the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
His sexual orientation was a matter of dispute during his lifetime, and since.
There were rumours that he was gay.
Heath never spoke about his sexuality.
In August 2015, ten years after his death, it was claimed that five police forces were investigating Heath about allegations of child sexual abuse.
Writing in The Independent, Heath's biographer John Campbell said: "If he had any inclinations that way he would have repressed them; he was too self-controlled and self-contained to do anything that would have risked his career".
Edward Heath was from a working class family, the son of a carpenter and a maid.
He was the first of two important post-World War II prime ministers to come from the lower ranks of society (the other being Margaret Thatcher).
Heath went to a grammar school in Ramsgate, and won a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford.
Heath was a talented musician, and won the college's organ scholarship in his first term.
This enabled him to stay at the university for a fourth year.
He eventually graduated with in philosophy, politics and economics (PPE) in 1939.
Heath served in the army in WWII, starting as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery.
In 1944 he took part in the Normandy Landings.
Heath was eventually demobilised (left the army) as a lieutenant-colonel in 1947.
Heath's early appointments were as a whip in the Conservative Party in the House of Commons.
He rose to be Chief Whip and Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury from 1955 to 1959.
Harold Macmillan appointed him Minister of Labour, a Cabinet post, in 1959.
In 1960 Macmillan gave Heath responsibility for negotiating the UK's first attempt to join the European Economic Community (as the European Union was then called).
After extensive negotiations, the British entry was vetoed by the French President, Charles de Gaulle.
From 1965 to 1970 Heath was Leader of the Opposition when the Labour Party were in power.
Then he was elected Prime Minister in the General Election of 1970.
Currency and metrication
Since Anglo-Saxon times, the currency of England (and so later the UK) was based on the pound sterling, at a rate of 240 pence to £1.
On 15 February 1971, known as Decimal Day, the United Kingdom and Ireland decimalised their currencies.
This change had many consequences, but it was eventually accepted by most people.
It was an expensive change.
Not only was the whole of the currency in circulation changed, but many mechanical gadgets also had to be changed.
Every cash register in the country, every commercial machine which took coins, every public notices of monetary charges, and so on.
The other change, which happened at roughly the same time, was metrication of the old imperial system of weights and measures.
This idea dated to before Heath, and was continued after him by the next Labour government.
It was never fully completed.
Speed limits are still in miles per hour, and measurements of length are still in traditional yards, feet and inches, with metric as an alternative.
Once again, the changes were hugely expensive.
It meant an almost complete retooling in the machine tool industry.
It was mainly done because joining the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973 obliged the United Kingdom to take into its law all EEC directives.
These included the use of a prescribed SI-based set of units for many purposes within five years.
However, metric measures are not much used in everyday life in the UK.
Joining Europe
Once de Gaulle had left office, Heath was determined to get the UK into the (then) European Economic Community.
The EEC economy had also slowed down and British membership was seen as a way to revitalise it.
After a 12-hour talk between Heath and French President Georges Pompidou Britain's third application succeeded.
End of his premiership
Heath failed to control the power of the unions.
Two miners' strikes damaged the economy.
The 1974 strike caused much of the country's industry to work a three-day week to conserve energy.
That was enough for the electorate to put the government out of office.
The loss of the 1974 general election ended Heath's career at the top.
The Conservative Party replaced him with Margaret Thatcher.
Heath never married.
He had been expected to marry childhood friend Kay Raven, who reportedly tired of waiting and married an RAF officer whom she met on holiday in 1950.
In a four-sentence paragraph of his memoirs, Heath claimed that he had been too busy establishing a career after the war and had "perhaps ... taken too much for granted".
In a 1998 TV interview with Michael Cockerell, Heath admitted that he had kept her photograph in his flat for many years afterwards.
His interest in music kept him on friendly terms with a number of female musicians including Moura Lympany.
Lympany had thought Heath would marry her, but when asked about the most intimate thing he had done, replied, "He put his arm around my shoulder."
Bernard Levin wrote at the time in The Observer, forgetting two other prime ministers who were bachelors with no known romantic interests, that the UK had to wait until the emergence of the permissive society for a prime minister who was a virgin.
In later life, according to his official biographer Philip Ziegler, Heath was "apt to relapse into morose silence or completely ignore the woman next to him and talk across her to the nearest man".
John Campbell, who published a biography of Heath in 1993, devoted four pages to a discussion of the evidence concerning Heath's sexuality.
Whilst acknowledging that Heath was often assumed by the public to be gay, not least because it is "nowadays ... whispered of any bachelor" he found "no positive evidence" that this was so "except for the faintest unsubstantiated rumour".
Campbell concluded that the most significant aspect of Heath's sexuality was his complete repression of it.
British Army officers
English organists
Politicians from Kent
Sportspeople from Kent
One Magic Christmas is a 1985 Christmas movie released by Walt Disney Pictures, starring Harry Dean Stanton and Mary Steenburgen.
The other cast is Gany Basaraba, Elisabeth Harnois, Arthur Hill, Wayne Robson, Elias Koteas, Michelle Meyrink, Sarah Polley.
The genre of this movie is family, drama, fantasy movie.
The director is Phillip Borsos.
Kidney failure (also called renal failure) is a term used to describe when a person's kidneys stop working properly, or fail.
Kidney failure can be divided into two categories: chronic renal failure, and acute renal failure.
Chronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure will eventually develop into end-stage renal failure if it is left untreated.
End-stage renal failure can only be treated with dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Acute renal failure develops in a short time, and symptoms are more noticeable.
Urinating less than usual
Changes in the amount of water in the body
Electrolyte levels that are not normal
The cause of acute renal failure needs to be found quickly.
Dialysis is often needed to prevent permanent damage to the body while the cause is being found.
Acute-on-chronic renal failure
It is possible to have acute renal failure on top of chronic renal failure.
This is called "acute-on-chronic renal failure."
Organ failure
The Foxtrot is a kind of ballroom dance.
Foxtrot is the name of a comic strip written by Bill Amend.
Foxtrot is the letter 'F' in the NATO phonetic alphabet.
Relative going-down of vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of non volatile and non-electrolytic solute.
This is known as Raoult's law.
An Overdose is  when someone takes too much of a certain drug.
This may be done voluntarily (as an attempt of suicide) or  involuntarily.
The drug may be a drug taken to treat some medical condition, or it may be a drug taken for recreation.
Overdoses are considered to be poisoning, usually.
They may lead to death, depending on the drug used.
What to do with people who had an overdose
If someone is thought to have had an overdose it is important to get them to a doctor, or hospital.
It can be very hard to see what kind of drug was taken.
Therefore, it can be hard for the doctor to find an antidote to give.
For this reason, a packet (even if it is empty) of the drug should be taken.
Act as described in medical emergency, call an ambulance.
In addition, the person who has taken the overdose needs to be kept from the effects of the drug.
In the case of pills that act like sleeping pills, he or she must be kept from falling asleep or unconscious.
In the case of pills that act like stimulants, he or she must be calmed down, moved to a calm environment.
Kargil War also called as the Kargil conflict, was an armed conflict between Indian and Pakistani forces.
It took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and along the Line of Control.
The cause of the war was a series of past events that worsened the already existing Indo-Pak deteriorated relations.
India had violated agreements concerning the Kashmir conflict before.
In Jammu and Kashmir, the Line of Control resulting from the cease-fire of December 17, 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognized position of either side.
Both sides refrain from the threat of use of force in violation of this Line.''"
India's move into Siachen in 1984 was a flagrant violation of this agreement.
It had breached the agreement of LOC by perpetuating aggression in Neelum Valley as well and finally in Kargil.
To put a stop to India's actions, the Pakistan army went on, although without proper coordination with its government.
Pakistan clearly did not win the war militarily as well as politically and diplomatically.
However, confusions still remain to this day as to who won the war but based on military action alone it was a decisive victory for India As India successfully regained most of the intruded territory and was also successful in pushing back both Pakistani and Pakistani based millitants back on the other side of LoC. Pakistani soldiers and Pakistan backed militants got into areas on the Indian side of the Line of Control (LoC) to occupy military posts vacated in the winter.
India responded by launching a military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani forces.
The Indian Army launched a number of patrols to the area to estimate the extent of the infiltration.
The Indian Army recaptured majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LOC with the help of the US within two months of the conflict according to official count, an estimated 75%–80% of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian while Pakistan lost all control over the Kargil area due to orders to withdraw from the Kargil area.
Fearing large-scale increase in seriousness in the military conflict, the international community, led by the United States, increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory.
The Pakistani casualties in the war were around 400 while the Indian casualties during the conflict stood at more than 587 soldiers.
Names for the conflict: There have been various names for the conflict.
During the actual fighting in Kargil, the Indian Government was careful not to use the term "war", calling it a "war-like situation", even though both nations indicated that they were in a "state of war".
Terms like Kargil "conflict", Kargil "incident" or the official military assault, "Operation Vijay", were thus preferred.
After the end of the war however, the Indian Government increasingly called it the "Kargil War", even though there had been no official declaration of war.
Other less popularly used names included "Third Kashmir War" and Pakistan's codename given to the infiltration: "Operation Badr".
Wars involving India
1999 in Asia
1990s in India
20th century in Pakistan
Conflicts in 1999
Estate (law), a word used in common law when talking about all of a person's property, entitlements and obligations
Estate (social), a broad social category in the histories of certain countries
Immovable property, real estate or real property
Estate (house) may mean the grounds surrounding a very large property, such as a country house or mansion
Types of built-up area:
A housing estate - this is mostly UK usage
A trading estate or industrial estate.
This is mostly UK usage.
Station wagon, called an "Estate car" in British English
States-General, may refer to one or more parliaments
A person is in shock when blood is not sufficient to bring oxygen to the brain.
The shock is progressive and can be deadly if it is not quickly made well.
The normal first aid action is the Trendelenburg position, the person is lying face upward, with his legs lifted.
The blood is forced to flow to the brain.
David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor,  (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was the British Prime Minister during the last half of World War I. He was Prime Minister for six years, between 1916 and 1922.
Lloyd George was born in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, Lancashire, England to Welsh parents.
His father, who died before Lloyd George was two-years old, was a teacher and a farmer.
When he was young, he lived with his mother and his brother.
When he was 21, Lloyd George became a lawyer and opened an office in the back of his brother's house.
Lloyd George's law practice was a success.
Shortly after opening it, Lloyd George became interested in politics.
He began working with the Liberal Party.
He was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) on 13 April 1890.
Lloyd George would serve as an MP until 1945.
In the House of Commons, Lloyd George worked to promote Welsh issues, fought against the Second Boer War and campaigned for education reform.
In 1905, Lloyd George was selected to become a cabinet minister.
He served as President of the Board of Trade (1905–1908) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1908–1915).
After World War I started, he held the positions of Minister of Munitions (1915) and War Secretary (1916).
By the end of 1916, the war was going badly for Great Britain.
Lloyd George gathered together a coalition (a type of political team) of Liberal and Conservative MPs to form a new government.
On 5 December 1916, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith resigned, and Lloyd George took his place.
Lloyd George's government introduced conscription (forcing men to join the armed forces) and rationing (placing limits on the amount of food someone can buy) by the end of the war.
After the war, Lloyd George represented Britain at the Versailles Peace Conference and helped create the Irish Free State.
By 1922, Lloyd George's coalition was breaking apart.
In October 1922, the Conservative Party led by Andrew Bonar Law won the election.
Lloyd George remained an MP, however, until 1945.
In 1945, he was given the titles Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor and Viscount Gwynedd.
He was to take a seat in the House of Lords, but he died before he could do so.
British people of World War I
Former members of the British House of Commons for Welsh constituencies
Leaders of the Liberal Party (UK)
Politicians from Lancashire
Big Ben is the nickname of a bell that hangs in the clock tower at the northern end of the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, London, England.
Officially, the tower itself is called Elizabeth Tower.
It was previously known as just the Clock Tower, but was renamed in September 2012 as a tribute to the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.
However, most people, including those that live in London, call the tower "Big Ben" because it is very large.
Designed by Edmund Beckett Denison, the clock took 13 years to build and it was completed in 1859.
It has worked continuously since then except for a few months in 1976 when it broke down and had to be fixed.
Big Ben is one of England’s best-known landmarks.
Some believe it got its name from Sir Benjamin Hall.
The Elizabeth Tower which it is located in has become one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom and is often in the establishing shot of films set in London.
Since August 2017, repair work is being done on the clock, which will take four years.
For the safety of those doing this work, Big Ben no longer rings out every hour.
It will still be heard on special occasions, such as the New Year and Remembrance Day.
The Elizabeth Tower is over  high and the turret clock mechanism that drives the clock alone weighs about 5 tons (5.08 tonnes).
The clock on it has four faces that are  in diameter, making it one of the largest in the world for a clock that chimes and strikes every hour.
The figures on the clock face are about  long and the minute spaces are  long.
There are, however, clocks with much bigger faces that Big Ben.
One of these is the Abraj Al Bait, a hotel in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
Its faces are more than ten times bigger than Big Ben.
The bell known as Big Ben weighs 13 tons and is the biggest of the five bells in the Elizabeth Tower.
Big Ben only sounds at the top of every hour, and at that time it rings once for every hour (for example, it rings three times at 3 o'clock).
The other four bells in the tower are smaller and play a short melody every 15 minutes.
This melody, which is broadcasted live on BBC Radio 4 at 6 pm and midnight every day, can be heard in many other clocks around the world and is called the Westminster Chimes.
The bells are struck by hammers that are connected to the clock mechanism, which is powered by large weights that are wound three times a week.
It does not use any electricity except for winding and to light the faces so that the clock could be seen when it is dark.
The Big Ben was built in 1859.
Strontium is a chemical element.
It has the chemical symbol Sr.
It has the atomic number 38.
The colour of the metal is silver-white or yellow-silver.
The metal is soft, and highly reactive chemically.
In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the alkaline earth metals.
Strontium has a high chemical reactivity.
The metal turns yellow when exposed to air.
Strontium has properties similar to those of its two vertical neighbours in the periodic table, calcium and barium.
It is found naturally in the minerals celestite and strontianite.
The 90Sr isotope is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28.9 years.
Strontium forms salts which make a red flame when they burn.
They are used in flares for signalling the position of survivors or shipwrecks and to make the red colour in fireworks.
The alkaline earth metals are the second group of metals on the periodic table.
They are related to the Alkali metals, but they do not react as much because they need more energy to remove their two electrons, so they do not have to be stored in petrol.
As ions they have a charge of +2a.
The alkaline earth metals are mostly silver colored, soft metals, which react readily with halogens and water to form salts, though not as rapidly as some of the alkali metals, to form alkaline hydroxides.
Many prokatates and hantates can be found in the crust of  these metals.
The alkaline earth metals are: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).
Beryllium is very brittle metal that is used in gemstones.
Magnesium is used in making steel alloys.
Calcium can be used in dairy products like milk.
Strontium is used for making glass for TVs and to make fireworks red.
Barium is used in fireworks to turn them green.
Radium is a very radioactive metal used in glowing watches.
Dag Hammarskjold (Swedish: Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld) (29 July 1905 – 18 September 1961) was a Swedish diplomat and the second Secretary-General of the United Nations.
He served as Secretary-General from April 1953 until his death in a plane crash in what is now Zambia, on 18 September 1961.
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize after his death in 1961.
Swedish diplomats
My Biełarusy (written as "Мы, беларусы" in Belarusian and Russian Cyrillic; meaning 'We Belarusians') is the national anthem of Belarus.
It uses the same tune (music) as the previous anthem when the country was part of the Soviet Union.
That anthem's lyrics (words for music) were written by Michaś Klimkovič and set to music by Nieścier Sakałowski, and it was originally adopted in 1955.
After the Soviet Union was gone, new lyrics (words) written by Klimković and Uładzimir Karyzna were adopted in 2002.
Belarusian lyrics
Because Russian is a second state language of Belarus, a translation is provided below.
This version is a literal, verbatim (word for word) translation of the original; note the similarities of the two East Slavic languages.
We, Belarusians, are peaceful people,
Wholeheartedly devoted to our Motherland.
We are faithful friends, growing up
Living in a hardworking and independent family.
Glory to the blessed name of our land,
Glory to the brotherly union of peoples!
𝄆 Our dearly beloved Motherland,
May you live long and prosper, Belarus!
Together with our brothers, we for centuries
Courageously defended our home's threshold.
In battles for freedom, and battles for our lot
We have won our banners of victory!
Friendship of peoples is the strength of peoples
And it is our sacred sunlit path.
Proudly we fly in the clear blue skies,
The banner of victory, the sunshine's flag!
This anthem uses the same melody as the Anthem of the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
The anthem is typically played in an F major key.
Yorkshire pudding is a British food, a baked pudding made from a batter of eggs, flour, and milk or water.
It is usually served with roast meat and vegetables.
How to make a Yorkshire Pudding
Yorkshire Pudding Recipe
Extraterrestrial life is life that is not from the planet Earth.
It is alien life.
The word 'Terra' in Latin refers to our planet - Earth.
Thus, Extraterrestrial Life refers to the life forms not originating on or from the planet Earth.
It is reasonable to say that planets rather like ours exist, and that life might evolve there also.
So far none has been found, though it is possible that life once existed on Mars.
Searches have been made for signals from extraterrestrial life-forms.
No signals have been received.
It is not a new idea.
Quite a few philosophers have speculated on the existence of other planets like ours, with the idea that what happened here could also happen there.
One thing we do know is that many other star systems do have exoplanets.
Actual Aliens : Extraterrestrial News and Current Events
PBS: Exploring Space - The Quest for Life by Scott Pearson
ufoskeptic.org by Bernard Haisch
"What Aliens Might Look Like" from National Geographic
Top stars picked in alien search
Christian Apologetics Research Ministry (CARM) is a religious organization that was created in 1995 by Matt Slick.
It is an internet apologetics ministry.
It writes things against what he considers cults.
On the CARM website there is a chat room and internet forum.
This lets people to talk to other people about things related to CARM and its teachings.
On the CARM website there is a theology and apologetics school that is online.
There is a cost to join the school.
Matt Slick also has the website The Calvinist Corner.
CARM
Calvinist Corner website
Evangelical Outreach
The American University of Beirut (AUB; ) is the first American university to be built in Beirut, Lebanon.
Its old name was the Syrian Protestant College, and it was built in the year 1866.
The name was changed to American University of Beirut on November 18, 1920.
Colleges and universities in Asia
1866 establishments
In Arabic, caliph means "a successor to the prophet".
This is what leaders of the Islamic faith came to be called.
Their rule is called a caliphate.
Some of the early leaders of the Muslim community following Muhammad's (570–632) death called themselves "Khalifat Allah", meaning representative of God.
But the other title of "Khalifat rasul Allah", meaning the successor to the prophet of God, became the common title.
Some academics write the term as Khalīf.
Caliphs were often also called Amīr al-Mu'minīn (), leader of the Muslims.
This title has since been shortened to "emir".
It is also found as a personal name in some countries.
After the first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib), the title was used by the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, as well as by other dynasties in Southern Pakistan, Spain, Northern Africa, and Egypt.
Most historical Muslim rulers simply titled themselves sultans or emirs, and the caliph himself often had very little real authority.
The title was not used after the Republic of Turkey abolished the Ottoman caliphate in 1924.
Bensheim is a city in Hesse, Germany.
It is at the edge of the Odenwald and near to the river Rhine.
It had 39,642 inhabitants in 2005 and is the biggest city of the Bergstraße district.
Economically it is in an area where wine grapes are grown.
Many small businesses in the areas such as electronics, software development or services can be found.
The city has also factories/offices of Sirona  former known as Siemens, Tyco International, Akzo Nobel , Suzuki and SAP SI .
Bensheim-Auerbach - Fürstenlager State Park
The ”Fürstenlager” near Bensheim-Auerbach are simple buildings built like a village around the Good Well in the middle of a landscaped park.
Its owners sought the peace of a rural idyll far removed from the court.
Neighbouring communities and areas
It is also known for its good traffic connections to other nearby cities.
In the North Darmstadt and Frankfurt am Main; in the East Worms; and in the South Heidelberg, Mannheim and Ludwigshafen are all within an hour's drive.
www.bensheim.de
Fürstenlager Auerbach
NITYA SEVA
A false prophet is a person who claims to be a true prophet but really is not.
A false prophet is also someone who uses prophecy to do evil.
In Christianity, false prophets are thought of as being inspired by Satan, or the Devil.
False prophets are the opposite of prophets.
False prophets try to deceive people and bring them away from god.
They use false information to lead people away from god.
There are many false prophets in the Bible.
Dirac worked out a formulation of quantum mechanics, which includes Erwin Schrödinger's wave mechanics and Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1926.
In 1928 he found the Dirac equation and he found out that spin in quantum mechanics is an effect of relativity.
The Dirac equation allowed Dirac to predict the existence of antimatter, which is the opposite of matter.
Dirac was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics chair at Cambridge University from 1932 until his retirement in 1969.
He was Professor of Physics at Florida State University from 1972 until his death in 1984.
Dirac Medal  of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics
Dirac Medal of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists (WATOC)
Photographs of Dirac
The Paul Dirac Collection at Florida State University
The Paul A. M. Dirac Collection Finding Aid at Florida State University
Photocopies of Dirac's papers from the Florida State University collection, held under Dirac's name in the Archive Centre of Churchill College, Cambridge, UK
Letters from Dirac (1932-36) and other papers, held in the Personal Papers archives of St John's College, Cambridge, UK
Annotated bibliography for Paul Dirac from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
People from Bristol
In the Japanese constitutional monarchy, the emperor does not have any political power.
In world politics, he is the only current emperor.
The current emperor is his Majesty emperor Naruhito.
He has been on the Chrysanthemum Throne since his father Akihito abdicated in 2019.
The amount of power belonging to the emperor of Japan has changed a lot throughout Japanese history.
The Emperor of Japan has sometimes been a cleric with mostly symbolic powers and sometimes an actual ruler.
Some believe that the emperor is descended from gods.
Since the mid-1800s, the Imperial Palace has been located on the former site of Edo Castle （江戸城）in the heart of Tokyo.
Earlier emperors lived in Kyoto for nearly eleven centuries.
The imperial dynasty that rules Japan today began as a local kingship in Central Japan in the 500s.
It slowly increased its power over its neighbors.
This led to a more centralized state made up of almost all of the central areas of what is now Japan.
The remote areas were outside its borders.
Current role of Emperor
The emperor's role is defined in Chapter I of the 1847 Constitution of Japan.
Article 1 defines the emperor as the symbol of state and the unity of the Japanese people
Article 3 says the Emperor must have the  approval of the cabinet in matters of state.
Article 4 states that the emperor shall not have powers related to government.
Article 6 gives the emperor the power to appoint the prime minister and the chief judge of the supreme court.
Article 7 gives the emperor power to do things common of a head of state.
While the emperor does serve as head of state, many people question if the emperor is a true monarch in a political sense.
Efforts in the 1950s by conservative powers to change the constitution to actually name the emperor as head of state were rejected.
Regardless, the emperor does do all the diplomatic functions of a head of state and is recognized as one by foreign powers.
Succession of Emperor
Succession is now controlled by laws passed by the Japanese Diet.
The current law does not let females take the throne.
A change to this law was considered until Princess Kiko gave birth to a son.
Until the birth of a son to Prince Akishino on September 6, 2006, there was a potential succession problem.
No male child had been born into the imperial family since Prince Akishino in 1965.
Following the birth of Princess Aiko, some felt they needed to change the current Imperial Household Law to allow women to succeed to the throne.
In January 2005 Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi created a group of judges, university professors, and civil servants to study the problem.
On October 25, 2005 they recommended changing the law to allow females of the male line of imperial descent to ascend the Japanese throne.
On January 20, 2006, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi made an announcement that they would change the law to allow women to ascend the throne.
However, after finding out  that Princess Kiko was pregnant with her third child, Koizumi decided to wait.
Her son, Prince Hisahito, is the third in line to the throne under the current law of succession.
Addressing and Naming
Naming the emperors of Japan is difficult because of differences between Japan and the Western world.
The Japanese use "{name} tennō" (for the past emperors) or "Kinjō Heika" (今上陛下） for the current one).
Problems occur because emperors are named "{name} tennō" after their death.
Some Japanese once thought it was rude to call a person of noble rank by their given names.
This belief is not commonly followed today, but still used for the imperial family.
The current emperor on the throne is almost always referred to simply as Tennō Heika (天皇陛下, lit. "
His Majesty the Emperor") or formally as Kinjō Heika (今上陛下).
For example, the previous emperor is usually called Hirohito in English, but after his death he was renamed Shōwa Tennō and is now only called by this name in Japanese.
However, when he was in power, he was never called Hirohito or Shōwa Tennō in Japanese.
Rather, he was simply called Tennō Heika (meaning "His Majesty the Emperor").
Japanese Imperial family tree
The Imperial Household Agency
List of the Emperors, accompanied with the regents and shoguns during their reign and a genealogical tree of the imperial family
The Emperor of Japan, explanation of the title of emperor in the context of western terminology
A pipe is a tool that people use to smoke tobacco and other drugs.
Pipe smokers do not usually breathe in the smoke.
They let it go into their mouths and then exhale it.
Pipe smoking is not a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking.
Types of pipes
Tobacco pipes are used to smoke tobacco.
In some Middle Eastern countries, people smoke tobacco with water pipes, which cool the smoke in water.
Different types of pipes are also used to smoke marijuana, hashish, and crack cocaine.
Some people who smoke marijuana or hashish use a special water pipe called a bong.
Native American tobacco pipes had two parts: a stone bowl and a wooden stem.
Japanese "kiseru" pipes have a metal bowl and mouth piece with a wooden stem.
Arabian "midwakh" pipes may be made from different materials.
European tobacco pipes have been made from clay, tree root wood, meerschaum stone or even maize cobs.
Pipes to smoke opium may have clay or metal bowls with a wooden stem.
Pipes for marijuana or hashish may be metal, wood or glass.
Pipes to smoke other drugs may also be made of glass.
Pipes were first used by Native Americans in religious ceremonies.
When the English came to North America, they tried pipe smoking and liked it.
They sent tobacco back to England.
Drug paraphernalia
We know very little about Tallis’s youth.
He may have started his career as organist at Dover and then Waltham Abbey.
After the Dissolution of the monasteries he had a job at Canterbury Cathedral for a short time.
He was soon made a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal.
He had a job in the royal household until his death.
He worked for four monarchs: Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I.
Tallis was an organist and composer.
He had to write music for the royal chapels.
He was given the lease of a big house in Kent and a salary of £91 12s a year (12s is 60p in modern money).
That was a very good salary in those days.
In 1575, Queen Elizabeth I gave Tallis and William Byrd a licence which meant they were the only people allowed to print and publish music in England (music printing was a very new invention at the time).
Tallis owned a house in Greenwich where he died in 1585.
In the early 16th century church music was often very polyphonic.
Voices imitated one another and sang different things at the same time.
Tallis wrote church music which was much simpler.
In a lot of his music the choir sing homophonic music instead of using the older polyphony.
For a short time, during the reign of the Catholic Mary Tudor, polyphonic music was in fashion again.
This was the time when Tallis wrote an antiphon “Gaude gloriosa Dei mater” and a mass musical setting|mass “Puer natus est nobis”.
These two works are once more very complicated polyphonic works.
After that his works become simpler once more, but he was always keen to try out new ideas from the continent of Europe.
He wrote some very fine anthems.
Many of his works are settings of Latin words, but he also made settings of English texts.
One of his works is called Spem in Alium.
The choir divide into forty parts i.e. the choir need at least 40 people to sing it, and each person sings a different line.
It is possible that he wrote it for Queen Elizabeth I’s 40th birthday in 1573, but we cannot be sure.
His Diliges Dominum is a collection of contrapuntal exercises which includes a very famous canon often simply called “Tallis’s canon”.
1505 births
1585 deaths
Homophony means music in which the voices or instruments sing or play chords (chords are when two or more notes are played together.)
In homophonic music all the choir (sopranos, altos, tenors and basses) are singing the same words at the same time.
There is a tune on top and the lower parts are the accompaniment.
This is what happens in hymn singing.
The opposite is polyphony.
Polyphonic writing is more complicated: the choir sing different melodic lines at the same time (see counterpoint).
The terms "homophony" (literally: "one sound")  and "polyphony" (literally: "many sounds") are mostly used for choir music.
In homophonic music it is easy to hear the words that are being sung.
In polyphonic music it is much harder for the listener to understand the words.
Composers often used polyphony when writing music for the mass because everyone knew the words anyway.
Homophonic music became more important when composers started to write operas and madrigals where a story is being told and the words must be heard clearly.
Technetium is a radioactive chemical element that has the chemical symbol Tc and has the atomic number 43.
It is the lightest synthetic element.
Chemistry of Technetium
The color of technetium is silvery-grey and is a crystaline metal.
The chemistry of technetium is similar to rhenium and manganese.
The isotope 99mTc is used in nuclear medicine.
It is used for many diagnostic tests.
It has a short half-life.
99Tc is used as a source of beta particles without emitting gamma rays.
The ion that has oxygen and technetium bonded together (TcO4-) is named the pertechnetate ion.
The pertechnetate ion could be used as to prevent anodic corrosion in steel.
Before the element was found, many of the properties of element 43 were predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev.
Mendeleev noticed a gap in his periodic table and named the element in the gap eka-manganese.
In 1937 the technetium isotope 97Tc was the first element to be artificially produced.
This was the reason why he named it Technetium as in Greek, τεχνητος means "artificial".
Most technetium made on Earth is a by-product of fission of uranium-235 in nuclear reactors.
It is extracted from nuclear fuel rods.
On earth, technetium occurs naturally only in uranium ores as a product of spontaneous fission.
The amount of technetium in the ore is very small but has been measured.
The longest half-life of Technetium is 4.2 million years (98Tc).
This means that its detection in red giants in 1952 helped support the theory that stars can produce heavier elements.
Monasteries are places where monks live.
Although the word "monastery" is sometimes used for a place where nuns live, nuns usually live in a convent or nunnery.
The word abbey (from the Syriac/Aramaic word : father) is also used for a Christian monastery or convent.
The monk in charge of an abbey is called an abbot; the nun in charge of an abbey is an abbess.
Several religions have a system of monasteries.
Christian monasteries have a chapel for the monks to worship.
Monks are not allowed to marry (celibacy).
They are also not allowed to own anything.
Everything they use, including their clothes, belongs to the monastery.
During the Middle Ages after the Roman Empire was defeated, monasteries were some of the few places where knowledge still existed.
Some monasteries were built in places far away from where other people lived.
The monks who live there live very isolated lives, growing their own food and looking after one another.
Other monasteries were in or near towns.
Monks do a lot of work in the community, including as teaching, medical care or telling people about God.
Few monks live isolated lives nowadays.
Windows Neptune is a version of Microsoft Windows that was being made during 1999 and January 2000.
Windows 2000 was released as an operating system for businesses and people that know how to use computers well.
Windows Neptune was going to be a version of Windows 2000 that was easier for home users to use.
Nobody knows if Microsoft was ever going to release Windows Neptune.
After Microsoft stopped developing it, some of its features were merged with Windows 2000's and a new project, "Whistler", was formed.
"Whistler" was later released as Windows XP.
Only one known confirmed version of Windows Neptune exists.
which is Windows Neptune Build 5111.
Windows Neptune Build 5111 exists on the Internet, and is a confirmed built.
It used to be hard to find, but now it can easily be found.
Neptune: The Windows that wasn't  on Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows.
Unofficial site about Windows Neptune
Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko (born 30 August 1954) is the President of the country of Belarus.
He has been its leader since 1994.
He was the first leader of the country to be chosen by Belarus citizens.
Before becoming the leader, he belonged to the law making section of the government.
He was also in the military of the Soviet Union and ran a factory that made things to help farming.
His re-election in 2020 was seen as controversial with many saying it was rigged and unfair.
His re-election caused many to protest against the election results.
After the contested election, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Canada, Ukraine and the United States do not recognize him as the legitimate president of Belarus.
In July 2020, he said that he had COVID-19 after telling people that to avoid the disease they should drink vodka and go to a sauna.
Alexander Lukashenko is under the sanctions of the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Canada,
Presidents of Belarus
Shelf (computing), a user interface feature in the NeXTSTEP operating system
Shelf, West Yorkshire, a village in West Yorkshire, England
Continental shelf, the extended perimeter of a continent, usually covered by shallow seas
Ice shelf, a thick platform of ice floating on the ocean surface
Light shelf A reflective element placed outside of a window to enhance room illumination by natural light
Sulphur shelf, an edible mushroom
Shelf cloud, a type of cloud associated with a thunderstorm gust front or cold front
Shelf life, the length of time that perishable items are considered suitable for sale or consumption
Shelf registration, a registration arrangement for the sale of securities
de:Bauholz#Brett
The throat is a part of the body.
The throat is connected to the mouth at the top and to the stomach at the bottom.
The throat is where food travels after being eaten and chewed by the teeth.
Fluid drinks, such as water, also travel through the throat to the stomach and on to the rest of the body.
Safe is the state a person or object is in when they are not in danger.
In the sport of baseball, a player is safe after he gets to a base without being touched by another player with the baseball.
A safe is a place where people put important things to protect them from fire, theft, or both.
A safe is usually a box-shaped container with a lock (although safes designed to protect from fire only sometimes don't have a lock).
It is usually heavy and made of a strong substance such as steel.
It is designed to resist attack from crowbars, hammers, drills, and other tools.
This article is for the dessert, Jelly.
See jam for the condiment.
Gelatin or Jelly is a dessert item.
Gelatin can come in different taste choices, or flavors, depending on what fruit or artificial flavor.
Jelly is a cold and solid food that is normally made from hot water and powder.
Naming and Spelling
Depending on where you live, gelatin may be called different things.
In the United States and Canada, jelly is often called 'Jell-O'.
Jell-O is a brand of gelatin that has become a generic, or typical, name for a lot of gelatin.
Like the United States, in Canada Jell-O is a normal name for gelatin.
In Commonwealth Nations like the United Kingdom and New Zealand, almost all gelatin is called jelly.
Also, it is spelled gelatine.
'Jell-O Shots'
Sometimes, alcohol is added to jelly.
You can make jello shots with almost any type of alcohol.
Jello shots can be served in small glasses and can be any color depending on the other ingredients put into the Jell-O shot.
The jello shot is also known as the poison rainbow.
Biogeography is the study of how species are distributed.
It notes where organisms live, and why they are (or are not) found in a certain geographical area.
Biogeography teaches how animals and plants are adapted to the places they live in, and how similar places often have quite different animals and plants.
Between about 1800 to 1855, natural historians made lists of species in various regions of the world.
These lists were published as tables in their books.
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published the idea of evolution by natural selection.
They travelled to tropical countries, and wrote about the life in those countries.
They said that evolution was the key to understanding geographical distribution.
New species are usually formed by speciation  an earlier species splitting into two.
These species may travel to new places.
but they may be stopped from travelling by mountains and seas, and by climate.
This means that two places with similar climate often have different kinds of animals and plants.
For example marsupials, which live in Australia, are very different from the fauna in South America.
The species on islands (Hawaii, Galapagos) may be very different to species on mainland continents.
"The more distant countries are, the more dissimilar are their animals and plants; and the nearer they are, the more similar are their animals and plants".
This is true, but only up to a point.
There are many examples of species with huge ranges.
The scientific theory of biogeography grows out of the work of  Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), Hewett Cottrell Watson (1804–1881), Alphonse de Candolle (1806–1893), Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), Philip Lutley Sclater (1829–1913), and other biologists and explorers.
Wallace studied the distribution of flora and fauna in the Amazon Basin and the Malay Archipelago in the mid-19th century.
Wallace and Sclater saw biogeography as a source of support for the theory of evolution.
Key findings, such as the sharp difference in fauna either side of the Wallace Line, can only be understood in this light.
Otherwise, the field of biogeography would be a purely descriptive one.
Both Darwin and Wallace gave a great deal of attention to oceanic islands as offering examples of evolution, especially speciation.
Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands and studied its fauna.
Wallace spent years on the islands of S.E. Asia.
This interest was revived by The theory of island biogeography by Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson in 1967.
They showed that the variation in species in a single area could be predicted if one knew the habitat area, immigration rate, and extinction rate.
It was realised that habitat fragments are like islands.
They can be investigated by the same methods.
This spurred the development of conservation biology.
Genome analysis allows scientists to test theories about the origin and dispersal of populations, such as island species.
It allows biologists to test theories about where the species come from.
Cox C.B. and Moore P.D. 2010.
Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach.
8th ed, Wiley.
(standard text)
Speciation#Geographical isolation
Branches of geography
Biophysics is a science where the laws of physics are used to study biology, the science on life and living things.
Unlike biochemistry and molecular biology, sciences where macromolecules or "large" groups of molecules are studied, biophysicists study single or small groups of molecules.
A macromolecule is a molecule with a large number of atoms.
The word is usually used only when describing polymers, molecules which are made up of smaller molecules called monomers.
All organic monomers are based on carbon, usually with hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
There are inorganic macromolecules based on other monomers.
Proteins, composed of amino acids.
DNA, composed of nucleotides.
RNA, similarly composed, differently structured
Carbohydrates, composed of monosaccharide sugars.
Lipids or fats  composed of fatty acids and triglycerides.
Nylon, composed of polyamides.
Polythiazyl, composed of polymeric sulphur nitride (SN)x.
Dendrology is the science of trees and other woody plants such as shrubs or lianas.
The word "dendrology" comes from Greek words δένδρον meaning "tree" and λόγος meaning "study".
Entomology is the science of insects.
Insects have been studied since prehistoric times, but it was not until as early as the 16th century that insects were scientifically studied.
Some entomologists study how insects are related to each other.
Others study how insects live and reproduce because we do not know very much about some kinds of insects.
Other entomologists study ways to keep insects away from crops that people use for food.
There are billions of unknown species throughout the world and taxonomists categorize the newly found.
Ethology is the scientific study of animal behaviour (U.S. behavior), and a sub-topic of zoology.
Ethology overlaps, to some extent, with psychology.
Psychology is a social science which studies human behaviour, but many psychologists have done experiments on learning in animals.
Ethology studies animal behaviour, but many ethologists have been interested in human behaviour.
Historical development
The study of animal behaviour, which had been going on in an anecdotal way since Aristotle, had its roots in natural history.
It became more scientific during the 19th century.
The French zoologist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire was the founder of ethology in Europe, and his son Isidore produced a three-volume encyclopaedia Histoire Naturelle Générale.
In the third volume he talked about animal behaviour in almost modern terms.