the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Denouncing it as "not only shameful and demeaning but also illegal and unjust", the Pope agreed.
The Magna Carta is still considered one of the most important documents ever written, having inspired the way we view issues of justice and liberty and influenced laws regarding such throughout the world.
The Magna Carta has influenced English law right down to the present day.
It is one of the most celebrated documents in the History of England.
It is recognized as a cornerstone of the idea of the liberty of citizens.
The Magna Carta contains 63 clauses written in Latin on parchment.
Only three of the original clauses in Magna Carta are still law today.
One defends the freedom and rights of the English Church, another confirms the liberties  customs of the City of London and other towns.
This clause (translated) is the main reason the Carta is still famous:
"No free man shall be seized, imprisoned, stripped of his rights or possessions, outlawed, exiled.
Nor will we proceed with force against him except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land.
To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice".
This clause limits the power of rulers, and introduces the idea of lawful process and the idea of a jury.
The BBC summarised the main points of the document as:
No one is above the law, not even the king.
Everyone has a right to a fair trial.
The origin is in the medieval feudal system, in which the King's word was law.
It solved, at the time, a conflict between King John and his main men: the barons and bishops.
Dispute grew between the barons and bishops and King John over taxes and disputes with the Pope.
The barons chose their time to put John under pressure.
John had lost a battle against the French, been excommunicated by the Pope (1209–1213), and feared civil war at home.
He met the barons at Runnymede, 20 miles south-west of London, in June 1215.
The negotiation was managed by John's half-brother, William Longspée, and Elias of Dereham, steward to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Stephen Langton.
The content of the Carta was designed to re-balance power between the King and his subjects, but especially between John and the barons.
When King John set his seal on Magna Carta he conceded the fundamental principle that even as king he was not above the law.
That meant kings would not have as much power as they did before.
The Carta also laid down rules of inheritance, and that convictions required some kind of official process.
It stated that people had rights not to be unlawfully imprisoned.
In other words, the king is bound to rule within the law.
Thirteen original copies of the Carta were made and distributed.
Only four survive today.
The four copies are in The British Library, The Bodleian Library, Lincoln Castle and Salisbury Cathedral.
The Magna Carta was sent out again in 1220 by Henry III.
In 2009 UNESCO recognized it in its Memory of the World register.
The British Library brought all four copies together in February 2015, so that scholars could examine them side by side.
A catapult is a type of machine used as a weapon to throw rocks, large arrows, or other things such as hot tar, that would cause damage to something else.
Often, catapults were set on higher ground or on castle towers to let them shoot farther.
They shot rocks to break castle walls, or pitch or hot tar to set the target on fire.
Catapults use weights and levers to send the rocks or other things into the air.
They do not throw as far as modern weapons do, and are not useful in modern warfare.
Catapults were common in the past, especially the Middle Ages.
Nowadays catapults are used to study old weapons, and as experiments (for example in physics or engineering classes).
Some old ones are kept in museums.
How does a catapult work  - A thorough explanation of different types of catapults with images.
Animated Catapults Animations of a Roman mangonel and onager and a medieval trebuchet
February 1 – Edward Coke, English business person (d. 1634)
February 8 – Agrippa d'Aubigné, French poet and soldier (d. 1630)
February 19 – Melchior Klesl, Austrian statesman and cardinal (d. 1630)
February 28 – Joost Bürgi, Swiss clockmaker and mathematician (d. 1632)
June 18 – Gabriello Chiabrera, Italian poet (d. 1637)
July 18 – Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1612)
August 24 – Lavinia Fontana, Italian painter (d. 1614)
September 22 – Tsar Vasili IV of Russia (d. 1612)
October 6 – Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit missionary to China (d. 1610)
December 29 – Henri I de Bourbon, prince de Condé (d. 1588)
December 30 – Simon Forman, English occultist and astrologer (d. 1611)
Hans von Aachen, German mannerist painter (d. 1615)
Thomas Aufield, English martyr (d. 1585)
Jean Bertaut, French poet (d. 1611)
Miguel de Benavides, Spanish clergyman (d. 1605)
Richard Hakluyt, English writer, editor and translator (b. c. 1552 or 1553; d. 1616)
Philemon Holland, English translator (d. 1637)
Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma, Spanish politician (d. 1625)
Dom Justo Takayama, Japanese daimyo (d. 1615)
Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul, French diplomat (d. 1636)
Jack Ward, English pirate (d. 1622)
January 10 – Johann Cochlaeus, German humanist (b. 1479)
January 22 – Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, English politician (b. 1509)
February 26 – Heinrich Faber, German composer (b. 1500)
April 18 – John Leland, English historian (b. 1502)
May 26 – Sebastian Münster, German map maker (b. 1488)
June 10 – Alexander Barclay, British poet (b. 1476)
July 9 – György Szondy Hungarian soldier
August 15 – Hermann of Wied, German Catholic archbishop (b. 1477)
October 14 – Oswald Myconius, Swiss Protestant reformer (b. 1488)
October 17 – Andreas Osiander, German Protestant theologian (b. 1498)
December 2 – Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1506)
December 20 – Katharina von Bora, wife of Martin Luther (b. 1499)
May 1 – Jean Ribault, French navigator, lands in Florida.
September 22 – Maximilian becomes King of Bohemia.
October – John Hawkins starts the English slave trade.
He ships slaves from Sierra Leone to Hispaniola in the Caribbean.
November 20 – Maximilian of Bohemia is elected King of the Romans.
The Mughal Emperor Akbar conquers Malwa.
January 13 – Mark Alexander Boyd, Scottish poet and soldier of fortune
January 20 – Ottavio Rinuccini, Italian composer
Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch composer
May 6 – Pietro Bernini, Italian sculptor
July 25 – Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese samurai
November 25 – Lope de Vega, Spanish poet and dramatist
Isabella Andreini, Italian actress
John Bull, English composer
Henry Constable, English poet
Maeda Toshinaga, Japanese nobleman
Cornelis van Haarlem, Dutch painter
January – Ilie II Rareş, Prince of Moldavia
January 9 – Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord
October 9 – Gabriele Falloppio, Italian anatomist
October 13 – Claudin de Sermisy, French composer
November 17 – Antoine de Bourbon, father of Henry IV of France
December 6 – Jan van Scorel, Dutch painter
December 7 – Adrian Willaert, Flemish composer
Matteo Bandello, Italian novelist
Nicholas Grimald, English poet and theologian
January – Leonhard Hutter, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1616)
January 30 – Franciscus Gomarus, Dutch theologian (d. 1641)
March 5 – John Coke, English politician (d. 1644)
April 15 – Guru Arjan Dev, fifth Sikh leader (A. 1606)
June 1 – Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English statesman and spymaster (d. 1612)
September 4 – Wanli Emperor of China (d. 1620)
October 14 – Jodocus Hondius, Flemish artist (d. 1633)
November 8 – Henry I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1624)
November 19 – Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (d. 1626)
December 19 – Lord William Howard (d. 1640)
Yi Su-gwang, Korean scholar (d. 1628)
Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire (d. 1606)
John Dowland, English composer (d. 1626)
Michael Drayton, English poet (d. 1631)
Scipione Gentili, Italian legal scholar (d. 1616)
Anna Guarini, Italian virtuoso singer (d. 1598)
Hosokawa Gracia, Japanese noblewoman (d. 1600)
Marcin Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1636)
Zygmunt Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1634)
Robert Naunton, English politician and writer (d. 1635)
Joshua Sylvester, English poet (d. 1618)
Jean Titelouze, French organist and composer (d.1633)
February 1 – Emperor Menas of Ethiopia (b. 1559)
February 24 – Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (b. 1519)
March 24 – Hosokawa Harumoto, Japanese military leader (b. 1514)
March 28 – Heinrich Glarean, Swiss music theorist (b. 1488)
May 21 – Martynas Mažvydas, writer of the first printed book in Lithuanian (b. 1510)
June – Elizabeth Seymour, Marchioness of Winchester, English noblewoman (b. 1513)
June 6 – Ikeda Nagamasa, Japanese military commander (b. 1519)
June 9 – William Paget, 1st Baron Paget, English statesman (b. 1506)
August 11 – Bartolomé de Escobedo, Spanish composer (b. 1500)
August 18 – Étienne de La Boétie, French judge and writer (b. 1530)
September 17 – Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland, English soldier (b. 1526)
November – Ioan Iacob Heraclid, ruler of Moldavia (b. 1511)
December 29 – Sebastian Castello, French theologian (b. 1515)
date unknown – Odet de Selve, French diplomat (b. c. 1504)
A minuet is a dance which was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries in France.
It was danced by the aristocracy, especially at the court of King Louis XIV.
Sometimes the French spelling menuet is used, or the Italian minuetto.
It was a moderate or slow dance.
There were always three beats in a bar (3/4 time).
Composers liked the music of the minuet and often wrote them just as pieces of music for a keyboard or other instruments.
Composers like Bach and Handel included them in their suites (collection of dance movements).
Lully started to put them in his operas, often in pairs: Minuet I, Minuet II, then Minuet I repeated.
Often the second minuet would be played by three instruments, so it was called a trio.
In the Classical music period the minuet and trio were used in symphonies and sonatas.
They usually formed the third movement of a four movement work.
Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote minuets and trios.
Gradually the minuets became faster so that they were called scherzos.
By the 19th century the waltz had become fashionable among the new middle class.
The polite minuet went out of fashion.
Ballroom dances
A Scherzo is a piece of music which is quite fast.
In the 19th century Romantic composers started to write scherzos in their symphonies and sonatas instead of the traditional minuets.
They are similar to a minuet, always with three beats in a bar,  but they are faster and less "polite".
Some composers like Chopin and Brahms wrote scherzos as separate pieces for the piano.
April 13 – The Siege of Busan begins.
April 24 – Battle of Sangju: The Koreans lose against the Japanese.
February – Thomas Cavendish, English sailor and explorer
February 13 – Jacopo Bassano, Italian painter
September 3 – Robert Greene, English writer
March 28 – John Amos Comenius, Czech teacher and writer
January – Mehmed III succeeds Murad III as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
May 18 – The Treaty of Tyavzino brings to an end the Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595).
May 24 – The Nomenclator of Leiden University Library appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library.
June 9 – Battle of Fontaine-Française:  Henry IV of France defeats the Spanish, but is nearly killed.
July 21 – A Spanish expedition led by navigator and explorer Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira makes the first European landing in Polynesia, on the Marquesas Islands.
August 13 – Battle of Calugareni: The Wallachians, led by Michael the Brave, accomplish a great victory against the large army of the Turks, numbering over 150,000 men, led by Sinan Pasha.
Wallachian tactical victory.
October 26 – Battle of Giurgiu: Michael the Brave again defeats the Turkish army led by Sinan Pasha, pushing them on the right side of the Danube.
December 9 – Probable first performance of William Shakespeare's Richard II.
Probable first performance of William Shakespeare's plays Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night's Dream in London.
The Austrians start a rebellion against the Ottomans in Bulgaria.
January 6 – Claude Favre de Vaugelas, French grammarian and man of letters (d. 1650)
April 12 – Miles Hobart (d. 1639)
June 9 – King Wladislaus IV of Poland (d. 1648)
June 13 – Jan Marek Marci, Bohemian physician and scientist (d. 1677)
June 19 – Guru Har Gobind, the Sixth Sikh Guru (d. 1606)
September 21 – Adrian Fearney, British pirate (d. 1641)
November 13 – George William, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1640)
December 4 – Jean Chapelain, French poet (d. 1674)
December 5 – Henry Lawes, English musician (d. 1662)
December 27 – Bohdan Khmelnytsky, hetman of Ukraine (d. 1657)
Thomas Carew, English poet (d. 1645)
Miles Corbet, English Puritan politician (d. 1662)
Jean Desmarets, French writer (d. 1676)
Henry Herbert, English official (d. 1673)
Lars Kagg, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1661)
Thomas May, English poet and historian (d. 1650)
Henri II de Montmorency (d. 1632)
Bartholomaeus Nigrinus, Polish Rosicrucian (d. 1646)
Pocahontas, Algonquian princess (d. 1617)
Mikołaj Potocki, Polish politician (d. 1651)
Robert Sempill the younger, Scottish writer (d. 1663)
Cornelius Vermuyden, Dutch engineer (d. 1683)
Dirck van Baburen, Dutch painter (d. 1624)
Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł, Lithuanian chancellor (d. 1656)
January 15 – Murad III, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1546)
January 24 – Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria (b. 1529)
February 12 – Archduke Ernest of Austria, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (b. 1553)
February 21 – Robert Southwell, Jesuit priest and poet (b. 1561)
April 25 – Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (b. 1544)
May 25 – Valens Acidalius, German critic and poet (b. 1567)
May 26 – Philip Neri, Italian churchman (b. 1515)
August 24 – Thomas Digges, English astronomer (b. 1546)
August 26 – Antonio, Prior of Crato, claimant to the throne of Portugal (b. 1531)
September – Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople (b. 1530)
October 19 – Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel, English nobleman (b. 1537)
November 5 – Luis Barahona de Soto, Spanish poet (b. 1548)
November 12 – John Hawkins, English shipbuilder and trader (b. 1532)
November 29 – Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, Basque soldier and poet (b. 1533)
December 14 – Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon (b. 1535)
Grzegorz Branicki, Polish nobleman (born 1534)
Turlough Luineach O'Neill, Irish chief of Tyrone (b. c. 1530)
Robert Sempill, Scottish ballad-writer (b. 1530)
Thomas Whythorne, English writer and musician (b. 1528)
January 8 – The Jesuit educational plan known as the Ratio Studiorum is issued.
June 20 – The Synod of Diamper is convened.
August 15 – First Battle of Curlew Pass: Irish forces defeat the English.
September 21 – The first reported performance of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar at the Globe Theatre in London, is recorded by Swiss traveller Thomas Platter the Younger.
* October 18 – Battle of Sellenberk: Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, defeats the army of Andrew Báthory near Șelimbăr, leading to the first recorded uniting of the Romanians.
Sasaki Kojiro, a famous swordsmen instructor and general, under Tokugawa Ieyasu, was slain in a duel against legendary swordsman, Musashi Miyamoto at Hesagigawa.
The griffin (also called gryphon, gryphen, griffon, griffen, and gryphin), is a legendary creature.
It has the head, front legs, and wings of an eagle.
The rest of the body looks like a part of a lion.
In the past griffin was a symbol of strength and dexterity.
It often looked after a treasure.
The Griffin is used as the symbol for Brisbane Waters Secondary College on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia.
following the griffin is the Collegiate phrase "Strength Through Unity"
Chordata is a phylum (group) of animals which have a notochord.
The group includes vertebrates, with some closely related invertebrates.
Phylum Chordata
Tunicata – (tunicates, formerly Urochordata; 3,000 species)
†Vetulicolia (8 Cambrian species of fossil)
Cephalochordata – (lancelets, 30 species)
Vertebrata (vertebrates – animals with backbones; 57,739 species)
Agnatha (jawless vertebrates; 100+ species)
Myxini or Hyperotreti (hagfish; 65 species)
Conodonta (Conodonts)
Hyperoartia (Lampreys)
†Cephalaspidomorphi (Paleozoic jawless fish)
†Pteraspidomorphi (Paleozoic jawless fish)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish; 300+ species)
Osteichthyes (bony fishes; 30,000+ species)
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish; about 30,000 species)
Tetrapoda (four-legged vertebrates; 18,000+ species)
Note: Lines show likely evolutionary relationships.
Extinct groups are marked with a "†".
Extinct animals are ones that have completely died out.
Origin of chordates
According to a long-standing theory, the origin of chordates may be found in transformed larvae of sea-squirts (tunicates).
Adult tunicates are sessile, but their larvae are motile, and have some features found in early vertebrates.
Genome analysis shows that tunicates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates.
Chordate node at Tree Of Life
Chordate node at NCBI Taxonomy
Sanlúcar la Mayor is a Spanish town in the Province of Sevilla.
It has a population of 11,762 and is 137 km² in area.
Towns in Spain
Pyrolysis is the chemical breakdown of compounds, which contain carbon, by heat.
Pyrolysis happens under pressure and if the temperature is above 430 °C (800 °F).
It is normally used for organic things, and is involved in charring.
Organic reactions
Uri is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland.
Cantons are like states, provinces, or territories, but Swiss.
35,000 people live there.
William Tell is from there.
Official statistics
Michael Andreas Helmuth Ende (12 November 1929 – 28 August 1995) was a German writer of fantasy and children's fiction.
He was born in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria.
He wrote fantasy books for children.
He died of stomach cancer in Filderstadt, Baden-Wuerttemberg.
Momo (1973)
The Neverending Story (1979)
German children's writers
An applet is a computer program that can be run  inside a web browser.
Most of the time, applets are written in Java.
They are used to display a scrolling menu on a website, for example, the applet is also used to show some applications.
In Java, there is a class called "Applet," which is extended when writing applets.
Veneto is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in northeastern Italy on the Adriatic Sea.
The capital is Venice.
COVID-19 has killed more than 200 people in Italy.
the regions of Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto have  92 per cent of recorded deaths and 85 per cent of all cases in Italy.
Veneto is the 8th largest region in Italy, with a total area of .
The main river in the region is the Po.
The highest mountain in the region is Marmolada (), in the Belluno province, with an altitude of .
Regione del Veneto Official site
Molise is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in Southern Italy on the Adriatic Sea.
The capital is the city of Campobasso.
Molise previously formed, with the Abruzzo region, the old region of Abruzzi e Molise.
Molise was separated from that region in 1963, making Molise the youngest region in Italy.
Molise, with a total area of , is the second smallest region after Valle d'Aosta.
Fortore,  long.
Trigno,  long.
Biferno,  long; it is the main river of those that flow only in the Molise region.
Volturno, ; it is the main river in South Italy by its length and its discharge.
The Philippine Sea is the body of water east of the Philippines and Taiwan.
It is a part of the western end of the Pacific Ocean.
The Philippine Sea is bounded by china Japan to the north, the Marianas to the east and Palau to the south.
Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of Oceania
The Visayas or Visayan Islands (Cebuano and Wáray-Wáray: Kabisay-an, Tagalog: Kabisayaan, Spanich: Bisayas), is one of the three principal geographical divisions of  the Philippines; the other two divisions are Mindanao, to the south, and Luzon, to the north.
People living in this islands are called Visayans.
Bohol,
Cebu,
Leyte,
Negros,
Panay,
Samar,
Administratively, the Visayas is divided into 3 regions: Western Visayas, Central Visayas and Eastern Visayas.
Each region is headed by a Regional Director.
Western Visayas (Region VI)
Western Visayas consists of the islands of Panay and the western half of Negros; it has a population, in 2010, of 7,102,438.
Its provinces are:
Aklan
Negros Occidental
Central Visayas (Region VII)
Central Visayas includes the islands of Cebu and Bohol and the eastern half of Negros; it has a population, in 2010, of 6,800,180.
The regional center is Cebu City.
Bohol
Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)
Eastern Visayas consists of the islands of Leyte and Samar; it has a population, in 2010, of 4,101,322.
The regional center is Tacloban.
Northern Samar
Die Visayas - Inselwelt in der Mitte der Philippinen
Tuscany (Italian: Toscana) is a region in the center of Italy.
It has an area of 22,990 km² and a population of about 3.6 million people (in 2004).
The capital is Florence.
Tuscany is known for its landscapes and its artistic legacy.
Six Tuscan localities have been made UNESCO protected sites: the historical center of Florence (1982), the historical center of Siena (1995), the square of the Cathedral of Pisa (1987), the historical center of San Gimignano (1990), the historical center of Pienza (1996) and the Val d'Orcia (2004).
Tuscany, bordering Emilia-Romagna to the north, Liguria to the north-west, Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, Umbria and Marche to the east, Lazio to the south-east.
The territory is two thirds hilly and one fourth mountainous.
The remainder is constituted of the plains that form the valley of the Arno River.
Tuscany is known for its wines (most famous of which are Chianti, Morellino di Scansano, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, and Brunello di Montalcino) and has 120 protected regions (nature reserves).
Other agricultural products include cattle (particularly the famous "Fiorentina" steak) and the production of olive oil, principally in Lucca.
The subsoil in Tuscany is rich in mineral resources.
There are iron ore, copper, mercury and lignite mines, the famous soffioni (fumarole) at Larderello, and the vast marble mines in Versilia.
Although its share is falling, agriculture is still important.
In the region's inland areas cereals, potatoes, olives and grapes are grown.
The swamplands, which used to be marshy, now produce vegetables, rice, tobacco, beets and sunflowers.
In the '80s and '90s the region attracted an intense influx of immigrants, in particular from China and Northern Africa.
There is also a significant community of British and Americans.
As of 2006, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 215,490 foreign-born immigrants live in Tuscany, about 5.9% of the people in Tuscany.
Florence (Firenze)
Important points for industry in Tuscany
Famous people born in Tuscany
Tuscan dialect
History of Tuscany
Official Site of Regions Tuscany (Italian site)
July 6 – Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of Congo River
September 15 – Peter Arbues, is assassinated while praying in the cathedral at Saragossa, Spain and he died on September 17.
He had been appointed Inquisitor of Aragon by the Inquisitor General, Tomás de Torquemada, in the campaign against heresy and crypto-Judaism.
December 5 – Pope Innocent VIII gives the inquisition a mission to hunt heretics and witches in Germany with the lead of Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger.
The first sugar mill becomes operational in the Gran Canaria.
First cuirassier units (kyrissers) formed in Austria.
The Austronesian languages are a language family.
They were originally spoken in Southeast Asia and on islands in the Pacific Ocean.
List of Austronesian languages
Tuvaluan
The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) is a religious group.
It broke from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, a Mormon movement, in the 19th or early 20th century.
In 1890, the Latter-Day Saints stopped accepting polygamy.
A few people who believed polygamy was an important part of their religion started the new church.
They taught that a man needs more than one wife to be able to get to heaven.
It is believed the church had about 10,000 members in 2009.
These live in the sister cities of Hildale, Utah and Colorado City, Arizona; as well as Eldorado, Texas; Westcliffe, Colorado; Mancos, Colorado; Creston and Bountiful, British Columbia; and Pringle, South Dakota.
The church has been in the news because its leader, Warren Steed Jeffs was arrested in southern Nevada in August 2006.
Jeffs was arrested because he was accused of rape and molestation.
At the time, Jeffs was on the FBI's Ten Most-Wanted list.
Beginning April 4, 2008, over a four-day period, troopers and child welfare officials searched the church's ranch.
They took 416 children into the temporary custody of the State of Texas.
Originally officials from the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services took 18 girls into temporary custody of the state.
They acted because of a phone call from the ranch- it looks like a 16-year-old girl called the police to report she had been raped.
She also said she had been married at age 15 to a 49-year-old man, Dale Evans Barlow.
On the following day, Judge Barbara Walther of the 51st District Court issued an order authorizing officials to remove all children, including boys, 17 years old and under out of the compound.
The children were being held by the Child Protective Services 45 miles away, north of the ranch.
133 women also voluntarily left the ranch with the children.
The 16-year-old girl who alerted the authorities could not be located at the time of the raid.
It looks like the call was made by a woman in her thirties, who gave a false identity.
This woman is known by local police, as she has done similar things before.
The woman was arrested for making the call (that triggered the raid) in April.
The classification has its root in the work of Aristotle who invented a multi-ranked system.
A great influence was Carolus Linnaeus, who popularized the idea of binomial nomenclature using a  two-part name indicating the genus, and the species.
The human species is named Homo sapiens.
Names of species are often printed in italics, although there is no obligation to do so (this also goes for names of genera, etc.,
Biological classification is also known as taxonomy.
It is a science, and like most sciences has evolved over time.
At various times different principles were adopted, and it is not rare for different scientists to use different methods.
Since the early 20th century, groupings are supposed to fit the Darwinian principle of common descent.
These days, molecular evolution studies, which use DNA sequence analysis as data, are popular.
This is often called "phylogenetics", a branch or form of cladism.
This approach creates an evolutionary Tree of life (biology) and uses characters (traits) to decide on the branches of the taxonomy.
Sometimes organisms placed in the same group (taxon) are similar; such similarity is not necessarity coincidence.
It may be the result of shared descent from a common ancestor.
Homologous traits are similarities caused by common ancestry.
They are distinct from traits that are analogous.
For example, birds and bats both have the power of flight, but this is not used to classify them together, because it is not inherited from a common ancestor.
When the present system of naming living things was developed, Latin was the language most widely used around the world.
So, such names are still in Latin.
Latin is also used presently because it is a dead language, so it never changes.
The official descriptions and diagnoses of new taxa in Latin were and are written in Latin as well.
Zoologist allow any language for the description of animals.
From January 1, 2012, new taxa of algae, fungi and plants may be described in either English or Latin.
Name endings
Taxa above the genus level are often given names based on a "type genus", with a standard suffix.
The suffixes used in forming these names depend on the kingdom, and sometimes the phylum and class, as set out in the table below.
Kingdom is the highest rank, after the domain, which is normally used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms.
Each kingdom is split into phyla.
There are 5 to 7 kingdoms in taxonomy.
Every living thing comes under one of these kingdoms and some symbionts, such as lichen, come under two.
There are at least:
Prokaryotes or Monera  – the most simple living things: bacteria and archaea
Protista – eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals
Fungi – mushrooms, moulds and other fungi
Plantae – all plants, such as moss, trees and grass
Animalia – all animals, including people.
See List of animal phyla
Chromoalveolata – plastids containing chlorophyll.
The kingdom-level classification of life is still widely employed as a useful way of grouping organisms.
Sometimes entries in the table, which are next to each other, do not match perfectly.
For example, Haeckel placed the red algae (Haeckel's Florideae; modern Rhodophyta) and blue-green algae (Haeckel's Archephyta; modern Cyanobacteria) in his Plantae, but in modern classifications they are considered protists and bacteria respectively.
However, despite these differences, the table gives a useful summary.
There is no agreement at present on how many kingdoms there are in the Eukarya.
In 2009, Andrew Roger and Alastair Simpson said this: "With the current pace of change in our understanding of the eukaryote tree of life, we should proceed with caution".
A class is a rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms.
Each class is split into orders.
There are multiple classes in each phylum.
Ranks below class and above order are often used.
Then the sequence is:
An order is a rank used in the biological taxonomy.
Each order is split into families.
There are many orders in each class.
A group of closely related families forms an order.
The similar characters are less in number as compared to different genera included in family
Examples of order
Carnivora is an order of meat-eating mammals.
The cat family, dog family and bear family are in this order.
Rodents are an order.
Rats and mice are in one family.
Squirrels belong in another family.
Primates are another order of mammals.
Apart from humans, most live in forests.
Pine trees are a genus in the order Pinales.
The order also includes all other living conifers, such as the cypress and yew families.
In biology, a family is a  taxonomic rank, or a taxon at that rank.
Each family contains one or more genera.
The next important rank is that of order.
Usually, the name of the family ends with a "idae" for animals, and "aceae" for plants.
Sometimes there are also subfamilies and superfamilies.
Subfamilies end with "inae" or "oideae".
In Latin, family is "familia".
For example, walnuts (genus Juglans) and hickories (genus Carya) both belong to the walnut family (the Juglandaceae).
And the family "readcoatius" is under the genus "comingforourknecappius" or the feline family felis
Digestion is the process of breaking down food to absorb it.
Food is broken down to smaller food particles which are soluble in water.
Only then can the food be absorbed into the blood stream.
Digestion occurs in three phases.
Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can be got at by digestive enzymes.
In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.
Finally, the nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream.
Once in the blood stream the nutrients are taken to the liver, which is a kind of chemical factory for the body.
After we swallow food, it travels down a muscular tube to the stomach.
There, it is mashed into a mixture like soup.
The mixture passes into the small intestine, where tiny bits of food pass into the bloodstream.
The food that is still left goes into the large intestine.
Finally, waste products leave the body.
Digestion usually takes about 18 hours.
Food stays in the stomach for about three hours.
If uncoiled, the small intestine would be about six meters (20 feet) long.
Many digestive tracts are about as long as a bus.
Food slowly enters the small intestine from the stomach.
This is where nutrients are taken into the blood.
It then enters the large intestine.
Water is taken away from it.
The food that is left is called feces.
The feces are stored in the rectum until the waste can leave the body through the anus.
Parotid gland
Hard palate
Human Physiology - Digestion
NIH guide to digestive system
Sight (also called eyesight or vision) is one of the senses.
Having sight means to be able to see.
Seeing gives animals knowledge of the world.
Some simple animals can only tell light from dark, but with vertebrates, the visual system is able to form images.
The ability to interpret visible light information reaching the eyes is called visual perception.
Sight is the resulting perception.
The components that are necessary for vision are known as the visual system.
Light enters the animal's eyes, and a part of the eye called the lens sends information from the light to the back part of the eye called the retina.
The retina is composed of light-sensitive cells which fire a signal down the optic nerve when light hits the cell.
The optic nerve is a bundle of nerve fibres from all over the retina.
When the information from the light leaves the retina, it goes to the brain.
It travels along the optic chiasma until it reaches the optic cortex at the rear of the brain.
The information is then processed to find out the shapes and colours of objects.
From that and from memory, it can tell of what kind the object is.
For example, it can somehow tell a tree from a house.
The path on which this kind of information flows is called ventral stream.
The brain can also tell where objects are.
For example, it can tell how far away an object is (this is called depth perception).
This is needed when catching a ball.
The path on which this kind of information flows is called dorsal stream.
What is sense of sight
The major problem in visual perception is that what people see is not simply a translation of an image on the retina.
For one thing, we see the world right side up, even though the image on the retina is upside down (because it has passed through the lens).
Therefore, it is difficult to explain what happens to create what we actually see.
The key, which took centuries to be appreciated, is that the brain works on the data from the eyes, and marries it with memories and guesses, all at lightning speed.
The result is an experience of the world which looks to each person as if it were simple reality.
However, although based on reality, it is actually a mental construct, built by the brain.
Many figures in the ancient world had ideas about vision.
Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy and Galen all had their ideas, but most of these ideas were speculation.
They were not based on any scientific method.
Alhazen (965–c. 1040) carried out investigations and experiments on visual perception.
He extended the work of Ptolemy on binocular vision, and commented on the anatomical works of Galen.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) is believed to be the first to recognize the special optical qualities of the eye.
He wrote "The function of the human eye ... was described by a large number of authors in a certain way.
But I found it to be completely different".
His main experimental finding was that there is only a distinct and clear vision at the line of sight, the optical line that ends at the fovea.
Although he did not use these words literally he actually is the father of the modern distinction between foveal and peripheral vision.
Hermann von Helmholtz examined the human eye and concluded that it was, optically, rather poor.
The poor-quality information gathered by the eye seemed to him to make vision impossible.
So he thought vision could only be the result of some form of unconscious inferences.
As well as information from the eyes, the brain used information from previous experiences.
The world as experienced is built up from assumptions and conclusions from incomplete data, using prior experience of the world.
light comes from above
objects are normally not viewed from below
faces are seen (and recognized) upright.
closer objects can block the view of more distant objects, but not vice versa
figures (i.e., foreground objects) tend to have convex borders
Achromatopsia
Visual Perception 3 - Cultural and Environmental Factors
Gestalt Laws
The Organization of the Retina and Visual System
Dr Trippy's Sensorium A website dedicated to the study of the human sensorium and organisational behaviour
The pharynx is an organ in the back of the throat.
It is also the meeting point of the digestive and the respiratory systems.
The opening of the respiratory system in the pharynx is called the glottis.
It is guarded by a cartilagenous flap called the epiglottis which prevents food or liquid from going into the respiratory system.
It closes during swallowing action.
As such, it is part of the gastrointestinal system.
It comes after the mouth and before the esophagus.
Food and air go through the pharynx.
The pharynx keeps food and liquids out of the lungs.
Nasopharynx - the upper part of the back of the throat, that leads up into the nose
Oropharynx - the part at the back of the throat
Laryngopharynx - the bottom part, before the windpipe and esophagus split from 1 into 2 tubes
The jejunum is a section of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum.
It is between 1 and 2 meters long.
The term "jejunum" derives from the Latin "jejunus," which means "empty of food," "meager," or "hungry."
The ancient Greeks noticed at death that this part of the intestine was always empty of food.
Hence, the name the jejunum.
The Latin "jejunus" also gave rise to "jejune" means lacking in nutritive value and devoid of substance, significance or interest, that is dull.
A jejune argument is one that is empty (like the jejunum) and totally devoid of interest.
Famous quote...."Have You Ever Been Punched in The Jejunum?"
The ileum is the last section of the small intestine.
It is between 2 and 4 meters long in humans.
The cecum is a part of the large intestine.
It helps with fermenting dietary fiber.
It comes before the colon and after the ileum in the gastrointestinal system.
The appendix is connected to the cecum.
The size of the cecum varies in humans and other omnivores but it is large in herbivores and small in most carnivores.
Romano Prodi (born 9 August 1939 in Scandiano, Italy) is an Italian politician and leader of a left-wing coalition named L'unione (The Union).
He was re-elected Prime Minister of Italy for a second time in 2006, when he defeated Silvio Berlusconi, leader of the right-wing coalition named Casa delle Libertà (House of Freedom).
2013 (twenty thirteen) (MMXIII) was .
It was the first year since 1987 to have all four of its digits being different numbers.
January 1 – Marseille, France and Košice, Slovakia become European Capital of Culture.
January 1 - The Republic of Ireland starts its six-month Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
January 1 - A crush after a New Year celebration in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, kills over 60 people.
Early January - Bushfires affect parts of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, as the most widespread fires there since 2009.
January 10 - Bombings in Quetta and the northern Swat Valley, Pakistan, kill a total of 130.
January 11 - President of France Francois Hollande sends troops to Mali, after a request from Mali for foreign aid during the Northern Mali conflict.
January 16 - Islamist extremists take a group of international workers hostage in an attack on a gas facility in eastern Algeria.
An Algerian attempt at rescuing the workers results in at least 39 deaths.
January 19 - The European Union introduces the new EU-wide driving licence.
January 19 - An attempted murder occurs against Bulgarian politician Ahmed Dogan, who survives, after security guards stop the gunman.
January 20 – At noon, Barack Obama starts his second term as President of the United States.
The public swearing-in was on January 21, as the 20th was a Sunday.
January 26 - 37 people are killed in rioting in Port Said, Egypt, after guilty verdicts for football fans involved in violence at the end of a league game almost a year earlier.
January 27 - At least 232 people are killed in a fire at a night club in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
January 28 - Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands announces that she will leave the throne on April 30, when Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange will become King.
She is the third Dutch monarch in a row to leave the throne.
January 29 - James Lee Dykes takes a five-year old hostage and kills one bus driver in Alabama.
January 30 - President Barack Obama says he will try to pass an immigration reform that will stop deportation and will give citizenship to 11 million immigrants in the United States.
The reform might go into law at the end of the year.
February 1 - A suicide bomber in Turkey blows up the United States Embassy in Ankara.
One guard is killed.
February 1 - Hillary Clinton's term as United States Secretary of State ends and nominee John Kerry was sworn in.
February 4 - Human remains found under a car park in Leicester, England, are announced to have been those of King Richard III of England.
February 4 - The hostage crisis in Alabama ended after James Lee Dykes is shot dead.
The five-year-old boy survived.
February 7 - Winter Storm Nemo hits the northwestern part of the United States and parts of Canada.
The snow reached about 30 inches and was the largest snow storm in some states.
The storm ended on February 10.
February 9 - A massive earthquake of 6.9 hits border cities between Colombia and Ecuador.
No one is killed.
February 10 - Final of the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations football competition in South Africa, which is won 1-0 by the Nigeria national football team over the Burkina Faso national football team.
This is Nigeria's third African title, after 1980 and 1994.
February 11 - Pope Benedict XVI announces that he would resign from being the Pope because of ill health and age.
He leaves as pope on February 28.
He is the first pope to resign since 1415.
February 12 - North Korea announces that it has carried out an underground nuclear test, at a depth of around a kilometer, despite criticism from many countries around the world.
February 15 - An meteor hits in Chelyabinsk, Russia.
1,200 people are injured due to shattered glass.
The meteor was about 49 feet long.
February 15 - Asteroid 2012 DA14, with an estimated diameter of 50 meters, flies to within 27,700 kilometers of Earth.
February 16 - A bomb attack in Quetta, Pakistan, kills over 80 people.
February 21 - Over 50 people are killed in a bombing in Damascus, Syria.
February 24/25 - Parliamentary election in Italy.
February 25 - Park Geunhye officially becomes the first female President of South Korea.
February 28 - Pope Benedict XVI officially resigns as Pope, as the first Pope to resign in almost 600 years.
March 4 - Presidential election in Kenya: Uhuru Kenyatta is declared the winner after a few days.
March 8 - Milos Zeman becomes President of the Czech Republic.
March 8 - Funeral of Hugo Chávez in Caracas.
March 10/11 - In a referendum in the Falkland Islands, almost all voters chooses to remain a UK territory, with only three people voting against.
March 13 - Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina is elected Pope.
He is the first non-European Pope since 741, and the first Latin American Pope.
He chooses to be known as Pope Francis.
March 15 - Xi Jinping officially takes over as President of the People's Republic of China, with Li Keqiang as Premier, completing a transition of power in the Communist Party.
March 19 - Inauguration of Pope Francis.
March 19 - 50 people are killed in a series of bomb attacks in Baghdad, considered to coincide with the 10th anniversary of the start of the Iraq War.
March 23 - Pope Francis meets Pope Benedict XVI at Castel Gandolfo in Italy.
The last time two living popes met was almost 600 years ago.
March 24 - In the Central African Republic, President Francois Bozize is overthrown after he flees to the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo on the onset of rebels capturing the nation's capital city, Bangui.
March 25 - The European Union agree to €10 billion bailout for Cyprus.
The bailout loan will be equally split between the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism, the European Financial Stability Facility, and the International Monetary Fund.
The deal precipitates a banking crisis in the island nation.
March 27 - Canada becomes the first country to withdraw from the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.
April 2 - The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Arms Trade Treaty to regulate the international trade of conventional weapons.
April 3 - Floods kill over 50 people in La Plata and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
April 9 - Inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta as President of Kenya.
April 9 - A shooting in a village south of Belgrade, Serbia, kills 13 people.
April 13 - The art museum Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam re-opens after 10 years of restoration work.
April 14 - Presidential election in Venezuela: Nicolas Maduro narrowly defeats Opposition candidate Henrique Capriles.
April 15 - 2013 Boston Marathon bombings: About three hours after the winners crossed the line in the Boston Marathon, two loud explosions occur near Copley Square just before the photo bridge that marks the finish line.
3 people are killed and over 170 are injured.
A few days later suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev is killed in a shoot-out with police after killing an officer.
His brother Dzhokhar Tsarnaev is later arrested.
April 16 - A magnitude 7.8 earthquake occurs, centred in southeast Iran, near the border with Pakistan.
Casualties and damage are reported on both sides of the border.
April 17 - New Zealand legalizes same-sex marriage.
April 17 - The funeral of Margaret Thatcher takes place in London, attended by both current and former political figures from around the world.
April 17 - West Fertilizer Plant explosion: A fertilizer plant in West, Texas explodes, killing several people and injuring over 100.
April 19 - Jiroemon Kimura becomes the first man in history verified to reach 116 years of age.
April 20 - A magnitude 6.6 earthquake strike's China's Sichuan province, with hundreds of people killed.
April 20 - Giorgio Napolitano is elected to a second term as President of Italy, the first time an Italian President will serve a second term in office.
April 23 - The Parliament of France supports the legalizing of same-sex marriage in the country.
April 24 - A clothing factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh, collapses, killing over 1,100 people in one of the worst-ever industrial accidents.
April 26 - A fire at a psychiatric hospital near Moscow, Russia, kills 38 people.
April 28 - Enrico Letta becomes Prime Minister of Italy.
At the same time, two police officers are injured in a shooting outside his office in central Rome.
April 29 - NBA player Jason Collins announces that he is openly gay, the first active sportsman in the US to do so.
April 30 - Accession of Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, the first King of the Netherlands since 1890, after Beatrix of the Netherlands officially abdicated the throne after 33 years as Queen.
May 6 – 2013 Cleveland, Ohio, missing trio: Between nine and eleven years after going missing, Amanda Berry, Gina DeJesus and Michelle Knight are freed from being held captive in Cleveland, Ohio.
52-year-old Ariel Castro is arrested and charged.
May 8 – In football, Alex Ferguson announces his intent to resign as manager of Manchester United after May 19.
With over 26 years in charge, he is one of the game's longest-serving managers.
David Moyes is selected to replace him.
May 10 – Solar eclipse in the South Pacific, visible in Australia.
May 11 – Nawaz Sharif is elected Prime Minister of Pakistan.
May 15 – In a study published in Nature, Oregon Health & Science University researchers describe the first creation of human embryonic stem cells by cloning.
May 18 – Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmo, Sweden: Emmelie de Forest of Denmark wins with the song "Only Teardrops".
May 20 – Bomb attacks across Iraq kill a total of 70 people.
May 20 – The 2013 Moore tornado kills 24 people and injures 377 people in Moore, Oklahoma.
May 21 – French far-right historian and writer Dominique Venner commits suicide by gunshot inside Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris.
May 23 – Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson becomes Prime Minister of Iceland, succeeding Johanna Sigurdardottir.
May 29 – The first same-sex marriage in France takes place.