the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In On Spirals, Archimedes describes the Archimedean spiral, a function whose radius depends on the angle.
There are various accounts of the introduction of polar coordinates as part of a formal coordinate system.
The full history of the subject is described in Harvard professor Julian Lowell Coolidge's Origin of Polar Coordinates.
Grégoire de Saint-Vincent and Bonaventura Cavalieri independently introduced the concepts in the mid-seventeenth century.
Saint-Vincent wrote about them privately in 1625 and published his work in 1647, while Cavalieri published his in 1635 with a corrected version appearing in 1653.
Cavalieri first used polar coordinates to solve a problem relating to the area within an Archimedean spiral.
In Method of Fluxions (written 1671, published 1736), Sir Isaac Newton examined the transformations between polar coordinates, which he referred to as the "Seventh Manner; For Spirals", and nine other coordinate systems.
In the journal Acta Eruditorum (1691), Jacob Bernoulli used a system with a point on a line, called the pole and polar axis respectively.
Coordinates were specified by the distance from the pole and the angle from the polar axis.
Bernoulli's work extended to finding the radius of curvature of curves expressed in these coordinates.
The actual term polar coordinates has been attributed to Gregorio Fontana and was used by 18th-century Italian writers.
The term appeared in English in George Peacock's 1816 translation of Lacroix's Differential and Integral Calculus.
Alexis Clairaut was the first to think of polar coordinates in three dimensions, and Leonhard Euler was the first to actually develop them.
Converting between polar and Cartesian coordinates
The polar coordinates r and φ can be converted to the Cartesian coordinates x and y by using the trigonometric functions sine and cosine:
The Cartesian coordinates x and y can be converted to polar coordinates r and φ with r ≥ 0 and φ in the interval (−, ] by:
(as in the Pythagorean theorem.
Cylindrical coordinates
Cylindrical coordinates take the same idea that polar coordinates use, but they extend it further.
To get a third dimension, each point also has a height above the original coordinate system.
Each point is uniquely identified by a distance to the origin, called r here, an angle, called  (phi), and a height above the plane of the coordinate system, called Z in the picture.
Spherical coordinates
The same idea as is used by polar coordinates can also be extended in a different way.
Instead of using two distances, and one angle only, it is possible to use one distance only, and two angles, called  and  (theta).
FooPlot (online function plotter in polar coordinates)
Online conversion tool between polar and Cartesian coordinates
Gold or golden is a yellowish orange color, or orange-tan color that is a bit like the color of the metal gold.
The actual color of the metal, used for example in gilding, is called Metallic gold.
Gold paint can be made by mixing brown, yellow paint and orange paint.
The web color gold is sometimes referred to as golden in order to distinguish it from the element gold.
The use of gold as a color term in traditional usage is more often applied to the color "gold (metallic)".
The first recorded use of golden as a color name in English was in the year 1300 to refer to the element gold and in 1423 to refer to blonde hair.
Meaning of gold
Gold represents wealth because the metal gold is valuable.
Gold represents accomplishment, as when an athlete wins a Gold Medal at the Olympics or when a musician makes a Gold Record (a record that sells at least 1,000,000 copies).
Tones of golden color comparison chart
City of Havana (Ciudad de La Habana)
Mayabeque
Cuba's "special municipality" is the Isla de la Juventud ("Island of Youth"), known until the 1970s as the Isla de Pinos ("Isle of Pines") and previously as "Evangelista", "Isle of Santiago" and "Isle of Parrots".
Las Villas (before 1940, "Santa Clara")
Camagüey (before 1899, "Puerto Príncipe")
Oriente (before 1905, "Santiago de Cuba")
= Population.
Source: Cuba census 2002
Map of contemporary provinces of Cuba on webhavana.com
Cuban Census 2002
Singing  means making music with the voice.
Singing is probably the way that music started many thousands of years ago.
When people sing they make their voices go high or low.
If they do this in a way that uses notes of a scale then they make tunes, called songs.
A song, very broadly, is a musical piece, produced by the voice with distinct and fixed pitches and patterns of sound and silence and a variety which often includes repetition.
Many birds also sing.
They are the passerines, a very large order often called the songbirds.
Singing technique
When people sing they use the air in the lungs.
The pressure of the air that comes out of the lungs can be controlled with several respiratory muscles, including the muscle called the diaphragm which goes across the front of the body below the ribs.
People who have singing lessons spend a lot of time practising “breath control”.
The sound comes into the mouth which is space where the sound can be made bigger (it “resonates”).
Professional singers even learn to think of the whole head as a resonator.
They sometimes talk about the “mask”, i.e. they imagine a mask in front of the face and this makes the sound bigger.
The sound then comes out of the mouth so that it can be heard.
Voice ranges
Most people can sing notes which cover more than an octave.
People who sing a lot will probably be able to sing over two octaves.
Singers can be called according to whether they have higher or lower voices: soprano, mezzo-soprano and contralto for women, tenor, baritone or bass for men.
Some men are able to train their voices to sing alto by using a falsetto voice.
Children’s voices are often called treble.
Types of singing
There are lots of different singing styles in the world.
Each one has a different technique.
In Western classical music singers learn to sing in a bel canto voice which uses lots of resonance in the head and makes a smooth sound.
Bel canto was used in Italian opera.
Later, in the 19th century, Richard Wagner wrote operas in which the singers needed to be more dramatic.
Opera singers today can have different kinds of voices: bel canto, lyrical, dramatic, coloratura (extremely high and light) etc.
Pop singers generally have a different technique: their singing is more from the throat.
They do not need to develop powerful voices like opera singers because they sing into microphones so that their voices are electronically amplified (made louder).
Voices singing music from different parts of the world may sound very different.
Chinese singing sounds nasal (through the nose).
In Mongolia there is a technique of overtone singing which sounds rather like a finger being rubbed against the rim of a wineglass.
In Switzerland men often yodel.
Rap is a kind of singing in which the rhythm is the most important thing.
The pitch is high and low, but not to any particular notes.
Scat singing is rather like rap.
Acappella singing is vocal music specifically without instrumental accompaniment.
The name is from Latin a (without) and cappella (musical accompaniment).
Ways to enjoy singing
Singing is something that can be enjoyed by everybody.
A group of people singing together is often called a choir.
People can sing in choirs or smaller groups or on their own (solos).
People can sing for their own enjoyment (e.g. in the shower), or they can practise hard and sing in concerts to an audience.
Some people say they are “tone-deaf”, meaning that they cannot sing in tune.
But almost everybody can learn to sing if they try hard enough.
The Amish are a group of people who live according to the Anabaptist tradition.
They have a common history with other Baptist movements, such as the Mennonites.
The Amish are known for simple lifestyle, plain dress, and reluctance to adopt many conveniences of modern technology.
The history of the Amish church began with a schism in Switzerland within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Anabaptists in 1693 led by Jakob Ammann.
Those who followed Ammann became known as Amish.
In the second half of the 19th century, the Amish divided into Old Order Amish and Amish Mennonites.
During the 20th century, the Amish Mennonites assimilated, and took several of the conveniences modern technology has to offer.
The Old Order Amish on the other hand, kept much of their traditional culture.
When people speak of Amish today, they usually mean the Old Order Amish.
There were other smaller splits as well.
At the end of the 20th century, there were  about 18 bigger groups of Amish.
Many of them emigrated to the United States.
Today, most of the Amish live in Pennsylvania (Lancaster County), Indiana and Ohio, in the United States.
This can still be seen with family names.
In Lancaster County, almost 25 percent of the Amish have the name Stoltzfus (or Stoltzfoos), other common Amish names are  Byler, Fisher, Petersheim, Lapp and King.
In LaGrange, Indiana, most are named Borntrager, Miller or Schrock.
In Allen County, Adams County, Indiana  the names Graber, Grabill/Kraybill and Schwartz are common.
Many Amish people prefer simple lifestyles.
They are usually farmers.
Many of the old order Amish saw that between the two world wars, cars became more common.
This automatic mobility weakened the sense of belonging together, and owning a car was a means to stand out from the community.
For this reason, many groups forbid car ownership, they are less sceptical about using a car.
Amish often live alongside other Engilsh settlers.
In areas, where there are many Amish, there is also a number of taxi services, who will drive Amish people around.
Many Amish settlements are not connected to the electricity network.
When they need electricity, they usually produce it themselves, often with diesel-powered engines.
Many Amish do not allow posing for photographs; they say it is against their sense of humility and not standing out from the others.
They are usually less strict about appearing on a photograph, where the person is not the subject of the picture).
Generally, they are friendly people in that they will wave to someone passing by.
However, they live in rural Amish communities which are separate from mainstream American society.
It is against their religion to pose for photographs.
Often they will turn their head down and to the side if someone aims a camera in their direction.
Married men are not allowed to shave their beards, but they are also not allowed to have moustaches.
Only unmarried men shave their faces.
Amish education and language
Many of the people who emigrated kept their language, which is a dialect of German and known as Pennsylvania German or Pennsylvania Dutch.
In 2012, it was estimated that there were between 350.000 and 420.000 speakers of Pennsilvania German.
Pennsylvania German was relatively common until the time before the Second World War, with an estimate of about 800.000 speakers.
During the war, people frowned upon German speakers, so many speakers did not teach the language to their children.
Only conservative Baptists, such as Amish and Mennonites withstood the pressure, and sill taught the language to their children.
After the Second World War, the Amish started to run  their own schools, where they teach their children, how to read, write, and calculate.
Very often, they also learn German, to be able to read the religious texts.
Subjects such as natural sciences, such as biology are not taught at school.
Amish dating
Amish dating is different between different communities and different churches.
In most communities the common thing to do would be: have some other guy go ask the girl (preferably someone related to her) if it is OK for them to date.
If she says it is OK he sees her home (from their Sunday night thing, called a "Singeon", which normally ends at 10:30-11:30 p.m.) and stays at her house till a certain time, some communities midnight, some 1:00 a.m., and others anywhere between 1:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. Some communities they sit on each other's lap, others aren't allowed to touch each other, while still others are allowed to kiss.
Dating really varies between different types of "Amish".
Kraybill, Donald B., Karen M. Johnson-Weiner, and Steven M. Nolt, The Amish (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), 500 pp.
Mackall, Joe: Plain Secrets: An Outsider among the Amish, Boston, Mass. 2007.
Anabaptism
Jeddah (also spelled Jedda, Jiddah, Jidda, or Juddah; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city.
It is on the coast of the Red Sea (21.50° N 39.1667° E).
It is the major urban center in western Saudi Arabia.
Jeddah is the largest city in the Western Province, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city Riyadh.
The city has over 3.4 million people.
It is seen as the business capital of Saudi Arabia and the richest city in the Middle East and western Asia.
Stuttgart, Germany
Adana, Turkey
Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
Mari, Turkmenistan
Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Shimonoseki, Japan
Xi'an, People's Republic of China
Establishments in Saudi Arabia
Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was an English sea captain in the Royal Navy.
He was born at the rectory of the village of Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk.
Nelson commanded the British fleet during the Napoleonic Wars, fighting the French and Spanish.
Nelson was blind in one eye, after being wounded in battle.
During the Battle of Trafalgar, his greatest victory, he was killed by a French sniper.
At least three versions of his last words exist, and are shown in wikiquote.
Alternatively, he may have said both of these statements; "Kiss me, Hardy" and Hardy kissed him on the cheek.
Then Nelson said, "Now I am satisfied.
Thank God I have done my duty."
Then Hardy kissed him again on the forehead and Nelson called out, "Who is that?"
Hardy replied, "It is Hardy."
Then Nelson said, "God bless you, Hardy."
Then he murmoured to those around him to look about Emma Hamilton and his daughter.
Most recently are accounts of his chaplain, Alexander Scott; his steward, Chevalier; and the purser, Walter Burke.
"Drink, drink.
Fan, fan.
Rub, rub" was a request to ease his symptoms of thirst, heat, and the pains of his wounds.
British Barons
British Viscounts
Turquoise is the colour of the gem turquoise.
It is a slightly greenish shade of cyan.
Turquoise is sometimes described as a mixture of pale blue and green.
The name comes from the French word for Turkish.
Meaning of turquoise
People who practise holistic medicine say that turquoise has a calming effect on patients.
They use this color to treat patients prone to panic attacks or mania.
To a lesser degree, mainstream psychiatric hospitals also use turquoise and other light shades of blue and green to calm patients by painting the walls in these colors.
"The Turquoise" is slang for the waters of the Caribbean.
In the sunlight these waters look turquoise because they are shallow.
The color and gem stone represent Sagittarius.
Tones of turquoise colour comparison chart
The color Amber is a yellow color.
It got its name from the material known as amber.
The amber color is halfway between yellow and orange on the color wheel.
The first recorded use of amber as a color name in English was in 1500.
Meaning of amber
Amber is used in traffic lights and turn signals.
Amber is a symbolic color symbolizing energy.
The color amber is associated with Zoroastrianism because of its practice of fire worship in fire temples (actually, the holy fire is simply a representation of the spiritual energy of God Ahura Mazda).
The original Amber Room in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg was a complete chamber decoration of amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors.
Due to its singular beauty, it was sometimes dubbed the Eighth Wonder of the World.
Amber is a colour worn by Hull City AFC, an English Association football team.
Also worn by Mansfield Town F.C.
Tones of amber color comparison chart
A sea captain, also known as a skipper, is the leader on a ship.
They are responsible for the safety of everyone on board.
If the ship is in trouble, most captains will not leave unless everyone is safe.
The brainstem is the rear part of the brain.
It has two sections: the hindbrain, which includes the pons and medula, and the midbrain.
Though the brainstem is small, it is extremely important.
The motor (movement) and sensory connections from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brain stem.
Also, from the brainstem come the main motor and sensory nerves to the face and neck.
These nerves are called the cranial nerves.
The brainstem controls many bodily functions of which we are not normally aware, such as breathing, heart beat, and sweating.
The brainstem controls functions which are unconscious, but necessary for life.
The hindbrain consists of the pons, and the medulla oblongata; which is an extension of the spinal cord.
It connects the other parts of the brain (the cerebrum and cerebellum) to the spinal cord.
Its neurons are the control centre of bodily functions, such as breathing and blood pressure.
Functions of the brainstem
Conduction All information going between the body and the cerebellum and the cerebrum must go through the brainstem.
Nerves Cranial nerves 3–12 emerge from the brainstem.
There are motor neurons in the brainstem that allow movement in the face, including speech and swallowing.
Integration It is involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity control, alertness, awareness, and consciousness.
Thus, brainstem damage is a serious and often life-threatening problem.
An ideology is a collection of ideas or beliefs shared by a group of people.
It may be a connected set of  ideas, or a style of thought, or a world-view.
It was coined by a French philosopher, Destutt de Tracy in 1801/5.
There are two main types of ideologies: political ideologies, and epistemological ideologies.
Political ideologies are sets of ethical ideas about how a country should be run.
Epistemological ideologies are sets of ideas about the philosophy, the Universe, and how people should make decisions.
There are many different types of ideologies.
Communism, socialism, and capitalism are  political/economical ideologies.
Many political parties base their political action and program on an ideology.
In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of values, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, or class which explains how society should work.
It offers a political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order.
A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used.
Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them.
Goals: how society should work (or be arranged).
Methods: the most appropriate ways to achieve the ideal arrangement.
An ideology is a collection of ideas.
Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy, theocracy, etc.),
and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism, socialism, etc.).
For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system.
Ideologies also identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the center or the right), though this is very often controversial.
Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. legalization of marijuana).
Today, many commentators claim that we are living in a post-ideological age, in which redemptive, all-encompassing ideologies have failed.
This is often associated with Francis Fukuyama's writings on "the end of history".
This is an article about the colour mauve.
For information on the Flemish painter, see Anton Mauve.
Mauve (pronounce to rhyme with "Jove" and "stove") is a pale purple colour.
It is similar to lavender and lilac.
The name comes from French form of malva meaning the "mallow" flower.
The first recorded use of mallow as a colour name in English was in 1611.
In 1856, an eighteen year old Chemist William Henry Perkin was trying to make artificial quinine.
An unexpected residue caught his eye.
It turned out to be the first aniline dye, mauveine.
Meaning of mauve
Mauve became very popular in the 1890s.
This decade was sometimes referred to as the Mauve Decade, because William Henry Perkin's aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that colour in fashion.
The colour mauve became associated with homosexuality because well known figures in the art world during the 1890s--a decade that was called the Mauve Decade--were gay such as author Oscar Wilde and artist Aubrey Beardsley.
Tones of mauve colour comparison chart
Mauvette (Plochere) (Mauve Pink) (Hex: #E8CCD7) (RGB: 232, 204, 215)
Deep Mauve Pink (Hex: #DE4BEB) (RGB: 228, 190, 235)
MAUVE (Mallow)  (www.99colors.net) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #E0B0FF) (RGB: 224, 176, 255)
Rich Mauve (Mauve (Crayola colored pencils)) (Hex: #E285FF) (RGB: 226, 133, 255)
Medium Mauve (Mauve (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #D399E6) (RGB: 211, 153, 230)
Bright Mallow Pink (Hex: #D498CB) (RGB: 212, 152, 203)
Mallow Pink (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #D597AE) (RGB: 213, 151, 174)
Mauvelous (Crayola) (Hex: #EF98AA) (RGB: 239, 152, 170)
Bright Mauve Glow (Mauve Glow (Pantone TPX 16-1617)) (Hex: #D0868E) (RGB: 208, 134, 142)
Moonlite Mauve (Pantone TPX 16-2614) (Hex: #D290B5) (RGB: 210, 144, 181)
Bright Opera Mauve (Opera Mauve (Pantone TPX 16-3116)) (Hex: #CD81B8) (RGB: 205, 129, 184)
Pale Mauve (Pantone TPX 15-1607) (Hex: #CFA4A4) (RGB: 197, 164, 164)
Bright Mauve Mist (Mauve Mist (Pantone TPX 15-2307)) (Hex: #C49FBA) (RGB: 196, 159, 186)
Mauve Mist (Plochere) (Hex: #C3A6B1) (RGB: 195, 166, 177)
Mauve Shadows (Pantone TPX 16-3205) (Hex: #B89CA9) (RGB: 184, 156, 169)
Deauville Mauve (Pantone TPX 16-1707) (Hex: #AD9194) (RGB: 173, 145, 148)
Mauve Glow (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #AD8884) (RGB: 173, 160, 132)
Dull Mauve (Mauve (Pantone 4154C)) (Hex: #A17E9A) (RGB: 161, 126, 154)
Rocket Metallic (Resene color list) (Hex: #8A7F8D) (RGB: 138, 127, 141)
Mountbatten Pink (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #997A8D) (RGB: 154, 122, 141)
Mauve Orchid (Pantone TPX 16-2111) (Hex: #B37E9A) (RGB: 179, 126, 154)
Orchid Mauve (ISCC-NBS #251) (Hex: #C17E91) (RGB: 193, 126, 145)
Mauvewood (Pantone TPX 17-1522) (Hex: #AB5C6D) (RGB: 171, 92, 109)
Mallow Purple (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #A8516E) (RGB: 168, 81, 110)
Vietnamese Mauve (Hex: #993366) (RGB: 153, 51, 102)
Dahlia Mauve (Pantone TPX 17-2617) (Hex: #A85387) (RGB: 168, 83, 135)
Mellow Mauve (Pantone TPX 17-1612) (Hex: #99637B) (RGB: 153, 99, 123)
Mauve Taupe (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #915F6D) (RGB: 145, 95, 109)
Wistful Mauve (Pantone TPX 17-1511) (Hex: #976F7B) (RGB: 151, 111, 123)
Twilight Mauve (Pantone TPX 18-1807) (Hex: #896F73) (RGB: 137, 111, 115)
Mauve Wine (Pantone TPX 18-1807) (Hex: #5D3B4C) (RGB: 93, 59, 76)
The Iran–Iraq War was a war between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran lasting from September 1980 to August 1988.
It was commonly called the Persian Gulf War until Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990.
The Iraq-Kuwait war, which the United States entered, later was called the Persian Gulf War or the Gulf War.
The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on 22 September 1980, after a long history of border disputes and demands for the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime.
Iraqi forces did well at the beginning of the war, taking Iranian Khuzestan, but before long they were stopped and forced out of Iran.
The war continued for years, and neither side gained much ground in the resulting trench warfare.
About a million soldiers died and a similar number of civilians.
Both sides used blockade, which other countries opposed.
Despite several calls for an end to the fighting by the United Nations Security Council, the two countries fought until 20 August 1988; the last prisoners of war were exchanged in 2003.
The war changed politics in the Middle East and worldwide.
The Iran–Iraq War is also noted for Iraq's use of chemical weapons and biological weapons against Iranian troops and civilians.
The role of the United States and Soviet Union was very important, dating back to the Cold War.
In 1953, the US encouraged a coup d'état against Mohammad Mosaddegh, who was the Prime Minister of Iran.
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi returned to power, supporting his military and his government.
The United States sold many weapons to the Shah's government.
Meanwhile, revolutionaries of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party overthrew the king of Iraq and, with the help of the Soviet Union, built up their army.
Starting with the United Arab Republic, they sought to unite all the Arabs into one state, including the Arab minority in Iran.
After the war started, (especially between 1983 and 1988) the United States sold weapons to the Iraqis.
This move was largely due to America's interest in containing the revolutionary Ayatollah Khomeini.
Thus, both the Soviet Union and the United States supplied Iraq with weapons to use against Iran.
The United States had sold many weapons to Iran before the war.
it was believed the soviet union was selling weapons to both sides during the war.
1980s in Iran
20th century in Iraq
Microorganism, especially a pathogen
Germ cell, an ovum or sperm, or one of its progenitors
The name comes from the flower of the lavender plant.
Originally, the name lavender only meant the color of this flower.
The color of the flower is still the standard for lavender but there are many other tones of light or medium violet now called lavender also.
The color of the flower can also be called floral lavender.
Other shades of lavender can range in hue from pinkish purple through violet to blueish-indigo.
They can also range from light and pale to medium and greyish shades.
By 1930, the book A Dictionary of Color identified three major tones of lavender--[floral] lavender, lavender gray, and lavender blue, and in addition a fourth tone of lavender called old lavender (a dark lavender gray) (all four of these shades of lavender are shown below).
By 1955, the ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names listed dozens of different shades of lavender.
The first recorded use of the word lavender as a color term in English was in 1705.
Meaning of lavender
Lavender represents Revolianism because it is the combination of gender stereotypical colours (pink and blue) mixed with white to emphasize the new beginnings of social norms
The color lavender is used to symbolize decadence.
The colors lavender and yellow represent the Christian holiday of Easter because the crocus flower, which is lavender and yellow, blooms in Europe in the spring.
Tones of Lavender color comparison chart
Light Lavender Blush (Lavender Blush Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FFF9FB) (RGB: 255, 245, 251)
Light Lavender Mist (Xona.com color list "Lavender Light Light") (Hex: #F5F5FD) (RGB: 245, 245, 253)
Light Selago (Selago Light (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #F9F8FE) (RGB: 249, 248, 254)
Selago (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #F0EEFD) (RGB: 249, 238, 253)
Lavender Mist (Lavender (web color)) (Hex: #E6E6FA) (RGB: 230, 230, 250)
Light Perfume (Perfume Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #EBE3FC) (RGB: 235, 227, 252)
Light Melrose (Melrose Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #E7E4EF) (RGB: 231, 228, 255)
Light Prelude (Prelude Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #EBE4F4) (RGB: 235, 228, 244)
Light Amethyst Smoke (Amethyst Smoke Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #D5CFDE) (RGB: 213, 207, 222)
Lavender Blue-Gray (Hex: #BDBBD7) (RGB: 189, 187, 215)
Lavender Gray (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #C4C3D0) (RGB: 196, 195, 221)
Light Ce Soir (Ce Soir Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #CFB8DE) (RGB: 207, 184, 222)
Prelude (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #D0C0E5) (RGB: 208, 192, 229)
Pale Light French Lavender (Xona.com color list "Lavender Light") (Hex: #D8D0F5) (RGB: 216, 208, 245)
Lavender Blue  (Periwinkle) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #CCCCFF) (RGB: 204, 204, 255)
Melrose (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #C7C1FF) (RGB:  199, 193, 255)
Pastel Lavender (Mauve (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul)) (Hex: #E0B0FF) (RGB: 224, 176, 255)
Light Blue-Violet (Blue-Violet Light (Xona.com Color List)) (Hex: #C77DF3) (RGB: 199, 125, 243)
Perfume (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #D0BEF8) (RGB:  208, 190, 248)
Light Medium Purple (Medium Purple Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #CDB7F0) (RGB: 205, 183, 240)
<li style = "background-color: #cfbaec;"> Light Lilac Bush (Lilac Bush Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #CFBAEC) (RGB: 207, 186, 236)  Light Lavender (Crayola: Wisteria) (Hex: #C9A0DC (RGB: 201, 160, 220)
Lilac (PerBang.dk)) (Hex: #C8A2C8) (RGB: 200, 162, 200)
Light Lavender Magenta (Xona.com color list "Violet Light Light") (Hex: #F8C3F8) (RGB: 248, 195, 248)
Lavender Pink (Crayola "Lavender [Pink]")(Hex: #FBAED2) (RGB: 251, 174, 210)
Lavender Rose (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #FBA0E3) (RGB: 251, 160, 227)
Brilliant Lavender (Electric Lavender) (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #F4BBFF (RGB: 249, 192, 255)
Rich Brilliant Lavender (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #F1A7FE) (RGB: 241, 167, 254)
Lavender Magenta (www.99colors.net) (web color "violet") (Hex: #EE82EE) (RGB: 238, 130, 238)
Helitrope (Hex: #DF73FF) (RGB: 223, 115, 255)
<li style = "background-color: #d46ff9;"> Light Veronica (Xona.com color list "[X11] Purple Light") (Hex:D46FF9) (RGB: 212,111, 249)<li style = "background-color: #cf71af;"> Medium Lavender Pink (Sky Magenta) (PerBang.dk)) (Hex: #CF71AF) (RGB: 207, 113, 175)<li style = "background-color: #d597ae;"> Blackberry Cream (Plochere) (Hex: #D597AE) (RGB: 213, 151, 174) Medium Lavender Magenta (Pale Plum (Plum (web color)) (Hex: #DDA0DD) (RGB: 221, 160, 221)
Pink Lavender (Taro) (Pantone  TPX 14-3207) (Hex: #D8B2D1) (RGB: 219, 178, 209)
Light Lavender Affair (Affair Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #B898CD) (RGB: 184, 152, 205)
Lavender Frost (Pantone  TPX 15-3507) (Hex: #BAA8C1) (RGB: 186, 168, 193)
<li style = "background-color: #aa98a9;"> Atonement (Plochere) (Hex: #AA98A9) (RGB: 170, 152, 169)  Deep Lavender Blue-Gray (Lavender (Pantone  TPX 15-3817)) (Hex: #B2A4D4) (RGB: 178, 164, 202)
Bright Ube (PerBang.dk)) (Hex: #D19FE8) (RGB: 209, 159, 232)
Bright Lavender (PerBang.dk) (Light Floral Lavender) (Hex: #BF94E4) (RGB: 191, 148, 228)
LAVENDER (Floral Lavender) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #B57EDC) (RGB: 181, 126, 220)
Rich Lavender (PerBang.dk) (Deep Floral Lavender) (Hex: #A76BCF) (RGB: 167, 107, 207)
<li style = "background-color: #9955BB; color: #ffffff;"> Deep Rich Lavender (Deep Lilac (PerBang.dk)) (German Lilac) (Hex: #9955BB) (RGB: 153, 85, 187) Vivid Lavender (Hex: #9966FF) (RGB: 153, 102, 255)
Lavender Indigo (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #9457EB) (RGB: 148, 87, 235)
<li style = "background-color: #9842e3; color: #ffffff;"> Vanda (Floral Vanda) (Hex: #9842E3) (RGB: 152, 66, 227) Amethyst (PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul) (Medium Deep Lavender) (Hex: #9966CC) (RGB: 153, 102, 204)
<li style = "background-color: #9874d3; color: #ffffff;"> Lilac Bush (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #9874D3) (RGB: 152, 116, 211)  Dull Deep Lavender (Wikipedia Link Lavender)  (Hex: #9C87CD) (RGB: 158, 137, 193)
Unicorn (Resene color list) (Hex: #9F91CF) (RGB: 159, 145, 207)
Lavender Lustre (Pantone TPX 16-3920) (Hex: #8A9CC4) (RGB: 138, 156, 196)
DADT Repeal Lavender (color of Obama's tie when signing) (Hex: #9D9FE9) (RGB: 157, 159, 233)
<li style = "background-color: #a899e6; color: #ffffff;"> Light French Lavender (Xona.com color list "Lavender") (Hex: #A899E6) (RGB: 168, 153, 230)<li style = "background-color: #9683ec; color: #ffffff;"> French Lavender (Lavender (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #9683EC) (RGB: 150, 131, 236) Ube (PerBang.dk) (Purple Yam) (Hex: #8878C3) (RGB: 136, 120, 195)
Fortune (Resene color list) (Hex: #7E73B8) (RGB: 126, 115,184)
Ce Soir (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #9771B5) (RGB: 151, 113, 181)
<li style = "background-color: #9678B6; color: #ffffff"> Lavender Purple (Purple Mountain Majesty (Crayola)) (Hex: #9978B6) (RGB: 150, 120, 182) Mogul (Plochere) (Hex: #8C82B6) (RGB: 140, 52, 182)
Amethyst Smoke (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #A397B4) (RGB: 163, 151, 180)
<li style = "background-color: #aa8a9e; color: #ffffff;"> Lavender Brown (Medium Vanda) (Plochere "Vanda") (Hex: #AA8A9E) (RGB: 170, 138, 158)<li style = "background-color: #b48395; color: #ffffff;"> English Lavender (Pantone TPX 17-3617) (Hex: #B48395) (RGB: 180, 131, 149) Twilight Lavender (Crayola Silver Swirls) (Hex: #8A496B) (RGB: 138, 73, 107)
Halaya Ube (PerBang.dk) (Purple Yam Jam) (Hex: #663854) (RGB: 102, 56, 84)
Old Lavender (ISCC-NBS) (Dark Lavender Grey) (Hex: #796878) (RGB: 121, 104, 120)
Dark Lavender (Pantone color #258) (Hex: #734F96) (RGB: 115, 79, 150)
Lavender Affair (Affair (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #714693) (RGB: 113, 70, 147)
Lilac is a light violet colour.
It is named after the colour of the lilac flower.
The actual colour of the flowers of the plant may range from the colour of the lilac flowers shown at left to a richer or deeper colour.
These colours, such as rich lilac and deep lilac, are shown in the colour chart below.
The first written use of lilac as a colour name in English was in 1775.
Meaning of lilac
Lilac is a soft dainty colour that is often associated with grandparents or grandchildren and used on greeting cards addressed to grandparents or grandchildren.
Tones of lilac and Persian lilac colour comparison charts
Some lilac flowers are coloured tones of lilac and other lilac flowers are coloured tones of red-violet.
Those lilac flowers that are coloured red-violet are said to be coloured Persian lilac.
Therefore, two different colour comparison charts are provided.
Tones of lilac colour comparison chart
Tones of Persian lilac colour comparison chart
See also red-violet
Uninterruptible power supply, an emergency electricity source
United Parcel Service, an American shipping company
Dr. Rajkumar (Real Name: Singanalluru Puttaswamayya Muthuraju April 24, 1929—April 12,2006) was the most popular actor in Kannada's movie industry.
He was seen as a role model to millions of Kannadigas.
"Dr. Raj" or "Natasarvabhouma" or "Annavru" (Big Brother) to millions of his fans, he was also called the John Wayne of South Indian cinema.
He acted in more than 200 movies over 50 years.
Most of his movies have become very important in the Kannada movie industry.
He was also a well-known singer.
Indian actors
The name is derived from the Greek name “Nikólaos” and is developed out nikáo “triumphs” and laós “people”.
After the Greek word use the name can mean both “winner of the people” and “winner over the people”.
People named Nicholas
Saints with the name
Nicholas of Myra, bishop of Myra, in the 4th century.
Commonly known as Saint Nicholas.
Santa Claus is modelled on him.
Nicholas I of Russia
Popes and Antipopes
Pope Nicholas I
Pope Nicholas II
Pope Nicholas III
Pope Nicholas IV
Pope Nicholas V
Antipope Nicholas V
Patriarchs
Patriarch Nicholas I of Constantinople
Patriarch Nicholas II of Constantinople
Patriarch Nicholas III of Constantinople
Patriarch Nicholas IV of Constantinople
Nikolaus Groß
A freedom fighter is a person who thinks their native ethnic group is not free, and is working to have freedom for their group.
Most often this means that a freedom fighter wants their people to have own nation and independence and/or get rid of oppressors.
People who think like this are said to think in a nationalist way
Freedom fighter is a relativistic term - this means a person decides by his or her point of view if he call some persons or groups freedom fighters or not.
Freedom fighter is a positive term - this means that he or she calls a person "freedom fighter" only if he or she supports the goals of the freedom fighter.
If people do not support his goals, they probably use more negative terms like insurgent, terrorist, rebel or criminal.
Freedom fighters are often called terrorists by their opponents if they hurt civilians.
However, not all freedom fighters hurt civilians.
Some freedom fighters damage the opposing military.
Some freedom fighters damage property - this is called sabotage.
There are also freedom fighters who do not use violence at all.
For example, the Mahatma Gandhi and the Dalai Lama.
The African National Congress, c.f.
Alfred Nzo's Address to the British Trades Union Congress at its Presentation of a Gold Medal to Nelson Mandela , 1988.
Babbar Khalsa (Sikh separatists)
CNRT Conselho Nacional de Resistência Timorense
The Continuity Irish Republican Army
Earth Liberation Front
ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna - Basque nationalist organization
GAM Gerakan Aceh Merdeka
Hezbolla
Hizbul Mujahideen - Kashmiri separatists
The Irish National Liberation Army
The Irish People's Liberation Organisation
The Irish Republican Army
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Separatists)
Mahdi Army a milita force created by and loyal to the Iraqi Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr
The New Peoples' Army
The Real Irish Republican Army
The Scottish National Liberation Army
The Ulster Defence Regiment
The Ulster Freedom Fighters
The Ulster Volunteer Force
The Dalai Lama: "We are freedom fighters unique in our peaceful approach to liberation."
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
A "cereal" grain is the seed of a grass, a simple dry fruit technically called a caryopsis.
Grain may also refer to:
Grain (measure), a mass of 64.79891 milligrams, 1/7,000th of an avoirdupois pound
Film grain, the fineness of image resolution for photographic film
Grain size, for particles of rock in geology
Grain in metallurgy
GRAIN - an international non-governmental organization for sustainable agriculture
Isle of Grain in Kent, England, on which lies the village of Grain, Kent
Grain, a solid propellant charge, roughly a hollow cylinder, sometimes textured, and possibly very large
Granular synthesis, a method for digital musical instruments operating on the microsound time scale
Wood grain, the alignment and texture of the wood fibres for woodworking
Grain, a single crystal inside solid-state matter; see crystallite.
Related to the obsolete "corn" as in corned beef
"fine-grained" designates a more differentiated form of a technical or abstract system
Wood grain describes the ,  and appearance of the wood .
This is often important in its effect on woodworking techniques (e.g. against the grain).
In describing the alignment of the wood in the tree a distinction may be made.
Basic grain descriptions and types include:
straight - grain which runs in a single direction along the cut wood, a product of a straight growing tree
cross - grain in which some cells grow out from the major growth axis of the tree
spiral - grain which develops as the trunk of the tree twists in development
interlocked (roey grain) A step beyond spiral grain occurring when growth rings in a twisting trunk develop misaligned grain
In addition, there are a few special grain alignments.
Their rarity often promotes the value of both the raw material, and the finished work it becomes a part of.
quilted
fiddleback
with the grain
against the grain
across the grain
flat-grain: flat-sawn or plain sawn,
edge grain: quarter-sawn or rift-sawn or straight-grained, and
end grain.
In joinery, a groove is a slot or trench cut into a member which runs parallel to the grain.
A groove is something else than  a dado, which runs across the grain.
Grooves are used for several purposes in cabinet making and other woodworking fields.
Typically, a groove is used to house the panels in frame and panel construction and the bottoms drawers.
A groove may be through, meaning that it passes all the way through the surface and its ends are open, or stopped, meaning that one or both of the ends finish before the groove meets edge of the surface.
electric router using a straight or rebate bit
circular saw with multiple passes (depending on width and depth)
dado set in a single pass
spindle moulder (wood shaper)
hand saw and chisel
router plane
da:Not (træ)
Woodworking joints or other types of mechanical joints (mainly in North American English)
The work of the joiner, the fabrication and installation of wooden fittings in buildings (mainly in British English).
In Australia, a joinery is also the generic term for a business which undertakes the tasks of a joiner - usually it is the name given to the premises from which such work is undertaken.
Sepultura is a thrash metal/death metal/groove metal band from Brazil that has sold over 15 million albums worldwide.
The brothers Max and Igor Cavalera started it in Belo Horizonte in 1984.
The two brothers have left the band since, Max in 1996, and Igor in 2006, with American singer Derrick Green and drummer Jean Dolabella replacing them after their exits, although Dolabella left in 2011 to be replaced with Eloy Casagrande.
The band's name is Portuguese for the word "grave".
The Cavalera brothers chose this name after translating English band Motorhead's song called "Dancing On Your Grave".
Singer Wagner Lamounier and bass player Paulo Jr. were the first stable members to join the band along the Cavaleras.
Lamounier left after a year and Max decided to sing as well as play guitar.
The band added a second guitar player named Jairo Guedez.
These members recorded their first album "Morbid Visions" in 1986.
The song "Troops of Doom" from this album gave the band a small amount of popularity.
Guedez left after the album was released, being replaced by Andreas Kisser.
This line-up lasted until 1996 and accomplished several things.
They recorded five more albums, where they began to play a more thrash metal sound than death/black metal in the first three albums, Schizophrenia (1987), Beneath The Remains (1989) and Arise (1991), and then moved on to groove metal with the last two of these five albums, Chaos A.D. (1993) and Roots (1996).
Popular songs from the Chaos A.D. include Refuse/Resist and Roots Bloody Roots.
On Roots, they also included a song they recorded with the Brazilian Xavantes tribe called Itsari, who also toured with them.
Conflicts between Max and the other members led to Max leaving the band.
He was replaced with American singer Derrick Green.
Although the band's album sales have lowered with each album released with Green, he remains in the group today, having recorded the albums Against (1998), Nation (2001), Roorback (2003), Dante XXI (2006), A-Lex (2009) and Kairos (2011) with the band.
Igor Cavalera left the band in 2006 after Dante XXI.
A year later, he made up with his brother Max, and the two formed The Cavalera Conspiracy.
Igor's first replacement in Sepultura was Jean Dolabella, who recored A-Lex and Kairos with the band before quitting.
The band's drummer today is Eloy Casagrande.
Paulo Jr. - bass guitar (1984-)
Andreas Kisser - guitar (1987-)
Derrick Green - vocals, guitar (1997-)
Eloy Casagrande - drums (2011-)
Max Cavalera - vocals, guitar (1984-1996)
Igor Cavalera - drums (1984-2006)
Jairo Guedez - guitar (1984-1986)
Jean Dolabella - drums (2006-2011)
Morbid Visions (1986)
Schizophrenia (1987)
Beneath the Remains (1989)
Arise (1991)
Chaos A.D. (1993)
Against (1998)
Nation (2001)
Roorback (2003)
Dante XXI (2006)
A-Lex (2009)
Kairos (2011)
The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart (2013)
Machine Messiah (2017)
Quadra (2020)
http://www.sepultura.com.br/
Groove metal bands
1984 establishments
1980s establishments in Brazil
The Dalai Lama  is a religious figure in Tibetan Buddhism.
He is its highest spiritual teacher of the Gelugpa school.
A new Dalai Lama is said to be the reborn old Dalai Lama.
This line goes back to 1391.
The 14th and current Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso.
Between the 17th century and 1959, the Dalai Lama was the head of the Tibetan government.
During winter, the Dalai Lamas stayed in the Potala palace.
In summer they were in the Norbulingka palace.
These two palaces are both in Lhasa, Tibet.
In 1959, the Dalai Lama had to flee from Tibet to Dharamsala, India.
This is still his base today.
Dalai Lama is the title of Tibetan Buddhism leader. "
Dalai" is original from Mongolian which means "ocean" and "Lama" is original from Tibetan which means "the highest principle".
In 1653, during the Qing Dynasty, this title was authorized to Dalai Lama V by the Chinese Emperor for the first time.
The 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, expelled all Chinese civilians from the country, and instituted many measures to modernise Tibet.
These included provisions to curb excessive demands on peasants and tax evasion by the nobles, setting up an independent police force, the abolishment of the death penalty, extension of secular education, and the provision of electricity throughout the city of Lhasa in the 1920s.
Thubten Gyatso died in 1933.
The 14th Dalai Lama was not formally enthroned until 17 November 1950, during the People's Republic of China invasion of Tibet (1950–1951).
Fearing for his life, the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India where he has led a government-in-exile since.
With the aim of launching guerrilla operations against the Chinese, the Central Intelligence Agency funded the Dalai Lama $1.7 million a year in the 1960s.
In 2001, he gave up his absolute power over the government to an elected parliament of selected Tibetan exiles.
His original goal was full independence for Tibet, but by the late 1980s, he was seeking high-level autonomy instead.
He is still seeking greater autonomy from China, although Dolma Gyari, deputy speaker of the parliament-in-exile has stated "If the middle path fails in the short term, we will be forced to opt for complete independence or selfdetermination as per the UN charter".
Asian people
Serenity is a 2005 science fiction space western movie.
It was written and directed by Joss Whedon.
The movie takes place in the fictional universe of the cancelled FOX science fiction television series Firefly.
It takes place about two months after the final episode, Objects in Space.
That is 500 years in the future.
Serenity is the story of the captain and crew of a transport and cargo spacecraft.
The captain and first mate fought together on the losing side of the Unification War.
Their lives of small crime are interrupted by a passenger with mental abilities who has a dangerous secret.
The movie was released in North America on September 30, 2005 by Universal Pictures.
It made $10.1 million during its first weekend.
The movie made $25.5 million in the United States and $13.3 million in other countries.
Fans call the movie the "Big Damn Movie" ("BDM").
This is a reference to a line from the Firefly episode "Safe" in which Mal and Zoe call themselves "big damn heroes" after rescuing River and Simon.
Film 2005 - movie of the year award  and FilmFocus.
IGN Film-  Best Sci-Fi, Best Story and Best Trailer awards and was runner up for the Overall Best Movie.
Nebula Award -  Best Script for 2005
Rotten Tomatoes - the 7th annual 'User Tomato Awards' for best Sci-Fi movie of 2005
Spacey Award - the 2006 viewers choice for favorite movie
2006 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form
the 2006 Prometheus Special Award.
The movie is based on Firefly, a television series that was cancelled by Fox in December 2002.
Fox stopped the show after 11 of its 14 episodes had been shown.
After trying to get another network to show the series, creator Joss Whedon tried to sell it as a movie.
He was introduced to Mary Parent with Universal Pictures, who agreed to make the movie after watching the episodes on DVD.
After Universal Studios got the movie rights to Firefly from Fox, Whedon began writing the screenplay.
Universal wanted to start making the movie in October of 2003 but problems with the script made them have to wait until June of 2004 to start of shooting the movie.
Universal did not want to spend the normal amount of money for a story set in space ($100 million).
Whedon told them he could do it for less.
He also told them he could do it in 50 days, instead of the usual 80 days.
On March 3, 2004 the movie was greenlighted to start being made.
It was shown to have budget of only $40 million.
They started filming the movie on June 3 2004.
Joss Whedon said that the movie would be called Serenity to keep it separate from the TV series.
All nine of the main actors from the television series (Adam Baldwin, Alan Tudyk, Gina Torres, Jewel Staite, Morena Baccarin, Nathan Fillion, Ron Glass, Sean Maher, and Summer Glau) returned for the movie.
On September 17 2004, Joss Whedon said on the movie's official site that shooting was done.
Whedon had to take a television series that not many people had seen and explain the idea of the movie.
He had to do this without boring the audience or the fans of the television series.
He did this by doing things in the beginning of the movie.