the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust info on Roman Wales
58 pages of artifacts and places associated with Roman Wales on Gathering the Jewels the website of Welsh cultural history
Iron Age and Roman Coins in Wales : A study by Cardiff University
History of Wales
The Georgia Dome was a domed stadium in Atlanta that opened in 1992 and was torn down in 2017.
It was the largest domed building in the world until 1999.
The Dome took up 9.19 acres of land and cost $214 million to build.
It was supported by the State of Georgia, after which the stadium was named.
It was not far from the CNN Center, Georgia World Congress Center and Philips Arena.
Many different sporting events took place in the dome, mostly football and basketball.
It was home to the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League until it was replaced by the nearby Mercedes-Benz Stadium for the 2017 season.
Disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
New Coke was a type of Coca-Cola that was sold from 1985 to 2002.
Its flavor was sweeter than normal Coke.
It was later sold as Coke II.
It is a product of the Coca-Cola Company.
Rock of Ages Corporation is a company in Vermont.
It mines granite, which it sells largely for use in memorials, though it also makes smaller products.
There are around 230 people who work for the company.
Rock of Ages had a profit of about $800,000 in 2008.
Rock of Ages runs the largest granite quarry in the world.
It is about  deep, and covers about 50 acres.
Mining companies
19th-century establishments in Vermont
International PEN is a worldwide association of writers.
It was founded in London in 1921 to increase friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere.
At first, he letters P, E, and N stood for "Poets, Essayists and Novelists".
Now the group includes any other kinds of writers, such as journalists and historians.
Other goals included: to make the role of literature stronger in developing international understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice to help writers who are harassed, imprisoned, and sometimes killed for their views.
It is the world’s oldest human rights organization.
Role of PEN
The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott.
John Galsworthy was its first President.
The first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H.G. Wells.
To promote intellectual co-operation and understanding among writers;
To create a world community of writers that would emphasize the central role of literature in the development of world culture; and,
To defend literature against the many threats to its survival which the modern world poses.
Past Presidents of International PEN have included Malcolm Afford, Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis and Jiří Gruša.
The current President is John Ralston Saul and the current Executive Director is Caroline McCormick.
International PEN has its headquarters in London.
There are also 145 independent PEN Centers in 104 countries around the world.
Each of these centers are open to qualified writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature.
Nationality, race, color or religion cannot effect membership.
PEN Affiliated Awards
PEN awards dozens of literary awards each year.
The PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction
The PEN/Malamud Award, for excellence in the art of Short Fiction
The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories (a yearly anthology, not an award)
PEN Charter
PEN declares for a free press and opposes arbitrary censorship in time of peace.
It believes that the necessary advance of the world toward a more highly organized political and economic order renders free criticism of governments, administrations, and institutions imperative.
And since freedom implies voluntary restraint, members pledge themselves to oppose such evils of a free press as mendacious publication, deliberate falsehood, and distortion of facts for political and personal ends.
Writers in Prison Committee
International PEN's Writers in Prison Committee works to help persecuted writers worldwide.
The Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of over 900 writers who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession.
It publishes a bi-annual Case List  documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.
This committee was started in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers,
Notable Members of International PEN
Homero Aridjis, President Emeritus.
Elizabeth Craig
Hermann Friedmann
Robie Macauley
German Writers in French Exile, 1933-1940, by Martin Mauthner (London: 2007), .
PEN American Center (NYC)
PEN Center USA (L.A.)
PEN Canada
PEN Sierra Leone
PEN Turkish
English PEN
PEN Esperanto
PEN South Africa
PEN Poem Relay website, a protest related to the Beijing Olympics
Liu Xia (; born 1 April 1961, Beijing, China) is a painter, poet, and photographer who resides in Beijing, China.
She was married to 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo.
Liu used to be a civil servant in the Beijing tax bureau.
She met her husband Liu Xiaobo while part of the Beijing literary scene in the 1980s.
She married Liu Xiaobo while he was in prison in a Chinese labor re-education camp between the years of 1996 and 1999.
Ms. Liu prefers to lead the solitary life of an intellectual.
However, she has been forced to act for her husband in public because of he is often in prison for his activism.
She has been described as her husband's "most important link to the outside world."
She also personally experiences pressures from the Chinese authorities for publicly voicing opinions because she is the wife of one of China's most prominent human rights advocates.
Since his arrest,  the government watches her constantly.
She speaks out on issues of human rights both for herself and  for her husband.
Although she may not want always want to, she has continued to speak publicly all during their marriage and while her husband has been in prison Despite the pressures, she attempts to keep her life normal.
Liu Xiaobo's was sent to prison for 11 years after he helped write the political manifesto 2008 called Charter 08.
Liu Xia begged her husband to not participate in writing the document.
At first, he did as she asked.
But later, he  spent much of his time  writing and re-writing the document which took three years.
He later got more than 300 prominent workers, Chinese Communist Party members, and intellectuals, to sign the charter.
10,000 people added their names to a charter support list on the Internet.
After it was announced that her husband had won the Nobel Peace Prize, Liu Xia said that “For all these years, Liu Xiaobo has persevered in telling the truth about China and because of this, for the fourth time, he has lost his personal freedom."
She also said that she would visit him in jail and "give him a big hug".
After visiting him, however, she was placed under house arrest and her mobile phone number was canceled.
Liu Xiaobo died on 13 July 2017 from liver cancer complications.
Jilin University (; often abbreviated JLU or 吉大) is a national university.
China's Ministry of Education controls the university directly.
Jilin University  (English)
Jilin University Official Application Online Site
Colleges and universities in the People's Republic of China
The Down to the Countryside Movement was a government plan in China in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
During the Cultural Revolution, anti-bourgeois thinking was very common.
Mao Zedong said that richer youth from the cities would be sent to mountains or farming villages so they could learn from the workers and farmers there.
Many fresh high school graduates were forced out of the cities.
They had to stay in far away areas of China.
They became known as the Rusticated Youth of China Many of them lost the chance to go university.
Some call them China's "lost generation."
Famous authors who have written about their experiences during the movement include Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo, Jiang Rong and Zhang Chengzhi, both of whom went to Inner Mongolia.
Hu Jintao (born 21 December 1942) is a Chinese politician who was the paramount leader of China and the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 2002 to 2012.
Hu Jintao also served as the President of the People's Republic of China from 2003 to 2013 and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 2004 to 2012.
Hu was born in Taizhou, Jiangsu.
Hu left office of General Secretary on 15 November 2012 and the office was taken by Xi Jinping.
Hu Jintao was educated as a hydraulic engineer from Tsinghua University in 1965.
According to official biographies, he has a photographic memory.
Politically, he is moderate and careful.
He spent most of his previous career in Tibet and the poorer provinces, and was therefore unknown to Western analysts until he unexpectedly became the General Secretary (paramount leader).
Even as a general secretary, he was quite private - and so has never given an interview.
General Secretaries of the Communist Party of China
Presidents of the People's Republic of China
Václav Havel (), 5 October 1936–18 December 2011, was a Czech playwright, essayist, dissident and politician.
He was the tenth and last President of Czechoslovakia (1989–92).
He then became the first President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003).
He wrote more than twenty plays and many non-fiction works.
Many of them were translated into multiple languages.
Beginning in the 1960s, Havel mostly wrote about the politics of Czechoslovakia.
After the Prague Spring, he became more and more active against the government.
In 1977, he became famous internationally for his work on the human rights manifesto, Charter 77.
He became known as a leader of the opposition in Czechoslovakia.
He was also sent to prison for these activities.
The 1989, Havel became president during the "Velvet Revolution".
As president, he led Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic to an open democracy with several political parties.
His country changed greatly during the thirteen years he was president.
The Czech Republic separated from Slovakia, even though Havel was against separation.
The Czech Republic also joined NATO and started negotiating membership in the European Union.
The country became a member of the EU in 2004.
He was one of the first people to sign the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism.
Václav Havel was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia on 5 October 1936.
He grew up in a well-known and wealthy entrepreneurial and intellectual family.
His family was active in culture and politics in Czechoslovakia from the 1920s to the 1940s.
His father owned part of the suburb of Barrandov.
This is the highest part of Prague.
Havel's mother came from a well-known family.
Her father was an ambassador and journalist.
Havel completed his required education in 1951.
However, the Communist government did not allow him to continue to study formally because of his bourgeois family background.
In the early 1950s, the young Havel entered a four-year apprenticeship as a chemical laboratory assistant.
He took evening classes at the same time and completed secondary education in 1954.
None of the colleges or universities with humanities programs would accept Havel for political reasons.
So, he chose to study at the Faculty of Economics of Czech Technical University in Prague.
He dropped out after two years.
In 1964, Havel married Olga Šplíchalová.
His mother was against the marriage.
Havel was already leader of the Civic Forum, and on 29 December 1989, he became president.
He left office after his second term as Czech president ended on 2 February 2003.
Every member of the Federal Assembly voted to make him president.
This was a surprising change because Havel had always said that he was not interested in politics.
He and other dissidents had said that change should come from groups of people directly, not from the government.
Czechoslovakia had free elections in 1990.
Havel won and continued to be president.
Havel wanted to keep the federation of the Czechs and the Slovaks together during the breakup of Czechoslovakia.
He supported keeping the country together even though this was difficult and there was a lot of pressure.
On 3 July 1992 the federal parliament did not elect Havel — the only candidate — because Slovak MPs did not support him.
Havel resigned as president on 20 July after the Slovaks issued their Declaration of Independence.
He stood for election as president of the new Czech Republic in 1993.
He won and became president of this new, separate country.
Havel was quite popular throughout his career.
However, some of his actions caused controversy and criticism.
One of his first acts as a president was to pardon many people.
He wanted to reduce the number of people in overcrowded prisons and release people who had been put in prison during the Communist era even though they were innocent.
He did not trust the decisions of a corrupt court of the previous government.
He thought the courts had been unfair to most people in prison.
Critics said that this amnesty caused more crime.
In his memoir, To the Castle and Back, Havel wrote that most of the people he released had less than a year left to stay in prison.
Statistics about this are not clear.
Havel said that the most important thing he did as president was breaking up the Warsaw Pact.
Ending this group of countries was very complicated because the association was a deep part of how the countries worked.
It took two years before the Soviet troops finally left Czechoslovakia completely.
Havel was very important to changing NATO.
He helped change it from an anti-Warsaw Pact alliance to a group that includes former-Warsaw Pact members.
Havel spoke very strongly for expanding of the military alliance into Eastern Europe, including the Czech Republic.
The Philadelphia Liberty Medal
The freedom medal of the Four Freedoms Award
The Ambassador of Conscience Award
State awards
Collections of poetry
Čtyři rané básně
Záchvěvy I & II, 1954
První úpisy, 1955
Prostory a časy (poesie), 1956
Na okraji jara (cyklus básní), 1956
Anticodes, (Antikódy)
Motormorphosis 1960
An Evening with the Family, 1960,  (Rodinný večer)
The Garden Party (Zahradní slavnost), 1963
The Memorandum, 1965, (Vyrozumění)
The Increased Difficulty of Concentration, 1968, (Ztížená možnost soustředění)
Butterfly on the Antenna, 1968, (Motýl na anténě)
Guardian Angel, 1968, (Strážný anděl)
Conspirators, 1971, (Spiklenci)
The Beggar's Opera, 1975, (Žebrácká opera)
Unveiling, 1975, (Vernisáž)
Audience, 1975, (Audience) - a Vanӗk play
Mountain Hotel 1976, (Horský hotel)
Protest, 1978, (Protest) - a Vanӗk play
Mistake, 1983, (Chyba) - a Vanӗk play
Largo desolato 1984, (Largo desolato)
Temptation, 1985, (Pokoušení)
Redevelopment, 1987, (Asanace)
Tomorrow, 1988, (Zítra to spustíme)
Leaving (Odcházení), 2007
The Power of the Powerless (1985) [Includes 1978 titular essay.]
Living in Truth (1986)
Letters to Olga (Dopisy Olze) (1988)
Disturbing the Peace (1991)
Open Letters (1991)
Summer Meditations (1992/93)
Towards a Civil Society (Letní přemítání) (1994)
The Art of the Impossible (1998)
To the Castle and Back (2007)
Qincheng Prison () is a maximum-security prison in the Changping District northwest of Beijing in the People's Republic of China.
The prison was built in 1958 with aid from the Soviet Union and it is the only prison belonging to the Ministry of Public Security.
The majority of people in prison here are political prisoners.
Some of them were participants in the Chinese democracy movement and Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
Famous inmates include Jiang Qing, Bao Tong, Dai Qing, as well as Tibetans such as Choekyi Gyaltsen, the 10th Panchen Lama, and Phuntsok Wangyal.
Other inmates included many communist cadres who were criticized during the Cultural Revolution, such as Bo Yibo, Peng Zhen, Israel Epstein, Sidney Rittenberg and David Crook.
2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo was also imprisoned here.
The prison is at the eastern foothill of Yanshan, facing the North China Plain in the east, north and south.
The plain is where Qincheng Farm (秦城农场) is, which is part of the prison.
MacFarquhar, Roderick, and Michael Schoenhals, Mao's Last Revolution.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006, pp.
342–345, 416, 442, 435.
Yao Lun, "Qincheng jianyu de laiyou" (Origins of Qincheng Prison), in Sun Mingshan, ed.,
Lishi shunjian (Moments in History) vol.
2, Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 2001, pp.
A suicide pact is a plan of two or more people to kill themselves.
People who agree on such a plan may kill themselves together, or they may just plan to do it on a certain schedule together.
When studying suicide, suicide pacts are an important concept.
Suicide pacts have occurred through history.
Note that a suicide pact is different from mass suicide.
In a mass suicide, many people commit suicide for the same reason.
In a suicide pact, it might be that one person is suicidal because of romance, and the other is suicidal because of a disease, but they both wish to die.
In a mass suicide a group of people kill themselves for the same reason.
Very often, all the people involved kill themselves together, at more or less the same time.
The reason for the mass suicide often inolves religious views.
Suicide bombings and Kamikaze missions are military or paramliitary forms of mass suicide.
Bill "Goldie" Goldthorpe (born June 20, 1953 in Hornepayne, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger who played for 16 minor league teams between 1973 to 1984, playing exhibition games with the Toronto Maple Leafs and Pittsburgh Penguins.
Goldthorpe grew up in Thunder Bay, Ontario, is widely regarded as one of the most infamous hockey enforcers to have ever played the game, a man once dubbed the "wildest, meanest, most unpredictable player in hockey", earning an amazing 1,132 penalty minutes in 194 professional games.
He was the inspiration for the character Ogie Ogilthorpe in the 1977 movie Slap Shot.
On January 1, 2008 during the 1st intermission of the NHL's Winter Classic outdoor game in Buffalo, NBC showed a 1 minute and 15 second piece on the movie Slapshot and the Ogilthorpe, Bill Goldthorpe connection to Bob Costas.
Costas once did radio play-by-play for the Syracuse Blazers (NAHL) in 1973-74, a team that Bill Goldthorpe played on.
Goldthorpe is currently a foreman at a construction company in Canada, having held that position in San Diego for several years.
Alexander Haim Gray (June 21, 1899 – April 10, 1986) was a Canadian ice hockey right winger for the New York Rangers and the Toronto Maple Leafs from 1927 to 1933.
Although born in Glasgow, Scotland, Alex Gray grew up in Thunder Bay, Ontario.
He played for five years with the Port Arthur Ports of the TBSHL.
According to Legends of Hockey, "he topped the league in goal scoring three times and was its most penalized player twice."
In 1928 Gray signed with the New York Rangers of the NHL.
Wearing jersey number 2, he played on a line with Paul Thompson and Murray Murdoch.
He helped the Rangers win the Stanley Cup that spring.
He played a total of 13 games for the Maple Leafs in the 1928–29 season (7 regular season games and 4 playoff games).
After 1 season in Toronto he was sent to the minors where he spent the remainder of his career.
1928  Stanley Cup Championship  (NYR)
Alex Gray's New York Rangers Biography
Scottish ice hockey players
Gordon Corson Clark (born May 31, 1952 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a retired ice hockey right winger.
He played in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins and in the WHA for the Cincinnati Stingers.
Round Maple is a hamlet in the civil parish of Edwardstone, in the Babergh district of Suffolk, East of England.
Round Maple is 1.2 miles northeast of Edwardstone village, 6 miles east-northeast of Sudbury and 54.9 miles northeast of London.
Its postcode district is CO10.
Round Maple Mild
Round Maple gives its name to Round Maple Mild ale.
The ale is made at Mill Green.
It has 3.3% alcohol.
It also has a little bit of maple syrup.
Round Maple Mild is a dark ale.
Listed buildings
Round Maple has 4 Grade II Listed buildings (important buildings).
All are timber-framed and plastered.
The buildings include Little Thatch and Hathaway Cottage, Quicks Farmhouse, Seasons, and The Flushing.
Round Maple is on the Great Britain A-Z Road Atlas (1C, 54).
It is on the Philip's Navigator Britain (D4, 164).
Round Maple's OS grid reference is TL953436, its latitude is 52.056308 and its longitude is 0.847251.
A hamlet is a place without a church, see The Free Dictionary and Getamap Ordnance Survey which doesn't show a church and http://www.millgreenbrewery.co.uk/round-maple-mild.html and http://www.zoopla.co.uk/for-sale/details/20643412 which says Round Maple is a hamlet.
See the Listed buildings references
TL9543 Geograph
Hamlets in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
Alexander Stewart "Sandy" Fitzpatrick (born December 22, 1944 in Paisley, Scotland) is a retired professional ice hockey player.
He played in the in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers and Minnesota North Stars.
People with red hair are referred to as redheads.
Natural redheads often have very light colored skin.
They often also have freckles.
Examples of redheads
Rameses II
Sarah Ferguson
Adasaurus is a Dromaeosaur theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous.
It lived in what is now Central Asia.
It was a small carnivore, with a large, sickle-shaped claw on the second toe of each hind foot.
An adult was probably about 6.2 feet (2 meters) long.
Two specimens of Adasaurus have been found, both from the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia.
One is an incomplete skeleton with partial skull, including the vertebral column except the back of the tail, all three bones of the pelvis, the shoulder girdle and the hindlimbs.
The second specimen includes the back end of another skeleton, including the hindlimbs.
Both specimens are in the collection of the Mongolian Geological Institute in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
The age of the strata, like most of Mongolia's later Cretaceous sediments, is not known for certain.
It is thought to be somewhere between 74 and 65 million years ago.
Other dinosaurs found in this formation include Tarbosaurus, Anserimimus, and Saurolophus.
Dromaeosaurus was a genus of dromaeosaurid dinosaur which lived during the Upper Cretaceous period, about 75 million years ago.
Its remains were found in the western United States and Alberta, Canada.
Dromaeosaurus albertensis was a small carnivore, the size of a wolf, about 2 m (7 ft) in length and 15 kg (40 lb) in weight.
Its mouth was full of sharp teeth, and it had a large "sickle claw" on each foot.
It lived during the Upper Cretaceous: some  teeth which may belong to it have been found from the latest Cretaceous, 65.5 million years ago.
Although only a few bones are known from the hind limb, they indicate that Dromaeosaurus was a powerfully built animal.
The presence of feathers in closely related animals makes it extremely likely that it was feathered as well.
Dromaeosaurus had large eyes and excellent vision.
It also probably had a good sense of smell and hearing.
Its neck was curved and flexible and its jaws were solidly built.
The tail was flexible at the base but sheathed in a lattice of bony rods; this allowed it to be carried in an upturned position.
Discovery and later findings
Despite widespread attention in popular books about dinosaurs, and complete mounted skeleton casts in many museums, Dromaeosaurus is surprisingly poorly known from actual fossils.
The popular cast by the Tyrrell Museum was only made possible by knowledge gained from other dromaeosaurs discovered more recently.
The first known Dromaeosaurus remains were discovered by paleontologist Barnum Brown during a 1914 expedition to Red Deer River on behalf of the American Museum of Natural History.
Several species of Dromaeosaurus have been described, but Dromaeosaurus albertensis is the most complete specimen.
The genus is even rarer than other small theropods, although it was one of the first small theropods described.
Matthew and Brown originally placed Dromaeosaurus within "Deinodontidae" (now known as Tyrannosauridae), based on some similarities in the general proportions of the skull.
In 1969, John Ostrom recognized that Dromaeosaurus shared many features with Velociraptor and the newly-discovered Deinonychus, and assigned these forms to a new family: Dromaeosauridae.
Palaeobiology and diet
Dromaeosaurus differs from most of its relatives in having a short, massive skull, a deep mandible, and robust teeth.
The teeth tend to be more heavily-worn than those of its relative Saurornitholestes, suggesting that its jaws were used for crushing and tearing rather than simply slicing through flesh.
Dromaeosaurus had a bite nearly three times as powerful as that of a Velociraptor.
It is possible that, unlike most other dromaeosaurs, Dromaeosaurus relied more on its jaws than its claws to dispatch its prey.
It was probably better suited to tackling large prey than the more lightly-built Saurornitholestes.
The relationships of Dromaeosaurus are unclear.
Although its rugged build gives it a primitive appearance, it was actually a very specialized animal.
It is usually given its own subfamily, the Dromaeosaurinae; this group is thought to include Utahraptor, Achillobator, Adasaurus, and possibly Deinonychus.
However, the relationships of dromaeosaurs are still in a state of flux.
Dromaeosaurus are featured in Walking with Dinosaurs, stalking juvenile Torosaurus and attempting to steal eggs from Tyrannosaurus, despite never coexisting with the latter in real life.
Dromaeosaurus makes an appearance in Jurassic Fight Club, where a pack is shown being capable of taking down Edmontosaurus in spite of the carnivores' small size, but the carcass is later taken by a Tyrannosaurus (despite the tyrannosaur not being contemporaneous with Dromaeosaurus).
On 14 September 2010, the Senate of France (fr) passed a law that forbids the wearing of clothing that covers the face of a person in public, so that the person cannot be identified.
The law talks about clothing that covers the face, so it includes burqas and niqabs, but does not include the chador.
The main arguments for the ban are that people wearing such types of clothing cannot be identified by police forces, and that such veils are not compatible with the values of France as a state.
In addition, there was a discussion about women's rights.
President Nicolas Sarkozy said that a reason for the ban is to protect women from being forced to cover their faces.
The bill which was introduced, was protested by some women as a violation of women's rights.
But many people in France supported the bill, and it was passed in the Senate and the National Assembly of the French Parliament, and it became law.
John Flamsteed FRS (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer.
He was the first Astronomer Royal, appointed in 1675.
He was responsible for several of the earliest recorded sightings of the planet Uranus, which he mistook for a star and catalogued as '34 Tauri'.
The first of these was in December 1690, which remains the earliest known sighting of Uranus by an astronomer.
Star catalogue and atlas
Flamsteed is also remembered for his conflicts with Isaac Newton, the President of the Royal Society at the time.
Flamsteed was refusing to publish work commissioned by the king, so in 1712 Newton and Edmond Halley published a preliminary version of Flamsteed's Historia Coelestis Britannica.
They did so without crediting the author.
Some years later, Flamsteed managed to buy many copies of the book, and publicly burnt them in front of the Royal Observatory.
However, the numerical star designations in this book are still used and are known as Flamsteed designations.
In 1725 Flamsteed's own version of Historia Coelestis Britannica was published posthumously, edited by his wife Margaret.
This contained Flamsteed's observations, and included a catalogue of 2,935 stars to much greater accuracy than any previous work.
This was considered the first significant contribution of the Greenwich Observatory.
In 1729 his wife published his Atlas Coelestis, assisted by Joseph Crosthwait and Abraham Sharp, who were responsible for the technical side.
The correspondence of John Flamsteed, the first Astronomer Royal.
1995-2002.
Compiled and edited by Eric G. Forbes, Lesley Murdin and Frances Willmoth.
Bristol: Institute of Physics.
(v1);  (v2) ;  (v3)
The Gresham lectures of John Flamsteed.
edited and introduced by Eric G. Forbes.
London: Mansell.
Newton's tyranny: the suppressed scientific discoveries of Stephen Gray and John Flamsteed.
David H. Clark & Stephen H.P. Clark.
Edmond Halley FRS (8 November 1656 – 25 January 1743) was an English astronomer, the second Astronomer Royal.
He was also a mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist.
Halley is best known for computing the orbit of the comet named after him: Halley's Comet.
On leaving Oxford, in 1676, Halley visited the south Atlantic island of St. Helena and set up an observatory with a  telescope which had no tube.
He used the telescope to study stars from the Southern Hemisphere.
He later published Catalogus Stellarum Australium which was about the 341 southern stars.
In 1686, Halley published the second part of the results from his St. Helena expedition.
This was a paper and chart on trade winds and monsoons.
He thought solar heating caused atmospheric motions.
He also established the relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level.
His charts were an advance in how to display information visually.
Halley also persuaded Sir Isaac Newton to publish a book about his discovery of gravity.
In 1690, Halley built a diving bell, a device in which the atmosphere was replenished by way of weighted barrels of air sent down from the surface.
In a demonstration, Halley and five companions dived to 60 feet in the River Thames, and remained there for over an hour and a half.
Halley's bell was of little use for practical salvage work, as it was very heavy, but he made improvements to it over time, later extending his underwater exposure time to over 4 hours.
In 1691 Halley sought the post of Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford University.
As he was well known as an atheist, he was opposed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Tillotson.
The post went instead to a mathematician who had the support of Isaac Newton.
In 1693 Halley published an article on life annuities (a kind of pension), which featured an analysis of age-at-death on the basis of the Breslau statistics Caspar Neumann had been able to provide.
This article allowed the British government to sell life annuities at an appropriate price based on the age of the purchaser.
Halley's work strongly influenced the development of actuarial science.
The construction of the life-table for Breslau, which followed more primitive work by John Graunt, is now seen as a major event in the history of demography.
Named after Halley
Halley (lunar crater)
Halley (Martian crater)
Halley Research Station, Antarctica
Halley's method, for the solution of many equations
Halley Street, a street in Blackburn, Victoria, Australia
Edmund Halley Road, Oxford Science Park, Oxford,  OX4 4DQ UK
Halley's Comet [orbital period 76 years]
Halley Ward, surgical ward at Homerton Hospital in East London
These are generally either , rhyming with valley, or  "Hailey", though some people will use Halley's supposed pronunciation of his own name,  "Hawley".
The "Hailey" pronunciation inspired the rock and roll singer Bill Haley to call the rest of his band his "Comets" after Halley's Comet.
There are areas on the periodic table where elements have similar properties.
Such areas include Groups, especially columns.
For example, all of the first column elements (alkali metals) are light, very soft, react with water rapidly, make hydroxides that are strong bases, and react with the halogens to make colorless ionic compounds.
The other categories are: transition metals, pnictogens, chalcogens, halogens, and noble gases.
There are also inner transition metals that are divided into lanthanides and actinides.
Flamsteed designations are for stars that are similar to Bayer designations.
However, they use numbers instead of Greek letters.
Flamsteed designation contained 2554 stars.
The numbers are usually assigned in the order of increasing right ascension within each constellation.
However, because of the effects of precession, they are now slightly out of order in some parts.
This method first appeared in  John Flamsteed's Historia Coelestis Britannica, a book that was published by Edmond Halley and Isaac Newton together in 1712.
Inner transition metals (ITM) are chemical elements on the periodic table.
They are normally shown in two rows below all the other elements.
They include elements 57-71, or lanthanides, and 89-103, or actinides.
The lanthanides are very similar, and the actinides are all radioactive.
ITMs have three incomplete outermost nucelus shells and are all metals.
In some cases they are quite malleable and ductile.
Many lanthanides such as Lutetium are used in the lighting industry.
Actinides don't occur in nature (except for thorium and uranium), and are highly unstable.
Molar mass is the mass of a substance that has 6.022 × 1023 atoms (Avogadro's number).
The mass number of an element is equal to the molar mass of the element .
The molar mass of a chemical compound is the mass when the compound has 6.022 × 1023 molecules.
Molar mass of Chlorine is 35.45 due to consideration of avg molar mass by including mass of its all isotopes.
It can be found by adding the molar masses of all of its elements.
Sodium hydroxide's (NaOH) molar mass can be found by adding the molar mass of sodium, oxygen, and hydrogen, which would be 39.997 g/mo
Absolute hot is the hottest temperature that matter can reach.
It is measured at 1.41678571 × 1032 kelvins, 2,556 x 10^28 degrees fahrenheit or 1,420 x 10^30 degrees celsius.
It is the opposite of absolute zero (which is -273.15°C on the celsius scale, −459.67 degrees on the fahrenheit scale or 0K on the kelvin scale).
When something reaches this temperature, normal physics completely changes.
It is the highest possible temperature that matter can ever attain.
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The D-block is a group of elements on the periodic table.
They include the transition metals.
The Group 12 elements are normally called post-transition metals because they are different from the transition metals.
The Group 12 elements are still in the d-block though.
The d-block can hold up to ten (10) electrons at most.
A group 12 element is a group in the periodic table of chemical elements.
It includes zinc, cadmium, mercury, and copernicium.
Copernicium is not stable so its properties are not clear.
They all have low melting and boiling points.
Mercury is even a liquid.
Zinc is the least electronegative and most reactive of the Group 12 elements.
A period 4 element is an element in the fourth period (row) of the periodic table.
It begins at potassium and ends at krypton.
Period 4 has 18 elements.
Period 4 elements have electrons in the first four electron shells.
All period 4 elements have one or more electrons in the fourth electron shell (valence electrons).
When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added.
Two electrons join the 4s orbital, ten electrons join the 3d orbital, and six electrons join the 4p orbitals.
A kilogram per cubic meter is a measurement of density.
It is defined as the amount of kilograms that one cubic meter of a substance has in it.
Thomas Wilfred "Smokey, Fred" Harris (born October 11, 1890 in Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada – June 4, 1974) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward.
Harris began playing professional ice hockey with the Vancouver Millionaires in 1911.
After spending some time with the Millionaires he moved on to play for the Seattle Metropolitans and Portland Rosebuds.
Eventually he would find his way to the other side of the country to play for the Boston Bruins in the National Hockey League where he scored the first goal in the teams history.
A kilojoule per mole is a way of measuring the amount of heat needed for something.
It is the number of kilojoules needed to make the reaction in one mole of substance.
Enthalpy of fusion is the measure of the energy needed to change a substance from a solid to a liquid.
Extra energy is needed, more than what is obvious by the temperature scale.
For example, ice at 0°C needs to absorb heat before it converts (changes) to water at 0°C.
The temperature does not change, but energy is absorbed to change from solid to liquid.
Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove the most loosely attached electron from an atom.
The atom is not connected to any other atoms.
The chemical elements to the left of the periodic table have a much lower ionization energy.
The ones to the right have a much higher ionization energy.
The chemical elements down the periodic table have a much lower ionization energy (due to electrons being farther away from the atom with increasing atomic radius).
The ionization energy increases as each electron is removed.
Ionization energies are dependent upon the atomic radius.
Since going from right to left on the periodic table, the atomic radius increases, and the ionization energy increases from left to right in the periods and up the groups.
Exceptions to this trend is observed for alkaline earth metals (group 2) and nitrogen group elements (group 15).
Typically, group 2 elements have ionization energy greater than group 13 elements and group 15 elements have greater ionization energy than group 16 elements.
Groups 2 and 15 have completely and half-filled electronic configuration respectively, thus, it requires more energy to remove an electron from completely filled orbitals than incompletely filled orbitals.
Alkali metals (IA group) have small ionization energies, especially when compared to halogens or VII A group.
In addition to the radius (distance between nucleus and the electrons in outermost orbital), the number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron(s) you're looking at in the outermost shell have an effect on the ionization energy as well.
This effect, where the full positive charge of the nucleus is not felt by outer electrons due to the negative charges of inner electrons partially canceling out the positive charge, is called shielding.
The more electrons shielding the outer electron shell from the nucleus, the less energy required to expel an electron from said atom.
The higher the shielding effect the lower the ionization energy.
It is because of the shielding effect that the ionization energy decreases from top to bottom within a group.
From this trend, Cesium is said to have the lowest ionization energy and Fluorine is said to have the highest ionization energy (with the exception of Helium and Neon).
1st, 2nd, and 3rd Ionization Energies
The first ionization energy is the energy required to take away an electron from a neutral atom and the second ionization energy is the energy required to take away an electron from an atom with a +1 charge and so on.
Each succeeding ionization energy is larger than the preceding energy.
The Effects of Electron Shells on Ionization Energy
Electron orbitals are separated into various shells which have strong impacts on the ionization energies of the various electrons.
For instance, let us look at aluminum.
Aluminum is the first element of its period with electrons in the 3p shell.
This makes the first ionization energy comparably low to the other elements in the same period, because it only has to get rid of one electron to make a stable 3s shell, the new valence electron shell.
However, once you've moved past the first ionization energy into the second ionization energy, there is a large jump in the amount of energy required to expel another electron.
This is because you now are trying to take an electron from a fairly stable and full 3s electron shell.
A picometer is a measurement.
It is one millionth of a billionth of a meter.
It is also one trillionth of a millimeter.
Many atoms are larger than this.
To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−10 m and 10−9 m (100 pm and 1 nm).
100 pm — 1 ångström
100 pm — covalent radius of sulfur atom
120 pm — van der Waals radius of a neutral hydrogen atom
126 pm — covalent radius of ruthenium atom
135 pm — covalent radius of technetium atom
153 pm — covalent radius of silver atom
154 pm — mode length of (C-C) covalent bond
155 pm — covalent radius of zirconium atom
175 pm — covalent radius of thulium atom
200 pm — highest resolution of a typical electron microscope
225 pm — covalent radius of caesium atom
340 pm — thickness of single layer graphene
356.68 pm — width of diamond cell (unit cell)
403 pm — width of lithium fluoride cell
500 pm — width of α helix protein
560 pm — width of sodium chloride cell
700 pm — width of glucose molecule
780 pm — mean width of quartz cell
820 pm — mean width of ice cell
900 pm — mean width of coesite cell
900 pm — width of sucrose molecule
The covalent radius is the radius of an atom that is measured when that atom is in a covalent bond.
It is normally measured in picometers.
It is normally found by X-ray diffraction.
The Van der Waals radius is the radius of an atom that is seen as a hard sphere.
It is named after someone who realized that atoms were not points, but actual objects.
It can be found by the critical point and the physical properties of a gas.
It also can be found by a molecular crystal.
Diamagnetism is a type of magnetism.
They very weakly repel magnets.
Most substances are diamagnetic.
It was discovered in 1778 when someone saw that bismuth and antimony repelled a magnet.
Diamagnetic things can be levitated.
A frog was levitated in a very strong magnet.
Water can be repelled by a magnet because it is diamagnetic.
It is too weak to be noticed normally, though.
Young's modulus is the measure of how much force is needed to stretch or compress a substance.
Its most basic form is stress/strain.
Stress is the measure of the force applied to a certain area.
Strain is the amount by which the substance is deformed.
Shear modulus is a measure of the amount of force that will shear or twist an object.
It is normally the letter G. It is the measure of the force needed to shear an object that is attached to a solid object.
It can also measure the amount of force needed to twist an object.
The bulk modulus (letter K) is a measure of the resistance of a substance to compression on all sides.
Gases are easily compressed, while solids and liquid are only compressed with difficulty.
It is measured by a measuring instrument when another object is placed under pressure.
Its unit is psi.
Poisson's ratio (letter v) is a measure of the contraction that happens when an object is stretched.
This contraction is perpendicular to the stretching force.
It can also expand as the object is compressed in a perpendicular direction.
Poisson's ratio ranges from 0.0-0.5 for common materials, though for materials with certain structures, can be as low as -1.
A material with a Poisson's ratio close to 0 (like cork) can be stretched a lot in the axial direction without changing much at all in the transverse, where as pulling on a material with a high Poisson's ratio (like rubber) will cause it to become much more narrow.
A material with a negative Poisson's ratio will expand in all directions as it is stretched.
The Brinell scale is a measure of hardness in materials.
It is measured by making a dent in the material and seeing how deep the dent goes with a known amount of force.
It is similar to the Mohs' hardness scale, which scratches the material.
It is used to test the hardness of metals.
Normally, a steel ball is pressed into an object and the dent made is measured.
A CAS registry number is a unique number given to every chemical substance by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS).
It is also called  CASRN or CAS number.
CAS registry number is also given to organic, inorganic compounds, minerals, isotopes, alloys.
They are numbers ending with a check digit.
They do not contain any structure information of the chemical.
It now identifies more than 164 million organic and inorganic substances.
68 million protein and DNA sequences are identified also.
It is updated with around 15,000 new substances everyday.
Jeff Heerema (; born January 17, 1980 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger.
He was drafted in the first round, 11th overall, by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft.
Daniel Patrick Gruen (born June 26, 1952 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player.
His career included 49 games in the National Hockey League and 181 games in the World Hockey Association, during which he played with the Colorado Rockies, Detroit Red Wings, Michigan Stags, Winnipeg Jets, Cleveland Crusaders, Calgary Cowboys, and Minnesota Fighting Saints.
Michael Hordy (born October 10, 1956 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player.
During his career he played eleven games in the National Hockey League for the New York Islanders.
Stefan "Steve" Hrymnak (March 3, 1926 – November 23, 2015) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player.
His career included playing 18 games in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Red Wings.
A board of directors is a group of people.
They normally oversee the actions of a corporation or other business.
There are laws called  bylaws that the board follows.
They organize the business, appoint the CEO, organize budgets and take care of financial matters.
Within a board, directors commonly organize themselves into several committees, such as:  audit committee, compensation committee, and human resource committee.
A clinical thermometer is a thermometer used to measure human body temperature.
Most made in the 20th century are mercury-in-glass thermometers.
They are accurate and sensitive, having a narrow place where the mercury level rises very fast.
A kink in the tube stops the mercury level from falling on its own.
These thermometers are used in clinics by doctors,  it is a clinical thermometers they are also called a doctor's thermometers or medical thermometers.
Most show both Celsius scale and Fahrenheit temperature scales, and run from 35 degree Celsius to 42 degree Celsius.
For centuries medical thermometers were large, and took many minutes to register a temperature.
Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit invented a quicker mercury thermometer in 1714, and the Fahrenheit temperature scale.
In the 1860s smaller, better ones were made, and thus thermometers were more often used.
An ear thermometer was invented in the 1960s, which works quickly and easily.
Digital thermometers became widespread in the late 20th century.
Roar (utterance), a sound produced by certain animals such as lions, tigers and mammoths.
Roar, the King's College London student newspaper
Brisbane Roar FC, an Australian football club (formerly Queensland Roar FC)
Roar (movie)  a movie set in Africa and produced by Tippi Hedren
Roar (TV series), a short-lived television drama set in 4th century Ireland
Roar (UK TV series), a CBBC television series about the animals in a zoo
Rrröööaaarrr, second album of Canadian progressive metal band Voivod
The Roar, a 2008 novel by Emma Clayton
Roar (roller coaster), the name of two wooden roller coasters located at Six Flags America and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom
ROAR Registry of Open Access Repositories indexes open access institutional repositories.
"Roar", a Norwegian form of the name Roger
Roar (dubious Danish king), a dubious legendary king of Denmark
Roar Ljøkelsøy, a Norwegian ski jumper
"My Name is" is a song by Eminem, released in 1999.
It is the debut and second single overall from his major-label debut album, The Slim Shady LP.
Producer Dr. Dre wanted to use a sample of Labi Siffre's "I Got The ..." for the rhythm track; as revealed in the sleeve notes of the re-mastered CD of the source album, Remember My Song, Siffre, who is openly gay, stated, "attacking two of the usual scapegoats, women and gays, is lazy writing.
If you want to do battle, attack the aggressors not the victims."
Eminem made lyric changes and Siffre cleared the sample.
It taxed sugar and decreased taxes on molasses in British colonies in America and the West Indies.
This restricted smuggling.
It was also a use of mercantilism.