the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Super Mario and The Legend of Zelda are examples of these.
Nintendo currently sells the 3DS, and the Nintendo Switch.
In March 2011 of February 26 2012, Nintendo released their new handheld system in Japan, the United States, and Europe, the Nintendo 3DS.
It is the first system to have 3D without special 3D glasses.
On the date of July 28 2012, Nintendo released a bigger update called the 3DS XL, which has a new anti-glare screen, a top screen that is 90% bigger than the old 3DS and has a matte plastic finish instead of a glossy metal one.
This means that scratches and fingerprints cannot be seen as easily, but it can be broken more easily and it is not as durable.
The successor to the Wii U, the Nintendo Switch, released on March 3, 2017 in Japan, the United States, and Europe.
The Nintendo Switch is unique in the sense that it can be played on both a TV and on the go.
The Switch can be played on the TV by sliding the tablet into its dock and removing the two controllers on the side of the tablet to create a more traditional controller.
Nintendo's American Website (Note: needs Adobe Flash)
Nintendo's Japanese Website
Nintendo's European Website
1880s establishments in Japan
São Paulo (Portuguese for Saint Paul) is the capital of the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
It is the biggest city in the Southern Hemisphere.
The city has an area of 1,523 km² and more than 11 million people live there.
It is the 11th most populous city on Earth.
In January 25, 1554, two priests, Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta, built a school - Colégio de São Paulo de Piratininga - to convert natives to Catholic religion.
Today, this building is the Padre Anchieta Museum.
Because São Paulo was a poor village and was far away from the colony centre, the bandeirantes (explorers) chose it to start expeditions to enslave natives, recapture runaway slaves, and to find precious metals and stones (gold, diamonds, etc.).
In 1711, São Paulo became a city.
In the end of the 18th century, people started growing sugarcane in the rural area of the province, and São Paulo was the way to the port of Santos.
In the 19th century, after the construction of São Paulo's Law School, São Paulo became the capital of the province, politicians and philosophers went there, and the first newspapers and books were printed.
At this time, many European immigrants, especially Italians, moved to São Paulo to work at the big coffee plantations.
At the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the city grew quickly.
Some people who study Brazilian History says "the city was rebuilt".
São Paulo is crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn.
It is in a plateau (a high flat area), 760 metres above the sea level.
Because of its altitude, its climate (subtropical) is not so warm as it is near the coast.
São Paulo is 70 km far from the coast, 420 km far from Rio de Janeiro, and 1,020 km far from Brasília, the Brazilian capital city.
The metropolitan area formed by São Paulo and 39 surroundings cities is the biggest in the Latin America.
More than 19 million people live in this metropolitan area, which is also called Greater São Paulo and is the fifth biggest of the world.
Subdivisons
The city is divided into 31 boroughs, and each borough is divided into neighbourhoods.
The boroughs form nine regions (or "zones"), with similar geographic location and history, but most people and companies prefer to use another division, with only five regions.
Ethnic diversity
Descendants of many peoples live in São Paulo: Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, African, German, Lebanese, Japanese.
There are also descendant of peoples from other South American countries, for example Argentina and Bolivia, and other places, for example Chinese people, Jews, and South Koreans.
Every day, people from other cities or states move to São Paulo.
Many are people from the Northeast region of Brazil that try to find a job in the city.
São Paulo is the commercial and industrial center of Brazil.
There are factories and shops of all sizes and kinds.
For example, in São Paulo there are some of the more expensive shops of Brazil, but also there are commercial districts formed only by cheap shops, and people from many places (also from other cities) buy clothing, electronics and other products at these districts.
Football is the sport with the biggest number of fans in the city.
The most important clubs from the city are Corinthians, Palmeiras, and São Paulo.
They are all playing in the Brazilian Série A, the major football championship in Brazil.
Except Palmeiras.
There are also other big and medium teams from São Paulo, for example Portuguesa and Juventus, and many small teams.
However, Santos FC, that is a club from Santos, a city in the coast, is the fourth team in number of supporters.
Other major sports are basketball and volleyball.
Some people also play handball, tennis, and other sports.
Some people do not like São Paulo because of the big number of cars, trucks and motorcycles on streets and avenues.
The public transport is also very important for the people who live there.
There are many bus lanes in the city, and a big Metro (underground railway) and railway system.
Born in São Paulo
Gustavo Borges
Mário de Andrade
Oswald de Andrade
Eder Jofre
Amyr Klink
José Carlos Pace
Rivelino
Johan Pineda
São Paulo State Official Home Page  (in English)
São Paulo City Official Home Page (in Portuguese)
São Paulo Tourism Site  (in Portuguese)
VisitSP São Paulo travel guide (in English)
Capitals of Brazilian states
1550s establishments in South America
16th-century establishments in Brazil
1554 establishments
Timothy Walter "Tim" Burton (born August 25, 1958) is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and artist.
Burton was born in Burbank, California on August 25, 1958.
His father is of Dutch, English, French, German, and Scottish descent and His mother is of Croatian, German, Norwegian, and Swedish descent.
He began as an animator for Walt Disney Pictures, but soon moved on making his own kinds of movies and projects.
He has an individual style; the movies that he makes are creative and often based on events that would not happen in real life.
For example, the main character in "Edward Scissorhands" is a young man who has scissors instead of hands.
His movies attract an audience usually that fits his unique tastes.
Burton has bipolar disorder.
He lives in Belsize Park, London, next door to his former partner Helena Bonham Carter.
Burton and Carter split in December 2014.
The houses have a door connecting them.
The couple have a son and daughter together.
Frankenweenie
Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children
1958 births
Movie directors from Los Angeles County, California
Movie producers from Los Angeles County, California
People from Burbank, California
Screenwriters from California
Writers from Los Angeles County, California
A DVD (which means Digital Versatile Disc or a Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc capable of storing up to 4.7 GB of data, more than six times what a CD can hold.
DVDs are often used to store movies at better quality than a VHS.
DVDs can also have interactive menus and bonus features such as deleted scenes and commentaries.
Like CDs, DVDs are read with a laser.
The disc can have one or two sides, and one or two layers of data per side; the number of sides and layers determines how much it can hold.
A 12 cm diameter disc may have one of the following storage capacities:
DVD-5: single sided, single layer, 4.7 gigabytes (GB), or 4.38 gibibytes (GiB)
DVD-9: single sided, double layer, 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB)
DVD-10: double sided, single layer on both sides, 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB)
DVD-14: double sided, double layer on one side, single layer on other, 13.3 GB (12.3 GiB)
DVD-18: double sided, double layer on both sides, 17.1 GB (15.9 GiB)
The capacity of a DVD-ROM can be visually determined by noting the number of data sides, and looking at the data side(s) of the disc.
Double-layered sides are usually gold-colored, while single-layered sides are usually silver-colored, like a CD.
One additional way to tell if a DVD contains one or two layers is to look at the center ring on the underside of the disc.
If there are two barcodes, it is a dual layer disc.
If there is one barcode, there is only one layer.
DVD data storing
Both CD and DVD discs have equal sizes (diameter, thickness etc.).
However, the amount of information they can store is different.
These discs are made of the same materials and have the same methods of production.
CDs and DVDs use the same way of keeping information.
Both CDs and DVDs have pits and bumps on the data track (the data track represents a path which has certain information).
The information is read by a laser.
A DVD disk has several layers, which are made of plastic.
All layers have a thickness of 1.2 millimeters.
An injection used on a polycarbonate plastic leads to the creation of microscopic bumps.
Today's production uses this type of plastic to create different things because it can resist very high and low temperatures.
When layers are made, the bumps appear.
Many bumps form one continuous spiral that can include information.
After that a spray of a special reflective layer covers the bumps.
Aluminum is applied behind inner layers and semi-reflective gold covers the outer layers.
This helps the laser to concentrate through the outer layers onto the inner ones.
Then, after applying a protective liquid (lacquer) and pressing the layers, they are treated with infrared light.
Tracks on a DVD
Every track on a DVD disk circles from its center to the edge.
The distance between the tracks on a DVD disk is 740 nanometers.
Only a very precise mechanism can read the bumps on the disk, because they are very small (320×400×120 nanometers).
The aluminum side of the disk has pits, but the side which is read by the laser has bumps.
Because the size of the bumps are very small, a DVD track is very long.
A data track of a DVD layer is about 7.5 miles long.
This is the length of an ordinary DVD disk.
The track of a disc with two sides would be about 30 miles long.
A submarine (or Sub) is a vessel that goes underwater.
Most large submarines are war vessels.
Some small ones are used for scientific or business purposes.
These are often called "submersibles" and cannot go far or stay long away from base.
Some people buy their own to explore under the sea.
A submarine is actually a boat, not a ship.
Early submarines were often powered by hand.
This is because boat engines had not been invented yet.
They were almost always made for war.
Submarines would try to sink enemy ships by crude methods.
These included drilling screws into their wooden hulls.
Some tried to blow up a ship.
This often destroyed the submarine, too.
At the end of the 19th century, the Whitehead torpedo and electrical systems allowed much better submarines.
These better submarines were much used during the First and Second World Wars.
Many of these better submarines were created by Germany, called U-boats.
The submarines were powered by a diesel-electric system.
A diesel motor would be used to turn a generator.
The generator would charge a large battery while the submarine was on the surface.
The power in the battery was then used by the submarine when it went underwater.
These submarines were dangerous to enemies.
They were hard to see while underwater but it was easy to attack them when they surfaced to recharge.
Many modern boats still use this diesel-electric propulsion system.
The First Battle of the Atlantic was the first major battle that was mainly fought between submarines and their enemies.
As in later wars, the main jobs of submarines were to enforce a blockade and to sink enemy warships.
They usually attacked freighters at night, shooting with their deck guns and then hiding under the water.
Sometimes they used their torpedoes, which they could fire while underwater, especially against larger ships and warships.
During World War II The US Navy lost around 52 submarines due to combat and non-combat causes.
After World War II better sonar helped the enemies of submarines to find and destroy them.
New subs were more streamlined and had no deck guns because water dragging against the guns made noise underwater and slowed the subs.
Modern submarines
Most large modern military submarines are powered by nuclear reactors.
These submarines often have a system which can get air from the seawater.
These two things allow them to stay underwater for long periods of time.
Their most important uses are attacking ships or launching missiles.
These include cruise missiles and nuclear missiles.
There are two main kinds of subs.
Attack submarines are small and fast.
They attack other subs and surface ships with torpedos.
Missile subs are larger and slower.
They are built to shoot missiles at far-away targets on land.
Lebanon is a country in the Middle East, located in Western Asia, on the Mediterranean Sea.
It has a border with Israel to the south, and Syria to the east and north.
Lebanon has been independent since 1943.
Its capital city is Beirut.
Lebanon has two chains of mountains.
It is often called the ruby of the Middle East.
It has a coastline stretching all the way up.
The area of Lebanon is 10,452 square kilometers.
The Cedar tree is the national symbol of Lebanon; because many of them grow in the Lebanon Mountains.
Population of Lebanon
Around 5.2 million people live in Lebanon.
Around 14 million Lebanese people live outside Lebanon.
The people of Lebanon
About 61% of Lebanese people are Muslim and 34% are Christian.
Lebanese people mostly speak Arabic; but French, English, and Armenian are also common languages.
Governorates and districts
Lebanon is divided into six governorates.
These are divided into 25 districts.
The districts are also divided into several municipalities.
The governorates and their districts are listed below:
Beirut Governorate
The Beirut Governorate is not divided into districts and is limited to the city of Beirut
Nabatieh Governorate (Jabal Amel)
Marjeyoun
Beqaa Governorate
Rashaya
Western Beqaa (al-Beqaa al-Gharbi)
Zahle
North Governorate (al-Shamal)
Akkar
Koura
Miniyeh-Danniyeh
Mount Lebanon Governorate (Jabal Lubnan)
Aley
Byblos (Jbeil)
Chouf
Keserwan
Matn
South Governorate (al-Janoub)
Sidon (Saida)
Tyre (Sur)
1943 establishments
Alan Alda (real name: Alfonso Joseph D'Abruzzo) (born January 28, 1936) is an American actor.
His mother was of Irish ancestry; his father was of Italian ancestry.
He directed, wrote and starred in many movies.
He is probably most famous for his role as "Hawkeye" Pierce, the central character on the comedy/drama TV series M*A*S*H, as well as writing and directing several episodes of the show, and later becoming one of its producers.
Alan also hosted Scientific American Frontiers on PBS from 1993 to 2005.
His father, Robert Alda, was an actor, and his mother, Joan, was once crowned Miss New York.
Alan has been married to Arlene Weiss since 1957 and they have three daughters and a son.
In 2015, Alda was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.
That same year, he starred in Steven Spielberg's Bridge of Spies.
In 2019, he starred as lawyer Bert Spitz in Marriage Story.
Bio on Scientific American Frontiers
Comprehensive bio
InnerVIEWS with Ernie Manouse: Alan Alda  (TV Interview)
Archive of American Television interview
Military Service
Interview with Alda  on NPR's Fresh Air (September 21, 2005)
Alan Alda's Charity Work
Performance  Working in the Theatre seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org, April 1992
Never Have Your Dog Stuffed: And Other Things I've Learned (Chapter 1)
Emmy Award winning directors
Sally Clare Kellerman (June 2, 1937 – February 24, 2022) was an American movie actress.
She was born in Long Beach, California.
Her acting performances include the pilot for the original Star Trek television series, and the movies MASH (1970) and Back to School (1986).
For her role in MASH, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Kellerman, who had dementia, died on February 24, 2022 in Los Angeles, California from heart failure at the age of 84.
2022 deaths
Actors from Long Beach, California
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Hägar the Horrible is the title of a comic strip and the name of the main character.
The comic strip is about a Viking and his life of plundering and his family life.
It was started in 1973 by Dik Browne.
Since Dik's retirement (he stopped working) in 1988, his son Chris has continued the comic.
Comics characters
Baghdad (, transliterated Baghdād) is the capital city and largest city in Iraq.
It is the second-largest city in Southwest Asia after Tehran.
It is the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo.
It has 5,772,000 people (2003).
Baghdad is on the Tigris River at 33°20′N 44°26′E. The city was once the center of Dar al-Islam, Muslim civilization.
762 establishments
8th-century establishments in Iraq
760s establishments in Asia
The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by a narrow passage called the Strait of Gibraltar.
The sea is almost completely surrounded by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Middle East.
It covers around .
Its name was invented in the early middle ages from Latin words for "in the middle of land".
To the east it connects to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, by the Dardanelles and the Bosporus.
The Sea of Marmara, which is an inner sea like the Black Sea, is rarely considered as a part of the Mediterranean Sea.
The much bigger Black Sea is generally not considered a part of the Mediterranean Sea.
The Ancient Greeks called the Mediterranean simply ἡ θάλασσα (hē thálassa; "the Sea") or sometimes ἡ μεγάλη θάλασσα (hē megálē thálassa; "the Great Sea"), ἡ ἡμετέρα θάλασσα (hē hēmetérā thálassa; "Our Sea"), or ἡ θάλασσα ἡ καθ'ἡμᾶς (hē thálassa hē kath’hēmâs; "the sea around us").
The 163 km (101 mi) long man-made Suez Canal in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
The canal is between Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula, and was built by the French Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez from 1859 to 1869.
Some of the most ancient human civilizations were made around the Mediterranean Sea, so it has had a large influence on the history and ways of life of these cultures.
It provided a way of trade, colonization and war, and was the basis of life (like fishing and catching other seafood) for many communities throughout the ages.
The combination of similarly shared climate, geology and access to a common sea has led to lots of historical and cultural connections between the ancient and modern societies around the Mediterranean.
Above all, it was the superhighway of transport in ancient times.
It allowed for trade and cultural exchange between peoples of the region – Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks, Hebrews, Minoans and Hittites on the eastern side of the mediterranean and the Carthaginians, Romans, Etruscans, Celtiberians, Gauls and Berbers on the western side.
The ancient Punic Wars and the Battle of the Mediterranean during World War II gave the winners control over it so they could destroy the losers.
Today the Mediterranean Sea still connects the economies of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East as it did in ancient times.
The European migrant crisis resulted in many refugees drowning in the Mediterranean Sea.
Almost 6 million years ago, continental drift closed the Strait of Gibraltar.
With no water coming in from the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean partly dried up.
The remaining part became extremely salty.
After half a million years the straits opened again, making the Mediterranean as it is now.
Being nearly landlocked affects the Mediterranean Sea's properties.
Tides are limited by the narrow connection with the Atlantic Ocean.
The water is saltier, partly because of evaporation.
The Mediterranean has a deep blue color.
Evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation and surface runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin.
Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and salinity to increase eastward.
This pressure gradient pushes relatively cool, low-salinity water from the Atlantic across the basin; it warms and becomes saltier as it travels east, then sinks in the region of the Levant and circulates westward, to spill over the Strait of Gibraltar.
Thus, seawater flow is eastward at the Strait's surface, and westward near the bottom.
In the Atlantic, this chemically distinct deep "Mediterranean Intermediate Water" can persist thousands of kilometers away from its source.
Bodies of water of Africa
Bodies of water of Asia
Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey, DBE (born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer, born in Cardiff to an English mother and Nigerian father.
She is best known for singing the theme songs for the James Bond films, Goldfinger, Diamonds are Forever, and Moonraker.
She was "one of the most popular female vocalists in Britain during the last half of the 20th century".
Songs of Shirley Bassey website
Black British musicians
Musicians from Cardiff
Welsh pop singers
Don Van Vliet  (born Don Glen Vliet January 15, 1941– December 17, 2010) was an American singer.
He is better known by his stage name Captain Beefheart.
He was best known for his collaborations and (sometimes) rivalry, with long time friend, Frank Zappa.
He is an inspiration to many "alternative" singers.
He retired from music due to illness and spent his time painting.
He was born in Glendale, California.
His stage name came from a movie project Zappa was writing, but soon abandoned, "Captain Beefheart battles the Grunt People".
His best known album was recorded in 1969.
It was titled "Trout Mask Replica".
He and his group Magic Band also made albums in the early 1980s that received positive critical attention.
Van Vliet was also a well known painter of abstract primitive art.
His work has been shown in gallery presentations in New York City and Europe.
Singers from Los Angeles
People with multiple sclerosis
Deaths from multiple sclerosis
2010 deaths
1066 – In the Granada Massacre, a Muslim mob storms the royal palace, killing most of the city's Jewish population.
1460 – During The Wars of the Roses, the Battle of Wakefield takes place.
1661 - In Sweden, Drottningholm Castle is destroyed by fire.
1702 - Queen Anne's War: James Moore, Governor of the Province of Carolina, abandons the Siege of St. Augustine.
1813 - War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York.
1816 - The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the united Ottawa, Ojibwa and Pitawatomi Native American tribes is proclaimed.
1825 - The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and Shawnee Nation is proclaimed.
1853 – Gadsden Purchase: The US buys land from Mexico for railroad building in the Southwestern United States.
1862 – The ship USS Monitor sinks off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
1880 – Tahiti becomes a French colony as part of French Oceania.
1896 – Filipino National hero Jose Rizal is executed by a firing squad.
1897 - The British colony of Natal takes over Zululand in present-day South Africa.
1901 - Antarctica exploration: Robert Falcon Scott, Ernest Shackleton and Edward Adrian Wilson reach a South latitude of 82 degrees, 11 minutes, which was the farthest south anyone had been up until then.
1903 – Around 600 people are killed in a fire at the Iroquois Theatre in Chicago.
1905 – Governor of Idaho Frank Steunenberg is assassinated by a bomb attack on his home in Caldwell, Idaho.
1906 - The All-India Muslim League is founded in Dhaka.
It later plays an important role in the creation of the new state of Pakistan.
1915 - Armored ship Natal sinks in the Cromarty Firth off the coast of Scotland, killing 405 out of the 705 people on board.
1916 - The last coronation in Hungary is performed for King Charles VI and Zita.
1916 - Grigori Rasputin is killed.
1919 - Lincoln's Inn in London admits its first female bar student.
1922 – The USSR is founded.
1924 – Edwin Hubble announces the existence of other galaxies.
1927 – The Ginza Line, the first subway in East Asia, opens in Tokyo.
1936 - The United Auto Workers union stakes its first sitdown strike.
1940 – California opens first freeway.
1943 – Subhas Chandra Bose raises the flag of Indian independence at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
1944 - King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving the throne vacant.
1947 – King Michael of Romania is forced to abdicate the throne.
1948 - The Cole Porter Broadway musical Kiss Me, Kate opens at the New Century Theatre.
1953 – The first color TV sets go on sale.
1958 - The Guatemalan Air Force sinks several Mexican fishing boats alleged to have breached maritime borders, killing 3 people and sparking international tension.
1965 – Ferdinand Marcos becomes President of Philippines.
1972 – The US halts the heavy bombing of North Vietnam.
1975 - Didier Ratsiraka declares the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.
1977 – Ted Bundy escapes from jail.
1981 - In the 39th game of his third NHL season, Wayne Gretzky scores five goals to take his total for the season to 50, tying records held by Maurice Richard and Mike Bossy.
1993 – Israel and the Vatican establish diplomatic relations.
1996 - In Assam, Bodo separatists bomb a passenger train, killing 26 people.
1996 - Proposed budget cuts by Benjamin Netanyahu spark protests from 250,000 workers across Israel.
1997 - In Algeria, The Wilaya of Relizane massacre kills 400 people from four villages.
2000 – A series of bombs explode on Manila's Metro, killing 22 people.
2004 – A nightclub fire in Buenos Aires kills 194 people.
2005 – Tropical Storm Zeta forms in the North Atlantic Ocean, tying for the latest-ever hurricane in one season.
2006 – Madrid's Barajas Airport is bombed.
2006 – Saddam Hussein is executed in Iraq.
2006 – A shipping disaster in the Java Sea kills over 400 people.
2008 – Herman Van Rompuy becomes Prime Minister of Belgium.
2011 – This day is skipped in Samoa and Tokelau, as the International Date Line is shifted, intended to improve trade relations with Australia and New Zealand.
2013 - A suicide bomb attack on a bus in Volgograd, southern Russia, kills 14 people, just a day after a train station in the same city was also targeted by a bomb attack.
2013 - Over 100 people are killed when government forces attack key buildings in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
39 – Titus, Roman Emperor (d. 81)
1371 - Vasily I of Moscow (d. 1425)
1591 - Joseph Furttenbach, German architect, mathematician, engineer and diarist (d. 1667)
1642 - Vincenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (d. 1707)
1673 – Ahmed III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1736)
1722 - Charles Yorke, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (d. 1770)
1741 - Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain (d. 1759)
1760 - Charles Sapinaud de La Rairie, French general (d. 1829)
1786 - Bjarni Thorarensen, Icelandic poet (d. 1841)
1787 - Otto von Kotzebue, Baltic German naval officer and explorer (d. 1846)
1819 – Theodor Fontane, German writer (d. 1898)
1819 – John W. Geary, 1st Mayor of San Francisco (d. 1873)
1825 - Newton Booth, 11th Governor of California (d. 1902)
1838 – Emile Loubet, President of France (d. 1929)
1842 - Osman Hamdi Bey, Ottoman archaeologist, painter and museum founder (d. 1910)
1847 - John Peter Altgeld, Governor of Illinois (d. 1902)
1850 - John Milne, English seismologist and geologist (d. 1913)
1851 – Asa Griggs Candler, American businessman and politician (d. 1929)
1853 - André Messager, French pianist, composer and conductor (d. 1929)
1865 – Rudyard Kipling, British writer (d. 1936)
1867 - Henry S. Johnston, American politician, 7th Governor of Oklahoma (d. 1965)
1869 - Stephen Leacock, English-Canadian political scientist and author (d. 1944)
1869 - Ozutsu Man'emon, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1918)
1873 – Al Smith, American politician, Governor of New York and Presidential candidate (d. 1944)
1875 - Jean-Guy Gautier, French rugby player (d. 1938)
1878 - William Aberhart, 7th Premier of Alberta (d. 1943)
1879 - Sri Ramana Maharshi, Indian philosopher (d. 1950)
1879 - Mary Forbes, American actress (d. 1974)
1883 - Lester Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1960)
1884 – Hideki Tojo, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948)
1890 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, President of Mexico (d. 1973)
1897 - Alfredo Bracchi, Italian writer (d. 1976)
1897 - Stanislaw Saks, Polish mathematician (d. 1942)
1899 – Helge Ingstad, Norwegian explorer (d. 2001)
1904 - Dmitri Kabalevsky, Russian composer (d. 1987)
1905 - Daniil Kharms, Russian surrealist poet, writer and dramatist (d. 1942)
1906 - Carol Reed, English movie director (d. 1976)
1910 – Paul Bowles, American composer and writer (d. 1999)
1910 - Howard W. Jones, American physician (d. 2015)
1911 - Jeanette Nolan, American actress (d. 1998)
1913 - Lucio Agostini, Italian-Canadian conductor and composer (d. 1996)
1914 - Jo Van Fleet, American actress (d. 1996)
1917 - David Willcocks, English organist, composer and conductor (d. 2015)
1920 - Jack Lord, American actor (d. 1998)
1921 - Rashid Karami, Lebanese statesman (d. 1987)
1923 – Sara Lidman, Swedish writer (d. 2004)
1926 - Stan Tracey, British jazz musician and composer (d. 2013)
1927 - Robert Hossein, French actor and director
1928 – Bo Diddley, American rock and roll musician (d. 2008)
1930 - Tu Youyou, Chinese chemist and pharmacologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner
1931 - Frank Torre, American baseball player (d. 2014)
1931 – Skeeter Davis, American singer (d. 2004)
1932 – Paolo Villaggio, Italian actor, director and writer (d. 2017)
1934 – Del Shannon, American singer (d. 1990)
1934 - John H. Bahcall, American astrophysicist (d. 2005)
1934 - Russ Tamblyn, American actor
1934 - Joseph Bologna, American actor
1935 – Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (d. 2009)
1935 – Sandy Koufax, American baseball player
1935 - Jack Riley, American actor
1937 – Gordon Banks, English footballer
1937 - Paul Stookey, American singer
1938 - Mike Auldridge, American guitarist (d. 2012)
1940 - James Burrows, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter
1942 - Vladimir Bukovsky, Russian writer and dissident
1942 – Michael Nesmith, American musician and member of The Monkees
1942 – Janko Prunk, Slovenian historian
1945 – Davy Jones, English singer, actor and member of The Monkees (d. 2012)
1945 - Lloyd Kaufman, American movie director
1945 - Paola Cacchi, Italian athlete
1946 – Patti Smith, American singer and poet
1946 – Berti Vogts, German footballer
1946 - Marc Forné Molné, former Prime Minister of Andorra
1947 - Fatima Jibrell, Somali environmental activist
1947 - Jeff Lynne, English singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer
1947 - Teresa Parodi, Argentine singer and composer
1948 - Randy Schekman, American cell biologist and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner
1949 - David Bedford, English long-distance athlete
1949 - Jim Flaherty, Canadian politician (d. 2014)
1950 - Bjarne Stroustrup, Danish computer scientist
1950 - Kazuhisa Kono, Japanese footballer
1953 - Meredith Vieira, American television journalist and game show host
1954 - Corrado Passera, Italian banker
1957 - Nick Skelton, British equestrian
1957 - Matt Lauer, American newscaster
1959 – Tracey Ullman, British actress and singer
1960 - Heather Wilson, American politician
1961 - Bill English, 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand
1961 – Ben Johnson, Jamaican-Canadian athlete
1961 - Seda Sayan, Turkish singer, actress and presenter
1962 - Alessandra Mussolini, Italian politician
1963 - Mike Pompeo, 70th United States Secretary of State
1964 - Sophie Ward, English actress
1965 – Essam Abd El Fatah, Egyptian football referee and pilot
1965 – Heidi Fleiss, American madam
1967 - Carl Ouellet, Canadian wrestler
1968 - Sabir Bhatia, Indian computer scientist
1968 – Meredith Monroe, American actress
1969 – Jay Kay, British musician (Jamiroquai)
1969 - David England, American snowboarder and stuntman
1969 - Kersti Kaljulaid, President of Estonia
1969 - Shane McConkey, American skier and basejumper
1971 - Chris Vance, English actor
1973 – Ato Boldon, Trinidadian athlete
1974 – Johanna Sallstrom, Swedish actress (d. 2007)
1975 – Scott Chipperfield, Australian footballer
1975 – Tiger Woods, American golfer
1977 – Kazuyuki Toda, Japanese footballer
1977 - Kenyon Martin, American basketball player
1978 - Phillips Idowu, British long jumper
1978 - Tyrese, American singer and actor
1978 - Rob Scuderi, American ice hockey player
1979 - Flavio, Angolan footballer
1979 - Timothy Clufetos, American drummer
1980 - Cédric Carrasso, French footballer
1980 – Eliza Dushku, American actress
1981 – Ali Al-Habsi, Omani footballer
1981 - K.Will, South Korean singer-songwriter and actor
1982 - Kristin Kreuk, Canadian actress
1983 - Kevin Systrom, American businessman, co-founder of Instagram
1984 – LeBron James, American basketball player
1986 - Gianni Zuiverloon, Dutch footballer
1986 – Ellie Goulding, English singer-songwriter
1986 - Domenico Criscito, Italian footballer
1987 - Jake Cuenca, American-Filipino actor and footballer
1987 - Jeanette Ottesen, Danish swimmer
1988 – Leon Jackson, Scottish singer
1989 – Ryan Sheckler, American skateboarder
1990 - Joe Root, English cricketer
274 - Pope Felix I
1066 – Joseph ibn Naghrela, Jewish vizier (b. 1035)
1460 - Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (b. 1411)
1460 - Edmund, Earl of Rutland, second son of Richard of York (b. 1443)
1525 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (b. 1459)
1572 - Galeazzo Alessi, Italian architect (b. 1512)
1573 - Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian writer (b. 1504)
1591 – Pope Innocent IX (b. 1519)
1662 - Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria (b. 1628)
1691 - Robert Boyle, Irish scientist (b. 1627)
1777 - Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria (b. 1727)
1803 - Francis Lewis, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1713)
1867 - Sarah Booth, English actress (b. 1793)
1870 - Juan Prim, Spanish general and statesman (b. 1814)
1896 – Jose Rizal, Filipino national hero (b. 1861)
1905 – Frank Steunenberg, 4th Governor of Idaho (b. 1861)
1916 - Grigori Rasputin, Russian monk and mystic (b. 1869)
1928 - Jean Collas, French rugby player and tug of war competitor (b. 1874)
1938 - Aleksander Kakowski, Archbishop of Warsaw (b. 1862)
1941 – El Lissitzky, Russian architect and artist (b. 1890)
1944 – Romain Rolland, French writer (b. 1866)
1945 – Song Jin-woo, Korean politician, educator and journalist (b. 1889)
1947 – Alfred North Whitehead, English mathematician and philosopher (b. 1861)
1950 – Arthur Davidson, American businessman (b. 1881)
1954 - Archduke Eugen of Austria (b. 1863)
1964 - Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt, German neurologist (b. 1885)
1966 - Pietro Ciriaci, Italian cardinal (b. 1885)
1967 – Vincent Massey, Governor-General of Canada (b. 1887)
1968 – Trygve Lie, Norwegian diplomat, UN Secretary-General (b. 1896)
1970 – Sonny Liston, American boxer (b. 1932)
1971 – Jo Cals, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1914)
1971 - Melba Rae, American actress (b. 1922)
1979 – Richard Rodgers, American composer (b. 1902)
1982 - Alberto Vargas, Peruvian painter (b. 1896)
1988 - Yuli Daniel, Russian poet (b. 1925)
1993 - Giuseppe Occhialini, Italian physicist (b. 1907)
1995 - Doris Grau, American actress (b. 1924)
1996 – Lew Ayres, American actor (b. 1908)
1996 - Jack Nance, American actor (b. 1943)
1998 - Johnny Moore, American singer (b. 1934)
1998 - George Webb, British actor (b. 1911)
1999 – Sarah Knauss, American supercentenarian, second-oldest woman on record (b. 1880)
2002 – Mary Wesley, English novelist (b. 1912)
2004 – Artie Shaw, American jazz musician (b. 1910)
2006 – Saddam Hussein, Iraqi dictator (b. 1937)
2009 – Abdurrahman Wahid, President of Indonesia, from 1999  2001 (b. 1940)
2010 – Bobby Farrell, Aruban dancer, DJ and performer (b. 1949)
2010 – Ellis Clarke, 1st President of Trinidad and Tobago (b. 1917)
2011 – Ronald Searle, British cartoonist (b. 1920)
2012 - Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian Nobel Prize-winning neurologist (b. 1909)
2012 - Carl Woese, American microbiologist and biophysicist (b. 1928)
2013 - Eero Mantyranta, Finnish skier (b. 1937)
2014 - Luise Rainer, German-born actress (b. 1910)
2014 - Antonio Brack Egg, Peruvian ecologist and politician (b. 1940)
2014 - Marian Jurczyk, Polish politician (b. 1935)
2014 - Walter Roque, Uruguayan-Venezuelan footballer (b. 1937)
2015 - Mangesh Padgaonkar, Indian poet (b. 1929)
2015 - Howard Pawley, Canadian politician, 18th Premier of Manitoba (b. 1934)
2015 - Doug Atkins, American football player (b. 1930)
2015 - Howard Davis, Jr., American boxer (b. 1956)
2016 - Tyrus Wong, Chinese-American artist (b. 1910)
2017 - Erica Garner, American civil rights activist (b. 1990)
2017 - Khalid Shameem Wynne, Pakistani military officer (b. 1953)
2017 - Cheryll Sotheran, New Zealand museum executive (b. 1945)
Rizal Day (Philippines)
The C programming language is a computer programming language that was developed to do system programming for the operating system UNIX and is an imperative programming language.
C was developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs.
It is a procedural language, which means that people can write their programs as a series of step-by-step instructions.
C is a compiled language.
Because the ideas behind C are kept close to the design of the computer, the compiler (program builder) can generate machine code/native code for the computer.
Programs built in machine code are very fast.
This makes C a good language for writing operating systems.
Many operating systems, including Linux and UNIX, are programmed using this language.
The language itself has very few keywords, and most things are done using libraries, which are collections of code for them to be reused.
C standards
There are three successive standards for the C programming language ANSI C, ISO C and Standard C which are published by the American National Standards Institute(ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization(ISO).
C is available for many different types of computers.
This is why C is called a "portable" language.
A program that is written in C and that respects certain limitations can be compiled for many different platforms.
Here is an example of a program written in C. When built and run it will show "Hello world!",
followed by a new line on the computer screen.
#include <stdio.h> gets the standard input/output tools ready for the program to use.
This allows text to be displayed (output).
int main() is called the main function, and it is where the first code starts being run in a C program.
printf("Hello world!\n"); is what displays text, in this case "Hello world!"
with a new line (\n) at the end.
return 0; tells the computer that the program finished and did not run into problems.h
Introduction to C programming
Coding Programmer Page / C Library Reference and Examples (English)
C (programming language) -Citizendium
C programming language basic programs
Drake & Josh was a Nickelodeon television series.
It started in January 2004 and ended in September 2007.
The stars of the series are Drake Bell and Josh Peck.
The two appeared as best friends on The Amanda Show.
In Drake & Josh, they play step-brothers of separate parents.
The overall story of the show was to show how Drake & Josh, two people with completely different ways of life, come together through their parents' marriage, and trying to avoid getting pranked by their little sister Megan Parker (Miranda Cosgrove).
Other stars of the show include Nancy Sullivan, who also starred on The Amanda Show.
Recurring Characters
The start of each episode uses a song called "I Found A Way".
The song is written by Drake Bell and Michael Corcoran and performed by Bell.
Bell can also be seen playing the song in a quick scene from an episode in the first season.
The song can also be found on the series' official soundtrack, Drake & Josh: Songs from and inspired by the hit TV show, and on Drake Bell's albums, Telegraph and It's Only Time.
Nickelodeon television series
2007 American television series endings
The Amanda Show is a sketch comedy television series starring Amanda Bynes, formerly of All That.
It is a spin-off of All That.
The series starred Amanda as almost every major recurring character, including herself, Penelope, Courtney, and Judge Trudy (a parody of Judge Judy.)
The series aired on Saturday nights on the Nickelodeon television network in the United States.
It still shows the show in reruns.
Three of the show's stars (Drake Bell, Josh Peck, and Nancy Cartwright) Were on the very popular Drake and Josh.
Penelope Taynt
Penelope Taynt is a fictional character played by Amanda Bynes "Number One Fan, Please" on The Amanda Show.
She never once met Amanda, but often came very close.
She is known for saying "please" and "actual" often.
She does not know the names of any cast member that is not Amanda.
On the show, she had a website called "www.amandaplease.com."
Eventually, it was made into the show's official site.
Comedy television series
1999 American television series debuts
January – June
January 3 – Kilauea on the island of Hawaii begins erupting.
February 16 – The Ash Wednesday bushfires hit Victoria and South Australia.
February 28 – The TV Show, M*A*S*H ends with 125 million people watching the last show.
April 3 – In Mexico, the 2nd festival of the popular Juguemos a Cantar series begins, it ends five weeks later on May 1.
April 4 – The Space Shuttle Challenger is launched on its maiden voyage: STS-6.
April 11 – Spain's Seve Ballesteros won the 47th PGA Masters Tournament
April 13 – Minnesota's largest retailer Target Corporation expands into California, opening 11 stores.
The 1983 United States embassy bombing in Beirut kills 63 people.
Channel broadcasting is founded by the Disney Channel.
April 22 – A reactor shut-down due to failure of fuel rods occurs at Kursk Nuclear Power Plant, Russia.
April 25 – Cold War: Manchester, Maine, U.S., schoolgirl Samantha Smith is invited to visit the Soviet Union by its leader Yuri Andropov, after he read her letter in which she expressed fears about nuclear war.
May 6 – The fake Hitler Diaries are published by Stern magazine.
May 26 – An earthquake and tsunami hits Honshu, Japan, killing 104 people.
June 9 – In the UK, Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Party scores a landslide election victory over Michael Foot's Labour Party.
June 18 – Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space.
July – December
July 1 – A North Korean Ilyushin II-62 jet crashes in Guinea-Bissau.
August 4 – Thomas Sankara takes control in Upper Volta, which he renames Burkina Faso exactly a year later.
August 21 – Filipino opposition leader Benigno Aquino is assassinated.
September 1 – Korean Airlines Flight 007 is shot down by the Soviet Union, after it passed over Sakhalin Island, as it had come off-course.
All 269 people on board are killed.
September 19 – St. Kitts and Nevis becomes an independent nation.
September 27 – The GNU Project is announced publicly on net.unix wizards and net.usoftnewsgroups.
October 19 – Grenadan prime minister Maurice Bishop, and 40 other people are assassinated in a coup.
November 11 – Ronald Reagan addressed the Japanese Diet (national legislature).
November 25-  The Great Man Called Suman Was Born.....In Kolkata, Westbengal, India.
December 10 – Military rule ends in Argentina.
December 31 – Brunei becomes independent.
Compact discs are introduced; vinyl records begin a dramatic decline in sales.
"Crack" cocaine is first developed.
Phish forms
Billie Jean King retires from tennis
Social Distortion release their first album Mommy's Little Monster, which is considered by many to be one of the best hardcore punk records ever made.
January 2 – Kate Bosworth, American actress
January 16 – Emanuel Pogatetz, Austrian footballer
January 17 – Yelle, French singer and songwriter
January 21 – Maryse Ouellet, Canadian professional wrestler
February 3 – Gabriel Sargissian, Armenian chess Grandmaster
February 23 – Emily Blunt, English actress
February 25 – Eduardo da Silva, Brazilian-Croatian footballer
March 9 – Clint Dempsey, American footballer
April 1 – Franck Ribéry, French footballer
April 14 – James McFadden, Scottish footballer
April 18 - Miguel Cabrera, Venezuelan baseball player
April 23 – Taio Cruz, English singer
May 11 – Matt Leinart, American football player
May 11 – Holly Valance, Australian actress and singer
June 8 – Kim Clijsters, Belgian tennis player
June 19 – Mark Selby, English snooker player
June 30 – Cheryl Cole, English singer (Girls Aloud)
July 5 – Zheng Jie, Chinese tennis player
August 6 – Robin van Persie, Dutch footballer
August 14 – Mila Kunis, Russian-American actress
August 18 – Mika, Lebanese-English singer
August 18 – Kris Boyd, Scottish footballer
September 14 – Amy Winehouse, English singer
September 26 – Ricardo Quaresma, Portuguese footballer
October 14 – Lin Dan, Chinese badminton player
October 17 – Ivan Saenko, Russian footballer
November 11 – Philipp Lahm, German footballer
December 9 – Dariusz Dudka, Polish footballer
December 15 – Ronnie Radke, American singer
December 31 – Sayaka Ichii, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)
January 28 – Frank Forde, Australian politician (b. 1890).
January 28 – Billy Fury, English singer (b. 1940).
February 4 – Karen Carpenter, American singer (b. 1950).
February 12 – Eubie Blake, American musician (b. 1887).
February 25 – Tennessee Williams, American writer (b. 1911).
March 3 – Hergé, Belgian creator of Tintin (b. 1907).
March 18 – Umberto II of Italy (b. 1904).
April 15 – Corrie ten Boom, Dutch resistance fighter (b. 1892).
April 30 – Muddy Waters, American musician (b. 1915).
May 22 – Idris I, Libyan king (b. 1890).
May 31 – Jack Dempsey, American heavyweight boxer (b. 1895).
July 1 – Buckminster Fuller, American architect (b. 1895).
July 29 – David Niven, English actor (b. 1910).
August 17 – Ira Gershwin, American lyricist (b. 1896).
August 21 – Benigno Aquino, Filipino politician (b. 1932).
September 1 – Larry McDonald, American politician (b. 1935).
September 25 – Leopold III of Belgium (b. 1901).
October 19 – Maurice Bishop, Grenadan politician (b. 1944).
December 13 – Leora Dana, American actress (b. 1923).
December 25 – Joan Miró, Spanish artist (b. 1893).
December 28 – Dennis Wilson, American musician (The Beach Boys) (b. 1944)
Mr. Mom, starring Michael Keaton and Teri Garr
Risky Business, starring Tom Cruise and Rebecca De Mornay
"99 Luftballons" (99 Red Balloons) – Nena
"1999" – Prince
"2000 Miles" – The Pretenders
"Add It Up" – Violent Femmes
"Africa" – Toto
"All Night Long (All Night)" – Lionel Richie
"All Time High" – Rita Coolidge
"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me" – Naked Eyes
"Another State Of Mind" – Social Distortion
"Australiana" – Austen Tayshus #1 (a)
"Baby, Come to Me" – Patti Austin with James Ingram
"Baby Jane" – Rod Stewart
"Bad Boys" – Wham!
"Bad Day" – Carmel
"Beat It" – Michael Jackson
"Billie Jean" – Michael Jackson
"Blind Vision" – Blancmange
"Blister in the Sun" – Violent Femmes
"Bloodstone" – Judas Priest
"Blue Monday" – New Order
"Blue World" – The Moody Blues
"Bop Girl – Pat Wilson #1 (a)
"Boxerbeat" – JoBoxers
"Breaking Us In Two" – Joe Jackson
"Buffalo Soldier" – Bob Marley and the Wailers
"Buried Treasure" – Kenny Rogers
"Burning Down the House" – Talking Heads
"Calling Your Name" – Marilyn
"Candy Girl" – New Edition
"Can't Get Used To Losing You" – The Beat
"Chance" – Big Country
"Change" – Tears for Fears
"China Girl" – David Bowie
"Chinese Cafe" – Joni Mitchell
"Church of the Poison Mind" – Culture Club
"Club Tropicana" – Wham!
"Come Back And Stay" – Paul Young
"Cruel Summer" – Bananarama
"Cry Me a River" – Mari Wilson
"Dark Is The Night" – Shakatak
"Dear Prudence" – Siouxsie and the Banshees
"Did You Have To Love Me Like You Do?" –
The Coconuts
"Dirty Laundry" – Don Henley
"Don't Cry" – Asia
"Don't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away" – Phil Collins
"Don't Talk To Me About Love" – Altered Images
"Double Dutch" – Malcolm McLaren
"Down Under" – Men at Work
"Drop The Pilot" – Joan Armatrading
"Electric Avenue" – Eddy Grant
"Every Breath You Take" – The Police
"Everyday I Write The Book" – Elvis Costello and the Attractions
"Everything Counts" – Depeche Mode
"Family Man" – Hall & Oates
"Femme" – Dalida
"Fields of Fire (400 Miles)" – Big Country
"Flashdance... What a Feeling" – Irene Cara
"Garden Party" – Marillion
"Gimme All Your Lovin'" – ZZ Top
"Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" – Cyndi Lauper
"Give It Up" – KC and the Sunshine Band
"Gold" – Spandau Ballet
"He Knows You Know" – Marillion
"Heartache Avenue" – The Maisonettes
"Hold Me Now" – Thompson Twins
"Hungry Like the Wolf" – Duran Duran
"I Cannot Believe It's True" – Phil Collins
"I Don't Care Anymore" – Phil Collins
"I Don't Remember(Live)" – Peter Gabriel