the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
April 4 - Catherine Parr, widow of Henry VIII of England, secretly marries Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley.
April 24 – Battle of Mühlberg – Emperor Charles V defeats the forces of the Schmalkaldic League under the Elector John Frederick of Saxony.
September 10 – Battle of Pinkie.
An English army under the Duke of Somerset, Protector of England, defeats a Scottish army under James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, the Regent.
The English seize Edinburgh.
First printed book in the Lithuanian language.
writer – Martynas Mazvydas.
Increased immigration of Huguenots to Kent, especially Canterbury
Chambre Ardente established in Paris
John Dee visits the Low Countries to study navigation with Gemma Frisius.
January 24 - Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (d. 1578)
February 24 - Don John of Austria, military leader (d. 1578)
March 1 - Rudolph Goclenius, German philosopher (d. 1628)
June 28 - Cristofano Malvezzi, Italian organist and composer (d. 1599)
September 10 - George I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1596)
September 14 - Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Dutch statesman (d. 1619)
September 22 - Philipp Nikodemus Frischlin, German philologist and poet (d. 1590)
September 29 - Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer (d. 1616)
October 18 - Justus Lipsius, Flemish humanist (d. 1606)
November 12 - Claude of Valois, daughter of Henry II of France (d. 1575)
November 26 - Nicolaus Taurellus, German philosopher and theologian (d. 1606)
December 5 - Ubbo Emmius, Dutch historian and geographer (d. 1625)
Matteo Perez d'Aleccio, Italian painter (d. 1616)
Mateo Alemán, Spanish novelist (d. 1609)
Peter Bales, English calligrapher (d. 1610)
Oichi, Japanese noblewoman (d. 1583)
Krzysztof Mikolaj "the Lightning" Radziwill, Polish nobleman (d. 1603)
Richard Stanyhurst, English translator (d. 1618)
Roemer Visscher, Dutch writer (d. 1620)
Stanislaw Zolkiewski, Polish nobleman (d. 1620)
January 2 - Giovanni Luigi Fieschi, Genoese politician (b. 1524)
January 16 - Johannes Schoener, German astronomer and cartographer (b. 1477)
January 18 - Pietro Bembo, Italian cardinal and scholar (b. 1470)
January 19 - Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, English poet (b. 1517)
January 28 - King Henry VIII of England (b. 1491)
February 25 - Vittoria Colonna, marchioness of Pescara (b. 1490)
February 28 - Philippa of Guelders, Duchess of Lorraine (b. 1467)
March 31 - King Francis I of France (b. 1494)
May 22 - Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow (b. 1492)
June 21 - Sebastiano del Piombo, Italian painter (b. 1485)
August 7 - Saint Cajetan (b. 1480)
December 2 - Hernan Cortes, Spanish conquistador (b. 1485)
December 28 - Konrad Peutinger, German humanist and antiquarian (b. 1465)
Edward Hall, English chronicler and lawyer (b. 1498)
Photisarath, King of Laos (b. 1501)
An accordion is a musical instrument that has keys similar to a piano, but is small enough for a person to hold.
It makes sounds using air pushed and pulled through reeds using a bellows.
The accordion can also have buttons instead of keys.
The 6-plus-6-system with three rows has the same fingering in all twelve scales.
Bandoneon
Aristagoras, acting on behalf of the Persian Empire, leads a failed attack on the rebellious island of Naxos.
Aristagoras instigates the Ionic Revolt, beginning the Persian Wars between Greece and Persia.
Sardis destroyed by Athenian and Ionian troops.
The year 1781 is .
March 13 – Uranus.
End of the American Revolutionary War
January 26 – Achim von Arnim, German writer (d. 1831)
January 30 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer (d. 1838)
February 17 – Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec, French physician and inventor (d. 1826)
March 4 – Rebecca Gratz, American educator and philanthropist (d. 1869)
March 13 – Karl Friedrich Schinkel, German architect and painter (d. 1841)
June 9–  George Stephenson, English engineer (d. 1848)
June 21 – Siméon-Denis Poisson, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1840)
July 6 – Thomas Stamford Raffles, English founder of Singapore (d. 1826)
July 6   – John D. Sloat, American naval officer (d. 1867)
July 27 – Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (d. 1828)
September 3 – Eugène de Beauharnais, French nobleman, son of Napoleon's wife Josephine (d. 1824)
September 6 – Anton Diabelli, Austrian music publisher, editor, and composer (d. 1858)
October 1 – James Lawrence, U.S. Navy officer (d. 1813)
November 6 – Lucy Aikin, English writer (d. 1864)
November 20 – Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German jurist (d. 1854)
November 29 – Andrés Bello, Venezuelan poet, lawmaked, teacher, philosopher and sociologist (d. 1865)
November 30 – Alexander Berry, Scottish adventurer and Australian pioneer (d. 1873)
December 11 – Sir David Brewster, Scottish physicist (d. 1868)
William Williams of Wern, minister (d. 1840)
March 8 – Carlo Gesualdo, Italian composer and murderer (died 1613)
May 26 – Mehmed III, Ottoman Emperor (died 1603)
June 19 – King James VI of Scotland/James I of England and Ireland (died 1625)
June 20 (O.S.) – King Sigismund III of Poland (d. 1632)
August 12 – Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (d. 1633)
September 1 – Edward Alleyn, English actor (died 1626)
September 18 – King Sigismund III of Poland/Sigismund I of Sweden (died 1632)
October 13 – Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (died 1643)
November 10 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English politician (died 1601)
December 11 – (baptised) – Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer (died 1650)
December 20 – Edward Wightman, English Baptist martyr (died 1612)
Pietro Cerone, Italian music theorist (died 1625)
Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (died 1643)
Jan Jesenius, Slovak physician (died 1621)
Michal Sedziwój, Polish alchemist (died 1636)
James Sempill, Scottish theologian (died 1626)
George I becomes king of Great Britain
January 1 – Kristijonas Donelaitis, Lithuanian poet (d. 1780)
January 6 – Percivall Pott, English surgeon (d. 1788)
January 26 – Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, French sculptor (d. 1785)
February 2 – Gottfried August Homilius, German composer (d. 1785)
February 22 – Louis-Georges de Bréquigny, French historian (d. 1795)
February 25 – René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France (d. 1792)
February 25 – Hyde Parker, British admiral (d. 1782)
February 26 – James Hervey, English clergyman and writer (d. 1758)
March 8 – Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, German composer (d. 1788)
March 27 – Francesco Antonio Zaccaria, Italian theologian and historian (d. 1795)
April 14 – Adam Gib, Scottish religious leader (d. 1788)
June 6 – King Joseph I of Portugal (d. 1777)
June 17 – Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, German philosopher (d. 1762)
June 17 – César-François Cassini de Thury, French astronomer (d. 1784)
July 2 – Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (d. 1787)
July 16 – Marc René, marquis de Montalembert, French military engineer and writer (d. 1800)
August 1 – Richard Wilson, Welsh painter (d. 1782)
August 14 – Claude Joseph Vernet, French painter (d. 1789)
August 28 – Anthony Ulrich II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1774)
September 10 – Niccolò Jommelli, Italian composer (d. 1774)
September 19 – Charles Humphreys, American delegate to the Continental Congress (d. 1786)
October 13 – Pieter Burmann the Younger, Dutch philologist (d. 1778)
October 16 – Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist (d. 1795)
November 13 – William Shenstone, English poet (d. 1763)
November 25 – Yoriyuki Arima, Japanese mathematician (d. 1783)
December 16 – George Whitefield, English-born Methodist leader (d. 1770)
December 19 – John Winthrop, American astronomer (d. 1779)
December 21 – John Bradstreet, Canadian-born soldier (d. 1774)
January 26 – The United Kingdom occupies Hong Kong.
Later during the year, the first census of the island recorded a population of about 7,500.
February 18 – The first ongoing filibuster in the United States Senate begins and lasts until March 11.
March 4 – Martin Van Buren, President of the United States is succeeded by William Henry Harrison.
March 9 – The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the Amistad case that the Africans who seized control of the ship had been taken into slavery illegally.
April 4 – US President William Henry Harrison dies of pneumonia becoming the first President of the United States to die in office and at one month, the elected president with the shortest term served.
He is succeeded by Vice President John Tyler.
August 16 – U.S. President John Tyler vetoes a bill which called for the re-establishment of the Second Bank of the United States.
Enraged Whig Party members riot outside the White House in the most violent demonstration on White House grounds in U.S. history.
September 24 – United Kingdom annexes Sarawak from Brunei; James Brooke is appointed rajah
November 13 – James Braid first sees a demonstration of animal magnetism, which leads to his study of the subject he eventually calls hypnosis.
The two colonies of the Canadas are merged into the Province of Canada.
Queen's University is founded in Kingston, Canada, by Rev. Thomas Liddell, who carried a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria and became the school's first Principal.
Fordham University is founded in The Bronx by the Society of Jesus.
Its name at founding is St. John's College.
With the help of industrial espionage, August Borsig builds the first German locomotives.
January 7 – Bernadette Soubirous, a visionary from Lourdes. (
died 1879)
January 14 – Berthe Morisot, French painter (died 1895)
January 25 – Jackie Fisher, British admiral (died 1920)
January 28 – Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh explorer and journalist (died 1904)
February 2 – François-Alphonse Forel, Swiss hydrologist (died 1912)
February 4 – Clément Ader, French engineer, inventor, and airplane pioneer (died 1926)
February 25 – Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French painter (died 1919)
March 8 – Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., U.S. Supreme Court Justice (died 1935)
April 13 – Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor (died 1905)
May 10 – James Gordon Bennett, Jr., American newspaper publisher (died 1918)
July 29 – Gerhard Armauer Hansen, Norwegian doctor and scientist (d. 1912)
August 25 – Emil Kocher, Swiss medical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (died 1917)
September 8 – Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer (died 1904)
September 28 – Georges Clemenceau, French statesman (died 1929)
October 7 – King Nicholas I of Montenegro (died 1921)
October 16 – Prince Hirobumi Ito, Japanese governor of Korea (died 1909)
November 6 – Nelson W. Aldrich, Senator from Rhode Island (died 1915)
November 9 – King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (died 1910)
November 20 – Wilfrid Laurier, seventh Prime Minister of Canada (died 1919)
December 6 – Frédéric Bazille, French painter (died 1870)
December 20 – Ferdinand Buisson, French pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (died 1932)
February 17 – Ferdinando Carulli, Italian guitarist
March 1 – Claude Victor-Perrin, duc de Belluno, French marshal (born 1764)
April 4 – William Henry Harrison, 9th President of the United States (born 1773)
April 28 – Peter Chanel, French Roman Catholic missionary (martyred) (born 1803)
May 20 – Joseph Blanco White, British theologian (born 1775)
May 23 – Franz Xaver von Baader, German philosopher and theologian (born 1765)
June 1 – David Wilkie, Scottish artist (born 1785)
June 1 – Nicolas Appert, French inventor (born 1749).
August 24 – Theodore Edward Hook, English writer (born 1788)
June 28 – Giselle premieres in Paris
Georg or Georgius Agricola (1494-1555) was a German scholar and scientist.
He was one of the first people to study mining and minerals (stones and gems), that is the father of mineralogy.
German scientists
1555 deaths
Year 1440 (MCDXL) was a leap year which started on a Sunday in the Julian calendar.
It was the first year of the 1440s decade.
February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is formed.
September – Gilles de Rais, an early known serial killer, is arrested and taking into custody on orders from the Bishop of Nantes.
January 22 – Ivan III of Russia (d. 1505)
February 10 – Henry of York, elder brother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (died 1441)
February 22 – King Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary (died 1457)
Pedrarias Dávila, Spanish colonial administrator (died 1531)
Kabir, Indian mystic (died 1518)
Jorge Manrique, Spanish poet (died 1479)
September 30 – Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn (born c.1362)
October 26 – Gilles de Rais, Marshal of France (born 1405)
January 28 – Henry VII of England
February 2 – Peter Martyr d'Anghiera
March 14 – Jingtai Emperor of China (born 1428)
May 22 – Saint Rita of Cascia, Italian saint (born 1381)
August 1 – Lorenzo Valla, Italian humanist
November 23 – King Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary (born 1440)
Andrea del Castagno, Italian painter
Peter II, Duke of Brittany (born 1418)
László Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and warrior (born 1433)
Babur Ibn-Baysunkur, ruler of Khurasan (born 1422)
May 3 – Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (died 1495)
September 21 – Jingtai Emperor of China (died 1457)
Donato Acciaiuoli, Italian scholar (died 1478)
Abulkhair Khan, Uzbek leader (died 1468)
Didrik Pining, German explorer (approximate date)
Leonor of Viseu, Princess and later Queen of Portugal (died 1525)
Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, English kingmaker (died 1471)
February 24 – Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier
February 26 – Cuauhtémoc, last Aztec ruler (tortured to death)
May 5 – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (born 1463)
May 27 – Thomas Muentzer, German pastor and rebel leader (born 1489)
July 22 – Richard Wingfield, English diplomat
December 30 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (born 1459)
Jean Lemaire de Belges, Walloon poet and historian (born 1473)
Huayna Capac, emperor of the Inca (born 1493)
Franciabigio, Florentine painter (born 1482)
Jacques de la Palice, French nobleman and military officer
Richard de la Pole, last Yorkist claimant to the English throne (killed in battle)
Nicholas Storch, weaver and reformer
Leonor of Viseu, queen of João II of Portugal
April 15 – Sinan, Turkish architect (died 1588)
June 4 – Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1544)
July 2 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1556)
August 10 – Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck, German statesman and reformer (died 1553)
November 28 – Margaret Tudor, queen of James IV of Scotland) (died 1541)
August – Antonio da Correggio, Italian painter (died 1534)
William Farel, French evangelist (died 1565)
Francesco Ferruccio, Florentine captain (died 1530)
Juan de Grijalva, Spanish conquistador (died 1527)
Thomas Muentzer, German pastor and rebel leader (died 1525)
Hosokawa Sumimoto, Japanese warlord (died 1520)
Tsukahara Bokuden, Japanese swordsman (died 1571)
February 2 – Bona Sforza, queen of Sigismund I of Poland (died 1557)
April 20 – Johannes Agricola, German Protestant reformer (died 1566)
May 24 – Pontormo, Italian painter (d. 1557)
September 5 – Hans Sachs, German Meistersinger (died 1576)
September 12 – King Francis I of France (died 1547)
November 6 – Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Sultan (died 1566)
Purandara Dasa, Indian poet and composer (died 1564)
Saito Dosan, Japanese warlord (died 1556)
John Sutton, 3rd Baron Dudley (died 1554)
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, Spanish philosopher and theologian (died 1573)
Ambrosius Holbein, German painter (died 1519)
Lucas van Leyden, Dutch engraver and painter (died 1533)
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda, Spanish explorer and cartographer (died 1519)
Hans Tausen, Danish religious reformer (died 1561)
Qiu Ying, Chinese painter (died 1552)
The Amiga CD32 was a game console made by Commodore International release in 1993.
It was based around the Amiga A1200 Computer.
Commodore video game consoles
The GX4000 was a console made by Amstrad in 1990.
At first, it was successful.
But it did not continue its early success.
The GX4000 games could be used with other Amstrad computers.
Only 40 games were made for it.
Soon it disappeared into the mist of history.
These days it is very rare to see one that is still in working condition.
de:Amstrad GX4000
slide shows
February 27 – The Treaty of Stolbovo ends the Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia.
Sweden gains Ingria and Kexholm.
November 17 – A naval battle between the Sicilians and Venetians ends inconclusively.
November 22 – Mustafa I succeeds Ahmed I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
At least seven women are sentenced to death by burning for witchcraft at the Finspång witch trial in Sweden.
Giambattista Andreini's play The Penitent Magdalene is published in Mantua.
February 8 – Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter, English politician (b. 1546)
March 19 – Uesugi Kagekatsu, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1556)
June 16 – Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, German Protestant military leader (b. 1599)
July 4 – William Byrd, English composer
July 8 – Pope Gregory XV (b. 1554)
October 21 – William Waad, English statesman and diplomat (b. 1546)
November 9 – William Camden, English historian (b. 1551)
November 11 – Philippe de Mornay, French writer (b. 1549)
November 12 – Josaphat Kuncevyc, Lithuanian archbishop
Andrea Andreani, Italian engraver (b. 1540)
January 23 – Most devastating recorded earthquake in Shaanxi, China.
Over 850,000 deaths.
January 8 – Uesugi Kagekatsu, Japanese samurai and warlord (died 1623)
February 21 – Sethus Calvisius, German calendar reformer (d. 1615)
March 7 – Guillaume du Vair, French statesman and philosopher (died 1621)
June 6 – Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche (died 1625)
November 15 – Jacques-Davy Duperron, French cardinal (died 1618)
Henry Briggs, English mathematician (died 1630)
Margaret Clitherow, English Catholic martyr (died 1586)
Shibata Katsutoyo, Japanese military commander (died 1583)
Nakagawa Kiyohide, Japanese military commander (died 1583)
Ahmad Baba al Massufi, Sudanese writer and political leader
James Melville, Scottish divine and reformer (died 1614)
Maria of Nassau, second daughter of William the Silent (died 1616)
January 7 – Ruggiero Giovannelli, Italian composer
March 7 – Johann Bayer, German astronomer (b. 1572)
March 25 – Giambattista Marini, Italian poet (b. 1569)
March 27 – King James I of England and Ireland/James VI of Scotland (b. 1566)
March 29 – Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, Spanish historian (b. 1549)
April 23 – Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (b. 1567)
April 27 – Mori Terumoto, Japanese warrior (b. 1553)
June 1 – Honoré d'Urfé, French writer (b. 1568)
June 5 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer and organist (b. 1583)
August – John Fletcher, English writer (b. 1579)
September 20 – Heinrich Meibom, German historian and poet (b. 1555)
September 26 – Thomas Dempster, Scottish historian (d. 1579)
October 22 – Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese politician (b. 1561)
December 9 – Ubbo Emmius, Dutch historian and geographer (b. 1547)
Robert Cushman, Plymouth Colony settler
January 6 – Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician and physicist (died 1656)
January 22 – Sir Francis Bacon, English philosopher, scientist, and statesman (died 1626)
July 11 – Luís de Góngora y Argote, Spanish poet (died 1627)
August 20 – Jacopo Peri, Italian composer (died 1633)
August 24 – Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (died 1626)
August 25 – Philippe van Lansberge, Dutch astronomer (died 1632)
September 29 – Adriaan van Roomen, Belgian mathematician (died 1615)
December 7 – Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese politician (d. 1625)
December 9 – Edwin Sandys, English founder of the colony of Virginia (died 1629)
Jacopo Corsi, Italian composer (died 1602)
John Harington, English writer (died 1612)
Samuel Harsnett, Archbishop of York (died 1631)
New Year's Day is a holiday in many countries.
It was created to welcome the new year.
In most countries, New Year Day is celebrated on 1 January.
This holiday has been the most celebration with over 200 countries and territories in the world.
The new year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the end of one year and the beginning of the next.
Cultures that measure yearly calendars all have new year celebrations.
Modern new year celebrations
Historical dates for the new year
Early Christmas
In Christmas Style dating, the new year started on 25 December.
This was used in Germany and England until the thirteenth century, and in Spain from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.
In Annunciation Style dating the new year started on 25 March, the feast of the Annunciation.
This was used in many parts of Europe in the Middle Ages.
The style was started by Dionysius Exiguus in AD 525.
Annunciation Style was used in England until 1 January 1752, and in Scotland until 1 January 1600, when the kingdom of Scotland changed to Circumcision Style.
England, the kingdom of Ireland, and the Thirteen Colonies changed to Circumcision Style on 1 January, after the United Kingdom of Great Britain changed from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar on 3/14 September 1752.
This happened because the Parliament of Great Britain made an act of parliament, the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.
New Year's Around the World   – slideshow by Life magazine
January events
A coagulation, also known as clot is a semi-solid substance that blood forms, especially when it is in air.
When a person bleeds, the blood turns into a clot at the injury.
A blood clot is also called a thrombus.
The process is called coagulation.
If a person gets a cut on their body, that person may bleed.
To stop the bleeding, the human body does several things.
First, the brain orders the liver to produce chemicals that will help the clot to form.
When the chemicals released by the liver arrive at the injury, the coagulation begins.
In the mean time, the brain also lessens the blood flow near the injury (by tightening the veins and arteries in that area), so that not as much blood is lost.
There is a limit to how quickly a clot can form.
If the cut is very deep and the person bleeds too much, a clot may not be able to form and a lot of blood may be lost.
The details
Coagulation begins almost instantly after an injury to the blood vessel has damaged the endothelium lining the vessel.
When blood is exposed to proteins such as tissue factor it starts changes to blood platelets and the plasma protein fibrinogen, which is a clotting factor.
Platelets immediately form a plug at the site of injury.
Proteins in the blood plasma, called coagulation factors or clotting factors, respond in a complex cascade to form fibrin strands.
These strengthen the platelet plug.
Coagulation is highly conserved throughout biology; that means its genetics is almost the same in all mammal species.
In all mammals, coagulation involves both a cellular (platelet) and a protein (coagulation factor) component.
The system in humans has been the most extensively researched and is the best understood.
Fibrin
Fibrin is a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots.
it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets.
Vitamin K is an essential factor in blood clotting.
Then, vitamin K is oxidized.
Another enzyme, Vitamin K epoxide reductase, (VKORC) reduces vitamin K back to its active form.
This reactivation is important as a target of anticoagulant drug warfarin.
Vitamin K can be found in green vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce, broccoli or cabbage.
Asthma (or Asthma bronchiale) is a disease that hurts the airways inside the lungs.
It causes the tissue inside the airways to swell.
Asthma also causes the bands of muscle around the airways to become narrow.
This makes it hard for enough air to pass through and for the person to breathe normally.
Asthma also causes mucus-making cells inside the airways to make more mucus than normal.
This blocks the airways, which are already very narrow during an asthma attack, and makes it even more difficult to breathe.
A person having an asthma attack often makes wheezing sounds when trying to breathe.
This is the sound of air trying to pass through the very narrow airway.
They also have shortness of breath, which means they cannot take a full deep breath.
Chest tightness may happen which feels like their chest is being squeezed.
They may also cough a lot.
Asthma attacks can be a medical emergency because they can be fatal (cause a person to die).
There are treatments such as different kinds of medicines to help people with asthma.
There are also things that people with asthma can do to help themselves to keep their asthma from getting worse.
There are a lot of risk factors for getting asthma.
The exact reasons for each is not yet clearly understood.
Some of the factors are believed to come from genetics.
A person inherits genetic mutations from one or both of their parents that may increase the chances of developing asthma.
Epigenetics, which are changes in the way a gene acts, may also increase their chances of getting asthma.
These epigenetic changes may also be inherited.
They may happen when a baby is still growing inside its mother, or during childhood.
Socioeconomic status (SES) is also believed to play a part in developing asthma.
A person's socioeconomic status is based on such things as how much money their family makes, where they live, and their education level.
Race and ethnicity also may play a part.
It also is related to access to medical care, personal beliefs, and dietary habits.
People of lower socioeconomic status suffer higher rates of asthma, have worse outcomes, and also have higher asthma-related death rates than people of higher economic status.
The exact cause of asthma is not yet known.
It is believed that it may be because of a of many different reasons:
Genetics:  When changes happen in a person's genes (called mutations) these changes are passed on to their children.
One or both parents may have these changes or mutations in their genes, and some or all of their children may be born with them, which means they inherited them.
These mutations, once they happen, run in families from one generation to the next and are permanent mutations, they change the gene in the DNA.
These changes can make a person more likely to get certain diseases like asthma.
In some diseases it may be only one change in one gene that may make a person get that disease, in asthma it may be changes in many different genes that may make a person more likely to get asthma.
Epigenetics changes or modifications cause different kind of changes that affect how a person's genes work or 'express themselves' in three different ways (called epigenetic mechanisms), but do not change the gene in the DNA.
These epigenetic changes may be inherited, or they may happen in utero which is when a baby is still inside its mother.
They may also happen in childhood, because of different reasons, like a respiratory infection, being exposed to chemicals or drugs, diet etc.
These changes can be passed from one generation to the next but are not permanent and might only be passed down one or two generations.
Even though epigenetic changes affect how a person's genes work they do not permanently change a person's genes.
It is believed epigenetic changes may also make a person more likely to get certain diseases like asthma.
Environmental factors are things that affect a person; which can be either healthy or unhealthy.
Unhealthy environmental factors are things like living in an area where there is a lot of air pollution, or living somewhere where there are lots of bugs in the house, or being around cigarette smoke.
If a person who has genetic or epigentic changes in their genes that makes them have a bigger chance of getting asthma (genetic predisposition), also has unhealthy environmental factors in their life, like living in a home that has a lot of dust mites, then it is more likely that they will get asthma.
Atopy is when there are changes in some of the genes a person is born with (genetic inheritance).
These genetic changes make their body produce more Immunoglobulin E (IgE), a type of antibody.
They are also more sensitive to things things like chemicals, smoke and dust (environmental antigens).
This hypersensitivity means they are more sensitive or allergic to things in the environment than people who do not have these changes in their genes and are not hypersensitive or allergic.
This hypersensitivity causes their body to react in certain ways.
Usually a person who is atopic develops allergic rhinitis which affects the nasal passages which are behind the nose and they are also more likely to get atopic dermatitis which causes skin rashes and  atopic asthma.
Up to 40% of people with allergic rhinitis also have asthma.
These three medical problems, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and atopic asthma are called the Atopic Triad (a triad is when there is three of something).
People who are atopic may also have other medical problems including food and drug allergies, stinging-insect hypersensitivity, hives (urticaria), Quincke's edema (angioedema), and contact dermatitis.
If a person has one parent who is atopic they have a  chance of being atopic too.
If they have two parents who are atopic they have an even bigger chance of being atopic.
Acetaminophen and asthma
There have been studies that show a link between acetaminophen (Tylenol) and asthma.
For instance a 2008 analysis of information collected from a very large study called the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, or the "Isaac study" for short, showed that children who had taken acetaminophen for a fever during the first year of their life had a 50% higher risk of getting asthma later on.
The more acetaminophen children took the higher their risk of getting asthma.
Children who took it once a month had threefold increase in their risk of getting asthma.
An increase in asthma rates in multiple countries corresponded with increased sales of drugs which contained acetaminophen.
Previously the American College of Physicians reported a link between non-atopic asthma and acetaminophen use based on results of  The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Not all doctors are convinced of the link between acetaminophen and asthma.
"Children with asthma or at risk for asthma should avoid the use of acetaminophen." (
McBride JT, 2011).
Types of Asthma
Atopic asthma is the most common form of asthma.
Cough-variant asthma is a type of asthma in which a cough is the main, and sometimes only sign.
Cough-variant asthma usually does not cause wheezing or breathlessness and causes a dry, scratchy, mostly nonproductive cough (this means little or no phlegm is coughed up).
About 30% of people who have cough-variant asthma will develop typical asthma.
Work related asthma are types of asthma that are caused or made worse by irritants in the environment at a person's place of work.
The kind of jobs that may cause work related asthma are usually those in which there is a lot of smoke or chemicals are used.
There are different types of work-related asthma (WRA):
Occupational asthma with latency: this asthma type is when the signs and symptoms of asthma occur after a period of time (latency) after being exposed to the environmental irritants.
e.g.: John starts working at a factory where chemicals are used the first week of January.
At the end of March he starts developing the signs and symptoms of asthma.
The period of time from when he started the job in January to when the signs and symptoms of asthma started in March is the latency period.
Irritant-Induced Asthma (IIA) is occupational asthma without latency: this is an asthma type is when the signs and symptoms of asthma can occur immediately (without latency) after being exposed to the environmental irritants.
e.g. Frank starts a new job working as a janitor where he uses ammonia to clean.
After opening the bottle of ammonia and breathing the fumes Frank starts finding it difficult to breath, his chest tightens up and he develops other signs and symptoms of asthma.
Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS):
Work-aggravated asthma: this is when a person already has asthma and environmental triggers at their place of work makes it worse.
Exercise induced asthma (EIA) - also called exercise induced bronchospasm - is the term used to describe asthma cases in which exercise is the main, and many times the only trigger for an asthma attack.
If a person already has a form of asthma or they are atopic there is more of a chance of getting EIA.
Nocturnal asthma: is the term used to describe asthma cases that get worse at night (nocturnal).
Premenstrual asthma (PMA): is when asthma symptoms get worse during the premenstrual period.
This condition may affect up to 40% of female asthma sufferers.
For a diagnosis of PMA to be made it is necessary to have a detailed history of the timing of menstrual cycles along with asthma symptoms experienced, and the peak expiratory flow rate (PMA may cause the PEF to be lowered in the premenstrual period).
It is helpful in making a diagnosis to keep a diary of symptoms and peak expiratory flow (PEF) rates.
Status asthmaticus is a severe form of asthma in which an asthma attack gets worse as it goes along and the medicines that are usually used to treat asthma do not work.
Status asthmaticus can be fatal.
Signs and symptoms in medicine are the way a medical condition affects a person's body.
Sometimes the signs and symptoms of asthma may be mild which does not bother the person too much.
At other times they may be severe which may make the person feel very sick.
Not every person with asthma has all the signs and symptoms of asthma all the time.
A person may have some signs and symptoms during one asthma attack and have different symptoms during another asthma attack.
Some people with asthma may have long periods of time between asthma attacks where they show no signs and experience no symptoms of asthma, while others may have some or all of the signs and symptoms everyday which become more severe during an attack.
It also depends on what type of asthma a person has and whether they have a mild, moderate or severe case.
There are also some people with asthma who might only have signs and symptoms during certain times, such as those with exercise induced asthma, where the exercise triggers the symptoms.
For some the signs and symptoms of asthma may be triggered or made worse (exacerbated) when they have viral respiratory tract infections, often the type casued by human rhinoviruses.
Early warning signs of an asthma attack are physical changes in health that a person with asthma has before they have the attack.
By knowing the early warning signs a person may be able to take steps to keep from having an asthma attack or if they do have one, to keep it from getting worse.
Coughing a lot, especially at night
Losing your breath easily
Shortness of breath: this is when a person cannot take a deep breath which means they cannot fill their lungs all the way with air.
They may be only able to take short, shallow breaths which does give their lungs enough air.
When a person has shortness of breath they may also have chest tightness.
Getting tired easily during exercise and feeling weak and wheezing or coughing after exercise
Feeling the symptoms of a cold or allergies coming on like sneezing, a runny or stuffed up nose, coughing, sore throat, and headache
A trigger factor or trigger for short, is something that causes the signs and symptoms of a medical condition to begin in a person who already has that medical condition.
Common triggers for asthma are:
Tobacco smoke: a person does not need to smoke themselves, second-hand smoke can trigger an asthma attack.
Second-hand smoke is the smoke from the end of a burning cigarette, cigar or pipe that someone else is smoking, or the smoke that they breathe out (exhale).
Pets: animals give off chemicals called proteins which are  allergens; people can be allergic to them.
These allergens can act as irritants and make someone's asthma worse and trigger an asthma attack.
The proteins are in the pet's dander which is the dead flakes of skin that animals (and people) shed.
They are also in their urine, feces, saliva, and  sebum which is made by glands in the skin called sebaceous glands.
Sebum is what makes hair and skin oily.
When dander, urine, feces, saliva, and sebum dry out their proteins can become airborne and breathed in.
Some of the types of pets people can be allergic to are, dogs, cats, gerbils, hamsters, guinea pigs and pet birds.
Bugs: different types of bugs which may be found inside homes may trigger asthma attacks.
They may trigger asthma symptoms in the same way as pets; the proteins they give off are allergens and  become airborne.
Some of the more common bugs which may trigger asthma are dust mites, cockroaches and also bedbugs and fleas.
Many other species that may infest a home may serve as a source of allegens such as Pharaoh ants.
Fungus spores (mold): fungus reproduce by releasing spores into the air, if the spores land in a good place form them to grow then a new fungus starts.
Breathing in these spores can trigger asthma.
One of the most common types of fungus spores found in both outside and outside environments are from a group (genus) known as aspergillus.
Strong emotions such as anger, stress and even laughter may worsen asthma symptoms.
Outdoor air pollution can come from many sources such as car and truck fumes in areas of heavy traffic and chemicals in the air near factories and refineries.
Weather: changes in the weather can trigger an asthma attack.
Changes in air temperature can trigger an attack not just cold air.
If a person goes from being outside in the cold into a warm house the sudden change can cause a broncospasm.
Sudden changes in humidity also plays a part.
The best way to deal with asthma triggers is to learn what they are and avoid them if possible, and if not totally avoidable then adjust one's behavior to deal with them.
Example: running on a cold winter day right up to the doorstep of a warm house and going immediately inside; the sudden temperature change can cause an attack and could have been avoided.
In general but especially with a medical condition such as asthma it is necessary to be aware of one's environment and what's in it, both indoors and outdoors.
Most often the Asthma is triggered by allergens.
One big source of allergens is the carpet.
Totally replace it with a tiles floor reduce the possibility to create a good environment for the allergens and it is more simple to clean and disinfect.
Asthma attack
An asthma attack is when, after a period of time when aperson has had only a few or no symptoms of asthma, the asthma gets worse all of a sudden, usually because of being exposed to one or more triggers.
When the asthma attack happens, the tissue inside the airways swell because of inflammation - which is how the body tries to protect itself from harmful things, like germs and irritants.
When the tissues swell the opening (called the lumen) in the airway gets very narrow.
The smooth muscles (which are the kind of muscles in the body that do not contract voluntarily, like the ones in the arm) around the bronchi and bronchioles begin to spasm or contract which makes the opening in the airway even narrower.
This is called a bronchospasm.
Inside the lining of the airways are glands called, submucosal glands, and above them, closer to the opening in the airway are cells called goblet cells - because they are shaped kind of like a goblet, which is a type of cup.
The submucosal glands and the goblet cells make mucous which helps protect the inside of the airways.
The mucous in the airways of healthy lungs is a thin film which traps irritants such as dust particles and pollen so they do not damage the airways and keep them from entering the air sacs (alveoli).
There are tiny hairs lining the airway called cilia.
The cilia wave back and forth like a liitle whips, and help push the mucous and the trapped particles up the airways to the "pharynx.
From there the mucous, the trapped particles from the lower airways can be coughed up (this is called sputum).
During an asthma attack the submucosal glands and the goblet cells start making much more mucous than normal, and the mucous is also thicker than normal.
This makes it very hard for the cilia to do their job, and bring the mucous up out of the airways.
So now there is too much mucous being made, and not enough being brought up by the cilia.
The airways are already to narrow to breathe properly because of the tissue swelling caused by inflammation and the constriction caused by the bronchospasms, so the extra mucous blocks the airway even more.
This makes breathing very difficult.
In fatal asthma attacks the airways can become so constricted and/or plugged with mucous that no air can get through at all.
Carroll NG, Mutavdzic S, James AL.
Increased mast cells and neutrophils in submucosal mucous glands and mucus plugging in patients with asthma.
Thorax.
2002 Aug;57(8):677-82.
PMID 12149526
There are other signs of breathing difficulty as in an asthma attack, which are important to learn, and knowing them can help tell if someone who cannot talk is having breathing problems.
People who may not be able to let somebody know they are having breathing problems include babies and young children.
Chest and neck retractions; which cause muscles within the chest and neck not normally used too much when breathing, to begin contracting as they try and help to take in more air.
Retractions are how the body tries to get enough air because of the difficulty in breathing normally because of the asthma attack.
These retractions cause the skin of the chest wall, the skin of the neck and or the breastbone (sternum) to move in when breathing.
There are different types of retractions which depend on which muscles start contracting, and this depends on how much difficulty a person is having breathing during an attack.
Nasal flaring is when the opening of the nostrils get larger than normal during breathing.
It is often a sign that a person is having difficulty in breathing.
Blue lips and fingertips: oxygen which is in the air we breathe, is what makes blood have a red color.
Blood without oxygen has a blue color.
Oxygen enters the body through the air sacs (alveoli) which are at the end of the airways.
During an asthma attack it difficult for the body to get enough oxygen because it is difficult to get enough air.
As less air with oxygen in it makes it to the air sacs and into the blood, there is less red blood (blood with oxygen in it) and more blue blood (blood without oxygen in it).
The blue color of the lips and under the fingernails is because of the blue blood, which can be seen in the small blood vessels under the skin.
More parts of the body start turning blue the longer the body goes without oxygen.
When parts of the body turn blue because of lack of oxygen it is called cyanosis.
Sweating : sweating may be noticed especially on the forehead, but the skin does not feel warm, it may feel cool and clammy to touch.
Rapid breathing (tachypnea); breathing in and out much faster than normal.
Rapid heart beat: (tachycardia): the heart starts beating much faster than normal.
Medical history; information such as what signs and symptoms of asthma have they had
Family medical history; has anyone they are related to had asthma or related conditions such as occur with those who are atopic Physical examination and testing
Lung function tests [Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)]
Spirometry; measures how much air the lungs are able to breathe in and how much air they breathe out and how fast a person can exhale.
Bronchoprovocation test; in this test the airways (bronchi and bronchioles) are provoked (to try and make something happen) into having a bronchospasm (make the airways constrict) this is to see how sensitive they are.
Some of the things done to provoke a bronchospasm are making the person exercise, breathing cold air that gets colder, or breathing in a special chemical called methacholine.
The results of bronchoprovocation are checked using spirometry.
Differential diagnosesDifferential diagnoses are different medical disorders which may cause the same symptoms.
Before a doctor makes a final diagnosis, which means they are sure of what medical disorder is causing the problem, they think of what other medical conditions have the same or almost the same symptoms, and make sure it's not one of them.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Airway remodeling
Airway remodeling is when there are permanent physical changes to the airways that also affects how they work.
This may happen after chronic long-term asthma.
After cycles of inflammation, damage and repair to the airways.
permanent remodeling of the airways may occur.
This is when the physical structure of the airway changes.
This will cause permanent airway narrowing (they are always more narrow than normal and get narrower during an asthma attack),  bronchospasms are more easily triggered (bronchial hyperresponsivenes), airway edema (fluid in the airway), and mucus hypersecretion (too much mucous is made) as well as the build-up of collagen around the airway which is called fibrosis.
Airway remodeling has been observed in chldren as young as six.
Not managing asthma properly can lead to airway remodeling and this can increase the risk of dying from an asthma attack.
Therapeutic Targets in Airway Inflammation Eds.
N. Tony Eissa, David P. Huston : CRC Press; 1 edition (2003) pp.752-753.
One of the main problems which cause poor asthma management is not using the asthma inhaler correctly.
One of the main reasons for improper inhaler use is the asthma patient not having the proper knowledge in using the inhaler due to not receiving proper instruction.
Goblet cell and submucosal gland hyperplasia: Among the physical changes that may happen in airway remodeling is goblet cell hyperplasia and submucosla gland hyperplasia.
Submucosal glands  and goblet cells make mucous which helps to protect the airways by trapping harmful particles like dust and pollen.
The mucous is normally a thin film which lines the airways.
The mucous and whatever particles they trap are brought up to the pharynx by tiny (microscopic) hairs on the inside of the airway that move back and forth  called cilia.
During an asthma attack the submucosal glands and goblet cells make too much mucous, and it is thicker than normal which makes it harder for the cilia to bring the mucous up.
When airway remodeling happens the body may make many more submucosal glands and  goblet cells than normal, which means even more mucous is made.
There may be too much mucous for the cilia to bring up and the airway may become blocked.
This is one of the reasons that people with airway remodeling often have more severe asthma.
In fatal cases the airway may have become totally plugged causing asphyxia.
Regular Breastfeeding sessions are a proven benefit to airway reconstruction.
While previous studies have shown a similar effect between breastfeeding and asthma risk, this research is the first that showed a link between the length of breastfeeding and the number of wheezing episodes.
Also, this study found evidence that the first asthma-related symptoms occur earlier in life if children were breastfed for shorter lengths of time or not exclusively.
The study shows it’s not the nutritional benefit from the liquid, it’s the pull on lung of which dilates the smooth muscles of the air passage.
Dry-nursing has actually proven to had been more beneficial in this study for strengthening airway health in both children and adults.
Dilating the airways will strengthen them and the lungs themselves.
Asthma can be controlled most often by avoiding contact with triggers and by using certain drugs.
Most asthma sufferers carry special medicines around with them.
These are called inhalers.
The medicine inside the inhaler opens the tubes that go to the lungs.
The inhaler is usually used to prevent an asthma attack, or to stop an attack that is already happening.
Certain drugs that act like an asthma spray, but are much stronger
Certain drugs that can be given through an IV (intravenously).
Breathing aids (including tubes, and valves in very severe cases)
Warm steam baths have often been used to help alleviate nasal congestion and airway irritation associated with asthma.
Omega-3 fatty acids are often used as a natural remedy to help prevent and treat heart disease.
Though some research suggests that omega-3s may also help to decrease airway inflammation and boost lung function
The Buteyko Breathing Technique is based on the premise that raising blood levels of carbon dioxide through shallow breathing can help people with asthma.
Carbon dioxide is believed to dilate the smooth muscles of the airways.
Hot beverages are known to open breathing passages, have been said to open airways for irritated asthma symptoms.
This method has been said to give temporary relief.