the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It has two high schools GHS Bagh and GHS Kehal.
fr:Bagh NWFP
A tehsil (also known as a mandal, tahsil, tahasil, taluka, taluk, or taluq) is a unit of government in Pakistan and in the Republic of India - it is similar to a county.
It usually consists of a town (possibly more towns) and the villages around the towns.
In Pakistan, Tehsils are the second administrative division.
They are further subdivided into Union Councils.
Many Tehsils are grouped together into a district (Zillah).
In Sindh the name taluka is generally used instead of tehsil.
In India, some states use taluk or taluka, others use tehsil.
The TK often found in Indian addresses stands for Taluk.
Local government in India
Baekdu Mountain or Changbai Mountain is a volcano on the border between North Korea and China.
This mountain is 54.5% in North Korean territory, 45.5% in China.
The Korean name is Baekdu-san.
It is means White head mountain.
The China name is Changbai-shan.
It is means Snow piles up on the large mountain.
Baekdu has large crater lake, It is called Heaven Lake.
Koreans call it "Cheon-ji" lake, Chinese called "tiandi" lake.
It is 2,744 metres above sea level.
The Beijing Olympic torch was lit on Baekdu/Changbai Mountain.
Heaven Lake is the caldera made by a gigantic eruption in 969 AD (± 20 years).
Geography of Korea
PKT is the time zone used in Pakistan.
It is 5 hours ahead of GMT/UTC.
In 2002, the government of Pakistan decided to use the Daylight Saving Time system.
This meant that every year, clocks would be put forward by one hour on the night between the first Saturday and Sunday of April until 15 October when the clocks were put back.
The experiment was not repeated again under the Musharraf Regime.
This was reused in 2008 by Raja Parvez Ashraf from 1 June 2008 to 31 October 2008 and again in 2009 from 15 April 2009 to 31 October 2009.
The system has not been used since.
Find cities currently in UTC+5
Dhamtour or Dhamtor(, )  is a small rural suburb of Abbottabad Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
It is about 6 kilometers from Abbottabad city.
It is known as the largest village of Abbottabad area.
It is also a Union Council in Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
The local language is Hindko, which is the main language of Hazara division.
The area are has some rich cultural traditions.
Dhamtour village is the gate way to many natural beauty places like Murree, Nathia Gali, Dungagali and Harnoi.
Dhamtour is at 34°7'60N 73°16'0E at a height of 1110 metres (3645 feet).
It is to the west of Abbottabad city, and borders Sheikh-ul-Bandi to the north and Nagri Bala to the south.
Most of the people in this area are from the Jadoon tribe.
Other tribes include Mughals, Gujjars ,Kashmiri, Syeds, and Awans.
fr:Dhamtour
Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea
George Town, Cayman Islands, capital of the Cayman Islands
Georgetown, Guyana, capital of Guyana
George Town, Penang, capital of the Malaysian state of Penang
Schools, colleges and universities
Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
Georgetown (film), a 2002 TV-movie starring Helen Mirren
Anything related to Chechnya
Balochistan (region), a region on the Iranian plateau
Balochistan (Pakistan), a province of Pakistan since 1970
Baluchistan (Chief commissioners province), a former province of British India
Balochistan (Afghanistan), a part of Afghanistan
Sistan and Baluchestan Province, a province of Iran
Kathrin Romany Beckinsale (born 26 July 1973) is an English actress.
She starred in the movies such as Pearl Harbor (2001), Underworld (2003) and Van Helsing (2004).
Kathrin Romany Beckinsale was born in Chiswick, London, England.
She is the only child of actor Richard Beckinsale and actress Judy Loe.
Her father was of one-quarter Burmese ancestry.
She made her first television appearance at the age of four, in an episode of This is Your Life dedicated to her father.
When she was five years old, her 31-year-old father died suddenly of a heart attack.
Beckinsale was deeply traumatised by the loss and "started expecting bad things to happen".
While she has seen her father "more on television than I have in life", "there are certainly enough memories for me not to feel that it's somebody I didn't know."
Her widowed mother moved in with director Roy Battersby when Beckinsale was nine and she was brought up alongside his four sons and daughter.
She has a close relationship with her stepfather: "I couldn't have knitted a better one ... He wasn't pushy, he let me come to him."
She has a paternal half-sister, actress Samantha Beckinsale.
A printed circuit board (PCB) is a board made for connecting electronic components together.
These are used in almost all computers and electronics today.
The "card" is made of a material that does not conduct electricity, usually fiberglass.
Usually copper is etched (set in thin lines) inside the board between the layers of fiberglass, or on the surface of the board.
This makes the electricity go only where it is wanted.
Electronic components are then attached to this board using a metal to conduct electricity.
The metal etched into the board allows electricity to travel from one component to another in electrical circuits.
Boards can have many different parts which are connected and work together.
The most common circuit boards are made in large numbers for a specific job, for example to run a computer, a  mobile/cell phone or a television.
Some circuit boards are made plain so a person can build their own for a new electrical task.
Most things that use electricity have at least one circuit board inside of them that makes them run.
Flexible circuit boards are those that are made thin enough and of the right material to flex (bend).
Rigid-flex boards are those that combine the features of the rigid boards and flex boards, hard at some points and bendable at some other points.
Printed circuit boards came from electrical connection systems that were used in the 1850s.
Originally metal strips or rods were used to connect large electric components mounted on wooden bases.
Later, the metal strips were replaced by wires connected to screw terminals, and wooden bases were replaced by metal frames.
This let things be smaller, which was needed as circuits became more complex with more parts.
Thomas Edison tested methods of using metals on linen paper.
Arthur Berry in 1913 patented a print-and-etch method in Britain.
In 1925, Charles Ducas of the United States developed a method using electroplating.
He created an electrical path directly on an insulated surface by printing through a stencil (a shape cut into a board or paper) with special ink that could conduct electricity, just like wires could.
This method was called "printed wiring" or "printed circuit."
In 1943, the Austrian Paul Eisler, working in the United Kingdom, patented a method of etching the conductive pattern, or circuits, on a layer of copper foil attached to a hard base that did not conduct electricity.
Eisler's technique was noticed by the US military and they started to use it in new weapons including proximity fuzes in World War II.
His idea became very useful in the 1950s when the transistor was introduced.
Up to that point, vacuum tubes and other components were so large that the traditional mounting and wiring methods were all that was needed.
With the introduction of transistors, however, the components became very small, and manufacturers needed to use printed circuit boards so the connections could also be small.
Plated through-hole technology and its use in multi-layer PCBs were patented by the U.S. firm Hazeltine in 1961.
This allowed much more complex boards, with components placed closely together.
Integrated circuit chips were introduced in the 1970s, and these components were quickly incorporated into printed circuit board design and manufacturing techniques.
Today the Printed Circuit Board can have up to100 layers in some applications.
The main task in designing a PCB is figuring out where all the components are going to go.
Normally there is a design or schematic that will be turned into a PCB.
There is no such thing as a standard printed circuit board.
Each board is designed for its own use and must be the right size to fit the required space.
Board designers use computer-aided design software to layout the circuit designs on the board.
The spaces between electrical paths can be 0.04 inches (1.0 mm) or smaller.
The location of the holes for component leads or contact points are also laid out.
Once the circuit pattern is laid out, a negative image is printed out at exact size on a clear plastic sheet.
With a negative image, the areas that are not part of the circuit pattern are shown in black and the circuit pattern is shown as clear.
The metal is then removed from the clear areas, usually with chemicals.
This design is made into instructions for a computer-controlled drilling machine or for the automatic solder paste used in the manufacturing process.
The card is made with outer layers of copper.
Unwanted copper is removed, leaving copper wires that will connect the electronic components.
The components are placed on the board, making contact with the wires.
Photoresist
Circuit boards are sometimes made with photolithography.
A covering called photoresist reacts with light, and then the circuit board and covering are put in a developer.
This method is expensive per board, but very cheap to set up in the beginning.
There are, however, different methods of making a circuit board.
Some professionally made circuit boards use a different method to remove extra copper from the circuit board.
A process called silk screen printing is used.
Silk-screening is when a cloth is pulled tight over a frame.
Then an image is printed onto the cloth.
Then ink is pressed through the cloth.
The ink does not go where the image has been printed on the cloth.
It is called silk-screening because the cloth is usually silk.
The cloth is usually silk because it has very small holes.
silk-screening is used to print an ink called resist onto the board.
Resist is an ink that resists the etchant used to make the circuit board.
Etchant dissolves the copper on the board.
This is cheaper for each board than photo-resist, but is more expensive in the beginning.
Milling
Another way to make a circuit board is to use a mill.
A mill is a drill that moves in many directions.
The drill removes a small amount of copper each time it moves across the board.
The mill removes the copper around the wires on the board.
This leaves extra copper on the board.
Other methods do not leave the extra copper on the board.
This method is cheaper per board, but the equipment to make it is expensive.
This method is not used often, because the other two methods are easier.
Get your design right at first time – Printed circuit board design checklist, review your design before sending it to PCB manufacturer
Pantera was an American heavy metal band from Arlington, Texas, in the USA.
They formed in 1981, but they did not have success until the 1990 release of their fifth studio album Cowboys from Hell.
From 1987 to 2003 the band consisted of members Phil Anselmo (vocals), "Dimebag Darrell" Abbott (guitar), Vinnie Paul (drums), Rex Brown (bass).
In 2003, the band broke up, and in the following year, Dimebag Darrell was shot and killed by Nathan Gale, during a concert of his new band Damageplan in Columbus, Ohio on 8 December, 2004.
Metal Magic (1983)
Projects in the Jungle (1984)
I Am the Night (1985)
Power Metal (1988)
Cowboys from Hell (1990)
Vulgar Display of Power (1992)
Far Beyond Driven (1994)
The Great Southern Trendkill (1996)
Reinventing the Steel (2000)
21st-century disestablishments in Texas
Pan's Labyrinth (, literally The Labyrinth of the Faun) is an Academy Award-winning Spanish language fantasy movie written and directed by Mexican movie-maker Guillermo del Toro.
Pan's Labyrinth takes place in two places, known as a dual setting: in the "real world" the story is set in Spain during 1944, and tells a story of a girl named Ofelia who is given three tasks by a mysterious faun.
Meanwhile, her stepfather, the Falangist Captain Vidal, hunts the Spanish Maquis, guerrillas who continued fighting the Franco regime in the region, as her pregnant mother grows ill.
The alternate setting is a secret "fantasy world" that Ofelia enters through an overgrown labyrinth garden, where she meets all manner of strange and magical creatures who become central to her story.
The movie uses make-up, puppetry, and CGI effects to create its creatures.
The director of this movie, Del Toro said that he thinks the story to be a fable, influenced by fairy tales, and that it focuses on and continues themes related to his earlier movie The Devil's Backbone, a spiritual sequel, though not an actual sequel.
The original Spanish title refers to the mythological fauns of Roman mythology, while the English title refers specifically to the faun-like Greek god Pan (intended to help English-speakers differentiate the title from the term fawn).
However, Del Toro has stated that the faun in the movie is not Pan.
The movie was first shown at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival.
It was released in the United Kingdom on November 24, 2006.
In the United States and Canada, the movie was given a limited release on December 29, 2006, with a nationwide release on January 19, 2007.
Pan's Labyrinth has won numerous international awards, including three Academy Awards, the Ariel Award for Best Picture, and the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form.
Movies directed by Guillermo del Toro
Movies set in Spain
Boone River
Boyer River
Chariton River
Des Moines River (also forms part of the boundary with Missouri)
English River
North Fabius River
Floyd River
Little Cedar River
Little Fox River
Little Maquoketa River
Little Ocheyedan River
Little Rock River
Little Turkey River
Little Wapsipinicon River
Maple River
Mosquito Creek
Nishnabotna River
Nodaway River
Ocheyedan River
One Hundred and Two River
Raccoon River
Rutt Branch
Skunk River
Soldier River
Squaw Creek
Tarkio River
Thompson River
Thunder River
Turkey River
Upper Iowa River
Wapsipinicon River
Weldon River
West Fork of the Little Sioux River
Winnebago River
Wyaconda River
Transubstantiation is a teaching, and also a Catholic doctrine, which says that, after a priest consecrates them, the bread and wine at the Mass  become the body and blood of Jesus, whom Christians believe is the son of God.
According to the teaching of transubstantiation, although the appearance, smell, and taste of bread and wine remain, the substances of bread and wine have really changed into the body and blood of Jesus.
Beliefs about transubstantiation
Christians who believe in transubstantiation believe that the bread they eat at Mass is the body of Jesus.
They know that the bread still tastes like bread, looks like bread and smells like bread.
It is just like bread, but it becomes the body of Jesus.
The priest says prayers at Mass so that the bread and wine become the flesh and blood of Jesus.
This started when Jesus ate a meal called the Last Supper the night before he died.
He said that the food his friends were eating was his body and blood.
In the Gospel of Matthew 26:26, it says, "Take this [bread] all of you and eat it.
This is my body which will be given up for you," which means that he would die for them.
Then, in Matthew 26:27, Jesus said, "Take this [cup] all of you and drink from it.
This is the cup of my blood, the blood of the new and everlasting covenant."
This means that Jesus's blood would make a promise forever between God and his people.
Then he said, "My blood will be shed for you and for all so that sins may be forgiven."
This means that Jesus would die for everyone so their sins, or things they do wrong, could be forgiven.
Then he said, "Do this in memory of me."
This is Jesus commanding people to continue what he did.
From that time until now, people have continued what Jesus did and it reminds them of the Last Supper.
Children of Bodom was a Finnish melodic death metal band from Espoo in Finland.
Their name comes from the Lake Bodom murders.
The band members were: Alexi Laiho (lead guitar and vocals), Daniel Freyberg (rhythm guitar), Janne Wirman (keyboards), Henkka Blacksmith (bass), Jaska Raatikainen (drums).
Last known lineup
Alexi Laiho – lead vocals, lead guitar (1997–2019; died 2020)
Henkka Blacksmith – bass, backing vocals (1997–2019)
Jaska Raatikainen – drums, backing vocals (1997–2019)
Janne Wirman – keyboards, backing vocals (1997–2019)
Daniel Freyberg – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2016–2019)
Alexander Kuoppala – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–2003)
Roope Latvala – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2004–2015)
Something Wild (1997)
Hatebreeder (1999)
Follow the Reaper (2000)
Hate Crew Deathroll (2003)
Are You Dead Yet? (
Blooddrunk (2008)
Skeletons in the Closet (2009)
Relentless Reckless Forever (2011)
Halo of Blood (2013)
I Worship Chaos (2015)
Hexed (2019)
Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are asteroids whose orbits are close to Earth's orbit.
A few tens of thousands have been found.
Sometimes one crashes into earth.
We try to find out if any are going to hit Earth using Asteroid impact prediction.
Two near-Earth asteroids have been visited by spacecraft: 433 Eros, by NASA's Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous probe and 25143 Itokawa, by the JAXA Hayabusa mission.
Abbottabad Central is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
It is in Abbottabad city, the capital of the district, it borders the following Union Councils, Malikpura Urban to the north and west, by Salhad to the south and by Dhamtour to the east.
A part of Abbottabad Central comprises the Old Abbottabad Town, which had been originally founded in January 1853 by Major James Abbott and which in turn has two main sections the Civil Lines and the Military Cantonment.
This old portion is a historical place of considerable significance to the period of the British Raj.
The Old Saddar (Main/Central) Bazaar, St Luke's Church, Abbottabad, the Old Christian Cemetery Abbottabad, the Lady Garden Park, the Abbottabad Club and several other old British Indian Army structures are found here.
A Naib Nazim, or deputy Nazim, is an elected government official in Pakistan.
The word Naib means assistant or deputy while Nazim is similar to a mayor, so a Naib Nazim is similar in to a deputy mayor.
Cherbourg-Octeville is a city in France.
It is in the region of Normandy, and in the Département of Manche.
43,000 people live inside the city and 117,000 near or in the city.
Poole, England
Bremerhaven, Germany
Deva, Romania
Communes in Manche
Former communes in France
3 Inches of Blood was a metal band from Vancouver, Canada.
They were founded in 2000 and dissolved in 2015.
The band's style is a mixture between Power Metal and NWOBHM of the 1970s.
Battlecry Under a Wintersun (2002)
Advance and Vanquish (2004)
Fire up the Blades (2007)
Here Waits Thy Doom (2009)
Long Live Heavy Metal (2012)
Sect of the White Worm (2001)
Trial of Champions (2007)
Anthems for the Victorious (2011)
Ride Darkhorse, Ride (2002)
Destroy the Orcs (2003)
Deadly Sinners (2004)
Goatrider's Horde (2007)
Trial of Champions EP|Trial of Champions (2007)
Battles and Brotherhood (2009)
Silent Killer (2010)
Metal Woman (2012)
Live at Mushroom: Vol.
I (2013)
II (2013)
III (2013)
3 Inches of Blood website
3 Inches of Blood on MySpace
3 Inches of Blood  at Roadrunner Records
Canadian heavy metal bands
Canadian thrash metal bands
2000s establishments in Canada
2015 disestablishments in Canada
Arikaree River
Black Vermillion River
Blue River (Kansas City area)
Caney River
Chikaskia River
Cottonwood River
Kansas River (Kaw River)
Little Arkansas River
Little Osage River
Little Walnut River
Marmaton River
Medicine Lodge River
Ninnescah River
Sappa Creek
Stranger Creek
Walnut River
Kansas-related lists
Barren River
Beargrass Creek
Beech Fork (Beech Fork of the Salt River)
Chaplin River
Clarks River
Dix River
Floyds Fork (Floyds Fork of the Salt River)
Gasper River
Laurel River
Levisa Fork (Levisa Fork of the Big Sandy River)
Licking River
Little Barren River
Little Kentucky River
Little Sandy River
Middle Fork Kentucky River
Nolin River
North Fork Kentucky River
Pond River
Red Bird River
Red River (eastern Kentucky)
Red River (western Kentucky)
Rockcastle River
Rolling Fork (Rolling Fork of the Salt River)
Rough River
Russell Fork (Russell Fork of the Big Sandy River)
South Fork Kentucky River
Tradewater River
Tug Fork (Tug Fork of the Big Sandy River)
Tygarts Creek
Saint John River
Northwest Branch Saint John River
Daaquam River
Southwest Branch Saint John River
Little Southwest Branch Saint John River
Baker Branch Saint John River
Big Black River
Shields Branch
Little Saint Roch River
West Branch Little Black River
Campbell Branch Little Black River
Allagash River
North Branch Birch River
South Branch Birch River
Aroostook River
St. Croix Stream
North Branch Blackwater River
South Branch Blackwater River
Machias River
South Branch Machias River
Little Machias River
Little Madawaska River
River De Chute
Meduxnekeag River
South Branch Meduxnekeag River
North Branch Meduxnekeag River
Pennamaquan River
Hardscrabble River
Dennys River
West Branch Machias River
East Machias River
Maine River
Englishman River
East Branch Chandler River
Southwest Branch Indian River
West River
Pleasant River
Western Little River
West Branch Pleasant River
Harrington River
Mill River
Narraguagus River
West Branch Narraguagus River (Hancock County, Maine)
Little Narraguagus River
West Branch Narraguagus River (Cherryfield, Maine)
Skillings River
Union River
East Branch Union River
Bog River
Middle Branch Union River
West Branch Union River
Little Bog River
Benjamin River
Penobscot Bay
Bagaduce River
Penobscot River
East Branch Penobscot River
Seboeis River
Little Seboeis River
West Branch Penobscot River
North Branch Penobscot River
South Branch Penobscot River
Passadumkeag River
East Branch Passadumkeag River
West Branch Passadumkeag River
Mattawamkeag River
East Branch Mattawamkeag River
West Branch Mattawamkeag River
Molunkus River
Piscataquis River
East Branch Piscataquis River
West Branch Piscataquis River
Sebec River
East Branch Pleasant River
Middle Branch Pleasant River
Stillwater River
North Branch Marsh River
South Branch Marsh River
Orland River
Narramissic River
Passagassawakeag River
Goose River
Ducktrap River
Megunticook River
Mid Coast
Weskeag River
Saint George River
Back River
Oyster River
West Branch Oyster River
East Branch Oyster River
Meduncook River
Medomak River
Pemaquid River
Johns River
Eastern Branch Johns River
North Branch Johns River
Damariscotta River
Sheepscot River
West Branch Sheepscot River
Marsh River
Moose River
South Branch Moose River
East Branch Moose River
West Branch Moose River
Roach River
Dead River (also called West Branch)
North Branch Dead River
South Branch Dead River
Carrabassett River
South Branch Carrabassett River
West Branch Carrabassett River
South Branch Sandy River
Sebasticook River
East Branch Sebasticook River
Eastern River
East Branch Eastern River
West Branch Eastern River
Abagadasset River
Androscoggin River
Rapid River
Cupsuptic River
East Branch Cupsuptic River
Little East Branch Cupsuptic River
Kennebago River
Rangeley River
Magalloway River
Second East Branch Magalloway River
West Branch Magalloway River
Third East Branch Magalloway River
First East Branch Magalloway River
Little Magalloway River
Middle Branch Little Magalloway River
West Branch Little Magalloway River
Dead Cambridge River
Swift Cambridge River
Alder River
Sunday River
South Branch Sunday River
Ellis River
West Branch Ellis River
Concord River
West Branch Swift River
East Branch Swift River
Webb River
Nezinscot River
East Branch Nezinscot River
West Branch Nezinscot River
Sabattus River
Little Androscoggin River
Sanborn River
Cathance River
Southern Maine
Morse River
Sprague River
New Meadows River
Harraseeket River
Royal River
Cousins River
Presumpscot River
Tenny River
Songo River
Northwest River
Sticky River
North Branch Little River
Piscataqua River
East Branch Piscataqua River
Fore River
Stroudwater River
South Branch Stroudwater River
Spurwink River
Scarborough River
Dunstan River
Nonesuch River
Libby River
Saco River
Old Course Saco River
Middle Branch Mad River
South Branch Mad River
Little Cold River
Kezar River
Little Saco River
Shepards River
Tenmile River
West Branch Tenmile River
Ossipee River
Little Ossipee River
Batson River
Kennebunk River
Mousam River
Middle Branch Mousam River
Littlefield River
Merriland River
Webhannet River
Ogunquit River
Josias River
Cape Neddick River
Salmon Falls River
Great Works River
Neoutaquet River
The Swiss Federal Council (, , , ) is the group of seven people who are the federal government of Switzerland.
As Switzerland does not have one person as "President", the Federal Council is also the head of state.
Departmental responsibilities
The whole council is responsible for leading the federal administration of Switzerland, but each Councillor runs one of the seven federal ministries.
The current members of the Federal Council for 2011 are:
Origins and history of the Federal Council
Origins of the institution
When the Constitution was written, constitutional democracy was still in its infancy, and the founding fathers of Switzerland had little in the way of examples.
Switzerland has a long tradition of being governed by a council of representatives instead of one powerful ruler, so while they drew heavily on the U.S. Constitution for the organisation of the federal state as a whole, they opted for the council rather than the presidential system for the executive branch of government.) .
Today, only three other states, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and San Marino have more than one person act as head of state at a time.
The collegial system of government is often used for government.
Many countries have a form of cabinet government with collective responsibility (that is, all ministers in the cabinet support the decision of the cabinet as a whole).
Magic formula
After the 1959 elections a Zauberformel or "magical formula" was invented.
The formula works out how many members of the Federal Council each political party has, and showed that the Federal Council is always a voluntary grand coalition.
Free Democratic Party (FDP): 2 members,
Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP): 2 members,
Social Democratic Party (SPS): 2 members, and
Swiss People's Party (SVP): 1 member.
The FDP and CVP  have been getting less popular, and more people have supported the SVP and SPS.
After the 2003 elections, the SVP asked for a CVP Council seat for their leader Christoph Blocher and threatened to otherwise leave the government.
After the 2007 elections Blocher was replaced by another member of the CVP, so the strength of the parties is still:
FDP : 2 members,
CVP : 1 member,
SPS : 2 members, and
SVP : 2 member.
Women on the council
Women did not get the federal vote until 1971.
The first woman to be an official candidate was Lilian Uchtenhagen in 1983.
The first woman Councillor, Elisabeth Kopp (FDP/PRD), elected 1984, had to resign over a scandal in 1989.
Ruth Dreifuss (SP/PS), served from 1993 to 2002, was the first woman to become President of the Confederation in 1999.
Ruth Metzler-Arnold (CVP/PDC), served from 1999 to 2003, not re-elected to 2nd term (see above).
Micheline Calmy-Rey (SP/PS), elected in 2003 and Doris Leuthard (CVP/PDC), elected in 2006, are in office as of 2007.
They were both reelected in December 2007 for a four-year term.
Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf was elected in December 2007.
Along with Calmy-Rey and Leuthard, the three now form the largest share of council seats occupied by women in the history of the seven-member council.
Operation of the Federal Council
Each year, one of the seven Councillors is elected by the Federal Assembly as President of the Confederation.
The Federal Assembly also elects a Vice President.
By convention, the positions of President and Vice President rotate annually, each Councillor thus becoming Vice President and then President every seven years while in office.
The same person cannot be President two years in a row, or be elected Vice President in the years after he has been President.
According to the Swiss order of precedence, the President of the Confederation is the highest-ranking Swiss official.
He or she presides over Council meetings and carries out certain representative functions that, in other countries, are the business of the Head of State.
In urgent situations where a Council decision cannot be made in time, he or she is empowered to act on behalf of the whole Council.
Apart from that, though, he or she is a primus inter pares, having no power above and beyond the other six Councillors.
The President is not the Swiss head of state (this function is carried out by the Council acting together).
However the President acts and is recognized as head of state while conducting official visits abroad, as the members of the Council never leave the country at the same time.
More often, though, official visits abroad are carried out by the head of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs.
Visiting heads of state are received by all the Federal Council together.
Council meetings
The Federal Council meets each Wednesday at the Bundeshaus in Bern, the seat of the Swiss federal government.
Federal Chancellor Corina Casanova.
As government chief of staff, she participates in the discussion but has no vote in the Council's decisions.
Nonetheless, her influential position is often referred to as that of an "eighth Federal Councillor".
the Vice-Chancellor: Oswald Sigg.
Sigg is the spokesman of the Federal Council and conducts the weekly press briefing after the meeting.
After the meetings, the Councillors always take lunch together.
The Council also meets regularly in conclave to discuss important topics at length, and annually conducts what is colloquially referred to as its "school excursion", a day trip to some attractions in the President's home canton.
In that and other respects, the Council operates not unlike a board of directors of a major corporation.
Decisions and responsibilities
Each Federal Councillor heads a government department, much like the ministers in the governments of other countries.
Colloquially and by the press, they are often referred to as ministers.
For example, the head of the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sportsis often called the "minister of defence".
However, as Council members, they are not only responsible for their own department, but also for the business of their colleagues' departments as well, and for the conduct of the government and the federal administration as a whole.
The meetings of the Federal Council and the result of the votes taken are not open to the public, and the records remain sealed for 50 years.
This has lately been the subject of some criticism.
In particular, the parties at the ends of the political spectrum argue that this secrecy is contrary to the principle of transparency.
However, the Council has always said that secrecy is necessary to reach consensus and to preserve the collegiality and political independence of the individual Councillors.
Due to the Federal Council's unique nature as a voluntary grand coalition of political opponents, its operation is subject to numerous constitutional conventions.
Most notable is the principle of collegiality; that is, the Councillors are supposed not to publicly criticise one another, even though they are often political opponents.
In effect, they are expected to publicly support all decisions of the Council, even against their own personal opinion or that of their political party.
In the eye of many observers, this convention has become rather strained after the 2003 elections (see below).
Election and composition
Election mode
The members of the Federal Council are elected for a term of four years by both chambers of the federal parliament sitting together as the Federal Assembly.
Every adult Swiss citizen is eligible, but in practice, only Members of Parliament or more rarely, members of Cantonal governments are nominated by the political parties and receive a substantial amount of votes.
The voting is conducted in several rounds: in the first two rounds, anyone can enter their name; but in subsequent rounds, the person receiving the least votes is removed from the race until one candidate gains an absolute majority.
With Council seats allocated to parties by unwritten agreement (see above), Federal Council elections generally are unexciting, pleasant affairs.
Usually, the party which has a seat to fill presents two candidates with mainstream viewpoints to the United Federal Assembly, which then chooses one.
This was not so, however, during the 2003 election, which was the most controversial in recent memory (see also above).
Once elected, Councillors remain members of their political parties, but hold no leading office with them.
In fact, they usually maintain a certain political distance from the party leadership, because under the rules of collegiality, they will often have to publicly promote a Council decision which does not match the political conviction of their party (or of themselves).
Once elected for a four-year-term, Federal Councillors can neither be voted out of office by a motion of no confidence nor can they be impeached.
Re-election is possible for an indefinite number of terms, and it has historically been extremely rare for Parliament not to re-elect a sitting Councillor.
This has only happened four times - to Ulrich Ochsenbein in 1854, to Jean-Jacques Challet-Venel in 1872, to Ruth Metzler-Arnold in 2003 and to Christoph Blocher in 2007.
In practice, therefore, Councillors serve until they decide to resign and retire to private life, usually after three to five terms of office.
Status of Federal Councillors
Councillors' lives
Unlike most senior members of government in other countries, the Federal Councillors are not entitled to an official residence.
Mostly, they have chosen to rent apartments or hotel suites in Bern (at their own expense); the only contemporary exception being Moritz Leuenberger, who daily commutes by train from Zürich to Bern.
However, they are entitled to use the Federal Council's country estate, Lohn, for holidays; this estate is also used to host official guests of the Swiss Confederation.
Councillors can have an Army security detail if they need personal protection (in particular during official events).
But often one can meet them without any escort at all in the streets, restaurants and tramways of Bern.
Councillors are also entitled to a personal bailiff (Weibel) who accompanies them, in a colourful uniform, to official events.
This tradition goes back through the republican governments of the ancient Swiss cantons, right back to the lictors of the ancient Roman Republic.
Councillors' salary
Federal Councillors draw a yearly remuneration of about CHF 400,000 (circa EUR 256,000 / USD 404,000).
After completing a full term of office, they are entitled to a perennial yearly pension of half that amount after leaving office.
For crimes not relating to their official capacity, they can be prosecuted only with the permission of the Federal Council as a whole while in office.
The prosecutor can appeal a refusal to grant permission to the Federal Assembly.
Prosecution for crimes and misdemeanors that do relate to the Councillors' official capacity requires the assent of the Federal Assembly.
In such cases, Parliament can also suspend the Councillor in office (but not actually remove her or him).
According to statements to the media by a Federal Chancellory official, in none of the few cases of accusations against a Federal Councillor has the permission to prosecute ever been granted.
However, one unnamed Councillor involved in a traffic accident immediately prior to his date of resignation was reported to have voluntarily waived his immunity, and Councillor Elisabeth Kopp decided to resign upon facing an inquiry over allegations of secrecy violations.
Assessment and calls for change
Historically, the collegial government of Switzerland has been assessed both internationally and nationally as exceptionally competent and stable.
The Federal Council as a whole (although not individual members) has consistently maintained public approval and confidence rates in excess of sixty percent, possibly also because under the Swiss system of direct democracy, voters can vent their displeasure with government decisions when deciding individual issues at the ballot box.
However, lately there has been a growing contention that the Federal Council is often too slow to respond to the needs of the moment, too resistant to change and too weak to lead the powerful federal bureaucracy.
Various changes have been proposed to address these issues, including expanding the powers of the presidency, expanding the Federal Council itself or adding a second layer of ministers between the Council and the departments.
None of these proposals has yet borne fruit, however.
List of "firsts" in the Federal Council
1848: The first seven members elected: Ulrich Ochsenbein, Jonas Furrer, Martin J. Munzinger, Henri Druey, Friedrich Frey-Herosé, Wilhelm Matthias Naeff and Stefano Franscini.
1854: First (of only four so far) sitting Federal Councillors not to be reelected, Ulrich Ochsenbein.
1891: First Councillor of the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland, Josef Zemp.
1893: First member whose father was a member of the Council: Eugène Ruffy, son of Victor Ruffy.
In 2007, the 2nd is elected: Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, the daughter of Leon Schlumpf.
1911: First (and only) octogenarian in office, Adolf Deucher.
1913: First (and only) native Romansh speaker, Felix Calonder.
1917: First (and only) Councillor of the Liberal Party elected, Gustave Ador.
1930: First Councillor of the Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents (BGB/PAI; now the Swiss People's Party), Rudolf Minger.
1943: First Councillor of the Social Democratic Party, Ernst Nobs.
1983: First female candidate for the Council from a government party, Lilian Uchtenhagen (SP)
1984: First woman Councillor, Elisabeth Kopp (FDP).
1993: First Councillor of Jewish origin, Ruth Dreifuss (SP).
1995: First Councillor living in a domestic partnership, Moritz Leuenberger (SP) (with architect Gret Loewensberg, whom he later married).
1999: First woman President of the Confederation, Ruth Dreifuss (SP).
List of members of the Swiss Federal Council (by date of election)
Composition of the Swiss Federal Council
:Category:Members of the Swiss Federal Council (alphabetical list)
List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation
The Swiss Confederation: A brief guide 2006 , edited by the Swiss Federal Chancellery.
Resultate der Wahlen des Bundesrats, der Bundeskanzler und des Generals (PDF), compiled by the services of the Swiss Parliament.
Clive H. Church (2004).
The Politics and Government of Switzerland.
Palgrave Macmillan. .
Altermatt, Urs (1993).
Conseil Fédéral: Dictionnaire biographique des cent premiers conseillers fédéraux.
Cabédita, Yens.
Politics of Switzerland
Zürich (canton), a canton in Switzerland
Zürich (district), a district in the canton
Zurich Insurance Group a large Swiss Company, offering insurance products.
It is one of the biggest insurance companies in the world.
Bengal is a divided region in South Asia that is split between two countries - Bangladesh and India.
Both parts used to be united, although historically part of British India; today West Bengal is part of India and East Bengal is Bangladesh.
a religious colloquy  - to settle differences of docterine or dogma.
Colloquy (company), a loyalty marketing company in Ohio.
Colloquy (law), a legal term
Colloquy (IRC client), an IRC client for Mac OS X
Colloquy (Society), an internet group for people with high IQs.
Television and webcasts
WWE currently runs with three major shows on television.
They are: Raw, Friday Night SmackDown!,
WWE Superstars and ECW.
WWE also airs recap shows: A.M. Raw (not in UK), The WWE Experience, Bottom Line, and Afterburn.
Since WWE's departure from Spike TV in the United States, WWE has moved Heat on to their website as a webcast, while overseas it is still shown as a regular television program.
The latest episode of Heat is put up on WWE.com every Friday afternoon.
Other webcasts such as WWE Rollin, WWE Sidesplitters and WWE Uncut can be found in the All Videos section of WWE.com.
World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) has had a large Web presence for years.
In 1996 it was nominated for a Streaming Media Award and in 1999 for its online content.
The Four Main WWE Programs:
Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)
Current WWE Recap Shows:
The WWE Experience
WWE A.M. Raw (not in UK)
WWE Bottom Line
WWE Afterburn
International broadcasting
FOX8 is currently the only network to air all televised shows in Australia.
Times for programmes are as follows and are in EST:
Raw - Wednesdays at 3:30pm, Thursday at 1:00am, Saturdays 12:00pm
SmackDown! -
Fridays at 3:30pm, Saturdays at 1:00am, Sundays at 12:00pm
ECW - Thursdays at 3:30pm, Fridays at 1:00am, Saturdays at 2:00pm
WWE Superstars-Fridays at 2:30 pm
The WWE Experience - Saturdays at 3:00pm
Pay Per View Events - LIVE on Main Event, replayed at 4:30pm, 8:30pm and 12:30am
Free For All - PPV Pre-Show on Main Event, aired 30 minutes before every PPV showing.
ECW - Sundays on FX at 1PM Brazilian Time
WWE Raw - Mondays on The Score at 9:15pm starting with a countdown show a 9:00pm, replayed Tuesdays at 12:00am and 4:00pm
WWE SmackDown! -
Fridays on The Score at 8:00pm ET, replayed at 12:00am
Saturday Night's Main Event (when available) - Saturdays on Global at 11:30pm
The WWE Experience (separate show from The WWE Experience) - Sundays on The Score at 7:00pm
WWE Programming shows on FX Latin America are not scheduled here, Raw and SmackDown!
airs trough national aircasting station Repretel Canal 11 (Repretel channel 11)
WWE Raw - Saturdays at 6:00pm
Sundays at 6:00pm
WWE PPV's - PPV's are aired Saturday or Sunday's night at 6:00PM, according to the relative position of the particular PPV to the other two shows aired.
The respective Raw or SmackDown!
chapter is aired right after the PPV.
WWE Raw - Tuesdays at 4:00pm on Premiere Sport Portal, replayed at the same day at 11:00pm
WWE ECW - Wednesdays at 4:00pm on Premiere Sport Portal, replayed at the same day at 11:00pm
WWE Bottom Line - Thursdays at 4:00pm on Premiere Sport Portal, replayed at the same day at 12:00am
WWE Afterbun - Fridays at 4:00pm on Premiere Sport Portal, replayed at the same day at 11:00pm
WWE Heat - Saturdays at 10am on Premiere Sport Portal, replayed at the same day at 12:00pm
Saturdays at 10:00pm on DSF
WWE PPV's - PPV's are aired live Sundays at 2:00am on Premiere Sport Portal
WWE Raw - Thursdays at 10:30pm on RTL9, replayed Saturdays at 8:45pm on NT1
Fridays at 10:25pm on NT1
WWE Raw - Fridays at 8:30pm, Saturdays at 9:20am & Sundays at 4:00pm
WWE ECW - Sundays at 12:30am, 3:50am & 3:05pm
Sundays at 5:45pm, 11:45pm & Mondays at 6:00am
WWE Saturday Night's Main Event (when available) - Sundays at 7:30pm
Free For All - PPV Pre-Show on Sky Box Office, aired 30 minutes before every PPV showing.
WWE Pay-Per-View Events - LIVE on Sky Box Office (replayed at 7:00pm).
WWE Raw - Saturdays on ATV at 6:00pm
Saturdays on ATV at 7:00pm, and at 9:00pm when Saturday Night's Main Event is held.
WWE ECW - Sundays on FX Latin America 7:00pm, replays Wednesdays at 7:00pm.
Pay-Per-View Events - Sundays on ATV at 8:00pm.
Saturdays Night's Main Event - When it is available, it airs at Saturdays on ATV at 7:00pm.
WWE Experience (not The WWE Experience) - Sundays on FX Latin America 8:00pm, replays Thursdays at 7:00pm.
Sundays on is shown on WAPA-TV at 10:00pm AST
Raw -Mondays on Cablevision, Adelphia, Centennial at 9:00 pm AST.
ECW on Sci-Fi -Tuesdays on Cablevision, Adelphia, Centennial at 10:00 pm AST
WWE A.M. Raw -Saturdays on Cablevision, Adelphia, Centennial at 9:00 am AST
In the Philippines, WWE programming is shown on Jack TV, and Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC).
All times are in Philippine Standard Time
WWE Raw - Saturdays at 6pm on Jack TV, Saturdays at 10pm on ABC
Sundays at 6pm on Jack TV, Sundays at 10pm on ABC
WWE ECW - Sundays at 5pm on Jack TV
WWE Heat - Mondays at 6pm on Jack TV
WWE Afterburn -  Thursdays at 6pm on Jack TV
WWE Bottom Line - Tuesdays at 6pm on Jack TV
The WWE Experience - Fridays at 6pm on Jack TV
WWE 24/7 - Everyday on MAXXX
WWE Raw- Fridays at 10.15pm on SIC Radical, repetitions on Thursdays at 10am and Mondays at 8pm
WWE SmackDown!
-Saturdays at 9.15am on TVI
WWE ECW- Saturdays back to back shows from 7pm to 9pm, repetitions on Fridays at 10am and Saturdays at 11am
Pay-Per-View Events -Sundays at 7pm, repetitions on Wednesdays at 10am and Saturdays at 6.30pm
Raw - Sundays, etv at 5pm SAST
Wednesdays, etv at 8.30pm SAST
ECW - Saturdays, etv at 5pm SAST
Bottom Line - Saturdays, 12pm on Supersport 2 SAST
Afterburn - Wednesdays, 9.30pm on Supersport 2 SAST
Pay Per View Events - Sundays at 5pm or 6.30pm on Supersport, and replayed Monday morning at 5am on M-Net SAST
TEN Sports airs WWE programs in South Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,  Maldives, and Bhutan, etc.
Raw - Monday at 5pm IST, replayed on Mondays at 10:30pm and Tuesdays at 8:00am.
Tuesdays at 5pm IST, and replayed on Tuesdays at 10:30pm and Wednesdays at 8:00am.
ECW - Fridays at 10:30pm IST, and replayed on Saturdays at 10:00pm.
Heat - Sundays at 5pm IST, and replayed on Sundays at 10:30pm and Mondays at 8:00am.
Afterburn - Wednesdays at 5pm IST, and replayed on Wednesdays at 10:30pm and on Thursdays at 8:00am.
Bottom Line - Thursdays at 5pm IST, and is replayed on Thursdays at 10:30pm and on Fridays at 8:00am.
The WWE Experience - Saturdays at 5pm IST, and replayed on Saturdays at 11:00pm and on Sundays 8:00am.
Pay-Per-View Events - Sundays at scheduled time, replayed Mondays at scheduled time.
WWE 24/7 - Mondays to Fridays at 5:30pm IST on Jetix.
Raw - Saturdays at 12:30pm CET on Cuatro.
Sundays at 12:30pm CET on Cuatro.
Most of WWE's programs are shown on Sky Sports 3 apart from WWE Experience, Saturday Night's Main Event and pay-per-views.
Raw - Tuesdays at 2am BST, replayed Thursdays at 9pm and Fridays at 5pm.
Fridays at 10pm, replayed on Saturdays at 10am, 5pm, 11pm and Tuesdays at 5pm.
Afterburn - Sundays at 8am and 9pm: the UK sees two versions with differing content; a daytime version and a "late night" version.
Bottom Line - Saturday at 12am and 12pm: like Afterburn, the UK sees two versions with differing content; a daytime version and a "late night" version.
The WWE Experience - Sundays at 11am, Sky One and 5pm on Sky Sports 3.
Saturday Night's Main Event - Sky Sports 1.
Pay-Per-View Events - Sky Sports 1 and Sky Box Office; some are free and paid by the subscription charges.
Raw - Mondays on USA Network at 8pm, Wednesdays on mun2 at 9PM & Sundays at 2PM, Sundays at 4PM on Telemundo ET
Friday Night SmackDown! -
Fridays on The CW and Intercontinental Television (ITV) at 8pm
ECW - Tuesdays on Sci Fi Channel at 10pm.
A.M. RAW - Sundays on USA Network at 2AM
Saturday Night's Main Event, when held, is shown on Saturday night on NBC at 8pm
Madison Square Garden Classics, - Wednesdays on MSG Networks at 8PM and 9PM.
WWE movies
Since 2003, WWE has produced its own movie productions.
Instead of focusing on wrestling movies, WWE produces movies that are non-wrestling related.
WWE and Vince McMahon were credited for production of the movies The Scorpion King, The Rundown  and Walking Tall all starring The Rock (Dwayne Johnson).
WWE movies has since ventured in on their own, releasing, See No Evil, a horror movie, starring Kane and also The Marine, an action movie starring John Cena.
WWE has also noted that Steve Austin has agreed to star in three movie deals, the first being The Condemned.
WWE 24/7
In 2004, WWE announced a new video on demand service for digital cable users, allowing subscribers to the service access to matches in the promotion's extensive video library.
The programming is broken into six sections and features classic shows, matches, and features highlighting legends of wrestling.
The Big Ones
Classic pay-per-views and supershows.
Documentaries on Hall of Fame wrestlers.
Matches featuring the wrestler of the month.
Monday Night Wars (full episodes of both WWE Monday Night Raw and WCW Monday Nitro.)
Episodes of past WWF/E shows.
Matches and memorable moments centered around the months theme.
Documentaries and retrospectives.
Territories - ECW
Full shows from the territory days of wrestling.
History of Extreme Championship Wrestling.