the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
March 18 – Wilson Pickett, American singer (d. 2006)
March 26 – Richard Dawkins, British scientist
March 30 – Wasim Sajjad, former President of Pakistan
April 6 – Hans W. Geissendörfer, German movie director
April 8 – Vivienne Westwood, English fashion designer
April 14 – Pete Rose, American baseball player
April 18 - Michael D. Higgins, President of Ireland
April 23 – Paavo Lipponen, Prime Minister of Finland
April 24 - Richard Holbrooke, American diplomat (d. 2010)
May 13 – Ritchie Valens, singer (died 1959)
May 13 – Senta Berger, actress
May 15 – K.T. Oslin, country musician
May 19 – Nora Ephron, American screenwriter (d. 2012)
May 24 – Bob Dylan, American poet and musician
June 5 – Martha Argerich, Argentinian pianist
June 5 – Spalding Gray, actor, screenwriter, and monologue artist (died 2004)
June 9 - Jon Lord, British musician (Deep Purple) (d. 2012)
June 15 - Harry Nilsson, American singer-songwriter (d. 1994)
June 27 – Krzysztof Kieslowski, movie director
July 14 – Maulana Karenga, writer and activist
August 14 - David Crosby, American singer-songwriter and musician (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young)
August 22 – Bill Parcells, NFL coach
September 8 - Bernie Sanders, American politician
September 9 – Otis Redding, musician (died 1967)
September 9 – Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist (d. 2011)
September 19 – Cass Elliott, singer (The Mamas & the Papas) (died 1974)
September 28 - Edmund Stoiber, German politician
October 4 – Anne Rice, horror/fantasy writer
October 5 – Eduardo Duhalde former President of Argentina
October 8 - Jesse Jackson, American pastor and civil rights leader
October 13 – Paul Simon, American musician (Simon & Garfunkel)
November 5 - Art Garfunkel, American musician (Simon & Garfunkel)
November 7 - Angelo Scola, Italian archbishop and cardinal
November 29 – Bill Freehan, baseball player
December 18 - His Royal Highness Prince William of Gloucester
December 23 - Nigel Anthony, English actor
December 31 - Alex Ferguson, Scottish football manager
January 5 – Amy Johnson, aviator
January 8 – Lord Robert Baden-Powell, founder of Scouting
January 10 – Joe Penner, comedian, actor
January 13 – James Joyce, writer
February 11 – Rudolf Hilferding, German economist, Minister of Finance
February 28 – King Alfonso XIII of Spain
March 6 – Gutzon Borglum, sculptor
March 8 – Sherwood Anderson, writer
March 15 – Alexej von Jawlensky, Russian impressionist painter
March 28 – Virginia Woolf, writer
June 2 – Lou Gehrig, baseball legend (born 1903)
June 6 – Louis Chevrolet, automobile builder
July 10 – Jelly Roll Morton – jazz musician & composer (b. 1890)
July 11 – Arthur Evans, archaeologist
July 26 – Henri Lebesgue, mathematician
August 31 – Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet (suicide)
August 7 – Rabindranath Tagore, writer
September 13 – Elias Disney, American farmer and father of Walt Disney.
November 18 – Chris Watson, third Prime Minister of Australia
December 3 – Christian Sinding, composer
Nobel Prize in Physics – not awarded
Chemistry – not awarded
Medicine – not awarded
Literature – not awarded
It is well known as the end of World War II and the founding of UNO and UNESCO.
January 27 - The Red Army liberates Auschwitz concentration camp.
April 30 - Adolf Hitler committed suicide.
May 9 - Victory Day
July 17 - Start of the Potsdam Conference.
August 6 and 9 - U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
August 18 - Death of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose as given by Habibur Rahman.
September 2 - World War II ends
October 24 - The United Nations is formed.
January 3 – Stephen Stills (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young), singer, songwriter
January 3 – Victoria Principal, actress
January 9 – Levon Ter-Petrossian, first President of Armenia
January 10 – Rod Stewart, singer
January 19 – Maria Jespen, theologian
January 26 – Jacqueline du Pré, cellist (d. 1987)
January 28 – Marthe Keller, actress
January 29 – Tom Selleck, actor (Magnum, P.I.)
January 30 – Michael Dorris, writer (d. 1997)
February 3 – Bob Griese, Football Hall of Famer
February 5 – Charlotte Rampling, actress
February 6 – Bob Marley, Jamaican roots rock reggae singer and musician (d. 1981)
February 7 – Pete Postlethwaite, actor
February 9 – Mia Farrow, actress
February 12 – Thilo Sarrazin, German politician and economist
February 14 – Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein
February 17 – Brenda Fricker, actress
February 24 – Barry Bostwick, actor
February 28 – Bubba Smith, Football Hall of Famer (d. 2011)
March 7 – John Heard, actor
March 8 – Micky Dolenz, actor, director, musician ("The Monkees")
March 8 – Anselm Kiefer, painter
March 19 – Cem Karaca, Turkish rock musician
March 22 – Paul Schockemöhle, equestrian
March 29 – Walt Frazier, basketball player
March 30 – Eric Clapton, blues guitarist (Cream)
April 2 – Linda Hunt, actress
April 4 – Daniel Cohn-Bendit, political activist
April 25 - Björn Ulvaeus, Swedish guitarist (ABBA)
April 27 – August Wilson, playwright
May 4 – Narasinham Ram, journalist
May 6 – Bob Seger, rock music singer
May 6 – Jimmie Dale Gilmore, musician
May 8 – Keith Jarrett, jazz musician
May 13 – Magic Dick, musician ("The J. Geils Band")
May 14 – Yochanan Vollach, Israeli footballer, president of Maccabi Haifa
May 15 – Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza presumptive heir to Portuguese crown
May 19 – Pete Townshend, guitarist, lyricist (The Who)
May 21 – Ernst Messerschmid, physicist and astronaut
May 28 – John Fogerty, singer (Creedence Clearwater Revival)
May 31 – Rainer Werner Fassbinder, director
June 11 - Robert Munsch, Canadian children’s author
June 15 – Her Royal Highness Princess Michael of Kent
June 17 – Art Bell – radio talk show host
June 17 – Eddy Merckx, Belgian cycling champion
June 17 – Anupam Kher, actor, India
June 19 – Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar poet, politician and Nobel peace laureate
June 25 – Carly Simon, singer, songwriter
July 7 – Michael Ancram (Michael Kerr, Earl of Ancram), British politician
July 8 – Micheline Calmy-Rey, member of the Swiss Federal Council
July 15 – Jürgen Möllemann, German politician (d. 2003)
July 23 - Matias Türk, folk music and Croatian politician
July 28 – Jim Davis, cartoonist
August 14 – Steve Martin, actor and comedian
August 31 – Itzhak Perlman, violinist
August 31 – Van Morrison, musician
August 31 - Bob Welch, musician (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2012)
September 3 – Aldo Moro, Italian politician
September 5 – Khaleda Zia, Bangladeshi politician
September 8 – Jose Feliciano, singer
October 12 – Aurore Clément, French actress
October 15 – Jim Palmer, Baseball Hall of Famer
October 27 – Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, Brazilian President
October 30 – Henry Winkler, actor (Happy Days)
November 3 – J. D. Souther, country rock musician
November 5 – Jacques Lanctôt, FLQ terrorist
November 12 – Neil Young, (Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young), singer, songwriter
November 15 - Anni-Frid Lyngstad, Swedish singer-songwriter and musician (ABBA)
November 26 – Daniel Davis, actor (The Nanny)
November 26 - John McVie, English bass guitarist (Fleetwood Mac)
December 20 - Peter Criss, American singer-songwriter and musician (Kiss)
December 30 - Davy Jones, English singer-songwriter and musician (The Monkees) (d. 2012)
January 3 – Edgar Cayce, psychic, "exhaustion"
January 22 – Else Lasker-Schuler, poet
January 31 – Eddie Slovik, American soldier
February 5 – Lilian Rolfe, SOE agent executed by the Nazis
February 5 – Violette Szabo, SOE agent executed by the Nazis
February 5 – Denise Bloch, SOE agent executed by the Nazis
February 11 – Al Dubin, Swiss songwriter
February 11 – J. S. H. Lokerman, Dutch resistance fighter
February 17 – Gabrielle Weidner, Belgian heroine of World War II
February 21 – Eric Liddell, Scottish runner
March – Anne Frank, at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, typhus
March 2 – Emily Carr, artist
March 18 – William Grover-Williams, Grand Prix motor racing driver/war hero
March 19 – Friedrich Fromm, Nazi official
March 23 – Elisabeth de Rothschild, executed by the Nazis
March 26 – David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
March 30 – Elise Rivet, Roman Catholic nun and war hero
April 9 – Wilhelm Canaris, head of the German Abwehr, hanged for treason
April 9 – Dietrich Bonhoeffer, theologian in Nazi Germany
April 12 – United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, massive stroke
April 18 – Ernie Pyle, American journalist, sniper fire
April 28 – Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator, hanged
April 30 – Adolf Hitler, German dictator and Nazi party leader, suicide
May 1 – Cecily Lefort SOE agent, WW II heroine, executed by the Nazis
May 1   – Joseph Goebbels, Nazi propagandist, suicide
May 2 – Martin Bormann, Nazi-German politician (b. 1900)
May 15 – Charles Williams, British writer
May 15 - Kenneth J. Alford, British composer
May 23 – Heinrich Himmler, head of the Nazi Gestapo, suicide
July 5 – John Curtin, fourteenth Prime Minister of Australia
August 2 – Pietro Mascagni, Italian composer
August 9 – Harry Hillman, American athlete
August 10 – Robert Goddard, American rocket scientist
August 31 – Stefan Banach, Polish mathematician
September 15 – Anton Webern, Austrian composer
September 24 – Johannes Hans Geiger, inventor of the Geiger counter
September 26 – Béla Bartók, aged 64, Hungarian composer
October 13 – Milton Hershey, chocolate tycoon
October 15 – Pierre Laval, former Vichy French premier, firing squad
October 19 – N.C. Wyeth, illustrator
October 24 – Vidkun Quisling, Norwegian politician, famous traitor, executed
November 11 – Jerome Kern, composer
November 21 – Robert Benchley, The New Yorker, humorist, theatre critic, actor
December 4 – Thomas Hunt Morgan, biologist
December 20 – General George S. Patton, car accident
December 28 – Theodore Dreiser, writer
Nobel Prize in Physics – Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian-born physicist
Chemistry – Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Finnish chemist
Medicine – Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey, shared for their work on penicillin
Literature – Gabriela Mistral, Chilean poet
Peace – Cordell Hull, American politician
Anchors Aweigh starring Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra
The Bells of St. Mary's starring Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman
Leave Her to Heaven starring Gene Tierney and Cornel Wilde
Mildred Pierce featuring Joan Crawford, Jack Carson, Zachary Scott, and Ann Blyth
Saratoga Trunk starring Gary Cooper and Ingrid Bergman
Spellbound starring Ingrid Bergman and Gregory Peck
Week-End at the Waldorf featuring Ginger Rogers, Lana Turner, and Walter Pidgeon
The Age of Jackson – Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
The Age of Reason – Jean-Paul Sartre
Animal Farm – George Orwell
Black Boy – Richard Wright
The Black Rose – Thomas B. Costain
Bonheur d'occasion (The Tin Flute) – Gabrielle Roy
The Bosnian Trilogy – Ivo Andric
Brideshead Revisited – Evelyn Waugh
By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept – Elizabeth Smart
Cannery Row – John Steinbeck
The Egyptian – Mika Waltari
Gigi – Colette
High Ground – Odella Phelps Wood
Loving – Henry Green
Night Has a Thousand Eyes – Cornell Woolrich
The Naked and the Dead – Norman Mailer
The Open Society and Its Enemies – Karl Popper
Pippi Longstocking – Astrid Lindgren
The Policy King – Lewis A. H. Caldwell
The Pursuit of Love – Nancy Mitford
Rabbit Hill – Robert Lawson
A Street in Bronzeville – Gwendolyn Brooks
Stuart Little – E.B. White
Surrender on Demand – Varian Fry
That Hideous Strength – C. S. Lewis
The Thurber Carnival (anthology) – James Thurber
Tootle – Gertrude Crampton
Two Solitudes – Hugh MacLennan
The Wide House – Taylor Caldwell
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized 17 December 1770 in Bonn – 26 March 1827 in Vienna; pronounced LUD-vig vahn BAY-TOH-ven) was a German composer.
He wrote classical music for the piano, orchestras and different groups of instruments.
His best-known works are his third (Eroica), fifth, sixth (Pastorale) and ninth (Choral) symphonies, the eighth (Pathetique) and fourteenth (Moonlight) piano sonatas, two of his later piano concertos, his opera Fidelio, and also the piano piece Für Elise.
Beethoven lived when the piano was still a new instrument, and when he was a young man, he was a talented pianist.
Beethoven was popular with the rich and important people in Vienna, Austria, where he lived.
However, in 1801, he began to lose his hearing.
His deafness became worse.
By 1817, he was completely deaf.
Although he could no longer play in concerts, he continued to compose.
During this time he composed some of his greatest works.
He is said to be one of the greatest classical composers who has ever lived.
When Beethoven died, he was surrounded by friends on his death bed.
His funeral was held at the Church of the Holy Trinity.
Between 10,000 and 30,000 people are estimated to have attended.
Franz Schubert was a pall bearer at his funeral, even though the two were never close.
Early years.
Very little is known about Beethoven’s childhood.
He was baptized on December 17, 1770 and was probably born a few days before that.
Beethoven's parents were Johann van Beethoven (1740 in Bonn – December 18, 1792) and Maria Magdalena Keverich (1744 in Ehrenbreitstein – July 17, 1787).
Magdalena's father, Johann Heinrich Keverich, had been Chief at the court of the Archbishopric of Trier at Festung Ehrenbreitstein fortress opposite to Koblenz.
His father was a fairly unimportant musician who worked at the court of the Elector of Cologne.
This court was in Bonn and it was here that he lived until he was a young man.
His father gave him his first lessons in piano and violin.
Beethoven was a child prodigy like Mozart, but while Mozart as a little boy was taken all over Europe by his father, Beethoven never traveled until he was 17.
By that time, his piano teacher was a man called Neefe who had learned the piano from Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, the son of Johann Sebastian Bach.
Neefe said to the Elector that the young Beethoven should be given the chance to travel, so he was allowed to go to Vienna.
There, he might have had one or two lessons from Mozart, but then Beethoven got a letter saying that his mother was dying, so he hurried back to Bonn.
Soon his mother died, and Beethoven had to help to look after the family because his father had become an alcoholic.
Beethoven played the viola in the orchestra of the Elector, he started to compose, and made many friends.
Some of these friends were musicians and others were very important people, many of them were aristocrats who would be able to help him in his career.
In 1792, the Elector let Beethoven travel to Vienna again.
They expected him to return after a while.
However, Beethoven never left Vienna.
He would have loved to have had some more composition lessons from Mozart, but Mozart had just died, so he had lessons from Haydn instead.
Haydn was a good teacher, but a year later, he went off to England.
Therefore, Beethoven took lessons from a man called Albrechtsberger who was not famous like Haydn.
He was a good teacher too, and he made him write lots of technical exercises.
He showed him how to write advanced counterpoint and fugues.
This helped him to be a great composer.
Beethoven wanted to become famous as a pianist and composer, so he started to get to know important, aristocratic people.
Some of these people had already heard him in Bonn when they had traveled there, so his name was becoming known in Vienna.
It also helped that he could say he was the pupil of the famous Joseph Haydn.
There were a lot of aristocratic people in Vienna who liked music, and many had their own private orchestras.
Some of them started to give Beethoven places to live when the Elector of Bonn stopped sending him money in 1794.
Beethoven started to perform in private houses, and he became known for his improvisations.
In 1795 he performed one of his piano concertos at a concert.
He also had his first publication (his opus 1).
This was a group of three Piano Trios.
Haydn had heard them at a private concert a year before and had advised Beethoven not to publish the third one.
However, he did publish it, and that was the one which became the most successful.
His opus 2 was a group of three piano sonatas which he played at the court of his friend Prince Lichnowsky.
When he published them, he dedicated them to Haydn.
Beethoven was starting to become famous, travelling to places like Prague and Pressburg.
He wrote much chamber music.
He was, perhaps, a little jealous of the success that Haydn had with his latest symphonies he had written for London.
In 1800 he gave his first public concert with his own music.
He conducted his First Symphony as well as the Septet.
By now several publishers were trying to persuade him to let them publish his new works.
Beethoven was becoming famous as a composer.
And during this period Beethoven produced his most famous piano sonata: No.
14, in C sharp minor, nicknamed, "Moonlight".
This was written for his girlfriend, 16-year-old Giulietta Guicciardi.
However, he was far from happy because he realized that he was starting to become deaf.
And when he asked for Giulietta's marriage, her parents refused and married her to another 20-year-old man instead.
Middle period
Beethoven seems to have tried to forget these bad thoughts by working very hard.
He composed a lot more music, including his Third Symphony, called the Eroica.
Originally he gave it the title Bonaparte in honour of Napoleon whom he admired.
But when Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1804, Beethoven began to think that he was just a tyrant who wanted a lot of power.
He went to the table where the score of the symphony was lying and tore up the title page.
Beethoven stayed in Vienna that year, working hard at an opera and giving piano lessons to Josephine von Brunsvik to whom he wrote passionate letters.
She was a young widow with four children.
It is impossible to know quite what her feelings were for Beethoven, but socially she belonged in higher society and probably thought that a wild musician was not a suitable husband.
In the end she married a Baron, but this marriage, like her first one, was not happy either.
In 1805 Beethoven wrote his only opera.
The next spring it had two performances but was then not performed again for another eight years.
Beethoven had made several changes to the opera which became known as Fidelio.
The overture that he had written for the 1806 performance is now known as Leonore 3 and is usually performed separately at concerts.
The opera is a “rescue” opera, a typical French kind of opera describing a man who is imprisoned and rescued by his lover who disguises herself as a man and manages to get into the prison.
Beethoven continued to write compositions: a Violin Concerto, symphonies, piano concertos, string quartets and chamber music.
Two of his greatest symphonies were produced in 1806: Symphony No.
5 and Symphony No.
6 "Pastorale".
The first one was known for its dark and deep tone, especially in its first movement.
The second was famous for its depiction of the countryside.
He also wrote Piano Concerto No.
4 and Piano Concerto No.
5 "Emperor".
He earned money by pleasing the aristocrats, dedicating works to them in return for fees, and by selling his music to publishers.
Occasionally he earned money from concerts.
It was not a regular income.
He would have liked the job of Kapellmeister to the emperor.
He was not able to get this, but in 1809 three rich aristocrats: the Archduke Rodolph, Prince Lobkowitz and Prince Kinsky gave him an income for the rest of his life on condition that he stayed in Vienna.
This meant that Beethoven did not have to worry so much about money.
He was asked to write music for Egmont, a play by Goethe.
The overture is very often performed as a concert piece.
Beethoven very much wanted to meet Goethe.
The two great men met in Teplitz.
Goethe later described Beethoven as a rather wild-mannered man who made life difficult for himself by his cross attitude to the world.
Beethoven admired several women, including one to whom he wrote a passionate letter.
She is known as the “Immortal Beloved”, but no one knows who she was.
Beethoven seems to have become deeply depressed because he never found true happiness in love.
In a letter dated June 29, 1801, Beethoven told a friend in Bonn about a terrible secret he had for some time.
He knew that he was becoming deaf.
For some time, he had spells of fever and stomach pains.
A young man does not expect to become deaf, but now he was starting to admit it to himself.
He was finding it hard to hear what people were saying.
Just at the moment when he was starting to become known as one of the greatest of all composers, it was a terrible blow to realize that he was losing his hearing.
In 1802, he stayed for a time in Heiligenstadt which is now a suburb of Vienna but at that time it was outside the city.
There he wrote a famous letter which is known as the Heiligenstadt Testament.
It is dated October 6 and told about his rising frustration at his deafness.
He asks people to forgive him if he cannot hear what they are saying.
He said that he had often thought of suicide, but that he had so much music in his head which had to be written down that he decided to continue his life.
This very emotional letter was found amongst his papers after his death.
He never sent it to anyone.
By 1814, Beethoven had reached the height of his fame.
The Viennese people thought of him as the greatest living composer, and he was often invited by royal people to their palaces.
It was the year in which he played his famous Piano Trio Op.
97 The Archduke.
That was the last time he played the piano in public.
His deafness was making it impossible to continue.
Beethoven had many problems when his brother Caspar Carl died, leaving a 9-year-old son.
The boy’s mother may have been incapable of looking after him, but Beethoven had to prove this in a court of law.
For several years he looked after his nephew, but it was a difficult relationship and it involved a lot of legal letters and quarrels with people.
In 1826, Karl tried to shoot himself.
He survived, but people persuaded Beethoven to stop being his guardian.
Karl went into the army.
The last years were unhappy years for Beethoven.
During this time he composed very little.
Then, in 1817, he recovered and wrote his last two symphonies, a mass called Missa Solemnis, his last five piano sonatas, and a group of string quartets which were so modern and difficult that very few people at the time understood the music.
Nowadays, people think they are the greatest works ever written for string quartet.
His Ninth Symphony is called the Choral Symphony because there is a choir and soloists in the last movement.
At the time people did not understand this either, because a symphony is normally a work for orchestra, not a work with singers.
Beethoven chose the words of a poem by the German poet Friedrich Schiller: An die Freude (Ode to Joy).
It is all about living together in peace and harmony, so that it sends an important message to people.
This is why it has been chosen in recent years as the National Anthem for the European Union.
The Ninth Symphony was performed at a concert on May 7, 1824.
After the scherzo movement the audience applauded enthusiastically, but Beethoven could not hear the applause and one of the singers had to turn him round so that he could see that people were clapping.
Beethoven died on March 26, 1827.
About 20,000 people came onto the streets for his funeral.
The famous poet Franz Grillparzer wrote the funeral speech.
One of the torchbearers was Franz Schubert.
Schubert died the next year.
In 1888 Beethoven’s and Schubert’s remains were moved to another cemetery in Vienna and were placed side by side.
Regarding the instruments, that the composer was using throughout his life, there was a variety of pianos (fortepianos).
After moving to Vienna, Beethoven purchased a piano from Streicher.
As recalled by his student, Carl Czerny, he also had a Walter piano.
Beethoven's last instrument was a fortepiano from a Viennese piano builder Conrad Graf.
After the composer's death, it was sold to Wimmer family and now is displayed at the Beethovenhaus in Bonn.
Beethoven’s music is usually divided into three periods: Early, Middle and Late.
Most composers who live a long time develop as they get older and change their way of composing.
Of course, these changes in style are not sudden, but they are quite a good way of understanding the different periods of his composing life.
His first period includes the works he wrote in his youth in Bonn, and his early days in Vienna up to about 1803.
His middle period starts with the Eroica Symphony and includes most of his orchestral works.
His last period includes the Ninth Symphony and the late string quartets.
Beethoven is probably the most famous of all composers, and the most written about.
He had a wild personality and this was something that the Romantics in the 19th century always expected from great artists.
The Romantics thought that the artist was somehow a person with exaggerated qualities who was not like normal people.
Beethoven had a very strong personality.
He lived in the time of the French Revolution and had strong views on independence and ways of living free from tyranny.
This made him a hero in many people’s eyes.
His music was so famous that many composers in the 19th century found it quite hard to compose because they thought they would be compared to him.
For example, Johannes Brahms, took a long time to write his First Symphony.
He thought that everyone was expecting him to be the next Beethoven.
It was only towards the end of the 19th century that Gustav Mahler wrote several symphonies which include singing, although he does this very differently to Beethoven.
ISBN 1-904341-03-9 (h).
ISBN 1-904341-00-4 (p).
ISBN 0-393-04020-8 (hc).
ISBN 0-393-31712-9 (pb).
ISBN 0-521-58074-9 (hc).
ISBN 0-521-58934-7 (pb).
English homepage of big Beethoven website
Beethoven’s Personality and Music: The Introverted Romantic
nhdbeethoven
1770 births
1827 deaths
Deaths from cirrhosis
People from Bonn
Romantic composers
German Roman Catholics
Roald Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer who focused on the poles.
He led the first expedition to reach the South Pole and the first that could prove it made it to the North Pole.
Amundsen was also the first man known to travel the Northwest Passage.
When Amundsen was young, he decided he would use his life to explore the wilderness.
He was inspired by the lives of Fridtjof Nansen and John Franklin.
While his mother was alive he did not go to sea, to keep a promise to her.
After her death, he quit university to begin exploring the world at 21 years old.
In 1897, he went on the Belgian Antarctic Expedition as first mate.
This was the first expedition to stay over winter at Antartica, since their ship got stuck in the ice preventing them from leaving.
In October 1911, he began his expedition to Antarctica with four other men in attempt to be the first man to reach the South Pole.
Robert Falcon Scott, an explorer from Britain, arrived in Antarctica with his own team only days after Amundsen.
Both explorers raced to the South Pole, but Amundsen and his men used skis and dog sleds for transportation.
This was more efficient.
On 14 December 1911, Amundsen successfully became the first man to reach the South Pole.
In 1926, Amundsen and his men made it to the North Pole.
Three other expeditions claimed to make it before then, but their claims have not been verified.
Two of them have been considered fraud.
This may make Amundsen and his men the first to reach the North Pole.
List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990
The Fram Museum (Frammuseet) (Named after one of Amundsen's ships)
DIO vol.10 2000 Amundsen's record of polar firsts
1872 births
1928 deaths
Norwegian people
Norwegian explorers
People with foods named after them
Missing people
Christopher Columbus  (1451–1506) was a Genoese trader, explorer, and navigator.
He was born in Genoa, Italy, in the year 1451. "
Christopher Columbus" is the English version of Columbus's name.
His real name in Italian was 'Cristoforo Colombo.
In 1492 Columbus landed on an island of the Bahamas, the first European to do so.
His initial goal was to find a quicker route to Asia from Europe.
He is credited with the discovery of the New World because his voyage started the era of European colonialism in the Americas.
This was an important moment in European history.
While Leif Erikson was the first European to land on the soils of America it was not well documented and did not lead to the later contact between Europe and the New World.
The effects was the  bringing over of livestock, disease, crops and slaves
When the Spanish learned that Columbus had found a New World, many other people, called conquistadors, went there too.
This led to the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Discovery of America
Columbus was not the first European person to have discovered America.
At the time of his voyage, Europeans did not know that the Americas existed.
However, Leif Erikson, around 1000 AD had landed in present-day Canada.
This discovery had no impact on European history and was not well documented.
Columbus discovered America in the sense that he was the first person to create repeated exploration and contact with the New World.
Another point is that Native Americans had been living there for thousands of years before he arrived.
Ferbel, Peter J. (2000).
The Indigenous People of the Caribbean (review).
Ethnohistory 47 (3-4): 816-818. "
The indigenous people of the Caribbean … migrated from Central America some six thousand years ago."
However, Native Americans did not record or contribute to the European record of history for obvious reasons.
Columbus, therefore, discovered America in context of European history.
Voyage in 1492
Many people in Western Europe wanted to find a shorter way to get to Asia.
Columbus thought he could get to Asia by sailing west.
He did not know about the Western Hemisphere, so he did not realize it would block him from getting to Asia.
However, Columbus did not have enough money to pay for this voyage on his own.
After defeating the Emirate of Granada, the rulers of Spain, Ferdinand II and Isabella I of Castile, agreed to pay for the voyage.
He promised to bring back gold and spices for them.
In August 1492, Columbus and his sailors left Spain in three ships: the Santa María (the Holy Mary), the Pinta (the Painted), and the Santa Clara (nicknamed the Niña: the Little Girl).
The three ships were very small.
Historians think that the largest ship, the Santa María, was only about  long, and about 16 to 19 feet (4.8 to 5.8 metres) wide.
Columbus's other ships were even smaller.
Historians think they were about  long.
On October 12, 1492, after sailing for about four months, Columbus landed on a small island in the Bahamas.
The natives called it Guanahani; Columbus renamed it San Salvador ("Holy Savior").
He met Arawek and Taíno Native Americans who lived on the island.
They were friendly and peaceful towards Columbus and his crew.
Not knowing where he was, and thinking that he had reached Asia, the "Indies," he called them "Indians."
He claimed their land as Spain's.
Columbus then sailed to what is now Cuba, then to Hispaniola.
On Hispaniola, Columbus built a fort.
This was one of the first European military bases in the Western Hemisphere.
He called it Navidad (Spanish for "Christmas").
He left thirty-nine crew members there, and ordered them to find and store the gold.
Treatment of native people
Columbus noticed that some of the Arawaks had gold earrings.
He took some of them as prisoners and ordered them to lead him to the gold.
However, they could not.
Second voyage
On September 24, 1493, Columbus left Spain with enough ships, supplies, and men to invade and make Spanish colonies in the New World.
He had 17 ships and 1,200 men.
These men included soldiers and farmers.
There were also priests, whose job was to convert the natives to Christianity.
On this voyage, Columbus explored some of the islands of the Lesser Antilles.
He also sailed around most of Hispaniola and explored the sides of Jamaica and Cuba he had not seen on his first voyage.
Then he went back to the Navidad fort.
He found the fort burned down.
Eleven of the 37 soldiers Columbus left at the fort were buried there.
The rest had disappeared.
Historians think this happened because of disease and fights with the Arawak people.
While Columbus was away from Navidad exploring Jamaica and Cuba, his soldiers stopped working on building a new fort and farms.
They made the Arawaks give them food.
They also stole things from the Arawaks and raped Arawak women.
This made the Arawaks decide to fight back against the Spaniards.
However, Spain had many weapons that the Arawaks had never seen, including steel swords, pikes, crossbows, dogs, and horses.
This made it much easier for Spain to win fights against the Arawaks.
Columbus also took revenge against the Arawaks for killing his soldiers at Navidad.
He made every native older than 14 give him a certain amount of gold every three months.
If a person did not do this, Columbus's men would cut off their hands, and they would bleed to death.
Columbus also led his soldiers to many different villages in Hispaniola to take them over and make them pay him gold also.
If they could not pay the gold, people would be made into slaves or killed.
There was not much gold on the parts of the island Columbus took over.
To avoid getting their hands cut off, many Arawaks tried to run away from Columbus and his men.
However, Columbus's soldiers used dogs to hunt them down and kill them.
Bartolomé de las Casas said that the Spanish killed two out of every three native people in the area (though he may have been exaggerating).
Start of the transatlantic slave trade
In February 1495, Columbus started the transatlantic slave trade.
He and his soldiers captured about 1,500 Taíno.
Only 500 could fit on Columbus's ships, so Columbus told his men they could take any of the rest as slaves.
They took 600 and let 400 go.
Of the 500 natives that Columbus shipped to Spain as slaves, about 200 died on the trip.
Half of the rest were very sick when they arrived.
This was the first time people had ever been shipped across the Atlantic Ocean to be sold as slaves.
Michele da Cuneo, a friend of Columbus's, helped capture natives as slaves.
In a letter, da Cuneo later wrote that Columbus gave him a captured native woman to rape:
Third voyage
Columbus went on another voyage in 1498.
King John II of Portugal had said there was a continent to the south-west of the Cape Verde islands.
On his third voyage, Columbus wanted to find this continent.
Before the voyage, Queen Isabella reminded Columbus that he should treat all of the native people well and make them into Christians.
On this voyage, Columbus sent three ships straight to the West Indies (the Caribbean).
He led another three ships: first to two Portuguese islands, then to the Canary Islands, then Cape Verde.
From Cape Verde, they sailed to the northern coast of South America and landed in Trinidad.
He also explored part of South America and the islands now called Tobago and Grenada.
On August 19, 1498, Columbus returned to Hispaniola.
He found that many of the Spanish settlers there were unhappy.
They thought there would be more gold in the New World.
Some of them had rebelled while he was gone.
Columbus had five of the rebellion's leaders hanged.
He also tried to make the rest of the settlers happy by giving them land in Hispaniola.
However, the settlers kept sending complaints to Spain.
In 1499, Queen Isabella sent a man named Francisco de Bobadilla to Hispaniola.
She gave him the power to do whatever he thought he should do.
When he arrived in 1500, the first thing he did was to have Columbus arrested and sent back to Spain in chains.
When he was trying to make Spanish settlers happy, Columbus started the Encomienda system in Hispaniola.
Under this system, Columbus would give a piece of land in Hispaniola to an individual Spanish settler.
Sometimes, he would give away a whole native village.
Any natives that lived in that area had to work for that Spanish settler.
Natives had lived on this land for centuries.
Columbus was giving their land away, and'' then forcing them to work on that land.
On August 23, 1500 Columbus was arrested in Hispañola, now called Santo Domingo, for cruelty to natives and Spaniards.
He was sent to Spain in chains in October 1500.
He was released on December 25, 1500, and taken to court.
Columbus had important friends, and the King restored his freedom.
He was not made governor again, but eventually he was allowed to lead another voyage.
Columbus's relatives said that Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy.
Today, no historian can say for sure where Columbus was born.
Most experts think the best evidence says he was born in Genoa.
However, other historians think Columbus was born somewhere else, like Spain or Portugal.
Some think he was originally a Jew who converted to Christianity.
In 1477, Columbus married Felipa Moniz Perestrelo.
She was from a semi-noble family with connections to sailing.
She died around 1479 or 1480 while giving birth to their son, Diego.
In 1485, while in Córdoba, Spain, Columbus met Beatriz Enríquez de Trasierra.
They lived together for a while.
They had one child named Fernando.
Columbus's goals
Columbus had a few different goals for his journeys to the New World.
First, he believed he could find a shorter and easier route to Asia, which made things Europe did not.
He believed he could find a shorter route to China.
Other people had called this belief absurd.
Columbus wanted to prove these people wrong.
Second, Columbus wanted to find gold.
Gold was the main kind of money used in Columbus's times.
In his letter to Spain's King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, Columbus wrote: “Gold is most excellent; gold is treasure, and [the person] who [has] it does all he wishes to in this world."
This means that someone with gold can do anything he wants to do.
Many historians believe that Columbus wanted to become a powerful person  and in order to become powerful, he needed to find gold.
After Columbus
When the Spanish learned about the New World, many conquistadors, or conquerors, went there.
The Spanish conquistadors first settled on the islands of Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti), Cuba, and Puerto Rico.
They grabbed as much gold as they could.
The Spanish also brought priests and forced the Native Americans to convert to Christianity.
1451 births
1506 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in Spain
People from Genoa
The GNU General Public License (GPL) is a computer software copyleft license.
This license lets the user of the software use a program in many of the same ways as if it were public domain.
They can use it, change it, and copy it.
They can also sell or give away copies of the program with or without any changes they made to it.
The license lets them do this as long as they agree to follow the terms of the license.
The GPL was created by Richard Stallman.
The current version is version 3, created in 2007, although some software still uses version 2, created in 1991.
There are two main terms to the license.
Both apply to giving the program away or selling it.
A copy of the source code or written instructions about how to get a copy must be included with the software.
If the software is able to be downloaded from the internet, the source code must also be available for downloading.
The license of the software can not be changed or removed.
It must always use the GPL.
If the user does not agree to follow the GPL, they can still use the software under copyright laws.
They can use it and make copies or changes to it for themselves, but they cannot give it away or sell it.
They also can not change the license.
List of software licenses
GNU General Public License v1.0
GNU General Public License v2.0
GNU website
In geometry, a triangle is the flat shape formed by joining three points (not in a straight line) with straight line segments.
A triangle is a three sided polygon.
In music, a triangle is a musical instrument that is made from a metal tube.
It is in the shape of a triangle.
It is open at one corner, and when it is hit with a metal stick, it makes a sound.
A square is a shape with four equal sides and four corners that are all right angles (90 degrees).
The diagonals of a square also cross at right angles.
The angle between any diagonal and a side of a square is 45 degrees.
A square has rotational symmetry of four.
It has four lines of regular symmetry.
A square with vertices A, B, C and D can be written as .
A square is a type of rectangle with all sides of equal length.
However, while a square is a type of rectangle and rhombus, the opposite does not need to be true.
If the length of side a is known, then we have that:
If the length of diagonal d is known, then we have that:
Central processing unit (CPU)
Random-access memory (RAM)
Power supply unit (PSU)
Graphics processing unit (GPU)
Hard drive
Hardware needs software to tell it what to do.
Without software, the hardware cannot be used.
Meat is animal tissue used as food.
Most often is used to describe skeletal muscle and fat that is found with it.
Types of meat include beef and veal from cattle, pork, ham and bacon from pigs, mutton from sheep, venison from deer, fish, insects, and poultry from chickens, ducks and turkeys.
The word meat is also used for sausages and for non-muscle organs which are used for food, for example liver, brain, and kidneys.
In the meat processing industry, (in some countries) the word "meat" is to mean only the flesh of mammalian species such as pigs, cattle, etc.
but does not include fish, insects and poultry.
Meat is an important part of the diet of many people because it has protein.
Protein helps the growth and healing of a body and gives energy.
Meat is a "high-protein" food, but costs more than other foods like bread and vegetables.
Meat is also a source of B vitamins.
People who cannot afford meat, or who do not like to eat it need to find other ways to get enough protein in their diet.
Beans and certain nuts are also high in protein, but plant protein might not be as easy to absorb as animal protein.
People that choose not to eat meat are called vegetarians, and those who do not eat any animal products are known as vegans.
Red meat is darker-coloured meat (usually form mammals), different from white meat such as chicken or fish.
There is a greater risk of diseases and parasites when eating raw meat, but there are some special dishes which are made from raw meat.
Examples are steak tartare, sushi, oysters.
The meat used in these dishes are usually of high quality.
In religion
Due to religious dietary law, halal (حلال) meaning permissible in Arabic is used as a visual marker for Muslims on shops and on products.
Likewise kosher for food sourced and prepared according to Jewish tradition.
Anders Celsius (27 November 1701 – 25 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer.
Celsius was born in Uppsala in Sweden.
Much of his work was in what was later called Geodesy.
He is more famous for developing the Celsius temperature scale when he worked on meteorology (a science about weather conditions).
It later became an the international standard.
One of his good friends Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the Fahrenheit scale for the thermometer.
1701 births
1744 deaths
Meteorologists
Swedish scientists
People from Uppsala
Tuvalu is a small island country in the Pacific Ocean.
In the past, it was the Ellice Islands.
It was part of Gilbert and Ellice Islands.
It is a monarchy.
Tuvalu is getting smaller.
If the sea level keeps rising at the same rate, this country will be covered by water in about 50 years.
The United States and Tuvalu signed a treaty of friendship in 1979, when the US  gave up their claim to Tuvalu for the islands of Funafuti, Nukefetau, Nukulaelae, and Nurakita.
Funafuti (the capital city island)
Nanumaga
Niutao
Nui
Nukufetau
Nukulaelae
Vaitupu
On 6 August 1998 a licensing agreement was signed with Information.
CA of Toronto under which it agreed to pay an up-front payment of US$50 million for exclusive marketing rights to Tuvalu's domain until 2048, with the country manager/delegee of the Government of Tuvalu for the .tv extension being The .tv Corporation International, which was established in 1998.
Subsequent negotiations with Information.
CA followed from the delays in payment of US$50 million.
Idealab, a Californian company, became involved in 1999 and assumed the $50 million obligation to be paid over 10 years.
With the first $1 million payment, Tuvalu was finally able to afford to join the United Nations.
Lou Kerner became the first employee of .tv when he joined as CEO in January 2000.
.tv grew to over 100 employees, with offices in Los Angeles, London, and Hong Kong, before being acquired in a nine figure transaction in December, 2001.
Tuvalu has four reef islands and five true atolls.
The atolls have only 26 km of land.
Tuvalu is the fourth smallest country in the world.
The land is very low lying and the coral atolls are narrow.
Funafuti is the largest atoll of the islands and atolls.
It has many islets around a central lagoon.
This is about 25.1 kilometres (15.6 mi) (N–S) by 18.4 kilometres (11.4 mi) (W-E), centered on 179°7’E and 8°30’S. A
The highest height is  above sea level, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest highest elevation of any country (after the Maldives).
Because of this, the islands that make up Tuvalu are threatened by any sea level rise.
If this happens, the people will have to go to New Zealand, Niue or the Fijian island of Kioa.
Tuvalu is also affected by what is known as a king tide, which can raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.
1978 establishments in Oceania
The area is 132,000 square km.
It is the world's 13th largest island.
Around 140 million people live there, which is half the people in Indonesia and more than on any other island in the world.
Most of them speak the Javanese language and many also speak other languages.
The Java Sea is to the north, the Indian Ocean south.
The capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta, is in Java.
Most of Java has a tropical monsoon climate (Am in the Koeppen climate classification).
The northern coast of the island is low-lying.
The soil is fertile, because the island was made by volcanoes.
It is an important area for growing crops in Indonesia.
List of monarchs of java
James Watt (19 January 1736  19 August 1819) was a Scottish mathematician and engineer.
He did not invent the first steam engine, but he did modify it to work better.
There were other patented steam engines (such as the Savery and Newcomen steam engines) in use by the time Watt started his work on them.
His major contribution is in developing the modern form of the steam engine.
The Watt steam engine is credited for driving the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries.
James Watt was a brilliant engineer and he also transformed the Newcomen engine.
James Watt was born on 19 January 1736 in Greenock, Renfrewshire.
His father was a shipwright, ship owner and contractor, and served as the town's chief baillie.
His mother, Agnes Muirhead, came from a distinguished family and was well educated.
Both were Presbyterians and strong Covenanters.
Watt's grandfather, Thomas Watt, taught mathematics and was a baillie to the Baron of Cartsburn.
Watt did not go to school every day.
At first, he was mostly schooled at home by his mother but later he attended Greenock grammar school.
He exhibited great skill with his hands and a natural ability for mathematics, although Latin and Greek failed to interest him.
He also absorbed the legends and lore of the Scottish people.
The centrifugal governor
One of Watt's many improvements was the invention of a "centrifugal governor" to regulate automatically the speed of the engine.
This is most obvious on steam engines where it regulates the admission of steam into the cylinder(s).
It is also found on internal combustion engines and variously fueled turbines, and in some modern striking clocks.
A centrifugal governor is a homeostatic device which controls the speed of an engine by regulating the amount of "intermediate substance" (steam) which drives the machine.
This keeps a near constant speed whatever the load or fuel supply conditions.
It uses the principle of proportional control: this means the stopping of (in this case) steam varies according to the speed of the machine.
On Watt's fly-ball device, as the machine speeds up, the balls fly round faster.
As they fly round faster, they move out from the central post.
As they move out from the central post, they close the steam supply more firmly.
As they do so, the machine slows down and the balls spin more slowly, and allow more steam into the cylinders.