the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Kaigara(貝殻島/Signalny)
Chishima Islands dispute
Islands of Russia
A Botnet (short for robot network) is a word which is sometimes used by computer scientists.
Botnets are made up of many software agents.
Each software agent is controlled remotely.
Botnets are known for their ability to act as a unit.
Baroque (written as baroque) is a Japanese visual kei rock band.
Although all members of Baroque were men, they dressed up when they performed in concert.
At their concerts, their received much criticism and so the band broke up.
MembersRyo (Vocals)Kei (Guitar)Bansaku (Bass)Akira(Guitar)
Luna Lovegood is a fictional character in the Harry Potter books written by J. K. Rowling.
She was sorted in the House of Ravenclaw and first appears in the movies and the books in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.
Many people in the Harry Potter series think she is a strange girl.
This has led to her having the nickname "Loony Lovegood", but she does not change herself.
She is the daughter of Xenophilius Lovegood and Pandora Lovegood, and lives near the Weasley's house, in a black tower.
She was in her first year at Hogwarts School Of Witchcraft and Wizardry in Harry Potter's second year Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and was in her fourth year when she first came into the series.
In the movies, she was played by Evanna Lynch.
While Luna is not directly mentioned in this book, her existence is first alluded to at Stoatshead Hill where the Weasley family, minus Mrs. Weasley, along with Harry and Hermione meet Amos Diggory and his son Cedric to catch a Portkey to the Quidditch World Cup.
The Lovegood family is mentioned when Amos asks Arthur if they are expecting more wizards to meet them at the Portkey.
Arthur replies that the Fawcetts were unable to get tickets and the Lovegoods arrived a week earlier.
In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry first meets Luna (in her fourth year) on the Hogwarts Express train where is described as having straggly (messy), waist-length, dirty blonde hair and a distant dreamy, look.
Harry thinks that she is odd because she was reading The Quibbler upside-down, and wearing a necklace made of butterbeer corks and radish earrings.
When Harry first sees the Thestrals (black horse like creatures that can fly) pulling the carts, Luna tells him that she can see them too.
Both Harry and Luna could see the Thestrals when most others could not because they had both seen death, and Thestrals can only be seen by someone who has witnessed death.
Later, Luna tells Harry that she and her father believe him about the conspiracy involving Harry, and that they support him.
When Harry forms Dumbledore's Army, Luna joins and gets better at defensive magic.
When Gryffindor's Quidditch team played against Slytherin, Luna supported Gryffindor by making a life size lion hat that roared realistically.
Later in the book, when Harry was going to contact Kreacher about the location of Sirius Black, Luna kept watch for him, telling everyone that there was a gas leak.
When Professor Umbridge's Inquisitorial Squad (a group of students who were given power over other students to punish) found him, Luna was captured and held by a Slytherin.
While being held, Harry saw her looking out the window, as if she was bored.
After they had escaped, it was Luna's idea to travel to the Ministry of Magic by Thestrals.
During the battle at the Department of Mysteries, Luna took an active part in the fighting, until she was hit by a Stunning spell that knock her briefly unconscious.
After Sirius's death Harry noted that Luna was the only person that could truly comfort him about it, because, like Harry, Luna had also lost someone close to her, her mother.
Harry first meets Luna again on the Hogwarts Express when he sits with her in a compartment, with Neville Longbottom.
When some admirers of Harry's say that he could sit with them, Harry declines, saying that Luna and Neville are cool.
Later in the year, near Christmas, Harry invited Luna to be his guest at Professor Slughorn's party; Harry noted that she looked pretty, she wore a "spangled silver dress", and while at the party, she talked to vampires and shared her off-beat beliefs.
That send Harry into coughing with laughter.
Soon after the Party, Luna was the commentator at a Quidditch (which is a game played at Hogwarts) match, in which she went off on side topics by saying that the Hufflepuff Chaser, Zacharias Smith suffered from Losers' Lurgy and she also pointed out oddly shaped clouds, and often forgot players names.
Although Professor McGonagall was annoyed, a lot of students found her commentary highly amusing.
At the end of the year, Luna patrolled the corridors in search of Death Eaters.
Harry first meets Luna this time at Bill and Fleur's wedding, in which she and her father, Xenophilius Lovegood wore "egg yolk" yellow robes.
Later, Luna was captured on the Hogwarts Express by Death Eaters because her father wrote the truth about Harry in The Quibbler.
Harry assists Luna out of Malfoy Manor, where she had been taken hostage, and she comforted Mr. Ollivander (who had also been taken prisoner because Voldemort needed information from him), by sharing her beliefs.
At Dobby's funeral, Luna gave a nice eulogy which calmed everyone, thanking Dobby for rescuing them all from Malfoy Manor.
Later when Harry had to find Ravenclaw's lost diadem, Luna escorted him into the Ravenclaw common room, where she also stunned Alecto Carrow, a Death Eater.
At the Battle of Hogwarts, she cast her Hare Patronus, which made several approaching Dementors leave, and she also fought Bellatrix Lestrange.
After the Battle, Luna created a distraction, so that Harry could be alone.
After the Series
J.K. Rowling said in an interview that Luna became a Magizoologist, the 'Wizard equivalent of a naturalist' and she married fellow naturalist Rolf Scamander.
Somewhere in between 2008 and 2011 she had 2 twin sons named Lorcas and Lysander.
Fictional characters introduced in 2003
cs:Vedlejší postavy v Harrym Potterovi#Lenka Láskorádová
da:Bipersoner i Harry Potter-universet#Luna Lovegood
de:Figuren der Harry-Potter-Romane#Luna Lovegood
fr:Poudlard#Armée de Dumbledore
he:הארי פוטר - דמויות משנה#תלמידים בהוגוורטס
lt:Dumbldoro kariauna#Luna Geranorė
nn:Ravnklo#Lulla Lunekjær
tr:Dumbledore'un Ordusu#Luna Lovegood
vi:Quân đoàn Dumbledore#Luna Lovegood
Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is an American business magnate, politician and philanthropist.
He was the 108th Mayor of New York City for three terms from 2002 to 2013.
He has a net worth of $53 billion.
He is the ninth-richest person in the United States.
He is the thirteenth-richest person in the world.
He is the founder and 88% owner of Bloomberg L.P.. In November 2019, Bloomberg announced his presidential campaign for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in 2020.
He ended his campaign in March 2020 after losing many states on Super Tuesday.
Michael Bloomberg was born at St. Elizabeth's Hospital, in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, on February 14, 1942.
His father, William Henry Bloomberg (1906–1963), was a real estate agent and the son of Alexander "Elick" Bloomberg, an immigrant from Russia.
His mother, Charlotte Rubens Bloomberg (January 2, 1909 – June 19, 2011), was a native of Jersey City, New Jersey.
His maternal grandfather, Max Rubens, was an immigrant from present-day Belarus, then also part of Russia.
Bloomberg received a Bachelor's degree in engineering from Johns Hopkins University in 1964.
He received a Master of Business Administration degree from Harvard University in 1966.
Bloomberg began his career at Salomon Brothers before forming his company in 1981 and became its Chairman and CEO.
He also served as chairman of the board of trustees at his alma mater Johns Hopkins University from 1996 to 2002.
Mayor of New York City (2002–2013)
He was a Democrat before running for office.
He switched his party registration in 2001 to run for mayor as a Republican.
He defeated opponent Mark Green in a close election held just weeks after the September 11 attacks.
Bloomberg won a second term in 2005 and left the Republican Party two years later.
He campaigned to change the city's term limits law and was elected to his third term in 2009 as an independent candidate on the Republican ballot line.
He was criticized by many for his "Stop And Frisk" policy, which has been criticized for disproportionately affecting Black and Hispanic men in New York City, as most of those stopped (~90%) were not found to be guilty of any crime or wrongdoing.
Post mayoral career
He was often mentioned as a possible candidate for the U.S. presidential elections in 2008 and 2012, and for New York Governor in 2010.
He declined to seek either office, instead wanting to continue serving as Mayor of New York.
On January 1, 2014, Bill de Blasio succeeded him as Mayor of New York City.
Bloomberg is co-chair with Tom Steyer and Henry Paulson for a  report called Risky Business  by a coalition of top U.S. political and economic leaders from the political left, right, and center on the dire economic consequences from climate change (global warming), from lost property to ruined crops.
In 2015, there was speculation of Bloomberg possibly running for president in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.
On January 10, 2016, Bloomberg showed interest in running as an Independent in the upcoming election.
On March 7, 2016, Bloomberg said that he will not run for president lest it bring victory to Donald Trump or Ted Cruz.
Following the 2016 election, Bloomberg was seen as a possible candidate for the 2020 election.
In October 2018, Bloomberg announced that he had changed his political party affiliation to Democratic.
In March 2019, Bloomberg said that he would not run for president.
However, later that year on November 7, 2019, Bloomberg announced that he was taking steps to enter the 2020 presidential race, and said that he would make a formal announcement of his campaign soon.
On November 21, he filed paperwork to enter the Democratic primaries.
Three days later, Bloomberg launched his campaign and his official website.
On Super Tuesday, Bloomberg won the American Samoa caucus which brought his first and only victory in his campaign.
He ended his campaign the next day on March 4, 2020 and announced his support of Joe Biden.
Bloomberg was married to Susan Brown from 1975 until they divorced in 1993.
He is now in a domestic partnership with Diana Taylor since 2000.
Bloomberg has two daughters with Brown.
Why Municipalities Are the Key to Fighting Climate Change September/October 2015 Foreign Affairs
mikebloomberg.com, Bloomberg's official website
nyc.gov/mayor, official mayoral website
Michael Bloomberg, City Mayors' Mayor of the Month for August 2012
Profile at Bloomberg Businessweek
#23 Michael Bloomberg at Forbes list of 2010 world's billionaires
Issue positions and quotes at On The Issues
Michael Bloomberg collected news and commentary  at the New York Daily News
Michael Bloomberg collected news and commentary at Newsday
Biography at the Encyclopaedia Britannica
https://twitter.com/MikeBloomberg/
Jewish billionaires
An umpire is someone who makes sure all of the rules are followed.
Umpires are used mainly in sports like Baseball, tennis, and cricket.
The Umpire officiate the game.
Their responsibilities include:
beginning and ending the game
enforcing the rules of the game and the grounds
making judgment calls on plays
meeting out discipline
Linda Lingle (born Linda Cutter; June 4, 1953) is an American politician.
She was the sixth Governor of Hawaii.
People from Maui
Politicians from St. Louis, Missouri
Gackt Camui ( 神威 楽斗 Kamui Gakuto ) is a Japanese musician, songwriter and actor.
Usually referred to by his stage name Gackt, he is best known for his work with Malice Mizer and his following career as a solo artist.
Besides Japanese language, he has performed in English, Korean, Cantonese and Mandarin.
Gackt was born in Okinawa, Japan on 4 July.
Although he claims to be born in the year 1540, it is thought that he was born in 1973.
As the second of three children, with an older sister and a younger brother.
His father and mother were music teachers who played various instruments with his father primarily playing the trumpet.
According to his autobiography, he was a mischievous child and enjoyed taking risks; at age seven he nearly drowned while swimming off the coast of Okinawa.
After this near death experience, he claimed to have the ability to see and speak with the deceased, a notion which was dismissed by his parents.
At the age of ten, Gackt was hospitalized with a gastrointestinal tract and had to remain at the hospital for a prolonged time.
He made the acquaintance of several terminally ill children, some of whom died during his stay.
Gackt's musical education began at age three, when his parents initiated his classical piano education, of which he grew tired four years later.
It would take another four years until his parents allowed him to quit.
Competition with a friend lead to Gackt taking back up the piano, and he was later encouraged to learn other various instruments, especially those used in a rock band, throughout the rest of his time in school.
Malice Mizer
In 1995, Gackt joined Malice Mizer as the group's vocalist, lyricist and pianist.
Fan base and record sales grew substantially over the following years.
Malice Mizer released two albums with Gackt (Voyage ~Sans Retour~ and Merveilles) along with seven singles.
According to Gackt, when he began taking on more roles in the band, he was asked to leave the group.
However, the other members of the band say that this is not true and that Gackt simply "disappeared" after waiting for him once their break was over.
Gackt began his solo career on 12 May 1999 with the release Mizerable.
Several albums, singles and videos have since followed.
He has also done voice acting and motion capturing and co-wrote and co-starred in the 2003 movie Moon Child, which also stars Hyde (vocalist of L'Arc~en~Ciel) and Wang Lee Hom (Taiwanese-American actor-singer).
Also in 2003, Gackt published his autobiography titled Jihaku and for Caparison Guitars, he has designed two guitars, named "Marcury" and "Venus".
In 2007, Gackt played the warlord Uesugi Kenshin in the TV drama Fūrinkazan Gackt's most recent solo release is the single "Returner ~Yami no Shuuen~", released on June 20, 2007, which was the first in the artist's career (both solo and in a band) to reach the number one spot on the Japanese Oricon charts.
Gackt was also the voice actor for Malthazar in the Japanese release of the film Arthur and the Minimoys.
On 19 December, Gackt released an album titled 0079-0088 containing 8 tracks, which had either previously been used on the soundtracks of the Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam movies or were covers of earlier songs from the Gundam franchise.
It was created as a tribute to the creator of Gundam, Yoshiyuki Tomino, for his birthday.
On 25 May 2007, the formation of the supergroup Skin was announced, which also consists of Miyavi, Sugizo and Yoshiki.
The group gave its debut performance at an Anime convention in Long Beach California on 29 June 2007.
GacktJob
GacktJob is Gackt's live support band.
Its current lineup is as follows:
Yukihiro "Chachamaru" Fujimura–backing vocals, lead guitar
You–violin, guitar
Ju-ken–bass (currently touring with Anna Tsuchiya)
Nell–bass (filling in for Ju-ken)
Minami–drums
Igao–keyboard
Masa–rhythm guitar
Ren–bass
Ryu–drums
Toshi–drums
Jun-Ji - drums
Official Website (Japanese)
Gackt at Nippon Crown  (Japanese)
Gackt and Dears community site (Japanese)
Cebuano is a type of language spoken in the Philippines.
About 20,000,000 people speak this language.
Cebuano is a member of the Visayan language family.
Unna is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
It is on an ancient salt-trading route, the Hellweg road.
Max Weber (general) (1824 –1901)
Max Weber (sociologist ) (1864 –1920)
Max Weber (artist) (1881 – 1961)
Max Weber (politician) (1897 – 1974)
He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on December 13, 1951 and handed over office on January 31, 1954.
He was member of the Social Democratic Party.
Swiss politicians
There is also a Max Weber, German political economist and sociologist.
German military people
Oconto County is a county  in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.
There were 35,634 people living in Oconto county as of the year 2000.
The county seat is Oconto.
Counties nearby
Marinette County - northeast
Brown County - south
Shawano County - southwest
Menominee County - west
Langlade County - west
Forest County - northwest
Brazeau
Gillett (town)
Gillett
Lena (town)
Little Suamico
Oconto Falls (town)
Oconto Falls
Oconto (town)
Oconto
Pensaukee
Pulaski (partial)
Riverview
Suring
Underhill
Oconto County Tourism & Development
1854 establishments in Wisconsin
Niedergösgen is a municipality in the district Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Niederwil is a former municipality in the district of Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
In 2011 Niederwil merged into Riedholz.
Nunningen is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Oberbuchsiten is a municipality in the district of Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Oberdorf is a municipality in the district of Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Obergerlafingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Isengard was the side project of Darkthrone's drummer and poet Fenriz.
Vinterskugge (1994)
Høstmørke (1995)
Traditional Doom Cult (2016)
Vårjevndøgn (2020)
1980s establishments in Norway
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
1995 disestablishments in Europe
pl:Isengard (grupa muzyczna)
Bunker (golf), a sand trap on a golf course.
A paintball bunker
Bunker Tragedy
Bunker fuel, the fuel carried by a ship for propulsion
The Bunker, a 1978 book about the last days of Hitler
The Bunker (movie) could mean two moviess:
The Bunker (1981 movie), a movie based on the 1978 book
The Bunker (2001 movie), with Jason Flemying
Bunker Bean, a 1936 movie
Bunker 13, a 2003 novel by Aniruddha Bahal
Bunker, Missouri
Berkeley L. Bunker, an American Senator and Representative
Bunker Roy, an Indian social activist
Edward Bunker, the writer
Edward Bunker (Mormon pioneer)
Ellsworth Bunker, an American diplomat
Mark Bunker, a television producer
Wally Bunker (born 1945), a former Major League Baseball pitcher
Thomas Matthew DeLonge, Jr. (born December 13, 1975) is an American musician.
He was the guitarist of Pop-punk band blink-182, until their break up in 2005.
He also took a part in a project called Box Car Racer.
He plays and records with Angels & Airwaves, his new band that he started after blink-182's break up.
In 2009, blink-182 reunited, and they released a new album in September 2011, titled Neighborhoods.
In 2012, blink-182 toured Australia for the first time since 2004.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government.
The agency is a part of the United States Department of the Interior.
The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it.
The organization has four major science disciplines: biology, geography, geology, and hydrology.
The USGS is a fact-finding research organization.
It has no power to regulate.
Administratively, it is divided into a Headquarters unit and six Regional Units.
Other specific programs include:
The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program monitors earthquake activity worldwide.
Its National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) in Golden, Colorado detects the location and magnitude of global earthquakes.
The USGS also runs or supports several regional monitoring networks in the U.S. under the umbrella of the Advanced National Seismic System  (ANSS).
The USGS informs authorities, emergency responders, the media, and the public, both domestic and worldwide, about significant earthquakes.
It also maintains long-term archives of earthquake data for scientific and engineering research.
It also conducts and supports research on long-term seismic hazards.
The USGS operates the streamgaging network for the United States, with over 7400 streamgages.
Real-time streamflow data are available online.
The motto of the USGS is "Science for a changing world."
National mapping agencies
A pyroclastic flow, pronounced pie-roh-class-tick, (also known as a pyroclastic density current) is a flow of "lava", as commonly associated with volcanic eruptions.
The flows are currents of hot gas, or tephra, during an eruption that sometimes causes rock falls.
A cloud forms over the river of hot rock.
This boiling column of superheated gas, sand, tephra, obsidian, and pumice can reach soaring temperatures of 1,000ºC and is from 450 to 700 miles per hour.
A mudflow or mudslide occurs when mud travels down a slope very quickly.
Mudflows, which are like giant moving mud pies, happen when lots of water mixes with soil and rock.
The water makes the slippery mass of mud flow quickly down.
Mudflows happen most in mountainous places where a long dry season is followed by heavy rains.
Mudflows of volcanic eruptions are the most dangerous, and are called lahars.
A lahar is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water.
Lahars can move as quickly as 80km/h and are as thick as liquid concrete.
Snow and glaciers can be melted by lava or pyroclastic flows during an eruption
A flood caused by a glacier, lake breakout, or heavy rainfall can release a lahar, also called glacier run
Water from a crater lake, combined with volcanic material in an eruption
Snow and glaciers can melt during periods of mild weather
Earthquakes underneath or close to the volcano can shake material loose and cause it to collapse triggering a lahar avalanche.
Rainfall or typhoons can cause slabs of solidified mud to come rushing down the slopes, with devastating results.
Stuart Duncan (born April 14, 1964) is an American fiddle, banjo, mandolin, and guitar player.
In his career, Duncan has recorded with artists such as Dolly Parton, Barbra Streisand, George Strait, Reba McEntire, Bela Fleck, Jerry Douglas, and Chris Thile.
http://www.mikecompton.net/Photos/Promo/NBB.Bio_TwentyYearBlues.doc
Class and object are basic building blocks in object-oriented programming languages.
A class is written by a programmer in a defined structure to create an object (computer science) in an object oriented programming language.
It defines a set of properties and methods that are common to all objects of one type.
Another related class could be a truck, which would have similar fields, but not be exactly the same as a car.
Both a car and a truck could be a kind of a third class which could be called a vehicle class.
In this way, the programmer could create the parts of the program that are the same for both the car and the truck in programming the vehicle class, yet the programmer would be free to program how a car is different from a truck without duplicating all of the programming.
In this example, there are three classes: 1) a class called "car", 2) a class called "pick-up truck", and 3) a class called "vehicle".
These classes would be used to make objects.
Although there is only one class called "car", there could be many objects that are created from the class called "car".
And, although there is only one class that is called "truck", many objects of type truck could be created from this class.
The "vehicle" class is actually general and there would probably not be any objects that were only of the class "vehicle".
But a car would be a kind of vehicle and a truck would also be a kind of vehicle.
So, you could say that both cars and trucks are from the same class, vehicle.
Inside of classes are two kinds of things: methods and fields (or properties).
Methods can store the code for doing actions; in this example you could have a drive method and a brake method, and maybe a turnRight and turnLeft method.
Fields store data; you could have a color field, a speed field and a size field.
You can call methods by first making an object of the Car or Truck class, and call it for example ferrari, and doing ferrari.methodName().
In this case, if we wanted to make the vehicle move, we could do ferrari.drive().
Here is an example realized with Java.
Please notice that all unnecessary aspects are left out.
String color; // field color
int position; // field position
public void drive(int distance) { // method drive
this.position += distance;
int persons; // a new field called persons
public void getIn() { // method to get into the car
this.persons++;
public void getOut() { // method to get out of the car
this.persons--;
String load; // a new field called load
public void load(String load) { // method to load the truck
this.load = load;
public String unload() { // method to unload the truck
String oldLoad = this.load;
this.load = null;
return oldLoad;
The loggerhead sea turtle or loggerhead, (Caretta caretta), is a type of turtle that lives in the sea.
It is from the family Cheloniidae.
Loggerheads live in the seas around the world.
Most of the beaches where loggerheads lay eggs are found on the coasts of the United States in North America (mostly in Florida), Oman in Asia, and Australia in the Pacific Ocean.
Some loggerheads also live near other countries like Chile, Greece, and Indonesia.
How they live
Loggerheads eat fish, squid, jellyfish, crabs, and other small sea animals.
Loggerheads mate while they are moving in the seas mostly from March to June every 2 or 3 years.
When they are ready to lay eggs female loggerheads always come back to the same beach where they came out of their eggs as babies.
Most loggerheads lay eggs in June and July.
Most lay between 100 and 126 eggs.
The eggs look much like ping-pong balls.
When they come out of the eggs baby loggerheads are called hatchlings.
They usually come out at night so that other animals, like birds and crabs, do not eat them.
The hatchlings follow light from the morning sun to the sea.
They swim out to parts of the ocean that have seaweed (plants that grow in the sea) to hide from other animals while they grow.
Most loggerheads move to warm waters during months that are colder but some hibernate, or sleep for long times, when it is cold.
When they are hibernating they can stay under the water for up to seven hours before coming up for air.
Protecting them from people
In the past loggerhead sea turtles were hunted by people for meat and for their eggs.
Also their fat and shells were used to make medicines, combs, and other things.
The number of loggerheads today is small and so governments in many countries have laws that do not allow them to be hunted anymore.
The main danger for loggerheads now is the nets used by fishermen which can accidentally kill the turtles.
They are also killed by boats, fishing hooks, and other dangers from people.
Hawksbill turtle
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection - Endangered, Threatened & Special Concern Reptiles
U.S.: Loggerhead Turtle- by NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources
Florida: Loggerhead Sea Turtle- by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service's North Florida Field Office
Caribbean: Caribbean Conservation Corporation & Sea Turtle Survival League
Africa: Marine Turtles-Africa- Convention on Migratory Species
Islamic Renaissance, lasted from the 8th century AD to the 13th century.
It is regarded as starting with the reign of Harun al-Rashid.
Some scholars think one should count even the 15th and the 16th centuries to this period.
This period was called Golden Age, because engineers, scholars and traders in the Islamic world did much for the arts, agriculture, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, and technology in this time.
They built upon earlier traditions and added inventions and innovations of their own.
Howard R. Turner writes: "Muslim artists and scientists, princes and laborers together created a unique culture that has directly and indirectly influenced societies on every continent."
Golden age of Arab and Islamic Culture
The Influence of Islamic Philosophy and Ethics on The Development of Medicine During the Islamic Renaissance - By Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal
Gian Lorenzo (or Gianlorenzo) Bernini (, , ; Italian Giovanni Lorenzo; 7 December 159828 November 1680) was one of the greatest artists of the Italian Baroque period.
He was famous both for his sculpture and his architecture.
From 1627, he worked for Pope Urban XIII and then for Pope Alexander VII at St. Peter's Basilica where he designed the famous piazza (place) in front of the basilica and many of the most splendid things that are inside.
Bernini was born in Naples, Italy.
He was the son of Pietro Bernini (1562-1629) who was a well known sculptor.
When he was about 7 years old, his father took him to Rome.
As a boy and as a young man living in Rome, he saw the works of many famous artists.
He saw the famous fresco paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo, one of the most famous artists of the 1500s.
The paintings told the Bible story of Creation.
He saw the huge dome of St. Peter's Basilica which Michelangelo designed and the new extension to the building that was being built by Carlo Maderna.
One artist who Bernini knew well was Annibale Carracci who painted scenes on the ceilings of rooms for the pope.
The scenes told stories, often Ancient Roman legends.
Carracci took Bernini into St. Peter's Basilica.
Bernini fell on his knees and decided at that moment that he wanted to make something beautiful and splendid to honour Saint Peter.
Another artist whose work Bernini saw was Caravaggio.
Caravaggio's paintings were nothing like Carracci's.
Carracci's pictures were bright, lively and colourful.
Caravaggio's pictures were dark, sad and often frightening.
But looking into Caravaggio's paintings was like looking at something that was really happening while you were watching.
The people in Caravaggio's paintings looked as if they could breathe, speak and feel pain.
By the time he was 20, Bernini was a sculptor, carving statues out of marble.
He had learnt a lot, not just how to carve marble, which he learnt from his father, but how to make figures that told stories like Carracci's and Michelangelo's and seemed to be alive, like Caravaggio's.
An important man in the Roman Catholic Church, Cardinal Scipione Borghese, saw his work and became his patron, paying Bernini to make many beautiful sculptures for him and his family.
Soon the cardinal's uncle got to hear about Bernini.
He was Pope Urban VIII, the most powerful man in Italy.
He asked Bernini to work for him at St. Peter's Basilica.
Bernini spent 40 years of his life there, all the time except for a trip to France and shorter visits to other cities.
Bernini's sculpture
Most sculptures of that time were just of one figure.
But Bernini had seen Michelangelo's famous sculpture of the "Pieta" which showed the Virgin Mary grieving over the body of her dead son, Jesus.
Bernini made figures that were in groups and told stories.
One of his famous groups comes from Roman Mythology.
It shows the god, Apollo chasing a beautiful wood nymph (a sort of fairy) that he had fallen in love with.
But her father had magic powers and suddenly turned his daughter into a tree.
Bernini sculptured the very moment when her toes are turning into roots, her legs are becoming the trunk, and leaves are sprouting out of her hands and long hair.
She has her mouth open and a look of horror on her face.
No-one had ever tried to carve anything like that in marble before.
The thing that is so amazing about Bernini's sculpture is that he has made the flesh, the wood, the leaves and the hair all look so real, even though they are all carved in white stone.
Bernini's most famous sculpture is St. Theresa in Ecstasy.
It tells the story of a saint who had a vision of an angel.
Her vision was so beautiful that she fainted.
Bernini has sculptured the vision, with St. Theresa lying on a cloud with the laughing angel in front of her.
Their robes are blowing around, and it is hard to believe that the whole scene, which is set against a wall, is not really floating.
Bernini did not just design the statues.
He also designed the walls of the chapel around it, which is like a stage-set, made of beautifully patterned marble.
Against another wall, he carved a balcony and several white marble people looking at the scene.
They are members of the family that paid for the chapel.
The city of Rome has lots of squares with fountains in them.
Pope Alexander wanted to make the city more beautiful, so during his time, more fountains were made.
One of the biggest squares in Rome was the Piazza Navona.
On one side of the piazza was the church of St. Agnes, built by Borromini.
Bernini thought it was an ugly building.
He was asked to make the "Fountain of the Rivers" in the square, right outside the church.
It has four figures who are symbols of four rivers.
Bernini carved one of river-figures looking up at the church and throwing his hands in the air in shock at its ugliness.
Borromini was very upset with Bernini's joke, which has been there now for more than 300 years.
Bernini at St. Peter's
It stands underneath Michelangelo's dome and has four huge bronze twisted columns decorated with olive leaves and bees, because bees were the symbol of Pope Urban.
Holding up the dome of the Basilica were four enormous stone pillars (piers).
Bernini had a great idea for the big piers.
This sent some people into a panic because they thought the dome would fall down, but it did not.
Bernini's plan was the make four marble statues of the four Holy people: St. Helena who found the cross, St. Longinus who was the soldier with the spear, St Veronica who wiped Jesus' face and St. Andrew.
Even though the design is Bernini's, the statues, which are all 5 metres high, were made by four different sculptors.
Only St. Longinus is the work of Bernini.
The chair of St. Peter
To the west of the basilica is the Piazza di San Pietro (St. Peter's Place).
From its base to the top of the cross (that the pope had put on top) it was 40 metres (131 ft) high, and had been brought to Roman in ancient times.
The obelisk really should be at the centre of the new square, but it was not in quite the right place, and was very difficult to move without breaking.
It has the obelisk at the centre with two fountains on either side at the widest part.
It is a good place for vans to park and can be seen in the photo.
The Chapel of the Sacrament
He designed a miniature temple just like the one that was built over the place where St. Peter died.
He made it bronze covered with fine gold.
Bernini died in 1680 aged 81, after working for St. Peter's for 40 years of his life.
Pevsner, Nikolaus An Outline of European Architecture, Pelican, 1964, ISBN  9780140201093
1598 births
1680 deaths
hCard, short for HTML vCard, is a format for publishing the contact information of people, companies, organizations, and places, in XHTML, Atom, RSS, or raw XML.
Ellen spent her childhood in  Rome, Georgia.
Her father’s name was Reverend S.E. Axson.
Her father was a Presbyterian minister.
Thomas Woodrow Wilson first saw Ellen when he was about six and she only a baby.
In 1883, as a young lawyer from Atlanta, "Tommy" visited Rome (Georgia) and met "Miss Ellie Lou" again.
She was looking after her father’s household.
The marriage took place in 1885, as she did not immediately wanted to leave her father alone.
In the same year, her husband got a teaching job at Bryn Mawr College.
They lived near the campus.
She kept her younger brother with them.
The Wilson couple had three children.
Margaret was born in 1886; Jessie was born in 1887.
A third child named Eleanor was born in Connecticut, while Wilson was teaching at Wesleyan University.
Beginning in 1890, her husband had a well-known career at Princeton University.
This brought much social responsibility to Ellen.
She spent most of her time painting.
She had a studio in the White House where she painted.
The Wilson couple began their administration without any party.
As the First Lady, Ellen’s entertainments were also simple.
But her  and warmness made the people happy.
Her parties became successes.
As the First Lady, Ellen Wilson tried for improving the housing for the "Negroes" living in Washington D.C. She visited the slums where Negro families lived.
This brought their bad living condition to the attention of the Congressmen.
She had Bright's disease.
She died on 6 August 1914 after an operation on her appendix.
At the time of her death, she quietly said to the physician: "…take good care of my husband."
She also told her physician to tell her husband to marry again after her death.
Wilson was very sad at her death.
He took her to Rome, Georgia for burial.
He would later marry Edith Wilson in 1915.
The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI, World Canine Organisation) is an association of kennel clubs.
It is based in Thuin, Belgium.
It has 84 members and contract partners (one member per country) that each issue their own pedigrees (rules about how each type of dog should look) and train their own judges.
The FCI makes sure that the pedigrees and judges are of one FCI member are recognised by all other FCI members.
World Canine Organisation, in English
Organizations based in Europe
Robertstown is a village in County Kildare, Ireland.
It is near to many famous villages such as Allenwood.
Hermanas Mirabal (known previously as Salcedo province) is a Dominican province, in the north-central part of the country.
Its capital city is Salcedo.
It was created on 1952 with the name Province Salcedo.
In November 2007, its name was changed to Hermanas Mirabal.
It was a municipality of the Espaillat province before being elevated to the category of province.
Hermanas Mirabal ("Mirabal Sisters") were three sisters (Patria, Minerva and María Teresa Mirabal) that lived in Ojo de Agua, a small town in this province, and that were killed on 25 November 1960 by people of the dictator Rafael Trujillo.
That day, 25 November, is now known as the International Day of Non Violence Against Women.
The province was created in 1952 with the name of Salcedo province, with the municipalities of Salcedo and Tenares, that were parts of the Espaillat province; Salcedo was named as capital of the province.
In 1959, Villa Tapia became a municipal district of the province but was made a municipality in 1968.
Blanco was made a municipal district in 1968 and Jamao Afuera in 2003.
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Hermanas Mirabal province, and 26,649 () living in towns and cities.
The population density was  persons/km², one of the highest in the country
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 24th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
The Hermanas Mirabal province has a total area of .
It has   of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 31st (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province; only the Distrito Nacional is smaller.
There are two geographic regions in the province.
The northern half of the province is in the southern side of the Cordillera Septentrional (Northern mountain range); the mountains here are not very high.
The southern half is in the Cibao valley.
The only protected area in the province is the Reserva Científica La Salcedoa ("Scientific Reserve La Salcedoa"), created to protect the habitat of an endemic plant: the Salcedoa mirabaliarum.
The area is in a karstic region and includes part of the Espaillat province.
There are 3 municipalities and 2 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.
Breckerfeld is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, (Germany).
It is in the southeastern part of the Ruhr area in northern Sauerland.
Paul Raud (October 22, 1865 - November 22, 1930) was an Estonian painter.
He had twin brother, Kristijan Raud, who was also painter.
Paul Raud studied in Düsseldorfi art academy.
Alhazen<ref> (Arabic: أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم, Latinized: Alhacen or Ibn al-Haytham)</ref> or Alhacen or ibn al-Haytham (965–1039) was a pioneer of modern optics.
Some have also described him as a "pioneer of the modern scientific method" and "first scientist", but others think this overstates his contribution.
Alhazen's Risala fi’l-makan (Treatise on Place) discussed theories on the motion of a body.
He maintained that a body moves perpetually unless an external force stops it or changes its direction of motion.
He laid foundations for telescopic astronomy.
He was an Arab Muslim polymath who made contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, Muslim theology, visual perception.
He is sometimes called al-Basri (Arabic: البصري), after his birthplace in the city of Basra in Iraq (Mesopotamia).
Alhazen lived mainly in Cairo, Egypt, dying there at age 74.
Over-confident about practical application of his mathematical knowledge, he thought he could regulate the floods of the Nile.
When he was ordered by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the sixth ruler of the Fatimid caliphate, to carry out this operation, he realized he could not do it, and retired from engineering.
Fearing for his life, he pretended to be mad, and was placed under house arrest.
For the rest of his life he devoted himself entirely to his scientific work.
Ibn al-Haitham on two Iraqi banknotes
The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn Haitham
Roshdi Rashed, A Polymath in the 10th century, Science 297''' (2002): 773
A.I. Sabra, "Ibn al-Haytham: brief life of an Arab mathematician"
A weather or sounding balloon is a balloon (specifically a type of high altitude balloon) which carries instruments in the sky to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity by means of a small measuring tool called a radiosonde.
To get wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction finding, or navigation systems (such as the satellite based Global Positioning System).
The invention of the weather balloon started the age of remote sensing, the ability to collect information where there are no people.
Weather balloons are a major tool of atmospheric research.
High altitude balloons have also been used by astronomers and cosmologists to take readings of certain particle frequencies or gather light readings free of excessive disturbance from Earth's lower atmosphere (troposphere).
The first observation balloon was launched immediately before the first manned balloon flight by Frenchmen Jean-François de Rozier and the Marquis d'Aalandes on November 21, 1783, for a pre-flight wind reading.
Later, French meteorologist Leon Teisserenc de Bort (1855-1913) pioneered the use of weather balloons, handily proving their utility.
With balloon-acquired data, he determined the existence of a lower level of the atmosphere, which he termed the troposphere or "sphere of change," where weather takes place.
Since the 1930s, when radio tracking systems were invented, balloons have been used as complete floating weather stations, using such instruments as thermometers, barometers, hygrometers, cameras, and telescopes.
Many agencies use weather balloon flights to model the atmosphere and to make more accurate weather predictions.
They collect such atmospheric information as temperature , pressure, and humidity that can then be plotted on weather maps.
Three-dimensional atmospheric modeling is also possible using weather balloons because the instruments they carry are able to provide data collected from several different altitude points.
Since they started, the long bags of helium have been carrying aloft increasingly sophisticated observation devices.
The take the science of weather observation literally to the edges of outer space .
Einsatzgruppen were a paramilitary group in Nazi Germany.
They were part of the Schutzstaffel (SS).
They helped make The Holocaust happen by murdering about 12 million people throughout Europe.
Almost all of the people they killed were civilians.
Sometimes, the Einsatzgruppen would kill only a few people at once.
Other times, they would kill thousands of people in a few days.
For example, at Babi Yar, the Einsatzgruppen killed 33,771 Jewish people in two days.
Most of the people the Einsatzgruppen killed were Jews.
They killed between 5 and 6 million Jews.p.
257   However, they also killed hundreds of thousands of Polish people, Soviets, and Roma people in Eastern Europe.
After Nazi Germany lost World War II, 24 leaders of the Einsatzgruppen were put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials.
Sixteen were convicted.
Fourteen were sentenced to death, and two were sentenced to life in prison.
Other countries later tried four other Einsatzgruppen leaders, convicted them, and sentenced them to death.pp=274–275
Creation and Action T4
SS leader Reinhard Heydrich created the Einsatzgruppen around 1938.
At first, in October 1938, Heydrich sent the Einsatzgruppen to the Sudetenland.
Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, wanted to take over the Sudetenland.
He was ready to use the Nazi military to invade the area.
However, in the Munich Agreement, world powers agreed that Hitler could have the Sudetenland.
The Einsatzgruppen helped take over government buildings, and took all the government papers they could find.
They also arrested about 10,000 Czech communists and German citizens.pp.
405, 412
From September to December 1939, the Einsatzgruppen took part in the Nazis' Action T4 program.
The Nazis believed that people with physical, intellectual, and mental disabilities did not deserve to live.
Action T4 was a plan to kill them all.
At first, the Einsatzgruppen and other Nazis shot these people.
However, by spring of 1940, the Nazis started using gas chambers so they could kill people with disabilities more quickly.pp.
138–141
In 1939, Hitler decided to invade Poland.
Heydrich decided the Einsatzgruppen would follow the regular German Army.p.
425  Their job would be to kill the most important people in Polish society, like clergy, teachers, and members of the academia.
They would also kill anyone who refused to agree with Nazi ideas or rules.p.
144 Adolf Hitler said: "...there must be no Polish leaders; where Polish leaders exist they must be killed[.]"p.
143  The Einzatsgruppen followed this plan by killing about 65,000 civilians by the end of 1939.
These people included Polish leaders, Jews, prostitutes, Roma people, and people with mental illnesses.pp.
430–432
Finally, the Einsatzgruppen forced the surviving Jews in Poland to move to ghettos in big Polish citiies.
The Nazis planned to get rid of all the Jews in Poland, but they had not yet decided where to send them.pp.
227–228, 242-245  With the help of the German Army, the Einsatzgruppen also forced tens of thousands of Jews eastward into the part of Poland that the Soviet Union had taken over.p.
In 1941, Hitler decided to invade the Soviet Union.
He called this plan Operation Barbarossa.
Hitler hated communism.
He wanted to take over the communist Soviet Union, and kill communism for good.pp.
95–96
In May 1941, Heydrich gave the Einsatzgruppen an order to kill the Jews in the Soviet Union.pp.
94–95
In June 1941, Heinrich Himmler, the leader of the SS, told other SS leaders that the Nazis planned to kill up to 30 million people in the Soviet Union.
The Einsatzgruppen would play an important part in this by murdering people who the Nazis thought were inferior.
However, the Nazis would also use other strategies, like starvation, to kill other Soviets.p.
The Einsatzgruppen were divided into seven battalions.p.
225  Hitler's army invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.
A few weeks later, the Einsatzgruppen started working in eastern Poland, which was controlled by the Soviet Union.p.
185  Heydrich gave them three main jobs:p.
To take control of all of the offices and papers that belonged to the Soviet Union and the Communist Party;
To kill all of the top leaders of the Soviet Union; and
To start and encourage pogroms (riots and murders) against Jews
The Einsatzgruppen did these jobs in many ways.
Sometimes, they would make lists of people who they thought were enemies, and would then murder them.
Other times, they would perform massacres of thousands of people over a few days.
For example, at Babi Yar, one Einsatzgruppen battalion killed 33,771 Jews in two days; in the Rumbula massacre, another killed about 25,000 people in two days.
More Einsatzgruppen are created
As the Nazis took over more and more countries, they created more Einsatzgruppen.