the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Also, without sending information about the partner particle, there's no way to tell if a given particle is single or half of an entangled pair.
With no outside information, a single particle is completely like any other.
It's only when you can receive information about the other particle that you will be able to figure out if your particle is one part of an entangled pair.
No one can use entanglement to send information faster than the speed of light because you would need another faster than light communicator to do it.
Amin Maalouf (; ; born 25 February 1949) is a Lebanese author.
He studied sociology at the French University in Beirut.
He was the director of the Beirut daily newspaper an-Nahar.
But, he left the country 1975 at the start of the Lebanese Civil War.
He moved to Paris and still lives there today.
Maalouf writes in French, and his works have been translated into many languages.
He received the Prix Goncourt in 1993 for his book Rock of Tanios.
He uses his experiences of civil war and migration in writing his novels.
The characters in his novels are wanderers.
They may not have just one home country, language, or religions.
Works of fiction
First Century after Beatrice
Rock of Tanios (Prix Goncourt 1993)
Samarkand (first published 1988 titled 'Samarcande')
Gardens of Light
Ports of Call (first published 1996 titled 'Les échelles du Levant')
Balthasar's Odyssey
Works of non-fiction
Crusades through Arab Eyes
In the Name of Identity
Amin Maalouf Official Site
French writers
People from Beirut
For the electrical device that produces light, see Lightbulb.
A bulb is the part of some plants, mostly under the dirt, that stores food while the plant is resting from growing (a storage organ).
Some well-known bulbs people grow to use as food are onions and garlic.
Some bulbs grown for the decorative flowers are the lily, tulip, and some irises.
Aztecs surrender to the Spanish conquistadors.
Ferdinand Magellan takes a trip around the world, and discovers the Philippines and Guam.
Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation
Anne Askew, English Protestant martyr (1521)
Taqi al-Din, Muslim scientist (1526)
Ferdinand Magellan, Spanish explorer (1521)
Zhengde, Emperor of China (1521)
Wijerd Jelckama, Frisian warlord and rebel (b. 1490)
Marko Marulic, Croatian poet (1524)
Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (1524)
Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian writer and statesman.
Waves play an important role in our daily life.
This is because waves are a carrier of energy and information over large distances.
Waves require some oscillating or vibrating source.
Ocean surface waves were the first known waves.
Later, other kinds were discovered.
Types of waves
In physics and technology, a wave (physics) carries energy that creates visible light, sound, and many other things.
Mechanical waves
One example of a mechanical wave is sound.
Sound can travel through air, water, or solids, but it can't travel through a vacuum.
It needs the medium to help it travel.
Other examples include water waves, seismic waves, and waves traveling through a spring.
Earthquakes produce seismic waves
A wave in the water, such as an ocean surface wave, is a disturbance on the surface (top) of water,
Radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation carry one type of energy.
X-rays, heat and light waves are some examples of electromagnetic waves.
Gluons are what hold quarks together to make bigger particles.
Gluons carry the strong force between other quarks, so it is considered a force carrying particle.
Photons do the same thing, but for the electromagnetic force.
Also, like photons, gluons are spin-1 particles, and when a particle has spin-1 it is considered a boson.
Gluons are hard to study because although they exist in nature all the time, they are so small and require so much energy to break them away from quarks (about 2 trillion degrees) that scientists have only been able to find more about them from particle colliders such as  the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet, FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society) (born 17 December 1778 in Penzance, Cornwall, England; died 29 May 1829 in Geneva City, Switzerland), was a Cornish chemist.
His study of chemistry led to the first pure forms of some of the chemical elements such as water and sodium.
1778 births
1829 deaths
British chemists
People from Cornwall
This is a problem in fish farming and also in natural fish populations.
In the last 100 years, it has spread to most of Europe (including Russia), the United States, South Africa, and other countries.
In the 1980s, people found out that M. cerebralis needs to live in a worm before it can live in a fish.
It infects both the fish and the worm by poking a hole in them and putting part of itself in.
Whirling disease hurts young fish the most, and can hurt bones and nerves.
Fish with the disease do not swim very well, and they "whirl" or spin instead of swimming straight.
This makes it hard for the fish to get food and get away from danger.
Dealing with M. cerebralis costs more money than most other parasites in its group (which are called "myxozoans").
People do not get sick with whirling disease, though; only fish do.
M. cerebralis has become well-established, particularly in North America.
It has caused the decline of whole cohorts of fish.
M. cerebralis has many stages ranging from single cells to bigger spores.
Scientists have not studied all the stages very well yet.
Triactinomyxon stage
M. cerebralis has many diverse stages ranging from single cells to relatively large spores, not all of which have been studied in detail.
The kind of M. cerebralis that can attack fish is called a "Triactinomyxon", and there is a picture of it on the right.
There are three "tails" that are each about 200 micrometers long, and another piece that is about 150 micrometers (μm) long.
That piece has 64 cells in it.
There are also three harpoon-like weapons that can attack the fish.
They shoot into the fish, making a hole that the 64 cells can go into.
Those cells make more cells that go to the cartilage near the fish's brain.
Myxosporean stage
The kind of M. cerebralis that comes out of fish is called a "Myxospore".
They are sort of round and fat in the middle like a lentil or a convex lens.
They are about 10  micrometers across and are made of six cells.
Two are for the harpoon weapons, two are for protecting the Myxospore, and two are for going into a worm after the weapons make a hole.
Myxospores from M. cerebralis look a lot like Myxospores from other species that are sometimes in fish skin, muscle, or brains, and so it's hard to tell them apart.
Report of the World Trade Organization on Australian restrictions on salmon imports
The Whirling Disease Foundation
The Whirling Disease Initiative
Cnidarians
Aamir Khan (born March 14, 1965 in Mumbai) is a Bollywood actor.
Khan first appeared in Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973) as a child actor.
His first big starring role was in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988).
Another of his best-known adult roles was starring in Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India (2001), which was nominated for an Oscar.
Khan was credited as producer for the movie, with his first wife (1986-2002), Reena Datta, executive producer.
Khan met his future second wife (2005-), Kiran Rao, on the set, where she was an assistant director.
Their first movie released in 2006 is Rang De Basanti after divorce with Reena.
Actors from Mumbai
Child actors
Ambedkarites
The Bahá'í Faith is an Abrahamic religion started in the 1800s by an Iranian person called Bahá'u'lláh who was born in Tehran, Iran.
Followers of this religion call themselves Bahá'ís.
The name Bahá'u'lláh is Arabic for "The Glory of God". "
Glory" is a word that means "importance", "power", and "beauty".
Bahá'ís believe Bahá'u'lláh is a representation of God, or speaks for God, and he shows people God's importance, beauty, and brightness.
Bahá'ís are monotheists, which means that they believe in one God.
They believe Bahá'u'lláh carried a message from God.
Bahá'u'lláh said he was not the only person to carry a message from God, and he was not the last to carry a message from God.
He taught that the people who started the other major religions also represented and carried messages from God, such as Jesus, Moses, Krishna, Abraham, Muhammad, the Buddha and others.
He called these people "Manifestations of God."
They believe the messages from the Manifestations of God get more and more difficult to understand.
They say the ones that came earlier on had a more simple message than the ones that came later.
Because God is greater than the whole universe, Bahá'u'lláh said that human beings cannot completely know God.
He said that God wants people to know as much about him as they can.
Bahá'u'lláh wrote God sends special people to manifest (show) himself to ordinary humans.
Without the Manifestations of God we could not know God.
Bahá'ís believe the God they pray to is the same God Abraham spoke to, Jesus talked about, and Krishna said in Gita.
Since Bahá'u'lláh was born in a Muslim family, Bahá'ís are sometimes mistaken as Muslims.
Bahá'u'lláh is considered the prophet/manifestation of the present day.
Bahá'ís say that he is not the last prophet/manifestation of God.
They think there will not be another prophet for 1,000 years after Baha'u'llah's death.
The Bahá'í Faith began on 1844 when a man called the Báb said he had a message from God.
He said that it was his job to make sure that people were ready for the most important message from God who would be sent soon.
This started a religion, followers of this religion were called Bábís.
Many people became Bábís in the country of Iran, which was called Persia at the time, and this made the government of Persia and the Muslim priests angry.
They arrested and killed the Bab and his followers.
Even though this happened, people still followed this religion.
Before Bahá'u'lláh said he had a message from God, he was a member of the religion that was started by the Báb.
He became very famous among the Bábís.
When the Báb was killed, some Bábís got very angry and tried to kill the king of Persia, even though Bahá'u'lláh told them not to kill him.
When the Babis were caught, the government put many Bábís in jail, including Bahá'u'lláh.
While in jail at Tehran, Bahá'u'lláh said he saw an angel that he called the "maid of heaven".
The angel told him that he had to teach a message from God to the people of the world.
The angel said that God would rescue and protect him so that he could teach this message.
Eventually, he was released from jail and the government of Persia made him move to Baghdad, which was then controlled by the king of the Ottoman Empire.
Bahá'u'lláh's announcement
While Baha'u'llah was in Baghdad, he had many problems, but he also made many friends.
The government of Persia was unhappy that he seemed to be doing well in Baghdad, and so they asked the Ottoman Empire to move him further away from Persia.
When he was about to leave, in 1863, he held a festival for 12 days on a small island in the Tigris river, which he called Ridvan, which means paradise.
There he told some of his closest friends and family that he was the promised one of all of the major religions, and that eventually the whole world would know his message.
Eventually the Ottoman Empire sent him to many different cities, including Constantinople, Adrianople, Alexandria, and eventually Akka.
He was in different jails this whole time, and the city of Akka had a big wall around it, and it was one big jail.
While he was in Baghdad, and after, he wrote many books and letters to answer questions that his friends and followers asked him.
At one point he was poisoned, so that he could not write anymore because his hands shook so badly.
After that, he had someone write down what he said.
When he was even older, his oldest son, `Abdu'l-Bahá arranged to have him move into a house near Mount Carmel, and he stayed there until he finally died in 1892.
After Bahá'u'lláh
After he died, people followed `Abdu'l-Bahá.
Bahá'u'lláh had written that `Abdu'l-Bahá had special powers, and that God would make sure that if `Abdu'l-Bahá explained anything that Bahá'u'lláh said, then the Bahá'ís should believe that explanation.
`Abdu'l-Bahá also wrote a lot of letters and gave talks, and eventually visited Paris, London, Montreal, New York City, San Francisco and other cities in the west.
This helped the Bahá'í Faith to spread in Europe and North America.
He died in 1921.
He left a will, where he told the Bahá'ís to follow his grandson, Shoghi Effendi.
Shoghi Effendi was born in 1900 and was only a young man when his grandfather died and he became the leader of the Bahá'ís.
He helped make the different agencies and councils that run the Bahá'í Faith today, and organized the religion in many ways.
He also wrote many books and letters to explain the teachings of his grandfather and great-grandfather.
He lived until 1957 and died in England.
After Shoghi Effendi died, the Bahá'ís did not have leaders for six years, because Shoghi Effendi had not left a will.
Shoghi Effendi did have helpers, who did not think they were allowed to lead the Bahá'ís, so they helped the Bahá'í Community follow the last plan that Shoghi Effendi left them, and at the end of that plan, in 1963, they organized an election to form the Universal House of Justice, which Bahá'u'lláh wrote about.
The Universal House of Justice has led the Bahá'ís ever since.
Holy books
Bahá'u'lláh wrote many books and letters, and `Abdu'l-Bahá (whose name means "Servant of Glory") also wrote many books and letters which Bahá'ís see as special.
Finally, Bahá'u'lláh's great-grandson Shoghi Effendi wrote lots of books and letters which Bahá'ís use to better understand the writings of Bahá'u'lláh and `Abdu'l-Bahá.
The most important of these books is the Aqdas.
Bahá'u'lláh came to make all humans become one family
There is only One God, but he has many names
All the great religions have the same source (God)
God treats all humans as equal
God treats men and women as equal
Prejudices (unkind beliefs about people without knowing them first) should be fixed
Nations should learn to get along and co-operate with each other
Science and religion do not have to disagree, because they are looking at the same world from two different sides.
People should try to learn the truth for themselves
Everyone should get an education (go to school or learn another way)
The world should have one extra language that everyone understands
There are eight or nine million Bahá'ís in the world, of all peoples and languages.
The Bahá'í Faith looks different in different countries, because there are few rituals, so Bahá'ís can include their own culture in the way they celebrate Bahá'í events, say prayers, etc.
Bahá'ís meet every nineteen (19) days in a meeting called a "Feast".
There does not have to be food, but there usually is.
These meetings start with prayers and usually someone reads aloud some holy writings.
Sometimes there is music and song, sometimes plays, sometimes just quiet time or meditation.
After this time, which Bahá'ís call the "devotional" time in a feast, they have a community discussion.
All sorts of topics can be discussed here that are important to the members.
Bahá'ís say that this is a "consultative" time, where Bahá'ís can consult with each other.
After this, there is a social time, where people can share food, drink (not alcohol), and sometimes here there is also music, or plays, or presentations, or other entertainment.
This time is just so that the Bahá'ís in that city can get to know each other and become better friends.
Temples and Bahá'í Centers
Bahá'ís often do not have one place they get together, except in large cities.
In smaller places they usually get together in each other's houses.
Some larger cities have "Bahá'í Centers" which can be used for community meetings, classes, or for meetings of committees and other councils. (
see Institutions below)
In a very few cities in the world, there are Bahá'í temples.
These temples are on each continent.
Bahá'ís are organized in a worldwide community.
They do not have priests.
Everyone is responsible for their own prayers.
Bahá'ís are also responsible for reading their holy books for themselves and for learning about their religion.
Baha'is elect leaders for their community, to help organize their activities, and to deal with problems between members, and to decide things that are not obvious from the scriptures.
These are called Spiritual Assemblies, but will one day be called Houses of Justice.
There is one House of Justice, which Bahá'ís call the Universal House of Justice, which leads the whole worldwide Bahá'í community.
Bahá'ís elect this House of Justice every five years, but only once each year for National and Local Spiritual Assemblies.
The Bahá’í Faith.
The Web Site of the Bahá’í International Community.
National Bahá’í Communities
The Life of Bahá'u'lláh.
A photographic narrative of the life of Bahá’u’lláh, Founder of the Bahá’í Faith.
Bahá’u’lláh.
Writings of Bahá’u’lláh and a history of His life, His teachings, His station.
Bahá'í World News Service
Bahá'í Reference Library
Bahá'í Media Bank
Neoclassical economics is an economic theory that argues for markets to be free.
This means governments should generally not make rules about types of businesses, businesses' behaviour, who may make things, who may sell things, who may buy things, prices, quantities or types of things sold and bought.
The theory argues that allowing individual actors (people or businesses) freedom creates better economic outcomes.
These outcomes may be a higher average standard of living, higher wages, better average life-expectancies, and higher GDP.
Markets will 'reach equilibrium' if all the sellers who want to sell at or below a given price have sold to all the buyers who are willing to buy at or above a given price.
the price is worked out in the market.
Neoclassical economists say this will not happen.
Neo-Keynesians say it might, so the government could make the customer and the person selling the haircut happier by helping the customer somehow.
Neo-Keynesian economy is an alternative to Neoclassical economy.
The major point of difference between neoclassical economics and neo-Keynesian economics is about whether 'markets' 'reach equilibrium'.
The Nile () is a river in Africa.
It is the longest river on Earth (about 6,650 km or 4,132 miles), though other rivers carry more water.
It flows into the Mediterranean Sea near Alexandria.
It gets its name from the Greek word "Νεῖλος" (Neil's).
The White Nile flows from Lake Victoria in Uganda, and through Sudan to Khartoum, where it is joined by the Blue Nile to form the Nile, then through Egypt.
The Blue Nile flows through Ethiopia near the Red Sea.
About 300 million cubic metres of water flow down the Nile each day.
The Nile is very important to the countries where it flows.
On the Nile there are lots of boats because it is one of the easiest ways to get around.
Because of this, many cities in Egypt were built next to the river.
Also, the pyramids are close to the Nile.
The Nile has always provided most of the water used to grow crops in Egypt and for anything else, since much of the rest of the country is in a desert.
The Nile was very important to Ancient Egyptians.
In ancient times the Nile flooded every year and the people would starve if there was not enough water for the crops.
The Ancient Egyptians got papyrus from the Nile to make hieroglyphs.
Many different types of animals live in or near the waters of the Nile, including crocodiles, birds, fish and many others.
Not only do animals depend on the Nile for survival, but also people who live there need it for everyday use like washing, as a water supply, keeping crops watered and other jobs.
History of the word Nile
The word "Nile" comes from Greek Neilos ().
Neilos came from the word "river valley".
In the ancient Egyptian language, the Nile is called Ḥ'pī or iteru, meaning "great river", represented by the hieroglyphs shown above (literally itrw, and 'waters' determinative).
In Coptic, the words piaro (Sahidic) or phiaro (Bohairic) meaning "the river" (lit.
p(h).iar-o "the.canal-great") come from the same ancient name.
Nile River -Citizendium
A statue is a model of somebody or something, usually of a person or sometimes an animal.
It is a sculpture.
Several kinds of material can be used to make a statue, e.g. stone, bronze, clay, or wood.
Statues are often at least life-size (the same size as the real person), but often they are much bigger, especially statues in the open air.
Statues are often made to remember an important person (such as the statue of Alfred the Great), or to remember an event or an idea (such as the Statue of Liberty).
Usually there is some writing on a statue to say who the person is.
This writing is called an epigraph.
The statue may be standing on a base.
This base is called a "plinth".
Golden Retrievers are a very popular kind of dog.
When the breed was first created, they were used for hunting.
Now, they are sometimes used for hunting, but a lot of people like to have them as pets because they are very friendly.
People also like them because their face looks like they are smiling all the time.
Because they are so friendly, Golden Retrievers cannot be used as guard dogs, but they are good as drug dogs at airports and very good as service dogs for the blind (People who cannot see).
They also like people, so when they are left alone for too long, they get very sad.
Golden retrievers make very good pets because they are friendly and playful.
About Goldens
Golden Retrievers are very good family dogs because they are extremely sweet and gentle with young children and do not bark very much.
They are known for having a "soft mouth," and some have even been seen carrying raw eggs in their mouth without breaking them.
Goldens are well known for their calm and easy going temperament.
They are great family dogs and provide good companionship.
They are very smart and eager to please, which allows them to be easily trained.
Golden Retrievers are very active dogs and need a lot of exercise.
Goldens make wonderful pets, but they need to be exercised regularly to prevent weight gain and promote overall health.
They require a great deal of grooming, as they shed hair daily.
Goldens also enjoy the cool water.
Goldens are reliable, outgoing, intelligent, energetic, playful, and loving, especially when socialized well from a young age.
This makes them popular family pets for many.
Known for their trainability, loyalty, and easy-going nature, they make a great candidate for working dog roles, such as hunting workers, assistance dogs, guides for the blind, great swimmers, therapy dogs, search-and-rescue dogs, and even bomb detectors!
A good Golden Retriever has a strong body and a long coat that is mainly yellow or gold.
Their fur even stops water because it has two special layers, one short and one long.
They always have brown eyes and can show a lot of emotions with them.
When they get old, their face turns white, but when they are young, they should not have any white on them.
A normal male dog weighs 29-34 kilograms (65-75 pounds) and a normal female dog weighs 25-29 kilograms (55-65 pounds).
From their front paws to their upper back, they are about 56-61 centimetres (22-24 inches) tall.
From light cream to almost red, goldens come in all shades of gold.
In fact, identifying their color is one of the ways how Golden Retrievers can vary from each other.
There are slight color variations between Goldens.
Unlike Labradors that has three very distinct colors, Goldens tend to stay within a limited spectrum.
There are generally three classifications of gold.
These include light golden (including cream-colored), golden, dark golden (but not red).
This spectrum is strict, particularly for show dogs.
If a Golden falls outside of this color range, it will not be registered with the American Kennel Club or it cannot compete.
As said earlier, Goldens are used a lot for people who cannot see, but they are also used for obedience trials and as assistant dogs for people who have seizures or cannot hear.
They are very good at smelling things, so they are also good for hunting.
The second part of their name, retriever, is very true because they love to fetch things for their people!
Goldens love to catch tennis balls and frisbees.
Goldens also enjoy the water.
There are two different kinds of Golden Retrievers: show dogs and field dogs.
Show dogs have very long hair and a lighter color, but field dogs have a lot more differences.
They have short hair and can have any shade of hair.
Because they have shorter hair, it is easier to brush them because they do not get as many things caught in it.
Like a lot of purebred dogs, Goldens can have bad health.
A big problem for Goldens is hip dysplasia, which makes the dog's bones hurt at its hips.
Also, a lot of Goldens have skin allergies, so people have to be very careful to not wash the dog too much and make sure that it does not get fleas.
It is also important to clean a Goldens ears regularly because their long ears do not give the ear canal a chance to breathe.
Goldens also have problems with their eyes sometimes, but it's mostly when they get older.
It is important when purchasing a new Golden Retriever puppy to review the medical history of their parents.
Oftentimes "backyard breeders" have been known to over breed or breed dogs with health problems.
A reputable breeder should be able to supply the most current health records for the dogs which they are breeding.
Golden Retrievers were developed by Lord Tweedmouth in Scotland.
He took a yellow dog and another dog called a Tweed Water Spaniel, which is a dog that does not exist anymore.
All Golden Retrievers are related to these two dogs.
The breed was created to be stronger than other retrievers but more gentle with people so they could be trained very easily.
Because of their popularity, the breed was shipped to America and Canada.
There, they were evolved further, leading to cosmetic differences in the breed.
Each country developed them to their liking.
In 1903, the breed was added to the list of the Kennel Club of England.
The Golden Retriever became the most popular breed in the U.S. In 1925, Golden Retrievers were first registered by the American Kennel Club and in 1927, they were recognised by the Canadian Kennel Club.
A little later, the Golden Retriever Club of America was founded in 1938.
Popular Golden Retrievers
This breed was in many films and TV series, including: Air Bud and Air Bud: Golden Receiver, Full House, Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey and Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco,Fluke, Napoleon, Up, Pushing Daisies, and The Drew Carey Show.
Golden Retriever France "Hubac de Gaget"
The absolute Golden Retriever guide
Golden retriever puppies information
Golden Retriever History
When a person thinks of something, that which they think about is called an "idea".
Ideas are concepts created in the mind.
Nobody really knows how this works.
Ideas are a mental product.
One idea can change the whole world.
If someone has a better idea, they can sell it to others.
A connection is when two things are put together.
This can either be a 'real' connection, like a chain linking two objects, or you can use the word in a figurative way.
You might talk about a train connection between two cities, and mean the trains running between them.
Nobuo Uematsu (植松 伸夫; Uematsu Nobuo, born March 21, 1959) is a Japanese video game music composer.
He composed music for each role-playing games for Square Enix, including Final Fantasy and Chrono Trigger.
Nobuo Uematsu's official Japanese website
Nobuo Uematsu's official English website
Smile Please Co., Ltd. official Japanese website
Unofficial Nobuo Uematsu website
Uematsu, Nobuo
People from Kōchi Prefecture
Dharma (or dhamma) is part of many religions or spiritual beliefs that began in India.
Hinduism, Buddhism, Ayyavazhi, Jainism, and Sikhism believe in that idea.
It means the law of spiritual growth of believers.
In Buddhism
In Buddhism, the word "Dharma" also means the very old teachings of the Buddha.
For example, The Four Noble Truths.
In Hinduism
In Hinduism, dharma is the spiritual law for human beings.
It is the way of goodness, truth and duty.
For example, a child's dharma is to be a good student.
Parents’ dharma is to raise and support their family.
A teacher’s dharma is to teach, and the dharma of the police is to protect others.
Each age brings new responsibilities, so dharma will change over your lifetime.
It is everyone’s dharma to be honest, kind and religious, to do no harm to others and to be a good citizen.
Hindus believe that following dharma fulfills the highest purpose on earth.
When people follow dharma, they feel good about themselves, and life is most rewarding to the people of dio and buddha
Christopher Columbus, the explorer
Nucleus (plural: nuclei) means the center of something.
It might mean:
Cell nucleus, which is the part that controls the cell, or the very center
Atomic nucleus, the center of an atom
Comet nucleus, the solid, central part of a comet
Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu (18 May 1912 – 5 May 2003) was a South African activist and politician.
He fought against apartheid.
Sisulu was the Secretary-General of the African National Congress from 1949 to 1954.
Over the next 10 years he was put in prison seven times.
He was one of many people, including Nelson Mandela to be found guilty of treason during trials between 1956 and 1961.
He was sent to prison for 6 years because of this.
While free on bail, he went into hiding.
He was found in 1963 and put on trial again.
In 1964, he as sent to prison for the rest of his life.
He was released from prison in 1989.
In 1991, he became the Deputy-President of the African National Congress.
He held the position from July 1991 to 1994.
Sisulu died from Parkinson's disease on 5 May 2003, aged 90.
Anti-apartheid fighter Sisulu dies - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, 6 May 2003
South Africa mourns Sisulu - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, 6 May 2003
Nelson Mandela's tribute to Walter Sisulu - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, 6 May 2003
The African Activist Archive Project website includes the audio of a January 1987 Interview with Walter Sisulu conducted in 1954 by George M. Houser of the American Committee on Africa.
The website also includes photographs of Sisulu and demonstrations in the U.S. in support of the defendants in the Rivonia Trial.
South African politicians
This is a list of United States state capital cities.
Each city is the center of government for a state in the United States,  in the capitol building.
The  capital city with the fewest people is Montpelier, Vermont, while the capital city with the most people is Phoenix, Arizona.
The dates listed in the following table indicate the years it has continuously served as the state's sole capital.
Most states have changed their capital city at least once.
In the case of the thirteen original states, "statehood" in the table refers to its date of ratification of the United States Constitution.
State capitals
The City and Borough of Juneau is the capital city of Alaska.
It has been the capital of Alaska since 1906.
It is one of 2 capital cities that cannot be reached by road, the other being Honolulu, Hawaii.
The government of the then-District of Alaska was moved from Sitka by the decision of the U.S. Congress.
The municipality unified in 1970 when the city of Juneau merged with the city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current home rule municipality.
The area of Juneau is larger than that of Rhode Island and Delaware individually and almost as large as the two states combined.
Downtown Juneau  is at the base of Mount Juneau and across the channel from Douglas Island.
As of the 2010 census, the City and Borough had a population of 31,275.
The Tlingit name of the town is Dzántik'i Héeni ("river where the flounders gather"), and Auke Bay just north of Juneau proper is called Aak'w ("little lake") in Tlingit.
The Taku River, just south of Juneau, was named after the cold t'aakh wind, which occasionally blows down from the mountains.
Downtown Juneau sits at sea level, with tides averaging , below steep mountains about  to  high.
Atop these mountains is the Juneau Icefield, a large ice mass from which about 30 glaciers flow; two of these, the Mendenhall Glacier and the Lemon Creek Glacier, are visible from the local road system; the Mendenhall glacier has been generally retreating; its front face is declining both in width and height.
The Alaska State Capitol in downtown Juneau was originally built as the Federal and Territorial Building in 1931.
Prior to statehood, it housed federal government offices, the federal courthouse and a post office.
It also housed the territorial legislature and many other territorial offices, including that of the governor.
Today, it is still the home of the state legislature and the offices of the governor and lieutenant governor.
Other executive branch offices have largely moved elsewhere, in Juneau or elsewhere in the state, in the ongoing battle between branches for space in the building, as well as the decades-long capital move issue.
Recent discussion has been focused between relocating the seat of state government outside of Juneau and building a new capitol building in Juneau.
Neither position has advanced very far.
The Alaska Committee, a local community advocacy group, has led efforts to thus far keep the capital in Juneau.
City and Borough of Juneau
Visit Juneau
Picture of Juneau and Douglas Island, 1914
Cities in Alaska
Alaska boroughs
1881 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Alaska
Phoenix is the capital and the largest city in the U.S. state of Arizona.
The city is the county seat of Maricopa County.
It is the largest capital city in the United States and the only capital with over more than million people.
The city is along the normally dry Salt River.
It became a city on February 25 1881.
People who live in Phoenix are known as Phoenicians.
Phoenix had about 1,475,834 people in 2005.
It is the fifth-largest city in the United States in the 2000 census.
Phoenix is a very large city.
It has an area of 515 square miles.
This makes it the 10th largest city by area.
As of 2006, the Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) was the 13th-largest in the United States, with an estimated 4,039,182 people.
As early as 700 AD, the Hohokam people lived in the land that would become Phoenix.
The Hohokam created about 135 miles (217 km) of irrigation canals.
This let them grow things on the land.
It is believed that between AD 1300 and AD 1450 drought and floods caused the Hohokam to no longer live in the area.
Spanish and Mexican explorers knew of the area but they did not go as far north as the Salt River Valley.
In 1867, Jack Swilling of Wickenburg, Arizona came to the area.
He saw that the land was good for farming.
The only problems he saw were a lack of rain and good irrigation.
Swilling corrected the problem by having a series of canals built.
A small community was created about four miles (6 km) east of the where the city is today.
The farming community was named Swilling's Mill.
The name was later changed to Helling Mill, Mill City, and East Phoenix.
Swilling was a Confederate soldier during the Civil War.
He wanted to name the city "Stonewall," after Gen. Stonewall Jackson.
Other people had other ideas for names.
Finally, Lord Darrell Duppa suggested the name "Phoenix".
The name is the same as the mythological fire bird which is born again from its own ash after it dies.
It was a good name for a city born from a former civilization.
On February 25 1881, Phoenix became an incorporated city.
At that time it had about 2,500 people.
Phoenix held its first city election on May 3 1881.
Judge John T. Alsap defeated James D. Monihon, 127 to 107, to become the city's first mayor.
In early 1888, the city offices were moved into the new City Hall.
The coming of the railroad in the 1880s was the first of several important events changed the economy of Phoenix.
Phoenix became a trade center.
In response, the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce was created on November 4 1888.
Phoenix is at 33°26'54" North, 112°4'26" West (33.448457°, -112.073844°) in the Salt River Valley, or "Valley of the Sun", in central Arizona.
It is at a mean elevation of 1,117 feet (340 m), in the northern reaches of the Sonoran Desert.
Other than the mountains in and around the city, the topography of Phoenix is mostly flat.
This allows the city's main streets to run on a precise grid with wide, open-spaced roadways.
The Salt River runs westward through the city of Phoenix.
The riverbed is often dry or just a trickle due to large irrigation usage.
The river is full after infrequent rainstorms or when more water is released from upstream dams.
The city of Tempe has built two inflatable dams in the Salt River bed to create a year-round recreational lake, called Tempe Town Lake.
The dams are deflated to allow the river to flow unimpeded during releases.
Lake Pleasant Regional Park is in Northwest Phoenix in the suburb of Peoria, Arizona.
As with most of Arizona, Phoenix does not observe daylight saving time.
In 1973, Gov. Jack Williams argued to Congress that energy use would increase in the evening.
Refrigeration units were not used as often in the morning on standard time.
He went on to say that energy use would rise "because there would be more lights on in the early morning."
He was also concerned about children going to school in the dark, which indeed they were.
Navajo Nation lands in Northeastern Arizona observe daylight saving time in conjunction with the rest of their tribal lands in other states.
Phoenix has an arid climate, with very hot summers and temperate winters.
The average summer high temperature is among the hottest of any populated area in the United States and approaches those of cities such as Riyadh and Baghdad.
The temperature reaches or exceeds 100°F (38°C) on an average of 110 days during the year, including most days from late May through early September, and highs top 110 °F (43 °C) an average of 21 days during the year.
On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all-time recorded high of 122 °F (50 °C).
On average, Phoenix has only 2 days per year where the temperature drops to or below freezing.
Frequently, outlying areas of Phoenix see frost, but the airport does not.
The earliest frost on record occurred on November 3, 1946, and the latest occurred on April 4, 1945.
The all-time lowest recorded temperature in Phoenix was 16 °F (-8.8 °C) on January 7, 1913.
Since 1986, the city of Phoenix has been divided into urban villages, many of which are based upon historically significant neighborhoods and communities.
Each village has a planning committee.
This committee is appointed directly by the city council.
According to the village planning handbook issued by the city, the purpose of the village planning committees is to work with the city's planning commission to ensure a balance of housing and employment in each village.
The committees also concentrate on development at identified village cores, and to promote the unique character and identity of the villages.
There are 15 urban villages in the city at this time: Ahwatukee Foothills, Alhambra, Camelback East, Central City, Deer Valley, Desert View, Encanto, Estrella, Laveen, Maryvale, North Gateway, North Mountain, Paradise Valley (not to be confused with the town of Paradise Valley), South Mountain and Rio Vista.
Rio Vista was created as New Village in 2004 and is currently very sparsely populated, with no large amount of development expected in the near future.
The early economy of Phoenix was mostly agricultural.
It was mostly dependent on cotton and citrus farming.
In the last twenty years, the economy has changed as quickly as the number of people has grown.
As the state capital of Arizona, many residents in the area are employed by the government.
Arizona State University is there.
Many high-tech and telecommunications companies have also recently moved to the area.
Due to the warm climate in winter, Phoenix benefits greatly from seasonal tourism and recreation, and the golf industry.
Phoenix is currently home to several Fortune 1000 companies.
Companies in Phoenix include waste management company Allied Waste, electronics corporation Avnet, Apollo Group (which operates the University of Phoenix), mining company Freeport-McMoRan (recently merged with Phoenix-based Phelps Dodge), retailer PetSmart, development company Tempo Creative, energy supplier Pinnacle West and retailer CSK Auto.
Honeywell's Aerospace division is headquartered in Phoenix, and the valley hosts many of their avionics and mechanical facilities.
Intel has one of their largest sites here, employing about 10,000 employees and 3 chip manufacturing fabs, including the $3 billion state-of-the-art 300 mm and 45 nm Fab 32.
American Express hosts their financial transactions, customer information, and their entire website in Phoenix.
The city is also home to the headquarters of U-HAUL International, a rental company and moving supply store, as well Best Western, a hotel chain.
Mesa Air Group, a regional airline group, is headquartered in Phoenix.
The military has a significant presence in Phoenix with Luke Air Force Base in the western suburbs.
At its height, in the 1940s, the Phoenix area had three military bases: Luke Field (still in use), Falcon Field, and Williams Air Force Base (now Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport), with many other air fields throughout the region.
As the capital of Arizona, Phoenix houses the state legislature.
In 1913, the commission form of government was adopted.
The city of Phoenix is served by a city council.
The city council is made up of a mayor and eight city council members.
The mayor is elected in a citywide vote to a four-year term.
Phoenix City Council members are elected to four-year terms by voters in each of the eight districts.
The current mayor of Phoenix is Phil Gordon, who was elected to a four-year term in 2003.
He was again re-elected to another four-year term in 2007.
The mayor and city council members have equal voting power to govern the city.
Phoenix operates under a council-manager form of government, with a strong city manager.
The city manage supervises all city departments and executing policies adopted by the Council.
The United States Postal Service operates post offices throughout Phoenix.
The main Phoenix Post Office is at 4949 East Van Buren Street.
By the 1970s there was rising crime and a decline in business within the downtown core.
The city's crime rates in many categories have improved since that time, but still are higher than state and national averages.
The crime rate in Phoenix has gone down through the years.
However, recent kidnappings and human trafficking due to the Mexican drug trade have brought negative attention to the city.
Car theft has been a problem in Phoenix.
In 2001, Phoenix was number one for theft rate with 35,161 total thefts, giving a rate of 1,081.25 per 100,000.
However, in 2003, Phoenix dropped to second for with 1,253.71 per 100,000, although it was first for total car thefts with 40,769.
Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce
Greater Phoenix Convention & Visitors Bureau
County seats in Arizona
19th-century establishments in Arizona Territory
Little Rock is the capital city and largest city of the U.S. state of Arkansas.
Billy Joel mentions it in "We Didn't Start the Fire".
1820s establishments in Arkansas Territory
County seats in Arkansas
Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut.
It is on the Connecticut River and only 24 miles from Springfield, Massachusetts.
Hartford has the third most people in the state behind Bridgeport and New Haven.
It is an important center of Insurance.
Airline service is provided from Bradley International Airport.
Hartford has an American Hockey League team called the Hartford Wolf Pack, a rugby team called the Hartford Wanderers and a United Football League team called the Hartford Colonials.
From 1979 to 1997 Hartford had a National Hockey League team called the Hartford Whalers.
Colonial Hartford
The first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch.
They were led by Adriaen Block.
They sailed up the Connecticut River in 1614.
Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam came back in 1623.
They wanted to build a trading post and fortify the area for the Dutch West India Company.
The first place was on the south bank of the Park River.
This would have been in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood.
This fort was called Fort Hoop or the "House of Hope."
In 1633, Jacob Van Curler bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief.
He paid only a small price.
A few families and a few dozen soldiers lived there at that time.
Everyone left the fort by 1654.
The area is known today as Dutch Point; the name of the Dutch fort "House of Hope" is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue.
The English started to come in 1636.
They settled upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown and Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhoods.
Throughout the 19th century, Hartford's number of people, economic productivity, cultural influence, and political power continued to grow.
The Industrial Revolution in Hartford in the mid-1800s made it one of the wealthiest per capita in United States.
On December 15, 1814, people from the five New England states (Maine was still part of Massachusetts at that time) came together at the Hartford Convention.
Unhappy about the War of 1812, they discussed New England possibly breaking away from the United States.
During the early 19th century, the Hartford area was an important place for abolitionist activity.
The most famous abolitionist family was the Beechers.
The Reverend Lyman Beecher was an important Congregational minister known for his anti-slavery sermons.
His daughter, Harriet Beecher Stowe, wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin; her brother Henry Ward Beecher was a well-known clergyman who strongly hated slavery.
He also supported the temperance movement and women's suffrage.
The Stowes' sister Isabella Beecher Hooker was a leading member of the women's rights movement.
On the week of April 12, 1909, the Connecticut River reached a record high flood stage of 24.5 feet (7.47 meters) above the low water mark.
This flooded Hartford.
It did a lot of damage.
On July 6, 1944, one of the worst fire disasters in the history of the United States happened in Hartford.
It happened at a performance of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus.
It became known as the Hartford Circus Fire.
Riverfront Plaza was opened in 1999.
This connected the riverfront and the downtown area for the first time since the 1960s.
In July 2017, Hartford thought about filing Chapter 9 bankruptcy.
However, a state bailout later that year stopped the city from filing the form.
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of .
Of that,  is land and  (3.67%) is water.
Hartford is in the humid continental climate zone (Köppen Dfa).
This means it has hot, humid summers and cold winters.
The people were 29.8% white, 38.7% African American or black, 0.6% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander, 23.9% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races.
43.4% of the people were Hispanic or Latino, mostly from Puerto Rico.
This amount is up from 32% in 1990.
Whites not of Latino background made up 15.8% of the people in 2010, down from 63.9% in 1970.
There were 44,986 households.
Of that, 34.4% of them had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.2% were married couples living together, 29.6% had a woman with no husband, and 39.6% were not families.
33.2% of all households were made up of individuals.
9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
The average household size was 2.58.
The average family size was 3.33.
30.1% of the people younger than 18, 12.6% were 18 to 24 years old, 29.8% were 25 to 44 years old, 18.0% were 45 to 64 years old, and 9.5% were 65 years old or older.
The median age was 30 years.
For every 100 women, there were 91.4 men.
For every 100 women aged 18 and over, there were 86.0 men.
The median income for a household in Hartford was $20,820.
The median income for a family was $22,051.
Men had a median income of $28,444.
Women had a median income of $26,131.
The per capita income for the city was $13,428.
Hartford has a strong mayor-council government.
In 2003, Hartford voted to have a mayor-council system.
They had a council-manager form for more than 50 years.
Mayor Eddie Perez was first elected in 2001.
He was re-elected with 76% of the vote in 2003.
He was the first strong mayor elected under the new government system.