the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The official two letter shorthand for that country is ZA.
It is used to informally refer to South America.
It is used to mean San Antonio, Texas
It is used to mean San Andreas, California
It is used to mean St. Albans, Hertfordshire
It is used to mean the Sturmabteilung, during its existence from 1919 to 1945.
It can refer to S.A. (corporation).
This is a special type of company.
The Pigeon Detectives are an English band who originated from Rothwell in Leeds, they formed in 2002.
They have received praise by such well known DJs as Steve Lamacq and Jo Whiley, and performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2006, where they were "the band most likely to leap to the main stage in 2007” in an issue of the NME.
They supported Dirty Pretty Things whilst they toured in spring 2006.
In early November 2006 they supported The Kaiser Chiefs, who are known to be admirers of the band.
On 8 July 2007, they played on the Radio 1 NME Stage in front of thousands of people at T in the Park.
The performance was televised and shown later that day on BBC3 television channel.
Matt Bowman (vocals)
Oliver Main (lead guitar)
Ryan Wilson (rhythm guitar)
Dave Best (bass)
Jimmi Naylor (drums)
Dance to the Radio record label
The Pigeon Detectives - Leeds Music Scene
The band at MySpace
The Pigeon Detectives live images on shootingmusic
The band  at Drowned in Sound
Last.fm playbacks, samples and tunes
Hirschaid is the biggest municipality in the district of Bamberg.
About 11,650 people live there.
The mayor is Andreas Schlund.
Julián Marías Aguilera (June 17, 1914 – December 15, 2005) was a Spanish philosopher.
He is the author of History of Philosophy (1941) written in Spanish on the subject of the history of philosophy.
He was a pupil of the Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset.
Deuteronomy is a book in the Bible.
It is the last of the five books of Moses, meaning it deals with Moses, the Israelites and their ancestors, and their relationship with God.
It is part of the Torah.
The Hebrew name of the book is , which means 'people of the Word.'
The book begins with the words Moses spoke to the Israelites in the wilderness east of the Jordan.
He told them that they had been very rebellious towards God, so God made them travel from place to place before reaching the land he promised them.
This was the fortieth year they travelled.
The Causes
Moses told the Israelites what had happened throughout their journey.
He scolded them for disobeying God, who made them go through a very hard journey.
Moses then gave them the Law, teaching them what must be done, and what cannot be done.
These laws were given to him by God.
(See Ten Commandments.)
The Law warns against worshipping other gods, and tells that all Israel, every one, must obey God alone.
He warned them against worshipping idols, and commanded them to treat the poor, foreigners, and orphans well.
If the Israelites obey God, they will prosper (be successful).
But God predicted that the future generations will suffer because of their disobedience.
One day, however the Israelites would return to God.
God then commanded Moses to write the Law on stone tablets for the Israelites to remember.
Then Moses formally made Joshua, son of Nun, the new leader over the Israelites.
God gave Moses a song to sing, and asked him to teach it to the Israelites.
The song would remind them in the future about how they had gone against God.
The death of Moses
Moses was very old - 120 years - during that time.
He knew he was going to die because God had told him it would happen.
Therefore, before he died, he gave a blessing to all the twelve tribes of Israel.
Finally God made Moses climb Mount Nebo and showed him all the land he was giving to Israel.
Because Moses and his brother Aaron disobeyed God earlier on, Moses was not allowed to enter the land, only to see it.
Moses died on Mount Nebo, and the Israelites mourned for him for thirty days.
After that Joshua began to lead Israel under God's command.
Book of Deuteronomy article (Jewish Encyclopedia)
Teacher's Guide to Teaching Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy by Rob Bradshaw
"Deuteronomy 32:8 and the Sons of God", Michael S. Heiser, Bibliotheca Sacra 158 (January-March 2001)
Versions and translations
Deuteronomy at Mechon-Mamre (modified Jewish Publication Society translation)
Deuteronomy (The Living Torah) Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's translation and commentary at Ort.org
Devarim - Deuteronomy (Judaica Press) translation with Rashi's commentary at Chabad.org
דְּבָרִים Devarim - Deuteronomy (Hebrew - English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (King James Version)
Deuteronomy - Chapter Indexed  (King James Version)
Deuteronomy at Wikisource  (Authorized King James Version)
Viareggio is a city in northern Tuscany in Italy on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea.
With over 63,000 people it is the main centre of the northern Tuscan Riviera known as Versilia, and the second largest city in the Province of Lucca.
History of Viareggio
From the origins to 1169
In the area we can find the rest of Ligurian, and other peoples from north Italy.
The area of "Ersilia", is very rich in old artifacts.
1169/1400
With time, Viareggio has also gained the title of Capital of Versilia.
The first historical fact concerning Viareggio dates 1169 when a wooden tower guarding coast was built, however Viareggio, was in a bad area for living, how Giovanni Boccaccio spoke in his book the "Decamerone".
1600/1699
1800/1814
With the fall of Napoleon, Viareggio was the centre of several acts of violence.
In March 1814 viareggini, (the people born in Viareggio) attack the French soldiers.
1815/1847
Viareggio remained under the control of the Austrians until 1817 when, as part of the agreements from Congress of Vienna, Maria Luisa di Borbone was assigned the new Duchy of Lucca.
In 1820 Viareggio was officially proclaimed city.
Carlo Ludovico di Borbone helped the city, building a new church, a royal casino and two beach resorts, the first ones to be built in Viareggio.
1860/1899
1900/1940
Viareggio begins to be a place for tourism, The Passeggiata or promenade was born, with its cafés and shops, contributing to make famous the city, that after will be called friendly the "Pearl of the Tyrrhenian Sea".
1940/Today
During World War II Viareggio was subject to heavy bombings and entire suburbs of the city were destroyed.
After the war, the reconstruction was really hard to do.
Today Viareggio is a very nice city for tourism.
Patron Saint of the city
War memorial, (piazza Garibaldi), 1927, bronze, Lorenzo Viani and Domenico Rampelli.
The "Madonnina", (pier), 1950, marble statue with concrete pedestal in the shape of four rudders.
Statue of the Madonna, (over-pass), 1956, marble statue with a stone pedestal, Nicola Arrighi.
Monument to Shelley, (piazza Shelley), bronze, 1894, Urbano Lucchesi.
The sculpture is located near the place where the body of English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley was found and cremated.
Monument to Giuseppe Barsanti, bronze, with marble base, 1926.
The sculpture is dedicated to the first owner of the Bagno Nettuno.
The Sailor, (logge della Camera del Lavoro), bronze, 1991, Giovanni Lazzarini.
The Fisherman (mercato ittico, Marina di Levante), bronze, Giovanni Lazzarini.
Fisherman, (piazzetta Motto e Palmerini, Lungocanale Est), bronze, 1994, Augusto Murrer.
War Memorial, (piazza Palombari dell'Artiglio), 1985, Enio Francesconi.
Memorial to the Fallen of World War I, stone with an element in bronze, 1923.
Monument to the Resistance and to Peace, .
Low-relief to commemorate the Liberation
Monument to Giacomo Puccini
Monumental headstone
Monumental Fountain, 1960-1961, inaugurated in 1963, Beppe Domenici, and representing the four seasons.
Girl on the sand, (piazza Maria Luisa), fountain, 1938, the statue was damaged during the War, Mario Carlesi.
Le Oceaniche, (piazza Puccini), painted alluminium, 1993, Guido Turcato, donated to the city by the artist.
Monument to the fallen aviators, (piazza Maria luisa), 2007.
Famous Buildings
Villa Puccini, here lived Giacomo Puccini.
The City of Carnival,
Villa Borbone, built around 1822.
Residence to Maria Luisa di Borbone, duchess of Lucca from 1817 to 1824
Famous shops, in Viareggio
Caffè Liberty, previously known as Supercinema Savoia, 1925-1927, inaugurated in 1929, designed by Alfredo Belluomini and decorated by Galileo Chini.
Galleria Nettuno.
Cinema Eden, 1930.
Duilio 48, 1933, rebuilt in 1947 (destroyed during the War), known as "Il 48".
Gran Caffè Margherita, 1928, designed by Alfredo Belluomini and Galileo Chini.
Café and restaurant, favoured by Giacomo Puccini.
Negozio Martini, 1896, rebuilt 1947 (destroyed by the aerial bombardments during the War), Wooden structure.
Galleria del Libro, 1931.
Bagno Balena, 1928, Art Deco.
Cinema Eolo, 1932.
Bagno Felice, 1933.
Bagno Amedeo, 1931.
Bagno Tre Stelle, 1929.
Bagno Bertuccelli and Bagno Martinelli, 1931.
Bagno Marco Polo, 1931.
Bagno Tritone, 1934.
Il Principino, 1940, fascist architecture
Hotel London, 1928.
Hotel Liberty, 1924.
Villa Arrighi, 1925.
Villino Bertolli, 1850.
Hotel Palace, 1922.
Grand Hotel Royal, 1925.
Hotel Imperiale, 1925.
Hotel Excelsior, 1923.
Hotel Esplanade, (piazza Puccini), 1924.
Hotel Marchionni, (piazza Puccini), 1923.
The oldest carnival in Italy and Europe, and surely the most important.
It was started in 1873.
The official masks of the Carnival are Burlamacco and Ondina, drawn for the first time in 1930.
Since 1954, RAI broadcasts the event on national TV.The carnival it's really famous because, on the carnival, there are masks about ministers, or show man.
Festivals in Viareggio
Festival Puccini
Jazz and more..., music festival since 2002 at the City of Carnival.
Festival teatro canzone - Giorgio Gaber, since 2004 is a festival in memory of the big Italian artist Giorgio Gaber.
Festival EuropaCinema, an international film festival where just European films are accepeted.
It was founded in 1984 in Rimini.
Economy and trade
In Viareggio there are many resources, sea tourism, with the very nice cost, tourism, and a very big industry about flowers and fruit.
Viareggio is famous in Italy for the beauties local shops, near the city and near the beach.
- San Benedetto del Tronto (AP)
- Palmi (RC)
- Bastia, France
- Kunshan, China
- Strasbourg, France
- Opole, Poland
Famous people born in Viareggio
Beppe Domenici (Viareggio 1924-2008) painter, sculptor, writer
Sant'Antonio Maria Pucci known as "Il Curatino" (1819-1892)
Mario Tobino (Viareggio, 1910-1991) - doctor, poet and writer.
Lorenzo Viani - (Viareggio, 1882-Ostia, 1936) - painter, sculptor and writer
Uberto Bonetti (Viareggio, 1909-1993) - painter, father of the Burlamacco
Alfredo Catarsini (Viareggio 1899-1993) - painter
Renato Santini (Viareggio 1912-1995) - painter
Mario Marcucci (Viareggio 1910-1992) - painter
Inaco Biancalana known as "Il Mangialegno" (Viareggio 1912-1991) - sculptor
Alfredo Belluomini (Viareggio 1892-Florence 1964) - engineer and architect
Percy Bysshe Shelley (Field Place 1792-Viareggio 1822) - poet, writer
Annalisa Pardini - writer and poet
Leonida Rèpaci–writer and actress
Francesco Lenci–historian and writer
Maria Valtorta–writer
Roberto Alessandrini–painter, and writer
Enrico Pea–poeta, writer and theatrical agent
Giorgio Michetti–painter
Ippolito Zibibbi
Inigo Campioni (Viareggio 1878-Parma 1944) - soldier and politician
Vera Vassalle - partisan
Pierluigi Collina - football referee
Marcello Lippi–football manager
Arturo Maffei - long jumper
Eugenio Fascetti - football manager
Arturo Maffei–athlete
Paolo Fornaciari–cyclist
Marco Columbro - presenter and actor
Egisto Malfatti - singer/songwriter and actor
Mario Monicelli - director
Stefania Sandrelli - actress
Gino Cecchini (1896-1978) - astronomer
Nicola Luisotti–orchestra director
Football Club Esperia Viareggio
C.G.C. Viareggio
Official website of the municipality of Viareggio
Viareggio.it: Various information about Viareggio
Viareggiok.it: Site with news about the city
Site with information about the city and a small dictionary about the local dialect
Holiday information about Viareggio
Both DRAM and SRAM store information in binary by using very small electronic components.
Both are volatile (need electric current flowing to keep the negative and positive charged components stay that way).
For SRAM, each bit is composed of between four and six transistors, forming a flip-flop to hold information.
This complexity is what makes SRAM bigger and more expensive than DRAM.
In DRAM each bit has only one transistor plus a capacitor acting like a miniature rechargeable battery).
Good differences
SRAM does not need to be refreshed.
Changing Static RAM is faster than DRAM.
Bad differences
SRAM is more expensive than DRAM.
SRAMs take up more space and electricity.
Uses of SRAM by Intel Corp.
The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners Jonathan Edwards, Diggory Press,
Chester Charles Bennington (March 20, 1976 – July 20, 2017) was an American singer.
He was the lead singer for  Linkin Park.
Bennington was born in Phoenix, Arizona, United States.
He was interested in music since he was young and he liked mostly Depeche Mode and Stone Temple Pilots.
His parents separated in the late 1980s, and was raised by his father.
Later he had problems with drugs.
Before starting his musical career, he worked at a Burger King restaurant.
Professional music career
At the beginning he was a vocalist in a grunge band called Grey Daze.
He left Grey Daze in 1998.
After that, the vice president of A&R at Zomba Music in Los Angeles, offered Bennington an audition with Linkin Park.
Bennington went to California and joined the band.
Their name was “Hybrid Theory”.
The other vocalist was Mike Shinoda.
After some rejections, Jeff Blue operated to help the band sign with Warner Bros. Records.
Bennington had a son in 1996 by Elka Brand and in 2006 adopted her other son who was born in 1997.
In 1996 Bennington married Samantha Marie Olit.
Their child was born in 2002.
The couple divorced in 2005.
In 2006, Bennington married Talinda Bentley, a former Playboy model.
He had three children with Bentley, a son born in 2006, and twin daughters born in 2011.
Linkin Park official website
Suicide in 2017
Himno Nacional (in English: "National Anthem") is the national anthem of the Dominican Republic.
The music was written by José Reyes (1835-1905) and the lyrics (words of the song) by Emilio Prud'homme (1856-1932).
This anthem was played for the first time on 17 August 1883 in Santo Domingo.
In 1897, Prud'homme made some corrections to its original poem.
Mi País - República Dominicana (Spanish)
Listen the Dominican national anthem (.mp3 format)
PetSmart Inc. is an American pet supply company.
They sell pet supplies and services like grooming and dog training in the United States and Canada.
The name PetSmart was made as a pun.
Companies based in Arizona
Chironico is a former municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Cimadera is a former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in  Switzerland.
Claro toolkit
Claro (wapentake), the former district of Yorkshire
Claro (mobile phone network)
Claro, Ticino, a municipality of Switzerland
Claromentis, Web-based collaboration and business software
Clarion (instrument), a medieval brass instrument also called a Claro
CLARO (political party), a political party in Orihuela, Spain
A light-colored cigar wrapper
SCSI is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices, such as a hard drive or CD or DVD drive.
SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface, although the "small" is historic; SCSI is used on both large and small computers.
SCSI is usually pronounced as "scuzzy".
Few peripherals (other than hard drives and tape drives) were made after the 20th century.
Later ones used USB or in some cases Firewire.
Physical Structure
SCSI is realized by a bus slot on the motherboard.
Just to put a card called host adapter to the motherboard.
From this card is a managed data cable.
This cable connects individual SCSI peripherals.
Each of this peripherals has its own sequencer which is functional independent.
Operation on data cable (bus SCSI) is controlled by the host adapter.
This makes it possible to install internal or external components.
Transferring data on the SCSI bus is managed by the host adapter.
The CPU is not loaded by transferring data.
Each peripheral has its own sequencer and host adapter.
They can be used for communication with devices by a defined "computer" language.
They could also cooperate with arbitrary peripherals of SCSI.
At present there are hard disks, optical drives, tape adapter units, ZIP drives, scanners and printers using SCSI.
SCSI is not restricted by conditions (for example: by data capacity).
One of the main advantages of SCSI is a possibility to daisy-chain devices.
There is some device on the bus SCSI which controls this.
For example, hard disk defines “head's of operations” etc.
At the same moment the other device could send data to other devices, (scanner).
Operations of other device are not cancelled with origin connection.
After transferring data to scanner device could continues with transferring data to hard disk.
SCSI is faster because of this fact even maximal speed of transferring is not so different to EIDE.
Configured rules
Each peripheral of SCSI has to be identified.
That is the reason why every peripheral must have a unique ID.
This number is set by bond or shunt located on the case of components.
In terms of a bus is enumerate from 0, hostname has as a rule ID 7.
There cannot be two devices on the same bus with the same ID.
Buses have to be finished with resistances, in terminology called terminators.
On the last devices is necessary to install terminators.
SCSI has a long progression.
That is why there are many kind of SCSI in the present day.
They are different in data width (8 or 16 bits) and working frequency (from 5 MHz to 80 MHz).
With 8-bit data width, the parallel SCSI bus can be connected to 8 devices (used a 50 pin connector); with 16 bits, the SCSI bus can be connected to 16 devices.
Other SCSI interfaces
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) - uses a cable similar to (but different from) the Serial ATA cable.
USB attached SCSI - uses standard USB 3.0 (or sometimes USB 2.0) cables.
ATA Packet Interface (ATAPI) - sends SCSI commands over SATA or PATA (IDE) bus.
Works with any ATA controller and does not require an SAS controller.
Used mostly for CD and DVD drives. (
S)ATA hard drives don't use ATAPI.
iSCSI - Sends SCSI commands over TCP/IP networks.
Cable is usually Ethernet but can be any medium capable of carrying TCP/IP traffic, including wireless networks.
Fibre Channel - Uses optical or copper cables.
HowStuffWorks "How SCSI Works"
It can mean: the kind of composition.
For example, a musical work can be a symphony, a concerto, a sonata etc.
This is more often called “musical genre”.
The word showing the musical genre will show things such as: whether the music is for an orchestra to play and whether or not there is a soloist as well, or whether it is a piece for one instrument on its own.
It may give an idea of whether it is likely to be a long piece or a short piece, or whether it has several movements.
It can also mean: the shape of the music and how it is planned.
The form of a piece of music may, for example, be an “ABA” form, which means that there is the first part of the piece (which we can call part “A”), then something different happens (which we can call part “B”), and finally part “A” comes back again.
There are many other ways of planning a piece of music, e.g. in jazz there is the twelve bar blues (in which the music is based on a repeated pattern of chords that last 12 bars, or in classical music there is sonata form which can often be the plan of a movement lasting anything from five minutes (as in the early Classical symphonies) to half an hour (as in some of Mahler’s symphonies).
Electric Gardens Festival, sometimes called Electric Gardens, 'EGFestival', 'EGFest', or 'EG', is a medium sized music festival at Mount Ephraim, Faversham in Kent.
The festival happens on a weekend in early August.
The first time the festival took place was in 2006.
There are plans to hold the festival every year.
The Myspace bus
A bus was parked at the festival, by Myspace.
The bus was used for the music players to meet people.
Free gifts and information are also given from here.
Line ups by year
Main stage
Southern Fried Records Stage
Audio Bullys
Cassius (DJ set)
Cagedbaby
Grandadbob
Nathan Detroit
Morning Runner
The Young Knives
The Boy Least Likely To
The Long Blondes
Other stages
Archie Bronson Outfit
The Elegant Bachelors
Layo & Bushwaka!
Stanton Warriors
Plump DJs
Caged Baby
Soho Dolls
Grant Dee
Mezza Breaks
Veto Silver
Marcus Wallis
Warren Suicide
Paul Arnold
Chew The Fat!
The Earlies
Jamie T
Adem
Findlay Brown
The Electric Soft Parade
The Veils
Larrikin Love
Kid Harpoon
Eyoe
Pull Tiger Tail
Jonny Flynn
Reverend and the Makers
Milburn (band)
Sonic Heatrs
Plan B (rapper)
New Young Pony Club
Lethal Bizzle
Peggy Sue and The Pirates
Newton Faulkner
Ciara Haidar
Patrick Wolf
Mr Hudson & The Library
The Teenagers
Late of the Pier
Ox.
Lion.
The Sylvias
Myspace stage
Lupen Crook
Nic Dawson Kelly
Gillan Edgar
Tom Allalone and the Great Expectations
Thom Stone
Poetry by Dockers MC
Scroobius Pip
The Thirst
Stuart James
Eleanor Goulding
Underground Heroes
Devils Gun
Chineapples
Our Name is Legion
The Cut Outs
Club Class Dance stage
Nic Fanciulli
Meat Katie
Mike Pickering
A Skillz
Mark Fanciulli & Small Fry
Shake DJ's
Danny Howells
Funk D'Void
Justin Robertson
Damian Lazarus
Desyn Masiello
Micky Slim
Sam Ball & Anil Chawla
Pete Griffiths & George Andrews
Warning: 2 Dirty DJ's
Rebel Beat Allies
2006 establishments in England
The margarita, a cocktail made with tequila and triple sec
Margarita Island, a Caribbean Island off the coast of Venezuela
Infanta Margarita, a 1659 painting by Diego Velázquez of Margaret Theresa of Spain
The Master and Margarita, a novel by Soviet author Mikhail Bulgakov
Felis margarita, the scientific name for the Sand Cat
The Greek word for "pearl"
Pizza Margherita, a pizza made with tomatoes, mozzarella, and basil
310 Margarita, a Main Belt asteroid
Isla Margarita, an island in the Venezuelan state of Nueva Esparta
Rancho Santa Margarita, California, a city in the United States
Margarita, Panama, in the former Canal Zone
The Near East is a large area of land in the eastern hemisphere.
Countries of the eastern Mediterranean are part of the Near East.
The name of the Near East comes from its position to the east of Europe and to the west of the Middle East and the Far East.
The Levant, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Iran, and Egypt are all regions that are part of the Near East.
In the past, the Balkan Peninsula, south-west Asia, and northern Africa were part of the Near East as well.
The term Near East came into use in the 1890s, when European powers had to do with two critical situations in the "east".
The Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 in the Far East, and the Armenian Genocide in the Near East.
British archaeologist D.G. Hogarth published The Nearer East in 1902, which helped to define the term and its extent, including Albania, Montenegro, southern Serbia and Bulgaria, Greece, Egypt, all the Ottoman lands, the entire Arabian peninsula, and western parts of Iran.
Collina d'Oro (called Gold Hill in English) is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
It was made on 4 April 2004 from the merging of the villages of Agra, Gentilino, and Montagnola.
On 1 April 2012, it incorporated the formerly independent municipality of Carabietta.
The term Far East means countries of East Asia and Southeast Asia.
It became used in the English language during the period of the British Empire for lands to the east of British India.
Before World War I, the Near East meant relatively nearby lands of the Ottoman Empire, Middle East northwestern South Asia and Central Asia, and Far East countries along the western Pacific Ocean and countries along the eastern Indian Ocean.
Many European languages have analogous terms, such as the French , Spanish , Portuguese , German , Italian , and Dutch .
Far East is never used for the culturally Western nations of Australia and New Zealand, which lie even farther to the east of Europe than much of East Asia.
Territories and regions
Montagnola is a small Swiss village in the Collina d'Oro municipality.
Along with the villages of Agra and Gentilino, it makes the new municipality of Collina d'Oro.
Comano, Tuscany, a commune in the province of Massa-Carrara, Italy
Comano, Switzerland, a commune in Ticino, Switzerland
Comano, a frazione of the commune of Lomaso, in the province of Trento, northern Italy
Comano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
www.comano.ch
Contone is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
With a population of just 17 as of December 2004, it is the smallest municipality in Switzerland.
It has many of the things that communities many times its size has: an official website (www.corippo.ch ), its own coat of arms, a village church, a restaurant, and a mayor who leads a town council made up of three local citizens.
The village has remained independent since 1822.
Corippo lies in the Verzasca valley about 12 kilometers (7.4 miles) from Locarno at the north end of the reservoir Lake Vogorno, and 20 km from the border with Italy.
The houses are built from the local Ticino granite with slate roofs and have changed little for several hundred years, leading the Italian writer Piero Bianconi to describe Corippo as "Verzasca's gentlest village".
Description and photo gallery
Helvetic Administration and Public Services listing
Swissinfo map
Corticiasca was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 20 April 2008 the former municipalities of Bidogno, Corticiasca and Lugaggia joined and became the municipality of Capriasca.
Cresciano is a former municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino and Osogna merged to form the new municipality of Riviera.
Cugnasco is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 20 April 2008 the former municipalities of Cugnasco and Gerra (Verzasca) merged to form the new municipality of Cugnasco-Gerra.
Cugnasco Homepage
Panoramic picture
Cureglia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Curio, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Ticino
Gaius Scribonius Curio, one of two politicians in the late Roman Republic
Curio, a student newspaper based in Canberra, Australia
Curio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Dobryanka (, 58°27′N, 56°25′E) is a town in Perm Krai, Russia.
It is a center of Dobryansky District.
As of 2005, there were about 36,100 people.
Dobryanka was founded in 1623 and became a town in 1943.
It is one of the oldest settlements of Perm Krai.
Grosseto is a town in the central Italian region of Tuscany.
It is the capital of the Province of Grosseto.
The city is 12km from the Tyrrhenian Sea.
It is in the Maremma near the Ombrone river.
Grosseto has 80,742 people.
It is a small city but the province is the largest of the Tuscany.
It's very comfortable because there is the sea near it.
Grosseto was one of the main Etruscan cities.
The city was under the control of the Aldobrandeschi family.
In 1137, the city was captured by German soldiers under the control of Duke Henry X of Bavaria.
In 1151, the people of Grosseto agreed to be under the control of Siena.
In 1222, the city returned to the Aldobrandeschi.
When Siena captured the lands of the Aldobrandeschi in 1244, Grosseto was under their control again.
The city tried to free itself in 1266 and 1355 but failed.
Sienese control of the Grosseto lasted until 1559 when Charles V gave control of the city to the Medici.
It then became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
Important sites
The Medicean Walls: Built by Francesco I de Medici in 1547.
These walls replaced earlier walls built in the 12th through 14th century.
The Cathedral: A Romanesque cathedral.
It is the main monument of the city.
The Cathedral was built between the end of the 13th century and the 15th century.
Construction was slow because of the fighting with Siena.
Palazzo Aldobrandeschi: Built in the Middle Ages, this Neo-Gothic building is the home to the government of the Province of Grosseto.
Granducal villa of Alberese: Built by the Knights Hospitaller in the 15th century.
It was later used as the home of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany.
Abbey of San Rabano: The ruins of this Abbey are in the Parco Nazionale della Maremma.
It originally belonged to the Benedictines, but was later a possession of the Knights Hospitaller.
Church of San Francesco
Church of San Pietro, the most ancient in Grosseto.
Medieval buildings in Batignano, Istia d'Ombrone and Montepescali.
Ruins of the Abbey of San Pancrazio al Fango
The Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development  (BMVBS) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Its headquarters are in Berlin, but the second office, in Bonn, has more staff.
The Minister is also "Beauftragter der Bundesregierung für die neuen Bundesländer" That is, he is the government's special representative for the old states of East Germany.
His job is to help those states to rebuilld industry, improve roads and jobs and become as rich as the other states of Germany.
The Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housings (BMVBW) was formed in 1998 when the Federal Ministry of Transport and the Federal Ministry of Environmental Planning, Building and Construction and Urban Development were joined.
The ministry was renamed in 2005 to the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development.
Philosophers who are interested in science study how knowledge is built up by scientists, and what makes science different from other activities.
No doubt, modern science has advanced knowledge in a wide range of fields.
How has it done this?
To tackle this issue, a number of other issues also have to be tackled.
What makes science distinct?
Some people think that in earlier times, science was nothing but organized common sense.
Thomas Henry Huxley thought this.
However, during the twentieth century, science produced many ideas which were nothing like common sense, like general relativity.
Then it was clear that science really was something different from common sense.
This is called the demarcation problem.
The demarcation problem refers to the distinction between science and non-science (like pseudoscience).
Karl Popper called this the central question in the philosophy of science.
No solution to the problem has had full agreement among philosophers; some of them think the problem is insoluble or uninteresting.
The logical positivists tried to base science on observation.
In their view, truth was achieved by logic and observation.
Non-science was non-observational and meaningless.
Against that, Popper argued that the central property of science is falsifiability.
All scientific claims can be proved false, at least in principle.
If no such proof can be found despite sufficient effort, then the claim is likely true.
Popper's ideas were applauded by many scientists (like Peter Medawar).
However, skeptics noticed that ideas were often not discarded when a prediction was refuted.
The ideas were simply adjusted to take into account the new findings.
It was clear from this that, although falsifiability was important, it could not be a simple way to distinguish science from non-science.
Other approaches were tried.
One idea that science was a problem-solving process aimed at finding answers to questions.
Of course, many other fields try to answer questions and solve problems.
Another approach was to define science as the search for objective truth.
But objectivity is very hard to define, and whether science really is objective is open to question.
With biology, the situation wasn't the same as other parts of science.
There were thousands of published observations, and Darwin showed that sense could be made of the observations.
He used those ideas to prove evolution had taken place.
In a natural history science (such as biology, geology or astronomy), one of the main jobs of science is to explain what has happened and what is seen.
Obviously, explanations as well as observations and theories are part of the philosophy of science.
Theories and observations
Both theory and observations are part of science, and they are tied together in a kind of cycle.
A clear example was the prediction of Einstein that a source of gravity (such as a star) would bend light passing nearby.
An expedition was organised in 1919 to record the positions of stars around the Sun during a solar eclipse.
It showed that the positions of the stars close to the Sun were changed slightly from their normal expected positions.
The light passing close to the Sun was pulled towards the sun by gravitation.
This seemed to prove Einstein's general theory of relativity, published in 1915.
Many year later, the proof was shown to be wrong.
But by then other observations (of time dilation) showed that Einstein actually was right.
Gravitational lensing proved that light was pulled towards the Sun.
The point here is that the observation and the theory were connected.
The observation would not have been made but for the theory, and then the observation was convincing evidence in favour of the theory.
The theory had passed a critical test.
Since then, many more tests have been made of Einstein's ideas, and all have been consistent with his theory.
A “naive” conception of science
According to common sense, science begins with observations: all scientific knowledge come from the facts of experience.
Theories are produced by observation of these facts and are then tested by prediction.
Here is a schema of this idea of science that some philosophers call a naive conception of science:
--->  INDUCTION  --->  LAWS AND THEORIES  --->  DEDUCTION  --->
|                                                             |
FACTS OF EXPERIENCE                             PREDICTIONS AND EXPLANATIONSFACTS OF EXPERIENCE
This naive conception is not held by many philosophers today.
For one thing, it sees science as a one-way engine from 'facts' (what are they?)
to theories and predictions.
As shown by the Einstein example, where a theory led the other way round, the model does not fit much of science.
In fact the relationship between the parts of a scientific philosophy are extremely complex.
Testing a prediction
According to Pierre Duhem and W.V. Quine, it is impossible to test a theory in isolation.
For example, to test Newton's Law of Gravitation in our solar system, one needs information about the masses and positions of the Sun and all the planets.
Famously, the failure to predict the orbit of Uranus in the 19th century did not lead to the rejection of Newton's Law.
Instead, it lead to the rejection of the hypothesis that there are only seven planets in our solar system.
The investigations that followed led to the discovery of an eighth planet, Neptune.
If a test fails, something is wrong.
But there is a problem in figuring out what that something is: a missing planet, badly calibrated test equipment, an unsuspected curvature of space, etc.
One consequence of the Duhem-Quine thesis is that any theory can be made compatible with any empirical observation by the addition of extra (ad hoc) hypotheses.
This is why science uses Occam's Razor; hypotheses without justification are eliminated.
This led Karl Popper, to reject naïve falsification in favor of 'survival of the fittest', or most falsifiable, of scientific theories.
In Popper's view, any hypothesis that does not make testable predictions is simply not science.
Such a hypothesis may be useful or valuable, but it cannot be said to be science.
W.V. Quine thought that empirical data are not enough to make a judgment between theories.
In this view, a theory can always be made to fit with the available empirical data.
However, this does not necessarily imply that all theories are of equal value, because scientists often use guiding principles such as Occam's Razor.
One result of this view is that specialists in the philosophy of science stress the requirement that observations made for the purposes of science be restricted to intersubjective objects.
That is, science is restricted to those areas where there is general agreement on the nature of the observations involved.
It is comparatively easy to agree on observations of physical phenomena, harder to agree on observations of social or mental phenomena, and difficult in the extreme to reach agreement on matters of theology or ethics (and thus the latter remain outside the normal purview of science).
Critiques of scientific method
Is there any scientific method at all?
Paul Feyerabend argued that no description of scientific method could possibly encompass all the approaches and methods used by scientists.
Feyerabend objected to prescriptive scientific method on the grounds that any such method would stifle and cramp scientific progress.
Feyerabend claimed, "the only principle that does not inhibit progress is: anything goes".
Scientific revolutions
Thomas Kuhn denied that it is ever possible to isolate the hypothesis being tested from the influence of the theory in which the observations are grounded.
He argued that observations always rely on a specific paradigm, and that it is not possible to evaluate competing paradigms independently.
By "paradigm" he meant a  consistent "portrait" of the world, one that involves no logical contradictions and that is consistent with observations made from the point of view of the paradigm.
More than one such logically consistent construct can paint a usable likeness of the world, but there is no common ground from which to pit two against each other, theory against theory.
Neither is a standard by which the other can be judged.
Instead, the question is which "portrait" is judged by some set of people to promise the most useful in terms of scientific "puzzle solving".
For Kuhn, the choice of paradigm was sustained by, but not ultimately determined by, logical processes.
The individual's choice between paradigms involves setting two or more "portraits" against the world and deciding which likeness is most promising.
In the case of a general acceptance of one paradigm or another, Kuhn believed that it represented the consensus of the community of scientists.
Acceptance or rejection of some paradigm is, he argued, a social process as much as a logical process.
Kuhn's position, however, is not one of relativism.
According to Kuhn, a paradigm shift occurs when a number of observational anomalies (problems) in the old paradigm have made the new paradigm more useful.
That is, the choice of a new paradigm is based on observations, even though those observations are made against the background of the old paradigm.
A new paradigm is chosen because it does a better job of solving scientific problems than the old one.
The fact that observation is embedded in theory does not mean observations are irrelevant to science.
Scientific understanding derives from observation, but the acceptance of scientific statements is dependent on the related theoretical paradigm as well as on observation.
Of course, further testing may resolve differences of opinion.
Logical positivism
An introduction to the Philosophy of Science, aimed at beginners - Paul Newall.
Volterra is a town in the Tuscany region of Italy.
It is in the province of Pisa.
Volterra was once one of the 12 cities in Etruria.
In the middle ages it was an independent city until it was conquered by the Florentines and then the Medicis.
It has its own cathedral, and is built on top of an ancient volcanic hill.
The city was a Neolithic settlement and an important Etruscan center.
It became a "municipium" (a type of Roman city) in the Roman Age.
Volterra was attacked and controlled by Florence many times.
When the Florentian Republic fell in 1530, Volterra came under the control of the Medici family.
It later became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
The original Etruscan city walls remain in parts, and the remains of the Roman baths, aqueduct and amphitheatre (arena).
Visitors to Volterra have to leave their cars outside the town walls, in car parks.
Important monuments and places
Roman theatre (1st century BC), discovered in the 1950s.
Piazza dei Priori
Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta.
Medicean Fortress (Maschio)
Guarnacci Etruscan Museum
The Medici Villa di Spedaletto is located outside the city in direction of Lajatico.
Also near the city, in the Valle Bona area, are excavations of Etruscan tombs.
Mende, France
Wunsiedel, Germany
Town web site
Volterra Photos
DRAM is called dynamic (or active), because it must be refreshed all the time or it will lose the data which it is supposed to be storing.
Because it loses data when power is removed, DRAM is called volatile.
This word comes from the Latin adjective volātilis, which means "flying, fleeting, transitory".
Refreshing DRAM means reading the data from the DRAM and directly writing them back to the DRAM.
DRAM is made up of millions of very small capacitors.
Each of these capacitors has a transistor to let energy in and out.
The capacitor slowly loses energy, and if the DRAM is not refreshed, in the end one or more of the capacitors will let so much energy out, that for example a 1 will become a 0, so data will be lost or corrupted.
Almost all computers refresh their DRAM many times per second.
Comparison DRAM and SRAM
DRAM is often compared to SRAM (Static RAM).
SRAM is able to store data as long as power/energy is used.
There is no need to refresh it.
SRAM can also be faster than DRAM.
But SRAM is much more expensive than DRAM.
Also, SRAM uses more electric power and heats up much faster than DRAM.
A touchpad (also called a trackpad) is a type of input device for computers that does the same things as a computer mouse.
It is made up of a flat, touch-sensitive surface which the user slides one or more fingers on to move the cursor on the screen.
Next to the touchpad are push-buttons that work just like mouse buttons, including left-clicking and right-clicking.
In some newer touchpads, there are no actual buttons, and clicking is done by pushing near the button of the touchpad itself.
Unlike computer mice, touchpads stay in one place when they are being used.
This makes it easy to build them into hardware.
They are mostly found on laptop computers because, when the user is travelling, sometimes he or she cannot use a mouse.
But most laptops do allow the user is able to attach (connect) a separate mouse.
Besides laptops, touchpads are also more and more used on mobile devices with a GUI, including MP3 players (a well-known one being the iPod) and mobile phones (such as the BlackBerry).
However, touchpads on today's mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers have been replaced with the touchscreen, which is used much like a touchpad except the screen is built into the touch-sensitive surface itself so that no mouse cursor is needed.
One can just touch anywhere on the surface to choose what is on the screen at that part.
Most touchpads have the function of tapping, which imitates the left-click button on a mouse.
New models of touchpads often do more things because they can respond to the pressure of more than one finger.
This is called multi-touch and makes it possible to do things like scroll though, zoom in and out, and rotate a page or part of the screen.
The user can choose and change which functions happen if the user does certain moves.
For example, the normal function for tapping on the pad is the left-click on the mouse.
The user can change it in the settings section to the right-click of the mouse, if the user likes it better.
Fingerprint scanners are security systems of biometrics.
They are used to unlock doors and in other security applications.
During the 2010s fingerprint scanners became commonplace on mobile phones.
People have a pattern of ridges on their fingers.
This fingerprint cannot be removed or changed.
Every fingerprint is different from any other in the world.
Because there are countless combinations, fingerprints are much used for identification.
Various Types
Optical reflexive
They are based on the oldest technique, that consists of placing your finger on a glass surface or a prism that is illuminated by a led diode.
When the ridges of fingerprints touch the surface, the light is absorbed, while between these crests a total reflection occurs.
The resulting light and dark areas are recorded in an image sensor.
In practice there are some difficulties with this technique: wet and dry fingers make very different images, and the system is sensitive to dust and dirt on the surface.
The unit is large and expensive.
This system is also easy to cheat and if the skin is damaged, the fingerprint is not recognized correctly.
The recognition of the fingerprint of older people is also difficult to do because their skin may not be elastic enough.
In some circumstances this may result in false recognition.
If the stored fingerprint was taken with less pressure, false acceptances may occur.
Capacitive
The sensor is a silicon integrated circuit with a surface that is covered by a large number of transducer elements (or pixels), with a typical resolution of 500 dpi.
Each element contains two adjacent metal electrodes.
The capacitance between the electrodes, which forms a feedback path for an inverting amplifier, is reduced when the finger is applied to said surface: it is further reduced when it detects ridges and less reduced when it detects the space between them.
The sensor is susceptible to electrostatic discharge.
These sensors only work with normal healthy skins, they are not operative being used on skins with hard areas, calluses or scars.
Moisture, grease or dust can also affect its operation.
It consists of tens of thousands of tiny pressure transducers that are mounted on the surface of the sensor.
An alternative design uses switches that are closed when pressed by a ridge, but that stay open when they are under a valley.
This only provides one bit of information per pixel, instead of working with a gray scale.
In this case the heat driven by the finger is detected, which is greater when there is a ridge than when there is a valley.
A silicon component has been developed with a matrix of pixels called "FingerChip", that is, "finger integrated circuit", each of which is covered with a layer of pyroelectric material in which a change in temperature translates into a change in the load distribution of its surface.
The image is in the gray scale that has the right quality even with the finger worn, with dirt, with grease or with humidity.
The sensor has a robust protective layer and can provide a dynamic output.
Dynamic output
Most of the sensors described have been altered in the past.
To avoid this, a new operating mode has been added.
Instead of simply placing your finger statically on the sensor, the finger moves slowly along it.
The sensor only has a narrow sensitive area, and generates a complete sequence of images, which can be reassembled, by means of a processor, in a complete image.
The benefits are improved appreciably and the elimination of any residual grease is guaranteed.
The most important use area is in access control for computers.
This is especially important for laptops and PDAs.
Thanks to the price falling, more and more devices are equipped with sensors.
Other devices with built-in fingerprint sensors include USB hard drives, USB memory modules and card readers.
They are also available in mice and keyboards.
Sensors are increasingly used to secure financial transactions and change machines for "online" banking.
In the future, the owner's fingerprint will be stored securely on identity cards and credit cards and may also be used for authentication of emails using digital signatures.
Construction forms
Stagnant: The finger must be dragged over the small scanning area.
This is cheaper and less reliable than the moving form.
The image is not very good when the finger is not regularly dragged over the scanning area.
Moving: The finger lies on the scanning area, while the scanner runs underneath.
Because the scanner runs regularly over the fingerprint, the images are better.
Popular models
Lumidigm Mercury M301
Suprema BioMini
Verifi P5100
Futronic FS80#
Futronic FS88
Fingkey Hamster II
Verifi P2000
Secugen Hamster Plus
Thumbprint Security USB Reader