the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Diet Rite is the non-aspartame diet soda brand with the highest sales today; it uses a combination of sucralose and acesulfame potassium.
Advocates say drinks employing these sweeteners have a more natural sugar-like taste than those made just with aspartame, and do not have a strong aftertaste.
The newer aspartame-free drinks can also be safely consumed by phenylketonurics, because they do not contain phenylalanine.
Critics say the taste is not better, merely different, or note that the long-term health risks of all or certain artificial sweeteners is unclear.
The widespread, though not universal, agreement that the newest formulations taste much more "normal" (sugar-like) than the older diet sodas have prompted some producers, such as Jones Soda, to abandon the "diet" label entirely in favor of "sugar-free soda," implying that the taste is good enough to drink the soda even when not trying to lose weight. (
This idea was first floated by Diet Coke in 1984, with the tagline, "Just For the Taste of It.")
In 2005, the Coca-Cola Company announced it would produce a new formulation of Diet Coke sweetened with sucralose, to be called Diet Coke with Splenda, but it would continue to produce the aspartame version as well.
There were also rumors that a sugar-free version of Coca-Cola Classic, also sweetened with sucralose, was being formulated as well.
This formulation was eventually called Coca-Cola Zero, though it is sweetened with aspartame in conjunction with acesulfame potassium.
The beginning of the diet soda or refreshment era was in 1952, when Kirsch Bottling in Brooklyn, New York launched a sugar free ginger ale called No-Cal.
It was designed for diabetics, not dieters, and distribution remained local.
Royal Crown Cola placed an announcement in an Atlanta newspaper in 1958 announcing a diet soda product, Diet Rite.
In 1962, Dr Pepper released a diet(etic) version of its soda, although it sold slowly due to the misconception that it was meant solely for diabetic consumption.
In 1963, the Coca-Cola Company joined the diet soda market with Tab, which proved to be a huge success.
Tab was originally sweetened with cyclamates and saccharin.
Tab, Diet Rite, and Fresca (a grapefruit-flavored soda introduced by Coca-Cola) were the only brand-name diet refreshments on the market until Pepsi released Diet Pepsi in the 1960s (initially as  Patio Diet Cola).
Diet 7 Up was also released in 1963 under the name Like.
It was discontinued in 1969 due to the US government ban of cyclamate sweetener.
After reformulation, it was reintroduced as Diet 7 Up in 1970.
It was renamed Sugar Free 7 Up in 1973 then back to Diet 7 Up in 1979.
Coca-Cola countered by releasing Diet Coke in 1982.
After the release of Diet Coke, Tab took a backseat on the Coca-Cola production lines; Diet Coke could be more easily identified by consumers as associated with Coca-Cola than Tab.
Additionally, a study was released claiming that saccharin was a possible carcinogen, leading to Coca-Cola's decision to decrease production of Tab.
Prompted by the rising popularity of soft drinks, in the mid-1980s some of those in the alcohol industry began to follow their lead with some beer companies putting sugar-free beer on the market.
By the early 1990s, a wide array of different companies had their own diet refreshments on supermarket shelves.
Tab made a comeback during the late 1990s, after new studies demonstrated that saccharin is not an important factor in the risk of cancer.
Nevertheless, the Coca-Cola Company has maintained its 1984 reformulation, replacing some of the saccharin in Tab with NutraSweet.
By 2002, some soda companies had diversified to include such flavors as vanilla and lemon among their products, and diet sodas were soon being produced with those flavors as well (see Diet Vanilla Coke, Diet Pepsi Vanilla).
By 2004, several alcohol companies had released sugar-free or "diet" alcoholic products too.
There are possible health concerns of sugar substitutes and caffeine overuse.
Also, the effectiveness of diet soda as a weight loss tool should also be considered.
Changing the food energy intake from one food will not necessarily change a person's overall food energy intake, or cause a person to lose weight.
One study, at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, reported by Sharon Fowler at the ADA annual meeting, actually suggested the opposite, where consumption of diet soda was correlated with weight gain.
While Fowler did suggest that the undelivered expected calories from diet soda may stimulate the appetite, the correlation does not prove that consumption of diet soda caused the weight gain.
The ADA has yet to issue an updated policy concerning diet soda.
An independent study by researchers with the Framingham Heart Study in Massachusetts, has turned up results which indicate that the consumption of diet soda correlates with increased metabolic syndrome.
Of the 9,000 males and females studied, findings stated that 48% of the subjects were at higher risk for weight gain and elevated blood sugar.
The researchers also acknowledged that diet soda drinkers were less likely to consume healthy foods, and that drinking diet soda flavored with artificial sweeteners more than likely increases cravings for sugar flavored sweets.
A preliminary abstract presented by the University of Miami's Hannah Gardener linked daily consumption of diet soda to a 61% higher incidence of "vascular events" such as strokes and heart attacks, although Gardener acknowledged that these results could not be conclusively linked to harmful effects of diet soda itself, and may be the result of other behaviors.
The author stated confirmation was required prior to drawing conclusions.
These studies were published as abstracts and presented at a conference.
These data and conclusions should be considered to be preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal
Among individuals who drink several regular sodas per day, diet soda may be a better choice, according to a website on dieting.
Studies have also indicated that body mass gain is an unlikely consequence of artificial sweetener consumption.
Animal studies suggest that artificial sweeteners cause body weight gain, theoretically because of a faulty insulin response, at least in cattle and rats.
Rats given sweeteners have steadily increased caloric intake, increased body weight, and increased adiposity (fatness).
Adding saccharin to the food of calves increases their body weight as well.
Reduced-calorie soda
In an effort to cash in on the surging popularity of low-carbohydrate diets, in 2004 both Coca-Cola and Pepsico released reduced-calorie versions of their flagship sodas that contain approximately half the sugar of the regular version.
The Pepsi variant, Pepsi Edge, is sweetened with sucralose and corn syrup.
The sweetening of the Coca-Cola variant, Coca-Cola C2, is a combination of corn syrup, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, and sucralose.
Pepsi discontinued Edge in 2005, citing lackluster sales.
Coca-Cola soon followed suit.
Half the sugar of a can of regular cola is still more sugar than many people on popular low-carbohydrate diets are permitted to have in a day.
It is possible that these sodas are targeted, instead, at so-called "carb-conscious consumers" who are paying attention to, but not trying to drastically reduce, their carbohydrate intake.
Zulu or isiZulu ( isiZulu) is the language of the Zulu people.
10 million people speak Zulu, and most of them (95%) live in South Africa.
It is the most common home language in South Africa, where 24% of people speak it at home.
Over 50% of the population also speak and understand the language.
In 1994, it became one of South Africa's 11 official languages.
Like other Bantu languages, Zulu is written using the Latin alphabet.
Zulu belongs to the Nguni group of Bantu languages.
Zulu migrants (people who move from place to place) have taken the language to other regions.
There are now Zulu speakers in Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique, Malawi, and Swaziland.
People who speak Xhosa can understand most Zulu.
The opposite is also true: Zulu speakers can understand Xhosa.
Xhosa language is the most common language spoken in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.
The Zulu, Xhosa, and other Nguni people have lived in South Africa for a long time.
The Zulu language has a lot of click sounds common in Southern African languages.
These click sounds are not found in the rest of Africa.
The Nguni people have lived together with other Southern tribes like the San and Khoi.
Zulu and all other native Southern African languages was at first an oral language.
It was not written down until missionaries came from Europe.
These missionaries used the Latin alphabet to write the Zulu language.
The first Zulu grammar book was published in Norway in 1850 by Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder.
The oldest document written in Zulu is a Bible from 1883.
John Dube, a Zulu from Natal, wrote the first Zulu novel, Insila kaShaka, in 1933.
Another important Zulu author was Reginald Dhlomo.
Dhlomo wrote U-Dingane (1936), U-Shaka (1937), U-Mpande (1938), U-Cetshwayo (1952) and U-Dinizulu (1968).
Other important Zulu writers are Benedict Wallet Vilakazi and Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali.
Before 1994, the Zulu language was controlled by the Zulu Language Board in KwaZulu-Natal.
Today, the Pan South African Language Board supports the use of all 11 official languages of South Africa.
Before 1994, the official languages of South Africa were English, Dutch, and Afrikaans.
During Apartheid, Zulu was spoken commonly in the Kwazulu bantustan.
All education, however, at the high school level was in English or Afrikaans.
After Apartheid ended in 1994, Zulu became one of the official languages in South Africa.
The SABC first started showing Zulu-language television and news programs in the 1980s.
There are many Zulu radio stations and newspapers available, mostly in the Kwazulu-Natal province and Johannesburg.
The first full-length feature film in Zulu was Yesterday.
It was made in 2004 and nominated for an Academy Award (Oscar).
In The Lion King movie, the "Circle of Life" song has many Zulu phrases in it.
Some of these phrases are:
Ingonyama nengw' enamabala ()
Nants ingonyama bakithi Baba ()
Siyo nqoba ()
Other Lion King songs also had Zulu phrases in them.
Standard and urban Zulu
There are two main types of Zulu.
One type is called standard Zulu, and it is taught in schools.
Standard Zulu is also called "deep Zulu" ().
Standard Zulu is a purist language.
This means that new ideas are described using words that are derived from other Zulu words.
The other type of Zulu is called urban Zulu ().
Urban Zulu is the kind of Zulu spoken by people who live in cities.
Urban Zulu uses loan words borrowed from other languages to describe new ideas.
Most of these loan words come from English.
These two different types of Zulu language make problems in learning and education.
Young people speak urban Zulu and do not often understand standard Zulu.
Common place names in Zulu
Zulu place names occur in the locative form most of the time.
A place name is both a preposition and a name.
Changing the prefix of the place name changes the preposition.
For example, the Zulu name for Johannesburg is iGoli.
The word eGoli means to/at/in/from Johannesburg.
The root word Goli means "Johannesburg," but doesn't mean anything by itself in Zulu.
Most of the time, changing the i- or u- prefix to the e- prefix changes the meaning like this.
In some cases, like with Durban, the name changes too.
'Zulu' or 'isiZulu'?
The Zulu name for the language is isiZulu.
The isi- prefix means "language." (
It also means other things, but here it means language.)
For example, isiNgisi means English, isiXhosa means Xhosa, isiBhunu means Afrikaans, and isiJalimane means German.
When the word Zulu has a prefix that is not "isi-", it means a lot of different things.
This is a table that shows how the meanings of the word changes:
Zulu words in South African English
Many Zulu words are used in South African English.
Some words, like the names of local animals, are used in standard English.
Impala and mamba, for example, are zulu words.
Some Zulu words used in South African English are:
Muti (from umuthi) - medicine
Donga (from udonga) - ditch (udonga actually means 'wall' in Zulu)
Indaba - conference (it means 'an item of news' in Zulu)
inDuna - chief or leader
Shongololo''' (from ishongololo'') - millipede
Ubuntu - compassion/humanity.
UCLA Language Materials Project  - Zulu
Ethnologue report on Zulu
Zulu phrasebook on Wikivoyage
Zulu Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)
| name           = Antichrist
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = Lars von Trier
| producer       = Meta Louise Foldager
| writer         = Lars von Trier
| narrator       = Willem Dafoe
| starring       = Willem Dafoe Charlotte Gainsbourg
| music          =
| cinematography = Anthony Dod Mantle
| editing        = Anders Refn
| studio         = Zentropa
| distributor    = Nordisk Film IFC Films  Artificial Eye
| released       =
| runtime        = 103 minutes
| country        =
| language       = English
| budget         = $11 million<ref name="variety.com">Rehlin, Gunnar (2008-07-30). "
Von Trier's 'Antichrist' moves ahead - Financing complete on English-language film".
Variety. '.'
Retrieved 2008-12-27.</ref>
| gross          = $2,492,704
}}Antichrist'' is a 2009 supernatural horror movie.
It was directed by Lars von Trier.
The movie stars Willem Dafoe and Charlotte Gainsbourg.
This movie caused serious controversy upon its release in multiple countries during 2009.
The movie was not submitted to the MPAA because of fear that it would be rated NC-17 for graphic violence.
Danish movies
Polish movies
Swedish movies
Movies directed by Lars von Trier
The Zulu  are the largest ethnic group in South Africa.
There are 10-11 million Zulu living in South Africa, mostly in KwaZulu-Natal province.
However, a small number of Zulu also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Mozambique.
The Zulu language, called , is a Bantu language of the Nguni subgroup.
The Zulu Kingdom was very important in South African history during the 1800s and 1900s.
During Apartheid, the Zulu people were third-class citizens and suffered from official discrimination.
Today the Zulu people are the largest ethnic group in South Africa and have equal rights.
The Zulu were originally a major clan in the area that is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal.
The Zulu clan was started around the year 1709 by Zulu kaNtombhela.
In the Nguni languages, the words iZulu, iliZulu, and liTulu mean heaven, or sky.
In the early 1700s, many large Nguni communities and clans lived in the area.
These groups were called isizwe (nations) and isibongo (clans).
These Nguni communities had migrated down the East coast of Africa over thousands of years.
These movements of people were called the Bantu migrations.
They probably arrived in what is today South Africa in the 800s.
History section of the official page for the Zululand region , Zululand.kzn.org
People of Africa, Zulu marriage explained, africanholocaust.net
Izithakazelo, wakahina.co.za
The National Trust, more fully the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, is a conservation organisation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The Trust does not work in Scotland, as they have a different National Trust.
The trust owns many historic houses and gardens, as land such as beauty spots.
To visit the place the National Trust owns, there is often a entry charge, but most beauty spots are free.
The National Trust is one of the largest charities  in the United Kingdom, and also one of the largest UK land owners.
Linkinhorne is a parish and village in southeast Cornwall, United Kingdom.
The village itself is at  and is approximately four miles (6.5 km) northwest of Callington and seven miles (11 km) south of Launceston.
The area is bordered by the River Inny in the north-east and Bodmin Moor to the west.
The valley of the River Lynher runs through the parish.
The parish is largely rural but west of the B3254 road from Launceston to Liskeard it includes part of Caradon Hill, once an industrialised mining area.
The Gordon Bennett Cup for auto racing was set up by James Gordon Bennett, Jr.. He was the millionaire owner of the New York Herald.
The award was first given in 1900 in France.
It was an car-racing event between teams from different countries.
In 1900, the Automobile Club de France (ACF) was given the trophy (prize).
The trophy could be won in a race between automobile clubs from different countries.
The trophy was given out every year until 1905.
After that, the ACF held the first Grand Prix motor racing event at the Circuit de la Sarthe, in Le Mans.
The Gordon Bennett Cup auto races included racing drivers from across Europe.
There were also drivers from the United States like Alexander Winton, who drove his Winton automobile.
The rules were that the races were done in the country of the winner of the year before.
The races were between national teams.
Because of this, the national racing colours had to be set for each country.
Great Britain had to choose a different colour to red, white or blue (the colours of the flag) because they had been taken by Italy, Germany and France.
They choose shamrock green because the race that year was run in Ireland.
This became known as the British racing green.
Gordon Bennett Cup winners
The Great Ireland Run is an 10-kilometre road running competition which is held in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland in mid-April.
It is held every year since 2003.
It is part of the Great Run series of athletics competitions.
It has IAAF Bronze Label Road Race status.
It is sponsored by SPAR and features both an elite race (for sportspeople) and a popular race (for the general public).
There is also a 2.5 km fun run for 8–15-year-old runners.
The 10 km race course begins at Chesterfield Avenue.
It goes around in a clock-wise route to finish on Furze Road.
Over 10,000 people took part in the day's events in 2011.
Winners by country
People who won it more than once
Race History .
Great Ireland Run.
Retrieved on 2010-04-25.
Sports events
Prêt-à-Porter (United States title Ready to Wear) is a 1994 movie.
It stars Julia Roberts, Sophia Loren and Lauren Bacall.
The movie is about fashion modeling.
There are many cameo appearances by other celebrities.
The movie was released in December 1994.
Movies directed by Robert Altman
The Office of Public Works (OPW) () is a public service of the Republic of Ireland.
It is part of the government's Department of Finance.
The job of the office is mainly to look after historical buildings in Ireland.
The buildings they look after are owned by the government.
They also assist in during elections, help with buying supplies and offer printing services for the government.
The office is in charge of the Government Supplies Agency.
They print the Irish Statute Book and the Iris Oifigiúil magazine.
The office was created on 15 October 1831.
It was then known as the Board of Works.
It put together the Office of the Surveyor-General for Ireland, the Barracks Board, and Navigation Board.
Before 1996, the OPW was also responsible for a lot of heritage sites in Ireland.
In 1996, the management of the sites were taken over by a separate agency, Dúchas - The Heritage Service.
The Minister for Finance has overall responsibility for the organisation.
The people working for the office are civil servants.
Jhulelal (Hinduism), a Hindu water idol
Jhulelal (Sufism), a title of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (1177–1275), Muslim mystic of the Suhrawardy Sufi order
The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper.
It is published in both compact and broadsheet sizes.
It is the main publication of Independent News and Media.
It is also called The Independent or Indo for short.
The Irish Independent was formed in 1905.
Before then, there was a paper called Daily Irish Independent.
This was an 1890s pro-Parnellite newspaper.
The Irish Independent was launched by William Martin Murphy.
He was a controversial Irish nationalist businessman.
He was against Charles Stewart Parnell.
During the 1913 Lockout of workers, Murphy was the leader among the employers.
His paper, Irish Independent, published news reports and opinion pieces that were against the workers who were on strike.
It wrote that the union's would lose that fight.
The Irish Independent said about the 1916 Easter Rising that it was "insane and criminal".
It famously called for the shooting of its leaders.
In December 1919, during the Irish War of Independence, a group of twenty IRA men destroyed the printing works of the paper.
They did this because the paper was not writing good things about the Irish Republican Army.
They said the paper was pro-British and had a Unionist stance.
In 1924, the traditional nationalist newspaper, the Freeman's Journal, merged with the Irish Independent.
Santa Clara is a city in California.
It is very close to the San Jose International Airport.
It also has a light rail station, called the Lick Mill.
It is also the home of Levi's Stadium, where the San Francisco 49ers play their home games.
Santa Clara from Google Maps
Montclair is a township in New Jersey.
It is known for its parks.
Montclair about 6 sq mi and is located 12 miles outside of NYC.
It is known for its diversity and liberal values.
Cheyney is an unincorporated community in Pennsylvania.
Cheyney University of Pennsylvania is nearby.
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania
The PlayStation Network is where you can sign up for free to play games.
At one time hackers shut down the network, but later PlayStation Network returned online.
Constantini started playing with FC Wacker Innsbruck.
With the team he won the Austrian Championship two times.
After one year with LASK Linz, he went to Greece.
This was the only time he spent with a squad from abroad.
In 1982, he came back to Austria and played with different clubs from the first and second league.
After his time with the Wiener Sportclub, he ended his career as player.
He played 198 league matches (5 goals, 2*Austrian football champion, 1 Austrian Cup).
He played matches for the Austrian Under 18 team and the amateur national team.
His first experiences as coach was in Saudi-Arabia and for SK Rapid Wien as assistant coach.
Then he went to the ÖFB where he became coach of the Under 21 national team and at the same time assistant coach with the national team.
After the demotion of head coach Alfred Riedl he did not become coach of the team, so he went on to different clubs in Austria and Germany. (
FSV Mainz 05, LASK, Admira Wackerand FC Tirol Innsbruck.)
In 1998, he started football camps for children so he could not became coach of a team.
He was only caretaker for FK Austria Wien, FC Kärnten and manager of SV Austria Salzburg.
He worked in the meantime as expert for the football broadcast of ATV and organized his camps.
In 2006/07, he was coach of FC Superfund Pasching.
Team coach
On 4 March 2009, Constantini became coach of the Austrian national football team.
In the six last qualification matches the team made 10 points but could not qualify for the 2010 World Cup.
In September the contract was prolonged till 2012.
Constantini had troubles with some players but he also gave young players a chance to play in the team (Aleksandar Dragović, Yasin Pehlivan, Julian Baumgartlinger or Jakob Jantscher).
After the first matches in the qualification for the EURO 2012 Austria did not qualify so the contract was dissolved.
Charles Felix (Carlo Felice Giuseppe Maria; 6 April 1765 – 27 April 1831) was born a Prince of Savoy and was later the last mainline Savoyard monarch of Sardinia.
He was a nephew of Charles III of Spain and cousin of Maria I of Portugal as well as son in law of Maria Carolina of Austria.
He was King of Sardinia from 1821 to 1831.
Carlo Felice was born in Turin as the eleventh child and fifth son born to Victor Amadeus III and Maria Antonia of Spain.
From birth he was titled as the Duke of Genoa and the Marquis of Susa from 1796.
He was a younger brother of Charles Emmanuel IV and Victor Emmanuel I. He spent his childhood with his sister Maria Carolina, the Count of Moriana, living at the Castle of Moncalieri.
He had a very closed character.
He was married by proxy to Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily on 7 March 1807.
She was a daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Carolina of Austria, sister of Marie Antoinette.
He was not expected to ever succeed to the throne.
However Charles Emmanuel never had any children and abdicated the throne on June 4, 1802.
Victor Emmanuel I had four living daughters when he abdicated the throne in 1821.
As the succession was regulated by the Salic Law, Charles Felix succeeded his brother on the throne.
He and his wife died without issue after a reign of ten years.
He was succeeded by the senior male of his House as Charles Albert of Savoy after he died in Turin at the Palazzo Chablais which had been given to him by his sister Princess Maria Anna.
6 April 1765 – 12 March 1821 His Royal Highness the Duke of Genoa
12 March 1821 – 27 April 1831 His Majesty the King of Sardinia
Madison Avenue is a north-south street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City (U.S.) which carries northbound one-way traffic.
It runs from Madison Square (at 23rd Street) to the Madison Avenue Bridge across the Harlem River (at 138th Street).
In doing so, it passes through Midtown Manhattan, the Upper East Side (including Carnegie Hill), Spanish Harlem, and Harlem.
It is named after Madison Square, which is itself named after James Madison, the fourth President of the United States.
Since the 1920s, the street's name has been synonymous with the American advertising industry.
Madison Avenue was not part of the original New York City street grid established in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, and was carved between Park Avenue (formerly Fourth) and Fifth Avenue in 1836, due to the effort of lawyer and real estate developer Samuel B. Ruggles.
Ruggles was a graduate of Yale University who had previously purchased and developed New York's Gramercy Park in 1831, who was in part responsible for the development of Union Square and who also named Lexington Avenue.
One lane of Madison Avenue in Midtown is limited to turns made by city buses or taxicabs, at some hours of the day.
Based on Section 4-12(m) of the New York City Traffic Rules, driving a vehicle, other than a bus, is prohibited in the bus lane on Madison Avenue to turn right during the restricted hours specified by sign between 42nd Street and 59th Street.
All vehicles are allowed at 60th Street, but a taxicab carrying a passenger may use the bus lane to turn right at 46th Street.
Advertising industry
The term "Madison Avenue" is often used to mean "advertising".
Madison Avenue became identified with the advertising industry after the quick growth along the avenue during the 1920s.
According to The Emergence of Advertising in America, by the year 1861 there were twenty advertising agencies in New York City.
In 1911, the New York City Association of Advertising Agencies was founded, as years ahead of the establishment of the American Association of Advertising Agencies.
Among various depictions in popular culture, the portion of the advertising industry which centers on Madison Avenue serves as a backdrop for the AMC television drama Mad Men, which focuses on industry activities during the 1960s.
Late in the 20th century, many agencies left Madison Avenue.
Some moved further downtown and others moved west.
Today, only a few agencies are still located in the old business cluster on Madison Avenue, including Young & Rubicam, StrawberryFrog, TBWA Worldwide and Doyle Dane Bernbach.
However, the term is still used to describe the agency business as a whole and the large, New York–based agencies in particular.
Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 - 2 January 1819) was Queen consort of Spain from 1788 to 1808 as the wife of King Charles IV of Spain.
She was the youngest daughter of Duke Philip of Parma and his wife, Louise Élisabeth of France, the eldest daughter of King Louis XV.
Christened Luisa Maria Teresa Anna, but known as María Luisa was born at the Ducal Palace of Colorno in the Duchy of Parma.
She was the favourite child of her mother, who tried to engage her to the heir to the French throne, however the prince died in 1761.
In 1762 Maria Luisa became engaged to the Prince of Asturias (heir to the throne), Charles, later King Charles IV of Spain.
She married the future Charles IV on 4 September 1765.
From her marriage she was the most senior female at the Spanish court, Queen Maria Amalia having died in 1761.
Maria Luisa was regularly painted by the famous Spanish artist Goya.
She was often described by contemporaries as an ugly, vicious, and coarse woman who greatly dominated the king.
Maria Luisa dominated her husband and was believed to have had many love affairs, but there is no evidence that Maria Luisa had any lovers.
Gossip pointed out Manuel de Godoy, her husband's Prime Minister, was her long-time lover.
She was unpopular during her reign and has also long had a bad reputation in history, mainly because of her alleged love affairs and her support of pro-French policies that eventually were not good for Spain.
In 1792, the Order of Queen Maria Luisa was founded on her suggestion, an order which was given only to women.
Her husband abdicated the throne of Spain in 1808, and together with Maria Luisa and Godoy spent the rest of his life in exile.
When Napoleon's army invaded the country, several pamphlets blamed her for that.
Maria Luisa spent some years in France and then in Rome, Italy.
Both Maria Luisa and her husband died in Italy in early 1819.
Infante Carlos Clemente of Spain (19 September 1771 – 7 March 1774) died in infancy.
Infanta Carlota of Spain (25 April 1775 – 7 January 1830) married John VI of Portugal and had issue.
Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (11 September 1777 – 2 July 1782) died in infancy.
Infanta Maria Amalia of Spain (9 January 1779 – 22 July 1798) married Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain, no issue.
Infante Carlos Domingo of Spain (5 March 1780 – 11 June 1783) died in infancy.
Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (6 July 1782 – 13 March 1824) married Louis of Etruria and had issue.
Infante Carlos  Francisco of Spain (5 September 1783 – 11 November 1784) died in infancy.
Infante Felipe Francisco of Spain (5 September 1783 – 18 October 1784) died in infancy.
Ferdinand VII of Spain (14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833).
Infante Carlos, Count of Molina (29 March 1788 – 10 March 1855).
Infanta Maria Isabel of Spain (6 June 1789 – 13 September 1848) married Francis I of the Two Sicilies and had issue.
Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain (16 February 1791 – 2 November 1794) died in infancy.
Infante Felipe Maria of Spain (28 March 1792 – 1 March 1794) died in infancy.
Infante Francisco Antonio de Paula of Spain, Duke of Cadiz (10 March 1794 – 13 August 1865) married Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily and had issue.
9 December 1751 - 4 September 1765 Her Royal Highness Princess Maria Luisa of Parma
4 September 1765 - 14 December 1788 Her Royal Highness The Princess of Asturias
14 December 1788 - 19 March 1808 Her Majesty The Queen of Spain
19 March 1808 - 2 January 1819 Her Majesty Queen Maria Luisa
|- !
colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF" | Spanish royalty
Icknield Street or Ryknild Street is a Roman road in Britain that runs from the Fosse Way at Bourton on the Water in Gloucestershire to Templeborough in South Yorkshire.
It passes through Alcester, Birmingham, Lichfield and Derby.
Four Roman roads are named in the Laws of Edward the Confessor; Watling Street, Ermine Street, the Fosse Way and Hikenild (or Icknield) Street.
Hikenild Street, is generally supposed to be connected with the Iceni.
Various forms of the name, the earliest, in Anglo-Saxon, are Icenhilde Weg or Icenilde We.
These roads are from the borders of Norfolk through Cambridgeshire, Bucks, Berks, Hants, and Wilts into Dorset.
These locations however would identify the path as Icknield Way, an Iron Age trackway running from Norfolk to Dorset.
This road got the name Ryknild Street during the 12th century when it was named by Ranulf Higdon, a monk writing in 1344 in his Polychronicon.
Higdon, gives the name of the fourth road as Rikenild Strete, which, he says, tends from the south-west to the north, and begins at St. David's and continues to the mouth of the Tyne, passing Worcester, Droitwich, Birmingham, Lichfield, Derby, and Chesterfield.
It has borne that name, or Rigning, Reenald, or Rignall, from early times.
In three of the four MSS.
of Higdon, the name is given Rikenilde, Rikenyldes, and in the fourth, which is said to be one of the earliest, Hikenil Street.
Trevisa's English translation (1387) calls it Rykeneldes Street.
Harverfield writing in the Victoria County History of Warwickshire doubted if the road had any real and original right to either name, preferring Ryknild as no less correct, (or no more wrong) and being able to separate it from Icknield Street in Oxfordshire and Berkshire.
It is now called Icknield or Ryknild Street to separate it from the older Icknield Way.
A kept part of the Roman road can be seen at Sutton Park in Birmingham.
Birmingham Roman Roads Project
Metchley Fort, Birmingham
Derby City Council list of Scheduled Ancient Monuments
Full text of Roman Roads in Britain, Thomas Codrington
An History of Birmingham (1783) by William Hutton at Project Gutenberg
Francis Octavius Grenfell, VC (4 September 1880 - 24 May 1915) was an English soldier of British Army.
He received the Victoria Cross.
The cross is the highest award for bravery against the enemy, and can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Grenfell was born on 4 September 1880.
His parents were Sophia and Pascoe Du Pré Grenfell.
He was one of fifteen children.
He had a twin brother, Riversdale Grenfell.
He was also in the 9th Lancers and killed in action in September 1914.
Admiral John Pascoe Grenfell was their grandfather.
Field Marshal Francis Grenfell, 1st Baron Grenfell was their uncle.
An older brother, Lieutenant Robert Septimus Grenfell, 21st Lancers, was killed in a cavalry charge during the Battle of Omdurman in 1898.
Three other brothers, Cecil Grenfell, Howard Maxwell Grenfell and Arthur Morton Grenfell all reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the British Army.
A cousin, Lieutenant Claude George Grenfell was killed at Spion Kop during the Boer War.
Two other cousins Julian Grenfell (the poet) and his brother Gerald William Grenfell were killed in the First World War.
Grenfell was a representative cricket player at Eton collage.
He joined the army in 1900 and first served in the Second Boer War in the King's Royal Rifle Corps.
Later, he served in First World War in the 9th Lancers, British Army.
He was 33 years old and a Captain, when he was awarded the VC for the following brave deed.
On 24 August 1914 at Audregnies, Belgium, Captain Grenfell rode with the regiment in a charge against a large body of unbroken German infantry.
Damages of friendly army were so heavy, and Grenfell was left as the senior officer.
When he was reorganizing the regiment behind a railway bank, he was twice hit and severely wounded.
But once he was asked to save the guns by Major Ernest Wright Alexander of the 119th Battery, Royal Field Artillery, Grenfell and some volunteers helped to push the guns out of range of enemy fire, under a shower of bullets.
All nine of the Grenfell brothers were expert polo players.
Francis and his brother Riversdale Grenfell were regarded as the best in the family.
Francis was rated at an 8 goal handicap.
The twin brothers were on the Ranelagh team that won the American Open.
And they were on the team Freebooters, alongside Leopold Christian Duncan Jenner and the Duke of Roxburghe, that won the Hurlingham Champion Cup.
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
VCs of the First World War - 1914 (Gerald Gliddon, 1994)
- (biography)
Twin people from the United Kingdom
Sudan was first at the Olympic Games in 1960.
The nation did not attend the 1964 Games, boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics along with most African nations, and boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics.
Sudan profile at London2012.com
Eswatini (formerly known as Swaziland) was first at the Olympic Games in 1972.
They missed the next two games but returned for the 1984 games in Los Angeles.
They have been in all games since then.
They were in the 1992 Winter Olympics.
Olympic table Summer
Swaziland profile at London2012.com
Tanzania was first at the Olympic Games in 1964.
They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the boycotted 1976 Games.
The nation has been in the Winter Olympic Games.
United Republic of Tanzania profile at London2012.com
Togo has been to every Summer Olympic Games held since 1972 except for 1976 and 1980.
No athletes from Togo have been in any Winter Olympic Games.
Togo profile at London2012.com
Tunisia was first at the Olympic Games in 1960.
Tunisia has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.
Tunisia profile at London2012.com
Uganda was first at the Olympic Games in 1956.
Uganda has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.
Uganda profile at London2012.com
Zambia has been in 10 Summer Olympic Games.
They competed before as Northern Rhodesia.
Zambia profile at London2012.com
Zimbabwe was first at the Olympic Games in 1980.
Zimbabwe profile at London2012.com
A team from Rhodesia was first in the Olympic Games in 1928.
They were also at the 1960 Summer Olympics and 1964 Summer Olympics.
The country always competed as a British territory.
It was unable to be in the 1968 Games in Mexico.
Following Ian Smith's declaration of an independent Rhodesian republic in 1970, they never competed again.
In 1972 Rhodesia was expelled by the International Olympic Committee four days before the opening ceremony.
This was due to pressure from other African countries, which did not recognise the legitimacy of the Rhodesian state.
The country's successor state, Zimbabwe, made its Olympic début in 1980.
Rhodesia was never in the Winter Olympics.
No Rhodesian athlete ever won an Olympic medal.
Former nations at the Olympics
Antigua and Barbuda were first at the Olympic Games in 1976.
They have been in each Games since then, missing only the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.
Flagbearers
Antigua and Barbuda profile at London2012.com
Argentine athletes have won a total of 66 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, mostly in boxing.
The nation has not won any medals at the Winter Olympic Games.
Argentina profile at London2012.com
Aruba was first at the Olympic Games in 1988.
They have been in each Summer Olympic Games since then.
Aruba has not won an Olympic medal.
Aruba has not been in any Winter Olympic Games.
Previously Aruba competed under Netherlands Antilles, Kingdom of the Netherlands between 1952 until 1984.
Aruba became a separate region of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1986.
Aruba profile at London2012.com
Athletes from the Bahamas have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.
The nation has not been in any Winter Olympic Games.
The National Olympic Committee for Bahamas is the Bahamas Olympic Association, and was formed in 1952.
Bahamas profile at London2012.com
Bahamas at Olympic.org
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Barbados  was BAD.
It is now is BAR.
Athletes from Barbados have been in each Games since then, missing only the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.
The country's only Olympic medal is a bronze won by sprinter Obadele Thompson at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
Barbados was part of the West Indies Federation in 1960.
Barbadian athlete James Wedderburn was part of the 4 × 400 m relay team which won the bronze medal that year.
Barbados profile at London2012.com
Belize was first at the Olympic Games in 1968.
They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.
From 1968 to 1972, Belize was known by its colonial name of British Honduras.
Belize profile at London2012.com
Belize at Olympics.org
Athletes from Bermuda have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.
Bermuda has also been in every Winter Olympic Games since 1992.
As of 2011, Clarence Hill is the only Bermudian to win an Olympic medal.
This makes Bermuda the least populated nation [53,500 in 1976] in Olympic history to win a medal at the Summer Olympics.
Olympic Medal table (Summer)
Olympic medal table (Winter)
Bermuda profile at London2012.com
Bermuda at Olympic.org
The Nissan Qashqai is a car produced by Nissan Motor Company.
It replaced the models Nissan Almera, Nissan Primera and Nissan Terrano II in 2007.
The model is produced in Sunderland in the UK and is a popular car there, it was facelifted in 2010 and entered its second generation in 2014.
The third generation hits the market in 2021.
1.6 84 kW (114 hp) and 86 kW (117 hp)
2.0 104 kW (141 hp)
1.5 dCi 76 kW (103 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)
2.0 dCi 110 kW (150 hp)
Qashqai
Athletes from Bolivia have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1964, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.
The nation has also been in the Winter Olympic Games on several occasions since 1956, but not since 1992.
As of 2011, no athlete from Bolivia has won an Olympic medal.
The National Sub-15 Football team won a gold medal at the Youth Olympic Games in Singapore 2010.
Bolivia profile at London2012.com
BOlivia at Olympic.org
The Nissan Note  is a car produced by Nissan Motor Company.
It replaced the Nissan Almera Tino in 2005.
1.4 65 kW (88 hp)
1.5 80 kW (109 hp)
1.6 81 kW (110 hp)
1.5 dCi 50 kW (68 hp)
1.5 dCi 63 kW (86 hp)
1.5 dCi 66 kW (90 hp)
1.5 dCi 76 kW (103 hp)
Second generation/Versa Note
1,2 L HR12DE l3 58 KW (79 hp)
1,2 L HR12DDR I3 72 KW (98 hp)
1,5 L K9K dCi l4
1,6 L HR16DE l4 82 KW (111 hp) (Versa Note)
Athletes from Brazil have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except the 1928 Games.
Brazil has been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1992.
The National Olympic Committee for Brazil was formed in 1914 and recognized in 1935.
Brazil won the rights to host the 2016 Olympics in the city of Rio de Janerio.
Brazil profile at London2012.com
Brazil at Olympic.org
The British Virgin Islands has been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1984.
Virgin Islands, British profile at London2012.com
A Canadian team was not at the 1896 Summer Olympics and the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.
Canada has won at least one medal at every Olympics.
The Canadian Olympic Committee (COC) is the National Olympic Committee for Canada.
Hosting the Games
Hockey has been Canada's best medal earning sport, along with curling.
They have competed at every tournament in both sports.
In 2008, Equestrian show jumper Ian Millar was at his ninth Summer Olympics, tying the record for most Olympic games participated in set by Austrian sailor Hubert Raudaschl between 1964 and 1996.
Millar was selected for ten straight Olympic teams, but was not at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
In 2008 Millar won his first medal, a silver medal in the team jumping event.
Canada profile at London2012.com
Canadian Medals by Olympic Games
CBC Digital Archives - Gold Medal Athletes - 1948-1968
CBC Digital Archives - Cold Gold: Canada's Winter Winners 1984–2002
Most Canadian Olympic Medals
Sport in Canada
The Cayman Islands were first at the Olympic Games in 1976.
They have been in each Games since, missing the 1980 Summer Olympics.
The Cayman Islands have not won an Olympic medal.
After Jamaican independence in 1962, the Cayman Islands became a separate British Overseas Territory.
The Cayman Islands Olympic Committee was formed in 1973 and recognized in 1976.
Cayman Islands profile at London2012.com
Chile profile at London2012.com
Chile at Olympic.org
The Mississippi Valley is a place in North America.
It is part of the Mississippi River watershed, meaning that the rain that falls in the Mississippi Valley flows to the Mississippi River.
It is in the middle of what is today the mainland United States.
During the last glacial era, large walls of ice dropped sediment, which is rocks and dirt, onto the land.
This became sedimentary rock.
This rock is softer than the other two main types of rock.
Sedimentary rock forms in layers.
When the Mississippi River began to flow, it washed away parts of the rock.
So there are places in the northern valley with tall bluffs, places where the river water cut some of the rock away.
People can see the layers in the bluffs.
Some of them are 400 feet tall.
In the places where the ground was made of harder sedimentary rock, for example limestone and dolomite, the cliffs are steep.
In the places where the ground was made of softer sedimentary rock, for example shale and sandstone, the cliffs are gentle.
Other parts of the Mississippi Valley are flood plain.
Many Native Americans lived in the Mississippi Valley, including the Mississippian culture, which is named after the valley.
Many of these Native Americans practiced agriculture, meaning that they built farms and grew food.
Some of these Native Americans built large towns with earthworks and wooden fences and buildings.
But many of them caught European diseases and died.
By the time historians came to the towns, many of the buildings were gone.
The first Europeans to write about the Mississippi Valley was Hernando De Soto in 1541.
The Mississippi Valley became part of the United States in 1803.
A skatepark is a recreational park for skateboarders and BMXers.
A skatepark usually features some quarter pipes, some spines, some flat banks, some wall rides or vert walls, some mini ramps, some hips, some funboxes, some pyramids, some launches, some roll-ins, a euro or euro gap, a halfpipe, a bowl, a pool, foam pits, some hand rails, a flat bar and some stairs.
The very first skatepark was made in 1976 in Carlsbad, California.
The largest skatepark in the world is located in Shanghai, China.
a list of skateboard parks around the world
Theodicy of Disprivilege refers to the belief of the promise that salvation may be granted as a reward for earthly poverty.
It can be one of many reason that explain the large numbers of lower class people who join religious sects   or partake in mainstream religious practice, e.g attend church, temple or mosque.
This idea was promoted mainly by Max Weber but is common amongst many sociologists who go to explain the growth of sect membership.
Miguel Angel Montero (born July 9, 1983 in Caracas, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan professional baseball player.
He currently plays as a catcher for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB).
He has also played for the Arizona Diamondbacks from 2006 until 2014.
He debuted for the Diamondbacks on September 6, 2006 in a game against the Florida Marlins.
David Jose Hernandez (born May 13, 1985 in Sacramento, California) is an American baseball player.
He currently plays as a relief pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball (MLB).
He was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles with the 483rd overall pick in the 16th round of the 2005 Major League Baseball Draft.
He debuted for the Orioles on May 28, 2009 in a game against the Detroit Tigers.
He was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks along with Kam Mickolio for Mark Reynolds and a player to be named later or cash.
David Hernandez at mlb.com
The Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights were a professional ice hockey team that played in the American Hockey League from 2005 to 2007.
They played in Omaha, Nebraska at the Omaha Civic Auditorium.
They moved to Omaha in 2005 from Saint John, New Brunswick where they were known as the Saint John Flames.
They moved operations to Moline, Illinois where they became the Quad City Flames.
An archive of the Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights' Official Site
KwaZulu-Natal (, also called KZN or Natal) is a province in South Africa.
Before 1994, KwaZulu-Natal was made up of the province of Natal and the KwaZulu homeland.
In the 1830s, the northern part of KwaZulu-Natal was part of the Zulu Kingdom.
The southern part of KwaZulu-Natal was a Boer republic called Natalia (1839-1843).
In 1843, Natalia became a British colony.
Zululand remained independent until 1879.
Today KwaZulu-Natal is the traditional home of the Zulu nation.
It is called the "garden province."
Two natural areas, the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park, have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
KwaZulu-Natal is located to the east of South Africa.
It borders the Indian Ocean as well as three other provinces, and the countries of Mozambique, Eswatini, and Lesotho.