the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Aristotle's views have very strong aspects of a teleological argument, specifically that of a prime mover, who (so to speak) looks ahead in setting the cosmos into motion.
Indeed, Aristotle argued that all nature reflects inherent purposiveness and direction.
Cicero (c. 106–c. 43 B.C.) also made one of the earliest known teleological arguments.
In de Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods) Cicero stated, "The divine power is to be found in a principle of reason that pervades the whole of nature".
He was writing from the cultural background of the Roman religion.
In Roman mythology the creator goddess, Gaia was borrowed from Greek mythology.
The Romans called her Tellus or Terra.
"When you see a sundial or a water-clock, you see that it tells the time by design and not by chance.
How then can you imagine that the universe as a whole is devoid of purpose and intelligence, when it embraces everything, including these artifacts themselves and their artificers?" (
Cicero, De Natura Deorum, ii.
Augustine of Hippo (A.D. 354–430) presented a classic teleological perspective in his work City of God.
He describes the "city of man" and essentially posits that God's plan is to replace the city of man with the city of God (at some as-yet-unknown point in the future).
Whether this is to happen gradually or suddenly is not made clear in Augustine's work.
He did not, however, make a formal argument for the existence of God; rather, God's existence is already presumed and Augustine is giving a proposed view of God's teleology.
Augustine's perspective follows from and is built upon the neo-Platonic views of his era, which in turn have their original roots in Plato's cosmogony.
Objections and counterarguments
Complexity does not show design
The idea is that one can infer the existence of intelligent design by looking at an object.
The teleological argument says that because life is complex, it must have been designed.
It is argued that this is non-sequitur logic.
Life or objects are described as "orderly" or "ordered", which shows that an intelligent designer has ordered them.
However, in real life, there are examples of systems that are non-random or ordered simply because it is following natural physical processes, for example diamonds or snowflakes.
The design claim is often challenged as an argument from ignorance, since it is often unexplained or unsupported, or explained by unscientific conjecture.
Supporters of design assume that natural objects and man-made objects have similar properties, therefore both must be designed.
However, different objects can have similar properties for different reasons, such as stars and light bulbs.
Proponents must therefore demonstrate that only design can cause orderly systems or the argument is invalid.
A designed organism would, on the face of it, be in contradiction to evolutionary theory.
Most biologists support the idea of evolution, by means of natural selection.
They  therefore reject the first premise, arguing that evolution is not only an alternative explanation for the complexity of life but a better explanation with more supporting evidence.
Living organisms obey the same physical laws as inanimate objects.
A range of chemical reactions could take place, forming other chemicals with complex properties and ways of interacting.
Over very long periods of time self-replicating structures could arise and later form DNA.
This has in fact been demonstrated artificially via the Avida program, which can construct complex programs without being given any design (similar programs have had similar results with building machines).
Biologists therefore commonly view the design argument as an unimpressive argument for the existence of a god.
Does not prove the existence of God
Another argument states that even if the argument from design proved the existence of a powerful intelligent designer, it would not prove that the designer is God.
Voltaire observed in his  Traité de métaphysique:
... from this sole argument I cannot conclude anything further than that it is probable that an intelligent and superior being has skillfully prepared and fashioned the matter.
I cannot conclude from that alone that this being has made matter out of nothing and that he is infinite in every sense.
David Hume pointed out that the argument does not necessarily lead to the existence of one God.
In his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, the character Philo argued (p. 108), amidst other counterarguments to the teleological argument, "why may not several deities combine in contriving and framing the world?"
Contradictory premises lead to an infinite regress
Critics such as Richard Dawkins often argue that the teleological argument would in turn apply to the proposed designer, arguing any designer must be at least as complex and purposeful as the designed object (in Dawkins' words, "The Ultimate 747", a reference to Hoyle's analogy to a windstorm sweeping through a junkyard and constructing a 747).
This, they say, would create the absurdity of an infinite series of designers.
Assertion of inconsistencies in the 'Design' of the Universe
Whilst the Universe can at first seem be purposeful and ordered, it has been asserted that upon closer inspection its true function becomes questionable.
Some scientists such as Richard Dawkins, a high-profile advocate of atheism, reject the claim that the Universe serves any actual function, claiming that the Universe merely 'mimics' purpose.
For example, predators appear perfectly 'designed' to catch their prey, whilst their prey seem equally well 'designed' to evade them.
Likewise, apparent inconsistencies in the design of organisms have been brought to attention by critics of the teleological argument.
Some use such arguments to point towards natural selection as a 'blind' biological designer, as opposed to God.
Proponents of teleology have argued against this objection on various grounds.
For example, William A. Dembski says that such arguments are based upon presumptions about what a designer would or would not do, and so constitute a "theological rather than scientific claim." "
Not knowing the designer," he continues, they "are in no position to say whether the designer proposed a faulty compromise among those [design] objectives." (
Dembski 2004, pp.
58–9)
Additionally, the claim of an apparent inconsistency between the "design" of predators and prey ignores the balance of the ecosystem.
Dembski counters, "In criticizing design, [critics] tend to place premium on functionalities of individual organisms and see design as optimal to the degree that those individual functionalities are maximized.
But higher-order designs of entire ecosystems might require lower-order designs of individual organisms." (
Dembski, 2004, p. 61)
Noncoherence
George H. Smith, in his book Atheism: The Case Against God, points out what he considers to be a fatal flaw in the argument from design
Consider the idea that nature itself is the product of design.
How could this be demonstrated?
Nature, as we have seen, provides the basis of comparison by which we distinguish between designed objects and natural objects.
We are able to infer the presence of design only to the extent that the characteristics of an object differ from natural characteristics.
Therefore, to claim that nature as a whole was designed is to destroy the basis by which we differentiate between artifacts and natural objects.
Evidences of design are those characteristics not found in nature, so it is impossible to produce evidence of design within the context of nature itself.
Only if we first step beyond nature, and establish the existence of a supernatural designer, can we conclude that nature is the result of conscious planning. (
p. 268)
Will Crouch, "Hume and Philo on the Teleological Argument"
Richard Dawkins (1986) The Blind Watchmaker (takes a view against the teleological argument).
William A. Dembski (2004) The Design Revolution.
England: Intervarsity Press
Daniel Dennett (1995).
Darwin's Dangerous Idea.
Derek Gjersen (1989).
Science and Philosophy: Past and Present.
Cornelius G. Hunter (2007). "
Science's Blind Spot: The Unseen Religion of Scientific Naturalism".
Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos Press
Hugh Ross. "
Evidence For Design In The Universe", from Limits for the Universe.
Bernard V. Lightman. (
2007), Victorian popularizers of science,
Eric Sotnak, "Analysis of the Teleological Argument"
JP Moreland (1987).
Scaling the Secular City: A Defense of Christianity, Chapter 2
Teleological Arguments for God's Existence from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Dictionary of the history of Ideas:  Design argument
A "Preface" to Aquinas' Teleological Argument
Online in full.
Design arguments for the existence of God from the Internet encyclopedia of philosophy.
William Lane Craig: ''The Teleological Argument and the Anthropic Principle
The Skeptic's Dictionary on argument from design
The 2009 American science fiction movie Avatar, directed by James Cameron, is set on the fictional world of Pandora, which is a tropical Earth-like moon of the fictional planet Polyphemus, in the Alpha Centauri system.
List of fauna
Direhorse is (Pa'li in Na'vi language) a hexapodal equine-like creature.
The Direhorse was conceived and designed by Cameron and Stan Winston Studios.
Cameron described the creature as a "six-legged alien Clydesdale with moth-like antennae".
Great Leonopteryx (Toruk in Na'vi language) is an airborne predator native to Pandora.
The fierce beauty and nobility of the leonopteryx gave the species a place in central Na'vi lore and culture.
It is celebrated in dance, song, and with elaborate totems that symbolizes both the fear and respect accorded to the creature.
The leonopteryx is considered crucial to the Na'vi sense of destiny and interconnectedness.
Prior to the events of the movie, it had only been tamed five times, and Neytiri tells Jake that the riders (Toruk Makto) brought peace among the Pandoran tribes.
The Great Leonopteryx and the Banshee were designed with bright colors.
Page based the colors on Earth's birds, poison dart frogs, and Monarch butterflies, though he altered the patterns so they would not obviously come from Earth's animals.
Hammerhead Titanothere (Angtsìk in Na'vi language) is a large herbivore with a head shaped like a hammer.
The creature, which resembles a cross between a rhinoceros and a hammerhead shark, is angered easily.
Hexapede (Yerik in Na'vi language) are hexapodal deerlike creatures.
Mountain Banshee (Ikran in Na'vi language) is an airborne predator who lives in mountainous territory on Pandora.
Na'vi warriors attempt to bond with a Banshee, a dangerous and required rite of passage.
A Banshee bonds to a Na'vi warrior for life.
Page spent the most time designing the Banshee for the movie so it would be convincing when it flew or perched.
The designer said, "The hardest thing of all was having a Na'vi on top of it and flying it.
You had to backwards engineer it.
It was like designing and engineering an aircraft."
Barlowe, who contributed to the Banshee's design, was influenced by manta rays and skates as well as relatively little-known pterosaurs and plesiosaurs that had "many, unique aerodynamic and hydrodynamic" characteristics.
Like the color scheme for the Great Leonopteryx, color schemes based on Earth animals were used for various Banshees, though Page was inspired by Art Nouveau prints to warp the schemes so they would not look familiar to movie audiences.
Thanator (Palulukan in Na'vi language) is a large hexapodal land predator.
Cameron personally designed the creature.
Its appearance is similar to a panther; Cameron describes the Thanator as "a panther from hell".
The director explained how the Thanator is the most fearsome creature on Pandora, "The Thanator could eat a T-Rex and have the Alien Queen for dessert."
Viperwolf (Nantang in Na'vi language) is a hexapodal nocturnal carnivore.
Cameron described the Viperwolves, "[They are] hairless with shiny skin that looks like overlapped armor.
Most disturbing are its paws, which are like leathery hands."
List of flora
Helicoradian is a carnivorous plant that has red spiral-leaves.
The plants are up to 3-4m tall and, when touched, they curl and collapse into themselves instantly.
Obesus rotundus is a tree that looks like a puffball tree.
Pseudocycas altissima is a plant that looks like a tall Earth cycad.
The Hometrees (Kelutrel in Na'vi language) are great enough to house hundreds of clan members.
The trees are honeycombed with natural hollows and alcoves in which the Na'vi sleep, eat, weave, dance, and celebrate their connection to Eywa.
Adult Hometrees are more than 150 meters tall, roughly thirty meters in diameter.
The Omaticaya inhabit a Giant Hometree, standing roughly 460 meters tall.
A distinguishable feature of the movie landscape, the tree itself is central to the movie story arc.
Like many sacred sites on Pandora, the Giant Hometree sits above a large deposit of unobtanium.
It is destroyed by the humans using rockets, which leads to the Na'vi clans' alliance against the humans.
The Tree of Souls (Vitraya Ramunon in Na'vi language) is a tree where the Na'vi are able to communicate with the biological network that exists throughout Pandora.
Cameron described the Tree of Souls as "a big input-output station" and was inspired to design it by bioluminescence that he encountered during night diving.
The Tree of Voices (Utraya Mokri in Na'vi language) is the most important tree to the Na'vi after the Tree of Souls.
It is smaller but its appearance is similar and it too is illuminated.
Neytiri tells Jake that it allows the Na'vi to hear the voices of their ancestors.
It is destroyed in the bulldozer attack by the humans.
Woodsprites (Atokirina in Na'vi language) are seeds of the "holy tree", appearing similar to airborne jellyfish.
Various plants and trees that look like Earth's ferns, palm trees and grasses.
The Na'vi are a fictional indigenous species that live on the fictional world of Pandora in the movie Avatar.
They look like humans.
They have two eyes, ears, arms, and legs.
They also have a nose, a mouth, and expressions that are similar to humans.
The Na'vi are different because they have blue skin, pointed ears, huge eyes, and tails.
They are also taller than humans.
They have a smaller body frame.
At the beginning, the Na'vi were meant to be more alien in their looks.
Director James Cameron said that in the first drawing of the main character, "Neytiri", she had fins, gills, and cat-like features.
The species was changed to look more like humans.
This was so audiences could relate (feel closer and empathise) to them better.
Cameron said that Avatar was more "science fantasy" than true science fiction.
He said that he would explain in the novel why the Na'vi look like humans.
According to Entertainment Weekly, "The Na'vi can commune with animals on their planet by literally plugging their ponytails into the creatures' nerve systems.
To become a warrior, a Na'vi must tame and ride a creature known as Ikran."
The Na'vi also use this system to mate with a "life partner".
They make a bond that cannot be broken in the Na'vi's lifetime.
The Na'vi language is a constructed language.
It was made for the movie to be spoken by the actors when they played Na'vi characters.
The Na'vi language was made by linguistics professor Paul Former of the University of Southern California.
Frommer made the language so it could be spoken by human actors.
It uses syntax and grammar from real languages.
The professor made up over 1,000 words for the Na'vi language.
He taught the actors who played Na'vi characters to speak it for the movie.
Renault F1 was a Formula One racing team owned by the Renault company.
In December of 2010, Renault sold their remaining part of the Formula One team.
Renault has a long history in F1.
Ferenc Szisz won the first French Grand Prix at the wheel of a Renault.
Since then Renault has competed in Formula One as an engine supplier and as a car builder from the late 1970s to 2021, with many breaks.
Renault introduced the turbo engine to Formula One when they debuted their first car, the Renault RS01 at Silverstone in 1977.
Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles, it was as a supplier of engines to the Benetton and Williams teams in the 1990s that Renault first tasted world championship success.
Renault engines powered drivers such as Nigel Mansall, Damon Hill, Jacque Villeneuve and Michael Schumacer to the Drivers World Championship.
Renault returned to the job of being a builder in 2001 by taking over the Benetton team, which was renamed Renault in 2002.
Their first championship as a builder was achieved in 2005; the same year that they won their first drivers' championship with former test driver Fernando Alonso.
They repeated their success in the following year.
The teams lowest point so far was in late 2009.
At the end of the 2008 season the team saw a brief return to the podium spots, with Fernando Alonso winning 2 of the last 4 races.
However, Nelson Piquet Jnr, who drove for Renualt throughout the 2008 season told the media that the team had made him cheat in a race in order to help Alonso win.
At the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix (the first ever Grand Prix to be held at night) Nelson Piquet Jnr lost control of his car at the outside of Turn 17, sliding across the road and smashing into a wall, throwing lots of debris across the road, meaning the Safety Car had to be called out to lead the cars through the track slowly to protect the marshalls cleaning the road.
This closed the gaps between the cars, meaning they were now racing very close together.
This allowed Fernando Alonso, who was in 15th place to pass the slower less experienced drivers around him.
Alonso went on to win race.
After Renault fired Piquet Jnr for his poor driving in 2009, he told the FIA (the organisation that run the Formula 1 World Championship) that Flavio Briatore, the boss of the Renault F1 Team (who had been the team manager for 20 years, and had cheated previously) had told him over the radio to crash his car deliberately, in order to bring the safety car out and give Alonso a better chance.
Alonso was not aware of this at the time, or even before the crash.
Following a meeting of the FIA Super Council in Paris, Team Principle Flavio Briatore and Chief Engineer Pat Symmonds were found guilty.
Both had to leave the team and Flavio was banned from Formula 1 for life (that ban has now been lifted).
In connection with the event, Renault F1's main sponsor, ING Insurance, also left the team
On 8 December, 2010, Renault announced that they had sold their remaining ownership shares in the team to Genii Capital, a private investment group.
Those shares was then purchased by Lotus Cars, which is owned by Proton.
Proton owns Lotus Cars.
The team was named Lotus Renault GP since 2011.
They continued to use Renault as the chassis name.
The cars had a black and gold paint scheme, similar to the historic John Player Special sponsorship that Lotus had in the 1970s and 1980s.
The team has raced as a French team since Renault took over Benetton in 2002.
In January 2011, it was announced that they will race under a British licence in .
This is the first time since  that there has not been a French team in Formula One.
Coconut milk is a sweet, milky white liquid for cooking.
It comes from the meat of a mature coconut.
The color and rich taste of the milk are because of the high oil content and sugars.
It is different from coconut water (coconut juice), which is the natural liquid found inside a coconut.
Coconut milk is used in many tropical recipes.
There are two kinds of coconut milk: thick and thin.
Milk is what female mammals make to feed their babies.
Coconut milk can therefore not be called milk in the strict sense of the term.
Kricogonia is a genus of butterflies.
Kricogonia belongs in the family Pieridae.
The species are found in North America, Central America, and South America.
Kricogonia cabrerai Ramsden, 1920
Kricogonia lyside Godart, 1819 - Lyside Sulphur
The Othersiders was an American,  television series on Cartoon Network.
It is about a group of five teenage friends who like the paranormal and explore haunted places to find any paranormal happenings.
The series started on June 17, 2009, as part of the Cartoon Network programming block "CN Real".
The second season of The Othersiders began October 7, which was said on the Twitter pages of Othersiders KC, Jackie, Zack, and Riley, and on The Othersiders's official website.
Instead of just seeing the episode on Wednesdays, the show will start being seen on different days of the week in a pattern starting with "Linda Vista Hospital".
The final episodes will be played Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays during the month of October 2009 with the season finale, "Alcatraz", started October 30, 2009.
Elias Howe (July 9, 1819 – October 3, 1867) was an American inventor.
He invented the sewing machine.
Elias Howe was the inventor of the first American-patented sewing machine.
A mojito is a kind of cocktail.
It is from Cuba originally.
It is made of rum, sugar, lime juice, sparkling water and mint.
It usually contains about 10 percent alcohol.
The combination of sweetness, sour citrus and mint flavour is intended to complement the rum.
It is popular drink in hot weather.
When making a mojito, lime juice is added to sugar and mint leaves.
The mixture is then gently mashed together.
The mint leaves should only be bruised to release the essential oils; they should not be torn apart.
Then rum is added.
The mixture is then stirred to dissolve the sugar.
Finally, ice cubes and sparkling water are added in the top of the drink.
There are several stories about how the mojito was invented.
One story says that it is similar to a 19th-century drink called "El Draque", after Francis Drake.
This drink is said to have been given to the crew of Drake's ships when they came to Cuba in the 16th century.
Many in the crew were suffering from dysentery and scurvy.
They were told that the Native Americans had remedies for various tropical illnesses.
They went ashore on Cuba and were given ingredients for a remedy: a kind of rum, lime, sugarcane syrup and mint.
While this drink was not called a mojito at this time, it is the same combination of these ingredients.
Star Trek: Phase II was a planned television series based on the characters of Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek, which had run from 1966 to 1969.
It was set to air in early 1978 on a proposed Paramount Television Service (a precursor/forerunner to UPN).
The series was to follow the adventures of the Enterprise crew on a second five-year mission, and be a continuation of the Star Trek franchise.
A pickled cucumber, most often simply called a pickle in the United States and Canada, is a cucumber that has been processed in a brine or vinegar solution and left to ferment for a period of time.
Pickling is also used for many other things, such as onions, cabbage, and herring.
One common type of pickle is the dill pickle.
It is commonly used as a topping on meat products such as hamburgers, but can also be eaten on its own.
Usually put on hamburgers or hotdogs.
The Cape May Bird Observatory was founded in 1975 in Cape May, New Jersey, United States.
The purpose of the Cape May Bird Observatory is to do research, encourage conservation, and create educational and recreational birding activities.
It has two separate centers: the Center for Research and Education in Cape May Court House in the central part of Cape May County, and the Northwood Center in Cape May Point.
The current director is Pete Dunne, a well-known birding author.
Cape May is a great place for bird migration.
Every spring and fall, thousands of migrating birds pass through the area.
Birders from all over the world have come to Cape May to see the migrations.
Cape May authors
The most notable former Cape May birder is author David Allen Sibley.
Sibley wrote the field guide The Sibley Guide to Birds.
He wrote it while he was living and birding in Cape May Point.
John Willock Noble (October 26, 1831 – March 22, 1912) was an American lawyer and brevet general in the Civil War.
He was the Secretary of the Interior between 1889 and 1893.
Noble was born in Lancaster, Ohio and went to Miami University.
In 1851, he graduated from Yale University with honors.
After being in the Civil War, he became U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri.
He was the Secretary of the Interior during the entire time that Benjamin Harrison was President of the United States.
He later practiced law in St. Louis and died there in 1912.
Lawyers from Ohio
United States Secretaries of the Interior
New Castle County is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States.
The county is in the north part of the state.
The county seat is Wilmington.
New Castle County had 500,265 people in 2000.
Delaware counties
Kent County is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States.
The county is in the middle part of the state.
The county seat is Dover.
Kent County had 126,697 people in 2000.
Sussex County is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States.
The county is in the south part of the state.
Sussex County had 156,638 people in 2000.
Edmontosaurus is a basal duck-billed dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous stage.
It had short arms, a long, pointed tail, three-toed, hoofed feet, and mitten-like hands.
Its head was flat and sloping with a wide, toothless beak, cheek pouches, and hundreds of closely-packed cheek teeth that ground up its food.
It is the same animal as Anatotitan.
There are two species, and the animal has been called by several other names in the past.
Edmontosaurus was named from a fossil found in the  Horseshoe Canyon Formation, in Alberta, Canada.
Many Edmontosaurus fossils have been found, in Alberta, and Alaska, Wyoming, Montana and New Jersey in the USA.
Two mummified Edmontosaurus fossils were found in Wyoming.
The distribution of its fossils suggests that it preferred coasts and coastal plains.
It could move on two legs and on four.
Because it is known from several bone beds, Edmontosaurus is thought to have lived in groups.
It may have been migratory.
Most of the back and tail was lined by bony tendons arranged in a lattice along the neural spines of the vertebrae.
This made the back and part of the tail "ramrod" straight.
The ossified tendons strengthened the vertebral column against gravitational stress.
It was a large animal with a horizontal vertebral column otherwise supported mostly by the hind legs and hips.
As a hadrosaurid, Edmontosaurus was a large terrestrial herbivore.
Its teeth were continually replaced and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time.
It used its broad beak to cut loose food, perhaps by cropping, or by closing the jaws in a clamshell-like manner over twigs and branches and then stripping off the more nutritious leaves and shoots.
Edmontosaurus and most other ornithischians probably had cheek-like structures, muscular or non-muscular.
The function of the cheeks was to keep food in the mouth.
The animal's feeding range would have been from ground level to about  above.
Ornitholestes was a carnivorous dinosaur which lived in the Upper Jurassic period about 156145 million years ago.
It was about 2 metres long (6.6 feet), half of which was its long tail.
Only one specimen of it has ever been found.
It is one of a group of small, fast-running dinosaurs which are classified as early Coelurosaurs.
It is known from a partial skeleton found near Medicine Bow, Wyoming, in 1900.
It was described by paleontologist Henry F. Osborn in 1903.
Ornitholestes was a bipedal runner.
Its small head suggests it ate small mammals, lizards, frogs, and hatchling dinosaurs.
It could grasp prey with both hands.
It is likely that all coelurosaurs had feathers.
Similar dinosaurs
Coelurus, Compsognathus, Tanycolagreus.
Hiraki was born in Sakai on October 7, 1931.
After graduating from Kwansei Gakuin University, he joined Yuasa Batteries in 1957.
In 1958, he moved to Furukawa Electric.
He played 6 games in the league.
He retired in 1966.
In March 1954, when Hiraki was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for 1954 World Cup qualification.
At this qualification, on March 14, he debuted against South Korea.
He also played at 1954, 1958 and 1962 Asian Games.
In 1964, he was selected Japan as captain for 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.
However, he could not play in the match for injury.
After 1964 Summer Olympics, he retired from national team.
He played 30 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1962.
In 1962, when Hiraki played for Furukawa Electric, he became a playing manager as Ken Naganuma successor for the club and managed until 1965.
He also served an assistant coach for Japan national team and a manager for Japan U-20 national team.
In 1968, he participated as a coach in 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City and Japan team won Bronze Medal.
In 1992, he signed with Nagoya Grampus Eight joined new league J1 League and he managed until 1993.
In 2005, Hiraki was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.
On January 2, 2009, he died of pneumonia in Toyota at the age of 77.
|1965||rowspan="2"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||6||0
|1959||10||1
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Real Madrid||rowspan="3"|La Liga||1||0
|2002/03||16||0
|2004/05||Espanyol Barcelona||La Liga||5||0
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Real Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||0||0
|2007/08||Hércules||Segunda División||0||0
Leandro Costa Miranda Moraes (born 18 July 1983) is a Brazilian football player.
He plays for Vitória.
|2001||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||8||2
|2002||14||2
|2003||Botafogo||Série B||||
|2004||Vissel Kobe||J. League 1||11||2
|2005||Daejeon Citizen||K-League||19||7
|2006||Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i||K-League||33||6
|2007||Chunnam Dragons||K-League||12||0
|2008||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
Kota Fukatsu (born 10 August 1984) is a Japanese football player.
|2003||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|2005||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||39||3||2||1||colspan="2"|-||41||4
|2006||Nagoya Grampus||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||3||0||6||0
|2006||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|2007||rowspan="2"|Gifu||Football League||29||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||30||4
|2008||J. League 2||27||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||0
|2009||rowspan="2"|Machida Zelvia||rowspan="2"|Football League||29||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||1
Serhiy Skachenko (born 18 November 1972) is a former Ukrainian football player.
He has played for Ukraine national team.
|1989||rowspan="2"|Traktor Pavlodar||||4||0
|1990||||33||4
|1991||Metalist Kharkiv||Top League||9||2
|1992||rowspan="2"|Torpedo Moscow||rowspan="2"|Top League||25||3
|1993/94||Temp Shepetivka||Premier League||28||13
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Dynamo Kyiv||rowspan="2"|Premier League||16||3
|1995/96||10||2
|1996||rowspan="2"|Anyang LG Cheetahs||rowspan="2"|K-League||39||15
|1997||Chunnam Dragons||K-League||17||7
|1998||rowspan="2"|Torpedo Moscow||rowspan="2"|Top Division||29||6
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Metz||rowspan="2"|Division 1||16||4
|2000/01||Neuchâtel Xamax||Nationalliga A||7||4
|2001||Torpedo Moscow||Top Division||1||0
|2001||Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 1||11||2
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Metz||Division 1||3||0
|2002/03||Ligue 2||5||0
|2002/03||Aarau||Nationalliga A||4||0
|2003/04||Karpaty Lviv||Premier League||2||0
|2004/05||Turan Tovuz||Top League||20||4
|1998||4||3
|2003||rowspan="3"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||12||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|2005||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|2006||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 2||9||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||1
|2007||rowspan="3"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||19||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||20||2
|2008||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|2009||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
Tatsuya Suzuki (born 1 August 1982) is a Japanese football player.
|2005||rowspan="4"|Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||1||0||2||0||1||2||4||2
|2006||J. League 2||33||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||34||5
|2007||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||16||2||1||0||4||1||21||3
|2008||15||0||0||0||0||0||15||0
|2008||rowspan="3"|Tokyo||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||8||1||3||1||0||0||11||2
|2009||33||4||2||1||10||0||45||5
Kenta Shimizu (born 18 September 1981) is a Japanese football player.
|2000||rowspan="6"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2003||3||0||2||0||1||0||6||0
|2004||2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
|2005||rowspan="6"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||5||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|2006||43||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||44||0
|2007||48||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||49||0
|2008||42||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||43||0
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||34||0||0||0||4||0||38||0
Igor Cvitanović (born 1 November 1970) is a former Croatian football player.
|1989/90||rowspan="2"|Dinamo Zagreb||rowspan="2"|First League||10||5
|1992||Varteks||Prva HNL||21||9
|1992/93||rowspan="6"|Croatia Zagreb||rowspan="6"|Prva HNL||15||9
|1993/94||34||27
|1994/95||26||11
|1995/96||23||19
|1996/97||27||20
|1997/98||25||17
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Real Sociedad||rowspan="2"|La Liga||17||3
|1999/00||Croatia Zagreb||Prva HNL||12||6
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Dinamo Zagreb||rowspan="2"|Prva HNL||24||9
|2001/02||4||3
|2002||Shimizu S-Pulse||J. League 1||5||1
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Osijek||rowspan="2"|Prva HNL||0||0
The liverworts are a group of simple plants.
Scientists believe that liverworts were the first bryophyte to evolve.
They believe that mosses, hornworts, and more complex plants then evolved from liverworts.
Scientists decided this from mitochondrial DNA.p75
Liverworts are usually placed in the bryophytes, a group of plants without tissue to conduct water.
That is why they always need to live near a spring, a river, or in a place where there is a lot of fog or has a lot of rainfall.
This group also includes with mosses and hornworts.
Recent taxonomy gave them their own division called the Marchantiophyta.
However, since the classification is not yet settled, we use the old terms.
Liverworts, as the picture shows, are small plants with flattened bodies, or with flattened stems bearing overlapping scales.p135
The name liverwort comes from the Middle Ages, when plants were selected as medicines according to the false belief that similia similibus curentur (similar heals similar).
The liver-shaped seen in the liverwort Marchantia , for example , was  boiled in wine as a medicine against liver problems.
The name was then transferred to the whole group.
Liverworts have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle.
This is a type of alternation of generations similar to that of mosses.
Cells in a typical liverwort plant are haploid for most of its life cycle.
Their stalked sporophytes (diploid) are very short-lived, withering away soon after releasing the spores.
The Planck length () is a very small unit of length.
It is calculated from three physical constants: the speed of light, the Planck constant, and the gravitational constant.
It is about  or about 10−20 times the size of a proton.
It is one of the Planck units, defined by Max Planck.
It is an important length for quantum gravity because it may be the size of the smallest black holes.
Seed dispersal is the way seeds get away from the parent plant to a new place. "
Dispersal" means  to spread or scatter.
Plants, obviously, cannot move after they have put down roots.
It follows that it is an evolutionary advantage to get their seeds away from the parent plant.
If the seeds take root nearby they will compete with each other and the parent plant.
Also, a species is more likely to survive when its members are widely spread.
This is because local disasters still leave plants in other places.
From the first land plants in the Silurian period for 300 million years to the Lower Cretaceous, virtually all transport of spores and seeds was done by mechanical means.
In fact, for most types of plants both fertilisation and dispersal was done by wind.
If not wind, then water was the medium.
A great change took place with the appearance of flowering plants in the Cretaceous.
The story of flowers and insects is one of the best examples of co-evolution.
The association between beetles and angiosperms during the Lower Cretaceous period led to parallel radiations of angiosperms and insects in the Upper Cretaceous.
The evolution of  in Upper Cretaceous flowers signals the beginning of the mutualism between hymenopterans and angiosperms.
What is true of fertilisation is also true of dispersal.
Spores, the tiny products of lower plants, are almost always dispersed by wind.
So are many seeds.
Some seeds, and their later development, fruits, are obviously "adaptations" to a world full of animals.
If they are dispersed by being eaten, it is advantageous for them to be nutritious and good to eat.
So spores, seeds and fruits may get dispersed mechanicallly or by animals:
Mechanical means:
Spores and seeds dispersed by wind are light, and get blown easily.
An extra step is when the spores or seeds are blown out with force.
Spores and seeds may be fired out by force in some cases.
Seeds and fruits dispersed by water can float.
Zoological means:
Many fruits are eaten by animals, and the seeds are dropped after the fruit is digested.
Some fruits are carried on the fur of mammals.
Mechanical dispersal
Wind dispersal
An important detail for a wind-dispersed seed is that it is very light.
It must be able to float easily on wind or else it will drop straight to the ground.
There are "parachutes" on top of some seeds, like milkweed and dandelion seeds.
Some seeds are very small and light, almost like dust.
Orchid seeds and poppy seeds are like that.
Poppy seeds are inside a little capsule that has little openings around the top.
On a windy day, the poppy fruit capsule will sway from side to side, shaking out the tiny seeds out the windows like a salt shaker.
Another kind of fruit that can be wind-dispersed is the maple tree fruit.
The maple tree has little schizocarps, which are two-sided winged fruits.
They are also called samaras.
Their lightness and "wings" help them stay in the air until they have reached a new place with lots of soil.
Elm and birch trees also have samaras.
Explosive action
Some fruits can fling (throw) their seeds away when they are ripe.
This is a type of rapid plant movement, where the fruit is thrown from a little "machine".
Pea pods often use mechanical dispersal.
When the seeds are ready, the pod dries up.
When the pod dries, the inside of the pod dries faster than the outside.
This makes the pod twist inside, suddenly splitting open violently, rolling into a little spiral.
When this roll happens, it makes the seeds fly out of the pod in all directions.
Impatiens  called "touch-me-nots" or "jewel weeds"  is a large genus of flowering plants.
When the seeds are ripe and ready, the dried fruit becomes a trigger.
When an animal or human touches the plant, it bursts open and sprays the seeds everywhere.
If the ground is wet, the seeds can germinate right where they land; they can also stick to the creature that made the capsule burst open.
This can help them be carried off to a new place.
Violets and gorses use mechanical dispersal, too.
When the seeds are ready, it opens with a loud "POP!"
sound.
Another fruit called the squirting cucumber uses mechanical dispersal, too.
There are hundreds of other fruits that use mechanical dispersal.
Water dispersal
These plants usually grow near the water.
Once the seed falls into the water, it may be carried for a long distance before it finds a place to grow.
A good example is the water lily.
Water lilies' beautiful flowers create a fruit that floats in the water for some time and then sinks to the bottom to take root on the floor of a pond.
The seeds of the water lily can be dispersed and germinated in the water.
The palm tree, which grows near the water, also disperses its seeds by water.
Powerful ocean currents that connect continents move the palm tree's seeds, called coconuts, to their new home.
The mangrove tree lives right in the water.
Their seeds fall from the tree and grow roots as soon as they touch soil.
If there is a lot of water, they can be carried far away.
Most nuts, like acorns, walnuts, and pecans are dispersed by both water and animals.
The main way that they are dispersed by water is during flood times, or if their plants grow near a river or stream.
Many nut trees grow near places that flood quite often.
Though water is important for nut trees, it's not as important as it is for other plants, because many trees have roots that can grow a long way from the tree to find good soil and water.
Animal dispersal
There are several ways seeds get dispersed by animals.
One example are the burrs that stick to your socks and pants when you walk through grassy fields.
The parent plant makes the spiky little burrs from the flower.
These burrs are either thrown off the plant and onto the ground, or they stay on the plant until a passing animal (or person) gets the burr in its fur, feathers, or socks.
Then the burr is carried to a new place, where animals usually try to get it off themselves.
Animals , scratch, or peck at the burrs to get them off.
The burr is then dropped on the ground, away from the parent plant.
Many grass seeds have surfaces which catch onto passing creatures.
For instance spear grass has spiky tips that can get stuck in passing animals or blown by a strong wind to a new place.
Another way for animals to help in seed dispersal is for the animals to actually plant the seeds themselves.
Animals like mice, squirrels, and jay birds collect fruits and nuts during the spring and summer, and they store them for the coming winter.
Many times, they save up these fruits and nuts by burying them in the ground - often more than they need.
When they come to take their fruits and nuts away, they leave a few buried.
The ones that are left buried become plants.
Seeds are often dispersed in droppings (poo).
Animals swallow fruit (including seeds): they digest the soft fruit, but the seeds come out in their droppings.
In some rainforests, almost 90% of tree species are dispersed by animals.
Animals like bats  for instance, the short-tailed fruit bat in South America  can scatter up to 60,000 seeds in one night.
Fruit and seed dispersal images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
Image from Missouri.edu
is a Japanese professional football club in Kofu.
1965-1994 Kofu SC
1995-present Ventforet Kofu
2011 : J1 League - 16th
2012 : J2 League - 1st
2013 : J1 League - 15th
2014 : J1 League - 13th
2015 : J1 League - 13th
2016 : J1 League - 14th
2017 : J1 League - 16th
2018 : J2 League - 9th
2019 : J2 League - 5th
2020 : J2 League - 4th
Ventforet Kofu website
is a Japanese professional football club in Kobe.
1966-1994 Kawasaki Steel SC
1995-present Vissel Kobe
2011 : J1 League - 9th
2012 : J1 League - 16th
2013 : J2 League - 2nd
2014 : J1 League - 11th
2015 : J1 League - 12th
2016 : J1 League - 7th
2017 : J1 League - 9th
2018 : J1 League - 10th
2019 : J1 League - 8th
2020 : J1 League - 14th
Vissel Kóbe website
Ninomiya was born in Tokyo Metropolis on February 13, 1937.
After graduating from Keio University, he joined Mitsubishi Motors in 1959.
In 1965, Mitsubishi Motors joined new league Japan Soccer League.
He played 45 games and scored 8 goals in the league.
On December 25, 1958, when Ninomiya was a Keio University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong.
In 1959, he played 9 games and scored 9 goals as a regular player.
He played 12 games and scored 9 goals for Japan until 1961.
In 1967, Ninomiya played for Mitsubishi Motors, he became a playing manager as Tomohiko Ikoma successor and managed until 1975.
In 9 seasons, the club won the champions 2 times (1969 and 1973) and the 2nd place 4 times.
The club also 1971 and 1973 Emperor's Cup.
After Japan national team failed to qualify for 1976 Summer Olympics in April 1976, Ninomiya became a manager for Japan national team as Ken Naganuma successor.
Ninomiya managed at 1978 World Cup qualification and 1978 Asian Games.
He resigned after 1978 Asian Games.
|1959||9||9
Ryoji Ujihara (born 10 May 1981) is a Japanese football player.
|2001||rowspan="2"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||41||15||3||3||2||0||46||18
|2003||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||4||0||1||0||1||0||6||0
|2005||Sagan Tosu||J. League 2||20||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||1
|2006||Montedio Yamagata||J. League 2||23||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||24||2
|2007||rowspan="4"|Thespa Kusatsu||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||31||7||0||0||colspan="2"|-||31||7
|2008||11||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||1
Footballers from Kagawa Prefecture
Jorge Andrade (born 9 April 1978) is a Portuguese football player.
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Estrela da Amadora||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||5||1
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Porto||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||20||1
|2002/03||rowspan="5"|Deportivo La Coruña||rowspan="5"|La Liga||11||0
|2004/05||35||1
|2005/06||18||1
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Juventus||rowspan="2"|Serie A||4||0
Total||51||3
Lee Woon-Jae (born 26 April 1973) is a South Korean professional athlete.
|1996||rowspan="4"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="4"|K-League||12||0||||||1||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|1997||7||0||||||10||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|1998||18||0||||||16||0||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|1999||27||0||||||12||0||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|2000||rowspan="2"|Sangmu||||||||||||||||||||||
|2001||||||||||||||||||||||
|2002||rowspan="9"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="9"|K-League||19||0||||||0||0||||||19||0
|2003||41||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||42||0
|2004||23||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|2005||17||0||3||0||9||0||6||0||35||0
|2006||13||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|2007||25||0||1||0||10||0||colspan="2"|-||36||0
|2008||28||0||0||0||11||0||colspan="2"|-||39||0
|2009||25||0||4||0||1||0||5||0||35||0
|2002||15||0
|2005||15||0
|1990/91||Furukawa Electric||JSL Division 1||0||0||||||0||0||0||0
|1991/92||rowspan="3"|Fujita Industries||JSL Division 1||29||1||||||3||0||32||1
|1992||rowspan="2"|Football League||14||1||||||colspan="2"|-||14||1
|1993||18||1||1||0||5||0||24||1
|1994||rowspan="2"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|1995||Tosu Futures||Football League||4||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||1
|1996||Consadole Sapporo||Football League||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
Yoshiaki Maruyama (born 12 October 1974) is a Japanese football player.
He plays for Chonburi.
|1997||rowspan="2"|Yokohama Marinos||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||8||0||0||0||6||1||14||1
|1998||4||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|2000||Montedio Yamagata||J. League 2||35||0||2||0||0||0||37||0
|2001||Yokohama F. Marinos||J. League 1||5||0||0||0||2||0||7||0
|2002||rowspan="4"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||40||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||43||0
|2003||44||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||47||1
|2004||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||19||0||1||0||1||0||21||0
|2005||11||0||0||0||2||0||13||0
|2006||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||9||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|2007||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|2008||Nagano Parceiro||Regional Leagues||14||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||1
|2009||rowspan="2"|Chonburi||rowspan="2"|Premier League||12||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||1
Benoît Pedretti (born 12 November 1980) is a French football player.
He plays for Auxerre.
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Sochaux-Montbéliard||rowspan="2"|Division 2||2||0
|2000/01||38||0
|2001/02||Division 1||33||0
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||35||3
|2004/05||Olympique Marseille||Ligue 1||31||3
|2005/06||Olympique Lyonnais||Ligue 1||21||2
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Auxerre||rowspan="4"|Ligue 1||31||1
|2007/08||37||1
|2008/09||30||1
Santiago Solari (born 7 October 1976) is an Argentine football player.
He plays for Atlante.
|1995/96||rowspan="4"|River Plate||rowspan="4"|Primera División||9||1
|1996/97||24||2
|1997/98||26||5
|1998/99||16||5
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||12||1
|1999/00||33||6
|2000/01||rowspan="5"|Real Madrid||rowspan="5"|La Liga||14||1
|2001/02||28||1
|2003/04||34||5
|2004/05||27||3
|2005/06||rowspan="3"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="3"|Serie A||13||3
|2006/07||21||1
|2008/09||San Lorenzo Almagro||Primera División||26||4
|2009/10||Atlante||Primera División||||
Sudo was born in Mikasa on April 2, 1956.
After graduating from Chuo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Hitachi in 1979.
The club won the 2nd place in 1980 JSL Cup and 1982 Japan Soccer League.
He played 117 games in the league.
On August 23, 1979, Sudo debuted for the Japan national team against North Korea.
In 1980, he played at 1980 Summer Olympics qualification and 1982 World Cup qualification.
He played 13 games for Japan until 1981.
|1979||rowspan="8"|Hitachi||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||18||0
|1980||16||0
|1986/87||7||0