the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
There are certain rules the woman can use to know if she is not fertile.
Chances that this method will fail are about 10% (which means 10% chance she can get pregnant)
Induced abortion
Induced abortion (sometimes called just abortion) is when a doctor gives a pregnant woman a medicine or does a surgery to stop the pregnancy.
Some people do not call abortion a kind of contraception.
This is because contraception means preventing pregnancy, but abortion is stopping a pregnancy that has already started.
Abortion is not a good birth control method.
If a woman does not want to get pregnant, other methods are more safe and inexpensive (cost less money).
So many doctors who do abortions for women help women find a better way to not get pregnant the next time.
Religion and contraception
Some religions do not like contraception.
Some of them teach that contraception is a sin.
Catholicism – almost all types of birth control are a sin (except Natural Family Planning or abstinence).
The Catholic Church had no official policy over Contraception until 1930 when Pope Paul VI officially banned Catholics from using birth control pills, most forms of contraceptions, and even condoms.
The Church believes sex is for a husband and wife to make a baby, and sex must always be open to life (possibility of making a new human) and contraceptions would be sinful as it blocks pregnancy even though the Bible does not ban contraceptions.
Protestantism – most Protestant churches believe birth control is not a sin and allow couples to use it if they do not wish to make a baby.
Islam – most schools of thought believe that some methods of birth control are not a sin.
This is not applicable to sterilization, birth control due to financial hardship, or methods that deprive a woman of her right to sexual satisfaction.
Judaism – there are many different beliefs in Judaism about birth control, but even the most conservative types of Judaism allow it if the woman will get sick if she gets pregnant.
Religious beliefs that contraception is a sin also keep people from doing safe sex.
Some groups who are opposed to this belief say it is dangerous in places where there is a lot of HIV and AIDS, because condoms make people much less likely to get HIV, but at the same times many feel that they can practice extra marital sex since they are "safe" from HIV/AIDS.
Wedding Website: A simple introduction to cpntraception - in simple English
University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo: Methods of Contraception For Men and Women
World Health Organization information on family planning
Medline Plus on birth control
USFDA page "what kind of birth control is best for you?"
in simpler English
A role-playing game (also called an RPG) is a game in which one plays the role of one or several characters (people), either verbally (traditional RPGS), in a computer or video game, or alone (gamebooks).
Often the characters gain experience (EXP) during the game, which makes them stronger.
Traditional RPGs
A traditional role-playing game, or tabletop role-playing game, is a form of role-playing game (RPG) in which each person playing the game will make-believe that he or she is a character in the game.
A person playing the game will tell the action of his or her character, and a system of rules will tell whether the action can be done or not.
The game will happen in a made-up world that is controlled by another person playing the game, called a gamemaster (GM).
The gamemaster tells the game's story to the players, tells them where they are in the game world, and plays the part of all the Non-Player Characters (NPCs) and monsters that the players meet.
The gamemaster will also give quests or tasks for the characters to complete.
Characters usually have things about them that limit their actions, such as strength or speed, and as the character completes the quests, he or she is awarded experience points which can be used to make the character better.
Most tabletop RPGs use dice rolls when a player tries to do something hard in the game (Like attacking a monster, or jumping over a gap).
This means that there is luck in the game, as well as skill.
Most games have a system of bonuses so that they can succeed more often.
GM: "You enter a small room.
It is wet and smells bad.
You hear water dripping from somewhere.
You see a small, shaking pile of gray jelly in the middle of the room."
Good GMs balance challenges and rewards, giving the players the chance to recover from mistakes, but at the same time providing consequences for the player's actions.
One example of this type of RPG is Dungeons & Dragons
Computer and video game RPGs
There are also computer and videogame RPGs, where the player controls one or more characters.
A good example is the Final Fantasy series of games.
Just like the pre-computer RPGs, the characters in the games level up when they get EXP.
They also usually contain a main quest which cannot be completed without completing smaller side quests.
These computer RPGs are easier to play because they only need one person, but they also lack the freedom of the older games, where new quests can be made up whenever you want.
MMORPGs (Massively-Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game), are computer games where many players meet online in one large game world, and go on quests together.
Some examples of these games are World of Warcraft, Everquest, or Runescape.
Text-Based
Text Based RPGs are not too different from Traditional RPGs, generally based on the Dungeons and Dragons game.
However some Text Based RPGs are not for combat, but are for socializing and meeting others.
With many Text Based RPGs you need a client, a program to send what you say to the server, which can be located in another country.
Many clients are basic and display text in one colour, but there are others that use colours, enhancing the readability of the contents.
Live action role-playing game (LARP)
In LARP, the people play their characters themselves, much like a play.
They act out the things their character does, dress like their character, and often talk in the way their character would.
Arabic () is a Semitic language, like Hebrew and Aramaic.
Around 292 million people speak it as their first language.
Many more people can also understand it as a second language.
The Arabic language has its own alphabet written from right to left, like Hebrew.
Since it is so widely spoken throughout the world, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.
The others are English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese.
Many countries speak Arabic as an official language, but not all of them speak it the same way.
The language has many dialects, or varieties, such as Modern Standard Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Gulf Arabic, Maghrebi Arabic, Levantine Arabic and many others.
Some of the dialects are so different from one another that speakers have a hard time understanding the other.
Most of the countries that use Arabic as their official language are in the Middle East.
They are part of the Arab World because the largest religion is in the region is Islam.
Arabic is very important in Islam because Muslims believe that Allah (God) used it to talk to Muhammad through the Archangel Gabriel (Jibril), giving him the Quran in the language.
Many but not all Arabic-speakers are Muslims.
Arabic is also becoming a popular language to learn in the Western world even though its grammar is sometimes very hard to learn for native speakers of Indo-European languages.
Many other languages have borrowed words from Arabic because of its importance in history.
Some English words that can be traced to Arabic are sugar, cotton, magazine, algebra, alcohol and emir.
Dresden (Upper Sorbian: Drježdźany) is the capital of the Free State of Saxony.
It is in the southeast of Germany, on the River Elbe near the border with the Czech Republic.
Dresden was already settled in the Neolithic part of the Stone Age, but the first written record of the city was in 1206, when Dresden began to develop as a royal residence.
Dresden was bombed a lot at the end of World War II.
It was bombed by American and British bombers between 13 February and 15 February 1945.
Most of the city's buildings were damaged beyond repair after the bombings.
The city had to rebuild most of its buildings after the war.
Politics and cultural
Dresden is the political and cultural centre of Saxony.
It is the seat of the governmental district of Dresden and of many universities.
The city had a popiulation that exceeded 100,000 around 1852.
Dresden has about 488,000 inhabitants (2005).
Dresden forms the core of the densely-populated area of the same name in Central Europe and is a traffic junction and an economic centre.
Together with the population centres of Chemnitz, Zwickau and Leipzig, it forms the population centre known as the Metropolregion Saxonia Triangle .
Dresden has got an international airport (Flughafen Dresden-Klotzsche) which has about 2 million passengers/year.
This Airport has got daily flight connections to Frankfurt and Munich (Lufthansa), Moscow (Aeroflot), Cologne and Stuttgart (germanwings), Düsseldorf (germanwings)  as well as to Zurich (InterSky), Hamburg (eurowings on behalf of germanwings) and London-City (CityJet).
The biggest station is Dresden Hauptbahnhof (Dresden Main station) with an ICE (InterCityExpress) connection to Leipzig, Erfurt, Frankfurt and Wiesbaden.
There's an EuroCity connection to Prague, Graz and Vienna just as an InterCity connection to Berlin and Hamburg.
The metropolitan of Dresden has got four highwas:
A4:   Frankfurt - Dresden - Goerlitz - Wrocław - Kraków
A13: Dresden - Berlin
A14: Nossen (near Dresden) - Leipzig - Magdeburg (- Schwerin)
A17: Dresden - Prague
1206 establishments in Europe
13th-century establishments in Germany
Free will is being able to choose between different actions.
If we judge an action (for example, as good or bad) it only makes sense if the action is freely chosen.
Things like advice, persuasion, and prohibition, are pointless unless people have some kind of free will.
Free will means people can do different things.
Different results come from different courses of action.
Traditionally, only actions that are freely willed deserve credit or blame.
If there is no free will, there is no sense or justice in rewarding or punishing anybody for any action.
In philosophy
Determinism comes from the idea that our world – and the universe – is in some way rather like a machine.
This idea goes back a long way in history (at least 2,500 years).
that events in the past fully decide (cause) events in the future.
It is the same as saying "the universe is like a clockwork instrument".
If you knew everything about it, you could predict exactly what will happen.
To illustrate this Pierre-Simon Laplace proposed a thought experiment in 1814, which he called Laplace's demon.
If determinism is the case, then there can be no free will.
The view that a deterministic universe means people do not have free will is called "incompatibilism".
It means if determinism is true, it is incompatible with free will, and so free will does not exist.
Soft determinism
Many thinkers do not like what follows from hard determinism, and ideas have been put forwards as to why we do have free will.
Here we give just one of these ideas.
Soft determinism (or "compatibilism") tries keep determinism, but still claims that free will is possible.
David Hume had this position.
According to Hume, free will is not the ability to make a different decision under the same circumstances.
Because there may be slight differences in the circumstances, a different decision can be reached.
Chrysippos.
a stoic philosopher gives the example of a dog which is tied to a cart.
This dog can freely decide to follow the cart.
William James coined the term "soft determinism" in  The dilemma of determinism in 1884.
There, James writes "A common opinion prevails that the juice has ages ago been pressed out of the free-will controversy".
James went on to argue, just as did Plutarch, that events fall into two groups: the causally determined and the rest.
In law
The law assumes we have free will.
The job of courts is to find out when people do things and what they were thinking when they decided to do it.
For example, think of someone who kills someone else.
A court tries to figure out (1) if he or she actually killed the other person, and (2) if he or she decided to do it.
The courts do not ask the philosophical question above.
In science
In the past, people such as Democritus saw the universe as deterministic.
Some people thought that getting enough information would allow them to predict perfectly what will happen in the future.
Modern science, however, is a mixture of deterministic and stochastic theories.
Hindu–Arabic numeral system, sometimes called "Arabic numerals"
1284 – The Statute of Rhuddlan incorporates the Principality of Wales into England.
1575 – Mughal Emperor Akbar defeats a Bengali army at the Battle of Tukaroi.
1585 – The Olympic Theatre, designed by Andrea Palladio, is inaugurated in Vicenza, Italy.
1776 - American Revolutionary War: The first amphibious landing of the United States Marine Corps begins in the Battle of Nassau.
1779 – American Revolutionary War: The Continental Army is routed (heavily beaten) at the Battle of Brier Creek.
1788 – Europen settlement begins on Norfolk Island.
1799 - Russo-Ottoman Siege of Corfu ends with the surrender of the French garrison.
1820 - United States Congress passes the Missouri Compromise.
1836 - Texas declares independence from Mexico.
1845 – Florida becomes the 27th State of the US.
1849 - The Minnesota Territory is created.
1857 – Second Opium War: France and the United Kingdom declare war on China.
1861 – Tsar Alexander II of Russia signs the Emancipation Manifesto, freeing the Serfs.
1875 – Georges Bizet's opera Carmen receives its premiere at the Opéra-Comique in Paris.
1875 – The first-ever organised indoor ice hockey game is held in Montreal.
1878 – The Russo-Turkish War ends, as Bulgaria regains its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
1885 - The American Telephone and Telegraph Company is incorporated in New York.
1904 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany becomes the first ruler to make a sound recording of a political document, using the phonograph cylinder.
1905 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly, the Duma.
1913 - Thousands of women march in a suffrage parade in Washington, DC.
1915 – NACA, the predecessor of NASA, is founded.
1918 – World War I: Germany, Austria and Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russia's involvement in the war.
1923 – TIME magazine is first published.
1924 – End of the Ottoman caliphate.
1925 - The Mount Rushmore Monument is unveiled, having been created by Gutzon Borglum.
Carved into rock are the faces of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt.
1931 - The United States adopts The Star-Spangled Banner as the national anthem.
1933 – Ching Yun University is established.
1938 – Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
1939 – Mahatma Gandhi begins a fast (a period without eating) in protest against autocratic rule in British colonial India.
1942 – World War II: Ten Japanese war planes raid the town of Broome, in Western Australia, killing over 100 people.
1943 – World War II: In London, 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter the air-raid shelter at Bethnal Green tube station.
1945 – World War II: American and Filipino troops recapture Manila from Japanese forces.
1945 – A former Armia Krajowa unit massacres at least 150 Ukrainian civilians in Pawlokoma, Poland.
1945 – World War II: The Royal Air Force accidentally bombs the Bezuidenhout neighbourhood in The Hague, killing 511 people.
1953 – A Canadian Pacific Airlines Comet aircraft crashes in Karachi, Pakistan, killing 11 people.
1958 – Nuri as-Said becomes Prime Minister of Iraq for the 14th time.
1961 – Hassan II becomes King of Morocco.
1962 - The British Antarctic Territory is created.
1969 – Apollo programme: NASA launches Apollo 9 to test the lunar module.
1973 - Wasington Convention is signed.
1974 – Turkish Airlines Flight 981 crashes at Ermenonville, near Paris, killing all 346 people on board.
1978 – The body of movie actor Charles Chaplin is stolen from his grave in Switzerland.
1985 – Arthur Scargill announces the decision by the National Mineworkers Union to end the longest-running industrial dispute in the United Kingdom without a peace agreement over pit closures.
1985 – A magnitude 8.3 earthquake strikes the Valparaiso region of Chile, killing 177 people.
1991 – Referendum votes in both Estonia and Latvia show overwhelming support for independence from the Soviet Union.
1991 – United Airlines Flight 585 crashes at Colorado Springs, Colorado, killing 25 people on board.
1991 – Rodney King is hit and kicked by the Los Angeles police, which leads to big riots.
1992 – Kyrgyzstan starts to use its current flag.
1992 - Alija Izetbegovic declares Bosnia and Herzegovina independent.
1996 - The Partido Popular wins the Spanish parliamentary election, leading to Jose Maria Aznar becoming Prime Minister.
1997 – The Sky Tower, the southern hemisphere's tallest free-standing structure at a height of 328 metres, opens in Auckland, New Zealand, following more than 2-and-a-half years of building work.
2002 – Switzerland votes to join the United Nations, breaking its long history of being neutral.
2002 – The Hindu Kush in Afghanistan is hit by a magnitude 7.4 earthquake, killing 166 people.
2005 – Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly an airplane non-stop around the world without refuelling.
2009 – An armed attack targets the Sri Lanka national cricket team in Lahore, Pakistan.
2009 – The Historical Archives building in Cologne, Germany, collapses, killing 2 people.
Many documents are either completely destroyed or badly damaged.
1455 – King John II of Portugal (d. 1495)
1500 - Reginald Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1558)
1520 - Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer (d. 1575)
1589 - Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch theologian (d. 1676)
1606 - Edmund Waller, English poet (d. 1687)
1652 - Thomas Ottway, English dramatist (d. 1685)
1678 - Madeleine de Vercheres, Canadian heroine (d. 1747)
1756 - William Goodwin, English writer (d. 1836)
1778 – Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Hanover (d. 1841)
1788 - William Carroll, 6th and 9th Governor of Tennessee (d. 1844)
1793 - Charles Sealsfield, Austrian-American journalist (d. 1864)
1800 – Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist (d. 1862)
1805 – Jonas Furrer, 1st President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1861)
1816 - William James Blacklock, English painter (d. 1858)
1819 - Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist (d. 1912)
1823 – Gyula Andrassy, Hungarian regent (d. 1890)
1831 - George Pullman, American inventor (d. 1897)
1838 – George William Hill, American astronomer and mathematician (d. 1914)
1839 – Jamsetji Tata, Indian industrialist (d. 1904)
1841 - John Murray, Scottish oceanographer (d. 1914)
1845 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (d. 1918)
1847 – Alexander Graham Bell, Scottish inventor (d. 1922)
1860 - John Montgomery Ward, American baseball player (d. 1925)
1861 - Racho Petrov, Bulgarian general and politician (d. 1942)
1866 - Fred A. Busse, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1914)
1869 – Henry Wood, English conductor (d. 1944)
1869 – William M. Calder, United States Senator (d. 1945)
1871 – Maurice Garin, French cyclist (d. 1957)
1873 - William Green, American labor union leader (d. 1953)
1877 – Jon Thorlaksson, Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1935)
1878 - Leopold Jessner, German producer and director (d. 1945)
1879 - Jozsef Klekl, Slovenian writer (d. 1936)
1880 – Yosuke Matsuoka, Japanese politician (d. 1946)
1880 – Florence Auer, American actress (d. 1962)
1882 - Charles Ponzi, Italian criminal, origin of the term Ponzi scheme (d. 1949)
1886 – Tore Orjasaeter, Norwegian poet (d. 1968)
1886 - Ezequiel Fernandez, 18th President of Panama (d. 1946)
1890 – Norman Bethune, Canadian doctor and humanitarian (d. 1939)
1891 – Damaskinos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1949)
1891 – Arthur Drewry, British FIFA President (d. 1961)
1893 – Beatrice Wood, American artist and ceramicist (d. 1998)
1895 – Ragnar Frisch, Norwegian economist (d. 1973)
1901 – Claude Choules, British World War I veteran and supercentenarian (d. 2011)
1903 - Vasily Kozlov, Soviet politician (d. 1987)
1905 - Marie Glory, French actress (d. 2009)
1906 - Artur Lundqvist, Swedish writer (d. 1991)
1911 - Jean Harlow, American actress (d. 1937)
1912 - Klaus Gysi, German politician (d. 1999)
1914 – Asger Jorn, Danish painter (d. 1973)
1916 – Paul Halmos, Hungarian-American mathematician (d. 2006)
1918 – Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist (d. 2007)
1918 - Peter O'Sullevan, British horse racing commentator (d. 2015)
1918 - Fritz Thiedemann, German equestrian (d. 2000)
1919 – Loki Schmidt, German environmentalist and wife of Helmut Schmidt (d. 2010)
1919 – Peter Abrahams, South African writer (d. 2017)
1920 – Ronald Searle, British cartoonist (d. 2011)
1920 – Julius Boros, American golfer (d. 1994)
1920 – James Doohan, Canadian actor (d. 2005)
1921 - Diana Barrymore, American actress (d. 1960)
1921 - Doc Paskowitz, American surfer and physician (d. 2014)
1922 – Nandor Hidegkuti, Hungarian footballer (d. 2002)
1923 - Doc Watson, American bluegrass musician (d. 2012)
1924 – Tomiichi Murayama, Prime Minister of Japan
1924 – Lys Assia, Swiss singer and actress (d. 2018)
1928 - Howell Evans, Welsh actor, comedian and singer (d. 2014)
1929 - Mithat Bayrak, Turkish wrestler (d. 2014)
1930 – Heiner Geissler, German politician (d. 2017)
1930 – Ion Iliescu, former President of Romania
1933 – Lee Radziwill, American fashion executive (d. 2019)
1933 - Alfredo Landa, Spanish actor (d. 2013)
1934 - Jimmy Garrison, American jazz musician (d. 1976)
1934 - Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville, English politician
1934 - Yasuo Takamori, Japanese footballer
1935 – Zhelyu Zhelev, former President of Bulgaria (d. 2015)
1935 – Michael Walzer, American philosopher
1935 - Malcolm Anderson, Australian tennis player
1937 - Tsukasa Hosaka, Japanese footballer (d. 2018)
1937 - Bobby Driscoll, American actor (d. 1968)
1938 - Bruno Bozzetti, Italian animator and movie director
1942 - Mike Pender, English singer and guitarist
1945 - Ronald Mallett, American theoretical physicist
1945 - George Miller, Australian director
1946 - John Virgo, English snooker player
1946 - James C. Adamson, American astronaut
1947 – Oscar Tabarez, Uruguayan football manager
1948 – Snowy White, British guitarist
1949 - Bonnie J. Dunbar, American engineer, academic and astronaut
1951 - Tony Hall, British broadcasting executive, Director-General of the BBC
1953 – Zico, Brazilian footballer
1955 - Jorge Vergara, Mexican businessman
1955 - Darnell Williams, English-American actor
1956 - Zbigniew Boniek, Polish footballer
1958 – Miranda Richardson, British actress
1958 – Bob Bradley, American soccer coach
1958 - Marc Silvestri, American comic book artist
1960 - Neal Heaton, American baseball player and coach
1961 – Fatima Whitbread, British javelin thrower
1962 - Jackie Joyner-Kersee, American athlete
1966 - Fernando Colunga, Mexican actor
1966 - Timo Tolkki, Finnish musician
1967 - Alexander Volkov, Russian tennis player
1968 – Brian Cox, British physicist, television presenter and former musician
1968 - Brian Leetch, American ice hockey player
1970 – Inzamam ul-Haq, Pakistani cricketer
1970 - James Purnell, British politician
1970 - John Carter Cash, American country musician
1971 – Charlie Brooker, British comedian, writer and broadcaster
1971 - Christian Eigner, Austrian drummer and songwriter (Depeche Mode)
1972 – Darren Anderton, English footballer
1973 - Xavier Bettel, Prime Minister of Luxembourg
1973 - Olafur Darri Olafsson, Icelandic actor
1974 - David Faustino, American actor
1975 - Aleksandr Abdulkhalikov, Russian footballer
1975 - Aleksei Abdulkhalikov, Russian footballer
1976 - Keit Pentus-Rosimannus, Estonian politician
1977 – Ronan Keating, Irish singer
1978 - Seo Moon-tak, South Korean singer
1979 - Albert Jorquera, Spanish footballer
1979 – Alex Zane, British comedian
1981 - Eugene, South Korean singer and actress
1981 – Lil' Flip, American rapper
1981 – Julius Malema, South African politician and leader of Economic Freedom Fighters
1981 – Emmanuel Pappoe, Ghanaian footballer
1982 – Jessica Biel, American actress
1983 - Ashley Hansen, Australian footballer
1984 – Alexander Semin, Russian ice hockey player
1985 - David Davies, Welsh swimmer
1986 - Mehmet Topal, Turkish footballer
1986 – Stacie Orrico, American singer
1987 - Jesus Padilla, Mexican footballer
1988 - Riccardo Bocchino, Italian rugby player
1988 - Bella Heathcote, Australian actress
1988 – Michael Morrison, English footballer
1989 - Erwin Mulder, Dutch footballer
1989 - Hayley Marie Norman, American actress, producer and screenwriter
1989 - Shuichi Gonda, Japanese footballer
1991 - Park Cho-rong, South Korean singer
1992 - Jordy Lucas, Australian actress
1994 - Umika Kawashima, Japanese actress
1995 - Maine Mendoza, Filipina internet and television personality
1997 - Camila Cabello, American singer
1033 - Cunigunde of Luxembourg, Holy Roman Empress (b. 960)
1111 - Bohemund I, Prince of Antioch
1239 - Vladimir III Rurikovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1187)
1554 - John Frederick, Elector of Saxony (b. 1503)
1605 – Pope Clement VIII (b. 1536)
1606 – Nyaungyan Min, King of Burma (b. 1557)
1703 – Robert Hooke, English scientist (b. 1635)
1706 – Johann Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1653)
1707 – Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor (b. 1618)
1792 – Robert Adam, Scottish architect (b. 1728)
1824 - Giovanni Battista Viotti, Italian violinist and composer (b. 1755)
1869 – William Lanney (King Billy), the last full blood aborigine in Tasmania.
1899 - William P. Sprague, American politician (b. 1887)
1901 - George Gilman, American businessman (b. 1826)
1920 - Theodor Philipsen, Danish painter (b. 1840)
1927 - Mikhail Artsybashev, Ukrainian author and playwright (b. 1878)
1932 – Eugen d'Albert, German composer (b. 1864)
1932 - Joseph Mackey Brown, Governor of Georgia (b. 1851)
1942 - Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, Italian governor and viceroy (b. 1898)
1945 – William M. Calder, United States Senator (b. 1869)
1953 – James J. Jeffries, American heavyweight boxer (b. 1875)
1959 – Lou Costello, American actor and comedian (d. 1906)
1961 – Paul Wittgenstein, Austrian-born pianist (b. 1887)
1966 – Joseph Fields, American playwright, director and producer (b. 1895)
1975 - Edward H. Griffith, American director (d. 1888)
1979 - Mustafa Barzani, Kurdish politician (b. 1903)
1983 – Hergé, Belgian comics creator (b. 1907)
1987 – Danny Kaye, American actor, singer and comedian (b. 1911)
1991 - William Penney, English mathematician (b. 1909)
1993 - Carlos Montoya, Spanish flamenco guitarist (b. 1903)
1993 – Albert Sabin, Polish-born medical researcher (b. 1906)
1995 – Howard Hunter, American religious leader (b. 1907)
1996 – Marguerite Durand, French writer (b. 1914)
1996 - John Krol, American cardinal (b. 1910)
1998 - Fred Friendly, American broadcast executive (b. 1915)
1999 – Gerhard Herzberg, German-born Canadian chemist (b. 1904)
2002 - G. M. C. Balayogi, Indian lawyer and politician (b. 1951)
2003 – Horst Buchholz, German actor (b. 1933)
2005 – Rinus Michels, Dutch footballer and coach (b. 1928)
2008 – Giuseppe Di Stefano, Italian operatic tenor (b. 1921)
2010 – Keith Alexander, British footballer and coach (b. 1956)
2010 – Michael Foot, British politician (b. 1913)
2011 – Allan Louisy, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (b. 1914)
2012 – Ralph McQuarrie, American conceptual designer and illustrator (b. 1929)
2013 - Luis Cubilla, Uruguayan footballer (b. 1940)
2014 - William R. Pogue, American astronaut (b. 1930)
2015 - M. Stanton Evans, American journalist, author and educator (b. 1934)
2015 - Lynn Borden, American actress (b. 1937)
2015 - Ernest Braun, Austrian-British academic and author (b. 1925)
2016 - Martin Crowe, New Zealand cricketer (b. 1962)
2016 - Ashok Ghosh, Indian politician (b. 1921)
2016 - Thanat Khoman, Thai politician (b. 1914)
2016 - Natalia Krachkovskaya, Russian actress (b. 1938)
2016 - Sophie Dessus, French politician (b. 1955)
2016 - Hayabusa, Japanese professional wrestler (b. 1968)
2017 - Raymond Kopa, French footballer (b. 1931)
2017 - Misha Mengelberg, Dutch jazz pianist and composer (b. 1935)
2017 - Tommy Page, American singer-songwriter (b. 1970)
2017 - René Préval, President of Haiti (b. 1943)
2017 - Anne Kristin Sydnes, Norwegian politician (b. 1956)
2018 - Vanessa Goodwin, Australian politician (b. 1969)
2018 - Roger Bannister, English athlete and neurologist (b. 1929)
2018 - David Ogden Stiers, American actor (b. 1942)
2018 - Lin Hu, Chinese air force general (b. 1927)
2018 - Yvon Taillandier, French artist (b. 1926)
2018 - Derek Saunders, English footballer (b. 1928)
2018 - Billy Herrington, American pornographic actor (b. 1969)
2018 - Jorge Wagensberg Lubinski, Spanish physicist, academic and writer (b. 1948)
2018 - Franz Pacher, Austrian engineer (b. 1919)
2019 - Peter Hurford, British organist and composer (b. 1930)
Hinamatsuri (Girls' Day) in Japan
Liberation Day (Bulgaria)
Mother's Day (Georgia)
Sportsmen's Day (Egypt)
Martyrs' Day (Malawi)
World Wildlife Day
March 03
301  San Marino is founded by Saint Marinus.
It is the world's oldest republic, and one of the world's smallest nations.
590  Inauguration of Pope Gregory I.
863  Byzantine victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against an Arab raid.
1189  King Richard I of England is crowned.
1260  The mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their decisive defeat at the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.
1650  Third English Civil War: Battle of Dunbar - English parliamentary forces led by Oliver Cromwell defeat an army loyal to the future King Charles II of England and led by David Leslie, Lord Newark.
1651  Third English Civil War: Battle of Worcester - The future King Charles II of England is defeated in the last battle of the war.
1658  Richard Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England.
1758  An assassination attempt is made on King Joseph I of Portugal.
1777  American Revolutionary War: The Flag of the United States is flown in battle for the first time, during the Battle of Cooch's Bridge.
1783  The Treaty of Paris ends the American Revolutionary War.
Great Britain recognises US independence, and also cedes both East and West Florida to Spain.
1791  The French Constitution of 1791 is passed, changing France from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy.
1798  Start of a week-long battle at St. George's Caye in Belize, between Spain and Great Britain.
1803  English scientist John Dalton begins using symbols to represent the atoms of different elements.
1838  Future abolitionist Frederick Douglass escapes from Slavery.
1855  American Indian Wars: In Nebraska, 700 US soldiers under General William S. Harney kill 100 men, women and children in a Sioux village.
1861  American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.
1870  Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Metz begins, resulting in Prussian victory on October 23.
1875  The first official polo game is played in Argentina, following introduction by British ranchers.
1878  The pleasure boat Princess Alice collides with the Bywell Castle on the River Thames, killing around 640 people.
1882  The Hugstetten train crash in Germany kills 64 people.
1900  The United Kingdom annexes the Boer Republic of Transvaal.
1914  Because of opposition to his rule, William, Prince of Albania leaves the country after just six months in charge.
1914  The papacy of Pope Benedict XV begins.
1917  World War I: German troops enter Riga on the Eastern Front.
1919  Italy gives women the right to vote.
1928  Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin.
1933  Yevgeniy Abalakov becomes the first person to reach the top of what was then called Pik Stalin (later called Communism Peak and now called Ismoil Somoni Peak), which was the highest peak in the then-existing Soviet Union.
It is now the highest peak in Tajikistan, at a height of 7495 metres.
1935  Malcolm Campbell becomes the first person to drive an automobile at over 300 miles per hour, when he reaches a speed of 304.331 miles per hour at Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah.
1939  World War II starts, as the United Kingdom and France declare war on Germany, following the Nazis' invasion of Poland on September 1.
1943  World War II: The allied invasion of Italy begins when two British Army divisions land at Calabria.
1944  Holocaust: Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from the Westerbork transit camp to Auschwitz.
1945  China begins to hold a three-day celebration of the Japanese surrender on September 2, which officially ended hostilities in World War II.
1950  Giuseppe Farina becomes the first-ever Formula One world drivers' champion.
1954  German U-boat U-505 begins its move from a specially constructed dock to Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry.
1964  Through the US Wilderness Act, the John Muir and Ansel Adams wilderness areas are officially created for conservation purposes in California, along with the Bridger Wilderness in Wyoming.
1967  Sweden changes from left-hand traffic to right-hand traffic on its roads.
1971  Qatar declares independence.
1974  PASOK, one of the leading political parties in Greece, is founded.
1976  Viking Programme: The Viking 2 spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars.
1981  Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women enters into force.
1987  A military coup occurs in Burundi, as Jean-Baptiste Bogaza is deposed by Major Pierre Buyoya.
1988  The parliaments of the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland agree on introducing tougher anti-terrorism laws.
1989  An Ilyushin II-62 aircraft crashes in Havana, Cuba, killing 171 people.
1994  Sino-Soviet Split: Russia and China agree to de-target their nuclear weapons against each other.
1995  The Soyuz TM-22 mission launches to the Mir Space Station.
1997  Vietnam Airlines Flight 815, a Tupolev TU-134, crashes on approach to Phnom Penh Airport in Cambodia, killing 64 people.
1999  An 87-automobile pile-up occurs on Highway 401 freeway just outside Windsor, Ontario.
2001  In Belfast, Protestant loyalists begin a picket of Holy Cross Primary School for Girls.
For the following 11 weeks, pupils and parents are escorted to school by armed police while being targeted by abuse.
2004  On its third day, a siege at a school in Beslan, southern Russia ends in a massacre, in which over 300 people are killed.
2006  Andre Agassi ends his professional tennis career, as he loses in the US Open against Benjamin Becker.
2007  Adventurer Steve Fossett goes missing in the Sierra Nevada mountains in California.
His remains are found in October 2008.
2014  Flash floods in India and Pakistan kill over 200 people.
2016  The People's Republic of China and the United States ratify the Paris Climate Change Agreement.
2017  North Korea performs test for nuclear weapon against international law.
1034  Emperor Go-Sanjo of Japan (d. 1073)
1499  Diane de Poitiers, mistress of Henri II of France (d. 1566)
1568  Adriano Banchieri, Italian composer (d. 1634)
1635  Peder Griffenfeld, Danish statesman (d. 1699)
1643  Lorenzo Bellini, Italian astronomer (d. 1704)
1675  Paul Dudley, Attorney-General of Massachusetts (d. 1751)
1695  Pietro Locatelli, Italian composer (d. 1764)
1710  Abraham Trembley, Swiss naturalist (d. 1784)
1724  Guy Charleton, British Governor-General of Canada (d. 1808)
1757  Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (d. 1828)
1781  Eugène de Beauharnais, son of Napoleon's wife, Josephine (d. 1824)
1810  Paul Kane, Canadian painter (d. 1871)
1810  Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orleans, French nobleman (d. 1842)
1814  James Joseph Sylvester, British mathematician (d. 1897)
1820  George Hearst, American businessman and politician (d. 1891)
1829  Adolf Fick, German physiologist (d. 1901)
1844  Sophia Tolstaya, Russian writer (d. 1919)
1849  Sarah Orne Jewett, American writer (d. 1909)
1851  Olga Konstantinovna of Russia, Queen of Greece (d. 1926)
1856  Louis Sullivan, American architect (d. 1924)
1859  Jean Jaurès, French politician and historian (d. 1914)
1861  James Hartness, American inventor, engineer and politician, 58th Governor of Vermont (d. 1934)
1869  Fritz Pregl, Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1930)
1875  Ferdinand Porsche, German automotive engineer (d. 1951)
1880  Gwynne Evans, American swimmer and water polo player (d. 1965)
1882  Johnny Douglas, English cricketer and boxer (d. 1930)
1887  Frank Christian, jazz musician (d. 1973)
1893  Andrey Dikiy, Russian-American writer, historian, émigré politician and journalist (d. 1977)
1899  Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australian physician and virologist (d. 1985)
1900  Urho Kekkonen, 8th President of Finland (d. 1986)
1900  Maurice Dobb, British economist (d. 1976)
1902  Mantan Moreland, actor (d. 1973)
1905  Carl David Anderson, American physicist (d. 1991)
1907  Loren Eiseley, anthropologist (d. 1977)
1908  Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Soviet mathematician (d. 1988)
1910  Kitty Carlisle, American actress and television personality (d. 2007)
1910  Maurice Papon, French Nazi collaborator (d. 2007)
1913  Alan Ladd, American actor (d. 1964)
1914  Dixy Lee Ray, American politician, 17th Governor of Washington (d. 1994)
1915  Memphis Slim, American blues pianist, singer and composer (d. 1988)
1915  Knut Nystedt, Norwegian organist and composer (d. 2014)
1916  Eddie Stanky, American baseball player (d. 1999)
1918  Helen Wagner, American actress (d. 2010)
1921  Thurston Dart, English harpsichordist and conductor (d. 1971)
1921  Henry Bellmon, Governor of Oklahoma (d. 2009)
1923  Kishan Maharaj, Indian tabla player (d. 2008)
1923  Mort Walker, American cartoonist (d. 2018)
1923  Fred Hawkins, American golfer (d. 2014)
1924  Mary Grace Canfield, American actress (d. 2014)
1925  Bengt Lindström, Swedish painter and sculptor (d. 2008)
1925  Hank Thompson, American singer (d. 2007)
1926  Anne Jackson, American actress (d. 2016)
1926  Joseph P. Kolter, American politician (d. 2019)
1927  Hugh Sidey, American magazine editor
1928  Gaston Thorn, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 2007)
1929  Carlo Clerici, Swiss cyclist (d. 2007)
1929  Whitey Bulger, American criminal (d. 2018)
1929  Irene Papas, Greek actress and singer
1930  Cherry Wilder, New Zealand writer (d. 2002)
1931  Albert DeSalvo, American serial killer (d. 1973)
1931  Dick Motta, American basketball player
1931  Fritz J. Raddatz, German writer (d. 2015)
1932  Eileen Brennan, American actress (d. 2013)
1933  Tompall Glaser, American country music singer (d. 2013)
1934  Freddie King, American blues singer and guitarist (d. 1976)
1935  Hans Sturm, German footballer (d. 2007)
1936  Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali, former President of Tunisia (d. 2019)
1938  Caryl Churchill, English playwright
1938  Ryoji Noyori, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
1939  Vivi Bach, Danish actress (d. 2013)
1940  Eduardo Galeano, Uruguayan journalist and writer (d. 2015)
1942  Al Jardine, American rock and roll musician (The Beach Boys)
1943  Valerie Perrine, American actress
1947  Kjell Magne Bondevik, former Prime Minister of Norway
1947  Eric Bell, Irish guitarist (Thin Lizzy)
1947  Michael Connarty, Scottish politician
1947  Gérard Houllier, French football manager
1947  Mario Draghi, Italian head of the European Central Bank
1948  Levy Mwanawasa, 3rd President of Zambia (d. 2008)
1949  Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa (d. 2004)
1949  José Pekerman, Argentine football manager
1951  Maithripala Sirisena, President of Sri Lanka
1953  Jean-Pierre Jeunet, French movie director
1955  Steve Jones, British musician (Sex Pistols)
1956  Pat McGeown, Northern Irish Provisional IRA member (d. 1996)
1963  Mubarak Ghanim, Emirati footballer
1963  Malcolm Gladwell, Canadian journalist, essayist and critic
1964  Adam Curry, Internet entrepreneur
1965  Charlie Sheen, American actor
1965  Todd Lewis, guitarist and singer (Toadies and The Burden Brothers)
1965  Carlos Simon, Brazilian football referee
1965  Costas Mandylor, Australian actor
1969  John Fugelsang, American actor
1969  Dominic West, English actor
1970  Maria Bamford, American voice actress and comedienne
1970  Gareth Southgate, English footballer and coach
1971  Kiran Desai, Indian writer
1971  Paolo Montero, Uruguayan footballer
1973  Jennifer Paige, American singer-songwriter
1973  Damon Stoudamire, American basketball player
1974  Clare Kramer, American actress, producer and screenwriter
1975  Redfoo, American singer-songwriter, producer and dancer (LMFAO)
1976  Samuel Kuffour, Ghanaian footballer
1976  Vivek Oberoi, Indian actor
1977  Stephen Laybutt, Australian footballer
1977  Olof Mellberg, Swedish footballer
1979  Julio César Soares Espindola, Brazilian footballer
1979  Tiffany Chapman, English actress
1980  Jason McCaslin, Canadian musician (Sum 41)
1981  Fearne Cotton, English television presenter
1982  Kaori Natori, Japanese singer and songwriter
1982  Sarah Burke, American freestyle skier (d. 2012)
1984  Garrett Hedlund, American actor
1985  Scott Carson, English footballer
1986  Shaun White, American snowboarder and skateboarder
1987  Chris Fountain, English actor
1987  James Neal, Canadian ice hockey player
1988  Jerome Boateng, German footballer
1988  Sinan Bolat, Turkish footballer
1990  Rita Volk, Uzbek-American actress
1991  Thomas Delaney, Danish footballer
1993  Dominic Thiem, Austrian tennis player
1993  Rina Koike, Japanese model and actress
1999  Rich Brian, Indonesian rapper
264  Sun Xiu, Chinese Emperor (b. 235)
1354  Joanikije II, Serbian patriarch
1402  Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan (b. 1351)
1420  Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, Regent of Scotland (b. 1340)
1467  Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1434)
1592  Robert Greene, English author and playwright (b. 1558)
1634  Edward Coke, English jurist and Member of Parliament (b. 1552)
1658  Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England (b. 1599)
1808  Philip Gidley King, third Governor of New South Wales (b. 1758)
1857  John McLoughlin, Canadian trapper (b. 1784)
1860  Aleksey Khomyakov, Russian poet (b. 1804)
1866  Konstantin Flavitsky, Russian painter (b. 1830)
1872  Immanuel Nobel, Swedish engineer, architect, inventor and industrialist (b. 1801)
1883  Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (b. 1818)
1893  James Harrison, Scottish-born inventor (b. 1816)
1903  Joseph Skipsey, British poet (b. 1832)
1914  Albéric Magnard, composer (b. 1865)
1918  Fanny Kaplan, Russian anarchist and revolutionary (b. 1890)
1936  Nikita Balieff, Armenian-Russian puppeteer and director (b. 1876)
1948  Edvard Benes, President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1884)
1962  E. E. Cummings, American poet (b. 1894)
1964  Stewart Holbrook, American writer (b. 1893)
1967  Francis Ouimet, American golfer and businessman (b. 1893)
1968  Isabel Withers, American actress (b. 1896)
1969  John Lester, American cricketer (b. 1871)
1970  Vince Lombardi, American football coach (b. 1913)
1970  Alan Wilson, American singer and guitarist (b. 1943)
1973  Rufino Santos, Filipino cardinal (b. 1908)
1974  Harry Partch, composer (b. 1901)
1980  Duncan Renaldo, actor (b. 1904)
1985  Johnny Marks, American singer (b. 1909)
1986  Beryl Markham, British horse trainer, adventurer and writer (b. 1902)
1987  Morton Feldman, American composer (b. 1926)
1989  Gaetano Scirea, Italian footballer (b. 1953)
1991  Frank Capra, American movie director (b. 1897)
1994  James T. Aubrey, American television executive (b. 1918)
2001  Pauline Kael, American movie critic (b. 1919)
2001  Thuy Trang, Vietnamese-American actress (b. 1973)
2003  Paul Hill, American anti-abortion murderer (b. 1954)
2005  William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1924)
2007  Jane Tomlinson, British charity fundraiser (b. 1964)
2007  Steve Fossett, American businessman, aviator, sailor and adventurer (b. 1944) (date of disappearance)
2011  Sandor Kepiro, Hungarian military officer (b. 1914)
2012  Sun Myung Moon, Korean religious leader (b. 1920)
2012  Mahmoud El-Gohary, Egyptian footballer and coach (b. 1938)
2012  Michael Clarke Duncan, American actor (b. 1957)
2013  Ariel Castro, American criminal (b. 1960)
2014  Go Eun-bi, South Korean singer (b. 1992)
2014  Andrew Madoff, American investment broker (b. 1966)
2014  Mark Otway, New Zealand tennis player (b. 1931)
2014  Aarno Raninen, Finnish actor, composer and musician (b. 1944)
2014  Roy Heather, English actor (b. 1935)
2014  Niki Nordenskjöld, Swedish actress (b. 1975)
2015  Leon Gorman, American businessman (b. 1934)
2015  Jean Luc Préel, French politician (b. 1940)
2015  Zhang Zhen, Chinese general (b. 1914)
2015  Chandra Bahadur Dangi, Nepalese smallest-man-ever titleholder (b. 1939)
2015  Adrian Cadbury, British businessman and rower (b. 1929)
2015  Judy Carne, British actress (b. 1939)
2016  Mir Quasem Ali, Bangladeshi businessman and politician (b. 1952)
2016  Carlos Bulgheroni, Argentine entrepreneur (b. 1945)
2017  John Ashbery, American poet (b. 1927)
2017  Walter Becker, American musician, songwriter and producer (b. 1950)
2017  Joan Colom, Spanish photographer (b. 1921)
2017  Dave Hlubek, American musician and songwriter (b. 1951)
2017  Victor Krasin, Ukrainian-born Russian human rights activist and politician (b. 1929)
2017  Piet Ouderland, Dutch footballer and basketball player (b. 1933)
2017  John P. White, American politician (b. 1937)
2018  Lydia Clarke, American actress (b. 1923)
2018  Jalaluddin Haqqani, Afghan militant (b. 1939)
2018  Paul Koech, Kenyan long-distance runner (b. 1969)
2018  Jacqueline Pearce, British actress (b. 1943)
2018  Gordon Phillips, English footballer (b. 1946)
2018  Katyna Ranieri, Italian actress and singer (b. 1925)
2018  Ina Isings, Dutch classical archaeologist (b. 1919)
2019  Edgardo Andrada, Argentine footballer (b. 1939)
2019  LaShawn Daniels, American songwriter (b. 1977)
2019  Halvard Hanevold, Norwegian biathlete (b. 1969)
2019  Peter Lindbergh, German fashion photographer (b. 1944)
2019  José de Jesús Pimiento Rodríguez, Colombian footballer (b. 1919)
National Day of San Marino
Independence Day (Qatar)
Flag Day (Australia)
Levy Mwanawasa Day (Zambia)
Merchant Navy Day (United Kingdom)
Dagen-H (Sweden)
September 03
Irrigation is when people add water to plants, to help them grow when there is not enough rain.
Irrigation water can be pumped from rivers, natural lakes or lakes created by dams, from wells or allowed to flow to the fields by the force of gravity along pipes or open canals.
Types of Irrigation
There are many different types of irrigation methods.
The most common ones are:
Surface irrigation
Sub surface irrigation
Manual irrigation
In sprinkler irrigation, water is moved through pipes to sprinklers scattered around and within the field.
The Sprinklers shoot water from pressurized outlets or guns from pipes into the air which then fall on the plants.
Center pivot irrigation is a type of sprinkler irrigation.
It's basically, sprinklers on wheels.
In drip irrigation, water drips directly to the roots of plants from pipes which have small holes or special emitters spaced along the pipe.
Drip irrigation is more efficient than other irrigation methods because water is applied directly or close to plants' roots i.e. where it is needed.
Thus, it uses less water, reduces leeching of soil nutrients and erosion of top soil.
In Surface irrigation, water from a source such as rivers, pipes, dams, canals e.t.c.
floods the soil surface.
Surface irrigation uses a lot of water compared to other irrigation methods.
It could also drain nutrients beyond the reach of the plant roots.
If the water is excessive, it could cause damage to the plant.
However, surface irrigation is used extensively in rice farming.
This is because the permanent flooding acts as a natural pest control method and rice can survive waterlogged soil.
Sub-Surface irrigation is when water comes from below the surface of the soil.
Sub-surface irrigation create an artificial water table to place water right within reach of plants.
Water seeps through the walls into the soil of farms from canals passing through and/or around the farm.
Drip irrigation becomes sub-surface irrigation when the pipes are placed underground.
With Manual irrigation irrigation is done by humans using buckets, pipes or watering cans.
It is labor-intensive and inefficient.
Irrigation can let more crops be grown on the same land, or allow a crop to grow in a dry period.