the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He studied economics and law at Sydney University, and then did a Master of Arts in politics and philosophy at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar.
When he came back to Australia he entered St. Patricks Seminary in Manly where he began training as a priest.
He did not complete his priest training and in 1990 he started work as a journalist writing for the Bulletin magazine and the Australian newspaper From 1990-1993 Abbott worked as press secretary and an advisor to Dr. John Hewson, who was the Leader of the Opposition.
He then worked as the executive director of Australians for a Constitutional Monarchy.
He was elected to the Federal Parliament for the Division of Warringah in a by-election in 1994 after Michael McKellar resigned.
in 1998, Prime Minister John Howard made Abbott the Minister for Employment Services and in 2001 was promoted to Minister for Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business.
In 2003 Abbott was the Minister for Health and Ageing, and Leader of the House of Representatives in the Federal Parliament.
After the defeat of the Howard Government in 2007 he was Shadow Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs.
He resigned on 26 November 2009 in protest against Liberal Party policy on climate change.
He then defeated the leader Malcolm Turnbull by only one vote in a Liberal Party leadership election on 1 December 2009.
Opposition leader
Abbott led the party to the 2010 Federal Election.
Following the narrow victory of the Australian Labor Party, Abbott was re-elected leader of the Liberal Party and remained Leader of the Opposition.
At the 2013 federal election on 7 September, Abbott led the Coalition to victory and became Prime Minister on 18 September 2013.
Abbott is no longer prime minister of Australia and has been succeeded by Malcolm Turnbull.
In September 2017 Abbott declared that government should end all the subsidies for renewable energy, coal.
Abbott has always held strong conservative and religious views and has not been afraid to speak out on controversial issues.
Combined with his earlier training as a priest this has led to his being given the nickname of the "Mad Monk".
Abbott for example does not support the right of women to have an abortion.
As Minister for Health he created a huge protest in 2006 when he tried to ban a drug used for abortions.
In 2012 he was criticised by Australian lawyer Julian Burnside for saying that refugees trying to reach Australia were acting in an un-Christian way.
Abbott's policies for the 2013 Australian election includes a plan to stop refugee boats coming to Australia.
He does not support marriage equality which would let same sex couples get married.
Abbott is a very keen sportsman, and regularly takes part in competitions.
He is currently in training for the 2014 Port Macquarie Ironman contest.
This is a race with a 3.9 km swim, 180 km bicycle ride, and finishing with a 42.2 km run.
Abbott is married with three daughters.
Tony Abbott's website
Australian diplomats
Conrad Gessner (or Konrad Gessner, 26 March 1516 – 13 December 1565) was a Swiss naturalist and bibliographer.
His five-volume Historiae animalium (1551–1558) is a forerunner of modern zoology.
The flowering plant genus Gesneria is named after him.
He studied at Strasbourg, Bourges (1532–1533) and Paris.
In 1535, religious unrest drove him back to Zürich, where he made an unwise marriage.
His friends came to his aid, enabled him to study at Basel (1536), and in 1537 obtained for him the professorship of Greek at the newly founded academy of Lausanne (then belonging to Berne).
Here he had leisure to devote himself to scientific studies, especially botany.
In 1540–1541 he visited the famous medical university of Montpellier, took his degree of doctor of medicine (1541) at Basel, and then settled down to practise at Zürich, where he obtained the post of lecturer in physics at the Carolinum, the precursor of the University of Zürich.
There, apart from a few journeys to foreign countries, and annual summer botanical journeys in his native land, he passed the remainder of his life.
He devoted himself to preparing works on many subjects of different sorts.
He died of the plague, the year after his ennoblement.
To his contemporaries he was best known as a botanist, though his botanical manuscripts were not published till long after his death (at Nuremberg, 1751–1771, 2 vols.
folio), he himself issuing only the Enchiridion historiae plantarum (1541) and the Catalogus plantarum (1542) in four languages.
In 1545 he published his remarkable Bibliotheca universalis (ed.
J. Simler 1574), supposedly a catalogue (in Latin, Greek and Hebrew) of all writers who had ever lived, with the titles of their works, etc.
A second part, Pandectarium sive partitionum universalium Conradi Gesneri Ligurini libri xxi, appeared in 1548; only nineteen books being then concluded.
The last, a theological encyclopaedia, was published in 1549, but the last but one, intended to include his medical work, was never finished.
His great zoological work, Historiae animalium, appeared in 4 vols. (
quadrupeds, birds, fish) folio, 1551–1558, at Zürich, a fifth (snakes) being issued in 1587.
This work is the starting-point of modern zoology.
Not content with such vast works, Gessner put forth in 1555 his book entitled Mithridates de differentis linguis, an account of about 130 known languages, with the Lord's Prayer in twenty-two languages, while in 1556 appeared his edition of the works of Claudius Aelianus.
Gessner's work On fossil objects contains, among much else, a recognition of the true organic nature of some fossils.
To non-scientific readers, Gessner is best known for his love of mountains (below the snow-line) and for his many excursions among them, undertaken partly as a botanist, but also for the sake of exercise and enjoyment of the beauties of nature.
In 1541 he prefixed to his Libellus de lacte et operibus lactariis a letter addressed to his friend, J. Vogel, of Glarus, as to the wonders to be found among the mountains, declaring his love for them, and his firm resolve to climb at least one mountain every year, not only to collect flowers, but in order to exercise his body.
In 1555 Gessner issued his narrative (Descriptio Montis Fracti sive Montis Pilati) of his excursion to the Gnepfstein (1920 m), the lowest point in the Pilatus chain.
Gessner was the first to describe the brown rat in Europe.
Gessner was partly responsible for  Insectorum, sive, Minimorum animalium theatrum or Theatre of Insects, This work was written jointly by Gessner (posthumously), Edward Wotton, Thomas Muffet and Thomas Penny
Gessner in 1551 was the first to describe adipose tissue.
Bernhard Rensch (21 January 1900 – 4 April 1990) was a German evolutionary biologist, and ornithologist who did field work in Indonesia and India.
He is probably best known as one of the architects of the modern evolutionary synthesis, which he popularised in Germany.
His work on the evolution of geographically isolated populations, and on evolution above the species level, contributed to the modern synthesis.
He also worked extensively on animal behavior (ethology).
Rensch's education and scientific work was interrupted by service in the German military during both World War I and World War II.
His autobiography, published later in life, translates as 'Life of a biologist in a turbulent century'.<ref>Rensch B. 1979.
Lebensweg eines Biologen in einem turbulenten Jahrenhundert.
A short memorial was published in Verh.
Dtsch.
83:673-675 (1990).</ref>
(1930) Eine biologische Reise nach den kleinen Sunda-Inseln.
Berlin: Bornträger
(1947) Evolution above the Species Level.
London: Methuen. (
German original 1947; 3rd enlarged ed.
1972.)
(1971) Biophilosophy.
New York: Columbia University Press. (
German original 1968.)
(1972) Homo sapiens: From Man to Demigod.
German original 1959.)
(1973) Gedächtnis, Begriffsbildung und Planhandlungen bei Tieren.
Berlin: Parey.
(1979) Lebensweg eines Biologen in einem turbulenten Jahrhundert.
Stuttgart: Fischer.
(1979) Gesetzlichkeit, psychophysischer Zusammenhang, Willensfreiheit und Ethik.
Berlin: Duncker and Humblot.
(1984) Psychologische Grundlagen der Wertung bildender Kunst.
Essen: Die blaue Eule.
(1985) Biophilosophical Implications of Inorganic and Organismic Evolution''.
Kinect is a device that was made by Microsoft for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One.
Kinect uses cameras and a special microphone to see and hear Xbox 360/One users.
The device also uses equations to know what is a person and what is not.
It was first shown at E3 in Los Angeles in May of 2009.
Kinect allows a user to move his or her body to control games, movies, and more.
People can move their hand to go through menus, or they can use their whole body to control a body in a game.
Kinect is special because it is the first way to play games that does not use a controller.
Kinect was released to retail stores in late 2010.
The retail price is $149.99 and the Kinect is also optionally bundled with a new Xbox 360 S model that includes a game called Kinect Adventures!.
Microsoft has said they will advertise it almost like a new video game console.
They want Kinect to increase the time that people make games for Xbox 360 before a new video game console is made.
In the future, Microsoft hopes Kinect starts a new idea of people using televisions, computers, and games with their hands and voices.
PlayStation Move, which is for the PlayStation 3 console, is Kinect's main competitor.
Following the discontinuation of the Xbox line of Kinect sensors, Microsoft released a non-gaming version as the Azure Kinect, which uses Microsoft Azure cloud computing applications.
USPAT 20100225746 REFERENCE IMAGE TECHNIQUES FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL SENSING
USPAT 20100118123 DEPTH MAPPING USING PROJECTED PATTERNS
the Kinect on Xbox.com
Lille French city sometimes called the capital of South Flanders.
Lille, Belgium, a smaller town in Belgium
Lille, previous name of town Grand Isle, Maine, US
Lille OSC, football club
George Ledyard Stebbins, Jr (6 January 1906 – 19 January 2000) was an American botanist and geneticist.
Stebbins received his PhD in botany from Harvard University in 1931.
He went on to the University of California, Berkeley, where his work led to a synthesis of plant evolution and genetics.
His most important publication was Variation and evolution in plants, which combined genetics and Darwin's theory of natural selection to describe plant speciation.
It helped form the modern evolutionary synthesis, and still provides the framework for research in plant evolutionary biology.
According to Ernst Mayr, "Few later works dealing with the evolutionary systematics of plants have not been very deeply affected by Stebbins' work".
"More than anything else, it was Stebbins' book, Variation and evolution in plants, that brought botany into the synthesis.
It had the same impact in botany as Dobzhansky's book in population genetics, integrating the widely scattered literature of plant evolution and providing abundant suggestions for further research".
Stebbins was elected to the National Academy of Science, was awarded the National Medal of Science.
He was involved in the development of evolution-based science programs for California high schools, as well as the conservation of rare plants in that state.
In 1935, Stebbins was offered a genetics research position at the University of California, Berkeley working with geneticist E.B. Babcock.
Babcock needed assistance with a large Rockefeller-funded project on the genetics and evolution of plants from the genus Crepis.
Crepis commonly hybridized, displayed polyploidy, and could make seed without fertilization (a process known as apomixis).
The collaboration between Babcock and Stebbins produced numerous papers and two monographs.
Stebbins's review, The significance of polyploidy in plant evolution, showed how polyploidy was important in developing large, complex, and widespread genera.
By looking at the history of polyploidy in plant families, he argued that polyploidy was only common in herbaceous perennials, but infrequent in woody plants and annuals.
As such, polyploids played a conservative role in evolution since problems with fertility prevented the replication of new genetic material that might lead to a new line of evolution.
This work continued with the 1947 paper Types of polyploids: their classification and significance, which described Stebbins' ideas about the role of paleopolyploidy in angiosperm evolution.
He argued that chromosome number may be a useful tool for the construction of phylogenies.
These reviews were highly influential and helped others study the role of polyploidy in evolution.
In 1939, with Babcock's support, Stebbins was made a full professor in the Department of Genetics at UC Berkeley, after the Department of Botany failed to promote him.
Stebbins taught a course on evolution.
During his preparation he became excited by research combining genetics and evolution.
Stebbins directed his research towards evolution.
He became involved with the Society for the Study of Evolution in 1946, and was one of the few botanists in the new organization.
He worked on the genetics of grass grown for grazing, looking at polyploidy and the evolution of the Poaceae (grass family).
He produced an artificial autotetraploid grass from the diploid species Ehrharta erecta by treatment with the chromosome doubling agent colchicine.
He was able to establish the plant in the field, and after 39 years of field trials found that the tetraploid was not as successful as its diploid parent in an unchanging environment.
Variation and evolution in plants (1950)
Processes of organic evolution (1966)
The basis of progressive evolution (1969)
Chromosomal evolution in higher lants (1971)
Flowering plants: evolution above the species level (1974)
Evolution, with Dobzhansky, Ayala and Valentine (1977)
Russell William Wallace, Jr. (born August 14, 1956 in Fenton, Missoui) is a retired American race car driver.
Wallace won the 1989 NASCAR Cup Series.
In 2013 Wallace was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame.
He is known for driving the number 2 Miller Lite/Miller Genuine Draft car for Team Penske in NASCAR.
He raced from 1980 to 2005.
He won 55 races from 1986 to 2004.
Wallace won many races on short tracks such as Bristol Motor Speedway and Richmond Raceway.
In 2006, he became a broadcaster for ESPN and ABC.
He covered many auto racing events, such as the Indianapolis 500.
Kevin Clash (born September 17, 1960) is an American puppeteer and voice actor.
Clash currently performs Elmo on Sesame Street.
He has also performed Splinter from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Clifford from Muppets Tonight, and Baby Dinosaur from Dinosaurs.
Mr. Clash is an important part of Sesame Street Workshop.
He often performs Elmo in hospitals for sick children.
Mr. Clash is well known for his ability to improvise.
George Herbert Leigh Mallory (June 18, 1886 - June 8/June 9 1924)  was a British mountaineer who took part in three expeditions to Mount Everest in the early 1920's.
Mallory and his climbing partner Andrew Irvine both disappeared somewhere high on the North - East Ridge in an attempt to get to the top.
The pair's last known sighting was a few hundred feet from the summit.
Mallory's fate was unknown for 75 years until his body was discovered in 1999.
Whether they made it to the summit or not still remains a mystery.
George Mallory was famous for replying to the question "Why do you want to climb Mount Everest?"
with the reply: "Because it's there", which has been described as "the most famous three words in the history of mountaineering".
Some questions have been raised inquiring whether Mallory had actually said it, or if it was a newspaper reporter making it up.
Early life, education, and teaching career
Mallory was born in Mobberly, Cheshire, the son of Herbert Leigh Mallory (1846 - 1943), a clergyman who changed his name to Leigh-Mallory in 1914.
George had two sisters - one older, one younger - and a younger brother called Trafford-Leigh Mallory, the World War II Royal Air Force commander.
In 1896, Mallory went to Glengorse, a boarding school in Eastbourne on the south coast of England, having already transferred from a school in West Kirby.
At the age of 13, he won a scholarship to Winchester College.
In his second - to - last year at Winchester, he was introduced to rock climbing and mountaineering by a master, R.L.G Irving, who took a small number of pupils climbing in the Alps every year.
In October 1905, Mallory entered Magdalane College, Cambridge to study history.
There, he became good friends with several members of the Bloomsbury Group including James Strachey, Lytton Strachey, Rupert Brooke, John Maynard Keynes, and Duncan Grant, who painted many portraits of Mallory.
Mallory was a keen oarsman and rowed in his college "eight", but he did not (as has been written elsewhere) row for Cambridge in the annual Oxford & Cambridge Boat Race.
After getting his degree Mallory stayed in Cambridge for a year writing an essay he later published as Boswell the Biographer (1912).
He lived briefly in France, where Simon Bussy painted his portrait, now in London's National Portrait Gallery.
On his return he decided to become a teacher.
In 1910 he began teaching at Charterhouse School, Godalming, Surrey, where he met the poet Robert Graves, then a pupil; in his autobiography, Goodbye to All That, Graves remembered Mallory, who acted as best man at Robert Graves' wedding in 1918, fondly both for his encouragement of Grave's interest in literature in poetry and his instruction in climbing.
Graves recalled: "He (Mallory) was wasted (as a teacher) at Charterhouse.
He tried to treat his class in a friendly way, which puzzled and offended them."
While at Charterhouse he met his wife, Ruth Turner, a taxi driver who lived in Goldalming, and they were married in 1914, just six days before Britain and Germany went to war.
George and Ruth had two daughters and a son: Clare, born 1915; Beridge, known as 'Berry' (1917); and John (1920).
In December 1915 Mallory joined the Royal Garrison Artillery as 2nd lieutenant and in 1916 participated in the shelling of the Somme, under the command of Major Gwilym Lloyd George, who was son of then Prime Minister David Lloyd George.
An atomic clock is a clock that works with atoms, as opposed to most other clocks which are mechanical.
The frequency comes from the crossing radiation of electrons.
Atomic clocks are currently the most exact clocks of the world.
They are also called primary clocks.
Most clocks know the time  because they count how many times something moves back and forth.
Atomic clocks count how many times an atom wiggles back and forth.
Worldwide, there are over 260 atomic clocks at over 60 different places.
All data is collected at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris, France.
The International Atomic Time is calculated there.
The basics were developed by Isidor Isaac Rabi.
He was an American physicist at Columbia University.
He got the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944.
Typography is the practical art of arranging how the printed word appears on the page.
Typography was born when print was born.
Early types were based on the letterforms of scribes, and the letters cut into Trajan's Column ("monumental inscriptions").
Later, gradually, type designs were based on the special needs of books, pamphlets, newspapers and advertisements.
Typography includes not only letters, but all the set of symbols in a font, and it includes the overall design of a page or document.
It applies to any medium which may be read; therefore it includes text on computer screens.
A typographer may design type, select fonts, and design the layout of pages and books.
The term does not cover the act of printing itself, though many of the early printers were themselves typographers.
Modernism and the modern art movement.
Information about the effectiveness of typography and design.
Some of this comes from formal 'scientific' experiments, but most comes from commercial sources.
Naturally, sales results before and after a book or magazine redesign are compared.
A redesign of the typography on the jacket of a book (Roget's Thesaurus) "nearly doubled the sales".
Typographers themselves carry out mini-experiments to test alternatives.
This is an extension of scientific method to what is, at heart, an artistic process.
The development of modern computer technology, which affected type design, and changed printing methods.
A traditional aim of the typographer would be to produce a page which is, above all, legible and attractive to read, without its being obtrusive.
For display typography, such as advertising, the display must be noticed before it is read.
This had led to the development of many display typefaces which are highly visible, and which are available in large sizes.
A cape can mean any outer piece of clothing that has no sleeves.
However, it usually it is long and covers only the back half of the wearer, It fastens around the neck.
Capes were common in medieval Europe, especially when combined with a hood.
Capes have had periodic returns to fashion.
Roman Catholic clergy wear a type of cape known as a ferraiolo, which is worn for formal events.
Capes are often used as rain wear in various military units and police forces.
In modern times, comic-book super-heroes, such as Superman and Batman, are often shown wearing capes.
Cabell "Cab" Calloway III (December 25, 1907 – November 18, 1994) was an American jazz musician and actor.
He was famous for his "scat" style singing.
He was the leader of one of the most famous big bands in the 1930s and 1940s.
Calloway's band featured many famous musicians including Dizzy Gillespie.
In his later career Calloway became a popular actor in movies and stage shows.
In 1980 he acted and sang in the movie "The Blues Brothers."
In the movie he sang "Minnie the Moocher."
He sang the song "The Jumpin' Jive" on the famous children's TV show Sesame Street.
In May 1994, Calloway suffered a stroke.
He died six months later on November 18, 1994.
The Official Cab Calloway website
Korean names today have different rules than they had in the past.
This article mainly covers South Korea's.
The North Korean one could be different
Korean names have two parts.
"Park Chan-Ho" is a name of a Korean person.
Park is the family name, and Chan-Ho is the given name.
In the Korean language, the family name comes first, and the given name comes second. (
Most Koreans feel uneasy when they are called in the reverse way or by only family name.
Married men and women usually keep their full personal names, and children take the father's family name.
So, a son of Ha Hi-Ra (female) and Choi Su-Jong (male) will be Choi something.
Although Koreans have nicknames, these usually come from their personal characteristics like appearance, a physical defect, or a word with a similar pronunciation to their names.
They are different from the nicknames in the Western sense such as Bob, Bill, Liz and Kate.
Unfavorable nicknames are more common than favorable ones.
It is very rare for an adult to be called by a nickname.
The way of addressing someone
For the very first time or in a formal situation
In close relationships
Speaking to a younger person
Speaking to an older person
Male Koreans often call older males 형 (Hyeong) and older females 누나 (Nu-na).
Female Koreans call older males 오빠 (O-ppa) and older females 언니 (Eon-ni) after the given name.
In the family
Speaking to a person in a lower rank
Speaking to a higher-ranking person
Lengths, pronunciations, etc.
The family name is typically a single syllable, and the given name two syllables.
There is no middle name in the Western sense.
Each syllable in Korean name (including family names) usually has its Chinese character.
But its pronunciation is considerably different from the one in China.
In case of the given name, Koreans place great importance on the meaning of each Chinese character.
Often naming centers take charge of naming a new baby.
Villette is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë.
It is based on her experience as an English teacher in Brussels.
Villette is a moving story of hidden feelings and , and a woman's right to love and be loved.
People like the book, not so much for its plot, but for the careful and detailed picture of Lucy (the main character)'s feelings and emotions.
Charlotte Brontë used Gothic buildings and other things to show Lucy's feelings inside.
The story starts with Lucy Snowe at age 14 observing a visitor at her godmother, Lousia Bretton's, house, a little girl called "Polly" or "Missy." (
Her real name is Paulina Mary Home).
Polly loves her papa very, very much, and when he leaves, is extremely unhappy.
However, she soon starts to like Mrs. Bretton's young son, Graham, and they become great friends.
Later, when Lucy tells her she has to leave and see her father again, Polly is very surprised and sad.
Lucy comforts her, and they part.
Later, a family trouble (the book does not say what) forces Lucy into action--she goes onto a ship heading for France.
On there, she makes friends with a very pretty and selfish girl named Ginevra Fanshawe.
When she arrives at France, a gentleman helps her find her trunk, and she finally finds work as a teacher in Madame Beck's boarding school.
Madame Beck is a cool, clever, careful woman, who often spies and searches the teachers, firing and hiring easily.
However, Lucy is quite satisfied, if not happy, there.
Ginevra Fanshawe is a student there, and she and Lucy become friends again.
They usually fight with each other because of Ginevra's silliness, but they never get separated completely.
Later, young English Dr. John (the gentleman who helped her when she first came to France) keeps on visiting the school because he loves Ginevra, who says she doesn't like him much.
Later, Dr. John is discovered to actually be Graham Bretton, and Lucy and Graham become friends again.
Lucy begins to love him secretly, but tries her best to keep her feelings hidden.
Eventually, though, she buries her love for him by symbolically burying all the letters he sent to her.
Dr. John meets little Polly again, now a young and beautiful countess, and they quickly become friends again - and something more.
They marry and have a happy life.
Meanwhile, Lucy begins to be good friends with Professor Emanuel, and they fall in love.
However, lots of people, including Madame Beck, try hard to break the two up, and at last force him to travel away.
Professor Emanuel and Lucy declare their love for each other before Professor Emanuel leaves, making Lucy the principal (headmistress) of a school in the meantime.
However, it is hinted that he probably dies on the trip home.
Lucy Snowe: Lucy is a usually very quiet, but thoughtful and calm girl.
She is very brave and strong, and a bit like Jane Eyre, she is very honest.
She is not vain, and says that she is not pretty.
Ginevra wonders, "Who are you?"
and says she is strange and mysterious.
She did not like Graham Bretton as much as Polly when she was young, but when she grew up and met him again, she secretly began to love him.
However, she very quietly and unselfishly watches Polly and Graham's happiness together, and admits, "...you are not mine."
Later, she and Professor Emanuel fall in love with each other, but lots of people try to stop them from marrying.
Professor Emanuel: He gets angry easily and is very , but he is also  and kind.
He can be proud, and likes people to think he is great.
He gets jealous easily, and likes to smoke.
Graham John Bretton: A very handsome doctor, the son of Lucy's godmother.
He is cheerful and good-tempered.
He does not know Lucy
Villette at PublicLiterature.org
Librivox Audiobook Recording of the Villette
Villette free ebook in PDF, PDB and LIT formats
The Stranger (sometimes known as The Outsider) is an existentialist novel written by French writer Albert Camus.
It was written in 1942.
The title is "L'Etranger" in French.
It discusses philosophical ideas.
●: Train stops at this station
|: Train does not stop at this station
No mark: Train bypasses station
1080p refers to a level of high definition.
It is the highest level of high definition that most high definition televisions can show.
The number 1080 means there are 1,080 lines of color going from left to right in each picture on the screen.
The p means progressive scan (every picture has all the lines every time).
1080p is almost always widescreen.
Teriyaki is an Asian cuisine dish usually made from pork, chicken, or beef on a stick or separately on plates.
It is mostly found in Thailand, China, and Japan and other Asian countries.
The taste is something of sweet, or sour, or spicy usually.
A dance hall is a place where people go to dance and talk to each other.
It also usually has drinks and lounging, with music and disco lights or lighting of some sort.
Name and history
Yaque or Yaqui is a Taíno word given to two rivers.
One of those rivers, the longest, goes to the north of the island, to the Atlantic Ocean, and is called the Yaque del Norte ("Northern Yaque"); and the second goes to the south, to the Caribbean Sea, and is called Yaque del Sur ("Southern Yaque").
During his first visit to America in 1492, Christopher Columbus saw for the first time this river, at its mouth, and he called it Río de Oro ("Gold River") because he found many small pieces of gold.
But later, during his second visit, he saw the river in other place and called it Río de las Cañas ("River of Canes") because many tall grasses (as sugar cane) were growing on the borders of the river.
But none of those names were ever used; it has always been called Yaque, or Yaque del Norte.
Columbus built three forts near the river: Esperanza, Magdalena and Santiago; the first two were abandoned and Santiago was moved to another place with the name of Santiago de los Caballeros.
Later Santiago de los Caballeros was moved again near the river but not in the original place.
The source of the Yaque del Norte is at an elevation of 2,580 m, on the Pico del Yaque mountain, in the central part of the Cordillera Central mountain range.
But in this place, the river is called Los Guanos or Río de la Derecha ("River to the Right").
The name Yaque del Norte is used only when this small river joins another small river, Los Tablones or Río de la Izquierda ("River to the Left") in Manabao, to the west of Jarabacoa, at an elevation of 900 m.
From Manabao, the river flows to the east, through the northwestern part of La Vega province.
When it gets to Jarabacoa, it turns to the north, to the Santiago.
The River Jimenoa, the only important right tributary of Yaque del Norte, joins it at Jarabacoa.
In Santiago de los Caballeros, the river turns to the northwest and flows by the Yaque del Norte Valley, the western part of the Cibao Valley.
The city of Santiago de los Caballeros is the most important Dominican city close to the river.
It goes also near the cities of Jarabacoa, Mao, Guayubín, Castañuela and Monte Cristi.
Watershed and uses
With an area of 7,044 km², its watershed is the largest of the Dominican Republic, and the second largest of the island.
Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 97.0 cubic metres per second at Palo Verde, to the southeast of San Fernando de Monte Cristi.
The water of the river is used for irrigation, mainly in the valley that goes from Santiago to Monte Cristi, the Yaque del Norte Valley.
It is a very dry valley and without water it would be very difficult to grow any crop.
The most important crops here with irrigation are rice, bananas and
Yaque del Norte
In music, a whip or slapstick is a percussion instrument.
It consists of two pieces of wood joined by a hinge.
The pieces of wood are slapped together.
This makes a noise like a whip.
There is a handle on each of the pieces of wood so that the player can hold it and slap them together without trapping his fingers.
The whip is often heard in modern orchestras, bands and percussion groups.
Examples of a whip in classical music can be heard at the beginning of Ravel's Piano Concerto in G Major (1st movement), and in Britten's Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra.
There is another type of whip, in which one plank is longer than the other.
It can be played with one hand.
The player shakes the instrument quickly and the small plank moves away from the large one, then slaps back onto it.
It makes a different kind of sound from the whip, and is properly called a slapstick.
It has been used by several composers including Mahler, Richard Strauss, Ravel, Mussorgsky and Hindemith.
The first whip was designed in the 14th century.
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments published by Konemann,
This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to a church in Thessalonica in modern-day Greece.
It is likely the first of Paul's letters, probably written by the end of AD 52 (however, some scholars believe the Epistle to Galatians may have been written at an earlier date: AD 48).
Most New Testament scholars believe Paul wrote this letter from Corinth, most of the letter has personal information, with only the last two chapters teaching things about what Christians are to believe.
Paul's main goal is to encourage and reassure the Christians there.
Paul tells them to go on working quietly while waiting in hope for the return of Christ.
Paul also teaches that the dead will be resurrected prior to those still living, and both groups will greet the Lord (Jesus) in the air.
These verses are often read at funerals of Christians to comfort their families.
Unlike later Pauline epistles, 1 Thessalonians does not focus on faith or questions of Jewish–Gentile relations, things that are covered in all his other letters.
Many scholars see this as an indication that this letter was written before the Epistle to the Galatians, where Paul's teaching on these matters were given.
I Thessalonians (NIV)
I Thessalonians (KJV)
Why it was written
This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to a church in Thessalonica a part of ancient Greece.
Thessalonica was the second city in Europe where Paul taught and left a Christian church.
After the first letter was sent, probably soon, some of the Thessalonians were not sure that those who had died would share in the Second Coming of Jesus.
This letter was written to answer this concern.
When it was written
Many believe it was written around 51–52 AD, shortly after the First Epistle.
Others think a date of around 80–115 AD is more likely.
These are scholars who say that the second letter is quite different from the First Epistle to the Thessalonians and may have been written by someone else.
Those who believe Paul wrote Second Thessalonians also note how Paul signed it himself: "I, Paul, write this greeting with my own hand, which is how I write in every letter.".
What was written in the letter
The letter has a whole chapter mainly about the Second Coming of Christ.
Someone had told the Thessalonians that Christ had already returned.
Paul says this is not true. (
chapter 2, verses 1 to 12),  He tells the Thessalonians that a great tribulation (time of trouble) must occur before Christ's return.
Since this  has not yet happened, Christ cannot have returned yet.
He then gives thanks that his readers were chosen by God for salvation and saved by His grace through faith, and so would not be deceived by false teachings. (
Chapter 2, verses 13 and14)
The letter then tells the Thessalonian church to stand firm in their faith, and to "keep away from every brother who leads an unruly(evil) life and not according to the tradition which you received from us... do not associate (stay) with him, so that he will be put to shame.
Yet do not regard him as an enemy, but admonish him as a brother" (Chapter 3, verses 6,7, 14 and 15).
How people have used the teachings of this letter
Christian groups who work with poor people sometimes also use the verse to help people to help themselves instead of just taking help from others.
They try to help them find a job instead of just giving them food.
II Thessalonians (NIV)
II Thessalonians (KJV)
This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to Timothy.
It  is one of three letters in the New Testament of the Bible that are called the Pastoral Epistles, along with Second Timothy and Titus.
These letters are called "pastoral", because the are sent to persons who are pastors of Christian churches.
Timothy was a pastor in Ephesus (Chapter 1, verse 3).
The letter gives advice on the organization of the Church and how the leaders in it should act.
They are also told to be faithful to the truth even though all around them were false ideas.
For many years Paul was a mentor to Timothy.
Timothy is first mentioned in chapter 16 of the Book of Acts.
His mother Eunice, and his grandmother, Lois, are mentioned in 2 Timothy Chapter 1, verse 5.
All that we know of his father is that he was a Greek, not a Jew.
Paul's second visit to Lystra, a city in Asia Minor is when Timothy first met Paul; ().
Paul not only brought Timothy into the faith but he was Timothy’s main mentor in Christian leadership ().
They preached and started churches together.
Timothy would have received his authority to preach in churches directly from Paul who of course was the greater known and accepted of the two and an apostle.
The most important things in the letter are the use of The Law (), warnings against false teachings, instructions for prayer (), roles of women in the church, qualifications for leaders of the church (), and the treatment of widows, elders, masters, youth, and church members in general.
The verse about women teaching, Chapter 2,verse 12 is much talked about in churches that do or do not allow women to be pastors.
There are many different ideas about what this verse means.
I Timothy (NIV)
I Timothy (KJV)
It is thought to be the last letter Paul wrote before his death although some think is was written by one of Paul's followers some time after his death.
In the letter, Paul tells Timothy not to have a "spirit of fear" and not to "be ashamed to talk openly about our Lord (Jesus)" (Chapter 1, verses 7 and 8).
He also tells Timothy to come to visit him before winter, and to bring Mark with him (cf.
Philippians Chapter 2, verse 22).
He thought that "the time of his death was at hand" (Chapter 4 ,verse 6), and he tells his "son Timothy" to work hard and be strong in the face of false teachings, and to be faithful in all the duties of his office of pastor (Chapter 4, verses 1 to 5), knowing that he would someday stand before the Judge of the living and the dead (God).
Paul thinks he will soon be killed and talks about that.
In Chapter 4, verses 6 to 8 he writes "For I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand.
I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course(race), I have kept the faith: in the future there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing."
II Timothy (NIV)
II Timothy (KJV)
He graduated from Merton College, Oxford with a degree in chemistry.
He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921.
His work on the theory of how atoms worked was very important.
He proved, amongst other things, the existence of isotopes and how radioactivity causes changes in atoms.
Throughout his career he worked closely with another important atomic physicist, Ernest Rutherford.
The Epistle to Titus is the fifty-sixth book in the Christian Bible, and the seventeenth in the New Testament.
This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to Titus.
Titus was a pastor and church leader.
The letter tells what church leaders should be like and lists their duties.
These leaders are called elders and bishops.
This letter is one of three "Pastoral epistles"  since it was sent to a pastor and is mainly about pastors.
Who was Titus?
Titus was mentioned in Galatians (Chapter 2, verses 1 and 3) where Paul wrote of going to Jerusalem with Barnabas, along with Titus.
He was then sent to Corinth, Greece, where he helped the Christians there to follow Paul's teachings.
Titus was later left on the island of Crete to help organize the Church, and later met back with the Apostle Paul in Nicopolis.
He soon went to Dalmatia (now Croatia).
Then he served as the first bishop of Crete.
False teachers
In Chapter 1, verse 9, Paul says that some among the Jewish Christians are false teachers.
Paul says the false teachers are rebellious, empty talkers who claim to teach the law "without understanding" They cause the Christians to believe false things.
Calvin wrote that vain (empty) talking (Greek: mataiologia) is not the same as useful doctrine.
The false teachings don't help people to show piety and fear of God.
How different groups should act
In Chapter 2, Paul tells how the people in the church should act.
He talks about older men, older women, younger women, young men, and slaves.
Each group is given their proper way to live.
All are told to live for God while they wait for the return of Jesus who died to buy us back from evil living and make us into good people.
More about right living
Chapter 3 tells the Christians to obey the government leaders and to live a good life and be gentle.
The adds that Jesus has saved us not because of the good things we had done, but through his grace and mercy and now wants to make us into people always who do good things.
The letter ends with a final warning against those who stir up fights and some personal greetings.
Epimenides paradox
In the Epistle to Titus it says in chapter 1 verse 12 and 13 "One of the Cretans, a prophet of their own, said, 'Cretans are always liars'".
This is called a logical paradox since if a member of a group says that all members of the group are liars we can't know if what he says is true since he must also be a liar.
Students of logic think about this and try to find an answer.
The one who said this was Epimenides, so it is named for him.
Titus (NIV)
Titus (KJV)
The Epistle to Philemon is the fifty-seventh book in the Christian Bible, and the eighteenth in the New Testament.
Almost everyone agrees that letter was written by the Saint Paul to Philemon.
It is the shortest of Paul's letters, consisting of only 335 words in the Greek text.
Why Paul wrote the letter
Paul wrote this letter on behalf of Onesimus, who may have been a runaway slave who had wronged his owner Philemon.
We don't know what Onesimus had done, but perhaps he ran away after stealing money.
Paul says in verse 18 that if Onesimus owes anything, Philemon should charge it to Paul's account.
It is thought that Philemon lived in Colossae; in the letter to the Colossians, Onesimus (the slave who fled from Philemon) and Archippus (whom Paul greets in the letter to Philemon) are said to be members of the church there.
Paul says that Onesimus has been very helpful to him while he was in prison in Rome.
He would like for Philemon to free him and send him back to Rome.
Paul says that Philemon should receive him not as a slave but as a brother.
Paul did not seem to think that Onesimus should be punished, even though Roman law allowed the owner of a runaway slave to punish or even kill them.
Some see this letter as a step towards thinking of slaves as fully human.
Before Paul, Ruden argues, a slave was considered subhuman, and entitled to no more consideration than an animal.
Others think that Paul and the early Christians should have done more to combat the evil of slavery.
In history, some Christians used the book to justify slavery.
Pope Benedict XVI refers to this letter in the Encyclic, Spe salvi, to tell of the power of Christianity to improve society.
He says that Christianity was very important to the large decrease of slavery during the Middle Ages and after.
The Epistle of James is a book inclused in  the Christian Bible, the twentieth in the New Testament.
Author and aim
This scripture can be useful to get back into quiet times.
The writer appears concerned in clarifying Paul’s teaching on faith/action, against Christians who deform it.
This indicates that the letter was written after those of Paul had begun to circulate diffusely, in the last decades of the 1st century.
Sources and contents
The author takes for granted Jesus' saving work, but is especially interested in Christians' moral life.
So, there is no real contradiction between Paul's and James' teachings, for Paul was speaking of the impossibility of earning salvation by one's own efforts, not of the works of charity and justice to which the Christians are called.
James used a friendly way of addressing his readers on the day-to-day problems we also meet and in which we must follow faith and love for others: community life, prejudice or discrimination, care for poor, widows and orphans, jealousy and selfish ambition, controlling the tongue, community concern for the sick, matters of justice, speaking evil against each other.
He said in effect: “Love first and it will prove your faith”.
The central theme is the true wisdom that comes from God as opposed to false wisdom.
The moral teaching revealed from on high, is not human but divine wisdom.
Humans can only analyse it, enter into it more deeply and put it into practice.
It is an objective ethics needed to see life in its proper perspective and to be guided in action.
Earthly wisdom, on the contrary, is a permanent temptation in people who want to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong, only to end in justifying wicked behaviour.
The other main theme is God’s preference for the lowly: so in this manifesto for social justice the author praises the poor and threatens the rich.
Respect for the dignity of every person is fundamental especially that of the poor, exposed to contempt by the powerful.
This evidently takes up the task undertaken by the prophets, but it also refers to Christ, whose glory guarantees the dignity of everyone redeemed by his blood, and excludes every kind of favouritism.
James insists much on bridling the tongue: in this respect, teachers have a special responsibility within the Church since their instructions (and their writings) can create dissent and division in her.
Those with a strong influence on public also have a similar responsibility.
Opening formula and exhortations
Be doers of the Word and avoid partiality
Faith without deeds is dead
Jas 2:14-26: This part is unique for its unified and relatively long development of a single theme: that faith without works is dead i.e. cannot save anyone for eternal life.
This is the heart of the letter, giving the theoretical basis for the practical exhortations.
Yet, the appearance of a contradiction of Paul’s teaching on justification by faith has given excessive prominence to this section.
It was largely because of it that M. Luther wished to exclude this letter from the Bible.
Guard of the tongue and qualities of Wisdom
Jas 3:1-4:12: These are two clearly defined, closely developed sections.
Since faults of tongue and false wisdom lead to strife in the community, James considers the root causes and remedies thereof, concluding with a consideration of law and judgment.
Arrogance and reaches
Jas 4:13-5:6: These two passages are parallel in that each is introduced identically and employs direct address.
The first is against mercantile arrogance, the second is a severe denunciation of unjust rich similar to those of OT prophets.
It is a useful warning to the faithful of the terrible fate of those who abuse riches.
Jas 5:7-20: After an exhortation to patiently waiting for the Lord’s coming, the letter ends with three topics: oaths, prayer and converting the sinners.
In the midst, James proclaims the anointing of the sick by Church leaders which is one of the seven sacraments.
James (NIV)
James (KJV)
The First Epistle of Peter is the sixtieth book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-first in the New Testament.
This book is believed to be a letter from Peter to fellow Christians.
The traditional Roman Catholic belief is that was written during his time as Bishop of Rome or Bishop of Antioch but that is not said in the letter, which says that it was written from Babylon.
In the Book of Revelation Babylon is used as a code word for Rome.
The letter was sent to Christian churches in Asia Minor that were being persecuted for their faith.
Who sent the letter
Many students of the book believe that Peter was not the author of the letter because it seems been written by someone who had learned rhetoric and philosophy, and had studied the Greek language, none of which would be usual for a Galilean fisherman.