the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921 – March 6, 2016) was an American actress who had served as First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989 as the wife of the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan.
She had also served as First Lady of California from 1967 to 1975 when her husband was Governor of California.
Reagan was born in Manhattan, New York City.
She grew up in Maryland.
In Maryland, she lived with an aunt and uncle while her mother looked for acting jobs.
She was an actress in Hollywood during the 1940s and 1950s.
She starred in movies such as, Donovan's Brain, Night Into Morning and Hellcats of the Navy.
In 1952, she married Ronald Reagan who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild.
They had two children, Ron and Patti.
Reagan was the First Lady of California when her husband was Governor from 1967 to 1975.
She became part of the Foster Grandparents Program.
Nancy Reagan became First Lady of the United States in January 1981 after her husband's election.
She was criticized in his first term due to her decision to replace the White House china.
Her interest in high-end fashion had much attention and criticism.
She created the anti-drug campaign, "Just Say No" during her husband's presidency.
She always protected her husband and controversy occurred when it was revealed in 1988 that she had hired an astrologer to assist in planning the president's schedule after the 1981 assassination attempt on her husband.
She had a strong influence on her husband.
She played a role in a few of his personnel and diplomatic decisions.
The Reagans left the White House in 1989.
Nancy devoted most of her time to caring for her ill husband who was diagnosed in 1994 with Alzheimer's disease until his death in 2004.
Nancy Reagan remained active within the Reagan Library and in politics.
Until her death, Reagan supported and advocated stem cell research.
She was born at Sloane Hospital for Women in Manhattan, New York City.
Her birthname was Anne Frances Robbins.
The names of her parents were Kenneth Seymour Robbins and Edith Luckett.
Edith Luckett was an actress.
When Nancy was six years old, her mother married Dr. Loyal Davis.
Dr. Loyal Davis was a neurosurgeon.
Dr. Davis adopted Nancy as his daughter when she was 16 years old.
She changed her name to Nancy Davis because of this.
She spent her childhood in Chicago, Illinois.
She was also goddaughter of Russian-born silent movie star Alla Nazimova.
Nancy studied at Girls' Latin School and at Smith College in Massachusetts.
From Smith College, she was good in theater.
After her graduation, she became an actress.
She acted in many plays and movies.
One of them was the hit musical Lute Song.
She became famous as Nancy Davis.
She had roles in eleven movies from 1949 to 1956.
In a movie named Hellcats of the Navy (1957), she played a role.
In the movie she co-starred along with her husband Ronald Reagan.
Her last movie was 1958's Crash Landing.
After this, she appeared in television dramas until 1962.
After 1962, she retired as an actress.
She met Ronald Reagan in 1951.
At that time Reagan was the president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG).
Another actress with the same name (of Nancy) had appeared in a Hollywood blacklist.
This name confusion had created problems for Nancy.
Anyone with his or her name in the Hollywood blacklist was unable to get any work in any movie.
As she would not get any roles due to the name in the Hollywood blacklist, she met Reagan to clear this issue.
Over a period of time, they came closer to each other.
They married on March 4, 1952 in Los Angeles, California.
Nancy once remembered: "My life really began when I married my husband."
The Reagans had two children.
She gave birth to a daughter Patti Davis on October 21, 1952, seven months after the couple's wedding.
She gave birth to a son named Ron Reagan on May 20, 1958.
Nancy Reagan is also stepmother to Michael Reagan and the late Maureen Reagan.
Michael and Maureen were the children of Ronald Reagan's first marriage to actress Jane Wyman.
California First Lady
Ronald Reagan was governor of California for two terms, from 1967 to 1975.
During this period, Nancy Reagan was the First Lady of California.
The officials of the fire department had described official residence of the Governor in Sacramento, California as a “firetrap”.
She then made Reagan and the whole family move to a wealthy suburb.
Some people thought moving the governor's mansion was a bad idea.
She was very active as the First lady of California.
She visited war veterans, the elderly people, and the handicapped people.
She also worked with many groups working for charity.
One such program was the Foster Grandparent Program.
She continued her part with the Foster grandparent program when she came to Washington, D.C. as the First Lady of the United States.
In her early years as the First Lady, a private foundation purchased new dishware for the White House.
The cost was $200,000.
This attracted bad publicity, as the US economy was facing recession at that time.
She also used expensive fashion.
This also attracted bad publicity sometimes.
However, once in 1982 at Gridiron Club, she dressed in ragged clothes and sang "Second-Hand Rose".
This made Nancy more popular.
Nancy Reagan took close interest in the affairs of the White House.
Some people believe that she helped her husband make major decisions at the White House.
People also remember her for conservative fashions.
Her fashion was copied by many women of her time.
She was also against use of drugs by young persons.
She also became interested in astrology as the First Lady.
She used the services of Joan Quigley who was an astrologer.
In 1981, her husband faced an assassination attempt.
This made Nancy rely on astrology.
She tried to influence appointments and movements of her husband based on astrology.
At that time the White House Chief of Staff was Donald Regan.
He did not find this very useful.
There was a struggle between Donald Regan and the First Lady.
Donald Regan resigned in 1987 because of this.
In October 1987, physicians found that Nancy Reagan had breast cancer.
She underwent an operation, mastectomy.
Television appearances
In 1983 Reagan, Henry Kissinger (former Secretary of State) and philanthropists Barbara and Marvin Davis, appeared in an episode of the very popular soap opera Dynasty (TV series).
In addition, Reagan appeared as herself in an episode of the popular sitcom Diff'rent Strokes.
She appeared on Diff'rent Strokes for her support for her "Just Say No" anti-drug campaign which she created.
In 1991, Kitty Kelley wrote a book about her.
The book’s name is Nancy Reagan: The Unauthorized Biography.
The book became very famous and sold many copies.
The book gives certain details like the former First Lady's association with astrology.
It also talked about her White House meetings with Frank Sinatra.
She spent much of her time caring for her husband who was suffering from Alzheimer's disease.
Ronald Reagan died in their Bel Air home on June 5, 2004.
She asked President George W. Bush to support research in the hopes that such research would lead to a cure for Alzheimer's disease.
In 2005 she had gone to London to visit Margaret Thatcher and Charles, Prince of Wales.
There she slipped in her hotel room and had to undergo treatment in a hospital.
Mrs. Reagan has said that she believes that it could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's.
Reagan died on March 6, 2016 in her home in Bel Air, Los Angeles.
She died of congestive heart failure.
Reagan was aged 94.
She was buried next to her husband at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library on March 11.
She is played by Jane Fonda in the 2013 movie The Butler.
Alan Rickman plays her husband Ronald.
Mission of Burma's 2006 album, The Obliterati, has a song named "Nancy Reagan's Head".
The song has this line: "I'm haunted by the freakish size of Nancy Reagan's head / no way that thing came with that body."
Sun City Girls is a group of singers.
In 1987 they released an album, Horse Cock Phepner.
The album had a song named "Nancy Reagan".
Furniture is the word that means all the things like chairs, tables, cupboards, beds and bookcases, etc.
In other words, furniture are all the things that are in the house and that people can use to sit, to lie on or that are supposed to contain smaller things like cloths or cups.
Furniture is made of wood, particle boards, leather, screws etc.
Different rooms have different furniture for different purposes.
Offices have office furniture such as desks and office chairs.
Dining rooms have a table and dining chairs.
Theaters and classrooms have rows of seats facing forward.
Bedroom furniture includes a bed covered by sheets, a bedspread and maybe a blanket and pillow .
Next to the bed is the nightstand or night table.
A lamp may be on the nightstand.
The dresser has drawers for clothes.
On top of a dresser may be a mirror.
The word furniture comes from the French fourniture, which means equipment.
In most other European languages, however, the corresponding word (German Möbel, French meuble, Spanish mueble, Italian mobile) is derived from the Latin adjective mobilis, meaning movable.
The concept of furniture first developed as early as 3100-2500 B.C. The first items created for household use were made of stone, as wood was not readily available during the Neolithic time period.
Dressers, cupboards and beds were amongst the first forms of furniture.
The dresser was said to be the most important piece of furniture in the beginning, as they faced the entrance of each house in Neolithic society and often displayed carved artwork of symbolic objects.
Over the years, especially in modern years, the concept of functional furniture in households exploded while keeping the artwork aspect that was displayed in the Neolithic period.
This has made way for pieces in our culture that are both functional to our everyday lives but also a form of artwork that are pleasant to look at.
The basic design of most furniture has remained the same for the most part though material and stability has become stronger and longer lasting with more of a focus on comfort and luxury in our modern lives.
Rhythm refers to the length of time between each major "beat", or accent, such as in a piece of music.
It is the sequence of sounds and silences which make up the rhythm.
The first beat of a group of regular, evenly spaced beats usually feels stronger than the others.
When we write music down, we put each group in bars (or “measures”).
Rhythms can have different patterns which can be clapped or tapped.
In Western music, these patterns are common:
1 2, 1 2
1 2 3, 1 2 3
1 2 3 4, 1 2 3 4.
A conductor will beat time.
The rhythm will fit in to this regular beat.
All musicians have to have a good sense of rhythm.
To play or sing rhythmically they must keep a steady beat in their head (if playing alone), listen to the others players (if playing in groups) or watch the conductor (if there is one).
People who are playing on their own can practise with a metronome to help them to play to a steady beat.
However, musicians also use rubato (rhythmic freedom), especially when playing music of a romantic nature.
One has to learn to let the music “breathe” in the right way.
This is not the same as playing unrhythmically (badly).
It is something one learns with experience.
Feeling the rhythm in music is basically human.
A person who has a stroke may lose language, but not the sense of rhythm.
Neurologist Oliver Sacks says that chimpanzees and other animals do not have a sense of rhythm.
The word rhythm is used in other topics than music.
The heart usually beats rhythmically, and when it does not, that is a sign of a health problem.
Rhythms may be about much longer time periods than a bar of music.
Everything living is rhythmic relating to the 24-hour light-dark cycle on earth.
The moon has its rhythms and the tides have theirs.
If something is necessary, it is very important, otherwise something will be impossible, or it will not work as it should do.
The opposite is unnecessary.
To travel from Europe to America it is necessary to cross the ocean.
A car is necessary for my work.
I can not do my work without a car.
There is no need to do that.
It is quite unnecessary.
Inheritance is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, and duties when someone dies.
Those things usually go to family members.
People have had laws about inheritance for thousands of years.
Often the question is settled in a will.
If only sons and other male family members get the inheritance, it is called patrilineal succession.
If only daughters and other female family members get the inheritance, it is called matrilineal succession.
Cultural inheritance is called legacy.
Genetic inheritance is called heredity.
All the letters in the alphabet are either consonants or vowels.
A consonant is a speech sound in which the air is at least partly blocked, and any letter which represents this.
Consonants may come singily (by themselves) or in clusters (two or more together), but must be connected to a vowel to form a syllable.
Notice that the consonant (C) and vowel (V) notation does not match the letters of English spelling in a one-to-one relationship (e.g. 'th' is one sound), but rather individual sounds.
Go (CV), which has one consonant and one vowel in that order
On (VC), which has one vowel and one consonant in that order
Ton (CVC), which has a consonant, a vowel, and another consonant in that order
Pro (CCV), which has two consonants in-a-row and one vowel afterwards
Old (VCC), which has one vowel and two consonants in-a-row afterwards
Spree (CCCV), which has three consonants in-a-row and one vowel afterwards
Arcs (VCCC), which has one vowel and three consonants in-a-row afterwards
Strengths (CCCVCCCCC), which has three consonants in-a-row, one vowel afterwards, and finally five consonants in a row
Consonants have friction when they are spoken, mostly using the position of the tongue against the lips, teeth and roof of the mouth.
b and p are plosives, using the lips to produce a tiny sharp sound.
Phonetics texts give more details, with diagrams.
Consonants may be voiced or unvoiced.
The th in the is voiced, but in breath is not.
There are 21 consonant letters in English, for 24 consonant sounds in most English accents.p242 Because of the history of the English language, there is no neat one-to-one relationship between letter and sound.
th and ch each stand for a single sound, and x in fox stands for two sounds (ks).
All these letters are consonants:
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, (sometimes Y), and Z. "Y" is often used as a consonant, but it is sometimes used as a vowel.
For example, in the word yellow, y is a consonant.
But in the word happy, y is a vowel.
The rest of the letters of the alphabet are called vowels.
Vowels are underdone, for there are about 20 vowel sounds in most English accents.p237 The vowels are:
A, E, I, O, U (and sometimes Y)
A vowel is a particular kind of speech sound made by changing the shape of the upper vocal tract, or the area in the mouth above the tongue.
In English it is important to know that there is a difference between a vowel sound and a [letter] in the [alphabet].
In English there are five vowel letters in the alphabet.
The sounds of American English are written with letters in the English alphabet, as either vowels or consonants.
All English words are written with vowel letters in them.
A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes Y.
It is said that Y is "sometimes" a vowel, because the letter Y represents both vowel and consonant sounds.
In the words cry, sky, fly, my and why, letter Y represents the vowel sound /aɪ/. In words like myth and synchronize, Y represents the vowel sound /ɪ/. In words like only, quickly, and folly, Y represents the vowel sound /i/.
It can also be a consonant sound called a glide as in the beginning of these words: yellow, yacht, yam, yesterday.
Y is a consonant about 2.5% of the time, and a vowel about 97.5% of the time.
The letter W can sometimes be the second part of a vowel sound as in words like such as cow, bow, or how.
In these words the vowel has the sound of /aʊ/. The letter W can be used as a consonant sound at the beginning of in the words when, where, wet.
In some languages, like Welsh, the letter W represents the vowel sound /ʊ/, like cwm (a kind of valley).
In written English the six vowel letters are used to represent the 13-15 vowel sounds (depending on the variety) in English.
This means there are many more vowel sounds than letters in the English alphabet, and the English spelling systems doesn't always help us figure out what the English sounds are.
This can be confusing.
The rest of the letters of the alphabet are consonants:
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, and Z.
Monophthongs and diphthongs
Simple vowels are called monophthongs.
The letters, like /ɪ/, are the IPA letters for each vowel sound in English. (
The IPA is the International Phonetic Alphabet).
In the IPA, each symbol represents a different sound, so using the IPA is helpful in pronouncing words.
/i/ as in police, feet, eat, and silly
/ɪ/ as in it, sit, kick, myth and bitter
/ɛ/ as in end, bet, less, and letter
/æ/ as in at, apple, fat, and matter
/u/ as in cool, tune, soup, and kung fu,
/ʊ/ as in cook, should, pudding, foot, and rook
/ʌ/ as in bus, blood, come, and up
/ə/ as in kingdom, photography, philosophy, ketchup, and hundred
/ɚ/ as in butter, collar, flavor, firm, and burst
/ɔ/ as in all, fought, hot, and bot
/ɑ/ as in father, walk, arm, heart, wasp, lager, envelope and aardvark
Diphthongs are a combination of two different vowel sounds, one vowel sounds turns into another sound as you say them.
If you pronounce the words below slowly, you can hear the two vowel sounds of the diphthongs.
/eɪ/ as in ate, reign, vain, flavor, slay, and convey
/oʊ/ as in toe, row, go, boat, mode, and chateau
/aɪ/ as in eye, I, pie, cry, cypher, climb, lime, light, kayak, Thai, and height
/aʊ/ as in loud, house, cow, about, Daoism, and Macau
/oɪ/ as in boy, moist, and Freud
Like other languages, there are many dialects of English, and different dialects often use different vowel sounds.
But the IPA symbols can tell us which vowel sound a dialects uses.
For example, some American English speakers differentiate between the vowels in the words cot and caught, while in other dialects these words are homophones.
People who study the differences between the dialects of English often study the different way vowel sounds are pronounced.
FC United are an English football team.
They are from Manchester and were formed in 2005 by fans when Malcolm Glazer bought Manchester United.
FC United of Manchester play their home matches at Broadhurst Park, Moston, Manchester.
They play in the National League North.
They have a First team, Reserve team, Under-18s team, and Women's team.
FC United of Manchester official website
FC United
2005 establishments in England
A metronome is a small device that can be used by people who are practising instruments to help them to play in time.
It is also something a composer can use to show the performer what speed to play.
A traditional metronome works by clockwork.
It has a pendulum which makes a loud tick as it goes to and fro, like the pendulum of a grandfather clock.
It has to be wound up after a few minutes of ticking.
There is a weight on the pendulum which can be slid up or down and set to a particular speed.
There are numbers on the metronome to which you can set it.
These numbers mean the number of ticks per minutes.
A speed of 60 will make it tick 60 times a minute (i.e. every second).
The numbers usually go from 40 (slow) to 208 (very fast).
Nowadays many people use electronic metronomes.
These are very accurate, do not need to be wound and often have other helpful things like an A to tune to (see musical tuning).
Some of them are hardly bigger than a credit card.
The metronome was invented by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel in Amsterdam in 1812.
A man called Johann Maelzel copied Winkel’s ideas and improved them.
He made a small, portable metronome which was patented in 1816.
The metronome made it possible for a composer to show the performer what speed he wanted.
If the composer writes at the top of his music: Crotchet (quarter note) = 76, for example, then the metronome can be set at 76 and it will tick at the right speed for that piece of music.
Sometimes they write "MM76".
The "MM" stands for "Maelzel's Metronome".
Beethoven was the first composer to use metronome markings, but he often gave very fast speed indications, and some people wonder whether he made mistakes or whether his metronome worked properly.
Metronome on-line that simulates real device
Lübeck (Low German: Lübęk, Lübeek; adjective: lübsch, lübisch, at the latest since the 19th century also Lübeck, Latin: Lubeca) is a city in the North of Germany, in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.
The city's full name is Hansestadt Lübeck (Hanseatic city of Lubeck) in memory of its history.
It was an important part in the Hanseatic League.
As the Free City of Lübeck, the city was a state of the Weimar Republic.
Other Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.
The most famous citizen is the author Günter Grass.
He won the Nobel Prize for literature.
Luebeck has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
Former states in Germany
The city is well known for the Weimar Republic, too.
It was founded in Weimar in 1919.
Augsburg ( ,  , ; ) is a city in the South of Germany, in the state of Bavaria.
It was founded in the Roman age.
In the time of Renaissance (after the Middle Ages) a family of bankers, the Fuggers, became very rich and powerful in Augsburg.
Augsburg has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).
Münster (Münster dialect: Mönster, Dutch: Munster, Frisian: Múnster, Old Saxon: Mimigernaford, Latin: Monasterium) is the historical capital of Westphalia and belongs now to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Nuremberg (/ˈnjʊərəmbɜːrɡ/ NEWR-əm-burg;  [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk]; East Franconian: Närmberch [ˈnɛrmbɛrç]) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in Middle Franconia.
It is on the river Pegnitz and the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal and is Franconia's largest city.
It is about  north of Munich, at 49.27° N 11.5° E. As of June 2017, there were 530,771 people.
From 1050 to 1571, the city became very important because it was on key trade routes.
Many of the parliaments of the Holy Roman Empire (called the Reichstage) met at Nuremberg Castle.
The Diets of Nuremberg were an important part of the administrative structure of the empire.
In 1219, Nuremberg became an Imperial Free City under Emperor Frederick II.
This meant it was ruled by the Emperor, not one of the local lords or princes.
It also meant that Nuremberg had a seat in the Imperial Parliament.
In 1298 there was a big .
Nearly 700 Jews were killed.
The Jews lived near the river, and by getting rid of the Jews the northern and southern parts of the city could be linked together.
This area is now the place of the City Market, Frauenkirche and Rathaus (City Hall).
Early modern age
In 1532, the Peace of Nuremberg, gave Lutherans important concessions.
In 1632 during the Thirty Years' War, the Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein besieged King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in the Siege of Nuremberg.
The city became less important after this war, and only recovered in the nineteenth century, when it grew as an industrial centre.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century Nuremberg was practically bankrupt.
In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, and Nuremberg became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, and Bavaria took over the city's debts.
The first German railway, from Nuremberg to nearby Fürth, was opened in 1835.
Nazi period
Nuremberg was very important during the Nazi Germany period.
The Nazi Party held huge Nazi Party conventions – the Nuremberg rallies in the city.
The rallies were held every year from 1927 to 1938 in Nuremberg.
After Hitler's rise to power in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge state propaganda events, and a centre of anti-Semitism and other Nazi ideas.
At one rally, Hitler passed the anti-Semitic (anti Jewish) Nuremberg Laws which took German citizenship away from all Jews.
A number of buildings were built for the rallies, some of which were not finished.
Today many examples of Nazi architecture can still be seen in the city.
The city was also the home of the Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher, the publisher of Der Stürmer.
During World War II, Nuremberg was the headquarters of Wehrkreis (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including airplanes, submarines, and tank engines.
A subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp was here.
A lot of the factories used slave labour.
The city was badly damaged in bombing World War II, especially between 1943 and 1945.
On January 2, 1945, the medieval city centre was bombed by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Air Force and about ninety percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 left homeless.
In February 1945, more attacks followed.
In total, about 6000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids.
Despite this, the city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent, restored to its pre-war appearance including the reconstruction of some of its medieval buildings.
Between 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in the Holocaust and other war crimes were taken in front of the International Military Tribunal in the Nuremberg Trials.
The Soviet Union had wanted the trials to take place in Berlin, but Nuremberg was chosen as the site for the trials for specific reasons:
It was in the American occupation zone
The Nuremberg Palace of Justice was big and only damaged a little by the Allied bombing of Germany).
A large prison was also part of the complex.
The city had been the location of the Nazi party's Nuremberg rallies, so there was symbolic value in having the trials to prosecute Nazism there.
As a compromise, Berlin was the permanent seat of the International Military Tribunal and that the first trial (several were planned) would take place in Nuremberg.
Because of the Cold War, there were no subsequent trials.
Nuremberg city has 501,000 people.
As of 2005, the urban area had 763,000 people (about 822,000 people as of 2008).
Nuremberg metropolitan area has 1,205,000 people.
Nuremberg is still associated with gingerbread (Lebkuchen) products, sausages, and handmade toys.
The first pocket watches, called Nuremberg eggs, were made there in the sixteenth century.
In the nineteenth century Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of Bavaria with companies such as Siemens and MAN.
The Nuremberg International Toy Fair is the largest of its kind in the world.
The city also hosts several specialist hi-tech fairs every year, attracting experts from every corner of the glob
The city contributed much to the science of astronomy.
In 1471 Johannes Mueller of Königsberg (Bavaria), later called Regiomontanus, built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts.
In 1515, Albrecht Dürer, a native of Nuremberg, mapped the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been ordered by Johann Stabius.
Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective drawing of the terrestrial globe.
Perhaps most famously, the main part of Nicolaus Copernicus' work was published in Nuremberg in 1543.
Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of the day to produce books that could also be considered works of art.
In 1470 Anton Koberger opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg.
In 1493, he published the Nuremberg Chronicles, also known as the World Chronicles (Schedelsche Weltchronik), an illustrated history of the world from the creation to the present day.
It was written in the local Franconian dialect by Hartmann Schedel and had illustrations by Michael Wohlgemuth, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff, and Albrecht Dürer.
Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by map making.
Notable among these was navigator and geographer Martin Behaim, who made the first world globe.
Richard Wagner made their most famous member, Hans Sachs, the hero of his opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.
Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel was born here and was organist of Saint Sebald church.
Nuremberg Castle: the three castles that tower over the city including central burgraves' castle, with Free Reich's buildings to the east, the Imperial castle to the west.
Heilig-Geist-Spital.
The Hospital of the Holy Spirit in the centre of the city was founded in 1332.
It was one of the largest hospitals of the Middle Ages.
Now it houses an old-folks' home and restaurant.
Hauptmarkt, which provides a picturesque setting and famous market for gingerbread.
Nuremberg's star attraction is the Gothic Schöner Brunnen (Beautiful Fountain) which was built around 1385.
Now it is a copy, the original fountain is kept in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, the German National Museum.
The Johannisfriedhof is a medieval cemetery, containing many old graves (Albrecht Dürer, Willibald Pirckheimer, and others).
The Rochusfriedhof or the Wöhrder Kirchhof are near the Old Town.
There is also a medieval market just inside the city walls, selling handcrafted goods.
The German National Railways Museum  is also in Nuremberg.
The Nuremberg Ring (now welded within an iron fence) is said to bring good luck to those that touch it.
Nuremberg was the first city in Germany to have a railway, and today Nuremberg Central Station is a stop for IC and ICE trains on the German long-distance railway network.
Trains on the Nuremberg – Ingolstadt – Munich High-Speed line travel at up to 300-km/h. The line opened on May 28, 2006.
It meant travel times to Munich were reduced to as little as one hour.
F.C. Nuremberg
SpVgg Greuther Fürth (not really a club from Nuremberg as Fürth is a rural town of its own)
Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers - Local professional hockey club.
Nice, since 1954
Kraków, since 1979
Skopje, since 1982
Glasgow, since 1985
San Carlos, since 1985
Gera, since 1988, renewed 1997
Prague, since 1990
Kharkiv, since 1990
Hadera, since 1995
Shenzhen, since 1997 (This is why Shenzhen set up its European Contact Agency in Nuremberg)
Antalya,  since 1997
Kavala, since 1998
Atlanta, since 1998
Venice, since 1999
Alexander Schreiner organist, Mormon Tabernacle.
Chaya Arbel (Israeli composer)
Hans Behaim the Elder
Peter Bucher
Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach
Hermann Kesten (writer)
Adam Kraft (sculptor and architect)
Anton Koberger
Conrad Paumann
Hartmann Schedel
Veít Stoß
Peter Vischer the Elder
Johann Philipp von Wurzelbauer
Kunz Lochner
Nuremberg Rally
Nürnberger Bratwürste
Lebkuchen (gingerbread, specialty of Nuremberg)
List of mayors of Nuremberg
Nuremberg Underground
English website of the city
Nuremberg City Panoramas - Panoramic Views and virtual Tours
Carnival's Schembart run turns Nuremberg into a medieval city again
Nuremberg by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
more Nuremberg Panoramas
Architecture of Nuremberg
Tramway in Nuremberg
Article at jewishencyclopedia.com
"nuremberg") 49 digitized objects on Nuremberg in The European Library
The military–industrial complex refers to the relationship between the government, the military, and the businesses that make things for the military.
For example, the businesses can give money to politicians in elections.
Then, politicians give more money to the military.
Then, the military buys things from the businesses.
Each group gains something, so they try to keep doing the same thing.
The term was invented in the United States.
However, most countries have politicians and soldiers and people who make weapons and other military supplies; thus they have a military-industrial complex.
When there is a military-industrial complex, problems can happen.
The government can become corrupt.
A business might want the country to be at war because they make more money during war than during times of peace.
Where the term came from
President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower used the term in his farewell speech—the last speech he gave while he was the President.
He said, "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex."
This was a warning.
It means that people should be careful or the military-industrial complex will get too much power.
Today, the term is used a lot by people writing and talking about politics.
Especially when the subject is militarism in the United States.
It also appears in discussions about private military companies—businesses that commonly employ soldiers who have left the military.
Rule according to higher law
Organization (British English: Organisation) is the idea of putting things together in a logical order.
The verb is "to organize".
An organization is a group of people who work together.
Organizations exist because people working together can achieve more than a person working alone.
Heidelberg (Alemannic German: Heidelbärg) is a city by the Neckar river in the south-west of Germany in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
It has about 150,000 inhabitants and a well-known university.
The old town and the castle of Heidelberg are well-known tourist attractions of Germany.
Heidelberg has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).
Site of Heidelberg
Heidelberg image gallery
Göttingen is a city in the centre of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony.
It has a population of about 129,000 people and one of the first universities in Germany.
Trevor James Hemmings CVO (11 June 1935 – 11 October 2021) was a British billionaire businessman.
He lived in the Isle of Man.
He owned several race horses and the holiday company Pontins.
He also owned Littlewoods, Blackpool Tower and had a £150 million stake in Scottish and Newcastle.
One of his horses, "Hedgehunter", won the 2005 Grand National at Aintree.
He died on 11 October 2021, at the age of 86.
Businesspeople from London
Karlsruhe (South Franconian: Kallsruh, Alemannic German: Karlsrueh or Chaarlsruei) is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
France is close by, on the other side of the Rhine River, a few kilometers to the south.
The city was the capital of the former Grand Duchy of Baden.
Karlsruhe.de
Stadtwiki Karlsruhe
Bielefeld (; Low German: Builefeld) is a city in northwest Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Maastricht (Limburgish: Mestreech) is a city in the south of the Netherlands.
It is the capital city of the province of Limburg.
The first settlement in that region was founded in the Stone age about 25000 years ago, the first permanent settlement was founded by the Celts about 500 B.C. Maastricht got City Rights in 1204.
Since 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, Maastricht belongs to the Netherlands.
The European Contract of 1992 was signed in Maastricht, the so-called Treaty of Maastricht.
The first settlement was about 25000 years ago.
Real permanent settlements (and not just hunter gatherers) were founded at least as early as 5000 B.C. 4000 years after that, the Celts built a settlement in Maastricht.
They presumably worshipped a River God.
A Roman city was built around 0 AD, making Maastricht the oldest city of the Netherlands (together with Nijmegen).
In this time, Maastricht was called Trajectum ad Mosam.
This means Road across the Maas.
A Roman bridge in Maastricht connected the west with the east, making Maastricht a very strategic point.
This bridge - located at Eksterstraat - collapsed in the 13th century, and was replaced by the famous St. Servaas bridge.
In the early middle-ages Maastricht was very important in the spreading of Christianity in the Netherlands.
In the 4th century, the bishop St. Servaas was the first bishop in the Netherlands, and the Onze Lieve Vrouwekerk (which also is the oldest still standing building in the Netherlands) could be described as the root of Christianity in the Netherlands.
Servaas' remains are still kept in Maastricht in a tomb.
Maastricht received its City Rights fairly early, in 1204.
It was of strategic importance during the Eighty Years War and the Napoleonic Wars.
Therefore, Maastricht has two forts; Fort St. Pieter and Fort St. Jan. Maastricht also had city walls.
Remains of those walls can still be seen today (notably the Helpoort is one the few still standing City Ports).
In the beginning of the 20th century, Maastricht was an industrial city, with many factory's.
Jan Pieter Minckeleers - a scientist from Maastricht - was the first to discover Coal Gas, making the first city lights available.
In 1940, Maastricht was conquered by the German forces.
However, many paintings were hidden in the caves at Sint Pietersberg - a steep hill in the south-west of Maastricht.
Even De Nachtwacht was hidden there.
Maastricht was liberated on 14 September 1944.
In 1992 Maastricht was the host-city for the 1992 European Treaty, where the EU was officially formed and a decision was made about the Euro.
Maastricht is located on both sites of the river Maas in the south-east of The Netherlands and the south-west of the province of Limburg.
Maastricht lies in a valley, the Maasvalley, so hills surround the city.
On the south-west of the city, the famous St. Pietersberg is located.
On the western edge of the city, there is no space between the city and the Belgian border.
On the east, is the Savelsbos (a forest).
Neighbouring municipality's are Eijsden and Visé (B) in the south, Lanaken (B) and Riemst (B) in the west, Meerssen and Valkenburg in the north, and Margraten in the east.
Traffic and public transport
The city can easily be reached.
There is a highway (A2; E25) running from the south to the north (within the Netherlands, this highway runs from Eijsden to Amsterdam).
Another highway also begins in Maastricht, the A79 (going to the east).
Maastricht has two train stations (Maastricht and Maastricht Randwyck).
Trains are going to Amsterdam, Heerlen, Roermond, and Brussels (B).
Plans are made to re-establish the old train route to Lanaken (B).
If this connections is to be made again, Maastricht will be accessible from all directions by train.
A few kilometres north of Maastricht, is the Maastricht Aachen Airport.
That's the second airport of The Netherlands.
Maastricht is divided into many areas.
The areas Heer, Amby, St. Pieter, and Wolder used to be individual villages, but are now (for a few decades) part of Maastricht.
According to the Dutch central bureaus of statistics (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek; CBS), Maastricht can be divided into seven larger districts.
Centre. (
areas: Binnenstad, Jekerkwartier, Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier, Boschstraatkwartier, Sint Maartenspoort, Wyck)
South-West. (
Villapark, Jekerdal, Biesland, Campagne, Wolder, Sint Pieter)
West. (
Brusselsepoort, Mariaberg, Belfort, Pottenberg, Malpertuis, Caberg, Oud-Caberg, Malberg, Dousberg-Hazendans, Daalhof)
North-West. (
Boschpoort, Bosscherveld, Frontenkwartier, Belvédère, Lanakerveld)
East. (
Wyckerpoort, Heugemerveld, Wittevrouwenveld, Nazareth, Limmel, Scharn, Amby)
North-East. (
Beatrixhaven, Borgharen, Itteren, Meerssenhoven)
South-East). (
Randwyck, Heugem, Heer, De Heeg, Vroendaal)
City of Maastricht, official site (Dutch)
City of Maastricht, official site (English)
Map of Maastricht
Tourist Board, Dutch, English, French or German
Hotels in Maastricht
Sights in Maastricht
Restaurants in Maastricht
MaastrichtNet, Agenda for Maastricht with English Section Highlights of the Week
Maastricht360.nl, 360° view of Maastricht
Bonnefanten Museum
Maastricht in Roman times
Churches of Maastricht
News Reports of Musketeer Skeletons found
Webpage about the fortifications
Academie van Bouwkunst Maastricht (Academy of Architecture)
Maastricht Economic and social Research and training centre on Innovation and Technology - United Nation University
Maastricht School of Management
Center for European Studies (CES)
Conservatorium Maastricht (Academy of Music)
Toneelacademie Maastricht (Academy of Dramatic Arts)
Academie Beeldende Kunsten Maastricht (Academy of Fine Arts)
Jan van Eyck Academie
Vastelaoftrap Kickoff of the carnival days
Crossroads  English-language website for expatriates in Maastricht, published by the European Journalism Centre
Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Utrecht is a city in the Netherlands.
It is the capital of the Province of Utrecht and lies in the midst of both the country and the province.
About 358,000 were living there in 2020, which makes Utrecht the fourth-largest city in the Netherlands.
Utrecht is an important public transport junction, especially concerning the railways.
It contains the largest university of the Netherlands called Utrecht University.
One of the main sights is the Domkerk, a cathedral that was built between 1321 and 1382.
In of a storm in 1674, part of the cathedral was destroyed.
This part was never rebuilt, so now the tower is separate from the rest of the church.
Utrecht is the main seat of the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands, the archbishop resides here.
Municipality of Utrecht
Settlements in Utrecht (province)
Groningen is a city in the north of the Netherlands.
It is the capital of the province of Groningen.
It has about 233,000 inhabitants (2021) and a university, called the University of Groningen.
Pete Hoekstra (born 1953), former U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands
Map and photos of Groningen
Groningen Museum
Settlements in Groningen (province)
Eindhoven is a city in the south of the Netherlands.
It is in the Noord-Brabant province.
It has about 236,000 inhabitants (2021) and a well-known football team called P.S.V. Eindhoven.
The official international site of the city of Eindhoven
The city of Eindhoven on the Internet
InternetGemeentegids Eindhoven over 1450 links
Photo history: Eindhoven in the 20th century
Eindhoven-in-Beeld
Regional Historical Centre RHC-eindhoven
The Van Abbe Museum of Modern Art
Eindhoven-eertijds.tk
The City Stage
The Concert Hall
Settlements in North Brabant
Nijmegen is a city in Gelderland in the east of the Netherlands.
It has about 177,000 inhabitants (2021) and a university, called Radboud University Nijmegen.
Leiden is a city in South Holland in the Netherlands.
It has about 120,000 inhabitants and a very old university (Leiden University).
Apeldoorn is a city in Gelderland in the Netherlands.
It has about 160,000 inhabitants.
The Het Loo Palace is in Apeldoorn.
This was summer home of the Dutch Royal family.
Tilburg is a city in the south of the Netherlands.
About 222,000 people live there (2021).
Gemeente Tilburg
Historie Tilburg
Tilburgnet
Kaart van Tilburg
Carnaval Tilburg
Zwolle is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands.
About 130,000 people were living there in 2021.
It lies where the Vecht river flows into the IJssel river, on the eastern side of last one.
It lies also in the regions of Salland and IJsselvallei, and is the capital of Overijssel province.
Zwolle got city rights in 1230 and joined the Hanseatic League in 1294.
Settlements in Overijssel
Municipalities of Overijssel
IJsselvallei (Overijssel)
Oldenburg (Low Saxon: Ollnborg, Low Saxon spelling: Ollenborg) is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony.
It was formerly the capital of the old Grand Duchy of Oldenburg.
Braunschweig (English: Brunswick) is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony.
It was probably founded in the 9th century.
It has about 245,000 inhabitants and a technical university.
Kos Island's main industry is tourism.
About 300,000 tourists take rooms on Kos every year and a lot of tourists take a one-day trip to Kos from neighboring islands or the Turkish coast.
17 km overseas lies Bodrum, Turkey.
Until the 4th century BC the capital of the island was in the west of it, near Kefalos.
After an earthquake it moved to Kos City.
From 1912 to 1943 the Dodecanese islands belonged to Italy, from 1943 to 1945 to the Germans, and from 1945 to 1946 the British ruled them.
Since 1946 they belong to Greece.
The most important tourist attraction is the Askelepsion, an old temple for the Greek god Askelapsios.
It was built between the 5th and the 1st century BC.
Kos Island Official Travel Guide
photographs castle on Kos.
Crete is the largest of the Greek islands.
It separates the Aegean Sea from the rest of the Mediterranean Sea.
Like the Fertile Crescent, Crete had rich soil, a warm climate, and plenty of water.
With less time spent fighting to live, the Cretans began to make complicated things.
From the wild crocus flowers which covered their island, the Cretans collected saffron used in yellow dye, in food, and in medicine.
From the Egyptians, they received rich cloth and jewels.
From the Hittites, they learned how to use iron.
From the wealthy Lydians, they learned to use money.
From Phoneicia, the Cretans received the alphabet which is used today.
Cretan capital
Cretans chose kings to rule over them for seven years each.
The king was known as Minos, and the people Minoans.
The capital of Crete was Knossos (nos' us).
Beautiful friezes (decorating bands) were on the walls.
The symbol of the double-ax was used, and is thought to represent the power of a king.
The throne was only a seat with a high back, and the nobles had only benches to sit on.
However, the benches were covered with red and white plaster.
On the walls were painted fish, dolphins, and seaweed.
The queen had her own private staircase so she could go upstairs without bothering the men.
Several rooms in the palace had jars which were six feet tall, and were used to keep wheat, oil, dye and other things.
Cretan life
On Crete the Minoan Culture started 4700 years ago.
The palace of Knossos is well-known and is a labyrinth.
Visitors were lost in the labyrinth unless they used a string behind them to find their way back.
In this place, it was said that a Minotaur, half bull and half man, lived.
Every year seven young men and seven girls were sacrificed to the Minotaur.
Many scholars think sacrifices to a bull were made because the Cretans thought the sound of an earthquake was an angry bull.
The Cretans also worshiped the Great Mother Cybele, or Snake Goddess.
Often, her picture was carved in statues with gold decorations and with snakes curled around the arms.
Snakes were thought to protect houses, so each home had a special room for snakes.
Sometimes a little table with grooves cut into it was put in a comfortable place so snakes could sip some milk from a cup.
Games and art
The Cretans loved games, food, athletics, music, and beautiful clothes.
They were the first people to build stone theaters where many people were amused by parades and music.
Girls could even help bullfighters.
In bullfighting, the Minoans did not kill the bull, but the male fighter had to grab the horns of an attacking bull, throw himself on the back of the animal, and then land on the ground; the girl helped the bullfighter keep his balance.
Women wore long, full skirts with very tiny waists, complicated hairstyles, and lots of jewelry.
The men wore small belts around their waists.
They shaved with stones, rubbed their teeth with pumice stone, and had their body hair burnt by a barber.
The Cretans ate fish, birds, and beef.
They had barley cooked in many ways and ate lots of cheese, nuts, and honey.
They thought only uncivilized people drank cow's milk, so they drank goat's milk instead.
The Cretans sang, played games, and guessed riddles.
Even though they ate with their fingers, they had the food cut into tiny pieces before it was served.
Cretan conquest
The Cretans were peaceful people without fortifications to protect them from an attack.
In about 1450 B.C., the Greek Mycenaeans captured Crete, after Knossos, Crete's capital, had been shaken by an earthquake.
Rhodes is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group.
In Greek it is called Rhodos.
About 120,000 people live on Rhodes.
It has an international airport in Paradisi in the north, near to Rhodes (city).
Rhodes was an important Fort for the Knights of St. John in their war against the Turkish invasion.
In 1644 the Turkish occupied Rhodes.
1912 Italy won the Dodecanese from Turkey, 1943 the German took them over, 1945 the British.
Since 1946 the Islands belong to Greece.
During antiquity, Rhodes was an ancient Greek state.
Rhodes' people belonged to the Greek race of Dorians.
In those days there were three important towns in the island - Lindos, Kameiros and Ialysos.
Later, during the fourth century B.C., Rhodes city was founded.
Between the third and first century B.C. Rhodes was a powerful state.