the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Genus Otocyon
Bat-eared fox, Otocyon megalotis
Tribe Canini, True dogs
Genus Dusicyon
Falkland Island Fox, Dusicyon australis†
Genus Pseudalopex
Culpeo, Pseudalopex culpaeus
South American Grey fox, Pseudalopex griseus
Darwin's fox, Pseudalopex fulvipes
Pampas fox, Pseudalopex gymnocercus
Sechura fox, Pseudalopex sechurae
Hoary fox, Pseudalopex vetulus
Genus Atelocynus
Short-eared dog, Atelocynus microtis
Genus Cerdocyon
Crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous
Genus Speothos
Bush dog, Speothos venaticus
Genus Chrysocyon
Maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus
Genus Nyctereutes
Raccoon Dog (Tanuki), Nyctereutes procyonoides
Genus Cuon
Dhole, Cuon alpinus
Genus Lycaon
African wild dog, Lycaon pictus
Genus Canis
Grey Wolf, Canis lupus
domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris
Red Wolf, Canis rufus
Coyote, Canis latrans
Golden Jackal, Canis aureus
Black-backed jackal, Canis mesomelas
Side-striped jackal, Canis adustus
Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis
Eastern wolf, Canis lycaon
canids.org
Nickel (chemical symbol Ni) is an element.
It has an atomic number of 28 and an atomic mass of about 58.69amu.
It has 28 protons.
It is a transition metal.
Nickel is a silver-white metal.
It is easily polished (made shiny).
It is not magnetic when heated above .
It is not soft like many other metals.
Nickel is not a reactive metal.
It does not rust like iron.
It makes a thin coating of nickel(II) oxide which stops more corrosion.
Aluminium does a similar thing.
Nickel is found in two oxidation states: +2, nickel(II); and +3, nickel(III).
Nickel(II) is more common.
Nickel in its +2 oxidation state is green.
Nickel(II) chloride is a common +2 oxidation state compound.
Nickel(II) oxide is normally dark green, but sometimes it is gray.
This is because some of the nickel is in the +3 oxidation state (nickel(III).
Nickel(III) compounds are oxidizing agents.
They also are grayish.
Nickel compounds can be green, blue, gray, or black.
Nickel(II) compounds
Nickel(II) compounds are not highly reactive.
They are normally green or blue.
They are toxic and irritate skin.
Some of them are carcinogens.
Nickel(II) carbonate, green
Nickel(II) chloride, greenish
Nickel(II) hydroxide, light green
Nickel(II) nitrate, greenish
Nickel(II) oxide, gray or light green
Nickel(II) sulfate, blue-green
Nickel(III) compounds
The isotopes of nickel range in atomic weight from 48Ni to 78Ni.
Nickel that is found in nature is made up of five stable isotopes; 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni and 64Ni.
At least 26 radioisotopes of nickel have been found.
The most stable radioisotope is 59Ni which has a half-life of 76,000 years.
Nickel also has one meta state.
Nickel was found when an ore that looked like copper did not make copper metal.
Later it was found that the ore actually had a new metal, called nickel.
Nickel was isolated as a metal and classified as a chemical element by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751.
At first, the copper colored nickel ore was the only source.
Later, it was made as a byproduct of cobalt blue making.
Nickel is normally found in minerals, and not as a metal in the ground.
Sometimes meteorites have nickel and iron metal in them.
The most common nickel mineral is pentlandite.
Most of the nickel on Earth is thought to be in the Earth's outer and inner cores.
There are sulfidic and lateritic nickel ores.
Philippines mines the most nickel.
Other major mining countries are Russia, Canada and Australia.
Nickel is found in both laterite and sulfide ores.
They are heated to melt them and concentrate them.
They are also separated by oils.
Nickel is made from its sulfide by heating it in air.
This oxidizes the sulfide to sulfur dioxide, leaving liquid nickel behind.
This nickel is not yet pure and not ready for use.
Pure nickel with a nickel content greater than 99% is made in an electrolytic process.
In this process, the nickel is dissolved in bath of sulfuric acid.
When the pure nickel sticks to cathodes hanging into the bath, the impurities remain in the sulfuric acid or at the bottom of the bath.
These impurities are very interesting, as they can contain precious metals.
Sixty-eight percent of all nickel produced is used to make stainless steel.
Nickel is also used in nichrome, a name for a nickel-chromium alloy, and other alloys.
Nickel is used in magnets.
Nickel is used in special expensive alloys called superalloys.
Nickel sulphate is used in rechargeable batteries.
A lithium ion battery contains up to 15% of nickel while the lithium content is less than 1%.
A nickel cadmium battery also uses nickel.
Nickel compounds are also used to electroplate nickel on items.
Nickel and some of its compounds are also used as a catalyst.
Nickel is used in stainless steel.
It is also used in some nonferrous alloys.
It is used in electroplating.
Nickel is used to make many products like stainless steel, alnico magnet, coinage, rechargeable batteries, electric guitar strings, microphone capsules and plating on plumbing fixtures.
It is used as a green tint in glass.
Nickel and its alloys are used as catalysts for hydrogenation reactions.
Nickel is used as a binder in the cemented tungsten carbide.
63Ni is used in krytron devices as a beta particle emitter to make ionization by the keep-alive electrode more reliable.
Raney nickel is used for hydrogenation of unsaturated oils to make margarine.
Concentrations in Surface Sea water
Nickel concentrations vary over the surface layer of the worlds’ oceans.
Nickel concentrations correlate with nutrient concentrations because it can be up taken by photosynthesizing organisms, such as diatoms.
Nickel is then remineralized at depth from biogenic material.
However, there is regional variability.
In general, dissolved Nickel concentrations are rarely below 1.5-2.0 nmol/kg of seawater, usually in nutrient-deplete areas since it follows a similar profile.
For example, there are generally lower concentrations in the northern hemisphere of the Atlantic Ocean, with the lowest Nickel concentration being 1.7 nanomol (nmol)/ kg of seawater.
This could be related to greater Nickel uptake by nitrogen fixers and a high influence of aeolian iron concentrations.
Photosynthesizing organisms’ uptake the Nickel with an uptake in iron because iron stimulates nutrient in photosynthesizing organisms.
Furthermore, in nutrient-rich eastern boundary currents, Nickel concentrations average 3.5 nmol/kg of seawater.
North Atlantic surface waters (Equator to 40⁰) from 0-100 meters range from 2.06 to 2.52 nmol/kg of seawater.
In the North Atlantic, Nickel concentrations increase in concentration with depth from 0-500m range at 3.13 to 3.61 nmol/kg of sea water.
In the Southern Ocean, Nickel concentrations from 0-500m range from 5.67 nmol/kg of seawater to 6.51 nmol/kg of seawater.
Southern oceans tend to have greater concentrations mainly due to the absence of a thermocline, which encourages intense mixing through storms and internal wave action.
In the northeast Pacific Ocean from 0-500m, Nickel concentrations range from 5.54 nmol/kg of seawater to 6.63 nmol/kg of seawater, as there is a region of productivity there.
In the non-upwelling, open-ocean of the North Pacific, concentrations of Nickel are between 1.0 and 2.0 (nmol) per kilogram of seawater (kg).
Meanwhile, in equatorial upwelling surface zones of the Eastern Pacific, concentrations of Nickel average 3.0 nmol/kg of seawater.
Upwelling brings nutrients to the surface waters, including various Nickel ion species.
Nickel can irritate skin.
That is why jewelry that releases nickel ions is bad for some people.
Some nickel salts are carcinogens.
Nickel is not as toxic as other metals such as mercury but it is still toxic.
Nickel compounds
A fox is a small mammalian carnivore.
They hunt and eat live prey, mostly rabbits and rodents (squirrels and mice).
They may also eat grasshoppers, birds' eggs, and even fruit and berries.
Sometimes they eat carrion.
Foxes are the smallest members of the dog family Canidae.
Twelve species belong to the Vulpes genus of monophyletic "true foxes".
There are about another 25 living or extinct species which are sometimes called foxes.
Foxes are swift and agile runners which live in family groups.
A female fox is called a vixen, and a male is called a dog.
Foxes' tails are multi-purpose organs.
Their bushy tail helps them keep warm while they are sleeping in cold weather.
It is also part of the animal's food store for wintertime.
Foxes' plump, bushy tail is easily seen, and is used for sending signals to its family members.
The tail is also used for balance while running.
Foxes are found on all continents (except Antarctica), mostly living in forest, shrubland, and desert regions.
They were not native to Australia, but were introduced in some way.
The most common fox species is the red fox.
In the United Kingdom, it was a common sport for people to hunt foxes with horses and dogs.
This is now banned.
"Most agricultural damage is caused by rabbits, and this can be considerable.
Yet in lowland areas, rabbits comprise 45 to 70 per cent of the diet of foxes... One study estimated that, over its lifetime, each fox was worth between £150 and £900 in increased revenue to farmers... A strong argument against killing foxes".
True foxes
There are 12 species of Vulpus.
Bengal fox, Vulpes bengalensis
Blanford's fox, Vulpes cana
Tibetan sand fox, Vulpes ferrilata
Arctic fox, Vulpes lagopus
Rüppell's fox, Vulpes rueppellii
Red fox, Vulpes vulpes (includes silver fox)
Fennec fox, Vulpes zerda
The arctic fox is included in this genus as Vulpes lagopus.
There is genetic evidence that shows it is probably a true fox.
Some species of true fox are extinct.
Fossils have been found of:
Vulpes hassini
Vulpes praeglacialis Kormos
Vulpes riffautae
A food pyramid is a chart that can be used to see how many servings of each food should be eaten each day.
It is for having good health.
Grains give carbohydrates and some vitamins and minerals.
Vegetables and fruits give a lot of vitamins, some minerals, and few fats, but fruits often have more calories and sugar.
Dairy products (like milk, cheese, yogurt, etc.)
have protein, some fat, and a lot of calcium, an element that helps build strong bones.
Meat have protein, some fat, and B vitamins.
Fats, oils, and sweets give calories, fats, and sugars but not a lot of nutrition.
Criticisms
The torso also known as the trunk, is the part of the human body where the limbs are attached.
Some people also call it the trunk.
It is made of chest, back, and abdomen.
The nose of an elephant.
Trunk (botany), the main part of a tree.
Torso, a term for the human body without the head and limbs.
Trunk (luggage), a large case.
Trunk (automobile), a compartment on a car used for storage in American English, called a boot in British English.
Trunk (motorcycle), a case mounted above and behind a motorcycle seat, or the space under the seat
Trunk (telecommunications) has a number of closely related meanings.
Trunk (software)
Trunk build, the section for current development of software using version control
Age of Mythology is a real-time strategy computer game made by Ensemble Studios.
The game has an expansion to it named Age of Mythology: The Titans.
Age of Mythology is a spinoff of the Age of Empires game series.
Age of Mythology at HeavenGames.com
Mississauga, Ontario is the sixth-largest city in Canada and the third largest city in Ontario (after Toronto and Ottawa).
It borders the largest city in Canada, Toronto.
In fact, it is a part of the Greater Toronto Area.
Toronto Pearson International Airport is located in Mississauga.
Visitor attractions
Art Gallery of Mississauga, a free gallery in the Civic Centre showcasing local art
Benares Historic House
Bradley House Museum
Living Arts Centre, a showcase for the arts
Opera Mississauga
Heritage Mississauga
Portuguese Cultural Centre of Mississauga
Renaissance Catering & Convention Centre
On August 2, 1805, Toronto Township was formed when officials from York (what is now the City of Toronto) purchased 84,000 acres (340 km²) of land from the Mississaugas.
In January 2010, the Mississaugas and the federal government settled a land claim.
The aboriginal people received $145,000,000 from that.
After the land was surveyed, much of it was given in the form of land grants to United Empire Loyalists.
They emigrated from the Thirteen Colonies during and after the American Revolution, as well as loyalists from New Brunswick.
A group of settlers from New York City arrived in the 1830s.
In 1820, the government purchased additional land from the Mississaugas.
Additional settlements were established, including: Barbertown, Britannia, Burnhamthorpe, Derry West, Elmbank, Malton, Meadowvale Village, Mount Charles, and Streetsville.
European-Canadian growth led to the eventual displacement of the Mississaugas.
In 1847, the government relocated them to a reserve in the Grand River Valley, near present-day Hagersville.
In 1873, the Toronto Township Council was formed to oversee the events of the various villages that were unincorporated at that time.
The Council's responsibilities included road maintenance, and a police force.
Most of present-day Mississauga was agricultural land: including fruit orchards, through much of the 19th and first half of the 20th century.
Exceptions included small villages, some gristmills and brickworks served by railway lines,
In the 1920s, cottages were constructed along the shores of Lake Ontario for people who lived in the city.
17 years later in 1937, 1,410.8 acres of land was sold to build the Malton Airport (later known as the Pearson Airport).
It became Canada's busiest airport which also put the end to the community of Elmank.
The township settlements of Lakeview, Cooksville, Lorne Park, Clarkson, Erindale, Sheridan, Dixie, Meadowvale Village, and Malton were combined in 1968 to form the Town of Mississauga.
At the time, both Port Credit and Streetsville were left out and remained separate.
The town name was chosen by voting.
In 1974, Port Credit and Streetsville became part of Mississauga.
In that same year, the Square One Shopping Centre opened.
On November 10, 1979, a freight train left its tracks on the Canadian Pacific rail line while carrying explosive and poisonous chemicals just north of the intersection of Mavis Road and Dundas Street.
One of the tank cars carrying propane exploded.
Since other tank cars were carrying chlorine, the decision was made to evacuate nearby residents.
With the possibility of a deadly cloud of chlorine gas spreading through Mississauga, 218,000 people were evacuated.
Residents were allowed to return home, once the area was safe.
It was one of the largest evacuations in North American history.
Mississauga covers  of land, with  of shoreline on Lake Ontario.
Mississauga is a quickly growing and multicultural city.
Statistics Canada estimates that Mississauga now has 704,000 people, an increase of 150,000 from the previous decade and the population has almost doubled in the past twenty years.
The city of Mississauga has only had four mayors in its past and it was created in 1974.
This is because in Mississauga usually mayors serve for a very long time.
For example, Hazel McCallion, 99, has been mayor from 1978.
The current mayor is Bonnie Crombie who assumed office in the December of 2014.
Dr. Martin L. Dobkin 1974-1976
Ron A. Searle 1976-1978
Hazel McCallion 1978-2014
Bonnie Crombie 2014-now
Ward 1 Stephen Dasko
Ward 2 Karen Ras
Ward 3 Chris Fonseca
Ward 4 John Kovac
Ward 5 Carolyn Parrish
Ward 6 Ron Starr
Ward 7 Dipka Damerla
Ward 8 Matt Mohoney
Ward 9 Pat Saito
Ward 10 Sue McFadden
Ward 11 George Carlson
Federal and Provincial Ridings
Mississauga has six legislative (government) ridings that are the same for the Canadian government and the Ontario government.
The Canadian government has people in charge of those ridings called M.P.'s (Member of Parliament) and the Ontario government has M.P.P.'s (Member of Provincial Parliament) in charge of them.
Bramalea-Gore-Malton
M.P.: Gurbax Malhi (Liberal)
M.P.P.: Kuldip Kular (Liberal)
Mississauga-Erindale
M.P.: Bob Dechert (Conservative)
M.P.P.: Harinder Takhar (Liberal)
Mississauga-Brampton South
M.P.: Navdeep Bains (Liberal)
M.P.P: Amrit Mangat (Liberal)
Mississauga East-Cooksville
M.P.: Albina Guarnieri (Liberal)
M.P.P.:
Mississauga South
M.P.:
M.P.P.: Charles Sousa (Liberal)
Mississauga-Streetsville
M.P.: Gagan Sikand (Liberal, 2015-now)
M.P.P.: Nina Tangri (PC, 2018-now)
County seats in Massachusetts
1630 establishments in Massachusetts
1282 – March – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother to Prince of Wales Llywelyn the Last, attacks an English castle; his brother feels compelled to support him despite poor preparation for war, quickly leading to the final English conquest of Wales by King Edward I of England.
1286 – Prussians settled in exile in Serbia stage a famous uprising.
1288 – June 5 – John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in the Battle of Worringen — one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages — thus winning possession of the duchy of Limburg.
The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.
1288 – August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.
May 9 – The remains of Saint Nicholas were brought to Bari.
September 9 – William II becomes king of England
End of the formal reign of Emperor Shirakawa, but not of his cloistered rule
Emperor Horikawa ascends to the throne of Japan
March 15 – Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence.
May 2 – John Maitland becomes Duke of Lauderdale and Earl of March.
June 12 – French forces under king Louis XIV cross the Rhine to Netherlands
June 28 – William III of Orange appointed Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht.
August 20 – Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland is slaughtered by a mob in The Hague.
England, France, Münster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is known as ´het rampjaar´ (the disaster year) in the Netherlands.
May 1 – Joseph Addison, writer and essayist
July 24 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sails from France, again, with a large expedition designed to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi River.
October 7 – Japanese Chief Minister Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated, leaving Shogun Tsunayoshi without any adequate advisors, leading him to issue impractical edicts and create hardships for the Japanese people.
December 10 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmund Halley.
France under Louis XIV makes Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg) and Spain.
Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland to liberate Europe from the Ottoman Turkish rule.
The Japanese poet Saikaku composes 23,500 verses in 24 hours at the Sumiyoshi Shrine at Osaka; the scribes cannot keep pace with his dictation and just count the verses.
The British East India Company receives Chinese permission to build a trading station at Canton.
Tea sells in Europe for less than a shilling a pound, but the import duty of 5 shillings makes it too expensive for most English people to afford.
Smuggled tea is drunk much more than legally imported tea.
England has its coldest winter in living memory; the River Thames and the sea as far as 2 miles out from land freezes over.
John Bunyan writes The Pilgrim's Progress Part 2.
The Chipperfield's Circus dynasty begins when James Chipperfield introduces performing animals to England at the River Thames frost fairs on the Thames in London.
January 1 – Arnold Drakenborch, Dutch classical scholar (died 1748)
January 14 – Jean-Baptiste van Loo, French painter (died 1745)
February 24 – Matthias Braun, Czech sculptor (died 1738)
March 15 – Francesco Durante, Italian composer (died 1755)
March 19 – Jean Astruc, French physician and scholar (died 1766)
April 15 – Catherine I of Russia (died 1727)
June 22 – Francesco Manfredini, Italian composer (died 1762)
September 18 – Johann Gottfried Walther, German music theorist, organist, and composer (died 1748)
October 10 – Antoine Watteau, French painter (died 1721)
October 26 – Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, Prussian field marshal (died 1757)
December 3 – Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian historian and writer (died 1754)
April 1 – Roger Williams, English theologian and colonist (born 1603)
April 5 – Lord William Brouncker, English mathematician (born 1602)
May 4 – John Nevison, English highwayman (born 1639)
May 12 – Edme Mariotte, French physicist and priest (born c.1620)
July 2 – John Rogers, American President of Harvard University (born 1630)
July 6 – Peter Gunning, English royalist churchman (born 1614)
August 8 – George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer (born 1622)
October 1 – Pierre Corneille, French playwright (born 1606)
October 11 – James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven (born 1617)
First Orrery built by George Graham
May 25 - John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1792)
September 23 - King Ferdinand VI of Spain (d. 1759)
October 13 - Allan Ramsay, Scottish painter (d. 1784)
November 24 - Junipero Serra, Spanish Franciscan missionary (d. 1784)
January 8 - Arcangelo Corelli, Italian composer (b. 1653)
February 25 - King Friedrich I of Prussia (b. 1657)
August 9 - Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany
February 14 – Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister
February 21 – The premiere in London of George Frideric Handel's oratorio, Samson.
September 13 – Treaty of Worms (1743) – a treaty between Great Britain, Austria and Sardinia
Battle of Dettingen
The coyote (Canis latrans) also called the prairie wolf, brush wolf or American jackal, is an animal of the Canidae family.
The word "coyote" comes from the Náhuatl (Aztec) word cóyotl.
Coyotes are smaller than wolves.
The color of the coyote's fur is a grayish brown to yellowish gray on the upper parts, while the throat and underside are a more white color.
The forelegs, sides of the head, muzzle and feet are reddish brown.
The ears of the coyote are long and pointed.
Coyotes  are very  adaptable and can live in almost all habitats live only in North America and some areas of Central America.
They live in prairies, but also in cities swamps Chaparrals grasslands forest and mountains.
The coyote is found throughout North America from California up to as far as Alaska.
They normally live in dens about 6 feet wide and four feet tall.
The coyote is an omnivore and eats fruits, grasses, vegetables, rabbits, mice, shrews and voles.
They also eat insects, worms, rats, fish, birds, deer, snakes, and lizards.
In the city, coyotes find food easily.
They dig up plants in gardens and eat food out of garbage cans.
Sometimes, they join small packs (groups), but normally hunt alone.
Coyotes live in dens.
They dig a tunnel under the ground and then dig out a larger area at the end of the tunnel where they sleep and have their babies or pups.
They can have six pups at a time.
Often a coyote den will have two entrances, with one that is hidden.
Sometimes they dig more than one den, so they can move if an enemy finds the den.
Coyotes have a few enemies.
Wolves, bears and cougars are the only enemies to coyotes, but there are not many wolves left in North America compared to the number of coyotes.
The biggest enemy of the coyote is people.
They do not usually attack people, but sometimes eat small pets such as cats.
The coyote is a character of many myths from Native American peoples.
The coyote is often portrayed as a joker, and stories are told to explain things he does.
The Pima regard him as the offspring of the moon.
Coyote is always male with an overwhelming reference to his large penis which requires a pack to carry it in.
He is a lustful creature with desire for Changing Bear Maiden and by attempting to have sex with women by becoming a baby.
Coyote also has incestuous relations with his mother-in-law and daughter.
He is credited for removing the teeth of vagina dentata or by moving the genitals to the correct location on the body in order to make sex pleasurable.
Coyote has an appetite for menstrual blood and relates to Lakota girls' puberty rite.
Coyote is often responsible for the finality of death and introduces work and suffering.
The Apache believe he created Europeans.
The Zuni believe he created pubic hair.
The Pomo say he stole the sun and made the world dark.
Coyote is curious and goes along with the crowd.
He is a trickster, culture hero, and a feared shape-shifter.
Canids
A vole is a small mouse-like mammal.
It is a rodent from a subfamily called the Arvicolinae.
They live in woodlands and grasslands.
There are about 155 species of voles.
There are species in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America.
The closest relatives of voles are the lemmings and muskrats, which are in the same subfamily.
Adult voles, depending on the species, are 7.5 to 17.5 centimetres (three to seven inches) long.
They eat seeds, grass or other plants, and insects.
The average life of the smaller vole species is three to six months.
These voles rarely live longer than 12 months.
Larger species, such as the European water vole Arvicola, live longer.
They usually die during their second winter.
As many as 88% of voles die during the first month of life.
An isthmus is a narrow strip of land, with water on either side, that connects two bigger landmasses.
For example, the Isthmus of Panama connects the continents of The Americas.
Separating two water bodies and joining two land bodies, an isthmus is the opposite of a strait.
Rodents (from Latin , 'to chew') are a very successful group of mammals.
They form the order Rodentia.
They have no more than 2 incisors.
These keep growing, and must be kept worn down by gnawing (eroding teeth by grinding them on something hard); this is the origin of the name, from the Latin rodere, "to gnaw", and dent, "tooth".
Most rodents are small.
Examples of commonly known rodents are mice, rats, chipmunks, and squirrels.
Some other small rodents sometimes kept as pets are Guinea pigs, hamsters, and gerbils.
Almost half of all mammal species are rodents.
More examples of rodents are voles, prairie dogs, groundhogs, and chinchillas.
Rabbits, hares, and pikas are sometimes called rodents, because they also have teeth that keep growing.
But in 1912 biologists decided to put them in a new, separate order, Lagomorpha, because they have two extra incisors in their upper jaw.
Shrews are sometimes called rodents, because they look like mice, but that is not correct.
They are in the order Insectivora.
There are more families than these.
The list includes the more common families.
Suborder Anumaluromorpha
Family Anomaluridae
Family Pedetidae
Suborder Castorimorpha
Family Castoridae (Beavers)
Family Geomyoidea (Pocket gophers, Kangaroo rats and mice)
Suborder Hystricomorpha
Family Ctenodactylidae
Family Hystricidae
Family Myocastoridae
Family Caviidae
Family Chinchillidae
Family Cuniculidae
Suborder Sciuromorpha
Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver
Family Gliridae (also Myoxidae, Muscardinidae): dormice
Family Sciuridae: squirrels, including chipmunks, prairie dogs, & marmots
Suborder Myomorpha
Superfamily Muroidea
Superfamily Dipodoidea
Family Dipodidae
UCMP Berkeley: Introduction to the Rodentia
https://www.utep.edu/leb/pleistnm/taxaMamm/lagomorpha.htm
Titan (Ancient Greek: Τῑτάν) is Saturn's moon.
It was found by Christiaan Huygens on 25 March 1655.
Titan is a unique moon because it is the solar system’s only moon to have an atmosphere.
Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second largest in the Solar System.
Titan is larger than the planet Mercury.
Its equatorial diameter (wideness at the equator) is 5,150 km.
It orbits 1,221,865 km away from Saturn.
Titan is the only moon known to have an atmosphere and it more thicker than Earth’s.
But humans could not breathe it as it is very cold, and also poisonous.
The air is made of nitrogen and methane.
Titan is the only place in the Solar System, except Earth, that has lakes and much liquid on its surface.
But the liquid is methane, not water.
Titan was discovered on 25 March 1655 by Christiaan Huygens, an astronomer from the Netherlands.
Earlier, in 1610, Galileo Galilei had discovered four of Jupiter's moons.
This inspired Huygens: he also wanted to discover new moons.
Because Huygens had also improved the telescopes of the time, making them a lot better, he thought he might be able to discover a new moon.
Christiaan and his brother, Constantijn, started to build their own telescopes in 1650.
Using the first telescope he ever built, Christiaan Huygens was able to see Titan.
At first he called it "Luna Saturni", which means "Saturn's moon" (he did not know there was more than one).
Through the years, lots of other moons have been discovered and today the moon is known as "Titan" or as "Saturn VI".
The name "Titan", and all the names of Saturn's other moons, are from the Greek legends.
Titan is the only moon in the Solar System that has a thick atmosphere (the gases that surround a planet or moon).
After the spacecraft Voyager I visited the moon on 12 November 1979, it showed that Titan's surface (the ground level) is hidden under an atmosphere that is 900 km thick.
Before this, everyone thought that Titan was the biggest moon in the Solar System.
Now we know that it is the second biggest, after Ganymede, one of Jupiter's moons.
Even though it is smaller, Titan is close in size to Ganymede.
It is also close in size to the slightly smaller Callisto, another of Jupiter's moons.
Not only is Titan a big moon, it is even bigger than the planet Mercury, but it only has half as much mass (it is much lighter).
Because Titan does not have a lot of mass, scientist think that Titan is made of matter that is not very heavy, specifically frozen water and ammonia.
Some scientists think that there is a lot of liquid water and ammonia underneath the surface, enough to fill an entire ocean.
These scientists think that there might be a form of life inside this ocean.
At its centre, Titan has a rocky core that is about 3400 km thick.
This core is made up of silicates and metals.
The gravity (the force that keeps everything attached to the ground) is a lot weaker than here on earth.
If you could jump 1m high on the Earth, you would be able to jump 7m high on Titan.
It takes Titan 15 days and 22 hours to orbit (travel) around Saturn.
This is almost the same time it takes Saturn to rotate or spin around its own axis - one full spin.
This is known as "synchronous rotation", which means that the same side of Titan is always pointed to Saturn.
The path in which Titan moves, its orbit, is very close to a circle, but not quite.
We use the word "eccentricity" to describe the path that a moon or planet travels in.
An image with an eccentricity of 0 (zero) has a path that is a perfect circle.
If the eccentricity is more than 0, the path is less round (see image below).
Titan's eccentricity is 0.028, very close to zero.
Cassini-Huygens mission
On July 1, 2004, the Cassini-Huygens probe entered into orbit around Saturn.
On December 25, 2004, the Huygens probe separated from the Cassini probe and started to move towards Titan.
It landed on Titan's surface on January 14, 2005.
It landed on a dry surface, but it confirmed that large bodies of liquid exist on the moon.
The Cassini probe continued to gain data of Titan and a number of the icy moons.
Cassini also proved in July, 2006 that Titan contained hydrocarbon lakes, located near its north pole.
In March, 2007, it discovered a large hydrocarbon lake the size of the Caspian Sea near its north pole.
The lake of liquid methane has been named Kraken Mare.
In 2009, Nasa showed a photograph showing the sunlight reflecting off the surface of the lake.
This was the first ever picture of liquid on another world.
In 2012 researchers at NASA discovered that Titan is giving off a faint glow of light.
This is believed to be caused by complex chemical reactions occurring in Titan's atmosphere.
This kind of light is called an airglow.
Shangri-la (Titan)
A computer number format is the way that computers and calculators represent numbers.
Most computers use a system of binary which is composed of ones and zeros.
January 6 – Spanish Captain Hernando de Santana founds the city of Valledupar in what is now Colombian territory.
February 7 – Julius III becomes Pope.
The first book in Slovenian, Abecedarium, written by Protestant reformer Primoz Trubar, is printed in Tübingen, Germany.
Nostradamus' first almanac is written.
Helsinki, the capital of Finland, is founded by Gustav Vasa.
Columbus is the third largest town, in the U.S. state of Georgia.
Coca-Cola and RC Cola (Royal Crown Cola) were first made here.
It is south of Atlanta.
It is about one hour and thirty minutes to two hours away from Atlanta.
Carthage is an ancient city-state in what is now Tunisia.
It began as a Phoenician colony.
Carthage at the height of its power was the foremost power in the Mediterranean Sea, controlling parts of Spain, Sicily, North Africa, Sardinia, and the Balearic islands.
The Roman Republic destroyed Carthage in the Punic Wars of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.
In later centuries Rome started a colony in the same place and it became an important city of Africa Province.
Eventually the Vandals conquered the city and used it to attack Rome.
Carthage was a rival for Mediterranean Sea power for the Roman Republic, who wanted to take over the whole western Mediterranean Sea.
Carthage was a large obstacle to that.
So, in 264 BC, the Romans responded to a plea for help by some rebels in Messina, and landed an army in Sicily.
This started the First Punic War.
The Romans then invaded the Carthaginian holdings in Sicily, and the Carthaginian generals could not stop them.
Even at sea, the Romans were able to copy the Carthaginian bireme ships and win several major victories on the sea, though the Carthaginians had long fought at sea and the Romans were new to this.
Finally, a general named Hamilcar Barca took up the Carthaginian defense in place of the decidedly older, less energetic Hanno.
Hamilcar immediately realized the futility of meeting the superior Roman army in open battle, so he decided to use hit-and-run raids to wear down the Romans.
This tactic was slightly more effective against the slow, heavily armored roman troops.
Eventually, however the Romans were able to take Lilybaeum, the Carthaginian's main stronghold in Sicily.
This ended Carthage's power in Sicily and ended the First Punic War.
In the Second Punic War, Hannibal Barca led the Carthaginian army through Spain, southern Gaul, and across the Alps, into Italy in 218 BC.
There he clashed with the Roman Republic in 3 major battles: the battle of the River Trebia, the battle of lake Trasmine, and The battle of Cannae.
Hannibal defeated the Romans in stunning victories in each of these battles.
He failed, however, to take Rome, and eventually had to retreat back to Carthage, where he was defeated by Scipio Africanis in the battle of Zama.
The Romans destroyed Carthage in 146 BC, in the third Punic war.
The Carthaginians who survived, numbering about 50,000, were sold into slavery.
Valencia is captured by the Almoravids.
Henry I of England orders the tomb of Edward the Confessor opened; the body is found undecayed.
Henry I of England takes possession of Arundel Castle.
The Hohenbaden castle is built in Baden-Baden, Germany.
Boleslav III becomes king of Poland.
coronation of Coloman of Hungary in the town of Biograd, adding the Croatian duchies of Slavonia and Dalmatia to the crown of Hungary.
Crusaders capture Caesarea Palaestina.
Crusaders defeat an Egyptian invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem near Ascalon.
Dagobert of Pisa is briefly deposed as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem (and restored later in the year).
Raymond IV of Toulouse begins to besiege Tripoli, and takes the nominal title of count of Tripoli.
Raymond IV of Toulouse is imprisoned by Tancred, regent of the Principality of Antioch.
January 11-May 6 – First recorded lottery in England performed nonstop at the west door of the St. Paul's Cathedral.
Each share costs 10 shillings and proceeds are used to repair the harbors and for other public works
March 13 – Battle of Jarnac – Royalist troops under Marshal Gaspard de Tavannes surprise and defeat the Huguenots under the Prince of Condé, who is captured and murdered.
A substantial proportion of the Huguenot army manages to escape under Gaspard de Coligny.
June 10 – German Protestant troops reinforce Coligny near Limoges
July – September – Huguenot forces under Coligny and 15 year-old Prince Henry of Navarre besiege Poitiers
August 24 – Battle of Orthez – Huguenot forces under Gabriel de Montgomery defeat Royalist forces under General Terride in French Navarre.
Catholics surrender under the condition that their lives would be spared.
Huguenots agreed, but then massacred the Catholics anyway.
September – A Royalist army under the Duc d'Anjou and Marshal Tavannes forces Coligny to abandon the siege of Poitiers
October 3 – Battle of Moncountour – The Royalist forces of Tavannaes and Anjou defeat Coligny's Huguenots.
Gerardus Mercator devises the Mercator projection
Assemblies of 3 Lithuanian provinces, Volhynia, Ukraine and Podlasie vote to be incorporated into Poland.
Poland and Lithuania are united in the Union of Lublin.
They form Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
June 12 – beginning of Rakvere town, Estonia
July 11 – Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch), major victory of Flanders over the French.
September 24 – Charles II of Naples makes peace with Frederick III of Sicily under the Treaty of Caltabellotta – the War of Sicilian Vespers ends
Roger de Flor starts the Catalan Company with soldiers (Almogavars) jobless after the Treaty of Caltabellotta
Spain occupies the harbor of Algiers
Jicin, Bohemia is chartered as a city
Pope Boniface VIII stops the activities of the Franciscans
Boniface VIII publishes the bull Unam Sanctam
First meeting of the French States-General
Dante Alighieri is sent away (exiled) from Florence by the Black Guelphs, as is Petrarch's father (see Guelphs and Ghibellines)
Robert I of Scotland makes peace with Edward I of England
Brockton is a town in Plymouth County in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.
It and the town of Plymouth are the county seats of Plymouth County.
The Rocky Marcaino Statue
On Brockton High School's grounds, a Rocky Marciano statue was erected in 2012.
It is the tallest statue of a sportsman in the world.
The statue was made possible by J.P.L. Lubek & Wanda Wladyslawa Nida .
A bronze statue of Marciano was planned for August 31 2009 completion date in his hometown of Brockton, Massachusetts, as a gift to the city by the World Boxing Council, based on Jan & Wanda's SOLE recommendations.
The artist, Mario Rendon, head of the Instituto Universitario de las Bellas Artes in Colima, Mexico, was selected to sculpt the statue.
After years of delays in the planning stages, the groundbreaking for the statue was held on April 1 2012, on the grounds of Brockton High School.
The statue was officially unveiled on September 23 2012, which was the 60th anniversary of Marciano winning the world heavyweight title.
A bronze statue of Marciano was also erected in Ripa Teatina, Italy, to celebrate the birthplace of Marciano's father.
Cities in Massachusetts
Rabat (, transliterated ar-Rabāṭ or ar-Ribāṭ, literally "Fortified Place"), population 577,827 hab. (
2014 estimate), is the capital of the Kingdom of Morocco.
It is also the capital of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region.
The city is on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg.
On the other side of the river is Rabat's bedroom community.
Together the two cities with Temara have a population of 1.8 million.
Silting problems have lowered the city's role as a port.
However, Rabat and Salé still maintain somewhat important textile, food processing and construction industries.
Some are from sweatshop labor by major businesses.
BC to 17th century
Rabat's history began with a settlement, known as Chellah on the banks of the Oued Bou Regreg in the third century BC.
In 40 AD, Romans took over Chellah and changed it to the Roman settlement of Sala Colonia.
Rome held the colony until 250 AD.
They gave it up to local rulers.
In 1146, the berber Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min turned Rabat's ribat into a full scale fortress.
It was used as a starting point for attacks on Spain.
In 1170, due to its military importance, Rabat acquired the title Ribatu l-Fath, meaning "stronghold of victory," from which it gets its current name.
Yaqub al-Mansur (known as Moulay Yacoub in Morocco), another Almohad Caliph, moved the capital of his empire to Rabat.
He built Rabat's city walls, the Kasbah of the Udayas and began construction on what would have been the world's largest mosque.
The ruins of the unfinished mosque, along with the Hassan Tower, still stand today.
Yaqub's death a period of decline at first.
The Almohad empire lost control of its land in Spain and much of its African territory.
Eventually this led to its total collapse.
In the 13th century, much of Rabat's economic power shifted to Fez.
In 1515 a Moorish explorer, El Wassan, reported that Rabat had declined so much that only 100 houses remained with people living in them.
An increase of Moriscos, who had been removed from Spain, in the early 17th century helped boost Rabat's growth.
Corsair republics
Rabat and neighboring Salé united to form the Republic of Bou Regreg in 1627.
The republic was run by Barbary pirates who used the two cities as base ports for starting attacks on shipping.
The pirates did not have to fight with any central authority until the Alaouite Dynasty united Morocco in 1666.
They attempted to establish control over the pirates, but failed.
European and Muslims authorities continued to attempt to control the pirates over many years.
The Republic of Bou Regreg did not collapse until 1818.
Even after the republic's collapse, pirates continued to use the port of Rabat.
This led to the attack of the city by Austria in 1829 after an Austrian ship had been lost to a pirate attack.
French invasion
The French invaded Morocco in 1912 and established a protectorate.
The French administrator of Morocco, General Hubert Lyautey, decided to move the country's capital from Fez to Rabat.
Among other factors, citizens had made Fez an unstable place because of their desire to rebel.
Sultan Moulay Youssef followed the decision of the French and moved his home to Rabat.
In 1913, Gen. Lyautey hired Henri Prost who designed the Ville Nouvelle (Rabat's modern quarter) as an administrative sector.
When Morocco became independent in 1956, Mohammed V, the then King of Morocco, chose to have the capital remain at Rabat.
After World War II, the United States created a military presence in Rabat at the former French air base.
By the early 1950s, Rabat Salé Air Base was a U.S. Air Force based hosting the 17th Air Force and the 5th Air Division.
These divisions oversaw forward basing for Strategic Air Command (SAC) B-47 Stratojet aircraft in the country.
With the destabilization of French government in Morocco, and Moroccan independence in 1956, the government of Mohammed V wanted the U.S. Air Force to pull out of the SAC bases in Morocco.
He insisted on such action after Americans became involved in Lebanon in 1958.
The United States agreed to leave as of December 1959.
They were fully out of Morocco by 1963.
SAC felt the Moroccan bases were much less critical with the long range capability of the B-52 Stratofortresses that were replacing the B-47s.
It also had completed USAF bases in Spain in 1959.
The biggest place for theatre is the Theatre Mohamed V in the centre of the town.
The city also has a few official galleries and an archeological museum.
Many organisations are active in cultural and social issues.
Orient-Occident Foundation and ONA Foundation are the biggest of these.
L'appartement 22, which is the first independent space for visual arts created by Abdellah Karroum, opened in 2002.
Rabat was selected as a filming location for the war film Black Hawk Down (2001).
Twin towns - Sister cities
Rabat features a Mediterranean climate.
Along the Atlantic Ocean, Rabat has a mild, temperate climate.
It moves from cool in winter to warm days in the summer months.
The nights are always cool (or colder in winter) Daytime temperatures generally always rise about +9/10 C° (+15/18 F°) every day.
The winter highs usually reach only  in December-January (see weather-table below).
Rabat: History
Rabat Post
Cities in Morocco
1146 establishments
Establishments in Morocco
12th-century establishments in Africa
Foundation of the University of Padua
Completion of the Cistercian convent in Alcobaca, Portugal
Eric XI becomes King of Sweden
Premysl Ottokar I reunites Bohemia and Moravia
John III Ducas Vatatzes becomes Byzantine emperor (in the Empire of Nicaea)
Alexander of Hales enters the Franciscan order
April 17 – Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, opens a council at Osney
February 16 – Nichiren, Japanese founder of Nichiren Buddhism (d. 1282)
August 4 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (d. 1262)
Andrei II of Russia, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1264)
March 10 – Johan Sverkersson, king of Sweden since 1216 (b. 1201)
June 23 – Constance of Aragon (b. 1179)
August 2 – Count Raymond VI of Toulouse (b. 1156)
August 12 – Ladislaus Jindrich of Bohemia
Theodore I Lascaris, founder of the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea
Duke Kahanamoku (August 24, 1890 – January 22, 1968), was a Hawaiian athlete who is called the inventor of modern surfing.
He was also on the United States Olympic team as a swimmer, and won several silver and gold medals.
Contrary to some misinformation on the internet, Duke is not known as the Big Kahuna.
He himself rejected that term, because he knew its meaning.
The Big Kahuna is a character in the Gidget story, which is based on a portrayal of Tube Steak Tracy, a famous surfer of the '40s & '50s in Malibu.
Sportspeople from Hawaii
Overland Park is a city in the U.S. state of Kansas.
It is in Johnson County.
It is the second biggest city in Kansas.
It is the second biggest city in the Kansas City metropolitan area.
In 2010, 173,372 people lived there; in 2017, 191,278 lived there.
It has the Sprint World Headquarters Campus.
Overland Park starts in 1905.
William B. Strang Jr. created Overland Park.
On May 20, 1960 Overland Park was officially incorporated as a "city of first class".
It had 28,085 people living there.
In 1990, 111,790 people lived there.
In 2010, it grew to have 173,250 people living there.
Overland Park officially became the second largest city in the state after becoming bigger than Kansas City, Kansas in the early 2000s.
Overland Park is in northeastern Kansas.
It is at the junction of Interstate 435 and U.S. Route 69 east of Olathe.
The city center is about  south-southwest of downtown Kansas City, Missouri.
The city is on the northern edge of the Osage Plains.
Overland Park is a few miles south of the Kansas River.
Of that,  is land and 0.53 square mile (1.38 km²) is water.
Overland Park is in between North America's humid subtropical climate and humid continental climate zones.
They usually have hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters.
The service sector makes up most of the local economy.
Health care, retail trade, professional and technical services, finance and insurance, and information technology are Overland Park's five biggest industries.
Companies with headquarters in Overland Park include Sprint Corporation, YRC Worldwide, Black & Veatch, Waddell & Reed, Ferrellgas, Ash Grove Cement Company, and Compass Minerals.
Biggest employers
According to Kansas, Overland Park is a "city of the first class".
Since 1963, Overland Park has had a mayor-council-manager form of government.
Overland Park is in Kansas's 3rd U.S. Congressional District.
Representative Sharice Davids represents them in the United States House of Representatives.
For the Kansas Legislature, the city is in the 6th, 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 21st, and 37th districts of the Kansas Senate.
They are in the 8th, 16th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 27th, 28th, 29th, and 48th districts of the Kansas House of Representatives.
Overland Park has four public school districts.
The part of the city north of Interstate 435 is in the Shawnee Mission School District (SMSD).