the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Anas Sarwar (2021–present)
House of Commons - 1 out of 59 Scottish MPs
Scottish Parliament - 22 out of 129 seats
The Scottish Liberal Democrats is a political party in Scotland that is part of the British Liberal Democrats.
The party's policies usually promote liberalism and progressivism as well as the continuing of Scotland as part of the United Kingdom.
In the Scottish Parliament, the party's leader is Willie Rennie and the party is an opposition party with 4 out of 129 seats.
The party has 4 seats out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
The Scottish Green Party (also known as the Scottish Greens) is a political party in Scotland that has close relations to the Green Party of England and Wales.
The party's policies usually promote green politics, nuclear disarmament, anti-nuclear power, proportional representation, and the creation of an independent Scotland free from the United Kingdom but within the European Union.
If Scotland becomes an independent country the party wants the country to be a republic, and no longer be part of the monarchy of the United Kingdom.
It also wants an independent Scotland to have its own currency.
In the Scottish Parliament the party is an opposition party with 6 out of 129 seats.
It does not have any seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
The co-leaders of the party are Patrick Harvie (MSP) and Lorna Slater (MSP).
The Group 15 elements, also called the pnictogens, Group V elements, or Group VB elements, are a group on the periodic table.
They have many different properties.
Nitrogen is a colorless unreactive gas that helps us breathe.
Phosphorus is a super reactive white or red solid nonmetal.
Arsenic is a highly toxic semimetal.
Antimony is also a semimetal.
Bismuth is a radioactive metal.
Moscovium is a man made element that is radioactive.
They all have 5 valence electrons but most of them form +5 or -3 chemical compounds.
Phosphonium is an ion.
Its chemical formula is PH4+.
It is similar to ammonium.
It is almost never found outside of an organic compound.
Its molar mass is 35.01 g/mol.
Phosphide is an ion.
Its chemical formula is sometimes P3-, but it does not always have that formula.
Phosphides (chemical compounds having the phosphide ion in them) react with acids to make phosphine gas.
Sodium phosphide is an example.
Some phosphides are semiconductors and are not ionic with P3- ions.
They are less reactive.
Some metals form alloys with phosphorus to make phosphides.
If it is ionic, then the phosphorus is in the -3 oxidation state.
Sodium phosphide is a chemical compound.
It contains sodium and phosphide ions.
Its chemical formula is Na3P.
Sodium phosphide is a black solid.
It is ionic.
There are several other sodium phosphides that do not have the formula Na3P. It reacts with acids to make phosphine gas.
It can be made by reacting liquid sodium with phosphorus(V) chloride.
It can also be made by reacting sodium with phosphorus.
It is used to make semiconductors.
It can also be used as a catalyst.
Sodium phosphide is flammable, making toxic gases when burned.
It also makes toxic flammable gases when reacted with acids.
Phosphorus(V) chloride, also known as phosphorus pentachloride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is PCl5.
It contains phosphorus and chloride ions.
The phosphorus is in the +5 oxidation state.
Phosphorus(V) chloride is a colorless solid.
It is one of the most important phosphorus chlorides.
Sometimes it is yellowish.
It reacts with hot water to make phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid.
It is made by reacting a lot of chlorine with phosphorus.
It can also be made by reacting chlorine with phosphorus(III) chloride.
Phosphorus(V) chloride is acidic and toxic.
It puts off toxic gases when reacted with water.
Phosphorus(III) chloride
Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita.
Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, Amanita muscaria has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the southern hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species.
The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture.
Although it is generally considered poisonous, deaths from its consumption are extremely rare, and it is eaten as a food in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America after parboiling.
Amanita muscaria is noted for its hallucinogenic properties, with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound muscimol.
It was used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia and has a religious significance in these cultures.
There has been much speculation on traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in places other than Siberia; however, such traditions are far less well documented.
Webpages on Amanita species by Tulloss and Yang Zhuliang
Amanita on erowid.org
Aminita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others (Group PIM G026) by IPCS INCHEM
Dilma Vana Rousseff (born 14 December 1947) is an economist and politician.
She was the 36th President of Brazil from 2011 until 2016.
In 2003, in the government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, she was the minister of Mines and Energy.
She became Lula's Chief of Staff in 2005, after her predecessor, José Dirceu, resigned because of charges of corruption.
On 31 October 2010, Rousseff won 55% of the vote.
Her main contender was José Serra who won 44%.
Serra was the candidate of the Brazilian Social Democratic Party.
On 1 January 2011, she became the first woman president of the country.
In August 2016, she was impeached and removed from office.
She was against the military dictatorship that governed Brazil from 1964 to 1985.
In January 1970 she was sent to prison for being a member of a Marxist group which had carried out bank robberies and murders.
She was released after three years.
She joined the Workers Party in 1986.
Rousseff was an important ally of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a labour activist who became President of Brazil.
A left wing candidate, Lula was a popular president and Rousseff became his chosen successor.
She won the 2010 Presidential election.
As President, Rousseff kept with many of Lula's policies.
She also became known for bringing the World Cup and the Olympics to Brazil.
Many Brazilians were against this, and felt that the money spent on these events would be better spent on other things.
Rousseff was on the board of Petrobras, an oil company, in the 2000s.
In 2015, reports of corruption at Petrobras became known.
Although not named in the investigation, many people in her government were, and there were large protests against Rousseff's government, including Lula da Silva.
She has also been accused of lying about economic numbers during her campaign to be reelected.
On 3 December 2015, impeachment proceedings against Rousseff were officially approved by the Chamber of Deputies.
On 12 May 2016, the impeachment process began when the Senate of Brazil temporarily suspended President Rousseff's powers and duties for up to six months or until the Senate reaches a verdict: to remove her from office if found guilty or to acquit her from the crimes charged.
Vice President Michel Temer assumed her powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during the suspension.
Rousseff said she is innocent and that the impeachment is a coup.
Rousseff was removed from office on 31 August 2016 when the Brazilian Senate voted 61-20 in favor of impeachment.
She was succeeded by Vice President Michel Temer.
microSD is a type of removable flash memory card used for storing information.
SD is an abbreviation of Secure Digital, and microSD cards are sometimes referred to as µSD or uSD.
The cards are used in mobile phones and other mobile devices.
It is the smallest memory card that can be bought; at 15 mm × 11 mm × 1 mm (about the size of a fingernail), it is about a quarter of the size of a normal-sized SD card.
There are adapters that make the small microSD able to fit in devices that have slots for standard SD, miniSD, Memory Stick Duo card, and even USB.
But, not all of the different cards can work together.
Many microSD cards are sold with a standard SD adapter, so that people can use them in devices that take standard SD but not microSD cards.
TransFlash and microSD cards are the same (they can be used in place of each other), but microSD has support for SDIO mode.
This lets microSD slots support non-memory jobs like Bluetooth, GPS, and Near Field Communication by attaching a device in place of a memory card.
MicroSDHC format is a newer version of the MicroSD which is not backwards compatible.
Some older devices cannot use the newer format, although third party firmware is available for some devices.
TransFlash cards are sold in 16MB and 32MB sizes.
microSD cards are sold in many sizes, from 64 MB to 32 GB, while microSDHC cards are sold in sizes between 4 GB to 64 GB.
Larger ones are microSDXC memory cards, sold in sizes between 8 GB and 1 TB.
The microSD format was made by the company SanDisk.
It was first called T-Flash, and then TransFlash, before being named microSD when it started to be used by the SD Card Association (SDA).
Other flash card formats approved by the SDA include miniSD and standard SD card.
The SDA announced the microSD format at CTIA Wireless 2005 on March 14, 2005, and the final microSD details were announced on July 13, 2005.
When they were first sold, the microSD format was sold in sizes of 32, 64, and 128 MB.
SanDisk made a 4 GB microSD card in July 2006, at first costing $99 (USD).
Since then, the prices for flash memory devices have become much lower.
At the time of April 2009, the same 4 GB card could be bought for as low as $12 (USD) at department stores, and by May 2009, for as low as $6 (USD) at online electronics stores.
In January 2010, a 16 GB micro SD card class 2 cost about $40 (USD), and a 4 GB class 2 micro SD card about $8 (USD).
In February 2014, SanDisk announced a new microSD card, the MicroSDXC.
At the time, the cards held up to 128GB.
To enable this amount of storage capacity on a removable microSD card, SanDisk developed a proprietary technique that allows for 16 memory die to be vertically stacked, each shaved to be thinner than a strand of hair.
At the time of their release, these cards had capacities ranging from 8GB to 128GB, with the prices ranging from $29.99 to $199.99.
Power Usage
Several manufacturers make microSD cards and they consume different amounts of electrical power.
Most are in the range of 0-100 mA at a supply voltage of 3.3 V. TwinMOS Technologies Midde East FZE says that the cards carry a maximum of 45 mA during transfer.
Toshiba lists 80-100 mA.
JESD84-C01 - MultiMediaCard (MMC) Card Mechanical Standard
Servius Sulpicius Galba (; ; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69 AD) was a Roman Emperor for seven months from AD 68 to 69.
Galba was an governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, which was the province near the Pyrenees.
He was the first emperor of Year of the Four Emperors.
He was born near Terracina, "On the left as you travel towards Fundi" in the words of Suetonius.
Galba was adopted by Livia Ocellina and took her family name until becoming emperor.
69 deaths
Aulus Vitellius Germanicus  {September 24, 15-December 22, AD 69} was later known as Vitellius was an Roman Emperor and general for eight months from 16 April to 22 December 69.
Vitellius was the first add the honorific cognomen Germanicus to his name was instead of Caesar upon his accession; the latter name had fallen into disrepute in many quarters because of the actions of Roman Emperor Nero.
Invading Britain
Vitellius was an Roman military commander of Germania Inferior.
In AD 43 Roman Emperor Claudius conquers Britannia, Aulus Plautius, governor of Britannia.
Roman conquest of Britain, and Claudius defeats Caratacus
On 16 April 69 After Marcus Salvius Otho's death in Rome, He became in Roman Emperor of Rome.
he was an third emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors.
He ate a lot  He did a quick succession with Galba and Otho.
After Otho's friend Nero's death.
10s births
Anthonij (Anton) Rudolf Mauve (18 September 1838, Zaandam, North Holland – 5 February 1888, Arnhem) was a Dutch realist painter who was a leading member of the Hague School.
He signed his paintings 'A. Mauve' or with a monogrammed 'A.M.'.
Mauve mostly painted people and animals shown outdoors.
The paining Morning Ride shows well-dressed riders at the coast of the sea, as they ride away from the viewer.
One detail which is uncommon, but shows his realism are the horse droppings shown in the foreground of the picture.
His best-known paintings show peasants working in the fields, and sheep-herding scenes.
Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty which ruled the empire for 27 years.
Although he held the consulship in 51 AD, Vespasian became more highly regarded as a successful military commander.
He took part in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD,p16 and the Jewish rebellion of 66 AD.p29–38
While Vespasian was preparing to besiege Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors.
After the emperors Galba and Otho died in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in April 69 AD.
In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea declared Vespasian emperor on July 1.p43 In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia.
Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian gained control of Egypt.
On 20 December, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared emperor by the Roman Senate.
Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was emperor.
His reign is best known for financial reforms, the successful campaign against Judaea, and several ambitious construction projects such as the Colosseum.
Upon his death in 79, he was succeeded by his eldest son Titus.
Entry on Vespasian in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
9 births
79 deaths
Titus (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, 30 December 39 – 13 September 81) was Roman Emperor from 79 to 81.
A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death.
Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a military commander.
He served as a military tribune in Germany and Roman Britain.
It was he who brought the reinforcements after the revolt of Boudicca.
Two tribes had destroyed Colchester, London and St Albans, and wiped out a whole legion, but were finally defeated by the Roman governor of Britain.
Judaea
He served under his father in Judaea during the First Jewish-Roman War (66–70), where he commanded a legion.
The campaign came to a brief halt with the death of emperor Nero in 68, but soon continued in the Year of the Four Emperors.
When Vespasian was declared emperor on 1 July 69, Titus was left in charge of ending the Jewish rebellion.
In 70, he successfully laid siege to Jerusalem.
He destroyed the city and Temple in Jerusalem.
For this, Titus was awarded a Roman triumph.
To this day, the Arch of Titus commemorates his victory circa AD 70.
When Vespasian became Emperor, Titus and his brother Domitian received the title of Caesar from the Senate.
Titus held seven Roman consulships during Vespasian's reign and acted as his secretary, appearing in the Senate on his behalf.
During the Jewish wars, Titus had begun a love affair with Berenice, sister of Agrippa II.
The Herodians had collaborated with the Romans during the rebellion, and Berenice herself had supported Vespasian upon his campaign to become emperor.
In 75, she returned to Titus and openly lived with him in the palace as his promised wife.
The Romans were wary of her, and disapproved of their relationship.
When the pair was publicly denounced by Cynics in the theatre, Titus caved in to the pressure and sent her away, but his reputation suffered.
Titus ruled to great acclaim after the death of Vespasian in 79.
He was considered a good emperor by Suetonius and other contemporary historians.
Because of his supposed vices, many Romans feared he would be another Nero.
But Titus proved to be an effective emperor and was well-loved  when people found that he had virtues instead of vices.
One of his first acts as an emperor was to stop trials based on treason charges, which had long plagued Rome.
Under Augustus, the law of treason had been revived and applied to cover slander and libel.
This led to a long cycle of trials and executions under such emperors as Tiberius, Caligula and Nero.
This spawned entire networks of informers who terrorized Rome for decades.
Titus put an end to this practice, against himself or anyone else, declaring:
"It is impossible for me to be insulted or abused in any way.
For I do naught that deserves censure, and I care not for what is reported falsely".
Consequently, no senators were put to death during his reign; he thus kept to his promise that he would assume the office of Pontifex Maximus "for the purpose of keeping his hands unstained".
The informers were publicly punished and banished from the city.
Titus then made it unlawful for persons to be tried under different laws for the same offense (double jeopardy|).
After barely two years in office, Titus died of a fever on 13 September 81.
He was deified (declared a god) by the Roman Senate and succeeded by his younger brother Domitian.
39 births
81 deaths
RTL Television or short RTL is a German television station.
It is belongs to the RTL Group.
It started on 2 January 1984.
Nerva became emperor at the age of sixty-five, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the rulers of the Flavian dynasty.
Under Nero, he was a member of the imperial team, and played a vital part in exposing the Pisonian conspiracy of 65.
On 18 September 96, Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy.
On the same day, Nerva was declared emperor by the Roman Senate.
As the new ruler of the Roman Empire, he vowed to restore liberties which had been cut during the autocratic government of Domitian.
A revolt by the Praetorian Guard in October 97 caused him to adopt an heir.
After some deliberation Nerva adopted Trajan, a young and popular general, as his successor.
After barely fifteen months in office, Nerva died of natural causes.
Although much of his life remains obscure, Nerva was considered a wise and moderate emperor by ancient historians.
Recent historians have revised this assessment, characterizing Nerva as a well-intentioned but ultimately weak ruler, whose reign brought the Roman Empire to the brink of civil war.
Nerva's greatest success was his choice of Trajan.
This led to a peaceful transition after his death, thus founding the Nerva-Antonine dynasty.
30 births
98 deaths
James Bradley McLeod (April 8, 1937 – May 18, 2019) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender.
McLeod started his career with the St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League during the 1972.
Later in his career he played in the World Hockey Association for the Chicago Cougars, Los Angeles Sharks, Michigan Stags, and New York Golden Blades.
Jeffrey Donald 'Jeff' McDill (born March 16, 1956) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger who played in one National Hockey League game for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1976–77 NHL season.
Murdo John MacKay (born 8 August 1917 in Fort William, Ontario - d. August 8, 2000) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 19 games in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens.
Bernadette Soubirous (7 January 1844 – 16 April 1879) was a young girl who had religious visions at Lourdes, France.
During 1858 she said she saw the Virgin Mary 18 times.
The Roman Catholic Church later made her a saint, and Lourdes has become one of the most visited places for pilgrims.
Parties in England
Conservative Party - A centre-right party which promotes British conservatism and unionism.
Labour Party - A centre-left party which promotes social democracy and democratic socialism.
Liberal Democrats - A centrist party which promotes liberalism and federalism.
Green Party of England and Wales - A left-wing party which promotes green politics, eco-socialism and republicanism.
UK Independence Party - A right-wing to far-right party that promotes Euroscepticism and right-wing populism.
Reform UK - A Eurosceptic and populist party that was originally founded as the Brexit Party in November 2018, before being re-named to Reform UK in January 2021.
The Official Monster Raving Loony Party - A satire/joke political party.
Parties in Scotland
There are two types of parties in Scotland; pro-independence parties and British unionist parties.
Pro-independence parties want to create an independent Scotland, outside of the United Kingdom and British unionists want to keep Scotland as part of the United Kingdom.
Parties represented in the Scottish Parliament are:
Pro-Scottish independence parties
Scottish National Party - A party mainly focused on achieving Scottish independence from the United Kingdom.
It is a centre-left party which promotes social democracy.
Scottish Green Party - A centre-left to left-wing party which promotes green politics, Scottish independence and Scottish republicanism.
Alba Party - A pro-independence party that runs candidates on the list only, to make an independence “supermajority”.
Pro-union parties
Scottish Labour Party - A centre-left party which promotes social democracy and democratic socialism.
Scottish Conservative Party - A centre-right party which promotes conservatism and strong unionism.
Scottish Liberal Democrats - A centrist party which promotes liberalism and federalism.
See also: Political parties in Scotland
Parties in Wales
Welsh Labour Party - A centre-left party which promotes social democracy and democratic socialism.
Plaid Cymru - A centre-left party which promotes social democracy, democratic socialism and the creation of an independent Wales, free from the United Kingdom.
Welsh Conservative Party - A centre-right party which promotes conservatism and strong unionism.
Welsh Liberal Democrats - A centrist party which promotes liberalism and federalism.
Wales Green Party - A left-wing party that is part of the Green Party of England and Wales and promotes green politics, more power being devolved to Wales and a universal basic income.
Parties in Northern Ireland
There are two main types of political parties in Northern Ireland; Republicans and Unionists.
Republicans want Northern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom and join with the Republic of Ireland.
Unionists want to keep Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom and there are parties who are open-minded about the issue.
Parties represented in the Northern Ireland Assembly are:
Democratic Unionist Party - A right-wing Protestant party which strongly promotes British unionism.
Sinn Fein - A left-wing Catholic party which promotes democratic socialism and Irish Republicanism.
Social Democratic and Labour Party - A centre-left party which promotes Irish republicanism and social democracy.
Ulster Unionist Party - A centre-right party which promotes British Unionism and conservatism.
Allied to the UK Conservative Party.
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland - A centrist party which promotes liberalism and an end to sectarianism.
It has no opinion on whether or not Northern Ireland should stay in or leave the United Kingdom.
Green Party of Northern Ireland - A centre-left party which promotes green politics.
Minor political parties in the United Kingdom
British National Party - A far-right party which promotes policies of anti-immigration, right-wing populism and Third position economics.
Northern Independence Party - A party that supports northern England becoming an independent country.
English Democrats - An England-only party that promotes federalism, conservatism and the separation of England from Scotland and Wales.
Traditional Unionist Voice - A right-wing party in Northern Ireland that promotes social conservatism, Euroscepticism, British unionism and the abolition of the all-party government in Northern Ireland.
Christian Party - A right-wing party that promotes Christian values and Conservative Christianity.
Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition (TUSC) - A left-wing alliance of parties including the Socialist Party of England and Wales, the Socialist Workers Party, Socialist Resistance and Solidarity.
National Front - A far-right party that promotes fascism, British nationalism and a belief that the UK should only have White people living in it.
Socialist Labour Party - A left-wing socialist and Eurosceptic party.
Liberal Party - A centrist party that promotes liberalism and Euroscepticism.
Christian Peoples Alliance - A centrist party that promotes Christian democracy.
Mebyon Kernow (In English:Sons of Cornwall) - A centre-left party that wants to establish a Cornish Assembly.
Socialist Alternative - A far-left Trotskyist party.
Trust Party - A party that campaigned for trust in politicians in wake of the 2009 expenses scandal.
The Official Monster Raving Loony Party - A party that promotes parties and highlights the stupidity of other more mainstream political parties.
Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) - A Scotland-only left-wing party that promotes socialism, environmentalism, Scottish independence and Scottish republicanism.
Alliance for Green Socialism - A left-wing socialist and environmentalist party.
Social Democratic Party - A centre-left party which promotes social democracy.
Pirate Party (2009–2020) - A party which promoted reforms on copyright and privacy laws, as well as freedom of speech and freedom of expression.
Communist Party of Britain - A far-left communist and Marxist–Leninist party.
Economic nationalism is the idea that a state should have control over its economy, labour and how capital is formed.
In most cases, this includes taxation of imports.
In many cases, economic nationalism is the opposite of globalization, or it questions the use of free trade without restrictions.
The Green Party of England and Wales is a green, left-wing political party in England and Wales.
The party's policies promote environmentalism and progressive social reform.
It wants to create a system of proportional representation for British elections.
It has progressive policies on animal rights, LGBT rights and believes in drug policy reform.
The party also supports a universal basic income (UBI).
Since May 2010, the party has 1 out of 573 English and Welsh seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, two members of the London Assembly and hundreds of elected members of local government.
The party is close to the Scottish Green Party and the Green Party of Northern Ireland.
The party's first leader was Caroline Lucas from 2008 until 2012.
Its current leaders are Carla Denyer and Adrian Ramsay, who were elected as co-leaders on 1 October 2021.
The Green Party includes several regional parties.
The Cornish Green Party supports autonomy for Cornwall.
Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) is an organic chemical substance.
It is a derivative of Piperazine.
It is sometimes used as a part of other illegal drugs.
It is sometimes used as a replacement for the drug MDMA, or as a component of Ecstasy pills.
TFMPP has no known use in the chemical industry.
Aliens is an American science fiction-action horror movie released in 1986.
It is a science fiction movie because it takes place in outer space and there are alien creatures.
It was directed by James Cameron and stars Sigourney Weaver, Michael Biehn and Lance Henriksen.
Aliens is a sequel to Alien (1979) and was followed by two more sequels; Alien³ (1992) and Alien: Resurrection (1997).
1986 action movies
1980s science fiction horror movies
Evolutionary suicide is not a standard term in evolutionary biology.
It is not used in any standard textbook on evolution.
It is the incorrect idea that the adaptation of an individual animal works in such a way that an entire species dies out.
The idea is that evolution makes plants and animals pass on their genes to the next generation more efficiently, but it does not guarantee the survival of the population or the species.
Obviously, that is true, and extinction occurs often.
Evolution cannot foresee the future.
This is, however, nothing at all to do with suicide.
A candidate for a future evolutionary suicide might be cod.
Cod is caught as fish by humans.
The fish do not weigh as much as they used to, mostly because they do not survive long enough.
They do, however, mature earlier.
Although this means the number of eggs per female fish is reduced, its effect depends rather on the extent of overfishing.
Data suggests that when fishing is controlled, cod numbers return to their former level.
This was the lesson of World War II, when cod fishing in many areas was greatly reduced, and pre-war cod numbers recovered.
Territorialism, also known as Statism (but not to be confused with another belief also called statism), was a Jewish political movement related to Zionism.
Jewish people wanted some land to live in together.
It did not necessarily have to be the Jewish biblical homeland in the land where the state of Israel is today, and it did not necessarily have to be its own country.
Development of territorialism
Before 1905, some Zionist leaders were thinking about making places for Jews to call home other than Palestine.
Theodor Herzl's Der Judenstaat argued for a Jewish state in either Palestine, "our ever-memorable historic home", or Argentina, "one of the most fertile countries in the world". ("
Fertile" means land where it is easy to grow crops.)
Many of the socialist Zionist groups were more territorialist than Zionist, such as Nachman Syrkin's Zionist Socialist Workers Party (the Z.S.).
The Jewish Colonization Association, started in 1891 by the Baron Maurice de Hirsch, was started to help move many Jews from Russia and other Eastern European countries.
It wanted to move them to land where they could grow food and that it would buy.
It had in mind land in North and South America (especially Argentina).
In 1903, British cabinet ministers suggested the British Uganda Programme, land for a Jewish state in "Uganda" (the land they were thinking about is actually in the modern country of Kenya).
At first, Herzl said no to the idea, because he liked Palestine better.
After the April 1903 Kishinev pogrom, in which many Jews were violently attacked in Russia, Herzl suggested to the Sixth Zionist Congress to look at the offer as a temporary way to keep Russian Jews safe.
The plan was very controversial, and many Russian Jews were so upset that they walked out of the meeting.
Few historians believe that such a settlement idea could have attracted immigrants, received much money in donations, or been supported by many other countries.
Because some members of the Zionist leadership liked the idea, however, peace was kept in the movement because they voted to start a committee to look at the possibility.
They did not officially say no to the idea until the Seventh Zionist Congress in 1905.
Because of this, the Jewish Territorialist Organization (ITO) led by Israel Zangwill split off from the Zionist movement.
It tried to find land where Jews could settle in different parts of America (e.g. Galveston), Africa, Asia, and Australia, but with little success.
The ITO broke up in 1925.
As the Holocaust became close and as Nazis were discriminating against Jews in Germany, Isaac Nachman Steinberg started the Freeland League in the United States in 1935.
This organization tried, but did not succeed, to start a new Jewish country by getting a large piece of land in places in Ecuador, Australia, or Suriname where not many people lived.
One of the more well-known tries was the Kimberley Plan, to get land in Australia.
After the State of Israel was created in 1948, Steinberg had criticized the exclusivist politics of the Zionist government and continued his attempts to create a non-nationalist Jewish settlement in some other part of the world.
After Steinberg died in 1957, the Freeland League was led by Mordkhe Schaechter, who gradually changed the focus of the organization to more cultural, Yiddishist goals.
Israel Zangwill's Challenge to Zionism
Ber Borochov and Socialist Zionism by Mitchell Cohen (1984)
Jewish Virtual Library (JVL) is an online encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (the AICE).
Established in 1993, it is a comprehensive website covering Israel, the Jewish people, and Jewish culture.
The website was first made in the late 1990s.
It was first called The Jewish Student Online Research Center (JSOURCE).According to the website, the Library covers material that cannot be found anywhere else in the world, such as information about projects where the United States and Israel worked together, and how Americans were treated during the Holocaust.
It explains that it got permission to use materials from the Library of Congress, from the American Jewish Historical Society, the Anti-Defamation League, the Simon Wiesenthal Center, the Israeli Foreign Ministry, and Prime Minister’s Office, Rabbi Joseph Telushkin (author of Jewish Literacy), and dozens of other sources.
It has more than 13,000 articles and 6,000 photographs and maps about Jewish history, Israel, U.S.-Israel relations, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Judaism.
The website has all of the words of the Tanakh.
The Jewish Virtual Library also has the Israel advocacy text "Myths and Facts", edited by Mitchell Bard, in several languages.
"This library, once it is entered, is more like a living encyclopedia than it is anything else.
One has options to click on, such as history, women, biography, politics, Israel, maps, and Judaic Treasures at the Library of Congress, with each launching a person into a different realm.
The site is extremely well put together.
The Jewish Virtual Library has been used as a source by CNN, New York Times, BBC, CBS News, Fox News, The Los Angeles Times, USA Today, Business Week, and Bloomberg, among others.
JVL got awards from Britannica Internet Guide Selection, USA Today Hot Site, and the Best of the Jewish Web from the Jewish Agency for Israel, the Academic Excellence Award from Study Web and others.
Jacob Taio Cruz is an English R&B singer.
He has released three studio albums and his single, "Break Your Heart" which was featured on his Rokstarr album was a number one hit in both the U.K. and the U.S. In 2014 his fourth album #Black will be released.
Taio Cruz's Official website
Martin Lee Truex Jr. (born June 29, 1980 in Mayetta, New Jersey) is an American racecar driver.
Truex Jr. drives the No.
19 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series.
Truex won the 2004 and 2005 Nationwide Series championships.
Truex's brother Ryan Truex is also a race car driver.
The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) was a conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to the abolition of slavery in Haiti and the formation of Haiti as the first modern republic ruled by Africans.
It was the biggest slave rebellion since the Zanj rebellion in Iraq, which also lasted 14 years.
Its leaders were former slaves who decided to fight for freedom, like Toussaint L'ouverture, Cécile Fatiman, Dutty Boukman, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines.
The Haitian Revolution led to Haiti being the second nation in the Americas (after the United States) formed from a European colony, and the first one to ban slavery.
1790s in North America
1800s in North America
Anti-imperialism
Janenschia (named after Werner Janensch) was a huge, plant-eating dinosaur with an elongated neck and tail.
It was a sauropod from the late Jurassic period, about 156 million to 150 million years ago.
Janenschia had a small head, blunt teeth, and a short, thick tail; it was about 80 feet (24 m) long.
This titanosaurid back may have been covered with bony, armored plates.
Fossils have been found in Tanzania, Africa.
It is said that this dinosaur was a secondary prey for T-rex.
He is best known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman territory in Britain.
In Rome, he built the Pantheon and the Temple of Venus and Roma.
In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and a lover of Greek culture in all his tastes.
Hadrian was the third of the so-called Five Good Emperors.
Hadrian was born to a Hispano-Roman family, probably in Italica (near Seville).
His predecessor Trajan was a maternal cousin of Hadrian's father.
Trajan never officially designated an heir, but according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor immediately before his death.
Trajan's wife and his friend Licinius Sura were well-disposed towards Hadrian, and he may well have owed his succession to them.
During his reign, Hadrian traveled to nearly every province of the empire.
Hadrian sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the empire: he ordered the construction of many temples in the city.
Hadrian spent much of his time with the military.
He usually wore military attire, and dined and slept amongst the soldiers.
He ordered military training and drilling to be more rigorous and even made use of false reports of attack to keep the army alert.
Despite his fondness for the army, there was little military activity throughout the empire while Hadrian reigned.
After he became emperor, Hadrian withdrew from Trajan's conquests in Mesopotamia and Armenia, and even considered abandoning Dacia.
Late in his reign, he stopped the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, renaming the province Syria Palaestina.
In 136 an ailing Hadrian adopted Lucius Aelius as his heir, but he died suddenly two years later.
In 138, Hadrian promised to adopt Antoninus Pius if he would in turn adopt Marcus Aurelius and Aelius' son Lucius Verus as his own eventual successors.
Antoninus agreed, and soon afterward Hadrian died at his villa near Tibur.
76 births
138 deaths
Civilization III or Civ 3 is a turn based strategy computer game by Firaxis Games from 2001.
It is the third part of the successful serial.
The game become two expansion sets, Play the World and Conquests.
In the game you control a nation from the stone age too the modern age.
Civilization III has many new innovations in contrast with Civilization II.
There are strategic resources, country borders and the military units will support by the nation, not by the cities.
official page
Paul Revere (January 1, 1735 - May 10, 1818) was an early United States Patriot and a leader of the American Revolution.
He was born in Boston, Massachusetts and worked there as a silversmith.
He was married twice and became the father of 16 children.
Revere was a member of a group called The Sons of Liberty.
This group wanted better treatment for the American colonies from the British government.
Revere made a silver engraving of the Boston Massacre.
This engraving made Americans even more angry with the British.
Revere was a courier and soldier in the American Revolution.
After the Revolutionary War, he operated a metal foundry in Boston.
He died in Boston, and was buried in the Granary Burying Ground.
He is most famous for alerting the colonial militia that British soldiers were coming before the Battles of Lexington and Concord.
In 1860, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a poem about this called "Paul Revere's Ride."
Revere is most famous for his "Midnight Ride".
It happened on the night of April 1819, 1775.
British officials had learned that American Patriots (the leaders of the American Revolution) were storing guns in Concord, Massachusetts.
They wanted to destroy the guns.
The Patriots thought the British also wanted to capture Patriot leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams.
The two leaders were staying in Lexington, Massachusetts.
Revere and a man named William Dawes rode on horseback from Boston to Lexington, Massachusetts to warn Adams and Hancock that the British were coming.
Revere warned other Patriots along the way.
When Paul Revere arrived in Lexington, he shouted loudly to wake up and warn the people.
Revere was soon joined by Dawes, who also told the people that the British soldiers were coming.
In Concord, Samuel Prescott joined Revere and Dawes.
All three were stopped by British soldiers in a field in the city of Lincoln, Massachusetts.
Prescott and Dawes escaped quickly.
However, the British soldiers held Revere for about an hour before letting him go.
Because his horse was gone, Revere ran back to Lexington, where the fighting had already begun.
Almost a hundred years later, Paul Revere's Ride (poem) revived his fame.
Sinterklaas (also called Sint Nicolaas) is a traditional Winter holiday figure in Dutch-speaking Europe (The Netherlands and Flanders), and is also well known in the former Dutch colonies.
Every year he is celebrated in The Netherlands, one day before Saint Nicholas died (5 December) and on (6 December) in Belgium.
His helper and best friend is Black Peter.
Sinterklaas is the basis of the mythical holiday figure of Santa Claus in the United States.
Sinterklaas has nothing to do with Christmas.
Christmas will also be celebrated in the Netherlands as well as in Belgium, so Santa Claus is not the same as Sinterklaas (in the Netherlands).
Sinterklaas arrives from Spain in a boat and has a white horse that can walk across rooftops.
Every little kid puts his shoe at the chimney (or the window) and sings a song, when the kid goes to sleep sinterklaas comes and puts a present in the shoe.
As a private citizen between 110 and 115, he married Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder.
Faustina was a beautiful woman, renowned for her wisdom.
She spent her whole life caring for the poor and assisting the most disadvantaged Romans.
They included Faustina the Younger, a future Roman Empress, who married her maternal cousin, future Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius.
When Faustina died in 141, Antoninus was greatly bereaved and had a temple built in the Roman Forum in her name, had coins with her portrait struck in her honor, and created a charity called Girls of Faustina, which assisted orphaned girls.
Favor with Hadrian
Having filled with success the offices of quaestor and praetor, he was consul in 120.
He was appointed by Hadrian as one of the four proconsuls to administer Italia, then Asia.
The Emperor Hadrian adopted him as his son and successor on 25 February 138, after the death of his first adopted son Lucius Aelius.
The condition was that Antoninus would in turn adopt Marcus Annius Verus, the son of his wife's brother, and Lucius, son of Aelius Verus, who afterwards became the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
There are no records of any military related acts in his time.
One modern scholar has written "It is almost certain not only that at no time in his life did he ever see, let alone command, a Roman army, but that, throughout the twenty-three years of his reign, he never went within five hundred miles of a legion".
His reign was the most peaceful in the entire history of the Principate.
He was virtually unique among emperors in that he dealt with crises without leaving Italy once during his reign.
He dealt with provincial matters through their governors or through imperial letters to the cities such as Ephesus (of which some were publicly displayed).
This style of government was highly praised by his contemporaries and by later generations.
Those twenty-two years were not remarkably eventful in comparison to those before and after his reign.
We might think that he wisely cut the activities of the Roman Empire to a careful minimum.
Perhaps he was uninterested in events away from Rome, and his inaction contributed to the troubles which faced Marcus Aurelius and other emperors of the third century.
German historian Ernst Kornemann, in his Römische Geschichte (roman history) [2 vols.,
by H. Bengtson, Stuttgart 1954], said that the reign of Antoninus comprised "a succession of grossly wasted opportunities", given the upheavals that were to come.
There is more to this argument, given that the Parthians in the East were themselves soon to make no small amount of mischief after Antoninus' passing.
Kornemann's brief is that Antoninus might have waged preventive wars to head off these outsiders.
After the longest reign since Augustus (surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months), Antoninus died of fever about twelve miles (19 km) from Rome, on 7 March 161.
The last word that he uttered when the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password was "aequanimitas" (equanimity).
86 births
161 deaths
Zwarte Piet is black because he is a Moor from Spain.
People playing Zwarte Piet usually put on blackface and colourful suits along with curly wigs and bright red lipstick.
Lucius Verus (Lucius Ceionius Commodus, 15 December 130 – 169) was Roman co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius (121–180), from 161 until his death.
In practice, he was the junior partner of the great Marcus Aurelius.
When his father died in early 138, Hadrian chose Antoninus Pius (86–161) as his successor.
Antoninus was adopted by Hadrian on the condition that Verus and Hadrian’s great-nephew Marcus Aurelius was to be adopted by Antoninus as his sons and heirs.
Accession of Lucius and Marcus, 161
Antoninus died on 7 March 161, and was succeeded by Marcus Aurelius.p156 Although the senate planned to confirm Marcus alone, he refused to take office unless Lucius received equal powers.p116 The senate accepted, granting Lucius the imperium, the tribunician power, and the name Augustus.
It was the first time that Rome was ruled by two emperors.p117
In spite of their nominal equality, Marcus held more authority than Verus.
He had been consul once more than Lucius, he had shared in Pius' administration, and he alone was Pontifex Maximus.
It would have been clear to the public which emperor was the more senior.
As the biographer wrote, "Verus obeyed Marcus...as a lieutenant obeys a proconsul or a governor obeys the emperor".p117
Immediately after their senate confirmation, the emperors went to the camp of the praetorian guard.
Lucius addressed the assembled troops, which then acclaimed the pair as imperatores.
Then, like every new emperor since Claudius, Lucius promised the troops a special donative.p117 The ceremony was perhaps not entirely necessary, given that Marcus' accession had been peaceful and unopposed, but it was good insurance against later military troubles.
War with Parthia 161–66
Lucius' journey east, 162–63?
Over the winter of 161–62, as more bad news arrived—a rebellion was brewing in Syria—it was decided that Lucius should direct the Parthian war in person.
He was stronger and healthier than Marcus, the argument went, more suited to military activity.p123 Whatever the case, the senate gave its assent, and Lucius left.
Marcus would remain in Rome; the city "demanded the presence of an emperor".
Furius Victorinus, one of the two praetorian prefects, was sent with Lucius, as were a pair of senators, and part of the praetorian guard.p125 Victorinus had previously served as procurator of Galatia, giving him some experience with eastern affairs.
Since a prefect had to accompany the guard, Victorinus was the clear choice.p161
Laelianus, one of the Senators, was "a serious man and an old-fashioned disciplinarian".
Bassus, the other Senator, had been governor of Lower Moesia, and was also made comes.p125
Lucius left in the summer of 162 to take a ship from Brundisium; Marcus followed him as far as Capua.
Lucius feasted himself in the country houses along his route, and hunted at Apulia.
He fell ill at Canosa, probably afflicted with a mild stroke, and took to bed.
Marcus made prayers to the gods for his safety in front of the senate, and hurried south to see him.p125
Verus continued eastward via Corinth and Athens, accompanied by musicians and singers as if in a royal progress.
It is not known how long Verus' journey east took; he might not have arrived in Antioch until after 162.
Statius Priscus, meanwhile, must have already arrived in Cappadocia; he would earn fame in 163 for successful generalship.p126
Antioch 162?–65
Lucius spent most of the campaign in Antioch, though he wintered at Laodicea and summered at Daphne, a resort just outside Antioch.
He took up a mistress named Panthea, from Smyrna.
The biographer calls her a "low-born girl-friend",p129 but she is probably closer to an account of Lucian: "a woman of perfect beauty", more beautiful than any of Phidias and Praxiteles' statues.
Polite, caring, humble, she sang to the lyre perfectly and spoke clear Ionic Greek, spiced with Attic wit.p129
Lucius faced quite a task.p162 The Syrian army had turned soft during the east's long peace.