the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Because of this high doping, there is only a very narrow gap where the electrons are able to pass through.
This tunnel-effect appears in both directions.
After a certain quantity of electrons have passed, the current through the gap decreases, until the normal current through the diode at the threshold voltage begins.
This causes an area of a negative resistance.
These diodes are used to deal with really high frequencies (100 GHz).
It is also resistant to radiation, so they are used in spacecraft.
They are also used in microwaves and refrigerators.
Backward diode
The symbol has at the end of the diode a sign that looks like a big I.  It is made similar to the tunnel diode, but the n- and the p-layer are not doped as high.
It allows current to flow backwards with small negative voltages.
It can be used to rectify low voltages (less than 0.7 volts).
Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Instead of two layers like a normal diode, this has four layers, it is basically two diodes put together, with a gate in the middle.
When voltage goes between the gate and the cathode the lower transistor will turn on.
This lets the current go through, which activates the upper transistor, and then the current will not need to be turned on by a gate voltage.
https://www.knowelectronic.com/the-diode/
The Unusual Diode FAQ
Rectifiers
The power trio is a popular type of a rock and roll band format since the 1960s.
The usual power trio has three people playing the guitar, bass, and drums.
It does not include the rhythm guitar or keyboard often included in other rock music.
In more recent years, the term has come to mean any type of a three-person band.
Famous power trios
Beck, Bogert & Appice
The Cream
Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando (Ratchet & Clank 2: Locked and Loaded in Europe, Australia and New Zealand) is a 3D platform/shooter for the PlayStation 2.
It was developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony in 2003.
It is the second game in the Ratchet & Clank series.
The words Going Commando are a phrase, or set of words, for wearing pants with no underwear.
Similar to Ratchet & Clank, Going Commando got high review scores, and has a 92% on Game Rankings, and a 90% from Metacritic.
IGN gave the game a score of 9.4/10, and Gamestats gave it a 9.1/10.
Game Informer magazine called it Game of the Month when it was released.
Going Commando was given a 4/5 from Gamespy and a 5/5 from X-Play.
Official Insomniac Games website
Gillian Howard Welch (born October 2, 1967 in New York City) is an American singer-songwriter.
Her musical style combines bluegrass, country, and folk into a style she calls "American Primitive".
Concert review
David Todd Rawlings is a United States guitarist.
He is best known as the musical partner of bluegrass singer-songwriter Gillian Welch.
Rawlings has also been a record producer, producing albums such as those by Welch and other artists like Old Crow Medicine Show.
Singers from Rhode Island
Meitnerium is a chemical element in the periodic table.
Its atomic number is 109.
It is not found on earth naturally.
Because of this, it needs to be made in a science laboratory.
Its half life, or the amount of time it takes for half of the element to go away is a little over one second.
Meitnerium was first made in 1982.
The two letter abbreviation is Mt and is a solid.
Nobody knows for sure what meitnerium looks like, but scientists think it is a white, gray, or silver color.
WebElements.com - Meitnerium
4-1-1 is a telephone number in the United States and Canada.
411 is called to get help or information on something, for example what the address of a building is, or the telephone number of a company.
The Convent has been the home of the Governor of Gibraltar since 1728.
The building is located near the southern end of Main Street.
It is said to be haunted by the ghost of a nun.
The "Pomp and Circumstance Marches" are a group of five marches for orchestra composed by Sir Edward Elgar.
Their full title is: "Pomp and Circumstance Military Marches").
Elgar started to write a sixth march, but never finished it.
The first of the marches is especially famous and has a tune which is one of the best known tunes in Britain.
It is often sung to the words " Land of Hope and Glory".
The title “Pomp and Circumstance”is taken from Act III, Scene iii of Shakespeare's Othello:
Farewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump,
The spirit-stirring drum, th'ear-piercing fife,
The royal banner, and all quality,
Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!"
The marches
The Pomp and Circumstance marches are
March No.
1 in D (1901)
2 in A minor (1901)
3 in C minor (1904)
4 in G (1907)
5 in C (1930)
6 in G minor (written as sketches, elaborated by Anthony Payne in 2005–06)
The first five were all published by Boosey & Co. as Elgar's Op.
Elgar dedicated each march to one of his musical friends.
" March No.
1 in D "  is the best known of the set.
It was completed, together with March No.
2, in 1901, soon after the first performance of his “Dream of Gerontius” which had been badly performed.
Elgar dedicated it to Alfred Rodewald who conducted its first performance with the Liverpool Orchestra Society on 19 October 1901.
Both marches were played two days later at a Promenade Concert in the Queen's Hall London, conducted by Henry Wood.
Elgar knew that the audience would love the big tune in the middle of March No.
1, so that march was played second.
Henry Wood tells in his autobiography that “the people simply rose and yelled.
I had to play it again – with the same result; in fact, they refused to let me get on with the programme….merely to restore order, I played the march a third time.”
The next year King Edward VII was due to be crowned in June.
The King liked the big tune, and wanted it performed with words at the coronation.
So Elgar used it at the end of his Coronation Ode with words by A.C. Benson.
The coronation did not take place because the king became ill just before the big day. "
Land of Hope and Glory" was sung in June 1902 by Clara Butt, and the whole Ode was performed in Sheffield four months later.
In Britain "Land of Hope and Glory" is sung every year at the Last Night of the Proms in the Royal Albert Hall as part of the Pomp and Circumstance March No.
How shall we extol thee who are born of thee?
In the United States the tune is sometimes known as "Pomp and Circumstance" or as "The Graduation March", and is played as the processional tune at high school and college graduation ceremonies,.
2 in A minor "  was dedicated to the composer Granville Bantock".
It was first performed at the same concert as March No.
It the shortest and simplest of the marches.
3 in C minor "  was finished in November 1904 and published in 1905.
It was dedicated to Ivor Atkins".
It was first performed on 8 March 1905, in the Queen's Hall, London, conducted by the composer.
It sounds quite serious at first, then it becomes very energetic.
4 in G "  is very grand, like No.
Again there is a big tune in the middle.
It was dedicated to Dr. G. Robertson Sinclair, the organist of Hereford Cathedral.
It was first performed on 24 August 1907, in the Queen's Hall, London, conducted by Elgar himself.
5 in C ", composed in 1930, was dedicated to Percy Hull, a friend from Hereford.
It has some brilliant orchestral effects.
6 in G minor "  was started, but when Elgar died there were only sketches left.
The musician Anthony Payne recently discovered some more sketches for it in the library of the  Royal School of Church Music.
He finished composing in the way that Elgar might have done, and the work was first performed on 2 August 2006 with Andrew Davis conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra at The Proms at Royal Albert Hall.
Wood, Henry, My Life of Music (London, 1938)
Programme note by Wendy Thompson for Last Night of the Proms 1995
704 Interamnia is a very big asteroid.
Scientists think it is 350 kilometers wide.
Its mean distance from the Sun is 3.067 (AU).
It was found on October 2, 1910 by Vincenzo Cerulli.
It is named after the Latin name for Teramo, Italy, which is where Cerulli worked.
It is the fifth heaviest asteroid after Ceres, Vesta, Pallas and Hygiea, and scientists think that it makes up 2.0% of the mass of the whole asteroid belt.
It is easily the biggest of the F-type asteroids, but there are few details of what the inside is made of or shape and no lightcurve analysis has been done to find out the ecliptic coordinates of Interamnia's poles (and its axial tilt).
Its apparently high bulk density (though subject to much error) suggests a very solid body entirely without internal porosity or traces of water.
This also strongly suggests that Interamnia is big enough to have withstood all the collisions that have happened in the asteroid belt since the Solar System was made.
Its very dark surface and fairly far distance from the Sun means Interamnia can never be seen with 10x50 binoculars.
At most oppositions its magnitude is around +11.0, which is less than the minimum brightness of Vesta, Ceres or Pallas.
Even at a near-perihelion opposition its magnitude is only around +9.9, which is over four magnitudes lower than Vesta.
Its orbit is a more eccentric than Hygiea (15% versus 12%) but is different because Hygiea's orbit is much more inclined and takes less time to complete one orbit.
Another difference is that Interamnia's perihelion is at the other side of the perihelia of the "big four", so that Interamnia at perihelion is actually closer to the Sun than Ceres and Pallas are at the same longitude.
It is unlikely to collide with Pallas because their nodes are located too far apart.
Although its nodes are located on the opposite side from those of Ceres, it is generally far from Ceres when both cross the same orbital plane and a collision is again unlikely.
Orbital simulation  from JPL (Java)
G. Michalak Determination of asteroid masses Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol.
374, 703 (2001)
Animation of Asteroid Interamnia taken on April 1—2nd, 2003
Occultation of GSC 23450183 by (704) Interamnia on 1996 December 17 (dia: 329 km; rotation period of 8.70 +/- 0.06 hours)
Interamnia Occultations Observed before 2003
Occultation  of HIP36189 by (704) Interamnia on 2003 March 23 (dia: 350.4×303.7 km) recorded by Isao Ootsuki (graze) and Hideo Takashima and Fujio Ohbain Japan, analysis by Tsutomu Hayamizu
The River Ocoa is a river in the southern side of the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic.
It is 68 km long and flows through mountains except near its end in the Caribbean Sea.
Ocoa is a Taíno word that means "a place with mountains"; coa meant "place" and o meant, in some cases, "mountain".
The source of the Ocoa is at the La Chorreosa mountain (also known as La Chorriosa), on the eastern side of Valle Nuevo (Cordillera Central).
It flows through the San José de Ocoa province and then form part of the limits between the Azua and Peravia provinces.
The city of San José de Ocoa is the most important city near the river.
Other towns are Las Carreras, Sabana Buey and Villa Fundación, in the Peravia province, and Palmar de Ocoa in the Azua province, near its mouth.
The water of the river is used for irrigation in those towns; it is not used for the houses because it has too much solid materials because mountains have very few trees.
The most important tributaries are Banilejo, Canal and Arroyo Parra, all in the higher part of the river.
There is not any important tributary in the lower part.
On April 1849, there was an important battle (the Battle of Las Carreras) here during the Dominican-Haitian War; the fight was on the western side of the river in Las Carreras, a place at about 20 km from the mouth.
The Dominican army won the battle against the Haitian army.
For the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War units, see Louise Michel Battalions
Louise Michel (1830-1905) was a French anarchist, school teacher and medical worker.
She sometimes used the pseudonym Clémence and was also known as the red virgin of Montmartre.
Louise Michel was born at the Château of Vroncourt (Haute-Marne) on 29 May 1830, the daughter of Marianne Michel, and of Etienne Charles Demahis.
She was brought up by her father's parents, and received a libertaria education.
After her grandfather's death in 1850 she was trained to teach, but after few times she saw that Napoleon III prevented her from serving in a state school.
She became violently anti-Bonapartist, and is said to have thought about the assassination of Napoleon III.
She became anarchist in 1866 to a school in the Montmartre quarter of Paris, where she saw that his destiny was to work for charity and follow the revolution.
She was active during the Paris Commune as an ambulance woman, she helped mutilated or injured on the barricades.
During the Siege of Paris she was in resistance against the Prussians.
On the establishment of the Commune, she joined the National Guard.
She offered to shoot Thiers, and suggested the destruction of Paris for its surrender.
She was with the Communards who made their last stand in the cemetery of Montmartre, and was closely allied with Théophile Ferré, who was executed in November 1871.
Michel dedicated a moving farewell poem to Ferré, l’œillet rouge (The Red Carnation).
It is without a doubt that upon learning of this loss, Victor Hugo dedicated his poem to Michel, Viro Major.
This ardent attachment was perhaps one of the sources of the exaltation which marked her career, and gave many handles to her enemies.
After December 1871, she began composing revolutionary propaganda; demanding assistance for poor people, other measures which threatened the government, and calls for the disenfranchised to arm themselves.
She herself took up arms as well and donned a military style uniform.
She never renounced the Commune, and after various legal maneuvers city judges sentenced her to death.
She spent twenty months in prison and was sentenced to deportation.
She was put onto the ship Virginie on the 8th of August, 1873, to be deported.
She arrived in New Caledonia 4 months later.
On board, she met Henri Rochefort, a famous polemist, who became her friend until her death.
She also met Nathalie Lemel, another figure active in the commune.
Louise was in New Caledonia for seven years.
She refused special treatment reserved for women.
In 1878 she was a leader in a revolt.
The following year, she received authorisation to become a teacher in Nouméa for the children of the deported—among them many Kabyles (Kabyles du Pacifique) from Cheikh Mokrani's rebellion (1871)—and later in schools for girls.
Return to France
Michel returned to Paris in 1880 after amnesty was given to the Communards.
Her revolutionary never died and she controlled freely a libertarian school.
She travelled everywhere in France, supporting revolution.
In 1883 she led a Paris mob which pillaged a baker's shop.
For this she was given six years imprisonment, but was released in 1886, at the same time as Kropotkin and other prominent anarchists.
After a short period of freedom she was again arrested for speaking bad about the social system.
She was soon free again, but, hearing that her enemies hoped to put her in a lunatic asylum, she went to England in 1890.
She returned to France in 1895, taking part in the revolt made by the Dreyfuss affair in 1898.
Few months ago she was constantly followed by the police, until she died in "Room 11", in the Hotel Oasis, Marseilles on January 10, 1905.
The women in the social
Michel became highly admired by French workers and revolutionaries, particularly for her association with the Paris Commune.
From after her death until 1916, a demonstration was held every year at her tomb at Levallois-Perret.
Frequently, the language used to describe her is that reserved for saints and heretics; she is often referred to as "Bonne Louise" (Good Louise) or the "Vierge rouge" (red Virgin).
She was always respected same in periods when women were without right.
The Metrò
On May 1, 1946, the Parisian métro station "Vallier" was renamed Louise Michel, see: Louise Michel (Paris Metro).
Articles and books
À travers la vie, poetry, Paris, 1894.
Le Bâtard impérial, by L. Michel and J. Winter, Paris, 1883.
Le claque-dents, Paris.
La Commune, Paris, 1898.
Contes et légendes, Paris, 1884.
Les Crimes de l'époque, nouvelles inédites, Paris, 1888.
Défense de Louise Michel, Bordeaux, 1883.
L'Ère nouvelle, pensée dernière, souvenirs de Calédonie (prisoners' songs), Paris, 1887
La Fille du peuple par L. Michel et A. Grippa, Paris (1883) Fleurs et ronces, poetry, Paris,
Le Gars Yvon, légende bretonne, Paris, 1882.
Lectures encyclopédiques par cycles attractifs, Paris, 1888.
Ligue internationale des femmes révolutionnaires, Appel à une réunion.
Signed "Louise Michel", Paris, 1882.
Le livre du jour de l'an : historiettes, contes et légendes pour les enfants, Paris, 1872.
Lueurs dans l'ombre.
Plus d'idiots, plus de fous.
L'âme intelligente.
L'idée libre.
L'esprit lucide de la terre à Dieu... Paris, 1861.
Manifeste et proclamation de Louise Michel aux citoyennes de Paris, Signed "Louise Maboul", Paris, 1883.
Mémoires, Paris, 1886, t. 1.
Les Méprises, grand roman de mœurs parisiennes, par Louise Michel et Jean Guêtré, Paris, 1882.
Les Microbes humains, Paris, 1886.
La Misère by Louise Michel, 2nd part, and Jean Guêtré 1st part, Paris, 1882.
Le Monde nouveau, Paris, 1888
I. Avant la Commune.
Preface by Laurent Tailhade, Alfortville, 1905.
Les Paysans by Louise Michel et Émile Gautier, Paris, (Incomplete).
Prise de possession, Saint-Denis, 1890.
Le Rêve (in a work by Constant Martin), Paris, 1898.
Légendes et chants de gestes canaques.
Présentation.
Gérard Oberlé.
Edition 1900.
, edition established by Xavière Gauthier, Édition de Paris-Max Chaleil, 1999.
Anarchism in France
Louise Michel Battalions - Spanish Civil War
Louise Michel archive at the Anarchy Archives
Les Louise Mitchels - French D.I.Y. jazz-punk band influenced by the life and work of Louise Michel
Louise Michel is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Line 3.
It is located in the commune of Levallois-Perret northwest of the French capital, Paris.
Before 1946, this station was named Vallier after a mountain (2839m)in the Pyrenees near the Val d'Aran.
The station was renamed on May 1, 1946 to Louise Michel, in honour of the French anarchist and communarde.
Two battalions (made up of volunteer troops) of French-speaking people in the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War against fascism, were named after Louise Michel, a heroine of the 1871 Paris Commune.
The first battalion was an existing group of volunteers (see Centuria) who had been operating in Barcelona.
This joined with battalions being formed for the XI International Brigade.
The second was a group of Albacete from French-speaking volunteers.
At the end of January 1938, it was put into the Henri Vuilleman Battalion of the XIV International Brigade.
Sources and notes
Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, 4th Rev. Ed.
Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain, 2006.
Order of Battle website
Associació Catalana Website
1936 establishments
An idol is a religious item that represents a god.
It can also mean someone who is admired by many people, like a pop idol.
Idolatry refers to the worship of idols.
Christians disagree about what idolatry is.
Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy see Christian art and icons as good, because they see Christ's Incarnation as having made images of God lawful.
However many Protestants regard much Catholic art as idolatry.
This is due to differences in the understanding of the Ten Commandments. "
You shall have no other gods before me.
You shall not make for yourself a graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; you shall not bow down to them or serve them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me, but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments." (
RSV Exodus 20:3-6)
Islamic art is often based on Geometric abstraction or calligraphy to avoid idolatry, but Jewish art is somewhat broader.
Hindus have murtis, a term often translated as “idols”.
The Catholic Encyclopedia, or the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English language encyclopedia.
It was published by The Encyclopedia Press.
The first volume appeared in March 1907.
It was completed in April 1914.
The encyclopedia was designed for the Roman Catholic Church.
It does not include information which has nothing to do with the Church.
It explains matters from the point of view of the official Catholic doctrine, as it was during the time of Pope Pius X. It tells the accomplishments of Catholics and some others in nearly all intellectual and professional pursuits.
These include artists, educators, poets and scientists.
Bright Eyes (movie), a 1934 movie from 20th Century Fox starring Shirley Temple
Bright Eyes (band), an indie rock band from Omaha, Nebraska
Stanley (also known as Port Stanley) is the capital city of the Falkland Islands.
It is found on the island of East Falkland and has a population of 2,000.
Stanley was the sight of fighting in the 1982 Falklands War, where Argentinian forces captured Government House, the seat of the Falklands Government.
Today, Stanley is the biggest town in the Falkland Islands.
It has an airport and a seaport.
Cruise ships going through the South Atlantic often make a stop in Stanley, which has a small tourism industry to serve cruise ship passengers and others visiting the islands.
Numismatics is the study and collecting of coins and the history behind the coins.
A Numismatist is either a collector of coins or a scholar who studies the history of coins.
Origin of Word
The term comes from a word meaning "of coins."
The original word is French (numismatique), which itself is from a Latin origin (numismatis).
History of Numismatics
Coin collectors may have existed in ancient times.
Caesar Augustus may have been an example.
The first known book about coin collecting was in 1514, "De Asse et Partibus", by Guillaume Budé.
However, only royalty really enjoyed coin collecting until the 19th century.
That's when professional organizations started to sprout, like the American Numismatic Society in 1858.
Modern Numismatics
Modern numismatics is a sub-field that focuses on when coins started being stamped by machines (around 17th century on).
Because of its focus, modern numismatics is more popular with collectors than with historians.
Other subfields/variants include exonumia (focus on coin-like objects), notaphily (focus on paper money instead of coins), and scripophily (focus on stocks and bonds instead of coins).
Types of Philately
Thematic philately, also known as topical philately, is the study of art shown on stamps.
This can be pictures of many things on a stamp, like people, animals, boats, insects, and vehicles.
Interesting parts of thematic philately also include mistakes in the art of a stamp.
For example, the removal of cigarettes from United States stamps.
Postal history studies the history of how mail and stamps were processed.
This relates to post offices, postmarks, and how mail is taken from place to place.
Aerophilately studies airmail (mail that travels on planes).
Astrophilately studies stamps that are related to outer space, and objects like the Moon.
National Philatelic Society UK
Philatelic Traders Society (London)
Royal Philatelic Society London
Welsh Philatelic Society
American First Day Cover Society
American Philatelic Society
American Revenue Association
American Topical Association
National Postal Museum (USA)
Precancel Stamp Society
Old World Archaeological Study Unit
Académie Européenne de Philatélie
GEOPHILA Association of collectors of stamp territories around the world
Wreck & Crash Mail Society
Europe: Small European Postal Administration Cooperation
Argentina: Féderación Argentina de Entidades Filatélicas
Australia: Australian Philatelic Federation
Canada: British North American Philatelic Society
Cyprus: Cyprus Philatelic Society
India: Indian Postal Service
New Zealand: Royal Philatelic Society of New Zealand Inc
Russia: The Rossica Society of Russian Philately
South Africa: Thematic Collecting Group in South Africa
Ukraine: Odessa City Collectors' Society
Charles of Valois (March 12, 1270 – December 16, 1325) started the House of Valois as the first Count of Valois.
He was the third son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon.
His mother was a daughter of James I of Aragon and Yolande of Hungary.
He was part the Capetian dynasty.
1270 births
David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966) is a British politician.
He was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016.
He was First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the British Conservative Party until July 2016.
On 24 June 2016, following a vote in a referendum to leave the European Union, Cameron announced that he would step down before the October 2016 Conservative Party Conference to make way for a new Prime Minister.
After Theresa May became the only candidate in the elections, she became the designated Prime Minister.
Cameron later announced he will resign on July 13 and was replaced by May.
David Cameron was born at The London Clinic in Marylebone, London, and grew up in Peasemore, Berkshire.
He went to Eton College, a private school for boys, when he was thirteen.
He has a brother, Alexander Cameron and two sisters.
He then studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) at the University of Oxford.
He has Scottish, Welsh, English, Irish and German Jewish descent.
He worked as a researcher for Carlton TV, and as an adviser for Conservative politicians Norman Lamont and Michael Howard.
He first became a Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2001 General Election for the constituency of Witney, after making an unsuccessful attempt to become an MP during the 1997 General Election.
He briefly entered the shadow cabinet in 2005, before being elected leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005.
Prime Minister (2010–2016)
Cameron led the Conservatives through the 2010 general election, where it received the highest share of the vote and more seats than any other party, but did not get enough votes to form a government by themselves.
A Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government was formed, and David Cameron became Prime Minister on 11 May 2010.
He is Britain's youngest Prime Minister for over 200 years.
Since being elected, Cameron's government has declared £6.2 billion worth of cuts to help reduce the budget deficit.
He was re-elected as Prime Minister in 2015.
His party got 36.9% of the vote, a majority.
The Liberal Democrats only got 7.9% so the coalition between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats ended.
Cameron announced he would resign on July 13, after Theresa May became the designated Prime Minister.
He is married to Samantha Cameron, and they have 3 children.
His son Ivan was born with disabilities and died when he was six.
Nancy Gwen was born in 2004.
His youngest child, Florence, was born on holiday in Cornwall.
Because she was born in St. Endellion, they decided to make her middle name Endellion.
He said on Channel 4 News in 2013 that he is a feminist, but some people don't agree.
During a debate with MP Angela Eagle at Prime Minister's Questions in April 2011 he told her to "calm down, dear".
Some people found this rude, and have used it to claim he is not a feminist.
People from Berkshire
UK MPs 2015–2017
The House of Bourbon is an important royal house of Europe.
Kings from the House of Bourbon ruled France from 1589 to 1792 and again from 1815 to 1848.
This is a younger branch of the Capetian dynasty.
Members of the House of Bourbon also ruled Naples, Sicily, and Parma in the past.
Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and King Felipe VI of Spain are both part of the House of Bourbon.
Bourbons of France, such as King Louis XV.
House of Bourbon–Anjou, Bourbons of Spain, such as the present King.
Bourbons of Parma, Dukes of Parma
Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, Kings of the Two Sicilies
In the legends of King Arthur, Camelot is Arthur's castle.
In fiction about the Middle Ages, Arthur rules scotland from Camelot and holds feasts at his round table.
The round table, which has no legs or head, symbolized the idea of a good king because every knight who sat at it had an equal place.
Since Camelot's original place is still uncertain, the truth about it, if it ever existed, is still unknown.
Camelot once held many great things such as The Holy Grail, The Holy Sword Excalibur and The Round Table which brought Arthur's best knights together.
The University of Hawaii is a group of public colleges and universities in Hawaii.
There are three universities, seven community colleges, an employment training center, four education centers and some research laboratories:
University of Hawaii at Hilo, doctoral university in Hilo
University of Hawaii at Manoa, doctoral university in Honolulu
University of Hawaii-West Oahu, baccalaureate university in Kapolei
Community Colleges
Hawaii Community College, Hilo
Honolulu Community College, Honolulu
Kapiolani Community College, Honolulu
Kauai Community College, Līhu'e
Leeward Community College, Pearl City
Windward Community College, Kāne'ohe
University of Hawaii Maui College, Kahului
Cowlitz River is a river in the state of Washington in the United States.
The river is a tributary of the larger Columbia River.
There are several mountains near the river including Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier, and Mount Adams.
USGS Cowlitz River Basin map
Cowlitz Falls Project
http://www.energy-northwest.com/generation/packwood
Alexandre Dumas, père, a French author
Alexandre Dumas, fils, also a French author, the son of the one above
Leonidas I (Greek: Λεωνίδας) (c. 530–480 B.C.) was a king of the Greek city-state of Sparta from about 490 BC until his death in 480.
The Spartans and associates defended the pass at Thermopylae against the Persian army.
Although Leonidas lost the battle, his death at Thermopylae was seen as a heroic sacrifice.
Leonidas sent most of his army away when he realized that the Persians had outmaneuvered him.
Three hundred of his fellow Spartans stayed with him to fight and die.
Almost everything that is known about Leonidas comes from the work of the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484–c. 425 BC)
Thermopylae
Invasion of Greece
In 480 BC, the Persians with their king Xerxes attacked Greece.
When the Greeks asked the Spartans to join their army against the Persians, the Spartans went to the Oracle at Delphi.
The Oracle gave a prophecy.
It said that either Sparta would fall or the Spartans would lose a king.
Fighting back
In August 480 BC, Leonidas went to Thermopylae with 300 of his bodyguards.
Other Greek forces joined him there and formed an army of 4,000 soldiers.
This army would try to hold the pass of Thermopylae against the great army of Xerxes I, King of Persia.
Leonidas and his men held Thermopylae for three days.
On the third day, a Greek traitor named Ephialtes led the Persian army behind the Spartans.
It was then that Leonidas sent away all the Greek troops except 700 Thespians, who refused to leave.
The small Greek force was attacked from both sides.
They fought hard but finally they were all killed.
Xerxes told his men to remove Leonidas' head and put it on a stake.
He also told them to crucify his body.
Now, there is a monument near Leonidas’ death site.
It has the following inscription:
Only two Spartans survived that battle.
One was Kirtanian.
He was injured and sent behind the rest of the soldiers.
The other was Pantites.
He was sent by Leonidas to get help in Thessaly.
He did not get back to Thermopylae until after the battle was done.
At the end, he hanged himself because he was harassed and often referred as a coward.
Kings of Sparta
Shrapnel is small chunks of broken objects, such as concrete and metal, that is around an explosive, usually as part of a container.
When the explosive goes off, the shrapnel flies out in all directions with a similar effect to a bullet.
Nail bombs work like this.
A nail bomb is a weapon that is made of a bag of nails with an bomb inside.
When the bomb goes off, the nails fly out in all directions, like bullets.
They are usually used by suicide bombers and the IRA.
An introduced species is an living thing that is not from to a given place.
It has been brought there by human activities.
People may have brought the living thing by accident or on purpose.
The introduced species can cause problems when it becomes a pest in the new place.
It may damage the ecosystem of the new place.
This damage can be to other animals, plants and also human activity.
One introduced species is the tilapia.
It is a fish that comes from warm freshwater areas of Africa, North and South America, India and Sri Lanka.
It has been taken to other areas because it is good for fish farming, and it also is a good pet for an aquarium.
When the fish is released into other parts of the world, it quickly takes over from the native fish.
It can do this because it breeds quickly, eats all the available food, and eats the eggs and babies of native fish.
This can cause the water to become so muddy, that the native fish cannot live.
Tilapia has been listed as one of the 100 worst introduced species.
A person owning or selling one in Australia could be fined up to AU$11,000.
An introduced species may have a great advantage over the native species.
They usually come in without the predators and parasites which they suffer in their old environment.
This allows them to have young quickly.
Fire ants and Africanized honeybees became invasive insects in the 20th century.
People brought rabbits to Australia because they wanted to raise and eat them.
The rabbits got into the wild and became pests.
Australians built the rabbit-proof fence to try to stop them from covering the whole country.
People put mosquitofish in rivers and lakes in western North America because they thought the fish would eat mosquito young.
Instead, the mosquitofish killed the other fish that had been eating the mosquitoes.
There were more mosquitoes than ever.
People brought cats and stoats to islands.
When birds live on islands with no mammal predators, they sometimes do not build nests in trees.
Instead, they nest on the ground.
This makes it easy for the cats and stoats to eat the chicks and eggs.
Some birds, for example the kiwi and kakapo do not fly.
The animals that like to eat the kakapo were mostly birds of prey that flew high overhead.
They would find the kakapo by seeing it.
The kakapo would stand very still so the bird of prey would not find it.
But this does not work against a mammal predator that finds its prey by smelling it.
The kakapo would stand very still, and the introduced mammal would catch it.
Rats hid on human ships and got onto Easter Island.
Historians think the rats might have eaten palm tree seeds and could be what made the trees on the island die out.
A bunker is a military building for fortification.
They are usually built below ground.
Blockhouses are like bunkers, but are built above ground.
Bunkers were of big importance during World War I and World War II.
Bunkers were built during the Cold War for important political people and for the general public because of the scare of a nuclear war.
Types of bunkers
A trench is long and narrow.
It may be part of a big system of trenches.
Soldiers often dig and use trenches.
When most of the front-line soldiers use trenches, it is called trench warfare.
A pillbox is a small building made of concrete that also has small windows that people can shoot guns out of.
The name came from the fact that they look like the boxes that pills came in.
Pillboxes were used a lot during World War I when defence in depth was being used.
Pillboxes are most often found camouflaged so that they are harder to spot.
They can also be part of a trench system, where the pillbox is a firing step that has been built to take grenade blasts and smaller mortar fire.
Pillboxes were also built to help protect strategic structures such as bridges or jetties.
Industrial bunkers are built like regular bunkers and they can be mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials, data storage, and sometimes places that people live in.
They were built by nations during World War II to help protect the important industries from getting bombed.
Many mines in France and Germany were made into bunkers by both the Germans and the French in both World War I and World War II.
Famous bunkers
Examples of bunkers
Atlantic Wall, coasts of Western Europe, built by Nazi Germany during WWII
Maginot Line, eastern France, built by France, pre-WWII
Europe WW2 bunkers in Europe (reference website about museums and sites of WW2 pillboxes, bunkers and other defensive structures with maps and photos)
Great Britain  (image collection of WW2 coastal defences)
Great Britain Pillboxes UK (reference website about WW2 pillboxes and other defensive structures)
Great Britain UK Heritage: Pillboxes  (short article about "Miniature modern castles")
Great Britain Subterranea Britannica: Cold War  (information on Cold War-era underground structures in Britain)
Over-harvesting means taking more from the land (or sea) than it can replace.
It includes extreme farming, grazing, fishing, and using fresh water.
Over-harvesting is harmful in the long term.
Forests or wetlands are hard to replace.
Damage to nature hurts animals and humans.
Most wetlands are damaged by overuse as a source of drinking water, and are sometimes drained to make farmland or land for building.
A thriving and diverse ecosystem is destroyed.
Over-harvesting also applies to animals.
Population numbers may drop as a result, and species may become extinct.
Overfishing is a typical example.
Nowadays, you can only fish, shoot deer or birds at certain times of the year.
The season when they mate, reproduce and lay eggs or have the young are protected.
Areas of especial natural beauty or scientific interest are also protected.
Taking bird eggs is also now against the law, at least in the United Kingdom.
One thing which acts against conservation is the overpopulation of the world.
The greatest single reason why the world loses forests is that some people want the land for other purposes.
A few people gain, but everyone shares the cost.
Habitat fragmentation is not good because it involves some amount of habitat destruction.
Plants and other organisms in these areas are destroyed and mobile animals escape from those places to find another habitat causing an excessive crowding and possible competitions among different animals.
Cecil formed in Liverpool in 1993.
The members were Ste Williams (vocals), Patrick Harrison (guitar), Ally Lambert (drums), Anthony Hughes (guitar and keyboards), and Jay Bennett (bass).
The band took part in a "Battle of the Bands".
It was sponsored by Liverpool Echo who later tried to stitch the band up by putting them on the front cover under the title "Bulger Band", a reference to their song No Excuses that they believed, incorrectly, to be about the murder of toddler James Bulger.
The band never spoke to the Liverpool Echo again.
The band signed a manangement contract with Raymond Coffer.
They later signed with the record label Parlophone (EMI).
They released their first single "No Excuses" with Parlophone in October 1995.
The band spent the end of 1995 and most of 1996 playing concerts in much of the United Kingdom.
They played with such bands as The Levellers, Skunk Anansie, and Paw.
They also played in music festivals at Donnington and T in the Park.
During this time, they released their second single "My Neck", which was backed with an acoustic track and a piano version of the single, giving a hint of the direction they were heading in for the recording of their 2nd record.
In 1996, their first album Bombar Diddlah was getting good reviews.
It was produced by Barrett Jones of Foo Fighters.
Cecil spent most of 1997 writing songs, touring with the band Mansun and making their music sound even better.
The changes could particularly be heard in the sound of Ste Williams' vocals.
By the end of 1997, their new sound could be heard in their new release "Red Wine At Dead Time".
They released a second album in 1998, "Subtitles".
It did not sell as well as hoped.
The band spent the next few years writing and touring sporadically, finally relocating to Seattle in 2001 to work on a third album with long time cohort Barrett Jones.
After a productive 2-month stint, straight after the 9/11 bombings, the band went back home to write more songs and booked to go into Stone Gossard's (Pearl Jam) Studio Litho with Barrett to record the rest of the third record.
This never happened after being dropped from their label.
The band went their separate ways in March 2002 and remain firm friends, occasionally reuniting for off the cuff live shows in their native Liverpool.
Bombar Diddlah (1996)
Subtitles (1998)
"No Excuses" (1995)
"My Neck" (1996)
"Measured" (1996)
"Red Wine at Dead Time" (1997)
"Hostage in a Frock" (1997)
"The Most Tiring Day" (1998)
"Canyon EP" (2000)
"Missile EP" (2001)
Christopher "Kit" Marlowe (1564–30 May 1593) was a major dramatist, poet, and translator of English Renaissance drama.
Swinburne has written that: "Marlowe is a Father of English Tragedy and the creator of English blank verse and therefore also the teacher and guide of Shakespeare."
He is the best Elizabethan tragedian.
He was born the same year as Shakespeare, or at least baptised, but lived only to the age of 29, when he was murdered in a brawl.
Marlowe was the son of a shoemaker in Canterbury.
His intelligence won him scholarships, to King's School in Canterbury at age 15, and two years later to the University of Cambridge.
Marlowe was well-educated; he earned a bachelor's degree in 1584 and a master's degree in 1587.
Marlowe's plays were both popular and controversial, in his own era and later.
His plays deal with disturbing subjects like devil worship (Doctor Faustus), homosexuality (Edward II), and anti-Semitism (The Jew of Malta).
Marlowe is generally regarded as master of blank verse.
In addition to seven plays, Marlowe wrote one long poem, Hero and Leander, and one famous shorter poem, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love."
Marlowe's death was also highly controversial.
He was killed in a tavern brawl, stabbed in the head.
Yet there is some historical evidence that he was a secret agent.
Marlowe also was, or sometimes claimed to be, an atheist, at a time when atheism was a crime that could be punished by death.
Some people have wondered if his death was connected with these other issues.
Uncertainty about Marlowe's death has led some people to believe that Marlowe faked his death and continued to write plays using the name "William Shakespeare."
This is called the "Marlovian theory."
In modern times, the changes were attempted to rename the theory in  "Derogation of the king."
Tamburlaine, Parts 1 and 2
Other possible works
The Contention of York and Lancaster (or The First Part of the Contention betwixt the Two Famous Houses of York and Lancaster) is an annoymous work that some people think may have been written by Marlowe.
It was the basis for Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 2.
1593 deaths
Plays by Christopher Marlowe
Neuhof an der Zenn is a municipality in Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim in Bavaria in Germany.
The bass clarinet is a type of clarinet, and is a woodwind single-reed instrument.
The earliest record of a bass clarinet is called a 'bass tube' invented in Paris in 1772 by G. Lott.
It usually has a B-flat pitch.
It plays an octave lower than the normal clarinet.
This means that when a Bass Clarinet makes a note, the note that actually sounds is an octave and a whole tone lower.
There are some bass clarinets that have an A or C pitch as well as E flat, but there are not very many of these.
The cornett is a brass instrument from the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque times.
It is also called a zink, cornetto, or by its Italian name, cornetto curvo.
It is different from the modern cornet, also a brass instrument.
It has only one feature shared with the cornett.
A page about the cornett
Christopher Monk Instruments , one of the more well-known modern makers of cornetts
The English Cornett and Sackbut Ensemble, a performance group that makes use of the cornett
A possibility to build your own curved cornett
Baoruco, also written Bahoruco (but the "h" is not pronounced), is a Dominican province, in the western part of the country, in the Hoya de Enriquillo valley.
Its capital city is Neiba (or Neyba).
It was created on 1943.
It was part of the Barahona province before being elevated to the category of province.
It was called Baoruco because the northern side of the Sierra de Bahoruco was part of the province; with the creation of the Independecia province, that part went to the new province but the name was not changed.
When the Baoruco province was created in 1943, it was formed with the municipalities Neiba, Duvergé, La Descubierta and Tamayo.
With the creation of the Independencia province in 1948, Duvergé and La Descubierta became municipalities of the new province.
Villa Jaragua became a municipality of the province in 1974, Galván in 1997 and Los Ríos in 2001.
1978 : Uvilla
2001 : El Palmar
2004 : Santana, Montserrat and Las Clavellinas
2005 : Cabeza de Toro
2006 : El Salado, Mena and Santa Bárbara-El 6
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Baoruco province, and 69,360 () living in towns and cities.
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 23th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
The Baoruco province has a total area of .
It has 2.6% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 17th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The Baoruco province is in the Hoya de Enriquillo valley, a very dry valley with some parts below sea level; its capital, Neiba, has an elevation of only 10 m above sea level.
In this valley is the Lake Enriquillo, and the northeastern part of the lake, about of third of its surface, belongs to the Baoruco province, including its small islands of Barbarita and Islita.
The most important river in the province is the Yaque del Sur river, one of the longest in the country; it forms the eastern limit of the province and its water is used for irrigation.
Other rivers are Las Marías and Panzo.
In the valley, cacti and other plants of dry regions are common.
There are some rainforests in the mountains.
There are five municipalities and nine municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture and the main products are plantains in Tamayo, grapes in Neiba and Los Ríos.
On the Sierra de Neiba, coffee and beans are important products.
1943 establishments in North America
Snorri Sturluson (1179 – 23 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician.
He was three-time elected lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing.
He was the author of the Prose Edda or Younger Edda and the Heimskringla, a history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary material and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history.
Snorri Sturluson, "Kringla leaf" (c. 1260), part of Heimskringla treasure 1  National Library of Iceland displayed via The European Library
A reprint of the 1932 Cambridge edition by W. Heffer.
Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (
Runor : historia, tydning, tolkning.
Historiska Media, Falun.
Icelandic Medieval Manuscripts , site maintained by Unnur Valgeirsdóttir at the University of Iceland.
Snorri Sturluson , article by Jónas Kristjánsson at snorrastofa.is.
The Women in Snorri's Life .
1178 births
Heimskringla is the best known of the old Norse kings' sagas.
It was written in Old Norse in Iceland by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson (1179 – 1242) ca.
1230.
The name Heimskringla was first used in the 17th century, it comes from the first two words of one of the manuscripts (kringla heimsins - the circle of the world).
Heimskringla in Old Norse from "Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad" Norway.
Berkeley page on Snorri Sturluson's text
County Mayo is a county in the province of Connacht, in Ireland.
Castlebar and Ballina are the two towns with the most people living in them in the county.
The highest point in Mayo and Connacht is Mweelrea.
Achill Island
Balla, Ballina, Ballinrobe, Ballintober, Ballycastle, Ballyhaunis, Ballyglass, Ballyvary, Bangor, Belmullet, Bohola
Castlebar, Charlestown, Claremorris, Cong, Crossmolina
Derrew
Geesala
Keel, Kilkelly, Killala, Kiltimagh, Knock
Louisburgh
Mayo, Mulrany
Swinford
Tourmakeady
Mayo County Council's website
Map of Mayo