the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Commodus gave the soldiers permission to execute Perennis and his wife and sons.
The fall of Perennis brought a new spate of executions.
Ulpius Marcellus was replaced as governor of Britain by Pertinax; brought to Rome and tried for treason, Marcellus narrowly escaped death.
Cleander's rise and fall (185–190)
Unrest around the empire increased, with large numbers of army deserters causing trouble in Gaul and Germany.
A revolt in Brittany was put down by two legions brought over from Britain.
In 187, one of the leaders of the deserters, Maternus, came from Gaul intending to assassinate Commodus at the Festival of the Great Goddess in March, but he was betrayed and executed.
In the same year, Pertinax unmasked a conspiracy by two enemies of Cleander.
As a result, Commodus appeared even more rarely in public, preferring to live on his estates.
Early in 188, Cleander disposed of the current praetorian prefect, and himself took over supreme command of the Praetorians at the new rank of a pugione ("dagger-bearer") with two praetorian prefects subordinate to him.
Now at the zenith of his power, Cleander continued to sell public offices as his private business.
The climax came in the year 190, which had 25 suffect consuls—a record in the 1,000-year history of the Roman consulship—all appointed by Cleander (they included the future Emperor Septimius Severus).
In the spring of 190, Rome was afflicted by a food shortage, for which the official actually in charge of the grain supply managed to lay the blame on Cleander.
At the end of June, a mob demonstrated against Cleander during a horse race in the Circus Maximus: he sent the praetorian guard to put down the disturbances, but Pertinax, who was now City Prefect of Rome, dispatched the Vigiles Urbani to oppose them.
Cleander fled to Commodus, who was at Laurentum in the house of the Quinctilii, for protection, but the mob followed him calling for his head.
At the urging of his mistress Marcia, Commodus had Cleander beheaded and his son killed.
Other victims at this time were the praetorian prefect Julius Julianus, Commodus's cousin Annia Fundania Faustina, and his brother-in-law Mamertinus.
Papirius Dionysius was executed too.
Commodus continued to rule through a cabal, which now consisted of Marcia, his new chamberlain Eclectus, and the new praetorian prefect Quintus Aemilius Laetus, who about this time also had many Christians freed from working in the mines in Sardinia.
Marcia is alleged to have been a Christian.
A new order (190–192)
Commodus presented himself as the fountainhead of the Empire and Roman life and religion.
He also had the head of the Colossus of Nero adjacent to the Colosseum replaced with his own portrait, gave it a club and placed a bronze lion at its feet to make it look like Hercules, and added an inscription boasting of being "the only left-handed fighter to conquer twelve times one thousand men".
Commodus the gladiator
The emperor also had a passion for gladiatorial combat, which he took so far as to take to the arena himself, dressed as a gladiator.
The Romans found Commodus' naked gladiatorial combats to be scandalous and disgraceful.
It was rumoured that he was actually the son, not of Marcus, but of a gladiator whom his mother Faustina had taken as a lover at the coastal resort of Caieta.
In the arena, Commodus always won since his opponents always submitted to the emperor.
Thus, these public fights would not end in a death.
For each appearance in the arena, he charged the city of Rome a million sesterces, straining the Roman economy.
Military officials in Rome were enraged at his behaviour in the arena.
Often, wounded soldiers and amputees would be placed in the arena for Commodus to slay with a sword.
Citizens of Rome missing their feet through accident or illness were taken to the arena, where they were tethered together for Commodus to club to death while pretending they were giants.
Commodus was also known for fighting exotic animals in the arena, often to the horror of the Roman people.
According to Gibbon, Commodus once killed 100 lions in a single day.p106 Later, he decapitated a running ostrich with a specially designed dart.
and afterwards carried the bleeding head of the dead bird and his sword over to the section where the Senators sat and gesticulated as though they were next.
On another occasion, Commodus killed three elephants on the floor of the arena by himself.
Finally, Commodus killed a giraffe which was considered to be a strange and helpless beast.p107 "Commodus killed a camelopardalis or giraffe...the most useless of the quadrupeds."
In November 192, Commodus held Plebian Games in which he shot hundreds of animals with arrows and javelins every morning, and fought as a gladiator every afternoon, naturally winning all the bouts.
In December he announced his intention to inaugurate the year 193 as both consul and gladiator on 1 January.
At this point, the prefect Laetus formed a conspiracy with Eclectus to supplant Commodus with Pertinax, taking Marcia into their confidence.
On 31 December Marcia poisoned his food but he vomited up the poison; so the conspirators sent his wrestling partner, Narcissus, to strangle him in his bath.
On his death, the Senate declared him a public enemy and restored the original names to the city of Rome and its institutions.
Commodus was succeeded by Pertinax, whose reign was short lived, being the first to fall victim to the Year of the Five Emperors.
Commodus's death marked the end of the Nervan-Antonian dynasty, and the beginning of the end for the Western Roman Empire.
Commodus in popular culture
There are a number of semi-fictional versions of his life.
The most notable are the two films:
In 1964's The Fall of the Roman Empire.
Marcus Aurelius is played by Alec Guiness, and Commodus by Christopher Plummer in this long (three hour) movie.
This movie is now seen as a classic; its main deviation from history is the idea that Marcus was planning to disinherit Commodus by adopting a step-son, Livius (Stephen Boyd).
Dramatically, this works well, though Boyd was criticised as being rather 'wooden'.
The 'Battle of the Four Armies' involved 8,000 soldiers including 1,200 cavalry and was shot on an undulating plain at Manzanares el Real which allowed large numbers of soldiers to be visible over a long distance.
The film's reconstruction of the Roman Forum at Las Matas near Madrid, at 400 x 230 meters (1312 x 754 feet) holds the record for the largest outdoor movie set.
The various ancient Rome settings covered 55 acres (220,000 m2).
The 2000 Academy Award-winner for Best Picture, Gladiator starred Russell Crowe as Maximus, and Joaquin Phoenix as Commodus.
Commodus serves as the main antagonist of the movie.
He is depicted as cowardly, greedy and ruthless.
The movie is only loosely based on historical events.
Although the filmmakers consulted an academic expert with knowledge of the period of the Ancient Roman empire, historical discrepancies were incorporated by the screenwriters.
At least one historical advisor resigned due to the changes made, and another asked not to be mentioned in the credits.
Historian Allen Ward of the University of Connecticut believed that historical accuracy would not have made Gladiator less interesting or exciting: "creative artists need to be granted some poetic license, but that should not be a permit for the wholesale disregard of facts in historical fiction".
The movie begins with an exciting battle scenario, using modern computer graphics.
The battle also plays with history: much of the infantry combat is shown as one-on-one dueling between individuals.
The highly organized Romans would not have allowed this to happen: the organized, cohort-based fighting style would have been used to wear down the Germans.
The movie ends with the death of both Commodus and Maximus in the arena.
The post of Emperor is then auctioned off...
Club Baloncesto Breogán is a galician basketball team.
The team currently plays in league ACB, but in the past the team participated in European competitions.
LEB Oro (LEB Gold) : 3 (Record)
1998/99, 2017/18, 2020/21
Prince's Cup of Basketball: 3 (Record)
2007/08, 2017/18, 2020/21
Copa Galicia de Baloncesto (Galician League): 13 (Record)
1986, 1987, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2018, 2021
James Feldeine (6 ft 4 in)
Eric Hayes (6 ft 4 in)
Jordi Vallmajó (6 ft 3 in)
Camilo Riveiro (6 ft 6.5 in)
Arnette Hallman (6 ft 6 in)
Cliff Brown (6 ft 7 in)
Brandon Polk (6 ft 7 in)
Óliver Arteaga (6 ft 10.3 in)
Xavi Forcada (6 ft 4.7 in)
José Amador (6 ft 11 in)
Betinho (6 ft 6.2 in)
President:
Jesús Lázare
Natxo Lezkano
José Miguel Antúnez
Charlie Bell
Tanoka Beard
Anthony Bonner
Nikola Lončar
Pete Mickeal
Velimir Perasović
Manel Sánchez
Andreu Casadevall
Moncho López
XPilot is multiplayer 2D space action video game.
It is an open source game, and its first version was released in 1991.
XPilot was created in 1991 by Bjørn Stabell and Ken Ronny Schouten, students in computer science at the Tromsø university (Norway), as a multiplayer game similar to Thrust.
They received a lot of patches and feedback when they released the first public version.
The game has been improved a lot by players from all the world and has many contributors.
Originally only available on UNIX, it was ported on the Mac OS and Microsoft Windows.
It has been forked and new versions appeared: XPilot 5 and XPilot NG (Next Generation).
In 2009 a version was released for iPhone and iTouch.
Several projects are currently in progress: a Java version of XPilot, an optimisate version for the Blood's Music map and a project to improve the artificial intelligence.
Official page of the original XPilot
Page of XPilot 5 and XPilot NT
Page of XPilot NG
XPilot iPhone
Java XPilot Client
Andrei Kolkoutine ( born in 1957 in Smolyaninovo, Primorsky Krai) is a Russian artist.
In 1982 Kolkoutine graduated at the Repin Academy of Arts in Leningrad, named after Ilya Repin.
Kolkoutine lives in southern Russia in the town of Nalchik.
The medium of his paintings is usually oil on canvas, but Kolkoutine also made a few sculptures and prints.
Besides Russia, Kolkoutine has made exhibitions in Denmark, Germany, France and other European countries as well as the United States.
Kolkoutine settled into his current characteristic style by the end of the 1980s in which he mixes traditions from the Russian icons with other art styles: suprematism from Malevich, cubism and naïve art.
Kolkoutine states that he sought the special tones of colours which are seen in the old Russian icons, and he developed a method for making these tones by pasting a layer of neutral grey paint on the canvas before painting the colours.
Geometrical and abstract elements are combined with figurative elements.
Buildings and playing cards may appear at the bottom of the paintings as well as Cyrillic letters.
Frames in different colours surrounding the motifs are often oblique.
Often the motifs are either stylized biblical or simple working people from the Russian province; according to Kolkoutine the biblical characters are in principle the same kind as the provincial people (Bjørnager, 2006).
The biblical motifs are also a reflection of his origin; they are distinctly orthodox.
Jekatarina Seleznjova states that in her opinion the fundamental question asks in his paintings is ”Why are we here?” (
Seleznjova, 2007), and thus despite the culturally characteristic motifs, Kolkoutine's paintings are supposed to touch something universally human.
Kolkoutines paintings are both simple and complicated it is said.
Kolkoutine, Andrej: Pictures from the Russian Province (kartiny russkoj provincii
Seleznjova, Jekaterina. ‘
Andrei Kolkoutine’, 2007, Galerie Moderne, Silkeborg
Eveleigh, Romilly. ”
Postmodern Icon” April 1, 2005
Homepage of Andrei Kolkoutine
Homepage of the "Foster Brothers"
Phyllis Schlafly (August 15, 1924 in St. Louis, Missouri - September 5, 2016 in Ladue, Missouri) was an American conservative.
She was a political activist, author, and constutional attorney.
Her best-selling book, A Choice, Not an Echo, was written in 1964.
The book was about corruption in the Republican Party and how people with lot of money unfairly influenced elections.
She was a big supporter of Barry Goldwater, who was the Republican Party's nominee for president in 1964.
Goldwater had beaten Nelson Rockefeller, a more moderate candidate backed by big money.
Although Goldwater would lose the 1964 election to Lyndon Johnson, the campaign helped start the modern conservative movement.
Starting in 1967, she published her own newspaper, the Phyllis Schlafly Report.
When the Equal Rights Amendment was passed by congress, she organized a campaign against it.
Schlafly argued that the amendment would not actually help women, often pointing out that it would force women to be drafted.
After a long and controversial debate, the amendment was not added to the Constitution.
Schlafly is usually considered the main force that stopped it.
She is very critical of the feminist movement, saying that "it teaches women to be victims."
She helped with Ronald Reagan's campaign for the presidency in 1980.
Schlafly remained active in politics until her death.
Lawyers from St. Louis, Missouri
The cult of domesticity, also known as the cult of true womanhood, is an ideology about the roles proper for white women in the 1800s.
This way of thinking promoted the ideal that wealthy white women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home.
This ideology promoted an ideal of separate spheres, in which women remained in the home and men led out in the world.
Four ideals were held up for women to aspire to:
Be more religious than men (piety)
Be pure in heart, mind, and body (purity)
Be deferential to their husbands (submissiveness)
Act as keepers of home and hearth, concerned chiefly with household duties (domesticity)
The idea of this domesticity was practiced in 1820.
However, the ideology was not recognized and truly followed until the 1840s and 1850.
Some think that this domesticity came to an end only when the Civil War had ended (in 1865) due to some changes in beliefs about women's roles.
This ideology strongly discouraged women from obtaining an education.
This ideology was thought to elevate the moral status of women and benefit them in ways such as living lives of higher material comfort.
It made the roles of wife and mother important in society.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/cult-of-domesticity-definition-significance.html
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/117679/Bonventre.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Roe v. Wade was a 1971 - 1973 landmark decision by the US Supreme Court.
The court ruled that a state law that banned abortions (To save the mother) was unconstitutional.
The ruling made abortion legal in many circumstances.
The decision said that a woman's right to privacy extended to the fetus/unborn child she was carrying.
In the view of the court, during the first trimester an abortion was no more dangerous than carrying the fetus/child full term.
The decision was 7-2, with Chief Justice Warren E. Burger and six other Justices voting for "Jane Roe", and Justices William Rehnquist and Byron White voting against it.
The decision divided the nation and is still controversial today.
People divided into pro-life and pro-choice groups.
Pro-life supporters argue that the unborn baby has the same right to life as other people, and the government should intervene to protect it.
Pro-choice supporters believe that the unborn baby is not the same as a person, and the woman has the right to choose what she wants to do with her body and that the government should not intervene.
Roe was limited by a later decision called Webster v. Reproductive Health (1989), which allowed regulation of abortion in some cases.
Several states have considered  laws banning abortions altogether.
It began in Texas as a challenge against a law prohibiting any kind of abortion unless the mother's life was in danger.
In 1970 a pregnant Texas woman, Norma McCorvey (alias Jane Roe), brought a lawsuit against Henry Wade, Dallas County District Attorney, in a Texas federal court.
Alleging she was a single woman and pregnant, McCorvey wanted to terminate her pregnancy.
She wanted it done safely by a doctor but said she could not afford to travel outside of Texas.
She could not get a legal abortion in Texas because her life was not in danger.
Her lawsuit claimed that the Texas law violated her right to privacy, protected by the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments.
Roe added she sued "on behalf of herself and all other women" in the same situation.
The case slowly made its way to the US Supreme Court.
Meanwhile, McCorvey had her baby and placed it for adoption.
The majority decision
In a 7-2 decision, the court held that a woman's right to an abortion was protected by her right to privacy under the Fourteenth Amendment.
The decision allowed a woman to decide whether to keep or abort the fetus/unborn child during the first trimester.
This affected the laws of 46 states.
Justice Harry Blackmun wrote the majority opinion. “
We … acknowledge our awareness of the sensitive and emotional nature of the abortion controversy, of the vigorous opposing views, even among physicians, and of the deep and seemingly absolute convictions that the subject inspires.” —
Justice Blackmun (1973).
The dissenting opinion was written by Justice William Rehnquist.
He objected to the majority decision giving several reasons.
He first pointed out there was no legitimate plaintiff in the case and that was a requirement to hear the case.
A legitimate plaintiff would be a woman in her first trimester of her pregnancy at some point while the case was being tried.
McCorvey (Jane Roe) did not fit that qualification and so the ruling had no application to the case.
The court recognized a woman's right to abortion under the general "right to privacy from previous cases.
But he argued, "A transaction such as this is hardly 'private' in the ordinary usage of the word."
The majority opinion was vague on where exactly the right to privacy was located in the Constitution.
Several amendments were mentioned, but none were specifically identified to contain the right to privacy.
The word privacy is not found in the Constitution.
Additional problems include the court acting as a legislature in breaking pregnancy into three trimesters and outlining the permissible restrictions states may make.
Rehnquist pointed out that 36 of the 37 states in 1868, when the Fourteenth Amendment was passed, had laws against abortion, including Texas.
He wrote "...The only conclusion possible from this history is that the drafters did not intend to have the Fourteenth Amendment withdraw from the States the power to legislate with respect to this matter."
Understanding Roe v. Wade
Right to privacy interpretation
The basis for the "right to privacy" is a judicial interpretation that can be traced from an earlier case Griswold v. Connecticut (1965).
In this landmark case, the Supreme Court ruled a Connecticut law prohibiting the use of contraceptives violated the right to privacy as found in the Constitution.
However, the right to privacy is not directly mentioned in the Constitution.
The Supreme Court has stated that the Right to Privacy is implied by several amendments.
Beginning in 1923 the court interpreted the "liberty" guarantee in the Fourteenth Amendment as a broad right to privacy.
Justice William O. Douglas stated the guarantees of the right to privacy had penumbras (implied rights) "formed by emanations (a flowing) from those guarantees that help give them life and substance."
Trimester concept
In its decision, the court used the three trimester framework of pregnancy.
During the first trimester an abortion was safer for the mother than childbirth.
The reasoning was that the decision whether to get an abortion at this stage should be left up to the mother to decide.
Any law that interfered with abortions in the first trimester would be presumed to be unconstitutional.
During the second trimester laws could regulate abortion only to protect the health of the mother.
During the third trimester the unborn child was viable (able to live on its own outside the mother's womb).
So laws could restrict or prohibit abortions except in cases where it was necessary to preserve the mother's health.
This doctrine stood until 1992.
In Planned Parenthood v. Casey'' (1992) the court changed from basing the legality of an abortion on trimesters to basing it on fetal viability.
Roe at 40 – The Controversy Continues
Before and after Roe v. Wade, CNN
Right to Privacy: Constitutional Rights & Privacy Laws
The Moral Majority was a political organization in the United States.
It was made by Jerry Falwell.
It tried to get conservative Christian views into laws by lobbying.
It was one of the major organizations of the religious right.
It was started in 1979, in response to Roe v. Wade and other events known as the "culture wars".
It broke up in the late 1980s.
It had four branches:
Moral Majority, Inc. – the lobbying division
Moral Majority Foundation – educated people on political issues
Moral Majority Legal Defense Fund – fought against people in court
Moral Majority Political Action Committee – supported candidates with their views
It broke up during Ronald Reagan's presidency because people did not think that the matter was so urgent.
Other Christians also opposed it, as well as many liberal people.
Jake Shields (born January 9, 1979 in Mountain Ranch, California) is an American mixed martial artist that currently fights for the UFC in the welterweight division.
Shields has also won many different titles including the Strikeforce Middleweight Championship, Shooto Middleweight Championship, Rumble on the Rock Welterweight Tournament Winner and the Elite XC Welterweight Championship.
Jake Shields's Official website
Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a way symmetry breaks in a physical system.
The underlying laws do not change, but the system as a whole changes.
Symmetry breaking in physics occurs when a system is crossing a critical point.
Small fluctuations decide the system's fate, by determining which branch is taken.
Uses for spontaneous symmetry breaking
Spontaneous symmetry breaking can create a  particle called a Higgs boson.
This is a particle which is the force transferring particle (boson) of the Higgs field.
The Higgs field gives mass to fundamental particles such as electrons.
Also, many scientists believe in the Higgs effect (which is very similar to spontaneous symmetry breaking) to answer questions that are not answered in the standard model of physics.
The standard model predicts that certain types of quarks should have a mass of zero, while in reality they have a non-zero mass value.
Some scientists believe that spontaneous symmetry breaking is the answer.
Method of spontaneous symmetry breaking
For spontaneous symmetry breaking to happen, you need an environment which is completely symmetrical, and has at least two outcomes that are equally likely.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking starts with two particles that are completely equal; their spin is equal, too.
Mathematically, spontaneous symmetry breaking can be extremely puzzling, since you start out with two identical things and end up with two non-identical things.
However, in practice, it is not so puzzling.
If you have two particles moving at each other with equal speed, it would seem impossible for either of them to do anything but be symmetrical.
However, if each particle has an equal 50-50 chance to be spinning one way or another, it is possible–in theory and in practice–to have this symmetry broken.
It begins with symmetry to start with because the particles have an equal and symmetrical 50-50 chance of spinning one way or another.
A Roman villa is a country house that was built and inhabited during the Roman Republic or the Roman Empire.
In general the house has a courtyard, and all rooms are accessible from the coutrtyard.
The entrance also leads into the courtyard.
An example of such a villa, called villa rustica is shown in the picture.
Villas were owned by rich people.
Some of them even had mosaics, glass windows, central heating system (called hypocaust), and their own baths.
The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the Grange, is an organization for farmers.
It is made for them to more easily buy expensive things.
It also tried to make laws that supported farmers.
It was the most popular in the 1870's.
The most people it ever had was one million.
Today, it has 300,000 people.
Its name comes from the French for barn.
The Grange was fairly active in politics.
In the 19th century, many members of the Grange were involved in the Greenback and Populist movements.
The Grange endorsed politicians well into the 20th century.
Often, the endorsement of the State Grange was an important endorsement .
Agriculture in the United States
Roger Eugene Maris (September 10, 1934 – December 14, 1985) was a baseball player for the Cleveland Indians, Kansas City Athletics, New York Yankees, and the St. Louis Cardinals.
He was named the Most Valuable Player in the American League in 1960 and 1961.
Also in 1961, the Yankees won the World Series and Maris set a record by hitting 61 home runs that season.
The Yankees won the World Series again in 1962.
Sports writers called Maris and Mickey Mantle the M&M boys.
After the 1966 season, the Yankees traded Maris to the Cardinals.
In 1967, the Cardinals won the World Series.
Maris retired after the 1968 season.
Kansas City Athletics
The 1949 Major League Baseball World Series was between the New York Yankees and the then Brooklyn (now Los Angeles) Dodgers.
The Yankees won the world series that year; they beat the Dodgers 4 games to 1.
They won their 12th title.
1949 in sports
1940s in New York (state)
In the 1950 Major League Baseball World Series the New York Yankees won the world series again.
They beat the Philadelphia Phillies 4-0.
They won their 13th title
Archimedes' principle is named after Archimedes of Syracuse, the first to discover this law.
When he did, he ran naked out of his bathtub.
Archimedes' principle relates buoyancy to displacement.
Archimedes' treatise, On floating bodies, proposition five states:
That gives you the density of the gold sample.
The only unknown is the density of the (gold) object; the density of water is 1.
Now you can tell what is gold and what is not, and collect your reward from the King of Syracuse.
That is why Archimedes shouted "Eureka!"
We do not actually know if Archimedes used exactly this method.
An alternative is to use a scale.
On one side put the object to be tested (e.g. the crown).
On the other side put gold of equal weight.
Immerse the scales.
The gold will go down, and the crown up (if it is not gold).
That is because, being less dense than gold, it occupies a larger volume and receives more buoyancy.
Other sites and pages
Theoretical particles are particles that have been assumed or predicted to exist by scientists, but have not been proven in any experiment.
Some, like the tachyon, probably don't exist, since they violate several laws of physics.
However, many are still believed to exist.
All supersymmetric particles (such as a sfermion) are theoretical.
Supersymmetrical particles are often abbreviated with an "s" in front of the particle name, like a sfermion.
Particles found in antimatter are not theoretical particles because they have been found in numerous experiments.
A list of theoretical particles
Supersymmetrical Particles
Sfermion
Slepton
Smuon
Particles that disobey laws of physics
Other hypothetical particles
Glueball
Supersymmetry is a scientific theory that says that when elementary particles (such as photons, electrons, and quarks) were formed at the beginning of the universe, matching kinds of theoretical "superparticles" were also created.
If this theory is true, it would at least double the kinds of particles in the universe.
If the universe has extra dimensions (M-Theory by Edward Witten predicts up to 11) then there would also be more ways to have symmetry and more kinds of superparticles.
Many scientists hope to prove supersymmetry because it fills many gaps in the Standard Model of physics (including dark matter) and would give support to the ideas of string theory.
However, experiments in the Large Hadron Collider have not found evidence of supersymmetry so far.
Antihydrogen is an atom made of antimatter.
Like normal matter, antihydrogen can bond and form molecules with other antimatter. (
It would annihilate any normal matter that it touches).
Antihydrogen has one positron–which is positively charged–orbiting an antiproton, which is negatively charged.
This is opposite normal hydrogen, which has one negatively charged electron orbiting a positively charged proton.
Antiprotons are tiny particles of antimatter.
They have a negative charge, and are the nucleus of an Antihydrogen atom.
They are not theoretical, as they have been found in scientific studies.
When they come in contact with regular protons, each are annihilated and a relatively massive amount of energy is generated.
Actually, antiproton is a subatomic particle of the same mass as a proton but having a negative electric chargeand oppositely directed magnetic moment.
It is the proton’s antiparticle.
Antiprotons were first produced and identified in 1955 by Emilio Segrè, Owen Chamberlain (for which they received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1959), and coworkers by bombarding a copper target with high-energy protons from the proton synchrotron at the University of California at Berkeley.
Antiprotons were predicted in the early 1930s, but their discovery had to wait for the technology of high-energy particle accelerators to reach the 6 billion electron-volt range.
A collision of an antiproton with a proton results in mutual annihilation, but a near miss may produce by charge exchange an antineutron–neutron pair.
This game features 14 classic arcade games which are Cutie Q, Dig Dug, Galaxian, Gaplus, Mappy, Pac & Pal, Pac-Mania, Super Pac-Man, and Xevious.
There are a few remixed versions of games which are Pac'N Roll, Galaga, Motos, Rally X, and Gator Panic.
Leptoceratops (meaning "slender horned face") was a stocky ceratopsian dinosaur that had a large skull are there was a horn on its beaked snout.
It is known from five skulls and some skeletal material.
Leptoceratops are during in the Upper Cretaceous, about 6865 million years ago.
Fossils have been found in Alberta, Canada, and Wyoming, in North America.
Montanoceratops (meaning "Montana horned face") was a ceratopsian dinosaur, walked on four legs, had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, a small nose horn, cheek teeth, and a small frill on its head.
Males may have had larger frills than females, indicating that the frill may have been used in courtship and mating.
Montanoceratops was up to 6 feet long (1.8 m) and weighed about 900 pounds (400 kg).
Montanoceratops lived in the late-Cretaceous period, about 72 to 65 million years ago, toward the end of the Mesozoic, the Age of Reptiles.
Fossils have been found in Montana and Alberta, Canada.
Archelon was a huge marine turtle (Testudines) that was the size of a car.
It lived in North America 74 million years ago (from the Upper Cretaceous) in the epeiric inland sea called the Western Interior Seaway.
Fossils have been found in the U.S. states of Kansas and South Dakota.
This carnivore was up to  long.
It had a wide, flattened shell, paddle-like legs, a long, narrow head, weak jaws, and a short, pointed tail.
Its only predators were probably the larger mosasaurs.
From its beak, its own food was probably squid.
Archelon, like other turtles, had a solidly-roofed skull with no opening (except for eyes, and nostrils).
The Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) is a member of the Acipenseridae family.
It is one of the oldest fish species in the world.
It can be found from New Brunswick, Canada to the eastern coast of Florida.
The numbers of Atlantic sturgeon have fallen because of overfishing and water pollution.
It is considered threatened, endangered and even extinct in much of its original habitats.
The fish live to 60 years of age, 15 feet in length and over 800 pounds in weight.
A quantum fluctuation is the temporary change in the amount of energy in a point in space, as explained in Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
It applies only to quantum physics.
That means that conservation of energy can seem to be violated, but only to allow the creation of virtual particle-antiparticle pairs for exceedingly short period of time.
Like normal matter and antimatter, theoretical electrons and positrons annihilate each other.
Unlike normal matter, however, they do not create any energy when they annihilate each other, but instead create an imaginary photon.
Normal photons can interact with matter, but theoretical photons do not.
A critical error is an error which the OS cannot reasonably ignore so as to respond again.
In Windows, the critical error is often linked with a BSOD.
These errors are known also as system failure.
However, not all types of OS failure are critical errors.
Freezing or deadlock are NOT usually considered critical.
Critical errors can lead to error avalanches also.
Freezeup
Other failure
Captain Iván Castro (born 1967) is a U.S. Army officer who did not leave the Special Forces after becoming blind.
He is one of three blind officers who currently serve in the U.S. Army and the only blind officer in the United States Army Special Forces.
Castro believes in helping wounded fighters return to a normal life, and has talked to Congress about this.
He takes part in marathons and other races.
Castro was born in Hoboken, New Jersey.
His parents were from Puerto Rico.
In 1979, when he was 12 years old, he moved to Puerto Rico with his mother.
After finishing military training, Castro went to university in Puerto Rico.
While he was a student he went to many sports running competitions.
After four years of university, Castro joined the US Army.
He later trained to become an officer.
He was blinded during combat in Iraq; while serving in 2006.
Marathons
Castro is still active as a sportsman even after recovering from debilitating injuries during his army service.
He previously trained with Major Phil Young, who was his leader in the United States Army Special Forces.
The audiences often encourage Castro for his determination.
He now trains with Lieutenant Colonel Fred Dummar, who is his Battalion Commander.
Together Castro and Dummar have completed several marathons.
Castro has earned many awards.
Medals and Awards
Meritorious Service Medal
Joint Services Commendation Medal
Army Good Conduct Ribbon
Southwest Asia Service Medal
Non-Commissioned Officer Development Ribbon
Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabian)
Presidential Unit Citation
Joint Meritorious Unit Award
Meritorious Unit Citation
Valorous Unit Citation
Combat Infantryman Badge with Star
Expert Infantryman Badge
Master parachutist badge
Pathfinder Badge
Air Assault Badge
Military Freefall Parachutist Badge
Drill Sergeant Identification Badge
Foreign badges
German Parachutist Badge
Dutch Parachutist Badge
Columbian Jumpmaster Badge
Special Forces Tab
Ranger tab
Army Special Forces
Nigel Paul Farage (born 3 April 1964) is a British politician.
He is the leader of Reform UK.
In the past, he was a member of the European Parliament for the South East England region and he is currently one of the leaders of the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group in the European Parliament.
Farage is known for being the former leader of the UK Independence Party.
Farage has been an important figure in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum.
Nigel Farage left the Conservative Party in 1992 after the Maastricht Treaty was signed by John Major's Conservative government.
He was first elected as a Member of the European Parliament in 1999 and was re-elected in 2004 and 2009.
In September 2006, he was elected to become the UKIP leader and was party leader during the 2009 European Parliament election where UKIP received the second highest number of votes after the Conservative Party.
In November 2009, Farage resigned as UKIP leader because he wanted to concentrate on being elected to the House of Commons at the 2010 General Election.
At the general election, Farage failed to be elected and became the UKIP leader again in November 2010.
Farage stood for election as an MP for South Thanet in 2015.
He lost to Craig Mackinlay.
He resigned as leader.
Four days later, Farage became the leader of the party again.
Farage was instrumental in the Brexit campaign and was regarded by many as the main factor why the Leave campaign won and the UK voted to leave the European Union.
On 25 August 2016, Farage was invited to a Donald Trump rally, in Jackson, Mississippi, to give him his support in the run-up to the US election in November 2016.
During the rally, he said the famous quote "If I was an American citizen, I wouldn't vote for Hillary Clinton if you paid me.
In fact, I wouldn't vote for Hillary Clinton if she paid me."
Farage is thought to be the first British politician to address a Republican presidential election rally.
Speaking from the United States, Mr. Farage told The Daily Telegraph: “Brexit is just massive over here.
I went to the [Republican party] convention in Cleveland and I just could not believe that ordinary people are talking to me about Brexit.
They see it as a victory of ordinary people against big business, big banks, and big politics. “
The Republican activists and managers here are keen to hear the Brexit story, hear how we  managed to get 2.5 million people who don’t normally vote at all to go down to the polling station."
Ever since the allegations about Russian interference in the US election, Farage has been viewed by the FBI as a "person of interest" in order to discover wherever he also interfered with the election, like the Russian government.
In his early twenties, Farage was diagnosed with testicular cancer.
Farage has been married twice.
He married Gráinne Hayes in 1988.
They had two children: Samuel (1989) and Thomas (1991).
The marriage ended in divorce in 1997.
In 1999 he married Kirsten Mehr, a German national.
They have two children, Victoria (born 2000) and Isabelle (born 2005).
Nigel Farage Profile at European Parliament website
UKIP MEPs  Official website of the UK Independence Party in the European Parliament
Europe of Freedom and Democracy Political group in the European Parliament
The 2009 European Parliament Election was held in all 27 countries that are part of the European Union on 4 June 2009.
In the United Kingdom, 72 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) were elected using proportional representation.
Conservative Party (25 MEPs, 27.7% of vote)
UK Independence Party (13 MEPs, 16.5% of vote)
Labour Party (13 MEPs, 15.7% of vote)
Liberal Democrats (11 MEPs, 13.7% of vote)
Green Party of England and Wales (2 MEPs, 8.6% of vote)
British National Party (2 MEPs, 6.2% of vote)
Scottish National Party (2 MEPs, 29.1% of vote in Scotland)
Plaid Cymru (1 MEP, 18.5% of vote in Wales)
2009 in the United Kingdom
2009 elections
Sir Daniel Grian 'Danny' Alexander (born 15 May 1972) is a British politician who was the Chief Secretary to the Treasury in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government from 2010 - 2015.
He was the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey but lost his seat in the 2015 general election.
Danny Alexander was born in Edinburgh and first became an MP at the 2005 general election.
Between 2005 and 2010, Danny Alexander was the Liberal Democrats Shadow Secretary for Work and Pensions.
When the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government was formed on 11 May 2010, Alexander was appointed as the Secretary of State for Scotland.
He was made the Chief Secretary to the Treasury on 29 May 2010, due to the resignation of David Laws.
He was knighted in the 2015 Dissolution Honours.
Danny Alexander's official website
James Andrew Eric "Jaime" Phelps and Oliver Martyn John Phelps (born 25 February 1986) are identical twin English actors, best known for playing Fred and George Weasley in the Harry Potter film series, which are based on the books.
James and Oliver have been a bit split up since Harry Potter ended, James working in a few more projects than Oliver, but both of them still working.
James worked in “Ward 3,” “Danny and the Human Zoo,” “Patchwork,” and a TV series, “Silent Witness.”
Oliver worked in “Ears,” and “Danny and the Human Zoo” along with James.
Both boys are now have life long friends.
Oliver moving in with Katy Humpage in 2015, and James befriending
Annika Ostle in 2016 but unfriended in 2016 5 months later because of big fight.
Both have made up but do not talk.
Both twins run a podcast and still talk about Harry Potter along side some other wonderful things.
Michael Kevin Moore (born June 3, 1965) is a British politician who was the Secretary of State for Scotland in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government.
He was the Member of Parliament for Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk.
He was a Liberal Democrat MP from 1997 to 2015.
The Year of the Five Emperors refers to the year 193 AD, in which there were five claimants for the title of Roman Emperor.
The five were Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus and Severus.
The year 193 opened with the murder of Commodus on New Year's Eve, 31 December 192.
The City Prefect Pertinax was proclaimed Emperor on New Year's Day, 1 January 193.
Pertinax tried to restore discipline in the Praetorian Guard, and did not pay them what they had expected.
He was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard on 28 March 193.
They then auctioned off the post of Emperor.
Didius
Later that same day, Didius Julianus outmaneuvered Titus Flavius Sulpicianus (Pertinax's father-in-law and also the new City Prefect) for the title of Emperor.
Flavius Sulpicianus offered to pay each soldier 20,000 sestertii to buy their loyalty (eight times their annual salary; also the same amount offered by Marcus Aurelius to secure their favours in 161).
Didius Julianus however offered 25,000 to each soldier to win the auction and was proclaimed Emperor by the Roman Senate on 28 March.
Clodius Albinus initially supported Septimius Severus believing that he would succeed him.
When he realised that Severus had other intentions, Albinus had himself declared Emperor in 195 but was defeated by Severus at the Battle of Lugdunum on 19 February 197.
Septimius Severus (Lucius Septimius Severus, 11 April 145 AD – 4 February 211) was Roman Emperor from 193 AD to 211.
Severus was born in Leptis Magna in the province of Africa.
Severus was an born an African, and some portraits show him as such.
In 187 he married Julia Domna, from Syria.
As a young man, Severus advanced under the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus.
Severus seized power after the death of Emperor Pertinax in 193 during the so-called Year of the Five Emperors.
After deposing the incumbent emperor Didius Julianus in a bloodless coup, Severus fought his rival claimants, the generals Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus.
Niger was defeated in 194 at the Battle of Issus, and Albinus three years later at the Battle of Lugdunum.
After solidifying his rule, Severus waged a brief war against the Parthian Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 197.
In 202 he campaigned  in Africa against the Garamantes, briefly taking their capital Garama and expanding the southern frontier of the empire radically.
Late in his reign he fought the Picts in Caledonia and strengthened Hadrian's Wall in Britain.
Severus died in 211 at Eboracum, succeeded by his sons Caracalla and Geta.
With the succession of his sons, Severus founded the Severan dynasty, the last dynasty of the empire before the Crisis of the Third Century.
The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent under his reignover  million square kilometres.
He secured Africa, the agricultural base of the Empire where he was born.
His victory over the Parthian Empire was for a time decisive.
His policy of an expanded and better-rewarded army was criticised by his contemporaries Cassius Dio and Herodianus.
The large increase in military expenditure caused problems for all of his successors.
145 births
211 deaths
Hadrosaurs (meaning "bulky lizards") were the family of duck-billed herbivorous dinosaurs.
They were the most common dinosaurs.
Hadrosaurs ranged in size from 10 to 65 ft (3 to 20 m) long.
They had horny, toothless beaks and hundreds of cheek teeth in the sides of their jaws.
The duck-billed dinosaurs had the most teeth; they had up to about 960 cheek teeth.
Hadrosaurs lived during the later Cretaceous, and their fossils have been found in North America, Europe, and Asia.
Hadrosaurs had a stiff tail that was probably used for balance.
They had hoof-like nails on their feet, and bumpy skin.
They ran on two legs, holding their tail and head in a horizontal position.
They may have walked on all four legs while grazing.
Hadrosaurs probably lived near bodies of water, migrating to high ground to lay eggs.
It used to be thought that they had webbed hands, but this was an artifact of the fossilization process.
It is a very interesting thing that, as Bakker says, the duckbills were so common, yet they had no obvious defence against the large carnivores.
Perhaps herd organisation and running speed were sufficient.
Their eating apparatus must have been an advantage as compared to other herbivores.
An exceptional fossil
One of the most complete hadrosaur specimens was found in 1999 in Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota and is known as "Dakota".
This fossil is so well preserved that scientists have been able to calculate its muscle mass and learn that it was more muscular than previously thought, probably giving it the ability to outrun predators such as Tyrannosaurus rex.
This mummified hadrosaur fossil comes complete with skin (not merely skin impressions), ligaments, tendons, and possibly some internal organs.
It is being analyzed in the world's largest CT scanner, operated by the Boeing Co. The machine usually is used for detecting flaws in space shuttle engines and other large objects, but previously none so large as this.
Researchers hope the technology will help them learn more about the fossilized insides of the creature.
They found a gap of about a centimeter between each vertebra, indicating that there may have been a disk or other material between them, allowing more flexibility and meaning the animal was actually longer than shown in a museum.
Skin impressions have been found from the following hadrosaurs: Edmontosaurus annectens, Corythosaurus casuarius, Brachylophosaurus canadensis, Gryposaurus notabilis, Parasaurolophus walkeri, Lambeosaurus magnicristatus, Lambeosaurus lambei, Saurolophus osborni, and Saurolophus angustirostris.
Two clades
Two clearly different clades can be seen.
One, the Hadrosaurines (sometimes called Paralophosurines), had solid crests or no crests, and were larger.
The Lambeosaurines had hollow crests and were smaller.
Lambeosaurines had narrower beaks than hadrosaurines, which suggests that Lambeosaurus and its relatives could feed more selectively than their broad-beaked, crestless counterparts.
Sundre, in Alberta, is a rural town of about 2,000 in population.
It is a half hour drive east of the Rocky Mountains.
The mayor of Sundre is Annette Clews.
Sundre is home to the Pro Rodeo.
Sundre has one public Kindergarten to grade 8 school called River Valley School with Chinooks Edge School Division.
And there is one public high school called Sundre High School.
Sundre became a village in 1950 and a town in 1956.
A Journey is a book written by former British Prime Minister Tony Blair.
It is about Tony Blair's time as leader of the Labour Party (1994-2007) and Prime Minister (1997-2007).
The book was published on September 1, 2010.
All money made by the book was donated to the Royal British Legion, which is a charity that financially and socially helps people who have served or are serving in the British Armed Forces.
The book is 624 pages long and has received mixed reviews from critics.
Iain Gray (born 7 June 1957) is a Scottish politician and leader of the Scottish Labour Party from 13 September 2008 to 17 December 2011.
He is the Member of the Scottish Parliament for East Lothian.
Before going into politics he had been a teacher in Edinburgh and Mozambique.
E-Class
Feira de Santana is a city in the state of Bahia, northeastern of Brazil.