made by the player, from buildings in the civilization phase to the creature in the creature phase.
The player uses different parts that he can place as he wants.
He can also change things like size and "stretch" the parts.
All these things made by players can be uploaded as pictures to the "sporepedia".
A picture has all the info needed for the game to make the thing, and is very small in size, usually less than 30 kilobytes.
This means, that a player can find a picture of a car made in Spore that he likes, copy it, and put it in the Spore folder.
Then they can play with it.
All the different phases of the game offer many choices.
Roughly, the player can choose to be peaceful, aggressive, or both.
For example, in the creature phase, there is a choice to eat other animals, just fruit, or both.
And in the civilization phase, there is a choice to be military, religious, economic, or a little of all of them.
The trees are generally called linden in North America, and lime in Britain.
Both names are from the Germanic root lind.
The modern forms in English went from linde or linne in Anglo Saxon and old Norse, and in Britain the word transformed more recently to the modern British form lime.
In the United States, the modern German name Linde, from the same root, became more common, partly to avoid confusion with any other uses of the name.
Tilia species are large deciduous trees, reaching typically between 20m and 40m tall, some species grow as shrubs.
Plants of this genus are found through the north temperate regions.
The Germanic tribes associated the Linden tree with the goddess Freya.
Very often, these tribes held their assemblies, called Thing near or under such a tree.
Often, trees that were standing alone somewhere were chosen.
These assemblies were used to make laws.
They usually lasted three days.
Tilia amurensis
Tilia begoniifolia
Tilia caroliniana
Tilia chinensis
Tilia chingiana
Tilia dasystyla
Tilia heterophylla
Tilia hupehensis
Tilia intonsa
Tilia kiusiana
Tilia mandshurica
Tilia mexicana
Tilia nobilis
Tilia occidentalis
Tilia paucicostata
Tilia rubra
Tilia tuan
Hybrids and cultivars
Tilia × euchlora (T. dasystyla × T. cordata)
Tilia × europaea Common Lime (T. cordata × T. platyphyllos; syn.
T. × vulgaris)
Tilia × petiolaris (T. tomentosa × T. ?)
Tilia 'Flavescens' (T. americana × T. cordata)
Tilia 'Moltkei' (hybrid, unknown origin)
Tilia 'Orbicularis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
Tilia 'Spectabilis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom.
They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey.
The flowers are also used for herbal tea, and this infusion is particularly popular in Europe.
GRIN: Tilia
In mathematics and geometry, the Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system used to give the location of points on a plane by using two numbers for each point.
It is also called the rectangular coordinate system.
The numbers are usually called the  coordinate and the  coordinate.
To find the coordinates of a point, two perpendicular lines, called axes (singular: axis), are drawn.
The point where the axes meet is the coordinate origin, written (0,0).
The  coordinate gives the position of a point measured along the  axis, and the  coordinate gives the position along the  axis.
Cartesian coordinates can be used in three dimensions (3D), by adding a third number, the  coordinate.
In four dimensions (4D), a fourth number, the  coordinate, is added.
Each coordinate represents a dimension of space.
Using the Cartesian coordinate system, many shapes, like straight lines and parabolas can be described by using algebraic equations.
The results of the equations can be seen by plotting (drawing) a point for each solution to the equations.
For example, the  axis is described by the equation .
A circle having radius  and centered at the origin can be described with the equation  (see Figure 2).
The name Cartesian comes from the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (Latin: Cartesius), who worked to merge algebra and Euclidean geometry.
This work was important in creating calculus and cartography.
The idea of this system was developed in 1637 in two works by Descartes.
In part two of his Discourse on Method, Descartes explains plotting the position of a point or object on a surface, using two perpendicular axes as measuring guides.
In La Géométrie (Geometry), he further explores these ideas.
Coordinate systems
As the coordinate system is two-dimensional, each point is determined by two polar coordinates: the radial coordinate and the angular coordinate.
The radial coordinate (usually denoted as ) denotes the point's distance from a central point known as the pole (equivalent to the origin in the Cartesian system).
The angular coordinate (also known as the polar angle or the azimuth angle, and usually denoted by θ or ) denotes the positive or anticlockwise (counterclockwise) angle required to reach the point from the 0° ray or polar axis (which is equivalent to the positive x-axis in the Cartesian coordinate plane).
The concepts of angle and radius were already used by ancient peoples of the 1st millennium BCE.
Hipparchus (190-120 BCE) created a table of chord functions giving the length of the chord for each angle, and there are references to his using polar coordinates in establishing stellar positions.