the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
See also: Clubs of football world champions
Pre Fifa Club World Cup Competition
Intercontinental Cup (1960-2004); in 2017 FIFA officially recognized all of them as official club world champions (de jure) with the same status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners or world champions FIFA.
In synthesis FIFA has two types of world champions, those deriving from the Intercontinental Cup and those deriving from the Club World Cup, the two competitions confer the same title.
Clubs of football world champions
Fifa Club World Cup website
FIFA competitions
First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is nearly synonymous with the earlier taxon Marsupialia, but it also contains the nearest fossil relatives of marsupial mammals.
They differ from all other mammals in their dental formula, which includes about five upper and four lower incisors, a canine, three premolars, and four molars.
The earliest known representative, Sinodelphys, is from the Lower Cretaceous of China.
The closest relatives of the metatheres are the Eutheria (also erected by Huxley in 1880).
Both are conventionally united as infraclasses within the subclass Theria, which contains all living mammals except monotremes.
These offspring have underdeveloped rear limbs, and after birth they migrate to the marsupium where they attach to a nipple.
The mouth of newly born metatherians forms an "O" shape into which the mother's nipple fits.
Then it swells to secure the offspring into place.
The Greek words meta- and theria roughly means the "other beasts", in contrast with Eutheria ("true beasts").
Metatherians first appeared in the Cretaceous period.
Some stem group metatherians persisted well into the Neogene period before becoming extinct.
Crown group marsupials, the one branch of Metatheria that survives today, diversified close to the time of extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.
The spermatic cord (also known as Van Deferens or Sperm Duct) is a cord-like structure in the male reproductive system that runs from the abdomen down to each testicle.
It carries sperms from the epididymis to the urethra.
Mixed martial arts (or MMA) is a hybrid martial arts form.
It includes any mixture of combat disciplines or any blend of two or more styles of martial arts like boxing and kick boxing which are its integral fighting styles.
MMA can also mean the sport of mixed martial arts fighting.
Bellator, PFL, Rizin, ONE Championship, and UFC are companies that promote MMA sport fighting.
There is no one group of people who decides the rules for all MMA fights,in the world.
Some states regulate all professional fights including MMA fights and set some rules.
MMA fights once had few rules, but now have many rules to protect the fighters.
Boxing (and other fighting sports) also have many rules, different from those in MMA.
Fighters can use any martial art, or combination of arts, they like in the fight.
In these fights, fighters can fight standing with punches, kicks and other strikes, in a clinch where fighters are grabbing each other while standing, or on the ground.
Illegal strikes
An example of an illegal strike is the 12-6 elbow strike.
It is illegal under the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts, where it is called "striking downwards using the point of the elbow".
The ban was made for medical and safety reasons, due to it being likely there would be serious injuries to opponents if they are used.
Each fighter will try to defeat the other either by submission, or knock out.
Each fight can last only for a period of time, after the time ends, judges decide who is the winner.
The referee in the fight will make sure no one gets hurt too badly and that rules are followed.
History of the Mixed Martial Arts
The pankration was an old style of unarmed combat.
The ancient Greeks introduced this sport into the Olympic Games in the 648 BC.
Some public fights took place at the end of the 19th century.
They represented different styles of fighting, including jujutsu, wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling and others in competitions and challenges across Europe.
After World War I, wrestling was born again in two main flows.
The first flow was real competition; the second flow began to depend more on the choreography and on the grand public shows that resulted in professional wrestling.
Types of martial arts
Vale Tudo began circa 1930, when Carlson Gracie invited every competitor to compete in a fight.
That was the so-called "Gracie's Challenge".
Later, Hélio Gracie and the Gracie family continued this.
Vale Tudo translates to "Anything Goes", as it had almost no rules.
Japanese Shootfighting
In Japan, about 1970, Antonio Inoki organized a series of mixed martial arts fights.
They were the forces that produced the Shootwrestling, and they later caused the developing of the first organization of mixed martial arts, known as Shooto.
Mixed martial arts obtained great popularity in the United States in 1993, when Rorion Gracie helped create the first UFC event, one of the earliest MMA events in the USA .
In 1997, in Japan, the interest for this sport resulted in the creation of the greater organization of mixed martial arts - Pride Fighting Championship.
Where they were practiced
The Gracie family caused the tournaments, as the UFC, to be well known.
It should be noticed that the UFC is the most famous tournament, but the persons who practises Brazilian jiujitsu normally do not use blows.
Undoubtedly, the Gracie family played an important role in the creation of open competitions of Vale Tudo and in causing them to be well known through the television.
Nevertheless, before anyone created the UFC or Shooto, where the persons who represent every method of self-defense can fight, there had already existed such mixed martial arts.
Gradual development of the competitors
About the year 1990, three styles were famous for their effectiveness in the competitions of the mixed martial arts: the wrestling, the Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and the shootwrestling.
This can be because of their attention given to the combat by means of holds.
Before the year 1990, the promoters organized a lacking amount of the competitions of the mixed martial arts, and some martial arts base on blows.
Therefore, probably, most instructors of these arts had given too little attention to the holds.
World free fighting organization
King Of The Cage
International Fighting League
MMA CANADA
Meca FC
Storm Samurai
Denmark & Sweden
European Vale Tudo (Denmark, Sweden)
KO Arena
Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki (The Martial Arts Confrontation)
Pride Fighting Championship
Pancrase
Shooto
K-1 Hero's
Book about the Urarina people from the University Press of Florida.
Peruvian people
Sergipe is the smallest state in Brazil.
Aracaju is the capital and largest city.
Sergipe borders two other states, Bahia and Alagoas.
Sergipe's land is mostly caatinga.
A strip of rainforest runs down the Atlantic coast.
There are also swamps near the coast.
Sergipe's main crop is sugarcane.
Cassava is also grown.
There is a small petoleum industry.
The first people to live in Sergipe were from the Tupi Tribe.
The name "Sergipe" is the Tupi word for crab.
The Portugal took over the area, and made a settlement at São Cristóvão.
Later, French pirates invaded Sergipe, but they left soon after.
The Soviet war in Afghanistan was a war initially fought between the forces of the Afghanistan government and Afghan assistance fighters, supporter from abroad.
Without proper equipment and training, the Afghanistan government was unable to resist the opposition, called the Mujahideen, eventually seeking the aid of the Soviet Union.
The entry of the Soviet Union into the country caused an immediate increase in the presence of foreign involvement.
Massive military campaigns against the Mujahideen, who blended in with the local population, caused extensive destruction of local infrastructure and death, causing the local population to side with the Mujahideen.
This change, among the local population, caused a loss of support for the Soviet military presence, creating nationwide resistance, and eventually a conflict.
The war began in December 1979, and lasted until February 1989.
About 15,000 Soviet soldiers were killed, and about 35,000 were wounded.
About two million Afghan civilians were killed.
The anti-government forces had support from many countries, mainly the United States and Pakistan.
The war started when the Soviet Union sent its 40th Army to fight in Afghanistan.
They reached Afghanistan on 25 December 1979.
The fighting continued for about ten years.
Then, from 15 May 1988, the Soviet troops started to leave Afghanistan.
This continued until 2 February 1989.
On 15 February 1989, the Soviet Union announced that all its troops had left Afghanistan.
Arabs moved into what is currently Afghanistan in 731, and they were Muslim.
Almost all the people of Afghanistan also started to follow Islam after that.
The country has many mountains and deserts that make movement difficult.
The population is made up mainly of Pashtun people, along with Tajiks, Hazara, Aimak, Uzbeks, Turkmen people, and some other small groups.
The Soviet deployment
In 1979, Hafizullah Amin was the ruler of Afghanistan.
The Soviets were told by its KGB spies that Amin's rule was a threat to the part of Central Asia that was Soviet.
They also suspected that Amin was not loyal to the Soviet Union.
They found some information about Amin's attempt to be friendlier with Pakistan and China.
The Soviets also suspected that Amin was behind the death of president Nur Muhammad Taraki.
Finally, the Soviets decided to remove Amin.
Assassination of Amin
On 22 December 1979, Soviet advisers to the Army of Afghanistan took many steps.
They stopped all telecommunication links in Kabul.
No message could come inside the city, or go outside the city.
Troops of the Soviet Air force also reached Kabul.
Amin saw danger and moved to the Presidential palace for better safety.
The palace was named Tajbeg Palace.
On 27 December 1979, about 700 Soviet troops took over major government and military buildings at Kabul.
The troops wore uniforms similar to the army of Afghanistan.
At 7:00 pm, the Soviet troops destroyed Kabul's communication.
This stopped all communication among Afghan troops.
At 7:15 pm, Soviet troops entered Tajbeg Palace.
By morning of 28 December, the first part of the military action was over.
Amin and his two sons were killed in the fighting by this time.
The Soviets announced freedom of Afghanistan from the rule of President Amin.
They also said that all the Soviet soldiers were there to fulfill their duty as stated in the "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good Neighborliness of 1978."
Rise of Babrak Karmal
An announcement came from the Kabul radio station about the killing of Hafizullah Amin.
The Pro-Soviet Afghan Revolutionary Central Committee (ARCC) took the responsibility for this killing.
Then, the ARCC chose Babrak Karmal as the head of government of Afghanistan.
He asked the Soviet Union for military assistance.
Moscow's decision for the Occupation
The government of Afghanistan asked the Soviet Union many times to send troops.
Despite the Soviet Union's treaty with Afghanistan to assist, and fearing a Vietnam-style quagmire, the Soviet Union resisted, instead telling the Afghanistan government to reach a compromise with the foreign mercenaries.
The situation deteriorated between the Afghanistan government and foreign mercenaries, and the Soviet Union responded initially with only intelligence and advisors.
The occupation
Soviet operations
The Soviet soldiers did many things in Afghanistan, but they could never control the whole country.
Soviet soldiers in Afghanistan lacked the proper military tactics for guerrilla warfare in Afghanistan's rugged mountainous terrain and many of the Soviet troops were young conscripts untested in combat.
Several Afghan groups continued to attack and fight with the Soviet troops.
World reaction
People in most countries around the world did not like what the Soviet Union was doing in Afghanistan.
They liked the way the Afghan people were fighting them.
Some reactions were very serious.
US President Jimmy Carter said that the Soviet action was "the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War".
Carter threatened to boycott the 1980 Olympic Games in Russia unless the Soviet Union withdrew its forces by February 1980.
It did not do this, and therefore the U.S. boycotted the Games.
Afghan reaction
By the mid-1980s, many groups in Afghanistan had organized themselves to fight the Soviet troops.
These groups received help from many countries like United States, United Kingdom, China, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan.
Pakistan’s participation
Pakistan thought that the Soviet war in Afghanistan was also a threat to them.
Through its intelligence agency, the ISI, it also started bringing active support to Afghans fighting the Soviet troops.
Soviet withdrawal
The Soviet war in Afghanistan seemed like a war that would never end.
The Soviet Union looked very bad in the eyes of the world for trying to control this country.
Most people inside the Soviet Union did not support this war.
As more and more Soviet soldiers were being killed or wounded as the war dragged on, Mikhail Gorbachev would refer to the Soviet war in Afghanistan as a "bleeding wound".
Finally, on 15 February 1989, after ten years of fighting with no end in sight, the Soviets decided to get out of Afghanistan.
The Soviet war in Afghanistan badly affected the rule of the Communist Party.
Many thought that the war was against Islam.
This created strong feelings among the Muslim population of Central Asian Soviet Republics.
The Soviet army was really in very low spirits or "morale" because they were unable to control the people and were treated only as invaders everywhere they went.
Andrei Sakharov openly said the action of Soviet Army in Afghanistan was wrong.
Over 15,000 Soviet troops were killed in Afghanistan from 1979 until 1989.
In the war, the Soviet Army also lost hundreds of aircraft, and billions worth of other military machines.
Around two million Afghan men, women and children died in the war.
Even after the Soviet Army left Afghanistan, civil war continued in Afghanistan.
For about three years, the Communist government of Najibullah could not defend itself from the Mujahideen forces opposing it.
Many groups had arisen within the government itself, and some of them supported the Mujahideen forces.
In March 1992, General Abdul Rashid Dostam and his Uzbek militia stopped supporting the Najibullah’s government.
Soon, Mujahideen forces won Kabul and started to rule most parts of Afghanistan.
During this war lasting for about ten years, Afghanistan's economy suffered badly.
Grain production came down to 3.5% per year between 1978 and 1990.
The Soviets also tried to bring commercial and industrial activities under state control.
This also had a bad effect on the economy.
With the break-up of the Soviet Union in many countries, Afghanistan’s traditional trade also suffered.
At the beginning, many people and countries had praised the USA for supporting groups fighting the Soviet forces.
But after the September 11 attacks, people started to question the US policy of supporting and giving money to such groups.
In 2001, the US occupied Afghanistan, in an effort to find Osama bin Laden.
In 2021, the last forces from NATO countries, left Afghanistan.
1980s in Asia
Wars involving the Soviet Union
1980s conflicts
Emily Tennessee Donelson (June 1, 1807 - December 19, 1836) was the niece of President of the United States Andrew Jackson.
She acted as an unofficial First Lady of the United States from 1829 to 1836.
Emily Tennessee Donelson was born in Donelson, Tennessee.
Her father’s name was John Donelson.
He was the brother of Rachel Donelson Jackson.
Rachel Donelson Jackson later on married Andrew Jackson, the President.
She studied at Nashville Female Academy in Nashville, Tennessee.
She was a bright student and she got a very good education.
At the age of seventeen, she married Andrew Jackson Donelson, called in short as A. J. Donelson.
With her husband, she came to the White House in 1829.
At that time, she was just 21 years old.
Her husband A. J. Donelson served as a secretary to the President Jackson.
Her first months at the White House marked the mourning for the death of Rachel Donelson Jackson.
The period of mourning ended when Emily gave a party at the White House on 1 January 1830.
She continued to act as the First Lady for few years.
She left the White House for some time.
But, she returned again on the 5th September 1831.
On 26 November 1834 Sarah Yorke Jackson, the President's daughter in law arrived at the White House.
She also started to act as the First lady.
It was the only time in the history of USA that two women acted at the same time as the First Lady.
In 1836, Emily’s health became very weak.
She was suffering from tuberculosis.
In June 1836 she left the White House to recover and rest Tulip Grove, her plantation.
She could not recover and died on the 19 December 1836.
Letitia Christian Tyler (November 12, 1790 - September 10, 1842) was the first wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States.
She was the First Lady of the United States from 1841 until her death in 1842.
Letitia Christian Tyler was born at her family’s plantation in Virginia.
She could not get any formal education.
But she learned to manage the plantation and raise a family.
She married John Tyler on 29 March 1813.
The day was the twenty-third birthday of John Tyler.
Out of the eight, one died very young.
After 1839, she fell ill.
When John Tyler became president, Letitia Tyler was very sick.
She was confined to her invalid’s chair.
She lived in a second-floor room of the White House.
She could not take part in social activities, but she looked after other affairs of the household.
She died on 10 September 1842.
She was the first President's wife to die in the White House.
Her picture also appears on a postage stamp issued by the Isle of Man Post Office  in her honor.
After her death, Priscilla Cooper Tyler became the First Lady.
1842 deaths
People from Hampton Roads, Virginia
Julia Gardiner Tyler (July 23, 1820 - July 10, 1889) was the second wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States.
She was the First Lady of the United States from June 26, 1844 to March 4, 1845.
Her parents were Juliana McLachlan and David Gardiner.
Her parents belonged to a famous and wealthy family of New York.
From her childhood, Juliana got training to move in high society.
When she was just a girl of 15, she went to tour Europe with her family.
There she saw a social life of much glamour.
In late 1842, she along with her parents went to Washington DC.
In Washington DC, she attracted the attention of several men.
One of them was President Tyler, a widower since September 10 1842.
In 1843, Julia, her sister, and their father joined the President Tyler on a tour on a steam naval ship.
During the tour a huge naval gun exploded, killing her father.
The President Tyler comforted her.
He also got her consent for a secret engagement.
Marriage took place on 26th June 1844.
When the news was announced, it attracted interest and publicity.
Some people also criticized it as the President Tyler was 30 years older than Julia.
Role as the First Lady
Her role as the First Lady was very decent and charming for the guests.
After her husband’s term ended as the president, they retired to their home at Sherwood Forest Plantation in Virginia.
The President got seven more children from her.
He was already having eight children with his first wife.
There her husband died on 18th January 1862.
In the meanwhile, the American Civil War had broken out.
She had to move to New York as a refugee.
She also faced monetary problems.
In 1870, the US Congress granted a pension of US $ 1,200 a year to Mary Lincoln, widow of Abraham Lincoln.
In 1880, Julia could also get a pension of the same amount.
After Garfield's assassination, the US Congress granted a pension of same amount of US $ 5,000 a year to all the widows of the presidents.
They were Lucretia Garfield, Mrs. Lincoln, Sarah Childress Polk, and Mrs. Tyler.
Mrs. Tyler spent her last years comfortably in Richmond, Virginia.
She died there on 10th July 1889.
Newsround is a television programme for children.
It talks about the news and gives information about things that are happening at the moment.
It is shown on the channels BBC One, CBBC channel and the BBC World News.
The past
Newsround used to be called John Craven's Newsround before the presenter called John Craven left in 1989.
Newsround started on 4 April 1972 and is still going on today.
The Newsround website
Sir Lancelot is a character in the legend of King Arthur.
The legend says Sir Lancelot was a Knight of the Round Table.
Lancelot was a Red Cross Knight, which meant that he was on a quest to find the Holy Grail.
In Arthurian legend, Lancelot was raised by the Lady of the Lake.
For this reason, he was also called Lancelot Du Lac.
At one time, Lancelot was one of the most trusted knights of King Arthur's Round Table.
This changed when Lancelot fell in love with the king's wife, Queen Guinevere.
He later had an affair with Elaine of Configure.
As a result, he and Guinevere parted ways.
Lancelot is the father of Sir Galahad.
The legend is not clear about who was Galahad’s mother.
It may have been Elaine of Configure.
Sir Galahad eventually became the greatest knight in all of Camelot.
Lancelot saw Galahad’s ascension.
Lancelot was the only knight known to have defeated King Arthur in a jousting match.
He first appeared as a main character in Chrétien de Troyes' Le Chevalier de la Charrette ("The Knight of the Cart"), written in the 12th century.
A section called the Prose Lancelot includes stories about Lancelot’s adventures.
Often, the stories contain conflicting background stories and chains of events.
is in Chrétien de Troyes' Le Chevalier de la Charrette ("The Knight of the Cart"), written in the 12th century, where his exploits are recounted in the section known as the Prose Lancelot, often with conflicting background stories and chains of events.
Fictional knights
The Pitcairn Islands are a group of islands in the southern Pacific.
People only live on the second-largest of the four islands.
That island is named Pitcairn.
It is governed by the United Kingdom.
It has the smallest number of people of any country.
In 2019, 50 people lived there.
The islands are best known as home of the descendants of the Bounty mutineers and the Tahitians (or Polynesians) who accompanied them, an event retold in numerous books and films.
This history still shows in the surnames of many of the islanders.
There are only four family names (as of 2010): Christian, Warren, Young and Brown.
Originally people from Polynesia lived on the Pitcairn Islands, but there was no one living on the islands when they were discovered (found) by Captain Philip Carteret of H.M.S. Swallow on 2 July 1767.
The island was named after Robert Pitcairn, a 15 year old midshipman who was the first person on the Swallow to see it.
Robert is believed to have been lost at sea in early 1770 when the ship he was on, HMS Aurora, went missing in the Indian Ocean.
Recent sex crimes
In 2004 charges were laid against seven men living on Pitcairn and six living abroad with sex-related offences dating back a number of years.
On 25 October 2004, six men were convicted, including the island's mayor at the time.
After the six men lost their final appeal, the British government set up a prison on the island at Bob's Valley.
The men began serving their sentences in late 2006, as of 2010 all men have served their sentences or been granted home detention status (Pitcairn News, 2010).
The CIA Government factbook
The sun bear (Ursus malayanus or Helarctos malayanus) is a bear living in Southeast Asia.
The sun bear is the smallest bear.
It has short black fur, and a yellow spot on its chest.
Its ears are small and round.
It has big feet with naked soles and long claws, which help the sun bear climbing.
It can climb very well.
It cannot see very well, but its sense of smell is very good.
Sun bears mostly live in tropic rainforests.
They are mostly active at night, and they stay in trees a lot of the time.
It eats a lot of different things: fruit and other plants, eggs, honey and insects.
They also eat small vertebrate animals, like reptiles, birds and mammals.
After a pregnancy of 96 days the female gives birth to 1-2 babies.
Young sun bears become mature when they are 3-4 years old.
sun bears can become up to 28 years old when in captivity (held by humans, e.g. in zoos).
Sun bear by BearPlanet
Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler (June 14, 1816 – December 29, 1889) was the daughter-in-law of John Tyler.
John Tyler was the tenth President of the United States.
She acted as the First Lady of the United States from September 10, 1842 to June 26, 1844.
Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper was born in New York City.
Her father’s name was Thomas Apthorpe Cooper.
Cooper was a successful stage actor and producer.
Priscilla Cooper’s mother was Mary Fairlee Cooper.
At the age of 17 Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper started to work as an actress.
Her father became very successful, and the family lived in a big house on Broadway theatre.
But, in the Panic of 1837, the family suffered great losses.
Sometimes, they only had radishes and strawberries to eat.
She met her future husband Robert Tyler while performing in a play in Richmond, Virginia.
They became closer and their marriage took place on 12th September 1839.
John Tyler, his father in law, was a US Senator.
She received a nice welcome at her husband’s home.
Her father in law became the Vice President after 1840 presidential election.
But, the President William Henry Harrison dies just after one month of becoming the President of the United States.
After this, John Tyler became the President.
Letitia Tyler, wife of the President John Tyler was a semi-invalid lady.
Therefore, the President asked Priscilla to assist Letitia in her duties as the First Lady.
Letitia died on 10th September 1842.
After Letitia’s death, Priscilla became the First Lady.
People of her time has described Priscilla as attractive and intelligent.
In 1844, Robert Tyler moved to Philadelphia along with his wife, Priscilla.
Priscilla passed her duties to the President's daughter Letitia Tyler Semple.
Robert Tyler and Priscilla lived in Philadelphia for 16 years.
Robert worked as a lawyer.
In 1861, American Civil War broke out.
They declared their loyalty to the Confederate States of America.
They moved to Richmond.
In Richmond, Robert worked as the register of the Confederate Treasury.
After the American Civil War, Robert became the editor of the Mail and Advertiser newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama.
He died in 1877.
Priscilla remained in Montgomery after Robert's death.
She died in Montgomery in 1889.
People from New York City
Eliza McCardle Johnson (October 4, 1810 – January 15, 1876) was the First Lady of the United States and the wife of Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States.
She previously served as Second Lady in 1865.
She was born in Telford, Tennessee.
She was the only child of John McCardle, a shoemaker, and Sarah Phillips-McCardle.
Eliza lost her father when she was still a small child.
She was raised by her widowed mother in Greeneville, Tennessee].
One day in September 1826, Eliza was chatting with classmates from Rhea Academy when she spotted Andrew Johnson and his family pull into town with all their belongings.
Andrew Johnson, aged 18, married Eliza McCardle, aged 16, on May 17, 1827, at the home of the bride's mother in Greeneville.
Mordecai Lincoln, a distant relative of Abraham Lincoln, presided over the nuptials.
Martha Johnson (1828–1901)
Charles Johnson (1830–1863)
Mary Johnson (1832–1883)
Robert Johnson (1834–1869)
Andrew Johnson, Jr. (1852–1879)
She supported her husband in his political career, but had tried to avoid public appearances.
During the American Civil War, Confederate authorities ordered her to evacuate her home in Greeneville; she took refuge in Nashville, Tennessee.
A few months later after her husband became president, she joined him in the White House, but she was not able to serve as First Lady due to her poor health.
She remained confined to a room on the second floor, leaving the social chores to her daughter (Martha Johnson Patterson).
Mrs. Johnson appeared publicly as First Lady on only two occasions - at a reception for Queen Emma of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1866 and at the president's birthday party in 1867.
After episodes of "consumption" (tuberculosis), Eliza died on January 15, 1876, at the of age 65 in Greeneville, Tennessee.
She survived her husband by five and a half months.
Eliza Johnson on Find-A-Grave
The White House Web Site
National First Ladies' Library
Infectious disease deaths in Tennessee
Rose Elizabeth Cleveland (June 13, 1846 − November 22, 1918), was the acting First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother U.S. President Grover Cleveland's two administrations.
Rose Elizabeth Cleveland was born in Fayetteville, New York, on June 14, 1846.
Known to her family as "Libby", Rose was the youngest of nine children born to Reverend Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland.
In 1853 the family moved to Holland Patent, New York, where her father was settled as pastor of the Presbyterian church, and where he died that same year.
Rose  was 7 at the time of her father's death.
She stayed in Holland Patent to care for her widowed mother.
Grover Cleveland, Rose's elder brother, was 16 years old at the time.
White House years
During her early tenure as First Lady, Rose received front-page treatment from the New York Times about her appearance during her second reception at the White House.
The Times reported that Miss Cleveland, Wore a dress of black satin, with entire overdress of Spanish lace.
The satin bodice was cut low and sleeveless, and the transparent lace revealed the shoulders and arms.
Rose Cleveland did not completely fit into Washington high society during her tenure as first lady.
It is said that," Rose Cleveland was a bluestocking, more interested in pursuing scholarly endeavors than in entertaining cabinet wives and foreign dignitaries."
Rose was an intellectual, and she preferred to lecture rather than entertain, but she made sure to perform her duties as First Lady as a favor to her brother.
Later on President Cleveland married Frances Cleveland.
Rose resigned as the First Lady, and started her career in the field of education.
She died on November 22, 1918 in Bagni di Lucca, Italy, from the Spanish flu.
She is buried in Bagni di Lucca.
1846 births
Project Gutenberg (PG) is an online project that offers a digital archive of copyright-free e-books in the public domain.
It was started in 1971 by Michael S. Hart.
The purpose of the Project is to collect in and make available cultural work (like books) using computers.
These are generally free and may be used on most computers.
The project gets its name from Johannes Gutenberg, a German publisher who made the first European printing press in 1439.
As Project Gutenberg continued to grow, in 2000, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, Inc. was created.
It is a non-profit organization with main office in Mississippi, United States.
20th-century establishments in Mississippi
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 - December 21, 1940) was an Irish American writer.
He is remembered mostly for his novel The Great Gatsby, and for being one of the main members of the Lost Generation.
He briefly went to the Nardin Academy– a private Roman Catholic school in Western New York.
When his father lost his job, the Fitzgerald family returned to Minnesota.
F. Scott Fitzgerald then went to the St. Paul Academy, but was thrown out of the school when he was aged 16 for not working hard enough.
Fitzgerald went to another school in New Jersey and eventually went to Princeton University in 1913.
While he was at Princeton, Fitzgerald wrote for a musical-comedy club at the University which led to him sending a novel off to a book publishing company, Charles Scribner’s Sons.
The editor liked Fitzgerald’s writing, but did not publish the book.
Fitzgerald left Princeton University to serve in the United States Navy in World War One, but the war ended shortly after he signed up.
Fitzgerald got engaged to Zelda Sayre in 1919.
He moved into an apartment on Lexington Avenue in New York where he wrote short stories and worked in advertising.
Zelda did not think that Fitzgerald’s job was good enough and she broke off their engagement.
Fitzgerald went back to his parent’s home in St. Paul and worked on his first novel This Side of Paradise.
This Side of Paradise was finally accepted by Charles Scriber’s Sons in late 1919 and Zelda and Fitzgerald got engaged again.
This Side of Paradise was published in 1920 and was very popular.
Scott and Zelda got married in St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York.
On October 26, 1921, their daughter Frances Scott Fitzgerald was born.
Fitzgerald’s most famous book, The Great Gatsby, was first sold in 1925.
Fitzgerald travelled a lot at this time – mainly to France, where he met a number of other Americans who had left the United States.
It was around this time that Fitzgerald first met Ernest Hemingway.
They became good friends, but Hemingway did not like Fitzgerald’s wife, Zelda.
Hemingway said that Zelda was insane, made Fitzgerald drink alcohol and that she did not allow him to do his best work.
It is generally accepted, however, that Zelda had a big influence on Fitzgerald’s writing.
Fitzgerald’s other novels did not sell as well as his first novel while he was alive.
He and Zelda spent a lot of money on parties and Fitzgerald had to try and make money by writing short stories.
In the late 1920s, Fitzgerald started working on a fourth novel, but problems arose when Zelda’s mental health got worse.
The fourth novel, Tender is the Night, was not published until 1934.
Some people say that the characters in the novel are very similar to Fitzgerald and Zelda themselves.
Tender is the Night did not sell as well as This Side of Paradise in Fitzgerald’s lifetime, and a number of critics said it was poor.
The book is now considered to be one of Fitzgerald’s better works, however.
Fitzgerald’s health got worse; possibly due to the fact that he drank a lot of alcohol during his life.
On December 21st 1940, he had a heart attack and died.
The last words of The Great Gatsby are written on Fitzgerald’s gravestone.
His fifth and last novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, was released after he died.
Flappers and Philosophers (Short Story Collection, 1920)
Tales of the Jazz Age (Short Story Collection, 1922)
All the Sad Young Men (Short Story Collection, 1926)
Taps at Reveille (Short Story Collection, 1935)
Babylon Revisited and Other Stories (Short Story Collection, 1960)
The Pat Hobby Stories (Short Story Collection, 1962)
The Basil and Josephine Stories (Short Story Collection, 1973)
The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald (Short Story Collection, 1989)
Bernice Bobs Her Hair (Short Story, 1920)
Head and Shoulders (Short Story, 1920)
The Ice Palace (Short Story, 1920)
May Day (Novelette, 1920)
The Offshore Pirate (Short Story, 1920)
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (Short Story, 1921)
The Diamond as Big as the Ritz (Novella, 1922)
Winter Dreams (Short Story, 1922)
Dice, Brassknuckles & Guitar (Short Story, 1923)
The Freshest Boy (Short Story, 1928)
Magnetism (Short Story 1928)
A New Leaf (Short Story, 1931)
Babylon Revisited (Short story, 1931)
Crazy Sunday (Short Story, 1932)
The Fiend (Short Story, 1935)
The Bridal Party (Short Story)
The Baby Party (Short Story)
The Vegetable, or From President to Postman (play, 1923)
The Crack-Up (essays, 1945)
Cupertino is a small town in Silicon Valley in the U.S. state of California.
According to the 2000 census, Cupertino has a population of 50,546.
The headquarters of Apple Computer and Symantec are in Cupertino.
Copertino, Apulia, Italy
Toyokawa, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
Bhubaneswar, India
Mysore, India
Cupertino Courier
Cupertino Union School District
Cupertino's name and history  (PDF)
Fremont Union High School District official site
Cupertino Veterans Memorial Park
The A-Team is an American action television series which ran from 1983 - 1987.
It is set in Los Angeles.
It is about four former US Army commandos who are running from the military (who think that the commandos committed a crime that they did not) and make money by helping people with their problems.
George Peppard as Col.
John "Hannibal" Smith - The leader of the A-Team.
He was a master of disguise and makes the plans for the team, though they do not always work the way they were supposed to.
Dirk Benedict as Lt.
Templeton "Faceman" Peck (called "Face" most of the time) - The con man of the team, he was very good at getting the things the team needed.
Mr. T as Sgt.
Bosco "B.A." Baracus - Known for his Mohawk hairstyle, gold jewelry, and fear of flying, he handled much of the hand-to-hand fighting.
He also built the various machines the team needed for their mission.
Dwight Schultz as Capt.
Hector M. "Howling Mad" Murdock - The team's pilot.
He often says strange things in strange ways, so many people think he is crazy (when not working with the A-Team, he stays at a mental hospital).
1987 television series endings
1987 disestablishments in the United States
Philadelphia is a 1993 American drama movie starring Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington.
It is about Andrew Beckett (Hanks), a gay lawyer who has AIDS.
The people he works with find out and fire him.
He thinks this is unfair and hires another lawyer (Washington) who does not like gay people.
1990s LGBT movies
HIV/AIDS in movies
Legal movies
Movies directed by Jonathan Demme
Forrest Gump is a 1994 American epic comedy-drama romance movie.
It is based on the 1986 book of the same name by Winston Groom.
Forrest Gump is the main character of both the movie and book.
The movie earned much money in theaters.
It earned $677 million worldwide during its theatrical run.
It earned more money than any other movie in North America that year.
The movie was nominated for a total of 13 Academy Awards.
It won six of these, including Best Picture, Best Visual Effects, Best Director (Robert Zemeckis), and Best Actor (Tom Hanks).
The movie is set in Alabama.
It tells the story of a man with an IQ of 75 and his epic journey through life.
It tells about him meeting historical people, affecting popular culture and being a part of historic events.
While all this happened, Forrest does not know the importance of the events were because of his naiveté and much lower than average intelligence.
There are many differences between the story in the movie and the story in the novel.
The movie won six Academy Awards: Best Picture, Director, Actor, Visual Effects, Film Editing and Adapted Screenplay.
The film was nominated for an additional six Academy Awards, including Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Gary Sinise as Lieutenant Dan.
The other nominations were for Best Cinematography, Art Direction, Sound Editing, Makeup, Original Score and Sound Mixing.
At the Golden Globes the film won for Best Motion Picture in the Drama Category, Best Direction of a Motion Picture and Best performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture and was nominated for Best Original Score, Best Supporting Actor, Best Supporting Actress and Best Screenplay.
The movie has a 71 percent rating on the website Rotten Tomatoes with 40 positive and 16 negative reviews.
The audience gave the film a rating of 4.1 out of 5 on the website with 93% of the audience liking the film.
Tom Hanks as Forrest Gump
Robin Wright as Jenny Curran
Gary Sinise as Lieutenant Dan Taylor
Mykelti Williamson as Benjamin Buford "Bubba" Blue
Sally Field as Mrs. Gump
1994 romance movies
1994 comedy-drama movies
1990s coming-of-age movies
1990s romantic comedy movies
1990s romantic drama movies
American coming-of-age movies
Movies set in Alabama
Movies directed by Robert Zemeckis
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Ted Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, which is a neighborhood in Boston.
He was the youngest son of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy.
He was the younger brother of former President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, both of whom were assassinated, as well as Joe Kennedy, who was killed in World War II.
A lot of other sad things happened in his life: he almost died in a plane crash, he was involved in a car crash that took the life of a campaign worker, and one of his sons had cancer as a child.
Ted Kennedy went to Harvard and served in the Army before entering politics.
He ran for and won the seat given up by his brother when he became President.
While in the Senate, he fought for the working class, mainly for health care and the minimum wage.
In 1980, he ran for President, but lost in the primaries to Jimmy Carter.
On July 18, 1969, Senator Kennedy and passenger Mary Jo Kopechne were driving in Chappaquiddick Island where the car crashed over the bridge into the ocean.
Kennedy left the scene leaving Kopechne to drown to death as she was trapped in the car.
Kennedy plead guilty.
Many believe this is why he decided not to run for President in 1972 or 1976.
In 2008, he found out he had glioblastoma, a rare form of brain cancer.
Despite the cancer, he campaigned for Barack Obama and sometimes appeared in the Senate.
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Deaths from glioblastoma
The Flag of Singapore consists of two horizontal halves—red above white.
Red symbolises universal brotherhood and equality of man; white stands for pervading and everlasting purity and virtue.
In the upper left corner, a white crescent moon and five white stars form a circle.
The five stars stand for the ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality.
For 140 years (1819-1959), the Union Jack flew over Singapore.
Then, on 3 December 1959, the National Flag was unveiled at the installation of the new Head of State, the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, when Singapore was granted self-rule (but not complete independence) by the British Government.
Also unveiled that day were the State Crest and the National Anthem.
The flag was conceived and created by a committee headed by then Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Toh Chin Chye.
Guidelines for Usage
How it may be used
Singaporeans and non-governmental buildings may display or fly the national flag to identify with the nation.
Singaporeans are encouraged to do this during occasions of national celebration or national significance.
How it should be used
When the flag is displayed outside a building, it shall be displayed on or in front of the building.
Outside the National Day celebrations period (month of August), it must be flown only from a flagpole, and if it is displayed or flown at night, it should be properly illuminated.
Within Singapore, it should take precedence over all other flags, subject to international practice.
When displayed or flown with another flag, it must be in a position of honour.
This means it should be positioned where practicable, either above all other flags or to the left of the other flags, as seen by a person facing the flags.
It may be reproduced in reduced size representations and displayed at all times, but it must be in its true form and colours, regardless of size.
How it cannot be used or treated
The flag cannot be used:
in any trademark or for any commercial purpose;
as a means, or for the purposes, of advertisement;
as, or as part of, any furnishings, decoration, covering or receptacle;
at any private funeral activity;
incorporated or worn as part of any costume or attire; or
on any private vehicle.
No person shall produce or display any flag which bears any graphics or word superimposed on the design of the flag.
The flag should be cleaned when dirty, and replaced if it has faded.
After any washing, it should not be hung out to dry outdoors together with other laundry.
Any worn out or damaged flag should be properly disposed of, not left visible in dustbins.
Torn or worn-out flags should be packed into a sealed black trash bag before being disposed of.
Coat of arms of Singapore
Majulah Singapura - the National Anthem of Singapore
Vanda Miss Joaquim - the National Flower of Singapore
Symbol of Singapore - the Lion Head symbol
The Singapore Infomap - Information on the Singapore Flag
Elizabeth Virginia Truman (née Wallace; February 13, 1885 — October 18, 1982) was the First Lady of the United States from April 12, 1945 to January 20, 1953 as the wife of the 33rd President of the United States, Harry S. Truman.
She had also served as Second Lady of the United States from January 1945 to April 1945 when her husband was 35th Vice President of the United States under Franklin Roosevelt.
Her birthplace was Independence, Missouri, and her birth name was Elizabeth Virginia.
Her parents were Margaret ("Madge") Gates and David Wallace.
Her nickname was "Bessie."
Harry Truman’s family came to live in Independence, Missouri in 1890.
Elizabeth Virginia and Harry Truman attended the same school from fifth grade through high school.
Once Truman remembered her childhood days, and described her as a girl with “golden curls” and “the most beautiful blue eyes.”
After completing her schooling, she studied in Miss Barstow's Finishing School for Girls in Kansas City, Missouri.
Her father died in 1903.
She returned to Independence, Missouri to live with her mother.
By the outbreak of the First World War, Harry S Truman had become a Lieutenant.
He proposed to her and she accepted.
After their engagement, Lieutenant Truman left for the battlefields of France in 1918.
After the War ended, they married on June 28, 1919.
In 1924, their only daughter, Margaret Truman, was born.
Before that, she had many miscarriages.
By this time, Harry Truman had become active in politics.
Mrs. Truman always traveled with her and shared the public platform with her husband.
Harry Truman became a member of the United States Senate in 1934.
The Truman couple came to live in Washington, DC.
In 1944, Harry Truman became the Vice President of the United States of America.
When President Franklin Delano Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, Harry Truman became the president of the United States.
Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman became the First Lady.
When Harry Truman became the President of the United States, Truman took the role of the First Lady.
But, she felt the absence of privacy in the White House.
She continued to attend to social functions, but to a minimum level.
Sometimes, people compare her with Eleanor Roosevelt, who was the First Lady before her.
Mrs. Roosevelt was very active in the press.
But, Mrs. Truman did give only one press conference.
She got the questions in advance.
Her replies were written replies.
When one reporter asked her whether she wanted her daughter, Margaret, to become President.
Her reply was: "most definitely not".
To a question, she replied that after her husband’s retirement as President, she wanted to "return to Independence".
However, once she had thought of living in Washington after 1953.
After the President retired, the Truman couple returned to Independence, Missouri, in 1953.
Truman spent his time building his library.
In 1959, Mrs. Truman underwent an operation.
In 1972, her husband died.
She continued to live a quiet and private life.
Her daughter and son-in-law, Clifton Daniel, and their four sons, often visited her.
She died in 1982.
She lies buried beside her husband in the courtyard of Harry S Truman Library.
She lived up to the age of 97 years, and at the time of her death, she was the longest-lived First Lady of the United States, setting a record, which still stands today.
Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor (September 21, 1788 – August 14, 1852), wife of Zachary Taylor, the President of the United States.
She was First Lady of the United States from 1849 to 1850.
Some people called her Peggy Smith.
She was born in Calvert County, Maryland.
Her mother’s name was Ann Mackall and her father’s name was Walter Smith.
Her father was a major in the American Revolutionary War.
When she was visiting her sister in Kentucky in 1809, she met Zachary Taylor.
Taylor was a lieutenant at that time.
They married in June 1810.
For sometime, she stayed in a farm she had got as a marriage gift from her father.
There she gave birth to her first baby.
But, then she started to live with her husband.
Taylor’s garrison moved from one location to other on the western front, and she also moved with him.
Their two small daughters died in 1820.
As described by Taylor, the children had died of “a violent bilious fever.”
They had three other girls and a boy.