the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1942: Ezio Pinza (Don Giovanni), Rose Bampton (Donna Anna), Jarmila Novotná (Donna Elvira), Bidu Sayão (Zerlina), Charles Kullman (Don Ottavio), Alexander Kipnis (Leporello), Mack Harrell (Masetto), Norman Cordon (Commendatore); The Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, Bruno Walter - (Andromeda); (Live performance)
1950: Tito Gobbi (Don Giovanni), Ljuba Welitsch (Donna Anna), Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (Donna Elvira), Irmgard Seefried (Zerlina), Anton Dermota (Don Ottavio), Erich Kunz (Leporello), Alfred Poell (Masetto), Josef Greindl (Commendatore); Chor der Wiener Staatsoper, Wiener Philharmoniker, Wilhelm Furtwängler - (EMI Classics); (Live performance)
1955: Cesare Siepi (Don Giovanni), Suzanne Danco (Donna Anna), Lisa Della Casa (Donna Elvira), Hilde Gueden (Zerlina), Anton Dermota (Don Ottavio), Fernando Corena (Leporello), Walter Berry (Masetto), Kurt Böhme (Commendatore); Wiener Staatsopernchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Josef Krips - (Decca)
1958: Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Don Giovanni), Sena Jurinac (Donna Anna), Maria Stader (Donna Elvira), Irmgard Seefried (Zerlina), Ernst Haefliger (Don Ottavio), Karl-Christian Kohn (Leporello), Ivan Sardi (Masetto), Walter Kreppel (Commendatore); RIAS Kammerchor, Radio-Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Ferenc Fricsay - (Deutsche Grammophon)
1959: Eberhard Wächter (Don Giovanni), Joan Sutherland (Donna Anna), Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (Donna Elvira), Graziella Sciutti (Zerlina), Luigi Alva (Don Giovanni), Giuseppe Taddei (Leporello), Piero Cappuccilli (Masetto), Gottlob Frick (Commendatore); Philharmonia Orchestra and Chorus, Carlo Maria Giulini - (EMI Classics)
1959: Cesare Siepi (Don Giovanni), Birgit Nilsson (Donna Anna), Leontyne Price (Donna Elvira), Eugenia Ratti (Zerlina), Cesare Valletti (Don Ottavio), Fernando Corena (Leporello), Heinz Blankenburg (Masetto), Arnold van Mill (Commendatore); Wiener Staatsopernchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Erich Leinsdorf - (Decca)
1966: Nicolai Ghiaurov (Don Giovanni), Claire Watson (Donna Anna), Christa Ludwig (Donna Elvira), Mirella Freni (Zerlina), Nicolai Gedda (Don Ottavio), Walter Berry (Leporello), Paolo Montarsolo (Masetto), Franz Crass (Commendatore); New Philharmonia Orchestra & Chorus, Otto Klemperer - (EMI Classics)
1967: Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Don Giovanni), Birgit Nilsson (Donna Anna), Martina Arroyo (Donna Elvira), Reri Grist (Zerlina), Peter Schreier (Don Ottavio), Ezio Flagello (Leporello), Alfredo Mariotti (Masetto), Martti Talvela (Commendatore); Tschechischer Sängerchor Prag, Orchester Des Nationaltheaters Prag, Karl Böhm - (Deutsche Grammophon)
1968: Gabriel Bacquier (Don Giovanni), Joan Sutherland (Donna Anna), Pilar Lorengar (Donna Elvira), Marilyn Horne (Zerlina), Werner Krenn (Don Ottavio), Donald Gramm (Leporello), Leonardo Monreale (Masetto), Clifford Grant (Commendatore); The Ambrosian Singers, English Chamber Orchestra, Richard Bonynge - (Decca)
1973: Ingvar Wixell (Don Giovanni), Martina Arroyo (Donna Anna), Kiri Te Kanawa (Donna Elvira), Mirella Freni (Zerlina), Stuart Burrows (Don Ottavio), Wladimiro Ganzarolli (Leporello), Richard Van Allan (Masetto), Luigi Roni (Commendatore); Chorus and Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, Colin Davis - (Philips)
1977: Sherrill Milnes (Don Giovanni), Anna Tomowa-Sintow (Donna Anna), Teresa Żylis-Gara (Donna Elvira), Edith Mathis (Zerlina), Peter Schreier (Don Ottavio), Walter Berry (Leporello), Dale Duesing (Masetto), John Macurdy (Commendatore); Wiener Staatsopernchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Karl Böhm - (Deutsche Grammophon)
1978: Bernd Weikl (Don Giovanni), Margaret Price (Donna Anna), Sylvia Sass (Donna Elvira), Lucia Popp (Zerlina), Stuart Burrows (Don Ottavio), Gabriel Bacquier (Leporello), Alfred Sramek (Masetto), Kurt Moll (Commendatore); London Opera Chorus, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Georg Solti - (Decca)
1983: Thomas Allen (Don Giovanni), Carol Vaness (Donna Anna), Maria Ewing (Donna Elvira), Elizabeth Gale (Zerlina), Keith Lewis (Don Ottavio), Richard Van Allan (Leporello), John Rawnsley (Masetto), Dimitri Kavrakos (Commendatore); Glyndebourne Festival Chorus, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Bernard Haitink - (EMI Classics)
1985: Samuel Ramey (Don Giovanni), Anna Tomowa-Sintow (Donna Anna), Agnes Baltsa (Donna Elvira), Kathleen Battle (Zerlina), Gösta Winbergh (Don Ottavio), Ferruccio Furlanetto (Leporello), Alexander Malta (Masetto), Paata Burchuladze (Commendatore); Chor der Deutschen Oper Berlin, Berliner Philharmoniker, Herbert von Karajan - (Deutsche Grammophon)
1990: William Shimell (Don Giovanni), Cheryl Studer (Donna Anna), Carlo Vaness (Donna Elvira), Susanne Mentzer (Zerlina), Frank Lopardo (Don Ottavio), Samuel Ramey (Leporello), Natale de Carolis (Masetto), Jan-Hendrik Rootering (Commendatore); Konzertvereinigung Wiener Staatsopernchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Riccardo Muti - (EMI Classics)
1990: Thomas Allen (Don Giovanni), Sharon Sweet (Donna Anna), Karita Mattila (Donna Elvira), Marie McLaughlin (Zerlina), Francisco Araiza (Don Ottavio), Simone Alaimo (Leporello), Claudio Otelli (Masetto), Robert Lloyd (Commendatore); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Neville Marriner - (Philips)
1994: Rodney Gilfry (Don Giovanni), Luba Orgonasova (Donna Anna), Charlotte Margiono (Donna Elvira), Eirian James (Zerlina), Christoph Prégardien (Don Ottavio), Ildebrando D'Arcangelo (Leporello), Julian Clarkson (Masetto), Andrea Silvestrelli (Commendatore); Monteverdi Choir, English Baroque Soloists, John Eliot Gardiner - (Archiv Produktion)
1996: Bryn Terfel (Don Giovanni), Renée Fleming (Donna Anna), Ann Murray (Donna Elvira), Monica Groop (Zerlina), Herbert Lippert (Don Ottavio), Michele Pertusi (Leporello), Roberto Scaltriti (Masetto), Mario Luperi (Commendatore); London Voices, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Georg Solti - (Decca)
1997: Simon Keenlyside (Don Giovanni), Carmela Remigio (Donna Anna), Soile Isokoski (Donna Elvira), Patrizia Pace (Zerlina), Uwe Heilmann (Don Ottavio), Bryn Terfel (Leporello), Ildebrando D'Arcangelo (Masetto), Matti Salminen (Commendatore); Coro Di Ferrara Musica, Chamber Orchestra of Europe, Claudio Abbado - (Deutsche Grammophon)
Joseph Losey's movie
Baritone Ruggero Raimondi played Don Giovanni.
Edda Moser, Kiri Te Kanawa and Teresa Berganza played the three ladies in the opera.
The movie was made in Venice instead of Spain.
It used Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio's Villa Capra near Venice as its setting.
Vincent Canby wrote in the New York Times on November 6, 1979: " ... the climactic confrontation between the Don and the Commendatore is surprisingly tepid visually.
I've seen better descents into hell at our own Metropolitan Opera and in any number of Hammer horror pictures.
Mr. Losey and his associates haven't destroyed "Don Giovanni," but then they haven't illuminated it either.
Their film is a busy, disorienting spectacle, superbly sung ... "
Modern responses to the opera
The Earl of Harewood writes: "Don Giovanni is too full of arias, many of them famous, for its own dramatic good.
Perhaps it is a problem with most eighteenth-century opera.
Singers demanded them, the public expected them; and of course the aria ... is a potent operatic weapon, the moment for the composer to comment in depth on the drama he has set going.
But ... arias hold up the action in a way it is sometimes hard to defend, because you feel it was the singer who wanted it so."
He points to Ottavio's "Il mio tesoro", his "Dalla sua pace", and Anna's "Non mi dir" as each being a "magnificent opportunity for singer", but wonders how much they actually contribute to the drama.
But Zerlina's "Batti, batti" and Anna's "Or sai chi l'onore" are quite different.
These arias contribute to the drama and move it forward.
Nicholas Kenyon writes: "The power Don Giovanni unleashes is almost too great; if it is an uneven work then it is only imperfect in the way that King Lear is imperfect, from an excess of feeling.
As Abert summarized it, in spite of the finale, 'the point of the opera is not to proclaim a universal moral, but to depict the decisive battle between two tremendous forces.
"We sense the ultimate connection between even the most restless, passion-ridden human existence and the whole universe.'
Like Figaro, Giovanni has held the stage from its premiere through to the present; it has fitted the nineteenth-century's wish for a Romantic, powerful Mozart and the twentieth-century's for a politicised, critical Mozart".
Metropolitan Opera: Synopsis
1780s operas
Compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
It premiered in Vienna on 30 September 1791 at Schikaneder's theater, the Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden.
The story has traditional fairy tale themes and Masonic elements.
Prince Tamino has got lost in the forest and now finds himself in a country which is ruled by the Queen of the Night.
A huge monster chases him and he is very frightened.
He falls down in a faint.
Three ladies who work for the Queen of the Night come and kill the monster.
Then they see the handsome prince and they argue about which one of them will stay to look after him.
The three ladies go off and Papageno enters.
Papageno is a birdcatcher whose job is to catch birds for the Queen of the Night.
He is a happy, simple young man.
Tamino wakes up, sees him and asks him who he is.
Papageno introduces himself.
He has not noticed the dead monster.
Tamino sees that the monster is dead and asks him who killed it.
Papageno suddenly notices it and then decides to pretend that he killed it himself.
The three ladies hear what he says and they come and punish him by giving him a stone instead of bread and wine, and by padlocking his mouth so that he cannot speak.
Then they give Tamino a portrait of Princess Pamina.
She is the daughter of the Queen of the Night.
They tell him that Pamina has been captured by an evil man called Sarastro.
In fact, Sarastro is a good man, and he is looking after Pamina because her mother, the Queen of the Night, is evil.
The prince does not know this.
He is already in love with the princess just from looking at her picture, and decides to go and rescue her.
The three ladies give the Prince a magic flute which will protect him if he finds himself in danger.
They promise Papageno that he, too, will find a lovely wife for himself if he goes with Tamino.
They take off his padlock and give him a set of magic bells which will help him if he is in danger.
They are told that three lovely boys will show them the way.
In the next scene we see Princess Pamina who is being guarded by a cruel Moor called Monostatos.
He has tied the princess up.
Papageno arrives and both men are frightened of one another.
Monostatos runs away, Papageno unties the rope around the princess and tells her about the prince who is on his way to rescue her.
In the next scene Tamino finds himself in a holy place.
The three boys have guided him there.
They tell him he must be patient and silent.
He meets a priest who tells him he must not think that Sarastro is cruel.
He tells him that Pamina is alive.
Tamino is very happy to hear this, takes his flute and plays.
The animals from the forest come round him.
Pamina and Papagena are caught by Monostatos.
He is about to tie them up, but Papageno plays his magic bells and, when they hear the music, Monostatos and all the animals cannot help dancing and they disappear, still dancing.
Sarastro enters.
He tells Pamina once more that she must stay with him to learn how to live a good, virtuous  life.
She must not become evil like her mother.
Monostatos enters with Tamino whom he has caught.
Tamino and Pamina see one another and embrace.
Sarastro says that Monostatos must have a beating.
He says that Tamino and Pamina cannot have one another yet.
First they will have to go to the temple and go through some trials to show that they are good.
Sarastro explains to the priests that Tamino and Pamina will have to go through the trials to show that they are worthy of one another.
If they can do this then they will be able to defeat the evil power of the Queen of the Night.
Tamino and Papageno go through the trials together.
Tamino remains calm and brave.
Papageno is frightened and finds it difficult to keep quiet, but he continues because he has been promised that a girl called Papagena will be waiting for him.
In the first trial the Three Ladies try to make them think that the dark place they are in will lead them to death.
In the second trial they see Monostatos about to rape Pamina.
The Queen of the Night explains why she wants power.
She says that Tamino and Pamina will be cursed unless Sarastro is killed.
Tamino realizes that this is all part of the trial and he must not do anything.
Papageno is given food and drink by Papagena who is disguised as an old lady.
Tamino plays his flute.
Pamina appears but turns her back on him.
The Queen of the Night sings a very famous song in this section.
It is famous because it reaches the highest ranges of a female voice.
Tamino and Pamina have to go through the last trial together.
Papagena enters and dances, then, when Papageno promises to be true, she throws off her disguise and disappears.
Pamina thinks her mother is going to use her dagger, but at the last moment the boys save her and take her to Tamino.
Tamino plays the flute as they go together through fire and water.
The chorus sing in triumph.
Papageno cannot call Papagena back with his shepherd pipe.
The three boys remind him about his magic bells.
He plays them and Papagena appears.
They are united.
In the last scene Monostatos and the Queen of the Night enter to do battle, but they are defeated.
Good triumphs over evil.
Masonic ideas in the opera
Mozart belonged to a group of Freemasons.
The Magic Flute is full of Masonic symbols.
For example: the number three is an important number in masonry and there are lot of things in the opera that happen in threes:  there are three long chords at the beginning of overture, and the three chords appear again in the scene in the temple.
Even the key is E flat major which has a key signature of three flats.
There are three ladies, three young boys and three trials.
The scenery used in the early productions make it look as if the story comes from Egypt or somewhere in the Orient.
Mozart and Schickaneder meant this to have a Masonic meaning.
The trials are similar to the rituals in Masonic ceremonies.
Movie versions
Trollflöjten (1975), directed by Ingmar Bergman, in Swedish
The Magic Flute (2006) directed by Kenneth Branagh, set during World War I
1790s operas
George Louis Chuvalo CM (born September 12, 1937), also known as Jure Čuvalo, was a Canadian heavyweight boxing champion and the multiple contender for the heavyweight title in the 1960s and 1970s.
He was never knocked off his feet in ninety-three professional fights between 1956 and 1979.
Chuvalo was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame in 1990 and the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1997.
He was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1998 and was awarded a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in 2005.
Professional boxing record
|align="center" colspan=8|73 Wins (64 knockouts, 9 decisions), 18 Losses (2 knockouts, 16 decisions), 2 Draws
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|Win
|align=left| George Jerome
|11/12/1978
|align=left| St. Lawrence Market, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left| Earl McLeay
|08/12/1977
|align=left| Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left| Bob Felstein
|07/03/1977
|align=left| North York Centennial Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left| Mike Boswell
|30/10/1973
|align=left| Twin Rinks, Cheektowaga, New York, United States
|align=left| Tony Ventura
|25/09/1973
|align=left| Charlie Boston
|05/09/1972
|align=left| Port-au-Prince, Haiti
|align=left| Tommy Burns
|10/08/1972
|align=left| Nelson, British Columbia, Canada
|Loss
|align=left| Muhammad Ali
|01/05/1972
|align=left| Pacific Coliseum, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
|align=left| Jim Christopher
|21/02/1972
|align=left| Winnipeg Arena, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
|align=left| Charley Chase
|28/01/1972
|align=left| Cleveland Williams
|17/11/1971
|align=left| Astrodome, Houston, Texas, United States
|align=left| Jimmy Ellis
|10/05/1971
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|Charles Couture
|11/12/1970
|align=left| Austintown Fitch High School Gym, Youngstown, Ohio, United States
|05/11/1970
|align=left| Forum, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|24/10/1970
|align=left| Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
|align=left| Mike Bruce
|15/08/1970
|align=left| Kosevo Stadium, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
|align=left| George Foreman
|04/08/1970
|align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left| Charlie Reno
|30/06/1970
|align=left| Seattle, Washington, D.C., United States
|align=left| Gino Ricci
|10/05/1970
|align=left| Kimberley, British Columbia, Canada
|align=left| Willie Tiger
|01/05/1970
|align=left| Fairgrounds, Detroit, Michigan, United States
|align=left| Jerry Quarry
|12/12/1969
|align=left| Leslie Borden
|16/11/1969
|align=left| Stamford Harris
|08/09/1969
|align=left| Exhibition Pavilion, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
|align=left| Buster Mathis
|03/02/1969
|align=left| Dante Cane
|12/11/1968
|align=left| Manuel Ramos
|26/09/1968
|align=left| Vic Brown
|17/09/1968
|align=left| Levi Forte
|03/09/1968
|align=left| Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States
|align=left| Johnny Featherman
|30/06/1968
|align=left| Penticton, British Columbia, Canada
|align=left| Jean-Claude Roy
|05/06/1968
|align=left| Exhibition Stadium, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
|align=left| Joe Frazier
|19/07/1967
|align=left| Archie Ray
|22/06/1967
|align=left| Adams Field House, Missoula, Montana, United States
|align=left| Willi Besmanoff
|27/05/1967
|align=left| Cocoa, Florida, United States
|04/04/1967
|align=left| Buddy Moore
|20/03/1967
|align=left| Four Seasons Arena, Walpole, Massachusetts, United States
|align=left| Dick Wipperman
|22/02/1967
|align=left| Armory, Akron, Ohio, United States
|16/01/1967
|align=left|Willie McCormick
|16/12/1966
|align=left| Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
|align=left| Dave Russell
|28/11/1966
|align=left| Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
|align=left| Boston Jacobs
|21/11/1966
|align=left| Cobo Arena, Detroit, Michigan, United States
|12/10/1966
|align=left| Paul Sauve Arena, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left| Bob Avery
|15/09/1966
|align=left| Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
|align=left| Mel Turnbow
|16/08/1966
|align=left| Oscar Bonavena
|MD
|23/06/1966
|15/05/1966
|align=left| Miner's Forum, Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada
|29/03/1966
|align=left| Eduardo Corletti
|PTS
|25/01/1966
|align=left| Olympia, Kensington, London, United Kingdom
|align=left| Joe Bygraves
|07/12/1965
|align=left| Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, London, United Kingdom
|align=left| Ernie Terrell
|01/11/1965
|33-9-2
|align=left| Orvin Veazey
|17/08/1965
|32-9-2
|align=left| Dave Bailey
|30/06/1965
|31-9-2
|align=left| Ed Sonny Andrews
|07/06/1965
|30-9-2
|align=left| Bill Nielsen
|19/04/1965
|29-9-2
|align=left| Floyd Patterson
|01/02/1965
|29-8-2
|align=left| Calvin Butler
|10/11/1964
|align=left| Hull, Quebec, Canada
|28-8-2
|align=left| Doug Jones
|02/10/1964
|27-8-2
|align=left| Don Prout
|27/07/1964
|align=left| Sargent Field, New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States
|26-8-2
|align=left| Hugh Mercier
|18/03/1964
|align=left| Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
|25-8-2
|align=left| Zora Folley
|17/01/1964
|align=left| Arena, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|25-7-2
|align=left| Tony Alongi
|08/11/1963
|align=left| Miami Beach, Florida, United States
|25-7-1
|align=left| Mike DeJohn
|27/09/1963
|align=left| Convention Center, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
|24-7-1
|align=left| Lloyd Washington
|18/05/1963
|align=left| Central High Field House, Battle Creek, Michigan, United States
|23-7-1
|align=left| Chico Gardner
|29/04/1963
|align=left| London, Ontario, Canada
|22-7-1
|align=left| James Wakefield
|22/04/1963
|align=left| Arena, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
|21-7-1
|align=left| Rico Brooks
|15/03/1963
|align=left| Arena, Detroit, Michigan, United States
|20-7-1
|align=left| Joe Erskine
|DQ
|02/10/1961
|20-6-1
|align=left| Bob Cleroux
|SD
|08/08/1961
|align=left| Delormier Stadium, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|20-5-1
|27/06/1961
|19-5-1
|align=left| Alex Miteff
|27/03/1961
|18-5-1
|23/11/1960
|align=left| Forum, Quebec, Canada
|17-5-1
|17/08/1960
|17-4-1
|align=left| Pete Rademacher
|19/07/1960
|17-3-1
|align=left| Yvon Durelle
|17/11/1959
|16-3-1
|align=left| Frankie Daniels
|14/09/1959
|15-3-1
|align=left| Pat McMurtry
|17/10/1958
|15-2-1
|align=left| James J Parker
|15/09/1959
|14-2-1
|16/06/1958
|14–2
|align=left| Howard King
|21/04/1958
|13–2
|align=left| Julio Mederos
|27/01/1958
|align=left| Bob Baker
|09/09/1957
|12–1
|align=left| Joe Schmolze
|06/06/1957
|align=left| Fort William, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left| Emil Brtko
|04/22/1957
|align=left| Moses Graham
|25/03/1957
|align=left| Walter Hafer
|04/03/1957
|align=left| Sid Russell
|14/01/1957
|align=left| Bob Biehler
|19/11/1956
|22/10/1956
|align=left| Joe Evans
|10/09/1956
|align=left| Johnny Arthur
|11/06/1956
|align=left|Ed McGee
|23/04/1956
|align=left|Ross Gregory
|align=left| Jim Leonard
|align=left| Gordon Baldwin
Canadian boxers
Sportspeople from Toronto
They are used to fill a shortage in labour that most often cannot be done locally.
Guest workers often do not have the same rights as normal workers.
In some countries guest workers are not allowed to stay long periods of time.
In Germany there are many guest workers from Turkey.
Turkish guest workers have formed their own communities in the German cities where they live.
Turkish guest workers have been in Germany since the 1950s.
Foreign workers in Malaysia  - News update
The PBS newsmagazine NOW focuses on America's "Guest Workers" including interviews with actual guest workers who work in Montana's forests
Lao Động Đài Loan
Migrant labor activism in New York City from Dollars & Sense magazine
Migrant Workers Television(MWTV) in Seoul Korea
Xưởng Tranh Waki
December 18 vzw - International Advocacy and Resource Center on Migrant Workers Rights
Migrante International
No One is Illegal
Global Culture: essay on migrant workers
Migrant Farmworkers and Their Children
Tropical Storm Lee was a weak tropical storm that hardly reached tropical storm status for a short time while over the central Atlantic Ocean during late August and early September 2005.
Lee was the twelfth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 24.
It developed into an area of low pressure as it moved across the Atlantic Ocean.
It strengthened into Tropical Depression Thirteen on August 28 while 960 miles (1550 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.
Because of wind shear, the depression began to fall apart.
It quickly weakened into a tropical low late on August 29.
It had been predicted that this was likely to happen, but the National Hurricane Center (NHC) instead chose to forecast a little bit of strengthening in the future.
The low slowly moved northwards, then turned to the northeast because of another non-tropical system.
As it moved to the northeast, the low began to become organized and began to re-strengthen on August 31.
That afternoon, the depression strengthened further into Tropical Storm Lee.
It got to its strongest point with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h), in between Bermuda and the Azores.
While Lee was thought to have been a tropical storm for only 6 hours originally, it was later learned that Lee stayed as a tropical storm for 12 hours instead.
Lee quickly weakened into a remnant low.
It moved to the west of the non-tropical system that was near it.
On September 1, the two systems began join together.
Lee began to fall apart while it was being destroyed by the non-tropical system.
By the next day, the remnant low was absorbed by a cold front.
Naming and records
When Tropical Storm Lee formed on August 31, it was the second earliest time in a season for the development of the 12th named tropical storm.
It formed two days after the record held by Hurricane Luis in 1995.
This made it one of the few storms of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season to not hold a record for the earliest formation of the nth storm.
Also while this was the first use of the name Lee to name an Atlantic storm, after the retirement of Hurricane Lenny in 1999, Lee had previously been used to name 3 storms in the Western Pacific Ocean.
Because Lee did not cause any damages or kill any people, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season.
NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Lee
NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Lee
Atlantic tropical storms
The Lesser Antilles (also known as the Caribbees) are a group of islands between the eastern edge of the Caribbean Sea and the western Atlantic Ocean.
They are east and south of the Greater Antilles.
Some of the islands are also just off the northern coast of South America.
mr:अँटिल्स#लेसर अँटिल्स
A cold front is a meteorological word that is used to describe the movement of a cooler air mass into an area of warmer air.
The air with greater density moves under the less dense warmer air, lifting it, which can cause a line of showers and thunderstorms, or a squall line to form when there is sufficient moisture.
This upward motion causes lowered pressure along the cold front.
On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangles/spikes pointing in the direction of its movement.
Cold fronts can also move up to twice as fast as warm fronts.
A separating funnel (also called a separation funnel) is a piece of laboratory equipment.
It is usually made of glass, and is used to separate two liquids, for example, oil and water.
They always separate out, and this is how to remove one from the other:
A mixture of oil and water is put into a separating funnel and then shaken and then left until it becomes stable again.
The liquid with higher density, (in this case water), goes to the bottom of the separating funnel (because it is heavier than oil).
When this is done, the bottom of the separating funnel is opened and the water flows out, leaving only the oil.
A separating funnel is a cone shape made from glass but has a half circle, or hemisphere, on top.
It has a stopper at the top and tap or hole at the bottom.
The size of one can be between 50 millilitres and 3 litres.
Use of a separatory funnel or "How to do an upscale extraction", UCLA
How much the chemicals absorb liquid
If they glow in certain areas
How long does a certain reaction go on for under special conditions
To monitor cell growth
Acid quantities in chemicals
Cell reactions
Enzyme activity
Cell toxicity
Amounts of chemicals in cells
Checking substances for drugs
Using these plate readers can help human scientists do their work more efficiently.
Plate readers are used mostly in research, to find drugs, and to help test the purity of chemicals in pharmacies and laboratories.
A microtiter plate is used mostly in laboratories and pharmacies.
A microtiter plate could have 6, 24, 96, 384 or even sometimes 1536 wells arranged in rows.
Some microplates, used in the industry, have been built with 3456 or sometimes 9600 wells for maximum efficiency.
Each well of a microplate can only hold very small amounts of liquid.
The first microplate was made in 1951 by a Hungarian man called Dr. G. Takatsky, who made a microtiter plate with 6 rows of 12 wells (so 72 wells).
Microtiter plates started being used in bulk in the late 1950s, a man called John Liner from USA had made a different, but better version.
By 1990 more than 15 companies were making microtiter plates.
In 1996, the Society for Biomolecular Screening (SBS) wanted to make the microplate have standards to live up to.
And so in 2003, microplates had to have a certain diameter and depth.
http://www.micronit.com/en/products/glass_microfluidic_chips/microtiter_plate.php
http://www.freewebs.com/immunology/microtiter-plates.html
Bulgarian (, [ˈbɤ̞lɡarski ɛˈzik]) is an Indo-European language.
It is spoken mainly in Bulgaria and parts of North Macedonia, Serbia, Ukraine and Moldova.
The Bulgarian language is similar to the Macedonian and the Serbian languages, which are part of the South Slavic branch of Slavic languages.
There are nearly 9 million people in 2011 who use Bulgarian as their main language.
Bulgarian is a part of the so-called Balkan "Sprachbund" or linguistic group, which also includes Greek, Macedonian, Romanian, Albanian, and the Torlakian dialect of the Serbian language.
This does not mean the languages are necessarily related, but that they share certain loanwords and grammatical characteristics due to frequent contact over the years.
An Erlenmeyer flask or conical flask is a kind of flask with a base in the shape of a cone and a short neck.
It was first invented in 1861 by a German chemist named Richard Erlenmeyer.
Erlenmeyer Flasks are used in laboratories.
This type of flask is used as a container for chemical substances, or to heat or boil liquids.
It does not allow liquids to spill easily.
It is also used in titration.
A girlfriend is a term that usually means a female partner in a non-marital relationship.
It is less common to use the word "girlfriend" to mean a female friend in a platonic relationship.
Native person, see Indigenous peoples
Native (ecology), an animal or plant species that comes from a given place
In computing, native software is software that is written for a specific processor (see native on Wiktionary)
Native (processing), a CPU processing system
Native (comics), a character in the X-Men comics universe
Native (band), a contemporary French R&B band
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius is an American computer animated television series.
It was shown on the Nickelodeon television network until 2006 (with re-runs airing from April-June 2010 and again in January-May 2011) and currently on Nicktoons.
It is a spinoff of the 2001 film, Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius and later has its own spinoff starring Sheen Estevez called Planet Sheen which became its own series in October 2, 2010.
The series is about a young genius named Jimmy Neutron (James Isaac Neutron) who experiments with laboratory equipment which causes trouble to Retroville.
He often has to undo the problems this creates.
Jimmy Neutron (James Isaac Neutron) is the main character of the series.
He is a ten year old genius with an IQ of 210.
His friends are Carl Wheezer and Sheen Estevez
Goddard is Jimmy's mechanical canine pet.
He helps him on his destructive tasks he has accidentally done to Retroville.
Carl Wheezer (Carlton Ulysses Wheezer) is an overweight friend of Jimmy who is obsessed with llamas.
Sheen Estevez (Ramon Guevera Estevez) is one of Jimmy's best friends who is hyperactive with very little attention span.
He is obsessed with a character known as Ultra Lord, even going so far as to write the entire Ultra Lord website on the Internet.
Cindy Vortex (Cynthia Aurora Vortex) is Jimmy's rival and love interest.
She constantly is rude to Jimmy and calls him names like "nerdtron".
In the third and final season, they began to be with each other and love one another.
Concordia is a city in north-eastern Kansas, USA.
It has been the county seat of Cloud County since 1871.
Cities in Cloud County, Kansas
The United Nations prefers the phrase Indigenous peoples to these descriptions.
The other descriptions sometimes sound negative (pejorative).
Very often, indigenous people were forced into slavery or badly treated by settlers and immigrants.
Indigenous people were oppressed in colonial times.
Colonial settlers often robbed the indigenous treasures and lands.
Indigenous people were often made slaves, or killed by colonial settlers.
Colonialism often wanted indigenous people to believe that they were lower social class than the new settlers.
Indigenous people can grow up believing that they are lower social class, or less important.
Indigenous people sometimes have to fight for their own land, their own history, human rights and equality.
UNEP Indigenous Knowledge Study
Rural poverty and indigenous peoples on Rural Poverty Portal, powered by IFAD
IFAD and indigenous peoples (International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD)
UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UN PFII)
Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP)
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)- Indigenous peoples
UNESCO Actions in favour of Indigenous Peoples
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
Asia Pacific Indigenous Youth Network (APIYN)
Development Gateway Indigenous Issues Topic Page
Human Rights Internet- Indigenous issues
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation
European Network for Indigenous Australian Rights (ENIAR)
Indigenous Peoples' Center for Documentation, Research and Information (docip)
Diplomacy Monitor - Indigenous Peoples
IPS Inter Press Service  News on indigenous peoples from around the world
Indigenous studies
University of Burgundy (France) Indigenous Studies (Formation Peuples Autochtones)
WWW Virtual Library- Indigenous studies resources
Center for World Indigenous Studies (CWIS)
African Pygmies studies Anthropological fieldwork about Pygmies
A History of Aboriginal Treaties and Relations in Canada This site includes contextual materials, links to digitized primary sources and summaries of primary source documents.
Articles on Theory of Property Rights and the Environment
The United Nations' use of this term overlaps with 'foreign worker'.
In the United States, the term is commonly used broadly to describe people who move frequently to find work or, more narrowly, those who earn low wages performing manual labor in the agriculture field.
Migrant workers are often forced into poor situations.
Some are illegal immigrants and can be expelled if found.
They are supported by the International Labour Organization.
In 1990, the United Nations also adopted the Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers to protect them.
Open borders help migrant workers.
In Europe for example countries that recently joined European Union have seen massive outflow of workers to the countries with higher wages.
Some people who work in foreign countries are called "expatriates"'.
It is through the Temporary Foreign Worker Program [TFWP] that the Government of Canada hires foreign nationals in order to fill temporary skills and labour shortages in the country.
Temporary foreign workers can be hired by Canadian employers only when qualified Canadian citizens or Canada permanent residents are not available to fill the same vacancy.
Currently, there is a great labour gap in the Canadian market.
Dealing with a declining birth rate on one hand along with many in the workforce retiring soon, Canada is finding it hard to fill the significant labour gap that it is facing.
Immigration is regarded to hold the answer to a great extent.
With the TFWP, Canadian employers can easily hire international workers.
At times, there might not even be the requirement to get someone from abroad.
Canadian employers hiring through the TFWP might find qualified foreign workers that are already in the country.
Such skilled foreign workers already in Canada that can easily be hired by a Canadian employer might be about to complete a job contract with a different employer.
Or, they might be working in Canada on an open work permit that allows them the freedom to work for any employer anywhere in Canada.
Usually, such temporary foreign workers or migrant workers in Canada are hired to address a specified short-term labour requirement.
Nevertheless, certain foreign workers that had initially come to Canada for filling a temporary vacancy might transition to Canadian permanent residence, provided they meet specific requirements.
Canada’s immigration programs – like the Canadian Experience Class [CEC] and Provincial nominee Program [PNP] – provide pathways to Canada PR for migrant workers.
As per the Government of Canada’s official website, “These routes exist to ensure that workers who have shown that their skills are in continuing demand and that they have already adapted well to life in Canada can build a future here.”
Since the imposition of COVID-19 special measure on March 18, Canada has been holding program specific draws from the Express Entry System.
The latest draw to be held – Express Entry Draw No.
148 – was specifically for those candidates that had Canadian experience thereby qualifying them for the Canadian Experience Class [CEC] program.
Dust bowl migrants (Okies)
In China, Filmmakers Get Involved with Migrant Workers
China Labour Bulletin
Removals Services
Beijing's Min Gong migrants
Unicode is a standard for encoding computer text in most of the internationally used writing systems into bytes.
It is promoted by the Unicode Consortium and based on ISO standards.
Its goal is to replace current and previous character encoding standards with one worldwide standard for all languages.
New versions are issued every few years and later versions have over 100,000 characters.
Unicode provides many printable characters, such as letters, digits, diacritics (things that attach to letters), and punctuation marks.
It also provides characters which do not actually print, but instead control how text is processed.
For example, a Newline and a character that makes text go from right to left are both characters that do not print.
Unicode considers a graphical character (for instance é) as a code point (alone or in sequence [e+ ‘] ).
Each code point is a number with many digits which can be encoded in one or several code units.
Code units are 8, 16, or 32 bits.
This allows Unicode to represent characters in binary.
UTF-7 Uses 7 bits per character; relatively unpopular; officially not part of Unicode
UTF-8 Uses 8 bits per character; a variable-width encoding that keeps compatibility with ASCII; the most common characters can be coded in 2 bytes
UTF-16 Uses 16 bits per character; also variable-width encoding
UTF-32 Uses 32 bits per character; a fixed width encoding
UTF8 is the most common of these for exchange.
It is used for internet, electronic mail, and Java also uses a variant of it.
Mapping of Unicode characters (English Wikipedia)
The Unicode Consortium official website
A low pressure area, or low for short, is a word used in meteorology (the study of weather) that means a place where the atmospheric pressure is lowest compared to the surrounding area.
Coriolis effect causes winds to blow counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in southern hemisphere.
This makes storms like tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones, subtropical cyclones, and subpolar cyclones.
They are called "low-pressure cells" in some English-speaking countries.
A hill fort is an ancient fortified refuge or defended settlement.
It was usually in a place that rises from the surrounding area, given the name.
This is done to exploit the rise for military advantage.
The fortification usually follows the shape of the hill.
Usually it is made of one or more lines of earthworks.
There may also be  stockades or defensive walls, and external ditches.
Maiden Castle in Dorset is the largest of around 1000 hill forts built in Britain in the Iron Age.
In a hill fort, the entrance through the inner ramparts had massive timber gates.
The inner rampart was 14m high and topped by a fence of huge, upright timbers.
It was faced with big, limestone blocks.
Hill forts were built since the Stone Age.
They are most common during later periods though:
Urnfield culture (c. 1300 BC - 750 BC) Bronze Age
Hallstatt culture (c. 1200 BC - 500 BC) late Bronze Age to early Iron Age
La Tene culture (c. 600 BC - 50 AD) late Iron Age
There are many different kinds of hill forts, they were very common.
In Europe, the Celts used them for a very long time.
Troy, Michigan is a city in Michigan, United States.
It is a suburb of the larger city of Detroit, and has over 80,000 residents.
Many companies have offices in the city.
It is where the world headquarters for Kmart used to be.
Gin is a type of alcoholic drink with a high amount of alcohol in it, usually about 35-50% alcohol by volume.
It was invented in the Netherlands in the 17th century, and soon became very popular in England.
This became a problem when many people drank themselves to death, because gin was cheap to make and contained so much alcohol.
Gin is flavored with juniper berries.
Today, gin is usually a dry liquor, which means that it is not very sweet.
Gin is also very popular in cocktails - two of the most common of these are the Gin & Tonic (gin mixed with tonic water) and the martini (gin mixed with vermouth, usually with an olive added).
Gin is still one of the most popular liquors to this day.
A prostitute is a person, most of the time a woman, who has sex with people for money.
Prostitution is sometimes called the "world's oldest profession".
There are written records of it in almost every culture and society.
In many countries it is a crime.
In some places it is the customers who get arrested.
Prostitution is sometimes called the oldest profession or oldest occupation.
A female prostitute is sometimes called a hooker, whore or ho.
A male prostitute is sometimes called a gigolo.
They can both be called a street walker, sex worker or escort.
Customers or clients are sometimes called sugar mamas, stellas or janes if female.
They are called johns if male.
Ways and methods
Some prostitutes walk the streets looking for customers.
They are usually called "streetwalkers" and are the most noticeable type of prostitutes.
Others work in bars and nightclubs.
Others may work at a building called a brothel.
Other prostitutes may work from their homes or from an apartment rented for the purpose, and have their clients (customers) contact them by phone or on the internet.
Some prostitutes may have a boss (a person they work for and who they may give part of the money they make to), who may be called a "madame" (if they are a woman) or a "pimp" (if they are a man).
Not all prostitutes have a boss; some get business through an escort agency, which is a business or person the prostitute pays to advertise for them and get clients for them.
Many prostitutes just work for themselves.
The city of Amsterdam is famous for its prostitutes in the Red-light district (a part of a city where prostitution is common).
In the Red-light district, some of the prostitutes sit in windows to show that they are available for business.
Some people think that in the future, human prostitutes will lose their jobs to sexbots.
Different aspects
The legal status of prostitution varies from country to country.
Many countries have laws about prostitution.
Some countries have made prostitution illegal.
There are four main approaches to handling prostitution:
Prohibition or fully illegal – Prostitution is forbidden, all acts relating to prostitution and people caught doing them will be punished.
This includes "solicitation", which is when someone offers or advertises sex for money, or when a person offers someone money in exchange for sex.
Decriminalization – Prostitution itself is not illegal, but some of the acts relating to it may be.
For example, standing on the street offering sex for sale might not be legal.
Almost always, trying to get someone to become a prostitute when they don't want to is still illegal.
Abolition – This is not a type of law itself, but it might be a reason behind the laws in some places, usually similar to decriminalization.
The long-term goal of "abolition" is to "abolish" prostitution, meaning to try to get it to stop completely.
In this approach, the prostitutes themselves are seen as victims, and are not usually punished.
Acts connected with prostitution (running a brothel, etc.)
are punished.
Often people requesting the services of a prostitute are punished as well.
Regulation – Prostitution is legal, but the state regulates it.
This may be because it is seen as acceptable between adults who say they are ok with it, because it is seen as necessary or because the law-makers accept that it is not going to stop even if it is illegal and a better idea is to make it safer for everyone.
Running a brothel requires a license and prostitutes need to register and undergo regular health checks.
Prostitutes and brothel-owners pay taxes like other workers and businesses.
In some countries, like Turkey, prostitution is legal if done with a license from the government but illegal on the streets.
In some Muslim countries prostitution is not only illegal, it is punished by death.
In Japan, only certain sex acts are legal; vaginal sex for money is against the law while oral sex for money is legal.
There are some places, where prostitution is legal, but advertising for it is not.
In Germany since 2016 both is legal.
Since the new prostitution law (Prostituiertenschutzgesetz vom 21.
Oktober 2016 (BGBl.
I S. 2372)) was included, advertising is not prohibited anymore as long as youth protection is respected.
Potential customers find all necessary information about the prostitutes they need in the web, and are able to contact them with their phones.
Usually customers visit the apartment of the prostitutes or order them to their home or hotel room.
In the Netherlands, both prostitution and advertising for it are legal as well.
Hidden advertising is still done.
It can take different forms:
Cards placed in the windows of newsagents
Cards placed in public phone booths.
These are called tart cards
Advertisements in regular magazines, often talking about massages or relaxation.
In specialised magazines.
In public toilets (bathroom stalls), For a good time, call...
Via the internet
Finding the best system for prostitution
Prostitution in some form or other has always existed, and probably will always exist.
One of the problems is that some of the activities linked to prostitutions are dangerous, and sometimes illegal.
Where it is illegal, it is often controlled by criminals, who run brothels as they run a black market.
There is also the problem of human trafficking, prostitutes are often forced to work.
They are also prone to being exploited.
Some people say that making prostitution legal where it is not will not solve these problems.
The same people would run the businesses, but they would no longer be criminals.
The situation for the prostitutes would probably not change much, as the ways the former criminals run these businesses would not change much either.
Other people see a different problem: Legalizing prostitution would lead to some legal prostitution, that would well-regulated, and probably worked well.
On the other hand, there would also be the illegal prostitution, which would not change much.
There are also solutions that cover the prostitute as an independet entrepreneur.
Therefore these self-employees have to inform the government about their transactions and business activities.
In Germany e.g. a new prostitution law was passed back in 2017 wich forces those sex-workers to own a "prostitution-pass" they have to show their client.
Many german sexclubs now don't employ the prostitutes anymore but rent them rooms for their activities and charge the club visitors with an entry-fee instead.
A famous bordello in germany wich was a pioneer with that concept even before the law passed is the Club König in Lower Saxony.
Human trafficking and sexual slavery
One of the first targets of law enforcement actions against illegal prostitution is to find the people who force people into prostitution.
This is called sexual slavery.
Sex trafficking is when people are taken somewhere in order to be a prostitute.
It might be done by forcing them or by tricking them in some way.
Sex trafficking is one type of Human trafficking.
Some people have called human trafficking "the fastest growing form of modern-day slavery", and the third largest and fastest growing criminal industry in the world.