the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Unlike the butterfly, the hummingbird hovers over the flower as it drinks nectar from it, like a moth.
When it does so, it flaps its wings very quickly to stay in one place, which makes it look like a blur and also beats so fast it makes a humming sound.
A hummingbird sometimes puts its whole head into the flower to drink the nectar properly.
When it takes its head back out, its head is covered with yellow pollen, so that when it moves to another flower, it can pollinate.
Or sometimes it may pollinate with its beak.
Like bees, hummingbirds can assess the amount of sugar in the nectar they eat.
They reject flowers whose nectar has less than 10% sugar.
Nectar is a poor source of nutrients, so hummingbirds meet their needs for protein, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, etc.
by preying on insects and spiders.
Feeding apparatus
Most hummingbirds have bills that are long and straight or nearly so, but in some species the bill shape is adapted for specialized feeding.
Thornbills have short, sharp bills adapted for feeding from flowers with short corollas and piercing the bases of longer ones.
The Sicklebills' extremely decurved bills are adapted to extracting nectar from the curved corollas of flowers in the family Gesneriaceae.
The bill of the Fiery-tailed Awlbill has an upturned tip, as in the Avocets.
The male Tooth-billed Hummingbird has barracuda-like spikes at the tip of its long, straight bill.
The two halves of a hummingbird's bill have a pronounced overlap, with the lower half (mandible) fitting tightly inside the upper half (maxilla).
When hummingbirds feed on nectar, the bill is usually only opened slightly, allowing the tongue to dart out into the nectar.
Hummingbirds do not spend all day flying, as the energy cost would be prohibitive; the majority of their activity consists simply of sitting or perching.
Hummingbirds feed in many small meals, consuming many small invertebrates and up to twelve times their own body weight in nectar each day.
They spend an average of 10–15% of their time feeding and 75–80% sitting and digesting.
Co-evolution with flowers
Since hummingbirds are specialized nectar-eaters, they are tied to the bird-flowers they feed upon.
Some species, especially those with unusual bill shapes such as the Sword-billed Hummingbird and the sicklebills, are co-evolved with a small number of flower species.
Many plants pollinated by hummingbirds produce flowers in shades of red, orange, and bright pink, though the birds will take nectar from flowers of many colors.
Hummingbirds can see wavelengths into the near-ultraviolet.
However, their flowers do not reflect these wavelengths as many insect-pollinated flowers do.
The narrow color spectrum may make hummingbird-pollinated flowers inconspicuous to insects, thereby reducing nectar robbing by insects.
Hummingbird-pollinated flowers also produce relatively weak nectar (averaging 25% sugars w/w) containing high concentrations of sucrose, whereas insect-pollinated flowers typically produce more concentrated nectars dominated by fructose and glucose.
Hummingbirds have traditionally been a part of the bird order Apodiformes.
This order includes the hummingbirds, the swifts and the tree swifts.
The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy of birds, based on DNA studies done in the 1970s and 1980s, changed the classification of hummingbirds.
Instead of being in the same order as the swifts, the hummingbirds were made an order, the Trochiliformes.
Their previous order, Apodiformes was changed to the superorder Apodimorphae.
This superorder contains the three families of birds which were in it when it was an order.
Bielsko-Biała is a city in southern Poland with 180,000 inhabitants.
Its size is 125km2.
The city is in the Beskidy mountains.
Idi Amin Dada ( 1925 – 16 August 2003) was a repressive dictator who ruled the African country of Uganda from 1971 to 1979.
He lost power after trying to take over some Tanzanian land.
The President of Tanzania at the time, Julius Nyerere, invaded Uganda.
After Tanzanian forces took control of Kampala, Uganda’s capital city, Amin fled.
Amin was famous for forcing all Asians to leave Uganda.
He thought that Asian people living in Uganda (who were mostly Indians and Pakistanis) were taking jobs away from Ugandan workers.
After Amin lost power, many of the Asians who had left Uganda came back.
He was a convert to Islam.
He supported the cause of Palestinian freedom.
This caused the hijacking of an Air France flight that landed in Entebbe, Uganda.
Amin became known as a very brutal leader, and in the 1970s he was compared to historical persons such as Caligula, Hitler, Beria and Himmler.
In several of the neighboring countries he was viewed as a "sadist, murderer, fascist and oppressor."
In 1979, Amin was thrown out of Uganda and barred from ever returning.
He fled to Libya, then to Saudi Arabia.
Amin was put on life support on July 18, 2003.
When his organs began to fail, his family decided to take him off of life support.
He died in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from multiple organ failure, one day before his 78th birthday.
He was buried without any memorial in a simple grave without a headstone.
The Last King of Scotland (2006) is a movie about Amin's government.
Forest Whitaker, who played Amin, won an Academy Award for best actor.
African military people
Presidents of Uganda
Phnom Penh (; official Romanization: Phnum Pénh; IPA: [pʰnum peːɲ]) is the capital city of Cambodia.
It is the largest and most populous city in the country.
It is also the capital of the Phnom Penh administrative city.
On April 17 1975, it was seized by the Khmer Rouge who soon forced everyone to leave.
It was later retaken from the Khmer Rouge by the Vietnamese Army in January 1979.
Settlements in Cambodia
"Take Me Out to the Ball Game" is a 1908 Tin Pan Alley song.
The words were written by Jack Norworth.
The music was written by Albert Von Tilzer.
Neither of the writers had been to a baseball game.
The song has become the unofficial anthem of baseball.
The chorus is traditionally sung during the seventh-inning stretch of a baseball game.
Fans are generally encouraged to sing along.
At some ballparks, the words "home team" are replaced with the team name, as is the case with the Houston Astros, San Francisco Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox, Milwaukee Brewers, Philadelphia Phillies, Toronto Blue Jays, Miami Marlins, Colorado Rockies, Detroit Tigers and several other Major League Baseball teams.
The first recorded version of the song was made by Edward Meeker.
Meeker's recording was selected by the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording Registry.
The Registry picks recordings once a year that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
20th-century songs
Xia dynasty (Chinese: 夏朝; Pinyin: xià cháo; Wade–Giles: Hsia-ch'ao) was the first dynasty of China.
It was founded in 2100 BC and ended in 1600 BC.
Until archaeologists dug at Erlitou in Henan Province, many scientists were not sure if the Xia Dynasty was real or a myth.
The last king was Jie who was said to be cruel and greedy.
He was defeated by T'ang, the king of the Shang people from the east.
Kings of the Xia dynasty
South Park is an American adult animated sitcom about the lives of four boys in the fourth grade living in the small mountain town of South Park, Colorado.
The series is made to be watched by adults, but the series gets a lot of people to watch it because of its humor.
It uses satire to make fun of subjects such as current events, religion, politics, and pop culture.
The show is controversial because of its use of profanity and sexual humor.
Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone also made a movie based on this series called South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.
Characters in South Park include Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick.
These boys are 10 years old.
The series is about them living in their town.
South Park began in 1992 when Trey Parker and Matt Stone met in their film class at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
They made a short subject animated short called Jesus vs. Frosty.
The short movie had characters that were similar to the main characters in the present-day South Park.
Later on, an executive at FOX saw the movie.
He hired Parker and Stone to make a second short movie to send to friends as a video Christmas card.
This second video was called Jesus vs. Santa.
It had the same style as the South Park that can be seen today.
The voices in South Park are done by a small number of actors.
Most of the male voices are done by Matt Stone and Trey Parker.
The female voices are done by April Stewart and Mona Marshall (formerly Mary Kay Bergman and Eliza Schneider).
Other voices are done by Adrien Beard (Token black), and Vernon Chatman (Towelie).
Stan is usually considered the serious and sensitive of the group.
Stan is able to think clearly and is generally good-natured.
Stan usually tries to come up with logical solutions to their outrageous situations.
Stan's character is loosely based on the persona (public personality) of co-creator Trey Parker.
His best friend is Kyle and their relationship is essential in several episodes, such as when he saves Kyle's life in "Cherokee Hair Tampons", "Cartmanland" and "Super Best Friends".
Kyle is the most easy-going character and the only Jewish one.
Even though he is not particularly religious, he hates Cartman because Cartman is always making insulting comments about his faith.
Kyle's character portrays the alter-ego of co-creator Matt Stone.
Along with Stan, Kyle often gives a reasonable look on the crazy behavior of the adult world around them.
Kyle is often shown as the most moral member of the four.
Eric is the most irrational of the main characters.
Eric is fat and seems to dislike everything except food.
He is often the main reason for the plot of each episode.
Cartman commonly acts against the other boys.
Cartman often insults Kyle for being Jewish and Kenny for being poor.
In the earlier episodes, he would also insult Stan for having a girlfriend.
Cartman is extremely  and seems to be intelligent.
However, this is shadowed by his racism and bigotry.
Cartman sometimes serves as a speaker for some of Parker and Stone's more extreme commentary about society (three times he has dressed as Adolf Hitler).
Cartman hates hippies more than anything else.
This is seen in the episode "Die Hippie, Die" which showed his career as a 'hippie exterminator'.
Kenny comes from a poor family.
He is the most cosmopolitan of the four boys, who often turn to him when encountering an unfamiliar sexual term.
Kenny's voice is muffled by his parka.
This is mainly because the comments he makes are vulgar.
Even though his dialog is not understood by the viewer, Stan, Kyle and Cartman can understand him completely clearly enough.
Butters makes very few appearances in early episodes.
He only started to became a regular character upon Kenny's death in season 6.
He has since been used almost as regularly as the main four boys.
Butters is the character that the others usually make fun of.
He is nervous, naive, easily manipulated, yet he remains very optimistic.
He is often punished by his overbearing parents, and sometimes used by his peers for their own amusement.
Butters always gets grounded.
To further represent Butters' unluckiness, it is revealed in the episode "AWESOM-O" that his birthday is on September 11.
Butters became important after he was the replacement for the semi-permanently dead Kenny in season 6.
He also has an alter ego which he named "Professor Chaos".
His character is based on animation director Eric Stough.
South Park has a number of different families, who represent a common theme of many episodes.
There are five main families who are distinguished from the rest of the townsfolk: the Marshes (Stan's), the Broflovskis (Kyle's)(Jews), the Cartmans (Eric's), the McCormicks (Kenny's), and the Stotches (Butters').
These families are important because their children have been main characters.
Marsh family
Randy Marsh
Randy Marsh has become one of the most common adult characters on the show.
His actions in a lot of episodes, such as "Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow" and "Bloody Mary", suggest that Randy is rather foolish.
Stan also says that his father is stupid in the episodes "Child Abduction Is Not Funny" and "All About the Mormons?".
Like most adults in South Park, he has a tendency to get caught up in any trend.
Randy is one of South Park's two geologists along with Clyde's father.
Sharon Marsh
Shelley Marsh
Broflovski family
Sheila Broflovski
Gerald Broflovski
Ike Broflovski
Peter Gints, also known as Ike Moisha Broflovski, is Kyle's little brother.
He was adopted by Gerald and Shiela.
He was born in Canada.
Kyle Schwartz
Cartman/Tenorman family
Jack Tenorman
Jack Tenorman is Eric and Scott Tenorman's father.
He is murdered in Season 5.
Scott Tenorman
Towelie
Towelie is a talking towel who smokes marijuana.
He has a collection of novelty stamps.
He often reminds the boys to bring a towel. "
Don't forget to bring a towel."
South Park Official Website
South Park Archives
South Park Wiki (German)
Watch South Park
The colon is a part of the large intestine.
It is between the cecum and the rectum.
The colon takes water from the feces that goes through it.
The colon in mammals can be divided into four sections:
the ascending colon
the transverse colon
the descending colon
the sigmoid colon
Ascending colon
This part of the colon goes from the cecum (where the small intestine  ends) up the right hand side of the abdomen.
Transverse colon
This part of the colon goes across the from the ascending colon.
It goes underneath the stomach and the pancreas and joins the descending colon near the spleen.
Descending colon
This part of the intestine is about 30 cm in length.
It travels down the left side of the abdomen.
It is possible to have medical problems with the descending colon including ulcers, cancer and Crohn's disease.
Sigmoid colon
This is the small "S" shaped part of the colon, about 40 cm in length, which goes from the bottom of the descending colon into the centre of the pelvis to the rectum.
It gets its name from the Greek letter "s", sigma.
Overview and diagrams at seer.cancer.gov
Video: What is Colorectal Cancer?
The battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ was a 1954 battle between Vietnamese and French forces.
Vietnam won, which made the French give up in the First Indochina War.
The independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnamwas secured, and Vietnam was divided into into North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
With the launch of Operation Castor, French soldiers were dropped from the Red River Delta by air, deep into the northwestern hills of Vietnam, into Việt Minh territory.
They established a well-fortified garrison at Ðiện Biên Phủ, alongside an airstrip to supply their troops.
That was an attempt to lure the Vietnamese guerrilla fighters, commanded by General Võ Nguyên Giáp, into an all-out firefight to inflict devastating losses in which the French would use their heavy artillery and superior firepower.
However, the Việt Minh did not take the bait but brought Chinese-funded heavy artillery into this difficult area, much to French surprise.
The Việt Minh also used its superior numbers in human wave tactics to overwhelm the French.
Next, the Việt Minh dug deep trenches and used its artillery to shoot down any French air planes, destroy the French airstrip, and bombard the French troops into submission.
The French surrendered the in May 1954, after two months of fighting.
The number of French soldiers at the garrison had increased from 12,000 to over 15,000.
After years of fighting and this defeat, the French no longer wanted to continue fighting.
It was the first time an Asian colonial army defeated the army of a European power by military might.
That was considered to be a surprise disaster for the French and a blow to the Western world.
The French no longer wanted to maintain French Indochina and so they negotiated and later withdrew from Indochina.
The Second Indochinese War later was fought between both Vietnams
French colonies in Africa also revolted, most famously during the Algerian War.
By 1967, most of the French colonial empire had been gone.
Dien Bien Phu
The August Revolution happened in Vietnam in August 1945.
It was an uprising for independence after the Japanese lost World War II.
It led to the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945.
The independence war against the French would soon follow.
The word dictator or despot in modern times is used to describe the absolute ruler (other than a king) of a country, who uses force and fear to keep himself and his friends in authority, and can effectively make laws all by himself.
Dictatorship is a type of government, used in some countries.
A country that is ruled by a dictator is called a dictatorship.
Dictatorship is often called a cruel government, because it is considered most violent.
The word "dictator" is from the Roman Republic where a man would be given absolute power for half a year or one year to handle an emergency.
Julius Caesar was the last Roman Dictator.
Some dictators gained political power in a revolution.
Some won an election and cancelled new elections once they took power.
It is not always clear whether a leader is a dictator or not.
Some leaders got into power by elections, but sometimes they gave false election results.
Kings and emperors often use force and fear too, but usually they are not called dictators.
This is because those monarchs have some reason for being in power (usually their father was king or emperor), but a dictator gained power himself.
Also, when someone is king or emperor of a country, usually there were several kings or emperors before them.
A dictator often creates the job of dictator by gaining power.
Nigeria is a country in West Africa.
It has a population of 188,500,000, more than any other country in Africa.
Its capital is Abuja.
Nigeria is a large country, with the largest popuation in Africa and is the most powerful in Africa.
From the 1500s to the 1800s, many people from the land now called Nigeria (and other parts of West Africa) were taken away and turned into slaves by Europeans, and they were sent to work in the Americas.
These slaves were bought and sold in the Americas by Europeans who lived there.
Today, many people related to those slaves still live in America, though they are no longer slaves.
They are called African Americans.
From 1901 to 1960, the United Kingdom ruled Nigeria.
However, by 1960 the people wanted independence, and Britain finally let them have it.
For some time after this, Nigeria was a dictatorship, where the leaders stayed in control even if the majority of people disliked them.
At this time, the Nigerian Civil War was by separatist Christian Igbo people in the Southeast against the Nigerian government.
They did not want to be a part of Nigeria, which was ruled by The Muslim north and mixed west.
The war ended with a reunification of Nigeria.
In 1999, Nigeria became a democracy, where people choose their leaders.
After that, Olusegun Obasanjo, a Yoruba Christian from the south, became President.
In 2007, Umaru Yar'Adua, a Hausa Muslim, was elected to be the next President.
Yar'Adua died in May, 2009.
Goodluck Jonathan, the vice president, then became president.
In the early 21st century, there are several low-intensity armed conflicts.
These include the insurgency by the Islamist group Boko Haram.
The Boko Haram insurgency happens mostly in the northeast.
This group wants Sharia law for the country.
Another is the Nigerian bandit conflict, in which bandit gangs carry out attacks, mostly in the northwest.
There is a separatist insurgency in the southeast.
Nigeria has a total area of .
It is the world's 32nd-largest country.
It shares a border with Benin (773 km), Niger (1497 km), Chad (87 km) and Cameroon (1690 km).
It has a coastline of at least 853 km.
The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at .
The main rivers are the Niger and the Benue River.
They come together and empty into the Niger Delta, one of the world's largest river deltas.
It is the location of a large area of Central African mangroves.
In Nigeria, there are two national anthems.
The first one is called "Nigeria We Hail Thee".
The second and current national anthem is called "Arise O' Compatriots.
The first one was written by Lilian Jean William and composed by Frances Berda.
The second one was written by 5 people and was composed by the Police band.
Arise O' Compatriots was first heard during Nigeria's independence.
In Nigeria, there are almost equal numbers of Muslims and Christians.
Most of the Christians live in the south, and most of the Muslims live in the north.
Contrary to some beliefs, the Nigerian civil war was not only attributed to religious intolerance.
The war which took place between 6 July 1967 – 15 January 1970, was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra.
The conflict was the result of economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria.
Nigeria produces a large amount of oil, and some fighting has been going on because many people want a share of the oil profits.
This fighting has been happening in the area called the Niger Delta, where the Niger River flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
The largest city in Nigeria is Lagos.
Nigeria has both grasslands and rainforests, and can get very hot, because it is close to the Equator.
Petroleum and agriculture make up the Nigerian economy.
Nigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety.
Many different spices, herbs and flavourings are used along with palm oil or groundnut oil.
These make deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with chili peppers.
Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish.
Good smelling market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied.
Association football is Nigeria's national sport.
The country has its own Premier League of football.
Nigeria's Men's national football team, known as the Super Eagles, has made the World Cup five times.
These were in 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, 2014, and most recently in 2018.
They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980, 1994 and 2013.
They also hosted the Junior World Cup.
They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, cricket, sprints and track and field.
Boxing is also an important sport in Nigeria; Dick Tiger and Samuel Peter are both former World Champions.
Laxoox (pronounced 'la-hoh') in Somalia, or Canjeera is a flat bread, a kind of pancake served in Somaliland, Somalia, Yemen and parts of Djibouti.
It is frequently seen in the kitchens of northern East Africa.
Laxoox bread is very similar to injera, made in Ethiopian and Eritrea, but is much thinner and smaller in size.
However, laxoox  is always made with wheat flour, while the injera is made from teff (which can be made with flour of other cereals).
The bread is made with a mixture of wheat flour, yeast, warm water and a small portion of salt.
The mixture is stirred by hand until it becomes creamy and smooth, in this case is left to ferment in the evening.
The laxoox is traditionally cooked in a circular metal plate called Daawa.
Somalis living in exile, without access to a Daawa, use a normal pan instead.
Flavor is often using melted butter or caramel.
The Laxoox served with ful medames, scrambled egg, minced meat, beans, hummus, soup, camel milk, tea or Turkish.
Generally it is sometimes eaten as a morning or afternoon lunch.
Khmer is the official language of Kampuchea/Cambodia.
Its script was the base for the Thai script, although Thai does not use subscript consonants.
One thing that makes it particularly difficult for many foreigners to learn is that Khmer words are not separated in a sentence and the sounds are quite hard for foreigners to replicate.
But still each word in the sentence can be distinguished.
Also, there is not much material on Khmer, although this situation is changing.
The Khmer script is based on an ancient Indian alphabet.
It is written from left to right.
There are 35 consonants, some of which are written under other consonants.
Vowels are combined with the consonants.
The language has a subject-verb-object order.
Pronouns change based on who you are speaking to.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (), commonly referred to as DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa or the DRC, is a country in central Africa.
It was known as Zaïre from 1971 to 1997.
It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world.
With a population of over 71 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the nineteenth most populous nation in the world, the fourth most populous nation in Africa, as well as the most populous Francophone (French-speaking) country.
DRC borders the Central African Republic and South Sudan to the north; Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi in the east; Zambia and Angola to the south; the Republic of the Congo, the Angolan exclave of Cabinda, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
It is separated from Tanzania by Lake Tanganyika in the east.
The country has access to the ocean through a  stretch of Atlantic coastline at Muanda and the roughly 9 km wide mouth of the Congo River which opens into the Gulf of Guinea.
It has the second-highest total Christian population in Africa.
When the Belgian Congo became independent, its leaders fought each other.
The Soviet Union and later the United Nations helped destroy the groups who wanted independence from the new country.
The Second Congo War, beginning in 1998, devastated the country.
It involved nine African nations and some twenty armed groups.
Despite the signing of peace accords in 2003, fighting continues in the east of the country.
There, the prevalence of rape and other sexual violence is described as the worst in the world.
The war is the world's deadliest conflict since World War II, killing 5.4 million people since 1998.
The vast majority died from conditions of malaria, diarrhea, pneumonia and malnutrition.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo was formerly, in chronological order, the Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, Congo-Léopoldville, Congo-Kinshasa, and Zaire (Zaïre in French).
Though it is in the Central African United Nations subregion, the nation is also economically and regionally affiliated with Southern Africa as a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC).
The capital of the DRC is Kinshasa.
The country is divided into twenty six provinces.
The provinces are then divided into districts.
The districts are divided into territories.
DR Congo at the Olympics
Congo, Democratic Republic
The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) is a species of hyena (or "hyaena" in British English).
They are often called the laughing hyena.
They are found almost everywhere in Sub-Saharan Africa.
There are between 27,000 and 47,000 individuals, though their population is getting smaller in the wild.
This is because of habitat loss and illegal hunting.
They lived in Europe for at least a million years until the end of the Pleistocene.
The spotted hyena is the largest member of the Hyaenidae.
They are the most social Carnivora animals, with various group sizes.
Hyenas are pack hunters.
Their behaviors are still not well understand.
However, their social system is not cooperative but competitive.
Females take care of their own cubs only, and males are not interested in helping females with their cubs.
Females are larger than males and they can control them.
The females are the only mammalian species not to have a vaginal opening.
The spotted hyena is a successful scavenger as well as hunter They can eat skin, bone and other animal waste.
Spotted hyenas hunt with a family group of about two to five other hyenas.
The family lives in large communities (called "clans") which may have up to 80 individuals.
They  run around herds of animals and choose one to attack.
After they have selected their prey, they  chase them for a long time.
They can run at speeds up to 60 km/h. Humans have known spotted hyenas for a long time.
In the Upper Paleolithic, humans made paintings of hyenas in caves.
Spotted hyenas have a negative reputation in Western culture and African folklore.
In African folklore, spotted hyenas are described as ugly and scared animals.
In Western culture, they are seen as greedy, stupid, foolish, powerful and a dangerous animal.
The IUCN Hyaenidae Specialist Group page on spotted hyena
Davis, Delbert Dwight & Story, Harriette Elizabeth (1949), The female external genitalia of the spotted hyena, Fieldiana: Zoology, vol.
33, Chicago Natural History Museum
McPherson, Jamie The Good, the Bad and the Hyena , BBC Wildlife, Summer 2008.
The aardwolf (Proteles cristata) is a small, insectivorous mammal, native to East Africa and Southern Africa.
Its name means "earth wolf" in the Afrikaans / Dutch language.
It is also called "maanhaar jackal" in Afrikaans, or civet hyena, based on the secretions (civet) from their anal glands.
The aardwolf is in the same family as the hyenas.
Unlike many of its relatives in the order Carnivora, the aardwolf does not hunt large animals, or even eat meat on a regular basis; instead it eats insects, mainly termites – one aardwolf can eat about 250,000 termites during a single night by using its long, sticky tongue to capture them.
The aardwolf lives in the scrublands of eastern and southern Africa – these are open lands covered with stunted trees and shrubs.
The aardwolf is nocturnal, resting in burrows during the day and coming out at night to eat.
Waterbury is a town in the state of Connecticut.
More than one hundred thousand people live there.
Cities in Connecticut
Blue cheese is a type of cheese with a fungus called Penicillium added to it.
The mold makes patches or veins of it look blue.
The cheese can be made from cow's milk, sheep's milk, or goat's milk.
Types of it include Roquefort cheese, Stilton cheese, and Gorgonzola cheese.
These names should only be used for cheeses that are made in certain areas and are protected by the European Union.
Elektra of Mycenae was the daughter of King Agamemnon of Mycenae and Klytaimnestra.
She had a brother, Orestes, and two sisters, Iphigeneia and Chrysothemis.
After the Trojan War, Agamemnon was killed by Klytaimnestra and her lover Aegisthos because Agamemnon sacrificed Iphigeneia for good winds to sail.
Elektra helped Orestes to kill their mother Klytaimnestra and her lover, to avenge their father's death.
Insulin promotes the absorption of sugar from the blood and stores it among others into fat cells.
People who cannot make insulin in their bodies, or who make it but their body cannot use it properly, have the disease diabetes.
When blood glucose levels fall below a certain level, the human body begins to use stored sugar as an energy source through glycogenolysis.
This process breaks down the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into glucose which can then be used as an energy source.
Insulin is a central metabolic control mechanism.
Insulin is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells).
In addition, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body.
Insulin affects vascular compliance and cognition.
Human insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 5808 Da.
The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produces insulin.
The name comes from the Latin insula for "island".
Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals.
Insulin from different animal sources has different effects on the human carbohydrate metabolism process.
Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version.
So, people with diabetes can take in insulin extracted from pigs instead of producing their own insulin.
Nicolae Paulescu, a Romanian professor of physiology at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest, was the first to isolate insulin.
He did that in 1916.
He called it pancrein.
He isolated it by developing an aqueous pancreatic extract which, when injected into a diabetic dog, proved to have a normalizing effect on blood sugar levels.
He had to interrupt his experiments because of World War I. In early 1921 he wrote four papers about his work carried out in Bucharest and his tests on a diabetic dog.
Later that year, he detailed his work by publishing an extensive whitepaper on the effect of the pancreatic extract injected into a diabetic animal, which he called: "Research on the Role of the Pancreas in Food Assimilation", with the paper received the 22 June 1921 by the "Archives Internationales de Physiologie", with the photocopy of the article available in the Gerstein Science Information Centre.https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AT10137
Dr. Frederick Banting, a general practician, who was also teaching orthopaedics and anthropology part-time at the University of Western Ontario in London at the time of Paulescu's published research regarding the already developed aqueous pancreatic extract and Charles Best, a 22-year-old medical student at the University of Toronto who worked at the time as an assistant to the surgeon Dr. Frederick Banting also did similar experiments while trying to find a cure for diabetes.
In these experiments they used as well dogs.
They first knew insulin would control diabetes in a person when they injected some insulin into a 14-year-old boy named Leonard Thompson who was dying of diabetes.
After the injection he survived.
Banting won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with John Macleod, for the discovery of insulin.
Best and Paulescu were not honored at that time.
is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation.
It is the sequel to Dragon Ball  and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519-chapter Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama which ran in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1984 to 1995.
Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 1989 to January 1996, before getting subtitled or dubbed in territories including the United States, Canada, Australia, Europe, Asia, India and Latin America.
It was broadcast in at least 81countries worldwide.
It is part of the Dragon Ball media franchise.
Dragon Ball Z continues the adventures of Son Goku, who, along with his companions, defends the Earth against villains ranging from aliens (Vegeta, Frieza), androids (Cell) and magical creatures (Majin Buu).
While the original Dragon Ball anime followed Goku from childhood to early adulthood, Dragon Ball Z is a continuation of his adult life, but at the same time parallels the life of his son, Gohan, as well as the development of his rivals, Piccolo and Vegeta.
Due to the success of the anime in the United States, the manga chapters making up its story were initially released by Viz Media under the Dragon Ball Z title.
Dragon Ball Z is adapted from the final 324 chapters of the manga series which were published in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1988 to 1995.
It premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31, 1996.
The voice actors were unable to record the lines separately because of the close dialogue timing.
When asked if juggling the different voices of Goku, Gohan and Goten were difficult, Masako Nozawa said that it was not and that she was able to switch roles simply upon seeing the character's picture.
She did admit that when they were producing two films a year and television specials in addition to the regular series, there were times when they had only line art to look at while recording, which made giving finer nuanced details in her performance difficult.
English dub production and broadcasting
In 1996, Funimation Productions licensed Dragon Ball Z for an English-language release in North America, after canceling their initial dub of Dragon Ball half-way through their originally-planned 26-episode first season.
They worked with Saban Entertainment to syndicate the series on television, and Pioneer Entertainment to handle home video distribution.
Pioneer also ceased its home video release of the series at volume 17 (the end of the dub) and retained the rights to produce an uncut subtitled version, but did not do so.
They did, however, release uncut dubs of the first three Z movies on home video.
In 2005, Funimation began to re-dub episodes 1-67 with their in-house voice cast, including content originally cut from their dub with Saban.
This dub's background score was composed by Nathan M. Johnson (Funimation had ceased working with Faulconer Productions after the final episode of Dragon Ball Z in 2003).
Funimation's new uncut dub of these episodes aired on Cartoon Network as part of its Monday-Thursday late night time slot, beginning in June 2005.
Funimation's later remastered DVDs of the series saw them redub portions of the dialogue, mostly after episode 67, and had the option to play the entire series' dub with both the American and Japanese background music.
In January 2011, Funimation and Toei announced that they would stream Dragon Ball Z within 30 minutes before their simulcast of One Piece.
As of 2017, Dragon Ball Z is no longer being streamed on Hulu.
The Funimation dubbed episodes also aired in Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia, and New Zealand.
However, beginning with episode 108 (123 uncut), Westwood Media (in association with Ocean Studios) produced an alternate English dub, distributed to Europe by AB Groupe.
The alternate dub was created for broadcast in the UK, the Netherlands and Ireland, although it also aired in Canada beginning from episode 168 (183 uncut) to fulfill Canadian content requirements.
Funimation's in-house dub continued to air in the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand.
The Westwood Media production used the same voice cast from the original 53-episode dub produced by Funimation, it featured an alternate soundtrack by Tom Keenlyside and John Mitchell, though most of this score was pieces Ocean reused from other productions Keenlyside and Mitchell had scored for them, and it used the same scripts and video master as the TV edit of Funimation's in-house dub.
The Westwood Media dub never received a home video release.
In Australia, Dragon Ball Z was broadcast by the free-to-air commercial network, Network Ten during morning children's programming, Cheez TV, originally using the censored Funimation/Saban dub before switching to Funimation's in-house dub.
Dragon Ball Z originally aired on the British Comedy Network in Fall 1998.
The Independent (London), March 5, 2000.
Dragon Ball Zs original North American release was the subject of heavy editing which resulted in a large amount of removed content and alterations that greatly changed the original work.
Funimation CEO Gen Fukunaga is often criticized for his role in the editing; but it was the initial distributor Saban which required such changes or they would not air the work, as was the case with the episode dealing with orphans.
Steven Simmons, who did the subtitling for Funimation's home video releases, offered commentary on the subtitling from a project and technical standpoint, addressing several concerns.
The typographical errors in the script were caused by dashes (—) and double-quotes (") failing to appear, which resulted in confusing dialogue.
Shunsuke Kikuchi composed the score for Dragon Ball Z. The opening theme for the first 199 episodes is "Cha-La Head-Cha-La" performed by Hironobu Kageyama.
The second opening theme used up until the series finale at episode 291 is "We Gotta Power" also performed by Kageyama.
The ending theme used for the first 199 episodes is  performed by MANNA.
In Japan, Dragon Ball Z did not receive a home video release until 2003, seven years after its broadcast.
This was a remastering of the series in two 26-disc DVD box sets, that were made-to-order only, released on March 19 and September 18 and referred to as "Dragon Boxes."
The content of these sets began being released on mass-produced individual 6-episode DVDs on November 2, 2005, and finished with the 49th volume released on February 7, 2007.
The international home release structure of Dragon Ball Z is complicated by the licensing and release of the companies involved in producing and distributing the work.
Releases of the media occurred on both VHS and DVD with separate edited and uncut versions being released simultaneously.
Both versions of the edited and uncut material are treated as different entries and would frequently make Billboard rankings as separate entries.
Home release sales were featured prominently on the Nielsen VideoScan charts.
Further complicating the release of the material was Funimation itself; which was known to release "DVDs out of sequence in order to get them out as fast as possible"; as in the case of their third season.
Pioneer Entertainment distributed the Funimation/Saban edited-only dub of 53 episodes on seventeen VHS between 1997 and 1999, and seventeen DVDs throughout 1999.
Two box sets separating them into the Saiyan and Namek arcs were also released on VHS in 1999, and on DVD in 2001.
Funimation's own distribution of their initial onward dub, which began with episode 54, in edited or uncut VHS ran between 1999 and 2006.
A DVD version was produced alongside these, although they were only produced uncut and contained the option to watch the original Japanese with subtitles.
In 2005, Funimation began releasing their onward dub of the beginning of Dragon Ball Z on DVD, marking the first time the episodes were seen uncut in North America.
However, only nine volumes were released, leaving it incomplete.
Instead, Funimation remastered and cropped the entire series into 16:9 widescreen format and began re-releasing it to DVD in nine individual "season" box sets; the first set released on February 6, 2007 and the final on May 19, 2009.
In July 2009, Funimation announced that they would be releasing the Japanese frame-by-frame "Dragon Box" restoration of Dragon Ball Z in North America.
These seven limited edition collector's DVD box sets were released uncut in the show's original 4:3 fullscreen format between November 10, 2009 and October 11, 2011.
In March 2019, Funimation announced plans to release a 30th anniversary Blu-ray release of Dragon Ball Z, with the box set being remastered in 4:3 aspect ratio, and containing an art book and a collectible figure.
It would be crowdfunded, originally requiring a minimum of 2500 pre-orders in order to be manufactured, but was later increased to a minimum of 3,000 units.
The release sparked controversy amongst fans due to the framing of the video, color saturation, and digital video noise reduction.
Funimation responded by stating that they cropped the release by going in "scene-by-scene to make judgments based on the image available in each frame of how much to trim to get to a consistent 4:3 aspect ratio, while still attempting to cut a little out of the picture as possible," and that they felt the digital video noise reduction was "mandatory for this release based on the different levels of fan support from various past DBZ releases with different levels of noise reduction over the years.
The Dragon Ball Z films comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015.
The first 13 films were typically released every March and July during the series' original run in accordance with the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools.
They were typically double features paired up with other anime films, and were thus, usually an hour or less in length.
These films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity.
All 15 films were licensed in North America by Funimation, and all have received in-house dubs by the company.
Prior to Funimation, the third film was a part of the short-lived Saban syndication, being split into three episodes, and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer.
Several of the films have been broadcast on Cartoon Network and Nicktoons in the United States, Toonami UK in the United Kingdom (these featured an alternate English dub produced by an unknown cast by AB Groupe), and Cartoon Network in Australia.
Television specials and original video animations
Three TV specials based on Dragon Ball Z were produced and broadcast on Fuji TV.
The first two were Dragon Ball Z: Bardock – The Father of Goku in 1990 and Dragon Ball Z: The History of Trunks in 1993, the latter being based on a special chapter of the original manga.
Both were licensed by Funimation in North America and AB Groupe in Europe.
In 2013, a two-part hour-long crossover with One Piece and Toriko, titled Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Chō Collaboration Special!!,
was created and aired.
Additionally, two original video animations (OVAs) bearing the Dragon Ball Z title have been made.
The first is Dragon Ball Z Side Story: Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans, which was originally released in 1993 in two parts as "Official Visual Guides" for the video game of the same title.
Dragon Ball: Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans was a 2010 remake of this OVA.
None of the OVAs have been dubbed into English, and the only one to see a release in North America is the 2010 remake, which was subtitled and included as a bonus feature in Dragon Ball: Raging Blast 2.
There are over 57 video games bearing the Dragon Ball Z name across a range of platforms from the Nintendo Entertainment System/Famicom to the current generation consoles.
Also included are arcade games like Super Dragon Ball Z, which would eventually be ported to consoles.
In North America, licensing rights had been given to both Namco Bandai and Atari.
In 1999, Atari acquired exclusive rights to the video games through Funimation, a deal which was extended for five more years in 2005.
A 2007 dispute would end with Atari paying Funimation $3.5 million.
In July 2009, Namco Bandai was reported to have obtained exclusive rights to release the games for a period of five years.
This presumably would have taken effect after Atari's licensing rights expired at the end of January 2010.
Dragon Ball Z has been host to numerous soundtrack releases with works like "Cha-La Head-Cha-La" and a series of 21 soundtracks released as part of the Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection Series.
In total, dozens of releases exist for Dragon Ball Z which includes Japanese and foreign adapted releases of the anime themes and video game soundtracks.
In Asia, the Dragon Ball Z franchise, including the anime and merchandising, earned a profit of $3billion by 1999.
In the United States, the series sold over 25million DVDs as of January 2012.
Dragon Ball fans set a Guinness World Record for Largest Kamehameha attack move at San Diego Comic con on July 17, 2019.
Cultural impact and legacy
Dragon Ball Z was listed as the 78th best animated show in IGN's "Top 100 Animated Series", and was also listed as the 50th greatest animated show in Wizard magazine's  "Top 100 Greatest Animated shows" list.
The series ranked #6 on Wizard's Anime Magazine on their "Top 50 Anime released in North America".
Dragon Ball Zs popularity is reflected through a variety of data through online interactions which show the popularity of the media.
In 2001, it was reported that the official website of Dragon Ball Z recorded 4.7 million hits per day and included 500,000+ registered fans.
The term "Dragonball Z" ranked 4th in 1999 and 2nd in 2000 by Lycos' web search engine.
For 2001, "Dragonball" was the most popular search on Lycos and "Dragonball Z" was fifth on Yahoo!.
In 2005, media historian Hal Erickson wrote that "Dragon Ball may be the closest thing on American television to an animated soap opera — though this particular genre is an old, established and venerated one in Japan, the series' country of origin.
Dragon Ball Z merchandise was a success prior to its peak American interest, with more than $3 billion in sales from 1996 to 2000.
In 1996, Dragon Ball Z grossed $2.95billion in merchandise sales worldwide.
As of January 2012, Dragon Ball Z grossed $5billion in merchandise sales worldwide.
In 1998, Animage-ine Entertainment, a division of Simitar, announced the sale of Chroma-Cels, mock animation cels to capitalize on the popularity of Dragon Ball Z. The original sale was forecasted for late 1998, but were pushed back to  January 12, 1999.