the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Mühledorf is a former municipality in the Bucheggberg district in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.
On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Mühledorf, Aetingen, Aetigkofen, Bibern, Brügglen, Gossliwil, Hessigkofen, Küttigkofen, Kyburg-Buchegg and Tscheppach merged into the new municipality of Buchegg.
Kolding is a Danish seaport found at the head of Kolding Fjord in Region Syddanmark (Region of Southern Denmark).
Kolding is a transportation, commercial, and manufacturing centre, and has many industrial companies.
Battles of Kolding
The fireworks accident in Seest
On November 3, 2004, N. P. Johnsen's Fireworksfactory in Seest exploded.
One firefighter died, 85 people were injured, and around 2000 people were evacuated during this accident in Kolding,.
Important places in Kolding
The Museet på Koldinghus, the museum of the city.
It has a collection of Danish art from the late Middle Ages to the 1940s, and a very large collection of items in gold and silver.
The Trapholt art museum.
The Designskolen Kolding, a university school of design
Anjo, Japan (since 1997)
Delmenhorst, Germany (since 1979)
Drammen, Norway (since 1946)
Huéscar, Spain (since 1982)
Lappeenranta, Finland (since 1947)
Panevėžys, Lithuania (since 2000)
Pisa, Italy (since 2007)
Stykkishólmur, Iceland (since 1979)
Szombathely, Hungary (since 1991)
Örebro, Sweden (since 1946)
Official English homepage of Kolding municipality
Official site of Koldinghus castle
Kolding Museum
Drammen is a city and municipality in the county of Viken, Norway.
It has a population of 101 000 people.
Drammen was established as a municipality January 1, 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt).
The rural municipality of Skoger was merged with Drammen January 1, 1964. (
And then transferred from the county of Vestfold to the county of Buskerud.)
Drammen is one of the larger cities in Norway, and is about 47 km from the capital of Norway, Oslo.
The city centre is at the end of a valley, on  both sides of the river Drammenselva, and where the river meets the Drammensfjord.
Drammen is also the main city for car and fruit import in Norway.
The Norse form of the name was Drafn, and this was originally the name of the inner part of Drammensfjord.
The fjord is, however, probably named after the river Dramselva (Norse Dröfn).
10.200347844511272,
59.74647928472788
}The city centre lies at the end of a valley, on both sides of the Drammenselva river, and where the river meets the Drammensfjord.
Drammen is also the main harbor for car and fruit import in Norway.
The forests around Drammen are called Drammensmarka.
In the summer it is a popular area for hiking.
In the winter skiing tracks are made and lighting make it cross country skiing possible during the evenings.
Martinus Rørbye, painter (1803–1848)
Marcus Thrane, labour movement leader (1817–1890)
Hans Peter Faye, sugar plantation pioneer (1859–1928)
Johan Halvorsen, composer, conductor and musician (1864–1935)
Betzy Kjelsberg, politician and feminist (1866–1950)
Geirr Tveitt, composer and pianist (1908–1981)
Charles Mathiesen, speed skater (1911–1994)
Hans-Jørgen Holman, musicologist and educationalist (1925–1986)
Sverre Holm, actor (1931–2005)
Sten Stensen, speed skater (1947–)
Ole Hermann Borgan, referee (1964–)
Johann Olav Koss, speed skater (1968–)
Kim Christiansen, snowboarder (1976–)
SBK Drafn 21 Norwegian Championships in bandy.
Drammen golfklubb.
Founded 1989.
IF Hellas
SBK Skiold
Strømsgodset IF.
Founded February 10th 1907.
Four Norwegian championships in football (1969, 1970, 1973, 1993).
Winner of the Norwegian football league 1970.
6 Norwegian championships in bandy.
IF Sturla
Drammen HK Handball club in Men's European Champions League (07/08)
Statistics Norway about Drammen
History of Drammen
Weather forecast and map for Drammen
Webcamera, Drammen
iDrammen, local site for news and events
Drammen Photoclub, pictures from Drammen
Drammen og Oplands turistforening
Drammen theatre
Drammen museum
Drammens Sportsfiskere
FIS World Cup Sprint Cross Country in Drammen
Drammen Elvefestival
Sonneberg is a Landkreis (rural district) in the south of Thuringia, Germany.
The district was created in 1868 when districts were created in Saxe-Meiningen.
In 1952 part of the district was incorporated into the newly created district Neuhaus am Rennweg.
This district was dissolved again in 1994 and the district Sonneberg did regain its old size.
Unstrut-Hainich is a Landkreis (district) in the north of Thuringia, Germany.
The district has a partnership with the Wetteraukreis in Hesse dating back to the German reunification of 1990.
The district also has a partnership with the Lithuanian districts of Ukmerge and Raseiniai.
The Hainich became the 13th national park of Germany in 1997.
Cecil, Georgia
Cecil, Ohio
Cecil, Pennsylvania
Cecil, Wisconsin
Cecil Adams, a name which designates the unknown author or authors of The Straight Dope
CECIL, Liverpool Band
Chuck Cecil, American football player
Cecil Fielder, American baseball player
Cecil Rhodes, British imperialist and businessman
Cecil Calopachi, Newzealand/Thai Artist
Cecil Heftel -American politician in Hawaii
Wartburgkreis is a Landkreis (rural district) in the west of Thuringia, Germany.
The city of Eisenach is nearly completely surrounded by Wartburgbreis.
The district was set up in 1994 by joining the old districts of Eisenach and Bad Salzungen, and a few municipalities from the district Bad Langensalza.
The city of Eisenach left the district in 1998 and became a district-free city.
Weimarer Land is a Landkreis (rural district) in the east of Thuringia, Germany.
The district-free city of Weimar is completely enclosed by the district.
The district dates back to the Großkreis Weimar, which was created in 1922 after the federal state Thuringia was established.
In 1952 the district was split into two parts - Weimar and Apolda.
In 1994 the two parts were merged again, however not completely covering the territory as before 1952.
The Congress of Arras was a meeting in Arras in 1435, between representatives of England, France, and Burgundy.
The Treaty of Arras (1435) was an important diplomatic win for France, late in the Hundred Years' War.
The English expected only to talk peace with the French.
However, Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy made peace with Charles VII of France.
This hurt England because Philip the Good had helped them for 16 years.
Richard the Lionheart refused to accept any documents of proposals after the signing.
Appanage is important to the history of France during the Middle Ages.
The law said that when a king dies, his oldest son becomes the next king.
Kings who wanted to give a younger son some land too sometimes created an appanage.
Appanage was one way to keep a civil war from happening, if two or more sons wanted to fight each other to be the next king.
The younger son controlled the appanage as a duke and ruled almost like a king, except he could not sell the land.
The ruler of an appanage could give it to his sons and grandsons, but eventually that part of the family would run out of sons and the land would go back to the king.
Scripps Ranch is a suburb of San Diego, California.
It is home to the EW Scripps mansion.
The New Statesman was founded in 1913 with the support of George Bernard Shaw and other prominent members of the Fabian Society.
In 1930 the Statesman  with the Liberal weekly the  Nation, and changed its name to the New Statesman and Nation, which it remained until 1964.
The chairman of the Nation'''s board was the economist John Maynard Keynes, who came to be an important influence on the paper.
During the 1930s, the Statesman'' moved to the left politically.
It became strongly anti-fascist and was generally critical of the government policy of appeasement of Mussolini and Hitler.
New Statesman official website
New Statesman PDF edition
In Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand left-wing politics is often associated with social democracy and democratic socialism.
Left-wing ideologies
Left-wing issues
Lin Chun, The British New Left, Edinburgh : Edinburgh Univ.
Press, 1993
Marxism on Terrorism  by John Molyneux
Terrorism and Communism by Karl Kautsky
Leftism in India
Right-wing
The Marxists Internet Archive (a free online Marxist library)
Leftist Parties of the World List of present-day leftist parties and organizations of the world, with links to their websites.
Bourgeoisie  means a social class of people who own the means of production, making them in the upper or merchant class.
Hence, all employers are bourgeoisie.
Their status or power comes from employment, education, assets, or wealth and not from aristocratic (political) origin, as a lowly café or factory owner is bourgeoisie.
As the bourgeoisie are not its opposing counterpart proletariat, they don't have to be a labourer doing menial work for money.
And if they do any work that gets them money, then it's only because of the many proletariat people beneath them, who generated their wealth through their labour, of which the higher up bourgeoisie person took a cut (commission).
The French word bourgeois comes from the Old French word burgeis, meaning "an inhabitant of a town". (
Middle English burgeis, Middle Dutch burgher and German Bürger).
The Old French word burgeis comes from bourg, meaning a market town or medieval village, itself derived from Late Latin burgus, meaning "fortress"
Hal Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Vol.
2: The Politics of Social Classes.
New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979.
Ralph Miliband, Class and class power in contemporary capitalism, in: Stanislaw Kozyr-Kowalski and Jacek Tittenbrun, On Social Differentiation.
A Contribution to the Critique of Marxist Ideology, Part 2.
Poznan: Adam Mickiewicz University Press, 1992, pp.
7–62.
Ernest Mandel, Social differentiation in capitalist and postcapitalist societies, in: Stanislaw Kozyr-Kowalski and Jacek Tittenbrun, On Social Differentiation.
Erik Olin Wright et al.,
The Debate on Classes.
London: Verso, 1989.
Anthony Giddens, The Class Structure of the Advanced societies, 1981.
The Democratic State – A Critique of Bourgeois Sovereignty
The César Awards are the best-known movie awards in France.
The Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinema has given this award every year since 1975.
Lumières Award
Status is a state, condition or situation.
In common usage it may refer to:
Economic status
HIV status
Status symbol
A category of the grammar of  Semitic languages, see nunation, status constructus
In sociology or anthropology, social status is the honor or rank of one's position in society.
People earn social status by their own work.
This is call achieved status.
Or, people can have a place in a social system by birth.
This  inherited position is called ascribed status.
Michael Marmot (2004), The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity, Times Books
Botton, Alain De (2004), Status Anxiety, Hamish Hamilton
Social status. (
In Encyclopædia Britannica.
Retrieved October  17,  2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
Gould, Roger (2002).
The Origin of Status Hierarchy.
American Journal of Sociology, 107, Retrieved Oct. 26, 2007, from http://www.library.ohiou.edu:5334/ehost/pdf?vid=5&hid=108&sid=f177ce9d-24b5-4e01-819e-b243bd3768e1%40sessionmgr107
Mcpherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. BIRDS OF A FEATHER.
American Journal of Sociology, 27, Retrieved Sept 27, 2007, from http://www.library.ohiou.edu:5334/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=109&sid=c920800d-7008-402f-a473-219b2545f452%40sessionmgr102.
Bolender, Ronald Keith (2006). "
Max Weber 1864-1920".
Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.bolender.com/Sociological%20Theory/Weber,%20Max/weber,_max.htm .
Bourdieu, Pierre.
Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, translated by Richard Nice.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.
social class
discrimination
Bergstraße Route – The Mountain route in the Odenwald of Baden-Württemberg and Hesse
Kreis Bergstraße – A rural district in Hesse
Hessische Bergstraße – A Hessian winegrowing region
Badische Bergstraße – A winegrowing region in Baden-Württemberg
Bergstraße (German: Landkreis Bergstraße, Hessian: Londgrääs Bergschdrooß) is a rural district in south Hesse, Germany.
The district was created in 1938.
Two old districts, Bensheim and Heppenheim, joined and became Bergstraße.
Melibokus as the highest elevation at 517 meters.
The Bergstraße is a tourist route which from Darmstadt to Wiesloch.
The northern part of this route goes through the district and gave it its name.
the Treaty of Arras (1435), between Charles VII of France and Philip the Good of Burgundy
the Treaty of Arras (1482), between Louis XI of France and the governments of the Low Countries
There are various ways to divide classes.
The working class do hard work for others.
Where money is used, they are paid for it, but they seldom have much money.
Where money is used little, as in feudalism, or not at all, as in the Inca Empire there are still classes.
Historians usually see two other groups - people who are rich or have a lot of influence, called the upper class, and all the remaining people who are in between, called the middle class.
Not all societies have social classes.
Scientists have found no proof for hierarchical power structures during the Stone Age.
Determinants of class
education and qualifications
income, personal, household and per capita
wealth, including the ownership of land, property, means of production,  et cetera
family background.
Marx, Karl & Engels, Frederick; The Communist Manifesto, (1848). (
The key statement of class conflict as the driver of historical change).
Savage, Mike; Class Analysis and Social Transformation (London: Open University Press, 2000).
Sennett, Richard & Cobb, Jonathan;  The Hidden Injuries of Class, (Vintage, 1972) (classic study of the subjective experience of class).
Wlkowitz, Daniel J.; Working with Class: Social Workers and the Politics of Middle-Class Identity (University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
"Class, Status and Party", Max Weber, in e.g. Gerth, Hans and C. Wright Mills, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, (Oxford University Press, 1958). (
Weber's key statement of the multiple nature of stratification).
Wright, Erik Olin; Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis (Cambridge University Press, 1997)
Class Action:
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/IL06Ag01.html  Dargin, Justin, The Birth of Russia's New Energy Class.
The Asia Times (Dec. 6, 2007)
Dictionary of the history of ideas:  Class
Charles Dunoyer And The Theory Of Industrialism and Comte And Dunoyer After The 1830 Revolution: The Impact Of Their Ideas  in The Radical Liberalism Of Charles Comte And Charles Dunoyer  by David M. Hart.
Marxist and Austrian Class Analysis (PDF) by Hans-Hermann Hoppe
Classical Liberal Roots of the Marxist Doctrine of Classes (PDF document), Classical Liberal Roots of Marxist Class Analysis  (MP3 audio file), lecture by Ralph Raico.
Rethinking Cultural and Economic Capital  - Jan Rupp
Mümliswil-Ramiswil is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Nennigkofen is a former municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.
Neuendorf is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Niederbuchsiten is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Barahona is a Dominican province.
Its capital city is Santa Cruz de Barahona.
It was created as a Maritime District, an old category given to some regions along the coast, on 12 September 1881.
The Dominican Constitution of 1907 changed the Maritime Districts to provinces.
The province takes the name from its capital city, Santa Cruz de Barahona.
Barahona is a Spanish last name, and it seems that a Spanish colonist with that name lived in the area.
Barahona is bordered to the northwest by the province of Baoruco, to the northeast by Azua, to the west by the Independencia province.
The Pedernales province is to the southwest and south of Barahona and the Caribbean Sea is to the east.
The province was part of the old Azua.
It was created as a Maritime District on 12 September 1881 with the municipalities of Santa Cruz de Barahona, Cabral, Duvergé, Enriquillo and Neiba.
Its category was changed to province by the Dominican Constitution of 1907.
Two new provinces were created from the original province of Barahona.
The Baoruco Province was created in 1943 and then the Pedernales Province in 1957.
1996 : Canoa
1999 : El Cachón
2001 : Los Patos and Pescadería
2003 : Quita Coraza
2004 : Arroyo Dulce, Fondo Negro, Baoruco and Palo Alto
2006 : La Guázara
2007 : Villa Central
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Barahona province, and 156,513 () living in towns and cities.
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 14th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
The Barahona province has a total area of .
It has 3.6% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 12th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The altitude of Santa Cruz de Barahona, provincial capital, is .
There are two important regions in the province: the valley of the Yaque del Sur river, in the north of the province, and the Sierra de Bahoruco ("Bahoruco mountain range").
Because the Sierra de Bahoruco gets to the coast, most of the population lives on the coast or near the river Yaque del Sur; the only town in the mountains is Polo.
The valley of the river Yaque del Sur is an important farming centre in the southwest because people here uses the water of the river to grow different crops, mainly plantain and sugar cane.
The Rincón lake is in this valley; fishing is an important activity in this lake.
The Sierra de Bahoruco is in the rest of the province (south, center and west); the part of the Sierra de Bahoruco that is in the province of Barahona is called Bahoruco Oriental (Eastern Bahoruco) because it is different from the rest of the mountain range.
While pines are common in the Sierra de Bahoruco, they are not common in Eastern Bahoruco where there are rainforests because those mountains, and the province, have the Caribbean Sea to the east and winds bring a lot of water that falls on the mountains.
The highest mountain in Eastern Bahoruco is Pie de Palo (1,603 m).
Other high mountains are Trocha de Pey (1,476 m), La Torre (1,455 m) and Loma Remigio (1,287 m).
The most important river of the province is Yaque del Sur.
Other rivers are Nizaíto (23 km long) and Bahoruco (14 km).
The river San Rafael is only 3 km long but many persons go there during summer to enjoy its cool waters and part of its water is taken to the city of Barahona.
Rainforests are common in the mountains of the province because it rains a lot in the Bahoruco Oriental.
There are three important roads in the province, and they get to the border with Haiti.
One of them goes through the province from north to south and gets to Pedernales after crossing the Sierra de Bahoruco by the coast.
There are 11 municipalities and 11 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.
1881 establishments in North America
Black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) is a common type of fungus.
It grows and reproduces the same way that most molds do.
In asexual reproduction, the mold makes spores inside a sporangium.
When the spores are ready to leave and spread more mold, the sporangium breaks open and lets the spores float out.
In sexual reproduction its hyphae touch the hyphae of another Rhizopus mycelium.
When they fuse, they make round balls called zygospores.
After some time, the zygospore makes another sporangium, which then makes spores.
During this sexual  process, genetic recombination takes place, as with all eukaryotes.
The spores land on a place where they can turn into a new mold, and begin to grow.
They very quickly start making hyphae, small tendrils that look like roots.
Hyphae are not roots, but part of the mycelium.
The mycelium is the main part of the mold, and grows inside the bread.
Black bread mold grows fast when the temperature is higher than 15 degrees Celsius and lower than 20oC.
Black bread mold is found in all countries of the world.
It is often found growing on bread and on soft fruits such as bananas and grapes.
Because the mold spores are airborne, the mold can spread easily.
Time lapse video of Rhizopus stolonifer attacking strawberries  at the Cornell Mushroom Blog.
Black mold - Ill Health Effects & Its Removal- A DIY Guide Toronto
Dentistry is a specialty in medicine, which is practiced by a dentist.
Dentists find out what's wrong, fix, and help prevent problems with teeth.
A dentist has other people that help him with their job.
Dental hygienists help people keep their teeth clean.
A dental assistant helps the dentist when they are treating a patient.
Dental surgeons will perform surgery to fix large or dangerous problems with people's teeth.
There are also dentists called orthodontists, who can move people's teeth using braces.
Dental surgeons and orthodontists are called specialists.
Dental specialties
Dental public health - The study of dental epidemiology and social health.
Endodontics - The study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the dental pulp.
Oral pathology - The study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases.
Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology - The study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases.
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Tooth extractions, dental implants, and facial surgery.
Orthodontics - The straightening of teeth.
Periodontics - Dentists which specialize in the treatment of periodontal (gum) disease
Pediatric dentistry - Dentistry for children...
Prosthodontics - Dentures, bridges and the restoration of implants.
Some prosthodontists train more in "oral and maxillofacial prosthodontics", to learn how to replace missing facial parts, such as ears, eyes, noses, etc.
The History of Dentistry
Information for UK dental professionals
The American Dental Association
National Dentist Registry
The Toyota Tundra is a full-size pickup truck.
It is sold by Toyota in the United States.
The Tundra was first sold in 2000.
The truck is bigger than the Toyota Tacoma.
There are four different versions of the Tundra.
These are the original, "base", version and the "SR5", "Grade", and "CrewMax" versions.
The Tundra is made in San Antonio, Texas.
The design of the truck was changed for 2007.
The Tundra was a replacement for the Toyota T100 pickup, a bigger version of the Toyota Hi-Lux.
The Toyota Celica was a sports car made by Toyota.
Toyota stopped selling the Celica in 2005 due to low sales and it was replaced by the Scion tC. The first Celicas were made in 1970.
Celica
The Toyota 4Runner is a Sports utility vehicle made by Toyota.
Toyota makes the 4Runner in Tahara, Japan as well as the Hino factory.
The 4Runner was first sold in 1984 as a camper version of the Toyota Hi-Lux, sharing the same parts and engines.
The 4Runner got a bigger V6 engine in 1988.
Toyota has redesigned the 4Runner in many years of its life.
The 4Runner was sold as a 2-door model alongside the 4-door until 1992.
The 4Runner's competition comes from the Nissan Pathfinder, Jeep Grand Cherokee, and Chevrolet Blazer.
The 4Runner was a compact SUV until 1996.
Rhythmic gymnastics (short: RG) is a type of gymnastics.
Rhythmic gymnasts perform on a floor with an apparatus, accompanied by music, in individual or group events.
Gymnasts manipulate one or two apparatus: rope, hoop, ball, clubs, and ribbon.
Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that combines elements of gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation.
The victor is the participant who earns the most points, determined by a panel of judges, for leaps, balances, pirouettes, flexibility, apparatus handling, execution, and artistic effect.
Rhythmic gymnastics developed from other sports.
It is influenced by group gymnastics, classical ballet, German apparatus work, and the Swedish free exercise method.
International competitions are split between juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth; and seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth.
The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games, World Championships, and World Cups.
Rhythmic gymnastics was officially recognized by FIG in 1963.
The first time rhythmic gymnastics was in the Olympics was in 1984 in Los Angeles.
That year, a Canadian gymnast called Lori Fung won the individual competition.
In 1996, rhythmic gymnastics group competitions were added to the Olympics.
The length of the rope depends on how tall the gymnast using it is.
They swing the rope, throw and catch the rope, make figure-eights, and more.
They also leap and jump through the rope while they are holding it.
The hoop is made of wood.
Gymnasts toss it and catch it, spin it, swing it, and roll it in many different ways.
Balls used in rhythmic gymnastics are made with rubber or soft plastic.
Gymnasts throw balls and catch them, bounce and roll them, balance the ball on their hand, and do waves and circles.
The clubs are another piece of equipment that rhythmic gymnasts use.
The clubs look similar to bowling pins or bottles.
They are made of wood or plastic.
Gymnasts use the clubs to do circles, throws, swings, plus tapping.
The group routine is a little bit different.
It’s not a piece of equipment; it’s just a different kind of routine.
In the group event, five rhythmic gymnasts will do a routine together.
The gymnasts have to work together to make the routine work.
In a group routine, gymnasts will exchange whatever equipment they are using with each other.
Rhythmic Gymnastics.
Plymouth State University, n.d.
25 Oct. 2012.
USA Gymnastics, n.d.
Rhythmic Gymnastics Equipment and History.
Olympic.org, n.d.
15 Nov. 2012.
Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique
The Art of Gymnastics - The Israeli site of Rhythmic Gymnastics
Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics
More on rhythmic gymnastics
Wealth often means that much money is available.
But there are several other aspects that can be more important.
If one thinks of single persons one will look at their personal property or assets like land and livestock.
Looking at countries one thinks of GDP per capita and of natural capital.
The original meaning of the old English word for "weal", where wealth comes from, was "well-being" or welfare. (
It was an adjective.)
Professional certification (also called simply qualification)
A certificate of having passed a course such as a GCSE.
Product certification (also called product qualification)
A process of deciding the running order in many racing events, and other sport.
Qualification problem of non-monotonic logic.
Professional certification, trade certification, or professional designation, often called simply certification or qualification, is a certification a person gets to assure that he/she is qualified to perform a job or task.
ABA Standing Committee on Specialization
American College of Forensic Examiners Institute (ACFEI)
Darmstadt (German: Regierungsbezirk Darmstadt, Hessian: Regierungsbezirk Damstadt) is one of the three Regierungsbezirk of Hesse, Germany.
It is in the south of the state.
Regions of Hesse
The Persian astronomer, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, mentioned a true nebula for the first time in his book, Book of Fixed Stars (964).
He said that there was a "little cloud" near the Andromeda galaxy.
A nebula is usually made up of hydrogen gas and plasma.
It may be the first stage of a star's cycle, but it may also be one of the last stages.
Many nebulae or stars form from the gravitational collapse of gas in the interstellar medium or ISM.
As the material contracts, massive stars may form in the center, and their ultraviolet radiation ionises the surrounding gas, making it visible at optical wavelengths.
The size of these nebulae, known as H II regions, varies depending on the size of the original cloud of gas.
These are sites where star formation occurs.
The formed stars are sometimes known as a young, loose cluster.
Some nebulae are formed as the result of supernova explosions, the death throes of massive, short-lived stars.
The materials thrown off from the supernova explosion are ionized by the energy and the compact object that it can produce.
One of the best examples of this is the Crab nebula, in Taurus.
The supernova event was recorded in the year 1054 and is labelled SN 1054.
The compact object that was created after the explosion lies in the center of the Crab Nebula and is a neutron star.
Other nebulae may form as planetary nebulae.
This is the final stage of a low-mass star's life, like Earth's Sun.
Stars with a mass up to 8-10 solar masses evolve into red giants and slowly lose their outer layers during pulsations in their atmospheres.
When a star has lost enough material, its temperature increases and the ultraviolet radiation it emits can ionize the surrounding nebula that it has thrown off.
The nebula is 97% Hydrogen and 3% Helium with trace materials.
In the past galaxies and star clusters were also called 'nebulae', but no longer.
Nebulae can be sorted by what they look like and why we can see them.
Star-forming regions and diffuse nebulae
Large regions of ionised hydrogen gas are produced by star-forming regions.
Nebulae are often star-forming regions, such as in the Orion complex.
In these regions gravitation pulls together gas and dust.
Material clumps together to form larger masses, which attract further matter.
Eventually this become massive enough to form stars.
The material left over may form planets and other planetary system objects.
Emission nebulae / H II regions
Emission nebulae make their own light.
They are often called H II regions, because it is the ionized hydrogen which makes them glow.
Usually the gases in an emission nebula are ionized.
This makes them emit light and infra-red radiation.
Reflection nebulae
Dark nebulae
Dark nebulae do not emit light or reflect light.
They block the light from stars that are far away.
Planetary nebulae are quite common, because they are produced by red giant stars late in their lives.
These stars usually become white dwarfs, leaving behind an expanding ball of ionized gas, which we see as a roughly circular bright nebula.
Supernova remnants
A supernova occurs when a high-mass star reaches the end of its life.
When nuclear fusion in the core of the star stops, the star collapses and explodes .
The expanding shell of gas forms a supernova remnant.
The Crab nebula is a supernova remnant which probably exploded in 1054 AD.
Light and X-ray emission from supernova remnants comes from ionized gas.
There is a huge amount of radio emission called synchrotron emission.
This emission originates from high-velocity electrons oscillating in magnetic fields.
In computer science a schema or database schema describes the structure of a database in a formal language that is supported by the database management system.
Using the database schema, it is possible to create a blueprint of the database.
This blueprint will not contain any data.
The database schema uses logical formulas to create integrity constraints.
It is not possible to insert data into the database that violates these integrity constraints.
All contraints use the same language.
The conceptual schema expresses the concepts in the database, and how they relate to each other
The logical schema is a mapping of entities with their attributes, and the respective relations
The physical schema is a particular implementation of a logical schema.
It should be complete: all information in the source should be included.
It should be minimal: it should not be possible to leave out a relation, without losing information
It should be normalized: A certain piece of information should be in the schema only once.
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was an influential German zoologist, naturalist, and artist.
He was also a philosopher and physician, but in those fields he is not regarded as particularly notable.
He left the Lutheran church in 1910.
He is regarded as a pioneer of eugenics and Nazi eugenics in Germany.
Haekel was professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Jena, where he worked for 47 years, from 1862 to 1909.
Haekel discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a tree of life relating all life forms.
He coined many terms in biology, including ecology, phylum, phylogeny,  stem cell, and the kingdom Protista.
Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the controversial recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny").
This claimed that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary development.
The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures.
As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote Die Welträtsel (1895–1899, The Riddle of the Universe, 1901), and Freedom in Science and Teaching to support teaching evolution.
Haeckel was a member of the nationalist and antisemitic Pan-German League (German: Altdeutscher Verband) and of the peace organization Verband für internationale Verständigung.
Haekel wrote many books, some of them in multi-volumes.
Among the most notable are:
Die Radiolarien, four parts in five volumes.
18621888. (
Rhizopoda Radiaria) Eine Monographie.
Georg Reimer, Berlin.
Generelle Morphologie der Organismen.
Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie.
Das Protistenreich.
Eine populäre Uebersicht über das Formengebiet der niedersten Lebewesen.
Mit einem wissenschaftlichen Anhange: System der Protisten.
Mit zahlreichen Holzschnitten.
Ernst Günther’s Verlag, Leipzig.
Monographie der Medusen.
Six parts, some in two volumes.
Gustav Fischer, Jena 1879–1881.
The history of creation (1868) 1993, translated by E. Ray Lankester, Kegan Paul, Trench, London, 3rd edition, volume 1.
His best-known work, translated into English.
Art forms from the ocean: the Radiolarian atlas of 1862.
Prestel Verlag, 2005.
A reprint of his artwork for the Radiolaria.
German anatomists
German evolutionary biologists
German naturalists
People from Potsdam
German zoologists
A lunar eclipse is an astronomical phenomenon.
It happens when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth which can only occur during a full moon.
Lunar eclipses happen about twice a year, unlike total solar eclipses that are sometimes more than a year apart.
They can be seen from a much larger portion of the Earth compared to solar eclipses.
Lunar eclipses can last for a few hours, but total solar eclipses last only a few minutes.
During a lunar eclipse, the Moon looks red-brown.
It may be thought that the Moon is completely black because of the Earth's shadow, but no.
The reddish-brown colour is because some of the Sun's light bends through the Earth's atmosphere and shines on the Moon.
Refraction is greater for red light rays than for others, so red is what strikes the Moon.
Like solar eclipses, there are different types of lunar eclipses.
There are total eclipses, where the moon passes completely through Earth's shadow and all of the moon appears reddish-brown.
A partial eclipse occurs when only part of the moon passes through Earth's shadow and so only part of the moon appears reddish
Lunar eclipses are safe to view with your naked eyes and also with telescopes
Although it is safe to see the lunar eclipse with your naked eyes one should never see a solar eclipse with the naked eyes as the rays damage the retina of the eye
Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (pronounced: maks ˈveːbɐ) (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration.
He began his career at the University of Berlin, and later worked at Freiburg University, University of Heidelberg, University of Vienna and University of Munich.
He had influence on German politics of his time, because he was an advisor to Germany's  at the Treaty of Versailles and to the commission that drafted the Weimar Constitution.
Weber is known for his work in the sociology of religion.
His most famous work is his essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.
He disagreed with Karl Marx's view that class structure was the way to view how society worked.
He believed that human values affected how people acted throughout history.
Texts of Weber works
Large collection of the German original texts
Large collection of English translations
Another collection of English translations
A comprehensive collection of English translations and secondary literature
English translations of many of Weber's works, merged into one very long unformatted file
Max Weber Reference Archive
About Weber
Biography entry and link section
Weber on Ideal Types
Max Weber – The person
More of Weber on Ideal Types
An essay on Max Weber's View of Objectivity in Social Science
Max Weber: On Capitalism As above, but on capitalism
Some of Weber concepts in the form of a list
Max Weber's HomePage "A site for undergraduates"
Mises versus Weber on Bureaucracy and Sociological Method by William P. Anderson
Weber My Premium Essay by William P. Anderson
The Constitution of the German Reich (German: Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches), usually known as the Weimar Constitution (Weimarer Verfassung) was the constitution that governed the Weimar Republic (1919-1933).
The constitution technically remained in effect during the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945.
The German state's official name was Deutsches Reich until the adoption of the 1949 constitution.
Following the end of World War I, a German National Assembly gathered in the town of Weimar, in the state of Thuringia, in January 1919 to write a constitution for the Reich.
The nation was to be a democratic federal republic, governed by a president and parliament.
The constitution was drafted by the lawyer and liberal politician Hugo Preuss, who was then state secretary in the Ministry of the Interior and later became Minister of the Interior.
Selected Articles: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob13.html
Entire Constitution: http://www.zum.de/psm/weimar/weimar_vve.php
The portion of a series of lecture on German history pertaining to the Weimar Republic
Additional info is here: http://www.johndclare.net/Weimar2.htm
Guitar Hero III Mobile is a music video game for mobile phones.
It was made by MachineWorks Northwest LLC and sold by Hands-On Mobile.
It is the newest game in the Guitar Hero series, and was released on December 20, 2007, in North America for people using Verizon Wireless.
Making the game
Guitar Hero III Mobile was programmed by Robinson Technologies (shortened to RTSoft), with help from MachineWorks Northwest LLC.
The graphics for the game were made by Anthem Game Group.
Playing Guitar Hero III Mobile is similar to playing other games in the Guitar Hero series.
Mobile uses 3 frets instead of 5.
Each column of numbered keys on a phone's keypad is a fret.
The numbered keys used are "1", "4", and "7" for green notes, "2", "5", and "8" for red notes, and "3", "6", and "9" for yellow notes.
Once the note(s) reach the bottom, the player must play the note(s) by pressing or holding down the number key(s) in order to score points.
Players can turn on Star Power to get more points by the "*" (star) button on the keypad or the "OK" button in the center of the directional pad.
Guitar Hero III Mobile has 15 songs to play from Guitar Hero II and Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock.
Every month, more songs can be downloaded.
Guitar Hero III Mobile product detail page
MachineWorks Northwest LLC
His most famous works are The Book of Healing – a philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and The Canon of Medicine – a medical encyclopedia.
He is also known as Ibn Sīnā and Pour Sina () which means "Son of Sina" in English.
His full name in Arabic is  ().
In English, he is usually called Avicenna (), his Latinized name.
Avicenna was born near Bukhara, which at the time was ruled by Samanid dynasty.
His father was a government official and his home served as a meeting place for men of learning.
Avicenna had educated teachers while growing up.
By age 14 he had mastered many subjects and had already memorized the Quran.
From the age of 14 to 18 he taught himself because he could not find a tutor to provide more information than he already knew.
He began to practice and learn about medicine at 16.
He also learned about law and natural sciences.
He was good at all subjects but decided medicine was easier for him than mathematics or metaphysics.
Sometime before he turned 18 years old, he cured a Samanid emir.
Because of his he was allowed into the royal libraries of the Samanid dynasty.
By the age of 18 he had become a master of the most important works of science in his time.
Also, his reputation as a doctor had grown.
At 20 he was regarded as one of the wisest people of his time.
From 1015 to 1022, Avicenna was a high official and doctor to the ruler of Hamedan in western Iran.
After the ruler of Hamedan died Avicenna was put in prison.
He was released four months later when Hamadan was captured by Alā al-Dawla, the ruler of Isfahan.
Alā al-Dawla only captured Hamadan for a short period of time.
Avicenna escaped, disguised as a dervish, to Isfahan to work for Alā al-Dawla as a doctor.
In 1030, the Ghaznavids attacked Isfahan and some of Avicenna's work was lost and possibly stolen.
He died during an attack on the city of Hamedan.
Avicenna by Lenn E. Goodman (Cornell University Press: 1992, updated edition 2006) – A good introduction to his life and philosophical thought.
Avicenna an article by Seyyed Hossein Nasr on Encyclopedia Britannica Online
Philosophy Bites podcast interview with Peter Adamson on Avicenna.
Avicenna An article by encyclopedia Iranica
Biography & Works from Routledge
Ibn Sina (Islamic Philosophy Online)
Ibn Sina from the Encyclopedia of Islam
Avicenna/Ibn Sina at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Physician's Day in Iran: A Reference Article on Pur Sina (Avicenna) by Manouchehr Saadat Noury
Biography of Avicenna (in English)
Biography of Avicenna
Catholic Encyclopedia: Avicenna
980 births
Hafith or Hafiz (Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ, plural huffaz), literally meaning 'guardian', is a term used by Muslims for people who have learnt completely the Qur'an by heart.
The Islamic prophet Muhammad lived in the 7th century CE, in Arabia.
In those times, many people were not literate.
The Arabs preserved their histories, genealogies, and poetry by memory alone.
When Muhammad proclaimed the verses later collected as the Qur'an, his followers naturally learnt the words by heart.
Qur'an and Hafiz Number on islam101.com
Qur'an recitation on YouTube
Qur'an recitation by a Muslim child on YouTube
Recitation by Sh.
Abu Bakr ash-Shatry
Alina Kabaeva (, born May 12, 1983, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) is a Russian former-rhythmic gymnast.
She started competing since she was 12, and stopped when she was 24.
She won several medals at World Championships, two Olympic medals (one bronze, one gold) and she came up with some of the flexibility-required moves in the sport.
She was trained by Irina Viner.
Now she works for State Duma.
Russian gymnasts
The Seikan Tunnel（Ja:青函トンネル）is a railway tunnel in Japan.
It connects Hokkaido to Aomori Prefecture.
This tunnel is the second longest transport tunnel in the world.
The tunnel is 53.85 km (33.49 miles) long.
23.3 km (14.5 mile) of the tunnel is underwater.
There are two stations in the tunnel.
The means of transportation from Hokkaido to Honshu was the Seikan ship until Seikan tunnel was completed.
It took about 3 hours.
However, it had some troubles.
For example, the sea route was not safe.
The Toyamaru accident in 1954 had 1155 dead and some missing people, caused by Typhoon Number 15 Roke.
because of that reason, the plan that constructing Seikan Tunnel from Hokkaido to Honshu was becoming a reality.
At first, the east route and west route was considered.
In the west route, the deepest depth of water was 140 meters and the nature of the soil was easy to drill rocks, so west route was then chosen.
The tunnel can be entered by the Shinkansen (bullet train).
The inner structure of the tunnel was planned to have three bullet train's rails.
Because half of this tunnel is under the bottom of the sea, the workers who built this tunnel were worried about seawater.
So, they used new construction techniques.
For example, laser measurement, 2150m horizontal drilling, pouring water glass and cement into soft bedrock.
These techniques were paid attention to by all of the world at that time.
There is still much water, so the seawater that is collected is placed in the tunnel and is pumped out of the tunnel.
There are two stations in Seikan tunnel.
Tappikaitei Station opened in Aza-Minmayatatsuhama, Sotogahama-machi, Higashitsugaru-gun, Aomori on March 13, 1988.
And Yoshiokakaitei Station opened in Tatesaki, Fukushima-cho, Matsumae-gun, Hokkaido on March 13, 1988.
If passengers have a special ticket, they can get off the train at the stations to look around.
These are located in 149.5 meters under the seabed and there are 2247 steps of stairs to the surface.
Also, these stations have shelters for train fires and blackouts.
Tappikaitei Station and Yoshiokakaitei Station became the service stop each on November 10, 2013 and August 27, 2013.
However, these stations were closed on March 15, 2014, because the number of passengers who used these stations, was not a lot.
Tunnel Website
Transport in Japan
Punch Brothers is an American bluegrass band.
Its members include Chris Thile (mandolin), Gabe Witcher (fiddle), Chris Eldridge (guitar), Greg Garrison (bass), and Noam Pikelny (banjo).
They have made one album, Punch, which was released on February 26, 2008 on Nonesuch Records.
Mike Marshall (born 1957) is an American mandolinist.
Over the years, he has worked with artists such as Chris Thile and David Grisman.
Bluegrass musicians
Edgar Meyer is an American Grammy Award-winning double bassist.
Over the years, he has worked with classical and bluegrass artists such as Joshua Bell, Yo-Yo Ma, Béla Fleck, Sam Bush, James Taylor, Jerry Douglas, Mike Marshall, Mark O'Connor, Alison Krauss, the members of Nickel Creek, and Mary Chapin Carpenter.
Classical double bassists
Jerry Douglas is an American Grammy Award-winning dobro player.
Over the years, he has worked with musicians including Ray Charles, Peter Rowan, Béla Fleck, Emmylou Harris, Phish, Chris Thile, Dolly Parton, Paul Simon, Ricky Skaggs, Bill Frisell, John Fogerty, Nanci Griffith, Tony Rice and James Taylor.
2-1-1 is a special telephone number in the United States and Canada.
It was made to be easy to remember.
Calling the number lets people get information quickly about health organizations.
It can also be called in an emergency.
New York Telephone (now part of Verizon) used the 2-1-1 number for many years.
It was an automatic, meaning it worked by itself, number for phone numbers that were dialed wrongly.
2-1-1 was used this way from the 1970s through the early 2000s.
The city of Atlanta started a new way of using 2-1-1 in 1997.
This new way of using it was similar to how it is used now.
After Atlanta, many other cities and states started to use it as a special number to call in an emergency.
5-1-1 is also used for this.
211Canada.ca
211 Canada Information Weblog
211 Halton Region (Ontario, Canada)
211 Niagara Region (Ontario, Canada)
211 Simcoe County (Ontario, Canada)
211 Toronto (Ontario, Canada)
211 Calgary (Alberta, Canada)
Windsor and Essex County (Ontario, Canada)
CRTC Decision 2001-475 establishing use of 2-1-1 in Canada
InformCanada National Association
InformOntario Provincial Association
2-1-1 Edmonton
211 status in the U.S.
Alliance of Information & Referral Systems
Atlanta United Way page on 2-1-1
FCC fact sheet on 2-1-1
National 211.org site homepage
2-1-1 Virginia
211 Palm Beach/Treasure Coast
2-1-1 Big Bend Inc.
2-1-1 Los Angeles County
2-1-1 San Luis Obispo County
2-1-1 NW Oregon & SW Washington
2-1-1 Missouri
3-1-1 is a special telephone number used for non-emergency call to municipal services.
It is used in several cities in Canada and the United States.
3-1-1 was created to receive many of the calls which commonly were made to 9-1-1 which were common questions and not emergencies.