the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The K/T extinctions were so sudden and far-reaching that they must have been caused by something sudden and powerful.
One or more massive asteroid or meteor impacts, and increased volcanic activity have been suggested.
How quickly animals died out around the world is an important clue.
Patterns in rocks also suggest causes.
There are several impact craters and massive volcanic activity in the Deccan Traps in India dated to about the same time as the extinctions.
Those impacts and volcanoes would have reduced sunlight and hindered photosynthesis, disrupting Earth's ecology.
The Shiva crater is a sea floor structure under the continental shelf in the Indian Ocean, west of Mumbai, India.
It was named by paleontologist Sankar Chatterjee after Shiva, the Hindu god of destruction and renewal.
Chicxulub
John Rutter (born London 24 September 1945) is an English composer and choral conductor.
He has composed a lot of church music.
Many of his anthems and songs are very popular indeed with church choirs as well as choral societies.
He writes in a style that can be enjoyed easily, and at the same time it is excellent music.
Rutter was born in London.
He went to school at Highgate School.
Another pupil in the school was John Tavener who was also to become a famous composer, although his style of music is very different.
Rutter studied music at Clare College, Cambridge.
He became director of music at Clare College in 1975 and made the choir internationally famous.
In 1974, Rutter visited the United States where he conducted his new cantata "Gloria" which became a great favourite.
He also conducted his "Eight Childhood Lyrics".
In 1981 Rutter started a choir of his own, the Cambridge Singers.
He still conducts them.
Rutter still lives near Cambridge and spends his time composing and conducting all over the world.
Rutter has been given many honours, including  honorary Fellow of Westminster Choir College, Princeton (1980), Fellow of the Guild of Church Musicians (1988).
In 1996 the Archbishop of Canterbury gave him the Lambeth Doctorate of Music to celebrate all he has done for church music.
He was made a CBE in 2007.
His collection of Carols for Choirs which he prepared together with Sir David Willcocks is extremely widely used in Britain.
Rutter's compositions include Christmas carols, anthems and longer choral works such as a Gloria, a Magnificat, and a Requiem.
In 2002 his setting of Psalm 150, written for the Queen's Golden Jubilee, was performed at the thanksgiving service in St Paul's Cathedral, London.
He has also written an opera for young people called Bang!.
His Mass for Children was first performed in 2003 in the Carnegie Hall, New York.
Rutter at the Oxford University Press website
He is famous for being on the 1970s sitcom/television series The Partridge Family.
The Permian/Triassic extinction event (P/Tr for short and also popularly referred to as the Great Dying) was the largest extinction event in the Phanerozoic eon.
57% of all biological families, 83% of all genera, 96% of all marine species (including many kinds of fish and the last surviving trilobites) and 70% of all terrestrial vertebrates (including many of the large amphibians, primitive reptiles and synapsids) became extinct.
It is the only known extinction event of insects.
It ended the Palaeozoic era, and began the Mesozoic era.
The event forms the boundary between the Permian and Triassic periods, at about 252 million years ago.
Because so much biodiversity was lost, the recovery of life on earth took much longer than after other extinction events.
This event has been described as the "mother of all mass extinctions".
There are several proposed mechanisms for the extinctions.
These include: large or multiple meteorite impacts, increased volcanism, sudden release of methane hydrates from the sea floor.
Gradual changes include sea level change, oceanic anoxic events, increasing aridity, and a shift in ocean circulation driven by climate change.
One thing is probably significant.
One of the largest ever flood basalt eruptions took place across the P/Tr junction.
These eruptions, from 251 to 250 million years ago, produced the Siberian Traps, a huge volcanic province in Siberia.
This would certainly have made the world's climate much worse, and is now thought to be the main cause of this great extinction.
Camille Pissarro (10 July 1830 – 12 November 1903) was a French Impressionist painter.
He was born on Saint Tomas in the Virgin Islands.
Pissarro died in Paris.
He was the only artist to exhibit in both Impressionism and Post-impressionism forms.
Pissarro learnt from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot.
He later studied and worked alongside Georges Seurat and Paul Signac when he took on the Neo-Impressionist style at the age of 54.
In 1873 he helped establish a society of fifteen aspiring artists, holding the group together and encouraging the other members.
Art historian John Rewald called Pissarro the “dean of the Impressionist painters", not only because he was the oldest of the group, but also "by virtue of his wisdom and his balanced, kind, and warmhearted personality”.
Cézanne said "he was a father for me.
A man to consult and a little like the good Lord".
He was also one of Gauguin's mentors.
Renoir referred to his work as “revolutionary”, through his artistic portrayals of the common man.
Pissarro insisted on painting individuals in natural settings without "artifice or grandeur".
Pissarro is the only artist to have shown his work at all eight Paris Impressionist exhibitions, from 1874 to 1886.
He acted as a father figure to the Impressionists and, in varying degress, to all four of the major Post-impressionists including Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin.
The London years
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 compelled Pissarro to flee his home in September 1870; he returned in June 1871 to find that the house, and along with it many of his early paintings, had been destroyed by Prussian soldiers.
By December 1870 he and his family had taken refuge in London and settled in Crystal Palace, southwest London.
Through the paintings Pissarro completed at this time, he records Sydenham and Norwood at a time when they were just recently connected by railways.
One of the largest of these paintings is a view of St. Bartholomew's Church at Lawrie Park Avenue, commonly known as The Avenue, Sydenham, in the collection of the  National Gallery, London.
Whilst in Upper Norwood Pissarro was introduced to the art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel, who bought two of his 'London' paintings.
Durand-Ruel subsequently became the most important art dealer of the new school of French Impressionism.
Returning to France, in 1890 Pissarro again visited England and painted some ten scenes of central London.
He came back again in 1892, painting in Kew Gardens and Kew Green, and also in 1897, when he produced several oils of Bedford Park, Chiswick.
List of Danish painters
Snowball Earth or Icehouse Earth refers to times when the Earth's surface was nearly or entirely frozen.
The occurrence of Snowball (or Slushball) Earths is still controversial, but it is now probable that widespread glaciation occurred in periods of the Proterozoic.
What is still debatable is how widespread those glaciations were.
Proponents claim the theory explains sedimentary deposits of glacial origin at tropical latitudes and other enigmatic features of the geological record.
Opponents do not draw the same inferences from the geological evidence, and doubt the geophysical feasibility of an ice or slush-covered ocean.
Huronian glaciation 2,400  2,100 million years ago (mya)
The Snowball Earth hypothesis explains glacial deposits in the Huronian supergroup of Canada.
The palaeomagnetic evidence, which suggests ice sheets at low latitudes, is contested.
The glacial sediments of the Makganyene formation of South Africa are slightly younger than the Huronian glacial deposits (~2.25 billion years old) and were deposited at tropical latitudes.
Perhaps the rise of free oxygen that occurred during this part of the Paleoproterozoic removed methane in the atmosphere through oxidation.
As the Sun was notably weaker at the time, the Earth's climate may have relied on methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, to maintain surface temperatures above freezing.
In the absence of this methane greenhouse, temperatures plunged and a snowball event could have occurred.
Kaigas ice age 825 – 730 mya
Sturtian ice age 720 – 635 mya
Marinoan ice age 650 – 635 mya
There were three or four significant ice ages during the late Neoproterozoic.
Of these, the Marinoan was the most significant, and the Sturtian glaciations were also truly widespread.
These were both in the Cryogenian period, before the Ediacaran.
The million year long Gaskiers glaciation did not lead to global glaciation, although it was probably as intense as the late Ordovician glaciation.
The status of the Kaigas glaciation or "cooling event" is unclear.
Some do not recognise it as glacial, and others believe it may indeed be a third ice age.
It was certainly less significant than the Sturtian or Marinoan glaciations, and probably not global in extent.
Evidence does  suggest that the Earth underwent a number of glaciations during the Neoproterozoic.
Rivallo () was a legendary king of the Britons as told by Geoffrey of Monmouth.
He was the son of King Cunedagius.
During the time he ruled he was troubled by disasters: a rain of blood which lasted three days, a terrible plague, and a great swarm of flies.
After he died his son Gurgustius became king.
His first job as a manager was at Shelbourne where he won the league in 2003, 2004 and 2006.
In that time they also made history by managing the first Irish club to reach the third qualifying round of the Champions League, where they were knocked out by Deportivo de La Coruña from Spain.
He left Shelbourne at the end of 2006.
He was made manager of Bohemians in early 2008 and so far has won back-to-back titles, an FAI Cup and a League Cup.
He has stated that his desire is to get Bohemians into the Champions League group stages in 2010.
Victoria Wood CBE (19 May 1953, Prestwich, Lancashire – 20 April 2016, Highgate, North London) was an English comedienne, actress, singer, writer and television presenter.
Victoria Wood went to Bury Grammar Girls' School.
She wrote and starred in sketches, plays, films and sitcoms.
She was a stand-up comedian.
She sang and accompanied herself on the piano.
Her humour was usually about everyday life, known as observational comedy.
It was often satirical.
It referred to popular British media and brand names of British products.
She started her career in 1974 by winning the ATV talent show New Faces.
It was not until the 1980s that she began to be known as a comedy star, with the award-winning television series Victoria Wood As Seen On TV and became one of Britain's most popular stand-up comedians.
In 1998, she wrote and starred in the sitcom dinnerladies (deliberately spelt with a small-case "d") which ran for 16 episodes over two seasons.
She won many awards, including the BAFTA award.
She was made a CBE in 2008.
Wood married magician Geoffrey Durham in March 1980.
They separated in October 2002 and divorced in 2003.
They had a daughter, Grace (born 1988) who is a singer and son Henry (born 1992).
Wood was diagnosed with terminal cancer in late 2015, but kept her illness private.
She died on 20 April 2016 at her Highgate home, aged 62.
BAFTA nominations
Wood had four wins from fourteen nominations ( she also had a special Bafta that she received at a Bafta tribute evening in 2005, taking her total to five )
Victoria Wood As Seen On TV won the BAFTA for "Best Entertainment Programme" in 1986, 1987 and 1988, these awards went to the producer, Geoff Posner.
An Audience With Victoria Wood won the BAFTA for "Best Entertainment Programme" in 1989, this award went to David G. Hillier.
Niccolò Piccinni (born Bari, Italy, 16 January 1728; died near Paris, 7 May 1800) was an Italian composer.
He wrote over 80 operas.
Piccinni’s music is hardly ever played today, but in his day many of his operas were extremely popular.
He is mainly remembered today because he was invited to Paris where people wanted him to be a rival of Gluck.
There were lots of arguments between the people who supported Piccinni and those who supported Gluck.
Piccinni was born in Bari.
His father, who was a musician, did not want his son to study music, but the bishop persuaded him to change his mind.
Niccolò went to the music conservatoire in Naples.
He started to write comic operas (opera buffa).
His opera La Cecchina, ossia la buona Figliuola with a libretto by Goldoni played for two years in Rome and was produced in all the important European capital cities.
It was probably the most popular opera buffa of the 18th century.
Piccinni wrote music with a sentimental feeling that was very popular in the mid-18th century.
It was typical of a lot of music in the early Classical music period.
A few years later Piccinni was invited by Queen Marie Antoinette to go and live in Paris.
He had married in 1756 his pupil Vincenza Sibilla.
She was a singer, but he never allowed his wife to sing on stage again after they married.
The people who had invited Piccinni to Paris were people who did not like Gluck’s music.
They wanted Piccinni to be a rival to Gluck.
They enjoyed arguments, and they wanted to try to make the two composers enemies.
There were a lot of arguments between the people who supported Piccinni and those who supported Gluck.
The whole affair is often called: the war between the Piccinnists and the Gluckists.
It was very stupid, because the arguments had nothing to do with music.
Both composers were asked to compose an opera about the same story: Roland.
Gluck never finished the opera because he wanted to finish his career by writing Alceste.
He did not want to be compared to Piccinni.
Then both composers were asked to write operas about the story Iphigénie en Tauride .
Gluck’s opera was first produced on 18 May 1779.
Piccinni's Iphigénie followed on 23 January 1781.
The rival parties went on arguing, even after Gluck left Paris in 1780.
Then some people tried to get a new rival for Piccinni: they invited Sacchini to Paris.
But Piccinni continued to be popular.
When Gluck died, in 1787, Piccinni suggested that a public monument should be built to his memory.
Gluck’s supporters refused to support the idea.
In 1784 Piccinni became professor at the Royal School of Music, a school which later became part of the Conservatoire.
When the French Revolution broke out in 1789, Piccinni returned to Naples.
At first he was warmly welcomed by King Ferdinand IV; but when his daughter married a French democrat the Neapolitans were angry.
They said he was a revolutionist.
He was not allowed to leave his house for four years.
For the next nine years he tried to make a living in Venice, Naples and Rome; but he returned in 1798 to Paris, where the public gave him a warm welcome, but he made no money.
He died at Passy, near Paris.
William Parry Murphy (February 6, 1892 – October 9, 1987) was an American doctor.
He won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with George Whipple and George Minot, for discovering how eating liver could cure anaemia.
"Silent Night" () is a very popular Christmas carol and song.
It was first performed in 1818, by Franz Xaver Gruber and Joseph Mohr.
Gruber was an organist and headmaster of a primary school.
Mohr was a priest.
Mohr had written the poem in 1816; Gruber wrote the melody for it before Christmas 1818.
Little else is known on how the song came to be.
One of the theses is that at the time it was not possible to play the organ in the church.
For this reason Gruber and Mohr created a song that could be accompanied by a guitar.
There are many other stories about how the song came to be.
The audience liked the performance very much.
Gruber sang, and Mohr played the guitar.
It is because of an organ-maker called Mauracher that the song became known to a wider audience.
Mauracher could capture the attention of the crowd at a performance in Leipzig in 1832.
From there it spread, first to the German-speaking countries, then to the world.
Today there are translations into more than 300 languages and dialects.
The song was first published on a leaflet in 1833, with other "authentic Tyrolean songs".
Frederick William IV of Prussia wanted to know the authors of the song, and asked St. Peter's Archabbey, Salzburg, in 1854.
The abbey found Gruber, who was still alive.
In the meantime, the song had been attributed to Michael Haydn.
The author Hertha Pauli, who was born in Austria had to flee from the persecutions during the Second World War.
In 1943, she found that many Americans thought that "Silent Night" was an American popular tune.
She then wrote the children's book, "Silent Night.
The Story of a Song", where she explained where the song was from.
The Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) is the money used in Indonesia.
Rupiah started to be used in 1946.
Horseshoes is a game played outside.
This game is played using four horseshoes and two stakes.
Hans Spemann (27 June 1869 – 9 September 1941) was a German doctor.
He won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery of the 'organizer effect' in embryonic development
Sir Henry Hallett Dale, OM, GBE, PRS, (9 June 1875 - 23 July 1968) was an English pharmacologist.
He won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Otto Loewi, for their discoveries about the chemical transmission of nerve impulses.
Paul Dukas was born in Paris to a Jewish father and Catholic mother.
He was taught music by Théodore Dubois and Ernest Guiraud at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he became friends with the composer Claude Debussy.
He then worked as a music critic and orchestrator.
Although Dukas wrote a lot of music, he destroyed many of his pieces because he was unhappy with them.
Only a few are left.
His first important surviving work is the Symphony in C (1896).
This is in the style of Beethoven and César Franck.
Like Franck's only symphony, Dukas' is in three movements not the usual four: Allegro non troppo, ma con fuoco; Andante espressive e fuoco; Allegro spiritoso.
In 1897 Dukas wrote another work for orchestra, L'apprenti sorcier (English: The Sorcerer's Apprentice) based on Goethe's poem "Der Zauberlehrling".
A short version of The Sorcerer's Apprentice was used in the Walt Disney film Fantasia.
Dukas's use of rhythm and his skill in writing for orchestras can be seen in both the Symphony in C and The Sorcerer's Apprentice.
For the piano, Dukas wrote two complex and difficult works, a Sonata in E-flat minor (1901) and Variations, interlude and finale on a theme of Rameau (1902), again in the style of Beethoven and Franck.
The Sonata has not been performed very often, but lately pianists, such as Marc-André Hamelin, have started to add it to their concerts.
The opera Ariane et Barbe-Bleue ("Ariadne and Bluebeard"), which he wrote between 1899 and 1907, has often been compared to Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande.
This is because it is similar in its musical style, and both operas are based on words by Maurice Maeterlinck.
Dukas's last big work was the grand oriental ballet La Péri (1912).
This is about a man who goes to the Ends of the Earth to find immortality, and finds a mythical Peri, holding The Flower of Immortality.
In later life, Dukas became well known as a music teacher, with many famous students including Joaquín Rodrigo, Manuel Ponce, Maurice Duruflé, Xian Xinghai, Olivier Messiaen, Jehan Alain, Carlos Chávez, and David Van Vactor.
After Dukas died he was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris.
Piano Sonata (1900)
Variations, interlude et finale sur un thème de Rameau (1902)
Prélude élégiaque sur le nom de Haydn (1906)
La Plainte, au loin, du Faune (1920)
Symphony in C Major (1896)
The Sorcorer's Apprentice, a symphonic scherzo (1897)
Villanelle for Horn & Orchestra (1906)
Ariane et Barbe-bleue (1907)
La Peri (1912)
Sonnet de Ronsard, for Voice & Piano (1924)
An extinction event is a relatively fast drop in the number of species living on Earth.
It occurs when the rate of extinction increases more than the rate of speciation.
This is a list of the largest.
Major extinction events are important to both geology and evolution.
The Phanerozoic
There are five major extinction events in the Phanerozoic eon, and many smaller events.
In order of time, latest first:
K/T extinction event.
The Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction event ended the Mesozoic era and started the Cainozoic era.
End–Triassic extinction event.
P/Tr extinction event.
The Permian/Triassic extinction event ended the Palaeozoic era and started the Mesozoic era.
Late Devonian extinctions, at the Frasnian/Famennian junction.
End–Ordovician extinction event.
After a series of lesser events, the end-Ordovician extinction resulted in an estimated 84% species loss.
Lesser Phanerozoic extinctions
EoceneOligocene transition.
From the middle of the Eocene to early in the Oligocene there were a number of events.
The climate became much cooler, ice formed on Antarctica, and there was a turnover in aquatic and terrestrial groups.
Vendian/Cambrian extinction event.
Extinctions have been claimed for three groups: the acritarchs, trace fossils, and the famous Ediacaran fossils.
Not much is known about this event.
Blaise Compaoré (born February 3, 1951) is a former President of Burkina Faso.
He served from 1987 until his resignation in 2014.
He started a political party called the Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP).
This is the ruling party of Burkina Faso.
Compaoré became president in 1987 after a military coup and the assassination of Thomas Sankara, who was president then.
His attempt to change the constitution to extend his 27-year term caused the 2014 Burkinabé uprising.
The uprising began due to attempts at changing the constitution to allow him to run again and extend his rule.
He resigned on 31 October 2014 after ruling for 27 years.
In August 2021, the prosecutor of the High Court of Justice announced that the trial of members of the government suspected of having played a role in the suppression of the insurgency of 2014 will begin.
Blaise Compaoré could again be summoned to answer the judges' questions.
People from Ouagadougou
Presidents of Burkina Faso
The Mossi are an ethnic group of people who live mostly in Burkina Faso in Africa, and also in Ivory Coast and Ghana.
They make up 40% of all the people in Burkina Faso.
They speak a language called Mòoré or More.
The Mossi believe that they came from the marriage of a Dagomba princess called Yennenga (or Nyennega) and a Mandé hunter called Rialé.
Yennenga was a warrior princess, daughter of a Dagomba king in Ghana.
One day she lost her way and was rescued by Rialé.
They got married and had a son called Ouedraogo.
Ouedraogo is known as the father of the Mossi people.
Cassiopeia is a constellation in the northern sky.
It was named after a queen in Greek mythology called Cassiopeia.
It looks like a letter W or M, with five bright stars that make the W or the M shape.
It has two very bright stars called ρ Cas and V509 Cas.
Vikash Dhorasoo (born 10 October 1973) is a former French football player.
|1993/94||rowspan="5"|Le Havre||rowspan="5"|Division 1||8||0
|1995/96||30||0
|1996/97||36||0
|1997/98||34||2
|1998/99||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||34||2
|2000/01||27||3
|2001/02||Girondins Bordeaux||Division 1||28||1
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||37||2
|2003/04||31||4
|2004/05||Milan||Serie A||12||0
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Paris Saint-Germain||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||34||0
|2007/08||Livorno||Serie A||0||0
Park Kun-Ha (born 25 July 1971) is a former South Korean professional athlete.
He was a member of Korean national team.
|1996||rowspan="5"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="5"|K-League||34||14
|1997||19||2
|1998||22||2
|1999||39||12
|2000||19||6
|2000||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||5||1
|2001||rowspan="6"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="6"|K-League||30||4
|2002||26||2
|2003||31||0
|2004||31||1
|2005||26||1
|1997||15||5
Willy Sagnol (born 18 March 1977) is a former French football player.
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Saint-Étienne||Division 1||10||0||||||||||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|1996/97||Division 2||36||1||||||||||colspan="2"|-||36||1
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Monaco||rowspan="3"|Division 1||25||0||||||||||8||0||33||0
|1998/99||20||0||||||||||4||0||24||0
|1999/00||26||0||||||||||6||0||32||0
|2000/01||rowspan="9"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="9"|Bundesliga||27||0||1||0||1||0||14||0||43||0
|2001/02||28||1||1||0||0||0||12||0||41||1
|2002/03||23||2||5||1||1||0||4||0||33||3
|2003/04||21||1||3||0||0||0||6||0||30||1
|2004/05||22||1||4||0||0||0||7||0||33||1
|2005/06||31||1||5||0||1||0||7||0||44||1
|2006/07||23||1||3||0||2||0||9||0||37||1
|2007/08||9||0||3||0||0||0||5||0||17||0
The Ediacara Hills are a small outlier of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia.
The Ediacaran geological time period, named after the range.
The Ediacaran biota, the oldest known complex multicellular life.
The discoidal Ediacaran fossil genus Ediacaria.
A Jathera is a shrine constructed to commemorate common clan ancestors.
Each village in the Punjab has a Jathera which can be visited by members of different surnames.
Many villages have a Jathera for each clan/surname.
When members of a clan form a new village, they continue to visit the Jathera in the ancestral village.
If this is not possible, a link is brought from the old Jathera to construct a new Jathera in the new village.
The Ediacaran period (about 635–541 million years ago), was named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia.
It is the last geological period of the Proterozoic eon.
The Edicaran is followed by the Cambrian, the first period of the Palaeozoic.
The period is famous for the first larger-bodied fossils, which are probably the first recorded metazoans.
These were impressions or trace fossils, first found in England's Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire.
Geologists did not know what they had found.
It was over 60 years later before fossils from the same period were found in South Australia.
The status of the Ediacaran as an official geological period was confirmed in 2004 by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS).
This made it the first new geological period declared in 120 years.
The Vendian
The Ediacaran period was previously called the Vendian period.
The Vendian period was proposed in 1952 by Russian geologist/paleontologist Boris Sokolov.
The term Vendian is still widely used.
The two terms are not the same.
The Vendian was a longer period: it included the whole of the Marinoan glaciation, of Snowball Earth fame.
In other words, the Vendian included the last part of the Cryogenian period.
Borders of the Ediacaran
The Ediacaran lasted for about 90 million years.
It began at the end of the Cryogenian Snowball Earth.
It ended with the first appearance worldwide of some kinds of trace fossils (Trichophycus pedum) at the base of the Cambrian.
The Ediacaran period's start is defined at the base of a carbonate layer, referred to as a "cap carbonate".
This caps glacial deposits and shows a sudden climatic change at the end of the Marinoan ice age.
The period ended with the mass extinction of almost all the Ediacaran fauna.
The Ediacaran biota include the oldest definite multicellular organisms.
The fossils are traces or impressions of soft-bodies forms with segments, fronds, disks, or bags.
Skeletons or shells are not found.
The Ediacaran biota are the fauna of the Ediacaran period.
This geological period was from 635–542 million years ago, but the fossil biota was only from  575–542 million years ago.
This was after a series of ice ages and just before the Cambrian period.
The biota consists of soft-bodied multicellular organisms, probably animals, which left trace fossils in rocks of Ediacaran age.
The biota is quite unusual, and there is no sign of it in the preceding Marinoan glaciation.
The biota appears to suffer a fairly severe extinction event at the boundary with the Cambrian.
Some of the biota may have survived into the early Cambrian.
There have been several different interpretations of the biota.
The standard view is that the traces are fossils of well-known phyla (Cnidaria, annelids, early arthropods) with body plans that disappeared before the Cambrian.p27
Quite different ideas have been put forward.
Seilacher thought few if any of the forms belonged to living phyla.
Conway Morris opposed this idea.
Rentallak suggested the biota might be lichens.
As Narbonne explains, the Ediacaran biota occupies a critical position in the fossil record.
Before them, for a long period of the Archaean and most of the Protoerozoic, the only fossils were those of bacteria and bacterial mats, a form of life which continues to the present day.
The Ediacaran biota is found worldwide, and the most typical forms disappeared just before the Cambrian radiation, which begins with the 'small shelly fossils'.
That is probably enough to justify the description of the change as an extinction event, though what caused it is not clear.
One suggestion is that the evolution of animals which grazed upon the soft-bodied forms would have been sufficient to cause a collapse of the biota.
The biota was extremely varied, having many different body forms, and hence species.
The ecology was benthic (sea bottom), in both shallow and deeper water.
Narbonne notes the absence of different life and different depths, the apparent absence of burrowing organisms, and the absence of animals capable of preying on the soft-bodied forms.
If these conditions changed, the soft forms would be in peril.p6
Ediacaran-type fossils are recognised globally in 25 localities, and a variety of depositional conditions, and are commonly grouped into three main types, named after typical localities.
Each assemblage occupies its own habitat, and after a burst of diversification changes little for the rest of its existence.
The Avalon-type assemblage is defined at Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve in Newfoundland, Canada, the oldest locality with a large quantity of Ediacaran fossils.
Ediacara-type assemblage: the Ediacara-type assemblage consists of fossils preserved in areas near the mouths of rivers (prodeltaic).
They are found in interbedded sandy and silty layers formed below the normal base of wave-related water motion, in waters shallow enough to be affected by wave motion during storms.
Most fossils are preserved as imprints in microbial mats, but a few are preserved within sandy units.
Nama-type assemblage: the Nama assemblage is best represented in Namibia.
Three-dimensional preservation is most common, with organisms preserved in sandy beds containing internal bedding.
Significance of assemblages
In the White Sea region of Russia, all three assemblage types have been found close together.
This, and the faunas' overlap in time, makes it unlikely that they represent evolutionary stages.
Since they are found on all continents except Antarctica, geographical boundaries do not appear to be a factor.
The same fossils are found at all palæolatitudes.
Probably the three assemblages mark organisms adapted to survival in different environments.
An analysis of one of the White Sea fossil beds, where the layers cycle from continental seabed to inter-tidal to estuarine and back again a few times, found that a specific set of Ediacaran organisms was associated with each environment.
It is no surprise that not all environments are exploited.
Of 92 possible modes of life — combinations of feeding style, tiering and motility — no more than a dozen are occupied by the end of the Ediacaran.
Just four are represented in the Avalon assemblage.
The lack of large-scale predation and vertical burrowing are perhaps the most significant factors limiting the ecological diversity; the emergence of these during the early Cambrian allowed the number of lifestyles occupied to rise to 30.
Fezouata formation
An arrangement of a musical composition is a reworking of a piece of music so that it can be played by a different instrument or combination of instruments from the original.
For example, a song written for one voice with piano accompaniment might be arranged so that it can be sung in parts by a choir, or a piece for violin might be arranged so that it can be played on a clarinet instead.
The person who does the arrangement may be the composer themself, or it may be someone else.
In music history, composers often published their compositions, saying that the music could be played or sung by various instruments.
For example, when English composers published madrigals in the late 16th century they often stated that they could be sung by singers or played on viols (“apt for voices as for viols”).
In the Classical music period a composer might publish a sonata, stating that it could be played on the violin or flute or recorder.
This helped to sell more copies, because violinists, flautists and recorder players might all want to buy the music.
In a sense this is not really an arrangement, because no changes have been made to the music.
However, when violin or cello music is arranged so that it can be played on a viola, some changes may be necessary as the viola may be playing in a different key, or some chords may be more awkward the way they were originally written.
This is an arrangement.
A popular piece such as The Flight of the Bumble Bee by Rimsky-Korsakov can be played by almost any melodic instrument: violin, xylophone, tuba etc.
These are all arrangements.
When a piece for choir and orchestra is printed for choir members to use, the orchestral part is printed on two staves so that it can be played on a piano for rehearsals.
This is another kind of arrangement.
In music history, many composers have made arrangements of music composed by others.
They did this in order to learn about musical composition, as well as in order to be able to play it on another instrument.
For example, Johann Sebastian Bach made arrangements of four concertos by Vivaldi so that they could be played on the organ.
Arrangements are often made by people who play instruments that have not had much music written for them.
People who play the viola, guitar, tuba etc.
often arrange other music so that they have a larger repertoire (more music to play).
Sometimes composers have made changes to the orchestration of works for orchestra written by others.
They may have done this because instruments had changed since the music was written, or simply because they thought they could do it better.
For example, Mozart made an arrangement of Handels  Messiah , adding instruments such as clarinets which Handel would not have known.
Rimsky-Korsakov made arrangements of the operas by Musorgsky thinking that he was improving them.
Arrangements are sometimes made because a player has some disability.
Cyril Smith, a pianist who only had one arm, played piano duets with his wife Phyllis Sellick.
They arranged piano duets so that they could be played by three hands.
Sometimes arrangements are made of well-known classical pieces in which the music is “jazzed up” or made to sound more popular for movie or theatre performances.
Sometimes  musicians think this is not a good thing.
Sometimes small vocal groups such as the Swingle Singers make lighthearted versions of works by Bach and others.
Fernando Botero Angulo (born 19th April 1932) is a Colombian painter and sculptor.
Botero is one of the best-known artists of Latin America.
Since 1976, he has done figure-sculpting.
His figures are special because they are all thick, which makes them look different from others.
Colombian people
In group theory, an abelian group is a group with operation that is commutative.
Because of that, an abelian group is sometimes called a ‘commutative group’.
An abelian group is a set, A, together with an operation "•".
It combines any two elements a and b to form another element denoted .
For the group to be abelian, the operation and the elements  must follow some requirements.
These are known as the abelian group axioms:
Closure For all a, b in A, the result of the operation a • b is also in A.
Associativity For all a, b and c in A, the equation (a • b) • c = a • (b • c) is true.
Identity element There exists an element e in A, such that for all elements a in A, the equation  holds.
Inverse element For each a in A, there exists an element b in A such that a • b = b • a = e, where e is the identity element.
Commutativity For all a, b in A, a • b = b • a.
A Homing pigeon is a special breed of pigeons.
These pigeons have been domesticated.
They have been selectively bred to find their way home.
They can do this over very long distances.
The wild rock pigeon from which these birds are bred also has this homing ability.
This means  that it will generally return to its own nest and its own mate.
This made it relatively easy to breed from the birds that repeatedly found their way home over long distances.
Flights as long as 1800 kilometers have been recorded by birds in competition pigeon racing.
Speeds of up to 95 km/h (59 mph) have been observed.
Homing pigeons are called carrier pigeons when they are used to carry messages.
This is possible where a message is written on thin light paper (such as cigarette paper) and rolled into a small tube attached to the bird's leg; this is called pigeon post.
Pigeons can only go back to one "mentally marked" point that they have identified as their home.
So "pigeon mail" can only work when the sender is actually holding the receiver's pigeons.
White homing pigeons are used in Release Dove ceremonies at weddings, funerals, and some sporting events.
|1999||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||29||8||2||1||2||0||33||9
Rafael Scheidt (born 10 February 1976) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1995||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||7||0
|1997||Kawasaki Frontale||Football League||26||5
|1998||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||23||2
|1999/00||Celtic||Premier League||3||0
|2000||rowspan="3"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="3"|Série A||11||0
|2003||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||35||2
|2004||rowspan="3"|Botafogo||rowspan="3"|Série A||22||1
|2005||36||0
|2007||rowspan="2"|Shaanxi Chanba||rowspan="2"|Super League||15||0
|2008||23||2
Alex Sandro Santana de Oliveira (born 30 October 1973) is a Brazilian football player.
He plays for Bahia.
|2000||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 1||9||2||0||0||4||1||13||3
David Soria Yoshinari (born 18 September 1977) is a Peruvian football player.
He has played for Peru national team.
|1996||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|Football League||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|1997||6||0||2||0||0||0||8||0
|1998||rowspan="2"|Deportivo AELU||||||||||||||||||
|2000||rowspan="4"|Sporting Cristal||rowspan="4"|Primera División||34||6||||||||||34||6
|2001||35||6||||||||||35||6
|2002||31||2||||||||||31||2
|2003||20||5||||||||||20||5
|2004||Coronel Bolognesi||Primera División||39||8||||||||||39||8
|2005||rowspan="3"|Sporting Cristal||rowspan="3"|Primera División||35||4||||||||||35||4
|2006||36||1||||||||||36||1
|2007||19||0||||||||||19||0
|2008||rowspan="2"|Universidad César Vallejo||rowspan="2"|Primera División||39||5||||||||||39||5
|2009||24||0||||||||||24||0
|2010||José Gálvez FBC||Primera División||||||||||||||||
Mikaël Silvestre (born 9 August 1977) is a French football player.
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Stade Rennais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||1||0||||||||||||||1||0
|1996/97||16||0||||||||||||||16||0
|1997/98||31||0||||||||||||||31||0
|1998/99||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||18||1||||||||||||||18||1
|1999/00||rowspan="9"|Manchester United||rowspan="9"|Premier League||31||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0||4||0||35||0
|2000/01||30||1||2||0||0||0||14||0||46||1
|2001/02||35||0||2||0||0||0||13||1||50||1
|2002/03||34||1||2||0||5||0||13||0||54||1
|2003/04||34||0||5||1||0||0||6||1||45||2
|2004/05||35||2||4||0||2||0||8||0||49||2
|2005/06||33||1||4||0||5||0||6||0||48||1
|2006/07||14||1||2||0||2||0||3||0||21||1
|2007/08||3||0||0||0||0||0||2||0||5||0
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Arsenal||rowspan="2"|Premier League||14||2||2||0||1||0||6||0||23||2
Total||40||2
Éric Abidal (born 11 September 1979) is a French football player.
He plays for Barcelona and France national team.
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Monaco||rowspan="2"|Division 1||7||0||||||||||7||0
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Lille||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||27||0||||||||||27||0
|2003/04||35||1||||||||||35||1
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Ligue 1||29||0||||||7||0||36||0
|2005/06||14||0||||||6||0||20||0
|2006/07||33||0||3||0||7||0||43||0
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Barcelona||rowspan="3"|La Liga||30||0||6||0||10||0||46||0
|2008/09||25||0||2||0||5||0||32||0
Pavel Badea (born 10 June 1967) is a former Romanian football player.
|1983/84||rowspan="9"|Universitatea Craiova||rowspan="9"|Divizia A||1||0||||||||||1||0
|1985/86||24||1||||||||||24||1
|1986/87||23||4||||||||||23||4
|1987/88||34||9||||||||||34||9
|1988/89||29||4||||||||||29||4
|1989/90||31||8||||||||||31||8
|1990/91||31||10||||||||||31||10
|1991/92||29||7||||||||||29||7
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Lausanne Sports||rowspan="3"|Nationalliga A||35||4||||||||||35||4
|1995/96||Universitatea Craiova||Divizia A||19||4||||||||||19||4
|1996||rowspan="3"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="3"|K-League||||||||||||||||
|1998||rowspan="2"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||8||0||1||1||0||0||9||1
|1999||12||4||0||0||2||0||14||4
|1999||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||10||0||4||0||5||0||19||0
|2000||rowspan="2"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||24||2||2||0||2||2||28||4
|2001||28||4||1||1||2||0||31||5
|2001/02||Extensiv Craiova||Divizia B||13||6||||||||||13||6
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Universitatea Craiova||rowspan="2"|Divizia A||26||4||||||||||26||4
|2003/04||11||1||||||||||11||1
Julio Hernán Rossi (born 22 February 1977) is an Argentine football player.
He plays for Neuchâtel Xamax.
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|River Plate||rowspan="2"|Primera División||8||1
|1997||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||11||0
|1997/98||River Plate||Primera División||3||0
|1998/99||rowspan="4"|Lugano||rowspan="4"|Nationalliga A||22||15
|2000/01||24||11
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Basel||Nationalliga A||32||19
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Super League||31||8
|2005/06||18||3
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Nantes Atlantique||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||12||1
|2006/07||24||3
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Neuchâtel Xamax||rowspan="3"|Super League||||
Regis Fernandes Silva (born 22 September 1976), also known by the nickname Regis or Regis Pitbull, is a Brazilian professional athlete.
|2000||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||21||4||0||0||4||3||25||7
Sambafoot.com,  Regis Pitbull
K-League, http://kleague.com/matchcenter/record_player.aspx?team_id=K10&player_id=2006139
Otto Loewi (June 3, 1873 - December 25, 1961) was a German doctor.
He won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Henry Hallett Dale, for their discoveries about chemical transmission of nerve impulses
In his most famous experiment, Loewi took fluid from a frog heart with a slowed beat and applied it to another.
That slowed the second heart.
This showed that synaptic signalling used chemical messengers.
It is now known that there are two different kinds of nerve synapses.
One kind releases chemicals, and is a neurotransmitter synapse.
The other is an electrical synapse which transmits voltage charges over gap junctions between nerve cells.
Heinrich Lübke (October 14, 1894 – April 6, 1972) was the second President of the Federal Republic of Germany.
He was president from 1959 to 1969.
Elisha Levy (; born on 18 November 1957 in Jerusalem) is a former professional football player.
Levy played in Hapoel Hapoel Beit Sha'an youth team from 1968 to 1974.
After playing in Hapoel Beit Sha'an youth team, Elisha Levy was playing for Hapoel Beit Sha'an from 1974 to 1982.
For 1 year, 1982-1983, Elisha Levy was played for Maccabi Haifa.
In 1983-1987, Levy played in Maccabi Petah Tikva Elisha Levy was playing for Hapoel Beit Sha'an at 1987-1989.
Elisha Levy was retired from football after two years in Hapoel Beit Sha'an.
Levy managed teams for 20 years.
Currently, Elisha Levy manages Maccabi Haifa.
The WWE Raw Guest Host was started on June 29, 2009 by WWE Chairman Vince McMahon, with the first host being injured WWE superstar Batista.
The requirements for a guest host is a WWE Hall of Famer, a retired superstar, celebrity or injured wrestler.
The guest host was responsible for the running of the show and had authority of a general manager for the evening.
Below is the list of other WWE guest hosts.
Guest host history
A musical transcription is musical notation for an existing piece of music that had been previously unnotated.
Musicians often disagree about what should be called a “transcription” and what is an “arrangement”.
Usually transcriptions are a direct notation of the source, whereas a musician who makes an arrangement may insert new interpretations into the music (i.e. changing the instrumentation, reharmonization, or even new sectionalization of the piece as with cover songs).
A transcription, as Klapuri writes, would require that the pitch, timing, and instrumentation of all sound events to be resolved; difficult as this may be for some cases, this goal is usually redefined such that a transcription constitutes the notation of as many of the constituent sounds as possible or some well-defined part of the music signal (i.e. the dominant melody or the most prominent drum sounds).
Transcriptions can be created for all kinds of music in order to help the performer to learn the piece.
Transcriptions are common for music such as jazz (which usually consists of improvisation) and folk, which traditionally is taught from one generation to another by listening and imitating.
In the early 20th century, some composers became interested in writing down the traditional folk songs of their countries.
Béla Bartók and Zoltan Kodaly in Hungary as well as Cecil Sharpe and Ralph Vaughan Williams in England notably transcribed various folk songs they heard being sung in the villages of their respective countries.
Sometimes transcriptions are made for practical reasons.
Mozart made transcriptions of some music from his own operas, arranging them for small groups of instruments so that they could play it for popular entertainment.
Stravinsky transcribed some of his ballet music for piano, e.g. The Rite of Spring for piano duet and some dances from Petrouchka for piano solo.
These types of transcriptions are often referred to as a "reduction": the simplification of a large work to be performed by a smaller ensemble or a soloist.
OrchestrationReferences
VY Canis Majoris (VY CMa) is a red hypergiant star in the constellation Canis Major.
It is about  distant from Earth.
It is one of the biggest known stars in the universe, and one of the most luminous of its type.
VY Canis Majoris is 1,420 times bigger than the Sun.
If placed at the center of the Solar System (where the Sun is), VY Canis Majoris's surface would extend beyond Jupiter's orbit.
However, there is some differences in the estimates of how big it is.
Other estimates of the radius make it bigger than the orbit of Saturn.
VY CMa is a single star, a "semiregular" variable with a period of about 2,001 days.
It has an average density of 5 to 10 mg/m3.
Hypergiants
Sydney, New South Wales
City of Sydney, local government area of New South Wales
Electoral district of Sydney, electorate in state parliament of New South Wales
Division of Sydney, electorate in federal parliament of Australia
Sydney Heads
Sydney Island, Queensland, Australia
Sydney Parade Avenue, Ireland
Sydney Allard (1910-1966), British car company founder
Sydney Atkinson (1901-1977), South African athlete
Sydney Barnes (1873-1967), English cricketer
Sydney Brenner (born 1927), South African biologist
Sydney Camm, (1893-1966), English aeronautical engineer
Sydney Chaplin (1885-1965), English actor
Sydney Earle Chaplin (1926-2009), American actor
Sydney Dacres (1805-1884), English admiral
Sydney Fremantle (1867-1958), English admiral
Sydney Greenstreet (1879-1954), English actor
Sydney Grundy (1848-1914), English dramatist
Sydney Gun-Munro (1916-2007), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines politician
Sydney J. Harris (1917-1986), American journalist
Sydney Horler (1888-1954), British novelist
Sydney Jacobson (1908-1988), British journalist
Sydney Kentridge (born 1922), South African lawyer and judge
Sydney Lamb (born 1929), American linguist
Sydney Laurence (1865-1940), American painter
Sydney Mufamadi (born 1959), South African politician
Sydney Newman (1917-1997), Canadian film and television producer
Sydney Parkinson (1745-1771), Scottish illustrator
Sydney Penny (born 1971), American actress
Sydney Poitier (born 1973), American actress
Sydney Pollack (1934-2008), American film actor