the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It has grown through mergers.
These include the Institute of Neurology (in 1997), the Royal Free Hospital Medical School (in 1998), the Eastman Dental Institute (in 1999), the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (in 1999), the School of Pharmacy (in 2012) and the Institute of Education (in 2014).
The original University College was based largely on ideas of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), a lawyer, social philosopher and free-thinker.
Bentham believed in libertarianism, utilitarianism, women's suffrage, and the separation of church and state.
These are beliefs of liberalism.
The college was unique in that it was secular, and was called "that Godless institution in Gower Street".
University College was founded on 11 February 1826, under the name London University, as a secular alternative to the strictly Anglican universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
It was founded from the beginning as a university, not a college or institute.
However, its founders got such strong opposition from the Church of England that it prevented them from getting the Royal Charter needed for the award of degrees.
King's College London was specifically founded to provide an Anglican rival to UCL.
It was not until 1836, when the latter-day University of London was established, that University College was legally recognised and granted the power to award degrees of the University of London.
UCL has over 7,000 academic and research staff and 840 professors, the highest number of any British university.
There are currently 56 Fellows of the Royal Society, 51 Fellows of the British Academy, 15 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 121 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences amongst UCL academic and research staff.
For the period 1999 to 2009 it was the 13th most-cited university in the world (and the most-cited in Europe).
There has been at least one Nobel Prize winner from UCL every decade since the establishment of the Nobel Prizes in 1901.
There are 29 Nobel Prize winners and three Fields Medalists amongst UCL’s alumni and current and former staff, the most recent being Sir Charles Kao, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009.
According to a ranking of universities produced by SCImago Research Group, UCL is ranked 12th in the world (and 1st in Europe) in terms of total research output.
According to data released in July 2008 by ISI Web of Knowledge, UCL is the 13th most-cited university in the world (and most-cited in Europe).
The analysis covered citations from 1 January 1998 to 30 April 2008, during which 46,166 UCL research papers attracted 803,566 citations.
The report covered citations in 21 subject areas and the results revealed some of UCL's key strengths, including: Clinical Medicine (1st outside North America); Immunology (2nd in Europe); Neuroscience & Behaviour (1st outside North America and 2nd in the world); Pharmacology & Toxicology (1st outside North America and 4th in the world); Psychiatry & Psychology (2nd outside North America); and Social Sciences, General (1st outside North America).
UCL is a member of the G5, the League of European Research Universities, the Russell Group, and other national and international groups.
It forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities.
UCL had a total income of £762 million in 2009/10, of which £275 million was from research grants and contracts.
The UCL School of Energy and Resources is based in Adelaide, Australia.
UCL includes world-renowned centres for architecture (UCL Bartlett) and fine art (UCL Slade School)
Universities in London
1820s establishments in England
Carnegie Mellon University is a research university.
It is in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
It is known for research in computer science.
It is ranked #1 in the United States for computer science.
A migraine is a medical condition which usually causes a pounding, throbbing headache on one side of the head.
The pain may be very bad and hurt so much that a person may have a hard time doing anything.
While most people who have migraines get a headache, not everyone does.
There are different kinds of migraines, and some do not cause a headache but do have other symptoms.
Most migraines cause a headache and nausea and might make the person dizzy or very sensitive to bright lights or loud noises.
Some people have "auras" before a migraine starts, which means their ability to see becomes different.
They may see funny patterns, have blurry vision, or may not be able to see at all.
Other senses can change before or during a migraine, and the person may sense funny smells or tastes.
Migraines can last a long time.
Migraines usually last between four and 72 hours.
Migraines have been classified, based on how often they happen in a month: If a person has a headache for less than fifteen days, the migraine is called episodic migraine (EM).
If it happens more than fifteen days, it is called chronic migraine (CM).
Chronic means it happens over a long amount of time.
Some people who start off getting episodic migraines may start to get chronic migraines later.
Chronic migraine then may revert or go back to episodic migraine.
Scientists have discovered that something called CGRP is the cause of migraines.
CGRP stands for "calcitonin gene-related peptide".
CGRP is a protein that causes migraines when it is released around the brain.
What CGRP does, is that it causes a lot of inflammation in the meninges, a covering above the brain.
There are different risk factors which make a person more likely to have migraines.
Being a female is a risk factor, and so is having family members who had migraines.
For a person who has migraines, there are different trigger factors which may set off a migraine attack.
In a large group of females who have migraines, one of the main trigger factors is when the amount of the hormone estrogen in their body either drops too low or fluctuates (goes up and down).
Migraine with aura
Acephalgic migraine, also called a silent migraine, is a kind of migraine with aura but without the head pain.
This type of migraine usually starts sometime during middle-age, which is after a person is 40 years old, and becomes more common as a person gets older.
Unlike other migraines, males have acephalgic migraines more often then females do.
Basilar-type migraine is a type of migraine with aura that causes headache usually in the occipital region of the brain with neurological symptoms that is believed to come from the brainstem, occipital cortex, and cerebellum and/or affects both hemispheres of the brain at the same time.
Most people who have basilar-type migraine also experience migraines with aura without the basilar symptoms.
This type of migraine usually more common in people under age 20 and young females.
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a type of migraine with aura that also may cause paralysis on one side of the body.
When the migraine stops, the person can move normally again.
Retinal migraine has repeated times of vision loss in one eye, that may happen before or during a headache.
People who have retinal migraines usually have a history of having one of the other more common types of migraine.
Migraine without aura
Menstrual migraine or catamenial migraine is a type of migraine that happens perimenstrually, which means around the time of menstruation during a woman's monthly menstrual cycle.
Menstrual migraine is  usually a migraine without aura, but sometimes a menstrual migraine with aura happens.
About 7%-14% of women have migraines exclusively at the time of menstruation.
These are considered true menstrual migraines.
Most female migraneurs experience migraine attacks at all times during the menstrual cycle, with an increased number perimenstrually.
These are referred to as menstrually related or menstrually triggered migraine.
Both true menstrual migraines and menstrually related migraines are categorized under menstrual migraine.
The role of estrogen
Estrogen is a hormone that is mostly made in a woman's ovaries.
There are three types of estrogen: estrone, estradiol and estriol.
In women who have migraines it is usually connected with their menstruation cycle.
About 60% of women have these menstrual or menstrually-related migraines and the main trigger is believed to be reduced circulating estrogen levels, i.e. the amount of estrogen in the body, specifically estradiol.
In some cases, fluctuation (going up and down) in the amount of circulating estrogen levels may trigger a migraine, i.e. not only too little but sometimes too much estrogen may trigger a migraine.
Childhood periodic syndromes
Childhood periodic syndromes are a group of migraine syndromes that children may have.
When a child has one of these child periodic syndromes there is a greater chance that they will get one of the other, more common types of migraines when they become adults.
Abdominal migraine is a kind of migraine which causes a very bad pain in the area of the abdomen, usually around the 'belly-button' which is called the periumbilical area.
Abdominal migraine usually affects children starting at about age 7, but it may affect younger children and older children, and it may also sometimes affect adults.
Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood (BPVC for short): (this means harmless dizziness, that happens again and again and happens suddenly) is a medical condition which occurs in children usually starting between two and five years of age; it often disappears by the age of eight.
BPVC causes vertigo.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome or cyclical vomiting syndrome (CVS), is a medical condition whose main symptoms are nausea and repeated vomiting.
CVS happens more often in children, but it can occur at any age.
Chronic vs. episodic migraine
Episodic migraine (EM) is when a person has migraine symptoms for 14 days or less in one month, while chronic migraine (CM) is when a person has migraine symptoms for 15 or more days in one month.
When compared to persons with episodic migraine, those with CM where less likely to have full-time jobs and had a larger risk of headache-related disability.
Persons with CM are almost twice as likely to have anxiety, chronic pain, and/or depression; they also have a 40% greater chance of having heart disease and angina and are 70% more likely to have a history of stroke.
About 7.68% of total migraine cases are chronic migraines and about 1% of people in the United States have CM, with a higher rate among females, middle-aged people, and in those households that had the lowest annual income. (
The American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study)
Aura (from the Greek word for breeze) is the word used to describe a series of neurological symptoms that may begin before an epileptic seizure or a migraine headache.
About 15% of people who have a migraine will have the kind with an aura.
The symptoms may include visual problems such as scotomas (losing vision for a short time, seeing zig-zag lines or floating spots etc.),
vertigo, a ringing noise in the ears (tinnitus) and problems speaking.
Scotoma (came from the Greek word for darkness: skotos): a blind spot or area of reduced vision surrounded by a normal visual field.
i.e.: A person can see normally except where the scotoma is.
Scotomas may affect one or both eyes and be either and be either absolute where nothing can be seen within the scotoma or, relative with some ability to see within the area of the scotoma.
Scotomas may also have different patterns and shapes like the fortification scotoma; it is called fortification because it looks like the outline of an old fort.
Scotomas can start of small and then get bigger, move around to different parts of a person's visual field, and they can also look like flickering lights.
Risk factors and triggers
In medicine a factor is a substance, a condition or an activity, or a lack thereof that increases the chance of a certain outcome or condition happening.
If it increases the chance of something unhealthy it is a risk factor.
A trigger factor or 'trigger' for short is a factor that may cause an activity or the signs and/or symptoms of a medical condition to begin.
Gender: Women are three times more likely to have migraine headaches than men.
Family history: A person has more of a chance of getting migraines if one of their parents has had them.
The International Headache Consortium are doctors from a lot of different countries who study headaches and what causes them.
They have found four genetic variations - these are differences in a persons genes - that are risk factors for migraine without aura in people who have these differences.
Two of these genetic variations had already been shown to play a role in migraine with aura.
Hormonal changes
Obesity: has shown to be a risk factor for chronic migraine not episodic migraine.
Dietary habits: fasting, dehydration, or skipping meals.
Diet: Eating certain foods such as those that contain tyramine which is found in certain foods and is the end result of the natural breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine.
Various food contain tyramine such as aged cheeses, smoked fish, some kinds of beer.
Tyramine as a trigger for migraine is thought to effect less than 10% of people with migraines.
There are no specific tests to diagnose migraine but a doctor may use different tests to rule out other causes for a person's symptoms.
The diagnosis of migraine is a clinical diagnosis which means it is based upon a person's medical history that a person reports to the doctor.
The medical history for a possible migraine diagnosis which can be called the headache history includes information such as:
Does anyone else in the person's family have medical problems.
If so what kind?
What are all the symptoms you have?
At what age did the symptoms first start?
How often do the headaches and/or other symptoms occur?
How long do the symptoms last?
Unilateral: either left or right side of the head - bilateral: both left and right sides
Differential diagnoses
Differential diagnoses are different medical disorders which may cause the same symptoms.
Vascular pathologies: medical conditions that effect the vascular system such as arteriovenous malformation
Disorders that often occur with migraine
Often, having one medical condition makes it more likely a person will also have one or more other medical or psychiatric disorders.
These other disorders are the "comorbid disorders" or "comorbidities".
There are various comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions associated with migraines.
The treatment and prognosis (if a disease gets better, worse or stays the same over time) of migraine  is affected by the comorbid disorders which may be present and/or the chance of getting comorbid disorders.
Raynaud’s disease: is a circulatory disorder in which the smaller arteries that supply blood to the extremities - most often the hands, but it may also affect the, toes, the tip of the nose and the ears - become narrower reducing blood flow.
This causes the extremities to become numb and to be cooler than the core body temperature.
It can be triggered by exposure to stress and cold.
Major depressive disorder
Complications of migraine
Chronic migraine
Status migrainosus is the term used to describe a severe migraine attack which lasts more than 72 hours straight.
Persistent aura without stroke
Migraine stroke
Migraine-triggered seizures
In medicine epidemiology is the study of what causes diseases and medical conditions, how often they happen, where they happen and who they happen to.
Migraine is more common among boys than girls until the beginning of puberty when girls start getting migraines more often than boys.
By the later part of the teenage years girls get migraines almost twice as much as boys do.
The number of people who get migraines is highest between the ages of 25 to 55 years in both men and women, after which, the risk of getting migraines get lower as a person gets older.
Between 65-75% of adult migraine sufferers are women and of these women, about two-thirds have menstrual migraines.
Migraines are more common in people who make less money, there may be different reasons why such as stress.
Symptoms that mimic those of migraines have been recorded in various cultures throughout written history.
The first known mention was found on cuneiform tablets from Babylonia dating to 2000-1880 B.C.E. A treatment for migraine can be found in the Ebers Papyrus, an Ancient Egyptian medical text named after George Ebers, the  German Eygptologist who discovered them.
In the ancient text dated to 1552 B.C.E. migraine is refereed to as "suffering in half the head".
The Ancient Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia's description of a type of headache he dubbed heterocrania is considered a description of migraine.
Joshua Winslow "Josh" Groban (born February 27, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, actor, and record producer.
He has won awards.
Groban was born in Los Angeles, California.
His parents are Lindy (nee Johnston), a school teacher, and Jack Groban, a businessman.
He has a younger brother, Chris, who shares the same birthday, but four years younger.
Groban's father was born Jewish, and is a descendant of Russian and Polish immigrants; he converted from Judaism to Christianity when marrying Groban's mother.
Groban's mother's ancestry includes Norwegian (from Toten), German, and English; one of her own grandfathers had been Jewish.
Groban's parents are Episcopalians.
Ariège : Campagne-sur-Arize, La Bastide-de-Besplas, La Bastide-de-Bousignac, La Bastide-de-Lordat, La Bastide-du-Salat, La Bastide-de-Sérou, La Bastide-sur-l'Hers, Mazères, Mirepoix, Montjoie-en-Couserans, Rimont, Roquefixade, Tarascon-sur-Ariège, Villeneuve-d'Olmes, Villeneuve-du-Bosc, Villeneuve-du-Paréage.
Aude : Arques, Belpech, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Chalabre, Labastide-d'Anjou, Labastide-de-Coulomat, Labastide-d'en-Richard, Labastide-en-Val, Labastide-Esparbairenque, Lignairolles, Molandier, Ribouisse, Saint-Denis, Saint-Louis, Salles-sur-l'Hers.
Aveyron : La Bastide-l'Évêque, Najac, Réquista, Sauveterre-de-Rouergue, Villecomtal, Villefranche-de-Panat, Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Villeneuve-d'Aveyron.
Cantal : Aurillac, Maurs, Montsalvy (Sauvetés).
Charente-Maritime : Talmont-sur-Gironde.
Dordogne : Beaumont-du-Périgord, Beauregard-et-Bassac, Bénévent, Domme, Eymet, Fonroque, Lalinde, Molières, Monestier, Monpazier, Puyguilhem, Roquepine, Saint-Aulaye, Saint-Barthélemy-de-Bellegarde, Saint-Louis-en-l'Isle, Tocane, Vergt, Villefranche-de-Lonchat, Villefranche-du-Périgord.
Haute-Garonne : Aignes, Alan, Beauchalot, Blajan, Bouloc, Boulogne-sur-Gesse, Boussens, Buzet-sur-Tarn, Calmont, Carbonne, Cazères, Gaillac-Toulza, Grenade, Labastide-Beauvoir, Labastide-Clermont, Lavelanet-de-Comminges, Le Fousseret, Le Plan, Léguevin, Lestelle-de-Saint-Martory, Mondilhan, Montastruc-la-Conseillère, Montesquieu-Volvestre, Montgeard, Montmaurin, Montréjeau, Nailloux, Nénigan, Palaminy, Plagne, Plaisance-du-Touch, Revel, Rieumes, Saint-Félix-Lauragais, Saint-Lys, Saint-Sulpice-sur-Lèze, Salles-sur-Garonne, Valentine, Villefranche-de-Lauragais, Villeneuve-de-Rivière, Villenouvelle.
Gers :  Aujan, Aurimont, Barcelonne-du-Gers, Barran, Bassoues, Beaucaire, Beaumarchés, Cazaubon, Cologne, Fleurance, Fourcès, Gimont, Jegun, Labastide-Savès, Lannepax, Lias-d'Armagnac, Marciac, Marguestau, Masseube, Miélan, Miradoux, Mirande, Monfort, Monguilhem, Montréal-du-Gers, Mourède, Pavie, Plaisance, Réjaumont, Saint-Clar, Seissan, Solomiac, Valence-sur-Baïse, Villefranche-d'Astarac.
Gironde : Blasimon, Cadillac, Créon, Libourne, Monségur, Pellegrue, Sainte-Gemme, Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, Sauveterre-de-Guyenne.
Landes : Arouille, Betbezer-d'Armagnac, Bonnegarde, Buanes, Cazères-sur-l'Adour, Coudures, Duhort-Bachen, Geaune-en-Tursan, Grenade-sur-l'Adour, Hastingues, Hontanx, Labastide-Chalosse, Labastide-d'Armagnac, Mauvezin-d'Armagnac, Miramont-Sensacq, Montégut, Montfort-en-Chalosse, Pimbo, Port-de-Lanne, Rondebœuf, Roquefort, Saint-Gein, Saint-Justin, Saint-Sever, Sarron, Sorde-l'Abbaye, Souprosse, Toulouzette, Villenave, Villeneuve-de-Marsan.
Lot : Beauregard, Bretenoux, Castelfranc, Cazals, Labastide-du-Haut-Mont, Labastide-du-Vert, Labastide-Marnhac, Labastide-Murat, Montcabrier, Montfaucon, Puybrun, Rudelle.
Lot-et-Garonne : Aiguillon, Castelnaud-de-Gratecambe, Castelnau-sur-Gupie, Castillonnès, Caudecoste, Damazan, Durance, Francescas, Granges-sur-Lot, Hautesvignes, Labastide-Castel-Amouroux, Lagruère, Lamontjoie, Laparade, Lavardac, Lévignac-de-Guyenne, Miramont-de-Guyenne, Monclar-d'Agenais, Monflanquin, Montpezat, Montpouillan, Nicole, Puymirol, Sainte-Livrade-sur-Lot, Saint-Pastour, Saint-Pé-de-Boulogne, Saint-Sardos, Saint-Sauveur-de-Meilhan, Sérignac-sur-Garonne, Tournon-d'Agenais, Vianne, Villefranche-du-Queyran, Villeneuve-sur-Lot, Villeréal.
Pyrénées-Atlantiques : Ainhoa, Asson, Bellocq, Bougarber, Bruges, Cardesse, Etcharry, Gan, Garlin, Navarrenx, La Bastide-Clairence, Labastide-Monréjeau, Labastide-Villefranche, Lestelle-Bétharram, Montaut, Navarrenx, Nay, Rébénacq.
Hautes-Pyrénées : Castelbajac, Lannemezan, Lubret-Saint-Luc, Montgaillard, Peyrouse, Rabastens-de-Bigorre, Saint-Martin, Sère-Rustaing, Tournay, Trie-sur-Baïse, Vidalos.
Tarn : Arthès, Beauvais, Brens, Briatexte, Castelnau-de-Lévis, Castelnau-de-Montmiral, Cordes, Damiatte, Florentin, Labastide-de-Lévis, Labastide-Dénat ou Labastide-Dupuy, Labastide-Rouairoux, Labastide-Saint-Georges, Labessière-Candeil, Lisle-sur-Tarn, Pampelonne, Réalmont, Saint-Gauzens, Saint-Sulpice-la-Pointe, Saint-Urcisse, Técou, Valence-d'Albigeois, Villefranche-d'Albigeois, Villeneuve-sur-Vère, Viterbe, Viviers-les-Montagnes.
Tarn-et-Garonne : Albias, Angeville, Beaumont-de-Lomagne, Castelsagrat, Caumont, Cordes-Tolosannes, Donzac, Dunes, Labastide-Saint-Pierre, Labastide-du-Temple, Lafrançaise, Larrazet, Mirabel, Molières, Monclar-de-Quercy, Montalzat, Montech, Montjoi, Nègrepelisse, Réalville, Saint-Sardos, Septfonds, Valence-d'Agen, Verdun-sur-Garonne, Verfeil-sur-Seye, Verlhac-Tescou.
Haute-Vienne : Masléon
Slip End is a medium sized village in South Bedfordshire, England.
There is one school in the village - Slip End Lower School serving the community and surrounding areas from Reception to Year 4 Children.
The Village Hall is at the centre of the village.
Peter Edwards Hall and playing fields is adjacent to the Church, St Andrews, next to the M1 motorway.
Slip End official website
Alex Fraser (scientist), Australian scientist
Alex Fraser (politician), Canadian politician
Network bridges work similarly to network switches, but the traffic is managed differently.
A bridge will only send traffic from one side to the other if it is going to a destination on the other side.
This is different to a layer 1 switch which sends all traffic from either side.
Sometimes network bridges are called layer 2 switches.
How is it different to a switch?
Network Switches and Bridges are both Layer 2 devices.
They  operate at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI Reference Model.
Network Switches and Bridges have many similarities and similar  function.
But Switches are considered as superior devices than bridges.
Following are the major differences between  network switches and bridges.
• Packet forwarding in Bridges are performed using software.
Packet forwarding in Switches are performed using ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits).
• Method of switching of a Bridge is store and forward.
Method  of switching of a Switch can be store and forward, cut-through or fragment-free.
Alex Fraser (1923–2002) was an Australian computer scientist.
He helped develop the modelling of population genetics on computers.
His work made an impact on how we view evolutionary systems today.
Australian scientists
The Great Northern War (1700–1721), was a war fought between Sweden and the coalition of Russia, Saxony, Poland, and Denmark-Norway.
In 1715 Prussia and Hannover joined the war against Sweden.
The King of Hannover was also King George II of Great Britain.
After the coalition attacked them, Sweden invaded Russia in 1709 which was not a good idea.
When winter came it was the coldest winter that Europe had had in a hundred years and half of the Swedish soldiers died in the cold.
Russia won the battle but most of the Swedish soldiers, including king Charles XII of Sweden, escaped and went to the Ottoman Empire.
Peter, the king of Russia, didn't like this so he declared war on the Ottoman Empire.
He lost and had to give the town of Azov back to the Ottomans.
Charles XII left the Ottoman Empire in 1714 and went to Stralsund in Pomerania which was owned by Sweden at the time but was under siege.
Charles escaped back to Sweden just before the people in Stralsund surrendered.
Then he invaded Norway (which was owned by Denmark at the time.)
and was shot and killed there.
With their king gone, the Swedish soldiers left Norway and went back to Sweden.
On the way back many soldiers died.
When all that was happening Russia had been invading Sweden.
Russia conquered  Estonia, Livonia and Ingria.
By the time the remaining soldiers had come back from Norway, Russia had completely conquered Finland.
Sweden still didn't want peace though, because they would have to give lots of land to Russia.
Russia used a newly made fleet of ships to attack and raid the Swedish Coast and Sweden would still not give up.
Eventually the Russian and Swedish ships came together in the Battle of Grengam.
Both sides thought they had won the battle so no treaty was signed until the Russians continued using their boats to damage the Swedish coast.
Finally Sweden gave up in 1721.
Sweden had made peace with Denmark in 1720 and in 1721 Sweden signed the treaty of Nystad.
In the Treaty of Nystad Sweden had to give land to other countries.
Sweden had to give Estonia, Livonia and Ingria to Russia but could keep Finland.
Sweden also signed other treaties.
These were the treaty of Stockholm where Sweden gave Prussia Swedish Pomerania and the treaty of Fredericksborg where Sweden had to pay Denmark-Norway money for the damage the war had done.
CentOS is a distribution (or distro) of Linux that is made to be similar to Red Hat.
It was first made because the company that made Red Hat stopped making it free.
Now, many people work on CentOS, and many more people use it on their computers.
Often, CentOS is used on servers (computers which provide services to people or other computers) because it is stable (does not break often) and can be installed (put on a computer) in not much time, compared to other distributions such as Gentoo.
On December 8th 2020, The CentOS Project announced the end of CentOS as it was previously known and announced CentOS Stream.
AlmaLinux among others now provide 1:1 binary compatible releases with RHEL and the original CentOS.
The original CentOS will reach end of life December 2021.
David Jon Gilmour CBE (born 6 March 1946) is an English musician, record producer, songwriter.
He is most famous for being a guitarist, singer and songwriter in the rock band Pink Floyd.
Along with being in Pink Floyd, he has worked as a record producer for other musicians.
Gilmour has also recorded and released albums as a solo performer.
Gilmour has always been active with many different charities.
He was appointed CBE in 2003 for services to both music and for his charity work.
In 2003, Gilmour was listed at number 82 in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time"
David Gilmour (1978)
About Face (1984)
On an Island (2006)
Live in Gdańsk (2008)
Rattle That Lock (2015)
Live at Pompeii'' (2017)
Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat.
Metals are good at heat conduction.
The thermal conductivity of a material is a defining property that aids in the development of effective heating/cooling technologies.
A value for thermal conductivity can be determined by measuring the rate at which heat can pass through a material.
Thermal resistivity is the opposite of thermal conductivity.
This means not conducting heat much.
Materials with high resistivity are called "thermal insulators" and are used in clothing, thermoses, home insulation, and cars to keep people warm or in refrigerators, freezers, and thermoses to keep things cold.
Thermal conductivity is often represented by the Greek letter "kappa", .
The units of thermal conductivity are watts per meter-kelvin.
Watts are a measure of power, meters are a measure of length, and kelvins are a measure of temperature.
From the units, we can see that thermal conductivity is a measure of how much power moves through a distance due to a temperature difference.
One example is when you put 2 spoons in boiling water, one spoon is steel and the other is silver.
When you take the spoons out of the boiling water, the silver spoon is hotter than the steel spoon.
The reason for this is that silver conducts heat better than steel.
The silver spoon will also cool off faster because of this, as it is better at releasing heat.
Another example of silver's thermal conductivity is to put different materials on ice cubes.
An iron washer will just sit on the ice and slowly become colder.
A copper penny will melt through the ice cube and become colder faster.
A silver coin, spoon, or ring on the ice cube will sink into it almost as though the ice cube were made of thick syrup, and the silver will become ice cold almost instantly.
Again, this is because the silver is really good at drawing heat from the air and giving it to the ice cube.
Copper is also good at this, but not as much as silver.
A hydride is a compound with hydrogen bonded to other elements.
Except for a few of the Noble gases, all of the elements in the periodic table can form hydrides.
The properties of hydrides can be very different, but some of the hydrides have similar properties.
Metallic hydrides: compounds with ionic bonding.
They are very reactive, making them difficult to dissolve.
Most alkali metals and alkaline earth metals form ionic hydrides.
Metallic or Interstitial hydrides: These have metallic properties like good electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity.
They are called interstitial because hydrogen can enter the metallic lattice (framework of metal atoms).
Metallic hydrides are mostly formed from the metals in the groups 3 to 5 of the periodic table.
Some of these are used in the nickel metal-hydride battery.
Covalent hydrides: These have covalent bonds between hydrogen and the other element.
Most of the p-block elements form covalent hydrides.
Many of these hydrides are unstable in air or water or when heated.
Hydrocarbons are the hydrides of carbon, ammonia is a hydride of nitrogen, and water is a hydride of oxygen.
Horse the Band is an American hardcore rock band from Lake Forest, California that was started in 1999.
They are famous for using video-game style music in their songs.
Nathan Winneke - vocals (2003-present)
David Isen - guitars, (1999-present)
Erik Engstrom - keyboard (1999-present)
Daniel Pouliot - drums, (2008-present)
Dashiell Han Arkenstone- bass (2005-2008)
Eli Green – drums (2005-2006)
Andy Stokes – bass (2001-2005)
Jason Karuza – drums, (1999-2003)
Christopher Prophet - drums, (2007-2008)
Adam Crook – vocals (1999-2003)
Secret Rhythm of the Universe (2001)
R. Borlax (2003, Pluto Records)
The Mechanical Hand (2005, Combat Records; re-release, 2007, Koch Records)
A Natural Death (2007, Koch Records)
Desperate Living (2009, Vagrant Records)
I Am a Small Wooden Statue on a Patch of Crabgrass Next to a Dried Up Riverbed (2001)
Beautiful Songs by Men (2002)
Pizza (2006, Combat Records / LIF Records)
The Effing 69 World Tour tour footage (2004)
Scabies, The Kangarooster, and You (1999)
A hospice is a type of medical treatment that helps take care of people who are very sick and have an illness that they will not be able to heal from.
People who stay in hospices are expected to die soon, but sometimes they get better.
Hospices are different from other medicinal treatments because they mostly try to make people feel better instead of trying to cure them.
Hospice tries to allow people to die with as little pain as possible.
A member of the hospice team visits regularly, and someone is usually always available by phone — 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Hospice may be covered by Medicare.
Most hospice care is provided at home — with a family member typically serving as the primary caregiver.
However, hospice care is also available at hospitals, nursing homes, assisted living facilities and dedicated hospice facilities.
The Hospice movement was started in England in the 1950s by a nurse named Dame Cicely Saunders.
The word Dame at the start of her name means that she did such good work starting hospices that the Queen of England made her a female knight.
Types of Hospice Care
In-Home Hospice : The first level of hospice care is in-home hospice, which means that hospice staff will come to a patient’s home to provide care.
This type of hospice care is typically used in the early stages of hospice, helping patients transition from a hospital to their homes.
Continuous Care: The second level of hospice care is continuous care, which is in-home care with 24/7 support.
With constant care, a patient has a member of hospice staff on hand at all times to help assist in symptom management.
In-Patient Hospice: The third level of hospice care is in-patient hospice care.
While it’s never a patient’s first choice to be in a hospital, away from the comfort of their home, there are times when symptoms become too much to manage even by continuous in-home care.
In-patient hospice allows a patient to be observed by nurses and physicians around the clock, ready at a moment’s notice to treat advanced symptoms and offer expert insights and care.
In-patient hospice facilities tend to be calmer and more “home-like” than regular hospital visits to replicate a familiar setting’s comfort.
Respite Care: The fourth and final level of hospice care is respite care.
Respite care exists as a sort of hybrid between in-patient and in-home or continuous home care.
The point of respite care is primarily to offer relief to caregivers.
Especially for those with no medical background, becoming a primary caregiver to a hospice patient can be too physically taxing and emotionally draining.
Respite care allows caregivers relief from the responsibility of having a hospice patient in their care for as many as five days and nights so they can rest.
Many historians regard Offa as the most powerful Anglo-Saxon king before Alfred the Great.
Offa died in 796 and was succeeded by his son, Ecgfrith, who reigned for less than five months before Coenwulf of Mercia became king.
King of Mercia
Offa was the son of Thingfrith, a descendant of Eowa of Mercia.
Eowa was a king of Mercia who ruled along with his more famous brother Penda of Mercia.
In 757 the king of Mercia,Athelbald, was murdered.
There was a short civil war between others claiming the throne.
An ealdorman named Beornred seized the throne of Mercia but Offa drove him out of Mercia and became king himself that same year.
The alliances Athelbald had formed fell apart when Offa came to power.
Offa had very little power outside of Mercia for the first several years of his reign.
Bretwalda (overlord)
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle makes no mention of Offa for the years between 757—777.
No Mercian chronicles from this time period have survived.
Charters are the only records that give any idea of Offa's power outside of Mercia.
But he proved to be ruthless, bold and creative in bringing Kent, Sussex and Essex under his control.
Aethelbert the king of Kent was apparently under Offa's influence before he died in 762.
In 794 another Aethelbert, a king in East Anglia was beheaded at Offa's command.
When Egbert of Wessex made a bid for the throne of Wessex in 786 Offa had him banished from England.
He made Beorhtric king of Wessex instead.
Egbert was welcomed at the court of Charlemagne for at least three years.
In charters Offa issued in Kent, East Anglia, Sussex and Middlesex he simply used the style Rex Merciorum (Latin for king of Mercia).
Only in three church charters does he expand his title to indicate he is overlord of all of England.
Offa had diplomatic relations with Charlemagne.
He was one of the few Anglo-Saxon monarchs to have dealings with continental rulers.
Letters and presents were exchanged.
But when Offa sought a marriage of his son to one of Charlemagne's daughters, relations were quickly cut off.
Charlemagne had all Frankish ports closed to British ships.
Offa, very involved in church affairs, presided over church councils personally in 786-7.
In 787 he convinced the pope to create the position of archbishop of Lichfield in Mercia.
He wanted his own archbishop who was closer at hand than the Archbishop of Canterbury.
He reorganized the defenses of his kingdom.
One of these defenses, Offa's Dyke was a massive earthworks between Mercia and the Welsh kingdoms to the west.
Offa died in 796.
His son, Ecgfrith, lasted only 141 days as king.
Mercia was never again as powerful as it was during Offa's reign.
796 deaths
Kings and Queens of Mercia
The Higgs boson (or Higgs particle) is a particle in the Standard Model of physics.
In the 1960s Peter Higgs was the first person to suggest that this particle might exist.
On 14 March 2013, scientists at CERN confirmed for the time that they had found a Higgs particle.
The Higgs particle is one of the 17 particles in the Standard Model, the model of physics which describes all known basic particles.
The Higgs particle is a boson.
Bosons are thought to be particles which are responsible for all physical forces.
Other known bosons are the photon, the W and Z bosons, and the gluon.
Scientists do not yet know how to combine gravity with the Standard Model.
The Higgs field is a fundamental field of crucial importance to particle physics theory.
Unlike other known fields such as the electromagnetic field, the Higgs field takes the same non-zero value almost everywhere.
The question of the Higgs field's existence was the last unverified part of the Standard Model of particle physics and, according to some, was "the central problem in particle physics".
It is difficult to detect the Higgs boson.
The Higgs boson is very massive compared to other particles, so it does not last very long.
There are usually no Higgs bosons around because it takes so much energy to make one.
The Large Hadron Collider at CERN was built mainly for this reason.
It speeds up two bunches of particles to almost light speed (travelling in opposite directions), before setting them on a path to collide with each other.
Each collision produces a flurry of new particles which are detected by detectors around the point where they collide.
There is still only a very small chance, one in 10 billion, of a Higgs boson appearing and being detected.
To find the few collisions with evidence of the Higgs boson, the LHC smashes together trillions of particles, and supercomputers sift through a massive amount of data.
Higgs bosons obey the conservation of energy law, which states that no energy is created or destroyed, but instead can be transferred or change form.
First, the energy starts out in the gauge boson that interacts with the Higgs field.
This energy is in the form of kinetic energy as movement.
After the gauge boson interacts with the Higgs field, it slows down.
This slowing down reduces the amount of kinetic energy in the gauge boson.
However, this energy is not destroyed.
Instead, the energy from the motion goes into the field and is converted into mass-energy, which is the energy stored in mass.
The mass created can become what we call a Higgs boson.
The amount of mass created comes from Einstein's famous equation E=mc2, which states that mass is equal to a large amount of energy (for example, 1 kg of mass is equivalent to almost 90 quadrillion joules of energy—the same amount of energy used by the entire world in roughly an hour and a quarter in 2008).
Since the amount of mass-energy created by the Higgs field is equal to the amount of kinetic energy that the gauge boson lost by slowing down, energy is conserved.
Higgs bosons are used in a variety of science fiction stories.
The physicist Leon Lederman called it the "God particle" in 1993.
On 12 December 2011,  the two teams at the Large Hadron Collider looking for the Higgs boson, ATLAS and CMS, announced that they had finally seen results which could suggest the Higgs boson existed; however, they did not know for certain if this was true.
The Official Website of ATLAS Project, a leading Higgs Boson research project:
Higgs boson -Citizendium
A Taylor series is an  idea used in computer science, calculus, chemistry, physics and other kinds of higher-level mathematics.
It is a series that is used to create an estimate (guess) of what a function looks like.
There is also a special kind of Taylor series called a Maclaurin series.
The theory behind the Taylor series is that if a point is chosen on the coordinate plane (x- and y-axes), then it is possible to guess what a function will look like in the area around that point.
This is done by taking the derivatives of the function and adding them all together.
The idea is that it is possible to add the infinite number of derivatives and come up with a single finite sum.
In mathematics, a Taylor series shows a function as the sum of an infinite series.
The sum's terms are taken from the function's derivatives.
Taylor series come from Taylor's theorem.
The Ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea first came up with the idea of this series.
The paradox called "Zeno's paradox" is the result.
He believed that it would be impossible to add an infinite number of values and get a single finite value as a result.
Another Greek philosopher, Aristotle, came up with an answer to the philosophical question.
It was Archimedes, however, who came up with a mathematical solution using his method of exhaustion.
He was able to prove that when something is split up into an infinite number of tiny pieces, they will still add up to a single whole when all of them are added back together.
The ancient Chinese mathematician Liu Hui proved the same thing several hundred years later.
The earliest known examples of the Taylor series are the work of Mādhava of Sañgamāgrama in India in the 1300s.
Later Indian mathematicians wrote about his work with the trigonometric functions of sine, cosine, tangent, and arctangent.
None of Mādhava's writings or records still exists today.
Other mathematicians based their work on Mādhava's discoveries and worked more with these series until the 1500s.
James Gregory, a Scottish mathematician, worked in this area in the 1600s.
Gregory studied the Taylor series and published several Maclaurin series.
In 1715, Brook Taylor discovered a general method for applying the series to all functions. (
All of the previous research showed how to apply the method to only specific functions.)
Colin Maclaurin published a special case of the Taylor series in the 1700s.
This series, which is based around zero, is called the Maclaurin series.
A Taylor series can be used to describe any function ƒ(x) that is a smooth function (or, in mathematical terms, "infinitely differentiable.")
The function ƒ can be either real or complex.
The Taylor series is then used to describe what the function looks like in the neighborhood of some number a.
Here n!
is the factorial of n. ƒ (n)(a) is the nth derivative of ƒ at the point a.  is a number in the function's domain.
If the Taylor Series of a function is equal to that function, the function is called an "analytic function."
Maclaurin series
When , the function is called a Maclaurin series.
The Maclaurin series written as a power series looks like:
Common Taylor series
Where  is the nth Bernoulli number, and  is the natural logarithm.
References cite 3 is missing.
pl:Wzór Taylora#Szereg Taylora
Wilhelm Furtwängler (born Berlin, 25 January 1886; died Baden-Baden, 30 November 1954) was a German conductor.
He is thought of as one of the greatest conductors in history.
Many people say that he is the best ever.
The famous Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini said he was the world's best conductor other than himself.
Furtwängler was especially famous for conducting the music of famous German composers.
His performances of Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner, and Wagner are very well known and loved by many people.
Furtwängler was born on January, 25, 1886 in Berlin, Germany.
He grew up in Munich, where his father was an archaeologist and professor.
He started learning about music when he was very young.
He learned to play the piano and was very talented.
He also began writing music.
He wrote several pieces before he was 20 years old.
He kept writing music for the rest of his life, but his pieces never became very famous.
Conducting career
Furtwängler first started conducting as a young man.
He wanted to conduct in order to perform his own music.
However, he quickly became famous for conducting the music of others.
The very first piece he conducted in public was the 9th Symphony of Bruckner.
He conducted many orchestras before he finally became the leader of the world-famous Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in 1922.
Later, he also had many other important conducting jobs.
The most important was the director of the Bayreuth Festival, a very famous German music festival.
The Nazis and World War II
When the Nazis took over Germany in the 1930s, Furtwängler was in an awkward position.
He wanted to conduct some kinds of music that the Nazis did not like.
He left some of his conducting jobs in protest when they did not let him perform.
In 1936 he almost left Germany to live in the United States, where the New York Philharmonic Orchestra wanted him to conduct.
However, the Nazis still thought he was a good conductor, and they kept him in Germany.
He also wanted to stay to protect the German music from the Nazis.
People in the United States did not like him for staying, even though he did not really like the Nazis.
During World War II Furtwängler continued to conduct the Berlin Philharmonic.
He gave many very famous concerts during this time.
But towards the end of the war, the Nazis became unhappy with him.
He fled from Germany in 1945 and lived in Switzerland for several years.
He did not conduct again for two years.
After the war, Furtwängler was still in a difficult position.
The Allies thought that he had been a Nazi supporter because he had stayed in Germany.
They put him on trial, but finally decided he was innocent.
He was allowed to go back to conducting in 1947.
Even though he was innocent, people in the US still did not like him.
He was going to conduct the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, but he was not allowed to because people got angry about it.
Furtwängler gave many successful concerts after the war.
He still conducted the Berlin Philharmonic and other famous orchestras in Europe.
Furtwängler gave the most famous concert of his career in 1951.
That year, he conducted Beethoven's 9th Symphony at the Bayreuth Festival.
It was the first time that the festival had happened since the end of the war, six years before.
Many people say that this concert was the greatest musical concert in history.
Furtwängler finally died in 1954, when he was 68 years old.
Furtwängler had a very unusual way of conducting.
His movements with the baton were very awkward and jerky.
Some people said he looked "like a puppet on a string" when he conducted.
He liked to slow down and speed up the music very often.
Furtwängler believed that there was more to music than just the notes on the score.
He felt it was the performer's job to make each performance something special.
This meant that he often played the same piece in very different ways at different concerts.
Even when he changed the way he played a piece, though, the music was thought to be very beautiful.
He did not like conductors who just played the notes on the page without doing anything special with the music.
As a younger conductor, Furtwängler played music by many different composers.
However, as he got older, he usually only played music by the great German composers.
Some of his favorites were Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner, and Wagner.
Furtwängler did not make many recordings in studios.
Recording technology was still very new at the time and did not work well for recording long classical pieces at first.
However, many of Furtwängler's concerts were recorded, especially during and after World War II.
Today people think these are some of the best recordings of all time.
His famous concert at Bayreuth in 1951 is one of these concert recordings.
Wilhelm Furtwängler Society of France
Video of Furtwängler conducting the end of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in 1942
A face should not cheat and most will not use weapons.
They often try to make the crowd happy and excited.
de:Liste von Wrestling-Begriffen#F