the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Other licenses give permission to shoot animals (often called a hunting license).
The hunting license usually says when a person may hunt.
A hunter may have to pass a test to show that they understand the rules about hunting.
Copyright licenses
Copyright is a law that gives the owner of a creative work the right to decide what other people can do with it.
A person or a company can give a license to a copyright that they own.
So in order for another person to use an owner's copyright they need permission from the owner.
For example, when someone buys computer software, they also need a license from the creator of the software (a copyright owner) allowing the buyer to use the software.
Difference between license and licence
"License" is a verb and "licence" is a noun. "
Licensing sessions" were the meetings of magistrates which decided about giving licences to sell alcohol.
In American English there is no difference in spelling between the verb "to license"  meaning to give permission, and the noun "a license" meaning the permission to do something.
Distinction between a licence and a qualification
A degree in medicine is a qualification showing a person has successfully studied medicine.
It is awarded for life.
A licence to practice medicine is a legal permission to do so within the territory covered by the licensing authority.
The licence may be taken away ('revoked') in certain situations.
A link, also hyperlink in computing, is a part of a chain.
A chain is made of many pieces of metal; each piece is a link.
Today, people also use the word link in a new way.
The World Wide Web on the Internet is made of many different Web pages.
The computer software that people use to make these pages (HTML) lets us go to other pages in a very fast and easy way.
The person who makes the web page can tell the computer to show a word or a picture on the Web page as a link.
This means that when we click on the link with our computer mouse, the computer will show us the new page we want to see.
Most links are blue, but they can be any color.
The color of the link will change to dark blue when clicked as the web browser recognises it in the browser's cache.
Unless the cache is cleared, the link will always stay dark blue.
Ways of making links
There are many ways in making a link on a web page.
The process is different for different internet software.
Plain HTML
<a href="http://www.example.com">Text of link</a>
WikiSyntax
WikiSyntax like MediaWiki uses a simpler way of making links.
To create a link to another page of the same website:
[[Page name|Link text]] or just [[Page name]].
[http://www.example.com Link text], [http://www.example.com], or just http://www.example.com.
BB code is used in forum software.
To create a link:
[url]http://www.example.com[/url], or [url=http://www.example.com]Link text[/url]
A library is a place where many books are kept.
Most libraries are public and let people take the books to use in their home.
Most libraries let people borrow books for several weeks.
Some belong to institutions, for example, companies, churches, schools, and universities.
Also a person's bookshelves at home can have many books and be a library.
The people who work in libraries are librarians.
Librarians are people who take care of the library.
Other libraries keep famous or rare books.
There are a few "Copyright libraries" which have a copy of every book which has been written in that country.
Some libraries also have other things that people might like, such as magazines, music on CDs, or computers where people can use the Internet.
In school they offer software to learn the alphabet and other details.
With the spread of literacy, libraries have become essential tools for learning.
Libraries are very important for the progress and development of a society.
Libraries are collections of books and other informational materials, however a library can also be a collection of items or media.
People come to libraries for reading, study or reference.
Libraries contain a variety of materials.
They contain printed materials, films, sound and video recordings, maps, photographs, computer software, online databases, and other media.
Importance of a Library
The prime purpose of a library is to provide access to knowledge and information.
To fulfil this mission, libraries preserve a valuable record of culture.
Then they pass down this to the coming generations.
Therefore, they are an essential link between the past, present and future.
People use libraries to work.
They also use library resources to learn about personal interests.
Sometimes, they get recreational media such as films and music.
Students use libraries to study.
Libraries help the students to develop good reading and study habits.
Public officials use libraries for research and public issues.
The libraries provide information and services that are essential for learning and progress.
Many places have a public library, where anybody can join if they live in the area.
With a library card, people can borrow books and take them home for several weeks.
It does not cost money to get a library card at most public libraries.
Books are kept on shelves in a special order so they are easy to find.
Public libraries have lot of books on various topics including story books and many others.
Many public libraries have books and CDs about learning English.
Stories are kept in alphabetical order by the last name of the person who wrote them, the author.
Books about other things are often given a special number, that refers to what they are about.
They are then put on the shelf in number order.
One number system used by many libraries is the Dewey decimal system.
Many colleges and universities have large academic libraries.
These libraries are for the use of college students, professors, and researchers.
Academic libraries are used mainly for doing research like studying the solar system or how earthquakes happen.
These libraries do not have the same types of books you would find in a public library.
They usually do not have fiction books or books for children (unless they are being studied).
Academic libraries can have many books, sometimes more than a million.
Special libraries are those libraries that are not public libraries or academic libraries.
They are usually small.
Many times a special library holds books on a particular subject or even a special kind of book.
Some special libraries keep just old books or books by Shakespeare.
A special library can be owned by a business for use only by that business.
For example, Disney World in Orlando has its own library that is not open to the public but for the use of the people who work for the company.
A librarian is a person who works in a library.
Librarians help people find books and information.
They can teach people how to find books and use the library.
A professional librarian is a person who went to school to study library science.
They can earn a degree called a Masters in Library Science.
The earliest known library was discovered in Iraq and belonged to the ancient civilization in Sumer.
They didn't use paper books but instead wrote everything on clay tablets using a style of writing called cuneiform.
These tablets are over 5,000 years old.
The Library of Alexandria, in Egypt, was the largest and most important library of the ancient world.
It was destroyed when the Romans conquered Egypt in 30 BC.
Rome’s first public library was established by Asinius Pollio who was a lieutenant of Julius Caesar.
Eventually Rome would build 28 public libraries within the city.
When the Roman Empire fell in 330 AD, many books went east to the city of Byzantium where a large library was built.
Other libraries were built in monasteries and public homes.
Libraries began to appear in many Islamic cities, where science and philosophy survived after the fall of the Roman Empire.
Christian monks and Islamic libraries exchanged books to copy.
There are a number of topics in mathematics.
Some of them include:
Mathematical societies
For a much more complete list of mathematics topics, see Math Topics from the Internet Mathematics Library
We can use to like to say that we find a thing is good:
= I think my house is good.
I like Jenny = I think Jenny is an OK person.
We can use like for "the same as" or "nearly the same as":
This cheese sandwich feels like rubber = the sandwich is difficult to eat, nearly the same as rubber.
Jenny is like her mother = Jenny has brown hair, and her mother also has brown hair (for example).
Your pen is like my pen = Your pen and my pen are the same sort.
We can also use like for "the same way as":
She runs like the wind - she and the wind are both fast.
She talks like a child - she and children speak slowly or with a high voice.
In a question, we can use like to ask people to talk about a thing, or to say if they find it good or not:
What's your house like? (
Answer: "It has two bedrooms and a big kitchen...")
What was the film like? (
Answer: "It was very good!")
We can also use like as "for example":
I often go to other countries, like France or Germany = I go to other countries, for example France and Germany.
In British and American English young people, when talking, have recently started using like as an extra word in the middle of sentences.
Sometimes they use it to report what someone said, especially when mimicking the way they said it.
This should never be used in writing:
The teacher was like: "Don't do that!"
As works in the same way as example 2 - comparing two things using either the word "like" or the word "as" is called making a simile (As big as an elephant).
It may be better to use the word "as" for this to stop confusion with example 1.
There are twenty-three provinces, four municipalities, five autonomous regions and two special administrative regions in the People's Republic of China.
The island of Taiwan is claimed as a province by the People's Republic of China (PRC), but it is not under their control.
Taiwan is an island known as Republic of China (Taiwan).
Taiwan*
* The island of Taiwan is claimed as a province by the People's Republic of China (PRC), but it is not under their control.
There are 4 municipalities in the People's Republic of China. "
Municipality" is the common English name for the Chinese zhíxiáshì, meaning a city directly controlled by the national government.
Beijing, formerly part of Hebei
Tianjin, formerly part of Hebei
Shanghai, formerly part of Jiangsu
Chongqing, formerly part of Sichuan
Autonomous Regions
There are 5 autonomous regions in the People's Republic of China. "
Autonomous region" is the common English name for the Chinese zìzhìqū, meaning an area with greater levels of self-government to accommodate minority groups.
Xinjiang, for the Uygurs and other Turkic peoples
Tibet, for Tibetans
Inner Mongolia, for Mongolians
Guangxi, for the Zhuang
Ningxia, for the Hui
Special Administrative Regions
There are 2 special administrative regions in the People's Republic of China. "
Special administrative region" is the common English name for the Chinese tèbié xíngzhèng qū, meaning an area under special administration as a result of treaties that returned former European colonies to Chinese control.
Hong Kong, formerly a British colony
Macau, formerly a Portuguese colony
Fruits on this list are defined as the word is used in everyday speech.
It does not include vegetables, whatever their origin.
Food-related lists
Lists of plants
Legislature is a word that comes from the Latin language, meaning "those who write the laws."
A legislature is therefore a group of people who vote for new laws, for example in a state or country.
Each person in the legislature is usually either elected or appointed.
The constitution of that state or country usually tells how a legislature is supposed to work.
In many countries, the legislature is called a Parliament, Congress, or National Assembly.
Sometimes there are two groups of members in the legislature.
This is called a "bicameral" legislature.
A unicameral legislature has only one group of members.
A country, district, city, or other small area may also have something like a legislature.
These are often called councils, and they make smaller laws for their areas.
List of titles of legislatures
Althing — Iceland
Assembleia da República — Portugal
Bundestag — Germany
Riksdag — Sweden
Cortes Generales — Spain
Eduskunta — Finland
Federal Assembly — Russia, Switzerland
Folketing — Denmark
Stortinget — Norway
Knesset — Israel
Assembly of Albania — Albania
Legislative Yuan — Republic of China/Taiwan
moganane — Iran
United States Capitol - United States
Sub-National
List of state legislatures of the United States — United States
General Assembly / Assembly
Great and General Court / General Court
House of Delegates
Landtag — Germany, Austria
Legislative Assembly — All provinces and territories except:
National Assembly — Quebec
House of Assembly — Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador
Legislative Assembly - All States and Territories except:
House of Assembly - South Australia and Tasmania
Legislative Council - All States except Queensland
Scottish Parliament — Scotland
Northern Ireland Assembly — Northern Ireland
National Assembly for Wales — Wales
Houses of Parliament — United Kingdom overall.
Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics.
It came from mathematicians trying to solve systems of linear equations.
Vectors and matrices are used to solve these systems.
The main objects of study currently are vector spaces and linear mappings between vector spaces.
Linear algebra is useful in other branches of mathematics (e.g. differential equations and analytic geometry).
It can also be applied to the real world in areas such as engineering, physics and economics.
Linear algebra uses a system of notation for describing system behavior, called a matrix.
For the previous example, the coefficients of the equations can be stored in a coefficient matrix.
Israel Gelfand (1998), Lectures on linear algebra, Courier Dover Publications.
London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom.
London is the city region with the highest population in the United Kingdom.
On the Thames, London has been a central city since it was founded by the Romans two millennia ago as Londinium.
London's original city centre, the City of London is England's smallest city.
In 2011 had 7,375 inhabitants on an area of 2.9 km².
The term "London" is also used for the urban region which developed around this city centre.
This area forms the region of London, as well as the Greater London administrative unit, led by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
In modern times, London is one of the world's most important political, economic and cultural centres.
London was the capital of the British Empire and so for almost three centuries the centre of power for large parts of the world.
The city has about 9.1 million inhabitants (2018).
If one counts the entire metropolitan area of London (London Metropolitan Area), it has about 15 million people.
The city is the largest in Europe by population.
The Romans built the city of Londinium along the River Thames in the year AD 43.
The name Londinium (and later 'London') came from the Celtic language of the Ancient Britons.
In the year AD 61, the city was attacked and destroyed.
Then the Romans rebuilt the city, and London became an important trading hub.
After the decline of the Roman Empire, few people remained in London.
This was partly because the Anglo-Saxon people of Sub-Roman Britain were primarily agricultural.
Once the Romans had gone, trade with Continental Europe dwindled.
In the 9th century, more people started living in London again.
It became the largest city in England.
However, it did not become the capital city of England again until the 12th century.
After the railways were built, London grew much larger.
Greater London has 33 boroughs (neighbourhoods) and a mayor.
The old City of London is only a square mile in size but has its own Lord Mayor.
Another famous old part of Greater London is Westminster, which was always a different city from the City of London.
In Westminster is Westminster Abbey (a cathedral), The Palace of Westminster (the Houses of Parliament, with Big Ben), and 10 Downing Street (where the Prime Minister lives).
AD 43  Londinium is founded by the Romans
61 – Londinium is sacked by Queen Boudica and the Iceni
100 – Londinium becomes the capital of Roman Britain
200 – The population is about 6,000
410 – The end of Roman rule in Britain
8th century – London is captured by Vikings
885 – King Alfred the Great recaptures the city and makes peace with the Viking leader Guthrum.
1045/50 – Westminster Abbey is rebuilt by Edward the Confessor who is buried there in January 1066.
1066 – William the Conqueror is crowned in Westminster Abbey.
1100 – The population is about 16,000.
1300 – The population of London has risen to 100,000.
1381 – The Peasants' Revolt – the first poll tax riots
1605 – The Gunpowder Plot is stopped
1665 – The Great Plague of London
1666 – The Great Fire of London
1780 – The Gordon Riots
1851 – The Great Exhibition held at the Crystal Palace
1908 – The Olympic Games take place in London.
1940/1941 – London was bombed by German planes during World War II.
This is known as The Blitz.
1944/45 – London bombed by self-propelled bombs and V2 rockets.
1948 – The Summer Olympic Games take place in London for the second time.
1966 – The Football World Cup final took place in London.
It was won by England.
1990 – The Second Poll Tax Riots
2005 – The 7 July bombings on the London Underground and a bus.
52 people die and over 700 people are injured.
2012 – The Summer Olympic Games take place in London for a third time.
2017 – There were two terrorist attacks.
The first happened in March on Westminster Bridge and Parliament Square.
Five people were killed outside the Palace of Westminster, including the attacker and a police officer.
40 more people were injured.
Another attack happened on London Bridge in June.
Seven people were killed before the Metropolitan Police shot down the three attackers near Borough Market.
The Islamic State has said they were responsible for both attacks.
Big Ben (Elizabeth Tower)
Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square
Business and economy
Financial services
London's largest industry is finance.
This includes banks, stock exchanges, investment companies and insurance companies  The Bank of England is in the City of London and is the second oldest bank in the world.
Professional services
Tourism is one of London's biggest industries.
London is the most visited city in the world by international tourists with 18.8 million international visitors per year.
Within the UK, London is home to the ten most-visited tourist attractions.
Tourism employed about 350,000 full-time workers in London in 2003.
Tourists spend about £15 billion per year.
London is a major retail centre, and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around £64.2 billion.
The UK's fashion industry, centred on London, contributes tens of billions to the economy.
Manufacturing and construction
For the 19th and much of the 20th centuries London was a major manufacturing centre (see Manufacturing in London), with over 1.5 million industrial workers in 1960.
Many products were made in London including ships, electronics and cars.
Nowadays, most of these manufacturing companies are closed but some drug companies still make medicine in London.
Twinnings
Sister cities:
Berlin, Germany (since 2000)
New York City, USA (since 2001)
Beijing, China (since 2006)
Partner cities:
Paris, France (since 2001)
Transportation (trains, airports and underground)
The city has a huge network of transport systems including trains, underground (metro) and five main airports.
The Victorians built many train systems in the mid-19th century (1850s).
Their main stations are in London, and the lines go to every part of Great Britain.
There were originally five major companies but the five companies became a national rail network in modern times.
Their terminals at King's Cross, St. Pancras, Paddington, Waterloo and Charing Cross are still used as terminals.
There are five airports, though only one is actually in London (London City Airport).
There is the London end of the LondonBirmingham canal, which was important to the industrial 19th century.
The most used airport is Heathrow Airport, although it is actually outside the city.
The London Underground is a system of electric trains which are in London.
It is the oldest underground railway in the world.
It started running in 1863 as the Metropolitan Railway.
Later, the system was copied in other cities, for example Paris, New York, Moscow and Madrid.
Even though it is called the London Underground about half of it is above the ground.
The "Tube" is the name used for the London Underground, because the tunnels for some of the lines are round tubes running through the ground.
The Underground has got 274 stations and over 408 km of track.
Over one billion passengers used the underground each year.
There is a black taxi system regulated by the Metropolitan Police, and various other private enterprise hire car companies.
Efforts are being made to make roads safer for cyclists.
London has an oceanic, or temperate climate.
It is not usually very hot or cold.
It is often cloudy.
London has a temperate climate with regular, light rain throughout the year.
July is the warmest month, with an average temperature at Greenwich of 13.6 ° C to 22.8 ° C. The coldest month is January, with an average of 2.4 ° C to 7.9 ° C. The average annual rainfall is 583.6 mm, and February is normally the driest month.
Snow is uncommon in London itself, although there is regular snow in the surrounding area; this is because the extra heat the big city generates makes the city about 5 ° C warmer than surrounding areas in winter.
London City Government
WorldFlicks in London: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps
A litre (international spelling) or liter (American spelling) is one of the metric units of volume.
It is not a basic SI unit, but it is a supplementary unit.
One litre is the volume of 1000 cubic centimetres, that is a cube of 10 × 10 × 10 centimetres (1000 cm3).
One litre of water at  has the mass of exactly one kilogram.
This results from the definition given in 1795, where the gram was defined as the weight of one cubic centimetre of melting ice.
Liters are usually utilized to measure the volume of liquids, this is because the density of liquids can vary a lot.
However it can be applied to solids aswell, for example 1 liter of Iron is around 7.7 kg.
The symbol for litre is l or L. The script letter ℓ is also sometimes used.
1 litre = 0.2200 imperial gallons
1 litre = 0.2642 US gallons
1 imperial gallon = 4.5461 litres
1 US gallon = 3.7854 litres
1 litre = 1 dm3
The metric system was first introduced in France in 1791.
That system did not have its own unit of capacity or volume because volume can be measured in cubic metres.
In 1793 work to make the metric system compulsory in France was started by the Temporary Commission of Republican Weights and Measures.
Due to public demand, the commission said that the cubic metre was too big for everyday use.
They said that a new unit based on the old cadil should be used instead.
One cadil was to be 0.001 cubic metres.
This was equivalent to a cube with sides 10 cm.
The cadil was also known as the pinte or the litron.
The pinte had been an old French unit of measure of capacity.
In 1795 the definition was revised.
The cadil was given the name litre.
In 1795 the kilogram was defined to be exactly one litre of water at 4 °C.
In 1799 the kilogram was redefined.
The new definition said that the kilogram was the mass of the kilogram des archives.
In 1901 scientists measured the volume of one litre of water at 4 °C very carefully.
They found that it occupied about  dm3.
The BIPM redefined the litre as being exactly the volume of one kilogram of water at 4 °C.
In 1960 the SI was introduced.
The BIPM changed the definition of the litre back to "one dm3".
The litre is not part of SI.
The BIPM defined the litre as a "Non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI".
This was because it is used in many  countries.
The BIPM said that the litre should not be used for very accurate work.
According to SI rules, the symbol for the litre should be "l".
This is because the litre was not named after somebody whose name was "Litre".
However the symbol "l" and the number "1" are easily confused.
In 1979 the BIPM made an exception for the symbol for the litre.
They said that people could use either "L" or "l" as its symbol.
In Europe, milk is sold in one litre cartons.
One litre bottle is also a popular package for soft drinks.
Most alcoholic drinks are sold as 1/3 litre (0.33 l), ½ litre (0.5 l) or 3/4 litre (0.75 l) bottles.
Lime is a green fruit, and the tree fruit itself.
They are citrus fruits similar to lemons.
Citrus fruits like limes are rich in vitamin C. Sailors from Britain were given lemon or lime juice to stop them falling ill with scurvy.
This is how they got the nickname Limey.
There are several citrus trees whose fruits are called limes.
They include the key lime Citrus aurantiifolia, the Persian lime, the kaffir lime, and the desert lime Citrus glauca.
Limes are small, round and bright green.
If they stay on the tree for a long time they turn yellow.
Then they look like small round lemons.
Lime juice is used in cooking and in drinks.
Lime oils are often used in perfumes, used for cleaning, and used for aromatherapy.
Lime tastes acidic and bitter.
Lime juice is also made from limes.
Different kinds of limes
Persian lime – This lime is most often sold in supermarkets as lime.
Key lime – Smaller than the Persian lime, used to mix Cocktails and make pies.
Kaffir lime – Very small fruits, vegetable oil from the leaves is used for perfumes, leaves are used for cooking.
http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/limes.htm
Mathematics is the study of numbers, shapes and patterns.
The word comes from the Greek word "μάθημα" (máthema), meaning "science, knowledge, or learning", and is sometimes shortened to maths (in England, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand) or math (in the United States and Canada).
The short words are often used for arithmetic, geometry or  algebra by students and their schools.
Numbers: how things can be counted.
Structure: how things are organized.
This subfield is usually called algebra.
Place: where things are and their arrangement.
This subfield is usually called geometry.
Change: how things become different.
This subfield is usually called analysis.
Mathematics is useful for solving problems that occur in the real world, so many people besides mathematicians study and use mathematics.
Today, some mathematics is needed in many jobs.
People working in business, science, engineering, and construction need some knowledge of mathematics.
Problem-solving in mathematics
Mathematics solves problems by using logic.
One of the main tools of logic used by mathematicians is deduction.
Deduction is a special way of thinking to discover and prove new truths using old truths.
To a mathematician, the reason something is true (called a proof) is just as important as the fact that it is true, and this reason is often found using deduction.
Using deduction is what makes mathematics thinking different from other kinds of scientific thinking, which might rely on experiments or on interviews.
Logic and reasoning are used by mathematicians to create general rules, which are an important part of mathematics.
These rules leave out information that is not important so that a single rule can cover many situations.
By finding general rules, mathematics solves many problems at the same time as these rules can be used on other problems.
These rules can be called theorems (if they have been proved) or conjectures (if it is not known if they are true yet).
Most mathematicians use non-logical and creative reasoning in order to find a logical proof.
Sometimes, mathematics finds and studies rules or ideas that we don't understand yet.
Often in mathematics, ideas and rules are chosen because they are considered simple or neat.
On the other hand, sometimes these ideas and rules are found in the real world after they are studied in mathematics; this has happened many times in the past.
In general, studying the rules and ideas of mathematics can help us understand the world better.
Some examples of math problems are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, calculus, fractions and decimals.
Algebra problems are solved by evaluating certain variables.
A calculator answers every math problem in the four basic arithmetic operations.
Areas of study in mathematics
Mathematics includes the study of numbers and quantities.
It is a branch of science that deals with logic of shape, quantity, and arrangement.
Most of the areas listed below are studied in many different fields of mathematics, including set theory and mathematical logic.
The study of number theory usually focuses more on the structure and behavior of the integers rather than on the actual foundations of numbers themselves, and so is not listed in this given subsection.
{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20"
|  ||  ||  ||  ||
| Natural numbers || Integers || Rational numbers || Real numbers || Complex numbers
||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|| Ordinal numbers || Cardinal numbers || Arithmetic operations || Arithmetic relations || Functions, see also special functions
Many areas of mathematics study the structure that an object has.
Most of these areas are part of the study of algebra.
{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="30"
|  ||  ||  || ||
| Number theory || Abstract algebra || Linear algebra || Order theory || Graph theory
Some areas of mathematics study the shapes of things.
Most of these areas are part of the study of geometry.
| Topology || Geometry || Trigonometry || Differential geometry || Fractal geometry
Some areas of mathematics study the way things change.
Most of these areas are part of the study of analysis.
{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="40"
|  ||  ||
| Calculus || Vector calculus || Analysis
||  ||  ||
|| Differential equations || Dynamical systems || Chaos theory
Applied mathematics uses mathematics to solve problems of other areas such as engineering, physics, and computing.
Numerical analysis – Optimization – Probability theory – Statistics – Mathematical finance – Game theory – Mathematical physics – Fluid dynamics - computational algorithms
Famous theorems
Pythagorean theorem – Fermat's last theorem – Goldbach's conjecture – Twin Prime Conjecture – Gödel's incompleteness theorems – Poincaré conjecture – Cantor's diagonal argument – Four color theorem – Zorn's lemma – Euler's Identity – Church-Turing thesis
Riemann hypothesis – Continuum hypothesis – P Versus NP – Pythagorean theorem – Central limit theorem – Fundamental theorem of calculus – Fundamental theorem of algebra – Fundamental theorem of arithmetic – Fundamental theorem of projective geometry – classification theorems of surfaces – Gauss-Bonnet theorem – Fermat's last theorem - Kantorovich theorem
Foundations and methods
Philosophy of Mathematics – Mathematical intuitionism – Mathematical constructivism – Foundations of mathematics – Set theory – Symbolic logic – Model theory – Category theory – Logic – Reverse Mathematics – Table of mathematical symbols
History and the world of mathematicians
History of mathematics – Timeline of mathematics – Mathematicians – Fields medal – Abel Prize – Millennium Prize Problems (Clay Math Prize) – International Mathematical Union – Mathematics competitions – Lateral thinking – Mathematics and gender
Awards in mathematics
There is no Nobel prize in mathematics.
Mathematicians can receive the Abel prize and the Fields Medal for important works.
Older tools
Napier's bones, slide rule
Ruler and Compass
Newer tools
Calculators and computers
Computer algebra systems (listing)
Internet shorthand notation
statistics software (for example SPSS)
SAS programming language
Mathematics Citizendium
March is the third month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming between February and April.
March is named after Mars, the Roman god of war.
March always begins on the same day of the week as November, and additionally, February in common years.
March always ends on the same day of the week as June.
The month
In ancient Rome, March was called Martius.
It was named after the war god (Mars) and the Romans thought that it was a lucky time to begin a war.
Before Julius Caesar's calendar reform, March was the first month of the year in the Roman calendar, as the winter was considered to be a monthless period.
March is one of seven months to have 31 days.
March begins on the same day of the week as February in common years and November every year, as each other's first days are exactly 4 weeks (28 days) and 35 weeks (245 days) apart respectively.
March ends on the same day of the week as June every year, as each other's last days are exactly 13 weeks (91 days) apart.
In common years, March starts on the same day of the week as June of the previous year, and in leap years, September and December of the previous year.
In common years, March finishes on the same day of the week as September of the previous year, and in leap years, April and December of the previous year.
In years immediately before common years, March starts on the same day of the week as August of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, May of the following year.
In years immediately before common years, March finishes on the same day of the week as August and November of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, May of the following year.
In leap years, the day before March 1 is February 29.
This determines the position of each day of the year from there on.
As an example, March 1 is usually the 60th day of the year, but in a leap year is the 61st day.
In terms of seasons, March is one of two months to have an equinox (the other is September, its seasonal equivalent in both  hemispheres), with daylight and darkness of roughly the same number of hours, halfway between the December and June solstices.
In the Northern Hemisphere, spring starts in this month, while it is autumn in the Southern Hemisphere.
Start of the season
The official start of either season is March 1, though the equinox can fall on March 20 or 21, occasionally on March 19.
The northern spring equinox marks the start of the Iranian New Year and Baha'i New Year.
It is from the March 21 date that Easter's date is calculated, on the Sunday after the first full moon in spring, meaning it can fall between March 22 and April 25 in Western Christianity.
Events in March
March 1 - Saint David's Day (Wales)
March 1 - March 1st Movement Memorial Day (South Korea)
March 1 - Beer Day (Iceland)
March 1 - Independence Day (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
March 2 - Independence Day (Morocco)
March 2 - Texas Independence Day
March 2 - jana day (Algeria)
March 2 - Peasants Day (Burma)
March 3 - Hinamatsuri, Girls' Day (Japan)
March 3 - Liberation Day (Bulgaria)
March 3 - Mother's Day (Georgia)
March 3 - Sportsmen's Day (Egypt)
March 3 - Martyrs' Day (Malawi)
March 4 - Saint Casimir's Day (Poland and Lithuania)
March 5 - Custom Chief's Day (Vanuatu)
March 5 - Lei Feng Day (China)
March 5 - National Tree Planting Day (Iran)
March 5 - Saint Piran's Day (Cornwall)
March 6 - Independence Day (Ghana)
March 6 - Alamo Day (Texas)
March 6 - Foundation Day (Norfolk Island)
March 7 - Felicity and Perpetua (Roman Catholicism)
March 7 - Teachers' Day (Albania)
March 8 - International Women's Day
March 9 - Teachers' Day (Lebanon)
March 10 - Tibetan Uprising Day (Supporters of Tibetan Independence)
March 11 - Re-establishment of Independence (Lithuania)
March 11 - Moshoeshoe Day (Lesotho)
March 11 - Johnny Appleseed Day (United States)
March 12 - National Day of Mauritius
March 12 - Youth Day (Zambia)
March 14 - Pi Day
March 14 - Mother Tongue Day (Estonia)
March 14 - White Day (Japan and Korea)
March 15 - National Day of Hungary
March 15 - Holiday in Liberia, celebrating its first President, Joseph Jenkins Roberts
March 15 - Honen Matsuri (Japan)
March 16 - Saint Urho's Day (Finnish Communities in Canada and the US)
March 16 - Latvian Legion Day
March 16 - Day of the Book Smugglers (Lithuania)
March 17 - Saint Patrick's Day, celebrating Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland
March 19 - Saint Joseph's Day (Roman Catholicism)
March 19 - Unity Day (Kashubia, northern Poland)
March 20/21 - Equinox, northern Spring, southern Autumn
March 20/21 - Iranian New Year
March 20 - Independence Day (Tunisia)
March 20 - Francophone Day
March 21 - Baha'i New Year
March 21 - Independence Day (Namibia)
March 21 - Benito Juarez' Birthday (Mexico)
March 21 - World Poetry Day
March 21 - Youth Day (Tunisia)
March 21 - Harmony Day (Australia)
March 21 - Human Rights Day (South Africa)
March 21 - World Down syndrome Day
March 22 - World Water Day
March 22 - Emancipation Day (Puerto Rico)
March 22 - Day of the People's Party (Laos)
March 23 - Republic Day (Pakistan)
March 23 - Polish-Hungarian Friendship Day
March 23 - Family Day (South Africa)
March 24 - World Tuberculosis Day
March 24 - Day of Remembrance for Truth and Justice (Argentina)
March 25 - Independence Day (Greece)
March 25 - Maryland Day
March 25 - Mother's Day (Slovenia)
March 25 - Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholicism), also known as Lady Day, old New Year in some European countries
March 26 - Independence Day (Bangladesh)
March 26 - Prince Kuhio Day (Hawaii)
March 26 - Prophet Zoroaster's Birthday (Zoroastrianism)
March 26 - Day of Democracy (Mali)
March 28 - Serfs Emancipation Day (Tibet)
March 28 - Teachers' Day (Czech Republic and Slovakia)
March 29 - Boganda Day (Central African Republic)
March 29 - Youth Day (Republic of China)
March 31 - Cesar Chavez Day (United States)
March 31 - Freedom Day (Malta)
On a Sunday between March 1 and April 4, Mother's Day is celebrated in the UK.
Lent and Easter-related observances in Western Christianity.
Shrove Monday - between February 2 and March 8
Shrove Tuesday (Pancake Day) - between February 3 and March 9
Ash Wednesday, start of Lent - between February 4 and March 10
Palm Sunday, start of Holy Week - between March 15 and April 18
Maundy Thursday - between March 19 and April 22
Good Friday - between March 20 and April 23
Easter occurs on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25 (note: In Eastern Christianity, Easter falls between April 4 and May 8).
Easter Monday - between March 23 and April 26
Jewish Passover coincides with Christian Holy Week, earliest run is March 15 to March 22, latest run is April 18 to April 25.
Commonwealth Day (second Monday in March)
Canberra Day (Second Monday in March)
Canada and the United States start Daylight Saving Time on the second Sunday in March.
Clocks go forward one hour.
European Summer Time begins on the last Sunday in March.
The Winter Paralympics are often held in this month.
Six Nations - rugby union tournament running from early February to mid-March, competing countries are England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales
Start of the Formula One motor racing season
March 1, 1872 - Yellowstone National Park becomes the world's first national park.
March 1, 1910 - An avalanche buries a train in northeastern King County, Washington.
March 1, 1919 - The March 1st Movement begins in Korea.
March 1, 1936 - The Hoover Dam is completed.
March 2, 1956 - Morocco declares its independence from France.
March 3, 1845 - Florida becomes the 27th State of the US.
March 3, 1925 - The Mount Rushmore monument is founded, starting work on carving four Presidents' faces into the mountain.
March 5, 1953 - Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin die on the same day as each other.
March 6, 1788 - The first fleet of convicts arrives at Norfolk Island.
March 6, 1957 - Ghana becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
March 7, 1867 - Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for the telephone.
March 7, 1912 - Roald Amundsen announces that his Norwegian expedition successfully reached the South Pole on December 14 of the previous year.
March 8, 1911 - First celebration of International Women's Day.
March 8, 1918 - The first cases of the deadly Spanish flu virus are reported.
March 9, 1908 - A five-man team climbs to the top of Mount Erebus in Antarctica.
March 9, 1959 - The first Barbie dolls are sold.
March 10, 1906 - A deadly mining disaster in Courrieres, France, kills 1,099 miners.
March 10, 1977 - Astronomers discover rings around the planet Uranus.
March 11, 1985 - Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of the Soviet Union.
March 11, 1990 - Lithuania declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
March 11, 2004 - Terrorists bomb rush-hour trains in Madrid, killing 191 people.
March 11, 2011 - The 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami disaster kills  many thousands of people in northeastern Japan, after a magnitude 9.1 earthquake, tsunamis, and a nuclear disaster at Fukushima.
March 12, 1913 - Canberra is officially named.
March 12, 1930 - Mahatma Gandhi begins his Salt March, as part of the movement for Indian independence.
March 12, 1968 - Mauritius becomes independent.
March 13, 1781 - William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus.
March 13, 1881 - Tsar Alexander II of Russia is murdered when a bomb is thrown at his carriage.
March 13, 2013 - Pope Francis is chosen as Pope.
Coming from Argentina, he is the first Latin American Pope.
March 14, 1879 - Albert Einstein is born.
March 14, 1883 - Karl Marx dies at the age of 64 years.
March 15, 44 BC - Julius Caesar is murdered on the Ides of March.
March 15, 1820 - At the easternmost tip of the US, Maine becomes the 23rd State.
March 15, 1848 - Revolution in Pest, Hungary.
March 17, 1861 - Italy becomes a Kingdom, making Italy a unified state.
March 17, 1959 - Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama flees to India.
March 17, 1992 - A referendum in South Africa supports the end of Apartheid.
March 18, 1965 - Aleksei Leonov performs the first spacewalk.
March 19, 1932 - Sydney Harbour Bridge is opened.
March 20, 526 - The 526 Antioch earthquake kills around 300,000 people in Syria and southeastern Turkey.
March 20, 1861 - Mendoza, Argentina is destroyed by an earthquake that kills 6,000 people.
March 20, 1956 - Tunisia becomes independent.
March 20, 1995 - The Aum Shinrikyo cult carries out a deadly sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway.
March 21, 1844 - Start of the Baha'i calendar.
March 21, 1960 - Sharpeville massacre: Police open fire on demonstrators in South Africa, killing 69 people.
March 21, 1990 - Namibia becomes independent.
March 21, 2006 - Twitter is founded.
March 22, 1818 - Most recent occurrence of Easter on its earliest possible date.
March 22, 1957 - The Arab League is founded.
March 22, 1997 - Comet Hale-Bopp makes its closest approach to Earth.
March 23, 1956 - Pakistan becomes an Islamic Republic.
March 24, 1603 - Queen Elizabeth I of England dies aged 69, without children.
James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England.
March 24, 1989 - The Exxon Valdez oil tanker runs aground at Prince William Sound in Alaska, causing a devastating oil spill.
March 25, 1821 - Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
March 25, 1957 - The European Economic Community is founded.
March 26, 1830 - The Book of Mormon is published in Palmyra, New York.
March 26, 1971 - Bangladesh's war of Independence starts.
March 26, 1997 - Members of the Heaven's Gate cult commit mass suicide.
March 27, 1964 - The Good Friday earthquake strikes south-central Alaska.
March 28, 1939 - Spanish Civil War: Francisco Franco conquers Madrid.
March 29, 1792 - King Gustav III of Sweden dies as a result of being shot at a masquerade ball.
March 30, 1867 - United States Secretary of State agrees to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.
March 30, 1981 - John Hinckley shoots at Ronald Reagan in an attempt to kill him.
March 31, 1889 - The Eiffel Tower is opened to the public.
March 31, 1968 - US President Lyndon B. Johnson announces that he intends not to run for re-election.
March 31, 1995 - American singer Selena is shot and killed by her former manager and friend of her boutiques, Yolanda Saldivar.
March's flower is the daffodil.
March's birthstones are the bloodstone and aquamarine.
The meaning of the bloodstone is courage.
The star signs for March are Pisces (February 20 to March 20) and Aries (March 21 to April 20).
March is one of two months of the year that begin with an 'M' in the English language (May is the other).
Both have an 'A' as their second letter, and they come on either side of April.
March 1 is the only day in March to start within the first sixth of the calendar year.
It is less common for Easter to occur in March than in April.
Recent occurrences in March were in 2002 (March 31), 2005 (March 27), 2008 (March 23), 2013 (March 31) and 2016 (March 27).
March is named for Mars, the Roman god of war, and is called "mars" in some languages.
This is also where the planet Mars gets its name from.
Other meanings
A march is also a type of music, originally written for and performed by marching bands.
March also refers to a certain way of walking.
March is also the name of a place in Germany.
There is an animal known as the March hare.
May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, coming between April and June.
The month of May might have been named for the Roman goddess Maia, or more likely the Roman goddess of fertility Bona Dea, whose festival was held in May.
May's flower is the Lily of the Valley.
Its birthstone is the emerald.
The meaning of the emerald is success in love.
May comes between April and June and is the fifth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
It is one of seven months to have 31 days.
In the older Roman calendar, May was the third month of the year.
It is a spring month in the Northern Hemisphere and an autumn month in the Southern Hemisphere.
In each hemisphere, it is the seasonal equivalent of November in the other.
May is likely to have been named after the Roman goddess Maia, though there is a theory that May might have its name from the Latin "Maiores", meaning "Seniors".
The same theory suggests that June would then be named from "Iuniores", meaning "Juniors".
No other month of any year either begins or ends on the same day of the week as May: this month is the only one that has both of these properties.
In common years, May starts on the same day of the week as August of the previous year, and in leap years, March and November of the previous year.
In common years, May finishes on the same day of the week as August and November of the previous year, and in leap years, March and June of the previous year.
In leap years and years immediately after that, May starts on the same day of the week as February of the previous year.
Every year, May both starts and finishes on the same day of the week as January of the following year, as each other's first and last days are exactly 35 weeks (245 days) apart.
In years immediately before common years, May starts on the same day of the week as October of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, April and July of the following year.
In years immediately before common years, May finishes on the same day of the week as February and October of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, July of the following year.
In the Northern Hemisphere, May is in late Spring, and May Day on May 1 and Walpurgis Night, during the night of April 30 to May 1, are symbolic of the transition from winter to summer.
In the Southern Hemisphere, it is in autumn, and comes just before the Antarctic winter, when emperor penguins breed there.
Events in May
May 1 - May Day in many countries.
May 1 - International Workers' Day
May 1 - Beltane (neo-Pagan culture)
May 1 - Lei Day (Hawaii)
May 1 - Constitution Day in Latvia and the Marshall Islands
May 2 - Flag Day (Poland)
May 2 - National Education Day (Indonesia)
May 2 - Teachers' Day in Iran and Bhutan
May 3 - Constitution Day (Poland, Lithuania)
May 3 - Constitution Memorial Day (Japan)
May 3 - World Press Freedom Day
May 4 - Unofficial Star Wars Day
May 4 - International Firefighters' Day
May 4 - Youth Day in China and Fiji
May 4 - Greenery Day (Japan)
May 4 - Remembrance of the Dead (Netherlands)
May 5 - Children's Day in Japan and South Korea
May 5 - Cinco de Mayo (Mexico and United States)
May 5 - Liberation Day in the Netherlands and Denmark
May 5 - Coronation Day (Thailand)
May 5 - Europe Day
May 6 - International No Diet Day
May 6 - Teacher's Day (Jamaica)