the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He also wanted to break the political power of the Irish Catholic gentry.
Ormonde supported this plan.
The plans made his relatives very angry, and many of them opposed Wentworth.
This led to armed rebellion.
The opposition to Wentworth helped an impeachment of the Earl by the English Parliament.
He was executed in May, 1641.
When the Irish Rebellion of 1641 started, Ormonde was in command of government troops based in Dublin.
Most of the country was taken by the Catholic rebels, who included Ormonde's Butler relatives.
Rebel leader Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret, was Ormonde's cousin.
In spring 1642 Mountgarret and Ormonde were the commanders of the two sides at the battle of Kilrush, with Ormonde's side winning.
In spring 1642 the Irish Catholics formed their own government, the Catholic Confederation.
The capital was Kilkenny.
They started to organise their own troops.
Also in early 1642 the king sent in troops from England and Scotland to help with the fight.
The Irish Confederate War had started.
Ormonde cleared the area around Dublin of Confederate forces.
He got control of the area historically known as the Pale.
In March 1643 Ormonde brought his troops to New Ross.
This was deep in the territory of the Catholic Confederation.
He won a small victory there (Battle of New Ross) before returning to Dublin.
However, Ormonde was in a very difficult situation.
The English Civil War had started in September 1642.
This meant that there were not going to be more troops from England to help him.
The King had even asked to send back the troops he had sent before.
Isolated in Dublin, Ormonde agreed to a ceasefire (to stop fighting) with the Catholics, which began in September 1643.
The greater part of Ireland was given up into the hands of the Catholic Confederation.
This left only districts in the north, the Dublin Pale, round Cork City, and certain smallish garrisons in the possession of Protestant commanders.
This truce was strongly opposed by the Lords Justices and the Protestant community in general in Ireland.
In November 1643 the king appointed Ormonde as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
This was the highest post in the Irish government.
Ormonde was told to stop the king's Parliamentarian enemies being helped from Ireland.
He also had to deliver more troops to fight for the Royalist side in England.
He was also given the king's authority to make peace with the Catholic Confederation.
They could then allow their troops to fight against the Parliamentarians.
Negotiations with the Irish Confederates
The Old native Irish and Catholic Irish of English descent ("the Old English") had their own government in Confederate Ireland.
They would support King Charles I of England if he would allow them freedom to be Catholics, and give them self-government.
On the other side, any deals he made with Catholic Confederates meant that his support among English and Scottish Protestants in Ireland would become less.
On August 25, 1645, Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester, acting on behalf of King Charles, signed a treaty (peace agreement) in Kilkenny with the Irish Catholic Confederates.
He did not talk about this with the Irish Protestant community.
Irish Protestants were strongly against this, and Charles was forced to undo the treaty almost immediately.
He was afraid that almost all Irish Protestant would give support to the other side in the English Civil War.
On March 28, 1646, Ormonde, on behalf of the king, signed another treaty with the Confederates.
This one gave them religious and other rights.
However, the Confederates' General Assembly (their government) in Kilkenny did not like the deal.
This was in part because of what the pope's ambassador (nuncio) Giovanni Battista Rinuccini said.
He did not want the Catholics to compromise.
The Confederates arrested those among them who had signed the treaty with Ormonde.
Ormonde then judged that he could not keep the Confederates out of Dublin.
He asked for help from English Long Parliament and signed an agreement with them on June 19, 1647.
At the beginning of August Ormonde handed over Dublin, together with 3000 royalist troops under his command, to the Parliamentarian commander Michael Jones.
He had arrived from England with 5000 Parliamentarian troops.
Ormonde in turn sailed to England.
He said about his surrender that he "preferred English rebels to Irish ones."
The royalist and parliamentarian troops were fighting on different sides in the English Civil War.
But in Ireland, they fought together against the Catholic Confederates.
The combined troops won a major battle against the Confederates soon afterward near Dublin (Battle of Dungan's Hill).
Commander of Royalist Alliance
In March 1648 he joined the queen and the Prince of Wales in Paris.
In September he went back to Ireland.
He was going to try to get the Irish Confederates and the Irish Protestants to support the king now that the pope's nuncio was gone.
The Irish Confederates wanted to make a compromise now.
Their battle against the English Parliamentarian forces was not going well.
On 17 January 1649 Ormonde signed a peace with the rebels which said that they could practice their religion freely.
After Charles I was executed in 1649, he stated Ireland's support for Charles II.
Ormonde was put in command of the Irish Confederates' armies and also the English Royalist troops who had come to Ireland.
Almost all of Ireland was under his control before August 1649.
Yet Ormonde was not able to stop the conquest of Ireland by Oliver Cromwell in 1649-50.
Most of the English and Protestant Royalist troops left Ormonde's side and went to fight for Cromwell in May 1650.
The Irish Catholic troops were the only ones left under his command.
They did not trust him.
Ormonde was made to leave his command in late 1650.
He returned to France later that year.
In Cromwell's Act of Settlement 1652, all of Ormonde's lands in Ireland were taken from him.
Ormonde was great friends with Charles II and the queen mother in Paris.
He went to Aix and Cologne with Charles when he had to leave France.
He played an active part in the secret planning of the Restoration (the plan to put Charles II back on the throne of England.).
Ormonde's career after Charles II became King
After Charles II became king, Ormonde got a lot of different responsibilities and titles from the king.
He was made
commissioner for the treasury and the navy,
Lord Steward of the Household,
a Privy Councillor,
Lord Lieutenant of Somerset,
High Steward of Westminster, Kingston and Bristol,
chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin,
Baron Butler of Llanthony and Earl of Brecknock in the peerage of England,
Duke of Ormonde in the Irish peerage
Lord High Steward of England for Charles's coronation that year.
He also got back his lands in Ireland.
On 4 November 1661 he became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland again.
He did not like it when Charles II stopped importing cattle from Ireland.
In return, he stopped importing cattle from Scotland.
In March 1669, Ormonde was removed from the government of Ireland.
He made sure that his sons and others that listened to him stayed in their posts.
He was chosen as Chancellor of the University of Oxford on 4 August 1669.
In 1670 an attempt was made to kill the duke by an adventurer named Thomas Blood.
Ormonde was attacked by Blood and his helpers while driving up St James's Street on the night of 6 December 1670.
He was pulled out of his carriage, and taken on horseback along Piccadilly.
They wanted to hang him at Tyburn.
Ormonde managed to escape.
On his arrival in Ireland he set up a tax system, and reorganised the army.
After the Popish Plot (1678) in England, Ormonde at once took action that would make Roman Catholics powerless.
There were far more Catholics than Protestants in the country (15 Catholics for every 1 Protestant).
In 1682 he went back to London at the request of the King, who he supported.
The last thing he did as lord lieutenant was to declare Irish support for James II of England after the death of Charles II.
Ormonde lived in retirement at Cornbury in Oxfordshire.
Ormonde died on 21 July 1688 at Kingston Lacy, Dorset.
Ormonde was buried in Westminster Abbey on 1 August 1688.
Thomas Carte, Life of the Duke of Ormonde (3 vols.,
1735–1736; new ed.,
in 6 vols.,
Oxford, 1851)
Thomas Carte, Collection of Original Letters, found among the Duke of Ormonde's Papers (1739)
Carte Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford
Sir Robert Southwell, "Life of Ormonde",  printed in the History of the Irish Parliament, by Lord Mountmorres (i 792), vol.
Correspondence between Archbishop Williams and the Marquess of Ormonde, edited by B. H. Beckham (reprinted from Archaeologia Cambrensis, 1869)
John Milton, Observations on the Articles of Peace between James, Earl of Ormonde, and the Irish-Rebels
ii.-iv.
and vi.-x.,
Rep. viii.,
appendix, p. 499, and Rep. xiv.
App.:
Manuscripts of the Marquis of Ormonde, together with new series; Notes and Queries, vi.
v., Pp.
343~ ~al1
Gardiner's History of the Civil War
Calendar of Slate Papers (Domestic) and Irish,1633 – 1662, with introductions
Biographia Britannica (Kippis)
Scottish Hist.
Publications: Letters and Papers of 1650, edited by S. R. Gardiner, vol.
xvii. (
http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/ormond.htm
British generals
Macbeth is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi.
It is based on Shakespeare’s play with the same name.
The opera is normally in Italian, though there is also a French version that's almost never used anymore.
The  libretto (the words) was written by Francesco Maria Piave with some extra additions by Andrea Maffei.
Verdi wrote several works based on Shakespeare plays.
Macbeth was the first of these.
It was composed in 1847, at a time when he was composing a lot of operas.
In those days Italian operas were always about a love story, but Macbeth was unusual because there was no love story.
Instead, it is a story about wanting power, even if means murder.
The opera helped to make him very famous, and it has remained one of his most popular operas.
Andrea Maffei, a poet and friend of Verdi, suggested to him that Macbeth would be a good story to make into an opera.
Verdi did not read Shakespeare’s original work until after he had composed the opera.
The words were written for him by Piave who based the libretto on an Italian translation.
Verdi loved the story, he thought it was “one of the greatest creations of man”.
The opera is very similar to the story told by Shakespeare, but Verdi uses a large chorus of witches instead of just three.
The last act ends with the refugees coming together on the English border, and, in the revised version, ends with a chorus of bards celebrating their victory over the cruel tyrant.
The 1847 version was performed a great deal all over Italy.
Then, in 1865, Verdi made several changes to the opera in a revised version.
It was to be performed in Paris, and in France people expected to have ballet music in operas.
Verdi wrote some music for the dancers, and took the opportunity to make other changes as well.
Verdi worked in Italian, and had it translated into French for the performance there, but people don't use the French translation.
They instead use all his changes for the French version, but keep the Italian text.
After 1865 it was not performed very often.
Verdi was very disappointed about this because he was particularly proud of this opera.
He had worked closely with Piave.
It was Verdi who gave Piave the outline of the story he wanted him to write.
Verdi concentrated on three main characters: Lady Macbeth, Macbeth and the Witches.
It was not until around the time of World War II that it became very popular again.
Place: Scotland
Time: 11th century
Scene 1: A heath
In the prelude (the music of the opening) we hear music that comes later in the sleep-walking scene.
The chorus of Witches prophesy the future.
A messenger arrives to say that Macbeth has been given the title and estates of Cawdor.
Macbeth and Banquo, his general, think about the witches’ prophecy.
Half of the prophecy has just come true (the other half being that Macbeth will become king, and that the kings that come after him will be Banquo’s heirs).
The witches dance and sing at the end of this scene.
Scene 2: Macbeth's castle
Lady Macbeth reads a letter from her husband in which he tells her about the prophecy the witches had made.
She decides to make sure that Macbeth really does become king.
She decides that she must persuade her husband to murder Duncano (Duncan, King of Scotland).
Macbeth sees a dagger in front of him.
He takes it and murders Duncano (who never sings in the opera).
Then he is horrified at what he has done.
His wife is disgusted that her husband feels terrible about the murder.
She takes the dagger and completes the crime, then smears Duncano’s blood on the guards who are asleep.
Banquo and Macduff, a Scottish nobleman, arrive, Macduff discovers the crime, and all the characters sing a chorus asking God to punish the murderer(s).
Scene 1: A room in the castle
Macbeth is now king.
He is worried about the prophecy that Banco’s heirs will become king.
He and his wife decide that Banco and his son must be murdered.
Scene 2: Outside the castle
A gang of murderers are waiting for Banco.
He is caught, but his son Fleanzio manages to escape.
Scene 3: A dining hall in the castle
Macbeth receives the guests and Lady Macbeth sings a brindisi (drinking song) which is quite similar to the famous one in La Traviata.
Macbeth is told that Banco has been murdered, but when he goes back to the table he finds Banco’s ghost sitting in his place.
He shouts and raves at the ghost.
The other people cannot see the ghost and think that Macbeth has gone mad.
The feast ends quickly.
The witches' cave
The witches are sitting round a cauldron in a dark cave.
They sing, and then dance a ballet which was written for the 1865 version.
The music sounds like magic.
Macbeth enters and wants the witches to tell him his future.
They conjure up three apparitions for him.
The first one tells him to beware of Macduff.
The second tells him that he cannot be harmed by a man 'born of woman'.
The third one says that he cannot be conquered till Birnam Wood marches against him.
Macbeth is then shown the ghost of Banco and his descendants, eight future Kings of Scotland.
This shows that the witches prophecy from the beginning of the opera must indeed come true.
Macbeth collapses.
When he recovers and tells his wife what he saw, she is even more determined to kill Banco’s son and all his family.
Scene 1: Near the border between England and Scotland
Malcolm, Banco’s son, tells his soldiers to cut  branches from  trees in Birnam Wood and carry them as they attack Macbeth's army.
They want to free Scotland from tyranny.
Scene 3: The battlefield
Macbeth has heard that an army is coming towards him.
He is told that the Queen is dead, but he does not seem to mind.
He gets his army together.
Banco’s army march against him with their tree branches.
The prophecy has come true: Birnam Wood has marched up against him.
Macduff fights Macbeth and kills him.
He tells Macbeth that he was not "born of woman" but "ripped" from his mother's womb.
Macduff kills Macbeth.
Macduff's men call out that Macduff is the new King.
All the soldiers and the women sing a hymn to victory.
The Earl of Harewood and Antony Peattie
The G20 (Group of 20, also variously G21, G22 and G20+) is a bloc of developing nations established on 20 August 2003.
Distinct and separate from the G-20 major economies, the group emerged at the 5th Ministerial WTO conference, held in  Cancún, Mexico, from 10 September to 14 September 2003.
The G-20 accounts for 60% of the world's population, 70% of its farmers and 26% of world’s agricultural exports.
In 2008 the group had 23 members.
Cahors () is a commune in southwestern France.
It is in Occitanie.
Cahors is the prefecture (capital) of the Lot department.
It is also the capital of 3 cantons: Cahors-1, Cahors-2 and Cahors-3.
Cahors was the capital of the old province of Quercy and the people of this city are known, in French, as cadurciens (women: cadurciennes).
This name comes from the old name of the city, Carduca.
Cahors is an ancient town.
The people that inhabited the area at the time of the Roman conquest were called Carduci and so the Romans named the town as Divona or Divona Cadurcorum, "Divona of the Cadurci"; Divona was a source of water, now called "fontaine des Chartreux".
The word Cahors comes from Cadurcorum.
The commune is at  north of Toulouse and is surrounded by the communes Mercuès, Calamane, Pradines, Arcambal, Lamagdelaine, Laroque-des-Arcs, Trespoux-Rassiels, Labastide-Marnhac, Le Montat and Flaujac-Poujols.
With a population of 19,630, Cahors has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Cahors forms, together with the commune Pradines, the urban area of Cahors, with a population of 23,090 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Cahors, formed by 44 communes with a population of 44,255 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Cahors is the prefecture of the Lot department, the capital of the arrondissement of Cahors and the administrative centre () of the Cahors-1, Cahors-2 and Cahors-3 cantons.
It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Cahors ().
Pont Valentré (Valentré Bridge, ), a symbol of the town across the Lot river.
It was built between 1308 and 1378.
Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Cahors (Cahors Cathedral), a national monument in France.
Arc de Diane (Diane's Arch), remains of Roman baths.
Saint-Barthélémy Church (14th century).
Maison Henri IV or Hôtel de Roaldès (15th century).
Ville de Cahors - Official website
Office de Tourisme de Grand Cahors (in English: Grand Cahors Tourist Office)
Mende is a commune and prefecture of the department of Lozère, part of the Occitanie region.
It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Mende.
The inhabitants of this city are known, in French, as Mendois (women: Mendoises).
Mende is located in the southern Massif Central, to the north of the Cévennes, near the Mont Lozère, the highest point of the Lozère department.
The Lot river flows through the city and most of Mende is on the left side of the river.
The commune of Mende has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
The commune of Mende is surrounded by the communes Chastel-Nouvel, Badaroux, Lanuéjols, Brenoux, Saint-Bauzile, Balsièges, Barjac and Servières.
The city of Mende had 11,542 inhabitants for a density of  persons/km2.
Mende is the prefecture of the Lozère department since 1790.
It is also the capital of the Mende arrondissement and of two cantons:
Mende-1, formed with a part of Mende (5,513 inhabitants) (2014)
Mende-2, formed with a part of Mende (6,029  inhabitants) (2014)
It is part of the intercommunality Cœur de Lozère ().
Wunsiedel, Germany, since 1980
Volterra, Italy, since 1993
Vila Real, Portugal, since 2003
Mende Tourist Office
Communes in Lozère
The following is a list of the 363 communes of the Maine-et-Loire département in France.
(CAA) Communauté d'agglomération d'Angers, created in 2001.
(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération du Choletais, created in 2001.
(CAS) Communauté d'agglomération Saumur Loire Développement, created in 2001.
The following is a list of the 185 communes of the Lozère département, in France.
Lozere
The following is a list of the 319 communes of the Lot-et-Garonne département, in France.
(CAA) Communauté d'agglomération (unitary authority) of Agen, created in 2000.
The following is a list of the 340 communes of the Lot département, in France.
The following is the list of the 334 communes of the Loiret département, in France.
(AgglO) Communauté d'agglomération Orléans Val de Loire, created in 2002
(AME)   Agglomération Montargoise et Rives du Loing, created December 14, 2001
(CC4V)  Communauté de communes des Quatre Vallées (seat in Ferrières-en-Gâtinais), created in 2002
(CCB)   Communauté de communes du Beaunois, created in 2002
(CCBG)  Communauté de communes de Beauce et du Gâtinais
(CCCB)  Communauté de communes du canton de Briare, created in 2002
(CCCCL) Communauté de communes du canton de Châtillon-sur-Loire, created in 2002
(CCCL)  Communauté de communes du canton de Lorris, created in 2002
(CCCOL) Communauté de communes du canton d'Ouzouer-sur-Loire, created in 2002
(CCF)   Communauté de communes de la Forêt (seat in Loury), created in 2002
(CCG)   Communauté de communes du Giennois (seat in Gien), created in 2002
(CCL)   Communauté de communes des Loges (seat in Jargeau), created in 2002
(CCQR)  Communauté de communes des Quatre Rivières (seat in Châtillon-Coligny), created in 2002
(CCVA)  Communauté de communes du Val d'Ardoux (seat in Cléry-Saint-André), created in 2002
Diffraction is a physics concept which occurs when waves bend around small obstacles, or spread out after they pass through small openings.
Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as light that the eye can see.
Diffraction also occurs with matter such as electrons.
Causes of diffraction
Diffraction is caused by one wave of light being shifted by a diffracting object.
This shift will cause the wave to have interference with itself.
Interference can be either constructive or destructive.
When interference is constructive, the intensity of the wave will increase.
When interference is destructive, the intensity will decrease, sometimes to a point where it is completely destroyed.
These patterns of interference rely on the size of the diffracting object and the size of the wave.
The strongest examples of diffraction occur in waves where the wavelength is similar to the size of the object causing diffraction.
Uses of diffraction
Diffraction can be used to separate different wavelengths of light using a diffraction grating.
A diffraction grating can be a series of closely-spaced slits or a mirror with a series of small grooves.
Diffraction gratings work because different wavelengths of light will constructively interfere at different angles.
Diffraction gratings are used in many analytical chemistry tools, such as a spectrometer.
Diffraction can also be used to look at molecules using X-ray crystallography.
In X-ray crystallography, X-rays are aimed on a crystal.
The crystal diffracts the X-ray and makes a diffraction pattern.
This pattern is unique to the type of crystal and can be used to identify the molecule that makes the crystal.
Diffraction also occurs in a bending movement where the wave becomes more spread out
Skoog, D.A.; Holler, F.J.; Crouch, S.R.  Principles of Instrumental Analysis. (
Brooks/Cole, California).
Shanghai Knights is an 2003 martial arts action-comedy movie that was produced by Jackie Chan, Gary Barber and Roger Birnbaum and was directed by David Dobkin.
It is a sequel to Shanghai Noon.
Shanghai Knights was released on February 7, 2003 in North America.
The movie received positive reviews with a 66% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 58 out of 100 from Metacritic.
prequel Shanghai Dawn.
Jackie Chan as Chon Wang
Owen Wilson as Roy O'Bannon
Fann Wong as Chon Lin
Thomas Fisher as Inspector Artie Doyle/Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Aidan Gillen as Lord Nelson Rathbone
Donnie Yen as Wu Chow
Aaron Johnson as Charlie Chaplin
Oliver Cotton as Jack the Ripper
Kim Chan as Chon Wang's Father
Gemma Jones as Queen Victoria
Brad Allan as Thug (uncredited)
Nicky Li
He Jun
Park Hyun Jin
Lee In Seob
Han Guan Hua
Shanghai Knights Official website
Wyre is a local government district in Lancashire, England.
It is a borough, based in the town of Poulton-le-Fylde.
Wyre is named after the River Wyre, which runs through the district.
Town and parish councils in Wyre
Thornton Cleveleys
Parish councils
Barnacre with Bonds
Bleasdale
Cabus
Catterall
Claughton on Brock
Forton
Garstang
Great Eccleston
Inskip-with-Sowerby
Kirkland, Lancashire
Myerscough and Bilsborrow
Nateby
Nether Wyresdale
Out Rawcliffe
Pilling
Preesall (Town Council)
Stalmine-with-Staynall
Upper Rawcliffe with Tarnacre
Winmarleigh
Wyre Borough Council
The River Wyre is a river in Lancashire, England.
It flows into the Irish Sea at the town of Fleetwood.
He started as defender for Fortuna 05 when he was six but at the age of nine he became goalkeeper, a position he played for the rest of his career.
At the age of 16 he came to  FC Kritzendorf where he became goalkeeper of the first team.
His first professional team was First Vienna FC, then he want to SK Rapid Wien.
For Rapid he played 395 matches in the league, 47 Cupmatches and 42 international matches (2 times the final of the UEFA Cupwinner Cup)
Michael Konsel played 43 matches in Austrias national team.
He was member of Austrias team for the FIFA World Cup in 1990 and 1998.
1990 in Italy he was second goalkeeper but 1998 he was number 1 and played 3 matches.
Although he played his first match 1985 he became number 1 in the team not until 10 years later.
His last match was a friendly versus Worldchampion France in Viennas Ernst-Happel-stadium.
Austrian Bundesliga (3):
Goalkeeper of the year: 1987/88, 1994/95, 1995/96, 1996/97
Footballer of the year:
Krone-Fußballerwahl:1987,1995
APA-Fußballerwahl:1995
VdF-Honourary price:1998
Best Goalkeeper Serie A : 1997/98
Member of the Austrian team 1990 and 1998
players profile Michael Konsel
The list contains European stadiums with a capacity of at least 25,000.
Almost all of these stadiums were built mainly for association football.
Most of the rest were built for athletics, the rugby codes, or (in Ireland) Gaelic games.
Current Stadiums
Capacity of 25,000 or more
Other UEFA Category 4 Stadiums
stadiums by capacity
A lamp is a component that can be replaced such as an incandescent light bulb.
It is designed to make light from electricity.
These components are usually made of ceramic, metal, glass or plastic, which makes an electrical connection.
Locus (mathematics), one of a set of points which satisfies one or more conditions
An allele's position on a chromosome
Chaumont is a commune of France, and the capital (or prefecture) of the Haute-Marne department in the Grand Est region.
The city of Chaumont is on the Langres plateau on the geographical centre of the Haute-Marne department in northeast France.
It is along the Marne (river) river.
The commune of Chaumont is surrounded by the communes Condes, Treix, Chamarandes-Choignes, Laville-aux-Bois, Biesles, Verbiesles, Neuilly-sur-Suize, Richebourg, Semoutiers-Montsaon, Villiers-le-Sec and Jonchery.
Two rivers flow through the city: the Suize to the west and the Marne to the east.
The inhabitants of Chaumont are known, in French, as Chaumontais (women: Chaumontaises).
The city of Chaumont has a population, in 2014, of 22,674; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.
Chaumont forms with Chamarandes-Choignes the urban area of Chaumont with a population of 23,716 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .
This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Chaumont, formed by 65 communes, with a population of 42,594 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .
Chaumont is the prefecture of the Haute-Marne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Chaumont and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
Chaumont-1 formed by 6 communes and part of Chaumont, with 10,816 inhabitants (2014).
Chaumont-2 formed by 4 communes and part of Chaumont, with 8,534 inhabitants (2014).
Chaumont-3 formed by 5 communes and part of Chaumont, with 10,609 inhabitants (2014).
It is part of the intercommunality Chaumont, du Bassin Nogentais et du Bassin de Bologne Vignory Froncles ().
Ashton-under-Lyne, England, since 1956.
Ivrée, Italy, since 1983.
Bad Nauheim, Germany, since 1992.
Oostkamp, Belgium, since 2004.
Site officiel de la ville de Chaumont
Office de Tourisme du Pays de Chaumont en Champagne
Communes in Haute-Marne
Saint-Lô is a commune.
It is in the Manche department in west France.
Saint-Ghislain, Belgium, since 1961
Aalen, Germany, since 1979
Christchurch, UK, since 1985
Kervénanec, Lorient, France, since 1988
Roanoke, Virginia, US, since 1999
The following is a list of the 433 communes of the Haute-Marne département, in France.
The following is a list of the 594 communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department, in France.
(CUN) Communauté urbaine du Grand Nancy, created in 1995.
Vannes is a commune.
It is the prefecture of Morbihan in Brittany.
Mons, Belgium (since 1952)
Cuxhaven, Germany (since 1963)
Fareham, United Kingdom (since 1967)
Barouéli, Mali, since 2003
Wałbrzych, Poland, since 2001
Communes in Morbihan
Bar-le-Duc is a commune.
It is found in the Meuse department in the east of France.
Tambov, Russia
Griesheim, Germany, since 1975
Wilkau-Haßlau, Germany, since 1990
Gyönk, Hungary, since 1995
Communes in Meuse
The Royal Hospital Kilmainham is a 17th-century building in Kilmainham, Dublin, Ireland.
It was built to be a home for retired soldiers.
It was used as a home for over 250 years.
The hospital was built between 1680 and 1684 by architect Sir William Robinson.
He was the official State Surveyor General for James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to King Charles II.
The style is based on Les Invalides in Paris.
The Royal Hospital Chelsea in Chelsea, London was completed two years later and looks alike in style.
The Tudor Gothic gateway at the end of the road leading to the Royal Hospital was designed by Francis Johnston.
He was one of the leading architects of the day.
This gateway originally stood beside the River Liffey at Bloody Bridge (now Rory O'More Bridge).
It was moved after the arrival of the railway in 1844.
When the Irish Free State was formed, they thought about using the building for the Oireachtas Éireann, the new Irish national parliament.
After the soldiers were all gone, the buildings were used for different things like offices for the Garda Síochána (the Irish police force) and as storage for the National Museum of Ireland.
The Government of Ireland restored the buildings in different stages from 1957, and opened in 1985 as the National Centre for Culture and the Arts.
In 1991 the Irish Museum of Modern Art was opened here.
Royal Hospital Kilmainham website
Virtual Tours of Royal Hospital Kilmainham North Range, Courtyard and Formal Gardens
The following is a list of the 261 communes of the Morbihan département, in France.
(CAL) Communauté d'agglomération of Pays de Lorient, created in 2000.
(CAV) Communauté d'agglomération of Pays de Vannes, created in 2001.
(CAB) Communauté d'agglomération of Côte du Pays Blanc, created in 2003, the largest part of which is located in the Loire-Atlantique département.
The following is a list of the 500 communes of the Meuse département, in France.
Kilmainham (In Irish: Cill Mhaighneann, "St Maighnenn's church") is an area of Dublin.
It lies south of the River Liffey and west of the city centre in the Dublin 8 postal district.
In the Viking era, there was a monastery here.
The monastery was home to the first Norse base (longphort) in Ireland.
In the 12th century the lands on the banks of the Liffey belonged to the Knights Templars.
Strongbow built a castle for them, about a mile away from the Danish wall of old Dublin.
Here the Templars lived for nearly a century and a half.
In 1308, Edward II ruled that they were no longer allowed to practice their religion.
Thirty members of the Templars were imprisoned in Dublin.
Their lands and rights were given to the priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem.
They were there until the monasteries were closed in the 16th century.
The Manor of Kilmainham was a liberty.
This means it had special rights. "
The manor" was an area that included parts of James's Street and side-streets and went as far as Lucan and Chapelizod.
Until the time of Queen Elizabeth, the lord lieutenants used the manor of Kilmainham.
In 1559, the earl of Sussex, found that the building at Kilmainham was damaged by a storm.
The following year Elizabeth ordered that Dublin Castle be improved so the lord lieutenant could live there.
From that time, Kilmainham was no longer used much.
The Royal Hospital Kilmainham is in Kilmainham.
It was built on the site where the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem had their priory in Dublin.
It is now the Irish Museum of Modern Art.
Nearby is also Kilmainham Gaol, where the executions of the leaders of the Easter Rising took place.
Kilmainham also has one of a small number of Viking era burial sites (Old Norse haugr meaning barrow or mound), within Dublin.
Balancing selection refers to selective processes by which different alleles (different versions of a gene) are kept in the gene pool of a population at frequencies above that of gene mutation.
This usually happens when the heterozygote for a gene has a higher relative fitness than the homozygote.
In this way genetic polymorphism is conserved.
Evidence for balancing selection can be found in the number of alleles in a population which are maintained above mutation rate frequencies.
All modern research has shown that this significant genetic variation is common in panmictic populations.
It is the field experience of Darwin, Wallace and others, that natural populations in the wild are extraordinarily varied.
Museum collections of single species tell the same story.
There are several ways balancing selection works to maintain polymorphism.
The two major and most studied are heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection.
Mechanisms of balancing selection
In heterozygote advantage, or heterotic balancing selection, an individual who is heterozygous at a particular gene locus has a greater fitness than a homozygous individual.
Polymorphisms maintained by this mechanism are balanced polymorphisms.
A well-studied case is that of sickle cell anemia in humans, a hereditary disease that damages red blood cells.
Sickle cell anemia is caused by the inheritance of a variant hemoglobin gene (HgbS) from both parents.
In these individuals, hemoglobin in red blood cells is extremely sensitive to oxygen deprivation, and this causes shorter life expectancy.
A person who inherits the sickle cell gene from one parent, and a normal hemoglobin gene (HgbA) from the other, has a normal life expectancy.
The heterozygote is resistant to the malarial parasite which kills a large number of people each year.
The heterozygote frequency is kept high because of the fierce selection against both the homozygotes.
Frequency-dependent selection
In positive frequency-dependent selection the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common.
In negative frequency-dependent selection the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes less common.
For example, in prey switching, rare morphs of prey are fitter because predators concentrate on more frequent morphs.
Fitness varies in time and space
Selection acts at different levels
Stanhope was born in London.
He got his schooling at Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
After that, he went on the Grand Tour of the continent.
He became gentleman of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales.
Career in government
In 1715, he entered the House of Commons as Lord Stanhope of Shelford and member for St Germans.
He left for Paris and sent the government valuable information about the Jacobite plot.
In 1716, he returned to Britain and sat in the House of Commons.
He liked to take part in the debates.
He took his seat in the House of Lords.
In 1728, he was sent to the Hague as ambassador.
He did a good job, and got the Order of the Garter in 1730, and the position of Lord Steward.
After he did not support Walpole's Excise Bill, he was dismissed from his stewardship.
He spent years opposing the ruling party in the House of Lords.
First against Robert Walpole and then against King George II of England.
In 1744, the "Broad Bottom" party, led by Chesterfield and Pitt, came into office.
They ruled together with the Pelhams.
He was then sent to the Hague as ambassador a second time.
The object of his mission was to persuade the Dutch to join in the War of the Austrian Succession.
His mission was successful.
When he got back to London, he was made Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland.
This was a position he wanted for a long time.
He took the his role seriously.
He established schools and manufacturing in Ireland.
In politics, he found a way to work with both Protestant and Roman Catholic parties.
He also still took his seat in the Upper House.
In 1751, he helped in making the Gregorian calendar a fact.
That Act of Parliament is sometimes known as Chesterfield's Act.
After he slowly became deaf, he had to stop his work in the parliament.
How he is remembered
In politics, he is best known for the time he was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
As a writer, he is best known for his Letters to his Son.
Those letters were not really written to be read by the general public.
His widow Eugenia Stanhope first published them in 1774.
Letters to his Godson was published in 1890.
Both sets of letters are written with great style and knowledge.
Chesterfield County, Virginia and Chesterfield County, South Carolina in the United States were named in his honour.
He also plays a role in the 1757-1758 novel The Virginians by William Makepeace Thackery.
"An able man shows his spirit by gentle words and resolute actions."
"I recommend you to take care of the minutes, for the hours will take care of themselves."
Scans of Stanhope's Letters to his son, 1774–1775 edition, Vol.
Guide to the Chesterfield Manuscripts at the Lilly Library, Indiana University
The Grand Tour was the name of travel through Europe by rich European (mostly British) young men between 1660 until about 1840.
It was done to learn about European society and art.
The idea was that what they learned on their travels could be used to help those that stayed at home.
Italy was often the final country to visit.
They would mostly travel with servants and a teacher called a bear-leader.
Example Grand Tour
Which places the Grand Tour would visit  changed through the years.
An example would be a British tourist would go from  Dover, England and crossed the English Channel to Ostend, in the Spanish Netherlands/Belgium, or Calais, or Le Havre in France.
There they could rent or buy a carriage and travel to Paris.
Or they could make the trip by boat, traveling up the Seine to Paris, or up the Rhine to Basel.
In Paris, the traveler could take lessons in French, dancing, fencing, and horse riding.
Paris was popular because of the language and fashion of French high society.
From Paris he would go to Switzerland for a while, often to Geneva.
From there the traveler would make a difficult crossing over the Alps into northern Italy.
Once in Italy the tourist would visit Turin, then might spend a few months in Florence.
Other Grand Tourists would be in Florence to welcome him.
A trip to Pisa then on to Padua, Bologna, and Venice.
From Venice the traveler went to Rome to study the ruins of ancient Rome.
Some travelers also visited Naples to study music.
Naples was often the final destination before turning back.
From here the traveler went north through the Alps to the German-speaking parts of Europe.
From there travelers visited Holland and Flanders before returning across the Channel to England.
Grand Tour online at the Getty Museum
In Our Time: The Grand Tour: Jeremy Black, Edward Chaney and Chloe Chard.
"Grand Tour" an exhibition project of the Swedish artist Matts Leiderstam
Voyagers and Voyeurs - Travellers in 19th century France, an anthology
Contemporary Grand Tour in Italy, Pictures and quotes
Digging and Dealing in Eighteenth Century Rome
Alnico is a type of alloy made up of iron with aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co).
The name is an acronym from Al-Ni-Co. Alnico may also contain copper and sometimes titanium.
Alnico alloys are ferromagnetic (a mechanism by which some materials form permanent magnets).
Alnico alloys also have a high coercivity (they do not easily lose their magnetism) and are used to make permanent magnets.
Before rare-earth magnets were developed in the 1970s, alnico magnets were the strongest type of magnet.
The development of Alnico began in 1931 when T. Mishima in Japan found that an alloy of iron, nickel, and  aluminium had double the coercivity of the best magnets of that time. (
the coercivity of Alnico is 400 oersted).
Alnico alloys can be made magnets by strong magnetic fields.
Rare-earth magnets like neodymium and samarium-cobalt are the only easily found magnets which are stronger than alnico magnets.
Alnico magnets produce very strong magnetic fields at their poles (a pole is one of the two ends of a magnet) as high as 1500 gauss (0.15 tesla which is about 3000 times stronger than earth's magnetic field.
Some types of alnico magnets are isotropic (properties are same in all directions) and can be properly magnetised in all directions.
Other types like alnico 5 and alnico 8 are anisotropic (properties change when direction changes) have a preferred direction (one direction would be better than other directions) for magnetisation.
Anisotropic alnico alloys will make stronger magnets in their preferred direction than an isotropic alnico alloy.
The hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus) is a common bird that is found in North America.
The size of one is 15 to 17 cm.
It is closely related to the Mexican Russet nightingale-thrush.
They are mainly brown and have a reddish tail.
Underneath they are white with some dark spots.
They have pink legs.
The hermit thrush is the state bird of Vermont.
Hermit Thrush on the IUCN red list
The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (plural: Lords Lieutenant) is the name of a political office (job).
It was the representative of the King and head of the Irish executive (government) between 1171 and 1922.
The term is always pronounced as 'Lord Lef-tenant of Ireland'.
Other words used for this office were Judiciar in the early medieval period, and Lord Deputy as late as the 17th century.
The people in this job were often also called viceroy, from the French vice roi or deputy king.
In the Middle Ages some Lord Lieutenants had been Irish noblemen.
After that only noblemen from Great Britain worked in this job.
The King's representative had a number of different roles.
the representative of the King (the "viceroy");
the head of the government in Ireland;
a member of the English or British Cabinet;
sometimes also commander-in-chief of the army in Ireland.
Grand Master of the Order of St. Patrick
The structure of the government
The Lord Lieutenant was helped to govern by the Irish Privy Council.
This was a group of people chosen to be on the Council.
Some inherited their seat.
They usually met in the Council Chamber in Dublin Castle.
Chief Secretary for Ireland  From 1660, originally the chief administrator.
By the end of the 19th century the Chief Secretary worked like a prime minister, with the Lord Lieutenant in the role of the King.
Under-Secretary for Ireland  The head of the civil service in Ireland.
Lord Justices  Three people who acted in for the Lord Lieutenant's when he was away.
Before 1800 they were: Lord Chancellor of Ireland, the Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, and the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh as Primate of All Ireland.
Importance of the post
Two Lords Lieutenant, Lord Hartington and the Duke of Portland, went from Dublin Castle to 10 Downing Street as Prime Minister of Great Britain, in 1756 and 1783 respectively.
At other times, the post was used to move politicians that were no longer wanted in London out of the way.
By the mid-to-late 19th century the post was no longer very important.
The Chief Secretary for Ireland had become more important in ruling the country than the Lord Lieutenant.
The official house of the Lord Lieutenant was the Viceregal Apartments in Dublin Castle.
This was also where the Viceregal Court was based.
When the Lord Lieutenant had to live in Ireland full time, this had to change.
In 1781 the British government bought the former ranger's house in Phoenix Park.
It was named the Viceregal Lodge.
It is now known as Áras an Uachtaráin.
It is the residence of the President of Ireland.
Irish attitudes
From the early 19th century, calls were made frequently to get rid of the office.
However, the office survived right down until the end of British rule in most of Ireland.
Joseph Robins, Champagne and Silver Buckles: The Viceregal Court and Dublin Castle 1700–1922 (Lillyput Press, 2001)
The Dublin Zoo (), in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland is the largest zoo in Ireland.
It is one of Dublin's most popular attractions.
It was opened in 1831.
It is over  in size.
It has a number of special areas like:
The Kaziranga Forest Trail.
This is an Asian rainforest with elephants.
African Savanna.
This area has animals like giraffes and zebras.
Family farm.
In this area people can see goats and sheep and other farm animals.
South American House.
Animals like the saki monkey, the two-toed sloth and iguana live here.
It was founded on 10 May 1830 and opened to the public on 1 September 1831.
This makes it the third oldest zoo in the world.
The animals, 46 mammals and 72 birds,< were a present from London Zoo.
> It now has over 600 animals from all over the world.
There are many forms of these, such as video-game walkthroughs, parkour how-to guides, and others.
How-to guides "guide" you through a topic.
They include videos, descriptions, and other resources to help the reader understand what the guide is trying to teach.
Usually, the guide contains helpful third-party resources.
An example of this is wikiHow.
However, the topic taught needs to be in layman's terms, or a simple general guide, similar to this project.
To meet the requirements for a how to, the creator has to understand the topic better than the reader.
For example, if a person is reading a guide on particle physics, the author of the guide does not need to be a astronaut with a Phd in physics, but the author also cannot be a person who just found out about the subject.
This is explained better in Mentorship.
Some guides are for the field, like the Golden Guides, and others made to help others understand a topic, like a guide on Nuclear Science.
The reader cannot observe the reactions but can understand how they happen.
How to guides are mostly populated by field guides, like "How to fire a gun properly."
and "How to be a helpful Wikipedia contributor".
Guides can't start without the "how to" prefix, in the process confusing potential readers and making the title seem like a statement rather than a question-statement hybrid. "
Fire a gun properly" sounds like a statement, so people will click away from the guide without actually understanding how, just planning to do what the title said.
A topic needs to be teachable.
A subject cannot be "How to watch a show" because the solution can be easily found.
A topic needs to be teachable to a new person who wants to learn more about the subject, and retain its hard-earned difficulty.
Wild type is a term in genetics for the most common type in a natural population.
It is applied to alleles of a gene, or the genotypes or phenotypes of a species.
With Drosophila melanogaster, wild type usually means the standard version of the famous laboratory population used in the T.H. Morgan laboratory, and since used around the world.
This was, of course, only a small sample of the natural populations.
Actually, we propbably know more about Drosophila pseudoobscura in the wild than Drosophila melanogaster, because of a huge series of studies done by Theodosius Dobzhansky and his colleagues after World War II.
Cmune is a software development company.
It is the maker of UberStrike, a popular web-based video game.
Cmune was started in 2007 by Shaun Lelacheur Sales and Ludovic Bodin.
UberStrike was originally developed under the name Paradise Paintball.
It is a free, multiplayer first-person shooter browser game.
There are over 10 million registered players.
As of November 2012, it was still the largest FPS inside Facebook.
Tábor is a city in the Czech Republic.
It is in the South Bohemian Region.
At the 2007 census, 35,859 people lived there.
The city was started in 1420.
The current mayor is Hana Randová.
The city is named after Mount Tabor.
Tábor's Official website
1420 establishments
Yamaguchi is a city in southern Japan.
It is the capital of Yamaguchi Prefecture.
The city had a population of 198,971 people in 2010.
Yamaguchi was made when 40 towns were merged on April 1, 1889.
Yamaguchi's Official city website (Japanese)
Settlements in Yamaguchi Prefecture
Random mating is a term in population genetics.
It describes an ideal situation in which  all individuals on one sex are equally potential partners of all members of the opposite sex.
The technical term for it is panmixia.
Random mating is one of the requirements for the Hardy–Weinberg law to hold.
This is the foundation equation of population genetics.