the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The reaction path has coordination of a hydrocarbon to the inner-sphere of the metal atom (“M”).
The reaction path includes either an intermediate “alkane or arene complex” or as a transition state leading to a "M-C" intermediate.
The reaction path makes C-H activation different from other reactions.
During the C-H breaking event the hydrocarbyl group remains linked in the inner-sphere and under the influence of the metal atom.
Chemists study C-H activation because for many years chemists believed that C-H bonds were unreactive.
Both theoretical studies as well as experiments now show that C-H bonds can be broken.
This is done by a nearby metal atom changing the electron distribution of the C-H bond (coordination).
Much chemical research looks at the design and synthesis of new reagents and catalysts that can affect C-H activation.
The goal of this research is the conversion of cheap and abundant alkanes into valuable functionalized organic compounds.
Historians say that Otto Dimroth discovered the first C-H activation reaction.
In 1902, he reported that benzene reacted with mercury(II) acetate (See: organomercury), but some scholars do not view this reaction as being a C-H activation.
Goldman & Goldberg later wrote, C-H activation looks like H-H activation: both can be achieved by electrophilic or oxidative addition.
The first true C-H activation reaction was reported by Joseph Chatt in 1965 with insertion of a ruthenium atom ligated to dmpe in the C-H bond of naphthalene.
“Activation of C-H Bonds by Metal Complexes”, A. E. Shilov, G. B. Shul’pin, Chem.
Rev. 1997, 97, 2879–2932.
“Activation and Catalytic Reactions of Saturated Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Metal Complexes”, A. E. Shilov, G. B. Shul’pin, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 2000 (552 p) (Springer, ).
https://www.springer.com/chemistry/physical+chemistry/book/978-0-7923-6101-5
“Alkane C-H activation and functionalization with homogeneous transition metal catalysts: a century of progress – a new millennium in prospect”, R. H. Crabtree, J. Chem.
Soc.,
Dalton Trans.
2001, 17, 2437–2450.
“Organometallic alkane CH activation”, R. H. Crabtree, J. Organometal.
2004, 689, 4083–4091.
“Mechanistic Aspects of C−H Activation by Pt Complexes”, M. Lersch, M.Tilset, Chem.
Rev. 2005, 105, 2471−2526.
“Recent Advances in the Platinum-mediated CH Bond Functionalization”, A. N. Vedernikov, Curr.
2007, 11, 1401−1416.
“Catalytic C-H functionalization by metalcarbenoid and nitrenoid insertion”, H. M. L. Davies, J. R. Manning, Nature, 2008, 451, 417−424,
"Mechanisms of C-H bond activation: rich synergy between computation and experiment”, Y. Boutadla, D. L. Davies, S. A. Macgregor, A. I. Poblador-Bahamonde, Dalton Trans.
2009, 5820−5831.
“C-H Bond Activation in Transition Metal Species from a Computational Perspective”, D. Balcells, E. Clot, O. Eisenstein, Chem.
Rev. 2010, 110, 749–823.
“Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C-H Functionalization Reactions”, T. W. Lyons, M. S. Sanford, Chem.
Rev. 2010, 110, 1147–1169.
“Selectivity enhancement in functionalization of C-H bonds: A review”, G. B. Shul’pin, Org.
Biomol.
2010, 8, 4217–4228.
Egyptian literature is some of the earliest known literature.
The Egyptians were the first culture to develop the book.
Ancient Egyptian literature
The ancient Egyptians wrote on papyrus.
They also wrote on walls, tombs, pyramids, obelisks, and more.
A well-known example of ancient Egyptian literature is the Story of Sinuhe;
Christian Egyptian literature
Alexandria became an important center of early Christianity from around the 1st to 4th century CE.
Writing by Coptic Christians was important to Christian literature at that time.
The Nag Hammadi library protected some books from being lost or destroyed.
Islamic Egyptian literature
Muslim Arabs controlled Egypt by the eighth century.
Libraries and literature were important in Arab Egypt.
Several important changes for writers happened at this time.
Cloth paper replaced papyrus.
Writers began using calligraphy.
Also, writers began to write mostly about Islam.
The earliest novel written in Egypt was Ibn al-Nafis' Theologus Autodidactus.
It was an early science fiction and religious novel.
Modern Egyptian literature
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Arab world experienced a cultural change like the Renaissance.
This was called al-Nahda movement.
It touched nearly all areas of life, including literature.
One of the most important people from this time was Naguib Mahfouz.
He was first Egyptian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Another important modern writer was Muhammad Husayn Haykal.
He wrote Zaynab in 1914.
It is an Islamic novel and is called the first modern Egyptian novel.
Notable Egyptian writers
Taha Husayn
Yūsuf Idrīs
Sonallah Ibrahim
Tawfiq al-Hakim
Bahaa Taher
Alaa Al Aswany
Abdel Hakim Qasem
Miral al-Tahawy
Culture of Egypt
Music of Egypt
Cairo Geniza
Literature in Ancient Egypt
Literature by nationality
Phormium tenax (harakeke in Māori, New Zealand flax) is an evergreen perennial plant from New Zealand and Norfolk Island.
It is an important fibre plant and also a popular garden plant.
The plant grows as a clump of long, straplike leaves up to two meters long.
It grows a much taller flowering shoot, with dramatic yellow or red flowers.
The fibre from the plant was used by the Māori of New Zealand to make baskets.
It was also used in rope and sail making.
after the arrival of Europeans up until at least WWII
In other countries Phormium tenax is an invasive species.
On Saint Helena it is taking over the land from the critically endangered species Elaphoglossum dimorphum.
The jumping spider Trite planiceps lives in the rolled-up leaves of this species.
Phormium tenax grows on the coast where it is important in the breeding habitat for the endangered Yellow-eyed Penguin.
'Bronze Baby' - arching bronze leaves,  plant.
'Dazzler' - arching leaves that are bronze-maroon with red and pink stripes, plant reaches 3 feet in height.
'Sundowner' -  plant, leaves are striped with bronze, green and rose-pink.
James Hector 1889.
Phormium tenax as a fibrous plant.
2nd ed,  Geological Survey Dept, New Zealand.
G. Didsbury, Government Printer, 95 pages.
First language and second language
Free voluntary reading is one name for extensive reading in first language education.
Learners can choose a book that they like and to read it quickly or slowly.
A free voluntary reading program is to help students to enjoy reading, so there are often no grades.
In some schools this approach is also called Drop Everything and Read (DEAR).
In 1988, Day and Bamford described extensive reading for learning a second or foreign language.
Students read as much as possible.
Reading materials should use simple grammar and vocabulary so learners feel comfortable.
Learners should read many different kinds of writing about different subjects.
Graded Readers
Many extensive reading programs use special series of books.
These books use simplified grammar and vocabulary.
They may be original stories, but many are shorter, easier versions of classic books.
Many teachers and some learners believe that extensive reading alone is enough to improve vocabulary.
McQuillan and Krashen also believe this.
However, other researchers say that extensive reading alone is not enough.
Cobb and Parry have done research to show that there is a limit.
Extensive reading may not improve vocabulary as much as people thought, especially for less common words.
30 Minutes or Less is a 2011 action-comedy-crime movie that was produced by Stuart Cornfeld, Ben Stiller and Jeremy Kramer and was directed by Ruben Fleischer.
30 Minutes or Less was released on August 12, 2011 in North America.
The movie received mixed reviews with a 45% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 51 out of 100 from Metacritic.
Jesse Eisenberg as Nick
Danny McBride as Dwayne
Aziz Ansari as Chet
Nick Swardson as Travis
Michael Peña as Chongo
Fred Ward as The Major
Dilshad Vadsaria as Katie
Mya Rajah as Amelia
Bianca Kajlich as Juici
Brett Gelman as Nick's Boss
30 Minutes or Less Official website
Chemistry education is the study of the teaching and learning of chemistry.
Topics in chemistry education include understanding how students learn chemistry and how best to teach chemistry.
Researchers in chemistry education try to improve learning results by improving teaching methods and training chemistry teachers.
Researchers study many teaching modes, including: classroom lecture, demonstrations, and laboratory activities.
There is a world-wide shortage of chemistry teachers.
This is because people with science training can get jobs that pay more outside of teaching.
It is hard to keep science teachers.
More than 45,000 math and science teachers left teaching in the United States just after the 1999–2000 school year.
There are several different ways of thinking about chemistry education.
One is a practitioner’s perspective.
The people who teach chemistry define chemistry education by their actions.
Another is defined by a self-identified group of chemical educators (faculty members and instructors who focus on teaching rather than focus on chemical research).
Dr. Robert L. Lichter, then-Executive Director of the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, speaking in a plenary session at the 16th Biennial Conference on Chemical Education (recent BCCE meetings:  ,), posed the question “why do terms like ‘chemical educator’ even exist in higher education, when there is a perfectly respectable term for this activity, namely, ‘chemistry professor.’"
One criticism of this view is that few professors bring any formal preparation in education or background about education to their jobs.
Most chemistry professors do not have a professional perspective on teaching and learning efforts.
They may not know about effective teaching methods and how students learn.
A third perspective is chemical education research (CER).
Following the example of physics education research (PER), CER tends to take the theories and methods developed in pre-college science education research and applies them to understanding comparable problems in post-secondary settings. (
CER also tries to improve pre-college chemistry instruction).
Like science education researchers, CER practitioners tend to study the teaching practices of others as opposed to focusing on their own classroom practices.
Chemical education research is typically carried out in situ using human subjects from secondary and post-secondary schools.
Chemical education research collects both quantitative and qualitative data.
Quantitative methods typically involve collecting data that can then be analyzed using various statistical methods.
Qualitative methods include interviews, observations, journaling, and other methods common to social science research.
Welcome to ChemConnections
The SC Rheindorf Altach is a football club from Altach,Vorarlberg.
The club is playing in the Austrian First league, the second division in Austrian football.
The official name is Cashpoint Sportclub Rheindorf Altach, due to sponsorship of Austrian sports betting company Cashpoint.
The second team (SC Altach Juniors) is playing in the Vorarlbergliga (4th level).
The club was founded on 26 December 1929 as the football section of the gymnastics and sports club Turnerbund Altach.
1930 they started to play in Vorarlberg football.
In 1937 the club was dissolved and started again in 1946 as  Sportvereinigung Altach .
In 1949 this club was dissolved and the football section started under today's name SC Rheindorf Altach.
In 1986 they won the Landesliga for the first time and were promoted to Regionalliga West (3rd division).
After some up and downs they could establish themselfe in the first league at the beginning of the 2000s.
2005/06 they won the league and were promoted to the Bundesliga where they played till the 2008/09 season.
Since then they played again in the first league where they always played for the champion title but they failed every time marginal .
In the 2010/11 season they finished second only one point behind Admira/Wacker Mödling.
In the 2013–14 season they won the league and were promoted to the Bundesliga.
2014–15 they finished 3rd in and qualified to UEFA European League.
In the 2015-16 season they finished 8th and avoided relegation by five points.
2018-19 and 2019-20 they finished 8th, 2020-21 10th.
The 2021-22 season was not good.
Due to the fact that Altach is at the end of the table headcoach Damir Canadi was dismissed in December 2021.
In January 2022 Ludovic Magnin became new headcoach of the team.
The club has also a amateur team playing in the Vorarlbergliga (4th division).
A football academy is also part of the club. (
AKA Hypo Vorarlberg).
Head coach: Ludovic Magnin
Assistance coach: Jonas Hammerschmidt
Assistance coach: Louis Ngwat-Mahop
Assistance coach:Manu Hervás
Goalkeeper coach: Sebastian Brandner
1 x Champion 2nd division: 2006 (Erste Liga)
3 x Champion third division: 1991, 1997, 2004 (Regionalliga West)
1 x Champion fourth division: 1986 (Vorarlbergliga)
5 x Vorarlberg Cup: 1987, 1988, 1993, 2002, 2003
Hurricane Irene was a 2011 Atlantic hurricane, which reached Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, that struck the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola and the Bahamas, resulting in very serious damage.
It also struck the East Coast of the United States and Canada.
It formed on August 20 and dissolved on August 29.
In summer/autumn 2011, the name Irene was retired from future use.
It was replaced by Irma for 2017.
21st century in Puerto Rico
2010s in the Bahamas
Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse (1741—1788) was a French navigator who explored the Pacific Ocean.
He died when his ship was wrecked in the New Hebrides during 1788.
He met the English when they arrived in Australia with the First Fleet in January 1788.
After a short stay in Botany Bay, he sailed away into the Pacific.
Kisan Baburao Hazare known as Anna Hazare (born 15 June 1937) is an Indian social activist.
He is known for developing a village called Ralegaon Siddhi in India.
He played a large part in the 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement.
He has served in the Indian Army.
He won the third highest award in India, the Padma Bhushan.
In April 2011, he started an indefinite hunger strike to pressurize the Indian Government to accept his demands on corruption.
The Government accepted his demands later, and he ended his fast.
In August 2011, he started another hunger strike.
This time, he wanted the Government to pass an Ombudsman bill.
He ended the fast after the Parliament of India accepted his demands.
This movement got a lot of support from city people across India.
Childhood and early life
He was born as kisan baburao hazare in ralegon siddhi village near ahmednagar as a eldest son of baburao hazare and laxmi bai.
his father was an unskilled laborer and the family struggled to make end meet.
Anna hazare tooks upon himself  the responsibility of education and took him to mumbai where he was admitted into local school.
however, due to financial strains the relative had to stop the boy's education while in seventh standard.
Anna hazare strat his livlehood by selling flowers on railway stations.
He joined the Indian Army in 1960.
He was trained at Aurangabad and initially he worked as an army truck driver.
He was posted at the border in the Khem Karan sector during the Indo-Pakistan War in 1965 where he miraculously survived an enemy attack.
This incident shook him and for a time he even considered committing suicide.
However, war time experiences in which he emerged to be the sole survivor made him think about the meaning of life.
He began reading the works of great minds like Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi and Vinoba Bhave which made him realize that he should be doing something purposeful in his life.
During his stint in the army he was posted at different places like Punjab, Sikkim, Bhutan, Mizoram, Maharashtra, and Jammu.
He was honorably discharged from the army in 1975 after 15 years of service.
He returned to his native village of Ralegan Siddhi and was dismayed to find it plagued by the issues of abject poverty, water problems, alcoholism and hopelessness.
He was determined to do something about it.
He gathered some like-minded youths and organized a ‘Tarun Mandal’ or Youth Association to work towards rebuilding the village.
Alcoholism was a major problem affecting the men and the Mandal helped to close down over thirty liquor breweries.
Followed their success in controlling alcoholism, the youths also decided to ban the sale of other intoxicating and dangerous substances like tobacco and cigarettes, which are now no longer sold there.
He was the only one man behind the transformation of village ralegan siddhi from the poverty ridden, hopeless place with huge population of alcoholics and drug addict to a "model village" based on sustainable development.
he  played a key role in persuading the Government of India to pass the The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013.
Anna hazare had been campaigning for years, often going on indefinite fasts in his bid to make the government take action towards creating a strong anti-corruption act.
Simone Weil (3 February 1909 in Paris, France – 24 August 1943 in Ashford, Kent, England), was a French philosopher, gnostic, Christian mystic, and activist for social justice and soteriology of Jewish descent.
Simone Weil, Œuvres complètes. (
Paris: Gallimard, 1989–2006, 6 vols.) (
complete works)
1947: La Pesanteur et la grâce (Gravity and grace)
1949: L'Enracinement (Rootedness)
1950 Attente de Dieu (Waiting for God)
1951: Lettre à un religieux (Letter to a monk)
1951: Les Intuitions pré-chrétiennes (Paris: Les Éditions de la Colombe) (Pre-Christian intuitions)
1952: La Source grecque (Paris: Gallimard) (The Greek source)
1955: Oppression et liberté (Oppression and liberty)
2006: Note sur la suppression générale des partis politiques (Paris: Climats) (Note on the general suppression of political parties)
Some texts from Simone Weil (translated to Catalan)
BBC Knowledge Magazine was a magazine made by the BBC.
It had articles about science, nature and history.
The magazine was launched in North America, in 2008.
It closed in November 2012.
It reprinted articles from BBC Focus Magazine, BBC History Magazine and BBC Wildlife Magazine.
It was available in many countries and was edited by different people.
A digital version of BBC Knowledge Magazine was available.
Norman Manley International Airport , formerly Palisadoes Airport, is an airport in Kingston in Jamaica.
It is operated by NMIA Airports Limited.
It is one of Air Jamaica's hubs, Sangster International Airport being the other.
It is also one of Caribbean Airline's hubs, and is the hub for Skylan Airways.
It was named in honour of Norman Washington Manley, one of Jamaica's national heroes.
More than 130 international flights leave Norman Manley International Airport each week.
The airport is on the Palisadoes tombolo in outer Kingston Harbour; it fronts the city on one side and the Caribbean Sea on the other.
Airports in North America
Song Jin-woo ( Hanja 宋鎭禹, May 8 1889-December 30 1945), the Republic of Korean (대한민국; 大韓民國) politician, educationist, journalist, and founder of Korean Democratic party (한국민주당; 韓國民主黨), the Dong-A Ilbo(동아일보; 東亞日報).
He is also known by his pen name Goha (고하; 古下).
when 1945, He was assassinated Provisional Government of Republic of Koreas(대한민국 임시정부; 大韓民國임시정부) Guard a terrorist organizations Baekuisa(백의사; 白衣社), aged 56.
After he died he was given the Order of Merit for National Foundation(건국훈장; 建國勳章) in 1962.
Kim Seong-su
referens
송진우 (Song Jin-woo on Doopedia
Goha Song Jin-woo Memorial Conference
http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=5449
Karl Decker  (September 5, 1921 - September 27, 2005) was an Austrian footballer and football coach.
He played most of his active time for First Vienna FC as midfielder.
He started with minor clubs in Vienna and came to First Vienna FC in 1937.
He played in this team until 1952.
During the occupation of Austria by Nazi-Germany he and his team were very successful.
They won three times the Gauliga Donau-Alpenland of the Ostmark, as Austria was called at this time (1942, 1943, 1944), and the Tschammer-Pokal (German Cup) in 1943.
8 times he played for the German football national team.
After the end of the war he played 25 matches for the Austrian team between 1945 and 1952.
1944 and 1950 he was the top scorer of the league.
He also played for S.K. Sturm Graz, then for Sochaux in France and  for Grenchen in Swizerland.
He was coach of Sturm Graz (1952–1954),FC Grenchen (1956–1958) and SK Rapid Wien (1968–1970).
With Rapid he reached the Quarterfinals of the European Champion Cup and won in the third round against Real Madrid.
In the quarterfinals they lost versus Manchester United.
Between 1958 and 1964 he was coach of the Austrian national football team.
In this time the team was very successful.
They won versus Scotland(4:1), UdSSR (3:1 and 1:0), Spain(3:0 in front of 90.726 visitors-this is the record in Austria), Italy(2:1), England (3:1)  and Hungary(2:1 and 2:1).
They qualified for the 1962 FIFA World Cup in Chile but the ÖFB had not enough money to send the team to the competition.
Nevertheless the era Decker was one of the best for Austria's national football team.
Asian sportspeople
{{chembox
| verifiedrevid = 443668448
|   Name = Bisphenol A
|   ImageFile1_Ref =
| ImageFile1 = Bisphenol A.svg
|   ImageSize1 = 240px
|   ImageFile2 = Bisphenol A.png
|   ImageSize2 = 180px
|   ImageName = Bisphenol A
|   IUPACName = 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol
|   OtherNames = BPA, p,p-isopropylidenebisphenol, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane.
| Section2 =
| Section8 =
}}Bisphenol A (BPA''') is an organic compound which has two phenol functional groups.
It is used to make polycarbonate plastic, epoxy resins, and other things.
Scientist discovered in the mid 1930s that people and animals react to BPA in the same way that they react to hormone (oestrogen-like effects.)
Some stores stopped selling products made with BPA in 2008 because government reports said BPA was not safe for humans.
Many news stories wrote about BPA safety.
A 2010 report from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said that contact with BPA could hurt fetuses (unborn children), infants and young children.
In September 2010, Canada became the first country to say that BPA was a toxic substance.
In the European Union and Canada, BPA cannot be used to make baby bottles.
Bisphenol A damages the way hormones regulate (control) the human body (endocrine disruptor).
BPA can pretend to be the body's own hormones.
BPA may cause health problems.
Very young children are most sensitive to BPA.
Some studies have shown that there is a link (connection) between BPA exposure before birth (prenatal) and later problems of the nervous system.
Health organizations have decided how much BPA (in a substance) is safe for people.
But new studies have caused other scientists and health organizations to disagree with these decisions.
A 2011 study that investigated the number of chemicals to which pregnant women in the U.S. are exposed found BPA in 96% of women.
Expert panel conclusions
In 2007, 38 experts on bisphenol A wrote a consensus statement which said average levels in people are above those that cause harm to many animals in laboratory experiments.
However, the experts noted that 1) BPA is not persistent in the environment or in humans, 2) biomonitoring surveys indicate that exposure is continuous, 3) it is hard to use acute animal exposure studies to estimate daily human exposure to BPA, and 4) no studies that had examined BPA pharmacokinetics in animal models had followed continuous low level exposures.
The measurement of BPA levels in human serum and other body fluids suggests that either BPA intake is much higher than previously thought or that BPA can bioaccumulate in some conditions such as pregnancy, or both.
A 2011 study, the first to examine BPA in a continuous low level exposure throughout the day, did find an increased absorption and accumulation of BPA in the blood of mice.
In 2007, 153 government-funded BPA experiments on lab animals and tissues found adverse effects and 14 did not.
In contrast,  all 13 studies funded by chemical corporations reported no harm.
The studies indicating harm reported a variety of deleterious effects in rodent offspring exposed in the womb: abnormal weight gain, insulin resistance, prostate cancer, and too much mammary gland development.
A panel convened by the U.S. National Institutes of Health in 2007 determined that there was "some concern" about BPA's effects on fetal and infant brain development and behavior.
The concern over the effect of BPA on infants was also heightened by the fact that infants and children are estimated to have the highest daily intake of BPA.
A 2008 report by the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) later agreed with the panel, expressing "some concern for effects on the brain, behavior, and prostate gland in fetuses, infants, and children at current human exposures to bisphenol A," and "minimal concern for effects on the mammary gland and an earlier age for puberty for females in fetuses, infants, and children at current human exposures to bisphenol A." The NTP had "negligible concern that exposure of pregnant women to bisphenol A will result in fetal or neonatal mortality, birth defects, or reduced birth weight and growth in their offspring."
Plastic Not Fantastic with Bisphenol A (www.scientificamerican.com)
US FDA statement on bisphenol A from 2008
Hazard in a bottle Attempt to regulate BPA in California defeated (from The Economist'')
Bisphenol-A News & Products News commentary on BPA Containing Products
How to Protect Your Baby from BPA (Bisphenol A)
ChemSub Online : Bisphenol A.
Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark  (born June 5, 1939) is a politician from Canada.
He served as Canada's Prime Minister from 1979-1980.
He was elected Prime Minister when he was 40 years old, making him the youngest Prime Minister in Canadian history.
Canadian diplomats
The Broads are a network of mostly navigable rivers and lakes in the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk.
The Broads, and some nearby land were made into a special protected area (like a national park) by The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads Act of 1988.
The Broads Authority has managed the area since 1989.
The total area is , mostly in Norfolk, with over  of navigable waterways.
There are seven rivers and 63 broads, mostly less than  deep.
Thirteen broads are generally open to navigation, with a further three having navigable channels.
Boko Haram is a branch of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
The name of the group means "Western" or "non-Islamic" education is a sin.
The group is centred in Borno State in northeastern Nigeria.
It wants to make Islamic law the only law in Nigeria.
It also wants to outlaw education that is not based on Islam.
The group sees itself as similar to the Taliban, which are active in Afghanistan.
Locally, the group is known as the "Taliban".
The official name of the group is Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad, which in Arabic means "People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad."
They also call themselves 'Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP).
The group was formed in Maiduguri, Borno State, in 2002.
Its insurgency began in 2009.
They follow an extreme version of Sunni Islam.
Local residents of the area soon called the group Boko Haram.
Loosely translated from the local Hausa language, this means Western education is forbidden.
Residents gave it the name because of its strong opposition to Western education, which it sees as corrupting Muslims.
The term "Boko Haram" comes from the Hausa word 'boko' meaning "Animist, western or otherwise non-Islamic education" and the Arabic word 'haram' figuratively meaning "sin" (literally, "forbidden").
Boko Haram opposes not only Western education, but Western culture and science as well.
The group also forbids the wearing of shirts and trousers and the act of voting in elections.
In its view, the Nigerian state is run by non-believers.
Boko Haram often carry out bombings, kidnappings and shootings, as well as arson and looting.
They have killed thousands of people in Africa, attacking civilian and military targets.
There are many terrorist activities for which Boko Haram have claimed responsibility:
In December 2010, the group stormed and released hundreds of inmates from Bauchi prison.
In the same month, there was a bombing in Jos (Plateau state) that saw 80 people dead followed by an attack on Abuja barracks.
2010-2011 was a year in which dozens of civilians were killed in various shootings that took place in Maiduguri and in addition, the Abuja Police Headquarters and the United Nations Headquarters.
On 14 April 2014, Boko Haram kidnapped 276 teenagers from a secondary school in Chibok, Borno.
Boko Haram killed at least 100 people in Baga, Borno, in January 2015.
About 620 buildings were damaged or destroyed by fire.
In the mid-2010s, Boko Haram extended its activities into Cameroon, Chad and Niger.
It became part of Islamic State in March 2015.
21st century in Nigeria
Crime in Nigeria
The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta is one of the largest militant groups in the Niger delta.
Many people in the delta are poor.
The Nigerian government has contracts that allow international companies to extract crude oil in the delta.
This extraction causes massive damage to the environment.
According to the magazine The Economist, the organization wants more of the profit of the oil extraction to go to the poor region, where the oil is extracted.
According to the magazine, the organisation is used by several armed groups; these groups are sometimes paid to launch attacks.
The payment is done  either with weapons or with money.
MEND's stated goals are to localize control of Nigeria's oil and to secure reparations from the federal government for pollution caused by the oil industry.
In an interview with one of the group's leaders, who used the alias Major-General Godswill Tamuno, the BBC reported that MEND was fighting for "total control" of the Niger Delta's oil wealth, saying local people had not gained from the riches under the ground and the region's creeks and swamps."
In a January 2006 email, MEND warned the oil industry, "It must be clear that the Nigerian government cannot protect your workers or assets.
Leave our land while you can or die in it....  Our aim is to totally destroy the capacity of the Nigerian government to export oil."
Additionally MEND has called upon President Olusegun Obasanjo to free two jailed Ijaw leaders — Mujahid Dokubo-Asari, who is jailed and charged with treason, and Diepreye Alamieyeseigha, a former governor of Bayelsa State convicted of corruption.
Obasanjo's successor, President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua authorised the release of Dokubo-Asari and Alamieyeseigha in 2007.
History of Nigeria
Urbanization (or urbanisation) is a term from geography.
The base of the word is the Latin urbs, which means city.
The term urbanisation means that lifestyle that is common in a city becomes prevalent.
This can happen in two different ways:
Through the growth of cities; called physical urbanization
Through the change of behaviour of people living in rural areas; called functional urbanization
Physical urbanization has been observed for centuries.
In developing countries this is the main form of urbanization.
In developed countries, functional urbanization is the main form of urbanization.
With functional urbanization, people living in the city center move to the countryside, next to the city; this is known as suburbanization.
Environmental scientists are studying the urban heat island.
The urban heat island is made when industrial and urban areas are developed and heat becomes plentiful.
Stewart Brand's book Whole Earth Discipline argues that urbanization helps the environment overall.
First, the birth rate of new urban dwellers falls immediately to replacement rate, and keeps falling.
This can prevent overpopulation in the future.
Secondly, it puts a stop to destructive subsistence farming methods, like slash and burn agriculture.
Finally, it reduces land use by humans, leaving more for nature.
Moliniana was a botanical journal issued between 1955 and 1966 in Santiago, Chile.
Its contents were botany, phytochemistry and related topics.
Gunckel, Looser and Navas were writers.
"You Suffer" is a song by the British grindcore band Napalm Death.
It is from their debut album, Scum.
Guinness Book of Records has mentioned the song as the shortest recorded song ever.
It is precisely 1.316 seconds long.
The song was written by band members Nicholas Bullen and Justin Broadrick.
This was during the sessions for the From Enslavement to Obliteration demo recording in March 1986.
The song is featured on the album Scum, released in 1987.
According to Broadrick, "You Suffer" was meant as a joke.
He called it "retarded", "ridiculous" but "hilarious".
He added that they played the song "in front of 30 local kids, like, every weekend."
for about thirty times.
Zak Smith quotes the lyrics to the song, which he describes as the "shortest punk song on the subject of suffering (or any subject)" at the conclusion of his memoir We Did Porn.
A music video produced by Earache records was released for the song in March 2007.
This was on the same day that the Scum dualdisc was released.
"You Suffer" video at YouTube
Frank Frankie Fredericks (born 2 October, 1967) is a Namibian runner.
Fredericks was born in Windhoek.
He went to college at Brigham Young University in the United States.
Fredericks won silver medals in the 100m and 200m in the 1992 and 1996 Olympics.
He won gold medals at the World Championships and World Indoor Championships.
He used to be the 200m world record holder, and is still the 200m indoor record holder.
He finished 4th at the 2004 Olympics, even though he was 36 years old.
After the 2004 Olympics, he retired and became a member of the International Olympic Committee.
He is the only person from Namibia to medal at the Olympics.
He has also ran the 200m in less than 20 seconds more times than anyone else.
People from Windhoek
Jagged Little Pill is the third studio album and the first to be released internationally by Canadian singer-songwriter Alanis Morissette.
The album saw Morissette changing her style and genre.
Morissette's sound in the album was rock, but her previous songs were dance pop.
The title is a metaphor for lessons of life that are hard to accept.
The album was Morissette's breakthrough album, and contained six hits, "You Oughta Know", "Ironic", "You Learn", "Hand in My Pocket", "Head over Feet", and "All I Really Want".
The album spent twelve weeks at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart.
By 2009, the album had sold 33 million units worldwide.
It was ranked by the Billboard 200 as the number one selling album of the 1990s.
During the three consecutive years in the late 1990s of Grammy Awards, Morissette received five wins out of nine nominations from the album.
In 1996, she won the Album of the Year & Best Rock Album.
Her 1997 nominations such as "Ironic" for Record of the Year & Best Music Video in Short Form did not win her an award.
But in 1998, she won again for Best Music Video in Long Form from her release of Jagged Little Pill, Live.
In October 2002, Rolling Stone ranked it number 31 on its Women In Rock - The 50 Essential Albums list, and in 2003 the magazine ranked it number 327 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
The album also holds a title in The Definitive 200 Albums list, in which it is placed at number 26.
John Gilbert "Jack" Layton  (July 18, 1950 – August 22, 2011) was a Canadian politician and the Leader of the Official Opposition.
He was the leader of the New Democratic Party from 2003 to 2011, and previously sat on Toronto City Council.
He was the Member of Parliament for the riding of Toronto—Danforth from 2004 until his death.
He was a son of Progressive Conservative cabinet minister Robert Layton (1925-2002).
He was born in Montreal and raised in Hudson, Quebec.
He rose to prominence in Toronto municipal politics where he campaigned tirelessly for the needs of ordinary citizens and for environmental issues.
Eventually, he became head of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities.
In 2003, he was elected leader of the NDP on the first ballot of the convention, and the NDP almost doubled its popular vote in the 2004 election.
Thirty seven NDP MPs were elected under Layton in the 2008 election.
In the 2011 federal election, he led the NDP to a historic total of 103 seats and formed the Official Opposition.
Although recovering from illness, Layton campaigned tirelessly, and inspired many people.
Importantly, the NDP had increased its number of Quebec MPs from one to fifty-nine seats, almost eliminating the previous Bloc Québécois MPs.
Layton died at his home in Toronto on August 22, 2011, aged 61, after suffering from cancer of unknown primary origin.
Layton's body had a lying-in-state before a state funeral was held in Toronto.
He was married to fellow MP Olivia Chow.
Green politics is a kind of politics that has been on the rise since the 1970s.
The parties and movements that follow these ideas are usually called green:
The most important idea is that whatever is done has an impact on ecology.
The environment needs to be protected; technologies and means of production should therefore be sustainable and protect the environment.
Environment politics must take into account the needs of the people.
The ideas about social politics are mostly left-wing and support social justice.
Many of these movements advocate greater democracy, oppose centralism and advocate grassroots democracy.
If action is taken, it needs the support of most of the people.
Advocacy for non-violence.
QRpedia is a web system for mobile devices, like mobile phones.
It uses QR codes to show  Wikipedia articles to people.
The articles are shown in the user's own language.
A user uses their mobile device to scan a QRpedia QR code.
The device decodes the QR code into a web address.
The address has the domain name "qrwp.org".
The last part of the web address is the title of a Wikipedia article.
The device sends a request for the article to the QRpedia web server.
It also transmits the name of the language used by the device.
The QRpedia server then uses Wikipedia's API to find out if there is a version of the specified Wikipedia article in the language used by the device.
If there is, it sends back the article in a mobile-friendly format.
If there is no translation of the requested article, then the QRpedia server offers a choice of the available languages.
It also offers a Google translation.
In this way, a single QRcode can be used to find the same article, in many languages.
QRpedia also records usage statistics.
QRpedia was invented by Roger Bamkin, then chairman of Wikimedia UK, and Terence Eden.
who is a mobile web consultant.
It was unveiled on 9 April 2011 It was unveiled at Derby Museum's Backstage Pass event.
The event was part of the GLAM/Derby collaboration between Derby Museum and Art Gallery and Wikipedia.
During the collaboration, over 500 Wikipedia articles were also created.
The articles were in several languages.
The project's name is a made-up word, using the initials "QR" from "QR (Quick Response) code" and "pedia" from "Wikipedia".
The project's source code is has a MIT License.
This means that anyone can use it, free.
Fundació Joan Miró,  including a travelling exhibit shown at The Tate
The National Archives, United Kingdom
The National Museum of Computing (UK)
Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria
The Welsh town of Monmouth, as part of Wikipedia's MonmouthpediA project.
QRpedia is also used in other kinds of places.
For example, the Occupy movement uses it on their posters.
QRpedia - this site makes QR codes which convert to QRpedia URLs
Karin Gunvor Sjöblom Hägglund (2 March 1932–19 August 2011) was Swedish television star.
She is better known as Gun Hägglund.
Hägglund is the first female in Sweden who presented news on television.
She was the news presenter of Aktuellt in 1958.
Hägglund was born in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden and died in Visby.
She was married to the Swedish news editor Karl-Axel Sjöblom.
Both hosted and moderated the popular Swedish TV show Halv sju.
Her husband died in 1982.
Hägglund died in 2011 after a short illness.
Her career started in 1955 when she started working for the Swedish radio.
She was a secretary and program announcer.
In 1958, she moved to television shows and became the first female in Sweden to present the news.
Hägglund presented the national news show Aktuellt.
Furthermore, she worked as a translator.
She translated movies and TV shows.
For 30 years, until 1997, Hägglund was involved in the Swedish National Association of Promotion of Cycling.
First she was Secretary-General and later Executive Chairman.
In that position, she published some books about cycling.
These terms describe two classes of an electrocyclic reaction (a type of organic chemical reactions).
In a conrotatory mode, the substituents located at the ends of a conjugated double bond system move in the same (clockwise or counterclockwise) direction during ring opening or ring closure.
In a disrotatory mode, they move in opposite directions.
An example is the conversion of trans-cis-trans-2,4,6-octatriene to cis-dimethylcyclohexadiene (top of figure).
The orbital mechanics of the reaction needs a disrotatory mode.
The orbital symmetry of the octatriene's highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) requires for the end pi orbitals to move in opposite directions to form the correct symmetry found in the sigma bond.
Thermal rearrangements of all conjugated systems containing 4n + 2 pi electron are stereospecific.
This is based on preservation of orbital symmetry in the highest occupied molecular orbital.
Systems containing 4n pi electrons show the opposite conrotatory mode.
This is also true for rearrangements of 4n + 2 pi (where n is a whole number) electrons driven by light (photoinduced).
Photoinduced rearrangements of 4n pi electron systems (where the number of electrons is divisible by 4) follow the disrotatory rule.
Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J.; (1984).
Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A Structure and Mechanisms (2nd ed.).
New York N.Y.: Plenum Press. .
March Jerry; (1985).
Advanced Organic Chemistry reactions, mechanisms and structure (3rd ed.).
New York: John Wiley & Sons, inc.
Catherine Deneuve (born 22 October 1943) is a French actress.
She is the daughter of two well-known actors.
She has two sisters; Françoise Dorléac (1942-1967) and Sylvie (born 1946), also both actresses, the former was killed in a car accident.
She has a maternal half-sister, Danielle (born 1937).
She began acting on movies as a teenager.
Her first major role is in Jacques Demy's 1964 movie Les Parapluies de Cherbourg.
She has since then worked with some of the greatest movie directors, notably Roman Polanski's in Repulsion (1965), and Luis Buñuel's in Belle de Jour (1967) and Tristana (1970) and François Truffaut's in Le Dernier Métro (1982).
She made a commercial for the perfume Chanel No 5.
She is a close friend of fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent.
She married British photographer David Bailey from 1965 to 1972.
She has had relationships with movie director Roger Vadim (1928-2000), with whom she had a son, Christian Vadim (born 1963), and Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni (1924-1996), with whom she had a daughter, Chiara Mastroianni (born 1972).
Both her children are actors.
Samir Bargachi, ( , (born 10 September 1987) is a Moroccan LGBT rights activist.
He is the founder and leader of Kifkif, the first LGBT organization in Morocco.
LGBT people
The Odontoceti is a suborder of the cetaceans.
They are the toothed whales.
The Odontoceti includes  all the whales which eat prey larger than plankton.
Examples are: sperm whales, beaked whales, dolphins, and others.
As the name suggests, the suborder has teeth rather than the baleen of Mysticeti whales.
This means they are predators of small to large sized prey.
The Sperm Whale Physeter, the Killer Whale Orca and the Pilot Whale Globicephala all take large prey.
By means of co-operation, Killer Whales can take prey larger than themselves, up to and including Blue Whale calves.
Sperm Whales are specialist feeders on giant squid.
Superfamily Delphinoidea; Porpoises, Dolphins, Pilot Whales, Killer Whales, Narwhal
Superfamily Inioidea: some South American river dolphins
Superfamily Lipotoidea: Chinese River Dolphin
Superfamily Physeteroidea: Sperm Whales
Superfamily Platanistoidea: River Dolphins proper
Superfamily Ziphioidea: Bottlenose Whales, Beaked Whales
The Allen Telescope Array (ATA) was developed by the SETI Institute and the Radio Astronomy Laboratory (RAL) at the University of California, Berkeley to construct a radio interferometer that is dedicated to radio astronomy observations.
At the same time, it is also used for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
The ATA is at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory,  northeast of San Francisco, California.
The goal is to have 350 antennas.
To start, 42 antennas (ATA-42) were put to work on 11 October 2007.
However, a lack of money stopped operations in April 2011.
In August 2011, ATA got short-term funding.
In 2012 UC Berkeley quit the project.
It is named after Paul Allen, the co-founder of Microsoft.
Its old name was the One Hectare Telescope (1hT).
Official site at seti.org
Radio Astronomy Laboratory's ATA site
The Search Continues with the Allen Telescope Array.
Mountain View, CA: SETI Institute.
March 25, 2004.
Radio Astronomy Laboratory, Univ of Cal, Berkeley: NSF proposal, June 15, 2005.
2011 establishments in California
The herring gull (Larus argentatus or European herring gull) is a large gull (up to 26 inches or 66 cm long).
It is the most abundant and best known of all gulls along the shores of western Europe.
It breeds across Northern Europe, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic states.
Some herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas, migrate further south in winter, but many are permanent residents, e.g. in the British Isles, Iceland, or on the North Sea shores.
European herring gulls are also abundant around inland garbage dumps, and some have even adapted to life in inland cities.
This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere.
Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species.
The lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus) is a large gull that breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe.
It is migratory, wintering from the British Isles south to West Africa.
It is a regular winter visitor to the east coast of North America, probably from the breeding population in Iceland.
This species breeds in colonies on coasts and lakes.
It makes a lined nest on the ground or a cliff.
In some cities the species nests in towns and cities, often with herring gulls.
They are similar in size but slightly smaller than the herring gull.
The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull group is very complicated.
Different authorities recognise between two and eight species.
The only species it might be confused with in Europe is the great black-backed gull.
Lesser is a smaller bird, with slimmer build, yellow rather than pinkish legs, and smaller white "mirrors" at the wing tips.
The bill is yellow with a red spot.
When the young peck the red spot, The adults feed them by regurgitation.
This is an inherited behaviour called a fixed action pattern or releaser.
| group = Arab IndonesiansOrang Arab-Indonesia</small>
|image = Hadhrami immigrants at Surabaya 1920s.jpg
|image_caption = Hadhrami immigrants in Dutch East Indies
|total = {{plainlist|
5,000,000 (2005) Indonesians of Arab ancestry
|popplace = North Sumatra, Aceh, West Sumatra, South Sumatra, Jakarta, West Java, South Kalimantan
|langs    = Indonesian, Arabic, Indonesian regional languages
|rels     = mostly Sunni Islam with small Shia minority
|related  = Hadhramis, Arab Singaporeans, Arab Malaysians, Arab diaspora
}}Arab Indonesians' are citizens of Indonesia.
Their origin is Arab, and they are mainly from Hadrami.
Until 1919, they were part of Dutch East Indies' law.
Some people later gained economic power through real estate investment and trading.
Currently, most of them can be found in Java and South Sumatra.
They are almost all (generally orthodox) Muslims.
Indonesia has had contact with the Arab world for hundreds of years.