the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1992 Dancing at Lughnasa1993 Angels in America: Millennium Approaches
1994 Angels in America: Perestroika1995 Love!
1996 Master Class1997 The Last Night of Ballyhoo
1998 'Art'1999 Side Man
2000 Copenhagen2001 Proof
2002 Edward Albee's The Goat, or, Who is Sylvia?2003 Take Me Out
2004 I Am My Own Wife2005 Doubt
2006 The History Boys2007 The Coast of Utopia
Queen Anne's Revenge was the name of Blackbeard's famous pirate ship.
Built in 1710 as the Concord, it was captured by the French in 1711 and by pirates in 1717, before being run aground on an island near North Carolina
A  brass mouthpiece is the part of a brass instrument that a player blows into to make a sound.
The purpose of a mouthpiece is to send vibrations down the instrument to make a musical note.
Larger mouthpieces are used on larger instruments, and smaller ones are used on smaller instruments.
This is because a larger mouthpiece makes a lower sound, and a smaller mouthpiece makes a higher sound, and bigger instruments make lower sounds and smaller instruments make higher sounds.
Different parts of a brass mouthpiece
Rim - The rim of a trumpet mouthpiece is the part that makes a circle at the top of the mouthpiece, and is the part that is in physical contact with you when playing.
Cup - The cup of a mouthpiece is the part inbetween the rim and the back bore.
This is where the air coming from the players mouth enters the mouthpiece and due to the concave shape forces the air into the backbore.
Throat, backbore, and shank - The backbore is where the air escapes through into the throat and shank, the shank is the long piece of hollow metal coming from the cup of the mouthpiece, it should be the only part of the mouthpiece in contact with the instrument.
Different ways to make a brass mouthpiece
Most mouthpieces for brass instruments are made of brass, the traditional material.
Many are plated with more expensive metals.
Some players gold plate their brass mouthpieces, covering them with a thin layer of gold.
This makes the sound of the instrument better than with any other mouthpiece.
For some people that are allergic to silver, this is the best (but not cheapest) way to play a brass instrument without getting sick.
Gold does not smudge, so it only has to be cleaned with soap and water once in a while.
Silver plating is almost always used on brass mouthpieces because it does not cost too much money and a silver-plated mouthpiece helps a player make a pretty good sound.
Silver plating is not as expensive as gold, but it is sometimes very important to have if a player plays a certain way.
Silver-plate gives a clearer sound than gold and is good for styles of playing that need a lot of volume.
Also, silver needs to be cleaned more often because it smudges easily.
Another type of mouthpiece is a plastic mouthpiece.
These mouthpieces are  good because they never break or dent, they do not cost as much as silver or gold mouthpieces, and they are good for playing outdoors.
They are very often given to players in marching bands.
They do not make as good sounds as silver or gold mouthpieces, though.
Steel and titanium
Two of the newest things mouthpieces can be made out of are stainless steel and titanium.
They are very rare, and are only made by a few companies.
Steel and titanium mouthpieces do not vibrate as much, so they make a very clear sound, require much less cleaning, and they do not need to be silver plated.
However, they are much more expensive than mouthpieces that are silver or gold plated.
Mouthpiece express, which allows you to see all different types of brass mouthpieces
Information on both big and small brass mouthpieces
Erskine Hamilton Childers (11 December 1905 – 17 November 1974), was the son of Robert Erskine Childers (author of the spy thriller The Riddle of the Sands.
He was the fourth President of Ireland from 1973 until his death in 1974, and a TD from 1938 until 1973.
Childers held the following posts during his political career:
Minister for Posts and Telegraphs (1951–1954, 1959–1961, and 1966–1969),
Minister for Lands (1957–1959),
Minister for Transport and Power (1959–1969) and
Minister for Health (1969–1973).
Childers was born in London.
He moved to Ireland after the First World War and lived in County Wicklow with his father Robert Erskine Childers.
His father helped bring guns to Ireland for the Easter Rising, and opposed the treaty that set up the Irish Free State.
The younger Childers was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and Trinity College, Cambridge, hence his striking British upper class accent.
In 1922, when Childers was 16, his father was executed by the Irish Free State.
Before his execution the older Childers made his son promise from  to find every man who had signed his father's death warrant out and shake his hand.
After finishing college in Britain Childers worked in a tourism board in Paris, until Éamon de Valera invited him back to Ireland to work for the Irish Press.
He became a naturalised Irish citizen in 1938.
As member of Fianna Fáil, he held a number of ministerial posts in the cabinets of Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch, becoming Tánaiste Deputy head of the government) in 1969.
Erskine's period as a minister was controversial.
One commentator described his ministerial career as "spectacularly unsuccessful", but others praised his willingness to take tough decisions.
Childers was elected the fourth President of Ireland on 30 May, 1973, defeating Tom O'Higgins by 635,867 votes to 578,771.
Childers, though 67, was an extremely hard-working and   He died suddenly of a heart attack in November 1974, while making a public speech to the Royal College of Physicians in Dublin.
Childers' state funeral in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, was attended by world leaders including Nelson Rockefeller, Vice-President of the United States,  Earl Mountbatten of Burma (representing Queen Elizabeth II), Harold Wilson, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and presidents and crowned heads of state from Europe and beyond.
He was buried  County Wicklow.
At first it was expected that President Childers' widow, Rita, would be offered the office of president to continue his work, but it went instead to the former Chief Justice, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh.
One of Childers' sons, also called Erskine was a UN civil servant and Secretary General of the World Federation of United Nations Associations.
A daughter by 2nd wife Rita, Nessa Childers, is a councillor for the Green Party on Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council.
John N. Young, Erskine H. Childers: President of Ireland
Tánaistí of Ireland
The Taoiseach nominates a member of Government to be Tánaiste.
Leo Varadkar is the current Tánaiste.
Under the Irish Free State, the deputy leader was Deputy President of the Executive Council.
In 1937 the title was changed to Tánaiste
The Irish Free State () was the name of Ireland from 1922 to 1937.
It replaced both the Irish Republic and Southern Ireland.
Until 1927 it was ruled by a Governor General on behalf of the King of the United Kingdom.
After a row between the Governments in London and Dublin it was decided that the Governor General represented the King of Ireland, not the King of the United Kingdom, even though they were the same person.
1922 establishments in Europe
1930s disestablishments in Europe
1937 disestablishments
The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games, is a sporting event that took place in between February 9 and 25, 2018.
The deadline for bids was January 2009.
The winning city, Pyeongchang, South Korea, was announced on July 6, 2011.
Official host city
Pyeongchang, South Korea
Former potential bids
Bursa, Turkey
On July 4, 2007, Sochi, Russia was selected to host the 2014 Winter Games, hurting European candidates' chances at a successful bid.
The IOC rarely awards back-to-back games to the same continent.
Upper Carniola, Slovenia
Annecy (eliminated)
Hautes-Alpes (eliminated)
Grenoble (eliminated)
Nice (eliminated)
Tromsø, Norway (cancelled bid)
America was going to submit a bid, but the country changed its bid to the 2022 Winter Olympics.
Here are the cities which had showed interest:
Reno/Lake Tahoe, Nevada/California
2018 in Asia
February 2018 events
2010s in South Korea
The Kabyles ( in Kabyle  pronounced ) are a Berber people.
Their traditional homeland is highlands of Kabylie (or Kabylia) in northeastern Algeria.
Their name comes from the name of the mountainous region in the north of Algeria where they live traditionally.
Perhabs It means "tribes" (from the Arabic "qaba'il" which is the plural of "qabîlah" قبيلة tribe).
They speak the Kabyle a Berber.
Kabyles have been very active to fight for the official recognition of the Berber language in Algeria.
Project Kabylepedia
Kabyles.com  (French)
Ethnologue.com: Kabyle language
Algerian linguistic policy (in French)
imyura.com (kabyle)literature
MAK
The Berber languages or Tamazight are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria.
Kabyle and Tachelhit are Berber languages.
Berber Research Center (INALCO, Paris)
Interview with Rachid Aadnani on the Amazigh issue
Imyura, Berber website about literature, mostly Kabyle
Websites that are in Berber language
Moroccan Press Agency, the Berber version
Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture
Southern Ireland was the twenty-six county Irish state created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920.
This Act divided the island of Ireland in two, Northern Ireland (covering approximately fifteen percent of the island, in the northeast) and Southern Ireland (covering the remaining territory to the south and west).
Both were given bicameral (two houses) parliaments and separate governments.
Southern Ireland never existed except on paper.
It was set up by law, but the first attempted meeting of its Parliament failed because it was short of a quorum (the number of members needed to hold a meeting).
The second sitting was only to confirm the decision of Dáil Éireann to confirm the Anglo-Irish Treaty, then dissolved it itself.
Birth of The Irish Free State
According to the British he met the Lord Lieutenant and was made the King's prime minister.
According to the Irish viewpoint, Collins went to accept the surrender of Dublin Castle.
Arthur Griffith became President of Dáil Éireann, and then both Dáil Éireann and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland were then replaced in a  new election, for the 'Third Dáil', sometimes called the 'Provisional Parliament' or the 'Constituent Assembly'.
When Griffith died and a week later Collins was assassinated both in August 1922, W.T. Cosgrave was appointed to both offices, so the Irish nationalist and the British both systems of government joined into one temporary system, until the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State came into force in December 1922.
Southern Ireland is sometimes erroneously used as a name for the Republic of Ireland or the earlier Irish Free State.
However, officially the term has been wrong since 1922.
Ireland, Southern
1920s in Ireland
1920s in the United Kingdom
1922 in Europe
Züsedom is a small village in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.
Since 1 January 2012, it is part of the municipality Rollwitz.
Settlements in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Villages in Germany
The Bankstown Bunker was a top secret Royal Australian Air Force base that was used during the Second World War.
During the war it was Australia's main air defence base.
The bunker is buried underneath a public park in the suburb of Condell Park in the City of Bankstown, which is in the state of New South Wales, Australia.
It is still possible to go into the bunker through a secret passageway.
The Bankstown bunker is a three-story building that was mostly underground.
It was secretly used during the Second World War by the Australian air force.
Builders started to build the bunker in 1942.
Workers and volunteers began to work inside the bunker in January 1945.
It was called the Sydney "Air Defence Headquarters" and replaced another secret air force base that was in a secret tunnel.
This was the Number One Fighter Sector Headquarters underneath St. James train station in Sydney.
After that, it was moved to a picture theatre in Bankstown called the Capital Hall.
The main job for the people who worked in the bunker, was to track all planes in the eastern area of the South West Pacific.
Some of the people who worked in the bunker were from the No.2 Volunteer Air Observer Corps (VOAC), The Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force and a few members of the Royal Australian Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces.
Workers worked in the bunker 24 hours a day seven days a week in shifts called "Flights".
The people who worked inside the bunker traveled to work in buses with tinted windows.
Everyone that worked in the bunker had to receive special training.
At the end of the war, the bunker was no longer used and people forgot about it.
In 1971 it was rediscovered by a reporter who worked for a local newspaper in the area.
In 1972 the bunker was set on fire.
In 1976 houses were built over part of the building, whilst the main part is underneath a public park.
Inside the bunker
To get inside the bunker you had to enter through a secret passageway which was hidden under a grassy hill.
Stairs led to a maze of hallways that lead to different sections.
There were two different entrances to get inside the bunker.
The two doors were guarded by special police that worked for the military.
The bunker walls were 1.5 metres thick and it was almost bomb proof.
It had all the latest equipment of the time to allow it to run as a top secret defence base.
It had its own code room, plotting rooms, two escape tunnels, radio transmitter room, kitchen, dining area, bathrooms and bedrooms.
In the center of the bunker was a large operations room.
This was a large room about two stories high.
It was the control centre for all air force missions in the Pacific area.
The room also had a big map of the South West Pacific theater of World War II.
The bunker also had its own generator, air conditioning and switchboards which directed fifty telephone lines.
The telephone lines went to various locations including radar stations and VAOC lookout posts which reported aircraft locations to the bunker.
There are rumours of a tunnel running from the bunker to an unknown location.
There is a small park at the end of Taylor Street.
In this park, there is a large hill that looks totally out of place.
It is under this hill that the bunker has been buried.
It is still possible to get in through a secret door.
Other bunkers in Bankstown
There is another bunker in Bankstown.
This one is called a "Remote Receiving station" not much is known about its history.
It was in Picnic Point National Park, near the South Sydney Power station, People who live in the area say that it is still there.
There are many other rumours of bunkers in the Bankstown area, such as under an electricity block house on the corner of Milpera road and Henry Lawson Drive, a demolished bunker under Condell Park High School.
The Bankstown Bunker on TV
The Bankstown Bunker was on a TV show called Burke's Backyard.
Don Burke hosted the episode from inside the bunker.
To get inside the bunker he used the secret passageway.
1940s in Australia
Fortifications of World War II
Australian Airforce during WWII
Buildings and structures in New South Wales
1940s disestablishments
Coldplay is an English rock band formed in London in 1996.
The band's members are vocalist/pianist Chris Martin, guitarist Jonny Buckland, bass player Guy Berryman and drummer Will Champion.
Coldplay became famous around the world with their 2000 song "Yellow".
Their first album, Parachutes, was very successful and was nominated for the Mercury Prize.
Coldplay were nominated for this award again in 2003 and 2005.
Coldplay is one of the most successful bands of the 21st century, selling over 90 million records worldwide.
The band is also known for hit singles, including "Speed of Sound" and the 2 Grammy Award-winning songs, "Clocks" and their 2008 single "Viva la Vida" (Song of the Year for 2008).
Coldplay, is an English alternative rock band, formed in London in 1996-1997.
Chris Martin, and Jonny Buckland, were looking forward to form a band while at University College London.
After forming Pectoralz, Guy Berryman joined the group as the bass guitarist and they changed their name to Starfish.
Will Champion joined as a drummer and backing vocalist who plays various instruments, making the band's lineup complete.
Phil Harvey was the group's manager from 1998 to 2001.
The band finally changed their name to "Coldplay" in 1998.
Tim Rice-Oxley was to be added to the lineup, but he refused as he was already a member of Keane.
The band later recorded and released three EPs; Safety in 1998, Brothers & Sisters as a single in 1999 and The Blue Room in the same year.
The Blue Room was their first release on a major record label, after signing to Parlophone.
Coldplay's early material was compared to acts such as Radiohead, Jeff Buckley, U2, and Travis.
They had achieved worldwide fame with the release of the single "Yellow" in 2000, followed by their debut album ''Parachutes'' released in the same year, which was nominated for the Mercury Prize.
The band's second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head (2002), won multiple awards, including NME's Album of the Year.
Their next release, X&Y, received a slightly less enthusiastic yet still generally positive reception upon its release in 2005.
The band's fourth studio album, Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (2008), was produced by Brian Eno and released again to largely favourable reviews, earning several Grammy nominations and wins.
Since the release of Parachutes, Coldplay have drawn influence from other sources, including Echo & the Bunnymen, Kate Bush, George Harrison and Muse on A Rush of Blood to the Head, Johnny Cash and Kraftwerk for X&Y  and Blur, Arcade Fire and My Bloody Valentine on Viva la Vida.
Coldplay have been an active supporter of various social and political causes, such as Oxfam's Make Trade Fair campaign and Amnesty International.
The group have also performed at various charity projects, such as Band Aid 20, Live 8, Sound Relief, Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief, and the Teenage Cancer Trust.
Formation and first years (1996–1999)
Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland first met during their orientation week at University College London (UCL) in September 1996.
The pair spent the rest of the college year planning a band, ultimately forming a group called Pectoralz.
Guy Berryman, a classmate of Martin and Buckland, later joined the group.
By 1997, the group, who had renamed themselves Starfish, performed gigs for local Camden promoters at small clubs.
Martin also had recruited his longtime school friend Phil Harvey, who was studying classics at Oxford, to be the band's manager.
Coldplay have since accepted Harvey as the fifth member of the group.
The band's lineup was completed when Will Champion joined to take up percussion duties.
Champion had grown up playing piano, guitar, bass, and tin whistle; he quickly learned the drums, despite having no previous experience.
The band finally settled on the name "Coldplay" which was suggested by Tim Crompton, a local student who had been using the name for his group.
By 1997, Martin had also met then Classics student Tim Rice-Oxley.
During a weekend on Virginia Water, they asked each other to play off their own songs on the piano.
Martin, finding Rice-Oxley to be talented, asked him to be Coldplay's keyboard player but Rice-Oxley refused as his own band, Keane, was already operational.
Days after, this event would shape the second line-up of Keane and keep Coldplay's unaltered, thus leaving both bands as quartets.
In 1998, the band released 500 copies of the Safety EP.
Most of the discs were given to record companies and friends; only 50 copies remained for sale to the public.
In December of that year, Coldplay signed to the independent label Fierce Panda.
Their first release was the three-track Brothers & Sisters EP, which they had quickly recorded over four days in February 1999.
After completing their final examinations, Coldplay signed to Parlophone for a five-album contract in the spring of 1999.
After making their first appearance at Glastonbury, the band went into studio to record a third EP titled The Blue Room.
Five thousand copies were made available to the public in October, and the single "Bigger Stronger", received BBC Radio 1 airplay.
The recording sessions for The Blue Room were tumultuous.
Martin kicked Champion out of the band but later pleaded with him to return, and because of his guilt, went on a drinking binge.
Eventually, the band worked out their differences and put in place a new set of rules to keep the group intact.
Inspired by bands such as U2 and R.E.M., Coldplay decided that they would operate as democracy, and that profits would be shared equally.
Additionally, the band determined they would fire anyone who used hard drugs.
Parachutes (1999–2000)
At first, the band planned to record their debut album in the space of two weeks.
However, tours and other live performances caused the recording to spread out between September 1999 and April–May 2000.
In March 1999, Coldplay began work on their debut album, recorded at Rockfield Studios, Matrix Studios, and Wessex Sound Studios with producer Ken Nelson, although the majority of Parachutes' tracks were recorded at Liverpool's Parr Street Studios.
The band worked in three studio rooms at Parr Street, and tracked much of the album in one of these rooms—the project studio which Nelson describes as "basically a demo room".
The album was mixed by American engineer Michael Brauer in New York.
Coldplay's record label had originally intended to use a mixing engineer for the tracks they picked as singles, but eventually hired Brauer to work on all songs for the album.
During that period, they played on the Carling Tour, which showcased up-and-coming acts.
After releasing three EPs without a hit song, Coldplay charted into the Top 40 with the lead single from Parachutes, "Shiver".
Released in March 2000, it reached number 35 on the UK Singles Chart.
June 2000 was a pivotal moment in Coldplay's history: the band embarked on their first headlining tour, including a showing at the Glastonbury Festival.
The band also released the breakthrough single "Yellow".
The song shot to number four on the UK Singles Chart and placed Coldplay in public consciousness. "
Yellow" and "Shiver" were initially released as EPs in the spring of 2000.
The former was later released as a single in UK on 26 June 2000.
In the United States, the song was released as the lead single off the then-untitled debut album.
In October 2000, the track was sent to US college and alternative radio outlets.
Coldplay released their first studio album, Parachutes, on 10 July 2000 in the United Kingdom by their record label, Parlophone.
The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart.
It was released on 7 November 2000 by record label Nettwerk in North America.
The album has been made available on various formats since its initial release; both Parlophone and Nettwerk released it as a CD in 2000, and it was also released as a cassette by newfound US label Capitol in 2001.
In the following year, Parlophone issued the album as an LP.
The band released a limited-edition CD of "Trouble", the third single off the album, which features a remix of "Yellow".
It was pressed to 1,000 copies, and was issued only to fans and journalists.
Both "Yellow" and "Trouble" earned regular radio airplay in the UK and US.
Parachutes was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in September 2000.
Having found success in Europe, the band set their sights on North America, released the album there in November 2000, and started the U.S. Club Tour in February 2001.
Although Parachutes was a slow-burning success in the United States, it eventually reached double-platinum status.
The album was critically well-received and earned a Best Alternative Music Album honours at the 2002 Grammy Awards.
Chris Martin claimed after the release of Parachutes the album's success was intended to achieve the band's status as the "biggest, best band in the f...ing world."
A Rush of Blood to the Head (2002–2004)
After the success of Parachutes, Coldplay returned to the studio in September 2001 to begin work on their second album A Rush of Blood to the Head, once again with Ken Nelson producing.
The band started recording the album in London a week after the September 11 attacks in the United States.
Since the band had never stayed in London before, they had trouble focusing.
They decided to relocate in Liverpool, where they recorded some of the songs on Parachutes.
Once there, vocalist Chris Martin said that they became obsessed with recording. "
In My Place" was the first song recorded for the album.
The band released it as the album's lead single because it was the track that made them want to record a second album following a "strange period of not really knowing what we were doing" three months after the success of Parachutes.
According to Martin "one thing kept us going: recording 'In My Place'.
Then other songs started coming."
The band wrote more than 20 songs for the album.
Some of their new material, including "In My Place" and "Animals", was played live while the band were still touring Parachutes.
The album's title was revealed through a post on the band's official website.
The album was released in August 2002 and spawned several popular singles, including "In My Place", "Clocks", and the ballad "The Scientist".
The latter was inspired from George Harrison's title track to All Things Must Pass, which was released in 1970.
Coldplay toured from June 2002 to September 2003 for the A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour.
They visited five continents, including co-headlining festival dates at Glastonbury Festival, V2003 and Rock Werchter.
Many concerts showcased elaborate lighting and individualised screens reminiscent of U2's Elevation Tour and Nine Inch Nails' Fragility Tour.
During the extended tour, Coldplay recorded a live DVD and CD, Live 2003, at Sydney's Hordern Pavilion.
In December 2003, readers of Rolling Stone chose Coldplay as the best artist and the best band of the year.
At that time the band covered The Pretenders' 1983 song "2000 Miles" (which was made available for download on their official website). "
2000 Miles" was the top selling UK download that year, with proceeds from the sales donated to Future Forests and Stop Handgun Violence campaigns.
A Rush of Blood to the Head won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album at the 2003 Grammy Awards.
At the 2004 Grammy Awards, Coldplay earned Record of the Year for "Clocks".
X&Y (2005–2006)
Coldplay spent most of 2004 out of the spotlight, taking a break from touring while recording their third album.
X&Y was released in June 2005 in UK and Europe.
This new, delayed release date had put the album back into the next fiscal year, actually causing EMI's stock to drop.
It became the best-selling album of 2005 with worldwide sales of 8.3 million.
The lead single, "Speed of Sound", made its radio and online music store debut on 18 April and was released as a CD on 23 May 2005.
The album debuted at number one in 20 countries worldwide, and was the third-fastest selling album in UK chart history.
Two other singles were released that year: "Fix You" in September and "Talk" in December.
Critical reaction to X&Y was less enthusiastic than that of its predecessor, with New York Times critic Jon Pareles describing Coldplay as "the most insufferable band of the decade" Comparisons between Coldplay and U2 became increasingly common, although critical reaction to the album was still largely positive.
Chris Martin later revealed that the negative remarks made him feel "liberated".
From June 2005 to July 2006, Coldplay went on their Twisted Logic Tour, which included festival dates like Coachella, Isle of Wight Festival, Glastonbury and the Austin City Limits Music Festival.
In July 2005, the band appeared at Live 8 in Hyde Park, where they played a rendition of The Verve's "Bitter Sweet Symphony" with Richard Ashcroft on vocals.
In September, Coldplay recorded a new version of "How You See the World" with reworked lyrics for War Child's Help!:
A Day in the Life charity album.
In February 2006, Coldplay earned Best Album and Best Single honours at the BRIT Awards.
Two more singles were released during 2006, "The Hardest Part" and "What If".
The sixth and final single, "White Shadows" was released in Mexico during June 2007.
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (2008–2009)
In October 2006, Coldplay began work on their fourth studio album, Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends, with producer Brian Eno.
Taking a break from recording, the band toured Latin America in early 2007, performing in Chile, Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico.
After recording in churches and other venues in Latin America and Spain during their tour, the band said the album would likely reflect Hispanic influence.
The group spent the rest of the year recording with Eno.
Martin described Viva la Vida as a new direction for Coldplay: a change from their past three albums, which they have referred to as a "trilogy".
He said the album featured less falsetto as he allowed his voice's lower register to take precedence.
Some songs, such as "Violet Hill", contain distorted guitar riffs and bluesy undertones. "
Violet Hill" was confirmed as the first single, with a radio release date of 29 April 2008.
After the first play, it was freely obtainable from Coldplay's website from 12:15 pm (GMT +0) for one week (achieving two million downloads), until it became commercially available to download on 6 May. "
Violet Hill" entered the UK Top 10, US Top 40 (entering the Top 10 in the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart) and charted well in the rest of the world.
The title track, "Viva la Vida", was also released exclusively on iTunes.
It became the band's first number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and their first UK number one, based on download sales alone.
On 15 June 2008, Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends topped the UK album chart, despite having come on the market only three days previously.
In that time, it sold 302,000 copies; the BBC called it "one of the fastest-selling records in UK history".
By the end of June, it had set a new record for most-downloaded album ever.
In October 2008, Coldplay won two Q Awards for Best Album for Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends and Best Act in the World Today.
The band followed up Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends with the Prospekt's March EP, which was released on 21 November 2008.
The EP features tracks from the Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends sessions and, as well as being available on its own, was issued as a bonus disc with later editions of Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends.
The song "Life in Technicolor II" was released as a single on 9 February 2009.
In June, Coldplay began their Viva la Vida Tour with a free concert at Brixton Academy in London.
This was followed two days later by a 45-minute performance that was broadcast live from outside BBC Television Centre. "
Lost!"
became the third single from the album, featuring a new version with Jay-Z. Coldplay performed the opening set on 14 March 2009 for Sound Relief at the Sydney Cricket Ground and then played a sold-out concert later that same night.
Sound Relief is a benefit concert for victims of the Victorian Bushfire Crisis and the Queensland Floods.
In 2009, Coldplay was nominated for four BRIT Awards: British Group, British Live Act, British Single ("Viva la Vida") and British Album (Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends).
At the 51st Grammy Awards in February 2009, Coldplay won three Grammy Awards in the categories for Song of Year for "Viva la Vida", Best Rock Album for Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends, and Best Vocal Pop Performance by a Duo or Group for "Viva la Vida".
On 15 May 2009, Coldplay released a live album, entitled LeftRightLeftRightLeft which was recorded at various shows during the tour.
LeftRightLeftRightLeft was to be given away at the remaining concerts of their Viva la Vida tour.
Mylo Xyloto (2009–2011)
Coldplay finished recording the new album in 2011.
The band finished recording the new album in mid-2011.
On 19 October 2011, Coldplay performed songs at an event for Steve Jobs, including "Viva la Vida", "Fix You", "Yellow" and "Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall".
On 26 October their concert in  Spain, was streamed by YouTube as a live webcast.
On 30 November 2011, Coldplay received three Grammy Award nominations for the 54th Grammy Awards.
On 12 January 2012, Coldplay were nominated for two Brit Awards.
On 21 February 2012, they were awarded the Brit Award for Best British Group for the third time.
The album was the best-selling rock album in the UK in 2011, selling 908,000 copies.
The album's second single, "Paradise", was also the best-selling rock single in the UK, selling 410,000 copies.
At the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards on 6 September, "Paradise" won the award for Best Rock Video.
Mylo Xyloto has sold over 8 million copies.
Coldplay's musical style has been defined as alternative rock, being compared to Radiohead and Oasis.
Lead singer Chris Martin once proclaimed the band's music as "limestone rock".
The band's music has been called "meditative" and "blue romantic"; it "reflects on their emotions" and Martin "endlessly examines his feelings".
Martin's lyrical wordplay has been called feminist, similar to Andrew Montgomery of Geneva.
The tone of the band's first studio album, Parachutes, was described as melodic pop with "distorted guitar riffs and swishing percussion".
It was also described as being "exquisitely dark and artistically abrasive".
In a review for A Rush of Blood to the Head, the songs were considered to contain "lush melodies and a heartbreak" and that they had a "newfound confidence."
The music on X&Y has been considered to be "ruminations on Martin's doubts, fears, hopes, and loves."
Coldplay acknowledge the Scottish alternative rock band, Travis, as a major influence on their earlier material.
In Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends, the group's style was moving towards art rock, experimenting with different instruments such as tack pianos, and even what Will Champion described as a "very crude" variant of Spanish flamenco clapping.
Prospekt's March moved towards a more conservative style but maintained some of their experimental styles from the previous album.
Coldplay's musical style and image has also been satirically described as "bland", with its members representing the "faces of radical beige" (a neutral color).
University College London's satirical newspaper, The Cheese Grater, featured a mock article in February 2010, following the arrest of UCL student Abdulmutallab on charges of terrorism, in which they declared that "Bland, middle class rock band was not monitored, admits University College.
Were Coldplay made 'radically ...' at UCL?"
Activism and commercial endorsements
Despite Coldplay's worldwide popularity, the band has remained protective of how their music is used in the media, refusing its use for some product endorsements.
In the earlier years, Coldplay turned down multimillion-dollar contracts from Gatorade, Diet Coke, and Gap, who wanted to use the songs "Yellow", "Trouble", and "Don't Panic" respectively.
According to lead singer, Chris Martin, "We wouldn't be able to live with ourselves if we sold the songs' meanings like that."
The song "Viva la Vida" was featured in a commercial for the iTunes Store, advertising its exclusive availability of the single as a digital download on iTunes.
Additionally, Chris Martin appeared at an Apple Inc. Special Event on 1 September 2010, playing a number of songs, and also thanked Apple for their assistance in marketing "Viva la Vida".
Coldplay supports Amnesty International.
Martin is regarded as one of the most visible celebrity advocates for fair trade, supporting Oxfam's ongoing Make Trade Fair campaign.
He has been on trips with Oxfam to assess conditions, has appeared in its advertising campaign, and is known for wearing a "Make Trade Fair" wristband during public appearances (including at Coldplay concerts).
The band were also filmed for Make Poverty History, clicking their fingers.
During the early years, Coldplay became widely known in the media for giving 10 percent of the band's profits to charity, which they continue to do.
Bass guitarist Guy Berryman said, "You can make people aware of issues.
It isn't very much effort for us at all, but if it can help people, then we want to do it."
The band also asks that any gifts intended for them are donated to charity, according to a response on the FAQ section of Coldplay's website.
Martin spoke out against the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, and endorsed the United States Democratic presidential candidates John Kerry and Barack Obama in 2004 and 2008 respectively.
From 17-31 December 2009, Coldplay auctioned a quantity of significant band memorabilia, including their first guitars.
Proceeds went to Kids Company, a charity which helps vulnerable children and young people in London.
A month later in January 2010, Coldplay performed a slightly modified version of "A Message", entitled "A Message 2010", at the Hope For Haiti Now telethon special, raising money for the victims of the Haitian Earthquake.
Chris Martin - lead vocals, keyboards
Jonny Buckland - guitar
Guy Berryman - bass guitar
Will Champion - drums
1998 - Safety
1999 - The Blue Room
2000 - Parachutes
2002 - A Rush of Blood to the Head
2005 - X&Y
2008 - Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
2008 - Prospekt's March
2011 - Mylo Xyloto
2014 - Ghost Stories
2015 - A Head Full of Dreams
2019 - Everyday Life
2021 - Music of the Spheres
1999 - "Brothers & Sisters"
2000 - "Shiver"
2000 - "Yellow"
2000 - "Trouble"
2001 - "Don't Panic"
2002 - "In My Place"
2002 - "The Scientist"
2003 - "Clocks"
2003 - "God Put a Smile upon Your Face"
2003 - "Moses"
2005 - "Speed of Sound"
2005 - "Fix You"
2005 - "Talk"
2006 - "The Hardest Part"
2006 - "What If"
2007 - "White Shadows"
2008 - "Violet Hill"
2008 - "Viva la Vida"
2008 - "Lost!"
2008 - "Lovers in Japan"
2008 - "Life in Technicolor II"
2009 - "Strawberry Swing"
2010 - "Christmas Lights"
2011 - "Every Teardrop is a Waterfall"
2011 - "Paradise"
2012 - "Charlie Brown"
2012 - "Princess of China"
2012 - "Up with the Birds" / "U.F.O."
2012 - "Hurts Like Heaven"
2012 - "Up in Flames"
2013 - "Atlas"
2014 - "Magic"
2014 - "Midnight"
2014 - "A Sky Full of Stars"
2014 - "True Love"
2014 - "Ink"
2014 - "Miracles"
2015 - "Adventure of a Lifetime"
2016 - "Hymn for the Weekend"
2016 - "Up & Up"
2016 - "A Head Full of Dreams"
2016 - 'Everglow"
2017 - "Something Just Like This"
1997 establishments in England
"Sleeping sickness" is also another name for Narcolepsy.
Sleeping sickness, or African trypanosomiasis, is an infectious disease.
It is caused by parasites from the species Trypanosoma brucei.
People get African trypanosomiasis from the tsetse fly.
Because of this, it is most common in certain areas of Africa, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, where the tsetse fly lives.
Researchers say that about 70 million people, in 36 countries, are at a high risk for getting sleeping sickness.
As of 2010, sleeping sickness had caused around 9,000 deaths per year (compared to 34,000 in 1990).
In 2013, about 30,000 people had African trypanosomiasis.
Also, about 7,000 more people were getting the disease every year.
More than 80% of these people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Medications can treat African trypanosomiasis.
The treatment is usually done in a hospital, because the drugs have many side effects.
For sleeping sickness that was not treated early, the medications used for treatment are based on arsenic, a poison.
These medications are dangerous, and about 5% of people die from taking them.
The hemolyphatic phase
A fever that comes and goes
Pain in the joints
Lymphadenopathy: As the parasite gets into the lymphatic system, the body's lymph nodes swell, sometimes to very large sizes
A chancre (red sore) where the person was bitten by the tsetse fly (sometimes)
If African trypanosomiasis is not treated at this point, the parasite will also get into the circulatory system and defeat the body's natural defenses.
If this happens, the person can have:
Kidney problems
Problems with hormones
Heart problems
The neurological phase
In this stage, one of the most common symptoms is trouble sleeping.
This is where the name "sleeping sickness" comes from.
People in this stage often cannot sleep normally, and may be up all night and then sleep during the day..
Muscle weakness
Weakness or paralysis of an arm or leg
Movements that the person cannot control, like a person with Parkinson syndrome
Feeling easily annoyed or being aggressive
Without treatment, a person with African sleeping sickness will go into a coma; (thus the name) all their important organs will stop working; and they will die.
Damage caused in the neurological phase cannot be fixed.
The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for the Northern Mountains), Diyar Bakr, Mecca, Hejaz and northern Iraq in the 12th and 13th centuries.
The Ayyubids are also known as Ayoubites, Ayyoubites, Ayoubides or Ayyoubides.
The Ayyubid dynasty was begun by Saladin (Salah ah-Din).
Saladin and his uncle Shirkuh conquered Egypt for the Zengid King Nur ad-Din of Damascus in 1169.
The dynasty's name comes from Saladin's father and Shirkuh's brother, Najm ad-Din Ayyub.
Neither the ministry of the Irish Republic nor the Provisional Government had a deputy head of government, so the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council was a new idea of the Free State.
In 1937 when the Constitution of the Irish Free State was replaced by Bunreacht na hÉireann the Vice President was replaced by the Tánaiste.
Tsetse flies are large biting flies that live in the tropical regions of Africa.
They bite vertebrates, and drink their blood.
They are the insect vectors of some serious diseases.
The genus Glossina has about 34 species in three groups of species.
One group of species lives out on the savannah; another group lives near rivers, and the third group lives in tropical forests.
Tsetse have an unusual life cycle.
Female tsetse only fertilize one egg at a time and keep each egg in their uterus while the offspring develops internally during the first larval stages.
During this time, the female feeds the developing offspring with a milky substance secreted by a modified gland in the uterus.
In the third larval stage, the tsetse larva finally leave the uterus and  crawl into the ground.
There it forms a hard outer shell and becomes the pupa.
It completes its metamorphosis into an adult fly.
This takes twenty to thirty days, while the larva relies on stored resources.
Normally, insect larvae feed themselves before pupation, but tsetse development (before it emerges as a full adult) occurs without feeding.
The development is based only on nutritional resources provided by the female parent, which shows how blood is a rich source of nutrition.
The female must get enough energy for her needs, for the needs of her developing offspring, and to store the resources which her offspring will require until it emerges as an adult.
Control of the fly
Before the 20th century, people and their cattle simply did not live in areas infested with tsetse flies.
In the 20th century, using pesticides after World War II caused as many problems as it solved.
Now more subtle methods are preferred.
Tsetse flies can be trapped by using large blue cloths as a lure.
Another good method is to release irradiated male flies, which are sterile.
Since females mate only once in their lives, that much reduces the population.
A pun is a joke which is a “play on words” (a game using words).
People make puns in order to make other people laugh.
Many jokes are actually puns.
A pun usually uses a word which can have more than one meaning, even if the spelling is different:
“Knock-knock!”
“Who’s there?”
“Dishwasher.”
“Dishwasher Who?”
“Dishwasher way I ushed to shpeak before I got my falsh teesh”.
There is a joke about a man who sent ten different puns to friends in the hope that at least one of the puns would make them laugh.
Unfortunately, no pun in ten did.
Puns are easier to make in some languages than others.
Languages with many homophones (words which sound the same but have a different meaning) such as the Chinese language are most suitable for puns.
Puns do not have to be about homonyms.
They can sometimes be a double entendre using both a literal sense of the word and a metaphor (figurative use).
For example, if a young man joins the Navy and someone says that he "sailed through his exams", this is a joke because: 1) the expression "to sail through something" means "to do it easily", but 2) the Navy is about sailing in ships.
It is possible to say something like that without realizing that it is a pun.
Another example is a story about two boys growing up and eating more and more food.
One of the parents just began a new job and the other says, "I hope you can start bringing home the bacon!"
In this example, bacon is a play on words meaning both money and the food, bacon.
Many British people love making puns, especially bad puns (where a word has to be mispronounced to make the joke work).
Lewis Carroll made many puns in his books Alice in Wonderland and Alice through the Looking Glass.
Really cool music as the rock band plays on an iceberg,
"You're fired!"
as the man is shot from a gun.
"How is your vineyard doing?"
a neighbor asked.
The woman replied, "It's growing grape!"
(play on words: "It's going great!"
The P-51 Mustang was an American fighter made by North American Aviation during World War II.
Later versions escorted American bombers over Europe and Japan.
There were 5 versions of the Mustang built, called the P-51A, P-51B, P-51C, P-51D, and the P-51H. To provide more power at high altitude, the B, C, D, and H versions had a Packard-built version of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine instead of the Allison engine used in the P-51A. The Packard Merlin engine featured a more advanced supercharger, allowing much better performance above 15,000 feet when compared to the Allison.
The P-51D version had a "bubble" canopy, or one unobstructed by metal supports.
After World War II, it was used in the Korean War as a dive bomber and was used by many Central American air forces until the 1970s.
Today, P-51 Mustangs are often used in air races.
WW2DB: P-51 Mustang
United States Army aircraft
Airsoft is a sport that uses fake guns (Airsoft guns) to battle.
This game is usually compared with paintball, another sport that uses fake guns to battle.
The difference between the two sports are:
Bullets from an Airsoft gun do not explode and leave paint on the target.
But, if it the BB (the bullets used by airsoft guns) hits hard enough, or hits clothing that is too thin, it can leave bruises and sometimes even make wounds.
Because BBs do not show clearly a mark showing that a player is hit, players use their own judgement to call themselves out.
This system is unreliable, because people can not call themselves out and cheat.
Many players usually stop this by 'lighting the player up', or shooting at the cheater until he calls his hit.
Airsoft guns more accurately copy real guns, with Airsoft guns using magazines to load bullets, and Airsoft pistols most of the time using gas to fire the BB (making it look more realistic).
Because of this, people use Airsoft guns in Military Simulation events (sometimes said as MilSim).
Airsoft is cheaper to get into, because cheap pull-once-per-shot guns cost at around $5, and BBs costing less than 0.2 cents for each BB,
Because of how simple the sport of Airsoft works (shoot people), people usually make things interesting by changing the gameplay styles.
Some examples are short-term battles, organized scenarios, historical reenactments and Military Simulation.
Game fields also have very different styles, from battle in small spaces, or battle in big outdoor places.
Because of how Airsoft guns work, tactics used in the Military can also  be used in the game.
MiG-15 Fagot was a jet combat airplane designed by Mikoyan, a Russian airplane company.
It was intended as an interceptor but fought more often as an air superiority fighter.
It first flew in 1947, and went in military service in 1949.
It was one of the first to use a swept wing.
It first fought in the Korean War, where it defeated the American Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star.