the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He admitted that he preferred when his two-year-old daughter watched the Steve episodes.
In 2012, Patton appeared in the short films Awake and Pharmboy, the latter of which was directed by his longtime friend Lawrence Feeney.
Mark Finguerra, the director of Awake, was able to look past the potential typecasting of Patton's role in Blue's Clues to cast him in a darker role.
Patton had impressed him in an audition for an earlier feature film.
Finguerra called Patton a "complete professional [and a] tremendous actor", and enjoyable on set.
He appeared in the soap opera One Life to Live, in which he played, in a departure of his previous roles, "a very angry man".
In 2014, he appeared in a small movie shot mostly in New Jersey, entitled Lies I Told My Little Sister, directed by William Stribling and starring Lucy Walters.
Patton called his career, with its mixture of children's television and darker roles in independent films, "an odd experience" and told a reporter that he had spent half his life at Nickelodeon.
In 2009, he was cast as Bot, the robot superhero, on the children's show Team Umizoomi through the relationships he had made at Nickelodeon on Blue's Clues.
He found working on Team Umizoomi "comforting" because many of the same crew, producers, and creators had also worked on Blue's Clues.
It was the first time he had worked as a voice-over artist, unlike on Blue's Clues, when he was able to be more physical acting in front of a blue screen.
He said, about Team Umizoomi, "the work the animators have done on it has been superlative".
He stated that he enjoyed working on Team Umizoomi because it gave him the opportunity to participate in a show from its inception, which he had missed with Blue's Clues.
Patton said his voice performance of Bot, which he modeled on Brent Spiner's performance as the android Data on Star Trek: The Next Generation and was influenced by Mel Blanc's work in the classic Warner Bros. cartoons, "ended up sounding more like my natural voice, with a teeny bit of superhero in there".
Despite both roles in Blue's Clues and Team Umizoomi requiring him to sing, he did not consider himself a natural singer and felt that he had to work hard at it.
He said, about being cast as Bot, "I get to be a superhero.
Who doesn't want to be a superhero"?.
He is active in several charities in the New York City area, including Literacy Inc., the Make-a-Wish Foundation, and the Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, a large children's hospital.
People from Guam
The Gilded Age is a time in the in history of the USA.
It lasted from the end of the American Civil War, and up to the late 19th century.
It corresponds to the latter part of the British Victorian era.
The name Gilded Age was first used by writer Mark Twain in The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873).
The time saw rapid progress in technology and railroad expansions and industrialization.
Immigrants came in the millions.
The intense political partisanship of the day included disputes over currency, tariffs, political corruption and patronage, railroads and business trusts.
Gilded Age Timeline
Chemiluminescence (or Chemoluminescence) is a kind of luminescence.
It is a process of making light from a chemical reaction.
Chemiluminescence in biological systems is called bioluminescence.
The light made in chemiluminiscence is not directly related to heat.
A simple two step example of a reaction of A, and B, that produces; C, D, and light.
[A] + [B] → [C*] + [D]
[C*] → [C] + Light
C* is an excited state of C.
This reaction is simpler than most chemiluminesence reactions.
The excited state happens when electrons are pushed into a  higher orbit by the energy of a chemical  reaction.
The excited state is less stable than the ground state.
The electrons in the excited state fall to the ground state (lower energy), emitting light.
The amount of measurable light made is called radiant intensity: ICL (photons emitted per second).
Analytical applications
The device needed to measure the light made is simple.
It needs something to hold the sample, and a photomultiplier tube.
There are three ways for this to be used in chemical measurements.
sometimes the product wanted makes light when it reacts with another compound,
in another type the amount of light made drops when the wanted product is added,
sometimes the wanted product when added to a chemiluminescence reaction makes more light(a catalytic reaction).
Analysis of gases
The method measures small amounts of atmospheric pollutants.
A common method measures the amount of nitrogen monoxide by reacting it with ozone.
The light made has a wavelength range of 600 to 2800 nm.
Analysis of liquids
Analysis of cell organelles
Ca2+(calcium) inside of different parts of cells like the mitochondria can make light when it reacts with a protein from jellyfish named aequorin.
Nitric oxide(NO) is in cells and is a way for cells to talk to each other, this can be measured with the compound luminol.
An example of chemiluminescence molecules in nature is firefly luciferin.
The process is used to make glowsticks.
Daniel C. Harris.
In Quantitative Chemical Analysis Seventh Edition: 2007 by W.H. Freeman and Company.
Douglas A. Skoog, James F. Holler, Stanley R. Crouch.
In Principles of Instrumental Analysis Sixth Edition:2005 by Thomson, Brooks, Cole.
Thilo Sarrazin (born 12 February 1945) is a German economist and former politician of the SPD.
In 2000 and 2001, Sarrazin worked for the Deutsche Bahn.
In 2002, he became the senator for finance in the German state of Berlin.
In May 2009, he has become a member of the executive board of the Deutsche Bundesbank.
Sarrazin published the book Deutschland schafft sich ab ("Germany Abolishes Itself") with controversial comments about the German immigration system.
The book was published on 30 August 2010.
His book led the executive board members of the Bundesbank to ask to dismiss Thilo Sarrazin from his office.
This must be done by the German Bundespräsident Christian Wulff.
After an agreement with the German Bundesbank, Thilo Sarrazin will leave his post at the end of September.
"Integration needs performance from those that are to be integrated.
I will not show respect for anyone that is not performing in that way.
I do not have to acknowledge anyone who lives by welfare, denies the very state that provides that welfare, refuses to care for the education of his children and constantly produces new little headscarf-girls."
Sarrazin was born in Gera, Germany.
His father was a doctor and the mother a daughter of a West Prussian landowner.
His paternal family, a French Huguenot family, is originally from Burgundy.
His grandmother was English-Italian.
He has explained that his name means Saracen (i.e. Muslim) and is common in Southern France.
It comes from the Arab pirates that were called “Saracens” in the Middle Ages.
His mother has a Polish origin.
He has referred to himself as "a European mongrel".
He grew up in Recklinghausen.
At age seven, he went to an orphanage in Bavaria.
He graduated from the local gymnasium and then served in the military from 1967 to 1971.
Then, he studied Economics at the University of Bonn, earning his doctorate.
From November 1973 to December 1974 he worked for the Friedrich Ebert Foundation and became active in the SPD.
In 1975 Sarrazin started to work in the Federal Ministry of Finance.
Until 1981 he served as Head of Unit in the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs.
In 1981, he returned to the Federal Ministry of Finance.
In October 1981, he started to work as bureau chief and was a close collaborator of Federal Finance Minister Hans Matthöfer and his successor Manfred Lahnstein.
Even after the end of the socialist-liberal coalition in October 1982, Sarrazin remained in the Finance Ministry.
There he was director of several units, including (from 1989 to 1990) the "Innerdeutsche Beziehungen", which the German monetary, economic and social union prepared.
During his time as Head of the Federal Ministry of Finance, he was partly responsible for German railways.
From 1990 to 1991, Sarrazin worked for the Treuhand.
Then he was up to 1997 State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance in Rhineland-Palatinate.
Sarrazin is married to Ursula Sarrazin (née Breit) and has two sons.
The Turn of the Screw is an opera by Benjamin Britten.
It is a chamber opera (an opera for a small number of characters and very small orchestra).
The story is based on a story with the same title by Henry James.
The libretto (the words of the opera) were written by Myfanwy Piper.
The story of the opera is almost exactly the same as in Henry James’s book.
Britten was asked by the Venice Biennale to write the opera.
It was first performed on 14 September, 1954, at the Teatro La Fenice, Venice.
Its first performance in Britain took place a month later on 6 October 1954 at Sadler’s Wells Opera in London.
It is further divided into a prologue and sixteen scenes.
Before each scene starts we hear a variation on the 'Screw' theme.
This theme is based on twelve notes which are all the 12 notes in the octave.
This is called twelve-tone row, but it is tonally based (the music is in traditional keys, unlike the music of Schoenberg).
There are only 13 players in the orchestra.
Time: The middle of the nineteenth century
Place: Bly, an English country house
The prologue is just for a solo singer (tenor) and piano.
He tells us about a young governess he once knew who looked after two children at Bly House.
The children’s parents were dead, and they were supposed to be cared for by their uncle.
The uncle, who lived in London, was far too busy to care for them, and he hired a governess for them.
He told the governess (who is just called “the governess” in the opera) that she must never write to him about the children.
She must make any decisions about them herself.
She must never ask him about the history of Bly House, and she must always continue to care for the children.
The Governess wonders what the children will be like.
The children wonder what their new governess will be like.
When the Governess arrives at Bly House she is greeted by the housekeeper, Mrs. Grose, and the children who (bow and curtsey).
She thinks that the boy, Miles, looks strangely familiar.
Miles goes to a boarding school, but he has come home for the holidays.
A letter from his school arrives saying that he has been expelled because he had been threatening other children.
The Governess is sure that Miles, like his sister Flora, is too kind and innocent to have done such terrible things.
Mrs Grose also thinks the same thing.
The Governess decides not to take any notice of the letter.
The Governess sings about her wonderful position at the house and the beautiful children she has in her care.
But at night she hears strange footsteps and a cry outside her door.
Suddenly, she sees a pale-faced man sitting on a tower of the house.
When the man disappears, she becomes frightened and wonders if she has seen a ghost.
But then she is comforted when she hears the children singing the nursery rhyme "Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son".
The Governess doubts that she saw anything, but decides to tell Mrs. Grose.
The housekeeper tells the Governess about Peter Quint, who used to be a servant at Bly House.
What Mrs. Grose says seems to suggest that Quint had done nasty things to Miles.
At that time Miles had a governess called Miss Jessel.
Mrs. Grose suggests that Quint had a sexual relationship with Miss Jessell, and that they both had sexual relations with the children.
The housekeeper said she could do nothing about it, as Quint cleverly found any letters that came for her and he threatened her with physical harm.
But when Miss Jessel became pregnant and people found out how bad she was, she abandoned the children and ran away.
Soon afterwards she died.
Shortly after that Quint died a mysterious death on an icy road near Bly House.
Later that day, the Governess sits by the side of a lake with Flora.
Flora names the seas of the world, finishing with the Dead Sea.
Flora compares the Dead Sea (where nothing can live) to Bly House.
This worries the Governess.
As Flora plays on the shore with her doll, the Governess suddenly sees a strange woman across the lake who seems to be watching Flora.
It is the ghost of Miss Jessel, who has returned to get Flora.
The Governess hurries Flora home to safety.
That night, Miles and Flora slip out into the woods to meet Miss Jessel and Peter Quint.
The children fantasize about a world where dreams come true.
The Governess and Mrs. Grose arrive as the children are about to be possessed, and the spirits depart.
Miles sings a song about how he has been a bad boy.
The ghosts of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel reappear.
They argue about who harmed whom first when they were alive, and accuse one another of not acting quickly enough to possess the children.
In her room, the Governess worries about the evil she feels in the house.
The next morning, the family goes to church.
The children sing a song which sounds like a song praising God.
Mrs. Grose does not realize the meaning of the song until the Governess tells her they are singing about horrors.
The Governess runs off and goes to her room.
She can feel the presence of Miss Jessel and sees her sitting at her desk.
The Governess now knows that she cannot abandon the children.
She writes to the children’s uncles saying that she must see him.
When the Governess asks Miles what happened at school Quint’s voice is heard.
Miles shrieks and the candle goes out.
Miles is tempted by Quint to pick up the letter.
He steals it and rushes off.
Miles distracts the grown-up’s attention by playing the piano, so they do not notice Flora going off to the lake.
Mrs Grose and the Governess find Flora by the lake.
The Governess tries to make Flora say that she can see Mrs Jessel, but she shouts that she can’t see anybody.
Mrs Grose takes her home.
In the last scene Flora has become mad.
Mrs Grose tells the Governess that her letter to the uncle must have been stolen.
She asks Miles whether he stole it.
He denies it, but all the time he can see Peter Quint who is telling him he must not tell them the truth about him.
In the end Miles screams: “Peter Quint!
You devil!”
and then dies.
The Governess is left holding the dead boy in her arms.
The New Kobbe’s Opera Book ed.
The Earl of Harewood and Antony Peattie, 2000;
Demonic possession is a term used to describe a situation when a demon (a devil) controls a human being.
In many cultures and religions people often used to believe that a devil could enter the body of a person and control them.
They often thought this was happening when a person seemed to be mad, or when they had a fit, or when they fainted.
Umbrella (song), a song that has been claimed to be about demonic possession.
Possession, Demonic
PAS Hamedan Football Club () is an Iranian football club based in Hamedan, Iran.
Winners (3): 1976, 1986, 1990
Runner Up (3): 1987, 1988, 1991
Runner Up (1): 2003
Vahdat Cup (International Tournament hosted by Iran)
Third Place (1): 1981
Regional Construction Cup (International Tournament hosted by Pakistan)
Runner Up (1): 1973
Best non-Tehrani Iranian Football Team: 4: 1973, 1976, 1977, 1989
Iran's representative in Asian Club Championship
(1): 1987
Cosworth is a high performance engineering company.
It was founded in London in 1958.
It builds engines and electronics for automobile racing, mainstream automotive and defence industries.
Cosworth is based in Northampton, England.
It has North American facilities in Torrance, California; Indianapolis, Indiana; and Mooresville, North Carolina.
It also has a facility in Pune, India.
Cosworth has had a long and well respected career in Formula One, beginning in 1963.
Cosworth stepped away from Formula One for three years when no team decided to use their engines for .
Cosworth returned to F1 in , suppling engines to Williams, HRT, Lotus, and Virgin.
The first Formula One engines shipped in January.
Cosworth's 176 wins make it the second most successful engine manufacturers in F1, after Ferrari.
Corporate history
The company was founded as a British racing internal combustion engine maker in 1958 by Mike Costin and Keith Duckworth (1933-2005) The name Cosworth came by combining their last names. (
COStin and duckWORTH).
Even thought it was an independent company, it was supported by the Ford Motor Company for many years.
Most of the Cosworth engines were named Ford engines.
The company went through a several ownership changes.
The business was growing.
Keith Duckworth did not want to run the day-to-day business.
Cosworth was sold to United Engineering Industries (UEI) in 1980.
Duckworth remained as president for life, and technical involvement with Cosworth.
He became a UEI board director.
UEI was a group of small to medium-sized technology companies.
UEI was taken over by Carlton Communications in 1988.
Carlton wanted some of the audio-visual companies that were part of UEI.
Cosworth was a poor fit, so Carlton sold the Cosworth part off.
In 1998, Cosworth was sold to Audi, which is a part of Volkswagen.
Hours later, Audi sold the Cosworth Racing division to Ford.
In September, 2004 Ford announced that it was selling Cosworth, along with Cosworth Racing Ltd and its Jaguar Formula One team.
On 15 November 2004, the sale of Cosworth was completed to Champ Car World Series owners Gerald Forsythe and Kevin Kalkhoven They are the current owners of the Cosworth Group.
The road car engine division of Cosworth was renamed Cosworth Technology.
It was sold to MAHLE in 2005.
Cosworth Technology was then renamed as MAHLE Powertrain on 1 July 2005.
Association with Ford
Cosworth has had a long relationship with the Ford Motor Company.
This started when Cosworth started building racing engines in 1959.
These engines were modified versions of the  Inline-four Ford Kent engine for Formula Junior.
Cosworth built a  engine for the Lotus 7.
and  engines were built use in Formula B, sports car racing, and the Lotus Cortina.
The final version of the Cosworth-Kent, in 1965, was the MAE.
It was used in Formula 3 when  engines were allowed.
This was the dominate engine.
The FVA series
The Cortina engine was also the basis for the FVA, a Formula Two engine introduced in 1966.
This engine featured dual overhead camshafts with 16 valves.
It produced at least  at 9000 rpm.
This engine dominated the category until 1971.
It was also used in sports car racing as the FVC.
The FVA was part of the same Ford contract that gave rise to the DFV.
A larger engine was built for endurance racing in the mid 1970s.
The FVC displaced .
The FVC produced only .
The DFV (Double Four Valve)
In 1966, Colin Chapman of Lotus Cars was the founder and principal of Team Lotus.
He got Ford to finance Keith Duckworth's design for a new lightweight 3.0 litre Formula One engine.
Cosworth received the order along with £100,000 from Ford.
The contract told Duckworth to build a four-cylinder Ford-based F2 engine to prove it would work (see the FVA above).
After that, a pure Cosworth V8 would be built.
The DFV design used a similar cylinder head to the one on the FVA engine with custom cylinder block and crankcase.
This created the legendary DFV - literally meaning "Double Four Valve".
This engine, and its version were used for a quarter of a century.
It was the most successful engine in the history of Formula One / Grand Prix motor racing.
With 167 winning races it put Cosworth Engineering on the map.
Although designed for Formula One, the engine has been modified for use in many other areas.
The DFV won on its first outing, at the 1967 Dutch Grand Prix.
Jim Clark drove a Lotus 49 with the DFV engine.
Starting in 1968, any F1 team could purchase the engine.
During the 1970s, it was common for almost the entire field to use one of the DFV engines.
Ferrari never used a Cosworth engine.
Most teams just built a car around a Cosworth DFV and a Hewland gearbox.
It won a record 155 World Championship races.
The last was the Detroit Grand Prix in 1983 in a Tyrrell driven by Michele Alboreto.
The DFV with 410 horsepower did not produce as much power as some of its rival 12-cylinder engines.
It was lighter, resulting in a better power to weight ratio.
It was also a structural part of the car.
The DFY, introduced in 1982 was upgrade of the DFV for Formula One with 520 horsepower.
While it produced more power, it no match for the turbocharged cars of the day.
It was the advent of turbocharged engines which ended the use of the DFY.
In 1986 Cosworth returned to the lower levels of racing.
They modified the DFV for the newly created Formula 3000.
The DFV remained in F3000 until 1992.
In Formula One, a new DFV-based design was introduced for the new rules in .
3.5 litre normally-aspirated (non-turbocharded) engines were allowed.
In 1988 Cosworth built the DFR, which was used in F1 by the smaller teams until 1991.
It scored its last points in 1990.
The DFV is still being used in Classic F1 racing.
The FIA given them World Championship status in 2004.
DFV variants
One of the most successful and longest-lived projects of Cosworth has been its CART / Champ Car engine program.
In 1975, Cosworth developed the DFX engine.
A turbocharged 2.65 litre engine, the DFX became the standard engine to run in IndyCar racing.
It ending the reign of the Offenhauser, and maintaining that position until the late 1980s.
While designed as an F1 engine, the DFV was also used as in endurance racing.
Its design led to vibrations putting stress on devices surrounding the engine.
It was hard on the exhaust system.
The first sports car to use a DFV failed to finish a single race because of repeated breakdowns.
The DFV did win the 24 hours of Le Mans twice in its original 3.0 litre form.
A special endurance version, the DFL, was then developed.
The 3.3 litre was reliable.
The 4.0 litre was largely remembered as a failure.
The GA V6
A variant of the Ford Essex engine was developed for the Ford Capris.
The Capris were raced in Group 2 in the early 1970s.
This engine had a displacement of 3.4 L. The GA was also used in the last few years of Formula 5000 in Europe.
The FBA and FBC V6
The FBA and FBC engines were found in the Ford Granada and Ford Scorpio Ultima.
The FBA came first in 1991, and was also known as the 'BOA'.
It was based on the Ford Cologne V6.
It was a twin overhead camshaft with 24 valves, and produced 192 horsepower.
In 1995, it was updated to produce 201 horsepower.
This engine was known as the 'BOB'.
A racing version was also available for a short time.
The FBE had individual throttle butterflies for each cylinder.
The FBB and FBD engines were developed but never released.
The BDA series
Cosworth increased its work with Ford in 1969.
Cosworth developed a double overhead camshaft (DOHC) 16-valve inline four cylinder engine for road use in the European Ford Escort.
Working from the Kent block, Cosworth created a 1.6 Litre engine for homologation (standarding) purposes.
The camshafts were driven by a toothed timing belt.
The name BDA, came from "Belt Drive, A type".
Running in Group 2 and Group 4 on either rallying or touring car racing, this engine could be enlarged to 2.0 litres.
The standard 1.6 L engine could be used in cars competing overall wins, not just first in class.
In 1970, the BDC version received fuel injection.
In 1972, the 1.8 L BDA series was being used in Formula 2.
In 1973, it went to 1.98 L as the BDG engine.
The BDG also had an aluminum engine block.
Other versions of the engine were made for Formula Atlantic in 1970, and SCCA club racing and sports car racing.
A 1.7 L BDR version was built in the 1980s.
A 1.8 L BDT was built for the Escort RS1700T and the Ford RS2000.
A 2.14 L version was developed by Brian Hart just as Group B was canceled by the FIA.
The Hart 420R owes much to the BDA series.
It is basically an aluminum block version with similar cylinder heads.
The YB series
The YB series of 2.0 L engines are based on the older Pinto engine block.
They were introduced in the road-going Ford Sierra RS Cosworth in 1986 with 201 horsepower.
Racing versions could develop about 400 horsepower.
A limited edition version was introduced in 1987.
The RS500 could produce 550 horsepower in full racing setup.
Other Formula One engines
Cosworth tested turbocharged BD version.
They finally built an all-new turbocharged 1.5 L V6 engine.
This engine was badged (named) the Ford TEC.
Inside Cosworth, it was known as the GB-series.
This engine had a long development history.
It only raced only for a short time.
In was used by the Haas Lola team in  and the Benetton Formula team in .
The final replacement for the DFV/DFZ/DFR series was  the 3.5 L HB V8 engine.
It was used by the Benetton team midway through 1989.
It won the Japanese Grand Prix that year.
This engine had a narrower v-angle than the DFV.
As the works (factory supported) team, Benetton was the only team to use this model through the rest of  and .
In , customer units became available.
The customer engines did not have all the updates the works engines did.
In 1991, these engines were supplied to the new Jordan Grand Prix team.
In 1992, they went to Team Lotus.
1993 saw McLaren added to the customer engine deal.
McLaren won five Grands Prix with Ayrton Senna that year.
A new Cosworth unit, badged as a Ford Zetec-R was built in 1994.
That year, Michael Schumacher won the Drivers World Championship with Benetton.
This was the last Ford powered F1 title.
A Jaguar-badged version of the HB was used for a short time in sports car racing with the Jaguar XJR-14.
Cosworth also developed a 72° V10 engine for the Sauber Formula One team.
It was baged as a Ford engine.
Cosworth has made several 3.0 L V10 engines for other Formula One teams.
The Stewart Grand Prix team basically became the Ford works team.
They used Cosworth CR-1 engines from their first season in 1997.
Stewart became Jaguar Racing which became Red Bull Racing.
They used Cosworth V10 engines until 2006.
Minardi also used re-badged Cosworth engines until 2005.
Williams began using the new CA2006 Cosworth V8 engines for the 2006 season.
In the same year, Scuderia Toro Rosso used detuned V10 engines based on the 2005 units.
In 2007, Williams and Scuderia Torro Rosso both switched to other engines.
This left Cosworth out of Formula one for three years.
Honda left F1 in December 2008.
This led to Cosworth being selected to provide a standard engine to any interested team.
Teams could purchase entire engines, or build their own from the Cosworth designs.
In 2010 Cosworth returned as the engine supplier for Williams.
They also supplied three new teams; Hispania Racing, Lotus Racing and Virgin Racing.
The CA2010 is the same 2.4 litre V8 base of the CA2006 used by Williams.
It has been re-tuned from 20,000 rpm to the current 18,000 rpm limit required on all engines.
The first engines were shipped to teams in mid-January, 2 weeks prior to first track testing for the year.
Other IndyCar and Champ Car engines
Cosworth needed to replace the DFS engines used in IndyCar and Champ Car racing.
Cosworth designed the X-series, beginning in 1992 with the XB.
The XF was built for the 2000 season to replace the XD.
It was picked as the spec engine for the Champ Car World Series in 2003.
The most recent version is the 2.65 litre XFE, used through 2007.
The Champ Car World Series set a rev limit of 12,000 rpm.
The 2004 model of the XFE was rated at 750 horsepower for normal running.
It could produce 800 horsepower during the "Push-to-Pass" mode.
In mid 2003, Cosworth provided the 3.5L V8 XG badged as a Chevrolet Gen 4 engine to IRL IndyCar Series teams.
The XG finished 2nd in its first race at Michigan on 27 July 2003.
Sam Hornish, Jr. went on to win 3 races that season with the new XG.
The XG was reduced in size to 3L for 2004 season.
It won one race in 2005 during Chevrolet's final season in IRL.
In 2007, the Ford name was removed from the XFE engine.
The Champ Car World Series merged into the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series prior to the 2008 season.
Cosworth does not currently provide engines to any American open wheel racing series.
Formula Atlantic engines
These are 300 horsepower 2.3 L inline-four engines based on the Mazda MZR engine.
A detuned (reduced power) 250 horsepower version is sold to the consumer market.
This version is intended for club racers.
Both engines are built by Cosworth in Torrance, California.
Road engines
Cosworth is best known in Europe for its relationship with Ford.
Cosworth is in the vehicle name on the high performance Ford Sierra RS Cosworth and Ford Escort RS Cosworth.
In the United States, Cosworth has also appeared in the name of a road car, the Chevrolet Vega.
Only 3,508 1975 and 1976 Cosworth Vegas were built.
The engine featured the Vega sleeveless, aluminum-alloy block fitted with forged components.
The twin-cam, 16 valve, aluminum cylinder head design was assisted by Cosworth.
The engine featured electronic ignition, electronic fuel injection, and stainless steel headers.
The final US version produced 110 bhp.
Cosworth's EA racing version was not successful due to engine block structural failures.
Projected sales of the Cosworth Vega had been 5,000.
The 1500 unused hand-built Cosworth Vega engines were simply scrapped for lack of demand.
Cosworth became involved with Mercedes-Benz in the mid-1980s.
Mercedes-Benz wanted to create a Group B rally car.
They turned to Cosworth to development the engine.
Mercedes wanted a 320 bhp engine based on the 136 bhp Mercedes M102 2.3 litre 4-cylinder engine.
The task was given to Mike Hall, who design the famed DFV and BDA engines.
Designed around the existing M102 engine, its valves set a 45° angle, rather than the 40° of the BDA.
Flat top pistons gave a 10.5:1 compression ratio.
The new Cosworth WAA engine also was Cosworth’s first one-piece head.
The camshaft carrier was cast with the head itself.
Cosworth F1 car
Cosworth tried to design a full Formula One Grand Prix car in 1969.
The car was designed by Robin Herd.
It used a new design of a 4WD transmission designed by Keith Duckworth.
This transmission was different from the Ferguson transmission used by all other 4WD F1 cars of the 1960s.
It was powered by a version of the DFV engine built out of magnesium.
The plan was to drive the car at the  British Grand Prix.
Cosworth withdrew the car without any explanation.
Herd left Cosworth to form March Engineering.
The F1 car project was canceled.
The external design of the car was Herd's use of Mallite sheeting.
Mallite is a product made from layers of wood and aluminum.
The Mallite was for the main structural monocoque (car body) sections.
This is a procedure he developed on the first McLaren single-seat race cars, including the McLaren M2B of 1966.
Summary of F1 engine use
List of F1 engines by year
Bernd Tuchen, Ford in der Formel 1 1965 bis 1994.
Die Geschichte des legendären Ford Cosworth DFV Motors.
Seine Entstehung, seine Rennställe, seine Siege und Weltmeister (Büchenbach 2006/Verlag Dr. Faustus) (www.Verlag-Dr-Faustus.de)
Graham Robson, Cosworth: The Search For Power, 4th ed, Haynes, 1999,
Cosworth Performance Parts
List of Cosworth engine types
Carbon tetrachloride, also known as carbon tet or Freon 10, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is CCl4.
It contains carbon in its +4 oxidation state and chloride ions.
It smells like ether.
It evaporates quite quickly.
It can dissolve fats and oils as well as other stuff such as iodine.
It doesn't burn, but it does make phosgene when heated to a high temperature.
It is made by reacting methane with chlorine.
This reaction is similar to the burning of methane (reaction of methane with oxygen).
Hydrogen chloride is a byproduct (left over substance).
It used to be made by reacting carbon disulfide with chlorine.
This reaction would produce sulfur(I) chloride.
The uses of carbon tetrachloride have diminished lately because it is known to be damage people's health.
People think it might damage the ozone layer.
Today, it is rarely used for anything.
Previously, was used in fire extinguishers.
It was also used to make freon, used in dry cleaning and as a refrigerant.
Freon is a word for certain chemical compounds, often used as refrigerants.
Thomas Midgley, Jr. invented using Freon as a refrigerant.
"Freon" is a registered trademark of DuPont.
Freon was first used to describe chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants, but it is now used to describe many other kinds of chemicals used as refrigerant.
Refrigerants may contain carbon, chlorine, fluorine and sometimes bromine.
For example, Freon 10 is carbon tetrachloride.
Many kinds of freon are not toxic to animals.
They also are cheap and work well.
However, most refrigerants can reduce the amount of ozone from the upper atmosphere.
Reducing ozone lets more ultraviolet light to come through.
Too much ultraviolet light can cause skin cancer and cataracts, and can kill off plankton in the oceans.
The chlorine part of CFC refrigerants can reduce ozone.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) can also damage ozone.
Newer Hydrofulorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants do not have chlorine in them and do not reduce ozone in the atmosphere.
Most refrigerants also increase global warming because they are powerful greenhouse gasses.
These refrigerants increase global warming thousands of times more than carbon dioxide (CO2).
A refrigerant is a chemical substance that is found in an air conditioner, a refrigerator, and in other refrigeration equipment.
Refrigerants are chosen for the ease of converting them from liquid to vapor or vice versa, depending on their temperature and pressure.
Most refrigerants in their liquid state will evaporate very fast if at atmospheric pressure.
In refrigeration equipment, a refrigerant vapor is compressed by a compressor.
Compression makes it hot.
It enters a condenser, where it condenses into a liquid.
The refrigerant then passes through a part called a metering device, or an expansion device (there are several types of this part) where the pressure is reduced to a point where the liquid begins to boil.
At this point, the refrigerant is very cold and it enters an evaporator, where it absorbs heat from the air passing over it.
By the time the refrigerant leaves the evaporator, it is all a vapor again, and it goes back to the compressor where the cycle begins again.
This is called the refrigeration cycle.
This is one example of the use of a refrigerant, as in a residential air conditioning system.
Freon, an old class of refrigerants
It was centred 40 km west of Christchurch, near the town of Darfield, at a depth of 10 km.
Strong aftershocks were reported, including ones of magnitude 5.3.
It caused a lot of damage and cut off power and water supply, mainly in the city of Christchurch.
Two people were seriously injured.
The quake caused damage to historic buildings in Lyttelton, near Christchurch, including a church and parts of a hotel.
Businesses in the city centre were closed the day of the quake.
The total cost of damages may be as high as NZ$2 billion.
Geological background
New Zealand sits on the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates.
In the South Island, these plates mainly slide past each other horizontally, producing earthquakes along fault lines such as the Alpine fault.
The 2010 earthquake was centred about 80–90 km to the southeast of the plate boundary through the island, probably on one of a network of smaller faults linked to the main faults that mark the plate boundary itself.
2010s in New Zealand
Earthquakes in New Zealand
September 2010 events
William Langland (c. 1332 – c. 1386) was an English poet.
He wrote a long and complicated poem called Piers Plowman.
The poem is an allegory about the struggle to lead a virtuous Christian life when the institution of the Church is often corrupt.
We do not know for sure that this poem was written by Langland.
The strongest evidence we have is one manuscript which says that the poem was written by 'Willielmi de Langlond', son of 'Stacy de Rokayle, who died in Shipton-under-Wichwood, a tenant of the Lord Spenser in the county of Oxfordshire'.
Other manuscripts also name the author as 'Robert or William langland', or 'Wilhelmus W.' (probably an abbreviation for 'William of Wichwood', since Wychwood is the village he probably came from).
Another piece of evidence is within the poem itself.
At one stage the narrator says: 'I have lyved in londe...my name is longe wille'.
Scholars agree that this is a code for the poet's name: Longe-Land, and Wille meaning Will, short for William.
This may seem unlikely, but this method of hiding the poet's name within a poem was used in Roman times, and was quite common in late-medieval literature.
1330s births
1380s deaths
Alexandra David-Néel (full name Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David) born in Saint-Mandé, Val-de-Marne on 24 October 1868, and died in Digne-les-Bains, on 8 September 1969.
She was a Belgian-French explorer.
1898 Pour la vie
1911 Le modernisme bouddhiste et le bouddhisme du Bouddha
1927 Voyage d'une Parisienne à Lhassa (1927, My Journey to Lhasa)
1929 Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet (1929, Magic and Mystery in Tibet)
1930 Initiations Lamaïques (Initiations and Initiates in Tibet)
1931 La vie Surhumaine de Guésar de Ling le Héros Thibétain (The Superhuman Life of Gesar of Ling)
1933 Grand Tibet; Au pays des brigands-gentilshommes
1935 Le lama au cinq sagesses
1938 Magie d'amour et magic noire; Scènes du Tibet inconnu (Tibetan Tale of Love and Magic)
1939 Buddhism: Its Doctrines and Its Methods
1940 Sous des nuées d'orage; Recit de voyage
1949 Au coeur des Himalayas; Le Nepal
1951 Ashtavakra Gita; Discours sur le Vedanta Advaita
1951 Les Enseignements Secrets des Bouddhistes Tibétains (The Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects)
1951 L'Inde hier, aujourd'hui, demain
1952 Textes tibétains inédits
1953 Le vieux Tibet face à la Chine nouvelle
1954 La puissance de néant, by Lama Yongden (The Power of Nothingness)
Grammaire de la langue tibetaine parlée
1958 Avadhuta Gita
1958 La connaissance transcendente
1961 Immortalite et reincarnation: Doctrines et pratiques en Chine, au Tibet, dans l'Inde
L'Inde où j'ai vecu; Avant et après l'independence
1964 Quarante siècles d'expansion chinoise
1970 En Chine: L'amour universe!
et l'individualisme integral: les maitres Mo Tse et Yang Tchou
1972 Le sortilège du mystère; Faits étranges et gens bizarre rencontrés au long de mes routes d'orient et d'occident
1975 Vivre au Tibet; Cuisine, traditions et images
1975 Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 11 août 1904 - 27 decembre 1917.
Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet
1976 Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 14 janvier 1918 - 31 decembre 1940.
1979 Le Tibet d'Alexandra David-Neel
1981 Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects
1986 La lampe de sagesse
The Secret Lives of Alexandra David-Neel - A Biography of the Explorer of Tibet and Its Forbidden Practices, Barbara and Michael Foster. ;
American edition under the title Forbidden Journey -  The Life of Alexandra David-Neel, .
This book is based on extensive interviews with David Neel's secretary at Digne and reading her letters to her husband, now published as "Journal de voyage: lettres a son mari."
Alexandra David-Neel, Ruth Middleton, Boston, Shambhala, 1989. .
Norwick, Braham. (
1976). "
Alexandra David-Neel's Adventures in Tibet: Fact or Fiction?".
The Tibet Journal.
1, Nos.
Autumn 1976, pp.
A Mystic in Tibet - Alexandra David-Neel
Alexandra David Neel in Upasika (spanish)
Christ Church Cathedral is the cathedral of the diocese of Oxford, which includes the City of Oxford and the surrounding countryside as far north as Banbury.
It is also, uniquely, the chapel of Christ Church, the largest college of the University of Oxford.
In 1522, the priory was surrendered to Cardinal Wolsey, who chose it as the site for his proposed college.
However, in 1529 it was taken over by King Henry VIII.
Work stopped, but in June 1532 the college was refounded by the King.
In 1546, Henry VIII transferred to it from Osney Abbey to the see of Oxford.
The cathedral has the name of Ecclesia Christi Cathedralis Oxoniensis, given to it by King Henry VIII's foundation charter.
The nave, choir, central tower, and transepts (as far as the roofs) are late Norman, and were probably erected during the lifetime of Canutus, the second prior, in the 12th century.
As a whole the cathedral contains examples of the various styles from late Norman to Perpendicular.
Not the smallest
Once this was the smallest cathedral in England.
But according to their website, this has changed:
"It is true that at one time Christ Church Oxford would have been the smallest Cathedral in England... However, with the creation this century of new cathedrals which had previously been parish churches, Christ Church lost its distinction of being the smallest Cathedral in the country.
1546 Christ Church Oxford (present size - 16,413 sq ft)
1905 Birmingham Cathedral: 13,720 sq ft
1914 Chelmsford Cathedral: 11,270 sq ft
1927 Derby Cathedral: 10,950 sq ft
Newport Cathedral in Wales, is smaller still.
A Cathedral since 1949, with an area of about 7,850 sq ft, it has a total seating capacity of only 600!
At present Christ Church is probably the fifth smallest English Cathedral after Derby, Chelmsford, Birmingham and Leicester".
Cathedral (or Christ Church) Time is traditionally five minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time.
This dates back to the days before the railways when each region of the country kept to its own local time.
Hence what is now called Cathedral Time is a survival of old Oxford Time.
Christ Church Cathedral website
Christ Church Cathedral Choir website
Oxford Cathedral information
A history of the choristers of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
Sacred destinations photo gallery
Tattva is a Sanskrit word that means 'thatness', 'principle', 'reality' or 'truth'.
According to many Indian schools of philosophy, a tattva is an element or aspect of reality conceived as an aspect of deity.
Prasad, Ram (1997).
Nature's Finer Forces: The Science of Breath and the Philosophy of the Tattvas.
Kessinger.
Ramacharaka Yogi (1997).
Science of Breath.
Singh, Jaideva (1979).
Siva Sutras: The Yoga of Supreme Identity.
Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.
Tattvakosha - An Encyclopedia on Absolute Truth in a Vedic paradigm.
Swami Satyananda Saraswati.
Tattva Jnana.
Devi Mandir. .
Uses of 'tattva' in Puranic and Gaudiya Vaishnava literature .
Articles  on Absolute Truth in a Vedic paradigm.
Mahābhūta is Sanskrit and Pāli for "great element."
In Buddhism, the "four great elements" (Pali: cattāro mahābhūtāni) are earth, water, fire and air.
Hinduism adds a fifth "great" or "gross" element: ether.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans.) (
The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya.
Boston: Wisdom Publications. .
Buddhaghosa, Bhadantācariya (trans.
from Pāli by Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli) (1999).
The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga.
Seattle, WA: BPS Pariyatti Editions. .
Hamilton, Sue (2001).
Identity and Experience: The Constitution of the Human Being according to Early Buddhism.
Oxford: Luzac Oriental. .
Monier-Williams, Monier (1899, 1964).
A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (London: Oxford University Press).
, Bhikkhu (trans.) &
Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (
The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya.
Nyanaponika Thera (trans.) (
The Greater Discourse on the Elephant-Footprint Simile.
Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.
Olivelle, Patrick (1996).
Upaniads.
1921–5).
The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary [PED].
A general on-line search engine for the PED is available from the University of Chicago's "Digital Dictionaries of South Asia" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/ (retrieved 2007-06-14).
1994). "
SN 27.9: Dhatu Sutta – Properties" in Upakkilesa Samyutta: Defilements (SN 27.1–10).
Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn27/sn27.001-010.than.html#sn27.009.
1997a).
Kayagata-sati Sutta: Mindfulness Immersed in the Body (MN 119).
Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.119.than.html.
Kevatta (Kevaddha) Sutta: To Kevatta (DN 11).
Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.11.0.than.html.
1997c).
Dhatu-vibhanga Sutta: An Analysis of the Properties (MN 140).
Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.140.than.html.
Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.204.than.html.
Bija Sutta: Means of Propagation (SN 22.54).
Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.054.than.html.
Anathapindikovada Sutta: Instructions to Anathapindika (MN 143).
Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.143.than.html.
2003b).
Maha-hatthipadopama Sutta: The Great Elephant Footprint Simile (MN 28).
Retrieved 2008-01-30 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.028.than.html.
Asivisa Sutta: Vipers (SN 35.197).
Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.197.than.html.
2004b).
Dhatu Sutta: Properties (SN 25.9).
Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn25/sn25.009.than.html.
Saddhammapatirupaka Sutta: A Counterfeit of the True Dhamma (SN 16.13).
Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn16/sn16.013.than.html.
Maha-Rahulovada Sutta: The Greater Exhortation to Rahula (MN 62).
Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.062.than.html.
Walshe, Maurice O'C. (trans.) (
The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya.
Cyma Zarghami corporate bio on Nick.com
The coccyx is a set of bones that are fused together (joined up).
It is found at the base of the vertebral column.
This collection of bones is often called the tailbone.
At birth, these bones are separate.
These bones do not contain cartilage between them.
Småland is a historical province (landskap) in southern Sweden.
Småland borders the provinces Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea.
The name Småland literally means Small lands.
The latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages.
The highest summit in Småland is Tomtabacken with its 377 m.
Swedish writer Astrid Lindgren comes from Småland, and many of her stories are also set there.
Famous Swedish expresseions are "Mörkaste Småland" ("Darkest Småland") and "För allt smör i Småland" ("For All Butter in Småland").
Åryd is a locality in Växjö Municipality in Kronoberg County in Sweden.
In 2010, 684 people lived there.
Swedish singer and Melodifestivalen 1995 contestant Jessica G. Pilnäs was born in Åryd.
Typhoon Kompasu was noticed on August 28, the United States Air Force base in Okinawa, Japan, began preparing for what was then Tropical Storm 08W. Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness (TCCOR) level three was issued the following morning.
By August 30, forecasts showed that a strengthening storm would strike the area, possibly bringing winds in excess of .
Following this, the TCCOR level was increased to two.
For the first time in over three years, TCCOR level one was declared on August 31.
Military personnel and residents across the island were urged to complete their preparations and remain indoors for the duration of the typhoon.
During the storm's passage on August 31, the highest warning level, TCCOR One-E (emergency) was declared.
Following Kompasu's passage, the emergency warning was changed to recovery as conditions improved.
Throughout Okinawa, Kompasu brought strong winds and heavy rains, leaving an estimated 32,000 residences without power.
The highest rainfall total was measured in Motobu at .
Winds in excess of  felled a 300-year-old tree.
The  Sion Pine Tree was the last of its kind on the island and was once the symbol of the northern Okinawa Region.
The Okuma Recreation Facility sustained substantial damage and was closed to the public for at least a week.
According to United States Air Force captain Adam Vaccarezza, concrete towers fell during the storm.
Although Kompasu was a strong typhoon when it passed over Okinawa, no loss of life took place; however, five people were injured.
Some homes sustained roof damage across the region, prompting a few evacuations.
Additionally, Kompasu resulted in the cancellation of 432 flights to and from the island chain, stranding 57,126 people.
2010 disasters in Asia
2010s in Japan
2010s in North Korea
Disasters in Japan
Natural disasters in Asia