the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Find out who your Members of Congress and other elected officials are, and how to contact them (from USA.gov)
How Laws are Made: For young learners, grade schoolers, middle schoolers, and high schoolers (from the U.S. House of Representatives)
About Federal Courts (from USCourts.gov)
Checks and Balances (from the U.S. Government Publishing Office)
Draco Lucius Malfoy is a fictional character from the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling.
Malfoy is an antagonist, a Slytherin student in Harry Potter's year and Harry's main rival in school.
In the Harry Potter movies, he is played by Tom Felton.
Draco Malfoy is the only child of Lucius and Narcissa Malfoy, a member of the Black family, whose cousin is Harry Potter's godfather.
Draco’s family was “one of the first to come back to the good side after the Wizarding War ended and Voldemort was defeated.”
In a stage play towards the end of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2, Malfoy married Astoria Greengrass, a fellow housemate and had an only child, Scorpius Malfoy, who is identical to Draco.
Astoria later died from blood malediction in 2017, which leaves Draco devastated.
Draco Malfoy's father taught Draco Malfoy to bully Harry and his friends Ron, Hermione and Neville Longbottom.
In the second book, he mocks Hermione by calling her "Mudblood", insulting her for her Muggle origins.
In the sixth book of the Harry Potter series, Draco becomes a Death Eater, thinking it will make his father proud.
But, he realizes his mistake and when asked by Voldemort to murder Professor Dumbledore, he is unable to do so.
Severus Snape commits the murder after he took the unbreakable vow to protect Malfoy.
With Dumbledore's death, Malfoy becomes the master of the powerful Elder Wand.
He disarms Dumbledore and he is later disarmed by Harry Potter.
de:Figuren der Harry-Potter-Romane#Draco Malfoy
Part 1: Don't Give up the ship
The shows opens at Duckburg.
After Donald Duck enlists in the navy, Uncle Scrooge has to take care of grand-nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie.
Uncle Scrooge brings the boys to the McDuck's mansion where they are presented to Duckworth, the butler.
The nephews are forced to sleep in the attic.
Days later, Donald sends a letter to the nephews that tells of his experiences in the Navy.
The nephews try to follow Uncle Scrooge but they are held by Duckworth in the Hall.
After breaking out of the room, the kids leave the mansion and follow Uncle Scrooge to Money Bin, where the boys find a model boat at the museum.
Meanwhile, an evil man named El Capitan hires the Beagle Boys (named Bigtime, Bankjob and Burger) to steal a boat model from Scrooge.
In the mansion, the nephews hear Scrooge speak ill of them and they run away.
They see the Beagles entering the Money Bin and decide to stop him.
The Beagles have a map of the building, but when they find the nephews, Bigtime orders the other Beagles to catch them.
Unfortunately, the Beagles manage to escape with the boat model.
The nephews return to the mansion with the map, but Scrooge holds them responsible for the disappearance of the boat and closes them again in the attic.
The nephews build a glider with the help of a Junior Woodchucks manual and flee the mansion of Uncle Scrooge.
In the theater, El Capitan explains that the boat is really a map that leads to a treasure.
The nephews get the boat back and flee to the McDuck candy factory.
The Beagles are covered with chocolate and Scrooge apologizes to his nephews for not believing them.
Part 2: Wronguay at Ronguay
Back at the mansion, the nephews decipher the code written on the map, but refuse to tell Uncle Scrooge unless he lets them participate in the treasure hunt.
At that point, Glomgold, a millionaire rival, comes to pay $2,000,000 for Scrooge's candy factory.
Glomgold bets that he can make more money in two weeks or he will eat Scrooge's hat.
Uncle Scrooge and his nephews rent a cheap plane to go to South America to a place named Ronguay.
When they arrive, the people who live there try to run away in the plane because Monsopies are coming, which Uncle Scrooge believes is a festival.
Huey reads in the manual of Junior Woodchucks what Monsopies is.
It is not a festival.
It is a flood that occurs every 100 years and covers the whole country with water.
When the Monsopies begins, the provisions flow away in the mud.
The ducks sleep in a cave, but the villains block the exit with a stone.
Fortunately the ducks find another exit and also a wrecked boat full of gold.
After repairing the boat, they use the flooding waters to navigate out of Ronguay to escape.
On the sea, El Capitan and Glomgold snap up the boat and leave the heroes in a life-boat.
Glomgod tosses one of the golden coins to Scrooge.
The boat with all the gold ship sinks and wrecks.
Since Uncle Scrooge now has a golden coin from the treasure, he has earned the most money.
Glomgol has lost his bet.
PCLinuxOS is a Linux operating system.
It is a free operating system for personal computers.
It was made to be easy to use.
The start of PCLinuxOS was a set of RPM packages created to improve successive versions of Mandrake Linux (now Mandriva Linux).
These packages were created by Bill Reynolds, a packager better known as Texstar.
From the year 2000 to 2003, Texstar maintained his repository of RPM packages in parallel with the PCLinuxOnline  Web site.
In an interview, Reynolds said he started PCLinuxOS "to provide an outlet for [his] crazy desire to package source code without having to deal with egos, arrogance and politics."
In 2003 Texstar created a fork of Mandrake Linux 9.2 (which was released in October 2003).
Working closely with The Live CD Project, Texstar has since developed that fork independently into a full-fledged distribution.
The initial releases were successively numbered as "previews" i.e. p5, p7, p8 up to p81a, then p9, p91, p92.
In August 2006 three new CDs/ISOs, numbered 0.93a, were released: MiniMe, Junior and Big Daddy.
At the same time, the original packages that make up the KDE desktop environment have been split into smaller ones, while some less essential portions of KDE have been omitted from the CD.
As a result, Texstar was able to fit the OpenOffice.org package into the BigDaddy release.
MiniMe remains a minimal "Live & Install" CD for experienced users wishing to add their own selection of packages, while Junior adds a few essential desktop-oriented packages, meeting the user somewhere between the two other releases.
PCLinuxOS 2008 "MiniMe" edition, was released on 2008-01-07.
With the advent of PCLinuxOS 2007, also known as .94, PCLinuxOS became rebased on Mandriva Linux 2007.
This implied a shift to a more modern code which will require a complete reinstall to this version.
The new version features a new look, and built-in 3D effects.
Both Beryl and Compiz come pre-installed, and can be configured with the PCLOS Control Center.
A new logo has also been designed for the new version, and is incorporated in the boot screen.
A new login screen has been designed, entitled "Dark".
PCLinuxOS 2007 final version was released on 2007-05-21.
GNOME edition
PCLinuxOS Gnome 2008, a remastered, community edition of PCLinuxOS featuring the GNOME 2.21.2 desktop (and sporting a look similar to Microsoft's Windows Vista), was released on March 21, 2008, and is currently hosted at  linuxgator.org .
PCLinuxOS is distributed as a Live CD, which can also be installed to a local hard disk drive.
When used as a Live CD, it can work with a USB flash drive, where the user's configuration and personal data are saved.
The entire CD can be copied to and run from memory (if the system has sufficient RAM) increasing speed.
PCLinuxOS uses the Advanced Packaging Tool (or APT), a package management system (originally from the Debian distribution), together with Synaptic Package Manager, a GUI front end to APT, in order to add, remove or update packages.
If there is enough memory on the machine and a network connection, the Live CD can update packages.
Relationship with Mandriva Linux
Although it retains a similar "look and feel" to Mandriva Linux, PCLinuxOS has diverged significantly.
The code was officially forked into an independent project in 2003, but after three years of contiguous development, the devs took advantage of further development in (the renamed) Mandriva, and forked the code again for PCLinuxOS 2007.
PCLinuxOS maintains its own software repository, available via the Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) and its Synaptic front-end, completely replacing Mandriva's urpmi.
PCLinuxOS endeavors to maintain a fully valid upgrade path for version 1.0.
This means that an installation could be continuously updated to the latest versions of packages, hence foregoing the need to re-install the entire distribution upon each successive release.
In the test releases before 1.0, it has sometimes been necessary to perform a reinstallation.
There are several community projects associated with PCLinuxOS.
Since PCLOS includes the mklivecd script, there are several third-party distributions based on PCLOS.
VideoLinux
SAM Linux
CAE Linux
PCLinuxOS Digital Photography Edition
The PCLinuxOS Magazine project is a community driven free publication focused on the users of PCLinuxOS by MyPCLinuxOS.com.
This online publication was started in September 2006 by a group of PCLOS users with some publication experience.
All content for the publication is solicited from the PCLOS user base.
The PCLinuxOS beautification project  encourages and hosts user submitted media for visual aspects of PCLinuxos.
PCLinuxOS website
Nutrition provides the cells of an organism with food, in a form they can use.
Organisms need food to be able to keep their bodies working properly.
They also need food to be able to do certain things.
Malnutrition can happen when a person does not eat the right amount of nutrients.
They can get better by changing their diet to have the right amount of the various nutrients.
Different organisms have different food requirements, and they eat different things in order to meet those requirements.
Animals that do not eat meat, for example, will have to get certain nutrients like protein from other foods.
A nutrition expert is called a dietician.
Nutritionists are different because they do not need the government to recognize them as experts.
Anyone can call themselves a nutritionist.
The six main types of nutrient are carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water.
A macronutrient is a nutrient that needs to be eaten a lot.
A micronutrient, such as a vitamin, is needed in smaller amounts, but it is still important.
Carbohydrates are not needed by the body but most people eat a lot of them.
Complex carbohydrates are more nutritious than simple carbohydrates.
Complex carbohydrates are found in vegetables while simple carbohydrates are found in processed foods.
They take longer to digest because they have more fiber.
Because they stay in the stomach for longer they leave the person who has eaten them feeling fuller for longer.
Protein is needed for building cells.
It is found in milk, meat, fish, beans, eggs and other foods like quinoa.
Protein is made of amino acids.
Fat is found naturally in some foods.
People often eat it in processed foods such as cakes and chocolate.
It is  high in energy.
Omega 3 and omega 6 fats are needed by the body.
There are saturated fats and unsaturated fats.
It is recommended that people avoid the saturated type.
It has been linked with heart disease.
Trans fats is also a fat people should avoid.
A lot of people think that fat is bad in general, but it is still controversial.
People are also advised not to eat too much sugar or salt.
Eating every few hours keeps blood sugar stable.
Some foods are good for us and some foods are bad.
A lei is a flower necklace from Hawaii.
The flower used most is the hibiscus or the orchid.
May First is called "Lei Day" in Hawaii.
The orchids are a large family of flowering plants, the Orchidaceae.
They are herbaceous monocots.
There are between 22,000 and 26,000 species in 880 genera.
They make up between 6–11% of all seed plants.
Orchids can be found in almost every country in the world except for Antarctica.
People have grown orchids for a 5 number of years.
They grow orchids for show, for science, or for food (for example, vanilla).
Some orchids have very special ways of pollination.
For example, the Lady's Slipper can trap insects and make them pollinate the flower.
Another instance is the Austrian orchid, which grows underground and is pollinated by ants.
Colombia and Ecuador have many different species.
The Brazilian Atlantic forest has over 1500 species.
Other places with great variety are the mountains in the south of the Himalayas in India and China.
The mountains of Central America and southeastern Africa also have various species, especially the island of Madagascar.
Ecuador has 3459 species, the greatest number recorded.
After Ecuador is Colombia, which has 2723.
After Colombia is New Guinea, 2717 and Brazil, which has 2590 species in all.
In warm places, where there is much grass, or in places where there is dry savanna and rocky fields, orchids grow in the ground.
They have firm underground roots, and sometimes have tubers to help protect themselves against cold or snow.
The tubers also help protect them against long drought or fire.
The cold would freeze the roots if they were not protected to store the nutrients they need for blooming in the spring.
It is thought that some species are becoming extinct in the wild.
This is mainly because people cut down forests for agriculture.
The complex cross-pollination mechanisms were described by Charles Darwin in his 1862 book The Fertilisation of Orchids.
Orchids have developed special pollination systems.
The chances of being pollinated are often scarce, so orchid flowers usually remain receptive for very long periods, and most orchids deliver pollen in a single mass.
Each time pollination succeeds, thousands of ovules can be fertilized.
Catasetum, a genus discussed briefly by Darwin, actually launches its sticky pollinia with explosive force when an insect touches a seta (hair), knocking the pollinator off the flower.
Pollinators are often visually attracted by the shape and colours of the flower.
In some extremely specialized orchids, such as the Eurasian genus Ophrys, the labellum is adapted to have a colour, shape and odour which attracts male insects via mimicry of a receptive female.
Pollination happens as the insect attempts to mate with flowers.
Many neotropical orchids are pollinated by male orchid bees, which visit the flowers to gather volatile chemicals they require to synthesize pheromonal attractants.
Each type of orchid places the pollinia on a different body part of a different species of bee, so as to enforce proper cross-pollination.
After pollination, the sepals and petals fade and wilt, but they usually remain attached to the ovary.
An underground orchid in Australia, Rhizanthella slateri, is never exposed to light, and depends on ants and other terrestrial insects to pollinate it.
Fruits and seeds
The ovary typically develops into a capsule that splits along three or six longitudinal slits, while remaining closed at both ends.
The ripening of a capsule can take two to 18 months.
The seeds are extremely small and very numerous, in some species over a million per capsule.
After ripening, they blow off like dust particles or spores.
They lack the food reserve called endosperm, so must have symbiosis with fungi to get nutrients to germinate.
All orchid species rely on fungi to complete their lifecycles.
As the chance for a seed to meet a fitting fungus is very small, only a minute fraction of all the seeds released grow into adult plants.
In cultivation, germination typically takes weeks.
Horticultural techniques have been devised for germinating seeds on a nutrient-containing gel, so they do not need the fungus for germination.
The main component for the sowing of orchids in artificial conditions is agar.
The substance is put together with some type of carbohydrate (actually, some kind of glucose) which provides qualitative organic feed.
Such substance may be banana, pineapple, peach or even tomato puree or coconut milk.
After the "cooking" of the agar agar (it has to be cooked in sterile conditions), the mix is poured into test tubes or jars where the substance begins to gel.
"Leis" redirects here.
"LEIS" is an abbreviation for low-energy ion scattering.
Lei, the singular formal form of "you" in Italian (informal : tu)
Lei, the plural form of Leu, the name of two currencies.
See Romanian leu and Moldovan leu.
Lei (Hawaii), a Hawaiian flower necklace
Lei (surname), a Chinese name
Lei (Italy), a town in Sardinia
Lei Fang, a character in the Dead or Alive game series
Lei Wulong, a character in the Tekken game series
Lei (magazine), an Italian magazine
Lei, the Portuguese language word meaning "law"
L.e.i.,
a clothing company
LEI, the ATA Airport Code for the Spanish city Almería
Legal Expenses Insurance, a policy which covers the holder for legal costs
Steven Vincent Buscemi (born December 13, 1957) is an American actor, director, producer, writer and former firefighter.
He is best known for his roles as Mr. Pink in Reservoir Dogs, Carl Showalter in Fargo, and Seymour in Ghost World.
With a long career, he has worked in several movies and television shows like The Sopranos and The Simpsons.
He was married to Jo Andres from 1987 until her death in 2019.
They have a son, Lucian Buscemi.
The Illustrious Steve Buscemi
Steve Buscemi: IndieKing
Surveying, the technique and science of measuring positions and distances on Earth
Aerial survey, a method of collecting information using aerial photography
Cadastral survey, used to document land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, plats, and maps
Dominion Land Survey, the method used to divide most of Western Canada into one-square-mile sections for agricultural and other purposes
Public Land Survey System, a method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels
Survey township, a square unit of land, six miles (~9.7 km) on a side, used by the U.S. Public Land Survey System
Statistical survey, a collection of quantitative information about members of a population
Census, a collection of information about every member of a population
Sampling (statistics), collecting information on only a sample of a population
Opinion poll, an informal collection of opinions using sampling
Quantitative marketing research, the use of surveys to collect data for marketing purposes
Paid survey, statistical survey which rewards the participant, often used to collect information for marketing purposes
Questionnaire, a series of questions used to gather information
Information Technology , a collection of surveys on IT
Geological survey, an investigation of the subsurface of the ground to create a geological map or model
Geophysical survey, the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies
Soil survey, the mapping of the properties and varieties of soil in a given area
Archaeological field survey, the collection of information by archaeologists prior to excavation
Hydrographic survey, the gathering of information about navigable waters for the purposes of safe navigation of vessels
Cave survey, the three-dimensional mapping of underground caverns; the resulting map is also referred to as a survey
Astronomical survey, imaging or mapping regions of the sky
Durchmusterung, a German word for a systematic survey of objects or data, generally used in astronomy
Redshift survey, an astronomical survey of a section of the sky to calculate the distance of objects from Earth
Survey article, a scholarly publication to summarize an area of research
The Institut Géographique National, a French state establishment which produces and maintains geographical information for France and its territories
The Survey of India, India's central agency in charge of mapping and surveying
The Zoological Survey of India studies the fauna of India
The British Geological Survey, a body which carries out geological survey and monitoring of the UK landmass
The Ordnance Survey, national mapping agency for Great Britain
The British Antarctic Survey, conducts scientific research in and around Antarctica for the United Kingdom
The United States Geological Survey, government scientific research agency which studies the landscape of the United States
The U.S. National Geodetic Survey, performs geographic surveys as part of the U.S. Department of Commerce
A closet is a small room in which people put their clothes.
It is usually not bigger than a garage or a basement.
It is not a wardrobe, it is a room.
Some people put things inside it other than clothes.
FreeDOS is a free and open source operating system.
It is made to work just like MS-DOS.
Almost all programs that will run on MS-DOS will run on FreeDOS too.
It was created because Microsoft did not want to make MS-DOS anymore.
FreeDOS can be installed with a floppy or with a CD.
Official website ; Official blog
Official download site
Official Facebook group
Official SourceForge page
This article contains information on every episode in Disney's The Buzz on Maggie.
2005 Aired Episodes
Episode 1A: The Flyinator
Maggie wants to see an FM-rated movie called The Flyinator 3, but she gets frightened from seeing it.
And when she comes home, her entire family, even Bella, turn into a bunch of Flyinators, but that's only in Maggie's imagination.
Episode 1B: Ladybugged
Episode 2A: Funball
When Maggie realizes that her older brother, Aldrin, can beat Pupert, Maggie's younger brother, at everyething, she devises a new game called "funball" so that Pupert can beat Aldrin at something.
But Aldrin gets the hang of things and eventually wins.
Episode 2B: The Science Watchamacallit
Coahoma County is a county in the northwestern part of Mississippi.
There are about 30,622 people living there.
It's capital is Clarksdale.
It was started on February 9, 1836. "
Coahoma" is a Choctaw word that means "red panther."
Mississippi counties
1836 establishments in Mississippi
Trentino is an alpine region of northern Italy.
The population has always been neolatin since the fall of the Roman empire.
In the 16th century Trento became notable for the Council of Trent (1545–1563) which gave rise to the Counter-Reformation.
The introduction of the Counter-Reformation in Trentino brought also a general recover of Italian language over German, as the Protestant ideas had found more followers in the small German-speaking population.
During WWI, Trentino was at the center of bloody battles between Italians and Austrians: Trentino was united to Italy in 1918.
Italian irredentists welcomed the union, that was followed by fascist improvements of the Italian nationalism in all the Trentino.
In the 1960s and 1970s Trentino witnessed strong economic development, spurred mainly by the tourism sector and by the new autonomy.
It is currently one of the richest and most developed Italian provinces.
Its capital is the town of Trento, historically known in English as Trent.
The province covers an area of more than , with a total population of about 0.5 million.
In 1996, the "Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino" was formed between the Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian provinces of Alto Adige/South Tyrol and Trentino.
The aim is to promote regional peace, understanding and cooperation in many areas.
The region's assemblies meet together as one on various occasions and have set up a common liaison office to the European Union in Brussels.
Provinces of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
The King Power Stadium is a football stadium in Leicester, England, where Leicester City Football Club play their home football matches.
Built to replace the aging filbert street ground, it can have up to 32,500 people inside it, more than 10,000 more than the ground it replaced.
Originally called  the Walkers Stadium, it was renamed to the King Power Stadium in 2011 following the end of the sponsorship deal, and re-branded the King Power Stadium following a take over by the current club owners and consultation with fans.
Botoşani (pronunciation in Romanian:  is the capital city of Botoşani County, in the northern part of Moldavia, Romania.
It has a population of 115,609 people as of the year 2002
Climatologists (people who study climate) and historians find it difficult to agree on either the start or end dates of this period.
Some say the Little Ice Age started about the 16th century and continued to the mid 19th century.
It is generally agreed that there were three minima, one beginning about 1650, one about 1770, the last one about 1850.
Each time was separated by slight warming intervals.
At first, it was believed that the LIA was all over the world.
Now it is not clear if this is true.
During the period 1645–1715, in the middle of the Little Ice Age, there was a period of low solar activity known as the Maunder Minimum.
The physical link between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures has not been established, but the coincidence of the Maunder Minimum with the deepest trough of the Little Ice Age is suggestive of such a connection.
The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period near the beginning of the Little Ice Age.
Other indicators of low solar activity during this period are levels of the isotopes carbon-14 and beryllium-10.
Volcanic activity
Throughout the Little Ice Age, the world also experienced heightened volcanic activity.
When a volcano erupts, its ash reaches high into the atmosphere and can spread to cover the whole of Earth.
This ash cloud blocks out some of the incoming solar radiation, leading to worldwide cooling that can last up to two years after an eruption.
Ocean conveyor shutdown
Another possibility is that there was a shutdown or slowing of Thermohaline circulation, also known as the "great ocean conveyor" or "meridional overturning circulation".
The Gulf Stream could have been interrupted by the introduction of a large amount of fresh water to the North Atlantic, possibly caused by a period of warming before the little ice age.
There is some concern that shutdown of thermohaline circulation could happen again as a result of global warming.
End of Little Ice Age
Beginning around 1850, the climate began warming and the Little Ice Age ended.
Some global warming critics believe that Earth's climate is still recovering from the Little Ice Age and that human activity is not the decisive factor in present temperature trends,  but this idea is not widely accepted.
Abrupt Climate Change Information from the Ocean & Climate Change Institute , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
The Next Ice Age  (discussion of Woods Hole research)
IPCC on Was there a Little Ice Age and a Medieval Warm Period?
Huascaran (Peru) Ice Core Data from the NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program
Abrupt Decrease in Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Salinity at End of Little Ice Age  ("indicates that sea surface temperature and salinity were higher in the 18th century than in the 20th century")
Dansgaard cycles and the Little Ice Age (LIA)  (it is not easy to see a LIA in the graphs)
The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warming in South Africa
Was El Niño unaffected by the Little Ice Age?
Evidence for the Little Ice Age in Spain
On LIA
Dutch Cloud an Landscape Painting in the LIA
Michael Dennis Morgan is an Olympic-level rower.
He has competed for Australia, 2004.
He was born December 19, 1946.
Michael Morgan is a German singer of simple popular songs.
He was born March 10, 1968, as Michael Lamboley in Merzig in West-Germany.
Historically, the period from 1500 BC–1 AD saw the Western Asian, Mediterranean, Chinese and Indian societies develop major networks for trade, such as the silk road.
Europe's early trading routes included the amber road, which served as a network for long distance trade.
Maritime trade along the spice route became prominent during the Middle Ages; nations tried to control this influential route.
During the Middle Ages organizations such as the Hanseatic League, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade, also became increasingly important.
In modern times, commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the Old World to newer routes between modern nation states.
This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international free trade agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions.
Innovative transportation of the modern times includes pipeline transport, and the relatively well known trade using rail routes, automobiles and cargo airlines.
Trade routes: the growth of global trade.
ArchAtlas, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford.
Ancient trade routes between Europe and Asia.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Zircon is a silicate mineral.
It is found in many different places in almost all kinds of rock.
The chemical it is made up of is called  zirconium silicate:  ZrSiO4.
Clear zircon may look like diamond and has been used as a cheaper replacement for diamond.
It is not the same as cubic zirconia, which is man-made zirconium dioxide.
In the United States, zircon is considered to be the birth stone for the month of December.
Long lasting zircons
Zircons from the Jack Hills in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, have yielded U–Pb (uranium–lead radioactive dating) ages up to 4.404 billion years.
This is judged to be the age of crystallization, making them the oldest minerals so far dated on Earth.
In addition, the oxygen isotopic compositions of some of these zircons indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of the Earth.
This interpretation is supported by additional trace element data, but is also the subject of debate.
Labradorite is one kind of feldspar.
It is a silicate mineral, and is special because it is often pretty enough to be used in jewelry.
Some kinds of labradorite are called moonstone or sunstone.
Beryl is a cyclosilicate, and is the second main ore of beryllium metal.
It is sometimes found as very, very large crystals, as much as 18 m. (59 ft.)
Colored clear beryl is often used for jewelry, including emerald (green), aquamarine (bluegreen), bixbite (red), morganite (pink), and heliodor (golden).
Hallstatt is a village in Upper Austria.
Currently, a little over 900 people live there.
It is in the Salzkammergut, a mountain regionin Austria.
It lies on a lake.
Because of its position, Hallstatt could only be reached by boat (or by using narrow, difficult mountain trails) for a long time.
At the end of the 19th century a road was built.
Despite this, even in the Neolithic people might have lived there.
This is because there is a lot of natural salt there.
In 1846, Johann Georg Ramsauer (a salt miner) found a cemetery from the neolithic age just above the village.
A cultural epoch in Europe is named after this.
It is called Hallstatt culture.
Other finds in the region include a Shoe-last celt (a special kind of wedge, probably used to treat wood).
A blacksmith site has also been excavatzed.
Today, the village lives mainly on tourism.
There is a copy of the village in China.
The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony.
It was drafted by the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic on the Mayflower, looking for the freedom to belive in Christianity according to their own beliefs in God.
It was signed on 11 November 1620 (OS) by 41 of the ship's more than one hundred passengers, where they first landed.
According to the customs of the time, the signers were all male.
Of the 41 men who signed the Compact, 21 died during the first year in United States of America.
List of men who signed
William Bradford
William Mullins
Gilbert Winslow
Edmund Margeson
Richard Britteridge
John Ridgdale
Richard Clarke
Richard Gardiner
John Allerton
Thomas English
Edward Leister
John Piper (author) (born 1953), English author and market analyst
John Piper (artist) (1903–1992), English painter and printmaker
John Piper (broadcaster), BBC radio host
John Piper (military officer) (1773–1851), lieutenant-governor of Norfolk Island
John Piper (theologian) (born 1946), Reformed pastor and author
John Stephen Piper (born January 11, 1946, Chattanooga, Tennessee) is a Reformed Baptist theologian, preacher, and author.
He is the pastor for preaching of Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and has written many books.
He started the evangelical ministry named Desiring God, after his book Desiring God: Meditations of a Christian Hedonist.
Piper was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
He is the son of Bill and Ruth Piper.
When he and his older sister were still young, the Pipers moved to Greenville, South Carolina where he spent the rest of his childhood.
He later graduated from Wade Hampton High School.
His father was an evangelist who worked with international radio and Bible programs until his death on March 6, 2007.
College years
Piper went to Wheaton College in 1964-68.
He majored in literature, and minored in philosophy.
Because he studied Romantic Literature in college, he went on to enjoy it in life.
Today he writes poems for special family events, as well as writing story-poems about the lives of biblical people.
After college, he studied for and received a Bachelor of Divinity degree from Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California (1968-71).
While there, he took several courses where he studied the writings of Jonathan Edwards.
He also did some doctoral work in New Testament Studies in Munich, West Germany from 1971-1974.
In 1980, after what he said was something that he could not turn down, he became a preacher.
Piper became Pastor of Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
He has been working there ever since.
Piper became popular when his book Desiring God: Meditations of a Christian Hedonist was published.
He has written many books since.
In 1994, he started Desiring God Ministries.
Today Desiring God puts all of Piper's sermons and articles from the last three decades online for free, as well as offering books, CDs, and DVDs.
On January 11, 2006, Piper was told that he had prostate cancer.
According to a letter sent to his church, he and his doctors thought that the cancer was not a big problem.
When Piper talked about this he said, "This news has, of course, been good for me.
The most dangerous thing in the world is the sin of self-reliance and the stupor of worldliness.
The news of cancer has a wonderfully blasting effect on both.
I thank God for that.
The times with Christ in these days have been unusually sweet."
Piper had surgery on February 14, 2006.
He married Noël Henry in 1968, and they now have four sons, a daughter, and several grandchildren.
Piper calls himself a Christian Hedonist and teaches that "God is most glorified in us when we are most satisfied in him."
He also teaches that God's highest pursuit and man's deepest happiness are the same in one pursuit – namely, "the pursuit of joy in God."
He was learned this theory in the writings of Jonathan Edwards, Blaise Pascal, and C. S. Lewis, among others.
Piper believes in justification by faith alone apart from good works.
His teachings talk about the need for the Christian to have faith, sanctification, as this is evidence of God's saving grace.
Piper says that someone who says they are a Christian, but does not act Christian, shows that they were never a true believer.
Rapture beliefs
Piper believes in the Post-Tribulational view of the Rapture and leans towards historical premillennialism.
He believes that Romans 11 teaches many ethnic Israeli people will be saved at Jesus' second coming.
Piper is very neutral about the Torah in Judaism.
He says that it was made by God to reveal sin and show that man does not live up to God's righteous standards.
Christians, living under the New Testament, are not under the Old Testament law, and are able to complete it through faith in Jesus Christ.
Piper teaches that God has only one chosen people, mostly Jews in the Old Testament.
but he believes now that relationship has been won by the Christian church.
So, the Church is rightful inheritor of all the promises made to Israel, and Jews who do not take Jesus as Messiah have no right to this blessing.
Spiritual gifts
On the topic of spiritual gifts, Piper believes that supernatural gifts such as miracles, healings, and speaking in tongues are around today.
He does not believe that the job of apostle is worked today.
He also believes that the gift of prophecy in the church is from God, (that is inspired by Him) but is not infallible because of the medium (namely men).
Thus, while prophecies are to be embraced scripture reveals that they be sifted or tested in order to decipher that which is good (i.e.in accord with God's revealed word, the Bible).
Books by Piper
Desiring God: Meditations of a Christian Hedonist (Multnomah, 1986; 2nd edition, 1996, 3rd edition, 2003).
The Pleasures of God (Multnomah, 1991; Expanded edition, 2000).
Let the Nations Be Glad!
The Supremacy of God in Missions (Baker, 1993, 2nd Edition 2003).
Future Grace, or, The Purifying Power of Living By Faith In Future Grace (Multnomah, 1995).
Brothers, We Are Not Professionals (Broadman & Holman, 2002).
Don't Waste Your Life (Crossway, 2003).
When I Don't Desire God (Crossway, 2004).
God Is the Gospel (Crossway, 2005).
What Jesus Demands from the World (Crossway, 2006).
The Future of Justification (Crossway, 2007).
Desiring God - 27 years of sermons for free.
Also books, articles, and more
Desiring God Blog - This has updates on new sermons, articles, and blogposts
Desiring God Radio - Piper's official radio broadcast
John Stephen Piper  - At Ondoctrine.com
People from Chattanooga, Tennessee
William Henry Gates III  (born October 28, 1955) is an American businessman and the co-founder and chairman of Microsoft.
He is the third-richest person in the world behind Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk in net worth as of January 2021.
William Henry Gates III was born on October 28, 1955 at Swedish Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, U.S.  He has British and German ancestry.
His father William H. Gates, Sr.
was a lawyer.
His mother Mary Maxwell Gates served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way.
His parents wanted him to be a lawyer.
At the age of 13, Bill went to Lakeside High School.
College career and the Founding of Microsoft
He was a freshman at Harvard University in 1973.
He left Harvard to make software.
Bill Gates saw an opportunity to transform the personal computer, which was expensive and difficult to use.
He decided that computers could be made less expensive and easier to use.
Gates started Microsoft in 1975 with Paul Allen in the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Gates then went on to develop the Windows operating system, which at first wasn't well-received but with time became the most used operating system in the world.
Retirement, philanthropy and charity work
In 2006, Gates announced he was going to quit his job at Microsoft.
This was so he could do more charity work with his wife, Melinda.
Their charity is called the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Gates' philanthropy projects have included vaccination of children in sub-Saharan Africa, scholarship programs in the United States, and a mission to help organize other billionaires to redistribute their wealth.
He likes to give money and support to human rights, education, and technological innovation.
Gates stepped down from his CEO position in Microsoft in 1998 and Steve Ballmer did the job instead.
On June 16, 2007, Microsoft said that Gates, the chairman of Microsoft, will come in on a day-to-day schedule to continue working with his charity organization full-time for the years to come.
On 2014, Satya Nadella became the new CEO of Microsoft and Bill Gates came back as the Chief Technology Adviser.
He was awarded an honorary knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II in 2005 for his services to philanthropy and charity.
As an American citizen, he cannot be called "Sir Bill Gates", but can use the letters "KBE" after his name.
Melinda French divorced with Bill Gates since May 3, 2021.
Even though they divorced, they stated that they will keep working on charity events.
In 1986, Gates took Microsoft public.
The company's stock was worth $520 million.
Gates owned 45 percent of the stock himself, which was worth $234 million.
The company continued its rapid growth and the stock price soared.
At one point, Gates' stock was worth over $100 billion.
This made him the richest man in the world, until October 2017, when Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos became even richer than him.
He was the richest man in the world.
In October 2017, his net worth was surpassed by Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos.
Bezos had an estimated net worth of US$90.6 billion compared to Gates's net worth of US$89.9 billion at the time.
As of January 2021, Gates had an estimated net worth of US$163 billion, making him the third-richest person in the world.
And now, he is the third-richest person in the world behind Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk in net worth as of January 2021.
Steve Jobs, founder of Apple
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
A Fibula is an ancient brooch.
(Plural: fibulae).
Technically, the latin term fibulae meant Roman brooches, but the term is widely used for brooches from the entire ancient and early medieval world.
Unlike modern brooches, fibulae were not only decorative, they originally served a practical function: to fasten clothes, including cloaks.
Fibulae replaced straight pins that were used to fasten clothing in the Neolithic period and Bronze Age.
In turn, fibulae were replaced as clothing fasteners in the Middle Ages by buttons.
Their descendent, the modern safety-pin, remains in use today.
There are hundreds of different types and variations of fibulae.
They are usually divided into families or groups based on historical period, geography and/or cultural grouping.
Fibulae are also divided into classes based on their general forms.
Hattatt, Richard.
A Visual catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches.
Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2000.
The Supreme Court building is home of the Supreme Court of the United States.
It is in Washington, D.C. It was designed in the neoclassical style by an architect named Cass Gilbert.
Note: Some of these are on the National Register of Historic Places
Bethlehem Baptist Church (Phoenix, Arizona)
Bethlehem Baptist Church (Minneapolis), Minnesota
Bethlehem Baptist Church (Barnwell, South Carolina)
The Bethlehem Baptist Church (BBC) is a megachurch in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
The church was started in 1871 as the First Swedish Baptist Church of Minneapolis.
Since 1980, their pastor has been John Piper.
19th-century establishments in Minnesota
A megachurch is a large church.
It usually has around 2,000 or more people come every week.
About 1,300 Protestant churches are megachurches.
Database of Megachurches in the U.S.
The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) or Medieval Climate Optimum was a time of unusually warm climate in the North Atlantic region.
It was not a planet-wide phenomena.
It lasted from about the tenth century to about the fourteenth century.
In discussions of global warming this period is often mentioned.
M.K. Hughes and H.F. Diaz, "Was there a 'Medieval Warm Period?",
Climatic Change 26: 109-142, March 1994
The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period
Motor sports are sports where the people taking part use a motor vehicle.
The usual vehicles are a car, motorcycle or boat.
Some motor sports use aircraft or snowmobiles.
Motor sports can be based either on speed (the first one to reach the finish line wins) or on skill (the one with the least amount of penalty points wins).
Speed-based motor sports are often called races.
Motor sports based on skill are often called trials.
The Niagara IceDogs are a Canadian ice hockey team.
They began playing in 1998.
The team currently plays in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL).
They play their home games in St. Catharines, Ontario at the Meridian Centre.
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Ontario
1998 establishments in Canada
Haan is a town of the district of Mettmann in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.
Since 1975, Gruiten belongs to Haan.
Eu, France, since 1967
Berwick-upon-Tweed, United Kingdom, since 1982
Bad Lauchstädt, Germany, since 1990
Dobrodzień, Poland, since 2004
The local Gymnasium is also twinned with Liceo Scientifico of  Forte dei Marmi, Italy.
A gas chamber is an airtight room used for killing people or animals with poison gas.
The people or animals are put into the gas chamber, the door is sealed airtight from the outside, and a gas, such as carbon monoxide or hydrogen cyanide, is put into the chamber.
The victims die from inhaling the poisonous gas.
In the United States, prisons have used gas chambers to execute prisoners who have been sentenced to death.
The first person in the United States to be executed in a gas chamber was Gee Jon, in a prison in Nevada, in 1924.
The government of Nevada did not want to use an electric chair, and thought hanging was cruel and inhumane.
The gas chamber is usually a small chamber, which is made air-tight with a door (typically with rubber strips around) into which the prisoner is escorted and either placed or fastened to a chair with straps, and left inside.
After this, the gas is inserted either through a hose or a pellet is dropped into a solution which combined produces deadly gas, and the person(s) is asphyxiated within minutes.
In the United States, one or two people maximum were executed, although recently it has become extremely uncommon.
After California stopped using it in favour of lethal injection, it became nearly redundant.
But it is still possible in several states, typically as a second method, in case there would not be drugs for an injection to be performed, or if the prisoner prefers to be executed by gas for any reason.
Recently, there has been proposals and a law has been enacted in Oklahoma for a variation, so-called nitrogen gas, either by chamber or a mask.
It is believed to be less painful and anxious than the method previously used.
In the beginning, actually, the idea of a gas chamber was to let the prisoner condemned to death sleep in a cell which would then be exposed to lethal gas during the night, without the prisoner's knowledge.
However, because of poor isolation techniques it was too difficult and so the gas chamber was introduced instead.
It was introduced in several states, including Mississippi, North Carolina, Missouri, Colorado, California, Arizona and New Mexico, but it never was as popular as the electric chair and later execution by injection.
The method is in fact expensive and thought to be painful because the prisoner must breathe deeply to hasten the death, which is difficult when the body wants to reject the fumes. (
With nitrogen, it is different because the body doesn't reject it as strange or fatal.)
It is also extremely dangerous to the audience and personnel in case there is a leak, and impossible to halt in case there is an attempt to stop the execution, such as in the cases of Caryl Chessman and Burton Abbott.
In the case of an electric current or injection the switch can be turned off and the needle ripped out, and while it might not be enough there is no risk for the people trying to save the prisoner.
In one case, when the mechanism jammed, the executioner had to drop the pellet into the acid (producing the deadly fumes beneath the chair where the prisoner was sitting) and jump out of the chamber as the warden stood ready to slam the door and tighten it.
By the 1990s, the gas chamber had become unpopular in the United States.
It never became as popular as execution by electric chair or (more recently) lethal injection.
When Donald Eugene Harding was executed in Arizona in 1992, witnesses described his death as "violent" and an "ugly event".
The last prisoner to be executed in the gas chamber in the United States was Walter LaGrand, in Arizona in 1999.
All states that still have the death penalty use lethal injection.
However, in April 2015, Oklahoma made a law using nitrogen gas to execute people, although it's not certain whether the gas would be used by a mask or similar contraption or in a gas chamber.
They approved this after it took over an hour to execute Clayton Lockett by lethal injection.
In Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany first used gas chambers to kill people with disabilities.
The Nazis thought that people of disabilities were "life unworthy of life," and did not deserve to live.
Between 1939 and 1941, the Nazis killed 70,273 people with disabilities at hospitals like Hartheim Euthanasia Centre.