the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Lamniformes contains the extinct Megalodon (Carcharodon megalodon), which like most extinct sharks is only known by the teeth (the only bone in these cartilaginous fishes, and therefore are often the only fossils produced).
A reproduction of the jaw was based on some of the largest teeth (up to almost 7 inches in length) and suggested a fish that could grow 120 feet in length.
The jaw was realized to be inaccurate, and estimates revised downwards to around 50 feet.
Subclass Holocephali (chimaera)
Alexey Ekimyan (,  (April 10, 1927, Baku - April 24, 1982, Moscow) was a famous Armenian-Russian composer, and author of popular songs.
Ekimyan was also a General of Soviet militsia (police) and was the head of Criminal Investigation Department of Moscow region.
He was considered the only popular composer in the world who ruled a law-enforcement department at the same time.
Ekimyan awarded by the "Renowned Master of the Arts" Armenian SSR official title.
Ekimyan's first song for the Moscow International Festival (1957) was approved by Vano Muradeli ("I don't know if you would become a general, but you would become a composer!").
His songs were performed and recorded by prominent Soviet singers that include Lyudmila Zykina, Iosif Kobzon, Lusine Zakaryan.
Some hits by Ekimyan were chosen for the "Song of the Year" all-Soviet festivals during the 1970s-'80s.
The documentary film-concert "Paths of My Memory" (1979, 27 min.)
by Yerevan Studio is dedicated to the Alexey Ekimyan.
Ekimyan died on April 24, 1982.
He is buried in Yerevan, Armenia.
Artashes Avetyan sings: songs by Alexey Ekimyan, U.S.S.R.: Melodiya, 1978 (LP).
C60-10619-20
Alexey Ekimyan.
Beregite druzey..., Russia: Melodia, 2006 (CD)
Vot i vstretilis, Russia: Melodia, 2007 (CD)
Alexey Ekimyan's biography (in Russian)
Mikael Tariverdiev (15 August 1931, Tbilisi, Georgia – 24 June 1996, Sochi, Russia) was a prominent Soviet composer.
He was born of Armenian parents in Georgia but lived in Russia.
He is an author of over 100 romances and 2 operas.
But most of all he is known for his music in many popular Soviet movies.
Mikael Tariverdiev was a recipient of multiple awards, including the USSR State Prize (1977) and the prize of the American Academy of Music (1975).
He was made People's Artist of Russia in 1986.
Tariverdiev.
Bergen is the second largest city and municipality in Norway.
The city has a population of 275,000 in the municipality, and 238,098 in the urban area.
Bergen was a county until 1972, when it was merged with Hordaland.
The old wharf Bryggen is a World Heritage Site.
Bergen is on the west coast of Norway, and it exports a lot of fish.
It has a temperate oceanic climate, with high rainfall every month.
June 11 – Anne Neville, wife of King Richard III of England
Winchester is a city in the county of Hampshire, England.
It was the capital of Saxon England.
It is the home of Winchester College, the oldest continually living public school in England.
Winchester was made the capital city of Wessex by King Egbert in 827, and later made the capital of England.
It is around 10 miles from neighbouring city, Southampton.
Settlements in Hampshire
In astronomy, axial tilt is the angle between a planet's rotational axis at its north pole and a line perpendicular to the orbital plane of the planet.
It is also called axial inclination or obliquity.
The axial tilt of Earth is the cause of seasons like summer and winter on Earth.
Axial tilt of bodies in the Solar System
Sun 7.25 (to the Ecliptic)
Mercury ~0.01
Venus 177.4
Earth 23.439281
Moon 1.5424
Mars 25.19
Ceres ~4
Jupiter 3.13
Saturn 26.73
Uranus 97.77
Neptune 28.32
Pluto 119.61
Axial tilt of Venus, Uranus, Pluto
Venus: Venus is rotating very slowly in a retrograde direction, opposite to the direction of planets like Earth.
The north pole of Venus is pointed 'down' (southward); hence the angle between the rotational axis of Venus passing through its north pole and the line perpendicular to its orbital plane is 177.4 degrees.
There are various theories as to why this is.
Its rotation and lack of a moon may be explained by gigantic impacts early in its life.
Uranus: Uranus, the blue planet, rotates on its side.
One result of this axis orientation is that, averaged over the Uranian year, the polar regions get more energy from the Sun than its equatorial regions.
Nevertheless, Uranus is colder at its poles than at its equator.
What causes this is unknown.
The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is also not known for sure, but the usual idea is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized protoplanet collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation.
Pluto: Like Uranus, Pluto's rotational axis and north pole are pointed slightly downward (southward).
Hence the angle between Pluto's rotational axis passing through its north pole and the line perpendicular to its orbital plane is 119.61 degrees.
Dollhouse was an hour-long American television series.
The series is written by producer Joss Whedon and stars Eliza Dushku.
Whedon and Dushku both worked together on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its darker spin-off  Angel.
Tim Minear, who also worked with Buffy and Angel is also involved.
The series is made by 20th Century Fox Television.
Twelve episodes of Dollhouse aired on FOX.
Two more episodes that were not shown on television will be on the DVD collection of episodes.
In Dollhouse, Eliza Dushku plays a young woman named Echo.
She is one of a group of men and women who can have "personality packages" put into their minds.
These packages can include many things, for example, memory, skills, language and muscle memory.
These people live in a futuristic dormitory/laboratory named the "Dollhouse".
They are given special personas as part of the personality packages.
These are used to do many different types of assignments.
For example, the jobs could be romantic, adventurous, strange, or illegal.
After the assignment, the information is removed from their minds and they are left in a child-like state with no memories.
The series follows Echo as she begins to remember things even though her mind is constantly being erased and new memories implanted into it.
Hollywood Reporter article
Dollhouse TV Forum!
- For Fans
The Dollverse  - fan site
Dollverse.net  - an English/German fan site
Joss Whedon's Dollhouse - an American fan/news site about "The Dollhouse" and the wider Whedonverse.
Hydrostatic equilibrium happens when the pull of gravity is balanced by a pressure gradient which creates a pressure-gradient force in the other direction.
The balance of these two forces is known as the hydrostatic balance.
It flattens the surface of undisturbed liquids.
Right ascension (abbreviated RA; symbol α) is the astronomical word for one of the two coordinates of a point on the celestial sphere when using the equatorial coordinate system.
It is the celestial counterpart to longitude.
The other coordinate is the declination.
The moon, planets and stars all have their own right ascension.
Many of them are listed in an almanac.
Using arithmetic, the object’s right ascension and declination indicate where to look in the sky to see the object.
Declination (abbrev.
dec or δ) is a word used in astronomy to describe one of the two coordinates of the equatorial coordinate system, the other being either right ascension or hour angle.
Dec is comparable to latitude, projected onto the celestial sphere, and is measured in degrees north and south of the celestial equator.
Direct motion is the motion of a planetary body in a direction similar to that of other bodies within its system, and is sometimes called prograde motion.
Retrograde motion is motion in the opposite direction.
In the case of celestial bodies such as the retrograde Carme group of moons, such motion may be real, defined by the natural rotation or orbit of the body.
Every so often a planet seems to change direction and go the other way for a short period of time (in relation to the fixed stars), making a "retrograde loop" or squiggle in its track before carrying on as normal.
This apparent retrograde motion, however, is seen because the Earth is moving.
It is only seen when outer planets are near opposition.
A common analogy for the principle of apparent retrograde motion is that of turning on a circle.
If two cars are travelling at the same constant speed from the same point on concentric circles "next to each other" such that one car is on the "outside" and the other on the "inside", then the car on the inside will complete its circle before the car on the outside, because it has a shorter distance to travel.
Thus, it will seem to the driver of the car on the inside, that, although the speed of the cars is the same, the car on the outside is slower.
The outside car will appear to "fall behind" the inside car.
The same concept is the basis of retrograde motion.
Planetesimals are small, solid objects thought to exist in protoplanetary disks around a young or forming star.
Planetesimals are created when dust particles collide.
An achondrite is a stony meteorite that is made of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks.
Compared to the chondrites, they have all been differentiated and reprocessed to a lesser or greater degree from the effects to melting and recrystallization on or within meteorite parent bodies.
Basalt  is a common grey to black rock.
It is pushed out (extruded) by volcanos.
The lava is rich in magnesium and iron.
It has olivine and pyroxene minerals which make it dark in colour.
Basalt is usually fine-grained because the lava cools rapidly on the Earth's surface.
Flood basalts are commonplace, formed by lava pouring out and solidifying.
On Earth, most basalt magmas have formed by the hot molten mantle.
Basalt has also formed on Earth's Moon, Mars, Venus, and even on the asteroid Vesta.
Unweathered basalt is black or grey.
Basalt blocks are often used for roads and pavements (sidewalks), and for houses and other buildings.
It is hard-wearing and heat resistant.
Basalt can be made into fibre.
Basalt fibre is often used as a safe replacement for asbestos.
Intense heat and pressure can change basalt into its metamorphic rock equivalent.
The rocks known as greenstone are basalt which has been metamorphised.
Aswan (, population 200,000) is a city in the south of Egypt and the capital of the Aswan Governorate.
It is on the east bank of the Nile and is a busy market and tourist center.
Aswan is one of the driest places in the world where people live; as of early 2001, the last rain there was 6 years earlier.
As of October 13, 2007, the last rainfall was a thunderstorm on May 13, 2006.
In Nubian settlements, the people often do not put a roof over all of the rooms in their houses.
Carl Barks (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was a famous cartoonist.
He was the inventor of Scrooge McDuck, the Beagle Boys, Gyro Gearloose and many other Walt Disney characters.
He was often called the most important artist in Disney comics.
Carl Barks was born on March 27, 1901, near Merrill, Oregon, as part of a farming family.
At the age of 10, he became interested in art for the first time.
When he was 15, his mother died, and he began to help his father on the family's farm.
In 1935, he took a contract with Disney and started as one of the studio's artists.
Some months later, he become a part of Ted Sears "Story Department" at the Disney studios, where he wrote more than two dozen stories for short films with Donald Duck and other characters until 1942.
In 1942 he went to "Western Publishing".
There he started drawing comics with Donald Duck and later with other characters - most of them he created by himself.
He held this job until 1966, when he retired.
By the early 1990s, Carl Barks had become a comic legend.
In 1994, at the age of 93, for the first time in his long life, he traveled to Europe and visited around a dozen countries.
Some months earlier, his third wife, Margaret, called Garé, had died at the age of 75.
In 1999, leukemia began to destroy Barks' body.
The Duck Man died, aged 99, on August 25, 2000, at his home in Grants Pass, Oregon.
People from Grants Pass, Oregon
Shawn Corey Knowles-Carter (born December 4, 1969), known professionally as Jay-Z (stylized as JAY-Z), is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur, investor, businessman, and record executive.
He is the former CEO of Def Jam Recordings and Roc-A-Fella Records.
Jay-Z co-owns The 40/40 Club and the Brooklyn Nets NBA team.
He is one of the most financially successful hip-hop artists and businessmen in America.
Jay-Z has several nicknames, "Jigga", "Hova", "Young Hov", and "The Greatest Rapper Alive".
In June 2019, it was reported that Jay-Z had become the first billionaire rapper.
Jay-Z had a really rough adolescence.
At the age of 11 his father left the family, so he was raised by his mother, Gloria Carter.
Like he said in a lot of his autobiographical songs, Jay-Z was involved with a lot of drug deals and gun violence.
Jay-Z went to Eli Whitney High School, in Brooklyn, where he met the well-known The Notorious B.I.G.
Jay-Z started to rap at a very young age.
He thought it was a way to escape from violence, drugs and poverty.
At the age of 20, Shawn met Jaz-O, who was an old performer.
He was a sort of mentor for Jay-Z. He recorded a song with him called “The Originator”.
This song gave them the opportunity to go on the MTV raps show and this was the first step to glory for him.
After this show he needed to find a stage name.
He chose Jay Z, to thank his mentor Jaz-O, but also at his high school he used to be called “Jazzy”.
Jay-Z had a good start, but he wasn’t  mainstream enough to be a famous star of hip-hop, so he decided to create his own label record with two of his friends called the Roc-A-Fella Records.
His career took a step higher, in 1998, when he won his first Grammy with his song Hard-Knock-Life.
From 1998 to 2003, Jay-Z produced a lot of good songs and albums, but his most famous album was The Blueprint.
It was claimed by critics to be one of the albums of the decade.
He was now considered as one of the biggest in the game.
The extension of the Empire
In 2003, Jay-Z stopped rapping, because he found that there were not enough good rappers to compete with him.
He said that the game was too easy for him.
He decided to concentrate more on his producer career than his rap career.
He became the president of Def Jam Recordings.
He signed a lot of great artists such as Rihanna, Ne-Yo and Kanye West.
He also became a businessman by creating his own clothing company, Rocawear, and owning a part of the Brooklyn Nets, an NBA basketball team.
After a step back in his career, he made a decision in 2006 to come back into the game.
He created the albums "Kingdom Came" and the year after "American Gangster".
In 2009, he released Blue print 3, but in 2011 he teamed up with Kanye West to do an LP called Watch the Throne.
This album went triple hit, made the top rap charts for August and also nominated for the Grammy for the best rap Album.
Now, he is known to be one of the best rappers of all time.
In April 2011 Jay-Z started a website called Life+ Times.
He also took part in Barack Obama’s last elections.
Jay-Z's twelfth album, Magna Carta Holy Grail, was released in July 2013.
The album topped the chart to number one.
It was nominated for Album of the Year at the 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards.
The first single on the album, "Holy Grail", features Justin Timberlake singing in it.
It reached number four on the US Billboard 100.
In South Korea it reached number one.
Jay-Z's wife Beyoncé sings on "Part II (On the Run)".
In December 2013 Jay-Z was nominated for nine Grammy Awards.
This was more than anyone else that year.
He rapped on his wife Beyoncé Knowles' fifth album Beyoncé.
The Life & Times of S. Carter, Vol.
The Dynasty: Roc La Familia
The Blueprint 2: The Gift & the Curse
The Blueprint 2.1
Everything Is Love (as The Carters, with Beyoncé)
Ripon is a small cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England.
In the 2001 census Ripon had a population of 15,922.
In England only Wells, Ely and the City of London are smaller.
Ripon was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.
It stayed a borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974.
Under the Local Government Act 1972 it became a parish in the borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire.
Because it is an urban (town) parish Ripon can call its parish council Ripon City Council, the chairman of its parish council is called the City Mayor.
Photos of Ripon and surrounding area
Ripon Tourist, Community and Business Information
Ripon Tourist Information and Business Directory
Ripon & District Amateur Radio Society
Ripon Cathedral
The Ripon Gazette
A history of the choristers of Ripon Cathedral
Newby Hall Cricket Club - Nurturing the future of cricket
Settlements in North Yorkshire
Ripon, Quebec
Ripon, California
Ripon (town), Wisconsin
Rippon Lodge, a historic building in Woodbridge, Virginia
Rippon Lea Estate, a historic property in Elsternwick, Victoria
Ripponlea, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne
Ripon College, several
Blackburn Ripon, an aircraft
George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (Lord Ripon), Viceroy of India
What's It Gonna Be is a single by Beyoncé from the Japanese edition of her debut album Dangerously in Love (2003), the bonus CD of her first DVD Live at Wembley (2004), and the Wal-Mart edition of Destiny's Child's fourth studio album Destiny Fulfilled (2004).
A 7" promo single containing three different versions of the song plus three different versions of Faith Evans' cover of Donna Summer's 1978 "Heaven Knows" (which was part of the official soundtrack to The Fighting Temptations) was released.
The song was used in Knowles' adds for L'Oréal.
7" promo single
"Heaven Knows" (Main Edit) – Faith Evans
"Heaven Knows" (Instrumental) – Faith Evans
"Heaven Knows" (A Cappella) – Faith Evans
"What's It Gonna Be" (Main Edit)
"What's It Gonna Be" (Instrumental)
"What's It Gonna Be" (A Cappella)
The Senegal River is a river in West Africa.
It is 1,800 km long and is the border between Senegal and Mauritania.
Pliny the Elder called it Bambotus (from a word meaning "hippopotamus") and Claudius Ptolemy called it Nias.
Hanno the Carthaginian went to the river in about 450 BC when he was going from Carthage to Mount Cameroon in the Gulf of Guinea.
Carthage was destroyed in 146 BC, but before that time there was probably trade from here to the Mediterranean Sea.
The Semefé River and Bafing River meet in Bafoulabé and this forms the Senegal River.
The Semefé and Bafing rivers' sources are in Guinea.
The Bafing River flows through Mali and the Semefé is the Mali-Senegal border.
Near the river's mouth, the Senegal goes through Biffeche and there is an island in the river.
The city of Saint-Louis is on this island.
The river then turns south.
There is a thin line of sand and this separates the river from the Atlantic Ocean.
The line of sand is called the Langue de Barbarie.
After this, the river enters the Atlantic Ocean.
The river has two large dams: the Manantali Dam in Mali, and the Maka-Diama Dam on the Mauritania-Senegal border, near the sea.
The Manantali Dam makes a reservoir.
The Maka-Diama Dam stops salt water going deep into the countryside.
The Senegal River takes its water from 483,181 km² of land.
About 8 000 000 km³ of water goes along the river every year.
The Faleme River, Karakoro River, and Gorgol River join the Senegal River.
In 1972, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal made the Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS).
This organisation manages the land around the river.
Guinea joined this organisation in 2005.
Map of the Senegal River basin
Hydrology of Senegal (Powerpoint presentation)
The Diprotodontia is a large order of about 120 Australasian marsupial mammals.
It includes the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, koala, wombats, and many others.
Extinct members include the giant Diprotodon family, and Thylacoleo, the so-called "marsupial lion".
Family †Thylacoleonidae (marsupial lions)
Suborder Vombatiformes
Family Phascolarctidae: Koala (1 species)
Family Vombatidae: wombats (3 species)
Family †Diprotodontidae
Suborder Phalangeriformes
Superfamily Phalangeroidea
Family Phalangeridae: brushtail possums and cuscuses
Family Burramyidae: pygmy possums
Superfamily Petauroida
Family Tarsipedidae:  Honey possum
Family Petauridae (Striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, Yellow-bellied Glider, Sugar glider, Mahogany glider, Squirrel glider)
Family Pseudocheiridae: ringtailed possums and allies
Family Acrobatidae: (Feathertail glider and Feather-tailed possum)
Suborder Macropodiformes
Family Macropodidae: kangaroos, wallabies and allies
Family Potoroidae: bettongs, potaroos and rat-kangaroos
Family Hypsiprymnodontidae: Musky rat-kangaroo
Destiny's Child: Live in Atlanta features Destiny's Child performing live in Atlanta, Georgia at Philips Arena on July 15, 2005 during their Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin' It tour which sponsored by McDonald's, it was also known as the last tour of Destiny's Child.
It was released on March 28, 2006 in the United States.
The DVD debuted at #1 on the Billboard Music DVD charts breaking record sales about 500,000 copies at first week, instead of those numbers Nielsen SoundScan tracked sales of 50,000 because the restrictions about retail, international deliveries and e-packages, RIAA already certified the DVD as Platinum.
Bambara is a language from Mali.
More than 6 000 000 people (including second language users) speak it.
It is called Bamanankan in Bambara.
Bambara is very similar to Dioula.
Dioula is not spoken by as many people, but it is used in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, and Gambia.
The Bambara language is spoken mainly by people in the Bambara racial group.
About 2,700,000 people are in this group, but Bambara is also used by other racial groups in Mali.
Bambara is in the Manding language family.
These languages are similar to each other.
This family of languages is in a larger language group.
This group is called the Mandé group.
It is an SOV language (Subject-Object-Verb) and it has two tones (pitches).
There are seven vowels: a, e, , i, o,  and u.
Writing started during the period of French rule.
There is not much written work, but there is a lot of oral literature, which is often stories about kings and heroes.
The people who tell these stories are called Griot.
They also sing religious songs.
Many of their songs are very old and some people think the songs are as old as the old Mali Empire.
Bambara has many local dialects.
Somono, Segou, San, Beledugu, Ganadugu and Wasulu and Sikasso are some dialects.
The oldest proboscidean dates from the early Palaeogene period, over 50 million years ago.
The evolution of the elephant-like animals mainly concerned the proportions of the cranium and jaw and the shape of the tusks and molar teeth.
Elephantidae
†Gomphotheriidae
†Mammutidae
†Stegodontidae
†Barytheriidae
†Deinotheriidae
†Moeritheriidae
†Numidotheriidae
†Palaeomastodontidae
†Phiomiidae
The Adrar des Ifoghas is a sandstone high area in the Kidal Region of Mali.
Is has an area of about 250,000 km².
There are wide, shallow valleys, and many granite rocks.
The Tamesna Plain is to the east.
The Telemsi Fosse is to the west  The low, western part of the Azaouak Valley is to the south.
Tanezrouft is to the north.
Kidal, Aguel'hoc, Boughessa, Essouk and Tessalit are cities in this area.
The Adrar des Ifoghas is called "Adagh" in the local language.
"" is the Berber word for mountain, and "Ifogha" is the short name of a rich Tuareg family.
This family (the "Kel Ifoghas") has been very powerful in this area for a long time.
They are nomads and they eat and sell camels, goats and sheep.
The area has many old archaeological places.
The rock drawings showing men hunting, farming, and looking after cows are very important.
Asselar Man's bones were also found here by Théodore Monod.
Recently, the Adrar des Ifoghas has become popular for hiking.
Kokoreç is a Turkish meal.
It is made of lamb intestines.
Intestines of suckling lambs (süt kuzusu) is most favored for this dish.
It is not a standard menu item in restaurants.
It can be found in any street.
Kokoreç can be cooked in many ways.
One way is to cook it similar to Döner; with a horizontal skewer (see also Rotisserie).
The intestine parts are stacked together.
This sort can be found in street vendors mostly.
The most popular heating method is charcoal fire which gives it an extra rich flavour.
After it is cooked, it is cut and put in a half or quarter portion of Turkish bread (somun).
Tomatoes or spices can be added to it.
Another way to cook is to cut it after cleaning, mixing it with cut tomatoes and green peppers.
After that, it is cooked on a big griddle in large quantities, and then it is added hot red pepper and oregano.
It is constantly mixed and cut by the cooker using two spatulas in his hands during cooking.
When done, the dish is kept warm.
Kokoreç can be served in many ways.
It is usually served as a sandwich in form of Yarım Ekmek Kokoreç (Half-Bread) or Çeyrek Ekmek Kokoreç (Quarter-Bread).
At the same time, it could be served without bread, on a plate, as a normal meal.
Kokoreç is usually served with Ayran, Beer or Cola.
Ubbe Ert Iwwerks (March 24, 1901 - July 7, 1971), better known as Ub Iwerks, was an American animator.
He is best known for creating Mickey Mouse, together with Walt Disney.
Ub Iwerks was born in 1901 in Kansas City.
His father Eert Ubbe was an immigrant from Germany.
In 1919 he met Walt Disney the first time.
Some months later, Disney founded his first studio.
Ub Iwerks was his first artist, and at this time the only one.
Iwerks was called "the fastest animator" of Hollywood, because he could drew more than 700 pictures a day.
In fact, he finished the first Mickey Mouse cartoon which was produced in just two weeks.
Disney and Iwerks often had differences.
As a result of this differences, Iwerks left Disney in 1930 and founded his own studio.
It closed in 1936, after that, Iwerks worked some months for Columbia Pictures, in 1940 he went back to Walt Disney.
He did not draw anymore, but became the head of the "Special Processes Department".
There he invented the Multiplane camera.
For this camera he was awarded in 1960 with a special Oscar.
At the end of his life, Ub Iwerks worked for popular directors, like Alfred Hitchcock, too.
In 1963 he was nominated for his work on "The Birds" for a second Oscar.
Ub Iwerks died at age 70 in Burbank, California.
His sons Don Iwerks and David Iwerks worked for Disney, too.
Ub's great grandson, Michael Iwerks, also works at Disney.
Endocrine glands are glands that secrete their product (hormones) directly into the blood.
This group contains the glands of the endocrine system.
The main endocrine glands are the pituitary gland, the pancreas, the gonads, the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands.
Other organs which are not so well known for their endocrine activity include the stomach, which produces such hormones as ghrelin.
Medical definition of Endocrine gland from the medicineneet website
The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body.
This gland is found in the throat.
The thyroid controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.
The principal hormones it makes are thyroxine (T4) an triiodothyronine (T3), which is more active.
These hormones regulate the growth of many systems in the body.
T3 and T4 are synthesised from iodine and tyrosine.
The thyroid also makes calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis.
Hyper- and hypofunction (affects about 2% of the population)
Hypothyroidism (underactivity) - Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis / thyroiditis
Ord's thyroiditis
Postoperative hypothyroidism
Postpartum thyroiditis
Silent thyroiditis
Acute thyroiditis
Iatrogenic hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism (overactivity)
Thyroid storm
Graves-Basedow disease
Toxic thyroid nodule
Toxic nodular struma (Plummer's disease)
Hashitoxicosis
Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism
De Quervain thyroiditis (inflammation starting as hyperthyroidism, can end as hypothyroidism)
Anatomical problems
Endemic goitre
Diffuse goitre
Multinodular goitre
Lingual thyroid
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Thyroid adenoma
Papillary
Follicular
Medullary
Anaplastic
Lymphomas and metastasis from elsewhere (rare)
Deficiencies
Cretinism
American Thyroid Association (Thyroid Information and professional organization)
''New Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer from the American Thyroid Association Taskforce.
Thyroid Disease Manager (free online textbook)
Thyroid Disease (Nuclear Medicine Information)
The Thyroid Foundation of America (Education about Thyroid Disease)
Never Mind the Bollocks: Here's the Sex Pistols is the only studio album by English punk band the Sex Pistols.
It was released on 28 October 1977 in the UK and 10 November 1977 in the USA.
Holidays in the Sun
No Feelings
Anarchy in the UK
E.M.I.
Johann Christian Bach (born Leipzig, 5 September 1735; died London, 1 January 1782) was a composer of the Classical period.
He was the eleventh and youngest son of the composer Johann Sebastian Bach.
He is often called the "London Bach" or the "English Bach", because he spent many years living in London.
He became internationally famous, both as a composer and as a performer.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart liked his music, and learned a lot about how to write good concertos by looking at the concertos of J. C. Bach.
Johann Christian Bach’s parents were Johann Sebastian Bach and Anna Magdalena Bach.
He was born in Leipzig, Germany.
His father was one of the last composers of the Baroque period.
His father was already 50 when J. C. Bach was born, so it is not surprising that by the time Johann Christian had grown up the style of music had changed a lot since Johann Sebastian had been writing his works.
Johann Christian belonged to the Classical period.
He was 15 when his father died.
He moved to Berlin and his half-brother Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, who was already a famous composer, gave him more music lessons.
Johann Christian lived in Italy for many years from 1756, first studying counterpoint with Padre Martini in Bologna and later with Giovanni Battista Sammartini.
He became an organist at the cathedral in Milan in 1760.
However, he soon started to become successful as an opera composer and he left his cathedral job so that he could work in the theatre and travel more in Italy.
Johann Christian had been brought up in the Lutheran church, but in Italy he became a Catholic.
He married the Italian soprano Cecilia Grassi.
She was about eight years older than Johann Christian and, perhaps because of this, they never had children.
London years
In 1762 he moved to London.
He was very successful there, and earned plenty of money to live comfortably.
He knew the royal family and many important aristocratic people as well as famous people such as the painter Gainsborough and the musician and writer Charles Burney.
King George III and Queen Charlotte went to hear his first London opera Orione in 1763.
He gave the Queen music lessons.
He lived at a time when the piano was becoming a popular instrument and the harpsichord was becoming old-fashioned.
J. C. Bach wrote a lot of music for the piano and gave the very first concert of piano music in London in 1768.
He wrote 6 keyboard concertos and dedicated them to the Queen.
The last movement of Concerto no 6 was a set of variations on God Save the King.
This became a very popular piece of music at the time.
He wrote many songs that became popular in his time.
They were often performed in Vauxhall Gardens, a park where many people went to be entertained.
He gave many concerts together with Carl Friedrich Abel, a well-known player of the viola da gamba.
Abel and Bach may have known one another as children because both their fathers had worked together in Cöthen in Germany.
In April 1764 J. C. Bach met the 8-year-old Mozart who visited London with his father Leopold.
They played duets on the harpsichord together.
He composed cantatas, chamber music, keyboard and orchestral works, operas, symphonies and songs.
He had many works published in London and Paris.
During his last years he lost a lot of money.
The Bach-Abel concert series lost money, and one of Bach’s servants stole £1000 from him which was a very large sum on those days.
His health started to become bad and, when he died, he left his wife with a lot of debt.
Queen Charlotte helped to pay a lot of the debt, and his widow went back to Italy.
Johann Christian
Pelycosaurs (meaning "basin lizards") were the earliest synapsids.
They were not dinosaurs or reptiles.
They are an informal group, meaning all synapsids except the therapsids and their descendants.
These tetrapods appeared during the Pennsylvanian and went extinct at the end of the Permian period.
They were the dominant land animals for some 40 million years, and were almost wiped out by the P/Tr extinction event.
A few survived until the lower Triassic to form the therapsids, a group which led to the mammals.
Because the term does not include their descendants, it is not used much now.
At least two pelycosaur clades independently evolved a tall sail, consisting of elongated vertebral spines: the edaphosaurids and the sphenacodontids.
In life, this would have been covered by skin, and possibly functioned as a thermoregulatory device and/or a mating display.
Fossil evidence from some ophiacodonts shows that parts of the skin was naked, but that the belly was covered in dermal scutes.
These scutes looked like the scutes present in reptile groups, but they are of a different type of structure.
Well-known pelycosaurs include the genera Dimetrodon, Sphenacodon, Edaphosaurus, and Ophiacodon.
Order †Pelycosauria*
Family †Caseidae
Family †Eothyrididae
Suborder †Eupelycosauria
Family †Edaphosauridae
Family †Haplodontidae*
Family †Lupeosauridae
Family †Ophiacodontidae
Family †Sphenacodontidae
Family †Varanopseidae
Order †Therapsida*
The therapsids were seriously affected by the P/Tr extinction event.
The successful gorgonopsians died out, and the remaining groups were much reduced.
The dicynodonts, now represented by a single family of large stocky herbivores, the Kannemeyeridae, and the medium-sized cynodonts (including both carnivorous and herbivorous forms), flourished worldwide, throughout the early to middle Triassic.
They died out across much of Pangea before the end of the Upper Triassic, although they continued for some time longer in the wet equatorial band and the south.
At least three groups of eucynodonts survived.
They appeared in the Upper Triassic.
The extremely mammal-like family, the Tritylodonts, survived into the Lower Cretaceous.
Another group, Morganucodon and similar animals, were mammaliaformes or the "stem-mammals" for the mammals.
Class Synapsida
ORDER THERAPSIDA *
Suborder Biarmosuchia *
Suborder Dinocephalia
Suborder Anomodontia *
Superfamily Venyukoviamorpha
Infraorder Dicynodonta
(unranked) Theriodontia *
Suborder Gorgonopsia
Suborder Therocephalia
Suborder Cynodontia *
(unranked) Mammaliaformes *
Kemp T.S. 2005.
The origin and evolution of mammals.
Benton M.J. 2004.
Vertebrate Paleontology.
3rd ed.
Carroll R.L. 1988 Vertebrate Paleontology & Evolution.
Freeman N.Y.
Romer A.S. 1966.
3rd ed, University of Chicago Press.
Toccata is the title that was often given to pieces of music for solo instruments from the Renaissance onwards.
The word comes from the Italian for to touch, also meaning to play a musical instrument.
These pieces were often quite difficult, with a lot of fast notes which showed off how well the person could play.
The first toccatas were written in northern Italy by composers such as Claudio Monteverdi and Giovanni Gabrieli.
They are pieces for the keyboard (harpsichord or organ) with lots of running scales in the right hand and accompanying chords in the left hand.
Toccatas became popular in Germany with composers such as Hans Leo Hassler who had studied in Venice with Gabrieli.
Many German Baroque organ composers wrote toccatas: Sweelinck (who was Dutch), Pachelbel, Buxtehude and Johann Sebastian Bach.
Bach wrote a Toccata and Fugue in D minor, which is one of the most famous pieces of Baroque organ music, and perhaps the most famous toccata ever written.
After the Baroque period composers did not often write toccatas.
The toccata became popular again in the late 19th century with the French organ composers such as Charles-Marie Widor whose Toccata from his Symphony No.
5 is very popular today, especially at weddings.
It has lots of quick notes in the right hand (and occasionally in the left) and a big tune in the pedals.
Another famous organ toccata is by Louis Vierne.
It is the last movement of his Symphony No.
1 (at this time French composers wrote organ works called "symphonies").
In the 20th century several composers wrote toccatas for piano including Prokofiev, Khachaturian, Ravel (part of Le Tombeau de Couperin) and Claude Debussy (part of Suite: Pour le Piano).
Taylor Allison Swift (born December 13, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, music video director, philanthropist, and actress.
As one of the world's leading contemporary recording artists, she is known for narrative songs about her personal life, which have received widespread media coverage.
Having sold more than 50 million albums—including 37 million in the US, Swift is one of the world's best-selling music artists and the highest-earning female musician of the 2010s.
She has won 10 Grammy Awards, an Emmy Award, six Guinness world records and is the most-awarded act and woman at the American Music Awards (29 wins) and Billboard Music Awards (23 wins), respectively.
2006–07: Debut album
She released her debut single, "Tim McGraw", in 2006 at the age of 16.
That same year she released her debut self titled album.
In 2008, she sold more albums than anyone else that year.
She won Country Music Television's (CMT) "Breakthrough Video of the Year" award in 2007 for "Tim McGraw".
She was also nominated by the Academy of Country Music for "Top New Female Vocalist".
2008–10: Fearless and Speak Now
Swift’s second studio album, Fearless, was released in 2008 and reached Platinum about a year later, on September 10, 2009, becoming her first ever album to sell 1 million copies.
On October 25, 2010 she released her third album, Speak Now.
2012–14: Red
The lead single from Swift's fourth album, Red, "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together", became her first number-one song on the US Billboard Hot 100.
The single "I Knew You Were Trouble" reached number two on the chart while becoming her first chart-topper on Billboards Mainstream Top 40/Pop Songs chart.
In 2012 Swift voiced the character Audrey in the movie The Lorax.
2014–17: 1989
Swift performed "Shake It Off", the lead single from her fifth album, 1989, at the 2014 MTV VMAs.
1989 was released on October 27, 2014.
"Shake It Off", along with the singles "Blank Space", and "Bad Blood", all reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100.
These singles, along with "Style" and "Wildest Dreams", have also topped the Mainstream Top 40/Pop Songs chart.
In 2016 she featured on the single, "I Don't Wanna Live Forever" with English singer Zayn Malik (former member of One Direction).
It was released as a single for the soundtrack of the film Fifty Shades Darker (2017).
It reached number two on the Hot 100 in the US and Canada.
2017–19: reputation
On June 8, 2017, Swift restored her music on streaming sites such as Spotify and Apple Music after previously removing it from being streamed.
On August 25, 2017, Swift released the single "Look What You Made Me Do", which topped the Billboard Hot 100 and broke YouTube's streaming record after garnering 43 million views within 24 hours.
It also became her first UK chart-topper.
Swift announced that her sixth studio album, Reputation, would be released on November 10, 2017.
The album included singles such as "...Ready for It?"
and "End Game" featuring American rapper Future and English singer Ed Sheeran.
2019–20: Lover
On April 26, 2019, Swift released the single "ME!"
featuring Brendon Urie as the lead single from her seventh studio album, Lover.
On June 14, 2019, Swift released Lover’s second single "You Need to Calm Down".
Both of these songs reached number two on the US Hot 100.
On August 16, Swift released Lover as the third single from Lover and released a duet version of the song with Canadian recording artist Shawn Mendes.
2020–2021: folklore and evermore
In August 2020, Swift revealed that she was releasing a surprise album called folklore, after it was announced her Loverfest stadium tour was canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic.
Its lead single, "cardigan", entered at number one on the US Hot 100, becoming her sixth US number-one.
folklore became her seventh US number-one album.
She became the first artist to enter at number one on both the Hot 100 singles chart and Billboard 200 album chart in the same week.
On December 11, 2020, Swift released her ninth studio album, evermore.
It is meant to be a "sister" album to folklore.
2021-present: Fearless, Taylor's Version
Due to Swift not being able to own her own masters, she has come out on her social medias stating, (in a hidden way), that her version of the album Fearless will be released April 9 2021.
She has already released the song "Love Story" on February 12 2021.
Swift was born at Reading Hospital in West Reading, Pennsylvania.
Her parents are Scott Swift and Andrea Swift.
Swift was raised in Wyomissing, Pennsylvania on a Christmas tree farm.
Swift has three cats.
One is named "Meredith" after the doctor on Grey's Anatomy.
The second is named "Olivia" after the detective, now captain, on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.
The third one is "Benjamin".
Swift has a boyfriend named Joseph ‘Joe’ Alwyn, who is an actor.
They have been dating since 2016.
They have kept their relationship private.
Grammy Awards2010 (52nd Award Ceremony) Album of the Year, Fearless
Best Country Album, Fearless
Best Female Country Vocal Performance, "White Horse"
Best Country Song, "White Horse"
2012 (54th Award Ceremony) Best Country Solo Performance, "Mean"
Best Country Song, "Mean"
2013 (55th Award Ceremony) Best Song Written for Visual Media, "Safe & Sound" (from The Hunger Games)
2016 (58th Award Ceremony) Album of the Year, 1989
Best Pop Vocal Album, 1989
Best Music Video, "Bad Blood"2021 (63rd Award Ceremony)Album of the Year, folklore
2007, Breakthrough Video of the Year: Tim McGraw
2008, Best New Female Vocalist
Country Music Association Award
2007, Horizon Award
2007, Favorite Female Artist, Country Music
2007, Top New Female Vocalist
Grammy Awards2008 (50th Award Ceremony)Best New Artist
2010 (52th Award Ceremony) Record of the Year, "You Belong with Me"
Song of the Year, "You Belong with Me"
Best Female Pop Vocal Performance,  "You Belong with Me"
Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, "Breathe", featuring Colbie Caillat2012 (54th Award Ceremony)Best Country Album, Speak Now2013 (55th Award Ceremony)Record of the Year, "We Are Never Ever Getting back Together"
Best Country Duo/Group Performance, "Safe and Sound", featuring The Civil Wars2014 (56th Award Ceremony) Album of the Year, Red
Best Country Album, Red
Best Country Song, "Begin Again"
Best Country Duo/Group Performance, "Highway Don't Care" (with Tim McGraw, featuring Keith Urban)2015 (57th Award Ceremony) Record of the Year, "Shake It Off"
Song of the Year, "Shake It Off"
Best Pop Solo Performance, "Shake It Off"2016 (58th Award Ceremony) Record of the Year, '"Blank Space"
Song of the Year, "Blank Space"
Best Pop Solo Performance, "Blank Space"
Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, "Bad Blood", featuring Kendrick Lamar
2018 (60th Award Ceremony) Best Country Song, "Better Man"
Best Song Written for Visual Media, "I Don't Wanna Live Forever" (from Fifty Shades Darker)
2019 (61st Award Ceremony) Best Pop Vocal Album, Reputation
2020 (62nd Award Ceremony)'''
Song of the Year, "Lover"
Best Pop Vocal Album, Lover''
Best Pop Solo Performance, "You Need to Calm Down"
Taylor Swift official website
Caring for the whole patient
Subspecialties of internal medicine
Internists can choose to focus their practice on general internal medicine, or may take additional training to "subspecialize" in one of 13 areas of internal medicine, generally organized by organ system.
Cardiologists, for example, are doctors of internal medicine who subspecialize in diseases of the heart.
The training an internist receives to subspecialize in a particular medical area is both broad and deep.
Subspecialty training (often called a "fellowship") usually requires an additional one to three years beyond the standard three year general internal medicine residency. (
Residencies come after a student has graduated from medical school.)
Cardiology, dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels
Endocrinology, dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones
Gastroenterology, concerned with the field of digestive diseases
Hematology, concerned with blood, the blood-forming organs and its disorders
Infectious disease, concerned with disease caused by a biological agent such as by a virus, bacterium or parasite
Medical oncology, dealing with the study and treatment of cancer
Nephrology,dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the kidney
Pulmonology, dealing with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract
Rheumatology, devoted to the medical diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases.
Adolescent medicine
Clinical cardiac electrophysiology
Geriatric medicine
Interventional cardiology
Transplant hepatology
Internists may also specialize in allergy and immunology.
The American Board of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology is a conjoint board between internal medicine and pediatrics.
Allergy/Immunology
Hematology/Oncology
cell research - the world's sickle cell research center,burla,orissa,India
American College of Physicians - the world's largest medical specialty society for doctors of internal medicine
Doctors for Adults.com  - The American College of Physicians' patient education Web site, with more info about internal medicine and internists
On-line Internal Medicine Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)
The American Board of Internal Medicine - The largest certifying board for internists and related subspecialists in the USA
Canadian Society of Internal Medicine
The American College of Osteopathic Internists
Internal Medicine positions  - Internal medicine positions available
Internal Medicine- CME Internal Medicine Org
City status in the United Kingdom is granted by the British monarch to some communities.
There are 69 cities in the United Kingdom (see list below) – 51 in England, six in Wales, seven in Scotland and five in Northern Ireland.
Becoming a city is not automatic.
Many people think that any town that has a cathedral is a city.
This is because Henry VIII built cathedrals in six English towns and made them cities by letters patent.
A city council does not have any more powers than a borough or district council.
Some city councils (like Ripon) are only parish councils, and have few little powers at all.
Official cities
Officially there are 69 cities in the United Kingdom (UK).
Sunderland was made a city to mark Elizabeth II's Ruby anniversary (40 years as Queen).
Eight others have been created in competitions to celebrate the new millennium and Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee.
Lord Mayors
A city does not automatically have a Lord Mayor or Lord Provost in Scotland.
There are 69 cities in the UK but only 30 Lord Mayors.
A Mayor is called "The Worshipful the Mayor of A Town".
A Lord Mayor is called "The Right Worshipful The Lord Mayor of A City".
The Lord Mayors or Lords Provost of Belfast, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, City of London, and York are called "The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor" (or Provost).
51 are in England, 23 have a Lord Mayor
6 are in Wales, 2 have a Lord Mayor
7 are in Scotland, 4 have a Lord Provost
5 are in Northern Ireland, 1 has a Lord Mayor.
The former City of Rochester
On April 1, 1998, Rochester-upon-Medway and Gillingham joined together to became the new unitary authority of Medway.
Rochester upon Medway City Council did not appoint appoint Charter Trustees to maintain the existence of the city and the mayoralty so the city simply ceased to exist, because the council forgot.
List of officially-designated cities
City Status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated June 25, 1974.
City Status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated May 28, 1974.