the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Blake also said that he composed his "Charleston Rag" in 1899.
If this was true, he would have been 12 years old at the time.
There is no evidence he was composing at that age or at that time.
People who study ragtime believe this may be another case of "backdating".
Blake was born in Baltimore, Maryland.
Musicians from Baltimore
A television director directs the activities involved in making a television program.
He or she is part of a television crew.
A television director is different from a movie director.
In television the producer usually has creative control.
In movies, the director has creative control.
Most television directors specialize in directing one type of television program.
A television director has a complex job that includes approving scripts, setting up camera shots, laying out scenes and deciding on lighting.
The director is responsible for directing of live broadcasts, filming programs, post-production editing and mixing.
A director also supervises the technical crew.
A director's duties can be very different depending on the type of program.
For example a drama recorded in a studio is different from a live event outside the studio.
In a dramatic arts production, the television director's job can be similar to that of a movie director.
A director gives cues to actors and directs the camera placement and movement.
Often, in a television series, different directors will work on different episodes.
Television producer
Television Director at The Museum of Broadcast Communications
Television directors
Roseanne is an American television sitcom.
It was shown on ABC from 1988 to 1997.
It stars comedian Roseanne Barr.
The series is about a working-class family living in fictional city of Lanford, Illinois.
For many years, Roseanne was more truthful than other series of the time in how it showed family life.
They dealt with tough subjects, for example poverty, alcoholism, narcotics, sex, first menstrual periods, masturbation, obesity, feminism, domestic violence, nudity and homosexuality.
Another important thing in the series was Roseanne's control in raising her children.
Her husband Dan (John Goodman) felt as though he had no say in their house.
Roseanne was important for women because it was one of the first series to put an overweight, powerful, yet smart woman as the main character.
The series had very high viewing figures from its start.
It spent its first six seasons in the top five of the Nielsen ratings.
During the seventh season the series dropped some in ratings, but still stayed in the top 10 of the Nielsen ratings.
However, during its ninth, and final season, the show's ratings dropped much and had fallen out of the top thirty.
Season 10 aired from March 27–May 22, 2018.
On March 30, an eleventh season was ordered.
However, on May 29, 2018, the show was cancelled by ABC after Barr tweeted a message about Valerie Jarrett (an aide to President Barack Obama) that was viewed as racist.
Barr wrote:
2018 television series endings
Illinois in fiction
Veronica Mars is an American teen drama/mystery-neo-noir series set in Southern California.
It was first shown on UPN on September 22, 2004.
The series was shown for its first two seasons on the UPN before moving to The CW Television Network on October 3, 2006.
The show stars Kristen Bell as Veronica Mars: a student who also works as a private investigator with the help of her detective father.
The series is said to be "a little bit Buffy and a little bit Bogart",.
The series has murder mystery, high school and college drama with sarcasm and strange humor.
The show starts with Veronica and her friends in high school.
It follows them to college in later seasons of the series.
The  is a handheld video game system made by the Sega Corporation.
It was released in Japan in 1990, and then released later in Europe, the United States and Australia.
The Game Gear has a colour screen, a speaker, and needs six AA batteries (for 4 hours of play-time) to run.
It is bigger and costs more money than the Nintendo Game Boy.
It also uses more electric power than the Game Boy, so the Game Gear's batteries must be replaced more often.
In Christianity, God the Father is the first person of the Trinity.
He is God, just like the Son and the Holy Spirit, but as a person He is different from the Son and the Holy Spirit.
Although Jesus had St. Joseph for his human father on earth, Jesus is God, so His father would actually be God the Father.
God the Father at Theopedia
Kevin Patrick Smith  (born August 2, 1970) is an American screenwriter, movie director and the founder of View Askew Productions.
He is also known as a comic book writer and actor.
Smith's movies often take place in his home state of New Jersey.
The movies are filled with pop culture references.
Many of the references are about comic books and the Star Wars movies.
They often take place in the View Askewniverse.
Smith was born in Red Bank, New Jersey to Grace and Donald Smith.
He has an older sister, Virginia, and an older brother, Donald Jr. Smith was raised in the Catholic religion.
He went to Henry Hudson Regional High School in Highlands, The New School for Social Research New York and the Vancouver movie School.
Smith studied making movies but dropped out halfway through his studies.
Smith is married to Jennifer Schwalbach Smith.
They have a daughter, Harley Quinn Smith, born in 1999.
He named his daughter after Harley Quinn, a comic-book character from Batman: The Animated Series.
Mallrats (1995)
Chasing Amy (1997)
Superman Lives
Clerks: Sell Out
Dogma (1999)
Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)
Clerks II (2006)
Daredevil, Vol.
1: Guardian Devil (2003)
Roadside Attractions (2002)
Overnight Delivery 1997
Mae Day: The Crumbling of a Documentary
Ranger Danger and the Danger Rangers (2008) (unconfirmed)
Hating Hal
The Flying Car (2002)Clerks: The Lost Scene (2004)
The Magic Roundabout(2006)
Mae Day: The Crumbling of a Documentary (1992)
The Concert for New York City Ranger Danger and the Danger Rangers (2008) (unconfirmed)The Flying Car (2002)
Clerks: The Lost Scene (2004)Copout (2010)
Mallrats (uncredited)
Chasing Amy (uncredited)
Good Will Hunting (co-producer)
Dogma (uncredited)
Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (uncredited)
Jersey Girl (uncredited)
Sucks Less with Kevin Smith (executive producer) (6 episodes, 2006)
Small Town Gay Bar (2006) (executive producer)
Reel Paradise (2005) (executive producer)
Clerks: The Animated Series (executive producer) (2 episodes, 2000-2001)
Judge Not: In Defense of Dogma (2001) (producer)
Tail Lights Fade (1999) (executive producer) (uncredited)
Big Helium Dog (1999) (executive producer)
A Better Place (1997) (executive producer)
ClerksMallrats
Drawing FliesChasing Amy
DogmaScream 3
Live Free or Die HardCatch and ReleaseVeronica Mars 1 EpisodeTail Lights FadeJoey 1 EpisodeLaw & Order: "Black, White and Blue"Clerks: The Animated Series 6 Episodes
Hardware: Uncensored Music Videos - Hip Hop Volume 1Yes, Dear 1 EpisodeManchild Pilot (maybe more)Duck Dodgers 1 EpisodeDegrassi: The Next Generation 5 EpisodesTMNTLive Free or Die HardBig Helium DogElectric Playground 1 EpisodeUntitled Kevin Smith Horror Project 2008Hating Hal 1 Episode
EditorClerks II (2006)Jersey Girl (2004)Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)Dogma (1999)Chasing Amy (1997)Clerks (1994)Mae Day: The Crumbling of a Documentary(1992)Hating HalThe Flying Car (2002)
Clerks: The Lost Scene (2004)
Music videosCan't Even Tell by Soul Asylum As Silent BobBuild Me Up Buttercup by The Goops As Silent BobBecause I Got High by Afroman As Silent BobKick Some Ass'' by Stroke 9 As Silent Bob
View Askew Productions
Smith's blog
The Nicene Creed,  Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed or Icon/Symbol of the Faith, is the most widespread or ecumenical Christian statement of faith.
Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381
The following table displays side by side the earlier (325) and later (381) forms of this Creed in the English translation given in Schaffs Creeds of Christendom, which indicates by brackets the portions of the 325 text that were omitted or moved in 381, but uses no typographical mark to indicate what phrases, absent in the 325 text, were added in 381.
There were certain problems with the Nicene creed.
In 529, the so-called filioque clause was added to the creed.
This clause is one of the main differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The Catholic Church has this clause, the Eastern Orthodox Church does not.
The clause is about how godly the Father is, compared to the Son.
Where the original Nicene Creed reads "We believe in the Holy Spirit ... who proceeds from the Father", the altered, Roman Catholic version reads "We believe in the Holy Spirit ... who proceeds from the Father and the Son".
Roman Catholic Christians accept this change, but Eastern Orthodox Christians reject it.
Many Eastern Catholic churches (Eastern in liturgy but in full communion with the pope) do not use the clause in their creed.
They do think the doctrine it represents is true, though, as this is a dogma of the Roman Catholic faith.
Many Protestant churches  who take a position in this matter, usually accept the filioque.
After the East-West Schism of 1054, the Eastern and Western churches attempted to reunite at two separate medieval councils, and the filioque was an issue at each.
Despite Greek concessions, neither the Second Council of Lyon (1274) nor the Council of Ferrera-Florence (1438 - 1535) achieved the desired union.
The clause is most often referred to as "the filioque" or simply filioque.
A E Burn, The Council of Nicaea (1925);
G Forell, Understanding the Nicene Creed (1965)
J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Creeds, (1982),
Extensive discussion of the texts of the First Council of Nicea
Philip Schaff, Creeds of Christendom Volume I: Nicene Creed
Athanasius, De Decretis or Defence of the Nicene Definition
Line-by-Line Roman Catholic Explanation of the Nicene Creed
Nicene Creed in languages of the world
The Apostles' Creed (Latin: Symbolum Apostolorum), sometimes titled Symbol of the Apostles, is an early statement of Christian belief, a creed or "symbol."
It is commonly used by many Christian denominations, during religious ceremonies and as a summary of Christian beliefs.
It is most commonly used during ceremonies at churches of Western tradition, including the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheranism, the Anglican Communion, and Western Orthodoxy.
It is also used by evangelical Protestant denominations such as Presbyterians, Methodists, Congregationalists, and many Baptists.
The Creed is named the Apostles' Creed because it is made of twelve articles.
People believed that after Pentecost, God inspired each of Jesus' Twelve Apostles to write one article.
Origin of the Creed
This creed seems to have been made as an argument against Gnosticism.
Gnosticism was a heresy in the early days of the Church.
Gnostics believed things that were very different than what the Catholic Church taught.
The Apostles' Creed, and other creeds, were made to be like examples of Catholic teachings, and to defend Catholic beliefs.
This can be seen in almost every phrase.
For example, the creed states that Christ was born, suffered, and died on the cross.
This seems to be an argument against Gnostic beliefs, which said that Christ only seemed to become a man, and that he did not truly suffer and die, but only seemed like he did.
Because it was written very early in history, it does not talk about some issues that later Christian creeds, like the Nicene Creed, brought up.
This makes it acceptable to many Arians and Unitarians.
For more information on the origin of the Apostles' Creed, see the detailed discussion in the Catholic Encyclopedia.
Text of the Creed
Credo in Deum Patrem omnipotentem, Creatorem caeli et terrae.
Et in Iesum Christum, Filium Eius unicum, Dominum nostrum, qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria Virgine, passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus, et sepultus, descendit ad ínferos, tertia die resurrexit a mortuis, ascendit ad caelos, sedet ad dexteram Dei Patris omnipotentis, inde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos.
Greek text
(Triglot Concordia, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1921, p. 12)
The English version in the Catechism of the Catholic Church keeps the tradition of dividing the Creed into twelve articles:
I believe in God, the Father almighty,
creator of heaven and earth.
And in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord.
He was conceived by the Holy Spirit
Born of the Virgin Mary.
Suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried.
He descended into hell.
On the third day he rose again from the dead.
and is seated at the right hand of the Father.
He will come again to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy catholic Church,
the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and the life everlasting.
The Church of England
In the Church of England there are currently two authorized forms of the creed.
One is in the Book of Common Prayer (1662).
The other is in Common Worship (2000).
I believe in God the Father Almighty
Maker of heaven and earth
And in Jesus Christ his only Son our Lord,
Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost,
Born of the Virgin Mary,
Was crucified, dead, and buried,
He descended into hell;
The third day he rose again from the dead,
He ascended into heaven,
And sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty;
From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Ghost;
The holy Catholick Church;
The Communion of Saints;
The Forgiveness of sins;
The Resurrection of the body,
And the life everlasting.
I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord,
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried;
he descended into hell.
On the third day he rose again;
he ascended into heaven,
he is seated at the right hand of the Father,
and he will come to judge the living and the dead.
The United Methodist Church
The United Methodists commonly include the Apostles' Creed in their worship services.
Their version of the Creed is special because it does not have the line "he descended into hell."
Except for this, it is very similar to the version in the Book of Common Prayer.
I believe in God the Father Almighty,
maker of heaven and earth;
And in Jesus Christ his only Son our Lord:
was crucified, dead, and buried;
the third day he rose from the dead;
and sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty;
from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.
the holy catholic church,
The United Methodist Hymnal also contains (at #882) what it calls the "Ecumenical Version" of the Creed.
This version is identical to the one in the Episcopal Church's current Book of Common Prayer.
This form of the Apostles' Creed is included in the Hymnal to be used during the Eucharist and baptisms.
Because of this, it is getting more popular.
Ecumenical version of the English Language Liturgical Consultation
The English Language Liturgical Consultation (ELLC) is an international group whose goal is to provide texts that can be used and accepted by people of any Christian denomination.
In 1988, it created a translation of the Apostles' Creed.
One major change in this version is that it does not use the word "his" when talking about God.
The text is as follows:
I believe in Jesus Christ, God's only Son, our Lord,
he descended to the dead.
Related creeds:
Doctrines:
One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church
Matcha (pronounce: "MA-cha") also spelt maccha (Japanese: 抹茶), is a fine, powdered green tea.
It is used in Japanese tea ceremony and for dying and flavouring foods such as mochi and soba noodles, green tea ice cream and different types of wagashi (Japanese confectionery).
The most famous Matcha-producing regions are Uji in Kyoto (tea from this region is called "Ujicha"), Nishio in Aichi (tea from this region is called "Nishiocha") both on the main island of Honshū; Shizuoka, and Kyushu.
Matcha costs more money than other kinds of tea.
Its price depends on its quality (how good it is).
It can be hard to find outside Japan, and also the special things that are used to make it and drink it.
Powdered tea, stored and traded as tea bricks, seems to have been invented in China during the Song Dynasty (960-1279).
Making and drinking powdered tea was formed into a ritual (special ceremony) by the Chan Buddhists.
These Buddhists use to drink from the same bowl as a sacrament.
Chan Buddhism (also known in Japanese as Zen), and powdered tea, were brought to Japan in 1191 by the monk Eisai.
Powdered tea was slowly forgotten in China, but the 16th century tea master Sen no Rikyu made the rules of the Japanese tea ceremony.
He said that matcha was the correct tea to use.
The preparation of matcha starts several weeks before harvest.
At that time, the tea bushes are covered so that they do not get direct sunlight.
This makes it grow slower and turns the leaves a darker shade of green.
It also causes amino acids to be made, and these make the tea taste sweeter.
After harvesting, if the leaves are rolled out before drying as usual, the result will be gyokuro (jewel dew) tea.
However, if the leaves are laid out flat to dry, they will crumble and become known as tencha ().
Tencha can then be de-veined, de-stemmed, and ground (pressed) with a stone until it becomes the fine, bright green, talc-like powder known as matcha.
Only ground tencha can be called matcha: other powdered teas are known as konacha (, lit. "
powdered tea").
Nearly all the flavour of matcha comes from the amino acids.
The best matcha has more sweetness and a deeper flavour than the normal grades of tea harvested later in the year.
Location on the green tea tree
The very top of the tree has developing leaves that are soft and supple.
This gives a finer texture to higher grades.
More developed leaves are harder, giving lower grades a sandy texture.
The better flavour is due to the tree sending all its nutrients to the growing leaves.
Chlorophyll's relationship to tannin is also important.
Younger growth is greener and stronger in colour, while more developed leaves farther down the plant have had their chlorophyll changed gradually into tannin, which gives a more bitter flavour and duller brown-green colour.
Treatment before processing
Tencha leaves are traditionally dried outside in the shade and are always kept away from direct sunlight.
However, these days, drying has mostly moved indoors.
Quality matcha is very green because of this treatment.
Stone grinding
Stone grinding is quite difficult to do well.
Without the right tools and technique, matcha can become "burnt" and is not such good quality.
Oxidation
Matcha must be kept away from oxygen.
Oxidation smells like hay and affects colour and texture.
Before it is served, the matcha is often forced through a sieve in order to break up clumps.
There are special sieves available for this purpose.
These sieves are usually made of stainless steel and combine a fine wire mesh sieve and a temporary storage container.
A special wooden spatula is used to force the tea through the sieve, or a small, smooth stone may be put on top of the sieve and shaken gently.
If the sieved matcha is to be served at a Japanese tea ceremony, then it will be put into a small tea caddy called a chaki.
Otherwise, it can be poured directly from the sieve into a tea bowl.
A small amount of matcha is placed into the bowl, traditionally using a bamboo scoop called a chashaku, and a small amount of hot (not boiling) water is added.
The mixture is then whisked until it is all the same consistency (thickness).
This is traditionally done with a special kind of whisk made of bamboo known as a chasen.
There must be no lumps left in the liquid.
Ideally no ground tea should remain on the sides of the bowl.
Usucha, or thin tea, is prepared with half a teaspoon of matcha and about 75 ml (2.5 oz) of hot water.
Some drinkers (and schools of tea ceremony) prefer to whip the mixture to produce a light frothy "head," while others prefer as little foam as possible.
Schools also vary on the amount of water and matcha.
Usucha makes a lighter and slightly more bitter tea.
Koicha, or thick tea, needs much more matcha, as many as six teaspoons to 3/4 cup of water.
Because the mixture is much thicker, blending it needs a slower, stirring movement which does not produce foam.
Koicha produces a sweeter tea, and is almost always only served as part of Japanese tea ceremonies.
Special chasen made for this purpose are often used.
Matcha is now a common ingredient in sweets.
It is used in castella, manju, and monaka; as a topping for kakigori; mixed with milk and sugar as a drink; and mixed with salt and used to flavour tempura in a mixture known as matcha-jio.
It is also used as flavouring in many Western-style chocolates, candy, and desserts, such as cakes and pastries (including Swiss rolls and cheesecake), cookies, pudding, mousse, and ice cream.
Even the Japanese snack Pocky has a matcha-flavoured version.
The use of matcha in modern drinks has also spread to North American café culture.
Here, as in Japan, it is put into lattés, iced drinks, milkshakes, and smoothies, as well as alcoholic drinks.
People now realize that green tea and matcha are good for the health.
This is why in North America it can be found in a lot of health food products such as cereal and energy bars.
Asylum is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss.
It was released on September 16, 1985.
Any Way You Slice It
Who Wants To Be Lonely
Love's A Deadly Weapon
Tears Are Falling
Secretly Cruel
Radar For Love
1985 albums
The drink green tea () is a "true" tea.
It comes from the plant species Camellia sinensis.
Green tea is a tea that has undergone little oxidation while it was processed.
Green tea is popular in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, and the Middle East.
Recently it has been drunk more widely in the West, where usually black tea is consumed.
In the Kamakura period, a Buddhist monk, Eisai (1141–1215), and his follower, Dogen, first brought tea (maccha) to Japan.
He had learned about tea on a visit to China.
Eisai taught people to grow the tea plants, and how to prepare the tea leaves.
People drank tea for its benefit as a medicine rather than as a refreshment.
Tea-drinking gradually spread as part of Zen Buddhism.
The tea ceremony was part of the training for mental discipline.
Green tea kept the mind pure and relaxed, an effect caused by the caffeine in the tea.
The custom of drinking tea gradually spread throughout Japan.
In the Muromachi period, tea tasting competitions were popular.
People also gambled on these competitions.
Zen Buddhist master, Juko Murata (1422–1502) stopped these competitions.
He broke with the grand tradition, and developed a small ceremony performed around the tatami mat.
The tea ceremony was perfected afterward in the Azuchimomoyama era by Jou Takeno and Sen no Rikyu (1522–1591).
They removed all extra movements and unnecessary decoration and objects from the tea room.
The idea, based on Zen, was to concentrate your attention on the wealth inside your mind.
In the Edo period, the tea ceremony spread out to the public, and it became an artistic accomplishment.
Therefore, "to draw out the beauty from inside the person's heart" which was its original purpose came to be emphasized.
The words 和敬清寂 (Wa Kei Sei Jaku) meaning harmony, respect, purity and tranquility, are the basis of the tea ceremony.
Wa, harmony, is shown by sharing the tea between the host and the guest.
Kei, respect, is shown by accepting and sharing with others.
Sei, purity, is treating yourself and others openly.
Jaku, tranquility, is the feeling of stillness in the ceremony.
Modern tea ceremonies, which last for four hours, are still based on these ideas.
In the Meiji period, the tea ceremony died out for while.
They were restarted when it was added in a kind of education for girls.
The ceremony also changed to being beautiful and gorgeous.
Effects on health
Green tea contains ascorbic acid, and different minerals, such as chromium, manganese, selenium or zinc.
It is a better antioxidant than black tea.
Black tea contains certain substances which cannot be found in common green tea, such as theaflavin.
Studies done on animals have shown that it can reduce cholesterol.
Trials done on humans have not confirmed this effect, however.
In 2003 a randomized clinical trial found that a green tea extract with added theaflavin from black tea could reduce cholesterol.
mats are a traditional Japanese flooring.
The top surface is made of woven straw.
Traditional tatami are packed with straw.
Nowadays some of them are packed with styrofoam.
Tatami are individual mats.
They have a uniform size and shape.
They have borders of brocade or plain green cloth.
Tatami were originally a luxury item for the rich at a time when lower classes had mat-covered dirt floors.
Tatami were gradually popularized.
They finally reached the homes of commoners towards the end of the 17th century.
Japanese people have used tatami since the Nara Era (710-794).
They were knitted and became thicker like modern tatami.
People who lived in the Heian Era stepped onto tatami to show their power and they spread the tatami only in a necessary part of the room.
The use of tatami was a little different from now.
The shoin style of traditional Japanese residential architecture began in the Kamakura Era.
During this time, people stopped spreading tatami around the room and placing them in the middle.
They started to spread tatami through the room.
People decided to spread tatami by the hearth and sit erect with their legs folded under.
Tatami has been changing together with people's life style.
Tatami became common for people in the middle of the Edo Era.
Farmers started to use them in the Meiji Era.
The removal of tatami regulation made them more common in the Meiji Era.
Japanese people often dry the tatami.
If the tatami'''s surface was discolored, people often turned them over.
With the economic growth after World War Two people started to use chairs and carpets.
Japanese people think flooring is not relaxing or soundproof enough, so people still use tatami now.
Making Tatami Tatami is made with a rush plant, igusa.
Rush is planted in the rice fields in August.
The seedlings are dug out in November, and a good seedling is chosen.
The chosen seedlings are planted in the rice fields again in December.
By the end of June to the middle of July, the high-quality rush grows up to about one meter tall and it will be harvested the next year.
The rush should be dry after harvesting, and keep the peculiar smell and the color of the rush.
The rush is selected according to length and the thickness, and it is checked for bruising.
After the harvest ends, tatami is made.
Because Japanese rooms are different sizes, tatami are made in different sizes.
The base of the tatami is made first.
Tatami is woven with a special machine.
It similar to the weaving on a kimono.
The next part is the wick of tatami, called toko.
When the toko is 40 centimeters or more thick, and the shape is straightened.
The mat is complete, and that is called mushiro.
The tatami is complete when it is joined to the toko and the decoration on the mat edges are sewn.
Igusa Igusa is a perennial plant of the family of igusa.
Igusa smells good.
It has a fresh, grassy smell.
In English, they are called rushes.
Igusa blooms from May through June.
The plant grows up to a length of 100 centimeters or less.
They grow in marshes where sunshine is good.
In Japan, there are 30 kinds of igusa growing in many different areas.
Tatami is made from natural igusa that must be flexible from the root to the tip, and the thickness and the color varies slightly.
About 4000 to 7000 igusa are used for the tatami.
Generally the best tatami uses more and longer igusa rushes.
There are many benefits in using igusa such as air purification, heat insulation, elasticity, cooling (especially in hot summer seasons), eco-friendly and sound absorbing qualities.
Igusa tatami is also smooth to the touch, so it is comfortable for babies and young children.
Most Japanese like tatami.
Many homes have at least one tatami room.
TatamiTatamiberi is the cloth that covers the edge and also decorates the tatami.
Some tatami don’t have it.
In English, it is called the mat edge.
The width of tatamiberi is about three centimeters.
The material on the tatamiberi is cotton yarn, a synthetic material string, and a gold thread.
The features change according to what strings are combining with tatamiberi.
The woven beautiful color handle sets off the room.
There are two types, and the atmosphere of the room changes by the tatamiberi.
There are many kinds of tatamiberi.
But tatamiberi was used to show status.
For example, the emperor,  ministers,  priests, and  scholars had different styles.
It was recorded in "Amanomokuzu" in 1420.
Japan has etiquette about tatamiberi.
Japanese are taught not to step on the tatamiberi.
It is easy to tear tatamiberi when stepping in the weakest part.
Stepping on tatamiberi fades the color on the edge of cotton and hemp in the tatami.
Therefore etiquette means "not to hurt the mat carelessy stepping when you visit another house, pay it attention".
Also, family crests were embroidered on the tatamiberi'' in old times, too.
Stepping on the family crest was taboo.
Okitatami.com.
Iguchi tatami fusuma.
Retrieved on 3 Jun 2009.
Tatamilife.
DAIKEN.
Retried on 2 July 2009.
知って得する豆知識.
OCN.
Retrieved on 15 May 2009.
My Flower Pictorial Book.
Ohmiya blog.
高田織物株式会社.
Ohno-naiso.
Ohnonaiso.
Retrieved on 14 May 2009.
Tatami no dekirumade no koutei.
Ishiiseitatmi.
Sake (Japanese:酒; pronounced 'sa.kɛ' ) is a Japanese word for "alcoholic drink".
In English, "sake" means one kind of alcoholic drink made from rice.
In Japan, people call this drink nihonshu ( "Japanese alcohol") or sake.
This article uses the word "sake" as it is used in English.
Sake is a fermented drink.
Most sake is made from rice, water, kōji, and yeast.
Sometimes a small amount of lactic acid is used in brewing.
Water or small amounts of pure alcohol can be added at the end of production.
Sake can have from 12 to 22% alcohol, but is usually around 15 or 16%.
Lower quality mass-produced sake can have added sugar or flavorings.
Serving sake
Sake is usually sold in bottles that are either 720ml or 1.8L. Drinkers or servers in a restaurant may pour small cups called chokko directly from the bottle.
Sake is also served in smaller bottles called tokkuri.
A typical serving in a bar or restaurant is 180ml.
People may share that amount.
When drinking together, people often pour drinks for each other rather than for themselves.
Amazake
rice wine
Majority means the greater number of something.
The opposite is minority.
If a political party or candidate gets a majority of votes, it means that they get more than all the other parties together.
In Plurality voting, they only get more than any one of the others.
Thus if there are three parties, the winning party may have a plurality of 40% while the other two each have 30%.
A "true majority" or "absolute majority" means more votes than all the other parties together, i.e. more than half the total votes.
Charles Koechlin (pronounce:”Ke-klin” with “klin” to rhyme with French “vin”), (born Paris,  November 27 1867; died Le Canadel, December 31 1950) was a French composer, teacher and writer on music.
He wrote a very large amount of music, but very little of it was published because he was more interested in helping younger composers than making himself well-known.
Some of his best works include his symphonic poems and his film music.
Koechlin was born in Paris, the youngest child of a large and rich family.
His mother’s family came from the Alsace near the French border with Germany, and he was proud of his Alsatian background.
His grandfather on his mother’s side had started a cotton textile firm in Mulhouse and his father worked in the textile business.
When Koechlin was 14 his father died.
He showed an interest in music, but his family wanted him to be an artillery officer.
However, he had tuberculosis and had to spent six months getting better in Algeria.
After finishing his schooling he was allowed to enter the Paris Conservatoire in 1890.
Two years later he was studying composition with Massenet, and in 1896 he was a pupil of Gabriel Fauré.
Ravel was a pupil in the same class.
Fauré had a big influence on Koechlin who wrote a book about him and helped him to arrange some of his music for orchestra.
Koechlin became a freelance composer and teacher.
He married Suzanne Pierrard in 1903 and they had five children.
At first he was comfortably off, but after World War I the family lost a lot of money and they had to sell their country house.
Koechlin had very free views about music, and this is probably why he never got a teaching job at the Piano Conservatoire.
He also agreed with some things that the Communists thought.
He did not like modern inventions like the telephone and radio.
He looked like an old Russian patriarch with his long beard.
He dressed in velvet trousers, sandals and a shepherd’s cape for bad weather.
He liked outdoor activities such as swimming and mountaineering.
He was offered the Legion d’honneur in 1940 but refused it.
Koechlin composed in a variety of styles, even changing the style during a piece.
He often liked quiet music with long chords which are played for the sounds they make rather than for giving the music a traditional shape.
Sometimes there were no barlines in his music.
He often composed in his head while on a train or climbing a mountain.
His works for orchestra include Les Bandarlogs which was based on the Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling.
Kipling’s “Bandarlog” are a troupe of monkeys in the forest.
The music describes the monkeys, but Koechlin also gives it another meaning: he is criticising music critics, comparing them to monkeys.
In the Seven Stars Symphony each movement is about a famous film star.
They include Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich and  Charlie Chaplin.
He wrote a lot of chamber music and piano music, including some dances for Ginger Rogers.
Robert Orledge, Charles Koechlin (1867-1950) His Life and Works (London, 1989)
Jastrzębie-Zdrój is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship.
It has about 94,072 inhabitants and an area of 85,44 km².
Municipal homepage
JastrzebieOnline.pl
Jasnet.pl
Modern Portal of Jastrzębie-Zdrój
SJZ1963 - Portal Jastrzebie Zdrój
Forum Mieszkańców
A palm, when used as a unit of length, is usually four digits (fingers) or three inches, i.e. 7.62 cm (for the international inch).
Schnapps is a type of distilled alcoholic drink.
The word schnapps comes from the German word schnaps.
German schnapps
Traditional German schnapps are usually clear alcoholic drinks which are distilled from fermented cereals, roots, and fruits.
Traditional German schnapps has no sugar or other flavoring added.
It is similar in look and flavor to vodka with light fruit flavors.
The alcohol content is usually around 40%.
American schnapps
The other type of schnapps is American.
This type of schnapps is a liqueur that has sugar and flavorings such as peach, mint, or butterscotch.
The alcohol content of American schnapps is usually only about 20%, which is lower than German-style schnapps.
Standard time can also be used to mean the time without daylight saving time.
Standard time happens from autumn to early spring.
Daylight saving time happens from early spring to autumn.
Standard time was first used by British railways on December 11, 1847, when they switched from local mean time to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Almost all of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855.
Before 1883, local mean time was used in all of North America.
This meant there were many different local times.
This caused problems for train schedules.
Sandford Fleming, a Canadian, proposed standard time at a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879.
The owners of the major railroads met in Chicago to make the Standard Time System.
Most states began using the system soon after the railroads.
The U.S. government officially began using the system almost fifty years later.
Some people do not like standard time (and daylight saving time).
Some people do not like it because they do not trust in government.
Others believe that it disturbs circadian rhythms.
Others simply like traditional, natural markers of time, like sunsets, noon and sunrise.
span (unit of length)
span (architecture)
Span (band), a Norwegian punk rock band
Switched Port ANalyzer, a way to monitor computer networks, similar to a network tap
Linear span, in mathematics
(co)spans in category theory
wingspan, in Aerospace engineering (aircraft design)
span and div in HTML
CME SPAN - Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk, a system developed by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange
For powerlines, the distance between two pylons
For aerial tramways, the distance between two supporting structures
For a bridge, the distance between supporting pylons or towers.
1 span = 9 inches
In Slavic language, the analogue of span is pyad (peti, пядь).
It is the width from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the forefinger.
1 pyad = 4 vershok
= 7 inches
= 0.1778 m
The acting president of the United States is a person who temporarily acts as president when the president is unable to carry out their duties, but remains in office.
The position was created by the 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution.
The acting president possesses all presidential powers and duties during the time of their term but does not become the president, instead serving only as acting president.
This term lasts until the president declares in writing that they are no longer unable to execute the duties of their office themselves.
George H.W. Bush later became president.
To date there have been three acting presidents.
They were vice presidents:
Vice President George H. W. Bush acted for President Ronald Reagan, when he was under a colonoscopy procedure on July 13, 1985 He later became president in 1989.
He died in 2018.
Vice President Dick Cheney twice acted for President George W. Bush, when he was also under a colonoscopy procedure on June 29, 2002 and July 21, 2007
Vice President Kamala Harris acted for President Joe Biden, when he was under a colonoscopy procedure on November 19, 2021.
She became the first woman in American history to hold presidential powers
Presidential Line of Succession Examined, September 20, 2003
Amendment25.com
Electric power transmission is the transmitting of electricity to places where it will be used.
Specifically, it is the bulk transfer of electrical power from the power plant to substations near populated areas.
Electric power distribution is the delivery from the substation to the consumers.
Due to the large amount of power and long distances, transmission normally takes place at high voltage (110 kV or above).
Underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas (such as large cities) because of the high cost of installation and maintenance and because the power losses increase dramatically compared with overhead transmission unless superconductors and cryogenic technology are used.
A power transmission system is sometimes referred to colloquially as a "grid"; however, for reasons of economy, the network is rarely a true grid.
Redundant paths and lines are provided so that power can be routed from any power plant to any load center, through a variety of routes, based on the economics of the transmission path and the cost of power.
Grigsby, L. L., et al.
The Electric Power Engineering Handbook.
USA: CRC Press. (
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, "Electric power transmission patents; Tesla polyphase system". (
Transmission of power; polyphase system; Tesla patents)
United States: Transmission Lineworker Community Website
Japan: World's First In-Grid High-Temperature Superconducting Power Cable System
A Power Grid for the Hydrogen Economy: Overview/A Continental SuperGrid
Global Energy Network Institute (GENI) - The GENI Initiative focuses on linking renewable energy resources around the world using international electricity transmission.
Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), the association of transmission system operators in continental Europe, running one of the two largest power transmission systems in the world
Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields (2002)  by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
A summary of the IARC report by GreenFacts.
An electrical grid is a connection network of power generation, power transmission, power distribution and power load.
The grid connects all of those parts in power systems to deliver power from the generators at the power station to the customers or load center which will use the electricity.
The Darfur conflict is an ongoing military conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan, the third largest country in Africa.
It is a conflict along ethnic and tribal lines that began in 2003.
Many people and the United States Government, consider it to be a genocide.
The United Nations currently does not see this as genocide.
Those involved in the conflict
One side of the conflict is composed mainly of the Janjaweed, a militia group recruited from the Arab tribes who move from place to place herding camels.
The Sudanese government tells the public that it does not support the Janjaweed.
However, it has provided cash and assistance and has even participated in joint attacks.
The other side of the conflict is made up of a number of rebel armies, including the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement.
These armies are recruited from Black ethnic groups who make a living farming the land.
How the conflict is dealt with
The African Union sent a 7,000-troop peacekeeping force to Sudan.
However, this force was poorly funded and under-equipped.
So the United Nations decided to send an additional 17,300-troop peacekeeping force to help them.
Sudan was strongly against this decision and saw the UN forces as foreign invaders.
The next day, the Sudanese military launched a major offensive in the region.
The Sudanese government may have suppressed information about the conflict.
Some witnesses have been jailed, others may have been killed.
This started in 2004.
Also, some evidence, such as mass graves was tampered with, so that it became unusable.
Some people say this was done by forces which are close to the Sudanese government.
In addition, by obstructing and arresting journalists, the Sudanese government has been able to obscure much of what has gone on.
The United States government has described it as genocide,.
The UN has declined to do so.
In March 2007 the UN mission accused Sudan's government of "gross violations" in Darfur and called for urgent international action to protect  civilians there.
Effect of the conflict
There are different estimates of how many died in the conflict.
According to Sudan's government, 9,000 people have been killed.
On the other hand, many other people say that it could be from 200,000 to over 400,000.
By October 2006, as many as 2.5 million people had to move because of the conflict.
The United Nations says that about 200,000 people have been killed in the conflict so far.
Most non-governmental organizations use 200,000 to more than 400,000.
The latter is a figure from the Coalition for International Justice that has since been cited by the UN.
Sudan's government claims that more than 9,000 people have been killed, although this figure is seen as a gross underestimate.
Bibliography of the Darfur conflict
21st century in Africa
Civil wars involving Africa
This is the bibliography and reference section for the Darfur conflict series.
Other websites to reports, news articles and other sources of information may also be found below.
Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins (2006) Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster, Markus Wiener, Princeton N.J.,
de Waal, Alex (1989) Famine that Kills: Darfur, Sudan, Oxford University Press, USA, (Revised 2005)
Flint, Julie and Alex de Waal (2006) Darfur: A Short History of a Long War, Zed Books, London,
Johnson, Douglas H. (2003) The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars, Indiana University Press,
Prunier, Gérard (2005) Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, Cornell University Press,
Steidle, Brian and Steidle Wallace, Gretchen (2007) The Devil Came on Horseback: Bearing Witness to the Genocide in Darfur , PublicAffairs,
Overviews and updating news aggregators
"Sudan", UN News Centre
Darfur Information Center of the University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center
Sudan page  of the United States Agency for International Development
Darfur conflict at Discourse DB
Darfur Crisis at NewsCloud
From mainstream media
"In Depth - Sudan: A Nation Divided" by BBC News
"Special Report: Sudan" by Guardian Unlimited
"The Darfur Crisis" by The NewsHour, Public Broadcasting Service
"Full Coverage: Sudan"  from Yahoo!
From advocacy organizations
"Sudan: Crisis in Darfur" , Amnesty International reports
The Darfur Conflict , Crimes of War Project
Crisis in Darfur , International Crisis Group
"Darfur News Briefs" , weekly by the Genocide Intervention Network
"Crisis in Darfur" , Human Rights Watch
On specialized topics
"Darfur" - Legal News Archive from JURIST
Aggregated information on media censorship in Sudan  from the International Freedom of Expression Exchange
Sudan  on Diplomacy Monitor
Reports and news articles (chronological)
Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting  Video Reports on the Conflict in Darfur
Darfur: "too many people killed for no reason." ,
Amnesty International, 3 February 2004
"Darfur Rising: Sudan's New Crisis" , International Crisis Group, 25 March 2004
Notes from Natsios: Sudan's Growing Crisis (PDF) , USAID newsletter FrontLines, April-May 2004 issue
Alex de Waal, "Counter-Insurgency on the Cheap", London Review of Books, August 5, 2004
Mikael Nabati, "The U.N. Responds to the Crisis in Darfur: Security Council Resolution 1556", ASIL Insight 142, American Society of International Law, August 2004
Genocide in Sudan , Parliamentary Brief, UK, August 2004
Documenting Atrocities in Darfur, United States Department of State, September 2004
Alex de Waal, "Tragedy in Darfur" , Boston Review, October/November 2004
"Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General" on reliefweb.int, 25 January 2005
Alex Cobham, Causes of Conflicts in Sudan, Testing the Black Book , January 2005
Paul Reynolds, "Sudan atrocities strain US relations", BBC News, 1 February 2005
"Darfur: no peace without justice" , Darfur Relief and Documentation Center (DRDC) , 21 February 2005
"ICC given Darfur suspect names", Al Jazeera, 5 April 2005
Darfur: Counting the Deaths - Mortality Estimates from Multiple Survey Data , Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, 26 May 2005
Jane Wells, "Witness to Darfur" five-part series, The Huffington Post, June 2005
"UN refused access to Darfur to investigate atrocities", BBC News, 13 December 2005
Dorina Bekoe, "Overcoming Obstacles to Humanitarian Assistance in Darfur" , US Institute of Peace, January 2006
"The Best Hope for Peace in Darfur" , panel discussion recorded at the New York Society for Ethical Culture (RAM and MP3 formats), April 19, 2006
"Crisis Zone: Darfur, Sudan", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 24 May 2006
Darfur Report , African Holocaust, June 2006
"Darfur’s Fragile Peace Agreement" , International Crisis Group, 20 June 2006
Alex de Waal, "Darfur's fragile peace", opendemocracy.net, 5 July 2006
Gérard Prunier, "Darfur's Sudan problem", opendemocracy.net, 15 September 2006 (in response to de Waal's article)
Jonah Fisher, "Cracks emerge in Darfur peace deal", BBC News From Our Correspondent, 29 July 2006
Paul Reynolds, "Despair over Darfur", BBC News, 6 September 2006
"A Tale of Two Genocides: The Failed U.S. Response to Rwanda and Darfur" , Africa Action, 9 September 2006
"SUDAN: Rebel fragmentation hampers Darfur peace", IRIN, 11 September 2006
Jonah Fisher, "No end in sight to Darfur troubles", BBC News, 18 September 2006
"Minority Rights, Early Warning and Conflict Prevention: Lessons from Darfur" , Minority Rights Group, September 2006
Karen Allen, "Q&A: Your questions about Darfur", BBC News, 13 October 2006
"Searching for Jacob" , 60 Minutes, 22 October 2006
"Our Choice, Too: On the Edge in Darfur " (video) from the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, 2006
"Q&A on the Darfur conflict", BBC News, updated 27 February 2007
Advocacy organizations and websites (alphabetical)
Protect Darfur  campaign website
American Jewish World Service