the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Wade-Giles (), sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system for the Chinese language.
It is based on the form of Mandarin used in Beijing.
The system was produced by Thomas Wade in the mid-19th century.
It was fully developed in Herbert Giles's 1892 Chinese-English dictionary.
Wade-Giles was the main system of transliteration in the English-speaking world for much of the 20th century.
It is used in several standard reference books.
It is also used in all books about China published before 1979.
It replaced the Nanjing-based romanization systems that was common until the late 19th century.
Wade-Giles has been replaced by the Pinyin system today.
It still remains in use in Taiwan (Republic of China).
One well-known feature of Wade-Giles is that it uses the apostrophe to mark aspirated consonants, or breathy consonants.
For example, ping in Pinyin would be written as p'ing in Wade-Giles, but bing in Pinyin would be written as ping.
Sounds are written this way because Chinese does not have voiced stop consonants, fricatives, or affricates like in English.
Chinese only distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated sounds.
Therefore, an apostrophe is used instead of using a different letter.
However, the apostrophe was not well understood by people who do not know the Wade-Giles spelling, so many people who read the apostrophe ignored the apostrophe when reading or copying Chinese words down.
This had lead many non-Chinese to say Chinese words incorrectly, including Tao, tai chi, and kung fu.
Wade-Giles spellings where the apostrophe is completely ignored are called bastardized Wade-Giles.
Sample sentences of Wade-Giles
Chinese Romanization Converter - Convert between Hanyu Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems.
Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin conversion table
Pinyin → Wade-Giles → Zhuyin conversion table
Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin → Word list
A conversion table of Chinese provinces and cities from Wade-Giles to Pinyin
Pinyin4j: Java library supporting Chinese to Wade-Giles
Pronunciation Guide
The Prince, a book written by Niccolò Machiavelli in the 16th century
The Little Prince, a novel by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
PRINCE2, a project management method
Prince (album), the second album by Prince
The Prince (song), the first single by Madness
Prince (cigarette), a brand of cigarettes
Prince Sports, Inc., a maker of sporting goods
Prince Motor Company, a maker of automobiles in Japan from 1952 until they joined with Nissan in 1966
Prince XML, a software product from YesLogic
The Prince (Pournelle), a book by Jerry Pournelle and S.M. Stirling.
Prince, a South Devon Railway 2-4-0ST steam locomotive
Princes (company), a food manufacturing company based in the United Kingdom
The Prince, song by Dimond Head, made famous by Metallica
Prince (musician), stage name of pop music artist Prince Rogers Nelson, known from 1993 to 2000 as  (or informally, "The Artist Formerly Known as Prince")
"Prince" Naseem Hamed, British boxer
Bonnie Prince Geoffie the reluctant, the McGillicuddy Serious Party's pretender to the throne of New Zealand
Oldest son of Michael Jackson
Prince Johnson, Liberian politician
Mahesh Babu, a popular Indian movie actor from Tollywood who was given the title "Prince" by his fans after his first film
Prince Polley a Ghanaian footballer
The Prince from Prince of Persia
The Prince, Katamari Damacy'''s main character
Eileen Prince, mother of Severus Snape in the Harry Potter series
Short name for "Demon Prince" for Beelzebub (Sand Land) in Sand LandIsambard Prince from LEXX''
Princess (disambiguation)
Natalia Oreiro (born May 18, 1977 in Montevideo,Uruguay) is a Latin Grammy-nominated Uruguayan singer and actress.
She has been in both soap operas and movies.
She is best known for her participation in the soap opera, Muñeca Brava (1998-1999), which was an every-afternoon-smash-hit during its run in Argentina.
Her most recent soap opera, Sos mi vida (2006), was shown in more than 40 countries.
Natalia Oreiro was born in Montevideo, Uruguay on May 19, 1977.
She is daughter of Carlos Oreiro Poggio and the painter Mabel Iglesias Bourié.
She studied drama when she was eight years old than she appeared in advertisements at twelve years old such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Johnson & Johnson.
When she was fifteen years old, she joined Latin America's show El Show de Xuxa and won the competition.
At the age of 16 she moved to Argentina to work there.
She worked as an MTV VJ and in 1995, she landed a role in the soap opera Dulce Ana.
After that she st in the TV series 90-60-90 modelos (1996) and Ricos y famosos (1997).
In Ricos y famosos, Oreiro played fictional character Valeria.
In 1998, Natalia Oreiro starred in her first movie  Un Argentino en New York with Guillermo Francella.
Un Argentino en New York was watched by 1.634.702 people in Argentina.
After the movie, she released three studio albums (Natalia Oreiro, Tu Veneno, Turmalina) and she starred many TV series and movies.
In 1998, Natalia Oreiro released single "Que Sí, Que Sí" from Un Argentino en New York.
Than she launched her first studio album Natalia Oreiro (1998). "
Cambio Dolor" was first single from her debut album and became the opening theme for the prime time show Muñeca Brava (1998-1999).
In 2000, her second studio album, Tu Veneno (Your Poison) was released and was presentation in "Gala de la Hispanidad", "Gala de Murcia" (both in Spain) and "Festival de la Calle 8" in Miami.
She was nominated for Latin Grammy Awards,  but lost to Christina Aguilera's Mi Reflejo.
Oreiro was first Uruguayan nominated for a Grammy.
She was crowned Queen of that event at Viña del Mar Festival 2000 in Chile.
3rd music video of album "Cómo Te Olvido" (2001) was directed by Tudor Giurgiu in Dracula's Castle, Romania.
Oreiro's next and last album, Turmalina, was released in 2002 and centered around a superhero character named Turmalina who is created by  Oreiro.
Turmalina was produced by Latin maker Kike Santander.
The album was recorded in USA. "
Que Digan Lo Que Quieran" (Should they say whatever they want) was first single from Turmalina. "
Cuesta Arriba, Cuesta Abajo" became the opening theme for soap opera Kahorra.
Natalia made contributions with singer/songwriter Jaime Roos and Falta y Resto for the official Uruguayan 2002 FIFA World Cup song "Pasión Celeste".
1998: Natalia Oreiro
2000: Tu Veneno
2002: Turmalina
Artistic career
Inconquistable corazón (Canal 9, 1994-1995) as Victoria
Dulce Ana (Canal 9, 1995) as Verónica Iturbe-Montalbán
90-60-90 modelos (Canal 9, 1996-1997) as Lucía Peralta
Ricos y famosos (Canal 9, 1997-1998) as Valeria García Méndez de Salerno
Muñeca brava (Telefe, 1998-1998) as Milagros 'Mili' Esposito-Di Carlo de Miranda (Cholito/Carlitos)/young Rosario
Kachorra (Telefe, 2002) as Antonia Guerrero (Kachorra) alias Rosario Achával/Piojo
El deseo (Telefe, 2004) as Carmen
Sos mi vida (Canal 13, 2006)as Esperanza Muñoz - La Monita
Un Argentino en New York (1998) as Verónica 'Vero' De Ricci
Cleopatra (movie) (2003) as Sandra
La guerra de los gimnasios (2004)
Las vidas posibles (2005) as Marcia
La Peli (2006) - (2007) as journalist
Rambleras (2007)
Uruguayan entertainers
People from Montevideo
The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; abbreviated to  or ; Pinyin: Mínjìndǎng) is a major political party in the  Republic of China (Taiwan).
The party has been linked with the pan-green coalition and de jure Taiwan independence movement.
The DPP is a member of Liberal International and a founding member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats.
The DPP represented Taiwan in the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation.
List of Chairpersons
Chiang Peng-chian (1986–1987)
Yao Chia-wen (1987–1988)
Huang Shin-cheih (1988–1992)
Hsu Hsin-liang (1992–1994, 1996–1998)
Shih Ming-teh (1994–1996)
Lin Yi-hsiung (1998–2000)
Frank Hsieh (2000)
Chen Shui-bian (2000–2008)
Tsai Ing-wen (since 2008)
Social democratic parties in Asia
1986 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Taiwan
The President of the Republic of China is the head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the democratic country known officially as the  Republic of China.
The Republic of China government has controlled Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other islands after the Nationalist lost the war and moved the government from mainland China in 1949.
In the previous Kuomintang administration, the title of "President of the Republic of China" was used ().
The current Democratic Progressive Party administration refers to the President as the "President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)" ().
List of Presidents
Presidents of the Republic of China, 1912-1928
Presidents of the Republic of China (Taiwan), 1948-present
Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan (, Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan; ;  – 21 October 1978) was an Armenian Old Bolshevik and Soviet statesman during the Stalin and Khrushchev years.
Mitanni was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Mesopotamia from ca.
1500 BC.
Mitanni is often associated with Kurdish nobility.
The Hurrian Culture
Vyacheslav Ivanov
Vahan Kurkjian, "History of Armenia," Michigan, 1968
Dutch excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad
Excerpts from the text of the Shuppililiuma-Shattiwazza treaty
Mitanni Simple article.
There may be many as 300,000 Russians in the United Kingdom.
About half of these were born in Russia.
Some of the others are citizens of the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania).
Since they joined the EU in 2004, they are free to live in other EU countries, including the UK.
There are many Russian language schools in London and the South East.
These schools were founded by immigrants from Russia to the United Kingdom.
They send their children to the schools so the children can learn about their parents' culture.
Russian shops in the United Kingdom
British Russian Society
Понаехали тут! (
Ponaehali tut!)
http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/02/12/russians_feature.shtml
http://www.guardian.co.uk/russia/article/0,2763,1190191,00.html
Russian London
Gazeta.
Larry Griffin (September 23, 1954 - June 21, 1995) -  was a man accused of killing 19-year-old Quintin Moss.
The alleged crime happened in Saint Louis, Missouri, on June 26, 1980.
On June 21, 1995, the State of Missouri executed Griffin by lethal injection.
He is one of the few people who were put to death partly based on the testimony of a witness who had been at the crime scene.
There were others including Garay Graham who was executed on June 22 2000 when Texas Governor George Bush & the Texas appeals board refused to give him life in prison instead.
He maintained his innocence until he was executed for the crime.
There are groups to this day trying to reopen his case, prove him innocent.
Article from NY Times
Another article from NY Times
People from Missouri
Nassau County is a suburban county in the New York Metropolitan area east of New York City and west of Suffolk County, in the U.S. state of New York.
In 2000, 1,334,544 people lived there.
It and Suffolk County are together referred to as Long Island.
Until 1899 Nassau County was part of Queens County.
Along with Suffolk, it was named the safest county in the United States in 2005 by Forbes.
New York (state) counties
Military Analysis of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
A 2005 report on the status of undetonated land mines in Nagorno-Karabakh
1988 in Asia
1992 in Asia
1994 in Asia
Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment
20th century in Azerbaijan
1989 in Europe
1991 in Europe
1992 in Europe
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, also known as Trentino-South Tyrol (Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige, German: Trentino-Südtirol, Southern Bavarian: Trentino-Sidtiroul, 1972.
Trentino-Tirouler Etschlond, Ladin: Trentin-Südtirol) is a region of northern Italy.
The two main cities are Bolzano (Bozen) and Trento.
Province of Bolzano-Bozen (in the north, with the city of Bolzano as the capital)
Province of Trento (in the south, with the city of Trento as capital).
In the province of Trient, the people speak Italian.
It has 339 official towns.
Province of Trento (Trentino): Trento and Rovereto
Province of Bozen (Alto Adige/Südtirol): Bolzano (de: Bozen) and Merano (de: Meran)
Trentino has an area of 6,207 km2, most of it mountainous land (20% is over  and 70% over 1,000 m) and covered by vast forests (50% of the territory).
The climate is various through the province, from an alpine climate to subcontinental one, with warm and variable summers and cold and quite sowy winters.
The region has always been a favourite destination for tourists, both in winter for skiing in the high mountains and in summer to visit the wide valleys and many lakes (the largest being Lake Garda).
Alto Adige/South Tyrol has an area of , all of it mountainous land and covered by vast forests.
The climate is of the continental type, owing to the influence of the many mountain ranges which stand at well over  above sea level and the wide valleys through which flow the main river, the Adige, from north to south and its numerous tributaries.
In the city of Bolzano, capital of the province, the average air temperature stands at  and the average rainfall at .
The lowest pass across the Alps, the Brenner Pass, is located at tinatheirth of the region on the border with Austria.
In Trentino the majority language is Italian, although there are Cimbrian minorities in the municipality of Luserna and four Mòcheno municipalities in the Mòcheni Valley.
There are also Ladin-speaking minorities living in the Fassa Valley and in Non Valley (3.5% of the population).
While in Fassa Valley Ladin already enjoys official status, in Non Valley it still does not, in spite of the fact that the number of speakers outnumbers those in Fassa Valley.
The majority of people in Alto Adige/Südtirol speaks German.
However more Italian speakers than Germans live in the capital of Bolzano.
Words and ways of talking in this area are spread in the valleys around the Dolomites mountain group: Gardena, Badia Mareo Valley (Alto Adige/Südtirol)and Fassa Valley (Trentino).
Ladin is also spoken in the town of Cortina d'Ampezzo and areas around there.
Official site of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
SMAP is a Japanese boy band.
Their music is produced by Johnny's.
SMAP was formed in April 1988.
Now, the group has five members but at the beginning it had six members.
They held their first concert at Nippon Budokan in January 1991.
They released their first album Can't Stop!!-LOVING on September 9, 1991.
SMAP is an acronym.
It is a short way of writing Sports Music Assemble People.
Masahiro Nakai (born August 18, 1972) from Kanagawa Prefecture
Takuya Kimura (born November 13, 1972) from Tokyo.
Goro Inagaki (born December 8, 1973) from Tokyo.
Tsuyoshi Kusanagi (born July 9, 1974) from Saitama.
Shingo Katori (born January 31, 1971) from Kanagawa.
J-Pop
Johnny & Associates
Kick the Can Crew is a Japanese hip-hop group.
The style is 3MC and 1DJ.
The group was started by 1996, but it broke up in 2004.
21st-century disestablishments in Japan
2000s disestablishments in Asia
Judy and Mary is a Japanese rock band.
This group began in 1992.
The members were YUKI, Yoshihito Onda, Kota Igarashi and TAKUYA.
They were very famous, but this group ended in 2001.
Their famous songs include "Sobakasu," "Lucky Pool" and "Sanpomichi".
Their songs have been sung by many Japanese people at karaoke.
Angela Aki (born September 15, 1977) is a J-pop singer-songwriter.
Her former Japanese name is Aki Kiyomi.
Aki was born in Itano of Tokushima prefecture.
Her father is Japanese and her mother is Italian-American.
She is bilingual in English and Japanese.
She was raised in Japan, but she moved to Hawaii when she was fifteen.
Then she went to university at George Washington University.
She released an indie album in the United States in 2000, called "These Words".
Now she is signed under Sony Japan.
People from Tokushima Prefecture
'Reduction or reducing may may mean in special
Reduction (chemistry), the reverse of oxidation, half of a redox reaction, adding of electrons  to a molecule, which means reducing the valence
Reduction (cooking), the process of thickening a liquid mixture such as a sauce by evaporation
Reduction (philosophy), in philosophy, the process of explaining a particular concept or phenomenon in terms of more fundamental concepts or phenomena
Reduction (linguistics), in linguistics, the shortening of the pronunciation of a word.
e.g. wanna, lemme, gimme.
Reduction, in physiology, another name for weight loss or dieting
Reduction (orthopedic surgery), in orthopedic surgery, a medical procedure to restore a fracture to a correct alignment
Reduction (town), a form of Catholic mission in South America in the 17th and 18th centuries
Purchasing reduction, in economics and in waste management, is the process of decreasing the purchase of consumer goods
Reduction (Sweden), in 1680 a return of lands to the Crown earlier granted to the nobility.
Waste reduction is the first and most desirable component of the waste hierarchy (reduce, reuse, recycle)
In mathematics and computer science''':
Reduction (mathematics), the process of manipulating a series of equations or matrices into a desired 'simpler' format
Reduction property, in descriptive set theory, a pointclass allows partitioning the union of two sets in the pointclass into two disjoint sets in the same pointclass
Reduction (complexity), in computational complexity theory, the transformation of an instance of one problem into an instance of another
Reduce computer algebra system, a general-purpose computer algebra system geared towards applications in physics.
Reduce (higher-order function), a family of higher-order functions that process a data structure in some order and build up a return value.
Soon after the Reconquista, Spain became the first global power in the world.
It led European exploration of the new world, building the large Viceroyaties in the New World at the time.
Spain also created the first intercontinental trade routes across the oceans.
The Spanish traded goods across the Atlantic Ocean, between Spain and its viceroyalties in the Americas.
They also traded across the Pacific Ocean, between Asian-Pacific countries and Mexico throughout the Spanish treasure fleet and Manila galleons.
Spanish Conquistadores conquered the Aztec, Inca, and Maya Empires together with the help of other native american tribes.
They took large territories in North, South America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.
Spain made these territories into Viceroyalties until the XIX century.
Spain, especially the kingdom of Castile, became much more powerful.
Also, through royal marriages, the Spanish monarchs created alliances with other European powers.
This allowed the Spanish Empire to gain control of many territories in Europe.
With all these territories and colonies across the world, the Spanish Empire became the greatest and richest empire in the world.
For a time, the Spanish Empire was a great power in the oceans, with its experienced Navy.
Its infantry known as Tercios, recruited from many countries of the Spanish monarchy, was undefeated for a century a half.
Spain enjoyed a cultural golden age in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Cervantes,who was the creator of the first modern novel Don Quixote, and many others such as Lope de Vega, Calderón de la Barca, and Francisco de Quevedo were prominent in different branches of Literature, Architecture, Theology, Phylosophy and so on.
However, eventually, the French, Portuguese, and British tried to undermine the Spanish monarchy.
Starting in the second half of the 17th century, the Spanish Empire began to suffer bankruptcies, and its military began to lose battles.
In the 19th century, Spain lost its last major territories overseas in the Spanish-American War.
The Spanish Empire was the first global empire in world history and was scattered all over the world.
It was constantly fighting with other powers about territories, trade, or religion.
For example, the Spanish Empire fought:
In the Mediterranean against the Ottoman Empire that threatened Europe and supported Barbary piracy in the Mediterranean.
Against France, due to the Italian Wars and rival attempts to take the prosperous Italian states.
In the American Revolutionary War
Against Protestant Leagues in Germany
Against the Dutch Republic, in the Eighty Years' War
Against England due to many reasons over the course of centuries, Britain became a protestant nation since Henry VIII and began a persecution of Catholics continued by his daughter Elizabeth I.  The English also helped the Dutch Republic rebels.
These efforts culminated in the Spanish Armada.
Over the years the British tried to take rich places in the Spanish Americas, succeeding in some cases such as Jamaica and, during the Seven Years' War, Spanish Florida.
Many of these different powers fought constantly, often at the same time, for long periods.
They fought about both political and religious differences, and for ambition as well.
The Spanish Empire slowly lost power, as it gradually lost territory to other empires.
In 1648, Spain and many other powers signed the Peace of Westphalia, which ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War.
In 1659, the Treaty of the Pyrenees ended fighting between France and Spain.
With these treaties, Spain began to lose its status as hegemonic power in Europe.
In 1713, Felipe V signed the Peace of Utrecht.
In this treaty, Spain gave up its territories in Italy and The Netherlands.
Spain was no longer Europe's greatest power.
However, it would still have an important role in European politics and a huge empire in America and the Pacific.
However, during this time, Spain kept its large overseas empire, and even made it larger.
The Spanish Empire fought against Britain, which was trying to take over more of America; France and the United Provinces in the New World.
Spain remained a major economic power until it lost its colonies in the Americas through civil wars for some and revolutions for others.
Spain kept control of two colonies in its empire in America: Cuba and Puerto Rico.
It also held onto the Philippines and some preserved islands in Oceania, including the Caroline Islands (including the Palau Islands) and the Marianas (including Guam).
However, when Spain lost the Spanish-American War of 1898, it lost almost all of these last territories.
Spain kept control only of small islands of Oceania (not including Guam).
Spain sold these islands to Germany in 1899 .
Spain still kept territories in Africa.
Spain controlled Morocco, Western Sahara, and Equatorial Guinea, until decolonization in the 1960s and 1970s.
The last colony to gain independence was the Western Sahara, in 1975.
The Spanish Empire generally means Spain's overseas provinces in the Americas, Africa, the Pacific and Europe.
For instance, traditionally, territiories such as the Low Countries or Spanish Netherlands were included as they were part of the possessions of the King of Spain, governed by Spanish officials and defended by Spanish troops.
Many historians use both "Habsburg" and "Spanish" when they speak of the empire of Charles V or Philip II.
However, the Low Countries were effectively part of Spain during that period.
The Portuguese colonial empire joined Spain and was ruled by the same monarch in "personal union", but Portugal remained a  separate state.
The Portuguese empire continued to be ruled from Lisbon during this period.
Therefore, there was a joint Spanish-Portuguese rule for some time.
These jointly run empires have sometimes been called the Spanish-Portuguese Empire.
The 1469 marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile created a dynastic union of Aragon and Castile.
Spain became a modern state in the early modern period with the union of the Catholic Monarchs.
In 1492, Spain finished a 781 years period of Reconquest with the fall of the last Moorish kingdom of Granada.
that same year the Catholic monarchs financed Christopher Columbus voyage to reach India by sailing westwards.
Columbus instead found America.
That was the start of the Spanish colonization of the continent.
By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the globe was divided into two hemispheres between Spain and Portugal.
Therefore, Spain had the right to start colonies in all of the New World from Alaska to Cape Horn (except Brazil), as well as Asia.
The Castilian Empire was the result of a period of rapid colonial expansion into the New World, as well as the Philippines and colonies in Africa: Melilla was captured by Castile in 1497 and Oran in 1509.
Results till today
The Spanish language and the Roman Catholic Church were brought to the Americas and to the Spanish East Indies (Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Marianas, Palau and the Philippines) by the Spanish colonization which began in the 15th century.
Together with the Portuguese empire, the Spanish empire laid the foundations of a globalised trade and culture by opening up the great trans-oceanic trade routes.
The laws of the Indies regulated social, political and economic life in the Americas over centuries to protect the indigenous native people of the Americas which started a miscegenation process that other "so called" "Empires" never reached.
the mix between Spaniards, Native Americans and Black people could be seen nowadays in most of the countries that became part of that Universal Catholic Spanish Monarchy also called Spanish Empire.
The Spanish Empire left a huge cultural, urban and architectural legacy in the Western Hemisphere.
Hundreds of towns and cities in the Americas were founded during the Spanish rule.
The tangible heritage includes universities, forts, cities, cathedrals, schools, hospitals, missions, government buildings and colonial residences, many of which still stand today.
A number of present-day roads, canals, ports or bridges sit where Spanish engineers built them centuries ago.
The oldest universities in the Americas were founded by Spanish scholars and Catholic missionaries.
The Spanish Empire also left a vast cultural and linguistic legacy.
With over 470 million native speakers today, Spanish is the second most spoken native language in the world, as result of the introduction of the language of Castile—Castilian, "Castellano" —from Iberia to Spanish America, later expanded by the governments of successor independent republics.
Another cultural legacy of the Spanish empire overseas is the Catholic Church, which remains the main religion in the Spanish Americas.
The cultural legacy is also present in the music, architecture, cuisine and fashion of much of Spanish America.
The Spanish language (the second most widely spoken language in the world) and the Roman Catholic faith were brought to America, parts of Africa and the Spanish East Indies, by Spanish colonization which began in the 15th century.
It also played a crucial part in sustaining the Catholic Church as the leading Christian denomination in Europe when it was under extreme pressure.
The long colonial period in Spanish America resulted in a mixing of some of the peoples.
Most Hispanics in the Americas have mixed European and Indigenous ancestry.
While some might also have African ancestry.
In concert with the Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire laid the foundations of a truly global trade by opening up the great trans-oceanic trade routes.
The Spanish Dollar became the world's first global currency.
One of the features of this trade was the exchange of a great array of domesticated plants and animals between the Old World and the New and vice versa.
Some that were introduced to America included wheat, barley, apples, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, donkeys, and many others.
The Old World received from America such things as maize, potatoes, chili peppers, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, squash, cacao (chocolate), vanilla, avocados, pineapples, chewing gum, rubber, peanuts, cashews, Brazil nuts, pecans, blueberries, strawberries, quinoa, amaranth, chia, and agave.
The result of these exchanges, known generally as the Columbian Exchange, was to significantly improve the agricultural potential of not only in America, but also that of Europe and Asia.
New Spain
Archer, Christon; Ferris, John R.; et al (2008).
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Kamen, Henry (2005).
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London and New York: Pearson Longman.
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The Thirty Years' War (2nd ed.).
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In Spanish.
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Philip IV and the government of Spain.
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The Slave Trade; The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440-1870.
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Library of Iberian Resources Online, Stanley G Payne  A History of Spain and Portugal vol 1 Ch 13 "The Spanish Empire"
The Mestizo-Mexicano-Indian History in the USA
Documentary Film, Villa de Albuquerque
The last Spanish colonies (in Spanish)
1492 establishments
The Viceroyalty of New Spain was the name of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America and its peripheries in Asia from 1521 to 1821.
New Spain was the name that the Spanish gave to the area that today is central and southern Mexico, and since the capital city of the Viceroyalty was in Mexico City, the name was also used for the viceroyalty.
The Viceroyalty of New Spain's territory included what is the Bay Islands (until 1643), Cayman Islands (until 1670), Central America (as far as the southern border of Costa Rica until 1821), Cuba, Florida, Hispaniola (including Haiti until 1700), Jamaica (until 1670) Mariana Islands, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, nearly all of the southwestern United States (including all or parts of the modern-day U.S. states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Florida).
Spain claimed areas as far north as British Columbia and Alaska, but the northern boundary of New Spain was redefined by the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819.
New Spain also included Venezuela before it was annexed to the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717.
The territories were separated into provinces.
Provinces were led by a governor, who was responsible for the administration of the province and often also led the province's army and militias.
The provinces were grouped together under five high courts, called Audiencias in Spanish, at Santo Domingo, Mexico City, Guatemala, Guadalajara and Manila.
Both the high courts and the governors had autonomy from the viceroy and carried out most duties on their own.
Only on important issues did the viceroy become involved in ruling the provinces directly.
In 1821, Spain lost continental territories when it recognized the independence of Mexico, as well as Santo Domingo when it was invaded by Haiti that same year.
However, Cuba, Puerto Rico and Spanish East Indies (including Mariana Islands and the Philippines) remained a part of the Spanish crown until the Spanish–American War (1898).
MEXICO'S COLONIAL ERA--PART I: The Settlement of New Spain  at mexconnect.com
Index to the DeWitt Colony Region under New Spain  at Texas A&M University
1492 -- Middle America at ibiblio.org the public's library and digital archive
1820s disestablishments in North America
1821 disestablishments
Matthew Steven LeBlanc  Kember (; born March 25, 1967)  is an Australian  actor.
He has been nominated for an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award.
He is famous for his role as Joey Tribbiani on the television sitcoms Friends (1994-2004) and on its spin-off series Joey.
In 2000, he won "Editor's Choice" in TV Guide Awards (as Friends).
In 2002, he won "TV - Choice Actor - Comedy" at the Teen Choice Awards (as Friends).
In 2005, he won "Favorite Male Television Star" at the People's Choice Awards.
He stars in Episodes as a fictional version of himself.
He has hosted Top Gear since 2016.
Matt LeBlanc at Mattleblanc.net
The Tango is a dance which was created in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
The musical style that was created with the dance is also called 'tango'.
It is danced today in two versions.
Neither version is 'better' than the other; they are rather different in style.
Argentine tango
The first tango dances and music was called tango criollo, or simply tango.
Today, there are various tango dance styles, including Argentine tango, Uruguayan tango and vintage tangos.
The Argentine tango is probably closer to that originally danced in Argentina and Uruguay, though no details survive of its original form.
International tango
The tango is a standard dance in international ballroom dancing.
This version was developed in England before WWII, mainly as a result of the work of Monsieur Pierre, a French dance teacher who lived in London.
Thompson, Robert Farris 2005.
Tango: the art history of love.
Knopf, New York. .
Thomson is Professor of Art at Yale University.
He started his career with an article on Afro-Cuban dance and music published in 1958, and has devoted his life to the art history of the Afro-Atlantic world.
Collier, Simon and Artemis Cooper 2007.
Â ¡Tango!:
the dance, the song, the story.
Thames & Hudson, London.
Denniston, Christine  2007.
The meaning of tango: the story of the Argentinian dance.
Basic figures in the International version of the tango.
The demonstrators are Marcus and Karen Hilton, nine times World Professional Ballroom Champions.
Basic tango demo by Mirko and Alessia.
Basic tango hold and style, by Andy & Wendy, The Grand Ballroon, Richmond, British Columbia.
Ethane is an organic chemical compound with chemical formula C2H6.
At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colourless, odorless gas.
It is isolated from natural gas, and as a byproduct of petroleum refining.
At room temperature, the gas is flammable, and it explodes when mixed with air.
When ethane is liquid, touching it causes a very serious frostbite.
In chemistry terms, cracking is a process in which complicated organic molecules (such as kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons) are broken down into simpler molecules (e.g. light hydrocarbons) by breaking their carbon-carbon bonds.
How fast the cracking process is and how long it takes for the end products to form are very dependent on the temperature and any existing catalysts.
Cracking, also referred to as pyrolysis, is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkanes and an alkene.
Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the third largest urban area in the country.
Christchurch is located on the South Island’s east coast.
The population is approximately 376,700 (2010).
The name ‘Christchurch’ was decided upon at the first meeting of the Canterbury Association (made up of settlers of the surrounding province of Canterbury) on March 27, 1848.
The city’s name came from the Christ Church, Oxford College and was suggested by John Robert Godley, who attended the College.
Earlier, the name of the town was Christ Church.
On July 31, 1856, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter and is officially the oldest established city in New Zealand.
Original settlers of the Christchurch region were Moa Hunters.
These settlers hunted the moa out of existence by about the year 1500.
The hunters cleared large areas of Mataī and Tōtara forests by fire, changing the landscape.
The Māori people (Ngati Mamoe and later Ngai Tahu) arrived in Canterbury between 1500 and 1700.
The Moa Hunters were either killed or adopted by tribes.
On February 16, 1770, Captain James Cook was the first European to see the Canterbury peninsula from his ship the Endeavour.
Thinking it was an island, he named it Banks Island after the ship’s botanist, Joseph Banks.
It was not until around 1815 when European sailors from the sealing ship, Governor Bligh, landed and set foot on Banks Peninsula.
During the 1820s the local Māori population fell due to fighting between different groups of Ngāi Tahu and raids by the Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha from 1830 to 1832.
The impact of European diseases, especially measles and influenza only increased the death toll of the Māori people.
The Māori tribes fought each other to near disappearance in the Christchurch region.
European pilgrims began settling the area in the 1800s.
In 1839, the New Zealand Company was established in London.
In current history, people started immigrating from Europe to New Zealand during this time.
In May 1840, Major Thomas Bunbury arrived on a ship, the HMS Herald, to collect signatures from the Ngāi Tahu chiefs for the Treaty of Waitangi.
The Treaty had been signed by many North Island chiefs in the Bay of Islands earlier in the year on 6 February, 1840.
During Bunbury’s visit, only two of the Ngāi Tahu chiefs signed it.
After this treaty was signed, the colony became in direct control of the UK.
The settlement by the British began in 1850.
Christchurch was born by a royal warrant of the British King as the oldest city in New Zealand on July 31, 1856.
A building of Neo-Gothic architecture was designed and constructed by Benjamin Mount Fort in the city center.
The suburb of Hei Hei was subdivided for poultry farming after WWI for returning serviceman, but the venture failed due to the poor soil conditions.
In 1947, New Zealand's a major fire occurred at Ballantyne's Department Store in the inner city.
41 people died in a blaze which razed the rambling collection of buildings.
Mass shootings occurred at two mosques on 15 March 2019.
Christchurch is in Canterbury.
It is the largest city in the South Island.
The Pacific Ocean lines its east coast and south coast.
The Southern Alps act as a border on the west coast.
The Waimakariri River creates a natural northern border.
The purest and cleanest water can be found in Christchurch.
This water comes from the Southern Alps via aquifers.
A two-hour drive by car includes the many highlights from Christchurch International Airport.
One can enjoy skiing, golf, bungee jumping, white-water rafting, mountain biking, windsurfing, whale watching and a variety of other activities including the winery garden circulation.
Christchurch has earned the pet name of “the garden city” with the southern island.
The Cathedral Square is located right in the center of the city.
The city center was damaged by the earthquake of February, 2011.
The area around this square, within the 'four avenues' of Christchurch, was the central business district of the city.
There were a number of residential areas within the central city including Inner City East, Inner City West, Avon Loop, Moa Neighbourhood and Victoria.
Cathedral Square is located at the crossing of two famous, major central streets, Colombo Street and Worcester Street, both of which are currently cordoned off as you approach the square.
Attractions such as the Wizard of New Zealand, Ian Brackenbury Channell, and evangelist Ray Comfort were hosted at the Cathedral Square until the earthquake in February, 2011.
They also held market days, free standing food and coffee carts, an aquarium, pubs, restaurants and the city's chief tourist information centre.
The City Mall was refurbished in 2008 & 09 before the earthquake of February 2011.
The mall had specially designed seating, flower and garden boxes, more trees, paving, and an extension to the central city tram route.
Now all that lies there is The Bridge of Remembrance commemorating war dead stands at the western end of the mall.
"A City for People Action Plan” was released in 2010 by the Christchurch City Council.
This program of work is planned through the year 2022 to improve public spaces within the central city to entice more inner city residents and visitors.
To increase the comfort of pedestrians, a plan was put into action to reduce the impact of motorized private vehicles.
The renowned Danish design firm, Gehl Architects prepared this report.
Wellington architect Ian Athfield has since been selected to re-plan and help rebuild since the February, 2011 Christchurch earthquake.
The main mode of public transportation in the city is by bus.
The bus system operates throughout the city.
Also, there is a free shuttle bus going around the city center.
A railroad station exists southwest, around 4 km from the inner-city, but it is not for citizens.
It is used for freight and sightseeing exclusively.
Agriculture is the main industry that is carried out over the Canterbury plains.
The main crops grown are wheat, barley, various strains of clover and other grasses for seed exporting.
Besides growing these crops, it also created various processing and distribution businesses in Christchurch.
In recent years, agriculture has expanded to the wine industry and olive production and processing.
Deer farming has led to new processing using antlers for Asian medicine and aphrodisiacs.
Also, dairy farming and raising stock are also carried out on the flourishing Canterbury plains.
Other industries include manufacturing, real estate and wholesale business.
In more recent years, sightseeing and tourism have become prosperous, led by tourists from Europe, Asia, and North America.
Christchurch has moderate rainfall year round.
It has warm summers and cool winters.
The most common wind is a northeasterly sea breeze, but the city is famous for Nor'westers, hot dry, dusty winds which blow across the plains.
Burnside High School is in Christchurch.
Largest school in New Zealand with 2,506 students enrolled.
Cashmere High School at Rose Street is the second largest co-educational secondary school.
Recently, Papanui High School has grown rapidly and is almost the same size.
Then there is Riccarton High School that was one of the first state schools in the country to adopt a strong values base – the Riccarton Way.
There are several single-sex schools as follows: Shirley Boys’ High School, Christchurch Boys’ High School, Avonside Girls’ High School and Christchurch Girls’ High School.
English public schools
University of Canterbury
Lincoln University
Ara Institute of Canterbury
Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Phosphine is a chemical compound.
Its chemical name is phosphorus hydride.
Its chemical formula is PH3.
It is also called phosphane and phosphamine.
It contains phosphide and hydrogen ions.
It is a colorless, flammable gas.
It is highly toxic; it can easily kill, even when concentration levels are low.
It can ignite without a spark.
When it burns, it makes a white cloud of phosphorus(V) oxide, which is irritating.
It is made when hypophosphites and phosphites are heated.
It is also made when white phosphorus reacts with warm alkali.
The gas is used for pest control.
It is also used in making semiconductors.
A planetary ring is a ring made of dust and other particles orbiting around a planet in a flat-disc shaped region.
The gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the only planets known to have rings, with the rings of Saturn being the most spectacular system of rings.
The rings sometimes have "shepherd satellites".
These moons orbit either in between ring gaps or the outside edge of a ring.
The moons' gravity maintain the rings current shape with a well defined edge.
Any material that drifts closer to a Moon's orbit, it can either move back into the body of the ring, deflect out into space, or is added onto the Moon's surface.
The rings can be made of silica or water ice.
It is not known how any of the rings were formed.
They are usually inside the Roche limit where large satellites cannot form.
Kingdom of Castile, the historical kingdom from the 9th to the 13th century
Crown of Castile, the historical Kingdom formed in 1230 from the union of the Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of León
Castile-La Mancha, an autonomous community of Spain formed in 1982, composed of five provinces: Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo
Castile and León, an autonomous community of Spain formed on February 25, 1983, composed of 9 provinces, six Castilian and three Leonese: León, Zamora, Salamanca, Ávila, Burgos, Palencia, Segovia, Soria and Valladolid
Old Castile, the political name of the region formed by Santander, Burgos, Logroño, Soria, Segovia, Ávila, Valladolid and Palencia.
It had some territorial changes in its History, and had this name from 18th century to 1983.
It no longer exists
New Castile, the political name of the region formed by  Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid, Toledo and part of Albacete.
It took this name in the 18th century and disappeared with democracy.
Real Madrid Castilla, a Spanish football team.
It is the reserve team of Real Madrid
Castile soap, a name used in English-speaking countries for soap made exclusively from vegetable oil
Castilia (butterfly), a butterfly genus
Castella, a kind of sponge cake popular in Japan.
The name comes from the Portuguese phrase pão de Castella, meaning "bread from Castile"
The Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula.
It began in the 9th century: it was called County of Castile and was a vassalage depending from the Kingdom of León.
It was one of the kingdoms that existed before the Kingdom of Spain.
9th to 11th centuries: The beginnings
The first Count of Castile was Rodrigo in 850, under Ordoño I of Asturias and Alfonso III of Asturias.
In 931 the county was unified by count Fernán González, who made his lands subject to a hereditary succession, independent of the kings of León.
11th and 12th centuries: Expansion and union to the Kingdom of León
In 1028 Sancho III the Great, of Navarre, married the sister of count García Sánchez and inherited title to the County of Castile after his brother-in-law's death.
In 1035 he left the county to his son Fernando.
Fernando I was married to Sancha, sister of Bermudo III of León.
Fernando I began a war with León and in the battle of Tamarón against a coalition of Castile and Navarre the king of León was killed, leaving no offspring.
His brother-in-law Fernando took the crown of León for himself and their three sons took the kingdoms of León (Alfonso VI), Galicia (García) and Castile, Sancho, becoming king and borning the Kingdom of Castile.
Luigi Galvani (September 9, 1737 – December 4, 1798) was an Italian physician who lived and died in Bologna (Italy).
In 1771, he found out that the muscles of dead frogs twitched when hit by a spark.
He was a pioneer in modern obstetrics, and discovered that muscle and nerve cells produce electricity.
He is well known as the inventor of chemical cells.
Galvani invented batteries which is probably the most important thing which he has made.
He also discovered that nerves and muscles produce electricity, and he was a very intelligent man in many different other ways.
Italian scientists
Lorem ipsum is a dummy text used to replace text in some areas just for the purpose of an example.
It can be used in publishing and graphic design.
It is used to demonstrate the graphics elements of a document, such as font, typography, and layout.
The lorem ipsum text is usually a section of a Latin text by Cicero with words altered, added and removed to make it nonsensical.
Lorem ipsum text is used in mock-ups of visual design projects before the actual words are put into the finished product.
This is often called greeking.
The text is derived from Cicero's De finibus bonorum et malorum (On the Ends of Goods and Evils, sometimes the title is translated as [About] The Purposes of Good and Evil ).
The words "Lorem ipsum..." make no sense.