the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Development policy
Working Sciences
Music Sciences
Educational Sciences
English website
Aachen ( ; Aachen dialect: Oche [ˈɔːxə]; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle ; Latin: Aquae Granni or Aquisgranum; ) is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It has about 260,000 inhabitants and a well-known university, the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH).
In the Middle Ages, it was the capital city of the Frankish emperor, Charlemagne.
The city was called Aix-la-Chapelle by the French.
Charlemagne ordered the building of a cathedral in 786 AD.
He was buried in a tomb in this cathedral.
German emperors were crowned in the cathedral in Aachen until 1531.
European countries made two important peace agreements in Aachen.
In 1668, the first treaty (agreement) ended the War of Devolution between France and the alliance of England, Holland and Sweden.
The treaty allowed France to keep most of the towns it had captured in Flanders the year before.
In 1748, the second treaty ended the War of the Austrian Succession.
In this war, France, Prussia, and other nations tried to take territory from the Austrian Empire.
The treaty said that Maria Theresa of Austria was the ruler of these territories.
It also gave Prussia the territory of Silesia.
Spa towns in Germany
1306 establishments
14th-century establishments in Europe
1801 disestablishments
Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the Lahn river.
It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf Rural District.
It has about 80,000 inhabitants and a small, but well-known university, the Philipps-University.
The upper part of Old town, near the castle and above the former village 'Weidenhausen' at river Lahn and a bridge is called 'Oberstadt' (upper town).
There are timber framing houses, similar to some houses in Alsfeld (Vogelsbergkreis).
Cycling trail Lahntalradweg along the river connects Marburg with Gießen in the South.
The Lahn valley is surrounded by hill chains called Lahnberge and Marburger Rücken in the Central Uplands (Mittelgebirge), part of West Hesse Highlands.
The city districts Cyriaxweimar, Elnhausen, Michelbach and Schröck are on the other side of these two hill chains.
Akron is a large city in the U.S. state of Ohio.
It is found near the Ohio & Lake Erie canal.
It is home to the U.S. rubber industry, including Goodyear tires.
City of Akron
Akron Wiki
1825 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Ohio
The Philipps-University of Marburg is the oldest Protestant university of the world, and was founded by Martin Luther's friend Philipp of Hesse in the time of the reformation.
List of subjects
Dental Medicine
Roman Catholic Religious Studies
Latin and Ancient Greek
Romance Languages and Literature (French, Italian, Spanish)
Near Eastern Studies
Social Science and Political Science
Economics (strong point is microeconomics)
Slavic Languages and Literature (Polish, Russian) (well-known, but may be closed soon)
Far Eastern Studies (China, Japan) (will be closed soon)
http://www.uni-marburg.de
Education in Hesse
Youngstown (also known as Zamrowskistown) is a city in Ohio, United States.
It is the county seat of Mahoning County.
Part of Youngstown is also in Trumbull County.
The town is on the Mahoning River.
It is about  southeast of Cleveland and  northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Youngstown has its own metropolitan area; it is often thought of as part of the Pittsburgh Tri-State area and Greater Cleveland.
Youngstown is  west of the Pennsylvania state line.
It is midway between New York City and Chicago via Interstate 80.
The city was named for John Young.
He was an early settler from Whitestown, New York, who started the town's first sawmill and gristmill.
Youngstown is in an area of the United States that is often called the Rust Belt.
The town was known as a center of steel making.
Youngstown was forced to change itself when the U.S. steel industry fell into decline in the 1970s.
Towns in the area did not have a lot of business after that.
Youngstown also falls within the Appalachian Ohio region, among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains.
The 2010 census showed that Youngstown had a total population of 66,982, making it Ohio's ninth largest city.
The city has had a decline of over 60% of its population since 1960.
According to the 2010 Census, the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) contains 565,773 people and includes Mahoning and Trumbull counties in Ohio, and Mercer County in Pennsylvania.
The Steel Valley area as a whole has 763,207 residents.
Youngstown was named for New York native John Young.
He surveyed the area in 1796.
He moved there soon after.
On February 9, 1797, Young bought the town of  from the Western Reserve Land Company for $16,085.
The 1797 start of Youngstown was officially recorded on August 19, 1802.
The area of today's Youngstown was part of the Connecticut Western Reserve.
This was a part of the Northwest Territory for settlers from the state of Connecticut.
While many of the area's early settlers came from Connecticut, Youngstown also had a large number of Scots-Irish settlers from neighboring Pennsylvania.
The first European Americans to settle in the area were Pittsburgh native James Hillman and his wife, Catherine Dougherty.
By 1798, Youngstown was the home of several families who were lived near the point where Mill Creek meets the Mahoning River.
Boardman Township was started in 1798 by Elijah Boardman.
He was a member of the Connecticut Land Company.
Also started in 1798 was Austintown by John McCollum.
He was a settler from New Jersey.
In 1800, governor Arthur St. Clair made Trumbull County (named for Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull).
He named the smaller town of Warren as its "county seat".
In 1813, Trumbull County was divided into townships, with Youngstown Township being a big part of what became Mahoning County.
The village of Youngstown was incorporated in 1848, and in 1867 Youngstown was chartered as a city.
It became the county seat in 1876.
The discovery of coal by the community in the early 19th century helped Youngstown become part of the Erie Canal.
The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company was organized in 1835.
The canal was completed in 1840.
David Tod, who was later Ohio governor during the Civil War, persuaded Lake Erie steamboat owners that coal from the Mahoning Valley could fuel their vessels if canal transportation were available between Youngstown and Cleveland.
The arrival of the railroad in 1856 made it easier for more economic growth.
Youngstown's industrial development made the Mahoning Valley different.
The community's coal industry made hundreds of immigrants from Wales, Germany, and Ireland come to the area.
With the start of steel mills in the late 19th century, Youngstown became a popular destination for immigrants from Eastern Europe, Italy, and Greece.
In the early 20th century, the community saw more immigrants from non-European countries including what is today's Lebanon, Israel, and Syria.
By the 1920s, this change in the town's population made people who were there earlier upset.
Because of their anger, the Mahoning Valley became a center of Ku Klux Klan activity.
The situation reached a climax in 1924, when street clashes between Klan members and Italian and Irish Americans in neighboring Niles led Ohio Governor A. Victor Donahey to declare martial law.
By 1928 the Klan was in steep decline; and three years later, the group sold its Canfield, Ohio, meeting area, Kountry Klub Field.
The growth of industry made more people from the United States and Latin America come to Youngstown.
By the late 19th century, African Americans were well represented in Youngstown.
The first local African Methodist Episcopal Church was started in 1871.
In the 1880s, local attorney William R. Stewart was the second African American elected to the Ohio House of Representatives.
A large increase of African Americans in the early 20th century was because of changes in the industrial area.
During the national Steel Strike of 1919, local industrialists recruited thousands of workers from the South, many of whom were Black.
This move upset local Whites, and for decades, African-American steelworkers experienced discrimination in the workplace.
Migration from the South rose dramatically in the 1940s, when the mechanization of southern agriculture brought an end to the exploitative sharecropping system, leading onetime farm laborers to seek industrial jobs.
The city's population became more diverse since the end of World War II, when a seemingly robust steel industry attracted thousands of workers.
In the 1950s, the Latino population grew significantly; and by the 1970s, St. Rose of Lima Roman Catholic Church and the First Spanish Baptist Church of Ohio were among the largest religious institutions for Spanish-speaking residents in the Youngstown metropolitan area.
While diversity is among the community's enduring characteristics, the industrial economy that drew various groups to the area collapsed in the late 1970s.
In response to subsequent challenges, the city has taken well-publicized steps to diversify economically, while building on some traditional strengths.
The United States Census Bureau says the city has a total area of .
Land is  of that area, and water is .
Youngstown is in the Mahoning Valley on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau.
The glaciers left behind a plain with valleys at the end of the last Ice Age.
The valleys were caused by the Mahoning River crossing the plain.
Lakes made by glaciers that dammed small streams were eventually drained.
This left behind fertile land.
Cities in Ohio
1790s establishments in the Northwest Territory
Dortmund (; Westphalian  [ˈdyːœɐ̯pm̩]; ) is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It is part of the Arnsberg Government Region
Dortmund has about 590,000 inhabitants and is in the Ruhr Area.
There is a university in Dortmund.
The biggest soccer club is Borussia Dortmund.
The Netherlands Antilles was a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The country was originally a group of six islands in the Caribbean Sea.
Some were discovered in 1493 by Christopher Columbus, and some were discovered in 1499 by Alonso de Ojeda.
Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao are part of the Leeward Islands.
They are near Venezuela.
Saint Martin, Sint Eustatius, and Saba are part of the Windward Islands.
They are near Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
Of these, the island Sint Maarten is in fact part of two countries: the northern part belongs to France (as Saint Martin), but the southern part is Dutch (as Sint Maarten).
Aruba left the Netherlands Antilles in 1986.
When Curaçao and Sint Maarten did the same thing on 10 October 2010, the country no longer existed.
The remaining BES Islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba now belong to the Netherlands and are called the Dutch Caribbean islands.
Because the Netherlands Antilles was a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands proper was also the Queen of the Netherlands Antilles, but the islands' residents had a government of their own.
Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are now separate countries within the Kingdom.
All of these places still have King Willem-Alexander as their monarch today.
The last Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles was Emily de Jongh-Elhage.
The last Governor was Frits Goedgedrag, who is since the 10 October 2010 the first Governor of Curaçao.
Method of Securing the Ports and Populations of All the Coasts of the Indies is an old document from 1694 that talks about the Netherlands Antilles
Alfred Nobel () (October 21, 1833 – December 10, 1896) was a Swedish scientist, engineer, and weapons manufacturer.
He is well known for the invention of dynamite and for creating the Nobel Prize.
He left instructions in his will that his money should create the Nobel Prize after reading an article in a French newspaper that called him the "merchant of death" and said that he would be remembered for his invention of dynamite and its ability to kill more people than ever before.
Nobel left 31 million kronor (the Swedish currency) to the awards after his death on December 10, 1896.
The artificial element Nobelium is named for him.
Nobel was born on October 21, 1833.
His father, Immanuel Nobel, was an engineer and inventor.
His mother was Andriette Ahlsell Nobel.
In 1833, Immanuel Nobel was forced into bankruptcy due to losses in his construction company.
Alfred Nobel - Citizendium
1896 deaths
A pharmacy is a shop where therapeutic drugs are sold.
Sometimes a pharmacy is also called a  drug store or chemist and druggist store.
The people working in a pharmacy are called pharmacists, druggist or chemists (British English).
These people can recognise simple diseases and formulate or dispense drugs for some of them.
Certain drugs are special, because they can be addictive, or they change the way other drugs act, or they need to be taken in a special way.
These drugs cannot simply be bought at a pharmacy.
A prescription is necessary to get them.
Medical doctors give out prescriptions, which can then be used to get the drug.
Many pharmacies do not sell drugs only.
They also sell beauty products and hygiene-related products, like tampons for women and contraceptives.
People kiss each other, usually by using their lips and mouth to touch each other.
However, there are many different types of kiss, with different meanings.
Also, the meaning of kissing may be different in different cultures.
Most often, people kiss to show love or affection for each other.
Sometimes, people kiss as a sign of friendship, sometimes it is a ritual performed to greet someone.
Types of kisses
Greeting kisses
Greeting kisses are not given for sexual passion, but simply a sign of friendship.
In many parts of the world, women often kiss on meeting female friends, but men do not.
And the female greeting kiss may not actually touch the friend's face.
In the past of many western countries men used to kiss the back of a woman's hand when being introduced.
This suggests that a direct kiss from a man to a woman was too intimate to be just a greeting.
There are different ways of kissing.
People might kiss on the cheeks to greet someone, or to bid them farewell.
Depending on the culture it usually does not mean that the kisser loves the person he or she kissed.
Kissing when female friends meet is usual in many countries, with some interesting variations.
Parisian females often do a rapid double 'air kiss' or 'cheek kiss': a kiss on each side twice, but without lips touching flesh.
Sexual kisses
French kissing is  an erotic gesture.
It involves touching tongues while kissing.
It is more intimate than other forms of kissing.
Ritual kisses
A kiss may be a ritual, that is, a symbolic or social gesture showing devotion, respect or greeting.
Temples, religious books or icon are sometimes given a ritual kiss.
A bride and groom kissing at the end of a wedding ceremony or national leaders kissing each other in greeting, are examples.
Kisses and health
It is possible to spread diseases through kissing, but it is also possible to exaggerate the danger.
Exotic diseases like herpes and mononucleosis can be spread, but that is rare, and spreading HIV this way is almost unknown.
Colds and the flu are much more likely to be spread.
Mononucleosis is well known for being spread through kissing.
Many diseases that can be spread by sharing drinks can also be spread by kissing.
The upside to this is that, usually, kissing makes people happier.
That has health benefits.
A brothel is a bar, nightclub or hotel where sex workers are found.
People go there to buy sex for money.
Different countries have different regulations as to sex work.
Some countries where prostitution is legal allow it to happen in a brothel, others allow it to happen "on the street", still others allow both forms.
Generally, sex work in a brothel is seen as safer for the worker than sex work on the street.
In some countries operating brothels is legal, in other countries it is illegal.
Examples of countries where brothels are illegal are Canada and most of the United States.
Brothels are legal in some countries from Europe, for example.
A country which has permissive laws regarding sex work is the Netherlands.
Laws can be unclear on whether brothels with sexbots are legal or not.
Most of the time, where legal, brothels need to be registered like other businesses.
However even if it is legal to run a brothel, there may still be conflicts with the law.
Examples of problem cases are:
The sex workers do not have a work permit (the right to work in a country)
The sex workers are too young (underage)
The sex workers are dependent on the people who run the brothel, or on so called pimps
Brothels have been known for most of recorded history.
At first there was temple prostitution in many Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries.
In  Ancient Greece and Roman civilizations, brothels were established.
Sometimes they were licensed institutions.
This was first  recorded in Athens in 594 BC.
Public sources of the time said it was good that Solon installed the brothel.
People said this would reduce the problems caused by sexually unfulfilled  sailors and workers.
It would also fill money into the public purse.
This first official brothel was soon followed by many others, and also influenced the creation of special schools in which various classes of prostitutes (from slavegirls to future courtesans) were trained for their profession.
In 2017, a brothel was opened with sexbots instead of human workers.
Business models
In some, sex workers are held like slaves without the option to leave.
They only get a small portion (or none) of the money paid by the patron.
This is typical where human trafficking procures a large percentage of sex workers.
It is common in those countries where sex work is forbidden or repressed.
In some cases, sex workers are bought and sold by their keepers, making them slaves.
All of this is illegal in most countries.
In others the workers are employees.
They receive a small fixed salary and a portion of the money spent by the customer. (
Maison close French for "closed house")
In still others, the workers pay a fee for use of the facilities.
The brothel owner is not involved in the financial transaction between the sex worker and their client, they simply rent rooms to the workers. (
Maison de passe, French for "trick house")
The third option (the brothel owner renting space and facilities to sex workers) gives some way for the brothel owner to say they did not know what is going on.
This is especially the case where sex work is forbidden or restricted.
Brothel owners often disguise their actions as running a massage parlor, a bar or a similar venue.
The latitude of the Earth gives the distance north or south of the equator.
It is measured in degrees.
Latitude is represented by the Greek letter phi, .
It is usually used along with a measurement of longitude in order to pinpoint a location on Earth.
The equator is numbered 0 degrees.
Everything north or south of the equator is designated either as north latitude or south latitude.
The north pole is 90 degrees north, and the south pole is 90 degrees south.
The Antarctic Circle, Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, and Arctic Circle are all circles of latitude.
Latitude Citizendium
Jaleel White (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor.
He is best known for playing of Steve Urkel in the television series Family Matters and the first English voice of Sonic the Hedgehog.
1976 births
African-American voice actors
Actors from Culver City, California
A chemical substance is any material with a known chemical composition.
For example, water has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it came from a river or was made in a laboratory.
Typical chemical substances found in the home include water, salt (sodium chloride) and bleach.
Generally, substances exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas, and may change between these phases of matter when there are changes in temperature or pressure.
The South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) is an almost extinct subspecies of the tiger.
There are now 20-30 of them left in the wild and 60 left in captivity.
It is one of the world's ten most endangered animals and the most endangered of the six surviving tiger subspecies.
The South Chinae tiger is also known as the Chinese, Amoy, or Xiamen tiger.
It can be distinguished from other tiger subspecies by its narrow face, its longer nose, more intense orange colour, short fur, longer legs, and shorter stripes which are spaced far apart from each other compared to other tiger subspecies.
The South China tiger has the least amount of stripes out of all the tiger subspecies, and is the second smallest tiger.
A male South China tiger is around 2.3 to 2.65 m (91 to 104 in) long, and weighs 130 to 175 kg (290 to 390 lb).
Females are smaller and are around 2.2 to 2.4 m (87 to 94 in) long, and weigh 110 to 115 kg (240 to 250 lb).
The smallest length of the skull in males is 318 to 343 mm (12.5 to 13.5 in), and in females 273 to 301 mm (10.7 to 11.9 in).
The South China tiger is a carnivorous predator, hunting its prey by stalking it until the South China tiger has the opportunity to catch it off guard.
South China tigers usually hunt large mammals like deer, wild boar, cattle and goats.
Females are pregnant for around 3 to 4 months before giving birth to around 5 cubs.
Newborn South China tiger cubs weigh about 1 kg (2 lb) and are blind and helpless.
The mother feeds them milk for about 2 months and then the South China tiger cubs are introduced to meat.
South China tiger cubs depend on their mother for the first 18 months and then they start hunting on their own.
Windows XP is a version of the Microsoft Windows operating system for personal computers.
The letters "XP" stand for eXPerience.
Microsoft released Windows XP on October 25, 2001.
Windows XP replaced Windows 2000 and Windows ME, which helped bring the NT and 9x versions of Windows together.
It was replaced by Windows Vista in 2006.
Windows XP was the second most used computer operating system in the world as late as April 2012.
Following the release of Windows XP, many computer manufacturers including (but not limited to) Dell, Hewlett Packard, Acer, IBM, Compaq, and Toshiba rebadged their computers (mostly laptops) to Windows XP from Windows 2000.
You can tell a laptop from that time was initially sold with Windows 2000 if the Windows (WIN) key on the keyboard has the previous Windows logo.
Microsoft stopped supporting Windows XP on April 8, 2014 (except some security updates e.g. in 2019, to address ransomware threats, and to address major malware threats, such as BlueKeep) and Microsoft and authorities warn users against using Windows XP.
However, Windows XP remained a popular operating system around the world for a long time.
By August 2019, Microsoft (and others) had ended support for games on Windows XP.
As of June 2021, 0.6% of Windows PCs run Windows XP.
Windows XP became the most popular operating system from 2001–2007, the operating system, individually and pre-installed, selling over 500 million copies.
Professional was made for business users, as well as power users.
It had advanced management features like backup recovery, Group Policy and could support two Central processing units.
Media Center Edition was for people who liked to use their computer as a television box.
It has essentially the same features as Windows XP Professional but included Windows Media Center, a program which could manage TV shows and play music, and even Netflix.
64-bit Edition was for computers that ran on Intel's 64-bit Itanium platform.
This should not be confused with Windows XP x64 Edition, as x64 and Itanium are completely different architectures.
Unlike Windows XP x64 Edition, 64-bit Edition has fewer features than Windows XP Professional.
Some of these features included NTVDM and Windows on Windows, which means that 16-bit MS-DOS applications will not be able to run.
It also was missing Windows Media Player features, but Windows XP 64-bit Edition Version 2003, released on March 2003, added back these media features.
Professional x64 Edition was for users with 64-bit x86-based computers.
It has the same features as Windows XP Professional except for NTVDM, and introduced Windows on Windows 64, which lets 32-bit applications run on a 64-bit operating system and processor.
Starter Edition was sold mostly in developing countries.
The price was low because Microsoft wanted to fight the high software piracy rate in those countries.
It could only be bought with a new computer.
Windows XP end of support in April: Three more questions answered
Windows XP Service Pack 2
Download - Windows XP Service Pack 2 from Windows Update for Home Users
Download - Windows XP Service Pack 2 Network Installation Package for IT Professionals
Order Windows XP Service Pack 2 on CD for the cost of shipping and handling
Support - Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Site for Home Users
Support - Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Site for IT Professionals
Changes to Functionality in Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2
Download - Windows XP Service Pack 3 from Windows Update for Home Users
Windows XP Service Pack 3 - The Washington Post
CROTRAM is a group of Croatian companies that make trams.
They make a tram called TMK 2200.
Crotram is a consortium (a group of companies that cooperate) made of three companies: Elektroindustrija Koncar(cro.
Končar) and Gredelj, both from city of Zagreb, and Duro Dakovic (cro.
Đuro Đaković), from Slavonski Brod.
Crotram sells their trams to ZET, the company that is in charge of all the public transport for the city of Zagreb.
So far Crotram has only sold TMK 2200s to Zagreb, but they are trying to sell them in other cities.
The TMK 2200 is 32 meters long, and it can go as fast as 70km/h.
202 people can ride at one time.
pictures of TMK 2200
Gallery with pictures of TMK 2200 and some other Croatian trams
Rail transport in Europe
Companies of Croatia
Star Wars: Episode IV: A New Hope (initially named Star Wars) is a science fiction movie.
It is the first film in the Star Wars saga.
The movie was released in 1977 and also incorporates adventure, action and drama.
Princess Leia Organa is a prisoner of the evil Empire.
She was captured by Darth Vader, who is helping the Empire stop a rebellion, by using the Death Star.
Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Han Solo work together to rescue her.
They are helped by the droids (or robots) R2-D2 and C-3PO.
With the princess, they try to stop the Empire and bring peace and happiness to the galaxy.
Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker
Harrison Ford as Han Solo
Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia Organa
Alec Guinness as Ben (Obi-Wan) Kenobi
James Earl Jones as Darth Vader
Anthony Daniels as See Threepio (C-3PO)
Kenny Baker as Artoo-Detoo (R2-D2)
Peter Cushing as Grand Moff Tarkin
Denis Lawson as Red Two (Wedge)
The Last Jedi
Star Wars at the Movie Wiki
1977 movies
1977 science fiction movies
The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (, also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis), is a federal nation made up of two small islands in the Caribbean Sea.
It is the smallest independent country in the Western Hemisphere.
The capital city is Basseterre.
It is on the main island of St Kitts, also called Saint Christopher.
The island of Nevis has some rights of self-government and two seats in the federal parliament.
The headquarters of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank is in St Kitts.
That bank controls the East Caribbean dollar.
History and Politics
The Islands, plus Anguilla, got limited self-government in 1967.
Anguilla objected and the Metropolitan Police were sent there in 1968 to stop rioting.
Until 19 December 1980 the official name of St Kitts and Nevis was Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla.
In 1983, the constitution set up a 15-member National Assembly.
The Assembly is unicameral, that is, it only has one chamber.
3 members of the Assembly are appointed by the Governor General, on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition.
The other members are elected.
If the Speaker decides to stand for re-election he is automatically elected, without a contest.
Nevis is responsible for its own internal affairs.
There is an eight-member Nevis Island Assembly, and an Island administration headed by the premier.
The country has two main islands, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
The highest peak, at 1,156 metres, is Mount Liamuiga.
There is also a smaller island named Booby Island.
No one lives on Booby Island.
The islands are of volcanic origin.
There are large central peaks covered in tropical rainforest.
People do not live on the steeper slopes leading to these peaks.
Most of the people on both islands live closer to the sea.
There are many rivers coming from the mountains of both islands.
These give fresh water to the people.
St. Kitts also has one small lake.
The federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis is divided into fourteen parishes.
There are nine divisions on Saint Kitts and five on Nevis.
Cities and Towns
Cricket is common in Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Top players go to the West Indies cricket team.
The late Runako Morton was from Nevis.
Saint Kitts and Nevis is the smallest country on Earth to ever host a World Cup event.
It was one of the host venues of the 2007 Cricket World Cup.
The St. Kitts and Nevis national football team, also known as the "Sugar Boyz", has had some international success.
They went to the semifinal round of qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in the CONCACAF region.
Led by Glence Glasgow they defeated U.S. Virgin Islands and Barbados.
They then lost to Mexico, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago.
Kim Collins is the country's best known track and field athlete.
He has won gold medals in the 100 metres at both the World Championships in Athletics and Commonwealth Games.
At the 2000 Sydney Olympics he was the country's first athlete to reach an Olympic final.
He and three other athletes represented St. Kitts and Nevis at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
The four by one hundred metre relay team won a bronze medal in the 2011 world championships.
American writer and former figure skater and triathlete Kathryn Bertine was given dual citizenship.
She tried to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics representing St. Kitts and Nevis in women's cycling.
She did not make enough points to go the Olympics.
St. Kitts and Nevis had two athletes ride in the time trial at the 2010 UCI Road World Championships.
Athletes included Reginald Douglas and James Weekes.
Official website of the Government of St. Kitts and Nevis
Danish is the Germanic language spoken in Denmark, the Faroe Islands, and parts of Greenland and Germany (Southern Schleswig).
Around 5.5 million people speak Danish.
It is used as a second language in Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
The Danish people, or Danes, call their language dansk.
Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a country in western Africa.
The capital is Niamey, and the official language is French.
It is surrounded by Algeria and Libya to the north, Chad to the east, Nigeria and Benin to the south, and Burkina Faso and Mali to the west.
Niger is landlocked, meaning it has no coastline.
Niger gets its name from the Niger River, whose name possibly comes from the Berber word "River of Rivers".
The Mali Empire and the Songhai Empire both had land in what is now Niger.
Later France controlled the land that is now Niger.
Niger has a population, or the number of people living in an area, of 15,306,252 and an area of 1,267,000 square kilometres.
Much of Niger is desert.
After a military coup in 2010, Niger is now a democratic, multi-party state.
Most of the people live in rural areas, and have little access to advanced education.
Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with a lack of contraception.
41.4% live in poverty.
Hunger plagues the country.
Niger’s main exports are uranium ore, livestock, cowpeas and onions.
Millet and sorghum are grown in the south, as well as cassava and sugarcane.
Rice is grown in the Niger River valley.
Peanuts are the most important cash crop.
Other important crops are cotton and pulses.
Niger is home to the critically endangered addax antelope.
West African giraffes are the only giraffes in West Africa that exist in Niger.
Niger is on the border between the Sahara and Sub-Saharan regions.
Niger's area is  of which  is water.
It is the world's twenty-second largest country.
Niger borders seven countries.
The longest border is with Nigeria to the south.
The lowest point is the Niger River, with an elevation of .
The highest point is Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès in the Aïr Mountains at .
Niger's subtropical climate is mainly very hot and dry.
Much of it is covered by desert.
In the extreme south there is a tropical climate on the edges of the Niger River basin.
The land is mostly desert plains and sand dunes.
There is flat to rolling savanna in the south and hills in the north.
Hausa 53.1%
Zarma/Songhai 21.2%
Tuareg 11%
Fulani (Peuhl) 6.5%
Kanuri 5.9%
Gurma 0.8%
Arab 0.4%
Tubu 0.4%
other/unavailable 0.9%
The literacy rate (the amount of the adult population who can read or write) of Niger is among the lowest in the world.
In 2005 it was estimated to be only 28.7% (42.9% male and 15.1% female).
Primary education in Niger is required for six years.
The primary school enrollment and attendance rates are low, particularly for girls.
Children are often made to work rather than attend school.
This is particularly true during planting or harvest periods.
Niger - CIA world factbook
Zealand (Danish: Sjælland) is an island in the eastern part of Denmark.
It is just west of Sweden and a strait called the Øresund lies between the two.
It has an area of 7,031 km² and is the largest island in the country.
About 2,268,000 people were living in Zealand as of 2016.
Most of these people live in and around Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, which is on the eastern shore of Zealand.
A number of bridges and tunnels link Zealand to other parts of Denmark.
the Great Belt Bridge, which links Zealand to Funen, an island to the west.
the Storstrøm Bridge, which links Zealand to Lolland, an island to the south.
the Øresund Bridge, which links Zealand (actually the island of Amager) to Sweden to the east, near Malmö.
Brunei (officially called the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace) is a country in Southeast Asia.
It is north of Malaysia on the island of Borneo.
The country is rather landlocked by Malaysia.
To the north is the South China Sea and the Philippines to the northeast.
The capital of Brunei is Bandar Seri Begawan.
The country is small and has a small population.
The leader of the country is the Sultan of Brunei.
Due to the sale of his oil, he is one of the richest people in the world.
The official religion in Brunei is Islam.
There are also minorities of people who follow Buddhism or Animism.
The native language of Brunei is Malay and English is the second language.
Brunei is one of the smallest Muslim countries in the world.
From the 14th to the 16th centuries Brunei Darussalam was the seat of a powerful sultanate extending over Sabah, Sarawak and the southern Philippines.
Thus, the current Sultan represents one of the oldest continuously ruling dynasties in the world.
By the 19th century, the Brunei Darussalam Empire had been whittled away by wars, piracy and the colonial expansion of European powers.
In 1847, the sultan ended a treaty with Great Britain and in 1888 Brunei Darussalam officially became a British protectorate.
In 1906, the Residential System was established in Brunei Darussalam.
A British Resident was nominated as a representative of the British government to advise the sultan in all matters except Malay customs, traditions and Islamic religion.
The 1959 Agreement established a written constitution which gave Brunei Darussalam internal self-government.
In 1971, the agreement was amended and revised to assert full internal independence except defence and external affairs.
In June 5, 1966 His Highness Sultan Haji Sir Muda Omar Ali Saifuddien abdicated in favour of his son Pengiran Muda Mahkota Hassanal Bolkiah.
On January 1, 1984 Brunei Darussalam resumed full independence and the Sultan took office as Prime Minister, Finance Minister and Home Affairs Minister, presiding over a cabinet of six.
In October 1986, the cabinet was expanded to 11 members, with His Majesty relinquishing the portfolios of Finance and Home Affairs and taking over the Defence portfolio which his late father had held since 1984.
In 1988 another reshuffle brought about the elevation of the deputy minister to a full minister and the creation of the Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources designed to boost the country's development.
In spite of the sizable non-Muslim population (about 1/3 of the population) and criticism by the international community, the Sultan still announced Brunei's adoption of Sharia law in 2013 to fully enforce on the Muslim majority and partially enforce on non-Muslims.
It was expected to take full effect in 2016 after 3 phases, and had begun partial enforcement in its first phase in 2014.
It is the first country in East and Southeast Asia to practice Sharia law.
Brunei is divided into four districts (daerahs) and 38 subdistricts (mukims).
Officially, there are no places in Brunei that have "city" status.
Some of the important places are:
Bandar Seri Begawan (Pop.
~181,500, Bandar Seri Begawan Municipal Council)
Kuala Belait (Pop.
~38,000, Bandar Seri Begawan Municipal Council)
Seria (Pop.
~35,400, Kuala Belait/Seria Municipal Council)
Jerudong (Pop.
~30,000, Kuala Belait/Seria Municipal Council)
Tutong (Pop.
~27,500, Tutong Municipal Council)
Bangar - administrative centre of the Temburong district
Muara Town - has the only deep sea port of Brunei
Brunei uses the Brunei Ringgit to trade.
However, the Singapore dollar can be used here as both currencies are of the same value.
1984 establishments in Asia
The Taka is the currency of Bangladesh.
The most commonly used symbol for the Taka is Tk and ৳.
This is used on receipts while purchasing goods and services.
One taka is divided into 100 poisha.
In Bengali, the word taka is also used to mean any money, currency, or notes.
Banknotes of Bangladesh
Economy of Bangladesh
Bogota is the capital (city) of Colombia.
As of 2009, more than 7 million people live in Bogota, which makes it the largest city in Colombia.
It is about 2,640 meters above sea level, on top a plateau (a mountain with a flat top).
This makes it the third highest capital in the world.
With many universities and libraries, Bogotá has become known as "The Athens of South America".
The weather is usually nice during the day and cool at night.
It has a series of bike paths (trails that are made for bikes) that wind through the city.
It has many recreational and amusement parks open to the public.
The current mayor is Claudia López.
Originally, Native Americans called Muisca lived in the area.
Then, in 1538, Gonzalo Jimenes de Quezada, a Spanish conqueror, founded Bogota.
Bogota became a center of trade, art, and education.
Some of the oldest universities in the Americas are in Bogota.
After Independence from Spain, Bogota became the capital of Gran Colombia in 1819.
Bogota has had extremely awful moments.
In 1948, a presidential candidate, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, was murdered while doing a speech in front of hundreds of persons.
This tragic moment brought with it terrible consequences: one of the most remembered one is the "Bogotazo".
The "Bogotazo" started as a political party war, the blue party, self named the "conservatives", began to hunt and kill every single member of the red party, the "liberals".
The remaining blue party members decided to create the "Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia" (FARC); however, this group was ironically created to protect the oppressed people from their oppressors.
Nowadays, this group is known as terrorists and murderers;nevertheless, Colombia's capital city, Bogota, has not being attacked in the last few years.
1538 establishments
1530s establishments in the Spanish Empire
The Aymara are members of a tribe of Native Americans that live in Bolivia and Peru.
They are native to the area around Lake Titicaca.
They speak the Aymara language.
They call themselves Aymaras.
South American people
The perihelion is the point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet that is nearest to the sun.
It is the opposite of aphelion, which is the point farthest from the sun.
The word perihelion stems from the Greek words "peri," meaning near, and "Helios," meaning the Greek god of the sun.
So it referred to as perihelion. (
The similar word,  perigee, refers to the nearest point in some object's orbit of Earth.)
All planets, comets and asteroids in our solar system have approximately elliptical (a kind of non-circular) orbits.
Thus, they all have a closest and a farthest point from the sun: a perihelion and an aphelion.
Orbital eccentricity measures the flatness of the orbit.
Any single revolution of a body around the sun is only approximately elliptical, because the precession of the perihelion prevents the orbit from being a simple closed curve such as an ellipse.
This causes Milankovich cycles.
Earth comes closest to the sun every year around January 3.
It is farthest from the sun every year around July 4.
The difference in distance between Earth's nearest point to the sun in January and farthest point from the sun in July is 3.1 million miles (5 million kilometers).
Earth is about 91.4 million miles (147.1 million kilometers) from the sun in early January, in contrast to about 94.5 million miles (152 million kilometers) in early July.
When Earth is closest to the sun, it is winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere.
Thus it is possible to see that Earth's distance from the sun does not noticeably  cause the seasons to change; the relatively minor effects of differences in distance is somewhat masked by the mainly oceanic southern hemisphere vs the half- continental northern hemisphere.
Therefore, the Earth's seasons come and go mainly because Earth does not rotate with its axis exactly upright with respect to the plane of our world’s orbit around the sun.
Earth's axial tilt is 23.5 degrees.
This puts the Sun farther south in December and January, so the north has winter and the south has summer.
Thus winter falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes least directly.
Summer falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes most directly.
Johnston Atoll is an island in the Pacific Ocean.
It is a property of the United States.
The military used the Island for many things including a re-fueling location for planes going overseas, a chemical weapons ammunition storage facility, and a test launch location for nuclear testing.
It was inhabited by all forces of the US military and government contract workers.
The island is named after Captain James Johnston, who discovered it in 1807.
The island was mined for guano until 1890.
After that, it was used as an army base.
Johnston Island Memories Site, the personal website of an AFRTS serviceman stationed there in 1975-6
Coast Guard Medevac from Johnston Island, photo from December 2007 medevac operation
JACADS - Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System, history of nuclear testing, and JACADS Sarin and VX nerve agent disposal
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Johnston Island National Wildlife Refuge Contains additional information on wildlife and clean-up efforts
A Llama (Lama glama) is a mammal of the Camelidae family.
It is from South America, the Andes Mountains of Peru and Ecuador.
Sometimes the name llama is used for all four South American camelids.
Llama and humans
The llama was domesticated about 5000 years ago.
It was and is used for carrying things, and for wool.
The llama was very important for the Incan people.
Even today, llamas are used for similar reasons, but will more commonly be used as domesticated pets.
Related animals
The llama's close relative is the alpaca, who is a more demure, petite animal in comparison to the llama.
Llamas have three related cousins - the alpaca, the guanaco, and the vicuña.
The llama is the national symbol of Bolivia.
Llamas spit, and travel together.
Llamas also have a high content of hemoglobin which causes their blood cells to be oval and not circular.
Treaty of Nanking between China and the United Kingdom(1842)
Irish Potato Famine(1845–1848)
Mexican-American War (1846–1848)
The Communist Manifesto (1848)is published
European Revolutions of 1848 (1848)
California Gold Rush (1849)
Emperor Ferdinand I (Austria)
Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
King Louis-Philippe (July Monarchy France)
Frederick William IV of Prussia (Prussia)
Prime Minister Lord Melbourne (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel (United Kingdom)
President Martin Van Buren (United States)
President William Henry Harrison (United States)
President John Tyler (United States)
President James Knox Polk (United States)
President Zachary Taylor (United States)
Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I (Ottoman Empire)
Mohammad Shah Qajar, (b. 1810 – d. 1848) Shah from 1834 to 1848
Edvard Grieg (1843)
Wyatt Earp (1848)
Edgar Allan Poe (1849)
The Mexican–American War took place between 1846 and 1848 between  United States  and Mexico.
When Mexico got independence from Spain in 1821, Texas was part of Mexico.
Americans and other settlers came into Texas when Mexico allowed non-Spanish settlers to settle there.
After many settlers came to Texas, disputes led to the Texas Revolution in 1836, when Texas became independent.
Mexico refused to recognize the Republic of Texas, as an independent country.
Texas soon asked to join the United States.
The United States moved quickly to annex Texas after the 1844 election of James K. Polk.
In his campaign, Polk had called for the "re-annexation" of Texas and the "re-occupation" of the Oregon Territory.
Polk also wanted California and the rest of what is now the Southwestern United States.
In 1845, the United States annexed Texas.
However, Mexico still did not recognize its independence or recognize the annexation.
The US offered to buy from Mexico the land extending from Texas to the Pacific Ocean, but Mexico wanted to keep the vast area.
In 1846, a dispute over the border between Texas and Mexico resulted in armed conflict, and the Mexican–American War began.
After offering to buy the territory, Polk moved US troops into a place that Mexico said was not in Texas but in the Mexican state of Coahuila.
The Mexican army attacked them.
The main cause of the war was the westward expansion of the United States.
In the 19th century Americans believed it was their right to expand westward.
They believed they could take over the people already living on the land and have it for the United States.
Southerners wanted to have more slave states.
Antonio López de Santa Anna became president again.
Many Mexicans hated him and did not want to follow him into war.
Many Americans, including the young Abraham Lincoln, also disliked the war since they thought that it was to expand slavery.
After the US had entered Mexico, Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna took command of the Mexican soldiers in early 1847.
The US forces fought Santa Anna near Monterrey and Buena Vista.
After Buena Vista, the Mexican army had many problems, including starvation, disease, and desertion.
The Mexican government was unstable.
In March 1847, Scott landed at Veracruz.
His force included future Civil War Generals Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Stonewall Jackson and George G. Meade as well as Commodore Perry.
Scott took Puebla in May and took Mexico City in September after the Battle of Chapultepec.
When American soldiers came to California, the Bear Flag Revolt was happening.
Some Californians were trying to leave Mexico and to form their own country, as had happened in Texas.
In July and August 1846, American soldiers captured Monterey, Yerba Buena, and Los Angeles.
After a counterattack by the Californios, the Americans had taken much of California by 1847.
The Mexican governor of California, Pio Pico, left the state.
The US won the war, and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, which gave the US the area that would become the states of Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, southwestern Colorado, and southwestern Wyoming.
Mexico received 15 million US dollars and gave up its claims to Texas.
The slavery debate in the United States became more intense with the addition of the new territory and the question of whether slavery would be legal in the new territories.