the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Tourism Toronto  - Visitor's bureau website.
Here are some words for small numbers.
Words in bold are irregular.
21: twenty-one
29: twenty-nine
64: sixty-four
99: ninety-nine
First write how many hundreds.
Then write the word "hundred".
Then write the name of the two-digit number after the digit in the hundreds place.
In standard, written, American English, the word "and" is not in the word-name of any whole number even though many speakers insert it.
101: one hundred one
102: one hundred two
175: one hundred seventy-five
200: two hundred
300: three hundred
512: five hundred twelve
987: nine hundred eighty-seven
British and Commonwealth English
Then write the words "hundred and".
In standard, written, British English (and the English spoken in many other places), the word "and" is in the word-name of many whole numbers.
101: one hundred and one (NOT: one hundred one)
102: one hundred and two (NOT: one hundred two)
175: one hundred and seventy-five (NOT: one hundred seventy-five)
512: five hundred and twelve (NOT: five hundred twelve)
987: nine hundred and eighty-seven (NOT: nine hundred eighty-seven)
Names of ordinal numbers in English
The United States dollar (or American dollar) is the official currency (money) of the United States of America.
It is also used in some other countries outside the US.
It is the standard currency for international markets selling goods such as gold and oil (petrol).
When writing, the symbol for the American dollar is the dollar sign ($).
Dollars can also be known as USD (standing for 'U.S. dollar').
Denominations and value
The American one dollar bill has a picture of George Washington.
There are currently paper bills (currency) of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 dollars.
All U.S. dollar currency has been the same size, shape and general design since 1928.
This is unlike some countries where bank notes with different values have different sizes.
The U.S. also has dollar coins.
Some are silver colored and some are gold colored.
Vending machines often give dollar coins as change, since it is easier for the machines to give out coins than paper money.
Some of the more advanced vending machines give out paper money as change.
Paper dollars are much more common than dollar coins.
The US dollar in subdivided into cents, and 100 cents equals 1 US dollar.
One cent can be written as either $0.01 or 1¢. The cent or "penny" (not to be confused with the English penny sterling) is the least worth coin used in the U.S.. There are several different coins with different cent values of different materials and sizes.
There is the penny (1¢ or $0.01), nickel (5¢ or $0.05), dime (10¢ or $0.10), quarter (25¢ or $0.25), and the much rarer half-dollar (50¢ or $0.50).
All coins and paper bills have the faces of famous Americans on the front side.
The paper "dollar bill" is actually called a "Federal Reserve Note".
Federal Reserve notes are legal tender currency notes.
The twelve Federal Reserve Banks issue them into circulation pursuant to the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.
A commercial bank belonging to the Federal Reserve System can obtain Federal Reserve notes from the Federal Reserve Bank in its district whenever it wishes by paying for them in full, dollar for dollar, from its account with Federal Reserve Bank.
Federal Reserve Banks get the notes from the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP).
It pays the BEP for the cost of producing the notes.
Congress has specified that a Federal Reserve Bank must hold collateral equal in value to the Federal Reserve notes that the Bank receives.
This collateral is chiefly gold certificates and United States securities.
Federal Reserve notes are not redeemable in gold, silver or any other commodity, and receive no backing by anything.
This has been the case since 1933.
The notes have no value for themselves, but for what they will buy.
This statute means that all United States money as identified above are a valid and legal offer of payment for debts when tendered to a creditor.
There is no Federal statute saying a person or organization must accept currency or coins as payment for goods and/or services.
Private businesses are free to develop their own policies on whether or not to accept cash.
But there might be a State law which says otherwise.
For example, a bus line may prohibit payment of fares in pennies or dollar bills.
In addition, movie theaters, convenience stores and gas stations may refuse to accept large denomination currency (usually notes above $20) as a matter of policy.
Meeting the variable demand for cash
The public typically obtains its cash from banks by withdrawing cash from automated teller machines (ATMs) or by cashing checks.
The amount of cash that the public holds varies seasonally, by the day of the month, and even by the day of the week.
For example, people demand a large amount of cash for shopping and vacations during the year-end holiday season.
Also, people typically withdraw cash at ATMs over the weekend, so there is more cash in circulation on Monday than on Friday.
To meet the demands of their customers, banks get cash from Federal Reserve Banks.
Most medium- and large-sized banks maintain reserve accounts at one of the 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks, and they pay for the cash they get from the Fed by having those accounts debited.
Some smaller banks maintain their required reserves at larger, "correspondent," banks.
The smaller banks get cash through the correspondent banks, which charge a fee for the service.
The larger banks get currency from the Fed and pass it on to the smaller banks.
When the public's demand for cash declines—after the holiday season, for example—banks find they have more cash than they need and they deposit the excess at the Fed.
Because banks pay the Fed for cash by having their reserve accounts debited, the level of reserves in the nation's banking system drops when the public's demand for cash rises; similarly, the level rises again when the public's demand for cash subsides and banks ship cash back to the Fed.
The Fed offsets variations in the public's demand for cash that could introduce volatility into credit markets by implementing open market operations.
The popularization of the ATM in recent years has increased the public's demand for currency and, in turn, the amount of currency that banks order from the Fed.
Interestingly, the advent of the ATM has led some banks to request used, fit bills, rather than new bills, because the used bills often work better in the ATMs.
Maintaining a cash inventory
Each of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks keeps an inventory of cash on hand to meet the needs of the depository institutions in its District.
Extended custodial inventory sites in several continents promote the use of U.S. currency internationally, improve the collection of information on currency flows, and help local banks meet the public's demand for U.S. currency.
Additions to that supply come directly from the two divisions of the Treasury Department that produce the cash: the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, which prints currency, and the United States Mint, which makes coins.
Most of the inventory consists of deposits by banks that had more cash than they needed to serve their customers and deposited the excess at the Fed to help meet their reserve requirements.
When a Federal Reserve Bank receives a cash deposit from a bank, it checks the individual notes to determine whether they are fit for future circulation.
About one-third of the notes that the Fed receives are not fit, and the Fed destroys them.
As shown in the table below, the life of a note varies according to its denomination.
For example, a $1 bill, which gets the greatest use, remains in circulation an average of 5.9 years; a $100 bill lasts about 15 years.
Federal Reserve Bank of New York on Sunday night Cole
Currency of the United States
A fluid ounce is a unit of volume in both the imperial system of units and the U.S. customary units system.
However, the two measures are not quite the same:
The Imperial fluid ounce is (1/160) of an imperial gallon or 8 fluid drams, about 1.734 cubic inches or exactly 28.413 07425 ml (as specified legally in The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995).
This volume of water weighs very nearly 1 avoirdupois ounce.
The U.S. fluid ounce is (1/128) of a U.S. fluid gallon, about 1.805 cubic inches or exactly 29.573 529 562 5 ml.
This volume of water weighs about 1.04 avoirdupois ounces.
U.S. law 21CFR101.9(b)(5)(viii) also defines a fluid ounce of exactly 30 ml, for use in nutrition labeling.
Volume Conversion Calculator
The shape of the Universe cannot be discussed with everyday terms, because all the terms need to be those of Einsteinian relativity.
The geometry of the universe is therefore not the ordinary Euclidean geometry of our everyday lives.
According to the special theory of relativity, it is impossible to say whether two distinct events occur at the same time if those events are separated in space.
To speak of "the shape of the universe (at a point in time)" is naive from the point of view of special relativity.
Due to the relativity of simultaneity we cannot speak of different points in space as being "at the same point in time" nor, therefore, of "the shape of the universe at a point in time".
What astrophysicists do is ask whether a particular model of the universe is consistent with what is known through observations and measurements of the universe.
If the observable universe is smaller than the entire universe (in some models it is many orders of magnitude smaller or even infinitesimal), observation is limited to a part of the whole.
Consideration of the shape of the universe can be split into two:
local geometry, which relates especially to the curvature of the universe, especially in the observable universe, and
global geometry, which relates to the topology of the universe as a whole, measurement of which may not be possible.
The observable universe is the basis for testing any model of the universe.
It is a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the observer, regardless of the shape of the universe as a whole.
Every location in the universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth.
Recent measurements have led NASA to state, "We now know that the universe is flat with only a 0.4% margin of error".
Within one model, the FLRW model, the present most popular shape of the Universe found to fit observational data is the infinite flat model.
There are other models that also fit the data.
zh:宇宙#宇宙的形状
A meteor shower is an event when many meteors seem to come from one point in the night sky.
These meteors are caused by meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at extremely high speeds on parallel paths.
Most meteors are smaller than a grain of sand, so almost all of them burn up and never hit the Earth's surface.
A meteor shower is the result of an interaction between a planet, such as Earth, and streams of debris from a comet.
Comets are dirty snowballs, made up of rock embedded in ice, orbiting the Sun.
Each time a comet swings by the Sun in its orbit, some of its ice vaporizes and meteoroids will be shed.
The meteoroids spread out along the entire orbit of the comet to form a meteoroid stream, also known as a "dust trail".
Most of our short-period meteor showers are the product of rare disintegrations, when large chunks break off a mostly dormant comet.
Examples are the Quadrantids and Geminids.
They originated from a breakup of asteroid-like objects, 2003 EH1 and 3200 Phaethon, respectively, about 500 and 1000 years ago.
The fragments tend to fall apart quickly into dust, sand, and pebbles, and spread out along the orbit of the comet to form a dense meteoroid stream, which later moves into Earth's path.
The most visible meteor shower in most years are the Perseids, which peak on 12 August each year at over one meteor per minute.
NASA has a useful tool to calculate how many meteors per hour are visible from your observing location.
The Leonid meteor shower peaks around 17 November of each year.
About every 33 years, the Leonid shower produces a big meteor storm, peaking at thousands of meteors per hour.
Leonid storms gave birth to the term "meteor shower" when it was first realised, during the November 1833 storm, that the meteors radiated from near the star Gamma Leonis.
The last Leonid storms were in 1999, 2001 (two), and 2002 (two).
Before that, there were storms in 1767, 1799, 1833, 1866, 1867, and 1966.
When the Leonid shower is not storming it is less active than the Perseids.
Cats, also called domestic cats (Felis catus), are small, carnivorous mammals, of the family Felidae.
Domestic cats are often called 'house cats' when kept as indoor pets.
Cats have been domesticated (tamed) for nearly 10,000 years.
They are one of the most popular pets in the world.
They are kept by humans for hunting rodents and as companions.
A cat is sometimes called a kitty.
A female cat that has not had its sex organs removed is called a queen.
A male cat that has not had its sex organs removed is called a tom.
There are about 60 breeds of cat.
Domestic cats are found in shorthair, longhair, and hairless breeds.
Cats which are not specific breeds can be referred to as 'domestic shorthair' (DSH) or 'domestic longhair' (DLH).
The word 'cat' is also used for other felines.
Felines are usually called either big cats or small cats.
The big, wild cats are well known: lions, tigers, leopards, jaguars, pumas, and cheetahs.
There are small, wild cats in most parts of the world, such as the lynx in northern Europe.
The big cats and wild cats are not tame, and can be very dangerous.
In the past, most notably in Egypt, people kept domestic cats because they hunted and ate mice and rats.
Today, people often keep cats as pets.
There are also domestic cats which live without being cared for by people.
These kinds of cats are called "feral cats".
The oldest evidence of cats kept as pets is from the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, around 7500 BC.
Ancient Egyptians worshipped cats as gods, and often mummified them so they could be with their owners "for all of eternity".
Today, special food for cats is widely available in the developed countries.
Proper feeding will help a cat live longer compared to hunting or being fed table scraps.
Not correctly feeding a cat can lead to problems (see below for health concerns).
Cat anatomy
Cats have anatomy similar to the other members of the genus Felis.
The genus has extra lumbar (lower back) and thoracic (chest) vertebrae.
This helps to explain the cat's spinal mobility and flexibility.
Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones.
These allow cats to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their heads.
The cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large eye sockets and a powerful and specialized jaw.
Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth: this is an adaptation to their preferred prey of small rodents.
Cats, like dogs, walk directly on their toes, with the bones of their feet making up the lower part of the visible leg.
Cats walk very precisely.
Unlike most mammals, when cats walk, they use a "pacing" gait (walking style); that is, they move the two legs on one side of the body before the legs on the other side.
This trait is shared with camels and giraffes.
As a walk speeds up into a trot, a cat's gait will change to be a "diagonal" gait, similar to that of most other mammals: the diagonally opposite hind and forelegs will move at the same time.
Most cats have five claws on their front paws, and four on their rear paws.
On the inside of the front paws there is something which looks like a sixth "finger".
This special feature on the inside of the wrists is the carpal pad.
The carpal pad is also found on other cats and on dogs.
Cats are active carnivores, meaning that in the wild they hunt live prey.
Their main prey is small mammals (like mice).
They will also stalk, and sometimes kill and eat, birds.
Cats eat a wide variety of prey, including insects such as flies and grasshoppers.
Their main method of hunting is stalk and pounce.
While dogs have great stamina and will chase prey over long distances, cats are extremely fast, but only over short distances.
The basic cat coat colouring, tabby (see top photo), gives it good camouflage in grass and woodland.
The cat creeps towards a chosen victim, keeping its body flat and near to the ground so that it cannot be seen easily, until it is close enough for a rapid dash or pounce.
Cats, especially kittens, practice these instinctive behaviours in play with each other or on small toys.
Cats can fish.
They use a flip-up movement of a front paw which, when successful, flips the fish out of water and over the cat's shoulders onto the grass.
Dutch research showed this to be an innate (inherited) behaviour pattern which developed early and without maternal teaching.
Cats are quiet and well-behaved animals, making them popular pets.
Young kittens are playful.
They can easily entertain themselves with a variety of store-bought or homemade toys.
House cats have also been known to teach themselves to use lever-type doorknobs and toilet handles.
Cats are fairly independent animals.
They can look after themselves and do not need as much attention as dogs do.
Body posture is also important.
The whole shape of the body changes when a cat is relaxed, or when it is alert.
Also, the position of their ears and tail are used for communication, as well as their usual functions.
These ways of communication are very important.
They are used between a mother cat and her kittens.
They are also used between male and female cats; and between cats and other species, such as dogs.
A mother cat protecting her kittens will fight off the largest dog.
She gives good warning with a frightening display, hissing furiously, showing her claws, arching her back, and making her hair stand on end.
If that fails, she attacks the dog's face with her claws.
It has been said that no dog ever tries such an attack a second time.
Cats only mate when the queen is "in heat".
Heat periods occur about every two weeks and last 4 to 6 days.
Mating in cats is a spectacular event.
Several toms may be attracted to a [queen] in heat.
The males will fight over her, and the victor wins the right to mate.
At first, the female will reject the male, but eventually the female will allow the male to mate.
The female will utter a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her.
This is because a male cat's penis has a band of about 120-150 backwards-pointing spines, which are about one millimeter long.
When the penis is withdrawn, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which is a trigger for ovulation.
After mating, the female will wash her vulva thoroughly.
If a male attempts to breed with her at this point, the female will attack him.
After about 20 to 30 minutes.
once the female is finished grooming, the cycle will repeat.
Because ovulation is not always triggered, females may not get pregnant by the first tom which mates with them.
A queen may mate with more than one tom when she is in heat, and different kittens in a litter may have different fathers.
The cycle ceases when the queen is pregnant.
The gestation period for cats is about two months, with an average length of 66 days.
The size of a litter is usually three to five kittens.
Kittens are weaned at between six and seven weeks, and cats normally reach sexual maturity at 5–10 months (females) and to 5–7 months (males).
Females can have two to three litters per year, so might produce up to 150 kittens in their breeding life of about ten years.
Birth and after
Pregnant queens deliver their litters by themselves, guided by instinct.
The queen finds the safest place she can.
Then she will clean it thoroughly, with her tongue, if necessary.
Here she will quietly give birth.
She licks the newborn kits clean.
In the wild, leaving a scent is risking a dangerous encounter with other animals.
The kits are born blind and with closed eyes.
They suckle on her teats, and sleep a good deal.
After two weeks or so, their eyes open.
At that stage they have blue eyes, but not the best sight.
A bit later, the best developed kit will totter out of the nest.
The others follow.
They will soon recognise you as a living thing: that is a great moment.
At first, they go back to the nest to feed and sleep.
After some more days they leave the nest for good, but still they may sleep together in a 'kitten heap'.
The queen, meanwhile, has left the nest from time to time, to hunt, feed, and also to urinate and defecate.
Unlike the tom, she covers up her business to hide her scent.
Very soon, the kits will urinate anywhere they please unless one trains them.
This is done after they are weaned, when they are ready for some kitten food.
Here is how to do it:
Prepare clean cat tray filled with absorbent grit.
Give kittens their special kitten food.
Take the lead kitten right after it has eaten, place it in your cat tray.
Gently stroke its tummy with one finger.
Watch as kitten sits down promptly and urinates.
Do same for other kits.
Repeat next time if they need it.
They will not need a third time.
What you have done is exactly what the queen would do in the wild.
You have triggered a reflex which all kittens have.
The thing is, the tray is artificial, and your queen may do her business outside.
But at least when young, kittens need a tray.
Your next job is to call the vet, who will tell you when to bring the kits for their vaccination.
Kittens play endlessly.
It is how they do their learning.
They will play their favourite games, such as 'hide and pounce', with almost anyone or anything.
Soft balls on strings are a standard toy; so is a scratching post.
With cats there is a limit to how far you can train them.
They are at least as intelligent as dogs, but they are not pack animals.
They like to do their own thing, and owners do best by fitting in.
Never hit a cat: if you do, the relationship will never be the same again.
If you really want to dissuade them, try hissing.
It has been said that no one really owns a cat; many cats collect extra owners, and may change house if they do not like the treatment...
If your kitten was born in your home do not let it out of the house until it is two to three months old.
If you have the mother, she will look after the kit.
But if you have got the kit from a vet or dealer, keep it in for several weeks.
When it does go out, you need to watch over it.
The main problem is that it may easily get lost.
In time, the kit will learn every inch of the house and garden.
Then, you can happily let it roam.
They groom themselves by licking their fur.
The cat's tongue can act as a hairbrush and can clean and untangle a cat's fur.
Still, owners may buy grooming products to help the cat take care of itself.
After licking their fur, cats sometimes get hairballs.
A hairball is a small amount of fur that is vomited up by animals when it becomes too big.
This is quite normal.
Owners brush their cats to try to prevent a lot of hairballs.
Many house cats eat food which their owners give them.
This food is manufactured, and designed to contain the right nutrients for cats.
There are many different types of cat food.
These come in many different flavors and costs are often very small.
There is moist canned food and also dry cat food which comes in different sized cans or bags and formulas.
There are kitten formulas, cat formulas, health formulas, formulas for reducing a cat's weight, and many others.
It seems obvious that the food should be mostly meat, as that is most of a cat's natural diet.
But remember, when they catch mice, they also eat the bones.
So there is need for formulas to have more than just meat.
Cats should not be fed a daily diet of dog food.
It could make the cat blind, as it has no taurine, which is a nutrient for the eyes.
Health concerns
Cats do get diseases, and prevention is better than cure.
It is most important to get a young cat vaccinated against some of the most deadly diseases.
If a cat gets a disease, a veterinarian (animal doctor) can offer help.
Some cats, depending on breed, gender, age, and general health, may be more susceptible to disease than others.
Regular visits to a vet can keep a cat alive many extra years by catching sickness and disease early.
Cats that roam outside will get fleas at some time.
Cat fleas will not live on people, but fleas will not hesitate to bite anyone nearby.
Owners may choose to buy anti-flea collars, but any areas where the cat normally sleeps need to be cleaned up.
A vet or local pet-shop may offer advice about fleas.
It is recommended that people quickly take action when a cat gets fleas because fleas can make cats uncomfortable.
House cats can become overweight through lack of exercise and over-feeding.
When they get spayed or neutered ("fixed"), they tend to exercise less.
Spaying is done for queens, and neutering is done for toms.
It is important to fix cats, and here are some reasons.
First of all, if a female cat has kittens, they will need homes.
Finding homes for kittens is often quite difficult.
If a tom is not fixed, it develops a disgusting smell.
Breeders who have entire toms keep them in a special hut outside the house, for that reason.
Fixing also helps to avoid over-population.
Over-population means that there are too many cats, and some will be put to sleep (put down) in animal pounds (animal shelters).
It is a good idea to adopt a cat from a vet or an animal shelter.
The vet, shelter or RSPCA will make sure they are healthy and spayed.
Kittens are sometimes born with defects.
People who receive cats as gifts are recommended to get it examined for its health.
Some birth defects, like heart problems, require urgent vet attention.
Others are harmless, like polydactyly.
Polydactyly means many digits, or many "fingers" from poly (many) and dactyl (digit).
Sometimes, there is a mutation (change) in cat families.
Most cats have only four to five toes per paw, depending on whether it is the front or back paw.
These mutated cats have six, seven, and in rare cases even more.
All of these cats are called polydactyl cats.
They can also be called Hemingway cats because author Ernest Hemingway owned some of these cats.
Engineering is the use of science and math to design or make things.
People who do engineering are called engineers.
They learn engineering at a college or university.
Engineers usually design or build things.
Some engineers also use their skills to solve technical problems.
There are different types of engineers that design everything from computers and buildings to watches and websites.
People have been creating engineering things for thousands of years.
Engineering is a big subject.
Here are a few of the many types of engineers:
Aerospace engineers design space vehicles or airplanes.
Biomedical engineers design and work with medical equipment.
Chemical engineers use chemicals to make products like drugs and medicines or fertilizers for crops.
Civil engineers work on roads, bridges, buildings and other public structures.
Computer engineers design or improve computers (including embedded systems and their parts).
Electrical engineers work with electricity and design electrical equipment, from small things like radios and computers to large things like electric power transmission systems.
Electronic engineers work with electronics, which are used to build computer parts and electrical equipment.
Environmental engineers design and implement ways to remediate and restore the environment.
Manufacturing engineers design and improve the machines and assembly lines that make things.
They work with robots and automation and ways to help companies work faster and better with fewer mistakes.
Mechanical engineers design machines or things that move, like cars and trains.
A mechanical engineer also might help design electricity generating stations, oil refineries, and factories.
Mechatronics engineers work in multiple fields of engineering that include mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, telecommunications engineering, control engineering and computer engineering.
Marine Engineers design, build, test and repair boats, ships, underwater craft, focusing primarily on their internal systems.
Nanotechnology engineers study very small things, like strings of atoms and how they are put together.
Nuclear engineers design and build nuclear plants.
They also study the characteristic behaviors of certain radioactive or unstable elements.
Structural engineers are dealing with design and analysis of buildings and large non-building structures to withstand both the gravity and wind loads as well as natural disasters.
Software engineers design and write programs for computers.
Systems engineers look at how complicated things work and try to make them faster and smarter.
Ceramic engineering is the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials
Engineers do not only work with machines.
They also work a lot with other people.
Often different kinds of engineers work together and help each other.
As an example, computer engineers need help from electrical engineers to build a computer.
The computer needs programs written by software engineers.
The computer could be used by aerospace engineers to control an airplane.
An airplane is a big mechanical system with many parts, so a mechanical engineer and a systems engineer are also needed.
Most (but not all) engineers have had years of training.
Much of their training involves working within a limited budget and materials.
American courses
In the United States, most engineers go to a college or university to get an engineering degree.
Most people go to school for four years to get a bachelor's degree in engineering.
A Master's Degree is an advanced degree, usually requiring two more years of study after the Bachelors.
A person with a master's degree is eligible to enter a Doctoral program in engineering.
A graduate of a Doctoral program is awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree, which is commonly called a PhD. A PhD in engineering requires three or four years of study after a master's degree, and includes the completion of a long research report called a dissertation.
After having gained enough work experience, one can sit for their Professional Engineer's (PE) License, reinforcing their demonstrated proficiency in their specialty.
British courses
In the United Kingdom, engineering degrees at universities are either three year BEng (Bachelor of Engineering) or four year MEng (Master of Engineering).
In many universities it is common to take only one engineering discipline (e.g. aeronautical or civil engineering) although some universities have a general engineering degree.
British universities may also offer Doctoral programs as a doctor of philosophy (PhD) or a doctor of engineering (EngD).
Engineers of all disciplines have common approaches to solving problems including teamwork, communication, and an Iterative  design process.
Engineers can also get additional recognition in the form of becoming Chartered.
A chartered engineer is one who has his degree or doctorate has been recognised by a group of professionals such as the IET (Institute of Engineering and Technology), IMechE (Institution of Mechanical Engineers), IChemE (Institution of Chemical Engineers) or ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers).
Experience and responsibility enables a further step of recognition by becoming a Fellow of these institutions.
French courses
Engineering Citizendium
Communication is when information is passed from a sender to a recipient using a medium.
There are different media that can be used:
Visual communication (using body language or gestures)
Communicating with sounds (like human language, but may also be the barking of a dog)
Communication using touch
Using smell
Using writing
Communication can be spoken (a word) or non-spoken (a smile).
Communication has many ways, and happens all the time.
Not only humans communicate, most other animals do too.
Some communication is done without thinking, such as by changing in posture.
How communication works
Communication works by exchanging information or messages.
In very basic terms
The sender makes a message, from an idea.
This is usually called encoding
The sender transmits the message through the medium.
The recipient receives the message and decodes it.
Besides the content of the message, there are other things that are important.
These are not part of the message itself, but rather of its context
Who is communicating, and what status does the communicator have?
Communication messages usually do not come alone, but are accompanied by other messages.
These are also interpreted.
For a message exchange to be successful, the sender and the recipient must have agreed on a vocabulary.
The word hedge can mean completely different things based on the context.
In biology a hedge is a row of shrubs or trees that make a barrier or form a border.
In finance, a hedge is an investment made to reduce the risk of another investment.
In linguistics a hedge is a word or set of words that make other words less important.
Without any information it is therefore very difficult to know which hedge is really meant by the speaker.
Communication protocol
A Miracle is an amazing, beneficial event that goes (or at least seems to go) against natural laws.
Some people say that a miracle is always an act brought about by God or other supernatural force (such as an angel).
Others say that there can always be another explanation for it.
And thirdly, some say the event is myth and never actually even happened in the first place.
According to the Bible
In the Bible a miracle is an act by God, where God's presence is shown.
They can be an act that affects one person, or a gigantic disturbance of nature that changes the world.
Examples in the Bible
Here are seven types that can be found.
These are just some of the many miracles in the Bible.
God’s authority
Moses parts the Red Sea so that the people of Israel could escape from Egypt
Jesus commands the storm winds to stop blowing
A man crippled since birth gets up and walks after Jesus heals him
Jesus makes a man who was born blind to see
Judgment for evil
People became so evil that God destroys them with a flood; Noah and his family are saved
Two members of the Jerusalem church are struck dead for lying
God gives manna to the Israelites as they traveled through the desert
Jesus feeds thousands of people with only five loaves of bread and two fish
Raising the dead
By the power of God, Elijah raises a widow’s dead son back to life
Jesus raises his friend, Lazarus, to life
King Nebuchadnezzar tries to burn Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego to death in a fiery furnace, but God keeps them from burning
The prophet Isaiah has a vision of God seated on his throne surrounded by angels
Saul has a vision of Jesus that changed his life
In other books
Other religious books, like the Quran, Mahabharata and the Avesta, contains many references to this definition of miracle.
An example of a miracle in the Quran is when Muhammad splits the moon into halves.
Kami (神) is a Japanese word for the spirits that are worshipped in the Shinto religion.
Not all of Kami are gods of the personified type.
Instead, they have to do with phenomena and events like the growth of trees, or rain, or wind, or other aspects of Nature; it is believed that these kami live in those natural things.
It is usually said that there are .
In Japanese the number "eight-million" is normally used to mean infinity.
Though the word kami can be translated multiple ways into English, no English word expresses its full meaning.
Some important kami
Amaterasu, the sun goddess
Inari, god of foxes
Kotoamatsukami, the primary kami trinity
Izanagi, the first man
Izanami, the first woman
Shinigami, kami of death
Ryūjin, god of the sea
Susanoo, god of storms
Sarutahiko, kami of Earth
Kami at Onmark database
Japanese deities
Cardboard is a heavy type of paper, notable for its stiffness and durability.
It was first invented in China some time in the 15th century, and is used for a wide variety of purposes.
One of its more common uses is as a packaging material.
Cardboard boxes were first produced commercially in 1817 in England.
Corrugated (also called pleated) paper was patented in England in 1856, used as a liner for tall hats, but corrugated cardboard would not be patented and used as a shipping material until 20 December 1871.
The patent was issued to Albert Jones of New York City, New York for single-sided corrugated cardboard.
Jones used the corrugated cardboard for wrapping bottles and glass lantern chimneys.
The first machine for producing large quantities of corrugated cardboard was built in 1874 by G. Smyth, and in the same year Oliver Long improved upon Jones' design by inventing corrugated cardboard with liner sheets on both sides.
This was now cardboard as we know it today.
American Robert Gair was a Brooklyn printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, and while he was printing an order of seed bags a metal ruler normally used to crease bags shifted in position and cut the bag.
Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing cardboard in one operation he could make prefabricated cartons.
Extending this to corrugated cardboard was a straightforward development when the material became available.
By the start of the 20th century, corrugated cardboard boxes began replacing the custom-made wooden crates and boxes previously used for trade.
The Kellogg brothers first used cardboard cartons to hold their flaked corn cereal, and later when they began marketing it to the general public a heat-sealed waxed bag of Waxtite was wrapped around the outside of the box and printed with their brand name.
This marked the origin of the cereal box, though in modern times the sealed bag is plastic and is kept inside the box rather than outside.
Cardboard packaging has undergone minor changes in recent times due to the trend towards environmentalism.
It is now common for cardboard to be manufactured with a large percentage of recycled fibers.
English is a language that started in Anglo-Saxon England.
It is originally from Anglo-Frisian and Old Saxon dialects.
English is now used as a global language.
There are about 375 million native speakers (people who use it as their first language) in the world.
Frisian is the language closest to English.
The vocabulary of English was influenced by other Germanic languages in the early Middle Ages and later by Romance languages, especially French.
English is the only official language or one of the official languages of nearly 60 countries.
It is also the main language of more countries in the world than any other.
It is the primary language in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
It is one of the official languages in Singapore, India, Hong Kong, and South Africa.
It is widely spoken in parts of the Caribbean, Africa, and South Asia.
In 2005, it was estimated that there were over 2 billion speakers of English.
English is the first foreign language for most learners who have another main language.
It is an official language of the United Nations, European Union, and many other international organizations.
It is the most widely-spoken Germanic language, with at least 70% of Germanic speakers speaking English.
About 220 million others use it as their second language.
It is, together with German, the most important language of science and technology.
It is often used in work and travel and trade, and there are at least a billion people who are learning it.
That makes English the largest language by number of speakers.
English has changed and developed over time, like all other languages.
The most obvious changes are the many words taken from Latin and Old French, which then came to Old English and then Modern English, which is used today.
English grammar has also become very different from other Germanic languages, but it stayed different from Romance languages.
Because nearly 60% of the vocabulary comes from Latin, English is sometimes called the Germanic language that is the most Latin, and it is often mistaken for being a Romance language.
Germanic tribes (Saxons, Angles, and Jutes) came to Britain from around 449 AD.
They made their home in the south and east of the island, pushing out the Celtic Britons who were there before them, or making them speak the English language instead of the old Celtic languages.
Some people still speak Celtic languages today, in Wales (Welsh) and elsewhere.
Gaelic is the Scottish Celtic language, still spoken by some in the Scottish Highlands and Islands. "
Scots" is a dialect of English, taken from the English spoken in Northumbria.
Irish Gaelic is spoken by very few people today.
The Germanic dialects of the different tribes became what is now called Old English.
The word "English" comes from the name of the Angles: Englas.
Old English did not sound or look much like the English spoken today.
If English speakers today were to hear or read a passage in Old English, they would understand just a few words.
The closest language to English that is still used today is Frisian, spoken by about 500,000 people living in the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.
It is much like English, and many words are the same.
The two languages were even closer before Old English changed to Middle English).
Today, speakers of the two languages would not be able to understand each other.
Dutch is spoken by over 20 million people, and is more distant from English.
German is even bigger, and even more distant.
All these languages belong to the same West Germanic family as English.
Many other people came to England later at different times, speaking different languages, and these languages added more words to make today's English.
For example, around 800 AD, many Danish and Norse pirates, also called Vikings, came to the country, established Danelaw.
So, English got many Norse loanwords.
Their languages were Germanic languages, like Old English, but are a little different.
They are called the North Germanic languages.
When William the Conqueror took over England in 1066 AD, he brought his nobles, who spoke Norman, a language closely related to French.
English changed a lot because it was mostly being spoken instead of written for about 300 years, because all official documents were written in Norman French.
English borrowed many words from Norman at that time, and also began to drop the old word endings.
English of this time is called Middle English.
Geoffrey Chaucer is a well known writer of Middle English.
After more sound changes, Middle English became Modern English.
English continued to take new words from other languages, for example mainly from French (around 30% to 40% of its words), but also Chinese, Hindi, Urdu, Japanese, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, etc.
Because scientists from different countries needed to talk to one another, they chose names for scientific things in the languages they all knew: Greek and Latin.
Those words came to English also, for example, photography ("photo-" means "light" and "-graph" means "picture" or "writing", in Greek.
A photograph is a picture made using light), or telephone.
So, English is made of Old English, Danish, Norse, and French, and has been changed by Latin, Greek, Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, Dutch and Spanish, along with some words from other languages.
English grammar has also changed, becoming simpler and less Germanic.
The classic example is the loss of case in grammar.
Grammatical case shows the role of a noun, adjective or pronoun in a sentence.
In Latin (and other Indo-European languages), this is done by adding suffixes, but English usually does not.
The style of English is that meaning is made clear more by context and syntax.
The history of the British Empire has added to the spread of English.
English is an important language in many places today.
In Australia, Canada, India, Pakistan, South Africa, and the United States, among others (like those in the Commonwealth of Nations), English is the main language.
Because the United Kingdom (the country where England is) and the United States have historically been powerful in commerce and government, many people find it helpful to learn English to communicate in science, business, and diplomacy.
This is called learning English as an additional language, English as a Second Language (ESL) or English as a Foreign Language (EFL).
English literature has many famous stories and plays.
William Shakespeare was a famous English writer of poems and plays.
His English is Early Modern English, and not quite like what people speak or write today.
Early Modern English sounded different, partly because the language was beginning a "great vowel shift".
Later, many short stories and novels also used English.
The novel as we know it is first seen in 18th century English.
Therefore today, many famous songs and movies (cinema films) use the English language.
English grammar started out based on Old English, which is considered to be a Germanic language.
After the Norman French conquered England in 1066, parts of the Latin language were brought to the English language by the Norman French.
There are different types of nouns in English, like proper nouns and common noun.
To show if a noun is plural, which means there is more than one of the noun, usually "-s" is added at the end of a word.
Pronouns are words that take the place of a noun to avoid repetition.
There are different types of pronouns in the English language.
The most important ones are:
Personal pronouns
Interrogative pronouns
Indefinite pronouns
Dummy pronouns
Verbs in English show the action or the state of a sentence.
Verbs can come in different shapes in a sentence based on the time or condition we are talking about.
For example the verb "eat" changes to "ate" in past.
Adjectives are words that describe a noun.
In English they always come before a noun to give you more information about that noun.
You can see this in the sentence "the red apples are juicy."
Written English uses a range of historical spelling patterns that changed over time due to political and cultural changes.
As a result, different words can use the same letters and combinations for very different sounds.
For example, "-ough" was once a guttural but has become different in "through" (threw), "rough" (ruff), "dough" (doe) or "cough" (coff).
Many English-speaking countries spell words differently.
Some words that are spelled one way in the United Kingdom and many other countries in the British Commonwealth are spelled differently in the United States.
There are 26 letters in the English alphabet:
Nearly 60% of the vocabulary in the English language comes from Latin and its descendants, mainly French:
Langue d'oïl (French): 29.3%
Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin and Frankish (Germanic language): 28.7%
Germanic languages: 24% (inherited from Old English/Anglo-Saxon, Proto-Germanic, Old Norse, etc.
without including Germanic words borrowed from a Romance languages)
Greek: 5.32%
Italian, Spanish and Portuguese: 4.03%
Derived from proper names: 3.28%
All other languages: less than 1%
However, the most common words are more often those of Germanic origin.
Also, expressions and typical short phrases are often of Germanic origin.
South African English
BBC resources for English language students
Resources for English language students
The main points of English grammar, clearly presented with examples
Activities for English language students
Tools For English Language
Trier is a city at the Moselle River in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.
The population is about 100,000.
Trier is famous for some Roman buildings like the Porta Nigra and others.
It is famous as the birthplace of Karl Marx.
Trier is also famous for the wine of the wine-growing-region Mosel-Saar-Ruwer.
Districts
www.trier.de
History of Trier  (German and English)
Another Trier Daily Photo
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country in both Europe and Asia.
The area of Turkey is about .
Turkey is a republic.
There are 81 provinces in Turkey.
The money of Turkey is called Turkish Lira.
The capital city is Ankara, a city in the central region, called Anatolia.
The cultural and economic center is in the European side of Istanbul.
In the past Istanbul was called Constantinople.
The republic was founded in 1923, after World War I and a war of independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı).
Before that, Turkey was the core of the Ottoman Empire.
Many civilizations were in the area that is now Turkey, like the Hittites, the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire.
Many important events in the history of Christianity happened in places that are now in Turkey.