the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1994  Rand Al-Mashhadani, Iraqi competitive shooter
480 BC  Leonidas, King of Sparta
223  Jia Xu, Chinese politician (b. 147)
353  Magnentius, Roman usurper (b. 303)
449  Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople
897  Wilfred the Hairy, Count of Barcelona
1204  King Guttorm of Norway (b. 1199)
1253  Saint Clare of Assisi, patron saint of television (b. 1193)
1259  Mongke Khan, Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (b. 1208)
1456  Janos Hunyadi, Hungarian regent (b. 1387)
1563  Bartolome de Escobedo, Spanish composer (b. 1500)
1578  Pedro Nunes, Portuguese mathematician (b. 1502)
1656  Ottavio Piccolomini, Austrian-Italian field marshal (b. 1599)
1801  Felix Maria Samaniego, Spanish poet (b. 1745)
1813  Henry James Pye, English poet (b. 1745)
1851  Lorenz Oken, German industrialist (b. 1779)
1854  Macedonio Melloni, Italian physicist (b. 1798)
1872  Andrew Smith, Scottish physician, surgeon and zoologist (b. 1797)
1886  Lydia Koidula, Estonian poet (b. 1843)
1890  John Henry Newman, English cardinal (b. 1801)
1892  Enrico Betti, Italian mathematician (b. 1813)
1903  Eugenio Maria de Hostos, Puerto Rican educator and nationalist (b. 1839)
1908  Khudiram Bose, Indian freedom fighter (b. 1889)
1919  Andrew Carnegie, Scottish-American industrialist, philanthropist (b. 1835)
1936  Blas Infante, Spanish writer and politician (b. 1885)
1937  Edith Wharton, American writer (b. 1862)
1939  Jean Bugatti, Automobile designer (b. 1909)
1953  Tazio Nuvolari, Italian racecar driver (b. 1892)
1955  Robert W. Wood, American experimental physicist (b. 1868)
1956  Jackson Pollock, American artist (b. 1912)
1956  Frieda von Richthofen, German writer (b. 1879)
1972  Max Theiler, South African virologist (b. 1899)
1974  Vicente Emilio Sojo, Venezuelan musicologist and composer (b. 1887)
1975  Rachel Katznelson-Shazar, Israeli politician (b. 1885)
1978  Mario Varglien, Italian footballer (b. 1905)
1980  Paul Robert, French lexicographer and publisher (b. 1910)
1982  Tom Drake, American actor (b. 1918)
1984  Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonia-born German chess player (b. 1916)
1984  Alfred A. Knopf, American publisher (b. 1892)
1986  Heinz Strehl, German footballer (b. 1938)
1988  Alfred Kelbassa, German footballer (b. 1925)
1994  Peter Cushing, British actor (b. 1913)
1996  Rafael Kubelik, conductor and composer (b. 1914)
2003  Diana Mitford, widow of British Fascist leader Oswald Mosley (b. 1910)
2003  Herb Brooks, American ice hockey coach (b. 1937)
2003  Armand Borel, Swiss mathematician (b. 1923)
2006  Mike Douglas, American entertainer (b. 1920)
2008  Fred Sinowatz, former Chancellor of Austria (b. 1929)
2009  Eunice Kennedy Shriver, founder of the Special Olympics, and sister of John F. Kennedy (b. 1921)
2011  Jani Lane, American musician (b. 1964)
2013  Henry Polic II, American actor (b. 1945)
2013  Shirley Herz, American publicist (b. 1925)
2013  Jean Bethbo Elshtain, American scholar (b. 1941)
2014  Vladimir Beara, Yugoslavian footballer (b. 1928)
2014  Raymond Gravel, Canadian politician (b. 1952)
2014  Pierre Ryckmans, Belgian-Australian diplomat and author (b. 1935)
2014  Kika Szaszkiewiczowa, Polish artist and writer (b. 1917)
2014  Robin Williams, American actor and comedian (b. 1951)
2015  Nour El-Sherif, Egyptian actor and conspiracy theorist (b. 1946)
2015  Harald Nielsen, Danish footballer (b. 1941)
2016  Hanif Mohammad, Pakistani cricketer (b. 1934)
2017  Abdulhussain Abdulredha, Kuwaiti actor and writer (b. 1939)
2017  Segun Bucknor, Nigerian musician and journalist (b. 1946)
2017  Yisrael Kristal, Polish-Israeli supercentenarian and Holocaust survivor, oldest-living man (b. 1903)
2017  Kent Lee, American Vice Admiral (b. 1923)
2017  Eugenio Polgovsky, Mexican film director (b. 1977)
2018  V. S. Naipaul, Trinidadian-British writer (b. 1932)
2018  Fabio Mamerto Rivas Santos, Dominican Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1932)
2018  Morris G. Hallock, American politician (b. 1926)
2019  Bluey Adams, Australian footballer (b. 1935)
2019  Darryl Drake, American football player (b. 1956)
2019  Michael E. Krauss, American linguist (b. 1934)
2019  Ningali Lawford, Australian actress (b. 1967)
2019  Barbara March, Canadian actress (b. 1953)
2019  Walter Martínez, Honduran footballer (b. 1982)
Independence Day in Chad
612 BC  Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire.
Destruction of Nineveh.
654  Eugene I is elected Pope, although his predecessor, Pope Martin I, is still alive at this time.
843  The Treaty of Verdun divides the Frankish Kingdom between Lothair I, Louis the German and Charles the Bald.
AD 955  Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
1270  Yekuno Amlak takes the Ethiopian Imperial throne.
1492  Alexander VI is elected Pope.
1519  Ferdinand Magellan's 5 ships set sail from Seville to circumnavigate the globe.
1535  The Saint Lawrence River is named by Jacques Cartier.
1628  The Vasa warship, prestige project of King Gustav II Adolph of Sweden.
1664  The Austro-Turkish War ends.
1675  The foundation stone of the Royal Greenwich Observatory in London is laid.
1680  Pueblo Revolt begins in New Mexico.
1755  Under orders of Charles Lawrence, the British Army begins to forcibly deport Acadians from Nova Scotia to the Thirteen Colonies.
1776  Word of the United States Declaration of Independence reaches London.
1792  French Revolution: Storming of the Tuileries Palace.
Louis XVI of France is arrested and taken into custody.
1793  The Musée du Louvre opens in Paris.
1809  Quito, the present-day capital of Ecuador declares independence from Spain.
1813  Chile's Instituto Nacional is founded.
1821  Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state.
1830  Ecuador separates from Greater Colombia.
1846  The Smithsonian Institution is chartered by the United States Congress after $500,000 was given for such a purpose by scientist Joseph Smithson.
1856  In Louisiana, a hurricane kills about 400 people.
1861  American Civil War: Battle of Wilson's Creek - The war enters Missouri when a band of raw Confederate troops defeat Union forces in the southwestern part of the state.
1864  Start of the Uruguayan War.
1893  At Augsburg, Rudolf Diesel's prime model runs on its own power for the first time.
Because of this, August 10 is the International Biodiesel Day.
1897  Felix Hoffmann produces Aspirin for the first time.
1899  Norwegian Football Club Viking FK is founded.
1904  Russo-Japanese War: Battle of the Yellow Sea.
1905  Russo-Japanese War: Peace negotiations begin in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
1913  Second Balkan War ends: Delegates from Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece sign the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the war.
1920  World War I: Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI's representatives sign the Treaty of Sèvres which divides up the Ottoman Empire between the Allies.
1932  A 5.1 kg chondrite type meteorite broke into at least seven pieces and struck earth near the town of Archie in Cass County, Missouri, USA.
1944  World War II: American forces defeat the last Japanese troops on Guam.
1948  Candid Camera makes its television debut after being on radio for a year as Candid Microphone.
1949  US President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Bill, streamlining the defense agencies of the United States government, and replacing the National Military Establishment with the United States Department of Defense.
1954  At Massena, New York, the ground breaking ceremony for the St. Lawrence Seaway is held.
1961  Agent Orange is used in Vietnam for the first time.
1969  A day after murdering Sharon Tate and four others, members of Charles Manson's cult kill Leno and Rosemary LaBianca.
1977  In Yonkers, New York, 24-year-old postal employee David Berkowitz ("Son of Sam") is arrested for a series of killings in the New York City area over a year's period.
1981  The head of John Walsh's son Adam is found in Hollywood, Florida.
This event will later prompt the United States Congress to pass the Missing Children's Act, giving the Federal Bureau of Investigation greater authority to track the disappearance of children.
It also makes Walsh a national spokesman against crime and eventually leads to the establishment of America's Most Wanted.
1986  A Formula One Grand Prix is held in a then-Eastern Bloc country for the first time.
The first Hungarian Grand Prix is won by Nelson Piquet.
1988  Japanese American internment: US President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, providing $20,000 payments to Japanese-Americans who were either interned or relocated by in the United States during World War II.
1990  The Magellan space probe reaches Venus.
1990  More than 127 Muslims are killed in Northeastern Sri Lanka by paramilitary troops.
1993  A magnitude 7 earthquake strikes the South Island of New Zealand.
1995  Oklahoma City bombing: Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols are indicted for the bombing.
Michael Fortier pleads guilty in a plea-bargain agreement for his testimony.
1998  Jamil Mahuad becomes President of Ecuador.
2001  An attack on a train in Angola kills 225 people.
2003  The highest temperature ever recorded in England, 38.5°C, occurs in Kent; the record holds until 2019, when a temperature of 38.7 degrees Celsius is measured at the University of Cambridge.
2003  Yuri Malenchenko becomes the first person to marry in space, to a woman on the ground in Texas.
2006  British police prevent an attempt by Islamist terrorists to blow up Transatlantic airliners.
2009  Slovakia's deadliest mining disaster kills 20 people.
2010  The WHO declares that the H1N1 influenza pandemic is over.
2014  Turkey holds its first direct Presidential election, in which Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan is elected President.
2014  Sepahan Airlines Flight 5915 crashes near Tehran, Iran, killing 39 people.
2017  Swedish journalist Kim Wall disappears after going on inventor Peter Madsen's submarine to interview him, in the Oresund between Denmark and Sweden; Madsen is later found to have murdered her and is found guilty of the crime.
2018  2018 Horizon Air Q400 incident: Seattle airport employee Richard Russell flies a small plane from the airport and later crashes it on a nearby island.
2019  American billionaire financier and sex offender Jeffrey Epstein is found dead in his prison cell in New York City, from suspected suicide.
914  Le Hoan, Emperor of Vietnam (died 1005)
1267  James II of Aragon (died 1327)
1296  King John of Bohemia (died 1346)
1397  Albert II of Habsburg, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (died 1439)
1449  Bona of Savoy, Duchess of Savoy (died 1503)
1489  Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck, German statesman and reformer (died 1553)
1520  Madeleine de Valois, queen of James V of Scotland (died 1537)
1535  Kaspar Olevianus, German theologian (died 1587)
1556  Philipp Nicolai, German Lutheran minister (died 1608)
1560  Hieronymus Praetorius, German composer (died 1629)
1602  Gilles de Roberval, French mathematician (died 1675)
1737  Anton Losenko, Russian painter (died 1773)
1740  Samuel Arnold, English composer and organist (died 1802)
1753  Edmund Randolph, United States Secretary of State (died 1813)
1782  Charles James Napier, British general (died 1853)
1794  Leopold Zunz, German Jewish scientist (died 1886)
1799  Samuel Dickinson Hubbard, American politician (died 1855)
1810  Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, and Italy (died 1861)
1810  Lorenzo Batlle y Grau, President of Uruguay (died 1887)
1814  Henri Nestlé, Swiss industrialist (died 1890)
1814  John C. Pemberton, American Confederate general (died 1881)
1814  Ketil Motzfeldt, Norwegian politician (died 1889)
1821  Jay Cooke, financier (died 1905)
1823  Goncales Dias, Brazilian poet (died 1864)
1827  Lovro Toman, Slovenian politician (died 1870)
1839  Aleksandr Stoletov, Russian physicist (died 1896)
1845  Abai Kunanbaev, Kazak poet (died 1904)
1856  William Willett, British builder and Daylight Saving Time supporter (died 1915)
1860  Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, Indian musician (died 1936)
1865  Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer (died 1936)
1865  Andreas Heusler, Swiss medievalist (died 1940)
1869  Laurence Binyon, British poet (died 1943)
1871  Aino Sibelius, wife of Jean Sibelius (died 1969)
1872  Bill Johnson, jazz musician (died 1972)
1874  Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States (died 1964)
1874  Antanas Smetona, 1st President of Lithuania (died 1944)
1877  Frank Marshall, American chess player (died 1944)
1878  Alfred Döblin, German writer (died 1957)
1887  Sam Warner, Polish-American film producer (died 1927)
1888  Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark (died 1940)
1889  Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, Polish writer and World War II Resistance activist (died 1968)
1889  Charles Darrow, American creator of the Monopoly board game (died 1967)
1890  Angus Lewis Macdonald, Canadian politician, 12th Premier of Nova Scotia (died 1954)
1894  Vaharagiri Venkata Giri, President of India (died 1980)
1896  Walter Lang, American film director (died 1972)
1898  Jack Haley, actor (died 1979)
1899  Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, Polish writer (died 1968)
1900  Arthur Espie Porritt, New Zealand politician and athlete, 11th Governor-General of New Zealand (died 1994)
1901  Sergio Frusoni, Cape Verdean poet (died 1975)
1902  Norma Shearer, American actress (died 1983)
1902  Curt Siodmak, science fiction writer (died 2000)
1902  Arne Tiselius, Swedish chemist (died 1971)
1907  Su Yu, Chinese Communist military leader (died 1984)
1908  Lauri Lehtinen, Finnish athlete (died 1973)
1909  Leo Fender, American luthier (died 1991)
1909  King Mohammed V of Morocco (died 1961)
1909  Richard J. Hughes, Governor of New Jersey (died 1992)
1910  Gordon Gray, Scottish cardinal (died 1993)
1912  Jorge Amado, Brazilian novelist (died 2001)
1913  Wolfgang Paul, German physicist (died 1993)
1913  Noah Beery, Jr., American actor (died 1994)
1914  Ken Annakin, British movie director and screenwriter (died 2009)
1916  Coutoucou Hubert Maga, President of present-day Benin (died 2000)
1919  Sacha Vierny, French cinematographer (died 2001)
1920  Red Holzman, American basketball player (died 1998)
1923  Rhonda Fleming, American actress
1924  Martha Hyer, American actress (died 2014)
1926  Marie-Claire Alain, French organist (died 2013)
1927  Vittorio Gregotti, Italian architect
1928  Jimmy Dean, American country music singer (died 2010)
1928  Eddie Fisher, American singer and entertainer (died 2010)
1930  Fakir Musafar, American performance artist (died 2018)
1930  Barry Unsworth, British writer (died 2012)
1932  Gaudencio Rosales, Filipino cardinal
1933  Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, Baroness Butler-Sloss, English judge
1935  Giya Kancheli, Georgian composer
1937  Lucinda Williams, American athlete
1937  Anatoly Sobchak, Russian politician (died 2000)
1939  Kate O'Mara, British actress (died 2014)
1940  Bobby Hatfield, American singer, (Righteous Brothers) (died 2003)
1942  Betsey Johnson, American fashion designer
1942  Giovanni Leodetti, Italian footballer
1943  Ronnie Spector, American singer, lead singer of the Ronettes
1945  Harriet Miers, former White House counsel
1947  Anwar Ibrahim, Malaysian politician
1947  Ian Anderson, Scottish musician (Jethro Tull)
1950  Patsy Austin, American singer
1951  Juan Manuel Santos, former President of Colombia
1952  Daniel Hugh Kelly, American actor
1952  Diane Venora, American actress
1956  Fred Ottman, American professional wrestler
1956  Charlie Peacock, American singer-songwriter and producer
1957  David Crane, American television producer and screenwriter
1957  Fred Ho, American musician, composer, bandleader, playwright and social activist (died 2014)
1958  Wolfgang Funkel, German football manager
1958  Rosie Winterton, English politician
1958  Don Swayze, American actor
1959  Rosanna Arquette, American actress
1960  Antonio Banderas, Spanish actor
1960  Kenny Perry, American golfer
1962  Suzanne Collins, American screenwriter and writer
1963  Phoolan Devi, Indian political figure (d. 2001)
1963  Andrew Sullivan, journalist
1965  Toumani Diabaté, Malian musician
1965  Claudia Christian, actress
1965  Mike Smith, Hall of Fame jockey
1965  John Starks, American basketball player
1965  Eduardo Campos, Brazilian politician (d. 2014)
1966  Hossam Hassan, Egyptian footballer
1967  Riddick Bowe, American heavyweight boxer
1967  Lorraine Pearson, musician (Five Star)
1967  Mart Sander, Estonian actor, singer, director and author
1968  Tsuyoshi Kitazawa, Japanese footballer
1968  Salvatore Licitra, Italian tenor (died 2011)
1971  Mario Kindelán, Cuban boxer
1971  Justin Theroux, actor
1971  Roy Keane, Irish footballer
1972  Christofer Johnsson, Swedish singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer
1972  Angie Harmon, American model and actress
1972  Lawrence Dallaglio, English rugby player
1973  Daijiro Takakuwa, Japanese footballer
1973  Javier Zanetti, Argentine footballer
1973  Lisa Raymond, American tennis player
1974  Luis Marin, Costa Rican footballer
1974  David Sommeil, French footballer
1975  Ilhan Mansiz, Turkish footballer, actor and ice skater
1976  Ian Murray, Scottish politician
1977  Luciana Aymar, Argentine field hockey player
1978  Danny Allsopp, Australian footballer
1978  Marcus Fizer, American basketball player
1979  Joanna Garcia, American actress
1979  Ted Geoghegan, American author, screenwriter and producer
1979  Yannick Schroeder, French racing driver
1980  Roxanne McKee, British actress
1981  Natsumi Abe, Japanese singer (formerly of Morning Musume)
1981  Taufik Hidayat, Indonesian badminton player
1982  Josh Anderson, American baseball player
1982  Shaun Murphy, English snooker player
1983  Alexander Perezhogin, Russian ice hockey player
1983  Mathieu Roy, Canadian ice hockey player
1985  Enrico Cortese, Italian footballer
1986  Kazuma Watanabe, Japanese footballer
1988  Julia Melim, Brazilian actress
1989  Ben Sahar, Israeli footballer
1990  Lucas Till, American actor
1991  Pratyusha Banerjee, Indian actress (died 2016)
1991  Amy Dowden, Welsh professional dancer
1992  Go Ah-sung, South Korean actress
1993  Yuto Nakajima, Japanese actor and singer
1994  Bernardo Silva, Portuguese footballer
1996  Jacob Latimore, American singer, actor and director
1997  Kylie Jenner, American model, television personality and entrepreneur
258  Saint Lawrence of Rome, Christian martyr.
1241  Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany (b. 1184).
1250  King Eric IV of Denmark (b. 1216).
1535  Ippolito de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1509).
1590  Princess Christina of Denmark (b. 1521).
1637  Johann Gerhard, German church leader and theologian (b. 1582).
1655  Alfonso de la Cueva, 1st Marquis of Bedmar, Spanish cardinal and diplomat (b. 1572).
1723  Guillaume Dubois, French cardinal and statesman (b. 1656).
1759  King Ferdinand VI of Spain (b. 1713).
1784  Allan Ramsey, Scottish painter (b. 1713).
1802  Franz Aepinius, German natural philosopher (b. 1724).
1806  Michael Haydn, Austrian composer (b. 1737).
1862  Horinbo Shusaku, Japanese Go player (b. 1829).
1875  Karl Andree, German geographer (b. 1808).
1896  Otto Lilienthal, German aviator (b. 1848).
1904  Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, French statesman (b. 1846).
1915  Henry Moseley, British physicist (b. 1887).
1918  William P. Kellogg, Governor of Louisiana (b. 1831).
1920  Adam Politzer, Hungarian-Austrian physician (b. 1835).
1929  Pierre Fatou, French mathematician (b. 1878).
1929  Aletta Jacobs, first female physician in the Netherlands (b. 1854).
1932  Rin Tin Tin, German shepherd dog (b. 1918).
1939  Carlo Galimberti, Italian weightlifter (b. 1894).
1945  Robert H. Goddard, American rocket scientist (b. 1882).
1960  Frank Lloyd, Scottish-American actor (b. 1886).
1963  Ernst Wetter, Swiss Federal Councillor (b. 1877).
1963  Estes Kefauver, American politician (b. 1903).
1971  Federico Callori di Vignale, Italian cardinal (b. 1890).
1979  Walter Gerlach, German physicist (b. 1889).
1980  Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, Last President of United Pakistan (b. 1917).
1986  Alan Rouse, British mountaineer (b. 1951).
1987  Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas, Greek politician (b. 1893).
1992  Aribert Heim, Austrian physician (b. 1914).
1993  Euronymous, Norwegian singer, guitarist and producer (b. 1958).
1999  Jennifer Paterson, English chef (b. 1928).
2001  Lou Boudreau, American baseball player and manager (b. 1917).
2002  Kristen Nygaard, Norwegian computer scientist (b. 1926).
2007  Henry Cabot Lodge Bohler, American military pilot and Civil rights figure (b. 1925).
2008  Isaac Hayes, American musician (b. 1942).
2010  Antonio Pettigrew, American athlete (b. 1967).
2012  Carlo Rambaldi, Italian special effects artist (b. 1925).
2013  Eydie Gormé, American singer (b. 1928).
2013  William P. Clark, Jr., American politician (b. 1931).
2013  Laszlo Csatary, Hungarian Nazi war criminal (b. 1915).
2014  Kathleen Ollerenshaw, English mathematician (b. 1912).
2014  Shree Krishna Shrestha, Nepalese actor (b. 1940).
2014  Ann Rowan, Irish actress (b. 1929)
2015  Endre Czeizel, Hungarian physicist, geneticist and professor (b. 1935)
2015  Fred Eckhardt, American beer expert (b. 1926)
2017  Ruth Pfau, German-Pakistani nun, physician and activist (b. 1929)
2017  Kim Wall, Swedish journalist (b. 1987)
2018  Lillian Cox, American supercentenarian (b. 1907)
2018  Richard Russell, American mechanic and hijacker (b. 1989)
2019  Jeffrey Epstein, American financier and sex offender (b. 1953)
2019  J. Neil Schulman, American novelist (b. 1953)
2019  Cándido Sibilio, Dominican-Spanish basketball player (b. 1958)
2019  Piero Tosi, Italian costume designer (b. 1927)
Independence Day in Ecuador
Saint Lawrence of Rome (Christian martyr)
392  Arbogast is elected Roman Emperor.
476  Odoacer is proclaimed, by West Roman mercenaries, as Rex Italiae, King of Italy.
1138  Battle of the Standard between Scotland and England near Northallerton, Yorkshire.
1485  The Battle of Bosworth Field decisively ends the Wars of the Roses.
Richard III of England dies, and Henry VII of England takes over, starting the period with the Tudor Dynasty ruling England, lasting until 1603.
1559  Bartholome de Carranza, Spanish archbishop, is arrested for heresy.
1639  Madras (now Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India) is founded by the British East India Company.
1642  Charles I calls the English Parliament traitors.
Beginning of the English Civil War
1654  Jacob Barsimson arrives in New Amsterdam.
He is the first Jewish immigrant to what is later the United States
1717  Spanish troops land on Sardinia
1770  James Cook's expedition lands on the east coast of Australia
1775  King George III declares the American colonies to be in open rebellion
1777  American Revolutionary War: British forces abandon the Siege of Fort Stanwix, after hearing rumors of Continental Army reinforcements.
1780  James Cook's ship Resolution returns to England (Cook having been killed on Hawaii during the voyage)
1791  Beginning of the Haitian Slave Revolution
1827  Jose de la Mar becomes President of Peru.
1832  Dressed as an Arab, Swiss Jean Louis Burckhardt reaches Petra, the famous rock city in Jordan.
In Europe, it had until then only been rumored to exist.
1848  The United States annexes New Mexico.
1851  Gold is discovered in Australia.
1851  The first America's Cup is won by the yacht America.
1864  Twelve nations sign the First Geneva Convention.
The Red Cross is formed.
1875  The Treaty of Saint Petersburg is ratified between Russia and Japan, providing for exchange between Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands.
1902  Cadillac Motor Company is founded
1902  Theodore Roosevelt became the first President of the United States to ride in an automobile
1910  Japan annexes Korea.
1911  The theft of the Mona Lisa is discovered, after being stolen in the night from August 21.
1914  In Belgium, British and German troops meet for the first time in World War I
1922  Michael Collins, Commander-in-Chief of the Irish Free State Army is shot dead during an anti-treaty ambush at Beal na mBlath, County Cork during the Irish Civil War.
1926  Gold is discovered in Johannesburg, South Africa.
1930  Peruvian President Augusto B. Leguia y Salcedo is deposed in a coup led by General Luis Miguel Sanchez Cerro.
1932  The BBC experiments with television broadcasting.
1934  Australian Bill Woodfull becomes the first cricket captain to regain The Ashes twice.
The Ashes is a series of fives matches played between Australia and England.
1941  German troops reach Leningrad, leading to the Siege of Leningrad
1942  Brazil declares war on the Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan)
1944  Last transport of French Jews to concentration camps in Germany
1944  32 Spaniards and 4 Frenchmen tackle a German column (1,300 men in 60 lorries, with six tanks and two self-propelled guns), at La Madeleine, France.
Three Maquis wounded, 110 Germans killed, 200 wounded.
1950  Althea Gibson becomes the first black competitor in international tennis.
1952  France permanently closes the Devil's Island penal colony off French Guiana.
French convicts were often sent there.
1961  Ida Siekmann falls to her death in an attempt to cross the Berlin Wall.
1962  An attempt to assassinate French president Charles de Gaulle fails
1962  The Savannah, the world's first nuclear-powered ship, completes its maiden voyage
1968  Pope Paul VI arrives in Bogotá, Colombia.
It is the first visit of a pope to Latin America.
1971  Hugo Banzer takes power in Bolivia.
1972  Rhodesia is expelled by the International Olympic Committee for its racist policies.
1973  United States Secretary of State William P. Rogers resigns.
Henry Kissinger succeeds him.
1975  An attempt to assassinate US President Gerald Ford fails.
1978  The Sandinista Liberation Front occupies the national palace in Managua, Nicaragua.
1981  The Voyager 2 space probe photographs Saturn's moon Iapetus.
1985  The Manchester Air Disaster occurs when 55 people are killed after a fire breaks out on a commercial aircraft at Manchester International Airport.
1988  The Australian koala, the first platinum coin, is issued.
1989  The first ring of Neptune is discovered
1989  Nolan Ryan strikes out Rickey Henderson to become the first Major League Baseball pitcher to record 5000 strikeouts.
1992  FBI HRT sniper Lon Horiuchi shot and killed Vicki Weaver during an 11-day siege at her home at Ruby Ridge, Idaho.
1996  US President Bill Clinton signs welfare reform into law.
2001  The Trojan Room coffee pot is switched off for the last time.
2004  The Scream and The Madonna by Edvard Munch is stolen at gunpoint from a museum in Oslo, Norway.
2006  Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise Flight 612 crashes in eastern Ukraine, killing 170 people.
2007  Major League Baseball: The Texas Rangers defeat the Baltimore Orioles 30–3.
2011  2011 Libyan civil war: Rebel forces advance on Tripoli, as the war enters its final phase.
2015  A plane at an airshow in Shoreham, Southern England, crashes onto a motorway, killing 11 people.
1412  Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (d. 1464)
1485  Beatus Rhenanus, German humanist (d. 1547)
1601  Georges de Scudéry, French writer (d. 1667)
1647  Denis Papin, French inventor (pressure cooker) (d. around 1712)
1724  Jens Schielderup Sneedorff, Danish author and professor of political science (d. 1764)
1760  Pope Leo XII (d. 1829)
1764  Charles Percier, French architect (d. 1838)
1771  Henry Maudslay, inventor and tool-maker (d. 1831)
1773  Aime Bonpland, French explorer (d. 1858)
1778  James Kirke Paulding, American politician, 11th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1860)
1800  William S. Harney, American general (d. 1889)
1800  Edward Bouverie, English theologian (d. 1882)
1818  Carlo Pisacane, Italian politician, guerrilla and writer (d. 1857)
1820  Manolache Costache Epureanu, Romanian politician (d. 1880)
1822  Virginia Clemm Poe, wife of Edgar Allan Poe (d. 1847)
1834  Samuel Pierpoint Langley, American astronomer (d. 1906)
1845  William Lewis Douglas, 42nd Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1924)
1846  Amalie Skram, Norwegian-Danish writer and Women's Rights activist (d. 1905)
1847  John Forrest, Australian explorer and politician, 1st Premier of Western Australia (d. 1918)
1854  King Milan I of Serbia (d. 1901)
1857  Ned Hanlon, American baseball player and manager (d. 1937)
1860  Paul Nipkow, German inventor and television pioneer (d. 1940)
1860  Eleonore Reuss of Koestritz, Tsaritsa of Bulgaria (d. 1917)
1860  Gustaf Fröding, Swedish poet (d. 1911)
1862  Claude Debussy, French composer (d. 1918)
1867  Maximilian Bircher-Benner, Swiss physician and nutritionist (d. 1939)
1873  Alexander Bogdanov, Russian philosopher and physician (d. 1928)
1874  Max Scheler, philosopher (d. 1928)
1880  George Herriman, cartoonist (d. 1944)
1882  Raymonde de Laroche, French pilot (d. 1919)
1884  Panait Istrati, Romanian writer (d. 1935)
1885  Thomas Cooke, American soccer player (d. 1964)
1887  Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1977)
1888  Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach, German general (d. 1976)
1893  Dorothy Parker, American writer (d. 1967)
1893  Wilfred Kitching, 7th General of the Salvation Army (d. 1977)
1896  Frank Loomis, American athlete (d. 1971)
1900  Sergei Ozhegov, Russian lexicographer (d. 1964)
1902  Leni Riefenstahl, German movie director (d. 2003)
1903  Francis Birch, English geophysicist (d. 1992)
1904  Deng Xiaoping, leader of the People's Republic of China (d. 1997)
1906  Stig Wennerström, Swedish spy (d. 2006)
1908  Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer (d. 2004)
1909  Mel Hein, American football player (d. 1992)
1909  Julius J. Epstein, American screenwriter (d. 2000)
1911  John J. Hickey, Governor of Wyoming (d. 1970)
1913  Bruno Pontecorvo, Italian physicist (d. 1992)
1915  Hugh Paddick, British actor (d. 2000)
1915  Edward Szczepanik, Polish Prime Minister (d. 2005)
1915  James Hiller, Canadian-American scientist (d. 2007)
1917  John Lee Hooker, American blues guitarist and singer (d. 2001)
1917  Oscar E. Huber, American politician (d. 2017)
1918  Said Mohamed Djohar, President of the Comoros (d. 2006)
1920  Ray Bradbury, American writer (d. 2012)
1920  Doctor Denton Cooley, American heart surgeon (d. 2016)
1924  James Kirkwood Jr., novelist (d. 1989)
1924  Ada Jafri, Pakistani poet and author (d. 2015)
1925  Honor Blackman, British actress
1928  Karlheinz Stockhausen, German composer (d. 2007)
1928  Tinga Seisay, Sierra Leonean diplomat and activist
1930  Gylmar dos Santos Neves, Brazilian footballer (d. 2013)
1932  Gerald P. Carr, American astronaut
1933  Sylva Koscina, Croatian-Italian actress
1933  Michael von Albrecht, German classical scholar
1934  Norman Schwarzkopf, American general (d. 2012)
1935  E. Annie Proulx, Canadian Pulitzer Prize-winning writer
1936  Petar Mladenov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (d. 2000)
1937  Francesco Musso, Italian boxer
1938  Paul Maguire, American football player
1939  George Reinholt, actor
1939  Carl Yastrzemski, American Baseball Hall of Famer
1939  Valerie Harper, American actress (d. 2019)
1941  Bill Parcells, American football coach
1942  Kathy Lennon, American singer
1942  Ugur Mumcu, Turkish journalist and writer (d. 1993)
1942  Joe Klein, American baseball executive (d. 2017)
1943  Alun Michael, Welsh politician
1943  Masatoshi Shima, Japanese computer scientist
1945  David Chase, American screenwriter, director and producer
1945  Ron Dante, American singer-songwriter and producer
1947  Robert E. Cramer, American politician
1947  Donna Godchaux, American singer (Grateful Dead)
1947  Cindy Williams, actress
1948  David Marks, American songwriter and musician
1950  Lewis Libby, American White House counsel
1951  Chandra Prakash Mainali, Nepalese politician
1953  Paul Ellering, American weightlifter, wrestler and manager
1955  Will Shetterly, writer
1956  Paul Molitor, American Baseball Hall of Famer
1957  Steve Davis, English snooker player
1958  Colm Feore, American-Canadian actor
1958  Vernon Reid, musician (Living Colour)
1959  Pia Gjellerup, Danish politician
1959  Mark Williams, English actor and screenwriter
1960  Collin Raye, American country music singer and songwriter
1960  Regina Taylor, American actress
1961  Debbi Peterson, drummer (The Bangles)
1961  Roland Orzabal, singer and guitarist (Tears for Fears)
1961  Andrés Calamaro, Argentine musician and composer
1961  Thomas Hoeren, German law professor
1962  Viktor Bryzhin, Ukrainian sprinter
1962  Ilkka Laitinen, Finnish military officer and politician (d. 2019)
1963  Tori Amos, American singer, songwriter, and pianist
1964  Mats Wilander, Swedish tennis player
1964  Andrew Wilson, American actor
1966  Paul Ereng, Kenyan athlete
1966  Rob Witschge, Dutch footballer
1967  Yukiko Okada, Japanese singer (d. 1986)
1967  Layne Staley, American musician (Alice in Chains) (d. 2002)
1967  Ty Burrell, American actor and comedian
1967  Adewode Akinnouye-Agbaje, British actor
1968  Elisabeth Murdoch, Australian businesswoman
1969  Paola Epifani, Italian artist
1970  Giada De Laurentiis, Italian-American chef and author
1971  Richard Armitage, British actor
1972  Paul Doucette, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and drummer
1972  Steve Kline, American baseball player and coach
1973  Howie Dorough, American singer-songwriter, dancer and actor (Backstreet Boys)
1973  Kristin Wiig, American actress and comedienne
1975  Rodrigo Santoro, Brazilian actor
1977  Heidar Helguson, Icelandic footballer
1977  Jenna Leigh Green, American actress and singer
1978  Jeff Stinco, Canadian musician (Simple Plan)
1978  James Corden, English actor and television personality
1979  Jennifer Finnigan, Canadian actress
1979  Mia Audina, Indonesian-Dutch badminton player
1980  Aya Sumika, American actress
1981  Alex Holmes, American Football player
1982  Marco Wölfli, Swiss footballer
1983  Laura Breckenridge, American actress
1983  Theo Bos, Dutch motorcycle racer
1984  Lawrence Quaye, Ghanaian-Qatari footballer
1986  Keiko Kitagawa, Japanese actress
1986  Monsieur Adi, French musician, record producer and DJ
1986  Janis Vahter, Estonian basketball player
1987  Mischa Zverev, Russian-German tennis player
1991  Federico Macheda, Italian footballer
1991  Brayden Schenn, Canadian ice hockey player
1994  Olli Maatta, Finnish ice hockey player
1995  Dua Lipa, English singer and songwriter
1999  Dakota Goyo, Canadian actor
408  Stilicho, Roman general (b. 359)
1155  Emperor Konoe of Japan (b. 1139)
1188  Ferdinand II of Leon (b. 1137)
1241  Pope Gregory IX
1280  Pope Nicholas III (b. 1216)
1304  John II, Count of Holland (b. 1247)
1350  King Philip VI of France (b. 1293)
1358  Isabella, Queen of England (b. 1295)
1456  Vladislav II of Wallachia
1485  King Richard III of England (b. 1452)
1532  William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1450)
1553  John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (b. 1504)
1554  Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Spanish conquistador (b. 1510)
1572  Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland (b. 1528)
1584  Jan Kochanowski, Polish poet (b. 1530)
1599  Luca Marenzio, Italian composer (b. 1553)
1652  Jacob de La Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (b. 1583)
1680  John George II, Elector of Saxony (b. 1613)
1701  John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English royalist statesman (b. 1628)
1752  William Whiston, English mathematician, historian and theologian (b. 1667)
1793  Louis de Noailles, Marshal of France (b. 1713)
1806  Jean-Honore Fragonard, French painter (b. 1732)
1818  Warren Hastings, English politician, 1st Governor of Bengal (b. 1732)
1850  Nikolaus Lenau, Austrian writer (b. 1802)
1861  Xianfeng, Chinese Emperor (b. 1830)
1890  Vasile Alecsandri, Romanian poet, writer and politician (b. 1821)
1891  Jan Neruda, Czech writer (b. 1834)
1903  Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1830)
1922  Michael Collins, Irish political leader (b. 1890)
1940  Gerald Strickland, British statesman (b. 1861)
1940  Isidro Goma y Tomas, Spanish cardinal (b. 1869)
1942  Michel Fokine, Russian dancer and choreographer (b. 1880)
1944  Luigi Maglione, Italian cardinal (b. 1877)
1961  Ida Siekmann, victim of the Berlin Wall (b. 1902)
1965  Ellen Church, American flight attendant (b. 1904)
1967  Gregory Goodwin Pincus, American biologist (b. 1903)
1976  Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, President of Brazil (b. 1902)
1977  Sebastian Cabot, English-born actor (b. 1918)
1978  Jomo Kenyatta, President of Kenya (b. 1891)
1980  Alfred Neubauer, German racing team manager (b. 1891)
1986  Celal Bayar, 3rd President of Turkey (b. 1883)
1989  Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev, Russian engineer (b. 1906)
1989  Huey Newton, American activist (b. 1942)
1991  Boris Pugo, Soviet-Latvian politician (b. 1937)
1993  Kasdi Merbah, Algerian politician
2000  Abulfaz Elchibey, President of Azerbaijan (b. 1938)
2004  Angus Bethune, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1908)
2005  Luc Ferrari, French composer (b. 1929)
2010  Stjepan Bobek, Croatian footballer (b. 1923)
2011  Jack Layton, Canadian politician, leader of the New Democratic Party (b. 1950)
2011  Loriot, German humorist, cartoonist, actor and writer (b. 1923)
2011  Jerry Leiber, American songwriter (b. 1933)
2012  Paul Shan Kuo-hsi, Chinese cardinal and archbishop (b. 1923)
2013  Jetty Paerl, Dutch singer (b. 1921)
2014  U. R. Ananthamurthy, Indian writer and critic (b. 1932)
2014  Emmanuel Kriaras, Greek lexicographer and philologist (b. 1906)
2014  John S. Waugh, American chemist (b. 1929)
2014  Jack Harris, Australian golfer (b. 1922)
2015  Arthur Morris, Australian cricketer (b. 1922)
2015  Ieng Thirith, Cambodian politician (b. 1932)
2015  Merl Reagle, American crossword compiler (b. 1950)
2015  Jörg Schneider, Swiss actor and comedian (b. 1935)
2015  Mariem Hassan, Sahrawi singer (b. 1958)
2016  Sellapan Ramanathan, President of Singapore (b. 1924)
2016  Toots Thielemans, Belgian jazz musician (b. 1922)
2017  John Abercrombie, American jazz guitarist (b. 1944)
2017  Alain Berbérian, Lebanese-born French film director and screenwriter (b. 1953)
2017  Tony deBrum, Marshallese politician (b. 1945)
2017  Rishang Keishing, Indian politician (b. 1920)
2017  Matthew Kia Yen-wen, Taiwanese archbishop (b. 1925)
2017  Tom Pritchard, New Zealand cricketer (b. 1917)
2017  Jim Whelan, American politician (b. 1948)
2017  Michael J. C. Gordon, British computer scientist (b. 1948)
2017  Pedro Pedrossian, Brazilian politician (b. 1928)
2018  Tullio Ilomets, Estonian chemist and science historian (b. 1921)
2018  Ed King, American guitarist (b. 1949)
2018  Lazy Lester, American blues guitarist (b. 1933)
2018  Richard Kadison, American mathematician (b. 1925)
2019  Junior Agogo, Ghanaian footballer (b. 1979)
2019  Gary Ray Bowles, American serial killer (b. 1962)
2019  Tim Fischer, Australian politician (b. 1946)
2019  Tom Nissalke, American basketball coach (b. 1932)
Flag Day (Russia)
August 22 – Battle of Bosworth Field ends the War of the Roses, Henry VII becomes King of England.
The first appearance of the sweating sickness in England.
16 December – Catherine of Aragon, later first Queen-consort of King Henry VIII of England.
Thomas Cromwell, English statesman (approximately).
Hernán Cortés, conqueror of Mexico
Clément Janequin, French chanson composer (approximate date)
Hugh Aston, English composer (approximate date)
Pierre Moulu, French composer (approximate date)
March 16 – Anne Neville, Queen consort of Richard III of England.
22 August – King Richard III of England.
October 28 – Rodolphus Agricola, Dutch scholar
Noon is the time exactly halfway through the day (12.00-12:00 in the 24-hour clock and 12:00 PM-12:00 PM in the 12-hour clock).
Midday also means noon, although this also means around noon, or very early afternoon.
Solar noon is when the sun appears the highest in the sky, compared to its positions during the rest of the day.
It occurs when the Sun is exactly halfway between sunrise (dawn) and sunset.
This is also the origin of the terms a.m. and p.m., ante meridiem and post meridiem.
At solar noon, the sun is due south seen from the Northern Hemisphere, and due north seen from the Southern Hemisphere.
The sun is directly overhead at solar noon at the Equator on the equinoxes; at Tropic of ♋  (latitude 23½°N) on the summer solstice in June; and at Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S) on the winter solstice in December.
Cultural meanings
Parts of a day
The 24-hour clock is a way of telling the time in which the day runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 hours, numbered from 0 to 24.
It does not use a.m. or p.m. This system is also referred to (only in the US and the English speaking parts of Canada) as military time or  (only in the United Kingdom and now very rarely) as continental time.
In some parts of the world, it is called railway time.
Also, the international standard notation of time (ISO 8601) is based on this format.
A time in the 24-hour clock is written in the form hours:minutes (for example, 01:23), or hours:minutes:seconds (01:23:45).
Numbers under 10 usually have a zero in front (called a leading zero); e.g. 09:07.
Under the 24-hour clock system, the day begins at midnight, 00:00, and the last minute of the day begins at 23:59 and ends at 24:00, which is identical to 00:00 of the following day.
12:00 can only be mid-day.
Midnight is called 24:00 and is used to mean the end of the day and 00:00 is used to mean the beginning of the day.
For example, you would say "Tuesday at 24:00" and "Wednesday at 00:00" to mean exactly the same time.
24-hour clock time is used in computers, military, public safety, and transport.
In many Asian, European and Latin American countries people use it to write the time.
Many European people use it in speaking.
In railway timetables 24:00 means the end of the day.
For example, a train due to arrive at a station during the last minute of a day arrives at 24:00; but trains which depart during the first minute of the day go at 00:00.
To write shop opening hours until midnight use, for example,  "00:00–24:00", "07:00–24:00".
Fewer confusions between morning and evening; e.g. 7 o'clock in the evening is called 19:00.
People do not have to figure out if noon is 00h00.m.24 or 12hmr to calculate duration.
Fifth Avenue is a large avenue in New York City (U.S.).
Running from Greenwich Village in southern Manhattan to Harlem in the north, the avenue marks the line dividing Manhattan into two parts, called the East Side and the West Side.
The nearest avenues, on either side, are Madison Avenue (east) and Sixth Avenue (west), also known as the Avenue of the Americas.
There are many famous sights, such as the New York Public Library, St. Patrick's Cathedral, Rockefeller Center and Central Park (which runs along the west side, between 59th and 110th Street).
On Fifth Avenue there are many expensive shops like Gucci.
Roads in New York City
Yarm is a small town in North East England, in Stockton-on-Tees, North Yorkshire.
It is next to the River Tees and the River Leven.
It has a railway station.
From 1974 to 1996 it was part of Cleveland, England.
Towns in North Yorkshire
The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) is a loyalist paramilitary (civilians trained as soldiers) group based in Northern Ireland.
It was formed in 1966.
Its name comes from the UVF of World War I. The Ulster Volunteer Force was started as a Protestant/Unionist militia (citizen military force) in 1912 to oppose the Home Rule campaign for a separate Irish parliament.
Many UVF members formed the 36th (Ulster) Division that fought with the British Army in World War I. The Progressive Unionist Party is the political wing of the outlawed Ulster Volunteer Force and Red Hand Commando.
Although the PUP is called a loyalist fringe party, it has more moderate unionist views than any of the traditional unionist parties.
In 1971, they bombed McGurk's Bar in Belfast which was in a mostly Catholic area of the city.
The blast killed 15 Catholics and destroyed the building.
In 1974, they placed three car bombs in the centre of Dublin and another in Monaghan, which were deliberately exploded at rush hour to kill as many people as possible.
The bombs killed 33 people and injured over 300, making it the worst atrocity of the conflict.
In 1975, they shot dead three members of the Miami Showband, a popular showband from Dublin, as they were travelling home from doing a show in County Down, Northern Ireland.
In 1994, they attacked a bar in Loughinisland County Down and fired on the customers.
The attack killed six Catholics and injured five others.
Following the murder of a Catholic taxi driver in Portadown in July 1996, the Mid-Ulster Brigade of the UVF was expelled.
They immediately set up the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF).
Ceasefire and decommissioning
After a continuous campaign of 28 years, the UVF called a ceasefire in October 1994.
They stated in October 2007 that they had ended their campaign and in June 2009 they announced they had decommissioned (destroyed their weapons), however the UVF have been involved in a number of incidents since then, which has put the announcement in doubt.
Deaths as a result of campaign
From the organization's creation in 1966 and ending of campaign in 2007, the UVF were responsible for at least 400 murders, however it is believed the actual figure is closer to 1,000.
The UVF stated that their mission was to destroy Irish republican paramilitary groups, however over 80% of their victims were Catholic civilians.
Steve Bruce, The Red Hand, 1992,
Jim Cusack & Henry McDonald, UVF, 2000,
Martin Dillon, The Dirty War
Brendan O'Brien, The Long War - the IRA and Sinn Féin
Peter Taylor, Loyalists
Tony Geraghty, The Irish War
History of the 1912 UVF
History of the YCV
CAIN - University of Ulster Conflict Archive
Photographs of UVF murals
1966 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Northern Ireland
1381 – Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
1418 – An Insurrection delivers Paris to control of the Burgundians.
1429 – Battle of Jargeau: Joan of Arc leads the French army in the capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the battle's second day.
1550 - Helsinki, present-day capital of Finland and then-part of Sweden, is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.
1560 – Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeats Imagawa Yoshimoto.
1665 - England installs a municipal government in New York.
1758 - French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg - James Wolfe's attack on Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, begins.
1775 - American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declares martial law in Massachusetts.
1776 - The Virginia Declaration of Rights is adopted in what would become the United States.
1860 – The State Bank of the Russian Empire is founded.
1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Cold Harbor - General Ulysses S. Grant pulls his Union troops from their positions, handing victory to Confederate General Robert E. Lee.
1872 – The Royal Mint (where money is made) opens in Melbourne.
1889 – The Armagh rail disaster occurs in present-day Northern Ireland, killing 78 people.
1897 – Carl Elsener patents a small pen knife, now called the Swiss army knife.
1898 – The republic of the Philippines declares independence from Spain.
1899 – United States: The New Richmond tornado kills 117 people.
1929 – Anne Frank is born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
1932 - Bayern Munich win the German football championship for the first time.
1939 – The Baseball Hall of Fame opens in Cooperstown, New York.
1939 - Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures' Dr. Cyclops, the first horror movie photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1940 - World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrender to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 – Anne Frank receives her diary for her 13th birthday.
1943 - Holocaust: Nazi Germany liquidates the Jewish Ghetto in what is now Berezhany, Ukraine.
1,800 Jews are led to the city's graveyard and shot.
1962 – The Roraima National Park is created in the border area of Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana.
1963 – Civil Rights activist Medgar Evans is murdered in Jackson, Mississippi by Byron De La Beckwith.
1964 – Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life in prison.
1967 – The United States Supreme Court rules in the Loving v Virginia case that US State laws prohibiting interracial marriage are unconstitutional.
1967 – Venera programme: The Venera 4 space probe is launched to Venus.
1968 - Eddy Merckx wins the Tour de France for the first time.
1973 - Helmut Kohl is chosen as leader of the CDU, one of the main parties in the Federal Republic of Germany.
1975 – Indira Gandhi is found guilty of electoral corruption.
1978 – David Berkowitz is sentenced to 365 years in prison for the six Son of Sam murders in New York.
1987 – Ronald Reagan makes a speech at the Brandenburg Gate, calling for Mikhail Gorbachev to 'Tear down this wall!'
1987 – Jean-Bédel Bokassa, former self-declared Emperor of the present-day Central African Republic, is sentenced to death.