the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It is a semi-sequel to Donkey Kong Country as it takes place after Donkey Kong Country, but yet is part of a different portion of the Donkey Kong series.
Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong are once again the playable characters in the game.
Moldova first took part at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994.
It has sent athletes to every Games since then.
Moldovan athletes were a part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988.
Moldova was part of the Unified Team in 1992.
Moldovan athletes have won a total of seven medals at the Summer Olympic Games.
They have won medals in five different sports.
The National Olympic Committee for Moldova was created in 1991.
It was accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.
Bronchiolitis is a medical condition where the smaller parts of the lung (called bronchioles) are irritated.
This makes it very hard to move air in and out of the lungs.
Many things can cause bronchiolitis.
The most common is the respiratory syncytial virus.
The disease Bronchiolitis is not the same as Bronchitis.
The medicine used to treat bronchitis may not be the same as those used to treat bronchiolitis.
The disease is more common in children.
Usually treatment for bronchiolitis is to make the person as comfortable as possible.
This can sometimes be giving them oxygen through tubes sitting on their nose (nasal cannula).
A doctor may also use medicines such as epinephrine or dexamethasone.
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes lung infections,(usually called respiratory tract infections).
It is the major cause of lung infections and hospital visits in babies and children.
There is a medicine that can help prevent the virus in babies that have not been born yet if the doctor is worried the baby may get the virus.
Lake Alexandrina is a large lake about  south east of Adelaide, South Australia.
The lake covers an area of .
The Murray River flows into the north of the lake near Wellington.
Water from the lake enters the sea through an opening into Encounter Bay.
In 1940 a number of walls were built to stop sea water from flowing back into the lake which would stop the lake from being salty.
These walls separate the lake from the Murray River's estuary lagoon, called the Coorong.
Lake Alexandrina and the Coorong are a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
Many bird species live around the lake including Curlew Sandpiper, Banded Stilt, Red-capped Plover, Masked Lapwing, Redkneed Dotterel, Black Swan, Cape Barren Goose, Musk Duck, Straw-necked Ibis, Royal Spoonbill, Rufus Night Heron and the Australian Pelican.
Rare species such as the Orange Bellied Parrot and the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges Emu Wren have been seen.
The large Murray Cod can also be found in the lake.
The Ngarrindjeri, an Indigenous Australian people, have lived around the lake and the wetlands for thousands of years.
The first Europens to find the lake were people hunting seals along the south east coast of Australia in 1828.
In 1830, the explorer Charles Sturt reached the lake by boat after a long journey down the Murrumbidgee, the Darling and the Murray Rivers.
Sturt named the lake after Princess Alexandrina, who later became Queen Victoria.
Lake Alexandina became important during the 1870s when paddle steamers began to use the Murray River system to carry goods around New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia.
The town of Milang, on the lake, became an important port.
It is now popular as a place for holidays with activities including sailing, power boating, fishing and swimming.
Jurchen people, Tungusic people who lived in the region of Manchuria until the 17th century
Jurchen script, writing system of Jurchen people
Jurchen language, extinct language spoken by Jurchen people
Jin Dynasty, also known as the Jurchen Dynasty
Béla Guttmann (27 January 1899 – 28 August 1981) was a Hungarian footballer and coach of Jewish origin.
His playing position was midfielder.
He started his career with the MTK Hungária FC team of the early 1920s.
He won the championship in 1920 and 1921.
In 1922 he went to Vienna to escape the antisemitism of the Hungarian regime.
There he played for SC Hakoah Wien.
In 1925 he won another league title when Hakoah won the Austrian League.
In April 1926 the SC Hakoah Wien team sailed to New York to play against different American teams.
He stayed in the USA and played for the Brooklyn Wanderers, New York Giants, New York Hakoah, New York Soccer Club and the Hakoah All-Stars.
Guttmann returned to Europe in 1932.
He coached teams in Austria, The Netherlands and Hungary . (
SC Hakoah Wien, SC Enschede) He had his first success with Újpest FC in the 1938–39 season.
He won the  Hungarian League and the Mitropa Cup.
How Guttman spent the war years in unclear.
Guttmann himself is said to have escaped to Switzerland where he was interned.
The years after the Second World War he spent as coach in Italy, South America and Portugal.(São Paulo FC, AC Milan, Benfica Lisabon and others).
Together with Márton Bukovi and Gusztáv Sebes, Guttmann formed a triumvirate of Hungarian coaches who pioneered the 4–2–4 formation.
Guttman  is also credited with mentoring Eusébio.
He was as player and coach always good for controversy.
Some people compare his self-confidence with  José Mourinho.
Hungarian League: 2
1919–20, 1920–21
Austrian Champions: 1
U.S. Open Cup: 1
1938–39, 1946–47
Mitropa Cup: 1
São Paulo State Champions: 1
Portuguese Liga: 1
European Champions: 2
1960–61, 1961–62
Portuguese Liga: 2
1959–60, 1960–61
Portuguese Cup: 1
Guttmann at United States Soccer Hall of Fame
Guttmann at www.jewsinsports.org
Guttmann at www.jewishsports.net
UEFA biography
Biographical article on Guttmann, Bremen University
For the 124th emperor also known as Hirohito, see Hirohito
Emperor Fushimi (伏見天皇 Fushimi-tennō) (10 May 1265 – 8 October 1317) was the 92nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
His reign started in 1287 and ended in 1298.
Note: Although the Roman-alphabet spelling of the name of this 13th-century emperor is the same as the personal name of Emperor Shōwa, the kanji are different:
Emperor Fushimi, formerly Prince Hirohito (熈仁)
Emperor Shōwa, formerly Prince Hirohito (裕仁)
Events of Fushimi's life
Hirohito-shinnō was named Crown Prince.
He became heir to Emperor Go-Uda.
1287 (Kōan 10, 10th month): In the 13th year of Go-Uda-tennō 's reign, he abdicated.
The succession (the senso) was received by his cousin.
1288 (Kōan 11): Emperor Fushimi is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).
1289 (Shōō 2, 4th month): Fushimi adopted the son of his younger brother; and this new son was named Crown Prince and heir.
19 April 1290 (Shōō 3, 9th day of the 3rd month): Assassins failed in an attempt to kill the emperor in his palace.
1298 (Einin 6, 7th month): In the 11th year of Fushimi's reign, he abdicated.
His heir became known as Emperor Go-Fushimi.
1301 (Shōan 3, 1st month): In the 5th year of Go-Fushimi's reign, the adopted son of Fushimi was forced to abdicate.
1308 (Tokuji 3, 8th month): In the 8th year of Emperor Go-Nijo's reign, the young ruler died at age of 24.
Fushimi's grandson was named as Go-Nijo's successor.
Go-Fushimi's son became known as Emperor Hanazono.
1313 (Shōwa 2, 10th month): Retired Emperor Fushimi shaved his head and became a Buddhist monk.
1317 (Bunpō 1, 9th month): Former-Emperor Fushimi died at age 53.
The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at  Fukakusa no kita no misasagi (深草北陵) in Fushimi-ku in Kyoto.
Eras of Fushimi's reign
The years of Fushimi's  reign are marked by more than one era name.
Kōan (1278–1288)
Shōō         (1288–1293)
Einin             (1293–1299)
1317 deaths
Rodney Glen King (April 2, 1965 - June 17, 2012) was an African-American man who was beat up by police officers on camera in 1991.
When a jury did not find the officers guilty of beating him up, large riots started in Los Angeles, California.
King was born in Sacramento, California to Odessa and Ronald King, who had four other children.
His father was an alcoholic who died in 1984 aged 42.
King grew up in Altadena, California.
In November 1989, King robbed a store in Monterey Park, California.
King was carrying an iron bar, which he threatened the Korean store owner with.
He hit the owner and stole $200.
He was convicted of robbery and sentenced to two years imprisonment.
He was released after a year.
On March 3, 1991, King was driving after drinking alcohol.
Police officers tried to pull him over, but King would not stop.
The officers chased him for miles.
King finally stopped.
One of the officers shot two electronic darts at King because they thought he might hurt them.
King ran at one of the officers.
The officers beat King while he was on the ground with a baton more than 50 times.
A man named George Holliday, who lived nearby, saw what was going on.
He used a camcorder to record a video of the beating.
The video later went on television.
Trial and riots
Of the four officers that went on trial for beating King, only one of them was found guilty by the state of California.
With large public protest, rioting began in Los Angeles, during which more than 50 people were killed, thousands were hurt, and one billion dollars worth of property damage occurred.
King was found dead by his fiancée at the bottom of his swimming pool in the early morning hours of June 17, 2012 in Rialto, California.
An autopsy was performed and the results said that King died of accidental drowning and that alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana were all found in his blood which were a contributing factor in his death.
Pyŏngyang metro system is the only rapid transit system in Pyongyang, North Korea.
It has two lines with 17 station.
It is estimated that between 300,000 and 700,000 people ride the system every day.
Pulgunbyol
Chonu
Kaeson
Tongil
Sungni
Yonggwang
Puhung
Konguk
Hwaggumbol
Konsol
Hyoksin
Chonsung
Samhung
Kwangmyong
Rakwon
Transport in Asia
The Tung Chung Line is one of the 10 lines of the MTR system in Hong Kong.
It links Tung Chung with Hong Kong Island.
A part of the Tung Chung Line was built along with the two bridges and two mountains, Kap Shui Mun Bridge and the Tsing Ma Bridge.
It currently travels through eight stations in 27 minutes along its route, which is indicated in orange.
A wiggler is an insertion device in a synchrotron.
It is a series of magnets designed to repeatedly laterally deflect ('wiggle') a beam of charged particles inside a storage ring of a synchrotron.
These deflections release synchrotron radiation.
Although synchrotrons give off such radiation anyway as magnets work to bend the particles on a circle-like path, a wiggler release more intense radiation than the bending magnets.
In a wiggler, the period and the strength of the magnetic field is not tuned to the frequency of radiation produced by the electrons.
So, every electron in the electron bunch radiates independently.
This makes a broad radiation spectrum.
A wiggler can be considered to be series of bending magnets stuck together, and its radiation intensity goes up as the number of magnetic poles in the wiggler goes up.
Synchrotron instrumentation
A gold coin is a coin made entirely (or almost entirely) of gold.
Gold has been used since the invention of coins.
It is used because gold is an easy metal to use, and because gold is very valuable.
So, a person could have a small quantity of gold coins but still buy many things.
Gold is also a very dense metal, making gold coins hard to fake.
Gold is good for storing coins because it does not rust.
People have used gold to trade since the Bronze Age.
However, gold coins have only existed since the 6th century BC, in Anatolia (Turkey).
Gold coins were also used in China.
Between 1873 and the early 1900s, gold coins were the main way to pay.
Countries stopped using gold coins in 1933 because of the Great Depression.
People were collecting and keeping the coins, so there were not enough for the economy to work.
Today, many countries make gold coins, but they are for collectors.
Many people enjoy collecting coins.
The rarest (most rare) coins are the most expensive.
Usually, very few of these coins were made, or they have mistakes, or they are very old.
Some countries have made very large coins for collectors.
When people want to buy gold as a way to store money, they can buy gold coins.
These coins are called Bullion coins.
These coins are usually very pure and have exact weights, for example one troy ounce.
Many people who buy bullion coins hope they become more expensive in the future so they can be sold.
Bournville is a model village on the south side of Birmingham, England, best known for its connections with the Cadbury family and chocolate – including a dark chocolate bar called "Bournville".
It is also a ward within the council constituency of Selly Oak and home to the Bournville Centre for Visual Arts.
Research by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation has claimed that it is "one of the nicest places to live in Britain".
Cadbury were reliant on the canals for milk delivery, and on the railways for cocoa deliveries from the ports of London and Southampton.
They therefore need a site which was undeveloped and had easy access to both canal and rail.
The brothers noticed the proposed development of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway, which would extend from central Birmingham south along the path of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal into the then green fields of southern Birmingham and the villages of northern Worcestershire.
In 1879, they moved their business to Bournbrook Hall,  to the south of Birmingham.
The location was chosen as it was regarded as cleaner, healthier and more amenable to longer-term expansion plans.
Although rural, it was also already serviced by the new Stirchley Street railway station, which itself was located right next to the canal.
The Cadburys named the area 'Bournville' after the Bourn Brook (now known as The Bourn); with 'ville' being French for 'town', this set Bournville apart from the local area (some people wrongly believe Bournville was originally known as Bournbrook - Bournbrook exists as a separate area to the north of Bournville).
Then Cadburys began to develop their factory in the new suburb.
Loyal and hard-working workers were treated with great respect and relatively high wages and good working conditions; Cadbury also pioneered pension schemes, joint works committees and a full staff medical service.
In 1893, George Cadbury bought 120 acres (0.5 km²) of land close to the works and planned, at his own expense, a model village which would 'alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions'.
By 1900, the estate included 313 cottages and houses set on  of land, and many more similar properties were built in the years leading up to the World War I, with smaller developments taking place later on in the 20th century.
These almost 'Arts and crafts' houses were traditional in design but with large gardens and modern interiors, and were designed by the resident architect William Alexander Harvey.
These designs became a blueprint for many other model village estates around Britain.
It is also noteworthy that, because George Cadbury was a temperance Quaker, no public houses have ever been built in Bournville although, since the late 1940s, there has been a licensed members' bar at Rowheath Pavilion.
The Cadburys were particularly concerned with the health and fitness of their workforce, incorporating park and recreation areas into the Bournville village plans and encouraging swimming, walking and indeed all forms of outdoor sports.
In the early 1920s, extensive open lands were purchased at Rowheath and laid to football and hockey pitches together with a grassed running track.
Rowheath Pavilion was designed and built in accordance with the instructions of George Cadbury and opened in July 1924.
At that time, it served as the clubhouse and changing rooms for the acres of sports playing fields, several bowling greens, a fishing lake and an outdoor swimming lido, a natural mineral spring forming the source for the lido's healthy waters.
The Rowheath Pavilion itself, which still exists, was used for balls and dinners and the whole area was specifically for the benefit of the Cadbury workers and their families with no charges for the use of any of the sporting facilities by Cadbury employees or their families.
The lido was eventually closed in the 1970s after complaints of noise disturbance were made by residents of the newly built Oak Farm estate, coupled with new and stringent health and safety regulations relating to outdoor public swimming facilities.
Cadbury's also built the Bournville indoor swimming baths on Bournville Lane (separate buildings for 'girls' and men), the Valley pool boating lake and the picturesque cricket pitch adjacent to the factory site, that was made famous as the picture on boxes of Milk Tray chocolates throughout the 1950s and early 1960s.
In 1900, the Bournville Village Trust was set up to formally control the development of the estate, independently of George Cadbury or the Cadbury company.
The trust focused on providing schools, hospitals, museums, public baths and reading rooms.
As Bournville is a conservation area, another job of the Bournville Village Trust is to accept or reject plans for building extension and modification.
An almost campus feel evolved, with a triangular village green, infant and junior schools, the School of Art and the Day Continuation School (originally intended for young Cadbury employees) and a host of events such as fêtes and Maypole dances.
Now containing 7,800 homes on 1,000 acres (4 km²) of land with 100 acres (0.4 km²) of parks and open spaces, Bournville remains a popular residential area of Birmingham.
The ward is served by two councillors, both of whom are Labour;  Liz Clements and Fred Grindrod.
Harvey, William Alexander.
The model village and its cottages: Bournville (London, B. T. Batsford, 1906).
Birmingham City Council: Bournville Ward
Bournville Village local blog
Bournville Community Website
The Food of the Gods - the manufacture chapter provides an overview of the Cadbury's Bournville operation at the turn of the 20th century — from Project Gutenberg
Matthew Thomas "Matt" Ryan (born May 17, 1985), nicknamed "Matty Ice", is the starting American football quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League.
He was the 3rd person drafted in the 2008 NFL Draft.
Timothy Richard "Tim" Tebow (born August 14, 1987) is a free agent American football quarterback.
He is currently an analyst for the SEC Network.
Tebow played college football for the Florida Gators and in 2007 became the first sophomore (second-year) player to win the Heisman Trophy.
Tebow was the 25th person drafted in the 2010 NFL Draft.
He played college football at The University of Florida.
He is known for his running ability and strong Christian beliefs (made "Tebowing, or Tebow's version of kneeling in prayer famous), as well as late-game heroics.
During the 2011 season, Tim Tebow played 7 games including his OT win over the Steelers in the playoffs.
On March 21, 2012, Tebow was traded by the Broncos to the New York Jets.
He then played briefly for the New England Patriots in 2013 and Philadelphia Eagles in 2015.
He created a gesture called "Tebowing".
Adrian Lewis Peterson (born March 21, 1985) is an American football running back for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League.
He was the 7th person drafted in the 2007 NFL Draft.
He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.
Adrian Peterson in his life story
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Iceland was ICE.
It is now ISL.
Iceland was first at the Olympic Games in 1912.
Then they missed the next four Games.
After returning in 1936, the nation has been in every Summer Olympic Games since.
Iceland has also been in all but one Winter Olympic Games since 1948.
They were not at the 1972 Winter Games.
Icelandic athletes have won a total of four medals.
The National Olympic Committee for Iceland was formed in 1921 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1935.
National Olympic and Sports Association of Iceland
Iceland profile at London2012.com
Sport in Iceland
Autoethnography is a method of social research whose defining characteristic is that the author links personal experience and autobiography with social, political, and cultural concepts.
Its difference from ethnography is the high degree of subjectivity that is introduced to the study, and the fact that the perspective of the author shows personal involvement with the subject much more than participant observation invites.
Different definitions of auto-ethnography
Maréchal defines auto-ethnography as “a form or method of research that involves self-observation and reflexive investigation in the context of ethnographic field work and writing”.
In the 1970s it was more simply defined as “insider ethnography”, referring to the fact that the group of study is the ethnographer’s own.
Benefits and concerns regarding auto-ethnography
The most significant element that auto-ethnography introduces to the study of culture and society is the shift from a depersonalized, “seen from a vantage point” and neutrally distanced narrative to a storyline with which the audience can engage morally, aesthetically, and intellectually, and, thus, co-participate in the events described.
Especially for ethnographers who use multiple informants, auto-ethnography introduces an alternative way of writing where “the distinction between ethnographer and ‘others’ is unclear”, thereby challenging “imposed identities and boundaries”.
However, auto-ethnographers should avoid some dangerous pitfalls that could undermine the credibility and usefulness of their work.
Chang identifies the following: "(1) excessive focus on self in isolation from others; (2) overemphasis on narration rather than analysis and cultural interpretation; (3) exclusive reliance on personal memory and recalling as a data source; (4) negligence of ethical standards regarding others in self-narratives; and (5) inappropriate application of the label autoethnography".
Chang, Heewon. (
Autoethnography as method.
Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Hayano, D. (1979).
Auto-ethnography: Paradigms, problems and prospects.
Human Organization, 38(1), 99-104.
Khosravi, Shahram. '
Illegal' Traveller: an Auto-ethnography of Borders.
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Maréchal, G. (2010).
Autoethnography.
In A. J. Mills, G. Durepos & E. Wiebe (Eds.),
Encyclopedia of case study research (Vol.
43-45).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Pratt, Mary Louise.
Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation.
London: Routledge, 1992.
Cape Girardeau is a city in eastern Missouri.
Homo sacer (Latin for the ‘sacred man’ or ‘accursed man’) is a phrase taken from Roman law.
(sacrifice).
Described by Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben in his book Homo Sacer; ‘sovereign
Sacer.
In Shahram Khosravi’s book Illegal traveller he talks about how someone
from the state.
They are often victims of abuse and unfair treatment both through this loss of rights
http://definitions.uslegal.com/h/homo-sacer/
http://www.16beavergroup.org/monday/archives/000374.php
Giorgio Agambens’ ‘Homo Sacer: Sovereign power and bare life, Stanford University Press; 1 edition (April 1, 1998)
Shahram Khosravi’s ‘illegal traveller’ first published 2010 by Palgrave Macmillan
Ireland has been at the Summer Olympic Games since 1924, and at the Winter Olympic Games since 1992.
Before 1922, Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Irish athletes at earlier Games are counted as British in Olympic numbers.
The following tables include medals won by athletes on Irish teams together with one poet.
All medals are from the Summer Games.
Ireland's best result at the Winter Games was fourth, by Clifton Wrottesley in the Men's Skeleton in 2002 at Salt Lake City.
Medallists (28)
Ireland profile at London2012.com
Rites of passage are rituals performed by people, individually or as a social group.
They mark the end of one phase of life, and the arrival of another.<ref>Eriksen 2010.
Small places, large issues: an introduction to social and cultural anthropology'.
London: Pluto Press, p67.</ref>
All people in every society and culture experience rites of passage.
They happen differently, for various reasons, and at special times, depending on what society or culture the person comes from.
Rites of passage celebrate and protect the person or people who are changing.
They signify the transformation from one social status (e.g. coming of age), place (e.g. crossing a national border), condition (e.g. recovering from sickness), time (e.g. celebrating the new year), to the next.
The French social scientist Arnold van Gennep (23 April 1873 – 7 May 1957) most famously defined the concept of rites of passage in his book  (The Rites of Passage''), first published in 1909.
Van Gennep studied ethnographic reports from various parts of the world that described rites of passage.
He concluded that they are universally structured even if the rites of passage themselves differ significantly in character between societies and cultures.
The universal structure of rites of passage
Separation (Pre-liminal Rites): In this phase a person or group of people who are performing the rite of passage are removed from their society and depart from their existing status while preparing to move into the next.
Transition (Liminal Rites): The phase of a rite of passage that is in-between a persons or group of peoples departure from their previous status and their arrival into the new.
This phase is often characteristically dangerous and wrought with uncertainty.
Incorporation (Post-liminal Rites): A person or group of people who completes the rite of passage accepts their new status and responsibilities and re-enters society.
Rites of passage and cultural diversity
By acknowledging the various ways different societies and cultures perform rites of passage we observe cultural diversity.
Learning about rites of passage cross culturally can help us to understand others and ourselves.
An awareness of cultural diversity is essential to form an open-minded, tolerant and accepting view of people who are not from the same society or culture as our own.
Israel has been at the Olympic Games as a nation since 1952.
Its National Olympic Committee was formed in 1933 during the British Mandate of Palestine.
As the team represented the Jewish community, it boycotted the 1936 Games in Germany in protest of the Nazi Party's anti-Semitic policies.
Israel has sent a team to each Summer Olympic Games since 1952 (except the 1980 Summer Olympics) and to each Winter Olympic Games since 1994.
In 1972, 11 members of the Israeli delegation were murdered by Black September terrorists.
Athletes killed in the 1972 Olympics
David Berger, 28, weightlifter
Ze'ev Friedman, 28, weightlifter
Yossef Gutfreund, 40, wrestling referee
Eliezer Halfin, 24, wrestler
Yossef Romano, 31, weightlifter
Amitzur Shapira, 40, track coach
Kehat Shorr, 53, shooting coach
Mark Slavin, 18, wrestler
Andre Spitzer, 27, fencing coach
Yakov Springer, 51, weightlifting judge
Moshe Weinberg, 33, wrestling coach
Olympic Committee of Israel
Israel at SportsReference.com
Israel profile at London2012.com
Totemism is a belief about the relationship between people and nature.
The term totem comes from an Ojibwe word meaning “a relative of mine”.
It was first written about in 1791 by a trader, James Long.
It has been recorded across native tribes of America, Africa and Australia.
It has been the subject of much research into ethnic groups.
Usually, totems of a kinship group will be animals or plants.
They will be represented in sacred objects and will belong exclusively to them.
Early records
Totemism was considered a primitive religion by many European thinkers in the 1800s.
It was thought to be related to beliefs about food and incest taboos.
In 1869, John Ferguson McLennan said that "there is no race of men that has not come through this primitive stage of speculative belief".
Early thinkers had the idea that beliefs in totemism came from  indiginous clans being uneducated about the difference between humans and animals.
This is not still talked about as true in modern discussions on totemism.
Totem poles are carved with symbols on large trees, mostly cedar or spruce, by native northwest North American clans.
Totem poles are also found in Alaska.
They are not for worship, but early missionaries had them burned down.
This was a mistake because the poles just tell stories about the clan they belong to.
Eagles or ravens are carved at the highest level.
Lower down the pole are carved beavers, foxes, bears and frogs.
A carving of a person is located on top.
He is the watchman, who warns about approaching danger in the village.
History of totemic theory
Émile Durkheim said in 1915 that totemism was just a way of thinking about groups in society.
Durkheim decided this because he spent time working with Aboriginal Australian clans.
Each clan had its own totem, which could be any natural feature such as animals, plants or rivers.
These totems and symbols of them were worshiped and protected.
This was because only as long as the totem was healthy would the clan stay healthy.
Durkheim decided that the worship of the totems was a type of self-worship for the clan.
Claude Lévi-Strauss published Totemism in 1962.
In this book he says that totemism is a way that humans tend to classify people into similar groups.
Once a population has made rules like exogamy (marrying outside the group) it becomes important to keep the clan different from others.
But humans themselves do not have different features like wolves or birds do, so giving the identity of an animal to the clan makes its member distinctly different.
This makes social boundaries.
Frazer, J.G. (1910) Totemism and Exogamy (4 vols) London: Macmillan
Levi Strauss, C. (1962) (1969) Totemism, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Barfield, Thomas (ed) (1997) The Dictionary of Anthropology, Blackwell
Bernard, Alan and Spencer, Jonathan (eds) (1996) Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Routledge
Italy at the Olympics is a history which includes 50 games in 23 countries and 4,000+ athletes.
Since 1896, Italy (ITA) has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The Italian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1908.
It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1915.
Italy has been at most of the Olympic Games, missing only the 1904 Summer Olympics.
Italian athletes have won 550 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 106 medals at the Winter Olympic Games.
Italy has won a total of 236 gold medals which makes them the 5th most successful country in Olympic history, below USA, Soviet Union, Germany and Great Britain.
1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo
1960 Summer Olympics in Rome
2006 Winter Olympics in Torino
Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano website
Italy at Olympic.org
Italy profile at London2012.com
Neocolonialism is a system where empires pretend to let their colonies be free, but they continue to run them secretly.
The term "neo" means "new", so it means that the system is a new version of colonialism.
The word neocolonialism was carefully explained by socialists in the 1960s, who were afraid their countries wouldn't really be independent.
The socialists mostly talked about the old empires controlling the politics and economy of their countries, but some people also talk about neocolonialism as a way to control culture too.
Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana after it became independent from the British Empire, wrote a well-known book about neocolonialism.
Many people have heard of the idea because of his book.
Che Guevara is another famous opponent of neocolonialism.
Most people who use the word neocolonialism and believe it describes the world today are socialists, anti-imperialists, and other types of leftists.
Liberals and right-wing people tend to disagree with the idea of neocolonialism.
Latvia was first at the Olympic Games in 1924.
After the nation was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, Latvian athletes were part of Soviet Union at the Olympics between 1952 and 1988.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and independence of Latvia in 1991, the nation returned to the Olympic Games in 1992.
They have been at every Games since then.
The National Olympic Committee for Latvia was first formed in 1922.
The current NOC is the Latvian Olympic Committee, which was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1991.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Liechtenstein was LIC.
It is now LIE.
Liechtenstein was first at the Olympic Games in 1936.
They have been in most Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.
Athletes from Liechtenstein have won a total of nine medals, all in alpine skiing.
It is the only nation to have won all of its medals at the Winter Olympics.
Lithuania  was first in the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.
List of gold medal winners
Olimpiada.lt
Teams from Luxembourg have been in 28 modern Olympic Games.
Luxembourg's National Olympic Committee, the Comité Olympique et Sportif Luxembourgeois, was formed in 1912.
They sent their first team to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.
Luxembourg was first at the Winter Olympic Games in 1928.
They have been in seven Winter Games.
The Republic of North Macedonia was first at the Olympic Games at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Until 1988 North Macedonia was part of Yugoslavia.
A team from Monaco was first at the Olympic Games in 1920.
They were not at the 1932 Games, the 1956 Games, and the 1980 Games.
Monaco has also been in every Winter Olympic Games since 1984.
As of 2010, no athlete from Monaco has ever won an Olympic medal.
Monaco has the most appearances at the Olympics (25) without winning a medal.
San Marino at the Olympics is a history of 21 games in 16 countries and 80+ athletes.
Since 1960, San Marino has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for San Marino was SMA.
It is now SMR.
A team from San Marino was first at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
They have been in 12 Summer Olympics and 7 Winter Olympics.
Among its most successful athletes are Francesco Amici and Emanuela Felici.
Both competed in shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics and "missed out on places in the finals by the narrowest of margins".
San Marino profile at London2012.com
Montenegro was at the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 2008 at the Beijing Games.
Before Montenegrin athletes were part of Serbia and Montenegro in 2004 and as part of Yugoslavia before that.
The National Olympic Committee for Montenegro is the Montenegrin Olympic Committee.
It was formed in 2006 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 2007.
A National Olympic Committee of the Saarland was created in spring of 1950 in the Saar protectorate, a part of Western Germany that was controlled in 1945 by France.
As a separate team, they only took part in the 1952 Summer Olympics.
The athletes of Saar joined the German team for the summer games of 1956.
36 people, 31 men and 5 women, took part in 32 events in 9 sports.
The Protectorate became the German state of Saarland after 1956.
After World War II, the Saarland was not allowed to become part of the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949.
Its annexation by France was not allowed by the other Allies and the Atlantic charter's points 2 and 3.
Because local population did not want to join France, separate international organisations were created.
These included the Saarland football team and in 1950 a NOC, in German called Nationales Olympisches Komitee des Saarlandes.
The region did not send athletes to Oslo for the 1952 Winter Olympics.
The Saarland had history of over 500 years of coal mining.
They gave a miner's safety lamp in which the flame of the torch relay of the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki could be carried safely on airplanes.
At the opening ceremony, 36 athletes from the Saarland marched in front  of the team of Germany.
They did not win a medal.
They were ranked 44th among a total of 69 teams Many other teams with no wins were all ranked 44th together.
Although it was possible, no separate Saarland teams were sent to the 1956 games.
A United Team of Germany that included athletes of all three German states took part in the Olympics that year.
1952 was the only Olympic appearance of the Saarland as a separate team.
The Olympic Committee of the Saarland  ended in February 1957 and its members became part of the German NOC.
Helsinki 1952 Official Olympic Report olympic-museum.de
Helsinki 1952 Official Olympic Report la84foundation.org
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Netherlands was NLD.
It is now NED.
The Netherlands sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900.
They have taken part in almost all Games since then.
In 1956, the nation boycotted the Games in Melbourne as a protest against the Soviet invasion in Hungary just a few weeks before the Games.
They did have one person take part in the Equestrian events that were held in Stockholm a few months before the rest of the Games.
The Netherlands hosted the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.
The Netherlands want to host the 2028 Summer Olympics in either Amsterdam or Rotterdam, as a 100 year celebration of the 1928 Games.
Before to the 1992 Olympics, the country name was "Holland" with the country code of "HOL".
From the 1992 onward, they have used the "Netherlands" and "NED".
Dutch athletes have won 246 medals at the Summer Olympic Games.
They have won the most of their medals in swimming and cycling.
The nation has won 86 medals at the Winter Olympic Games.
Eighty-two of these medals have come from speed skating.
The Netherlands Antilles, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands), left the Netherlands in 2010.
This caused the  Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee (NAOC) to lose its Olympic license in July, 2011.
After the 2012 Olympic Games in London, athletes from the Netherlands Antilles can choose to be a member of the team for the Netherlands or Aruba, which is a semi-independent part of the kingdom of the Netherlands.
At the 2012 Games, athletes from the Netherlands Antilles will be a part of the unified Olympic team under the IOC flag.
Some athletes have said that they want to be a part of either the Netherlands or Aruba in London.
Netherlands at Olympic.org
A team from Norway took part in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900.
It has sent athletes to almost every Games since then.
It did not take part in the 1904 Games.
It was part of the American boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.
1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo
1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer
Norwegian athletes have won a total of 144 medals at the Summer Olympic Games.
It has won its highest amount of medals in the Summer Games in sailing and shooting sports.
At the Winter Olympic Games, Norway has won 303 medals.
107 of these medals were gold.
This is more than any other nation.
cross-country skiing and speed skating are its the top sports.
Norway is one of only three nations (along with Austria and Liechtenstein) to have won more medals at the Winter Games than at the Summer Games.
*Total medal counts include three medals – two silver and one bronze – awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
These medals are included in the summer games medal totals and the winter sport medal totals.
Norway at Olympic.org
Jorge Arvizu (23 July 1932 - 18 March 2014) was a Mexican actor who was the first Spanish voice, among others, of Bugs Bunny, Fred Flintstone and Cookie Monster.
His nickname is "El Tata".
Poland at the Olympics is a history which includes 42 games in 22 countries and 2,000+ athletes.
Since 1918, Poland has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The Polish National Olympic Committee was formed in 1918.
It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1919.
Poland has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the 1984 Games.
They were a part of the Soviet led boycott of the 1984 Games.
Poland has sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games.
Polski Komitet Olimpijski website
Poland profile at London2012.com
Athletics is an exclusive collection of sporting events that include competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking.
The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running, and race walking.
Portugal at the Olympics is a history which includes 30 games in 20 countries and 600+ athletes.
Since 1912, the Portugal has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The Portugal National Olympic Committee was formed in 1909.
It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1909.
Portugal has been a part of every Summer Games since 1912.
Portugal's first Winter Games was in 1952 in Oslo, Norway.
It was 36 years later when they sent another team to the 1988 Winter Olympics of Calgary, Canada.
Since then, Portugal has only missed two Winter Games (1992 and 2002).
Medals per Olympic Games
Comité Olímpico de Portugal website
Portugal profile at London2012.com
Azerbaijan, formally the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.
It is bordered by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south.
The exclave of Nakhichevan is bordered by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, and with Turkey to the northwest.
The country's capital city is Baku.
The majority-Armenian populated Nagorno-Karabakh region in the southwest of Azerbaijan declared itself independent from Azerbaijan in 1991, but it is not diplomatically recognized by any country and is de jure (in international law) part of Azerbaijan.
Air transportation in Azerbaijan is organized and controlled by the Ministry of Transpotation of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Baku International Airport Unofficial Website
Survey of Russian Airfields, Edition 5 - 26 Nov 2005
- includes IATA codes
World Aero Data: Azerbaijan  - ICAO codes and coordinates
Great Circle Mapper: Azerbaijan - IATA codes, ICAO codes and coordinates
Lists of airports
Programmes on Channel 5 normally include English language drama (both foreign imports and locally-made), movies, sports, reality show, variety show, news, current affairs and game show programmes.
Local editions of overseas programmes like Singapore Idol, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?,
and Deal or No Deal have also been produced.
The Smurfs: The 2011 Series
MediaCorp TV Channel 5 Official Website  (xinmsn)
London Buses is a company owned by Transport for London (TfL).
It manages bus services in Greater London, UK.
Buses need to be red and charge the same fares.
All services are given by private sector workers.
Bariatrics is the part of medicine that deals with obesity.
Bariatrics includes using dieting, exercise, changing people's habits, drugs, and surgery to help people lose weight.
More and more people are becoming overweight or obese.
People with a high body mass index (BMI) are much more likely to have certain health problems.
These include heart disease, diabetes, many types of cancer, asthma, sleep apnea, and problems with muscles and bones.
Obese people are also more likely to die.
Diet, exercise, changing people's habits, and drugs are tried first to help people lose weight.
People who have weight loss surgery usually lose more weight than those who try the other ways.
The surgery also helps reduce diseases like high blood pressure and diabetes.
With each patient, doctors might use some or all of the methods, depending on what they think would work best for that patient.
VIDEO: How Bariatrics Has Changed Our Understanding of Type II Diabetes Dr. Daniel McKenna speaks at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 2008.
MedLinePlus Portal on Weight Loss Surgery
he:ניתוח בריאטרי
Ismaiili Shia (or Ismailiya; ) are a Shia Muslim sect.
They are different from the usual Shia Islam because they do not agree on who the 7th Imam, or religious leader is.
Unlike other Shia Muslims, they believe that Ismail ibn Jafar was the 7th Imam.
Most Shia Muslims believe that Musa ibn Jafar was the 7th Imam.
Ismail died when his father, Jafar ibn Muhammad the 6th Imam was still alive.
They believed that Ismail's son Muhammad was the next Imam and deserted the sixth Imam.
They are split into several sects.
The biggest of these are the Nizaris.
They are led by the 49th Imam Aga Khan, another title of the Ismaili Imams.
The current Aga Khan is Karim Al Hussaini.
The Zaidiyyah () are a Shia Muslim sect.
They are different from the usual Shia Islam.
This is because of the argument over the who the 5th Imam, or religious leader, is.
They believe the 5th Imam was Zaid ibn Ali while usual Shia Muslims believe that his brother, Muhammad, was the 5th Imam.
Today, they make up 40% of the population of Yemen.
The president of Yemen is also Zaidi.
The Jin dynasty (1115–1234), also known as the Jurchen dynasty, and as the Great Jin.
It was one of the last dynasties before Mongol invasion (and eventual conquest) of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan of the Jurchens.
These were the ancestors of the Manchu, who established the Qing dynasty some 500 years later.
The Jin Dynasty was founded in northern Manchuria,  The founder was Wanyan Aguda (完顏阿骨打).
The name of this dynasty is sometimes written as Jinn to differentiate it from an earlier Jin dynasty (265-420) of China whose name is spelt identically in the Roman alphabet.
The History of Jin recorded that Tangkuo Dingge (唐括定哥), Consort Gui (貴妃) was a Jurchen woman.
She was first married to the Jurchen Jin royal Wanyan Wudai (完顏烏帶.
She had an affair with her Han Chinese slave, Yan Qi'er (閻乞兒) and with Wanyan Liang (Prince Hailing).
When Wanyan Liang became emperor of the Jin dynasty he forced Dingge to have her husband Wanyan Wudai killed by her other slaves, Ge Wen (葛溫) and Ge Lu (葛魯) and he promised that she would be named empress.
Wanyan Liang broke his promise after he got bored of her when she entered the harem.
Dingge then smuggled Yan Qi'er into the palace through a trunk after first smuggling a trunk full of her clothes as a dummy and then reprimanded him for looking at her clothes so he wouldn't look when Yan Qi'er was smuggled in next.
Dingge and Yan Qi'er had sex until a Jurchen maid, Guige (貴哥) told on them to the emperor and Dingge was strangled and Yan Qi'er was beheaded.
The Jurchens were a Tungusic people who lived in Manchuria in present-day Northeast China.
They were known as Jurchens until the 17th century when they became known as the Manchu.
The Joseon Dynasty of Korea placed great value on a policy of "neighborly relations" (gyorin or kyorin) with the Jurchen people.
Hans Motz (1 October 1909 – 6 August 1987) was an Austrian physicist.
He worked at Stanford University on undulators.
His work led to the development of the free-electron laser.
He wrote books, including The Physics of Fusion, and a book on microwave theory.
When he died, he left money to Oxford to establish a Motz Prize in Electrical Engineering to honor top students.
Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are discrete rather than continuous.
In contrast to real numbers that vary "smoothly", discrete mathematics studies objects such as integers,  graphs, and statements in logic.
These objects do not vary smoothly, but have distinct, separated values.
Discrete objects can often be counted using integers.
Mathematicians say that this is the branch of mathematics dealing with countable sets (sets that have the same cardinality as subsets of the natural numbers, including rational numbers but not real numbers).
However, there is no exact, universally agreed, definition of the term "discrete mathematics."
Many times, discrete mathematics is described less by what is included than by what is excluded: continuously varying quantities and related notions.
The set of objects studied in discrete mathematics can be finite or infinite.
The term finite mathematics is sometimes applied to parts of the field of discrete mathematics that deals with finite sets, particularly those areas relevant to business.
Research in discrete mathematics increased in the latter half of the twentieth century partly due to the development of digital computers which operate in discrete steps and store data in discrete bits.