the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
2000 — Prada Beauty Store, Arezzo, Italy
2000 — Japan Pavilion at the Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy
2001-2003 — Dior Omotesando Store, Tokyo, Japan
2001-2006 — Glass Pavilion at the Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio
2003 — Issey Miyake Store, Tokyo, Japan
2003-2006 — Zollverein School of Design, Essen, Germany
2003-2006 —  Naoshima Ferry Terminal, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan
2003-2007 — New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York City, New York
2009 — Serpentine Gallery, London, England
2004-2010 — Rolex Learning Center at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
1997-1999 — Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, Australia
1998 — Campus Center of the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
2002 — Mercedes Benz Museum, Stuttgart, Germany
2002 — Extension to the Rietberg Museum, Zurich, Switzerland
Awards and exhibits
"City of Girls" in the Japanese Pavilion at the 2000 Venice Biennale
Garden Cafe at the 7th International Istanbul Biennale, Istanbul, Turkey
Zumtobel Staff-Lichtforum, Vienna, Austria
Institut Valencia d'Art Modern, Valencia, Spain
Zeche Zollverein, Essen, Germany
Gallery MA, Tokyo, Japan
N-museum, Wakayama, Japan
New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York
46th Mainichi Shinbun Arts Award (Architecture Category), 2005
Schock Prize in the visual arts, 2005
Pritzker Prize in 2010
Verissage.tv, SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York
Notoceratops (meaning "southern horned face") was a ceratopsian dinosaur known only from a late Cretaceous jaw bone.
Notoceratops walked on four sturdy legs, had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, cheek teeth, and a small frill on its head.
Notoceratops was named by Augusto Tapia in 1918 from a partial lower jaw found in Chubut, Argentina.
This original Notoceratops bonarelli is missing and there is some doubt as to whether or not this fossil was actually a ceratopsian.
is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyushu.
The capital city is Kumamoto.
1607-1614 (Keichō 12-19): Kumamoto Castle, construction lasted 7 years
December 1637 (Kan'ei 14): Shimabara Rebellion
May 21, 1792 (Kansei 4, 1st day of the 4th month): Earthquake centered at Mount Unzen caused tsunami which hit Higo
Kumamoto Prefecture is in the middle of Kyūshū  The western border of Kumamoto is the Ariake Sea and the Amakusa Islands.
Fukuoka Prefecture and Ōita Prefecture are in the north.
Miyazaki Prefecture is in the east.
Kagoshima Prefecture is in the south.
Aso-jinja is the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.
http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/english/list.html ,
Thomas Peter Thorvald Kristian Ferdinand Mortensen (August 16, 1882 – April 25, 1998), known as an adult as Christian Mortensen, was a Danish-born American supercentenarian who lived to age 115 years and 36 weeks and was believed to be the second oldest person ever born in Europe behind the possibly disputed 122-year-old Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment as well as the second-oldest man in history behind the nowadays debunked 120-year-old Japaneseman Shigechiyo Izumi.
However, as both Calment and Izumi are debunked or possibly disputed, Mortensen was the fifth oldest person in history at the time of his death (behind Canadianwoman Marie-Louise Meilleur who died just nine days earlier, Americanwoman Sarah Knauss who then was the oldest living person, Japanesewoman Tane Ikai and Americanwoman Maggie Barnes who died less than 14 weeks earlier), the only man who became 115 years old (before Emiliano Mercado del Toro's 115th birthday on 21 August 2006) and the oldest man ever though until December 27, 2012 whereafter his record was broken by Japaneseman Jiroemon Kimura (who was the third man to become 115 years old as well as the only man to become 116 years old).
Mortensen was baptised in Fruering Church on December 26, 1882.
Besides his baptismal record, other records include the 1890 and 1901 census enumerations in Denmark, and church confirmation in 1896.
She married Ferdinando de' Medici on 9 January 1689 and became known as the Grand Princess of Tuscany.
Her husband died on 31 October 1713 and she did not have any children.
She was put in charge of Siena in 1717 and died in 1731.
23 January 1673 – 9 January 1689: Her Serene Highness Princess Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, Duchess of Bavaria
9 January 1689 – 5 February 1691: Her Highness The Grand Princess of Tuscany
5 February 1691 – 31 October 1713: Her Royal Highness The Grand Princess of Tuscany
31 October 1713 – 12 April 1717: Her Royal Highness The Dowager Grand Princess of Tuscany
12 April 1717 – 30 May 1731: Her Royal Highness The Governor of Siena
1673 births
1731 deaths
Grand Princesses of Tuscany
Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria (28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) was the wife of Louis, the Grand Dauphin.
She had three sons including the father of Louis XV of France and a King of Spain.
In France she was known as Dauphine Marie Anne Victoire.
She was a sister of the Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, the last Medici Grand Princess of Tuscany.
At court she was known simply as Madame la Dauphine.
Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712), Duke of Burgundy and later Dauphin of France; married second cousin Maria Adelaide of Savoy and had the future Louis XV of France;
Philippe of France (19 December 1683 –  9 July 1746), "Duke of Anjou", (later King of Spain); became King of Spain in 1700; married second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy and had issue; married again Elisabeth Farnese and had further children such as a future Dauphine of France;
Charles of France, Duke of Berry (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714); married his first cousin Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans and had children but none survived over a year.
28 November 1660 – 7 March 1680 Her Serene Highness Duchess Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria
7 March 1680 – 20 April 1690 Her Royal Highness the Dauphine of France (Son Altesse royale, "Madame la Dauphine".)
1690 deaths
Geometric abstraction is a form of abstract art based on the use of geometric forms in non-representational compositions.
This art is not meant to depict our everyday visual world, but instead uses the shapes of basic geometry.
Wassily Kandinsky, one of the forerunners of pure non-objective painting, was among the first modern artists to explore this geometric approach in his abstract work.
Other examples of pioneer abstractionists such as Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian have also embraced this approach towards abstract painting.
Geometric abstraction is not just an invention of 20th century avant-garde artists or movements.
It is present in many cultures throughout history both as decorative motifs and as art pieces themselves.
Islamic art, in its prohibition of depicting religious figures, is a prime example of this geometric pattern-based art.
It existed centuries before the modern movement in Europe, and in many ways influenced this Western school.
Geometric patterns were often used in the architecture of Islamic civilisations from the 7th century-20th century, to visually connect spirituality with science and art.
Abstract art has also historically been likened to music in its ability to convey emotional or expressive feelings and ideas without reliance upon or reference to recognizable objective forms already existent in reality.
Wassily Kandinsky has discussed this connection between music and painting, as well as how the practice of classical composition had influenced his work, at length in his seminal essay Concerning the Spiritual in Art.
Geometric Arts
Easy Abstract Painting
Josef Albers (March 19, 1888 – March 25, 1976) was a German-born American artist and educator.
His work in Europe and the United States was highly influential and far-reaching.
His ideas formed the basis of many art education programs in the 20th century.
Albers was born in Bottrop, Westphalia, Germany.
He studied art in Berlin, Essen, and Munich, before enrolling as a student at the prestigious Weimar Bauhaus in 1920.
He began teaching in the preliminary course of the Department of Design in 1922, and was promoted to Professor in 1925, the year the Bauhaus moved to Dessau.
His work at this time included designing furniture and working with glass.
With the closure of the Bauhaus under Nazi pressure in 1933, Albers emigrated to the United States.
In 1950 Albers was appointed head of the Department of Design at Yale University.
In 1963 he published Interaction of color which presented his theory that colors were governed by an internal and deceptive logic.
A key idea, which he proved by examples, was that our perception of color is not constant.
It is influenced by the juxtaposition (placing together) of one color with another.
This interested artists interested in optical illusions (Op art).
Albers is best remembered for his work as an abstract painter and theorist.
Most famous of all are the hundreds of paintings and prints that make up the series Homage to the Square.
In this rigorous series, begun in 1949, Albers explored chromatic interactions with flat colored squares arranged inside each other.
This was a union of geometric abstraction with experiments in color.
Joseph & Anni Albers Foundation
France has a multi-party system, which means that several political parties must form coalitions in order to form a government.
This is because it would be very difficult for any one party to win a majority of seats in the French National Assembly.
Since the 1980s, there have been two major coalitions; one is a collection of right-wing parties and the other is a collection of left-wing parties.
National Rally (Rassemblement National; RN): nationalism, conservatism, euro-scepticism.
The Republicans (Les Républicains; LR) - Promotes conservatism, liberal-conservatism and nationalism.
Replaced the Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un mouvement populaire) in 2015.
Centrist
La République En Marche! -
Promotes neoliberalism, economic liberalism, centrism, and pro-Europeanism.
Founded by current French President Emmanuel Macron in 2016.
Left-wing
Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste) - Promotes social democracy.
French Communist Party (Parti Communiste Français) - Promotes communism.
Royal Alliance (Alliance Royale)
Democratic rally (Rassemblement démocrate)
Worker's Communist Party of France (Parti Communiste des Ouvriers de France)
Independent Worker's Party (Parti ouvrier indépendant) - Trotskyist
Pole of Communist Rebirth in France (Pôle de Renaissance Communiste en France)
Pirate Party (Parti Pirate)
Frexit
Popular Republican Union (Union Populaire Républicaine) - Promotes movement of national liberation and Frexit.
Regionalist Parties
Abertzaleen Batasuna - Basque nationalist
Alsace d'abord (In English:Alsace First) - Alsace nationalist
Savoyan League (Ligue savoisienne) - Savoy nationalist
Breton Democratic Union (Union Démocratique Bretonne) - Breton nationalism
Party of the Corsican Nation (U Partitu di a Nazione Corsa) - Corsican nationalism
Corsica Libera - Corsican nationalism
Dae Jung-sang, also called Qiqi Zhongxiang or Geolgeol Jungsang (, ? –
698), was a Korean Goguryeos soldier.
He was the father of Dae Jo-Young.founder of Balhae (in Manchuria and Northern Korean Peninsula).
690s deaths
Korean monarchs
Philip V of Spain (19 December 1683 - 9 July 1746) was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin and Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria.
He was a grandson of Louis XIV and Marie Therese of Austria and was King of Spain from 1700 – 1724 and again from 1724 – 1746.
He succeeded Charles II of Spain who was childless and mad.
He was born at the Palace of Versailles, France.
He lost the Kingdom of Naples to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and the Kingdom of Sicily to Victor Amadeus II.
He died at his the Royal Palace of Madrid.
Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain.
He died in Madrid, Spain.
His reign of 45 years and 21 days is the longest in modern Spanish history.
He was also the father of three Kings of Spain.
First marriage
Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) married Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, no children.
Felipe of Spain (2 July 1709 – 18 July 1709)
Felipe Pedro Gabriel of Spain (7 June 1712 – 29 December 1719) died in childhood.
Ferdinand VI of Spain (23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759) married Infanta Maria Barbara of Portugal, no children.
Second marriage
Charles III of Spain (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) Duke of Parma, King of Naples and Sicily and later King of Spain.
Married Maria Amalia of Saxony and had children.
Infante Francisco (21 March 1717 – 21 April 1717) died in infancy.
Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) married the future Joseph I of Portugal and had children.
Infante Felipe (20 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) Duke of Parma.
Married Louise Élisabeth of France and had children.
Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) married Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France and had children.
Infante Luis (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785) Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain.
Married morganatically to María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas and had issue.
Maria Antonia of Spain (17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) married the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and had children.
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) was the King of Spain and eldest son of Philip V of Spain and Maria Luisa of Savoy.
His reign was one of the shortest in Spanish history.
It is often considered unremarkable.
However, his marriage to his father's cousin Louis Élisabeth d'Orléans helped the country's relations with France.
His wife was a  minor French princess.
Louis was born in Madrid.
He was the heir to the throne from birth.
He held the title Prince of Asturias.
He was given the names Louis, after his grandfather the King Louis XIV, and Felipe, in honour of his father.
He was a first cousin of Louis XV of France as well as the future Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.
Louis was King of Spain from 14 January to 31 August 1724, less than eight months.
During his short reign he was nicknamed The beloved and The liberal (El Bien Amado and El Liberal in Spanish).
His reign ended when he died of smallpox.
25 August 1707 – 2 April 1709: His Royal Highness The Infante Don Luis of Spain
2 April 1709 – 14 January 1724: His Royal Highness The Prince of Asturias
14 January 1724 – 31 August 1724: His Majesty The King
1724 deaths
Spanish infantes and infantas
Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (11 December 1709 – 16 June 1742) was the wife of Louis I of Spain.
She was a daughter of Françoise Marie de Bourbon and Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France.
She married Louis, then known as the Prince of Asturias on 20 January 1722.
She had no children and became Queen of Spain in January 1724 before her husband died the same year of smallpox.
She was sent back to France where she died alone and ignored in Paris in 1742.
She is noted as one of the shortest reigning royal consorts in history.
11 December 1709 - 20 January 1722 Her Serene Highness Mademoiselle de Montpensier
20 January 1722 - 15 January 1724 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Asturias
15 January 1724 - 6 September 1724 Her Majesty the Queen of Spain
6 September 1724 - 16 June 1742 Her Majesty the Dowager Queen of Spain
1742 deaths
Maria Luisa of Savoy (17 September 1688 – 14 February 1714) was the first wife of Philip V of Spain.
She loved her husband a lot and gave him four children.
She had a lot of influence in the government but died exhausted in 1714.
Her husband remarried to Elisabeth Farnese in December 1714.
She was very popular in Spain.
Named after her aunt the former Queen of Spain she was the second daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Savoy.
At her fathers court it was well known that her father was having an affair with the Countess of Verua.
This therefore put strain on her parents marriage.
She was always close to her sister Marie Adélaïde.
Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) married Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, no issue.
Ferdinand VI of Spain (23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759) married Infanta Barbara of Portugal, no issue.
Elisabetta Farnese (25 October 1692 – 11 July 1766) was the second wife of Philip V of Spain.
Phillip's first wife, Maria Luisa of Savoy, had died in February 1714.
Elisabetta married the king in December 1714.
She had lots of influence over the state till her husband's death in 1746.
She acted as Regent in 1759 when her eldest son Charles III of Spain became king and was travelling from Naples.
There were plans for her to marry Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont but the marriage never occurred.
Infante Carlos of Spain (later King Carlos III) (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) Duke of Parma, then King of Naples and Sicily, then King of Spain.
Married Maria Amalia of Saxony and had issue.
Infante Francisco of Spain (21 March 1717 – 21 April 1717) died in infancy.
Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) married the future Joseph I of Portugal and had issue.
Infante Felipe of Spain (20 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) Duke of Parma.
Married Louise Élisabeth of France and had issue.
Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain (11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) married Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France and had issue.
Infante Luis of Spain (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785) Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain.
Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain (17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) married the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and had issue.
25 October 1692 - 24 December 1714 Her Highness Princess Elisabetta
24 December 1714 – 14 January 1724 Her Majesty The Queen of Spain
14 January 1724 - 6 September 1724 Her Majesty Queen Elisabeth
6 September 1724 – 9 July 1746 Her Majesty The Queen of Spain
9 July 1746 - 10 August 1759 Her Majesty The Dowager Queen
10 August 1759 - 7 October 1759 Her Majesty The Queen regent
7 October 1759 - 11 July 1766 Her Majesty The Queen mother
Most political parties in Scotland can be put into two groups: Unionists and Nationalists.
Nationalists want Scotland to become an independent country and to stop being part of the United Kingdom whereas Unionists want Scotland to stay in the United Kingdom.
Parties currently represented
Parties formerly represented in the Scottish Parliament
Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party - 1 MSP from 2003–2007
Scottish Socialist Party - 6 MSPs elected in 2003, 4 at dissolution of last parliament in 2007
Solidarity - 2 Scottish Socialist MSPs changed parties in 2006 when this party was formed and lost their seats in 2007
Minor parties in Scotland
Scottish Christian Party - A Christian right party that endorses traditional social conservative Christian values.
British National Party (BNP) - A far-right UK-wide party which promotes policies of anti-immigration, right-wing populism, Euroscepticism and Third position economics with many combinations
Christian Peoples Alliance - A centrist party that promotes Christian democracy people with disabilities was made to die and pay
Socialist Labour Party - A left-wing UK-wide party that promotes socialism and Trade Unionism.
UK Independence Party (UKIP) - A right-wing to far-right UK-wide party which promotes taking the UK out of the European Union as well as having conservative and right wing populist policies.
Scottish Unionist Party - A centre-right protestant party which promotes abolishing the Scottish parliament.
Free Scotland Party - A party in favour of an independent Scotland free from both the United Kingdom and the European Union.
He was born at Torre Annunziata in the province of Naples.
He grew up selling spaghetti produced by his father.
He studied at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome.
His studies were interrupted by the Second World War.
His first movie was L'ultimo Combattimento in 1940.
He has produced nearly 150 movies.
In 1946 his company, the Dino de Laurentiis Cinematografica, moved into movie production.
In the early years, De Laurentiis produced neorealist films such as Bitter Rice (1946) and the Fellini classics La Strada (1954) and Nights of Cabiria (1956).
Neorealist is a style about the poor and working class.
In the 1960s, De Laurentiis built his own studio facilities.
During this period, De Laurentiis produced such films as Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die, Navajo Joe (1966), and Barbarella (1968).
In the 1970s, De Laurentiis moved to the US.
He created his own studio, De Laurentiis Entertainment Group (DEG), based in Wilmington, North Carolina.
During this period De Laurentiis made a number of successful and acclaimed movies, including Serpico (1973), Death Wish (1974), Mandingo (1975), Three Days of the Condor (1975), The Shootist (1976), Ingmar Bergman's The Serpent's Egg (1977), Ragtime (1981), Conan the Barbarian (1982) and Blue Velvet (1986).
It is for his more infamous productions that De Laurentiis's name has become known: The King Kong (1976) remake, which was a commercial hit, Lipstick, the killer whale movie Orca (1977); The White Buffalo (1977); the disaster movie Hurricane (1979); the remake of Flash Gordon (1980); Halloween II (the 1981 sequel to John Carpenter's 1978 classic horror movie); David Lynch's Dune (1984); and King Kong Lives (1986).
De Laurentiis also made several adaptations of Stephen King's works during this time, including The Dead Zone (1983), Cat's Eye (1985), Silver Bullet (1985) and Maximum Overdrive (1986); Army of Darkness (1992) was produced jointly by De Laurentiis, Robert Tapert and the movie's star Bruce Campbell.
De Laurentiis also produced the first Hannibal Lecter movie Manhunter (1986), Hannibal (2001) and Red Dragon (2002), a remake of Manhunter.
He also produced Hannibal Rising (2007).
He had four children with his first wife, actress Silvana Mangano, who died in 1989.
He later married movie producer Martha Schumacher with whom he had two daughters.
One of the children from his first marriage, Raffaella De Laurentiis, is also a producer; another, Federico De Laurentiis (28 February 1955 – 15 July 1981), died at 26 in an airplane crash.
His granddaughter is Giada De Laurentiis, host of Everyday Italian, Behind the Bash, Giada at Home and Giada's Weekend Getaways on Food Network.
His nephew is Aurelio De Laurentiis, a film producer and the chairman of SSC Napoli football club.
Dino De Laurentiis Company  Official site
People from Campania
Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (9 August 1663 – 31 October 1713) was the son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans.
Ferdinando was heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, with the title Grand Prince from his father's accession in 1670 until his death in 1713.
He married Violante Beatrice of Bavaria in 1689 but the marriage remained childless.
He died of syphilis aged 50.
9 August 1663 – 23 May 1670: His Highness Prince Ferdinando de' Medici
23 May 1670 – 5 February 1691: His Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany
5 February 1691 – 31 October 1713: His Royal Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany
Grand Princes of Tuscany
Supernatural is an American horror, drama, fantasy, fiction TV series created by Eric Kripke.
It first aired on September 13, 2005 on The WB and now it is part of The CW series.
The show stars Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester and Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester.
The show follows the two brothers (Sam and Dean) as they hunt demons and other figures of the paranormal, but not Bigfoot and aliens.
The series is produced by the Warner Bros. Company with the help of Wonderland Sound and Vision.
The current executive producers are Eric Kripke and McG, who also directs, and Robert Singer.
The fourth producer, Kim Manners died of cancer in the production of the fourth season.
Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester
Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester
Jim Beaver as Bobby Singer
Jeffrey Dean Morgan as John Winchester
Samantha Ferris as Ellen Harvelle
Alona Tal as Jo Harvelle
Samantha Smith as Mary Winchester
Chad Lindberg as Ash
Sterling K. Brown as Gordon Walker
Mitch Pileggi as Samuel Campbell
Misha Collins as Castiel
Mark Pellegrino as Lucifer
Richard Speight, Jr. as Gabriel
Kurt Fuller as Zachariah
Julie McNiven as Anna Milton
Robert Wisdom as Uriel
Fredric Lehne as Azazel
Katie Cassidy as Ruby
Genevieve Cortese as Ruby
Nicki Aycox as  Meg Masters
Mark Rolston as Alastair
Christopher Heyerdahl as Alastair
Mark Sheppard as Crowley
Cosimo III de' Medici (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) was the penultimate Grand Duke of Tuscany.
He reigned from 1670 to 1723, and was the elder son of Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany.
Cosimo's fifty long reign, the longest in Tuscan history, was marked by a series of regulatory laws.
His reign also saw Tuscany's bad finances become even worse.
He was succeeded by his elder surviving son, Gian Gastone de' Medici, when he died, in 1723.
He married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a cousin of Louis XIV.
It was a bad marriage and Marguerite Louise eventually left Tuscany to remain at the Convent of Montmartre in Paris.
Together, they had 3 children.
In later life, he tried to have Anna Maria Luisa recognised as heiress of Tuscany, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, would not allow it.
Tuscany passed it to the House of Lorraine in 1737.
Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b.1663 d.1713)
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine (b.1667 d.1743)
Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b.1671 d.1737)
14 August 1642 – 23 May 1670: His Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany
23 May 1670 – 5 February 1691: His Highness The Grand Duke of Tuscany
5 February 1691 – 31 October 1723: His Royal Highness The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany
Grand Dukes of Tuscany
1642 births
Gian Gastone de' Medici (24 May 1671 – 9 July 1737) was the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany.
He was the second son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans.
His sister, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the Electress Palatine, married him to Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg in 1697.
The two remained childless and it was common knowledge that Gian Gastone was homosexual.
Gian Gastone succeeded his father as Grand Duke in 1723.
In his reign he reversed all his father's laws and stopped taxes for poorer people, repealed (got rid of) the anti-Jewish laws and stopped public executions.
His father, Cosimo III, wanted the his sister to succeed him but Spain, Great Britain, Austria and the Dutch Republic disregarded and made Charles III of Spain his heir.
Charles changed his claim to Francis III of Lorraine.
Francis then became the Grand Duke on 9 July 1737 ending almost 300 years of Medici rule over Florence.
24 May 1671 - 30 October 1713: His Highness Prince Gian Gastone
30 October 1713 - 31 October 1723: His Royal Highness The Grand Prince [of Tuscany]
31 October 1723 - 9 July 1737: His Royal Highness The Most Serene Grand Duke [of Tuscany]
Marguerite Louise d'Orléans (28 July 1645 – 17 September 1721) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, as the wife of Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici.
Deprived of her lover, Charles V of Lorraine, Marguerite Louise despised her husband and his family, whom she often quarrelled with and falsely suspected of attempting to poison her.
Marguerite Louise reconciled with the Medici on more than one occasion, however, only to promptly resume hostilities.
Having become Grand Duke of Tuscany upon his father's death, in 1670, Cosimo III, under the sway of his mother, Vittoria della Rovere, refused to grant Marguerite Louise entry to the Privy Council.
Thus without political influence, Marguerite Louise sorted the education of her eldest son, Grand Prince Ferdinando.
Two more children followed: Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine, and Gian Gastone, the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany.
In June 1675, Marguerite Louise was allowed to return to France to live in a convent in Paris.
She was a daughter of Gaston de France, Duke of Orléans.
Although the contract, banned her from leaving the convent, Marguerite Louise often went to her cousin Louis XIV's court at Versailles.
She was at the centre of many scandals at the convent, including an attempt to burn it down, which greatly irritated her husband, who, despite the separation, took great interest in Marguerite Louise's life.
While still technically married, Marguerite Louise had several affairs.
28 July 1645 – 12 June 1661 Her Royal Highness "Mademoiselle d'Orléans" [Grand daughter of France]
12 June 1661 – 23 May 1670 Her Royal Highness The Grand Princess of Tuscany
23 May 1670 - 5 February 1691 His Highness  The Most Serene Grand Duchess of Tuscany
5 February 1691 - 17 September 1721 Her Royal Highness The Most Serene Grand Duchess of Tuscany
1645 births
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici (11 August 1667 – 18 February 1743) was the last of the House of Medici.
A patron of the arts, she gave the Medici's large art collection (including the contents of the Uffizi, Palazzo Pitti and Medici villas) which she inherited upon her brother Gian Gastone’s death in 1737, and her Palatine treasures to the Tuscan state, on the condition that none of it be removed.
Anna Maria Luisa was the only daughter of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIII of France.
On her marriage to Elector Johann Wilhelm II, she became Electress Palatine, and, patronised a lot of musicians.
As Johann Wilhelm had syphilis, the union with Anna Maria Luisa produced no children.
In 1713 Cosimo III altered the Tuscan laws of succession to allow the accession of his daughter, and spent his final years canvassing the European powers to agree to recognise this statute.
However, in 1735, as part of a territorial arrangement, the European powers appointed Francis Stephen of Lorraine as heir, and he duly ascended the Tuscan throne in her stead.
After the death of Johann Wilhelm, Anna Maria Luisa returned to Florence, where she enjoyed the rank of first lady until the accession of her brother Gian Gastone de' Medici, who banished her to the Villa La Quiete.
When Gian Gastone died in 1737, Francis Stephen's envoy offered Anna Maria Luisa the position of regent of Tuscany but she declined.
Her death, in 1743, brought the House of Medici to an end.
Tuscan princes and princesses
Ferdinando II de' Medici (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670.
He was the eldest child of Cosimo II de' Medici and Maria Maddalena of Austria.
His 49-year rule saw the Medici Bank fail.
Cosimo de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (19 December 1639 - 21 December 1639) died in infancy.
Unnamed son (1640).
Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans and had children.
Francesco Maria de' Medici (12 November 1660 – 3 February 1711) married Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga, no children.
14 July 1610 – 28 February 1621 His Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany
28 February 1621 – 23 May 1670 His Highness The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany
1670 deaths
In the United States, there has usually only been two main political parties.
But there are more than a 100 different varieties  with varying viewpoints of the two main parties.
Since the 1860s, the two main parties have been the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.
The Democratic Party has the most seats in the House of Representatives while the Republicans and Democrats split the Senate at 50 Senators each.
The Vice President, a Democrat, holds a tie breaking vote, in the United States Senate.
The United States has two major political parties: the Democrats and the Republicans.
But there are other parties that aren't as represented by the United States government and are usually highly suppressed, underfunded or misrepresented.
Usually these smaller parties aren’t as well known.
These major parties have a duopoly, meaning that they share almost all the political power in the country.
Most constitutional republic countries have more than two parties.
The three largest parties aside from the two main political parties are the Libertarian Party, Green Party of the United States, and the Constitution party in respective order.
The Democratic Party was started in 1828 as a pro-slavery party and the first President was Andrew Jackson in 1829.
However, through the economic resurgence after the Great Depression in the 1930s and 1940s, as well as the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, the Democratic party became a proponent of racial equality.
Many 20th century United States Presidents such as Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton and 21st century presidents such as  Barack Obama and Joe Biden are Democrats.
They have 48 out of 100 seats in the U.S. Senate (independents caucusing with the democratic party hold two seats in the U.S. senate) and 222 out of 435 seats in the House of Representatives.
24 out of 50 state governors are also Democrats.
The party generally promotes liberalism and is often classed as a center-left to left-wing party.
Currently, the party has 60 million registered voters across America.
The party's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality.
It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy.
These interventions, such as the introduction of social programs, anti-gun laws, support for labor unions, affordable college tuitions, moves toward universal health care and equal opportunity, consumer protection and environmental protection form the core of the party's economic policy.
The Republican Party was started in 1854 as an anti-slavery party and its first President was Abraham Lincoln in 1861.
Others include Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Theodore Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush and Donald Trump.
In the Nixon years, there was a shift to appeal to the implicit racial biases of white voters that did not like the civil rights movement of the 1960's in what is called The Southern Strategy.
This strategy created the appearance of equity while ignoring minorities in the process.
26 out of 50 states have a Republican governor.
It has around 55 million registered voters across America.
Currently, the Republican Party is identified as conservative.
The party philosophy centers around social and economic independence, and a capitalist economic system.
It is also known for its anti-abortion efforts, pro-gun laws, anti-regulatory policy, and reduction of government intervention in the economy as well as being in support of privatized health care.
The party believes in lower taxes, less social programs, and personal liberty.
There are over 100+ registered political parties in the United States of America, with many different blends of political viewpoints.
However, there are only two nationally recognized political parties, the Republicans and Democrats.
Most of the other parties fall under those two political parties with variations, or under other ideological umbrellas, like Progressive, Libertarian, Conservative, Socialist, Communist, etc.
They are either underfunded or undersupported and highly suppressed.
Nearly 44% of politically active citizens prefer to identify as Independent because of this suppression.
It is less common to achieve political influence in modern government functions, but some lawmakers such as Joe Lieberman may retire their parties with their careers.
1st President: George Washington
Presidential Candidate: Evan McMullin (2016)
Presidential Candidate: Ross Perot (1992)
Senator and Presidential Candidate: Bernie Sanders (Caucasus with Democratic Party)
https://news.gallup.com/poll/15370/party-affiliation.aspx
PQ, meaning "Practical Intelligence Quotient", or "Intelligent License" in Japan, is a video game that measures your intelligence through 3-D puzzles involving everyday objects.
The player tries to reach the pillar of light at the end of the level while avoiding obstacles and traps.
A game has 10 stages, which have 10 levels each.
The light at the end of a level is your destination.
Obstacles and traps try to fail you your way to the goal at the same time.
Other modes
The game received fairly good reviews from critics.
For example the game was given a 69 on Metacritic and a 7.4/10 on Gamespot, as well as a 71% on GameRankings Aggregation.
A sequel was released for the game in 2007.
It was PQ2: Practical Intelligence Quotient 2 or Intelligent License 2 and worked pretty much the same, but had a puzzle creator.
Metacritic: Media Critic: Official Site
St. Anne's Catholic Secondary School is a Catholic high school in Clinton, Ontario, Canada.
It is known for it's sports teams and good marks.
It serves students from grades nine to twelve.
The motto of St. Anne's is "in alis aquilae" which is Latin for "on eagle's wings".
This motto comes from the Bible (the Book of Isaiah, Chapter 40).
St. Anne's was built in the town of Clinton, Ontario.
When the school opened only 139 students went there.
The students came from Huron County.
In 2009, 600 people went there.
The school was built to provide a French and faith-based education.
St. Anne's is the only French-Immersion Catholic school in the county.
St. Anne's is a uniform school, the only in the region and school board.
The uniform consists of what a teen would normally wear, however the clothes are either plaid, navy, burgundy, kaki or white.
Faith-Based Education
St. Anne's is a Catholic school.
Most students are Roman Catholics, however students of other religions are allowed and welcome in the school.
All students must take a religion course each school year.
To graduate, students need four religion credits.
This course is offered in French Immersion.
Extra Curricular
St. Anne's has many sports teams and clubs.
The most popular team are the boy's rugby and hockey teams.
Girls' teams consists of the popular field hockey and rugby teams.
Sports Teams
Track-and-field.
St. Anne's has numerous clubs and groups.
Band (An extension of music class, it is responsible for music at masses, assemblies and concerts)
Enviro-Club
God-Squad (A religious group)
The Math Team
Me to We
Students for Life (Anti-abortion group)
Writers' Guild (Creative writing)
St. Anne's also has a Student Cabinet.
Elections are held in the spring.
Student Cabinet is in charge projects like dances and fundraisers.
Each member of Student Cabinet has their own job relating to their elected position.
St. Anne's official website
The Ministry of Education of Ontario's website
The Huron-Perth Catholic District School Board's website
In Italy, there is a multi-party system.
This means that it is unlikely for any one party to gain a majority in the Italian parliament and so coalitions between several parties must be formed.
Major Parties
The People of Freedom (Il Popolo della Libertà) - A centre-right party that promotes liberal conservatism, Christian democracy and liberalism.
It's leader Silvio Berlusconi is the Italian Prime Minister.
Democratic Party (Partito Democratico) - A centre-left party that promotes social democracy.
Northern League (Lega Nord) - A federalist party which wants to make the region of Italy called Padania an independent country.
Future and Freedom (Futuro e Libertà) - A centre-right party which promotes liberal conservatism and national conservatism.
Italy of Values (Italia dei Valori) - A centrist party which promotes populism and anti-corruption.
Italian Radicals (Radicali Italiani) - Liberal
Alliance for Italy (Alleanza per l'Italia) - Centrist, Christian Democracy
We the South (Noi Sud) - Centrist, Wants the South of Italy to become independent
Movement for Autonomies (Movimento per le Autonomie) - Centrist, Christian democracy, More independence for Sicily
The Populars of Italy Tomorrow (I Popolari di Italia Domani) - Christian democratic, Based in Sicily
Left Ecology Freedom (Sinistra Ecologia Libertà) - Eco-socialism, communism
Communist Refoundation Party (Partito della Rifondazione Comunista) - Communist
Party of Italian Communists (Partito dei Comunisti Italiani) - Communist
Five Star Movement (Movimento Cinque Stelle) - Populist, Environmentalist
Populars for Italy (Popolari per l'Italia) - Christian democratic, Based in Sicily
The Right (La Destra) - National conservatism, social conservatism, libertarianism
Populars for the South (Popolari per il Sud) - Centrist
Italian Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Italiano) - Centre-left, social democracy
Federation of the Greens (Federazione dei Verdi) - Eco-socialism, Anti-globalisation, Pacificm
Tricolour Flame (Fiamma Tricolore) - Fascism, nationalism
Italian Republican Party (Partito Repubblicano Italiano) - Liberal
European Republicans Movement (Movimento Repubblicani Europei) - Centre-left, social liberalism
Italian Liberal Party (Partito Liberale Italiano) - Liberal
Liberal Democrats (Liberal Democratici) - Centrism, Social liberalism
White Rose (Rosa Bianca) - Centrism, Christian democracy
Alliance of the Centre (Alleanza di Centro) - Christian democratic
Workers' Communist Party (Partito Comunista dei Lavoratori) - Communism, Trotskyism
New Force (Forza Nuova) - Fascism, nationalism, Third position economics
Critical Left (Sinistra Critica) - Communism, Trotskyism
Citizens' Political Movement (Movimento Politico dei Cittadini) - Left-wing, populist
Italian Democratic Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano) - Social democracy
Libertarian Movement (Movimento Libertario) - Libertarianism
Italian Union Movement (Movimento Unione Italiano) - Social liberalism
Henriette Adelaide of Savoy (6 November 1636 - 13 June 1676) was the wife of the Elector of Bavaria Ferdinand Maria.
She had much influence and with her husband did much to improve the Electorate of Bavaria, her adopted country.
She was a daughter of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy.
She was the older of twins.
Her twin sister was Catherine Beatrice of Savoy.
Her mother was Christine of France, daughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici.
Christine was regent for her brother Charles Emmanuel II.
On 8 December 1650 she married Ferdinand Maria, future Elector of Bavaria.
The next year Ferdinand Maria became Elector, when his father Maximilian died.
Henriette Adelaide had a lot of influence on Bavarian politics, in favor of France.
This led to her eldest daughter marrying the Grand Dauphin in 1680.
She also had a great part in the building of Nymphenburg Palace and the Theatinerkirche.
Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria 28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) married Louis, Grand Dauphin and had issue; present King of Spain descends from her.
Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (11 July 1662 – 26 February 1726), next Elector of Bavaria; married Maria Antonia of Austria and had issue; married Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska and had issue.
Luise Margarete Antonie of Bavaria.
Ludwig Amadeus Victor of Bavaria.
Kajetan Maria Franz of Bavaria.
Joseph Clemens of Bavaria (5 December 1671 – 12 November 1723) Elector and Archbishop of Cologne.
Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (3 April 1673 – 3 June 1731) married Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany.
1636 births
Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) sometimes Maria Anna Victoria was an Infanta of Spain by birth and was later the Queen of Portugal as wife of King Joseph I. The eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese.
Under the influence of the Duke of Bourbon she was engaged to the young Louis XV of France at the age of seven.
Rejected due to her age, the marriage never took place and she was sent back to Spain.
In 1729 she was married to the son of John V of Portugal.
Her husband became the King on 31 July 1750.
The mother of Maria I of Portugal she also acted as regent of Portugal during the last months of her husbands life and acted as advisor to her daughter in her reign.
Life in France
Under the influence of the Duke of Bourbon she was engaged to the young King Louis XV of France at the age of seven when she moved to the Palace of Versailles and was placed in the care of the Dowager Princess of Conti.
Eventually due to her age she was unable to have children and was sent back to Spain in 1729.
This caused a rift between the royal courts of Spain and France.
Maria I of Portugal (17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816) married Infante Pedro of Portugal and had issue.
Later queen of Portugal.
Mariana Francisca of Portugal (7 October 1736 – 6 May 1813) died unmarried.
Doroteia of Portugal (21 September 1739 – 14 January 1771) died unmarried.
Benedita of Portugal (25 July 1746 – 18 August 1829) married Infante Joseph, Prince of Beira, no issue.
31 March 1718 – 19 January 1729: Her Royal Highness The Infanta Dona Mariana Victoria of Spain
19 January 1729 – 31 July 1750: Her Royal Highness the Princess of Brazil, Duchess of Braganza
31 July 1750 – 29 November 1776: Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
29 November 1776 – 24 February 1777: Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen Regent of Portugal and the Algarves
24 February 1777 – 15 January 1781: Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen Mother of Portugal and the Algarves
Kings and Queens consort of Portugal
Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (María Teresa Antonia Rafaela; 11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) was an Infanta of Spain by birth and was later the wife of Louis of France, Dauphin of France, son of King Louis XV.
She died during  childbirth aged 20, She gave birth to a daughter who died at two years of age leaving the Dauphine with no surviving descendants.
She used the names "Marie Thérèse" (see right)
She was the second daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese.
Baptised with the names María Teresa Antonia Rafaela, she was known as María Teresa.
She was engaged to Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV of France.
The official marriage took place at the Palace of Versailles on 23 February 1745.
The marriage was an idea to try and better relations between France and Spain after Louis XV had not married Mariana Victoria of Spain, María Teresa Rafaela's older sister.
On 19 July 1746, Marie Thérèse Raphaëlle (as she was known in France) gave birth to a daughter before dying herself on 22 July at Versailles.
The child died in 1748.
Her husband married again to Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony and was the mother of Louis XVI of France.
She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis outside Paris.
Marie Thérèse of France (19 July 1746 – 27 April 1748).
Named after her mother, she died in infancy and was known simply as "Madame Royale".
11 June 1726 – 23 February 1745 Her Royal Highness The Infanta Doña María Teresa Antonia Rafaela of Spain.
23 February 1745 – 22 July 1746 Her Royal Highness the Dauphine of France (Son Altesse royale, "Madame la Dauphine".)
Deaths in childbirth
Maria Antonia of Spain (María Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) was an Infanta of Spain and the youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese.
She was the wife of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia whom she married in 1750.
She was the mother of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia.
In Italy she is known as Maria Antonietta but sometimes known incorrectly as Maria Ferdinanda.
Her name was Maria Antonia Fernanda.
She married the future Victor Amadeus III officially on 31 May 1750.
The couple were very happy and had 12 children.
Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (24 May 1751 – 6 October 1819) married Princess Marie Clotilde of France in 1773, no issue.
Maria Elisabetta Carlotta of Savoy (16 July 1752 – 17 April 1755) died in infancy.
Maria Giuseppina of Savoy (2 September 1753 – 13 November 1810) married Louis Xavier of France, Count of Provence in 1771, no issue.
Amedeus Alexander of Savoy (5 October 1754 – 29 April 1755) died in infancy.
Maria Teresa of Savoy (31 January 1756 – 2 June 1805) married Charles of France, Count of Artois in 1773, had issue.
Maria Anna of Savoy (17 December 1757 – 11 October 1824) married Prince Benedetto of Savoy, Duke of Chablais in 1775, no issue.
Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (24 July 1759 – 10 January 1824) married Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este in 1789, had issue.
Maria Cristina Ferdinanda of Savoy (21 November 1760 – 19 May 1768) died in infancy.
Maurizio of Savoy (13 December 1762 – 1 September 1799) died unmarried of malaria.
Maria Carolina of Savoy (17 January 1764 – 28 December 1782) married Antony, Electoral Prince of Saxony in 1781, no issue.
Charles Felix of Sardinia (6 April 1765 – 27 April 1831) married Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily in 1807, no issue.
Giuseppe of Savoy (5 October 1766 – 29 October 1802) died unmarried of malaria.
17 November 1729 – 31 May 1750 Her Royal Highness The Infanta Doña Maria Antonia of Spain
31 May 1750 – 20 February 1773 Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Savoy
20 February 1773 – 19 September 1785 Her Majesty The Queen of Sardinia
Dukes and Duchesses of Savoy
Cleisthenes was a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family.