the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It is hard to use waste heat because it is difficult to transport the heat to another place, and it is difficult to store the heat for use at another time.
Kingda Ka is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, USA.
It was built by Stakotra, a subcontractor to Intamin.
Built in 2005 to be the worlds tallest and fastest roller coaster Kingda Ka is one of only two strata coasters in the world.
Kingda Ka held the record for the worlds fastest roller coaster until the completion of Formula Rossa at Ferrari World in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Kingda Ka goes up  and can go .
It first opened on May 21, 2005.
To get up 456 feet, the train is launched by a machine to 128 miles per hour in 3 seconds.
The train goes up the tower, and back down.
At the bottom the train goes over a hill while it is slowing down.
Soon it is going slow enough to be able to arrive safely back where it started.
The ride lasts 28 seconds from the time it is launched.
In the past, Kingda Ka has been struck by lightning and shut down for almost a whole year.
The launch cable snapped once and the ride was shut down for a while.
Something happened to the braking fins so they shut down the ride.
It also can get shut down by weather.
The train is made so that if it rolls back it gets placed back to be launched.
This happens when the hydraulic launch system does not get enough power to get over the hill or the brakes on the top off the hill stop you too much.
Kingda Ka is named for a 500-pound mythical tiger.
A tiger in the safari was named after the roller coaster.
It is surrounded by bamboo to make it look more real.
It also plays music.
The ride has 4 trains with 5 cars.
They are 9 rows in each car that can hold 18 people and there are 2 people in each row.
Each seat has shoulder harnesses and buckles that keep the shoulder harness down to make sure passengers are safe.
At the top, passengers are weightless for a second, and after riders enjoy a beautiful view, it is followed by a drop.
The train may sometimes experience a rollback after it is launched.
A rollback happens when the train doesn't make it to the top of the hill and rolls back down the track.
The launch track has magnetic brakes so that the train doesn't go back to the station.
Steel roller coasters
Roller coasters in New Jersey
Roller coasters by name
Launched roller coasters
2000s establishments in New Jersey
In context with natural hazards and natural disasters, vulnerability is a concept that looks at the relationship that people have with their environment and at social aspects.
So it links environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. “
The concept of vulnerability expresses the multidimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster” (Bankoff et al.
2004: 11).
Complex definition: Vulnerability is the susceptibility to physical or emotional injury or attack.
It also means to have one's guard down, open to censure or criticism; assailable.
Vulnerability refers to a person's state of being liable to succumb, as to persuasion or temptation (see Thywissen 2006 for a comparison of vulnerability definitions).
Modelling Society’s Capacity to Manage Extraordinary Events *From the  Swedish Morphological Society
United Nations University Institute of Environment and Human Security
MunichRe Foundation
A liquid crystal display is a special thin flat panel that can let light go through it, or can block the light. (
Unlike an LED it does not produce its own light).
The panel is made up of several blocks, and each block can be in any shape.
Each block is filled with liquid crystals that can be made clear or solid, by changing the electric current to that block.
Liquid crystal displays are often abbreviated LCDs.
Liquid crystal displays are often used in battery-powered devices, such as digital watches, because they use very little electricity.
They are also used for flat screen TV's.
Many LCDs work well by themselves when there is other light around (like in a lit room, or outside in daylight).
For smartphones, computer monitor, TV's and some other purposes, a back-light is built into the product.
This is  an LED or Cold Cathode Fluorescent Light (CCFL).
The LCD uses technology called electro-optical modulation.
This means it uses electricity to change how much light passes through it.
Each pixel (block) of an LCD is made of a thin layer of molecules between two electrodes and two polarizing filters.
The electrodes provide electric power to the liquid crystal layer, and don't block the light.
Light travels with 'polarity' or direction, and a polarizing filter only lets light with one kind of polarity to go through it, like trying to slide a ruler through a narrow opening.
Only when the ruler is lined up right, will it fit.
These two filters are perpendicular to one another, so the narrow openings are in different directions.
This means that without the liquid crystals between them, they would block all light from passing through – whatever light gets through the first filter will not fit through the second filter.
The layer of liquid crystals between the two filters can 'twist' the light so that the polarity changes.
This means the light can then pass through both filters, and the pixel appears clear.
When giving an electric current to the liquid crystals, the molecules will untwist and will not change the light.
The filters then block the light and the pixel appears dark.
When a large number of pixels are needed in a display, it becomes difficult to have enough wires and electrodes to control each pixel and still have a clean display.
Instead, the display is multiplexed.
In a multiplexed display, electrodes on one side of the display are grouped and wired together (usually in columns).
On the other side, the electrodes are also grouped (typically in rows), with each group getting a voltage sink.
By turning on one row and one column, each pixel can be controlled one at a time.
Buying an LCD monitor... Things to know  – Some additional useful tips about LCD monitors
How do LCDs Work? –
Engineers & physics students answer how LCDs work
Liquid crystals are distributed by Merck Group (DE), and Yangcheng Smiling (CN).
Body language is a form of non-verbal communication.
Body language is about using behaviour to communicate.
Both people and animals use this form of communication.
Part of this behaviour is done subconsciously.
It is therefore different from communicating using sign language, for example.
Communication using sign language is intentional, body language is not.
Body language may provide clues as to the attitude or state of mind of a person.
For example, it may indicate aggression, attentiveness, boredom, a relaxed state, pleasure, amusement, and intoxication.
Body language is significant to communication and relationships.
It is relevant to management and leadership in business and also in places where it can be observed by many people.
It can also be relevant to some outside of the workplace.
It is commonly helpful in dating, mating, in family settings, and parenting.
Although body language is non-verbal or non-spoken, it can reveal much about your feelings and meaning to others and how others reveal their feelings toward you.
Body language signals happen on both a conscious and unconscious level.
The Vocabulary Of Body Language
Body language is less exact than spoken language, so you have to be careful about how you interpret it.
A certain movement or facial expression may be quite meaningful, or it may mean nothing at all.
As a starting point, the following sections provide you with some common body language terms and their generally-accepted meanings.
Positive Body Language
Positive body language is generally quite reliable as an indicator of a person's feelings.
It signals interest in the other person and in the conversation.
Relaxed posture - Comfortably seated, relaxed breathing, no visible stiffness or abrupt movements.
These indicate no major barriers to communication.
Good eye contact - Looking in the other person's eyes, particularly when they are speaking, indicates interest in that person.
Proper eye contact involves looking away occasionally to avoid staring.
Nodding agreement - When nods are used to punctuate key things the other person has said, they signal agreement, interest and understanding.
However, continual unconscious bobbing of the head usually indicates that the listener is tuning out.
Smiling/adding humour - This is a very positive sign.
It signals a warm personal relationship.
Leaning closer - Reducing the distance between two people, particularly when the other person is speaking.
Indicates interest is up and barriers are down.
For all of these positive gestures, moderation is the rule.
When they are exaggerated, they can become more negative than positive.
Negative Body Language
Negative body language is somewhat less reliable as an indicator of the person's comfort with the current conversation than positive body language.
Actions that are generally considered negative may just be a matter of comfort for this person, may indicate that the person is tired, or may result from other matters that are weighing on this person's mind.
Body tense - Stiffness, wrinkled brow, jerky body motion, hands clasped in front or palms down on the table.
These can indicate concern with the topic or dealing with the other person
Hand on face - A hand over one's mouth is a closed gesture.
Leaning on one's elbow with the chin in the hand can communicate boredom.
Arms behind head, leaning back - In a well-established relationship this can be a relaxed gesture.
In a new relationship, it is often used to express a desire for control or power.
Yawning - Boredom, confusion.
The other person is talking too much or in too much technical detail.
fr:Langage corporel chez l'Homme
Plagiarism is the act of copying another person's ideas, words or writing and pretending that they are one's own work.
It can involve violating copyright laws.
College students who are caught plagiarizing can be expelled from school.
It can permanently damage a student's reputation.
Writers who plagiarize commit serious legal and ethical violations.
Types of plagiarism
Direct Plagiarism – copying and pasting someone else's work, or making minor changes to someone else's work to pass it off as their own.
Self-Plagiarism – Happens when a student submits all or part of their own previous work without getting permission from all involved professors.
Mosaic Plagiarism – Or "patch writing," is when parts of other works are copied without using quotation marks.
It can also be when a student keeps the same structure and meaning of an original passage and only uses synonyms.
Accidental Plagiarism – This can happen when a student does not cite their sources.
It can also happen when a student paraphrases information without giving attribution (credit to the original author or authors).
Mash-up – Two or more data sources that have been turned into one.
They may be graphics, texts, songs, and video from various media.
Many cases of plagiarism, especially in schools, can lead to internal punishment.
Certain people have been punished in a legal court for plagiarism, mostly due to copyright claims.
Court cases include:
Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. (1936)
Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp. (1930)
Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures (1987)
Any work created in the USA after 1st.
Mar 1989 is automatically protected by copyright, even if there is no copyright notice attached to the work.
The defendant could sue for any copying of this kind of intellectual property.
Avoiding plagiarism
It is usually not enough to know what plagiarism is, students must also know how to avoid plagiarism.
Writers are as responsible for intentional plagiarism as they are for accidental plagiarism.
It is important to cite sources while doing research.
Putting this off until later can cause some sources to be forgotten or incorrectly cited.
When using a source, make sure the content is in the same context as the paper.
Try to avoid using biased sources.
Always take the time to find the correct information about a source.
For example, some web pages may be part of a larger website.
While a web page article may seem fair and balanced, it can be affected by the overall bias or reputation of the publisher.
Using something out of context can also lead to charges of plagiarism.
Taking the time to properly cite all sources in a paper or work is paying respect to the original ideas of others.
This is all part of doing good work.
Academic dishonesty
Wikipedia:Citing sources (Wikipedia guideline)
Avoiding Plagiarism: Writing With Integrity; YouTube
What is plagiarism and how to avoid it: YouTube
Avoiding plagiarism: Purdue University
A riksha or rickshaw is a kind of vehicle that has two wheels.
They are usually pulled by a human but there are types that have been changed to be pulled by a bicycle or have their own motor, Rickshaws are popular vehicles in Bangal Pradesh  (Bangladesh) and Japan.
Rickshaw!
A blog collecting the inscriptions on the back of rickshaws, cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws
Rickshaw : dekh magar pyar se  A blog entry glancing past, present and future of rickshaw
Saturation or saturated generally means "thoroughly full", while unsaturated means less than full.
These terms may be related to:
Dew point, which is a temperature that occurs when atmospheric humidity reaches 100% and the air can hold no more moisture
Market saturation, in economics, a situation in which a product has become diffused (distributed) within a market
Saturated model, a concept in mathematical logic
Saturation (album), an album by the alternative rock band Urge Overkill
Saturation (biology), in mutation studies, the observed number of mutations relative to the maximum amount possible (usually undefined).
Saturation (chemistry), multiple definitions for chemistry
Saturation (color), the intensity of a specific hue
Saturation (magnetic), the state when the material cannot absorb a stronger magnetic field
Oxygen saturation, a clinical measure of the amount of oxygen in a patient's blood
Saturation (telecommunications), a number of meanings
Saturation arithmetic, in arithmetic, a version of arithmetic in which all operations are limited to fixed range
In the earth sciences, saturation generally refers to the water content in the soil, where the unsaturated zone is above the water table and the saturated zone is below.
A saturated liquid or saturated vapor contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling or condensing.
A saturated transistor is a  BJT transistor that is fully turned on.
Water content means the amount of water present in a porous substance, such as soil.
This term is used in hydrogeology, soil science and soil mechanics.
In saturated groundwater aquifers, all available spaces are filled with water.
Above a capillary fringe, pore spaces have air in them too.
Gaps between soil particles are called pore spaces or voids.
These voids contain various amounts of either water or air.
Soil moisture content can be expressed in different basis:
Gravimetric: the mass of water/mass of solid material
Volumetric: the volume of soil/total porosity
Milo Anthony Ventimiglia (born July 8, 1977) is an American actor.
He is best known for playing the hero, Peter Petrelli, on the television series, Heroes.
He played Jess Mariano on the television series Gilmore Girls.
He was born in Anaheim, California.
Actors from Anaheim, California
Black metal is an extreme style of Heavy metal that started in the early 1980s.
Lyrics are often for religions such as Satanism.
Various black metal bands have relations to satanism in their lyrics and even in outlook.
Lyrics may also have subjects such as Paganism.
The majority of black metal vocalists are male, although there are a few notable exceptions – for example Cadaveria, Astarte and Lucifugum.
Black metal is divided into two waves.
The first wave began in the early 1980s by bands such as Venom, Bathory, Hellhammer, Celtic Frost and Mercyful Fate.
Venom's first albums, Welcome to Hell and Black Metal are usually said to be the first black metal records.
The second wave is the most popular wave of black metal and it started in the early 1990s.
It started from Norway and includes bands such as Darkthrone, Enslaved, Burzum, Satyricon, Mayhem, Gorgoroth, Immortal, and Emperor.
Black metal is also very controversial, especially in Norway.
During the early 1990s, certain black metal musicians burned old churches in Norway.
One of the people who was found guilty for burning churches, Varg Vikernes, was also found guilty for murdering Øystein Aarseth, a fellow black metal musician.
Subgenres
Ambient black metal (also atmospheric black metal) is a type of black metal that uses synthesizers to create a dark atmosphere.
Symphonic black metal is a type of black metal that uses symphonic elements in the music.
Viking metal is a type of black metal that focuses on Norse mythology instead of Satanism and the occult.
Bands in this subgenre often use some folk instruments as well.
Bathory is usually given credit for creating the subgenre with their album, Blood Fire Death.
National Socialist black metal (also known as Nazi black metal or NSBM) is a title used to refer to black metal acts with an emphasis on Nazi beliefs in their music.
Nazi black metal artists are a small minority.
Darkness is when there no light.
In practice, out in the open air, there almost always is some light, however slight.
The darkness of the night sky is estimated by a nine-point scale known as the Bortle scale.
Darkness is made by blocking light from the sun or some other source of light, which makes shadow.
At night the Earth blocks the sun, and casts a shadow over one entire side of the world.
There is heat radiation even in the dark.
In mythology, darkness is often connected with evil.
Many people are uncomfortable or afraid when in the dark, especially children.
In religion, darkness is considered as beginning of the world, before the light appeared.
At the same time, the darkness was "the second to last plague" (Exodus 10:21).
Darkness in art
Many artists used and still use darkness to fill the void spaces on the canvas.
Also it used for chiaroscuro.
To create darkness, all colored paints are mixed.
Every color absorbs light frequencies.
Desmond "Des" Bernard O'Connor (12 January 1932 – 14 November 2020) was an English television presenter and singer.
He was born in Stepney, London.
O'Connor presented the long running game show Countdown on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, from January 2007 to December 2008.
Antonio "Tony" Ramiro Romo (born April 22, 1980 in San Diego, California) is an American football quarterback who plays for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League.
He played college football at Eastern Illinois.
He is viewed by many as the top quarterback in the NFL.
Romo was signed by the Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2003.
He has had success with Dallas, and is well known by the media.
He has the 3rd highest passer rating in NFL history.
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
Carmelo Kyam Anthony (born May 29, 1984 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American professional basketball small forward.
Anthony also played for the Denver Nuggets and the New York Knicks from 2003-2011 to 2017 and the Houston Rockets from 2018 to 2019.
Carmelo Anthony's Official website
Denver Nuggets players
New York Knicks players
The Dallas Mavericks are an American basketball team from Dallas, Texas.
They play in the National Basketball Association (NBA).
They were founded in 1980.
They play their home games at the American Airlines Center.
Their owner is Mark Cuban.
Though they have had good teams for most of the 2000s, they only made the NBA Finals once in 2006, where they lost to the Miami Heat 4-2.
Dallas Mavericks players include Dirk Nowitzki, Jason Kidd, Jason Terry, Shawn Marion, Caron Butler, and Peja Stojakovic.
They won their first NBA Championship in 2011 when they beat the Miami Heat in a 4-2 series in a rematch from 2006.
1980s establishments in Texas
Walter Payton (July 25, 1954 – November 1, 1999) was an American football player.
He was born in Columbia, Mississippi.
Payton played for the Chicago Bears from 1975 to 1987.
The Bears won Super Bowl XX in 1985.
Payton was made a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993.
He died of cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) in 1999.
Payton34.com - Walter and Connie Payton Foundation
Walter Payton's Roundhouse.com
Walter Payton Cancer Fund.org - official site
Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma
Chicago Bears players
Sportspeople from Mississippi
Christopher Benfey (born October 28, 1954) is an American writer.
He is a Professor of English language at Mount Holyoke College.
He has written several books that people liked a lot.
He was born in Marion, Pennsylvania.
He later moved to Richmond, Indiana where he grew up.
He has attended many colleges including the Putney school, Guilford College, Earlham College, and Harvard University.
People from Richmond, Indiana
Writers from Indiana
Harthacanute (Canute the Hardy, sometimes Hardicanute, Hardecanute; Danish: Hardeknud) (1018 – 8 June 1042) was King of Denmark from 1035 to 1042 and England from 1040 to 1042.
He was the only son of Canute the Great and Emma of Normandy.
He followed his father as King of Denmark in 1035, becoming Canute III.
Fighting with Magnus I of Norway stopped him from sailing to England to take up his throne.
His older, illegitimate half-brother, Harold Harefoot, became regent of England.
Harold took the English crown for himself in 1037.
After Harthacanute had settled the situation in Scandinavia he prepared an invasion of England to take over his kingdom.
Harold died, and Harthacanute was able to take back his throne peacefully.
Harthacanute was a harsh and unpopular ruler.
To pay for his ships, he greatly increased the rate of taxation.
In 1041, the people of Worcester killed two of Harthacanute's men who had been collecting the tax.
Harthacanute burned the city.
The story of Lady Godiva riding naked through the streets of Coventry to persuade the local earl to lower taxes, may come from the reign of Harthacanute.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says of him: "He never accomplished anything kingly for as long as he ruled".
In 1041, Harthacanute asked his half-brother Edward the Confessor (his mother Emma's son by Ethelred the Unready) back from exile in Normandy to become a member of his household, and probably made Edward his heir.
Harthacanute was unmarried and had no children.
On 8 June 1042, he died at Lambeth— he "died as he stood at his drink, and he suddenly fell to the earth".
He was buried at Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire.
Edward became the new king.
1018 births
1042 deaths
Canute III
Harold Harefoot, also Harold I, (c. 1015 – 17 March 1040) was King of England from 1035 to 1040.
He was justthe son of Canute the Great, King of England, Denmark, Norway, and some of Sweden, by his wife Aelgifu of Northampton.
There was skepticism about his being Canute's son.
Upon Canute's death (12 November 1035), Harold's younger half-brother Harthacanute, the son of Canute and his queen, Emma of Normandy, was legitimate heir to the thrones of both the Danes and the English.
He was unable to travel to his coronation, because his Danish kingdom was under threat of invasion by King Magnus of Norway and King Anund Jacob of Sweden.
Therefore, he was installed temporarily as regent though Godwin the Earl of Wessex and the Queen was against it.
Harold died at Oxford on 17 March  1040, just as Harthacanute was preparing an invasion force of Danes, and was buried at the abbey of Westminster.
Harold Harefoot At Find A Grave
1010s births
1040 deaths
The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War.
It began with the execution of Charles I in 1649 and ended when Charles II became king, after Oliver Cromwell died in 1660.
The first period of the Commonwealth of England from 1649 until 1653
The Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell from 1653 to 1658
The Protectorate under Richard Cromwell from 1658 to 1659
The second period of the Commonwealth of England from 1659 until 1660
Life during the Interregnum
Oliver Cromwell was a Puritan and during the Interregnum, he imposed a very strict form of Christianity upon the country.
Although a main cause of the English Civil War was oppression under Charles I, England during the Interregnum became oppressive in its own fashion.
Cromwell granted religious freedom otherwise previously unknown in England, but other forms of expression were suddenly limited (for instance, theatre, which had thrived under the Stuart kings and Elizabeth I, was banned).
Cromwell also made certain that his own personal vision of Christianity was enforced upon the masses.
Many of Cromwell's actions were called "harsh, unwise, and tyrannical" by some commentators.
His son and successor, Richard Cromwell gave up his position as Lord Protector with little hesitation, resigning or "abdicating" after a demand by the Rump Parliament.
This was the beginning of a short period of restoration of the Commonwealth of England.
An interregnum is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, Polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic.
It can also refer any gap in the continuity of a government, organization, or social order.
The period of interregnum may be peaceful, or it may collapse into chaos and anarchy.
In some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, an interregnum is usually avoided due to a rule described as "the king is dead, long live the King", i.e. the heir to the throne becomes a new monarch immediately on his predecessor's death or abdication.
This famous phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty.
This is not so in other monarchies where the new monarch's reign begins only with coronation or some other formal or traditional event.
Pope's interregnum (or sede vacante)
An interregnum occurs also upon the death of the Roman Catholic Pope, though this is generally known as a sede vacante (vacant seat).
The interregnum ends immediately upon election of the new Pope by the College of Cardinals.
Cromwell's actions during his career seem confusing to us today.
He supported Parliament against the King, yet he ordered his soldiers to break up parliament.
Under his rule, the Protectorate said that people's religious beliefs should be respected, but people who went against what most people believed were sometimes tortured and imprisoned.
Cromwell was the first ruler of England to be a Puritan.
He created a new model army.
Many English people today think he was one of their greatest leaders.
Cromwell started off as a gentleman from Huntingdon.
He first studied at Huntingdon Grammar School.
He had a bad relationship with his father.
He went on to Sidney Sussex College at the University of Cambridge.
This was a new, small college where he had the chance to talk about his new Puritan ideas.
However, he never took a degree because his father died in 1617 while he was studying.
In 1628, Cromwell became an MP and a Puritan and supported Parliament in its quarrel with the King.
When war broke out, the King's army was stronger and better-prepared than the army of Parliament.
Cromwell saw this, and he decided to train men to fight better.
Soon the "New Model Army" he had trained began to win battles.
As a result, Parliament won the war.
By the end of the war, Cromwell was very powerful.
The Commonwealth: 16491653
During the following years, Oliver Cromwell conducted two campaigns to subdue the Irish Catholics (1649-1650), and in the battles of Dunbar and Worcester (1650-1651) crushed the Scottish royalists, who had proclaimed King Charles II. ,
first-born of the executed sovereign.
The Rump Parliament
After the execution of the King, a republic was declared, known as the Commonwealth of England.
A Council of State was appointed to manage affairs, which included Cromwell among its members.
His real power base was in the army.
Takeover of Ireland
In 1652, Cromwell took over Ireland.
Many historians believe that Cromwell committed an ethnic cleansing against the Irish Catholic people.
Cromwell wanted the Irish Catholics to move out of eastern Ireland into the northwest.
According to these historians, Cromwell and his army used massacres, starvation, and threats of execution to force the Irish to leave.
Historian Frances Stewart says that 600,000 Irish people  43% of the Irish population  died from these policies.
The Protectorate:  16531658
The House of Commons tried hard to control the army, but could not: in 1653, Cromwell dissolved the House of Commons, yielded legislative power to 139 people of his confidence and took the title of Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, with powers wider than those enjoyed by the monarch.
During his tenure he reorganized public finances, promoted the liberalization of commerce in order to ensure the prosperity of the mercantile bourgeoisie, promulgated the Navigation Act (1651), through which he imposed on the Netherlands the English maritime supremacy, defeated the United Provinces (1654), snatched Jamaica from Spain (1655), persecuted the Catholics and placed England at the head of the European Protestant countries.
A new constitution known as the Instrument of Government made Cromwell Lord Protector for life.
He had the power to call and dissolve parliaments.
In 1657, Cromwell was offered the crown by Parliament.
Cromwell thought about the offer for six weeks.
Then he rejected it and was ceremonially re-installed as "Lord Protector" (with greater powers than had previously been granted him under this title) at Westminster Hall.
Cromwell is thought to have suffered from malaria (probably first contracted while on campaign in Ireland).
He died at Whitehall on 3 September 1658, the anniversary of his great victories at Dunbar and Worcester.
After Cromwell's death
At his death (3 September 1658), however, the Republic was immersed in a period of chaos, which ended with the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Charles II of England by the Parliament (1660).
Despite his prudence, the new monarch did not hesitate to order the exhumation of the corpse of the man who had signed the death sentence of his father, to cut off his head and expose it in the Tower of London.
He was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard.
Although Richard was not entirely without ability, he had no power base in either Parliament or the Army, and was forced to resign in the spring of 1659, bringing the Protectorate to an end.
A year later Parliament restored Charles II as king.
When the Royalists returned to power, Cromwell's corpse was dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded.
It is said that his head was lost for months until a soldier found it.
His skull was passed around as a token until it was buried at Tyburn.
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The Stuart Age: England, 1603-1714, (Longman), .
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Cromwell and his contemporaries", in Morrill, John (ed.),
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The Making of Oliver Cromwell", in Morrill, John (ed.),
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Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan", in Beales, D. and Best, G. (eds.)
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The Rump Parliament (Cambridge University Press), .
Worden, Blair (2000). "
Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell", in Proceedings Of The British Academy 105: pp.
131–170.
ISSN 0068-1202 .
Young, Peter and Holmes, Richard (2000).
The English Civil War (Wordsworth), .
Ashley, Maurice (1958).
The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell (Macmillan).
Bennett, Martyn.
Oliver Cromwell (2006), .
Clifford, Alan (1999).
Oliver Cromwell: the lessons and legacy of the Protectorate (Charenton Reformed Publishing), .
Religious study.
Davis, J. C. (2001).
Oliver Cromwell (Hodder Arnold), .
Fraser, Antonia (1973).
Cromwell, Our Chief of Men, and Cromwell: the Lord Protector (Phoenix Press), .
Popular narrative.
Firth, C.H. (1900).
Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans .
Classic biography.
Short biography.
Hill, Christopher (1970).
God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell And The English Revolution (Penguin), .
Hirst, Derek (1990). "
The Lord Protector, 1653-8", in Morrill, John (ed.),
Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman),
Mason, James and Longman, Angela Leonard (1998).
Oliver Cromwell (Longman), .
Morrill, John (2004). "
Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press)
Paul, Robert (1958).
The Lord Protector: Religion And Politics In The Life Of Oliver Cromwell.
Smith, David (ed.) (
Oliver Cromwell and the Interregnum (Blackwell), .
Wedgwood, C.V. (1939).
Oliver Cromwell (Duckworth), .
Military studies
Durston, Christopher (2000). "'
Settling the Hearts and Quieting the Minds of All Good People': the Major-generals and the Puritan Minorities of Interregnum England", in History 2000 85(278): pp.
247–267, ISSN 0018-2648 .
Full text online at Ebsco.
Durston, Christopher (1998). "
The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals", in English Historical Review 1998 113(450): pp.
18–37, ISSN 0013-8266
Firth, C.H. (1921).
Cromwell's Army (Greenhill Books), .
Gillingham, J. (1976).
Portrait Of A Soldier: Cromwell (Weidenfeld & Nicholson), .
Kitson, Frank (2004).
Old Ironsides: The Military Biography of Oliver Cromwell (Weidenfeld Military), .
Marshall, Alan (2004).
Oliver Cromwell: Soldier: The Military Life of a Revolutionary at War (Brassey's), .
The Cromwellian Protectorate: a Military Dictatorship?"
in History 1990 75(244): 207-231, ISSN 0018-2648 .
Cromwell as a soldier", in Morrill, John (ed.),
The English Civil War, (Wordsworth), .
Surveys of era
Coward, Barry (2002).
The Cromwellian Protectorate (Manchester University Press), .
Survey of political history of the era.
Davies, Godfrey (1959).
The Early Stuarts, 1603-1660 (Oxford University Press), .
Political, religious, and diplomatic overview of the era.
Korr, Charles P. (1975).
Cromwell and the New Model Foreign Policy: England's Policy toward France, 1649-1658 (University of California Press), .
Macinnes, Allan (2005).
The British Revolution, 1629-1660 (Palgrave Macmillan), .
Cromwell and his contemporaries".
In Morrill, John (ed.),
Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1967).
Oliver Cromwell and his Parliaments, in his Religion, the Reformation and Social Change (Macmillan).
Venning, Timothy (1995).
Cromwellian Foreign Policy (Palgrave Macmillan), .
Abbott, W.C. (ed.) (
1937-47).
Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, 4 vols.
The standard academic reference for Cromwell's own words. .
1904 edition), Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations. ;
Haykin, Michael A. G. (ed.) (
To Honour God: The Spirituality of Oliver Cromwell (Joshua Press), Excerpts from Cromwell's religious writings.
Textualizing and Contextualizing Cromwell", in Historical Journal 1990 33(3): pp.
629–639.
ISSN 0018-246X .
Full text online at Jstor.
Examines the Carlyle and Abbott editions.
Worden, Blair (2000).
Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell, in Proceedings Of The British Academy 105: pp.
131–170, ISSN 0068-1202 .
The Cromwell Association
The Cromwell Museum in Huntingdon
Chronology of Oliver Cromwell World History Database
Biography at the British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website
1658 deaths
English heads of state
Interregnum, a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, or between consuls of the Roman Republic
Interregnum (solitaire), a solitaire card game
Interregnum (documentary) a documentary with and about the drawings of George Grosz
Interregnum (fiction), the period between the first and the second Galactic Empires, in the fictitious future world of Isaac Asimov's Foundation Series
The Incredibles is a 2004 animated movie.
It was written and developed by Brad Bird, who once directed The Simpsons and was best known for directing the animated movie The Iron Giant.
The movie was produced by Pixar Animation Studios, and has won an Academy Award.
The Incredibles was originally developed as a traditionally-animated movie, but after Warner Bros. shut down its animation division, Brad Bird moved to Pixar and took the story with him.
The movie depicts a world where there are superheroes, but after an intense court hearing, the government decides that all 'supers' must now go undercover and live normal lives.
The main character is Robert Parr (Mr Incredible).
The sequel Incredibles 2 was released to the public on June 15, 2018.
In the 1950s, superheroes are now scorned by the public because of the collateral damage caused by their crime-fighting.
After several lawsuits, the government initiates the Superhero Relocation Program, in which superheroes must give up crime-fighting and live under secret identities.
Many years later, in the mid-1960s, Bob Parr (Craig T. Nelson) and his wife Helen (Holly Hunter)-formerly Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl-live in the suburbs of Metroville with their children Dash (Spencer Fox), Violet (Sarah Vowell) and Jack-Jack (Eli Fucile).
Although Bob loves his family, he secretly resents his white-collar job and his mundane suburban life.
Along with his friend Lucius Best (Samuel L. Jackson)-formerly known as Frozen-Bob occasionally moonlights as a vigilante to relive his "glory days".
One day, Bob and Lucius are nearly caught during one of their vigilante activities when he discovers one of his friends, Gazerbeam, is missing.
The next day, after his boss, Gilbert Huph (Wallace Shawn), prevents him from stopping a mugging, Bob loses his temper, and injures Huph with his super strength, leading to him being fired.
When he returns home, he receives a video call from a mysterious woman called Mirage (Elizabeth Peña), who assigns him a paid mission to defeat the Omnidroid, a savage robot on a remote island called Nomanisan.
Bob travels to the island, where he battles the robot and destroys it by ripping out its power source.
Bob finds the action and higher pay rejuvenating; over the next two months, while waiting for another assignment by Mirage, he improves his relationship with his family.
When he finds a rip in his super suit, he visits the eccentric costume designer Edna Mode (Brad Bird) to mend it.
Assuming Helen knows what Bob is doing, she designs suits for the rest of the family.
Travelling to Nomanisan again, Bob discovers Mirage is working for the wicked Syndrome (Jason Lee), a jilted fan formerly known as Buddy Pine, who now makes money as an inventor and arms dealer.
After escaping from Syndrome, Bob discovers Gazerbeam's skeleton in a cave, with the reflection pointing towards writing on a wall; KRONOS.
Bob uses the word to hack into Syndrome's computer, and discovers to his horror, that Syndrome has been perfecting the Omnidroid to kill superheroes after he hires them to fight it.
Syndrome's plans to send the Omnidroid to Metroville, where he will manipulate its controls and defeat it, becoming a hero in the eyes of the public; his endgame is to sell his inventions around the world, so everyone can become super, rendering actual superheroes obsolete.
Helen visits Edna and learns what Bob has been up to.
She activates a beacon built into the suits to find Bob, accidentally causing him to be captured while infiltrating Syndrome's base.
Elastigirl borrows a private plane to travel to the island, and discovers that Dash and Violet have stowed away, leaving Jack-Jack with a babysitter.
Syndrome picks up on Helen's radio transmissions, and he sends anti-aircraft missiles to shoot her down, destroying the plane.
Helen and the kids survive and use their powers to reach the island.
Helen infiltrates the base and discovers Syndrome's plan.
Discontented with Syndrome's indifference when her life was threatened, Mirage frees Bob and tells him his family are alive.
Helen arrives and she and Bob race to find their children; Dash and Violet defeat Syndrome's henchmen and reunite with their parents; Syndrome captures them all, and travels to Metroville with the Omnidroid.
With the help of Mirage, the family escape.
Due to the Omnidroid's advanced intelligence, it recognizes Syndrome as a threat to itself, shooting off the controller from his wrist, rendering him unable to control it, and knocking him out.
The Incredibles team up with Frozone, and defeat the Omnidroid.
Helen acquires the controls, and Bob destroys the robot's power source.
Upon arriving home, the Incredibles discover Syndrome, who plans to capture Jack-Jack and raise him as his apprentice out of revenge.
As he travels to his jet, Jack Jack's power manifest and he escapes him in mid-air, being caught by Helen.
Bob throws his car at Syndrome's plane, and the villain is incinerated when his cape is caught in the plane's turbines.
The Incredibles -- The Official DVD Website
Pixar Wiki: The Incredibles
2004 animated movies
2004 computer-animated movies
Movies directed by Brad Bird
Superhero comedy movies
In art, returning something to a better state, see art conservation
In history, a restoration is a historical episode under which a previous government of an area is reinstated
The Restoration: a period in the history of the British Isles when the House of Stuart returned to power in England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1660.
A period in the History of France, the Bourbon Restoration after 1814
The Spanish Restoration
The Swiss Restoration known as the Restauration (Switzerland) after the fall of Napoleon in 1814
The Restoration period in Germany after the failed revolution of 1848
Meiji Restoration, a period in Japanese history after 1866
In literature and media:' Restoration (Tremain novel), a 1989 novel by Rose Tremain set during the English Revolution
Restoration (novel), a 2002 novel by Carol Berg
The Restoration (movie), a 1909 movie by D.W. Griffith, based on the novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky
Restoration (movie), a 1995 movie set after the English Revolution starring Robert Downey Jr
Restoration (TV series), a BBC TV show in the UK highlighting buildings at risk
Restoration (newspaper)'', a Catholic newspaper published by the Madonna House Apostolate
Restoration of a person.
An example of this can be found in John 21:15-19 where Peter is restored by Christ
Restorationism was a religious movement in 19th century eastern United States and Canada
In architecture, building restoration consists of work performed on a building in order to return it to a previous state of conservation, from which...
In ecology, restoration represents the return of a landscape, ecosystem, or other ecological entity to a predefined historical state.
See Restoration Ecology
In criminal justice, restoration is another term for restorative justice
In telecommunications, circuit restoration,  action taken to repair and return to service one or more telecommunications services
In dentistry Dental restoration, the shaped replacement material for lost tooth structure
Restoration of vehicles, furniture, appliances, equipment, etc.
Restoration Branches, independent organizations that have left the Community of Christ
The Restoration was an time in the history of the British Isles that started in 1660.
In 1660 the House of Stuart was restored to power after the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
The Restoration came after The Protectorate, when Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard Cromwell had led the government.
The kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland started to have a monarchy again. "
The Restoration" means both the events at the start of Charles II's reign and the period of time after they happened.
Charles II came back to England after his exile and he became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Before this, the British Isles's monarchy had stopped after Charles I's execution.
The three kingdoms became a republic, without a monarchy: the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Literature and culture of the Restoration period can also have the name "Restoration". (
For example, Restoration drama is the theatre and plays of the Restoration period.)
http://www.debretts.co.uk/royal_connections/sovereigns_england_17_century.html
Review of 'Revolution and Counter-Revolution in England, Ireland and Scotland 1658-60', by Brian Manning
Chapter V. The Stewart Restoration  By Sir Charles Harding Firth
The Commonwealth of England was the republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660.
After the execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649, the Commonwealth was declared (An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth) by the Rump Parliament on May 19, 1649.
The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called The Protectorate, and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard, as Lord Protector.
The term Commonwealth is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, the years of the English Interregnum.
British flags of the period
Commonwealth of England: Heads of State: 1649-1660
Declaration can mean:
Declaration of independence, a proclamation of the independence of an aspiring state
Declaration of war, a formal declaration saying that two nations are at war
A type of sentence (linguistics)
Declaration (law), a type of relief that may be ordered by a court or tribunal
Declaration of trust, the act of settling property on trust
Open Declaration, the act of notification in a public forum by formal documentation
Declaration and forfeiture, a captain stating his inning's closed in the sport of cricket
Declaration (computer science), the specification of a variable's type in computer science
Declarative programming, a computer programming methodology
Declaration (poker), a formal expression of intent to take some action in the card game poker
Declarative memory, an aspect of human memory
A declaration of independence is a proclamation of the independence of an aspiring state or states.
Such states are usually formed from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation, or are breakaway territories from within the parent state.
Declarations of independence are typically made without the consent of the parent state, and hence are sometimes called unilateral declarations of independence (UDI), particularly by those who question the validity of the declarations.
Presbyterianism is a kind of Protestant Christianity.
It was started in Scotland by John Knox during the 16th century.
It became powerful in England during the Civil War.
Today there are Presbyterian churches across the world.
Presbyterians (followers of Presbyterianism) believe that the Bible is the most important thing in their church because it was given to humans by God and has no errors in it.
They believe that God has control over everything and has chosen to make some people follow Jesus Christ but not others, and that only followers of Jesus may get into heaven. (
See Calvinism)
Presbyterian churches may be led by men called Ministers, Rectors or Elders.
Some Presbyterian churches have women as elders. "
Presbyter" means "elder" and they rule in committees.
There is no overall leader and there are no bishops in the Presbyterian tradition.