the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
High Lonesome Sound (1996) und (1997)
Vintage Gill (1997)
The Key (1998)
If You Ever Have Forever In Mind (1998)
Vince Gill & Friends (1998)
Let's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye (2000)
My Country Valentine (2000)
The Things That Matter (re-release) (2000)
Tis The Season with Olivia Newton-JohnHallmark Stores (2001)
Next Big Thing (2003)
The Notorious Cherry Bombs (2004)
Vintage Gill (2004)
All American Country (2004)
High Lonesome Sound (re-release) (2004)
Rock of Ages...Hymns & Faith with Amy Grant (2005)
These Days (2006)
"Oklahoma Risin'" Oklahoma Centinenal Song (2006)
The Best of Vince Gill (1989)
The Essential Vince Gill (1995) und (1996)
Platinum & Gold Collection (2003)
Christmas collections
Let There Be Peace On Earth - (1996) song from The Dillard's Christmas Collection 1996
Wrangler Cowboy Christmas (Volume VI) (1998) with Reba McEntire and Trisha Yearwood
Hallmark Presents The Spirit of Christmas (2001) with Amy Grant and London Symphony Orchestra
Breath Of Heaven: A Christmas Collection (2002)
Christmas Collection (2006)
Christmas Collection (?)
with Barry Manilow and Diana Ross and The Supremes
Country Christmas (?)
with Alan Jackson and Trisha Yearwood
Classic Country Christmas Volume Three (?)
with Reba McEntire and Alabama
Dark as a Dungeon (2002) song with The Chieftains on the album Down the Old Plank Road: The Nashville Sessions
Once In A While - (2001) song from the Soundtrack to The Prince of Egypt (Nashville)
Did you hear what I hear - (1995) song from The Stars Come Out At Christmas
I Can't Tell You Why - (?)
song from Common Thread: The Songs of The Eagles
(Maverick) Ophelia - (?)
song from Hollywood Soundtracks (Blockbuster Exclusive)
House Of Love - (2001) song from Friends for Life - Men and Women United in Harmony
Let's Heal with Altan- (2005) song from Hands Across the Water - A Benefit for the Children of the Tsunami
Official Vince Gill UMG Nashville Artist Page
Vince Gill.com
The Oxford Parliament, led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, leads to the acceptance by King Henry III of England of the Provisions of Oxford.
September – The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea at the Battle of Pelagonia, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.
December 4 – The kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy) in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.
The famous frescoes of the Boyana Church in Bulgaria are completed (the church and its murals are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site).
The German cities of Lübeck, Wismar, and Rostock enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the Baltic Sea, laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League.
Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania and Poland.
August 11 – While conducting a siege against the Song Dynasty city known as Fishing Town in the province of Chongqing, China, the Mongol Khagan, Mongke Khan dies in the nearby hills.
Persian, Chinese, and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died, including succumbing to an arrow wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege, dysentery, and even cholera epidemic.
His death sparks a succession crisis in the Mongol Empire, while his brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai soon convene their own kuriltai to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans, opening the path to a four year long civil war from 1260 to 1264.
In the end, Ariq Böke surrendered to Kublai.
While engaged in a war with the Mongols, the Song Chinese official Li Zengbo wrote in his Kozhai Zagao, Xugaohou that the city of Qingzhou was manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased gunpowder bomb shells a month, dispatching to Xiangyang and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time.
Lannathai, a kingdom in the north of Thailand, is founded by King Mengrai.
The Goryeo kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading Mongol forces.
The Chinese era Kaiqing begins and ends in the Northern Song Dynasty of China.
The Japanese Shōka era ends, and the Shōgen era begins.
Pietro Cavallini, Italian painter (died 1330)
Demetre II of Georgia (died 1289)
John II of Jerusalem (died 1285)
Richard Og de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster (died 1326)
Infanta Branca of Portugal, daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile
May 29 – King Christopher I of Denmark (born 1219)
October 7 – Ezzelino da Romano III, Italian ruler
November 18 – Adam Marsh, English scholar and theologian
Gojong of Goryeo
Matthew Paris, English chronicler
Thomas II of Savoy
c. January – A giant volcano erupts.
No one is sure where, but it may have been in a tropical location like El Chichón, Mexico or Quilotoa, Ecuador.
Observed effects of the eruption include the following anecdotal accounts: dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a "harsh" spring in Northern Iceland; famine in England, Western Germany, France, and Northern Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and South-East Turkey.
February 10 – Battle of Baghdad (1258) – Hulagu Khan's Mongol forces overrun Baghdad.
The city was the center of Islamic culture and learning and capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.
The Mongols burned the city to the ground, and killed many people.
Llywelyn the Last declares himself Prince of Wales.
He is the last ruler of an independent Wales before its conquest by the English.
King Henry III of England is forced by seven powerful barons to accept the Provisions of Oxford, effectively ending the absolute monarchy in England by requiring the calling of a parliament.
The Chinese era Baoyou ends in the Northern Song Dynasty of China.
Civil unrest in northern Italy starts the medieval musical form of Geisslerlieder, songs of repentance sung by wandering bands of Flagellants.
Gissur Thorvaldsson is made Earl of Iceland by King Haakon IV of Norway.
Korea surrenders to Mongols.
Arghun, fourth Ilkhanate ruler of Iran (approximate date; died 1291)
Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire (died 1326)
February 20 – Al-Musta'sim, last Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
August 18 – Theodore II Lascaris, emperor of Nicea (Byzantine Emperor in exile)
Hong Bok-won, Goryeo commander who later served the Mongol Empire
Meinhard I of Gorizia-Tyrol (born c. 1200)
Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili, Moroccan spiritual leader (born 1175)
Clement of Dunblane,13th-century Dominican friar who was the first member of the Dominican Order in Britain to become a bishop
Robert de Sorbon founds the Collège de Sorbonne at Paris, giving a formal college (and still-common name) to the already existing University of Paris in France.
Matthew Paris, English historian, personally interviews King Henry III of England for a week straight while compiling his major work of English history, Chronica Majora.
King Henry III of England orders the production of an twenty pence English coin of pure gold, the first high-denomination coin minted in England and the first to use gold.
Unfortunately for King Henry, the bullion value of the coins was about 20% higher than the nominal face value, leading to poor circulation as coins were melted down by individuals for their gold content.
The second Genoese War breaks out between Genoa and Venice in Outremer known as the War of Saint Sabas.
The city of Kraków is rebuilt by Boleslaus V of Poland after being nearly destroyed in the Tatar invasions in 1241.
The Japanese Kōgen era ends, and the Shōka era begins.
Mongols take Annam (northern Vietnam).
Aberdeen Grammar School opened.
October 14 – King Przemysł II of Poland (d. 1296)
Beatrice of Burgundy (died 1310)
King Sancho IV of Castile and León (died 1295)
June 4 – Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland
August 15 – Saint Hyacinth
December 24 – John I, Count of Hainaut (born 1218)
May 4 – Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull Licet ecclesiae catholicae constituting the Augustinian monastic order at Lecceto Monastery.
The city of Lviv, in present-day Ukraine, is founded by Danylo King of Rus.
Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), successfully concludes a military campaign started a year earlier to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians.
October – Mongol commander Baiju (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) leads his forces in a victory over Kay Ka'us II of the Sultanate of Rüm, thereby capturing Anatolia.
December 15 – Hulagu Khan captures and destroys the Hashshashin stronghold at Alamut in present-day Iran.
Hulagu Khan establishes the Ilkhanate dynasty of Persia, which will become one of four main divisions of the Mongol Empire.
The Japanese Kenchō era ends, and the Kōgen era begins.
January 6 – Gertrude the Great, German mystic
Robert, Count of Clermont, French founder of the House of Bourbon (died 1317)
Ibn al-Banna, Arab Mathematician (died 1321)
January 28 – William II, Count of Holland, King of Germany
June 13 – Tankei, Japanese sculptor (born 1173)
September 1 – Kujo Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (born 1218)
October 14 – Kujo Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (born 1239)
William of Kilkenny, Lord Chancellor of England
Johannes de Sacrobosco, English scholar
August – The final Cathar stronghold in southern France falls, eliminating the last refuge of the heretical Cathars after the Roman Catholic Church engaged in a program to crush the sect, starting in 1209 with the Albigensian Crusade.
The death of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln prompts persecution of Jews in England on accusations of blood libel.
Lisbon becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal.
The Gothic cathedral at Bourges, France, is completed.
A survey of royal privileges is conducted, which is included in the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086; the Hundred Rolls is later completed with two larger surveys in 1274/1275 and 1279/1280.
Central and Eastern Europe
May – William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia, his efforts having been unsuccessful.
Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) is founded in Prussia.
Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), conducts a military campaign to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians.
He concludes the task successfully a year later in 1256.
The Duchy of Bavaria is split into Upper and Lower Bavaria
The German state of Nassau is divided, not to be reunited until 1806.
King Béla IV of Hungary grants Banská Bystrica municipal rights of a royal town.
Hulagu Khan is dispatched by his brother Möngke Khan to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia.
Albert I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1308)
William de Ros, 2nd Baron de Ros, claimant to the crown of Scotland (died 1317)
Duccio di Buoninsegna, Sienese painter (died 1319)
Grand Prince Andrey of Gorodets (approximate date; died 1304)
Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, King of the Romans (approximate date; died 1298)
May 1 – Walter de Gray, English prelate and statesman
Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln (born 1247)
Jarler, Archbishop of Sweden
Sundiata Keita, semi-historical hero and founder of the Mali Empire. (
approximate date; born c. 1190)
Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and founder of the Blue Horde.
Glen Phillips (born December 29, 1970) is an American songwriter, singer and guitarist.
He is best known as the singer and songwriter of 1990s alternative rock group Toad the Wet Sprocket.
Abulum (2000)
Winter Pays For Summer (2005)
Mr. Lemons (2006)
Live albums/EPs
Live at Largo (2003)
Unlucky 7 (2006)
Glen Phillips  The official site with news, tour dates and a message board.
Glen's MySpace site   Glen's MySpace site with blog and information on any upcoming tour dates.
ComeBackDownload.com
Unofficial Glen Phillips FAQ
Phillips on Archive.org
PopGurls 20 Questions with Glen Phillips .
Interview with Glen Phillips on The BackStage Pass Internet Radio Show
Glen Phillips JBTV interview on XNDTV.com
glenphillips.net
People from Santa Barbara, California
Jon Brion (born December 11, 1963) is an American rock and pop multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter, composer and record producer.
He was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey.
His mother was a jazz singer, his father a band director at Yale, his brother is an arranger and sister a violinist.
The Bats
Brion and Bill Murphy began writing together in New Haven, Connecticut.
They recorded some demo tracks in makeshift apartment studios, and worked out their arrangements at Yale University Campus.
They enlisted the talents of bassist Don "Riff" Fertman to form The Bats (unlike the New Zealand band of the same name).
In 1982, the trio created a imaginative set of pop songs in a small studio in Connecticut.
A single called "Popgun" followed by an LP entitled How Pop Can You Get?
were released on the independent label Gustav.
The album failed to chart, and the group was disbanded.
How Pop Can You Get? (
with The Bats, 1982)
Ro Sham Bo (with The Grays, 1994)
Meaningless (solo, 2001)
Film scores
Hard Eight (with Michael Penn) (1996)
Magnolia (1999)
Punch-Drunk Love (2002)
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2003)
I ♥ Huckabees (2004)
Aimee Mann, Whatever, (1993)
Aimee Mann, I'm with Stupid, (1995)
Rufus Wainwright, Rufus Wainwright, (1998)
Eleni Mandell, Wishbone, (1998)
Robyn Hitchcock, Jewels for Sophia, (1998)
Robyn Hitchcock, A Star for Bram, (1999)
Fiona Apple, When the Pawn..., (1999)
The Crystal Method - "Bad Stone" (1997), "Over the Line" (2001), "Realizer" (2004)
Elliott Smith, From a Basement on a Hill, (unreleased version, recorded 2001)
Brad Mehldau, Largo, (2002)
Rhett Miller, The Instigator, (2002)
Evan Dando, Baby I'm Bored, (2003)
Fiona Apple, Extraordinary Machine, (unreleased version, recorded 2002-2003)
Kanye West, Late Registration (as co-executive producer and co-producer on several tracks), (2005)
Marjorie Fair, Self Help Serenade (as co-executive producer), (2005)
Kanye West, Graduation (as co-producer), (2007)
Spoon (band), "The Underdog," ''Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga, (2007)
Jon Brion Unofficial site
Jon Brion's Official Website
Bruce Molsky (born in Manhattan, New York in 1955) is an American fiddler, banjo player, guitarist, and singer.
He teaches the fiddle at the Berklee College of Music in Boston, as part of its American Roots program.
He has been nominated for two Grammy Awards.
If It Ain't Here When I Get Back (2013)
1865 - Songs of Hope and Home from the American Civil War
Meeting Point Bruce Molsky, Aly Bain & Ale Möller: Live at The Liverpool Philharmonic (2012)
Warring Cats
Bruce Molsky official site
Béla Fleck (born July 10, 1958 in New York City, New York) is an American banjo player.
He is best known for his work with the band Béla Fleck and the Flecktones.
Solo/with other musicians
Crossing the Tracks (Rounder Records, 1979)
Natural Bridge (Rounder Records, 1982)
Double Time (Rounder Records, 1984)
Inroads (Rounder Records, 1986)
Daybreak (Rounder Records, 1987)
Drive (Rounder Records, 1988)
Places (Rounder Records, 1988)
Tales From The Acoustic Planet (Warner Brothers, 1995)
The Bluegrass Sessions: Tales from the Acoustic Planet, Vol.
2 (Warner Brothers, 1999)
Perpetual Motion (Sony Classical, 2001)
Drive (Mobile Fidelity, 2004) (SACD reissue)
As part of a musical group
Tasty Licks (Rounder Records, 1978)
Anchored to the Shore (Rounder Records, 1979)
Opening Roll (Rounder Records, 1981)
Too Hot For Words (Rounder Records, 1982)
Live in Japan (Rounder Records, 1983)
On the Boulevard (Sugar Hill 1984)
New Grass Revival (EMI 1986)
Hold to a Dream (Capitol 1987)
Live, (Sugar Hill 1989)
Friday Night in America (Capitol 1989)
Anthology (Capitol 1989)
Deviation (Rounder Records, 1984) [billed as Bela Fleck with the New Grass Revival—sometimes considered a solo album]
Best of New Grass Revival (Liberty 1994)
Grass Roots: The Best of the New Grass Revival (Capitol 2005)
Béla Fleck And The Flecktones (Warner Brothers, 1990)
Flight of the Cosmic Hippo (Warner Brothers, 1991)
UFO Tofu (Warner Brothers, 1992)
Three Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (Warner Brothers, 1993)
Live Art (Warner Brothers, 1996)
Left of Cool (Warner Brothers, 1998)
Greatest Hits of the 20th Century (Warner Brothers, 1999)
Outbound (Columbia Records, 2000)
Live at the Quick (Columbia Records, 2002)
Little Worlds (Columbia Records, 2003)
Ten From Little Worlds (Selections from Little Worlds, Columbia Records, 2003)
The Hidden Land (Columbia Records, 2006)
One-off collaborations
Fiddle Tunes For Banjo with Tony Trischka and Bill Keith (Rounder Records, 1981)
as part of The Dreadful Snakes (Rounder Records, 1983)
Telluride Sessions as part of Strength In Numbers (MCA Nashville Records, 1989)
Solo Banjo Works with Tony Trischka (Rounder Records, 1992)
The Great Dobro Sessions (Sugar Hill Records, 1994)
Tabula Rasa with Jie-Bing Chen and Vishwa Mohan Bhatt (Water Lily Acoustics, 1996)
Uncommon Ritual with Mike Marshall and Edgar Meyer (Sony, 1997)
Music For Two with Edgar Meyer (Sony, 2004)
The Sparrow Quartet with Abigail Washburn, Casey Driessen, and Ben Sollee (Nettwerk Records, 2005)
The Enchantment with Chick Corea (Concord Records, 2007)
As a guest musician
Late as Usual (Rounder Records, 1984)
Aras (Silver Wave, 1996)
Before These Crowded Streets (RCA, 1998)
Live Trax Vol.
1: 12.8.98 Centrum Centre, Worcester, MA (2004)
7: 12.31.96 Hamptom Coliseum, Hampton, VA (2006)
Looking Out the Fishbowl (Vriginia Soul Records, 1999)
Let's Polka 'Round (2003)
Blue Country Heart (2002)
Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two (MCA Records, 1989)
Full Circle (2004)
Hoist (Elektra Records, 1994)
Farmhouse (Elektra Records, 2000)
Dream (2007)
Béla Fleck and the Flecktones World Headquarters Web Site
Béla Fleck - The Official Website
Tift Merritt (born January 8, 1975) is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter.
Born in Houston, Texas, Merritt moved to Raleigh, North Carolina at a young age.
She has been compared to songwriters like Joni Mitchell and Emmylou Harris.
In 2009, Merritt married Zeke Hutchins, her band's drummer and her long-time partner.
In addition to Austin City Limits, Merritt has been on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and the Late Show with David Letterman.
Her music has been in The L Word, Men In Trees, United States of Tara and the movie New in Town.
MySpace.com site
Americana Music Association
Country musicians from North Carolina
Musicians from North Carolina
Writers from Raleigh, North Carolina
{{Infobox musical artist
|Name = Elliott Smith
|Background = solo_singer
|Img =Elliott Smith.jpg
|Img_capt = Elliot Smith performing in 2003
|Img_size =
|Landscape =
|Birth_name = Steven Paul Smith
|Origin = Portland, Oregon, U.S.
|birth_date =
|birth_place = Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.
|death_date=
|death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
|Genre = Indie rockAcoustic rockIndie folk
|Occupation =
|Years_active = 1993–2003
|Instrument = Guitar  Vocals  Piano  Clarinet  Bass  Harmonica  Drums
|First_album = Roman Candle
|Latest_album =
|Notable_albums =
|Notable songs = "Miss Misery"
|Label = Virgin  Cavity Search  Kill Rock Stars  Suicide Squeeze  DreamWorks  ANTI-  Epitaph Domino
|Associated_acts = HeatmiserQuasiMary Lou LordPete KrebsNo.
|URL = Official website
Steven Paul "Elliott" Smith (August 6, 1969 – October 21, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter and musician.
He grew up in Duncanville, Texas.
He died of stab wounds to his chest in 2003 when he was 34 years old.
It is not known if it was suicide or murder.
At the time of his death, Smith had been making his sixth album From a Basement on the Hill.
It was released on October 19, 2004.
In 2007 another album called New Moon'' was released.
Partial discography
SweetAdeline.net - Official Elliott Smith website
SweetAddy.com - Official discussion forums
Cavity Search Records
Kill Rock Stars
Deaths by blade weapons
Writers from Omaha, Nebraska
Singers from Omaha, Nebraska
Sugar Hill Records is a folk music record label.
Some of the artists who have released albums with the label are Nickel Creek, Allison Moorer, Sam Bush and Dolly Parton.
April – The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs.
December 26 – King Alexander III of Scotland marries Margaret, daughter of King Henry III of England, precipitating a power struggle between the two monarchs.
Andrew de Longjumeau, dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols, meets the king in Palestine, with reports from the Mongols and Tartary; his mission is considered a failure.
Mindaugas of Lithuania is baptized, in prelude to his crowning as King of Lithuania in 1253.
Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus' and Norway.
King Conrad IV of Germany invades Italy, but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV.
The German city of Berlin, founded some fifty years earlier, receives its city charter.
Ottokar II of Bohemia, later to become King of Bohemia, is elected Duke of Austria.
The earliest known manuscript of The Proverbs of Alfred, a collection of sayings of England's Alfred the Great, is written.
Möngke Khan is elected as the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
Carving of the Tripitaka Koreana, a collection of Buddhist scriptures recorded on some 81,000 wooden blocks, is completed.
Hōjō Tokimune, 8th regent of the Kamakura shogunate (died 1284)
Bohemund V of Antioch
Peter I, Duke of Brittany (born 1190)
Eljigidei, Mongol commander of Persia
Isobel of Huntingdon (born 1199)
Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine
Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kiev.
Mandinka prince Sundiata Keita defeats Sosso king Soumaoro Kanté at the Battle of Kirina, beginning the Mali Empire.
July 15 – Russian prince Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva, saving Russia from a full-scale enemy invasion from the North.
End of the civil war era in Norway.
Saint Maurice is started to be portrayed as Moor.
Abulafia, Maltese Jewish philosopher (died 1292)
Pope Benedict XI (died 1304)
Stephen V of Hungary (died 1272)
Sigerus of Brabant, French theologian (died 1284)
Albert the Degenerate, landgrave of Thuringia (approximate date; died 1314)
April 11 – Llywelyn the Great, King of Gwynedd
Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Arab philosopher
Jacques de Vitry, French historian and theologian (born c. 1180)
William de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (born 1166)
Thomas II of Savoy becomes count of Flanders.
Elbląg, Poland is founded.
Representatives of all 4 khanates lead 150000 Mongol, Turkish and Persian troops into Europe.
The Mongols invade Russia.
Gualdo Tadino, Italy, is destroyed by fire.
The County of Artois is founded in France.
Baldwin II becomes Latin Emperor of Constantinople.
Conrad IV of Germany becomes King of Germany.
The Livonian Brothers of the Sword unite with the Teutonic Knights.
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor defeats Lombard League at Battle of Cortenuova
A major fire destroys some 30,000 dwellings in the Chinese capital city of Hangzhou.
Bohemond VI of Antioch, ruler of the principality of Antioch
April 15 – Richard Poore, English ecclesiastic
June 6 – John de Scotia, 9th Earl of Huntingdon
John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem and Latin Emperor of Constantinople (born c. 1148)
Jordanus Nemorarius, German scientist
Pons de Capduelh, French troubadour
September 23 – Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic historian, poet and politician (born c.1178)
Joan, wife of Llwelyn the Great
Foundation of the University of Naples.
Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquers Latgallians and the stronghold of Tartu from Ugaunian and Russian troops.
Last of Arabs expelled from Sicily.
The Chichimecas capture Tula, Hidalgo.
Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht (born 1153)
Hōjō Yoshitoki, regent of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan (born 1163)
Holy See – Honorius III pope (from 1216 to 1227)
Portugal – Afonso II, the Fat, King of Portugal (reigned from 1212 to 1233)
Middle Ages in Europe
Fifth Crusade (1217-1221)
Battle of Lihula in Estonia between Estonians and Swedes.
Mongols first invade Abbasid caliphate – Bukhara and Samarkand taken
End of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, destroyed by Genghis Khan's Mongolian cavalry
Dominican Order approved by Pope Honorius III
Frederick II crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Honorius III
Conrad of Masovia drives out the heathen Prussians from a Masovian territory of Chelmno Land
Trial by ordeal abolished in England
The German Hohenstaufen dynasty which had ruled Sicily since 1194, adopts Palermo as its principal seat
Dordrecht receives city rights, making it the oldest city in the present-day Netherlands
Ljubljana receives its town rights
The Islamic lands of Central Asia are overrun by the armies of the Mongol invader Genghis Khan (ca.
1155-1227), who laid waste to many civilizations and created an empire that stretched from China to the Caspian Sea.
However, he failed to destroy the strength of Islam in Central Asia.
Gothic architecture in Europe
Rebuilding of the Cathedral of Chartres, which had been destroyed by a fire in 1194, is completed
Rebuilding of the York Minster begins
Building of the Salisbury Cathedral begins
April 1 – Emperor Go-Saga of Japan (died 1272)
November 11 – Alphonse of Toulouse, son of Louis VIII of France (died 1271)
Thomas Ercildoun, Scottish minstrel (died 1297)
Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
Przemysł I of Poland (died 1257)
Yaroslav of Russia, Grand Duke of Vladimir
Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (died 1271)
February 17 – Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine
April 15 – Adolf of Altena, Archbishop of Cologne
Michael Choniates, Byzantine writer and ecclesiastic
Farid od-Din Mohammad ebn Ebrahim 'Attar, Persian mystical poet
Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian (born 1150)
Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (born 1176)
Mestwin I of Pomerania
Queen Urraca of Portugal spouse of King Afonso II of Portugal (born 1186)
Office holders
List of state leaders in 1220
List of religious leaders in 1220
Dot Branning (also Cotton) is a fictional character in EastEnders.
She is played by June Brown.
She works in the laundrette and smokes Superkings.
Dot Branning page  at the BBC EastEnders website
Pat Evans is a fictional character in EastEnders.
She has been played by Pam St. Clement from 12 June 1986 to 1st January 2012.
Pat Evans page  at the BBC EastEnders website
The Middle Way or Middle Path is a teaching about a way of looking at things in Buddhism.
This teaching advises a path of moderation, taking a middle way between extremes.
In particular, the Buddha advises against taking a either an overly hard path or an overly easy path.
He said that a person should not be either too self-indulgent or self-denying.
The middle way is a different way of life.
According the Third Noble Truth, the way to stop suffering is to stop wanting things.
But if a person too strongly wants to stop wanting things, they are still wanting something. (
to stop wanting things).
The middle way helps solve this problem.
Buddha came to this idea after six years of extreme self-denial in the search for how to end suffering.
"The Story of the Three Bears" is a literary fairy tale.
It was written by Robert Southey and first published in 1837 in a collection of his essays and stories.
Southey's story is about an ugly old woman who enters the house of three bachelor bears during their absence.
She eats their food, breaks a chair, and sleeps in a bed.
She runs away when discovered.
In time, the three bachelor bears became Papa, Mama, and Baby Bear.
The old woman became a little girl called Goldilocks.
The story supports several interpretations.
It has been adapted to animated movies, a live action movie, and a short opera.
Three male bears"a Little, Small, Wee Bear ... a Middle-sized Bear ... and a Great, Huge Bear" live in a house in the woods.
They each have a porridge pot, a chair, and a bed.
One morning, they take a walk in the woods while their porridge cools.
A little old woman"an impudent, bad old Woman"enters the house during the bears' absence.
She eats the little bear's porridge, breaks his little chair, and falls asleep in his little bed.
The bears come home, and discover the old woman asleep.
She wakes, sees the bears, jumps out the window, and fall to her deathnever to be seen again.
"The Story of the Three Bears" was written by English writer Robert Southey.
It was published in 1837 his 4-volume collection of essays and stories called The Doctor.
Southey probably heard a version of the story as a boy from his uncle William Tyler.
It was this version that was probably the basis for the story Southey  included in The Doctor.
It is unknown where or how his uncle learned the story.
Southey had known the story for a long time before he published it.
He had been telling it to family and friends since 1813.
A very similar version of the story predates Southey's published one of 1837.
In 1831, a lady named Eleanor Mure wrote the story in rhyming verse for her nephew's fourth birthday.
In both Southey's and Mure's versions, the character who enters the bears' house is an ugly old woman.
The two versions differ only in some small details: Southey's bears have porridge, for example, while Mure's bears have milk.
The same year Southey published the story, a rhyming version was written by William Nicol.
Southey wrote on 3 July 1837 that he had received Nicol's version.
He thought it would bring the story more attention from children.
Nicol's version was published in 1841 with illustrations.
Some think the story of the three bears resembles parts of "Snow White", or a story from Norway about a princess and three princes dressed in bear skins.
Charles Dickens included a story about goblins in his 1865 novel Our Mutual Friend that also resembles "The Three Bears".
A story called "Scrapefoot" may be the original for "The Three Bears".
This story has a fox (not a human) as the intruder in the bears' house.
About 12 years after Southey's story was published, writer Joseph Cundall changed the old woman into a little girl in his book Treasury of Pleasure Books for Young Children.
Cundall made this change because there were many children's books about old women at the time.
Once the little girl entered the story, she stayed there.
She was known over the years as Silverhair, Silverlocks, Goldenlocks, and other names.
She finally became Goldilocks sometime in the early 20th century.
In time, the three male bears of Southey's original became Papa, Mama, and Baby Bear.
What was once a scary little story about a nosy, ugly old woman and three male bears became a cozy little story about a nosy, pretty little girl and a family of bears.
In versions of the story from the Victorian Era, Southey's "[T]here she sate till the bottom of the chair came out, and down came her's, plump upon the ground" was changed to read "and down she came" instead.
All mention of the human "bottom" was wiped out.
In The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales (2002), Harvard professor Maria Tatar writes that the story is sometimes regarded as a cautionary tale.
It warns children about the dangers of wandering off into unknown places.
She points out that the story is often presented today as one about what is "just right" for oneself.
In earlier times however, the story was about interfering with someone else's property.
In The Uses of Enchantment (1976), child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim discusses Goldilock's struggle to grow beyond her Oedipal issues to confront adolescent identity problems.
The story does not encourage children to solve the problems of growing up, Bettelheim writes, and does not end with the traditional "happily ever after" promise for those who solve their Oedipal issues.
He believes the tale does not allow the child reader to gain emotional maturity.
Tatar writes, "[Bettelheim's] reading is perhaps too invested in instrumentalizing fairy tales, that is, in turning them into vehicles that convey messages and set forth behavioral models for the child.
While the story may not solve oedipal issues or sibling rivalry as Bettelheim believes "Cinderella" does, it suggests the importance of respecting property and the consequences of just 'trying out' things that do not belong to you."
The story supports a Freudian anal stage interpretation.
In ""The Three Bears": Four Interpretations" (1977), Professor Emeritus of the University of California, Davis Alan C. Elms makes such an interpretation and points to the story's emphasis upon orderlinessone of the character traits Freud associated with the anal stage of human developmentas compelling evidence.
Elms traces the story's anality to Southey and to his dirt-obsessed aunt who passed her obsession on to him in "somewhat milder form".
The Walt Disney and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios have both made animated movies about the Three BearsDisney in 1922 and MGM in 1939.
Coronet Films made a short live action movie in 1958 that had real bears and a real child playing the characters.
Faerie Tale Theatre made a television version in 1984.
It stars Tatum O'Neal as Goldilocks.
Kurt Schwertsik wrote a 35-minute opera called Roald Dahl's Goldilocks.
Baby Bear is accused of assaulting Miss Goldie Locks.
The tables are turned when the defense shows that the bears have had a lot of touble because of that "brazen little crook" Goldilocks.
The was first presented in 1997 at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall.
"The Story of the Three Bears", versified by George Nicol, 2nd edition, 1839
The Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Court of Justice) (BGH) is the highest German court for civil and criminal law.
It is one of the five Supreme Courts in Germany.
The Bundesarbeitsgericht (Federal Labour Court),
the Bundesfinanzhof (Federal Finance Court),
the Bundessozialgericht (Federal Social Court) and
the Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court)
are the other supreme courts.
They only hear cases about their areas of law.
There is no appeal from any of the supreme courts, unless someone's human rights are affected which is a matter for the Bundesverfassungsgericht - the Federal Constitutional Court to decide.
The Bundesgerichtshof was founded in 1950.
Its headquarters were in the old Palace of the "Hereditary Grand Duke" (the heir apparent) of Hesse in Karlsruhe.
Another part, the 5th criminal division is based in the Villa Sack in Leipzig.
The idea was to move all of the court there after the reunification.
The judges did not want to move so instead only the 5th criminal division was moved from Berlin to Leipzig.
The 5th division used to meet in West Berlin so that appeal cases could be heard in the city without having to take criminals across the DDR.
The Federal Administrative Court moved into the Villa sack as well on August 22nd, 2002.
The BGH is divided into "senates".
Each Senate has a judges as chairman and four assessors.
twelve civil courts of appeal;
five criminal courts of appeal (including the one based in Leipzig); and
eight specialised senates .
These deal with
Farming matters;
Advocates affairs (attorneys and lawyers);
Notary affairs;
Patent agent affairs;
Accountant affairs;
Tax consultant disputes, but not tax disputes, which are handled by the Federal Finance Court in Munich;
Cartel senate;
Matters about working for the federal government, except military service which is handled by the Federal Administrative Court.
Business distribution
Civil courts of appeal
Law of inheritance and insurance
VI. "
Deliktsrecht" Compensation after illegal acts tort
Planning and building laws and regulations and contracts
Consumer and rent law
Acts by lawyers and tax consultants, insolvency law
Patent law, Travel contract law
Banking law, loans and stock exhange law
Family law and business rents law
Criminal divisions
The criminal senates hear cases from the 24 Higher Regional Courts .
Which senate depends on which court the appeal comes from.
Bamberg, Karlsruhe, Munich, Nuremberg and Stuttgart as well as armed forces crimes and offence against the national defence, tax law;
Frankfurt am Main, Jena, Koblenz and Cologne;
Celle, Düsseldorf, Oldenburg and Schleswig as well as state security crimes;
Hamm, Naumburg, Rostock, Saarbrücken and Zweibrücken, as well as traffic crimes;
5. (
based in Leipzig): Supreme Court of Berlin and the Higher Regional Courts of Brandenburg, Brunswick, Bremen, Dresden and Hamburg as well as tax and customs crimes.
Presidents of the Federal Court of Justice
Category (philosophy)
taxonomic category - Taxonomic rank
Category (mathematics)
Categories (Aristotle)
Category (Kant)
Categories (Stoic)
Categories (game), a game involving naming categories of things
Category (topology)
Historical features
There was a glass factory in Benetice.
It does not exist any more, but some local names of places are derived from the parts of the glass factory as name Na sušírnách or Sklárenský rybník (the name of a pond).
There is recreation camp in Benetice.
It was used as pioneer camp (pioneers were people organized in one group in Czech republic) and it was used for young people from Hungary, Poland and Germany.
Natural features
A linden-tree grows on village green of Benetice.
It was planted in 1945.
Structural features
History of the village name
1375 - Beneczicze
1787 - Benetitz
www.benetice.eu - pages about the village Benetice
Czech page about Benetice
Map of Benetice
Gustavo Adolfo Domínguez Bastida, better known as Bécquer, (Seville, 17 February 1836 – Madrid, 22 December 1870) was a Spanish post-romanticist writer of poetry and short stories.
He is considered one of the most important figures in Spanish literature.
He adopted the alias of Bécquer  as his brother Valeriano Bécquer, a painter, had done earlier.
He was associated with the post-romanticism movement and wrote while realism in literature was enjoying success in Spain.
He was moderately well known during his life, but it was after his death that most of his works were published.
His best known works are the Rhymes and the Legends, usually published together as Rimas y leyendas.
These poems and tales are essential to the study of Spanish literature and common reading for high-school students in Spanish-speaking countries.
People from Seville
Tirso de Molina (October, 1571? -
March 12, 1648) was a Spanish Baroque dramatist and poet.
Originally Gabriel Tellez, he was born in Madrid.
He studied at Alcalá de Henares, joined the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy on November 4 1600, and entered the Monastery of San Antolín at Guadalajara, Spain on January 21 1601.
He was ordained a priest by 1610.
1648 deaths
HotJava is a web browser from Sun Microsystems that can execute Java applets.
It was the first browser to support Java applets, and is not available anymore and is not supported anymore.
HotJava Browser
HotJava @ Evolt
A mobile browser (also called a microbrowser or minibrowser) is a web browser made for use on a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA.
Mobile browsers are made to display internet content in the best way for small screens on mobile devices.
Shiira (シイラ, Japanese for the common dolphin-fish) is a free web browser based on Safari for the Mac OS X operating system.
Shiira Project
Shiira: Open Source Web Browser based on Web Kit
Ghostzilla is a web browser for Microsoft Windows based on Mozilla.
The browser runs inside the window space of another program e.g. in Microsoft Outlook, where the page is made to look like the things one would expect in an email.
It makes people think think the person they're reading an email.
Between May 2004 and January 2005, the project was taken off the website because the person who made it felt it was bad to use it.
It was later put back, but with warnings about the potential to use it for the wrong reason.
Since February 2007, the site has been closed and is no longer available.
The Ghostzilla window disappears when the mouse cursor is moved away from it, letting the user easily hide it.
The user can set the preferences to set security (hiding) levels.
For example: He can display no images unless the mouse is put over it (they stand out, thus making it more easily recognized as the Web), or display plain grey text on a white background.
Last ever archived version of Ghostzilla site.
Swiftweasel site
Swiftweasel on Softpedia
Swiftweasel on Freshmeat
Geektank Review
The District of Bern is a district of the canton of Bern, Switzerland.
It has an area of 233 km² and a population of 237,919 people (as of January 2005).
The capital city is Bern.
Website of the city of Bern (in English)
Biel is a small district in the Swiss canton of Bern.
It contains 2 municipalities:
Official Website of the city of Biel/Bienne
Tourism Information for Biel/Bienne and Region
Portal with numerous trip suggestions in the Seeland region
Portal with numerous trip suggestions in the Bern Jura region
Nightlife in Biel
Watch Valley
Rose Mary Byrne (born 24 July 1979) is a Golden Globe nominated Australian Actress.
She was born in Balmain, New South Wales, Australia.
Bellikon - Official website
Bellikon Rehab Clinic
Benzenschwil was a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2012 the former municipality of Benzenschwil merged into the municipality of Merenschwand.
Bergdietikon is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
The lake Egelsee is in Bergdietikon.
Egelsee is a lake at Bergdietikon, Aargau, Switzerland.
The surface area is .
It is the largest natural lake in the canton.
Lakes of Switzerland
Berikon is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Otto III takes control the city of Rome and brings his cousin, Pope Gregory V, back to power.
A Benedictine abbey is started at Sherborne.
George I of Georgia
Erik Segersäll is replaces by Olof Skötkonung, the first baptized ruler of Sweden  (see Swedish monarchs).
Basil II lifts the siege of Aleppo by bringing his entire army across Anatolia in sixteen days.
Constantine III becomes king of Scotland.
Boleslaus II of Bohemia kills the Slavnik's dynasty at Libice.
Olaf Tryggvason is made king of Norway and builds the country's first church.
Canute the Great (approximate) (d. 1035)
Guido of Arezzo, Italian musician (d. 1050)
Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Persian historian and writer (d. 1077)
Olaf II of Norway (d.1030)
February 5 — William IV, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 937)
Henry II, Duke of Bavaria (b.951)
Kenneth II of Scotland (possibly murdered)
Haakon Sigurdsson earl (and de facto ruler) of Norway
November 25 — Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon beat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard.
During the third year of the Angen era in Japan, a fire devastates Kyoto.
Benedictus Abbas becomes abbot of Peterborough.
Byland Abbey is started in Yorkshire by the Cistercians.
Casimir II becomes duke of Poland.
The Cham sack the Khmer capital of Angkor Wat.
Roger de Moulins becomes Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.
Moscow is burned down.
Puigcerdà is founded by Alfonso II of Aragon.
Leopold V becomes Duke of Austria.
September 27 — Pope Alexander III sends a letter to Prester John, believing he is real.
Treaty of Venice — Frederick I Barbarossa accepts Alexander III as Pope
Estonians attack Pskov during winter.
Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem (d. 1186)
Robert de Ros, English baron (d. 1226)
Philip of Swabia, enemy of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1208)
January 13 — Henry II of Austria (b. 1107)
William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem (b. early 1140s)
Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (b. 1095)
England — Henry II (reigned 1154–1189)
France — Louis VII (reigned 1137–1180)
Byzantine Empire — Manuel I Comnenus (reigned 1143–1180)
Pope — Alexander III (pope 1159–1181)
Song China – Song Xiaozong (宋孝宗) (reigned 1162–1189)
January — Assize of Northampton.
May 22 — Murder tried but failed by the Hashshashin on Saladin near Aleppo.
Raynald of Chatillon released from prison in Aleppo.
May 29 — Frederick Barbarossa is beaten.
September 17 — Seljuk Turks beats Manuel I Comnenus at the Battle of Myriokephalon.
Cathedral of Sens makes the first "clock".
Construction begins on the London Bridge.
Aberdeen becomes a royal burgh.
The first recorded Welsh Eisteddfod is held by Rhys ap Gruffydd at Cardigan.
Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (d. 1220)
Leopold VI of Austria (d. 1230)
William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (around date; d. 1226)
Saint Sava, Serbian prince and archbishop (d. 1235)
Subutai, Mongol general, tried to bring together the Mongolia
April 20 — Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English soldier (b. 1130)
May 13 — Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1119)
August 23 — Emperor Rokujo- of Japan (b. 1164)
October 25 — William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel, English politician (b. c. 1109)
Rosamund Clifford, mistress of Henry II of England (b. 1150)
Saint Galdino, Italian archdeacon
Vietnam is given the name of Annam by China.
Henry II of England confesses Rosamund Clifford as his mistress.
Revolt of 1173-1174 against Henry II of England ends when the rebels are beaten.
William I of Scotland is captured by Ranulf de Glanvill at the Battle of Alnwick (1174).
Richard of Dover becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
William de Braose, Third Lord of Bramber becomes sheriff of Hereford.
Baldwin IV becomes King of Jerusalem.
Fire destroys most of Padua, Italy.
City of Pombal, is started by Gualdim Pais in Portugal.
Saladin takes Damascus.
The last Toltec king commits suicide.
Saint Hedwig of Andechs (d. 1243)
King Peter II of Aragon (d. 1213)
Emeric of Hungary (d. 1204)
May 15 — Nur ad-Din, ruler of Syria (b. 1118)
June 28 — Andrei Bogolyubsky, Prince of Vladimir (b. c. 1111)
July 11 — King Amalric I of Jerusalem (b. 1136)
September 22 — Uchtred, Lord of Galloway (b. c. 1120)
October 17 — Queen Petronila of Aragon (b. 1135)
Everard des Barres, third Grand Master of the Knights Templar
Miles of Plancy, French crusader
Comet West was a spectacular comet, also considered to qualify for great comet status.
It was discovered through pictures by Richard M. West, of the European Southern Observatory, on August 10, 1975.
During peak brightness, observers reported that it was bright enough to study during full daylight.
During the comet's run into the closer part of the solar system for the first time in 500,000 years, the nucleus of Comet West was seen to split into four pieces as it passed within 30 million km.
of the sun.
The first report of the split came around 7 March 1976 12:30UT, when reports were received that the comet had broken into two pieces.
These two pieces remained the only pieces until Steven O'Meara, using the 9-inch Harvard Refractor, reported that two additional pieces had formed on the morning of 18 March.
The breakup was one of very few comet breakups seen from historical times by the 1970s.
Recently, comets Shoemaker-Levy 9, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3 (73/P), C/1999 S4 LINEAR, and 57/P du Toit-Neujmin-Delporte, have been seen to disintegrate.
When seen, many were stunned, but none more so than the discoverer, Richard Martin West.
The comet broke into pieces when some distance from the sun.
It exploded into four pieces, and those were scattered.
Later, two pieces were spotted, and studied intently by astronomers.
Cometography.com: Comet West
The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people.
Smallpox arrives in Europe for the first time.
King Ingvar of Sweden invades Estonia but is killed by the locals.
Juchau Anglo-Saxon tribesmen arrive in England.
The Persians begin to use windmills for irrigation.
Chaturanga is played in India.
Loma Caldera in El Salvador erupts.
The Hopewell culture of North America becomes less popular.
The Aztec city of Teotihuacán begins to get unstable.
The moldboard plow is invented in eastern Europe.
Pope Gregory I writes what comes to be known as Gregorian chant.
The building on the monastery of St. Catherine is begun on Mount Sinai.
Irish missionaries pray in Scotland and Germany.
Chinese-influenced sculptures of Buddha begin to be created in Japan.
Sumatra, Java, and the surrounding islands are changed to believe inBuddhism.
Augustine of Canterbury changes Ethelbert of Kent's religion to Christianity (approximate date).
Nubian rulers become Christian (approximate date).
Ali Ben Abu Talib, the fourth caliph of Islam
Candrakirti, Indian Madhyamaka philosopher
Venance Fortunat, bishop of Poitiers, one of the last representatives of Classical Latin poetry
King Beop of Baekje, king of the Baekje Kingdom of Korea
Peter (Byzantine General) wins the battle against the Eurasian Avars
Liuva II replaces his brother Reccared as King of the Visigoths.
The Qieyun, a Chinese character rhyme dictionary, is published
The future Archbishops of Canterbury, Mellitus, Justus, and Honorius, and the future Archbishop of York Paulinus, are sent to England by Pope Gregory I to help Augustine in his missionary work.
Sigebert II of Austrasia and Burgundy