the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Prey includes insects, mammals from mice to hares and mongoose, crabs, lizards, snakes, tortoises, young birds, bird eggs, and sometimes dead animals killed in grass or bushfires.
The bird is famous for hunting snakes.
It even hunts venomous cobras and other reptiles.
Its claws are weak and blunt, so to make a kill, it stomps on its victim, breaking its back.
A nucleophile is a species that donates an electron-pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in a reaction.
All molecules or ions with a free pair of electrons can be nucleophiles.
This pair of electrons is called lone pair.
Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they fit the definition of Lewis bases.
Nucleophilic describes the attraction of a nucleophile to the nuclei.
Nucleophilicity, sometimes referred to as  nucleophile strength, refers to a substance's nucleophilic character and is often used to compare the attraction of atoms.
Neutral nucleophilic reactions with solvents such as alcohols and water are called "solvolysis".
Nucleophiles may take part in nucleophilic substitution reactions.
In those reactions, a nucleophile becomes attracted to a full or partial positive charge.
The terms nucleophile and electrophile were introduced by Christopher Kelk Ingold in 1929, replacing the terms cationoid and anionoid proposed earlier by A. J. Lapworth in 1925.
In general, within a row across the periodic table, the more basic the ion (the higher the pKa of the conjugate acid) the more reactive it is as a nucleophile.
In a given group, polarizability is more important in the determination of the nucleophilicity.
In other words, the easier it is to distort the electron cloud around an atom or molecule, the more readily it will react.
For example, the iodide ion (I−) is more nucleophilic than the fluoride ion (F−).
Types of nucleophiles
Examples of nucleophiles are anions such as Cl−, or a compound with a lone pair of electrons such as NH3 (ammonia).
In the example below, the oxygen of the hydroxide ion donates an electron pair to bond with the carbon at the end of the bromopropane molecule.
The bond between the carbon and the bromine then undergoes heterolytic fission, with the bromine atom taking the donated electron and becoming the bromide ion (Br−).
This is a SN2 reaction occurs by backside attack.
This means that the hydroxide ion attacks the carbon atom from the other side, exactly opposite the bromine ion.
Because of this backside attack, SN2 reactions result in a reversal of the configuration of the electrophile.
If the electrophile is chiral, it typically keeps its chirality, though the SN2 product's configuration is flipped as compared to that of the original electrophile (Walden inversion).
An ambident nucleophile is one that can attack from two or more places, resulting in two or more products.
For example, the thiocyanate ion (SCN−) may attack from either the S or the N. For this reason, the SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide with SCN− often leads to a mixture of RSCN (an alkyl thiocyanate) and RNCS (an alkyl isothiocyanate).
Similar mixtures will happen in the Kolbe nitrile synthesis.
Carbon nucleophiles
Enols are also carbon nucleophiles.
The formation of an enol is catalyzed by acid or base.
Enols are ambident nucleophiles, but, in general, nucleophilic at the carbon atom next to the carbons with double bond (alpha carbon atom).
Oxygen nucleophiles
Examples of oxygen nucleophiles are water (H2O), hydroxide anion, alcohols, alkoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and carboxylate anions.
Sulfur nucleophiles
Of sulfur nucleophiles, hydrogen sulfide and its salts, thiols (RSH), thiolate anions (RS−), anions of thiolcarboxylic acids (RC(O)-S−), and anions of dithiocarbonates (RO-C(S)-S−) and dithiocarbamates (R2N-C(S)-S−) are used most often.
Nitrogen nucleophiles
Lewis base
The , also known as the Taishō era, was a  after Meiji and before Shōwa.
This period started on July 30, 1912 and it ended on December 25, 1926.
The nengō Taishō means "Great Justice" or "Great Righteousness".
Events of the Taishō period
1920 (Taishō 9): First census of Japan, population 77 million
1921 (Taishō 10): Prince Hirohito was made regent (sesshō)
1923 (Taishō 12): Great Kantō earthquake;
1925 (Taishō 14): The Emperor accepts the principle of the right to vote for everyone
1912 (Taishō 1): Emperor Meiji died; and Saionji Kinmochi was the Prime Minister during the time of transition.
1912 (Taishō 1): Katsura Tarō became 15th Prime Minister of Japan
1913 (Taishō 2): Yamamoto Gonbee became 16th Prime Minister
1914 (Taishō 3): Ōkuma Shigenobu became 17th Prime Minister
1916 (Taishō 5): Terauchi Masatake became 18th Prime Minister
1918 (Taishō 7): Hara Takashi became 19th Prime Minister
1921 (Taishō 10): Takahashi Korekiyo became 20th Prime Minister
1922 (Taishō 11): Katō Tomosaburō became 21st Prime Minister
1923 (Taishō 12): Yamamoto became 22nd Prime Minister
1924 (Taishō 13): Kiyoura Keigo became 23rd Prime Minister
1924 (Taishō 13): Katō Takaaki became 24th Prime Minister
1926 (Taishō 15):Wakatsuki Reijirō became 25th Prime Minister
Motherwell vs Airdrie
This game is the biggest Lanarkshire derby, and big crowds usually come to watch this match, at either Fir Park or Excelsior Stadium.
For a very long time, Motherwell and Airdrieonians were the two biggest teams in Lanarkshire, up until Airdrie went out of business in 2002.
There has only been one game between these two teams since Airdrie re-formed as Airdrie United, in the 2007 Scottish Cup.
A Richie Foran goal won it for Motherwell that day, in front of a crowd of 5,924, the highest ever for an Airdrie United match.
Also, this match had often been the final of the Lanarkshire Cup, a competition where teams from all-over Lanarkshire played in.
This competition stopped in 1996.
Motherwell vs Hamilton Academical
This game is the second-biggest Lanarkshire derby, and the most Southern of all the derbies.
Up until 2008, both teams were mostly in different divisions.
Then Hamilton got promoted to the SPL and both teams were to play each other a lot.
This ended when Hamilton got relegated in 2011, meaning that Motherwell are now the only SPL team in Lanarkshire.
Hamilton Academical vs Airdrie
This game is between the two middle-rated teams in Lanarkshire, and is not as big as when one of the teams play Motherwell.
Both teams have usually been in a league lower than the SPL, so this is not thought to be a big derby.
Airdrie vs Albion Rovers
This game is big for both teams, as they were both in the Monklands area, until Airdrie moved to a new stadium in the Petersburn area in 1998.
The first match between Albion and Airdrie (as United), was in 2010, when Airdrie beat Albion Rovers 1-0 at Cliftonhill.
Since that game, both teams are in the same division in the 2011-12 season.
Albion Rovers vs Hamilton Academical
This is not a big derby match, as both teams have been in different divisions for most of their existence.
They were in the same league in 2001, but have not met each other since, making this derby the smallest.
Coatbridge and Hamilton are 6 miles apart.
Albion Rovers vs Motherwell
This is the least remembered of the derbies, as Albion have been in the lower divisions for most of their existence, whilst Motherwell have been in the top division.
There is also no bad feeling between the two, as a few young Motherwell players have gone out on loan to Albion Rovers over the years.
Not to be confused with Camptosaurus.
Camposaurus is a dinosaur from the Late Triassic of North America.
It is a relative of Coelophysis.
This relationship was upheld by a recent phylogenetic anlysis.
With fossils dating back to 205–210 million years ago (mya), it is the oldest known neotheropod.
It is known from partial lower leg bones and other fragmentary material.
A study of Camposaurus arizoniensis by Ezcurra and Brusatte discovered two unique features.
This meant the specimen was a valid genus and species.
Camposaurus is definitely a neotheropod.
Based on phylogenetic analysis, its closest known relative is Megapnosaurus rhodensis, because they share similarities in the tibia, and ankle.
Spielman et al. (
2007) put Camposaurus in the family Coelophysidae.
Staurikosaurus is a genus of Upper Triassic theropod dinosaurs found in Brazil.
It was a small, lightly built carnivore.
The rarity of Staurikosaurus remains may be a result of it being uncommon while alive, or because it lived in an environment such as a forest, where fossils rarely form.
At just , 80 centimetres tall (31 in), and weighing just 30 kilograms (66 lb), Staurikosaurus was tiny in comparison to later theropods like Megalosaurus.
Staurikosaurus and the related Herrerasaurus are definitely theropods and evolved after the sauropod line had split from the theropods.
The fossil record of Staurikosaurus is poor, but the skeletal structure of the legs is known.
Staurikosaurus was a quick runner for its size.
It also had just two vertebrae joining the pelvis to the spine, a distinctly primitive arrangement.
The tail of Staurikosaurus was relatively long (with more than 40 vertebrae) compared to the rest of its body and was held straight and off the ground as it ran.
The rear part of Staurikosaurus's tail is stiffened by features of the tail vertebrae.
Ostrom thought this was a dynamic stabilizer to help balance while leaping and running.
Dinosaurs of Rio grande do Sul.
The Ostend Manifesto was an 1854 document describing the reasons for the United States to buy Cuba.
Cuba was to be added as a slave state of the United States.
19th century in Belgium
19th century in Cuba
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer.
It was made by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England.
EDSAC was the first stored-program electronic computer.
It was also the first to run a computer game.
Later the project was supported by J. Lyons & Co. Ltd., a British company.
They were rewarded with the first commercial computer, LEO I. LEO I was based on the EDSAC design.
EDSAC ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, when it calculated a table of square numbers and a list of prime numbers.
Voting age is the age when a person is allowed to vote in political elections by governments.
The majority of countries set it at 18, but ages ranging from 16 to 21 exist.
Iran is the only sovereignty to ever have a voting age below 16 in recent history, setting it at 15 until it was raised to 18 recently.
When the voting age was first established it was usually set at 21, but in the latter half of the twentieth century most countries, including the United States, lowered it to 18.
A few jurisdictions today, such as Austria and the Isle of Man, have lowered it to 16.
Shrek the Halls is a television Christmas special.
It was first shown on the American television network ABC on Wednesday, November 28, 2007.
The special is based on the characters from the Shrek movies.
It is thirty minutes long.
The cast includes Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz and Antonio Banderas.
The television special was released on iTunes on November 2, 2008.
It was shown again on December 9, 2009, December 4, 2010, December 9, 2010, and November 28, 2011 on ABC.
The special is set shortly after the events of Shrek the Third and before the events of Shrek Forever After.
It takes place when Shrek and Fiona's children are still infants.
Shrek (Mike Myers)  is quietly living in the swamp with his family when the Christmas season arrives.
Donkey (Eddie Murphy) convinces Shrek to tell Princess Fiona (Cameron Diaz) to expect a special Christmas surprise.
Shrek goes to the local bookstore in Far, Far Away to try to find a present for Fiona.
Because he does not know what Christmas is all about, the shopkeeper (Marissa Jaret Winokur) gives Shrek a copy of the book Christmas For Village Idiots.
It is a step-by-step guide to celebrating the holiday.
Shrek does what the book say to do by decorating the house and getting a tree.
He plans to have a quiet Christmas Eve with his family.
Donkey brings the entire "family" to the swamp.
This ruins Shrek's plans.
Shrek tries to tell his own version of "A Visit from St. Nicholas (The Night Before Christmas)".
Gingy, Donkey, and Puss in Boots (Antonio Banderas) interrupt and each tell their own version of a Christmas story.
Donkey tells of floats coming to the swamp.
At the end, Donkey tells of licking a very large Santa figure that is made out of waffles.
Puss tells his version of the story of Santa Claus.
He ends up playing with the with one of the baubles from the Christmas tree.
Gingy's story is not happy.
It is very scary.
He tells about how his girlfriend Suzy got eaten by Santa Claus.
DOnkey finds Shrek's Christmas for Village Idiots book.
In a fight over the book, all of Shrek's decorations, furniture and the tree are destroyed.
Shrek gets angry and tells everyone to leave the house.
In a bad mood, Fiona and Shrek have a talk.
After they talk, she takes the children and leaves the swamp to go and apologize to their friends.
Shrek feels very bad that Christmas Eve did not go as he hoped it would.
Fiona finds their friends and explains to Donkey what Shrek had wanted for Christmas.
Shrek joins them and tells them he is sorry for getting mad.
Donkey is surprised to learn that this is Shrek's first Christmas, because "ogres don't celebrate anything."
Donkey says he is sorry for being annoying.
He says that Christmas never goes as planned and according to his mother, "'Christmas ain't Christmas until somebody cries', and that's usually me."
After a snowball fight, the friends return to the swamp.
Shrek tells his story.
It is about Ogre Claus, not Santa Claus.
Soon they hear bells.
They go outside to see Santa and his reindeer.
Gingy runs back inside screaming in fear.
Mike Myers as Shrek and santa
Cameron Diaz as Fiona
Conrad Vernon as Gingy
Cody Cameron as Pinocchio and The Three Little Pigs
Christopher Knights as Three Blind Mice
Marissa Jaret Winokur as Bookstore Clerk
Gary Trousdale as Santa Claus
Susan Fitzer as Susie Cookie
Shrek the Halls was produced by DreamWorks Animation at the PDI/DreamWorks studio.
Gary Trousdale directed the special at first, but he was later replaced by Mark Baldo.
The movie was produced by Teresa Cheng, Gina Shay and Aron Warner.
The screenplay was written by Bill Riling, Theresa Cullen, Gary Trousdale and Sean Bishop.
Shrek the Halls was released on DVD in the United States on November 4, 2008.
It was first sold by itself, or combined with Shrek the Third.
U.S. Nielsen ratings
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas is a television Christmas special that was first shown on the American television network ABC on Thursday, November 24, 2011.
It is based on characters from the movie Ice Age.
The entire cast from the movies all play the same characters; Ciara Bravo is the voice of Peaches, who is now a young kid.
There are new characters voiced by Billy Gardell, T. J. Miller, and Judah Friedlander.
In the middle of decorating for the holiday season, Sid (John Leguizamo) accidentally destroys Manny's (Ray Romano) favorite decoration, the traditional Christmas rock (predating the Christmas tree) by accident.
Sid, convinced by Manny that he's now on Santa's naughty list, takes off with Crash (Seann William Scott), Eddie (Josh Peck), and Peaches (Ciara Bravo) — who's still a young child — for the North Pole to get him off the naughty list.
On their journey, they befriend one of Santa's reindeer Prancer (T. J. Miller).
When they arrive at the North Pole, Sid and his crew accidentally destroy Santa's (Billy Gardell) workshop.
When Manny, Ellie, and Diego (worried over Peaches' safety) arrive at the North Pole, they reunite to save Christmas.
With the help of an army of mini-sloths (who had attacked Sid and his crew before), the Sub-Zero Heroes make enough new toys for every child on Earth.
Santa is then able to distribute presents on a worldwide basis after Prancer and his whole family volunteer to pull his sleigh.
Santa has also left Scrat (Chris Wedge) a present: A small acorn, which he then loses again.
Ray Romano as Manny
John Leguizamo as Sid
Denis Leary as Diego
Queen Latifah as Ellie
Seann William Scott as Crash
Josh Peck as Eddie
Ciara Bravo as Peaches
Billy Gardell as Santa Claus
T. J. Miller as Prancer
Judah Friedlander as Head Mini-Sloth
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas was positively welcomed from audience.
Michael "Mick" Wingert (born July 4, 1974) is an American stand-up comedian, voice actor, comedian, and actor.
He is best known as the new voice of Master Po in Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness.
He took over from Po's original voice actor Jack Black.
The , also known as the Shōwa era, was a  after Taishō and before Heisei.
This period started on December 25, 1926 and ended on January 7, 1989.
During this time, the emperor was , also known as
The nengō Shōwa means "Brilliant Harmony"
Events of the Shōwa period
1979 (Shōwa 54): 5th G7 summit in Tokyo
1986 (Shōwa 61): 12th G7 summit in Tokyo
1926 (Shōwa 1): Emperor Taishō died; and Wakatsuki Reijirō was the Prime Minister during the time of transition.
1927 (Shōwa 2): Tanaka Giichi became 26th Prime Minister
1929 (Shōwa 4): Osachi Hamaguchi became 27th Prime Minister
1931 (Shōwa 6): Wakatsuki became 28th Prime Minister
1931 (Shōwa 6): Inukai Tsuyoshi became 29th Prime Minister
1932 (Shōwa 7): Saitō Makoto became 30th Prime Minister
1934 (Shōwa 9): Keisuke Okada became 31st Prime Minister
1936 (Shōwa 11): Koki Hirota became 32nd Prime Minister
1937 (Shōwa 12): Senjuro Hayashi became 33rd Prime Minister
1937 (Shōwa 12): Fumimaro Konoe became 34th Prime Minister
1939 (Shōwa 14): Hiranuma Kiichirō became 35th Prime Minister
1939 (Shōwa 14): Nobuyuki Abe became 36th Prime Minister
1940 (Shōwa 15): Mitsumasa Yonai became 37th Prime Minister
1940 (Shōwa 15): Konoe became 38th Prime Minister
1941 (Shōwa 16): Konoe became 39th Prime Minister
1941 (Shōwa 16): Hideki Tojo became 40th Prime Minister
1944 (Shōwa 19): Kuniaki Koiso became 41st Prime Minister
1945 (Shōwa 20): Kantaro Suzuki became 42nd Prime Minister
1945 (Shōwa 21): Naruhiko Higashikuni became 43rd Prime Minister
1945 (Shōwa 21): Kijuro Shidehara became 44th Prime Minister
1946 (Shōwa 22): Shigeru Yoshida became 45th Prime Minister
1947 (Shōwa 23): Tetsu Katayama became 46th Prime Minister
1948 (Shōwa 24): Hitoshi Ashida became 47th Prime Minister
1948 (Shōwa 24): Yoshida became 48th Prime Minister
1949 (Shōwa 25): Yoshida became 49th Prime Minister
1952 (Shōwa 27): Yoshida became 50th Prime Minister
1953 (Shōwa 28): Yoshida became 51st Prime Minister
1954 (Shōwa 29): Ichiro Hatoyama became 52nd Prime Minister
1955 (Shōwa 30): Hatoyama became 53rd Prime Minister
1955 (Shōwa 30): Hatoyama became 54th Prime Minister
1956 (Shōwa 31): Tanzan Ishibashi became 55th Prime Minister
1957 (Shōwa 32): Nobusuke Kishi became 56th Prime Minister
1958 (Shōwa 33): Kishi became 57th Prime Minister
1960 (Shōwa 35): Hayato Ikeda became 58th Prime Minister
1960 (Shōwa 35): Ikeda became 59th Prime Minister
1963 (Shōwa 38): Ikeda became 60th Prime Minister
1964 (Shōwa 39): Eisaku Sato became 61st Prime Minister
1967 (Shōwa 42): Sato became 62nd Prime Minister
1970 (Shōwa 45): Sato became 63rd Prime Minister
1972 (Shōwa 47): Kakuei Tanaka became 64th Prime Minister
1972 (Shōwa 47): Tanaka became 65th Prime Minister
1974 (Shōwa 49): Takeo Miki became 66th Prime Minister
1976 (Shōwa 51): Takeo Fukuda became 67th Prime Minister
1978 (Shōwa 53): Masayoshi Ohira became 68th Prime Minister
1979 (Shōwa 54): Ohira became 69th Prime Minister
1980 (Shōwa 55): Zenko Suzuki became 70th Prime Minister
1982 (Shōwa 57): Yasuhiro Nakasone became 71st Prime Minister
1983 (Shōwa 58): Nakasone became 72nd Prime Minister
1986 (Shōwa 61): Nakasone became 73rd Prime Minister
1987 (Shōwa 62): Noboru Takeshita became 74th Prime Minister
1989 disestablishments
1980s disestablishments in Asia
The 2016 United States presidential election happened on November 8, 2016.
Donald Trump, the Republican candidate who was a businessman, won the election.
He defeated Hillary Clinton, the Democratic candidate, who was the former United States Secretary of State.
Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama was not allowed to serve a third term.
Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was able to win the Democratic nomination.
Trump became his party's front-runner against many candidates in the Republican primary, defeating Senator Ted Cruz, Senator Marco Rubio, and Ohio Governor John Kasich among other candidates.
Many third-party candidates ran, such as Gary Johnson.
Trump chose Governor of Indiana Mike Pence as his running mate, and Clinton chose Senator Tim Kaine as her running mate.
Trump received 304 electoral votes, 34 more votes than what was needed to win, while Clinton received 227.
Even though Clinton won the popular vote, the electoral votes decide the actual winner of the election.
Trump took office on January 20, 2017.
Article Two of the United States Constitution says that for a person to be elected and serve as President of the United States, they must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old, and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years.
President Barack Obama was unable to seek re-election for a third term because of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states that a president may only serve up to two terms.
His term as president ended at noon eastern standard time on January 20, 2017.
Major third parties
Robert David Steele, activist and author from Virginia; candidate for the Reform Party's nomination in 2012.
Suspended campaign on January 6, 2016
Marc Allan Feldman, Anesthesiologist at The Cleveland Clinic (since 1998).
Suspended after convention
John McAfee, businessman and computer scientist, founder of McAfee.
Austin Petersen, businessman and founder and CEO of Stonegait, LLC.
Suspended after convention.
Endorsed Gary Johnson
Vermin Supreme, performance artist and activist; candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination in 2012 and 2016.
Ballot access to 207 electoral votes (451 with write-in): –
As write-in: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia
No ballot access: California, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Oklahoma
States with no ballot access: South Dakota As write-in:  Georgia, Indiana, North Carolina.
Other active candidates
Darryl Cherney, Earth First!
organizer and musician from California
Sedinam Curry, 29th People's National Convention organizer from California
William Kreml, Professor Emeritus of University of South Carolina from South Carolina.
Endorsed Jill Stein
Kent Mesplay, Inspector at the Air Pollution Control District of San Diego County (2001-2015) from California.
Midge Potts, transgender peace activist from Missouri.
Suspended campaign during primaries
American Delta Party and Reform Party
Ballot access to 147 electoral votes (305 with write-in)
On the ballot: Alaska, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Wisconsin, Wyoming
As write-in: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia
No ballot access: California, District of Columbia, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming
Ballot access to 84 electoral votes (451 with write-in):
As write-in: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin
No ballot access: District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wyoming
American Freedom Party
Ballot Access to 6 electoral votes: Mississippi
Bob Whitaker, white nationalist and paleoconservative political activist from South Carolina.
Vice-presidential nominee: Tom Bowie, from Maryland
Independent American Party
Ballot Access to 18 Electoral Votes: New Mexico, Oregon, Utah
Farley Anderson, activist from Utah.
Vice Presidential nominee: Vacant
Ballot Access to 29 electoral votes: Florida
Gloria La Riva, newspaper printer and activist from New Mexico; 2008 presidential nominee; vice-presidential nominee: Eugene Puryear
Ballot Access to 21 electoral votes: Arkansas, Colorado, Mississippi
James Hedges, Tax Assessor for Thompson Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania 2002–2007; vice-presidential nominee: Bill Bayes of Mississippi
Peace and Freedom Party & Party of Socialism and Liberation
Ballot Access to 84 electoral votes: California, Florida
Gloria La Riva, newspaper printer and activist, from New Mexico
Ballot Access to 0 electoral votes
Mimi Soltysik, former National Co-chair of the Socialist Party USA from California;  vice-presidential nominee: Angela Walker of Wisconsin
Nutrition Party
Ballot Access to 9 electoral votes: Colorado
Rod Silva, restaurateur from New Jersey; Vice-presidential nominee: Vacant
Veterans Party of America
Chris Keniston, reliability engineer from Texas; vice-presidential nominee: Deacon Taylor of Nevada
Workers World Party
Monica Moorehead, perennial candidate and activist from New Jersey; vice-Presidential nominee: Lamont Lilly
Battleground states
Battleground states during the election were: Nevada, Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Florida, New Hampshire, Maine, Ohio and North Carolina.
Trump won Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, Florida and a congressional district in Maine.
Clinton won Nevada, New Hampshire and Maine.
Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylvania were seen as likely 'Blue' states, but Trump won all three states in what was seen as a political upset.
Party conventions
July 25–28, 2016: Democratic National Convention to be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
July 18–21, 2016: Republican National Convention to be held in Cleveland, Ohio.
August 4–7, 2016: Green National Convention was held in Houston, Texas.
May 26–30, 2016: Libertarian National Convention to be held in Orlando, Florida.
April 13–16, 2016: Constitution Party National Convention was held in Salt Lake City, Utah.
July 29–31, 2016: Reform Party National Convention was held in Bohemia, New York.
Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee
Dominican University of California in San Rafael, California
Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond, Kentucky
Georgia College & State University in Milledgeville, Georgia
Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York
Jacksonville University in Jacksonville, Florida
Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia
State University of New York Rockland Community College in Suffern, New York
Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
West Virginia University and West Virginia State University in Charleston, West Virginia
Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio
Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas
Houston Community College in Houston, Texas
Blue shows Clinton's margin of victory over Trump, while red shows Trump's margin of victory over Clinton.
2016 Presidential Form 2 Filers  at the Federal Election Commission (FEC)
Lucy Liu (born December 2, 1968) is an American actress, artist, and movie producer.
She was born in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City.
Her parents are from Taiwan.
Liu has been in many movies and many television programs.
Christina Crawford (born October 17, 1988) is an American dancer and professional wrestler.
She is best known for working for WWE where she wrestled in their developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling and NXT, under the ring name Caylee Turner.
Crawford first became well known on WWE's Tough Enough.
It is a reality television series.
The winner of Tough Enough would get WWE contract.
She did not win, but did well enough that WWE gave her a job.
Florida Championship Wrestling (2010–2011)
In June 2010, Crawford signed a contract with WWE.
She was later sent to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW).
She first appeared on July 8, 2010 in a bikini contest.
On November 20 that she made her first wrestling appearance using the new ring name Caylee Turner.
It was a 6 diva tag team match with Rosa Mendes and Aksana.
Her team lost the match to AJ Lee, Kaitlyn and Naomi Knight.
In February 2011, Crawford was let go from her WWE contract.
Tough Enough (2011)
In March 2011, Crawford was listed as one of the fourteen people on the new version of  Tough Enough.
On the May 16th edition of Tough Enough, Christina was in a match with A.J. Kirsch where she hurt her ankle.
She was taken to the emergency room.
On the May 23rd edition of Tough Enough, Christina was cut from the competition as was with A.J. Kirsch.
Return to Florida Championship Wrestling and release (2011–2012)
After leaving Tough Enough, Crawford went back to work for FCW.
On June 22, 2011, she teamed up with Leah West to face Audrey Marie and Sonia in a tag team match but lost.
On the August 7, 2011 episode of FCW television, she teamed up with A.J. and Kaitlyn.
They beat the team of Sonia, Audrey Marie, and Raquel Diaz.
On August 14 edition of FCW, Caylee teamed up with Naomi to defeat the team of Kaitlyn & Audrey Marie.
On August 14, 2012, WWE released Crawford from her contract.
Crawford is of  African American descent.
She graduated from the University of Central Florida in 2011.
She studied interpersonal communications.
She has an older sister named Victoria, who is a professional wrestler for WWE, under the ring name Alicia Fox.
Christian symbolism gives objects or actions a meaning that shows Christian ideas.
Religious symbolism has an effect when it affects both the intellect and the emotions.
The choice of actions and objects for symbolism is very small.
This makes it hard to chose a symbol that other religions and traditions do not use.
Early Christian symbols
Elemental symbols
Elemental symbols were often used by the early Church.
Water is an important symbol to Christians.
Water is symbolic in baptism.
It may also mean cleansing or purity.
Fire symbolizes both the Holy Spirit and light.
It is often used in the form of a candle flame.
The sources of these symbols comes from the Bible.
Examples include the tongues of fire that symbolized the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, Jesus' description of his followers as the light of the world, and God is a consuming fire found in .
Ichthys
The fish was the most important symbol to early Christians.
The symbolic fish was familiar to Christians from the earliest times.
It can be seen in Roman monuments such as the Capella Greca and the Sacrament Chapels of the catacomb of St Callistus.
The fish was used as a Christian symbol in the first decades of the 2nd century.
The symbol may come from the miracle Jesus is said to have performed by multiplying loaves of bread and fishes on the shore of the Sea of Galilee.
Its popularity is thought to mainly come from an acrostic made of the first letters of five Greek words Iesous CHristos THeou Yios Soter.
These form the Greek word Ichthys which means fish.
Iesous Christos Theou Yios Soter translates as Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour.
Cross and crucifix
The cross is one of the most well known symbols in the world.
It was used as a symbol from the earliest times.
This is shown in arguments against Christianity shown in the Octavius of Minucius Felix
In the early 3rd century, Clement of Alexandria, used the phrase  (the Lord's sign) to mean the cross.
He used the phrase when discussing that the number 318 (in Greek numerals, ΤΙΗ) in  was a foreshadowing  of the cross and Jesus.
T is the Greek number fore 300.
ΙΗ, the first two letters of Jesus's name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, means 18.
Tertullian called the  Christian believers crucis religiosi, i.e. "devotees of the Cross".
In his book De Corona, Tertullian tells how it was a tradition for Christians to trace the sign of the cross on their foreheads.
The crucifix was not used until the 5th century.
French Medievalist historian M.-M. Davy has described in great details Romanesque Symbolism as it developed in the Middle Ages in Western Europe.
Ancient people believed that the flesh of a peafowl did not decay after death.
It became a symbol of immortality.
This symbolism was used by early Christianity.
Many early Christian paintings and mosaics show the peacock.
The peacock is still used in the Easter season in the east.
Symbols of Christian Churches
Some of the oldest symbols in the Christian church are the sacraments.
The number of sacraments is different in each denominations.
All denominations have Eucharist and baptism.
Others which may or may not be used are ordination, unction, confirmation, penance and marriage.
The rites are seen as a symbol of the spiritual change or event that takes place.
In the Eucharist, the bread and wine are symbolic of the body and blood of Jesus.
In Roman Catholicism, they become the actual Body of Christ and Blood of Christ through Transubstantiation.
This represent salvation brought by the death of Jesus.
The rite of baptism is symbolic of the cleansing of the sinner by God.
Where baptism is by immersion, it symbolizes spiritual death and resurrection.
Different groups believe the sacraments mean different things.
Some Protestant denominations think they are only symbolic.
Roman Catholics, Orthodox, some Anglicans, and some Lutherans feel that, by the power of God, the sacraments have an actual effect."
Examples of other symbols
Bestiaries
Borromean rings
Christian flag
Chi Rho and Labarum
Cross and Crown
IHS (monogram)
Flaming sword
Rose Cross
Shield of the Trinity (or Scutum Fidei)
Symbols in Christian Art and Architecture Comprehensive general listing.
Christian Symbols Net Very comprehensive site, complete with search engine.
Christian Symbols and Glossary (keyword searchable, includes symbols of saints)
ReligionFacts.com: Christian Symbols Basic Christian symbols A to T, types of crosses, number symbolism and color symbolism.
Meaning of Colors for Flags Biblical meanings of color used for Christian worship flags.
Color Symbolism in The Bible An in depth study on  symbolic color occurrence in The Bible.
Christian Symbol Wood Carvings  Forty symbols at Kansas Wesleyan University
Old Christian Symbols from book by Rudolf Koch
Christian Symbols, Origins and Meanings
Tree of Jesse Directory by Malcolm Low.
Chrismon Templates Symbol outlines that can be use to create Christian themed projects
Kingdom of Bohemia, took part in some of the early modern Olympic Games.
It was an autonomous part of Austria-Hungary until 1918.
The team began taking part in the Olympics at the 1900 Summer Olympics.
After World War I, Bohemia became part of Czechoslovakia.
Bohemian athletes competed for Czechoslovakia at the Olympics.
After Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, Bohemian athletes competed for the Czech Republic at the Olympics.
Bohemian athletes have missed only three Olympics: the first in 1896, the 1904 Summer Olympics (the first not to take place in Europe)  and the boycotted 1984 Summer Olympics.
Hedwiga Rosenbaumová also won a bronze medal with Archibald Warden of Great Britain (GBR) in the mixed doubles event in tennis at the 1900 Summer Olympics.
This medal is listed as being won by a mixed team instead of split between Bohemia and Great Britain.
American Vampire is an Eisner Award-winning comic book series.
It was created by writer Scott Snyder and Rafael Albuquerque.
In the series, the vampire population is made up of many different species.
Most people do not know vampires exist.
The series  shows how vampires evolve and deal with conflict between the species throughout history.
The series is mostly about a new American species of vampires.
This group was born American West in the late 1800s.
The first of this new species is an outlaw named Skinner Sweet.
After becoming a vampire, Sweet leans that he is a new kind of vampire.
He is stronger and faster than other species.
Sunlight does not hurt him.
He has new strengths.
He also has different weaknesses.
The series shows his movements through several decades of American history.
It also follows the only vampire he is known to have created, Pearl Jones.
Jones is a young woman who was trying to work as an actress in the 1920s silent film industry.
She was attacked by a group of European vampires who were hiding in Hollywood.
Sweet saved her by giving her his blood.
This turned her into an American vampire like him.
After this, tried to get revenge on the vampires who attacked her.
The relationship between Jones and Sweet is an important part of the series.
The first five issues had two stories in each issue.
One story was by Snyder and the other by Stephen King.
Both stories were drawn by Rafael Albuquerque.
As of the sixth issue, Scott Snyder became the only writer.
In its second year of publication, a spin-off mini-series was created.
It was titled American Vampire: Survival of the Fittest.
This mini-series was drawn by Sean Murphy.
It is about a vampire-hunting organization from the main series.
The series was first published on March 17, 2010.
This is the first comic using original Stephen King writing.
Skinner Sweet - An outlaw who lived in the Wild West.
He was turned into a vampire when the blood from Percy, a vampire banker, fell into his eye during a fight while he was escaping from being hanged.
In 1936, Sweet moved to Las Vegas.
In Las Vegas,  he opened a brothel and called himself Jim Smoke.
Pearl Jones - Wanted to be an actress in the 1920s.
She was attacked by a group of vampires led by a vampire director named B.D. Bloch during one of his parties.
The vampires though she was dead and put her body in a pit in the desert.
She was saved by Sweet when he dropped his blood on her eye.
This turned her into a vampire.
She has moved to Arrowhead, California.
She is using the surname of her husband, Henry Preston and hiding from the other vampires.
Henry Preston - Pearl Jones' husband, he is a jazz singer who decided to help Pearl to get revenge against the vampires who attacked her.
James "Jim" Book - A detective who worked for Pinkerton Agency.
He hunted and arrested Skinner Sweet.
Sweet turned him into a vampire because of this.
He made a deal with Abilena before the vampirism took full control of him.
He would have a child with her if she would kill him.
Abilena Camino/Book - Daughter of Felix Camino, her mother died at birth.
She is James Book's god-daughter but she says she loves him romantically when she grows up.
After Book's death, she takes his surname.
With her daughter Felicia, she hunts Skinner Sweet for an organization called The Vassals of the Morning Star.
Felicia Book - Fathered by James Book and his god-daughter Abilena on the night he dies.
She is a member of The Vassals of the Morning Star.
It is an organization that hunts vampires.
She seems to have special abilities because her father was a vampire.
These abilities are not fully known.
'Basal' is a term in biology for 'primitive' or 'ancestral'.
Basal is preferred because it is neutral and non-judgmental.
This terminology came into use with cladistics.
The term is used in evolution and classification to mean the group which gave rise to later forms.
It is a term which works at any level: a basal species gives rise to derived species, and a basal group gives rise to derived groups.
'Derived' is the correct term in biology for specialised or advanced.
It is used for groups which have evolved from a more basal group.
A derived trait is a trait that is present in an organism, but was not in the last common ancestor of the group being considered.
Simplicity is often secondarily derived.
For example, no mitochondria in the anaerobic protist Entamoeba histolytica is a result of their secondary loss.
General view –
Basal group
Derived group
Example –
Early primates
In the last example, note that apes are derived from monkeys but basal with respect to our own genus.
The status of being basal or derived is relative, though living species can only be derived.
In any basal-derived pair, the basal member must have evolved before the derived member, with evidence that some of its species gave rise to (evolved into) the derived member.
See also Wiley et al.
Ancestral taxon = basal group
Characters or attributes:
Plesiomorphy = ancestral trait inherited from earlier forms.
Apomorphy =  trait or innovation derived from a plesiomorphic character.
It may define a clade.
Synapomorphy = a trait or character of a whole clade.
Electronic dance music, often simplified as EDM, (occasionally referred to as electronica or dance) is a form of electronic music which is meant to be danced to, often in the setting of a nightclub, discothèque or party.
Generally, electronic dance music is created by producers and composers, and is then used by DJs, or disc jockeys, in the above settings.
Electronic dance music takes many forms and styles.
As a genre, it is generally up-tempo music created by electronic software and machines, such as synthesizers, drum machines, keyboards, samplers, sequencers and computers.
Occasionally, the term "techno" is used to describe electronic dance music in general, despite being a generalisation as techno is a distinguishable subgenre of EDM, Techno being used to talk about EDM is partly technos fault grammatically due to the echn part of techno looking similar to the letters edm.
History and origins
Being quite a generic term, EDM has a variety of 'origins' and derivations.
EDM can be said to stem from a fusion between regular dance music and electronic music.
One notable example can be Donna Summer's 1977 single "I Feel Love", which combined elements of disco with electronic music.
The innovative blend helped trigger several major EDM genres, such as Hi-NRG, Eurodance and techno music.
Giorgio Moroder, who co-wrote the song and was also one of its producers, additionally created some of the earliest forms of electronic dance music.
Kraftwerk are also credited as influencing electronic music.
Whilst a lot of electronic dance music originates from disco, this is not the case for all EDM.
The song which has been credited as bringing EDM into mainstream popular music is Madonna's 1998 single "Ray of Light".
Whilst it is attributed as helping bring the genre mainstream, electronic dance music existed and had enjoyed popularity years before the single's release; house music, for instance, had been popular in the United States since the early 1990s (its popularity can also be attributed to another Madonna single, 1990's "Vogue").
Different forms of electronic dance music
There are different types of EDM, each varying in style, beats per minute and sound.
This is a list of some of the major electronic dance music genres (each genre may additionally have further subgenres, which have not been looked at in too much detail for this section)
Italo disco - starting in the late 1970s, Italo disco is a form of EDM which came from disco music; whilst it kept a lot of disco's main characteristics, it made much stronger usage of synthesizers and drum machines in order to have a more futuristic sound.
Hi-NRG - starting in the late 1970s, Hi-NRG is a form of EDM which bases itself on disco music, with the exception that it is generally faster.
It uses staccato beats and octave bass lines.
Garage house - starting in the late 1970s to early 1980s, garage house based itself on disco music, yet also incorporated synthesizers and drum machines.
Garage house additionally had prominent piano riffs, a soulful style, and similarities to gospel music.
Electro - starting in the early 1980s, electro is a form of EDM which makes strong usage of drum machines, and samples hip hop and funk rhythms.
Freestyle - starting in the early 1980s, freestyle was a form of EDM with Latin and hip hop influences and up-tempo melodies.
Post-disco - starting in the early 1980s, post-disco is based on disco music, yet is more experimental and electronic, replacing disco's original orchestras with synthesizers and drum machines.
Electronic body music (EBM) - starting in the early 1980s, EBM mixes elements of industrial music with EDM.
House - starting in the early 1980s, house music is generally up-tempo music strongly influenced by disco.
It makes usage of strong kick-beats and a big bass line, keeping the 4/4 rhythm which disco had.
On the other hand, it is more beat-based and less melodic than disco.
Techno - starting in the mid-1980s, techno is a form of EDM which is generally up-tempo, repetitive music which keeps a 4/4 rhythm.
It is rhythmic music which places a strong emphasis on beats, and is usually instrumental in nature.
Alternative - starting in the mid-1980s, alternative dance blends elements of EDM with alternative rock music and New Wave.
Europe - starting in the late 1980s to the early 1990s, Eurodance is a mainly European form of electronic dance music which generally includes the prominent usage of synthesizer, especially with regards to riffs, a strong bass, as well as a generally melodic sound.
Trance - starting in the early 1990s, trance is a form of EDM which is generally up-tempo and includes repeated melodic phrases created by synthesizers.
Intelligent dance music (IDM) - starting in the early 1990s, IDM music is a more experimental form of EDM.
Hardcore techno - starting in the early 1990s, hardcore techno is fast music which makes common usage of distorted, often atonal, beats.
Happy hardcore - starting in the early 1990s, happy hardcore is generally fast music with euphoric or happy-sounding melodies.
Trip hop - starting in the early-1990s, trip hop is a slower form of electronic dance music which uses hip hop beats, and generally has an atmospheric, soulful sound.
Drum and bass - starting in the early 1990s, drum and bass is a form of EDM which has a strong bass and makes usage of breakbeats, and occasionally uses the amen break.
Bubblegum - starting in the mid-1990s, bubblegum is a fusion between Eurodance and bubblegum pop music, keeping the dance-oriented electronic sound of the former and mixing it with the cheerful and simplistic characteristics of the latter.
Hardstyle - starting in the late 1990s, hardstyle is a form of EDM which generally includes hard-hitting, strong beats.
Electroclash - starting in the late 1990s, electroclash is a form of EDM which borrows elements from 1980s synthpop and New Wave, as well as rock music, and places an emphasis on performance art, fashion and style.
Dubstep - starting in the late 1990s to early 2000s, dubstep is a form of EDM which includes a strong bass line, a wobble bass, and common bass drops, usually abandoning the traditional 4/4 rhythm of a lot of electronic dance.
, also known as the Heisei era, is the  after Shōwa and before Reiwa.
This period started in February 1989 and ended on April 30, 2019 with the emperor's abdication.
During this time, the emperor was ,
Events of the Heisei period
1990 (Heisei 2): Expo 1990 in Hyōgo Prefecture
1992 (Heisei 4): Emperor Akihito traveled to China, the first time a Japanese monarch to visit.
1993 (Heisei 5): 19th G7 summit in Tokyo
1998 (Heisei 10): 1998 Winter Olympics
2000 (Heisei 12): 26th G8 summit in Okinawa
2008 (Heisei 20): 34th G8 summit in Hokkaido
January 17, 1995 (Heisei 7, 17th day of the 1st month): Kobe Earthquake.
11 March 2011 (Heisei 23, 11th day of the 3rd month): A magnitude 9.0 earthquake caused a great tsunami, known as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and consequently created the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
15 March 2011 (Heisei 23, 15th day of the 3rd month): Emperor Akihito made his first national television address.
He said, "I hope from the bottom of my heart that the people will, hand in hand, treat each other with compassion and overcome these difficult times."
1989 (Heisei 1): Emperor Shōwa died; and Noboru Takeshita was the Prime Minister during the time of transition.
1989 (Heisei 1): Sosuke Uno became 75th Prime Minister
1989 (Heisei 1): Toshiki Kaifu became 76th Prime Minister
1990 (Heisei 2): Kaifu became 77th Prime Minister
1991 (Heisei 3): Kiichi Miyazawa became 78th Prime Minister
1993 (Heisei 5): Morihiro Hosokawa became 79th Prime Minister
1994 (Heisei 6): Tsutomu Hata became 80th Prime Minister
1994 (Heisei 6): Tomiichi Murayama became 81st Prime Minister
1996 (Heisei 8): Ryutaro Hashimoto became 82nd Prime Minister
1996 (Heisei 8): Hashimoto became 83rd Prime Minister
1998 (Heisei 10): Keizo Obuchi became 84th Prime Minister
2000 (Heisei 12): Yoshiro Mori became 85th Prime Minister