the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
About 90% of people from Mali follow Sunni Islam, but they do not always forget their traditional religions.
Muslims have their own schooling system.
The number of Muslims from Mali who go to Mecca is increasing and some study in Arab countries.
About 1% of the people are Christians.
When Mali was under French control, Christian teachers were sent to Islamic areas.
The language of Mali under French rule was French, but now not many people outside towns can read or write this language.
However, about 60% of the people use other languages well.
Many people can read and write in Bamanakan (the most popular spoken language).
This language has its own alphabet, called N'Ko.
Other people can read and write in Arabic, after going to an Islamic school.
One of the oldest universities in the world is Sankore University in Timbuktu.
It began in the 1400s.
When Joseph was young, his father always told him not to trust white men, he actually had problems with settlers.
When his father died, Joseph became chief of the tribe, who resided in plateaus in Northeast Oregon, Southeast Washington and Western Idaho.
The turning point in their relationship to white men was the gold rush in 1863.
It gave the US Government the opportunity to reduce their reservation to a small area in Idaho.
Then, with the new waves of white men settling in the West, the Government wanted to drive Nez-Perces away from their territory.
Chief Joseph was extremely sad: this place was the tribe's territory where their ancestors were buried.
In spite of that, he wanted to avoid conflict and remain in peace.
In 1873 he decided to negotiate with the US Government.
He travelled all the way to Washington D.C. and spoke to President Ulysses S. Grant.
But he only got mean looks and little attention.
So a war began in 1877.
The living conditions of Chief Joseph's tribe were awful: they had no food and no blankets.
Some people were freezing to death.
But the Nez-Perces impressed their enemy thanks to all the battles they won.
Many men died on both sides.
That's why Joseph decided to surrender.
He gave up fighting in 1877.
He was destroyed by the death of his people, and also extremely disappointed: he felt betrayed by white people.
He knew he could not trust them anymore.
He was tired of being considered a savage.
He felt it was not fair for people who were born on the same land to be treated differently.
He delivered a lot of speeches on this subject, which are still really good examples of eloquence.
But he did not feel listened to, and when he died in his reservation in 1904, the doctor said he "died from sadness".
He was buried in Colville Native American Burial Ground, in Washington State.
1904 deaths
Seychelles is an African country in the Indian Ocean.
Its capital city is Victoria.
The official languages are Creole, English, and French.
It is a republic is made up of 115 islands.
Seychelles and the islands to the south, Madagascar and Mauritius, all had legal slavery and were part of the slave trade.
Most of the people are descendants of freed slaves, who make up about 90% of the population.
Many of them also are descended from slave owners who abused their ancestors.
There are small minorities of immigrants from Europe, China and India.
Most people are Roman Catholics, about 90% of them.
About 8% are Protestants.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agalega and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest.
Seychelles has an estimated population of 86,525.
It is the smallest population of any African state.
It is thought that Arab sailors first saw the islands in the 7th century.
Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered the islands in 1502, and called them Three Brothers (), but he did not visit the islands.
The British East India Company visited the islands, but they did not settle there.
Seychelles is to the northeast of Madagascar and about  east of Kenya.
The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155.
Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions.
Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles.
They are called Greater Victoria.
Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé.
There are two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also include  satellite islands.
The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district.
Mahé
La Rivière Anglaise (English River)
Les Mamelles
Mont Buxton
Mont Fleuri
Roche Caiman
Anse aux Pins
Anse Boileau
Anse Etoile
Au Cap
Anse Royale
Baie Lazare
Bel Ombre
Glacis
Grand'Anse Mahé
Pointe La Rue
Port Glaud
Takamaka
Baie Sainte Anne (Anse Volbert)
Grand'Anse Praslin (Grande Anse)
La Digue and remaining Inner Islands
La Digue (Anse Réunion)
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the main exports.
In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector.
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry.
Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles had loss of biodiversity during early human history.
This included the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands.
There was also the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile.
However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii.
This was partly due to a shorter period of human occupation being only since 1770.
The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna.
The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species.
There are a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group.
Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse.
The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe.
This strange and ancient plant is in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae).
Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia Rothmannia annae found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles.
There are a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs that live on the islands.
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now lives on many of the islands of the Seychelles.
The Aldabra population is the largest in the world.
These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular.
More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded.
Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers.
Coral bleaching in 1998 has damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery.
Pictures of Seychelles
1976 establishments in Africa
A square mile (sometimes written mi² ) is an American unit of measurement of area.
It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to one statute mile (5,280 feet or 1,760 yards).
This way of talking about area is often used to say how much land there is on a farm, or in a city or country, for example.
Name of the region (capital of the region)
Tumbes (Tumbes)
Piura (Piura)
Lambayeque (Chiclayo)
La Libertad (Trujillo)
Ancash (Huaraz)
Lima (Huacho)
Callao (Callao)
Ica (Ica)
Arequipa (Arequipa)
Moquegua (Moquegua)
Tacna (Tacna)
Cajamarca (Cajamarca)
Huánuco (Huánuco)
Pasco (Cerro de Pasco)
Junín (Huancayo)
Huancavelica (Huancavelica)
Ayacucho (Ayacucho)
Apurímac (Abancay)
Cusco (Cusco)
Puno (Puno)
Amazonas (Chachapoyas)
San Martín (Moyobamba)
Ucayali (Pucallpa)
Madre de Dios (Puerto Maldonado)
Loreto (Iquitos)
da:Peru#Regioner
pl:Peru#Podział administracyjny
Ica is one of 25 regions of Peru.
The capital of the region is Ica.
Togo is a small country in West Africa.
It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north.
The capital city Lomé is located along the Gulf of Guinea.
In 2016, about 7.5 million people lived there.
The official language is French.
Togo was a hub of the Atlantic slave trade for Europeans.
Togo was a part of the Slave Coast.
Many Togolese descendants live in the Americas.
The country is known for Voodoo.
Togo is also known for its various flora and fauna.
Monkeys, snakes, and lizards are numerous in many areas in Togo.
From the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the Ewé from the east, and the Mina and Guin from the west; most of them settled in coastal areas.
The Portuguese explored the area in the late 15th century.
As Togoland, it became a protectorate of Germany in 1884.
After World War I, Togo was ceded to the French.
Togo gained independence from French rule in the 1960s.
General Gnassingbé Eyadéma became the military leader in 1967.
When Eyadéma resigned in 2002 and later died in 2005, his son, Faure Gnassingbe became president.
The economy of this small African country is based on agriculture.
Agriculture provides jobs for 65% of the labor force according to the CIA Factbook.
Agricultural products include coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, and sorghum.
Industries include phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, and beverages.
The president of Togo is elected for 5 years.
The president is also the commander of the armed forces.
The president also has the right to begin legislation and dissolve parliament.
After Togo's independence from France, General Gnassingbé Eyadéma became the military leader.
When Eyadéma died in 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbe became president.
During his re-election campaign, he helped get port concessions in Lomé extended for Bolloré Groupe from 10 to 35 years in exchange for help from the group's public relations subsidiary Havas.
In a 26 Feb 2021 civil hearing at the Paris judicial court, French billionaire Vincent Bolloré, along with associates Gilles Alix and Jean-Philippe Dorent, pleaded guilty to corrupt practices in Togo.
The President of the court rejected the negotiated plea bargain and ordered that the three be tried in criminal court.
In the same trial, Bolloré SE was fined $12 million.
Togo is divided into 5 regions.
The regions are divided into 30 prefectures and 1 commune.
From north to south the regions are Savanes, Kara, Centrale, Plateaux and Maritime.
The Togolese enjoy many foods including tropical fruits, pastries, and many different products made from peanuts.
Major drinks include tea, coffee, and wine.
Togolese often snack on plantains and French donuts or beignets.
Bad Religion is an American band that plays punk rock music.
They were created in Southern California in 1979 by Jay Bentley (bass), Greg Graffin (vocals), Brett Gurewitz (guitars) and Jay Ziskrout (drums).
People think that they brought back punk rock and helped pop-punk bands during the late 1980s.
Since they were created 30 years ago, Bad Religion has had a lot of members come and go.
Greg Graffin is the only person that's been in the band the whole time but today there are three of the four members that were in the group when it started.
Today, Bad Religion has fourteen studio albums, two EPs, three compilation albums, one live recording, and two DVDs.
Some critics think that their 1988 album Suffer is one of the most important punk rock albums of all time,.
People began to notice Bad Religion after their 1993 album Recipe for Hate, which was number 14 on Billboard's Heatseekers chart.
Their next album, Stranger Than Fiction, had the band's well-known hits "21st Century (Digital Boy)" and "Infected", did well and was the only Bad Religion album to get gold status in the US.
Brett Gurewitz left in 1994.
Bad Religion was not as well known after that and did not sell many albums until The Process of Belief in 2002.
Brett Gurewitz came back in 2001, and worked with them on their four most recent albums.
The band is planning to make another album in 2012.
They are known for their smart use of style, comparisons, word choice, imagery, and voice harmonies (which they call "oozin aahs.)
Lyrics sometimes have to do with their emotions or their opinion of society.
Lyrics and ideology
Most of Bad Religion's lyrics are written by Greg Graffin or Brett Gurewitz.
Sometimes, but often, they will co-write a song.
Other band members, such as Jay Bentley, also write songs, but very rarely.
Brett Gurewitz says he tried to copy The Germs singer Darby Crash early on in Bad Religion's career.
"He wrote some intelligent stuff, and didn't shy away from the vocabulary, which I thought was cool."
Bad Religion also uses voice harmonies.
The Adolescents influenced them with their three-part voice harmonies.
Bassist Jay Bentley says, "Seeing The Adolescents live, it was so brilliant.
So, in a way, the Adolescents influenced us into saying we can do it too, because look, they're doing it."
Social and political issues
Many of Bad Religion's songs are about what they think are social problems, but they do not blame causes of these problems to any single person or group.
Greg Graffin thinks that the politics in the United States can make it hard to talk about the problems.
The band is sometimes direct about the things they want to say.
Brett Gurewitz said he was angry at former U.S. president George W. Bush and that The Empire Strikes First is about him.
"Our whole album is dedicated to getting Bush out of office.
I'm not a presidential scholar but I don't think you'll find a worse president in the history of the United States.
He's probably one of the worst leaders in the history of world leaders.
I just hate the guy."
Despite the name of the band, the members say they are not anti-religious.
Greg Graffin says that more often than not, the band likes to use religion to represent anything that does not let a person be free.
Their songs are more about being against everyone being the same than against religion or God.
But Greg Graffin is an atheist.
He helped write the book 'Is Belief in God Good, Bad or Irrelevant?'
The band's bassist Jay Bentley has stated that he has spiritual beliefs.
Brett Gurewitz is a "provisional deist."
Greg Graffin – lead vocals, piano, synthesizer, acoustic guitar, songwriter (1979 – 1984, 1986 – present)
Brett Gurewitz – lead guitar, rhythm guitar, backing vocals, songwriter (1979 – 1983, 1986 – 1994, 2001 – present)
Jay Bentley – bass guitar, backing vocals (1979 – 1982, 1986 – present)
Greg Hetson – lead guitar, rhythm guitar (1984, 1986 – present)
Brian Baker – lead guitar, rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1994 – present)
Brooks Wackerman – drums, percussion (2001 – present)
The Bad Religion Page Fan website, established 1995.
Bad Religion Videos  Live videos and Bootlegs
Musical groups established in 1979
1979 establishments in California
1985 establishments in California
The Meat Puppets are an alternative/punk rock group from Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
They were formed in 1980 by Curt Kirkwood (vocals, guitars), his brother Cris (bass) and Derrick Bostrom (drums).
The band is probably best known for their 1994 radio hit "Backwater".
The band went on indefinite hiatus in 2001 as Curt formed two band projects Eyes Adrift (with Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic and Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh) and Volcano (also with Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh).
He also released a solo album.
His brother Cris was in prison from August 2004 to 21 months.
In 2006, the Meat Puppets reformed and released a new album, Rise to Your Knees in 2007.
As of November 2009, Shandon Sahm is back as the drummer in the Meat Puppets.
He replaces Ted Marcus, who was a member from 2006.
The band was chosen by Animal Collective to perform their album Up on the Sun live at the All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in May 2011.
Musical groups established in 1980
1999 establishments in the United States
2002 disestablishments in the United States
Disestablishments in Arizona
2006 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Arizona
20th-century establishments in Arizona
Theodore Robert "Ted" Bundy (November 24, 1946 - January 24, 1989) was an American serial killer, kidnapper, and rapist.
He confessed to killing 30 women, although the actual number of murders committed is unknown.
Ted Bundy was born in 1946 in Burlington, Vermont, USA.
He lived with his mother Louise Cowell and grandfather Sam Cowell when he was a child.
Bundy and his mother moved to Washington where she married a man named John Culpepper Bundy.
As a child in Washington, Bundy was a good student and went to church often, yet he found it hard to make friends and he began stealing.
As a young man, Bundy became involved in politics and got together with a woman named Diane Edwards, known better by the pseudonym Stephanie Brooks.
She left him, and he went on his own for a while.
After seeing that he had improved, she got back together with him, but he proposed and left her a few days later.
This is when the murders began.
The people that Bundy would murder were much like this lady: young, white skinned (Caucasian), and with long dark hair parted in the middle.
Bundy's first known murders were in 1974 with his first known violent attack on January 4 when he crept into the room of an 18-year-old girl called Joni Lenz and beat her with a crowbar while she was asleep.
He then sexually assaulted (raped) her with a metal rod that he took from the bed.
She was found the next morning in a pool of blood.
She was not killed but would remain in a coma and suffered brain damage (damage to the brain that stop the body from working properly).
A few weeks later on January 31, Bundy broke into another woman's basement and beat her over the head.
He then dressed her, wrapped her in blankets, and carried her away.
She was found a year later in Seattle, Washington with no head.
In between this time and June 1974, he killed eight more women in Washington.
In June, he kidnapped Janice Ott and Denise Naslund from a park near Seattle.
These attacks, unlike the attacks before, were in 'broad daylight' - in front of other people.
In the autumn Bundy moved to Utah to begin studying law at the University of Utah.
He began killing again in October 1974.
Bundy kidnapped and killed three girls in October of 1974, one of them being the daughter of a police officer.
On November 8, Bundy told a girl that he was a police officer and he told her to get in his car.
She did, believing he really was a police officer.
He then tried to handcuff her but she would not let him and she jumped out of the car and escaped.
Bundy was angry that she had got away and so a few hours later he kidnapped another girl and killed her.
Bundy was still living in Utah in 1975 and was still attending law school but he began only killing people in Colorado.
Bundy kidnapped and killed four women from Colorado and one more from Utah in the first half of 1975 (January to June).
On August 16, 1975, Bundy was arrested for not stopping his car when ordered to by a police officer.
When they searched his car they found a ski mask, a crowbar, handcuffs, trash bags, and other items that they thought he must have been using to burglarize houses.
The police then noticed that his car was the car the girl who escaped had told them about.
Bundy was sentenced on March 1, 1976, to fifteen years in prison for kidnapping her.
Bundy escaped from the police twice in 1977 before he could be sentenced for the murders he had committed.
By early 1978 he had made his way to Florida where he killed two more women and injured three others.
After that he murdered a 12-year-old girl called Kimberley Leach.
She was the last girl murdered by Bundy before he was stopped by a police officer on February 15, 1978.
Bundy had antisocial personality disorder.
He went on trial on June 25 until July 31 for the murders he had committed.
He was sentenced to death by the electric chair.
In the time he was in prison and waiting to be executed he helped the police investigate other murders and in 1988 he admitted to having killed eight more women than he was tried for.
Bundy was executed by electric chair in Florida State Prison on January 24, 1989.
He was 42 years old.
American kidnappers
People executed by electric chair
A longboard is a type of skateboard.
It is often longer than a regular skateboard.
Longboard are made inmany different shapes.
They are often  faster than regular skateboards.
This is because of the size of the wheel and what the board is made of.
Longboards are commonly used for cruising, traveling and downhill racing.
Downhill racing is known as longboarding.
Longboard 'dancing' and 'freestyle' are also popular.
In this, the rider uses skateboard-like motions and steps up and down the board.
The first longboards were made by Preston Nichols in the 1940s and 50s.
They replaced surfing when the waves were too dull.
Early skaters made boards out of planks of wood and roller skates.
It was called "Sidewalk Surfing".
Longboards were first sold in 1959.
Makaha, Jack's and Hobie were the first sellers.
These early longboards were crude.
They had wheels made of metal.
Clay wheels were used later to make them safer.
Longboarding became popularin the late 1950s and early 1960s.
It had become much less popular by 1965.
Longboarding started becoming popular again in 1972 when Frank Nasworthy and the Cadillac Wheel Company create the urethane longboard wheel.
Urethane wheels let skaters move much faster thanthey could before.
Reverse kingpins(RKP) also made them more stable.
These changes made the boards more stable.
They helped downhill longboarding grow into a sport.
The International Gravity Sports Association (IGSA) was its governing body.
The cutout deck was added in the 1990s.
It had sections cut out around the wheels.
This stopped the wheels from touching the board during hard turns.
There has been many changes to longboard technology because of the many different ways people ride them.
Modern longboard decks can be made from many materials.
These include fiberglass composites, aluminum and carbon fiber.
Most boards are  in length.
Widths vary from .
Longboard are made in many shapes.
These include pintails, swallowtails, flat-nose riders, drop-through decks, drop decks and boards with the same shape as a regular skateboard.
Pintails have looser trucks and larger wheels.
They are better suited for carving or a "smooth" feel.
Drop decks and drop throughs let the rider be closer to the ground.
This gives them a lower center of gravity which increases stability.
This also makes the boards better for downhill racing.
Mid-length boards,  have many different uses.
They have more weight and bulk.
This makes them move with a fluid motion by providing more momentum.
The longboard's design lets rider make big turns or quick short carves.
These movements are similar to the motions of surfers or snowboarders.
Graffiti is marks, scratching or drawings made on a surface on a public place.
It is often created with paint or spray paint (paint that is sprayed from a can).
A single mark could be called a graffito but the word graffiti is usually used, meaning that there is more than one mark.
Graffiti can take the form of art, drawings or words.
When done without a property owner's permission it is considered vandalism.
Sometimes it is just a person's name or a rude word.
Sometimes it is a public political protest because graffiti is illegal without permission.
Graffiti has been found in very old cities.
For example, in the Roman Empire, people wrote messages and drew caricatures on walls.
Graffiti is also found in many places.
Some people do murals of graffiti rather than just writing one mark in a location.
It was used for good instead of vandalism.
Probably the simplest graffiti is when a person cuts (or carves) the name of a lover on a tree with a knife.
Today, many graffiti are very complicated mixtures of writing and pictures.
They are sometimes made by gangs and applied with spray-paint to buildings, bridges, street signs, and other areas.
These are often signed with a tag (in graffiti slang, a signature), which is a shape special.
Graffiti can be thought of as a part of hip hop or street protest.
It is often but not always illegal.
Some cities have small areas where graffiti can be made.
Sometimes graffiti are very beautiful.
Some people consider graffiti as not only something bad, but something good, like art.
Some people pay graffiti artists to do graffiti on their buildings.
In the 1980s, some graffiti artists like Keith Haring became very famous.
Modern graffiti was made famous in New York City in the early 1970s by the children of the working class.
They called it "writing," and called themselves "writers."
In a 1971 New York Times article, the term "graffiti" was first used to refer to the new urban art explosion that was becoming popular in New York City.
This period of the early 1970s is known as the "Original School."
Later in the 1980s, the next generation of graffiti artists is known as "Old School."
CX  Online Graffiti Contest
Graffiti art on train
Graffiti.org.br
Walls & bridges from south Belgium
How to remove graffiti?
Remove Graffiti From Different Surfaces?
Graffiti art or vandalism
Murals
Some products must come from a certain area and be made in a certain way in order to have the name of the product.
The most famous example is champagne, which must be fermented in the bottle and be made in the Champagne region of France.
The French government set up the Institut national des appellations d'origine  et de la qualité (INAO, "National institute of controlled designation of origin") in 1935 to oversee the system.
Although usually linked with wines, the start of the system of protecting the name of goods started in the 15th century when the French parliament defined what could be called Roquefort cheese.
Wine regions (like Bordeaux Entre-Deux-Mers AOC)
Some ciders
Some cheeses (like Roquefort) and Parmesan (in Italy)
French culture
Distillation is a process where a mixture made of two or more liquids (called "components") with different boiling points can be separated from each other.
The mixture is heated until one of the components boils (turns to a vapor).
The vapor is then fed into a condenser, which cools the vapor and changes it back into a liquid that is called distillate.
What remains in the original container is called the "residue".
This is a physical separation process and not a chemical reaction.
Fractional distillation (using a distillation column with more than two outlets) can be used to improve the separation.
An oil refinery uses fractional distillation to purify crude oil, separating several different liquids for different uses.
This has been used for a long time, to distill alcohol and produce alcoholic drinks.
Distillation is a commonly used operation in many industries.
Distillation can be done anywhere, whether it's in a house or a laboratory, but in most countries it is illegal to distill alcohol without a license.
Illegally distilled alcoholic drinks are in some places called moonshine.
Distillation is also the main way of desalination of water.
In this case the salt is a solid that is in solution with the water.
In alcohol distillation or  petroleum distillation, the things to be separated from their solution are two or more distillation liquids.
A lawyer (also called an "advocate", "attorney", "barrister", "counsel", "counsellor", or "solicitor") is someone who practices law.
A lawyer has earned a degree in law, and has a license to practice law in a particular area.
If people have any problem regarding the law, they can contact a lawyer for advice.
A legal problem is referred to as a case.
A person can hire a lawyer to start a case against someone else, or to help with a case that has been started against them.
If the case goes to court, the lawyer will represent their client in court.
The lawyer will use their knowledge of the law to convince the court that the client is on the right side of the argument.
Lawyers also help people "settle out of court," which means that both sides of the argument agree to resolve the dispute ahead of time so that they will not have to go to trial.
When a person is accused of a crime, the person has a defense lawyer to try to show they have not committed a crime.
The lawyer arguing that they did do the crime is called the prosecutor.
Lawyers also prepare legal documents for their clients.
Examples: buying or selling property or making a will (testament).
Certain lawyers (called "commissioners of oaths" in England) can take legally binding witness statements which can be presented to the court.
Lawyers work in different settings.
Some work by themselves, while some work in law firms.
Some lawyers work for hospitals and private companies.
Lawyers who work for private companies are usually called in-house counsel.
Lawyers generally charge a fee for the work that they do, but sometimes advice is offered freely, which is called "pro bono," meaning "for the public good."
In many countries, if a person is accused of a crime and unable to pay for a lawyer, the government will pay a lawyer to represent them using tax money.
[SEE TALK PAGE.
This page has uncorrected  misinformation on it from 10 years ago]
Loreto is Peru's most northern region.
Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is the nation's biggest region.
It is also one of the least populated ones, because of its remote location in the Amazon rainforest.
Its capital is the city of Iquitos.
Northwest: Ecuadorian provinces of Sucumbíos, Orellana, Pastaza and Morona-Santiago
North: Colombian department of Putumayo
Northeast: Amazonas Department, also in Colombia
East: Brazilian states of Amazonas and Acre
South: Ucayali and Huánuco regions
West: San Martín and Amazonas regions
The region is divided into eight provinces (provincias, singular: provincia), which are composed of 53 districts (distritos, singular: distrito).
The provinces, with their capitals in parenthesis, are:
Maynas (Iquitos)
Alto Amazonas (Yurimaguas)
Datem del Marañón (San Lorenzo)
Loreto (Nauta)
Mariscal Ramón Castilla (Caballococha)
Putumayo (San Antonio del Estrecho)
Requena (Requena)
Ucayali (Contamana)
INEI Peru
Iquitos is the capital city of the Loreto Region in northern Peru.
It is on the banks of the Amazon River.
Iquitos is the biggest city in the rain forest of Peru, with about 400,000 residents.
It is a major port on the Amazon.
Excluding towns on islands, Iquitos is thought to be the largest city in the world that can not be reached by road.
One can only get to Iquitos by boat, or by airplane.
It is very remote, in the middle of the Amazon rainforest.
Iquitos was founded in 1747 by Jesuit José Bahamonde.
Originally it was the home of the Iquito native tribe.
About 100 years ago, Iquitos was a very rich town, because of the rubber industry.
Today Iquitos relies mostly on tourism, wood industry and local trade.
http://www.munimaynas.gob.pe/ (in Spanish) (uses Macromedia Flash)
Iquitos information at biopark.org
Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
1747 establishments
18th-century establishments in South America
Apple juice is the juice from apples.
It does not have alcohol, and it tastes sweet from the natural fruit sugars.
Many companies making apple juice like to say that they do not add more sugar into the drink, and there is only natural sugar.
The apple tree came from the same era as Elizabethan in the late 1500s and early 1600s (Pyrus malus), and is native to Britain.
Even in the Old Saxon papers, apples and cider are mentioned a lot.
The fruit is thought to have come in the Caucasus, a place with many mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas.
In both facts and stories, the apple appears to be very healthy.
There are two types of apple juice.
One is the clear apple juice, and the other is the cloudy apple juice.
Pectin and starch are taken out during the production process to produce clear apple juice.
Cloudy apple juice is cloudy because of evenly-distributed small pulp suspensions in the juice concentrate.
The compounds in apple juice called phytonutrients delay the break down of LDL or cholesterol.
In history, the phrase from Benjamin Franklin "an apple a day keeps the doctor away" is very famous.
New research is proving this phrase to be a fact.
Researchers at UC Davis School of Medicine have recently found out that drinking apple juice seems to slow down the process that may lead to heart disease.
Researchers at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands had studied and found that smokers who ate many fruits and vegetables, especially apples, had reduced their risk of getting the common diseases smokers would get.
The risk was reduced by 50%.
For older people, drinking fruit juices should begin with apples, especially if they are suffering from arthritis and rheumatism.
This is because apples carry a substantial amount of potassium.
Because of this, eating apples or apple juice has been known to help.
Drinking apple juice also removes some toxins from the liver and kidneys and is low in calories.
Over time, this can reduce the chances of having liver or kidney disease.
Apple juice can be used to make cider and calvados.
Some types of cider and all types of Calvados contain alcohol.
Fresh apple juice needs refrigeration.
Closed bottles of canned apple juice can be kept in a dark, cool place, such as a pantry or cupboard.
It slows down the spoiling of the product.
The way it looks, feels, or tastes could change over time.
Once the juice container is opened.
Or if it was not closed and shipped without needing freezing by the producer, it must be closed again tightly and frozen to avoid contamination from microorganisms such as bacteria.
Calvados is an alcoholic drink.
It is made from distilling cider in Normandy, one of the oldest Provinces of France (created in 911).
It got its name from the place called Calvados which is famous for making it (sometimes called 'le Pays d'Auge').
It is also made in the  other places in Normandy including la Manche (Cotentin) and l'Orne (Domfront).
How Calvados is made
The way to make Calvados is to distil cider twice.
The first time it is done, the result is a liquid containing 28% to 30% alcohol.
The second time it is done, the amount of alcohol is increased to about 40%.
Since 1942, the Calvados has its own Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC), which means it is from one place.
The rules are:
The « Calvados Pays d’Auge » (25% of production): The Cidre needs to come from apples of the « Pays d'Auge ».
Two rounds of distillation in a multi-pass still
The « Calvados » (74 % of production): The apples used for the cidre need to be from Normandy.
The « Calvados Domfrontais » (1% of production) : Base for the production are apples and pears from the region called « domfrontais », there is only one round of distillation in a still.
How Calvados is served
Calvados can be served either dry or with ice, as a cocktail, an aperitif, or as a digestif.
It goes very well with cheese, chocolate, dessert or ice cream.
Crepes can also be served with Calvados.
Calvados can also be added to coffee.
People usually do this at the end of dinner.
Apples, cider and Calvados in Pays d'Auge, Normandy (Multilingual)*
Ferme du Ponctey Normandy (Multilingual)*
A still is a tool used to clean a liquid.
It does this by first boiling the liquid and turning it into a gas.
This gas is then cooled, changing it back into liquid.
Stills get their name from the word distillation.
Distillation is the process of boiling and cooling a liquid to purify it.
Stills are most often used to create alcohol, but they can also be used with any liquid.
Some examples are medicines and perfumes.
There are two main types of stills: pot stills and reflux stills.
In a pot still, the pot (like a large kettle) holding the liquid is heated.
The hot gas is cooled in a simple neck, or tube, and collected.
Pot stills are used for making alcohol like whisky.
A reflux still is much more complex.
It works with a continual flow of liquid going into the boiler, and a continual flow of distilled liquid coming out.
The distilled liquid can also be put through the process several times, which is why it is called a reflux still.
This allows for a more pure product, and the person working the still can control the level of purity.
Reflux stills are used in the chemical and petroleum industries.
es:Alambique
fr:Alambic
it:Alambicco
Ravioli is a type of Italian food pasta dish.
It is usually two layers of pasta dough with a filling between the two layers.
There are many different recipes, with different kinds of fillings.
The most common fillings are meat, vegetables or blackboard cheese.
People eat this kind of food with a sauce or melted butter.
The Bridge on the River Kwai is a British 1957 movie from Columbia Pictures, based on Pierre Boulle's 1952 book The Bridge over the River Kwai ().
The movie was mainly filmed in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and also in England.
In 1941 the Japanese Army invaded Thailand.
They built a railway to link Bangkok to Rangoon.
Thousands of Asian workers and POWs (prisoners of war) died while working on the project.
Part of this project was building bridges over Thailand's Kwai Yai, at a place named Tamarkan, which is near a town named Kanchanaburi.
The deaths of the Asian workers and the prisoners were real events, but most of the book and the movie are not true.
The British soldiers were slaves; they did not help the Japanese.
Two bridges were built; one was made of wood, one was made of concrete and steel.
Both bridges stood for two years and were destroyed by bombers in 1945.
In the movie the bridge is destroyed by commandos.
A real train rode over the bridge as it blew up. (
This can be compared to a scene in the 1927 movie, The General, which starred Buster Keaton.)
The movie is best known for the "Colonel Bogey March", the song that is whistled by the POWs.
It is also known as the "River Kwai March".
The movie won seven Academy Awards, one for Best Picture.
It also won the BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay.
Account of bombing crew
1957 movies
Adventure movies
Tannins are also used in the treatment of leather, to make it more durable.
Natural tannins for this purpose come from oak trees, but synthetic tannins are more used.
chemical compounds
Cuisine refers to any style of cooking, including its practices, traditions and recipes.
A cuisine is usually associated with a specific culture.
It is mainly influenced by the ingredients that are available to that culture.
Cooking methods, customs and ingredients together form meals that are unique to a particular region.
When people talk about Italian cuisine, they are referring to the food that Italians are famous for.
Cuisine is a French word that means "kitchen", but it originally comes from the Latin word coquere, which means "to cook".
Traditionally, cuisines are shaped by a number of things.
In some religious traditions, certain foods are forbidden by law (an example is pork in Islam).
Climate and trade affect the what ingredients are available.
Climate may also affect the methods by which food is prepared.
Before the exploration of Asia and America by Europeans, certain foods were not known to European cuisine.
Tomatoes, maize, avocados and cacao, for example, did not enter European diets until merchants brought these ingredients back from the New World.
In modern times, cuisines are becoming more and more multicultural.
New cuisines continue to develop even today.
Cuisines have different courses or three meals Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner.
Ancient Greeks had breakfast—bread dipped in wine.
The bread was made from barley, the main source of all bread in ancient times.
It was probably hard, which is why the Greeks would dip it in the wine, to soften it and make it easier to eat.
The history of breakfast goes back to the ancient Greeks who ate something called a teganites (τηγανίτης), which resembled a pancake.
These were made with wheat flour, olive oil, honey, and curdled milk, and usually topped with honey or cheese.
:Category:Foods by nationality
A hotel or a guest-house is a large building with many rooms, where people can sleep when they are not at home.
A motel is a hotel especially for motorists - people who drive cars - where the room door usually opens into the parking lot.
Inn is sometimes used to mean a smaller hotel.
These places will rent a room for any number of days.
They offer rooms to sleep as their business.
There are also hotels where conferences are held.
Some hotels have swimming pool.
Some hotels are called capsule hotels (in Japan).
Hotels emerged as inns along important transport routes.
The first hotels appeared in the days of the Ancient World, in the Middle Ages they also served as shelters for the infirm.
This is indicated by the etymology of the word hotel, hôtel: through st.-fr.
ostel, hostel it comes from Latin.
cubiculum hospitale ("guest room"), whence the word "hospital".
In the 16th-17th centuries, the hotel is an aristocratic residential building with ceremonial and service courtyards.
Today, according to the definition of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), hotels are called a house with furnished rooms for short-term stay of visitors, consisting of a number of rooms that have a single guide and provide certain services.
They are grouped into classes and categories according to the types of services provided, with the equipment available in them.
The hotel is also called a residential property complex (building, part of the building, equipment and other property), designed to provide services.
International luxury
International luxury hotels have high-quality amenities, full-service restaurants and rooms.
They usually provide the highest level of personalized and professional service in major or capital cities.
Upscale full-service
Upscale full-service hotels range in quality from upscale to luxury.
Lifestyle luxury resorts
Branded hotels are typically full-service and classified as luxury.
A key characteristic is focus on a unique guest experience.
Smaller independent non-branded hotels with 100 rooms or fewer.
Focused or select service
Small to medium hotels that give a limited number of amenities.
This amenities cater and market to a specific demographic of travelers, such as the single business traveler.
Such hotels may lack leisure amenities such as an restaurant or a swimming pool.
Economy and limited service
Small to medium-sized hotels where vlients can stay longer then in traditional hotels.
Timeshare and destination clubs
Microstay
A motel is an abbreviation for "motor hotel".
It is a small-sized low-rise lodging establishment.
Usually motels have access to individual rooms from the car park.
Motels are good for road travellers, travellers on road trip vacations or workers who drive for their job.
Some Like It Hot is a 1959 American comedy movie starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, Pat O'Brien, Jack Lemmon and George Raft, and directed by Billy Wilder.
It is seen by some as a remake of the 1951 German movie, Fanfaren der Liebe. (
Michael Logan wrote the story for the version) The movie is set in 1929.
It has been remade for the stage twice (in 1972 and 2002).
It was ranked at Number One on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list and fourteen on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
JenFlick.com Review
Roger Ebert's Great Movies review
1959 comedy movies
American movie remakes
Movies set in the 1920s
Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut.
It is in the Ivy League and considered by many people to be one of the best universities in the world.
Yale is the third oldest university in the United States.
Yale was founded in 1701 in a town near New Haven by a group of church ministers.
At first it was called "The Collegiate School" and was created to teach male church ministers in Connecticut.
When Elihu Yale, a businessman with the East India Company, gave the school money and books in 1718, the school changed its name to Yale College.
It moved into the center of New Haven in the same year.
About fifty years later, the school began to teach other subjects like science and history.
As the school became more liberal, it became one of the first American schools where extracurricular student groups were created, especially singing groups, sports teams, and student publications like the Yale Daily News.
In the beginning, Yale only taught undergraduate students.
Over time, it created graduate schools for medicine, nursing, environmental science, law, music, drama, business, and other professions.
In 1869, Yale became the first school in the United States to offer a PhD.  Because it had grown to have many types of schools, degrees, and courses, Yale changed its name to Yale University in 1887.
The undergraduate college began to accept women as students in 1969.
Yale has one of the largest libraries in the United States, with 19 library buildings and over 15 million books.
The school's main library building, Sterling Memorial Library, is built to look like a cathedral.
The Beinecke Library has one of the world's largest collections of rare books and old manuscripts.
The school's campus is known for its Gothic Revival architecture, which was built to look like older English universities like Oxford and Cambridge.
On its main campus, Yale has two art museums, a natural history museum, and many theaters.
The university also has a golf course near campus and owns five forests in New England.
Fifty-two Nobel Prize winners have been students or professors at Yale, and five U.S. presidents have graduated from Yale, including George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush.
Other famous alumni include politicians Hilary Clinton and John Kerry, actors Meryl Streep and Edward Norton, inventors Eli Whitney and Samuel Morse, CNN anchors Fareed Zakaria and Anderson Cooper, FedEx founder Fred Smith and Pepsi CEO Indra Nooyi, and computer scientist Grace Hopper.
Yale's color is blue, and its mascot is a bulldog named "Handsome Dan."
Its sports teams are called the Yale Bulldogs, and they play in the Ivy League.
Database of (Macro)Molecular Motions at Yale University
1700s establishments in Connecticut
Salzburg (; ; literally "Salt Fortress"; ) is the capital and also a district of the Austrian state of Salzburg or Salzburgerland.
The population is about 150,000 and is the 4th largest city of Austria.
Its most famous citizen was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Another famous inhabitant of Salzburg was the physicist Christian Doppler who found the Doppler effect which was named after him.
The Salzach river crosses the city.
The old town was adopted by the UNESCO as  World Heritage Site in 1996.
Known is Salzburg also for being one of the settings for the movie "The Sound of Music" which based on the musical by  Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein.
People lived in Salzburg since the New Stone Age till present.
The oldest  finding in the city area is dated around 4500 B.C. From 15 B.C. onwards after the Roman occupation the city was called Iuvavum.
The roman city was  in today's old town around the Waagplatz.
The city became an important place from the east to the province of Germania.
The Romans left on the beginning of the  barbarian migration around 500.
Up to 696 only few can be said about the history.
696 the city was given to bishop Rupert by Duke Theodo II.
of Bavaria.
Rupert was ordered by the Duke to bring Christianity to the east and southeast of his country.
Rupert founded the monastery St. Peter and for women the monastery Nonnberg.
739 Salzburg became the seat of a bishop and 774 the first cathedral was built.
998 Salzburg became archbishopric ruling the whole Bavarian area.
In the Middle Ages Salzburg became wealthy by the trade with salt from the nearby Dürnberg in Hallein.
Till the 14th century Salzburg became independent from Bavaria and was a state within the Holy Roman Empire.
The citizens of Salzburg were under the command of the archbishop unlike other cities in the empire.
In the baroque era the look of today's city was shaped.
The cathedral was rebuilt in the baroque style.
Most of the architects came from Italy.
1622 a university was founded.
Due to the fact that it was a catholic state Protestants had a severe standing in Salzburg.
Yet 1731 Protestants, who came not back to the catholic belief had do leave Salzburg within eight days.
In the early 19th century Napoleon Bonaparte promoted the Duchy of Salzburg, than later was a part of the Kingdom of Bavaria.
Then, Salzburg was annexed by Austria, returned to Bavarian and divided between Bavaria and Austria.