the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The main use is for purifying salt water, but it can also be used to purify other substances.
Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide security and data integrity for communications over TCP/IP networks such as the Internet.
Several versions of the protocols are common in applications such as web browsing, electronic mail, Internet faxing, instant messaging and voice-over-IP (VoIP).
The TLS protocol allows applications to communicate across a network in a way designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery.
TLS provides endpoint authentication and communications confidentiality over the Internet using cryptography.
Most of the time, only the server is authenticated (i.e., its identity is ensured) while the client remains unauthenticated; this means that the end user (whether an individual or an application, such as a Web browser) can be sure with whom it is communicating.
The next level of security is known as mutual authentication.
Mutual authentication requires public key infrastructure (PKI) deployment to clients unless TLS-PSK or the Secure Remote Password (SRP) protocol are used, which provide strong mutual authentication without needing to deploy a PKI.
SSL and TLS have been widely used in several open source software projects.
Programmers may use the OpenSSL, NSS, or GnuTLS libraries for SSL/TLS functionality.
Microsoft Windows includes a usage of SSL and TLS as part of its Secure Channel package.
Delphi programmers may use a library called Indy.
RFC 5246: “The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2”.
RFC 2246: “The TLS Protocol Version 1.0”.
RFC 4346: “The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.1”.
RFC 2595: “Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP”.
Specifies an extension to the IMAP, POP3 and ACAP services that allow the server and client to use transport-layer security to provide private, authenticated communication over the Internet.
RFC 2712: “Addition of Kerberos Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)”.
The 40-bit ciphersuites defined in this memo appear only for the purpose of documenting the fact that those ciphersuite codes have already been assigned.
RFC 2817: “Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1”, explains how to use the Upgrade mechanism in HTTP/1.1 to initiate Transport Layer Security (TLS) over an existing TCP connection.
This allows unsecured and secured HTTP traffic to share the same well known port (in this case, http: at 80 rather than https: at 443).
RFC 2818: “HTTP Over TLS”, distinguishes secured traffic from insecure traffic by the use of a different 'server port'.
RFC 3207: “SMTP Service Extension for Secure SMTP over Transport Layer Security”.
Specifies an extension to the SMTP service that allows an SMTP server and client to use transport-layer security to provide private, authenticated communication over the Internet.
RFC 3268: “AES Ciphersuites for TLS”.
Adds Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) ciphersuites to the previously existing symmetric ciphers.
RFC 3546: “Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions”, adds a mechanism for negotiating protocol extensions during session initialisation and defines some extensions.
Made obsolete by RFC 4366.
RFC 3749: “Transport Layer Security Protocol Compression Methods”, specifies the framework for compression methods and the DEFLATE compression method.
RFC 3943: “Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Compression Using Lempel-Ziv-Stac (LZS)”.
RFC 4132: “Addition of Camellia Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)”.
RFC 4162: “Addition of SEED Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)”.
RFC 4217: “Securing FTP with TLS”.
RFC 4279: “Pre-Shared Key Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)”, adds three sets of new ciphersuites for the TLS protocol to support authentication based on pre-shared keys.
RFC 4347: “Datagram Transport Layer Security” specifies a TLS variant that works over datagram protocols (such as UDP).
RFC 4366: “Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions” describes both a set of specific extensions, and a generic extension mechanism.
RFC 4492: “Elliptic Curve Cryptography  (ECC) Cipher Suites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)”.
RFC 4507: “Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without Server-Side State”.
RFC 4680: “TLS Handshake Message for Supplemental Data”.
RFC 4681: “TLS User Mapping Extension”.
RFC 4785: “Pre-Shared Key (PSK) Ciphersuites with NULL Encryption for Transport Layer Security (TLS)”.
Certificate authority
Public key certificate
Extended Validation Certificate
SSL acceleration
Multiplexed Transport Layer Security
Server gated cryptography
OpenSSL: a free (and very popular) implementation (BSD license with some banter extensions)
GnuTLS: a free LGPL licensed implementation
JSSE: a Java implementation included in the Java Runtime Environment
Network Security Services (NSS): FIPS 140 validated open source library
Internet standards
The Democratic-Republican Party was founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1792.
It became the most popular political party until the 1820s, when it split into competing factions, one of which became the modern-day Democratic Party.
Its members spoke of the party as the Republicans, Jeffersonians, Democrats, or combinations of these (Jeffersonian republicans, etc.).
Jefferson and Madison created the party in order to oppose the economic and foreign policies of the Federalists, a party created a year or so earlier by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton.
Foreign policy issues were central; the party opposed the Jay Treaty of 1794 with Britain (then at war with France) and supported good relations with France before 1801.
The party was against many of Hamilton's proposals concerning the Constitution.
Henry Adams, History of the United States during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1889; Library of America ed.
Henry Adams, History of the United States during the Administrations of James Madison (1891; Library of America ed.
Cunningham, Noble E. In Pursuit of Reason The Life of Thomas Jefferson () (1987)
State studies
Prince, Carl E. New Jersey’s Jeffersonian Republicans: The Genesis of an Early Party Machine, 1789-1817 (1967)
Stewart, Donald H. The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era (1968), highly detailed study of Republican newspapers
The complete text, searchable, of all early American newspapers are online at Readex America’s Historical Newspapers, available at research libraries.
Adams, John Quincy.
Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848 Volume VII (1875) edited by Charles Francis Adams; ().
Adams, son of the president, switched and became a Republican in 1808
Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., ed.
The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809 (1965) excerpts from primary sources
Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents 1789-1829 (1978), 3 vol; reprints the political newsletters sent out by congressmen
Kirk, Russell ed.
John Randolph of Roanoke: A study in American politics, with selected speeches and letters, 4th ed.,
Liberty Fund, 1997, 588 pp.
; Randolph was a leader of the "Old Republican" faction
Smith, James Morton, ed.
The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776-1826 Volume 2 (1994)
A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825
19th-century disestablishments in the United States
Strict construction means a restriction of judicial interpretation.
In the United States the phrase is also commonly used more loosely as a term for conservativism among the judiciary.
Strict sense of the term
In its strict sense, strict construction requires a judge to apply the text as it is written and no farther, if the meaning of the text is clear.
That is, judges should avoid drawing  from a statute or constitution.
For example, Justice Hugo Black argued that the First Amendment's  that "Congress shall make no law," should be construed strictly: the term "no law," Black thought, admitted virtually no exceptions.
Race Horses are an indie/pop band from Aberystwyth, Wales.
They started in 2005 as Radio Luxembourg.
Its members were Meilyr Jones, Dylan Hughes, Gwion Llewelyn and Alun Gaffey.
They split in 2012.
2005 establishments in the United Kingdom
Welsh musical groups
Radio Luxembourg (French), a radio station that began broadcasting from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in 1933
Radio Luxembourg (English), a radio station that broadcasts in many languages between 1933 and 1992
Radio Luxembourg (German), a radio station that has broadcast in the German language from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg since the endof World War II
Radio 1212, a black propaganda radio station that worked from 1944 to 1945
Radio Luxembourg (DRM), a radio station that has broadcast in many languages since 2005
Radio Luxembourg (band), a Welsh-language psychedelic pop band.
Assisi is a town and a comune in Italy, in the region of Umbria.
Assisi on the western side of the mountain called Mount Subasio.
It is an important place because of its art, its architecture and its history.
It is especially important to the Catholic religion.
It was the birthplace of Saint Francis of Assisi, who was a Catholic saint.
Saint Francis is most famous because he founded the Franciscan religious order in the year 1208.
Saint Clare, a follower of Saint Francis, was also born in Assisi.
She founded an order of religious women called the Poor Clares.
After Saint Francis and Saint Clare died, churches were built in their honor.
The Church of Saint Francis, called the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, is famous as his burial place.
It is also famous for the fresco paintings on the walls and ceilings.
Many visitors go to Assisi on pilgrimage.
Many people also go there to see the town's art.
Assisi was made into a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the year 2000.
Around 1000 BC, large groups of people settled in this area.
These were the Umbrians.
They lived in small fortified villages on high ground.
From 450 BC the Umbrians villages were taken over by the Etruscans.
Then the Romans took control of central Italy by the Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC.
They levelled out some land in terraces (wide steps) and built a large town called Asisium on the side of Mount Subasio.
This town became Assisi.
Some buildings still can be seen from Roman times in Assisi.
They include the walls, the main piazza, and the Temple of the Goddess Minerva, which is now a church called Santa Maria sopra Minerva.
In 238 AD all the people of Assisi became Christian, because of the teaching of Bishop Rufino.
He was martyred.
It is believe that his body is buried under the Cathedral Church of San Rufino in Assisi.
The Ostrogoths of king Totila destroyed most of the town in 545.
Then Assisi was the ruled by the Lombards, who came from the north of Italy, and then by the Frankish rulers.
In the 11th century (1000s), Assisi became a free town.
But there was constant fighting between two groups called the Ghibellines and the Guelphs.
Assisi mainly supported the Ghibellines, but the nearest big town, Perugia, supported the Guelphs.
During the battle of Ponte San Giovanni (St. John's Bridge), the Guelphs from Perugia managed to capture a young man from Assisi.
His name was Francesco di Bernardone.
It was partly because of his experiences when he was captured that young Francesco decided that he would change from being a soldier.
When he returned to his father's house, he put away all his riches and became a poor, wandering preacher, telling people to turn to God and live in peace with each other.
He worked with the poor and the outcast people.
They had no church except a ruin.
St. Francis and his friends rebuilt the tiny ruined church for the shepherds and other poor people to worship in.
It is called the "Porziuncola".
Francesco (Francis) founded the Order of Franciscans.
He was "canonized" (made a saint) in 1228 and is known as St. Francis.
He is one of the most popular saints.
A large basilica church was built on the side of the mountain, in honour of St Francis, and was beautifully decorated with scenes of his life.
One of the most famous scenes shows the story of St. Francis preaching to the birds.
In 1997 Assisi was hit by the two earthquakes.
Part of the roof of the basilica fell in, killing four people who were standing below, and damaging the painted ceiling.
Many people "made donations" (gave money) to repair the building which was reopened less than two years later.
The Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi.
The Franciscan monastery, and the basilica of St Francis were begun immediately after his canonization (being made a saint) in 1228, and completed 1253.
The church is on three levels, called the Upper Church, the Lower Church and the crypt.
St Francis is buried in the crypt.
In the Upper Church are frescos of scenes in the life of St. Francis.
All the papers that belonged to the monastery were destroyed so no-one knows who the monks got to paint the frescoes.
For many years, when the names of most other painters of that time were forgotten, people thought they must have been done by the famous artists Giotto.
Very few art historians think this nowadays.
Most art historians think they were done by a group of painters from Rome.
Other people think that maybe Giotto planned the paintings and did perhaps one or two of them.
Giotto's famous teacher, Cimabue did two enormous frescoes in the upper church, of the "Crucifixion" and "Deposition" (Jesus' body being taken down from the cross).
These have been completely ruin by a fire.
The Lower Church has frescos by many late-medieval artists.
One is a special and "unique" painting by Cimabue.
It shows the Madonna and Child with angels and St Francis.
Because Cimabue was quite old when he did this picture, people believe that he had seen St Francis and was able to paint a "real likeness" of him, not just an imaginary portrait, like many pictures of medieval saints.
In the lower church are pictures by Giotto, Simone Martini, and Taddeo di Bartolo.
One picture that is just as famous as the Cimabue Madonna is the "Madonna of the Sunset".
This beautiful fresco by Pietro Lorenzetti has a gold background.
When the sun is setting, at certain times of the year, it shines through a door onto the painting and makes it blaze with light.
Santa Maria Maggiore (St. Mary the Greater), is the oldest church in Assisi.
The Cathedral of San Rufino (St. Rufinus), with a Romanesque façade with three rose windows and a 16th‑century interior.
It is partly built over a Roman well.
The Basilica of Santa Chiara (St Clare) is a Gothis church begun in 1257.
It contains the tomb of the saint and 13th‑century frescoes and paintings.
Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli (St. Mary of the Angels).
It is a large church 4 miles from Assisi.
Inside is the "Porziuncola".
Other landmarks
The town has by two ancient castles.
The oldest one was built by the Romans and is partly in ruins.
The larger castle is called Rocca Maggiore.
It was built by Cardinal Albornoz in 1367 and was added to by Popes Pius II and Paul III.
Festival Calendimaggio is held from May 1st-5th.
There are processions, theatre, flag-weavers and dance.
Today the town has many groups coming to enjoy the simple peace of St. Francis.
One such group has restored an 11th-century room and added altars to the world's religions.
Pilgrims come from many countries to the Assisi East West Retreat Center in Piazza San Rufino in the spirit of St. Francis to sit and be in peace.
The Holy Cities: Assisi produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications (2006).
360 Assisi - Map, Guide & 360° Pictures
Assisi OnLine
The Federalist Party (or Federal Party) was an American political party from 1792 to 1816.
The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801.
Alexander Hamilton formed the party during George Washington's first term.
Hamilton  built a network of supporters for his financial policies.
Many supporters came from cities.
These supporters grew into the Federalist Party, which wanted a fiscally sound and strong nationalistic government.
With the start of the new government under the Constitution, President George Washington appointed his former chief of staff, Alexander Hamilton, to the office of Secretary of the Treasury.
Hamilton wanted a strong national government with financial credibility.
By 1790, Hamilton started building a nationwide coalition.
He and his network of treasury agents tried to link together friends of the government, especially merchants and bankers, in the new nation's dozen major cities.
His attempts to manage politics in the national capital to get his plans through Congress, then, "brought strong responses across the country.
In the process, what began as a capital faction soon assumed status as a national faction and then, finally, as the new Federalist party."
1816 disestablishments
1810s disestablishments in the United States
The Maroon Berets are a highly trained elite special operations armed force unit that was created by officers from the Turkish Army.
They are also called "Bordo Bereliler".
Their priority is to eliminate terrorists, attackers and foreign military threats on the Turkish Republic and provide homeland security.
Other missions include behind enemy lines operations, high risk reconnaissance missions and front line engagement and termination missions.
There are three categories of education and training that a MB will undergo.
These are Domestic, International and Specialty
Within these three categories, there are 47 different subjects.
Domestic training takes 72 weeks of basic training; International training takes 10 to 52 weeks of specialized training in different countries.
It takes 3.5 – 5 years to become a MB commando.
The Maroon Berets (MB) came into the public spotlight when they captured the PKK terrorist organization leader Abdullah Öcalan in Kenya.
The identities of MB personal is classified.
Unlike other special operations teams, MB Officers are battle hardened and are constantly operating and are active in the war on the PKK in the south eastern Iraqi border region of Turkey and even cross border action into Northern Iraq.
Beginning and involvement in the Korean War
Birth of the Maroon Berets is just prior to the Korean War and immediately after World War II.
Their first name was "Turkish Commandos" ().
In a bid to gain membership into NATO, Republic of Turkey sent army troops to combat during the Korean War.
At the time the United States military didn't have special operations team therefore the Maroon Berets were the only special operations team to operate in the Korean War.
MB officers would operate assault missions into North Korean territory and would recon and intelligence gathering missions into China.
MB commandos were the only foreign armed force to operate on Chinese soil at that time.
As of this date, the exact details and operations of the MB commandos in the Korean War remains classified.
1974 Turkish Invasion of Cyprus
The Maroon Berets remained highly active in the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974 ( also known as the 1974 Turkish-Greek war) and played a major role in the outcome of the (Turkish victory) war.
Turkish MB commandos priority throughout the war was to eliminate the Greek Junta armed forcein Cyprus which would ultimately cause the collapse of the Greek Junta Political-Military heavily armed force.
The Maroon Berets and the Turkish Army would achieve this through two Invasions Invasion A and Invasion B with invasion scout and reconnaissance missions prior to Invasion A and Invasion B. Maroon Beret commandos would land undetected using high speed attack boats for Scouting and reconnaissance before the two main Invasion landing.
They would sneak for miles giving locations for the main invasion landing vessels to land on, bomb coordinates for the Air Force to strike, map terrain, mark danger zones and hidden mine fields for the upcoming invading soldiers and plant charges to blow during the invasion.
Their scouting and reconnaissance would last from 3 hours to 3 days.
These missions were often highly risky and critical for the safety of Turkish Infantry troops, tanks and transport vehicles.
War on the PKK and Turkish incursions into northern Iraq
The Maroon Berets conduct daily operations against the PKK terrorist organization in the ongoing clashes between Turkish Security forces and Kurdish PKK Terrorists in an effort for an independent Kurdish state in south eastern Turkey and northern Iraq.
Aside from daily operations Maroon Berets participated and led the Turkish Army into battle in 5 Invasions into Northern Iraq as far as 32 kilometers.
October 5th 1992, Operation Northern Iraq, in retaliation to an simultaneous attacks on 3 Turkish Gendarme Station which left 28 soldiers dead and 125 wounded.
The Turkish Military captured  1,232 PKK terrorists and had killed another 1,551.
March 20th  1995, Operation Steel in retaliation of a Kurdish attack which left 64 Turkish soldiers dead and another 185 wounded.
Result in the killing of  555 terrorists and the capture and execution of 13.
May 12th 1997, Operation Hammer in retaliation the a Kurdish attack which left 114 Turkish soldiers dead and another 338 wounded.
Turkish Forces killed 2,730 and captured 415, all to be executed after prison sentences of 25 years.
September 25th 1997, operation Dawn, in retaliation to another attack which killed 31 Turkish soldiers and 91 wounded.
694 Killed and 151 executed on live television by firing squads in 3 different broadcasts.
February 21st, 2008 operation Sun in retaliation to a 5th Kurdish attack which killed 27 Turkish soldiers.
Turkish Forces would kill 240 and capture 320, to jail.
Training and recruitment
Maroon Berets are all recruited from high rank Army officers who volunteer to join.
Each recruit must have at least served 3 years as an Army soldier and must have certain amount of time received by Army operations either from exercises or actual clashes.
They must undergo A) Domestic training witch takes 72 weeks B) International training takes 10 to 52 weeks depending on the rank of the volunteering officer.
and C) specialty.
After graduating from Special Operations Training commandos are tested before officially becoming an MB officer.
They are expected to survive in all environmental conditions for at least 2 weeks, so they are left  as an entire team in different environments each on with no equipment or help for 2 weeks as a part of the final testing stage.
If they survive they become MB commandos.
They are also tested by a number of other near impossible tests which can be anything from performing the Trust shot to a few questions on subjects they learned in training.
On the last month of training Maroon Berets receive interrogation and torture training.
The last month of training is called hell month, similar to the United States Navy Seals hell week training.
Trust Shot
The Trust Shot () is a part of the MB's training program.
It is exercised on the last month of the training and is to ensure that the soldiers can trust each other with their lives.
The Trust Shot consists of two members of a squad standing next to paper target boards, while another member fires on the targets with a handgun while walking towards them from 15 meters (49.2 feet) away.
The MB's are the only special operations team in the world to exercise the trust shot.
A coalition government, in a parliamentary system, is a government made from a coalition of parties.
This means the union of different political parties or groups for a purpose, usually for a short time.
Mapleleaf Web – Coalition Governments in Canada
International relations is a branch of political science.
Predominant study topics are politics, economics and law on a global level.
It represents the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, diplomacy, international organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs).
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization that describes itself as a "global association of governments facilitating co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity"; It is the most prominent international institution.
Many of the legal institutions follow the same organisational structure as the UN.
Economic institutions
World Trade Organisation
International legal bodies
Human Rights Committee
European Court of Justice
African Court of Justice
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Regional security arrangements
CSCAP
Maritime security regime
RECAAP
Thomas Hobbes Leviathan
Immanuel Kant Perpetual Peace
Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince
Jean-Jacques Rousseau The social contract
Thucydides The History of the Peloponnesian war
Political scientists study the allocation and transfer of power in decision-making, the roles and systems of governance including governments and international organizations, political behavior and public policies.
They measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors, including stability, justice, material wealth, and peace.
American Political Science Review - The Evolution of Political Science .
APSR Centennial Volume - Special Issue - November 2006
American Political Science Association
International Political Science Association
Political Studies Association of the UK
PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)
Truman State University Political Science Research Design Handbook
A New Nation Votes: American Elections Returns 1787-1825
Thnks fr th Mmrs is a 2007 song by Fall Out Boy.
It is the second single from Infinity on High, the band's fourth album.
It was released on March 27, 2007 in the United States.
The title is short for "Thanks for the Memories".
It has been certified Gold by RIAA.
It was used by Network Ten in Australia to promote the 2007 AFL Finals Series.
"That's What You Get" is a 2008 song by Paramore.
It is off the album RIOT!.
Its music video was released on March 24, 2008.
It is the music video about which Hayley Williams said "You will really get to see who they are.
We had a load of family and friends surround us for the video and it just felt so natural".
Paramore songs
Pop rock songs
In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity (or more precisely, a quantity with the dimensions of 1) is a quantity without any physical units and thus a pure number.
Such a number is typically defined as a product or ratio of quantities which do have units, in such a way that all the units cancel out.
"out of every 10 apples I gather, 1 is rotten." --
the rotten-to-gathered ratio is (1 apple) / (10 apples) = 0.1 = 10%, which is a dimensionless quantity.
List of dimensionless quantities
There are infinitely many dimensionless quantities and they are often called numbers.
Some of those that are used most often have been given names, as in the following list of examples (alphabetical order):
Biographies of 16 scientists with dimensionless numbers of heat and mass transfer named after them
by John Baez
Michael Sheppard, Systematic Search for Expressions of Dimensionless Constants using the NIST database of Physical Constants, 2007
Dancing with the Stars is an American television series where professional dancers are partnered with celebrities.
The couples compete against each other in a dance competition and one couple is eliminated in each episode.
The show began in 2004 and is shown on the ABC television network.
The show has different series which use various different names in over 40 countries.
It was originally based on the British series Strictly Come Dancing.
Tartu is the second biggest city in Estonia.
The University of Tartu, the oldest and most famous in Estonia is found there.
Around 102,000 people were living in Tartu as of 2008.
Cities in Estonia
Infinity on High is the third album by American rock band Fall Out Boy, released in February 2007 by Island.
It sold very well in the US and worldwide.
Four singles have been released from it.
They are "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race", "Thnks fr th Mmrs", ""The Take Over, the Breaks Over"" and "I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You Off (Me & You)".
"Thriller" – 3:29
"The Take Over, the Breaks Over" – 3:33
"This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" – 3:32
"I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You off (Me & You)" – 3:31
"Hum Hallelujah" – 3:50 (Fall Out Boy, Cohen)
"Golden" – 2:32
"Thnks fr th Mmrs" – 3:23
"Don't You Know Who I Think I Am?" –
"The (After) Life of the Party" – 3:21
"The Carpal Tunnel of Love" – 3:23 (Fall Out Boy, Eisold)
"Bang the Doldrums" – 3:31
"Fame < Infamy" – 3:06
"You're Crashing, But You're No Wave" – 3:42
"I've Got All This Ringing in My Ears and None on My Fingers" – 4:06
Fall Out Boy albums
Yellow Submarine is a 1968 animated cartoon movie, based on the music of The Beatles, and was inspired by their song of the same name.
It is also the title of two soundtrack albums, featuring the music used in the movie.
It shows how animation can be different at the time, when animation was marketed towards children.
Beatles John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote "Yellow Submarine" in 1966, with help from another singer, Donovan, who also performed on the Beatles's recording of it.
The recording appeared on their Revolver album, released later the same year.
It also became a single, with "Eleanor Rigby" as its .
Both songs became popular, but "Yellow Submarine" was especially liked by children.
King Features Syndicate, a cartoon publisher (who were also famous for Popeye the Sailor), produced an animated series featuring the Beatles's  and songs. (
The band themselves were not involved in the making or writing of the series, and did not like the series very much.)
The Beatles had a contract with United Artists, to make three movies for them, but had not liked the way their second movie, Help!,
had turned out.
They did not want to appear in another movie.
When George Dunning and Al Brodax, who directed and produced their cartoon series, asked the Beatles for permission to make a cartoon based on "Yellow Submarine", they agreed mostly because the cartoon would help them finish their movie contract.
More Beatles songs (and ideas based on their song lyrics) would be featured in the movie.
Along with using songs they had already recorded, the Beatles were expected to make new music especially for the cartoon.
They did not put much effort into making this music.
Instead they set aside  songs, or songs that had not turned out as well as they had hoped, to give to the producers.
In all, only four new songs were set aside for the movie.
Two were written by George Harrison.
The band helped more with ideas for the movie's story, adding jokes and things they thought would make an audience laugh.
Erich Segal, who later became famous for his novels Love Story and Oliver's Story, helped write the screenplay for Yellow Submarine.
The Beatles' speaking voices in the movie were not their own, but were provided by actors.
The  working on the movie did their best, to make it entertaining and interesting.
George Martin, who was the Beatles's music producer, composed orchestral music to play behind the dialogue.
He also worked hard, to make the music fit well with the  of the cartoon.
The Beatles themselves produced a , Magical Mystery Tour, which was shown on British TV over the Christmas holidays in 1967.
It was strange, and did not have a normal .
Many people who saw it did not like it, and ABC in the United States cancelled their plans to show Magical Mystery Tour in America.
The failure of the show hurt the Beatles's reputation, even though the soundtrack still sold well.
Yellow Submarine was scheduled to appear in cinemas during 1968, and many hopes were placed on it, to be a success.
When the Beatles saw an unfinished version of the cartoon, they were very pleased and impressed with it.
They decided to appear in a  , to finish the movie.
Yellow Submarine made its public debut on June 6, 1968, and became an instant hit with audiences, especially with children and families.
Most of the people who saw the movie did not know how little the Beatles had really been involved with making it, or even thought to ask.
Many of their later memories of the Beatles were based on what they saw in Yellow Submarine.
Even though one song, "Hey Bulldog", had been recorded specially for the movie, its sequence was edited out of the American version.
The title still appeared in its credits, however.
Much of the movie is set in "Pepperland", an  country filled with happiness, music, kindness and peace.
The "Blue Meanies", who hate anything that is positive, invade Pepperland, taking it over and doing their best to destroy everything that the Pepperlanders love.
Old Fred, a servant of Pepperland's , escapes the invasion in a yellow submarine, and seeks help.
He finds it in Liverpool, England, in the form of the Beatles, whom he brings back to Pepperland.
They pass through the Sea of Time, the Sea of Holes, the Sea of Monsters, and the Sea of Green, finally reaching Pepperland.
Disguised as Sergeant Pepper's Band (the official Pepperland band), they bring music back to the country, and are able to defeat the Blue Meanies.
Rather than chase away or destroy the Blue Meanies, they instead invite them to the victory celebration.
The Meanies change their ways, and learn to enjoy the things that make Pepperland a happy place.
The movie's soundtrack album did not appear until months after the movie was first shown.
Another album, The Beatles (called the White Album by listeners, and later by the band themselves) came out first.
The first half of Yellow Submarine featured the four new songs, the title song, and "All You Need Is Love", which played a major part in the storyline.
The other half featured George Martin's orchestral .
versions of the album also included "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", between the two halves.
Some critics and fans noticed that only a few Beatles songs appeared on the album, and were disappointed.
Most did not care, and bought copies to hear the music.
The album became another hit for the band.
Yellow Submarine was still popular years later, even after the Beatles disbanded in 1970.
It appeared on television (including CBS) many times during the 1970s and 1980s, and also in small "second-run" theaters.
During the 1970s, John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono had a son together, named Sean.
Sean did not know his parents were famous.
One day he saw the movie on television at his babysitter's house, and came home full of questions about his father's Beatle past.
Lennon told Sean that he gave up being a famous musician, so he could be a family man.
When  came along, Yellow Submarine was released on , and copies sold well.
Thirtieth anniversary
In 1998, Yellow Submarine was  for a re-release, thirty years after it first appeared.
Movie and recording technology had improved greatly over the years, and both the producers and Apple Corps, the Beatles's company, did not want the movie to seem old or outdated.
They put much work into the remastering.
The original version had been in  sound.
Most movie theaters now had Surround Sound, and the producers wanted to upgrade the sound if they could.
For many years the Beatles had not allowed any remixing of their music.
They made an exception for Yellow Submarine, though.
Technicians went back to the original recordings, using new machines and ideas to make them sound better than ever before.
John Lennon had died in 1980, but the surviving former Beatles all approved the new mixes.
Ringo Starr was impressed most of all, and was pleased that parts of the music could be heard, that had never been heard before.
Along with a theatrical re-release, the remastered Yellow Submarine was also issued on videotape and DVD.
A new soundtrack (called "songtrack") album was also issued, that included the new mixes of all the songs used in the movie. (
George Martin's orchestral music was not included, but was available on the original soundtrack, which was still for sale.)
1968 comedy movies
A discrete cosine transform is a math process that can be used to make things like MP3s, and JPEGs smaller.
It does this by breaking the sound or picture into different frequencies.
For sounds, frequencies are the same as simple tones.
You can make any sound by playing several tones at the same time.
The discrete cosine transform is a way to find out which tones to play in order to make a given sound.
The only difference between the tones is their pitch.
Human ears are good at hearing low pitches, but bad at hearing high pitches.
If you use the DCT to break a sound into tones, you do not need to be as careful when playing the higher tones because people cannot hear them as well.
MP3 encoders (programs which make MP3s) use this fact to make the sound smaller.
With pictures, frequencies are like stripes and checker patterns.
Just like with sound, you can make any picture out of different frequencies.
Also like sound, people's eyes are not as good at seeing high frequencies (hard edges and fine grain) as low frequencies (solid colors and smooth shades).
JPEG encoders use this fact almost exactly the same way as MP3 encoders do.
Donald Franciszek  Tusk (, born 22 April 1957) was the President of the European Council.
Before that he was the Prime Minister of Poland from 2007 to 2014.
He was the leader of the biggest Polish political party, Platforma Obywatelska (Civic Platform).
In August 2014, Tusk was elected to become the next President of the European Council.
Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | The Chancellery of the Prime Minister
Presidents of the European Council
The careful and skilled multiple-layering of shellac polish on properly prepared wood when completed results in a lusterous, perfectly flat shine of an exceedingly high standard.
Indeed when applied correctly a French polished application can rarely be matched for sheer quality of finish.
Normally practiced by highly skilled craftsmen and women one might normally fine excellent examples of this superb finish in some of our stately homes although plenty of other examples exist.
The advent of lacquered wood finishes has tended to make French polishing less needed in today's world.
Legislator, someone who is part of a legislature
In politics, representation describes how political power is given from a large group for a certain time period in the hands of a comparatively small group of its members.
Representation usually refers to representative democracies, where elected officials (called representatives) nominally speak for their electors in the legislature.
Generally, only citizens have representation in the government in the form of voting rights.
The term representation can be used in a number of different ways.
Representation can be understood in terms of how legislators represent their constituents.
Ulbig, Stacy G. (2005) "Political Realities and Political Trust: Descriptive Representation in Municipal Government".
Southwestern Political Science Association Meeting.
Retrieved from   on July 19, 2005.
Breakdown of Federal Highway Spending, State by State
Analysis of reapportionment after the 1990 US census , from an Arizona State University website
Lag is a word that means to fail in keeping pace or to fall behind.
This term is used a lot by people who are talking about video games that have a delay between when a player presses a button on a controller and something happening in the game.
This happens more often during online gaming when the access point a player is using is far away or when other players are using slower connections, such as dial-up.
The slowing down of a website when more people get onto that website can also be called lag.
Allotment, also known as sortition, is a method of selection by some form of lottery.
It is used to have an equal chance to be selected for those that are involved.
For instance it is done by drawing coloured pebbles from a bag.
In the democracy of Athens in Ancient Greece sortition was the main method for appointing officials.
People thought it this method was one of the principal characteristics of democracy.
"Democracy arose from the idea that those who are equal in any respect are equal absolutely.
All are alike free, therefore they claim that all are free absolutely... The next is when the democrats, on the grounds that they are all equal, claim equal participation in everything."
The Athenian democracy made much use of sortition, with nearly all government offices filled by lottery rather than by election.
The Doge of Venice was appointed by a lengthy procedure using alternating rounds of sortition and election.
The Signoria of Florence and other Italian city republics was elected by lot during the medieval period.
Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform  (official website).
South Australian Constitutional Convention  (official website)
The Loka Institute  (official website)
Newsletter of the Society for Democracy including Random Selection (UK).
Integrating Public Voting And Random Selection for True Democracy
The Round Table was a table used by King Arthur and his knights, in the legends about him.
The Round Table was in Camelot, the castle where King Arthur and his knights lived.
In the legends, they met at the table to talk about the safety of Camelot and the kingdom, and about what adventures and quests they could go on.
This got them the name 'The Knights of the Round Table'.
The shape of the table was very important.
Most tables are rectangular, and have a place called the "head of the table".
This is the narrow part at the top, where the leader usually sits.
Because the table was round, it meant that the people who sat around it were all seen as equal.
The table is used by King Arthur and his knights.
King Arthur's wife, Guinevere, did not have a seat at the table, but King Arthur did take her advice on occasion.
In some versions of the legend, the wizard who lived in Camelot, called Merlin, also had a seat at the table.
He was seen by King Arthur as a good friend and adviser.
Dangerous Chair (Siege Perilous)
Some legends also note a special chair at the Round Table, called the Siege Perilous, or 'Dangerous Chair'.
Legend says that the seat could only be used by a knight who had a pure heart.
A person with a pure heart was seen as someone who had committed no crimes or done any wrong.
In the tale, anyone who sat in the chair but did not have a pure heart would die instantly.
It was kept free by Merlin for the person who would one day find an object called the Holy Grail.
This was a magical cup that was supposed to have been the one that Jesus drank out of during the Last Supper.
In the story, this person was either Sir Galahad or Sir Percival, depending on what version of the story is told.
This Ain't A Scene, It's an Arms Race is a 2007 single by Fall Out Boy, from the album Infinity on High.
The song has reached number 1 in New Zealand, United States of America and Croatia.
The video clip starts off with the band finishing performing Dance, Dance.
They then walk off the stage, and one person starts playing This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race on their mobile phone MP3 player.
They then start performing the song in a recording studio.
From the second verse, the band all do separate things.
"The Carpal Tunnel of Love" is a 2007 single by Fall Out Boy.
It was released in the United States on February 5, 2007, on the iTunes Store, and was not put out on a CD.
The music video contains people from the television program Happy Tree Friends.
Video Clip on YouTube
"The Take Over, The Breaks Over" (the quotes are a part of the name) is a 2007 song by the band Fall Out Boy.
It was released in 2007 on their album Infinity on High.
The clip focuses on Pete Wenz's dog, Hemmingway.
The clip, which was made in black and white, shows Hemmingway in a dream.
Doge (plural dogi or doges) is a word of an Italian dialect that comes from the Latin dux (as does the English duke and the standard Italian duce), that means "leader", especially in a military context.
The title of doge was used for the elected head of state in a number of Italian "crowned republics".
The two best known such republics were Venice and Genoa, which had maritime, commercial, and territorial mini-empires.
Sometimes the Doge ruled for life; sometimes for a fixed number of years.
doge, a historical Italian chief of state, specifically:
Dogecoin, a type of online money (cryptocurrency)
Doge (meme), a meme named "Doge"
Valverde is a province of the Dominican Republic.
Its capital city is Mao.
It was created on 1959.
It was a municipality of the Santiago province before being elevated to the category of province.
The province was named Valverde after José Desiderio Valverde, an officer of the Dominican army when the Dominican-Haitian War.
Later, he was President of the Dominican Republic for one year (July 1857 - August 1858).
He was from Santiago de los Caballeros.
Very few people lived in the lands of the Valverde province because it is very dry; there were only some people raising cattle in large ranches.
The Spanish word for those ranches was Hato and there are many places in the province with the word "Hato" in their names (Hato del Yaque, Hato Nuevo, Hato Viejo, Hato del Medio) or "Hatico" (small "Hato").
In 1918, a Belgian engineer, Luis L. Bogaert ("Monsieur Bogaert"), built a canal to take water from the river to the fields and he began to grow rice.
That was an important change in the province and now Valverde is a province where rice is an important product.
Since the Dominican Independence, the territory was part of the Santiago province.
It was made a province in 1959 with lands of the Santiago and the Monte Cristi provinces, with the municipality of Esperanza; in 1978, Laguna Salada became a municipality of the province.
1998: Ámina
1999: Jaibónand Maizal
2000: Jicomé
2001: Pueblo Nuevo and La Caya
2002: Cruce de Guayacanes
2005: Boca de Mao
2006: Paradero
The Valverde province is in the northwest part of the Cibao valley.
It is bordered to the north by the Puerto Plata province, to the east and south by the Santiago province, to the southwest by the Santiago Rodríguez province and to the west by the Monte Cristi province.
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Valverde province, and 129,071 () living in towns and cities.
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 18th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
The Valverde province has a total area of .
It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 28th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The altitude of the provincial capital, Mao, is  above sea level.
The province is separated from the Puerto Plata province by the Cordillera Septentrional mountain range.
The highest mountain of the province is in this range: "Loma Jicomé", also called "El Murazo"; it is  high.
South of the city of Mao are the Sierra Samba (a chain of low hills) and part of the Cordillera Central mountain range.
The highest mountains of the island are in the Cordillera Central but in the Valverde province there are only low mountains.
There are several important rivers that flow through the territory of the province.
The most important river is the Yaque del Norte, that flows from east to west; the other rivers are all tributaries of Yaque del Norte.
Other important rivers are Mao and Ámina that come from the Cordillera Central; those rivers that flow from the Cordillera Septentrional are very short and do not have much water.
The main economic activity of the province is farming and the main products are banana, plantain, rice and vegetables.
Cattle is alto important in the province, mainly in the southern part of it.
Sugar cane was grown around the city Esperanza where there was a sugar factory.
But the factory closed and sugar cane is not grown any more.
Now there are some cloth factories in Esperanza.
Serket was an ancient Egyptian goddess.
She was shown as a scorpion.
She would sting "bad" people, but she could also cure scorpion stings and other poisons, such as snake bites.
Because Serket could cure snake bites, she was sometimes known as the protector from Apep, the evil snake-god.
She was shown in art as a scorpion or as a woman with a scorpion on her head.
Serket did not have any temples, but she had many priests.
Many people in ancient Egypt who were bitten by poisonous animals died from the poison.
Because of this, Serket was also known as a protector of the dead.
She was associated with fluids that cause stiffening during embalming.