the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Dragon Ball Z: Ultimate Battle 22 (PlayStation) Playable in Final Form
Dragon Ball Z: Hyper Dimension (SNES) Playable in Final Form
Dragon Ball Z: Indainaru Dragon Ball Densetsu (Sega Saturn, PlayStation) Playable in Final Form
Dragon Ball Z Gaiden: Saiyajin Zetsumetsu Keikaku Part 2 (Playdia) in Final Form
Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout (PlayStation) Playable in Final Form
Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku (Game Boy Advance) in all forms except Mecha Form
Dragon Ball Z: Legendary Super Warriors (Game Boy Color) in Final Form
Dragon Ball Z: Budokai (PlayStation 2 GameCube) Playable in First, Final, 100% and Mecha Form
Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II (Game Boy Advance) in Final Form and Mecha Form
Dragon Ball Z: Budokai 2 (PlayStation 2 GameCube) Playable in Final, Mecha and Majin Form
Dragon Ball Z: Taiketsu (Game Boy Advance) Playable in Final Form
Dragon Ball Z: Super Sonic Warriors (Game Boy Advance) Playable in Final Form and Mecha Form
Dragon Ball Z: Budokai 3 (PlayStation 2) Playable in all forms
Dragon Ball Z: Sagas (PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube) in First, Second, and Final Form
Jump Super Stars (Nintendo DS) Playable in Final Form
Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi (PlayStation 2) Playable in all forms
Dragon Ball Z: Super Sonic Warriors 2 (Nintendo DS) Playable in Final and Mecha Form
Super Dragon Ball Z (PlayStation 2) Playable in Final Form and Mecha Form redesigned by Akira Toriyama
Battle Stadium D.O.N Playable in Final Form
Nappa Stadium (Nintendo 64) PLayable in Third Form
Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 2 (PlayStation 2, Wii) Playable in all forms
Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai (PSP) Playable in Final Form and 100% Final Form
Jump Ultimate Stars (Nintendo DS) Playable in Final Form
Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai - Another Road (PSP) Playable in Final and 100% Final Form
Dragon Ball Z: Harukanaru Densetsu (Nintendo DS) in First Form
Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 3 (Playstation 2,Wii) Playable in all forms
Dragon Ball Z: Burst Limit (Playstation 3, Xbox 360) Playable in all forms
Dragon Ball Z: Infinite World (Playstation 2) Playable in all forms
Dragon Ball: Raging Blast (Playstation 3, Xbox 360) Playable in all forms
Dragon Ball Z: Tenkaichi Tag Team (PSP) Playable in all forms but Mecha Form.
Dragon Ball: Raging Blast 2 (Playstation 3, Xbox 360) Playable in all forms
Guide to Lord Frieza's Transformations at http://www.daizex.com/
pl:Lista postaci występujących w Dragon Ball#Freezer
A myrmecophile is an animal that lives with ants.
A myrmecophile may help the ants, or it may be a parasite of the ants by eating them or their food.
Many myrmecophiles eat waste in ant nests, such as dead ants or fungi growing in the nest.
Some myrmecophiles make food that the ants can eat.
Aphids do this when they make honeydew.
Ants may even farm or tend some insects, such as aphids, that make food for them.
Other myrmecophiles eat the food supplies of ants, and a few eat ant eggs, larvae, or pupae.
One family (group) of butterflies lives with ants and sometimes makes food for the ants.
The ants help the butterfly caterpillars by keeping away other animals that want to eat or hurt the caterpillars.
Other animals that live with ants include some beetles, flies, mites, and spiders.
Flies in the genus (group) called Microdon live in ant nests and eat waste or eat larval ants.
An argemone or prickly poppy is a plant used for decoration.
It is related to the poppy.
The plant is common in the Americas.
Grist is grain that has been separated from its chaff and is ready for grinding.
It can also mean grain that has already been ground at a grist mill.
The word grist is related to the verb "to grind".
de:Bierbrauen#Schroten
Banjul (formerly Bathurst) is the capital city of the Gambia.
About 31,000 people live in the city.
But the total urban area is many times larger with 413,397 people.
The city is on St Mary's Island (or Banjul Island) where the Gambia River enters the Atlantic Ocean.
The island is connected to the rest of Gambia by ferries to the north and bridges to the south.
Banjul is the main urban area of The Gambia.
It is the country's economic and administrative center.
Peanut processing is the main industry of the country.
bee's wax, palm wood, palm oil, and animal skins are also transported from its port.
Things to see in the city include the Gambian National Museum, the Albert Market, Banjul State House, Banjul Court House, two cathedrals and several major mosques.
The city is served by the Banjul International Airport.
In 1816, the British founded Banjul as a trading post.
Banjul was also used to help stop the slave trade.
It was first named Bathurst after Henry Bathurst.
The name was changed to Banjul in 1973.
Under the Köppen climate classification, Banjul features a tropical wet and dry climate.
The city features a lengthy dry season, spanning from November to June and a relatively short wet season covering the remaining four months.
August is usually the rainiest month, with on average more than 300 mm of precipitation falling.
Temperatures are somewhat constant, though it tends to be slightly cooler during the wet season than the dry season.
The highest temperature recorded since records began in Banjul was 47.0 °C (116.6 °F) on 31 July 1980 and the lowest was 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) on 1 May 1976.
The coldest day on record in Banjul was 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) on 4 March 1988 and the warmest night on record was 31.0 °C (87.8 °F) on 13 April 1988.
Banjul Photos, Hotels, Maps & Links
Gambia Site with history of Banjul
Cities in the Gambia
Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages.
It was mostly used by scholars and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church, but also as a language of science, literature, and administration.
Despite the clerical origin of many of its authors, Medieval Latin should not be confused with Ecclesiastical Latin.
There is no real consensus on the exact tr that Late Latin ends and Medieval Latin begins.
Some scholars have their surveys of it begin with the rise of early Christian Latin in the mid-4th century, but others have around the year 500.
Important medieval Latin authors
4th-5th centuries
Aetheria (fl.
St Jerome (c. 347-420)
6th-8th centuries
Gildas (d. c. 570)
Venantius Fortunatus (c. 530-c. 600)
Gregory of Tours (c. 538-594)
Isidore of Seville (c. 560-636)
Bede (c. 672-735)
9th-10th centuries
Ratherius (890-974)
Thietmar of Merseburg (975-1018)
K. P. Harrington, J. Pucci, and A. G. Elliott, Medieval Latin (2nd ed.), (
Chicago Pres, 1997)
Wright, Thomas, ed.
A Selection of Latin Stories, from Manuscripts of the Thirteenth and Founteenth Centuries: A Contribution to the History of Fiction During the Middle Ages.
(London: The Percy Society.
1842.)
Mental furniture from the philosophers, article on the influence of medieval Latin on modern technical vocabulary.
Grigoryan was born on November 24, 1960 in Moscow.
His parents were Armenian.
In 1983, he formed "Crematorium" which gained a reputation throughout the former Soviet Union and began to perform at concerts all over the country.
Armen Grigoryan helped the development of Russian rock music.
He composes lyrics that frequently deal with the themes of life and death in various religious contexts.
Discography (solo)
Armen Grigoryan and "3' Angel" - "Kitayskij Tank" (Chinese Tank) (2006)
Official site of Crematorium
3' Angel
Krematorij (Russian: Крематорий) is a Russian rock band.
The lead singer of the group is Armen Grigoryan (Армен Григорян).
He is also the main songwriter for the band.
The band was formed in 1983 in Moscow.
After the release of their Illusionary World album in 1985, the group was well known throughout the former Soviet Union.
They began to perform at concerts all over the country.
The band uses a violin in their music to give Krematorij a sound that is different from other bands.
This has been important to the group's continued popularity.
RussMus.
Net:   Krematorij lyrics and English translations
1980s establishments in the Soviet Union
Kristopher Hugh Martin Schau (born 12 August 1970 in Oslo) is a Norwegian musician, presenter, comedian and songwriter.
He was a singer in heavy metal band The Cumshots.
Now he is the singer in the Norwegian rock band The Dogs.
Norwegian comedians
Norwegian singers
Norwegian television presenters
Musicians from Oslo
Ole Petter Andreassen (born September 22, 1975) is a Norwegian musician and producer.
He plays guitar in heavy metal band The Cumshots.
Norwegian musical entertainers
Heavy metal guitarists
The Intercity-Express (abbreviated: ICE; sometimes stylized as InterCityExpress), is a category of high speed trains, which are operated by DB Fernverkehr since 1991.
It is the highest service and fare category (Class A) of rail in Germany and the flagship train of the German state railway, Deutsche Bahn.
There are currently 259 trainsets in use.
The trains have an operating speed of up to 300 km/h. They are one of fastest trains in the world.
Some of the high-speed lines in Germany are:
Cologne to Frankfurt am Main (up to 300 km/h)
Nuremberg over Ingolstadt to Munich (up to 300 km/h)
Hanover over Kassel to Würzburg (up to 250 km/h)
Mannheim to Stuttgart (up to 250 km/h)
Cologne to Düren (up to 250 km/h)
Hannover to Berlin (up to 250 km/h)
Hamburg to Berlin (up to 230 km/h)
ICE trains are also travelling to Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, The Netherlands and Switzerland.
Some of the destinations in other countries are: Aarhus, Brussels, Utrecht, Liege, Arnhem, Basel, Bern, Salzburg, Linz, Metz, Innsbruck, Amsterdam, Paris, Zürich and Vienna.
Honeydew is a liquid sugar that aphids and some scale insects make when they eat plant sap.
Honeydew is very sticky.
To eat plant sap, the aphid or scale insect pushes its mouth parts into the plant.
Plant sap is under pressure inside the plant.
The pressure inside the plant pushes the sap into the insect.
Sometimes the pressure is so great that the sap is forced out of the rear of the insect.
This is how honeydew is made.
The honeydew then drops from the insect and makes a sticky layer on the plant.
Honeydew is collected by some insects, such as some wasps and bees.
Some honey bees make honeydew into a dark, strong honey, called honeydew honey.
Honeydew honey is valuable in parts of Europe and Asia because people think it can be used as a medicine.
Ants collect honeydew from aphids.
Many ants even harvest the honeydew directly from the aphids.
This helps the aphids, because the ants chase predators, such as lady beetles, away from the aphids.
The term Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin or Italian Latin) means the Latin language that is used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies.
It is not a distinct language but a form of Latin used for ecclesiastical purposes because the same language can be used also for commercial or other purposes.
The Church issued the dogmatic definitions of the first seven General Councils in Greek, and even in Rome, Greek remained at first the language of the liturgy and the language in which the first popes wrote.
The Holy See is not obliged to use Latin as its official language, and in theory, it could change its practice.
However, Latin has the advantage that the meaning of its words is less likely to change radically over the centuries.
That helps to ensure theological precision and orthodoxy.
Accordingly, recent Popes have reaffirmed the importance of Latin for the Church, particularly for those in ecclesiastical studies.
Latin alphabet
Ecclesiastical Latin (article in Catholic Encyclopedia (1913))
Veterum Sapientia  by Pope John XXIII, 1962
What the Church says on the Latin Language
The Necessity of Latin (a collection of quotes from Popes, councils, and saints)
The Bible in Latin - official text of the Roman Catholic Church
Latin Bible (Vulgate text) in parallel with the English Douay-Rheims and King James Bibles
Catechism of the Catholic Church in Latin
Ordo Missae of the 1970 Roman Missal , Latin and English texts, rubrics in English only
Latin-English pre-Vatican-II Breviary
The New Missal Latin by Edmund J. Baumeister, S.M., Ph.D. Published by St. Mary's Publishing Company, P.O. Box 134, St. Mary's, KS 66536-0134, USA
A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin by John F. Collins, (Catholic University of America Press, 1985) .
A learner's first textbook, comparable in style, layout, and coverage to Wheelock's Latin, but with text selections from the liturgy and the Vulgate.
It also contains translation and composition exercises.
This article is about the drink, for the plant see yerba mate.
Mate is a traditional drink in some countries in South America, especially in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia and Brazil.
The drink, which contains mateine (an analog of caffeine), is made by an infusion of dried leaves of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis).
It is usually drunk with friends and served in a hollow calabash gourd with a "Bombilla", a special metallic drinking straw.
The straw is also called a bomba in Portuguese, and a bombija in Arabic.
It is traditionally made of  silver.
The gourd is known as a mate or a guampa.
In Brazil it called a cuia.
Even if the water comes in a very modern thermos, the drink is traditionally drunk from mates or cuias.
There are now modern "tea-bag" type infusions of mate called mate cocido which have been sold in Argentina for many years.
They are drunk from a cup.
They are sold under such trade names as "Cruz de Malta" (Maltese Cross) and in Brazil under the name "Mate Leão" (Lion Mate).
Like other brewed herbs, yerba mate leaves are dried, chopped, and ground into a powder called yerba.
The bombilla is both a straw and a sieve.
The end which is placed in the drink is wider, with small holes or slots that let the brewed liquid in, but block the chunky matter that makes up much of the mixture.
A modern bombilla uses a straight tube with holes, or spring sleeve to act as a sieve.
Bombilla means "light bulb" in Spanish, but locally it is "little pump" or "straw".
In some areas of the Middle Eastern countries of Syria and Lebanon it is also common to drink mate.
The custom of drinking mate came from Arab emigrants from South America.
Syria is the world's biggest importer of yerba mate in the world, importing 15,000 tons of yerba mate a year.
How to prepare mate
Mate is made differently in different places, with many arguments about which way is the best.
In nearly all methods, the gourd is nearly filled with yerba, and hot water (typically at 70–80 °C [160–180 °F] and never boiling) is added.
Arranging the yerba
The most common way to make mate involves a careful arrangement of the yerba in the gourd before adding hot water.
The gourd is filled one-half to three-quarters of the way with yerba.
Extra herbs may be added for either health or flavor benefits.
This is most often done in Paraguay, where people get herbs from a local yuyera (herbalist).
The mate is used as a base for their herbal infusions.
When the gourd is filled, the preparer typically grasps it with their full hand.
They  cover the opening  and roughly seal it with their palm.
Then the mate is turned upside-down, and shaken vigorously, but briefly and with gradually decreasing force, in this inverted position causing the finest, most powdery particles of the yerba to settle toward the preparer's palm and the top of the mate.
Once the yerba is settled, the mate is carefully brought to a near-sideways angle, with the opening tilted just slightly upward of the base.
The mate is then shaken very gently  with a side-to-side motion.
This further settles the yerba inside the gourd so that the finest particles move toward the opening and the yerba is  layered along one side.
The largest stems and other bits create a partition between the empty space on one side of the gourd and the lopsided pile of yerba on the other.
After arranging the yerba along one side of the gourd, the mate is carefully tilted back onto its base, minimizing further disturbances of the yerba as it is re-oriented to allow consumption.
Some avalanche-like settling is normal, but is not desirable.
The angled mound of yerba should remain, with its powdery peak still flat and mostly level with the top of the gourd.
A layer of stems along its slope will slide downward and accumulate in the space opposite the yerba (though at least a portion should remain in place).
All of this careful settling of the yerba ensures that each sip contains as little particulate matter as possible, creating a smooth-running mate.
The finest particles will then be as distant as possible from the filtering end of the bombilla.
With each draw, the smaller particles would inevitably move toward the bombilla, but the larger particles and stems filter much of this out.
A sloped arrangement provides consistent concentration and flavor with each filling of the mate.
Insertion of the bombilla
Now the mate is ready to receive the bombilla.
Many people choose to pour warm water into the mate before adding the bombilla, while others insist that the bombilla is best inserted into dry yerba.
Wetting the yerba by gently pouring cool water into the empty space within the gourd until the water nearly reaches the top, and then allowing it to be absorbed into the yerba before adding the bombilla, allows the preparer to carefully shape and "pack" the yerba's slope with the bombilla's filtering end, which makes the overall form of the yerba within the gourd more resilient and solid.
Dry yerba, on the other hand, allows a cleaner and easier insertion of the bombilla, though care must be taken so as not to overly disturb the arrangement of the yerba.
Such a decision is entirely a personal or cultural preference.
The bombilla is inserted with your thumb on the upper end of the bombilla, at an angle roughly perpendicular to the slope of the yerba, so that its filtering end travels into the deepest part of the yerba and comes to rest near or against the opposite wall of the gourd.
Now the yerba may be brewed.
If the bombilla was inserted into dry yerba, the mate must first be filled once with warm water as above, then be allowed to absorb it completely (which generally takes no more than two or three minutes).
Treating the yerba with cool water before the addition of hot water is essential, as it protects the herb from being scalded and from the chemical breakdown of some of its desirable nutrients.
Hot water may then be added by carefully pouring it, as with the cool water before, into the cavity opposite the yerba, until it reaches almost to the top of the gourd when the yerba is fully saturated.
Care should be taken to maintain the dryness of the swollen top of the yerba beside the edge of the gourd's opening.
Once the hot water has been added, the mate is ready for drinking.
It may be refilled many times before becoming washed out (lavado) and losing its flavor.
When this happens, the mound of yerba can be pushed from one side of the gourd to the other, allowing water to be added along its opposite side; this revives the mate for additional re-fillings.
Drinking the mate
Mate is traditionally drunk in a particular social setting, such as family gatherings or with friends.
One person (known in Spanish as the cebador) assumes the task of server.
Typically, the cebador fills the gourd and drinks the mate completely to ensure that it is free of particulate matter and of good quality.
The server subsequently refills the gourd and passes it to the next drinker who likewise drinks it all, without thanking the server.
The ritual proceeds around the circle in this fashion until the mate becomes lavado ("washed out" or "flat"), typically after the gourd has been filled about ten times or more depending on the yerba used (well-aged yerba mate is typically more potent, and therefore provides a greater number of refills).
When one has had his fill of mate,  he or she politely thanks the cebador passing the mate back at the same time.
The drink has a pungent taste like a cross between green tea and coffee, with hints of tobacco and oak.
Some drinkers like to add sugar or honey, creating mate dulce (sweet mate), instead of sugarless mate amargo (bitter mate).
It is considered bad for the gourd (especially for the natural (squash or wood) ones) to be used for mate dulce so it is normal for households with drinkers of both kinds to have two separate gourds.
Traditionally, natural gourds are used, though wood vessels, bamboo tubes and gourd-shaped mates, made of ceramic or metal (stainless steel or even silver) are also common.
Gourds are commonly decorated with silver, sporting decorative or heraldic designs with floral motifs.
Both the wood vessels and the gourds must undergo curing to get a better taste before being used for the first time and to ensure the long life of the gourd.
Typically, to cure a gourd, the inside is first scraped with the tip of a bombilla to remove loose gourd particles.
Mate herb and hot water is added next, and the mixture poured into the gourd.
The mixture is left to sit overnight and the water is topped off periodically through the next 24 hours as the gourd absorbs the water.
Finally the gourd is scraped out, emptied, and put in sunlight until completely dry.
It is common for a black mold to grow inside the gourd when it is stored.
Some people will clean this out, others consider it an enhancement to the mate flavor.
Legendary Origins
The Guaraní people started drinking mate in the region that now includes Paraguay, southern Brazil,Uruguay, and north-east Argentina.
The Guaraní have a legend that says that the Goddesses of the Moon and the Cloud came to the Earth one day to visit it but they instead found a Yaguareté (a kind of jaguar) that was going to attack them.
An old man saves them, and, in compensation, the Goddesses gave the old man a new kind of plant, from which he could prepare a "drink of friendship".
Variants and trivia
There is another drink that can be prepared with specially cut dry leaves, very cold water and, optionally, lemon or another fruit juice, called tereré.
It is very common in Paraguay.
Drinking and harvesting of Mate started in Paraguay in pre-Hispanic times. (
Notice its scientific name, Ilex paraguayensis.)
In Brazil the traditional mate or cuia is usually big with a corresponding large hole.
In Uruguay and Argentina (especially in the capital, Buenos Aires) the mate is small and has a small hole, and people sometimes add sugar for flavor.
In Bolivia and Peru, mate de coca is often sipped instead of ordinary mate.
In Uruguay there is even a national law that prohibits drinking mate while driving, because it caused many accidents of people getting scalded with hot water while driving.
For the same reason, there is also a "forbidden to drink mate" sign in all public transportation buses.
In Uruguay and in the northeast of Argentina it is not uncommon to see people walking around the streets toting a mate and a thermos with hot water.
In Montevideo, Uruguay’s capital, it is possible to see some construction worker drinking mate while riding his bicycle early in the morning, on his way to work.
In some parts of Argentina, gas stations sponsored by yerba mate producers provide free hot water to travellers, specifically for the purpose of drinking during the journey.
There are disposable mate sets with a plastic mate and bombilla, and sets with a thermos flask and stacking containers for the yerba and sugar inside a fitted case.
In Brazil, traditionally prepared mate is known as chimarrão, although in areas near the border with Uruguay the word mate is also used.
Nowadays, in Brazil,  mate is often toasted with sugar and prepared in a similar manner to tea, a custom that originated in Paraguay.
Supermarkets, restaurants and fast food chains sell "tea bags" and prepacked "iced tea" packages and bottles.
In Argentina, mate cocido (cooked mate) is made with a teabag or leaves and drunk from a cup or mug, with or without sugar and milk.
At the beginning of the 21st century most urban Chileans are not mate drinkers, but travel narratives such as Maria Graham's Journal of a Residence in Chile [2003(1824):8], show that there is a long history of mate drinking in central Chile.
Many rural Chileans drink mate, in particular in the southern regions, particularly Chiloé and Magallanes, perhaps due to the influence of neighboring areas of Argentina.
According to a major retailer of mate in San Luis Obispo, California, by 2004 mate had grown to about 5% of the overall natural tea market in North America  .
Bottled iced mate is widely available in California.
Preparing the mate in 8 steps
Yerba Mate Association of the Americas (YMAA)
Chilean food
Bears are a group of large mammals.
They form the family Ursidae, in the order Carnivora.
Bear (gay slang), a hairy, heavy-set gay man
The ''Tu-95 Bear, a Russian bomber
Bear Mountain, a disambiguation page
Yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis, is a species of holly (family Aquifoliaceae) native to subtropical South America.
It grows in Argentina, southern Paraguay, western Uruguay and southern Brazil.
The yerba mate plant is a shrub or small tree.
It can grow up to 15 meters tall.
The leaves are evergreen, 7–11 cm long and 3–5.5 cm wide.
They have a serrated margin.
The flowers are small, greenish-white, with four petals.
The fruit is a red berry 4–6 mm diameter.
The infusion called mate is prepared by steeping dry leaves (and twigs) of yerba mate in hot water, rather than boiling water like black tea or coffee.
It is slightly weaker than coffee and much gentler on the stomach.
Drinking mate with friends from a shared hollow gourd (also called a mate in Spanish, or cabaça or cuia in Portuguese) with a metal straw (a bombilla in Spanish, bomba or canudo in Portuguese) is an extremely common social practice in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, southern Chile, eastern Bolivia and Brazil
and also Syria and Lebanon.
Brewed yerba tastes a lot like vegetables, herbs, and grass.
It is similar to that of some varieties of green tea.
Many consider the flavor to be very agreeable, but it is generally bitter if steeped in boiling water.
It is therefore made using hot but not boiling water.
Unlike most teas, it does not become bitter and astringent when steeped for extended periods, and the leaves may be infused several times.
Additionally, one can purchase flavored mate in many varieties.
In Brazil, a toasted version of mate, known as chá mate or "mate tea", is sold in teabag and loose form, and served, sweetened, in specialized shops, either hot or iced with fruit juice or milk.
An iced, sweetened version of toasted mate is sold as a soft drink, with or without fruit flavoring.
The toasted variety of mate has less of a bitter flavor and more of a spicy fragrance.
It is more popular in the coastal cities of Brazil, as opposed to the far southern states where it is consumed in the traditional way (green, drunk with a silver straw from a shared gourd).
Similarly, a form of mate is sold in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay in tea bags to be drunk in a similar way to tea.
This is known in Spanish as mate cocido or cocido.
In Argentina this is commonly drunk with breakfast or as part of merienda (roughly, afternoon tea), often with a selection of facturas (sweet pastries).
It is also made by heating yerba in water and straining it as it cools.
The plant is grown mainly in South America, more specifically in Northern Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Paraguay, Uruguay and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná).
The Guaraní are reputed to be the first people who cultivated the plant; the first Europeans to do this were Jesuit missionaries, who spread the drinking habit as far as Ecuador.
When the yerba is harvested, the branches are dried sometimes with a wood fire, imparting a smoky flavor.
Then the leaves and sometimes the twigs are broken up.
There are many brands and types of yerba, with and without twigs, some with low powder content.
Some types are less strong in flavor (suave, "soft") and there are blends flavored with mint, orange and grapefruit skin, etc.
Chemical composition and properties
Mate contains xanthines, which are alkaloids in the same family as caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, well-known stimulants also found in coffee and chocolate.
Mate also contains elements such as potassium, magnesium and manganese.
Caffeine content varies between 0.3% and 1.7% of dry weight (compare this to 2.5–4.5% for tea leaves, and 1.5% for ground coffee).
Mate products are sometimes marketed as "caffeine-free" alternatives to coffee and tea, and said to have fewer negative effects.
This is often based on a claim that the primary active xanthine in mate is "mateine".
This is wrongly said to be a stereoisomer of caffeine (it is not chemically possible for caffeine to have a stereoisomer).
"Mateine" is an official synonym of caffeine in the chemical databases.
So mateine is caffeine.
Researchers at Florida International University in Miami have found that yerba mate does contain caffeine, but some people seem to tolerate a mate drink better than coffee or tea.
This is because, caffeine aside, mate contains different chemicals from tea or coffee.
From reports of personal experience with mate, its physiological effects are similar to (yet distinct from) coffee, tea, or guarana drinks.
Users report a mental state of wakefulness, focus and alertness reminiscent of most stimulants.
However, they often remark on mate's lack of the negative effects typically created by other such compounds, such as anxiety, diarrhea, "jitteriness", and heart palpitations. (
The laxative effect of coffee derives from a substance that surrounds the raw bean, not the caffeine itself.)
Studies of mate, though limited, have shown evidence that the mate xanthine cocktail is different from other plants containing caffeine, in its effects on muscle tissue, as opposed to those on the central nervous system.
Mate has been shown to have a relaxing effect on smooth muscle tissue, and a stimulating effect on myocardial (heart) tissue.
Mate's negative effects are anecdotally claimed to be of a lesser degree than those of coffee, though no explanation for this is offered, except for its potential as a placebo effect.
Many users report that drinking yerba mate does not prevent them from being able to fall asleep, as is often the case with some more common stimulating beverages.
It enhances their energy and ability to remain awake at will.
However, the net amount of caffeine in one preparation of yerba mate is typically quite high, in large part because the repeated filling of the mate with hot water is able to extract the highly-soluble xanthines extremely effectively.
It is for this reason that one mate may be shared among several people and yet produce the desired stimulating effect in all of them.
In-vivo and in-vitro studies are showing yerba mate to exhibit significant cancer-fighting activity.
Researchers at the University of Illinois (2005) found yerba mate to be "rich in phenolic constituents" and to "inhibit oral cancer cell proliferation".
On the other hand, a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer showed a limited correlation between oral cancer and the drinking of hot mate (no data were collected on drinkers of cold mate).
Given the influence of the temperature of water, as well as the lack of complete adjustment for age, alcohol consumption and smoking, the study concludes that mate is "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans".
An August 11, 2005 United States patent application (documents #20050176777, #20030185908, and #20020054926) cites yerba mate extract as an inhibitor of MAO activity; the maximal inhibition observed in vitro was 40–50%.
A monoamine oxidase inhibitor is a type of antidepressant, so there is some data to suggest that yerba mate has a calming effect in this regard.
In addition, it has been noted by the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine that yerba mate can cause high blood pressure when used in conjunction with other MAO inhibitors (such as Nardil and  Parnate).
Guarana or Guaraná (,  or ), Paullinia cupana (syn.
P. crysan, P. sorbilis), is a shrub or small tree in the Sapindaceae family.
It is native to Venezuela and northern Brazil.
The seed of the Guaraná fruit is a stimulant with thermogenic and diuretic properties.
The guaraná fruit's color ranges from orange to red and contain black seeds which are partly covered by white arils.
The color contrast when the fruit has been split open has been likened to eyeballs; this has formed the basis of a myth (see below).
Guaraná plays an important role in Tupi and Guaraní Brazilian culture.
The name 'guaraná' is derived from the Tupi-Guarani word wara'ná.
These tribes believed, it was magical, a cure for bowel complaints and a way to regain strength.
They also tell the myth of a 'Divine Child' that was killed by a serpent and whose eyes gave birth to this plant.
Guaraná is mainly used as an ingredient in soft drinks and energy drinks.
It is also used as a dietary supplement, generally to promote weight loss.
In addition, it may be an ingredient in other foods.
In addition to other chemicals, the guaraná plant contains caffeine (sometimes called "guaranine"), theophylline, and theobromine.
Water extracts of the guarana plant are central nervous system stimulants due to the content of these alkaloids.
Energy drink manufacturers typically add synthetic caffeine or caffeine derived from coffee decaffeination, though many advertise "natural" caffeine from the seeds of guaraná.
Brazil produces several brands of soft drink from guaraná extract that contain no added caffeine.
Each differs greatly in flavour; some have only a slight guaraná fruit taste.
They are typically fizzy and sweet, with a very fruity aftertaste.
Most guaraná drinks are produced in Brazil and consumed locally or in nearby countries, such as Paraguay.
Major brands include Guaraná Antarctica, Guaraná Schin from Schincariol and Guaraná Brahma from AmBev, Kuat, and Guaraná Jesus, a local Brazilian brand named for the druggist that formulated it.
Many local producers also create drinks not for export.
Using it to lose weight
Studies involving guaraná show benefits to cognitive function.
They have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or any similar government agencies.
In the United States, guaraná holds a GRAS-status, i.e. generally regarded as safe and must be labeled as not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
The Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics published a study in June 2001.
This study shows  an average 11.2 pound weight loss in a group taking a mixture of yerba mate, guaraná and damiana, compared to an average 1 pound loss in a placebo group after 45 days.
A university study in Brazil of guaraná extract showed a platelet aggregation decrease of up to 37% of control values and a decrease of platelet thromboxane formation from arachidonic acid of up to 78% of control values.
This study may be significant to stroke and heart attack risk reduction because when excess thromboxane formation occurs, an arterial blood clot can develop, resulting in a heart attack or ischemic stroke.
Although side-effects of guaraná are rare, drugs.com recommends, "When considering the use of herbal supplements, consultation with a primary health care professional is advisable.
Additionally, consultation with a practitioner trained in the uses of herbal/health supplements may be beneficial, and coordination of treatment among all health care providers involved may be advantageous".
Drugs.com also advises not to mix guaraná with ephedrine.
What guarana is made of
Guaraná seeds consist of mostly reddish vegetable fiber and resin with a small amount of oil and water.
Guarana contains different amounts of caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and other alkaloids, compared to coffee, tea, mate, or cocoa.
(*) ppm = parts per million
tr = trace
Duke1992a: Duke, James A. 1992.
Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants.
Boca Raton, FL.
Guaranine and caffeine
The chemical "guaranine" is identical to caffeine coming from other sources, for example coffee, tea and mate.
Guaranine, theine, mateine are all official synonyms for caffeine.
Guaraná Home Page
Raintree Tropical Plant Database: Guaraná
Other information from an herbal supplements site
Duke's Database
USDA Database
The term may refer to spoken English, and it can also describe written English.
In Japan, it is common to add English text to items for decorative and fashion purposes.
The term Engrish first appears as an Asian mispronunciation of the word English in the 1940s.
It was not until the 1980s that it began to be used to as a byname for defective Asian English.
The related term "wasei-eigo" means made-up English words that have entered into everyday Japanese.
Broken English can be found in East Asian countries, and also many places in other places where a lot of East Asians live.
Broken English has been found on many things from poorly translated signs, menus, and manuals to strangely worded advertisements, food items, and strange t-shirt slogans.
Broken English also sometimes happens when a word or sentence is badly translated on the Internet.
English-based pidgins
Sacred cow is an idiom.
It is an expression or phrase that is used without the literal meaning of being about a cow or religion.
When spoken or written it means a person or a belief that has been respected for a long time.
It has become sacred and people are then afraid or unwilling to criticise or question it.
The idiom is based on the honor shown to cows in Hinduism.
It is thought to have started in America in the early 20th century.
Similar idioms are used in many other languages.
Saying "holy cow!"
when surprised may be another example.
An actual 'sacred cow' or 'sacred bull'  is a real animal that is treated with sincere respect in specific religions and their celebrations.
They cannot eat the meat of cows because they are sacred.
In Hinduism, cows are thought to be sacred, or deeply respected.
Cows are seen as a 'caregiver' or maternal figure.
One Hindu goddess, Bhoomi (भूमि), is usually shown in the form of a cow.
She represents the Earth.
Most Hindus respect cows for their gentle nature, and cows also represent strength.
Hindus who eat meat will avoid eating [cow meat].
Celebration of cows
In the Hindu tradition, cows are honored, garlanded and given special feedings at festivals all over India.
One is the annual Gopastami festival, dedicated to Krishna and cows.
The cow's nature is represented in Kamadhenu; the goddess who is the mother of all cows.
In India, more than 3,000 institutions called Gaushalas care for old and infirm cows.
According to animal husbandry statistics there are about 44,900,000 cows in India, the highest in the world.
So while some old and infirm cows are treated in Gaushalas, the rest are generally abandoned at public places such as railway stations and bazaars.
Honoring the cow inspires in people the virtues of gentleness and connects them with nature.
The cow gives milk and cream, yogurt and cheese, butter and ghee.
The milk of a cow is believed to refine a person.
The ghee (clarified butter) from the milk is used in ceremonies and in preparing religious food.
Cow dung is used as fertilizer, as a fuel, and as a disinfectant in homes.
In Hinduism, a murti (also spelled murthi or murthy) usually means an image in which the Divine Spirit is expressed ('murta').
Hindus call the presence of God into the image so that they can communicate with him and receive his blessings.
Hindus don't worship the murti or statue itself but the god who is present in their minds and souls.
It can also be set up any where
Role of murtis in worship
Murtis sometimes are abstract, but almost always stone or metal images of God in a human-like form like Shiva or Ganesha, Rama or Krishna, Saraswati or Kali.
Murtis are made according to strict prescriptions and then installed by highly trained priests through a ceremony.
The priests can then call on God in the image daily.
Murtis in Hindu  temples and shrines are a mystical form of communication with God and devas.
This is similar to our ability to communicate with others through the telephone.
One does not talk to the telephone; rather the telephone is a way to interact with another person.
Without the telephone, one could not have a conversation across long distances; and without the sanctified image in the temple, one cannot easily talk with the Deity.
Going beyond murtis in Hinduism
The image or murti of worship is a focus for prayers, although Hindus can see God is in all things, in stone and water, fire, air and ether, in the enlightened person of a satguru and inside their own soul.
Some temples do not have any murti in the sanctum but a symbolic diagram.
Some Hindu branches reject the worship of images.
In Hinduism, one of the highest achievements is when one goes beyond the need of all form and symbol.
This is the yogi’s goal obtained through meditation.
Hinduism is also one of the religions that uses more symbols to represent God in preparation for getting beyond them.
Sacred images in other religions
Image worship appears to be an intelligent, mystical practice shared by all of the world’s great religions.
All religions have their symbols of holiness: the Christian cross, or statues of Mother Mary and Saint Theresa, the holy Kaaba in Mecca, the Sikh Adi Granth enshrined in the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the Arc and Torah of the Jews, the image of a meditating Buddha, the totems of indigenous and Pagan faiths, and the artifacts of the holy men and women of all religions.
Any Christian respects the Bible and considers it sacred.
His book and the Hindu’s murtis are similar in this way.
Critics of image worship consider this practice "idolatry".
People who practice idolatry believe that God is the material object itself.
Instead, Hindus worship murtis to call on the presence of the spiritual God and then communicate with him.
Virtual Memory is a way of managing memory which is a recent trend of technology used in computers.
Hardware (the physical part of the computer, such as the CPU or graphics card) runs software.
This software will need computer memory to run, and do what it needs to do.
Most computers in use today can do more than one thing at a time, they run more than one application.
This is known as multiprocessing.
In this case, all the programs or applications that are running on the computer at a time share its resources.
A computer does not have more processors or main memory (RAM) just because more programs run on it.
Virtual memory is the idea that the application sees a block of memory of a given size.
The application can use this memory as it sees fit.
This block of memory is virtual in the sense that it comes from different parts.
Some of it may be in the main memory of the computer, but some may also be on disk.
The CPU has a special part, called Arithmetic Logic Unit which does some of the translations between application memory and system resources.
Modern operating systems also do a part of this work.
When a program tries to access a block of memory that is not in system memory, that program is stopped, and the block is loaded into system memory.
What was in that part of the system memory is written to disk.
This is usually called paging.
Certain computer systems, such as  embedded systems, do not use virtual memory, because they need a very fast response time, or one that always stays the same.
One of the problems is that with virtual memory it is difficult to predict the response time.
An application that uses a part of memory which needs to be loaded from disk will have a different response time from one that does not.
Therefore, virtual memory concept is not used in embedded systems.
The Bolshoi Theatre (Russian: Большой театр, Bol'shoy Teatr, Large Theater) is a world-famous theatre and opera company in Moscow, Russia, which gives performances of ballet and opera.
It is in the centre of Moscow, near the Kremlin.
History of the building
The Bolshoi Theatre began in 1776 when Empress Catherina II allowed Prince Pyotr Urusov to run theatrical performances.
That theatre burned down and a new one was built in 1825.
After that one burned down too, it was rebuilt and reopened in 1856.
After that, no important repairs were made to the building for 150 years.
By the beginning of the 21st century it was in a very bad state and in danger of falling down.
Major repairs were started in 2005, and the theatre was re-opened in 2011.
At the time of the Communist Revolution (1917), the Bolsheviks thought the theatre represented the old tsars and everything that had been bad in Russia.
They wanted to demolish it.
Then they started to use it for their meetings.
Lenin and Stalin both gave speeches there.
The operas that were performed had to be ones that did not criticize the Soviet Union in any way
From Russia With Love: Costumes for the Ballets Russes 1909-1933
Many groups of people started as guilds, including scholars, and religious guilds.
Many modern organisations, like universities, started as guilds.
However, the basic idea of a guild was to control the training and practice of a trade or business.
In Europe, guilds were given authority by the monarch.
New young members had to serve as apprentices to a master for a certain length of time (such as seven years).
At the end they became full members of the guild, and could set up on their own, and take apprentices of their own.
That is the way the European world worked up to and including the first part of the 20th century.
There were guilds of weavers and dyers in the wool trade, of masons and architects in the building trade.
There were guilds of painters,  blacksmiths, bakers, butchers, and so on.
The Corporation of the City of London includes the "livery companies".
These companies were originally guilds.
The senior members of the livery companies choose the Lord Mayor of London, the sheriffs and certain other officers.
Guilds were common in the cities of the Middle Ages.
After that, around 1700 to 1800 their influence lessened somewhat.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith were much opposed to the idea of guilds.
They believed that guilds hindered economic development and free trade.
Delara Darabi (; September 29, 1986 - May 1, 2009) was a Iranian girl, who was sentenced to death at age of 17.
She was convicted of murder, despite her highly probably innocence and was executed by hanging.
Iranian Government had signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Convention on the Rights of the Child, and, according to this, no person under age of 18 could be sentenced to death; however, despite this, Iran had executed number of minors;
Her guilty verdict is disputable:
She had initially claimed responsibility for having murdered her father's cousin, Mahin Darabi, in order to protect her boyfriend Amir Hussein (age 19), because he told her that, because she was under the age of 18, she could not have received the death sentence.
What he said was wrong.
Amir Hussein recevied 10 years in prison for being Delara's "accomplice" in Mahin's murder, while Delara was sentenced to death.
Delara was left-handed, and there is abundant evidence that the murderer was right-handed.
Delara's sentence was upheld by Iran's Supreme Court.
The only person who could commute the sentence is Iranian Head of Judiciary, Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi.
Darabi was kept in Rasht Prison.
According to her family and attorney, she was severely beaten by prison guards and fellow prisoners and left with a broken arm.
Conditions in prison were extremely poor, leading Delara to repeatedly file requests to be transferred to another prison with better sanitary and overall conditions.
Her requests were not answered.
Darabi was also a talented painter, poet and pianist.
Her paintings were exhibited in Tehran and, recently, in Amsterdam.
Campaigns to save Darabi
There was a petition online to save Darabi.
A similar petition was started by Miss Canada 2003 Nazanin Afshin-Jam for another Iranian minor, Nazanin Fatehi, who was also sentenced to death.
After worldwide attention and over 350,000 signatures Nazanin Fatehi was finally found innocent and freed.
Amnesty International has also made many public statements and a letter campaign about Darabi.
Personal background
She was born in city of Rasht (Province of Gilan), where she was a high-school student before her arrest.
She had three sisters: Elaheh (21-year old), Ghazale (19) and Sheida (8).
Elaheh and Ghazale are college students.
Amnesty International April 2007 Urgent Action call about Delara Darabi
Stop Child Executions Campaign page about Delara
SaveDelara campaign
Delara Darabi paintings presentation