the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Rex Motion Picture Co., William Swanson
For several years some of these junior partners carried considerable weight within Universal; inevitably factions and rivalries were the rule.
At least one version of corporate history claims that the twenty-year-old Irving Thalberg rose so quickly because he told subordinates that he alone spoke for Carl Laemmle in making production decisions, while the others were more concerned with battling among themselves.
Bruck, Connie.
When Hollywood Had a King.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.
Drinkwater, John.
The Life and Adventures of Carl Laemmle.
G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1931, illustrated.
Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills - map Providencial and Water Development
Los Angeles Library Photo Collection "Bird-Eye View of Universal City" 1911
Los Angeles Library Photo Collection "Nestor Studios" .
Mordden, Ethan.
The Hollywood Studios.
New York: Fireside, 1989.
McDougal, Dennis.
The Last Mogul: Lew Wasserman, MCA and the Hidden History of Hollywood.
New York: Crown Publishers, 1998.
Schatz, Thomas.
The Genius of the System.
New York: Pantheon Books, 1989.
Sklar, Robert.
Movie-Made America.
New York: Vintage, 1994.
The Little Engine That Could (1991) (Kath Soucie, Frank Welker, and B.J. Ward)
A Dinosaur's Story (1993) (John Goodman, Rene LeVant, and Felicity Kendal)
An American Tail (1986) (Phillip Glasser, Amy Green, and John P. Finnegan)
The Land Before Time (1988) (Gabriel Damon, Candace Hutson, and Judith Barsi)
Jurassic Park (1993) (Sam Neill, Laura Dern, and Jeff Goldblum)
Babe (1995) (James Cromwell, Magda Szubanski, and Brittany Byrnes)
Beethoven (1992) (Charles Grodin)
Jaws (1975) (Roy Scheider)
Smokey and the Bandit (1977) (Jackie Gleason and Burt Reynolds)
How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000) (Jim Carrey, Taylor Momsen, and Jeffrey Tambor)
Balto (1995) (Kevin Bacon, Bob Hoskins, and Bridget Fonda)
The Flintstones (1994) (John Goodman, Rick Moranis, and Elizabeth Perkins
Back to the Future (1985) (Michael J. Fox)
Curious George (2006) (Frank Welker, Will Ferrell, and Drew Barrymore)
Despicable Me (2010) (Steve Carell, Jason Segel, and Russell Brand)
The Nutty Professor (1996) (Eddie Murphy, Jada Pinkett, and James Coburn)
American Pie (1999) (Jason Biggs)
The Mummy (1999) (Brendan Fraser)
Nanny McPhee (2005) (Emma Thompson, Colin Firth, and Thomas Brodie-Sangster)
Airport (1970) (Burt Lancaster, Dean Martin, and Jean Seberg)
The Little Engine That Could (2011) (Alyson Stoner, Whoopi Goldberg, and Patrick Warburton)
Happy Tree Friends (1999) (Kenn Navarro, Aubrey Ankrum, Warren Graff, and David Winn)
Nirvana (1987-1994) (Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl and Krist Novoselic)
List of Universal Pictures films
The Second Punic War was a conflict fought in 218 BC - 201 BC between Rome and Carthage.
The majority of Carthaginian forces were led by Hannibal.
Hannibal scared the Romans by invading them over the mountains from Hispania with war elephants.
He won the Battle of the Trebia and kept winning battles by being a good general.
In the Battle of Cannae he destroyed the biggest army the Romans had ever used.
After that, the Romans avoided fighting Hannibal, and concentrated on defeating his allies.
This became known as the Fabian strategy.
Each side had many allies, but most of Rome's allies were loyal whilst Carthage's allies switched sides.
Hannibal, even though he was doing well, eventually had to leave and go back to defend Carthage.
In North Africa, Scipio Africanus won the Battle of Zama, which cemented Rome's victory over Carthage.
The Second Punic War ruined the power of Carthage.
Rome became the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin for the next 600 years.
Zama was a battle in Carthage around 19 October 202 BC.
There were elephants as well as ground infantry.
Scipio Africanus won.
Hannibal lost.
It was the last battle in the Second Punic War.
200s BC
Touchstone Pictures (also known as Touchstone Films in its early years) is one of several alternate movie labels of The Walt Disney Company, established in 1984.
Its releases typically feature more mature themes than those that gets released under the Walt Disney Pictures banner.
Touchstone Pictures is merely a brand and does not exist as a separate company: the two de facto companies behind it are Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Group and Walt Disney Pictures (formerly "Walt Disney Pictures and Television").
Walt Disney Productions' The Black Hole (1979) was the first Disney movie to get a PG rating.
Over the next few years, Disney experimented with more PG-rated fare, such as the 1981 movie Condorman, 1982's Tron and 1983's Never Cry Wolf and Trenchcoat.
Started by then Disney CEO Ron W. Miller in 1984, Touchstone's first release was Splash.
Splash included brief nudity on the part of star Daryl Hannah and occasional language, earning a PG-rating.
Yet another Disney film label was started in 1990, Hollywood Pictures, with the release of Arachnophobia.
Later releases
Many movies from the Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group have during the course of their prior release dates been shifting between the Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone Pictures and Hollywood Pictures names before finally settling for one.
Examples include; Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Dick Tracy, The Rocketeer, The Nightmare Before Christmas, The Santa Clause, Remember the Titans, Sweet Home Alabama, Bringing Down the House, National Treasure, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl.
The studio's former television division, Touchstone Television Productions, LLC (formerly known as Touchstone Pictures and Television and later Touchstone Television), is known for producing the series The Golden Girls, Blossom, Boy Meets World, My Wife and Kids, Desperate Housewives, Lost, Grey's Anatomy, and Scrubs.
The latter four series are now produced by successor company ABC Studios.
List of Touchstone Pictures features
Country (1984)
Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend (1985)
My Science Project (1985)
Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986)
Off Beat (1986)
Ruthless People (1986)
Tough Guys (1986)
The Color of Money (1986)
Outrageous Fortune (1987)
Tin Men (1987)
Ernest Goes to Camp (1987)
Adventures in Babysitting (1987)
Stakeout (1987)
Can't Buy Me Love (1987)
Hello Again (1987)
Three Men and a Baby (1987)
Good Morning, Vietnam (1988)
Shoot to Kill (1988)
D.O.A. (1988)
Big Business (1988)
Cocktail (1988)
The Rescue (1988)
Heartbreak Hotel (1988)
The Good Mother (1988)
Ernest Saves Christmas (1988)
Beaches (1988)
Three Fugitives (1989)
New York Stories (1989)
Disorganized Crime (1989)
Dead Poets Society (1989)
Turner & Hooch (1989)
An Innocent Man (1989)
Gross Anatomy (1989)
Blaze (1989)
Stella (1990)
Where the Heart Is (1990)
Pretty Woman (1990)
Ernest Goes to Jail (1990)
Spaced Invaders (1990)
Fire Birds (1990)
Dick Tracy (1990)
Betsy's Wedding (1990)
Mr. Destiny (1990)
3 Men and a Little Lady (1990)
Green Card (1991)
Oscar (1991)
What About Bob? (
The Doctor (1991)
Scenes from a Mall (1991)
True Identity (1991)
Deceived (1991)
Paradise (1991)
Ernest Scared Stupid (1991)
The Rocketeer (1991)
Billy Bathgate (1991)
Father of the Bride (1991)
Noises Off... (1992, co-production with Amblin Entertainment)
Sister Act (1992)
A Stranger Among Us (1992)
The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag (1992)
3 Ninjas (1992)
Crossing the Bridge (1992)
Captain Ron (1992)
Alive (1993, co-production with Paramount Pictures)
The Cemetery Club (1993)
Indian Summer (1993)
Life with Mikey (1993)
What's Love Got to Do with It? (
My Boyfriend's Back (1993)
The Program (1993)
Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993)
Cabin Boy (1994)
My Father the Hero (1994)
The Ref (1994, in association with Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer)
The Inkwell (1994)
When a Man Loves a Woman (1994)
The Santa Clause (1994, co-production with Walt Disney Pictures)
I Love Trouble (1994)
It's Pat (1994)
A Simple Twist of Fate (1994)
Bad Company (1995)
Jerky Boys: The Movie (1995)
Jefferson in Paris (1995, in association with Merchant Ivory Productions)
Mad Love (1995)
Feast of July (1995, in association with Merchant Ivory Productions)
Father of the Bride Part II (1995)
Mr.Wong (1996)
An Indian in the City (1996 US release of a 1994 French movie from Canal Plus/TF1)
Up Close & Personal (1996, co-production with Cinergi Pictures)
Two Much (1996, co-production with PolyGram Filmed Entertainment)
Boys (1996, co-production with PolyGram Filmed Entertainment)
Last Dance (1996)
Phenomenon (1996)
Kazaam (1996, co-production with PolyGram Filmed Entertainment)
The War at Home (1996)
Ransom (1996, in association with Imagine Entertainment)
The Preacher's Wife (1996, in association with The Samuel Goldwyn Company)
Metro (1997)
The Sixth Man (1997)
Romy and Michele's High School Reunion (1997)
Con Air (1997, in association with Jerry Bruckheimer Films)
Face/Off (1997, co-production with Paramount Pictures)
Nothing to Lose (1997)
A Thousand Acres (1997, presentation of a Beacon Communications/PolyGram Filmed Entertainment production)
Playing God (1997, co-production with Beacon Communications)
Starship Troopers (1997, co-production with Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures)
Kundun (1997)
Krippendorf's Tribe (1998)
He Got Game (1998, co-production with 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks)
The Horse Whisperer (1998)
Six Days Seven Nights (1998)
Armageddon (1998, in association with Jerry Bruckheimer Films)
Jane Austen's Mafia! (
Snake Eyes (1998, co-production with Paramount Pictures)
Holy Man (1998)
Beloved (1998, in association with Harpo Productions)
The Waterboy (1998)
Enemy of the State (1998, in association with Jerry Bruckheimer Films)
A Civil Action (1998, co-production with Paramount Pictures and Scott Rudin Productions)
Rushmore (1999)
The Other Sister (1999)
Cradle Will Rock (1999)
10 Things I Hate about You (1999)
Instinct (1999, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
Summer of Sam (1999, co-production with 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks)
The 13th Warrior (1999)
Mumford (1999)
Bringing Out the Dead (1999, co-production with Paramount Pictures)
The Insider (1999, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo (1999, in association with Happy Madison)
Runaway Bride (1999, in association with Paramount Pictures)
Play It to the Bone (1999)
Bicentennial Man (1999, co-production with Columbia Pictures and 1492 Pictures)
Mission to Mars (2000, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
High Fidelity (2000, in association with Working Title Films)
Keeping the Faith (2000, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
Shanghai Noon (2000, co production with Spyglass Entertainment)
Gone in Sixty Seconds (2000, in association with Jerry Bruckheimer Films)
Coyote Ugly (2000, in association with Jerry Bruckheimer Films)
The Crew (2000)
Unbreakable (2000, in association with Barry Mendel Productions)
Double Take (2001)
Pearl Harbor (2001, in association with Jerry Bruckheimer Films)
Crazy/Beautiful (2001)
High Heels and Low Lifes (2001)
Bubble Boy (2001)
New Port South (2001)
Corky Romano (2001)
Out Cold (2001, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment and Donner's Company)
Sorority Boys (2002, in association with MBST Entertainment)
Big Trouble (2002)
Bad Company (2002, in association with Jerry Bruckheimer Films)
Ultimate X: The Movie (2002, in association with ESPN)
Reign of Fire (2002, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
Signs (2002, in association with The Kennedy/Marshall Company)
Moonlight Mile (2002)
Sweet Home Alabama (2002)
The Hot Chick (2002, co-production with Happy Madison)
25th Hour (2003, co-production with 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks)
The Recruit (2003, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
Shanghai Knights (2003, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
Bringing Down the House (2003)
Hope Springs (2003)
Calendar Girls (2003)
Cold Creek Manor (2003)
Open Range (2003, co-production with Beacon Communications)
Under the Tuscan Sun (2003)
Veronica Guerin (2003, in association with Jerry Bruckheimer Films)
The Ladykillers (2004)
The Alamo (2004, in association with Imagine Entertainment)
Raising Helen (2004, co-production with Beacon Communications)
King Arthur (2004, in association with Jerry Bruckheimer Films)
The Village (2004, in association with Scott Rudin Productions)
Mr. 3000 (2004, co-production with Dimension Films, Spyglass Entertainment and The Kennedy/Marshall Company)
Ladder 49 (2004, co-production with Beacon Communications)
The Last Shot (2004, in association with MBST Entertainment)
The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004, in asscociation with Scott Rudin Productions)
A Lot Like Love (2005, co-production with Beacon Communications)
Flightplan (2005, in association with Imagine Entertainment)
Dark Water (2005)
The Dream Begins (2005, in association with Lawrence Bender Productions)
Cinderella Man (2005, co-production with Miramax Films, Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment)
Shopgirl (2005)
Casanova (2005)
Kinky Boots (2005, co-production with Miramax Films)
Annapolis (2006)
Rearranged (2006)
Stick It (2006, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
Step Up (2006, in association with Summit Entertainment)
The Guardian (2006, co-production with Beacon Communications)
The Prestige (2006, co-production with Warner Bros. and Newmarket Films)
Déjà Vu (2006, in association with Jerry Bruckheimer Films)
Apocalypto (2006, co-production with Icon Entertainment)
Wild Hogs (2007)
The United States Coast Guard is one of the 5 branches of the military of the United States.
It is a part of the United States Department of Homeland Security.
The Coast Guard's purpose is to protect the people, environment, industry and security of the United States on seas, lakes and rivers.
To do this, the Coast Guard uses boats, ships, helicopters and airplanes to stop smuggling and other crime and terrorism, and to rescue ships and boats in danger.
The Coast Guard traces its roots back to the United States Revenue Cutter Service, which was created by Congress on 4 August 1790.
As such, the Coast Guard is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States.
The modern United States Coast Guard was started on January 28, 1915.
This is when the U. S. Congress ordered the United States Revenue Cutter Service and the United States Life-Saving Service to merge into a single service.
The Coast Guard can become part of the Department of the Navy during war, but it is not now.
It became part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003.
The U.S. Revenue Cutter Service (USRCS) was set up in 1790 when President George Washington signed an act allowing the building of 10 boats called "cutters".
The service was first suggested in a letter by Alexander Hamilton as a way to collect tariffs which were being lost to smuggling.
They were also tasked with making sure shipments of goods from the United States were getting through to markets in other countries.
The first Coast Guard station was in Newburyport, Massachusetts.
Until the re-establishment of the Navy in 1798, the Revenue Cutter Service was the only naval force of the early United States.
The modern Coast Guard can be said to date to 1915, when the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the U.S. Life-Saving Service when Congress formalized the existence of the new organization.
In 1939, the Lighthouse Service was brought under the Coast Guard's purview.
In 1942, the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation was transferred to the Coast Guard.
In 1967, the Coast Guard moved from the U.S. Department of the Treasury to the newly formed U.S. Department of Transportation, an arrangement that lasted until it was placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003 as part of legislation designed to more efficiently protect American interests following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001.
In times of war, the Coast Guard or individual components of it can operate as a service of the Department of the Navy.
This arrangement has a broad historical basis, as the Coast Guard has been involved in wars as diverse as the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, and the American Civil War, in which the cutter Harriet Lane fired the first naval shots attempting to relieve besieged Fort Sumter.
The last time the Coast Guard operated as a whole within the Navy was in World War II.
More often, military and combat units within the Coast Guard will operate under Navy or joint operational control while other Coast Guard units will remain under the Department of Homeland Security.
Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques (born 9 January 1973), otherwise known as Sean Paul, is a Jamaican reggae and dancehall musician.
Paul played himself in the 1998 movie Belly.
In 2000 he released his first album, Stage One.
In 2003 Paul had his first number one single.
He rapped on Beyoncé Knowles' 2003 number one single "Baby Boy".
In 2003 he also rapped on Blue Cantrell's UK number one single "Breathe".
In 2006 Paul rapped in Rihanna's single "Break It Off".
He rapped on Pitbull's 2011 single "Shake Señora" with T-Pain.
Paul's sixth album Full Frequency will be released on February 18, 2014.
The first single off the album, "Other Side of Love", was released to iTunes on September 10, 2013.
It reached number one in the UK R&B Chart.
Full Frequency includes songs with Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, Juicy J, and Iggy Azalea.
Stage One (2000)
Dutty Rock (2002)
The Trinity (2005)
Imperial Blaze (2009)
Tomahawk Technique (2012)
Other Side of Love (2014)
2004: Grammy Award - Best Reggae Album (Dutty Rock)
2005: Billboard Music Award - Best selling Reggae Artist of the Year
2005: Billboard Music Award - Top Selling Reggae Album of the Year (The Trinity)
2006: Priya Awards - Best Hardman
2006: American Music Awards- Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist
2006: Billboard Music Awards - Hot 100 single of the year "Temperature"
2007: Jamaican Awards - Best male reggae singer
2012: MTV Video Music Awards Japan - Best Reggae Video
2012: MOBO Awards - Best Reggae Act
2013: MOBO Awards - Best reggae act
Bamberg (; Main-Franconian: ) is a district in Bavaria, Germany.
(in 2007)
Market Towns
Verwaltungsgemeinschaften (Collective Municipalities)
Links to municipalities
Theo Jörgensmann (born Bottrop, 29 September 1948) is a German jazz clarinet player and composer.
Contact 4tett Loud Enough To Rock The Kraut (2015)
Cinemascope  Oriental Traces  (2010)
Trio Hot Jink (2009)
Oles Jörgensmann Oles Live in Poznan 2006 (2007)
Theo Jörgensmann Fellowship (2005)
Theo Jörgensmann Quartet Hybrid Identity (2002)
Theo Jörgensmann Quartet
Allmusic Guide
Jazz composers
The Italian Plague of 1629-1631 was a group times when many people in northern Italy caught bubonic plague from 1629 to 1631.
This epidemic, often called the Great Plague of Milan, killed about 280,000 people.
Very many people died in the cities in Lombardy.
This was one of the last outbreaks of the pandemic of bubonic plague that began with the Black Death.
German and French soldiers carried the plague to the city of Mantua in 1629 because of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).
Venetian troops, infected with the disease, retreated into northern and central Italy, spreading the disease to more people.
In October 1629, the plague reached Milan, Lombardy's commercial center.
In the city Milan, it killed about 64,000 people, which was 25% of Milan's people.
It killed between 12% and 60% of all the people in Italy.
The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected.
This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy.
Cipolla, Carlo M. Fighting the Plague in Seventeenth Century Italy.
Madison:  University of Wisconsin Press, 1981.
Prinzing, Freidrich.
Epidemics Resulting from Wars.
Oxford:  Clarendon Press, 1916.
1620s in Europe
1630s in Europe
it:Peste#La peste del Nord Italia del 1630
Zama, Kanagawa, a city of Kanagawa prefecture, Japan
Zama City is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada
Camp Zama, a United States Army base in Kanagawa prefecture, Japan
Other name of Tulum, a Maya site in Mexico
Zama Lake is a large lake in northern Alberta, Canada
Battle of Zama fought in Zama Minor
Zama alloy is a name for an alloy made of zinc, aluminium, copper and magnesium
Zama, a Spanish/Argentinean film
Norwich is the county city of Norfolk, a county in the East of England.
In 2005, 127,600 people lived in Norwich.
It is one of the oldest cities in England.
Norwich International Airport provides many flights out of the city, internationally to places such as Amsterdam, Spain and also other locations within the United Kingdom.
Norwich is the biggest settlement in East Anglia, after Ipswich, located in Suffolk.
Pir Sultan Abdal (ca.
1480 - 1550) was an Alevit poet.
Alevits are the members of the Alevitism, a faith community in Islam.
He lived in Turkey and wrote his poems in Turkish.
In his poems, he used a direct and clear language.
The richness of his thoughts and the beauty of his writing made him very popular to the Turks and Kurds and also the members of the Suni sect of Islam.
Pir Sultan Abdal wrote about the social, cultural and religious life of the people.
He was a humanist, and wrote about love, peace, death and God.
He was also rebellious against Ottoman Empire.
1550 deaths
William Byrd (born probably 1539 or 1540; died Stondon Massey, 4 July 1623) was an English composer.
He wrote music of all types that were popular then: keyboard music for virginals and for the organ, vocal music, especially choral music, both for the church (“sacred”) as well as non-sacred (“secular”).
Byrd lived in a time of great changes.
Henry VIII had broken away from the Roman Catholic church and had founded the Anglican Church.
The monarch (king or queen) was the Head of the Church of England.
During Byrd’s lifetime the monarchs who reigned had different ideas about what church music should be like.
Byrd was always a Catholic.
This sometimes made life difficult for him, but he was always faithful to the monarchy, and he had a lot of tact in dealing with people.
Byrd grew up in the Renaissance period.
He lived into the 17th century which is the period known in music as the Baroque period.
We know very little about Byrd’s early life.
Most books say that he was born in 1543, but a document that was found recently makes us think he was probably born late in 1539 or in 1540.
He may have come from Lincoln which is where his first job was, but he probably had some of his education in London.
This is likely because we know he was a pupil of Thomas Tallis who worked in London.
Tallis was in charge of the music of the Chapel Royal which was the best choir in England, and it is likely that Byrd sang in the choir when he was a boy.
Queen Mary was on the throne at the time.
She was Catholic and she liked church music to be quite long and complicated, with Latin words.
This gave composers lots to do, and the young Byrd started composing church music at this time.
Lincoln period
Around 1563 Byrd got the job of Organist and Choir Master of Lincoln Cathedral.
This was an important job for such a young man, and he had an extra-large salary, so people must have thought he was a very good musician.
By this time Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne.
She had different ideas from Mary.
She was Protestant, and liked church music to be simpler, although she still liked the Latin service.
In Lincoln Byrd was sometimes told off for playing organ music that was too long and complicated.
Byrd composed a lot of music for the cathedral.
He also married in 1568 and they had at least seven children.
In 1570 he got a job as Gentleman of the Chapel Royal in London.
He may have done both jobs for a year or two, and he certainly continued to write music for Lincoln for some years after that.
He settled in London and started to make many friends.
He was very careful to get to know lots of important people who would be able to help him in his career.
In 1575 Queen Elizabeth gave William Byrd and Thomas Tallis together a patent for music publishing.
This meant that they earned some money for every bit of music that was published, printed or sold in England.
Music publishing had only just started in England.
It was still very expensive to have music printed.
Byrd thanked the Queen by publishing some of his Latin motets and dedicating them to her.
They were called Cantiones Sacrae (Sacred Songs).
He also wrote a collection of Psalmes, Sonets and Songs (1588) and Songs of Sundrie Natures (1589).
His church music includes settings of the Service and many anthems such as the popular  Sing joyfully.
In 1593 he moved with his family to Stondon Massey in Essex.
He spent the rest of his life there.
Most of his church music from that time on was in Latin.
He wrote three settings of the Mass and two books of Gradualia which were large collections of music for the whole year.
Byrd also wrote a lot of keyboard music.
Some of it was for a collection called My Ladye Nevells Booke, some of it was for the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book.
Byrd’s music has a lot of variety, largely because of the different ideas people had various times during the period.
There were lots of political and religious arguments between groups of people.
In the early 17th century people were often sent to prison for writing Catholic music.
Byrd seems to have escaped such punishment, although he was involved in several lawsuits.
He was lucky that he was able to continue to live as a free man and compose.
Being on good terms with the Queen must have helped him.
Byrd wrote music for the Anglican church and for the Roman Catholic Church.
His  Cantiones Sacrae published in 1589 and 1591 are collections of Latin motets.
These are the very best of Byrd’s works, and better than anything that was being written in Europe at that time.
He probably wrote them for private (illegal) gatherings of Catholics, so this meant that he could write in whatever style he wanted.
His music is very contrapuntal, representing the best of the English Renaissance style.
His Latin church music was forgotten after his death.
It only became popular in the early 20th century when it was rediscovered.
Byrd Cradle Song
Complete list of Byrd's works from stainer.co.uk (PDF)
Cuneiform script is one of the earliest known systems of writing.
It used wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by a reed stylus.
The name cuneiform itself means "wedge shaped", from the Latin cuneus "wedge" and forma "shape".
It came into English usage probably from the Old French cunéiforme.
It was first used in Sumer in the late 4th millennium BC (the 'Uruk IV' period).
Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs.
In the third millennium, the signs became simplified and more abstract.
Fewer characters were used, from about 1,000 in the early Bronze Age to about 400 in late Bronze Age (Hittite cuneiform).
The system  used a combination of phonetic, consonantal alphabetic (no vowels) and syllabic signs.
The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hattic, Hurrian, and Urartian languages, and it inspired the Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets.
Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
By the 2nd century BC, the script was extinct.
All knowledge of how to read it was lost until it began to be deciphered in the 19th century.
Menes was a pharaoh of the first dynasty of ancient Egypt.
He lived ca.
3100-3000 BC.
He brought together Upper and Lower Egypt to make an empire.
He wore the Pschent or double crown: the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red crown of Lower Egypt.
He built the city of Memphis and made it the capital.
There is extensive archeological evidence that there was a pharaoh named Narmer, but little evidence for Menes.
It is now believed that Menes was either Narmer, his predecessor, or Hor-Aha who ruled after him.
Kinnaer, Jacques.
What is Really Known About the Narmer Palette?,
KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt, Spring 2004.
Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, London/New York 1999, , 70-71
Narmer: Titulary
Bastet was the ancient Egyptian goddess of protection and cats.
She was the warrior daughter and defender of Ra, who sent her to fight his archenemy Apep.
As protectress, she was seen as defender of the pharaoh, after Sekhet, the lioness, and consequently of the chief god Ra.
Bast is also known as Bastet, Ubasti, and Pasch.
She was worshiped at least since the Second Dynasty in Ancient Egypt.
The centre of her cult was in Per-Bast (Bubastis in Greek), which was named after her.
Originally she was seen as the protector goddess of Lower Egypt and her image was that of a fierce lion.
The name Bast means '(female) devourer'.
In later times Bast became the goddess of protection and blessing and was the protectress of women, children and domestic cats.
She was the goddess of sunrise, music, dance and pleasure as well as family, fertility and birth.
When Anubis became the god of embalming, Bast, as goddess of ointment, was connected to him (sometimes viewed as his wife and sometimes as his mother) until Anubis became Nephthys' son.
This gentler characteristic, of Bast as goddess of perfumes, following Lower Egypt's loss in the wars between Upper and Lower Egypt, meant that in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt she became seen as a domestic cat and not as a lioness.
Owing to associations with the maternal nature of cats, Bast was also regarded as a good mother and she was commonly depicted with kittens.
Sometimes Egyptian women who wanted children wore an amulet showing the goddess with kittens; the number of kittens on the amulet would correspond to how many children the woman wanted to have.
Bastet (Bast) was the most honored feline deity in Ancient Egypt.
The cult of Bastet started around the town of Bubastis, located in the Eastern Delta in Lower Egypt (around 3,200 B.C.), and was an important town from the Old Kingdom through the Late Period.
During early Egyptian times the city was called Per-Bast which translates into “the domain of Bast”.
Later the city was called Bubastis and is today known as Tell Basta.
Bastet was worshipped throughout other regions of the Egyptian region as well.
Bast was worshipped in Memphis (during the Old Kingdom), where she was associated with Sekhmet; in Heliopolis (during the Old Kingdom) where she was called the “Daughter of Tem” (connected to Tefnut); in a city called “Hill of Bast” in the precinct of Mut in Thebes (during the New Kingdom) and in the city of Nit during the Late Period.
Festivals celebrating Bastet were held in the cities of Bubastis, Memphis, Thebes (Luxor) and Esna.
Names of the elaborate festivals of Bastet included: “Procession of Bastet”, “Bastet Protects the Two Lands”, “Bastet Goes Forth from Per-Bast”, “Bastet Appears Before Ra” and the “Festival of Hathor and Bastet”.
Her main festivals were celebrated in April and May in Bubastis.
Her festivals were characterized by music, dancing and wine and were some of the most popular festivals in Egypt at the time.
For some festivals, over 700,000 people came from all over Egypt, often in boats, sailing along the Nile.
In Bubastis, the festival began by making sacrifices to Bastet.
The Temple of Bast stood in the town center so that it could be seen from everywhere and stood on raised ground.
The outside wall of the temple was decorated with pictures of animals and inside the temple was a courtyard, planted with a grove of trees surrounding her shrine.
Worshippers came from all over Egypt, often leaving offerings, bronze statues, amulets and mummified cats in her temple.
Thousands of these cats were later found in underground crypts where her temple once stood.
During the days of celebration, the Egyptians spent many days making music, dancing and being joyful.
Worshippers went to her temple playing instruments, beating drums, shaking tambourines, carrying sistras (sacred rattles), singing and dancing through the streets.
On the last night of the festival, a single light would be lit inside the Temple of Bast and from there the light would spread through the town, carried by devotees.
Prayers throughout the night would be accompanied by music and incense.
Bast was important in worship and the Egyptian people would make sacrifices to her of spices, water, wine, milk, bread and meat.
Gifts of gold, diamonds, silver, perfumes and other riches would also be given.
The people of Egypt would also dance and sing to her because was the goddess of both dance and song.
Bastet’s father was Ra, the God of the Sun and All Creation.
Hathor (Sekment), the cow-headed god of the sky and women, was also a daughter of Ra.
Hathor had two sons named Nefertem (meaning 'water lily' or 'the sun' or 'he who is beautiful'), the God of Healing, and Maahes, a solar lion-headed God of War.
Bastet did not have a mother because Ra, as the Creator deity, was called “The Great He-She” and was considered to be able to be both male and female.
Bastet's husband was Ptah, the god of Craftsmen, Rebirth and Creation.
When associated with Isis, Bastet was sometimes called the “Soul of Isis”.
These familial associations are somewhat misleading, however, because Egyptian gods shared relationships beyond traditional family contexts.
Sekhmet, Bastet and dozens of other goddesses were considered to be “Eyes-of-Ra”.
Bastet and Sekhmet were paired, for example, but they were paired geographically and not as opposite personalities of Bastet.
The main place of Bastet’s worship was in Lower Egypt while Sekhmet was worshipped primarily in Upper Egypt.
Egyptians traditionally associated Bastet as a “She of the North” and Sekhmet as a “She of the South”.
Sometimes Bastet was also called “Lady of the East” (Protectress of the Eastern Delta) while Sekhmet was called the “Lady of the West” (Protectress of the Western Delta).
Remler, Pat Egyptian Mythology A to Z, pages 23 – 24
Adil, Janeen Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, page 18
Millmore, Mark Imagining Egypt, page 21
Wilkinson, Richard H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, pages 177 – 178
Redford, Donald B. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Vol.
1, pages 512 – 516
The World Book Encyclopedia 2010, Vol.
3 C-Ch, pages 284 – 297
Ars Mundi Magazine, Germany, Christmas 2009, page 94
Moggies website: in honour of Bast, ancient Egyptian goddess
This article is about the Egyptian Sun god Ra or Re.
For the chemical element, see Radium
In Egyptian mythology, Ra was the god of the sun.
He was the most important god in Ancient Egypt.
He had many names, such as Amun-Ra, and Ra-Horakhty.
It was said he was born each morning in the East, and died each night in the West.
In the night he travelled through the underworld.
This is why the west side of the Nile was known as the land of the dead.
He had the head of a Falcon, the body of a man, and was the king of the Egyptian gods.
Ra was thought to be the god of the sun and creation.
Ra’s name came from Re and Amun.
The name Re was from Upper Egypt and the name Amun came from Lower Egypt.
When Upper and Lower Egypt came together they changed the name to Amun-Re.
Over thousands of years the name Amun-Re evolved into Amun-Ra and then just to Ra.
From then on people called him Re or Ra.
Ra used to mean “mouth” in the Egyptian language.
Some names are: Re, the Creator, Khepry, etc.
Ra has many forms.
His best-known form is the man with the head of a falcon and the sun disk above him.
He may also be depicted as a scarab beetle or a man.
One is Amun-Ra, which is a ram and the other, Ra-Hakorthaty which is a sky sun god.
Friends and enemies
Some time around the Middle Kingdom, Ra and Osiris became friends.
This was unusual because Osiris lived in the Underworld and Ra lived in the Heavens.
All the other gods wanted to be friends with Ra.
They hoped that if they were friends with Ra, Ra would tell them his hidden name.
But Ra did have some enemies.
Seth was sometimes Ra’s enemy, but Seth did help Ra fight Apep, a snake god.
The fact that Seth helped Ra reminded all of the gods that Seth was not all bad.
Isis was another enemy of Ra, she had tricked him into giving her his hidden name so her husband Osiris could be king of the gods.
The cult of Ra began to grow from around the time of the II Dynasty, establishing Ra as the sun god.
By the IV Dynasty, the Pharaohs were seen as "Sons of Ra".
His worship increased much in the V Dynasty, when he became a state deity.
Pharaohs had pyramids, obelisks, and solar temples built in his honor.
Ra was believed to be the greatest Egyptian god when it came to powers.
His powers live in his hidden name.
Only he knew his hidden name so only he could use the powers.
It was said that he had the best powers throughout the land.
He could make anything, he made people, he made the world, and he made the heavens.
That is how great his powers were.
One day Isis wanted to have his powers so she sent a serpent to poison him on his daily walk.
The serpents venomous bite was so painful that Ra gave in and told her his secret name of creation.
Then Isis banished Ra to the Duat, (Spirit World), so Osiris her husband could be king.
Ra's daughter with Nut (his granddaughter) was named Hathor, the goddess of love.
Ra had two children Shu, the god of air and Tefnut, the goddess of morning dew.
They had two children named Nut, the goddess of the sky and Geb, the god of earth.
They had four children named Isis, the goddess of home, Nephthys, the goddess of mourning, Set, the god of the desert, and Osiris, god of the afterlife.
They paired up and had two more children, Anubis, god of embalming, and Horus, god of the sky.
Remler, Pat, Egyptian Mythology from A-Z 180-181
Watterson, Barbara, Gods of ancient Egypt
Wilkinson, Richard, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
John, Banes and Jaromir, Malek, The Cultural Atlas of the World: Ancient Egypt 173
http://www.fruitofthenile.com/Ra.htm
http://www.egyptartsite.com/Ra.html
http://ancient-egypt-online.com/egypt-god-amon-re.html
http://www.ancient-mythology.com./egyptian/ra.php
James Douglas (Jim) Morrison (December 8, 1943 - July 3, 1971) was an American musician.
He was the lead singer of rock band The Doors.
Morrison was of English, Scottish and Irish descent.
His father was an officer for the United States Navy.
This meant that he moved around very often.
Morrison did not have many friends and read many books.
When he went to high school in 1962, his teacher was amazed by his culture.
In 1964 he went to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
One day in Venice Beach, Morrison saw Ray Manzarek.
Manzarek had also gone to UCLA.
Morrison sang some verses of Moonlight Drive.
Manzarek liked the intensity of the words to the song and asked Morrison to form a rock band with him.
Morrison agreed and came up with the name "The Doors".
The name was a reference of the Aldous Huxley book The Doors of Perception whose name came from a verse of the famous poet William Blake; "If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite.").
The Doors was formed by Jim Morrison, Ray Manzarek, John Densmore and Robby Krieger.
In the beginning, Morrison would sing without looking the audience.
After a while, he learned the play with them instead.
He would jump and fall at stage with screams and jokes, inspired by rock idol Nick Serven.
Morrison became very famous all over the world as a poet, singer and sex symbol.
Morrison had a problem with alcohol.
He drank a lot and later albums were not as good as the first one.
He wrote more poems and thought about stopping his career with The Doors.
He took some drugs (mainly LSD) and become an addict.
In 1969, in Miami, it was said that he was drunk and "exposed" himself.
My only friend, the end
The last album, L.A. Woman was released in 1971.
It is thought to be one of the band's best albums.
That year Morrison decided to take a break and go to Paris.
The July 3, he was found dead in his bathroom.
The cause of his death is still not clear.
Some believe that his heart failed or it was an overdose.
Other people think it could have been a murder.
His grave is at the Père-Lachaise, at the same place as Oscar Wilde, Molière and many other great poets and authors.
The Doors Official Webpage
MusicChain - Jim Morrison
Earliest film of Jim Morrison
Morrison interviewed at the Miami trial (video)
Anchovies are a family (Engraulidae) of small but common schooling saltwater plankton-feeding fish.
They are found in scattered areas throughout the world's oceans.
Anchovies are concentrated in temperate waters, and are rare or absent in very cold or very warm seas.
The anchovy is a small green fish with blue reflections.
These reflections are due to a silver stripe that runs  along the length of the fish from the base of the caudal fin.
It is maximum  in length.
The body shape is variable with more slender fish in northern populations.
The snout is blunt with small, sharp teeth in both jaws.
The mouth is larger than those of herrings and silversides, two fish which they closely resemble.
It eats plankton and fish larvae.
The Anchovy can tolerate  a wide range of temperatures and salinity.
Large schools can be found in shallow, brackish areas with muddy bottoms, as in estuaries and bays.
Spawning occurs between October and March, but not in water colder than 12 °C.
The anchovy appears to spawn 100 kilometers from the shore, near the surface of the water.
There are many Anchovies in the Mediterranean.
They are regularly caught on the coasts of Sicily, Italy, France and Spain.
The range of the species also extends along the Atlantic coast of Europe to the south of Norway.
As a food source
The anchovy is a good food source for almost every predatory fish in its environment, including the California halibut, rock fish, yellowtail, sharks, chinook, and coho salmon.
It is also extremely important to marine mammals and birds; for example, California brown pelicans and elegant terns.
The breeding success of these birds is strongly connected to anchovy abundance.
As time progresses and the anchovy population drops, the population of the predatory species are also expected to decline.
They are also eaten by humans.
Anchovies preserved by being gutted and salted in brine, matured, then packed in oil, are an important food fish, both popular and infamous for their strong flavor.
In Roman times, they were the base for the fermented fish sauce called garum that was a staple of cuisine and an item of long-distance commerce produced in industrial quantities.
Today they are a key ingredient in Caesar salad and Spaghetti alla Puttanesca, and are often used as a pizza topping.
Because of the strong flavour they are also an ingredient in several sauces, including Worcestershire sauce and many fish sauces, and in some versions of Café de Paris butter.
They are most commonly marketed in small tins, either as "flat" filets, or as "rolled anchovies" where each fillet is rolled around a caper.
Both are quite salty.
The flat fillets are usually more salty than the rolled anchovies.
They are also marketed in jars and tubes as a paste, mostly for use in making sauces, such as anchovy essence.
Fishermen also use anchovies as bait for larger fish such as tuna and sea bass.
The strong taste that people associate with anchovies is due to the curing process.
Fresh anchovies, known in Italy as alici, have a much softer and gentler flavor.
In English-speaking countries, alici are sometimes called "white anchovies", and are often served in a weak vinegar marinade.
This particular preservation method is associated with the coastal town of  Collioure in south east France.
The white fillets (a little like marinated herrings) are sold in heavy salt, or the more popular garlic or tomato oil and vinegar marinade packs.
The European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, is the anchovy of commerce.
Morocco now leads the world in canned anchovies.
The anchovy industry along the coast of Cantabria now dwarfs the traditional Catalan salters, though the industry was only started in Cantabria by Sicilian salters in the mid 19th century.
Setipinna taty or ikan bilis is the anchovy commonly used in South-East Asian cooking to make fish stock or sambals.
Anchovy is also used to produce budu, by fermentation process.
Overfishing of anchovies has been a problem.
Since the 1980s, large mechanized anchovy fishing vessels based in France have caught the fish in fine-mesh dragnets.
Spain beaching incident
On September 29th, 2006, it was reported in the Associated Press that millions of anchovies with a weight of over three tons, had beached themselves in northern Spain, near Colunga, Asturias.
Tests on the dead fish did not detect any toxic chemical that could have caused the beaching, and the current working theory is that the school beached itself trying to escape from "hungry dolphins or tuna."
If the beached specimens had grown to maturity, it would have been more than "100 tons of potential breeders."
Fisheries.vims.edu
PSMFC.org
Indigenous Australians are the native people of Australia.
They include the Aboriginal Australians as well as Torres Strait Islanders, and are often known together as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
In the past, Indigenous Australians used weapons like boomerangs sticks and spears to kill animals for food.
It is unknown where they came from and how they appeared in Australia but it is estimated they have been living in their homeland around 60,000 years ago or more.
Aboriginal people also have their own type of art.
Many Indigenous Australians suffered when Europeans from Britain and Ireland arrived in Australia.
Disease and the loss of their hunting lands are two of the reasons.
History of Aboriginal Australia
The first people of Australia were nomadic people who came to Australia from southeast Asia.
Scientists do not know exactly when they arrived but it is at least 50,000 years ago.
When the British came to Australia in 1788, they called these native people "aboriginals", meaning people who had lived there since the earliest times.
There are now about 650,000 Aboriginal people living in Australia.
Aboriginal Australians believe that they have  animal, plant, and human ancestors who created the world and everything in it.
This process of creation is called Dreamtime.
There are many songs and stories about Dreamtime, which generations of Aboriginal people have passed down to their children.
The modern-day art of the Aboriginal Australians is mostly based on old stories about Dreamtime.
Paintings of the people, spirits, and animals of Dreamtime cover sacred cliffs and rocks in tribal territories.
Some of the pictures are made in red and yellow ochre and white clay, others have been carved into the rocks.
Many are thousands of years old.
As well as the curved returning boomerang, Aboriginal Australians have traditionally used a straight, non-returning boomerang as a weapon for fighting and for hunting animals such as kangaroos.
Land claims
When British people came to live in Australia, they decided that the land was empty: that nobody "owned" the land, in the way Europeans used that word.
This was called "terra nullius", Latin words for "empty land".
In 1976, the Australian government agreed that Aboriginal people have rights to the land where their tribes were originally located and gained the right to use the land.
On 3 June, 1992, the High Court of Australia said that the idea of terra nullius was wrong, and the government brought in new laws, to set up Native Title.
If Aboriginal people can prove they have always used particular land, it has not been sold, or changed by government acts, then the land could be claimed as Aboriginal land.
Population by region
Ceremony The Djungguwan of Northeast Arnhem Land
Aborigines win 'native title' over Perth
Australia's largest circulating Indigenous Affairs Newspaper
Latest Indigenous news from ABC News Online
Indigenous Australians - State Library of NSW
Aboriginal Studies Virtual Library
Department of Indigenous Affairs (Australian Government)
European Network for Indigenous Australian Rights
Indigenous Australia - Australian Museum educational site
KooriWeb
Norman B. Tindale's Catalogue of Aboriginal Tribes
Reconciliation Australia
Australian, Bosnian and Norwagian Cross-Bred Children
Ian Thorpe (born 13 October 1982 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian swimmer.
He won five gold medals at Olympic Games.
He was the only swimmer who has won six gold medals in one World Championships (which he did in 2001) until Michael Phelps won seven in 2007.
He is known for having large feet.
At the age of 14, he became the youngest male ever to represent Australia,
Australian Olympic bronze medalists
Australian Olympic gold medalists
Australian Olympic silver medalists
Australian swimmers
Sportspeople from Sydney
Cathy Freeman, OAM (born 16 February 1973) is a retired Australian sprinter.