the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Madea usually helps her family through life situations, struggles and helping her family cope with one another.
She teaches them wisdom; which helps them in their everyday life.
Madea is also a forceful women who teaches young adults to act mature.
Madea has been locked up in prison several times.
She has outlived several of her husbands and lives off of their life security checks.
Madea uses bad language and tone to speak to her family when they are disrespectful.
She also has a bad temper and bad way of dealing with anger.
Madea is known to be half African American and quarter-Cherokee Indian.
She likes going to the casino on Sunday, rather than going to the church.
Although Madea does not read the bible, she uses it to manipulate situations in order to justify what she had done.
I Can Do Bad All By Myself (1999)
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2001)
Madea's Family Reunion (2002)
Madea's Class Reunion (2003)
Madea Goes to Jail (2006)
Madea's Big Happy Family (2010)
A Madea Christmas (2011)
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)
Madea's Family Reunion (2006)
Meet The Browns (2008) (cameo)
I Can Do Bad All By Myself (2009)
Madea's Big Happy Family (2011)
Madea's Witness Protection (2012)
A Madea Christmas (2013)
Madea's Tough Love (2015) (animated movie)
The Royal ghost frog (Heleophryne regis) is a species of frog in the Heleophrynidae family.
Minter, L., Channing, A. & Harrison, J. 2004.
Heleophryne regis .
Downloaded on 23 July 2007.
Joey Tribbiani is a fictional character on American sitcom Friends, portrayed by Matt LeBlanc.
In the series, Joey is an actor, and plays "Dr. Drake Ramoray" on Days Of Our Lives.
Friends characters
is a kind of sake.
It is an alcoholic drink made in Japan.
It is made with steamed rice, kōji, water, and yeast.
Actual doburoku is only made with special permission.
Something similar is often sold as nigori sake.
It is very easy to make at home with simple kitchen tools.
However, this kind of sake is not legal to make at home in Japan.
Doburoku festivals in Japan
Nagakusaten Shrine
Aichi Prefecture, Oobu City
The last Sunday before February 25
Aizu Tajima Gion Festival
Fukushima Prefecture, Minamiaizu Town
Oomori Shrine
Mie Prefecture, Kumano City
Mihara Doburoku, Agriculture, and Forestry Festival
Kochi Prefecture, Mihara Village
Early November
Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University (or in short JRHU) (, ), is a university in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, India.
It is the first university in India and the world which is only for disabled people.
It was started on September 27, 2001 by Jagadguru Rambhadracharya.
It is run by a trust named as Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Viklang Shikshan Sansthan.
The trust is responsible for all planned works of the university.
The university offers graduate, post-graduate and doctorate degrees in courses such as Sanskrit, Hindi, English, Sociology, Psychology, Fine Arts, Special education, Education, History, Culture & Archeology, Computer & Information Sciences, Vocational Education, Law, Economics, and Prosthetics and Orthotics.
All the facilities in the university such as classrooms, hostel and laboratory etc.
are disabled friendly.
The pons is part of the hindbrain, the ancient rear part of the brain.
It acts as a bridge, and has nerve fibres connecting the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata.
In humans it is above the medulla and below the midbrain.
Dibutyl sebacate (DBS) is an organic compound.
It is used as a plasticizer.
It is a dibutyl ester of sebacic acid.
Its main use is to produce plastics.
It can make cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and other plastics.
These plastics are used in the food packaging industry, in medical devices, and in pharmaceutical applications.
For example, it is used as a plasticizer for film coating of tablets, beads, and granules.
It is used make synthetic rubbers (especially nitrile rubber and neoprene).
It is also used as a lubricant (something that reduces friction between moving surfaces) in shaving lotions, and a flavoring additive in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, and baked goods.
DBS works well with a range of plastic materials.
It has good properties at low temperatures, and helps plastics from being dissolved by oil.
Dibutyl sebacate is also used as a desensitizer in Otto fuel II, a torpedo monopropellant.
A tombolo is a line of sand that connects an island to the main land or to another island.
They are often shaped like a hammer as they have been created by a complex process, called longshore drift.
The word 'tombolo' translates to mound.
It is a shaped piece of sand that is attached to something called a spit or bar.
Habituation is a basic activity whereby an animal responds less to repeated stimuli.
It is a primitive kind of learning.<ref> Carew T.J. 2000.
Behavioral neurobiology: the cellular organization of natural behavior.
Sinauer Associates.</ref>
The learning that underlies habituation is a basic process of biological systems.
Animals do not need conscious motivation or awareness for it to occur.
Habituation enables organisms to distinguish meaningful information from background stimuli.
Habituation occurs in all animals, as well as in the large protozoan Stentor coeruleus.
The decrease in responding is specific to the habituated stimulus.
For example, if one was habituated to the taste of lemon, their responding would increase significantly when presented with the taste of lime.
Two factors that can influence habituation include the time between each stimulus, and the length of time the stimulus is presented.
Shorter intervals and longer durations increase habituation, and vice versa''.
Human example
Habituation need not be conscious.
For example, a short time after a person dresses, the stimulus clothing creates disappears from our nervous systems and we become unaware of it.
In this way, habituation is used to ignore any continual stimulus.
This sort of habituation can occur through changes in sensory nerves themselves, and through negative feedback from the brain to peripheral sensory organs.
A nasal consonant is a type of consonant produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to come out through the nose, while the air is not allowed to pass through the mouth because something (like the tongue or the lips) is stopping it.
Examples of nasal consonants in English are  and , in words such as nose and mouth.
Most nasals are voiced, and, in fact, the nasal sounds  and  are among the most common sounds used in languages of the world.
Voiceless nasals are used in a few languages, such as Burmese and Welsh.
In terms of acoustics, nasal stops are sonorants, meaning that they do not significantly stop the flow of air (as it can  come out the nose).
However, nasals are also stops in their articulation because the flow of air through the mouth is blocked completely.
So nasal consonants sound both like sonorants and like obstruents.
The voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] is a common sound in European languages, such as: Spanish ñ; or French and Italian gn; or Catalan, Hungarian and Luganda ny; or Czech and Slovak ň; or Polish ń; or Occitan and Portuguese nh; or Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin nj.
English, German and Cantonese have ,   and .
Tamil has its own different letters for the sounds , , , ,  and  (ம,ந,ன,ண,ஞ,ங).
Catalan, Occitan, Spanish, and Italian have , ,  as phonemes, and  and  as allophones. (
In several American dialects of Spanish, there is no palatal nasal but only a palatalized nasal, , as in English canyon.
In Brazilian Portuguese nh is frequently pronounced as a nasalized [ j ], that is, as a nasal glide.
This vowel also exists in Guaraní.)
The term 'nasal stop' will often be abbreviated to just "nasal".
However, there are also nasal fricatives, nasal flaps, nasal glides, and nasal vowels, as in French, Portuguese, Catalan (dialectal feature), Yoruba, Gbe, Polish, and Ljubljana Slovene.
In the IPA, nasal vowels are indicated by placing a tilde (~) over the vowel. :
French sang .
A few languages use voiceless nasal consonants.
Some of these are Icelandic, Burmese, Jalapa Mazatec, Kildin Sami, Welsh, and Central Alaskan Yup'ik.
Ferguson (1963) 'Assumptions about nasals', in Greenberg (ed.)
Universals of Language, pp 50–60.
Saout, J. le (1973) 'Languages sans consonnes nasales', Annales de l Université d'Abidjan, H, 6, 1, 179–205.
Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Niger–Congo overview', in Bendor-Samuel & Hartell (eds.)
The Niger–Congo Languages, 3–45.
A term is an operand or an operator in a mathematical expression.
In an equation, the terms are all the numbers/variables (like  or ) and all the operators (like  or ).
Terms can be grouped in brackets (often parentheses) in an overall expression.
For example, in
3, , 4, , , 5 and  are seven separate terms.
A series is often represented as a sequence of terms (often a sum).
Operands
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (1475 ? -
1526) is usually reputed as the founder of Nicaragua, and in fact he founded two important Nicaraguan cities, Granada and León.
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (died 1517) was a Spanish conquistador, known to history mainly for the ill-fated expedition he led in 1517, in the course of which the first European accounts of the Yucatán Peninsula were compiled.
English-language references
; online English edition
Discovery of Yucatán , on the Mexican web site redescolar.
Discovery of Yucatán , on México desconocido.
1517 deaths
International Direct Dialing (IDD) is an international telephone call dialed by the caller rather than going via an operator.
Since late in the twentieth century, most international calls are direct dialed.
International calls are made by dialing the international call prefix for the country one is in, followed by the country calling code for the country one wishes to call, then the phone number within that country.
When phone numbers are published for use abroad, they include the country calling code, but replace the international call prefix with "+" to signify that the caller should use the prefix appropriate for their country.
Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) is a term used to refer to satellite television signals intended for home use.
Rage is an emotion.
It is an outward expression of great anger.
In Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions he showed that many emotions are shown the same way in many different societies.
The expressions of these emotions is largely genetic, and inherited.
Rage can be confused with Anger and have similar causes but Rage is more severe.
The Wii U ( ) is a video game console that was released by Nintendo on November 18, 2012, and is the successor of the Wii.
The video game machine, or console, was first shown in Nintendo's press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011 on June 7, 2011, and was released for sale on November 18, 2012 in North America; November 30, 2012 in Europe and Australia; and December 8, 2012 in Japan.
The system has been described as a part of the eighth generation of video game consoles.
The Wii U is Nintendo's sixth home video game console and their first to use 1080p high-definition graphics.
The Wii U has a new controller with a touchscreen, which allows the player to continue playing a game by showing the game even when the television is off.
Wii games work on the Wii U, and Wii U games can be played with Wii controllers and extras, such as the Wii Remote, Wii MotionPlus, Wii Balance Board, and the Classic Controller.
It also has a controller shaped like the Xbox 360 controller, the Wii U Pro Controller.
Nintendo GameCube games and controllers will not work on the Wii U without the adapter used for Super Smash Bros for Wii U. However, it only works for that game.
Like on the Wii and Nintendo 3DS, players can create Miis.
The best-selling games for the system included Mario Kart 8, New Super Mario Bros. U, and Nintendo Land.
The Wii U received positive reviews but did not sell well at all.
It has to deal with confusion if the Gamepad was a Wii accessory.
The Wii U sold 13.56 million units, which makes it the second lowest-selling Nintendo console, behind the Virtual Boy.
The main controller that was used by the Wii U was the Wii U Gamepad.
The controller had a screen that was  large.
People can use the gamepad in many different ways.
For example, people can play games on a television like a normal controller, or play on the gamepad without needing the television to be on.
The FG 42 (German: Fallschirmjägergewehr 42 or "paratrooper rifle 42") was a battle rifle.
It was made in Nazi Germany during World War II.
The weapon was made for use by Fallschirmjäger airborne infantry in 1942.
It was used in small amounts until the war ended.
The FG 42 had the power of a light machine gun.
It was light and was no larger than the Kar 98k bolt-action rifle.
The FG 42 is thought to be one of the most advanced weapons of World War II.
It helped shape the modern assault rifle idea.
At the time of the Battle of Crete (Operation Mercury), German Fallschirmjäger had the same weapons as the regular army.
When they jumped from aircraft, they only had pistols and hand grenades.
Submachine guns, rifles and other heavier weapons were dropped in crates.
The design of the German parachutes meant that it was not safe to carry heavier weapons like rifles on jumps.
At Crete, Commonwealth defenders killed or injured many German soldiers.
This is because the German paratroopers had to go and collect their weapons from containers.
These could be all over the battlefield.
This showed that the weapons the regular army used were not good for air operations.
In 1941, the German Air Force (Luftwaffe), asked for a selective fire weapon for the paratroopers.
Senior Staff Air Secretary Ossenbach at the Luftwaffe Weapons Development Branch (at Tarnewitz near Lübeck) was asked to develop this new weapon.
The Reich Air Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium or RLM) wanted to develop an automatic rifle which would be fired from the shoulder.
It would replace the bolt-action rifle, submachine gun and light machine gun for air assault.
The weapon would also make logistics simpler and give more firepower to a normal paratrooper.
The RLM tried to start a formal development program using the Heereswaffenamt (the HWaA, or Army Ordnance Department).
The HWaA was in charge of German small arms development.
However, the HWaA and the Luftwaffe had different priorities.
Also, there were some disagreements between the Luftwaffe and the Army (the HWaA said no to the program because they thought it was not realistic.
They tried to give their G 41(W) semi-automatic rifle instead).
This meant that the Luftwaffe had to develop the weapon by itself.
The engineers who would develop the weapon were skilled at developing light automatic weapons (they managed to change the MG 15 aircraft machine gun so that it could also be used on the ground).
However, the paratroopers had many casualties during Operation Mercury.
Because of this, Hitler decided that air assaults were not important, and the plans for the weapon were cancelled.
However, Hermann Göring, head of the Luftwaffe, secretly ordered the program to continue.
The RLM went straight to German companies with its plans.
The first plan was the LC-6.
It was given out on 14 December 1941.
It said that the weapon should not be longer than , that it should not be longer than the Kar 98k rifle, fire single shots from a closed bolt, fire fully automatically from an open bolt, take its bullets from a 10 or 20-round magazine and be able to fire rifle grenades.
Although the 7.9mm Kurz cartridge used by the Heer (the main army) (developed for the MP 43 assault rifle) was in service, the Luftwaffe decided to use the 7.92 x 57mm Mauser rifle round.
This was because it had long range.
This caliber was also mentioned in the plans for the design.
Six companies were asked to design prototypes.
These were: Gustloff-Werke, Mauser, Johannes Großfuß Metall- und Lackierwarenfabrik, C.G. Hänel, Rheinmetall-Borsig and Heinrich Krieghoff Waffenfabrik.
Several contracts were given out, but only a few prototypes are known to have been given.
Mauser gave a version of the MG 81.
However, it was turned down because it was too heavy and got its bullets from a belt.
There was one design, made by Louis Stange at Rheinmetall-Borsig, that was accepted.
It was tested at a test station at Tarnewitz in mid-1942.
This prototype was called Gerät 450 ("device 450") or Ausführung "A" ("type A").
It was supposed to be a  sheet metal design.
The type "A" was never made (except for some models).
However, the basic design was kept for more development.
The basic parts of the LC-6 were accepted.
A group of changes to the design came afterwards.
The improved version of the LC-6 was called the Ausführung'' "B".
This improvement changed the hand guard so that it gave better protection against heat and a better grip when it was wet.
These tests showed many problems.
They were fixed by Stange in April 1942.
This other improved version was called the LC-6/II.
The prototype was then given many tests.
These tests were set up by the HWA.
The prototype was changed even more, and finally it became the LC-6/III prototype.
This became the FG 42.
50 rifles were made in early 1943.
Six of these were sent away to be tested more.
These weapons had some serious faults.
One rifle failed after firing only 2,100 rounds.
Also, a soldier was injured when he tried to fire a rifle grenade.
Several other changes were made to the FG 42 before it was allowed to be made.
The first Rheinmetall design used chrome-nickel steel a lot.
It was used on many parts which were needed to make the weapon work.
There was not much of this material around.
When the Luftwaffe was allowed to make 3,000 rifles for some more testing, the weapon was changed and manganese steel was used instead of chrome-nickel steel.
The Heinrich Krieghoff company was asked to make some FG 42s.
This was because Rheinmetall was not large enough to make lots of FG 42s.
The weapon was first used by commandos during Operation Eiche in 1943.
Operation Eiche was the dangerous mission that some Fallschirmjäger went on.
During this mission, they had to rescue Benito Mussolini.
The Fallschirmjäger team was led by Otto Skorzeny.
The weapon kept being changed.
Because its first design was changed many times and the Luftwaffe'' needed different things, many different types of FG 42 were made.
Papers and books written after World War II usually say that there were three main versions of FG 42.
However, the Germans never said that they were different models.
The "Model I", "Model II" and "Model III" were never officially mentioned.
German papers just call the weapon the "FG 42".
It was always the latest version of FG 42 that was mentioned.
BD 42
The BD 42/I is a semi-automatic copy of the early FG 42 rifle.
The BD 42/II is a semi-automatic copy of the later FG 42.
Both of these were made by HZA Kulmbach GmbH.
The FG 42 was a selective fire weapon.
It was cooled by the air.
The FG 42 also had its magazine at the side.
It was quite easy to control if it was being fired on fully automatic mode.
Feeding and firing
The FG 42 got its bullets from a box-shaped magazine.
This magazine could hold 10 or 20 rounds.
The FG 42 was semi-automatic when it was being fired from a closed bolt.
There was not very much movement when the weapon was being fired.
This meant that firing single shots was more accurate.
When the weapon was being fired in automatic mode, it was fired from an open bolt.
When automatic mode was on, the bolt stayed open to keep the weapon cool.
The FG 42 was supposed to give some useful firepower to Nazi Germany.
However, only a small amount were made.
When it was tested, the paratroopers quite liked it.
However, the FG 42 did have some issues.
The FG 42 had a 20, or sometimes 10, round magazine which was put into the left side of the rifle.
It was quite usual for submachine guns to have magazines on the side, but the bigger magazine with the heavier cartridges of a rifle quite unbalanced.
Also, the end of the FG 42 rose into the air quite quickly when it was being fired in automatic mode.
This made accurate automatic fire difficult.
It also meant that automatic fire was not very useful.
The U.S. M14 rifle had problems similar to these.
Weapons based on the FG 42
The American M41 Johnson LMG has many things that are similar to the FG 42.
Both of these had their magazines on the left side.
They also fired from an open bolt in automatic mode and closed bolt in semi-automatic mode.
Although there are some things that are similar, there is no evidence that the designers of one weapon copied the design of another.
After around 2,000 FG 42s were made by Krieghoff, the manganese steel that many important parts were made from were moved away to be used for other things.
This meant that the weapon had to be redesigned to use stamped steel.
Soldiers using the FG 42 asked for many small changes to be made to the design.
These changes can be seen on later FG 42s.
The FG 42 also had a simple bayonet under the barrel.
It was hidden by the bipod.
In the later version of the FG 42, the bayonet was shortened.
Before the update, it was .
Afterwards, it changed to about .
8 mm firearms
Bioorganic chemistry is a science that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry.
Bioorganic chemistry expands organic chemistry towards biology.
This differs from biochemistry, which studies biological processes using chemistry.
When investigating enzymes and cofactors, bioorganic chemistry overlaps bioinorganic chemistry.
A carbocation is an ion with a positively-charged carbon atom.
The charged carbon atom in a carbocation is a "sextet" (that is, it has only six electrons in its outer valence shell instead of eight valence electrons.)
Carbon atoms with eight valence electrons have the maximum stability (octet rule).
Therefore, carbocations are often reactive, seeking to fill the octet of valence electrons as well as regain a neutral charge.
Logic would say that carbocation have sp3 hybridization with an empty sp3 orbital giving positive charge.
However, the reactivity of a carbocation more closely resembles sp2 hybridization with a trigonal planar molecular geometry.
A carbocation was previously often called a carbonium ion but chemists question the exact meaning.
In present-day chemistry, a carbocation is any positively charged carbon atom.
Two special types have been suggested: carbenium ions are trivalent and carbonium ions are pentavalent or hexavalent.
University level textbooks only discuss carbocations as if they are carbenium ions, or discuss carbocations with a fleeting reference to the older phrase of carbonium ion or carbenium and carbonium ions.
One textbook to this day stays with the older name of carbonium ion for carbenium ion and reserves the phrase hypervalent carbenium ion for CH5+.
In 1891, G. Merling reported that he added bromine to tropylidene (cycloheptatriene) and then heated the product to obtain a crystalline, water soluble material, .
He did not suggest a structure for it; however Doering and Knox convincingly showed that it was tropylium (cycloheptatrienylium) bromide.
This ion is predicted to be aromatic by the Hückel Rule.
In 1902, Norris and Kehrman independently discovered that colorless triphenylmethanol gave deep yellow solutions in concentrated sulfuric acid.
Triphenylmethyl chloride similarly formed orange complexes with aluminium and tin chlorides.
In 1902, Adolf von Baeyer recognized the salt-like character of the compounds formed.
Carbocations are reactive intermediates in many organic reactions.
This idea, first proposed by Julius Stieglitz in 1899 was further developed by Hans Meerwein in his 1922 study of the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement.
Carbocations were also found to be involved in the SN1 reaction, the E1 reaction, and in rearrangement reactions such as the Whitmore 1,2 shift.
The chemical establishment was reluctant to accept the notion of a carbocation and for a long time the Journal of the American Chemical Society refused articles that mentioned them.
The first NMR spectrum of a stable carbocation in solution was published by Doering et al.
It was the heptamethylbenzenonium ion, made by treating hexamethylbenzene with methyl chloride and aluminium chloride.
The stable 7-norbornadienyl cation was prepared by Story et al.
in 1960 by reacting norbornadienyl chloride with silver tetrafluoroborate in sulfur dioxide at −80 °C.
The NMR spectrum established that it was non-classically bridged (the first stable non-classical ion observed).
In 1962, Olah directly observed the tert-butyl carbocation by nuclear magnetic resonance as a stable species on dissolving tert-butyl fluoride in magic acid.
The NMR of the norbornyl cation was first reported by Schleyer et al.
and it was shown to undergo proton-scrambling over a barrier by Saunders et al.
In organic chemistry, a carbocation is often the target of nucleophilic attack by nucleophiles like hydroxyl (OH−) ions or halogen ions.
Carbocations are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the ionized carbon.
Primary carbocations have one or zero carbons attached to the ionized carbon, secondary carbocations have two carbons attached to the ionized carbon, and tertiary carbocations have three carbons attached to the ionized carbon.
Stability of the carbocation increases with the number of alkyl groups bonded to the charge-bearing carbon.
Tertiary carbocations are more stable (and form more readily) than secondary carbocations; primary carbocations are highly unstable because, while ionized higher-order carbons are stabilized by hyperconjugation, unsubstituted (primary) carbons are not.
Therefore, reactions such as the SN1 reaction and the E1 elimination reaction normally do not occur if a primary carbocation would be formed.
An exception to this occurs when there is a carbon-carbon double bond next to the ionized carbon.
Such cations as allyl cation CH2=CH–CH2+ and benzyl cation C6H5–CH2+ are more stable than most other carbocations.
Molecules which can form allyl or benzyl carbocations are especially reactive.
Carbocations undergo rearrangement reactions from less stable structures to equally stable or more stable ones with rate constants in excess of 109/sec.
This fact complicates synthetic pathways to many compounds.
For example, when 3-pentanol is heated with aqueous HCl, the initially formed 3-pentyl carbocation rearranges to a statistical mixture of the 3-pentyl and 2-pentyl.
These cations react with chloride ion to produce about 1/3 3-chloropentane and 2/3 2-chloropentane.
Some carbocations such as the norbornyl cation exhibit more or less symmetrical three centre bonding.
Cations of this sort have been referred to as non-classical ions.
The energy difference between "classical" carbocations and "non-classical" isomers is often very small, and there is generally little, if any activation energy involved in the transition between "classical" and "non-classical" structures.
The "non-classical" form of the 2-butyl carbocation is essentially 2-butene with a proton directly above the centre of what would be the carbon-carbon double bond.
Specific carbocations
In the NMR spectrum  of a dimethyl derivative, two nonequivalent signals are found for the two methyl groups indicating that the molecular conformation of this cation not perpendicular (as in A) but is bisected (as in B) with the empty p-orbital and the cyclopropyl ring system in the same plane:
Press Release The 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry".
Nobelprize.org.9 Jun 2010
Www.ncertnic.in
An isodesmic reaction is a chemical reaction where the type of chemical bonds broken in the reactant are the same as the type of bonds formed in the reaction product.
This type of reaction is often used as a hypothetical reaction in thermochemistry.
CH3- + CH3X → CH4 + CH2X- (1)
X = F, Cl, Br, I
Equation 1 describes the deprotonation of a methyl halide by a methyl anion.
The energy change associated with this exothermic reaction can be calculated using a computer.
The energy change increases going from fluorine to chlorine to bromine and iodine.
This shows that the CH2I- anion is the most stable and least basic of all the halides.
Each of these reactions are isodesmic.
The energy change in each example also depends on the difference in bond energy of the C-X bond in the base and conjugate acid.
In other cases, the difference may be due to steric strain (the blocking of atoms by other atoms).
The steric strain is small in fluorine (which is a small diameter atom) but large in iodine (in favor of the anion).
So, the energy change grows between each example halide despite the fact that C-F bonds are stronger than C-I bonds.
The related term homodesmotic reaction also takes into account orbital hybridization.
Homodesmotic reactions also have the same number of carbon to hydrogen (C-H) bonds.
An example of a homodesmotic reaction is:
c-(CH2)3 + 3 CH3-CH3 →  3 CH3CH2CH3
Gold Book IUPAC definition
A spit is a depositional landform found off coasts.
Spits connect to the beach, and extend into the sea.
A spit forms because the sand on the beach is moved by the waves along the shore, and the sand collects at the end to form a spit.
The process of the waves moving the sand along the shore is known as longshore drift.
The sawfish are a family of rays which have a long body, like a shark.
One feature that separates a sawfish from other rays is its long, saw-like snout.
On either side of this rostrum are little teeth like a saw.
Sawfish have a mouth, nostrils, and gill slits under their body, just like a ray.
Also, their pectoral fins are enlarged, like those of a ray.
Also like rays, when they settle on the bottom, they take in water through two spiracles just behing the eyes.
This gets water to the gills without sand.
Rostrum
The sawfish's most distinctive feature is the saw-like rostrum.
The rostrum is covered with motion- and electro-sensitive pores.
These allow sawfish to detect movement and even heartbeats of prey hiding under the ocean floor.
The rostrum serves as a digging tool to unearth buried crustaceans.
If a suitable prey swims by, the normally lethargic sawfish springs from the bottom and slashes at it with its saw.
This generally stuns or injures the prey sufficiently for the sawfish to devour it.
Sawfish also defend themselves with their rostrum, against predators such as sharks and intruding divers.
The 'teeth' protruding from the rostrum are not real teeth, but modified tooth-like structures called denticles.
Eagle rays are cartilaginous fish in the ray family Myliobatidae.
They are mostly large species living in the open ocean rather than on the sea bottom.
They are excellent swimmers and are able to breach the water up to several metres above the surface.
Compared with other rays, they have long tails, and well-defined diamond-shaped bodies.
They are ovoviviparous, giving birth to up to six young at a time.
They range from  to  in length.
The tail looks like a whip and may be as long as the body.
It is armed with a sting.
Eagle rays live close to the coast in depths of 1 to 30 metres and in exceptional cases they are found as deep as 300 m. The eagle ray is commonly seen cruising along sandy beaches in very shallow waters.
In Nelson's Fishes of the World, the eagle rays are a subfamily, and are joined by the manta rays and the eagle rays.
As Nelson sees it, there are seven genera in the family, in three subfamilies.
In our classification, the three groups are families in the suborder Myliobatoidei.
Glasgow Prestwick Airport   is the second airport serving Glasgow.
It also serves the Greater Glasgow area.
It is  northeast of the town of Prestwick in South Ayrshire.
It is 32 miles from the city centre of Glasgow.
Prestwick is Scotland's largest airport by size.
However, Edinburgh Airport, Glasgow International and Aberdeen Airport all handle more passengers.
The year with the most passengers passing through Prestwick was 2007.
Since 2007, a lot less passengers pass through Prestwick.
1.3 million passengers passed through the airport in 2011.
This was 22% reduction from 2010.
Douglas Fowler McIntyre and the Duke of Hamilton owned the airport at first.
These people were the first to fly a plane to the top of Mount Everest in 1933.
During and after World War II it was a Royal Air Force base.
In 1952 it was made a United States Air Force base.
The airport was made bigger in the early 1960s: the runway was made longer and a new terminal building was made.
The new, bigger airport opened in 1964.
Today, Glasgow Prestwick is mostly used by Ryanair.
On 8 March 2012, Infratil, the company which owns Prestwick, said that they had placed the airport up for sale.
The Chief Executive Marco Bogoievski said that he does not regret selling the airport.
The Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm uses part of the airport.
It has 3 Sea King helicopters there for search and rescue.
They cover Ben Nevis, the Lakes, Northern Ireland and 200 NM (370 km; 230 mi) past the Irish coast.
This force is often called 'HMS Gannet'.
15 officers, 11 ratings, 28 civil servants and 50 civilian staff work at the base.
Shamarpa or more formally Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche is Tibetan Buddhis teacher.
Together with Karmapa he is the second lineage holder of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
Shamarpa is regarded as manifestation of Amitabha Buddha.
He also is the second lama who consciously incarnates in subsequent order of Buddhist teachers.
Present Shamarpa
The present (14th) Shamarpa is Mipham Chokyi Lodro, born in Derge, Tibet in 1952.
At age four he was recognized by his uncle the 16th Karmapa.
Nāropā (956–1041) was an Indian Buddhist teacher.
He was the disciple of Tilopa and also brother and pupil of Niguma.
Naropa was the main teacher of Marpa, the founder of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
Naropa was born a high status Brahmin and from an early age showed strong,  highly intelligent mind.
At the age of 28 Naropa entered the famous Buddhist University at Nalanda where he studied both Sutra and Tantra.
He had the reputation of a great scholar and debater.
Later Naropa became studend of Tilopa and spent twelve years with him.
While studying and meditating with his teacher Naropa met and overcame twelve minor and twelve major hardships.
Eventually he reached full realization and become teacher of Marpa.
Iodine deficiency is when there is not enough iodine in the body.
Iodine is an essential trace element.
The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine have iodine.
In areas where marine food is not eaten, there is low iodine in the diet.
This causes iodine deficiency which gives rise to
The Lancet has said, "According to WHO, in 2007, nearly 2 billion individuals had insufficient iodine intake, a third being of school age. ...
Thus iodine deficiency, as the single greatest preventable cause of mental retardation, is an important public-health problem."
Iodine deficiency causes diseases of the oral and salivary glands.
In these areas,small amounts of iodine to table salt in form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide, and/or potassium iodate is added.
This helps preventing iodine deficiency.
This product is known as iodized salt.
Iodine compounds have also been added to other foods.
This includes flour, water and milk in areas of deficiency.
Seafood is also a well known source of iodine.
Thus, iodine deficiency is more common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in soil poor in iodine.
International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders
Can Africa meet the goal of eliminating iodine-deficiency disorders by the year 2000?
John Newton (born ) is an American actor.
He is best known for his work on the television series Superboy and Melrose Place.
William Griffiths VC (1841–22 January 1879) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross.
The trachea, or windpipe, is the bony tube that connects the nose and mouth to the lungs, and is an important part of the vertebrate respiratory system.
In mammals, the trachea begins at the lower part of the larynx and continues to the lungs, where it branches into the right and left bronchi.
Inflammation of the trachea can lead to other conditions, such as tracheitis, which is the inflammation of the linings of the trachea.
Invertebrate trachea
The invertebrate trachea refers to the open respiratory system of terrestrial arthropods.
It consists of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles that take metabolic gases to and from tissues.
The distribution of spiracles varies, but in general each segment of the body has only one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it.
The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and diffuse water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
Gas may be moved actively or by passive diffusion.
Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their haemolymph.
A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of taenidia in various geometries such as loops or helices.
In the head, thorax, or abdomen, tracheae may also be connected to air sacs.
Many insects, such as grasshoppers and bees, which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body.
In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a gill, or function as normal, via a plastron.
Despite being internal, the tracheae of arthropods are shed during moulting (ecdysis).
Peter John Smith (born February 27, 1966 in Abington, Massachusetts) is a former Major League Baseball starting pitcher.
He was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1st round (21st overall pick) in the amateur draft of 1984.
Smith was signed on June 14, 1984 to play Minor League Baseball in the Philadelphia Phillies organization.
The Philadelphia Phillies traded Smith to the Atlanta Braves, along with Ozzie Virgil, Jr., for Steve Bedrosian and Milt Thompson.
Smith made his major league debut on September 8, 1987 with the Atlanta Braves at age 21.
In 1988, Smith pitched 3 shutouts, the season after his rookie year.
The Atlanta Braves hoped Smith would turn into an ace pitcher as John Smoltz and Tom Glavine were becoming.
But in 1989, Smith's earned run average (ERA) was at 4.75 at the end of the season, higher than his ERA in 1988 when it was at 3.69.
He played the 1987-1993 seasons with the Atlanta Braves before being traded to the New York Mets for Dave Gallagher.
With the New York Mets, Smith only played the 1994 season before being granted free agency on October 25 of that year.
On December 1, 1994, Smith was signed as a free agent with the Cincinnati Reds.
He played with the Cincinnati Reds for only half of the 1995 season before being traded to the Florida Marlins on July 1, 1995 as a free agent.
On December 23, 1995, Smith signed as a free agent with the San Diego Padres playing one season with them.
On June 9, 1998, Smith was traded to the Baltimore Orioles organization for minor leaguer, Eric Estes.
He played his final game on September 24, 1998.
He earned a career ERA of 4.55, striking out 640 batters.
Smith also pitched 4 shutouts throughout his major league career.
Baseball prospectus statistics
Sportsillustrated statistics
Baseball Reference (Minor league) statistics through minor league career
Peter Luke Smith (born March 19, 1940) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played from 1962 to 1963 for the Boston Red Sox.
Tracheids, long cells in the xylem of vascular plants
Urban Dictionary is a website which is a dictionary of slang words.
The website was created in 1999 by California Polytechnic State University freshman, Aaron Peckham.
The website was listed as #29 in Time's list of 50 best websites of 2008.
The website has been featured on Tosh.0's "words of the week".
As of January 2011, Urban Dictionary has a alexa rating of 688.
The electric rays are a group of rays, flattened cartilaginous fish with enlarged pectoral fins.
They are the order Torpediniformes.
They can produce an electric discharge, ranging from as little as 8 volts up to 220 volts depending on species.
There are 69 species in four subfamilies.
These rays have battery-like electric organs on both sides of their heads, which can make a powerful electric shock.
They use this shock to stun their prey and for their own self defense.
Electric rays are found from shallow coastal waters down to at least  depth.
They are sluggish and slow moving, propelling themselves along with their tails, rather than using their disc-shaped bodies, as other rays do.
They lie in wait for prey below the sand or other substrate, using their electricity to stun and capture it.
The electric rays are regarded as monophyletic, though in detail the group has been classified in several ways.
This is one way the order can be classified.
Family Narcinidae (numbfishes)
Subfamily Narcininae
Subfamily Narkinae (sleeper rays)
Family Torpedinidae (torpedo electric rays)
Subfamily Hypninae (coffin rays)
Subfamily Torpedininae
The word torpedo comes from a genus of electric rays in the sub-family Torpedininae, namely Torpedo, which in turn comes from the Latin "torpere" (to be stiff or numb).
Krispy Kreme is the name of an international chain of doughnut shops that was made by Vernon Rudolph in 1937.
The real parent company of Krispy Kreme is Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc.
Loblaws supermarkets and Petro-Canada gas stations in Canada have Krispy Kreme.
In the United Kingdom Tesco supermarkets, Tesco Extra and Moto service stations carry Krispy Kreme products.
The 18 stores that opened in Canada were reduced to four.
Two of them are in Quebec while the other two stores are in Mississauga, Ontario and Delta, British Columbia.
A small seasonal shop was recently opened in Wasaga Beach, Ontario.
The Wasaga Beach receives its doughnuts from the Mississauga shop every morning.
Another small store recently opened on November 3, 2010 in Toronto at Bathurst and Harbord Streets in the city's Harbord Village neighborhood.
This store got shipments from the Mississauga store.
Krispy Kreme's Canadian assets were put up for sale in 2005 seven weeks after the U.S.-based doughnut company had the firm that owns the stores in Canada placed under bankruptcy protection.
1930s establishments in North Carolina
Infinite is the debut studio album by American rapper Eminem.
It was released on November 12, 1996.
It was produced by Jeff & Mark Bass, Denaun Porter, DJ Head, Eminem and DJ Rec.
The album was given 2.5 out of 5 stars by Allmusic.
The Slim Shady LP is the second studio album and the major-label debut by American rapper, Eminem.
It was released on February 23, 1999 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Mark & Jeff Bass, and Mel-Man.
The album got critical and commercial success.
It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 charts.
The first single from the album is "My Name Is".
It earned Eminem a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and was included in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.
The three songs "If I Had", "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" (originally titled "Just the Two of Us"), and "Just Don't Give A Fuck" originated from Slim Shady EP.
signifies a co-producer.
signifies a pre-production.
On the clean version of the album, "Bitch", "Cum on Everybody", "Just Don't Give a Fuck", and "Still Don't Give a Fuck" are respectively retitled "Zoe", "Come on Everybody", "Just Don't Give", and "Still Don't Give".
Some online platforms (such as Myspace) include an alternate clean version of the album which completely removes the song "Guilty Conscience".
Comedy hip hop albums
He was the most important (or son like) student of Milarepa.
In his young years Gampopa was a physician in Dagpo region of S. Tibet.
Before studying under Milarepa, Gampopa had studied the Kadampa tradition, which belongs to gradual Mahayana path.
He searched for, and eventually met Milarepa, and attained realization of ultimate reality under his guidance.
Four of his disciples  founded the four "major" Kagyu schools:
Barom Kagyu founded by Barompa Darma Wangchug
Phagdru Kagyu founded by Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo
Karma Kagyu, also known as the Kamtsang Kagyu School, founded by Düsum Khyenpa the 1st Karmapa
Tsalpa Kagyu founded by Zhang Yudragpa Tsondru Drag
1079 births
The Marshall Mathers LP is the third studio album by American rapper, Eminem.
The Marshall Mathers LP was released on May 23, 2000 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Mel-Man, Bass Brothers, Eminem and The 45 King.
The Marshall Mathers LP 2, the sequel to The Marshall Mathers LP, was released on November 5, 2013.
It was widely praised by music and hip-hop critics, and is considered one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time.
The album was given 5 out of 5 stars by Allmusic/
A trill consonant is a consonant that is made by vibrating an articulator, or hitting it many times against something else.
For example, the <rr> in the Spanish word "perro" is an alveolar trill, where the tongue is hit many times against the alveolar ridge, or the place just behind the teeth.
This vibration is caused by a flow of air.
There are three trill consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
- alveolar trill
- bilabial trill, where the lips are trilled.
- uvular trill, where the uvula is trilled.
The Eminem Show is the fourth studio album by American rapper, Eminem.
It was released on May 26, 2002 and was produced by Eminem, Jeff Bass, Dr. Dre, and Mr. Porter.
The album was given 4 out of 5 stars by Allmusic.
On March 7, 2011, the album was certified ten-times-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over ten million copies.
signifies an additional producer.
Early clean versions of the album replace "Drips" with 4 seconds of silence.
Later clean versions feature an edited version of the song.
Another censored version of the album did not allow the words "goddamn", "prick", "bastard", "piss", "bitch", "ass", "shit" and "fuck" to be left uncensored.
"Curtain Close (skit)" is performed by Ken Kaniff, who Eminem portrays at the end of the album before continuing on with the persona on Relapse in 2009, as displayed in the album booklet.
Alternative hip hop albums
Encore is the fifth studio album by American rapper, Eminem.
Encore was released on November 12, 2004 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Luis Resto, Mike Elizondo and Mark Batson.
The album was given 3 out of 5 stars by Allmusic.
It was nominated for Best Rap Album, Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for the song "Encore" and Best Rap Solo Performance for "Mockingbird" at the 48th Grammy Awards.
Relapse is the sixth studio album by American rapper, Eminem.
Relapse was released on May 15, 2009.
It was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Dawaun Parker, Mark Batson, Trevor Lawrence, Doc Ish, Boi-1da.
Demersal animals live on or near the bottom of the sea or lakes.
The term is usually applied to fish.
They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist of mud, sand, gravel or rocks.
In coastal waters they are found on or near the continental shelf, and in deep waters they are found on or near the continental slope or along the continental rise.
They are not generally found in the deepest waters, such as abyssal depths or on the abyssal plain, but they can be found around seamounts and islands.
The word demersal comes from the Latin demergere, which means to sink.
Demersal fish are bottom feeders.
They can be contrasted with pelagic fish which live and feed away from the bottom in the open water column.
Demersal fish fillets contain little fish oil (one to four percent), whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30 percent.
S&M Airlines is the second studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX.
S&M Airlines was released on September 5, 1989.
The producer of the album was Brett Gurewitz.
The last track on the album is a cover of the Fleetwood Mac song, "Go On Your Way".
Ribbed is the third studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX.
Ribbed was released on March 26, 1991.
Ribbed was also the last album produced for the band by Brett Gurewitz.
is American singer Selena's clothing store chain.
She began designing and manufacturing in 1993 and opened two boutiques.
The two stores were in Corpus Christi and the other in San Antonio.
Both had beauty salons.
Hispanic Business reported that the singer earned over $5,000,000 dollars from these boutiques.
One was going to open in Monterrey, Mexico in 1995 but did not because of her death.
In 2009, Chris Perez, widower of Selena, had to close the stores due to the recession of 2007.
| name = Through the Years / A Traves de los Años
| type = Greatest Hits
| released = April 3, 2007 (U.S.)
| recorded = 1994
| genre = Tejano/Latin pop
| length = 43:00
| label = EMI
| prev_title = Dos Historias(2006)
ños(2007)