the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1970  A British airliner is hijacked by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and flown into Dawson's Field, Jordan.
1976  Chinese Communist Leader Mao Zedong dies aged 82.
1983  Aaron Pryor beats Alexis Arguello by knockout in round ten of a rematch of their 1982 controversial fight, dubbed The Battle of The Champions.
1990  The Sri Lankan Army kills 184 Tamil civilians in the Batticaloa massacre.
1990  Liberian leader Samuel K. Doe is overthrown and killed in a coup.
1991  Tajikistan becomes independent from the Soviet Union.
1991  Nirvana release their hit single "Smells Like Teen Spirit", which becomes an iconic tune for a whole generation.
1993  The Palestinian Liberation Organization officially recognizes Israel as a legal state in its own right.
1996  Croatia and Yugoslavia take up diplomatic relations after war in the region.
1999  The Sega Dreamcast is released in the United States
2000  In the wake of inflation, Ecuador replaces its currency, the Sucre with the US dollar.
2001  Ahmed Shah Massoud, leader of the Northern Alliance, is assassinated in Afghanistan.
2004  A bomb explodes outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta, killing several people.
2004  Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica reverses a decision by Minister of Education and Sport Ljiljana Colic to require the teaching of both creationism and evolution in schools, and announces that Colic will be replaced.
2009  09/09/09: The date, when written, has 3 nines in it.
As well as that, September has nine letters, and so does Wednesday, the day of the week it falls on.
It also fell on the 252nd day of the year, and the digits of 252 add up to nine.
2011  The 2011 Rugby World Cup begins in New Zealand.
2012  The 2012 Summer Paralympics in London end.
2013  Norwegian Parliamentary Election: The Labour Party-led coalition under Jens Stoltenberg loses the election after eight years in government.
Erna Solberg of the Centre-Right Venstre Party becomes the next Prime Minister on October 16.
2014  Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper announces that a ship from John Franklin's ill-fated expedition to the Canadian Arctic has been found.
2015  Elizabeth II overtakes Queen Victoria to becomes the longest-reigning British monarch.
214  Aurelian, Roman Emperor (d. 275)
384  Flavius Honorius, Roman Emperor (d. 423)
1349  Duke Albert III of Austria (d. 1395)
1466  Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shogun (d. 1523)
1585  Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman (d. 1642)
1656  Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer, German composer (d. 1746)
1708  Paul Egede, Danish missionary (d. 1789)
1711  Thomas Hutchinson, American historian and politician (d. 1780)
1737  Luigi Galvani, Italian physician and physicist (d. 1798)
1754  William Bligh, British naval officer and Governor of New South Wales (d. 1817)
1769  Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Ukrainian poet (d. 1838)
1774  Salomon Mayer Rothschild, patriarch of the Rothschild banking family (d. 1855)
1778  Clemens Brentano, German writer (d. 1842)
1815  Johann Gottfried Piefke, Prussian military musician and composer (d. 1884)
1822  Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, French general and politician (d. 1891)
1826  Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden (d. 1907)
1828  Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1910)
1834  Joseph Henry Shorthouse, English writer (d. 1903)
1834  James E. Bond, Governor of Nebraska (d. 1906)
1841  Paul Eyschen, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 1915)
1842  Elliott Coues, American army surgeon, historian and writer (d. 1899)
1848  Elia Millosevich, Italian astronomer (d. 1919)
1852  John Henry Poynting, British physicist (d. 1914)
1855  Houston Stewart Chamberlain, British-German writer (d. 1927)
1855  Anthony Francis Lucas, Croatian-American engineer and explorer (d. 1921)
1868  Mary Hunter Austin, American author (d. 1934)
1872  Phan Chu Trinh, Vietnamese activist (d. 1926)
1873  Max Reinhardt, movie and theatre director and actor (d. 1943)
1873  Marcel Jacques Boulenger, French author and fencer (d. 1932)
1878  Sergio Osmena, President of the Philippines (d. 1961)
1887  Alf Landon, American politician (d. 1987)
1890  Harland D. Sanders, American inventor of KFC (d. 1980)
1890  Kurt Lewin, German psychologist (d. 1947)
1892  Tsuru Aoki, Japanese-American actress (d. 1961)
1893  Esther Cleveland, only person to be born in the White House (d. 1980)
1894  Arthur Freed, American songwriter and movie producer (d. 1973)
1894  Bert Oldfield, Australian cricketer (d. 1976)
1898  Styles Bridges, 63rd Governor of New Hampshire (d. 1961)
1899  C. R. Smith, American politician (d. 1990)
1901  Lev Shubnikov, Russian physicist (d. 1937)
1902  Fred Tootell, American athlete (d. 1964)
1903  Phyllis Whitney, American writer (d. 2008)
1904  Feroze Khan, Pakistani field hockey player (d. 2005)
1905  Joseph E. Levine, American movie producer (d. 1987)
1906  Harri Larva, Finnish runner (d. 1980)
1906  James Quinn, American athlete (d. 2004)
1908  Cesare Pavese, Italian poet and novelist (d. 1950)
1908  Shigekazu Shimazaki, Japanese admiral (d. 1945)
1911  John Gorton, 19th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2002)
1918  Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, former President of Italy (d. 2012)
1919  Gottfried Dienst, Swiss football referee (d. 1998)
1920  Feng Kang, Chinese mathematician and physicist (d. 1993)
1922  Hans Georg Dehmelt, German physicist (d. 2017)
1922  Warwick Estevam Kerr, Brazilian geneticist
1923  Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American virologist (d. 2008)
1923  Cliff Robertson, American actor (d. 2011)
1924  Rik van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (d. 2003)
1924  Jane Greer, American actress (d. 2001)
1926  Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Egyptian theologian and author
1930  Francis Carroll, Australian archbishop
1931  Margaret Tyzack, British actress (d. 2011)
1932  Sylvia Miles, American actress
1934  Nicholas Liverpool, former President of Dominica (d. 2015)
1935  Chaim Topol, Israeli actor
1939  Reuven Rivlin, 10th President of Israel
1941  Otis Redding, American musician (d. 1967)
1941  Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist (d. 2011)
1945  Richard Divall, Australian conductor and musicologist (d. 2017)
1945  Alphonso Jackson, American politician
1946  Doug Ingle, American musician (Iron Butterfly)
1946  Jim Keays, Australian musician (d. 2014)
1947  Freddy Weller, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1949  John Curry, British figure skater (d. 1994)
1949  Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, 6th President of Indonesia
1951  Alexander Downer, Australian politician
1951  Tom Wopat, American actor, singer and director
1952  David A. Stewart, British musician (Eurythmics)
1953  Alisher Usmanov, Uzbek-Russian business magnate
1955  John Kricfalusi, Canadian voice actor, animator, director and screenwriter
1956  Anatoly Artsebarsky, Soviet-Ukrainian cosmonaut
1957  Pierre-Laurent Aimard, French pianist and educator
1959  Tom Foley, American baseball player and coach
1959  Eric Serra, French composer
1960  Hugh Grant, English actor
1960  Bob Hartley, Canadian ice hockey coach
1961  Matjaz Kek, Slovenian football coach
1962  Liza Marklund, Swedish writer
1963  Chris Coons, American politician
1963  Roberto Donadoni, Italian footballer
1964  Mike Ashley, English billionaire entrepreneur
1964  John Hughes, Scottish football manager
1966  Adam Sandler, American actor and comedian
1967  Akshay Kumar, Indian actor
1967  Hana Andronikova, Czech writer (d. 2011)
1968  Shahbaz Bhatti, Pakistani politician (d. 2011)
1968  Julia Sawalha, English actress
1969  Rachel Hunter, New Zealand model
1971  Eric Stonestreet, American actor
1971  Henry Thomas, American actor, singer-songwriter and guitarist
1972  Goran Visnjic, Croatian actor
1974  Ana Carolina, Brazilian singer, composer and musician
1974  Gok Wan, English fashion consultant, author and television host
1975  Michael Bublé, Canadian singer
1976  Chace Ambrose, American actor and screenwriter
1976  Jerry Newman, American composer and conductor
1976  Aki Riihilahti, Finnish footballer
1977  Fatih Tekke, Turkish footballer
1977  Soulja Slim, American rapper (d. 2003)
1980  Michelle Williams, American actress
1980  Todd Coffey, American baseball player
1980  Vaclav Drobny, Czech footballer (d. 2012)
1982  Ai Otsuka, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist
1982  Graham Onions, English cricketer
1983  Kim Jung-hwa, South Korean actress and model
1984  Andrey Silnov, Russian athlete
1984  Brad Guzan, American footballer
1985  Luka Modric, Croatian footballer
1987  Alex Song, Cameroonian footballer
1987  Andrea Petkovic, German tennis player
1987  Nicole Aniston, American pornographic actress
1988  Shizuka Nakamura, Japanese model and actress
1990  Haley Reinhart, American singer-songwriter
1991  Kelsey Chow, American actress
1991  Oscar, Brazilian footballer
1993  Ryohei Kato, Japanese gymnast
2000  Victoria de Marichalar y Borbon, Spanish royal
701  Pope Sergius I
1000  Olaf I of Norway (b. 963)
1087  King William I of England (b. 1028)
1398  King James I of Cyprus (b. 1334)
1438  King Edward of Portugal (b. 1391)
1487  Chenghua, Chinese Emperor  (b. 1447)
1488  Francis II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1433)
1513  King James IV of Scotland (b. 1473)
1569  Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish painter
1583  Humphrey Gilbert, English explorer (b. 1539)
1596  Anna Jagiellon, Queen of Poland (b. 1523)
1612  Nakagawa Hidenari, Japanese daimyo (b. 1570)
1676  Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, French army officer, founder of Montreal (b. 1612)
1806  William Paterson, 2nd Governor of New Jersey (b. 1745)
1815  John Singleton Copley, American painter (b. 1738)
1834  James Weddell, British sailor (b. 1787)
1891  Jules Grévy, President of France (b. 1813)
1898  Stéphane Mallarmé, French poet (b. 1842)
1901  Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (b. 1864)
1910  Elizabeth Blackwell, American physician (b. 1821)
1915  Albert Spalding, American baseball player and sporting goods maker (b. 1850)
1939  U Ottama, Burmese national hero
1941  Hans Spemann, German doctor and zoologist, won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1869)
1960  Jussi Björling, Swedish opera singer (b. 1911)
1976  Mao Zedong, political leader (People's Republic of China) (b. 1893)
1978  Hugh MacDiarmid, Scottish poet (b. 1892)
1978  Jack Warner, American Hollywood studio founder (b. 1892)
1980  John Howard Griffin, American writer (b. 1920)
1981  Robert Askin, Premier of New South Wales (b. 1907)
1981  Jacques Lacan, French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist (b. 1901)
1983  Luis Monti, Argentine-Italian footballer (b. 1901)
1985  Paul Flory, American chemist (b. 1910)
1985  Antonio Votto, Italian conductor (b. 1896)
1986  Magda Tagliaferro, Brazilian classical pianist (b. 1893)
1990  Nicola Abbagnano, Italian philosopher (b. 1901)
1990  Samuel K. Doe, Liberian military officer and President of Liberia (b. 1951)
1990  Doc Cramer, American Major League Baseball player (b. 1905)
1993  Helen O'Connell, singer (b. 1920)
1997  Burgess Meredith, actor (b. 1907)
1998  Lucio Battisti, Italian singer (b. 1943)
1999  Jim "Catfish" Hunter, American Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1946)
2000  Veerasamy Ringadoo, first President of Mauritius (b. 1920)
2001  Ahmed Shah Massoud, Afghan military leader (b. 1953)
2003  Larry Hovis, American actor (b. 1936)
2003  Edward Teller, Hungarian-American physicist (b. 1908)
2007  Hughie Thomasson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1952)
2008  Nouhak Phoumsavanh, President of Laos (b. 1910)
2010  Bent Larsen, Danish chess player (b. 1935)
2013  Alberto Bevilacqua, Italian writer, poet and journalist (b. 1934)
2014  Graham Joyce, British author (b. 1954)
2014  Firoza Begum, Bangladeshi singer (b. 1930)
2014  Bob Suter, American ice hockey player (b. 1957)
2014  Howell Evans, Welsh actor (b. 1928)
2014  Denny Miller, American actor (b. 1934)
2015  Einar H. Ingman, Jr., American soldier (b. 1929)
2017  Frank Aarebrot, Norwegian political scientist (b. 1947)
2017  Michael Friedman, American composer and songwriter (b. 1975)
2017  Oscar E. Huber, American politician (b. 1917)
2017  Pierre Pilote, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1931)
2018  Frank Andersson, Swedish professional wrestler (b. 1956)
2018  Johannes Geldenhuys, South African military commander (b. 1935)
2018  Beat Richner, Swiss paediatrician and cellist (b. 1947)
2018  Daniel Küblböck, German singer (b. 1985) (presumed drowned)
2018  Mr. Catra, Brazilian rapper (b. 1968)
2018  Javier Usabiaga Arroyo, Mexican businessman and politician (b. 1939)
Admission Day (California)
Independence Day (Tajikistan)
National Day of North Korea
Children's Day (Costa Rica)
Human Rights Day (Colombia)
September 09
An engine, or motor, is a machine used to change energy into movement that can be used.
The energy can be in any form.
Common forms of energy used in engines are electricity, chemical (such as petrol or diesel) or heat.
When a chemical is used to produce energy it is known as fuel.
In past centuries motor and "engine" meant very different things.
A motor was made to move something such as a vehicle.
This meaning is still often used.
Sometimes a thing is called an engine if it creates mechanical energy from heat, and a motor if it creates mechanical energy from other kinds of energy, like electricity.
Typical engines in this meaning are steam engine and internal combustion engine, while typical motors are electric motor and hydraulic motor.
And sometimes the two words mean the same thing.
"Engine" was originally a term for any mechanical device that converts force into motion.
Hence, pre-industrial weapons such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams were called "siege engines".
The word "gin," as in "cotton gin", is short for "engine."
The word derives from Old French engin, from the Latin ingenium, which is also the root of the word ingenious.
Most mechanical devices invented during the industrial revolution were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example.
Piston engines
Early kinds of engine used heat that was outside of the engine itself to heat up a gas to a high pressure.
This was usually steam and the engines are called steam engines.
The steam was piped to the engine where it pushed on pistons to bring about motion.
These engines were commonly used in old factories, boats and trains.
Most cars use a chemical engine that burns fuel inside it.
This is called an internal combustion engine.
There are many different types of internal combustion engine.
They can be grouped by fuel, cycle and configuration.
Common fuel types for internal combustion engines are petrol, diesel, autogas and alcohol.
There are many other types of fuels.
There are 3 different types of cycle.
2-stroke engines produce power once every turn of the engine.
4-stroke engines cylinders make power once every two turns of the engine.
6-stroke engines cylinders make power twice in every six turns of the engine.
There are lots of different configurations of piston engines.
Their cylinders have pistons in them and a crankshaft.
Any number of cylinders can be used but 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 are common.
The cylinders can be arranged in many ways, in a straight line, at an angle to each other or in a circle.
Turbine engines
Hot gas can also be made to push a turbine around rather like the way the wind turns a windmill.
Most electric power stations use big steam turbines.
Others use water or wind turbines.
Smaller turbines called gas turbines are used for internal combustion engines, such as the jet engines used in aircraft.
Rocket engines
A rocket causes movement by shooting jets of gas very fast out of a nozzle.
The gas may have been stored under pressure or be a chemical fuel that burns to make a very hot gas.
Although they are very simple, rockets are the most powerful engines we know how to make.
They will work in space where there is nothing to push against.
Electric motors do not use a fuel.
The energy is supplied to them by electricity carried along wires.
The energy may come from a fuel being burnt somewhere else a long way off.
The electricity is used to make powerful magnets inside the motor switch on and off at the right time to turn the shaft of the motor.
Electric engine is not a motor, but a railway locomotive which runs on electricity.
Reference section
Belarus (officially called Republic of Belarus) is a country in Eastern Europe.
About nine million people live there.
Its capital is Minsk.
It was part of the Soviet Union until 1991.
The president of Belarus has been Alexander Lukashenko since 1994.
It is bordered by Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia.
Over forty percent of its  is forested.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries.
These included the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire.
After the Russian Revolution, Belarus became part of the Soviet Union.
It was renamed the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR).
The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939.
Some lands occupied by Poland in 1921 were added into it after the 1939.
The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II.
Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources.
In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.
The parliament of the republic declared the sovereignty of Belarus on  1990.
During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus became independent on  1991.
Over 70% of Belarus's population of 9.49 million live in the urban areas.
More than 80% of the population are ethnic Belarusians.
Most of the rest are Russians, Poles and Ukrainians.
The country has two official languages: Belarusian and Russian.
The main religion in the country is Russian Orthodox Christianity.
The second most popular, Roman Catholicism, has a much smaller following.
Prior to First World War
Both Homo erectus and Neanderthal remains have been found in the region.
From 5,000 to 2,000 BCE, Bandkeramik cultures lived here.
Cimmerians were in the area by 1,000 BCE.
By 500 BCE, Slavs moved in.
The Huns and Avars came through around 400–600 CE.
They were unable to move the Slavs.
The region that is now Belarus was first settled by Slavic tribes in the 6th century.
They came into contact with the Varangians, who were bands of Scandinavian warriors and traders.
They formed Kievan Rus' in 862.
When Kievan Rus' ruler Yaroslav I the Wise died, the state split.
Later some were added into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Lithuania made a union with Poland.
The union ended in 1795.
The land of Belarus went to the Russian Empire.
The land stayed with Russia until going to the German Empire during World War I.
Since initial independence
Belarus said they were free from Germany on  1918.
They formed the Belarusian People's Republic.
Then the Polish–Soviet War started.
A part of Belarus under Russian rule became the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1919.
Then it added to the Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Other lands were divided between Poland and the Soviet Union after the war ended in 1921.
The Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922.
The western part of modern Belarus stayed part of Poland.
In BSSR Byelorussian language was officially recognized together with Russian, Polish and Yiddish.
A motto “Workers of all countries, unite” was written on all of this 4 languages on the republican emblem.
Schools with teaching on the national languages began operating.
In 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland.
This was the beginning of World War II.
After Polish powers left the county, the Soviet troops entered into lands with Ukrainian and Byelorussian majority, that were controlled by Poland before it.
Parts of West Byelorussia were added to the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
They are now West Belarus.
Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.
BSSR was the hardest-hit Soviet republic in World War II.
During that time, Germany destroyed 209 out of 290 cities in the republic, 85% of the republic's industry, and more than one million buildings.
Casualties were between two and three million.
The population of Belarus did not come back to its pre-war level until 1971.
Joseph Stalin wanted Belorussian SSR to be more Russian.
Russians were sent from other parts of the Soviet Union to be in the government.
The use of the Belarusian language was limited.
After Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev continued the plan.
Belarus said it was free on  1990.
With the support of the Communist Party, the country's name was changed to the Republic of Belarus on  1991.
Belarus is landlocked and mostly flat.
It has a lot of marshy land.
Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus.
Three major rivers run through the country: the Neman, the Pripyat, and the Dnieper.
The highest point is Dzyarzhynskaya Hara at .
Belarus has a hemiboreal humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
Natural resources include peat deposits, small amounts of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomite (limestone), marl, chalk, sand, gravel, and clay.
About 70% of the radiation from neighboring Ukraine's 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster entered Belarusian territory.
The farmland continues to be affected by radiation fallout.
Belarus is a presidential republic.
It is governed by a president and the National Assembly.
Lukashenko has described himself as having an "authoritarian ruling style".
Western countries have described Belarus under Lukashenko as a dictatorship.
The Council of Europe has stopped Belarus from membership since 1997 for undemocratic voting.
The Armed Forces of Belarus have three branches: the Army, the Air Force, and the Ministry of Defense joint staff.
Lieutenant General Yuri Zhadobin heads the Ministry of Defense.
Alexander Lukashenko (as president) is Commander-in-Chief.
Belarus is divided into six regions.
They are named after the cities that are their administrative centers.
Brest Region (Brest)
Gomel Region (Gomel)
Grodno Region (Grodno)
Mogilev Region (Mogilev)
Minsk Region (Minsk)
Vitebsk Region (Vitebsk)
Minsk City
Most of the Belarusian economy is state-controlled.
It has been described as "Soviet-style."
The country relies on Russia for some imports, including petroleum.
As of 1994, Belarus's main exports included heavy machinery (especially tractors), agricultural products, and energy products.
According to 2009 census, the population is 9,503,807.
Ethnic Belarusians are 83.7% of Belarus' total population.
The next largest ethnic groups are: Russians (8.3%), Poles (3.1%), and Ukrainians (1.7%).
Minsk, the nation's capital and largest city, is home to 1,836,808 residents as of 2009.
Gomel, with 481,000 people, is the second-largest city and is the capital of the Homiel Voblast.
Other large cities are Mogilev (365,100), Vitebsk (342,400), Hrodna (314,800) and Brest (298,300).
For other places in Belarus see List of settlements in Belarus.
Belarusian literature began with 11th- to 13th-century religious scripture.
By the 16th century, Polotsk resident Francysk Skaryna translated the Bible into Belarusian.
The modern era of Belarusian literature began in the late 19th century.
One important writer was Yanka Kupala.
Several poets and authors went into exile after the Nazi occupation of Belarus.
They would not return until the 1960s.
The last major revival of Belarusian literature was in the 1960s with novels published by Vasil Bykaŭ and Uladzimir Karatkievich.
In the 19th century, Polish composer Stanisław Moniuszko made operas and chamber music pieces while living in Minsk.
At the end of the 19th century, major Belarusian cities formed their own opera and ballet companies.
The National Academic Theatre of Ballet, in Minsk, was awarded the Benois de la Dance Prize in 1996 as the top ballet company in the world.
Rock music has become more popular in recent years, though the Belarusian government has tried to limit the amount of foreign music aired on the radio.
Since 2004, Belarus has been sending artists to the Eurovision Song Contest.
The traditional Belarusian dress is from the Kievan Rus' period.
Due to the cool climate, clothes were made to keep body heat and were usually made from flax or wool.
Belarusian cuisine is mainly vegetables, meat (especially pork), and breads.
Foods are usually either slowly cooked or stewed.
A typical Belarusian eats a light breakfast and two hearty meals, with dinner being the largest meal of the day.
Wheat and rye breads are eaten in Belarus.
Rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat.
To show hospitality, a host will give an offering of bread and salt when greeting a guest or visitor.
Popular drinks in Belarus include Russian wheat vodka and kvass,  Kvass is a drink made from fermented malted brown bread or rye flour.
Kvass may also be added with sliced vegetables to create a cold soup called okroshka.
Official Minsk website
Official Republic of Belarus Website
Steam is the name given to water when it is in a gas form.
Steam is sometimes thought of as a cloud of translucent mist, however that is only the result of the steam condensing in the air, forming water vapor.
Actual hot steam is invisible.
When the pressure of the atmosphere is 1013 mbar (this is about the average pressure for a place which is at sea level), water will boil (turn into steam) at 100 degrees Celsius.
This is the boiling point.
Boiling happens in a boiler.
100 degrees Celsius is the same temperature as 212 degrees Fahrenheit, 80 degrees Réaumur and 373.15 Kelvin.
A major use of steam is to power steam engines.
A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.
Steam -Citizendium
July 19 – Edger Degas, French painter (d. 1917)
708  Copper coins are first minted in Japan.
1261  Urban IV becomes Pope, the last man to do so without being a Cardinal first.
1315  Battle of Montecatini: The army of the Republic of Pisa, commanded by Uguccione della Faggiuoli, wins a decisive victory against the joint forces of the Kingdom of Naples and Republic of Florence despite being outnumbered (meaning the opposing armies, combined, had more soldiers).
1350  Battle of Winchelsea: An English naval fleet under King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet of 40 ships.
1475  Treaty of Picquigny ends a brief war between France and England.
1484  Pope Innocent VIII, a staunch supporter of the Spanish Inquisition, is elected Pope.
1498  Vasco da Gama decides to leave Calicut, present-day Kerala, southern India, and return to Portugal.
1521  The Ottoman Turks capture Nándorfehérvár, now known as Belgrade.
1526  Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman Turks led by Suleiman the Magnificent defeat and kill the last Jagiellonian king of Hungary and Bohemia.
1541  The Ottoman Turks capture Buda, the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
1728  Nuuk, Greenland, is founded as the fort of Godt-Haab by Danish royal governor Claus Paarss.
1741  The volcanic eruption on Oshima-Oshima Island, Japan, causes tsunamis in the Sea of Japan, which kill around 1600 people.
1751  The world's biggest wine barrel is completed in the cellar of Heidelberg Castle, present-day Germany.
It can carry 221,726 liters.
1756  Frederick the Great attacks Saxony, beginning the Seven Years' War.
1782  The British ship HMS Royal George sinks while anchored in the Solent, south coast of England, killing between 800 and 950 people.
1786  Shays' Rebellion, an armed uprising of Massachusetts farmers, begins in response to high debt and tax burdens.
1825  Portugal recognizes Brazil as independent.
1831  Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction.
1833  The United Kingdom legislates the abolition of Slavery in its then-Empire.
1842  The Treaty of Nanking is signed, ending the First Opium War.
1861  American Civil War: A United States Navy squadron captures forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina.
1862  Battle of Aspromonte - Italian royal forces defeat rebels.
1871  Emperor Meiji of Japan orders the establishment of prefectures as local centres of administration.
1885  Gottlieb Daimler patents the world's first motorcycle.
1893  Whitcomb Judson gets a US patent for the zipper.
1895  The formation of the Northern Rugby Union at the George Hotel, Huddersfield.
1896  Chop suey is said to have been invented in New York City on this date.
1897  The first Zionist World Congress is held in Basel, Switzerland.
1898  Goodyear tire company is founded.
1907  The Quebec Bridge collapses during construction, killing 75 workers.
1910  The Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 becomes effective, officially starting the period of Japanese rule on the Korean peninsula.
1911  Ishi, considered the last Stone Age Native American, emerges from the wilderness of northeastern California.
1914  World War I: The then-German colony of Samoa is occupied by New Zealand troops.
1915  United States Navy salvage divers raise F-4, the first US submarine sunk in an accident.
1916  The Mount Field and Freycinet National Parks are created in Tasmania.
1916  The US passes the Philippine Autonomy.
1922  The first radio advertisement is broadcast on WEAF-AM in New York City.
1930  The last 36 remaining inhabitants of the remote Scottish island of Saint Kilda, leave forever.
1941  World War II: Tallinn, Estonia, is occupied by Germany, following its occupation by the Soviet Union.
1943  World War II: German-occupied Denmark scuttles most of its navy; Germany dissolves Danish government
1944  Slovak National Uprising takes place as 60,000 Slovak troops turn against the Nazi rulers.
1949  The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan.
1950  Korean War: British troops arrive in Korea to support South Korea and the United States.
1952  Premiere of John Cage's 4'33" in Woodstock, New York
1958  United States Air Force Academy opens in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
1965  The Gemini V spacecraft returns to Earth.
1966  Last Beatles concert, in San Francisco
1966  Execution of Sayyid Qutb, an important theoretician of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.
1968  The future King Harald V of Norway marries Sonja Haraldsen in Oslo.
1982  The synthetic chemical element Meitnerium, atomic number 109, is first synthesized at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany.
1991  Supreme Soviet suspends all activities of the Soviet Communist Party.
1995  An assassination attempt is made on President of Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze.
1996  A Vnukovo Airlines Tupolev Tu-154 crashes into a mountain on the Arctic island of Spitsbergen, killing all 141 aboard.
1997  At least 98 villagers are killed by the GIA in the Rais massacre, Algeria.
1997  Serial killer Angel Maturino Resendiz bludgeons to death Christopher Maier of Lexington, Kentucky, the first of nine victims.
1999  East Timor votes for independence from Indonesia.
2003  Ayatollah Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim, the Shia Muslim leader in Iraq, was assassinated in a terrorist bombing that killed him along with nearly 100 worshippers as they were leaving a mosque in Najaf.
2004  End of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
2004  Michael Schumacher wins his 7th Formula One world title and his 5th in a row, breaking the record held by Juan Manuel Fangio.
2005  Hurricane Katrina reaches the US' Gulf coast with winds at a speed of 225 kph.
The city of New Orleans is among the places that are severely flooded, as over 1,000 people are killed.
2008  US Republican Party Presidential candidate John McCain nominates Sarah Palin as his running mate.
2011  Hurricane Irene dissolves over Eastern Canada, having left a path of destruction over the Caribbean and eastern United States.
2012  The 2012 Summer Paralympics in London begin.
2013  The House of Commons of the United Kingdom votes, by a majority, against military action in Syria.
2015  Three Al-Jazeera journalists are sentenced to three years in prison in Egypt, accused of false reporting and sympathizing with the banned Muslim Brotherhood.
2015  Protests take place in Kuala Lumpur against Malaysia's Prime Minister Najib Razak.
2017  North Korea fires a ballistic missile over the southern part of the Northern Japanese island of Hokkaido.
1434  Janus Pannonius, Hungarian bishop, poet and diplomat (d. 1472)
1619  Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French statesman (d. 1683)
1628  John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English statesman (d. 1701)
1632  John Locke, English philosopher (d. 1704)
1664  Giuseppe Toretti, Italian sculptor (d. 1743)
1724  Giovanni Battista Casti, Italian poet and writer (d. 1803)
1725  Charles Townshend, English politician (d. 1767)
1728  Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony (d. 1797)
1756  Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde, Austrian field marshal and statesman (d. 1845)
1756  Jan Sniadecki, Polish mathematician, philosopher and astronomer (d. 1830)
1769  Rose Philippine Duchesne, French nun and saint (d. 1852)
1780  Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, French painter (d. 1867)
1793  Josef Naus, Austrian officer and surveyor, first to climb the Zugspitze (d. 1871)
1809  Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.,
1810  Juan Bautista Alberdi, Argentine politician and writer (d. 1884)
1842  Alfred Shaw, English cricketer, rugby player and umpire (d. 1907)
1843  David B. Hill, 29th Governor of New York (d. 1910)
1844  Edward Carpenter, English poet (d. 1929)
1862  Andrew Fisher, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)
1862  Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer (d. 1949)
1871  Albert Lebrun, President of France (d. 1950)
1875  Leonardo De Lorenzo, Italian flautist and educator (d. 1962)
1876  Charles Franklin Kettering, American inventor (d. 1958)
1876  Kim Gu, Korean politician (d. 1949)
1880  Marie-Louise Meilleur, Canadian supercentenarian (d. 1998)
1881  Albert Henderson, Canadian footballer (d. 1947)
1883  Muriel George, English singer and movie actress (d. 1965)
1887  Jivraj Narayan Mehta, Indian politician, 1st Chief Minister of Gujarat (d. 1978)
1888  Gunichi Mikawa, Japanese admiral (d. 1981)
1898  Preston Sturges, American movie director, screenwriter and playwright (d. 1959)
1904  Werner Forssmann, German physician (d. 1979)
1905  Al Taliaferro, American comic artist (d. 1969)
1907  Takeo Wakabayashi, Japanese footballer (d. 1937)
1910  Vivien Thomas, American surgical technician (d. 1985)
1912  Sohn Kee-chung, South Korean runner (d. 2002)
1912  Barry Sullivan, American actor (d. 1994)
1912  Wolfgang Suschitzky, Austrian-Polish cinematographer (d. 2016)
1913  K. Jeyakody, Sri Lankan Tamil politician
1913  Jan Ekier, Polish pianist and composer (d. 2014)
1915  Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (d. 1982)
1916  Consuelo Velazquez, Mexican musician and composer (d. 2005)
1916  George Montgomery, American actor (d. 2000)
1917  Isabel Sanford, American actress (d. 2004)
1920  Charlie Parker, American musician (d. 1955)
1921  Paddy Roy Bates, English founder of the Sealand micronation (d. 2012)
1922  Arthur Anderson, American actor (d. 2016)
1923  Richard Attenborough, English actor and movie director (d. 2014)
1924  Maria Dolores Pradera, Spanish singer and actress
1924  Dinah Washington, American singer (d. 1963)
1925  Demetrio B. Lakas, 35th President of Panama (d. 1999)
1926  Helene Ahrweiler, Greek historian and academic
1927  Jimmy C. Newman, American singer (d. 2014)
1930  Atef Sedki, Egyptian politician (d. 2005)
1931  Stelios Kazantzidis, Greek singer (d. 2001)
1932  Shen Chun-shan, Taiwanese physicist and academic (d. 2018)
1933  Sorel Etrog, Romanian-Canadian artist, writer and philosopher (d. 2014)
1933  Arnold Koller, Swiss politician
1934  Horst Szymaniak, German footballer (d. 2009)
1935  William Friedkin, American movie director
1935  Hugo Brandt Corstius, Dutch writer (d. 2014)
1936  John McCain, American pilot and politician, 2008 Presidential candidate (d. 2018)
1937  James Florio, former Governor of New Jersey
1938  Elliott Gould, American actor
1938  Robert Rubin, American politician, former United States Secretary of the Treasury
1938  Carlos Moreno, Argentine actor (d. 2014)
1939  Joel Schumacher, American director
1940  James Brady, American activist and 15th White House Press Secretary (d. 2014)
1940  Wim Ruska, Dutch judoka (d. 2015)
1941  Robin Leach, English writer and television host (d. 2018)
1942  Gottfried John, German actor (d. 2014)
1943  Peter von Bagh, Finnish movie historian (d. 2014)
1943  Arthur B. McDonald, Canadian astrophysicist
1945  Wyonia Tyus, American athlete
1946  Demetris Christofias, Cypriot politician, former President of Cyprus
1946  Bob Beamon, American long jumper
1946  Giorgio Orsoni, Italian lawyer and politician, 17th Mayor of Venice
1947  Temple Grandin, American animal welfare and autism expert
1947  James Hunt, English racing driver (d. 1993)
1952  Deborah Van Valkenburgh, American actress
1952  Dave Malone, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1955  Jacob Lew, American politician
1956  GG Allin, American musician (d. 1993)
1958  Michael Jackson, American singer and entertainer (d. 2009)
1958  Lenny Henry, English comedian, actor and writer
1959  Stephen Wolfram, English mathematician
1959  Rebecca De Mornay, American actress
1959  Chris Hadfield, Canadian astronaut
1959  Eddi Reader, Scottish singer
1959  Ramon Diaz, Argentine footballer
1960  Tony McAlpine, American guitarist, composer and producer
1961  Carsten Fischer, German field hockey player
1962  Jutta Kleinschmidt, German rally driver
1962  Simon Thurley, English architectural historian
1963  Elizabeth Fraser, Scottish singer
1963  Steve Clarke, Scottish footballer and football manager
1964  Zisis Tsekos, Greek footballer
1965  Frances Ruffelle, English actress and singer
1967  Neil Gorsuch, American judge, US Supreme Court Justice
1969  Joe Swail, Northern Irish snooker player
1969  Lucero, Mexican singer and actress
1971  Carla Gugino, American actress
1972  Kentaro Hayashi, Japanese footballer
1972  Bae Yong-jeon, South Korean actor
1973  Daniel Burman, Argentine movie director
1974  Denis Caniza, Paraguayan footballer
1974  Nicola Amoruso, Italian footballer
1975  Kyle Cook, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1976  Pablo Mastroeni, American footballer
1976  Jon Dahl Tomasson, Danish footballer
1976  Stephen Carr, Irish footballer
1977  Jo Weil, German actor
1977  Roy Oswalt, American baseball player
1977  John Hensley, American actor
1979  Justine Pasek, Panamanian model
1980  David Desrosiers, Canadian musician (Simple Plan)
1980  David West, American basketball player
1981  Emilie Duquenne, Belgian actress
1982  Vincent Enyeama, Nigerian footballer
1982  A+, American rapper
1982  Carlos Delfino, Argentine basketball player
1985  Marc Rzepczynski, American baseball player
1986  Lauren Collins, Canadian actress
1986  Lea Michele, American actress and singer
1987  Tony Kane, Irish footballer
1988  Harry Aikines-Aryeetey, British athlete
1990  Patrick van Aanholt, Dutch footballer
1990  Nicole Anderson, American actress
1990  Julia Vlassov, American figure skater
1991  Deshaun Thomas, American basketball player
1993  Liam Payne, English singer (One Direction)
1993  Lucas Cruikshank, American actor
1994  Courtney Stodden, American television personality
886  Basil I, Byzantine Emperor (b. 811)
1093  Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy
1123  Eystein I of Norway (b. 1088)
1315  Charles of Taranto (b. 1296)
1395  Duke Albert III of Austria (b. 1349)
1435  Isabeau de Bavière, queen of Charles VI of France (b. 1371)
1442  John VI, Duke of Brittany (b. 1389)
1526  King Louis II of Hungary (b. 1506)
1533  Atahualpa, last Inca ruler of Peru (b. 1502)
1712  Gregory King, English genealogist, engraver and statistician (b. 1648)
1749  Matthias Bel, Hungarian pastor and polymath (b. 1684)
1769  Edmund Hoyle, English writer and teacher (b. 1672)
1780  Jacques-Germain Soufflot, French architect (b. 1713)
1799  Pope Pius VI (b. 1717)
1816  Johann Hieronymus Schroeter, German jurist and astronomer (b. 1745)
1853  Charles James Napier, British general (b. 1782)
1856  Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck, English author (b. 1778)
1866  Tokugawa Iemochi, Japanese shogun (b. 1846)
1877  Brigham Young, Mormon leader (b. 1801)
1889  Stefan Dunjov, Bulgarian military officer (b. 1815)
1891  Pierre Lallement, French inventor (b. 1843)
1904  Murad V, Ottoman sultan (b. 1840)
1918  Max Dauthendey, German writer (b. 1867)
1930  William Archibald Spooner, writer (b. 1844)
1931  David T. Abercrombie, a founder of American clothing retailer Abercrombie and Fitch (b. 1867)
1935  Queen Astrid of Belgium, mother of King Albert II of Belgium (b. 1905)
1946  Grigory Semyonov, Russian general (b. 1890)
1947  Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1917)
1966  Sayyid Qutb, Egyptian theoretician (b. 1906).
1972  Lale Andersen, German singer (b. 1905)
1973  Stringer Davis, English actor (b. 1899)
1975  Éamon de Valera, Irish statesman and President of Ireland (b. 1882)
1976  Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bengali poet, musician and philosopher (b. 1899)
1981  Lowell Thomas, travel writer (b. 1892)
1982  Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (b. 1915)
1982  Nahum Goldmann, founder of the Jewish World Congress (b. 1895)
1984  Muhammad Naguib, Egyptian politician and President of Egypt (b. 1901)
1984  Pierre Gemayel, Lebanese politician (b. 1905)
1987  Archie Campbell, American comedian, writer and actor (b. 1914)
1987  Lee Marvin, actor (b. 1924)
1989  Peter Scott, English explorer, naturalist and painter (b. 1909)
1992  Teddy Turner, English actor (b. 1917)
1995  Frank Perry, American director (b. 1930)
2001  Francisco Rabal, Spanish actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1926)
2003  Michel Constantin, French actor (b. 1924)
2003  Ayatollah Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim, Iraqi political leader (b.1939)
2004  Hans Vonk, Dutch conductor (b. 1942)
2007  Pierre Messmer, Prime Minister of France (b. 1916)
2011  David Honeyboy Edwards, American blues musician (b. 1915)
2013  Cliff Morgan, Welsh rugby player (b. 1930)
2013  Bruce C. Murray, American scientist (b. 1931)
2014  Bjorn Waldegard, Swedish rally driver (b. 1943)
2014  David Bala, Singaporean comedian and actor (b. 1947)
2015  Kyle Jean-Baptiste, American actor (b. 1993)
2015  Wayne Dyer, American self-help author and motivational speaker (b. 1940)
2016  Gene Wilder, American actor (b. 1933)
2017  Janine Charrat, French ballet dancer and choreographer (b. 1924)
2017  Dmitri Kogan, Russian violinist (b. 1978)
2017  David Tang, Hong Kong businessman (b. 1954)
2018  Stan Brock, English philanthropist (b. 1936)
2018  James Mirrlees, Scottish economist (b. 1936)
2018  Carilda Oliver Labra, Cuban poet (b. 1922)
2018  Marie Severin, American comic book artist (b. 1929)
2018  Paul Taylor, American choreographer (b. 1930)
Anniversary of the Slovak National Uprising
Telugu language Day (India)
70 - Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of Vespasian, storms the fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount.
The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.
1189 - Richard I of England is invested as Duke of Normandy.
1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England takes control of Stirling Castle.
1402 - Ottoman-Timurid Wars: Battle of Ankara - Timur, ruler of the Timurid Empire, defeats the forces of Ottoman Empire Sultan, Bayezid I.
1592 - Japanese forces under Toyotomi Hideyoshi capture Pyongyang during their invasion of Korea, but ultimately fail to hold on to it.
1738 - Canadian explorer Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Vérendrye reaches the western shore of Lake Michigan.
1799 - Tekle Giyorgis I starts the first of his five reigns as Emperor of Ethiopia.
1807 - Nicéphore Niépce is given a patent by Napoleon Bonaparte for the Pyreolophore, the first internal combustion engine.
1810 – Citizens of Bogota, New Granada (in present-day Colombia), declare independence from Spain.
1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Peachtree Creek.
1866 - Austro-Prussian War: Battle of Lissa - The Austrian Navy, led by Wilhelm von Tegetthof, defeats the Italian Navy near the island of Vis in the Adriatic Sea.
1871 – British Columbia joins the Confederation of Canada.
1885 - The English Football Association allows professionalism in association football.
1898 – Spanish-American War: A boiler explodes on the USS Iowa, off the coast of Santiago de Cuba.
1903 – The Ford Motor company ships its first car.
1906 – Finland gives women the right to vote.
1917 – World War I: The Corfu Declaration, which leads to the creation of the postwar Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav committee and the Kingdom of Serbia.
1922 - The League of Nations awards mandates of Togoland to France and Tanganyika to the United Kingdom.
1924 – FIDE, the worldwide governing body of chess, is founded in Paris.
1935 - Switzerland: A Royal Dutch Airlines plane en route from Milan to Frankfurt crashes into a Swiss mountain, killing 13 people.
1940 - Denmark leaves the League of Nations.
1940 - California opens its first freeway.
1944 – The 20 July plot to kill Adolf Hitler fails.
1949 - Israel and Syria sign a truce to end their 19-month war.
1951 – King Abdullah I of Jordan is murdered by a Palestinian while attending Friday prayers in Jerusalem.
1954 - Otto John, head of West Germany's secret service, defects to East Germany.
1960 – In Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka), Sirimavo Bandaranaike is elected as the world's first female Prime Minister.
1961 - The French military breaks the Tunisian siege of Bizerte.
1968 – The Special Olympics are founded.
1969 – A ceasefire ends the 6-day Football War between Honduras and El Salvador.
1969 - Eddy Merckx wins his first Tour de France.
1969 – Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the Moon, becoming the first-ever humans to do so.
1974 – Cyprus dispute: The Turkish occupation of Cyprus begins.
1976 – The American Viking 1 lander successfully lands on Mars.
1977 - Johnstown, Pennsylvania is hit by a flash flood that kills 80 people.
1982 - In London, the Hyde Park and Regents Park bombings are carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army, killing 8 people and 7 horses.
47 people are injured.
1985 – The government of Aruba passes legislation to separate from the Netherlands Antilles.
1989 - Aung San Suu Kyi is put under house arrest by the Burmese military junta for the first time.
2000 – Leaders of Salt Lake City's bid to host the Winter Olympics, are indicted by a federal grand jury for bribery, fraud and racketeering.
2001 - Italian activist Carlo Giuliani is shot dead by police during a demonstration against the G8 summit being held in Genoa.
2005 - Same-sex marriage is officially made legal in Canada.
2007 – Heavy rain causes flooding across England and Wales.
2012 - A gunman opens fire at a cinema in Aurora, Colorado during the screening of the new Batman movie.
The shooting kills 12 people and 59 are reported injured.
2014 - The 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict goes through its deadliest day, with over 90 Palestinian civilians and 13 Israeli soldiers killed.
2015 - A suicide bombing in Suruc, Turkey, near the Syrian border, kills at least 30 people.
2015 - Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States are fully restored after 54 years of hostilities between the two countries.
2017 - O. J. Simpson is granted parole after serving nine years of a 33-year jail sentence for armed robbery.
356 BC – Alexander the Great, Macedonian king and conqueror of Persia (d. 323 BC)
810 - Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muslim scholar (d. 870)
1304 – Petrarch, Italian poet and scholar (d. 1374)
1519 – Pope Innocent IX (d. 1591)
1620 - Nikolaes Heinsius, Dutch scholar (d. 1681)
1757 – Garsevan Chavchavadze, Georgian diplomat and politician (d. 1811)
1762 - Jakob Haibel, Austrian composer, tenor and choirmaster (d. 1826)
1766 - Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British peer, diplomat and art thief (d. 1841)
1785 - Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan (d. 1839)
1797 - Pawel Edmund Strzelecki, Polish explorer and geologist (d. 1873)
1804 - Richard Owen, British scientist (d. 1892)
1811 - James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, British colonial officer and diplomat (d. 1863)
1822 – Gregor Mendel, Austrian priest and geneticist (d. 1884)
1830 - Clements Markham, British explorer, author and geographer (d. 1916)
1836 - Thomas Clifford Allbutt, English physician (d. 1925)
1838 - Augustin Daly, American playwright (d. 1899)
1838 - George Otto Trevelyan, English statesman and biographer (d. 1928)
1847 – Max Liebermann, German painter (d. 1935)
1849 - Robert Anderson Van Wyck, 91st Mayor of New York City (d. 1918)
1852 – Theo Heemskerk, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1932)
1859 - Otto Warburg, German botanist (d. 1938)
1864 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer (d. 1931)
1868 - Miron Cristea, Patriarch of Romania (d. 1939)
1868 - José Félix Uriburu, President of Argentina (d. 1932)
1873 - Alberto Santos-Dumont, Brazilian aviator (d. 1923)
1876 - Otto Blumenthal, German mathematician (d. 1944)
1889 - John Reith, 1st Baron Reith, British broadcaster (d. 1971)
1890 - Verna Felton, American actress (d. 1966)