the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
After the king Langdarma was killed in 842, the Tibetan Empire collapsed, and Tibet was no longer united under one king.
In the late 900s and 1000s, people started new Buddhist and Bon traditions.
Three of the four schools of Tibetan Buddhism were started during this time, as well as the first Bon monasteries.
People who study Tibet's history call this time the Tibetan Renaissance.
In 1042, the Indian Buddhist master Atisha came to Tibet.
Atisha inspired a reform of Tibet's monasteries and wrote an important guidebook for people to gain enlightenment.
These kinds of guidebooks are called lamrim, and all of the lamrim books in Tibet are based on Atisha's book.
The largest school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Gelug school, was started by people inspired by Atisha, particularly the monk Tsongkhapa (1357-1419).
Tsongkhapa's writings on philosophy became the new norm in Tibet.
The Mongol Empire sent armies to Tibet in 1240, and took control over the country over the next nine years.
The Mongols left the running of the country to leaders from the Sakya school of Buddhism.
Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia, and today most people in Mongolia are Buddhists as a result.
In the mid-1300s, Tibet became independent again, but the Mongols still had some power and influence.
In 1577, the Mongol leader Altan Khan gave the leader of the Gelug school the title Dalai Lama.
The fifth Dalai Lama was able to gain control of all of Tibet, and the Dalai Lama became not just the leader of the Gelug school but the leader of Tibet as well.
During the 1700s, the Qing Empire, based in China, sent armies to Tibet and took official control of Tibet, but the Qing emperors mostly let the Dalai Lama run the country.
The Qing emperor Qianlong gave his support to Tibetan Buddhism, allowing new translations of Buddhist books to be made and building new temples.
In the late 1800s, the British Empire and Russian Empire began to be interested in having control of Tibet, as it was in the middle of Russian colonies in Central Asia and British colonies in India.
Britain sent armies to Tibet in 1903-4.
They forced Tibet to agree not to be friendly with Russia.
A revolution ended the Qing Empire in 1911, and Tibet became independent again, and was independent for the next thirty-six years.
In 1949, Mao Zedong became the leader of China.
Mao and the Chinese leaders thought that China should regain control of Tibet, and in 1950, Chinese troops entered the east of Tibet.
Mao Zedong was a communist, and thought that many things about the way Tibetans lived their lives should be different.
The Chinese communists did not like how much power the Dalai Lama, the Gelug school, and Buddhist groups in general had over Tibetan society, and they wished to reform how land was owned in Tibet.
The changes the Chinese Communist Party made in Tibet were enforced with violence, and Tibetans began to rebel against the Chinese government.
The Chinese responded by sending many troops in 1959, forcing the Dalai Lama and thousands of other Tibetans to flee to other countries.
The Dalai Lama started a government in exile in India.
Between 1959 and 1961, most of Tibet's monasteries were destroyed, and the Chinese Communist Party gained control over Tibetans' lives.
China created an administrative division from part of Tibet called the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965, although ethnic Tibetans have not had much say in the running of this region.
The Chinese government has encouraged large numbers of Han Chinese people to settle in Tibet.
Groups outside of China such as the Human Rights Watch argue that the Chinese government is oppressing Tibetans and causing them to lose their culture.
Lhasa (拉萨)
Xigaze (日喀则)
Ngari Prefecture (阿里地区)
Nagqu Prefecture (那曲地区)
Chamdo Prefecture (昌都地区)
Nyingchi Prefecture (林芝地区)
Lhoka Prefecture (山南地区)
Influence outside Tibet
Tibetan culture also influences other regions nearby, such as Nepal, Bhutan, parts of eastern Kashmir and some regions in northern most Republic of India, most notably Sikkim, Uttaranchal and Tawang.
China claims part of the Indian province of Arunachal Pradesh as South Tibet.
There has been some protests in Tibet since China took control in the 1950s.
Most of them have been because of social or economic problems.
Some of them have been because there are people who believe Tibet should not be a part of China.
To show their resistance, many Tibetans set themselves on fire to put the Chinese government under pressure to become independent again.
In 2011, 19 people killed themselves.
A railway line, the Qingzang railway, has been built, linking China to Lhasa.
Also, rising prices of food, and difficult access to higher education have angered many people.
The railway line also raised fears about more migration.
This situation has led to some violence against people from outside Tibet.
Some of this violence occurs outside Tibet.
When it comes to assigning government posts in Tibet, more other nationalities of Chinese seem to be assigned, rather than Tibetans.
The Chinese Government claims that if Tibet became independent again, its economy would suffer.
Tibet Travel Guide
Tibet Travel Permit
Tibet Travel Agency
The oldest air guns used a bellows to compress (squeeze) air in a tube.
When the gun was fired the air was released.
The only way for the air to go was by pushing the pellet out.
A later invention was the spring piston, these can only fire one shot before the spring has to be reset.
Newer guns use air or another gas in a small cartridge, these guns can fire many more shots before the cartridge needs to be changed or refilled.
The projectile for an air gun is usually a pellet.
Some guns of this sort fire small round pellets call "bb"s.
Some people think this means ball bearing, but it does not.
The letters bb stood for a size of shot that was used to make shotgun cartridges, This was used in the first bb guns.
The most popular calibres (pellet sizes) for air weapons are  mm  (also called .177 to .22).
In many countries there are strict rules that limit the sales of air guns so not everyone can have one.
Many people enjoy air rifle and pistol shooting either for fun or hunting.
In the Olympics and target games, air pistols are used in some of the shooting events.
A carcass or corpse is another word for a dead body.
The dead body may be of an animal or a person.
In mathematics, a unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1.
The equation of the unit circle is .
The unit circle is centered at the Origin, or coordinates (0,0).
It is often used in Trigonometry.
Trigonometric functions in the unit circle
In a unit circle, where  is the angle desired,  and  can be defined as  and .
Using the function of the unit circle, , another equation for the unit circle is found, .
When working with trigonometric functions, it is mainly useful to use angles with measures between 0 and  radians, or 0 through 90 degrees.
It is possible to have higher angles than that, however.
Using the unit circle, two identities can be found:  and  for any integer .
El Al (; ) is the national airline of Israel.
It is the country's flag carrier airline.
It also flies to Africa, Asia, Europe and North America.
El Al serves 48 destinations.
It has only one hub: Ben Gurion International Airport in Tel Aviv.
In 1948, after a conference in Geneva, the first President of Israel had to return to Israel with a government aircraft.
However, this was not possible.
So a C-54 was converted into a civil aircraft and repainted with the El Al logo in order to bring back the President to Israel.
El Al became the official Israeli airline in 1948.
The first international flight took place in 1949.
It flew from Tel Aviv to Paris.
Airlines of the Middle East
Transport in Israel
1948 establishments in Israel
Middle East Airlines () is an airline based in Lebanon.
It flies between the Middle East, Europe and Africa.
Middle East Airlines opened for business on May 31, 1945.
It was opened by Saeb Salam, with support from BOAC.
MEA's work started on January 1, 1946 with flights between Beirut and Nicosia.
Then its airplanes started to fly to Iraq, Egypt, Syria, and Cyprus.
The company bought two Douglas DC-3 planes in mid-1946.
On September 7, 2006, Israel ended its 8-week long air blockade on Lebanon.
A Middle East Airlines plane from Paris flew to the Rafik Hariri International Airport at 6:06 p.m. Lebanese time (3:03 p.m. GMT).
MEA resumed its normal flight timetable on September 11, 2006.
Sharm el Sheikh (sometimes)
Copenhagen (sometimes)
Nice (sometimes)
Düsseldorf (sometimes)
If someone has committed a crime, another person might blackmail them.
The blackmailer might, for example, say that if the criminal does not give them a large amount of money, they will tell the police.
A blackmailer may threaten to say something embarrassing that someone unless they hand over a sum of money.
For example, it maybe something about an intimacy that they are having that they do not want everyone to know about.
Sometimes, a business may blackmail another business.
They might threaten to harm that business in some way unless money is paid.
Blackmail is against the law.
People who are caught blackmailing may be sent to jail.
Blackmail started on the borders of England and Scotland.
Blackmail was the money left out by landowners in England so that raiders from Scotland did not steal their animals or damage the property.
The money that is offered is called a bribe, and the verb is to bribe.
Active bribery is offering payment and asking for favour, and passive bribery is asking for payment and offering favour.
It is still called bribery if the trade is never done.
It is sometimes difficult to decide whether something is a bribe or just a reward.
If a father pays his son for washing the car, that is just a reward or payment.
However, if a parent pays a child for eating up its dinner, that might be thought of as a bribe because most people would think that is not right.
Bribery can be a crime in more serious cases, such as when a person offers money to hide their own wrongdoing.
If a motorist is caught speeding by a policeman and offers the policeman money or a bottle of vodka to persuade him not to report him, that is bribery.
If someone wants to take something into a country that is forbidden (or that they would have to pay tax on), they might offer the customs officer a bribe to persuade him to let them through.
Some corrupt people will not do their jobs at all (like delivering some package) unless they get a bribe on top of their normal pay.
Those examples are clearly illegal (against the law) and are rare in many countries, but bribery is quite common in business in many parts of the world.
It is difficult to do anything without offering bribes in these places.
Giving business people presents in the hope that they will want to do business with you may just seem like good manners at times, but in some cases, it may seem more like bribery.
People who are found to be taking bribes can sometimes lose their jobs.
In some cases (like the case of the motorist), bribery is against the law.
It is often mild and an attack can pass unnoticed.
However, this can make the virus very difficult to diagnose.
The disease can last 1–5 days.
Children recover more quickly than adults.
The virus usually enters the body through the nose or throat.
Like most viruses living along the respiratory tract, it is passed from person to person by tiny droplets in the air that are breathed out.
Rubella can also be transmitted from a mother to her developing baby (fetus) through the placenta.
This can be very dangerous to the fetus, especially if the mother gets rubella early on in her pregnancy.
Rubella can cause deafness, heart problems, intellectual disability, and many other problems in developing fetuses.
The virus has an incubation period of 2 to 3 weeks during which it becomes established.
Common symptoms are a red/pink rash, swollen lymph nodes, and a high fever.
The disease is named German measles because it has a similar red rash to measles and was first described in detail by German doctors.
Eliminated in North and South America
On April 29, 2015, it was announced that rubella has been eliminated in North American and South America.
A scientific group of experts said it took 15 years of work for this to happen.
Among the groups are: Pan American Health Organization, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, and the United Nations Foundation.
Psychiatry is a part of medicine that studies, diagnoses and treats mental illnesses and abnormal behaviours and conditions that cause problems and make life difficult for people.
The people who practice psychiatry and treat others who have psychiatric problems are called psychiatrists.
Prescribing psychiatric medication
Psychiatrists are medically qualified doctors.
They can legally prescribe medications to their patients to help emotional and behavioral problems.
This does not apply to psychologists, who are not qualified to prescribe medicines.
Psychiatrists learn about how the body and the brain work.
Psychiatrists must learn about all kinds of illnesses.
Sometimes a disease in the body causes the brain to work poorly.
Cancer in the pancreas causes depression.
Blood sugar problems in diabetes mellitus can cause a bad temper.
These are only two examples.
As doctors, psychiatrists learn about how medications can help the brain work better.
They also learn how medications sometimes cause problems to the brain.
Sometimes psychologists send their patients to a psychiatrist if the patient seems to have a problem that medicine might help.
The patient should continue to see the psychologist.
In the 1950s, the first medicine to help patients with bipolar disorder (formally known as manic-depressive illness) was discovered.
This was lithium, a type of metal in a powder form.
A bit later, the first medicine for psychosis was discovered.
Later, medicines to calm people (tranquilizers), to end depression (anti-depressants), to help feelings remain the same each day (mood stabilizers) were discovered.
Medicine for mental illness does not cure.
Some of the medicines try to get brain chemicals to be the amounts they are in normal people.
Other medicines "slow down how fast the brain works" so people with rapid thoughts can be in control of what they think and how they behave.
When the medicines are stopped, symptoms often come back.
The best known psychiatrist is Sigmund Freud, a medical doctor who was trained in neurology.
He became certain that hidden thoughts in the brain (which he called the unconscious) could cause physical symptoms and strange behavior in some people.
He believed that human behavior was not all caused by the brain, but by things that happened to people when they were babies and young children.
His research of this theory – the idea he had – led him to create "talking therapy" – psychoanalysis – where he tried to figure out what could cause the mind to do things like this.
He thought that his figuring things out and telling the patients what had caused the behavior would cure the patient.
Unfortunately, it usually made no lasting changes.
This is why psychiatrists (and psychologists) have gradually figured out many other ways of helping their patients.
Neuropsychiatry
Since the medications for mental illness were first discovered, there have been tools to understand why the mentally ill behave and think in ways that make it not easy for them to live.
Doctors do this by studying the brain as directly as they can.
This field of medicine is called neuropsychiatry.
The medical doctors who work in the field are called neuropsychiatrists.
They hope someday to really permanently cure or fix mental illness by finding ways to change the brain forever.
In the meantime, they try to find ways to help by finding better medications.
The science of psychology is studies the way people behave and change.
Psychologists apply this what is found to make new ways of helping people change how they behave.
Talking therapy and applied psychology were the first important ways of helping people with some problems of regular life.
Some kinds of mental illness can be helped some this way, but some kinds cannot be helped.
They need medicines instead, then sometimes a psychologist can help the patient a great deal.
Controversy has often surrounded psychiatry, and the term anti-psychiatry was coined by psychiatrist David Cooper in 1967.
The anti-psychiatry message is that psychiatric treatments may be more damaging than helpful to patients.
Psychiatry's history involves what may now be seen as dangerous treatments (e.g., electroconvulsive therapy, lobotomy).
Two charismatic psychiatrists who came to personify the movement against psychiatry were R.D. Laing and Thomas Szasz.
Some ex-patient groups have become very anti-psychiatric, often referring to themselves as "survivors".
Bessel van der Kolk is also a noted psychiatrist, author, researcher and educator based in Boston, USA.
He states that there is a much higher incidence of psychiatrists administering prescribed medications among patients who have government insurance.
Since most mental illnesses are trauma-induced, medication has little to no effect.
Psychiatrists are supposed to rule out trauma before diagnosing but its more rare than not.
Therefore, its often easier to be screened by a psychologist or therapist first.
Van Der Kolk often suggests EMDR, meditation, neurofeedback, yoga, mindfulness, sensory integration, and the arts for treatment of trauma or PTSD.
Symptoms of trauma are often manifested by anxiety, hypervigilance, depression and behavioral problems that medication really doesn't help on a long-term basis.
Fields of psychiatry
Forensic psychiatry – the study of criminals and criminal behavior.
Addiction psychiatry – study and treatment of chemical addictions.
Child and adolescent psychiatry – study and treatment of children and teens
Geriatric psychiatry – study and treatment of the aged
Common psychiatric conditions
Attention-deficit disorder
Autism disorders
Stephen Tyrone Colbert (pronounced col-BEAR) (born May 13, 1964) is an American actor, comedian, and author.
He is the current host of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.
He was the host of The Colbert Report on Comedy Central from 2005 through 2014.
Colbert has used a special form of comedy called satire to make fun of politicians and the news media.
Colbert was born in Washington, D.C.. He grew up in Charleston, South Carolina.
He was the youngest of eleven children in a Catholic family, and went to Northwestern University.
On The Colbert Report (which he pronounces "col-BEAR re-POAR" to make the words sound the same), he pretends to be a right-wing talk show host.
He likes to ask his guests very embarrassing questions that make it seem that he is a serious far right-wing conservative who is also not very smart.
His TV personality centers on the idea that if enough people believe something, it will be true.
This is largely based on conservative host Bill O'Reilly.
He was granted a Super PAC for the South Carolina Republican Party primaries in the 2012 U.S. presidential election.
Many famous American politicians and people in the news media agree to appear on his show because it is very popular.
Colbert started as a comedy writer and performer for many other programs, such as The Daily Show and the Strangers with Candy movie, both also on Comedy Central.
On April 10, 2014, CBS announced in a press release that Colbert will succeed David Letterman as the host of The Late Show, effective when Mr. Letterman retires from the broadcast."
On January 12, 2015, CBS announced that Colbert would premiere as the Late Show host on Tuesday, September 8, 2015.
He has also voiced Phil Ken Sebben and Reducto in Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law.
Colbert has written three books.
was No.
1 on The New York Times Best Seller list.
Colbert married his wife in 1993.
He lives in Montclair, New Jersey with his wife and three children.
He has made a word, 'truthiness'.
At least four species have been given scientific names honoring Colbert.
Audio/Video
Colbert interview transcript , 60 Minutes. (
April 30, 2006)
Colbert in an open, hour-long interview and Q & A session arranged by Harvard's Institute of Politics.
He speaks about the nature of his TV-show character and the interplay between wearing the mask and using it to make political points.
Colbert Roasts President Bush – 2006 White House Correspondents Dinner
Stephen Colbert 2006 Knox College Commencement Address
Actors from South Carolina
Comedians from South Carolina
Comedians from Washington, D.C.
Comedy Central personalities
Hobsonville is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand.
It is on the Western shores of the Waitemata Harbour in Waitakere City.
Cities in New Zealand
Papatoetoe is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand.
It is in South Auckland, in the Manukau District.
http://www.papatoetoe.org.nz
Bognor Regis Town F.C. is a football club in England.
They started in 1883 and have managed to enter the 2nd Round of the FA Cup 4 times in their history.
At the moment they are playing in the Conference South, which is the 6th level of English Football.
Their ground is called Nyewood Lane and their pitch is thought to be one of the best in non-league football.
1883 establishments in the United Kingdom
Humour or humor  () is the way that some experiences can make people laugh or feel happy.
Most people are able to be amused (laugh or smile at something funny) and have a sense of humor.
You can use puns with words that sound similar but have different meanings, or a word that has two meanings.
Other examples of humor are satire, saying yes or no when it is not expected, and using different kinds of logic.
People of different ages and cultures can find different things humorous.
For example, adults may like satire, which children could find hard to understand.
A comedian is someone who is paid to make people laugh.
Anthony Kiedis (born November 1, 1962 in Grand Rapids, Michigan) is an American singer.
He is the lead singer of the rock band the Red Hot Chili Peppers.
He has been in the band since the start in 1983.
He is known for his fast rapping, but in more recent albums he has leaned toward singing.
Anthony is and was one of most popular rockers and frontmen, but with singing he has had a lot of problems, until the Californication album when he felt that he could control his voice well.
His singing ability has greatly improved over the years, reaching its peak on Stadium Arcadium.
He is known for his on stage charisma and high sex appeal within the band and the public.
He released a memoir book called Scar Tissue in 2004 which sold a lot of copies, getting to number 17 in the best sellers list.
Anthony had a lot of drug problems, first in his early life, then in time of One Hot Minute album.
He has been clean from 24.12.2000.
Kiedis was with Heather Christie who is also the mother to his son Everly Bear Kiedis.
He lives with his son in Malibu, California.
Singers from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Treviso is a comune and city in the Veneto region, in Northeast Italy.
Treviso is the capital of the province of the same name.
The city is about  north of Venice, the capital of the region.
Treviso is at the confluence of the Botteniga and Sile rivers,  north of Venice,  east of Vicenza,  north-east of Padua, and  south of Cortina d'Ampezzo.
The city is at about  southwest the right bank of the Piave river, on the plain between the Gulf of Venice (Adriatic Sea) and the Alps.
The comune of Treviso has an area of  and its altitude is .
Treviso borders with the following comuniː Carbonera, Casier, Paese, Ponzano Veneto, Preganziol, Quinto di Treviso, Silea, Villorba, Zero Branco.
The average temperature for the year in Treviso is .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Treviso is .
The month with the most precipitation on average is June with  of precipitation.
, there are 83,731 persons living in the comune, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Orléans, France
Timișoara, Romania
Sarasota, Florida, United States
Curitiba, Brazil
Neuquén, Argentina
Treviso official website
Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare (Tony Hoare or C. A. R. Hoare, born 11 January 1934) is an English computer scientist.
He is probably best known for the development of Quicksort.
Quicksort is the world's most widely used sorting algorithm.
He also developed Hoare logic.
Hoare received the Turing Award in 1980 "for his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages".
Hoare was born in Colombo, in Sri Lanka.
He got his Bachelor's degree in Classics from the University of Oxford in 1956.
He stayed in Oxford for one more year to study graduate-level statistics.
From 1956 to 1958, he served in the Royal Navy.
He then studied computer translation of human languages at Moscow State University in the Soviet Union in the school of Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov.
People from Colombo
Turing Award winners
John Anthony Frusciante is an American musician.
He was born on March 5, 1970 in Queens, New York.
He was the  guitarist of the funk rock band, Red Hot Chili Peppers.
He has also made a number of solo records.
Some of these albums have been made with other artists, for example Josh Klinghoffer.
In December 2009 Frusciante claimed on his website that he had left the band over a year ago.
Early RHCP era (1988-92)
John Frusciante joined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1988 after the previous guitarist, Hillel Slovak, died of a drug overdose.
The band went on to record and release their fourth album, Mother's Milk in 1989.
Following an international tour, Frusciante co-recorded the band's fifth album, Blood Sugar Sex Magik.
In 1992, he left the band because he was overwhelmed by the international success of Blood Sugar Sex Magik.
Frusciante abruptly announced his departure from the band just a few moments before a performance in Tokyo.
He ended up playing the show and left quickly for a plane back to the USA.
1992 to 1997
From 1992 to 1997, he recorded a couple of solo albums, which received various criticism due to Frusciante's use of lo-fi and strange synthesizer effects.
Frusciante released Niandra LaDes & Usually Just A T-Shirt in 1994 as a cure for there being "no good music around any more".
From the time of being out of the band, Frusciante had started to experiment with drugs such as cocaine and heroin.
In 1997, he released Smile From The Streets You Hold because he needed money for drugs at the time.
He later took the album off the shelves as he did not feel comfortable with it being sold.
Return and Red Hot success
Band mate and long-time friend Flea asked John if he would like to rejoin the band in 1998.
Frusciante was so overjoyed by the question that the band regrouped and started the recording process.
In 1999, the band released Californication.
During the Californication tour, Frusciante recorded some more songs in what would eventually become To Record Only Water For Ten Days, which was released in 2001.
Frusciante returned to the recording studio in early 2002 in which they would later release the band's eighth album, By the Way.
Four Years later the Peppers released their ninth studio album, Stadium Arcadium.
In December of 2009 he announced that he would leave the Red Hot Chili Peppers and focus more on his solo albums.
Solo records and side projects
After yet another world tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Frusciante decided to release some more of his own material between 2004-2005.
During this time, John released six of his own solo records, some of which were co-written by Josh Klinghoffer.
John has used a wide range of guitars throughout his years with RHCP and as a solo artist.
He is known for using a lot of guitars under the Fender brand.
He was number 18 on Rolling Stones list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" in 2003.
In 2011, he was at number 72.
Below is a list of equipment that John has used through the years.
'55 Fender Stratocaster (2 color sunburst with maple neck
'61 Fender Stratocaster (olympic white finish)
'62 Fender Stratocaster (3 color sunburst finish) heavily beat up *his favorite guitar
'63 Fender Telecaster (with Fender "f" on pickguard)
'61 Fender Stratocaster (Fiesta red)
'65 Fender Mustang (Red)
60's Fender Jaguar (for warmups and solo career)
'56 Gibson ES-335 (two color sunburst finish)
'61 Gibson SG (custom cherry red finish)
'69 Gibson Les Paul Custom Black Beauty
Ibanez RG250 (for recording of Mother's Milk)
Martin 0-15 acoustic
'55 Gretsch White Falcon
Marshall Major 200W (KT 88 tubes)
Marshall Silver Jubilee (50/25 watts)
Picks
D'Addario XL .010s-.046 (with a .011 on the high E string)
BOSS CE-1 Chorus
BOSS DS-1 Distortion
BOSS DS-2 Turbo Distortion
2x Digitech PDS-8000 Delay
Electro-Harmonix Electric Mistress Flanger
Electro-Harmonix Big Muff
Electro-Harmonix POG Polyphonic Octave Generator
Electro-Harmonix Holy Grail Reverb
Ibanez WH10 Wah
Line6 FM4 Filter Modeler
Line6 DL4 Delay Modeler
MXR Micro Amp
Moog MF-101 Low-Pass Filter
Moog MF-102 Ring Modulator
Moog MF-103 12-Stage Phaser
Moog MF-105 MURF
Moog MF-105B Bass MURF
Moog CP-251 Control Processor
Electro-Harmonix Microsynthesizer
MXR phase 90
As a solo artist
Niandra LaDes & Usually Just A T-shirt (1994)
Estrus EP (1997)
Smile From The Streets You Hold (1997)
Going Inside EP (2001)
To Record Only Water For Ten Days (2001)
From The Sounds Inside (2001)
Shadows Collide With People (2004)
The Will To Death (2004)
DC EP (2004)
Inside Of Emptiness (2004)
A Sphere In The Heart Of Silence (2004)
Curtains (2005)
The Empyrean (2009)
Letur- Lefr EP (2012)
PBX Funicular Intaglio Zone (2012)
Outsides (2013)
Mother's Milk (1989)
Blood Sugar Sex Magik (1991)
Californication (1999)
By the Way (2002)
Stadium Arcadium (2006)
Automatic Writing (2004)
AWII (2007)
John Frusciante's official website
Red Hot Chili Peppers official website
Flea (Michael Peter Balzary) is an American bassist.
He was born on October 16, 1962, in a suburb of Melbourne, Australia.
He plays in the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers.
He has been with the band since its beginning in 1983 along with vocalist Anthony Kiedis.
He is also known onstage for wearing bizarre, erotic costumes that largely appeal to the audience.
Flea is known for his unique bass style.
He uses a wide range of bass guitar techniques, mainly popping and slapping and changing the speed of his tempo during songs and his quick improvisation.
Flea is also a skilled trumpet player.
Flea was the band member responsible for getting John Frusciante back into the band.
Australian guitarists
Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (, 25 April 1903 – 20 October 1987) was a Soviet mathematician and computer scientist.
He made major advances in the fields of probability theory and topology.
Born in a Russian family in Tambov, he worked early in his career on intuitionistic logic, and Fourier series.
He also worked on turbulence, classical mechanics, and information theory; and was a founder of algorithmic complexity theory which is often referred to as simply Kolmogorov complexity theory.
Kolmogorov worked at Moscow State University.
He studied under Nikolai Luzin, earning his Ph.D. in 1929.
In 1931 he became professor at this university.
In 1939 he received the title of academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Kolmogorov, Andrey
Topologists
Chadwick Smith (born October 25, 1961 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States) is a drummer in the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers.
He joined the band in 1988 with John Frusciante when guitarist Hillel Slovak died of a heroin drug overdose, and Jack Irons left because of his friend dying.
Chad has stayed in the band since then, playing the drums for every single album up to today.
Mother Milk (1989)
Hot Minute (1995)
Stadium Acradium (2006)
I'm With You (2011)
Musicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Hillel Slovak (April 13, 1962 – June 25, 1988) was an Israeli musician.
Slovak was the guitarist for the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers.
He was born in Haifa, Israel.
His family moved to California in 1967.
He was a close friend of singer Anthony Kiedis during high school, and in 1983, they decided to make a band.
The band was called "Tony Flow and the Majestic Masters of Mayhem".
They played a show, but never took the band seriously.
In 1984 he left the Red Hot Chili Peppers to play in his other band "What Is This".
He rejoined in 1985 to record "Freaky Styley" and "The Uplift Mofo Party Plan" in 1987.
He died in 1988 from a fatal drug overdose.
Drug-related deaths
Jewish Israeli musicians
People from Haifa
Jack Irons (born 18 July 1962 in Los Angeles, California) was the drummer for the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers.
He was in the original band when they formed in 1983.
He left Red Hot Chili Peppers to play in his other band What Is This with close friend Hillel Slovak.
He came back to the band in 1986 to record The Uplift Mofo Party Plan.
In 1987, Hillel Slovak, the guitarist, died of a drug overdose.
He quit the band because of this.
Jack Irons has also played in many other bands, most notably Pearl Jam.
David Michael Navarro  (born June 7, 1967 in Santa Monica, California), better known as Dave Navarro) is an American guitarist.
He played in many different bands, most notably Jane's Addiction and Red Hot Chili Peppers.
With the Red Hot Chili Peppers, they recorded One Hot Minute in 1995.
Also, he was married to Carmen Electra from 2003 to 2006.
People from Santa Monica, California
Sir Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, analytical philosopher, mechanical engineer and computer scientist.
He was the first person to invent the idea of a computer that could be programmed.
Unfinished parts of his mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum.
Charles Babbage was born in England, at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London.
Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a banker in London who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth.
His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage.
In 1808, the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth.
Babbage worked and wrote on many ideas of science, engineering and mathematics, but he is most famous for two machines he started and never finished.
His Difference Engine would have been a much better calculator than any made before then.
His Analytical Engine would have been the first real computer.
Knowing that there were many errors in the calculation of mathematical tables, Babbage wanted to find a way to calculate them mechanically, removing errors made by humans.
Three different factors seem to have influenced him: a dislike of untidiness; his experience working on logarithmic tables and differential calculus; and work on calculating machines already done by Wilhelm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz.
He first talked about the principles of a calculating engine in a letter to Sir Humphrey Davy in 1822.
Babbage's engines were among the first mechanical computers.
His engines were not actually completed because he did not have enough money.
Babbage realized that a machine could do the work better and more reliably than a human being.
Babbage controlled building of some steam-powered machines that more or less did their job; calculations could be mechanized to an extent.
Although Babbage's machines were large machines they were organized in a way similar to modern computer architecture.
The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit.
Ada Lovelace studied how to program them.
It is also said that he married his daughter
Charles Babbage -Citizendium
1871 deaths
Babbage, Charles
A ticket is a piece of printed paper that gives you the right to enter somewhere or do something.
Tickets are often used as proof that you have paid for buses, theaters, cinemas or sporting events.
Tickets often display printed information like serial number, barcode, price, expiry date, seat number and class of ticket.
Sometimes, you have to take a ticket, such as at the start of a toll road, to help calculate how much you should pay the at end of your journey.
Some tickets are becoming electronic barcodes, and are displayed on a screen instead of paper..
Bergamo is a city in northern Italy.
Bergamo is in the Lombardy Region, with a population of 117,887 inhabitants.
Cities in Lombardy
Brescia is a city in northern Italy.
Brescia is in the Lombardy Region.
It has 192,165 people.
Como is a city in northern Italy.
Como is in the Lombardy Region.
83,016 people live there.
Cremona is a city in northern Italy.
Cremona is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 71,533 inhabitants.
It is in the Po Valley on the North side of the Po River.
In the year 218 BCE, Romans founded the city.
Before that, it was a village of the Gauls.
Lecco is a city in northern Italy.
Lecco is in the Lombardy Region with 46,477 inhabitants.
Lodi (; Lombard: Lòd) is a city in northern Italy.
Lodi is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 43,488 people (as of 2008).
The people who live in Lodi are called Lodigiani.
Lodi is famous for a cake called Tortionata.
Constance, Germany
Lodi, California, United States
Omegna, Italy.
Fontainebleau, France.
Mario-Giuseppe Genesi, Gli Organi Storici del Lodigiano, Piacenza, L.I.R. Editrice, 2017, pp.
720.
Mantova (or Mantua) is a city in northern Italy.
Mantova is in the Lombardy Region.
It has a population of 48,103 people.
The Etruscans founded the city, Today, Mantua is one of the biggest markets for agricultural products in northern Italy.
Vergil was born in a small village near Mantua.
Azuchi, Japan, 2005
Madison, United States, 2001
Weingarten, Germany, 1998
Pushkin, Russia, 1993
Charleville-Mézières, France, 1963
Nevers, France, 1963
Oradea, Romania
Vitória, Brazil
Pavia (; Lombard: Pavia;  ) is a city in northern Italy.
Pavia is in the Lombardy Region with 71.486 people living in it.
It is a very old, historical city.
It is 30 km south of Milan.
History of Pavia
Here, in 476, Odoacer won against Flavius Orestes after a long war.
To make the city pay for helping his enemy, Odoacer completely ruined Pavia, but Orestes was able to escape to a city called Piacenza, where Odoacer followed and killed him, and removed from the throne his son Romulus Augustus.
This is often thought of as the end of the Western Roman Empire.
A late name of the city in Latin was Papia (probably related to the Pope), which developed to the Italian name Pavia.
Sometimes it's called Ticinum Papia, using both Latin names.
After the Lombards conquest, Pavia became the capital of their kingdom.
During the Rule of the Dukes, it was ruled by Zaban.
It continued to act as the administrative centre of the kingdom, but by the reign of Desiderius, it had fallen to a first-rate defensive work and Charlemagne took it in the Siege of Pavia (June, 774) assuming the kingship of the Lombards.
Pavia remained the capital of the Italian Kingdom and the centre of royal coronations until the diminution of imperial authority there in the twelfth century.
In the 12th century Pavia acquired the status of a self-governing commune.
In the political division between Guelphs and Ghibellines that characterizes the Italian Middle Ages, Pavia was traditionally Ghibelline, a position that was as much supported by the rivalry with Milan as it was a mark of the defiance of the Emperor that led the Lombard League against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was attempting to reassert long-dormant Imperial influence over Italy.
In the time after that, Pavia was an important and busy town.
Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV gave the Palatinate to his brother during his stay in Italy.
Pavia held out against the domination of Milan, finally yielding to the Visconti family, rulers of that city in 1359; under the Visconti Pavia became an intellectual and artistic centre, being the seat from 1361 of the University of Pavia founded around the nucleus of the old school of law, which attracted students from many countries.
The Battle of Pavia (1525) marks a watershed in the city's fortunes, since by that time, the former cleavage between the supporters of the Pope and those of the Holy Roman Emperor had shifted to one between a French party (allied with the Pope) and a party supporting the Emperor and King of Spain Charles V. Thus during the Valois-Habsburg Italian Wars, Pavia was naturally on the Imperial (and Spanish) side.
The defeat and capture of king Francis I of France during the battle ushered in a period of Spanish occupation which lasted until 1713.
Pavia was then ruled by the Austrians until 1796, when it was occupied by the French army under Napoleon.
Sondrio is a city in northern Italy.
Sondrio is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 21,790 inhabitants.
Varese is a city in northern Italy.
Varese is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 96,917 inhabitants.
Perugia (said "Pah-ru-zha" ) is the capital city of the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber River, and the capital of the province of Perugia.
The city is about 100 miles (160 kilometres) north of Rome.
It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area.
The history of Perugia goes back to the Roman Empire.
However, major parts of the city have been destroyed, and rebuilt, because of many wars, and of earthquakes in the mid-19th century.
In recent decades, the city has been known as a university town, with the University of Perugia (about 34,000 students), the University for Foreigners (5,000 students), and some smaller colleges, also.
There are annual festivals and events: the Eurochocolate Festival (October), the Umbria Jazz Festival, and the International Journalism Festival (in April).
Perugia is a well-known artistic center of Italy.
The famous painter Pietro Vannucci, nicknamed Perugino, came from Città della Pieve near Perugia.
He decorated the local Sala del Cambio with a beautiful series of frescoes; eight of his pictures can also be seen in the National Gallery of Umbria.
Perugino was the teacher of Raphael, the great Renaissance artist who produced five paintings in Perugia (today no longer in the city) and one fresco.
Another famous painter, Pinturicchio, lived in Perugia.
Galeazzo Alessi is the most famous architect from Perugia.
The city symbol is the griffin, which can be seen in the form of plaques and statues on buildings around the city.
Perugia was an Umbrian settlement but first appears in written history as Perusia, one of the twelve confederate cities of Etruria.
It was first mentioned in Q. Fabius Pictor's account, used by Livy, of the expedition carried out against the Etruscans by Fabius Maximus Rullianus in 310 or 309 BC.
At that time, a thirty-year indutiae (truce) was agreed upon; however, in 295 BC, Perusia took part in the Third Samnite War and was reduced, with Volsinii and Arretium (Arezzo), to seek for peace in the following year.
In 216 and 205 BC, Perugia assisted Rome in the Second Punic War.
Little else is known until 41-40 BC, when Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony) took refuge there, in the Roman civil war between Mark Antony and Octavian.
Much of ancient Perugia was destroyed by Octavian (later became Emperor Augustus) after a long siege, and its senators were sent to their death.
A number of lead bullets used by slingers have been found in and around the city.
The city was burnt, we are told, with the exception of the temples of Vulcan and Juno.
The huge Etruscan terrace-walls, naturally, can hardly have suffered at all.
Afterward, the town, with the territory for a mile round, was allowed to be occupied by whoever came.
It must have been rebuilt almost at once, for several bases of statues exist, inscribed with the words "Augusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta".
However, the town did not become a colonia, until 251-253 AD, when it was resettled as Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia, under the emperor C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus.
Perugia is hardly mentioned, except by the geographers, until it was the only city in Umbria to resist Totila, who captured it and laid the city waste in 547, after a long siege, apparently after the city's Byzantine garrison evacuated.
Negotiations with the besieging forces fell to the city's bishop, Herculanus, as representative of the townspeople.
Totila is said to have ordered the bishop to be flayed and beheaded.
St. Herculanus (Sant'Ercolano) later became the city's patron saint.
In the Lombard period, Perugia is spoken of as one of the principal cities of Tuscia.
In the 9th century, with the consent of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, it passed under the popes; but by the 11th century its commune was asserting itself, and for many centuries the city continued to maintain an independent life, warring against many of the neighbouring lands and cities: Foligno, Assisi, Spoleto, Todi, Siena, Arezzo, etc.
In 1186, Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, rex romanorum and future emperor, granted diplomatic recognition to the consular government of the city; afterward Pope Innocent III, whose major aim was to give state dignity to the dominions having been constituting the patrimony of St. Peter, acknowledged the validity of the imperial statement and recognized the established civic practices having the force of law.
On various occasions, the popes found asylum, from the conflicts in Rome, within its walls, and it was the meeting-place of five conclaves (Perugia Papacy), including those which elected Honorius III (1216), Clement IV (1285), Celestine V (1294), and Clement V (1305); the papal presence was characterized by a peace-time rule between the internal rivalries.
But Perugia had no mind simply to serve the papal interests and never accepted papal sovereignty: the city used to exercise a jurisdiction over the members of the clergy.
Also, in 1282, Perugia was excommunicated due to a new military conflict against the Ghibellines regardless of a papal prohibition.
In the other hand, side by side with the 13th-century bronze griffin of Perugia, above the door of the Palazzo dei Priori stands, as a Guelphic emblem, the lion: Perugia remained loyal for the most part to the Guelph party in the struggles of Guelphs and Ghibellines.
However this dominant tendency was rather an anti-Germanic and Italian political strategy.
The Angevin presence in Italy appeared offer a counterpoise to papal powers: in 1319 Perugia declared the Angevin Saint Louis of Toulouse "Protector of the city's sovereignty and of the Palazzo of its Priors" and set his figure among the other patron saints above the rich doorway of the Palazzo dei Priori.
At the half of the 14th century, Bartholus of Sassoferrato, who was a renowned jurist, asserted that Perugia was dependent upon neither imperial nor papal support.
In 1347, at the time of Rienzi's unfortunate enterprise in reviving the Roman Republic, Perugia sent ten ambassadors to pay him honour; and, when papal messengers sought to force it by foreign soldiers, or to exact contributions, they met with vigorous resistance, which broke into open warfare with Pope Urban V in 1369; in 1370 the noble party reached an agreement signing the treaty of Bologna and Perugia was forced to accept a papal legate; however the vicar-general of the Papal States, Gérard du Puy, Abbot of Marmoutier and nephew of Pope Gregory IX, was expelled by a popular uprising in 1375, and his fortification of Porta Sole was razed to the ground.
Civic peace was constantly disturbed in the 14th century by struggles between the party representing the people (Raspanti) and the nobles (Beccherini).
After the assassination in 1398 of Biordo Michelotti, who had made himself lord of Perugia, the city became a pawn in the Italian Wars, passing to Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1400), to Pope Boniface IX (1403), and to Ladislas of Naples (1408–14) before it settled into a period of sound governance under the Signoria of the condottiero Braccio da Montone (1416–24), who reached a concordance with the Papacy.
Following mutual atrocities of the Oddi and the Baglioni families, power was at last concentrated in the Baglioni, who, though they had no legal position, defied all other authority, though their bloody internal squabbles culminated in a massacre, 14 July 1500.
Gian Paolo Baglioni was lured to Rome in 1520 and beheaded by Leo X; and in 1540 Rodolfo, who had slain a papal legate, was defeated by Pier Luigi Farnese, and the city, captured and plundered by his soldiery, was deprived of its privileges.
A citadel known as the Rocca Paolina, after the name of Pope Paul III (Italian: Paolo), was built, to the designs of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger "ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam."
In 1797, the city was conquered by French troops.
On 4 February 1798, the Tiberina Republic was formed, with Perugia as the capital, and the French tricolour as flag.