the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Detritivore - an animal that eats garbage, dead animals or other food left from another animal.
Omnivore - an animal that eats animal meat, plants, fruit, and insects.
Copying, making a copy, the duplication of information
Photocopying, a process which makes paper copies of documents and other visual images
Fax, a telecommunications machine used to transfer copies of documents over the telephone network
Facsimile, a copy or reproduction that is as true to the original source as possible
Replica, a copy closely resembling the original concerning its shape and appearance
Copy (written), commonly used in newsrooms and publications to refer to a writer's written content
Vapor (British English: vapour) is when small drops of liquid float in the air.
Sometimes this happens because the liquid has been heated.
Vapor is not the same as gas.
It is a mixture of liquid and gas.
A vehicle is a machine to move people and things.
A vehicle is not alive.
A horse can move people and things, but it is an animal, not a machine or a vehicle.
The word vehicle is borrowed from French and Latin.
French véhicule, going back to Middle French, borrowed from Medieval Latin vehiculum "medium, agent of transmission," going back to Latin, "wheeled vehicle, means of transport," from vehere "to carry, convey.
Types of vehicles
Land vehicles
Some vehicles move on land.
Most land vehicles have wheels.
Examples of land vehicles are bicycles, cars, motorcycles, and trains.
Some land vehicles, like tanks and snowmobiles, have tracks.
These tracks look and work like conveyor belts.
Water vehicles
Some vehicles move on, or in, the water.
Examples are boats, ships, and submarines.
Air and space vehicles
Vehicles that move in the sky are called aircraft.
Examples are aeroplanes and balloons.
Human muscles.
Examples are bicycles and skateboards.
Engines.
Examples are automobiles, ships, and aeroplanes.
Examples are many passenger trains.
Examples are carts and chariots.
Examples are sailboats and iceboats.
Some vehicles have no propulsion power.
Examples are gliders and balloons.
Line dancing is a form of group dancing that is done to either country or hip-hop music.
The term line dance is derived from the idea that the group of people participating in the dance are all facing the same direction when conducting the series of moves in the line dance.
A line dance can go from 32 beats upwards of up to 92 beats per minutes, and can also be either a 4 or 2 wall dance.
When the dance starts off everyone is facing the front wall, after all of the counts of the dance are complete (let's say we were doing a 32 count dance) then everyone would finish the dance facing either the back wall or the left or right wall.
One example of a line dance is the "Men In Black" line dance.
This dance is usually done to a hip-hop song, such as "Yeah 3X", by Chris Brown.
Once the first 32 counts of the dance are completed everyone will finish the dance facing the left wall, and would have turned one quarter to their left counter clockwise.
Once the series of moves is completed 4 times the group will end up facing the front wall again.
Dance types
The Three Kingdoms of Korea were Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla.
They existed between the 1st century BC and 7th century CE.
There were some smaller kingdoms like Gaya, Dongye, Okjeo, Buyeo, Usan, Tamna, etc.
The Three Kingdoms period ended in 668: Silla allied with the Tang Dynasty to conquer Baekje and then Goguryeo.
Korea unified under Later Silla.
The Tang occupied the northern parts of Korea.
After this Korea split during the North and South States period.
Besides Chinese records, the books Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa also record the history of the era. "
Samguk" (Hangul: 삼국, Hanja: 三國) means "Three Kingdoms".
Eckernförde (Danish: Egernførde, sometimes also Egernfjord, Low German: Eckernför, sometimes also Eckernföör) is a German city in Schleswig-Holstein, Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde at the Baltic Sea near Kiel.
The population is about 23,000.
In 1302 Eckernförde is first mentioned as a city.
The Count Saint-Germain is supposed to be buried in Eckernförde near the St.-Nicolai-Church.
His grave was destroyed by the great storm tide on 13 November 1872.
, Macclesfield, (since 1953)
, Hässleholm, (since 1958)
, Tanga, (since 1963)
, Nakskov, (since 1969)
, Brzeg, (since 1989)
, , Bützow, (since 1990)
Official homepage of Eckernförde
Official tourist information
Local Newspaper (Eckernförder Zeitung)
Franz Ferdinand Karl Ludwig Josef of Austria, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este (Franz Ferdinand Karl Ludwig Josef; ) (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was an Archduke (like a prince) of Austria and, from 1896 until his death, next in line to be the emperor of the former country called Austria-Hungary.
He was killed in the city Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip.
Because of this, Austria declared war against Serbia, which started the first World War.
On 28 June 1914, Franz  Ferdinand went to Sarajevo in Bosnia for a trip.
He was traveling to the Town Hall at 10pm with his wife, Sophie, in the third car of a motorcade in a roofless limousine.
Franz Ferdinand had jokingly mentioned that he wouldn’t be surprised if there was a few bombs waiting for him on his trip.
On his way to the Town Hall the first man to try to assassinate the Archduke, Grabez, was standing waiting for Ferdinand to try and shoot him but he froze and let the car pass.
He went home afterwards and hid his gun and bomb but was later arrested.
On the same route to the Town Hall a man, also from the Black Hand, called Cabrinovic threw a bomb at the car injuring lots of Ferdinand's staff but he failed to kill the Archduke himself so he  tried to swallow cyanide and jump into the river Miljacka but failed to die  and got arrested.
The Archduke was shocked but headed to the Town Hall anyway and did his speech whilst the paper was covered in the blood of his assistant who was injured in the bomb.
After his speech he decided to go to the hospital to visit the 20 people injured in the bomb.
As the driver took a turn to head to the hospital Princip jumped out and shot Sophie in the abdomen who collapsed and died instantly then shot the Archduke in his neck and in his leg.
Ferdinand's last words were “Sophie!
Don’t die!
For our children!
Princip was sentenced to twenty years in prison, the maximum for his age, and was imprisoned at the Terezín fortress.
The man who threw the bomb, Cabrinovic, was also sentenced to 20 years in prison.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand d'Este
Franz Ferdinand essay
1863 births
1914 deaths
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
Habsburg Dynasty
Murders by firearm
World War I people
Black Hand or Crna Ruka, officially Ujedinjenje ili Smrt ("Unification or Death")  was a secret group of Serbian nationalists (Pan-Serbians).
It was founded in 1911 in Serbia.
Killing of Franz Ferdinand
Five members of The Black Hand were in Sarajevo, Serbia, on 28 June, 1914 where Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne in Austria-Hungary, visited with his wife.
Ferdinand was driven through the city in a convertible car.
The members of the Black Hand attempted to kill Ferdinand by throwing grenades at his car.
One of the grenades bounced off his car and exploded under the car following Ferdinand's.
One of the members swallowed cyanide and attempted to jump into the river, however the cyanide was old, and the river was shallow, so he was arrested.
One of the men, a Bosnian student called Gavrilo Princip, went to a cafe after failing to kill Ferdinand.
The Archduke and his wife decided to go and visit the people who were injured in the explosion in hospital, however the driver took a wrong turn and stopped outside the cafe where Princip was eating.
Princip saw this and went outside.
He took out a gun and shot at Ferdinand; two bullets hit the archduke, one hit his wife, and the other hit the car.
Both Ferdinand and his wife died shortly after.
Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination.
Austria-Hungary then declared war on Serbia, and Russia joined the war on Serbia's side because the people of Serbia were Slavic, like Russia, and the Slavic countries had agreed to help each other if they were attacked.
Since Russia is a large country it had to move soldiers closer to the war, but Germany feared that Russia's soldiers would also attack Germany.
Russia did not like Germany because of things Germany had done in the past to become stronger.
Germany declared war on Russia, and used a plan to attack Russia that had been created before the war, but it also involved attacking France and Belgium.
France and Great Britain joined the war because Great Britain had agreed to help Belgium if it were ever attacked by someone else.
This quickly led to a full-scale war.
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
Both country's allies became involved in the war, and soon most of Europe became involved.
The Black Hand also killed Alexander I of Serbia and Draga Mašin.
20th century in Europe
1911 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Serbia
Edmonton is the capital city of Alberta.
In 2008, there were about 1,102,000 people in the Edmonton area.
Edmonton is just south of the middle of Alberta in the prairie part of the province.
There are many farms close to Edmonton.
The city started as a trading post on the North Saskatchewan River.
Edmonton turned into a city mostly over the last 100 years.
Edmonton has of one of the world's largest shopping malls.
This mall is called the West Edmonton Mall.
This mall has over 800 stores, a hotel, an indoor water park, an indoor theme park, an ice skating rink, movie theatres, places to eat and drink, and other things to see.
Many, many people visit the West Edmonton Mall.
Edmonton also has more sun than all other cities in Canada.
But other cities are warmer than Edmonton.
Winter temperatures often are below -20 degrees Celsius.
It is common for it be even colder (below -30 degrees Celsius) for a few days in January or February.
However, the summer can be warmer than 25 or 30 degrees.
The sun does not set until after 11 pm in June.
The city is also well known for its festivals.
There are many popular events in both summer and winter, such as Heritage Days, the Folk Festival, and the Fringe.
Edmonton has many interesting places to visit.
Places such as The Francis Winspear Centre for Music, the Valley Zoo, Fort Edmonton Park, the Muttart Conservatory,and Telus World of Science.
Edmonton is known as the city of champions, is home to the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League, the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League.
The Edmonton Oilers have 5 Stanley Cup Championships, the Eskimos have 23 Western Division Championships, and 13 Grey Cup Championships.
Autarky is an economy that does no trade with the outside world.
It is called  a self-sufficient economy or a closed economy too.
It does not need any other countries or regions helping.
Autarky is rare in the modern world.
An example of a currently run autarky is North Korea, but even it makes a small amount trade between some countries, like China and Japan.
is the Japanese art of growing small trees in pots.
This is done by growing the tree in a small pot or tray and pruning (cutting) the branches and roots to keep the tree small over time.
Bonsai trees are trained to grow into a shape that is pleasing to look at.
The best bonsai trees appear to be old, and to have a shape that seems like a real tree except much smaller.
The word bonsai means "tree in tray" in the Japanese language.
Bonsai is a very old art form in Japan.
It is a Japanese form of the older Chinese art called penjing.
Penjing is a Chinese art form that also uses trees growing in pots.
Other nations also have arts like bonsai and penjing.
People like bonsai because it is nice to look at, and because it is fun to grow a bonsai tree.
A bonsai tree can live for a very long time, longer than a person can live.
In a family, a bonsai might be started by a grandparent, then given to a parent, then given to a child over many years.
A bonsai starts with a small tree.
This tree can be grown from a seed, or can be found already growing in a yard or a park or the forest.
It can also be bought from a plant store.
To make the bonsai, the small tree is taken out of the ground.
Its roots are carefully cleaned of dirt.
The roots may be trimmed (cut) a little to help them fit in a small pot.
The branches may also be trimmed to make the tree smaller.
Then it is put in a bonsai pot, which has low sides.
Fresh soil (dirt) is put in the pot to cover the bonsai tree's roots.
Then it is watered and put outdoors to live.
Good trees to make into bonsai have small leaves (pine tree needles are leaves too).
If the leaves are too big, the bonsai will not look like a small tree.
A good bonsai tree will have old-looking bark and old-looking roots too.
The art of bonsai began in Japan over one thousand years ago.
It was brought to Japan from China around the year 800 A.D. At first, bonsai were planted in large pots like the Chinese used.
But the Japanese later put them in very low, almost flat pots.
This change made the tree itself the most important thing in the art form, not the fancy pot or small houses or statues of people which other nations used with their small trees in pots.
At first only the rich and noble people of Japan had bonsai.
One family could have many bonsai, which would grow in pots in the garden outside of the house.
A servant might take care of all the bonsai and would learn a lot about how to grow bonsai.
The rules about how to grow a bonsai properly were not well known and were not shared with other people.
Later more people began to grow bonsai.
Some were holy people, like monks.
Some were Japanese families who were not noble or really rich, but who had enough money and time to grow one or two bonsai in their gardens or house yards.
This larger group of people began to share what they learned about the rules of bonsai and so more people could join in growing bonsai.
By the twentieth (20th) century, the rules of bonsai were very well known in Japan and many people could afford to grow their own bonsai.
A tree that could be used for bonsai is not small in nature.
If left to grow in the open soil, a bonsai tree would grow as big as any other tree.
But in a pot, the tree will not grow very big.
To help keep it small, the owner of the bonsai trims (cuts) its leaves and branches every year.
Every two or three years, the bonsai owner lifts the bonsai out of its pot and trims the roots.
Then the owner puts the bonsai back in its pot with some new soil.
A bonsai grower checks the soil of every bonsai pot once every day.
If the soil is nearly dry, the grower waters it until it is wet from the top of the soil to the bottom of the pot.
Every few weeks the grower adds a little fertilizer to each bonsai tree's soil.
In the winter this happens less often.
A bonsai can live to be older than a large tree of the same species if it is grown with care.
A bonsai needs good care, and a bonsai with poor care will not be healthy and might die.
To keep a bonsai strong, it must grow outdoors like a real tree.
It must never get too dry or stay too wet.
It must never get too hot or too cold.
If it gets a plant sickness like a fungus, it must be cured quickly.
If it gets bugs like aphids the bugs must be cleaned off or killed quickly.
In the art of bonsai a sense of beauty, patience, and good care are all needed.
The plant, the shape of the plant, as well as the arrangement of soil and the kind of pot used are important.
Each bonsai has a shape, partly the shape and direction of the trunk and partly the shape of the whole tree with its branches and leaves.
The most common shapes are known as "styles", including
Upright-style
The upright style has a straight trunk that points up.
Its branches are big at the bottom and small at the top.
Informal-style
The informal style has curves in the trunk.
Its branches are also larger at the bottom and smaller at the top.
Slanted-style
The  slanted-style bonsai trunk does not point straight up like the upright style.
The trunk comes out of the soil at an angle and points to the left or right.
Cascade-style
The cascade-style bonsai look like trees that grow out over water or on the sides of mountains.
The tip of the tree is low, and may even fall below the base of the pot.
Broom-style
The broom style has a trunk that is straight and upright.
Branches stick out in all directions from about 1/3 of the way up the trunk.
Forest-style
The  or "group planting" has several trees in one pot or on a flat slab of rock.
There are many other known styles for Japanese bonsai.
When bonsai are shown to the public, or when they appear in a catalog to be sold to people, the style that best matches the bonsai will often be put in the tree's description.
This allows the person looking at the bonsai to understand the plan or goal of the person who made the bonsai.
"Viewing Stones" at National Bonsai Foundation
All you need to know about Bonsai  History,styles,pictures gallery
Bonsai Plants in India i Check this website for bonsai tree in India
A chastity belt is a device locked around the wearer's genitals to prevent sexual intercourse.
Chastity belts for women were introduced into Europe from Italy, and saw some limited degree of use during the Renaissance period.
They were not used until the 16th century, and then only rather rarely.
They first became widely available as 19th-century anti-masturbation medical devices.
Many of the belts on public display in museums have now been tested to determine their correct age, with the earliest found to originate in the early 1800s.
Mount Arafat or Mount Arafah ( transliterated Jabal ‘Arafāt) is a granite hill east of Mecca in the plain of Arafat.
Arafat is a plain about  southeast of Mecca.
Mount Arafat reaches about  in height and is also known as the Mount of Mercy (Jabal ar-Rahmah).
According to Islamic tradition, the hill is the place where the Islamic prophet Muhammad stood and delivered the Farewell Sermon to the Muslims who had accompanied him for the Hajj towards the end of his life.
On the 9th of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah pilgrims go to Arafat from Mina, for the most important part of the Hajj.
The Khutbah of Hajj is narrated and Zuhr prayer and Asr prayer are prayed together.
The pilgrims spend the whole day on the mountain to supplicate to Allah to forgive their sins and to pray for personal strength in the future.
The level area surrounding the hill is called the Plain of Arafat.
The term Mount Arafah is sometimes applied to this entire area.
It is an important place in Islam because during the Hajj, pilgrims spend the afternoon there on the ninth day of Dhul Hijjah (ذو الحجة).
Failure to be present in the plain of Arafat on the required day invalidates the pilgrimage.
Since late 2010, this place is served by Mecca Metro.
On a normal Hajj, it would be around  to walk.
Ariel Sharon (February 26, 1928 – January 11, 2014) was an Israeli politician of Likud and later Kadima.
Sharon was Prime Minister of Israel from 2001 to 2006.
Sharon was born on February 27, 1928 in Kfar Malal, British-Palestine.
Sharon was in the Israel Army for many years.
He fought in numerous battles, and in 1974 he left the army as General.
After leaving the army he decided to go to politics.
In 1977, he became Minister of Agriculture.
In 1981 he became the Minister of Defence.
In 1983, he was sent away from the government as Minister of Defence after he was found to be guilty for not preventing a massacre in Lebanon where many hundreds of civilians were killed by other civilians.
In 2001, he was elected for Prime Minister after the war between Israel and Palestine started.
In 2004, he surprised many people when he said that Israel will get out of the Gaza Strip, which is the place where many Palestinian people live.
In December 2005, Sharon was taken into hospital.
On January 4, 2006, Sharon was again taken to the hospital.
He had a big stroke (bleeding in the brain).
Rumours spread immediately of his death, though these were denied by his physicians.
It was soon reported and later confirmed that Sharon was in a coma.
Ehud Olmert, another member of Sharon's newly formed Kadima party, was acting Prime Minister until elections were held in Israel, after which Olmert became Prime Minister of Israel.
Sharon died on 11 January 2014.
He died from kidney failure and stroke complications at the hospital in Ramat Gan.
He had been in a coma at the time.
He was aged 85.
His state funeral was held on 13 January.
He was buried in line with Jewish burial customs.
It was held as soon after death as possible.
The day before the funeral, Sharon's body and coffin were placed in the Knesset building for people to see.
His funeral began with an official ceremony held in the Knesset chamber.
Politicians from Israel and other countries attended.
His funeral was then held at his family's farm in the Negev desert.
Sharon was buried there beside his wife, Lily.
Ariel Sharon's Biography – Detailed account of his military and political career
Ariel Sharon: Return to the Temple Mount
Ariel Sharon: an Israeli Caligula
The Sabra and Shatila Massacres (16–18 September 1982)
Timeline of key events in Sharon's life
Ariel Sharon Profile, ynet news lexicon
Biography of Ariel Sharon at cnn.com
Prominent People – Sharon, Ariel "Arik"
Phonecall  – An authentic recording of Ariel Sharon talking to a soldier positioned at one of the Suez Channel bunkers at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War.
1928 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Former Members of Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli former political leaders
Israeli generals
Israeli opposition leaders
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish military people
Kadima politicians
Likud politicians
Prime Ministers of Israel
Tel Aviv University alumni
Jameson is a famous brand of Irish whiskey.
It is amber in color and has quite a  strong smell.
It is an alcoholic beverage.
In Ireland, people refer to it as Jemmie.
Syria is a country in the Middle East, the west part of Asia.
It borders (from south to north) on Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, and Turkey.
Its western part faces the Mediterranean Sea.
Its eastern and northern parts are mountainous.
The current president and head of state is Bashar al-Assad.
Syria's national capital is Damascus.
The biggest city is Aleppo.
The Syrian civil war began in 2011.
Syria has a very long history.
It was a land of Phoenicians.
Later it became part of the Achaemenid Empire, Roman Empire, and then the Eastern Roman Empire.
In those days people spoke the Syriac language.
The city Antioch was great and one of the important cities in Christendom.
The Umayyad Caliphate took control of Syria in the 7th century.
In this Arab Empire people began to speak the Arabic language.
Today most Syrian people believe in Islam but there are still Christians too.
When World War I started, the Ottoman Empire ruled Syria and many other places.
When it ended, France controlled Lebanon and Syria.
Britain had Iraq, Jordan and Palestine.
They drew a border between Iraq and Syria in 1920.
France controlled Syria until 1946 when Syria became its own country.
Syria was part of the United Arab Republic with Egypt in 1958-1961.
Syria had some wars with Israel and some territories like the Golan Plateau were occupied by Israel.
Kurdish people control a small part of the northern region called Rojava.
It is also known as Western Kurdistan.
Syria is between latitudes 32° and 38° N, and longitudes 35° and 43° E. It is mostly arid plateau.
The area bordering the Mediterranean is fairly green.
The Euphrates, Syria's most important river, crosses the country in the east.
The climate in Syria is dry and hot.
Syria is a republic.
The old Constitution of Syria was started on 13 March 1971.
It made Syria as a secular socialist state.
Islam was the majority religion.
A new constitution has been in place since 2012.
Branches of government
The executive branch is the president, two vice presidents, the prime minister, and the Council of Ministers.
The constitution says the president must be a Muslim.
It does not make Islam the state religion.
According to the 2012 constitution, the president is elected by the Syrian people in a direct election.
State control
Nearly all of Syria’s radio and television outlets are state owned.
The Ba'ath Party controls nearly all newspapers.
Syria's human rights are among the worst in the world, according to human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch.
The authorities arrest democracy and human rights activists, censor websites, detain bloggers, and have travel bans.
Syria has fourteen Governorates, or muhafazat.
The governorates are divided into sixty districts.
The governorates are:
Al Hasakah
Al Ladhiqiyah
Al Qunaytirah
Ar Raqqah
As Suwayda
Dayr az Zawr
Dimashq
Hama
Idlib
Rif Dimashq
The President of Syria is commander in chief of the Syrian armed forces.
There are about 400,000 troops.
Ethnic Kurds have their own army called YPG.
The Males must go in the military when they are age 18.
Syria is a middle-income country.
The economy is based on agriculture, oil, industry, and tourism.
Syria has three international airports (Damascus, Aleppo and Lattakia).
They are hubs for Syrian Air.
Foreign airlines also fly to them.
Most Syrian cargo is carried by Chemins de Fer Syriens, the Syrian railway company.
Education is free from ages 6 to 12.
All children this age must attend school.
The most popular sports in Syria are football, basketball, swimming, and tennis.
Damascus was home to the fifth and seventh Pan Arab Games.
Many popular football teams are based in Damascus, Aleppo, Homs, and Latakia.
Psychology is the study of the mind.
The study also covers thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
It also falls under the academic domain; some parts of psychology follow the way of doing science: explains the mind, how it works, and what it shows through our actions.
When doing psychology, it has to deal with humans most of the time but animals beyond humans at some point.
People, experts or not, can't study psychology as a whole.
So, we divide small parts of it one step at a time.
Also, psychology has much in common with other fields that they overlap with one another.
Some of these fields fall in natural sciences or not.
Psychologists practice the field in the profession; they undergo long years of schooling than laypeople.
These practitioners attempt to explain how minds function in the self (individual) and self with others (social).
These attempts might also deal with how the body's way affects the mind--its processes and approaches.
They can also be scientists in the field of social, behavioral, and cognitive.
Psychology has been split up into smaller parts called branches.
These are subjects in psychology that try to answer a particular group of questions about how people think.
Some branches of psychology that are often studied are:
Abnormal psychology tries to work out what differences there are between people who are healthy and people who have a mental illness.
Clinical psychology is about finding the best way to help people to recover from mental illness.
Cognitive psychology looks at how people think, use language, remember and forget, and solve problems.
Cross-cultural psychology looks at different ways of living and different views of the world.
Developmental psychology is interested in how people develop and change through their lives.
This includes what used to be called "child psychology".
Educational or school psychology tests and helps students to learn and make friends.
Evolutionary psychology studies how evolution may have shaped the way people think and do things.
Gestalt psychology is theory of mind and brain formed in Berlin.
Neuropsychology looks at the brain and how it works to make people the way they are.
Motivation: the root causes of action
Perceptual psychology asks questions about how people make sense of what they see and hear and how they use that information to get around.
Personality psychology looks at different personality and how can change personality.
Social psychology looks into how groups of people work together and how societies build and work.
Scientific approaches
Psychologists make theories to try to explain a behavior or pattern they see.
Based on their theory they make some predictions.
They then carry out an experiment or collect other types of information that will tell them whether their predictions were right or wrong.
Some types of experiments cannot be done on people because the process would be too long, expensive, dangerous, unfair, or otherwise unethical.
There are also other ways psychologists study the mind and behavior scientifically, and test their theories.
Psychologists might wait for some events to happen on their own; they might look at patterns among existing groups of people in natural environments; or they might do experiments on animals (which can be simpler and more ethical to study).
Psychology shares other things with natural sciences, as well.
For example, a good psychological theory may be possible to prove wrong.
Just like in any natural science, a group of psychologists can never be completely sure that their theory is the right one.
If a theory can be proved wrong, but experiments do not prove it wrong, then it is more likely that the theory is accurate.
This is called falsifiability.
Psychologists use many tools as part of their daily work.
Psychologists use surveys to ask people how they feel and what they think.
They may use special devices to look at the brain and to see what it is doing.
Psychologists use computers to collect data as they measure how people behave in response to pictures, words, symbols, or other stimuli.
Psychologists also use statistics to help them analyze the data that they get from their experiments.
Symbolic and subjective approaches
Not all psychology is scientific psychology.
Psychodynamic psychology and depth psychology do things like interpreting people's dreams to understand the unconscious mind.
They are older approaches to psychology begun by Carl Jung who was particularly interested in finding methods for measuring what kind of personality people have.
Psychologists are people who work in the field of psychology.
A psychologist may work in either basic research or applied research.
Basic research is the study of people or animals to learn more about them.
Applied research is using what was learned from basic research to solve real-world problems.
If he or she is qualified as a clinical psychologist they may be a therapist or counsellor as well as a researcher.
To become a psychologist, a person must first get a basic degree at a university and then go to graduate school.
A Master's degree, either MSc (Master of Science) or MA (Master of Arts) allows work such as a school psychologist.
A doctorate degree takes a longer time because it includes doing research and writing a detailed report called a dissertation or thesis.
The doctoral graduate uses the initials PhD or DPhil (Doctor of Philosophy) after his or her name.
Some clinical psychologists earn a Doctor of Psychology degree and use the initials PsyD after their name.
The American Psychological Association says that people need a PhD (or PsyD) and a current state license in the U.S.) in order to call themselves a 'psychologist'.
The words psychologist and psychiatrist may be confused with each other.
A psychiatrist has graduated from medical school and uses the initials MD or its equivalent (MB ChB in London University, for example).
A psychiatrist or doctor may work with a psychologist: they may prescribe and check on the effect of medications.
Encyclopedia of Psychology A web site with all kinds of information about psychology.
Psychology at the Open Directory Project.
Psychology, Art of Human Life
In-Mind, Quarterly Magazine for Social Psychology
Search for the best lawyer in the UK here
Louisiana () is a state in the Southern United States of America.
It had a population of about 4,533,372 people in 2010.
The state has a total area of about .
Louisiana is the 25th largest state by population and the 31st largest state by area.
Louisiana is also known by its nickname, The Pelican State.
The land that would become Louisiana was bought in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.
Louisiana became a state on April 30, 1812.
It was the 18th state to become part of the United States.
The people who live in the state are known as Louisianans.
The state's capital is Baton Rouge, and its largest city is New Orleans.
Louisiana has coastal plains, marshs, and low ridges.
All of the state is in the Sun Belt.
Louisiana is in a sub tropical region, and has a diverse ecosystem.
The climate of Louisiana Louisiana has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa).
It has long, hot, humid summers and short, mild winters.
One third of the adults in Louisiana are obese.
This is the highest rate in the United States.
Louisiana was settled by France and the influence of French culture is still a big part of Louisiana today.
The French Quarter in New Orleans is one of the best known attractions in the state.
It is known today for its special culture, unique food, as well as the holiday Mardi Gras which is most famous in New Orleans.
Louisiana was very badly damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.
Much of the New Orleans area lies below sea level making flooding a serious problem.
Louisiana was first settled by Native Americans.
Louisiana has a large Louisiana Creole population.
Louisiana Creole people are a mixture of French, Native American and African American.
Louisiana contains 308 incorporated municipalities, consisting of four consolidated city-parishes, and 304 cities, towns, and villages.
Louisiana's municipalities cover only 7.9% of the state's land mass but are home to 45.3% of its population.
The majority of urban Louisianans live along the coast or in northern Louisiana.
The oldest permanent settlement in the state is Nachitoches.
Baton Rouge, the state capital, is the second-largest city in the state.
The most populous city is New Orleans.
As defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, Louisiana contains nine metropolitan statistical areas.
Major areas include Greater New Orleans, Greater Baton Rouge, Lafayette, and Shreveport–Bossier City.
1812 establishments in the United States
car and automobile
baby and infant
child and kid
make and create.
student and pupil
sick and ill
scared and frightened
rich and wealthy
Synonyms can be nouns, verbs, adverbs or adjectives, but both words must be of the same part of speech.
That means, only a noun can be a synonym of another noun, only a verb can be a synonym of another verb, and so on.
The word "synonym" dates back over 500 years, to late Middle English.
The term is derived from Latin from the Greek word sunōnumon, neuter form (used as a noun) of the adjective sunōnumos, from sun- meaning 'with' + onoma meaning 'name' in the Greek language.
The meaning of the word has remained unchanged for all these centuries.
There is even a saying, going back to 1892, "Once a synonym, always a synonym".
The word has been taught to generations of English-language students and is commonly known by the general public.
Many other languages have a similar word for "synonym" with the same or similar spelling.
was a Japanese Haiku poet and painter, usually referred to simply as "Buson".
He is one of the greatest poets of the Edo period, comparable with Matsuo Basho and Kobayashi Issa.
He was born in Osaka, his real family name was Taniguchi ().
From 1758, he began to live in Kyoto, and he stayed there for rest of his life.
He got married when he was 45 years old, and became a father of his daughter Kuno ().
1716 births
1784 deaths
Japanese artists
People from Osaka
Litter box, an indoor box for pet animals to relieve themselves
Sandpit or sandbox, a wide, wide playground of sand that is made of wood or plastic
Sandbox (railways), a super-large container that holds sand for use in improving rail adhesion in slippery conditions
The Sandbox (play), a 1960 one-act play by Edward Albee
Sandbox (missile) or SS-N-12, a Soviet anti-ship missile
Sandbox Therapy, a tool used by child psychologists
Sandbox (computer security), a realistic container in which untrusted programs can be safely run
Sandbox (software development), an online environment in which code or content changes can be tested without affecting the original system
Sandbox (video game editor), a game level editor for minecraft
Sandbox game, a genre or mode of some video games for open-ended, nonlinear play
Sandbox Effect, in Google Internet search rankings
Sandbox Slang, Roblox
Sandbox (album), a 1987 album by Guided by Voices
Sandbox (band), a Canadian rock music group
Chopsticks are sticks used in pairs as cutlery.
Chopsticks are the traditional eating utensils of some countries including China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, and Vietnam.
They can be made of  wood, gold, silver, ivory, bamboo, or plastic.
Gold and silver chopsticks are considerably heavier than normal wooden chopsticks and also considered to be extravagant.
Today chopsticks are mainly used in China and neighboring countries.
Elsewhere, chopsticks are often used in restaurants serving oriental cuisines.
Chopsticks came from China as early as the Shang dynasty (1600–1100 BC).
The creation of chopsticks might have been influenced by the teachings of Confucius.
They were widely used throughout East Asia.
Tools like chopsticks were also found in the archaeological site Megiddo in Israel.
This discovery may mean there was some form of trade between the Middle East and Asia in early antiquity.
Alternatively, such tools may have developed independently in both the Middle East and Asia.
Chopsticks were also common household items of civilized Uyghurs on the Mongolian steppes during the 6th–8th centuries.
Origin of the word
The Mandarin Chinese word for chopsticks is kuàizi (筷子).
It is a word made of different parts; it has the phonetic part of "快", which means quick, and a semantic part, 竹, meaning bamboo.
In Chinese, the old word for "chopsticks", and also in some varieties of modern Chinese such as Hokkien,  was zhù (MC: ) (箸 Pinyin:zhù, Minnan: tī).
However, zhù became a taboo on ships because it sounded the same as another word meaning "to stop" (住).
Consequently, it was replaced by a word of opposite meaning, kuài (fast, quick).
This gradually spread until it became the word for "chopsticks" in most varieties of modern Chinese.
The character for this new meaning of "chopsticks" (筷) for kuài has the semantic element of bamboo added to the character meaning "fast" kuài (快).
In Japanese, chopsticks are called hashi, written .
They are also known as .
This is  what is usually printed on disposable chopsticks.
In Korean, 箸 (jeo) is used in the compound jeotgarak (젓가락) which is composed of jeo (chopsticks) and garak (stick).
Jeo cannot be used alone.
In Vietnamese, chopsticks are called "đũa"
Eating with chopsticks
When people are eating with chopsticks they usually do not use a knife and fork.
The sticks are held together in the same hand.
Usually this is the right hand.
At some formal occasions it may be considered rude to use chopsticks with the left hand.
Put one chopstick between the palm and the base of the thumb, using the ring finger (the fourth finger from the thumb) to support the lower part of the stick.
With the thumb, squeeze the stick down while the ring finger pushes it up.
The stick should be stationary and very stable.
Use the tips of the thumb, index and middle fingers to hold the other stick like an ink pen.
Make sure the tips of the two sticks line up.
Move the upper stick up and down towards the stationary lower stick.
With enough practice, the two sticks function like a pair of pincers (a tool that can easily lift things).
If the tips do not line up, it will be difficult to hold things.
Hold the chopsticks upright with one of the tips lightly touching the table, and gently push the chopsticks down or gently loosen your grip for a moment to let both tips become equal in length.
You can also adjust your grip or holding position this way.
With practice, it is possible to perform step one and two right away, on picking up the chopsticks with one hand smoothly.
Hold the chopstick at different angles if necessary in order to feel comfortable with two sticks between your fingers.
Table manners
Chopsticks are not used to make noise, to draw attention, or to gesture.
Playing with chopsticks is considered rude and vulgar (just as playing with cutlery in a Western environment would be).
Chopsticks are not used to move bowls or plates.
Chopsticks are not used to toy with food or with the dishes in common.
Most often, chopsticks are not used to stab food.
Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables and kimchi.
In informal use, small, difficult-to-pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed, but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists.
Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely.
A chopstick rest can be used to keep the points off the table.
Chopsticks should not be left standing vertically in a bowl of rice or other food.
Any stick-like object pointed upward resembles the incense sticks that some people use as offerings to deceased family members; certain funerary rites designate offerings of food to the dead using standing chopsticks.
Do not eat when the tips of a pair of chopsticks are not aligned properly.
In Chinese, this is called "三长两短" (san1 chang2 liang2 duan3), which means death.
Types of chopsticks
Chopsticks are used in many countries.
Chopsticks are sometimes different in those countries.
Chinese: longer sticks that are square at one end (where they are held) and round  at the other (where they contact the food).
They end with a blunt tip.
Japanese: short to medium length sticks that have a pointed end.
This development may have occurred because the Japanese diet consists of large amounts of whole fish.
Japanese chopsticks are traditionally made of wood and are lacquered.
Some chopstick sets include two lengths of chopsticks: shorter ones for women and longer ones for men.
Child-sized chopsticks are widely sold.
Korean: medium-length stainless-steel tapered rods, with a flat rectangular cross section. (
Traditionally, they were made of brass or silver.)
Many Korean metal chopsticks are decorated at the grip.
Vietnamese: long sticks that end in blunt point; traditionally wooden, but now made of plastic as well.
A đũa cả is a large pair of flat chopsticks that is used to serve rice from a pot.
Other uses for chopsticks
In Japan, people use a single-use chopstick called waribashi (split chopstick).
Before using, people split it into two.
Japanese people also call their chopsticks hashi.
In Japan, people use chopsticks during the funeral ceremony of Buddhists.
After burning the dead, family and friends use chopsticks to move the burned bones of the dead from the coffin to a pot.
Problems with chopsticks
Chopsticks and the environment
Using a set of chopsticks only once, and then throwing them away causes problems for the environment.
There are some movements which aim at telling people to use a set of chopsticks more than once.
In China, about 45 billion pairs of disposable chopsticks are used per year.
This is equal to 1.7 billion cubic metres of timber–about 25 million fully grown trees.
China is the biggest producer of disposable chopsticks, about 60,000 people have a job making chopsticks.
If production continues at the current level, China's forests will be gone in about a decade.
For this reason, a tax has been introduced on chopsticks that are only used once.
There are also moves to replace disposable chopsticks made of wood  by plastic or metal  ones.
Chopsticks and health
In 2003, a study was done.
It found that people who use chopsticks regularly have a slightly higher risk of getting arthritis in the hand.
With this, cartilage gets worn off, which causes pain in the joints of the hand.
This is more common in older people.
Another problem is that using certain  kinds of chopsticks may lead to coughing or even asthma.
The Hong Kong Department of Health did a study in 2006.
It found that generally, people use chopsticks or other food utensils more often than in 2003 when eating with others.
It also found that personal hygiene has improved.
Giblin, James Cross. (
New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.
Video lecture of How to use Chopsticks
A smart thing to help adults and children learn how to use Chopsticks
How to use Chopsticks?
Japanese Chopsticks (Ohashi) Etiquette
Chopsticks  Mastery and Etiquette
PingMag on Portable Chopstick Designs, also covers disposable Chopsticks
How to Use Chopsticks (Video)
Food utensils
A telephone, also known as a phone, is a communication tool.
Originally, it was an electric tool sending analogue speech through wires.
Now it is an electronic tool sending digital signals on wires or radio transmission.
Using a telephone, two people who are in different places can talk to each other.
Early telephones needed to be connected with wires which are called fixed or landline telephones.
Modern mobile phones use radio waves.
Alexander Graham Bell was the first person to patent the telephone, in 1876.
Early telephones were wired directly to each other and could only talk to the phone that they were connected to.
Later, telephone exchanges allowed connecting to other telephones.
During the 20th century the machines that made the connections were automated.
Types of telephones
There are many different types of telephones.
A telephone that can be carried around is called a mobile phone or cell phone.
These became popular in the late 1980s.
It has become common for people to carry mobile phones and in some places it is unusual to not have one.
The majority are smartphones, which can be used as computers.
Some mobile phones are able to make telephone calls using communications satellites instead of masts on the ground, which means people can make calls from anywhere in the world.
In most countries there are public payphones.
To use one, people pay with coins, a credit card or a prepaid card.
Computers can use a machine called a modem or a Digital subscriber line router to talk to other computers over a telephone line.
This allows a computer to connect to other computer networks including the Internet.
Most countries have a telephone network.
The telephones in one place are connected to a telephone exchange.
The exchanges are connected together in a world-wide network.
In developing countries cell phones are used as a cheaper and faster way to connect the countryside to the network.
Most telephones have their own number.
Today, telephone numbers are about seven to ten digits long.
In many countries, part of the telephone number is called the area code.
Area codes are used to make sure the numbers are not the same in two different places.
Areas have their own area code, and countries have their own country code.
By the end of 2009, there were a total of nearly 6 billion mobile and fixed-line telephone subscribers worldwide.
This included 1.26 billion fixed-line subscribers and 4.6 billion mobile subscribers.
Lets make it easy,
telephone is a device that make people near as they are far from each other.
Telephone can be used in emergency cases.
Checkers or draughts is the name of several different board games.
All of these games are similar.
In every kind of checkers, the other player's pieces can be taken by being "jumped" over.
"Checkers" is the American name.
In British English, and in various other English-speaking nations, these games are called "draughts."
Checkers dates back certainly to the 12th century, in France.
These authorities do not admit that discoveries of earlier checkerboards prove the game was played earlier, though it may have been.
Some other writers have thought differently, but they were not professional historians.
There are two main types of checkers played: the Anglo-American version (which originally came from France) and the Polish or continental version.
The Anglo-American version is played on an 8x8 checkerboard (chessboard) with 12 pieces.
The continental version (so-called because it is played on the continent of Europe) is played on a 10x10 board with 20 pieces each.
There are also a number of variations in various countries.
In most games of checkers, there are two players.
The players are at opposite ends of the board.
One player has dark pieces, and one player has light pieces.
They take turns moving their pieces.
Players move their pieces diagonally from one square to another square.
When a player jumps over their opponent's (the other player's) piece, you take that piece from the board.
If you can take a piece, then you must take a piece.