the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Morocco is divided into 37 provinces and 2 wilayas : Agadir, Al Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Benslimane, Boulemane, Casablanca, Chefchaouen, El Jadida, El Kelaa of Sraghna, Errachidia, Essaouira, Fez, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Rommani, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech, Meknes, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat, Sale, Settat, Safi, Sidi Kacem, Tangier, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudant, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit.
Three additional provinces of Dakhla (Oued ed Dahab), Boujdour, and Es-Smara as well as parts of Tan-Tan and Laayoune fall within Moroccan-claimed Western Sahara.
Mining, agriculture, fishing, and tourism are the 4 main parts of Morocco's national economy.
Also, Moroccans working in Europe (about 2 million) send billions of Euros of money home to their families every year.
Tourism is becoming very important too.
Many Americans and Europens come to see the historical places of Morocco, live the Berber countryside life, or enjoy the warm sun and the long and clean beaches.
Marrakesh is the most liked city by tourists.
Morocco Grand Prix
Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was an American politician.
He was the 17th president of the United States from 1865 to 1869.
Before becoming president, he was the 16th vice president.
He became president after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.
He was the first president to be impeached, but he was not removed from office.
The impeachment happened because he fired the Secretary of War after Congress had made it illegal.
This was also considered strange, as it is usually up to the president to appoint and fire his secretaries.
However, Congress disliked him because he was a Democrat and did not want to help former slaves.
Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1808, in a house with one room.
His family was very poor and he never went to school.
He was apprenticed as a tailor and held by a tailor named Selby as an indentured servant, a sort of slave.
The contract stated Johnson should work for Selby until he was 21, but Johnson did not like the work and ran away with his brother.
The tailor put out wanted posters but Johnson never returned.
In the end he started a business of his own in Greeneville, Tennessee where he met and married Eliza McCardle.
She was very ill because of tuberculosis, a sickness of the lung, but Johnson loved her very much.
She taught him to read properly and helped him study, which helped him enter politics.
He became mayor of Greeneville in 1834, aged 25.
In 1843, he was elected to the House of Representatives in Washington D.C. In 1853, he became Governor of Tennessee, the most powerful position in the state.
After serving two terms, he was instead elected Senator (in this time, the Tennessee General Assembly elected both these positions, not the people) and returned to Washington D.C. Johnson was very wealthy then and owned several slaves himself.
It was a time when the country was at a breaking point because of slavery and other conditions.
When Tennessee and ten other Southern slave states declared they were no longer part of the United States, he was the only member from among them to not quit his seat.
Instead, he went to the U.S. and helped the North in the war, a so-called "Union Democrat".
Despite being a Democrat, he was elected as Abraham Lincoln's Vice President on a "National Union" ticket in 1864, which thought the war should be ended and the south welcomed back into the union.
Lincoln chose Johnson because he had been loyal but also thought it would be good to have a Democrat on the election ticket to show it was not a matter of party politics.
Johnson freed his slaves in 1863, shortly before the law made it illegal.
In 1865, Congress banned slavery in the entire U.S. just before the war ended.
Presidency (1865–1869)
He became president in 1865 after Abraham Lincoln was killed.
Congress was then run by Republicans, and after Lincoln's assassination, they wanted stricter terms than Johnson did for the Reconstruction of the Southern states that had rebelled.
Congress was also more friendlier to African Americans who had recently been slaves, and many Republicans wanted them to vote and be given land.
Johnson, who was a Democrat, thought it would hurt white people in the South and was strongly opposed to these policies.
As a result, he vetoed 29 bills passed by Congress, and is the president to have the most vetoes overridden.
This can happen if Congress passes the law a second time with a 2/3-majority, meaning twice as many people supports the law as opposes it.
If this happens the veto fails and the law passes anyway.
It is very unusual but happened 15 times to Johnson, which is a record.
He was also the first President to be impeached in 1868, but was later acquitted in the Senate.
When a president is removed by Congress, the House of Representatives must vote to impeach him, and then the Senate to convict, by a 2/3-majority.
Although the Republicans had that many senators, the conviction failed by one vote.
Several Republicans thought it was not their job to replace the president, and that the charges against Johnson were made up.
So Johnson could keep his job for the last year.
There would be another 130 years before another president was impeached, Bill Clinton in 1998.
Johnson was the only U.S. president never to have gone to school, and was taught to read by himself and by his wife, Eliza McCardle Johnson.
He also taught himself law and politics by reading himself.
The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million (the price was 2 cents per acre) while he was president, but it was Secretary of State William Seward who arranged the buy.
It is now considered a very wise move and the natural resources in Alaska today are worth many billions.
After his term ran out, Johnson left Washington.
In 1875, he returned after being again elected senator for Tennessee.
He remains the only president of the U.S. to have served as a senator after being president.
One former president, John Quincy Adams, has served in the House of Representatives after his presidency, however.
Andrew Johnson's White House biography
1808 births
1875 deaths
Governors of Tennessee
Politicians from North Carolina
Tri-Cities, Tennessee
March 13 – Frederick VI becomes king of Denmark.
The next day, Denmark declares war on Sweden.
March 19 – Charles IV of Spain leaves the throne for his son, Ferdinand VII.
November 15 – Mahmud II (1808–1839) succeeds Mustafa IV (1807–1808) as  sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
Goethe's Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy is published.
Barium, calcium, magnesium and strontium are isolated by Humphry Davy in England.
December 29 – Andrew Johnson
Starfish, or sea stars, are Echinoderms of the Class Asteroidea.p35
All live in the ocean, on the sea floor.
Many starfish live in deep water, others in shallow water.
Some live in the intertidal zone, between low and high tide.
They have five or more arms and can be quite large.
The Sunflower sea star (Pycnopodia helianthoides) is the largest: fully grown, its arm-span is about a metre.
This is a bit larger than the famous Crown-of-thorns starfish, which lives on coral polyps.
Although starfish are invertebrates, they do have a kind of skeleton.
The bodies of starfish are composed of calcium carbonate plates, known as 'ossicles'.
These form the endoskeleton, which takes on a variety of forms such as spines and granules.
They have a primitive nervous system, but not a brain.
They also do not have blood, instead they use sea water to pump things around their bodies.
There are over 1500 different species of sea star.
Most sea stars are predators.
They eat mussels, clams, and other bivalves.
Occasionally, they catch small fish.
Most starfish have five arms, called rays that come out from a center circle (disk).
If a starfish has more than five rays, it will often have rays in multiples of five; there could be 10, 15, 20, or even 30 rays on one starfish.
This is called pentameral (five-fold) symmetry.
The degree of protection offered by the skeleton differs between species.
If the skeleton becomes more rigid, it offers better protection against predators.
However, this will tend to limit its feeding alternatives.
Great flexibility is required for the process of external digestion used by many species to eat bivalves.
The less well armoured species may adopt a life in places where they are not so open to predation.
The heavily armoured ones can tough it out in the most competitive habitats:
"A heavily calcified sturdy skeleton capable of resisting both large and small predators has evolved in many tropical sea stars... a very firm body wall... still permits a degree of flexibility of the body and arms".
The movement of starfish is guided by their senses of touch and sight.
There are five 'eyes', light-sensitive cushions, one at the end of each arm.
These and the tube feet are connected to nerve fibres, so these animals are more complex than might appear.
Although starfish started off as filter-feeders, they evolved to become major predators of shell-fish (the brachiopods and bivalves).
They can also eat small crustacea and fish.
Their tube feet developed suckers, perhaps originally to improve movement.
Later, they were used to open shell-fish.
"Suckered tube feet may not have been present in any Palaeozoic sea star".
Feeding methods
The shells of brachiopods and bivalves are held together by strong muscles.
What the starfish does is clamp hold of them on either side with its tube feet, and apply a steady pull.
The starfish, with its muscles and hydraulic system, can pull for much longer than any bivalve muscle can withstand.
Apparently, ten minutes are usually enough to open the shell a bit.
Then the starfish slips its stomach inside the shell.
The stomach can get through a slot as narrow as 0.1mm.
The starfish then dissolves the mollusc where it lives, absorbing the nutrients.
This digestion process takes much longer than opening the shell, perhaps a couple of days.
Some species swallow the shell whole, and dissolve the contents inside their stomach, then push out the shell afterwards.p45
The ability of starfish to eat brachipods and bivalves developed in the Mesozoic, especially in the Jurassic and Cretaceous.
This was part of the Mesozoic marine revolution, which transformed the sea-floor fauna.
Weakly defended and static shellfish disappeared, and more heavily armoured or more mobile shellfish flourished.
Starfish, like many sea creatures, are able to regenerate (grow back) parts of their bodies.
Starfish are better at regeneration than most other creatures.
Not only can a new ray grow when a ray is torn off, but if the torn off ray has even a small piece of the central disk still attached, a whole new starfish can grow from the one ray.p35
Because starfish like to eat clams and oysters, fishermen who gather shellfish have tried for years to get rid of them.
To kill the starfish, fishermen would catch them, slice them right in half, and throw them back in the ocean.
However, because starfish can grow back parts of their bodies, they were actually increasing the number of starfish.
Jan Parmentier: Growth of a starfish: the development of the larva of an echinoderm.
Micscape Microscopy and Microscope Magazine
from the Tree of Life project
Classification of the Extant Echinodermata
February 24 – The Gregorian calendar is made official.
Jellyfish are animals of the phylum Cnidaria.
They are a monophyletic clade, the Medusozoa.
Most of them live in the oceans, in salt water, where they eat small sea animals like plankton and little fish, and float in the sea.
Only a few jellyfish live in fresh water.
They have soft bodies and long, stinging, venomous tentacles that they use to catch their prey, usually small plankton animals or small crustaceans or tiny fish.
Some jellyfish hunt others by stinging cells called nematocysts.
A jellyfish is 97% water.
Most jellyfish have a bell-shaped body and long tentacles at the underside of the body.
Tentacles are long "arms" with special stinging cells called nematocysts.
They move by contracting their bodies, but they do not have much control over where they go: most of the time, they drift with the water current.
The largest type of jellyfish is the Lion's mane jellyfish, which has tentacles that can be as long as 60 meters, but most jellyfish are much smaller.
Scyphozoa: the true jellyfish
Cubozoa: the box jellyfish
Staurozoan: the stalked jellyfish
Hydrozoa: the hydroids
There are many types of jellyfish.
The smallest jellyfish are just a few centimetres across.
The largest jellyfish is the Lion's mane (Cyanea capillata), whose body can be over 3 feet (1 m) across, with much longer tentacles.
Some jellyfish glow in the dark (this is called phosphorescence).
Some of the most dangerous jelly fish include the box jelly (Genuses Chironex, Chiropsalmus and Carybdea) and the tiny, two-cm-across Irukandji jelly (Carukia barnesi); the venomous sting of these jellyfish can kill a person.
Many animals eat jellyfish, including sea turtles and some fish (including the sun fish).
Humans eat jellyfish too; especially in Asia jellyfish are considered a delicacy.
Jellyfish spoil very quickly after they are caught.
Sometimes they are dried to preserve them.
There is a different process in which they are cleaned, which can take up to 40 days.
They are often eaten in a kind of salad, with soy sauce or vinegar.
Most jellyfish undergo two distinct life history stages (body forms) during their life cycle.
The first is the polypoid stage, when the animal takes the form of a small stalk with feeding tentacles.
Very often, this polyp is attached to the sea floor, or to another hard surface; it rarely moves around.
A polyp that lives that way is called sessile.
In some cases, the polyp is free-floating.
Polyps generally have a mouth surrounded by upward-facing tentacles.
Polyps may be on their own or in groups, and some bud asexually, making more polyps.
Most are very small, measured in millimeters.
In the second stage, the tiny polyps asexually produce jellyfish, each of which is known as a medusa.
Tiny jellyfish swim away from the polyp and then grow and feed in the plankton.
Jellyfish reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Well-fed adult jellyfish spawn daily.
In most species, spawning is controlled by light, so the entire population spawns at about the same time of day, often at either dusk or dawn.
Jellyfish are usually either male or female (with occasional hermaphrodites).
In most cases, adults release sperm and eggs into the surrounding water, where the (unprotected) eggs are fertilized and mature into new organisms.
Medusae have a radially symmetric, umbrella-shaped body called a bell, which is usually supplied with marginal tentacles that capture prey.
A few species of jellyfish do not have the polyp portion of the life cycle, but go from jellyfish to the next generation of jellyfish through direct development of fertilized eggs.
Jellyfish at the medusa stage usually lives only up to six months, after which it dies.
Jellyfish eat plankton and small fish, which they catch using their venomous tentacles.
Jellyfish may live in symbiosis with algae.
The jellyfish transports them into sunlight and get nutrients from the algae's photosynthesis.
Both forms of jelly fish have small tentacles with nematocysts (stinging cells) that sting and can hurt people on contact.
Medusozoans differ from anthozoans in having a medusa stage in their life cycle.
Their mitochondrial DNA molecules are linear rather than circular as in anthozoans and almost all other animals.
The cnidae, the explosive cells of the Cnidaria, are of a single type.
There are nematocysts but no spirocysts or ptychocysts.
A group of jellyfish is called a current; an occurrence of many jellyfish simultaneously is sometimes called a bloom.
Tilapia is a fish that is often farmed for food, or kept as pets in aquariums.
They live in warm, fresh water, but some species live in brackish water.
The fish are found in Africa, North and South America, India, and Sri Lanka.
They are listed as one of the worlds worst introduced species.
They can quickly take over from native fish in rivers.
This has happened in places like in the Endeavour River, in   Queensland, Australia.
These fish are thought to have been released into the river from an aquarium.
Bony fish
Sardine is a name of several kinds of fish, especially oily fish.
Another name for these fish is Pilchard.
All of those fish are quite small and are related to the herring.
The Latin name of the family of these fish is Clupeidae.
However, the naming is not precise.
Fishbase, a database about all kinds of fish, has six species just named pilchard.
There are over a dozen with the name of sardine.
Many more exist, with the basic names qualified by adjectives.
The fish are named after the Island of Sardinia.
In the past, they could easily be fished there.
Many shops and supermarkets sell canned (or tinned) sardines.
The can is filled in liquids like water or oil.
Very often, those fish are not sardines, but rather sprats or round herrings.
Bones are parts of the skeleton of vertebrates.
They also protect organs inside our body.
The bones are the framework of the body.
Without them we would be a pile of organs on the ground and would not be able to move.
Bones also protect.
The skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart and lungs.
The jaw and cheekbones support the facial muscles, which help us eat and smile.
The pelvis protects the reproductive organs, and vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
Bone is living tissue, and must be maintained by taking regular exercise and by having calcium from foods like milk, and dark leafy greens such as spinach.
The bone marrow in the middle of the bigger bones makes our red blood cells.
Long bones are hollow, with a central core which is not strong like the rest of the bone.
It contains the bone marrow, one of the most important tissues in the vertebrate body.
It produces blood cells for the blood system, and lymphocytes for the immune system.
Osteons
Osteons are the small units of which the hardest parts of human bones are made.
They are roughly cylindrical, and about 0.2mm wide and a few millimeters long.
They are found in the bone in most mammals, and many reptiles, birds and amphibians.
Inside the osteons are bone cells called osteocytes, each living in its own small space.
Osteocytes make contact with each other by cytoplasmic processes through a network of tiny canals.
This allows the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste.
Collagen fibers in each ring of cells ('lamellae') give them structure.
Osteons have a hole down the middle, called the haversian canal.
This canal contains the bone's blood supply.
It also contains capillaries, and nerve fibres.
The details of osteon structure varies between bones and parts of bones, from species to species,  between sexes, and by age and environmental factors.
An anteater is a mammals of the family Myrmecophagidae and the suborder Vermilingua.
Anteaters live in South America and Central America.
Anteaters eat ants and termites.
They have long, sharp claws and a long, sticky tongue.
The tongue can be up to 60 cm long, as long as a person's arm.
The anteater opens an ant nest with its claws.
Then it licks up the ants with its tongue.
Large anteaters that move on the ground knuckle-walk, bending their front toes under when they move the way gorillas do.
Small anteaters that live in trees do not do this.
Xenarthrans
Sorghum is a genus in the grass family Poaceae.
The plants are grown in warmer climates.
Species grow naturally in tropical and subtropical regions of all continents in addition to Oceania and Australasia.
Because many species of Sorghum are resistant to drought and high temperatures, it is a very important food source in the desert areas of Africa.
The polar bear (jayxœur) is a large bear which lives in the Arctic.
It is also called white bear or northern bear.
It has black skin under the white fur.
They are strong and fast, and can run as fast as 25 miles (40 km) an hour for a short distance.
In 2021, there were around 26,000 polar bears in the world.
Polar bear fur is made up of a layer of dense underfur and an outer layer of "guard hairs", which appear white to tan but are actually translucent.
The fur keeps them very warm.
The skin is not white; it is black.
Therefore, they can absorb sunlight efficiently.
They are strong and can swim very well.
Polar bears are similar in size to a normal bear but have a slimmer neck, longer legs and fur.
They are mostly carnivorous.
Polar bears are apex predators.
They eat mostly seals and fish.
They also eat sea lions, walruses, reindeer, arctic hares, penguins, seagulls, small whales, lemmings, crabs and carrion.
When polar bears hunt, they often wait at holes in the ice, where the seals come up to breathe.
They can live off of one seal for many days, but it will make them hungry if they do.
Young Polar bears stay with their mothers for 1–2 years, and they become mature when they are 5–6 years old.
People think polar bears can become 25–30 years old in nature, but in captivity (for example, in zoos), they can become up to 45 years old.
Alaska, United States
Greenland, which is part of Denmark
Norway (Svalbard)
Polar bear cubs
The breeding time is 8 months.
The babies are born six weeks after their mother mates.
At birth, a baby cub weighs less than 2 pounds (0.9 kilograms).
Young polar bears wrestle in the snow to build their strength and skills.
They practice using their strong paws, and they show off their big, sharp teeth.
Mother polar bears will do anything to protect their young.
They can kill a predator with just one swat of their powerful front paws.
Scientists have even seen a mother polar bear stand up and leap at a helicopter to keep it away from her cubs.
During the first year, the cubs begin to eat solid food but still nurse from their mother.
They begin to learn to hunt and swim.
But they cannot live on their own.
By the time they are two years old, the cubs have grown into large bears.
They leave their mother and strike off into territory of their own.
They hunt and live alone.
But they play with other bears they meet.
Polar bears are ready to mate when they are five or six years old.
They are adults by this time and weigh 330 to 660 pounds (150 to 300 kilograms).
Polar bear adults
Both male and female polar bears live to be as much as 30 years old (in a zoo).
Polar bears have 42 teeth.
As adults, male bears fight with each other over a female each male fluffs out his coat of fur to make himself look bigger.
Then, he swaggers along, growling, to scare off his rival.
Polar bear scientists call this "the cowboy walk."
They can be up to 250 cm long and 160 cm tall and  weigh up to 600 kg.
When two polar bears meet, they have a special way of greeting each other.
They circle around each other for a while, grunting.
Then they come closer and touch noses.
The polar bear was the most dangerous animal to hunt.
It was also greatly respected for its strength and spirit.
The bear's blubber, meat, and fur all help the Inuit survive.
The Inuit gave thanks and respect in turn.
After a hunt, they held a celebration that lasted for several days.
Then, a polar bear dance was held.
Finally, the bear's skull was set on an ice floe to release its spirit back into the Arctic.
A polar bear's paws are perfect snowshoes for them.
The bottoms are wide and covered with fur to help keep the bear from slipping.
The sharp claws help grip the ice.
A polar bear can crawl across ice too thin for a human to walk on.
They spread out their legs and lay their bellies flat on the ice.
Then they use their claws to slowly push themselves across the ice.
Polar bears mate in April or May.
The cub is born in December, when the mother is hibernating.
The cub stays in the den with the mother until March, then, they all come out.
They eat immediately after hibernating.
Sometimes, because of global warming, this is impossible and the cubs die before they have had a chance to live.
The cub leaves its mother in 2–3 years.
The polar bear's liver contains a lot of vitamin A. Inuit people knew that eating the liver could cause sickness and death.
Several groups of European polar explorers were seriously ill after eating livers.
The symptoms included drowsiness, wanting to sleep, being irritable, headaches, and vomiting.
After 24 hours, people's skin began to peel off.
Ursidaes
The Blues Image was a late 1960s rock band formed in Tampa, Florida in 1966, and their only hit was the song "Ride, Captain, Ride".
Members are singer and guitarist Michael Pinera, drummer Manuel Bertematti, and drummer Joe Lala.
They were later joined by bassist Malcolm Jones and keyboardist Frank "Skip" Konte.
Blues Image (1969)
Open (1970)
Red White & Blues Image (1970)
Rhino Hi-Five : Blues Image (2005)
"Lay Your Sweet Love on Me" (1969
"Ride Captain Ride" (1970)
"Gas Lamps and Clay" (1970)
"Rise Up" (1971)
Blues Image
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
1966 establishments in the United States
1970s disestablishments in the United States
A drummer is a person who plays the drums as a job or as a hobby.
This can be someone who plays drums in the military, in a band or as a session musician.
A session musician is someone who plays an instrument in a band when no one else is available.
A drummer keeps the beat so their role is a hard and important job.
Without a drummer, the band would find it hard to keep in time.
A Singer is a person who sings with their voice.
Anyone who is singing is a singer.
Some people do it as a job (professional singer), others may sing without being paid (amateur singer).
Singers may sing anything: songs, opera etc.
They may be accompanied by an instrument or an orchestra.
Some singers also play a musical instrument such as piano, guitar or harp while they sing (they accompany themselves).
Singing is important in movies and in the theatre.
The lead vocalist (or lead singer) is the member of a band who sings the main solo vocal portions of a song.
The lead vocalist may also play one or more instruments, and is usually the "leader" of their group, often the spokesperson in interviews and before the public.
The lead vocalist is sometimes referred to as the frontman.
For example, Jerry Garcia was the lead singer and frontman for the Grateful Dead.
Qualities
A good singer will have to think of a lot of different things in a performance.
Good vocal technique, a large vocal range, as well as feeling the song through emotional language and breathing, and also acting to provide a song with meaning.
A good singer may be able to learn a song quickly, but it may take some time before they really feel it has become "part of them".
A lead singer has to be a strong singer since other vocalists must sing accordingly.
Singers can sing as a solo, or in a group or a choir.
Choirs can include gospel music, church music and even pop songs where there are usually two groups of singers, soprano and alto.
Sopranos have a higher range and altos have a lower range.
Combining these two can create various harmonies which add textures to songs and make them more interesting to listen to.
People may feel like singing for various reasons.
They may want to share their feelings with other people.
They may be feeling happy about something, or sad, or excited, frustrated or angry.
Singing is an art in which mood is expressed through the voice.
What It Takes to Become a Professional Singer
A keyboardist is a musician who plays one or more of the musical instruments called keyboard instruments, such as the piano, organ, or electronic synthesizer.
A person who plays piano is also called a pianist.
A person who plays organ is called an organist.
Many types of music use keyboardists, such as rock, pop, funk, and classical music.
Mao Zedong (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Communist leader.
He is most notable for the resist of the Japanese invasion and unify China, which he ruled as the chairman of the Communist Party of China.
Mao Zedong is the Latin-alphabet version of Mao's name now used by most people.
In the romanization common in his lifetime, it was spelled "Mao Tse-tung".
"Mao" is his family name - in China, family names are placed first.
Mao is also called Chairman Mao,  because he was the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party.
In the 1950s, Mao Zedong had many plans for how China could move forward in technology very quickly and catch up with countries like the United Kingdom and United States.
Mao was responsible for the Five Year Plan.
The Second Five Year Plan included the Great Leap Forward, which was a disaster for the Chinese people.
Poor farming practices led to significant crop failure, and cities did not make many  of their daily items like clothes and machines.
The famine that came as a result killed millions of people via starvation.
A few years after Mao won the civil war in China, Nikita Khrushchev became the leader in the Soviet Union.
Before this, Joseph Stalin was the leader in the Soviet Union.
Mao liked Stalin and respected the way he led.
China and the Soviet Union became allies with each other.
Khrushchev thought Stalin was a criminal dictator, and led the country very differently.
Mao and Khrushchev did not like each other, so the Soviet Union was no longer allies with China.
China now had only a few allies like Albania, North Korea, Democratic Kampuchea, and Pakistan.
This change of friends was called the Sino-Soviet split. "
Sino" is another way to say "Chinese".
During the 1970s, Mao became more friendly with the United States.
In 1972, American president Richard Nixon visited the People's Republic of China and met Mao.
Mao died in September 1976, and the Cultural Revolution also ended that year.
Mao's supporters were imprisoned, and Deng Xiaoping, who followed Mao, revised Mao's policies so that Chinese people could have private ownership.
Mao Zedong was afraid that Liu Shaoqi would overthrow him, and take over the CCP.
As in the result, Mao blamed Liu Shaoqi for being a capitalist, and placed him in jail.
Liu Shaoqi died in prison from brutal treatment, hunger, and terrible conditions.
Mao's death
Mao had been in poor health for several years and had declined visibly for at least six months prior to his death.
There are unconfirmed reports that he possibly had ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease.
Mao's last public appearance was on 27 May 1976, where he met the visiting Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto during the latter's one-day visit to Beijing.
At around 5:00PM on 2 September 1976, Mao suffered a heart attack, far more severe than his previous two and affecting a much larger area of his heart.
Three days later, on 5 September, Mao's condition was still critical.
On the afternoon of 7 September, Mao's condition completely deteriorated.
Mao's organs failed quickly and he fell into a coma shortly before noon where he was put on life support machines.
He was taken off life support over 12 hours later, quarter to midnight and was pronounced dead at 12:08 am on 9 September 1976.
His body lay in state at the Great Hall of the People.
There was a three-minute silence observed during this service.
His body was later placed into the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong, despite his wishes to be cremated and he had been one of the first high-ranking officials to sign the "Proposal that all Central Leaders be Cremated after Death" in November 1956.
Many Chinese mainlanders still believe Mao Zedong was a great leader, but they also knew that he did unwise and bad things.
According to Deng Xiaoping, Mao was "seven parts right and three parts wrong" and his "contributions are primary and his mistakes secondary."
Supporters praise him for having unified China and for ending the previous decades of civil war.
He is also praised for having improved the status of women in China and for improving literacy and education.
Some people think Mao Zedong made China lose its most important ally, or friend, the Soviet Union, in the Sino-Soviet Split.
The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution were two of the things that Mao did that many people disliked.
Some historians think that tens of millions of people died because of Mao's bad ideas and neglect.
Some people disliked Mao because he did not express support family planning, and this caused too many births, making too rapid population growth in too small places.
Leaders of China after Mao had to pass a new law called the one child policy.
Mao Zedong also made several changes to the Chinese language, such as switching from the Wade-Giles system of Romanization to Pinyin.
For this reason, Nanking is now called Nanjing on modern maps.
Taiwan still uses Wade-Giles, so its capital is called Taipei instead of the pinyin Taibei.
He also simplified the Chinese characters, in theory it would make them easier to read and write so that more people would be literate.
Sources and other websites
Washington State University.
BBC 中国丛谈特辑（上）
BBC 中国丛谈特辑（上）采访录音
BBC 中国丛谈特辑（下）
BBC 中国丛谈特辑（下）采访录音
開放出版社 《毛澤東：鮮為人知的故事》中文版
《毛澤東：鮮為人知的故事》 英文注釋
德国之声，含采访录音 张戎：鲜为人知的毛泽东是怎样写成的
J. MAO 1999 Weidenfeld & Nicolson LONDON
Wikipedia - Liou Shaoqi, last heading
Becker, Jasper.
Hungry Ghosts.
New York: The Free Press, 1996.
Mao Zedong -Citizendium
Peter Polack, Guerrilla Warfare; Kings of Revolution,Casemate, .
1976 deaths
Chinese communist politicians
Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei (more commonly known as Opus Dei) is an organization of the Roman Catholic Church.
("Opus Dei" means "Work of God" in Latin.)
Opus Dei says that the Catholic Church gave them a special job: to tell everyone that God wants them to be close to him.
This means that everyone is called by God to become a saint.
Opus Dei was started by St. Josemaría Escrivá, a Roman Catholic priest, in 1928.
It was approved by Pope Pius XII in 1950.
Now, Opus Dei has around 85,000 members in 80 different countries.
In 1982, Pope John Paul II decided to make Opus Dei into a personal prelature.
Usually, in the Catholic Church, there are separate dioceses in different areas.
Each area has its own bishop who is in charge of just that diocese.
But because Opus Dei is a personal prelature, its bishopm called the Prelate, is not limited to any specific area.
He is in charge of members of Opus Dei wherever they are, around the world.
The prelate of Opus Dei is Monsignor Fernando Ocáriz Braña.
Beginnings and goals
Opus Dei was started by a Roman Catholic priest, Josemaria Escrivá, on 2 October 1928 in Madrid, Spain.
He said that God showed him what to do.
On that day he "saw Opus Dei."
To help Christians to know that ordinary life is a way to becoming a saint; and
To bring people close to God.
Belief that Opus Dei is God's work
In 2002, Pope Benedict XVI said that Opus Dei is God's work, not Escrivá's.
He said that God just used Escriva as a tool to start his own work.
What it teaches
Becoming a saint in ordinary life
Living like saints.
According to Opus Dei, when they were baptized, Christians became children of God.
Because of this, they have to act like people who belong to the family of God.
Most Christians should live like Jesus Christ, making their everyday lives holy.
Jesus worked as a carpenter and lived as a son in a Jewish family in a small village for 30 years.
Making work holy
Doing work for God by doing things that help others and serve the needs of society.
This work pleases God.
By working to serve and help others, Jesus Christ "did all things well" (Mk 7:37).
Loving freedom
Being happy that God created them as free beings.
Being free means each person can choose do something or not to do it.
When God himself became a man, he also became free like any man.
Throughout his life, he obeyed what God the Father wanted from him, even when he had to die in the process. "
Because he wants to," each person either decides to be with God or away from him.
Those are the two basic choices in life.
Praying and sacrificing (doing good things which are hard to do)
Learning to love by praying throughout the day like a child.
Love is what holiness is all about.
Escrivá said that people can have great holiness just by doing the little duties of each moment.
Doing charity and bringing people to God
Loving God and others.
Escrivá said this is the most important thing a Christian should do.
Christians should understand others and be nice to each other.
They should do their duties and also give God to others.
Becoming god-like.
A Christian who seeks God not just in church, but also in material things (things he can own), does not have two lives.
He has one life.
He lives the life of Jesus Christ, and Jesus is both God and man.
A good Christian becomes another Christ.
Escrivá said that the basis of a Christian life is being a child of God.
If people are aware of this, then they will always be very happy.
He wrote that joy comes from knowing we are children of God.
According to the Catholic Church, people can find God in their daily work and activities.
There they can be very close to him.
They do not have to become priests or monks to become a saint.
God wants them to become a saint by doing their ordinary duties and activities well.
The Catholic Church gave Opus Dei the job of spreading this knowledge, and teaching people that they can be real saints just by doing ordinary things and offering them to God.
Beliefs, newness and problems
Pope John Paul II praised Opus Dei and said that its aim of bringing God into the place of work is something great.
Cardinal Albino Luciani, who later became Pope John Paul I, said that Escriva brought about a big change in how people deal with God.
Before, people saw prayers as the only way to be close to God.
Luciani said that Escriva also gave importance to work.
The work one does can become prayer.
But when Escriva started teaching this, some Jesuits in the 1940s did not understand him.
They said his beliefs were against the Catholic faith, because at that time Catholics thought that only priests and nuns could become holy.
Some Jesuit leaders started saying that Opus Dei had secrets which it did not want the world to know, and that Opus Dei was dangerous.
In fact, they said, Opus Dei just wanted to become very powerful and to control the world.
All these accusations were cleared up by the Popes and Catholic officials.
These officials say that Opus Dei is doing something good for the world, by teaching people how to practice good habits, like telling the truth, working hard, keeping promises, loving people, and being concerned with those who are in need.
However, since the Jesuits are well-respected, a lot of people in the world believed what they said.
Opus Dei has gotten a lot of criticism from Catholics and non-Catholics.
They say that the members develop a strong drive to gain influence, and that the behaviour resembles that of a sect.
Critics of Opus Dei also say there is a lot of gender inequality in the organization.
They say Opus Dei has a very traditional view of the role of women in a Christian society.
According to these critics, for Opus Dei the duty of the woman is to busy herself about the house and to raise the children of the family.
In 2005, a writer named John L. Allen, Jr. wrote a book which argued against these accusations.
He said that these claims are mainly based on not understanding Opus Dei.
He argued that:
Opus Dei only teaches what the Catholic Church teaches
There are many Opus Dei women who are very good leaders in business, fashion, art, education, social work, and other professions
Half of Opus Dei's leaders are women, and these women also lead men
Opus Dei does teach that women are very good at taking care of their families.
Escriva said that women are natural teachers.
Another writer, Massimo Introvigne, said that Opus Dei is now being attacked by people who do not believe in God and people who think that God should not be present in the world of human beings.
These people, he says, do not want religion to come back to the lives of many people in society.
History: how it developed
1928: October 2.
Escrivá' starts Opus Dei
1930: February 14.
Start of the Women's branch of Opus Dei
1939: The Way, Escrivá's book of spiritual thoughts, is first published
1941: March 19.
The Bishop of Madrid approves Opus Dei
1943: February 14.
Start of the Priestly Society of the Holy Cross
1946: Escrivá goes to Rome and puts up the headquarters of Opus Dei there
1950: June 16.
Pope Pius XII gives the Catholic Church's approval of Opus Dei
1962: Start of the Second Vatican Council, a big meeting of Catholic bishops from all over the world.
In this meeting, the bishops and the Pope teaches to everyone that they are all called to become holy
1975: June 26.
Escrivá dies.
Alvaro del Portillo, his closest co-worker, is chosen to become his successor
1982: November 28.
Opus Dei become a personal prelature.
John Paul II chooses del Portillo as prelate, or head of the prelature
1992: May 17.
John Paul II declares that Opus Dei's founder, Escrivá, is in Heaven
2002: October 6.
John Paul II says that Escriva is a saint.
John Paul II calls Escrivá the "saint of ordinary life"
Allen, John, Jr. (2005).
Opus Dei: an Objective Look Behind the Myths and Reality of the Most Controversial Force in the Catholic Church, Doubleday Religion.
— Some online excerpts are: Opus Dei: An Introduction, Chapter I: A Quick Overview , Chapter 4: Contemplatives in the Middle of the World , Chapter 7: Opus Dei and Secrecy
Berglar, Peter (1994).
Opus Dei.
Life and Work of its Founder.
Scepter. —
online here
Estruch, Joan (1995).
Saints and Schemers: Opus Dei and its paradoxes. —
online Spanish version here
Hahn, Scott (2006).
Ordinary Work, Extraordinary Grace: My Spiritual Journey in Opus Dei.
Random House Double Day Religion.
— online excerpt of Chapter One here
Introvigne, Massimo (May 1994). "
Opus Dei and the Anti-cult Movement".
Cristianità, 229, p. 3-12 — online here
John Paul II.
Sacred Congregation for Bishops. (
23 August 1982).
Vatican Declaration on Opus Dei. —
Martin, James, S.J. (25 February 1995). "
Opus Dei in the United States".
America Magazine. —
— online Spanish version here
O'Connor, William.
Opus Dei: An Open Book.
A Reply to "The Secret World of Opus Dei" by Michael Walsh, Mercier Press, Dublin 1991,
Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal (Benedict XVI) (9 October 2002). "
St. Josemaria: God is very much at work in our world today".
L'Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English, p. 3. —
Schall, James, S.J. (Aug-Sept 1996). "
Of Saintly Timber".
Homiletic and Pastoral Review.
— review of Estruch's work, online here
Walsh, Michael (2004).
Opus Dei: An Investigation into the Powerful Secretive Society within the Catholic Church.
Harper San Francisco.
Sites that support Opus Dei
Opus Dei Official Site
Romana, the Opus Dei's Official Bulletin
McCloskey's Perspectives — website of writer Fr.
McCloskey, priest of Opus Dei
Sites that criticize Opus Dei
Opus Dei Awareness Network
Opus Libros (in Spanish)
The Unofficial Opus Dei FAQ
Christian organizations
1928 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Spain
Modern superheroes usually have superhuman powers, for example have better senses, are stronger and faster than normal humans.
Usually a superhero is courageous and noble.
They usually have a colorful name and costume.
The most well-known superheroes are Batman of DC and Spider-Man of Marvel.
Some superheroes do not actually have super powers but are merely strong individuals who want to do good in the world.
For example, Batman does not have any superpowers, but has been through years of training to be physically and mentally stronger than his enemies.
Most superheroes keep their identities a secret by wearing masks or helmets.
This protects the superheroes' friends and family from being hurt by villains.
Also, because superheroes do not fight within the regulations of the law like police officers do, they would have to be arrested for vigilantism if they revealed their identities.
Also, many superheroes have tragic backstories that play into why they're superheroes in the first place.
Batman, for example, saw both of his parents murdered in front of him and dedicated himself to fighting crime to prevent things like that happening to other people.
Another example of this is Spider-Man who let a thief go that he could've easily stopped; that same thief later broke into his home and killed Spider-Man's uncle.
After this, Spider-Man realized that he had to be responsible with his power and use it to help others.
Paul Karrer (21 April 1889  18 June 1971) was a Swiss biochemist best known for his work on vitamins.
He and Norman Haworth won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1937.
1971 deaths
Biochemists
African-American basketball players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Detroit Pistons players
Los Angeles Clippers players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Miami Heat players
Phoenix Suns players
American basketball players
March 27 – Vasili II of Russia dies.
He is succeeded by his son Ivan III of Russia.
July 1 – Battle of Seckenheim
June 27 – Louis XII of France
Half-Life is a science fiction first-person shooter computer game developed by Valve Software and published by Sierra Entertainment in 1998, based on a very changed Quake game engine.
It was first published for PCs running Microsoft Windows, and was later ported to Sony's PlayStation 2 video game console.
A port for the Dreamcast was planned, but was cancelled.
It is the first game in the Half-Life series.
Half-Life, often shortened to HL, has been thought to be very great by computer game critics for its gripping in-depth storyline, which has influenced the development of many other first-person shooters after it.
It became very popular after it was released and still has many fans.
The story of the game takes place in a science research facility in New Mexico named Black Mesa.
In the game, you play as Gordon Freeman, a scientist who works at Black Mesa.
A test that Gordon helps with goes wrong, and causes a "resonance cascade", or a hole in the fabric of reality.
This causes portals to appear all over Black Mesa.
Aliens from a different dimension come through the portals and kill many of the scientists and workers.
The dimension that the aliens come from is called Xen.
After that, the United States Military is ordered to kill all the scientists and aliens in Black Mesa because they didn't want people to know about the accident.
Gordon must fight aliens and marines on his way through Black Mesa, then teleport to Xen so he can kill the alien leader.
Half-Life: Opposing Force
Half-Life: Opposing Force is the first expansion for Half-Life, which was made by Gearbox Software instead of Valve.
It was released on November 1, 1999.
Half-Life: Opposing Force happens during the same time as Half-Life and in the same setting.
In the expansion, you play as "Adrian Shephard", a United States marine.
He was sent to Black Mesa, and must escape after the helicopter he was riding was shot down.
Half-Life: Blue Shift
Half-Life: Blue Shift is the second Expansion for Half-Life, which was also made by Gearbox Software, and was released on June 12, 2001.
Half-Life: Blue Shift happens during the same time as Half-Life and in the same setting, just like Opposing Force.
In this expansion, you play as "Barney Calhoun", a security guard who works at Black Mesa during the resonance cascade.
Half-Life: Decay
Half-Life: Decay is the final expansion for Half-Life.
Only the PlayStation 2 version of Half-Life has it.
A few years after it was released, though, some fans of Decay made a version of it for the computer, and released it as a mod.
The expansion is a cooperative multiplayer campaign, where two players have to work together to win.
The G-Man is a mysterious character that constantly appears in the Valve Software games Half-Life, Half-Life 2, Half-Life 2: Episode One, Half-Life 2: Episode Two and Half-Life: Alyx.
As of yet it is not yet certain who the suit-wearing man is, although it is commonly agreed that he has a pivotal role to play in the upcoming Half-Life 2: Episode 3.
Avid followers of the series will know that he appears in almost every game level (see G-Man Locations), and lots of fan sites have been set up in his honor.
"Gordon Freeman" is a scientist that worked at the Black Mesa Research Facility before the main events of the game and is the main character in Half-Life.
Xen extraterrestrials
Sequels
Half-Life has 2 sequels, Half-Life 2 (including its episodes), and Half-Life: Alyx, a VR interquel that follows the character Alyx Vance.
Half-Life series
March 14 – Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania.
October 28 –  A London woman is publicly flogged for the crime of "involving herself in politics."