the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in teeth is rare in pterosaurs.
Like Rhamphorhynchus, Dimorphodon is only found in Jurassic strata.
It was the first pterosaur found in England, by Mary Anning, in 1828.
Cryolophosaurus is a theropod dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic period.
It is the only theropod to be found in Antarctica.
Cryolophosaurus was discovered in the Jurassic Hanson Formation in the Transantarctic Mountains.
The find of this dinosaur was significant because it proves that the dinosaurs lived on all  continents and that high latitude climates were tolerated by dinosaurs at that time.
Cryolophosaurus is also significant because it is the oldest known tetanuran from any continent: it is the only one from the early Jurassic.
Cryolophosaurus had a large crest on the top of the skull, above the eyes.
It extends upwards from the skull.
Cryolophosaurus was found about  from the South Pole but then it was about  or so farther north.
Also found were the remains of Glacialisaurus (a large basal sauropodomorph), a crow-sized pterosaur, synapsids, and another unknown theropod.
There are also the remains of many plant genera around the same age as fossils of Cryolophosaurus, proving that dense plant matter had once grown on Antarctica's surface before it drifted southward.
Coloborhynchus was a pterosaur.
It has been found in Lower Cretaceous rocks in England and Brazil.
It is a similar genus to Anhanguera and Ornithocheirus.
The type specimen of Coloborhynchus is known only from a partial upper jaw.
It can only be distinguished from its relatives by its unique combination of tooth socket positions.
In Coloborhynchus, the two front teeth pointed forward and were higher on the jaw than the other teeth, while the next three pairs of teeth pointed to the sides.
The final two pairs of teeth in this specimen point downward.
Finally, a unique oval depression was located below the first pair of teeth.
The possible species Coloborhynchus capito is the largest toothed pterosaur known.
A specimen from the Cambridge Greensand has a very large upper jaw tip which displays the typical teeth which distinguish C. capito from other species.
The jaw tip is nearly 10 cm tall and 5.6 cm wide, with teeth up to 1.3 cm in base diameter.
If the proportions of this specimen was the same as other known species of Coloborhycnhus, the total skull length could have been up to 75 cm, leading to an estimated wingspan of .
Alder is the common name for about 30 kinds of trees and shrubs of the Alnus genus.
They are a part of the birch family (Betulaceae).
Most of them are smaller in size.
Leaves are mostly deciduous, only very few alders are evergreen.
Alder trees are found in all parts of the northern hemisphere and they are often found on poor and/or wet soil.
Alders have alternate simple leaves with a toothed edge.
The male flowers are in the form of hanging catkins and the female flowers are much smaller catkin-like structures (see image).
The pollen is transferred from the male to the female flower by the wind.
The female flower parts develop into little, green, rounded cone-like fruits which turn brown in autumn and open to release the seeds.
The best known species are the Black Alder, which can be seen throughout Europe.
The largest is probably the Red Alder, native to North America.
It reaches about 32–35 metres in height.
The widespread Green Alder is a shrub, rarely more than 5m high.
The commonest alder in the UK is the Black Alder, also called the Common Alder or European Alder.
Alder is a preferred tree for bees, especially in spring.
It is also used to make charcoal.
Futabasaurus was a plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous.
A complete skeleton of one has not been found.
It is not known very well.
Futabasaurus is the first elasmosaurid found in Japan.
The type species is F. suzukii.
Many of the bones of the type specimen show apparent scavenging or predation by sharks.
An ovum (Latin: "egg", plural: ova) is the name for the haploid female reproductive cell, or gamete.
Both animals and land plants (embryophytes) produce ova.
Ova are made and released by a female's ovaries.
At birth, a female has all of her eggs, and from puberty, she releases an egg once a month until none are left.
This is called oogenesis.
When the ovum is fertilised by a male's sperm, it becomes a zygote, which develops into a new organism.
The ovum is fertilized inside the female body, and the embryo then develops inside the uterus, being fed by the mothers placenta.
The ovum is the largest cell in the human body.
You can see it without a microscope.
The human ovum is between 100 and 200 µm long.
They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by reptiles and birds, which is why they need a long period of internal development in the womb.
Other mammals
The sexual cycle is quite different in other mammals, whose females are only receptive during the 'heat' part of their estrous cycle when eggs are released from the ovary.
Sexual activity then continues for a few days, then ceases entirely until the next heat.
In many plants, ova are made inside archegonia through meiosis.
The archegonium has a long 'neck' with the egg cell inside.
When the egg is mature, the neck opens and sperm swims in to fertilize the egg.
In flowering plants, the female gametes are made of only eight cells, called the embryo sac, inside the ovule.
The cell closest to the opening of the embryo sac becomes the egg cell.
When pollinated, sperm swims into the embryo sac and fertilizes the egg.
The zygote then develops into an embryo inside the ovule.
The Ovarian Kaleidoscope Database  Describing the genes involved in making eggs
Ovules produce the female reproductive cells which get fertilized during sexual reproduction in seed plants.
The word literally means "small egg."
The megagametophyte (also called the embryo sac in flowering plants) is inside the ovule.
The megagametophyte produces the egg cell.
The horn is a brass instrument.
It developed from the horns that some animals have on their heads.
Modern horns are often called French horns.
The hunting horn
Horns were often used during hunting.
These early brass instruments were round so that the hunter could put his arm through it and carry it on his shoulder and blow it while riding a horse.
The riders could send messages to one another by blowing particular notes.
The horn in the orchestra
In the 17th century the modern orchestra was developing.
Orchestras played for operas.
Opera stories in those days were usually about gods and goddesses or kings and queens.
There was often a hunting scene in the story.
Hunters were asked to come and play their horns in the orchestra for these scenes.
This is how the horn became an orchestral instrument.
A brass instrument gives one basic note.
Changing the pressure with the lips produces a few other notes.
Gradually horn players discovered that if they put their right hand in the bell they could change the basic note.
This made it possible to play lots of different notes.
When Mozart wrote his horn concertos he was writing for a hand horn.
When a note is played using the hand in the bell it makes the note sound different: more muffled (a bit like speaking while covering your mouth with your hand).
A Mozart horn concerto sounds very different when played on a modern horn.
Another way to change the notes on a horn was to use crooks.
These are like extensions to the horn.
The longer the tube the lower the note, so adding a crook (an extra circle) would give a lower basic note.
The modern horn
By the 1830s the modern horn with three valves had been invented.
These valves change the length of the tube, so that the horn had now become chromatic i.e. it could play all the notes including sharps and flats.
Composers like Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss wrote complicated music for the horn which would never have been possible on the natural, valveless instruments.
However, some composers preferred the sound of the natural horn.
Brahms wrote for the natural horn when he wrote his Horn Trio for piano, violin and horn.
Benjamin Britten, in his Serenade for tenor, horn and strings, asks for the horn to played naturally (without valves) for the fanfare at the beginning to make it sound like a hunting horn.
The horn has a conical bore.
This means that the tubing gradually becomes wider (a trumpet and trombone have a cylindrical bore): the tubing is the same thickness all the way along.
The modern horn has 6.4 metres of tubing.
It makes a beautiful, warm sound, but it is quite hard to play because the mouthpiece is small and the harmonics (the notes that can be played by changing the lip pressure) are very close together.
The horn is a transposing instrument, usually in F (a written C sounds like the F below).
In the 18th century there were generally two horns in an orchestra.
This became three or four in the 19th century, and some large orchestras now may have up to eight horns.
Some famous horn players
Hermann Baumann (Soloist)
Stefan Dohr (Berlin Philharmonic)
Dennis Brain (1921-1957) (Royal Philharmonic and Philharmonia Orchestras)
Barry Tuckwell (b.1931) (London Symphony Orchestra)
David Pyatt (London Symphony Orchestra)
In Norse mythology, Valhalla (Old Norse: Valhöll - “hall of the slain”) is an enormous and majestic hall in Asgard, headed by Odin.
Described as a "warrior's paradise," it is here that the souls of those who are slain in battle go, chosen and guided by the Valkyries, a group of warrior maidens in service to Odin.
Once they are there, these eïnherjar, as they are known, make revelry, as they feast on the beast known as Sæhrímnir, having their fill of mead made from the udders of the female goat Heiðrún.
The feast is prepared by Andhrímnir (Old Norse: “the one exposed to soot”), the cook of the gods, in his cauldron, Eldhrímnir (Old Norse: “fire-sooty”).
Outside of Valhalla’s doors lies Glasir (Old Norse: “gleaming”), a massive tree that grows golden leaves, while its ceiling is adorned with golden shields.
The tree Læraðr stands atop the great hall, where both Heiðrún and the stag Eikþyrnir (Old Norse: “oak-thorny”) graze its foliage.
During Ragnarök, the eïnherjar will aid Odin in his battle against Surtr and his forces.
Horns are part of the body of some animals.
They grow on the animal's head.
They are projections (things that stick out) made of hard skin.
The horn has a lot of keratin in it, the same protein that is in human hair and nails.
Thousands of years ago people used the horns of dead animals for musical instruments (see horn (postal horn)).
In later times, they were used for carrying gunpowder.
Antlers, structures similar to horns
Mead is a fermented alcoholic drink.
It is made from honey.
Its history may be as old as that of beer.
It is made by mixing honey, water, and yeast.
Some kinds of mead also include spices or fruit.
Mead is sometimes called "honey wine".
Archaeologists discovered that people made mead 9,000 years ago.
Mead was described in the Rigveda, which is a Hindu religious text.
Mead is popular in Central Europe and the Balkans.
Mead is also made in Ethiopia and South Africa.
Fermented drinks
In Norse mythology, Ull (or Ullr or Uller) is the son of Sif, and the stepson of Thor.
He is thought to be the god of Winter, of hunting, of hand-to-hand combat, and of the willow tree.
His name means "glory".
He was said to be a great archer and skier who left blazing trails across the sky.
For this reason he is celebrated in modern times as the god of skiing.
His name is used as a name for ski lodges like the House of Ullr at Thredbo, New South Wales.
ULLR Labs make smartphone applications to help people avoid avalanches.
Þrúðr, sometimes written as Thrúd, is a daughter of the gods Sif and Thor in Norse mythology.
Although her name is mentioned in the Prose Edda, it gives no direct powers or other information about her.
Thrúd is also one of the valkyries described in Grímnismál (stanza 36).
Thrúd is the goddess of power, of trees, flowers and the grass.
Her name means strength in Old Norse.
Hugin and Munin are two ravens, commonly associated with Odin.
They bring Odin news from the world, when he sends them out.
Their names translate as thought and memory, respectively.
Hel is a goddess of Norse mythology.
Her father is Loki, and her mother is Angrboða, a giantess.
Her siblings are Jörmungandr and Fenrir.
Her task is to reign over the realm of the dead, also called Hel or Neifelheim, where the dead peacefully go to in the afterlife to wait until Ragnarok, the end of the gods and Asgard.
The people who go there are those who did not die in battle, but instead died a peaceful death.
She watches over those who die, but are not chosen by the Valkyries to go to Valhalla or chosen by Freyja to enter her household.
Hel is half dead and half alive due to complications of her father and her mother.
Half of her face is beautiful, like that of her father, while the other half is ugly and difficult to look at like her mother.
From the waist up the skin is pink, alive and healthy.
Below the waist is dead and rotting.
This is the personification of the belief that death can be a good thing or a tragedy.
Hel's underworld is not the Christian hell of eternal punishment for all, but a world of rewards or punishment for each as earned in life.
A Runestone or Rune stone is a large stone, with runes inscribed on it, dating from the early Middle Ages.
Currently, about 6000 such stones are known to exist in Scandinavia.
About half of them date from the tenth and eleventh century, and were found in Sweden.
Most of them are like grave stones.
They announce the life and death of a local person.
About 10 percent of the known stones tell about the travels and deaths of persons abroad.
Some of these texts are similar to what Scandinavians who travelled to Byzantium have written in Latin.
A balcony is a kind of floor at a certain height, which stands out from the building.
Usually, there is some kind of balustrade so people do not fall off.
There is a possibility to protect the balcony with a glazing.
So called balcony glazings are important for certain areas that are heavily influenced by weather or noise.
Assemblers, which create designs and static evaluation for the balcony glazing, are necessary to integrate the glazing conform with regulations and laws.
Because if the glazing is assembled in the wrong way, parts could fall off and damage property or persons.
The route goes almost straight from north to south at the spot where the Rhine lowlands meet the western edge of the Odenwald.
The name comes from the road's route along the foot of the mountains, the Rhine lowlands once being too damp to build a road there.
The route mostly follows the modern B3 road.
It begins in Darmstadt and, after passing through Eberstadt, splits into the "Old Bergstraße" and the "New Bergstraße", which goes somewhat farther to the west.
The two routes meet again at Zwingenberg.
In Weinheim-Lützelsachsen the route splits into an old and a new Bergstraße again.
The new one passes west of the old route as far as Heidelberg-Handschuhsheim, where the two meet once more.
The route carrying on after the Neckar from Heidelberg to Wiesloch is still usually known as the Bergstraße, even though the type of country and climate typical of the Bergstraße is no longer as clear.
http://www.bergstrasse.de
http://www.kreis-bergstrasse.de
http://www.ferienstrasse-bergstrasse.de
http://www.bergstraesser-wein.de
http://www.geo-naturpark.de
The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region in Eurasia bordered on the south by Iran, on the southwest by Turkey, on the west by the Black Sea, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the north by Russia.
The Persian name for the region is Qafqâz.
Caucasia includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands.
The Caucasus Mountains are commonly known as a line between Asia and Europe, and the lands in Caucasia are different considered to be in one or both continents.
The highest peak in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (5,642 m) which, in the western Ciscaucasus in Russia, is generally considered the highest point in Europe.
Sovereign states
Disputed territories
Abkhazia - claimed but not controlled by Georgia
South Ossetia - claimed but not controlled by Georgia
Artsakh - claimed but not controlled by Azerbaijan
Autonomous republics of the Russian Federation
The Biblical Mount Ararat where Noah's Ark landed is known as the landmark of the ancient Armenian realm.
The peak of Ararat is seasonally capped with snow.
In Greek mythology, the Caucasus or Kaukasos was one of the pillars supporting the world.
Prometheus was chained there by Zeus.
The Roman poet Ovid placed Caucasus in Scythia and said it was a cold and stony mountain which was the abode of personified hunger.
Transcontinental nation
Russian-Circassian War
Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam By Nicholas Griffin
Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus By Svante E. Cornell
The Caucasus By Ivan Golovin
BBC News: North Caucasus at a glance, September 8 2005
United Nations Environment Programme map: Landcover of the Caucasus
United Nations Environment Programme map: Population density of the Caucasus
Information about the history
The Hamidian massacres took place around 1895 until 1897.
The estimated number of Armenians killed are around 100,000 - 300,000.
These events are known by the Armenians as the "Great Massacres".
The Armenians believed the Hamidian measures showed the extension of the Turkish state to do a systematic policy of murder and plunder against a small population.
The Armenian revolutionary groups started around the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1878 and grew with the first introduction of Article 166 of the Ottoman Penal code 166, and the raid of Erzerum Cathedral.
Article 166 was meant to control the possession of arms, but it was used to target Armenians by not letting them possess arms.
Local Kurdish tribes were armed to attack the defenseless Armenian population.
Some diplomats said that the aim of these groups was to commit massacres so as to show counter-measures, and to invite "foreign powers to intervene," as Istanbul's British Ambassador Sir Philip Currie seen in March 1894.
Even some Turkish authors admit the that this was just a pretext for the massacres.
Massacres in Turkey
Alfred Pampalon (24 November 1867 – 30 September 1896) was born in the city of Lévis, Quebec, and died at 28 in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré.
He was a Redemptorist priest known for having a deep faith in God and a deep love of Mary.
He is a patron for people with addictions.
His character and early life
Religion in his life
Pampalon was devoted to Mary; before going to a Redemptorists' monastery, he went to a statue of Mary and asked her to pray for the monks to let him join.
The Monastery allowed him to join despite his poor health, because they saw his strong desire to become a Redemptorists father.
While training to become a Roman Catholic priest his fellow students asked him how he managed to study philosophy so well, and he replied he imagined Mary was asking him the questions.
He would make his head touch the floor and pray to her daily, and while dying he would pray to her throughout the day.
Later years and death
At the age of 26, Pampalon found out that he had tuberculosis.
During this time he stayed devoted to God, moving back to Quebec to be a priest there.
While dying from tuberculosis he gave communion, baptized people, and heard confessions.
Before his death he was in constant pain, and would spend his days in prayer.
The night before he priest died, he said in a soft voice "O death..., O holy death..., come..., do come!
O divine Savior..., my hope is in your merits... I am happy... to suffer for you!
I want to go to Heaven... to see you and Mary," After this he got up and sang the Magnificat in a loud voice.
He has become known as the "Hail Mary Saint" because of this.
Biography at Christian Answers to your Questions
Biography at Catholic
Novena to the Servant of God Father Alfred Pampalon
People from Quebec
Armenian oblast (1828-1840 AD) was an oblast (province) around eastern Armenia.
It was created by the Russians when they took over Eastern Armenia, a large number of Armenians moved back from Persia to Armenia and about 35000 Muslims (Azeris, Kurds and Lezgins) and various nomadic tribes left the area.
1828 establishments
1840 disestablishments
St. Hripsime is a church in Ejmiadzin, Armenia.
It was built in 618.
It is one of the oldest churches in Armenia.
St. Hripsime is also known for its fine Armenian architecture.
This style of architecture was used again when they built many churches in Armenia.
Churches in Armenia
618 establishments
Establishments in Armenia
It is the official language of Armenia and the occupied region of Nagorno-Karabakh.
The language is also widely spoken by Armenian communities all over the world.
It is written by its own Armenian alphabet.
The language has two standard forms: Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian.
The Armenian diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia.
Of the total Armenian population living worldwide which was estimated to be 8,000,000 in 2004, only about 3,000,000 live in Armenia and about 120,000 in the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh.
Armenian Diaspora Population
Aspect (computer science)
Aspect (grammar) or Lexical aspect
Astrological aspect
Aspect (geography)
Aspect (real estate)
Warner Aspect
Carol Jean Vorderman (born 24 December 1960) is a British television presenter.
She was born in Bedford and raised in Prestatyn, North Wales.
Her father was Dutch; her mother is Welsh.
She studied engineering at Sidney Sussex College, University of Cambridge.
She is best known for having picked the letters and numbers for the Channel 4 game show Countdown.
She is a regular panellist on ITV1 talk show Loose Women.
She was a contestant in the second series of Strictly Come Dancing in 2004.
In 2013 she presented a series about cooking on ITV called Food Glorious Food.
She has written books about detox diets.
British television presenters
British television talk show hosts
People from Bedford
Automobiles have changed considerably since 1893 due to the more efficient ways for new cars to be developed and designed.
The car industry was thriving in the 1920s.
There were many new types of cars.
In the beginning of the 1920s many of the soldiers returning from World War I bought automobiles.
People started to see that having a car would make traveling much easier.
Soon almost every American family had a car.
Ford was the big car maker but other companies were also big at the time.
Ford cars, such as the Ford Model T, were popular because they were cheap  and very reliable.
When new Ford models came out people would always get the newer version.
They also had a car especially made for big obese people.
There was trouble getting big people in the car Ford made, so he had to think outside of the box.
He then came up with "The Big One".
Which is not out today because of it's poor sales but to Ford and some people, it was genius.
The automobiles industry in Europe and the United States expanded greatly during the 1920s.
There were many changes in the industry and new types of cars.
Having a car allowed families and individuals to travel more easily.
Famous cars of the 1920s included:
1922–1939 Austin 7 – the Austin Seven was one of the most widely copied vehicles ever, serving as a template for cars around the world, from BMW to Nissan.
1922–1931 Lancia Lambda – very advanced car for the time, first car to feature a load-bearing monocoque-type body and independent front suspension.
1924–1929 Bugatti Type 35 – the Type 35 was one of the most successful racing cars of all time, with over 1,000 victories in five years.
1925–1928 Hanomag 2 / 10 PS – an early example of modern styling:  bodywork began to enclose the full width and length of a car.
1927–1931 Ford Model A (1927–1931) – after keeping the Model T in production for too long, Ford broke with the past and restarted its model series with the 1927 Model A. More than 4 million were produced, making it the best-selling model of the era.
The Ford Model A was a prototype for the beginning of Soviet mass car production (GAZ A).
1930 Cadillac V-16 – developed at the height of the vintage era, the V16-powered Cadillac would join Bugatti's Royale as the most legendary ultra-luxury cars of the era.
1929 The Hobnocker - A very fast vehicle with agile movement for such a small compact vehicle.
The Norns are female deities in Norse mythology who govern fate.
Their names are Urd (what has been), Verdandi (what is) and Skuld (what is to come).
Skuld is also the name of a Valkyrie.
The Norns are at the base of the ash tree Yggdrasil (or, according to some versions, above the Bifröst bridge).
They spin threads and weave the tapestry of fates.
Each person's life is a thread in their loom.
The length of the thread is the length of the person's life.
Even the gods have their threads and are therefore not immortal, though the Norns hide the strings from the gods.
So everything is set out beforehand.
There is no luck, there is no randomness, everything is determined by destiny.
Star Trek: The Next Generation was the second television series of the science fiction franchise Star Trek.
It was created by Gene Roddenberry, and was aired for seven years, from 1987 to 1994.
The Next Generation was set in the 24th century, eighty years after the original series of Star Trek, and it focused on the lives of a crew on a starship called Enterprise.
The crew's mission was to explore the universe, as was the mission of the crew in the original series.
The Starfleet officers and members in Star Trek: The Next Generation and most 24th century Star Trek based shows had to wear a jumpsuit, (except for children and some parents on board the Enterprise) with a communicator badge (also known as a combadge) shaped in the form of an oval, with the Starfleet logo over top of it on the upper left side.
The uniform colors would also represent your position.
During other episodes including (TNG: Future Imperfect) the TNG crew had a different way to show rank.
The ranks were shown on a different communicator badge with the Starfleet logo and four long bars behind the logo, closely separated vertically.
Each bar that was lit would represent a rank.
The rank of admiral was shown with the bars on the combadge being full white.
There was also another communicator (TNG: All Good Things Part I & II) with an outline of a Starfleet logo and two long vertical trapezoids, each separated horizontally.
Cast and crew
The U.S.S Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)
The U.S.S Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) is a Galaxy Class starship from the television series, Star Trek: The Next Generation.
The Enterprise was set in the 24th century, with the same mission as the original U.S.S Enterprise (NCC-1701).
She weighed in at 4,960,000 tons and was powered by a warp core with a top speed of Warp 9.925.During the time of its service, the Enterprise-D was the flagship of the Federation Starfleet.
A Galaxy-class starship, it was a large, long-range exploratory ship with 42 decks and a usual complement of 1,014 crew and civilians (e.g., their family members) but it was capable of carrying over 6,000 personnel.
The Enterprise had 12 Type X phasers and three Photon Torpedo launchers.
The ship has a  high-capacity shield grid.
It could carry 250 photon torpedoes.
The ship had 1 shuttle, and 8 transporter rooms.
The Enterprise can separate into 2 separate into two sections, saucer and star drive(hull).
Star Trek: The Next Generation  at StarTrek.com
Star Trek: The Next Generation at Memory Alpha
1987 television series debuts
1994 American television series endings
1994 television series endings
Liopleurodon was a large species of Pliosaur.
It was an apex predator in the Upper Jurassic seas, around 160–155 million years ago.
It grew up to 6.39 metres (21 feet) long.
It was a relative of Pliosaurus and Kronosaurus.
It preyed on other marine animals such as Ophthalmosaurus.
Some fossil remains excavated from the Kimmeridge Clay formation in England indicate a much larger animal, perhaps up to  long.
However, these have not been put in the genus Liopleurodon.
Liopleurodon'''s nose allowed it to smell underwater.
It could smell prey from some distance away.
Despite needing to breath air, Liopleurodon spent its entire life at sea and was unable to leave the water.
Consequently, it would have given birth to its young alive and may have visited shallower water to breed.
L. ferox (type)
L. pachydeirus L. rossicus L. macromerus''
Libonectes was a plesiosaur related to Elasmosaurus.
It lived 80 to 65 million years ago.
It grew up to 12 metres long.
It was a predator of small fish; the fish ate plankton in the upper pelagic layers of the sea.
Dimetrodon walked on four legs and had a tall, curved skull with large teeth of different sizes set along the jaws.
Most fossils have been found in the southwestern United States, from red beds in Texas and Oklahoma.
The largest known species of Dimetrodon is D. angelensis at  and the smallest is D. teutonis at .
Dimetrodon was a carnivore, probably the top predator in its environment.
Its main feature is the large sail on its back formed by elongated spines extending upwards from the vertebrae.
The spines would be joined by skin.
The general opinion of palaeontologists is that it was a temperature-regulating device.
The idea is that the animal could warm up in the early morning by placing itself broadside to the Sun, and later could cool off in the shade, or arrange for its body to get less sunlight.
At this stage in evolution, no land animals were homoiotherms.
Very likely the sail was also used for sexual or territorial signalling.
In which case, the skin would be coloured.
This, of course, is supposition, but it does make sense of the animal's most extraordinary feature.
In evolutionary terms, Dimetrodon was a synapsid, a line of land animals which eventually gave rise to the mammals.
It was not on the direct line of descent, but a good example of the evolutionary grade typical of Permian synapsids.
Pelycosaurs
Spinosaurus (which means 'spiny lizard') was a huge semi-aquatic dinosaur from the Cretaceous, 112 to 93.5 million years ago.
It had paddle-like feet and nostrils on top of its crocodile-like head.
This would let it submerge as a crocodile does.
The same research suggests it was perhaps larger than Tyrannosaurus rex, but more clumsy on land, moving as a quadruped.
All these ideas had been suggested before.
The discovery of a more complete skeleton made palaeontologists think they were correct.
The fossil was found in Morocco by a private collector who let scientists examine it.
Spinosaurus bones were first discovered in Egypt in 1912 by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1915.
Two species, S. aegyptiacus and S. marocannus, are recognized by many paleontologists, but there may only be one.
Spinosaurus looked like Baryonyx except it was larger and more heavily built.
Six specimens of Spinosaurus have been uncovered.
Apparently, good material was destroyed in Munich in a 1944 bombing raid.
100 million years ago, the Sahara Desert was wet.
Animals included the pterosaur Alanqa, types of giant crocodiles, and theropod predators the size of T. rex.
The largest predator was Spinosaurus.
In the past, it was thought that Spinosaurus aegyptiacus was bipedal.
In 2014, scientists believed that Spinosaurus aegyptiacus was quadrupedal because it is front-heavy.
If Spinosaurus aegyptiacus were to walk on two legs, it would topple.
Spinosaurus  probably walked on its knuckles.
Spinosaurus's legs were short.
Spinosaurus'''s jaws were designed to catch slippery prey like fish.
Scientists say that Spinosaurus spent most of its time in the water and it was a semi-aquatic dinosaur.
Spinosaurus was larger than Tyrannosaurus.
Estimates published in 2005, 2007, and 2008 suggested that it was between 15 metres (50 ft) in length and 7 to 20.9 tonnes (7.7 to 23.0 short tons) in weight.
A new estimate published in 2014 and based on a more complete specimen, supported the earlier research, finding that Spinosaurus could reach lengths of over 15 m (49 ft).
It had a two meter high sail on its back like Dimetrodon.
Several uses have been suggested for this sail, such as to help control its body temperature, as a way to attract a mate, and to intimidate or frighten enemies.
It lived in what is now the Sahara Desert, but which then was mangrove forests alongside shoreline conditions, tidal flats and channels.
The skull of Spinosaurus was long and narrow like that of a modern gharial.
Spinosaurus is known to have eaten fish.
Evidence suggests that it lived both on land and in water like a modern crocodilian.
It was featured as the main dinosaur in the 2001 film Jurassic Park III where it fights and kills a T-Rex.
It has also appeared on postage stamps in several countries, and many toy companies have made models of Spinosaurus''.
Anhanguera, which means 'Old Devil', was a pterodactyl from the Upper Cretaceous.
It was found in the Santana Formation of Brazil, and specimens from England are also placed in this genus.
It ate fish and grew to 14 feet (4.5 meters) across.
The species Anhanguera piscator is now placed in the genus Coloborhynchus.
Rhamphorhynchus is a genus of long-tailed pterosaurs in the Upper Jurassic.
It is the best-known of the long-tailed pterosaurs, the sub-order Rhamphorynchoidea.
Rhamphorhynchus had a long tail, stiffened with ligaments, which ended in a small diamond-shaped rudder on the end of its tail which helped keep it stable when it was flying.
The jaws of Rhamphorhynchus housed needle-like teeth, which were angled forward, with a curved, sharp, beak-like tip lacking teeth.
Their diet was mainly fish and insects.
Like other pterosaurs, its body was covered with hairs, which suggests it had termperature regulation ('hot-blooded') and a high rate of metabolism.
This is also found in birds and bats, and seems necessary for active flight.
The genus was quite successful: it is the most common pterosaur found in the Solnhofen limestone beds in Bavaria, Germany.
These are the same strata where Archaeopteryx was found.
This early group flourished from the Upper Triassic to the end of the Jurassic.
When we first see them in the fossil record they have developed three families, so biologists know their early evolution is not yet revealed.p240, 246 These three families are represented by the three genera Rhamphorhynchus, Dimorphodon and Eudimorphodon.
This sub-order was the earliest kind or pterosaur, which were succeeded by the more 'derived' short-tailed pterosaurs, the Pterodactyloids, such as Pterodactylus.
In the Upper Jurassic both the two sub-orders were extant (living).
The group always has a long tail, stiffened by rod-like bony tendons to keep it straight.
This indicates their flight was extremely stable, which means it kept on course, and did not dart about much.
It can be interpreted like this.
To dart about quickly requires special advanced brains and reflexes to keep control.
Later birds and pterosaurs had extra 'control wiring' in their brains, but early ones did not.
The evidence for this is the extra size of pterodactyl and bird brains compared with the reptile brains the groups started out with.
That much of this increase is connected to seeing and flying is clear from how bird brains work.
The analogy would be planes.
Fighter planes are fundamentally much less stable, and have to be in order to jink about.
This needs such fast reactions that the details are worked out by computer, with the pilot indicating where to go.
It requires more 'brains' to control an unstable craft than it does a stable one.
And the same principle applies to pterosaurs, birds and bats.
Early birds, bats, pterosaurs and insects were all more stable, with tails or (insects) long abdomens.
This helped the flying animal to keep on track, which is what we mean by 'stable'.
The group died out at the end of the Jurassic, which suffered a minor extinction event.p270
This classification is simple, but unfortunately it is paraphyletic, because the two suborders are not sister groups.
But there is not enough evidence to see which earlier group the pterodactyloids arose from.
So this is the best we can do:
Rhamphorhynchoidea
Dimorphodontidae
Anurognathidae
Rhamphorhynchidae
Scaphognathinae
Rhamphorynchinae
Zhejiangopterus is a pterosaur that was found in China.
It lived in the late Cretaceous.
At least six specimens of adults have been found.
Zhejiangopterus was a moderately large pterosaur.
Its wingspan was first estimated at five metres (16.4 feet).
Later estimates reduced this to about 3.5 metres (11 feet).
Its skull was long, low, perfectly arched, and lacked a "keel" or any other crest sometimes seen in related species.
The beak was long, thin, sharply pointed, and lacked teeth.
The cervical vertebrae were elongated.
The first six dorsal vertebrae had fused together.
This helped the chest keep stable against the forces generated by the wings.
Several pairs of belly ribs were preserved.
Its upper leg bone was half the size of its upper arm bone, and strong and thin.
The wings were short but robust
Tupuxuara was a pterosaur that lived 112 million years ago.
It was found in the Santana Formation, the remains of an inland sea.
Some species were quite small, but the largest skull (length 130 cms) suggests a wingspan of 5.5 metres.
It was an Azdarchid pterosaur, the same group as  Quetzalcoatlus.
Anurognathus was a genus of small rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs which lived 150 million years ago, in the Upper Jurassic period.
It had a short head with pin-like teeth for catching insects.
It was found in the Solnhofen limestone, the same place as Archaeopteryx.
They grew up to 35 cms wingspan.
Although it is in the long-tailed pterosaur group Rhamphorhynchoidea, its tail was comparatively short.
This was an adaptation which made it more manoeuvrable in hunting.
According to Döderlein the reduced tail of Anurognathus was similar to the pygostyle of modern birds.
Later a second, smaller, specimen was found, probably of a subadult individual.
Its slab and counterslab are separated and both were sold to private collections.
This second fossil is more complete and better articulated.
It shows impressions of a large part of the flight membrane and under UV-light remains of the muscles of the thigh and arm become visible.
The skull was shown to have been very short and broad, wider than long.
The Thirty-Nine Articles are the historic statements of Anglican beliefs.
The Articles were not meant to be a complete statement of the Christian faith.
They are a statement of the position of the Church of England against the Roman Catholic Church and against Protestants.
The articles were made in 1563, under the direction of Archbishop Matthew Parker, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. They are based on the Forty-Two Articles written under the direction of Thomas Cranmer in 1552 and passed under Edward VI of England in 1553.
They are printed in the Book of Common Prayer and other Anglican prayer books.
Priests, deacons, and bishops of the Church of England have to take an oath that what is said in the Articles is "agreeable to the Word of God."
Other Anglican churches do not make such a requirement.
The Thirty-Nine Articles were needed because at that time in English history it was not possible to find an agreement about Protestantism.
Rather than have the church become divided, they needed a way to list the essentials of what the Church of England believed.
John Henry Newman (one of the leading Tractarians in the mid 19th century), before he converted to Roman Catholicism, tried to show that the Articles could be seen in a way less hostile to Catholic belief.
Acceptance of the Articles
Outside the Church of England, Anglican opinions of the Thirty-Nine Articles vary.
The Episcopal Church in the United States of America sees them as an historical document but does not make its members follow them.
Anglican priest John Wesley changed the Thirty-Nine Articles for use by American Methodists in the 18th century.
These new Articles of Religion are still the official United Methodist Church doctrine.
Articles of Religion
Anglican Communion resources relating to the Book of Common Prayer, including the articles of religion
facsimile of a 1762 printing  from the above site
The revised 1801 version adopted by the US Episcopal Church
Christian creeds
16th-century works
A type of duck,
Ringed teal,Callonetta leucophrys
Common teal, Anas crecca
Green-winged teal, Anas carolinensis
Black teal, Aythya novaeseelandiae
Brown teal, Anas aucklandica
Silver teal, Anas versicolor
Cape teal, Anas capensis
Marbled teal, Marmaronetta angustirostris
Blue-winged teal, Anas discors
teal (color), a bluish green color
Claud Eustace Teal (a.k.a.
Mr. Teal), a person seen in the books of Leslie Charteris
Ojiya (Japanese: 小千谷（おぢや）市;-shi) is a city in Niigata, Japan.
As of July 16, 2003, 40,342 people lived in the city.
Ojiya's total area is .
The Lord Mayor of Ojiya is Yasuo Yatsui
An earthquake of magnitude 7.2 struck Ojiya on October 23, 2004 at 17:56 local time.
The earthquake killed 51 people.
4,795 people were injured.
16,910 buildings and houses were destroyed.
The amount of damage was 3,000,000,000 Yen ($32.5M US).
Ojiya has many types of industry.
Electronics companies Sanyo electric and Panasonic are located in the city.
It also has textile companies.
The main agricultural crop in the city is rice.
Ojiya is the largest miner of natural gas in Japan.
There are several festivals each year in Ojiya.
Events Ojiya festival (August 24 and 25)
Katakai festival (September 9 and 10) - (The  Katakai festival is known to set off the biggest fireworks display in the world)
Balloon festival (February 25 and 26)
Settlements in Niigata Prefecture
Tantalus was a mortal king in Greek mythology.
He did many bad things against the gods and goddesses.
At a banquet, he tried to feed people the flesh of his son Pelops.
He had asked the gods and goddesses to come to this banquet.
When they learn what he had planned, they punished Tantalus in not only this world (the world of the living), but the next as well (the world of the dead).
Tantalus's punishment while he was alive was the ruin of his kingdom.
His punishment when dead in the Tartaros of the Underworld was much worse.
He was made to stand in a pool of water up to his chin for all time.
During this, he would always be hungry and thirsty.
Each time Tantalus lowered his head to drink the water he was standing in, the water would lower.
Over his head hung branches of trees filled with fruit.
When he would try to get them, wind would blow them out of his reach.
He was "tantalized" with food and drink.
This is where the word tantalize comes from.
His daughter is Niobe.
And his son, Pelops, was made alive again by the gods.
He went to Greece and became the ruler of the peninsula which still has his name, the Peloponesus.
, meaning "Way of the Warrior", is a Japanese code of conduct and a way of life, more or less similar to the European code of chivalry.
It comes from the samurai moral code and gives great importance to certain virtues like frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery and honour until voluntary death, seppuku.
Bushidō was created between the 11th to 14th centuries and took form as a code from the 12th to 16th centuries.
Honor codes are still used in modern times; for example, as part of the kamikaze beliefs.
Kendo - Japanese Martial Art - The Way of Sword
Campaign is trying to do something.
Some battles in wars are called campaigns.
The word comes from "Campania", a region where the ancient Roman army often fought.
When someone in politics seeks election to a political office, that is called a "political campaign".
Sometimes, a series of advertisements can be referred to as an "advertising campaign".
A "blood drive", when the Red Cross or a hospital asks people to give blood, is also a campaign.
Manco Cápac (died in 1231) was the first of the fourteen Inca rulers of Peru.
He started the Inca empire.
As he says it, his legend started at the waters of Lake Titicaca, when he was told by the sun god to go East to set up his empire.
As they walked looking for a good place, Manco taught men to farm, hunt, and fish while Mama Ocllo, his wife taught women to work with wool and cotton.
Near Cusco, as his sacred golden staff sank in the ground, Manco decided this was to be the capital city of his empire.
{{Persondata
| NAME              = Capac, Manco
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Manqu Qhapaq
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Inca ruler
| DATE OF BIRTH     = 1200
| PLACE OF BIRTH    =
| DATE OF DEATH     = 1231
| PLACE OF DEATH    =
| REIGN             = 1200 - 1230.
1231 deaths
Brazzaville is the capital city of the Republic of the Congo.
One million people live there.
Brazzaville is on one side of the Congo river, with Kinshasa on the other side.
Brazzaville and Kinshasa are the nearest country capitals in the World.
The Yellow Sea is the northern part of the East China Sea.
It is between Mainland China and the Korean peninsula.
The northwestern part is called the Bohai Sea.
The  name "Yellow Sea" comes from the silt particles that color its water.
The particles come from the Yellow River.
Smaller rivers include the Yalu and Han Rivers.
The East China Sea is a marginal sea east of China.
It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1,249,000 km².
In China, the sea is called the East Sea.
In Korea, the sea is sometimes called "South Sea", but this is more often used to speak only of the area near South Korea's southern coast.
The East China Sea is bounded on the East by Kyūshū and the Ryūkyū Islands, on the South by Taiwan, and on the West by mainland China.
It is connected with the South China Sea by the Taiwan Strait and with the Sea of Japan by the Korea Strait; it opens in the North to the Yellow Sea.
Disputed Islands
Kosuke Takahashi.
Gas and oil rivalry in the East China Sea  Asia Times Online.
July 27, 2004.
Chinese submarine enters Japanese waters.
Wikinews.
November 18, 2004.
Retrieved March 7, 2006.
Oil and gas in troubled waters The Economist.
October 6, 2005.
J Sean Curtin.
Stakes rise in Japan, China gas dispute  Asia Times Online.
October 19, 2005.
Chinese Suyan Rock community
The Governor of California is the highest office in the state government in the American state of California.
The office of Governor of California was created in 1849, before California became a state.
Before it was a state, there had been six American military governors and numerous Mexican governors when California was part of Mexico.
The current Governor of California is Gavin Newsom.
Powers of the Governor
The governor has the power to say no to laws he does not like (veto).
It can still become a law by getting a two-thirds majority in vote in both houses of the government.
Law-enforcement powers include the ability to give pardons and get rid of prison sentences.
The governor can call the state National Guard into active duty.
The governor can also call the California State Military Reserve to active duty to support the Guard.
The governor is also a member with voting powers of the Regents of the University of California.
The Regents make the rules for the university.
Most of other members are appointed by the governor.
The governor serves as a board President of the California State University.
A hymn is a religious song of worship in Christianity, or a sacred song.
Collections of hymns are known as hymnals.
In Hinduism, a hymn is a shloka.
Scarlett O'Hara is the main charcater in Margaret Mitchell's book Gone with the Wind with the movie adaptation, and Scarlett by Alexandra Ripley.
She is one of the residents of Georgia who had histrionic personality disorder.
Histrionic personality disorder in fiction
Vivien Leigh (; 5 November 1913 – 8 July 1967; born Vivian Mary Hartley and styled as Lady Olivier after 1947) was an English actress.
She is best known for playing Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind in 1939, and Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire in 1951.
Leigh won Academy Awards for both of these roles.
Leigh was born in Darjeeling, Bengal, British India.
She was married to Laurence Olivier from 1940-1960 and often acted in plays and movies with him.
Olivier was Leigh's second husband.
The first was Leigh Holman, and Miss Leigh was still legally married to him when she came to the US to accompany Laurence Olivier who came to Hollywood to star in David O. Selznick's production of "Rebecca" directed by Alfred Hitchcock.
It was lucky that Miss Leigh's agent just happened to be David O. Selznick's brother, Myron.