the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Oriental Orthodox Churches agree with the ideas in the First Council of Nicaea, but they disagree with other councils.
Trinitarianism is the teaching that God is three different persons, or has three different relations, within One God; the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit.
In the words of the Athanasian Creed, "the Father is God, the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God, and yet there are not three Gods but one God."
Trinitarianism is the group of Christians who believe in the doctrine of Trinity.
Today, most Christian denominations and Churches believe this.
Churches have different teachings about the trinitarian formula.
Some say the Spirit comes only from the Father.
Others say the Spirit comes both from the Father and the Son.
This is known as filioque.
Nontrinitarianism (also called Oneness) is the beliefs systems that reject the Trinity.
Many different Nontrinitarian views, such as adoptionism or modalism, existed in early Christianity, leading to the disputes about Christology.
An example of a more recent Christian movement that rejects trinitarianism is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
The Latter Day Saints started in the first half of the 19th century, in the United States.
There are other smaller Christian groups who also reject trinitarianism.
The afterlife and end times
Christians  believe that human beings will receive judgement from God and are given either eternal life or eternal damnation.
This includes the "Last Judgment" as well as the belief of a judgement particular to the soul after death.
There are also some differences among Christians in this belief.
For example, in Roman Catholicism, those who die in a state of grace, go into purgatory, where they are cleansed before they can go into heaven.
Christians believe that at the second coming of Christ at the end of time, all who have died will be raised up from the dead for the Last Judgment, when Jesus will establish the Kingdom of God.
There is also the belief of Universal Reconciliation.
That is the belief that all people will someday be saved, and that hell is not forever.
Christians who believe in this view are known as Universalists.
to learn the best way to live and to follow his example
to pay the price of sin in our lives by being the perfect sacrifice, without sin. (
John 3:16)
to tell people that their mistakes and sins will be forgiven and will be saved if they believe and have faith in the Lord Jesus and confess that they have sinned (1 John 1:9) (John 3:16) (Ephesians 1:7) (Romans 10:9).
to teach people to forgive each other and repent of their own sin through grace. (
Matthew 6:14)
to "destroy the devil's work" (1 John 3 v 8)
to help people share in his life through the gift of God's Spirit.
Worship is thought by most Christians to be a very important part of Christianity all through its history.
Many Christian theologians have called humanity homo adorans, which means "worshiping ," and so the worship of God is at the very center of what it means to be human.
This would mean that because God created all humanity, Christians should worship and give praise to God.
Most Christian worship has Scripture reading, talk about Scripture from a leader, singing, prayer together, and a small time for Church work.
Christians may meet in special buildings, also called Churches, or outdoors, or at schools, or anywhere Christians feel they are needed.
The main worship service in Catholic Churches is the Mass and the main worship service in many Orthodox Churches is called the Divine Liturgy.
In both of these Churches, along with the other parts of worship, the Eucharist or Communion is central.
Here a priest by prayer asks God to change a small amount of bread and wine into what Catholics and Orthodox believe is Jesus's real body and blood, but without changing the accidents (appearance, taste, colour, etc.)
of the bread and wine.
Then the people each may receive a portion.
Many Protestant churches have worship services similar to the Mass, some every week, others a few times a year.
Some Protestants believe Jesus is really present at the Communion service, and some believe the bread and wine are symbols to help them remember what Jesus did
The Catholic Church has developed a short ceremony, Eucharistic Benediction, worshiping Jesus present in the Eucharist.
They also may visit a Church building to pray in the presence of the Eucharist, Eucharistic Adoration.
The Orthodox and Catholic Churches spirituality place importance on the use of human senses such as sight and on the use of beautiful things.
Catholic spirituality often involves the use of statues and other artistic representations, candles, incense, and other physical items as reminders or aids to prayer.
The Orthodox Churches also use candles, incense, bells, and icons, but not statues.
Orthodox and Catholic worship also makes use of movements, such as the Sign of the Cross, made by each person touching first the forehead, then chest, one shoulder, then the other shoulder.
There is also bowing, kneeling, and prostration in Catholic and Orthodox worship.
In Catholic belief and practice, a sacrament is a religious symbol or often a rite which shows divine grace, blessing, or sanctity for the Christian who receives it.
Examples of sacraments are Baptism and the Mass."  The word is taken from the Latin word sacramentum, which was used to translate the Greek word for mystery.
The two most regularly used sacraments are Baptism and Eucharist (communion).
Most Catholics use seven Sacraments: Baptism, the ritual immersion of a candidate to welcome them into the church; Confirmation, the sealing of the Covenant; the Eucharist, a ritual where consecrated bread (discs of unleavened, toasted bread) and wine representing Jesus' body and blood are consumed; Holy Orders, Reconciliation of a Penitent (confession), Anointing of the Sick, and Marriage.
Some Christian denominations prefer to call them ordinances.
These are the Orders from Christ to all believers found in the New Testament.
Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Eastern Christians, and traditional Protestant groups center their worship around a liturgical calendar.
Some events that are part of this calendar are the "holy days", such as solemnities which honor an event in the life of Jesus or the saints, times of fasting such as Lent, and other events, such as memoria.
Christian groups that do not follow a liturgical tradition often keep some celebrations, such as Christmas, Easter,and Pentecost.
A few churches do not use a liturgical calendar.
Alpha and Omega - The Greek letters Alpha and Omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet.
Alpha and Omega is a reference to God, who calls himself the "Alpha and Omega" (the first and the last letter of the Greek alphabet) in the Book of Revelation.
Chi - The Greek letter Chi is the first letter of 'Christ' ( "Christos").
Chi Rho - The Greek letters Chi and Rho are the first two letters of 'Christ' in Greek: Christos.
Usually, the long stem of Rho (ρ) runs up and down through the cross of the Chi (χ).
Christian cross - The cross is the most common symbol of Christianity.
Christians believe that their savior Jesus Christ was crucified by the Romans.
The cross is important because Jesus died as a sacrifice for the sins of believers.
It represents God's love for humanity.
Crucifix - The crucifix is a cross with the body of Jesus still hanging on it.
It is a more popular symbol with Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.
It has the same meaning as the cross.
Dove - The dove is a bird and a symbol of the Holy Spirit.
When Jesus was baptized, the Holy Spirit came to him in the form of a dove and rested on him.
Ichthys - In Greek, the word ichthys /iktheews/ means 'fish', and forms an acronym, "Ίησοῦς Χριστός, Θεοῦ Υἱός, Σωτήρ", meaning "Jesus Christ, God's Son, Saviour" in Greek.
Lamb - A lamb may be a symbol of Jesus himself, portrayed as the sacrifice for humans.
Shepherd - A shepherd is also a symbol of Jesus himself and is used in the earliest Christian art.
In the Bible, Jesus calls himself the good shepherd who cares for his sheep.
INRI - INRI is an acronym in Latin "Iēsus Nazarēnus, Rēx Iūdaeōrum" meaning "Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews."
This is the message that was put on the cross as being the crime for which he was being punished.
Christians now use it as a symbol that Jesus is the Messiah, or King of all kings.
Interlocking rings - Three interlocking rings are a symbol of the Trinity.
Each ring is a complete circle, representing each complete person of the Trinity.
But each ring is locked with the other two rings, showing that each divine person cannot be separated from the Trinity.
Christianity has had a large history from the time of Jesus and his apostles to the present time.
Christianity began in the 1st century AD as a Jewish sect but quickly spread throughout the Greco-Roman world.
Although it was originally persecuted under the Roman Empire, it later became the state religion.
During the Age of Exploration, Christianity expanded throughout the world, and is now the largest religion of the world.
Types of Christianity
People who call themselves Christians may show or live their faith in different ways.
They may also believe different things.
Through history the ten main groups or "denominations" of Christianity have been the (Eastern) Orthodox, the Church of the East (Nestorian), the Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite), the Catholic, the Anglican, the Lutheran, the Reformed, the Anabaptist, the Evangelical, and the Nontrinitarian churches.
These latter six are often grouped together as Protestant, but Nontrinitarians are also more commonly grouped separately.
Not all Christians use these titles.
Some believe Christianity is bigger and includes others.
Some believe Christianity is smaller and does not include all these churches.
Disagreements
Some of these groups could not agree on certain points about Christian teaching (called “doctrine”) or practice.
The first split was in the 5th century after the Church Council of Ephesus.
The council agreed Nestorianism was wrong.
The Assyrian Church of the East did not agree and split from the rest.
The argument was about the nature of Jesus.
Should he be regarded as God and human in one combined nature, or in two separate natures?
Most of the bishops, following the Pope (the Bishop of Rome), refused to stay in communion with any bishop who would not say "two separate natures".
This was also discussed at the Council of Chalcedon, about 20 years later.
The Christians who did not agree with the decision of the Council to excommunicate them, became the non-Chalcedonian Orthodox.
The largest Non-Chalcedonian Churches are the Coptic Orthodox in Egypt, the Ethiopian Orthodox, the Armenian, and some Lebanese Orthodox Churches.
In general, these churches are known as Oriental Orthodox Churches.
Recent discussions between the Roman Catholic Pope John Paul II and the Coptic Orthodox Pope Shenouda III concluded that they believe many of the same things after all, even though the Coptic Church does not recognize the Pope of Rome as its leader.
The third split happened in the 11th century.
It is called the Great Schism.
It was mostly based on the creed being translated incorrectly from Greek into Latin.
The disagreements were made worse because the two cultures often did not understand one another.
Also, many Crusaders from Western Europe behaved badly.
The Christians in Western Europe were led by the Bishop of Rome, known also as the Pope.
They are called the Catholic Church.
Most Christians in Eastern Europe, Russia, the Middle East and South Asia, and northeast Africa belong to Orthodox, Nestorian, and Miaphysite Christianity, led by the Bishops of other cities or areas.
In the 15th century the invention of the printing press made it easier for more people to read and study the Bible.
This led many thinkers over the years to return to biblical ideas and to break away from the Catholic Church.
They started the Protestant Reformation.
The most important Protestant leaders were Jan Hus, Martin Luther, and John Calvin.
Later some of these groups disagreed amongst themselves so that these denominations split again into smaller groups.
The largest Protestant denominations today are within Evangelical, Lutheran, and Reformed Christianity.
In England, a similar protest against the Pope, first political and later religious, led to the Church of England which has bishops and officially calls itself Reformed Catholic but is often referred to as Protestant.
The Anglican communion of churches includes several churches called "Episcopal" or "Episcopalian" because they have bishops.
Some Anglican Churches have a style of worship that is closer to the Protestant services, others worship more like Catholics, but none of them accept the Pope, or are accepted by him.
The Anabaptists also arose from disagreements with Lutheran and Reformed Protestants during what is often called the Radical Reformation.
The Evangelical churches arose in reaction to what they views as needs for reform within mainstream Protestantism.
This can be seen in the rise of non-conformist movements against the Anglican church in Britain and during revivalist movements, prominently in the several Great Awakenings in Britain and North America.
Denominations that arose or surged as a result of these Evangelical reform, renewal, and revival movements include Quakers, Baptists, Moravians, Methodists, the Restoration (Stone-Campbell) movement, Adventists, the Holiness movement, Pentecostals, the Fundamentalist movement, the Charismatic movement, Messianic Judaism, among others including many independent and non-denominational churches.
In general, some Protestant denominations, especially within Anabaptism and Evangelicalism, differ from the Catholic, Orthodox, Nestorian, and Miaphysite churches in having given up some of the traditional sacraments, having no ordained priesthood, and not having the same fondness for Mary, the mother of Jesus, that the Catholic and Eastern churches have.
Groups have different ideas on the nature of God.
Groups have different ideas on the nature and work of the Holy Spirit in a believer's life.
The pope is the leader of all Catholics.
Other churches have leaders similar to the pope.
For example, in the Eastern Orthodox Church, these are called Patriarchs.
Still other groups let each church decide about things.
Some Christians say that women may not become priests or pastors.
Some Christians say married people may not become priests.
Some Christians say that priests can forgive sins by giving out the forgiveness of God, others say that only God can do this.
In modern times, the rise of atheism and scientific challenges to the traditional Christian story of creation have caused some to believe in "Young Earth Creationism", or a literal interpretation of the first chapters of the Bible, and others to argue that those parts of the Bible are not literally true, but more like poetry.
Most Christians worship on Sunday,  but some believe that Saturday is the true "Sabbath" and should be kept.
Some Christians believe that baptism must mean going fully under water, others put some water on the head.
Some Christian groups baptize babies, while Baptists only baptize persons who have chosen for themselves to follow Jesus .
With an estimated number of Christians being somewhere around 2.2 billion, split into around 34,000 different denominations, Christianity is the world's largest religion.
The Christian share of the world's population has been around 33% for the last hundred years.
This has caused Christianity to spread throughout the world, mainly in Europe and North America.
It is still the main religion of Europe, the Americas, the Philippines, and Southern Africa.
However it is becoming smaller in some areas, some of them are; Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), Northern Europe (with Great Britain, Scandinavia and other places), France, Germany, the Canadian provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec, the Western and Northern parts of the United States, and parts of Asia (especially the Middle East, South Korea, Taiwan and Macau).
In most countries in the developed world, the number of people going to church who claim to be Christians has been dropping over the last few decades.
Some believe that this is only because many no longer use regular membership in places, for example, churches, while others believe it is because people may be thinking that religion is no longer important.
Most churches have for a long time showed that they want to be tolerant with other belief systems, and in the 20th century Christian ecumenism (the uniting of Christians from different backgrounds), advanced in two ways.
One way was more cooperation between groups, such as the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of Protestants in 1910, the Justice, Peace and Creation Commission of the World Council of Churches started in 1948 by Protestant and Orthodox churches, and similar national councils, for example the National Council of Churches in Australia with Roman Catholics.
The other way was creating unions for different churches to join together.
Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches joined together in 1925 to form the United Church of Canada, and in 1977 to form the Uniting Church in Australia.
The Church of South India was formed in 1947 by the union of Anglican, Methodist, Congregationalist, Presbyterian, and Reformed churches.
And other such formations have been done by different Christian groups throughout the years.
The Christian Bible in Basic English
Christianity portal at Beliefnet
The Dictionary of Biblical Theology is a Valuable Source The Dictionary of Biblical
Religious Tolerance- Christianity
Survivor: Palau was the tenth season of the American reality show Survivor.
Survivor: Palau'''s first episode was shown on TV on February 17, 2005.
This season became available on DVD on August 29, 2006.
Applications to be on the show had to given on June 22, 2004.
About 800 people were chosen for an interview in July or August 2004.
Out of these 800, 48 were chosen for an interview in Los Angeles during September 2004.
From these 48 people, 20 were chosen to be on the show between October to December 2004.
It started with twenty players.
Each one came, as told by the producers, dressed in street clothes which are normal for one's career — which they thought was for publicity photos — but this was the only clothing for all of the game.
Tom Westman's wife told him to wear swim trunks as underwear, since she remembered the Pearl Islands players, tricked into street clothes for all of that game.
For the second time in Survivor history, the players, not the producers, chose the tribes.
On the second day of the first episode, when the players chose the two tribes of nine, two players were left unchosen, and they had to leave the game.
The two tribes were Ulong (named after Ulong Island, one of Palau's tourist spots) and Koror (named after the capital city of Palau).
Koror dominated from the beginning.
They won every challenge, except for three reward challenges, and eventually there was only one Ulong member left.
Having lived alone at Ulong, Stephenie LaGrossa got a map to Koror.
When she came, she got a brown buff.
While the players at the finale (last episode) said that the tribes had merged (combined), the producers say that Palau was the only season without a merge.
Stephenie LaGrossa and Bobby Jon Drinkard returned in the next season, Survivor: Guatemala, where they placed 2nd and 9th.
Winner Tom Westman and LaGrossa also returned in Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains.
The twenty players for Palau began the game by rowing a boat to shore, with the first player of each gender to get to the shore winning immunity.
However, once they were all at the beach, they got no other instructions, and tribal divisions.
They began to work on a shelter for everybody.
The next day, Jeff Probst said that they would now pick tribes by doing a schoolyard pick (where one person, the captain, picks one person, then the person they picked picks another person, and so on).
Those who had won immunity got the first pick, and the last male and female left would leave the game.
The two tribes, Koror and Ulong, then had their first reward/immunity challenge, with the winner, Koror, chose to leave the beach they were at and go to another one they had not seen.
As the challenges continued, everyone knew that Ulong was the weaker tribe, while strong leadership by Tom and Ian at Koror kept the tribe together.
Ulong won no immunity challenges and only three reward challenges.
Koror only had to go to tribal council and vote for one of their own once during the first 21 days as part of a double-elimination challenge.
Unlike many earlier seasons, the tribes were never switched, and Ulong kept on losing players.
With only two members left, Stephenie and Bobby Jon, going into tribal council, the two faced off in a fire-making challenge, with Stephenie winning.
After spending one night alone, she was told to travel to Koror, and given a Koror buff as there was no need for a tribal merge.
Koror had started a main group of five: Tom, Ian, Gregg, Jenn, and Katie, and those on the outside saw them as a threat but were not able to break them.
Although Stephenie made strong impression on her new tribe, Stephenie became a target due to her strength.
In a twist that would used in later seasons, the first player to lose the individual immunity challenge had to spend the night alone on a separate island.
Janu, the one who lost, felt she had freedom when she left, and chose to quit the game at the next tribal council, which saved Stephenie from being voted out for one more round.
When Koror was down to six, Tom and Ian worried that they would fall against a possible immunity threat, Gregg, and his close ally Jenn, and started a plan with Caryn and Katie to vote out Gregg when they had the chance.
Katie, feeling betrayed by Ian, became even more upset when Ian took Tom with him on a reward instead of her as he had promised.
Ian tried to make Katie happy, but she still held bad feelings towards him.
The final four: Tom, Ian, Katie, and Jenn, chose to allow the next vote to end in a tie between Jenn and Ian, and Ian won in the fire-making tie-breaker challenge.
The last immunity challenge made players stand on buoys for as long as possible; Katie jumped off early, but both Tom and Ian stayed for more than 12 hours.
Ian chose to quit the challenge, giving immunity to Tom, after Tom played on his regret for hurting Katie's feelings and breaking his promises to her, and Ian felt that dropping out would make up for the emotional damage he had done.
At the last tribal council, Tom voted Ian out of the game.
At the last tribal council, Tom's leadership and physical strength against Katie being too dependent on others, led the jury to vote Tom as the Sole Survivor, 6-1.
PlayersThe Total Votes is the number of votes a player got during Tribal Councils where the player is able to be voted out of the game.
It does not count the votes they got during the last Tribal Council.
Two players were eliminated when the tribes were chosen.
The players were told that there were two immunity necklaces on the beach: one for the first man and one for the first woman to claim them.
On day 2, the players were told they would divide into 2 tribes of 9 members each, with the two immunity holders making the first picks for their new tribes.
Because one man and one women would not be chosen due to the numbers, they would be eliminated.
Jonathan and Wanda were the two that were eliminated.
Once it was completed, the power of the immunity necklaces was over.
On Day 12, both tribes went to Tribal Council.
Koror, by winning the reward challenge prior to Tribal Council, won the chance to vote first, then eat a reward dinner as Ulong spoke with Jeff.
Before Ulong voted, Koror voted to give individual immunity to a member of Ulong.
Ibrehem was given Immunity in a 3-2-2-1 vote (Bobby Jon and Stephenie each received 2 votes, Angie received 1).
Because Ulong had only 2 members, a fire-making challenge instead of a vote decided who would be eliminated, and Stephenie won.
There was no reward challenge because of Stephenie joining Koror.
Jenn and Ian competed in a fire-making challenge similar to that of Stephenie and Bobby Jon's.
Ian won this challenge, sending Jenn home.
Bobby Jon and Angie were not able to vote in the second Tribal Council vote.
Stephenie first voted for Ibrehem, causing a tie; however, in a second vote, Stephenie changed her vote and voted for James, sending him home.
Ibrehem and James were not able to vote in the second Tribal Council vote.
Janu wanted to leave the game, so there was no vote at Tribal Council.
Ian was voted out outside Tribal Council by being verbally eliminated by Tom after winning the Final Immunity Challenge.
Official CBS Survivor Palau Website
It is believed one of the main motives or reasons behind the shooting was the affair Shkupoll's ex-wife was having with another man who worked in the mall.
The shooter killed his girlfriend in their apartment, and police were already looking for him when he began shooting in the mall.
Police say he used an illegally purchaed 9mm handgun to commit the murders.
2009 crimes
21st century in Finland
Attacks on shops
Shopping mall shooting
Mass murder in Europe
Murders by firearm in Europe
Aquatic is a term often used in biology and ecology.
Literally, it means watery, and refers to both fresh and salt-water.
So aquatic plants or animals are those that live in water: ponds, rivers, oceans.
Aquatic mammals include whales, dolphins, seals, walrus, and also otters, beavers, and other river forms.
Aquatic birds are even more numerous: ducks, herons, waders, kingfishers, penguins.
A lagoon is a body of salt water partly separated from the sea.
There is usually some sort of barrier which separates and protects the lagoon.
This may be a pebble or shingle beach, sand bank, or perhaps a coral reef surrounding an atoll.
An atoll is an oceanic island formed by a volcano.
Lagoon refers both to coastal lagoons, and the lagoons in atolls, formed by the growth of coral reefs on slowly eroding central islands.
The Cryogenian is a geological period, from ~720 million years ago (mya) to 635 mya.
It lies in the middle Proterozoic eon before the Ediacaran period.
The Sturtian ice age 717 mya to 660 mya
The Marinoan ice age 650 mya to 635 mya
These two snowball earth events were previously put together as the Varangian glaciation.
They covered much, possible all, the Earth with ice.
The root cause of the temperature drop may have been the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere by photosynthesising bacteria and eukaryotes in the previous periods.
Much else happened: the supercontinent Rodinia broke up and another, Pannotia, began to form.
Fossil steroids suggest the presence of early sponges, and amoeboid cells with tests (coverings) appear in the fossil record.
Sir Humphrey Appleby, GCB, KBE, MVO, MA (Oxon), is a character in the British television series Yes, Minister and Yes, Prime Minister.
He was played by Sir Nigel Hawthorne.
In Yes Minister, he is the Permanent Secretary for the Department of Administrative Affairs (a fictional department of the British government).
In the last episode of Yes, Minister, "Party Games", he becomes Cabinet Secretary, the position he retains during Yes, Prime Minister.
Nigel Hawthorne that portrays this character won the BAFTA Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance four times: 1981, 1982, 1986 and 1987.
Telegraph – Sir Humphrey Appleby and the tale of the prescription charge
Times Online – Yes Minister goes Dutch and Sir Humphrey Appleby becomes a dame
Ararat is a city in south-west Victoria, Australia.
It is about  west of Melbourne, on the Western Highway.
It is the only town in Australia to have started by Chinese people.
It is the biggest town, and the centre of the local government area called the Rural City of Ararat.
The town is built between mountains with good farming lands all around it.
There are about 8220 people living in Ararat.
Europens first moved into in the area in the 1840s after explorer Thomas Mitchell passed through the area in 1836.
In 1841, Horatio Wills, on his way to land further south, wrote in his diary, "like the Ark we rested".
He named a nearby hill Mt Ararat.
The city was named after the mountain.
Gold was first discovered in May or June 1854, by Joseph Pollard at a place called Pinky Point, about  to the west.
Within weeks there were more than 9,000 people in the area looking for gold.
A Post office opened in the area, called Cathcart, on 1 February 1856.
The name was changed to Ararat on 31 August 1857.
In April 1857, a group of 700 Chinese miners on their way to the Clunes, Victoria gold fields in central Victoria, found gold at the current site of Ararat.
This was called the Canton Lead.
The Chinese has been forced to walk from South Australia, more than , because the Victorian government had tried to stop Chinese people coming by ship.
Within two weeks more than 20,000 people arrived at Ararat to dig for gold.
European miners tried to chase the Chinese miners off the gold fields, but they stayed, and in three weeks had found more than  of gold.
This was the start of great growth in Ararat.
The city's link to China continues as it has a sister city link with Taishan, China.
By 1859, Ararat had a newspaper, hospital, churches, courthouse and a mechanics institute (meeting rooms with a library).
By 1863, most of the gold had been found, and Ararat become a town centre for the farmers in the area.
French settlers planted grape vines in the area in 1863.
When the railway was built to Ararat in 1875, it became an important rail junction.
Farming is the main business in the area, with farmers growing sheep, beef and wine.
The Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE has a college in Ararat; this is the Australian College of Wine.
This is in the old Ararat pyschiatric hospital, called "Aradale".
The town has a regional airport YARA (ARY).
The first prison, the Ararat County Gaol, was built in 1861, and was used a prison until 1887.
During that time, three prisoners were hanged, and their graves can still be seen.
In 1887, the prison was set up as a prison for criminals who were insane, and renamed J Ward.
One prisoner was kept locked up in J Ward for more than 60 years.
J Ward was closed in 1991, and is now a museum.
HM Prison Ararat was built just outside the town in 1967.
It replaced the prison at Ballarat.
It is a low to medium security prison with space for 382 prisoners.
About 50% of the prisoners are sex offenders, while the other 50% have special needs or need protection.
Ararat is an ideal base for looking at the areas many natural attractions such as the Grampians National Park, Mt Langi Ghiran, Mt Cole, Mt Buangor State Park, Ararat Hills Regional Park and the Pyrenees Ranges.
Ararat is also close to many wineries, which are part of the Grampians Wine Region.
J Ward Museum Lunatic Asylum J Ward started its life as a goldfields prison in 1859.
When the gold ran out in the mid 1880s the prison buildings were acquired by the Lunacy Department as a temporary housing for the Criminally Insane.
The County Gaol then became a ward (J Ward) of the Ararat Lunatic Asylum where the most depraved and most dangerous men in Victoria were housed in horrific conditions under highest security.
J Ward was decommissioned in 1991 and opened as a museum to the public in 1993.
J Ward  is open to the public and tours are held daily.
Gum San Chinese Heritage Centre
Ararat Regional Art Gallery
Ararat Railway Heritage Museum
Langi Morgala Museum
The Golden Gateway Festival - held every October
Jailhouse Rock Festival - a rock and roll music festival held at J Ward every March
Challicum Hills Wind Farm
The city is built on the Western Highway  which is the main road between Melbourne and Adelaide.
Ararat station has V/Line buses and trains running daily to and from Melbourne, as well as The Overland train service from Melbourne to Adelaide.
Since 2008 the Ararat Transit bus service has operated around the city five days a week, providing 86 services on three routes, which join up with the train services.
Ararat has an Australian Rules Football team which plays in the Wimmera Football League.
The team first played in 1871, and was one of the first four teams to form the Wimmera Football Association in 1902.
Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Scherger was born in Ararat on 18 May 1904.
Shane Kelly Olympic cyclist and medal winner.
Two Royal Australian Navy ships have been named after this town.
HMAS Ararat (K 34), a World War II Bathurst class corvette, and HMAS Ararat (ACPB 89), an Armidale class patrol boat.
FallingRain Map - elevation = 301m (Red dots are railways)
Ararat Online
Alan Ball, Sr. (
1924-1982), English footballer turned manager
Alan Ball, Jr. (1945-2007), English footballer turned manager, son of the above
Alan Ball (screenwriter) (born 1957), American writer, director, producer
Clunes is a town in Victoria, Australia, about 36 kilometres north of Ballarat, in the Shire of Hepburn.
In 2006 there were 1605 people living in the town.
Clunes was the site of the first gold rush in Victoria.
The town was home to Victoria's first gold discovery made by James Esmond.
His discovery, printed in the Geelong Advertiser on 7 July 1851, started the first gold rush in Victoria.
The town began a few years later.
With the opening of a big gold mine, by the Port Phillip and Colonial Mining Company, the town's population grew to over 6,000 people in the late 1880s.
Clunes post office opened on 1 October 1857 and in 1874 Clunes was joined to the Victorian railway network.
Clunes station, shown in the movie Mad Max, was opened in the same year.
In 1873 mine owners tried to bring in Saturday afternoon and Sunday work.
The miners refused to work the new hours and went on strike.
Some days into the strike the miners started the Clunes Miners' Association.
The Association used force to stop the mine owners from bringing in Chinese miners to work in the mines.
They stopped the coaches and sent the Chinese back to Ballarat.
This action was called the "Clunes Riots".
The Clunes Miners' Association is one of the earliest beginnings of the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union.
From the 1850s through to 1893, Clunes was an important gold field in Victoria.
During this time more than  of gold was dug up at Clunes.
Surrounded by grassland, fields and pastures, the town has kept many of its fine historic buildings until today and is one of the architecturally most intact gold towns in Victoria.
Booktown
The idea of a booktown was thought up by Councillor Tim Hayes, Linda Newitt, Graeme Johnston and Tess Brady.
Clunes held its first booktown on 20 May 2007.
Over 50 book sellers from around Australia set up shop for the day in the town's historic buildings.
The town, which had worked together to make the day, won the Hepburn Shire's Community Event of the Year.
Now called 'Back to Booktown', Clunes holds the event every year on the first weekend in May.
With more than 60 book sellers, millions of books, and 15,000 visitors, it has become the largest collection of books in any regional centre of Australia and the biggest Victorian regional book event.
Wesley College campus
In recent years Clunes has a lot of changes and rebuilding after Wesley College, Australia's biggest co-educational private school, to set up a school for its Year 9 students in the town.
Opened in 2000, about 80 students live in the Wesley Clunes Residential Learning Village in the centre of town and become part of the local community for an eight-week period each term.
Because of its historic buildings, many of the outside scenes in the 2003 movie Ned Kelly, starring Heath Ledger and Orlando Bloom, were shot in Clunes.
One side of the street was decorated to look like Euroa, Victoria, and the other to look like Jeriderie, New South Wales.
Clunes also appears in the movies Mad Max starring Mel Gibson and the remake of the 1950s classic On the Beach.
It also appears in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation television series' Queen Kat, Carmel & St Jude and Something in the Air.
Clunes was once closed off to the public for the TV show The Mole in 2001.
The mission in that episode was to direct one of the players to pick up another player in a blacked-out car.
Julius Avery's 13-minute movie Jerrycan was made in Clunes.
Jerrycan won the 2008 Jury Prize at the 61st Cannes Film Festival in France for short films, showing restless teenagers in rural Victoria.
Peter Lalor, the leader of the miners at the Eureka Stockade, later lived in Clunes and was the chairman of the Clunes Water Commission.
Artist John Langstaff was in Clunes in 1862.
He won the Archibald Prize five and was the first Australian artist to receive a knighthood (1928).
Class and racism in the 1873 Clunes Riot
Clunes tourism information
Clunes community website
Wesley College - Clunes campus webpages
Clunes Book Town website
The Great Eastern Railway (GER) was a pre-grouping British railway company.
The company's main line linked London Liverpool Street to Norwich and had other lines through East Anglia.
The company was grouped into the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923.
Archived copy of a page containing comprehensive details of those railways
Shipping interests of the company
Manningtree Rail Users Association
Pre-grouping British railway companies
1923 disestablishments
Ongar railway station is a former London Underground station in the town of Chipping Ongar, Essex.
Until its closure in 1994, it was the easternmost point of the Central line, and from 1961 until its closure in 1994 it held the distinction of being the London Underground station farthest from Central London.
Epping Ongar Railway's official website
London's Abandoned Tube Stations - Ongar station
London's Abandoned Tube Stations - Epping to Ongar branch
Disused London Underground stations
Former single platform tube stations
1994 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
North Weald railway station is a former London Underground station in Essex, England.
It is between Epping and Blake Hall on the Central Line, serving North Weald.
Epping Ongar Railway's Official Website
London's Abandoned Tube Stations - North Weald
Chipping Ongar is a small market town in the civil parish of Ongar, in the Epping Forest district of the County of Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 6,069 people living in Ongar civil parish.
There are 3 Primary Schools; High Ongar, Shelley and Chipping Ongar Primary School.
Theres lots of local shops there like sainsbrys.
The Eastern Counties Railway (ECR) was an English railway company which began operating on 20 June 1839.
It ran a train service from a temporary terminus at Mile End to Romford.
This is now part of the Great Eastern Main Line.
The line was extended the following year to a new London terminus at Shoreditch (later renamed Bishopsgate) and the line was subsequently extended to cover the 51 miles between London and Colchester.
1862 disestablishments
A passing loop (also called a "passing siding", "crossing loop", "crossing place" or, colloquially, "a hole") is a place on a single line railway/tramway, often located at a station, where trains/trams in opposing directions can pass each other.
Epping is a small market town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of the County of Essex, England.
Loughton () is a town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of Essex.
Loughton Brooke Runs through Lougton and Epping Forest (near Loughton) is what is known as a SSSI (a Site of Specific Scientific Interest).
Pascal Zuberbühler (born 8 January 1971) is a Swiss football player.
|1991/92||rowspan="8"|Grasshopper Zürich||rowspan="8"|Nationalliga A||9||0
|1992/93||21||0
|1999/00||Basel||Nationalliga A||36||0
|2000/01||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||13||0
|2000/01||Aarau||Nationalliga A||2||0
|2000/01||rowspan="6"|Basel||rowspan="3"|Nationalliga A||3||0
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Super League||35||0
|2006/07||West Bromwich Albion||League Championship||15||0
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Neuchâtel Xamax||Challenge League||17||0
|2007/08||Super League||34||0
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Fulham||rowspan="2"|Premier League||0||0
|1999||rowspan="4"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||4||0||0||0||1||0||5||0
|2001||6||0||2||0||1||0||9||0
|2003||rowspan="2"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||26||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||26||2
|2004||35||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|2005||rowspan="2"|Rosso Kumamoto||Regional Leagues||15||1||1||1||colspan="2"|-||16||2
|2006||Football League||31||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||8
|2007||Banditonce Kobe||Regional Leagues||11||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||12||2
|2008||rowspan="2"|TDK||rowspan="2"|Football League||30||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|2009||14||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|1999||rowspan="4"|Urawa Red Diamonds||J. League 1||17||2||2||1||3||0||22||3
|2000||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2001||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||13||0||3||0||4||0||20||0
|2003||rowspan="2"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||13||0||||||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|2004||1||0||||||colspan="2"|-||1||0
Tim Cahill (born 6 December 1979) is an Australian football player.
He plays for Everton and Australia national team.
|1997/98||rowspan="7"|Millwall||rowspan="4"|Second Division||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|1998/99||37||6||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||37||6
|1999/00||45||12||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||48||12
|2000/01||41||9||2||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||47||10
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|First Division||43||13||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||47||13
|2002/03||11||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||3
|2003/04||40||9||7||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||48||12
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Everton||rowspan="6"|Premier League||33||11||2||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||38||12
|2005/06||32||6||3||1||0||0||4||1||39||8
|2006/07||18||5||0||0||3||2||colspan="2"|-||21||7
|2007/08||18||7||0||0||4||1||6||2||28||10
|2008/09||30||8||7||1||1||0||2||0||40||9
Total||37||19
|1996||rowspan="4"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|1997||9||1||1||0||0||0||10||1
|1998||7||1||1||0||4||1||12||2
|1999||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2000||Vegalta Sendai||J. League 2||24||6||1||0||1||0||26||6
|2001||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||5||0||0||0||2||0||7||0
John van Loen (born 4 February 1965) is a former Dutch football player.
|1983/84||rowspan="5"|Utrecht||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||2||0
|1984/85||22||5
|1985/86||30||15
|1986/87||31||11
|1987/88||31||13
|1988/89||rowspan="2"|Roda||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||31||8
|1989/90||25||17
|1990/91||Anderlecht||First Division||26||3
|1991/92||rowspan="2"|Ajax||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||30||10
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Feyenoord Rotterdam||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||16||4
|1993/94||23||9
|1994/95||15||4
|1995||Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 1||36||9
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Utrecht||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||14||1
|1996/97||25||6
|1997/98||12||0
|1998/99||APOEL Nicosia||First Division||0||0
Andrea Orlandi (born 3 August 1984) is a Spanish football player.
He plays for Swansea City.
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Swansea City||rowspan="2"|League One||8||0||4||0||0||0||12||0
|2008/09||11||1||2||0||2||0||15||1
|2009/10||League Championship||||||||||||||||
Ludovic Sylvestre (born 5 February 1984) is a French football player.
He plays for Mladá Boleslav.
|2005/06||Barcelona||La Liga||2||0
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Sparta Prague||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||19||0
|2007/08||Viktoria Plzeň||Gambrinus liga||14||3
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Mladá Boleslav||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||29||3
|2005||rowspan="2"|Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 2||18||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||20||1
|2006||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||4||0||7||0
|2006||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 2||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|2007||rowspan="3"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||29||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|2008||27||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|2009||19||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
A railway electrification system supplies electrical energy to railway locomotives and multiple units so that they can operate without having an on-board prime mover.
Their main advantages are high energy efficiency and low operating cost.
Building their wires and other infrastructure is expensive, however.
Electricity may be sent to the train in different ways.
Different countries use different systems.
The most widely used systems are:
Alternating current from overhead lines at 15,000 volts, 16.7 Hz
Alternating current from overhead lines at 25,000 volts, 50 Hz
Direct current from overhead lines at 1,500 or 3,000 volts
Direct current from a third rail at 600 or 750 volts
A single track railway is one where traffic in both directions shares the same track.
In the early days of railways, especially before the telegraph, operation of significant numbers of trains on a single track railway was fraught with difficulties, including delays and accidents, particularly head-on collisions.
Survivor: Guatemala - The Mayan Empire (also known as Survivor: Guatemala) was the eleventh season of the American reality show Survivor, and was set inside of the ruins of the Maya civilization.
The show was filmed in Yaxhá-Nakúm-Naranjo National Park near the more popular Tikal National Park, in northern Guatemala.
The season started being shown on TV on September 15, 2005 on CBS.
The finale (last episode) was on Sunday, December 11, 2005 on CBS.
Danni Boatwright won this season.
She won against Stephenie LaGrossa in a 6-1 vote.
Applications had to be given on January 14, 2005.
Around March 2005, 800 people were chosen for an interview by CBS.
Out of these 800, 48 people were chosen to go in Los Angeles sometime around April 2005.
From these 48, 16 were chosen to be in the game this season, which was filmed from June to August 2005.
Stephenie LaGrossa and Bobby Jon Drinkard from Survivor: Palau also returned this season.
LaGrossa also returned once again in Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains.
Her place is unknown because the season has not been shown on TV yet.
Host Jeff Probst says that temperatures seemed to be over  with a lot of humidity.
He talked about it during some of the challenges.
Challenges like the  walk through the jungle and "Mayan basketball" showed how tired all the players were.
In Day 1, many of the Nakúm men were sick after the walk, and had a hard time getting better.
After the tribes were merged (combined), production put a small Immunity Idol in the Xhakúm tribe.
Gary Hogeboom found it up in a tree, saving him from being voted off at that Tribal Council.
Unlike later seasons, this Idol could only be used before the vote instead of after, and once it was used, it wouldn't be used anymore.
However, it could be used until the Final Four.
The tribes were Yaxhá (blue buffs, living in a shelter in the jungle) and Nakúm (yellow buffs, living near the Mayan ruins).
Both of these tribes were named after two old Mayan cities.
When there were 10 people left, the tribes merged one tribe, which the players named "Xhakúm" (red buffs, at Nakúm's old camp), named by blending the names "Yaxhá" and "Nakúm".
Tina Scheer, a player on Survivor: Panama, was supposed to be on the show this season, but her son had been killed in a car accident and she backed out.
The players came on June 22 and began filming on June 27.
Filming ended on August 4 and players returned home August 5. (
Source from Survivor Fever )
Episode summaries
Episode 1: The sixteen new players learned upon arriving in the Guatemalan jungle that Bobby Jon Drinkard and Stephenie LaGrossa from Survivor: Palau were returning.
They were also told that their first reward challenge would be an  walk to a campsite near some Mayan ruins.
Nakúm won, and Yaxhá was told to find a new campsite.
Yaxhá won the first Immunity Challenge, and because of his illness and injuries he got during the challenges, Jim was voted out of Nakúm (8-1).
Episode 2: Before the Reward Challenge, Blake had cramps and hyperventilation.
Nakúm won fishing gear as their reward, and later won Immunity as well.
Morgan was voted out because her tribe thought she was weak and lazy (8-1).
Episode 3: At the Reward Challenge, Nakúm won pillows, blankets and a tarp before going on to win their fourth challenge in a row, the Immunity Challenge.
At Tribal Council, Brianna of Yaxhá was voted out because her tribe thought she was weak (7-1).
Episode 4: At the Reward Challenge, the tribes were switched; Brooke, Cindy, Judd, Margaret, Lydia, Stephenie, Rafe and Jamie were the new Nakúm and Amy, Brian, Gary, Danni, Brandon, Blake and Bobby Jon were the new Yaxhá.
After the new Yaxhá tribe won the Immunity Challenge, Judd make his original Nakúm teammates upset and helped to vote Brooke out (5-3).