the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The space inside the magnetosphere is protected from radiation from the Sun.
It has a low level of electrically charged particles.
Interplanetary space is the space around the Sun and planets of the Solar System.
It has  the solar wind, a continuous stream of charged particles from the Sun.
This stream creates a very thin atmosphere (the heliosphere) for billions of miles or kilometers into space.
Interplanetary space has the magnetic field generated by the Sun.
Planets such as Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury and the Earth also have magnetospheres.
These magnetic fields can trap particles from the solar wind and other sources, creating belts of magnetic particles such as the Van Allen radiation belt.
Planets without magnetic fields, such as Mars, have their atmospheres gradually stripped off by the solar wind.
Interstellar space is the physical space within a galaxy not occupied by stars or their planetary systems.
It continues to the edges of the galaxy, where it fades into the intergalactic void.
Most of the mass in this space is made up of single hydrogen atoms, fewer helium atoms and a few heavier atoms formed in stars.
Supernovae blow some of their atoms huge distances.
A number of molecules and tiny 0.1 μm dust particles do exist in interstellar space.
About four new types of molecule are discovered each year.
Large regions of higher density matter known as molecular clouds allow chemical reactions to occur.
This includes organic polyatomic species.
Much of this chemistry is driven by collisions.
Intergalactic space does have 'cosmic voids' between the large-scale structures of the universe.
Exploring space is very difficult because it contains no air and is so large that even the fastest ships can only explore a tiny part of it.
It takes 3 days of traveling to reach the Moon and, depending on speed, it would take a long time to reach the closest star Proxima Centauri.
We gain most of our information about the items in space from different kinds of telescopes.
Some of them are space telescopes, put in outer space for a better view.
Space probes also explore planets, comets and other space objects that are not too far.
A natural satellite in astronomy is a smaller body which moves around a larger body.
The smaller body is held in orbit by gravitation.
The term is used for moons which go around planets, and it is also used for small galaxies which orbit larger galaxies.
Bodies which orbit planets are called moons.
They vary in size.
The Earth has only one moon.
Some other planets have many moons, and some have none.
When people write just "the moon", they are usually talking about the moon of the Earth.
Earth's moon is written with a capital letter, Moon.
The Latin word for the moon is luna, which is why the adjective used to talk about the moon is "lunar".
For example, lunar eclipse.
Anything that goes around a planet is called a satellite.
Moons are natural satellites.
People also use rockets to send machines into orbit around the Earth.
These machines are called artificial (man-made) satellites.
Earth's moon
Moons do not make their own light.
We can see the Earth's moon because it acts like a mirror, and reflects the light of the Sun.
The same half of the moon faces toward Earth at all times, no matter where it moves.
But different parts of the moon are lit up by the Sun, so it looks different at different times of the month.
This change as seen from Earth is called the phases of the moon, or lunar phases.
A moon's cycle is the time the moon takes to change from looking very bright and round to looking very small and thin, and then back to bright and round again.
In the case of the Earth's moon, this is about four weeks.
It does this about 13 times in one year.
The moon's cycle is about 28 days, a bit shorter than a calendar month.
The Apollo 11 mission helped Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first people to walk on the Moon.
They did this on July 20, 1969.
For example, the Earth's moon is kept in orbit by the gravitational pull from the Earth.
This is also the way the Earth is attracted to the Sun, and stays in its orbit.
The orbit of the Earth's moon actually causes the tides and waves on Earth.
Moons of moons
No moons that belong to moons have been found.
In most cases, the tidal effects of the main body would make such as unstable.
However, math completed after the recent finding  of a possible ring system around Saturn's moon Rhea show that Rhean orbits would be stable.
Also, the rings are thought to be narrow, something that is known with shepherd moons.
Asteroid moons
The finding of 243 Ida's moon Dactyl in the early 1990s was the proof that some asteroids have moons; indeed, 87 Sylvia has two.
Some, such as 90 Antiope, are double asteroids with two same-sized parts.
The following is a table grouping the moons of the solar system by diameter.
The column on the right has some notable planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, and Trans-Neptunian Objects for comparing.
It is normal for moons to be named after people from mythology.
Planets that have moons
Earth, 1 moon
Mars, 2 moons
Jupiter, 67 moons
Saturn, 62 moons
Uranus, 27 moons
Neptune, 14 moons
Dwarf planets that have moons
Eris, 1 moon
Pluto, 5 moons
Haumea, 2 moons
Planets not known to have moons
Galaxies are found in groups called galaxy clusters which are also held together by gravitation.
Our own Milky Way is the second largest galaxy in our Local Group (the largest is Andromeda).
Many smaller galaxies and star clusters are also held in the Local Group, outside the two main galaxies.
They are all in orbits round one of the centres of gravity.
That means most of them move round either Andromeda or the Milky Way.
so it seems natural for astronomers to use the term 'satellite' for these as well.
Our Local Group is itself part of an even larger group, the Virgo Supercluster.
There are other, even larger, groups of galaxies: see the Great Wall for an example.
Gravity, or gravitation is one of the fundamental forces of the universe.
In this article, we discuss it in three parts:
Everyday sense: the force which causes objects to fall to the ground
Newton's laws: how gravity keeps the Solar System and most major astronomical objects together
Einstein's theory of general relativity: the role of gravity in the universe
Everyday gravity
Weight vs mass
In everyday talk, we say things fall because the Earth's gravity pulls on them.
We talk as if our weight was a "given".
Actually, weight changes when the pull of gravity changes.
The Moon is much smaller and the pull of gravity on the Moon is about 1/6th that of Earth.
So any object on the Moon weighs 1/6th of its weight on Earth.
What does not change is the amount of matter in an object.
That is called conservation of mass.
On Earth, mass and weight are the same for most purposes, though a sensitive gravimeter can detect the difference.
The difference can be very different on another world such as the Moon.
The <u/l>weight</u/l> of an object is variable; its <u/l>mass</u/l> is constant.
The pull of gravity varies according to the mass of an object.
The Earth pulls more strongly than the Moon.
A person also exerts a gravitational pull, but it is so tiny it can be ignored for all practical purposes.
The Earth has mass.
Every particle of matter has mass.
So the Earth pulls on every object and person, and they pull on the Earth.
This pulling force is called "gravity" and it gives weight.
Gravity vs gravitation
These words mean almost the same thing in everyday use.
Sometimes scientists use "gravity" for the force that pulls objects towards each other, and "gravitation" for the theory about the attraction.
History of gravitational theory
According to one of his students, Galileo did a famous experiment about gravity where he dropped balls from the Tower of Pisa.
He later rolled balls down inclines.
With these experiments, Galileo showed that gravitation accelerates all objects at the same rate regardless of weight.
Johannes Kepler studied the motion of planets.
In 1609 and 1616 he published his three laws governing the shape of their orbits and their speed along those orbits, but did not discover why they moved that way.
In 1687, English mathematician  Isaac Newton wrote the Principia.
In this book, he wrote about the inverse-square law of gravitation.
Newton, following an idea that had long been discussed by others, said that the closer two objects are to each other, the more gravity will affect them.
Newton's laws were used later to predict the existence of the planet Neptune based on changes in the orbit of Uranus, and again to predict the existence of another planet closer to the Sun than Mercury.
When this was done, it was learned that his theory was not entirely correct.
These mistakes in his theory were corrected by Albert Einstein's theory of General Relativity.
Newton's theory is still commonly used for many things because it is simpler and is accurate enough for many uses.
Dynamic equilibrium
Why does the Earth not fall into the Sun?
The answer is simple but very important.
It is because the Earth moving round the Sun is in a dynamic equilibrium.
The speed of the Earth's movement creates a centrifugal force which balances the gravitational force between the Sun and the Earth.
Why does the Earth continue spinning?
Because there is no force to stop it.
Newton's first law: "If a body is at rest it remains at rest or if it is in motion it moves at the same speed until it is acted on by an external force".
There is a kind of analogy between centrifugal force and gravitational force, which led to the "equivalence principle" of general relativity.
In free fall an object's motion balances out the pull of gravity on it.
This includes being in orbit.
The special theory of relativity describes systems where gravity is not an issue;  by contrast, gravity is the central issue of the general theory of relativity.
In general relativity there is no gravitational force deflecting objects from their natural, straight paths.
Instead, gravity is seen as changes in the properties of space and time.
In turn, this changes the straightest-possible paths that objects will naturally follow.
The curvature is, in turn, caused by the energy–momentum of matter.
Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve.
For weak gravitational fields and slow speeds relative to the speed of light, the theory's predictions converge on those of Newton's law of universal gravitation.
Newton's equations are used to plan journeys in our Solar System.
Time dilation and frequency shift
Gravity influences the passage of time.
Light sent down into a gravity well is blueshifted, whereas light sent in the opposite direction (i.e., climbing out of the gravity well) is redshifted; collectively, these two effects are known as the gravitational frequency shift.
Light deflection and gravitational time delay
This effect has been confirmed by observing the light of stars or distant quasars being deflected as it passes the Sun.
Closely related to light deflection is the gravitational time delay (or Shapiro delay), the phenomenon that light signals take longer to move through a gravitational field than they would in the absence of that field.
There have been numerous successful tests of this prediction.
Gravitational waves
Gravitational waves are ripples in the curvature of spacetime.
They move as a wave, travelling outward from the source.
Einstein predicted them in 1915 on the basis of his theory of general relativity.
In theory, gravitational waves transport energy as gravitational radiation.
Sources of detectable gravitational waves might include binary star systems composed of white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes.
In general relativity, gravitational waves cannot travel faster than the speed of light.
The 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for measurements of the Hulse-Taylor binary star system.
These measurements suggested gravitational waves are more than mathematical peculiarities.
On February 11, 2016, the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration teams announced that they had made the first observation of gravitational waves, originating from a pair of merging black holes using the Advanced LIGO detectors.
On June 15, 2016, a second detection of gravitational waves from coalescing black holes was announced.
Besides LIGO, many other gravitational-wave observatories (detectors) are under construction.
Gravity Probe B experiment The Einstein website from Stanford University
Gravity for kids (useful Q & A)
How stuff works: How does gravity work?
NOVA - PBS NOVA.
Galileo's experiments
Gravity - Kepler and Newton: excellent summary
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation   on Project PHYSNET
PhysOrg.com.
Alternative theory of gravity may explain large structure formation—without dark matter
Centripetal force is an accelerating force that acts on any body that revolves around a centre.
This force contributes to keeping the body in rotation.
This force is always directed towards the centre.
The opposite force (by Isaac Newton's third law of motion) is called centrifugal force.
This is the force that acts on the body in a direction away from the centre, which contributes to making the body try to fly away.
When you hold a rope with a heavy object attached to it, and rotate it around, the rope becomes tight and keeps the body from flying away.
This is caused by centripetal force.
An example is a roller coaster which uses centripetal force to accelerate the carts so they will keep going in a circular motion.
Even if an object changes direction but maintains at a constant speed it still counts as acceleration.
Geometric proof for uniform circular motion
In the figure to the right we define the displacement vector  to represent motion in a circle.
The magnitude of  is denoted as  and represents the radius of the particle's orbit.
A treaty is a written agreement between two or more parties.
International treaties are covered by international law.
The parties may be countries or other important groups.
A treaty may be about any subject.
Two countries might agree to stop a war, or declare war on a common enemy.
Very common are treaties where a country promises to come to the aid of another country if the other country is attacked.
Treaties about trade are also common.
They may allow allow each other's citizens or merchandise to cross borders freely.
For example, the European Union is set up by treaties between most of the European nations.
It arranges that trade of products and services is free between the member states of the European Union.
Famous treaties
1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas
1783 - Treaty of Paris (1783)
1814 - Congress of Vienna
1840 - Treaty of Waitangi
1919 - Treaty of Versailles
1928 - Kellogg-Briand Pact
1935 - Roerich Pact
1938 - Munich Agreement
1944 - Bretton Woods Agreement
1945 - United Nations Charter (not strictly a treaty)
1947 - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1949 - North Atlantic Treaty
1955 - Warsaw Pact
1957 - Treaty of Rome
1968 - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
1992 - Treaty of Maastricht
1993 - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1998 - Good Friday Agreement
Luxembourg is a country in Western Europe; its official name is the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (, , ).
It is a small country in land area.
It was one of the first countries in the European Union.
It is also a member of the Benelux.
The countries next to Luxembourg are Belgium, Germany, and France.
In 2015, its population was 569,700, making it one of Europe's most densely populated countries.
963 - Luxembourg was founded.
Sigefroid, Count of Ardennes, came to own the ruins of an old Roman fort called "Castellum Lucilinburhuc" ("Little Castle") from the monks of the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier.
1354 - The emperor Charles IV made Luxembourg a duchy.
1437 - There were no people in the ruling family alive.
The castle was given to the Habsburgs.
1443 - Luxembourg was captured by Philip of Burgundy.
1482 - Mary of Burgundy died.
Luxembourg was ruled by the Habsburgs again.
1795 - After the French revolution Luxembourg was taken over by France.
It became a département of France.
1815 - Luxembourg became a grand duchy.
It was ruled by the king of the Netherlands.
1815-1866 - Luxembourg became a member of the German Confederation.
1890 - After the death of William III, Luxembourg passed to the House of Nassau-Weilburg.
1914-1918 - Luxembourg was conquered by Germany during World War I.
1940 - The Germans returned during World War II, and in 1942 Luxembourg became part of the Third Reich.
1944 - Luxembourg became independent in September because the United States Army arrived.
1945 - Luxembourg joined the United Nations
1957 - Luxembourg became one of the first six members of the European Economic Community.
That is now called the European Union.
2020 - Luxembourg became the first country in the world to make all public transport free to use.
Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy lead by a constitutional monarch.
Under the constitution of 1868, executive power is in the hands of the Governor and the cabinet, which consists of several other ministers.
Districts, cantons, and communes
Luxembourg is divided into 3 districts, which are further divided into 12 cantons and then 116 communes.
Twelve of the communes have city status, of which the city of Luxembourg is the largest.
Baden-Württemberg (, ; Alemannic German: Baade-Wiirdebäärg) is a federal state (Bundesland) in the southwestern region of Germany.
It is the third largest German state by total area (after Bavaria and Lower Saxony) with a size of nearly 35,752 km² and population (after North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria) with over 11 million people as of 2017.
It shares borders to the east with the state of Bavaria, to the north with the states of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate, to the west with the country of France (along the river Rhine), and to the south with the countries of Switzerland and Austria.
Its biggest cities are Stuttgart, the capital, Mannheim, and Karlsruhe.
The Minister President is Winfried Kretschmann of the party Alliance '90/The Greens.
The Minister President is the chief of the government of Baden-Württemberg.
The government is made up of ministers and state secretaries.
The CDU was the main political party in the state between 1953-2011, the Ministers President have all been members of the CDU.
Between the years 1972 and 1992, the members of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg were mostly members of the CDU.
But the state is also a stronghold of the "Grünen" which were founded in the early 1980s in Karlsruhe.
The election results of the Grünen in Baden-Württemberg have always been above the election average for the party in Germany.
Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
Alternative for Germany (AfD)
Social Democratic Party (SPD)
Free Democratic Party (FDP/DVP)
The Black forest, the Swabian Alb and the Lake Constance are world famous holiday regions.
The highest mountain is the Feldberg (1492m).
Baden-Württemberg has the third largest economy in Germany after the economies of North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria.
It had a gross regional product (GRP) of €524.33 billion in 2019.
In the northern part of Württemberg and the Kurpfalz the majority are Protestants.
But the other parts of the state, especially the south, the majority are Roman Catholics.
Football is the most popular sport in Baden-Württemberg.
The best clubs are the VfB Stuttgart and the Karlsruher SC (Karlsruher SC or KSC).
Another popular sport is handball.
www.baden-württemberg.de
www.baden-württemberg.de/en/home
Webportal Baden-Württemberg
1950s establishments in Germany
Vienna (;  ; Central Austro-Bavarian: Wean ; Viennese German and Austrian German: Wian []) is the capital and largest city of Austria.
It is in the east of the country on the river Danube.
More than 1,800,000 people live there (2016).
It is an administrative district (Bundesland) of its own.
Before World War I, it was the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Its centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The history of the city goes back to the Roman Empire.
The Romans started a military camp called Vindobona.
The camp was in today's first district on the Danube river.
The name came from the Celts, so there was probably a Celtic settlement before the Roman invasion.
The Romans stayed until the 5th century.
In medieval times, the settlement was still in use.
The present name was mentioned in 881 in the Salzburger Annalen, where a battle ad weniam is mentioned.
In 976 the House of Babenberg became rulers of the area.
They made Vienna their capital in 1155.
Vienna was already an important city.
In 1156, Austria became a Duchy, and Vienna was where the Duke who ruled the Duchy lived.
In 1221, Vienna got municipal rights.
It Is the second oldest city in Austria (Enns, in Upper Austria, is the oldest).
In 1278, the Duchy came to the Habsburg family.
Rudolf IV started the university in 1365 and while he was duke the nave of the Gothic St. Stephan's Cathedral was built.
Quarrels within the Hapsburg family caused an economic decline in Vienna.
In 1438, Vienna became the residence of the Holy Roman Emperor.
In 1529, Vienna was first besieged by the army of the Ottoman Empire, which had a border only 150 km east of Vienna.
This hurt Vienna economically, but led to people fortifying the city (making it stronger).
After a second siege, the Ottoman Empire could not take Vienna, and the city started getting larger.
During the baroque era, Vienna was rebuilt.
Many residences for the nobility were built.
Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach was an important architect in Vienna.
After the revolution in 1848 Franz Joseph I. became emperor of the Austrian Empire, which was founded in 1806 after the liquidation of the Holy Roman Empire.
He ruled till 1916.
Vienna became a center of arts, culture and architecture.
The city grew because the suburbs became part of the city.
After 1858 the walls of the city were destroyed and the Ringstraße replaced them.
Along that street houses of the rich citizens were built, as were public buildings like the city hall and the Burg theatre.
The industrialisation started at the beginning of the century and made more people live there.
In 1870, Vienna had one million people, and in 1910, two million people.
With the creation of a large working class and poverty in Vienna the Labour Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei) became stronger.
Karl Lueger was the most important mayor in the time of Emperor Franz Josef.
During his time important community plans were realized that made Vienna a modern city.
However, Lueger was a radical anti-Semite.
He was admired by the young Adolf Hitler, who spent some years before the First World War in Vienna.
At this time, Vienna was an important place for the arts.
Composers like Arnold Schönberg, Anton Webern, Alban Berg and Ernst Krenek were important for the development of modern music.
Also the  psychoanalysis was founded in Vienna by Sigmund Freud.
Also the so-called Jugendstil in arts was part of Vienna's modern arts scene.
Founding fathers of modern architecture lived and worked also in Vienna at this time (Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos)
After the end of the First World War the Austrian-Hungary Empire was dissolved and Vienna became capital of the Republic of Austria.
In 1938, Austria was occupied by Germany.
In Vienna the suffering of the Jewish inhabitants began.
A lot of their properties was given to Austrians (Arisierung).
After the Second World War, which destroyed 20% of Vienna's buildings, Vienna was divided into four parts.
The city was controlled by the allies like the other parts of Austria.
In 1955 the state treaty between the allies and Austria was signed in Vienna's Belvedere.
After that Vienna became an important city for international organisations.
The first was 1957 the International Atomic Energy Organisation (IAEO) and 1965 the OPEC followed.
1980 the Vienna International Center was opened and Vienna is now the third UN-city together with New York and Geneva.
There are 23 districts in Vienna.
Vienna has many things worth seeing.
Here are a few of them.
St. Stephen's cathedral and St. Stephen's Square:
Today St. Stephen's square with the cathedral is the very center of Vienna.
The Graben and the Kärntner Straße which lead away from the square are shopping streets with a lot of different shops.
Opposite the cathedral you can find the Haas-House, a very modern building by the architect Hans Hollein.
Ringstraße:
The Ringstraße runs around the first district and was built in the second half of the 19th century.
The street follows the old city walls which were destroyed to create it.
Along the street you can find different important buildings like the Staatsoper (opera house), the parliament, the Burgtheater, the two museums of natural history and arts.
Also, the Wiener Postsparkasse which is an important building by the architect Otto Wagner is along the street.
Hofburg:
From the 13th century to 1918 this was the residence of the Habsburg rulers.
Today it is the residence of the President of the Republic of Austria and you can also visit different museums like the Schatzkammer where you can see the different crowns of the Habsburg family and the crown of the Holy Roman Empire.
The National Library is also the Hofburg.
Schönbrunn Palace:
Today's buildings were built by the architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach an important architect in the baroque era in Austria.
Another building of Fischer is the Karlskirche.
Schloss Belvedere:
Schloss Belvedere was built by Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt another important Austrian baroque architect.
It was built for Prinz Eugen of Savoy who fought successfully against the Ottoman Empire.
Today the castle is used as museum (Austrian Gallery Belvedere).
There are many old buildings, churches and museums in the city centre.
Classical music and opera are popular in Vienna.
The composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Brahms all worked in Vienna.
Vivaldi also died in Vienna.
The city has two world-famous orchestras: the Vienna Philharmonic and the Vienna Symphony.
Official Website of the city of Vienna (English)
WorldFlicks in Vienna: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps
World Heritage Sites in Austria
Art, music, theatre, literature
Charlie Chaplin's The Gold Rush is released.
January 21 – Albania becomes a republic.
July 18 – Adolf Hitler publishes his book Mein Kampf.
October 30 – The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird creates the first television transmitter in London.
November 9 – The NSDAP builts the SS (Schutzstaffel).
January 7 - Gerald Durrell, British naturalist (d. 1995)
January 15 - Ernst Benda, German politician (d. 2009)
January 17 - Robert Cormier, American writer (d. 2000)
January 26 – Paul Newman, American actor (d. 2008)
February 8 – Sir Anthony Berry, British politician
February 8 - Jack Lemmon, American actor (d. 2001)
February 17 - Hal Holbrook, American actor (d. 2021)
February 20 – Robert Altman, American director and movie maker (d. 2006)
February 20 - Girija Prasad Koirala, Nepalese politician (d. 2010)
February 21 - Tom Gehrels, Dutch-born American astronomer (d. 2011)
February 21 - Sam Peckinpah, American movie director (d. 1984)
March 20 - David Warren, Australian inventor (d. 2010)
March 25 – Flannery O'Connor, Irish writer
April 10 - Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American scientist (d. 2010)
April 14 - Rod Steiger, American actor (d. 2002)
April 14 - Abel Muzorewa, Zimbabwean politician (d. 2010)
April 29 - Iwao Takamoto, Japanese-American animator (d. 2007)
May 1 - Scott Carpenter, American astronaut (d. 2013)
May 11 - Max Morlock, German footballer (d. 1994)
May 16 - Robert Pierpoint, American journalist (d. 2011)
May 19 - Malcolm X, American Civil rights leader (d. 1965)
May 23 - Joshua Lederberg, American biologist (d. 2008)
May 27 - Tony Hillerman, American writer (d. 2008)
May 28 - Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, German operatic baritone (d. 2012)
June 3 – Tony Curtis, American actor (d. 2010)
June 8 - Barbara Bush, former First Lady of the United States (d. 2018)
June 21 - Maureen Stapleton, American actress (d. 2006)
June 29 - Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy
July 1 - Farley Granger, American actor (d. 2011)
July 2 - Patrice Lumumba, Congolese politician (d. 1961)
July 23 - Tajuddin Ahmed, Bangladeshi politician (d. 1975)
July 23 - Quett Masire, former President of Botswana
July 29 - Mikis Theodorakis, Greek singer and politician
August 1 - Ernst Jandl, Austrian writer (d. 2000)
August 2 - Alan Whicker, British journalist and writer (d. 2013)
August 2 - Jorge Rafael Videla, Argentine military leader (d. 2013)
August 12 - Thor Vilhjalmsson, Icelandic writer (d. 2011)
August 15 - Oscar Peterson, Canadian musician (d. 2007)
August 27 - Nat Lofthouse, English footballer (d. 2011)
September 1 - Roy J. Glauber, American scientist
September 12 - Syed Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi politician (d. 1975)
September 15 - Carlo Rambaldi, Italian special effects artist (d. 2012)
September 16 - B. B. King, American musician
September 27 - Robert Edwards, British Nobel Prize-winning physiologist (d. 2013)
September 29 - Steve Forrest, American actor (d. 2013)
October 3 – Gore Vidal, American writer (d. 2012)
October 11 - Elmore Leonard, American novelist (d. 2013)
October 12 - Essie Mae Washington-Williams, American educator (d. 2013)
October 13 – Lenny Bruce, American comedian (d. 1967)
October 13 - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2013)
October 16 - Angela Lansbury, British-born actress
October 17 - Harry Carpenter, German sports commentator (d. 2010)
October 18 - Ramiz Alia, last Communist leader of Albania (d. 2011)
October 21 - Celia Cruz, Cuban salsa singer (d. 2003)
October 29 - Robert Hardy, English actor
November 1 - Fritz Laband, German footballer (d. 1982)
November 10 - Richard Burton, Welsh actor (d. 1984)
November 11 - Jonathan Winters, American actor and comedian (d. 2013)
November 20 - Robert F. Kennedy, American politician (d. 1968)
November 24 - Simon van der Meer, Dutch scientist (d. 2011)
November 29 - Ernst Happel, Austrian footballer and coach (d. 1992)
December 2 - Julie Harris, American actress (d. 2013)
December 13 - Dick Van Dyke, American actor
December 23 - Mohammed Mzali, former Prime Minister of Tunisia (d. 2010)
December 28 – Hildegard Knef, German actress, singer and writer (d. 2002)
February 28 - Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany
March 12 – Sun Yat Sen, Chinese revolutionary
March 20 – George Nathaniel Curzon, British statesman
November 20 – Queen Alexandra of Denmark
December 28 - Sergei Yesenin, Russian poet
Nobel Prize in Physics – James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Hertz
Chemistry – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
Literature – George Bernard Shaw, Irish playwright
Peace – Austin Chamberlain and Charles Gate Dawes
A telescope (from the Ancient Greek τῆλε, tele "far" and σκοπεῖν, skopein "to look or see"; τηλεσκόπος, teleskopos) makes astronomical objects appear closer to the naked eye.
It is an important tool for astronomy that gathers light and directs it to a single point.
Some do this with curved mirrors, some with curved lenses, and some with both.
Telescopes make distant things look bigger, brighter and closer.
Galileo was the first person to use a telescope for astronomy, but he did not invent them.
The first telescope was invented in the Netherlands in 1608.
Some telescopes, not mainly used for astronomy, are binoculars, camera lenses, or spyglasses.
When telescopes are used with just your eye, an eyepiece has to be used.
These use two or more smaller lenses to magnify an image.
Without an eyepiece, an eye can not focus the image.
When a telescope is used with a camera or other special scientific tools, eyepiece lenses are not needed.
Most big telescopes for astronomy are made for looking very carefully at things that are already known.
A few are made to search for things, such as unknown asteroids.
A telescope made to be used with a CCD (Charge-Coupled Devices) camera instead of just your eye are sometimes called "Astrophotography".
A Go-to telescope is needed to track Deep Sky objects and must be placed on a Alt-Azimuth Mount for the axis to point towards Polaris, this is called polar alignment.
The bigger the aperture (mirror) the more light the telescope collects.
It makes faint objects appear clearer.
Telescopes can be used by normal people too, not just scientists.
These are amateur telescopes, and they are usually smaller, and they don't cost too much for a normal person to buy.
Some of the most popular amateur telescopes are Dobsonians, a type of Newtonian telescope.
The word telescope is usually used for light human eyes can see, but there are telescopes for wavelengths we cannot see.
Infrared telescopes look like normal telescopes, but have to be kept cold since all warm things give off infrared light.
Radio telescopes are like radio antennas, usually shaped like large dishes.
X-ray and Gamma ray telescopes have a problem because the rays go through most metals and glasses.
To solve this problem, the mirrors are shaped like a bunch of rings inside each other so the rays strike them at a shallow angle and are reflected.
These telescopes are space telescopes because little of this radiation reaches the Earth.
Other space telescopes are put in orbit so the Earth's atmosphere does not interfere.
European Southern Observatory - OWL
The Resolution of a Telescope
Image of a Telescope
Telescope -Citizendium
A homonym is a word that has more than one meaning.
For example, right means moral, the opposite of left, and a personal freedom.
Not to be confused with principle.
A principal is a person who is in charge of something.
The person is usually in charge of a school, or a research project, or a business.
see also headmaster
Peru is a country in South America.
The capital is Lima.
The ruins of Machu Picchu, the Andes mountains, and the source of the Amazon River are all found in Peru.
Peru is bordered to the north by Ecuador and Colombia, to the east by Brazil, to the south by Chile, and to the southeast by Bolivia.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions and over 33 million people live in it.
Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America.
The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies.
After achieving independence in 1821.
Peru suffered a terrible guerrilla war in the 1980s.
The communist (Maoist) Shining Path tried to take over the country.
But after the leader of the group was captured in 1992, Shining Path was not a threat anymore.
During the 1990s, it was ruled by President Alberto Fujimori.
During this time, the economy of Peru got better, and it became easier to start a company or operate a business.
After Fujimori, Alejandro Toledo was elected President, and then Alan Garcia, who was President from 1985 to 1990, was elected again in 2006.
Ollanta Humala was elected President in 2011 and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was elected President in 2016.
In March 2018, Kuczynski resigned following political scandals and Vice President Martín Vizcarra was sworn-in as the next president.
Peru's most important exports, products that it sells to other countries, are fish, gold and other metals, oil, coffee, sugar, and cotton.
Also, the food in Peru is very diverse, including typical dishes like Ceviche and Broiled Chicken.
Tourists from other countries like to come to Peru because of the history and also to enjoy nature.
Many people come to climb mountains in the Cordillera Blanca in the Ancash Region, and many people visit Peru's long Pacific coast or the Amazon jungle.
Cuzco and Machu Picchu are just two of the places where many buildings built by the Incas are still standing after hundreds of years, and these are some of the most visited places.
The Incas were not the only tribe in Peru who left buildings and artifacts, but they were the most powerful.
Peru is divided into 25 regions of Peru regions.
Lima is the capital and other main regions are Cuzco, Arequipa and Lambayeque.
In the Amazon jungle region, we can find many important rivers and different animals, plants and people of many indigenous cultures.
Peru includes 29.5 million people.
The population of Peru is approx.
30 million.
The ethnic composition of Peru is like the following:
44.0%: Mestizo.
31.0%: Native American.
15.0%: European.
7.0%: Mulatto.
2.0%: Black.
1.0%: Asians.
Peru was the home of the Inca Empire.
The Incas were a well-organized Indian civilization that began the city of Cuzco (now called Cusco).
Beginning in the 1400s, they defeated many nearby tribes and built an empire in the Andes.
The Inca forced the people to work for the king for a certain number of days every year.
They used this "work tax" to build roads and terraces on the sides of the mountains to grow crops, and huge cities with rich palaces for the rulers and their queens.
Records were kept on quipa, knotted ropes, since the Incas never invented writing.
These could be quickly sent anywhere in the empire by a series of relay runners set up along the roads.
Heavier loads were sent by llamas, the pack animals of the Andes.
The Incas were rich in gold and silver which could be found in the mountains.
The Spanish wanted that treasure when they discovered the nation in the 1500s.
Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish man, kidnapped and killed the Inca ruler in 1532, even after his people paid a huge amount of treasure for his release.
The Incas fought the Spanish for many years, but the last Inca king was killed in 1572.
Peru was a Spanish colony until 1821.
Spanish is still the main language of the people, although many also speak Quechua, the Inca language.
Lord of Miracles
Peruvians in Germany
Peruvian Directory of websites
The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) has 16 states ().
The biggest is Bavaria and the smallest is Bremen.
Most of them were created after the Second World War, although their historical roots can be traced back to the early Middle Ages in some cases.
1952: Three small states (Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern, part of Germany since 1949) joined together to form Baden-Württemberg.
1957: The Saar, which was put under French administration after World War II, joined the Federal Republic of Germany as the Saarland.
1990: On German reunification, the reunited city of Berlin and the territory of the former German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic as six new states.
Munich ( ;  ;  ) is the third biggest city of Germany (after Berlin and Hamburg), and the capital of Bavaria.
It has a population of 1,407,000.
The metropolitan area of Munich includes the city itself, and all the suburbs around it, and has about 2.6 million people in it.
It is one of the most important centres of the economy in Germany.
It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
People of Munich
The official population of Munich city proper at 310.43 km2 is 1,368,840 inhabitants only with principal residence as of 31st January 2009.
Around 176,000 inhabitants with secondary residence also live in administrative city limits but they are not calculated in this official census.
According to some estimates that population counts around 200,000 people.
The fast growing Munich urban area has 2,667,000 inhabitants (2008 estimate).
Munich city with all suburbs at 12,000 km2 has 4,700,000 inhabitants and Munich metropolitan region that covers 27,700 km2 and includes Augsburg, Ingolstadt, Landshut, Rosenheim and Landsberg has around 6,000,000 inhabitants.
Munich is the 12th largest city in EU by population within city limits and the 14th largest urban area in Europe.
Its metropolitan area ranks among largest metro areas in Europe.
As of December 2008, 47.3% of Munich's residents belong to no religious group, 38.3% are Roman Catholic, 14.0% are Lutheran Protestants and 0.3% are Jewish.
There is also a small Old Catholic parish and an Episcopal Church.
1158 - The settlement was founded as Munichen by Henry the Lion
1255 - Residence of Upper Bavaria.
1806 - Munich became the capital of the Bavarian monarchy
1923 - Beer Hall Putsch of the Nazis
1939-45 - 45% was destroyed in World War II
1972 - 1972 Summer Olympics
1980 - Oktoberfest bombing
2016 - 2016 Munich shooting
Munich has the strongest economy of any German city.
They have the lowest unemployment rate (5.6%) of any German city with more than a million people.
Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe.
It is home to the Süddeutsche Zeitung, one of Germany's largest daily newspapers.
Munich is also home to Germany's largest public broadcasting network, ARD, and its largest commercial network, Pro7-Sat1 Media AG.
The headquarters of the German branch of Random House, the world's largest publishing house, is in Munich.
The Bavaria Film Studios are in the suburb of Grünwald.
They are one of Europe's biggest and most famous movie production studios.
Lufthansa has opened a second hub at Munich's Franz Josef Strauss International Airport.
It is the second-largest airport in Germany, after Frankfurt International Airport.
Sights and attractions
English Garden (Englischer Garten)
Deutsches Museum (Science Museum)
Frauenkirche (Cathedral of Our Lady)
Olympiaturm (Olympic Tower, a radio and TV broadcasting station)
Bavaria statue
Transportations
Munich has one of the most comprehensive systems in the world.
There are subways, suburban trains, trams and buses.
Munich is the most successful city in Bundesliga history.
FC Bayern Munich have won 20 national championship along with 13 DFB Cups, 5 UEFA Champions League/European Championship, 1 UEFA Cup and 1 UEFA Cup Winners Cup for 39 trophies.
Munich hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics.
They were one of the host cities for the 2006 Football World Cup.
Munich bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games but lost to Pyeongchang.
In September 2011 the DOSB President Thomas Bach said that Munich would bid again for the Winter Olympics in the future.
Sports clubs
SpVgg Unterhaching (not really a club from Munich as Unterhaching is a rural town of its own)
Munich Irish Rovers FC
EHC Munich - Local professional hockey club.
Colleges and universities
Technical University of Munich
Bordeaux (France), since 1964
Cincinnati (US), since 1989
Edinburgh (Scotland), since 1954
Harare (Zimbabwe), since 1996
Kyiv (Ukraine), since 1989
Sapporo (Japan), since 1972
Verona (Italy), since 1960
Augustiner Bräu
Hacker-Pschorr
Hofbräu
Löwenbräu
Paulaner
Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu
http://www.muenchen.de - German page
Munich travel guide
1158 establishments
12th-century establishments in Europe
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany.
It is the largest city in the European Union by population, with around 3.7 million people in 2020.
Berlin residents come from about 190 different countries.
The city is in the eastern part of Germany in Central Europe and is surrounded by many forests and lakes.
Berlin has an area of .
The rivers Havel, Dahme and Spree run through Berlin.
It has a temperate climate.
Berlin is home to many famous buildings and monuments, like the Siegessäule, the Brandenburger Tor, the Reichstag and the boulevard Unter den Linden.
On the boulevard is the Humboldt University.
The city has many nightlife options.
Berlin is an important city for the history of Germany.
The King of Prussia and the Emperor of Germany lived in Berlin.
The government of Germany was in Berlin for many years.
Bombs destroyed many buildings in the city in World War Two.
The city was split into West Berlin and East Berlin after World War Two.
After the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 very few people were allowed to cross from East Berlin into West Berlin.
The wall divided the city until 1989 when the East German government decided to allow anyone to cross, and people decided to tear down the wall.
Berlin is a world city of culture, start ups, politics, media and science.
There are a lot of technology companies in the city.
They are important for the city's economy.
Many planes and trains travel to and from Berlin because the city is an important place for tourism and business.
1244 The first writings about a place called Berlin.
1451 The Hohenzollern family moved to Berlin as the place to rule their country
1618 – 48 After the Thirty Years' War in Germany, the number of people that lived in Berlin dropped to only 6000.
1701 Berlin became capital of Prussia.
1709 Berlin and its neighbor city Cölln (not Köln/Cologne) are combined to form the new Berlin.
1806 The army of Napoleon Bonaparte moved into Berlin.
1871 Berlin became capital of the German Empire.
1920 The Old Berlin and some neighbour towns are combined into "Greater Berlin" (Groß-Berlin).
1945 The town is divided into four sectors, used by the allies of World War II.
There is a Soviet Sector, an American Sector, a British Sector and a French Sector.
1949 After foundation of the two Germanies, the town is still divided.
There is now West Berlin and East Berlin.
1961 The Berlin Wall was built by the communist government of East Germany between the two halves of Berlin.
1990 After German reunification, the Berlin Wall is torn down, and there is only one Berlin again.
The new Berlin becomes the capital of one Germany.
2001 23 boroughs of Berlin were changed into 12
2006 FIFA World Cup Final held at Olympiastadion
In 2018, Berlin had 3.75 million registered inhabitants in an area of .
The city's population density was 4,206 inhabitants per km2.
Berlin is the most populous city in Germany an the European Union.
The entire Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has a population of more than 6 million in an area of .
More than 2.0 million households were counted in the city.
Around 60 percent of them were single-person households.
There are more than 20 communities with a population of at least 10,000 people in 2019, including German, Turkish, Polish, Syrian, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Bosnian, Vietnamese, American, Romanian, Croatian, Chinese, Austrian, Ukrainian, French, British, Spanish, Israeli, Indian and Iranian communities.
In 2019, there were 777,345 registered residents of foreign nationality and another 542,975 German citizens with a "migration background", meaning they or one of their parents immigrated to Germany after 1955.
Berlin residents originate from about 190 different countries.
Berlin is in northeastern Germany, in an area of low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly flat terrain.
It is part of the Northern European Plain.
The river Spree and Havel are the two main rivers in the city.
In Spandau, a borough in the west of Berlin, the Spree empties into the river Havel, which flows from north to south through western Berlin.
The largest lakes being the Tegeler See, the Großer Wannsee and the Großer Müggelsee.
The Arkenberge hills in Pankow at  elevation are the highest point in Berlin.
The Müggelberge (mountains) at  elevation is the highest natural point and the lowest is the Spektesee in Spandau, at  elevation.
Mitte (Central)
Berlin is one of the most renowned centers of higher education and research in Germany and the world.
Historically, 57 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated with the Berlin-based universities.
The city has four universities and more than 40 private, professional, and technical colleges in 2020.
Around 200.000 students were enrolled in 2019.
Among them around 20% have an international background.
The three largest universities combined have approximately 110,000 students.
There are the Free University of Berlin (Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin) with about 35,000 students, the Humboldt University of Berlin (HU Berlin) with 40,000 students, and the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin) with 35,000 students.
The Charité Medical School has around 9,000 students.
The Berlin University of the Arts (UdK) has about 4,000 students and the ESMT Berlin is a leading business schools in Germany.
The Berlin School of Economics and Law (HWR) has an enrollment of about 11,000 students, the Berlin University of Applied Sciences and Technology (BHT) of about 12,000 students, and the Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft (University of Applied Sciences for Engineering and Economics, HTW) of about 14,000 students.
Berlin is famous for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation.
It is a trendsetting city.
Young people, creatives and entrepreneurs continue to settle in the city and make Berlin a popular entertainment center in the world.
Berliner Dom (Berlin's cathedral)
Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Main Railway station)
East Side Gallery (Former Berlin Wall)
Fernsehturm (TV tower - the highest building in Germany)
Reichstag building (home of the Bundestag)
Rotes Rathaus (office of the Governing Mayor)