the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The three most common variations are all fraternal, meaning the two twins are not from the same egg:
(1) male-female twins are the most common result, at about 41% of all twins born;
(2) female fraternal twins (sometimes called sororal twins), about 20%;
(3) male fraternal twins, about 19%.
(4) female identical twins (about 10%) and
(5) (least common) male identical twins (about 10%).
Twinning is common in many other species, such as cats, sheep, and ferrets.
Twinning occurs in cattle about 1-4% of the time, and research is being done to improve the chances of twins being born.
If an animal has twins it can be more profitable for the breeder, especially if there is a smaller chance of miscarriage.
A ceiling is the surface that covers the upper limit of a room.
It is not generally considered a structural element, as it does not hold anything up.
It simply conceals the underside of the floor or roof above it.
There are many different types of ceilings in architecture.
In religious buildings, the ceilings are often decorated with frescos, mosaic tiles and other surface treatments.
Perhaps the most famous example is the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo.
Virtual Museum treatise on ceiling construction
A column in architecture is a vertical element that transmits the weight of the structure above to the structure below.
Columns can be either a single piece or several pieces put together.
Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest.
Identical twins start out as genetically identical: they have the same alleles.
They both share the same sack in the womb They are always of the same sex, and are monozygotic or MZ twins (mono = one; zygote = fertilised egg).
This contrasts with fraternal twins, who are formed by two separate eggs fertilised by two separate sperms, and who are not always the same sex (DZ = dizygotic).
Both types of twin are carried in the same uterus at the same time, so their birth environment is the same.
Research shows that the frequency of monozygotic twinning is one in 240 births.
Fraternal twins are twice as common.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques are more likely to create dizygotic twins.
For IVF deliveries, there are nearly 21 pairs of twins for every 1,000.
Twin research
Because they start out with the same genes, they can be used to investigate how much heredity contributes to individual people.
This is the nature vs nurture question.
Eye colour: entirely inherited.
Weight, height: partly inherited, partly environmental.
Which language you speak: entirely environmental.
Take a group of identical twins and a group of fraternal twins, and a group of siblings from the population.
You will find that all those traits which are partly inherited will be significantly more similar in identical twins.
Wilhelm Weinberg made the first estimate of the rate of twinning.
Realizing that identical twins would have to be the same sex, while non-identical twins could be either same or opposite sex, Weinberg derived a formula for estimating the frequency of MZ and DZ twins from the ratio of same and opposite sex twins to the total of maternities.
That means the capacity to have twins is not hereditary.
Not quite so identical
Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and they are always the same sex unless there has been a mutation during development.
Monozygotic twins always have different phenotypes.
Twins may express different sexual phenotypes, normally from an XXY Klinefelter's syndrome zygote splitting unevenly.
Although monozygotic twins are genetically almost identical, a 2012 study of 92 pairs of monozygotic twins found that monozygotic twins acquire hundreds of genetic differences early in fetal development.
This is caused by mutations (or copy errors) taking place in the DNA of each twin after the splitting of the embryo.
Another study in 2018 of 450 pairs of monozygotic twins showed that often (87%) the two twins varied in sexuality.
the study also showed that if one twin married before 40, the other was also likely to marry before 40.
Another cause of difference between monozygotic twins is epigenetic modification.
These are caused by differing environmental influences throughout their lives, which affects which genes are switched on or off.
A study of 80 pairs of monozygotic twins ranging in age from three to 74 showed that the youngest twins have relatively few epigenetic differences.
The number of epigenetic differences increases with age.
Fifty-year-old twins had over three times the epigenetic difference of three-year-old twins.
Twins who had spent their lives apart (such as those adopted by two different sets of parents at birth) had the greatest difference.
However, certain characteristics become more alike as twins age, such as IQ and personality.
This phenomenon illustrates the influence of genetics in many aspects of human characteristics and behaviour.
Twins in animals
Twinning is normal in many mammals, such as rats, cats, dogs.
Identical twins are normal in a few species.
The nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, gives birth to identical quadruplets.
A keyboard instrument is an instrument that is played by pressing the keys of a keyboard.
In a keyboard, the notes are arranged with naturals (usually white notes) forming the main body of the keyboard, and sharps and flats (usually black notes) placed in cuttings into the upper half of the naturals.
In the piano, hammers hit the strings.
In the organ, air is sent through pipes.
In the electronic organ or synthesizer, sound is made electronically.
In the harpsichord, the strings are plucked by quills or “jacks”.
In the clavichord, the strings are hit by a metal “tangent”.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the word Clavier was used in Germany to mean any kind of keyboard instrument.
Often, the naturals were black and the sharps and flats were white (see picture of harpsichord), but the layout was exactly the same.
The development of electronic instruments in the 20th century has brought about many different types of electronic keyboard instruments.
These include the ondes Martenot and the synthesizer.
Nowadays, people often talk about a keyboard meaning an electronic keyboard (e.g. “He plays the keyboard”).
The plural form of the word is "keyboards".
Yamaha have now made the most successful keyboards, selling over 770,000 a year
Types of keyboards
Keyboard types include:
Arranger keyboards
Digital workstation keyboard
Arranger  keyboard
Arrangers are mainly aimed at performers.
Arrangers are mainly identified by their automatic accompaniment styles.
They are used widely by musicians who perform by their own, more like a one-man band.
Arrangers offer extensive libraries containing prerecorded accompaniment tracks in nearly every music style imaginable.
The instrument can support their singing with onboard effects, vocal harmony, and lyric display while providing MIDI and/or audio file playback.
Music played by the keyboardist can often be recorded and saved into a memory bank.
Arrangers also help in writing songs and can provide realistic drum styles that match with the tempo and style the musician developed.
The top seller for arrangers include Yamaha and Korg which are used by many keyboardist worldwide.
Workstation keyboard
A keyboard workstation is a keyboard that is used to change the features of a variety of sounds on a keyboard.
Workstation allows one to create new voices using filters, effects and modulations.
It also allows for mixing sounds.
Top brands for these are Nord, Yamaha, Korg, Casio which are used by many keyboardists worldwide.
The bow is the forward part of the  hull of a ship or boat, the point that is most forward when the vessel is underway.
The bow is designed to reduce the resistance of the hull cutting through water and should be tall enough to prevent water from easily washing over the top of it.
The bow is helpful for letting the ship smoothly pass through the ocean.
Sambucus is a genus in the family Adoxaceae.
It is commonly called Elder or Elderberry.
It includes several similar types of shrubs that produce fruit that is also called elderberries.
The plant can be found in swampy habitats and other areas that provide enough water.
Black Elderberry has been found to be effective against the H5N1 strain of Avian Flu (Zakay-Rones et al.
Black Elderberry contains a unique compound called Antivirin® that can help protect healthy cells and inactivate infectious viruses.
When given to patients, scientists have found the Black Elderberry, has the ability to ward off flu infections quickly (Zakay-Rones 2004).
Black Elderberries are rich in anthocyanins which are a type of flavonoid – anthocyanins are antioxidants that may protect cells from free radicals and support your body’s immune system.
Black Elderberry has a more potent antiviral effect than Echinacea.
At sites in Switzerland and Italy, researchers have uncovered evidence that the black elderberry may have been cultivated by prehistoric man, and there are recipes for elderberry-based medications in the records dating as far back as Ancient Egypt.
Historians, however, generally trace the tradition of the elderberry’s healing power back to Hippocrates, the ancient Greek known as the “father of medicine,” who described this plant as his “medicine chest” for the wide variety of ailments it seemed to cure.
Over the centuries, elderberry has been used to treat colds, flu, fever, burns, cuts, and more than 70 other maladies, from a toothache to the plague.
In the 17th century, John Evelyn, a British researcher, declared, “If the medicinal properties of its leaves, bark, and berries were fully known, I cannot tell what our countryman could ail for which he might not fetch a remedy [from the elderberry], either for sickness or wounds.”
Elderberry can grow in the form of a shrub or small tree, reaching up to 6 feet in height and width depending on the variety.
It blooms during the spring or summer, and its flowers contain both male and female reproductive systems in the event that it is unable to reproduce through cross-pollination.
It can be used to create a violet dye.
Jambul or Jamun or Jamblang or Jambhul जांभुळ (मराठी)(Syzgium cumini), Kaalo Jaam (Bangla) Naavar Pazham (Tamil) is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae, native to India, Pakistan, Indonesia and Sri Lanka.
It is also grown in other areas of southern Asia including Myanmar, Nepal and Afghanistan.
The tree was also introduced to Florida, USA in 1911 by the USDA, and is also now commonly planted in Suriname.
In Brazil, where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonisation, it has spread out in the wild in some places, as many native birds such as thrushes, tanagers and the Great Kiskadee want their fruits.
The various names for this fruit are (in Java) plum, jambul, jamun, jaman, black plum, faux pistachier, Indian blueberry , jambol, doowet, jambolan and jambolão.
Scientific synonyms include Syzygium jambolanum, Eugenia cumini and Eugenia jambolana.
A fairly fast growing species, it can grow as high as 30 metres, and can live more than 100 years.
Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its ornamental value.
The wood is strong and water resistant.
Because of this it is used in railway sleepers and to install motors in wells.
It is sometimes used to make cheap furniture and village dwellings though it is relatively hard to work on.
The Jamun tree starts flowering in March-April.
The fragrant flowers of Jamun are small, nearly 5 millimetres in diameter.
This is followed by the fruit which appears in May-June and resembles a large berry.
The berry is oblong and ovoid.
It is green when just appearing, pink when as it matures, and shining crimson black when fully ripe.
Another variety comes in white and some people say that it can be used as a medicine.
Jamun fruit is a mixture of sweet, slightly sub acid spicy flavour that stands out even after eaten since it turns the tongue into purple color.
The fruit is universally accepted to be very good for medicinal purposes, especially diabetics.
The seed is also used in various alternative healing systems like Ayurveda, Unani and Chinese medicine for digestive ailments.
The leaves and bark are used for controlling blood pressure and gingivitis.
Wine and vinegar are also made from the fruit.
A rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) is a tree from southeast Asia.
The fruit that grows on the tree is also called rambutan.
It is in the same family as Lychee.
The name rambutan is a word that means "hairy".
The fruit does look hairy.
The fruit is green in color when not yet ripe.
Once ripe the outside of the fruit turns red.
The flesh on the inside of the rambutan is white in color.
Rambutan is native to Indonesia.
Rambutan trees grow naturally in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and elsewhere in Southeast Asia .
Other than those countries, Sri Lanka is also popular  for rambutan.
A tangerine is citrus fruit related to the mandarin orange.
Tangerines are smaller and easier to peel than common oranges.
The taste is considered less sour, but sweeter and stronger, than that of an orange.
Very often, tangerines are simply peeled and eaten by hand, but they are sometimes also used as an ingredient of salads.
In Sichuan cuisine, the dried peel of tangerines is used as an ingredient.
Jackfruit (also called "Jakfruit") is a type of fruit from India, Bangladesh (National fruit) and Sri Lanka.
When a Jackfruit ripens, it changes from green to slightly yellow.
Epitaph Records is an American record label.
The company mainly deals with punk bands.
Epitaph was started by Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz.
Bands that have signed this label are:
ALL *
The Bouncing Souls *
Bring Me the Horizon (U.S. only)
Busdriver
Cadence Weapon
Can't Hang
The Color of Violence
Danger Doom
Darkest Souls
Death By Stereo *
Descendents *
The Draft
Dropkick Murphys *
Frank Turner (U.S. only)
Frenzal Rhomb (Australia only)
The Ghost of a Thousand
Green Day (re-releasing old material in Europe) *
Guttermouth *
The Higher
The Hives *
The Hot Melts
I Am Ghost
I Set My Friends On Fire
The Locust
Millencolin (U.S. only)
NOFX *
The Offspring *
Parkway Drive (U.S. only)
The Pietasters *
Rancid (now on Epitaph's sub-label Hellcat Records) *
Rich Kids on LSD *
The Robocop Kraus
Sage Francis
SNFU *
SoliLLaquists of Sound
Joe Strummer & The Mescaleros *
Ten Foot Pole *
Veara
The Weakerthans
You Me At Six (U.S. only)
Vaccinium arboreum (also called sparkleberry or farkleberry) is a species of Vaccinium native to south-eastern United States.
They are usually found in southern Virginia west to southeastern Missouri, and south to Florida and eastern Texas.
Vaccinium arboreum is a shrub (rarely a small tree) growing to 3-5 metres (sometimes up to 9 metres) tall.
The leaves are evergreen in the south of the range, but deciduous farther north where winters are colder.
They are oval-elliptic with an acute apex, 3-7 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, with a smooth or very finely toothed margin.
The flowers are white, bell-shaped, 3-4 mm in diameter, with a five-lobed corolla, produced in racemes up to 5 cm long.
The fruit is a round dry berry about 6 mm diameter, green at first, black when ripe, edible but bitter and tough.
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Vaccinium arboreum
Missouriplants: Vaccinium arboreum
Virginia Tech Dendrology: Vaccinium arboreum
Vaccinium is a genus of flowering plants.
All of them are shrubs in the family Ericaceae.
The fruits of Vaccinium species include blueberries, cranberries, huckleberries, and Bilberry.
In total, there are about 450 species, mostly in the cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
There are a few tropical species which grow in places like Madagascar or Hawaii.
The plants usually grow in heathlands or in forests.
Like most plants of the Ericaceae, many species grow in acidic soils.
Modern research
The taxonomy of the genus is complex, and is being investigated.
Genetic analysis shows that the genus Vaccinium is not monophyletic.
Vaccinium's taxonomy can be fixed by enlarging the genus to include a number of related genera.
Alternatively, the genus could be broken up into several different genera.
A cantaloupe (also known as a rockmelon, sweet melon, or spanspek) is a type of fruit.
It is a muskmelon that is probably related to the watermelon.
There are two types of cantaloupe, European and North American.
Cantaloupes range in size from 0.5 to 5.0 kilograms (1.1 to 11 lb).
Types of cantaloupe
The European cantaloupe is oblong with a light green skin.
The North American cantaloupe is round with a thin light brown skin.
The flesh of the fruit is firm, orange and sweet.
Cantaloupes are a source of polyphenol antioxidants.
These are chemicals which were thought to provide certain health benefits to the cardiovascular and immune systems by regulating the formation of nitric oxide.
Nitric oxide is a key chemical in promoting health of the endothelium and prevention of heart attacks.
However, recent research has indicated they do not benefit the body.
The body already has ways to deal with oxidation.
Dirty cantaloupes can spread bacteria.
In 2011, 21 people died in the United States from cantaloupes having listeria bacteria.
The bad cantaloupes were traced back from around the country to a single farm in Colorado.
Nutritional and Historical Information
MSNBC Article on Farming of Hybridization That Mentions Cantaloupes
Smash is one of The Offspring's most successful albums.
It came out in 1994 under the label Epitaph Records.
It contains their famous hit singles such as "Come Out and Play (Keep 'Em Separated)" and "Self Esteem".
Smash is often credited as one of the best punk rock albums sold in the entire world, and is the best selling album ever made on an independent label.
"Time to Relax" - 0:25
"Nitro (Youth Energy)" - 2:27
"Bad Habit" - 3:43
"Gotta Get Away" - 3:52
"Genocide" - 3:33
"Something to Believe In" - 3:17
"Come Out and Play" - 3:17
"Self Esteem" - 4:17
"It'll Be a Long Time" - 2:43
"Killboy Powerhead" (The Didjits) - 2:02
"What Happened to You?" -
"So Alone" - 1:17
"Not the One" - 2:55
"Smash" - 10:39
The Offspring albums
1994 albums
Punk albums
The Ilama (Annona macroprophyllata), also known as the soncoya or sincuya, is a kind of fruit, and also the name of the tree that it grows on.
The trees and fruits can be found in tropical Central America.
The name comes from the Spanish translation of the Nahuatl ilamatzapotl.
Its rough translation is 'old woman's sapote'.
The name is also applied to a similar fruit, cabeza de negro  (A. pupurea) which is cultivated as an alternative to the cherimoya.
The cabeza de negro is similar in size to the Ilama but grey-brown in color with hard bumps on the surface, and orange flesh that tastes like mango or papaw.
The Ilama fruit is delicious when eaten ripe.
It is either eaten on the half-shell or scooped out with a tool.
The Ilama is usually chilled when served, it is sometimes served with a little cream and sugar to intensify the flavor, or with a drop of lime or lemon juice to bring in a tart and bitter tinge.
The Offspring is the first album by The Offspring.
It was originally on vinyl in 1989 under the label Nemesis Records.
In 1995, it was re-released on CD on Epitaph Records.
"Jennifer Lost the War" – 2:35
"Elders" – 2:11
"Out on Patrol" – 2:32
"Crossroads" – 2:48
"Demons" – 3:10
"Beheaded" – 2:52
"Tehran" – 3:06
"A Thousand Days" – 2:11
"Blackball" – 3:24
"I'll Be Waiting" – 3:12
"Kill the President" – 3:22
Keith Holland (Listed as "Dexter Holland" on the CD version) - Vocals
Noodles - Guitar, Backing Vocals on "Blackball"
Greg K. - Bass, Backing Vocals on "Blackball"
R. Welty - Drums
1989 albums
Apples is a municipality in Switzerland.
It is in Vaud Canton.
Vaud Canton has 364 communes in it.
Aerial views of the municipality
Commune de Apples - VD - Suisse .
communal.ch.
is a Japanese city in Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.
It is the capital city of the prefecture.
A short distance is there from Dazaifu and the Fukuoka area to Hakata-wan (博多湾).
Hakata-wan was the landing site of the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281.
Fukuoka is on the northwest coast of Kyushu.
It is about the same distance from Tokyo as it is from Shanghai or Seoul.
Fukuoka/Hakata Tourist Information
Fukuoka Now
Finance is a study which figures out how people, businesses and groups make and use money.
Thinking about how to control money to make profit
Studying how to take chances in projects that make money
As a verb, "to finance" is to provide money for business
Any system that includes circulation of money.
Some simple finance ideas
A group that makes more money than it spends can lend or invest the excess profit.
On the other hand, a group that makes less money than it spends can raise money by getting a loan or selling stock, or spending less, or making more money.
A bank is where many people borrowing money meet people lending money.
A bank gets money from lenders, and pays interest.
The bank then lends this money to borrowers.
Banks allow borrowers and lenders of different sizes to meet.
Corporate finance is  about things like the sale of stock by a company to the public.
Stock is ownership in a company, broken up into pieces.
The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company.
If someone buys one share of XYZ Inc, and the company has 100 shares available, the buyer is 1/100th owner of that company and owns 1/100th (1%) of the profit.
Finance is used by people, by governments, by businesses, etc.,
as well as by all kinds of groups.
This is finance for people.
It is about:
How much money will be needed by a person, now and when they get old.
Where will this money come from (e.g. savings or borrowing)?
How can people protect themselves against problems with money in their lives?
How can family money be given to children and grandchildren?
How do taxes affect money choices?
Business finance
Business finance is about finding money for a company's activities.
It studies trying to make more profit than loss, and taking good risks for the chance to make more money.
Financial maths
Financial maths is the study of maths for financial markets.
Financial maths studies mathematics, mainly statistics.
Wharton Finance Knowledge Project - Finance knowledge
For facts about three areas in finance - company finance, money and investment management, see  Prof. Aswath Damodaran
For links to finance web sites see Web Sites for Discerning Finance Students, Prof. John M. Wachowicz-
For the introductory finance web site at the University of Arizona, studyfinance.com
For introductory articles on mathematical finance see quantnotes
For introductory articles on behavioral finance see the BF gallery
For introductory articles on financial analysis see Financial Analysis
Learn how to practice good Financial Planning
The Governor General of Canada is the person who represents Canada's Queen (or King).
The Queen of Canada does not spend much time in Canada because she is also the Queen of several other countries.
The Governor General is technically chosen by the Queen and is allowed to use almost all of the Queen's powers.
But most of the time neither the Queen nor the Governor General use their powers without advice from the Prime Minister of Canada.
The Queen would normally always choose whoever the Prime Minister wants them to choose to become Governor General.
The Governor General usually uses his/her powers for what the Prime Minister advices him/her to do.
Once in a while the Prime Minister may want something done that the Governor General is not allowed to do on her own.
The Prime Minister must then go straight to the Queen, for example for the appointment of 4 or 8 extra Senators to Parliament.
Official Title
Living former governors-general of Canada
As of , there are five living former governors general of Canada.
The most recently deceased former governor general, Roméo LeBlanc (1995–1999), died on 24 June 2009.
Noah's Ark, according to the book of Genesis (chapters 6–9) in the Bible, was a ship that God instructed Noah to build to save himself, his family (except his son Canaan and his wife Naamah because they refused to come aboard the ark), and every kind of animal, because God was going to destroy the Earth by bringing about a great flood.
It also says that the ark rested on the highest point in the area which was Mount Ararat, in what is now Turkey.
The size of the ship was 300 by 50 by 30 ells, according to Genesis 6:14.
This makes it about half the size of the ship RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, or 155.45 by 25.91, by 15.54 metres.
It would have had about the same tonnage (weight) as the RMS Titanic.
According to the Bible, the ark was made of gopherwood.
Gopherwood is possibly the wood of a cypress tree, which was used for making ships in the Middle East.
Cypress was good for making ships because it had strong wood from a large trunk and limbs.
However, no one knows for sure what kind of tree gopherwood was.
The ark was 300 cubits long, and 50 cubits wide; the height was 30 cubits.
For a long time people did not know exactly how much a cubit was.
One day in the later years of the 19th century, archaeologists found a tunnel in Jerusalem.
This tunnel had been built in the days of King Hezekiah (around 700 B.C.).
At the entrance was an inscription that said the tunnel was 1200 cubits long.
The archaeologist measured the tunnel and saw it was 1800 feet long (54,000 centimeters).
So now, people know that the Hebrew cubit, at least in the time of King Hezekiah, was 20.4 inches (51.816 centimeters).
The shape and size of the ark were very good for floating (the ark was made to float, not for quickly going through the water).
Many cargo ships are built like Noah's ark, because this design is very steady in the water.
After Noah had finished putting the ark together with the gopherwood boards, he had to make it watertight (so that water would not go inside the ark).
According to the Bible, God told Noah to use pitch, a waterproof material to paint it inside and outside.
Naturalist approaches
During the Renaissance, a new kind of scholarship arose.
These people never questioned the literal truth of the Ark story.
They began to think about it from a practical point of view.
In the 15th century, Alfonso Tostada wrote about the logic of the Ark, including things such as arrangements for getting rid of dung and circulating fresh air.
The 16th-century geometrician Johannes Buteo worked out the ship's internal dimensions.
He also allowed room for Noah's grinding mills and smokeless ovens.
Later people also used his model.
By the 17th century, the Americas had been discovered and were being explored.
This led to new problems.
All the species had to be spread again from one point, after the flood.
The obvious answer was that man had spread over the continents after the destruction of the Tower of Babel.
The different groups took animals with them.
Some of the results seemed peculiar, though: why had the natives of North America taken rattlesnakes, but not horses, wondered Sir Thomas Browne in 1646? "
How America abounded with Beasts of prey and noxious Animals, yet contained not in that necessary Creature, a Horse, is very strange."
Browne was among the first people to question the notion of spontaneous generation.
He was a medical doctor and amateur scientist making this observation in passing.
Biblical scholars of the time such as Justus Lipsius (1547–1606) and Athanasius Kircher (c.1601–80) were also beginning to look at the Ark story more closely.
They tried to fit the Biblical account with natural historical knowledge of their time.
The resulting hypotheses were important.
They were a driving force behind the study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals.
This kind of study became biogeography in the 18th century.
Natural historians began to draw connections between climates and the animals and plants adapted to them.
One important theory said that the biblical Ararat was striped with different climatic zones.
When climate changed, the associated animals moved as well.
Eventually they spread to repopulate the globe.
There was also the problem of an ever-expanding number of known species: for Kircher and earlier natural historians, there was little problem finding room for all known animal species in the Ark, but by the time John Ray (1627–1705) was working, just several decades after Kircher, many more had been found.
Incorporating the full range of animal diversity into the Ark story was becoming increasingly difficult, and by 1700 few natural historians could see any reasons to believe in a literal interpretation of the Noah's Ark narrative.
Full-size replica
Joseph Roland "Joe" Barbera (March 24, 1911 – December 18, 2006) was an Italian American animator, cartoon artist, storyboard artist, director, producer, and co-founder, together with William Hanna, of Hanna-Barbera.
He was born in Manhattan and raised in Flatbush, Brooklyn.
The studio produced well-known cartoons such as Tom and Jerry, The Huckleberry Hound Show, The Flintstones, The Jetsons, Scooby-Doo as well as the musical film, ''Charlotte's Web.
Joseph Barbera profile from Tom and Jerry Online
Hanna Barbera Studios
Obituary at BBC news
Artists from New York City
People from Brooklyn
People from Manhattan
William Denby "Bill" Hanna (July 14, 1910 in Mexico, New Mexico – March 22, 2001 in Los Angeles, California) was an American animator, director, producer, cartoon artist, and co-founder with Joseph Barbera of Hanna-Barbera.
The studio made well-known cartoons, such as The Huckleberry Hound Show, The Flintstones, The Jetsons, and Scooby-Doo, as well as the musical movie, ''Charlotte's Web.
Hanna-Barbera was a company that made cartoon television programs and movies.
Some of these cartoons were Tom and Jerry, Droopy, Spike and Tyke, The Jetsons, The Flintstones, Scooby-Doo, Yogi Bear, Smurfs, Pink Panther, Wally Gator, and Peter Potamus, and the 1973 movie version of Charlotte's Web.
It was started by and named after William Hanna and Joseph Barbera.
In 1991, Turner Broadcasting bought Hanna-Barbera.
In 1992, Cartoon Network was launched.
In 2001, Hanna-Barbera studios was shut down and moved to Warner Bros. Animation.
After the death of Hanna on March 22, 2001, Hanna-Barbera split into two parts: Warner Bros. Animation (for older cartoons) and Cartoon Network Studios (for the newer ones on Cartoon Network).
Hanna-Barbera Studios had many cartoon programs on the air for over four decades.
This studio competed with Disney and Warner Bros to produce cartoons.
People from Britain and Ireland first came to live in Australia in 1788 (colony of New South Wales).
They brought different dialects of English with them.
These different kinds of English began to mix and change.
The newcomers soon began to speak with their own distinctive accent and vocabulary.
More and more people came to Australia in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Many people came looking for gold.
Some came from Britain and Ireland.
Others came from non-English speaking countries.
Australian English continued to grow and change.
Australian English has also been influenced by American English.
During the Second World War, there were many American soldiers staying in Australia.
American television shows and music have been popular in Australia since the 1950s.
In Australian English the /r/ sound can only occur before a vowel.
Many words which sound different in other accents sound the same in Australian English.
caught and court
raw and roar
aunt and aren't
formally and formerly
Some Australian English vowels sound different to vowels of other kinds of English.
For example, the vowel in day starts with a very open mouth.
This makes the Australian day sound close to the die of most British or American people.
Days of the week, however, are sometimes different and the day can sound like dee (usually short and sharp like the letter D).
Sunday becomes Sun-dee
Monday - Mun-dee
Tuesday - Choose-dee (see further explanation below)Wednesday - Wens-dee (1st D and 2nd E are rarely pronounced and if so, it sounds more like Weddinsday but never Weddinsdee)Thursday - Thurs-deeFriday - Fri-deeSaturday - Satta-dee/Sadda-dee or even shorter Sat-dee/Sad-dee (both D's pronounced separately with the syllable break between them)
Australian English has some vowels not used in some other kinds of English.
For example, the words bad and lad do not rhyme because bad has a long vowel and lad has a short one.
Also, cot does not sound like caught and bother does not rhyme with father.
As with American English the /t/ sound can sometimes sound like a /d/ sound.
This usually happens between vowels.
So, for example, waiter can sound like wader betting can sound like beddinggot it  can sound like god itthirty can sound like thirdyAlso in the Australian accent a /t/ sound plus the sound of you comes out sounding like chew and a /d/ sound plus the sound of you comes out sounding like Jew.
Here are some examples of things which sound the same.
Tuesday and choose day lightyear and lie cheerdue and Jewdune and JuneAustralians pronounce wh and w the same.
Some examples are:which and witchwhether and weatherwhales and WalesWords
Australians use many words that other English speakers do not use.
The famous Australian greeting, for example, is G'day!.
A native forest is called the bush and the deserts in Australia is called the outback.
Many words were brought to Australia from Britain and Ireland.
For example, mate meaning "friend" which is still used in Britain.
Some of these words have changed in meaning.
A few words have come from Australian Aboriginal languages.
These are mainly names for animals, plants and places.
Some examples are dingo and kangaroo.
Sometimes we do not know where a word came from.
For example, dinkum or fair dinkum means "true", "is that true?", "
this is the truth".
But nobody knows where the word is from: some say the word comes from Chinese, others say the word comes from England.
Australian spelling mostly comes from British spelling.
In words like organise, realise, where -ise is the expected and taught spelling method.
In words like colour, favourite, -our is the norm, but there are exceptions such as the Labor Party (which was deliberately chosen on the formation of the Party to avoid confusion with the British Labour Party), Victor Harbor and Outer Harbor (geographically unique to the State of South Australia as opposed to place names in other States, e.g., Boat Harbour and Coffs Harbour).
Program and jail, on the other hand, are more common than programme and gaol.
Another couple of preferences of the American spelling is with analog, not, analogue (in general, the -ue is dropped), livable, not liveable, guerilla not guerrilla, verandah not veranda, burqa not burka, and pastie, not pasty.
With the exception of "spelt", words that use -t in en-GB and end in -ed in en-US, Australia follows the US usage.
Kinds of Australian English
Most linguists split Australian English up into three main kinds.
These are Broad, General, and Cultivated Australian English.
Broad Australian English sounds very strongly Australian, when compared to other kinds of English.
Steve Irwin spoke Broad Australian English.
General Australian English is the middle ground.
It is used by most Australians, and can be heard in Australian-made films and television programs.
Hugh Jackman and Nicole Kidman speak General Australian English.
Cultivated Australian English is similar to "Received Pronunciation", the type of British English spoken by people such as David Attenborough.
Cate Blanchett and Geoffrey Rush speak Cultivated Australian English.
Australian English demographics change from state to state but it's only slight compared to the variety of British and American English accents.
A mixture of Broad and General Australian English accents can be heard across Southern and Western Australia, while Broad Accents are more common by themselves in states such as the Northern Territory and Central Australia.
Large metropolitan areas such as Melbourne, Sydney and Southeast Queensland share large portions of each accent.
Cultivated Australian English is rare compared to the rest but can be observed in the upper and middle classes, from migrant families with recent British ties (up to a century and a half in some cases) and in performing arts communities where pronounced English is of most benefit.
Subtle changes on an individual level include how the letter 'a' sounds like in the words castle, dance, chance, advance, etc.
Some use the vowel in calm others use the vowel in mat or mad.
Another regional difference is the pronunciation of 'e' sounds especially followed by 'l', such as Melbourne, helped, cellist, with Victorians generally transposing the 'a' and 'e' vowel sounds in many words.
For example, pronouncing an 'e' sound in words such as alchemy or chalice, yet an 'a' vowel sound for Celery.
There are also geographical differences in the definition of words Australians use in different parts of the country as well.
For example, football (or footy for short) means "rugby league" in NSW, Queensland and the ACT, but "Australian rules football" in everywhere else in Australia.
In NSW, a swimming costume is called a cossie or swimmers, in Queensland it is called togs and bathers in Victoria.
Australian National Dictionary Centre
Australian Word Map (ABC and Macquarie Dictionary) - documents regionalisms
Introduction to Australian Phonetics and Phonology
Macquarie Dictionary
World English Organisation
Aussie English for beginners -- the origins, meanings and a quiz to test your knowledge  at the National Museum of Australia.
Strine - Australian Terms Explained  -- basic list of Strine words at School Spirit  webstrip.
Australian culture
Apple may also mean:
Apple Inc., a company that makes computers, portable music players, cell phones and computer software
Apple Corps is a company that was founded by The Beatles
Apple Records, a record label and part of Apple Corps
Apples, Vaud is a village in the Swiss canton of Vaud
Spruces are large trees, from 20 to 60 (–95) m tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their conical form and their needles, that are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion.
The needles are shed when 4–10 years old.
Picea abies Norway spruce.
Europe; important in forestry.
The original Christmas tree.
Picea asperata Dragon spruce.
Western China; several varieties.
Picea meyeri Meyer's spruce.
Northern China.
Picea koraiensis Korean spruce.
Korea, northeast China.
Picea koyamae Koyama's spruce.
Japan (mountains).
Arboretum de Villardebelle Picea cone photos Cones of selected species (page 1)
Arboretum de Villardebelle Picea cone photos Cones of selected species (page 2)
Gymnosperm Database – Picea
The Christmas tree is a tradition associated with the celebration of Christmas.
It is normally an evergreen coniferous tree that is cut and brought into the home.
In Europe, the tree is traditionally a Norway spruce tree.
The tree is decorated with Christmas lights and colourful ornaments during the days around Christmas.
An angel or a star is often placed at the top of the tree.
Fir trees outside the home may be decorated in a similar fashion.
The custom of the Christmas tree has its origin among the Protestant peoples of Northern Europe.
It is not a religious symbol.
British Royal Family Christmas trees
Cell division is how a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells.
When the cell divides, everything inside it divides also.
The nucleus and the chromosomes divide, and the mitochondria divide also.
In meiosis, a cell divides twice, to produce four gametes (sex cells).
The first division of meiosis is a special kind of cell division called a reduction division because the number of chromosomes is halved.
The second division of meiosis is similar to mitosis.
Cells are the 'building blocks' of life, and cell division is a basic feature of life.
For simple unicellular organisms like Amoebozoa, one cell division reproduces the entire organism.
On a larger scale, cell division can create offspring from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings.
But most importantly, cell division enables organisms that are able to sexually reproduce to develop from the one-celled fertilised egg (zygote).
Cell division also allows for continual renewal and repair of the organism.
Saparmurat Niyazov (February 19, 1940 - December 21, 2006) was the first President of Turkmenistan.
He served from 1993 to 2006.
Saparmurat Niyazov also called himself Türkmenbaşy, which means leader of the Turkmen people.
He tried to make a cult of personality, which means that he put many pictures and statues of himself around his country to make himself seem important.
While he was president, Niyazov made doing many things against the law, such as growing a beard or ballet dancing.
He died from a heart attack on December 21, 2006, and Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow became the new president of Turkmenistan.
Presidents of Turkmenistan
Spruce are trees in the genus Picea. "
Spruce" may also mean:
Spruce, Wisconsin, United States of America
Spruce Township, Minnesota, United States of America
Richard Spruce, English botanist and explorer
Stuart Spruce, former rugby player for Bradford
In geography, temperate latitudes of the Earth lie between the subtropics and the polar circles.
Average yearly temperatures in these regions are not extreme, not burning hot nor freezing cold.
Temperate means moderate.
Unlike in the tropics, temperatures can change greatly here, between summer and winter.
So, most places with a temperate climate have four seasons: summer, autumn, winter and spring.
Other areas with a temperate climate can have very unpredictable weather.
One day it may be sunny, the next may be rainy, and after that it may be cloudy.
This is normal in summer as well as in winter.
These are the main types of temperate climate:
A maritime climate is generally for locations near the sea.
That includes London, Dublin, Melbourne or Auckland.
Most places do not have a rainy season and a dry season.
Prevailing winds in the temperate zone are from the west.
The western edge of temperate continents usually get this maritime climate.
Examples are Western Europe, and western North America at latitudes between 40° and 60° north (65°N in Europe).
Some parts of the temperate zone have a Mediterranean climate, which have a dry summer – for example Rome, Cape Town, Santiago or Adelaide.
Some parts of the temperate zone, especially in the northern part of the continental climate, have severe winters – for example Moscow or Minnesota – this is called a hemiboreal climate.
Some places in the temperate zone have hot summers and cold winters, for example Chicago, Beijing, Budapest or Almaty.
The Lithuanian language is a Baltic language.
It is from Lithuania, spoken in a few countries in Europe, as well as in the Americas and Australia.
Lithuanian and Latvian are the only remaining Baltic languages.
Both languages have much in common.
Lithuanian, however, adopted fewer words and phrases from German and other languages.
However, many words were adopted into Lithuanian by Slavic languages long ago, but in 1920, Lithuanian philologist Jonas Jablonskis and others replaced them with native Lithuanian words.
There are two main dialects of Lithuanian.
Samogitian is used mostly in West Lithuania, and the other that is widely used in the whole country is Aukštaitian (Highlanders' dialect).
The standard Lithuanian comes from West Aukštaitian.
The first book written in Lithuanian is Katekizmas by Martynas Mažvydas.
It was published in East Prussia in 1547.
Even though Lithuanian was written down relatively recently, it is known for being close to old Indo-European languages, keeping old traits found only in early languages like Vedic Sanskrit and lost in later languages.
Depeche Mode is an English band.
They formed in Basildon, Essex in 1980.
The band's name was taken from French fashion magazine, Dépêche mode, which means "fashion update" or "fashion news dispatch".
Depeche Mode became famous in the 1980s.
The band has sold over 100 million records around the world.
Martin Lee Gore
Andrew Fletcher
Speak & Spell (1981)
A Broken Frame (1982)
Construction Time Again (1983)
Some Great Reward (1984)
Black Celebration (1986)
Music for the Masses (1987)
Violator (1990)
Songs of Faith and Devotion (1993)
Ultra (1997)
Exciter (2001)
Playing the Angel (2005)
Sounds of the Universe (2009)
Delta Machine (2013)
Spirit (2017)
The official Depeche Mode website
Depeche Mode International  (Official Fan Club on Smule)
1980 establishments in England
Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums around the teeth.
Gingivitis may be caused by a buildup of plaque and tartar because the teeth have not been cleaned properly.
It can also be a manifestation of a systemic disease, as in diabetes or AIDS.
Gingivitis and Periodontitis
Gum Disease Treatments
Diseases and disorders of the mouth
The taiga  is a large area of coniferous forests.
It covers most of inland Alaska, Canada, Sweden, Finland, inland Norway, northern Kazakhstan and Russia (especially Siberia), as well as parts of the northern continental United States.
The trees are mostly pines, spruces and larches.
The climate is cold winters and cool summers.
Boreal Forests/Taiga (WWF)
Terraformers Canadian Taiga Conservation Foundation
Arctic and Taiga (Canadian Geographic)
Coniferous Forest.
Earth Observatory.
Taiga Rescue Network (TRN) A network of NGOs, indigenous peoples or individuals that works to protect the boreal forests.
Index of Boreal Forests/Taiga ecoregions at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
The Nature Conservancy and its partners work to protect the Canadian Boreal Forest
Slater museum of natural history: Taiga
The Conifers are cone-bearing seed plants.
Most are trees; some are shrubs.
They are formally the Division Pinophyta or Coniferophyta.
Conifers are Gymnosperms.
They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue.
All living conifers are woody plants, and most are trees.
Living conifers are all in the order Pinales.
Typical examples include cedars, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauris, larches, pines, redwoods, spruces, and yews.
Species of conifers can be found in almost all parts of the world, and are often the most common plants in their habitats, as in  the taiga.
Conifers are of great economic value, and their wood is mainly used for timber and  paper making The wood of conifers is known as softwood, though yew wood is actually quite hard.
The division Coniferae contains about 700 living species.
The earliest conifers were in the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) period (about 300 million years ago), Pinophytes, Cycads, and Ginkgos all developed at this time.
These plants live without being so dependent on water.
Other adaptations are pollen (so fertilisation can occur without water) and the seed, which allows the embryo to be transported and developed elsewhere.
Conifers appear to be one of the taxa that benefited from the Permian–Triassic extinction event.
They were the dominant land plants of the Mesozoic era.
Conifers were eventually overtaken by the flowering plants, which first appeared in the Cretaceous.
Flowering plants became dominant in the Cainozoic era.
Conifers were a main food of herbivorous dinosaurs, and their resins and poisons no doubt gave them some protection against herbivores.
All the reproductive features of modern conifers had evolved by the end of the Mesozoic era.
Conifer cones
In biology, binomial nomenclature is how species are named.
The name of a species is made of two parts: one indicating the genus and one indicating the species.
Binomial nomenclature means "two-part name" or "system of two-part names".
The person who popularized this system for use was Swedish botanist and physician Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778).
He gave a two-part name to every species he knew.
This kind of naming had been used before Linnaeus by some naturalists, but after Linnaeus, it was accepted as a good method.
Value of binomial nomenclature
The value of the binomial nomenclature comes from several things.
It saves words because it replaces long descriptions, it is used everywhere, and the names are unique and stable.
The system ended the use of local common names, which was the source of much confusion.
When science was done by just a few European countries their common names for species were well-known.
But as it happened, the common names in all countries was rather different.
The same name might be used for more than one species, and several species given the same name.
In the Linnaeus system, everyone uses the same name for the same species.