the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Pictures of Boğazköy, one of a group of important sites
Pictures of Yazılıkaya, one of a group of important sites
Pictures of Alacahöyük, one of a group of important sites
Der Anitta Text (at TITUS)
Encyclopaedia of Turkey : Hittite relief at Karabel
Tahsin Ozguc
Hittites.info
Hittite Period in Anatolia
Hethitologieportal Mainz, by the Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mainz, corpus of texts and extensive bibliographies on all things Hittite
Suppiluliuma II, the son of  Tudhaliya IV,  was the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire, ruling  1207 BCE – c.1178 BCE, contemporary with Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyira.
He is known from two inscriptions in hieroglyphics.
They record wars against former vassal Tarhuntassa, and against Alasiya in Cyprus.
After the fall, the Kaskians were probably in control of Hatti.
Hattusa itself was destroyed, its site only re-occupied by a Phrygian fortress some 500 years later.
Astour, AJA 69 (1965).
Güterbock, JNES 26 (1967), 73-81.
Reign of Suppiluliuma II
Hittite Empire
The Battle of Rhandeia was a battle fought between Armenia and Parthia against the Roman Empire.
It was fought just after the Mithridatic Wars.
The Romans were led by Lucius Caesennius Paetus.
They were defeated by the Parthian-Armenian army led by Tiridates I of Armenia.
The Parthians made Tiridates the King of Armenia.
He was the brother of the Parthian king Vologases I. Tiridates replaced Tigranes, a Roman ally, as king.
The Romans fought to take back the throne, but were forced into surrender at Rhandeia (autumn 62).
Rhandeia
Hydrochloric acid is a chemical compound.
It is a solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas that is dissolved in water.
In the past, people called it muriatic acid.
It is widely used in industry, and it is also made by the stomach to help digest food.
Hydrochloric acid, like all acids, react with bases to produce salts (chlorides).
In high concentrations, hydrochloric acid can make acidic mists.
Both the mist and the solution hurt human tissue.
They are caustic, and can cause chemical burns.
These can damage the eyes, the skin, the respiratory system, and other organs of the human body.
When hydrochloric acid is mixed with certain chemicals such as bleach, the toxic gas chlorine is made.
When working with hydrochloric acid, certain safety measures should be taken.
These include using rubber or PVC gloves, wearing goggles to protect the eyes, as well as special clothing that is resistant to chemicals.
The risks of coming in contact with hydrochloric acid depend on its concentration.
The following table lists the EU classification of hydrochloric acid solutions:
Kobayr (Armenian: Կոբայր) is a 12th century Armenian Apostolic Church monastery.
It is located in the village Kober within Lori marz, Armenia.
Kobayr was built on a shelf of a gorge by the princes of the junior Bagratuni branch, Kyurikids in 1171.
The monastery was later acquired by the Zakarids and converted into a Chalcedonian monastery.
Many of the writings in the monastery are written in Georgian.
The monastery is being fixed and paid for by the government of Armenia with the help of the government of Italy.
The ruins of the main church in the monastery contain frescoes of Christ and the twelve apostles as well as the Church fathers and other Christian figures.
Hnevank (, means old monastery) is a 7th century Armenian Apostolic Church monastery.
It is near the city of Stepanavan in the Lori marz of Armenia.
The monastery is on a hill within a gorge, near where the Dzoraget and Gargar rivers join.
The monastery was all rebuilt by lord Smbat of the House of Orbelian, a branch of the Liparitids who were removed to Armenia in the late 12th century from Georgia.
Liparitids were themselves a branch of the Mamikonians.
Smbat was the ancestor of the Armenian princes of Syunik.
Georgian writings around the drum attests his name.
The monastery has a gavit and various service buildings around the site.
The government of Armenia has recently begun fixing the monastery.
The broken dome of the main church has been restored entirely.
Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder.
It affects the brain and gets worse over time.
This can lead to problems with moving, memory loss as well as thinking skills.
Lastly, it also causes changes in behavior.
On average, the disease leads to death about fifteen years after the first signs of the illness show.
It is found in about 6 in 100,000 people.
There is a 50% chance of inheriting this disease from the parents.
The disease is named after George Huntington.
George Huntington specialized in medicine and psychology.
In 1872, he was the first to describe the medical condition he was seeing in patients in a paper about science.
In an 1908 review, an important scientist who also focused on medicine and psychology, William Osler, said about the paper: "In the history of medicine, there are few instances in which a disease has been more accurately, more graphically or more briefly described."
According to Huntington, the disease is characterized by three things: it is inherited; people who have it become cases for psychiatry (insanity and people who kill themselves); and it only occurs in adults.
That was the medical understanding at that time.
Of these, the last one is wrong: some children also show signs of the disease.
Symptoms of Huntington's disease usually begin between the ages of 35 and 44 years.
They can, however, start in any age group from babies to old age.
Also, Huntington's disease kills the cells in the body and brain.
In fact, children with Huntington's disease are often much sicker.
They get worse faster.
Instead of having chorea, they usually have rigidity (or stiffness) of their muscles and it is painful.
Seizures (uncontrollable movements in the body) are also a common sign in children.
Treatment and care
In 2015, there is still no treatment for the disease itself.
There are medicines available to help with some of the symptoms.
Tetrabenazine was approved in 2008 by the FDA.
This medicine helps slow some of the restless movements of chorea.
Other medicines that can help with psychiatric symptoms and movements are benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants usually taken for seizures.
Science Daily reported on May 6, 2019 that an international clinical trial has found  a new drug is safe.
It reported that the drug used by UBC researchers successfully lowers levels of Huntingtin protein.
Woody_Guthrie#Illness_from_Huntington's_disease
Adenoidectomy is the process of taking out a person's adenoids from the back of their throat through the process of surgery.
They may be removed for several reasons, including difficulty breathing through the nose and having ear infections.
The surgery is common in young kids.
The procedure is usually performed using a substance called anaesthesia (Greek for "without sensation"), and the substance puts a person to sleep when it is applied.
Recovery time from the operation can vary from several hours to a few days.
Adenoidectomy is usually done on young children because their adenoids were infected by a virus.
If the disease was to be left alone, it would worsen.
The affected person could have harder times breathing or hearing, and may possibly be killed from the disease.
Normally functioning adenoids help maintain the body's healthy immune system during early childhood.
They shrink when a person gets older.
When a person becomes an adult, their adenoids completely disappear.
Surgery Encyclopedia: Adenoidectomy
Adenoidectomy - throat operation to remove swollen adenoids
The Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission was made in 2001 to help Turkey and Armenia be closer.
The main goal was to make the governments more active.
Gunduz Aktan (Ankara) - resigned June 2003
Alexander Arzoumanian (Yerevan)
Ustun Erguder (Istanbul)
Sadi Erguvenc (Istanbul) - resigned June 2003
David Hovhannissian (Yerevan)
Van Krikorian (New York)
Andranik Migranian (Moscow)
Ozdem Sanberk (Istanbul) - resigned June 2003
Ilter Turkmen (Istanbul)
Vamik Volkan (Charlottesville)
Emin Mahir Balcioglu (Geneva)
Ahmet Evin (Istanbul)
Ersin Kalaycioglu (Istanbul)
Sule Kut (Istanbul)
Ilter Turan (Istanbul)
Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission - Armeniapedia.org
2000s establishments in Turkey
ROT13 (or ROT-13) is a very simple form of encryption cipher.
It is a variant of a Caesar cipher.
In it, the alphabet is written in two lines, of 13 characters each.
Encryption, and decryption is done by simply switching the letters that are below each other.
That way, A becomes N, B becomes O, and so on.
Letter games and net culture
ROT13 can also be used for letter games.
There are some words, that will produce another existing word, when they are treated with ROT13.
The longest example in the English language is the pair of 7-letter words abjurer and nowhere; there is also the 7-letter pair chechen and purpura.
The 1989 International Obfuscated C Code Contest (IOCCC) had an entry by Brian Westley.
Westley's computer program can be ROT13'd or reversed and still compiles correctly.
Its operation, when executed, is either to perform ROT13 encoding on, or to reverse its input.
The newsgroup alt.folklore.urban made a word—furrfu.
It was the ROT13 encoding of the frequently encoded utterance "sheesh". "
Furrfu" evolved in mid-1992 as a response to postings repeating urban myths on alt.folklore.urban, after some posters complained that "Sheesh!"
as a response to newcomers was being overused.
Tony Kahn is an American radiohost, narrator, and writer who has won many awards.
He is the son of Hollywood movie writer Gordon Kahn.
Kahn was born in Los Angeles, California.
His father was placed on a list of people with political beliefs that some people thought were not acceptable.
This happened during a time in American history known as the Red Scare.
The Red Scare is a term used to describe a time during the 1940s and 1950s in the United States when people were accused of (often wrongly) being communists.
Because of the Red Scare, Kahn had to leave Los Angeles with his family.
They went to Mexico during the 1950s.
They returned after a few years and Kahn went to school at Harvard University where he studied the Russian language.
He graduated with very good grades.
He then went to Columbia University where he got a masters degree -- an advanced academic degree or diploma -- in Slavic studies.
Tony Kahn is known for his work in radio.
He produces and directs a radio show called Morning Stories for the radio station WGBH in Boston, Massachusetts.
He has also contributed to other radio shows such as Minnesota Public Radio's The World.
On The World, Kahn is sometimes the host and sometimes a reporter.
He has won twelve New England Emmys, six Gold Medals of the New York International Festival and an award called the Edward R. Murrow Award for Feature Reporting.
DDT is a well-known pesticide.
The abbreviation stands for Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane, one of its names.
The Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948, for his discovery.
In the 1960s there was a study that questioned if it was good to spread large amounts of DDT indiscriminately.
The study also found that DDT could cause cancer.
DDT is also highly poisonous to birds and other animals further up the food chain.
This is why DDT was replaced by other pesticides.
The Stockholm Convention which took effect in 2004, restricts the use of DDT to vector control.
The convention does not affect the use of DDT for public health issues.
This is because there are very few affordable alternatives.
DDT is still widely used in India, North Korea and possibly elsewhere.
A nucleobase is a part of RNA and DNA which may be involved in pairing (see base pair).
Nucleobases are important for genetics.
They include cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine in (DNA), uracil in (RNA) and xanthine and hypoxanthine (mutated forms of guanine and adenine).
These are abbreviated as C, G, A, T, U, X and HX .
They are usually simply called bases in genetics.
Because A, G, C and T appear in the DNA, these molecules are called DNA-bases; A, G, C and U are called RNA-bases.
Base pairing in DNA Double Helix (shows specific hydrogen bonds)
Kėdainiai is a town in the centre of Lithuania.
The river Nevėžis passes by the town.
More than 30.000 people live here.
Kėdainiai has an old town with a lot of churches.
Also, Kėdainiai is a centre of industry, especially chemistry.
Cities in Lithuania
In molecular biology, complementarity is a property (something that it can do) of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA.
Each nucleotide has a nitrogenous base, and each nitrogenous base can pair up with the nitrogenous base from another different nucleotide.
One can say that the nitrogenous base is complementary to the other in that the base pairs between them are non-covalently bonded by hydrogen bonds.
Since there is only one complementary base for any of the bases found in DNA and in RNA, enzymes can make a complementary strand from any single strand.
This is needed for DNA replication.
A with T
C with G
A G T C A T G
T C A G T A C
In music a glissando is a slide up or down the notes of a scale.
The plural is “glissandi”.
In written music the instruction to the player is often shortened to “gliss”.
The word comes from the French “glisser” = “to slide”.
With the singing voice, or with an instrument such as the trombone or a string instrument a glissando is a smooth slide in which the pitch gradually changes, becoming higher and higher.
The trombonist can make a glissando by blowing whilst pushing out or pulling in the slide.
The violinist can make a glissando by sliding a finger up or down the fingerboard.
With instruments such as the piano, xylophone or harp a glissando is a quick slide in which we hear one note after another because the pitches between the notes cannot be played.
On the piano there are two ways to play a glissando: either on the white notes or on the black notes.
At the end of the piano piece called Ondine from Gaspard de la Nuit by Maurice Ravel both these types of glissando can be heard.
The pianist has to play a glissando with tips of the fingers or the finger nails.
It can be quite painful to practise them a lot.
Harpists are very fond of playing glissandi.
By changing the position of the harp pedals a harpist can change the scale which will sound when the glissando is played.
Many modern timpani have pedals which tighten or slacken the drum head.
These can be used to make a glissando.
The Hungarian composer  Béla Bartók often used this effect.
Some jazz clarinettists manage to play a glissando on the clarinet.
They do this by gradually changing the way they blow whilst at the same time gradually lifting all the fingers off the keys.
George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue starts with a glissando on the solo clarinet.
When  composers write a glissando they write the first and the last note, and then put a long, straight line between the notes, and write the word “glissando” or “gliss”.
The Almudena Cathedral (Spanish: Catedral de la Almudena) is a Catholic cathedral in Madrid, Spain.
It is one of the newest landmarks in Madrid.
It is on a hilltop, next to the Royal Palace.
It was designed as long ago as 1879, but then the plans were changed to make it look like a 13th-century cathedral like the one in Rheims.
Building started in 1882, but during the Spanish Civil War no more work was done do it, and the building was not finished until the 1980s.
The architects who finished it, Fernando Chueca Goitia and Carlos Sidro, made some of the building look neo classical style.
It was consecrated in 1993 by Pope John Paul II.
In May 2004 Prince Felipe, the heir to the throne, married Doña Letitia Ortiz Rocasolano in the cathedral.
She was a newsreader on Spanish television.
Cathedrals in Spain
1990s establishments in Spain
The Puerta de Europa towers (Gate of Europe or Europe's Gate or just Torres KIO) are two office buildings in Madrid.
They were built in 1996 by the Kuwait Investments Office (KIO) now owned by Caja Madrid and Realia Business.
Each building is 115m tall and leans 15º. They are located near Plaza de Castilla.
1996 establishments in Europe
In music, portamento is a gradual slide from one note to another.
It is very similar to a glissando, but a glissando is deliberately written in the music by the composer and may be a long slide between two or three octaves or more.
A portamento is a much shorter slide, usually between two notes which are quite close.
Opera singers often used to slide from one note of a tune to another instead of singing each note separately and clearly.
The habit of putting in portamento between notes spread to other instruments as well.
When listening to recordings of violin playing from the early 20th century we can hear that the players used a lot of portamento.
Over the last half century portamento has gone out of fashion and singers and instrumentalists are taught not to slide from one note to another.
However, there are some places, especially in opera, where it can be effective so long as it is not done all the time.
A hydrogen bond is a type of chemical bond that weakly attaches a molecule to another molecule.
It is based on the attraction between opposite electric charges.
The negative charge on an electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to a positive charge on a hydrogen atom of another molecule.
The hydrogen atom carries a positive charge because it is bonded to an second electronegative atom, which shifts electrons away from the hydrogen.
This type of bond always involves a hydrogen atom, and two electronegative atoms.
The electronegative atoms are often oxygen or nitrogen.
Hydrogen bonds are important in polar solvents such as water and alcohol, in biomolecules, and in many other materials.
Hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules (intermolecular bonds), or between different parts of a single molecule (intramolecular bonds).
The typical hydrogen bond is stronger than van der Waals forces, but weaker than covalent, ionic and metallic bonds.
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 °C).
Most molecules with hydrogen bonding have high boiling points and melting points.
Because hydrogen bonds are what make water stick together so well, they also help other molecules that can make hydrogen bonds dissolve in water.
This is because the molecules form bonds with the hydrogen in the water, too, helping them dissolve.
Hydrogen bonds are important in many living organisms.
They allow bonds between biomolecules that can be created and broken with control to allow life to proceed.
For example, DNA that codes our genes contains two strands that are connected by many hydrogen bonds, like a zipper closing.
Because the hydrogen bonds are not very strong, the two strands can later be unzipped and separated in order to read or copy the DNA.
In protein molecules, intramolecular hydrogen bonds hold the protein molecule together in the shape that is needed.
Intermolecular hydrogen bonds help connect protein molecules to each other to make many structures important for life, such as ribosomes that create new proteins.
George A. Jeffrey.
An Introduction to Hydrogen Bonding (Topics in Physical Chemistry).
Oxford University Press, USA (March 13, 1997).
A New Intermolecular Interaction: Unconventional Hydrogen Bonds with Element-Hydride Bonds as Proton Acceptor Robert H. Crabtree, Per E. M. Siegbahn, Odile Eisenstein, Arnold L. Rheingold, and Thomas F. Koetzle Acc.
1996, 29(7), 348 - 354.
Polymerization of Formic Acid under High Pressure Alexander F. Goncharov, M. Riad Manaa, Joseph M. Zaug, Richard H. Gee, Laurence E. Fried, and Wren B. Montgomery Phys.
Rev. Lett.
2005, 94, 065505.
F. Cordier, M. Rogowski, S. Grzesiek and A. Bax.
Observation of through-hydrogen-bond (2h)J(HC') in a perdeuterated protein.
J Magn Reson. (
1999) 140: 510-2.
R. Parthasarathi, V. Subramanian, N. Sathyamurthy.
Hydrogen Bonding Without Borders: An Atoms-In-Molecules Perspective.
Chem. (
A) (2006) 110: 3349-3351.
Thalidomide is a drug.
It was used as a sedative.
It also had uses for other illnesses.
It was mainly prescribed to pregnant women in the 1950s and 1960s, to help with sleep, until it was found to be a teratogen (that is: birth deformity causing substance).
The drug can cause birth defects in rats, primates and humans.
Before the drug was released, not enough tests were done.
About 10,000 children were born with deformities, between 1956, and 1962.
These could be directly linked to the fact that their mothers had taken the drug during their pregnancy.
After this discovery, more rigorous tests were required in the United States, before a drug can be said to be safe to take during pregnancy.
Other countries made similar laws.
Thalidomide was not used as a drug for decades.
Researchers continued to look for ways to use the drug.
They discovered that it had good effects on certain types of skin diseases, associated with leprosy.
Currently, studies are being done to see how this drug could help with cancer treatment, as well as some other, less-known diseases.
It has been used in Multiple myeloma treatment with success.
Johnson M; Stokes R.G. & Arndt T. 2018.
The Thalidomide Catastrophe.
Cranbrook, Exeter: Onwards & Upwards.
ISBN 978-1-78815-629-5
Knightley P. & Evans H 1979.
Suffer The Children: The Story of Thalidomide.
New York: The Viking Press.
ISBN 0-670-68114-8
The United Arab Republic was a country formed in 1957 when Egypt and Syria joined together.
Gamal Abdel Nasser was the president.
When they separated in 1961, Egypt kept the name of  United Arab Republic until 1971 when the official name of the country was changed to Arab Republic of Egypt.
1961 disestablishments
20th century in Egypt
A drop goal, also referred to as a dropped goal or field goal, is a method of scoring points in rugby union and rugby league.
A drop goal is scored by drop kicking the ball above the crossbar and between the uprights.
A drop goal is worth three points in rugby union and one point in rugby league.
Southern Rhodesia was the a self-governing British colony in southern Africa.
It existed at various times during the 20th century.
It covered territory north of the Limpopo River and south of the Zambezi River.
Displacement is a word.
It means that something is moved.
More specifically, this movement can be:
A displacement vector, from the original position to the current one.
A special move in fencing to avoid an attack.
Forced migration - people having to move to somewhere else, because of violence, war, or another reason.
Displacement (surgery) - When a bone is broken, this refers to moving around the different parts of the broken bone.
Displacement (psychology) - A subconscious defense reaction.
Displacement (ship) - the amount of water a ship displaces when it floats.
The Sibylline Books were a collection of prophecies in rhyme written in Greek.
The legendary king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus bought them from a Sibyl (a kind of prophetess), and the prophecies used to be consulted in times when great danger happened in the history of the Roman Empire.
The books were also known to the Greeks.
They were kept in the Temple of Apollo at Gergis on Mount Ida (near Troy in Asia Minor) in the 7th century BC, and said to be written by the Hellespontine Sibyl.
From there, it passed to Erythrae (in eastern Asia Minor) and was called the work of the Erythraean Sibyl.
It seems that this collection travelled from there to Cumae, Italy and from there to Rome.
According to Virgil in the Aeneid, Aeneas had consulted the Cumaean Sibyl before he travelled to the lower world.
The story of how king Tarquinius bought them from the Cumaean Sibyl was a famous legend.
She offered to sell Tarquin a collection of nine books of prophecy, but he refused the price, so she burnt three.
After that she offered to sell the six remaining books for the same price.
He refused again and she burnt another three.
Finally he bought these three remaining books for this price so they would not be destroyed, and put them in the temple of Jupiter in Rome.
The books were given to the trust of two Roman patricians (nobles).
Beginning in 367 BC, ten keepers - five from the patricians and five from the common citizens - were appointed for them.
After this (possibly the time of Sulla, 88-78 BC), the number of keepers was increased to fifteen.
The job of these keepers was to consult the books on what was the right action or ceremony to escape from threats.
Even so, they would not reveal the prophecies themselves, but only tell the action or ceremony needed.
Because the verses were written in Greek, the keepers would always be helped by two Greek translators.
The books were destroyed when the Temple of Jupiter burned down in 83 BC.
Because of this, the Roman Senate sent messengers in 76 BC to find similar prophecies and replace them.
The prophecies were gathered especially from Troy, Erythrae, Samos island, 'Africa' (that is, modern Tunisia), and from Sicily and Tibur in Italy.
After they brought the new collection to Rome, Roman priests separated what they thought was true, but threw others out of the collection.
The Roman Emperor Augustus in 12 BC moved them to the Temple of Apollo, when they were studied and a new copy was made.
They stayed there until 405 AD.
It is said that at that time, Stilicho, who fought for the teachings of Arianism, burnt them.
Modern scholars believe these books are not the same as the Sibylline Oracles that were often quoted by early Christian writers from the 2nd century through the 5th century AD.
It is certain that when one Christian writer, Athenagoras of Athens, wrote A Plea for the Christians to Emperor Marcus Aurelius in around 176 AD, at a time when Christians were being punished by the pagan Roman Empire, he quoted word-for-word from these Oracles that are known today.
Quoting them along with writings by Homer and Hesiod, he wrote many times that "these books are all known to Caesar" (the Emperor).
The Sibylline Books were still to be found in the Temple of Apollo at Rome at this time, so it is thought possible that at least some of these Sibylline Oracles were partly the same.
70 lines agreed to be from the real Sibylline Books were quoted in the 2nd century Book of Marvels by Phlegon of Trales.
This quote speaks about the birth of a hermaphrodite, and ceremonies for sacrificing to idols.
Consultations recorded in history
238 or 240 BC: The 'Flower Games' (Ludi Florales) were started on the Books' advice.
216 BC: When Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, destroyed a Roman legion at the battle of Cannae, the Books were consulted and on their advice, two Greeks and two Gauls were buried alive in the market of Rome.
204 BC: In the Punic Wars, the Roman commander Scipio Africanus, on the Books' advice, brought the idol of Cybele from Pessinos and introduced her worship to Rome.
63 BC: A noble named Cornelius tried to take control in Rome because of a prophecy.
44 BC: A prophecy that only a king could defeat Parthia caused rumors that Julius Caesar, head of the Roman Republic, wanted to become a king.
In the reign of Tiberius (14-37 AD), when the Tiber river flooded in Rome, one priest suggested that the Books be consulted, but Tiberius refused, because he thought they should stay secret.
AD 271: The Books were consulted after the Romans were defeated by the Germanic tribe Alamanni at the battle of Placentia.
312: When the opposing generals Maxentius and Constantine I got ready to fight the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, Maxentius consulted the Sibylline Books and lost, while Constantine changed his faith from the pagan religion to that of the Christians, and won.
An article about the Sibylline Books
The Sibylline Oracles known to early Christians, translated from Greek
The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad, was a sporting event in Tokyo, Japan from 23 July to 8 August 2021.
Tokyo was announced as the host city at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 7 September 2013.
The winning bid, Tokyo, was announced on 7 September 2013.
The event was originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, but was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Olympic bids
The following was the bid results
The Sports played in the competition will be similar to those played in previous Olympic years.
Popular sports  that will be played include Athletics, Swimming, Tennis, gymnastics, and diving.
The international Olympic committee said that there will be at least 25 sports played in addition to these.
All sports competitions will feature athletes from many countries playing to try and win a medal, which is given to the winning player or team.
The Olympics will take place at many stadiums and locations throughout the Tokyo area.
National Olympic Stadium in Tokyo will be the main stadium and host the opening and closing ceremonies, along with athletics.
Other sports will take place in new and already built stadiums in and around Tokyo.
The athletes will sleep in an Olympic village.
2021 in Asia
2021 in sports
21st century in Japan
History of Tokyo
July 2021 events
August 2021 events
The 2016 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad was a major international sport and cultural event from 5 August 2016, to 21 August.
The host city was Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
The 2016 Summer Paralympic Games was also held in the same city and organized by the same organizing committee.
Possible host cities
The bidding process for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games began on May 16, 2007.
Each city had to submit an initial application to the IOC before September 13, 2007, saying they plan to make a bid.
Completed official bids were submitted by each applicant city by January 14, 2008.
The final candidate cities were shortlisted in June 2008, and the final selection was made by the full IOC membership, on October 2, 2009, in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Chicago, United States (Eliminated in the first round)
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Chosen)
Tokyo, Japan (Eliminated in the second round)
Applicant cities
Freestyle (12)
Greco-Roman (6)
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level.
The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly cell biology, genetics, biophysics and biochemistry.
Relationship to other specialities
Researchers in molecular biology use specific techniques that are typical for molecular biology, but they combine these with techniques and ideas from genetics and biochemistry.
The following figure is a schematic that shows one possible view of the relationship between the fields:
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms.
Genetics is the study of inheritance: the effect of genetic differences on organisms.
Molecular biology includes the study of the structure and function of all carbon-based macromolecules.
This includes the chain of events from gene to protein: replication, transcription and translation.
Much of the work in molecular biology is quantitative, and recently much work has been done at the interface of molecular biology and computer science in bioinformatics and computational biology.
As of the early 2000s, the study of the genome has been amongst the most prominent sub-field of molecular biology.
Cytology, which includes the appearance of cells and cell structures, microscopy, and the use of stains and tags to help distinguish organelles and processes.
DNA and chromosome structure
Cohen S.N. Chang A.C.Y. Boyer H. & Heling R.B. 1973.
Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro.
PNAS 70, 3240–3244.
Rodgers M. 1975.
The Pandora's box congress.
Rolling Stone 189, 37–77.
Other reliable accounts
A brief history of molecular biology
Personal acounts of Nobel Prize winners
Max Perutz Freeview Video interview with Max Perutz by the Vega Science Trust.
Frederick Sanger Freeview Video Interview/Documentary by the Vega Science Trust.
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard  Freeview interview by the Vega Science Trust.
Scientific American Magazine (April 2004) Evolution encoded
DNA Interactive
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology ( journal home)
Uracil is a base found in RNA.
It pairs with adenine and replaces thymine in DNA.
Uracil, a pyrimidine, was originally discovered in 1900.
On instruments such as the violin the player is mostly playing one note at a time.
It is not difficult to play two open strings at once, but fingering two strings at once can be very difficult, so double stopping is an advanced technique.
Sometimes triple or quadruple stopping is needed.
This is sometimes called multiple stopping.
It is not really possible to play three or four notes at the same time on a violin.
The bridge is curved so that the player can bow on one string without hitting the others by accident.
Multiple stopping is done by playing first two strings and then, while still letting the sound from these two ring, quickly playing the other two strings.
Multiple stopping was used a lot in Renaissance music when playing the viol.
Baroque composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach in Germany or Arcangelo Corelli in Italy often require double stopping when writing for solo string instruments.
It is also used a lot in virtuoso music of composers in the Romantic period such as Niccolò Paganini.
Saar was the name of the Saarland after World War Two, when it was under French control.
It became part of West Germany in 1957.
Saarland The modern German state
Saargebiet The League of Nations's protectorate
20th century in Germany
20th century in France
1947 establishments in Europe
1956 disestablishments in Europe
The law of large numbers, or LLN for short, is a theorem from statistics.
It states that if a random process is repeatedly observed, then the average of the observed values will be stable in the long run.
This means that as the number of observations increases, the average of the observed values will get closer and closer to the expected value.
For example, when rolling dice, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are possible outcomes.
They are all equally likely.
The population mean (or "expected value") of the outcomes is:
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) / 6 = 3.5.
The following graph shows the results of an experiment of rolls of a die.
In this experiment, it can be seen that the average of die rolls varies wildly at first, but as predicted by the LLN, the average stabilizes around the expected value of 3.5 as the number of observations become large.
Jacob Bernoulli first described the LLN.
He says it was so simple that even the stupidest man instinctively knows it is true.
Despite this, it took him over 20 years to develop a good mathematical proof.
Once he had found it, he published the proof in Ars Conjectandi (The Art of Conjecturing) in 1713.
He named this his "golden theorem".
It became generally known as "Bernoulli's theorem" (not to be confused with the law in physics with the same name).
In 1835, S.D. Poisson further described it under the name "la loi des grands nombres" (the law of large numbers).
Thereafter, it was known under both names, but the "law of large numbers" is most frequently used.
Other mathematicians also contributed to make the law better.
Some of them were Chebyshev (who proved a more general version of the law for averages), Markov, Borel, Cantelli and Kolmogorov.
After these studies, there are now two different forms of the law: One is called the "weak" law, and the other the "strong" law.
These forms do not describe different laws.
They have different ways to describe the convergence of the observed or measured probability to the actual probability.
The strong form of the law implies the weak one.
H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB (H&M), is a Swedish clothing company.
It sells fast fashion at cheaper prices.
The company was created in Västerås, Sweden, in 1947 by Erling Persson.
At first, the company only sold women's clothing.
At that time, it was called Hennes, Swedish for "hers."
In 1968, Persson got the building and inventory of a Stockholm hunting equipment store named Mauritz Widforss.
A supply of men's clothing was part of the inventory.
This caused Persson to decide to also sell men's clothing.
He renamed the store Hennes & Mauritz, later shortened to H&M.
H&M has more than 1500 stores in 28 different countries.
It has more than 60,000 employees.
www.hm.com
1947 establishments in Sweden
Luchegorsk (Russian:Лучегорск, lit.
Ray of mountains) is a urban-type settlement and administrative center of Pozharsky District (Primorsky Krai, Russia).
It was founded in 1966.
There are 22,365 people living there according to 2002 Census.
In December,1997, a large Amur tiger hunted down a poacher who had shot and wounded the tiger.
The tiger killed the man in what appears to be the only (recorded) premeditated act of revenge by a tiger.
"The Tell-Tale Heart" is an 1843 short story by Edgar Allan Poe.
Detectives capture a man who admits to the killing of the old man with a strange eye.
The murder is carefully planned, and the killer killed the old man's by pulling his bed on top of the man and hiding the body under the floor.
The killer feels guilty about the murder, and the guilt makes him imagine that he can hear the dead man's heart still beating under the floor.
No one knows if the old man and the killer are related.
Some people think that the old man is a father figure.
Some people think that the man is strange, perhaps that his vulture eye represents some sort of veiled secret.
The story was first published in James Russell Lowell's The Pioneer in January 1843. "
The Tell-Tale Heart" is one of Poe's most famous short stories, and it is widely considered a classic of the Gothic fiction genre.
The story has been made into or inspired many different works in film, television, and other media.
"The Tell-Tale Heart" is a story told in the first-person; meaning that the storyteller talks about their own feelings and actions.
The story does not say if the narrator is male or female.
The narrator is living with an old man with a clouded, vulture-like eye.
The narrator has feelings of paranoia, and becomes afraid of the old man's strange eye.
The narrator becomes so bothered by the eye that he plots to murder the old man.
For more than a week, the narrator sneaks into the old man's room at night, watching and waiting for the right time to strike.
However, the old man's eyes are shut, hiding the clouded eye, and the narrator loses the urge to kill.
One night, though, the old man awakens as the narrator watches, revealing the eye.
The narrator strikes, smothering the old man with his own mattress.
The narrator chops up the body, and hides the pieces under the floorboards.
The narrator then cleans the place up to hide all signs of the crime.
When the narrator reports that the police (whether a delusion or real is unclear) respond to a call placed by a neighbor who heard a distressful scream, the narrator invites them to look around, confident that they will not find any evidence of the murder.
They sit around the old man's room, right on top of the very hiding place of the dead body, yet suspect nothing.
The narrator, however, begins to hear a faint noise.
As the noise grows louder, the narrator hallucinates that it is the heartbeat of the old man coming from under the floorboards.
This paranoia increases as the officers seem to pay no attention to the sound, which is loud enough for the narrator to admit having heard.
Shocked by the constant beating of the heart and a feeling that the officers must be aware of the heartbeats, the narrator loses control and confesses to killing the old man and tells them to tear up the floorboards to reveal the body.
"The Tell-Tale Heart" starts in medias res, in the middle of an event.
The opening is an in-progress conversation between the narrator and another person who is not identified in any way.
It is speculated that the narrator is confessing to a prison warden, judge, newspaper reporter, doctor or psychiatrist.
Whoever it is, it sparks the narrator's need to explain himself in great detail.
The first word of the story, "True!,"
is an admission of his guilt.
One of the driving forces in this opening and throughout the story is not the narrator's insistence upon his innocence but on his sanity.
His drive to convince, however, is self-destructive because he fully admits he is guilty of murder.
His denial of insanity is based on his systemic actions and precision - a rational explanation for irrational behavior (murder).
This rationality, however, is undermined by his lack of motivation ("Object there was none.
Passion there was none.").
Despite this, however, he says the idea of murder, "haunted me day and night."
The story's final scene, however, is a result of the narrator's feelings of guilt.
Like many characters in the Gothic tradition, his nerves dictate his true nature.
Despite his best efforts at defending himself, the narrator's "over acuteness of the senses," which help him hear the heart beating in the floorboards, is what convinces the reader that he is truly mad.
Readers during Poe's time would have been especially interested amidst the controversy over the insanity defense in the 1840s.
It is unclear, however, if the narrator actually has very acute senses or if he is merely imagining things.
If his condition is believed to be true, what he hears at the end of the story may not be the old man's heart but death watch beetles.
The narrator first admits hearing death watches in the wall after startling the old man from his sleep.
According to superstition, death watches are a sign of impending death.
One variety of death watch beetles raps its head against surfaces, presumably as part of a mating ritual, while others emit a ticking sound.
The relationship between the old man and the narrator is ambiguous, as is their names, their occupations, or where they live.
In fact, that ambiguity adds to the tale as an ironic counter to the strict attention to detail in the plot.
The narrator may be a servant of the old man's or, as is more often assumed, his son.
In that case, the "vulture" eye of the old man is symbolizing parental surveillance and possibly the paternal principles of right and wrong.
The eye may also represent secrecy, again playing on the ambiguous lack of detail about the man or the narrator.
Only when the eye is finally found open on the final night, penetrating the veil of secrecy, that the murder is carried out.
Former poet laureate Richard Wilbur has suggested that the tale is an allegorical representation of Poe's poem "To Science."
The poem shows the struggle between imagination and science.
In "The Tell-Tale Heart," the old man represents the scientific rational mind while the narrator is the imaginative.
Publication history
"The Tell-Tale Heart" was first published in the Boston-based magazine The Pioneer in January 1843, edited by James Russell Lowell.
Poe was likely paid only $10.
It was slightly revised when republished in the August 23, 1845 edition of the Broadway Journal.
It was reprinted multiple times during Poe's lifetime.
As of 2007-09-01 the Internet Movie Database lists 21 adaptations.
An animated film version by UPA, read by James Mason, The Tell-Tale Heart (1953), is included among the films preserved in the United States National Film Registry.
The Tell-Tale Heart, 1960 version.
A reading of the story was performed by Winifred Phillips, with music composed by her, as part of the NPR "Tales by American Masters" series in 1998 and released on DH Audio.
The Canadian radio program Nightfall presented an adaptation on August 1st, 1980.
Works inspired
"The Tell-Tale Heart" is one of several songs inspired by Poe stories on the album Tales of Mystery and Imagination (original version 1976, CD remix 1987) by The Alan Parsons Project.
It is sung by Arthur Brown.
In 2003, Lou Reed released his concept album The Raven comprised of several works inspired by Poe, including the track "The Tell-Tale Heart."
In Insane Clown Posse's 1995 album The Riddlebox, the track "Ol' Evil Eye" was inspired by this story.
The song "Ride the Wings of Pestilence" by California-based post-hardcore band From First to Last shows similarities to "The Tell-Tale Heart".
However, this has never been confirmed.
An episode of The Simpsons ("Lisa's Rival," September 11, 1994) featured a "Tell-Tale Heart"-inspired act of revenge between Lisa and a new student.
In the episode, Lisa hides the competing student's diorama of the story and replaces it with an actual animal heart.
As her guilt rises, she thinks she hears the diorama's heart beating beneath the floor boards.
A season 1 episode of SpongeBob SquarePants, "Squeaky Boots", has Mr. Krabs burying a pair of squeaky boots underneath the floorboards, only to begin hearing the noise more and more before snapping and digging them up, saying, "It is the squeaking of the hideous boots!"
French, one calls boxe pieds-poings ("feet-fists boxing"), since the years 1980, the combat sports of striking with boxing gloves.
These sports are practised in a ring (or on a mat) and belong to the category of sport boxing.
The boxers use, according to the regulation, the techniques of leg (kicks and knee kicks), the techniques of arm (punches and elbow strikes) and the techniques of throwing.
the American disciplines (American boxing) under three main forms:
full contact karate without kicks below the belt,
kickboxing with roundhouse kicks in the thighs or American kickboxing,
and semicontact or fights in the points (point fighting), a class of karate with gloves and slippers in foam,
French boxing (savate), today called "Savate-BF",
Japanese kickboxing: kickboxing with direct knee kicks, roundhouse kicks in the thighs (low kick), and with few wrestling catches,
two kinds of boxing, where almost everything is permitted, Burmese boxing (lethwei) and Thai boxing (muay thai).
French Page of boxe pieds-poings.
Vibrato is a series of very quick changes up and down to the pitch of a note.
It is like a deliberate, controlled wobble.
The word “vibrato” is related to the word “vibrate”.
Vibrato is used to make a melody sound more beautiful by making it more expressive.
Singers use vibrato, especially when singing dramatic solo music such as opera.
In Italy a singer’s vibrato is sometimes called “tremolo”.
Violinists and other players of string instruments produce vibrato by moving the finger backwards and forwards on the fingerboard.
Vibrato has to be learned carefully, as the hand needs to be very relaxed.
Many beginners who start to use vibrato will try to vibrate too fast and this makes an unpleasant sound.
Vibrato can be produced on wind instruments by small changes of breath control.
Musicians sometimes disagree about how much vibrato was used in earlier times.
People who play music from the Renaissance or Baroque on period instruments sometimes play without any vibrato.
Other people think that players of those days did use some vibrato.
The glockenspiel is a percussion instrument.
It originated in Germany.
It is in the same category as the xylophone and timpani.
It usually has a range of 2 and a half octaves.
It is set up in a keyboard instrument format.
It is played by hitting it with mallets that have a plastic or felt tip.
It has a soft sound, but very high pitch.
If it is hit too hard, it makes a very bad sound.
Its sound is often used to represent things such as fairies, birds, and butterflies.
Titan A.E. is a 2000 animated science fiction movie from Fox Animation Studios and Twentieth Century Fox.
The name of the movie comes from the fictional spacecraft that is a main part of the plot.
The A.E. meaning "After Earth."
The movie was created using both hand-drawn animation and computer generated imagery.
Titan A.E. did not make much money in theaters.
It made only $9,376,845 during its opening weekend, and a total of $22,753,426 in theaters.
In 3028 A.D., Earth is attacked by pure energy aliens called the Drej.
Its spacecraft uses the energy beam to destroy Earth, while hundreds of space vehicles leave the planet with the last of mankind on them.
The secret Titan ship with Professor Sam Tucker aboard leaves at the same time, but not with the other vessels.
One of the others escape the planet, including Sam's son Cale, who keeps a ring from his father.
Fifteen years later, Cale works on a salvage station.
Humans have become outer space drifters.
They are constantly treated by other races.
A human captain named Joseph Korso and his pilot Akima seek out Cale.
They tell him that he must help them find the Titan.
They say that the ship has machinery that will create a new Earth, in order to save humanity.
The Drej want to find the Titan so that they can destroy it.
With Korso's help, Cale learns that the ring his father gave to him can help him find the Titan.