the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He helped to save many lives of Jews of Hungary from death.
He saved them from being sent to Nazi Germany’s death camp at Auschwitz concentration camp.
Auschwitz was a group of concentration camps run by Nazi Germany during World War II.
There were three large camps at Auschwitz, and 3 smaller ones.
Auschwitz I was the main camp, which held prisoners from 1940-1945.
Auschwitz II (Birkenau) was the largest extermination camp (death camp) run by Nazi Germany during The Holocaust.
Auschwitz III (Monowitz) and the subcamps were forced labor camps where prisoners worked as slaves.
These camps were established because there were too many Polish prisoners and not enough room in "local" prisons to hold them in.
The Auschwitz camps were in a town in Poland called Oświęcim. ("
Auschwitz" is the German name for "Oświęcim.")
In German, Auschwitz was called Konzentrationslager Auschwitz (KZ Auschwitz), which means "Auschwitz concentration camp."
The Schutzstaffel (SS), led by Heinrich Himmler, ran the death camps and concentration camps in Nazi Germany.
No one knows exactly how many people were sent to Auschwitz, or how many died there.
However, historians estimate that between 1940 and 1945, the Nazis sent at least 1.3 million people to Auschwitz.
About 1.1 million of these people died or were killed at Auschwitz.
Extermination camps were different from concentration camps.
Starting in 1940, the Nazis built about 150 concentration camps and many more sub-camps.
However, there were only six extermination camps in Nazi Germany, all in eastern Europe:
Auschwitz II (Birkenau)
Sobibór
Majdanek
Bełżec
Chelmno
In extermination camps, almost everyone was killed right after they got to the camps.
The Nazis killed about 3.0-3.5 million people in these death camps.
90% of them were Jewish people.
Every day, Nazi authorities brought many prisoners to Auschwitz on trains.
The camp's SS doctors separated these prisoners into three groups.
This was called "selection."
Selection was how the SS decided which of Auschwitz's camps each prisoner would go to.
Most prisoners sent to Auschwitz were selected for death.
This means the SS decided they should be killed right away.
Usually, the SS put all children, most women, all elderly people, people who looked sick, and people who looked like they could not work in this group.
SS guards brought these people right to Auschwitz's gas chambers and killed them with poison gas.
They used a form of hydrogen cyanide, a type of poison gas called a blood agent.
They called this poison gas Zyklon B. This gas was a very efficient way of killing the prisoners, and could kill everyone exposed to it within 20 minutes.
In less than ten minutes all the fit [healthy] men had been collected together in a group. [
I]n [the SS guards'] rapid and summary choice each one of us had been judged capable or not of working usefully for the [Third] Reich.... [W]e know that of our [group] no more than ninety-six men and twenty-nine women entered the [camps], and that of all the others, more than five hundred in number, not one was living two days later…
Thus in an instant, our women, our parents, our children disappeared.
We saw them for a short while as an obscure mass at the other end of the platform; then we saw nothing more.
The SS selected some strong, healthy people to be slave workers.
They worked at Auschwitz I; at an IG Farben factory at Auschwitz III; and at munitions factories in the sub-camps.
Records say that between 1940 and 1945, about 405,000 people worked as slave laborers, and about 84% of them (340,000) died.
Oskar Schindler, a German business owner, saved about 1,000 Jews from Poland.
He sent them away to his factory, and these Jews lived.
Special jobs
SS officials chose a third group of people they could use for special jobs or medical experiments.
One of the camp's doctors, Joseph Mengele, was interested in twins and dwarves.
The SS would send these people to the camp "hospital" so Mengele could do medical experiments on them.
The SS chose some people to help guard the other prisoners.
Often, they chose violent criminals for this job.
They called these people "kapos."
The SS also chose some people to work in and around the gas chambers and crematoria.
They called these people Sonderkommando.
Kapos and Sonderkommandos made it possible for a small number of SS guards to control tens of thousands of prisoners at Auschwitz.
Altogether, about 7,000 SS members worked at Auschwitz.p.
The camps
The Nazis kept prisoners at Auschwitz from 14 June 1940 until 27 January 1945.p.
The first prisoners at Auschwitz I were 728 people from Poland.
One of these prisoners was Kazimierz Albin.
He survived Auschwitz.
Later, he wrote about how the first day at Auschwitz began:
[W]e had to line up in five rows... [SS guard] Frizsch announced: "This is Auschwitz Concentration Camp... Any resistance or disobedience will be ruthlessly punished.
Anyone disobeying superiors, or trying to escape, will be sentenced to death.
Young and healthy people don't live longer than three months here.
Priests one month, Jews two weeks.
There is only one way out—through the crematorium chimneys."
Next were 48 homosexual men from Germany.
Then Jews arrived as prisoners.
From 1940-1941, at any time, there were between 13,000 and 16,000 prisoners in Auschwitz I. By 1942, there were 20,000.
Most of these prisoners were not Jewish, because most of the Jewish prisoners were sent to Auschwitz II.
At Auschwitz, the prisoners had to put marks on their uniforms to show why they were sent to Auschwitz.
For example, Jewish prisoners had to sew two yellow triangles onto their clothes, in the shape of a Star of David.
Homosexual people had to sew a pink triangle onto their clothes.
The SS also gave each prisoner a serial number and tattooed the number on the prisoners' bodies.
The SS never called prisoners by their names, only by their numbers.
The living conditions at Auschwitz I were very bad.
Prisoners got very little food.
There was no sanitation, which made it easy for diseases to spread.
Many prisoners died from diseases, starvation, and freezing to death.
Punishments and torture
The SS built many types of rooms meant to punish and torture prisoners.
Standing cells: These were rooms that were 1.5 square metres.
The SS would keep four people in one of these rooms.
The rooms were so small that the prisoners would have to stand all night.
Then they would have to work during the day.
Starvation cells: The SS would lock prisoners into these rooms, and did not give them any water or food.
They would leave the prisoners to die of dehydration or starvation.
Suffocation cells: These were rooms with only one small window.
The SS would lock many prisoners into these rooms.
As the prisoners breathed in the oxygen in the room, there would be less and less oxygen left.
Eventually, there would be so little oxygen left in the room that the prisoners would suffocate.
Sometimes, the SS would tie a prisoner's hands behind his back and hang him by his wrists.
This would break the person's shoulder joints.
The SS would leave prisoners hanging like this for hours or days, sometimes until the prisoners died.
Gas chambers
In their first test, the SS used Zyklon B on 600 prisoners of war from the Soviet Union and about 250 Polish people.p.
88 When the gas killed these prisoners, the SS realized that they could kill people much more quickly with Zyklon B than they could by shooting them.
They built a gas chamber, where they could kill over 700 people at a time.p.
160 They also built a crematorium in block 11 of the camp.p.
From 1941 to 1942, the SS killed about 60,000 people in this gas chamber.
After 1942, they made the gas chamber an air-raid shelter for the SS to hide in if Allied planes were dropping bombs nearby.pp.
123–124
Today, the gas chamber still exists.
It has been re-built, using its original parts.
Now, it is a part of the museum at Auschwitz.
From about March 1941 to January 1945, Nazi Dr. Carl Clauberg did medical experiments on many women at Auschwitz.
He wanted to find a way to sterilize millions of people as easily and quickly as possible.
He tried using X-rays, surgery, and medications to sterilize women prisoners.
The Nazis' plan was to get rid of everyone who was not "Aryan."
As part of this plan, the Nazis sterilized many people so they could not have children who were not "Aryan.
In 1943, Heinrich Himmler ordered the SS to create a brothel in Auschwitz.
Non-Jewish women prisoners were forced to work in the brothel.
Prisoners who were important to the Nazis, like kapos and chefs, were allowed to use the brothel as a reward.
Heinrich Himmler also ordered homosexual prisoners to visit the brothel every week.
He thought this would 'cure' them of being homosexual.
Dr. Mengele
Criminal Joseph Mengele did medical experiments on many prisoners, especially twins, dwarves, and people with physical disabilities.
All of these experiments were very crude and painful.
For example, Mengele castrated some prisoners without using any anesthetics.
Many women and men died during these experiments.
Mengele was also in charge of Auschwitz's camp "hospital."
This was not like a regular hospital.
Prisoners who were doctors, like Gisella Perl, worked there.
They tried to help prisoners who were sick or hurt, but they had no medications or medical supplies, not even clean bandages or running water.
If patients did not get better quickly, Mengele sent them to the gas chambers, or Nazi doctors killed them by injecting them with phenol.
Auschwitz II was Auschwitz's death camp.
It was also called Birkenau (pronounced "BEER-kin-now"), which means "the birch wood" (forest).
Today, Birkenau is often just called "Auschwitz."
The Nazis began building Auschwitz II in October 1941, because Auschwitz I was getting too crowded.
By this time, Adolf Hitler had decided to kill all of the Jewish people.
The Nazis called this plan the "Final Solution."
Soon after it was built, Heinrich Himmler ordered Auschwitz II to be used as a killing center.
Its goal would be to kill every prisoner that was sent there.
Auschwitz II had four gas chambers.
The Nazis made the gas chambers look like showers.
They convinced prisoners that they were going into the gas chambers to shower.p.
160 Then they dropped Zyklon B into the gas chambers and killed everyone inside.
The dead bodies were burned to ashes in Auschwitz II's four crematoria.p.
Auschwitz II was the largest death camp run by Nazi Germany during The Holocaust.
The SS killed more people at Auschwitz than in any of the other Nazi death camps.
The SS built Auschwitz II's gas chambers so that 2,000 people could fit inside at once.
This meant they were able to kill about 2,000 people every 30 minutes in the gas chambers.
Auschwitz III (Monowitz)
Auschwitz III was also called Monowitz (pronounced "MOW-no-vitz").
At Monowitz and the 48 subcamps around it, prisoners worked as slaves in the IG Farben factory and factories that made weapons for the German Army.p.
The IG Farben factory at Monowitz opened in 1941.
By October 1942, prisoners had been forced to build the Monowitz camp, so slave workers could live there.
IG Farben paid for the camp to be built.
This made Monowitz the first concentration camp in history to be paid for and built by a private company.p.
Between 1941 and 1945, about 35,000 prisoners worked at the IG Farben factory.
Seven out of every ten of these prisoners (about 25,000) died from starvation, disease, and being forced to work so hard.pp.
51, 53, 55 The average prisoner lived for only three months after being sent to Monowitz.p.
Managers at the IG Farben factory were always trying to make the prisoners work harder.
Often they threatened prisoners by saying they would be sent to the gas chambers if they did not work harder.p.
56 Every month, 20% of the slave workers at the factory (one out of every five) died or were sent to the gas chambers.
Until the summer of 1943, Rudolf Höss was the commander of Auschwitz.p.
193 After him, Arthur Liebehenschel and Richard Baer became commanders of the camp.
After World War II, Höss wrote an autobiography.
He gave many details about Auschwitz's camps.
At the Nuremberg Trials, he received the death penalty.
He was hanged in front of the crematorium at Auschwitz I.
By 1943, many resistance groups had formed inside Auschwitz's camps.
These were groups who tried to fight back against the Nazis, any way they could.
Resistance groups helped some prisoners to escape from Auschwitz.
These people brought information to the world about the killings happening at Auschwitz.
However, if one prisoner escaped, the SS killed many other prisoners.
Sometimes, they brought the escaped prisoners' family members to Auschwitz.
The SS did these things so that other prisoners would not try to escape.
Overall, about 700 prisoners tried to escape from Auschwitz's three different camps.
Of these 700, about 300 were able to escape.
Some of the Sonderkommando at Auschwitz fought back against the SS.
For example, in 1944, some of the Sonderkommando at Auschwitz blew up one of the camp's crematoria.
Also in 1944, members of the Sonderkommando secretly took pictures inside Auschwitz.
These are the only pictures that show the mass murder that was happening at Auschwitz.
Members of the Polish resistance helped sneak the photographs out of the camp.
The information
The Allies got some information about Auschwitz's camps between 1941 and 1944.
However, they did not believe that so many people were being killed at Auschwitz.
Then two people, Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler, escaped from Auschwitz.
They wrote reports about what was happening at Auschwitz.
From these reports, Allied leaders learned the truth about Auschwitz in the middle of 1944.
During 1944, Allied airplanes had taken some photographs of the area, including Auschwitz.
However, no one studied these photographs.
The first time anyone looked at these photos carefully was in the 1970s.
At one time, the Allies had planned to bomb the camps.
However, they decided not to, because they did not want to kill any prisoners.
In fact, some planes dropped bombs at nearby military targets.
One bomb fell on the camp.
It killed 315 prisoners and hurt 1425 more.
By late 1944, the Red Army was close to Auschwitz.
The SS blew up the gas chambers at Birkenau to hide what they had done.
They also destroyed many other buildings and records.pp.
125–127 On 17th January 1945, the camps' SS guards started to leave Auschwitz.
They forced more than 58,000 prisoners to march west to the cities Gliwice or Wodzilaw.
At the arrival of these cities they were transported by trains to concentration camps in Germany.
They left behind only those who could not march.
About 38,000 prisoners died on the forced march.pp.
125–127
On 27th January 1945, the soldiers in the Red Army's 322nd Infantry reached Auschwitz.
They found and freed about 7,500 prisoners.p.
Nobody knows exactly how many people died at Auschwitz, or other Nazi camps.
The SS kept records, but they destroyed most of them.
Historians have used many different ways of estimating how many people died at Auschwitz.
For example, they have studied what witnesses at the Nuremberg Trials said.
Some people who survived Auschwitz also helped to estimate how many people died there.
The communist governments of the Soviet Union and Poland said that 4 million people died at Auschwitzpp.
132–133
Rudolf Höss said that 2.5 million to 3 million people died there Later he wrote that he made a mistake, saying "the figure of two and a half million [is] far too high."
Adolf Eichmann said the number of deaths was 2 million
In 1983, French scholar George Wellers was one of the first people to use the Nazis' records about deportations to estimate the number killed at Auschwitz.
He calculated that 1.613 million died, including 1.42 million Jews and 146,000 Poles.
Around the same time, Franciszek Piper used records of train arrivals and deportations to calculate 1.1 million Jewish deaths; 140,000-150,000 Polish deaths; and 23,000 Roma deaths.
A few years after World War II ended, the government of Poland decided to rebuild Auschwitz and put a museum there.
They repaired some of the camps.
Sometimes they made very small changes from the original setup.
The museum has many parts and exhibits.
Auschwitz II and the remains of the gas chambers.
About 110,000 men's, women's, and children's shoes.
The shoes belonged to people who were killed at Auschwitz.
About 3,800 suitcases, which people sent to Auschwitz brought with them.
When people were sent to Auschwitz, the Nazis told them they were just going to another place to live.
So people brought suitcases with many things they thought they would need.
Other things that people sent to Auschwitz brought with them.
These include over 12,000 kitchen utensils; eyeglasses; clothing; and many other things.
Things the SS used to kill prisoners.
These include fake shower heads for the gas chambers; cans of Zyklon B; the door of one of the gas chambers; and a crematorium.
In 1947, the museum was opened for the public.
Later, people scattered the ashes of Auschwitz's victims between the huts where the prisoners lived.
They see the entire area as a gravesite.
Other honors
Maximilian Kolbe, a Polish priest.
The Nazis sent him to Auschwitz because he helped Jewish refugees.
When three men escaped from Auschwitz, the SS chose ten other prisoners to be starved to death as revenge.
When one of those prisoners started to cry about his family, Kolbe volunteered to be killed in his place.
Edith Stein, a Jewish woman who converted to Catholicism and became a Carmelite nun.
The SS killed her in the gas chambers at Auschwitz.
In 2005, the United Nations made 27 January the International Holocaust Remembrance Day.
They chose 27 January because it is the day that the Red Army freed Auschwitz.
On 27 January 2005, the European Parliament marked the anniversary of Auschwitz's liberation with a minute of silence.
The European Parliament also passed a resolution saying that the murder of about 1.5 million people at Auschwitz's camps was terrible.
The Parliament said they passed the resolution partly because of “the disturbing rise in antisemitism, and especially antisemitic incidents, in Europe, and for learning anew the wider lessons about the dangers of victimizing people on the basis of race, ethnic origin, religion, social classification, politics or sexual orientation."
After World War II, the communist governments of the Soviet Union and Poland put up a memorial sign at Auschwitz.
The sign said 4 million people died at Auschwitz.
After the fall of the communist government in Poland in 1989, the sign was changed to say that 1.1 million people died there.
People who try to deny the Holocaust use this difference to claim that the Holocaust was propaganda.
However, the Holocaust is a fact of history, and the SS killed at least 1.1 million people at Auschwitz.
Starting in 1989, the Polish government and media argued that it was not fair to use the name "Polish death camps" to describe the Auschwitz camps.
They said this name made it seem like Poland ran the death camps.
In fact, Nazi Germany had taken over Poland, and the Nazis ran the death camps.p.
73 In 2006, the Polish government asked UNESCO to change the name of the World Heritage Site at Auschwitz.
They wanted UNESCO to change the name from "Auschwitz Concentration Camp" to "Former Nazi German Concentration Camp Auschwitz-Birkenau".
The Polish government thought this would avoid misleading the public and would show that Nazi Germany ran the camp, not Poland.
In 2007, UNESCO agreed, and changed the site's name to "Auschwitz Birkenau: German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945)."
The Polish government had allowed filming at the sites for two movies, and a TV series.
However, in some cases, they did not allow filming inside the camps.
In February 2006, Poland refused visas to some researchers from Iran who wanted to visit Auschwitz.
They did this because the President of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, has denied the Holocaust, and even said that it is "a myth."
Religious controversies
In 1987, after Pope John Paul II beatified Edith Stein, Catholic people put up a cross near the gas chamber.
After some time, a Star of David appeared at the site.
Many religious symbols appeared.
Finally, people removed all of them.
In 1988, the Carmelites put up an 8-meter (26-foot) tall cross outside block 11 at Auschwitz.
Jewish groups protested, saying that most of the people killed at Auschwitz were Jewish.
By 1998, 300 smaller crosses had appeared.
Finally, people removed the smaller crosses.
However, the larger cross is still there.
Liberation of Auschwitz - 60th Anniversary  (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum)
Holocaust Encyclopedia - Auschwitz (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum)
Virtual Reality panoramas of Auschwitz and Birkenau (Interactive Virtual Reality panoramas of Auschwitz and Birkenau)
1940 establishments in Europe
Nazi concentration camps in Poland
World Heritage Sites in Poland
20th century establishments in Poland
Savukoski (Inari Sami: Suovâkuoškâis, Northern Sami: Suovvaguoika) is a Finnish municipality in the Province of Lapland.
As of 2005, 1,326 people lived there.
The area is 6,496.64 km².
The municipality was founded in 1916.
Nearby municipalities are Pelkosenniemi, Salla and Sodankylä.
The villages in Savukoski include Kuosku, Martti, Nousu, Seitajärvi, Savukoski, Tanhua, Lunkkaus, Viitaranta, Värriö, Rovala and Ruuvaoja.
Employers: Metsähallitus, Veljekset Karjalainen and Metsänhoitoyhdistys.
In 1967, phosphorus was found in the area.
It is planned to open a phosphorus mine after 2015.
The official Savukoski page
Dürrenmatt was the son of a protestant pastor.
He was always interested in drawing.
He went to school until 1941, afterwards he studied philosophy, sciences (deep point physics) and German literature at the University of Bern.
He dropped studies in 1946, when he published his first written work.
One year later he married the Swiss actress Lotti Geissler (1919–1983).
The financial situation of the family got better, when Dürrenmatt began to write radio dramas and crime fiction.
His world-wide success is based on two plays: The Visit and The Physicists.
Romulus the Great (Romulus der Große, 1950, play)
The Judge and His Hangman (Der Richter und sein Henker, 1950, novella)
Suspicion (Der Verdacht, 1951, also known as The Quarry, novella)
The Tunnel (Der Tunnel, 1952, short story)
The Marriage of Mr. Mississippi (Die Ehe des Herrn Mississippi, 1952, play)
Theatre Problems (Theaterprobleme, 1954, essay)
Once a Greek (Grieche sucht Griechin, 1955, novel)
The Visit (Der Besuch der alten Dame, 1956, play)
A Dangerous Game (Die Panne, 1956, novel / novella, also known as Traps)
The Pledge (Das Versprechen, 1958, novella)
The Physicists (Die Physiker, 1962, play)
King John (König Johann, 1968, play)
Play Strindberg (1969, play)
Monster Lecture on Justice and Law (Monstervortrag, 1969, lecture)
The Coup (Der Sturz, 1971, short story)
Achterloo (1982, play)
The Execution of Justice (Justiz, 1985, novel)
The Assignment (Der Auftrag, 1986, novella)
Switzerland, A Prison: A Speech for Václav Havel (Die Schweiz — ein Gefängnis, 1990, speech)
Secondary Literature
Goertz, Heinrich: Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Reinbek 1987, .
Rüedi, Peter: Dürrenmatt oder Die Ahnung vom Ganzen, Zürich 2011, .
Centre Dürrenmatt Neuchâtel
National Library Switzerland
Swiss writers
20th-century philosophers
More than 1,800,000 people live there.
The city is on the shore of Lake Victoria.
The Ugandan National Theatre is in Kampala.
There is also a university in the city.
Settlements in Uganda
1890 establishments
The common wombat, Vombatus ursinus, is one of three wombat species living in Australia.
It is found the mountains and hills of southeast Australia, Tasmania, and Flinders Island in Bass Strait.
They look like a small bear, which is what the name ursinus means.
It is a marsupial, a type of mammal that carried its young in a pouch.
It is the largest burrowing plant-eating mammal in the world.
Its closest living relative is the koala.
They are a short and muscular animal that walks on four strong legs.
The feet and claws are designed to help the wombat dig tunnels in rocky ground.
They are between 70–120 cm in length and weigh between 15–35 kg.
It is covered in a very rough and coarse fur which can be anywhere from black to silver grey, from dark brown to sandy brown.
Wombats have very tough skin on their rump.
Wombats live alone but meet up to breed in April to June on mainland Australia.
In Tasmania the breeding can occur at any time of the year.
The young wombats are tiny, about two cm long, when they are born after a gestation of only 21 days, and move into the mother's pouch.
Wombats normally only have one baby although the pouch has two nipples.
Unlike a kangaroo, the pouch opens backwards, which would prevent it from filling with dirt as it crawls into its burrow.
The young wombat lives in the pouch for about six months, and finally becomes independent of the mother at about 18 months of age.
Wombats live for about five years, although some in captivity have lived for 26 years.
Wombats live in burrows that they dig with their sharp claws.
They are nocturnal animals, and come out their burrows in the evening to look for food.
It is a herbivore, so it only eats grass, tree and shrub roots, bark, leaves, and fungi.
Wombat faeces are cube shaped.
The wombat will use them to mark things in its territory, so it is common to find the cubes on top of leaves, rocks, and branches.
Because of their shape they do not roll off.
The burrows can be as small as two metres or as long as 30 metres.
They dig with their front feet, kick the soil backwards with their back feet, and then use their rump like a bulldozer to push the dirt out of the burrow.
Only one wombat lives in each burrow, but wombats may have up to four burrows in the area they live.
Living with wombats
Farmers see the Common Wombat as a pest.
It often destroys fences by burrowing, and the burrow openings are a danger to grazing animals.
It is still common in Australia, but the areas it lives in are being reduced because of land clearing for farms.
The common wombat has no natural predators.
It is not scared of people and is often seen in camping areas.
They can make good pets.
The common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), or robust chimpanzee, is a species of great ape.
The common chimpanzee is often called the chimpanzee (or "chimp"), though this can be used to refer to both species in the genus Pan: the common chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo.
Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing show both species of chimpanzees are the closest living relatives to modern humans.
The common chimpanzee is more robust than the bonobo, weighing between  and measuring approximately  from head to tail.
Its gestation period is eight months.
The infant is weaned at about three years old, but usually maintains a close relationship with its mother for several more years; it reaches puberty at the age of eight to 10, and its lifespan in captivity is about 50 years.
The common chimpanzee lives in groups which range from 15 to 150 members, although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day.
The species lives in a male-dominated, strict hierarchy, so disputes can generally be settled without the need for violence.
Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools, modifying sticks, rocks, grass, and leaves and use them for acquiring honey, termites, ants, nuts, and water.
The species has also been found creating sharpened sticks to spear Senegal bushbabies out of small holes in trees.
The common chimpanzee is listed on the IUCN Red List as an endangered species.
Between 170,000 and 300,000 individuals are estimated across its range in the forests and savannahs of West and Central Africa.
The biggest threats to the common chimpanzee are habitat destruction, poaching and disease.
Chimps eating habits
Jane Goodall discovered that chimps hunt and eat smaller primates such as Colobus monkeys.
Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus high in a tree, block all possible exits, then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus.
The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours.
The chimps at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year.
This alone was a major scientific find which challenged previous conceptions of chimp diet and behavior.
Researchers have also found that lower-ranking males often trade the meat for mating privileges; such trades may help prevent inbreeding by keeping a single group of males from fathering the majority of a troop’s children".
Aggression within the troop
Also startling, and disturbing, was the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops.
Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop in order to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism.
She says of this revelation, "During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […]
Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature".
These findings revolutionized our knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour.
They were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.
Aggression between groups
If they can, male chimpanzees try to kill the male members of neighbouring groups.
In Gombe, Tanzania, a group in the 1970s was seen to kill seven of their neighbours one by one, until all were gone.
It can take years for this to happen but, when it does, the remaining females and the neighbouring territory are added to the now larger group.
Their behaviour is quite different from any other behaviour known in chimpanzees:
"About every two weeks, males are drawn by some unknown signal to walk very quietly, single file, into a neighbouring territory to attack a vulnerable male... the overwhelming targets are other males".249
Account of aggression
"Most Brutal Chimpanzee Society Ever Discovered | Rise of the Warrior Apes"  Research workers recount their findings on YouTube.
The bonobo (Pan paniscus) is a great ape and the smaller of the two species making up the genus Pan (the other is Pan troglodytes, the common chimpanzee).
The bonobo is sometimes called the dwarf or pygmy chimpanzee.
Although the name "chimpanzee" is sometimes used to refer to both species together, it is usually understood to mean the common chimpanzee, while Pan paniscus is usually referred to as the bonobo.
The bonobo lives in rain forest, in a  area south of the Congo River.
This is in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa.
The bonobo has high levels of sexual behavior.
Sex functions in conflict appeasement, affection, social status, excitement, and stress reduction.
It occurs in virtually all partner combinations and in a variety of positions.
This may explain the lower levels of aggression in the bonobo as compared to the common chimpanzee and other apes.
Bonobos are matriarchal and a male's rank in the social hierarchy is often determined by his mother's rank.
The two chimpanzee species are separated by the huge Congo River.
Its formation 1.5–2 million years ago may have led to the speciation of the bonobo.
Their population is between 29,000 and 50,000 individuals.
The species is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
It is threatened by habitat destruction, human population growth and commercial poaching.
The bonobo lives for about 40 years in captivity, though its lifespan in the wild is unknown.
Genoa (, Ligurian: Zena, Zêna) is a city and capital of the Liguria region in Italy.
The population of Genoa in 2006 was 620,316.
It is the most important seaport in Italy.
Before Italy was united into one country in the 1800s, Genoa was a republic that also included the island of Corsica.
Genoa was famous for its merchants, or traders, who traded everywhere from England to Istanbul.
Famous Genoese people include, Andrea Doria, Niccolò Paganini, and Christopher Columbus.
Comune di Genova
Liguria (/lɪˈɡ(j)ʊəriə/, Italian: [liˈɡuːrja]; Ligurian: Ligûria [liˈɡyːɾja]) is a region of Northern Italy.
The capital is Genoa.
Province of Genoa (Genova) (capital)
The Royal Opera House is a famous opera house  in London.
Sometimes it is called  "Covent Garden" because it is in the area of London called Covent Garden.
The Royal Opera House is the home of the Royal Opera and the Royal Ballet.
There is an orchestra which plays there for all the operas and ballets.
The building that is now the Royal Opera House is the third building in that place.
The first theatre to be built there in 1732 was burnt down in 1808.
The second theatre opened in 1809 but was burnt down in 1856.
Today's building was built in 1858, although a lot of it was rebuilt between 1996 and 2000.
The auditorium (the main part where the audience sits) is nearly the same, but all the backstage rooms are new: the dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, office space etc.
There is an extra small theatre called the Linbury Theatre which is used for smaller performances.
Together with the new restaurant areas it has helped to get more young people to come.
The Royal Opera House seats 2,268 people.
There are seats downstairs (the stalls), four tiers of boxes, a balcony and a gallery.
Opera houses
Kalahasti is a place in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus.
In Kalhasti, there is a famous and ancient temple of Shiva, a god of Hindus.
The temple is one of the five such temples of Shiva in south India collectively known as Pancha Bootha Sthalams.
The other four such temples are at Kanchipuram, Thiruvanaikaval, Tiruvannamalai, and Chidambaram.
In this temple, people worship Shiva in the form of a linga.
There are many mythological stories about this linga.
One of the stories tell that an elephant, a snake, and a spider used to worship this linga.
The god Shiva blessed them with moksha (liberation).
Another story tells about a saint named Kannappa.
He took out his eyes and offered the same to the linga.
At this supreme sacrifice, Shiva became very happy.
He appeared in the form of a human being, and restored the eyesight of Kannappa.
Kannappa is worshipped as one of the 63 saiva saints in Tamil Nadu.
Sri Kalahasti temple, 36 km away is famous for its Vayudeva temple, which is the only shrine of the god of wind in India.
Constructed in the 12th century by the Chola king, Rajarajendra, Vayu is incarnated as Lord Shiva and worshipped as Kalahasteeswara.
This is an important temple dedicated to Lord Shiva.
This temple has one of the elemental lingas, the vayu (air) linga.
There is a lamp inside the inner sanctum that is constantly flickering despite the lack of air movement inside.
The air-linga can be observed to move even when the pujaris close off the entrance to the main Deity room, which does not have any windows.
You can see the flames on several ghee lamps flicker as if blown by moving air.
The linga is white and is considered Swayambhu, or self-manifested.
Kalahasti is surrounded by two sacred hills.
The Durgamba temple is on the northern hill.
On the south hill there is the shrine of Kannabeswara, in memory of the Sage Kannappa, who offered an eye to the Lord.
When he tried to offer his other eye as well, the Lord mercifully stopped him.
There is also a temple dedicated to Subramanya on one of the surrounding hills.
The main linga is untouched by human hands, even by the priest.
Abhisheka (bathing) is done by pouring a mixture of water, milk, camphor, and panchamrita.
Sandal paste, flowers and the sacred thread are offered to the utsava-murti, not the main linga.
This temple is one of the most impressive Siva temples in India.
It features an enormous, ancient gopuram (tower) over the main gate.
The tower is 36.5m (120 feet) high.
The entire temple is carved out of the side of a huge stone hill.
It was built in1516 by King Krishnadeva Raya.
Ravidas, also spelt as Raidas, was an Indian saint and poet of 15th century.
He belonged to a family of leather workers, he even claimed to be an achhoot or untouchable.
Some of his verses found place in Guru Granth Sahib, the main text of Sikhism.
Mirabai, a Rajput lady of a royal family of Rajasthan, was one of the followers of Ravidas.
They follow his teachings and consider him their Guru, the teacher.
Raidas wrote poems in Braj Bhasha.
A few of his poems are "ab kaise chutey ram nam", "aasi Lal tujh binu".
Raidas refuted the prevalent Caste System of the time and stated that all people were equally cared upon by god.
He also, like many contemporary Bhakti saints, refuted complex Brahminical Rituals and Sacrifices, in favour of true and complete devotion to god by means of song, dance, or japa (simple chanting of god's name).
BR Ambedkar
Rishi is a word used in many Hindu scriptures.
A simple translation of the word into English would mean a sage.
Hindu scriptures and Hindu mythology tell about a number of rishis.
They describe a rishi as an old person, with a lot of knowledge and wisdom.
They also say that some of the rishis had great powers, and sometimes even some gods of Hindus like Indra were afraid of rishis.
Some of the rishis were famous for becoming angry very quickly and easily.
Their anger sometimes resulted in the rishis cursing people.
Rishis used to live in deep forests.
Many young men from villages and towns also lived with them as their students and disciples.
Rishis taught them in schools called Gurukuls.
After education, these young men returned to live with their families.
However, some of them shall always remain with the rishis as their disciples.
Sometimes, even kings and other members of the ruling families would go to them to seek advice and blessings.
Sometimes these rishis and their disciples would go to the royal courts and participate in discussions there.
Seven such rishis were the most famous.
Hindu scriptures have named them as saptarishis, that is, the seven sages.
The seven sages were Kashyapa, Atri, Vashitha, Vishvamitra, Gautam, Jamdagni, and Bharadvaja.
According to Hindu mythology, these seven sages had become like divine beings.
Ancient astrology of Hindus identified these seven sages with the stars of the sky, the Great Bear.
Their wives formed the Pleiades.
Tiruvannamalai is a place in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
In Tiruvannamalai, there is a famous and ancient temple of Shiva, a god of Hindus.
The temple is one of the five such temples of Shiva in south India.
Many Hindus go to this place all around the year.
In the months of November and December, a festival lasting for ten days takes place.
During this festival, people light up an entire hill near Tiruvannamala.
Vishvamitra is the name of a rishi (sage) of ancient India.
This is a Sanskrit word, and its translation is: "universal friend, that is, a friend of everybody".
Vishvamitra wrote many verses of the Vedas, especially the Rig Veda and the Atharva Veda.
The Hindu scriptures have many stories about Vishvamitra.
One of them tell about the competition between another rishi named Vashistha.
Both wanted to become priests of big royal families of ancient India.
Vashistha
Rabindranath Tagore (), popularly called "Kabiguru", was born on 7 May  1861.
His name is written as Rabindranath Thakur in many languages of India.
He was a poet, philosopher, and artist.
He wrote many stories, novels, poems, and dramas.
He is also very well known for composing music.
His writings greatly influenced Bengali culture during the late 19th century and early 20th century.
In 1913, he became the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
His major works include Gitanjali (Song Offerings), a world-famous poetry book; Gora (Fair-Faced); Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World); and many other works of literature and art.
Tagore was also a cultural reformer and modernized Bengali art.
He made it possible to make art using different forms and styles.
Early life (1861–1878)
Tagore was born in the city of Kolkata (Calcutta), at 6 Dwarkanath Tagore Lahne, Jorasanko Thakur Bari.
He was the youngest of his parents' 14 children.
His father was Debendranath Tagore.
His mother was Sharada Devi.
Tagore was a Bengali Brahman by birth.
His nickname was "Rab" or "Rabi".
Tagore wrote his first poem when he was eight years old.
In 1877, at the age of 16, Tagore published his first large poetry collection and wrote his first short story and dramas.
In February 1873, at age 11, Tagore went on a tour of India with his father.
The tour lasted for several months.
They visited many places like Amritsar in Punjab (British India), and Dalhousie in the Himalayas.
Tagore also visited his father's estate at Shantiniketan.
There he read biographies and studied history, astronomy, modern science, and Sanskrit.
He also read works of Kalidas.
During this time, Tagore also composed many literary works.
One of them was a long poem in  Maithili (the language spoken by the people of Mithila, India).
Tagore wrote a poem in the style of Vidyapati, a famous poet who wrote in Maithili.
In 1878, Tagore went to London.
He enrolled at a public school in Brighton, England.
He wanted to become a barrister.
Later he studied at University College London.
But in 1880, after Tagore did not do well in school, his father called him back from London.
His father arranged a marriage for him with Mrinalini Devi, a girl of ten years.
Child marriage was common during that time.
They got married on December 9, 1883.
Together they had five children, but two died during childhood.
In 1890, Tagore began managing his family's estates in Sheildah, now in Bangladesh.
In 1898, Tagore's wife and children joined him there.
Tagore traveled across the vast estate.
Between 18911895, he wrote many short stories about life in Bengal, especially rural life.
Shantiniketan
In 1901, Tagore left Sheildah.
He went to Shantiniketan (West Bengal) to build an ashram (which is like a monastery in Indian religions).
In English, "Shantiniketan" means "an abode [place] of peace".
He built a prayer hall, a school, and a library.
He planted many trees and built a garden.
Tagore's wife and two of his children died in Shantiniketan.
On January 19, 1905, Tagore's father also died.
By this time, Tagore had started receiving monthly income as part of his inheritance.
He also started receiving some royalties for his literary works.
He was very popular among readers of the Bengali language, as well as other people who knew his works through translations and reviews.
Rabindranath's father bought a large parcel of land in Santiniketan, intending to establish a preparatory school.
On November 13, 1913, Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
The Swedish Academy had selected him based on a small number of his translated works, and his 1912 work of poems named Gitanjali: Song Offerings.
The British Crown gave Tagore a knighthood in 1915.
However, he gave back the title in 1919 to protest the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar.
During this massacre, troops of the British Raj killed people who had no weapons.
In 1921, Tagore and an agricultural economist named Leonard K. Elmhirst set up the Institute for Rural Reconstruction in a village named Surul, near Tagore's ashram at Shantiniketan.
Tagore recruited many scholars and officials from many countries to help the Institute.
Its goal was to use schooling to "free village[s] from ... helplessness and ignorance".
In the early 1930s, Tagore also grew more concerned about India's "abnormal caste consciousness" and differences based on castes.
He lectured on the evils of such practices and also wrote many poems and dramas on these themes.
He also became an activist.
Last years (1932–1941)
Even during the last decade of his life, Tagore continued his activism.
He criticized Mohandas Gandhi, one of India's leaders, for his comments about an earthquake on January 15, 1934 in Bihar.
Gandhi had said the earthquake had happened because God wanted to punish people for practicing casteism.
Tagore also wrote a hundred-line poem about the poverty in Kolkata.
Later on, Satyajit Ray based one of his movies on this poem.
During this period, Tagore wrote fifteen volumes of prose-poems.
They covered many parts of human life.
In his last years, Tagore took an interest in science and wrote a collection of essays.
These essays explored biology, physics, and astronomy.
Tagore spent the last four years of his life in poor health.
In late 1937, he lost consciousness.
He was in a coma for a long time.
Eventually, he woke up, but three years later, he went back into a coma.
During these years, whenever he was conscious and felt well enough, he wrote poems.
These poems talk about how he came close to death.
Tagore died on August 7, 1941 at the age of 80 in his childhood home in Kolkata.
Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore visited thirty countries on five continents.
His goal was to make his literary works known to people who did not speak Bengali.
He also spread his thoughts and ideas, including his political ideas.
In 1912, Tagore went to England.
The Anglo-Irish poet William Butler Yeats wrote the preface to the English translation of Tagore's famous book Gitanjali (Song Offerings).
Tagore also met Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, and many others.
From May 1916 until April 1917, Tagore gave many lectures in Japan.
Shortly after returning to India, the 63-year-old Tagore visited Peru at the invitation of the Peruvian government.
At the same time, he also visited Mexico.
Both governments pledged donations of $100,000 to Tagore's school at Shantiniketan.
On May 30, 1926, Tagore reached Naples, Italy.
The next day, he met fascist dictator Benito Mussolini in Rome.
On 20 July 1926, Tagore criticized and spoke out against Mussolini.
In July 1927, Tagore and two friends went on a four-month tour of Southeast Asia.
They visited Bali, Java (island), Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, and Singapore.
Later on, Tagore wrote a book named Jatri (The Traveler) about his experiences during these trips.
In early 1930, Tagore left Bengal for a nearly year-long tour of Europe and the United States.
In Paris and London, there were displays of his paintings.
During this period, Tagore wrote his Hibbert Lectures for the University of Oxford.
He also met Aga Khan III.
From June to mid-September 1930, Tagore toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany.
Next, he toured the Soviet Union.
Tagore's travels gave him the opportunity to talk with many notable persons of his time.
They included Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Mahatma Gandhi, Thomas Mann, George Bernard Shaw, H.G. Wells, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Romain Rolland.
Tagore's last trips abroad were his visits to Iran and Iraq in 1932, and to Ceylon in 1933.
He visited Iran as a personal guest of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
Tagore was mainly a poet, but his other writing includes essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs.
He was also an expert painter.
Many movies also have soundtracks featuring selections from Tagore's songs, the Rabindra Sangeet.
Tagore also wrote many non-fiction books.
These covered many subjects, including the history of India, linguistics, essays and lectures, details of his travels, and other autobiographical things.
In 1917, Tagore published a book called My Reminiscences.
In this book, Tagore gives credit to his friend and mentor, Akshay Chowdhury, for influencing him in literature since he was a child.
Akshay was the youngest son of Mihir Chandra Chowdhury, whose ancestry was linked with the Dutta Chowdhury (Chowdhuries) family of Andul.
Rabindranath used to call Akshay Akshay Babu.
Akshay Chowdhury, Romesh Chandra Dutt, and Jyotiridranath Tagore were classmates at Hindu School in Kolkata.
Because of this, Akshay developed a strong, friendly relationship with the Tagore family.
Rabindranath wrote that he loved to discuss high-level literature in detail with "Akshay Babu".
At times, Akshay and his wife, Sarat Kumari Chaudhurani, used to participate in long talks about literature in a garden at Thakur Bari.
Music and artwork
Tagore was also a musician and painter.
He wrote around 2,230 songs.
People call these songs "Rabindra Sangeet" (which means "Tagore Song" in English).
These songs are now a part of modern Bengali culture.
Tagore's many poems and songs are parts of his novels and stories.
His songs and music cover many aspects of human emotion, devotional hymns, and love songs.
In most Bengali-speaking families, people sing Rabindra Sangeet'''.