the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists say there is trouble with the positions of the NARTH.
Science cannot support the positions.
The positions also make an environment in which bias increases.
Early organization systems
In the 1860s, Karl Henrich Ulrichs makes small books about a sexual orientation organization system.
The organization system is only for males.
It separates males into three simple groups.
The groups are dionings, urnings and uranodionings.
Ulrichs outlines a set of questions to check if a man was an urning.
A dioning is the same as heterosexual male.
An urning is the same as a homosexual male.
An uranodioning is the same as a bisexual male.
Urnings are put into four groups.
A mannling is a masculine urning.
A weibling is an effeminate urning.
A zwischen is an androgynous urning.
A virilised is an urning that will only have heterosex sex.
In 1896, Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld makes a system that measures the strength of sexual desire of an individual.
This system measures on two different scales of 10 points.
The scales are A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual).
A heterosexual individual may be A0, B5.
A homosexual individual may be A5, B0.
An asexual is A0, B0.
Someone with a strong attraction to both genders may be A9, B9.
Kinsey scale
Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin made the Kinsey scale.
This scale was in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female.
It was made to fight the idea that people can only be homosexual or heterosexual.
Kinsey sees that much of population is not all heterosexual or all homosexual.
Such people experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior.
The Kinsey scale is an organization of sexual orientation.
The position on the scale is based on the relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in their history.
Even with eight groups, it is still hard determining which group will be good to put an individual in.
Masters and Johnson talk about the difficulty of sexual comparisons with the Kinsey results.
They find it hard to put an individual between the numbers 2 to 4 if the individual has a large amount of heterosexual and homosexual experiences.
This is because it becomes hard for that individual to judge the relative amount of each without bias.
Kinsey thought about two areas of sexual orientation.
The two areas are sexual reactions and sexual experiences.
Weinrich says important information is lost when the two values combine into one final result.
A person only with same gender sexual reactions is different from someone with little sexual reactions but a large amount of same gender sexual experiences.
Also, there are more than two areas of sexuality to be thought about.
Attraction and identity are other areas to judge.
This is fixed in the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.
A 1970s study on masculinity and femininity says that the concepts are better on separate scales.
The scales are in place of single continuous scale.
Each end of the scale is representative of total opposites.
When on the same scale, one will have to decrease for the other to increase.
To be more feminine, one has to be less masculine.
To be more masculine, one has to be less feminine.
However, if they are thought of as separate areas, one can be both very masculine and very feminine.
In the same way, heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual.
Or someone can be not very much of either.
This makes determining the degree of heterosexual and homosexual in an individual easy.
It is easy because each area is thought as independent rather than attempts to match a specific balance like the Kinsey scale.
The Self Assessment of Sexual Orientation
The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) is an improvement on the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.
SASO improves in three areas.
It contains many sections of sexual orientation.
It also separates homosexuality and heterosexuality.
SASO can start discussions on the best ways to measure sexual orientation.
Many people have been discriminated against because of their sexual orientation.
In many cultures, people who are homosexual or bisexual have been teased (made fun of), fired from their job, or made to suffer violence because of who they are.
In many countries and states, there are laws against having sex with somebody of the same gender, and people can be put in jail because of who they have sex with.
In the United States, these laws were struck down (repealed) by the United States Supreme Court in the last few years.
The Yogyakarta Principles are made to combat such discrimination and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights also made a document "Born Free and Equal" to counter them by international human rights law.
A smiley (also called a "smiley face" and an "emoticon") is a picture of a smiling face that is used to show emotion.
The first smileys to be widely used were made as yellow buttons, but now the most common smileys are made using computer keyboard symbols.
Smileys are used by many people in emails and other types of computer messages.
A "smiley" is also sometimes spelt wrongly as "smily" or "smilie".
Smiley button
There were a number of early uses of simple graphics representing a smiling face.
Some of these used a large circle containing two dots for eyes and a curve for the mouth.
The most well-known smiley face was created in 1963 by Harvey Ball for an insurance company in Massachusetts.
This design was a bright yellow circle representing a face, with black oval eyes and a big curved mouth with smile creases at the ends.
The design was made popular in the early 1970s by a pair of brothers, Murray and Bernard Spain, who though of a great plan to sell novelty items.
The two used the "smiley face" on buttons as well to decorate coffee mugs, t-shirts, bumper stickers and many other things.
They also used the phrase "Have a happy day" (which was the idea of Gyula Bogar). "
Smiley" buttons were very popular from the 1970s onwards.
Smileyworld Ltd
Smiley is a brand developed by Franklin Loufrani since 1971.
He controls Smileyworld Ltd, a company whose mission is to make the world a happier place to live.
Its brand Smiley is sold all over the world in several lifestyle industries, and its designers are constantly developing very creative and edgy products.
The company donates ten percent of its royalties to a charity called the Smiley World Association, active with social actions in several countries.
Its baseline is "Share your smile with those in need".
In 1997 Franklin's son Nicolas Loufrani has started to create a new world with icons based on the original Smiley logo.
Today over 1200 icons are used as part of a brand called Smileyworld.
This brand is based on a communication concept aimed at helping people to communicate better through various social expression products (greeting cards, gifts, etc.).
It is also an educative project with books, toys, interactive products as well as a lifestyle brand for children.
Smiley has been a registered trademark since 1971.
The Smiley name and logo now registered and used in over 100 countries for 25 classes of goods and services.
More than 1200 Smiley emoticons are registered with the Washington Library of Congress and protected by the Universal Copyrights Convention.
In the past 10 years, Smileyworld Ltd has signed more than 800 licensing contracts worldwide and has been using its rights in most classes of goods and services in all important countries on the 5 continents.
Smileyworld Ltd works with over 60 law firms to protect its IP.
In the 1990s people started using the internet and emails as a regular way of communicating.
So that they could show happiness or fun in an easy way, people started making little smiling faces using some of the symbols on the keyboard.
A keyboard smiley has a colon ":" for the eyes, a hyphen "-" for the nose, and a parenthesis ")" for the mouth.
Some people make the smiley without the hyphen for a nose.
The "smileys" that are made in this way are sideways.
Smileys are usually used as part of a written message, but sometimes a smiley is just sent on its own to say "I am happy with your last message."
Smileys are a useful way to show feelings to someone who cannot see the face of person sending the message.
A smiley is usually used to show happiness: "I bought a new computer today! :-)"
A smiley can show that the sender does not want to hurt a person's feelings: "That was a silly thing to do! :-)"
A smiley can show that the sender is joking or being sarcastic: "Don't you think tests in school are really fun? :-)"
:-) ... Smiley
;-)... I'm winking! (
used to flirt with someone via text, mail, etc.)
:-D ... I'm very happy!
x-D ... I'm laughing!
:-( ... I'm frowning!
:-| ... I'm bored!
:-o ... I'm surprised!
:'( ... I'm crying!
:-s ... I'm worried!
{:-o .. I'm going crazy!
:-P ... I'm poking my tongue out!
x-P ... That's disgusting!
<:o) .. Let's have a party!
Flamenco is a style of baile and was founded in Sevilla contrary to what VHL says.
It is a form of entertainment with song, music and dance.
It is very popular in Spain and is known worldwide.
Its foundation is in Andalusia in Spain.
In its evolution Andalusian gypsies played an important part.
The term 'flamenco' was first recorded in the late 18th century but many believe the art form is much older.
Flamenco has acoustic guitar music, singing, hand claps, heel stamps, castanets.
It is danced by a man and a woman in traditional Spanish costumes.
The dance has no set tempo.
It may have both fast and slow passages, rising to a climax near the end.
Flamenco performance has evolved during the history of this musical genre.
In the beginning (the 18th century at the latest), songs were sung without any guitar accompaniment.
During the 19th century, the guitar was used to accompany songs.
Since the second half of the 19th century, the solo guitar is played in flamenco concerts.
Traditional flamenco
Traditional flamenco by José Greco
Notable for the voice and guitar as well as the dance by Sara Barras
Ramon Ruiz group
Cream was a British rock band in the late 1960s.
They played and recorded together from 1966 to 1968.
The members of the group were Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker.
They were called a power trio, as there were three musicians, who all played essential roles in the band.
Their sound of heavy blues-rock was a great influence on many other bands.
They were one of the most skilled rock bands of all time; the guitarist and bassist were capable of soloing at the same time.
Clapton helped pioneer the use of the wah-wah pedal and played a famous guitar called The Fool.
Clapton developed what he called the "woman tone" on his guitar, while Bruce played a fretless bass guitar, and Baker played unusual rhythms on drums to create the band's distinctive sound.
Cream's hit records included the songs "Strange Brew", "Sunshine Of Your Love" and "White Room".
Their last album, titled Goodbye, included a song called "Badge", co-written by Eric Clapton and George Harrison of The Beatles.
Fresh Cream (1966)
Disraeli Gears (1967)
Wheels of Fire (1968)
Goodbye (1969)
Hear Cream on the Pop Chronicles.
1966 establishments in England
1968 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Musical trios
Blind Faith was an English rock-blues band.
The band was only together for about one year (1969).
It was formed by Eric Clapton who had been in the band Cream.
Also in the band were Ginger Baker (who was Cream's drummer) and Rick Grech (who was in the band "Family").
Clapton, Winwood, and many other people had high expectations for the new band, but many people did not like the new stuff they were doing.
Many people wanted to hear music like Cream made.
The name of the band came about as a result of the "blind faith" shown by many people.
These people had thought that the band would go on to greatness.
Many people did not like the band and they broke up.
Before they broke up, they released a self-titled album.
It caused controversy because it only had six songs and featured a naked teenage girl holding a toy airplane on the cover.
This image upset some people.
The Guess Who is a Canadian rock band.
They formed in Winnipeg in 1963 and broke up in 1975.
Their best known songs include, American Woman, Share The Land, No Time, and These Eyes.
Canadian hard rock bands
People from Manitoba
Musical groups established in 1963
1963 establishments in North America
1960s establishments in Canada
Musical groups disestablished in 1975
20th-century disestablishments in Canada
1977 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in Canada
Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949) is an American rock musician from New Jersey.
His songs include "Born to Run" and "Born in the USA".
For more than 30 years he has been a singer along with his "E-Street Band."
Also, he is now a member in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Jon Landau, a music writer for Rolling Stone magazine, once said: "I have seen the future of rock and roll, and its name is Bruce Springsteen."
Springsteen won an Oscar for his song "Streets Of Philadelphia", written for the Tom Hanks' movie Philadelphia.
Springsteen was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, and spent his childhood and high school years in Freehold Borough.
His father, Douglas Frederick Springsteen, was a bus driver.
His mother, Adele Ann (née Zirilli), was a legal secretary.
He has two younger sisters, Virginia and Pamela.
Pamela was an actor but left this profession and became a photographer.
She took photos for the Human Touch and Lucky Town albums.
Raised Catholic, Springsteen attended the St. Rose of Lima Catholic school in Freehold Borough.
Old teachers have said he was a "loner, who wanted nothing more than to play his guitar."
He completed high school, but felt so uncomfortable that he skipped his own graduation ceremony.
He briefly went to Ocean County College but had no degree.
Till the early 1970s he played with different bands in the Atlantic area.
In 1972 he signed a record contract with Columbia Records.
His first album  Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J., released in January 1973, was commercially not a success but was highly favored by music critics.
Also his second album  The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle was more acclaimed than sold.
In the May 22, 1974, issue of Boston's The Real Paper, music critic Jon Landau wrote after seeing a performance at the Harvard Square Theater,  "I saw rock and roll future, and its name is Bruce Springsteen.
And on a night when I needed to feel young, he made me feel like I was hearing music for the very first time."
Landau became Springsteen's manager and producer.
The commercial breakthrough was his third album Born to Run, which was released on August 25, 1975.
Due to this Springsteen was on the covers of Time magazine and Newsweek.
After a legal battle with his old manager Mike Appel, he could release his third album Darkness on the Edge of Town not earlier than 1978.
In 1978, he worked together with Patti Smith, who had a hit with Springsteen's song "Because the Night".
Also Manfred Mann ("Blinded by the Light") and the Pointer Sisters ("Fire") had success with songs of Bruce Springsteen.
The next album was The River.
The single from this album "Hungry Heart" was his first Top 10 hit.
The River brought Bruce Springsteen in a wide range of styles from ballads to rock songs.
His next album was Nebraska (1982) which he recorded in a studio at his home.
The only instruments in this record were guitar and harmonica.
The songs are about outsiders of the US society.
Despite its commercial flop it is regarded by critics as one of Springsteen's best albums.
He is probably best known for his next album Born in the USA which sold 15 million copies in the USA.
It contains 7 hit singles which all reached the Top 10.
The following tour was also a huge success.
The title track of the album was widely misunderstood as patriotic hymn.
In fact it was a comment on the poor treatment of Vietnam veterans.
In later years Springsteen performed the song only with acoustic guitar to make the meaning of the song more clear.
An acoustic version also appeared on Tracks, a later album.
Videos for the album were made by famous movie directors Brian De Palma and John Sayles.
The next album was Live/1975–85, which summed up the powerful live performances of Bruce Springsteen.
It was a five records box-set and was the first set which reached #1 in the charts.
After Born in the USA, Springsteen recorded again more sedate and contemplative albums like Tunnel of Love (1987).
In late 1989 he dissolved the E-Street Band and married Patti Scialfa.
The couple relocated to California.
In 1992 he released two albums at once, Human Touch and Lucky Town.
After he had received many Grammy Awards he also was winner of the Academy Award in 1994 for his song "Streets of Philadelphia", which appeared on the soundtrack to the movie Philadelphia.
In 1995, he released his second solo guitar album, The Ghost of Tom Joad, inspired by John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath.
Following the album he made a solo acoustic tour where he played the new songs but also many of his older songs in acoustic form.
After the tour he and his family went back to New Jersey.
In 1999, the E Street Band and Springsteen officially played together again.
They made a reunion tour which lasted over one year.
The last two concerts of the tour were recorded for an HBO Concert also a DVD and album was released under the title Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band: Live in New York City.
The same year Springsteen was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
About the 1990s Springsteen said: "I didn't do a lot of work.
Some people would say I didn't do my best work."
In 2002 the artist released  The Rising the first studio album with the E Street Band for 19 years.
The 2005 album Devils & Dust was again mostly acoustic and recorded without the band.
In November 2005, Sirius Satellite Radio started a 24-hour, seven-day-a-week radio station on Channel 10 called "E Street Radio".
This channel brings commercial-free Bruce Springsteen music, including rare tracks, interviews, and daily concerts of Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band recorded throughout their career.
In April 2006, Springsteen released We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions, a project with folk songs which were made popular by Pete Seeger.
It was recorded with a large ensemble of musicians including only Patti Scialfa, Soozie Tyrell, and The Miami Horns from past efforts.
The end of the decade brought three albums. (
Magic (#1), Working on a Dream (#1) and The Promise (#16), which featured again outtakes of different songs).
On January 11, 2009, Springsteen won the Golden Globe Award for Best Song for "The Wrestler", from the Mickey Rourke movie by the same name.
Springsteen and politics
In September 1979, Springsteen and the E Street Band joined the Musicians United for Safe Energy (MUSE) anti-nuclear power collective at Madison Square Garden for two nights, playing an short set and two songs from his next album.
1988 Springsteen headlined the worldwide Human Rights Now!
tour for Amnesty International.
2008 he supported Barack Obama's presidential campaign
and he was the musical opener for the Obama Inaugural Celebration on January 18, 2009.
He performed "The Rising" with a female choir.
Later he performed Woody Guthrie's "This Land Is Your Land" with Pete Seeger.
E Street Band
He did most of his records with the E Street Band.
The band was formed in October, 1972.
Although Springsteen played with other bands, the E Street Band was his band for 40 years.
The band took the name from a street in Belmar, New Jersey where the mother of a founding member lived and allowed the band to practice.
The band members do also solo works and play as session musicians (for example: Bittan and Van Zandt for Bob Dylan on Empire Burlesque).
Clemons and Lofgren also went on tour with Ringo Starr and his All-Starr Band in 1989.
1973: Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. (#60)
1973: The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle (#59)
1975: Born to Run (#3)
1978: Darkness on the Edge of Town (#5)
1980: The River (#1)
1982: Nebraska (#3)
1984: Born in the U.S.A. (#1)
1987: Tunnel of Love (#1)
1992: Human Touch (#2)
1992: Lucky Town (#3)
1995: The Ghost of Tom Joad (#11)
1998: Tracks (#64)
2002: The Rising (#1)
2005: Devils & Dust (#1)
2006: We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (#3)
2007: Magic (#1)
2009: Working on a Dream (#1)
2010: The Promise (#16)
2012: Wrecking Ball
2014 High Hopes
1986: Live/1975–85 (#1)
1993 In Concert / MTV Plugged  (#189)
2001 Live in New York City (#5)
2006 Hammersmith Odeon, London ’75 (#93)
2007 Live in Dublin(Bruce Springsteen & The Seeger Sessions Band) (#23)
1975 Born to Run
1978 Prove It All Night
1980 Hungry Heart
1981 Fade Away
1981 The River
1984 Dancing in the Dark
1984 Cover Me
1984 Born in the U.S.A. (song)
1985 I’m on Fire
1985 Glory Days
1985 I’m Goin’ Down
1985 My Hometown
1985 Santa Claus Is Coming to Town
1986 War
1987 Fire
1987 Born to Run (Live)
1987 Brilliant Disguise
1987 Tunnel of Love
1988 One Step Up
1988 Tougher Than the Rest
1988 Spare Parts
1992 Human Touch
1992 Better Days
1992 57 Channels (And Nothin’ On)
1992 Leap of Faith
1993 Lucky Town (live)
1994 Streets of Philadelphia
1995 Secret Garden
1996 The Ghost of Tom Joad
1996 Missing
2002 The Rising
2002 Lonesome Day
2003 Waitin’ on a Sunny Day
2005 Devils & Dust
2007 Radio Nowhere
2008 Girls in Their Summer Clothes
2008 Working on a Dream
2012 We Take Care of Our Own
Bruce Springsteen – official website
http://www.idiomag.com/artist/bruce_springsteen
Highlights of Springsteen at Glastonbury 2009.
Bruce Springsteen at NPR Music
"Library of Hope and Dreams":bibliography of published Springsteen scholarship in English.
Musicians from New Jersey
Intersex variations occur (though rarely) in species which use sexual reproduction.
Intersex people are born with sex characteristics that lie between those of typical males and typical females.
Hermaphrodite is a term that gets confused with intersexual, and while all hermaphrodites are intersexual, not all intersexual people are hermaphrodites.
The clinical term 'disorders of sex development' (DSD) is very controversial.
An intersex individual's genitalia may be atypical in some way.
It can be difficult to determine if an intersex baby is genetically male or female (with XY chromosomes or XX chromosomes).
They may also have male and/or female secondary sex characteristics (such as body shape).
However, there is a wide range of variation in sexual anatomy.
There are many more subtle forms of sex anatomy, or sex chromosome differences.
These don't even show physically.
Some won't show up until later in life.
Sometimes, the variation may appear when the baby reaches puberty or becomes an adult.
It may not even be detected in an individual's lifetime, but as technology gets more advanced, that chance dims down.
Population figures
Up to 1.7% of people may be born with an intersex variation.
A child born with genitalia atypical enough to call in an expert occurs in about 1 of 1,500 births.
More information on the frequency of different causes is available.
Most causes of intersex are congenital, or born with it, usually because of a genetic condition.
All development is governed by genes which regulate the process of growth.
The most common intersex variation is a hormone condition.
This causes genetically female fetuses to have a more masculine body appearance, because the babies' adrenal gland produces higher levels of androgen hormones (hormones that act like testosterone).
This may cause the female baby to appear male even to doctors and parents.
Genetic Abnormalities
Some intersex people may be so because of abnormalities with their sex chromosomes, resulting in genetic disorders.
One disorder known as Turner's Syndrome, is when instead of having an XX (female) or XY (male) genotype, a person has X0.
A person with Turner's Syndrome usually looks like a girl, but they are shorter in height and do not go through puberty, meaning they cannot reproduce.
Another genetic disorder is Klinefelter Syndrome, where a person has an XXY genotype.
This disorder affects men, causing infertility, smaller genitalia, and less facial hair.
Men with this disorder can have a variety of symptoms which can be so unnoticeable that they may never be diagnosed.
Medical interventions
Surgery may be used on intersex babies to give a more usual cosmetic appearance.
This is sometimes thought to make children more normal, but this idea lacks evidence and is contested.
Early cosmetic medical interventions can lead to problems in later life, including decreased sexual function and sensation.
The children concerned cannot consent to those surgeries, and their parents may not understand the full implications.
There is no medical consensus about surgical interventions, including their type, timing, necessity and conduct.
Medical interventions can cause mental and emotional harm to the child when it grows and begins to go through puberty.
Children may not feel like they are the gender that is assigned to them by their parents or doctors, causing issues with gender identity.
Some people believe it is best to leave the genitalia as it is when the child is born and allow them to make decisions about it when they are old enough.
Civil society organizations and human rights experts have called for an end to medical interventions on intersex children that are carried out for social reasons.
United Nations and other human rights experts regard these medical treatments as harmful.
In 2011, Christiane Völling became the first intersex person known to win a legal case taken because of non-consensual surgical intervention.
In April 2015, Malta became the first country to end medical interventions to modify the sex anatomy of intersex children.
As intersexuality becomes more recognized all over the world, there are many activist groups created to promote recognizing and supporting members of this community.
One major activist group known as the Intersex Society of North America, or INSA, teaches people what intersexuality is and the harms of children having gender assignment surgery without their permission to consent.
One of the major issues intersex people face is other people who are not intersex making them feel uncomfortable about their sex and gender.
Intersex people may not feel the need to identify themselves at all in their lifetimes, preferring to maintain ambiguity.
However, those who are not a part of this community feel as though people need to chose and be more clear about their genitalia.
This invasion of privacy is often protested against and discussed by activist groups who believe intersex people are allowed to be private and deserve to be treated the same as those who are not intersex.
United Nations for Intersex Awareness
Intersex Day
Organization Intersex International
Intersex Society of North America
Developmental disorders
(The digestive system is the parts of the body that  digest food. )(
It is also called the gastrointestinal system.)(
It breaks down food into simple chemicals which can be  absorbed into the blood stream).(
From the blood stream, nutrients go to the liver).which is a kind of chemical factory for the body.(
The liver adjusts the nutrients so that the mix is what the body needs.)
(In the stomach, gastric acid is introduced.
This is basically dilute hydrochloric acid.)
It is very reactive and has a pH level of 1.5 to 3.5.
The stomach has a layer of mucus to protect itself from the acid.
(The digestive system also gets rid of waste material.
The gastrointestinal system starts at the lips and ends at the anus. )
Animals like worms, insects, mammals, birds, fish, and people all have digestive systems.
(The digestive system is not just the but also other organs which help us digest food).(
For example, digestive enzymes are needed to break down carbohydrates and meat into substances which an be absorbed.)
Other organs that are part of the gastrointestinal system but are not part of the gut are:
Liver and gall bladder
Salivary glands, lips, teeth, tongue, epiglottis, thyroid, and parathyroids
Food does not go through these organs.
But they help the gut digest the food.
They also have other work.
For example, the pancreas, thyroid, liver, and parathyroids are also endocrine glands that make hormones like insulin.
There are many diseases that affect the gastrointestinal system.
Doctors who study the gastrointestinal tract are called gastroenterologists.
For the geographical meaning of mouth see River
The mouth is an opening in the face and is the first part of the alimentary canal (digestive system).
It is the place where food is chewed.
The mouth has teeth to help eat/chew the food.
In addition to its main role as the start of the digestive system, in humans the mouth also plays a great part in communication.
The tongue, lips, and jaw, which are parts of the mouth, are needed to produce the number of sounds in human language.
People also kiss and show their feelings with the mouth.
A deacon is a role in the Christian church.
The job of a deacon is different depending on the church he or she is a part of.
A deacon usually helps to run the church and teaches people about Christianity.
A deacon can also witness marriages.
In the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches men are not allowed to marry after they have become deacons.
Deacons in Protestant churches are allowed to marry.
A protodeacon is an honorary rank given to certain married deacons in Eastern Christian churches.
In the Russian Orthodox Church it is an honorary title given to married deacons, as a mark of which, the clergyman is entitled to wear a burgundy-colored skufia.
Friedrich Engels II (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German political thinker.
With his best friend Karl Marx, Engels wrote about Communism.
They wrote the famous book The Communist Manifesto together.
Friedrich Engels II was born in Barmen, Germany in 1820.
His father was a very rich factory owner, and he sent Friedrich to England to run one of the factories.
The way the workers were living at his father's factories made Engels upset with the class system.
At about this time, he began to write about politics and workers' struggles.
In 1844 he met Karl Marx in France and the two became friends and began to write together.
The two men worked together until Marx's death in 1883.
After Marx died, Engels spent the rest of his life editing and translating Marx' writings.
He also wrote about women and marriage.
He died of throat cancer in London in 1895.
1895 deaths
Cancer deaths in London
German philosophers
German politicians
In North America dinner usually means a large meal that is eaten in early evening.
Sometimes dinner can mean a meal eaten in the middle of the day.
This meaning is more common in the Southern United States and the United Kingdom .
A more formal definition of "dinner", especially outside North America, is any meal that has several courses.
The minimum number of course is often regarded as two but there can be as many as seven.
If there is only one course and it is the main meal of the day, then it is called dinner.
Dinner is very important to some cultures.
Dinner is a large part, often a tradition, on many American holidays including Thanksgiving and Christmas.
Rosa Luxemburg (5 March 1871 in Zamość, Russian Poland – 15 January 1919 in Berlin) was a Polish-Jewish Marxist politician working in both Poland and Germany.
Her birth name was Rosalia Luxemburg.
She was born into a Jewish family.
She was the fifth child of her parents.
Her father was a wood trader/timber trader.
His name was Eliasz Luxemburg III.
Her mother's name was Line (maiden name: Löwenstein).
In one of her earliest publications, 'Reform or Revolution?' (
1900) Luxemburg accepted Marx's argument that capitalism promoted exploitation and was at odds with humanity's natural, fraternal instincts.
She also agreed that evolutionary socialism was impossible: only revolution could create real change.
However, like Lenin, she had little sympathy for Marx's 'historicism' and denied that for a revolution to occur, capitalism would have to reach an advanced stage of development.
However, Luxemburg's analysis of how the revolution should come would distinguish her from both Marx and Lenin.
After WW1 Luxemburg helped establish the German Communist Party (KDP).
She organised a socialist uprising in Germany but was killed by a right-wing group called the Freikorps.
Rosa Luxemburg made many new communist ideas that continue to influence communism today.
Rosa Luxemburg supported the Russian Revolution led by Lenin and Trotsky, but she saw them both as making undemocratic mistakes in organizing what was supposed to be a more democratic nation.
She also insisted the freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, freedom of speech and abolition of death penalty.
In 1913 she published an essay "The Accumulation of Capital" that urges that capital accumulation causes the imperialism.
1871 births
20th-century German philosophers
Executed German people
German murder victims
Jewish German politicians
Jewish women politicians
Murders by firearm in Germany
20th-century Polish philosophers
The liver is an organ in the abdomen.
It is part of the digestive system.
Sometimes people use hepar- or hepat- as a prefix when they talk about the liver.
The liver is the body's chemical factory.
It does many important things:
The liver produces (makes) bile.
This is a bright yellow-green liquid that goes into the small intestines to help digest the big chunks of food we eat.
The liver stores glucose when we eat and then puts the glucose into the blood when our blood glucose level goes down.
The liver takes protein and fat and turns it into glucose.
This is important if we have no food to eat.
We can use the fat we have saved, and make it into glucose to use.
The liver also makes some fats and cholesterol
The liver metabolizes (breaks down) many things in the blood:
proteins like enzymes, insulin, and serum amyloid A
ammonia
toxins (substances that are poisons) and waste from the body
The liver stores (keeps) vitamins and minerals.
The liver makes many proteins:
proteins that make your blood clot – called coagulation proteins
proteins like albumin
In fetuses when they are very small, the liver makes red blood cells
In the liver the gallbladder stores the bile juice and then sends it out to the food that will later go in to the small intestine.
Liver diseases
There are many different liver diseases.<ref> Dancygier, Henryk 2010.
Clinical hepatology, principles and practice of.
895–. ISBN 978-3-642-04509-7</ref> Liver disease can make someone very sick because of all the important work the liver does.
People who have bad liver disease usually die unless they can get a liver transplant.
This is when the liver from someone who has just died is put in another person by surgery.
Such surgeries are usually technically challenging but can be life-saving.
The liver cannot metabolize toxins and waste so these bad things stay in the blood longer.
One thing that builds up is a substance called bilirubin.
When red blood cells die, the hemoglobin in them leaks into the blood.
The hemoglobin becomes bilirubin (a yellow substance that makes bile yellow).
The liver takes the bilirubin out of the blood and puts it into the bile.
The bile goes into the intestines and then goes out with the waste from your body.
If the liver is hurt, it does not remove the bilirubin, so the bilirubin stays in the body.
This makes the person's body look yellow and is known as jaundice.
So yellow eyes and yellow skin are symptoms of liver disease.
Bleeding because the liver does not make enough coagulation proteins (to make clots)
Swelling of body.
If the swelling is of the abdomen it is called ascites Confusion and acting very tired because of the extra ammonia that the liver cannot metabolize
Bleeding from big swollen veins in the esophagus called esophageal varices.
If these bleed, it can cause the person to die very quickly.
Hepatitis is when liver cells get inflamed (swollen, or increased in size).
This can be from virus infections.
This can be caused by toxins or poisons.
The most common toxin to cause hepatitis is alcohol.
It can also have genetic, or autoimmune causes, when the body's immune system hurts itself.
Cirrhosis is caused by death of liver cells that happens again and again.
When the cells die, scar tissue forms.
This scar tissue damages the structure of the liver.
This makes the liver not work as well.
But it also makes the pressure in the veins that go to the liver very high.
This high pressure makes esophageal varices.
The most common reason for cirrhosis in the world is hepatitis B virus infection.
Some diseases cause bad things to build up in the liver.
Hemochromatosis causes extra iron to build up in the liver.
Wilson's disease causes extra copper to build up in the liver.
Both of these diseases hurt the cells and can cause very bad liver disease that kills people.
You can also get cancer of your liver.
This can be metastatic cancer that came from some other place in your body.
The liver is a common place to get metastases because it takes bad things out of the blood.
So it takes cancer cells out of the blood and they grow in the liver.
Cancer can also grow in the liver.
If it grows in the liver it is called hepatocellular carcinoma'' (liver cell cancer).
Most hepatocellular carcinoma is from cirrhosis.
Some liver diseases can be treated easily with medicine.
Hemochromatosis is treated by taking (removing) blood from patients at intervals (times) based on the seriousness of the disease in amounts about equal to what would be taken from a normal blood donor (~470 ml).
Some liver viruses can be stopped before they start.
Two types of viral hepatitis can be stopped with an immunization.
Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B can be prevented with a total of five shots in a person's life.
The liver from livestock is a source of protein like muscle meats.
It also a great source of some micro-nutrients.
The flavor might be strong for some people, so it might be slightly over-seasoned.
It might be toxic if you eat way too much of it.
Liver enzymes
Liver Disease
Neck (body part), a part of the body
Any narrow part of a thing.
The neck of a bottle is where it gets smaller.
The neck of a violin is the part underneath the top of the fingerboard leading up to the tuning pegs.
To neck is a slang term for when two people kiss many times in a romantic way.
The Coachella Valley is a desert valley in the Colorado Desert of Southern California.
It is famous as a resort destination and an agricultural region.
It is a dry rift valley.
Desert Hot Springs
Rancho Mirage
La Quinta
Many people visit the area during tourist season, which is from September to June.
It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification) Winter in the Coachella Valley is warm.
Summer is very hot, with temperatures over 100 degrees Fahrenheit/40 degrees Centigrade.
Although the area is a desert, there is lots of water both under the ground and in aqueducts from the Colorado River.
The weather is so similar to that in the Middle East that the area grows more than 95% of the nation's crop of dates.
A grapefruit called the "Coachella Grapefruit" was first grown there.
One of the world's greatest engineering feats is in Palm Springs.
The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway brings visitors from the floor of the valley to the top of Mount San Jacinto, 8516 feet (3000 metres) up.
Valleys of California
Derivative work is a phrase used in copyright law.
It is a piece of work (for example: a novel, a song or a painting) that is based on what someone else created.
Copyright law says that if someone writes a book, draws a picture, or writes a song, then it belongs to them.
Other people are not allowed to copy it unless the person who created it says that they can.
This is important because it means the person who created the work can sell what they created and get money.
A derivative work is one that is based on something else.
If a person watches a movie, and then writes a story about the people in the movie, that story is a derivative work.
If after hearing a song, someone sings the same tune with different words, the song they sung is a derivative work.
In the law, if someone else has a copyright on something, no one is allowed to create a derivative work unless they say it is allowed.
So if someone watches a movie, they are not allowed to write a story about the people in the movie unless the people who made the movie give them permission.
This only applies to the things that are known about by the person creating the work.
If a movie is made, but they do not go and see the movie, and then they write a book that has the same story as the movie, that is not a derivative work.
Rugby football is a sport people play in many countries.
It is usually called rugby or rugger.
Rugby football is named after Rugby School, the public school in England where it was developed.
Legend has it that one day in 1823, a senior boy called William Webb Ellis elected to run with the ball rather than retiring to kick it as was the normal mode of play in Rugby School football matches. "
Running in" was considered a bit like cheating then but was later accepted in the laws of Rugby Football (first published in 1846).
Its rival, Association football (soccer), came later.
It was not formalised until 1863.
Even then handling of the ball was allowed, but not catching it and running with it.
In the mid 1860s an attempt was made to provide one set of laws for all football but there were irreconcilable differences, mainly concerning "hacking" (kicking an opponent in the shins).
The "hackers" went on to eventually play rugby football even though hacking was barred a few years later.
The "anti-hackers" went on to form Association Football, eventually banning any handling.
There are two types of rugby, called Rugby Union and Rugby League.
Originally, Rugby Union was played in England by gentlemen amateurs, and Rugby League was played by working class guys for pay.
There are many similarities between the two types of rugby, but they have developed different sets of rules over time.
The split between the two types occurred because of a disagreement about the way players were treated when they were injured during a game.
Rugby Union is the most popular form of rugby, and it is the national sport in New Zealand, Wales, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Madagascar.
Rugby League is played by many people in the UK (especially in northern England), Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea.
In most other places, the word "rugby" refers to rugby union.
Rugby football is played on a field by two teams of 15 people.
The objective of the game is to obtain more points than the opposing team within 80 minutes of playing time.
Points are gained through scoring tries or kicking goals.
At each end of the playing field there is a field goal made out of poles, shaped like the letter H in English.
There is also an area called the in-goal.
A goal is scored when a player kicks the ball through the top of the H of the other team's goal.
Play starts when a player from one team kicks the ball from the halfway line towards the opposing team's field goal.
Play continues until a try is scored, the ball crosses the side line or dead ball line, or an infringement occurs.
The ball can be moved up the field either by carrying or kicking it.
The ball can be passed between team members, but it cannot be passed to team members who are closer to the opposing team's goal than the person who is currently carrying the ball.
Players score a try if they manage to touch the ball to the ground on or beyond the other team's in-goal.
After a try, the team that scored the try then has an opportunity to kick a goal.
This is known as a conversion kick.
A goal that is scored from a conversion kick is worth two points in addition to the points of a try.
A try is worth five points in rugby union, and four points in rugby league.
After a team scores points, play restarts with the non-scoring team kicking the ball from the halfway line toward the opposing team's field goal.
Players tackle members of the other team to prevent the opposing team from scoring.
Tackling in rugby means grabbing the other person and either stopping them from moving or making them fall on the ground.
The main rule for tackling in rugby is that there should be no contact with the neck.
Only players carrying the ball can be tackled.
Once a tackle is completed, the opposition can compete for the ball.
The Rugby World Cup is a championship of rugby union teams from countries all over the world.
The Rugby World Cup is held every four years, and will next be held in 2023, in France.
There is also the Rugby League World Cup, which is made up of member nations of the Rugby League International Federation (RLIF).
The tournament has an irregular schedule.
The next tournament will be in 2017, and will be hosted by Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea.
Kidneys are two organs in the abdomen of vertebrates that are shaped like beans.
They make urine.
When medical professionals discuss the kidneys, they typically refer to the word renal.
For example, renal failure is when the kidneys are sick and do not work.
The prefix nephro- is also used in words to mean "kidneys".
For example, a nephrologist is a doctor who studies kidneys.
The kidney makes hormones.
The two most important ones that it makes are erythropoetin and renin.
Erythropoetin is made by the kidneys if there is less oxygen in the kidney.
Erythropoetin tells the bone marrow to make more red blood cells.
So this means there will be more oxygen carried in the blood.
Renin is made by the kidney if there is low blood pressure, low volume of blood, or too low salts in the blood.
Renin makes the blood vessels smaller and tells the adrenal gland to make aldosterone (which tells the kidneys to save salts).
It also makes a person feel thirsty.
All of this makes the blood pressure go up.
Stable environment
The kidney's most important work is keeping homeostasis.
Homeostasis means that the body keeps a stable environment inside itself.
The body needs to have the consistent and proper amount of water, salt, and acid in the blood.
The kidney keeps these things constant.
If there is too much water, the kidney puts more water in the urine.
If there is not enough water, the kidney uses less water in the urine.
This is why people make less urine when they are dehydrated.
Kidney diseases
There are many types of kidney diseases.
A kidney disease makes the kidneys unable to work perfectly but they do work in part.
People can have mild kidney failure and have no symptoms.
As long as it does not become worse, people may not even know they have it.
Severe kidney failure means very bad failure.
The kidneys do not work very much at all.
People with severe kidney failure always have symptoms.
They may need special care from doctors.
Kidney stones – this is when a solid substance forms in the urine.
This stone moves through the urinary system until it cannot go on and gets stuck.
This sometimes blocks urine flow, and usually causes severe pain.
After a time, the stone usually goes out or passes.
If it does not go out, doctors may have to remove it.
Kidney infections – also called pyelonephritis.
This is a bacterial infection in the kidneys.
Some of the symptoms are back pain, vomiting, fever, and dark or bloody urine.
People with pyelonephritis need strong antibiotic medicines.
Glomerulonephritis – this is a disease of the tissues in the kidneys that make urine.
These are called glomeruli.
Glomerulonephritis is an autoimmune disease.
It can cause mild or severe kidney failure.
Congenital kidney disease – this is when people are born with kidneys that do not work properly.
This includes people that are born with kidneys in the wrong place, or in the wrong shape.
About 1% of people are born with only one kidney.
Polycystic kidney disease – this is an inherited disorder in which cysts grow in the kidneys, and destroy the kidney tissue until the kidneys can no longer perform their functions.
Diabetic nephropathy – this is the disease diabetics get when their blood sugar is too high for a long time.
This is one of the most common causes of kidney failure in the United States
Hypertensive nephropathy – this is caused by having hypertension (high blood pressure) for a long time.
Many people have hypertensive and diabetic nephropathy together.
Cancer – Renal cell carcinoma is the most common kind of kidney cancer.
It is most often found in adults, and is usually deadly.