the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Kathy could not vote, as she was chosen to enjoy the reward with the Chapera tribe.
Official CBS Survivor All Stars Website
Jean-Baptiste Lully (pronounce: "Loo-lee"), (born Florence, 28 November 1632; died Paris, 22 March 1687), was an Italian composer, violinist and dancer who spent most of his life working in the court of Louis XIV of France.
He took on French nationality in 1661.
Lully realized that music in the Italian style was not suitable for the French language, so he composed his operas in a special way.
He created the tradition of French opera.
He also wrote a lot of ballet music and some church music.
Lully was born in Florence, Italy.
Lully did not have much education.
He taught himself a lot of what he could do.
He learned to play the guitar and the violin and to dance.
In 1646 he was taken to France where he was given a job teaching Italian to a Duchess.
He had the opportunity to hear a lot of good music, and, by the time he was 20, he was an excellent composer, violinist and dancer.
He started to work for Louis XIV in 1652.
He composed some music for the Ballet de la Nuit (Night Ballet).
The king liked it very much.
He became composer of instrumental music to the king.
His orchestra (called Grande Bande, i.e. large band) had 24 violins.
They were not very good, so he got the king’s permission to start another group which he called Petits Violons (Little Violins).
There were 16 in the group (later it became 21), and Lully trained them properly.
He did not let them put too many ornaments in the music.
He became a Frenchman in 1661.
The next year he became Music Master to the Royal Family and he also married.
The king and queen signed the marriage document, so Lully was obviously an important man.
Lully composed lots of ballets for the King during the 1650s and 1660s.
He was one of the dancers in these ballets.
The king also danced.
He worked with the great playwright Molière, composing music for Molière’s comedies.
These include Le Mariage forcé (1664), L'Amour médecin (1665), and Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (1670).
Together with Molière he created the Comédie-Ballet which became a great French tradition.
When the king got older he could not dance and so he became less interested in ballet.
So Lully became more interested in composing operas.
He earned a lot of money from this, because there was an arrangement with the king that Lully would have complete control of any music that was published in France.
Lully had become a very powerful man, and many other musicians did not like this.
There were a lot of arguments, especially when Lully did not allow music in puppet shows.
Lully had lots of successes in his life.
He also had many love affairs, with men and women.
There were several scandals, but the king always forgave him because he was a great friend..
Late in 1686 the king had been ill, but he got better, so he asked Lully to organize a concert to celebrate the fact that he was well again.
The concert was given on 8 January 1687.
The orchestra played a Te Deum.
Lully conducted the orchestra.
Conductors did not yet use batons (sticks) in those days.
Instead, Lully banged a big stick on the floor to keep the orchestra together.
Suddenly, he hit his toe with his stick.
The wound in the toe got an infection.
The infection later became gangrene.
He did not want the doctors to cut off his toe.
The infection spread to the rest of the body, and he died on 22 March from gangrene.
Lully was rich when he died.
He left 800.000 livres.
He had five houses in Paris as well as two country houses.
Lully lived in the middle of the Baroque period.
He liked fast, lively music, especially music that could be danced to.
He changed people’s taste in musical style.
He used a lot of instruments that had not been used in orchestras before.
His friendship with Molière resulted in a new musical form, the comédie-ballet which combined theatre, comedy, and ballet.
Lully also created the style of French opera called tragédie en musique or tragédie lyrique.
Instead of having his opera music divided into recitatives and arias he often combined the two so that events in the story happened quickly.
LGBT dancers
Survivor: Vanuatu - Islands of Fire (also known as Survivor: Vanuatu for short) was the ninth season of the American reality show Survivor.
It was filmed in Summer 2004.
The game took place on Vanuatu, a group of volcanic islands in the South Pacific.
Survivor: Vanuatu started being shown on TV on September 16, 2004.
Also starting that day was Survivor Live, an hour-long Internet talk show hosted by the first Sole Survivor Richard Hatch and Entertainment Tonight correspondent Chris Booker.
The talk show was shown every Thursday and Friday on the CBS website.
It interviews  players from earlier seasons and reviews the players' gameplay.
On December 12, 2004, Chris Daugherty won against Twila Tanner by a vote of 5-2 to become the sole survivor.
This seasons became available on DVD on December 5, 2006.
For the first time, not including the season before, All-Stars, there were eighteen players.
In the first seven seasons, there were only sixteen.
This was the second season where the starting tribes were divided by gender.
It was also the first season to have an amputee (Chad Crittenden, who had lost a foot to cancer) and not one, but two open lesbians (motivational speaker Scout Cloud Lee and old Playboy model Ami Cusack).
The season began like Survivor: The Amazon.
The tribes were divided by gender.
The male tribe was Lopevi, named after one of Vanuatu's volcanic islands; the female tribe was Yasur, named after Mount Yasur.
On Day 11, there was a tribal switch like in other seasons, which ended up moving two people from each tribe over to the other tribe.
On Day 20, the tribes were merged (combined) into one tribe.
They named the new tribe "Alinta", a name suggested by Scout meaning "people of fire."
Eliza Orlins and Ami Cusack were chosen from this season to return for Survivor: Micronesia as members of the Favorites tribe, where they placed 10th and 11th.
The players were brought into the game at a native gathering, with the natives dividing the group into men and women.
The men were clearly worshiped at the ceremony, suggesting they would have better luck in the game.
After the ceremony, the men were named the Lopevi tribe, and the women the Yasur tribe, and sent to find their camps in the dark.
Lopevi lost the first challenge mainly due to Chris, however, the older men of the tribe started an alliance and worked to vote off one of the younger men, Brook.
This would continue through the next two tribal councils that Lopevi took part in.
In Yasur, a strong clique started around Ami, and the women that did not fit in were voted out.
The tribes were switched on day 11, mixing the two tribes; later voting only strengthened Ami's alliances.
On Day 19, the two tribes, now with 6 women and 4 men, merged into one tribe, which they named "Alinta".
The men were quickly targeted at the next three tribal councils, leaving Chris as the only male.
By this time, the players in Ami's alliance were her, Julie, and Leann, while Twila and Scout had formed a closer pairing, with Eliza as an outsider among the women.
When Chris didn't win the next immunity challenge, Twila brought Chris into a plan to vote out one of Ami's group if they could bring Eliza into their foursome.
Chris was successful at this, and Leann was voted out at the next tribal council.
Ami and Julie soon followed, even though they had tried to vote off Chris.
The final four was Chris, Eliza, Twila, and Scout.
Chris won the last two immunity challenges, and took Twila with him into the final two.
The jury saw Chris' power to stay in the game with the odds against him, both from the first challenge and as the last man standing, and voted him the Sole Survivor 5-2.
John K. had to spend a day with the other tribe for the point of giving immunity to one of them at tribal council that night.
He chose Ami because he thought she was safe even without immunity.
When Eliza won the reward challenge, she got her own car and the players who finished second and third in the challenge were able to join her at a spa retreat.
Official CBS Survivor Vanuatu Website
Herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs.
All known fossils of this carnivore have been discovered in Upper Triassic strata dated to 231.4 million years ago (mya) in northwestern Argentina.
Herrerasaurus was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head.
Its length is estimated at 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 ft), and its hip height at more than 1.1 meters (3.3 ft).
It may have weighed around 210–350 kilograms (463–772 lb).
In a large specimen the skull measured 56 centimeters (1.8 ft) in length.
Smaller specimens had skulls about 30 centimeters (1 ft) long.
Palaeoenvironment
The paleoenvironment of the Ischigualasto Formation (where it was found) was a volcanically active floodplain covered by forests with strong seasonal rainfall.
The climate was moist and warm, with seasonal variations.
Vegetation consisted of ferns, horsetails, and giant conifers.
These plants formed lowland forests along the banks of rivers.
Herrerasaurus eas the most common of the carnivores of the Ischigualasto Formation.
Herrerasaurus lived in these jungles alongside a smaller dinosaur, the one metre long Eoraptor, as well as Saurosuchus, a huge quadrupedal Archosaur.
There were also a number of therapsid and reptilian herbivores.
The dinosaurs had not yet taken control of the land environments as they did later.
Jason Earles was born in San Diego, California.
After his family had lived in both Ohio and Washington, they moved to Oregon.
Before his family moved to southern California, they lived in Billings, Montana, where he graduated from Rocky Mountain College in 2000.
He has given several pieces of Hannah Montana cast memorabilia (items people collect to remember something) to the college's fund raisers.
Hayato Hashimoto (born 15 September 1981) is a Japanese football player.
|2004||rowspan="7"|Omiya Ardija||J. League 2||0||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||1||1
|2005||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|2006||15||2||2||1||2||0||19||3
|2007||22||0||0||0||4||0||26||0
|2008||6||0||0||0||1||0||7||0
|2009||33||2||2||0||4||0||39||2
Kazuhisa Iijima (born 6 January 1970) is a former Japanese football player.
|1992||rowspan="9"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="9"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||1||0||1||0
|1993||18||0||0||0||3||0||21||0
|1994||31||0||2||0||1||0||34||0
|1995||45||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||50||0
|1996||29||1||1||0||11||0||41||1
|1997||30||0||1||0||10||0||41||0
|1998||12||0||3||0||3||0||18||0
|2000||5||0||1||0||1||0||7||0
|2001||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||43||1||6||0||3||0||52||1
|2002||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 2||34||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||1
|1992||rowspan="5"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||0||0||0||0
|1993||6||0||1||0||1||0||8||0
|1994||27||0||2||0||0||0||29||0
|1995||48||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||49||0
|1996||20||0||1||0||14||0||35||0
|1997||Brummell Sendai||Football League||4||0||2||0||3||0||9||0
|1998||Omiya Ardija||Football League||22||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||22||0
|1999||rowspan="6"|Yokohama||rowspan="2"|Football League||16||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|2000||19||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||21||1
|2001||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||17||1||0||0||3||0||20||1
|2002||19||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|2003||28||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||28||2
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Sumitomo Metal||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 2||9||2||||||1||0||10||2
|1990/91||8||1||||||1||0||9||1
|1991/92||21||9||||||2||2||23||11
|1992||rowspan="7"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="7"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||1||0||0||0||1||0
|1993||12||3||1||0||2||1||15||4
|1994||8||0||1||0||0||0||9||0
|1995||23||3||3||0||colspan="2"|-||26||3
|1996||21||5||3||0||4||0||28||5
|1997||12||4||0||0||4||0||16||4
|1998||21||6||2||0||5||1||28||7
|1999||rowspan="5"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||27||5||2||0||4||0||33||5
|2000||17||2||3||0||4||0||24||2
|2001||24||5||3||0||2||2||29||7
|2002||J. League 2||28||13||3||0||colspan="2"|-||31||13
|2003||J. League 1||10||1||0||0||2||0||12||1
|2003||rowspan="2"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 2||14||2||3||1||colspan="2"|-||17||3
|2004||J. League 1||6||0||0||0||1||0||7||0
|2004||Yokohama||J. League 2||13||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||14||1
Jean-Alain Boumsong (born 14 December 1979) is a French football player.
He plays for Olympique Lyonnais and France national team.
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Le Havre||rowspan="3"|Division 1||1||0
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Auxerre||rowspan="2"|Division 1||32||0
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||33||1
|2003/04||32||1
|2004/05||Rangers||Premier League||18||2
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Newcastle United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||14||0
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Juventus||Serie B||33||2
|2007/08||Serie A||0||0
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Ligue 1||8||0
|2008/09||32||1
Pascal Chimbonda (born 21 February 1979) is a Guadeloupean-French football player.
He has played for Guadeloupe national team and France national team.
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Le Havre||Division 1||2||0||||||||||||||2||0
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Division 2||32||1||||||||||||||32||1
|2001/02||27||2||||||||||||||27||2
|2002/03||Ligue 1||24||2||||||||||||||24||2
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Bastia||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||31||1||||||||||||||31||1
|2004/05||36||3||||||||||||||36||3
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Wigan Athletic||rowspan="2"|Premier League||37||2||2||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||43||2
|2006/07||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||33||1||4||0||2||0||10||0||49||1
|2007/08||32||2||2||0||6||1||9||0||49||3
|2008/09||Sunderland||Premier League||13||0||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|2008/09||Tottenham Hotspur||Premier League||3||0||0||0||0||0||2||0||5||0
|1984||rowspan="8"|Yanmar Diesel||rowspan="7"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|1990/91||22||0||||||2||0||24||0
|1991/92||JSL Division 2||30||0||||||1||0||31||0
|1992||rowspan="8"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="8"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||0||0||0||0||0||0
|1993||17||0||3||0||5||0||25||0
|1994||19||0||2||0||1||0||22||0
|1995||49||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||52||0
|1996||29||0||1||0||5||0||35||0
|1997||32||0||1||0||10||0||43||0
|1998||29||0||2||0||4||0||35||0
|2000||rowspan="3"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||22||0||0||0||0||0||22||0
|2001||38||0||2||0||1||0||41||0
|2002||19||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
Hogan Ephraim (born 31 March 1988) is an English football player.
He plays for Leeds United.
|2005/06||West Ham United||Premier League||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|2006/07||Colchester United||League Championship||21||1||0||0||0||0||21||1
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Queens Park Rangers||rowspan="2"|League Championship||29||2||1||0||0||0||30||2
|2008/09||27||1||2||0||0||0||29||1
|2009/10||Leeds United||League One||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|2009/10||Queens Park Rangers||League Championship||||||||||||||||
Nicky Hofs (born 17 May 1983) is a Dutch football player.
He plays for Vitesse.
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Vitesse||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||13||2
|2002/03||13||2
|2003/04||27||5
|2004/05||16||6
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Feyenoord Rotterdam||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||12||5
|2006/07||19||7
|2007/08||23||6
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Vitesse||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||30||7
Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara (Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška) is a Croatian song promoting the Ustaše.
The lyrics celebrate the World War II crimes against the Serbs.
The lyrics include words in the typical dialect of Herzegovina, where some of the worst atrocities against Serbs during WWII happened.
In 2007, Efraim Zuroff reported in the Jerusalem Post that during a performance by Marko Perković of the Croatian band Thompson at Maksimir Stadium, there were a large number of Ustaše symbols and fascist salutes among the crowd (which included politicians, government officials and celebrities), helping to create an air of discomfort among Croatia's minorities in the region at the time.
Zuroff claimed that Perković gained notoriety two years earlier for having performed a modified version of the song, which "expressed nostalgia for those two infamous Croatian concentration camps in which at least 300,000 innocent Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians were murdered by the Ustashe with nary a Nazi in sight."
Perkovic himself denies writing or even performing the song, stating that he is a musician, not a politician.
An organizer for a Thompson tour of New York City also defended Perkovic, saying he did not write the song nor is a copy available on any of his albums.
Audio recording of the song performed by Marko Perković Thompson in Osijek in 2002
Motoo Kimura (13 November 1924 – 13 November 1994) was a Japanese mathematician and biologist.
He was known for introducing the neutral theory of molecular evolution in 1968. "
Calculating the rate of evolution in terms of nucleotide substitutions seems to give a value so high that many of the mutations involved must be neutral ones".
Motoo Kimura's research contributions can be divided into two parts.
The first is a series of papers on theoretical population genetics, the quality and quantity of which place him as the successor to the great trinity, R.A. Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright.
The second is his neutral theory, the idea that the bulk of molecular evolutionary changes are driven by mutation and random chance, rather than by natural selection.
Kimura was heavily influenced by Sewall Wright; the main distinction being that Wright was mainly interested in populations, whereas the core of Motoo's work was in changes at the molecular level.
Modified versions of Kimura's ideas are still in use today.
Weldon Memorial Prize (UK), 1965.
Japan Academy Prize, 1968.
Order of Culture (Japan), 1976.
Royal Society (UK), Darwin Medal in 1992; Foreign member, 1993.
Japanese mathematicians
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, also written Ahmadinezhad (; born October 28, 1956) is an Iranian politician who was the sixth President of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
He was president from August 3, 2005 to August 3, 2013.
Ahmadinejad became the mayor of Tehran, the capital of Iran, on May 3, 2003.
He was chosen to be the president in elections on June 24, 2005.
Many people think he is very religious.
Because of that, the religious leadership in Iran supported him in many ways when he was elected.
Ahmadinajad's political power comes from the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, also known as "Abadgaran".
This is an alliance between Islamic parties and organizations.
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has a Master of Science in Civil engineering from the Iran University of Science and Techology.
He also has a PhD in  transportation engineering from the same university.
Hassan Rouhani was elected on June 15, 2013 as Ahmadinejad's successor and took office on August 3, 2013.
Jesus, (Greek: Ἰησοῦς, romanized: Iēsoûs, likely from Hebrew/Aramaic: יֵשׁוּעַ‎, romanized: Yēšūa) also known as Jesus Christ, was a Jewish teacher and reformer of religion who has become the main and central figure of Christianity.
Christians follow the example of Jesus, accept his words to be true, and worship him as the Jewish messiah and incarnation of God.
He is one of the most famous, most recognized, and most influential persons in the world's history.
Most historians agree that he was a Jew from a place called Judea, in a town called Nazareth, in what is now Israel.
They also agree that he was thought of as a teacher and a healer, and that he was baptized by John the Baptist.
He was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of Pontius Pilate, and Christians believe that he came back to life - "rose again" - three days later.
Jesus taught mostly love and forgiveness for others, as well as being humble about one's religion.
He talked many times about the kingdom of God, and told others, "The kingdom of God has come near."
He said that one must be mild, like a child, and never boast.
He taught that people who ignore God and other people do not deserve his blessing, but God would still forgive them if they repented.
Jesus opposed the other Jewish priests because they used religion to boast.
Jesus was put on trial and convicted to death by the Jewish leaders, then sent to his execution on a cross by Roman authorities.
There are stories about the life of Jesus by different writers.
The best known are the four Christian books called the Gospels.
They form the beginning of the New Testament, a part of the Bible.
They tell a little about his birth and hidden early life, but mostly about his public life: his teachings, miracles, ministry, death, and resurrection (return from death).
Several Jewish and Roman historians, such as Flavius Josephus, Tacitus, Pliny the Younger, and Suetonius include Jesus in their writings.
They usually only tell of his execution or problems between the Roman government and his followers; they do not talk about his life.
Manichaeans, Gnostics, Muslims, Bahá'ís, and others have found prominent places for Jesus in their religions.
In Islam, Jesus was a Muslim.
Bahá'í teachings consider Jesus to be a "manifestation of God", a Bahá'í concept for prophets.
Some Hindus consider Jesus to be an avatar or a sadhu.
Some Buddhists, including Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, regard Jesus as a bodhisattva who dedicated his life to the welfare of people.
The name Jesus came from the Aramaic name "Yeshua", from Hebrew Yah-shua, meaning "God is salvation (or deliverance)" in English, and was a popular name of the time.
Jesus is often called "Jesus Christ" or "Christ".
The word Christ comes from the Greek word christos and means "the one marked on the head with oil" or "the anointed one".
In Jesus' country, anointing was done to show that a person was chosen to be a king or a leader.
Jesus is also called Messiah, which comes from the Hebrew term Mashiakh, and also means "the anointed one".
Life according to the Gospels
The Gospels of Matthew and Luke say that before the birth of Jesus, both Mary, His mother, and the man that she was promised to, Joseph, knew that Jesus was going to be the Messiah or King that had been promised to the Jewish people, in the ancient Jewish books.
Luke's Gospel tells most of the story.
When Jesus was born, the Roman Empire ruled most of the Middle East.
The Government wanted every single family to have their name taken down to be taxed, so everyone had to go back to the place where they came from.
Joseph came from the small town of Bethlehem, near Jerusalem, so even though Mary was close to giving birth to her baby, they had to travel, with thousands of other people.
When they got to Bethlehem, every room was full.
Jesus was placed in a manger as there was no room for them at the inn.
Shepherds who were minding their sheep on the hillside came in to see the baby, and went away singing thanks to God for the newborn king.
Most Christians celebrate the day that Jesus was born as the holiday of Christmas.
Although the Gospels do not say what day Jesus was born, the date chosen was of December 25, because there was already a Roman holiday on that day.
The arrival of Jesus was known by John the Baptist.
During the baptism, the Spirit of God, like a dove, came down upon Jesus, and the voice of God was heard.
According to the Bible, the Spirit led Jesus into the desert where he fasted for 40 days.
There, he resisted the Devil's temptations.
Then Jesus went into Galilee, settled in Capernaum, and began to preach about the Kingdom of God.
He was about 30 years old.
Jesus taught mainly by telling stories.
He taught that God alone was the true king, and that people should love God and love each other as the scriptures told them to do.
And he taught his followers how to pray.
Jesus performed miracles that were signs of God's power, such as giving hungry people food and wine, healing sick people, and making dead people alive again.
He also set people free from evil spirits.
Jesus gathered together twelve men, known as the Twelve Apostles, whom he chose and trained to spread his message.
He had many other disciples, including many women, but because of Jewish customs, the women disciples could not travel to distant places on their own as teachers.
The Bible says Jesus became famous.
He went to Jerusalem, where many were visiting the city for Passover.
When they heard that he was coming, they greeted him as if he was a king.
They thought he would free them from the Roman rule, but Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey, as a sign that he came in peace.
Jesus did certain things which upset the Jewish religious leaders.
They thought he showed disrespect for customs that the Jews had kept for many centuries.
For example, Jews did no work at all on the 7th day of the week, the Sabbath, because it was a holy day.
In John's Gospel, chapter 5, there is the story of Jesus healing a crippled man.
Jesus saw a man lying on a mattress.
He healed the man, and told him to pick up the mattress and go home.
Carrying the mattress on the Sabbath was against religious custom, so the religious leaders argued with Jesus about it.
They then watched everything he did, and remembered all the things that were against the religious customs.
In Mark's Gospel, chapter 11, it says that when Jesus arrived in Jerusalem, he went to the Jewish Temple.
He became angry at what he saw.
There were people selling things there, and money lenders who were cheating poor people.
Jesus chased away all the people who were selling things.
He said the chief priests and scribes had turned the temple into a den of thieves because they were making money from the poor and taking away homes from poor women who had no other way to pay for the temple worship.
The Gospels say that the temple leaders were angry and wanted to kill him.
They told the Roman government that Jesus' followers wanted him to become the king of the country and take it over.
The gospels say the Roman governor thought that Jesus should be set free, but that the Jewish leaders said, "If you do that, then you are not the friend of Caesar!" (
Caesar was the Roman ruler.)
The Governor sentenced him to death because his followers had claimed he was king.
The Roman soldiers killed Jesus by crucifixion.
He was nailed up to a high cross by his hands and feet.
This was a common way for the Romans to kill rebels and criminals.
Jesus' body was buried in a tomb which belonged to one of his followers.
On the day after the Sabbath, early in the morning, women went to treat the body with spice and perfumed oil.
But the Gospels say that the body of Jesus was gone, and that he was seen alive afterwards.
This is called the Resurrection.
Some people, like the disciple Thomas, said, "I'm not going to believe this, until I have seen it with my own eyes!"
But the Bible says that more than 500 people, including Thomas, saw Jesus alive again.
There are many stories in the Gospels about what Jesus did after he was resurrected.
Finally, the Gospel of Luke says that Jesus took his disciples to a hill, where he blessed them and told them to spread his teaching through all the world, and that then clouds came down, and he was lifted up to Heaven.
Christian beliefs about Jesus and his teaching
The Christian Church is founded on Jesus.
The things that Christians believe about Jesus are based on the four Gospels of the Bible, and on letters or "Epistles" that were written in the 1st century, explaining Jesus' teachings to his followers.
Jesus did not write these letters.
They were mainly written by a Jewish man named Paul.
At first he tried to stop Christianity from spreading.
Then he became a Christian himself and was an important leader.
As Christian churches started in different towns and countries, Paul wrote letters to them.
A lot of the ideas that Christians believe are written in Paul's letters.
There is also lots of instruction for running churches and families.
There are other letters in the New Testament by other writers including Peter, James, and John.
These letters all help to build the beliefs that modern Christians have.
Jesus as God
Whether or not Jesus is God has been argued about for a long time.
Most Christians, including those from Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant denominations, believe Jesus was both God and man.
Jesus is described in different parts of the New Testament as being "the Word of God", "the Son of God", "the Son of Man", and God himself.
These teachings, which are believed by most Christians, are not believed by many other people.
The Islamic teaching is that Jesus was a prophet, but he was not part of God or the "Son of God".
In Jesus' own time, many Jews became very angry at Jesus for saying that he was the "Son of God" and also because his followers said he was the "Messiah".
Most Jews do not believe this.
" In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
He was in the beginning with God."
John 1:1-3, ESV
"And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth."
John 1:14, ESV
"I and the Father are one."
John 10:30, ESV
"To them belong the patriarchs, and from their race, according to the flesh, is the Christ, who is God over all, blessed forever.
Romans 9:5, ESV
"waiting for our blessed hope, the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ."
Titus 2:13, ESV
"For in him the whole fullness of deity dwells bodily."
Colossians 2:9, ESV
"but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world.
3 He is the radiance of the glory of God and the exact imprint of his nature, and he upholds the universe by the word of his power.
After making purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high," Hebrews 1:2-3, ESV
"And we know that the Son of God has come and has given us understanding, so that we may know him who is true; and we are in him who is true, in his Son Jesus Christ.
He is the true God and eternal life."
1 John 5:20, ESV.
This letter is thought to be by the same John that wrote John's Gospel.
Many Christians believe that these verses say Jesus is God.
All Christians believe that Jesus' death on the cross allows all people to be forgiven by God for their sins (bad things they have done).
Most Christians believe that if a person asks God to forgive them He will do so, and they will get to live forever with him in Heaven.
God in human form
"And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us."
John, 1:14
In Matthew's Gospel, Jesus is often called "the Son of Man".
Matthew has borrowed these words from the Old Testament where they are often used to show that humankind is very far from God.
In the Bible, God is often praised and thanked for helping ordinary humans, who are called "the sons of man".
In Psalm 8, the writer, King David, asks God "what is man that you are mindful of him, and the son of man that you care for him?"
In Matthew's Gospel, 24:30 Jesus says "Then will appear in heaven the sign of the Son of Man, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory."
Like King David, in Psalm 8, Jesus is making a difference between his ordinary human life and his great power as the Son of God.
"The Good Shepherd"
One of the best-loved parts of the Old Testament is a song called Psalm 23.
"The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want.
He makes me lie down in green pastures.
He leads me beside still waters."
In the Gospels, Jesus often spoke about himself as being like a shepherd, caring for sheep.
He called himself the "Good Shepherd" who would even give his own life, to protect his sheep.
He told the Jewish people, referring to non-Jewish or Gentile believers, that he had "other sheep" that do not belong to this flock. (
John, 21:16).
In one of his last conversations with his disciple Peter, he told him, "Feed my sheep!",
in other words "Take care of my people.".
"The Holy Saviour"
In Judaism, from ancient times, people are seen as  sinful or bad.
They need to be forgiven by God.
They believed that there were two ways to get God's forgiveness, by prayer and by sacrifice.
Prayer could be done anywhere, but sacrifices were done at the temple.
A person would bring an animal, often a lamb, or if they were poor, a dove.
They would put their hands on the animal to lay their sins on it.
Then the animal would be killed, as a punishment for the sin.
This type of sacrifice continued until the temple in Jerusalem was destroyed in 71 AD.
Paying money to the temple was also a sort of sacrifice.
When Jesus drove the traders out of the temple, they were the people who sold lambs and doves, and the people who exchanged Roman money into special temple money.
Part of Christian belief is that Jesus Christ did not just come as a human person so that he could teach a better way of life.
Christians also believe that Jesus was the ultimate sacrifice for the sin of humankind, that Jesus is the "Saviour": the one who is here to save.
Christians believe that, unlike ordinary people, Jesus was completely pure and free from sin, but that when he died on the cross, he took on himself all the sins of every person who would believe in him, like the lamb sacrificed in the temple.
Based on John's Gospel, Christian teaching is that the death and resurrection of Jesus are the sign of his power to forgive the sins of any person who turns to him and truly asks for forgiveness.
The Bible says that sinners who are forgiven should try to live a new life and not go back to their sinful behaviour.
Christians believe that knowing about God's love helps people to live a new and better life.
"For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life."
John's Gospel, 3:16.
Jesus said to him, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life.
No one comes to the Father except through me."
John's Gospel, 14:6.
"If we say we have no sins, we are fooling ourselves and not telling the truth.
But if we tell our sins humbly to God, then He has promised to listen and to forgive our sins and make us clean from all our badness."
from the First Letter of John.
Other views about Jesus
Jesus as a teacher
Some people who are not Christians believe that Jesus lived at the time that the Gospels say, but do not believe that Jesus was the "Son of God" or "Savior".
They believe that Jesus was an ordinary, but very good person, a teacher and perhaps a prophet.
Muslim beliefs about Jesus
Muslims believe Jesus was the second-to-last Prophet (messenger of God).
They believe that Muhammad was the very last Prophet.
They believe that both Jesus and Muhammad were ordinary men, chosen by God to be his servant and teach the word of Islam.
Muslims do not believe that Jesus was God or "the Son of God".
Islam is strictly monotheistic: it says that there is only one God.
Muslims believe that Jesus cannot be part of God, because there is only one God.
If someone other than God is worshiped, it is thought to be polytheism (belief in more than one god).
It is also thought to be idolatry: idolizing someone other than God.
Islam teaches that Jesus did not die on the cross, but another man disguised as him went on the cross for Isa (Qur'an 4:157).
This is very different from Christianity.
Jesus' death is a very important part of the Christian belief about salvation.
Muslims always say "peace be upon him" after saying Jesus' name as a sign of respect in short and Arabic a.s.
Muslims also accept some other teachings about Jesus.
These teachings say that Jesus will return to the earth in the End Of Days; he will then destroy the false messiah or Anti-christ before the day of judgment.
Muslims also accept Jesus' claims to be a healer.
They believe in the many miracles he is said to have performed, like raising the dead to life and giving sight to the blind.
They believe that all his miracles were granted to him from God.
The Qur'an (like the Bible), mentions the virgin birth of Jesus but then it says other things about Mary (Islamic-Maryam).
The Bible says that Joseph helped Mary give birth to Jesus, but in Islam there is no Joseph.
Instead, Mary walked the desert alone in labor and found a tree.
The angel Gabriel (Jibreel) asked if she was hungry, then told her to shake the tree and dates fell for her to eat.
Then he asked if she was thirsty and he said look down at your feet and there was water and there she gave birth to Jesus. (
Qur'an 19) This is why Muslims fast and how they break their fast.
Mary knew she had to go back to her town and when she did, with Jesus in her arms, the people were shouting at her for adultery.
Mary wanted to explain herself but the Angel told her not to speak.
Jewish beliefs about Jesus
Even though Jesus was a Jew and his teaching came out of the Jewish religion, most Jewish people do not believe that Jesus was the Messiah that is promised in the Jewish Scriptures.
In the Gospels, it tells that Jesus made the Jewish teachers very angry with his teachings.
It says that part of their anger was because he told them they were "hypocrites" which means that they externally made themselves appear to be living a holy life, but internally their hearts were far from God's.
In the Gospels, the other reason that they became angry was that Jesus acted as if he was the Messiah, and said he was the "Son of God".
This meant that he was either a terrible liar, that he was mad and just imagined it, or that it was true.
But Jesus did not seem to be mad.
So that left only two choices.
If Jesus was lying, then he was doing something badly against the Jewish religion.
It was because of the claims that Jesus was the "Son of God" that some of the Jewish leaders wanted him killed and they handed him to the Roman rulers.
The Romans did not care if Jesus said something that was against the Jewish beliefs.
But they knew that people had also said that Jesus was "King of the Jews".
The Jewish leaders claimed this was against the Roman Government's laws.
Although the Roman leaders did not agree, they had him killed to prevent a possible riot.
Although, today and through history, most Jews do not believe what Christians say about Jesus, there are some Jews who do believe that Jesus was the Messiah promised in the Jewish Scriptures.
Jews who believe this are called "Messianic Jews".
How the Gospels were written
Nearly all modern scholars, both Christian and non-Christian agree that Jesus was a real person.
Both Christian and non-Christian scholars base their studies of him on the Gospels.
They are believed to have been written between 60-90 AD.
By tradition, the Gospels were written by four men, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John who gave their names to these books.
This is the order in which they are arranged in the New Testament of the Bible, but scholars think that it is not the order in which they were written.
The Gospel of Mark was probably written before the Gospel of Matthew.
The four Gospels all tell the story of the Life of Jesus, but they do it from four different points of view, because they were written by different people and each writer had reasons to tell it in a different way.
Other scholars have said that leaders in the Early Christian Church made changes to the Gospel writings.
These changes are said to have happened at different times, in different ways and for different reasons.
For example, one story was left out of many old versions of the Gospels.
It is about Jesus rescuing a woman who had committed adultery (had sex outside marriage) and was about to be killed.
St. Augustine of Hippo, (354-430 AD) wrote that this was probably was left out because some church leaders thought the story might cause people to act in a sinful way.
This story is in all modern Bibles and is thought to contain very important teaching for Christians.
Other differences that can be found in versions of the Gospels are mostly small and do not make a difference to what is known about the life of Jesus and his teaching.
About Mark
Mark's Gospel, which is thought by biblical scholars to be the earliest, has the name of a young disciple of the apostle Paul who is mentioned several times in the "Acts of the Apostles" and Paul's Letters.
The Gospel was probably written in Rome and is thought by scholars to be from the memories of Jesus' follower or disciple, Peter.
It does not tell about Jesus' birth; it starts when he was 30 years old, at the time when the disciples got to know him.
It shows Jesus as a man of action: going around the country, teaching and healing people.
Matthew's Gospel was written next.
Matthew was one of Jesus' disciples.
He was a Jewish man that was hated by other Jews because he worked for the Roman rulers as a tax collector.
Matthew tells that one day Jesus saw him sitting at his desk in the market place and said "Follow me".
Most Biblical scholars believe that Matthew had read Mark's Gospel and decided to fill in some things that Mark left out, because, while Mark wrote his Gospel for the Church of Rome, Matthew wanted to write for Jewish Christians all over the Roman Empire.
Matthew was a well-educated Jew, so he knew the Jewish Scriptures, (which Christians also use and call the Old Testament of the Bible).
Matthew knew the scripture teachings that the Messiah, or God's anointed one would come.
In his Gospel, he often mentions these teachings.
He also starts off by giving a list of Jesus' ancestors because this was important to Jewish readers.
About Luke
The apostle Luke was Greek and a friend of the apostle Paul.
He was a doctor.
Luke came to know about Jesus from the disciples.
Luke writes about the birth and the childhood of Jesus and he says "Mary kept all these things in her heart and thought about them."
Luke was not a Jew and he writes in a way that is easy for other people who are not Jews to understand.
He explains Jewish customs and laws.
He wrote a second book called the Acts of the Apostles which tells what the disciples did after Jesus had left them.
About John
It is believed by scholars of the Bible that John was a disciple of Jesus and was probably the youngest of the twelve men who were Jesus' main followers.
He lived to be an old man and, because of his teaching about Jesus, he was sent to a small island, called Patmos.
John writes with one particular idea in mind.
He wants to prove to the reader that Jesus is God's way of saving humans from the terrible problem of sin or evil.
John starts by telling the reader that Jesus was and is God.
John says that Jesus is God's Living Communication (or Living Word).
Every part of John's Gospel is written to show that Jesus came from God, taught the Message of God and is the way for people to understand God's Love.
Teaching with stories
The Gospels tell many of the stories that Jesus told when he was teaching people about the way that God loved them and the way they should live.
These are called parables.
In this story from chapter 10 of Luke's Gospel, Jesus shows what it means to be a good neighbour.
Near the Jews lived the people called Samaritans.
They did not agree with each other about religious teaching, and were considered enemies.
One day, a Jewish man was walking, when some robbers beat him up, robbed him, and left him naked and almost dead, by the road.
A Jewish priest came along and saw him.
He thought, "If I touch that naked bleeding man, I will be unclean and I will not be able to go to the Temple!"
So he pretended that he had not seen him.
Another Jew, a Holy Man, came along and acted in the same way.
At last a Samaritan came along with a donkey.
When he saw the wounded man he stopped.
He washed his wounds with wine and olive oil.
Then he put him on his donkey and took him to the nearest inn.
He paid the innkeeper and said "Keep him until he is well, and whatever is owing, I will pay when I come back this way."
Jesus said to the people who were listening "Which one of these people acted like a good neighbour?"
They said "He that stopped and helped."
Jesus said "You go and act the same way."
In this story from chapter 15 of Luke's Gospel, Jesus tells how a rich man had two sons.
They would both get a share of his money, when he died.
The younger son said, "Father, give me my money now, so I can go and enjoy myself, while I'm young."
He took the money to the city, and spent it all on parties with his friends and other sinful things.
Soon he had none left to feed himself and was ashamed.
He got a job caring for pigs, a unholy meat to eat, just keep himself from starving.
He said to himself, "I'll go home to my father and I will say, 'Father, I have sinned!
Please let me be a servant in your house!'"
When his father saw him coming, he ran along the road to put his arms around his son.
The father said, "Bring the finest clothes!
Kill the fattest calf to make a feast!"
When the elder brother heard all this, he was angry and said, "I'm a good son to you, but you never even gave me one little goat to have a party with my friends!"
The father said, "You have always been with me.
I love you greatly, and all I have is yours, but my son who was lost is now found!
My son who seemed to be dead is alive!
Be happy with me!"
Jesus said that this is the way God loves and forgives his people, when they ask for forgiveness.
Crossan, John Dominic.
meaning of christmas
Christian Quotes
The United States of America (USA) is a sovereign country (in North America) that is split up into 50 different states.
It is commonly called the United States (U.S. or US) or America.
There are forty-eight states that border each other and Washington, D.C., the capital district.
These states are between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
They are bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south.
The state of Alaska is an exclave in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to its east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait.
The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific.
The country also possesses some territories, or insular areas, in the Caribbean and Pacific.
The city with the highest population is New York City.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with about 331 million people, the United States is the fourth-largest country by total area and third by population.
The United States was first settled by Native Americans.
The United States is one of the world's most ethnically mixed and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries.
The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated 2016 gross domestic product (GDP) of US$20.4 trillion (about a quarter of worldwide GDP).
The nation was founded by thirteen colonies of Great Britain along the Atlantic seaboard.
On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which announced their independence from Great Britain and their creation of a cooperative union.
The disobedient states defeated Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War, the first successful colonial war of independence.
The Philadelphia Convention adopted the current United States Constitution on September 17, 1787; its approval the following year made the states part of a single republic with a strong central government.
The Bill of Rights, making up ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many basic civil rights and freedoms, was approved in 1791.
In the 19th century, the United States got land from France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Russia, and took over the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii.
Arguments between the farming-based South and industrial North over the growth of the institution of slavery and states' rights began the American Civil War of the 1860s.
The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of legal slavery in the United States.
By the 1870s, the national wealth was the world's largest.
The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a military power.
In 1945, the United States came out from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and a founding member of NATO.
The end of the Cold War and the breaking up of the Soviet Union left the United States as the only superpower.
The United States participated in the Space Race that produced rapid advances in rocketry, materials science with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Geography and environment
The land area of the contiguous United States is .
Alaska, separated from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the largest state at .
Hawaii, occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific, southwest of North America, is  in area.
The United States is the world's fourth largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia, Canada, and China.