the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
May 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell.
June 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is defeated at Carberry Hill by the Scottish nobles.
She is imprisoned in Lochleven Castle.
July 24 – Mary, Queen of Scots, abdicates the throne, succeeded by her son King James VI of Scotland.
July 25 – The city of Santiago de León de Caracas, in Venezuela, is founded by Diego de Losada.
July 29 – James VI is crowned at Stirling.
September 9 – At a dinner, the Duke of Alva arrests the Count of Egmont and the Count of Horne for treason.
September 29 – Beginning of the Second War of Religion in France when the Prince of Condé and Gaspard de Coligny fail in an attempt to capture King Charles IX and his mother at Meaux.
The Huguenots do capture several cities (including Orleans), and march on Paris.
November 10 – Battle of Saint-Denis – Anne de Montmorency, with 16,000 Royalists falls on Condé's 3,500 Huguenots.
The Huguenots surprisingly hold on for some hours before being driven off.
Montmorency is mortally wounded.
King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway founds Fredrikstad in Norway.
The Dillinger Escape Plan is an American Mathcore/metal music group.
They formed in New Jersey.
They are generally a heavy group, with punk roots and influences from punk bands like The Bronx and Bad Brains.
Calculating Infinity (1999)
Miss Machine (2004)
Ire Works (2007)
Option Paralysis (2010)
One of Us Is the Killer (2013)
1990s establishments in New Jersey
Queensryche is an American progressive heavy metal band.
They formed in Bellevue Washington in 1981.
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
Midnight Oil is an New Zealand rock band.
They formed in Auckland in 1976.
The band became famous for its soft-rock sound and calming live performances.
The band was politically active supporting environmentalist and indigenous causes.
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
2002 disestablishments in Australia
1970s establishments in Australia
John Francis Bongiovi (born March 2, 1962 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey) better known as Jon Bon Jovi, is an American musician and actor.
He is best known as the lead singer of the hard-rock band, Bon Jovi.
In 1983, Jon was one of the founding members of Bon Jovi.
Earlier he sang in bands Starz and Atlantic City Expressway.
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
American heavy metal singers
Maxi Priest (born Max Alfred Elliot on June 10, 1962) is an English reggae singer.
On the Waterfront is a 1954 American movie about mob violence among longshoremen (people who unload ships) in New Jersey.
Directed by Elia Kazan, it stars Marlon Brando, Eva Marie Saint and Karl Malden.
The movie won eight Academy Awards: for Best Picture, Best Actor (Brando), Best Supporting Actress (Saint), Best Art Direction, Best Director (Kazan), Best Cinematography (Boris Kaufman), Best Film Editing (Gene Milford) and Best Original Screenpaly (Budd Schulberg).
The catchphrase, "I could've been a contender", is said by Terry Malloy.
In 2005, it ranked third on AFI's list of the one hundred most famous quotes in movie history .
Five years earlier, it was the eighth most popular movie on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
1954 drama movies
1950s crime movies
Movies set in New Jersey
Movies directed by Elia Kazan
Faith No More is an alternative metal band.
They formed by bassist Billy Gould, drummer Mike Bordin, and keyboarder Roddy Bottum in San Francisco, California, USA, in 1981 and broke up on April 20, 1998.
However, they got back together in 2009 and have continued playing since.
They became successful with singer Mike Patton in the early 1990s.
Their biggest hits were "Epic" and the cover song "Easy", originally from Lionel Richie.
We Care a Lot (1985)
Introduce Yourself (1987)
The Real Thing (1989)
Angel Dust (1992)
King for a Day...Fool for a Lifetime (1995)
Album of the Year (1997)
Musical groups established in 2009
2009 establishments in California
The Pretenders are an English rock and punk rock band.
They formed in Hereford in 1978.
Schindler's List is a 1993 American movie set in World War II, and directed by Steven Spielberg.
It is based on Schindler's Ark, a 1982 book by Thomas Keneally.
The movie and the book owe their names to the list of over a thousand Jews who worked in the title character's factory.
It is about businessman Oskar Schindler who saves thousands of Jews from being killed in the Holocaust by putting them to work in a factory.
His list was the list of Jews he wanted to save.
Liam Neeson as Oskar Schindler
Ben Kingsley as Itzhak Stern
Ralph Fiennes as Amon Göth
Caroline Goodall as Emilie Schindler
Jonathan Sagall as Poldek Pfefferberg
Embeth Davidtz as Helen Hirsch
Małgorzata Gebel as Wiktoria Klonowska
Mark Ivanir as Marcel Goldberg
Beatrice Macola as Ingrid
Andrzej Seweryn as Julian Scherner
Friedrich von Thun as Rolf Czurda
Jerzy Nowak as Investor
Norbert Weisser as Albert Hujar
Anna Mucha as Danka Dresner
Adi Nitzan as Mila Pfefferberg
Piotr Polk as Leo Rosner
Rami Heuberger as Joseph Bau
Ezra Dagan as Rabbi Menasha Lewartow
Elina Löwensohn as Diana Reiter
Hans-Jörg Assmann as Julius Madritsch
Hans-Michael Rehberg as Rudolf Höß
Daniel Del Ponte as Josef Mengele
Oliwia Dąbrowska as the Girl in Red
Schindler's List featured on a number of "best of" lists, including the TIME magazine's Top Hundred as selected by critics Richard Corliss and Richard Schickel, Time Out magazine's 100 Greatest Films Centenary Poll conducted in 1995, and Leonard Maltin's "100 Must See Movies of the Century".
The Vatican named Schindler's List among the most important 45 movies ever made.
A Channel 4 poll named Schindler's List the ninth greatest movie of all time, and it ranked fourth in their 2005 war movies poll.
The movie was named the best of 1993 by critics such as James Berardinelli, Roger Ebert, and Gene Siskel.
The movie was designated by the Library of Congress in 2004 and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.
Spielberg won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film for his work, and shared the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture with co-producers Branko Lustig and Gerald R. Molen.
Steven Zaillian won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.
It was nominated for twelve Academy Awards, winning seven, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Score, and won numerous other awards, including seven BAFTAs and three Golden Globe Awards.
The movie also won numerous other awards and nominations worldwide.
Among others such as Citizen Kane and Sunset Boulevard, it has been called one of the greatest movies ever.
In 1998, the American Film Institute selected it as the ninth most popular of all time in their 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
In February 1997, NBC aired a version without cuts of the movie (in two parts), much to the upset of many viewers.
It was the first time a television broadcast had ever received the TV-M rating (soon to be called TV-MA).
Filmsite's review of the movie
1982 books
1993 drama movies
1990s war movies
German-language movies
Movies set in the 1930s
A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a gas used for various purposes including solvents, refrigerants, and aerosol sprays.
They are organic chemicals and contain carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine.
They were much used in the middle of the 20th century, replacing chemicals that were toxic or flammable or had other problems.
In 1978, Sweden became the first country that banned CFC products.
Later, the US and Canada did the same.
Now, CFC products are not allowed in most countries, because they cause ozone depletion.
CFCs are also greenhouse gases.
An alternative to chlorofluorocarbons is hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
These do not destroy the ozone layer or increase global warming.
Thomas Midgley (American inventor)
Carbon compounds
Fluorine compounds
Singin' in the Rain is a 1952 American movie musical romantic comedy movie starring Gene Kelly.
It was directed by Kelly and Stanley Donen.
It is set in Los Angeles, California in 1927.
It gives an amusing look at Hollywood's change from silent movies to "talkies".
1952 comedy movies
1950s musical movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies directed by Stanley Donen
North and South is a novel by John Jakes.
It is the first of three books about two friends who must fight against each other during the American Civil War.
North and South had two sequels.
They are called Love and War and Heaven and Hell.
The books were written in 1982, 1984, and 1987.
There were also TV versions made.
Three miniseries were done in 1985, 1986, and 1994.
The two main characters were played by James Read and Patrick Swayze (Swayze's character does not appear in the third part).
object which can be used for a certain function.
Examples of apparatuses include coffee-makers, pencil sharpeners, and computers.
These things are also often called tools, machines, or equipment.
process of an activity.
For example, a political party or governmental organization can be called an apparatus.
a set of equipment or tools or a machine that is used for a particular purpose
Internet Movie Database (or IMDb for short) is an online database of information (facts) about actors, movies, TV shows, and video games.
The IMDb database started in October 1990, moved to the World Wide Web in 1993, and has been owned by Amazon.com since 1998.
Internet Movie Database (IMDb) website
1990 establishments
The Chicago Blackhawks are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).
They were formed in 1926, named after the 333rd Machine Gun Battalion of the 86th Infantry Division during World War I which was nicknamed the "Blackhawk Division".
The division was named after Chief Black Hawk, a native American leader.
The team has won the Stanley Cup Championship six times, in 1933, 1937, 1961, 2010,  2013 and in 2015.
The current captain of the Blackhawks is Jonathan Toews.
Early Games
The Regina Capitals were a team in the Western Canada Hockey League until 1925, when they moved and became the Portland Rosebuds.
One year later, the league folded.
Most of the Portland players then played for the new Chicago team in the NHL.
In the 1930s, Charlie Gardiner was a star goaltender for the team.
Players on the Blackhawks won four scoring titles (Art Ross Trophy) in the 1940s:  Doug Bentley in 1943, his brother Ben in 1946 and 1947, and Roy Conacher in 1949.
Max Bentley also won the Hart Trophy as the league's most valuable player in 1946.
Goalie Al Rollins won the Hart Trophy in 1954.
By 1960, however, the team had only made the Stanley Cup final four times, winning the Cup in 1934 and 1938, and losing in 1931 and 1944.
The team was much stronger in the 1960s.
Bobby Hull led the NHL in goals seven times, more than any other player.
He also won three Art Ross and two Hart Trophies.
Stan Mikita won four Art Ross and two Hart Trophies.
Between them, they led the NHL in scoring seven times in nine years.
Star goaltender Glenn Hall was an all-star many times; and Pierre Pilote won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman three times.
The Blackhawks won the Stanley Cup in 1961, and also made the finals in 1962 and 1965.
Goalie Tony Esposito led them to the finals in 1971 and 1973.
Since that time, they have had many star players such as Doug Wilson, Steve Larmer, Jeremy Roenick, and Tony Amonte; but they have not won the Cup since 1961, the longest wait of any NHL team.
They won the Presidents' Trophy as the top team in the regular season in 1991, and made the finals again in 1992, partly due to Ed Belfour (who won two Vezina Trophies as best goaltender) and Chris Chelios (who won two Norris Trophies on Chicago).
As of 2006, however, they have only made the playoffs once in the last eight years.
The mascot of the Chicago Blackhawks is named Tommy Hawk.
He was introduced in the 2001–02 NHL season.
He wears the Blackhawks' four feathers on his head and also wears a Blackhawks jersey and hockey pants.
Tommy Hawk sometimes participates in the T-shirt toss and puck chuck with the fans.
The Blackhawks have their own official fight song called, "Here Come the Hawks!"
which is also an introduction for them.
A song that was called "Keys to the City" was given to the Blackhawks organization as a gift by Ministry & Co Conspirators.
After the Blackhawks score a goal at the United Center they play the song "Chelsea Dagger" by The Fratellis.
In 1985, during the Campbell Conference playoff game, a tradition was started where the Blackhawks fans would cheer and applaud loudly during the singing of the national anthem.
Jonathan Toews was named the team's captain prior to the 2008-09 season opener which made him the third-youngest captain at the time.
The Blackhawks led the NHL in home attendance with a total of 912,155, averaging 22,247 fans per game during to the 2008-09 season.
The number of attendance also included the Winter Classic at Wrigley Field which had 40,818 fans in attendance.
The Blackhawks acquired forward Marián Hossa and signed him to a 12-year contract which was worth 62.8 million dollars.
The deal also included Tomas Kopecky, John Madden, and Richard Petiot.
Due to the salary cap, the Blackhawks were forced to give up a bunch of their players.
On June 24, 2013, the team won their fifth Stanley Cup after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.
They were down 2–1 and scored two goals from Bryan Bickell and Dave Bolland 1:16 and 0:58.3 (17 seconds apart) to win 3-2.
On June 15, 2015, the Blackhawks won their third Stanley Cup championship in six years after they defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning 4 games to 2 in the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals.
It was their first Stanley Cup win on home ice since 1938.
Team captains
Dick Irvin, 1926–29
Duke Dukowski, 1929–30
Ty Arbour, 1930–31
Cy Wentworth, 1931–32
Helge Bostrom, 1932–33
Charlie Gardiner, 1933–34
Johnny Gottselig, 1935–40
Earl Seibert, 1940–42
Doug Bentley, 1942–44
Clint Smith, 1944–45
John Mariucci, 1945–46
Red Hamill, 1946–47
John Mariucci, 1947–48
Gaye Stewart, 1948–49
Doug Bentley, 1949–50
Jack Stewart, 1950–52
Bill Gadsby, 1952–54
Gus Mortson, 1954–57Ed Litzenberger, 1958–61
Pierre Pilote, 1961–68
Pat Stapleton, 1969–70
Pit Martin, 1975–76
Pit Martin; Stan Mikita; Keith Magnuson, 1976–77
Keith Magnuson, 1977–79
Terry Ruskowski, 1979–82
Darryl Sutter, 1982–87
Bob Murray, 1985–86
Denis Savard, 1988–89
Dirk Graham, 1989–95
Chris Chelios, 1995–99
Doug Gilmour, 1999–2000
Tony Amonte, 2000–02
Alexei Zhamnov, 2002–04
Adrian Aucoin, 2005–07
Martin Lapointe, 2006-08
Jonathan Toews, 2008–present
1920s establishments in Illinois
Cape Verde () or Cabo Verde (, ) (, ), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country in Africa.
It is a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean,  off the coast of Western Africa.
The islands cover a combined area of slightly over .
They have a volcanic origin.
The Portuguese explorer Dinis Dias (or Denis Fernadez) discovered in 1445 a peninsula along the coast of Senegal that he named Cap-Vert (Dias named it Cabo Verde, "verde" being Portuguese for "green", a reference to the vegetation in the area).
Dias did not discover the Cape Verde Islands, but rather the actual cape.
The first Europeans to arrive in Cape Verde were the Portugueses Diogo Gomes and Antonio da Noli in 1460.
The islands were uninhabited, and the first settlement was founded in 1462 on the island of Santiago (the main Island) which was divided into two “capitanias”, Alcatrazes and Ribeira Grande.
The first one failed and the main activity in Ribeira Grande was the exploitation of cotton farms.
Ribeira Grande served also as a slave trade post and as post of slave Christianization before they were sent to the New World.
The city suffered several pirate raids and for this reason in 1712, after a French attack, the authorities were forced to move the capital to Praia, where it is located until now.
Cape Verde had the status of Portuguese colony until 1951 when Portugal changed its status to Overseas Province and in 1961 Portugal gave full citizenship to all Cape Verdeans.
Cape Verde has been independent of Portugal since 5th July 1975.
The fight for independence was led by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) and headed by Amilcar Cabral, the national hero of both countries, Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau.
The Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately  off the coast of West Africa, near Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania, and is a part, together with the Azores, Madeira, Savage Islands and Canary Islands, of the Macaronesia ecological region.
It lies between the latitudes 14°N and 18°N, and the longitudes 22°W and 26°W.
The country is an archipelago with a total area of .
It is formed by ten islands (nine inhabited) and several very small islands (islets) divided into two groups, arranged according to the prevailing wind direction:
To the north, the Ilhas de Barlavento (Windward islands), from west to east: Santo Antão, São Vicente, Santa Luzia (without inhabitants), São Nicolau, Ilha do Sal and Boa Vista; and the islets of Branco and Raso, situated between Santa Luzia and São Nicolau, the islet of Pássaros, opposite the town of Mindelo on the island of São Vicente, and the islets Rabo de Junco, on the coast of the Sal island and the islets Sal Rei and Baluarte, on the coast of the island of Boa Vista.
To the south Ilhas de Sotavento (Leeward islands), from east to west: Maio, Santiago, Fogo and Brava; and the islet of Santa Maria, in front of the city of Praia, on Santiago island, the islets Grande, Rombo, Baixo, Cima, do Rei, Luís Carneiro and Sapado, situated about 8 km from the island of Brava, and the islet Areia along the coast of the same island.
The largest islands are, to the southeast, Santiago, where lies Praia, the capital and largest city of the country, and the island of Santo Antão, in the extreme northwest.
Praia is also the main population centre of the archipelago, followed by Mindelo on the island of São Vicente.
Extreme points
N North: Ponta do Sol, Santo Antão island
S South: Ponta Nhô Martinho, Brava island
E East: Ilhéu do Roque, Boa Vista island
W West: Ponta Chão de Morgado, Santo Antão island
H Highest mountain: Pico do Fogo, Fogo island,  high
The sun shines 350 days a year and temperatures range between .
The breeze (a gentle to moderate wind) blows constantly from the ocean at a relatively low average humidity of 40% to 60%.
The Cape Verde Islands only have two seasons: The Tempo das Brisas ("Time of the winds") from October to mid-July and the Tempo das chuvas ("Rainy season") from August to September, when there may be heavy tropical rainfall.
The coolest months are January and February (average temperature of 21 °C), where temperatures can drop down to 16 °C; the warmest is the month of September (up to 36 °C) with an average temperature of 27 °C.
Cape Verde's isolation has resulted in the islands having a number of endemic species, particularly birds and reptiles, many of which are endangered by human development.
Endemic birds include Alexander's Swift (Apus alexandri), Bourne's Heron (Ardea purpurea bournei), the Raso Lark (Alauda razae), the Cape Verde Warbler (Acrocephalus brevipennis), and the Iago Sparrow (Passer iagoensis).
The islands are also an important breeding area for seabirds including the Cape Verde Shearwater.
Reptiles include the Cape Verde Giant Gecko (Tarentola gigas).
Cape Verde is divided into 22 municipalities (concelhos) and subdivided into 32 parishes (freguesias).
- Tarrafal
- São Miguel
- São Salvador do Mundo
- Santa Cruz
- São Domingos
- Praia
- Ribeira Grande de Santiago
- São Lourenço dos Órgãos
- Santa Catarina
- Brava
- São Filipe
- Santa Catarina do Fogo
- Mosteiros
- Maio
- Boa Vista
- Ribeira Brava
- Tarrafal de São Nicolau
- São Vicente
- Porto Novo
- Ribeira Grande
- Paúl
Cape Verde is a representative parliamentary republic.
The constitution —adopted in 1980 and revised in 1992, 1995 and 1999— defines the basic principles of its government.
The president is the head of state and is elected for a 5-year term; the Prime Minister is the head of government.
The Prime Minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the President.
The economic resources of Cape Verde are largely dependent on agriculture and fishing.
Agriculture frequently suffers the effects of droughts.
The most important crops are coffee, bananas, sugar cane, tropical fruits, corn, beans, sweet potato, and cassava.
The industrial sector is incipient but is based on the production of “aguardente” (spirits from sugar cane), clothing and footwear, paints and varnishes, tourism, fishing and canned fish, and salt extraction.
Banana, canned fish, frozen fish, lobsters, salt, and clothes are the main exports.
The national currency is the Cape Verdean escudo.
Remittances from emigration are another important source of resources for the State of Cape Verde.
In Cape Verde, the annual rate of population growth and mortality are low, compared to average rates of other middle-income countries.
The average life expectancy is 66 years and 71 years respectively for men and women.
The resident population in the country is estimated at 500,000 inhabitants.
There are an estimated additional one million Cape Verdeans living abroad, mainly in the United States, Western Europe, and Africa.
Cape Verde has a young population with an average age of 23 years.
Cape Verdean culture is a unique mixture of European and African elements.
Corn is the staple food of Cape Verde.
The national or traditional dish is cachupa, which is a stew of hominy (dried maize kernals), beans, and whatever meat or vegetables may be available.
Other common foods include rice, beans, fish, potatoes and manioc.
A traditional breakfast is a steamed cornbread, eaten with honey and milk or coffee.
Grogue, or sugar cane liquor, is manufactured on the islands and is a popular drink, particularly among the men.
Cape Verdean music incorporates Portuguese, Caribbean, and African influences.
Popular genres include morna, funaná, batuque, coladeira, and cola san jon.
In Cape Verde, other than private clinics, the government guarantees a public health system which comprises several healthcare centers and three central hospitals (Hospital Agostinho Neto, in Praia, Hospital Baptista de Sousa, in São Vicente, and Hospital Regional de Santiago Norte, in Assomada).
The cost of public health is supported by the government, but users must pay a fee which varies in accordance with the capacity of the user to afford it.
After independence, the different governments of Cape Verde invested massively in education and illiteracy has been reduced drastically.
Today almost one hundred percent of school-age children attend school.
Attendance to primary schooling, which comprises 6 years, is compulsory and free of any charge.
Education is guaranteed by a network of public schools that span from nursery school to university.
There are also several private schools in all levels of education.
Presidencia da República de Cabo Verde
Goberno da República de Cabo Verde
Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas
Archipelagos
Madeira is a Portuguese archipelago that lies between  and , just under  north of Tenerife, Canary Islands, in the north Atlantic Ocean and an outermost region of the European Union.
The name Madeira could be used for the autonomous region, the geographical group of islands or just the island of Madeira.
These islands are part of the Macaronesia.
Madeira's official written history began in 1418, when two captains under service to Prince Henry the Navigator, João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, were pushed by a storm to an island which they named Porto Santo (English: holy harbour).
The following year, an organised expedition was sent to this new land to take possession of the island on behalf of the Portuguese crown.
Later, the new settlers saw an island to the southwest, and so the larger island of Madeira was discovered.
The islands were found to be completely uninhabited, and their colonization by the Portuguese began around 1420 or 1425.
To get the minimum conditions for the development of agriculture, they had to cut part of the dense forest and to construct a large number of canals (levadas) to carry water, since in some parts of the island there was excess water, while in others water was scarce.
During this period, fish constituted about half of the settlers' diet, together with vegetables and fruits cultivated from small pieces of land.
Initially, these colonists produced wheat for their own subsistence, but later the quantity cultivated was sufficient to begin sending wheat to continental Portugal.
On the 23 September of 1433, the name Ilha da Madeira (English: Madeira Island, or literally island of wood) began to appear in the first documents and maps.
The name given to the islands corresponded to the large dense forests of native trees that covered the island.
However, when wheat production began to fall, the crisis forced to plant other commercial crops.
They brought from Sicily plants of sugarcane to produce sugar.
After the 17th century, as sugar production went to Brazil, São Tomé and Príncipe and elsewhere, Madeira's most important product became its wine.
The archipelago is in the African plate, in the Atlantic Ocean between the latitudes 30° and 33° north,  southwest of Lisbon and, about  west of the African coast, almost at the same latitude as Casablanca.
Islands and islets
The Madeira islands have a total area of .
Their individual areas vary between  of the largest island (Madeira) to  of the Savage Islands.
Of the eight islands, only the two largest (Madeira and Porto Santo) are inhabited, having as main accesses, the Madeira Airport in Funchal and the one in Porto Santo.
By sea, Funchal has a port that receives different ships, especially cruise ships.
The remaining islands are nature reserves.
The island of Madeira has a  very irregular and uneven terrain, being the highest points the peaks Pico Ruivo (1862 m), Pico das Torres (1851 m), Pico do Ariero (1818 m) and Pico do Juncal (1800 m).
The northern coast is dominated by high cliffs.
The island of Porto Santo, on the other hand, has a completely different geomorphological formation of the island of Madeira.
It is very flat where only small plants grow and the soils are poor and not very good for agriculture.
This island has some peaks, particularly in the north, and the  Pico do Facho (517 m) is the highest point of elevation in the island, followed by Pico Branco (450 m).
The highest point of Desertas Islands is Pedregal (442 m) in Deserta Grande, and of Selvagens Islands is Pico da Atalaia (153 m), in Selvagem Grande.
The average temperature for the year in Funchal, Madeira island, is 19°C (66.2°F).
The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of 22.6°C (72.7°F).
The coolest month on average is February, with an average temperature of 16.1°C (61.0°F).
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Funchal is 596.9 mm (23.5").
The month with the most precipitation on average is December with 109.2 mm (4.3") of precipitation.
The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of 2.5 mm (0.1").
There are an average of 87 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in December with 13 days and the least precipitation occurring in July with 1 days.
For the Villa de Porto Santo, Porto Santo island, the average temperature for the year is 17.8°C (64.0°F).
The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of 21.7°C (71.0°F).
The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 15°C (59.0°F).
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Villa de Porto Santo is 375.9 mm (14.8").
The month with the most precipitation on average is January with 61 mm (2.4") of precipitation.
In 1976 Madeira became one of the two autonomous regions of the Republic of Portugal (Azores is the other) under the Portuguese name Região Autónoma da Madeira, with its own executive and a regional legislature.
The current president of the regional government is Alberto João Jardim.
The main offices of the regional government are in Funchal, making this city the capital of the region.
Administratively, the Autonomous Region of Madeira (with a population of 267,785 inhabitants in 2011 and covering an area of ) is organised into 11 municípios, of which 10 are in the island of Madeira and one in Porto Santo.
Municipalities are further divided into 54 freguesias, 53 in Madeira and 1 in Porto Santo.
According to the 2011 Census, the total population in the Autonomous Region of Madeira was 267,785: 126,268 men and 141,517 women.
The density for the whole region is  persons/km2; calculating the density taking in account only the inhabited islands (Madeira and Porto Santo), the density would be  inhabitants/km2.
The region of Madeira is home to a great and important biodiversity, with an estimated 7,571 terrestrial species for the whole archipelago.
The total number of endemic species and subspecies is about 1,419 (1,286 species and 182 sub-species), which represents 19% of the overall species diversity.
The most known environment of the archipelago is its Laurel forest (laurisilva) which still extends over 15,000 hectares or 20% of the archipelago.
These forests, very rich in biodiversity, are the largest and best-preserved Laurel forests in the entire Macaronesia region.
They are home to unique plant and animal species, including the famous Trocaz Pigeon or Madeira Laurel Pigeon (Columba trocaz), and the Madeira Kinglet (Regulus madeirensis).
The most threatened bird of Europe, the Madeiran or Zino’s Petrel (Pterodroma madeira) inhabits the highest cliffs in the Central Mountainous Massif of the Madeira island.
In the sea around Madeira there are numerous species of marine mammals, including 28 species of cetaceans and the critically endangered Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus).
There are 6 protected areas in the Madeira Archipelago, including the Madeira Natural Park.
This park, which covers over 2/3 of Madeira Island and includes the entire Laurel forest, is a European Council Biogenetic Reserve since 1992, and a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site since 1999.
Additionally, 11 sites in the whole archipelago are part of the Natura 2000 network and 11 other sites are designated Important Bird Areas.
The local economy is based mainly on agriculture and tourism, the main resource.
Agriculture produces bananas, flowers, and Madeira wine which is exported.
The industrial area is not very diverse and they are relationated with food, beverages, tobacco and construction.
Freguesias de Portugal
madeira islands - Madeira Tourism Office
Cameroon (officially called the Republic of Cameroon) is a country in Central Africa.
Its capital is Yaoundé.
The largest city in Cameroon is Douala.
The population of Cameroon is about 20 million.
Cameroon's president is Paul Biya.
They speak nearly 250 languages in Cameroon.
French and English are the official languages.
At , Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country.
It is about the size of Papua New Guinea.
The country is in Central and West Africa on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean.
The country's neighbours are Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south.
The constitution divides Cameroon into 10 regions.
On 12 November 2008, the President changed the divisions from provinces to regions.
Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.
The regions are divided into 58 divisions.
These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers.
The official languages of Cameroon are French and English.
It is part of both the British Commonwealth and La Francophonie.
Most people speak French.
Guinea-Bissau is a country in Africa.
It borders Senegal to the north, Guinea to the south.
The official language is Portuguese, and the capital is Bissau.
About 1,442,000 people live in Guinea-Bissau as of 2006.
The country was a Portuguese colony in the 19th century.
At that time is was called Portuguese Guinea.
It became independent in 1973.
In 1974, the name of the country's capital was added so that it would not be confused with the neighboring country Guinea.
Regions and sectors
Guinea-Bissau is divided into 8 regions and one autonomous sector.
These are divided into thirty-seven sectors.
Bafatá
Biombo
Bissau*
Bolama
Cacheu
Gabu
Oio
Quinara
* autonomous sector
1973 establishments in Africa
The Republic of Mauritius is an island nation in the Mascarene Islands.
It includes Rodrigues, Agaléga and St. Brandon as well as Mauritius.
It was formerly ruled by the European countries Portugal, France and the United Kingdom, but is now independent.
Port Louis is its capital.
In the 2000 census, the country had a population of 1,178,848 people.
The country is prosperous, and trades mainly with South Africa and India.
The island is in the southwest Indian Ocean.
It is about  east of Madagascar.
The country includes the island of Mauritius as well as the islands of St. Brandon, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands.
Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands along with the French island of Réunion  to the southwest.
Red represents freedom and independence,
Blue is for their Indian ocean which surrounds the island,
Yellow for the sun, and
Green for their agriculture.
Mauritius, an island of volcanic origin sheltered by barriers of coral reefs forming natural, safe, crystal clear lagoons, has long been a dream destination.
Known to the Arabs as early as the 10th century, but officially explored by the Portuguese in the 16th century and subsequently settled by the Dutch in the 17th century.
The Dutch were the ones who named the island in honor of Prince Maurits van NASSAU.
Mauritius was occupied successively by the Dutch (1598-1712) and later by the French (1715-1810).
The French assumed control in 1715, developing the island into an important naval base overseeing the Indian Ocean trade, and establishing a plantation economy of sugar cane.
The British captured the island in 1810, during the Napoleonic Wars through the Treaty of Paris.
Mauritius remained a strategically important British naval base, and later on, an air station playing an important role during World War II for anti-submarine and convoy operations, as well as the collection of signals intelligence.
On 12 March 1968, Mauritius became Independent.
1968 establishments
It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 movie directed by Frank Capra.
It inspired the story similar to A Christmas Carol.
James Stewart as George Bailey
Donna Reed as Mary Hatch
Lionel Barrymore as Mr. Potter
Essay on the deeper meaning of the movie
Excerpts from Ray Carney's analysis of the movie.
1946 drama movies
Movies set in New York
Movies directed by Frank Capra
Djibouti (officially called the Republic of Djibouti) is a country on the eastern coast of Africa.
The capital city is also called Djibouti.
Djibouti gained its independence from France on June 27, 1977.
The country was created out of the French Somaliland (later called the French Territory of the Afars and Issas), which was created in the 1800s as a result of French colonialism in Africa.
In 2020, about 920,000 people lived there.
It is one of the least populous countries in Africa.
Two ethnic groups, the Somali and the Afar people, account for most of the people living in the country.
Djibouti joined the United Nations on September 20, 1977.
It is also a member of the Arab League, as well as the African Union and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD).
The history of Djibouti goes back thousands of years when it was part of the Sabean Empire (Ethiopia) to a time when Djiboutians traded hides and skins for the perfumes and spices of ancient Egypt, Pakistan, and China.
Through close contacts with the Arabian peninsula for more than 1,000 years, the Somali and Afar tribes in this region became among the first on the African continent to accept Islam.
Djibouti is a Muslim country which regularly takes part in Islamic as well as Arab meetings.
Djiboutians
The Djiboutians () are the people inhabiting or originating from Djibouti (including their diaspora).
The country is mainly composed of two ethnic groups, the Somali and the Afar.
It has many languages - though Somali and Afar are the most widely spoken ones, Arabic and French serve as the official languages.
There is a small Djiboutian diaspora in North America, Europe, and Australia.
Djibouti is near to the Horn of Africa.
It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Awdal of Somalia in the southeast.
The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east.
In the Great Rift Valley the rift between the African Plate and the Somali Plate meet the Arabian Plate.
This makes a geologic tripoint that is the lowest place in Africa.
Djibouti has eight mountain ranges with peaks of over 1,000 m (3,281 ft).
The Mousa Ali range is the country's highest mountain range.
Most species of wildlife are found in the northern part of the country, in the ecosystem of the Day Forest National Park.
This forest area is the main habitat of the endangered and endemic Djibouti francolin (a bird).
Djibouti is divided into six administrative regions, with Djibouti city representing one of the official regions.
It is further subdivided into twenty districts.
The people of Djibouti are mostly Muslim.
Islam is observed by 94% of Djibouti's population (about 740,000) (2010 estimate).
The remaining six percent follow Christianity.
The Republic of Djibouti names Islam as the only state religion.
The Constitution of 1992 provides for the equality of citizens of all faiths as well as the freedom to practise any religion.
Association football is the most popular sport in Djibouti.
The country became a member of FIFA in 1994.
They have only played in qualifying rounds for both the African Cup of Nations and FIFA World Cup.
1977 establishments in Africa
Mauritania is a country in northwest Africa.
The capital city, which is also the biggest city in the country, is Nouakchott.
It is on the Atlantic coast.
Its president is General Mohamed Ould Ghazouani.
At 1,030,700 km² (397,929 mi²), Mauritania is the world's 29th-largest country (after Bolivia).
It is similar in size to Egypt.
The land is flat in most places.
Lake Huron is one of North America's five Great Lakes.
It is the third one up from the mouth.
Like Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and Lake Superior, it is also part of the boundary between the USA and Canada.
The Huronian glaciation, billions of years ago, is named for the lake.
Lake Huron is more than 200 miles (325 km) long and is as much as 750 feet (230 m) deep.
Many boats and ships go back and forth on Lake Huron, carrying useful things such as iron ore.
Lake Huron borders the Canadian province of Ontario and the American state of Michigan.
There are no large cities on Lake Huron, but there are some small cities such as Sarnia, Ontario and Bay City, Michigan.
The water that flows out of Lake Huron goes through a river that flows past Detroit, Michigan.
The water then flows into Lake Erie on its way to the ocean.
On 1996 an hurricane-like storm appeared on Lake Huron, while the National Hurricane Center was not sure to call it a hurricane or not.
Because the storm formed over Lake Huron and that it did not get a name from the NHC, many people nicknamed the storm, "Hurricane Huron".
Huron, Lake
Reunion Arena, an indoor arena in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas, Texas
Reunion Tower, a building located in Dallas, Texas, United States
Reunion (genealogy software), a genealogy application for the Apple Macintosh
Reunion (movie), a movie directed by Jerry Schatzberg based on a screenplay written by Harold Pinter
The Reunion (MMOG), a multiplayer online game
X³: Reunion, a computer game produced by Egosoft and released late 2005,
Reunion, a space strategy game developed by Amnesty Design in 1994.
The game was released on Amiga and PC (DOS).
Réunion, a French island in the Indian Ocean
Reunion District, Dallas, Texas, United States
Force Heretic: Reunion, the third novel in a three-part story by Sean Williams and Shane Dix
Knights of the Old Republic: Reunion, a two-part story arc in the Knights of the Old Republic series of comic books
Reunion (Buffy comic), a comic based on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel
Reunion (novel), a science fiction novel by Alan Dean Foster
Reunion (novella), a novella by Fred Uhlman
Reunion (play), a play by David Mamet
Reunion (The Mediator), a YA novel by Meg Cabot
Mel Tormé and the Marty Paich Dektette - Reunion, a 1988 album by the American jazz singer Mel Tormé
Re-union, a Dutch duo who performed at the Eurovision Song Contest 2004
Reunion (album), a live album released by metal group Black Sabbath in 1997
Réunion (album), an electronic music album by The Flashbulb
Reunion (band), a pop music group best known for their 1974 hit song "Life Is a Rock"
Reunion (Temptations album), a 1982 album by The Temptations for the Gordy label
Reunion: A Decade of Solas, the reunion album of Irish-American Celtic group, Solas, in 2006
Doomed for Live - Reunion 2002, a live album by Candlemass
Reunion Records, a Contemporary Christian music label home to artists like Michael W. Smith, Casting Crowns, and Joy Williams
www.ReunionStudio.org, a netlabel with free electronic music for download
The Reunion, a rap album by Capone-N-Noreaga
Reunion, an instrumental dedicated to Dana Reeve composed by British musician Nick Hinton
Reunion (TV series), a 2005 television series on FOX starring Matthew St. Patrick and Sean Faris
Réunion () is an island of France.
It is also a region of France and an overseas department of France, meaning France owns the island nation.
It is in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar, about 200 km (125 miles) southwest of Mauritius.
Its capital is Saint-Denis.
The highest point in La Reunion is La piton des neiges.
The island is also famous for its black beaches, even though people think that there are white beaches.
The island is 63 kilometres (39 mi) long; 45 kilometres (28 mi) wide; and covers 2,512 square kilometres (970 sq mi).
It is similar to the island Hawaii as both are above hotspots in the Earth's crust.
The Piton de la Fournaise, a shield volcano on the eastern end of Réunion Island, rises more than 2,631 metres (8,632 ft) above sea level and is sometimes called a sister to Hawaiian volcanoes because of the similarity of climate and volcanic nature.
It has erupted more than 100 times since 1640 and is under constant monitoring.
It most recently erupted on 2 January 2010.
Before that, the most noticeable was during April 2007, when the lava flow was estimated at 3,000,000 cubic metres (3,900,000 cu yd) per day.
The Piton de la Fournaise is created by a hotspot volcano, which also created the Piton des Neiges and the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues.
The Piton des Neiges volcano, the highest point on the island at 3,070 metres (10,070 ft) above sea level, is northwest of the Piton de la Fournaise.
Collapsed calderas and canyons are southwest of the mountain.
Like Kohala on the Big Island of Hawaii, the Piton des Neiges is an extinct volcano.
Despite its name, snow (French: neige) practically never falls on the summit.
Facts about Reunion
Pictures of Reunion Island
Lake Erie is one of the Great Lakes in North America.
It is the second to the last in the Great Lake system before water flows into the St. Lawrence River.
Like Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario, Lake Erie is part of the boundary between the USA and Canada.
In 1813 a naval battle was fought on the lake.
Most of the water that flows into Lake Erie flows through a small river, the Detroit River, that moves water down from Lake St. Clair past Detroit, Michigan.
Some more water flows into Lake Erie from other rivers, including the Maumee and the Cuyahoga.
At the foot of the Maumee is Toledo, Ohio.
At the bend of the Cuyahoga is Cleveland, Ohio.
Water that flows out of Lake Erie flows past Buffalo, New York, and into the Niagara River.
The river pours over Niagara Falls, one of the largest waterfalls in North America, and then into the lowest of all the Great Lakes, Lake Ontario.
Geography of Michigan
Geography of New York
Geography of Pennsylvania
Mali (Bambara:  ߡߊߟߌ, Fula: 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, ), officially the Republic of Mali (; Bambara: ߡߊߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ); Fula: 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, ) is a landlocked country (a country entirely surrounded by land) in West Africa.
Mali is bordered by Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west.
Physical features of Mali include the Sahara desert in the north, with the Niger River and Sénégal River in the southern part of the country.
As of a July 2011 estimate, Mali has a population of approximately 14,000,000 people.
Mali has a total area of .
Most of the people live in the southern part of the country, with Mali's capital and most populated city being Bamako.
The Mandé people founded several kingdoms in the Sahel.
This was a big area that included Mali.
These kingdoms included the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire.
Timbuktu was an important city in these empires because a lot of trade across the Sahara Desert went there.
Timbuktu was also a good place for learning.
The Songhai Empire became much smaller after a Moroccan attack in 1591.
France invaded Mali in 1880.
After that, France owned Mali.
France gave Mali the names French Sudan and the Sudanese Republic.
At some times it also included other nearby countries.
In early 1959, Mali and Senegal united and they became the Mali Federation.
They became independent from France on June 20, 1960.
Senegal left the Mali Federation a few months later.
The Republic of Mali, with Modibo Keïta as the first president, left the French Community on September 22, 1960.
There was a coup in Mali in 1968.
Modibo Keïta lost his job and was put in prison.
Mali was then ruled by Moussa Traoré until 1991.
He treated the country badly, and so there was another coup in 1991 after protests against the government, and a new constitution was made.
The leader of the country was then Amadou Toumani Touré.
In 1992, Alpha Oumar Konaré won Mali's first democratic election.
President Konaré won again in 1997 and he made big political and economic changes.
In 2002, Amadou Toumani Touré won the election and he started his second term as head of state.
He was a retired general and was the military leader of the 1991 coup.
Today, Mali is one of the least stable countries in Africa.
Regions and cercles
Mali is divided into 8 regions and 1 district.
The country is further divided into 49 cercles, containing 288 "arrondissements" and 703 communes.
Kayes
Kidal
Koulikoro
Mopti
Ségou
Tombouctou (Timbuktu)
Bamako (capital district)
Mali is the world's 24th-largest country.
The area of the country is 1,240,000 km² (478,734 mi²).
Mali and South Africa are about the same size.
It is two times bigger than Texas.
Most of Mali is part of the Sahara Desert.
Mali is does not have any sea coast.
It is landlocked.
Mali does not have many mountains.
Flat areas in the north are covered by sand.
Savanna is around the Niger River in the south.
The dry season is hot and dusty.
There are many natural resources in Mali, including gold, uranium, phosphates, kaolinite, salt, and limestone.
Mali is one of the poorest countries in the world.
65% of its land area is desert or something similar.
There have been several long droughts over the last hundred years.
Therefore, most economic activity is near the Niger River.
About 10% of the people are nomads and 80% of workers have jobs in farming and fishing.
Industry is mainly to process farm products.
Women also do pottery and the pots are bought and taken to markets.
Many foreign tourists like the traditional methods which the women use to make the pots.
Mali's main export is cotton, so if the price of cotton changes, Mali's economy is affected a lot.
Mali also receives a lot of financial help from other countries.
In 1997, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recommended a programme for changing the economy and the government followed this.
Several international companies started exploring for larger amounts of gold in 1996-1998, and the Malian government thinks that Mali will become an important gold exporter soon.
Mandé (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke): 50%
Peul (Fula/Fulani): 17%
Voltaic: 12%
Songhai: 6%
Tuareg and Moor: 10%
Others: 5%
Islam: 90%
Traditional Mali Beliefs: 9%
Christianity: 1%