the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Message F: Client/Server Session Key encrypted with the Client/TGS Session Key.
Upon receiving messages E and F from TGS, the client has enough information to authenticate itself to the SS.
The client connects to the SS and sends the following two messages:
Message E: from the previous step (the Client-to-Server ticket, encrypted using the SS secret key).
Message G: a new Authenticator, which includes the client ID, timestamp and is encrypted using Client/Server Session Key.
The SS decrypts the ticket using its own secret key to retrieve the Client/Server Session Key.
Using the sessions key, SS decrypts the Authenticator and sends the following message to the client to confirm its true identity and willingness to serve the client:
Message H: the timestamp found in client's Authenticator plus 1, encrypted using the Client/Server Session Key.
The client decrypts the confirmation using the Client/Server Session Key and checks whether the timestamp is correctly updated.
If so, then the client can trust the server and can start issuing service requests to the server.
The server provides the requested services to the client.
Drawbacks
Single point of failure: It requires continuous availability of a central server.
When the Kerberos server is down, no one can log in.
This can be solved by using multiple Kerberos servers and emergency authentication mechanisms.
Kerberos requires the clocks of all involved hosts to be synchronized.
The tickets have a time availability period and if the host clock is not synchronized with the Kerberos server clock, the authentication will fail.
The default configuration requires that clock times are no more than 10 minutes apart.
In practice Network Time Protocol (NTP) is usually used to keep the all hosts synchronized.
The administration protocol is not standardized and differs between server implementations.
Password changes are described in RFC 3244.
Since the secret keys for all users are stored on the central server, a compromise of that server will compromise all users' secret keys.
A compromised client will compromise the user's password.
Identity management
Secure remote password protocol (SRP)
Generic Security Services Application Program Interface (GSS-API)
SDK Team, "Microsoft Kerberos (Windows)", MSDN Library aa378747(VS.85)
B. Clifford Neuman and Theodore Ts'o, Kerberos: An Authentication Service for Computer Networks, IEEE Communications, 32(9) pp33–38.
September 1994.
John T. Kohl, B. Clifford Neuman, and Theodore Y. T'so, The Evolution of the Kerberos Authentication System.
Distributed Open Systems, pp78–94.
IEEE Computer Society Press, 1994.
(Postscript format)
Cisco Systems Kerberos Overview- An Authentication Service for Open Network Systems
How Kerberos Authentication Works
Kerberos page at MIT
Kerberos Working Group at IETF
Kerberos Consortium at MIT
White Papers and Specifications at MIT
Kerberos How-to
The Kerberos FAQ
Heimdal Kerberos page  at KTH
Shishi, a free Kerberos implementation for the GNU system
Designing an Authentication System: A Dialogue in Four Scenes.
Humorous play concerning how the design of Kerberos evolved.
RFC 4120: The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)
Description of Kerberos 5 in the SPORE library
Kerberos Authentication in Windows Server 2003
Kerberos Tutorial
Novell Inc's Comment to the Proposed Settlement between Microsoft and the Department of Justice - Microsoft purposefully breaks Kerberos interoperability
Benefits: Easier key distribution and scalability.
Drawbacks: A KDC can become a single point of failure and every user must trust the KDC administrators
Kerberos 5 KDC operation
Alonzo Church (June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995) was an American mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science.
He is best known for the lambda calculus, Church's thesis and the Church-Rosser theorem.
Dalet (also spelled  or Daleth) is the fourth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.
In set theory, mathematicians originally intended to use daleth to represent the fourth transfinite cardinal numbers.
The name "dalet" is connected to the word "delet", meaning "door".
It also corresponds to the letter "delta" in the Greek alphabet.
Bet, Beth, or Vet is the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet.
It is represented by "ב".
In set theory, the letter  is used to represent a series of infinite cardinal numbers (called beth numbers).
In set theory (particularly in the theory of infinite cardinal numbers), the  symbol is used to represent the gimel function.
The Hebrew gimel corresponds to the letter G in English.
Waw (, also spelled vav or vau) () is the sixth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.
Its symbol in Ancient Hebrew writing is a arm raised up.
Its symbol in Modern Hebrew writing today is a line going from top to bottom.
It makes the sounds of many letters.
Friend Like That is a Pop punk song released by the band Hawk Nelson.
Made available on Christmas Eve on iTunes and other websites.
The music video for Friend Like That shows the band in a cartoon world.
The singer, Jason Dunn is running while other members of the band wait patiently for him to reach them.
Then they get into the bus and drive.
During the breakdown, some of them are singing in the van.
They get off the van and go through a door, to find themselves playing a Live concert on stage.
Nonviolence is a philosophy that rejects the use of physical violence.
People who practice nonviolence when expressing their beliefs may use methods like education, persuasion, civil disobedience, and conscientous objection to military service.
A demonstration  by a group of people in a public place, to show their support or to protest, is permitted on the condition that it remain nonviolent.
Sometimes the demonstrators are nonviolent but other people who oppose them will come to the demonstration and behave violently to show their opposition.
Some religious movements, such as the Society of Friends (Quakers) and Jainism with Ahimsa, are known for the practice of nonviolence.
There are people who adopt nonviolence in midlife, such as St. Francis of Assisi.
Famous leaders who practiced nonviolence
Abolitionism was a movement that wanted to end the practice of slavery in Europe and in America.
It was mainly active during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Until the 18th century, few people criticized slavery.
But thinkers of the Enlightenment started to criticize it, because in their opinion slavery was against human rights.
Communities like the Quakers thought that slavery was contradicting with Christianity.
Race-based slavery was established in the parts of British North America, New France, and Spanish America that would become the U.S. in the 16th and 17th centuries.
By the beginning of the 18th century, enslavement of black Africans was powering the economy in these areas.
Most opposition to slavery was from enslaved people themselves.
During the American Revolution, beginning in 1775, the Virginia Governor, Lord Dunmore promised freedom to slaves and indenture servants "able and willing to take up arms" with the British.
This proclamation would give freedom to the indentured servants and slaves held by the rebelling colonists, and wouldn't effect the loyalists.
Many of the former slaves would die of disease, in fact 8 times as many blacks died of disease than died in battle.
When the war ended, most slaves who decided to fight with the British were returned to servitude.
Some black Loyalists were taken to Canada and elsewhere.
The American Army of the revolution contained many blacks, most of them coming from New England.
The most significant black regiment was the 1st Rhode Island.
The Regiment was created in 1778 and consisted of mostly blacks.
Upon joining the regiment, the commander, Colonel Christopher Greene, would release any slave from servitude.
Following drafting, and signing of the new United States Constitution, blacks in the country were completely disenfranchised, and most remained slaves.
Slavery began to decline.
Most northern states outlawed its practice shortly after the Revolution, and in the south, Tobacco, the primary cash crop, was losing value In 1794, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.
This new invention helped to increase the profitability of cotton by mechanically removing its seeds.
After 1800 the amount of cotton produced in the United States would double every 10 years.
By the middle of the century, the United States produced three quarters of the worlds cotton.
The Haitian Revolution, a slave rebellion that lasted from 1791 to 1804, changed the whole direction of the slave system.
In the next 100 years, slavery would be legally abolished in many of the colonies controlled by European empires.
The Outsiders is a novel by S. E. Hinton, first published in 1967 by Viking Press.
Hinton was 15 when she began writing the novel and 17 when it was published.
The Outsiders is the lifestory of fourteen-year-old Ponyboy Michael Curtis.
Hinton explores a multitude of themes throughout the story, such as friendship, and coming of age.
They are seen by following two rival groups, the Greasers and the Socs (pronounced "soashes" by the author, short for Socials), who are separated by status.
The book's story is set in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
This is never said in the book.
The book was made into a movie in 1983.
It was also made into a television series in 1990.
The story starts when Ponyboy Curtis leaves a movie showing area and the Socs gang jumps him.
His brother Darry Curtis saves him.
He also has another brother, Sodapop Curtis.
Ponyboy talks about Socs and Greasers gang and how they are apart.
The Socs were the Westside rich kids, and the greasers were of the lowest class.
Later, some drunk Socs try to kill Ponyboy and his friend, Johnny Cade, kills Bob Sheldon, a Soc and they go hide in a church.
While they are gone the church catches on fire and they save some kids who are trapped inside.
Unfortunately, Johnny breaks his back and dies a week later.
Dally Winston, his friend,  is so sad that Johnny is dead that he robs a store, waves an empty gun and is killed by Ponyboy
Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical violence.
It is one of the primary tactics of nonviolent resistance.
The American author Henry David Thoreau pioneered the modern theory behind this practice in his 1849 essay Civil Disobedience, originally titled "Resistance to Civil Government".
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (also known as Mahatma Gandhi) used non-violent civil disobedience in South Africa in a campaign for civil rights for the people who came from India and lived in South Africa.
This campaign was from 1893 to 1914.
When Gandhi returned to India, he used civil disobedience in the campaign for the independence of India in 1930 from the British rule, when India was a British colony.
Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817– May 6, 1862) was an American author, naturalist and philosopher.
His friend, Ralph Waldo Emerson had a great impact on him, and supported him in many ways.
Emerson provided a place for Thoreau to live at Walden Pond, which inspired his book, Walden.
He is best known for his book, Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.
Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts.
He spent his childhood with his three brothers and sisters: John, Helen, and younger sister Sophia.
His father owned a local pencil factory, and his mother rented out parts of the family home to boarders - people who come from other places.
Thoreau received his education at the public school in Concord, the private Concord Academy, and graduated from Harvard College.
One day in the summer of 1841, Henry David Thoreau was worried about money after leaving his job at his father's pencil factory.
Suddenly, the most famous writer at the time, Ralph Waldo Emerson, knocked on his door.
Emerson asked him to work as a live-in handyman at his house.
During the days he lived with Emerson, Thoreau began to have dreams of becoming a writer.
Protest against the government
As the government needed money for the Mexican-American War, Henry David Thoreau refused to pay a direct tax for the war.
This was his first protest against the government.
He thought war was a bad thing, so it was necessary to resist government.
That led to him being put into jail.
Although people gave him advice to pay the tax, he still didn't pay it.
He didn't fear the government and at the same time inspired other people to join this protest.
The night in the jail allowed him to start writing his essay, Civil Disobedience, In the notes, he talked about the thought process of active, stated refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws or demands, orders of the state, and commands of a government.
After twenty years, the notes were printed into a book by the same name, and read by many people, including Martin Luther King Jr.
On May 6, 1862, Thoreau died of tuberculosis, a disease, which had been affecting him for many years.
After he died, he left behind many unfinished notes.
Some of them were later printed.
When Thoreau died, Ralph Waldo Emerson said of him in his funeral speech: "The country knows not yet, or in the least part, how great a son it has lost.... His soul was made for the noblest society; he had in a short life exhausted the capabilities of this world; wherever there is knowledge, wherever there is virtue, wherever there is beauty, he will find a home."
He was first buried in the Dunbar family plot at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord, Massachusetts.
However, in 1870, his grave was moved to Author's Ridge towards the back of the cemetery to be closer to the graves of his writer friends Emerson, Alcott, Hawthorne, and Channing.
Influence on American society
Henry David Thoreau became successful because Ralph Waldo Emerson helped Thoreau spread his work in England.
Thoreau's ideas were about nature.
He was heavily influenced by Emerson, who also introduced him to transcendentalism .
He set an example by doing things that inspired people during his lifetime.
He is someone who didn’t follow normal social rules .His ideas made him stand out during that time.
He also had concerns about the environment and helped to build a canal.
Walden was printed in 1854, and it seemed to be one of the most well-liked books during that time.
The book is about his stay in the woods by a pond in 1845 for two years, two months, two weeks, and two days.
During this time, he learned many things like how to get in touch with nature and spend time with himself.
The books, The Maine Woods, A Week on the Concord, and Merrimack Rivers also supported these ideas of trying to have a more natural and non-material life-style.
Saying Sorry is a song by Hawthorne Heights released in 2006 from their second album, If Only You Were Lonely.
It was their first single to reach the Top 10.
Watch the music video
The Love Parade was a big festival centered around Techno music in Germany.
Trucks with loudspeakers and deejays played loud music and passersby danced to it.
The festival began in Berlin in 1989.
It had been held most years in different locations.
In 2004 and 2005, there were no Love Parades.
The first Love Parade was held with about 150 people in 1989.
In 1999, there were about 1.5 million people.
In 2007, there were 1.2 million people and in 2008, there were 1.6 million people.
The last Love Parade was held in 2010, at which 21 people were crushed to death.
Similar events
Union Move in Munich
Generation Move in Hamburg or Kiel
Reincarnation in Hanover
Vision Parade in Bremen
Nachttanzdemo in Frankfurt am Main
Zug der Liebe in Berlin
Street Parade in Zürich
Lake Parade in Geneva
Techno Parade in Paris
LovEvolution in San Francisco
There are also protest parades, like the Fuckparade in Berlin, and the Antiparade in Zürich.
2010s disestablishments in Germany
The Silence in Black and White is the first album released by Hawthorne Heights.
it was released on June 1, 2004.
It was released by Victory Records.
On Monday, June 27, 2005 the 2 disc special edition CD/DVD was released.
The CD contains acoustic versions of most of the songs.
It also contains a DVD containing live performances and many other features.
It was produced by Sean O'Keefe.
The album takes its title from a line in the song Niki Fm.
The Silence in Black and White has sold 816,483 in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.
Life on Standby – 4:11
Dissolve and Decay – 3:44
Niki Fm – 3:59
The Transition – 4:04
Blue Burns Orange – 3:19
Silver Bullet – 4:03
Screenwriting an Apology – 3:41
Ohio Is for Lovers – 4:04
Wake Up Call – 4:02
Sandpaper and Silk – 3:36
Speeding up the Octaves – 4:09
Life On Standby
Dissolve and Decay
Blue Burns Orange
Screenwriting An Apology
Sandpaper and Silk
Speeding Up the Octaves
Silver Bullet (Demo)
Niki Fm (Demo)
Speeding Up the Octaves (Demo)
Ohio Is for Lovers (Live Acoustic On Q101)
The Transition (Live Acoustic On Q101)
Silver Bullet (Acoustic In The Studio)
Apparently Hover Boards Don't Work On Water (As a Day In the Life)
Life On Standby (Live)
Silver Bullet (Live)
Niki Fm (Live)
The Transition (Live)
Ohio Is for Lovers (Live)
Speeding Up the Octaves (Live)
Signing Footage
Interview With Hawthorne Heights
Music Interview
Music - Ohio Is for Lovers
Ohio Is for Lovers (Music Video)
Seven Commercial Spots
Speeding Up the Octaves (Demo Video)
Audio Commentary On Ohio Is for Lovers
Victory Van Raiders Featuring Silverstein
Bus Tour With J.T. of Hawthorne Heights
Fans of Hawthorne Heights Montage
The Gamblers is a German drama movie directed and written by Sebastian Bieniek.
The movie was first released on June 20, 2007 in Shanghai.
Dr. Maleeha Lodhi, HI, is a journalist, academic, and diplomat from Pakistan.
Till recently, she was the high commissioner of Pakistan to the United Kingdom.
She was ambassador from Pakistan to the United States from 1994-1997 and 1999-2002.
At present she is a Fellow at the Institute of Politics, Kennedy School, Harvard University.
She has also been a member of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament.
Naturism or nudism (from Latin nudus - nude) is a term used by many action groups in society.
These action groups usually want to spread the news that being naked is a good feeling, even around other people.
Usually   males and females are mixed and spend their time together.
Nakedness is seen without any relation to sex.
Rather, these action groups want to enjoy common activities in the nude, like bathing.
Often, they also want to do things nude where this is not really necessary, like naked bicycle tours.
It is difficult to know exactly when naturism began as an action group.
In 1903, Paul Zimmermann opened the first club, Freilichtpark (in English, "Free Light Park"), near Hamburg, Germany.
In the United States, German immigrant Kurt Barthel organized the first nudist event in the forest just outside of New York City.
His club was called "the American League for Physical Culture" (ALPC) and started in the late 1920's.
Zimmermann's vice president was a man named Ilsley Boone.
Boone had been a minister (religious leader) of a large church.
He quit to become involved with naturism all the time, and soon replaced Zimmermann as president.
Also, he renamed the ALPC as the "American Sunbathing Association."
Since 1995, it is known as the "American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR)."
Naturists come from many different social classes and backgrounds, and practice naturism for very different reasons.
In addition, religion can affect how people dress.
Islam generally does not allow anyone to be seen naked by others, except married couples in private, and young children by their parents and caregivers.
Traditional Judaism is similar, but less strict about a group of people of the same sex.
In India, Hinduism and Jainism have a few rituals with male nudism.
Buddhism has little to say about naturism.
If practiced, it is considered more of a way of living, than anything religious.
Nudity and naturism are probably the most complicated in Christianity.
Many Christians have similar views as those of traditional Judaism, the religion from which Christianity began and grew out of.
Others, called "Christian naturists," believe it is alright to be nude, and even to live nude, unless it is for the wrong reason or forced.
They consider the human body  to be the greatest creation of God.
They think it is not shameful and should not be covered.
In addition, they believe it was the devil, not God, who told Adam and Eve that they were naked upon eating from a fruit tree which was not theirs.
The Mediterranean region is the region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.
This includes places from Europe and Africa and Asia.
Most of the region has a Mediterranean climate with warm to hot dry summers and cool to mild wet winters.
Plants that grow there are short trees and shrubs which survive the yearly drought during summer.
The Mediterranean Region is so called because the largest stretch of area here lies along the margins of the Mediterranean Sea.
The regions having similarities with the Mediterranean Region are located on the western margins of continents in the latitudinal belt between 30° to 45° North and South latitudes .
Therefore, these regions are known by the common name of the Mediterranean Region of the world .
Europe: The margins of South Portugal, France, Greece, Italy and Spain.
Asia: Cyprus, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and parts of western and southern coastal Turkey.
North America: The coastal California around San Francisco.
South America: Central Chile.
Africa: The coastal area of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and the region around Cape Town  in South Africa.
Australia: South-west area around Perth and southern Australia and Adelaide.
The Turkic languages are a language family of some thirty languages.
They are spoken by Turkic peoples across an area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western and Northern China.
Traditionally people think that they are part of the Altaic language family.
Turkic languages are spoken by some 180 million people as a native language; and the total number of Turkic speakers is about 200 million, including speakers as a second language.
The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is the Turkish language, or Anatolian Turkish.
The speakers of this language are about 40% of all Turkic speakers.
Languages by native speakers
The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35  documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples.
Johanson, Lars.
1998. "
The history of Turkic."
In: Johanson & Csató, pp.
81-125.
Turkic languages."
In: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
CD 98.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept.
Menges, K. H. 1968.
The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies.
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Turkic Languages: Resources - University of Michigan
Map of Turkic languages
Classification of Turkic Languages
Online Uyghur-English Dictionary
Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin (; 1 January 1863 – 2 September 1937) was a French teacher and historian.
He was very interested in physical education and he loved the idea of a gymnasium as the ancient Greeks had, were young and old learned and sported together.
He is the founder of the International Olympic Committee.
The International Pierre De Coubertin Committee (CIPC) – Lausanne
Coubertin reader of Flaubert
The Wenlock Olympian Society
Discourse of Pierre de Coubertin at Sorbonne announcing the restoring of the Olympic games (in french, audio)
Presidents of the International Olympic Committee
Chamonix is a French commune next to Mont Blanc.
It is in the Haute-Savoie department.
The Winter Olympic Games were there in 1924.
Albertville is a French commune in the Savoie department.
Its population is about 17,300 (1999 census).
The commune hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1992.
Communes in Savoie
The Kansas Turnpike is a road in Kansas, part of the United States.
The road is a turnpike—a payment must be made to use it.
The road is 236 miles, or 380 kilometers, long.
It starts at the line between Kansas and Oklahoma, and goes to Kansas City.
It runs through many important cities in Kansas, including Wichita, Topeka, Lawrence, and Kansas City.
The Kansas Turnpike is owned and repaired by the Kansas Turnpike Authority (KTA), which is based in Wichita.
The Kansas Turnpike was built between 1954 and 1956.
It was built before the Interstate Highway System.
The turnpike was not part of the Interstate System at first.
However, it became part of the system in 1956.
Parts of the turnpike also are parts of four Interstate Highways: I-35, I-335, I-470, and I-70.
Around 120,000 people use the Kansas Turnpike every day.
KTA helps users by running a radio station about the road.
It has also built places called service areas where people can stop and rest, and buy gasoline and things to eat.
One service area has a memorial to American football coach Knute Rockne, who died near the turnpike.
The Kansas Turnpike Authority does not need tax money to pay for repairs to the road.
The payments from users are used to pay for the repairs instead.
Roads in the United States
Fashion houses
1968 establishments in New York (state)
Merrie Melodies is the name of a series of animated cartoons distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures between 1931 and 1969.
The sister series to Warner's Looney Tunes, Merrie Melodies were originally one-shot musical cartoon shorts before gradually featuring recurring characters.
Originally produced by Harman-Ising Pictures, Merrie Melodies were produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions from 1933 to 1944.
Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. in 1944, and the newly renamed Warner Bros. Cartoons continued production until 1963, What's Up Doc? (
The Big Cartoon Database entry for Merrie Melodies
1969 disestablishments
John Dewey (born 20 October 1859) was an American psychologist and philosopher.
He was born in Burlington, Vermont.
Dewey graduated from the University of Vermont.
He later taught at many schools.
In September 1882, Dewey went to the Johns Hopkins University and studied philosophy and psychology and published the paper, "The New Psychology" in the Andover Review in 1884.
Afterwards, he taught psychology at universities and later on, got married to his former student Alice Chipman.
In 1886, he started a new school which came to be known as the "Laboratory School" or "Dewey School".
This school taught pragmatism, which says that a school's curriculum should be based on everyday life, lessons, and focuses on hands-on activities to better help students learn.
His wife Alice was principal of the "Dewey School" from 1901 to 1904.
After he retired as a teacher, he continued watching and figuring the society and politics.
John Dewey died in 1952.
John Dewey believed in the "theory of inquiry", which shows how animals survived in their environment.
He used the theory in the way he taught.
He said that children learn best with real-life problems and hands-on activities.
His most well-known essay was "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896) which created the stimulus that became the response, which later became known as social behaviorism.
For example, a person focuses on something, decides what to do, then acts on the decision.
Subscript is the text which a small letter/number is written after a particular letter/number.
It hangs below its letter or number.
It is used when writing chemical compounds.
An example of subscript is N2.
Superscript is the small letter / number above a particular letter / number.
An example of superscript is 25.
The number 5 above the number 2 is an example of superscript.
Superscript can be used for exponents in mathematics.
Typing subscripts
"The Middle" is a 2001 song released by Jimmy Eat World from their album, Bleed American.
It is the third song from their album.
The song is not what is usually heard from the band.
It is one of the more straightforward, upbeat songs, its also one of their most well-known singles.
The band are featured in this music video.
It also shows girls in their bikinis and a swimming pool, and someone goes into it during the guitar solo so for a moment its kinda faded out, but then he goes back to the surface.
At the start of this video, two people in a car get out and go inside to the party.
Bleed American is the fourth album released by Jimmy Eat World and was made available in 2001.
They had to change the title in stores to Salt Sweat Sugar because they were scared Bleed American would be taken the wrong way, possibly in an offensive way due to the September 11 attacks.
Bleed American (some copies list it as "Salt Sweat Sugar")
Praise Chorus
Your House
Hear You Me
If You Don't Don't
Get It Faster
Cautioners
The Authority Song
My Sundown
On the second song, "Praise chorus" they mention old songs such as our house in the middle of the street.
Davey Von Bohlen from The promise ring does some of the vocals for the song.
The Blackpool tramway is a tramway that runs from Blackpool to Fleetwood, on the Fylde Coast in Lancashire, England.
The tramway was built in 1885.
It is one of the oldest electric tramways in the world and is the only one of the earliest tramways that is still in operation in the United Kingdom.
The tramway is owned by Blackpool Borough Council and is run by Blackpool Transport as part of the Metro Coastlines network.
The tramway runs for , and over 6,500,000 people travel on it each year.
The first part of Blackpool tramway opened on 29 September 1885.
It was a conduit line.
It ran from Cocker Street to Dean Street on the Blackpool Promenade.
This was one of the first practical electric tramways built in the world.
It opened six years after Werner von Siemens first showed electric traction.
At the opening was Holroyd Smith, the person who created the system, and Alderman Harwood, the Mayor of Manchester, along with many other people.
The Blackpool Electric Tramway Company ran the line until 1892.
At this point, the lease on the line finished, and Blackpool Corporation then ran the line.
In 1895 another line was added.
It ran from Manchester Square along Lytham Road to South Shore.
In 1897 the tracks were extended to South Pier.
A line was also built on Station Road that connected Lytham Road to the promenade.
The conduit system was changed to overhead wires in 1899.
In 1900 the line was built more to the north to Gynn Square.
It linked up the Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad there.
The Marton loop opened in 1901.
It connected Talbot Square and Central Station along Church Street, Devonshire Square, Whitegate Drive, Waterloo Road and Central Drive.
At Whitegate Drive in Marton a new depot was built.
Another line was added from Talbot Square along Talbot Road to Layton on 1902.
The promenade line had got as far as the Pleasure Beach by 1903.
The Blackpool Corporation took over the Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad Company in 1920.
The Corporation got eight miles of track and three depots from the take-over.
Two depots were in Fleetwood and one was in Bispham.
The small Bold Street Depot in Fleetwood was closed and a new loop was built at Fleetwood Ferry.
The depot at Blundell Street was replaced by a bigger one on Rigby Road in 1920.
In 1925 the line to Fleetwood was made more direct between Rossall and Broadwater.
The last extension was built in 1926.
It went along the promenade to Clifton Drive at Starr Gate.
A connection was made there with the Lytham St Annes tracks.
The first route closure took place in 1936.
They were the Central Drive and Layton routes.
In 1961 Lytham Road closed, and Marton closed one year later.
The tramroad line on Dickson Road to North Station closed in 1963.
Marton and Copse Road Depots closed in the same year.
The depot at Bispham closed in 1966.
All that was left was the track running from Starr Gate to Fleetwood.
The running of the buses and tramway was handed over to Blackpool Transport Services Limited in 1986 by Blackpool Borough Council.
Today the tramway runs from Starr Gate in Blackpool to the Ferry Terminus in Fleetwood.
Most of the route runs along the Fylde Coast sea front.
At Cleveleys the line turns inland for a few miles.
It then returns to the coast in Fleetwood.
There are four different types of track:
Street running, which is open to all traffic.
This can be found along Lord Street and North Albert Street in Fleetwood and there is also a short amount on the Promenade in Blackpool behind the Metropole Hotel.
Paved reserved track alongside a road which is open to pedestrians but not toroad traffic.
This is along most of the route between Starr Gate and Gynn Square.
Reserved ballasted track that is open to trams only.
This can be seen from Gynn Square to Rossall, and along Radcliffe Road in Fleetwood.
The interurban style alignment which does not follow a road and is open to trams only can be found from Rossall to Radcliffe Road, Fleetwood.
On the line there are four turning loops.
One is at Starr Gate, another is opposite the Pleasure Beach and two more are at Little Bispham and Fleetwood.
There is also one that links into Rigby Road Depot.
Blackpool tramway today
Blackpool runs a mix of double-deck and single-deck cars, though there are more single-deck trams in the fleet.
The double-deck trams are used the most in the tourist season.
The single-deck trams are not used as much at that time.
They are sometimes used though when it is busy to let the system carry more passengers.
Blackpool was the only town in the UK that kept its trams.
Between 1962 and 1992 Blackpool was the only town with a tramway in the UK that was not a preserved system.
The last English city to lose its trams was Sheffield in 1960.
The last in the UK was Glasgow in 1962.
Trams have been returning to the towns and cities in Britain since the Manchester Metrolink opened in Manchester in 1992.
There are lots of different trams in the fleet at Blackpool.
Most of them were built in the 1930s and are still in service in an unchanged condition.
Some others have had their bodywork changed.
Sometime historic trams are borrowed from the National Tramway Museum in Crich and other museums for public service.
The trams from Starr Gate in the south to Fleetwood in the north.
At busy periods such as the Blackpool Illuminations or on bank holidays services start or finish short at Cleveleys, Bispham or the Pleasure Beach.
This means that more trams can run through the centre of Blackpool in a small period.
When the Illuminations are on specially decorated trams carry passengers along the promenade and the illuminated area.
The area runs from Starr Gate to Bispham.
Until the opening of the Metrolink, Fleetwood was the only town in England that kept trams running down the main street.
In November 2007 the whole tramway closed for the first time.
It was closed for five months for the second part of an £11,800,000 upgrade.
Blackpool Transport Services and Blackpool Council currently have a joint bid awaiting Government approval.
It could give up to £77,000,000 for a total upgrade of the trams and tracks.
In January 2007 the City Class 611 prototype "supertram" was being tested on the tramway.
It caught fire as it approached Central Pier.
This caused lots of damage.
The driver managed to get out of the cab.
The tram was built by Mersyside-based Tram Power.
It was being tested as part of a bid to replace the current trams.
The same tram had already derailed on 30 May 2006 at Starr Gate loop in trials then.
A Rail Accident Investigation Board report said that the derailmet was because of wear and tear on the track.
They said another factor was the new type of running gear on the two-car prototype.
The company paid £150,000 to rebuild the tramcar.
It cannot be re-tested until November 2008 at the earliest though.
This is because testing is not allowed during the busy summer months and also because of the earlier closure of the tracks for repairs.
A £1 billion bid for a Government grant was made in 2002 by Blackpool Council and Lancashire County Council after the Government made a pledge to build 25 new tram networks by 2010.
They want to expand the tram network to include St Annes to the south and new housing estates in Fleetwood to the north.
There is a possible further phase to include links to Poulton-le-Fylde and Thornton.
In 2004 campaigners behind the bid expressed disappointment that nothing had been done to take the plans forward in two years.
By November 2007 there was no further development.
Metro Coastlines
Blackpool Tramway Photos
Blackpool Trams website by the Lancastrian Transport Trust
Fylde Tramway Society
The church separated from the Assyrian Church of the East.
This happened because Mar Shimun XXIII, the patriarch of Assyrian Church of the East introduced reforms which were not supported.
These reforms included changes such as those of using the new Roman calendar rather than the old calendar.
The people who did not support the changes thought they were opposed to the sanctity of being one of the oldest Christian churches in the world.
For this reason, the followers of the Ancient Church of the East resisted the changes made to the church.
Mar Thoma Darmo, a native of Mesopotamia, who was Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East in India from 1952 to 1968, based at Trichur separated from the Assyrian Church of the East.
He became the head of the Ancient Church of the East in October 1968 and moved to Baghdad.
After his death, Mar Addai II was elected to replace him.
A Territorial collectivity ( or sometimes called collectivité locale) in the France, is a name for all dependent areas.
They have an elected local government and (per article #72 of the French constitution) a "certain freedom of administration".
In 2018 Corsica became the first collectivité territoriale in metropolitan France followed in 2021 by the European Collectivity of Alsace.
In telecommunications, cleartext is the form of a message or data which is in a form that is immediately understandable to a human being without additional processing.
In particular, it implies that this message is sent or stored without cryptographic protection.
The phrases, "in clear", "en clair" and "in the clear" are the same.
It is close to, but not entirely the same as, the term "plaintext".
Formally, plaintext is information that is fed as an input to a coding process, while  ciphertext is what comes out of that process.
Plaintext might be compressed, coded, or otherwise changed before it is converted to ciphertext, so it is quite common to find plaintext that is not cleartext.
Websites using insecure HTTP send using cleartext, with all data supplied (including usernames and passwords) being sent from the user's computer through the internet using cleartext.
Anyone with access to the medium used to carry the data (the routers, computers, telecommunications equipment, wireless transmissions, and so on) may read the password, username, and anything else sent to the website.
A print server, or printer server, is a computer or device that is connected to one or more printers and to a network.
It accepts print jobs from client computers, then prints the jobs on the requested printer.
A computer running any of the printing servers software; implementing any of the network printing protocols.
A dedicated device that connects one or more printers to a local area network (LAN).
It typically has a single LAN connector, such as an RJ-45 socket or a wireless connection,and one or more physical ports (e.g. serial, parallel or Universal Serial Bus (USB) ) to provide connections to printers.
Such dedicated device converts network printing protocols from what was sent by client computers to what the printers can understand.
The term print server usually refers to (1) above, while print server device or print server appliance usually refers to (2).
Some printers have built-in print server's capabilities and can connect direct to the network.
NTP Public Services Project This is the home for the NTP (Network Time Protocol) Public Services Project which provides public support for the NTP Project and the IETF NTP Working Group.
Also a Wiki with lists of NTP servers.
IETF NTP working group
David Mills' NTP project page
NTP version 4 Release Notes
Time and NTP paper
NTP Articles and News  - A collection of NTP related articles and news
NTP Survey 2005
Network Time Protocol  - National Research Council of Canada
Network Time Server - NTP time server software for Windows
Online NTP Test Utility - Tests a NTP Server which is public to the internet
A Brief Guide to NTP  - Google Knol on NTP
Time Synchronisation Blog
Other time synchronization protocols
Daytime protocol DAYTIME synchronization protocol via TCP or UDP port 13
ICMP protocol Time synchronization with ICMP timestamps (basis for timed  )
HTTP Time Protocol (HTP) Time synchronization with HTTP headers
Reference-Broadcast Synchronization  (RBS)  Time synchronization for wireless networks
Time protocol Time synchronization protocol via TCP or UDP port 37
Project Athena was a joint project of MIT, Digital Equipment Corporation, and IBM.
It was launched in 1983, and research and development continued until June 30, 1991, eight years after it began.
It is widely believed that the goals were to create a computing environment that would utilize up to 1,000 workstations but in fact, the goal was to improve the quality of education delivered by the Institute.
The project created  many technologies that are widely used today, such as the X Window System and Kerberos.
Treese, G. Winfield, Berkeley UNIX on 1000 Workstations: Athena Changes to 4.3 BSD USENIX Association, February 1988.
Arfman, J. M.; Roden, Peter.
Project Athena: Supporting distributed computing at MIT IBM Systems Journal Volume 31, Number 3, 1992.
Champine, George (1991).
MIT Project Athena: A Model for Distributed Campus Computing, Digital Press, .
Avril, C. R.; Orcutt, Ron L.  Athena: MIT's Once and Future Distributed Computing Project, Information Technology Quarterly (Fall 1990).
Athena at MIT (mit.edu)
Athena at MIT
Project Glue at UMD College Park
A session key is a single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session.
A closely related term is traffic encryption key or TEK, which refers to any symmetric key that is used to encrypt traffic messages.
Typically TEKs are changed frequently, in some systems daily and in others for every message.
Session keys introduce complexities in a cryptosystem.
However, they also help with some real problems, which is why they are used.
There are two primary reasons for using session keys:
First, several cryptanalytic attacks are made easier as more ciphertext encrypted with a specific key is available.
By limiting the number of messages encrypted using a single key, those attacks are made more difficult.
Second, many otherwise good encryption algorithms require that keys be distributed securely before encryption can be used.
All symmetric secret key algorithms have this undesirable property.
There are other algorithms which don't require secure distribution of secret keys, but they are too slow to be practical for encrypting long messages (see Public-key cryptography).
By using one of these "asymmetric" algorithms to distribute an encrypted secret key for another, faster, symmetric-key algorithm, it's possible to improve overall performance considerably.
Like all cryptographic keys, session keys must be chosen so that they are unpredictable by an attacker.
In the usual case, this means that they must be chosen randomly.
Failure to choose session keys (or any key) properly is a major drawback in any cryptosystem.
In The Kite Runner, Amir and Hassan grow up together in Afghanistan like brothers, although they could not be more different.
Amir is the son of a rich  businessman, a Sunni Muslim, a Pashtun.
He is educated and loves to read and write.
Hassan's father Ali is a servant to Amir's father.
Hassan is a Sh'ia Muslim and a Hazara.
He can not read and has a harelip.
Neither boy has a mother, although Baba's friend, Rahim Kahn, has a close friendship with Amir.
They spend their boyhoods roaming the streets of Kabul together.
Amir is a selfish friend to Hassan, who is devoted and loyal to Amir.
One day, he hides in fear as Hassan is beaten and raped by three bullies, led by a boy called Assef, when Hassan refuses to give them a kite that he found for Amir.
After this, he cannot bear to talk to Hassan and pretends to his father that Hassan stole his watch so that Hassan will be sent away.
Although his father forgives Hassan, Ali and Hassan decide to leave.
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan sends Amir and his father escaping to the United States, because Amir's father has been known to curse the Communists and had a strong admiration on Ronald Reagan.
Amir is called back to Afghanistan, by a terminally ill Rahim Kahn, as an adult during the Taliban rule to rescue Hassan's son Sohrab, when Rahim tells him that he and Hassan are actually half-brothers because his father secretly had sex with Hassan's mother.
When rescuing Sohrab, Amir has to confront Assef who is now a leader of the Taliban.
He gets severely beaten by Assef and Sohrab eventually saves him by firing a slingshot at Assef's eye.
He goes home with Amir to live with him and his wife Soraya, but does not talk or play.
Eventually, Amir gets Sohrab to smile when he teaches him to fly a kite.
Official website of author Khaled Hosseini
Khaled Hosseini discusses The Kite Runner on the BBC World Book Club
Article on the novel at Let's Talk about Bollywood
Excerpts: Excerpt at ereader.com Excerpt at litstudies.org Excerpt at today.com
Book Drum illustrated profile of The Kite Runner
The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) is a contraceptive for women.
It is often called birth control pill or simply "The Pill."
The pills contain hormones that make the women who take them infertile.
Women who take the pill will not become pregnant during sexual intercourse.
When a woman stops taking the pills, she will usually become fertile again.
When taken as prescribed, the pills are one of the safest methods of contraception.
In the 1950s, scientists (such as Carl Djerassi, George Rosenkranz and Alejandro Zaffaroni) realized that the hormone progesterone stopped women from making eggs (stopped ovulation).
After this discovery, the combined oral contraceptive pill was created.
The combined oral contraceptive pill has two female hormones: estrogen and progesterone.
Some oral contraceptive pills have only progesterone.
These are often called the "minipill".
In the United States, the combined oral contraceptive pill was first given to women in 1960.
It was a revolutionary breakthrough in contraception for two reasons.
First, it is extremely effective at preventing pregnancy if it is used in the right way.
Second, it was the first contraceptive to completely separate the act of contraception (in this case the taking of a pill) from sexual intercourse itself.
Unlike barrier methods, when a woman is "on the Pill," she and her man are usually not even aware of it during sexual intercourse, which seems and feels very natural. (
In fact, it is possible for the woman to be on the pill without her partner even knowing.)
Unlike coitus interruptus, when a woman is on the Pill, intercourse usually ends with her man reaching orgasm while inside the vagina, which both the man and woman usually find very pleasurable.
It may also  make women's menses shorter and with less bleeding, as well as helping her complexion, which most women like.
For all of these reasons, the Pill is very popular.
In 2005, more than  80 million women across the world used the Pill.
It is the most common method of contraception in the United States, with four out of five women there having used the pill for birth control at some point in their lives.
Use of the Pill is different in different countries, and among women of different ages and levels of education.
Both single women and married women use the Pill in large numbers.
The Pill has some slight risks for side effects.
It may make a very small increase in the risk of blood clots in the lungs, strokes, heart attacks, and breast cancer.
Sometimes, but rarely, these side effects are serious enough to make a woman decide to stop using the Pill.
Different countries use different contraceptives
The choices a woman has for contraception - and whether contraception is even available - depends on what country she lives in.
These things are different in different countries.