the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Others think it happens because of mental issues like anger, mental illness or revenge.
Certain types of behavior are also sometimes seen as evil such as killing or lying to be punished.
Sex crimes such as rape, hebophilia or pedophilia are also often seen as evil.
Levi Strauss invents jeans.
American department store Montgomery Ward opens for business.
Huntington's disease is defined for the first time.
University of Toledo founded in Toledo, Ohio
January 6 – Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (d. 1915)
May 18 – Bertrand Russell, English philosopher and logician (d. 1970)
July 4 – Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933)
June 6 – Alexandra Fyodorovna, Empress of Russia, wife of Nicholas II (d. 1918)
July 16 – Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer (d. 1928)
August 21 – Aubrey Beardsley, English artist (d. 1898)
October 12 – Ralph Vaughan Williams, English composer (d. 1958)
October 15 – Edith Bolling Wilson, American First Lady, wife of Woodrow Wilson (d. 1961)
November 30 – John McCrae, Canadian poet and soldier in World War I
December 28 – Pio Baroja, Spanish writer (d. 1956)
January 21 – Franz Grillparzer, Austrian writer and poet (b. 1791)
April 27 – Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Romanian writer and politician (b. 1802)
June 4 – Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Dutch politician (b. 1798)
November 29 – Horace Greeley, American newspaper editor and politician (b. 1811)
December 23 - George Catlin, American painter (b. 1796)
Karolina Bock, Swedish dancer, actress and singer (b. 1792)
Petros Duryan, Armenian poet (b. 1851)
Poznań (German name: Posen) is the biggest city and capital of Greater Poland Voivodeship in Poland, one of the oldest and the biggest cities in Poland.
Its population is about 560,000 and its area is 262 square kilometers.
Poznań was one of the 4 Polish cities where the UEFA European Football Championship matches were played in 2012.
Poland co-hosted the championship together with Ukraine.
A cartoonist is a person who draws cartoons.
Cartoons can be pictures on a printed page (also called comics or comic strips) or moving pictures on film (also called animation).
Both kinds of cartoons can be found on the internet.
Examples of some famous cartoonists are:
Walt Disney (Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck)
Terry Gilliam (Monty Python)
Tex Avery (Looney Tunes, Droopy)
Chuck Jones (Looney Tunes, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Tom and Jerry)
Don Martin (MAD Magazine)
Bil Keane (Family Circus)
Jim Davis (Garfield, U.S. Acres)
Matt Groening (Life in Hell, The Simpsons, Futurama)
Robert Crumb (Fritz the Cat, Keep on Truckin')
Al Capp (Lil' Abner)
Hanna-Barbera (The Flintstones, Tom and Jerry, Scooby Doo)
Max and Dave Fleschier (Koko The Clown, Betty Boop, Popeye)
Gary Larson (Far Side)
Mike Judge (Beavis and Butthead, King of the Hill)
Chester Gould (Dick Tracy)
Jay Ward (Rocky and Bullwinkle, George of the Jungle)
Don Bluth (American Tail, The Land Before Time)
Bill Watterson (Calvin and Hobbes)
Ub Iwerks (Mickey Mouse)
Garry Trudeau (Doonsbury)
Aaron McGruder (The Boondocks)
Stan Lee (Marvel Comics)
Charles Schulz (Peanuts)
Sergio Aragonés (MAD Magazine, Groo the Wanderer)
Dave Berg (MAD Magazine)
John Kricfalusi (The Ren and Stimpy Show, Ripping Friends)
Mort Walker (Beetle Bailey)
Scott Adams (Dilbert)
Carl Barks (Scrooge McDuck)
Peyo (The Smurfs)
Bob Clampett (Looney Tunes, Beany and Cecil)
Bob Kane (Batman, Coragous Cat and Minute Mouse, Cool McCool)
Todd McFarlane (Spawn)
Seth McFarlane (Family Guy, American Dad)
Charles Addams (The Addams Family, The New Yorker)
Friz Freling (Looney Tunes)
James Maury "Jim" Henson (September 24, 1936 – May 16, 1990) was an American artist, animator, puppeteer, and television.
He was best known for his work with the Muppets, which he helped to create.
Henson's best known puppet is Kermit the Frog.
As a puppeteer, Henson performed in various television programs, such as Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, movies such as The Muppet Movie and The Great Muppet Caper.
He also made puppets for projects like Fraggle Rock, The Dark Crystal, and Labyrinth.
The Jim Henson Company and the Jim Henson Foundation continued after his death, making new series and specials.
Jim Henson's Creature Shop, founded by Henson, also continues to build creatures for a large number of other movies and series (e.g. the science-fiction production Farscape, the movie adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and the movie MirrorMask) and is said to be one of the most advanced and well respected creators of movie creatures.
His son Brian and daughter Lisa are the co-chairs and co-CEOs of the company.
His daughter Cheryl is the president of the foundation.
Steve Whitmire, a veteran member of the Muppet puppeteering crew, plays the roles of Kermit the Frog and Ernie, the most famous characters formerly played by Jim Henson.
One of Henson's last projects is a show attraction in Walt Disney World and Disneyland.
It is called Muppet*Vision 3D. It opened in 1991, shortly after his death.
Henson is honored both as himself and as Kermit the Frog on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Only two other people have received this honor: Mel Blanc as both himself and Bugs Bunny; and Walt Disney as both himself and Mickey Mouse.
The theater at his alma mater, Northwestern High School, in Hyattsville, MD, is named in his honor.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze and The Muppet Christmas Carol are both dedicated to him.
Stephen Lynch made a song titled "Jim Henson's Dead".
He talks about many of the characters from The Muppet Show and Sesame Street.
Henson is shown in The American Adventure in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort.
Philip Roth often quotes Jim Henson in his Sabbath's Theater as the "great regret" for Mickey Sabbath.
The Jim Henson Museum, in his hometown of Leland, Mississippi, has an assortment of original Muppet characters, official certificates from the Mississippi Legislature honoring Henson and his characters, and a statue of Kermit in the middle of the stream behind the museum.
The 1990 television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson let the Muppets themselves pay tribute to Henson.
The special had interviews with Steven Spielberg and others.
Celtic singer, musician, and songwriter Heather Alexander wrote a song titled "Storyteller" in 1990.
It is about his "Storyteller" series as well as his role as a modern storyteller.
Tom Smith's Henson tribute song, "A Boy and His Frog", won the Pegasus Award for Best Filk Song in 1991.
Henson was shown in Boyz II Men's 1991 video, "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday".
Episode 2880 of Sesame Street (which aired on November 15, 1991) was dedicated in his memory, with a memorial card following the closing credits.
University of Maryland, College Park has a life-size statue of Henson and Kermit the Frog.
Kermit the Frog was named Grand Marshall of the 1996 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California.
On the evening of October 25, 2000, Comedy Central had a banner sign that said: Jim Henson [1936–1990].
In 2003, Jim Henson was honored at the yearly Norsk Høstfest in Minot, North Dakota.
A 3D tribute to Henson called Over Time was shown as part of the 2005 Electronic Theater at SIGGRAPH.
On September 28, 2005, the U.S. Postal Service issued a sheet of commemorative stamps honoring Henson and the Muppets.
The Center for Puppetry Arts in Atlanta, Georgia, has more than 700 puppets made by Henson and his studio.
Many of these are displayed in the museum exhibit Jim Henson: Puppeteer.
In September 2008, the Center opened Jim Henson: Wonders From His Workshop, highlighting creations from Fraggle Rock, Labyrinth, and other later works.
On September 24, 2011, Henson's hometown of Leland renamed one of their bridges "The Rainbow Connection" to honor Henson and his work.
On his 75th birthday the Google doodle was six Muppets.
{| class=wikitable
Program!!Character(s)
|Sam and Friends ||Sam, Harry the Hipster, Kermit, Omar, Professor Madcliffe, Pierre the French Rat, Yorick, others
|Sesame Street||Ernie, Kermit, Guy Smiley, Anything Muppets, an apple from "Bilingual Fruit Song", As I Was Going to St. Ives boy, Baby Monster, Bad Bart, Barry Rhymie, Beautiful Day Monster, Beginning, Ben, Betty Lou, Big Jeffy, Billy Monster, Bip Bippadotta, Captain Vegetable, Charlie, Dan, Father, Fenwick, Flakey, The Geefle, The Genie, George Washington, Grandmother Happy, Granny Fanny Nesselrode, Grover, Harold Happy, Harvey Monster, Henry, Herman the Hoppity-Hop, Herry Monster, Hippie, J Friend Singer, The King, King Gerry the Generous, King Peter the Persnickety, Lance, Lavender "Fat Cat" performer, Librarian, Little Bird, Little Chrissy, Lost & Found Clerk, Marvin, Maurice, Maurice, Maurice Monster, Mr. Essex, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Nose, Old King Cole's Band Fat Blue fiddler & Pumpkin bass player, Pat Playjacks, Pokey, Salvador Dada, Sam, Sammy the Snake, Scudge (1969), Showered Rosell, Sinister Sam, Sneaky, Spaceship Surprise Captain, Stan, Thomas Twiddlebug, Three Little Pigs, Tony, Warren Wolf, Witch, Yellow Submarine Fat Blue train engineer, Yip Yip Martians, Zizzy Zoomer
|The Muppet Valetine Show||Wally, Kermit, Rowlf, Ernie
|The Muppet Show: Sex & Violence|| George Washington, Hudson, Nigel, The Swedish Chef, Waldorf, Dr. Teeth, Kermit
|The Muppet Show||Kermit, Rowlf, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef, The Newsman, Link Hogthrob, Mahna Mahna, Nigel, Balloon-Head Conductor, Beaver, Black Rooster, Blue Frackle, Brown Bear, a Bun-Bun Brother, Butch, Dancers, Doglion, Droop, The Eel, Flower-Eating Monster, a Fazoobs, Frog, Fuzz Brother, a Gills Brother, Green Heap, Green Frackle, Hillbilly Singer, Jim, Kermit the Protozoa, Lenny the Lizard, Lefty, Mary Louise, Mean Mama, Miss Kitty, a Muppaphone, The Newspig, Penguins, Pigs, Prairie Dogs, Robot Kermit, Rover Joe, The Scientist, Silver Beak, Slim Wilson, Timmy Monster, Wally, Wally Whoopie, Whatnots, Zeke
|Emmet Otter's Jug Band Christmas|| Kermit, Harrison Fox, Harvey Beaver, Howard Snake
|Christmas Eve on Sesame Street|| Kermit, Ernie
|The Muppet Movie||Kermit, Rowlf, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef
|The Great Muppet Caper||Kermit, Rowlf, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef, The Newsman
|The Muppets Take Manhattan||Kermit, Rowlf, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef, The Newsman, Ernie, Baby Kermit, Baby Rowlf, Penguins
|Follow That Bird||Kermit, Ernie
|The Christmas Toy|| Jack-in-the-Box, Kermit
|A Muppet Family Christmas|| Kermit, Rowlf, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef, The Newsman, Guy Smiley, & a penguin
|The Jim Henson Hour||Kermit, Dr. Teeth, Link Hogthrob, The Swedish Chef, Timecaster, Teddy Bear, Garbage Bags, Timrek the Gorf, Screaming No-Nos
|Sesame Street... 20 Years & Still Counting||Ernie, Kermit
|The Muppets at Walt Disney World||Kermit, Rowlf, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef, Link Hogthrob
|Sing Yourself Silly!||Ernie, Kermit, lead singer of one Banana
1990 deaths
American artists
American television writers
American puppeteers
Deaths from sepsis
Infectious disease deaths in New York City
Writers from Mississippi
Comedians from Mississippi
Game Boy Advance Video is a format of cartridges for the Game Boy Advance.
They work the same as normal cartridge but play television shows instead of games.
They generally contain 45 minutes of TV, for example, a show from Nickelodeon or Cartoon Network.
They were first made in early 2004, but gradually stopped being made shortly before there were no more Game Boy Advance games made in 2008, with the final game for it being Samurai Deeper KYO.
Nintendo customer service for GBA video
GBA-Video.com
A butterfly is a usually day-flying insect of the order Lepidoptera.
They are grouped together in the suborder Rhopalocera.
Butterflies are closely related to moths, from which they evolved.
The earliest discovered fossil moth dates to 200 million years ago.
The life of butterflies is closely connected to flowering plants, which their larvae (caterpillars) feed on, and their adults feed and lay their eggs on.
They have a long-lasting history of co-evolution with flowering plants.
Many of the details of plant anatomy are related to their pollinators, and vice versa.
The other notable features of butterflies are their extraordinary range of colours and patterns, and their wings.
These are discussed below.
Angiosperms (flowering plants) evolved in the Lower Cretaceous, but did not become common until the Upper Cretaceous.
Butterflies were the last major group of insects to appear on the planet.
They evolved from moths in the latest Cretaceous or the earliest Cainozoic.
The earliest known butterfly fossils date to the mid Eocene epoch, between 40–50 million years ago.
Like moths, butterflies have four wings covered with tiny scales.
When a butterfly is not flying, its wings are usually folded over its back.
The wings are patterned and are often brightly coloured.
There are many different kinds of butterflies.
The males and females of each kind are often slightly different from each other.
Butterfly watching is a popular hobby.
Some people also keep collections of dead butterflies that they have caught.
Like all insects with complete metamorphosis, a butterfly's life goes through four distinct stages.
It begins as an egg, which  hatches into a larva (a caterpillar).
After some time, the larva turns into a chrysalis.
While it is in the chrysalis stage, it changes to become an adult butterfly.
To complete the cycle, adults mate and the females lay the eggs.
Butterflies are any of the species belonging to the superfamilies Papilionoidea and Hedyloidea.
Butterflies, along with the moths and the skippers, make up the insect order Lepidoptera.
Butterflies are nearly worldwide in their distribution.
Predators and defences
The main predators of butterflies are birds, just as the main predators of the crepuscular moths are bats.
Also monkeys and tree-dwelling reptiles are predators, and some insects and spiders.
All reptiles and monkeys have good colour vision, so that butterfly coloration works just as well on them as it does on birds.
The extraordinary colours and patterns on the wings and body can only be understood in terms of their function.
Camouflage: enabling the insect to remain hidden from view
Signalling to other animals
Warning colouration: signalling to other animals not to attack.
Caterpillars may have stored poisons from their food plants.
Mimicry: taking advantage of another species' warning coloration
Sexual selection: finding a mate
Other kinds of signalling
Startle defence: unexpected flashes of colour or eyespots
The details vary from group to group, and from species to species.
The caterpillars also have colours with similar functions.
The poisonous substances which make some butterflies noxious to eat are got from the plants eaten by their caterpillars.
Like most insects, butterflies have three main body parts.
These parts are the head, the thorax, and the abdomen.
The body is protected by the exoskeleton.
The body is made up of sections, known as segments.
In between the segments there are flexible areas that allow the butterfly to move.
All three parts of the body are covered in very small scales.
The scales give the butterfly its colour.
Wings and flight
Butterflies have a very characteristic flying style.
They usually do not fly in straight lines.
Their style is well described by the children's version of their name: 'flutter-by'.
Some species are capable of strong, long flights (see monarch butterfly migration) and others never leave the woods they were born in.
They can survive bird pecks on the wings quite well.
Late in the season damage to their wings can often be seen, though they continue flying quite well.
The head is the first part of the body.
It has the eyes, mouth parts, and antennae.
The eyes of a butterfly are large.
The eye is made up of smaller eyes or optical units.
Eyes that are made up of optical units are called compound eyes.
Butterflies do not see as many colours as humans, but they can see ultraviolet light.
The mouth of an adult butterfly does not have jaws.
It has a kind of mouth that is made to suck liquids.
This mouth is called a proboscis.
The proboscis is made up of two hollow tubes.
The tubes are locked together in the middle.
When the butterfly is not using its proboscis, it is coiled up in the head.
It can uncoil the proboscis when it wants to feed.
The antennae of a butterfly are used for smell and balance.
The antenna in most butterflies is clubbed at the end.
In some butterflies (like the Skippers), there is a hook at the end of the antenna, instead of a club.
The thorax is the second part of the body.
It is made up of three segments.
The legs and wings are connected to the thorax.
The legs of a butterfly are made for walking, holding onto things, and tasting.
There are three pairs of legs.
There are four main parts of the leg.
They are the trochanter, the femur, the tibia, and the foot.
At the end of each foot, there is a pair of claws.
Butterflies in the family Nymphalidae have very short front legs.
They keep there front legs close to their bodies.
This makes it look like they only have two pairs of legs.
In some species, there is a movable body part on the tibia that is used to clean the antennae.
A butterfly has two pairs of wings.
Each wing has hollow tubes called veins.
The colors and patterns of butterflies are made by tiny scales.
The scales overlap each other.
They are connected to the wing.
If a butterfly is handled, the tiny scales may rub off.
The abdomen is the third part of the body.
It is made up of ten segments.
The abdomen is much softer than the head and the thorax.
At the end of the abdomen are the reproductive organs.
In the male, there is a pair of claspers.
They are used to hold on to the female during mating.
In the female, there is a tube made to lay eggs.
Butterflies go through complete metamorphosis.
This means that there are four parts in a butterfly's life.
The first part is the egg.
The second part is the caterpillar (sometimes called the larva).
The third part is the chrysalis (sometimes called the pupa).
The fourth part is the adult (sometimes called the imago).
A female butterfly will lay her eggs on or near the food plant of the caterpillar (the food plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on).
The female will choose a place to lay her eggs using smell, taste, touch, and sight.
Most species will lay just one egg on the food plant.
Others will lay groups of five to over 100 eggs on the food plant.
Most species will lay their eggs on the leaves of the food plant.
Others will lay them on the flowers, stems, bark, or fruit of the food plant.
The eggs come in many different shapes and colours.
They may be round or oval, and flattened.
In some species, the egg shell is ribbed.
The most common colours in butterfly eggs are yellow and green.
The eggs will turn dark just before hatching.
Also, some butterflies take a day to come out of eggs, while others could take months.
Butterfly caterpillars can vary in size, colour, and shape.
They may have spines, bristles, or soft body extensions.
All caterpillars have 13 body segments.
The first three segments make up the thorax.
The thorax has three pairs of legs.
These legs are called true legs.
The other 10 segments make up the abdomen.
The abdomen has five pairs of soft legs called prolegs.
The prolegs have tiny hooks at the end of each of the foot.
They are used to hold on to things.
The hooks are called crochets.
A caterpillar's skin does not grow.
As the caterpillar grows inside its skin, the skin becomes too tight.
In order for the caterpillar to grow bigger, it sheds its too-tight skin.
After the old skin is shed, there is a new, larger skin.
This is known as moulting.
A caterpillar will moult four to five times before turning into a pupa.
Each part between moults is called an instar.
All caterpillars can make silk.
The silk is made from the salivary glands.
Silk starts out as a liquid in the salivary glands.
The caterpillar draws out the silk into a small thread.
The silk hardens as soon as it is exposed to the air.
Caterpillars use silk to make nests or cocoons.
Most caterpillars feed on leaves of plants or trees.
Most species of caterpillars will feed only on a small number of certain kinds of plants.
If the caterpillar's food plant is not found, it will starve to death.
Some species of caterpillars (in the family Lycaenidae) are tended by ants.
The caterpillars have special glands that make a sweet liquid called honeydew.
The ants like the honeydew.
In return for the honeydew, the ants protect the caterpillars from predators.
The caterpillars also have special body parts that make sounds.
The caterpillar will make sounds with the body parts and "call" the ants when the caterpillar is being attacked by predators.
The ants hear the sounds and come to protect the caterpillar.
Caterpillars in the subfamily Miletinae eat insects in the order Hemiptera.
This includes aphids, mealybugs, leafhoppers and treehoppers.p356
Caterpillars in the family Papilionidae have a special organ.
This organ is called an osmeterium.
It is a bad-smelling gland that is shaped like a snake's tongue.
It is kept behind the inside of the head.
When a predator tries to eat the caterpillar, the caterpillar will release the osmeterium.
This scares the predators away.p161
The pupa (plural, pupae) is formed after the last moult.
The caterpillar will find a special place to pupate (pupate means to turn into a pupa).
The digestive tract is emptied.
The caterpillar sheds its skin.
The pupa is now exposed.
The caterpillar's tissues are broken down and rebuilt into the butterfly's tissues.
The pupa cannot move.
It is attached to an object by tiny hooks on the end of the abdomen.
These hooks make up what is called the cremaster.
There are many tiny holes on the pupa.
They allow respiratory gases to move in and out of the pupa.
Many pupae are easy for predators to attack.
Some caterpillars (in the family Hesperiidae and the subfamilies Parnassiinae and Satyrinae) make shelters out of silk and leaves to protect themselves when they become pupae.
These shelters are called cocoons.
Most butterfly pupae do not have cocoons to protect themselves.
Instead, the pupae have brown or green colours to camouflage themselves among leaves and branches.
Pupae that do not have cocoons are called chrysalids or chrysalises.
Some butterflies may be in trouble because of habitat loss.
Because of the destruction of forests and grasslands, some types of butterflies have nowhere to feed and lay eggs.
To help, some people plant a butterfly garden with flowers having lots of nectar for butterflies to feed on.
Some people also keep plants that butterflies lay eggs on, and enjoy watching the caterpillars hatch out and feed on the plant.
Chemical sprays that are used to keep pests away from garden plants, also kill butterflies.
Some colourful butterflies
Monarch butterfly gallery
Defence against predation
Boggs C; Watt W. & Ehrlich P. 2003.
Butterflies: evolution and ecology: taking flight.
University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.
Pyle R.M. 1992.
Handbook for butterfly watchers.
Houghton Mifflin.
Nazism (or National Socialism; ) is a set of political beliefs associated with the Nazi Party of Germany.
It started in the 1920s, but the Nazi Party gained power in 1933 and started carrying out their ideas in Germany, which they called the Third Reich.
They stayed in power in Germany until 1945, when they lost World War II.
National Socialism is an extreme right-wing, fascist, ideology that is heavily inspired from the works of Oswald Spengler.
The Nazis believed that only the Aryan (German) race was capable of building nations and other races, notably the Jewish race, were agents of the corruptive forces of capitalism and Marxism, both of which the Nazis opposed.
They considered the Aryan race the 'Master race', which meant that they thought that the Aryans were the most biologically evolved of humans and therefore deserved to have power over all other humans.
They adapted Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and applied it to humans.
The leader of the Nazis Adolf Hitler wanted to a create a country where all Aryans were treated equally.
They spent heavily on poorer people and began several huge government programs to help Germany deal with the unemployment and economic crisis caused by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression which followed it.
Some Nazis, such as Ernst Röhm, wanted the reforms to go further and called for a revolution, completely eliminating economic classes in Germany and for the government to take control of major businesses.
Many of these Nazis were murdered on Hitler's orders during the Night of the Long Knives because they were a threat to his leadership of the Nazi Party.
The Nazis blamed the Jewish people for Germany's defeat in World War I. This is known as the Stab in the Back Myth.
The Nazis also blamed the Jewish people for rapid inflation and practically every other economic woe facing Germany at the time as a result of their defeat in World War I. For this reason, the Nazis not only viewed the Jewish people as inferior to them, but as oppressors of the Aryan people who were creating inequality.
The Nazis' tactic of lazily albeit effectively blaming the Jewish people for all of Germany's problems is a propaganda tactic known as scapegoating and was used to justify the great atrocities committed by the Nazis against the Jewish people.
To implement the racist ideas, the Nuremberg Race Laws (created in 1935) banned non-Aryans and political opponents of the Nazis from the civil-service.
They also forbid any sexual contact between 'Aryan' and 'non-Aryan' persons.
The Nazis sent millions of Jews, Roma, and other people to concentration camps and death camps, where they were killed.
These killings are now called the Holocaust.
The word Nazi is short for Nationalsozialist (supporter of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) in the German language.
This means "National Socialist German Workers' Party".
Nazi rise to power (1919-1934)
Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, wrote a book called Mein Kampf ("My Struggle").
The book said that all of Germany's problems happened because Jews were making plans to hurt the country.
He also said that Jewish and communist politicians planned the Armistice of 1918 that ended World War I, and allowed Germany to agree to pay huge amounts of money and goods (reparations).
In November 1923, the Nazis tried to overthrow the democratic German government that had been set up after WWI.
Nazi thinking emphasises conflict and violence, and believes that these are the best way to sort out political problems.
The Nazis had therefore set up their own private army, called the Sturmabteilung (SA) which were sometimes known as the 'Nazi stormtroopers' or simply the 'brownshirts'.
Many political parties had their own private armies at this time in Germany to guard their events and meetings from the private armies of other political parties.
The attempt to take power is referred to as the Munich Putsch or Beer Hall Putsch and was crushed after less than 24 hours.
After the Putsch, Hitler was imprisoned for six months and the Nazi Party briefly banned.
It was allowed to exist again in if it promised to only be democratic.
The Nazis agreed, but made it clear that if they took power in Germany, they would turn Germany into a dictatorship.
The Nazis believed in something called the Führer Principle, which means that they believe that all groups should be organised like armies, with absolute loyalty shown to the leader of the group.
They wanted to apply this principle to Germany.
They disagreed with democracy, because they believed that it divided groups which made them weaker.
The Nazis performed very badly in elections until the early 1930s, where they became exceptionally popular.
This can be partly explained by a massive increase in poverty in Germany caused by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and Nazi promises to rebuild German strength and pride.
However, this is not the only reason for the Nazis coming to power, because it still took more than three years for Adolf Hitler to become Chancellor of Germany after the Crash.
On the night of the 27 February 1933 and 28 February 1933, someone set the Reichstag building on fire.
This was the building where the German Parliament held their meetings.
The Nazis blamed the communists.
Opponents of the Nazis said that the Nazis themselves had done it to come to power.
On the very same day, an emergency law called Reichstagsbrandverordnung was passed.
The government claimed it was to protect the state from people trying to hurt the country.
With this law, most of the civil rights of the Weimar Republic did not count any longer.
The Nazis used this against the other political parties.
Members of the communist and social-democratic parties were put into prison or killed.
The Nazis became the biggest party in the parliament.
By 1934, they managed to make all other parties illegal.
Democracy was replaced with a dictatorship.
Adolf Hitler became leader (Führer) of Germany, and had the power to make any laws he wanted.
Life in Nazi Germany (1934-45)
The Nazis changed Germany to fit their ideas of what a country should be like.
They created a totalitarian state, which is a country where the government tries to have total control over ordinary people's lives.
In schools, several subjects were changed to fit a Nazi interpretation.
History was taught to emphasise German military victories and blames Jewish people and Marxists for defeat in WWI.
Children were also taught racial hygiene lessons, where pseudo-scientific racist principles taught to them.
In 1936, all German children had to be members of the Hitler Youth which was a Nazi version of the Scouting movement, and was designed to prepare them to be soldiers in wars against other races.
People who opposed the Nazis were seen as traitors.
The Nazis created a very effective police state, led by Heinrich Himmler and his deputy Reinhard Heydrich.
They were in charge of an organisation called the Schutzstaffel (SS) that took control of all of the police forces in Germany.
The SS also set up a new secret police organisation called the Gestapo which hunted down people who wanted to protest against the Nazi government.
Enemies of the Nazis were regularly tortured, put in concentration camps or executed.
Attacking other countries
As the German leader (Führer) of Nazi Germany, Hitler began moving Nazi armies into neighboring countries.
When Germany attacked Poland, World War II started.
Western countries like France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were occupied and to be treated by Germany as colonies.
However, in Eastern countries, such as Poland and the Soviet Union, the Nazis planned to kill or enslave the Slavic peoples, so that German settlers could take their land.
The Nazis made alliances with other European countries, such as Finland and Italy.
Every other European country that allied with Germany did it because they did not want to be taken over by Germany.
Through these alliances and invasions, the Nazis managed to control much of Europe.
In the Holocaust, millions of Jews, as well as Roma people (also called "Gypsies"), people with disabilities, homosexuals, political opponents, and many other people were sent to concentration camps and death camps in Poland and Germany.
The Nazis killed millions of these people at the concentration camps with poison gas.
The Nazis also killed millions of people in these groups by forcing them to do slave labor without giving them much food or clothing.
In total, 17 million people died, 6 million of them being Jews.
Victory of the Allies
In 1945, the Soviet Union took over Berlin after beating the German army in Russia.
The Soviet Red Army met the American and British armies, who had fought right across Germany after invading Nazi Europe from Normandy in France on June 6,1944.
The Nazis lost because the Allies had many more soldiers and more money than them.
During the invasion of Berlin, Hitler may have shot himself in a bunker with his new wife, Eva Braun.
Other Nazis also killed themselves, including Joseph Goebbels just one day after Hitler named him as his successor.
The Nazis surrendered after the Red Army captured Berlin.
After the war, the Allied governments, namely the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union, held trials of the Nazi leaders.
These trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany.
For this reason, these trials were called "the Nuremberg Trials."
The Allied leaders accused the Nazi leaders of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including murdering millions of people (in the Holocaust), of starting wars, of conspiracy, and belonging to illegal organizations like the SS (called, "Schutzstaffel", in German).
Most Nazi leaders were found guilty by the court, and they were sent to jail or sentenced to death and executed.
Nazis after the war
There has not been a Nazi state since 1945, but there are still people who believe in those ideas.
These people are often called neo-Nazis.
Here are some examples of modern Nazi ideas:
Germanic peoples are superior to all other races of people.
Many neo-nazis change "germanic" to "all white people".
They speak against Jews and sometimes other races.
They say that the Holocaust did not happen, and that it was made up by the Jews.
They say that Hitler was right to blame Jewish people for Germany's problems after World War I;
They tell people to hate Jewish people and other groups of people.
They believe that Jews have too much power in the world.
After the war, laws were made in Germany and other countries, especially countries in Europe, that make it illegal to say the Holocaust never happened.
Sometimes they also ban questioning the number of people affected by it, which is saying that not so many people were killed as most people think who wrote this?
There has been some controversy over whether this affects people's free speech.
Certain countries, such as Germany, Austria, and France, also banned the use of Nazi symbols.
It is also banned to make a Nazi pledge position on a popular media source to stop Nazis from using them.
Nazi concentration camps and death camps
Other websites.
Pork is meat that comes from pigs.
It is the most commonly consumed meat in the world Evidence of pig husbandry dates back to 5000 BC.
A simple meal to make which contains pork is afelia.
Sausages, bacon and ham are the most common uses of pork in the United Kingdom, the United States, and other parts of the Western world.
Pork is forbidden by the food taboos of kosher and halal.
Mike Farrell (born February 6, 1939) is an American actor, writer and producer.
He played BJ Hunnicutt on the television series M*A*S*H. He played Michael "Mike" Hawks in the television movie Battered in 1978.
He played Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin in the limited crime series The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story.
Farrell was born in St. Paul, Minnesota.
He was raised in Hollywood, California.
He was part of the United States Marine Corps.
Farrell was married to Judy Hayden from 1963 until they divorced in 1983.
Then, he married Shelley Fabares in 1984.
He has two children with Hayden.
Farrell is also an activist for various causes, including animal rights and world peace.
He was Vice President of the Screen Actors Guild.
American political activists
American human rights activists
Actors from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Writers from Saint Paul, Minnesota
David Allen Ogden Stiers (October 31, 1942 – March 3, 2018) was an American actor, comedian, conductor, director, musician, singer and voice artist.
He was most famous for his role as Charles Emerson Winchester III in M*A*S*H. He also provided the voices in several Disney animated movies.
This included playing Cogsworth in Beauty and the Beast, John Radcliffe in Pocahontas, and Jumba Jookiba in the Lilo & Stitch franchise.
He also played the voice of Escher in the Myst V (End of Ages) video game.
Stiers was born in Peoria, Illinois on October 31, 1942.
He attended Urbana High School at the same time as Roger Ebert.
He went to Eugene, Oregon, where he graduated from North Eugene High School and attended the University of Oregon.
Stiers was openly gay.
The Stiers Place Website  - David Ogden Stiers Fansite
Actors from Oregon
Deaths from bladder cancer
Disease-related deaths in Oregon
LGBT people from Illinois
People from Peoria, Illinois
Comedians from Oregon
Beauty and the Beast is a French folk story.
It tells the story of a merchant who is lost in the woods.
He finds the palace of a beast who wants to kill him, and makes a deal with the beast, to have his daughter in exchange.
The daughter goes to live in the Beast's castle; the two fall in love; and the beast turns into a prince.
It was the inspiration for many other stories, as well as a 1980s TV series starring Linda Hamilton and Ron Pearlman.
Several movies have been based on it, most famously Jean Cocteau's 1946 version and the 1991 animated version by Disney, which was nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award and inspired a long-running Broadway musical.
Beauty and the Beast, audio version
William Wayne McMillan Rogers III (April 7, 1933 – December 31, 2015) was an American television and movie actor.
He played the role of "Trapper" John McIntrye on the TV series M*A*S*H. (The role was played by Elliott Gould in the 1970 movie version and Pernell Roberts on the 1979-1986 TV show, Trapper John MD).
He left the show in 1975 and was replaced by Mike Farrell as BJ Hunnicutt.
He graduated from Princeton University with a degree in history and served in the Navy before becoming an actor.
2015 deaths
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
McLean Stevenson (November 14, 1929 – February 15, 1996) was an American actor.
He is best known for his role as Henry Blake on the TV show, M*A*S*H. He left the show in 1975 and his character was killed off.
His grandfather Adlai E. Stevenson was Vice-president of the United States to Grover Cleveland, and his second cousin, once removed Adlai  Stevenson II was Governor of Illinois and unsuccessfully ran for President twice in the 1950s losing to Dwight D. Eisenhower both times.
Stevenson, while recovering from bladder cancer, died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, aged 68.
Ironically, Roger Bowen, who played Henry Blake in the 1970 movie version of M*A*S*H, died the day after Stevenson did.
People from Normal, Illinois
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (15 April 1793 – 23 November 1864 (Julian calendar: 11 November)) was a German-born Russian astronomer.
He was born in Altona (now an area of Hamburg), Germany, but later lived in Russia.
He was an expert on double stars and one of the first astronomers to measure stellar parallax (closely related to the work by Friedrich Bessel).
While director of Dorpat Observatory (1817–39) he wrote Stellarum Duplicum et Multiplicum (1837), which proved that double stars are not exceptional and that star systems are governed by the laws of gravity.
Struve added a lot to the study of galactic structure and also engaged in notable geodetic operations such as the triangulation of Livonia and the measurement of an arc of the meridian.
In 1839 he became director of the new Pulkovo Observatory and was one of the first three astronomers who almost simultaneously obtained an approximate stellar parallax. (
One of the others being Bessel)
In 1822 he published the first of many double-star catalogues, the identifying numbers of which are still used today.
Struve's stars, however, are now often named in his honor (for example, Struve 2398), whereas the original catalogue prefix was the Greek letter sigma.
In 1833 he moved to Russia to set up the Pulkovo Observatory near St. Petersburg, of which he was director until his retirement in 1862, when his son took over in the post.
In total, Friedrich Struve produced 272 astronomical works and 18 children; his great-grandson Otto, by contrast, produced 907 works but zero children.
1793 births
1864 deaths
Russian astronomers
Mario Party is a series of video games made by Nintendo.
The idea of each game is that Mario and his friends must travel across a game board and earn stars and coins.
Each new game in the series contains new characters, playing boards, and mini-games.
Every few turns, each character must participate in a mini-game.
The winner generally gets 10 coins.
Titles in the series
Home console games
Handheld games
Playable characters
Koopa Kid
Hammer Bro
Monty Mole
Mario Party games
Helsinki () is the capital city of Finland.
Helsinki is the largest city in Finland.
604,380 (31.12.2012) people live in Helsinki, and 1,360,000 live in the Helsinki metropolitan area.
Helsinki is in the south of Finland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland.
The city is in the Uusimaa region.
When one looks from Helsinki, Tallinn is on the opposite side of the sea, but it is too far away to see.
A poetic name for Helsinki is "the daughter of the Baltic Sea".
In 1550, Swedish king Gustav Vasa commanded people to build a new city and move there.
His idea was to build a new place to trade, which would be more popular than Tallinn.
The idea did not work well, and many people returned from Helsinki to their homes.
Later Sweden built the fortress Suomenlinna in Helsinki.
After Russia had taken Finland from Sweden in several wars, they started developing Helsinki.
Helsinki became the capital of autonomous province of Finland.
When Finland became independent in 1917, Helsinki stayed as the capital city.
Helsinki spreads around several bays and over several islands.
Some famous islands include Seurasaari, Lauttasaari and Korkeasaari - which is also the country's biggest zoo - as well as the fortress island of Suomenlinna (Sveaborg).
The metropolitan area of Greater Helsinki also includes two of Finland's biggest cities, Espoo to the west of Helsinki, and Vantaa to the north.
These two cities, along with Helsinki itself and the small town of Kauniainen (which is in fact surrounded by Espoo), make up the Capital Region (Pääkaupunkiseutu in Finnish or Huvudstadsregionen in Swedish).
There are other towns nearby that are part of Greater Helsinki, including Järvenpää, Kerava, Tuusula, Nurmijärvi, Sipoo, Kirkkonummi, Mäntsälä and Vihti.
They have become popular places for Helsinki commuters to live.
many bus routes serving most of the region.
They are operated by different companies under contract to HSL.
one metro line (with two branches) between Helsinki and its eastern suburbs.
The line first opened in 1982 and was extended to Espoo in 2017.
eleven tram lines, located mostly in the city centre.
A light rail line serving the northern suburbs has been planned and construction will begin in 2019.
several commuter trains between Helsinki and nearby cities.
Some lines go as far as Lahti, Riihimäki and Karis.
Helsinki Airport is located in Vantaa about 20 kilometers north of Helsinki city center.
The airport offers both domestic flights within Finland and international flights to Europe, Asia and North America.
City of Helsinki web site - English version
City portal of Helsinki - English version
Finland Travel Community
WorldFlicks in Helsinki: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps
1550s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Finland
1550 establishments
Jehovah's Witnesses are a religious group with more than eight million members around the world.
They believe God, who’s name is  Jehovah (Ps.
83:18), will end crime, violence, sickness and death by destroying all wickedness in the world.
They say that God's Kingdom (mentioned (thy Kingdom come) in the Lord's prayer) will restore God's original purpose for the Earth: bringing about peace for all humans who live by Bible standards.
Their beliefs are based solely upon the Bible.
These beliefs were taught by Charles Taze Russell, a preacher who started a Bible study group in Pennsylvania in 1876.
The goal of Russell and other Bible Students, as the group was then known, was to promote the teachings of Jesus Christ and to follow the practices of the first-century Christian congregation.
Since Jesus is the Founder of Christianity, they view him as the founder of their organization.—Colossians 1:18-20.
They later started publishing a religious magazine called The Watchtower.
Some of their beliefs, especially about who God is and what his plans are for humans and the earth, are different from what is taught in most Christian churches.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only 144,000 people will go to heavenRev 7:1-17,Rev 14:1 and that all the other people who obey God will live forever on a paradise Earth.
They do not believe that God is a Trinity.
They believe Jesus died on a pole (also called '[torture] stake') rather than a cross.
God rejects worship that uses images or symbols, including the cross "Idolatry" Ex 20:4-6.
They teach that when people die, they remain in the grave until God resurrects them after God's Kingdom, or government, is ruling over earth.
Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for preaching their beliefs from door-to-door and in other public places, and offering their magazines, The Watchtower and Awake!
They are also well known for refusing to join armies and refusing blood transfusions.
In 1870 a young clothing shop owner named Charles Taze Russell heard an Adventist preacher speak.
The preacher said the Bible contained clues that showed God was about to set up a kingdom, or government, over earth.
He said the kingdom, which is mentioned many times in the New Testament of the Bible, would be based in heaven, and it would completely change the way of life for everyone in the world.
Russell studied that preacher's teachings and looked through the Bible, and ended up with some new beliefs.
Using various Bible verses and events from history, Russell decided that God would soon call a group of "saints" to heaven to be kings there.
Other faithful Christians who had since died would also make up a total of 144,000 kings in heaven.
Churches at the time taught that humans were still waiting for Jesus to return to earth in his Second Coming, but Russell believed that clues in the Bible showed Jesus returned in 1874.
Russell believed part of God's plan was to start Armageddon, which he thought would be a complete breakdown of law and order on earth, when governments and people would fight among themselves.
He believed that God would then end sickness and death and allow obedient Christians to live forever in perfect health.
Russell believed it was very important that all Christians, including those who were attending churches, should learn those "truths".
He believed these "truths" had been carefully hidden in the Bible for thousands of years.
He started a publishing group called the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
He wrote several books, set up some Bible study classes for people to study his teachings, and started a magazine, Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, which taught that Christ was already present.
He wrote that God would bring about all those events by 1914.
A new president
By the time Russell died in 1916, he had written 50,000 pages, with almost 20 million copies of his books printed and distributed around the world.
Joseph Franklin Rutherford, one of his followers, took Russell's position as president of the Watch Tower Society.
Rutherford wrote many books as well.
He made some changes to Russell's teachings and required all the study groups, or congregations, around the world to agree to the teachings and rules set by the Watch Tower Society in New York.
He told all members to no longer celebrate all holidays, singing at religious meetings was strictly prohibited and preaching from door to door about God's Kingdom and to distribute Watch Tower Society publications so more people would hear the message was mandatory.
Many members did not agree with Rutherford's harsh changes, and some started their own groups.
In 1931 Rutherford called his group "Jehovah's Witnesses" to tell it apart from the other groups.
By the time Rutherford died in 1942, the religion had a worldwide membership of 115,000.
Punishment and discrimination
Some of the new teachings resulted in suffering for many Jehovah's Witnesses.
Thousands were sent to prison, beaten or killed in several countries during World War II because they refused to fight.
In Germany, many were sent to concentration camps because they would not support the Nazi Party.
Later, in the United States, many of their children were expelled from schools because they refused to salute the flag, because they thought that God would not approve.
Some countries still have laws against members practicing the religion.
By 1977 they had more than two million members around the world.
Armageddon expected in 1975