the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Adelaide (a city in Australia) has the pie floater, where a meat pie is floated in a plate of thick green pea soup.
Pot pies with a flaky crust and bottom are a popular American dish.
They usually have a filling of meat (often beef, chicken or turkey), gravy, and mixed vegetables (potatoes, carrots and peas).
Frozen pot pies are often sold in individual serving size.
Fruit pies may be served with a scoop of ice cream, a style known in North America as à la mode.
Apple pie is a traditional choice.
This combination, and possibly the name as well, is thought to have been popularized in the mid-1890s in the United States.
A tourtière is a meat pie.
It was first created in Quebec, Canada.
It is usually made with ground pork, veal, or beef.
Rest of world
Many countries have their own style of pie.
Spanakopita is a savory pie common in Greece.
It has a filling of spinach  and cheese, and spices.
Buko pie is a traditional Filipino pie with coconut filling.
Pyrih (or pirog in Russian) is a Ukrainian pie.
It may be sweet and contain cottage cheese, or fruits like apple, plums or various berries.
Savoury versions may contain meat, fish, mushrooms, cabbage, buckwheat or potato.
Torta caprese is a traditional Italian chocolate and almond or walnut pie.
It is sometimes made with a small amount of liqueur.
The name refers to the island of Capri.
Torta de Santiago is a type of almond pie from the Galicia region in Spain.
The filling is mostly ground almonds, eggs and sugar.
Vlaai is a pie from the Limburg region in the Netherlands.
It comes in many different varieties of fruit fillings.
Zelnik is a traditional Bulgarian pastry.
It is made of thin crusts filled with either cheese and eggs, spinach, sorrel, crumbled meat, leeks and rice, or very often in the winter period, brined cabbage.
Pie throwing
Cream filled or topped pies are favourite props for humour, particularly when aimed at people who are too serious.
Throwing a pie in a person's face has been a staple of movie comedy since the early days of the movies.
It is often associated with clowns in popular culture.
Pranksters have taken to targeting politicians and celebrities with their pies, an act called pieing.
Activists sometimes engage in the pieing of political and social targets as well. "
Pieing" can result in injury to people and pie throwers can face assault or more serious charges.
The American Pie Council
History of Pie
Food Timeline, History Notes: Pie & Pastry
Customer service is doing things to satisfy a purchaser's needs.
This may be before, during, or after the purchase.
A major part of customer service is helping if merchandise is broken or not working properly.
These situations are usually covered by a customer service policy.
Many stores will have a special desk or area where people can take their complaints.
One purpose is to persuade the customer to buy other things later.
Busan (formerly written as Pusan) is the largest port city and second-largest city in South Korea.
It lies on the southeast tip of the Korean Peninsula.
It is important for transport and shipping.
It is best known for Busan Port and Haeundae Beach.
The port takes many ships and accommodate trades among other countries.
In 2012, according to the census, the population was about 3,439,000.
During the Korean War, Busan had an important role because it was one of two cites which were not invaded by North Korea.
The city was the capital for a short time.
Busan has hosted the Asian Games in 2002 and APEC summit it 2005.
It bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2024 Summer Olympics.
It is also the home city of the Lotte Giants, a professional baseball team in the Korea Baseball Organization league.
Origin of the name
The city was originally called Busanpo.
It was named after the shape of the mountain behind Busan Port.
Korean bu (hangul: 부, hanja: 釜) means a cauldron, san (hangul: 산, hanja: 山) means a mountain, and po (hangul: 포, hanja: 浦) means a harbor.
It may be said that a harbor is located at the foot of a mountain resembling a cauldron.
Since the late 15th century, the current name Busan (hangul: 부산, hanja: 釜山) has been widely used.
Busan is on the southern east coast of South Korea.
The southern part of Busan is surrounded by the Yellow Sea, and the east of Busan is surrounded by the Sea of Japan or East Sea, so it is a port city.
The city covers about 767.35 km2 (296.28 sq mi).
In Busan, there are many objects that show ancestors’ lives when Korean used stones for hunting.
Most of remains are from beginning of the period of the rock Age and there are piles of shells around rivers or the ocean Dongsam-dong, Yeongseon-dong, Dadae-dong, Amnam-dong, Geumgok-dong and Beombang.
However, people probably lived in late Stone Age.
In the Bronze Age, people lived in some places such as Sajik-dong and Nampo-dong in this city because there are a lot of remains comparing to those of in the Stone Age.
Bronze Age affected making Yayoi culture in Japan.
People also used iron in the Iron Age here because much iron was made in Busan.
Silla Kingdom controlled the area of Busan, Busan was named as Geochilsanguk, Geochilsangun, and changed to Dongnaehyeon.
Dongnae is still  used as name of area in Busan.
In Joseon Dynasty, Busan Port was opened in 1407 and was an important city because it is close to Japan.
The Korean government allowed Japanese to live in Busan because Busan was open to the trade between Korea and Japan since the 15th century and Japanese built houses and buildings.
When the Imjin War occurred, Japanese people under the control of Toyotomi  Hideyoshi  invaded Korea in 1592,  after Joseon Dynasty  did not lead Japan to Min dynasty, Japan said that they needed the way to go to China  and to conquer the Ming dynasty in China, but Japan changed its words and attacked Korea.
At that time, Joseon Dynasty was not prepared for the war.
Therefore, since Korea and the Ming dynasty had a good relationship with China, the Ming dynasty helped Joseon fight back Japan.
When Toyotomi Hideyoshi died, Japanese solders went their county because they lost their hero and could not fight with both Korea and China.
Since Busan is a port city, the trade between Korea and Japan occurred in Busan until 1876 when Busan-Po (Port) opened with the treaty of Kanghwa.
At that time, Busan was the first international port.
Later, the other ports were used for trade because Japan wanted to sell goods and food through trade by an unfair agreement on trade.
Japan invaded again and colonized Korea from 1910 to 1945.
Then, Japan controlled Korea, including Busan.
After World War 2 ended, Korea was divided into North Korea which was controlled by Russia and South Korean which was governed by the United State of America.
During the Korean War, Busan was the temporary capital of South Korea from 1950 to 1953 and one of cities that were not conquered by North Korea when Korean War occurred.
Therefore, many South Korean moved to Busan from other places.
At that time, UN troops landed on Busan and surrounded Busan to protect Koreans from communists and to defeat North Korea and other allied communists on June 30 in 1950.
South Korean and UN Soldiers started to fight with North Korean and communists in Korea.
The Korean War occurred when the Korean government was made into Republic of Korea and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea because of political ideology after Pacific War and World War 2.
IN 1995, the name of city was changed from Busan City (Jikhalsi) to Busan Metropolitan City.
Haeundae  Beach is famous and one of largest beaches in South Korea.
The size is 58,400 m2, length is 1.5 km, width is 30 m-50 m. Every summer, people from other places in South Korea visit this beach.
The beach is busy with people and umbrellas.
There are many summer events in the Haeundae Beach.
Centum city is in Haeundae-gu and dimension is 350,000 square meters.
There are many facilities such as an art exhibition center, Busan World Business Center, media centers and stores.
Shinsegae Centum City has a Ginness World record as the world’s largest department store.
East-Busan Tourism Complex is planned to be built from 2005 to 2017 in Gijang-eup, Gijan-gun and its size is about 3,638, 310 m2.
This future facility will have theme parks, resorts, and marine view facilities.
All About Busan
About Busan
Cities in South Korea
Sarcasm is a figure of speech or speech comment which is extremely difficult to define.
It is a statement or comment which means the opposite of what it says.
It may be made with the intent of humour, or it may be made to be hurtful.
The basic meaning is to be hostile under the cover of friendliness.
The word's origin is Greek, sarcasmus, see sarchasaristic (Hobson 2018).
However, it usually comes with a cue which helps the receiver to understand it.
For example, a mother saying "Oh, that's clever!"
when a child makes a mistake always signals her love with her tone of voice.
Quite different when a hostile person says "Oh, here comes Mr Clever-clogs!".
So a person learns how to decode the message.
Much more difficult it is when someone uses a neutral tone of voice, as in "deadpan" or "dry humor".
Psychologists think such cases are basically hostile.
A lie is something that someone says that is not true to make others believe that the lie is the truth.
People can have many reasons for lying, such as to hide something or get something, or white lies.
Studies show that people usually start lying at the age of two.
Some people are pathological liars.
Lying can only be done on purpose.
If a person says something that is not true and does not know that it is not true, that person is making a mistake and not lying.
A serious type of lie is perjury.
It means telling a lie in a court of law.
It can lead to a great injustice.
For that reason it is legally and morally wrong.
The Ten Commandments says we should not "bear false witness against our neighbor".
Most religious thinkers say this can mean other lying also, but very strongly forbids perjury.
Tricking someone into believing something with many lies over a long period. "
The invasion plan was hidden by deception".
Deception need not involve speaking.
Hiding one's actions from another is a form of deception.
Animals are capable of deception.
Some birds pretend to be injured to lead predators from their nest.
White-collar criminals often use deception.
They get people to give them money by telling them  it is an
Getting rid of or adding details to a fact.
If a scientist says that "The medicine is safe in small amounts", a drug company can distort it and say "The scientist says the medicine is safe".
Distortion is often seen in commercials or political advertising.
Extreme examples are called propaganda where news can be distorted simply by choosing to cover one story but not another.
White lie
Telling a small lie to make people feel better or for other reasons which do not harm anybody or anything.
Saying that a person likes what another person is wearing, even though they do not, is a white lie.
Often the purpose of a white lie is to protect someone from being upset.
This might happen when a child or elderly persons hears that someone has died.
The opposite choice is sometimes called being "brutally honest".
It means that a person tells true things that hurt people instead of hiding the truth.
White lies should not be confused with sarcasm.
Fighting with lies
People hurt each other in war, and one way is to lie.
They make the enemy belive they are in one place when they are in another.
They pretend they will do one thing when they intend to do another.
Spies pretend they are not enemies, in order to get secrets.
Like other ways of fighting, lying can be morally good if done for a good reason.
In the Old Testament Bible, Rahab lied about the Israeli spies she had hidden.
The Bible says this was a good thing to do.
Usually the term "white lie" refers to small unimportant things.
Justifiable lies could be very big and important, but may still be good.
However people should be careful about thinking their lies are good.
Other people may see them as bad.
Germ-X is a brand of washless hand sanitizer.
It comes in different scents and sizes.
There are also pocket-sized Germ-X bottles so children who worry about germs so much would not have to run to the restroom to wash their hands frequently.
Germ-X was made by the scientists of Vi-Jon Laboratories.
Germ-X is made by the Blue Sun Corporation.
an iron rod used to burn an ownership mark on cattle
a trademark: a name, symbol, logo, or other item used to mark a product or maker.
This distinguishes it from other companies and their products.
a surname:
David Brand (1912-1979), Australian politician
Joel Brand (1906-1964), Hungarian humanitarian
Ron Brand (born 1940), American retired baseball player
Russell Brand (born 1975), British entertainer
Scratch and sniff refers to paper that produces an odor when it is scratched.
Scratch and sniff is mostly used on stickers.
Scratch and sniff stickers are frequently given to children as a reward for doing well in school.
Scratch and sniff is created by covering the odor in a covering that breaks easily when it is scratched.
Because the odor is covered, it can be kept for a very long time.
The rose is a type of flowering shrub.
Its name comes from the Latin word Rosa.
The flowers of the rose grow in many different colors, from the well-known red rose or yellow rose and sometimes white or purple rose.
Roses belong to the family of plants called Rosaceae.
All roses were originally wild and they come from several parts of the world, North America, Europe, northwest Africa and many parts of Asia and Oceania.
There are over 100 different species of roses.
The wild rose species can be grown in gardens, but most garden roses are cultivars, which have been chosen by people.
Over hundreds of years they have been specially bred to produce a wide variety of growing habits and a broad range of colours from dark red to white including as well yellow and a bluish/lilac colour.
Many roses have a strong, pleasant scent.
Most roses have prickles (incorrectly called thorns) on their stems.
Rose bushes are able to tolerate a wide variety of growing conditions.
The fruit of the rose is called a hip.
Some roses have decorative hips.
Also, roses protect themselves from other predators trying to hunt them with prickles, a widely known defense system.
Roses in legend and in history
The rose was sacred to Venus (mythology).
Venus was the Roman goddess of love and beauty.
It was also linked with Cupid (son of Venus).
He was the Roman god of desire – in one myth, he dropped nectar and the nectar bubbled up from the ground as roses.
The rose was also sacred to Bacchus.
He was the Roman god of wine.
Rich Romans would lie on couches with roses laid on them.
They would wear roses tied onto string around their neck.
Anything which was said "under the rose" was considered to be a secret.
Cleopatra VII of Egypt was said to have had a floor of her palace covered in roses before her lover Mark Antony visited her.
Description and use
The flower of the rose plant can be different sizes.
It may be as small as 1/2 inch across to a diameter of almost 7 inches.
Also, roses can be used for good scent.
The scent of the rose comes from tiny perfume glands on the petals, which can be seen through a powerful microscope.
Sometimes rose petals are dried and packed so that you can use them for decoration or for scent.
Roses can be seen very much in gardens.
Sometimes they can be in vineyards as well.
In a big vineyard, a bush of roses are planted at the end of each row of vines.
As long as the roses stay healthy, the vine growers can see that their vines are healthy as well.
Garden roses
There are thousands of rose cultivars that people grow in gardens and on farms.
The names used to describe the different types often refer to one species that is the main ancestor of that group, for example, Gallica roses are mostly descended from Rosa gallica.
Other groups have several different species among their ancestors.
Hybrid Tea roses, Floribunda roses, and English roses are the most common in gardens today.
They are of so many colours like red, yellow, orange, pink, purple and so on
Alba roses
Bourbon roses
Centifolia roses
China roses
Climbing roses
Damask roses
English roses
Floribunda roses
Gallica roses
Hybrid Bracteata roses
Hybrid Musk roses
Hybrid Perpetual roses
Hybrid Tea roses
Miniature roses
Modern Shrub roses
Moss roses
Noisette roses
Rugosa roses
hymns and prayers while they were composing a crown of roses.
Surprised by the vision, he interrupted the prayer and the angels stopped; when he prayed again he saw the angels recommencing to compose the crown of roses to offer to Mary.
Adelaide Trabucco, iconografia rosariana and the Madonna del Santo Rosario di Pompei
Red – A red rose is an expression of love.
Red roses usually show deep feelings, like love, longing, or desire.
Red roses can also be used to show respect, admiration, or devotion.
A deep red rose can be used to show regret and sorrow.
The number of red roses given has a special meaning as well.
12 red roses is the most popular number to give; it means "Be mine" and "I love you".
Pink – There are a lot of variations of the pink rose.
Usually, pink roses are used to express gentle emotions such as admiration, joy, gratitude and deep or endless love.
Dark pink – Deep pink rose blooms may mean deep gratitude and appreciation.
Dark pink roses also express elegance and grace.
Light pink – Light pink rose blooms are symbols of pleasantness and innocence.
White – White is the color of purity, innocence and sacred love.
It represents love that is eternal and endures beyond death.
White roses usually may symbolize a new start, and it is a custom for brides to hold them when she walks down the aisle at her wedding.
In certain faiths, the white rose can represent the sanctity of a marriage.
White roses can be used to show sympathy or humility.
They also may be about spiritual things.
Yellow – Yellow roses are usually used as an expression of exuberance.
Yellow roses show sunny feelings of joy, warmth, and sometimes welcome.
They are symbols of friendship and caring.
The yellow rose, unlike some of the other roses, does not mean or express any romance.
Orange – Orange roses remind most people of a fiery blaze.
These fiery blooms are symbols of passion and energy.
Orange roses can be used to show desire and pride.
Burgundy – The color of burgundy is a symbol of beauty.
Green – Green roses (these are sometimes white roses with shades of green) can symbolize best wishes, luck, and blessings for a good life or recovery of good health.
Blue – Blue roses cannot be found in the nature and so they represent the unattainable or the mysterious.
Blue roses therefore show the desire for the goals you cannot reach.
They may sometimes mean "I can't have you but I can't stop thinking about you".
Black – Black is the color of death and farewell.
A black roses show the death of a feeling or idea.
Sending black roses to someone indicates the death of the relationship, or sometimes it may be used in burials.
Violet and Purple – A violet or purple rose may show protection, and also a sense of majesty, royalty, and splendor.
These roses are used to show adoration.
Lavender – A lavender rose, like its color, shows enchantment.
It also expresses "love at first sight".
A pie made of mud, usually made by children during play
Mississippi mud pie, a chocolate-based dessert
An apple pie is a pie or tart filled with apples.
Sometimes it has whipped cream or ice cream on top.
It is a common type of pie.
It is commonly associated with American culture, e.g. the expression 'As American as apple pie'.
A Apple Pie, by Kate Greenaway, 1886.
Woodblock printed children's book, based on a much earlier rhyme; from Project Gutenberg
Apple Pie  The largest apple pie recipes collection on the planet
Pumpkin pie is a dessert pie with a spiced pumpkin-based custard filling.
The pumpkin is a symbol of harvest time.
In the United States and Canada, it is usually prepared for Thanksgiving and other occasions when pumpkin is in season.
Pies made from pumpkins use pie pumpkins that are about six-to-eight inches in diameter.
Pie pumpkins are mostly smaller than jack-o'lantern pumpkins.
The pumpkin is native to North America.
The pumpkin was an early export to France.
During the 17th century, pumpkin pie recipes could be found in English cookbooks, like Hannah Woolley's The Gentlewoman's Companion (1675).
But pumpkin "pies" made by early American colonists back then were more likely to be a savory soup rather than sweet custard in a crust.
It was not until the 19th century that pumpkin pie recipes appeared in American cookbooks.
It also was not until that century that they became a part of the Thanksgiving dinner.
The Pilgrims brought the pumpkin pie back to New England.
The English method of cooking the pumpkin took a different course.
In the United States after the American Civil War, the pumpkin pie was resisted in the Southern United States as a symbol of Yankee culture brought to the South.
Instead, the Southern United States prepared sweet potato pie.
Lydia Marie Child's Thanksgiving poem "Over the River and Through the Wood" refers to pumpkin pie in one of its verses.
John Greenleaf Whittier wrote in his poem "The Pumpkin":
A pumpkin is a type of a squash which is a fruit.
They are usually orange, but they can also be purple, red, blue, or white.
Pumpkins are usually shaped like spheres or stretched-out spheres.
People can eat pumpkins.
Often, people make pumpkins into pies or soups.
People can eat and cook pumpkin seeds.
People also use pumpkins for decoration, for example, when people make jack-o-lanterns at Halloween.
It also has a few noted uses in folk medicine.
It has been traditionally used in some Native American tribes for treating intestinal and kidney problems.
However, these uses may not be reliable.
Ribeirão Preto is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo.
Its population, in 2005, was 551,312 inhabitants and its area is 652.2 km².
Its name means Black Creek in Portuguese.
Guarulhos is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo.
Its population was 1,251,179 inhabitants in 2005 and its area is 317.1 km².
Santos is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo.
Its population was 418,316 inhabitants .
Santos City Hall
São José dos Campos is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo.
Its population in 2005 was 600,049 inhabitants.
It is located about 100 km (63 miles) from the city of São Paulo and has an area of 1,100 km² (424.7 mi²).
São Bernardo do Campo () is a Brazilian city in the ABC Region, state of São Paulo.
Its population in 2003 was 745,161 inhabitants.
Its area is 406 km².
Official site of São Bernardo do Campo
1553 establishments
Santo André is a Brazilian city in ABC Region, state of São Paulo.
Its population in 2007 was 667,891.
Official site of Santo André
Osasco is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo.
Its population in 2016 was 696,382 inhabitants.
Its area is 65 km².
Official site of Osasco
Sorocaba is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo.
Its population in 2005 was 565.180 inhabitants and its area is 449 km².
Official site of Sorocaba
Google Earth is a virtual globe program that was first called Earth Viewer and was created by Keyhole, Inc.  It maps the surface of the earth by combining pictures taken by satellites and airplanes.
There are also three-dimensional maps where you can look at the area from different angles.
It is quite similar to Google Maps.
Teachers can use it to evaluate and strengthen students' visual literacy.
Students can use it to develop a background for three-dimensional and cultural differences globally.
Official Google Earth website
7 Things You Should Know About Google Earth
Google Maps is a mapping website from Google, and also the name for the technology that it works on.
It provides satellite pictures and road maps for anywhere in the world.
Google Maps also shows the locations of many places and businesses (called points of interest).
It can provide street addresses, phone numbers, and URLs to their websites.
It can generate directions between different places using many ways of transport, such as by car, bike, public transport, and even by air, and show traffic traffic congestion.
Maps can be embedded on other websites via the Google Maps Application programming interface.
It has a feature called Google Street View, which provides photos of streets in some places so one can see what it is like if they were standing in that area of the Earth in real life.
Google Maps was started on February 8, 2005, and uses JavaScript, XML and AJAX.
Its website works in almost any web browser or through mobile applications on platforms like iOS and Android.
Google has a "Local Guides" program where anybody can write reviews and upload photos or videos of places, as well as make changes to the maps (such as adding new places or removing closed places).
This is much like how a person can contribute to Google Translate or to Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation websites.
Videos is a division of the search engine Google that searches video sharing websites (YouTube, Dailymotion, etc.)
for search results.
It is the successor to Google Video, a Google website that allowed people to upload videos through its servers so that they can be shared online.
Google Video discontinued its service in August 2012, because of the high popularity of YouTube, which is a subsidiary of Google.
Alexander Zane Reid Lowe (born 7 August 1973) is a New Zealand radio disc jockey in the United Kingdom.
He presents an early evening show on the British music radio station BBC Radio 1 on Mondays to Thursdays.
Lowe also presented shows on the music television station MTV2.
Entertainers from North Island
New Zealand radio personalities
Television presenters
The Islamic Revolution occurred in 1979 in the Muslim-majority country of Iran.
Islamist revolutionaries opposed the western secular policies of the authoritarian Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi.
Supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini organized protests against the authoritarian government of the Shah.
Khomeini became the new Leader of Iran.
98.2% of the Iranian voters voted "yes" in a referendum for the creation of the Islamic Republic of Iran under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini (also known as Imam Khomeini).
It replaced an monarchy with a theocratic republic.
The West claims that the republic is authoritarian.
Shortly after the revolution, Iraq, under the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein, invaded Iran and started a war that ended in 1988, with neither side getting anything.
The war is known as the Iran–Iraq War.
Many Iranians were forced into exile by the revolution.
Estimates of the number of Iranians who died during the war with Iraq and the riots with the Shah's forces vary from 3,000 to 60,000.
The number executed by orders of the Revolutionary Courts is often estimated at 8,000.
During the revolution, 52 Americans were held hostage after being seized at the US embassy.
1970s in Iran
A tentacle is a part of the body of an animal or plant that can move freely.
They are like arms.
Some invertebrates, like squid, sea anemones or hydras have them.
They use the tentacles to catch food, or to grip the sourroundings.
Some carnivorous plants, such as the Drosera, also may have tentacles.
A javelin is a light spear designed to be thrown.
Historically it was a weapon, but from the Ancient Greeks to today it is used for sport.
The javelin is almost always thrown by hand.
The javelin throw is a sports event, one of the field events which survive from the original Olympic Games.
The athlete holds the javelin in one hand and, while running, throws it as far as possible.
It is an official Olympic sport.
Sea anemones are Cnidarian animals that live in the sea.
They are polyps, one of the basic forms of the phylum.
They are predatory animals, which paralyse their prey with stinging nematocysts.
These fire a harpoon-like structure which delivers a dose of neurotoxins.
To eat the fish, or crustacean, they move the prey into their stomach, where they are slowly digested.
Anemones are sessile.
This means they like to stay in one area.
They can move very slowly along the bottom.
Some types can swim to a new location by using flexing movements.
Many species live in rockpools between high tide and low tide, and on rocky shores generally.
Anemones can be found in deep oceans as well, and a few are pelagic.
An anemone has an oral disk on the top of its body.
The sea anemone’s mouth and gut are in the middle of the oral disk.
The tentacles surround the oral disk.
The pedal disc is on the bottom of the sea anemone.
Some sea anemones live in symbiosis with other animals.
clownfish, Incognito goby, and arrow crabs may shelter among the tentacles of the anemone.
Hermit crabs often have sea anemones on the shell they live in.
Some anemones have a symbiosis with a type of algae which lives inside them.
This is the same thing many corals do.
The dinoflagellate algae use sunlight to make food, and the anemone uses some of the food.
Polyps are one of two forms of the cnidarians.
The other body form is the medusa.
Polyps have a vase-shaped body with tentacles around the mouth opening.
Polyps may be sexual or asexual.
They can all reproduce asexually by budding.
In some species, the polyps can also reproduce sexually.
When medusae mate, the result may be polyps, when polyps replicate, the result may be medusae.
Some species are polyps all the time (such as Hydra, and the whole of the class Anthozoa (corals and anemones).
In many cases the asexual buds formed do not separate from the parent but remain, thus forming colonies or 'stocks'.
These may reach a great size, and contain a vast number of individuals.
Slight differences in the method of budding produce great variations in the form of the colonies.
Jellyfish (class Medusozoa) have two distinct life history stages (body forms) during their life cycle.
The first is the polyp stage.
Often, this polyp is attached to the sea floor, or to another hard surface.
The Dravidian languages are a language family spoken by Dravidian peoples.
The languages are mainly spoken in South India,  western Bangladesh, northern Sri Lanka and southern Pakistan.
There are about 26 languages in this family.
A total of about 215 million people speak Dravidian languages.
Dravidian languages were probably spoken over a larger area of the Indian subcontinent in the past.
There are several ethnic groups in India known as "Scheduled Tribes" who still speak their own Dravidian languages.
Brahui, with 2,200,000 speakers, is a Dravidian language spoken in the Balochistan region of Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Dhangar, which is a dialect of Kurukh, is spoken in parts of Nepal and Bhutan.
Main Dravidian languages
Telugu language 85,000,000 speakers
Tamil language 75,000,000 speakers
Kannada language 49,000,000 speakers
Malayalam language 38,000,000 speakers
examples of Dravidian languages with fewer speakers  include  Tulu language  and the Brahui language (the only Dravidian language not spoken in India)
East Pakistan was part of Pakistan.
Between 1955 and 1971, Pakistan was made of West Pakistan (which is now simply called Pakistan) and East Pakistan, which is now known as Bangladesh.
In 1971, there was the Bangladesh Liberation War, where East and West Pakistan fought each other.
India also took part in the war, on the side of East Pakistan.
The East-West Schism (sometimes also called Great Schism) describes how Christianity developed into two big branches in the Middle Ages.
The Western part later became the Roman Catholic Church.
The Eastern part is known as the Eastern Orthodox Church.
During the centuries views on politics and theology developed differently in several ways.
It is distinct from the earlier schism that separated Oriental Orthodoxy from the church that split in half later.
During the 5th and 6th Centuries the East and West became isolated from each other due to the invasions of the Balkan peninsula.
They also had different languages.
Latin was the most important language in the West.
The East mainly spoke the Greek language.
Because of this, talking to each other was difficult.
The West came under Frankish influence (as opposed to Byzantine) in the 700s.
These were just some of the issues plaguing the Eastern and Western Christians that led to the Great Schism.
It seems that even after 1054 relations between the east and west were not completely unfriendly, and the common peasant was probably not immediately affected by the schism.
To understand the meaning of East-West Schism, it is useful to understand the meaning of schism.
In very simple words, when differences arise among one group of persons or organizations and they divide themselves into two or more groups, this is schism.
The term East-West Schism describes the division which happened in Christianity.
The Christian church became divided into two major groups: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.
Most people accept that it happened in 1054.
However, this separation was the result of differences that had begun many years before.
One difference was the "filioque clause" in the Nicene Creed.
This stated that the Holy Spirit came from the Father and the Son, although the original creed declared that It came from just the Father.
One major reason for the division concerned the authority of the pope.
The Eastern Orthodox group was of the opinion that the pope's authority over them was only honorary, and the pope had real authority only over the western Christians.
However instances of open division on doctrinal questions as well as daily matters had occurred long before the Great Schism of 1054.
Leading up to the schism, Pope Leo IX (1002-1054) sent forth a party led by Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida to talk through the obvious problems between the papacy and Constantinople.
Michael Cerularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, rejected the claims put forward by the papal committee.
Those from the western side of the church accused Constantinople of having altered the Nicene Creed, and those from the eastern side accused the western church of altering the creed.
This in turn led to Cardinal Humbert putting forward a Bull of Excommunication against Michael Cerularius on the altar of the Hagia Sophia, and the Great Schism became official.
Nicene creed
The Roman Catholic Church changed the Nicene creed.
It inserted a passage that is known as the Filioque.
The Creed in its original form reads   In the West, the Creed was changed to read
Some people said that the Holy Spirit was a creature.
The filioque became a question of theological controversy since it was added to the Creed without an ecumenical council's approval.
Role of the pope
There were many bishops in the church, and in the East the Pope was considered the "first among equals", but Rome claimed that the Pope was the primary Apostolic see, being that of Peter.
At first the Eastern Orthodox did not mind the Pope's claim for power over the West - as long as his power stayed in the West.
But it came to pass that the Pope decided he also had power over Eastern Christendom as well and he tried to enforce his power on the eastern Patriarchates.
A letter written in 865 by Pope Nicholas claims the Pope's power extends "over all the earth, that is, over every church".
Pope Nicholas also went beyond his powers as stated in Canon 111 of the Council of Sardica (343) when he overturned a verdict and ordered a retrial on a matter concerning Photius and St. Ignatius, two Patriarchs of Constantinople.
This was as a result of petitions to Rome by backers of Ignatius.
However, it should be noted that not all the Popes after Nicholas were as extreme - that is, until Pope Leo IX.
When, in 1053 Cerularius attempted friendly relations with Pope Leo IX after a disagreement, a bull (religious legal document) of excommunication (expulsion from the Church) was brought to Constantinople.
Each Church excommunicated the other.
Joseph P. Farrell.
God, History, & Dialectic: The Theological Foundations of the Two Europes and Their Cultural Consequences.
Bound edition 1997.
Electronic edition 2008.
William III and II (4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was King of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689 (as William III) and he was king of Scotland from 11 April 1689 (as William II).
He remained king until his death on 8 March 1702.
William was born in the Netherlands as Prince William Henry of Orange.
His mother was Mary Stuart.
Mary was the sister of the King of England, James II, so King James was William's uncle.
William married King James's daughter Mary (his own first cousin) on 4 November 1677.
The Protestant majority in  England did not like King James, and he was overthrown in the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688.
William landed in England (at Brixham) with a Dutch army.
When William landed, James's support melted away.
James was allowed to leave for France, and William became the last person to successfully invade England by force.
The events are known as the Glorious Revolution.
The English Parliament offered the English crown to William and Mary jointly (and when one died the other would be be monarch), making them William III and Mary II.
This later came to be known as the reign of William and Mary.
Laws were passed which protected Parliament from unreasonable acts of the Sovereign, guaranteed religious toleration to Protestant nonconformists, but restricted the religious liberty of Roman Catholics and non-Christian faiths.
William summoned a Convention of the Estates of Scotland in 1689 and sent them a conciliatory (~friendly) letter, unlike James, who had tried to give them orders.
On 11 April, the day of the English coronation, the Convention finally declared that James was no longer King of Scotland.
William and Mary were offered the Scottish crown, and they accepted on 11 May.
The Jacobites tried for over 50 years to have James and his heirs reinstalled.
William's enemy was the King of France, Louis XIV, who protected and supported James in his efforts to return.
In Ireland, the majority Roman Catholics were reinforced by French forces led by Jacobites.
William personally led his army to victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.
James fled back to France.
There was next a Nine Years' War between a coalition led by William, and France.
The Anglo-Dutch Alliance did well on sea and defeated a French fleet at La Hogue in 1692.
On the other hand, the alliance lost Namur in 1692, and the Battle of Landen on land, in 1693.
Mary died on 12 December 1694 of smallpox, leaving William to rule alone.
He was eventually succeeded by his sister-in-law, Queen Anne.
One more fact is of great importance.
In 1701 an Act of Parliament was passed which settled the succession of the thrones of England and Ireland on Protestants only.
Scotland was not part of this arrangement until the parliamentary union of the two kingdoms in 1707.
William III (Britain) Citizendium
1650 births
1702 deaths
Abigail Powers Fillmore (March 13, 1798 – March 30, 1853), was the wife of Millard Fillmore, the 13th President of the United States.
She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853.
She was born in Saratoga County, New York.
Her father’s name was Lemuel Powers.
After this, her mother moved away westward to less settled area.
Abigail Powers had a brother also.
Their mother gave them a good education with the help of her husband’s library.
When Abigail Powers was around 19 years old and a student at an academy at New Hope, New York, she met Millard Fillmore.
He was also studying in the same academy.
They married in February 1826.
In 1828, she had a son, named Millard Powers Fillmore.
After few years, Fillmore bought a home in Buffalo, New York where she had a daughter, Mary Abigail.
During the next few years, her husband was elected to the U.S. Congress.
Her husband became a state comptroller.
In 1849, her husband became the Vice President of the United States.
The couple moved to the Washington, D.C.. After 16 months, President Zachary Taylor died.
Millard Fillmore became the President and they moved into the White House.
During last several years, Abigail Powers had learnt to move in the high society.
She did a fine role as the First Lady.
She had a permanently injured ankle.
This made standing difficult to greet guests.
But, she still continued to act as the first lady.
Later on, due to her bad health, she gave many routine duties of the First Lady to her daughter, "Abby."
Abigail Powers could get a special sanction of money from the government.
With this, she bought many books for the library at the White House.
After her husband’s retirement, she attended the inauguration of President Franklin Pierce.
Due to very chill weather, she became sick with pneumonia.
On 30th March, 1853, she died of pneumonia.
In her respect, the United States Congress adjourned (that is, stopped working) for that day, and government offices remained closed.
She was buried at Buffalo.
After about five years of her death, her husband married a widow named Caroline Fillmore of Buffalo, New York.
Millard died on March 8, 1874.
1853 deaths
An acute myocardial infarction, also called a heart attack, happens when a blood vessel in the heart suddenly becomes blocked.
Blood vessels carry blood and oxygen.
When a blood vessel in the heart gets blocked, blood cannot get to part of the heart.
This part of the heart does not get enough oxygen.
This is called ischemia.
When the heart muscle becomes ischemic (does not get enough blood and oxygen), the ischemia often causes chest pain.
This is called Angina Pectoris.
If the ischemia lasts long enough, the heart muscle that is not getting enough oxygen dies.
This is called an infarction. "
Myocardial infarction" means "infarction (muscle death) in the heart muscle."
A heart attack is a medical emergency.
The first few minutes are very important for keeping the person alive.
Some of the damage from the heart attack can be repaired if the person gets treatment during the first hour of the attack.
Most heart attacks are caused by Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).
In coronary artery disease, a wax-like material called plaque builds up on the inside walls of arteries in the heart.
This is called atherosclerosis.
Plaque is made of cholesterol and other cells.
The amount of plaque increases slowly.
As more plaque builds up, the insides of the heart's blood vessels get narrower.
This means that less blood can flow through the blood vessels.
This can cause platelets (which make the blood clot) to build up in front of the plaque.
This causes a blood clot in the blood vessel.
If the clot breaks free and gets stuck in part of the blood vessel made narrower by the plaque, the plaque and the clot together block the blood vessel completely.
This makes it impossible for blood to get to part of the heart, and causes a heart attack.
Signs that a person is having a heart attack show over several minutes, and rarely come immediately.
Most people having a heart attack have chest pain.
Sometimes, people also have pain in the left arm, the lower jaw, the neck, the right arm, the back, or in parts of the abdomen.
Many women have different symptoms than men.
The most common symptoms include shortness of breath (trouble breathing), weakness, and feeling very tired.
Some women feel tired, do not sleep properly, and have shortness of breath for up to a month before they have a heart attack.
Women may also have nausea and stomach upset when having a heart attack.
Sometimes, people have "silent heart attacks."
These are heart attacks that do not cause any pain.
They are more common in elderly people, women, and people with diabetes.
In these people, suddenly feeling very tired, or fainting, may be the only sign of a heart attack.
A heart attack is a medical emergency that needs treatment as quickly as possible.
The most important thing is to save as much myocardium (heart muscle) as possible and prevent more complications.
As time passes, the risk of damage to the heart muscle increases.
Doctors or paramedics usually start certain treatments as soon as a heart attack is suspected.
These treatments include:
Aspirin is an early and important treatment for a heart attack.
Aspirin keeps platelets from sticking together, and can help prevent more blood clots from forming inside the blood vessels and the heart.
Nitroglycerin (nitro).
Nitro widens the blood vessels in the heart.
This makes it easier for blood to flow through those vessels to the heart.
Oxygen (if needed).
If the patient is having trouble breathing, oxygen can be given.
Pain medicine for chest pain (if needed).
Clot busters
"Clot-busting medicines" (called thrombolytics) can dissolve blood clots that are blocking the blood vessels in the heart.
This makes it possible for blood and oxygen to flow again to the part of the heart that was not getting enough blood and oxygen.
The most common clot-busting medicine is called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).
Clot-busters work best if patients get them within 30 minutes after getting to the hospital.
However, if a patient gets a clot-busting medicine within 12 hours after the heart attack starts, they have a better chance of surviving.
Clot-busting medicines do have some risks.
Sometimes they can thin the blood too much and cause bleeding.
Percutaneous coronary intervention
Percutaneous coronary intervention is a way of opening blocked coronary arteries.
Percutaneous means that the procedure is not done by cutting a person open in surgery.
Coronary intervention means "way to help the heart".
Percutaneous coronary intervention is also called "coronary angioplasty".
In a percutaneous coronary intervention, a doctor threads a flexible tube into one of the patient's blood vessels, usually one in the upper thigh.
The doctor threads the tube up to the blocked blood vessels in the heart.
On the end of the tube is a balloon.
The doctor blows up the balloon, which pushes the plaque and blood clot against the side of the blocked blood vessel.
This allows blood to flow through that blood vessel again.
Sometimes, a doctor might also place a small mesh tube called a stent into the blood vessel.
The stent will make sure the blood vessel stays open and does not get blocked again in the future.
As soon as a person thinks they may be having signs of a heart attack, they should call emergency service right away. (
Emergency services can be reached dialling 911 in the US, and 112 in most of continental Europe) However, the average person waits about three hours before asking for help.
When a person waits to get help, they are more likely to have more serious damage to their heart.
The American Heart Association says "time is muscle": the more time a person waits to get treatment, the more heart muscle dies.
If a person is having trouble breathing, sitting straight up can help.
The person should follow any instructions they get from the emergency operator or their doctor.
Keith Richards (born 18 December 1943) is an English guitarist best known as a founder member of the Rolling Stones.
He is mostly famous for his rhythm guitar playing, but he can also play lead guitar quite well.
He often likes to use a guitar with only 5 strings — the lowest-tuned string is removed.
On a small number of Rolling Stones recordings, he plays bass guitar, as well as other instruments.
He sings background vocals on most Rolling Stones songs.
Occasionally, he also sings lead vocals, on songs like "Happy", "Little T & A", and "The Worst".
During the late 1960s and most of the 1970s, he had a serious addiction to heroin.
However, he recovered and quit using it.
Sometimes, in interviews, he talks about taking drugs in a way that seems humorous.
Richards has co-written and recorded hundreds of songs with his song writing partner Mick Jagger.
Fourteen of their songs are listed by Rolling Stone Magazine in their "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" issue.
Stinky Fingers (1971)
GRRR! (
Musicians from Kent
People from Dartford
The Rolling Stones members
Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet OM GCVO  (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was the most famous English composer of his time.
He composed in the late romantic era.
Elgar was born in Broadheath, Worcestershire.
His father owned a music shop.
Apart from having violin lessons Elgar taught himself about music, he studied the printed music in his father’s shop and often travelled with him when he went on his rounds to tune pianos.
He heard a lot of cathedral music and often practised the organ.
He took over his father’s job as church organist and soon became conductor of local orchestras and bands.
Worcester was a small town but the music there was good.
The Three Choirs Festival took place there every third year.