the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Big-sized cookie cutters are often 4 inches long.
Walmart also sells big cookie cutters.
Smaller cookie cutters cost less, while bigger cookie cutters cost more.
fr:Emporte-pièce
http://www.oscotech.edu.ng/
http://www.maplandia.com/nigeria/osun/obokun/esa-oke/
A beating heart cadaver is the body of a dead person that has been connected to a medical ventilator.
This will keep the organs of the dead body, including the heart, functioning and alive for a few days.
Such a body still functions physically, but the person it belonged to is dead by the law and medicine's definition because there is no longer any conscious brain function possible.
The procedure for caring for a beating heart cadaver is the same as caring for a normal patient.
The body must be monitored at all times, and if necessary, "life saving" procedures must be taken.
Since the brain does not work, the hormone levels and blood pressure must be controlled by doctors to keep the organs alive.
Measures must be taken to prevent infection and maintain normal tissue oxygenation.
Organ recovery
A beating heart cadaver is kept alive in order to keep its organs from decaying before they can be transplanted.
Surgeons will remove the organs, one after the other, and give them to their patients.
The entire recovery process is usually completed within four hours.
This process was formerly known as an "Organ Harvest", but the name has since changed to the milder "Organ Recovery."
Many organs can be used, and many lives can be saved by one body.
The bodies are generally organ donors, who have agreed beforehand to donate their organs.
Some donated organs are taken from non-heart-beating donors.
Organs from brain deaths, however, have a better success rate, and currently most organ donation is from these deaths.
A beating heart cadaver is often disturbing and confusing.
Because the heart is beating and the body is warm, people may have difficulty believing it is dead.
Families often like to see the body once it has been removed from the machines and put to rest.
A free radical is a molecule with an unpaired electron.
The molecule is reactive and seeks another electron to pair.
Free radicals are involved in the mechanisms of damage associated with disease development.
Examples are hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
A radical is an atom or group of an (?)
which possesses electric charge.
There are two types of radicals: Cation and anion.
Cation are positively charged while anion are negatively charged.
Examples of cation are Calcium (Ca2+), Potassium (K+), Hydrogen (H+).
Examples of anion are Iodide (I-), Chlorine (Cl-) and Hydroxide (OH-).
The need for antioxidants in peoples’ daily life is becoming more critical with increased exposure to free radicals.
Pollution, cigarette smoke, drugs, illness and stress can increase our exposure.
The Attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack by Japan against the neutral United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on the morning of December 7, 1941.
It led the United States into World War II.
The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation, Operation AI, and as Operation Z. Japan's goal of the attack was to make the United States not want to attack them.
This is because they wanted time to invade Southeast Asia.
Over the course of seven hours multiple places were attacked.
The places owned by the US attacked were Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island.
The places owned by the British Empire attacked were Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong.
The attack started at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Time (18:18 GMT).
The base was attacked by 353 Japanese aircraft.
These planes included fighters, level and dive bombers, and torpedo bombers.
The planes attacked in two waves.
The planes were launched from six aircraft carriers.
All eight US battleships were damaged.
Four of the battleships sunk.
All but  were later raised.
Six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war.
The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and one minelayer.
A total of 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed.
2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded.
Important base installations were not attacked.
These facilities included the power station, dry dock, shipyard, maintenance facilities, fuel and torpedo storage facilities, submarine piers, and the headquarters building.
Japan did not lose many people.
Japan lost 29 aircraft and five midget submarines.
64 Japanese soldiers died.
Kazuo Sakamaki, who was in charge of one of the submarines, was captured.
He was the first Japanese soldier taken prisoner.
Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire the same day.
Due to an error, the British and Americans did not know until the next day.
The British government declared war on Japan immediately after being attacked.
On December 8th, the United States Congress declared war on Japan.
On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S., which responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy.
The attack by Japan made the citizens of the two countries very angry.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaimed December 7, 1941, "a date which will live in infamy".
Attacking without declaring war is against the laws of war.
As a result,  the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime.
Background to conflict
Diplomatic background
Japan knew war with the US was possible.
The US knew this too.
Both nations had been planning for war since the 1920's.
Japan was concerned about American expansion into Asia.
Japan was concerned about the fact that America owned Hawaii  and the Philippines.
Japan thought those territories were within their sphere of influence.
Japan had taken a heated stance ever since the United States passed the Racial Equality Proposal.
Despite this, the two nations were still friendly and traded.
Tensions did not seriously grow until Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931.
Over the next decade Japan expanded into China.
This led to the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937.
Japan spent great effort trying to isolate China.
They also tried to gain independent resources to attain victory on the mainland.
The "Southern Operation" was designed to assist these efforts.
Starting in December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay, the Allison incident, and the Nanking Massacre made Western citizens dislike Japan.. The U.S. unsuccessfully proposed a joint action with the British to blockade Japan.
In 1938, U.S. companies stopped providing Japan with implements of war.
This was due to an appeal by President Roosevelt.
In 1940, Japan invaded French Indochina, They did this to try and stop the flow of supplies reaching China.
The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, machine tools, and aviation gasoline to Japan.
Japan saw this as an unfriendly act.
The United States did not stop oil exports.
This was because Japan was dependent on US oil.
Removing the oil would cause hostile relations.
In mid-1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Pacific Fleet from San Diego to Hawaii.
He also ordered a military buildup in the Philippines.
He hoped that taking both actions would stop Japanese aggression in the Far East.
The Japanese thought attacking the United Kingdom would mean they had to attack the United States.
Japan then decided they would have to launch a massive attack on the US.
An invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners.
The U.S. War Plan Orange called for defending the Philippines with an elite force of 40,000 men.
This option was never done because Douglas MacArthur didn't like it.
He thought he would need a force ten times that size.
By 1941, U.S. planners expected to abandon the Philippines at the outbreak of war.
Late that year, Admiral Thomas C. Hart, commander of the Asiatic Fleet, was given orders to that effect.
The U.S. finally ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941.
This was done following the seizure of French Indochina after the Fall of France.
It was also in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption.
Because of this decision Japan decided to take the oil-rich Dutch East Indies.
On August 17, Roosevelt warned Japan that America was preparing to stop Japan if needed.
The Japanese were faced with a dilemma.
They either either had to leave China or seize new sources of raw materials in the resource-rich European colonies of Southeast Asia.
Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during 1941.
They were attempting to improve relations.
Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina.
They also offered to peace with the Nationalist government.
Japan also offered to have a new neutral reading of the Tripartite Pact.
They also agreed to stop trade discrimination.
They promised to do these things if other nations did it as well.
The U.S. government didn't accept these terms.
Japanese Prime Minister Konoye offered to meet with Roosevelt.
Roosevelt didn't want to meet before having an agreement.
The U.S. ambassador to Japan told Roosevelt he should meet with Konoye.
He was worried that if he didn't it might lead to war.
However, Roosevelt did not follow this recommendation.
Konoye stopped being the Japanese prime minister the next month.
He stopped because the Japanese military rejected the demand to leave China.
Japan's final proposal was delivered on November 20th.
In it, they offered to leave southern Indochina.
They also offered to not attack Southeast Asia.
In exchange, they asked for one million U.S. gallons (3.8 million liters) of airplane fuel.
They also asked for the sanctions to be lifted.
Finally, they asked the allies to stop aiding China.
America responded with their own proposal on November 26th.
The Hull note required Japan to leave China.
It also required them to promise not to attack other powers in the pacific.
On November 26th in Japan the task force left for Pearl Harbor.
This was the day before the Hull note was sent to Japan.
The Japanese wanted to attack the U.S. to prevent a larger war.
Their goal was to destroy the U.S. navy so they could take over Southeast Asia.
They wanted to take over the Pacific territories of the Allied nations.
The Japanese also saw the situation as being a time issue.
They were worried about getting an attack in on the U.S. before they ran out of fuel to do so.
Planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor had been planned since early 1941.
Isoroku Yamamoto came up with the plan in order to protect Japan's attack on Southern Asia.
He got permission to plan and train for an attack.
To do so, he had to argue with the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff.
He only got permission because he threatened to quit his job.
Full-scale planning started in Spring 1941.
The planning was under the guidance of  Rear Admiral Ryūnosuke Kusaka, with assistance from Captain Minoru Genda.
The planners looked to the 1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto for help.
This was because the British had successfully attacked ships in port there.
Over the next several months, things progressed as planned.
However,  Emperor Hirohito did not approve the attack plan until November 5.
This is because he wanted to discuss the matter over a set of Imperial Conferences.
Final approval was not given until December 1st.
This was because a majority of Japanese leaders warned the emperor about the "Hull Note.
They said it would, "destroy the fruits of the China incident, endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea".
By late 1941, many people thought war between the U.S. and Japan would come soon.
A Gallup poll just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52% of Americans expected war with Japan, 27% did not, and 21% had no opinion.
Many U.S. bases in the pacific were put on alert in this period.
However, U.S. leaders doubted that Pearl Harbor would be attacked.
They expected Japan to attack the Philippines.
This was because the Philippines were in a important position in the Pacific.
The islands had many air bases and a large naval port.
These would threaten Japanese shipping in Southern Asia.
They also incorrectly thought Japan wasn't capable of multiple attacks at once.
Ships lost or damaged
Twenty-one ships were damaged or lost in the attack.
All of the ships except three were raised after the attack.
(Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd's flagship of Battleship Division One): hit by four armor-piercing bombs and exploded.
1,177 people were killed.
The ship was judged to be too damaged for recovery.
: hit by five torpedoes and sank.
429 people were killed.
: hit by two bombs and seven torpedoes before sinking.
106 people were killed.
Returned to service July 1944.
: hit by two bombs and two torpedoes before sinking.
100 people were killed.
Returned to service January 1944.
: hit by six bombs and one torpedo.
Nevada was then steered into the island.
60 people were killed.
Returned to service October 1942.
(Admiral Husband E. Kimmel's flagship of the United States Pacific Fleet): Was in drydock with Cassin and Downes.
Was hit by one bomb and pieces from Cassin.
9 people were killed.
Remained in service after the attack.
: Was hit by two bombs.
5 people were killed.
Returned to service February 1942.
4 people were killed.
This includes a plane pilot who was shot down.
Ex-battleship (target/AA training ship)
: Was hit by two torpedoes before sinking.
64 people died.
: Hit by one torpedo.
20 people were killed.
Returned to service January 1942.
: Was damaged mildly by a bomb that missed.
Remained in service.
: Was in drydock with Downes and Pennsylvania.
Hit by one bomb and caught fire.
Was rebuilt after the attack.
Returned to service February 1944.
: in drydock with Cassin and Pennsylvania.
Caught fire from Cassin and burned.
Returned to service November 1943.
: Was moving to West Loch.
Damaged by two missed bombs.;
Continued patrol after attack.
Put into dry-dock on January 15, 1942.
Began sailing again on January 20, 1942.
: Hit by three bombs.
Returned to service June 1942.
Auxiliaries
(minelayer): damaged by the torpedo that hit Helena and sank.
Returned to service as a repair ship on February 1944.
(repair ship): hit by two bombs.
Also hit by the blast and fire from Arizona.
Vestal was then steered into the island.
Returned to service by August 1942.
(seaplane tender): Hit by one bomb.
Also hit by a crashed Japanese aircraft.
19 people were killed.
returned to service January 1942.
19 dead.
(harbor tug): Sunk by explosions and fire from Shaw.
Returned to service August 1942.
(yard floating dock): Was sunk by bombs.
Returned to service January 25, 1942.
After the attack
The next day, United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a speech to Congress.
In his speech, President Roosevelt said that December 7 was "a date which will live in infamy".
Most Americans listened to the speech on the radio.
A few minutes after the speech ended, Congress voted to declare war on Japan.
Only one member of Congress, Jeanette Rankin, voted "no".
Three days later, Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States.
Rumors started blaming Italian, German, and Japanese Americans for knowing about the attacks ahead of time and even helping.
Many American citizens became afraid of Italian, German and Japanese Americans because Germany and Italy were allied to Japan.
As a result, 110,000 Japanese Americans  31,000 German Americans and 3,000 Italian Americans were sent to internment camps starting in 1942.
The government made the father of a famous baseball player, Joe di Maggio, move from the West coast because he was an Italian immigrant.
Some Italian, German and Japanese Americans were interned as late as 1944.
The government apologized for this to the Japanese Americans in 1988.
German Americans and Italian Americans have never received an formal apology from the governmant.
After the war happened, Japanese leaders who ordered the attack were tried for a war crime, Hideki Tojo, the prime minister of japan was convicted of war crimes at an international military tribunal in 1948, including waging wars of aggression and ordering inhumane treatment of prisoners of war.
He was sentenced to death that November and executed by hanging the following month
Japanese Attack on Howland Island
Franklin D. Roosevelt's "A day which will live in infamy" speech
1941 in the United States
Dracunculus is a genus of plants in the family Araceae.
They have a large purple spathe and spadix, and a foul smell.
There are only three species of  Dracunculus.
Dracunculus vulgaris grows in Southern Europe and Northern Africa.
Dracunculus canariensis grows in Canary Islands and Madeira.<ref>Bricknell, Christopher (ed) 1996.
The RHS encyclopedia of garden plants.
Dorling Kindersly, London.
p379 </ref>
All of these plants are herbs with tubers.
The individual flowers flowers are tiny: they are gathered in an inflorescence.
Common names for this plant are Snake Lily, Dragon Arum, Black Dragon, Voodoo Lily, Ragons, Black Arum, Dragonwort and Stink Lily.
Dracunculus vulgaris'' is cultivated as a garden plant.
ITIS: Dracunculus
NCBI: Dracunculus
The Poughkeepsie Bridge (sometimes known as the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge or the Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge) is a cantilever bridge over the Hudson River.
It goes from Poughkeepsie, New York on the east side to Highland, New York on the west side.
It was built for trains and was completed on January 1, 1889.
It closed down on May 8, 1974 after a bad fire.
It became part of the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
On October 3, 2009, the bridge was opened to the public as a pedestrian bridge and New York State Park.
It is now known as the Walkway Over the Hudson.
It cost $39 million to improve it.
A Shehnai  is a South Asian music instrument which is normally played at marriages and other ceremonies, rites and rituals.
The word itself is of Turkish origin, combining 'Sheh' (or 'Shah') 'Royal' and '-Nai' or 'Ney', a type of Flute.
A version of the Shehnai, the Surnai, is also played in the Northern and North-western areas of India and Pakistan, in particular at traditional Polo matches.
Also referred as Nadasvaram in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
It is usually made of wood and it has to be blown like a flute to play it.
Verne Jay Troyer (January 1, 1969 – April 21, 2018) was an American actor, director, stuntman, voice artist, and comedian.
He was  tall.
He was best known for playing Mini-Me in the Austin Powers movies.
Troyer also guest-hosted WWE Raw on November 30, 2009.
On April 21, 2018, Troyer died in Los Angeles, California while being hospitalized with alcoholism complications and a failed suicide attempt.
His manner of death was ruled as suicide.
His cause of death was alcohol poisoning.
Verne Troyer's Official website
Brandon Barnes (born October 10, 1972) is an American musician and producer from Denver, Colorado.
He is best known as the drummer and co-composer for the hardcore punk band, Rise Against.
Brandon Barnes currently lives with his wife, son and daughter in Colorado.
Brandon studied music in college and played drums in the University of Colorado music program.
He knew then he wanted to make music his career.
By listening to his favorite drummers such as Elvin Jones, Tony Williams, Terry Bozzio, Peter Erskin, and Dave Lombardo, Brandon got the style of playing he has used in many bands over the last 10 years.
Brandon joined Rise Against in 2000 after the breakup of "Pinhead Circus" and was on the 2001 release and tour of The Unraveling.
Since then, Brandon Barnes is continuing to play in Rise Against and has made drum tracks for all six of their albums.
Everything Else Is Just a Far Gone Conclusion (1999)
Revolutions Per Minute (2003)
Endgame (2011)
Musicians from Colorado
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815 – October 26, 1902) was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement along with Susan B. Anthony.
Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and women's suffrage movements in the United States.
Stanton received a very good education.
That was not common for women during that time.
She married Henry Stanton, who fought against slavery.
She became interested in women's rights when she was at a World's Anti-Slavery meeting in London.
She and Lucretia Mott, another activist, were upset because women were not allowed to be a part of the meeting.
Because of this, they created their own women's rights meeting.
The first meeting was in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York.
Stanton wrote The Declaration of Sentiments which was about the need for changes.
Some of the changes they wanted were allowing women to vote and making women be equal to men in society.
The Declaration was signed by the women at the conference.
Stanton continued to fight for women's rights by spreading petitions throughout New York.
These petitions were meant to push the New York Congress into passing the New York Married Women's Property Act.
In 1851, Stanton met Susan B. Anthony, another famous activist.
Stanton and Anthony worked together for a very long time.
Together they wrote speeches, articles, and books.
Stanton and Anthony were leaders of the women's rights movement for more than fifty years.
Stanton and Matilda Gage wrote the Declaration or Rights.
That was presented by Susan B. Anthony at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876.
Stanton traveled around the country and position as president of the National Woman Suffrage Association.
During her travels she spoke about current social issues having to do with women's rights.
Some of the issues were divorce laws and raising children.
In her later years, Stanton was still politically active, although she didn't travel as much.
She wrote, with Anthony and Gage, books called the History of Woman Suffrage from 1881 to 1885.
She also published the Woman's Bible.
She wrote a book about her life called Eighty Years and More.
Stanton died in 1902 in New York City, only eighteen years before women were allowed to vote.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton House from the United States National Park Service
Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony by Ken Burns from PBS
Elizabeth Cady Stanton's obituary from The New York Times
Stanton's Family Memorabilia  from Women's eNews
http://www.nps.gov/wori/historyculture/elizabeth-cady-stanton.htm
http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/elizabeth-cady-stanton/
http://ecssba.rutgers.edu/resources/ecsbio.html
http://infidels.org/library/modern/john_murphy/stanton.html
http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/stanton.html
Newgrounds is an American website hosted in Glenside, Pennsylvania, United States.
Created in 1995, the site has Adobe Flash animations and games, but also features a music and art portal.
The site was started and is owned by Tom Fulp.
Newgrounds is different from most other Flash websites by its automated submission and rating system.
It was the first website in history to produce a fully automated user-made content system.
The Moscow Kremlin, usually just called the Kremlin, is a fortress in the center of Moscow, where most of the Russian government works.
It is where the President of Russia lives.
It is on the left bank of the Moskva River and southwest of Red Square.
'''Samson (band), a British rock band formed in 1977
Edmund Gerald Brown Jr. (born April 7, 1938) is an American politician.
He was the 39th Governor of California from 2011 to 2019.
He was also the 34th Governor of California from 1975 to 1983.
In 2010, he was elected Governor of California.
On November 4, 2014, he was re-elected governor.
Brown is a member of the Democratic Party.
He has also been California's Secretary of State, Attorney General of California, and was the mayor of Oakland for eight years.
He ran for President of the United States in the Democratic primaries in 1976, 1980 and in 1992.
Brown was born in San Francisco, California.
His father was Pat Brown who also served as Governor of California until losing re-election to Ronald Reagan.
His mother was Bernice Layne Brown.
He was raised in San Francisco.
Brown studied at Yale University and at the University of California, Berkeley.
Brown began his political career as a member of the Los Angeles Community College District Board of Trustees 1969 – 1971.
He later served as Secretary of State of California 1971 - 1975.
Brown declined to run for a third term in 1982, instead running for the United States Senate in 1982.
However, he was defeated by Republican Mayor Pete Wilson (who himself would later become governor), and many considered his political career to be over.
After travelling abroad, Brown returned to California and served as Chairman of the California Democratic Party (1989–1991), resigning to run for the Senate again in 1992.
Running against Meg Whitman in 2010, Brown became the 39th Governor in 2011; on October 7, 2013, he became the longest-serving governor in California history, surpassing Earl Warren.
He was reelected in 2014 with sixty percent of the vote.
As a consequence of the 28-year gap between his second and third terms, Brown has been both the sixth-youngest California governor (the youngest since 1863) and the oldest California governor in history.
Possible 2016 presidential bid
Brown had been thought likely to run for the Democratic nomination for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.
He had expressed some interest in doing so, particularly if Hillary Clinton did not run.
However, in an interview in 2014, Brown ruled out running.
He did not rule out running for another term as Mayor of Oakland, saying that "I wouldn't mind being mayor of Oakland.
But I don't know, when I'm 80 and a half, whether I'll have the same appetite.
I'm very excited doing this job. [
Still], I don't want to foreclose my options for four years from now."
In an interview by CNN during the second Republican Primary debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Brown hinted at a possible presidential bid in 2016.
He stated that "I'll jump in when the time is appropriate".
In April 2011 Brown had surgery to remove a basal-cell carcinoma from the right side of his nose.
In December 2012, media outlets reported that Brown was being treated for early stage (the precise stage and grade was not stated) localized prostate cancer with a very good health.
Jerry Brown for Governor
Politicians from Oakland, California
The  (; plural:  ) is a basic administrative division in Italy, roughly equivalent to a township or municipality.
Pavlova is a meringue-based dessert named after the Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova.
It is  a cake with a crispy crust and soft, light inside.
People believe the dessert was made to celebrate one of the dancer's tours to Australia and New Zealand in the 1920s.
The two countries have argued for a long time over where it was created.
The dessert is very popular in both countries and often eaten on special occasions.
It is usually served with cream and fruit.
Research shows that the pavlova was first made in New Zealand.
Keith Money wrote that a New Zealand chef in a hotel in Wellington, New Zealand, created the dish when Pavlova visited as part of her world tour in 1926.
Professor Helen Leach, who studies the history of food at the University of Otago in New Zealand, collected 667 pavlova recipes.
Her book, The Pavlova Story: A Slice of New Zealand’s Culinary History, says that the first Australian pavlova recipe  was made in 1935, and the recipe in the rural magazine NZ Dairy Exporter Annual was made in 1929.
The Australian website "Australian Flavour" gives an even earlier date, 1926, when Home Cookery for New Zealand by E Futter had a recipe for “Meringue with Fruit Filling.”
The recipe was almost the same as a pavlova.
A meringue () is a type of dessert made from whipping egg whites and sugar.
Some meringue recipes also ask for cream of tartar or cornstarch to hold it together.
Meringues are often flavoured with vanilla and a small amount of almond or coconut extract.
They are light, airy and sweet.
People do not agree whether meringue was invented in the Swiss town of Meiringen by an Italian chef named Gasparini.
They are more sure that the name meringue was first seen in 1692, in a cookbook by François Massialot.
The word meringue was first used in English in 1706 in an English translation of Massialot's book.
There are two English recipe books that have a recipe for meringue, but it is called "white biskit bread" in the book of recipes started in 1604 by Lady Elinor Fettiplace, or called "pets" in the manuscript of collected recipes written by Lady Rachel Fane.
Type of meringue
There are many types of meringue.
The usual type is dry and crisp.
One type is the half-cooked type on queen of puddings, key lime pie, and lemon meringue pie.
There are also uncooked meringues, and other types of meringues cooked in different ways.
Cooked meringue cannot be refrigerated or it will become soggy.
Faggot (or fag) is a derogatory term for a homosexual human.
It is usually used to refer to gay men, but may also be used for lesbian women.
Many people, especially homosexuals, see it as hate speech.
Typically, they prefer the term gay, or sometimes queer; queer having been reclamed by the LGBTQ+ community despite the term's pre-existing negative connotation.
Younger generations (including by LGBT people) often use the term "gay", "fag" and "faggot" as an insult towards people that annoy them without actually linking the word to homosexuals.
Gay slang
Zach Blair (born December 26, 1974) is the lead guitarist and co-composer for Chicago-based hardcore punk band Rise Against.
Before joining Rise Against in early 2007, Blair was a member of hardcore punk group called Only Crime along with his brother, Doni Blair who currently plays with the Toadies.
He has also been a 2nd touring guitarist for The Loved Ones and was the 2nd guitarist on the instrumental band "The Mag Seven's" album "The Future Is Ours, If You Can Count".
Blair is a vegetarian, an animal rights advocate and actively promotes PETA with the other members of Rise Against.
Their newest release, Appeal to Reason is Rise Againsts' first album with Blair.
Warning colouration (or aposematism) is how animals let other animals know that they are poisonous or dangerous.
Warning colours are usually some combination of red, yellow, black and white.
"The animals in question are possessors of some deadly weapons, as stings or poison fangs, or they are uneatable, and are thus so disagreeable to the usual enemies of their kind that they are never attacked when their peculiar powers or properties are known.
It is, therefore, important that they should not be mistaken for defenceless or eatable species... since they might suffer injury, or even death, before their enemies discovered the danger or uselessness of their attack.
They require some signal or danger flag which shall serve as a warning to would-be enemies..."
Wallace predicted that birds and other predators would reject conspicuous prey whilst accepting cryptic prey.
Later reports confirmed this.
Animals with warning colours move slowly and expose themselves to sight.
The sluggishness and exposure helps to advertise their defence.
Along with the colour and behaviour often goes the foul smell of their chemical weapons.
The grasshopper Aularches miliaris is a very good example.
Noxious caterpillars often have thick, leathery cuticles which help them to resist young birds making a 'test'.
When the bird takes a peck, disgusting fluid seeps out from special glands on its back.
The caterpillar (or other larva) will often survive such an attack, and the young bird has learnt a lesson it will never forget.
All in all, the predator is given good warning.
Toxin resistance
There are a number of predators which eat toxic animals.
Cases which have been studied suggest there is some kind of cost to be borne for their relative immunity to the toxin.
The rough-skinned newt is toxic, and displays its warning colour by showing its abdomen.
Throughout much of the newt’s range, the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) is resistant to the toxin.
In several populations, these snakes successfully prey upon the newts.
Toxin resistant garter snakes are the only known animals that can eat these newts and survive.
The snake’s resistance to the toxin has resulted in a selective pressure that favours newts which produce more potent levels of toxin.
Increases in newt toxicity then causes a selective pressure favouring snakes with mutations conferring even greater resistance.
The price paid by the snakes is that their digestion and body metabolism is slower than related species.
Really resistant snakes have slower crawl speeds than snakes with little or no resistance.
This is an example of co-evolution.
This cycle of a predator and prey co-evolving is sometimes called an evolutionary arms race.
In this case it results in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess of what is needed to kill any other conceivable predator.
Bright colours
Animals can, and do, show bright colours which have other functions.
The most common functions are:
Identification, a secondary sex characteristic to find a mate.
Temperature regulation.
Camouflage against unusual backgrounds.
The colouring of many species has unknown function.
This is usually because their life habits have not been studied sufficiently, and because no field tests have been done.
One example is the moth Utetheisa pulchella, the crimson speckled moth.
Its association with the plant Dittrichia viscosa, which has a somewhat unpleasant smell, suggest the moth has warning colouration, but the matter is not settled.
The related species Utetheisa ornatrix, which feeds on other plants, is known to exude (squeeze out) alkaloids to put predators off.
A sawfly is an insect belonging to suborder Symphyta of the order Hymenoptera.
The sawflies are a group of largely plant-eating (herbivorous) insects.
The group is less specialised than the ants, bees and wasps.
Sawflies differ from most other Hymenoptera by their broad connection between the abdomen and the thorax, and by their caterpillar-like larvae.
The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs.
Large populations of certain sawfly species may cause  economic damage to forests and cultivated plants.
As of 2013, the Symphyta are treated as nine superfamilies (one extinct) and 25 families.
Most sawflies belong to the Tenthredinoidea superfamily, with about 7,000 species worldwide.
Tenthredinoidea has six families, of which Tenthredinidae is by far the largest with some 5,500 species.
Xyelidae
The Xyelidae is a small family of sawflies known from fewer than 50 living species in five genera, with an extensive fossil record.
They are the oldest fossil Hymenoptera, dating back to the Triassic, some 200 million years ago.
Most species occur in the Northern hemisphere, especially in boreal regions, though there are a few neotropical species.
Most are associated with conifers (esp.
Pinus and Abies), where the larvae feed on pollen or within buds, though larvae of a few species feed on the leaves of deciduous trees.
Catarina Pereira (born June 13, 1990) is a Portuguese singer and actress.
She competed with her song, "Canta por mim" (Sing for me), for the chance to sing for Portugal at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010.
She had the lead role in the Portuguese production of "High School Musical".
On the album The Best of the World (iplay), Catarina Pereira and Filipa Azevedo sang "Carousel Paper."
From the soundtrack album for Love Spell (BSO) (Lighthouse Music), Catarina Pereira sang "Mais que Perfeito"
On the album Feelings (BSO) (Lighthouse Music) Catarina Pereira sang "Believe Me".
Captain Planet and the Planeteers is an American animated environmentalist television program, based on an idea by Ted Turner and produced by Andy Heyward, Robby London, Barbara Pyle and Nicholas Boxer.
The series was developed and co-produced by Turner Program Services along with the partnership of DiC Entertainment and ran new episodes from September 10, 1990 until December 5, 1992.
A second series, The New Adventures of Captain Planet, ran for three seasons and was produced by Turner Broadcasting and then-corporate sibling Hanna-Barbera Productions.
Both programs continue today in syndication.
The idea of protectionism is to stop imports (when people buy goods from other countries instead of from their own).
Mercantilism is one kind of protectionism.
When a country raises a tariff on another country, usually the other country raises their tariffs on that country to get even.
This is called a trade war.
Tariffs were popular in the United States during the 1800s, but when the United States made the Hawley-Smoot Tariff a law in 1930, it raised tariffs very high on Europe.
In response, Europe raised its tariffs on the United States, which resulted in a trade war.
Many economists and historians believe that the tariffs made the Great Depression worse.
Protectionism is no longer popular now.
Instead, people support free trade (the opposite of protectionism where the government makes it easier for the country to trade with other countries).
What is protectionism?
at wisegeek.com
Led Zeppelin is the first album from English rock band Led Zeppelin, released on 12 January 1969.
The album was recorded in 1968 and is notable for being one of the most influential albums of all time, especially inspiring future heavy metal and hard rock bands.
The album did not get good reviews by critics in 1969 but the album still sold many copies, today, the album is generally seen as a rock classic.
On the album, guitarist and producer Jimmy Page used many different techniques to get a unique sound.
For example, he recorded the instruments from far away instead of putting the microphone right in front of the amplifier or drum set, this gives a different sound, like it sounds in the room when it was played.
Led Zeppelin albums
David Crockett (August 17, 1786 – March 6, 1836) was an American frontiersman, soldier, politician, and folk hero.
He is more often called Davy Crockett.
He also has the nickname “King of the Wild Frontier”.
He represented the state of Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1827 to 1831 and again from 1833 to 1835.
He was part of the Texas Revolution.
He was executed in the Battle of the Alamo at age 49.
Crockett was born in Tennessee.
A replica of the cabin he was born in stands today in Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park in Tennessee.
The Crockett family's name comes from the name Monsieur de la Croquetagne.
Monsieur de la Croquetagne was a captain in the Royal Guard of French King Louis XIV.
The family became Protestants and ran away from France in the 17th century.
Crockett did not have an easy childhood.
He traveled around a lot, and had a lot of adventures.
He started hunting with his brothers before his ninth birthday.
A little after he started going to school, he beat up a bully.
He stopped going to school so that his teacher would not punish him.
His teacher told his father that Crockett was not at school.
He ran away from home so that his father would not beat him.
He started moving around Tennessee, Virginia and other places.
This was all according to a book Davy Crockett wrote about himself.
He came back home when he was 15.
His family welcomed him back.
He married Mary (Polly) Finley a day before his twentieth birthday.
However, Polly died at a young age.
He married another woman named Elizabeth Patton in 1815.
Crockett served in the Tennessee Militia for a few years, then ran for Congress in 1824.
He lost his election, but ran again in the next election.
In 1827, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives.
As a Congressman, he became angry about President Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, which forced Native Americans to leave their land.
He lost his re-election in 1830.
However, he ran again in 1832 and won.
In 1834, he wrote a book about himself called A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett.
Written by Himself.
He lost his re-election to Congress that year.
Around December 1834, Crockett told some of his friends that he might move to Texas if Martin Van Buren became the next president of the United States.
The next year, he talked to his friend Benjamin McCulloch about going to Texas, which belonged to Mexico at that time, with some people to fight in a Texas Revolution against Mexico.
Van Buren was elected president, so he left Tennessee on Nov. 1, 1835 with three other men to go to Texas, saying, "You may all go to hell and I will go to Texas".
He arrived in Nacogdoches, Texas, in early January 1836.
On January 14, 1836, Crockett and 65 other men signed an oath before Judge John Forbes to the Provisional Government of Texas for six months that said "I have taken the oath of government and have enrolled my name as a volunteer and will set out for the Rio Grande in a few days with the volunteers from the United States."
Each man was promised about 4,600 acres (19 km²) of land.
He showed up at the Alamo on February 8.
There were over 100 other men there.
On February 23, a Mexican army, led by General Antonio López de Santa Anna, surrounded the Alamo, ready to take it over.
After the Mexican army had been there for eight days, 32 other men showed up to help Crockett and the other men defending the Alamo.
On March 6.
According to Susana Dickinson, before running to his post, Crockett stopped in the chapel to pray.
When the Mexican soldiers made it over the walls of the Alamo they pushed the few remaining defenders back toward the church.
The Battle of the Alamo lasted almost 90 minutes.
All of the men defending the Alamo died, including Davy Crockett.
Even while he was still alive, many books and plays were written about Crockett's life, some of which stretched the truth.
Since his death, he has become a popular figure in American folklore.
In the 1950s, there was a television show about him, which had a song called "The Ballad of Davy Crockett" which was very popular.
Many children wore "coonskin" hats to look like him.
American frontiersmen and women
Early Christianity is known as the Christianity of around the three centuries (1st, 2nd, 3rd, early 4th) between the time of the Crucifixion of Jesus (c.26-36) and  the First Council of Nicaea in 325.
Since the 19th century, historians have learned more about the early Christian community.
Books written early in the time period, such as the Didache (in second-millennium copies) and the Gospel of Thomas (in two manuscripts dated as early as about 200 and 340) as well as parts from the Jewish-Christian Gospels have been found again in the last 200 years
At the beginning of Christian history, the church was in Jerusalem, in an "upper room" perhaps where the Cenacle is today, and leaders included James, Peter, and John.
The major source for the Apostolic Age (c.30-c.100) is the Acts of the Apostles.
Following the Great Commission, the missionary actions of the Apostles, including Paul of Tarsus who said the title of "Apostle to the Gentiles", spread Christianity to cities in the Hellenistic world, such as Alexandria and Antioch, and also to Rome and even beyond the Roman Empire.
The term "Christian" was first applied to members of the church at Antioch according to .
The New Testament includes letters written by Paul to churches, such as those in Thessalonica and Corinth, during the years 50-62, see also Seven Churches of Asia.
Early Christians continued the Jewish practice of respect for the Jewish Scriptures, using the Septuagint translation of Hellenistic Judaism that was in general use among Greek-speakers, or the Targums in use among Aramaic-speakers, but added to it their own writings.
Hops are the flowers of the hop plant, which are in the humulus genus.
Hops look like little cones, and are used to make beer.
They give the beer a bitter flavor.
They have been used to make beer for many centuries, and were used by the Romans in the Roman Empire.
In 2008, Blue Note Reco.rds released her first full-length album, A Good Day.
Ahn went on a national tour that June.
Ahn has toured with Willie Nelson, Amos Lee, Ray LaMontagne, Devotchka and Joshua Radin.
Ahn's songs have been on television shows and movies.
She has made appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Dancing with the Stars and NPR.
A Good Day, Blue Note Records, June 10, 2008.
When You Grow Up, Blue Note Records, May 3, 2011
Natural Colors, EMI Music Japan, June 27, 2012
Home ~ My Song Diary, EMI Music Japan, October 31, 2012
This Is Where We Are (Korean Version), Universal Music, July 25, 2013
Priscilla Ahn (2007, self-released)
Live Session, (2008, iTunes)
Sweet Hearts, (2012, With Charlie Wadhams)
"Dream" (2008, Blue Note)
"I'll Never Smile Again" (2009)
"I Am Strong" Tiesto feat.
Priscilla Ahn (2009)
“Red Cape”
“Vibe So Hot”
“I Don't Have Time To Love”
“When You Grow Up”
“Torch Song”
The White Australia Policy was the name given to laws that stopped non white immigrants from coming to live in Australia.
These laws were put in place in 1901, and were repealed from the 1950s to 1970s
In 1901, 98% of people living in Australia were of European background, with "clean" skin, and with British laws and customs.
The government wanted to keep Australia this way.
This had an influence on the type of people living in Australia.
In 2001, many Australians claimed to have fathers from Europe.
About six percent were Asian, and about two percent were Aboriginals.
In 2018, overall, about 76% of Australians were white, though about 95% of the countries leaders were white.
In the 1850s many Chinese people, mainly men, came to Australia to search for gold.
This lead to anti-Chinese riots on the goldfields at Lambing Flat in New South Wales, and at the
Buckland River diggings in Victoria.
The Victorian government tried to stop more Chinese from arriving, by charging a special tax of £10 for every Chinese person who came on a ship to Victoria.
In 1861 New South Wales passed laws to stop Chinese people coming, and Queensland passed laws in 1877, and Western Australia in 1886.
Later men from the Pacific Islands, called "kanakas", were brought to Australia to work on the sugarcane farms in Queensland.
This also caused problems because they worked for much lower wages than other people.
The new Federal government of Australia acted in 1901 to stop certain types of people coming to work or live in Australia.
Immigration Restriction Act
The Immigration Restriction Act (1901) listed who could come to Australia and who would not be allowed into the country.
The following types of people were not allowed:
anyone who was insane
anyone who would have to be looked after by the government or a charitable organisation
anyone with an infectious or contagious disease
anyone who was "loathsome"
anyone who was dangerous
anyone who was a criminal or prostitute
anyone on a contract to do hard physical work
anyone who could not pass a dictation test.
This test was made to keep out anyone that the Australian government did not want to allow into Australia without being seen to be racist.
Anyone who wanted to come to Australia had to be literate, that is be able to read and write.
This would be proved with a dictation test.
A person had to be able to write down something read to them in a European language by a government official.
It did not have to be in a language that they understood.
At first the test was to be given in English, but the government thought that American negroes and Japanese people would be able to pass the test.
For example, to keep out people from Malta, they were given the test in Dutch.
One person who spoke several languages was given the test in Gaelic.
The test could also be given to people in the first year that they were living in Australia.
In 1932, this was changed to the first five years, and it could be given many times.
From 1902 to 1909, the test was given to 1359 people, and only 52 passed.
After 1909, no person passed the test.
Anyone who failed the test was forced to leave Australia.
This law was used until 1958.
End of policy
After World War II the Australian government wanted to attract migrants.
The Ben Chifley Labor Government started the Snowy Mountains Scheme which needed  a large population of labourers.
Australians worried less about taking people from different cultures.
Through the 1950s, many Southern and Eastern European refugees resettled in Australia, leaving a Europe still recovering from World War II or the Communist Eastern-Block behind.