the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) is one of the six living tiger subspecies, and is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and southwestern China.
The Indochinese tiger is also known as the Corbett's tiger, named after Jim Corbett.
It has been listed as Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
In Myanmar it is the National animal of the country.
Males are around 8–9 ft (2.4-2.7 meters) long, and weigh around 330 to 430 pounds.
Females are around 7–8 ft (2.1-2.4 meters) long, and weigh around 221 to 287 pounds.
Indochinese tigers are darker in colour than the Bengal tiger, and have narrow stripes which usually break up into a row of spots.
Their belly, chin and cheeks are white in colour.
The Indochinese tiger is found throughout Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Burma and Vietnam.
It also lived in China, but no Indochinese tiger has been seen in China since 2007.
It is found mostly in lowland and highland tropical deciduous, semi-evergreen and evergreen forests.
The Indochinese tiger is also found in hilly and mountainous areas.
Indochinese tigers feed mainly on medium-sized and large-sized wild ungulates.
Sambar deer, wild pig, serow, and large bovids such as banteng and young gaur make up most of the Indochinese tiger's diet.
Some of its prey, like the  kouprey and Schomburgk's deer, are extinct, but some, like the Eld's deer, hog deer and wild water buffalo, are still living but rare.
Indochinese tigers also feed on muntjac deer, porcupines, macaques and hog badgers.
Female Indochinese tigers are pregnant for around 3–4 months, before giving birth to about 5 cubs.
Newborn Indochinese tigers weigh around 1 kg (2 lb), and are blind and helpless.
The mother feeds them milk for about 2 months and then the Indochinese tiger cubs are introduced to meat.
Indochinese tiger cubs depend on their mother for the first 18 months and then they start hunting on their own.
An office is generally a room or other area where administrative work is done.
It may also be a position within an organization with specific duties attached to it.
For example, the office of treasurer.
An office is a design phenomenon.
It can be a small office such as a bench in the corner of a very small business.
It can also be anything up to and including large buildings full of offices.
In modern use an office usually means the location where white-collar workers are employed.
There are mainly two types of office.
They are large office and small office.
A small office is small because the amount of work to be done is small.
A large office is large because amount of work to be done is large.
As a work place
Men have done administrative work for many centuries.
But it is not clear when the room where paperwork was created began to be thought of an office.
In the earliest European history it may have been a room in a palace where some kind of accounting was done for the king.
Earlier forms of keeping records were known but were not confined to a room or rooms.
For example, in ancient China string was knotted to keep count of things as a record.
But the record-keeper's "office" was not a room but wherever he needed to be to count something.
In the early Middle Ages many monasteries had a scriptorium.
This was a place where texts of all kinds were written and copied.
All of the work was done by hand.
This may actually be one of the first uses of a room as an office.
The High Middle Ages (1000–1300) saw the rise of the medieval chancery.
This was usually the place where most government letters were written and where laws were copied in the administration of a kingdom.
Dedicated office space
With the growth of large, complex organizations in the 18th century, the first actual office spaces were constructed.
As the Industrial Revolution grew in the 18th and 19th centuries, the industries of banking, rail, insurance, retail, petroleum, and telegraphy grew dramatically.
A large number of clerks were needed.
As a result, more office space was needed for these activities.
The time and motion study, pioneered in manufacturing by F. W. Taylor led to the “Modern Efficiency Desk” with a flat top and drawers below.
This was designed to allow managers an easy view of the workers.
However, by the middle of the 20th century, it became apparent that offices various degrees of privacy.
Gradually the cubicle system evolved.
The main purpose of an office is to support its occupants in performing their job.
Work spaces in an office are typically used for conventional office activities such as reading, writing and computer work.
There are also meeting rooms, lounges, and spaces for support activities, such as photocopying and filing.
Some offices also have a kitchen area where workers can make their lunches.
There are many different ways of arranging the space in an office and whilst these vary according to function, managerial fashions and the culture of specific companies can be even more important.
While offices can be built in almost any location and in almost any building, some modern requirements for offices make this more difficult, such as requirements for light, networking, and security.
The primary purpose of an office building is to provide a workplace and working environment primarily for administrative and managerial workers.
These workers usually occupy set areas within the office building, and usually are provided with desks, PCs and other equipment they may need within these areas.
A phenomenon (Greek: , pl. )
is an observable event or, quite literally, something that can be seen.
It comes from the noun  (phainomenon, df.
appearance) and is also related to the verb  (phainein, df.
to show).
Its plural is phenomena.
Its antonym is lathomenon, meaning "something lying beneath the surface".
Use in science & technology
In science, phenomenon stands for any event which we can sense or detect or record.
In science, the word "observe" means more than just "visible to the naked eye".
It means "sensible", available to our senses.
The senses we are born with are extended by a whole range of instruments which record things we cannot see, and make them visible to us.
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (Russian language: Константи́н Усти́нович Черне́нко September 24, 1911 – March 10, 1985) was the leader of the Soviet Union for a short time.
He became the leader in 1984.
He had emphysema, hepatitis and cirrhosis.
He ruled for 13 months until his death in from heart failure in Moscow in 1985.
Chernenko had a son called Albert.
A Shetland Sheepdog is a kind of small dog whose ancestors came from the Shetland Islands.
Many people call them "Shelties".
They are popular pets in many countries.
Shelties have the same origins with Rough Collie and Border Collie.
Shelties are a working dog and are sometimes used for herding.
A Sheltie can have a mix of several colors in its coat.
Most shelties are sable and white (brown and white) or tri-color (black, white and tan).
Their fur is long and they shed twice a year.
Shelties range in size from 13 to 16 inches.
They usually weigh about 25-30 pounds.
Shelties are very energetic dogs that run and bark a lot.
They are great with children.
It was said that Shelties were sheep dogs so they try to please their master and have a strong sense of responsibility.
They do not need very much discipline.
Shelties rank in the top ten smartest dogs.
They learn new things very quickly and remember them well.
Shelties make great family pets as long as you do not mind a dog that barks.
A belief is a firm thought that something is true, often based on revelation.
Belief is usually a part of belonging to a religion.
It is different to scientific knowledge that can be tested, but belief is not able to be tested.
For example, a person may believe in God or gods.
The word is also used to describe what a person expects will happen based on limited information.
For example, "I believe Amy will come around today".
Belief is also something you believe in but you cannot prove exactly.
The German Shepherd (), also known as the Alsatian, is a breed of medium-large dog.
It was first developed in Germany.
They are often used as police dogs, but they have many other uses.
They have been used as herding dogs, guard dogs, military dogs, eyes for the blind and as pets between others.
Because of their intelligence, speed, drive, eagerness and balance, they are now called 'multi-terrain' dogs as well as 'most complete dog breed' also considered the most versatile breed both in adaptability and suitability.
An important modern use is the dog's ability to perform search and rescue.
In former times the American Rescue Dog Association only used air-scenting Alsatians to locate people who are missing or lost.
They search in wilderness, disaster, human body remains and water search and rescue and recovery missions.
The breed is smart, athletic and can live in a wide variety of climate conditions.
Male German Shepherds usually weigh around .
Females usually weigh around .
The term Alsatian wolf dog, instead of German Shepherd dog, was first popularly used by the British in the First World War.
This was because the country was at war with the German Empire.
Adolf Hitler, a German dictator, was also known to have German Shepherds as companions.
Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back is a science fiction movie and the second film in the Star Wars saga.
The movie was released in 1980.
It includes action, romance and drama.
Frank Oz as Yoda
The Rebels hide from the Empire on the icy planet Hoth.
The Empire finds the Rebels and they have to leave the planet after a battle.
Luke Skywalker finds Yoda, a 900-year-old Jedi Master and begins the training to become a Jedi.
Han Solo, Chewbacca, Princess Leia and C-3P0 are caught by the Empire and Solo is frozen in carbonite.
In his Jedi training, Luke gets a vision that his friends are in danger and tries to help them.
He has to confront Darth Vader, and the two of them fight.
When Luke fights Vader, he cuts off Luke's hand and Luke also learns that Vader is his father.
His hand is replaced with a prosthetic one, including nerves, muscles, and some other stuff.
The Empire Strikes Back The Movie Database
1980 science fiction movies
Christmas movies
Empire Strikes Back, The
The Church of the SubGenius is a religion founded by Ivan Stang and Philo Drummond.
Originally based in Dallas, Texas, it is now based in Cleveland Heights, Ohio.
In 2009, Stang said that The Church of the Subgenius has 40,000 followers, but the real number of followers is not known.
The church's beliefs are said to be very complex.
The church teaches that it was founded by a salesman named J. R. "Bob" Dobbs.
In 1953 "Bob" was fixing his TV which he made, and the Space God JHVH-1 gave him knowledge of the past and future, and the idea of "Slack".
The church teaches that there is a conspiracy to make humans work, so that they can't have "Slack".
It says that its members are descended from Yetis.
It also said that aliens would come to earth on 5 July 1998.
Church of the Subgenius Official Website
Terry Bradshaw is a former American athlete.
He is also a sports presenter.
He was born September 2, 1948 in Shreveport, Louisiana.
Bradshaw is a former quarterback with the Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League, and a television and American football host.
Over six years, he won four Super Bowl titles with Pittsburgh (1975, 1976, 1979 and 1980).
He went into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1989.
Pittsburgh Steelers players
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Louisiana
People from Shreveport, Louisiana
He is related to Cory J.Bylsma
thumb|right|A Caribbean reef squid
Squid are cephalopods of the order Teuthida.
They are the sister group to the octopods.
Squid are carnivores, but they are also hunted as prey.
The largest squid, the giant squid and colossal squid, are eaten by sperm whales and sleeper sharks.
All squid have a mouth with a radula, and jet propulsion with the siphon from the mantle.
The radulla is a scraping organ in the mouth that scrapes nutrients from food sources.
Tentacles are used for locomotive power and capturing food sources.
All squids are carnivores; they eat other animals, not plants.
Like other cephalopoda, squid are intelligent animals.
Squids have a head-like structure, with sense organs and brains in the front end.
Although the squids lack exterior shells they have a vestigial shell inside, made of chitin.
The skin is covered in chromatophores, which enable the squid to change colour to suit its surroundings, making it effectively camouflaged.
Controlled by the nervous system, the camouflage can change in 'real time'.
Squids mainly rely on moving via jet propulsion, though deep sea squids may use their fins instead to save energy.
A squid sucks in water through its mantle, than pushing it out through its siphon.
Squids also have their gills inside the mantle to collect oxygen while moving.
Squid reproduction
After a male and female mate, the female squid lays eggs.
The eggs are laid inside an egg case.
Since the squid is usually a part of a shoal, it is laid with many other egg cases from many other squids, and then anchored to the sea floor.
Because of this, squid eggs are often (many times) found in clumps, and those clumps often look like a flower.
Often, the male will die a short time after mating, and the female will die once she has released her eggs.
Because of this, squids usually lay eggs only once.
Squids do not live very long.
Although there are some long-lived species, most squids live for only one or two years.
Most squid are no more than  long, although the giant squid may reach .
In 1978, sharp, curved claws on the suction cups of squid tentacles cut up the rubber coating on the hull of the USS Stein.
The size suggested the largest squid known at the time.
In February 2007, a New Zealand fishing vessel caught a colossal squid weighing  and measuring around  off the coast of Antarctica.
This specimen is the largest invertebrate ever found.
Squid have the largest eyes in the animal kingdom.
Giant squid are featured in literature and folklore with a frightening connotation.
The Kraken is a legendary tentacled monster possibly based on sightings of real giant squid.
The giant squid (Architeuthis dux) is a genus of deep-ocean dwelling squid.
Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size: recent estimates put the maximum size at 12 metres (39 ft) or 13 metres (43 ft) for females and 10 metres (33 ft) for males from caudal fin to the tip of the two long tentacles.
Until 2005, nobody had ever seen a giant squid that was alive.
Only dead giant squids had been found.
On 30 September 2004, researchers from Japan took the first images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat.
Several of the 556 photographs were released a year later.
The same team successfully filmed a live adult giant squid for the first time on December 4, 2006.
There is no agreement as to how many species there are.
The Kraken is also believed to be a giant squid,
For many years, people would hear stories from fishermen about giant squids at sea.
According to the stories, an enormous squid would wrap its arms around a whale, causing a terrible fight to start.
Whalers said that sometimes, when they caught a whale, it would have scars as big as dinner plates on its body.
Other times, when they cut open the stomach of some of their whales, they would find squid arms as long as 30 ft with suckers up to four inches wide.
The whalers who told these stories either chopped up the squid parts to eat or use as bait, or they threw them back out to sea before scientists were ever able to examine them.
However, in 1861, a French ship was able to bring back parts of a giant squid so scientists could study them.
Then, in the late 18th century, several giant squids washed up on shore, proving that giant squids really exist.
After that, many giant squids were found washed ashore or dead at sea.
Scientists grew very interested in these mysterious creatures, but few ever saw them alive.
Scientists think they spend most of their time in deep, cold ocean.
In December 2005, the Melbourne Aquarium in Australia got the intact body of a giant squid, preserved in a giant block of ice.
It had been caught by fishermen off the coast of New Zealand's South Island that year.
Googol officially known as ten-duotrigintillion or ten thousand sexdecillion  is the number 10100 (or Ten duotrigintillion) (10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000).
A 9-year-old Milton Sirotta, nephew of U.S. mathematician Edward Kasner, first used the word googol.
Sirotta made this word in 1937, for the number represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros.
The company Google was named after the number "googol."
Its creators originally called it BackRub because it used backlinks to tell how important each page was.
Someone suggested "googolplex."
They shortened it to "googol" and then spelled the word wrong when looking for a domain name that was not taken yet.
Googolplex, which is 10googol
The National Football League (NFL) is an American football league.
There are 32 teams in the league.
The league is one of the major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada.
The players are among the highest-paid athletes in the world.
A league is a competition between a number of teams.
The teams play other teams, and the results are used to list the teams in order of who is The team at the top of the list (called a league table) is the best team and the team at the bottom is the worst team.
It is now the most popular professional league in the United States by number of television viewers.
The NFL also has the highest per-game attendance of any professional league in the world; in the most recently completed 2014 season, the average crowd at an NFL game was more than 67,000.
Its championship game, the Super Bowl, is an unofficial national holiday in the U.S., and is seen by more people than any other American television program.
In terms of number of players and people involved, the NFL is the largest professional sports league in the world.
It is widely considered the top level of competition in the world for American football.
History of the NFL
In 1920, an American football league was formed.
It was called the American Professional Football Association.
In 1921 it changed its name to the National Football League.
In 1960 another league was formed, called the American Football League.
In 1970 the National Football League and the American Football League joined together so that the teams from each league could play each other.
The league called the National Football League changed its name to the National Football Conference (usually called the NFC) and the league called the American Football League changed its name to the American Football Conference (usually called the AFC).
The two conferences together are now called the National Football League.
People can also call it by the acronym NFL for short.
Because the U.S. is a big country and it would be hard for teams to travel a long way to play other teams, the teams are separated into smaller regional divisions based on where they are in the country.
The teams are separated like this:
Teams in the AFC
Buffalo Bills (playing in Orchard Park, New York, near Buffalo)
Miami Dolphins (playing in Miami Gardens, Florida, near Miami)
New England Patriots (playing in Foxborough, Massachusetts, about halfway between Boston and Providence)
New York Jets (playing in East Rutherford, New Jersey, near New York City)
Baltimore Ravens (playing in Baltimore, Maryland)
Cincinnati Bengals (playing in Cincinnati, Ohio)
Cleveland Browns (playing in Cleveland, Ohio)
Pittsburgh Steelers (playing in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
AFC South
Houston Texans (playing in Houston, Texas)
Indianapolis Colts (playing in Indianapolis, Indiana)
Jacksonville Jaguars (playing in Jacksonville, Florida)
Tennessee Titans (playing in Nashville, Tennessee)
AFC West
Denver Broncos (playing in Denver, Colorado)
Kansas City Chiefs (playing in Kansas City, Missouri)
Las Vegas Raiders (playing in Paradise, Nevada)
Los Angeles Chargers (playing in Inglewood, California, in the stadium owned by the Rams)
Teams in the NFC
NFC East
Dallas Cowboys (playing in Arlington, Texas, near Dallas and Fort Worth)
New York Giants (playing in East Rutherford, New Jersey in the same stadium as the Jets)
Philadelphia Eagles (playing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
Washington Commanders (playing in Landover, Maryland, near Washington, D.C.)
NFC North
Chicago Bears (playing in Chicago, Illinois)
Detroit Lions (playing in Detroit, Michigan)
Green Bay Packers (playing in Green Bay, Wisconsin)
Minnesota Vikings (playing in Minneapolis, Minnesota)
NFC South
Atlanta Falcons (playing in Atlanta, Georgia)
Carolina Panthers (playing in Charlotte, North Carolina)
New Orleans Saints (playing in New Orleans, Louisiana)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (playing in Tampa, Florida)
NFC West
Arizona Cardinals (playing in Glendale, Arizona, near Phoenix)
Los Angeles Rams (playing in Inglewood, California, suburb of Los Angeles)
San Francisco 49ers (playing in Santa Clara, California, near San Francisco)
Seattle Seahawks (playing in Seattle, Washington)
The teams in the NFL play games against each other from September to January.
This time is called a season.
Each team plays 17 games, most recently increased from 16 starting with the 2021 season.
This is how which games a team will play are chosen:
Each team plays a game against all the other teams in their division twice, once at their own stadium (this is called playing "at home") and once at the other team's home stadium (this is called playing "away").
Each team will also play all the teams in another division in the same conference (AFC or NFC).
They will play two of those teams at home and two of the teams away.
The other division that they play changes every year.
For example, a team in the AFC North will play teams in the AFC South one year, the AFC East the next year, the AFC West the year after that, and then the AFC South again the year after that.
Each team will also play all the teams in one of the divisions of the other conference.
They will play two of these teams at home and the other two teams away.
The regional league from the other conference changes every year too.
For example, a team in the AFC North will play teams from the NFC North one year, then teams from the NFC South the next year, then teams from the NFC West the next year, then teams from the NFC East the next year, then teams from the NFC North again the next year.
Each team will also play two teams from the same conference in the division that they are not already supposed to play against.
The teams that they play will be the teams that were about as good as they were last season and finished in the same position in their own division.
For example,  if we look at a team in the AFC North that finished 3rd out of the 4 teams in the AFC North, if this team is going to play all the teams in the AFC West this year anyway, they will play the teams that finished 3rd in the AFC East and the AFC South.
Finally, each team plays one game against a team in the other conference that finished in the same position within its division.
The divisional matchups rotate every year, and each team will alternate home and away games—meaning that if a team played this specific game on the road in one season, it plays that game at home in the next.
Therefore, during the regular season, each team plays:
Teams in its own division twice a year
Teams in other divisions in its own conference at least once every 3 years, but on average once every 2 years
Teams in the other conference at least once every 4 years
Flexible scheduling
Since the 2006 season, the NFL has used a "flexible scheduling" system for the last seven weeks of the regular season where there is a Sunday night game.
The system is designed so that the league has the flexibility in selecting games to air on Sunday night that will feature the current hottest, streaking teams.
Under the system, all Sunday games in the affected weeks will tentatively have the "early" start time of 1 p.m. ET/10 a.m. PT, except those played in the Pacific or Mountain time zones, which will have the tentative start time of 4 p.m. ET/1 p.m. PT.
On the Tuesday 12 days before the games, the league will move one game to the prime-time slot, and possibly move one or more 1 p.m. slotted games to the 4 p.m. slot.
During the last week of the season, the league could re-schedule games as late as six days before the contests so that as many of the television networks as possible will be able to broadcast a game that has playoff implications.
At the end of every NFL season, the eight teams that finish the season at the top of their divisions and three teams from each conference that were the best teams apart from the eight division winners (these six teams are called Wild Cards) enter a competition to see who is the best team in the whole league.
This is called the Playoffs.
There are a total of 14 teams in the Playoffs, seven from both the AFC and NFC.
The seven teams in each conference are listed in order of how well they played in the season.
This is called seeding and it is done to make it easier for the better teams to win.
The teams that did not win their leagues (the Wild Cards) are always the bottom three seeds in the list, even if one or more had a better record than a team that won its division.
Wild Card games
The first round of the playoffs, known as Wild Card Weekend, features six games.
The matchups by seed are the same in both conferences.
The fifth seed visits the fourth seed.
The sixth seed visits the third seed.
The seventh seed visits the second seed.
The winners of each game advance to the next round; the losers' seasons end.
This leaves 8 teams.
Division playoffs
The second round, called the Divisional Playoffs, has four games.
Again, the matchups by seed are the same in both conferences.
The lowest seed among each conference's three Wild Card Round winners visits the top seed in its conference.
The remaining two teams in each conference play, with the team with the higher seed (i.e., the lower number) hosting.
Conference championships
The two survivors of the AFC Divisional Round play in the AFC Championship Game, with the winner being AFC Champion.
Similarly, the two survivors of the NFC Divisional Round play in the NFC Championship Game, with the winner being NFC Champion.
The last part of the playoffs is called the Super Bowl.
The AFC Champion and the NFC Champion teams play each other to decide who is the best team in the NFL.
The team that win the Super Bowl claims the Lombardi trophy.
Also, each player of the winning team gets a bonus up to $150,000.
Official NFL website
NFL Playoffs News
1920 establishments in the United States
Sports in the United States
The Super Bowl is a special American football game played every year to decide the winner of that National Football League (NFL) season.
The best team from the National Football Conference plays the best team from the American Football Conference to win the Vince Lombardi Trophy, which was named after the first coach to win a Super Bowl.
For most American football fans, it is a very special event.
Some people who do not like American football still watch it for the television advertisements and the half-time show.
The TV advertisements during Super Bowl are the most expensive in the world in per second value.
Because of the high cost of advertising, companies usually produce unique advertisements.
As a result, watching advertisements has been a well publicized event in itself.
The Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots are the teams with the most Super Bowl Wins with six victories each.
The San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys currently are tied for the second-most Super Bowl wins with five.
The Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Houston Texans, and the Jacksonville Jaguars have never played in a Super Bowl.
The New York Jets have not played in the Super Bowl since the American Football League (AFL) and the NFL joined together in 1970.
AFL-NFL World Championships
NFL Championships
Official website of the Super Bowl
America's Game  - America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions, an NFL Films documentary of all Super Bowl winning teams
"We Will Rock You" is a song by Queen.
It is one of their most famous songs.
It is used at a lot of sports events.
The main song has the band stamping their feet twice, and clapping once.
At the end, a short guitar part is played.
Freddie Mercury - lead and backing vocals, handclaps, footstamps
Brian May - electric guitar, backing vocals, handclaps, footstamps
Roger Taylor - backing vocals, handclaps, footstamps
John Deacon - handclaps, footstamps
Queen songs
1977 songs
Rock songs
Lagos is the second largest city in Africa and the most populous city in Nigeria and in West Africa.
There are about 12.5 million to 18 million people living in Lagos, which makes it one of the biggest cities in Africa.
Lagos is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean.
The city is made of several local government areas.
Some of these areas are Somolu Koshofe, Ifelodun, Surulere, Agege, Ikeja, Ikorodu, Ajegunle, Oshodi, and Maryland.
Lagos was the capital of Nigeria until 1992, when the capital became Abuja.
Lagos is still the commercial capital of Nigeria and a gateway to West Africa.
Lagos is made up of different islands like Victoria island, Bananna island, Snake island, and the mainland
15th-century establishments
Establishments in Africa
The infinitive is a verb form.
It has no person, number, mood, or tense.
The infinitive in English
the full infinitive (to-infinitive) has the word to at the beginning.
For example: I want to run
the bare infinitive does not have the word to.
For example: I must go.
After a modal verb you must use an infinitive.
For example, I must go, he must go (he must goes is not correct)
simple infinitive, for example, to write
continuous infinitive, for example, to be writing
perfect infinitive, for example, to have written
perfect continuous infinitive, for example, to have been writing
passive infinitive, for example, to be written
passive perfect infinitive, for example, to have been written
The infinitive in other languages
In German, the infinitives end with -en, -eln or -ern.
There are 2 exceptions -  (to be) and  (to do).
In Esperanto, the infinitives end with -i, for example  (to sleep)
Cartridge (electronics), an object that is used in a larger piece of equipment
4-track cartridge, a music storage format popular from the late 1950s to the early 1970s
8-track cartridge, a music storage format popular from the late 1960s to the early 1980s
Cartridge (firearms), a round of charge-and-bullet ammunition
Magnetic cartridge, the removable part of a record player arm holding the needle
Ink cartridge, a replaceable part of an inkjet printer that contains the ink
A real number is a rational or irrational number, and is a number which can be expressed using decimal expansion.
Usually when people say "number", they usually mean "real number".
The official symbol for real numbers is a bold R, or a blackboard bold .
Some real numbers are called positive.
A positive number is "bigger than zero".
Real numbers can be thought of as an infinitely long ruler.
There is a mark for zero and every other number, in order of size.
Unlike a physical ruler, there are numbers below zero.
These are called negative real numbers.
Negative numbers are "smaller than zero".
They are like a mirror image of the positive numbers, except that they are given minus signs (–) so that they are labeled differently from the positive numbers.
There are infinitely many real numbers, because there is no smallest or biggest real number.
No matter how many real numbers are counted, there are always more which need to be counted.
There are no empty spaces between real numbers, which means that if two different real numbers are taken, there will always be a third real number between them.
This is always true no matter how close together the first two numbers are.
If a positive number is added to another positive number, then that number gets bigger.
If zero, which is also a real number, is added to a number, then that number does not change.
If a negative number is added to another number, that number gets smaller.
The real numbers are uncountable, which means that there is no way to put all the real numbers into a sequence.
Any sequence of real numbers will miss out a real number, even if the sequence is infinite.
This makes the real numbers special, because even though there are infinitely many real numbers and infinitely many integers, there are "more" real numbers than integers.
This is often expressed by saying that the integers are countable and that the real numbers are uncountable.
Some simpler number systems are inside the real numbers.
For example, the rational numbers and integers are all in the real numbers.
There are also more complicated number systems than the real numbers, such as the complex numbers.
Every real number is a complex number, but not every complex number is a real number.
Similarly, 3/7 is a rational number but not an integer.
Different types of real numbers
There are different types of real numbers.
Sometimes all the real numbers are not talked about at once.
Sometimes only special, smaller sets of them are talked about.
These sets have special names.
Natural numbers: These are real numbers that have no decimal and are bigger than zero.
Whole numbers: These are positive real numbers that have no decimals, and also zero.
Natural numbers are also whole numbers.
Integers: These are real numbers that have no decimals.
These include both positive and negative numbers.
Whole numbers are also integers.
Rational numbers: These are real numbers that can be written as fractions of integers.
Integers are also rational numbers.
Transcendental numbers cannot be obtained by solving an equation with integer components.
Irrational numbers: These are real numbers that can not be written as a fraction of integers.
Transcendental numbers are also irrational.
The number 0 (zero) is special.
Sometimes it is taken as part of the subset to be considered, and at other times it is not.
It is the Identity element for addition, which means that adding zero does not change the original number.
For multiplication, the identity element is 1.
One real number that is not rational is the square root of 2.
This number is irrational.
If a square is drawn with sides that are one unit long, then the length of the line between its opposite corners will be the square root of 2.
Elvis Stojko (born March 22, 1972 in Newmarket, Ontario ) is a Canadian figure skater.
He was world champion three times, and Canadian champion seven times.
Stojko was named after Elvis Presley, and sometimes skates to Presley's music.
He grew up in Richmond Hill, Ontario.
He started skating when he was four years old.
He also became a black belt in karate (which has influenced some of his skating).
Stojko was the first person to do a quadruple-triple jump combination.
He became known for his athletic ability.
World Championships:  first place in 1994, 1995, and 1997.
Olympics:  silver in both 1994 and 1998.
Canadian Championships:  first place in 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2002.
Elvis Stojko: Heart of Gold
Sportspeople from Ontario
Canadian figure skaters
An album is a collection of sound recordings.
It is usually made by a musician, and is sold in stores.
Albums were originally a collection of gramophone records, each having one or two songs.
Today an album is usually in the form of a compact disc, although many artists also release their albums on vinyl records.
Types of albums
There are two main types of albums, studio albums and live albums.
Studio albums are recorded at a recording studio.
Live albums are normally recorded while the musicians are performing for an audience.
Live albums are usually recorded at concerts.
Compilation album: Compilation albums are usually made of songs that first came from many different albums.
These songs can all be from the same musicians (often called "Greatest Hits" albums) or they can each be from different musicians.
Debut album: the first album from a musician or musical group.
Solo album - A solo album is an album by a single musician.
This often happens when a singer or musician who is a part of a band creates an album without the rest of the band.
It may also happen when the person leaves the band and starts performing alone.
For example, most of Beyoncé's albums after she stopped performing with Destiny's Child are solo albums.
Tribute album: Tribute albums or "cover albums" are albums where a second group or musician plays songs which were first played by another, often more famous, group or musician.
The second group is usually called a "Tribute band" when most or all of the music they play is from another band.
For example, a Slipknot tribute band would mostly play songs that were written and played by the band Slipknot.
Live album: Live albums are made from songs that are performed live, such as during tour.
Albums are normally separated into Tracks.
Each track is a part of the album which has one song in it.
The term is often used to mean a specific song on the album by number.
For example, the "fourth track" or "track four" from an album is the fourth song on the album when it is played from the beginning.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
It awards people who have made progress in the scientific area of chemistry, those who have worked hard to learn more and have succeeded.
The Prize is given every year.
It is just one of many Nobel Prizes.
A famous winner of this prize was Marie Curie.
She won the prize in 1911 after she discovered radium with her husband Pierre.
She was the first person to win the prize twice; the first time was for physics in 1903.
1901  1909
1901 - Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff for work on chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.
1902 - Hermann Emil Fischer for work on sugar and purine syntheses.
1903 - Svante Arrhenius for his electrolytic theory of dissociation.
1904 - Sir William Ramsay for discovering inert gases in the air.
1905 - Adolf von Baeyer for work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds.
1906 - Henri Moissan for the discovery of fluorine and the Moissan electric furnace
1907 - Eduard Buchner his discovery of cell-free fermentation
1908 - Ernest Rutherford for his work on radioactive substances
1909 - Wilhelm Ostwald for his work on catalysis, chemical equilibria and rates of reaction.
1910  1919
1910 - Otto Wallach for his work on alicyclic compounds.
1911 - Marie Curie for her discovery of radium and polonium.
1912 - Victor Grignard for his discovery of the Grignard reagent.
1912 - Paul Sabatier for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds.
1913 - Alfred Werner for his work on atoms and molecules.
1914 - Theodore Richards for his work on finding the atomic weight of chemical elements.
1915 - Richard Willstätter for his work on chlorophyll.
1916 - 1917  - No Award
1918 - Fritz Haber for synthesis of ammonia from its elements.
1919 - No award
1920  1929
1920 - Walther Nernst for his work on thermochemistry.
1921 - Frederick Soddy for his work on radioactive substances and isotopes.
1922 - Francis Aston for his discovery of isotopes and the mass spectrograph.
1923 - Fritz Pregl for discovering the way to do micro-analysis of organic substances.
1924 - No award
1925 - Richard Zsigmondy for discovering a basic method in colloid chemistry.
1926 - Theodor Svedberg for his work on disperse systems.
1927 - Heinrich Wieland for his work on bile acids.
1928 - Adolf Windaus for his work on sterols and vitamins.
1929 - Arthur Harden and Hans von Euler-Chelpin for their work on fermenting sugar and fermentative enzymes.
1930  1939
1930 - Hans Fischer
1931 - Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius
1932 - Irving Langmuir
1933 - No award
1934 - Harold C. Urey
1935 - Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie
1936 - Peter Debye
1937 - Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer
1938 - Richard Kuhn
1939 - Adolf Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka
1940  1949
1940 -  1942 No award
1943 - George de Hevesy
1944 - Otto Hahn
1945 - Artturi Virtanen
1946 - James Sumner, John Northrop, Wendell Stanley
1947 - Sir Robert Robinson
1948 - Arne Tiselius
1949 - William F. Giauque
1950  1959
1950 - Otto Diels, Kurt Alder
1951 - Edwin McMillan, Glenn Seaborg
1952 - Archer Martin, Richard Synge
1953 - Hermann Staudinger
1954 - Linus Pauling
1955 - Vincent du Vigneaud
1956 - Cyril Hinshelwood, Nikolay Semenov
1957 - Lord Todd
1958 - Frederick Sanger
1959 - Jaroslav Heyrovsky
1960  1969
1960 - Willard Libby
1961 - Melvin Calvin
1962 - Max Perutz, John Kendrew
1963 - Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta for Ziegler-Natta catalyst
1964 - Dorothy Hodgkin
1965 - Robert Woodward "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
1966 - Robert S. Mulliken
1967 - Manfred Eigen, Ronald Norrish, George Porter
1968 - Lars Onsager
1969 - Derek Barton, Odd Hassel
1970  1979
1970 - Luis Leloir
1971 - Gerhard Herzberg
1972 - Christian Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William Stein
1973 - Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson for sandwich compounds
1974 - Paul Flory
1975 - John Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog
1976 - William Lipscomb
1977 - Ilya Prigogine
1978 - Peter Mitchell
1979 - Herbert Brown, Georg Wittig
1980  1989
1980 - Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger
1981 - Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann for Isolobal Principle
1982 - Aaron Klug
1983 - Henry Taube
1984 - Bruce Merrifield
1985 - Herbert Hauptman, Jerome Karle
1986 - Dudley Herschbach, Yuan Lee, John Polanyi
1987 - Donald Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles Pedersen
1988 - Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel
1989 - Sidney Altman, Thomas Cech
1990  1999
1990 - Elias James Corey
1991 - Richard R. Ernst
1992 - Rudolph A. Marcus
1993 - Kary Mullis, Michael Smith
1994 - George Olah
1995 - Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland
1996 - Robert Curl, Sir Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley
1997 - Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou
1998 - Walter Kohn, John Pople
1999 - Ahmed Zewail
2000  2009
2000  Alan Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa for their discovery and development of conductive polymers.
2001 – William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions.,
K. Barry Sharpless for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions.
2002 – John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka for their work on mass spectrometry.
Kurt Wüthrich for ways to study biological macromolecules with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
2003 – Peter Agre for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels.
Roderick MacKinnon for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of potassium ion channels.
2004 – Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
2005 – Yves Chauvin, Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock for metal-catalyzed alkene metathesis.
2006 – Roger Kornberg for studying eukaryote transcription.
2007 – Gerhard Ertl for surface science and for discovering how crystals react to experiments.
2008 – Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Tsien for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP.
2009 – Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas Steitz, Ada Yonath for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome.
2010  2019
2010 – Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki for their work in palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions in organic synthesis.
2011 – Dan Shechtman for the discovery of quasicrystals.
2012 – Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors.
2013 – Michael Levitt, Martin Karplus and Arieh Warshel for the development of multi scale models for complex chemical systems.
2014 – Eric Betzig, Stefan Hell and William E. Moerner for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy.
2015 – Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar for mechanistic studies of DNA repair.
2016 – Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa for supramolecular chemistry.
2017 - Jacques Dubochet/ Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson  for cryo-election microscopy
2018 - Frances Arnold / George P. Smith / Greg Winter for directed evolution and bacteriophage.
2019 - John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino for the development of lithium-ion battery
2020 - Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna for the development of a method for genome editing.
2021 - David MacMillan and Benjamin List for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis.
Nobel Prize Chemistry
Baker Island is a small coral island, or atoll, in the North Pacific Ocean.
It is just above the equator.
It belongs to the United States.
The United States Department of the Interior is in charge of the island.
It is called the Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge.
The island has no trees.
The island is surrounded by a coral reef.
This makes the atoll hard to approach in a boat.
Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge
Hermaphrodite is a term which comes from Hermaphroditus, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite.
It is used as a scientific term in biology.
In zoology, an animal which can produce both sperm and ova is  a hermaphrodite.
As an example, most earthworms are hermaphrodites.
A simultaneous hermaphrodite has both sets of sex organs throughout life.
A sequential hermaphrodite has ovaries at first, replaced by a testis later, or the other way round.
In botany, hermaphrodite is used for 'complete' flowers with both male and female parts, and for plants which have bisexual reproductive units.
See flowering plant sexuality for details.
With people, the term hermaphrodite is not correct, because true functioning hermaphrodites are not possible in humans.
What sometimes happens is errors in development which lead to intersex persons.
A definition of intersex is :
"... individuals of a bisexual species that have characteristics intermediate between the male and female".
The epididymis is the part of the human male reproductive system.
It is the tube that holds the testicles in place.
It stretches from the back of each testicle to the van deferens.
The head (Caput)
The body (Corpus)
The tail (Cauda)
Sperm made in the testis go into the head (caput) of the epididymis, go through the body (corpus) and stop at the tail (cauda), where they are stored.
When sperm are first made and travel to the head, they are not yet ready to be ejaculated.
They cannot swim or fertilize an egg.
By the time they reach the tail, the sperm can fertilize an egg.
The sperm are transferred to the Seminal visicle through the vas deferens.
The sperm can not swim yet, so muscle contractions push the sperm to the seminal vesicle where final development is finished. .
When the sperm are ejaculated, they move through the tail of the epididymis.
There are so many sperm that they cannot swim, but use peristalsis from muscles in the vas deferens.
An injury or infection of the epididymis causes epididymitis, a painful condition that can take months to heal.
Sometimes the testicle has to be removed.
There does not seem to be any single cause, or treatment for this condition.
Some doctors treat it with antibiotics, some take a "wait and see" attitude.
At times just one testicle is affected and at others, both.
The War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States.
Napoleon defeated at Waterloo in Belgium. (
Denmark lets Norway go; Norway declares independence.
Congress of Vienna changes Europe.
Volcano Mount Tambora explodes in the Dutch East Indies (1815)
Year without a Summer (1816)
James Strang, Mormon. (
John A. Macdonald, first prime minister of Canada (1815)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American women's rights activist (1815)
Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States
Frederick Douglass, writer. (
King Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
Jiaqing Emperor (China)
Emperor Napoleon I (First French Empire)
King George III (United Kingdom).
President James Madison (United States)
Paul Revere, silversmith. (
Jemima Wilkinson, preacher. (
Mammary glands are the part of the female body designed for the making milk for baby mammals to drink.
In humans they are in the breasts.
Kurt Browning (born June 18, 1966 in Rocky Mountain House, Alberta) is a Canadian figure skater.
He won four world championships and four Canadian championships.
Browning did the first ever quadruple jump (four turns) in competition.
He is well known for his footwork.