the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Craig, Gordon Theodor Fontane : Literature and History in the Bismarck Reich, New York : Oxford University Press, 1999 .
See Thomas Mann's 1910 essay, "The Old Fontane," in Essays of Three Decades (Knopf, 1947).
Trials and Tribulations, one of Fontane's works
Works by Theodor Fontane at Zeno.org
Collection of links This article includes material adapted from  Fontane's biography ''
Writers from Brandenburg
Pachelbel's Canon (also known as Canon in D major or just Canon in D) is the most famous piece of music by Johann Pachelbel.
It was written in or around the time period of  1680, as a piece of chamber music for three violins and basso continuo, but it has been arranged for many other instruments since then.
It is well known for its chord progression.
Chamber music compositions
Damme is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders, six kilometres northeast of Brugge (Bruges).
It is made up of the city of Damme proper and the towns of Hoeke, Lapscheure, Moerkerke, Oostkerke, Sijsele, Vivenkapelle, and Sint-Rita.
A hit record is a recording (either a single or an album) that becomes very popular, through large sales of copies, repeated airplay on the radio.
or presence in the media.
One aspect usually promotes one or more of the others.
The Beatles, Elvis Presley, The Eagles and Michael Jackson all had many hit records.
They are among the biggest-selling musical acts of all time.
Not every recording artist has a hit record.
Many artists and groups lose their recording contracts, if their records do not become hits.
Not all hit records feature music.
Some spoken word records also become hits, including comedy recordings.
Bill Cosby, George Carlin, and Cheech & Chong are comedians who have all had hit records.
A recording of speeches by the late American President John F. Kennedy became one of the biggest-selling albums of the 1960s.
The Pauline epistles are the fourteen New Testament books which most Christians think were written by the Apostle Paul.
Some of them are the earliest Christian documents.
They show many of the beliefs and controversies of Christianity.
Many Christians think these letters are very important for theology and ethics.
Viljandi (, ) is a town and municipality in southern Estonia.
As of 2012, 19,150 people lived there.
It is the capital of Viljandi County.
The town was first mentioned in 1283, after being given its town charter by Villekinus de Endorpe.
Settlements in Estonia
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is famous sermon that was preached by Jonathan Edwards in 1741.
He was an important Calvinist minister.
The sermon is often used in American high schools and college English classes as an example of the Puritan writings.
Edwards taught the sermon many times.
The first time was in Northampton, Massachusetts, but it did not get much attention.
But on the second time in Enfield, Connecticut, it made many people weep, swoon, cry out, and have convulsions.
Deuteronomy 32:35 says, "Their foot shall slide in due time."
That verse was the main focus of the beginning of the sermon.
As was normal in 18th century New England, the sermon was printed and many copies were made.
It has proven to be the main reason of his theology and preaching that was taught by many people in the first Great Awakening.
Original Sermon
In science, a physical constant is a number (physical quantity) that does not change.
This is different from a mathematical constant, which is not based on a real measurement.
There are many physical constants in science.
Some famous ones are the speed of light, Planck's constant, the gravitational constant, and Avogadro's number.
Some scientists think that physical constants may decrease as the universe gets older.
There has been no evidence to support this yet.
Some believe that if the physical constants were different, there would be no life in the universe.
They say that the universe seems to be fine-tuned for intelligent life.
Table of physical constants
physical law
Physical constants
Cookstown is a small town in Northern Ireland which is in the United Kingdom.
10646 people live in the town.
The main street in Cookstown is the longest and widest in Ireland.
Population facts
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found out that there were 10,646 people living in Cookstown.
They also found that:
26.0% of the people were less than 16 years old and 15.6% were over 60 years old
49.7% of the people were males and 50.3% were females
52.8% were from a Roman Catholic background and 45.1% were from a Protestant background
3.9% of people aged from 16 to 74 had no job.
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that were 11,139 people living in Dungannon.
Of these:
24.0% were under 16 years old and 17.8% were over 60 years old
47.4% of the people were male and 52.7% were female
57.6% were from a Roman Catholic background and 40.3% were from a Protestant background
3.7% of people aged 16-74 had no job.
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 545 people living in Coagh.
20.9% of people in Coagh were under 16 years old and 20.4% were over 60 years old
48.3% were male and 51.7% were female
26.4% were from a Roman Catholic background and 72.8% were from a Protestant background
2.3% of people aged 16–74 had no job.
Stewartstown is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.
It is 5 miles from Cookstown and 7 miles from Dungannon.
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 608 people living in Stewartstown.
25.3% of people in Stewartstown were over 16 years old and 14.8% were over 60 years old
46.7% were male and 53.3% were female
72.9% were from a Roman Catholic background and 26.2% were from a Protestant background
5.1% of people aged 16–74 were no job
Ballymena is a town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.
The actor Liam Neeson and the politician and church minister Ian Paisley used to live in the town.
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 28,717 people living in Ballymena.
21.6% of people living in Ballymena were over 16 years old and 19.6% were over 60 years old
47.5% were male and 52.5% were female
24.2% were from a Roman Catholic background and 72.2% were from a Protestant background.
Settlements in County Antrim
The Society of St. John the Evangelist is an Anglican order.
The monks make a vow: They say they want to live in poverty and that they will not marry anyone.
The order was founded by Father Richard Meux Benson, an Anglican priest in 1866.
Because they were founded in Cowley, near Oxford in England they are also known as the Cowley fathers.
It has two branches, the original one in England, and one in the United States.
The house in the United States was founded around the year 1874.
The American branch of the society has 2 houses for their monks.
Today, there are monasteries in Scotland, India, South Africa, Japan, and Canada.
The monks live under The Rule of the Society of Saint John the Evangelist.
The monks spend a lot of time in prayer and they also go on missions.
They are one of the first monasteries founded after the Protestant Reformation.
The Fellowship of Saint John
The fellowship of the Society of St.John the Evangelist is a group of people who want to live there lives in close a relation with the monks at the society.
They give money to the society and pray for the monks there.
They make a rule of life that is similar to The Rule of the Society of St.John the Evangelist.
There are about 1,000 men and woman who are apart of the fellowship.
One of the most famous members is Frank Griswold.
Christian religious orders
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 8,372 people living in Magherafelt.
27.1% of people living in Magherafelt were less than 16 years old and 13.7% were over 60 years old
48.7% were male and 51.3% were female
56.2% were from a Roman Catholic background and 41.8% were from a Protestant background
ro:Magherafelt
The United Kingdom is a sovereign country made of four constituent countries.
They are (in order of size) England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
While all four are often referred to as countries, they are technically constituent countries within a sovereign country; UK.
They are also sometimes referred to as regions, provinces, nations, or statelets.
However, these titles are problematic and in particular, sensitive in Northern Ireland.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands is made of 4 constituent countries.
They are the Netherlands proper, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten all in the Caribbean.
Earlier (before 10 October 2010) it had 3 constituent countries: the Netherlands proper, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles.
Before 1975 Suriname was part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Kingdom of Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark is a sovereign state in Scandinavia, located in Europe.
Denmark is made up of three constituent countries: Denmark, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands.
The Russian Federation is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe and northern Asia.
Russia contains twenty-two constituent republics: Adygea, Altai, Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Chechnya, Chuvashia, Crimea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Karelia, Khakassia, Komi, Mari El, Mordovia, North Ossetia–Alania, Sakha, Tatarstan, Tuva, and Udmurtia.
Other relationships
Countries may be held (usually by force) as part of a larger country or federation of countries.
An example of this was the Soviet Union, which held various countries in eastern Europe by force for up to 70 years.
Many dependent territories exist.
They tend to be small countries or islands which larger countries have "collected" in the course of their history.
For example, Guam became a dependent territory of the United States, whereas Hawaii was made a state of the Union (USA).
The Channel Islands are not part of the United Kingdom, but are "Crown Dependencies".
Leyton Orient F.C. are an English football club.
They started in 1881 and are based in Leyton, London.
Their nickname is "The O's" and they play their home games at a stadium called Brisbane Road.
1881-1946 Clapton Orient F.C.
1946-1966 Leyton Orient F.C.
1966-1987 Orient F.C.
1987-present Leyton Orient F.C.
Northampton Town F.C. is an English football club.
They started in 1897 and are based in Northampton in the county of Northamptonshire.
They play their home games at a stadium called Sixfields Stadium and are nicknamed "The Cobblers".
1897 establishments in the United Kingdom
There are six counties which make up Northern Ireland.
They are County Antrim, County Armagh, County Down, County Fermanagh, County Londonderry and County Tyrone.
The six counties in Northern Ireland and the 26 counties in the Republic of Ireland make up the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.
Nottingham Forest F.C. is an English football club.
They are based in Nottingham in the county of Nottinghamshire and started in 1865.
They play their home matches at a stadium called 'City Ground'.
Brian Clough was one of their managers and when he was in charge, Nottingham Forest won two European Cups and four League Cups.
Since then they have dropped down to the 3rd division and back up to the second, they have had managers like Gary Megson, Joe Kinnear, David Platt and Frank Clark.
They have no manager now.
Their last one was Colin Calderwood.
1865 establishments in the United Kingdom
Brian Howard Clough  ( ; 21 March 1935 – 20 September 2004) was an English footballer turned manager.
During his career he was in charge of Nottingham Forest F.C. and Derby County F.C.  He won a lot of trophies, including the European Cup in 1979 and 1980.
Clough was an alcoholic.
He had a liver transplant in 2003.
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People from North Yorkshire
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
The Irish national grid reference system is the system of grid references used in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
It overlaps the British national grid reference system.
In the grid references, Ireland is divided into 20 squares, of 100 kilometres length and 100 kilometres width.
Each grid square is given a letter as its name.
Ordnance Survey Ireland - History and overview of the system
Since 1 October 1973, Northern Ireland is made of 26 districts.
Each district has a council which looks after local services.
The 26 districts are made of 582 wards.
Each ward elects 1 councillor.
There 582 councillors in Northern Ireland and there is an election every 4 years.
The voting system used to elect each councillor is Single Transferable Vote.
Some of the councils are known as "Borough" or "City" councils.
Every year, each council elects a chairman.
In "Borough" and "City" councils, the chairman is called the Mayor.
In Belfast City Council, the chairman is called the Lord Mayor.
In "Borough" and "City" councils, up to 25% of councillors are given the title Alderman.
In the United Kingdom, a post town is the town that you must write on a letter if you want it to go to that area.
There are around 1500 post towns in the United Kingdom.
Postal services in the United Kingdom
The Hudson Motor Car Company was an American automobile manufacturer, founded in Detroit, Michigan in 1909.
They were well known for producing low-priced cars of good quality.
They also pioneered safety features in their cars, like dashboard warning lights for oil pressure and generator power.
Hudson's production peak was in 1929, with 300,000 cars built in their factories in America, Belgium and England.
In 1954, Hudson merged with the Nash-Kelvinator Company, to form American Motors Corporation.
American Motors (also known as AMC) became famous for their line of Jeep vehicles (a civilian version of military Jeeps), and later Ramblers, Gremlins, and Pacer cars.
AMC was finally bought out by the Chrysler Corporation, which still makes Jeep brand vehicles.
Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road describes road trips made by Kerouac and his friend Neal Cassady, driving a 1949 Hudson automobile. (
Cassady ruined his car, driving cross-country at speeds over 100 miles per hour, without giving the car the maintenance it needed.)
The BT postcode area (also called the Belfast postcode area) is how each area in Northern Ireland has postcodes.
Northern Ireland was the last part of the United Kingdom to get post codes.
The BT postcode area was made between 1970 and 1974.
The Belfast post town districts are BT1 to BT17, BT58 and part of BT29. "
BT" is short way of saying "Belfast".
The postcode for Belfast city centre starts BT1.
The Royal Mail office in Belfast has a postcode of BT1 1AA.
Rest of Northern Ireland
The rest of Northern Ireland has 43 other post towns.
The post town districts for the 43 post towns are BT18 to BT57, BT60 to BT82, BT92 to BT94 and part of BT29.
The Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service (NIFRS) is the fire service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
2000 people work for the NIFRS.
There are 67 fire stations in Northern Ireland.
Sometimes bad people throw stones at the firemen.
Some firemen were killed in the Troubles.
Bhutan, a country in South Asia by ISO code
The BT postcode area of Belfast in Northern Ireland
BT Group, now known as British Telecom
B.T., a Danish newspaper
The Northern Ireland Ambulance Service (NIAS) is the ambulance service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
It was created on 1 April 1995.
Around 1000 people work for the NIAS.
Transport in Northern Ireland
Września is a small town in Wielkopolska province in Poland.
30,000 people live in Września and the mayor is Tomasz Kałużny.
The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) () is the police service that covers Northern Ireland.
It was started on 4 November 2001.
The old police service for Northern Ireland was the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
The service is based in Cherryvalley, east Belfast.
The current Chief Constable is Sir Hugh Orde OBE.
The old Chief Constables were Sir Ronnie Flanagan OBE and Colin Cramphorn.
Support for the police
All the big political parties in Northern Ireland support the PSNI.
Earlier, the political party Sinn Féin, who have many supporters, did not support the police.
But after the St Andrews Agreement they decided to support them after a  special Ard Fheis about the police on 28 January 2007.
In September 2005 the PSNI started the Historical Enquiries Team to help solve 3,269  murders that happened during the Troubles.
The Northern Ireland Policing Board make sure that the PSNI are fair and do a good job.
The Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland investigates complaints about the police.
The current Police Ombudsman is Al Hutchinson.
The last Ombudsman was Nuala O'Loan.
She was the Ombudsman until November 2007.
Number of Roman Catholics in the PSNI
The PSNI gives 50% of its jobs to Roman Catholics and 50% of its jobs to people who are not Roman Catholic.
This is because many people think there are not enough Roman Catholics in the PSNI.
By 2006, 20% of PSNI policemen were Roman Catholic.
Only 8.3% of policemen in the old Royal Ulster Constabulary were Roman Catholic.
About 30% of the force will be Roman Catholics by 2011.
Uniform and symbols
The colour of the PSNI uniform is green.
The PSNI badge has Saint Patrick's saltire on it and six other symbols.
They are the scales of justice, the harp, the torch, the olive branch, the shamrock and a crown.
Police force statistics for Northern Ireland
Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland website
PSNI Roll of Honour
The Grameen Bank is a community development bank started in Bangladesh.
They give small loans (known as microcredit or "grameencredit"  ) to poor people without asking for money before the loan is given.
The word "Grameen", is made of the word "gram" or "village", and means "of the village".
The system of this bank is based on the idea that the poor have skills but have no chance to use their skills without some money.
The bank also controls some businesses, such as fabric, telephone and energy companies.
Most of the banks loans go to women.
The Grameen Bank was started 1976 when Professor Muhammad Yunus, a Fulbright scholar and Professor at University of Chittagong, researched how to provide banking for the rural poor.
In October 1983, the Grameen Bank Project was made into an independent bank by the government.
The group and its first member, Muhammad Yunus, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.
Some people have said the banks prices are too expensive and put people in a debt-trap.
Some have also said that the bank would not work if people did not give donations.
At the same time, it is often seen as a success story in microfinance and as the guide for other groups around the world.
Muhammad Yunus, the banks first member, earned a Ph.D. in economics from Vanderbilt University in the United States.
During the Bangladesh famine of 1974 he gave a small loan of USD 27 to a group of 42 families so that they could make small items and sell them without owing too much money.
Yunus believed that a lot less people would be poor around Bangladesh if they could find small loans.
The  Grameen Bank ("Bank of the Villages", in the Bengali language) is the product of Yunus' ideas.
The bank began as a research project by Yunus and the Rural Economics Project at Bangladesh's University of Chittagong.
They gave out some small loans and waited to know what would happen.
In 1976, the village of Jobra and other villages surrounding the University of Chittagong became the first places where Grameen Bank loaned money to people.
The Bank was very successful and with support from the main Bangladesh Bank, gave loans for the Tangail District (to the north of the capital, Dhaka).
The bank's success continued and it soon gave loans in many areas of Bangladesh.
On 2 October 1983, the project was made into an independent bank, by the Bangladeshi government.
Bankers from ShoreBank, a community development bank in Chicago, helped Yunus by making Grameen Bank a part of Shorebank with money from the Ford Foundation.
After the 1998 flood of Bangladesh, many people could not pay their debts to Grameen for a few years.
By the beginning of 2005, the bank had loaned over USD 4.7 billion to poor people.
Grameen Bank now loans money to poor people all over India.
By 2006, India had over 2,100 Grameen Bank branches.
Its success has inspired similar projects in more than 40 countries around the world and has made World Bank to take an initiative to finance Grameen-type schemes.
The bank gets help with money.
In the mid-1990s, the bank started getting most of its funding from the central bank of Bangladesh.
More recently, Grameen has been borrowing money.
The Government of Bangladesh guarantees that money borrowed by the Grameen Bank will be repaid.
How the bank works
Grameen Bank is best known for solidarity lending.
The Bank also incorporates a set of values embodied in Bangladesh by the Sixteen Decisions.
At every branch of Grameen Bank the borrowers recite these Decisions and vow to follow them.
There is solidarity lending in over 43 countries.
Each borrower must belong to a five-member group, the group does not need to give a guarantee for a loan.
The loan is made to only one person but the whole group is to make sure that the money is repaid.
Each member has to pay for their own loan but if they have problems the group may help them pay because the group would not get any more loans from Grameen if all the groups loans were not paid.
Grameen Bank does not take people to court if they cannot pay, the system works on trust only.
Solidarity groups agree with Grameen to save enough for extra payments in case they cannot pay every time.
Not many women in India can have loans from big banks so 97% of Grameens loans go to women.
Women get treated very badly in some countries, and groups, such as the World Bank are researching to know if small loans are helping women around the world.
Over 98 percent of Grameens loans have been paid back but the Wall Street Journal says that 20% of the loans took more than a year longer than the time agreed to pay the loan back.
Grameen says that more than half of its borrowers in Bangladesh (close to 50 million) now: have all children of school age in school, all household members eating three meals a day, a clean toilet, a rainproof house, clean drinking water and can pay 300 taka-a-week (around 4 USD) towards their loans.
Village Phone Program
One of the things Grameen Bank does for poor people is the Village Phone program.
Women entrepreneurs can start a business providing a payphone service in rural areas of Bangladesh.
The Village Phone Program was awarded the 2004 Petersburg Prize of EUR 100,000 for Technology to Development.
The Development Gateway Foundation said:
...Grameen has created a new class of women entrepreneurs who have raised themselves from poverty.
Moreover, it has improved the livelihoods of farmers and others who are provided access to critical market information and lifeline communications previously unattainable in some 28,000 villages of Bangladesh.
More than 55,000 phones are currently in operation, with more than 80 million people benefiting from access to market information, news from relatives, and more.
Struggling members program
In 2003, Grameen Bank started a new loan program, different from the Solidarity Group, to help the beggars in Bangladesh.
This program is made to give small loans to beggars.
The loans cost only the amount of the loan and the repayment take a long time, for example, a beggar taking a small loan of around 100 taka (about US $1.50) can pay only 2.00 taka (about 3.4 US cents) per week and only repays 100 taka.
The bank does not force the beggars to give up begging but tries to get them selling low-priced items.
The Global Microcredit Summit in 2006 by one of the banks managers says that by May 2006, around 73,000 beggars have taken loans of about 58.32 million taka (approx.
USD 833,150) and repaid 34.78 million taka (about USD 496,900).
Grameen Bank is owned by the people who borrow the money, mostly women.
The borrowers own 94% of the bank, and the other 6% is owned by the Government of Bangladesh.
The number of borrowers had more than doubled since 2003, when the bank had only 3.12 million members.
In October 2007, the Bank had a staff of over 24,703 employees and 2,468 branches covering 80,257 villages.
There were 43,681 villages covered in the year 2003.
Since its start, the bank has loaned 347.75 billion taka (USD 6.55 billion).
313.11  billion taka (USD 5.87  billion) has been repaid.
The bank says 98.35% of loans are repaid.
In 1998, 95% of loans were repaid.
However, many critics doubt this recovery rate and the definition that Grameen uses to come up with this rate.
Grameen Bank received awards such as, the Bangladesh Independence Day Award, in 1994.
The bank got its best known award on 13 October 2006, when the Nobel Committee awarded Grameen Bank and its first member, Muhammad Yunus, the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below."
The Nobel Foundation says: From modest beginnings three decades ago, Yunus has, first and foremost through Grameen Bank, developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty.
Grameen Bank has been a source of ideas and models for the many institutions in the field of micro-credit that have sprung up around the world.
Mosammat Taslima Begum, used her first loan of 16-euro (20-dollar) from the bank in 1992 to buy a goat and subsequently became a successful entrepreneur and one of the elected board members of the bank.
She collected the Nobel Prize for Grameen Bank on 10 December 2006, at the prize awarding ceremony in Oslo City Hall.
Grameen Bank is the only business to have won a Nobel Prize.
In a speech given at the presentation ceremony, Professor Ole Danbolt Mjøs, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, said that, by giving the prize to Grameen Bank and Muhammad Yunus, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wanted to make more contact with the Muslim world, to help women, and on to fight against poverty.
The people in Bangladesh were very happy with the Nobel Prize.
Some critics asserted that the award affirms neoliberalism.
Related groups
The Grameen Bank has grown into over two dozen groups called the Grameen Family of Enterprises.
These groups include Grameen Trust, Grameen Fund, Grameen Communications, Grameen Shakti (Grameen Energy), Grameen Telecom, Grameen Shikkha (Grameen Education), Grameen Motsho (Grameen Fisheries), Grameen Baybosa Bikash (Grameen Business Development), Grameen Phone, Grameen Software Limited, Grameen CyberNet Limited, Grameen Knitwear Limited, and Grameen Uddog (owner of the brand Grameen Check).
On 11 July 2005 the Grameen Mutual Fund One (GMFO), was listed as an Initial Public Offering.
One of the first mutual funds of its kind, GMFO will allow the over four million Grameen bank members, as well as non-members, to buy into Bangladesh's capital markets.
The Grameen group is worth over USD 7.4 billion.
The Grameen Foundation was based on the work of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and they want to share the Grameen ideas and hurry microfinance to the worlds poorest people.
Grameen Foundation USA, which has an A- rating from Charity Watch, supports microfinance institutions worldwide with loan guarantees, training, and technology transfer.
As of 2006, Grameen Foundation supports microfinance institutions in the following regions:
Asia-Pacific: Bangladesh, China, East Timor, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia
Americas: Bolivia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico
Africa: Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tunisia, Uganda
Some people do not agree with Grameen
Sudhirendar Sharma, a development analyst, says that the Grameen Bank has "landed poor communities in a perpetual debt-trap", and that its ultimate benefit goes to the corporations that sell capital goods and infrastructure to the borrowers.
Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, who said, "There is no difference between usurers [Yunus] and corrupt people."
Hasina also says the bank wants too much in return for the loans.
Loans from Grameen Bank cost more than bigger banks, around 20% interest.
The Mises Institute's Jeffrey Tucker says that Grameen Bank is not good enough for Indias economy and is a way of giving money to people who are not working.
Grameen Foundation, replicating the Grameen Bank model around the world
Grameen Foundation Australia
Islamic banking
Opportunity International
Vikram Akula, microfinance institution modelled on Grameen Bank
Bornstein, David.
The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank.
Oxford University Press, NY: 2005,
Counts, Alex, Give Us Credit , Crown, 1996,
Sachs, Jeffrey. "
The End of Poverty".
Penguin Books, NY: 2005,
Yunus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), Banker to the Poor: The Autobiography of Muhammad Yunus, Founder of Grameen Bank, Oxford University Press: USA,
"Micro Loans for the Very Poor", New York Times, 16 February 1997
Cockburn, Alexander, "A Nobel Peace Prize for Neoliberalism?"
http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn10202006.html
Grameen Bank Official Site
gramBangla, Australian Bangladeshi Community Grameen Support Group
Grameen Bank: Taking Capitalism to the Poor , Mainsah, E. et al.,
Chazen Journal of International Business, Columbia Business School, 2004
A video by Muhammad Yunus talking about Grameen Bank
Grameen II: The First Five Years, 2001-2006 ; Stuart Rutherford et al.
for MicroSave, February 2006.
Grameen Bank History
1983 establishments in Asia
Banks of Asia
Buildings and structures in Bangladesh
20th-century establishments in Bangladesh
On Sunday 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom Government held a census.
This was the 19th UK Census.
United Kingdom Census 2001 was started by the Office for National Statistics in England and Wales, the General Register Office for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.
It was the first census to ask people in England, Scotland and Wales about their religion.
Census 2001 website (England and Wales)
The Census Order 2000 (England and Wales)
2001 in the United Kingdom
A hug is an embrace between two or more people.
It is usually a sign of affection or love or sympathy.
A hug is very good for people.
Hugging can release a chemical called Oxytocin, which helps make a person feel less stressed.
It also helps a person's immune system, and makes them feel less pain.
Hugs can even help a person stay calm in a stressful situation.
WWE Intercontinental Championship is a professional wrestling championship in WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment).
It is the first secondary title of WWE.
It has been the exclusive secondary championship of WWE's weekly TV show Raw since April 2017 when the champion at the time Dean Ambrose was moved to the show from SmackDown in the 2017 Superstar Shake-Up.
The WWE Intercontinental Championship was first known as the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Intercontinental Championship, until the WWE/WWF 2002 Lawsuit.
Following the title's introduction in 1979, Pat Patterson became the inaugural champion on September 15.
The title's creation came as a result of Patterson defeating Ted DiBiase to win the WWF North American Championship and defending the title in a fictional tournament held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to be unified with a South American Championship.
In March 2001, the World Wrestling Federation bought World Championship Wrestling.
Soon after, "The Invasion" took place in which the WCW/ECW Alliance was ultimately dismantled.
At Survivor Series 2001, the title was unified with the WCW United States Championship.
The United States Champion, Edge, won against the Intercontinental Champion, Test, and became the new Intercontinental Champion while the United States Championship became inactive.
After the WWF/WWE name change in 2002, the championship became known as the WWE Intercontinental Championship.
It was then unified with the European Championship in a ladder match on July 22, and later the Hardcore Championship on August 26.
The Intercontinental Champion, Rob Van Dam, won against the European Champion, Jeff Hardy, and the Hardcore Champion, Tommy Dreamer.
As a result, Rob Van Dam was named the last European and Hardcore Champion.
Then at No Mercy 2002, it was unified with the World Heavyweight Championship.
The World Heavyweight Champion, Triple H, won against the Intercontinental Champion, Kane, and continued to be the World Heavyweight Champion while the Intercontinental Championship became inactive.
In May 2003, after fan protests of the retirement of the Intercontinental Title, the title was reactivated by Raw Co-General Manager, Stone Cold Steve Austin, and was recommissioned to be the secondary championship for the Raw brand.
Shortly after, the WCW United States Championship was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship by the SmackDown!
brand, making the Intercontinental Championship its equal counterpart for the Raw brand.
During the 2009 WWE Draft the two title swapped brands, making the Intercontinental Championship SmackDown property and the US Title Raw property.
On August 29, 2011, all WWE programming became "Supershows" that feature wrestlers from both brands, ending the brand extension.
All WWE titles can now be defended at any WWE event.
At WrestleMania 32, the title was won by Zack Ryder in a seven-man ladder match, losing it the next night to The Miz on Raw.
The brand split was brought back in July of 2016, with the Miz being drafted to SmackDown Live, bringing the Intercontinental title to that show.
After a long feud with Dolph Ziggler over the title, the Miz lost the belt to Dean Ambrose on an episode of SmackDown Live on January 3, 2017.
Ambrose was drafted to Raw in the 2017 Superstar Shake-Up, bringing the Intercontinental title to that show.
Current Champion
Sami Zayn won the title from Braun Strowman in a 3-on-1 handicap match with Cesaro and Shinsuke Nakamura.
Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, he could not defend his title.
So a tournament was held for the Intercontinental Championship.
In finals between Daniel Bryan and Aj Styles, Aj styles won the championship for first time.
WWE Intercontinental Title History
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Polygamy is a word that comes from late Greek.
It can be translated as many marriages.
It refers to any form of marriage where a person has more than one spouse.
There is also a concept called group marriage.
In group marriage, all the (adult) members of the group are responsible for all the children.
A man being married to more than one woman at the same time is called polygyny.
A woman being married to more than one man at the same time is called polyandry.
These terms are used in zoology.
They are under the titles: Polygyny in animals and Polyandry in animals.
Both forms have occurred in humans.
Polygyny is much more common, and is practised by millions of people, mostly in Muslim and African countries.
According to Muslim
Sharia law, a man can have up to four wives at the same time.
In many African Pagan religions, polygamy is a common custom, and there is often no limit to the number of women a man can marry.
In most non-Muslim and non-African countries, polygamy is illegal, and a person who has more than one spouse can be prosecuted for bigamy.
Some countries, including India, only permit Muslims to be polygamous.
Polygamy is one of the beliefs of Mormon Fundamentalists.
These are Mormons (members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) who strictly follow the teachings of Joseph Smith.
Smith felt it was his job to restore plural marriage to the earth.
He was married to 33 women.
In 1890 the Mormon church officially stopped "celestial marriages" (polygamy).
Church members who continue to practice plural marriage are excommunicated from the church.
Sethepu/Isithembu
Isithembu (Sethepu) is the African practice of a man being able to have more than one wife at the same time.
A man may marry again if his current wife or wives cannot have children.
He keeps his current wife or wives as divorce is not allowed.
A man may marry again if his current wife or wives have not produced male children.
He can marry again if a wife does not want children.
In some places, if a man dies, his wife or wives are married to his brother.
This way his family is cared for.
The Swazi culture says a man should have many wives.
Polygamy (Isithembu) is normal for men.
Woman should have children, which is normal for them.
Mating systems
Rickenbach, Baden-Württemberg
Rickenbach, Bavaria
Rickenbach, Basel-Country
Neal Cassady (February 8, 1926 - February 4, 1968) was an American writer.
He was a member of the Beat Generation circle of writers and poets, of the 1950s and 1960s.
He was a close friend of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, and was the main inspiration behind Kerouac's breakthrough novel On the Road.
Later he was the bus driver of Ken Kesey's "Merry Pranksters", during the hippie era.
Cassady was born in Salt Lake City, literally "on the road", as his mother gave birth to him while his parents rode in a car.
They later separated, with his father raising young Cassady in Denver, Colorado.
He got into trouble often as a boy, and spent part of his teen years in a juvenile facility.
While locked up, he began to write letters back and forth with Hal Chase, another member of the (then-future) Beat Generation.
Chase told his friends Kerouac and Ginsberg about Cassady, who wanted to meet him.
After he was released, Cassady traveled to New York, marrying sixteen-year-old LuAnne Henderson on the way.
He met Ginsberg, and began a homosexual relationship with him (despite Cassady's marriage), and a friendship with Kerouac, recently divorced, who began to teach Cassady about writing.
Kerouac's mother, whom he lived with, did not like Cassady, sensing he was just a con artist.
Kerouac knew this was at least partly true, but he did not mind, since he enjoyed Cassady's company.
They looked a little like each other, and strangers who met them often guessed the two were brothers.
They became very close personally, and felt that they really were brothers, though they came from different parents.
Cassady was a restless person, and his wife got tired of him not giving their marriage the attention it needed.
She left him, and returned to her family.
Cassady soon forgot about her, and started relationships with other women, and also with men. (
He and LuAnne got back together later, but their reconciliation did not last.)
Before long, he decided he wanted to travel.
Cassady was an expert driver, and had no trouble driving cars at over 100 miles per hour, over long stretches of highway.
Kerouac left his mother behind, and joined Cassady on many road trips, across the United States and even into Mexico.
When Kerouac got sick in Mexico City, Cassady could not wait for him to get better, and left Kerouac behind at a hospital.
Kerouac had to find his own way home, and was angry at Cassady, while Kerouac's mother thought it just proved her suspicions about him.
Cassady turned up later, asking Kerouac's forgiveness, which he gave him.
Good or bad, Kerouac's experiences with Cassady were what he needed to finish a novel about cross-country travel, which he had wanted to write for years.
Kerouac was married again to Joan Haverty, and in trying to explain his friendship with Cassady to his new wife, he typed a long narrative, using a roll of teletype paper so he did not have to stop to change pages.
He spent three weeks working on the narrative almost non-stop.
It became the manuscript for his new novel, which he called On the Road.
His wife was bothered by the fact that he spent more time working on the manuscript than with her, and separated from him not long after it was finished.
Kerouac spent the next six years making changes and improvements to the manuscript, until a publisher agreed to print it as a book.
Cassady's name was changed to "Dean Moriarty", to make the book appear more fictional than it really was.
Kerouac delivered one of the first printed copies of On the Road in person to Cassady, who did not give Kerouac the reaction he expected.
Instead of being happy and proud, Cassady seemed disturbed and scared, by knowing that part of his life was now in print, and his character documented for the public to see.
On the Road was published in 1957, and it made both Kerouac and Cassady famous.
It did not do much to help their personal lives, however.
Both men suffered from public overexposure, as the book became a best-seller.
A mistake on the book's jacket made readers think that both men were much younger than they were.
Their adventures in the book had happened years earlier, but many people thought they were recent.
Some readers wanted to travel with them, or invite them to wild parties, or have sexual intercourse with them.
Cassady enjoyed the attention for awhile, but it took its toll on him personally.
Fame did not help his second marriage, to Carolyn Robinson, or the family they had together.
Kerouac himself hated all the attention he got, and spent most of his time at home with his mother, working on new books, or drinking alcohol.
In time, he became an alcoholic, and it ruined his health.
Cassady also partly inspired Allen Ginsberg's Howl, and was mentioned in the poem as "N.C.", the "secret hero" of Ginsberg's latest writings.
Howl became a landmark work of the 1950s, and added to Ginsberg's and Cassady's fame.
Ginsberg handled fame more easily than either Cassady or Kerouac, and had a long public career.
Cassady himself wanted to become a writer, or a jazz musician, but he was not a success at either.
He tried to take saxophone lessons, but did not stay with them very long.
He mostly worked as a laborer or a brakeman on railroads, before and after On the Road was published.
Some of what he did write was published as a memoir, titled The First Third, but it was his only book.
He was more successful at writing letters to friends.
One was about his seductions of different women during a train trip.
He recorded long talks with Kerouac and Carolyn, about their lives and thoughts, and parts of these went into a later book by Kerouac, titled Visions of Cody. ("
Cody Pomeray" became Cassady's new fictional name, as Kerouac changed publishers.)
Cassady also sold marijuana to help pay his bills.
One customer turned out to be an undercover policeman, who arrested Cassady.
He spent a long time in jail.
Carolyn had to both work, and try to raise their children alone.
Freed from jail, Cassady began to travel again.
During the 1960s, he joined Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters, who traveled back and forth across the United States in a bus, holding "acid tests", a name for LSD parties.
Cassady drove the bus.
He acted as merrily as anyone, and as full of energy as a young man, when the Pranksters were around.
In private, though, he was not enjoying his life, and old friends noticed he looked very tired.
Cassady had tried to commit suicide a few times when he was younger, and was unhappy.
Once he tried to freeze himself to death, waiting outside in cold temperatures during a car trip, but it took too long, and he got back in the car.
Early in 1968, while revisiting Mexico, he was found lying alongside a railroad track, where he had been for a long time.
Exposure to harsh weather caused his death, just days short of his 42nd birthday.
Nobody knew if he was trying to kill himself or not, this time.
A few people who knew him felt that he wanted to die, and had for awhile as he got older, and that Cassady finally got his wish.
Cassady left an indelible mark on the world of the 1950s and 1960s, through his documented adventures in the works of Kerouac, Ginsberg, and their friends.
He also turned up in Kesey's writings about the Merry Pranksters.
He inspired later bohemian characters, like Jim Morrison of The Doors.
People today still read about his life and times, and wish they were able to meet Cassady, or make friends with him.
The people who knew Cassady remembered him fondly later, even if he let them down personally, because he was such a unique (special) person.
People loved watching Cassady live his life to the fullest, while he encouraged them to do the same with theirs.
Kerouac and Friends: A Beat Generation Album, by Fred W. McDarrah (William Morrow and Company)
Neal Cassady: Behind the Myth  (official site)
Writers from Salt Lake City, Utah
Writers from Colorado
Riedholz is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Northern Ireland is a constituency of the European Parliament.
The Northern Ireland Members of the European Parliament are chosen using Single Transferable Vote.
The constituency is all of Northern Ireland.
Members of the European Parliament
colspan="7" | European Parliament election 1999: Northern Ireland
colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Party
rowspan="2" | Candidate(s)
rowspan="2" | Seats
rowspan="2" | Loss/GainFirst Preference Votes
of vote
|Ian Paisley
| 192,762
| 28.4
|John Hume
| 190,731
| 28.1
|Jim Nicholson
| 119,507
| 17.6
|Mitchel McLaughlin
| 117,643
| 17.3
|David Ervine
| 22,494
| 3.31
|Robert McCartney
| 20,283
| 2.98
|Sean Neeson
| 14,391
| 2.12
|James Anderson
| 998
|colspan=5|Turnout||678,809||
Feldbrunnen-St.Niklaus is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Rodersdorf is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, on the border of Alsace, France.
The Beat Generation was a movement of writers, poets, and artists during the 1950s and 1960s, who liked the beat of jazz and bebop music, which became a kind of soundtrack to much of their lives and work.
People associated with the movement were called "Beats", or sometimes "Beatniks", a reference to Communism. (
A few Beats supported Communism, but most did not.)
The term came from novelist Jack Kerouac, who was sometimes called "The King of the Beats".
Other Beat writers were William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg.
The Brill Building in New York City was a headquarters for many songwriters in the 1950s and 1960s.
The building had offices for the writers, and also a small recording studio to make demo recordings.
Don Kirshner hired the writers who worked there, and helped promote their works.
The Brill Building writers included many pop stars and future pop stars, including Jeff Barry, Neil Diamond, Carole King, Carole Bayer Sager, and Neil Sedaka.
The Monkees recorded a large number of Brill Building songs, but they also wrote songs of their own.
Christopher Stewart (born 27 March 1951) is an English musician and writer.
He was the first drummer for rock band Genesis.
He is now a writer and a farmer.
Stewart went to school with Tony Banks, Peter Gabriel, Mike Rutherford and Anthony Phillips.
The five of them formed a band called Anon.
This band eventually became Genesis in January 1967.
Stewart appears on the band's first two singles, "The Silent Sun"/"That's Me" and "A Winter's Tale"/"One-Eyed Hound".
Stewart was asked to leave the band in the summer of 1968, because he was not skilled enough.
He was replaced by John Silver.
After travelling and working throughout Europe, Stewart settled and bought a farm named "El Valero" in Andalusia, Spain.
He is now better known for his autobiograpical books: Driving Over Lemons: An Optimist in Andalucia (1999, ) and the sequels, A Parrot In The Pepper Tree () and The Almond Blossom Appreciation Society (2006, ).
They are all about his work farming in Spain.
Biography and news
Jonathan "John" Silver (born 1950) was the second drummer for the English rock band Genesis.
He replaced Chris Stewart in the summer of 1968.
Silver left the band in August 1969.
He was replaced by John Mayhew.
Silver appears on the band's first full length album, From Genesis to Revelation and on the Genesis Archive 1967-75 box set.
John Mayhew (27 March 1947 - 26 March 2009) was an English musician.
He was the third drummer for the progressive rock band Genesis.
Mayhew was a part of the band from September 1969 until July 1970.
He replaced John Silver as the drummer for the band in August 1969 .
Mayhew appears on the album Trespass and the Genesis Archive 1967-75 box set.
He was replaced in 1970 by Phil Collins.
For many years Mayhew's life after playing for Genesis was a mystery to most fans.
It was said that his Trespass royaltycheque had gone unclaimed.
There were rumors that he was dead or missing.
In 1979, he moved to Australia.
He eventually found work as a carpenter.
He is now an Australian citizen.
In 2006, Mayhew attended the Genesis Convention in London along with Anthony Phillips and Steve Hackett.
He even played drums for a tribute band's performance of "The Knife" (from Trespass).