the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
are the examples of n-type semiconductor.
P-type Semiconductor
The Doping of Semiconductors - Hyperphysics
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor material - Electronics & Physics
N-type semiconductor materials - concepts
Pay television or premium television are subscription-based television services.
They are found mainly on cable television or satellite television.
Some parts of the world, like France and the US, have also offered encrypted analogue terrestrial signals, available if you pay a subscription.
A plug-in hybrid car is similar to a conventional hybrid vehicle—both use a gasoline engine as well as an electric motor.
A plug-in hybrid differs primarily in that it can be plugged in to charge the batteries, while a conventional hybrid relies solely on energy generated from braking, coasting or from the gasoline engine.
However, a plug-in hybrid uses larger battery packs that can be recharged by connecting to common household electricity.
Plug-in hybrids can be driven for long distances—from a few miles to as much as 40 miles—without using any gasoline.
Plug-in hybrid cars are also known as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles or PHEVs.
Plug-in hybrid cars that use a gas engine exclusively for recharging batteries—rather than directly powering the wheels—are also called Extended-Range Electric Vehicles or E-REVs.
Fueling a car with electricity is about 5 times cheaper than fueling it with gasoline.
That is equivalent to buying gasoline at less than $1 per gallon.
It also reduces greenhouse pollution and helps reduce crude oil imports.
Also plug-in hybrids produced substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions than either conventional gasoline cars or unplugged hybrids.
The reduction in emissions results from electric operation being much more efficient than gasoline operation.
Criticisms of the hybrid include the additional cost, weight, and size of a larger battery pack.
But The extra weight of the batteries will be offset somewhat by the reduced weight of the gas engine.
It is obvious for most people that internal combustion engine cars cannot represent the future anymore because of the oil reserves that are estimated to be finished in forty or fifty years.
Obviously, Plug-in vehicles cannot be considered a short term option because we lack the needed infrastructure and capable batteries for increasing the autonomy that is currently limited.
The general opinion was that, at least for the next seven or eight years, Plug-ins are not going to become the standard in hybrid vehicles and that regular HEVs will have the biggest proportion on the market.
Green vehicles
"IEEE" redirects here.
It is not to be confused with the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE).
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (or IEEE  for short) an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity.
It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 400,000 members in more than 160 countries.
About 45% of IEEE's members live outside the United States.
The IRE concerned mostly radio engineering.
The major interests of the AIEE were wire communications and light and electric power systems.
As technology developing, the IRE and the AIEE became difficult to distinguish.
And people who belong to both group were increasing gradually.
After World War II, the leadership of both the IRE and the AIEE merged the organizations on January 1, 1963.
IEEE says its purpose is "scientific and educational, directed toward the advancement of the theory and practice of electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering, as well as computer science, the allied branches of engineering and the related arts and sciences."
In pursuing these goals, the IEEE serves a major publisher of scientific journals, provides learning opportunities within the engineering sciences, research, and technology and so on.
IEEE consists of 150 countries, 350,000 members, 39 societies, organized around specialized technical fields, with more than 300 local organizations that hold regular meetings.
Famous presidents of IEEE and its founding organizations include Elihu Thomson, Alexander Graham Bell, Ernst Weber.
In 2008 the president of IEEE was Lewis M. Terman.
IEEE produces 30 percent of the world's literature in the electrical and electronics engineering and computer science fields, publishing well over 100 peer-reviewed journals.
The content in these journals and from several hundred annual conferences are available in the IEEE's online digital library.
Standards and development process
IEEE is one of the leading standards-making organizations in the world.
The IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) makes and maintains standards for the IEEE.
IEEE standards affect a wide range of industries including: power and energy, biomedical and healthcare, Information Technology (IT), telecommunications, transportation, nanotechnology, information assurance, and many more.
In 2005, IEEE had close to 900 active standards, with 500 standards under development.
One of the more notable IEEE standards is the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN group of standards which includes the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard and the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networking standard (Wi-Fi).
IEEE Conferences Template – For authors looking to submit to IEEE conferences
IEEE format template - For authors looking to submit to IEEE journals
1963 establishments in New York (state)
A galvanometer is a type of ammeter.
It is an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current.
It is named after Luigi Galvani.
It is an analog electromechanical transducer that produces a rotary deflection, through a limited arc, in response to electric current flowing through its coil.
The term has been expanded to include uses of the same mechanism in recording, positioning, and servomechanism equipment.
The most familiar use is as an analog measuring instrument, often called a meter.
It is used to measure the direct current (flow of electric charge) through an electric circuit.
The D'Arsonval/Weston form used today is constructed with a small pivoting coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet.
The coil is attached to a thin pointer that traverses a calibrated scale.
When a direct current (DC) flows through the coil, the coil generates a magnetic field.
This field acts against the permanent magnet.
The coil twists, pushing against the spring, and moves the pointer.
The hand points at a scale indicating the electric current.
Careful design of the pole pieces ensures that the magnetic field is uniform, so that the angle of the pointer is proportional to the current.
A useful meter generally contains provision for damping the mechanical resonance of the moving coil and pointer, so that the pointer settles quickly to its position without oscillation.
Tangent galvanometer
A tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument used for the measurement of electric current.
It works by using a compass needle to compare a magnetic field generated by the unknown current to the magnetic field of the Earth.
It gets its name from its operating principle, the tangent law of magnetism, which states that the tangent of the angle a compass needle makes is proportional to the ratio of the strengths of the two perpendicular magnetic fields.
It was first described by Claude Servais Mathias Pouillet in 1837.
A tangent galvanometer consists of a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a circular non-magnetic frame.
The coil can be rotated on a vertical axis passing through its centre.
A compass box is mounted horizontally at the centre of a circular scale.
It consists of a tiny, powerful magnetic needle pivoted at the centre of the coil.
The magnetic needle is free to rotate in the horizontal plane.
The circular scale is divided into four quadrants.
Each quadrant is graduated from 0° to 90°.
A long thin aluminium pointer is attached to the needle at its centre and at right angle to it.
To avoid errors due to parallax a plane mirror is mounted below the compass needle.
Magnetic tape is a long and narrow strip of plastic that thin magnetic material is coated on.
Nearly all recording tape is of this type, whether used for recording audio or video or computer data storage.
Magnetic tape recording uses magnetic tape which moves on a recording head.
Electrical signals are fed to the recording head, inducing a pattern of magnetization similar to the signal.
A playback head can then pick up the changes in magnetic field from the tape and convert it into an electrical signal.
Devices that record and playback audio and video using magnetic tape are generally called tape recorders and videotape recorders respectively.
A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape can be called a tape drive, a tape unit, or a streamer.
Autoloaders and tape libraries are frequently used to automate cartridge handling.
Magnetic tape was first invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany.
Pfleumer's invention used an iron oxide(Fe2O3) powder coating on a long strip of paper.
Magnetic tape has been used for data storage for over 50 years.
In this time, many advances in tape have been made.
Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes.
Today, many other technologies like CD or DVD are replacing magnetic tape.
However, innovation in the technology continues and tape is still widely used.
Strength and Weakness
When storing large amounts of data, tape can be cheaper than disk or other data storage options.
Tape storage has always been used with large computer systems.
Modern usage is a high capacity medium for backups and archives.
As of 2019, the highest capacity tape cartridge can store 330 TB of data without using compression.
Magnetic tape data storage uses the Sequential access method for reading data.
Tape has a longer access time than disk for random accesses since the deck must wind the tape to move from one location to another.
History of Tape Recording Technology
VidiPax Audio Format Guide
A cathode is a type of electrode through which electrons move.
Electrodes are an electrical conductor (usually a metal) that is connected to something that is not a metal.
Electric current is a flow of charges through a conductor.
There are two theories; one theory is  conventional current flow and the other is actual current flow.
The anode delivers conventional (or customary) current (which travels in the opposite direction as electrons) and the cathode receives that current.
This means that electrons come out of the anode and electrons go into the cathode.
This lets an electric current go into an electrical device such as a battery or other electrical cell.
It can also end in a vacuum, like in a cathode ray tube.
In this case, the electrons may go into open space.
In other words, a cathode is a positive electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell.
Electric current is perceived as flowing in the opposite direction that the electrons are flowing.
So electrons go into the + (positive) terminal of a battery, but electric current goes out.
Electrons go into the + (positive) terminal of an electrolytic cell, but electric current goes out.
An electrode through which electrons flows out of the device is termed a cathode because it is negatively charged.
A cathode is a negative electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell.
How to Define Anode and Cathode
The United States Army Reserve is the reserve force of the United States Army.
People in the reserve forces are not full-time soldiers, they also have a civilian career.
The reserve forces of the US Army are made of the US Army reserve and the Army National Guard.
The Army Reserve was formed in 1908 to provide a reserve of medical officers to the Army.
After the First World War  Congress reorganized the U.S. land forces.
The National Defence Act of 4 June 1920 authorized a Regular Army, a National Guard, and an Organized Reserve (Officers Reserve Corps and Enlisted Reserve Corps) of unrestricted size.
The Organized Reserve later became the Army Reserve.
The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals.
In general the term electrical telegraph refers to a signalling system where an operator makes and breaks an electrical contact with a telegraph key which results in an audible signal at the other end produced by a telegraph sounder which is interpreted and transcribed by a human operator.
Types of electrical telegraphs
Gauss-Weber telegraph and Carl Steinheil
Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber installed a 1000m long wire above the town's roofs.
They were allowed to do this on 6 May 1833.
Carl August Steinheil was able to build a telegraph network in 1835–1836.
He installed a telegraph line along the first German railroad in 1835.
Schilling telegraph
The telegraph had a transmitting device which had a keyboard with 16 black-and-white keys.
These served for switching the electric current.
Alter and the Elderton Telegraph
Dr. David Alter created it one year before the much more popular Morse telegraph was invented.
Alter demonstrated it publically.
Morse telegraphs
In the United States, the telegraph was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail.
Morse created an electrical telegraph in 1837.
His version was a design that could transmit over long distances using poor quality wire.
Vail, his assistant, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse.
1837 AD Samuel Morse Invents the Electric Telegraph
The Electric Telegraph (1838–1914)
Knol is a Google project which aims to include user-written articles on a range of topics.
The project was  announced on December 13, 2007 and opened in beta to the public on July 23, 2008.
When it was opened, there were a few hundred articles mostly about health and medicine.
Knol pages are "meant to be the first thing someone who searches for this topic for the first time will want to read", according to Manber.
The term knol, which Google defines as a "unit of knowledge", refers to both the project and an article in the project.
Several experts see Knol as Google's attempt to compete with Wikipedia, while others point out the differences between the projects.
Anyone can create and own new knols.
There can also be several articles on the same topic, each written by a different author.
Because multiple articles can have the same title, readers find a topic by searching, rather than just by title.
The authors can say who can edit their articles: the public, other authors, or only themselves.
They may also choose to include ads from Google's AdSense to their knols.
Knol has a policy that specifies topics that are unacceptable for the project.
Relevant nudity is allowed (in most countries), but pornography, commercial or otherwise, is forbidden.
Also forbidden is discriminatory or violent content.
Content designed to promote businesses, products or services is allowed, but articles devoid of substantive content and created solely to generate ad revenue are not.
In its early stages of development as a resource, Knol was criticised very much.
Commentators have called it a "wasteland" of articles copied from other sources, entries that were outdated or abandoned, as well as spam or self-promotion.
Knol is frequently criticized for having incomplete and inaccurate articles.
Google has said that "Since knol authors receive attribution, knols are a great forum for expressing your opinions."
In October 2008, Google unveiled using Knols as a forum for debate, and enabled French, Italian and German versions, in the face of stagnating traffic.
Anyone who wants to contribute to Knol must first sign in, with a Google account.
The users should give their real names.
If permission is given, Google will check if the name is true.
Google will do this by credit card or phone.
Google "[believes] that knowing who wrote what will significantly help users make better use of web content".
The company hopes that "knols will include the opinions and points of view of the authors who will put their reputation on the line".
Readers who are logged in with a google account can comment on entries, rate them or suggest changes.
This works much like a blog.
When the project was announced, Manber said that "Google will not serve as an editor in any way, and will not bless any content.
All editorial responsibilities and control will rest with the authors."
All knols are licensed by default under the Creative Commons CC-BY-3.0 license.
This license allows anyone to reuse the material as long as the original author is named, but authors may choose the CC-BY-NC-3.0 license (which prohibits commercial reuse) or traditional all rights reserved copyright protections instead.
Knol has "nofollow" outgoing links, using an HTML directive.
This prevents links in its articles from influencing search engine rankings.
What people say about Knol
People have described Knol as a rival to other encyclopedia sites such as Wikipedia and Scholarpedia.
Sometimes people pointed out that the format was very different, and therefore it might be an addition to these sites.
It might allow to get around some of the Problems of Wikipedia.
The non-profit Wikimedia Foundation, which owns the name Wikipedia and the servers hosting the Wikipedia projects, welcomed the Google Knol initiative saying that "The more good free content, the better for the world."
Wikipedia articles are written collectively under a "neutral point of view" policy,
There has been debate whether Google search results can remain neutral because of possible conflict of interest.
According to Danny Sullivan, the editor of Search Engine Land, "Google’s goal of making Knol pages easy to find on search engines could conflict with its need to remain unbiased."
Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy, raised similar concerns: "At the end of the day, there's a fundamental conflict between the business Google is in and its social goals.
What you're seeing here, slowly, is Google embracing an advertising-driven model, in which money will have a greater impact on what people have ready access to."
Knol Homepage
Wikipedia is a large, popular free encyclopedia written by volunteers.
There is some criticism of Wikipedia.
Main criticisms
Anyone can change Wikipedia.
Because of this, some articles may not be entirely correct or accurate.
They may show false information.
There is vandalism, where people make bad changes to articles on purpose, or with bad intents.
Some articles do not have good sources.
Wikipedia needs good sources in order to show the information is correct.
Sometimes one group of people change Wikipedia more than others.
Because of this, that group's interests and views may be covered more on Wikipedia.
This is called systematic bias.
This is bad because Wikipedia needs to be open for everyone to read and change.
Wikipedia has images and content that may be gross or hurtful.
Some of this is not good for children to see.
There are articles about these things because Wikipedia thinks it is important to not censor information.
There are many rules on Wikipedia.
Some people think these rules are bad or confusing.
These rules may stop new people from changing articles.
The people who change Wikipedia can argue and bother others.
The people who run Wikipedia have a lot of power which is not correct.
Critics of Wikipedia
Wikipedia editors know that the site should not be used as a primary source for research.
A librarian, whose name is Philip Bradley, said Wikipedia does not have authority.
For a printed encyclopedia, the people writing it have to make sure the information is correct, or they could lose their job.
Some people say calling Wikipedia an "encyclopedia" means that people trust it even when they should not trust it.
Some librarians, academics, and writers of other encyclopedias do not like Wikipedia as a source of information.
Many schools and universities do not accept Wikipedia as a source, except most of them do not want any encyclopedias used - they want primary sources instead.
Criticism of the Wikipedia community
Kat Walsh, a person in the Wikimedia Foundation (which runs Wikipedia), said Wikipedia was easier when it was made.
Today, there are many rules and it is more difficult for new people to change articles.
Many people who change Wikipedia have stopped, and the number of article changers have gone down since 2006.
In 2006, Jimmy Wales said most of changes on Wikipedia are made by about 500 people who "all know each other".
But most of the changes are made by people who sometimes change articles, or who do not have Wikipedia accounts at all.
On some articles, many people bother each other.
Sometimes good arguments are ignored because they are not popular with the article changers.
To stop vandalism, some people have administration powers.
People with administration powers can delete articles, stop a change on an article, and stop users.
There are special rules to stop people with administrative powers from taking too much control, but the ideas of people with administration powers can be over the ideas of other people.
Andrew Keen.
The Cult of the Amateur.
Doubleday/Currency, 2007.
(substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects).
Listen to: Does the Internet Undermine Culture?,
NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007.
Sheizaf Rafaeli & Yaron Ariel (2008).
Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia.
In A. Barak (Ed.),
Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications (pp.
243–267).
Multiple-choice self-test as a review of your understanding of this article, and as part of a Wikiversity course about Wikipedia.
Wikipedia is a real-life Hitchhiker's Guide: huge, nerdy, and imprecise - by Paul Boutin, Slate, May 3, 2005.
A thirst for knowledge by Andrew Orlowski The Guardian April 13, 2006
Wikipedia: magic, monkeys and typewriters - by Andrew Orlowski, The Register, October 24, 2005.
Can you trust Wikipedia?
- by Elvira van Noort, Mail & Guardian (South Africa), November 7, 2005.
Unreliable (adj): log on and see - by Rosemary Righter, The Times, December 9, 2005 (Subscription needed for full article)
Online encyclopedias put to the test - by Stephen Cauchi, December 14, 2005.
Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's - by Andrew Orlowski, The Register, December 16, 2005.
Does Wikipedia win through the "wisdom of crowds"?
by Jack Schofield Guardian Unlimited  December 19, 2005
Turf Wars: Wikipedia spars with a splinter site for truth  by Julian Dibbell The Village Voice May 2, 2006
The Great Failure of Wikipedia (transcript) by Jason Scott Sadofsky at Notacon 3 in Cleveland, Ohio
Neil Gaiman: What Bears Do On the Lawn, May 11, 2006, criticism of Wikipedia by noted author and essayist Neil Gaiman.
Smile, it's the End of the World is the second album by pop punk band Hawk Nelson.
It was released on April 4, 2006.
"The One Thing I Have Left" – 3:07
"The Show" – 3:13
"Bring 'Em Out" – 3:23
"Everything You Ever Wanted" – 4:04
"Something On My Mind" – 4:19
"Is Forever Enough" – 3:22
"Zero" – 4:38
"Nothing Left To Show" – 2:54
"Head On Collision" – 4:07
"Hello" – 3:00
"It's Over" – 3:06
"Fourteen" – 4:50
Letters to the President is the first album by pop punk band Hawk Nelson.
It was released on October 4, 2005.
"California" – 2:52
"Things We Go Through" – 2:31
"Every Little Thing" – 3:07
"From Underneath" – 2:45
"Letters To The President" – 3:13
"Right Here" – 3:11
"Recess" – 0:50
"Take Me" – 3:30
"Someone Else Before" – 3:17
"First Time" – 2:37
"Like A Racecar" – 2:48
"The Show" – 1:53
"36 Days" – 3:42
"Long And Lonely Road" – 3:10
Tonbridge Grammar School (or just TGS) is a well known grammar school in Tonbridge, Kent.
It has about 1050 students who are 11-18 years old.
The school was called Tonbridge Grammar School For Girls until 2002, when boys were allowed into the 6th form.
Tonbridge Grammar School started in 1905 on the top floor of the Tonbridge Library with only 13 pupils.
The teacher and headmistress was called Mrs Taylor.
In 1913 the school moved to the site in Deakin Leas as the school was growing quickly and the library was not big enough.
The Main Building/ The Hans Building
The Technology Block ("The Tech Block")
The Old Building/The Science Building
School homepage
A rechargeable battery, also called  a storage battery or a secondary cell, is a battery that can be recharged  over and over again with electricity.
A battery that is not rechargeable is called a primary cell or disposable battery.
It is thrown away after it no longer works.
The voltage of rechargeable batteries can be restored by passing an electric current through the battery.
Car batteries, for example, work this way..
Rechargeable batteries are not always chosen.
Each battery costs more to make, and has more dangerous chemicals than disposable batteries.
Rechargeable batteries can be used for many smaller electronics such as MP3 players and flashlights.
Almost all mobile phones and laptop computers use them.
They are also used for car batteries.
Types of rechargeable batteries
Lead-acid battery
Nickel-cadmium battery
Nickel metal-hydride battery
The 2005 Pacific hurricane season was a slightly inactive season that produced 17 tropical cyclones.
It officially started on May 15 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeast Pacific Ocean.
The first  tropical cyclone, Hurricane Adrian, developed on May 17, while the last storm Tropical Depression Sixteen-E, dissipated on October 20.
During the year, a total of 17 tropical cyclones, 15 tropical storms, 7 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes formed.
The most intense hurricane, Hurricane Kenneth remained out over open waters for the duration of its existence.
However, the remnants of the storm caused minor flooding on the Island of Hawaii.
September was the most active month of the year, as 6 of the 17 tropical cyclones formed during this time.
Very few storms impacted land throughout the season.
Hurricane Adrian was the only landfalling system.
It struck El Salvador as a dissipating tropical depression after rapidly weakening from hurricane status.
Flooding in Nicaragua caused the only fatality during the season.
Tropical Storm Dora and Hurricane Hilary brought tropical storm force winds to coastal Mexico, although no damage was reported.
The remnants Tropical Depression One-C caused heavy rainfall on the Island of Hawaii, peaking at 8.8 in (223.52 mm).
Hawaii was also affected by the remnants of Hurricane Kenneth which also caused heavy rains on the Island of Hawaii.
The combined storms caused very little damage and only one fatality.
The 2007 Pacific hurricane season was a below average Pacific hurricane season with only one major hurricane.
It officially started on May 15, 2007 in the eastern Pacific, designated as the area east of 140°W, and on June 1 2007 in the central Pacific, which is between the International Date Line and 140°W, and lasted until November 30, 2007.
These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin.
The season began slowly; through the end of July, the seasonal ACE was the third lowest since the geostationary satellite era began in 1966.
The inactivity continued through the next month, which was the third quietest August in terms of ACE since reliable records began in the basin in 1971.
Tropical Storm Barbara in June caused $55 million (2007 USD) in crop damage in southeastern Mexico from heavy precipitation.
In August, Hurricane Flossie formed in the Eastern Pacific and crossed into the Central Pacific, threatening Hawaii but causing little damage.
In early September, Hurricane Henriette dropped heavy rainfall in southwest Mexico, which caused nine fatalities and $25 million (2007 USD) in damage.
Tropical Storm Alvin
Tropical Storm Barbara
Tropical Depression Three-E
Tropical Depression Four-E
Tropical Depression Five-E
Hurricane Cosme
Tropical Storm Dalila
Tropical Storm Erick
Hurricane Flossie
Tropical Storm Gil
Hurricane Henriette
Hurricane Ivo
Tropical Depression Thirteen-E
Tropical Storm Juliette
Tropical Storm Kiko
Government of Balochistan is based in the largest province of Pakistan in Quetta.
The head of the province is the Governor, who is nominated by the President of Pakistan.
While the head of the Government of Balochistan is the Chief Minister who is elected by the Balochistan Assembly.
The Klingon language (tlhIngan Hol, ) is a language that was made for the Klingons in the Star Trek universe.
It is a constructed language, not one that developed naturally.
Only a few people can speak the Klingon language well enough to talk in it.
The Klingon Language Institute helps people learn Klingon.
The first Klingon words were made by the actor James Doohan in 1979 for the first Star Trek movie.
When they made the third movie in 1984, Gene Roddenberry wanted to have a real language for the Klingons.
Marc Okrand, a linguist (a language scientist) made the Klingon language.
He has written some books about the Klingon language.
Marc Okrand wanted the language to be as complicated as possible.
He did this to make it sound very alien.
The word order in a sentence is always object-verb-subject.
This is the opposite of English's word order, which is subject-verb-object.
The English sentence "I see the cat" is said as "the cat see I" in Klingon.
When writing in Klingon, some letters are always in uppercase and some are lowercase.
This never changes because the letters are spoken differently when they are written differently.
A chief minister is the elected head of government of a sub-national or constituent federal state.
Leaders with this role are usually elected in India or Australia.
The Government of Punjab is a Provincial government in Pakistan.
It is based in Lahore, the capital of the PUNJAB Province.
The chief minister of kpk is         ( Mahmood khan).
Judge of High court is Waqar Ahmed Saith.
Lentil soup ( shorbit adas or shurba al-'adas, ,  nezid adashim) is a soup.
It is served hot and made with lentils.
It is popular all over the Middle East.
Usually it is a vegetarian soup, but can also be made with meat stock.
Red or green lentils may be used and in some recipes the lentils are boiled with vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, parsley and onion, and then pureed.
Things commonly added include garlic, cumin, and lemon juice.
Sometimes croutons are added to make it look good.
Lentil soup was once a food for the poor.
Today, it is recognized as highly nutritious and provides a good source of protein, fiber, iron and potassium.
This is Ozzy's  first solo album.
The tracks "Crazy Train" and "Mr. Crowley" were released as singles. "
Crazy Train" peaked at #9 on the Mainstream Rock Charts.
Blizzard of Ozz remains Osbourne's highest-selling album to date, selling over 4.1 million copies in the U.S. alone.
"I Don't Know" – 5:16
"Crazy Train" – 4:56
"Goodbye to Romance" – 5:36
"Dee" (Instrumental) (Rhoads) – 0:50
"Suicide Solution" – 4:21
"Mr. Crowley" – 4:55
"No Bone Movies" (Osbourne, Rhoads, Daisley, Lee Kerslake) – 3:53
"Revelation (Mother Earth)" – 6:09
"Steal Away (The Night)" – 3:28
2002 Bonus Track
"You Lookin' at Me Lookin' at You" – 4:16
Ozzy Osbourne - Vocals, Harmony Vocals, Producer
Randy Rhoads - Guitar, Producer
Bob Daisley - Bass, Gong, backing vocals, Harmony Vocals, Producer
Lee Kerslake - Drums, percussion, Bells, Tympani, Producer
Robert Trujillo - Bass (2002 reissue)
Mike Bordin - Drums (2002 reissue)
Don Airey - Keyboards
Rudy Sarzo - Bass
Tommy Aldridge - Drums, Percussion
Max Norman - Engineer
A nightgown or nightdress is a gown worn for sleeping.
It is usually loose-fitting.
There are different lengths, hip-length (called baby-doll), floor-length (called négligée) or knee-length.
Men wore them until about the 1940s when they changed to pajamas.
Today, they are mostly worn by women.
Bolted joints are very common in construction and machine design.
They are cap screws or studs that grab and join other parts, and are secured by screw threads.
Lyman  Hall (April 12, 1724– October 19, 1790) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia.
Hall County is named after him.
Button Gwinnett (baptized: April 10, 1735 – May 19, 1777), was second of the signatories (first signature on the left) on the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia.
He was also briefly the provisional president of Georgia in 1777, and Gwinnett County (now a major suburb of metro Atlanta) was named after him.
1777 deaths
Some of his descendants were William Ellery Channing, Richard Henry Dana, Edie Sedgwick and actress Kyra Sedgwick and Jadriene M. Ellery.
Ellery Avenue in Middletown, Rhode Island is named in his honor.
1727 births
Politicians from Rhode Island
In honor
the William Floyd School District in present-day Brookhaven Town, which includes William Floyd Elementary, William Floyd Middle School and William Floyd High School.
William Floyd Parkway in the Town of Brookhaven.
The town of Floyd in Oneida County.
General Floyd moved into the present day hamlet of Westernville, Oneida County before his death.
His final resting place in the Westernville cemetery is marked with a simple stone plaque.
the General William Floyd Elementary School in the Holland Patent School District, Onieda County.
Among his descendants are cinematographer Floyd Crosby and rock singer David Crosby.
A second cousin twice removed was Abraham Lincoln.
Pennsylvania Representative
USS George Clymer (APA-27) was named in his honor.
Clymer,Indiana County, Pennsylvania was named in his honor
Clymer, Chautaqua County, New York was named in his honor
George Clymer Elementary School, School District of Philadelphia.
This school has educated majority children of color following Clymer's legacy of rights for all people.
Treasurers of the United States
Abraham Clark (February 15, 1725 – September 15, 1794) was an American politician and Revolutionary War figure.
He was delegate for New Jersey to the Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence and later served in the United States House of Representatives in both the Second and Third United States Congress, from March 4, 1791, until his death in 1794.
United States representatives from New Jersey
Charles Carroll of Carrollton (September 19, 1737 – November 14 1832) was a delegate to the Continental Congress and later United States Senator for Maryland.
He was the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence.
He was the longest lived signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Continental Congress, dying at the age of 95.
He was a rich planter.
Although he opposed slavery he had slaves.
People from Annapolis, Maryland
United States senators from Maryland
Cotidianul is a Romanian newspaper.
It is published from Monday to Saturday in Berliner format.
It was started by Ion Raţiu.
The first issue was published on May 10, 1991.
Newspapers in Europe
Samuel Huntington (July 16, 1731 - January 5, 1796) was an American jurist, statesman, and revolutionary leader from Connecticut.
He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence, as Governor of Connecticut, and later as the first President of the United States in Congress Assembled, that is, the presiding officer of the Congress of the Confederation, the sole governing body of the first central government of the United States of America.
His office was not that of today's President of the United States, which is a federal chief executive position created under the later United States Constitution.
Francis Hopkinson (September 21, 1737 – May 9, 1791), an American author, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence as a delegate from New Jersey.
His supporters believe he played a part in the design of the first American flag.
Francis Hopkinson gave his help to the second committee that designed the Great Seal of the United States.
This is the same seal that is now impressed upon the reverse of the United States one-dollar bill.
Stephen Hopkins (March 7, 1707 – July 13, 1785) was an American political leader from Rhode Island who signed the Declaration of Independence.
He served as the Chief Justice and Governor of colonial Rhode Island and was a Delegate to the Colonial Congress in Albany in 1754 and to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776.
William  Hooper (June 17, 1742–October 14, 1790), was an American lawyer, politician, and a member of the Continental Congress representing North Carolina from 1774 through 1777.
Hooper was also a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.
Thomas  Heyward, Jr. (July 28, 1746 – March 6, 1809), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and of the Articles of Confederation as a representative of South Carolina.
Benjamin Harrison V (April 5, 1726– April 24, 1791) was an American revolutionary leader from Charles City County, Virginia.
He was educated at the College of William and Mary.
Harrison was a representative for Surry County, Virginia (1756-1758) and Charles City County (1766-1776) to the House of Burgesses.
He was a Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777, signed the Declaration of Independence, and was Governor of Virginia from 1781 to 1784.
Archival Records
A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Thomas Nelson, Jr., 1781 June 12-November 22 at The Library of Virginia
The government of France is  a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French fifth Republic.
The nation declares itself to be "an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic" in it.
The constitution provides for a separation of powers.
It proclaims France's "attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty defined by the Declaration of 1789."
The Advanced Placement Program, or AP, is a program that offers higher level school classes for high school students in Canada and the United States.
Good Schools Guide International says it is "much more difficult than most classes", although it is not as difficult as the IB program.
After World War II, the Ford Foundation gave money to committees studying education.
The program was started at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, by the then college president Gordon Chalmers which was then called the "Kenyon Plan".
The first study was conducted by three preparatory schools—the Lawrenceville School, Phillips Academy, and Phillips Exeter Academy—and three universities—Harvard University, Princeton University, and Yale University.
In 1952 they gave the report General Education in School and College: A Committee Report which said to allow high school seniors to study college level material and to take achievement examinations that allowed them to get college credit for this work.
The second committee, the Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, developed and put the plan to choose a curriculum.
A pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines.
The College Board, a non-profit organization based in New York City, has run the AP program since 1955.
From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program.
It makes and keeps guidelines for the teaching of higher level courses in various subject areas.
In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and universities.
These activities are funded through fees charged to students taking AP Exams.
In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations.
Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses, though the College Board allows any student to take any examination, regardless of participation in the course.
Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take the examination.
As of the 2011 testing season, exams cost $87 each, though the cost may reduced for poor students who cannot pay for it.
The exam reduction is $22 per exam from College Board plus an additional $8 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school.
There may be further discounts depending on the state.
Out of the $87, $8 goes directly to the school to pay for the administration of the test, which some schools will reduce to lower the cost to the student.
Advanced Placement coursework is made to be very hard for average high school students.
Most AP courses are sufficient preparation for the AP exams that students can take at the end of the year.
If students do well on these exams, they can skip the introductory courses in college.
The academic benefit of AP coursework, aside from being able to pass out of college courses with good AP exam scores, is that students get an extra GPA point particularly for that class.
An A+ or A in regular US History, for example, will factor in 4.0 GPA points to a student's grade; however, an A+ or A in AP US History would factor in 5.0 GPA points, which would improve that student's grade a lot.
AP courses are not required to go to college however, most students who apply to picky colleges and universities like Stanford University and MIT take multiple AP courses in high school.
They do this for various purposes:
to boost their GPA.
to give them a sense of how hard college is.
5 - Very well-qualified
4 - Well-qualified
3 - Qualified
2 - Maybe qualified
1 - No recommendation
Grading the AP exam takes a long time.
The multiple choice part is graded by a computer and the essays are scored by a group of teachers that do not teach at the student's school.
Students usually find out what they got on the test until the middle of July  .
Some students who do well on their AP exams may be allowed to skip a few classes in college.
Generally, if a student gets a 4 or 5, then their university will award them credit; some colleges will also take a 3.
International Baccalaureate, a competitor to the AP Program
The paramilitary forces of Pakistan consist of various organizations constitutionally charged to safeguard Pakistan's national interests.
They protect from threats that could come from other countries, like from India over the border dispute of Kashmir.
They also protect citizens from threats that could come from inside the country.
These threats started in 1971.
They are currently made up from more than 300,000 workers.
Some divisions of the force are now incorporated under other organisations.
For example, the Northern Light Infantry was a paramilitary force until 1999, when it became part of the Pakistan Army.
Law enforcement agencies by country
Pakistan Coast Guard () (PCG), is responsible for the law at sea, maintenance of seamarks, border control, and other services.
The Coast Guards work mainly on rivers and land, in contrast to the Navy who handle deep sea operations.
The Coast Guards handle smugglers and terrorists and enforce law on beaches and other coastal areas.
The PCG has a fleet of 23 small craft but the exact number of personnel assigned to the PCG remains a secret.
Coast guards
A minority or subordinate group is a group that does not make up most of the population of a society.
For example:  minor group of religion, race, language, LGBT, and persons with disabilities.
A minority is not always a minority of numbers — it may be any group that is not normal with respect to a leading group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth, and political power, and can be an object of discrimination.
For example, women may be considered a minority even if there are as many women as men because they have less power than men.
Ruskie is a village in Scotland.
Villages in Stirling council
Aberfoyle is a village in Scotland.
It is in the Stirling council area.
Aberfoyle, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland
Aberfoyle, Stirling, Scotland
Aberfoyle, Ontario, Canada
Puslinch is a township in south-central Ontario, Canada, in the County of Wellington south of Guelph.
Aberfoyle was first settled in the 1840s and is named for Aberfoyle, Scotland.
It is the administrative centre for Puslinch.
Ardchyle is a small village in Scotland.
Ardeonaig is a village in Scotland.
Stirling (Sruighlea in Gaelic) is one of the 32 unitary local government council areas of Scotland, and has a population of about 85,000.
Boreland
Brig o' Turk
Buchlyvie
Callander
Cowie
Craigdownings
Craigruie
Doune
Gartness
Kinbuck
Kinlochard
Lecropt
Lochearnhead
Mid Lecropt
Mugdock
Port of Menteith
Stronachlachar
Throsk
St Ninians
Arnprior is a village in Scotland.
Fintry is a small village in central Scotland, nestled in the strath of the Endrick Water in the Campsie Fells some 35 km north of Glasgow.
It is part of Stirling District.
As of the 2001 census, Fintry and the surrounding rural area had a population of 2300 people.
Rowardennan (Gaelic: Rubha Aird Eònain) is a small hamlet on the eastern shore of Loch Lomond in Scotland.
Hamlets in Scotland
Strathblane (Scottish Gaelic: Strath Bhlàthain ) is a village and parish at the extreme south of the Stirling council area, in central Scotland.
Thornhill is a village in the Scottish council area of Stirling.
It lies 14 miles from Stirling itself, south of Callander, east of Aberfoyle and west of Doune.
Tyndrum (Taigh an Droma in Gaelic) is a small village in Scotland.
Biggar, Cumbria, England
Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada
Biggar, South Lanarkshire, Scotland
Electoral districts (Saskatchewan)
Biggar (electoral district), provincial electoral district since 2002
Rosetown—Biggar, federal electoral district from 1935-68
Saskatoon—Biggar, federal electoral district from 1968-78
Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar, federal electoral district since 1997
Dan Biggar (born 1989), Welsh international rugby player
James Lyons Biggar (1824–1879), Ontario merchant and political figure
John Walter Scott Biggar, 1843 – , Ontario farmer and political figure
Joseph Biggar (1828–1890), Irish politician
Paula Biggar, Canadian politician
Robert Biggar, - 1838, settler leader in the Battle of the Tugela, Natalia
Sanford Dennis Biggar, mayor of Hamilton, Ontario
William Hodgins Biggar, 1852 – , Ontario lawyer and political figure
Biggar Airport
Biggar Museum Trust
Biggar Railway Station (Grand Trunk Pacific)
Biggar RFC
Biggar Road
Hamilton (name), a name that can be either a given name or a surname
Hamilton, Bermuda, Bermuda's capital city
Hamilton, Alabama, a city
Hamilton, Illinois, a city
Hamilton, Iowa, a city
Hamilton, Virginia, a town
Hamilton, New Zealand, a city
Hamilton, Ontario, a city in Canada
Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, a town in Scotland
Hamilton (musical), a 2015 Broadway musical by Lin-Manuel Miranda about Alexander Hamilton
Hamilton Academical F.C., a football club in Hamilton, Lanarkshire
Hamilton Bulldogs, professional ice hockey team, farm team of the Montreal Canadiens
Hamilton College, a private college in New York
Hamilton Tigers, a former professional ice hockey team based in Hamilton, Ontario
Blantyre () is a burgh in South Lanarkshire, Scotland with a population of about 17,000.
Bothwell is a small town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, that lies on the right bank of the River Clyde, adjacent to Hamilton and nine miles east-south-east of Glasgow.
It is predominantly a residential town.
Burnside is an area of South Lanarkshire.
It is part of The Royal Burgh of Rutherglen and Greater Glasgow.
It borders with Cambuslang, Blairbeth, Fernhill and Eastfield.
Uddingston is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the north side of the River Clyde, approximately seven miles to the south-east of Glasgow.
East Kilbride is a large suburban town in the South Lanarkshire council area of Scotland.
It is Scotland's first new town, and lies on high ground on the south side of the Cathkin Braes, about  southeast of Glasgow city centre.
The Rotten Calder river flows along the east side of the settlement, northwards toward the River Clyde.
The town is also known as the Polo Mint city due to its many roundabouts.
Dollan Baths
Ballerup, Denmark
William and John Hunter, medical pioneers, were born at Long Calderwood within the present-day area of East Kilbride.
Lorraine Kelly, television presenter for GMTV was born in the town.
Iain Harvie, guitarist with Scottish rock band Del Amitri, was an East Kilbride resident.
His late father, John Harvie, was the popular headmaster of Claremont High School in East Kilbride in the 1980s and early 1990s.
Actor John Hannah of Rebus and Four Weddings and a Funeral fame was a resident of East Kilbride, residing in the Murray area.
He has recently caused debate in the area after commenting that it had "gone downhill" since he lived there .
Scottish rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain was formed in the town.
Muriel Gray, journalist and broadcaster, was born in the town.