the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Provisions of the bill included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports.
It was vetoed by President Herbert Hoover but the American Congress overrode his veto in 1933 and passed the bill.
The bill, however, was opposed by the then Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and was also rejected by the Philippine Senate.
This led to the creation and passing of a new bill known as Tydings-McDuffie Act, or Philippine Independence Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a 10-year period of peaceful transition to full independence.
The Commonwealth was officially inaugurated on November 15, 1935.
A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934.
On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1.
The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23, 1935 and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935.
In October 1935, Philippine presidential elections were held.
Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo, the Philippine Independent Church leader Gregorio Aglipay, and others.
Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively.
The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the Old Congress Building in Manila.
The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people.
Before World War II
The new government embarked on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic and political independence.
These included national defense (such as the National Defense Act of 1935, which organized a conscription for service in the country), greater control over the economy, the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the promotion of local capital, industrialization, and the colonization of Mindanao.
However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia, in the level of U.S. commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines, and in the economy due to the Great Depression, proved to be major problems.
The situation was further complicated by the presence of agrarian unrest, and of power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon, especially after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six-year term.
Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941.
The Philippine Commonwealth government drafted the Philippine Army into the U.S. Army Forces Far East, which would resist Japanese occupation.
Manila was declared an open city to prevent its destruction, and it was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942.
Meanwhile, battles against the Japanese continued on the Bataan Peninsula, Corregidor, and Leyte, until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on May 1942.
Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops from Manila to Corregidor, and later they left for Australia and then the U.S. There they set up a government in exile, which participated in the Pacific War Council as well as the Declaration by United Nations.
During this exile, Quezon became ill with tuberculosis, and later he died of it.
Osmeña replaced him as the president.
Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the Second Philippine Republic, which was headed by president José P. Laurel.
This government ended up being very unpopular.
The resistance to the Japanese occupation continued in the Philippines.
This included the Hukbalahap ("People's Army Against the Japanese"), which consisted of 30,000 armed people and controlled much of Central Luzon.
Remnants of the Philippine Army also fought the Japanese through guerrilla warfare, and it was successful, since all but 12 of the 48 provinces were liberated.
The American General Douglas MacArthur's army landed on Leyte on 20 October 1944, and they were all welcomed as liberators, along with Philippine Commonwealth troops when other amphibious landings soon followed.
Fighting continued in remote corners of the Philippines, until Japan's  surrender in August 1945, which was signed on 2 September in Tokyo Bay.
Estimates for Filipino casualties reached one million, and Manila was extensively damaged when certain Japanese forces refused to vacate the city (against their orders from the Japanese High Command).
After the War in the Philippines, the Philippine Commonwealth was restored, and a one-year transitional period in preparation for independence began.
Elections followed in April 1946 with Manuel Roxas winning as the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines and Elpidio Quirino winning as vice-president.
In spite of the years of Japanese occupation, the Philippines became independent exactly as scheduled a decade before, on July 4, 1946.
The Commonwealth ended when the U.S. recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.
However, the economy remained dependent to the U.S. This was due to the Bell Trade Act, otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act, which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States.
Uprisings and agrarian reform
At the time, tenant farmers held grievances often rooted to debt caused by the sharecropping system, as well as by the dramatic increase in population, which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers' families.
As a result, an agrarian reform program was initiated by the Commonwealth.
However, success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners.
An example of these clashes includes one initiated by Benigno Ramos through his Sakdalista movement, which advocated tax reductions, land reforms, the breakup of the large estates or haciendas, and the severing of American ties.
The uprising, which occurred in Central Luzon in May 1935, claimed about a hundred lives.
Due to the diverse number of Philippine languages, a program for the "development and adoption of a common national language based on the existing native dialects" was drafted in the 1935 Philippine constitution.
The Commonwealth created a Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (National Language Institute), which was composed of Quezon and six other members from various ethnic groups.
A deliberation was held, and the Tagalog (due to its extensive literary tradition) was selected as the basis for the "national language" to be called "Philipino".
In 1940, the Commonwealth authorized the creation of a dictionary and grammar book for the language.
On the same year, Commonwealth Act 570 was passed, allowing Pilipino to become an official language upon independence.
The economy of the Commonwealth was mostly based on farming, as agriculture-based.
Farmers grew abaca, coconuts and coconut oil, sugar, and timber trees.
Other foreign income came from money spent at the American army, navy, and air bases in the Philippines, such as the naval base at Subic Bay and Clark Air Base.
The economy was good until World War II stopped growth.
In 1941, the estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000 while Manila's population was 684,000.
The number of Chinese people rose to 117,000.
There were also 30,000 Japanese people, with 20,000 living in Davao, and 9,000 U.S.-Mexicans.
English was spoken by 27% of the population.
Spanish was spoken by only 3%.
Cebuano: 4,620,685
Tagalog: 3,068,565
Ilocano: 2,353,518
Hiligaynon: 1,951,005
Waray-Waray: 920,009
Kapampangan: 621,455
Pangasinan: 573,752
1 Died of tuberculosis at Saranac Lake, New York.
² End of Commonwealth government, independent Republic began.
The Present Government of the Philippines  Book written by Maximo Kalaw detailing the functions of the different branches of the Philippine Commonwealth
Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj, French Rule in Indochina, Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), and American Rule in the Philippines
Philippines: Polity Style: 1897-2009
Philippine Commonwealth
1935 establishments in Asia
20th century in the Philippines
1940s disestablishments in Asia
The Austrian Football Association (ÖFB) (German: Österreichischer Fußball-Bund) is the highest body of football in Austria.
It organizes the football league Austrian Bundesliga, the Austrian Cup and the Austrian national team, and the same items in women's football.
It is based in Vienna.
In 2010 501,685 male and female players are organized into 2,256 teams.
This number makes the ÖFB the largest sport organisation in Austria.
In 1894.
the first football club was founded, and 10 years later the Österreichischer Fußball-Bund (Austrian Football Association).
Until 1904, the Österreichische Fußball-Union was the leading body in Austrian football, but it dissolved after the foundation of the ÖFB.
In 1905 it became a member of FIFA.
In 1908 the ÖFB was host for the fifth FIFA-congress.
Since 1954 the ÖFB has also been a member of the UEFA.
The time before the Second World War was the most successful for the ÖFB.
Between 1930 and 1933 the so-called Wunderteam (miracle team) won 14 matches.
In 1934 they reached fourth place in the FIFA World Cup.
The Austrian team won the silver medal in the Olympic football tournament in Berlin.
Also, after the Second World War, Austria played in different FIFA-World Cups: 1954, 1958, 1978, 1982, 1990, and 1998.
The most successful World Cup was 1954 with third place.
The last international tournament was the UEFA Euro 2008 which was hosted by Austria and Switzerland.
Regional organizations
Burgenländischer Fußball-Verband (BFV)
Niederösterreichischer Fußball-Verband (NOEFV)
Oberösterreichischer Fußball-Verband (OOEFV)
Salzburger Fußball-Verband (SFV)
Steirischer Fußballverband (StFV)
Tiroler Fußball-Verband (TFV)
Vorarlberger Fußball-Verband (VFV)
Wiener Fußball-Verband (WFV)
Kärntner Fußball-Verband (KFV)
List of coaches of the Austrian team
Hugo Meisl 1912–14
Heinrich Retschury	1914–1919
Hugo Meisl 	1919–1937 ("Wunderteam")
Heinrich Retschury 	1937–1938
Between 1938 and 1945 Austria was occupied by Germany
Karl Zankl 	1945
Edi Bauer 	1945–1948
Eduard Frühwirth 1948
Walter Nausch	1948–1954 (third place World Cup 1954)
Hans Kaulich 	1954–1955
Josef Molzer 	1955
Karl Geyer 	1955–1956
Josef Argauer and Josef Molzer 	1956–1958
Alfred Frey, Franz Putzendopler, Egon Selzer, and Josef Molzer 	1958
Karl Decker 	1958–1964
Josef Walter and Béla Guttmann 	1964
Eduard Frühwirth 	1964–1967
Erwin Alge and Hans Pesser 	1967–1968
Leopold Šťastný	1968–1975
Branko Elsner 	1975
Helmut Senekowitsch 	1976–1978
Karl Stotz 	1978–1981
Georg Schmidt and Felix Latzke 	1982
Erich Hof 	1982–1985
Branko Elsner 	1985–1987
Josef Hickersberger	1988–1990
Alfred Riedl 	1990–1991
Dietmar Constantini 1991 (caretaker)
Ernst Happel 	1992
Dietmar Constantini 	1992 (caretaker)
Herbert Prohaska	1993–1999
Otto Baric 	1999–2001
Hans Krankl 	2002–2005
Willibald Ruttensteiner, Andreas Herzog, and Slavko Kovacic 	2005 (caretaker)
Josef Hickersberger 	2006–2008
Karel Brückner 	2008–2009
Dietmar Constantini 	2009–2011
Willibald Ruttensteiner 2011 (caretaker)
Marcel Koller 2011- 2017
Franco Foda 2017-
William Francis "Bill" Nighy (born 12 December 1949) is an English actor.
He was born in Caterham, Surrey.
He starred in the movies Love Actually and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End as Davy Jones.
He was partners with actress Diana Quick from 1980 until they separated in 2008.
Their daughter is actress Mary Nighy.
Medal of Honor is a first-person shooter video game.
It was developed by Danger Close and EA Digital Illusions CE (DICE).
It is the twelfth game in the Medal of Honor series.
The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 12, 2010.
The game is set in the ongoing War in Afghanistan.
Flame Ionization Detectors (shortened FID) is a common type detector used in gas chromatography.
These detectors are best at detecting organic compounds.
The first flame ionization detector was developed in 1957 in Australia.
The purpose of a FID is to detect compounds as they exit the gas chromatography column.
The compounds that are exiting the column are in a gaseous state.
Detection is done by first turning the gas compounds into ions and electrons and then collecting the charged molecules.
The FID turns compounds into ions and electrons by putting them into a flame.
The fuel used to make the flame in FIDs is usually made of a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.
As these charged materials are collected, they make a current which is measured.
The larger the current the more charged compounds are being collected.
Currents for FIDs are usually about 10-12 amps and are measured by a high-impedance picoammeter.
Flame ionization detectors are used most often for organic compounds.
This is because organic compounds contain lot of carbon atoms which easily turn into ions.
Reduced carbons (carbons with no oxygen bonds) make the most ions.
Other carbons such as alcohols (C-O-H) and carbonyls (C=O) do not make as many ions.
Many times organic samples being tested are not pure.
The samples often contain impurities such as water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxides (NO), and noble gases.
The FID does not detect these impurities because they do not burn.
This makes the FID a very useful detector because the samples being tested do not have to be purified before being tested.
FID can be used to detect very small amounts of material, as small as 10-13 g/s. It is also accurate over a large range of molecule amounts (a range of over 107).
One problem with FID is that it destroys the sample being tested.
Any sample used in gas chromatography with an FID cannot be used for other measurements afterwards.
Also, a lot of fuel is required as well as very exact equipment to get exact results.
Edam, Netherlands, a small city in the Netherlands
"Little Wing'" is a 1967 psychedelic rock song by the English band The Jimi Hendrix Experience and was featured on their album Axis: Bold as Love.
The song was written by lead vocalist and guitarist Jimi Hendrix.
The song was ranked as #357 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".
The song has been covered by many other musical artists.
Edam is a city in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands.
About 7,380 people live there.
The town is part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam.
It is famous for Edam cheese which was first made in the town.
The town has a little pub and a young population.
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy comedy adventure movie that was produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and was directed by Rob Marshall.
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides was released on May 18 and May 20, 2011 in North America.
The movie was the fourth movie in the Pirates of the Caribbean francise by Disney and the first and currently the only to be directed by Rob Marshall.
It is the sequel to Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.
It is based on the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers.
The movie was shot in Hawaii, California and Puerto Rico.
Penélope Cruz as Angelica
Ian McShane as Blackbeard/Edward Teach
Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs
Sam Claflin as Philip Swift
Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey as Syrena
Greg Ellis as Lt.
Theodore Groves
Damian O'Hare as Lieutenant Gillette
Stephen Graham as Scrum
Óscar Jaenada as The Spaniard
Gemma Ward as Tamara
Richard Griffiths as King George II
Bryson Carvalho as Kales Kamen
Keith Richards as Captain Teague
Judi Dench as a noblewoman
Derek Mears as the Master-at-Arms
Sebastian Armesto as King Ferdinand VI
Anton Lesser as Lord John Carteret.
Roger Allam as Henry Pelham
Paul Bazely as Salaman
Gerard Monaco as Spanish Captain
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides official website
Santiago de Tequila is a Mexican city.
The town is in the Mexican state of Jalisco.
At the 2005 census, Tequila had 38,534 people.
The town is known for being the birthplace of the beverage known as tequila.
The popularity and history of the drink made the town of Tequila a World Heritage Site.
The Cashpoint Arena is a football stadium in Altach, Vorarlberg, Austria.
It is the homeground of SCR Rheindorf Altach, a football club playing in Austrian Football First League, which is the second level in Austrias football.
The stadium was built 1989/90 and was opened on 1 June 1990 under the name Schnabelholz.
1998 the main stand of the stadium was completely roofed.
After the promotion to the First league a  floodlighting was installed.
After the promotion to the Bundesliga a new stand  with 1 800 seats was built because the Bundesliga regulates 3000 seats at least.
The stadium now offers over 3000 roofed seats.
2006 the match versus SK Rapid Wien was visited by 8 900 people which is the record till today.
The stadium offers a unique athmosphere because the visitors are near to the playing field.
But the stadium is not only used for football but also for open air concerts and other events.
1990 establishments in Australia
Time-domain spectroscopy is a type of spectroscopy that measures the power of electromagnetic radiation as a function of time.
Normal spectroscopy is frequency-domain spectroscopy.
It measures radiation as a function of frequency or wavelength.
Time-domain spectroscopy usually requires the use of Fourier transforms.
Two monochromatic lights of different frequencies can combine to show interference patterns.
At time t=0, the waves interfere constructively.
This gives a maximum in the added plot.
The waves get more out of phase.
This leads to destructive interference and a minimum in the added plot.
From one peak maximum to the next is a cycle.
So when looking at two monochromatic lights, they can be graphed as two lines in the frequency-domain (this plot shows power, P(ν), as a function of frequency).
The same two lights can be plotted as the sum of their waves in the time-domain (this plot shows power, P(t), as a function of time).
Absorptions in spectra usually look like broad peaks.
This means that a peak may contain many wavelengths of radiation.
These wavelengths can be plotted in the time domain.
Notice that there are now smaller areas of constructive interference.
This is because the closely spaced wavelengths quickly become more and more out of phase.
Getting time-domain spectra
Spectroscopy done with visible or infrared radiation involves wavelengths of 1012 to 1015 Hz.
Phototransducers (instruments that convert light to information readable by a computer) cannot make measurements that quickly.
What is needed, then, is a way to make these high-frequency signals into low-frequency signals.
For optical spectroscopy (such as infrared spectroscopy) the most common way to do this is by using a Michelson interferometer.
Monochromatic light traveling through a Michelson interferometer is split into two beams by a beam splitter.
These beams travel to mirrors, reflect, and then recombine at the beam splitter.
One of the mirrors can be moved.
If the two mirrors are the same distance apart, they meet at the beam splitter in-phase and show constructive interference.
As the one mirror is moved, the beams become slightly more out of phase.
When the movable mirror has moved a distance equal to ¼ of the light's wavelength, the extra distance it travels is ½ the light's wavelength.
This means that when the two beams combine at the beam splitter, they destructively interfere.
So moving the mirror a total distance of ½ the wavelength of light means the spectra will show one complete cycle.
One could then plot the power of radiation as a function of distance traveled by the movable mirror.
However, by knowing the speed of the movable mirror the power of radiation can be plotted as a function of time.
Time-domain spectroscopy is used very often in infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and NMR spectroscopy(FT-NMR).
It has several advantages over frequency-domain spectroscopy.
In frequency-domain experiments, each wavelength must be measured one at a time.
This means scans can take several minutes.
A single time-domain experiment takes no longer than a minute.
Usually it only takes seconds.
This means that many scans may be taken for a given sample, and that the scans can be averaged.
So not only is the time-domain experiment faster, but it can also have a better signal to noise ratio.
D.A. Skoog, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch.
Principles of Instrumental Analysis.
6th ed, Thompson and Brooks/Cole: Canada.
Merle Ronald Haggard (April 6, 1937 – April 6, 2016) was an American country music singer and songwriter.
He was known for his song "Okie from Muskogee".
He was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame.
He was involved with the growing outlaw country movement in the 1970s.
Haggard won three Grammy Awards.
On April 6, 2016, Haggard died at his home in Palo Cedro, California from complications of pneumonia.
"Okie from Muskogee" (1969)
Strangers (1965)
Just Between the Two of Us  (1966)
Swinging Doors  (1966)
I'm a Lonesome Fugitive  (1967)
Branded Man  (1967)
Sing Me Back Home  (1968)
The Legend of Bonnie & Clyde  (1968)
Mama Tried  (1968)
Pride in What I Am  (1969)
Same Train, A Different Time   (1969)
A Portrait of Merle Haggard  (1969)
A Tribute to the Best Damn Fiddle Player in the World (or, My Salute to Bob Wills)   (1970)
Hag  (1971)
Someday We'll Look Back  (1971)
Let Me Tell You About a Song  (1972)
It's Not Love (But It's Not Bad)  (1972)
Merle Haggard's Christmas Present (Something Old, Something New) (1973)
If We Make It Through December  (1974)
Merle Haggard Presents His 30th Album  (1974)
Keep Movin' On  (1975)
It's All in the Movies  (1976)
My Love Affair with Trains  (1976)
The Roots of My Raising  (1976)
Ramblin' Fever (1977)
A Working Man Can't Get Nowhere Today  (1977)
My Farewell to Elvis (1977)
I'm Always on a Mountain When I Fall (1978)
Serving 190 Proof (1979)
The Way I Am (1980)
Back to the Barrooms (1980)
Songs for the Mama That Tried (1981)
Big City (1981)
A Taste of Yesterday's Wine  (1982)
Going Where the Lonely Go (1982)
Goin' Home for Christmas (1982)
Pancho & Lefty  (1983)
Heart to Heart  (1983)
That's the Way Love Goes (1983)
It's All in the Game (1984)
Kern River (1985)
A Friend in California (1986)
Out Among the Stars (1986)
Seashores of Old Mexico  (1987)
Chill Factor (1987)
5:01 Blues (1989)
Blue Jungle (1990)
1994 (1994)
1996 (1996)
Two Old Friends  (1999)
If I Could Only Fly (2000)
Cabin in the Hills (2001)
Roots, Volume 1 (2001)
The Peer Sessions (2002)
Like Never Before (2003)
I Wish I Was Santa Claus (2004)
Unforgettable (2004)
Chicago Wind (2005)
Kickin' Out the Footlights...Again  (2006)
Last of the Breed  (2007)
The Bluegrass Sessions (2007)
I Am What I Am (2010)
Working in Tennessee (2011)
Django and Jimmie  (2015)
Timeless  (2015)
List of country musicians from California
Merle Haggard's Official website
Battlefield 3 (BF3) is a first-person shooter video game.
It was made by EA Digital Illusions CE and it was published by Electronic Arts.
The game was released in October 2011.
It is available for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.
Battlefield 3 is the 11th game in the Battlefield video games series, and it is next part of Battlefield 2 (2005).
On 29 June 2012, EA revealed that the game has sold 15 million copies.
Gut flora consists of microorganisms that live in the digestive system of animals.
It is the largest reservoir of microbes in the human microbiome.
The human body, consisting of about 100 trillion cells, carries about ten times as many microorganisms in the intestines.
The metabolic activities performed by these bacteria resemble those of an organ, leading some to call gut flora a 'forgotten organ'.
It is estimated that these gut flora have around 100 times as many genes in aggregate as there are in the human genome.
Bacteria make up most of the flora in the colon and up to 60% of the dry mass of faeces.
Somewhere between 300 and 1000 different species live in the gut, with most estimates at about 500.
However, it is probable that 99% of the bacteria come from about 30 or 40 species.
Fungi and protozoa also make up a part of the gut flora, but little is known about their activities.
Research suggests that the relationship between gut flora and humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but rather a symbiotic relationship.
Though people can survive without gut flora, the microorganisms perform a host of useful functions, such as fermenting unused energy substrates, training the immune system, preventing growth of harmful, pathogenic bacteria, regulating the development of the gut, producing vitamins for the host (such as biotin and vitamin K), and producing hormones to direct the host to store fats.
However, in some conditions, some species can cause disease by producing an infection or increasing cancer risk for the host.
The traditional view is that no metazoan phylum can break down cellulose by producing the enzyme cellulase.
Instead, herbivores contain, in their gut, microorganisms which produce cellulase.
This is important because cellulose is the most common organic compound on Earth.
About 33% of all plant matter is cellulose (the cellulose content of cotton is 90% and that of wood is 40–50%).
Recently, evidence has emerged that some animals do produce their own cellulase.
The question is not yet quite settled.
First-past-the-post is a voting system used by some countries to elect their governments or the members of their parliaments.
In a first-past-the-post system, a country is divided into constituencies.
In these constituencies people known as candidates, each of whom usually represents a different political party, will stand for election to the country's parliament.
In the individual constituencies, the candidate who gets the most votes from people, wins the race to be elected to a seat in parliament.
Plurality is another name for such an electoral system.
It is in contrast to the majority system, where the winning candidate must have more votes than all other candidates combined.
If a party wins over 50% of the seats, it can form a majority government.
If no single party wins over 50% of the seats, then either the party with the most seats can form a minority government, or a coalition government can be formed from two or more of the other political parties who together have over 50% of the seats.
First-past-the-post, often called 'plurality voting', is the most common method for electing representatives in the United States and some other countries.
Voters vote for one candidate, and the candidate with the most votes wins.
Political parties often use a primary in order to avoid splitting their party vote in a general election.
For example, if 60% of the voters are Republican, and 40% Democrat, but two Republicans run for the same office and each get 30% of the vote, the Democrat would win with 40%, since that is the most votes, even if 60% of voters least preferred the Democrat.
If more than two candidates are on the general election ballot, voters often compromise vote an acceptable candidate whom they think  has a chance of winning.
Opponents of plurality voting argue that the media has too much power since they tell people which of the two has a chance and that voting for a third candidate is in effect voting for the worse of the two strong candidates.
It is theoretically possible that the two "front runner" candidates not to be not centrist and not to represent the people.
Proponents of plurality voting argue that it is very simple and that it forces voters to elect a centrist candidate through compromise voting.
To avoid its problems, some elections require a minimum percentage of votes, or a majority, through a "run-off election".
Ultraviolet-visible absorption is a process where a molecule absorbs ultraviolet or visible light that excites electrons (makes them high energy).
This energy causes an electronic transition from a ground state (non excited) to an excited state.
Energy absorption
Different molecules will absorb different wavelengths of light.
The wavelengths of light for UV-visible absorption are from about 200 nanometers to 800 nanometers.
This is a section of the electromagnetic spectrum pictured.
Absorption of light starts with energy of a certain wavelength in this UV-visible region being exposed to a molecule.
The light/energy then excites the ground state (non excited) outer or valence electrons to an excited state (high energy).
The outcome of this can be measured by a UV-visible spectrophotometer.
The data is shown as a spectrum with absorption versus wavelength.
This pattern can be used to learn properties of the molecule.
Only certain molecules can absorb light in this region.
Chromophores
Molecules that absorb light at these wavelengths are called chromophores.
Chromophores are functional groups of a molecule that absorb light in this UV-Visible region.
They are most of the time characterized by delocalized pi electrons.
Pi electrons refer to a type of bond that occurs between electron orbitals called pi orbitals.
When many of these pi bonds exist in a molecule this allows electrons to be delocalized or spread out across a molecule.
An example of this type of molecule is pictured below.
Many dyes (colored molecules) are characterized by these delocalized pi electrons and their color.
These molecules can be used for pH indicators to determine if a solution is acidic or basic.
The addition of acid or base disrupts the delocalized pi electrons.
This disruption causes a color change.
Beer’s Law
The absorption of a molecule can be used to determine the concentration of the molecule in solution.
To find concentration, Beer’s law is used.
This is a mathematical relationship shown by the equation below.
The components of Beer’s Law can be determined by tests.
They can also be referenced in literature.
If the absorption is measured by a UV-visible spectrophotometer (instrument to measure absorption and wavelength of molecules), pathlength (b) is related to the sample container used in the test.
The sample container (named a cuvette) is made of a material that does not absorb light in this region.
The thickness of this cuvette is a known value.
This is the pathlength the light will travel through to reach the sample.
The molar absorptivity coefficient can be calculated by measuring the absorption of a sample of a known concentration and known pathlength.
The absorptivity coefficient units are dependent on the pathlength and concentration units.
Molar absorptivity units are L mol-1 cm-1 when the concentration units are molarity.
The absorptivity is a measure of how strongly a molecule absorbs light at a particular wavelength.
Once this constant is determined, unknown concentrations can be determined from this relationship.
Alexander Tolmer (1815—1890) was the man in charge of the South Australian police force.
Born in England to French parents, he studied to be a teacher of languages.
He joined the army and saw action in Portugal from 1826—1833 during the civil war.
Tolmer moved to South Australia in 1836, where Governor George Gawler thought his background in the cavalry would make him the right person to set up a group of mounted police.
In 1852 Tolmer became the police commissioner.
He led a group of police from South Australia to the Victorian gold fields and escorted a load of gold back to Adelaide.
In 1856 after a number of small arguments with his offices, Tolmer was removed as commissioner.
He tried farming, but this was unsuccessful.
He tried to lead an exploring group to cross Australia from south to north, but this also failed before it left Adelaide.
He became a ranger for crown lands in 1862 and retired in 1885.
He died at Mitcham, South Australia, on 7 March 1890.
Photograph of Alexander Tolmer
William John Wills (1834—1861) was an English surveyor.
He was born in Totnes, Devon.
He became one of the first explorers to cross Australia from the south to the north.
The expedition became known as the Burke and Wills expedition.
It ended in disaster, when both Wills and the leader, Robert O'Hara Burke, died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their return journey.
Jimma, also known as Jima in Italian Gimma is a city found on the southwest of Ethiopia and is also the largest city found in southwestern Ethiopia.
The population of Jimma was 159,009 as of the 2005 census.
Jimma is found in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia.
The city also has a university named Jimma University and an airport.
Archive of the Jimma website
Cities in Ethiopia
Debre Zebit is a village in northern Ethiopia.
It is about 45 km south of Addis Ababa.
Debre Zebit is in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia.
132,000 people live in Debre Zebit.
Settlements in Ethiopia
The term conversion of units refers to changing an amount of a measurement unit into another unit.
There are many different systems of units, so some conversions can be very complex.
Most conversions involve a conversion factor (named "m"), and a shift amount (such as "b"), to change from a unit x into a unit y by the general equation: y = mx + b. That type of conversion is known as a linear transform or a mathematical translation.
A conversion factor is a ratio that lets one convert a measured quantity to a different unit of measure without changing the amount.
When a conversion factor is multiplied by the item one are converting, it cancels out the units they does not want and leaves those that they do.
Because the top and bottom of conversion factors are the same, conversion factors always equal 1.
For example, a  conversion factor of (1 day)/(24 hours) equals 1, because 1 day = 24 hours.
Convert 10 meters: 10 meters × 3.28 ft/m = 32.8 feet.
Robert O'Hara Burke (1821—1861) was an Irish policeman, who led the Burke and Wills expedition.
This was the largest and best equipped expedition to explore Australia.
They successfully crossed the country, from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1861.
The expedition ended in disaster when Burke and his second in command, William John Wills died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their way back to Melbourne.
Alitena is a town in northern Ethiopia.
The population of Alitena was 4,905 as of the 2007 census.
Alitena is found in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia.
The latitude and longitude of Alitena is .
Super 8 is a 2011 American science fiction movie that was produced by Steven Spielberg, J. J. Abrams and Bryan Burk and was directed by J. J. Abrams.
Super 8 was released on June 10, 2011 in North America.
The movie has received positive reviews in early reviews.
Kyle Chandler as Jackson Lamb
Ron Eldard as Louis Dainard
Noah Emmerich as Colonel Nelec
Joel Courtney as Joe Lamb
Riley Griffiths as Charles Kaznyk
Elle Fanning as Alice Dainard
Ryan Lee as Carey
Zach Mills as Preston
Josh McFarland as Tom Ashton
Gabriel Basso as Martin
Amanda Michalka as Jen Kaznyk
Glynn Turman as Dr. Woodward
Michael Hitchcock as Deputy Rosko
Story line
In the summer of 1979, a group of friends in a small Ohio town witness a catastrophic train crash while making a super 8 movie and soon suspect that it was not an accident.
Shortly after, unusual disappearances and inexplicable events begin to take place in town, and the local Deputy tries to uncover the truth - something more terrifying than any of them could have imagined.
Super 8's Official website
Cowboys & Aliens is a 2011 science fiction-western movie that was produced by Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Alex Kurtzman, Damon Lindelof, Roberto Orci, Scott Mitchell Rosenberg and Steven Spielberg and was directed by Jon Favreau.
The movie is based on the novel of the same name by Scott Mitchell Rosenberg.
Daniel Craig as Jake Lonergan
Harrison Ford as Colonel Woodrow Dolarhyde
Olivia Wilde as Ella
Sam Rockwell as Doc
Noah Ringer as Emmett
Paul Dano as Percy Dolarhyde
Clancy Brown as Meacham
Keith Carradine as Sheriff Taggart
Adam Beach as Nat Colorado
Abigail Spencer as Alice
Ana de la Reguera as María
Walton Goggins as Hunt
Cowboys & Aliens Official website
2010s western movies
"Like a Boss'" is a 2009 comedy hip hop song by the American comedy trio The Lonely Island and was featured on their album Incredibad.
The song is a parody of Slim Thug's first single off his debut album, Already Platinum which was also called "Like a Boss".
The song is about a man (played by Andy Samberg) who is having a performance review at a law firm.
The person who is reviewing Samberg is played by Canadian actor Seth Rogen.
"Ride wit Me'" is a 2001 hip hop/R&B song by American rapper Nelly.
The song was the third single from his debut album Country Grammar.
The song features rapper City Spud.
It reached #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #34 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #4 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and #3 on the UK Singles Chart.
The song was featured in the movies Soul Plane, Scary Movie 2, Are We There Yet?,
Bride and Prejudice and Osmosis Jones.
It was also featured in the television shows Scrubs, Friends, King of the Hill and Glee.
"Batter Up'" is a 2001 rap song by American rapper Nelly.
The song was the fourth and last single from his first album, Country Grammar.
The song was released on September 11, 2001 in the United States and on November 21, 2001 in Germany.
It features hip hop group St. Lunatics.
It uses the beat from The Jeffersons theme song.
"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)'" is a 2000 midwestern hip hop song by American rapper Nelly.
The song was the debut single from his debut album Country Grammar.
The song was released on February 29, 2000.
The song was parodied on MADtv where it was turned into a rap-duet which was titled "Country Slammer" and was done by 2000 presidential and vice presidential candidates George W. Bush and Dick Cheney.
"E.I.'" is a 2000 pop/rap song by American rapper Nelly.
The song was the second single from his debut album Country Grammar.
The song was released on October 28, 2000.
The song reached #16 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #12 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and #11 on the UK Singles Chart.
Fenugreek is a plant in the family Fabaceae.
Fenugreek is often used as a herb (the leaves) and spice (the seeds, also called methi).
"Hot in Herre'" is a 2002 pop/hip hop song by American rapper Nelly.
The song was the second single from his second album Nellyville.
The song was released on April 16, 2002.
The song is very popular and reached #1 on the Canadian Singles Chart, #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs.
"Air Force Ones'" is a 2002 rap song by American rapper Nelly.
The song features the hip hop group St. Lunatics.
It was the fourth single from his second album Nellyville.
The song was released on November 7, 2002.
The song reached #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks.
"Work It'" is a 2003 rap song by American rapper Nelly.
The song features pop singer Justin Timberlake.
It was the fifth single from his second album Nellyville.
The song was released on February 25, 2003.
The song reached #7 on the UK Singles Chart and #68 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.
Tiptree is a village and civil parish in Colchester district, Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 8,305 people living in Tiptree.
Great Waltham is a village and civil parish in Chelmsford district, Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 2,228 people living in Great Waltham.
Wattisham is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England.
Wattisham has a church called Church of St Nicholas.
Shimpling is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England.
In 2001, there were 395 people living in Shimpling.
Kettlebaston is a village and civil parish in England.
It is in the Babergh district of Suffolk, about  east of Lavenham.
There are just 28 houses in the village.
The village's name comes from Kitelbeornastuna, a Scandinavian name that means "Kitelbjorn's farm."
Today, the name is pronounced like Kettlebarston.
The village was mentioned for the first time in the Domesday Book in 1086.
Haughley is a village and civil parish in Mid Suffolk, Suffolk, England.
In 2001 there were 1,710 people living in Haughley.
Brettenham is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England.
In 2001, there were 243 people living in Brettenham.
Ixworth is a village and civil parish in St Edmundsbury, Suffolk, England.
In 2001 there were 2,177 people living in Ixworth.
Stanton is a village and civil parish in St Edmundsbury, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom.
In 2001 there were 2,683 people living in Stanton.
Middle Rasen is a village and civil parish in West Lindsey, Lincolnshire, England, United Kingdom.
In 2001 there were 1,319 people living in Middle Rasen.
Mablethorpe is a town on the East coast of Lincolnshire, England.
Caistor is a town and civil parish in West Lindsey, Lincolnshire, England.
In 2001 there were 2,601 people living in Caistor.
The Burke and Wills expedition, officially called the Victorian Exploring Expedition, was the largest and best equipped in Australian history.
Led by Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills, they crossed the continent of Australia from south to north.
The group left Melbourne on 20 August 1860 and reached the Gulf of Carpentaria on 9 February 1861.
However, because of poor planning and leadership, Burke and Wills died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their return journey.
Greater Concepción is a metropolitan Area that surrounds the city of Concepción, with another 9 cities being the primary commercial center in the VIII region, Chile.
Tomé
Penco
Lota
Hualpén
Hualqui
Chiguayante
Universidad de Concepción (Concepción)
Universidad del Bío-Bío (Concepción)
Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (Concepción)
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (Hualpén)
Universidad de Los Lagos (Concepción)
Universidad del Desarrollo (Concepción)
Universidad San Sebastián (Concepción)
Universidad Andrés Bello (Talcahuano)
Universidad Santo Tomás (Concepción)
Universidad Tecnológica de Chile (Talcahuano)
Universidad de las Américas (Concepción)
Universidad La República (Concepción)
Universidad ARCIS (Concepción)
Universidad Bolivariana (Concepción)
Universidad de Pedro de Valdivia (Concepción)
Universidad del Pacífico (Concepción)
Instituto Profesional INACAP (Talcahuano)
Instituto Profesional DuocUC (Concepción)
Instituto Profesional Santo Tomás (Concepción)
Instituto Profesional AIEP (Concepción)
Instituto Profesional Providencia (Concepción)
Instituto de Estudios Bancarios Guillermo Subercaseaux (Concepción)
Instituto Profesional Virginio Gómez (Concepción)
Instituto Profesional Diego Portales (Concepción)
Instituto Tecnológico UCSC (Talcahuano)
Instituto Profesional La Araucana (Concepción)
Instituto Profesional Valle Central (Concepción)
Infome del INE, Chile: Ciudades, Pueblos, Aldeas y Caseríos.
2005 (PDF & ZIP) (Spanish)
Michael Jackson, American singer-songwriter
Michael Jordan, American professional basketball player
Roy Rogers (born Leonard Franklin Slye, November 5, 1911 – July 6, 1998) was an American singer and cowboy actor.
Roy Rogers Restaurants chain was named after him.
He and his wife Dale Evans, his golden horse, named Trigger, and his German Shepherd dog, named Bullet, were in more than 100 movies and The Roy Rogers Show.
The show came on radio and then came on television from 1951 through 1957.
His productions usually had a sidekick (a companion), usually either Pat Brady, (who drove a Jeep called "Nellybelle") or Andy Devine, or the crotchety (irritating) George "Gabby" Hayes.
Rogers's nickname was "King of the Cowboys".
Evans's nickname was "Queen of the West."
About Roy Roger's life
Leonard Franklin Slye was born in Cincinnati, Ohio in USA.
His parents' name was  Andrew and Mattie Syle.
His family lived in a tenement building (apartment on rent) on 2nd Street. (
Riverfront Stadium was built at this place in 1970 and Leonard joked that he had been born at second base.)
His father, Andrew Syle was not happy with his job and city life.
So,Andy Slye and his brother Will built a 12-by-50-foot houseboat from salvage lumber.
Then, in July 1912, the Slye family floated on the Ohio River towards Portsmouth, Ohio.
The Syles family wanted a more stable life in Portsmouth.
So, they bought land on which they could built a home.
But, because of the flood of 1913, they were able to move their houseboat to the land.
So, they continued living in the houseboat on dry land.
In 1919, the Slyes bought a farm in Duck Run, located near Lucasville, Ohio which is 12 miles north of Portsmouth.
There they built a six-room home.
But the farm alone could not give a good income for his family, so Leorand's father, Andrew took a job at a shoe factory in Portsmouth.
He lived there during the week and came back home on the weekends.
He used to bring gifts for his family after paydays (the day payment is given).
One important gift was a horse on which Leonard learned how to ride a horse.
After Leonard completed his eight grade, he studied at High School in McDermott, Ohio.
When he was 17, his family returned to Cincinnati.
In Cincinnati, his father started work at another shoe factory.
Leonard also wanted to help his family to earn more money.
So, he left high school.
He started to work with his father at the shoe factory and went to night school.
Leonard was made laughed at (made fun of) for sleeping in class.
So, he left the night school and never joined again.
Leonard and his father did not like their factory jobs.
In 1929, his older sister, Mary, went to Lawndale, California with her husband.
Leonard and his father left their shoe factory jobs.
The family lived with Mary for four months and then cam back to Ohio.
Soon, Leonard got to go to California with Mary's husband's father.
Rest of the family came to California in the spring of 1930.
The Slyes took a small house on rent near Mary.
Leonard and his father very soon found jobs as truck drivers for a highway making project.
But, when they came to work they got to know that their employer (person who gives job) had become bankrupt (did not have enough money).
Soon, came the years of Great Depression.
The Slyes were now moving from job to job collecting fruit and living in worker camps.
One day, Andrew Slye got to know about a shoe factory giving jobs in Los Angeles.
Andrew asked Leonard to join him.
Leonard used to feel happy playing guitar and singing around campfires.
So, he told his father that he wanted to earn money through music.
His father allowed him to do so.
Leonard and his cousin Stanley Slye went to Los Angeles and started to perform as The Slye Brothers.
Leonard now came to be known as Len.
In 1932, he met Lucille Ascolese while on tour.
The same year, a palomino colt (a breed of horse) was born in Santa Cietro, CA.
The young horse was first named "Golden Cloud", and later renamed "Trigger".
In May 1933, Len, 21, proposed to Lucille, 19, through radio.
Len then went on tour with the "O-Bar-O Cowboys".
In June 1933, Len met Grace Arline Wilkins at a radio station in New Mexico.
She gave Len a lemon pie in return of his singing "Swiss Yodel" on the radio.
By August 1934, Len and Lucille had separated as she was jealous and tired of being a musician's wife.
Len and Lucille's divorced on June 8, 1936.
Len and Grace Arline Wilkins married in Roswell, New Mexico, on June 11, 1936.
In 1941, Len and his wife, Grace adopted a girl, Cheryl Darlene.
In 1942, they legally changed their names to Roy and Grace Arline Rogers.
The next year, Arline gave birth to a daughter, Linda Lou.
In the Christian religion, The Day of Judgment  is the day in the future when all people who are living or dead will be judged by God.
It is often known as the Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Judgment Day, Doomsday, or sometimes it is called The Day of the Lord.
Beliefs of the early Christians
In the Torah the prophets had said that one day God would send His son to forgive people for the wrong things they had done and to save their souls.
In the early years of the Christian church people thought that, although Jesus Christ had now visited the world and died for us on the cross,  salvation will only be completed when the world ends and all people alive or dead will face God who will judge them.
References to the Day of Judgment in the Bible
The Day of the Lord is mentioned several times in the Old Testament (e.g. Book of Ezekiel chapter 13 v.5 and Isaiah chapter 2 v.12).
In the New Testament the coming of Christ as Judge of the world is mentioned very often.
In Paul’s letters and in the Revelation to John, then Christians who are saved by their faith in Jesus will reign with Christ.