the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
François Pierre de la Varenne (Burgundy, 1615 – Dijon 1678) was the author of Le Cuisinier françois (1651), the founding text of modern French cuisine.
La Varenne, in the 17th century, broke with the Italian traditions that had revolutionized mediaeval French cookery in the 16th century.
La Varenne wrote for professional chefs, and codified French cuisine for the age of Louis XIV.
The seventeenth century saw French cooking come into the modern era.
The heavily spiced flavours of the Middle Ages were abandoned in favour of the natural flavours of French foods.
Exotic spices (saffron, cinnamon, cumin, ginger, nutmeg, cardamom, nigella, seeds of paradise) were, with the exception of pepper, replaced by local herbs (parsley, thyme, bayleaf, chervil, sage, tarragon).
New vegetables like cauliflower, asparagus, peas, cucumber and artichoke were introduced.
Special care was given to the cooking of meat in order to conserve maximum flavour.
Vegetables had to be fresh and tender.
Preparation had to respect the taste and visual look of the ingredients instead of masking them as had been done before.
La Varenne introduced the first bisque and Béchamel sauce.
He replaced crumbled bread with roux as the base for sauces, and lard with butter.
Here one finds the first use of the terms bouquet garni, fonds de cuisine (stocks) and reductions, and the use of egg-whites for clarification.
It also has the earliest recipe in print for mille-feuille.
The cooking of vegetables is discussed, a novelty.
In a fragrant sauce for asparagus there is evidence of an early form of hollandaise sauce:
La Varenne had earlier (1650) written a book on confitures—jams,  jellies and preserves.
That included recipes for syrups, compotes and a great variety of fruit drinks, as well as a section on salads.
La Varenne wrote a third book, Le Pâtissier françois (Paris 1653), which was the first comprehensive French work on pastry-making.
In 1662 was the first of the combined editions that presented all three works together.
All the early editions of La Varenne's works—Le Cuisinier françois ran through some thirty editions in seventy-five years—are extremely rare; like children's books, they too were worn to pieces, in the kitchen, and simply used up.
Pirated editions of Le Cuisinier françois were printed in Amsterdam (1653) and The Hague (1654-56).
Soon there were imitators: Le cuisinier françois méthodique was published anonymously in Paris, 1660.
The English translation, The French Cook (London 1653) was the first French cookbook translated into English.
It introduced professional terms like à la mode, au bleu (very rare), and au naturel which are now standard culinary expressions.
Its success can be gauged from the fact that over 250,000 copies were printed in about 250 editions and it remained in print until 1815.
La Varenne had ten years' experience as chef de cuisine to the Marquis d'Uxelles, to whom he dedicated his publications and whom he immortalized in duxelles, finely-minced mushrooms seasoned with herbs and shallots, which is still a favourite flavouring for fish and vegetables.
Le Cuisinier françois was reprinted in 1983, published by Editions Montalba with a comprehensive introductory essay.
La Varenne's cookery: The French Cook; The French Pastry Chef; The French Confectioner.
A modern English translation and commentary by Terence Scully.
Prospect Books, 2006.
1678 deaths
The École des technologies numériques appliquées (ETNA) is a French private graduate school in information technology and computer science.
It was made in 2005 and is in Ivry-sur-Seine.
The school has two courses, software development and computer network/security, and delivers a degree recognized by French State.
It teaches with a dual education system.
"Handel's Largo" is the popular title for an aria composed by George Frideric Handel.
He wrote it in 1738 for the opera Serse ().
The opera was a failure.
It closed after only five performances.
One hundred years later though the aria was resurrected.
It became a big hit.
It was performed at solemn occasions such as funerals and weddings.
It was arranged for all sorts of instruments and voices.
It is known by many people as "Ombra mai fu" because those words are the first words of the aria.
The title is Italian and means "Never was a shade".
The aria is sung by the main character, Xerxes I of Persia.
He is admiring the shade of a tree.
The original tempo is larghetto (a little slow and solemn).
The aria is short.
It is only 52 bars long.
It lasts about four minutes.
In the opera, a string section accompanies the singer.
These strings are first and second violins, viola, and basses.
The key signature is F major.
The time signature is 3/4 time.
"Ombra mai fu" at The Aria Database
1730s operas
The Water Music is a group of pieces for Baroque orchestra.
The pieces were composed by George Frideric Handel.
The Water Music is made up of three suites.
These suites include minuets, hornpipes, bourrées, and other dances.
In sum, there are three suites (F major, D major, G major), made up of 21 individual pieces.
Legend says the three suites were first played on a trip taken by King George I of England up the Thames to Chelsea or Lambeth on 17 July 1717.
The King had known Handel for a long time.
For some reason though, he was angry with Handel.
The Water Music was Handel's way of appeasing the King.
Fifty musicians floated alongside the King's barge playing the suites.
The King was so pleased he ordered Water Music played three times.
Another Legend has it that He played it for a party King George I was having.
It says he hired Handel to write a piece of music for him and his royal friends to listen to while sailing in the water; thus the name Water Music
All the instruments in the Baroque orchestra were included in the composition, except the harpsichord and timpani.
It would have been difficult to bring these  instruments aboard a barge.
The instruments in a complete performance are a flute, two recorders, two oboes, one bassoon, two horns, two trumpets, strings, and continuo.
In May 1923, Fujiwara was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka.
At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines.
But Japan lost this match (1-2).
This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match".
Shimizu was born in Hiroshima Prefecture.
He played for his local club Rijo Shukyu-Dan.
He won 1924 and 1925 Emperor's Cup with international players Shizuo Miyama and Sachi Kagawa.
In May 1923, Shimizu was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka.
Next day, he played and scored a goal against Republic of China.
But Japan lost in both matches (1-2, v Philippines and 1-5, v Republic of China).
He played 2 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1923.
After retirement, Shimizu kept a kimono shop in Hiroshima.
However, on August 6, 1945, he (aged 44) died with his wife (aged 38) (Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki).
|1923||2||1
Shimizu was born on September 30, 1902.
After graduating from Tokyo Aoyama Normal School, he played for Tokyo Shukyu-Dan which was founded by his alma mater school graduates.
At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines and scored a goal in the 5th minute.
However, Japan was lost at the end.
This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match" and this goal is Japan team first goal in International A Match.
Next day, he also played against Republic of China.
In May 1923, Harada was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka.
He played 2 games for Japan in 1923.
He was also selected Japan for 1925 Far Eastern Championship Games, but he did not compete, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Yanosuke Watanabe.
In May 1923, Hidaka was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka.
Miyama was born in Hiroshima Prefecture.
After graduating from Keio University, he played for his local club Rijo Shukyu-Dan.
He won the 1924 and 1925 Emperor's Cup with international players Naoemon Shimizu and Sachi Kagawa.
In May 1923, Miyama was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka.
In May 1923, Hirabayashi was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka.
In May 1923, Sawagata was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka.
In May 1923, Kisaka was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka.
In May 1923, Inoue was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka.
At this competition, on May 24, he debuted against Republic of China.
But Japan lost the matches (1-5).
In May 1923, Azumi was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka.
He also played at 1925 Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
He played 3 games for Japan until 1925.
But Japan lost in both matches.
|1924||0||0
Total||||0
In May 1923, Kanda was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka.
He played 4 games for Japan until 1925.
In May 1925, when Watanabe was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines.
On May 20, he also played against Republic of China.
But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China).
He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.
In May 1925, Oyama was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
In May 1925, Miyaji was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
Hatta was born in Osaka on September 10, 1903.
He played for Osaka SC which was founded by his alma mater high school graduates and many Japan national team players Yoshimatsu Oyama, Toshio Miyaji, Sakae Takahashi and Kiyonosuke Marutani were playing in those days.
In May 1925, Hatta was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
After retirement, Hatta entered Tokyo Imperial University and studied law.
He graduated from university in 1930 and he became a judge.
He worked at Tokyo District Court and so on.
In May 1925, when Uchida was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
Alcina is an opera seria with music by George Frideric Handel.
The libretto was written by Riccardo Broschi.
The opera is based on an episode in Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando furioso, an epic poem set in the time of Charlemagne's wars against Islam.
Handel composed several little ballets in the opera for the famous dancer Marie Sallé.
Alcina was first performed on 16 April 1735 at Covent Garden in London.
It was revived in Germany in 1738.
It was not performed again until 1928.
Joan Sutherland sang the role for her debut in Venice in 1960.
She sang it again the same year in Dallas.
She sang it at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in 1962.
Renée Fleming sang the role in Chicago in 1999.
Alcina, a sorceress - soprano
Morgana, her sister - soprano
Oberto, a boy searching for his father - boy soprano
Ruggiero, a knight and Bradamente's fiancé - mezzo-soprano castrato
Bradamante, Ruggiero's fiancée - mezzo-soprano
Oronte, Morgana's lover - tenor
Melisso, Ruggiero's former tutor - bass
Alcina is a sorceress.
She changes people into stones, trees, and animals.
Bradamente lands on Alcina's island looking for her fiancé Ruggiero.
He has been enchanted by Alcina.
Bradamente has a magic ring that allows her to break spells.
She intends to use it to free Alcina's victims.
She lets Ruggiero wear it.
He sees at once that Alcina is a cruel enchantress and that her island is a desert.
Alcina is truly in love with Ruggiero.
Her magic powers slip away.
Bradamente and Ruggiero destroy an urn that is the source of Alcina's power.
Alcina's world disappears.
Her victims become humans again.
Dean, Winton (2006), Handel's Operas, 1726-1741, Boydell Press,   (The second of the two volume definitive reference on the operas of Handel)
Libretto from www.librettidopera.it
Summary  from Opera-Opera.com  (Second section down)
from Bayerische Staatsoper (Bavarian State Opera).
Video clip
Video clip from Semperoper, November 2011 Dresden
Full score (German Handel Society: Leipzig.
In May 1925, when Miyake was a Kansai University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
Kagawa was born in Hiroshima Prefecture.
He won 1924 and 1925 Emperor's Cup with international players Naoemon Shimizu and Shizuo Miyama.
In May 1925, Kagawa was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
In May 1925, when Takada was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
In May 1925, when Madono was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
In May 1925, Takahashi was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
But Japan lost in this match (0-2).
In May 1925, Marutani was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
In May 1925, when Shimizu was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
He is sometimes known as Shojiro Nomura (野村 正二郎).
Sugimura was born in Osaka on April 4, 1905.
At the club, he played with many Japan national team players Shigeyoshi Suzuki, Haruo Arima, Misao Tamai, Tamotsu Asakura, Shigeru Takahashi, Nagayasu Honda, Ko Takamoro and Michiyo Taki.
In August 1927, when Sugimura was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai.
At this competition, on August 27, he debuted against Republic of China.
After retirement, Sugimura joined Japan Football Association and served as a director.
He also worked Ministry of Education, Science and Culture and taught as professor at Sophia University.
Nishikawa was born on June 29, 1907.
In August 1927, when he was a Hosei University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai.
He played 2 games for Japan in 1927.
Kondo was born in Tokyo Metropolis on June 1, 1907.
In August 1927, when Kondo was a Mito High School student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai.
After graduating from Tokyo Imperial University, Kondo retired and became a doctor.
He served as a professor of Tokyo Women's Medical University and so on.
Takamoro was born in Saitama on November 9, 1907.
He played for Saitama Shukyu-Dan and Waseda WMW which was consisted of his alma mater Waseda University players and graduates.
At Waseda WMW, he played with many Japan national team players Shigeyoshi Suzuki, Haruo Arima, Misao Tamai, Tamotsu Asakura, Shigeru Takahashi, Shojiro Sugimura, Nagayasu Honda and Michiyo Taki.
He won the 1928 Emperor's Cup.
In August 1927, when Takamoro was a Waseda University Senior High School student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai.
Arima played for Waseda WMW which was consisted of his alma mater Waseda University players and graduates.
At the club, he played with many Japan national team players Shigeyoshi Suzuki, Misao Tamai, Tamotsu Asakura, Shigeru Takahashi, Shojiro Sugimura, Nagayasu Honda, Ko Takamoro and Michiyo Taki.
In August 1927, Arima was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai.
In August 1927, when Asakura was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai.
In August 1927, when Takahashi was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai.
In August 1927, when Taki was a Waseda University High School student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai.
At this competition, on August 29, he debuted against Philippines and Japan won this match.
This is Japan national team's first victory in "International A Match".
Ide was born in Shizuoka on November 27, 1908.
He played Tokyo OB Club.
He won 1933 Emperor's Cup with Shiro Teshima and Teiichi Matsumaru at the club.
In May 1930, when Ide was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship.
Honda played for Waseda WMW which was consisted of his alma mater Waseda University players and graduates.
At the club, he played with many Japan national team players Shigeyoshi Suzuki, Haruo Arima, Misao Tamai, Tamotsu Asakura, Shigeru Takahashi, Shojiro Sugimura, Ko Takamoro, Michiyo Taki and Tameo Ide.
He won 1928 Emperor's Cup at the club.
In August 1927, when Honda was a Waseda University Senior High School student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai.
On August 29, he also played against Philippines, and Japan won this match.
He also played at 1930 Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship.
He played 4 games for Japan until 1930.
Haruyama was born in Tokyo Metropolis on April 4, 1906.
In August 1927, when Haruyama was a Mito High School student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai.
Teshima was born in Hiroshima Prefecture on February 26, 1907.
He played for Tokyo OB Club and won the 1933 Emperor's Cup with Shigemaru Takenokoshi and Teiichi Matsumaru.
In May 1930, when Teshima was a Tokyo Imperial University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship.
At this competition, on May 25, he debuted and scored a goal against Philippines.
He played 2 games and scored 2 goals for Japan in 1930.
After graduating from Tokyo Imperial University, Teshima retired playing career and joined Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
In 1940, he joined Tanabe Pharmaceutical and helps develop the club.
Teshima died on November 6, 1982 at the age of 75.
In 2008, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.
|1930||2||2
Abe played for Kwangaku Club which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates.
He played with many Japan national team players Yukio Goto, Hideo Sakai and so on.
In May 1934, Abe was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
On May 15, he also played against Philippines.
He played 2 games for Japan in 1934.
In May 1934, when Misaki was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
He played 3 games for Japan in 1934.
Sakai was born in Osaka Prefecture on June 10, 1909.
He won 1929 and 1930 Emperor's Cup with Yukio Goto and so on at the club.
In May 1934, Sakai was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
The region got a lot of attention during and after the broadcasting of the Eén series Stille Waters.
Also the yearly Dodentocht and the Schelde Internationale Muziekstroom-route contribute to the image of the region.
The region includes the municipalities of Sint-Amands, Bornem and Puurs.
There is also a police zone which is named Politiezone Klein-Brabant.
In May 1934, when Kawanishi was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
In May 1934, when Kumai was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
In May 1934, when Natori was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila.
At this competition, on May 20, he debuted and scored a goal against Republic of China.
Lee Yoo-Hyung (January 21, 1911 - January 29, 2003) was a South Korean professional athlete.
He was a member of the Japanese national team in 1940.
Kasahara was born on March 26, 1918.
He played for Keio University.
He won the 1937 Emperor's Cup.
He also played for Keio BRB which was consisted of his alma mater Keio University players and graduates.
He won the 1939 and 1940 Emperor's Cup at the club with Yukio Tsuda, Hirokazu Ninomiya and Saburo Shinosaki.
On June 16, 1940, when Kasahara was a Keio University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Philippines and Japan won the match.
Shinosaki played for Keio University.
He won the 1939 and 1940 Emperor's Cup at the club with Yukio Tsuda, Hirokazu Ninomiya and Takashi Kasahara.
On June 16, 1940, when Shinosaki was a Keio University student, he debuted for Japan national team against Philippines and Japan won the match.
Naoki was born on March 23, 1918.
On June 16, 1940, when he was a Tokyo Imperial University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Philippines and Japan won the match.
Naoki died in an accident immediately after World War II.
Aoki was born on April 10, 1929.
He played for Chiyoda Life.
See also: Dravida Nadu
South India is often used to refer to the states and territories in the southern part of the Republic of India.
In general, one of the following is meant:
Goa, former European colony
Lakshadweep, a group of Islands, and union territory
Puducherry or Pondicherry, anoter union territory made up of city states along the coast.
Nabunken is an Independent Administrative Institution (IAI).
Nabunken was established in 1972.
It's work is divided into departments with different interests, including
excavation and restoration of Heijō-kyō, Fujiwara-kyō, and other sites
study of documents from Japan's early historical periods.
Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties website
Agency for Cultural Affairs website
"Still Got It" is a song by Tyga featuring Drake, from Tyga's album Careless World: Rise of the Last King.
The song debuted at number 89 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week ending October 29, 2011.
Barkerville is a ghost town in the Canadian province of British Columbia.
The peak population of Barkerville was 5,000.
Barkerville is classified as a historic town.
The Chinese were also a major part in the history of Barkerville as they built most of the businesses, cabins and both provided social services and resolved disputes within the Chinese community without having to use BC courts.
Ghost towns in Canada
was a  after Tenshō and before Hōen.
This period started in August 1132 and ended in November 1135.
Events of the Chōshō Era
1132 (Chōshō 1, 3rd month): Taira-no Tadamori was in charge of building a palace for former-Emperor Toba.
1132 (Chōshō 1, 3rd month): Emperor Sutoku made a pilgrimage to Mount Koya.
1 August 1133 (Chōshō 2, 29th day of the 6th month): Fujiwara no Kanezane's daughter became consort of former-Emperor Toba had .
1134 (Chōshō 3, 3rd month): The Emperor visited the Kasuga Shrine.
1134 (Chōshō 3, 3rd month): Sutoku visited the Hiyoshi Taisha.
1134 (Chōshō 3, 5th month): The Emperor visited the Iwashimizu Shrine.
1134 (Chōshō 3, 5th month): Sutoku visited the Kamo Shrines.
1132 establishments
1135 disestablishments
was a  after Ōhō and before Eiman.
This period started in March 1163 and ended in June 1165.
Events of the Chōkan era
1163 (Chōkan 1, 1st month): Taira no Shigemori was promoted to the second rank of the 3rd class in the court hierarchy.
1163 (Chōkan 2, 2nd month): At Tōdai-ji and Kōfuku-ji, prayers were offered for the prosperity of the Imperial family.
14 September 1164 (Chōkan 2, on the 26th day of the 8th month): Former-Emperor Sutoku died at the age of 46.
Sup'Internet  is a French private graduate school.
It teaches things to do with the Internet.
It was founded in 2011.
The school has three courses, graphic design, internet management and web technologies and delivers a Bachelor's degree.
It is one of the two schools in France (the other one is the École européenne des métiers de l'Internet) entirely meant for teaching things about the Internet.
Technical colleges and universities in Paris
was a  after Chōkan and before Nin'an.
This period started in June 1165 and ended in August 1166.
Events of the Eiman era
1165 (Eiman 1):  The infant son of Emperor Nijō was named heir.
3 August 1165 (Eiman 1, 25th day of the 6th month): In the 7th year of Emperor Nijō's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by a his son.
Soon after, Emperor Rokujō accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).
4 September 1165 (Eiman 1, 27th day of the 7th month): Former-Emperor Nijō died at age 22.
Le Kremlin-Bicêtre is a town and commune in the southern suburb of Paris, France.
About 26,018 people lived there in 2006.
The computer science schools EPITA, École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies and Web@cademie are located at Le Kremlin-Bicêtre.
The schools E-Artsup, Coding Academy and IONIS School of Technology and Management are also located in the commune.
, also known as Ninnan, was a  after Eiman and before Kaō.
This period started in August 1166 ended in April 1169.
Events of the Nin'an era
1168 (Nin'an 3, 2nd month ):  Rokujō was deposed at age 5, and he received the title Daijō-daijin tennō.
30 March 1168 (Nin'an 3, 19th day of the 2nd month): In the 3rd year of Rokujō's reign, the emperor was deposed by his grandfather.
The succession (senso) was received by the emperor's cousin who was the third son of former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa.
29 April 1168 (Nin'an 3, 20th day of the 3rd month): Takakura accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).
Villejuif is a town and commune in the southest suburb of Paris, France.
About 53,240 people lived there in 2008.
The biotechnology engineering school Sup'Biotech is located at Villejuif.
A campus of the computer science schools EPITA and École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies is also located in the commune.
Dunaujvaros, Hungary
Mirandola, Italy
Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal
Yambol, Bulgaria
was a  after Nin'an and before Jōan.
This period started in April 1169 ended in April 1171.
Events of the Kaō era
1169 (Kaō 1, 3rd month): Former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa made a pilgrimage to Mont Koya.
1169 (Kaō 1, 6th month): Go-Shirakawa became a Buddhist priest; and he took the title Hōō.
1169 (Kaō 1, 12th month): Fujiwara no Nurisika was banished to Bingo Province; but then he was recalled to court because of his past services to Go-Shirakawa.
In computing, an exception is a special situation where the program cannot do things the way it usually would and is forced to do something else instead.
One layer of the system uses an exception to give another layer information about special states the system is currently in.
The different layers of software or hardware have contracts, that tell what can be expected; this is generally known as Programming by Contract.
In the context of exception handling, a program is said to be exception-safe, if exceptions that occur will not produce side-effects (such as memory leaks), will not change stored data so that it becomes unreadable, or generate output that is invalid.
There are different levels of exception safety:
Failure transparency or no throw guarantee: No matter what happens, no exceptions will be thrown.
This is the best level of exception safety, but also the most difficult to implement.
Commit or rollback semantics, Strong exception safety, no change guarantee: Operations can fail, and exceptions will be thrown.
However, a failed operation is guaranteed to not have side-effects or change the data.
Basic exception safety: A part of the failed operation may have been executed, and can have side-effects.
The state of the data may be different before and after the execution, but in both cases, the data will be in a valid state.
Minimal exception safety,No-leak guarantee: As only a part of the operation was executed, the stored data may be invalid, afterwards.
The system will keep running, and no resources get leaked, however.
No exception safety: No guarantees can be made.
This is the worst level of exception safety.
Usually, a programmer will try to catch the exception early so that problems don't get worse over time.
Suppose a program tries to add something to an array, or group of objects that doesn't exist.
This is called a null reference.
Look at the following code from the Java programming language:
class SomeProgram {
int[] SomeArray = null; // This array of numbers doesn't exist
System.out.println("The 1st number in the array is " + SomeArray[0] + "."); //
This will throw an exception because it refers to an imaginary array
This code throws what programmers call a null-pointer exception.
This is fixed by adding "try" in front of the code that might throw the exception, like is done with the code shown below:
class AnotherProgram {
This will throw an exception because it
// refers to an imaginary array
catch (NullPointerException e) { // This is how you catch a null-pointer exception
System.err.println("Sorry.
I could not find the first number in the array."); //
This creates an error message
e.printStackTrace(); // This tells you where to look for bugs in your program
Giulio Cesare in Egitto () is an opera in three acts with music by George Frideric Handel.
The Italian  libretto was written by Nicola Francesco Haym.
It was based on an earlier libretto written by Giacomo Francesco Bussani.
The opera was written for the Royal Academy of Music.
The opera was first performed in London on 20 February 1724.
It was performed again in 1725, 1730, and 1732.
It was also performed in France and Germany.
Giulio Cesare was not performed in the 19th century.
Many people had forgotten all about it.
It was not until 1922 that the opera was performed again.
Since then, it has been performed around the world.
It is Handel's best opera.
It is known simply as Giulio Cesare.
Giulio Cesare (Julius Caesar) - alto castrato
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt - soprano
Tolomeo, her brother and husband, King of Egypt - alto castrato
Cornelia, widow of Pompey - contralto
Sesto, her stepson - soprano
Achilla, Tolomeo's General - bass
Curio, a praetor, Caesar's General - bass
Nireno, Cleopatra's and Tolomeo's servant - alto castrato
Aria Database - Giulio Cesare arias and operatic roles database
Metropolitan Opera Broadcast: Giulio Cesare
Opera Today - Giulio Cesare Libretto
Filmed at Glyndebourne Opera House in East Sussex, England.
Opus Arte  DVD, released 01/04/2006, contains behind the scenes extras.
18th-century operas
Microsoft InfoPath is a piece of software that Microsoft sells.
InfoPath is used to create computer-ized versions of documents people have to fill out.
InfoPath has two main parts: an 'editor' interface, used to make and design forms, and a 'form-filling' interface, used to fill out forms that have been made in InfoPath.
For example, if someone had to fill out a timesheet on a regular basis, they could use InfoPath's editor to replicate the timesheet form.
Every time they had to fill out the timesheet, they could open the form they made in InfoPath, fill it out using InfoPath's form-fill interface, and then save it as a file for archival and print it out if they ever needed to.
Forms that have been made in InfoPath can be put on SharePoint websites.
Forms can also be amended with XPath, Basic, or C# computer code to do mathematics or read from and write to databases.
was a  after Kaō and before Angen.
This period started in April 1171 and ended in July 1175.
Events of the Jōan era
1172 (Jōan 1, 3rd day of the 1st month): Takakura reached the age of 11 years; and this was marked by coming of age ceremonies.
1171 (Jōan 1, 13th day of the 1st month): Takakura visited the home of former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa.
In this setting, he first met .
She was the adopted daughter of Go-Shirakawa and the actual daughter of Taira no Kiomori.
Takakura accepted the 15-year-old girl as his consort.
1171 (Jōan 2, 10th day of the 2nd month): Tokuko became Takakura's secondary empress (chūgo).
1172 (Jōan 2, 10th month): Takakura visited the Fushimi Inari-taisha and the Yasaka Shrine.
1172 (Jōan 2, 12th month): Matsu Motofusa is given the office of kampaku.
1173 (Jōan 3, 1st day of the 4th month): Shinran, founder of Jodo Shinshu, was born.
1173 (Jōan 3, 4th month): Takakura visited the Iwashimizu Shrine and the Kamo Shrines.
1174 (Jōan 4, 1st month): The emperor made visits to his father and to his mother.
was a  after Jōan and before Jishō.
This period started in July 1175 and ended in August 1177.
Events of the Angen era
1175 (Angen 1, 22nd day of the 2nd month): Minamoto no Masamichi died at age 58.
1175 (Angen 1, 11th month): Fujiwara no Moronaga was given the office of naidaijin.
1176 (Angen 2, 3rd month): Takakura visited former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa on his 50th birthday.
23 August 1176 (Angen 2, 17th day of the 7th month): Former-Emperor Rokujō died at the age of 13; and also in this same month, Takakura's mother died.
1176 (Angen 2, 7th month): Fujiwara no Morotaka of Kaga had a dispute with the priests of Mount Hiei; and Fujiwara no Morotsune, set fire to some of the temple buildings.
The priests complained to the emperor, but the father of these two brothers  was a friend of Go-Shirakawa.
The actions of the sons of Fujiwara no Teki were officially ignored.
27 May 1177 (Angen 3, 28th day, 4th month): A fire destroyed the building of the Daigaku-ryō.
Lana Clarkson (5 April 1963 - 3 February 2003) was an American actress.
She starred in many movies dealing with fantasy, drama and adventure.
On February 3, 2003, Clarkson was shot dead in the Alhambra, California mansion of music producer Phil Spector.
In the early morning, she met Spector while working at the House of Blues.
Both left the House of Blues later in Spector's limousine and drove to his mansion.
About an hour later, the driver heard a gunshot before Spector exited his house through the back door with a gun.
He was quoted as saying, according to affidavits, "I think I just shot her."
Murdered actors
The first written use of tan as a color name in English was in the year 1590.
The name comes from tannum, (oak bark) used in the tanning of leather.
Meaning of tan
Tan is the color of the United States Army Rangers beret as well as Canada's CSOR Canadian Special Operations Regiment and JTF2 Joint Task Force 2
When a person sunbathes to make his or her skin darker, he or she is said to be getting a tan.
Tones of tan color comparison chart
The word hoax refers to something that is not true and was created on purpose.
For example, a person makes up false accusations about being victimized by other people, or an article may make things up that cause people to believe as though they are true when they are not.
was the Imperial university of Japan from the 7th century until the end of the 19th century.
For five centuries, the Daigaku-ryō was near the Suzaku Mon at southern boundary of the Imperial enclosure.
In 701, the Daigaku-ryō became part of the .
Prince Yamabe was head of the Daigaku-ryō in 766 (Tenpyō-jingo 2).
On May 27, 1177 (Angen 3, 28th day, 4th month), a fire destroyed the building of the Daigaku-ryō.
The  was responsible for the examination of students and for festivals which honor Confucius.
Other members of the staff of ''Daigaku-ryō' included:
-- two positions.
7th-century establishments in Japan
Parrotfishes are a group of marine fishes that live in shallow tropical and subtropical oceans around the world.
Previously considered to form a separate family (Scaridae), these fish are now thought to belong to the large family of wrasses (Labridae).
Their numbers are largest in the Indo-Pacific region where they are found in and around coral reefs and seagrass beds.
They play an important part in bioerosion.
There are about 95 species of parrotfish living today.
Parrotfish are very colourful.
Their name comes from the parrot-like beak formed by their teeth.
The buccal cavity (cheek) of the parrotfish secretes the 'sleeping sack' that the fish sleeps in overnight.
It is a semi-translucent sack which completely surrounds the parrot fish.
In the morning the sack is discarded.
You can see these on the sea bed floor during the following day.
Parrot Fish Profile from National Geographic
Parrot Fish Care
Parrotfish info on Fishbase
was a  after Angen and before Yōwa.
This period started in August 1177 and ended in July 1181.
Events of the Jishō era
1177 (Jishō 1, 28th day of the 4th month): A great fire in the capital was spread by high winds; and the palace was destroyed.
1178 (Jishō 2, 12th day of the 11th month): Emperor Takakura's consort, Taira no Tokuko, gave birth to a son who will become Emperor Antoku.
1180 (Jisho 4, 21st day of the 2nd month): Takakura abdicated.
1180 (Jishō 4, 21st day of the 4th month): In the 12th year of Takakura's reign, the emperor was forced to abdicate; and the succession (senso) was received by his son.
1180 (Jisho 4, 22nd day of the 4th month): The infant Emperor Antoku's accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).
1180 (Jisho 4, 2nd day of the 6th month): The court leaves Heian-kyō for Fukuhara, which is near modern-day Kōbe in Hyōgo.
1180 (Jisho 4, 26th day of the 11th month): The capital is moved back to Heian-kyō.
1180 (Jisho 4): A whirlwind causes chaos in the capital.
30 January 1181 (Jisho 5, 14th day of the 1st month): Takakura died.
Ariodante is an opera seria in three acts with music by George Frideric Handel.
The libretto was based on parts of Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso.
Handel put some ballet music in the opera for the famous dancer Marie Sallé.
The opera was first performed in the Covent Garden Theatre, London, on 8 January 1735.
It opened Handel's first season at Covent Garden.
It was performed 11 times during its premiere season.
It eventually was forgotten.
The score was published in the early 1960s.
In the 1970s, the work was revived.
It is thought to be one of Handel's best operas.
Ariodante, a vassal prince - mezzo-soprano castrato
Ginevra, daughter of the King of Scotland, betrothed to Ariodante - soprano
Dalinda, attendant on Ginevra, secretly in love with Polinesso  - soprano
Polinesso, Duke of Albany - alto
Lurcanio, Ariodante's brother - tenor
King of Scotland - bass
Odoardo, favorite of the king - tenor
Ginevra is engaged to Ariodante.
Polinesso is in love with her.
He uses Dalinda to trick Ariodante.
She tells Ariodante that Ginevra is Polinesso's lover.
The King disowns Ginevra.
Ariodante is reported to have killed himself.
Polinesso then sends his agents to kill Dalinda because she was the only witness to his plot.
Ariodante is alive.
He drives off the assassins.
Polinesso eants to win the King’s favour.
He offers to defend Ginevra's honour in a tournament.
He is wounded by Lurcanio.
Ariodante has learned about Polinesso’s plot from Dalinda.
He now appears.
He offers himself as Ginevra’s champion.
Polinesso confesses his guilt and dies.
Ginevra is pardoned by the King.
The second of the two-volume definitive reference on the operas of Handel.
Score of Ariodante (ed.
Friedrich Chrysander, Leipzig 1881)
with Nick Reveles: Handel's Ariodante
Italian libretto online
The Phantom of the Opera (1925) is a silent horror movie.
It is based on a novel of the same name by Gaston Leroux.
The movie was directed by Rupert Julian.
It stars Lon Chaney as the Phantom and Mary Philbin as his love, Christine.
The movie is famous for Chaney's horrific, self-applied make-up.
The story is about a disfigured man named Erik who haunts the Paris Opera.
He wants the managers to make the woman he loves, named Christine, a star.
In order to do this, he terrorizes everyone by doing things such as dropping a chandelier and wearing a scary disguise in the middle of a large party.
When he learns that Christine is in love with a man named Raoul, he kidnaps her.
Raoul eventually rescues her, and a group of angry people chase the Phantom until he falls into the Seine river.
Lon Chaney as Erik, The Phantom of the Opera
Mary Philbin as Christine
Norman Kerry as Raoul
Arthur Edmund Carewe as Ledoux
Critical reception and legacy
The movie was a great success.
The critics liked it.
Executives at Universal Pictures were pleased.
They put a string of horror movies into production.
These movies included Bela Lugosi's Dracula and Boris Karloff's Frankenstein.
Phantom was chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.
Two major versions of the film survive today.
The original film (today) comes from bad quality "show at home" film prints which are entirely black and white.
The more common version is a 1929 silent version using different takes and camera angles.
The 1929 silent version exists because of a lost 1929 sound version in which new scenes were shot in sound.
1925 movies
Hanwha Eagles () is one of ten Korean professional baseball teams.
The Hanwha Eagles use Han bat stadium () and Cheong Ju stadium () as their home stadia.
The Hanwha Eagles won the Korean Series Champions title in 1999.
Gidget is a 1959 American romantic comedy teen movie about living in California.
It is about a teenage girl who goes surfing.
She has a romance with a young surfer.
The movie stars Sandra Dee, Cliff Robertson, and pop singer James Darren.
The movie was based on a novel by Frederick Kohner titled Gidget, the Little Girl with Big Ideas.
The movie was directed by Paul Wendkos.
Gidget was the first beach party" movie.
It was followed by two sequel movies, various television series, several made-for-TV movies, and the parody Psycho Beach Party.
Gidget is credited by numerous sources, including a documentary movie by Stacy Peralta,  as being the single main influence to bring surfing and the surfing subculture into the American mainstream.
Gidget at the American Film Institute Catalog
Movies directed by Paul Wendkos
E-Artsup is a French private graduate school.
It teaches things to do with digital creativity and multimedia.
Sasano played for Waseda University.
He won 1938 Emperor's Cup with Shogo Kamo, Sei Fuwa, Kunitaka Sueoka, Hidetoki Takahashi and so on.
In 1936, Sasano was selected the Japan national team for 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, but he did not play in the match.
(ISEFAC) is a French private business school.
It was founded in 2000.
The school has two courses, communication and business/marketing.,
and delivers a degree recognized by French State.
fr:Groupe IONIS#ISEFAC / ISEFAC Bachelor
"Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring" is a popular piece of choral music.
It was composed by Johann Sebastian Bach.
It is the 10th movement of the cantata Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben.
It was written during Bach's first year in Leipzig, Germany.
Bach did not compose the melody.
That was written by Johann Schop.
Bach only harmonized and orchestrated Schop's melody.
A transcription of "Jesu" was made by the English pianist Myra Hess (1890–1965), It was published in 1926 for piano solo.
In 1934 the Hess version was adapted for piano duet.
British organist Peter Hurford made a transcription of "Jesu" for organ.
Today, Bach's piece is often performed at weddings and funerals.
Bach wrote the piece for voices with trumpet, oboes, strings, and continuo.
"Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring" is one of Bach's most enduring pieces of music.
Yohoho!
Puzzle Pirates is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game.
It is developed by Three Rings Design.
In this game, the player plays a role of a pirate.
The player sails the ocean, plays different puzzles and earn PoE (Pieces of Eights).
Anyone over 13 years of age can play Puzzle Pirates.
Pirates can join a crew, which in turn joins a flag.
The flags forms alliances and blockade islands.
The game encourages players to use pirate-themed words like "Ahoy", "Yarr!", "
Shiver me Timbers", etc.
As of December 2008, there are 4 million pirates registered to the game.
On August 31, 2011, the game was made free-to-play on Steam.
Sonny Bono (February 16, 1935 - January 5, 1998) was a recording artist, a producer, singer-songwriter, actor and politician.
He was married to Cher between 1964 and 1975, during which time they formed the duo Sonny & Cher.
Together, they had numerous hit records and singles.
They had several children, including Chastity Bono (who would later be renamed Chaz Bono).
Sonny was killed in a skiing accident.
Ghatkopar is a suburb in Mumbai.
It comes under the 'N-Ward' of Mumbai municipality.
Post offices
400077 for Ghatkopar (East)
400084 [Bhatwadi] and 400086 for Ghatkopar (West), and Amrut Nagar
400075 for Pant Nagar
The post office of Ghatkopar East is in Rajawadi.
The post procedure v I  for Ghatkopar West is near the Railway Station.mr
Garodia International School
Ramniranjan Jhunjhunwala College
S.P.N.Doshi Women's College
The Prime Minister of the Republic of India, more commonly known as the Prime Minister of India, is the head of the executive branch of the Government of India.
The prime minister is the chief executive and presiding member of the Union Council of Ministers and directs the Union Cabinet.
The prime minister must be a member of either House of the Parliament of India and must be a member (usually the parliamentary leader) of the party that holds a majority in the Lok Sabha
The Prime Minister appoints the Council of Ministers, distributes portfolios among them, acts as the link between the Council of Ministers and the President and is the chief spokesperson of India's foreign policy.
The current prime minister is Narendra Modi.
He was sworn in on 26 May 2014.
Role and power of the Prime Minister
The Prime Minister is responsible in aiding the President in his/her work relating to the government.
The Prime Minister, in consultation with the Cabinet, schedules and attends the sessions of the Houses of Parliament and is required to answer the question from the Members of Parliament.
Some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the Prime Minister himself.
The Prime Minister is usually always in-charge/head of:
Appointments Committee of the Cabinet;
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions;
Ministry of Planning;
Department of Atomic Energy; and
Department of Space.
a citizen of India.
should be a member of the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
If a person elected prime minister is neither a member of the Lok Sabha nor Rajya Sabha, then he must become a member of the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha within six months.
of above 25  years of age (in the case of a seat in the Lok Sabha) or above 30 years of age (in the case of a seat in the Rajya Sabha).
As of   , there are two living former prime ministers of India:
"Over the Rainbow" is a song from the movie The Wizard of Oz.
It was composed by Harold Arlen and the lyrics were written by E.Y. Harburg.
Judy Garland sang the song in the movie.
Over time it would become her signature song.
The song won an Academy Award.
The song is also known as "Somewhere Over the Rainbow".
About five minutes into the movie, Judy Garland (as Dorothy Gale) sings "Over the Rainbow".
She is trying to get her aunt and uncle to listen to her story about an incident involving her dog, Toto.
Dorothy's Aunt Em tells her to "find yourself a place where you won't get into any trouble".
Dorothy walks off with Toto.
She says to the dog, "Someplace where there isn't any trouble.
Do you suppose there is such a place, Toto?
There must be.
It's far, far away.
Behind the moon, beyond the rain."
She begins to sing the song.
MGM executives thought the song "slowed down the picture".
They said it did not sound like a song a little girl would sing in a barnyard.
They wanted to cut it from the movie.
Other people wanted the song to be kept in the movie.
The executives changed their minds and the song was kept.
"Over the Rainbow" was going to be sung again by Garland in the scene where she is locked in the witch's room and watches the hourglass.
She weeps through the song, and ends with "I'm frightened, Auntie Em!
I'm frightened!".
The song was cut from the scene.
The "I'm frightened" cry was kept in the movie.
The song is number one on the "Songs of the Century" list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts.
The American Film Institute has ranked "Over the Rainbow" as the greatest movie song of all time on the list of "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs".
American troops in Europe in World War II adopted the song as a symbol of the United States.
Garland performed the song for American troops as part of a 1943 command performance.
Hawaiian singer Israel Kamakawiwoʻole (1959–1997) recorded a version of "Over the Rainbow" in 1988.