the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Normal mathematics convention dictates a minus sign to precede the first of the decimal digits of a for a negative number; that of b for a number with absolute value between 0 and 1, e.g. minus one half is .
There is no need to represent zero in normalized form, the digit 0 is sufficient.
The normalized form allows easy comparison of two numbers of the same sign in a, as the exponent b gives the number's order of magnitude.
Scientific Notation in Everyday Life
An exercise in converting to and from scientific notation
Scientific Notation Calculator and Converter
The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, shortened: SED) was the governing party of East Germany from 1949, when East Germany was created, until the elections of 1990.
The SED was created in april 1946 in the Berliner Admiralspalast when the Soviet Union forced the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) members and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) members who lived in the Soviet-occupied parts of Germany and Berlin.
After 1990, the party reformed itself as the Party of Democratic Socialism (later in 2005, the Left Party.
PDS).
It is still somewhat popular in parts the former East German territory, frequently winning seats at state and local elections.
In the September 2005 Bundestag election the PDS was in coalition with WASG (Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice), which was formed by Oskar Lafontaine who left the SPD.
The PDS and WASG joined together in 2007.
A famous SED poster read: To learn from Stalin means to learn how to win.
Later, the word Stalin was replaced with the USSR.
When  Gorbachev was president of the USSR the famous slogan was abandoned, as the SED did not believe there was anything to learn from his ideas about perestroika.
At first the SED had a branch in West Berlin, but in 1962 the West Berlin branch was separated from the SED proper and became a "separate" party called the Socialist Unity Party of West Berlin (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Westberlins – SEW) but with the same ideas as the parent party.
The final days
Between the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the election in March 1990, the old Social Democratic Party was re-established as a separate party, while the rest of the SED lost a lot of members and renamed itself the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) at a special party meeting in December 1989.
By becoming the PDS the party survived the reuniting of East Germany and West Germany, and eventually started growing again, managing to get representatives elected to the Bundestag.
On December 1, 1989 the SED was forced to give up its 40 year monopoly of power when the State Council (Volksammer) revoked the clause in the constitution of the GDR that guaranteed the SED to be the sole legal party in East Germany.
Its leader and all of the politburo resigned three days later and the party was finally dissolved on December 16, 1989.
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the SED
(known as "First Secretary" from 1953 – 1976)
Walter Ulbricht (July 1950 – May 3, 1971)
Erich Honecker (May 3, 1971 – October 18, 1989)
Egon Krenz (October 18, 1989 – December 3, 1989)
1946 establishments in Germany
Communist parties in Europe
Buck the World is the second album by American rapper Young Buck.
It went on sale on March 27, 2007.
Its title is a play on the expression "Fuck the World".
Production included Dr. Dre, Jazze Pha, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Polow Da Don, and Lil Jon amongst others.
Guest appearances included 50 Cent, Chester Bennington (from Linkin Park), Young Jeezy, Bun B, Trick Daddy, and Lyfe Jennings amongst others.
The first single was "I Know You Want Me" produced by Jazze Pha, who also made a guest appearance on the track.
The second single was "Get Buck", produced by Polow Da Don.
The third single, "U Ain't Goin' Nowhere", was released on May 18, 2007.
Rap music
Samaveda is third in the usual order of the four Vedas, the ancient core Hindu scriptures.
It is the second oldest Veda .
It is written in sanskrit
Johannes Rau (16 January 1931, Wuppertal – 27 January 2006, Berlin) was a German politician of the SPD.
He was the eighth President of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1 July 1999 until 30 June 2004 and minister president of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1978 to 1998.
He was born in Barmen, Wuppertal.
His family was Protestant, and he was active in the Confessing Church, a part of the German Protestant Church which was against Nazism.
Political biography
Rau was a member of the All-German People's Party (GVP), which was founded by Gustav Heinemann, who also became a president of Germany.
This party only existed from 1952 until 1957.
In 1958 Rau and Heinemann joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDP), where he was active in the Wuppertal branch.
He served on the City Council (1964-1978), where he was as chairman of the SDP Group (1964-1967) and later as Mayor (1969-1970).
In 1958 Rau was elected a member of the Landtag (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia.
In 1967 he became chairman of the SPD group in the Landtag, and in 1970 Minister of Science and Education in the cabinet of Minister President Heinz Kühn.
He founded five universities in North Rhine-Westphalia during the 1970s.
He also started Germany's first distance learning university at Hagen (modelled on the Open University in Britain).
In 1978 Rau became Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia, where he remained until 1998, winning four elections for the SPD, which became biggest party in the Landtag each time and gained an absolute majority three times, in 1980, 1985, 1990 and finally 1995.
From 1995 onwards, Rau led an SPD-Greens coalition in NRW.
In 1987 Rau tried to become chancellor of Germany for the SPD, but lost to Helmut Kohl's Christian Democrats (CDU).
In 1994 Rau tried for the first time to become Federal President, but lost to Roman Herzog.
Rau twice served as President of the Bundesrat in 1982/83 and 1994/95, and was deputy for the Federal President.
In 1998 Rau stepped down from his positions as SPD Chairman and Minister President, and on 23 May 1999, was elected Federal President by the Federal Assembly of Germany to succeed Roman Herzog (CDU).
On 1 July 2004, he was succeeded by Horst Köhler.
In 2000 Rau was the first German head of state since the Holocaust to address the Knesset, the Israeli parliament, in German.
Some Israeli delegates to walked out, but Israeli President Moshe Katsav supported and praised him for bridging the gap between the two states.
Johannes Rau was a practising Christian.
He was sometimes called , "Brother John", to make fun of his strong Christian belief; but, he sometimes used this term himself.
On 9 August 1982 he married the political scientist Christina Delius (born 1956).
Christina Rau is a granddaughter of Gustav Heinemann, former President of Germany.
The couple had three children: Anna Christina, born 1983, Philip Immanuel, born 1985 and Laura Helene, born 1986.
After leaving office, Rau lived with his family in the federal capital Berlin.
However, they also kept a house in Wuppertal.
Ministers-President of North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Wuppertal
Peridot (pronounced "pair-uh-dot" or "pair-uh-doe") is the gem quality version of the mineral olivine.
The name of the gemstone is believed to come from either the Arabic word faridat meaning "gem" or the French word peritot meaning "unclear."
Peridot is one of the few gemstones that comes in only one color.
The darkness of the green depends on how much iron there is.
The color varies from yellow-green to olive to brownish green.
Olivine is a very common mineral, but gem-quality peridot is rather rare.
Peridot is the birthstone for the month of August.
Peridot is believed to bring good health,restful sleep and peace to relations by balancing emotions and mind.
An archivist is a professional who  collects, organizes, preserves, maintains control over, and provides access to information determined to have long-term value.
The information maintained by an archivist can be any form of media (photographs, video or sound recordings, letters, documents, electronic records, etc.).
"Archivists keep records that have enduring value as reliable memories of the past, and they help people find and understand the information they need in those records."
Determining what records have enduring value is not always easy.
Archivists must also select records valuable enough to justify the costs of storage and preservation, plus the labor-intensive expenses of arrangement, description,  and reference service.
The theory and scholarly work underpinning archives practices is called archival science.
Archives and Records Association of New Zealand
Directory of Regional, State and Local Archival Organizations in the United States
Association of Canadian Archivists
Society of Archivists (UK and Ireland)
Australian Society of Archivists
Česká archivní společnost / Czech Archive Society (In English)
The Archivist's Toolkit an online tool for archivists
Roman Herzog (5 April 1934 – 10 January 2017) was a German politician (CDU).
He was President of Germany from 1994 to 1999.
He studied law in Munich, Bavaria and took the first stage law exam in 1957.
In 1958, he gained the title Dr.jur. (
doctor of laws) and worked in the University of Munich until 1964, where he passed his second law exam.
He wrote Die Wesensmerkmale der Staatsorganisation in rechtlicher und entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Sicht ("Characteristics of State Organization from a Juristic and Developmental-Historical Viewpoint"), and was given the title of professor in 1964.
In Germany "professor" is a title meaning senior teacher, not a job name.
Herzog taught at the University of Munich until 1966.
From 1966 he taught state law and political science as a full professor at the Free University of Berlin (FUB).
In 1969 he moved to the FUB in Speyer, and was the University President from 1971 to 1972.
In 1973 he entered politics, and became a member of the Bundesrat for Rhineland-Palatinate.
He was minister for culture and sports in the Baden-Württemberg Land Government from 1978.
In 1980 he was elected to the State Parliament (Landtag), and took over the state Ministry of the Interior.
Herzog was also always active in the Protestant Church.
Since 1982 he had been a member of the synod (parliament) of the Protestant Church of Germany.
He had been a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany since 1972.
In 1983 he became vice president of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany in Karlsruhe, and president over from 1987 to 1994, when he was elected President of Germany by the Bundesversammlung (Federal Convention).
His term ended in 1999, when he was succeeded by Johannes Rau.
His wife, Christiane Herzog, died on 19 June 2000.
He later married Alexandra Freifrau von Berlichingen in 2001.
Chief justices
German judges
Members of the German Bundesrat
The voltaic pile was the first ever battery.
It was invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist.
How the voltaic pile is made
The picture to the right shows a voltaic pile: it's a pile, or "stack" of discs, made from 3 different materials.
Some of the discs are made from copper, some from zinc.
Other metals can be used; but it's important that there are two different kinds of metal.
There are also discs made from leather, fabric, or cardboard: these are the green discs in the picture.
They must  be soaked, or "made wet", with something acidic.
Note how the discs follow a pattern: first a disc made from one of the metals, then a cardboard or leather disc, then a disc made from the other kind of metal.
Then the same kinds of discs, in the same order, again and again.
In the picture, you can see how one "set" of zinc disc, cardboard disc and copper disc has been "pushed" a little to the right.
Such a "set" is called a cell: the voltaic pile in the picture has 6 cells.
The two different metal discs in a cell will each have a voltage across it; about 1.1 volts.
Stacking cells in a pile adds to the voltage of the cells, and from the discs at the top and bottom of the voltaic pile in the picture, there is a voltage of 6 × 1.1 volts = 6.6 volts.
How the voltaic pile works
The acid in the leather, fabric, or cardboard discs will try to dissolve some of the metal in the zinc discs.
To be dissolved, a zinc atom must give away 2 of its electrons.
The zinc atom then becomes an ion: Ions can "go where they want to" in the liquid acid.
They go through the leather/cardboard disc, and meet the copper disc.
The zinc ions are "missing" the two electrons they left behind, so when they get to the copper disc, they each "steal" two electrons to replace the missing ones.
When they "steal" electrons, the zinc ions turn back from ions to "normal" zinc atoms.
Saltwater can also be used in the cardboard, fabric, or leather, in a voltaic pile using copper and zinc plates.
The result is that the zinc disc ends up with a lot of electrons "left behind" by the zinc ions, and the copper disc ends up "missing" a lot of electrons "stolen" by the zinc ions.
To use the electricity that comes from the pile, we must connect something that uses electricity to the two discs at the top and bottom of the pile.
Doing so gives the electrons left behind in the zinc disc a "chance" to go to the copper disc.
At the copper disc, the electrons "replace" those that were "stolen" from the copper by the zinc.
How Volta got the idea
Luigi Galvani was an Italian, working with anatomy.
About 1786 he had seen something interesting: he had dissected (cut apart) a frog, and when he touched one of its legs with two tools made from different metals, it moved even though the frog had been killed before the dissection.
Galvani himself thought this had something to do with the leg, and not with the metal tools he used.
Volta saw that the tools must be made from two different metals for the leg to move.
Volta also found that he could make a little electricity just by making two different metals touch each other.
He thought that the two different metals gave something he called contact tension, and the electricity came from that contact tension.
Galvani and Volta talked a lot about this, but they never agreed.
Volta tried to make use of it all.
He made experiments with (and tried out) rods of different kinds of metals, in wine carafes (a kind of bottle).
This way, he found that the best metals to use, are silver and zinc.
He could also make it better by using flat discs instead of rods of metal.
This is because the discs have more surface area than the rod; this gives more "room" for the zinc ions to leave one disc and get in touch with the other.
Originally, Volta put an extra disc of each metal at the top and bottom of the stack.
These were later proved to be unnecessary.
What happened after the invention
Before the voltaic pile was invented, people could make only static electricity.
With the voltaic pile, they could make electricity that keeps flowing for some time.
Along with this, it was an invention that could be easily made.
With this kind of electricity, scientists could do a lot of "new" things.
For instance, when new kinds of metal were discovered, the electricity from a voltaic pile could "sort" chemicals.
This way, small but very pure bits of these "new" metals could be made.
Arshile Gorky (; born Vostanik Manoug Adoian, ; April 15, 1904 – July 21, 1948) was an Armenian-born American painter.
Gorky had a seminal influence on Abstract Expressionism and Surrealism.
Gorky was born in the village of Khorgom, situated on the shores of Lake Van (Vana Lij).
It is not known exactly when he was born: it was sometime between 1903 and 1905.In later years Arshile Gorky was vague about even the date of his birth, changing it from year to year.
In 1910 his father emigrated to America to avoid the draft, leaving his family behind in the town of Van (Armenia).
A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure voltage.
For instance, a voltmeter can be used to see if there is more electricity left in a battery.
The creation of voltmeters became possible when Hans Oersted invented the most simple voltmeter in 1819.
Connecting a voltmeter
The voltmeter can be connected by joining two wires to where the voltage is.
One wire is the positive one, and the other the negative.
With some voltmeters, one must make sure that the wires are connected to the right spots: the positive connection on the voltmeter to the more positive "part" of the voltage source, and the negative to the more negative "part".
This way, the voltmeter is parallel to the electrical circuit.
How voltmeters show the voltage
When the connections are made, the voltmeter shows the voltage.
As there is no direct way to access the voltage, voltmeters are  designed as special sort of ammeter which can calculate the voltage by assessing the electrical current and applying Ohm's law.
There are two kinds of voltmeters.
One kind has a needle, or "pointer", that points to a number that tells the number of volts.
This is the kind of voltmeter where one has to be careful about making the positive and negative connections correctly – if the wrong connections are made, the voltmeter can be damaged.
The second kind of voltmeter shows the numbers in a "digital" way, just like digital clocks and calculators.
This kind of voltmeter is not damaged from "wrong" connections; instead, they show a negative number.
Also, there are two types of voltmeters, based on the current type: some voltmeters are designed for use in direct current (DC) while others are designed for alternating current (AC).
Modern voltmeters can work in both currents.
Using the right kind of voltmeter
All voltmeters have an upper limit, or a "maximum number" of volts they can "handle".
If a voltmeter is used for bigger voltages than it was made to "handle", it may damage or destroy it.
Voltmeters with settings, and multimeters
Because it is important to use the right kind of voltmeter, they are most often made so they can be adjusted to measure all kinds of voltages.
Such voltmeters usually have a "knob" or switch that can be set in different ways.
If the voltmeter is set in one way, the voltmeter handles voltages up to, for example, 10 volts.
If the switch is set in another way, the voltmeter can handle 100 volts, and so on.
Inside the voltmeter, the switch usually works by changing resistors in a voltage divider.
In this way, one single voltmeter can be used for a lot of different voltages, large and small.
Some modern voltmeters can do this setting all by themselves, one just has to make the connection and not worry about if the voltmeter can handle the voltage.
It will automatically find a setting that can handle it.
Today, a voltmeter is usually part of a multimeter, an instrument that can work as both a voltmeter, an ammeter, and usually a few more measuring instruments.
These also have switces, used to "tell" the multimeter to "be a voltmeter".
Multimeters often have more than two connections, and part of "telling" the multimeter what to measure (that is, whether to be a voltmeter or an amperemeter) is done by choosing the right two connections.
This is explained in the manual for the multimeter, and often shown next to the connection points.
Use of amplifiers for sensitive measurement of voltage
The first type of voltmeters show the voltage using a needle or "pointer" pointing to the number of volts.
These voltmeters take energy from the thing being measured to move the needle.
Some very weak voltage sources might not have enough energy to move the needle to the right voltage.
In that case, such a voltmeter shows too few volts.
The voltmeter is not sensitive enough.
One solution to the above problem is to make the needle use as little energy as possible to move.
However, there is a limit to how sensitive this kind of voltmeter can be.
When vacuum tubes and transistors were invented, it became possible to build electronic amplifiers.
By using an amplifier, a voltmeter can measure very small voltages from very weak sources.
Modern voltmeters and multimeters normally have this kind of amplifier in them.
Powderfinger were a rock band from Brisbane, Australia.
The band started in 1989.
The band’s members were Bernard Fanning (singer, guitarist), Darren Middleton (guitarist), Ian Haug (guitarist), John Collins (bass), and Jon Coghill (drums).
After some extended plays (EPs) that sold quite well, and making one full album, Powderfinger became popular in Australia with their second album; Double Allergic.
Their third album, Internationalist, was even more popular and made them celebrities.
It sold over 350,000 copies.
Odyssey Number Five was their fourth album and was released in 2000.
It is their most famous album; it was sold overseas in the United States and Canada.
Powderfinger's next two albums were not as popular as the earlier ones, but still got to number one on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) charts.
Powderfinger started in Brisbane, Australia, in 1989.
Ian Haug, John Collins, and Steven Bishop (drums), had been playing music with other bands, when they decided to form Powderfinger.
The band's name came from the song "Powderfinger" by Neil Young.
Haug met Bernard Fanning at university and Fanning decided to join the band.
Later, Jon Coghill joined when Bishop left.
Darren Middleton was the last person to join, when Powderfinger saw one of his other bands playing and invited him to join.
Powderfinger released their first extended play (EP), called Powderfinger, in 1992.
This was followed by Transfusion in 1993.
Transfusion was popular in Australia, and got to number one on the ARIA Alternative Chart, a chart for alternative rock music.
Powderfinger signed a contract with record label Polydor after releasing Transfusion.
Their first EPs did not sell badly, so they made an album, Parables for Wooden Ears, in 1994.
It did not do very well, and Fanning said in an interview in 2004 that "the music wasn't very good".
The band then released Double Allergic in 1996.
This album became very popular in Australia; it sold more than 200,000 copies.
Jonathan Lewis from Allmusic said "Double Allergic established Powderfinger as one of the most exciting Australian rock acts of the late 1990s".
When they were making Double Allergic, Middleton said it was the best music the band had made so far.
After releasing the album, Powderfinger went on a tour with You Am I, playing at the Livid concerts.
Successful releases
After Double Allergic, Powderfinger began to work on their third album.
The band worked in Melbourne with a new producer, Nick DiDia.
In 1998, they released Internationalist.
The album went to number one on the ARIA Albums Chart, and stayed in the top 50 for 101 weeks.
It sold more than 350,000 copies.
Internationalist was the first Powderfinger album to win an ARIA Award; it won "Album of the Year", "Best Rock Album" and "Best Cover Art" at the 1999 ARIA Awards. "
The Day You Come", the first single, won "Single of the Year" in 1999.
On Internationalist, Powderfinger included songs about their political opinions and social ideas, but they said this was not done on purpose.
Internationalist sounded different to the band's first two albums.
This was because the band experimented with new ways of playing their music and writing songs.
Powderfinger's next album, Odyssey Number Five (released in 2000), is their most famous.
It won many awards including "Album of the Year" from Rolling Stone magazine, and the 2001 "Album of the Year" ARIA Award.
It also got to number one on the ARIA Albums Chart.
From Odyssey Number Five, Powderfinger released their most popular single, "My Happiness".
It won the 2001 "Single of the Year" ARIA Award, and got to number four on the ARIA Singles Chart.
Two songs on Odyssey Number Five appeared in movies; "These Days" was from the movie Two Hands,  and "My Kind of Scene" was part of Mission: Impossible II.
Odyssey Number Five was Powderfinger's shortest album yet.
Similar to Internationalist, it talked about political and social issues.
It also had numerous songs about love.
Fanning liked listening to gospel music, and to soul which is often about love, and wrote his own songs after listening to that.
Reviewers disagreed on the album; Entertainment Weekly liked it and gave it a B+, saying the album experimented well, while Allmusic gave it one-and-a-half stars out of five, saying Powderfinger were too careful and not aggressive enough.
Powderfinger toured around North America with Coldplay to help promote Odyssey Number Five.
In 2003, Powderfinger released their fifth album, Vulture Street.
It was named after a street in Brisbane where the band would rehearse.
Vulture Street got to number one on the ARIA Albums Chart, but did not stay on the chart for as long as the two albums before it.
Vulture Street won four ARIA Awards including "Album of the Year" in 2003.
Vulture Street contained louder guitars and drums than the albums before it, especially Odyssey Number Five.
Bernard Zuel from The Sydney Morning Herald said it was "a rawer, louder, but by no means unrefined, album".
Some of the album was recorded during jam sessions, and was similar to what Powderfinger sounded like when playing live.
Kenneth Nguyen from The Age said the band "play a crowd-pleasing set".
Break from recording
In 2004, Powderfinger released a CD/DVD of themselves playing a concert in Sydney.
The release was called These Days: Live in Concert.
After this they released a "best of" album called Fingerprints: The Best of Powderfinger, 1994–2000.
This included singles from their albums so far, some songs that were not released as singles but appeared on albums, and two new songs.
Both compilations did well on the ARIA Albums Chart, reaching number two.
After releasing Fingerprints: The Best of Powderfinger, 1994–2000, Powderfinger said they would have a rest from working together.
During this break, Bernard Fanning made his own music, releasing an album called Tea & Sympathy.
Darren Middleton released an album, called The Way Out with Drag, another band he plays in.
Ian Haug and John Collins made a band called The Predators during this time with Steven Bishop, who had left Powderfinger around 1992.
The Predators made an EP called Pick Up the Pace.
During the break, Fanning married his girlfriend, Andrea.
The wives of Middleton and Haug both had children during the break.
Return from break
Powderfinger returned from their break and began work on their sixth album in 2006.
The band recorded in Los Angeles with Rob Schnapf, and released Dream Days at the Hotel Existence in 2007.
The album's name came from a book called The Brooklyn Follies that Fanning was reading when the band recorded.
Dream Days at the Hotel Existence contained songs about politics and the lives of Indigenous Australians, and also about love.
Because of the political lyrics on one song, "Black Tears", the album was nearly banned.
The album sold well and was number one in Australia, like many of Powderfinger's previous albums.
However, critics did not like it as much as the band's older work; Barnaby Smith of musicOMH said "the volume has been turned down", but he said that was "not always a good thing".
After the album was released, Powderfinger went on a concert tour with Silverchair, another Australian band.
On the tour, called the Across the Great Divide tour, the band played shows in lots of cities in Australia and New Zealand.
They did the tour to help Reconciliation Australia, an Australian charity that tries to improve the lives of Indigenous Australians.
Powderfinger have done a lot of work for charities and philanthropic causes.
In 2004, the band played at WaveAid, a concert in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
The concert made over $2 million in profit, which was donated to help survivors of the earthquake.
The 2007 Across the Great Divide tour featured Powderfinger and Silverchair playing concerts across Australia to help promote Reconciliation Australia, a charity that tries to improve the lives of Indigenous Australians.
More than 200,000 saw the bands play.
After the tour, the bands released a DVD, which included the bands performing, and interviews with their members.
In October 2007, Powderfinger played a concert at the Sydney Opera House as part of "Breast Cancer Awareness Month".
Only people who had breast cancer, and their families, were invited to the show.
Silverchair and Missy Higgins also performed.
After the concert, Fanning said that "musicians have a guilty conscience in general about their lives being quite good and tend to be aware of social issues".
Powderfinger's official website
Discography  on official website
Powderfinger on Allmusic
1989 establishments in Australia
Schizanthus (butterfly flower) is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
The genus is made up of twelve species: Schizanthus alpestris, Schizanthus candidus, Schizanthus grahamii, Schizanthus hookerii, Schizanthus integrifolius, Schizanthus lacteus, Schizanthus laetus, Schizanthus litoralis, Schizanthus parvulus, Schizanthus pinnatus, Schizanthus porrigens and Schizanthus tricolor.
A hadith (, pronounced: "") is the narration of an event from the life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam.
In English, the word hadith is also used as the plural word for a group of these narrations although the plural in Arabic is a-HAA-deeth.
The hadith is used along with the Quran to interpret Sharia.
Sunnis follow the kutub al-Sittah while Shias follow the Kutub al-Arba'a.
The word hadith means something new or a piece of information.
The religious meaning of  hadith is a statement, action or approval attributed to the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad.
Therefore, hadith can be divided into three categories based upon their content:
A statement of the Prophet
An action of the Prophet
The Prophet’s approval of an action done by other than him
After Prophet Muhammad died, Muslim scholars wrote down stories about what he had said and done.
They also wrote down facts about who told each story.
Some of the stories were retold many times before they were written down, and some stories did not agree in every detail resulting in the detailed study of hadith by scholars to compare between those hadith.
Muslim scholars collected all of these Hadith in books and compared them to each other.
They decided which Hadith were most likely to be true records of the Sunnah, that is, the words and actions of Muhammad.
Muslims see the Sunnah as an important source of guidance, along with the Qur'an.
Islam is the complete religion so nothing could be changed about it.
It gives a complete code of life.
Fengyuan City is a city in north-central Taichung County in Taiwan on the south bank of the Dajia River.
It is the capital of Taichung County.
Billy Cox is a bassist, best known for playing with guitarist Jimi Hendrix.
He was born in West Virginia.
Billy first met Hendrix in the early part of the 1960s, when they were both in the United States Army.
Cox played with Hendrix in an R&B band called the King Kasuals.
The two played at clubs in Nashville, Tennessee.
While in England, Hendrix asked Cox to join him in a new band; Cox said no.
The spot instead went to Noel Redding.
In 1971 Cox released his album Nitro Function.
Musicians from West Virginia
Clarksville, Alabama
Clarksville, California
Clarksville, Delaware
Clarksville, Florida
Clarksville, Idaho
Clarksville, Illinois
Clarksville, Indiana
Clarksville, Maryland
Clarksville, Michigan
Clarksville, Missouri
Clarksville, New Hampshire
Clarksville, New Jersey
Clarksville, Albany County, New York
Clarksville, Allegany County, New York
Clarksville, Ohio
Clarksville, Oklahoma
Clarksville, Oregon
Clarksville, Pennsylvania
Clarksville, Tennessee (best-known city with this name)
The city in the state of Tennessee is at Clarksville, Tennessee
Clarksville is a small township.
It is located three kilometres southwest of Milton in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand.
State Highways 1 and 8 meet in Clarksville.
The town was also once the location of a railway junction, where the Roxburgh Branch left the Main South Line.
Construction of this branch line began in the 1870s and Clarksville acted as the junction until 1907, when an extension of the branch was built alongside the Main South Line into Milton to improve operations.
This led to Milton being the junction until 1960, when the extension was removed and Clarksville regained its status as a junction until the branch was entirely closed in 1968.
The Animals were an English music group, who were most popular in the 1960s.
They were known for their bluesy sound, and their heavy-voiced singer Eric Burdon.
One of their first hit songs, "The House of The Rising Sun", was an old American folk song, which they performed with a rock and roll beat.
Folk musician Bob Dylan was impressed by the Animals version of the song.
Other Animals hits included "We Gotta Get Out Of This Place", "Don't Bring Me Down", "It's My Life", "See See Rider", "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", and "I'm Crying".
The original Animals disbanded, and Burdon moved to the United States in 1967, where he formed a new version of the band.
They made more records, like "San Franciscan Nights", "Sky Pilot", "When I Was Young", "Paint it Black", "River Deep Mountain High", "Gratefully Dead" and "Monterey".
The original Animals reunited in later years, to perform concerts, and Burdon performed Animals songs with other bands.
Bass guitarist Chas Chandler became a music producer, with artists like Jimi Hendrix and Slade.
Keyboardist Alan Price left the band in early 1965 and went on an successful solo career in Europe.
Guitar player Hilton Valentine and drummer John Steel left the music business for many years until they reunited.
John Weider, guitar and violin player of the second Animals went on an solo career and was a member of the rock band Family.
Guitar player of the second Animals Vic Briggs became Antion Vikram Singh and released a few solo records including Hawaiian music.
Lead singer Eric Burdon went on with the funk rock band War, formed the hard rock/heavy metal group The Eric Burdon Band and went on an solo career with many ups and downs.
The Animals (1964)
The Animals on Tour (1965)
Animal Tracks (1965)
Animalisms (1966)
Animalism (1966)
Eric Is Here (1967)
Winds of Change (1967)
The Twain Shall Meet (1968)
Every One of Us (1968)
Love Is (1968)
Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted (1977)
Ark (1983)
The Animals Official Homepage
An Animals discography from Music City
The Animals at Rollingstone
1983 disestablishments in Europe
An autograph is some writing written only in the handwriting of its author; it is not typing.
An autograph can also mean someones signature.
This term is used for collecting autographs of celebrities.
The collection of autographs is called 'philography'.
Worlds Greatest Autograph
Stephen "Stevie" Ray Vaughan (October 3, 1954 – August 27, 1990) was an American blues guitarist.
He was born and raised in Dallas, Texas.
He was one of the world's most influential electric blues guitarists of the 1980s.
His most basic guitar licks were influenced by Albert King.
In one on stage performance the temperamental musician stated that Stevie Ray Vaughan was of his own blood line.
Early breakouts include Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble's Texas Flood album including their Hits, Texas Flood, and their upbeat version of Pride and Joy.
He died in a helicopter crash in East Troy, Wisconsin.
In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Stevie Ray Vaughan #7 in their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.
He died in August 27th 1990, from a helicopter crash.
In 2015 he and his group Double Trouble were elected into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Sony Music website
Stevie Ray Vaughan fan club
Stevie Ray Vaughan Russian Fan Site
1985 Stevie Ray Vaughan interview on Modern Guitars magazine
Musicians from Dallas, Texas
Didsbury is a area of Manchester 5-6 miles south of the city centre.
According to the 2001 census it had a population of 14,292.
Fetch Didsbury  — resources, events and articles educating people about Didsbury.
Didsbury Life Web Site — articles of interest to those living in or visiting Didsbury.
Official Didsbury statistics from 2001 Census
Burnage is a suburb of the City of Manchester in North West England.
It lies about four miles (6.4 km) south of Manchester city centre.
According to the 2001 census it had a population of 13,706.
2002: Burnage
ManchesterOnline Spotlight On Burnage Site
British History Online: Burnage
Burnage High School
The Barlow School
2001 Census results for Burnage
Districts of Manchester
Longsight is an area in the City of Manchester, in North West England.
It is around three miles south of Manchester city centre, and has a total population of 16,007 (according to the 2001 UK census).
Levenshulme is an urban area of Manchester in North West England on the borders of Longsight, Gorton, Burnage and Stockport.
According to the 2001 UK census it had a population of 12,691.
Gorton is a district of Manchester in England.
It is east of Manchester city centre.
Neighbouring areas include Longsight and Levenshulme.
According to the 2001 UK census, 24,173 lived there.
Gorton is split into two wards, Gorton North and Gorton South.
The building known as Gorton Monastery is a former Roman Catholic church which has been repaired after a period of neglect and is used for other purposes.
Stockport is a large town in Greater Manchester,  North West England.
Seven miles (10 km) south east of the city of Manchester, it is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport in Greater Manchester, and has a population of 136,083 (2001 Census), with the borough as a whole having 281,000.
This makes the borough 23rd most populated district in England.
Geography and administration
- Heilbronn, Germany.
since 1999
- Beziers, France, since 1972
- Paisley, Scotland, since 2006
Stockport Council
HatWorks Museum
Stockport Rugby Union Football Club
The Stockport Express
Stockport Harriers and Athletics Club
Stockport Grammar School - an independent school near Manchester, England
Stockport College
Merseyway Shopping Centre
Withington is a district of the city of Manchester, in North West England.
It is about four miles south of Manchester city centre, and intersected by the busy thoroughfare of Wilmslow Road.
It is between Fallowfield and Didsbury, to the north and south respectively.
According to the 2001 UK census it has a population of 14,141.
Together with Didsbury and Chorlton-cum-Hardy it was included in a larger city of Manchester in 1904.
From 1974 it has also been part of the county of Greater Manchester.
Fallowfield is an area of the city of Manchester, England.
It lies two miles south of Manchester City Centre and is bisected east/west by the Wilmslow Road and north/south by the former Fallowfield Loop railway line, now a cycle path.
According to the 2001 UK census it has a population of 14,132.
Harrisonburg is a city in Rockingham County, Virginia.
It had 48,914 people at the 2010 census.
Harrisonburg is the county seat of Rockingham County.
Harrisonburg is home to James Madison University and Eastern Mennonite University.
Harrisonburg Tourism
City of Harrisonburg
Harrisonburg-Rockingham Chamber of Commerce
Harrisonburg City Public Schools
Daily News Record (Newspaper)
WHSV - TV 3
Rocktown Weekly (Alternative Newspaper owned by the DNR)
A hereditary monarchy is a type of government where a monarch (usually a king or queen) becomes the monarch because he or she is related to the last monarch.
It is the most common sort of monarchy, and is the form used by almost all of the world's monarchies today.
Types of Hereditary monarchy
In a hereditary monarchy, all the monarchs come from the same family, and the crown is passed down from one member of the family to another.
The hereditary system can be more stable, and can command loyalty, but at other times has seen great bloodshed over the question of succession.
When the king or queen of a hereditary monarchy dies or quits the throne (abdicates), the crown is generally passed to one of his or her children, often to the oldest.
When that child dies, the crown will be then passed to his or her child, or, if he or she has no child, to a sister, brother, niece, nephew, cousin, or some other relative.
Hereditary monarchies most usually arrange the succession by a law that creates an order of succession.
This way, it is known beforehand who will be the next monarch.
Agnatic succession
Agnatic succession means women are not allowed to succeed, or pass the succession from their fathers to their children.
Agnates are relatives who have a common ancestor in an unbroken male line, from father to father.
Cognatic succession
Cognatic succession means both men and women can succeed.
Women usually are only allowed succeed if there is no male in the family.
For example, in the United Kingdom, Princess Anne comes after her younger brothers (and her nephews and nieces) in the line of succession.
In the 1970s, Sweden changed from agnatic succession to "fully-cognatic" succession.
This means the line of succession is based on age, not sex.
This meant that when Princess Victoria of Sweden was born, she could never become queen, and when her younger brother was born he became crown prince (heir to the throne) -- but then the law changed, and Victoria became crown princess.
Elective monarchy
An elective monarchy can sometimes seem to be a hereditary monarch.
For example, only members of one family may be allowed to be elected; or before the monarch dies, they might have his chosen heir (son, daughter, brother, sister, or other relative) elected.
In Europe, the Holy Roman Empire was an elective monarchy, but for many hundreds of years, only the head of the Habsburg family was elected.
In 1806, the Holy Roman Emperor abolished the empire and instead became the Emperor of Austria-Hungary, a hereditary monarch.
The only true example of an elective monarchy today is Malaysia, where a ruling Sultan of a Malaysian state, is elected as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for a term of five years.
The River Mersey is a river in north west England.
It is 70 miles (112 km) long, it stretches from Stockport, Greater Manchester, and ends at Liverpool Bay, Merseyside.
For centuries, it formed part of the ancient county divide between Lancashire and Cheshire.
The Mersey is formed from three tributaries: the River Etherow, the River Goyt and the River Tame.
The modern accepted start of the Mersey is at the confluence of the Tame and Goyt, in central Stockport, Greater Manchester.
However, older definitions, and many older maps, place its start a few miles up the Goyt; for example the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica states "It is formed by the junction of the Goyt and the Etherow a short distance below Marple in Cheshire on the first-named stream."
But Salmon are now found in the river.
They can be viewed on the Salmon Steps at Woolston between the months of September and November.
The river is now internationally famous thanks to the music of the 1960s known as Merseybeat and its strong association with Liverpool, which produced songs such as Ferry Cross the Mersey.
Also, Paul McCartney's 2007 song That Was Me, from his album Memory Almost Full mentions merseybeating with the band.
Liverpool Pictorial
Mersey map - aisliverpool.org.uk
River Mersey Information  (PDF)
Acid rock is a form of rock music, focusing mainly on hallucinations and drugs.
It is related to psychedelic rock.
It is mostly an off-beat style.
It uses vivid imagery, and sometimes strange sound/musical effects (like backward recorded music).
"Acid rock" was popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
But it is not very popular today.
Acid Rock got its name from the mixture of music and the drug LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), which most people call "acid". "
Acid rock" is usually recorded when the musician was high on LSD.
Often the lyrics are about hallucinations.
Acid rock tracks and singles
Psychotic Reaction (Count Five)
Tomorrow Never Knows (The Beatles)
Rain (The Beatles)
White Rabbit (Jefferson Airplane)
Spare Chaynge (Jefferson Airplane)
Purple Haze (Jimi Hendrix)
Third Stone From The Sun (Jimi Hendrix)
Baby You're a Rich Man (The Beatles)
Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds (The Beatles)
I Am the Walrus (The Beatles)
Interstellar Overdrive (Pink Floyd)
Flaming (Pink Floyd)
That's It for the Other One (Grateful Dead)
Voodoo Child (Slight Return) (Jimi Hendrix)
In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (Iron Butterfly)
EXP (The Jimi Hendrix Experience)
If 6 Was 9 (Jimi Hendrix)
Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun (Pink Floyd)
Careful With That Axe, Eugene (Pink Floyd)
Pictures of Matchstick Men (Status Quo)
Dazed and Confused (Led Zeppelin)
Acid Queen (The Who)
White Room (Cream)
Hot Smoke and Sasafrass (Bubble Puppy)
Mommy, What's a Funkadelic? (
Funkadelic)
The Fender Stratocaster, also called a Strat, is a type of solidbody electric guitar.
The Stratocaster was designed by Leo Fender, Freddie Tavares, and George Fullerton in 1954, and is made by the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation.
The Stratocaster has been used by many famous guitarists, such as David Gilmour, Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Buddy Guy, Buddy Holly, and Jeff Beck.
The Stratocaster has been copied as well.
A guitar may look the same as a Stratocaster, but if it is not produced by Fender or Squier it is called a strat copy.
Fender Stratocaster copies are mostly very cheap and low quality, but some guitar builders make high quality clones of the Stratocaster.
Fender makes Stratocasters made in the United States of America, which are largely thought to be the highest quality.
However they also make Stratocasters which are made in Japan, but only sell them to the Japanese.
Many people view these guitars comparable and even superior to the American made Fenders.
Stratocasters are also made in Korea and sold as special editions.
The cheapest Fenders are made in Mexico, but despite their price, these Stratocasters are very good quality guitars compared to the copies which are usually made in China.
Squier makes Stratocasters in China and Indonesia.
Fender Strats made in Japan and Korea are sometimes equal to their American Standard cousin.
Limited editions like the Pro Tone series and some early (1982-1986) Japanese models fetch prices from $400 – $800 depending on condition.
Korean Strats that have the Fender decal are the desirable ones over the Korean models with Squier on the headstock where Fender should be.
There are also American Made Squiers that can be of good quality.
Korean Pro Tones are the cream of the Korean Crop.
Merseyside is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1,365,900.
Taking its name from the River Mersey, the title "Merseyside" came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974.
Merseyside is divided into two parts by the Mersey estuary: the Wirral is on the west side of the estuary upon the Wirral Peninsula; the rest of the county is on the east side.
The northern part of Merseyside borders onto Lancashire to the north, Greater Manchester to the east, both parts border Cheshire to the south.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Merseyside at current basic prices published (pp.
240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
The two parts are linked by two road tunnels, a railway tunnel, and the famous Mersey Ferry.
Other districts that are part of the urban area (but not part of Merseyside) are Ellesmere Port and Neston and Halton.
The designation "Greater Merseyside" has been adopted for the area that includes Merseyside and Halton, the term "Liverpool City-Region" is less well-defined.
Most of the region was once served by the now scraped MTL Trust Holdings Ltd transport company.
St Helens' World of Glass
Mersey Wiki
Merseytravel website
Merseyside Police Authority website
Merseyside Fire and Rescue website
Merseyside.com local guide, A-Z, street index
Merseyside Today - regional guide
Mersey Reporter History - Merseyside History
Wirral Metropolitan Borough has a population of about 311,235 (2004 estimate) in an area of 60 square miles (155 km2).
It faces Liverpool over the River Mersey to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and the River Dee to the west.
To the south it borders the borough of Ellesmere Port and Neston, in Cheshire.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Wirral at current basic prices published (pp.240–253) by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
includes hunting and forestry
includes energy and construction
includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Wirral Council home page
Vision of Britain
The Wirral Wide Web