the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He has only his charisma to help him when he tries to find out what happened to his past and avoid the attention of the pols.
Flow My Tears, The Policeman Said was Dick's first published novel after years of silence.
In these years, his critical reputation had grown, and this novel was awarded the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.
It is the only Philip K. Dick novel nominated both for a Hugo and for a Nebula Award.
In an essay written two years before dying, Dick described how he learned from his Episcopalian priest that an important scene in the novel was very similar to a scene in the Acts of the Apostles.
Richard Linklater talks about this novel in his movie Waking Life, which begins with a scene reminiscent of another Dick novel, Time out of Joint.
A Scanner Darkly (1977) is a bleak mixture of science fiction and police procedural novels.
In its story, an undercover narcotics police detective begins to lose touch with reality.
This is because he becomes a victim of the drug he should have fought against.
This drug is called SubstanceD. It permanently changes the mind of the people who take it.
Substance D is instantly addictive.
It starts with a pleasant euphoria.
This feeling is quickly replaced with increasing confusion, hallucinations and eventually total psychosis.
It was adapted to movie by Richard Linklater.
VALIS
VALIS, (1980) is perhaps Dick’s most postmodern and autobiographical novel.
It looks at his own unexplained experiences.
Some people also see it as his most academic work.
It was made into an opera by Tod Machover.
VALIS was voted Philip K. Dick‘s best novel at the website philipkdickfans.com.
His later works, especially the VALIS trilogy, were heavily autobiographical.
The word VALIS is the acronym for Vast Active Living Intelligence System; it is the title of a novel.
The theme can be found in at least three more novels.
Contemporary philosophy
Dick has had a big impact on modern philosophy.
The things he wrote about postmodernity have been noted by many philosophers.
Among them were Jean Baudrillard, Fredric Jameson and Slavoj Žižek.
Žižek is especially fond of using Dick's short stories to articulate the ideas of Jacques Lacan.
For Baudrillard, Dick is the ultimate articulation of hyperreality:
"It is hyperreal.
It is a universe of simulation, which is something altogether different.
SF has always done so, but it has always played upon the double, on artificial replication or imaginary duplication, whereas here the double has disappeared.
There is no more double; one is always already in the other world, an other world which is not another, without mirrors or projection or utopias as means for reflection.
We can no longer move "through the mirror" to the other side, as we could during the golden age of transcendence."
Philip K Dick, A Critical Appreciation, Reviews from The Open Critic
VALBS - An online secondary bibliography on Dick and his works
Review of PKD's Selected Stories
"The Religious Experience of Philip K. Dick"  by R. Crumb, Weirdo #17, Summer 1986.
The Second Coming of Philip K. Dick by Frank Rose, an article from Wired about movies based on the Dick's novels
How To Build A Universe That Doesn't Fall Apart Two Days Later  (Essay by PKD on his "discovery" that we are living in the Roman Empire)
Philip K. Dick: A Visionary Among the Charlatans, Stanislaw Lem's essay about the state of American science fiction circa 1975 with an extended appreciation of Dick
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a NASA research center in Pasadena, California.
Renewable energy commercialization involves many different technologies, including solar photovoltaics, solar thermal power plants, solar heating and cooling systems, wind power, hydroelectricity, geothermal power, biomass, and ocean energy systems.
Each is at a different stage of development, yet the market is growing for many renewables.
Renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively.
Both, modern renewables, such as hydro, wind, solar and biofuels, as well as traditional biomass, contributed in about equal parts to the global energy supply.
Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels.
Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.
Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits.
In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.
At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply.
National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.
While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development.
Globally, an estimated 3 million households get power from small solar PV systems.
Micro-hydro systems configured into village-scale or county-scale mini-grids serve many areas.
More than 30 million rural households get lighting and cooking from biogas made in household-scale digesters.
Biomass cookstoves are used by 160 million households.
Rationale for renewables
Climate change, pollution, and energy insecurity are significant problems and addressing them requires major changes to energy supply and use.
Renewable energy technologies are essential contributors to the energy supply portfolio, as they contribute to world energy security, reduce dependency on fossil fuels, and help to reduce greenhouse gases.
Climate-disrupting fossil fuels are being replaced by clean, climate-stabilizing, non-depletable sources of energy:
EU member countries have ambitious renewable energy goals.
In 2010, Eurobarometer polled the twenty-seven EU member states about the target "to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent by 2020".
Most people in all twenty-seven countries either approved of the target or called for it to go further.
As of 2011, new evidence has shown that there are large risks associated with traditional energy sources, and that major changes to the mix of energy technologies is needed.
Several mining tragedies globally have underscored the human toll of the coal supply chain.
New EPA initiatives targeting air toxics, coal ash, and effluent releases highlight the environmental impacts of coal and the cost of addressing them with control technologies.
Events at the Fukushima nuclear plant have renewed doubts about the ability to operate many nuclear plants safely over the long term.
Cost estimates for “next generation” nuclear units continue to climb, and lenders are unwilling to finance these plants without taxpayer guarantees.
Mapudungun is a language isolate  spoken by Mapuche people, in Chile and Argentina.
Even after the arrival of the Spaniards, ethnic groups in Argentina adopted Mapudungun, for instance Patagonians or Tehuelche.
This process is named araucanization.
Today, its speakers number 260,000, with 250,000 in the Central Valley of Chile and 10,000 in the Argentinian region of Patagonia.
The name of the boldo tree comes from the Mapudungun word foldo.
The word "Poncho" was adopted by Spanish and many other languages.
It may have come from the Mapudungun word pontro or from the Quechua word punchu.
Something that has impurity is not pure.
For example, water that is clean would be called pure water.
Water that is dirty would be called impure water.
This may result in a change in melting point or boiling point.
Harmful impurity
Impurities may be harmful.
For example, an engine works bad when its fuel is not pure.
Useful impurity
Impure materials are useful sometimes.
Alloys are metals with impurities.
Solar cells are made of silicon crystals, but a very small amount of impurity (0.001% to 0.01%) is needed in them to work.
Removing impurities
Removed by distillation for liquids
Removed by recrystallization for solids
The Queen's Hall was a concert hall in Central London, England.
It opened in 1893.
It is best known for being where the Promenade Concerts were started by Robert Newman in 1895.
The Queen's Hall was built because London needed a new concert hall in the centre of the town.
It stood in Langham Place, just next to where BBC Broadcasting House stands today.
The Queen's Hall had seating for up to 3,000 people (including the orchestra).
The arena (downstairs) had removable seating.
The polished floor could be used for dancing.
The acoustics of the hall were excellent.
There was also a smaller hall, The Queen's Small Hall, which seated 500 people.
This was used for chamber music.
In later years it was used as a recording studio.
The architect who designed the hall was Thomas Edward Knightley.
The first time The Queen's Hall was used was on 25 November 1893 when Newman gave a children's party in the afternoon.
In the evening about 2000 ladies and gentlemen came to a concert given by the Band of the Coldstream Guards, which included vocal music, piano and organ solos.
At 11.00pm the seats in the arena were removed and the dancing began.
The official opening of the hall took place on 2 December.
On 10 August 1895 the first Promenade concert was given with Henry Wood conducting.
From 1930 to 1941, the BBC Symphony Orchestra regularly gave broadcast concerts in the hall.
Arturo Toscanini, who guest conducted the orchestra during the 1930s, made  some famous recordings in the Queen's Hall in the late 1930s.
On 10 May 1941 (during the World War II)  the Royal Choral Society gave a concert in the Queen's Hall with the London Symphony Orchestra.
They performed Elgar's oratorio Dream of Gerontius under the conductor Sir Malcolm Sargent.
It was the last concert ever given there because, later that night, the hall was completely destroyed by bombs.
After the destruction of Queen's Hall, the BBC Symphony Orchestra moved its broadcast concerts and recording sessions to Bedford School.
Among the great recordings made at the school was Sir Adrian Boult's recording of Elgar's second symphony.
The Proms continued in the Royal Albert Hall.
They also took place in Bristol and Bedford, but after the war they settled in the Royal Albert Hall where they continue today.
Avesta is the holy book of Zoroastrianism.
It is written in the Avestan language, an Iranian language.
The Avesta has also been translated into other languages including Farsi and English.
The oldest portion, the Ghathas, are the religious songs composed by Zoroaster himself.
Other parts of Avesta are named Yasna, Yashts, Visperad, Vendidad and Khordeh Avesta.
There are two other religious texts in Zoroastrianism which are named Denkard and Ardaviraf Namak.
Darius the Great (c. 549 BC– 486/485 BC) was the son of Hystaspes and Shah of Iran from 522 BC to 485 BC.
After Darius became Shah of Iran, he divided the Persian Empire into twenty provinces, and appointed a governor for each province.
He introduced golden coins and developed commerce within the empire and trade without.
Darius allowed Jews to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem.
He also built many temples in Egypt.
The largest building that was built by Darius, is the new capital of Persepolis, near Pasargadae.
Darius died in Persepolis.
His tomb was cut into a rock face near Persepolis.
After his death, Xerxes became the Shah of Iran.
Pasargadae was a city in ancient Persia, and is today a historical site in Fars,Iran.
Pasargadae was the first capital of the Persian Empire.
The building of the capital city by Cyrus the Great, begun in 546 BCE, but was left unfinished, for Cyrus died in 530 BCE.
Pasargade remained the Persian capital unti Darius I built the Persepolis.
The tomb of Cyrus the Great is in this city.
World Heritage Sites in Iran
It was first bred in British colonies of North America in the nineteenth century.
Its early ancestors are the bulldog and the terrier, and used to be called the Blue Paul terrier.
In the 1930s, dogbreeders bred it with the Pit bull terrier.
Its name was changed to the American Staffordshire Terrier in 1972.
Persepolis (Old Persian: 'Pars', New Persian: , Takht-e Jamshid) was an ancient capital of the second Iranian dynasty, the Achaemenid Empire.
Ancient Persians called it Parsa, meaning the city of Persians.
Persepolis () is the Greek translation of the name.
In modern Iran, the city is known as Takht-e-Jamshid (Throne of Jamshid).
The largest building in Persepolis is the Apadana Hall with 72 columns.
The Tachara palace built by Darius I is also an important building.
The Hadish palace in Persepolis was started by Xerxes and finished by his son Artaxerxes.
Xerxes the Great was a Shah of Iran (485–465 BC) of Achaemenid Empire.
Xerxes was son of Darius I and Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great.
After Darius died, Xerxes became the Shah of Iran.
At the Battle of Thermopylae, Xerxes defeated Greek warriors.
After winning at Thermopylae, Xerxes then took control of Athens with his army.
Finally, Greek warriors won the Battle of Salamis against Xerxes in 480 BC.
The movie 300 is based on Xerxes.
Seashells are perhaps the most familiar and most common shells, both in the wild and for sale as decorative objects.
They are usually composed of calcium carbonate, in the form of calcite or aragonite.
This can have different forms, one is nacre or mother of pearl.
Other kinds of animal shells are made from chitin, bone and cartilage, or silica.
Use of Shells
Shells of many types were popular as human decorations, either used whole or cut into pieces.
One  used them for all kinds of pendants, beads, buttons, brooches, rings, and hair combs.
Small pieces of colored shell and iridescent shell have been used to create mosaics and inlays which have been used to decorate larger items such as boxes and furniture.
Large numbers of whole seashells, arranged to form patterns, have been used to decorate man-made grottos.
Several kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons which one can find after their death in beach drift.
Often beachcombers pick them.
But usually only those of molluscs (also spelled "mollusks") are known as seashells.
Shell Hair Pipes used in Indian Adornment
110 Photos of various seashells
Conchologists of America
A tortoise is a reptile of the order Testudines which lives on land.
Like their aquatic cousins, the sea turtles, tortoises are shielded from predators by a shell.
Most are quite small, but island tortoises have several times evolved to a large size: those on the Galapagos are famous.
Darwin made one of his rare mistakes when he did not note which island each of them came from.
Later it became clear that they were slightly different on different islands.
A sheltered life: the unexpected history of the giant tortoise.
John Murray (Publishers), London.
Gerlach, Justin.
Giant tortoises of the Indian Ocean.
Chimiara publishers, Frankfurt.
Gulf Coast Turtle and Tortoise Society* Tortoise World - Several Types of Tortoises
Chelonia: Conservation and Care of Turtles.
Infotortuga
Tortoise, a large land-dwelling reptile protected by a shell
TortoiseCVS, a GUI integrated CVS client for the Microsoft Windows platform
TortoiseHg, a GUI integrated Mercurial client for the Microsoft Windows platform
TortoiseSVN, a GUI integrated Subversion client for the Microsoft Windows platform
TortoiseGIT, a GUI integrated GIT client for the Microsoft Windows platform
Tortoise (band), a US post-rock band formed in 1990
Tortoise (tank), a British heavy assault gun
Tortoise formation, a defensive formation employed in ancient and mediaeval warfare
Tortoise, a derogatory name for the Ford Taurus automobile
Tortoise, a popular brand of Turnout Motor for Model Railways
Tortoises, a 1921 short volume of poetry by D H Lawrence containing poems later collected in Birds, Beasts and Flowers (1923).
Also see
Hare (disambiguation), for Tortoise and Hare stories
Sea turtles (Chelonioidea) are turtles found in all the world's oceans except the Arctic Ocean, and some species travel between oceans.
The term is US English.
In British English they are simply called "turtles"; fresh-water chelonians are called "terrapins" and land chelonians are called tortoises.
The earliest known turtles are from the Middle Jurassic.
So, turtles are one of the oldest surviving reptile groups: they are more ancient than snakes or crocodiless.
All but the leatherback are in the family Chelonioidea.
The leatherback belongs to the family Dermochelyidae and is its only member.
The leatherback sea turtle is the largest, measuring six or seven feet (2 m) in length at maturity, and three to five feet (1 to 1.5 m) in width, weighing up to 2000 pounds (about 900 kg).
Most other species are smaller, being two to four feet in length (0.5 to 1 m) and proportionally less wide.
The flatback turtle is found only on the northern coast of Australia.
Spotila, James R. 2004.
Sea turtles: a complete guide to their biology, behavior, and conservation.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Davidson, Osha Gray.
Fire in the turtle house: the green sea turtle and the fate of the ocean.
United States: United States of Public Affairs.
Witherington, Blair E. 2006.
Sea turtles: an extraordinary natural history of some uncommon turtles.
SWOT – The state of the world's sea turtles – The most up-to-date information on global sea turtle populations
Oceana scientists are tracking turtles in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic to find out more about their habits in the deep sea
Conserving Turtles on a Global Scale
Underwater video  of turtles in the Red Sea, Egypt
Preserving Turtles
Marine reptiles
The Report of 1800 was first written by James Madison.
It argued for the sovereignty of the individual states under the United States Constitution.
It argued against the Alien and Sedition Acts.
The Virginia General Assembly adopted the Report in January 1800.
The document mostly makes small changes to arguments from the 1798 Virginia Resolutions.
The main reason for making the Report was to respond to criticism of the Resolutions.
The Report was the last important writing by Madison meant to explain the Constitution in great detail, until the 1817 Bonus Bill Veto Message.
The arguments made in the Resolutions and the Report were used many times during the nullification crisis of 1832.
In this crisis, South Carolina said that federal tariffs were unconstitutional and not valid within the state.
Madison, however, did not agree.
He said that the report did not support nullification.
Modern historians debate whether Madison's theory of republicanism really supported the nullification movement.
More broadly, historians debate whether the ideas Madison expressed between 1798 and 1800 agree with his work before and after this period.
Election of 1800 was significant because it marked the first peaceful change in power from one political party to another.
Madison, a member of the Republican Party, was elected to the Virginia General Assembly from Orange County in 1799.
At this time, most members of the General Assembly were Republicans.
A major item on his agenda was the defense of the General Assembly's 1798 Virginia Resolutions, which Madison had written earlier.
The Virginia Resolutions, usually discussed together with Thomas Jefferson's contemporaneous Kentucky Resolutions, were a response to various perceived outrages perpetrated by the Federalist-dominated national government.
The most significant of these were the Alien and Sedition Acts, four laws that allowed the President to deport aliens at will, required a longer period of residence before aliens could become citizens, and made it a crime to publish malicious or defamatory material against the government or its officials.
Republicans were outraged by the legislation, and Madison and Jefferson drafted the highly critical Resolutions adopted in response by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures.
The Virginia Resolutions had in the year since publication received highly critical replies from state legislatures, including those of New York, Delaware, and the five New England states.
The reason for the criticism was that the General Assembly, led in the effort by state-sovereignty advocate John Taylor of Caroline, had put a state-sovereignty spin on the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 despite Madison's hopes.
These replies contended that the Supreme Court of the United States had the ultimate responsibility for deciding whether federal laws were constitutional, and that the Alien and Sedition Acts were constitutional and necessary.
The Federalists accused the Republicans of seeking disunion, even contemplating violence.
At the time, leading Virginia Republican figures such as Rep. William Branch Giles (in public) and Sen. John Taylor of Caroline (in private) actually were contemplating disunion, and the Virginia General Assembly chose this juncture for finally constructing a new state armory in Richmond, so there was some truth to the charge.
That the principles already advanced by Virginia & Kentucky are not to be yielded in silence, I presume we all agree.
I should propose a declaration of Resolution by their legislatures on this plan.
Answer the reasonings of such of the states as have ventured in the field of reason, & that of the Committee of Congress.
Make a firm protestation against the principle & the precedent; and a reservation of the rights resulting to us from these palpable violations of the constitutional compact by the Federal government, ... 3.
Express in affectionate and conciliatory language our warm attachment to union with our sister-states, and to the instrument & principles by which we are united; … fully confident that the good sense of the American people and their attachment to rally with us round the true principle of our federal compact.
But determined, were we to be disappointed in this, to sever ourselves from that union we so much value, rather than give up the rights of self government which we have reserved, & in which alone we see liberty, safety & happiness.
In response to this letter, Madison visited Jefferson at Monticello during the first week of September.
Their discussion was important in that it persuaded Jefferson to depart from his radical stance on dissociation from the Union, which is expressed at the end of the excerpt above.
At the very least, Virginia or Kentucky taking such a stance publicly would have justified the Federalist attacks against the secessionist tendencies of the Republicans.
Madison won over Jefferson, who shortly thereafter wrote to Wilson Cary Nicholas that: "From [this position] I retreat readily, not only in deference to [Madison's] judgment but because as we should never think of separation but for repeated and enormous violations, so these, when they occur, will be cause enough of themselves."
Adrienne Koch and Harry Ammon, examining Jefferson's later writing, conclude that Madison had a significant role "in softening Jefferson's more extreme views."
Jefferson hoped for further involvement with the production of the Report and planned to visit Madison at Montpelier on his way to Philadelphia, the national capital, for the winter session of the United States Congress.
However, James Monroe, who would become Governor of Virginia before the end of the year, visited Jefferson at Monticello and cautioned him against meeting with Madison, since another meeting between two of the most important Republican leaders would provoke significant public comment.
The task of writing the Virginia Report was left solely to Madison.
Jefferson underlined the importance of this work in a November 26 letter to Madison in which he identified "protestations against violations of the true principles of our constitution" as one of the four primary elements of the Republican Party plan.
Production and passage
The Assembly session began in early December.
Once at Richmond, Madison began drafting the Report, though he was delayed by a weeklong battle with dysentery.
On December 23, Madison moved for the creation of a special seven-member committee with himself as chairman to respond to "certain answers from several of the states, relative to the communications made by the Virginia legislature at their last session."
The committee members were Madison, John Taylor, William Branch Giles, George Keith Taylor, John Wise, John Mercer, and William Daniel.
The next day, Christmas Eve, the committee produced a first version of the Report.
The measure came before the House of Delegates, the lower house of the General Assembly, on January 2.
Though certain to pass due to the Republican majority, which had recently been solidified by the election of a Republican clerk and speaker of the House, the Report was debated for five days.
The main point of contention was the meaning of the third of the Virginia Resolutions:
This resolution had been the principal target of the Federalist attack on the Resolutions.
Particularly at issue was the sense in which the states were parties to the federal compact.
The Report was ultimately amended to provide greater clarity on this issue by emphasizing that it was the people themselves, acting through the states in their sovereign capacity, who were parties to the Constitution.
The amended Report passed the House of Delegates on January 7 by a margin of 60 to 40.
At some point in the next two weeks, it passed the Senate by a margin of 15 to 6.
Virginia Republicans were happy with the Report.
The General Assembly arranged for five thousand copies to be printed and distributed in the state, but there was not much public response to the Report, and it appears to have had relatively little impact on the presidential election of 1800 (which was, nevertheless, a major victory for the Republicans and a repudiation of Federalist policies).
Parties outside Virginia seemed uninterested in the rehashing of the 1798 Resolutions, and in other states there was very little public comment.
Jefferson eagerly sought copies for distribution to Republican members of Congress departing for their home states, and when they failed to arrive he entreated Monroe for at least one copy that he could reproduce.
Despite Jefferson's approval of and attempt to distribute Madison's work, the national reaction was tepid.
Though it had little impact on the immediate election, Madison's Report clarified the legal argument against the Acts and for states' rights in general, particularly in its advancement of the Tenth Amendment rather than the Ninth as the main bulwark against federal encroachment on state autonomy.
The general purpose of the Report was the affirmation and expansion of the principles in the Virginia Resolutions.
The first major goal of the Resolutions was to bring about the repeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts by generating public opposition that would be expressed through the state legislatures.
Madison sought to accomplish this by demonstrating conclusively that the Acts violated the constitution.
Laying into the Acts in his Report, Madison described many breaches of constitutional limits.
The Alien Act granted the President the unenumerated power of deporting friendly aliens.
Contrary to the Sedition Act, the federal government had no power to protect officials from dissent or libelous attack, beyond the protection it accorded to every citizen; indeed, such special intervention against the press was "expressly forbidden by a declaratory amendment to the constitution."
As well, Madison attacked Federalist carriage laws and bank laws as unconstitutional.
To remedy the defects revealed by the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, Madison called for citizens to have an absolute right to free speech.
Madison writes that the ability to prosecute speech amounts to "a protection of those who administer the government, if they should at any time deserve the contempt or hatred of the people, against being exposed to it."
Freedom of the press was necessary, because "chequered as it is with abuses, the world is indebted to the press for all the triumphs which have been gained by reason and humanity over error and oppression."
The Report supported a strict interpretation of the First Amendment.
While the Federalists interpreted the amendment as limiting the power of Congress over the press, but implying that such power existed, Madison argued that the First Amendment wholly prohibited Congress from any interference with the press.
More generally, the Report made the argument in favor of the sovereignty of the individual states, for which it is best known.
The basic message was that the states were the ultimate parties constituting the federal compact, and that therefore the individual states were ultimate arbiters of whether the compact had been broken by the usurpation of power.
This doctrine is known as the compact theory.
It was the presence of this argument in the Resolutions that had allowed the Federalists to paint the Republicans as leaning toward secession; in the amended Report the line is moderated, with an emphasis that it is the states as political societies of the people (and therefore, one reads in, not the state legislatures alone) which possess this power.
Either formulation would help the Republican cause by refuting the finality of any constitutional interpretation advanced by the Congress and federal judiciary, both of which were dominated by Federalists.
In defense of Virginia Republicans and the Resolutions, Madison emphasized that even if one disagreed with the compact theory, the Virginia Resolutions and the Report of 1800 themselves were simply protests, which states were surely entitled to produce.
They were "expressions of opinion, unaccompanied with any other effect than what they may produce on opinion by exciting reflection."
By eschewing direct action in favor of influencing popular opinion, Madison tried to make clear that the Republicans were not moving toward disunion.
The Report was regarded in the early 19th century as among the more important expressions of Republican principles.
Spencer Roane described it as "the Magna Charta on which the republicans settled down, after the great struggle in the year 1799."
Henry Clay said on the floor of the House of Representatives that it was from the Report of 1800, above other documents, that he had developed his own theories on constitutional interpretation.
H. Jefferson Powell, a modern jurist, identifies three persistent themes of Republican constitutionalism which emerged from the Resolutions and the Report: (1) a textual approach to the Constitution, (2) the compact theory, and (3) that caution, not trust, should characterize our approach to those who hold political power.
In more recent years, the main practical interest in the Report has been its absolutist understanding of the First Amendment.
Multiple Supreme Court decisions have cited the case as evidence of the Framers' ideas on free speech.
In the 1957 Roth v. United States opinion by William Brennan, Madison's Report is cited as evidence that "the fundamental freedoms of speech and press have contributed greatly to the development and well-being of our free society and are indispensable to its continued growth."
Other cases to cite the Report for a similar purpose include Thornhill v. Alabama (1940) and Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000).
In modern scholarship outside the legal arena the Report is mostly studied for its discussion of states' rights with regard to federalism and republicanism.
According to Kevin Gutzman, the Report, together with the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, forms a foundation for the "radical southern states' rights tradition."
However, Madison rebuffed charges that his writings supported the constitutional interpretation advanced by pro-nullification Southerners.
The Report of 1800, Madison argued, did not say the government was a compact of the individual states, as the pro-nullification elements suggested.
Rather the Report of 1800 described a compact of "the people in each of the States, acting in their highest sovereign capacity."
The state governments themselves, no less than the federal judiciary, possess only delegated power and therefore cannot decide questions of fundamental importance.
Madison thought the Resolutions and Report were consistent with this principle while the Ordinance of Nullification was not.
Gutzman rejects Madison's gloss of the Report as a "specious distinction," saying it is reasonable to read into the Resolutions and the Report an "ominous challenge to federal supremacy."
Drew McCoy, however, has argued that Madison indeed developed a moderate stance which stood between the nationalists and the pro-nullification camp.
Koch and Ammon agree, stating that "Nowhere in American political literature does there exist a more careful, precise and mature reiteration of the principles of republican self-government; and nowhere is it clearer that the intermediate existence of state governments between the people and the 'General Government' should function to prevent a totalitarian imbalance in any one center of authority."
Brant, Irving.
James Madison: Father of the Constitution, 1787–1800.
Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1950.
See especially pp.
466–471, which covers the period examined here; the book is the third volume of six in Brant's biography of Madison, which is the most detailed scholarly biography thus far published.
Gibson, Alan. "
The Madisonian Madison and the Question of Consistency: The Significance and Challenge of Recent Research."
Review of Politics 64 (2002): 311–338.
Gutzman, Kevin R. "A Troublesome Legacy: James Madison and 'The Principles of '98'."
Journal of the Early Republic 15 (1995): 569–589.
Gutzman, Kevin R. Constantine. "
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered: 'An Appeal to the Real Laws of Our Country'."
Journal of Southern History 66 (2000): 473-496.
Koch, Adrienne and Harry Ammon. "
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson's and Madison's Defense of Civil Liberties."
William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 5 (1948): 145–176.
Lash, Kurt T. "James Madison's Celebrated Report of 1800: The Transformation of the Tenth Amendment."
George Washington Law Review 74 (2006): 165–200.
Madison, James.
The Papers of James Madison.
17: March 1797 through March 1801.
Edited by David B. Mattern.
Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991.
The Report appears in pp.
303–351.
The editorial note on pp.
303–306 is used heavily in this article.
McCoy, Drew.
The Last of the Fathers: James Madison & the Republican Legacy.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC, 528 U.S. 377 (2000).
Powell, H. Jefferson. "
The Principles of '98: An Essay in Historical Retrieval."
Virginia Law Review 80 (1994): 689–743.
Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957).
Thornhill v. State of Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940).
Yarbrough, Jean. "
Rethinking 'The Federalist's View of Federalism'."
Publius 15 (1985): 31–53.
Complete Text
Excerpts of the Report
18th century in the United States
The village is near Lake Baikal and setted in left coast of river Angara.
In the right coast is Listvianka.
The administrative centre Irkutsk is 60 kilometers north.
There is an automobile ferry to Listvianka.
In 2005, there were 400 people living in Baikal village.
In USSR times there were about 10000 humans.
Settlements in Russia
Drum stick, a tool for playing drums
Drumstick (vegetable)
Drumstick (ice cream), a brand of ice cream
Drumstick (poultry), the leg bone of a chicken
Drumstick (video game character), a video game character found in Diddy Kong Racing
History of the rudder
Oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BC in Persia and Ancient Egypt in artwork, wooden models, and even parts of actual boats of that times.
An early example of an oar mounted on the stern is found in the Egyptian tomb of Menna (1422-1411 BC).
Stern-mounted oars were also quite common in Roman river navigation as proved from reliefs more than a millennium later.
A depiction of a sternpost-mounted rudder can be seen on a pottery model of a Chinese junk dating from the 1st century AD during the Han Dynasty, predating their appearance in the West by a thousand years.
The technology of stern-mounted rudder in Europe and Islam World, which was introduced by travelers in the Middle Ages, was transferred from China
Foot notes
Lawrence V. Mott, The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics.
Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
The Exploration of Neptune started on August 25, 1989, when Voyager 2 became the first and so-far only spacecraft to visit the planet.
Like the other gas giants, Neptune has no solid land on its surface so landing on Neptune would be impossible.
NASA is thinking to send another spacecraft known as the Neptune Orbiter to study more about Neptune; the spacecraft is planned to be probably launched on 2035.
It would release atmospheric probes, and possibly release a Triton Lander.
NASA has said the earliest possible launch date is 2030.
Budget cuts may eliminate this proposal.
In Voyager 2's last visit with a planet before leaving the solar system, Voyager 2 came 3000 miles (5000 km) above Neptune's north pole, the closest approach it made to any planet after it left Earth.
Voyager 2 studied Neptune's atmosphere, its rings, its magnetosphere, and its moons.
Several discoveries were made, including the discovery of the Great Dark Spot and Triton's geysers.
Voyager 2 found that Neptune's atmosphere was very active, even though it gets only 3% of the sunlight Jupiter receives.
Voyager 2 discovered an anticyclone called the Great Dark Spot, similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot.
However, pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope showed that the Great Dark Spot had disappeared.
Also seen in Neptune's atmosphere at that time was an almond-shaped spot called "D2", and a bright, quickly moving cloud high above the cloud decks named Scooter.
Voyager 2 also found four rings of Neptune and found proof for ring arcs, or incomplete rings around Neptune.
Neptune's magnetosphere was also studied by Voyager 2.
The planetary radio astronomy instrument found that Neptune's day is sixteen hours, seven minutes.
Voyager 2 also discovered auroras, like on Earth, but much more complicated.
Voyager 2 discovered six moons orbiting Neptune, but only three were photographed in detail: Proteus, Nereid, and Triton.
Proteus turned out to be an ellipsoid, as large as an ellipsoid could become without turning into a sphere.
Proteus is very dark in color.
Nereid, although discovered in 1949, is still not well known even after Voyager 2 passed by.
Triton was flown by at about 25,000 miles (40,000 km) away, and became the last object Voyager 2 would ever explore.
Triton was shown to have extraordinary active geysers and polar caps.
A very thin atmosphere was found, as well as thin clouds.
Neptune (planet)
More information on the Neptune Orbiter
Kinder Scout is a plateau about 600 metres above sea level.
It is in Derbyshire, England, roughly between the villages of Hayfield to the west, Edale to the southeast, and the town of Glossop to the northwest.
The gritstone rock under the plateau is covered by a thick layer of peat, cut by a dense network of streams which flow off it.
One of the main streams is the Kinder River, which drops off the Western edge at Kinder Downfall.
Plants on the plateau are mainly heather, with some mosses and bilberry.
Bracken grows on the slopes around the plateau.
The highest point is Kinder Low at .
It can be approached from the southeast up a steep track called Jacobs Ladder.
It is crossed by the  Pennine Way long-distance footpath which starts in nearby Edale.
Several sections of the path have been surfaced with large stone slabs in this area, to try to minimise environmental damage to the delicate moorland ecosystem by the large number of hikers it attracts all year round.
In the 1930s, Kinder Scout was the scene of the first mass trespasses by ramblers (Sunday, 24 April 1932) protesting at the lack of public access to the open moorland in many parts of northern England, which were then kept for grouse shooting by the estates of a number of stately homes.
Public rights of way were established later, and the 2000 Countryside and Rights of Way Act set a new legal framework in which the bulk of Kinder Scout is now "Access Land" where the public has a right to roam freely.
Plateaus
The stern area has always been the place near the steering apparatus (rudder,  tiller, ship's wheel, etc.),
and by extension became the domain of the ship's captain and other officers.
In particular, the stern was the location of the officers' quarters, and during the age of sail became the most opulent part of the ship, with rows of windows, galleries, walkways, and fine decorations.
That meant that this part was rather vulnerable, and the goal of much maneuvering in battle was to achieve the stern rake, in which a ship would pour its entire broadside into the stern.
Stern (name), a family name (and list of people with that name)
Stern (gaming company)
Stern (magazine), a weekly news magazine in Germany
Stern School of Business at New York University
Lehi (group) or the Stern gang
John Gavin Malkovich (born December 9, 1953) American actor, producer and director.
He was nominated for the Academy Award, and he also won an Emmy Award.
He was in the Robert Zemeckis' movie, Beowulf.
That movie also starred Anthony Hopkins and Angelina Jolie.
On June 6, 2013 in Toronto, Malkovich rescued a man after he was sliced in the neck.
Malkovich helped the man until the paramedics arrived.
Fisk:Why does John Malkovich want to kill me?
Profile: John Malkovich
Life and taxes
Finch and Partners (John's Management in the UK)
John's official clothing design web site
Photographs of John Malkovich
Movie producers from Illinois
Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American movie and stage actress.
Close has been nominated for and won many awards in her career, for her acting in both movies and theater.
Oscar Nominations
1983 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, The World According to Garp
1984 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, The Big Chill
1985 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, The Natural
1988 Best Actress in a Leading Role, Fatal Attraction
1989 Best Actress in a Leading Role, Dangerous Liaisons
Emmy Award/Nominations
1995 Emmy Award: Lead Actress/ Miniseries - Serving in Silence
2002 Emmy Nomination: Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series, Will & Grace
2005 Golden Globe Award: Best Actress/ Miniseries - The Lion in Winter
1984 Best Actress/ Play - The Real Thing
1992 Best Actress/ Play - Death and the Maiden
1995 Best Actress/ Musical - Sunset Boulevard
1988 People's Choice Award - Favorite Motion Picture Actress
1992 Golden Camera/ Germany - Best International Actress
2005 Screen Actors Guild Award/ Outstanding Actress, Television - The Lion in Winter
Glenn Close biography at thespiannet
Performance  Working in the Theatre seminar video atAmerican Theatre Wing.org, April 1986
TonyAwards.com Interview with Glenn Close
Blaqk Audio is an electronic band, made by Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI.
Blaqk Audio features Davey Havok as lyricist and vocalist, with Jade Puget writing all music and programming the synthesizers.
Blaqk Audio was recently signed to Interscope Records, and their first album, CexCells, was released on August 14, 2007.
The band describes themselves as "Two boys in love with synthesizers and software".
Official Blaqk Audio Website
Official Interscope Blaqk Audio Site
Official Blaqk Audio MySpace
Jade Puget's blog
Musical groups from Oakland, California
Hugh John Mungo Grant (born 9 September 1960) is an English actor.
He won a Golden Globe award in 1995 for his starring role in the movie Four Weddings and a Funeral.
His other movies include: Nine Months, Notting Hill, Mickey Blue Eyes, Bridget Jones's Diary, About a Boy, Love Actually and Paddington 2.
Early life and ancestry
Grant was born at Charing Cross Hospital in Hammersmith, London, the second son of Fynvola Susan MacLean (b. Wickham, Hampshire, 11 October 1933; d. Hounslow, London, July 2001) and Captain James Murray Grant (b. 1929).
Grant's grandfather, Colonel James Murray Grant,DSO was decorated for bravery and leadership at Saint-Valery-en-Caux during World War II.
Grant's father was trained at Sandhurst, Berkshire and served with the Seaforth Highlanders for eight years in Malaya, Germany and Scotland.
He ran a carpet firm, pursued hobbies such as golf and painting watercolours, and raised his family in Chiswick, west London, where the Grants lived next to Arlington Park Mansions on Sutton Lane.
His mother worked as a schoolteacher and taught Latin, French and music for more than 30 years in the state schools of west London.
She died at the age of 65, 18 months after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.
Grant started his education at Hogarth Primary School in Chiswick but then moved to St Peter's Primary School in Hammersmith, Grant was then educated at an independent prep school Wetherby School.
From 1969 to 1978, he attended the independent Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith on a scholarship and played 1st XV rugby, cricket and football for the school.
In 1979, Grant won the Galsworthy scholarship to New College, Oxford where he starred in his first film, Privileged, produced by the Oxford University Film Foundation.
He studied English literature and graduated with 2:1 honours.
Actress Anna Chancellor, who met Grant while she was still at school, has recalled, "I first met Hugh at a party at Oxford.
There was something magical about him.
He was a star even then, without having done anything.
Grant joined the exclusive Piers Gaveston Society at Oxford, a group with a reputation for debauchery and decadence."
Viewing acting as nothing more than a creative outlet, he joined the Oxford University Dramatic Society and starred in a successful touring production of Twelfth Night.
Screen roles
Grant has mostly been a comedy (especially a romantic comedy) actor for almost all of his mainstream film career.
He also never ventures to play characters who are not British.
While some film critics, such as Roger Ebert, have defended the limited variety of his performances, others have dismissed him as a one-trick pony.
Eric Fellner, co-owner of Working Title Films and a long-time collaborator of Grant, said, "His range hasn't been fully tested, but each performance is unique."
A majority of Grant's popular films in the 1990s followed a similar plot that captured an optimistic bachelor experiencing a series of embarrassing incidents to find true love, often with an American woman.
The BBC's report on the Elton John dinner auction
Online interview
James Langston Edmund Caan (born March 26, 1940) is an American movie, stage and television actor.
He is known for his role of Sonny Corleone in 1972's The Godfather and for his role as Ed Deline on Las Vegas.
He has been nominated for many awards, including the Academy Award, Emmy and Golden Globe.
James Harrison Coburn (August 31, 1928 – November 18, 2002) was an American actor.
He became famous in the 1960s when he made many Western movies, such as The Magnificent Seven.
But after that, he acted in other different types of roles, and became a more complete and successful actor.
He was very ill in the 1980s and he almost did not make any more movies in that decade.
However, he got better and started acting again in the 1990s.
He won an Academy Award in 1998.
Find-A-Grave profile for James Coburn
Gesprengte Ketten - The Great Escape, Behind the scenes , Photographs of cameraman Walter Riml.
Helma Türk & Christian Riml, eds.
House Publishing 2013, English/German
People from Compton, California
4 Vesta () is the second most massive asteroid in the solar system, with an average diameter of about 530 km (around 330 miles) and an estimated mass 9% the mass of the entire asteroid belt.
Its size and unusually bright surface makes Vesta the brightest asteroid, and the only one ever visible to the naked eye from Earth.
Vesta's astronomical symbol is .
Vesta was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers on March 29, 1807.
He allowed the prominent mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss to name the asteroid after the Roman virgin goddess of home and hearth, Vesta.