the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
When he finished the first set of doors, he had to make another set.
It took fifty years.
In that time, dozens of artists helped Ghiberti to make the doors.
Brancacci Chapel
On the walls of this family chapel at the church of the Carmelite Monastery, Massaccio painted pictures which were so realistic that everyone was amazed.
The statue of the Smug Cat
The most famous sculptor of the Early Renaissance was Donatello.
His most important job was to make a huge equestrian monument of a soldier (on horseback).
The soldier's was called by his nickname, Gattamelata, meaning the Smug Cat (a Cat who is fed on Honey).
Donatello had seen a huge equestrian monument before; there is one in Rome of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius.
No-one had made such a big bronze statue for more than a thousand years.
Donatello's statue was a huge success.
It still stands outside the Basilica of Saint Antonio, in the city of Padua.
The painting of the Last Supper
Leonardo da Vinci did one of the world's most famous paintings, the Last Supper on the wall of the dining room in a monastery in Milan while he was working there for the Duke.
It shows Jesus, on the night before he died, sharing a meal with his disciples.
It has been reproduced and copied thousands of times.
The Sistine Chapel Ceiling
Michelangelo painted the whole ceiling of the Sistine Chapel all by himself over five years.
The way that the figures were painted was to influence other artists for hundreds of years.
Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a poplar panel by Leonardo Da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance.
The work is owned by the French government and hangs in the Musée du Louvre in Paris, France with the title Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo.
The painting is a half-length portrait and depicts a woman whose expression is often described as enigmatic.
The ambiguity of the sitter's expression, the monumentality of the half-figure composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the painting's continuing fascination.
Few other works of art have been subject to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing and parody.
Florence Cathedral, (called il Duomo), built by Arnolfo di Cambio, had a huge hole at the centre.
The competition to build a roof over it was won by Brunelleschi who built the largest dome since Roman times.
He cleverly got the whole city excited by getting teams of workers from the eight parts of the city.
Church of San Lorenzo
This church in Florence was designed by Brunelleschi using all the things he had learnt by looking at the architecture of Ancient Rome.
It has arches, columns and round-topped windows in the Roman style.
It looks completely different to the pointy-arched churches of the Middle Ages.
Only the inside was finished.
The outside is still all rough bricks and no-on knows exacly how it was meant to look.
On the inside, however, Brunelleschi taught everyone a new set of architectural rule that revolutionised The Renaissance.
Church of Sant' Andrea
When the Ancient Roman Emperors came back from winning a battle, they built a Triumphal Arch as a monument to themself.
There are several of these monuments in Rome and they have the same design: a big arch at the centre, and a smaller lower arch or doorway on either side.
The architect Alberti used this as the design for the front of the church of Sant' Andrea in Mantua.
He used the same pattern of tall and arched, low and square, all down the inside of the church as well.
This was copied by many other architects.
Medici-Riccardi Palace
When it came to building palaces, the rich people of the Renaissance had different needs to the Roman Emperors, so the architects had to use the rules to make a new sort of grand building.
These Renaissance palaces are usually three stories high and quite plain on the outside.
On the inside there is a courtyard, surrounded by beautiful columns and windows.
Architects like Michelozzo who worked for Cosimo de' Medici, looked at the Roman Colisseum (sports arena) which is three stories high with rows of arches.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Florence_Medici_Riccardi_Palace.jpg
The most famous church in Rome was the ancient Church that had been built over the grave of St. Peter.
By 1500 it was falling down.
The Pope decided that instead of repairing it, it should be pulled down and a brand new church should be built.
By the time it was finished, lots of important artists had worked on the design including Michelangelo, Raphael, Bramante, Maderna and Sangallo.
It was the first building to use huge columns called a "giant order".
It has one of the most magnificent domes in the world.
It has been copied in many countries.
Villa Rotunda
This country house was built by Palladio in 1550.
It is a square building which looks the same from every side.
At the centre, there is a dome.
On every side is a large porch, (portico), like a Greek temple.
It is such an elegant design that other architects used the same style which can be seen on churches, houses and palaces, including the White House.
Fiji One is a free-to-air television channel run by Fiji Television.
It is shown all across Fiji.
It is paid for by advertisements.
For this reason, programs on Fiji One have commercial breaks, to allow advertisers that fund the programs to showcase their products or services.
Comet was a chain of shops in the UK.
They were the second largest retailer of TVs, and biggest retailer of fridges, washing machines and dishwashers in England.
Sainsbury's is the biggest supermarket chain based in the United Kingdom.
Sainsbury's originally sold only food, but it now sells other things like mobile phones, clothing, and books.
Sainsbury's is the second largest supermarket in the UK (after Tesco).
The clothing range at Sainsbury's has changed a lot over the years.
It started off with, Jeff & Co, then another range was brought in, after that Adams Kids.
Now it is called TU.
Sainsbury's sister store is called Argos.
1869 establishments in the United Kingdom
Venus of Willendorf, also known as the Woman of Willendorf, is an 11.1 cm (4.4 inches) high statuette of a female figure.
It was discovered in 1908 by archaeologist Josef Szombathy at a paleolithic site near Willendorf.
Willendorf is a village in Lower Austria near the city of Krems.
The statuette is made of a kind of limestone that can not be found in the area.
It is colored with red ochre.
A study made in 1990 suggests that the figure was made between 24.000 and 22.000 BCE.
Very little is known about its origin, how it was made, or what it meant to the people who made it.
The Venus is not a realistic portrait but rather an idealization of the female figure.
Her vulva, breasts, and swollen belly are very pronounced.
This suggests a strong connection to fertility.
Her tiny arms are folded over her breasts, and she has no visible face.
Her head is covered with what might be coils of braids, eyes, or a kind of headdress.
The lack of a face has prompted some archaeologists and philosophers to view the Venus as a "universal mother."
The nickname, urging a comparison of this rather obese figurine to the classical image of "Venus", causes resistance in some modern analysis. "
The ironic identification of these figurines as 'Venus' pleasantly satisfied certain assumptions at the time about the primitive, about women, and about taste," Christopher Witcombe has noticed .
At the same time there is professional reluctance to identify her as an Earth Mother goddess of paleolithic Old Europe.
Some suggest that her corpulence would represent high status in a hunter-gatherer society, and that beside her obvious fertility she could be an emblem of security and success.
The statue's feet do not allow it to stand on its own.
Due to this it has been speculated that it was meant to be held, rather than simply looked at.
Catherine McCoid and LeRoy McDermott think that the figurines were done as self-portraits by the women themselves.
Most scientists agree that the head, seen from a profile view, while having no distinct facial features, appears to be looking down.
The common physical characteristics of all of the Venus figures are: a thin upper torso, largely exaggerated breasts, large buttocks and thighs, a large stomach (possibly due to pregnancy), and oddly bent, short legs, that end with disproportionately small feet.
Yet when looked upon as if you were a woman looking down at your body, the physical features, in perspective, seem correct.
There are striking similarities between the Venus of Willendorf and a pregnant woman when perceived from above.
Venus of Willendorf is part of the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna.
Since this figure's discovery and naming, several similar statuettes and other forms of art have been discovered.
They are collectively referred to as Venus figurines.
Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe, "Women in Prehistory:Venus of Willendorf".
The Invisible Sex: Uncovering the True Roles of Women in Prehistory by J.M. Adovasio, Olga Soffer and Jake Page, , gives a new 'view' of headdress as possible model for weaving a basket; Laura Miller review at Salon.com:
The Acts of Supremacy was passed by Elizabeth I in 1558.
This act stated that the king, not the pope was the head of the Church of England.
The change may have been made to appease Catholics who could not accept the monarch as "Head of the Church", seeing the church as the Pope's domain, or it may have been made because Elizabeth was a woman.
In the sixteenth century, women were regarded as inferior to men in spiritual matters, and many were uncomfortable with the idea of a woman being in charge.
This act also included an oath of loyalty to the Queen that the clergy were expected to take.
If they did not take it, then they would lose their office.
A High Commission was established to ensure that the oath was taken.
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), is a type of lamp (or light bulb) designed to fit into the same space and usually also the same socket as an incandescent bulb, but with the advantages of a fluorescent lamp.
Many CFLs can directly replace an existing incandescent lamp.
They were invented late in the 20th century and much used after the turn of the century (after 2000).
The purchase price of a CFL is often much higher than an incandescent lamp of the same output, and the light from CFLs looks different to light from incandescent lamps.
CFLs have a longer rated life and use less energy than an incandescent lamp of the same brightness.
A CFL can save over US$30 in electricity costs over the lamp’s lifetime compared to an incandescent lamp.
As in other fluorescent lamps, electrified mercury vapor emits ultraviolet (UV) light.
A phosphor converts it to visible light.
The ballast prevents too much electricity from flowing through the tube.
It is usually in the plastic base of the bulb.
If the ballast is in the bulb, the bulb is called a self-ballasted lamp.
Most are electronic ballasts.
The average rated life of a CFL is 8 to 15 times longer that of incandescents.
CFLs typically have a rated lifespan of 6,000 to 15,000 hours, whereas incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a lifespan of 750 hours or 1,000 hours.
The lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors, including operating voltage, manufacturing defects, exposure to voltage spikes, mechanical shock, frequency of cycling on and off, lamp orientation, and ambient operating temperature.
The life of a CFL is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently.
In the case of a 5-minute on/off cycle the lifespan of a CFL can be reduced to "close to that of incandescent light bulbs".
The U.S. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes to avoid this problem.
If the light must be switched on and off frequently, Cold cathode CFLs can be used.
Cold cathode CFLs are designed for many more on/off cycles than standard CFLs.
Mercury content and recycling
The mercury inside the tube is toxic and makes these bulbs hazardous waste.
The bulbs must be taken to a recycling center after they stop working.
Most CFLs contain an amount of mercury smaller than the tip of a ballpoint pen.
During normal use, the mercury cannot escape, although it will escape if the bulb is broken.
If a single bulb breaks, it is not usually a cause for concern.
It is recommended to open windows to air out the room, and to clean up broken glass with duct tape instead of a vacuum cleaner.
High-intensity discharge bulbs such as sodium-vapor, mercury-vapor, and metal-halide lamps are used for lighting large areas, although like fluorescent lamps they contain mercury.
Their main advantage is much higher light output.
Halogen bulbs with a halogen capsule inside a standard incandescent bulb housing contain no mercury.
They use more energy than CFLs, but less than traditional incandescents.
LED bulbs are also becoming a popular alternative.
They are also mercury-free, and use about the same amount of energy as CFLs.
PL Kyodan or the Church of Perfect Liberty is an international religion that developed from the Zen Buddhist culture of Japan early in the 20th century.
PL teaches that "Life is art."
Humans have been born to express their own unique individuality in everything they do - "creating true art".
Nowadays the group claims having more than 3 million followers worldwide.
Most of the parishes are in Japan, however, due to the active missionary work in the 1960s PL was established in South-America and USA as well.
Today they are present also in Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Peru.
Oceaninan headquarters was founded in the 1990s in Brisbane, Australia.
Small communities exist in Europe as well, especially in France, Portugal and Hungary.
PL presents each year in the Japanese headquarters the world' biggest firework.
The baseball group of PL High School is very famous in Japan, often they win the national championship.
The movement was founded by the Rev. Tokuharu Miki (1871-1938), who was a Zen Buddhist priest of the Obaku Sect.
He is referred to as the First Founder by adherents.
In 1912 he met the Rev. Tokumitsu Kanada, who instantly cured his chronic asthma by a sacred ritual.
He asked Kanada to teach him this ritual so he could cure disease, and became his disciple.
Before his death, Kanada told Tokuharu that his Tokumitsu Church had 18 Precepts, but there were three more which were to be revealed to complete the teachings.
Five years later, the three precepts were revealed, and he established the new Tokumitsu Church in 1924 and became the First Kyoso (Oshieoya, Founder).
In 1931, the name was changed to the Hitonomichi Church, meaning "the way of humans."
The Church spread rapidly throughout Japan, Korea, China and to other Southeast Asia countries and its members numbered one million in a short period of time.
In 1936 however, the Church was suppressed by the military government and ordered to disband.
On July 6, 1938, the Rev. Tokuharu Miki died.
The Second Founder, the Rev. Tokuchika Miki (1900-1983), succeeded his father.
He was also imprisoned, but was released in 1945.
At Tosu City in Saga Prefecture, on September 29, 1946, Tokuchika Miki reestablished the Hitonomichi Church, but under the new name of the Church of Perfect Liberty, declaring the truth, "Life is Art."
On September 29, 1947, he revealed the PL 21 Precepts, the basic teachings of PL.
The Church expanded rapidly all over Japan and in 1953, construction began on the present Headquarters in Tondabayashi, on the edge of Osaka.
Tokuchika Miki organized the "Federation of New Religious Organizations of Japan" and chaired it for many years.
He visited Pope Paul VI and Pope John Paul II to discuss world peace.
He died in 1983.
The Third Founder, the Rev. Takahito Miki (b. 1957), the adopted son of the Second Founder, succeeded to the divine position of Oshieoya in 1983.
He has since visited over 700 PL churches throughout the world.
Miki is also the vice president of Shinshuren, Federation of New Religious Organizations of Japan.
The 21 PL Precepts
Life is art.
To live is to express one's self.
God appears through one's self.
Being annoyed limits your expression.
One's self is lost by being emotional.
Efface your self-conceptions.
Everything exists in relativity.
Live as the sun.
Human beings are all equal.
Love yourself and others.
Always be with God.
Everything has a way according to its name.
There is a way for men and a way for women.
World peace is everything.
All is a mirror.
All things progress and develop.
Grasp what is most essential.
Each moment is a turning point.
Begin once you perceive.
Live maintaining equilibrium between mind and matter.
Live in perfect liberty.
PL Kyodan International: official website
PL USA
PL Canada
PL in Adherents
Winston Smith is a fictional character and the protagonist of George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.
In the book, Winston is a clerk for the Ministry of Truth, where his job is to rewrite historical documents so that they match the current party line, which changes on a daily basis.
de:1984 (Roman)#Winston Smith
pt:Winston Smith
Yantai is a city in Shandong, China.
It is on the coast facing the Huang Hai.
The average annual temperature is 12°C.
The annual rainfall is 20 mm.
The city used to be called "Chefoo" because an island close to the city was named "Chefoo".
The name of the city means "Smokey Tower" (yan - smoke, tai - tower).
The city is named "Yantai" because in 1398 the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty, built watch towers nearby to tell everyone if Japanese pirates were coming.
the city of Yantai and the area around it had 6,516,900 people living in it.
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 343.4 billionRMB while the GDP divided by the population was 49,012RMB.
Qiemo, also called Cherchen, is an inland city in Xinjiang, China.
About 60,000 people live in the city.
It is a river town on the edge of the Taklamakan Desert.
The area has been settled for a long time.
A cemetery at least 3,500 years old is near the town, as well as Bronze Age rock carvings.
The town was along the trade route to Tibet.
Marco Polo is supposed to have passed through the town in 1273.
A fictional universe is a made up world that is used as the setting for one or (more commonly) many works of fiction.
It is often used in books but can be used in any form used to tell a story, for example role-playing games, television or movies.
It can be said that every work of fiction makes a world of its own.
A fictional universe is used when things in a story become a part either of other stories, or of games or other things.
Fictional universes are most often used in science fiction and fantasy stories but they can be used in any type of fiction.
A fictional universe usually has certain things in them that make them different from the real world.
These things could affect anything from cities the author created to entire galaxies.
In most fictional universes, the laws of physics are different to let things exist which commonly do not, for example, magic or space travel to other planets.
Fictional universes may also take place in any time period during the past, present, or future.
The term was first defined by comics historian Don Markstein, in a 1970 article in CAPA-alpha.
Markstein's criteria
Characters that meet are in the same universe.
Characters cannot be connected by real people
Specific fictionalized versions of real people can be used as connections
Characters "meet" if they appear together in a story.
Examples of fictional universes
There are many examples of fictional universes.
They are often used to provide a common theme to many different types of things.
The Star Wars expanded universe
The Star Wars expanded universe is a fictional universe that was started from the first Star Wars movie Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope in 1977.
The Buffyverse
Based on Buffy the Vampire Slayer the television series.
Many types of fiction have their own "universe".
Many started in one category and now exist in many of them.
For example, Harry Potter started out as a series of books then moved to movies and then video games.
Back to the Future - Time travel
Star Trek - Space travel and futuristic technology
Alien - Aliens and space travel
Final Fantasy - Fantasy creatures and magic
Resident Evil - Zombies and other creatures
The Warcraft series and World of Warcraft - Fantasy creatures and magic
Harry Potter - Magic
Middle-earth - artificial myth, fantasy creatures
The Marvel Universe used in Marvel Comics - super-human powers such as flying, aliens, magic, technology
Forgotten Realms - Fantasy creatures and magic
Dragonlance - Dragons and magic
Batman comics - Gotham City
Superman comics - Metropolis
Wonder Woman comics - Themyscira
The Simpsons show - Springfield
Futurama show - New New York City
Mickey Mouse universe - Mouston
Donald Duck universe - Duckby
The Flintstones show - Bedrock
SpongeBob SquarePants show - Bikini Bottom
South Park show - South Park
Arthur show - Elmwood City, Crown City
Adventure Time show - The Candy Kingdom
List of Shared Universes
Abandoned shared universes:
The reboots of  A Nightmare on Elm Street,  Friday the 13th and  The Texas Chainsaw Massacre shared a universe, the New Line Cinema's House of Horror which was cancelled following disappointing figures and reviews
Fantasy movies
Ronnie James Dio (born Ronaldo Giovanni Padovan July 10, 1942 - May 16, 2010) was an American heavy metal singer.
His parents were Italian Americans.
He performed with Elf, Rainbow, Black Sabbath, and his own band Dio.
He was also part of the band Heaven and Hell (named after Black Sabbath's most famous song), with some of the original Black Sabbath members.
Dio was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and raised in Cortland, New York.
He starred in the Tenacious D movie, The Pick Of Destiny.
In November 2009, Dio was diagnosed with stomach cancer, which caused his death in Houston, Texas, on May 16, 2010.
He was 68.
Official site of Ronnie James Dio
People from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Singers from New Hampshire
Chow Yun-fat SBS (born May 18, 1955), formerly called Donald Chow, is a Hong Kong actor and singer.
He often worked with John Woo in the action movies A Better Tomorrow, The Killer, and Hard Boiled.
He also acted in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, and has acted in many drama movies.
His parents were farmers and poor.
He grew up on an island without electricity.
While in college, Chow began training to become an actor with TVB.
He first appeared on the 1980 TV series The Bund.
Chow appeared in many TV series, but he wanted to act in movies.
He acted in a few movies, but they were very bad.
He finally became sucessful when he teamed with John Woo in A Better Tomorrow.
The Anglican Communion is an association of all Anglican churches in full communion with the Church of England.
There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal authority, because each national or regional church has full autonomy.
With over one hundred and ten million members, the Anglican Communion is the third largest communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches.
The status of full communion means that all rites conducted in one church are recognised by the other.
Some of these churches are known as Anglican, explicitly recognising the link to England (Ecclesia Anglicana means "Church of England").
Provinces of the Anglican Communion
All thirty-eight provinces of the Anglican Communion are independent, each with its own primate and governing structure.
These provinces may take the form of national churches (such as in Canada, Uganda, or Japan) or a collection of nations (such as the West Indies, Central Africa, or Southeast Asia).
They are, in alphabetical order:
The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand, and Polynesia
The Anglican Church of Australia
The Church of Bangladesh
The Igreja Episcopal Anglicana do Brasil (Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil)
The Anglican Church of Burundi
The Anglican Church of Canada
The Church of the Province of Central Africa
The Iglesia Anglicana de la Region Central America (Anglican Church in the Central Region of America)
The Province de L'Eglise Anglicane Du Congo (Province of the Anglican Church of Congo)
Sheng Kung Hui (Hong Kong Anglican Church (Episcopal))
The Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean
The Church of Ireland
The Nippon Sei Ko Kai (The Anglican Communion in Japan)
The Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East
The Anglican Church of Kenya
The Anglican Church of Korea
The Church of the Province of Melanesia
The Anglican Church of Mexico
The Church of the Province of Myanmar (Burma)
The Church of Nigeria
The Church of North India
The Church of Pakistan
The Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea
The Episcopal Church of the Philippines
The Church of the Province of Rwanda
The Scottish Episcopal Church
The Church of the Province of South East Asia
The Church of South India
The Anglican Church of Southern Africa
Iglesia Anglicana del Cono Sur de las Americas (Anglican Church of the Southern Cone of the Americas)
The Episcopal Church of the Sudan
The Anglican Church of Tanzania
The Church of Uganda
The Episcopal Church in the United States of America
The Church in Wales
The Church of the Province of West Africa
The Church in the Province of the West Indies
The Anglican Church of Bermuda (extraprovincial to the Archbishop of Canterbury)
Iglesia Episcopal de Cuba (Episcopal Church of Cuba) (under a metropolitan council)
The Parish of the Falkland Islands (extraprovincial to the Archbishop of Canterbury)
The Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church of Portugal (extraprovincial to the Archbishop of Canterbury)
The Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church (extraprovincial to the Archbishop of Canterbury)
The Church of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) (extraprovincial to the Archbishop of Canterbury)
Decentralised nature of worldwide Anglicanism
Anglicans Online
The Azdâjis ends the Kingdom of Nekor in Morocco.
Sviatopolk I dies, and is succeeded by his brother Yaroslav I (the Wise).
He becomes, with the support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian (Viking) mercenaries, the Grand Prince of Kiev.
Yaroslav consolidates the Kievan state, through both cultural and administrative improvements, and military campaigns.
1272 births
Jules Verne (February 8, 1828 – March 24, 1905) was a French writer.
He was one of the first authors to write science fiction.
Some of his books include Journey To The Centre Of The Earth (1864), From the Earth to the Moon (1865), Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1873).
He was born in the city of Nantes, France.
His father was a lawyer, and at the beginning, Verne wanted to study law as well.
When he was nineteen, he started writing long pieces of literature, but his father wanted him to earn money as a lawyer, not as a writer.
In 1847, his father sent him to Paris to start studying law.
In 1848, Jules Verne, on a visit home, fell in love, but the girl's parents did not want her to marry him.
Verne was depressed when he heard that the girl had been married to someone else - a rich, older man.
In his stories, Jules Verne often writes about women married to people they do not love.
He returned to Paris to find it on the verge of revolution: the French Revolution of 1848 deposed the king, and Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was elected as the first president of the Republic of France. (
A republic is a country which does not have a king or queen, but has a president instead.)
Finally, in 1852, he decided to give up being a lawyer, and become a full-time professional writer instead.
His father was very unhappy with this decision, but Verne was stubborn and strong-minded, so he went ahead with his plans.
Verne went to Paris to try to find success.
At first, he did not find any fame.
Over time, he became a fan of science, while becoming well known for his writing.
His love of science and writing led him to write stories and novels that are now called "science fiction".
Many people say Jules Verne was the creator of the science fiction genre.
Verne lived to write.
He wrote many stories.
These included fiction novels, theater works, and other novels.
In 1886, his young nephew, Gaston, who had paranoia, shot Verne in the leg.
After that, Verne had a permanent limp in his leg.
This may have resulted in his darker writing styles in that time period.
Verne married Aimée du Fraysse de Viane in January 1857 with his father's blessing.
In August 1861, their son was born.
He continued to write until his death.
On 24th of March 1905, Verne, who was sick with diabetes, died at his home in Amiens, France.
Jules Verne and inventions
Jules Verne wrote about many things which did not exist when he was alive.
Some of these things later became real.
Verne was far from being a scientist, but his passion for technology and the progress being made at the time served to introduce many of the inventions that were to come and that, over time, have ended up becoming ordinary elements of our every-day life.
Electric submarine
In Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Captain Nemo and his electric submarine were a modern marvel.
Electricity was very new at the time, and had never been used to power an underwater ship.
The news on the radio and television
In an 1889 article, "In the Year 2889," Jules Verne described an alternative to newspapers: "Instead of being printed, the Earth Chronicle is every morning spoken to subscribers, who, from interesting conversations with reporters, statesmen and scientists, learn the news of the day.
"The first newscast didn't happen until 1920, according to the Associated Press—nearly 30 years after Verne imagined it.
Lunar modules
Jules Verne wrote about "projectiles" in From the Earth to the Moon.
These projectiles would carry people to the moon.
Verne imagined a big gun which would force the module up to the moon.
Today, space modules are sent into space at the top of rockets, which force the module beyond the reach of gravity.
Music players and holographs
In The Carpathian Castle, some villagers are terrified of a certain castle, from which they can hear voices and see shapes.
An intrigued visitor decides to see what is happening, and he finds out that they were hearing just recorded sounds and holographic images.
1905 deaths
The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (TMNT; known as the Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles, TMHT when they were introduced in the UK) are a fictional group of four mutant turtles who were taught how to be ninjas by a mutant rat named Splinter.
The TMNT were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird and made their comic book debut in 1984.
In October 2009, Nickelodeon purchased the intellectual property rights from The Bage Studios.
The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles first appeared in an American comic book published by Mirage Studios in 1984 in Dover, New Hampshire.
The concept arose from a humorous drawing sketched out by Kevin Eastman during a casual evening of brainstorming with friend Peter Laird.
Using money from a tax refund, together with a loan from Eastman’s uncle, the young artists self-published a single-issue comic intended to parody four of the most popular comics of the early 1980s: Marvel Comics’ Daredevil and New Mutants, Dave Sim’s Cerebus, and Frank Miller’s Ronin.
The TMNT comic series has been published in various incarnations by various comic book companies since 1984.
The Turtles started their rise to mainstream success when a licensing agent, Mark Freedman, sought out Eastman and Laird to propose wider merchandising opportunities for the franchise.
In 1986, Dark Horse Miniatures produced a set of 15 mm lead figurines.
In January 1987, Eastman and Laird visited the offices of Playmates Toys Inc, a small California toy company that wanted to expand into the action figure market.
Development was undertaken by a creative team of companies and individuals: Jerry Sachs, ad man of Sachs-Finley Agency, brought together the animators at Murakami-Wolf-Swenson headed by Fred Wolf.
Wolf and his team combined concepts and ideas with the Playmates marketing crew, headed by Karl Aaronian, VP of sales Richard Sallis and President of Playmates Bill Carlson.
Aaronian brought on several designers, and concepteur and writer John C. Schulte and worked out the simple backstory that would live on toy packaging for the entire run of the product and show.
Sachs called the high-concept pitch "Green Against Brick".
The sense of humor was honed with the collaboration of the MWS animation firm's writers.
Playmates and their team essentially served as associate producers and contributing writers to the miniseries that was first launched to sell-in the toy action figures.
Phrases like "Heroes in a Half Shell" and many of the comical catch phrases and battle slogans ("Turtle Power!")
came from the writing and conceptualization of this creative team.
As the series developed, veteran writer Jack Mendelsohn came on board as both a story editor and scriptwriter.
David Wise, Michael Charles Hill, and Michael Reaves wrote most of the scripts.
The miniseries was repeated three times before it found an audience.
Once the product started selling, the show got syndicated and picked up and backed by Group W, which funded the next round of animation.
The show then went network, on CBS.
Accompanied by the popular Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1987 TV series, and the subsequent action figure line, the TMNT were soon catapulted into pop culture history.
At the height of the frenzy, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Turtles' likenesses could be found on a wide range of children's merchandise, from Pez dispensers to skateboards, breakfast cereal, video games, school supplies, linens, towels, cameras, and even toy shaving kits.
While the animated TV series, which lasted for 10 seasons until 1996, was more light-hearted, the comic book series continued in a much darker and grittier tone.
In 1990 a live-action feature film was released, with the turtles and Splinter being portrayed by actors in partially animatronic suits created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop.
The film became one of the most successful independent films, and spawned two sequels, as well as inspiring a 3D animated film set in the same continuity, which was released in 2007 under the title TMNT.
After the end of the cartoon series, a live action series in the vein of the films was created in 1997 in conjunction with Saban Entertainment.
The series was called Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation and introduced a fifth, female turtle called Venus De Milo, but was largely unsuccessful and was canceled after one season.
The property lay dormant until in 2003 a new animated TV series also entitled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles began to air on Fox Box (4Kids TV).
The series storyline stuck much closer to the original Mirage comic book series, but was still less violent.
It lasted for 7 seasons and 156 episodes, ending in February 2009.
On October 21, 2009, it was announced that cable channel Nickelodeon (a subsidiary of Viacom) had purchased all of Mirage's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property.
Mirage retains the rights to publish 18 issues a year, though the future involvement of Mirage with the Turtles and the future of Mirage Studios itself is unknown.
Nickelodeon has developed a new CGI-animated TMNT television series and will partner with fellow Viacom company Paramount Pictures to bring a new TMNT movie to theaters.
The TV show premiered on Nickelodeon on September 29, 2012.
However, in June 2012, Paramount shut down their planned production due to script issues, pushing their release date out until May 2014.
The turtles are named after famous artists from the Renaissance period.
Their names are Leonardo, Raphael, Donatello, and Michelangelo.
They live underground in a sewer under Manhattan, and try to keep themselves hidden from people mankind in general, fearing humanity would never understand.
While helping their friends, they often end up in trouble fighting crime and villan.
Their enemies may vary from inner town street gangs to extraterrestrials.
There are a few humans who know about them, a woman named April O'Neil and a man named Casey Jones, and some other people, depending on version.
Some versions also use Casey Jones' grandmother's farmhouse in Northampton in Massachussetts as a hangout for the turtles.
Splinter's origin differs between versions.
In some versions (Mirage, 2003, movies), he was originally a pet rat of Hamato Yoshi, ending up mutated.
In other versions (1987 carton, Archie and the 2012 cartoon), he was originally a man, Hamato Yoshi, who ended up accidentally touching the ooze, and turned into a humanoid rat.
In the 1987 cartoon, their main antagonists are a Japanese ninjutsu master, Shredder (Oroku Saki), an extraterrestrial called Krang, and two mutant punks, Bebop and Rocksteady, while in the 1984 Mirage comics, Shredder ends up killed by the turtles in the first issue.
Krang's appearance is inspired by the Utroms, an extraterrestrial race in the Mirage.
The Utroms, however, aren't villains.
Leonardo (Leo) – The leader of the group.
Leonardo wears a blue mask.
He uses two, long and razor-sharp katanas as weapons.
They can slice through anything solid.
He is the oldest of the four.
Leonardo was named after Leonardo da Vinci.
Michelangelo (Mike or Mikey) – The jokester of the group.
Michelangelo wears an orange mask.
He uses a pair of nunchucks.
He is the youngest of the four Turtles, and often provides the comic relief.
He usually speaks in a Southern Californian accent.
He is named after the Italian artist Michelangelo.
Donatello (Don or Donnie) – The scientist and genius of the group.
Donatello wears a purple mask.
He uses a bo staff.
He is the less violent turtle, preferring to use his knowledge to solve problems.
He is named after the Italian artist Donatello.
Raphael (Raph) – The rebel of the group.
Raphael wears a dark red mask.
He uses a pair of sais as weapons.
He speaks in a Brooklyn accent.
He is named after the Italian painter Raphael.
Splinter – The Turtles' teacher (sensei) and adoptive father.
Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat.
He learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master, Hamato Yoshi.
In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series and the 2012 TV series, Splinter was Hamato Yoshi mutated into a human-like rat instead of being just Yoshi's pet.
April O'Neil – A former assistant to the scientist Baxter Stockman.
April is the brave human friend of the Turtles.
April first met the Turtles when they saved her from Baxter's Mouser robots.
She goes on many of the Turtles' adventures and helps them by doing the work in public that the Turtles cannot.
In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series and the three movies after it, April was a television news reporter.
In the 2012 cartoon series, April is a teenager who is rescued by the Turtles and later is given some basic training in being a ninja by Splinter.
Casey Jones – A vigilante who has become one of the Turtles' closest allies.
He is also the love interest to April.
Casey first met the Turtles after having a fight with Raphael.
Casey fights crime with a mix of sporting goods (baseball bats, golf clubs, hockey sticks, cricket bats) while wearing a hockey mask to hide his identity.
The Shredder – A villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki.
He is the leader of the Foot Clan.
In every version of the TMNT series, he has been the main enemy of Splinter and the Turtles.
Shredder prefers to use his armor instead of weapons in some versions.
Karai – A female high-ranking member of the Foot Clan.
She has appeared in several different TMNT comics, cartoons and movies, as well as in multiple video games.
In some versions of the character, she is closely related to the Shredder as his granddaughter or adopted daughter.
First appearance
They first appeared in a comic book which was made in 1984.
In 1987, an animated television show was made, it was extremely popular and ran until 1996.
There were many items based on the show including food, video games and toys.
Starting in 1990, three live-action movies were made.
In 1997, there was a live-action television series called "Ninja Turtles: The Mutation", which was not very successful.
In 2003, a new animated series based more on the original comic book than the other series and an animated movie came out in 2007.
Finally, the 2003 season came to an end, and a new series, the "Back to the Sewers" aired in late 2008-early 2009.
In September 2012 another cartoon series began.
It takes inspirations from both the Mirage comics, and the 1987 cartoon series.
Michael Bay will be producing a reboot of the film coming out on August 8, 2014.
The film was directed by Jonathan Liebesman.
Fictional turtles
Biography of the comedian
In public, he always acts as his pseudonym "Atze Schröder".
Some sources report Emsdetten as his place of birth.
He was suing a German newspaper and the German Wikipedia after publishing his real name Hubertus Albers.
2000: Deutscher Comedypreis – Best Comedy Act for Alles Atze
2003: Deutscher Comedypreis – Best Actor in a comedy show for Alles Atze
2003: Deutscher Fernsehpreis – Best Sitcom for Alles Atze
2005: Deutscher Comedypreis – Best Comedy Series for Alles Atze
Official Atze Schröder homepage (German)
Atze Schröder as a trademark
Commentary of WikiMedia CEO
fr:Atze Schröder
tr:Atze Schröder
simple:Atze Schröder
Autonomy means being able to rule without having to obey some other higher authority.
Autonomy is something that philosophers often talk about.
The idea occurs in moral, political, and bioethical philosophy.
It means that someone is able to make a sensible decision without being forced to do so by someone else.
They are able to make a "free" decision.
In moral and political philosophy, autonomy is often used when discussing whether someone has a moral responsibility for what he does.
One of best known philosophical theories of autonomy was developed by Kant.
In medicine, doctors have to respect the autonomy of the patient, i.e. the patient has been given good information about their illness, they should be able to decide whether they want treatment.
The doctor cannot force it on them.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, which is now southwest Germany.
He started Hegelianism and is a part of German Idealism.
He influenced many writers and philosophers, including those who agreed with him (Bradley, Sartre, Küng, Bauer, Stirner, Marx), and those who did not agree with him (Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Schelling).
Hegel's books are difficult to read and deal with many different ideas at the same time.
He has written about history, politics, religion, art, logic and metaphysics.
Phenomenology of Spirit (Phänomenologie des Geistes Sometimes translated as Phenomenology of Mind) 1807 (This gives an example of the problem: The English translators of the Phänomenologie des Geistes are not sure if they should translate "Geist" by "Spirit" or by "Mind", although the terms "Spirit" and "Mind" are sharply distinct in the English language.)
Science of Logic (Wissenschaft der Logik) 1812–1816 (last edition of the first part 1831)
Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (Enzyklopaedie der philosophischen Wissenschaften) 1817–1830
Elements of the Philosophy of Right (Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts) 1821
Lectures on Aesthetics
Lectures on the Philosophy of History (also translated as Lectures on the Philosophy of World History) 1830
Lectures on Philosophy of Religion
Lectures on the History of Philosophy
Theodor W. Adorno, 1994.
Hegel: Three Studies.
MIT Press.
Translated by Shierry M. Nicholsen, with an introduction by Nicholsen and Jeremy J. Shapiro, .
Essays on Hegel's concept of spirit/mind, Hegel's concept of experience, and why Hegel is difficult to read.
Avineri, Shlomo, 1974.
Hegel's Theory of the Modern State.
Best introduction to Hegel's political philosophy.
Frederick C. Beiser, ed.,
The Cambridge Companion to Hegel.
Cambridge University Press. .
The Cambridge Companions are a good way to start learning about a particular philosopher; this one is no exception.
The new HegelWiki
A superior biography of Hegel with graphics
Hegel.net - resources available under the GNU FDL
Hegel.net  - wiki article on Hegel
Alicia Farinati -  Hegelian Works  Several articles on Hegel.
Available in English, Spanish and French
Commented link list
Hegel mailing lists in the internet
Explanation of Hegel, mostly in German
The Hegel Society of America
Hegel in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://www.gwfhegel.org/
Hegel page in 'The History Guide'
Is Hegel a Christian?
Rethinking the Place of Philosophy with Hegel - Call for Papers for Cosmos and History
Hegel texts online
Philosophy of History Introduction
Hegel's The Philosophy of Right
Hegel's The Philosophy of History
Hegel by HyperText reference archive
The London Borough of Croydon is a London Borough.
It is in south London.
The borough is the farthest south of Greater London, with the M25 circle motorway touching it at the bottom.
In North Croydon the borough mainly borders the London Borough of Bromley to the east as well as the London Boroughs of Southwark and Lambeth to the north.
The boroughs of Sutton and Merton are west of Croydon.
Croydon's main town centre is Croydon itself.
The town offers the most office space in Southeast England apart from Central London.
There are two shopping centres in Croydon which are named Centrale and the Witgift Centre.
Croydon was named the 20th best shopping town in the UK.
Croydon is currently being modernised (meaning new buildings are being built).
Croydon College and John Ruskin College are the only schools for people over 16 years old.
The London Borough of Croydon asked the government for city status in 2000 and again in 2002 but it failed.
If the government said yes it would have been the third council in Greater London to hold that status, the others being the City of London and the City of Westminster.
The borough is the home of two football clubs, Crystal Palace F.C. who are in the Football League Championship and Croydon F.C. who are in the Ryman League.
Croydon is also known for having a lot of parks and open spaces like Mitcham Common and South Norwood Lakes.
Croydon is a tourist attraction in London.
One of the reasons is because it is close to Gatwick Airport and because it has lots of entertainment and historic facilities including the Fairfield Halls, Warehouse Theatre, Croydon Airport (disused), Shirley Windmill, Croydon Palace and the Croydon Clocktower.
Coombe
Coulsdon
Forestdale
Hamsey Green
Purley
Sanderstead
Selhurst
Selsdon
South Croydon
Upper Norwood
Waddon
Croydon has many places that people enjoy visiting.
There are a lot of places of interest such as Croydon Airport, which was the largest airport in London until its closure in September 1959.
It was closed because of it was too small to handle the growing number of flights to Croydon so Heathrow and Gatwick took over.
It has become a great place for air plane shows and sometimes is hosts along with Biggin Hill.
Addington Palace is an 18th-century mansion that was the home of six archbishops.
Croydon Clocktower is an arts facility in Central Croydon that includes a cinema, library, museum and conference room.
The building links into the official Town Hall of Croydon Council and some areas of the building, most notably the Braithwaite Hall, are part of the original complex.
The Clocktower is the tower of the Town Hall.
New buildings were built alongside the Town Hall and were opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994.
Croydon Palace is where Archbishops of Canterbury used to stay during the summer.
It is more than 500 years old.
The Warehouse Theatre is a professional producing producing studio theatre with up to a hundred seats in the centre of Croydon based in an oak-beamed former Victorian cement warehouse.
The Fairfield Halls is an arts centre in Croydon which opened in 1962.
It contains a concert hall, the Ashcroft Theatre (named for local actress Dame Peggy Ashcroft), the Arnhem Gallery civic hall (Croydon is twinned with Arnhem, a city in The Netherlands) and an art gallery.
The large concert hall is used by the BBC for recordings.
Croydon Council - London Borough of Croydon
Croydon Online - Website about area
is a French politician.
He was the  23rd President of France and, because of that position, ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 to 15 May 2012 succeeding Jacques Chirac.
He was the leader of the UMP, and was elected President of the French Republic on 6 May 2007.
He defeated Ségolène Royal, of the Socialist Party.