the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Hurricane Maria caused 3 deaths and $3.1 million in damage.
Nate was a category 1 hurricane.
Hurricane Nate also helped Hurricane Maria kill one person in Bermuda, and another in New Jersey.
Hurricane Ophelia was a category 1 hurricane in September of 2005.
It moved strangely just offshore of the United States.
In all, Ophelia killed 3 people and caused $70 million in damage, mostly to North Carolina.
Hurricane Philippe
Hurricane Philippe was a category 1 hurricane that moved near land, but did not affect land.
This was the third of eleven uses of a "P" name.
Hurricane Rita was a powerful category 5 hurricane that started east of the Bahamas on September 26.
It moved south of Florida and into the Gulf of Mexico.
Rita became a category 5 hurricane very fast, then made landfall.
Hurricane Rita made landfall as a category 3 hurricane in Texas, on September 24.
By September 26, Rita had died over the U.S. The hurricane killed about 120 people and caused $10 billion in damage.
This was only the second time that an "R" name was used in the Atlantic, the first being Roxanne.
Hurricane Stan was the sixth of the seven storms in 2005 to make landfall in Mexico.
The storm caused $1 billion in Mexico and the Central American region.
The exact number of people killed is unknown, but the guess is around 1,660, though it could be up to 2,000.
Tropical Storm Tammy
Tammy was a tropical storm that only existed for a total of two days and brought minor damages to the southeastern United States.
It peaked with 50 mph (85 km/h) just before making landfall on the northern Florida coast.
Tammy formed from a strong non-tropical low on October 5 just off the Floridan coast.
It moved north, peaking with 50 mph (85 km/h) winds just before making landfall on Atlantic Beach, Florida on October 6.
Tammy died shortly later.
Most of the damages were losses from FEMA that totaled up to $30 million.
Tammy also killed 10 people.
This was only the second time that a name starting with the letter "T" in the Atlantic Ocean.
The first use was from Hurricane Tanya in 1995.
Hurricane Vince was a very rare and unusual hurricane.
Hurricane Vince formed in the Atlantic, in a location where the water was too cold for a storm to form.
It was only a hurricane for about 6 hours.
The storm performed another rare feat, which was making landfall in Spain.
This was the first time that a "V" name had been used in the Atlantic.
Hurricane Wilma was the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean.
Hurricane Wilma lasted as a storm from mid to later October in 2005.
Wilma left $28.8 billion in damage, mostly to Florida and the Yucatán Peninsula.
Tropical Storm Alpha
Tropical Storm Alpha was the first tropical storm to get a Greek alphabet name.
It caused 43 people to die over Haiti, Dominican Republic, and the Bahamas.
All of this happened before Hurricane Wilma absorbed Alpha on October 24.
Hurricane Beta was a category 3 hurricane in late October, 2005.
It strengthened fast and made landfall in Nicaragua, before it died on October 31.
Beta caused about 4 deaths and $3 million in damage.
Tropical Storm Gamma
Gamma was a tropical storm that started in the middle of November.
It crossed the Caribbean Sea and dissipated during this time.
Tropical Storm Gamma reformed north of Honduras, before it again died.
The tropical storm killed about 41 people in Honduras.
Tropical Storm Delta
Tropical Storm Delta was a strong tropical storm.
It killed at least 7 people in the Canary Islands and caused about $360 million in damage.
The remains were last seen over Morocco.
Epsilon was a rare December hurricane, the first since Hurricane Lili in 1984.
Forecasters incorrectly guessed on how much time it would take for Epsilon to dissipate.
Epsilon did not come anywhere near land.
Tropical Storm Zeta was the last storm of 2005.
The storm formed on December 30 over cold waters in the Atlantic.
Tropical Storm Zeta dissipated on January 6, 2006.
It was only one of two storms to live in two different years (the other was Hurricane Alice, which was in 1954 and 1955).
The storm did not affect land or cause any deaths or damage.
Other storms
There were also four storms in and around the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season that were not given any names: Tropical Depression Ten(10), Tropical Depression Nineteen(19), Subtropical Depression Twenty-two(22), and a subtropical storm that was not found until after it had happened.
A subtropical cyclone is a storm that is not quite a tropical cyclone, but is more tropical than an extratropical cyclone.
A Christian calendar can be any calendar used by various Christian Churches for the Church year, called "liturgical year".
For example, it can be used to find out what day Easter will be on, even though it is not the same in every Church.
Puberty is what happens in children's bodies that changes them into adults.
After puberty, people are able to make children.
A girl who has gone through puberty can become pregnant and have a baby.
At puberty, a boy's body begins making sperm, and he starts to be able to ejaculate, which is semen coming out from his penis when he is sexually excited.
If he has sexual intercourse (sex) with a girl, he can make her pregnant.
Puberty is started by hormones, which are chemicals that tell parts of the body to do things.
Today, on average, girls start puberty at age 10 or 11, and boys at age 11 or 12.
However, people all over the world start puberty at different ages.
Changes that happen to boys and girls during puberty include the sex organs growing bigger, hair appearing on the body, and growing taller and stronger.
These changes are called secondary sex characteristics.
People often notice boys' voices getting deeper, and girls growing breasts and starting to menstruate (have periods).
Because puberty is the time in a child's life when he or she becomes able to make children, this is seen as very important.
Therefore, people in many countries around the world have different ways of marking this event.
How the body controls puberty
Puberty is started and carried on by different hormones.
Hormones are chemicals that tell parts of the body to do things.
Hormones are made by glands in the body.
Glands are organs (special parts) of the body that make hormones.
A gland at the bottom of the brain called the hypothalamus sends gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into a nearby gland called the pituitary gland.
GnRH causes cells in the pituitary gland to make two hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
LH and FSH are types of hormones called gonadotropins.
The bloodstream carries these hormones around the body.
LH and FSH make the gonads grow larger and start producing their own hormones, estradiol and testosterone.
A girl's gonads are her ovaries, and a boy's gonads are his testicles (also called testes).
Both ovaries and testicles produce estradiol and testosterone, but ovaries produce more estradiol and testicles produce more testosterone.
Estradiol and testosterone are types of hormones called steroid hormones.
Steroid hormones are also made by the body's two adrenal glands, which sit on top of the two kidneys.
When the amount of estradiol and testosterone in the body increases, various parts of the body change.
When puberty starts and ends
On average, girls begin puberty at ages 10–11; boys at ages 11–12.
Girls usually complete puberty by ages 15–17, while boys usually complete puberty by ages 16–17.
The major landmark of puberty for females is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between ages 12–13; for males, it is the first ejaculation, which occurs on average at age 13.
In rich countries in the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially girls, reach puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for girls and 16 for boys.
This can be due to  improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or eating meat from animals which have been dosed up with oestrogen.
This is the general picture, but people round the world may start puberty at different ages.
This is because their environment (things around them) may differ quite a bit.
Here are some of the things that make puberty happen at different ages in people:
Genetics is the study of how parents pass on to their children some of the way they are through their genes.
Some studies have found that mothers and daughters tend to start puberty at about the same age.
Boys and girls who have a good diet – who eat healthy food – tend to start puberty earlier.
Today, people start puberty younger than in the 1840s.
For example, in Norway, girls born in 1840 had their first period (see below) at an average age of 17 years; in France the average age was 15.3 years; and in England it was 16.5 years.
This may be because people have better food to eat today.
Young people who exercise a lot, such as athletes and gymnasts, may start puberty later.
It may also happen more slowly for them.
This is thought to be because their bodies use up the food that they eat faster.
This causes them to have less body fat, so there is less leptin to tell their brains to start puberty.
Obesity is the state of being very overweight.
A scientific study seems to say that girls who are obese start puberty early.
Some obese girls have started growing breasts before the age of nine years and have had their first period before 12 years.
This could be because a woman who is pregnant needs more nutrients (chemicals the body needs to stay alive) to support her baby.
Therefore, if a girl is obese, her body fat sends signals to her brain that she is ready to become pregnant.
Girls who have early puberty can have health problems later on in life.
Boys and girls who are sick for a long time, especially with illnesses that cause them to have a poor diet, tend to start puberty late.
For example, this often happens to people who suffer from anorexia nervosa.
Anorexia nervosa, often called "anorexia" for short, is an eating disorder.
People with anorexia think that they are fat, or are very afraid of becoming fat.
They try to lose weight by eating too little and doing too much exercise.
To avoid gaining weight, they do not eat the amount of food their body needs.
This causes them to stay at a weight that is not normal for their age and height.
It is thought that people who are under a lot of stress start puberty later.
Some research seems to show that girls have their first period a bit later when their fathers are not around when they are young, when they have a stepfather, if they have been sexually abused for a long time, or if they were adopted by their parents from another country at a young age.
On the other hand, the first period may happen a bit later when a girl grows up in a large family with her natural father around.
However, scientists are not sure how correct these studies are.
Not many studies have been done to find out if stress also causes boys to start puberty later.
Some scientists think people may start puberty earlier because their bodies are affected by chemicals such as estrogens and progestagens that are put in the environment by humans.
Another chemical that may cause early puberty is Bisphenol A (BPA).
It is used to make plastics, such as some types of baby bottles, water bottles and sports equipment.
Girls usually reach their adult height and become sexually mature (able to have babies) about four years after puberty starts.
Boys keep growing for about six years after puberty starts.
Puberty in boys starts off more slowly than in girls, but then speeds up later on.
Although boys are usually about  shorter than girls before puberty begins, men on average end up about  taller than women.
Body changes in males
For most boys, puberty takes about six years and ends when they are about 17 or 18 years old.
At the end of puberty, a teenager is usually about 10 to 30 centimetres (cm) (4 to 12 inches (in)) taller, 7 to 29 kilograms (kg) (15 to 65 pounds (lb)) heavier, and stronger.
He is also able to make a woman pregnant (have a baby).
Sex organs grow bigger
The first sign of puberty in boys is that their testicles (also called the testes) and scrotum (the "bag" that the testicles are in) grow bigger.
Before puberty, each testicle is about 1.5 to 2 cm (0.6 to 0.8 in) long and has a volume of about 2 to 3 cubic centimetres (cc) (0.1 to 0.2 cubic inches (cu in)).
About six years after puberty starts, the testicles reach their adult size.
The volume of an average adult man's testicle is about 18 to 20 cc (1.1 to 1.2 cu in).
However, it is normal for some men to have testicles smaller than this size, and for other men to have larger testicles.
The penis also grows bigger during puberty.
At the start of puberty, the average length of the penis is 6 cm (2.4 in).
The penis reaches adult size about five years later.
A study done in 1996 found the mean length of an adult man's penis is 3.5 in (8.9 cm) when it is flaccid (, ) (not erect or hard).
The average length of an erect penis is about 12.9 to 15 cm (5.1 to 5.9 in).
The testicles have two main jobs: to make hormones and sperm.
The testicles make the hormone testosterone, which spreads around the body.
This causes the changes in the body that make a boy grow into a man.
Testosterone also makes a man feel like having sex.
One year after puberty begins, when boys urinate (pee) after waking up in the morning, some sperm can be found in the urine.
When a boy is about 13 years old his testicles will have grown to the stage that he may be fertile (able to make a woman pregnant).
However, it will be still be difficult for him to do so.
Boys usually only become fully fertile when they reach about 14 to 16 years of age.
The sperm in the testicles mixes with other liquids in the body to form a whitish or yellowish and sticky fluid called semen.
During puberty, two glands in the body called the seminal vesicles and prostate also grow bigger.
These glands make a lot of the liquid that is in semen.
When a man is sexually excited, he gets an erection – his penis becomes bigger, longer and harder.
A male can become sexually excited if thinks about sex or sees a good-looking person, or if his penis rubs against something.
During puberty, some boys also have spontaneous erections.
These are erections that happen by themselves without any reason.
This can be embarrassing when it happens in a public place.
When a man's penis is sexually stimulated for some time, he has an orgasm and semen shoots out from the penis.
This is called ejaculation.
Boys who have not begun puberty cannot ejaculate.
A boy's first ejaculation usually happens about one year after he begins puberty.
For some boys, the first ejaculation takes place when they are sleeping.
This is called a nocturnal emission or a wet dream.
It happens without the boy's control, often when he is having a dream about sex.
Scientists believe that wet dreams are the body's way of removing too much semen.
A study done of 5,300 white men in the United States in 1948 found that 13% of them had their first ejaculation through a wet dream, This seems to tell us that most boys have their first ejaculation after masturbating.
A male masturbates when he rubs his penis to make himself feel good sexually.
The study also found that most boys who have their first ejaculation by masturbating do this a year or more earlier than boys who have their first ejaculation through a wet dream.
A 2004 survey by a magazine in Canada found that most males (43%) started masturbating when they were about 12 to 13 years old.
When a boy begins masturbating, wet dreams often stop happening because semen is taken out from his body regularly.
When a boy starts to ejaculate, he usually produces only a small amount of semen.
The semen is different from what an adult man produces.
It is usually clear and stays sticky.
It either has no sperm in it, or sperm that do not move properly or do not move at all.
A boy's semen only becomes like an adult man's semen about two years after his first ejaculation.
Body hair and skin changes
Not long after a boy's testicles and penis start to grow, pubic hair (, ) begins to appear.
Pubic hair is hair that grows in the pubic region, which is the part of the body where the penis is.
Pubic hair is shorter, curlier and rougher than hair on the head.
It usually starts growing on the abdomen above the penis at the place where it joins the body. (
The abdomen is the part of the torso where the navel or bellybutton is.)
There may also be some hair on the scrotum.
After about six months to a year, there will be a large triangle of hair in the pubic region.
Within three to four years after puberty begins, there is a lot of pubic hair in the area above the penis.
Later on, pubic hair also grows on the abdomen upwards towards the navel and on the insides of the thighs.
In the armpits.
Around the anus.
On the upper lip, forming a mustache (also spelled moustache in the United Kingdom and other countries).
On the sides of the face in front of the ears, forming sideburns.
Around the nipples.
On the lower part of the face, forming a beard.
The hair on the arms, legs, chest, abdomen and back may also become thicker.
Different men have different amounts of body hair.
Many boys begin shaving when hair starts growing on their faces.
A larger amount of male hormones in the body cause changes to perspiration (sweat).
This gives it a more "adult" body odor or smell.
The hormones also cause sebaceous glands in the skin to make more sebum, a type of oil that keeps the skin from getting too dry.
Sebum and dead skin cells can mix with a type of germ called bacteria and block pores (tiny openings) in the skin.
This causes a skin problem called acne.
Most people get acne during puberty.
When a person has acne, he gets swellings on his skin called blackheads, whiteheads and pimples.
Blackheads and whiteheads are painless, but pimples can be red and painful.
They usually form on the face but can also appear on the neck, shoulders, upper back and chest.
Oil glands on scalp – the part of the head on which hair grows – also make a lot of sebum.
This can cause dandruff, in which small white bits of skin fall from the scalp.
During puberty, a boy's larynx or voicebox also grows larger.
This makes the laryngeal prominence or Adam's apple – the lump that sticks out of the front of his neck – larger too.
As the larynx grows the vocal folds become longer and thicker, so they vibrate (move back and forth) more slowly.
This causes the voice to lower in pitch or tone and become deeper.
When this happens, it is sometimes said that the boy's voice has "broken".
However, it actually does not happen overnight but over some time.
During this time, the voice may sound scratchy.
On average, a boy's voice normally reaches its adult sound when he is around 15 years old.
Body growth
Towards the end of puberty, boys go through a "growth spurt" which lasts for about two to three years.
During this time, their body grows taller very quickly.
When the growth spurt is at its fastest point, some people grow  or more a year.
This happens about two years after puberty starts, usually between the ages of 13 and 15.
When a boy reaches the end of his growth spurt when he is about 18 years old, he will be at his adult height.
His body will not grow much taller after that.
Because of their growth spurt, boys' muscles can feel sore.
These "growing pains" can feel worse if boys are active and do a lot of exercise.
They go away after a while.
Boys grow more slowly than girls, but for a longer time.
That is why most men are taller than women.
By the end of puberty, adult males have heavier bones and more muscle than females.
In an average adult man, muscle makes up 50% and fat 15% of his weight.
On the other hand, 40% of an average adult woman's weight is made up of muscle while 27% is made up of fat.
Because men have less body fat than women, their hips do not grow bigger.
Some bones like those in the jaw and shoulders grow more in males than in females.
That is why males have wider faces and shoulders but narrower hips.
Body changes in females
The changes in a girl's body during puberty usually take place between the ages of eight and 18 years.
Most girls will have finished puberty around the age of 15.
They will have breasts and pubic hair, will menstruate (have a period) every month, and will be able to get pregnant.
They will usually also have reached their full adult height.
Breasts grow
When the breasts start to grow, this is normally the first sign of puberty that can be seen on the outside of a girl's body.
This usually happens when girls are about the age of 10.5 years.
A lump that is a bit hard appears in each breast under the areola, which is the dark ring around the nipple.
The lump in one breast may grow before the other one.
This is called breast budding.
Within six to 12 months, both breasts will have started growing.
The swelling can be felt and seen outside the edges of the areolae.
About one and a half to two years after the breasts first start growing, they are close to the shape and size of an adult woman's breasts.
The nipple and areola may be on a smaller mound on each breast.
This small mound usually goes away when each breast is fully grown.
Whether the breasts are small or large depends on how much fat there is in the body.
Between the ages of about eight and 14 (on average, at 11 or 12 years), pubic hair begins to grow along the labia (the "lips" of the vulva), usually a few months after the breasts start growing.
At first the hair is thin and straight instead of curly, and there is not much of it.
Within a year, the pubic hair becomes rough, dark and curly and grows in a triangle shape in the pubic region.
About one year after pubic hair begins appearing, underarm hair also grows.
The hair on the arms and legs also gets thicker, and some girls may have hair appearing on their upper lip and in front of their ears.
Like boys, higher amounts of hormones in the body cause girls' perspiration (sweat) to change.
This gives them a more adult body odor or smell.
The hormones also cause the skin to produce more sebum (oil), which usually leads to acne.
Changes to the sex organs and menstruation
When girls are between eight and 11 years old, the two ovaries in their body begin to grow bigger.
Each ovary is egg-shaped, and is attached to the side wall of the pelvis.
The pelvis is a large set of bones in the hips.
The ovaries are organs that make female hormones.
These hormones cause a girl to grow into a woman, and make her feel like a woman.
The hormones also make it possible for females to become pregnant and have babies.
Inside the ovaries are about 200,000 ova (egg cells).
For a baby to be formed, a woman's ovum and a man's sperm must come together.
During puberty, the ova also grow bigger.
Between the ages of nine and 15 years (on average, at 12 to 13 years), the vagina and uterus (womb) become bigger.
The opening of the vagina is inside the vulva, in between the legs.
Then, about two years after the breasts start to grow, when a girl is between ten and 16 years old (on average, at 13 to 14 years), hormones made by her ovaries cause the ovaries to release an ovum, which moves into the uterus.
Usually, only one ovum is released at a time.
The hormones also tell the uterus to get ready for a baby, in case the ovum meets a sperm and gets fertilized.
The walls of the uterus become thicker with extra tissue.
Inside the thick part of the uterus are blood vessels and other nutrients that a baby will need to grow.
If an ovum in the uterus gets fertilized, it sticks to the wall of the uterus and starts to grow.
However, if the ovum is not fertilized, it does not stick.
The bleeding normally lasts for about three to five days, though some girls may bleed for longer or have a bit of bleeding between periods.
For most girls, the time between their periods is about one month.
For about two years after menstruation starts, the time between periods is not always the same.
Some girls may skip a month, or have two periods close to each other.
It is also normal to have cramps (rather painful squeezing feelings) or to feel bloated (swollen up) in the abdomen during periods.
When many girls start having periods, they begin using sanitary napkins (also called sanitary pads) or tampons to soak up the blood and tissue.
A sanitary napkin is a piece of material that is absorbent (able to take in liquids) which is worn between the vulva and underpants.
A tampon is a stick of absorbent material that is placed inside the vagina.
Because of more hormones in the body, girls start to have more fat in their breasts, abdomen, hips and thighs.
At the age of ten years, the average girl has 6% more body fat than the average boy, but by the end of puberty the difference is nearly 50%.
The fat makes sure that a baby growing inside a pregnant woman will have enough nutrients.
Also, the bones in the pelvis move further apart to make room for a larger uterus and ovaries, and so there is space for a baby to grow in the uterus and to pass out of the body when it is born.
The extra fat and wider hip bones that girls have give them a curvier shape.
Girls also experience a growth spurt during puberty.
In the first year after puberty begins, they grow about .
They grow even faster the next year or so, then the growth slows down and almost stops when they start menstruating.
After a girl's periods begin, she usually does not grow more than  taller.
Emotional changes in males and females
The large amounts of hormones in the bodies of boys and girls during puberty can also affect their emotions.
Young people begin to be attracted by (drawn to) each other and thinking about what it is like to have sex.
They are often worried about what other people think about them.
They can also feel an urge to do things that are dangerous, such as taking drugs or too many alcoholic drinks, or smoking.
They sometimes want more independence – more power to decide things for themselves – and can get angry when their parents do not allow them to do things.
The brains of teenagers are still growing, and it may take a while before they are mature enough to know how to make good choices about their lives.
Therefore, it may be helpful for them to follow the advice of adults they trust, even if it does not make much sense to them at the time.
Therefore, people in many countries around the world practice Rites of passage to mark this change.
Males
Among some aboriginal tribes in Australia, when young men go through puberty, their penises are cut or pierced (something sharp is used to poke through the skin), or they may be circumcised.
Circumcision is cutting off the foreskin of the penis (the piece of skin that covers the glans penis or head of the penis).
Young men are also sent away from home to go on a long trip on foot called a walkabout.
During this trip, they learn how to hunt animals and survive in the open.
Among the Navajo (, ), who are a Native American people, a young woman who has had her first period goes through a four-day ceremony called Kinaalda which shows that she has changed from being a girl to a woman.
The young woman's mother combs her hair and ties it into a ponytail.
The young woman's family then sings a prayer, after which she puts on a dress made of a rug and jewellery made of turquoise and seashells.
The young woman then runs as fast as she can towards the east, and turns around and runs home.
She usually does this once in the morning and once in the evening every day during the ceremony.
On the first night, the young woman does not go to sleep but stays awake while more prayers are sung.
During the ceremony, the young woman also stands straight or lies on the ground in front of her mother, and her mother passes her hands over the young woman's body to make sure that she grows up beautiful.
On the last day of the ceremony, the young woman does a final run; her mother passes her hands over her body one last time; and the young woman gives alkaan, a large cake made of maize (corn) that she has made, to her whole tribe to eat.
Among the Urubu-Kaapor people of Brazil, South America, when a young woman has had her first period, she goes into a room in her home covered with palm leaves to spend time alone for a month.
She only eats cooked white cassava flour and white tortoise meat.
She sleeps in a hammock (a type of bed made of rope that is hung above the floor) as it is believed that some magic will escape if her feet touch the ground.
On the seventh day of her time alone, the young woman's father cuts her hair very short.
Her legs are scratched with the tooth of an agouti, which is an animal that looks like a guinea pig.
Pieces of cloth are wrapped around the woman's forehead and abdomen (tummy), and large ants are put inside the cloth.
After the woman has been bitten by the ants a few times, the cloth is removed.
The Urubu-Kaapor people believe that the woman will learn how to be strong if she suffers some pain.
After the young woman has finished spending a month alone in her room, she makes a meal and a special drink from cassava and gives it to her family and other people in her village.
The young woman is now considered an adult, and can wear a necklace of feathers and a waistband with flowers.
She also puts pink makeup made from plants on her face.
When young women of some tribes in Ghana, Africa, have had their first period, they spend two to three weeks away from their family and friends.
The queen mother of the town or village where they live and other older women teach the young women about sex and birth control.
The young women also learn how to relate to men so that they can have a good marriage.
After this, the young women appear at an event attended by the chief and everybody in the town or village.
Young men also come to choose women to marry.
Growing Up Sexually: A World Atlas
NIH guide to puberty and adolescence
"Puberty in Girls" from AboutKidsHealth, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
"Puberty in Boys" from AboutKidsHealth, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Teen Forums – Puberty
Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, a village in the East Riding of Yorkshire
The Battle of Stamford Bridge, a battle in England on 25 September 1066
Stamford Bridge (stadium), a stadium in London
Chelsea F.C., who are based in that stadium
The Bali tiger, or Balinese tiger (Panthera tigris balica) is one of the three extinct sub-species of the tiger.
They became extinct in 1937.
They lived on Bali.
This was the first sub-species of tiger to become extinct.
The Bali was also the smallest tiger sub-species.
There is no record of a Balinese tiger ever being held in a zoo collection.
The Balinese tiger's close sub-species were the Javan tiger and the Caspian tiger, which are now also extinct.
The Balinese and Javan tigers were once the same, but during the Ice Age, Bali became isolated from Java by the Bali Strait.
This split the tigers into two groups which then went onto develop alone.
The killing of the very last wild Balinese tiger is usually thought to have been at Sumbar Kima, West Bali on 27 September, 1937.
It was an adult tigress.
So the government of Bali made a strict law on killing tigers, but by then it was too late, because the Bali tiger had already become extinct.
Extinct species
July 4 – Martin Luther is ordained a priest of the Catholic Church.
August 20 – Guru Nanak Dev becomes the first guru and leader of the Sikh religion.
The Persian Wars end.
Confucius (born 551 BC).
December 31 – Commodus, Roman Emperor (b. 161)
August 1 – Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers
The chronicle of Roger of Wendover is of original value as of this year.
Founding of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword
Founding of Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda, Aragon Province, Spain
Leonardo Fibonacci published Liber Abaci, introducing the Arabian zero to Europe
First jesters in European courts
Fourth Crusade – Siege of Zadar
Margaret II of Flanders (died 1278)
March 8 – Sverre Sigurdsson, King of Norway
May 7 – Hamelin de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey
Cathal Carragh Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht
Canute VI of Denmark (born 1163)
Alain de Lille, French theologian and poet (born c. 1128)
England – John, King of England (reigned 1199 – 1216).
Sitting Bull (about 1831 – December 15, 1890), real name Tatanka Yotanka, was the chief of a Native American tribe called Hunkpapa-Lakota-Sioux.
At the age of about 14, Slow participated in a war party against the Crow (warriors).
He was a very important chief and fought for the freedom of Native Americans.
He fought with Crazy Horse and Big Foot at the Little Bighorn River against General George A. Custer and won.
They are the most deadly tribe.
The Swedish king Adolft Gustav II started a university at Tartu, Estonia.
October 31 – Johannes Vermeer, painter
April 30 – Sigismund III, Vasa king of Polen
September 3 – Carlo Bonone, Italian painter
Michelle Kwan (born July 7, 1980) is a retired American figure skater.
She has won five world championships and nine U.S. championships.
Birth and childhood
Michelle Kwan was born on July 7, 1980, in Torrance, California.
Kwan showed interest in figure stating when she followed Ron and Karen, her brother and sister, onto the ice, saying that all she could remember was "every day, tying up my skates and a big smile on my face, excited to go on the ice".
She attended public school until eighth grade, when she began being homeschooled in 1994.
Junior world champion
Kwan won the world junior championship in 1994.
The same year, at the age of 13, she came in the top 10 in the world senior championship.
She became world champion in 1996, when she was 15.
Diplomatic career
On December 15, 2021, President Joe Biden announced that he planned to nominate Kwan to be United States Ambassador to Belize.
World Championships:  first place in 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003
Olympics:  1998 - silver; 2002 - bronze
U.S. Championships:  first place in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) Athlete Biography
International Skating Union (ISU) Skater Biography
US Olympic Committee Biography
Michelle Kwan Fan Site (1)
Michelle Kwan Fan Site (2)
Figure skaters from California
American Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Frank Jack Fletcher (29 April 1885 - 25 April 1973) was an Admiral in the United States Navy.
He was born at Marshalltown, Iowa, of the same family line as Captain Frank "Pat" Fletcher and of Rear Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, noted men in the Navy.
He attended the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland and had jobs on many warships.
In 1914 he got the Medal of Honor at Vera Cruz.
Then he was in control of a destroyer in World War I received the Navy Cross.
Later he took Naval and Army War College training, became chief of staff Asiatic Fleet, aide to Secretary of the Navy Swanson, and Commanding Officer of battleship New Mexico.
He became Rear Admiral in control of Cruiser Division 3 in 1939.
He was Commander of Cruisers, Pacific Fleet at the time
of Pearl Harbor.
In the very bad, first six months of the war, he was Task Force Commander at the Battle of Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, and the Battle of Eastern Solomons.
Vice Admiral Fletcher then became Commander North Pacific Forces where he took the surrender of the Imperial Northern Fleet.
After the war he became Chairman of the Navy General Board till he retired.
Admiral Fletcher rests at Arlington National Cemetery.
"Frank Jack Fletcher, was the best fighting commander in the U.S. Navy in the twentieth century.
He came out best in all three aircraft carrier battles in which he fought -- there were only five such fights in of all history.
Admiral Fletcher was outnumbered at all times and when the other side was at its highest point in the early years of the Pacific War.
He did not let the other side take Australia, Midway, and Guadalcanal.
He put down six of the ten Japanese carriers with four of the six great carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor.
His acts were completely his own, because there was no such thing as carrier fighting experience before him to learn to fight ships from the air.
He kept the Pacific safe which let much support to go to Europe and started the Allied victory in World War II."
1885 births
People from Iowa
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Irina Slutskaya (ru: Ирина Слуцкая) (born February 9, 1979 in Moscow), is a Russian figure skater.
She has won two world championships and six European championships.
Irina began skating when she was four years old.
She has had the same coach, Zhanna Gromova, since she was six years old.
By 1996, she was European champion and came third in the world championships (at age 17).
She went to school at the Moscow Academy of Physical Culture, graduating in the year 2000.
World Championships:  first place in 2002 and 2005
Olympics:  2002 - silver
European Championships:  first place in 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005
Russian Championships:  first place in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005
Gold and tears
ISU Biography Page
Slutskaya, Irina
Lu Chen (Simplified Chinese: 陈露, Traditional Chinese: 陳露, Chen Lu in Chinese) (born November 24, 1976, in Changchun) is a Chinese figure skater.
She was world champion in 1995.
Chen's mother played table tennis and her father coached ice hockey.
She started skating at the age of five in Jilin, and also took ballet dancing.
She won the bronze medal at the world junior championship in 1992, and came third at the world senior championships the same year, at the age of 16.
Her nickname is "Lulu," and she is also known as "Butterfly on Ice."
She is admired for her artistic ability.
Chen skated for the professional show Stars on Ice for two years.
Now she runs an ice skating club in Shenzhen.
This club is named after her.
World Championships: 1991 – 12th, 1992 – 3rd, 1993 – 3rd, 1995 – 1st, 1996 – 2nd
Olympics: 1992 – 6th, 1994 – 3rd, 1998 – 3rd
Chinese National Figure Skating Competition: first from 1990 to 1995
Figure Skating: A Celebration by Beverly Smith
Chinese sportspeople
Figure skaters
Oksana Baiul (born November 16, 1977 in Dnipropetrovsk) is a Ukrainian figure skater.
She came first at the 1993 world championships and at the 1994 winter olympics.
Baiul's grandfather gave her first skates to her when she was three years old.
When her mother died, she became an orphan (had no parents).
But she kept skating, and won the world championships when she was only 15 years old.
She became famous for her artistic ability when she skated as "the swan" to win the Olympics when she was 16.
She has skated for many professional shows such as Champions on Ice and Stars on Ice.
A T.V. movie was made about her - A Promise Kept: The Oksana Baiul Story.
She now lives in New Jersey.
She still skates professionally, and also makes figure skating clothes.
Amateur competitions
World Championships: 1993 - 1st
Winter Olympics: 1994 - 1st
European Championships: 1993 - 2nd, 1994 - 2nd
OksanaStyle.com Official Website
Golden Skate - Interview
View Zone - Interview
oksanabaiul.com - Additional info
Ukrainian sportspeople
Hobo is a word for a homeless person who travels to different cities and towns to look for work.
Hobos usually travel by train "hopping" (riding in empty train freight railcars without paying for a ticket), or sometimes "riding the rods" (lying dangerously near the train wheels, underneath the cars).
Hobos stay in very cheap hotels in cities, or camp in simple shelters ("shanties") in shanty towns near the rail yards.
There were many hobos during the Great Depression in the United States because many people lost their jobs and homes.
Many people blamed President Herbert Hoover for the Depression, so hobo camps were sometimes called "Hoovervilles".
Wicca is a neo-pagan (meaning "new pagan") religion that was created by a British man named Gerald Gardner in the mid-to-late 1940s.
Gardner popularized the new religion through books of his that were printed in 1949, 1954, and 1959.
Those three books are High Magic's Aid, Witchcraft Today, and The Meaning of Witchcraft.
Gardner called Wicca the "witch cult" and "witchcraft", and called its followers the "Wica" (or "Wicca").
In his 1959 book he also called them the "Wicca" (with two 'c's), which is where that word came from.
The word "wicca" means "witch" in Old English.
People who follow Wicca are called "Wiccans".
Before the name "Wicca" was adopted, the religion was sometimes called simply "the craft".
Some time from 1945 to 1949, Gerald Gardner changed, and added content to, the rituals of an earlier group, called the New Forest Coven.
In so doing, Gerald Gardner created Wicca.
The many elements from the grimoire (old hand-written book) called the Key of Solomon are present in Wicca.
Those are also in Gardner's 1949 book, High Magic's Aid, and were most likely added by Gardner himself, rather than by the New Forest Coven that came before him.
The New Forest Coven was created in the city of Christchurch, England (on the southern coast of England), some time in the 1930s.
It was created by a group of low-ranking rosicrucians who belonged to the Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship.
Members of that group read the books about witches by Margaret Murray and Charles Leland, which gave them the idea to create a witch coven.
Some time after Gerald Gardner joined the Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship in Christchurch, he was drawn to the group of low-ranking rosicrucians.
They initiated him into the New Forest Coven in September of 1939, shortly after Gardner had lost all faith in the rosicrucian order's leadership on September 3rd.
The God and The Goddess
Most Wiccans believe in a horned male god and a moon goddess.
The only wiccans who do not believe in both the goddess and the god are those who belong to the unorthodox sect called Dianic Wicca; such wiccans believe in the existence of only the goddess.
Some wiccans believe that the god and the goddess are equal.
However, some other wiccans believe that the goddess is more important than the god.
The main Wiccan moral teaching is called the Wiccan Rede.
The word rede means "advice" or "council" in Old German. "
An ye harm  none, do what ye will" is the very basic Wiccan Rede, which means, "Do what you want to do, but do not harm anything in the process."
This is most likely based from Crowley's "Do what though wilt, shall be the whole of the law".
This means that you must think about how your actions will affect other beings and yourself.
The Rule of Threefold Return
There is a rule in Wiccan (branched from Pagan belief) that is called "the rule of threefold return" or "the threefold rule" or "the rule of three", or called equivalent names that use the word "law" instead of "rule".
The rule of threefold return is a belief that what you do for good or bad will return to you 3 times the original intent.
Therefore, you should only send out or work with good intentions to avoid three-times the bad return as Karma.
The rule of threefold return is revealed to second-degree initiates (though they are usually already familiar with it) during the second-degree initiation ritual, in which the initiator scourges the initiate, and then the initiate returns three times the number of scourgings to the initiator.
That second-degree initiation ritual, along with the threefold rule within it, were made public by Gerald Gardner's 1949 book High Magic's Aid, in chapter 17.
In 1986, a wiccan named Raymond Buckland, through his popular wiccan book Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft, created a new definition for the rule of threefold return.
In Buckland's definition, the rule of threefold return is not a rule of conduct, but a law of karma, which states that every beneficial action or harmful action that a person does returns to them three times as powerful.
Buckland's definition of the threefold rule became more well-known than the original definition of the threefold rule.
Many Wiccans have special places at home where they perform rituals, magic, and worship.
These places are called altars.
Originally, there was only one altar that was used by the coven, when the coven was gathered.
But as solitary wiccan practice became more popular, wiccans started to use personal altars.
A pentacle.
A wiccan pentacle is a rigid disk, the size of a small saucer, that has a pentagram on it which spans across the disk.
A wiccan pentacle may be made of any of a variety of materials, such as wood, ceramics, or metal.
In wiccan rituals, the face of the pentacle is shown to the four cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west), so as to show the pentacle to the "lords of the watchtowers", which are believed to be in those directions.
An athame (pronounced ah-thah-may).
This is a magical knife that is used in rituals.
An athame traditionally has a black handle, but not every one does.
It is never used to cut anything physical, but is used to make a circular 'cut' through the air, to cast the magic circle.
In the 'cakes and wine' ritual and the symbolic 'great rite' ritual, the athame is used to symbolize the male penis.
A wand.
This is normally wooden, but can also be glass, metal, or clay.
It might also have decorations such as crystals, paint, ribbons, or wire.
It is traditional for it to be the length from your elbow to your wrist.
It is used to direct magical energy.
A chalice.
This is a cup that is used in two rituals.
People drink from it during the 'cakes and wine' ritual.
In the 'cakes and wine' ritual and the symbolic 'great rite' ritual, the chalice is used to symbolize the female vagina.
Some Wiccans put other objects on their altars, such as statues of gods or goddesses, a bell, candles, incense, and/or a besom (an old-fashioned broom that is made of all-natural materials).
A besom is often used to "sweep" away negative energy or spirits.
Those objects that are common on solitary altars are derived from the various objects that are used in the wiccan group rituals.
Those ritual objects include a sword (also called a 'magic sword'), a black-handled knife (called an athame), a bowl containing water, a bowl containing salt, an asperger (an object that sprinkles water), candles, a bell, a white-handled knife (which is now usually called a 'bolline', due to being confused with a different object), a wand, a cup (also called a chalice), a pentacle, a censer (a container that burns incense), a scourge (a short whip with several whipping cords), and binding cords.
Gerald Gardner, a founder of modern Wicca, started the practice of calling such objects by the misnomer 'tools' or 'working tools', because he was imitating Freemasonry, which used actual tools, such as a trowel.
Wiccan Holidays
Wiccans have two types of holidays, called sabbats and full moon esbats.
There are eight sabbat holidays throughout the year.
As the name suggests, full moon esbats take place during a full moon, so there are twelve or thirteen of them per year.
Many post-Gardnerian wiccans use the neo-druidic term 'wheel of the year' to refer to the cycle of eight sabbats.
In Wicca, a private book containing spells, rituals, potions, and occult knowledge, called a Book of Shadows, is kept.
In some types of Wicca, such as Gardnerian Wicca, the contents of the book are kept secret from anyone but other members of the group, or .
However, some versions of the book have been published.
Some parts of these published versions, such as the "Wiccan Rede" and the "Charge of the Goddess" have been used by non-Wiccans or  Wiccans.
Many eclectics create their own personal books, and keep them to themselves.
An early band called Themis  toured Canada and the USA singing and talking about Wicca.
The Themis body of works promotes things that are Wiccan, such as the divinity of nature; the Lord and Lady (dual deity aspect of Wicca) and an ethical credo (moral code) that resembles Wiccan philosophies.
Another Canadian band, a group of vocalists from Vancouver Canada, the Chalice and Blade , also perform original pieces based on the beliefs of Wicca and "sing songs which show (their) reverence for the earth and the balance of the God and Goddess" -Chalice and Blade
According to The Religion Newswriters Foundation  "Wicca is moving into the mainstream" smashing stereotypes as their movement matures.
Throughout America, Wiccans are organizing congregations and youth groups, training clergy, pursuing charity work, sharing parenting tips and fighting for civil rights
Witchvox.org  - Neopagan news and networking site
Covenant of the Goddess (U.S.)
Pagan Federation (UK), (Canada)
The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies
Religious Tolerance- Wicca
New religious movements