the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The department of Léman was eliminated in 1814 and Gex was again part of the department of Ain.
In 1815, some communes of Gex are passed to Switzerland and the arrondissement of Gex is created.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Gex and Trévoux were eliminated but in 1933 Gex was made again an arrondissement.
Ain is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
Haute-Savoie (east)
Savoie (southeast)
Isère (south)
Rhône (southwest)
Jura (north)
Saône-et-Loire (northwest)
Bresse, a plain between the Saône river to the east and the Jura mountains to the west.
Bugey-Valromey, surrounded by the Rhône and the Ain rivers, in the southern end of the Jura mountains.
Dombes-Plain of the Ain, in the southeast of the department, surrounded by the Rhône and the Saône rivers.
Here there are many ponds and small lakes where fishes are commercially grown.
Pays de Gex.
It has the Swiss border to the east, the mountains of Bugey to the west and the Jura mountains to the north.
Here is the highest point of the Jura mountains and of the Ain department: Crêt de la Neige (),  high.
Revermont.
Here there are two ranges of low mountains that go from north to south with a valley between them: the valley of the Suran river.
This region is between the Bresse and Bugey-Valromey regions.
The lowest point of the department is on the Rhône river,  high.
Several rivers flow through the department; the main rivers are the Rhône, the Ain and the Saône.
The largest natural lake is the Nantua lake, with an area of .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Château-Gaillard is .
The average temperature for the year in Château-Gaillard is .
Ain is managed by the Departmental Council of Ain in Bourg-en-Bresse.
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 23 cantons and 410 communes (municipalities) in Ain.
Ambérieu-en-Bugey (0101)
Attignat (0102)
Bellegarde-sur-Valserine (0103)
Belley (0104)
Bourg-en-Bresse-1 (0105)
Bourg-en-Bresse-2 (0106)
Ceyzériat (0107)
Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne (0108)
Gex (0109)
Hauteville-Lompnes (0110)
Lagnieu (0111)
Meximieux (0112)
Miribel (0113)
Nantua (0114)
Oyonnax (0115)
Pont-d'Ain (0116)
Replonges (0117)
Saint-Étienne-du-Bois (0118)
Saint-Genis-Pouilly (0119)
Thoiry (0120)
Trévoux (0121)
Villars-les-Dombes (0122)
Vonnas (0123)
Bresse - Bressans
Bugey - Bugistes
Revermont - Revermontois
Dombes - Dombistes
Pays de Gex - Gessiens
Ain had a population, in 2014, of 626,127, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse, with 354,177 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
The communes in the department with more than 8,000 inhabitants are:
General Council website
Tourism site
Aisne is a department in the north of France, in the Hauts-de-France region.
It is named after the Aisne river, a tributary of the Oise.
Its prefecture is Laon.
Aisne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Laon as is capital.
It was formed from parts of the former provinces of Île-de-France (Laon, Soissons, Noyon,and Valois), Picardy (Thiérache Vermandois), and Champagne (Brie and Omois).
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into five arrondissements: Château-Thierry, Laon, Saint-Quentin, Soissons and Vervins.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Château-Thierry was eliminated but in 1942 it was made again an arrondissement.
Aisne is part of the Hauts-de-France region.
Hauts-de-France region
Nord (north)
Somme (northwest)
Oise (west)
Ardennes (east)
Marne (southeast)
Île-de-France region
Seine-et-Marne (south)
The territory of the Aisne department is formed by low plateaus and small hills.
The highest point in the department, and in the Hauts-de-France region, is Le Chêne Nain () in the Ardennes forest on the border with the Ardennes department and near the border with Belgium; it is  high.
The southern part of the department is the geographical region known as la Brie poilleuse, a drier plateau known for its dairy products and Brie cheese.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Laon is .
The month with the most precipitation on average is July with  of precipitation.
The month with the least precipitation on average is March with an average of .
In Laon, there is an average of  of snow.
The month with the most snow is February, with  of snow.
The average temperature for the year in Laon is .
Aisne is managed by the Departmental Council of Aisne in Laon.
The department is part of the Hauts-de-France region.
There are 5 arrondissements (districts), 21 cantons and 804 communes (municipalities) in Aisne.
Bohain-en-Vermandois (0201)
Château-Thierry (0202)
Chauny (0203)
Essômes-sur-Marne (0204)
Fère-en-Tardenois (0205)
Guignicourt (0206)
Guise (0207)
Hirson (0208)
Laon-1 (0209)
Laon-2 (0210)
Marle (0211)
Ribemont (0212)
Saint-Quentin-1 (0213)
Saint-Quentin-2 (0214)
Saint-Quentin-3 (0215)
Soissons-1 (0216)
Soissons-2 (0217)
Tergnier (0218)
Vervins (0219)
Vic-sur-Aisne (0220)
Villers-Cotterêts (0221)
The inhabitants of Aisne are known, in French, as Axonais (women: Axonaises), from the Celtic name of the Aisne river, Axona.
Aisne had a population, in 2014, of 539,783, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Laon, with 165,489 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
The 10 communes in the department with more inhabitants are:
Departments in Hauts-de-France
Allier is a department in the centre of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
It is named after the river Allier, a tributary of the Loire.
Its prefecture is Moulins.
Allier is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Moulins as its capital.
It was formed from most of all the former province of Bourbonnais (the Duchy of Bourbonnais); Saint-Amand-Montrond, in the Cher department, was the only part of the old province that was not made part of Allier.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the seven districts were changed into four arrondissements: Moulins, Gannat, Lapalisse and Montluçon.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Gannat was eliminated and in 1941 Vichy became the capital of one arrondissement of the department instead of Lapalisse.
Allier is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
It is  long from east to west and  wide from north to south.
Nièvre (north)
Saône-et-Loire (east)
Loire (southeast)
Puy-de-Dôme (south)
Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
Creuse (west)
Centre-Val de Loire region
Cher (northwest)
The Bourbonnais Bocage covers about one third of the departement, covering most of the western and central parts of the department.
The Bourbonnais Sologne is to the east of the department, between the valley of the river Allier and the borders of Nièvre and Saône-et-Loire departments in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.
The Bourbonnais Mountains are in the southeast of the department.
In these mountains, where the departments Allier, Puy-de-Dome and Loire meet, is the highest point of the department, Puy de Montoncel (); it is  high.
The Bourbonnais Limagne, commonly called as Val d'Allier ("Valley of the Allier"), found on both sides of the river between Vichy and Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule.
Cher in the western part of the department.
Allier and its tributary the Sioule, in the centre.
Loire and its tributary the Besbre, in the east.
There are two periods of maximum precipitation in June and October and a minimum in January and February with average of  Montluçon (altitude: 207 m),  in Moulins (245 m)  in Vichy (251 m); and  in Lapalisse (285 m).
Allier is managed by the Departmental Council of Allier in Moulins.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 19 cantons and 317 communes (municipalities) in Allier.
Bellerive-sur-Allier (0301)
Bourbon-l'Archambault (0302)
Commentry (0303)
Cusset (0304)
Dompierre-sur-Besbre (0305)
Gannat (0306)
Huriel (0307)
Lapalisse (0308)
Montluçon-1 (0309)
Montluçon-2 (0310)
Montluçon-3 (0311)
Montluçon-4 (0312)
Moulins-1 (0313)
Moulins-2 (0314)
Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule (0315)
Souvigny (0316)
Vichy-1 (0317)
Vichy-2 (0318)
Yzeure (0319)
There is not a traditional demonym to name the inhabitants of the Allier department.
Some names used are Alliérins, Bourbonnais, Elavérins, or simply habitants de l'Allier ("inhabitants of Allier").
Of these names, the most used is Bourbonnais followed by habitants de l'Allier.
Allier had a population, in 2014, of 343,062, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Vichy, with 122,267 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
Allier tourism
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence () is a department in the south of France, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
Its prefecture is Digne-les-Bains.
Until 1970, the department was named as Basses-Alpes.
The department of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, with the name of Nord-de-Provence was one of the 83 original departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 but soon its name was changed to Haute-Provence and then to  Basses-Alpes.
It was divided in five districts: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron.
with Digne as its capital.
On 12 August 1793, the department of Vaucluse was created from parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, and Basses-Alpes.
Basses-Alpes lost the canton of Sault of Vaucluse.
Seventeen years later, in 1810, the canton of Barcillonnette was transferred over to Hautes-Alpes.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the five districts were changed into five arrondissements: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Castellane and Sisteron were eliminated and in 1942 Castellane was made again an arrondissement of the department.
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
Hautes-Alpes (north)
Alpes-Maritimes (east)
Var (south)
Vaucluse (west)
Drôme (northwest)
The highest point is  Aiguille de Chambeyron (), in the "commune" of Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye, to the northeast of the Ubaye valley; it is  .
Other high mountains in the department are Brec de Chambeyron (), Pics de la Font Sancte (), Grand Bérard, () and Tête de Siguret ().
The main river in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is the Durance, a tributary of the Rhône river and that flows through the west of the department.
Its main tributaries are the Bléone and Verdon.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban is .
The average temperature for the year in Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban is .
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is managed by the Departamental Council of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in Digne-les-Bains.
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 15 cantons and 198 communes (municipalities) in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence.
Barcelonnette (0401)
Castellane (0402)
Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban (0403)
Digne-les-Bains-1 (0404)
Digne-les-Bains-2 (0405)
Forcalquier (0406)
Manosque-1 (0407)
Manosque-2 (0408)
Manosque-3 (0409)
Oraison (0410)
Reillanne (0411)
Riez (0412)
Seyne (0413)
Sisteron (0414)
Valensole (0415)
The inhabitants of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence are known, in French, as Bas-Alpins (women: Bas-Alpines), referring to the department of Basses-Alpes which was the former name of the department until 13 April 1970.
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence had a population, in 2014, of 161,588, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Forcalquier, with 88,333 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence tourism
Provenceweb tourist guide
Departments in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Hautes-Alpes () is a department in southeastern France, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
It is named after the Alps mountain range and its prefecture (capital) is Gap.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the four districts were changed into three arrondissements: Gap, Briançon and Embrun.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Embrun was eliminated.
Hautes-Alpes is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (south)
Isère (north)
Savoie (northeast)
Drôme (west)
Hautes-Alpes is in the Alps mountain range.
The average elevation is over .
The third highest commune in all of Europe is the village of Saint-Véran.
Gap and Briançon are the highest prefecture and subprefecture in France.
The highest point is  Barre des Écrins (), in the commune of Pelvoux; it is  high.
The lowest point is in the valley of the Buëch river, with an altitude of .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Embrun is .
The average temperature for the year in Embrun is .
Hautes-Alpes is managed by the Departmental Council of Hautes-Alpes in Gap.
There are 2 arrondissements (districts), 15 cantons and 167 communes (municipalities) in Hautes-Alpes.
L'Argentière-la-Bessée (0501)
Briançon-1 (0502)
Briançon-2 (0503)
Chorges (0504)
Embrun (0505)
Gap-1 (0506)
Gap-2 (0507)
Gap-3 (0508)
Gap-4 (0509)
Guillestre (0510)
Laragne-Montéglin (0511)
Saint-Bonnet-en-Champsaur (0512)
Serres (0513)
Tallard (0514)
Veynes (0515)
The inhabitants of Hautes-Alpes are known, in French, as Haut-Alpins (women: Haut-Alpines).
Hautes-Alpes had a population, in 2013, of 139,883, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Gap, with 104,131 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
Hautes-Alpes tourism
Ardennes  is a department in the Grand Est region of northeastern France named after the Ardennes forest.
Its prefecture is the city of Charleville-Mézières.
Ardennes is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Mézières as is capital.
It was formed with the former province of Champagne, the principalities of Sedan and Argonne and other territories.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into five arrondissements: Mézières, Rethel, Rocroi, Sedan  and Vouziers.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Rocroi and Sedan were eliminated but in 1942 Sedan was made again an arrondissement.
The communes of Charleville and Mézières are joined to form the new commune of Charleville-Mézières; it was named the capital of the department.
Ardennes is part of the Grand Est region.
Aisne (west)
Marne (south)
Meuse (east)
The highest point of the department is Croix-Scaille () with an altitude of  high.;
it is found between the French commune of Hautes-Rivières and the Belgian commune of Gedinne.
The lowest point is on the Aisne river in Brienne-sur-Aisne,  high.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Charleville-Mézières is .
The month with the least precipitation on average is June with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Charleville-Mézières is .
Ardennes is managed by the Departmental Council of Ardennes in Charleville-Mézières.
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 19 cantons and 452 communes (municipalities) in Ardennes.
Attigny (0801)
Bogny-sur-Meuse (0802)
Carignan (0803)
Charleville-Mézières-1 (0804)
Charleville-Mézières-2 (0805)
Charleville-Mézières-3 (0806)
Charleville-Mézières-4 (0807)
Château-Porcien (0808)
Givet (0809)
Nouvion-sur-Meuse (0810)
Rethel (0811)
Revin (0812)
Rocroi (0813)
Sedan-1 (0814)
Sedan-2 (0815)
Sedan-3 (0816)
Signy-l'Abbaye (0817)
Villers-Semeuse (0818)
Vouziers (0819)
The inhabitants of the Ardennes department are known, in French, as Ardennais (women: Ardennaises),
Ardennes had a population, in 2014, of 279,715, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières, with 160,939 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
The main communes in the department are:
Voie verte Trans-Ardennes
Gap or The Gap may refer to: Heath has a gap that is as big as a cave.
You can walk in and explore.
Gap (clothing retailer), a chain of clothing stores
Gap (ecology), a spacing between large trees in a forest
Gap (landform), a mountain pass, often carved by a river
Gap year, a prolonged period between a life stage
Gäp, the Tatar-based cant language
Gaap, a mighty Prince and Great President of Hell in demonology
Gap coverage, a type of vehicle insurance
Band gap or energy gap, the energy interval in which particles cannot propagate
Gap, Hautes-Alpes, France
Gap, Pennsylvania, United States
The Gap, Brecon Beacons, an ancient mountain trail in the Brecon Beacons, Wales
The Gap, Queensland, a suburb in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
The Gap, New South Wales, an ocean cliff at Watsons Bay, New South Wales, Australia
Darién Gap, a large swath of undeveloped swampland and forest separating Panama and Colombia
Loughborough Gap, a disused section of the Great Central Railway in England
Fulda Gap, an area in Germany of strategic importance during the cold war
Mid-Atlantic Gap, in World War II, an area in the Atlantic Ocean with no air coverage
The Gap Band, an American music group
Gap Mangione, jazz pianist and bandleader
The Gap (album), a 2000 album by Joan of Arc
The Gap Cycle, a science fiction novel series by Stephen Donaldson
El Boquete (The Gap), a 2006 Argentine film
Gap FC, a French football club
.45 GAP, the "Glock Automatic Pistol" cartridge
GAAP, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, standard guidelines for financial accounting
GAP, Good Agricultural Practices, any collection of value-based agricultural practices
GAP, Generic access profile, an interoperability protocol used in wireless telephony
GAP, Genocide Awareness Project, a movable pro-life display
GAP, Government Accountability Project, a nonprofit organization
GAP, Great Ape Project, an international organization advocating legal rights for great apes
GAP computer algebra system (Groups, Algorithms and Programming), a software package
GAP, Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (Southeastern Anatolia Project), a land reform project in Turkey
GAP, the license plate code for Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
GAP, Gruppi di Azione Partigiana (Partisan Action Group), an Italian terrorist group founded by Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
Graph automorphism problem
Air Philippines (ICAO designator)
GaP, Gallium(III) phosphide, a semiconductor material
GAPs, GTPase activating proteins, a biochemical compound
GAP, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a 3-carbon molecule metabolite important in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle
The department was inhabited in prehistoric times, as evidenced by the presence of caves with cave paintings and dolmens.
In historical times it was inhabited by Basque people; they settled on the northern side of the Pyrenees and in the valleys below.
In 415 it became part of the kingdom of the Visigoths, until their defeat at the hands of the king of the Franks in 507.
Ariège was created in 1790 during the French Revolution, when the whole of France was divided into departments, replacing the old provinces.
Ariège was created combining the counties of Foix (Languedoc) and Couserans (Gascogne).
Natural regions
The Ariège plain.
The north of the department consists of plains, small hills and low valleys where agriculture is an important activity.
Two major rivers, the Ariège and the Lèze, flow through the plain from south to north.
The Pyrenean foothills.
This area includes the small mountains and hills below .
The Ariége high country.
The geography is dominated by the Pyrenees mountains exceeding  above sea level which form the border between France and Spain.
The highest mountain in the department is the Pica d'Estats () that is  high and is on the Spain-France border.
Other high mountains are the peak of Montcalm (3,077 m) and the Pic de Sotllo (3,072 m).
The main river is the Ariège river, a tributary of the Garonne river.
Another important river is the Lèze, a tributary of the Ariège.
Mediterranean – particularly visible in the vegetation of the foothills and of the valley of the Ariège river towards Tarascon, and in the Sault country
Continental – in the Pyrenean valleys, with many storms and big differences of temperature between day and night
Temperatures are mild in the foothills, e.g. at the city of Foix (400 metres) the average is 5 °C in January and 19 °C in July.
However, they decline rapidly with elevation, e.g. at l'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre (1,430 m) it is 0 °C in January and 14 °C in July.
The department is managed by the Departamental Council of the Ariège in Foix.
Ariège is part of the region of Occitanie.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 13 cantons and 332 communes (municipalities) in Ariège.
Haute-Ariège (0901)
Arize-Lèze (0902)
Couserans Est (0903)
Couserans Ouest (0904)
Foix (0905)
Mirepoix (0906)
Pamiers-1 (0907)
Pamiers-2 (0908)
Pays d'Olmes (0909)
Portes d'Ariège (0910)
Portes du Couserans (0911)
Sabarthès (0912)
Val d'Ariège (0913)
The inhabitants of Ariège are known, in French, as ariègeois (women: ariègeoises).
Ariège has a population, in 2014, of 152,574, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Pamiers, with 73,702 inhabitants, is by far the one with more inhabitants.
The other two, Foix and Saint-Girons, have respectively 51,473 and 27,399 inhabitants.
About 25% of the population lives in the four communes with 6,000 or more inhabitants.
Agriculture is an important activity in Ariege.
Only a small part of its territory is used by farmers; only , 27% of its total area, are used for agriculture in the Ariege.
The Ariège plain is the most fertile area of the department; here farmers grow maize, wheat, sunflower and other crops.
The other natural regions are not good for agriculture and are covered with forests or are used for pastures for sheep, cattle and horses.
This industry is supplemented by tourism for winter sports.
Hydroelectric production is about one-fifth of the production in the Pyrenees.
The hydroelectric plant at Aston has the largest annual production capacity in the Pyrenees.
Departamental Council of the Ariège
Ariège 2020 - agenda 21
The Ariège Pyrenees
Ariege Pyrenees Tourism
Pays des Portes d'Ariège-Pyrénées
Histariège - Histoire et Patrimoine de l'Ariège
Departments in Occitanie
Aube is a department in northeast France named after the Aube river.
The prefecture (capital) of Aube is Troyes.
Aube is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Troyes as its capital.
It was divided in six districts: Nogent-sur-Seine, Arcis-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Seine, Ervy, and Troyes.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into five arrondissements: Arcis-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Seine, Nogent-sur-Seine and Troyes.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Arcis-sur-Aube et Bar-sur-Seine were eliminated.
The Aube department is in the southwest of the Grand Est region.
It is surrounded by 5 departments in 3 regions:
Marne (north)
Haute-Marne (east)
Côte-d'Or (south)
Yonne (west)
Seine-et-Marne (northwest)
The area of Aube is .
Its highest point is in the Bois du Mont in the commune Champignol-lez-Mondeville in the southeast of the department.
It is  high (),.
The lowest point is  high in the commune La Motte-Tilly in the west of the department.
The area around Troyes, at an altitude of about , has few extremes of temperature.
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Troyes is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Troyes is .
The average temperature for the year in Troyes is .
Aube is managed by the Departmental Council of Aube in Troyes.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 17 cantons and 431 communes (municipalities) in Aube.
Aix-en-Othe (1001)
Arcis-sur-Aube (1002)
Bar-sur-Aube (1003)
Bar-sur-Seine (1004)
Brienne-le-Château (1005)
Creney-près-Troyes (1006)
Nogent-sur-Seine (1007)
Les Riceys (1008)
Romilly-sur-Seine (1009)
Saint-André-les-Vergers (1010)
Saint-Lyé (1011)
Troyes-1 (1012)
Troyes-2 (1013)
Troyes-3 (1014)
Troyes-4 (1015)
Troyes-5 (1016)
Vendeuvre-sur-Barse (1017)
People who live in Aube are called Aubois (women: Auboises).
Aube had a population, in 2014, of 308,094, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Troyes, with 225,184 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
The communes with more inhabitants in the Aube department are:
Prefecture of the Aube department
Tourism in Aube en Champagne
Aude is a department in the region of Occitanie in southern France.
It is named after the Aude river.
The inhabitants of the Aude are known, in French, as Audois (women: Audoises).
Aude was created in 1790 during the French Revolution, when the whole of France was divided into departments, replacing the old provinces.
Aude was formed with part of the old province of Languedoc.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into four arrondissements: Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Limoux and Narbonne.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of  Castelnaudary was eliminated.
Early forms of habitation
A skull was found, and named Homme de Tautavel (Tautavel Man).
It was found in a cave on the site called Caune de l'Arago, near Tautavel.
The fossils are between 300.000 and 450.000 years old.
There are over 80 fragments; the skull belonged to a man in his twenties.
He was about 1.65 m, and weighed around 45–55 kg.
Other remains are two mandibles, belonging to a woman in her fifties, and to a man, about 20 to 25 years old.
It looks like they did not know how to use fire yet.
It also looks like they might have been cannibals, or that they preferred to scavenge for food, rather than hunt.
Some bones of rhinoceros, horses, wild sheep (called Mouflon), Tahrs (resemble wild goats), Muskox (a type of bovine), deer, and reindeer were found in the cave.
There is an ongoing debate if this hominian is directly related to the Neanderthal.
If they are not they would be Homines erecti (currently they are classified as H. erectus Tautavelensis).
If they are direct predecessors of the Neanderthals, they would be Homo heidelbergensis.
Aude has an area of .
It is surrounded by the departments of Pyrénées-Orientales, Ariège, Haute-Garonne, Tarn, and Hérault, with the Gulf of Lion (Mediterranean Sea) on the east.
The main river in the department is the Aude river which gives its name to the department.
Other important rivers are Fresquel and Orbieu; these two rivers are tributaries of the Aude river.
The highest point in the department is the Pic de Madrès (), in the French Pyrenees; it is  high.
The département is managed by the Departamental Council of Aude in Carcassonne.
Aude is part of the region of Occitanie.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 19 cantons and 436 communes (municipalities) in Aude.
La Piège au Razès (1101)
Carcassonne-1 (1102)
Carcassonne-2 (1103)
Carcassonne-3 (1104)
Le Bassin chaurien (1105)
Les Basses Plaines de l'Aude (1106)
Les Corbières (1107)
Le Lézignanais (1108)
La Région Limouxine (1109)
La Malpère à la Montagne Noire (1110)
Narbonne-1 (1111)
Narbonne-2 (1112)
Narbonne-3 (1113)
La Haute-Vallée de l'Aude (1114)
Le Haut-Minervois (1115)
Le Sud-Minervois (1116)
Les Corbières maritimes (1117)
La Montagne d'Alaric (1118)
La Vallée de l'Orbiel (1119)
The Aude department has a population, in 2014, of 365,478, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Carcassonne, with 161,442 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
The other two arrondissements, Limoux and Narbonne, have respectively 44,467 and 159,569 inhabitants.
General council website
Aude official tourism website
Photos of the Aude Department
Tautavel man is the name of an extinct hominian.
They lived about 300.000-450.000 years ago.,,
It is named after fossils found in a cave on the site named Caune de l'Arago, near Tautavel, France.
The first fossils were found there in 1971.
The fossils date from between 300.000 and 450.000 years ago.
They consist of over 80 fragments; the skull found (pictured) belonged to a man in his twenties.
He was about 1.65 m, and weighted around 45–55 kg.
Other remains are two mandibles, belonging to a woman in her fifties, and to a man, about 20–25 years old.
Bones of rhinoceros, horses, wild sheep (called Mouflon), Tahrs (resemble wild goats), Muskox (some kind of bovine), deer, and reindeer have been found in the cave.
There is an ongoing debate if this hominid is directly related to the Neanderthal.
If they are not, they would be Homines erecti.
It has been proposed to classify them as Homo erectus Tautavelensis.
Catcher Doug Allison in 1870 was the first ever to wear baseball gloves.
Doug's hands were split and cracked open from catching in other games earlier in the week.
He chose to wear something that would protect his hands so that they wouldn't be damaged more, so he wore baseball gloves, but he was laughed at and mocked by his teammates.
Five years later in 1875, Charlie Waitt, a St. Louis outfielder and first baseman who in 1875 used a pair of flesh-colored gloves, but he was also laughed by his teammates.
Although baseball gloves were not used very much at first when they were first made, more and more baseball players started to use baseball gloves over time, probably when baseball star Albert Spalding began playing first base with a baseball glove.
When he started to wear them, more infielders started to use gloves also because he was famous.
Before the mid  1890s, baseball gloves were worn normally by baseball players.
In , Bill Doak, a pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals, suggested that a web be placed between the first finger and the thumb in order to create a pocket.
This design soon became added to baseball gloves and webbed gloves were starting to be used by all baseball players.
Since the baseball glove was invented, they have grown to what they look like today.
While catching in baseball was two handed, gloves grew to a size that made it easier to catch the ball in the webbing of the glove, and use the off-hand to keep it from falling out.
A glove is worn on the non-dominant hand, leaving the dominant hand for throwing the ball; for example, a right-handed player would wear a glove on the left hand.
By convention, the type of glove that fits on the left hand is called a "right-handed" or "RH" glove.
Major glove manufacturers
Nokona
Rawlings
Spalding
Kelley Athletic
Nike, Inc
Akadema
"Playing The Field."
Popular Mechanics.
May 2001.
"Glove History."
Baseball Glove.net.
"How Products Are Made: Baseball Glove."
www.science.enotes.com
"Baseball Glove Leather"
"MLB Rules 1.0".
H+ + H2O -> H3O+
where H3O+ is the product
In baseball, the Cy Young Award is an honor given to the best pitcher in the Major League Baseball.
The award was first introduced in 1956 by Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955.
The award was given to the best pitcher in the major leagues.
In 1967, the year after Frick retired as Commissioner, the practice began of honoring one pitcher in each league, the American League, and the National League.
The 2015 American League Cy Young Award winner was Dallas Keuchel of the Houston Astros, and the 2015 National League Cy Young Award winner was Jake Arrieta of the Chicago Cubs.
Each league's award is voted on by two members of the Baseball Writers Association of America in each league city, meaning 28 ballots are cast for the American League winner, and 32 for the National League.
Each places a vote for first, second, and third place among the pitchers of each league.
The formula used to calculate the final scores is a weighted sum of the votes: Score = 5F + 3S + T, where F is the number of first place votes, S is second place votes, and T is third place votes.
The pitcher with the highest score in each league wins the award.
If two pitchers receive the same number of votes, the award is shared between the two.
The current formula started with the 1970 season.
Prior to that, writers only voted for the best pitcher and used a formula of one point per vote.
Cy Young Award on Baseball Almanac
Full Voting Results for the Cy Young Award
Major League Baseball awards
Joseph Chamberlain (8 July 1836 – 2 July 1914), was an important businessman and a politician.
He worked to improve education, and cities.
He was a Member of Parliament from 1876 to 1914, and Colonial Secretary (controlling British colonies) from 1895 to 1903.
His son Austen won the Nobel Peace Prize and another son Neville was Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940.
Chamberlain was born in Camberwell in London.
His father had a successful shoe company.
Joseph was a good student, and won prizes at school in French and mathematics.
He left school when he was 16 years old, and became an apprentice in his father's company.
When he was 18, he moved to Birmingham to work in his uncle's screw company.
He worked for the company until he was 38, and the company became very successful.
Chamberlain was a Unitarian, a Christian who believes Christ was an example of the way to live life, but was not divine (not a part of God).
Unitarians try to work to help society.
There were many problems in Birmingham after the industrial revolution, and many men were not allowed to vote.
In 1868 Chamberlain helped a liberal man to become the Member of Parliament for Birmingham.
In 1869, he started a group working for free primary education for all children.
In November 1869, he became a member of Birmingham City Council.
There he worked for cheaper land prices for rural (countryside) workers, and became very popular.
In 1873 he became the Mayor of Birmingham.
He bought the gas companies and water companies for the city, so people were able to have clean and safe water.
He made parks, roads, schools museums and built new houses for poor people.
In June 1876 he became the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham.
In parliament he worked to unite radical M.P.s (MPs that wanted change) against the Whig party who were in power.
His work helped William Ewart Gladstone to become Prime Minister in 1880.
Chamberlain often spoke about education in parliament.
Government life
In 1880, Chamberlain became the President of the Board of Trade, the government minister working to improve trade.
He made laws to help other cities to buy private companies, as he had done in Birmingham.
He worked to make rents cheaper in Ireland, which was a British colony.
At that time, many people believed that Ireland should have its own parliament, but many other people, including Chamberlain strongly disagreed.
Chamberlain worked to help trade unions, but warned against socialism, saying that it would bring class war.
In 1885, Lord Salisbury, a conservative, became prime minister, and Chamberlain was no longer in government.
The Conservative government made many changes that pleased Chamberlain, including free education for all children.
Because Chamberlain and many other liberals disagreed with the Liberal Party about Ireland, Chamberlain made a new party, the Liberal Unionists.
The Liberal Unionists shared power with the Conservatives against the Liberal party from 1886, but Chamberlain was not in the government.
Colonial Secretary
In June 1895, Chamberlain became Colonial Secretary of the government, controlling what happened in British Colonies.
Because many European countries, especially Germany and France were growing stronger, Chamberlain wanted all countries in the British Empire to work together.
He also wanted Britain to take more land in Africa.
He built a railway along a part of the river Niger to help the British Royal Niger Company to grow.
This land, together with the area Sokoto, became modern Nigeria in 1901.
Chamberlain also wanted Britain to control South Africa.
He asked for more British soldiers in South Africa.
He asked many British colonies to help, and in return helped Australia to get its own constitution.
The Boers (Dutch farmers) did not want Britain to control their land, and in 1899 they attacked the British.
This was the start of the Second Boer War.
At first, Britain had problems fighting the Boers, but in 1900 the British became stronger.
In Autumn 1900, Britain had a General Election.
Chamberlain asked people to vote for (choose) the same government (with Prime Minister Salisbury) to help win the war.
Because Chamberlain was very popular, many people voted for the government, and they stayed in control.
Chamberlain helped Winston Churchill to become a Member of Parliament.
In May 1902, Britain won the Second Boer War.
Chamberlain visited South Africa to try to help make a better relationship between the two countries.
Back in Britain, he also spoke to Zionist Jews (Jews who wanted their own country) and spoke about giving land in Kenya to them.
This plan was never realised.
Chamberlain tried to make an alliance with Germany, but when this did not work he made an alliance between France and Britain.
This was called the Entente cordiale, and ended hundreds of years of fighting between the two countries.
Chamberlain believed that the countries in the British Empire should do business with each other to become strong.
To do this, Britain needed to tax imports (goods from other countries).
This was called Tariff Reform.
The government disagreed, so Chamberlain resigned from (quit) the government.
He worked with other MPs to ask for Tariff Reform.
In 1906, just after his 70th birthday, Chamberlain had a stroke that made him very sick.
He could not work hard, so his son, Austen Chamberlain (who was also an MP) helped him with his work.
He died of a heart attack on the 2nd July 1914.
The city of Birmingham changed a lot because of Chamberlain's work.
There are many places in Birmingham that have Chamberlain's name.
Birmingham University, which he helped to start, has a clock tower with his name.
Chamberlain Square in the centre of Birmingham also has a memorial for him.
Highbury Hall
Imperial Union and Tariff Reform: Speeches Delivered from May 15 to Nov. 4, 1903 by Joseph Chamberlain
The Radical Programme By Joseph Chamberlain
Mr. Chamberlain's Defence of the British Troops in South Africa Against the Foreign Slanders
Zack - The star of the game.
He and Wiki discover Barbaros, and go on a quest to rebuild his body while being pursued by the Rose Rock Pirates.
Wiki - Zack's companion and a flying monkey.
He has the ability to transform into a bell, and when he is rung, living creatures can be turned into items.
Barbaros - The former Captain who once owned Treasure Island before he was cursed into the form of a golden skeleton and had his parts scattered across the world.
Promises Zack and Wiki his ship and Treasure Island if they return him to normal.
Captain Rose - The leader of the Rose Rock Pirates.
She has a rivalry with Zack and Wiki, and tries to beat Zack and Wiki to the treasure throughout the game.
Johnny Style - A member of The Sea Rabbits who joins Zack and Wiki often, and is able to pilot a plane.
He gives advice and often runs away from danger.
The Sea Rabbits - A group of pirates that Zack, Wiki, and Johnny Style belong to.
Goons - Goons are members of the Rose Rock Pirates, and the minions of Captain Rose.
A pirate called Zack and a monkey called Wiki search for treasure and meet a pirate called Barbaros (who is a flying skull) after their plane was destroyed.
Zack and Wiki agree to help him get his body back if he gives them his ship and treasure.
Throughout the journey, Zack and Wiki collect pieces of his skeleton (all of them resembling objects used by pirates), while solving puzzles and fighting enemies, the most important being Captain Rose and her pirates.
After Zack and Wiki find all of Barbaros's parts and revive him, Barbaros betrays Zack and Wiki to keep his ship and treasure, and returns to Treasure Island.
Zack, Wiki, and Johnny Style join forces with the Rose Rock Pirates and travel to Treasure Island.
Barbaros kidnaps Wiki to bring back his pirates, while Zack and the Rose Rock Pirates are captured.
Zack breaks out and fights Barbaros, rescues Wiki and the Rose Rock Pirates, and escape in Barbaros' ship.
They beat Barbaros and his giant robot when he chases them and he is sucked into a black hole.
Zack & Wiki uses the Wii Remote by itself to play the game.
The Wii Remote is pointed at the screen, and a star icon is shown.
The player uses the star to move to a spot he or she picks, to pick up stuff, or to check things.
The level is seen zoomed out from Zack.
The player can do many things to look around the level, including zooming out more or zooming in.
The main goal of almost every level is to reach a treasure chest at the end, most containing a part of Barbaros.
The player also has to get as many points, or "HirameQ", as he or she can to rank the player on how well he or she did.
This is done by solving puzzles quickly and making as few mistakes as possible.
When the player starts the game or ends a level, he or she returns to the Sea Rabbits HQ.
There are eight things that can be done here.
The first thing is that the player can go to the map of the world and pick a level to go to.
After that, the player can buy Platinum Tickets (which revive Zack) and Oracle Dolls (which give hints), have a rabbit go treasure hunting, be taught how to do all the Wii Remote actions, see his or her stats, see all the treasure he or she has found, hear rumors, and check his or her progress on building Barbaros.
Each item in the game has a special way to hold it.
For example, when the player gets an umbrella, he or she has to hold the Wii Remote like an umbrella.
There are dozens of different items, and they are used on stuff around Zack and Wiki or as a tool to protect them.
An umbrella can protect Zack from rain, while a key can be used to unlock a door.
These items can be found in every level, and when they get picked up, they are added to the player's treasure list.
There is another group of items called "Enemy Items", which can only be gotten when Zack turns an enemy or creature into an item by shaking Wiki.
Some enemies can be changed, while others can not.
The first enemies in the game, the Centipede, can be turned into an item called a "Centisaw", which can cut down trees.
Human-looking creatures like Goons can be turned into totem poles also.
Most levels have enemies in them.
They are often able to kill or capture Zack and Wiki, while others are harmless and can be turned into items.
Each world ends with a boss level, where the player has to either battle a boss or survive it to beat the level.
Zack & Wiki has many parts where the player can get a game over.
The game does not have a health bar, and falling in a pit of spikes or getting crushed is instant death, and it makes the player have to start the level over unless he or she has a Platinum Ticket.
Capcom's video of Zack & Wiki at E3 in 2007 had a sound effect in it that sometimes plays when the player does something good.
The sound effect is the Islamic prayer "Allahu Akbar" ("God is Great"), and after The Council on American-Islamic Relations complained, Capcom removed the phrase.
Zack & Wiki received mostly positive reviews, gaining a score of 87 on metacritic.
Praised for reviving the point-and-click genre, IGN called it "an unpredictably top-quality undertaking whose winning marriage of sometimes-genius environmental puzzles and beautiful graphics will suck you in."
IGN gave Zack & Wiki their "Adventure Game of the Year" 2007 award, while Nintendo Power ranked it was 7th on their best Wii games list.
Point-and-click adventure games
Puzzle video games
A pendulum is a mass (any object usually metal) on an arm.
The arm is attached to a pivot, which is a point to swing from.
The mass will naturally hang down because of gravity, but if it is pushed to one side it will oscillate, which means that it will swing from side to side.
The frequency of the swinging pendulum stays the same.
We can work out the time taken for one full oscillation (for example, swinging from left to right and back to left).
We shall call this time  the period.
If the pendulum length is , and the acceleration due to gravity is , then:
where π (a Greek letter pronounced 'pi') is a mathematical constant.
This equation gives a good approximation for the period when the mass does not swing far from the middle.
The period of a pendulum does not depend on the mass of the object.
Finnix is a Debian based Live CD Linux distribution, developed by Ryan Finnie and intended for system administrators for tasks such as filesystem recovery, network monitoring and OS installation.
Finnix is a small Linux Distribution, with an ISO download size of approximately 100 MiB.
Finnix was created in 1999, making it one of the oldest Linux distributions with the intent of being run completely from a bootable CD (the other Live CD around at the time was the Linuxcare Bootable Business Card CD, first released in 1999).
Finnix 0.01 was based on Red Hat Linux 6.1, and was created to help with administration and recovery of other Linux workstations around Finnie's office..
On 23 October 2005, Finnix 86.0 was released.
Earlier unreleased versions (84, and 85.0 through 85.3) were "Knoppix remasters", with support for Linux LVM and dm-crypt being the main reason for creation.
However, 86.0 was a departure from Knoppix, and was derived directly from the Debian "testing" tree.
Finnix is released as a small bootable CD ISO.
A user can download the ISO, burn the image to CD, and boot into a text mode Linux environment.
Finnix requires at least 32MiB RAM to run properly, but can use more if present.
Most hardware devices are detected and dealt with automatically, such as hard drives, network cards and USB devices.
A user can modify files nearly anywhere on the running CD via UnionFS, a filesystem that can stack a read-write filesystem (in this case, a dynamic ramdisk) on top of a read-only filesystem (the CD media).
Any changes made during the Finnix session are transparently written to RAM and discarded upon shutdown.
In addition, Finnix uses SquashFS to keep distribution size low.
"Code names" in Finnix refer to the development cycle leading up to the release, and not the release itself.
Releases are signified by version number.
Versions with two package counts in the table above represent x86 and PowerPC package counts, respectively.
Finnix homepage
The mandible is a bone found in all jawed vertebrates.
The name comes from Latin mandibula.
Homo heidelbergensis ("Heidelberg Man") is the name given to a number of human fossil remains that are older than fossils of Neanderthals.
Homo heidelbergensis is abbreviated H. heidelbergensis.
Scientists are not sure whether these remains are from a distinct species.
They are fragments (small pieces of bones), and most cannot be dated exactly.
In the older texts they were simply called archaic humans or "early Homo sapiens."
There have been relatively well-defined remains of Homo erectus found in Africa from very early in human history.
There have also been well-defined remains of Homo neanderthalensis found in Europe from later in history.
Some scholars use the terms "archaic humans," "early Homo sapiens," or Homo heidelbergensis to describe remains that seem to come from between these two periods in history.
Some authors use it for all early species of Homo, including Neanderthals.
In 1907, an archaeologist found a fossil of a lower jaw in Mauer, near Heidelberg, Germany.
Some scientists thought this lower jaw was so different from any other species that it belonged to an undiscovered species.
They named this species Homo heidelbergensis.
Later, archaeologists found remains in Arago, France, and Petralona, Greece, that they said were from Homo heidelbergensis.
The best evidence found for these hominids is from between 600,000 and 400,000 years ago.
The stone tools used by H. heidelbergensis were very similar to the Acheulean tools used by Homo erectus.
Homo heidelbergensis may be the direct ancestor of both Homo neanderthalensis in Europe and Homo sapiens.
Some experts believe that "Rhodesian Man," found in Africa, belongs to the group Homo heidelbergensis.
Homo antecessor and H. heidelbergensis may have had the same ancestor: Homo ergaster from Africa.
Mostly, H. ergaster was not very different from H. heidelbergensis.
However, H. heidelbergensis had a larger brain-case.
On average, their skulls had a volume of 1100 – 1400 cm³ of space inside.
(The average modern human has 1350 cm³ of space inside his or her skull.)
H. heidelbergensis also had more advanced tools and behavior than H. ergaster.
For these reasons, H. heidelbergensis has been classified as a separate species.
H. heidelbergensis was taller and more muscular than modern humans.
Male heidelbergensis averaged about  tall and .
Females averaged  and .
They were good hunters
Cut marks on wild deer, elephants, rhinos, and horses show that H. heidelbergensis hunted, killed, and butchered these animals.
Some of these animals weighed as much as 700 kg (1,500 lb) or more.
They may have buried their dead