the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
For example, the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl.
Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may take many hours to happen.
For example, the nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, (Pennsylvania, United States) took many hours to happen.
A nuclear meltdown is sometimes called the "China syndrome", which refers to a scenario, not meant to be taken literally, where a reactor core could melt through the Earth "all the way to China".
The movie The China Syndrome is named after this scenario.
There is no way such an event could happen in the real world.
A reactor core could not melt through the Earth's crust, and even if it did melt to the center of the Earth, it would not go back up to the surface against gravity.
Zoroaster, or Zarathushtra, was an ancient prophet who lived in Persia.
He founded a religion named Zoroastrianism.
This religion has a long history.
It was the national religion of Sassanid Empire of ancient Iran.
In Persian language, the name takes the form of Zartosht.
Most scholars agree that Zoroaster was a real person who lived long ago.
No one is certain about the time when he lived.
One estimate is that he lived about 3200 years ago, around 1200 BC.
Some other estimates are that Zarathushtra may have lived anywhere between the 18th century BC and the 6th century BC.
Zoroaster -Citizendium
The Russian Empire, also called Imperial Russia, was a country in Europe as well as Asia.
It started in 1721 when Peter I of Russia founded it.
Before that, it was known as the Duchy of Moscow.
It lasted until it was declared a republic in March 1917 after the Russian Revolution.
It was an absolute monarchy ruled by Russian emperors known as 'Tsars'.
They were members of the House of Romanov and believed that they had the divine right of kings over their people.
In 1914, the area of the Russian Empire was about 21,799,825 km².
In 1897, its population was 128,200,000 (1897 year).
Its official language was the Russian language.
Its official church was the Russian Orthodox Church.
The Russian Empire was led by a Tsar who had complete control of the nation.
In this absolute monarchy only the Tsar could make or cancel laws.
In 1905 the Tsar granted a new constitution in which he shared some power with a partly elected parliament called the Duma.
The Russian Empire was a great power, and one of the biggest empires that ever existed.
Russian society
Most people in Imperial Russia were peasants.
They lived mainly in rural areas until the late 19th century, when the Emancipation of the Serfs freed them from the farms where they had to stay.
They were allowed to marry whomever they wanted, own property, and vote.
A few people were nobility, also called boyars.
They were educated and held higher prestige.
Towards the end of the 19th century, many of the educated wanted to remove the Tsar and give people more power.
Revolution and after
In 1917, World War I caused the bad conditions for workers in factories to become even worse with a food shortage.
People blamed it on the Tsar and rebelled.
There were riots in cities such as St Petersburg and Moscow.
The Tsar was soon forced to abdicate in the February Revolution in 1917.
After the October Revolution he was assassinated with his family.
In 1922 most of the Russian Empire became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or USSR when a communist government won the Russian Civil War.
Some counties in the Empire escaped, but the biggest ones were forced into the USSR.
Former monarchies of Europe
1721 establishments
1917 disestablishments
1720s establishments in Europe
1720s establishments in Asia
1910s disestablishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in Asia
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a movement to save human life and health.
Although it is a big international organisation, it is privately run.
No government controls the Red Cross.
The Red Cross has a special job, given by international law.
It is the only private group to have its jobs set out by international law.
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was created in 1863 in Geneva.
Its job, under international law, is to protect the life and dignity of the victims of war.
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) was founded in 1919.
It tries to make sure the national Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies can work together and organise relief assistance missions in case of large-scale emergencies.
The International Federation Secretariat is also based in Geneva, Switzerland.
There is a Red Cross and Red Crescent society in nearly every country in the world.
186 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as full members of the Federation.
Each one works in its home country, following the ideas of international humanitarian law and the statutes of the international Movement.
If possible National Societies can take on additional humanitarian tasks that are not directly defined by international humanitarian law or the mandates of the international Movement.
The British Red Cross Society, for example, organises volunteer ambulances at public events.
The German Red Cross operates a blood bank and a professional full-time ambulance service for hospitals.
To monitor compliance of warring parties with the Geneva Conventions
To organize nursing and care for those who are wounded on the battlefield
To supervise the treatment of prisoners of war and treat them
To help with the search for missing persons in a war (tracing service)
To organize protection and care for normal people
To make peace between groups in war
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Official Website
The cello is an instrument used to play music.
Its name comes from the Italian language, so it is pronounced “chello”.
The full word is violoncello, but when speaking, people normally call it the “cello”.
A person who plays the cello is called a “cellist”.
The cello is a very popular instrument.
It belongs to the string family.
It has many uses: as a solo instrument, in chamber music and also in orchestras.
It is also occasionally used by pop musicians, e.g. by The Beatles, Björk and Jamiroquai.
The cello came into use in the 16th century.
At that time there was a family of instruments called the viols.
The instruments of the violin family were also developing  and there were lots of experiments with instruments of different shapes and sizes.
The violone was popular as a bass instrument.
It was similar to a modern double bass.
The name violoncello,  means "little violone".
The cello also has 4 strings.
The cello developed as the bass instrument in string groups (the double bass was added later, “doubling the bass” i.e. playing the same as the cello an octave lower).
It was used to accompany in basso continuo, playing the same as the left hand of the harpsichord player.
When composers started to write concerti grossi (pieces for orchestra and a small group of soloists), they started to give the cello small solos.
In this way the cello started to be used as a solo instrument as well.
Johann Sebastian Bach wrote six very famous suites for solo cello (unaccompanied).
They are among the most beautiful pieces written for the cello.
Other composers started to write works for solo cello.
Joseph Haydn wrote two solo concertos for the instrument.
King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia loved the cello, and he inspired Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven to write music with interesting cello parts.
The cello was now an equal with the other string instruments, no longer just playing a simple bass line.
In the 19th century many famous composers wrote cello music.
A lot of them were cellists themselves e.g. Carl Davidov, David Popper and Julius Klengel.
Some very famous composers who wrote important cello music were: Mendelssohn, Chopin, Schumann, Brahms, Dvořák, Fauré, Saint-Saëns, Elgar, Sergei Rakhmaninov.
Two  famous pieces written more recently for cello and orchestra are the Cello Symphony by Benjamin Britten  and The Protecting Veil by John Tavener.
Playing the cello
The parts of the cello are similar to those of the violin.
The strings are tuned to C-G-D-A, (low to high).
The cello is played sitting down and holding the instrument between the knees.
There is an end-pin which rests on the ground.
This is adjustable in height so that the player can put it in a position to make himself/herself comfortable.
The cello is normally played with a bow.
The cello has a deep, rich sound.
It starts two octaves below middle C, but can go very high.
For the highest notes the player can use “thumb position” (a violinist cannot do this).
This means that the left thumb is pressing down on one or two strings high up over the fingerboard (“high” means “nearer the bridge” where the high notes are.
In fact, it is nearer to the floor).
Although cello music is most frequently written in the bass clef, cello music often goes quite high so that the tenor clef is used especially in the solo repertory.
Some famous cellists
The most famous cellist of the early part of the 1900s was the Spanish cellist Pablo Casals.
He made the cello popular as a solo instrument today.
Casals also discovered the famous Suites for cello by J.S. Bach which had been lost.
Some other famous cellists of the last century include Emanuel Feuermann, Gregor Piatigorski,  Paul Tortelier, Jacqueline du Pré and Mstislav Rostropovich.
Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed.
Stanley Sadie; 1980,
European colonization of the Americas started with an attempt by the Vikings who came from Scandinavia, the north end of Europe around the year 1000.
They explored and settled awhile in the colony they called Vinland in what was later called Newfoundland.
However, they abandoned it.
In 1492 Columbus rediscovered America.
Soon Spanish conquistadores and many other Europeans went to stay.
Different European countries took different territories, and fought over who should get which land.
Natives died in great numbers.
The survivors lost most of their land, and most learned the language of their conquerors.
In the 15th century people in western Europe searched for trading routes between the Indies and Europe, because the old spice trade route was too hard and too long.
Prices were also high because groups of merchants controlled the trade and could charge whatever they wished.
Vasco da Gama had found a route around Africa that belonged to Portugal.
Some geographers thought the world was so small, ships could sail west around the world to reach East Asia.
The Genoese sea captain Christopher Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella of Castile to finance an expedition to do this.
In August 1492, Columbus left southern Spain with three ships: Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria.
On October 12, after weeks at sea, the ships reached an island in the Bahamas.
Columbus named this island San Salvador.
He thought it was an island of India, so he called the people "Indians".
Columbus next sailed farther into the Caribbean, reaching Cuba where he saw people smoking tobacco.
Then he sailed back to Spain.
The King and Queen gave Columbus many honors.
On his later voyages Columbus took more men, including missionaries.
The ships also carried farm animals and supplies to establish colonies.
He established a new settlement on an island that is now the Dominican Republic.
After they realized that they found a “New World” but not a new route to Asia, the main task of the Spanish was to gain the new lands.
The conquistadors had permission from the Queen to explore and conquer the New World.
Spanish conquistadors with only a few hundred soldiers defeated large Indian empires.
In 1519 Hernando Cortes and few hundred soldiers marched into Aztec capital and eventually destroyed the city, later rebuilt as Mexico City.
Francisco Pizarro was able to conquer the Inca Empire.
The Spanish won for several reasons.
Indians thought that they were Gods and they were afraid of horses and guns.
The Indians also fought each other.
Colonizing Nations
The Spanish and Portuguese people were the first to colonize many parts of South America and Central America in the 16th century.
They also won many parts of North America.
In the next century, people from many countries of Europe reached the Americas.
They settled mostly in North America since the Spanish and Portuguese already had the warm countries.
France and England were the most successful in these later colonies.
England took the middle of eastern North America, and the French took what they could further north.
Eventually, the English colonists took over most of the French territory.
The people in the southern English colonies sought gold at first.
However, they had good soil, and because of this they could grow cash crops, starting with tobacco.
The English people in colonies further north could not grow these crops so easily.
The ones who started New England were Puritans and wanted to be free from the Anglicans back home.
The Middle Colonies were more commercial.
They traded furs, and grew food for themselves and the other English colonies and later exported some back to England.
The Spanish settled in Central America and South America, mining for gold and silver, and farming tobacco, the Spanish had a surplus of labor, because they used the Natives to do the work for them, this was called Encomienda.
In some places this system killed too many of the natives, so they imported slaves from Africa.
The Portuguese grew much sugar and other tropical cash crops in Brazil and imported many Africans for this purpose.
They were the biggest buyers in the Atlantic slave trade.
France had colonies in the Caribbean, and also in the north of the North American mainland which they called Canada.
In the north they were looking for what we call the Northwest Passage, finding a route to Asia.
They had a low population, forcing them to cooperate with the natives to survive.
The French had major profits in the fur trade until they lost Canada in the French and Indian War.
The French Caribbean colonies were warm and good for farming, so they bought many slaves.
French Canada had poor farmland, so no slaves.
History of America
History of Central America
Doha (Arabic: الدوحة;, Ad-Dawḥah or Ad-Dōḥah) is the capital city of Qatar.
It has a population of 400,051 (2005), and is at 25.3° N 51.5333° E, on the Persian Gulf.
The city has an airport called Doha International Airport.
Doha also has major oil and fishing industries.
Doha has an area devoted to research and education called  Education City.
Doha was the host of the 2006 Asian Games, a major Asian sporting event.
Doha's leader is a sheikh named Sheikh Tamim.
The official language of Doha is English and Arabic.
The biggest mall in Qatar is Qatar mall.
Doha has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and short, warm winters.
The average high temperatures between May and September surpass 38 °C (100 °F) and often approach 45 °C (113 °F).
Humidity is usually the lowest in May and June.
Dewpoints can surpass 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer.
Throughout the summer, the city averages almost no precipitation, and less than 20 mm (0.79 in) during other months.
Rainfall is scarce, at a total of 75 mm (2.95 in) per year, falling on isolated days mostly between October to March.
The winter's days are relativity warm while the sun is up and cool during the night.
The temperature rarely drops below 7 °C (45 °F).
Doha is bordered by Saudi Arabia on its south.
On its north, it is bordered by the Persian Gulf.
The nearest oversea country is Bahrain.
Bandar Seri Begawan is the capital city of Brunei in the largest city.
It has a population of 140,000 (2010 estimate).
The city is the home of producers of furniture, textiles, handcrafts, and timber.
It is the site of the Royal Ceremonial Hall or Lapau, Royal Regalia Building, the Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, the Malay Technology Museum, and the Brunei History Center.
Bandar Seri Begawan is located at 4°55' North, 114°55' East (4.91667, 114.91667).
Thimphu (ཐིམ་ཕུ་) is the capital city of Bhutan.
It is the name of the surrounding valley and dzongkhag, the Thimphu District.
It has a population of 50,000 (2003), it is the largest population center in the country.
Thimphu is located at 27°28′00″N, 89°38′30″E.
Settlements in Bhutan
Colombo (; ) is the largest city of Sri Lanka.
It is the city which is economically most important to the country.
It has 642,163 people.
It is on the west coast close to the capital city of Kotte.
The name Colombo is borrowed from Sinhala language name Kola-amba-thota which means "harbor with leafy mango trees".
Traveller Ibn Batuta in the 14th century referred to it as Kalanpu.
Cities in Sri Lanka
The article about one of two sexes can be found at Male
Malé (Dhivehi: މާލެ) is the capital city of the Maldives.
It has a population of 133,412 (2014).
The city is on Malé Island in the Kaafu Atoll.
Although Malé is in Kaafu Atoll, administratively it is not considered part of it.
There is a commercial harbor in the Island.
It is the center of all commercial activities in the country.
Many government buildings and agencies are on the waterfront.
Malé International Airport is close to Hulhule Island which includes a seaplane base for internal transportation.
and male' has the most beautiful reefs on earth.
Male's current president is Ibrahim Solih and it is known as the smallest city on earth.
It is quite a dense city.
The Maldives are named after the capital city Malé.
The city used to be called Mahal, and it had walls and defences around it.
Recently, the island has become much bigger due to filling the ocean beside it with land.
Geography of the Maldives
Islamabad (, abode of Islam) is the Federal capital city of Pakistan, and is in the Pothohar Plateau in the northwest of the country.
Islamabad Town is also a town in Jammu and Kashmir.
It is in the Islamabad Capital Territory, though the area has historically been a part of the crossroads of the Punjab region and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (the Margalla Pass being a historic gateway to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and the Pothohar Plateau historically is a part of the Punjab region).
Islamabad is at 33°40′N 73°10′E.
This city is rich in nature.
It is surrounded by the Margalla Hills.
It has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa in the Köppen climate classification).
Places worth seeing
Shah Faisal Mosque
Daman-e-Koh
Peer Sohawa
Shakar Parian
Rose and Jasmine Garden
Pakistan National Monument
Rawal Lake (and Rawal Dam)
Japanese Park
Marghazar Zoo
National Archives of Pakistan
Educational institution
Islamabad has a large number of educational institutions including colleges, universities and technical education and training bodies.
Allama Iqbal Open University
National University of Modern Languages
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology
International Islamic University
National Defence University
National University of Sciences and Technology
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Pakistan Institute of Medical Science
Quaid-i-Azam University
Shifa College of Medicine
The Sophia Institute
Wall of Voodoo is a rock band from the United States.
The band was from Los Angeles, California.
The band's music style was punk and new wave.
Their most famous song was Mexican Radio.
The band's genesis was in a Hollywood company called "Acme Soundtracks", a commercially unsuccessful venture founded in 1977 in Hollywood by songwriter Stan Ridgway.
Ridgway wanted the company to provide soundtrack music for independently produced low-budget horror films; unfortunately, they found few takers for their services.
Instead, Acme Soundtracks evolved into a band that played live shows, as Ridgway (vocals, harmonica, keyboards) enlisted Marc Moreland (guitar) followed by Marc's brother Bruce Moreland (bass), Chas T. Gray (keyboards), and Joe Nanini (percussion) to the line-up.
The band was named Wall Of Voodoo by Ridgway before their first gig in reference to a comment made while recording and overdubbing a Kalamazoo Rhythm Ace drum machine, a gift to Ridgway by writer and iconic voice over artist Daws Butler, partner to Stan Freberg, voice of Yogi Bear and many other Hanna-Barbera characters.
When someone jokingly compared the multiple drum machine and farfisa organ laden recordings to Phil Spector's Wall Of Sound, Ridgway commented it sounded more like a "Wall Of Voodoo", and the name stuck.
Actually, for new listeners, the voodoo reference was a little misleading, as it referred to the music's often spooky quality, as opposed to any Haitian or Caribbean influences.
In fact, WoV's music could fairly have been described as a cross between early synthesizer pop (especially that of Devo) and Ennio Morricone's spaghetti western soundtracks.
Adding to the music's distinctiveness was Ridgway's unusual vocal style, a half-spoken western drawl, and Nanini's percussive experimentation, mixing drum machines with found instruments such as pots, pans and various kitchen utensils, as well as Marc Moreland's distinctive guitar.
In 1980, Wall Of Voodoo released their self-titled debut EP, which included a cover version of Johnny Cash's Ring of Fire, as well as three original songs and a few snippets of atmospheric Acme Soundtracks work.
In 1981 the band released Dark Continent, an album concerned largely with workplace issues.
After that album, bassist Bruce Moreland exited the band, and Gray doubled up on both bass and keyboards.
Now a quartet, in 1982 WoV recorded their best-known album with producer Richard Mazda, Call of the West, which included "Mexican Radio".
Though "Mexican Radio" did not make the top 40 in either the US or the UK, it was a sizeable underground hit, and the song's video received heavy airplay on MTV in the US and MuchMusic in Canada.
Wall Of Voodoo added Bill Noland from L.A.'s quirky outfit Human Hands as a keyboardist in 1982, but increasing tensions within the band eventually led to a breakup of the band after the Us Festival in 1983.
Ridgway would there after embark on a solo career, which netted him much critical acclaim and a top 5 hit in the UK with the 1986 single "Camouflage" in addition to songs such as "The Big Heat","Drive She Said" and "Salesman".
Numerous solo recordings have followed.
Noland and Nanini also left the band in 1983.
WoV regrouped in 1984 with a new lead singer (Andy Prieboy), as well as a new drummer (Ned Leukhardt) and returning bassist Bruce Moreland.
Second and Third albums
A 1984 single ("Big City") was followed by two albums from this lineup: 1985's Seven Days in Sammystown, and 1987's Happy Planet.
The Sammystown album also spawned "Far Side Of Crazy", a minor hit single in Australia.
Bruce Moreland again exited the band before their final album in 1989, the live recording The Ugly Americans In Australia.
Andy Prieboy
After the final break-up, Andy Prieboy issued three solo albums :"Upon My Wicked Son", "Montezuma Was A Man of Faith" and "Sins of The Father." "
Wicked Son" featured the haunting ballad "Tomorrow Wendy" which was covered by a score of bands, most notably Concrete Blonde on their hit "Bloodletting" album.
Marc Moreland
Stan Ridgway
Stan Ridgway continues to release numerous recordings and projects, including collaborations with his wife, composer Pietra Wexstun of the electronic lounge band Hecate's Angels.
These include "Soundtrack for Blood" (2003), a musical score to an exhibit of paintings by the surrealist artist Mark Ryden, and "Barbecue Babylon", the latest album by Drywall, their "experimental noise combo trio" with electric guitarist Rick King.
New band
The line up consisted of Stan Ridgway - vocals, harmonica, farfisa organ, compass, polygraph, and new members Joe Berardi - percussion, drums, foley, laugh box, gong, atomic clock, Rick King - guitar, twang wire, tremolo tonic, bees vs moths, maps, Pietra Wexstun - keys, electric piano, C3 organ, tarot cards, mind reading, Jeff Boynton - keys, moog, oberheim, circuit bending and soldering iron, David Sutton - bass, thunder stick, vitalis, casuals, and golf balls, Richard Mazda - Special Guest, guitar, clavinet, SFX, points of discussion, producer-dude of Call Of The West and Mexican Radio, and other strange things.
Andy Prieboy, Chas T Gray and Bill Noland were approached to participate but declined.
All sent their well wishes and may contribute in the future.
Wall of Voodoo (EP) (1980)
Dark Continent (1981)
Call of the West (1982)
Seven Days in Sammystown (1985)
Happy Planet (1987)
The Ugly Americans in Australia (1989)
The Khyber Pass (also called the Khaiber Pass or Khaybar Pass) () is a pass between Pakistan with Afghanistan; National border Pass (International).
It is the National Pass of Pakistan, and connects the frontiers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to Afghanistan.
Throughout history it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia, and a strategic military place.
The actual pass summit is 5 kilometers inside Pakistan at Landi Kotal.
The pass cuts through the Safed Koh mountains which are a far southeastern extension of the Hindu Kush range.the height of the khyber pass is 1,070 and width is 140m.
Mountain passes of Pakistan
Ground zero is the name for the exact place where an explosion occurs.
It is the place where the most damage happens.
The farther away from ground zero, the less damage there is.
Sometimes, people say "ground zero" about a famous explosion, like the atomic bomb in Hiroshima or the September 11 attacks.
These places can have special markers at ground zero.
Anne Rice (born Howard Allen O'Brien, October 4, 1941 – December 11, 2021) was an American author of horror/fantasy novels.
Interview with the Vampire and The Queen of the Damned are among her best-known works.
She wrote four series, including The Vampire Chronicles and Christ the Lord.
Rice was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to Irish Roman Catholic parents.
One of her sisters was novelist Alice Borchardt (1939–2007).
Rice was married to poet Stan Rice (1942–2002) from 1961 his death.
They had a daughter, Michele (1966–1972) and a son, novelist Christopher (born 1978).
Rice died on December 11, 2021, of complications from a stroke.
She was 80.
Anne Rice's spiritual journey site
Writers from New Orleans, Louisiana
The term "homemaker"
Because it has been the traditional job of a woman to be a homemaker, a woman who spends most of her time caring for the family home has been called a "housewife".
Many women still use this word on government forms, because they see the value in homemaking.
Traditional societies
For many thousands of years, men have been thought of by society as the main "breadwinners" in families.
This means that it has been the job of men to do work in which animals were hunted for food by one or more men, or the men grew food crops or earned money to pay for food, while the women have cared for children, prepared food for eating, cleaned the home, and made and cared for clothes.
In societies where people are hunters and gatherers, for example the traditional society of the Australian aboriginal people, it is the men who do the hunting of animals for meat, and the women who do the gathering of other types of food such as grain, fruit and vegetables.
One of the reasons is that a married woman usually had children and babies for a large part of her life.
It is much easier to gather fruit with a baby on your hip or back than to hunt a fast-moving animal.
So the men were able to raise up sons and daughters and the life of the community could continue into another generation.
Even in a society where homes were very simple and people did not own very many things, men and women did different jobs.
In the extreme conditions of the Arctic North the hunters must know how to hunt in extreme cold (among ice and snow); the women must maintain home life in huts made of ice ("igloos") and clothing needs to be made out of animal skin and insulated with moss and other plants.
Babies live very close to their mothers so that they can be kept warm.
In rural societies, where the main work is farming women have also taken care of gardens and animals around the house, brewed weak alcoholic drinks (such as ale and mead) and helped men with heavy work whenever a job needed doing in a hurry, usually because of the season.
Examples of the heavy work that a traditional "housewife" (homemaker) in a rural society would do are:
Picking fruit when it was ripe for market
Planting rice in a paddy field
Harvesting and stacking grain when it became ready
Cutting hay
Urban societies
An urban society is when most people live in towns and cities.
In urban societies, since ancient times, most men did work that earned money.
They worked in workshops, trading, banks and other businesses as well as in churches, schools and the town council.
It was seen as the job of a woman to be a "housewife" (homemaker).
Every society always has some women who never marry.
They might stay at home and do housework for other family members, or they might work outside the house like a man.
In many urban societies, there have been few jobs that a woman was allowed to do.
In modern society there are still strong traditions about the jobs that women should do.
Modern society
In the 19th century (1801-1900) more and more women began to stop being homemakers and began to do jobs that men usually did.
At this time many big factories were set up, first in England then in some other European countries and the United States as well.
Many thousands of young women went to work in factories.
Other women, like Florence Nightingale, stopped being housewives and did dirty dangerous jobs, even though they were not poor and did not need to work.
In most families where there was a husband and wife, everybody thought it was the job of the husband to earn money and the job of the woman to be a "housewife" (homemaker).
Women were often very proud to be a good homemaker and have their house and children spotlessly clean, their husband's shirts neatly pressed, and tasty meals to eat every night.
In the first half of the 20th century (1901-1950) there were two big wars (World War I and World War II) that were fought by men from many countries.
While the men were at war, their wives went to work to keep the countries running.
By the 1960s in western countries there was the idea that it was all right for a woman to work and be a "career girl"  until the woman got married, when she should stop work and be a "housewife" (homemaker).
At this time, when more and more women had good educations and were able to earn a lot of money, in some families (usually if there were young children to care for) the husband would be the person that was the homemaker. (
See above:The term "homemaker)
Nowadays, in many families where both the husband and wife do paid work, both partners share in the "housework" and caring for the children.
In other families, there is still a traditional idea that housework is the job of the wife, so the husband works to provide for the family and the wife stays home to care for her house and children.
In addition, in some families, the wife works to provide for the family and the husband stays home to care for the home and the children.
What does a homemaker do?
The job of a homemaker is to take care of a family and the place where the family lives.
The usual things that a homemaker does are:
Planning meals
Buying food
Preparing and cooking food
Serving food
Washing-up after meals
Organizing the home
Decorating the home
Doing seasonal cleaning like washing all the curtains
Decorating (arranging the furniture and ornaments, and choosing the colors of things)
Washing clothes
Ironing clothes
Mending clothes (and sometimes making them)
Shopping for new clothes and other family needs
Getting children ready for school
Bathing and dressing children
Feeding babies
Playing with children
Comforting babies, children and partners
Doing first aid
Caring for sick people
Caring for pets
Entertaining guests
Planning for guests and holidays/celebrations
Remembering everybody's birthday.
Driving the kids to school, sport etc.
Helping with homework
Supervising music practice
Reading storybooks
Putting children to bed
Cleaning out the garage
Maintaining and watering household plants
Preparing a budget
Researching ways to use the household's income most efficiently
Bill pay
A necktie (or a tie) is an article of clothing worn by men.
A tie is part of an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing called the "suit and tie."
This outfit is worn in Western countries by men in professional jobs such as business, law, and politics.
A necktie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it usually has a color or pattern on it.
Men tie a knot in neckties and wear them with dress shirts in order to make them look more formal.
Bow ties
The bow tie is a type of necktie.
It is a ribbon of fabric tied around the collar in a symmetrical manner such that the two opposite ends form loops.
Ready-tied bow ties are available, in which the distinctive bow is sewn and a band goes around the neck and clips to secure.
Some "clip-ons" dispense with the band altogether, instead clipping to the collar.
A joke is something said, written or done to make people laugh.
There are many kinds of jokes; they can be questions with surprising answers or stories with unexpected endings.
The humour of a joke comes from the surprise.
Jokes can be about anything.
Jokes can be found anywhere: on the Internet, in books or heard from friends.
Some jokes are about groups of people and can hurt people's feelings, for example if they are racist, homophobic or sexist.
Jokes could take the form of sarcasm or even try to poke fun at something to get a point across.
People sometimes get hurt by jokes at them.
If a joke is used to show a problem in someone's thought, it is normally called satire.
A brother-in-law is the brother of someone's wife or husband.
A brother-in-law is also someone's brother's or sister's husband.
Affinity (law)
es:Anexo:Nomenclatura de parentesco en español#Cuñados
it:Parentela#Gradi di parentela comuni
sv:Svärfamilj#Svärsyskon
Someone's sister-in-law is the wife of his or her brother or sister.
Someone's sister-in-law is also his or her spouse's sister.
A tuxedo is an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing which includes a white dress shirt, a bow tie, dress pants, a tuxedo suit jacket (sometimes called a dinner jacket), leather dress shoes, and sometimes a vest or cummerbund, top hat and gloves.
In European countries, this outfit is called black tie.
Many men wear this outfit in Western countries on formal occasions like a marriage ceremony or a fancy party or dance.
The white dress shirt is usually made of cotton or linen.
A dress shirt has a stiff collar and it is ironed before it is worn.
A bow tie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it is usually black or white.
Dress pants are made of wool or polyester, and they are ironed before they are worn.
A tuxedo suit jacket is usually made of wool or polyester.
Suit jackets have a collar, pockets, and a silk or polyester lining.
Leather dress shoes are usually made of dark-colored leather which is polished.
Sometimes, a person wearing a tuxedo will also wear a sleeveless vest with buttons in the front, a black top hat, and white gloves.
Since most men do not wear tuxedos very often, they rent them when needed instead of buying them.
Sometimes, men's tuxedo vests and ties match the dress of the woman he is with.
They are mainly worn to big events such as weddings, dinner parties or some sort of smart dressed do.
Experience points, commonly known as ‘xp’, are numbers used in certain role-playing games.
Gaining enough experience points usually leads to the player "leveling up".
Each "level up" means that the player is more powerful than before.
They can use better weapons, armor and magic.
Most games have a maximum level that the player can achieve, which means they cannot get any more experience points.
Eagle, the broad family of birds
Eagle ray, a type of Ray
All American Racers Eagles, race cars built by Dan Gurney
AMC Eagle, the last car made by the American Motors Corporation
Apollo 11 lunar module, the first manned Earth vehicle to land on the Moon
Eagle automobile, an automotive brand of the Chrysler Corporation from 1988 to 1998, formed from the remnants of the American Motors Corporation
HMS Eagle, a series of Royal Navy warships
F-15 Eagle, a fighter aircraft
MOWAG Eagle, a lightly armored reconnaissance vehicle
P-75A Eagle, a United States Army Air Forces fighter of World War II
Rolls-Royce Eagle, an aircraft engine of World War I
Rolls-Royce Eagle 22, an aircraft engine of the late 1940s
USCGC Eagle (WIX-327), a United States Coast Guard school ship
Eagle Bus (1958-1993) Originally imported by Setra, later manufactured in the U.S. for Continental Trailways
Eagle Kit Cars, a kit car manufacturer
North American Eagle, a vehicle intended to challenge the land speed record
Eagle Electric
Eagle Food Centers, a chain of grocery stores that had operated in midwestern states until 2003
Groups/Organizations
Boston College Eagles of the U.S. Atlantic Coast Conference
Crystal Palace F.C., an English soccer team who are also known as The Eagles
Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America), the highest rank in the Boy Scouts of America
Eagle Scout rank (Boy Scouts of the Philippines), the highest rank in the Boy Scouts of the Philippines
Eagles (band), the country rock band of the 1970s
Eagles (rugby), a rugby club in South Africa
The Eagles, an American band
Fraternal Order of Eagles
Goodyear Eagles, a South African cricket team based in Bloemfontein
Georgia Southern University Eagles of the U.S Southern Conference
Philadelphia Eagles, a National Football League team
West Coast Eagles, an Australian Football League team
Woodville-West Torrens Eagles, a South Australian National Football League team
University of Southern Mississippi Golden Eagles of Conference USA
USA national rugby union team The Eagles
Ateneo de Manila University Blue Eagles of the University Athletics Association of the Philippines
American Eagle (comics), a superhero
Blue Eagle (comics), a superhero
Eagles (Middle-earth) of J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth
Eagle (video game character)
Emil Eagle, a Disney character
April Eagle and her father Commander Eagle, characters in the animated television series Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs
Eddie Belfour, Eddie the Eagle Belfour, a professional hockey player
Espen Bredesen, a Norwegian ski jumper once dubbed "Espen the Eagle"
Eddie 'the Eagle' Edwards, a British ski jumper
Big Eagle (c.1827-1906), Mdewakanton Sioux leader
Terry Calling Eagle, Lakota winkte
Eagle of Delight (d.1822), emissary of the Otoe tribe
Jay Red Eagle, Cherokee flutist
Running Eagle, a female Piegan war chief
Douglas Spotted Eagle, Native American flutist
Chief War Eagle (c.1785-1851), a Santee Sioux leader
William Weatherford (1780-1824), a Muscogee leader, also known as Red Eagle
Bald Eagle Township, Pennsylvania
Black Eagle, Montana
Eagle, Michigan
Eagle, Nebraska
Eagle, New York
Eagle, Wisconsin
Eagle (town), Wisconsin
Eagle, Richland County, Wisconsin
Eagle Bend, Minnesota
Eagle Harbor, Maryland
Eagle Harbor Township, Michigan
Eagle Lake, Maine
Eagle Lake, Minnesota
Eagle Lake Township, Minnesota
Eagle Lake, Texas
Eagle Lake, Wisconsin
Eagle Mountain, Texas
Eagle Mountain, Utah
Eagle Nest, New Mexico
Eagle Point, Chippewa County, Wisconsin
Eagle Rock (Idaho) (now known as Idaho Falls, Idaho)
Eagle Rock, Los Angeles
Eagle Township, Michigan
Eagle Township, Minnesota
Eagle Point Township, Minnesota
Eagle Valley Township, Minnesota
Eagle View Township, Minnesota
Eagle Village, Alaska
Eagle-Vail, Colorado
Grey Eagle, Minnesota
Little Eagle, South Dakota
New Eagle, Pennsylvania
North Eagle Butte, South Dakota
Eagle, Lincolnshire, England
Eagle and Child, public house in Oxford, England
Eagle (crater), the landing spot of the Opportunity rover on Mars
Eagle (U.S. coin), a gold United States coin worth $10.00
American Gold Eagle, a bullion coin
American Silver Eagle, a bullion coin
American Platinum Eagle, a bullion coin
Computer software and hardware
Eagle (program), electronic design automation software
Eagle Computer, an early IBM-PC clone manufacturer
Eagle Web platform, a CICS-to-Web development environment
Fujitsu Eagle, a model of disk drive popular in the 1980s
Eagle (heraldry), an eagle which appears in a coat of arms
Roman battle standards
The Eagle (comic), a UK comic
In the sport of golf, an eagle means two strokes under par
"War Eagle!",
the battle cry of athletes and fans of Auburn University of the Southeastern Conference.
The school's official nickname is the Auburn Tigers, however
96.4 The Eagle, a radio station that broadcasts from Guildford in England
Eddie Eagle, a mascot of a National Rifle Association program teaching young children to avoid guns
, better known by his stage name hide, was a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter and record producer, the lead guitarist of the band X Japan.
He was also a successful solo artist, once contributing to the American-based band Zilch.
He is regarded as very influential to modern Japanese music.
His music can be classified as glam rock and pop.
X Japan was one of the main bands to develop the musical movement called visual kei.
hide was born at Yokosuka, in Kanagawa Prefecture.
He lived and created music in Tokyo and Los Angeles.
He died in Tokyo on 2 May 1998, after a night of drinking.
Spread Beaver
hide's solo project was called hide with Spread Beaver.
It was formed at the start of 1998, and was based in Los Angeles.
They released three single CDs and one album.
The first single was "Rocket Dive", released on 28 January 1998.
The other two singles were recorded by the end of April, and were scheduled to be released in May.
hide travelled to Tokyo to promote the new songs, but he died on 2 May before they were released.
The two new singles were released on 13 May and 27 May.
They were called "Pink Spider" and "Ever Free". "
Pink Spider" entered the Oricon charts at #1 and eventually received the year's MTV video music award.
hide's studio album, Ja, Zoo,  was released in November 1998.
His band played their promotion tour live in Japan as scheduled.
– percussion, programming (1993–98, 2008)
– guitar (1994–96)
– bass guitar (1994–98, 2008)
– drums (1994–98, 2008)
– keyboards (1994–98, 2008)
– guitar (1996–98, 2008)
– guitar (1998, 2008)
Singer-songwriters
Suicides by hanging
Singers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japanese guitarists
Measurement means compare to a fix standard value.
To measure something is to give a number to some property of the thing.
Measuring something puts the amount of the thing into numbers.
Measurement can be written using many different units.
For example, if we want to compare two different sized container for holding a given quantity of liquid, we can ask: Are both containers the same size?
Will they hold the same amount of liquid?
What can be measured?
Many things can be measured.
Some properties of things that can be measured:
Distance: For example, distance measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
How far is the city from here?
How far apart are these two trees?
How long is this stick?
Weight: For example, weight measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
What is heavier, this group of apples or that group of bananas?
Did John lose weight in the last year?
Will putting this rock in the boat make the boat sink?
Temperature: For example, temperature measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
Where is hotter today?
In London or in Paris?
Will this ice turn into water if I put it inside?
Is Sally sick?
Does Sally have a fever?
Volume: For example, volume measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
How many pails of water do I need to fill up the bath tub?
How much olive oil do I put in this food I am making?
How many blocks can I fit in this box?
Pressure: For example, pressure measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
How much air should I put in this automobile tire?
Will the weather stay good or will we have a storm?
Will my ears pop when I climb that hill?
Most properties are measured using a number and a unit of measurement.
The unit of measurement is a standard amount.
The number compares the property to the standard amount.
Measure theory
There is an advanced part of mathematics that is about measuring things with unusual characteristics.
This is called measure theory.
Measurement Citizendium
Alligator clips are toothed clips on the ends of electric wires.
They are hinged near the back, making them look like alligator jaws.
Sometimes they are also called crocodile clips.
Usually those clips are used in measuring to temporarily connect a meter to an electrical circuit or a single component.
James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is a British politician.
He served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and was the leader of the British Labour Party.
He was the Labour MP Representative for the Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath UK Constituency.
He was born at Orchard Maternity Nursing Home in Giffnock, Scotland and is married to Sarah Macaulay.
Their daughter Jennifer Jane died as a baby.
They have two sons, John Macaulay and James Fraser.
Brown is blind in his left eye after a sports injury but he has a replacement eye made of glass.
Brown took over as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after Tony Blair resigned on 27 June 2007.
Before this, he had been Chancellor of the Exchequer since May 1997.
Brown has a PhD in history from the University of Edinburgh.
He spent his early career working as a television journalist.
He has been a Member of Parliament since 1983.
At the beginning for Dunfermline East and since 2005 for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath.
As Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, he was also First Lord of the Treasury and the Minister for the Civil Service.
Brown's time as Chancellor was marked by major reform of Britain's financial and fiscal policy architecture.
For example, was the interest rate setting power transferred to the Bank of England.
This was done by a wide extension of the powers of the Treasury to cover much domestic policy and by giving the responsibility for banking supervision to the Financial Services Authority.
Controversial moves included the abolition of Advance Corporation Tax (ACT) relief in his first budget, and the removal in his final budget of the 10 per cent "starting rate" of personal income tax which he had introduced in 1999.
After an initial rise in opinion polls, Brown's time as Prime Minister saw his approval ratings fall.
The Labour Party suffered its worst local election results in 40 years.
Despite public and parliamentary pressure on his leadership, he remained leader of the Labour Party.
He announced on 6 April 2010 that there would be a general election on 6 May 2010, in which Labour came second, with 258 seats.
Brown resigned, and Conservative leader David Cameron became Prime Minister.
Politicians from Glasgow
UK MPs 2010–2015
The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the head of the government treasury and the chief executive of HM Treasury who is a high ranking minister in the government of the United Kingdom.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer, sometimes shortened to The Chancellor, is responsible for Britain's money and economy.
List of the Chancellors of the Exchequer
Chancellors of the Exchequer of England
Sir John Baker (date is not known)
Sir Walter Mildmay (1559–1589)
Sir John Fortescue (1589–1603)
George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar (1603–1606)
Sir Julius Caesar (1606–1614)
Sir Fulke Greville (1614–1621)
Sir Richard Weston (1621–1628)
Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh (1628–1629)
Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington (1629–1642)
Sir John Culpepper (1642–1643)
Sir Edward Hyde (July 19, 1642 - 1646)
Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (May 13, 1661 - November 22, 1672)
Sir John Duncombe (November 22, 1672 - May 2, 1676)
Sir John Ernle (May 2, 1676 - April 9, 1689)
Henry Booth, 2nd Baron Delamere (April 9, 1689 - March 18, 1690)
Richard Hampden (March 18, 1690 - May 10, 1694)
Charles Montagu (May 10, 1694 - June 2, 1699)
John Smith (June 2, 1699 - March 27, 1701)
Henry Boyle (March 27, 1701 - April 22, 1708)
Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain
Many Chancellors were also Prime Minister for some or all of the time they were Chancellor.
These are shown with a *
John Smith (April 22, 1708 - August 11, 1710)
Robert Harley (August 11, 1710 - June 4, 1711)
Robert Benson (June 4, 1711 - August 21, 1713)
Sir William Wyndham (August 21, 1713 - October 13, 1714)
Sir Richard Onslow (October 13, 1714 - October 12, 1715)
Robert Walpole (October 12, 1715 - April 15, 1717)
James Stanhope, 1st Viscount Stanhope (April 15, 1717 - March 20, 1718)