the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The body can use about 91% of the protein of a cooked egg, nearly twice as much as from a raw egg.
There is no difference in taste or food value between white or brown eggs.
The color of a chicken's egg depends on the breed.
In most of the United States, eggs are generally white; while in the northeast of that country and in the United Kingdom, eggs are generally light-brown.
People in Brazil and Poland prefer brown or reddish eggs, because white eggs are thought of as "industrial", that is, for use in commercial bakeries.
The reason some people prefer one colour of egg and other people prefer a different colour is probably because of what the colours are linked with in their minds.
For example white is linked with purity, and brown-shelled eggs with greater wholesomeness.
Carotenoids can affect how intense the color of the yolk is.
Stadelman W.J. and Cotterill O.J. 1995.
Egg science and technology.
4th ed, New York: Food Products Press.
9 Health Benefits of Eggs
Nutritional values of eggs
Nutritional value of free range eggs compared with factory eggs
Criticism of the validity of the "Animal Care Certified" logo used by United Egg Producers(UEP)
British Egg Industry and the Lion Mark
10 Health Benefits of Eggs
Plain egg dishes
Savory egg dishes
Sweet egg dishes
Dhi Qar () is a province in south east of Iraq, with an area of .
The capital is An Nasiriyah and 1,454,200 people live in the province.
Diyala () is a province in east of Iraq.
The capital is Baqubah.
1,271,000 people live in the province.
A leitmotif (pronounced , “LITE-mow-teef”) (also spelled leitmotiv), is a German word meaning leading motif.
It is a little musical theme that is often repeated in a piece of music, very often in opera.
The leitmotif is linked in the musical story with a person or a thing or an idea.
The leitmotif might be a short tune, but it can also be a rhythm or just a chord.
The word “leitmotif” is sometimes used in other things such as literature.
In a book it might be an idea that keeps coming during the story.
It can also be used in movies or video games.
The word “leitmotif” is particularly associated with the operas of Richard Wagner.
The leitmotif helps to make the story dramatic and bind it together, because it makes the music easier to understand.
Sometimes a leitmotif will change during an opera as the character changes.
Various dramatic effects can be made with leitmotifs.
For example, a leitmotif might be played before a character comes onstage, so the audience will know who is coming before the actor can be seen.
Three examples of leitmotifs from Wagner's Ring Cycle  Der Ring des Nibelungen  are: the leitmotif for the chief god Wotan (a person), the leitmotif for the Tarnhelm, the invisibility helmet, (a thing), and the leitmotif for the Renunciation of Love (an idea).
The use of leitmotif was not completely new in the 19th century.
For example: the first four notes of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony are used like a leitmotif during the whole symphony.
It was, however, Carl Maria von Weber who first used it a lot in his operas.
A music critic called F. W. Jähns used the word to describe Weber’s work.
Hector Berlioz wrote a symphony called Symphonie Fantastique which has a tune which he called idée fixe (“fixed idea”) to represent the love between the two characters.
Wagner did not actually use the word “leitmotif”.
He preferred to call such themes “Grundthema” (basic idea) or simple “Motiv”.
Some people, such as Eduard Hanslick, who did not like Wagner’s music, thought that Wagner’s use of leitmotifs made the music too simple.
Claude Debussy said the use of leitmotifs in operas was like having a world where crazy people would always use "visiting cards" to introduce themselves and then start singing their names to be sure everyone knew what was going on.
Many other composers used leitmotifs in a similar way to Wagner, e.g. Richard Strauss in his operas, Elgar in his oratorios The Kingdom and The Apostles or Alban Berg in his opera Lulu.
Leitmotifs or music themes are also used to dramatise movies.
For example, the famous Jaws theme uses a leitmotif for the shark.
Karbala () is a province in Iraq, with 710,274 people living there.
The capital of the province is also called Karbala, that is a holy city for Shi'a Muslims.
Pointe shoes are special shoes worn by ballerinas.
They are made with a wide, flat, reinforced front end.
This lets the dancer stand on tiptoe.
In normal flat ballet shoes, the toe construction does not provide this support for the dancer's body weight.
So they cannot stand or dance en pointe.
The first dancers to rise up on their toes did so with the help of an invention by Charles Didelot in 1795.
His 'flying machine' lifted dancers upward, allowing them to stand on their toes before leaving the ground.
This lightness and ethereal quality was well received by audiences and, as a result, choreographers began put more pointework into their pieces.
As dance progressed into the 1800s, the desire grew to dance en pointe without the aid of wires.
When Marie Taglioni first danced La Sylphide en pointe, her shoes were nothing more than modified satin slippers.
Because the shoes of this period offered no support, dancers would pad their toes for comfort and rely on the strength of their feet and ankles for support.
The birth of the modern pointe shoe may be due to the early 20th century Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova, who was one of the most famous and influential dancers of her time.
Pavlova's feet had particularly high archs, which left her vulnerable to injury when dancing en pointe.
To help this problem, she would put tough leather soles into her shoes for extra support, and would flatten and harden the toe area to form a box.
While this practice made dancing en pointe easier for her, it was regarded by her rivals as 'cheating'.
Girls will usually start en pointe between the ages of 10 and 13.
Starting too early may be bad for the feet of the dancer.
Dance teachers' societies give their members information and advice on this subject.
Some girls will never go en pointe.
This is usually because they are not strong enough, as going en pointe means one has to have enough strength.
Ballet class is not social dancing, it is aimed at professional training.
But the basic pre-pointe class may still be useful for young dancers who later move into, for example, stage dancing.
In that case, the lack of pointe work would not interfere with their eventual employment.
It takes considerable strength in the feet, ankle, leg, knee, and abdomen to dance en pointe.
Students must be at least 11 or 12 years of age before attempting pointe work.
The bones and growth plates in the feet are usually not fully hardened and developed before that age.
Serious foot deformities can result from starting pointe too early, even if the student is strong and skillful.
Attempting to dance en pointe before the feet and toes are fully grown can cause career-ending damage that will prevent dancing en pointe for a lifetime.
Top ballet schools have specialist orthopaedic consultants, and foot X-rays are an obvious and necessary safeguard before pointe work begins.
Usage by male dancers
Pointe shoes are normally only worn by female ballet dancers.
Male dancers may wear them for a comic effect in unorthodox roles such as the Ugly Stepsisters in Cinderella, or Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream.
The all-male dance troupe Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo have dance programs with choreography entirely on pointe.
This is one element of spectacle for the audience to demonstrate how the physical demands of classical ballet combine the artistic and the athletic.
All pointe shoes are handmade.
There are many different companies which make these shoes.
Some of them include: Bloch, Capezio, Gamba, Grishko, Gaynor Mindens, Sansha and Freed of London.
Sockliner
Drawstring
Outer sole
Proper fit and safety
Its important that pointe shoes fit correctly.
If they do not, it can cause the dancers feet to become sore.
It can also affect the way the dancer performs in them and may cause injury to the dancer.
A dancer may need to try on many pairs of pointe shoes before they find ones that fit correctly.
Also, when the pointe shoes are "dead" (too soft to dance in any more), the shoes will need to be replaced.
With light use, a pair of pointe shoes may last through ten to twenty hours of wear.
A dance student may get weeks of serviceable use from a pair of pointe shoes.
Professional dancers wear out pointe shoes much more quickly; a new pair may wear out in a single performance.
As a result, ballet companies either buy shoes in bulk or give shoe allowances for their dancers.
Quantity & quality
Ballet companies order pointe shoes in huge quantities at maybe $50-$110 a pair.
A soloist or principal dancer will have her shoes specially hand-made to her needs, and may get through several in a single performance.
Dancers' feet take a terrific battering, and few end their careers without having some damage to their feet.
This is the reality behind the light, airy, graceful sight on the stage.
Demi-pointe
Demi-pointe shoes are often used to train dancers who are new to pointe technique.
They help dancers get used to the feel of pointe shoes, strengthen the ankles and feet.
The toe box allows the dancer to feel a pointe, while the insole and outsole work together to give the resistance for developing foot and ankle strength.
Maysan () is a province in southeastern Iraq, bordering Iran.
The capital is Amarah.
785,068 people live in the province.
Najaf () is a province in southwestern Iraq.
The province has an area of 28,824 km².
The capital is also called Najaf.
1.477.134 people live in the province.
Ninawa (, , Assyrian: ܢܝܢܘܐ Nîněwâ) is a province in north of Iraq It has an area of 37,323 km².
The capital is Mosul which lies near the Tigris river.
2,600,000 people live in the province.
The ancient Biblical city of Nineveh is also in this province.
The name Ninawa is the Arabic name for Nineveh.
Al Muthanna (also Muthanna, ) is a province in southern Iraq, bordering Saudi Arabia.
The province has an area of 83,268 km², and 1.035.000 people live there.
The capital is Samawah.
Kirkuk Governorate ( ,  Parêzgay Kerkûk,  , ) or Kirkuk Province is a governorate in northern Iraq, with an area of .
also the Iraqi Constitution has recognized only one autonomous federal region inside Iraq, the name of the region is Iraqi Kurdistan Region, this region consists of the three provinces of Dahuk ( دهوك ), Arbil ( اربيل ) and As-Sulaymaniyyah (السليمانية )
Brussels-Capital Region is one of the three regions of Belgium.
Its official name can be in the three official languages of Belgium
Flanders (Flemish Region)
Wallonia (Walloon Region)
www.brussels.irisnet.be Official website
Vaishali or Vesali (Pali)  was a city in what is currently Vaishali District, Bihar, India.
The city was the capital of the Licchavi and the Vajjian Confederacy.
At the time of the Buddha, Vesali was a very large and rich city.
It was crowded with people and with much food.
Licchavi (also Lichchhavi, Lichavi) was an ancient republic that existed in what is now Bihar state of India before the birth of Mahavira (b. 599 BC).
Its capital was Vaishali.
Early Buddhist legends tell that Licchavi was a ruling family during Gautama Buddha's time in India, but links to the Nepalese kingdom are speculative.
The language of Licchavi inscriptions is Sanskrit, and the particular script used is closely related to official Gupta scripts.
That means that India was a significant cultural influence.
That was likely through Mithila, now the north of Bihar, India.
Tamot, Kashinath and Alsop, Ian. "
A Kushan-period Sculpture, The Licchavi Kings", Asianart.com
History of Nepal,  Thamel.com
"Nepal: The Early Kingdom of the Licchavis, 400-750", Library of Congress Countryreports.org (September, 1991)
Vajrācārya, Gautamavajra, "Recently Discovered Inscriptions of Licchavi, Nepal", Kailash - Journal of Himalayan Studies, Volume 1, Number 2, 1973. (
117-134)
Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic with an emphasis on liberty and the civic virtue practiced by citizens.
Republicanism always stands in opposition to aristocracy, oligarchy, monarchy, and dictatorship.
More broadly, it refers to a political system that protects liberty, especially by incorporating a rule of law that cannot be arbitrarily ignored by the government.
According to John Adams, “They define a republic to be a government of laws, and not of men.”
Much of the literature deals with the issue of what sort of values and behavior by the citizens is necessary if the republic is to survive and flourish; the emphasis has been on widespread citizen participation, civic virtue, and opposition to corruption.
Res Publica: an international anti-monarchy Web directory
Tabriz تبریز  is the largest city in north-western Iran with a population of 1.6 million.
Most of them speak the Azerbaijani language.
Tabriz is north of the volcanic cone of Sahand and south of the Eynali mountain.
It is the capital of East Azarbaijan Province.
Tabriz Historical Buildings Virtual Library - Related to Tabriz University
Tabriz Information
Tabriz Culture & Information Center
Tabriz City
Tabriz from Encyclopaedia of the Orient
Tabriz Municipal Office
tabrizinfo.com
Tabriz Municipality News Agency
Tabriz Metro
Hundreds of Tabriz Pictures
The sabertoothed cats or sabretooth cats are some of the best known and most popular extinct animals.
They are among the most impressive carnivores that ever have lived.
These cats had long canines and jaws which opened wider than modern cats.
This suggests a different style of killing from modern felines.
The sabre-tooth style of life evolved at least five times amongst carnivorous mammals.
This is one of the best-known examples of convergent evolution.
Creodonts, were the earliest sabre-tooths known.
They lived in the Eocene, and are in a different order from the Feliformia.
Machaeroides and Apataelurus are examples.
The Nimravids were a basal group in the Feliformia, lasting from the Eocene to the later Miocene epochs.
Hoplophoneus is an example.
The Barbourofelidae is another family of Feliforms which developed the sabre-tooth lifestyle.
They flourished in the Miocene.
They are probably more closely related to the felids than the Nimravids.
Sparassodonts, such as Thylacosmilus, were a  metatherian  group of mammals.
They used to be called "marsupial sabre-tooths", but they belong to a sister-group to the marsupials.
Miocene to Pliocene.
The Machairodontinae: a subfamily of the Felidae, lived from the Miocene to the Pleistocene (23 million years ago to 11,000 years ago).
Includes the famous Smilodon.
Nimravides, which is a member of the Felinae, and <u/l>not</u/l> one of the Nimravids.
The saber tooths were ambush predators, and probably lived in open forests.
This would explain their widespread occurrence in the Miocene, when much of the land was covered with woodland.
Apart from the canine teeth, their adaptations included strength in the forelimbs (more so than present-day large cats).
Their robust (heavy, tough) bodies speak of strength rather than speed.
An idea of how they killed is as follows.
They hid in wait, and pounced.
They hung on round the prey's neck, gripping and slashing the underside of the throat with their canine teeth.
This would cause death by blood loss and loss of the air supply.
The fact that their teeth vary is interesting.
Some have larger teeth, some had smaller dagger-like teeth, some had smooth thick teeth, others had blade-like teeth, sometimes with serrated edges.
Some had flanges on the lower jaw, most did not.
Ewer remarks that this must show that there were variations in killing method, and in the type of prey, but we know little about this.
There are none living today: they are extinct.
The extinctions followed climate change, as the world cooled and grassland took over from woodland in the Pliocene and Pleistocene.
Prosper Mérimée (September 28, 1803 – September 23, 1870) was a French writer.
He was also a historian and an archaeologist.
He is probably best known for writing the short story "Carmen". "
Carmen" became the basis for the opera Carmen by Georges Bizet.
Jerry Hsu (b. December 17, 1981) is an American professional skateboarder.
He was born in, and currently lives in, San Jose, California.
Hsu is a member of the San Jose Tilt Mode Army crew.
He has several pro model skateboard decks with Enjoi Skateboards.
Hsu was featured in the skateboard videos Bag of Suck by Enjoi.
He won an award for best video part by Transworld Skateboarding Magazine and a reader's choice award for his work in the video.
American skateboarders
Barnes & Noble, Inc. is the largest bookseller in the United States.
It operates mostly through its Barnes & Noble Booksellers chain of bookstores which is based in lower Fifth Avenue in Lower Manhattan, New York City.
Barnes & Noble also operated the chain of small B. Dalton Booksellers stores in malls until they announced the liquidation of the chain.
The company is known for large, upscale retail stores.
Many of them contain a café serving Starbucks Coffee.
Most stores also sell magazines, newspapers, DVDs, graphic novels, gifts, games, and music.
Video games and related items were sold in the company's GameStop retail outlets until October 2004.
Then, the division was made into its own company.
As of October 2009, the company operates 777 stores in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia.
It also has 636 college bookstores, which serves nearly 4 million students and 250,000 faculty members across the country.
Barnes & Noble began in 1873 when Charles Barnes opened a book-printing business in Wheaton, Illinois.
Their first true bookstore was set up by his son, William, with G. Clifford Noble, in 1917 in New York City.
The original bookstore was at 31 West 15th St., and opened during World War I. In 1932, at the height of the Great Depression, the bookstore was moved to its current location on 18th Street and Fifth Avenue.
The business was bought in 1971 by Leonard Riggio.
He oversaw the growth of the business.
In 1974, Barnes & Noble became the first bookstore to advertise on television.
A year later, the company became the first bookseller in America to discount books.
It sold New York Times best-selling titles at 40% off the publishers’ list price.
During the 1970s and 1980s, Barnes & Noble opened smaller discount stores.
These were eventually phased out in favor of larger stores.
They also began to publish their own books to be sold to mail-order customers.
These titles were mostly low price reissues of out-of-print titles.
Selling them through mail-order catalogs allowed Barnes & Noble to reach new customers nationwide.
Barnes & Noble continued to expand throughout the 1980s.
In 1987 it purchased the mostly shopping mall-based B. Dalton chain from Dayton Hudson.
The last B. Dalton stores closed in January 2010.
The purchase of 797 bookstores turned the company into a nationwide retailer.
As of the end of fiscal year 1999, the second-largest online bookseller in the United States.
B&N's critics claim that it has added to the decline of local and independent booksellers.
It first began selling books online in the late 1980s, but the company’s website was not launched until May 1997.
The site now carries over 1 million titles.
Steve Riggio, CEO and Vice Chairman
Steve Riggio is vice chairman of the company and served on the board of directors.
Riggio began his career at Barnes & Noble in 1975 after graduating from Brooklyn College.
After getting his start in the buying and merchandising departments, he became general manager and vice president of the company’s direct mail division.
He held this position from 1981 to 1987.
Riggio became executive vice president of merchandising in 1987.
Then, in 1995, he was appointed chief operating officer.
He was appointed CEO in January 2003 and held that position till March 2010.
In addition to his career at Barnes & Noble, Riggio serves on the board of directors of the National Book Foundation, Association for the Help of Retarded Children and the National Down Syndrome Society.
According to Forbes.com, in 2007 Riggio’s salary is $786,358 a year.
He also earns $2,323,942 in other long-term payments, for a yearly grand total of $3,110,480.
Barnes & Noble publishes some of the books it sells.
It reprints non-copyrighted titles or gets the American or English language rights from another publisher.
In addition, Barnes & Noble pays for reprint anthologies and omnibus editions using in-house editors.
Barnes & Noble began to publish books during the 1980s, when they started reissuing out-of-print titles.
One of these titles, The Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense by Suzette Haden Elgin, has sold over 250,000 copies.
The reissued edition of The Columbia History of the World by John Garrity has sold over 1 million copies.
This expansion was helped by the company’s purchase of SparkNotes, an educational website and publishing company.
Further expansions of the company’s publishing business include the purchase of how-to publisher Sterling Publishing in 2003 and the launch of Quamut in 2008.
From around 1992 through early 2003, Barnes & Noble released a series of literary classics for adults and children under the imprint Barnes & Noble Classics Collection.
Originally available only in hardcover, most titles came in a black or cream-colored dustjacket edition.
In 2003, Barnes & Noble redesigned and expanded its line of literature classics, releasing books in hardcover, trade paperback and mass-market editions.
Cafés
The first store to feature a café serving Starbucks beverages was in Springfield, New Jersey in 1993.
Since then, most stores have been changed or built specifically to feature a cafe.
The cafes serve Starbucks beverages, Harney & Sons or Tazo Tea, FIJI Bottled Water, bakery goods from The Cheesecake Factory, candy from Godiva Chocolatiers, sandwiches and other specialty products.
Although the cafés are owned and operated by Barnes & Noble, servers follow Starbucks' standards in beverage preparation.
In 2004, Barnes & Noble began offering Wi-Fi in the café area of selected stores, using the AT&T FreedomLink network.
All 777 stores currently offer Wi-Fi, an effort which was completed in 2006.
As of July 27, 2009, Wi-Fi is offered for free to all customers.
Community involvement
Barnes & Noble hires community relations managers to engage in community outreach.
The tasks of these managers include organizing in-store events, such as author appearances, children’s storytimes and book groups.
Community relations managers work closely with local schools and groups for the promotion of literacy and the arts.
One of the things that Barnes & Noble does in the community is sponsor a children's summer reading program that promotes literacy and puts over 2 million books into the hands of the children each year.
Barnes & Noble also hosts bookfairs which raise funds for schools and libraries.
The company also hosts an annual holiday book drive to collect books for disadvantaged children.
in 2007, 1.16 million books were collected and distributed.
To promote nationwide literacy among 1st to 6th graders and encourage more reading during the summer, Barnes & Noble has started a summer challenge where if children read 8 books and write about their reading, Barnes & Noble will give the readers a free book.
Barnes & Noble Nook is an electronic book reader created by the company, based on the Android platform.
The device was announced in the United States on 20 October 2009.
It was released 30 November 2009 for US$259.
nook competes with the Amazon Kindle, Sony Reader, and other readers, and includes Wi-Fi and AT&T 3G wireless connectivity, a six-inch E Ink display, and a separate, smaller color touchscreen that serves as the primary input device.
College bookstores
Barnes & Noble College Booksellers, Inc. is a part of the company which operates bookstores at more than 600 colleges.
College Bookstores was previously owned by company chairman Leonard Riggio.
It is based in Basking Ridge, New Jersey.
Barnes & Noble College Booksellers says that its store at Fifth Avenue and 18th Street in New York City is the "world's largest bookstore".
This store carries a large variety of textbooks, medical books, and medical supplies in addition to the various trade titles carried at the company's main stores.
Barnes & Noble corporate website
Barnes & Noble retail website
Barnes & Noble at 18th Street Bookstore (flagship store)
1870s establishments in New York (state)
Wasit () is a province in the east of Iraq.
The capital is Al Kut.
Wasit is an Arabic word meaning "middle".
The province is along the Tigris about midway between Baghdad and Misan.
A birth defect (or congenital disorder) is a defect in a baby at birth, or which develops in the first month of life.
It is neutral as to whether the cause is genetic (inherited birth defect) or environmental (causes in the environment, that is, outside the foetus).
If a condition is said to be "congenital", that is neutral language.
Often it is not known what causes a condition found at birth.
In common use, it is often redirected to "birth defect".
That term is also neutral as to cause.
There are two main types of congenital defect.
The first is caused by genetic abnormalities, which are hereditary.
The second may be caused by conditions (such as infectious diseases) which a baby may get.
However, we may not know what caused the condition.
Sometimes doctors may find out that a baby has a congenital disorder before its birth.
They use prenatal diagnosis and screening tests, such as amniocentesis.
Genetic defects
Lethal or damaging genes
Conditions like dwarfism are nearly always genetic in origin.
One type, achondroplasia, happens when a child's bones does not grow correctly.
Another type is caused by pituitary malfunction, where the pituitary gland, which puts out growth hormones, does not work properly.
Many genetic disorders are caused by mutations (or changes) in gene alleles.
Mutations can cause development to go wrong, or a simple biochemical deficiency (the body does not have enough of an important chemical).
In the case of a chemical deficiency, the problem may be curable.
For example, phenylketonuria was a cause of mental retardation.
Doctors came up with a simple test to find which babies have this condition.
They found that if these children got treated and followed a strict diet, they could get enough of the chemical they needed.
Phenylketonuria now causes few cases of mental retardation.
Chromosome defects
Cells divide and copy themselves to produce gametes.
Sometimes, errors happen in the way that chromosomes are copied during this process.
These errors are then copied again and again as cells keep dividing and copying themselves.
The most common chromosomal disorder is Down syndrome ('Mongolism').
This condition happens when a child has three copies of the 21st chromosome, instead of two.
Maternal environment
The other main type of congenital disorder is caused by an infectious disease being passed from mother to child.
For example, If a pregnant woman gets rubella, her child can have many birth defects.
Congenital syphilis was common a century ago, and congenital AIDS occurs today, and is common in some parts of Africa.
Screening and antibiotics has caused the number of infections transmitted by the mother to drop.
It is a much smaller proportion than a century ago, despite AIDS.
Also, maternal nutritional defects are much rarer, except in countries where food supply is limited.
Therefore, genetic disorders have grown as a proportion of the total congenital defects.
Substances taken by the mother
Sometimes mothers take chemicals which cause the embryo damage.
Any substance that causes birth defects is known as a teratogen.
Drugs taken by the mother may affect development of the embryo.
Pregnant women are not allowed to use some drugs.
For example, thalidomide should not be used by a pregnant woman, or it can cause many defects in the foetus.
If the mother took certain things during pregnancy, these can lead to problems with the baby.
Common examples of such things are smoking tobacco, or drinking alcohol.
Food related: Pregnant women should eat well.
If a pregnant woman does not receive enough folic acid with her food, the child can get neural tube defects.
Sensible precautions
How common birth defects are
About 3 percent of all babies have what is called a major physical anomaly.
This is something that damages the way the baby looks, or how it functions (its physiology).
Birth defects involving the brain are the most common problems.
They concern about 10 per 1000 live births, compared to heart problems, at 8 per 1000, kidney problems at 4 per 1000, and limbs at 1 per 1000.
All other physical anomalies together occur in 6 per 1000 live births.
Birth defects of the heart have the highest risk of death during childhood.
They are the cause of 28% of infant deaths due to birth defects.
chromosomal abnormalities and respiratory abnormalities each account for 15%, and brain malformations about 12%.
About 10% of deaths in children are because of a genetic disease.
This is (in modern times) more than the number of deaths caused by infectious diseases.
Miscarriages
Pregnancies which do not come to term (miscarriages) have similar causes to birth defects.
Many will be due to failures in the genetics controlling development of the embryo.
Most clinically apparent miscarriages (two thirds to three-quarters in various studies) occur during the first trimester.
Chromosomal abnormalities are found in more than half of embryos miscarried in the first 13 weeks.
A pregnancy with a genetic problem has a 95% probability of ending in miscarriage.
Genetic problems are more likely to occur with older parents; this may account for the higher miscarriage rates observed in older women.
Scrambled eggs is a dish made from beaten whites and yolks of  eggs (usually chicken).
The dish often contains other ingredients.
Cream, butter, milk, water or oil (used in China) will dilute the egg proteins to create a softer texture.
Sample recipe
The eggs and a large piece of butter are put into a saucepan over a low heat.
The egg whites and egg yolks are then "scrambled" or mixed together.
The mixture should be mixed together all the time they are being cooked.
When cooked a little créme frâiche is added.
This is because the eggs will be hot enough to carry on cooking themselves.
Adding a cool liquid will stop the eggs from overcooking.
Some salt and pepper or other seasoning can be added to taste as well.
In the home the eggs can be mixed together first and then poured into a pan.
The créme frâiche does not need to be added if the eggs will be eaten almost immediately.
Properly made, the eggs should be moist and creamy consistency.
If any liquid is coming from the eggs, it means the eggs have been overcooked or that the add the vegetables were undercooked.
Other methods of preparation
Using a double boiler  or bain-marie means that the heat is constant, and does not to be adjusted  to make sure the eggs do not brown or burn.
The baine marie method is slower than cooking directly in a pan over a heat but makes it easier to  cook the eggs perfectly.
The eggs must be taken out of the bain marie when cooked, otherwise they will carry on cooking and spoil.
Scrambled eggs may also be made in a  microwave oven by put the ingredients in a glass bowl and cooking for 30 seconds then whisking, then cooking and whisking again until the desired consistency is achieved.
Variations of Scrambled Egg Dishes
Many things can be added to scrambled eggs.
Often the end result can have a different name, for example:
scrambled eggs à l'arlésienne (Scrambled eggs as made in the town of Arles, France)- add the diced, cooked pulp of courgettes (zucchini), a little garlic, and tomato fondue.
Put the cooked eggand vegetable mixture into the hollowed, cooked courgettes shells, on an oiled gratin dish sprinkled with Parmesan cheese and brown the oven.
scrambled eggs à l'américaine scrambled eggs in the American way - Add cubes of smoked bacon fried in butter to eggs.
scrambled eggs Rossini named after the composer Rossini- Cook some scrambled eggs.
Sauté some thin slices of foie gras in butter.
Cook some sliced truffle in butter.
Plate the scrambled eggs on a serving dish, garnish with foie gras and truffles, then coat with a very reduced Madeira demi-glace sauce.
Escoffier: The Complete Guide to the Art of Modern Cookery.
Translated by H. L. Cracknell and R.J. Kaufmann.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
McGee, Harold.
On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen.
New York: Scribner, 2004.
Robuchon, Joël, Members of the Gastronomic Committee.
Larousse Gastronomique.
New York: Clarkson Potter/Publishers, 2001.
An article on cooking scrambled eggs
Scrambled eggs recipe
Elizabeth of Bohemia (born Elizabeth Stuart, August 19 1596 to February 13 1662) was a Scottish born Queen of Bohemia.
As well as being Queen of Bohemia, she was also titled Electress of Palatine and Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland Elizabeth was the oldest daughter of King James VI of Scotland (later, James I of England) and his wife, Anne of Denmark.
Her brother was Charles I. She was Queen of Bohemia only for a few months so she is sometimes called "The Winter Queen".
Elizabeth was born at Falkland Palace in Fife, Scotland.
Her father gave her the name Elizabeth to make Queen Elizabeth I of England happy.
The Queen had no children.
James wanted her to choose him to be King of England when she died.
She later agreed and James VI became King James I of England (as well as Wales and Ireland) in 1603.
Elizabeth Stuart now had a higher status.
This meant meant that more important men would want to marry her.
The gunpowder plot
At this time, there was strong fighting between Catholics and Protestants in England.
King James was a devout Protestant, and many Catholics did not like him because he persecuted many papists by levying taxes against them, banning Mass, and even executing people for being heretics and witches if they didn’t denounce Catholicism.
In 1605, a group decided to try to blow up the English Parliament with gunpowder when King James was there.
This is called The Gunpowder Plot.
The group planned to kidnap Princess Elizabeth from Coombe Abbey, in Warwickshire.
They wanted to make her the Queen.
Because she was only nine years old, important Catholics would have the real power over her kingdoms.
In the end, the group were found before they could kill King James.
On February 14 1613, Elizabeth married Frederick V. He was the Elector of the Palatinate.
She moved to his court at Heidelberg.
Frederick was the leader of an important group of Protestant princes, called the Evangelical Union.
James wanted Elizabeth to marry someone from this group so he could have a stronger friendship with them.
Queen of Bohemia
In 1619, Frederick was asked to become King of Bohemia.
He and Elizabeth moved to Prague.
There was also strong fighting between different religious groups there.
After only a few months of being King, Frederick had to leave the country.
Because she was queen for such a short time, Elizabeth is sometimes called ‘The Winter Queen’.
She was also called ‘Queen of Hearts’ because many people liked her.
Elizabeth and Frederick lived in exile in The Hague.
They could not return to Bohemia.
Frederick died in 1632 and Elizabeth lived in Holland for most of the rest of her life.
After her brother’s son, Charles, became King of England and Scotland, she went to London to see him.
She died there in 1662, when she was 65 years old.
She had thirteen children in total.
Charles I Louis, became Elector of the Palatine in 1648.
Her other children were: Frederick Henry von der Pfalz, Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Louise Marie of the Palatinate, Prince Maurice von Simmern, Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern and Sophia of Hanover.
After the 1701 Act of Settlement, Electress Sophia and her children were made heirs to the English and Scottish thrones.
This means that all Kings and Queens of Great Britain after George I are Elizabeth’s descendants.
The Elizabeth River in Southeastern Virginia was named in honour of the princess.
Cape Elizabeth a peninsula and, today, a town in the U.S. state of Maine was also named for her.
John Smith explored and mapped New England.
He gave names to places mainly based on the names used by Native Americans.
When Smith showed his map to Charles I, he said that the king should feel free to change the "barbarous names" for "English" ones.
The king made many such changes.
One of which is Cape Elizabeth.
Salah ad Din () is a province in north of Iraq.
The province has an area of 24,751 km².
The capital is Tikrit where Saddam Hussein was born and 1,147,000 people live in the province.
The majority population is Sunni.
In 2011, the province declared autonomy.
LATAM Airlines Brazil () is Brazilian airline.
LATAM was founded in 1961, but since 2000 it has grown fast.
It's now the biggest airline in Brazil and all of Latin America.
TAM Airlines began in 1961, with the name Taxi Aereo Marília (Marília Air Taxi).
In 1971, one of the airline's pilots buys 33% of the airline's shares.
In 1976, the pilot founds an airline with the name Transportes Aereos Regionais (Regional Air Transport).
Both TAM and TAR Airlines were combined in 2000.
This formed the TAM Airlines.
In 2010, LAN Airlines and TAM Airlines were also combined.
They formed the LATAM Airlines Group.
Airlines of South America
Economy of Brazil
Al-Qādisiyyah () is a province in south of Iraq.
The capital is Al Diwaniyah.
A limb is a part of the body of a living creature, which extends from its trunk.
Examples are the branches of a tree, and the legs of a man.
In normal human body, there are four limbs: two upper limbs (arms) and two lower limbs (legs).
Each limb has several joints.
Natalee Holloway (born October 21, 1986), from Mountain Brook, Alabama, United States, disappeared on May 30, 2005 during a graduation trip in Aruba.
Holloway remains officially missing to this day, although according to Aruban authorities, she is most likely dead.
The disappearance generated a media sensation in both the U.S. and Aruba and sparked considerable interest in the Netherlands.
Holloway was scheduled to fly home later on May 30, but failed to appear for her flight.
She was last seen by her classmates outside Carlos'n Charlie's, a Caribbean chain restaurant and nightclub in Oranjestad, in a car with locals Joran van der Sloot and brothers Deepak and Satish Kalpoe.
When questioned, the three men said they dropped her off at her hotel and denied knowing what became of Holloway.
Upon further investigation by authorities, Van der Sloot was arrested twice on suspicion of involvement in her disappearance and the Kalpoes were each arrested three times.
Due to lack of evidence the three men were released without charge after each arrest.
Holloway background
Natalee Ann Holloway was born October 21, 1986, in Clinton, Mississippi, the daughter of David Edward Holloway and Elizabeth Ann ("Beth") Holloway.
Her parents divorced in 1993, and she and her younger brother Matthew were raised by their mother.
In 2000, Elizabeth Holloway married George "Jug" Twitty, a prominent Alabama businessman, and Natalee moved with her family to Mountain Brook, Alabama.
Holloway graduated with honors from Mountain Brook High School.
She was also a member of the National Honor Society, her school Dance squad, and was a participant in other extracurricular activities.
On Thursday, May 26, 2005, Holloway and 124 fellow graduates of Mountain Brook High School, located in a wealthy suburb of Birmingham, Alabama, arrived in Aruba for a five-day, unofficial graduation trip.
The graduates were accompanied by seven chaperones.
According to teacher and chaperone Bob Plummer, the chaperones met with the students each day to ensure nothing was wrong.
However, Jodi Bearman—the chaperone who organized the trip—has stated, "the chaperones were not supposed to keep up with their every move".
Police Commissioner Gerold Dompig, who would head the investigation from mid-2005 until 2006, described the behavior of the Mountain Brook students, stating there was "wild partying, a lot of drinking, lots of room switching every night.
We know the Holiday Inn told them they were not welcome next year.
Natalee, we know, she drank all day every day.
Holloway was last seen by her classmates leaving the Aruban bar and night club Carlos'n Charlie's around 1:30 a.m. on Monday, May 30.
Holloway left with 17-year-old Joran van der Sloot, a Dutch honors student living in Aruba and attending the Aruba International School, and his two Surinamese friends, 21-year-old Deepak Kalpoe and 18-year-old Satish Kalpoe, in Deepak Kalpoe's car.
Holloway, who had been scheduled to fly home later on May 30, did not appear for her return flight.
Early investigation
On May 30, 2005, immediately following Holloway's missed flight, Jug and Beth Twitty traveled to Aruba with friends by private jet.
Within four hours of landing in Aruba, the Twittys presented the Aruban police with the name and address of Van der Sloot as the person with whom Holloway left the nightclub.
Beth Twitty has stated that Van der Sloot's full name was given to her by the night manager at the Holiday Inn, who supposedly recognized him on a videotape.
The Twittys and their friends, with two Aruban policemen, went to the Van der Sloot home looking for Holloway.
Van der Sloot initially denied knowing Holloway's name, but he then told the following story, with which Deepak Kalpoe, who was present, agreed.
Van der Sloot related that they drove Holloway to the California Lighthouse area of Arashi Beach because Holloway wanted to see sharks, before dropping Holloway off at her hotel around 2:00 a.m. According to Van der Sloot, Holloway fell down as she exited the car but refused Van der Sloot's help.
He stated that she was then approached by a dark man in a black shirt similar to those worn by security guards as the young men drove away.
Arrests
On June 9, 2005, Van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers were arrested on suspicion of kidnapping and murdering Holloway.
Aruban law allows for arrest on serious suspicion from investigators; to continue holding the suspect in custody, an increasing evidentiary burden must be met at periodic reviews.
According to Dompig, the focus was on these three suspects from the "get-go".
Dompig stated that surveillance of the three began three days after Holloway was reported missing, and included surveillance, telephone wire taps, and even monitoring of their e-mail.
Dompig indicated pressure from Holloway's family caused them to stop their surveillance prematurely and to detain the three suspects.
On Monday, July 4, following hearings before a judge, Deepak and Satish Kalpoe were released, but Joran van der Sloot was detained for an additional sixty days.
On April 15, 2006 Geoffrey von Cromvoirt was arrested by Aruban authorities on suspicion of criminal offenses related to dealing in illegal narcotics that, according to the prosecutor, might have been related to the disappearance of Holloway.
At his first court appearance, his detention was extended for eight days.
However, Von Cromvoirt was released on April 25, 2006.
In addition, another individual with initials "A.B." was arrested on April 22, 2006, but was released the same day.
On May 17, 2006 another suspect Guido Wever the son of a former Aruban politician, was detained in the Netherlands on suspicion of assisting in the abducting, battering, and killing of Holloway.
Wever was questioned for six days in Utrecht.
While initially Aruban prosecutors sought his transfer to the island, he was instead released by agreement between the prosecutor and Wever's attorney.
With Aruban investigators citing what was described as newly discovered evidence, Joran van der Sloot and Satish and Deepak Kalpoe were rearrested November 21, 2007, on suspicion of involvement in "manslaughter and causing serious bodily harm that resulted in the death of Holloway".
Van der Sloot was detained by Dutch authorities in the Netherlands, while the Kalpoe brothers were both detained in Aruba.
Van der Sloot subsequently returned to Aruba and was incarcerated.
In November 2007, Dave Holloway announced a new search for his daughter, probing the sea beyond the original  depths in which earlier searches had taken place.
That search, involving a vessel called the Persistence, was abandoned due to lack of funds at the end of February 2008 with nothing of significance found.
On November 30, 2007, a judge ordered the release of Satish and Deepak Kalpoe, despite attempts by the prosecution to extend their detention.
The two brothers were released on the following day.
The prosecution appealed the Kalpoes' release.
That appeal was denied on December 5, 2007, with the court writing, "Notwithstanding expensive and lengthy investigations on her disappearance and on people who could be involved, the file against the suspect does not contain direct indications that Natalee passed away due to a violent crime".
Van der Sloot was released without charge on December 7, 2007, due to lack of evidence implicating him as well as a lack of evidence that Holloway died as the result of a violent crime.
The prosecution indicated it would not appeal.
On December 18, 2007, prosecutor Hans Mos officially declared the case closed, and that no charges would be filed due to lack of evidence.
The prosecution indicated a continuing interest in the Kalpoes and Joran van der Sloot (though they are now no longer legally suspects), and alleged that one of the three, in a chat room message, had stated that Holloway was dead.
This was hotly contested by Deepak Kalpoe's attorney, who stated that the prosecution, in translating from Papiamento to Dutch, had misconstrued a reference to a teacher who had drowned as one to Holloway.
Attorney Ronald Wix also stated, "Unless (Mos) finds a body in the bathroom of one of these kids, there's no way in hell they can arrest them anymore".
Other case developments
On January 31, 2008, Dutch crime reporter Peter R. de Vries claimed that he had solved the Holloway case.
De Vries stated that he would tell all on a special television program on Dutch TV on February 3.
Beth Twitty's attorney, John Q. Kelly, told ABC News that he had little faith that the supposed evidence would prove pivotal to the case and suggested that it would be quickly debunked.
The broadcast aired February 3, 2008.
The broadcast included excerpts from footage recorded from hidden cameras and microphones in the vehicle of Patrick van der Eem, a Dutch businessman and ex-con, who gained Van der Sloot's confidence.
Van der Sloot was seen smoking marijuana and stating that he was with Holloway when she began convulsively shaking, then became unresponsive.
Van der Sloot stated that he attempted to revive her, without success.
He said that he called a friend, who told Van der Sloot to go home and who disposed of the body.
An individual reputed to be this friend, identified in the broadcast as Daury, has subsequently denied Van der Sloot's account, indicating that he was then in Rotterdam at school.
On February 8, 2008, Van der Sloot met with Aruban investigators in the Netherlands.
Van der Sloot denied that what he said on the tape was true, stating that he was under the influence of marijuana at the time.
Van der Sloot indicated that he still maintains that he left Holloway behind on the beach.
On March 20, 2009, Dave Holloway flew a search dog to Aruba to search a small reservoir in northern Aruba, previously identified by a supposed witness as a possible location of Natalee's remains.
Aruban authorities indicated that they had no new information in the case, but that Holloway had been given permission to conduct the search.
On February 23, 2010, it was reported that Joran van der Sloot had stated in an interview (first offered to RTL Group in 2009) that he had disposed of Holloway's body in a marsh on Aruba.
New chief prosecutor Peter Blanken indicated that authorities had investigated the latest story, and had dismissed it.
Blanken stated that "The locations, names, and times he gave just did not make sense".
An underwater photograph taken by an American tourist while snorkeling in October 2009 was publicized in March 2010 after the photographer stated that the image depicted something on the sea bed which resembled human remains.
Aruban authorities indicated that they would send a dive team to examine the site.
Beth Twitty's involvement