the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Later the amphitheatres were sometimes flooded for such events.
By far the most ambitious of all the naumachiae was given in 52 A.D. on the Fucine Lake east of Rome to celebrate the completion of a water conduit.
On that occasion, 19,000 participants fought and many died.
To the right of the picture (partially behind a tree trunk) is a line of carbonized tree stumps.
These are the remains of trees (each hundreds of years old) that were part of the palaistra.
They were burned in the volcanic eruption of 79.
Between these and the colonnade is a line of saplings recently planted as a replacement.
Arnold Rikli (1823-1906) was a healer.
He proposed various therapies, mostly based on exposing the body to sun and air (called Sun tanning, preferably done while naked).
He is one of the forefathers of a movement called naturism today.
The eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), also known as the white pine, Weymouth pine (British), and soft pine, is a large pine native to eastern North America, occurring from Newfoundland west to Minnesota and southeastern Manitoba, and south along the Appalachian Mountains to the extreme south of Georgia.
Myosotis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae that are commonly called Forget-me-nots.
Similar names and variations are found in many different languages.
The willow grouse (Europe) or willow ptarmigan (North America) (Lagopus lagopus) is a medium-sized gamebird in the grouse family.
It is a sedentary species, breeding in birch and other forests and tundra across northern Eurasia, and in Alaska and northern Canada.
It is the state bird of Alaska.
During the last ice age, the species occurred in continental Europe (Tomek & Bocheński 2005).
Today, television can show a number of programmes.
Usually the content of these programmes is rated, by a number of people (usually called advisory board).
Some of the programmes may be suitable for children (of different ages), other content may not be suitable for children.
The watershed is the time of the day where content not suitable for children may be shown.
This is usually during the night (starting in the later evening, and ending in the early morning)
Content that children should not see
The content that is not suitable for children to see usually includes sex or nudity outside a functional context.
People bathing naked in a lake may be ok, people doing a striptease in a night club or cabaret may not be.
Other content generally not suitable includes various levels of violence or the use of illegal drugs.
Sometimes strong language (full of expletives) is also seen as unfit for children.
The spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) is a member of the pelican family.
It breeds in southern Asia from southern Pakistan.
It is a bird of large inland and coastal waters, especially shallow lakes.
The nest is a heap of vegetation in a tree.
Three to four eggs is the usual clutch size.
Lake Manasarovar or Lake Manasa Sarovar (, Mapham Yutso; ) is a fresh-water lake.
It is in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China,  from Lhasa.
Lake Manasarovar is the source of the Pakistani river Sindhu.
Sindhu flows west to the Arabian Sea.
Bathing is putting the body into a fluid, most often water, or a solution with water.
Usually it is done for hygiene or for religious purposes, or for fun.
Sometimes bathing is also done as a form of therapy.
When people talk about bathing, they most often mean being immersed in water.
But people have also "bathed" in other substances.
Some therapies involve bathing in mud.
People have also bathed in other substances, like Champagne, beans, or chocolate.
A form of bathing quite common is bathing in sunlight.
Reasons for bathing
Hygiene, and the physical appearance of cleanliness
Decontamination from chemical, biological, nuclear or other exposure-type hazards.
Therapy (e.g. hydrotherapy), healing, rehabilitation from injury or addiction, relaxation (e.g. Blessed Rainy Day)
Religious, or, less frequently, other ceremonial rites (e.g. Baptism, Mikvah)
Celebration and socialization, e.g. running through fountains after winning the World Series, or jumping through a hole cut in the ice over a lake on New Year's Eve.
Ensuring people are free of certain items such as weapons or other contraband: In Chicago, Russian baths were a safe meeting place for rival gang leaders.
Weapons are difficult to conceal on a nearly naked body.
If the meeting resulted in reconciliation, the gangs would meet upstairs for bagels, cream cheese and borscht.
Many homeless shelters, and almost all prisons have an intake facility or intake process that includes a supervised shower with change of clothes to ensure that no contraband or contamination enters the facility.
A virtual exhibition about bathing in art, from Cranach to Fellini
Today Murree is part of Pakistan but in 1857 it was part of British India, ever since the British rule began in India there had been rebellions and wars against the British.
However, in 1857 rebellions broke out in many different places, Murree being one of these places.
People thought the rule of the British was about to be overthrown.
In the Murree hills it was the Dhund Abbasi and Karlal tribes who rose up against the British.
Although the tribes of Murree had risen against the British, not everyone had been against British rule.
Before British rule had been established in the area, the tribes had fought against the Sikhs.
Under the command of Mohammed Ali Shah (also known as the Pir of Plasi), they had fought against the Sikh Army in Balakot - the troops here were commanded by Syed Shah Ismail Shahid and Syed Ahmad Shaheed (known as "The Martyrs")
The British, after battling in Rawalpindi in 1845 had captured Rani Jind Kaur, the widow of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (the former Ruler of Punjab) - this caused the collapse of Sikh rule and, when the British marched into the Murree area, the local tribes at first welcomed them.
However, many of the tribes soon considered that they had exchanged one form of occupation for another and events elsewhere in India also encouraged an uprising.
War reaches Murree
Attack on Murree
By the end of August many of the British troops who had been in Murree had left to join the campaign in Delhi.
Rebels had taken Delhi from British control and the British had sent as many soldiers as they could.
The decision to send troops to Delhi meant that the defence of Murree was weakened However the British were unable to take Delhi quickly, and as Delhi still held out against the British the Dhund tribesmen decided to take Murree.
The Dhund attacked Murree by rising on every side at the same time and crowding up the nearer hill-sides threatening destruction of the station.
Several of the table-servants supported the hill-men, and for some hours the danger to Murree became imminent.
According to the 1857 Punjab Mutiny Report the attack failed because the British were told of the plan to attack them.
One of Lady Lawrence's servants, named Hakim Khan, told the British of the attack to come.
The loyalty of Hakim was described in the report as "the means, under God, of saving Murree" The British quickly organised defences, and quickly got volunteers.
A cordon of sentries surrounded the station and the three weakest points were held in some force.
When the Dhunds arrived in the middle of the night they found the whole station waiting for them.
After a few hours of skirmishing the Dhunds retreated with the loss of two or three of their men who had come within musket range of the British.
After that, the British quickly arrested, convicted and executed two Hindustani doctors for being involved in the plot.
They had been educated in government institutions, were practising in Murree and employed by the government.
The British suspected that the Dhunds were expecting support from their Hindustani allies, so as well as the doctors several domestic servants were seized and punished.
The revolt did not succeed, the rebels' leaders were  arrested and punished.
All of Sardar Sherbaz Khan's eight sons were blasted by cannon fire in Murree whilst Sardar Khan himself was hanged till death.
Pygmy marmosets are the smallest marmosets and one of the smallest of all primates.
They inhabit Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Colombia.
Most pygmy marmosets lives in troops of two to nine individuals, with a dominant male, a breeding female, and up to four successive litters of offspring.
The modal size of a standard stable  troop would be 6 individuals.
They can range in size from 4.6 in to 6 in but could possibly be half that size when they are first born since they are the size of a human thumb.
They are expected to live as long as 15-20 years.
They're mostly native in South Africa but can also be found around the western part of the amazon rainforest.
Can also be found in Bolivia, Peru, Columbia, and Western Brazil.
Pygmy marmosets mainly feed on gum (tree exudates, sap), but they also eat fruit, nectar and insects.
They gouge holes in the bark of trees, and revisit these holes daily to collect the sap.
The marmosets hang on with specially adapted claws.
Tardif , S., Smucny , D., Abbott , D., Mansfield , K., Darkin, N. S., & Yamamoto , M. E. (2003).
National Library of Medicine .
Reproduction in Captive Common Marmosets (Callithrix Jacchus), 364–368.
University of Salford. (
2018, February 27).
Smallest monkey's evolutionary secret.
ScienceDaily.
Retrieved October 19, 2021 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180227094726.htm
Jean P. Boubli, Maria N.F. da Silva, Anthony B. Rylands, Stephen D. Nash, Fabrício Bertuol, Mário Nunes, Russell A. Mittermeier, Hazel Byrne, Felipe E. Silva, Fabio Röhe, Iracilda Sampaio, Horacio Schneider, Izeni P. Farias, Tomas Hrbek, How many pygmy marmoset (Cebuella Gray, 1870) species are there?
A taxonomic re-appraisal based on new molecular evidence, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 120
Marmosets
Patra () is the third biggest Greek city.
Patra is in southwest Greece on the west coast of the Peloponnese.
It is the capital of the prefecture of Achaia and also the capital of the Greek perifereia (district) of Western Peloponnese.
171,616 lived there in 2001.
The total population of Patra, including all its suburbs, is over 200,000 people.
Patra is a coastal city, so it has a big port.
Patra's port connects Greece with east-facing Italian ports such as Bari, Brindisi and Ancona.
Patra developed in the third century BC.
During the Roman period, Patra became an important city.
In Patra Christianity arrived quite early, approximately in the first century AD, by St Andrew, who was martyred there.
During the Middle Ages Patra was not very significant.
Patra developed again after the Greek liberation from the Turks, in 1830 following the Greek revolution of 1821.
The most important site in Patra is the contemporary Bridge Rion-Antirion which links Peloponnese and Sterea Ellada.
This bridge is located a short distance from Patra's center, in the district of Rio.
Opposite Rio is Antirio and it ends at the bridge.
Other significant sites in Patra are the church of Agios Andreas and the Apollon theater.
The cathedral of Agios Andreas is the third biggest churches in Greece.
Patra is known for its wines, with the famous and oldest Winery in Greece, Achaia Clauss founded in 1861.
Santiago de Compostela (also Saint James of Compostela) is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia.
It is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site.
The city is in the northwest of Spain in the Province of A Coruña.
The city's Cathedral is the destination of an important pilgrimage route, the Way of St. James (Galician: Camiño de Santiago, Spanish: Camino de Santiago).
Pilgrims have been following this route since the ninth century.
The cathedral is believed to be where James, son of Zebedee is buried.
Saint James was one of the apostles of Jesus Christ.
Christopher Jonathan James Nolan (born 30 July 1970) is a British-American director, producer and screenwriter.
He often works with his brother, author Jonathan Nolan.
Nolan rose to prominence for directing the psychological thriller Memento, and for reviving the Batman movie franchise as the director of The Dark Knight Trilogy.
Each of them are Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Dark Knight Rises (2012).
He is also the founder of the production company, Syncopy Films through which his movies Inception (2010), Interstellar (2014) and Dunkirk (2017) were released.
In the months following the release of The Prestige (another of Nolan's movies, released in 2006), Nolan made many comments suggesting that he would return to direct the sequel to Batman Begins.
In late July 2006, the sequel was officially confirmed as The Dark Knight with Nolan at the helm and Heath Ledger joining the cast as The Joker, Batman's nemesis.
Nolan and his brother Jonathan wrote a script, based on a treatment written by himself and David S. Goyer.
The movie began production in early 2007.
It was released on July 18 2008 in the United States, to overwhelming critical acclaim.
It has also made a lot of money, setting the record for the highest-grossing weekend opening in the U.S. with over $158 million.
Director filmography
Major motion pictures
Following (1998) (also writer/producer)
Memento (2000) (also writer)
Insomnia (2002)
Batman Begins (2005) (director/also writer/producer)
The Prestige   (2006) (also co-writer/producer)
The Dark Knight (2008) (director/also co-writer/producer)
Inception (2009) (director)
The Dark Knight Rises (2012) (director/co-writer/producer)
Man of Steel (2013) (producer/writer)
Transcendence (2014) (producer)
Interstellar (2014) (director/co-writer/producer)
Dunkirk (2017) (director/writer/producer)
Tenet (2020) (director/co-writer/producer)
Tarantella (1989) (Also writer/producer)
Larceny (1996) (Also writer/producer)
Doodlebug (1997) (Also writer/producer)
NolanFans.com Fansite and community for Christopher Nolan.
Telegraph.co.uk  Interview with Christopher Nolan and Christian Bale
The Foucault pendulum, or Foucault's pendulum (named after the French physicist Léon Foucault) was pendulum created as an experiment to show the rotation of the Earth.
On  January 3, 1851, Foucault did the following experiment: He mounted a 2 metre long pendulum, and let it swing, in the basement of his house.
On the floor, he marked the axis, along which the pendulum was swinging.
After some time, he noticed, that the pendulum no longer swung along the axis he had marked on the floor, but on an different axis.
When he tried to explain this, he considered, what could have caused the axis to change.
He considered gravity.
Gravity could not have caused the axis to change, as it only acts vertically.
There were no other forces acting on the pendulum.
So: according to Newton's laws, the pendulum did not change the axis it was swinging in.
So it was the floor (or the earth) that changed this axis, because it rotated.
Vincenzo Viviani (1662-1703) had made similar observations, but he didn't attribute them to the rotation of the earth.
On the 3rd of February 1851, he repeated the experiment, with a 12m pendulum at the Paris observatory.
On 26th of March he presented the experiment to the public: At the Panthéon, he used a 67m long pendulum, with a weight of 28kg.
At the bottom of the pendulum, there was a tip that left a trace in a sandbox.
This was an easy way to show the earth's rotation to common people.
The metal ball of this pendulum still exists: Until 1946, it was stored at the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, then it was returned to the Panthéon.
Caspar Garthe repeated the experiment at Cologne Cathedral, Friedrich Magnus Schwerd did in Speyer Cathedral.
Their results were deceptive, and not nearly as good as those obtained in Paris.
In 1879, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes wrote his thesis on the subject, doing extra calculations on the exact magnitude of the effect.
In his thesis, he  also pointing out the problems the people had encountered in Cologne and Speyer.
An exact copy of the original has been operating in the Panthéon since 1995.
It takes 31h 50min to do a full rotation (of 360 degrees).
Because a Foucault pendulum is an easy way to show the rotation of the earth, such devices can be found in many science museums around the world today.
Pendulums
Mickie Laree James (born August 31, 1979) is an American professional wrestler and singer.
She worked for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on its SmackDown and Raw brands.
She also worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling from 2010 to 2013.
James started wrestling in 1999 as a valet on the independent circuit using the name Alexis Laree.
She trained in several places to get better at wrestling before working for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) in June 2002.
She first became well known while she was while working at TNA.
Soon after she started working for TNA, she joined a stable called The Gathering.
She is also the only woman to be a part of Clockwork Orange House of Fun matches.
James started working with WWE in October 2005.
She was a part of a storyline with Trish Stratus.
James' gimmick was that she was Stratus' biggest fan and later became Stratus' stalker.
This storyline lasted almost a year.
The person at WWE believed she was doing good work.
Because of this, she won her first WWE Women's Championship at WrestleMania 22.
She has held the championship a total of four times.
Outside of wrestling, James has an associate of arts degree in business administration.
She is studying for her Bachelor of Arts degree in operations management.
James grew up on a farm and has an interest in horses.
She owns three Morgan horses.
James has been riding since she was 11 years old.
She released her debut album Strangers & Angels on May 18, 2010 on iTunes.
Her second album Somebody's Gonna Pay was released on May 18, 2010 and reached #15 on the Billboards Heatseekers charts.
The album contains the song "Hardcore Country" which James uses as her current theme song in TNA.
Mickie James was raised on a farm with her sister Latoya in Montpelier, Virginia.
She is of Native American heritage.
As a child, she watched weekend horse shows.
James started riding horses when she was eleven years old after her grandmother bought her a horse.
James was a fan of professional wrestling as a child.
She used to watch wrestling with her father.
Her favorite wrestlers were Randy Savage, Ricky Steamboat and Ric Flair.
James started her training at a professional wrestling school in the Washington, D.C. area.
She started her wrestling career on the independent circuit in 1999.
Her first work was as a valet for KYDA Pro Wrestling using the ring name Alexis Laree.
The name is a combination of her stage name from when she was a dancer and her middle name.
As Laree, she managed several male wrestlers.
This included managing Tommy Dreamer to win the KYDA Pro Heavyweight Championship.
In March, she wrestled in her first match.
It was an intergender tag team match with Jake Damian against American Mike Brown and Candie.
James trained to get better at wrestling at many places.
These places include the Funking Conservatory run by Dory Funk, Jr. and an Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) dojo.
She also started wrestling for Maryland Championship Wrestling.
While there, she was trained by Ricky Morton and Bobby Eaton.
Because the independent circuit did not pay enough, James worked as a waitress at an Olive Garden restaurant.
Trish Stratus, a former WWE wrestler, was and still is Mickie James' role model
James worked in Ring of Honor for a year.
During this time, she also started wrestling in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.
As Alexis Laree, she was a part of a lingerie battle royal.
On March 26, 2003, she teamed with Amazing Red against Kid Kash—the X Division Champion—and Trinity.
Weeks later, she became the first member of the Gathering, a stable led by Raven.
On April 16, Laree became the first (and currently, only) woman to wrestle in a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match.
This match involve the Gathering and Jeff Jarrett.
She continued to wrestle with the Gathering when they feuded with the Disciples of The New Church.
During this feud, James was kayfabe burned with a fireball by Father James Mitchell.
She also wrestled in another Clockwork Orange House of Fun match.
James tried for two years to work for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
In August 2003, she was began to work for the WWE.
They sent her to train at Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW).
James still used the name Alexis Laree at this time.
She began making wresting on television for OVW on January 29, 2004.
She wrestled in several tag team matches during the year.
She won a Halloween Costume Contest on October 30 and defeated Jillian Hall in a $1,000 match on November 12.
Laree began a feud with Beth Phoenix on July 20.
This feud started after Phoenix interrupted Laree during an interview.
A match took place on July 29.
Laree lost to Phoenix.
The feud continued into September.
Shelly Martinez was added to the storyline to side with Phoenix against Laree.
On October 12, she appeared in OVW under her real name.
She finished the year losing matches against Martinez and Jillian Hall.
James was first used on television in WWE on the October 10 2005 episode of Raw.
She used her real name.
James used the gimmick of WWE Women's Champion Trish Stratus' biggest fan.
The storyline had the two WWE Divas wrestling together in tag team matches.
James' character became more obsessed with Stratus as time went on.
A Halloween Costume Contest was part of the story line.
James was dressed like Stratus.
She even started using Stratus' personal finishing moves as her own during matches.
On December 12, James wrestled and defeated Victoria.
The match was to decide who would wrestle Stratus at New Year's Revolution for the championship.
Lesbian themes were added to the story line with James kissing Stratus under mistletoe and saying nice things to her about her breasts.
In the championship match, James lost to Stratus but still showed romantic fellings towards her the next night on Raw.
She told Stratus that she loved her at the Royal Rumble.
On March 6 2006 the storyline had Stratus telling James that they needed time apart from each other.
They wrestled as a team at the March 18, 2006 Saturday Night's Main Event.
James and Stratus defeated Candice Michelle and Victoria in the match.
After the match, James tried to kiss Stratus.
Stratus pushed her away and James' character made a complete heel turn.
She attacked Stratus in the ring.
James' character later said she would destroy Stratus.
The two women wrestled each other at WrestleMania 22.
James won the match to become the Women's Champion for her first time.
During the match, even though James was playing the heel character, the fans liked her more than Stratus.
The storyline ended at Backlash with a rematch after Stratus legitimately dislocated her shoulder when James threw her out of the ring.
James lost the Women's Title on August 14 to Lita.
During the match, Lita hit James with the title belt when Edge distracted the referee.
This causes a face turn for James' on-screen character.
When Stratus retired as champion, there was no longer a Women's Championship.
WWE held a tournament to name a new champion.
James was a part of that tournament.
She defeated Victoria and Melina in the early parts of the tournament.
She made it to the finals at Cyber Sunday.
In the final match, she lost to Lita.
At the 2006 Survivor Series James defeated Lita to win her second Women's Championship.
A new feud began between James and Melina on January 29 2007.
Melina was the number one contender for the Women's Title at the time.
James defeated Melina on February 5 to keep the championship.
After this, she teamed with Super Crazy in a mixed tag team match against Melina and Johnny Nitro.
Melina defeated James and challenged her to a rematch for the title.
James lost the Women's Championship to Melina on February 19.
The two wrestled in the first ever Women's Falls Count Anywhere match in WWE history.
James lost to Melina.
Near the end of the match, James fell from the turnbuckle.
She landed on her neck but was not badly injured.
At a house show in Paris, France on April 24, James won her third Women's Championship.
In a Triple Threat Match with Malina and Victoria, James pinned Victoria.
However, she did not pin Melina, Jonathan Coachman said that a rematch would take place immediately.
James lost the title back to Melina.
This gave her the shortest Women’s Championship reign in WWE history.
On the November 26 edition of Raw, James defeated Melina in a number one contenders match for Beth Phoenix's Women's Championship.
This led to a title match between James and Phoenix at Armageddon 2007.
James lost the match to Phoenix.
On the April 14, 2008 edition of Raw, held in London, James defeated Phoenix to win her fourth Women's Championship.
At Judgment Day James successfully defended the Women's Championship against Phoenix and Melina in a Triple Threat match.
James lost the championship back to Phoenix at SummerSlam 2008.
She lost it in an intergender tag team match at SummerSlam.
In that match, Her partner Kofi Kingston also lost the Intercontinental Title to Phoenix's partner Santino Marella.
Mickie James was released from her WWE contract on April 22, 2010.
Long Kiss Goodnight / Mick Kick (Reverse roundhouse kick preceded by a kiss) - late 2007
Mickie-DT / Laree DDT (Jumping standing tornado DDT/Tornado DDT or a jumping DDT, with theatrics)
Chick Kick (Roundhouse kick) - 2005-2006 during her feud with Trish Stratus
Stratusfaction (Springboard bulldog) – 2005–2006 during her feud with Trish Stratus
Baseball slide through the opponent's legs
Bridging leg hook suplex
Mickiecanarana (Back elbow from the corner, followed by rope-aided twisting headscissors)
Missile dropkick
One-handed cartwheel followed by monkey flip as a reversal
Running neckbreaker
Snapmare into a baseball slide to the face
Spinning sole kick to the midsection, followed by a front kick to the face and chest and finished with a spinning back kick to the head
Mickie-Thess-Press (Thesz press) followed by multiple (punches), sometimes from the top rope
Wheelbarrow reversal into a victory roll
Virginia Necktie/Neckbreaker (Arm trap neckbreaker slam)
CyberSpace Wrestling Federation
CSWF Women's Championship (1 time)
Delaware Championship Wrestling
DCW Women's Championship (1 time)
ICW Super Juniors Championship (1 time)
Premier Wrestling Federation
PWF Universal Women's Championship (1 time)
PWI ranked her # 4 of the best 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008.
SCW Diva Championship (1 time)
Ultimate Championship Wrestling
UCW Women's Championship (1 time)
Ultimate Wrestling Federation
UWF Women's Championship (2 times)
WWE Women's Championship (5 times, current)
James owns three Morgan horses called Rhapsody, Bunny and Casanova.
After she has finished her wrestling career, James plans to own a farm and train horses.
James also owns a dog named Butch.
She was at one time engaged to WWE wrestler Ken Doane, better known by his ring name "Kenny Dykstra".
She has also been in a relationship with Adam Birch, better known by his ring name "Joey Mercury".
James has two tattoos.
She has an Asian symbol meaning 'love' on her ankle and a dragon that wraps around it.
James posed nude in the May 2000 issue of  Leg Show magazine.
On April 13, 2008, James, along with Layla, Melina and Kelly Kelly, appeared in an episode of Celebrity Fit Club Boot Camp.
On September 5 of that same year, James appeared on the USA Network series Psych.
She played a roller derby girl called Rita "Lethal Weapon" Westwood.
James made an appearance on Redemption Song.
The program is hosted by WWE wrestler Chris Jericho.
James appeared on the program along with Candice Michelle, Maryse, and Eve Torres.
The episode was first aired on November 12, 2008.
Mickie James at Online World of Wrestling
Mickie James on WWE Fan Nation
Guineafowls (; sometimes called "pet speckled hens" or "original fowl") are birds of the family Numididae in the order Galliformes.
They are endemic to  Africa and rank among the oldest of the gallinaceous birds.
Phylogenetically, they branched off from the core Galliformes after the Cracidae (chachalacas, guans, and curassows) and before the Odontophoridae (New World quail).
An Eocene fossil lineage Telecrex has been associated with guineafowl; Telecrex inhabited Mongolia, and may have given rise to the oldest of the true phasianids, such as blood pheasants and eared pheasants, which evolved into high-altitude, montane-adapted species with the rise of the Tibetan Plateau.
While modern guineafowl species are endemic to Africa, the helmeted guineafowl has been introduced as a domesticated bird widely elsewhere.
Taxonomy and systematics
The insect- and seed-eating, ground-nesting birds of this family resemble partridges, but with featherless heads, though both members of the genus Guttera have a distinctive black crest, and the vulturine guineafowl has a downy brown patch on the nape.
Most species of guineafowl have a dark grey or blackish plumage with dense white spots, but both members of the genus Agelastes lack the spots.
While several species are relatively well known, the plumed guineafowl and the two members of the genus Agelastes remain relatively poorly known.
These large birds measure from 40–71 cm (16–28 in) in length, and weigh 700–1600 g or 1.5-3.5 lb.
Guinea hens weigh more than guinea cocks, possibly because of the larger reproductive organs in the female compared to the male guinea fowl.
Also, the presence of relatively larger egg clusters in the dual-purpose guinea hens may be a factor that contributes to the higher body weight of the guinea hens.
Behavior and ecology
The species for which information is known are normally monogamous, mating for life, or are serially monogamous; however, occasional exceptions have been recorded for helmeted and Kenya crested guineafowl, which have been reported to be polygamous in captivity.
All guineafowl are social, and typically live in small groups or large flocks.
Though they are monogamous, species of the least-derived genera Guttera, Agelastes, and Acryllium tend toward social polyandry, a trait shared with other primitive galliforms such as the crested partridge and Congo peafowl.
Guineafowl travel behind herd animals and beneath monkey troups, where they forage within manure and on items that have fallen to the understory from the canopy.
They play a pivotal role in the control of ticks, flies, locusts, scorpions, and other invertebrates.
They pluck maggots from carcasses and manure.
Wild guineafowl are strong flyers.
Their breast muscles are dark (aerobic metabolism), enabling them to sustain themselves in flight for considerable distances if hard-pressed.
Grass and bush fires are a constant threat to them and flight is the most effective means of escape.
Some species of guineafowl, like the vulturine guineafowl, may go without drinking water for extended periods, instead sourcing their moisture from their food.
Young guineafowl (called keets) are very sensitive to weather, in particular cold temperatures.
Guinea hens are not known to be good mothers, but in the wild, the guinea hen's mate (a guinea cock) may help tend the young keets during the day by keeping them warm and finding food.
Sometimes, more than one cock helps raise the young.
Guineafowl (hens and cocks together) make good parents.
During warm weather, the cock is unlikely to set on the keets during the night (leaving that duty to the hen), but may help the hen keep them warm at night when temperatures drop below freezing.
Guineafowl may be trained to go into a coop (instead of roosting in trees) when very young.
Once hatched and ready to leave the brooder (around 3 weeks), they may be enclosed in a coop for at least three days so they learn where "home" is.
When guinea parents (that already roost in a coop) raise their own keets, the hen sets on them outdoors at night, but then the parents teach the keets to also go into the coop in the evenings around 3 weeks of age.
Each sex has a different call, which can be used to differentiate between female and male.
Unlike chickens (which generally do best with one rooster for a flock of hens), guinea fowl do well with one cock for each hen.
Guineafowl species are found across sub-Saharan Africa, some almost in the entire range, others more localized, such as the plumed guineafowl in west-central Africa and the vulturine guineafowl in north-east Africa.
They live in semiopen habitats such as savanna or semideserts, while some, such as the black guineafowl, mainly inhabit forests.
Some perch high on treetops.
Guineafowl as food
It has marginally more protein than chicken or turkey, roughly half the fat of chicken and slightly fewer calories per gram.
Their eggs are substantially richer than those of chickens.
Madge and McGowan, Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse.
Martínez, I. (1994). "
Family Numididae (Guineafowl)", p. 554–570 in; del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. eds.
Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol.
New World Vultures to Guineafowl.
Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Guineafowl videos  on the Internet Bird Collection
SPPA article on Guinea Fowl Early Birds: Guinea Fowl by Dennis Headley
Jaguar S-Type was a car produced by Jaguar from 1998 till 2008.
It was first shown at the 1998 Birmingham Motor Show, and shared 'retro' styling with the Rover 75, which was shown at that same show.
Muskrats are rodents that live in freshwater and saltwater marshes, lakes, ponds, and streams.
Muskrats often build dome-shaped houses in marshes.
These houses, made of plants, protect the muskrat from predators, since the only entrance is underwater.
Some muskrats live in burrows on the water banks.
Muskrats are excellent swimmers but are slow on land.
Muskrats are native to North America, but have been brought to Europe and Asia, where they now live in the wild.
Muskrats got their name because they have musk glands that produce a strong scent.
Griffith's Experiment was an experiment done in 1928 by Frederick Griffith.
It was one of the first experiments showing that bacteria can get DNA through a process.
Griffith used two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
He then uses the bacteria to infect the mice, which have many similar characteristics to humans.
He used a type III-S (smooth) and type II-R (rough) strain.
The III-S strain covers itself with a polysaccharide capsule that protects it from the host's immune system.
This means that the host will die.
The II-R strain does not have that protective shield around it and is killed by the host's immune system.
In this experiment, bacteria from the III-S strain were killed by heat, and their remains were added to II-R strain bacteria.
While neither harmed the mice on their own, the blend of the two was able to kill mice.
Griffith was also able to get both live II-R and live III-S strains of S. pneumoniae from the blood of these dead mice.
He concluded that the type II-R had been "transformed" into the lethal III-S strain by a "transforming principle" that was somehow part of the dead III-S strain bacteria.
Today, we know that the "transforming principle" Griffith saw was the DNA of the III-S strain bacteria.
While the bacteria had been killed, the DNA had survived the heating process and was taken up by the II-R strain bacteria.
The III-S strain DNA contains the genes that form the shielding polysaccharide part from attack.
Armed with this gene, the former II-R strain bacteria were now protected from the host's immune system and could kill the host.
The exact nature of the transforming principle was confirmed in one of many experiments done by Avery, McLeod and McCarty, as well as Hershey and Chase.
Hartl, Daniel and Jones, Elizabeth 2005.
6th ed, Jones & Bartlett.
The original experiment by Griffith.
Original article and 35th anniversary reprint available.
Genetics experiments
Frederick Griffith (1879 - 1941) was a English medical officer and geneticist.
In 1928, during an experiment, he discovered what he called a transforming principle, but today we call DNA.
He was born in Hale, Lancashire and attended Liverpool University where he studied genetics.
In his younger days he worked at the Liverpool Royal Infirmary, the Thompson Yates Laboratory, and the Royal Commission on Tuberculosis.
The experiment began when Griffith was trying to make a vaccine to prevent pneumonia infections in the "Spanish flu" influenza pandemic after World War I, by using two strains of the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium.
Griffith was killed at work in his laboratory in 1941, along with longtime friend and bacteriologist William M. Scott in London during an air raid in the London blitz.
Years later Griffith's "transforming principle" was identified as DNA by Oswald Avery, along with coworkers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, in 1944.
The Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment.
Frederick Griffith Lancet, (3 May 1941): 588.
The Famous DNA Experiments
Griffith's Experiment on Bacterial Transformation
Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic diplococcus aerotolerant anaerobe and a member of the genus Streptococcus.
An important human pathogen, S. pneumoniae was recognized as a major cause of pneumonia in the late 19th century and is the subject of many humoral immunity studies.
In biology, a strain is a low-level taxonomic rank below the rank of species.
This is seen in microbiology where strains are got from a single cell colony, and are quarantined by being in a Petri dish.
Strains are also commonly referred to in virology, in horticulture, and with rodents used in experimental studies.
Microbiology/Virology
A strain is a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism, that is to say a virus or bacterium or fungus.
For example, a "flu strain" is a certain biological form of the influenza or "flu" virus.
Properly speaking, bacteria, archaea and viruses do not have species, because they do not have eukaryote-type sexual reproduction.
Bacteria do exchange DNA, but they may exchange it between different kinds of bacteria, which shows their difference from eukaryotes.
Strains are therefore an essential part of bacterial identification.
In botany, the term is not used to rank plants.
It is sometimes used to refer to all the descendants produced from a common ancestor that share a uniform morphological or physiological character.
A strain is a designated group of offspring that have descended from a modified plant, produced ether by conventional breeding or by biotechnological means or result from genetic mutation.
For example, some rice strains are made by inserting new genetic material into a rice plant, all the descendants of the genetically modified rice plant are a strain with a unique genetic code that is passed on to later generations.
The strain designation, a number or a formal name, covers all the plants that descend from the originally modified plant.
The rice plants in the strain can be breed to other rice strains or cultivars, and if desirable plants are produced, these are further breed to stabilize the desirable traits; the stabilized plants that can be propagated and come true, are given a cultivar name and released into production to be used by farmers.
A mouse or a rat strain is a group of animals that is genetically uniform.
Mouse strains can be inbred or genetically engineered, while rat strains are usually produced by inbreeding.
International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Rat strain index
rank32
Dr. Johannes Schäfer, born 2nd October 1965 in Göttingen, Germany, was the bass player of the German rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse from the beginning (1987) until 1996.
Today (2008) he is a doctor.
Schäfer's first band was 1982 the punk band Defekt in Hanover, Germany, where he was singer and bass player.
From 1985 until 1987 he played in the jazz rock band CIT.,
together with Mousse T. and at the same time he worked as a studio musician at the Stakkato Studio in Hannover.
In 1987 Schäfer founded the rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse together with Kai and Christian Wingenfelder, Rainer Schumann and Christoph Stein-Schneider.
He played the bass in this band until 1996, when he was followed by Christian Decker.
Together with his band Schäfer was awarded golden recording sales certifications for the Fury albums Fury in the Slaughterhouse (1988), Mono (1992), and the Hearing and the Sense of Balance (1995).
Fury in the Slaughterhouse sold about three million recordings of albums made in their time with Hannes Schäfer (1987-1996).
After leaving Fury in the Slaughterouse Schäfer studied medicine and today (2008) he works as a doctor in the hospital Vinzenzkrankenhaus in Hanover.
Homepage of Fury in the Slaughterhouse
the hospital Schäfer works at today
The Prestige is a 2006 period movie directed by Christopher Nolan.
The story follows Robert Angier and Alfred Borden, enemy stage magicians in fin de siècle London.
Obsessed with creating the best stage Magic, they take part in a competition with tragic results.
Hugh Jackman as Robert Angier, a classy magician with a talent for performance.
Christian Bale as Alfred Borden, a working-class magician who knows magic.
Michael Caine as John Cutter, the stage engineer who works for Angier.
Rebecca Hall as Sarah Borden, Borden's wife.
Scarlett Johansson as Olivia Wenscombe, Angier's assistant and Borden's lover.
David Bowie as Nikola Tesla, the inventor (Tesla was a real person) who creates a device for Angier.
Piper Perabo as Julia McCullough, Angier's wife.
Andy Serkis as Mr. Alley, Tesla's assistant.
Ricky Jay as "Milton the Magician", an older magician Borden and Angier work for at the beginning of the story.
Roger Rees as Owens, a solicitor working for Lord Caldlow.
W. Morgan Sheppard as Merrit, the owner of a theater where Angier initially performs.
Writer Christopher Priest's website
Javon Ringer (born February 2, 1987, Dayton, Ohio) is an American football running back for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL).
He attended Chaminade Julienne High School, where he set many running records.
Ringer's official site
Javon Ringer statistics, ESPN.com
MSU Spartans Player Profile
CBS Player Page
A running back (RB) is the position of a player on an American football team.
They are the players who carry the ball the most.
They receive handoffs, catch passes, and block for other runners.
Football 101: Basic Football positions
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/what-the-running-backs-do-in-a-football-game.html
The Heisman Memorial Trophy Award website
StiffArmTrophy.com (attempts to project the Heisman Trophy winner through "exit polls" of actual Heisman voters)
HeismanPundit.com (commentary and discussion)
New Home of the Heisman - Sports Museum of America
The place of birth is the place where a person was born.
This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person.
Sometimes a person's place of birth decides the ethnicity of the person.
Run Fat Boy Run is a 2007 British romantic comedy directed by David Schwimmer, written by Michael Ian Black and Simon Pegg, and starring Pegg, Dylan Moran, Thandie Newton, Harish Patel, India de Beaufort and Hank Azaria.
It was released in the UK on 7 September 2007, in Canada on 10 September 2007 and in the United States on 28 March 2008.
Simon Pegg as Dennis Doyle
Thandie Newton as Elizabeth Olivia 'Libby' Odell
Hank Azaria as Whit
Dylan Moran as Gordon
Harish Patel as Mr. Goshdashtidar
India de Beaufort as Maya Goshdashtidar
Matthew Fenton as Jake
Simon Day as Vincent
Ruth Sheen as Claudine
Tyrone Huggins as Grover
Nevan Finegan as Mickey
Chris Hollins (sports reporter)
Peter Serafinowicz (reporter voice over)
Denise Lewis (British athlete)
Stephen Merchant (injured runner)
David Walliams (customer in Libby's shop)
Official Canadian site
Interview with director David Schwimmer at YouTube
And Now for Something Completely Different is a British movie spin-off from the comedy television series Monty Python's Flying Circus.
The movie feature favorite sketches from the first two seasons.
The title was used as a catchphrase in the series.
Abu Ghraib prison is a prison in Abu Ghraib, a city 32 km west of Baghdad, Iraq.
It became known when Saddam Hussein tortured and executed dissidents there.
After the United States had invaded Iraq, there was also a scandal where US forces tortured prisoners.
Buildings and structures in Iraq
In professional sports, a trade is when one (or more) player's contract and/or draft picks is traded between sports teams.
Cash is another thing that may be added with contracts and/or draft picks to make a trade.
Most often, trades are done between two teams, but there are times where trades are made between three or more teams.
Jet is a hard rock band from Melbourne, Australia.
They were formed in 2001.
They have made two albums, Get Born and Shine On.
Get Born sold over three and a half million copies worldwide.
Get Born is the first album by Australian band Jet.
It was recorded in 2003.
It was released on September 14, 2003.
The song "Cold Hard Bitch" reached the top spot on the Modern Rock charts.
"Last Chance" – 1:52
"Are You Gonna Be My Girl" – 3:34
"Rollover DJ" – 3:17
"Look What You've Done" – 3:50
"Get What You Need" – 4:08
"Move On" – 4:21
"Radio Song" – 4:32
"Get Me Outta Here" – 2:56
"Cold Hard Bitch" – 4:03
"Come Around Again" – 4:30
"Take It Or Leave It" – 2:23
"Lazy Gun" – 4:42
"Timothy" – 4:32
Major" – 4:04 *
From the age of 14 he went to Rugby School in England.
At school he played both rugby football and cricket very well.
By his final year in England, he was captain of the Rugby XI and he was listed in Bells Sporting Life as being one of the most promising young cricketers in England.
In 1859, Wills was involved with others in creating a set of football rules that were like a cross between rugby, soccer and Gaelic football.
Wills had help from people who included his cousin Henry Colden Harrison, and W.J. Hammersly and J.B. Thompson.
This game is now Australian Rules Football.
Willis was an alcoholic.
He committed suicide by stabbing himself in the heart.
Australian rules footballers
Suicides by blade weapons
"When I'm Gone" - 3:49
"Take My Hand" - 3:51
"The End" - 3:22
"Your Love Is a Lie" - 3:42
"Save You" - 3:45
"Generation" - 3:02
"Time to Say Goodbye" - 2:56
"I Can Wait Forever" - 4:54
"Holding On" - 5:03
"No Love" - 3:15
"What If" - 5:54
Simple Plan albums
The pentavalent impure atoms like phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth or some other chemical element are used to produce n-type semiconductors.
These impure atoms are called donor impurities because they give free electrons to a semiconductor.
The doping increases the number of charge carriers in the material for conduction (read more: why do we need doping in semiconductor?).
A n-type semiconductor is a lot more conductive than the pure silicon or germanium.
Semiconductor materials like silicon and germanium have four electrons in their outer shell.
The outer shell of electrons is called the valence shell.
The four electrons are used by the semiconductor atom in forming bonds with its neighboring atoms.
This leaves a low number of electrons available for conduction.
Pentavalent elements are those elements which have five electrons in their outer shell.
To make the n-type semiconductor, pentavalent impurities like phosphorus or arsenic are added.
Four of the impurities' electrons form bonds with the surrounding silicon atoms.
This leaves one electron free.
The resulting material has a large number of free electrons.
Since electrons are negative charge carriers, the resultant material is called an n-type (or negative type) semiconductor.
The pentavalent impurity that is added is called a 'dopant' and the process of addition is called 'doping'.
N-type semiconductors are manufactured by doping pure semiconductor material.
The amount of impurity added is very small compared to the amount of semiconductor.
The way this new semiconductor works is changed by controlling the quantity of the dopant.
n-type semiconductors are not the pure semiconductors.
They are extrinsic semiconductors.
To get n-type semiconductor, pentavalent atoms like Arsenic (As), Phosphorus (P) are doped in an intrinsic semiconductor like Si, Ge etc.
Majority carriers in n-type semiconductors are free electrons.
That means concentration of free electrons in n-type semiconductor is greater than the concentration of holes.
n-type semiconductors can be converted into intrinsic or pure semiconductor by increasing its temperature to a high value.
Arsenic doped Silicon, Phosphorus doped Silicon, Arsenic doped Germanium, Phosphorus doped Germanium etc.