the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1969 - Krzysztof Komeda, Polish jazz pianist and composer (b. 1931)
1975 – William Hartnell, English actor (b. 1908)
1981 - Josep Pla, Catalan journalist and writer (b. 1897)
1981 - Stefano Bontade, Italian Mafia boss (b. 1939)
1983 – Buster Crabbe, American singer and actor (b. 1908)
1984 - Red Garland, American jazz pianist (b. 1923)
1986 – Harold Arlen, American composer (b. 1905)
1986 - Otto Preminger, Austrian director (b. 1906)
1990 - Paulette Goddard, American actress (b. 1910)
1992 - Tanka Prasad Acharya, 27th Prime Minister of Nepal (b. 1912)
1992 – Satyajit Ray, Indian movie maker (b. 1921)
1993 – César Chávez, Mexican-American activist (b. 1927)
1995 - Douglas Lloyd Campbell, Canadian politician, 13th Premier of Manitoba (b. 1895)
1996 - P. L. Travers, Australian writer (b. 1899)
1996 - Mario Luigi Ciappi, Italian cardinal (b. 1909)
1997 - Hamani Diori, 1st President of Niger (b. 1916)
1998 – James Earl Ray, convicted assassin of Martin Luther King, Jr. (b. 1928)
1998 – Konstantinos Karamanlis, Greek politician (b. 1907)
2003 - Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer (b. 1910)
2005 – Joh Bjelke-Petersen, Australian politician, Premier of Queensland (b. 1911)
2007 – Boris Yeltsin, former President of Russia (b. 1931)
2007 - David Halberstam, American journalist and writer (b. 1934)
2011 – John Sullivan, British television writer (b. 1946)
2011 - Norio Ogha, Japanese businessman (b. 1930)
2012 - Tommy Marth, American musician (b. 1978)
2013 - Robert W. Edgar, American politician (b. 1943)
2014 - Mark Shand, British travel writer and conservationist, brother of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (b. 1951)
2014 - Michael Glawogger, Austrian movie director, screenwriter and cinematographer (b. 1959)
2014 - Connie Marrero, Cuban baseball player, oldest living Major League Baseball player (b. 1911)
2014 - Yozo Aoki, Japanese footballer (b. 1929)
2015 - Sixto Valencia Burgos, Mexican comic artist (b. 1934)
2015 - Sawyer Sweeten, American actor (b. 1995)
2015 - Aziz Asli, Iranian footballer (b. 1938)
2015 - Richard Corliss, American movie critic (b. 1944)
2015 - Francis Tsai, American comic book, movie and video game concept artist (b. 1967)
2015 - Pierre Claude Nolin, Canadian politician (b. 1950)
2016 - Banharn Silpa-archa, Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1932)
2016 - Inge King, German-Australian sculptor (b. 1915)
2016 - Ron Brace, American football player (b. 1986)
2016 - Miguel Picazo, Spanish movie director (b. 1927)
2016 - Madeleine Sherwood, Canadian actress (b. 1922)
2017 - Isiaka Adeleke, Nigerian politician (b. 1955)
2017 - Jerry Adriani, Brazilian singer and actor (b. 1947)
2017 - Chris Bearde, Australian comedy writer and producer (b. 1936)
2017 - Kathleen Crowley, Australian actress (b. 1929)
2017 - Imre Földi, Hungarian weightlifter (b. 1938)
2017 - Ken Sears, American basketball player (b. 1933)
2017 - Leo Baxendale, British comics artist (b. 1930)
2017 - Chriet Titulaer, Dutch astronomer, television presenter and writer (b. 1943)
2017 - Michael Williams, Baron Williams of Baglan, British peer and diplomat (b. 1949)
2018 - Haddon Donald, New Zealand army lieutenant colonel and politician (b. 1917)
2018 - Bob Dorough, American jazz pianist, composer and singer-songwriter (b. 1923)
2018 - Béla Magyari, Hungarian air force colonel (b. 1949)
2018 - Jerrold Meinwald, American chemist (b. 1927)
2018 - Leland B. Yeager, American economist (b. 1924)
2019 - Henry W. Bloch, American businessman (b. 1922)
2019 - Matthew Buckland, South African businessman (b. 1974)
2019 - George Haigh, English footballer (b. 1915)
2019 - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1921)
2019 - Mark Medoff, American playwright and screenwriter (b. 1940)
2019 - Juan José Muñante, Peruvian footballer (b. 1948)
2019 - Terry Rawlings, British film editor (b. 1933)
2019 - Peter Skipper, English footballer (b. 1958)
2019 - David Winters, English choreographer (b. 1939)
Saint George's Day - Patron Saint of many places, including England and Catalonia
UN English language Day
World Book Day
National Sovereignty and Children's Day (Turkey)
National Beer Day (Germany)
Latest possible date for Good Friday, in relation to Easter
October 18 – Texas Instruments announces the worldwide first transistor radio.
January 6 - Anthony Minghella, British movie director (d. 2008)
January 9 - Lance Hoppen, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans)
January 23 - Richard Finch, American bass guitarist (KC & the Sunshine Band)
January 29 – Oprah Winfrey, American talk show host
February 7 - Dieter Bohlen, German music mogul
February 15 - Matt Groening, American creator of The Simpsons and Futurama
February 16 - Iain Banks, Scottish writer
February 18 - John Travolta, American actor
February 20 - Patty Hearst, American heiress
February 21 - Ivo van Damme, Belgian athlete (d. 1976)
March 1 – Ron Howard, American actor, director
March 1 - Catherine Bach, American actress
March 25 - Miran Anes, Albanian politician and judge (d. 2012)
April 1 - Jeff Porcaro, American drummer (Toto) (d. 1992)
April 11 - Abdullah Atalar, Turkish academic
April 19 - Trevor Francis, English footballer
April 23 – Michael Moore, documentary movie maker
April 23 – Tony Atlas, American professional wrestler
April 28 - Mary Jo Randle, British actress
May 8 - Clive Wood, British actor
May 13 - Johnny Logan, Irish singer
May 17 - David Zippel, American lyricist
May 20 - David Paterson, former Governor of New York
May 21 - Janice Karman, American voice actress
June 20 - Michael Anthony, American bass guitarist (Van Halen)
June 25 - David Paich, American keyboardist (Toto)
June 30 - Serzh Sargsyan, President of Armenia
July 17 - Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany
July 28 - Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (d. 2013)
July 28 - Gerd Faltings, German mathematician
August 12 - Francois Hollande, President of France
August 15 - Stieg Larsson, Swedish writer (d. 2004)
August 16 - George Galloway, British politician
August 25 – Elvis Costello, British singer
September 21 - Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan
September 30 - Mitch Lewis, Canadian multi-instrumentalist
October 9 – Scott Bakula, actor
October 10 - David Lee Roth, American singer (Van Halen)
November 1 - László Kerekes, drijor and Hungarian composer
November 14 - Condoleezza Rice, former United States Secretary of State
December 15 - Zivko Jovanović, Serbian politician and judge
December 20 - László Levin, politician Hungarian (d. 2009)
December 25 - Annie Lennox, Scottish singer (Eurythmics)
December 28 - Denzel Washington, American actor
December 29 – Albrecht Böttcher, German mathematician
December 30 - Pnina Rosenblum, Israeli business woman and politician
December 31 - Alex Salmond, First Minister of Scotland
December 31 - Hermann Tilke, German racing circuit designer
May 19 – Charles Ives, American composer
June 7 – Alan Turing, mathematician
June 9 - Alain LeRoy Locke, American writer
July 13 – Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter
August 6 – Emilie Dionne, one of the Dionne Quintuplets
November 3 – Henri Matisse, painter
November 29 – Enrico Fermi, physicist
Devil Girl from Mars
Sh-Boom – Crew Cuts
The Acrobats – Mordecai Richler
Benton's Row – Frank Yerby
The Bridge on the River Kwai (Le pont de la rivière Kwai) – Pierre Boulle
The Caves of Steel – Isaac Asimov
The Egyptian –  Mika Waltari
Explorers on the Moon- Hergé
Histoire d'O  (Story of O) – Pauline Réage
The Horse and His Boy – C. S. Lewis
I Am Legend – Richard Matheson
Ideas and Opinions – Albert Einstein
Katherine – Anya Seton
Live and Let Die – Ian Fleming
Lord of the Flies – William G. Golding
The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring – J. R. R. Tolkien
The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers – J. R. R. Tolkien
Love Is Eternal – Irving Stone
Lucky Jim – Kingsley Amis
Mandarins – Simone de Beauvoir
Mary Anne – Daphne du Maurier
Nectar in a Sieve – Kamala Markandaya
Never Victorious, Never Defeated – Taylor Caldwell
No Time for Sergeants – Mac Hyman
Not as a Stranger – Morton Thompson
The Royal Box – Frances Parkinson Keyes
Sayonara – James A. Michener
Sweet Thursday – John Steinbeck
Under Milk Wood (Poetry) – Dylan Thomas
Under the Net – Iris Murdoch
The View from Pompey's Head – Hamilton Basso
American Samoa  (; , ; also  or ) is a territory of the United States.
It is part of the Samoan Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean.
In 1899, Germany and the U.S. divided the Samoan group of islands.
The U.S. got the smaller group of islands on the east side.
These islands had a good harbor near the capital city, Pago Pago.
The western islands were run by Germany and then by New Zealand and are now the independent country Samoa.
Officially, American Samoa is an "unorganized" territory.
This means that the U.S. Congress has not passed an Organic Act.
But the people who live in American Samoa rule themselves.
Their constitution became effective on July 1, 1967.
People who are born in American Samoa are called U.S. nationals, not U.S. citizens.
This means they have some of the same rights as citizens but not all of them.
Unlike people who are not Americans at all, American Samoans can go to any other part of the United States they want and live there for as long as they want.
But they are not allowed to vote, to be on juries in court, to run for office, or to hold any job that the employee has to be a citizen to hold.
For contrast, someone born in Puerto Rico or Guam is a citizen, so if they move to a state, they are allowed to vote in that state and in all federal elections.
Some American Samoans like that they are not American citizens and others do not.
Some American Samoans say that being nationals and not citizens makes it easier for them to keep the fa'a Samoa, the Samoan way of life.
In 2019, three American Samoans living in Utah sued the U.S. government to say they are citizens.
The judge agreed with them.
The judge said that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that anyone born in any part of the United States is a citizen, and that should mean American Samoans too.
But the next day, he said they should not register to vote until after an appeal judge has seen the case.
Government of American Samoa
NOAA's National Weather Service - American Samoa
1967 establishments in Oceania
Disgust is an emotion.
People feel it when they see, touch, hear, or taste something that they think is nasty or repulsive.
It is also caused by scorn.
For example, when one finds something dirty or not fit to eat.
Levels of disgust vary based on cultural, religious, and personal backgrounds/experiences.
Disgust can be deliberate as someone can do something on purpose to create this emotion.
457 – Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
1074 - Pandulf IV of Benevento is killed battling the invading Normans at the Battle of Montesarchio.
1301 – Edward of Caernarvon (later King Edward II of England) becomes the first Prince of Wales.
1497 - The Bonfire of the Vanities occurs, in which supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burns thousands of objects like cosmetics, art and books in Florence, Italy.
1783 - Spanish and French forces end the Siege of Gibraltar.
1785 - William Herschel discovers the Antennae Galaxies.
1795 - The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is accepted.
1807 - Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Eylau in Poland begins.
1812 - The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri.
1819 - Thomas Stamford Raffles leaves Singapore shortly after taking it over, leaving the governing duties to William Farquhar.
1855 - The Treaty of Shimoda is signed, determining which of the Kuril islands are Japanese and which are Russian.
1863 - The ship HMS Orpheus sinks off Auckland, New Zealand, killing 189 people.
1897 - The first full-scale battle of the Greco-Turkish War occurs.
1898 - Émile Zola is brought to trial for libel for publishing J'Accuse, in which he questioned the guilt of Alfred Dreyfus in the Dreyfus Affair.
1900 – The British Labour Party is formed.
1904 - A fire in Baltimore, Maryland, destroys 1,500 buildings.
1922 - Antonio Maria da Silva becomes Prime Minister of Portugal for a second time.
1935 - The Monopoly board game is invented.
1940 - The second full-length animated Walt Disney movie, Pinocchio, is shown for the first time.
1943 - World War II: Japanese forces complete the evacuation of the Imperial Japanese Army from Guadalcanal.
1948 - Neil Harvey becomes the youngest Australian to score a century in a test cricket match.
1951 - Korean War: Sancheong-Hamyang massacre.
1962 - The United States bans all Cuban imports and exports.
1971 – Women gain the right to vote in Switzerland.
1974 – Grenada becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
1976 - Daniel Sittler sets an National Hockey League record by scoring 10 points in a single game.
1979 – For the first time since its discovery, the dwarf planet Pluto orbits the Sun closer than Neptune.
1984 – US astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart perform the first untethered spacewalk.
1986 - The rule of the Duvalier family in Haiti comes to an end when Jean-Claude Duvalier ("Baby Doc") leaves the country.
1990 – Collapse of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly of power.
1991 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide becomes President of Haiti.
1992 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed to officially form the European Union.
1995 - Ramzi Yousef, who planned the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, is arrested in Islamabad, Pakistan.
1998 – The 1998 Winter Olympics open in Nagano, Japan.
1999 - Abdullah II of Jordan becomes King, after the death of his father, King Hussein of Jordan.
1999 - A border conflict begins between Ethiopia and Eritrea.
1999 - NASA's Stardust probe is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida to study comets.
2005 - Ellen MacArthur becomes the fastest round-the-world sailor, though this record has since been beaten.
2009 – Bushfires in the Australian state of Victoria kill 173 people.
2012 - After a political crisis in the Maldives, President Mohamed Nasheed resigns, and is replaced my Mohammed Waheed Hassan.
2014 - The 2014 Winter Olympics begin in Sochi, southern Russia.
2015 - More than 30 people are killed in separate bomb attacks in Baghdad.
2016 - North Korea announces that it has launched a rocket.
2016 - The Denver Broncos win the 50th Super Bowl, defeating the Carolina Panthers 24-10.
572 - Prince Shotoku of Japan (d. 622)
1102 – Princess Matilda, Princess of England and wife of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1169)
1478 – Sir Thomas More, English statesman, humanist, and writer (d. 1535)
1606 - Nicolas Mignard, French painter (d. 1668)
1693 – Empress Anna of Russia (d. 1740)
1741 - Henri Fuseli, Swiss painter (d. 1825)
1758 - Benedikt Schack, Czech composer and tenor (d. 1826)
1804 - John Deere, American manufacturer (d. 1886)
1812 – Charles Dickens, English novelist (d. 1870)
1816 - Jean Frédéric Frenet, French astronomer, mathematician and meteorologist (d. 1900)
1817 – Frederick Douglass, American abolitionist (d. 1895)
1824 - William Huggins, British astronomer and physicist (d. 1910)
1825 - Karl Möbius, German zoologist (d. 1908)
1837 - James Murray, Scottish lexicographer and philologist (d. 1915)
1842 - Alexandre Ribot, Prime Minister of France (d. 1923)
1862 - Horace F. Graham, Governor of Vermont (d. 1941)
1867 – Laura Ingalls Wilder, American writer (d. 1957)
1870 – Alfred Adler, Austrian psychologist (d. 1937)
1873 - Thomas Andrews, Irish shipbuilder (d. 1912)
1877 – G.H. Hardy, British mathematician (d. 1947)
1878 - Ossip Gabrilowitsch, Russian-American pianist and conductor (d. 1936)
1885 – Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize winner (d. 1951)
1887 - Eubie Blake, American musician and composer (d. 1983)
1889 - Harry Nyquist, contributor to Information Theory (d. 1976)
1893 - Joseph Algernon Pearce, Canadian astrophysicist and astronomer (d. 1988)
1895 – Anita Stewart, American movie actress (d. 1961)
1898 – Dock Boggs, American musician (d. 1971)
1901 - Arnold Nordmeyer, New Zealand politician (d. 1989)
1905 – Paul Nizan, French writer (d. 1940)
1905 - Rene de Cossel, French mathematician (d. 1974)
1905 – Ulf von Euler, Swedish physiologist (d. 1983)
1906 – Henry Pu-yi, Emperor of China (d. 1967)
1906 - Oleg Antonov, Soviet aircraft designer (d. 1984)
1908 – Buster Crabbe, American swimmer and actor (d. 1983)
1909 – Helder Camara, Brazilian archbishop (d. 1999)
1909 - Silvio Zavala, Mexican historian (d. 2014)
1912 - Roberta McCain, mother of John McCain (d. 2020)
1912 - Roy Sullivan, American survivor of seven lightning strikes (d. 1983)
1914 – Ramón Mercader, Spanish assassin of Leon Trotsky (d. 1978)
1915 - Teoctist, Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church (d. 2007)
1915 – Eddie Bracken, American actor (d. 2002)
1920 – An Wang, Chinese-born computer pioneer (d. 1990)
1922 – Hattie Jacques, English actress (d. 1980)
1923 - Dora Bryan, English actress (d. 2014)
1926 – Konstantin Feoktistov, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2009)
1926 - Mark Taimanov, Russian pianist and chess player (d. 2016)
1927 – Juliette Gréco, French singer and actress
1927 – Vladimir Kuts, Russian runner
1927 - Patsy Swayze, American dancer and choreographer (d. 2013)
1928 - Lincoln D. Faurer, American general (d. 2014)
1929 - Alejandro Jodorowsky, Chilean actor, director and screenwriter
1932 – Gay Talese, American writer
1932 – Alfred Worden, American astronaut
1933 - K. N. Choksy, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician (d. 2015)
1934 – Earl King, American musician (d. 2003)
1934 – Eddie Fenech Adami, former President of Malta
1934 - King Curtis, American jazz saxophonist (d. 1971)
1934 - Murtaza Rakhimov, former leader of Bashkortostan in Russia
1938 - S. Ramachandran Pillai, Indian Communist leader
1938 - Cayetano Ré, Paraguayan footballer and coach (d. 2013)
1939 - Ray Taliaferro, American radio talk show host
1939 - Francisco Mendès, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau
1940 - Toshihide Maskawa, Japanese physicist
1940 - Tony Tan, former President of Singapore
1941 - Little Tony, Italian-Sammarinese singer (d. 2013)
1943 – Gareth Hunt, English actor
1945 – Gerald Davies, Welsh rugby player
1945 - Jörg Schneider, Swiss actor (d. 2015)
1946 – Pete Postlethwaite, English actor (d. 2011)
1946 - Héctor Babenco, Argentine-Brazilian screenwriter, producer and actor (d. 2016)
1947 - Wayne Allwine, American voice actor (d. 2009)
1947 - Flemming Jorgensen, Danish musician and actor (d. 2011)
1948 - Josef Ackermann, Swiss banker, former CEO of Deutsche Bank
1948 - Jimmy Greenspoon, American singer (d. 2015)
1949 – Paulo César Carpegiani, Brazilian footballer and coach
1949 - Regina Derieva, Russian poet and writer (d. 2013)
1950 – Mauro Bellugi, Italian footballer
1952 - John Hickenlooper, Governor of Colorado
1952 - Vasco Rossi, Italian singer
1953 – Dan Quisenberry, American baseball player (d. 1998)
1954 – Dieter Bohlen, German composer and media personality
1955 – Mario Coutinho, Brazilian physician
1955 – Miguel Ferrer, American actor (d. 2017)
1955 – Rolf Benirschke, American football player
1956 - Mark St. John, American musician (Kiss)
1958 – Giuseppe Baresi, Italian footballer
1959 – Mick McCarthy, English-Irish football manager
1960 – James Spader, American actor
1960 - Gabriel Humberto Calderon, Argentine footballer
1962 – Garth Brooks, American singer
1962 - David Bryan, American keyboardist and songwriter (Bon Jovi)
1962 – Eddie Izzard, British actor and comedian
1963 - Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper, American astronaut
1964 – Ray Mears, British television presenter and outdoor survival expert
1965 - Petr Vasa, Czech poet, singer-songwriter, actor and artist
1965 – Jason Gedrick, American actor
1965 - Chris Rock, American comedian and actor
1966 – Kristin Otto, German swimmer
1966 - Monika Weber, German fencer
1967 - Richie Burnett, Welsh darts player
1968 – Peter Bondra, Ukrainian-born hockey player
1968 – Sully Erna, American singer (Godsmack)
1968 - Katja Kaan, Danish pornographic actress
1969 - Adriano Silva Francisco, Brazilian footballer
1969 - Yves Racine, Canadian ice hockey player
1970 - Stanley Roberts, American basketball player
1971 - Anita Tsoy, Russian singer-songwriter
1972 - Robyn Lively, American actress
1972 - Essence Atkins, American actress
1972 - Amon Tobin, Brazilian musician, composer and producer
1974 - Danny Goffey, English musician
1974 – Steve Nash, Canadian basketball player
1975 – Wes Borland, American guitarist (Limp Bizkit)
1975 – Rafik Saïfi, Algerian footballer
1977 – Tsuneyasu Miyamoto, Japanese footballer
1977 - Dimitris Papanikolaou, Greek basketball player
1978 – Ashton Kutcher, American actor
1978 – Daniel Van Buyten, Belgian footballer
1979 – Tawakel Karman, Yemeni activist, co-winner of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize
1979 - Cerina Vincent, American actress
1979 - Daniel Bierofka, German footballer
1980 - Sasa Papac, Bosnia and Herzegovina footballer
1981 - Lee Ok-Sung, South Korean boxer
1985 – Tina Majorino, American actress
1986 - Stephen Colletti, American actor
1986 - Pippa Wilson, English sailor
1986 - Giorgi Tsintzade, Georgian basketball player
1987 - Joe Cardle, British footballer
1987 - Kerli, Estonian singer
1988 - Lee Don-Ku, South Korean ice hockey player
1988 - Lee Joon, South Korean singer, dancer and actor
1988 - Ai Kapo, Japanese singer and actress
1988 - Matthew Stafford, American football player
1989 - Louisa Lytton, English actress
1990 - Anna Abreu, Finnish singer
1991 - Zhou Yimiao, Chinese tennis player
1992 - Maimi Yajima, Japanese singer and actress
1993 – David Dorfman, American actor
1993 - Chris Mears, English diver
1996 - Mai Hagiwara, Japanese singer
1996 - Aaron Ekblad, Canadian ice hockey player
1999 - Bea Miller, American singer
531 - Emperor Keitai of Japan (b. 450)
590 - Pope Pelagius II (b. 1520)
812 - Li Ning, Chinese prince (b. 793)
999 - Boleslaus II of Bohemia
1045 - Emperor Go-Suzaku of Japan (b. 1009)
1074 - Pandulf IV of Benevento
1317 - Robert, Count of Clermont, French founder of the Bourbon Royal Family (b. 1526)
1560 - Bartolomeo Bandinelli, Italian sculptor (b. 1493)
1603 - Hermann Wilken, German humanist and mathematician (b. 1522)
1609 - Ferdinando I de'Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1549)
1626 - William V, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1548)
1652 - Gregorio Allegri, Italian composer (b. 1852)
1693 - Paul Pellisson, French writer (b. 1624)
1736 - Stephen Gray, English astronomer (b. 1666)
1779 – William Boyce, English composer (b. 1711)
1799 – Qianlong, Emperor of China (b. 1711)
1801 - Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726)
1823 - Ann Radcliffe, British writer (b. 1764)
1837 – Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden (b. 1778)
1839 – Karl August Nicander, Swedish poet (b. 1799)
1862 - Francisco de Paula Martinez de la Rosa, Spanish statesman and dramatist (b. 1787)
1864 - Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic, Serbian philologist and linguist (b. 1787)
1873 - Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish author (b. 1814)
1878 – Pope Pius IX (b. 1792)
1883 - Edmund J. Davis, American general and 15th Governor of Texas (b. 1827)
1897 - Galileo Ferraris, Italian physicist (b. 1847)
1920 - Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak, Russian military commander (b. 1876)
1931 - Tommaso Tittoni, Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1855)
1932 - Augusto B. Leguia, President of Peru (b. 1863)
1935 - Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Scottish writer (b. 1901)
1937 – Elihu Root, American politician (b. 1845)
1938 - Harvey Samuel Firestone, American businessman (b. 1868)
1939 - Boris Grigoriev, Russian painter (b. 1886)
1942 - Ivan Bilibin, Russian illustrator (b. 1876)
1944 - Lina Cavalieri, Italian soprano (b. 1874)
1959 - Nap Lajoie, American baseball player (b. 1874)
1959 - Guitar Slim, American guitarist (b. 1926)
1959 – Daniel Francois Malan, South African politician, father of Apartheid (b. 1874)
1960 - Igor Kurchatov, Russian physicist (b. 1903)
1964 – Sophoklis Venizelos, Greek Prime Minister (b. 1894)
1967 - William Preston Lane, Jr., Governor of Maryland (b. 1892)
1971 - Douglass Cadwallader, American golfer (b. 1884)
1972 - Walter Lang, American movie director (b. 1896)
1979 – Josef Mengele, Nazi doctor (b. 1911)
1980 - Secondo Campini, Italian jet aircraft pioneer (b. 1904)
1985 - Matt Monro, English singer (b. 1930)
1986 - Cheikh Anta Diop, Senegalese historian, anthropologist and physicist (b. 1923)
1987 – Claudio Villa, Italian singer (b. 1926)
1990 - Jimmy Van Heusen, American songwriter (b. 1913)
1993 - Nic Broca, Belgian comic artist (b. 1932)
1994 - Witold Lutoslawski, Polish composer (b. 1913)
1994 - Stephen Milligan, English journalist and politician (b. 1948)
1994 - Arnold Smith, Canadian diplomat (b. 1915)
1996 - Boris Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (b. 1925)
1999 – King Hussein of Jordan (b. 1935)
2000 – Big Pun, American rapper (b. 1971)
2000 - Doug Henning, Canadian magician (b. 1947)
2001 – Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American writer and pilot (b. 1906)
2001 - Dale Evans, American actress and singer (b. 1912)
2005 - Atli Dam, 5th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b. 1932)
2005 - Bob Turner, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1934)
2006 - Princess Duhru Shehvar of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1914)
2008 - Tamara Desni, German-born British actress (b. 1913)
2010 – Franco Ballerini, Italian road racing cyclist (b. 1964)
2010 – André Kolingba, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (b. 1936)
2013 - Krsto Papic, Croatian director and screenwriter (b. 1933)
2014 - Doug Mohns, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1933)
2014 - Georgina Henry, British journalist (b. 1960)
2014 - Nico Nicolaiewsky, Brazilian actor, musician and comedian (b. 1957)
2014 - Mohamed Guessous, Moroccan sociologist and politician (b. 1937)
2015 - Dean Smith, American basketball coach (b. 1931)
2015 - Joe B. Mauldin, American musician (b. 1940)
2015 - John C. Whitehead, American financier and civil servant (b. 1922)
2015 - Billy Casper, American golfer (b. 1931)
2015 - René Lavand, Argentine magician and illusionist (b. 1928)
2015 - Donald H. Clausen, American politician (b. 1923)
2015 - Marshall Rosenberg, American psychologist (b. 1934)
2016 - Roger Willemsen, German author, essayist and television presenter (b. 1955)
2017 - Svend Asmussen, Danish jazz violinist (b. 1916)
2017 - Sotsha Dlamini, 5th Prime Minister of Swaziland (b. 1940)
2017 - Smail Hamdani, 11th Prime Minister of Algeria (b. 1930)
2017 - Richard Hatch, American actor, writer and producer (b. 1945)
2017 - Hans Rosling, Swedish physician, statistician and public speaker (b. 1948)
2017 - Tzvetan Todorov, Bulgarian-French philosopher (b. 1939)
2017 - Richard B. Wright, Canadian novelist (b. 1937)
2017 - Valeriu Bularca, Romanian wrestler (b. 1931)
2017 - Loukianos Kilaidonis, Greek singer-songwriter (b. 1943)
2017 - John Salt, British Anglican bishop (b. 1941)
2018 - Mickey Jones, American drummer and actor (b. 1941)
2018 - Pat Torpey, American drummer (b. 1953)
Independence Day in Grenada
February 07
June 5 – Adam Smith, Scottish economist (baptized that day, exact date of birth unknown) (died 1790)
July 16 – Sir Joshua Reynolds, English painter (died 1792)
Ovens are closed, heated containers which are used for heating, baking, and drying.
It is used the most often in cooking and pottery.
They provide even, dry heat to all surfaces of food inside them.
An indoor oven can have an electric heating element, or be fired by natural gas or coal.
Outdoor ovens are often made of brick or clay and are buried in hot coals.
An oven which is used for making pottery is called a kiln.
An oven used for heating or industrial processes is called a furnace.
They are hot inside, and often things come out of them hot.
People who study the history of food give credit to the Greeks for making the baking of bread into an art.
A type of oven called Front-loaded bread ovens were created in ancient Greece.
Cooking appliances
Pot is also a different (slang) word for marijuana (Cannabis).
A cooking pot is a vessel to cook in.
It is often larger than a pan, and will be taller than it is wide.
Cookware and bakeware
A liquid is a form of matter.
It is settled between solid and gas.
Liquid has an almost-fixed volume, but no set shape.
Every small force makes a liquid change its shape by flowing.
Because of that, gravity makes liquids always take the shape of the container.
The molecules that make up the liquid can freely move among themselves.
Fluids that flow slowly have a high viscosity.
Some fluids like tar have such a high viscosity that they may seem solid.
It is difficult to compress a liquid.
If a liquid is cooled down until it is colder than a certain temperature, it will become a solid.
This temperature is called the melting point or freezing point and is different for every different type of liquid.
If a liquid is heated up it becomes a gas.
The temperature this happens at is called the boiling point.
In a liquid, the liquid on the top presses down on the liquid underneath, so at the bottom the pressure, p, is bigger than at the top.
The equation for working this out is:
p = ρgz
where z is the depth of the point below the surface and g is how strong gravity is pulling on the liquid.
ρ is a number that tells us how heavy a set amount of the liquid is.
We call this the density and it is different for all liquids.
41 – Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula), known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, was assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards.
1438 – Pope Eugenius IV was suspended by the Council of Basel.
1458 – Matthias I Corvinus becomes king of Hungary.
1521 - Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Puka-Puka Islands in the Tuamotu Archipelago, Polynesia, South Pacific Ocean.
1624 – Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa.
1679 – King Charles II of England disbands Parliament.
1742 – Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
1758 - Seven Years' War: The leading burghers of Konigsberg (now Kaliningrad) submit to Elizabeth of Russia, forming Russian Prussia (until 1763).
1772 - France takes control of the Crozet Islands in the Indian Ocean.
1817 - Crossing of the Andes: Many soldiers of Juan Gregorio de las Heras are captured in the Action Pichenta.
1835 - Slaves in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, stage a revolt which is instrumental in ending slavery there 50 years later.
1848 – California gold rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill near Sacramento.
1857 - The University of Calcutta is founded.
1862 - Bucharest becomes the capital city of Romania.
1888 – Jacob L. Wortman patents the typewriter ribbon.
1908 – Robert Baden-Powell begins the Boy Scout movement.
1916 – In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad, the Supreme Court of the United States declares the federal income tax constitutional.
1918 – A decree of the Council of People's Commissars, introducing the Gregorian calendar in Russia from February 1, issued
1922 – Christian K. Nelson patents the Eskimo Pie.
1924 – St. Petersburg, Russia is renamed Leningrad.
1927 – Young director Alfred Hitchcock releases his first movie, The Pleasure Garden, in England.
1936 – Albert Sarraut becomes Prime Minister of France.
1939 - Chillan, in Chile, is hit by a deadly earthquake.
1942 - World War II: The Allies bomb Bangkok, leading to Thailand declaring war on the United Kingdom and United States.
1943 – World War II: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill conclude a conference in Casablanca.
1945 – Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland is liberated by Soviet troops.
1946 - The United Nations General Assembly passes its first resolution to establish the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.
1947 - Dimitrios Maximos becomes Prime Minister of Greece.
1952 – Vincent Massey sworn in as first Canada-born Governor-General of Canada.
1960 - Algerian War: Some units of European volunteers in Algiers stage an insurrection known as "barricades week", during which they seize government buildings and clash with local police.
1961 - A bomber carrying two hydrogen bombs breaks up in mid-air over North Carolina.
1962 – Brian Epstein signs to manage The Beatles.
1962 - 28 people manage to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin through a tunnel.
1966 – An Air India Boeing 707 jet crashes on Mont Blanc, on the border between France and Italy, killing 117
1972 – Shoichi Yokoi, a Japanese soldier, is discovered on Guam, where he was hiding in a cave since 1944.
1976 - An earthquake kills 3,850 people in Turkey.
1977 - Massacre of Atochi in Madrid.
1978 - Soviet satellite Cosmos 954, with nuclear weapons on board, burns up in Earth's atmosphere, scattering radioactive debris over Canada's Northwest Territories.
1982 – Super Bowl XVI: San Francisco 49ers defeat the Cincinnati Bengals, 26-21 in the first Super Bowl played north of the Mason–Dixon line
1984 – The first Apple Macintosh goes on sale.
1986 – Voyager 2 passes within 50,679 miles of Uranus.
1987 – In Lebanon, gunmen kidnap Alann Steen, Jesse Turner, Robert Polhill and Mitheleshwar Singh.
1989 – Serial killer Ted Bundy is executed in Florida's electric chair.
1990 - Japan launches Hiten, its first lunar probe.
1993 - Turkish journalist and writer Ugur Mumcu is killed by a car bomb in Ankara.
1995 – The prosecution delivers its opening statement in the O. J. Simpson murder trial.
1996 – Polish Premier Jozef Oleksy resigns amid charges he spied for Moscow.
2001 – The last two of the Texas 7 are taken into custody in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
2002 – Enron congressional hearings begin.
2002 – Terrorist suspect John Walker Lindh's hearing begins.
2002 – The United States Department of Justice indicts Robert Nicholas Angleton for conspiring to murder his wife, Doris Angleton, along with his brother Roger.
2003 – The United States Department of Homeland Security officially begins operation.
2009 - The storm Klaus makes landfall in Bordeaux, France, on the way to causing large destruction and 26 deaths.
2011 - A bombing at Domodedovo Airport in Moscow kills 35 people.
2015 - An attack by Russian-backed rebels in Mariupol, Eastern Ukraine, kills at least 20 people.
2018 - Scientists in the People's Republic of China report in the journal "Cell" that the first monkey clones have been created.
76 – Hadrian, Roman Emperor (d. 138)
1444 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1476)
1540 - Edmund Campion, English priest and martyr (d. 1581)
1679 – Christian Wolff, German philosopher (d. 1754)
1705 - Farinelli, Italian singer (d. 1782)
1712 – Frederick II of Prussia (d. 1786)
1724 - Frances Brooke, English writer (d. 1789)
1732 - Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, French playwright (d. 1799)
1742 - Anne, Duchess of Cumberland and Strathearn (d. 1808)
1746 – King Gustav III of Sweden (d. 1792)
1749 – Charles James Fox, British politician (d. 1806)
1752 - Muzio Clementi, Italian composer (d. 1832)
1776 – E. T. A. Hoffmann, German writer (d. 1822)
1778 - Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, French Prince (d. 1820)
1779 - Tsarina Elizabeth Alexeievna of Russia (d. 1826)
1792 - Friedrich Wilhelm, Count Brandenburg, Prussian statesman (d. 1850)
1816 - Coles Bashford, Governor of Wisconsin (d. 1878)
1828 – Ferdinand Cohn, German botanist and microbiologist (d. 1898)
1848 - Vasily Surikov, Russian painter (d. 1916)
1850 – Hermann Ebbinghaus, German psychologist (d. 1909)
1862 – Edith Wharton, American writer (d. 1937)
1864 – Marguerite Durand, French Women's rights activist (d. 1936)
1866 - Jaan Poskal, Estonian lawyer, diplomat and politician (d. 1920)
1872 – Konstantin Bogaevsky, Russian painter (d. 1943)
1872 - Ethel Turner, Australian writer (d. 1958)
1872 - Morris William Travers, English chemist (d. 1961)
1886 - Henry King, American movie director (d. 1982)
1888 – Ernst Heinkel, German aircraft designer (d. 1958)
1888 - Vicki Baum, Austrian writer (d. 1960)
1891 - Walter Model, German field marshal (d. 1945)
1895 – Eugen Roth, German writer (d. 1976)
1900 - Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ukrainian-born American geneticist and biologist (d. 1975)
1901 – A. M. Cassandre, Ukrainian-born French artist (d. 1968)
1901 - Mikhail Romm, Soviet-Russian film director (d. 1971)
1907 - Maurice Couve de Murville, Prime Minister of France (d. 1999)
1910 – Doris Haddock (Granny D), American political activist (d. 2010)
1913 - Norman Dello Joio, American composer (d. 2008)
1915 - Robert Motherwell, American painter (d. 1991)
1916 - Arnoldo Foa, Italian actor and director (d. 2014)
1916 – Rafael Caldera, President of Venezuela (d. 2009)
1916 - Gene Mako, Hungarian-American tennis player (d. 2013)
1917 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (d. 2012)
1918 – Oral Roberts, American evangelist (d. 2009)
1920 - Jerry Maren, American actor
1922 - Daniel Boulanger, French actor and screenwriter (d. 2014)
1925 - Gus Mortson, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)
1925 - Maria Tallchief, American ballerina (d. 2013)
1926 – Georges Lautner, French movie director and screenwriter (d. 2013)
1928 – Desmond Morris, British zoologist, publicist and artist
1928 - Michel Serrault, French actor (d. 2007)
1931 - Lars Hörmander, Swedish mathematician (d. 2012)
1935 - Bamber Gascoigne, British actor and broadcaster
1940 – Joachim Gauck, German pastor, activist, publicist and former President of Germany
1941 – Neil Diamond, American singer and songwriter
1941 – Dan Shechtman, Israeli scientist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1941 - Aaron Neville, American musician
1942 - Gary Hart, American wrestler and manager (d. 2008)
1943 - Subhash Ghai, Indian director, screenwriter and politician
1943 – Peter Struck, German politician (d. 2012)
1943 – Sharon Tate, American actress (d. 1969)
1944 – Klaus Nomi, German singer (d. 1983)
1945 - John Garamendi, American politician
1947 - Masashi Ozaki, Japanese golfer
1947 – Michio Kaku, American theoretical physicist
1947 - Giorgio Chinaglia, Italian footballer (d. 2012)
1948 – Michael Des Barres, British actor and singer
1949 – John Belushi, American actor (d. 1982)
1950 - Gennifer Flowers, American actress
1951 - Mike Thompson, American politician
1952 - Raymond Domenech, French football coach
1953 - Moon Jae-in, South Korean lawyer and President of South Korea
1953 - Matthew Wilder, American singer-songwriter
1955 - Jim Montgomery, American swimmer
1957 - Mark Eaton, American basketball player
1957 – Adrian Edmondson, English comedian
1958 – Jools Holland, English pianist, bandleader and television presenter
1959 – Vic Reeves, English comedian
1959 - Michel Preud'Homme, Belgian footballer
1961 – Guido Buchwald, German footballer
1961 – Natassja Kinski, German-born actress
1965 - Andreu Buenafuerte, Spanish humorist
1966 - Shaun Donovan, American politician
1966 - Julie Dreyfus, French actress
1968 - Mary Lou Retton, American gymnast
1971 - Cory Bailey, American baseball player
1976 - Shae-Lynn Bourne, Canadian ice dancer
1976 - Cindy Pieters, Belgian cyclist
1977 – Kensuke Kita, Japanese guitarist
1977 - Michelle Hunziker, Swiss television presenter, singer and model
1978 - Kristen Schaal, American actress
1979 – Tatyana Ali, American actress and singer
1979 - Nik Wallenda, American acrobat and daredevil
1979 - Leandro Desabato, Argentine footballer
1980 - Rebecca Romero, English track cyclist and rower
1980 - Nicole Marie Lenz, American actress
1981 – Michael Wolf, German ice hockey player
1981 - Travis Hanson, American baseball player
1982 - Claudia Heill, Austrian judoka (d. 2011)
1983 – Shaun Maloney, Scottish footballer
1983 – Scott Speed, American racing driver
1983 - Diane Birch, American singer-songwriter and pianist
1983 - Davide Blondini, Italian footballer
1984 - Scott Kazmir, American baseball player
1984 - Wietold Kieltyka, Polish drummer (d. 2007)
1986 – Mischa Barton, English-born actress
1986 - Michael Kightly, English footballer
1987 - Wayne Hennessey, Welsh footballer
1987 – Luis Suarez, Uruguayan footballer
1988 - DaJuan Summers, American basketball player
1988 – Jade Ewen, English singer
1989 – Ki Sung-Yueng, South Korean footballer
1989 - Samba Diakité, Malian footballer
1989 - Calvin Goldspink, English actor and singer
1989 - Gong Lijiao, Chinese shot putter
1990 - Mao Abe, Japanese singer-songwriter
1992 - Becky Downie, British gymnast
1993 - Tanja Frank, Austrian sailor
1995 - Callan McAuliffe, Australian actor
1997 - Dylan Riley Snyder, American actor, singer and dancer
2012 - Princess Athena of Denmark
41 – Caligula, Roman Emperor (b. 12)
772 – Pope Stephen III (b. 721)
817 - Pope Stephen IV (b. 770)
863 - Charles of Provence (b. 845)
1002 – Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 980)
1125 – King David IV of Georgia (b. 1073)
1349 - Luchino Visconti, Regent of Milan (b. 1287)
1366 – Alfonso IV of Aragon (b. 1299)
1595 – Ferdinand II of Austria (b. 1529)
1813 - Theodore Sedgwick, American politician (b. 1746)
1861 - Robert P. Letcher, American politician, Governor of Kentucky (b. 1788)
1877 – Johann Christian Poggendorff, German physicist (b. 1796)
1879 - Heinrich Geissler, inventor (b. 1815)
1882 - Levi Boone, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1808)
1895 – Lord Randolph Churchill, British politician (b. 1849)
1911 - David Graham Phillips, American journalist and novelist (b. 1867)
1918 - George Arthur Crump, American architect (b. 1871)
1919 - Ismail Qemali, 1st Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1844)
1920 – Amedeo Modigliani, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1884)
1924 – Marie-Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (b. 1894)
1924 - Anna Bayerova, Czech physician (b. 1853)
1930 - Rebecca Latimer Felton, American politician (b. 1835)
1937 - Andrew J. Montague, Governor of Virginia (b. 1862)
1939 - Maximilian Bircher-Benner, Swiss physician (b. 1867)
1948 - Maria Mandl, Austrian concentration camp overseer and convicted Nazi war criminal (b. 1912)
1955 - Henry Potter, American golfer (b. 1881)
1955 - Ira Hayes, American marine (b. 1923)
1960 - Edwin Fischer, Swiss pianist and conductor (b. 1886)
1961 - Alfred Carlton Gilbert, American pole vaulter and inventor (b. 1884)
1962 - Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar, Turkish writer (b. 1901)
1965 – Winston Churchill, British statesman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1874)
1969 - King Saud of Saudi Arabia (b. 1902)
1971 - Bill W., American activist, co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (b. 1895)
1980 – Lil Dagover, Dutch-German actress (b. 1887)
1982 - Alfredo Ovando Candia, 56th President of Bolivia (b. 1918)
1986 - Gordon MacRae, American actor and singer (b. 1921)
1986 – L. Ron Hubbard, American writer and founder of Scientology (b. 1911)
1988 - Werner Fenchel, German mathematician (b. 1905)
1989 – Ted Bundy, American serial killer (b. 1946)
1992 - Ken Darby, American composer and conductor (b. 1909)
1993 – Thurgood Marshall, United States Supreme Court Justice (b. 1908)
1993 – Ugur Mumcu, Turkish journalist and writer (b. 1942)
2003 – Gianni Agnelli, Italian businessman and auto executive (b. 1921)
2004 – Leonidas da Silva, Brazilian footballer (b. 1913)
2006 - Chris Penn, American actor (b. 1965)
2007 – Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican supercentenarian (b. 1891)
2009 – Kay Yow, American basketball coach (b. 1942)
2011 – Bhimsen Joshi, Indian musician (b. 1922)
2011 – Bernd Eichinger, German movie director and producer (b. 1949)
2012 – Theodoros Angelopoulos, Greek movie director and screenwriter (b. 1935)
2012 – James Farentino, American actor (b. 1938)
2012 - J. Joseph Garrahy, Governor of Rhode Island (b. 1930)
2014 - Shulamit Aloni, Israeli politician (b. 1928)
2015 - Otto Carius, German World War II tank commander (b. 1922)
2015 - Johan Ferner, Norwegian sailor (b. 1927)
2015 - Toller Cranston, Canadian figure skater (b. 1949)
2015 - Link Byfield, Canadian conservative columnist, politician and publisher (b. 1951)
2015 - Joe Franklin, American television and radio host (b. 1926)
2015 - Julio Canessa, Chilean diplomat and general (b. 1925)
2015 - Frances Lennon, British artist (b. 1912)
2016 - Jimmy Bain, Scottish musician (b. 1947)
2016 - Fredrik Barth, Norwegian social anthropologist (b. 1928)
2016 - Forouzan, Iranian actress (b. 1937)
2016 - Marvin Minsky, American scientist (b. 1927)
2016 - Henry Worsley, English adventurer (b. 1960)
2017 - Fred André, Dutch footballer (b. 1941)
2017 - Chuck Canfield, American businessman and politician (b. 1932)
2017 - Carlos Verdejo, Chilean footballer (b. 1934)
2017 - Chuck Weyant, American racing driver (b. 1923)
2017 - Butch Trucks, American drummer (b. 1947)
2017 - Robert Folsom, American politician (b. 1927)
2017 - Gil Ray, American drummer (b. 1956)
2018 - Marcos Carvajal, Venezuelan baseball player (b. 1984)
2018 - Gonzalo Facio Segreda, Costa Rican politician (b. 1918)
2018 - Renaud Gagneux, French composer (b. 1947)
2018 - Jack Ketchum, American novelist and screenwriter (b. 1946)
2018 - Mark E. Smith, English singer-songwriter (b. 1957)
Feast Day of Our Lady of Peace (Roman Catholicism)
Unification Day (Romania)
539 BC  The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon.
1216  King John of England loses his own crown jewels in The Wash.
1492  In his first voyage, Christopher Columbus lands in the present-day Bahamas, in the belief that he'd reached East Asia.
1654  An explosion devastates the city of Delft, Netherlands, killing over 100 people.
1692  The Salem Witch Trials are ended by a letter from Massachusetts Governor William Phips.
1748  War of Jenkins' Ear: Battle of Havana between British and Spanish naval forces.
1773  The United States' first insane asylum opens in Virginia.
1792  First US celebration of Columbus Day, in New York City.
1799  Jeanne Genevieve Labrosse becomes the first woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute.
1810  The tradition of the Munich Oktoberfest begins.
1822  Pedro I of Brazil is proclaimed Emperor.
1823  Charles Macintosh, of Scotland, sells the first raincoat.
1892  The Pledge of Allegiance is first recited by students in many public schools.
1899  First fighting of the Second Boer War.
1901  The 'Executive Mansion' is renamed the White House by US President Theodore Roosevelt.
1902  The Austria national football team plays its first game, defeating the Hungary national football team 5-0.
1915  World War I: British nurse Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad.
1917  World War I: The first Battle of Passchendaele takes place.
1918  A massive forest fire kills 453 people in Minnesota.
1928  An iron lung respirator is first used at the Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
1931  The Christ the Redeemer statue on Sugar Loaf Mountain over Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is officially inaugurated.
1942  World War II: Japanese ships retreat after defeat to the US in the Battle of Esperance on Guadalcanal.
1944  World War II: Athens, Greece, is liberated from occupying German forces.
1962  A storm hits the Pacific Northwest of the United States, killing 46 people.
1964  The Soviet Union launches Voskhod 1 into Earth orbit as the first spacecraft with a multi-person crew.
1968  Equatorial Guinea becomes independent from Spain.
1968  The 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City begin.
1970  Vietnam War: Richard Nixon announces the withdrawal of 40,000 US troops before Christmas.
1979  The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams is first published.
1983  Prime Minister of Japan Tanaka Kakuei is found guilty of bribery and sent to four years in jail.
1984  The Provisional IRA carries out the Brighton Hotel Bombing in an attempt to kill Margaret Thatcher, who escapes unhurt, though 5 people are killed and 31 injured.
1986  Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh visit the People's Republic of China.
1987  General Junhao Zhang fails the Juliet battalion in a skirmish versus the Han Chinese resulting in 50 casualties and the loss of a warehouse containing tonnes of gold.
1988  Birchandra Manu massacre in Tripura, India.
1991  Askar Akayev is confirmed as President of Kyrgyzstan.
1992  A magnitude 5.8 earthquake in Cairo, Egypt kills 510 people.
1994  NASA loses radio contact  with the Magellan spacecraft as it passes through the atmosphere of the planet Venus, probably because of the extreme gravity there.
1997  Sidi Daous massacre occurs in Algeria, as 43 people are killed at a fake roadblock.
1999  In Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf takes control in a military coup.
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif is placed under house arrest.
1999  Abkhazia declares independence from Georgia.
1999  The UN officially designates this as the day that the world population reached six billion.
2000  The USS Cole is badly damaged in Aden, Yemen, by two suicide bombers.
2002  A terrorist bombing on the Indonesian island of Bali kills 202 people.
2003  Germany wins the FIFA Women's World Cup, defeating Sweden 2-1.
2005  The second Chinese space flight occurs as Shenzhou 6 is launched, with Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng on board.
2007  Al Gore and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change win the Nobel Peace Prize.
2009  Elinor Ostrom becomes the first woman to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, sharing it with Oliver E. Williamson.
2012  The European Union wins the Nobel Peace Prize.