the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It sold more than 1 million tickets when it came out, and it first came out in North America in the 1980s, but was called Warriors of the Wind.
It was a cut version of the movie, losing 30 minutes of the movie that the editors called "slow-moving", and the voice actors were never told the plot of the movie.
The emphasis that the movie had on environmentalism was diluted because of the cuts, and there was next to no character development.
Miyazaki dislikes this version of the movie a lot, and made a "no cuts" clause to make sure this doesn't happen again.
The uncut version of the movie was re-released in 2005 on DVD, and won a set of 3 film awards in 1985.
is a 1997 anime movie made by Hayao Miyazaki.
The long animation movie of Studio Ghibli.
The catch copy of this movie is Ikiro(生きろ).
Mononoke is not a name, but a word that means spirit or monster in Japanese.
The forest in Princess Mononoke looks like Yaku-shima(屋久島).
This movie takes place in Japan during the Muromachi period.
There was a small village in Ezo.
People lived peacefully.
Ashitaka lived there.
One day the evil god attacked the village and Ashitaka was cursed.
The evil god was once a god of the forest, but he was shot by human and died in terrible pain.
Ashitaka knew when he would die.
He went to the west where the bullet which killed the god was made.
On his journey, he met a man called Jikobo.
Jikobo told him where the Forest of Shishigami was.
Ashitaka decided to go there.
On his way to the forest, he met the girl raised by the wolf god, Moro.
She was with her family.
Ashitaka thought they must know about the forest.
He called out to them.
She and three big wild wolves disappeared into the forest.
Ashitaka rescues the injured men.
They reach the village Tatara, where they live.
Eboshi Gozen organized there.
People made iron weapons there.
She wanted to get the Forest of Shishigami, turn all Gods in the forest out, and make it a men-centered place.
It was said that Shishigami had a power of immortality.
Because people wanted this power, they aimed at the head of Shishigami.
Then these people, Shishigami, Eboshi and her people, San and Ashitaka started and were involved in huge complicated war for the forest.
In this war, Ashitaka and San understood each other little by little.
Ashitaka (Ashitakahiko) Main character.
A boy with a strong sense of justice.
Seventeen years old.
He gets a curse on his right hand as a big snakelike bruise.
It sometimes gives him mighty power but shortens his life at the same time.
San-Princess Mononoke The girl who was raised by a Japanese wolf.
Fifteen years old.
She hates humans because they destroy forest, so she attacks Tataraba many times.
She puts a red clay mask on her face.
Yakul Ashitaka's antelope, which he rides.
Moro The wolf which is three hundred years old.
She is considered to be a god of the mountain.
Eboshi Gozen She is the leader of Tataraba.
She is admired and liked by people.
She wants to get Shishigami's forest.
Shishigami God who bring life.
It turns into a huge blue creature called Didarabocci at night.
Okkotonushi A five hundred year old god of wild boars.
Jikobo The man who told Ashitaka about the Forest of Shishigami.
He aimed at the head of Shishigami.
http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hn7y-mur/mononoke/monolink01.htm
Walloon in Walloon Brabant means that it is in the Wallon part of the former province of Brabant of Belgium.
Walloon Brabant is the youngest and the smallest province of Belgium.
The province was created in 1995 when the former province of Brabant was split along the language border in three parts: a Flemish part (Flemish Brabant), a Wallon part (Walloon Brabant) and the Brussels Capital Region, which no longer belongs to any province.
The total area of the province is .
The province is very flat and the highest point is in Genappe, with an altitude of  above sea level.
The province has an elongated shape and measures from east to west about  and about  from north to south.
The province of Walloon Brabant has only one arrondissement that is divided in 27 municipalities.
The province's official site
Beneath a Steel Sky is a British point and click adventure computer game made by Revolution Software and published by Virgin Interactive for DOS, the Amiga, and the Amiga CD32.
The first version became freeware in 2003.
An updated version was released for iOS in 2009.
It is one of the two dialects of LISP in widespread use today.
The other dialect of LISP widely used is Common lisp.
Scheme is often used as a teaching tool; to teach computer science students functional programming.
The Propædia is the first of three parts of the Encyclopædia Britannica, the other two being the 12-volume Micropædia and the 17-volume Macropædia.
The Propædia is supposed to be a book that organizes the things in the Britannica, and a guideline to the index of the  other two parts.
It was introduced in 1974 with the 15th edition of the encyclopaedia to replace the index, but when many people complained, Britannica put the index back in two books in 1985.
The core of the Propædia is its Outline of Knowledge, which is supposed to give people a classification of what we know, but the Propædia also has some parts listing the staff members, advisors and contributors to all three parts of the Britannica.
The Propædia can be used by a student who wants to know what there is to know, before even finding out about it.
Once the student finds out what he needs to know, he will then find out about the thing itself.
The Outline has ten Parts, each with an essay to introduce the part.
Below is the table of the ten parts.
Contributors to Propædia
Micropædia, Macropædia
The 17-book Macropædia is the third part of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and the other two parts are the 12-book Micropædia and the 1-book Propædia.
The name comes from the word "macro" and "encyclopaedia".
Macro means big, and so, the Macropædia is a big encyclopaedia.
The Macropaedia has articles that are very detailed, but one article is usually about a very large topic.
It is the opposite of the Micropædia, which has articles that are short.
The Macropædia was introduced in the 15th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1974 with 19 book having 4,207 articles.
In 1985, these articles were combined and made smaller into 17 books with about 700 articles, which can be as short as 2 pages, and as long as 310 pages.
The longest article, on the United States, was from the combining of the 50 articles on each state.
Since it was created, it has not stayed the same.
New articles are always being added, older articles can be split, shortened, merged, or even deleted.
The 12-book Micropædia is one of the three parts of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, and the other two being the one-book Propædia and the 17-book Macropædia.
The name comes from the word "micro" and "encyclopaedia".
Micro means small and so, the Micropaedia is a small encyclopedia.
The Micropaedia has articles that are very short, the articles are found in small strips.
It is the opposite of the Macropaedia, which has articles that are very long.
The Micropædia was introduced in 1974 with 10 books having 102,214 short articles, all of them are less than 750 words.
In the 15th edition, many articles were put together, with about only 65,000 articles in 12 volumes.
In general, the 750-word limit is still used and most articles are only 1-2 paragraphs; however, a few longer articles can be found in the 2007 Micropædia, such as the Internet ones, which takes up a full page.
With some exceptions, the 65,000 articles of the Micropædia have no bibliographies and no named contributors.
It is supposed to be for fast-checking to find out the main things about the topic, and as a guide to the 700 longer articles of the Macropædia.
People use it to know just a little, but the Macropaedia is used to know in detail.
he:המהדורה החמש-עשרה של האנציקלופדיה בריטניקה
In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic churches, the mantle  is a monastic garment worn by bishops, hegumens, archimandrites, and other monastics in processions and while attending various church services, such as Vespers or Matins; but not when vested to celebrate the Divine Liturgy.
The Courier-Mail is a newspaper made in Australia.
It is made by an Australian company called News Limited.
The Courier-Mail is published during the week in Brisbane.
The first issue was published 1933.
The Courier-Mail homepage
She has released four music albums.
These are: Anadilim Aşk, İçinde Aşk Var, Başka 33/3 and Uyanış.
Her fourth album  means Awakening in English language.
She also has been an actress for the film Sen Ne Dilersen.
Official web site of Işın Karaca
A Game of Thrones is the first of seven planned books in A Song of Ice and Fire, a fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin.
It was released on 6 August 1996.
The book was put up for the 1998 Nebula Award and the 1997 World Fantasy Award, and won the 1997 Locus Award.
The first season of the HBO TV series Game of Thrones is based on the book.
The chapters are titled by the name of the person you will read about through their perspective.
These are listed in no order and the Prologue is not included for it is not part of the main chapters: Eddard (Stark), Catelyn (Stark), Arya (Stark), Bran (Stark), Jon (Snow), Tyrion (Lannister), Daenerys (Targaryen),
Locus Award – Best Novel (Fantasy) (Won) – (1997)
World Fantasy Award – Best Novel (Nominated) – (1997)
Nebula Award – Best Novel (Nominated) – (1997)
Ignotus Award – Best Novel (Foreign) (Won) – (2003)
Fritz Wunderlich (born Kusel, Rhineland-Palatinate, 26 September 1930; died Heidelberg,  17 September 1966) was a German tenor.
He was one of the great singers of his time, famous both as an opera singer and as a recitalist singing Lieder.
Wunderlich came from a musical family.
His mother was a violinist and his father was a choir-master.
The family did not find it easy to make a living, especially after Fritz's father committed suicide when Fritz was five years old.
As a young man Wunderlich worked in a bakery.
People heard him singing while he worked, and he was persuaded to study music.
He got a scholarship to study at the Freiburg College of Music where he studied French horn and singing.
Wunderlich soon became known as a brilliant young tenor.
He sang several roles in Mozart's operas, and gradually learned roles in many other operas, including Verdi's Rigoletto and Don Carlo.
There is an excellent recording of Mozart's Magic Flute in which Wunderlich sings the part of the Prince Tamino and the famous baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau sings the part of Papageno, the birdcatcher.
Wunderlich had a lovely, clear voice which was excellent for German Lieder.
He sang the great songs of Schubert and Schumann, especially Schumann's Dichterliebe song cycle.
Website of the Fritz Wunderlich Gesellschaft
German opera singers
Half of a Yellow Sun is a book that was written by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie in 2006, and was published by Knopf/Anchor.
The book tells the story of two sisters Olanna and Kainene during the Biafran War.
Half of a Yellow Sun won the 2007 Orange Prize for Fiction in the women-only section.
The award is given annually for the best original full-length book; Adichie gained £30,000 as a reward for winning the prize.
Purple Hibiscus, her first novel, made the Orange Prize shortlist in 2004, and because of the success of Half a Yellow Sun, critics have said that Adichie may have even more success in the future.
The book got good reviews from critics, and it was included in The New York Times''' 100 Most Notable Books of the Year, as well as winning the Orange Prize.
In a review for The Seattle Times, Mary Brennan talks about the book as "A sweeping story that provides both a harrowing history lesson and an engagingly human narrative".
The Guardian's Kate Kellaway said "An immense achievement, Half of a Yellow Sun has a ramshackle freedom and exuberant ambition," after reading the book.
The New York Times did a review of the book, saying some good and some bad things about the book.
The Nigerian Civil War began on July 6, 1967 and lasted until January 15, 1970.
The war began because of political struggles caused by the numerous attempts to secede from the southeastern provinces of Nigeria and create the Republic of Biafra.
Political conflict between the Igbo’s, Yoruba’s, and the Hausa-Fulani ended up with two military coups.
The Igbo tried to leave Nigeria to become the Republic of Biafra, but did not have very much support.
From 1968 onward, the war was mostly a tie, with Nigerian forces unable to get an advantage over the Republic of Biafra.
Many people died in the war, and even today there is still anger between the different ethnic and religious groups of Nigeria.
The story in Half of a Yellow Sun'' is centered around the war.
The author has stated that many of the issues that caused the war remain today.
She also said that the war is very talked about "in uninformed and unimaginative ways," and that the war is as important to the people today as it was in her book.
Because none of the major political events were changed in the book, Adichie said that the book had "emotional truth," and that the book showed the war had a large impact on the people of Nigeria.
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (born September 15, 1977) is an award-winning Nigerian writer.
She comes from Abba in Anambra State, southeast Nigeria.
Her book Half of a Yellow Sun won the 2007 Orange Prize for fiction.
Adichie was born in Enugu into an Igbo family.
She married Ivara Alistair Esege, a Nigerian doctor.
In December 2013 Beyoncé released her fifth album BEYONCÉ.
The eleventh song on the album "Flawless" has a sample from Adichie's TED Talk "Why We Should All Be Feminists".
Adichie's sample on the album caused her novel Americanah go up around 600 places in the Amazon chart.
Nigerian writers
Shaman King is a Japanese anime and manga series by Hiroyuki Takei.
The manga ended with thirty two volumes and the anime ended with sixty four episodes.
Japanese publisher Shueisha announced that it will be republished all volumes in Japan starting in March 2008.
The manga condensed from its current run from 32 to 27 volumes.
It was expected to publish two mangas per month.
Yoh Asakura
Anna Kyoyama
Manta Oyamada
Ryunosuke Umemiya
Tao Ren
Horohoro
Faust VIII
Lyserg Diethel
Joco McDonnell
Hao Asakura
The Patch Tribe
Goldva
Kalim
Nichrom
Magna
Radim
Namari
Renim
Talim
Lip & Rap
Hao's followers
Opacho
Luchist Lasso
BoZ Brothers
Peyote Diaz
Hang Zang-Ching
Mohamed Tabarsi
"Big Guy" Bill Burton
Canna Bismarck
Mathilda Mathis
Marion Fauna
Guardian Ghosts
Amidamaru
Bason
Kororo
Tokagero
Ponchi and Conchi
Matamune
Pascal Avaf
Banihal Pass is at an altitude of 9,200 feet above sea level, in the eastern region of Pir Panjal range, at 75.16 longitude and 33.31 latitude.
The pass connects the Valley of Kashmir with Jammu.
Banihal cart road enters Kashmir valley through this pass.
In 16th century, Sheikh Yaqoob Serfi and two other religious leaders had travelled through this pass to invite India's (Hindustani) Mughal Emperor Akhbar to invade Kashmir.
Parker Brothers is a toy and game manufacturer and brand.
Over almost 115 years, the company has created more than 1800 games; some of them are Monopoly, Cluedo (known as Clue in North America), Risk, Trivial Pursuit, Ouija, Aggravation and Probe.
The Game Makers, a book by Philip Orbanes, chronicles the history of Parker Brothers.
Parker Brothers  on the History Channel
The story of Parker's early games
American entertainment companies
Companies based in Massachusetts
Toy companies
Game companies
With a metropolitan area hosting the world's second most populated city, the movie viewership is still popular in Karachi.
However, the interest has shifted more towards the Hollywood and other international productions.
One of the reasons for the shifting trends is attributed to the moving of film-making industry to Lahore, locally termed as Lollywood
Official web site of Lollywood
Official web site of karachi film industry
News about Lollywood
Watch lollywood movies online
Lollywood Forums
Gijsbert Haan (or Gysbert Haan) (January 3, 1801 - July 27, 1874) was the leader of the 1857 Secession of Dutch-Americans from the Reformed Church in America.
He was the creator of the Christian Reformed Church in the United States and Canada.
Haan was born in Hilversum, North Holland, the Netherlands and died of liver disease in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Disease-related deaths in Michigan
People from Hilversum
Namur (; ) is a province of Belgium on the border with France.
It is one of the five provinces of Wallonia, the predominantly French-speaking southern region of Belgium.
At the fall of the First French Empire, the department is dissolved and replaced by the Province of Namur, at the time of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The province of Namur was one of the province created by the Constitution of 24 August 1815 of the Kingdom.
The total area of the province is  with  inhabitants, and a population density of  inhabitants per km².
The highest point of the province is Croix-Scaille, with an altitude of  () above sea level.
The province of Namur is divided into 3 arrondissements and a total of 38 municipalities.
Fédération du tourisme de la Province de Namur
Country music, a genre of music
Countryside, a rural settled place outside towns and cities
Country (movie), a 1984 movie starring Jessica Lange and Sam Shepard
COUNTRY Insurance & Financial Services, a group of U.S. insurance and financial services companies based in Bloomington, Illinois
Zoji La () is a high mountain pass  in India.
This pass is  above sea level, at 74.50 longitude and 34.17 latitude.
The pass connects a valley of Kashmir with Ladakh.
Different trade routes lad to Tibet, China and Central Asia.
Renchen Shah of Leh entered Kashmir through this pass and became the monarch of the land in the 14th century.
Mirza Haider Doughlat also advanced through thi pass to invade Kashmir.
The old historical name of the pass was Shurji La meaning lord Shiva's mountain.
Babusar Pass is  above sea level.
It connects Gilgit with Kaghan via Chilas.
Prior to construction of Karakoram highway, this route was very important, because this was the only route leading to Gilgit and Baltistan from Pakistan.
Presently a road by the name of Mansehra-Naran-Jalkhad-Chilas MNJCroad is being constructed through Babusar Pass that will shorten the distance between Mansehra and Chilas by around .
Work on the route is expected to conclude sometime in mid 2011.
Khunjerab Pass is in the north of Hunza/Nagar on China's boundary.
It is at an altitude of  above sea level.
Karakoram Highway (Silk Route) crosses into China through this pass.
All trade between China and Gilgit is carried through Khunjerab.
Karakoram Pass is a mountain pass between India and China in the Karakoram Range.
It is at a height of  above sea level.
It is the highest altitude pass connecting Indian Kashmir with  Sinkiang (China).
The height of this pass is 3738 m above sea level, it connects Gupis, Gilgit with Chitral.
The top is flat, a plateau and can be crossed between late April and early November.
The grade is very gradual, and the area is crossed by small streams of trout.
Grazing in summer is plentiful.
Shandur Top is one of the four major mountain passes to enter Chitral.
The others are Dorah Pass from Badakshan in Afghanistan, Lowari Pass from Dir, and Broghol Pass from the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan.
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Russian writer.
He was the winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in literature.
Solzhenitsyn was a novelist, dramatist, and historian.
With his works, the Gulag, a Soviet labor camp, became well known.
Due to this, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, but also was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974.
In 1994, Solzhenitsyn went back to Russia.
After he died (of heart failure) he received a state funeral.
He was very significant for revealing what life was like in the Soviet days.
Best-known works
Much of Solzhenitsyn's work is autobiographical, based on things he saw and experienced in his own life.
Solzhenitsyn was himself imprisoned in the Gulag for many years, and later was in a cancer ward (he recovered from the cancer).
After Khrushchev's Secret Speech in 1956 Solzhenitsyn was freed from exile and exonerated (cleared of all charges).
The manuscript of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich was published in edited form in 1962, with the explicit approval of Nikita Khrushchev.
Khrushchev defended it at the Praesidium of the Politburo hearing on whether to allow its publishing, and added: "There's a Stalinist in each of you; there's even a Stalinist in me.
We must root out this evil".
Prussian Nights (1974) (Russian: Прусские ночи)
This is a long poem.
Solzhenitsyn was a captain in the Soviet Red Army during the Second World War.
Prussian Nights describes the Red Army's march across East Prussia, and focuses on the traumatic acts of rape and murder that Solzhenitsyn witnessed as a participant in that march.
The First Circle (1968) A fuller version of the book was published in English in 2009.
The title is an allusion to Dante's first circle of Hell in The Divine Comedy, where the philosophers of Greece, and other non-Christians, live in a walled green garden.
They are unable to enter Heaven, as they were born before Christ, but enjoy a small space of relative freedom in the heart of Hell.
The story is about prisoners (zeks) who are technicians or academics.
They have been arrested under Article 58 of the RSFSR Penal Code in Joseph Stalin's purges after the Second World War.
Cancer Ward (1968)
The novel tells the story of a small group of cancer patients in Uzbekistan in 1955, in the post-Stalinist Soviet Union.
It explores the moral responsibility – symbolized by the patients' malignant tumors – of those responsible for the suffering of their fellow citizens.
During Stalin's Great Purge millions were killed, sent to labor camps, or exiled.
Apart from officials who took the decisions, many more stood by and did nothing.
They, too, were implicated.
Others did worse: they denounced innocent people in order to gain advantages for themselves.
The novel tells of how patients come to realise their part in these tragic events.
August 1914 (1971)
This is about Imperial Russia's defeat at the Battle of Tannenberg in East Prussia.
The novel is an unusual blend of fiction narrative and historiography.
It caused extensive and bitter controversy, both from the literary and the historical point of view.
In 1984 a new version of the novel, much expanded, was published.
By this time Solzhenitsyn had lived in the USA for some years.
He was able to publish chapters previously suppressed, and new parts written after research at the library of the Hoover Institution.
These included chapters on Vladimir Lenin which were published separately as Lenin in Zurich.
Short fiction
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962)
The story is set in a Soviet labor camp in the 1950s, and describes a single day of an ordinary prisoner, Ivan Denisovich Shukhov.
The book's publication was an extraordinary event in Soviet literary history; never before had an account of Stalinist repression been openly distributed.
For the Good of the Cause (1963)
In a provincial town, the students of the local college help to build new college premises by doing most of the work themselves.
When it is built, Soviet authorities order that the building should be handed over to a research institute; the students are told that this is "for the good of the cause".
The story is an open criticism of the lack of democracy the prevailed at the time, and the lack of integrity of political leaders.
Matryona's Place (1968)
This is Solzhenitsyn's most read short story.
The narrator, a former prisoner of the gulag, longs to return to live in the Russian provinces.
He takes a job at a school on a collective farm.
Matryona offers him a place to live in her tiny, run-down home.
They share a single room where they eat and sleep; the narrator sleeps on a camp-bed and Matryona near the stove.
The narrator finds the farm workers' lives little different to those of the pre-revolutionary landlords and their serfs.
Matryona works on the farm for little or no pay.
Helping others one night, she is killed by a train.
Her character has been described as "the only true Christian (and) the only true Communist" and her death symbolic of Russia's martyrdom.
The Gulag Archipelago (three volumes, 1973–78)
The Arkhipelag GuLag (its Russian title), is both a rhyme and a metaphor used throughout the work.
The word archipelago describes the system of labour camps spread across the huge Soviet Union as a vast chain of islands, known only to those who were fated to visit them.
The Nobel Prize Internet Archive's page on Solzhenitsyn
A World Split Apart : Solzhenitsyn's 1978 Commencement Address to the graduating class at Harvard University
Audio and textual version of speech
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: "Saving the nation is the utmost priority for the state"  "Moscow News" (2.05.2006)
Der Spiegel interviews Alexander Solzhenitsyn: 'I am not afraid of death' "Der Spiegel" 23 July 2007
Vermont Recluse Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Solzhenitsyn’s autobiography from his non-official site
The introduction to the Book Gulag by Anne Applebaum
Russian Memorial website to Human Rights victims
Solzhenitsyn: biography, photos, prose, interviews, critical essays
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - Obituary and public tribute
The Solzhenitsyn Reader: new and essential writings, 1947-2005
The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) is a set of guidelines (rules) that the Debian Project uses to decide whether a software license is a free software license, which is used to decide whether a piece of software can be included in Debian.
The DFSG is part of the Debian Social Contract.
The guidelines
Free redistribution.
Inclusion of source code.
Allowing for modifications and derived works.
Integrity of the author's source code
No discrimination against persons or groups.
No discrimination against fields of endeavor, like commercial use.
The license needs to apply to all to whom the program is redistributed.
License must not be specific to Debian.
License must not contaminate other software.
The GPL, BSD, and Artistic licenses are examples of licenses thought of as free.
The DFSG was first published together with the first version of the Debian Social Contract in July 1997.
The primary authors were Bruce Perens and several other Debian developers at the time.
Most discussions about the DFSG happen on the debian-legal mailing list.
When a Debian Developer first uploads a package to be included in Debian, the ftpmaster team checks the software licenses and decides whether they follow the DFSG's rules.
The team sometimes discusses with the debian-legal list in difficult cases.
Non-software content
The DFSG is focused on software, but in June 2004 the Debian project decided to use the same rules on software documentation, multimedia data and other content.
The non-software content of Debian began to follow the DFSG more strictly in Debian 4.0 (released in April 2007) and following releases.
GFDL
Much documentation written by the GNU Project, the Linux Documentation Project and others licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License contain invariant sections, which do not comply with the DFSG.
This assertion is the end result of a long discussion and the General Resolution 2006-001
History of free software
Debian Social Contract and Free Software Guidelines
debian-legal list, with archives from previous discussions
Draft DFSG FAQ(down?)
DFSG FAQ
Section A.1.3 of Why OSS/FS?
identifies some of the major issues discussed by debian-legal.
List of software licenses currently found in Debian
Free Software Guidelines
Madden NFL 09 is a video game about the National Football League (NFL) for the Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, and Nintendo DS.
It was the last game to be released on the original Xbox.
A GameCube version was also planned, but it was canceled due to the system's discontinuation in early 2007.
It was published by EA Sports and developed by EA Tiburon.
On the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Nintendo DS versions, play-by-play and color commentary is provided by Tom Hammond and Cris Collinsworth, respectively, replacing Al Michaels and John Madden.
However, Michaels and Madden still appear on the Wii, PlayStation 2, and PSP versions.
Madden still has a part in Madden 09 as the person describing instructions to the Madden IQ.
Madden guides you on advice and other things to help you understand how to raise your Madden IQ.
Madden also appears in Mii form in the Wii version of the game, suggesting plays to run in the game's "Madden's Pick" feature.
Elena Sergeevna Katina (Russian: Елена Сергеевна Катина, born 4 October 1984), better known as Lena Katina is a Russian singer.
She and Yulia Volkova are the members of the pop group t.A.T.u.
Katina was born in Moscow.
She began going to school at age seven.
Within a year, she left ordinary school and went to a music school and studied piano.
When she was ten, she started singing with the child group "Avenue".
She sang with them for three years before joining the vocal and instrumental group "Neposedi" (Fidgety Children).
While a part of Neposedy, she met Julia Volkova and they became friends.
Soon Lena left the group because of her age.
Neposedy is for children up to 14 years old.
At the age of 15 she was selected to be a part of the group which was later named Tatu (t.A.T.u).
Eleanore of Provence (c. 1223 – 26 June 1291) was the Queen Consort of King Henry III of England.
1223 births
A jam session is an informal gathering of musicians to improvise freely on various themes.
They began with jazz musicians.
Musicians sometimes use jam sessions to work on new material, and some songs are made by the band during the session.
A jam session will often feature improvisation.
In music, a compilation is a record, usually an album, which contains songs from more than one source.
For instance, it could contain songs from studio albums, live albums, EPs, and other places.
The songs often have something in common, for instance a "Greatest Hits" compilation will contain the most popular songs by a band or musician.
Necrophagist is a technical death metal band from Germany.
The band is currently signed with Relapse Records.
They are known for their fast songs that require a large amount of skill to play.
Page 44 is an indie-rock band from England.
They have released 3 EPs and 1 demo album and have appeared on television in the United Kingdom.
BBC said the band might become "tomorrow's superstars".
Page 44's MySpace
Page 44 on Facebook
Logroño () is a city in northern Spain.
It is the capital of La Rioja.
Logroño is in the Ebro valley.
The population of the city is 150.000.
Cities in La Rioja (Spain)
Municipalities in La Rioja (Spain)
Liberal arts is the term given to contemporary programmes of education which include areas of study across the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and the arts.
It has its origins in Ancient Greece and began with a "desire for a universal understanding".
Simply put liberal arts education aimed at holistic education.
This can be simplified even further to an education born out of the development of number and language.
It developed throughout classical antiquity but began with Pythagoras and his interest in all things mathematical.
Pythagoras learnt a lot from the Ancient Egyptians and eventually after hundreds of years and various contributions this knowledge became the four specialisms (Quadrivium) of astronomy, arithmetic, geometry and music.
Language became more and more important in human affairs and by 4th century Athens it was paramount to how the city state (polis) was governed.
Therefore education also began to include instruction in how to speak well.
Again over hundreds of years and with numerous contributions this became formalised as the three language arts (Trivium) of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric.
Liberal arts became formalised in the middle ages drawing on its origins in Ancient Greek and Roman culture.
Perhaps the most famous image of the Liberal Arts is plate 11, Philosophy and the Liberal Arts from the Garden of Delights (The Hortus deliciarum) which was created by a group of women in the 12th century.
In the image [right] you can see the seven liberal arts arranged around the Queen Philosophy who sits above Socrates and Plato. "
Their encyclopedia compiled ideas drawn from philosophy, theology, literature, music, arts, and sciences and was intended as a teaching tool for women of the abbey who focused on Liberal Arts Education."
Being holistic, liberal arts education aimed at bringing the theoretical and practical together.
As Dante put it, so "that the theoretical intellect by extension becomes practical, its goal then being doing and making".
It was intended to be a mental and practical education which by the time of the Renaissance realised a many sided individual.
Historically it was an education reserved only for the elite, and students were predominantly young gentlemen from wealthy families deemed respectable and important.
Today, in the USA liberal arts education is still restricted to "elites" who can afford to pay significant fees to attend exclusive liberal arts colleges.
Across Europe liberal arts education is now far more affordable with some Universities explicitly stating that it can now "be enjoyed by everyone."
The four liberal arts
The four liberal arts were taught in two groups: the trivium and the quadrivium :
Dialectic (logic)
During the Middle Ages, the liberal arts were central to university education.
The quadrivium followed the preparatory work of the trivium.
The area and range of the liberal arts evolved in time.
Originally, most of the teaching, and all of the text-books, would have been in Latin, the language the students would have learnt at school before they came to college.
In the beginning the courses were aimed at educating the elite in the classical works.
Eventually, the meaning of "liberal arts" got extended to include both humanities and science.
But even today, practical activities as agriculture, business, engineering, pedagogy or pharmacy are excluded from the liberal arts.
The liberal professions include only professions which require education at university, mainly law and medicine.
The trivium
The trivium (Latin for three ways), included the literary disciplines:
Grammar, the science of the correct usage of language.
It helps a person to speak and write correctly;
Dialectic (or logic), the science of correct thinking.
It helps you to arrive at the truth;
Rhetoric, the science of expression, especially persuasion.
Ways of organizing a speech or document.
Adapting it so that people understand it, and believe it.
The quadrivium
The quadrivium (Latin for four ways), included the disciplines connected with mathematics.
arithmetic teaches about numbers;
geometry teaches about calculating spaces;
astronomy teaches about the stars;
music teaches ratio and proportion and is related to melody and song as it was in the Middle Ages.
Liberal arts colleges, USA
Liberal arts colleges are a modern re-interpretation of the old idea.
Mostly in the United States, these colleges concentrate on good teaching, and are closer to the Oxford & Cambridge type of tuition than most universities.
They are mostly or entirely fee-paying institutions, and so continue to offer an elite education to students from prosperous families or gifted students through significant financial aid.
The courses are mostly or entirely undergraduate courses.
Publications on the subject
Charles Blaich, Anne Bost, Ed Chan, and Richard Lynch 2004.
Defining liberal arts education.
Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts.
Sister Miriam Joseph (2002) The Trivium: the liberal arts of logic, grammar, and rhetoric.
Paul Dry Books.
Brand Blanshard 1973.
The uses of a liberal education: and other talks to students.
Open Court.
Winterer, Caroline 2002.
The culture of classicism: Ancient Greece and Rome in American intellectual life, 1780-1910.
Brain damage is damage to the brain from either illnesses or injuries.
Brain cells are damaged, which often affects one's brain in a way that stops the brain from thinking or reacting the same way as it did before the brain was damaged.
Physical damage to the brain is called traumatic brain injury (TBI).
It has occurred since ancient times, and old medical records exist.
Ancient Mesopotamians knew of head injury and some of its effects, including seizures, paralysis, and loss of sight, hearing or speech.
The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written around 1650–1550 BC, describes various head injuries and symptoms and classifies them based on their presentation and tractability.
Ancient Greek physicians including Hippocrates understood the brain to be the center of thought, probably due to their experience with head trauma.
Perhaps the first reported case of personality change after brain injury is that of Phineas Gage.
He survived an accident in 1848 when a large iron rod was driven through his head, destroying at least his left frontal lobe.
He recovered with no apparent sensory, movement, or big cognitive damage.
However, his behaviour so altered that friends described him as "no longer being Gage".
This suggested that the damaged areas are involved in "higher functions" such as personality.
Many cases of personality change after brain injury have been reported since.
In the 1970s, awareness of TBI as a public health problem grew.
A great deal of progress has been made since then in brain trauma research, such as the discovery of primary and secondary brain injury.
The 1990s saw the development and dissemination of standardized guidelines for treatment of TBI, with protocols for a range of issues such as drugs and management of intracranial pressure.
Research since the early 1990s has improved TBI survival.
That decade was called the "Decade of the Brain" for advances made in brain research.
Head and Brain Injuries from MedlinePlus
Dr.Diane.com Information on brain injury and related rehabilitation services.
Fact sheets on brain damage, its effects, and strategies for survivors and their families
Brain Damage Research from ScienceDaily
An assembly language is a programming language that can be used to directly tell the computer what to do.
An assembly language is almost exactly like the machine code that a computer can understand, except that it uses words in place of numbers.
A computer cannot really understand an assembly program directly.
However, it can easily change the program into machine code by replacing the words of the program with the numbers that they stand for.
A program that does that is called an assembler.
Programs written in assembly language are usually made of instructions, which are small tasks that the computer performs when it is running the program.
They are called instructions because the programmer uses them to instruct the computer what to do.
The part of the computer that follows the instructions is the processor.
The assembly language of a computer is a low-level language, which means that it can only be used to do the simple tasks that a computer can understand directly.
In order to perform more complex tasks, one must tell the computer each of the simple tasks that are part of the complex task.
For example, a computer does not understand how to print a sentence on its screen.
Instead, a program written in assembly must tell it how to do all of the small steps that are involved in printing the sentence.
Such an assembly program would be composed of many, many instructions, that together do something that seems very simple and basic to a human.
This makes it hard for humans to read an assembly program.
In contrast, a high-level programming language may have a single instruction such as PRINT "Hello, world!"
that will tell the computer to perform all of the small tasks for you.
Development of assembly language
When computer scientists first built programmable machines, they programmed them directly in machine code, which is a series of numbers that instructed the computer what to do.
Writing machine language was very hard to do and took a long time, so eventually assembly language was made.
Assembly language is easier for a human to read and can be written faster, but it is still much harder for a human to use than a high-level programming language which tries to mimic human language.
Programming in machine code
To program in machine code, the programmer needs to know what each instruction looks like in binary (or hexadecimal).
Although it is easy for a computer to quickly figure out what machine code means, it is hard for a programmer.
Each instruction can have several forms, all of which just look like a bunch of numbers to people.
Any mistake that someone makes while writing machine code will only be noticed when the computer does the wrong thing.
Figuring out the mistake is hard because most people cannot tell what machine code means by looking at it.
An example of what machine code looks like:
This hexadecimal machine code tells an x86 computer processor to add 42 to the accumulator.
It is very difficult for a person to read and understand it even if that person knows machine code.
Using assembly language instead
With assembly language, each instruction can be written as a short word, called a mnemonic, followed by other things like numbers or other short words.
The mnemonic is used so that the programmer does not have to remember the exact numbers in machine code needed to tell the computer to do something.
Examples of mnemonics in assembly language include add, which adds data, and mov, which moves data from one place to another.
Because 'mnemonic' is an uncommon word, the phrase instruction type or just instruction is sometimes used instead, often incorrectly.
The words and numbers after the first word give more information about what to do.
For instance, things following an add might be what two things to add together and the things following mov say what to move and where to put it.
add ax,42
Assembly language also allows programmers to write the actual data the program uses in easier ways.
Most assembly languages have support for easily making numbers and text.
In machine code, each different type of number like positive, negative or decimal, would have to be manually converted into binary and text would have to be defined one letter at a time, as numbers.
Assembly language provides what is called an abstraction of machine code.
When using assembly, programmers do not need to know the details of what numbers mean to the computer, the assembler figures that out instead.
Assembly language actually still lets the programmer use all the features of the processor that they could with machine code.
In this sense, assembly language has a very good, rare trait: it has the same ability to express things as the thing it is abstracting (machine code) while being much easier to use.
Because of this, machine code is almost never used as a programming language.
Disassembly and debugging
When programs are finished, they have already been transformed into machine code so that the processor can actually run them.
Sometimes, however, if the program has a bug (mistake) in it, programmers will want to be able to tell what each part of the machine code is doing.
Disassemblers are programs that help programmers do that by transforming the machine code of the program back into assembly language, which is much easier to understand.
Disassemblers, which turn machine code into assembly language, do the opposite of assemblers, which turn assembly language into machine code.
Computer organization
An understanding of how computers are organized, how they seem to work at a very low level, is needed to understand how an assembly language program works.
At the most simplistic level, computers have three main parts:
main memory or RAM which holds data and instructions,
a processor, which processes the data by executing the instructions, and
input and output (sometimes shortened to I/O), which allow the computer to communicate with the outside world and store data outside of main memory so it can get the data back later.
Main memory
In most computers, memory is divided up into bytes.
Each byte contains 8 bits.
Each byte in memory also has an address which is a number that says where the byte is in memory.
The first byte in memory has an address of 0, the next one has an address of 1, and so on.
Dividing memory into bytes makes it byte addressable because each byte gets a unique address.
Addresses of byte memories cannot be used to refer to a single bit of a byte.
A byte is the smallest piece of memory that can be addressed.
Even though an address refers to a particular byte in memory, processors allow for using several bytes of memory in a row.
The most common use of this feature is to use either 2 or 4 bytes in a row to represent a number, usually an integer.
Single bytes are sometimes also used to represent integers, but because they are only 8 bits long, they can only hold 28 or 256 different possible values.
Using 2 or 4 bytes in a row raises the number of different possible values to be 216, 65536 or 232, 4294967296, respectively.
When a program uses a byte or a number of bytes in a row to represent something like a letter, number, or anything else, those bytes are called an object because they are all part of the same thing.
Even though objects are all stored in identical bytes of memory, they are treated as though they have a 'type', which says how the bytes should be understood: either as an integer or a character or some other type (like a non-integer value).
Machine code can also be thought of as a type that is interpreted as instructions.
The notion of a type is very, very important because it defines what things can and can’t be done to the object and how to interpret the bytes of the object.
For instance, it is not valid to store a negative number in a positive number object and it is not valid to store a fraction in an integer.
An address that points to (is the address of) a multi-byte object is the address to the first byte of that object – the byte that has the lowest address.
As an aside, one important thing to note is that you can’t tell what the type of an object is - or even its size - by its address.
In fact, you can’t even tell what type an object is by looking at it.
An assembly language program needs to keep track of which memory addresses hold which objects, and how big those objects are.
A program that does so is type safe because it only does things to objects that are safe to do on their type.
A program that doesn’t will probably not work properly.
Note that most programs do not actually explicitly store what the type of an object is, they just access objects consistently - the same object is always treated as the same type.
The processor
The processor runs (executes) instructions, which are stored as machine code in main memory.
As well as being able to access memory for storage, most processors have a few small, fast, fixed-size spaces for holding objects that are currently being worked with.
These spaces are called registers.
Processors usually execute three types of instructions, although some instructions can be a combination of these types.
Below are some examples of each type in x86 assembly language.
Instructions that read or write memory
mov ax, [1000h]
In this assembly language, square brackets around a number (or a register name) mean that the number should be used as an address to the data that should be used.
The use of an address to point to data is called indirection.
In this next example, without the square brackets, another register, bx, actually gets the value 20 loaded into it.
mov bx, 20
mov [1000h], ax
Here, the memory at address 1000h gets the value of ax.
If this example is executed right after the previous one, the 2 bytes at 1000h and 1001h will be a 2 byte integer with the value of 20.
Instructions that perform mathematical or logical operations
Some instructions do things like subtraction or logical operations like not:
add ax, 42
Here, 42 and ax are added together and the result is stored back in ax.
In x86 assembly it is also possible to combine a memory access and mathematical operation like this:
add ax, [1000h]
or ax, bx
Instructions that decide what the next instruction is going to be
Usually, instructions are executed in the order they appear in memory, which is the order they are typed in the assembly code.
The processor just executes them one after another.