the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
If the branch is taken, its even worse, as then all of the subsequent instructions which were in the pipeline needs to be flushed.
Techniques such as branch prediction and speculative execution are used to reduce these branch penalties.
Branch prediction is  where the hardware makes educated guesses on whether a particular branch will be taken.
Speculative execution is a further enhancement in which the code along the predicted path is executed before it is known whether the branch should be taken or not.
The addition of caches reduces the frequency or duration of stalls due to waiting for data to be fetched from the main memory hierarchy, but does not get rid of these stalls entirely.
In early designs a cache miss would force the cache controller to stall the processor and wait.
Of course there may be some other instruction in the program whose data is available in the cache at that point.
Out-of-order execution allows that ready instruction to be processed while an older instruction waits on the cache, then re-orders the results to make it appear that everything happened in the programmed order.
In the outline above the processor processes parts of a single instruction at a time.
Computer programs could be executed faster if multiple instructions were processed simultaneously.
This is what superscalar processors achieve, by replicating functional units such as ALUs.
The replication of functional units was only made possible when the integrated circuit (some times called "die") area of a single-issue processor no longer stretched the limits of what could be reliably manufactured.
By the late 1980s, superscalar designs started to enter the market place.
In modern designs it is common to find two load units, one store (many instructions have no results to store), two or more integer math units, two or more floating point units, and often a SIMD unit of some sort.
The instruction issue logic grows in complexity by reading in a huge list of instructions from memory and handing them off to the different execution units that are idle at that point.
The results are then collected and re-ordered at the end.
Register renaming refers to a technique used to avoid unnecessary serialized execution of program instructions because of the reuse of the same registers by those instructions.
Suppose we have to groups of instruction that will use the same register, one set of instruction is executed first to leave the register to the other set, but if the other set is assigned to a different similar register both sets of instructions can be executed in parallel.
Multiprocessing and multithreading
Due to the growing gap between CPU operating frequencies and DRAM access times, none of the techniques that enhance instruction-level parallelism (ILP) within one program could overcome the long stalls (delays) that occurred when data had to be fetched from main memory.
Additionally, the large transistor counts and high operating frequencies needed for the more advanced ILP techniques required power dissipation levels that could no longer be cheaply cooled.
For these reasons, newer generations of computers have started to utilize higher levels of parallelism that exist outside of a single program or program thread.
This trend is sometimes known as "throughput computing".
This idea originated in the mainframe market where online transaction processing emphasized not just the execution speed of one transaction, but the capacity to deal with big numbers of transactions at the same time.
With transaction-based applications such as network routing and web-site serving greatly increasing in the last decade, the computer industry has re-emphasized capacity and throughput issues.
One technique of how this parallelism is achieved is through multiprocessing systems, computer systems with multiple CPUs.
In the past this was reserved for high-end mainframes but now small scale (2-8) multiprocessors servers have become commonplace for the small business market.
For large corporations, large scale (16-256) multiprocessors are common.
Even personal computers with multiple CPUs have appeared since the 1990s.
Advances in semiconductor technology reduced transistor size; multicore CPUs have appeared where multiple CPUs are implemented on the same silicon chip.
Initially used in-chips targeting embedded markets, where simpler and smaller CPUs would allow multiple instantiations to fit on one piece of silicon.
By 2005, semiconductor technology allowed dual high-end desktop CPUs CMP chips to be manufactured in volume.
Some designs, such as UltraSPARC T1 used a simpler (scalar, in-order) designs in order to fit more processors on one piece of silicon.
Recently, another technique that has become more popular is multithreading.
In multithreading, when the processor has to fetch data from slow system memory, instead of stalling for the data to arrive, the processor switches to another program or program thread which is ready to execute.
Though this does not speed up a particular program/thread, it increases the overall system throughput by reducing the time the CPU is idle.
Conceptually, multithreading is equivalent to a context switch at the operating system level.
The difference is that a multithreaded CPU can do a thread switch in one CPU cycle instead of the hundreds or thousands of CPU cycles a context switch normally requires.
This is achieved by replicating the state hardware (such as the register file and program counter) for each active thread.
A further enhancement is simultaneous multithreading.
This technique allows superscalar CPUs to execute instructions from different programs/threads simultaneously in the same cycle.
instruction-level parallelism (ILP)
In the context of the organization of a central processing unit, an operator is a collection of logic gates that comprises a functional unit within the processor, such as a barrel shifter or a final adder.
PC Processor Microarchitecture
Southampton Corporation Tramways was a transport company that opened in 1879 and closed in 1949.
At first the trams were horse-drawn, but later they were powered by electricity.
Southampton, a city of the United Kingdom located in Hampshire, was becoming bigger in the nineteenth century.
The population was 27,000 people in 1841.
This was because the docks were becoming much more used.
Also, a railway openened in 1839 and a horse-drawn omnibus service started at as well.
By 1843 a regular service was running from the station to Millbrook, Eling, Bitterne, Shirley, Portswood, Totton and Romsey.
Because of this, by 1861 the population had become 42,000.
By 1872 tramways were a lot more popular.
The British and Foreign Tramway Company contacted Southampton Corporation with an idea to set up a tramway in the town.
Lots of people were against the idea.
The Corporation did not allow tram tracks to be put in the High Street and Above Bar.
The British and Foreign Tramway Company stopped thinking about the idea.
In 1876 Southampton Corporation saw that their public transport was not as good as the public transport in other cities.
The Southampton Tramways Company was made to build a new tramway system.
The tramway started to be built in the summer of 1878.
Southampton Tramways Company
The first tram ran on 5 May 1879.
The tramway made £26.
Many people did not want the trams to run on a Sunday, and 3,500 people put their names on a petition to stop the trams running on a Sunday.
The company's manager said that there were lots of people who rode on the trams on Sunday and that the service would continue.
If the service made money on a Sunday, then the trams would keep running.
The first tram route that opened was Stag Gate - Holy Rood.
A second route opened on 6 May 1879 which was Alma Road - Canute Road - Oxford Street - High Street - Floating Dock and Stag Gates - Lodge Road - Portswood.
The Tramway Junction - Commercial Road - Shirley route opened on 9 June 1879.
The company got into some trouble soon after it opened.
One of the managers ran away with some money to America in 1881.
Another manager got the sack in 1882 because there was a problem with the company's money.
By 1887 though the company had recovered.
It had a good financial base to stand on, and it was paying divedends of 8% a year to its shareholders.
On the 22 October 1889, the Portswood route ran via Spear Road and Avenue Road.
Fares cost less money in 1896 because they changed from 3d to 2d for "through routes".
The tram times became two times as fast to every 5 minutes from Stag Gates to Holy Rood.
Four new trams and forty horses were needed to run this service.
The tramway had twenty-three tramcars when it was bought in 1898.
Fifteen double deck cars that were built in 1879.
The upper decks later taken off to make the cars weigh less.
Four cars were built in 1881 by the Starbuck Car and Wagon Company who were based in Birkenhead.
The cars were paid for in .
Four tramcars were built in 1986 by Brush of Loughborough.
After the tramway was electrified they were used as trailer cars, and two of them were later converted into single deck trams, numbered 50 and 51.
Southampton Corporation bought the Southampton Electric Light and Power Company in 1896.
Two years later in 1898 it bought the Southampton Tramway Company two years later in 1898.
This allowed them to change the town's tramway system to electricity instead of horse power.
In 1899 a group of people from the Corporation visited tram systems in Bradford, Dover, Glasgow, Liverpool and London for ideas.
They decided that Southampton's was going to be based on Liverpool's.
The first electric tram route from Junction to Shirley opened on 22 January 1900.
The second route from Stag Gates to Holy Road via Prospect Place opened on 29 May 1900.
Over the next 3 years the system slowly got bigger.
The following routes opened:
Clock Tower - Northam Bridge, 17 December 1910.
Holy Rood - High Street - Royal Pier, in June 1911
Common (Highfield Road) - Common (Old Race Course) after July 1911.
Common (Old Race Course) later became known as "Rest Camp".
Common (Rest Camp) - Bassett Crossroads, 25 March 1921.
Roberts Road - Millbrook, 5 January 1922.
Hampton Park - Swaythling, 23 February 1922.
Bitterne Park Triangle - Bullar Road - Bittern Station, 26 July 1923.
Bassett Crossroads - Burgess Road - Swaythling, 10 July 1930.
After thiese additions, the system was at its biggest.
The only new lines opened after this were to miss out the Bargate Arch in Southampton.
The east side opened on 24 April 1932 and the west side on 5 June 1938.
Before World War 2, two routes were also closed.
Roberts Road - Millbrook closed on 2 October 1935 except for workmen's services.
It did however re-open whilst the war was happening.
The second route to close was Clock Tower - Northam Bridge, which closed on 4 June 1926.
When the electrified system opened it needed some new tramcars to replace the horse drawn ones.
The first trams used on the system were built by G F Milnes & Co., Birkenhead.
They had open upper deck had back-to-back "knifeboard" seats so that they could fit under Bargate arch.
No.2 was changed into a "toastrack" car in 1916.
It was sold to Portsmouth in 1919 where it became Number 104.
In 1903 twelve trams were built by Hurst, Nelson & Co. The trams originally had three windows on each side on the bottom deck.
This was later chnged to have four windows on each side because the original design did not give enough support for the top deck.
Two bogie trams were ordered in 1910.
This order was later cancelled.
The system also bought six ex-London County Council Tramways cars with enclosed upper decks.
These were numbered 75-80.
A final sixteen trams were bought in 1918.
As well as these, a number of trams were built by the tramway:
Number 52 was built at Portswood in 1908 with open upper deck.
Number 81 was built at Portswood in 1919 and was the first with a closed upper deck.
This tram also was the longest running in service.
Sixty three other trams were built at Portswood between 1908 and 1931
Twelve trams were built at Portswood in 1931 which became known as the "Pullmans".
Round topped "Bargate" trams
Before 1932, the only road route between Southampton High Street and Above Bar was through the arch in the centre of the Bargate.
In 1923 a new design of enclosed double deck tram was built by P.J Baker, General Manager of the tramways.
It had a rounded top that would fit through the arch.
These trams had smaller wheels to help reduce the tram's height.
They were driven by high speed motors which produced more torque.
However, the roadway through the arch in the Bargate still had to be lowered to allow the trams to pass through the arch.
Some secret changing of the profile of the arch's masonry was also needed at the last minute.
Trams started to pass around the East of the Bargate on 24 April 1932.
The last tram to pass through the central archway did so on 4 June 1938.
By this time part of Southampton ancient walls had been demolished so that the Bargate was passable on both sides.
Southampton Tramways were mainly affected by staffing issues during World War I. To try and stop this women were allowed to become "conductorettes".
Because of this toastrack tram No.2 had a gangway cut through the middle of it.
In the early years of the war a tram went round Southampton for two hours twice a week.
It had a military band playing on the top deck.
This was an effort to try and boost recruitment.
World War II affected Southampton much more than World War One.
Women were again employed by the company.
Unlike in World War I though they were allowed to drive the trams this time.
Car No.31 was destroyed by an incendiary bomb on 30 November 1940.
It was the only tram to be destroyed during the war.
To save the fleet of trams from the intensive bombing of Southampton during World War II they were painted grey.
Regular services stopped at 7pm and they were parked up overnight in Cemetery Road on Southampton Common for the same reason.
In November 1942, a tram was accidentally set in motion whilst parked up overnight.
It took two other trams with it.
The unmanned convoy of trams was stopped by a lorry before anybody was hurt.
The incident caused some worry locally because it was thought that saboteurs were responsible.
It later emerged that the incident was due to a young boy playing on the trams.
The trams in Southampton made good profits for Southampton Corporation.
However the Corporation had not put those profits back into the tram system.
Because of this the whole system needed modernisation by the end of the Second World War.
This included the trams, the power supply and the track.
It was decided that buses were a better alternative to modernising the trams.
The tramway system therefore closed.
The first line to close was Bitterne Park - St. Mary's - Docks on 15 May 1948.
Swaythling - Portswood - Lodge Road - Stag Gates closed on 30 October 1948.
Swaythling - Burgess Road - Bassett Crossroads - Avenue Junction closed on 5 March 1949.
Floating Bridge - Shirley, Holy Rood - High Street - Royal Pier and Roberts Road - Millbrook all closed on 31 December 1949.
The last movement of a tram in Southampton was on 4 February 1950 when cars No.21 and No.101 were moved from Shirley depot to Portswood depot under their own power.
After the system closed some trams were sold to Leeds.
The majority though were sent to A F Harris's scrapyard at Bevois Valley for scrapping.
A few were sold on from there to be used as sheds or summer houses.
This allowed some trams to be preserved.
11 was discovered in 1977.
It had been used as a summer house near Winchester.
This tram is under restoration by the Hampshire Industrial Archaeology Society (HIAS).
45 was sold for £10 to the Light Railway Transport League in 1949.
It was the very first tram to be preserved.
It is now at Crich Tramway Village and runs regularly.
57 was discovered in woods at Romsey in 1972.
It was rescued in 1975.
This tram is under restoration by HIAS.
Fleet list
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
"Can't Stop This Thing We Started" is a song by Bryan Adams.
The song was the second single from Adams' 1991 album Waking Up the Neighbours, a successor of the single "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You".
The song
The song is a rock song unlike "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You".
It reached #2 on the Billboard Hot 100, behind Prince's "Cream".
This track received two nominations at the Grammy Awards of 1992 for Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance, Solo.
It did not win either award.
"Can't Stop This Thing We Started" (4:29)
"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" [Full length version] (6:38)
Bryan Adams songs
Robert Graeme Pollock, known as Graeme, (born 27 February 1944 in Durban, Natal, South Africa) was a national cricketer for South Africa.
He played in 23 test matches for his country.
South Africa's Cricketer of the 20th Century  (chosen in 1999)
One of Wisden's Cricketers of the Year  (chosen in 1966)
Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World for 1967 and 1969 (chosen in 2007).
People from Durban
South African cricketers
Sir Garfield St Aubrun Sobers (born 28 July 1936 in Bridgetown, Barbados) is a former West Indian cricketer.
He is often known as Garry.
Sobers was a very good batsman and highly effective bowler.
He was able to bowl both fast and as a spinner.
Sobers is widely regarded as the greatest all rounder of all time and, with Sir Donald Bradman, as one of the greatest cricketers of any type.
West Indies cricketers
Barbadian sportspeople
Uttoxeter is a small market town and civil parish in East Staffordshire, Staffordshire, England.
In 2001, 12,023 people lived there.
This number was expected to grow when new developments in the town finished.
Uttoxeter is close to the River Dove.
It is near the cities of Stoke-on-Trent, Derby and Lichfield.
It is twinned with Raisdorf in Germany (with whom close links are still maintained), and Fumel in France.
The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo also called EULEX Kosovo is a contract between the European Union and Kosovo.
With this, certain states of the European Union will send police forces as well as lawyers to help make Kosovo more secure.
This is what was agreed by the Ahtisaari plan.
The idea is to continue the presence of foreign police forces to help the police in Kosovo, as planned under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244.
Russia and Serbia see this mission as illegal.
The plan is to have 2.000 police force and lawyers on the ground.
The mission started to deploy its forces on 16 February 2008.
Currently only 400 of the some 1,900 police officers and judges foreseen by the EULEX mission are in place.
Composition and deployment
The  European Council agreed on sending 1800 to 1900 people on 14 December 2007.
Because of the unstable political climate, this force was later increased to 2000 people.
Primarily this was done because it was impossible to reach an agreement with Serbia.
The force is made up mainly of  police officers.
Some of the officers have received training on how to control rioting crowds.
Some people of the force are prosecutors and judges.
Because the force is so big, there will soon be the most EU civil servants doing their job there, rather than in Brussels.
Chief of the mission is Yves de Kermabon, who is accountable to the European Union Special Representative in Kosovo, Pieter Feith.
The mission is expected to cost €165 million in its first year.
The final decision on the mission was planned to be taken on 28 January 2008.
This was postponed due to concerns over possible negative effects on the second round of the presidential election in Serbia on 3 February 2008 and the possible signing of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement with Serbia on that date.
The officially voiced reason for the postponement is the lack of a legal basis (through a UNSC resolution or something similar) for the mission.
A Joint Action was approved on 4 February 2008, meaning that only the final approval is required; it is expected to be given on 18 February 2008.
There are still questions on how this mission should replace the UN administration in Kosovo.
Until these are answered, Spain will not take part in the mission.
Spanish Foreign Minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos told a meeting of European Union Foreign Ministers that Spain will not send its contingent to the EULEX mission until there has been a formal transfer of powers from the United Nations.
Political situation
The countries of the European Union are currently divided.
Some recognise Kosovo, whilst others do not.
The current Presidency of the European Council said
According to the EU, the mission will be based on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244.
This resolution introduced international rule in Kosovo in 1999.
The EU force has not yet received a new UN Security Council directive, because Russia opposed it.
Russia blocked the transfer of the UN mission to the EU.
According to Serbia, the mission implies that the EU recognises Kosovo as an independent state.
Troops sent to Kosovo
: Germany is sending around 600 troops as peace keepers.
: Italy is sending around 600 troops as peace keepers.
: On 25 April 2008, the UK announced that it will send a battle-group based on 2 Rifles, a light infantry battalion of about 600 soldiers, to help maintain public order.
Council Joint Action 2008/124/CFSP
Viewpoint: The EU's toughest operation, BBC News
He is best known for creating the Daleks in 1963 in the long-running science fiction television series Doctor Who.
Nation also created two science-fiction shows - Survivors and ''Blake's 7.
Rogério Mücke Ceni (born 22 January 1973) better known as Rogério Ceni, is a retired Brazilian football player.
He played for the football team São Paulo from 1990 to 2015.
Ceni had been the holder of his position since 1997.
He retired in December 2015.
|1992||rowspan="19"|São Paulo||rowspan="19"|Série A||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|1993||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|1994||5||0||0||0||8||0||13||0
|1995||3||0||4||0||0||0||7||0
|1996||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|1997||25||1||4||0||11||0||40||1
|1998||22||0||6||0||5||0||33||0
|1999||18||2||3||0||8||1||29||3
|2000||22||3||12||1||5||0||39||4
|2001||21||0||6||0||4||0||31||0
|2002||19||1||8||1||0||0||27||2
|2003||40||2||6||0||8||0||54||2
|2004||44||3||0||0||16||2||60||5
|2005||38||10||0||0||16||5||54||15
|2006||29||8||0||0||13||3||41||11
|2007||35||7||0||0||13||0||48||7
|2008||35||4||0||0||11||0||46||4
|2009||16||2||0||0||3||0||19||2
Total||15||0
IFFHS Top Division goal scorer ranking among Goalkeepers
Brazilian association football goalkeepers
Brazilian football managers
The name comes from beige cloth, a woolen fabric left in its natural color.
It then came to be used for a range of light tints of yellow chosen for their neutral or pale warm colored appearance.
In the 1920s, the meaning of the term beige expanded to the point where it is now also used for not only for pale yellows but also for a wide range of pale brown shades.
The first recorded use of beige as a color name in English was in 1887.
The color beige means  neutral, calm, and relaxing.
Meaning of beige
Since many computers are colored beige (an ordinary non-remarkable computer is sometimes called a beige box), and since most people who are employed nowadays use computers, the color beige has come to represent the world of work.
Tones of beige color comparison chart
Dr. Fahmida Mirza (), sometimes also spelled as Fehmida Mirza (born December 20, 1956), is a medical doctor, agriculturist and businesswoman from Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan.
She was elected as the first female Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan on March 19, 2008.
She is also the first female parliamentary speaker in the Muslim world.
Pakistani scientists
The dominion included modern-day Pakistan (called West Pakistan) and Bangladesh (East Pakistan).
It was supposed to be a homeland for the Muslims of the Indian sub-continent.
It became the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956.
The eastern part of the country became independent as the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971.
1956 disestablishments
1950s disestablishments in Asia
Rubens Gonçalves "Rubinho" Barrichello (born May 23, 1972 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian Formula One racing driver.
Driving for the Brawn GP team, Barrichello finished third in the 2009 championship.
He raced for WilliamsF1 in 2010, and will race for Williams in 2011.
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races
in italics indicate fastest lap)
Digital signal processing algorithms require a large number of mathematical operations to be performed quickly on a set of data.
Signals are converted from analog to digital, manipulated digitally, and then converted again to form digital to analog, as shown in the diagram.
Many digital signal processing applications have real-time constraints; that is, for the system to work, the DSP operation must be completed within some time limit.
DSP Processor - Core-Based Wireless System Design
Microcontroller.com
DSP Engineering Magazine
Introduction to DSP - Processor tutorial
Improv Systems Homepage
Analog Devices Homepage
DSP Discussion Groups
DSP Online Book
DSPs and VLIW
Pocket Guide to Processors for DSP - Berkeley Design Technology, INC
DSP Online eBooks
Texas Instruments Homepage
CEVA, Inc. Homepage
Freescale Semiconductor Homepage
BDTi
BDTI DSP Kernel Benchmarks™ Results
The 2008 EDN DSP directory
DSP-FPGA.com Magazine
AR Parameter Estimation using TMS320C30
"The Ripper" – 2:56
"Pretty Handsome Awkward" – 3:32
"The Bird and the Worm" – 3:46
"Earthquake" – 3:29
"Hospital" – 2:57
"Paralyzed" – 3:13
"With Me Tonight" – 3:06
"Wake the Dead" – 4:14
"Find a Way" – 3:23
"Liar Liar (Burn in Hell)" – 2:52
"Smother Me" – 4:20
Hidden track
"Smother Me" ends at 4:20 but runs to 6:17 due to the addition of a hidden track titled "Queso". "
Queso" is a 30 second song that is about a quesadilla.
Though it was first released on The Used's MySpace in late 2006, most fans talked about it on message boards and thought of it as a joke - it was not expected to actually be on the album.
Lies for the Liars contains emotive, heartfelt and sometimes sarcastic or Gothic lyrics.
It has more swearing than previous The Used albums, but this is used on fewer songs.
For example, "Liar Liar (Burn in Hell)" swears 10 times.
If Only You Were Lonely is the second album released by Hawthorne Heights.
Many listeners consider the album more on the dark side, than the first Hawthorne Heights album.
The album includes a few songs where death growls are absent, and others where it is only used in a small part of the song, to make it fit better.
Previously, they would use these harsh vocals a lot more.
DSP is usually used with real-world analog signals found in our lives, the first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form, by using an analog-to-digital converter.
Often, the required output signal is another real-world analog signal, which requires a digital-to-analog converter.
General purpose microprocessors and standard computers.
Specialized processors called digital signal processors (DSPs).
Purpose-built hardware such as application-specific integrated circuit (ASICs) and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
Digital Signal Controllers (mostly for industrial applications such as motor control).
Stream processing that works very well for traditional DSP or graphics processing applications (such as image, video).
Free Video Tutorials on Digital Signal Processing by Prof. Dutta Roy
Alan V. Oppenheim, Ronald W. Schafer, John R. Buck : Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Prentice Hall,
Boaz Porat: A Course in Digital Signal Processing, Wiley,
Richard G. Lyons: Understanding Digital Signal Processing, Prentice Hall,
Jonathan Yaakov Stein, Digital Signal Processing, a Computer Science Perspective, Wiley,
Sen M. Kuo, Woon-Seng Gan: Digital Signal Processors: Architectures, Implementations, and Applications, Prentice Hall,
Bernard Mulgrew, Peter Grant, John Thompson: Digital Signal Processing - Concepts and Applications, Palgrave Macmillan,
Steven W. Smith: Digital Signal Processing - A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists, Newnes,
Paul A. Lynn, Wolfgang Fuerst: Introductory Digital Signal Processing with Computer Applications, John Wiley & Sons,
James D. Broesch: Digital Signal Processing Demystified, Newnes,
John G. Proakis, Dimitris Manolakis: Digital Signal Processing - Principles, Algorithms and Applications, Pearson,
Hari Krishna Garg: Digital Signal Processing Algorithms, CRC Press,
P. Gaydecki: Foundations Of Digital Signal Processing: Theory, Algorithms And Hardware Design, Institution of Electrical Engineers,
Paul M. Embree, Damon Danieli: C++ Algorithms for Digital Signal Processing, Prentice Hall,
Anthony Zaknich: Neural Networks for Intelligent Signal Processing, World Scientific Pub Co Inc,
Vijay Madisetti, Douglas B. Williams: The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, CRC Press,
Stergios Stergiopoulos: Advanced Signal Processing Handbook: Theory and Implementation for Radar, Sonar, and Medical Imaging Real-Time Systems, CRC Press,
Joyce Van De Vegte: Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing, Prentice Hall,
Ashfaq Khan: Digital Signal Processing Fundamentals, Charles River Media,
Jonathan M. Blackledge, Martin Turner: Digital Signal Processing: Mathematical and Computational Methods, Software Development and Applications, Horwood Publishing,
Bimal Krishna, K. Y. Lin, Hari C. Krishna: Computational Number Theory & Digital Signal Processing, CRC Press,
Doug Smith: Digital Signal Processing Technology: Essentials of the Communications Revolution, American Radio Relay League,
Henrique S. Malvar: Signal Processing with Lapped Transforms, Artech House Publishers,
Charles A. Schuler: Digital Signal Processing: A Hands-On Approach, McGraw-Hill,
James H. McClellan, Ronald W. Schafer, Mark A. Yoder: Signal Processing First, Prentice Hall,
Artur Krukowski, Izzet Kale: DSP System Design: Complexity Reduced Iir Filter Implementation for Practical Applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
John G. Proakis: A Self-Study Guide for Digital Signal Processing, Prentice Hall,
Avaí Futebol Clube, or Avaí as they are usually called, is a Brazilian football team from Florianópolis in Santa Catarina, founded on September 1, 1923.
It became nationally known after the tennis player Gustavo Kuerten declared to be a supporter of Avaí.
Home stadium is the Ressacada stadium, capacity 19,000.
They play in blue shirts, shorts and socks.
The club was founded after a businessman called Amadeu Horn gave football kits to a group of boys.
These boys played a match against a team called Humaitá, and won.
On September 1, 1923, at Amadeu Horn's house, the club was founded, being called at that time Avahy Football Club.
The team was named Avahy after the Battle of Avahy, in the Paraguayan War In the following year, it became the first Santa Catarina State Championship champion.
Avaí played the Brazilian First Division ("Série A") four times: in 1974, 1976, 1977 and 1979.
In 1998, it won its only national title, the Brazilian Third Division ("Série C").
Since 1999, it plays the Série B and the best campaigns happened in 2001 and 2004, when Avaí reached the Final Four, but could not be promoted to the First Division (only the two best placed teams were promoted).
Avaí is the club with more titles won in the Santa Catarina State Championship in the 20th century (13).
1 Brazilian Third Division ("Série C"): 1998.
13 Santa Catarina State Championships: 1924, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1930, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1973, 1975, 1988 and 1997
2 Santa Catarina Governor Trophy: 1983 and 1985.
1 Santa Catarina State Second Division: 1994.
20 Florianópolis City Championships: 1924, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1930, 1933, 1938, 1940, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1958, 1960, 1963 and 1995.
1 Santa Catarina Cup: 1995.
4 Santa Catarina State Championships: 1981, 2001, 2003 and 2005
1 Santa Catarina State Second Division: 1994
1 Santa Catarina State Championship: 2003
1 Saudades Cup Championship: 2007
1 Santa Catarina State Championship: 1999
National competitions record
First Division (Serie A)
Second Division (Serie B)
Third Division (Serie C)
Brazilian Cup
{| width=35%
|- bgcolor=#9799F3
colspan=6 bgcolor=#EFEFEF|Goalkeepers
|- bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|Eduardo Martini
|Thiago Schmidt (Thiago Bambam)
|Diego D. dos Santos Oliveira
colspan=6 bgcolor=#EFEFEF|Full backs
|Edílson Mendes Guimarães
|Rodrigo Galo Brito
|João Rodrigo Donato
|Emanuel Cuchi
|João Paulo Gomes
colspan=6 bgcolor=#EFEFEF|Centre backs
|Rosalvo Antônio Johann Filho
|Alessandro Lopes
|Carlos Alexandre Areco Ferraz (Carlão)
|Fábio Costa Fidélis
colspan=6 bgcolor=#EFEFEF|Defensive midfielders
|Saulo Júlio Santos
|Robson Schuelter
|Brenno Basso
|Tarcisio France da Silva
|Felipe Magalhães Novais
|Marcos César do Nascimento Meireles (Marquinhos)
|Pedro Ayub Julião Júnior
|Marcus Winicius Souza Lima
colspan=6 bgcolor=#EFEFEF|Attacking midfielders
|Richardson dos Santos
|Fábio Júnior Baitler
|Thiago Santos
|Rodrigo Félix
|Válber
colspan=6 bgcolor=#EFEFEF|Strikers
|Jandson dos Santos
|Leonardo Andrade Damásio (Leo)
|Gustavo dos Santos
|Abuda
|Willian|- bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|Evando Spinassé Camillato
colspan=6 bgcolor=#EFEFEF|Manager
|Silas Pereira
1920 - 1930
Adolpho Boos, goalkeeper.
Waldemar Alves de Souza (Zé Macaco), midfielder.
1940 - 1950
Adolfo Martins Camilli (Adolfinho), goalkeeper.
Hubert Beck, midfielder.
João Felipe Zattar (Felipinho), striker.
Osni Gonçalves (Nizeta), striker.
Saul Oliveira, striker.
1960 - 1970
Deodato Fermínio Martins, back.
Mílton Cunha Cavalazzi, striker.
1970 - 1980
Antônio Fernandes Quintino (Toninho), striker.
Antônio Fidélis (Veneza), back.
João Carlos da Silva (Balduíno), midfielder.
Juarez dos Santos (Juti), striker.
Zenon de Souza Farias, midfielder.
1980 - 1990
Ubirajara Lopes de Oliveira (Bira Lopes), midfielder.
Adílson Heleno, midfielder.
Décio Antônio Corazza, striker.
Édson Luís Benites Belmonte, midfielder.
Jorge Daniel Fossati, goalkeeper.
1990 and 2000
César Tadeu Silva, goalkeeper.
Érmison José Leopoldo (Jacaré), striker.
João Carlos Rocha (Dão), striker.
Paulo César   (PC), striker.
Roberto Fernando Schneiger (Roberto Cavalo') - 1998, 2001 e 2004.
Club colors and nickname
The club colours are blue and white, and it is known as "The Lion of the Island''" (because 90% of the Florianópolis territory is established on an island).
Terra Esportes - Avaí
FutebolSC.com - Avaí
Fanáticos por Futebol - Avaí
AvaianoSempre - Avaí's Flog
1923 establishments
1920s establishments in Brazil
The Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva, usually called Estádio da Ressacada or just Ressacada, is a football stadium inaugurated on November 15, 1983 in Carianos neighborhood, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, with a maximum capacity of approximately 19,000 people.
The stadium is owned by Avaí.
Its formal name honors Aderbal Ramos da Silva, who was president of the Santa Catarina Football Federation and was also governor of the state.
Several matches of the Brazilian football team, as well as the Brazilian Olympic team were played at Ressacada Stadium.
In 1982, to replace the old Estádio Adolfo Konder, Avaí bought a groundplot close to the city's airport (Hercílio Luz International Airport).
The construction works were led by Cairo Bueno, and the stadium was designed by the architect Davi Ferreira Lima.
The inaugural match was played on November 15, 1983, when Vasco da Gama beat Avaí 6-1.
The first goal of the stadium was scored by Vasco da Gama's Wilson Tadei.
Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.
Templos do Futebol
Avaí's Official website
Ressacada
1930s automobiles
1940s automobiles
The Flag of France is called the "Tricolour" ().
It was adopted 15 February 1794.
It is blue, white and red.
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing chose the current colors.
The national emblem of France has been a symbol of the country since 1953.
It is not officially the coat of Arms but it appears on French passports.
A wide shield with the head of a lion and two letters, "RF".
This means République Française (French Republic in french).
A laurel branch that symbolises victory of the Republic.
An oak branch that symbolises perenity or wisdom.
The fasces is a symbol associated with justice (from Roman axes.
Democratic socialism is a socialism where government is organized by democracy.
In short, it believes that social and economic decisions should be made by those whom they most affect.
The combination of the two ideologies of democracy and socialism make democratic socialism.
Democratic socialists believe that both the economy and society should be run democratically—to meet public needs, not to make profits for a few.
To achieve a more just society, many structures of the government and economy must be radically transformed through greater economic and social democracy so that ordinary citizens can participate in the many decisions that affect their lives.
Democratic socialists do not want to create an all-powerful government bureaucracy, but at the same time do not want big corporate bureaucracies to control our society either.
social democracy (do not confuse with democratic socialism)
The Opel Sintra is a large MPV produced by the German automaker Opel from 1996 to 1999.
The Sintra is branded as Opel in Europe and Vauxhall in Great Britain.
It was a European version of GM’s U-Body minivans and built on the same production line in Doraville, Georgia.
The reason the Sintra was not a success was because EuroNCAP tested a 1998 model and found it only scored 2.5 Stars, forcing Opel and Vauxhall to drop the model in early 1999.
The model was criticised for its dull styling and poor build quality as well as being unsatisfying to own.
Because the Astra-Based Zafira MPV debuted when the Sintra finished production in 1999, sometimes it is said that the Zafira replaced the Sintra, but actually Opel never had another Large MPV after the Sintra and then eventually Opel abandoned the Large MPV market in Europe.
Opel Zafira is a car produced by the German carmaker Opel since 1999, and is branded as Vauxhall Zafira in Great Britain.
It currently in its third generation.
Replacement of the Sintra
The Zafira is sometimes said to be the replacement of the Sintra, because it was introduced roughly around the same time it was discontinued.
Also, they were both minivans.
However, the Zafira was in a different segment, and Opel had not intended this.
Zafira
First Generation (1988–1995)
The first generation was made between October 1988 and October 1995, it was sold In the UK as the third and last generation Vauxhall Cavalier.
There was no estate/wagon version of it and was facelifted in 1992.
Carburetted
1.4 S 55 kW (75 hp)
1.6 S 60 kW (82 hp)
1.8 S 65 kW (88 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
Fuel-injected
1.6 i 52 kW (71 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
1.8 i 66 kW (90 hp)
2.0 i 85 kW (115 hp)
2.0 i 16V 100 kW (136 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
2.0 i 16V Turbo 150 kW (204 hp)
2.5 i V6 125 kW (170 hp)
1.7 D 42 kW (57 hp) and 44 kW (60 hp)
1.7 TD 60 kW (82 hp)
Second generation (1995–2002)
The second generation was made between October 1995 and May 2002 and was sold as a Vauxhall in the UK.
An estate/wagon version was added in October 1996 and was facelifted in April 1999.
In the UK, the car was heavily criticised by well known motoring journalist and TV presenter Jeremy Clarkson, but that didn't stop it from being popular there.
1.6 i 55 kW (75 hp)
1.6 i 16V 74 kW (100 hp)
1.8 i 16V 85 kW (115 hp) and 92 kW (125 hp)
2.0 i 16V 100 kW (136 hp)
2.2 i 16V 108 kW (147 hp)
2.6 i V6 125 kW (170 hp)
2.0 DI 16V 60 kW (82 hp)
2.0 DTI 16V 74 kW (100 hp)
2.2 DTI 16V 92 kW (125 hp)
Third generation (2002–2008)
The third and final generation launched in June 2002 with hatchback and saloon/sedan models while the related Signum hatchback appeared in June 2003 with an estate/wagon launching that October, as usual, it's sold as a Vauxhall in the UK.
It was facelifted in October 2005 and was replaced by the Insignia in late 2008.
1.6 i 16V 74 kW (100 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
1.8 i 16V 81 kW (110 hp), 90 kW (122 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
2.0 i 16V Turbo 129 kW (175 hp)
2.2 i 16V Direct 114 kW (155 hp)
2.8 i V6 Turbo 169 kW (230 hp) and 184 kW (250 hp)
2.8 i V6 Turbo OPC 188 kW (255 hp) and 206 kW (280 hp)
3.2 i V6 155 kW (211 hp)
1.9 CDTI 74 kW (100 hp) and 88 kW (120 hp)
1.9 CDTI 16V 110 kW (150 hp)
3.0 CDTI V6 130 kW (177 hp) and 135 kW (184 hp)
In English, it is one of the two indefinite articles, the other being an.
In measurement, A is a symbol for area.
In medicine, A is one of the human blood types.
In music, A is a note.
In the International System of Units, A is the symbol for the ampere (which is also shortened to amp).
In school, an A+ is the highest grade you can get, with an A being the grade below.
In transport, A is the international license plate code for Austria.
In the New York Stock Exchange, A is the symbol for Agilent Technologies.
Poison dart frog  is the common name of a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae.
They are native to Central and South America.
Unlike many frogs, these are active during the day.
They often have brightly-coloured bodies, which act as warning colouration.
All dendrobatids are at least somewhat toxic.
In the wild, frog of different species and in different places may have very different levels of toxicity.
Many species are critically endangered.
Poison dart frogs are poisonous because they eat ants and other small insects that have toxins in their bodies.
If an animal eats the frog, it will become very sick.
Many poison dart frogs secrete alkaloid toxins through their skin.
Alkaloids in the skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation.
They are able to be active alongside potential predators during the day.
About 28 structural classes of alkaloids are known in poison frogs.
The most toxic of poison dart frog species is Phyllobates terribilis.
As mentioned above, dart frogs do not make their own poisons, but keep (sequester) the chemicals from arthropod prey, such as ants, centipedes and mites.
This is the diet-toxicity hypothesis.
Because of this, captive-bred animals do not have significant levels of toxins: they are reared on diets that do not have the alkaloids used by wild populations.
Nonetheless, the captive-bred frogs can store up alkaloids if they get an alkaloid-containing diet.
Most wild species are not lethal to their predators, but rather taste foul enough that frogs are released immediately.
Despite the toxins used by some poison dart frogs, some predators can withstand them.
One is the snake Leimadophis epinephelus, which has developed immunity to the poison.
Dart frogs are the focus of many studies.
Their scientific names may sometimes change.
Family Dendrobatidae was revised in 2006 and now has 12 genera, with about 170 species.
Colour morphs
Predation does influence the evolution of polymorphism, for example, in O. granulifera.
Sexual selection has contributed to differentiation among the Bocas del Toro populations of Oophaga pumilio.
Grant, Taran. "
Poison dart frog."
World Book, 2013.Web.
10 Jan. 2013.
Dyeing Poison Frog.
ARKive, n.d.
17 Jan. 2013.
<http://www.arkive.org/ >.
The golden dart frog (Phyllobates terribilis) is a poison dart frog.
It lives in the Pacific coast of Colombia.
In captivity, poison dart frogs are not poisonous.
It is in the wild where they are poisonous because of what they eat.
This amphibian of the Dendrobatidae family is considered the most poisonous vertebrate in the world.
The optimal habitat of P. terribilis is the rainforest with high rain rates (5 m. or more), altitude between 100-200 m, temperature of 26 °C, and relative humidity of 80-90%.
"In a 20-gram white mouse, the minimal lethal dose of batrachotoxin/homobatrachotoxin is about 0.05 µg, when injected subcutaneously.
Thus, one frog, P. terribilis, with typical 1100 µg of these compounds, contains enough poison to kill more than 20,000 mice.
Although extrapolating toxicity parameters from mouse to man has errors, if we suppose that man is at least as susceptible as mice to these compounds, the lethal dose is about 180 µg for a person.
Larger animals are often more susceptible to toxins that smaller organisms, so that the lethal dose for man may be even less.
Myers et al. [
1] anticipated a lethal dose of batrachotoxin for man of only 2.0 to 7.5 µg, when administered by injection.
"The oral potency of batrachotoxin is much lower; therefore, Indians can eat animals captured by their darts without of risk of intoxication.
In additions, the small amount of poison used is metabolized and the metabolites are not poisonous; most importantly, cooking may also destroy the toxins, although not all toxins are heat labile".
The high toxicity of P. terribilis may be due to eating small insects or other arthropods, and one of these may truly be the most poisonous creature on Earth.
Scientists have suggested the crucial insect may be a small beetle from the family Melyridae.
At least one species of these beetles produces the same toxin found in P. terribilis.
Their relatives in Colombian rainforests could be the source of the batrachotoxins found in the highly toxic Phyllobates frogs of that region.
Poison dart frogs
Mercedes-Benz R-Class is a car made by Mercedes-Benz introduced in 2005.
The model wasn't a strong seller for Mecedes-Benz and was discontinued in 2012 without a replacement.
Mercedes-Benz C-Class is a luxury car made by Mercedes-Benz since 1993.
The C-Class is the most popular Mercedes-Benz.
It is the main competitor of the BMW 3 Series and Audi A4.
The interior is made up of soft-touch leather and aluminium.
It is priced in between the A-Class and the E–Class.
To be more specific, a base model C-Class can be priced at around 41,000 dollars.
Ford F-Series is a series of pickup trucks produced by Ford Motor Company since 1948.
It is currently in its Thirteenth Generation.
The most popular variant of the F-Series is the F-150.
It was the best-selling vehicle of its time, the most popular pickup truck for 23 years and the most popular truck for 33 years.
This does not include combined sales of General Motors pickup trucks.
Millions of the F-Series trucks were sold in the United States and other parts of the world, including Europe, Asia and Australia.
For the 2010 model year, the SVT Raptor high-performance truck was introduced.
Unlike its Lightning predecessor, it was a vehicle meant for off-road driving.
The F-Series through time
F-Series
The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union.
It is made of all the heads of state or government of the Union's member states and with the President of the European Commission.
The country which holds the Presidency of the Council of the European Union also leads its assemblies.
The Council has no formal executive or legislative powers.
It is an institution that deals with very important issues and any decisions made are "a major impetus in defining the general political guidelines of the European Union".
The Council meets at least twice a year; usually in the Justus Lipsius building, the quarters of the Council of the European Union (Consilium) of Brussels.
Jonas formed a band with his older brothers, Joe and Kevin, known as the Jonas Brothers.
The group released their debut studio album It's About Time.
The band became a Disney favorite and later starred in Camp Rock (2008) and its sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010) as well as two of their own series, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream (2008–2010) and Jonas (2009–2010).
In 2017, Jonas appeared in the adventure comedy movie Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle.
In January 2022, the couple had their first child, via surrogacy.
The Voice (2020-2021) - Coach
People from Wyckoff, New Jersey
Joseph Adam Jonas (born August 15, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter, and actor.
He became known as a member of the pop rock band the Jonas Brothers, alongside his brothers Kevin and Nick.
He starred in Camp Rock (2008) and its sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010) as well as two television series, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream (2008–2010) and Jonas (2009–2010).
After the Jonas Brothers officially split-up, Jonas formed the funk-pop band DNCE in 2015.
The group became well known for their debut single "Cake by the Ocean", which peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States.
INSEE () is the French national institute for Statistics and Economic studies.
The INSEE was created in 1946.
It replaced the National Statistics Service (SNS) which was created under the Vichy government during World War II.
INSEE Code
INSEE codes (or COG) are given to Communes in France.
They consist of 8 digits (numbers) but there is a simple version with 5 digits.