the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Association football's first use of FieldTurf was in January 1997 when the English club of Middlesbrough used for it for their training ground. "
Fake" grass such as FieldTurf is not liked by major association football companies.
No Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup match has been played on FieldTurf.
Saprissa Stadium in Costa Rica used FieldTurf for a FIFA World Cup qualifying round.
50% of the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup stadiums had FieldTurf.
Many players do not like playing on FieldTurf, but FIFA has said that FieldTurf will be widely used one day.
Total S.A. is a French multinational integrated oil and gas company and one of the seven "Supermajor" oil companies in the world.
Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading.
Total is a major player in low-carbon energies.
Total has its head office in the Tour Total in La Défense district in Courbevoie, west of Paris.
Elf Aquitaine was a French oil company.
They merged with TotalFina to form TotalFinaElf.
The new company changed its name to Total in 2003.
The name Elf has been kept as a brand of Total.
Elf Aquitaine's came from three French oil companies: Régie Autonome des Pétroles (RAP), Société Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine (SNPA), and Bureau de Recherches de Pétroles (BRP).
The three companies were formed after the discovery of a gas field in Saint-Marcet in the Aquitaine region of south-western France.
In December 1965 RAP and BRP merged to form Entreprise de Recherches et d'Activités Pétrolières (ERAP).
On April 28, 1967 the company's different brand names and products were combined under the Elf brand.
Elf stood for Essence Lubricants France.
In 1976 Elf-ERAP merged with Antar Pétroles de l'Atlantique and became Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine (SNEA).
Later it became known as Elf Aquitaine.
Elf Aquitaine was listed on the NYSE in 1991.
In 2000 Elf Aquitaine merged with Total Fina to form TotalFinaElf.
In 2003, the name was changed to Total.
Fraud scandal
The Elf scandal came to light in 1994 in France.
According to The Guardian, it was 'the biggest fraud inquiry in Europe since the Second World War... Elf became a private bank for executives who spent £200 million on political favors, mistresses, jewellery, fine art, villas and apartments'.
Iraqi-born Nadhmi Auchi, received a 15-month suspended sentence and a £1.5m fine for his involvement taking illegal commissions.
From its beginnings, Elf used motor racing as a means of promotion.
It had four-year deal with Matra starting in the French Formula 3 series.
In 1969 the combination won the Formula One World Championship with Tyrrell and Jackie Stewart.
By this time, Elf was owned by the French government.
They began a new long-term relationship with Renault, which was also owned by the French government at the time.
The Renault F1 racing cars carried Elf sponsorship until 2009.
The Elf logos were replaced with Total logos.
The United States women's national soccer team is the United States women's team that is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation.
The United States team has for a long time been a great team, and is currently ranked the second best team, by FIFA.
The team has won three Women's World Cup titles (1991, 1999, 2015); four Olympic Women's Gold Medals (1996, 2004, 2008 and 2012) and eight Algarve Cups (2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2011).
The team was also selected as the U.S. Olympic Committee's Team of the Year (1997 and 1999).
Sports Illustrated chose the team as the Sportspeople of the Year (1999).
World Cups
The United States lost to Japan in the finals, so United States finishes as runner-up (for the first time).
They also beat Brazil, which had beaten them in the semifinals of the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup.
The United States won their second title on this year.
After they defeated China 5-4 in the penalty kicks, a lot more people began to watch Women's football.
Also, after Brandi Chastain made the last penalty, she randomly slid on the grass and ripped of her shirt.
This brought a lot of attention, but Brandi Chastain said "Momentary insanity, nothing more, nothing less.
I wasn’t thinking about anything.
I thought, ‘This is the greatest moment of my life on the soccer field."
The United States won their first title on this year.
They defeated Norway 2-1.
The U.S. women's team boasts the first six players in the history of the sport to have appeared 200 times for their national team.
One of them, Kristine Lilly, is the only player of either sex with 300 or more appearances.
Women's national football teams
Pavel Sedláček (born July 4, 1941 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, today Czech Republic) is a Czech rock and roll singer, songwriter and guitarist.
Official website his Cadillac Band
Pavel Sedláček on PopMuseum.cz
Aleš Brichta (born August 9, 1959 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech heavy metal singer.
He is a founding member of Arakain, from which he left and now plays with "Aleš Brichta Band".
In 2008 he was inducted to Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame).
Růže pro Algernon (1994)
Ráno ve dveřích Armády spásy (1996)
Hledač pokladů (1998)
Dívka s perlami ve vlasech - Best Of (2000)
American Bull (2001)
Aleš Brichta 12x (2001)
American Bull - New Edition (2002)
Anděl posledního soudu (2003)
Legendy 2 (2004)
Arakain
Rockmapa 1 (1989)
Rockmapa 13 (1989)
Thrash the trash (1990)
Schizofrenie (1991)
History Live (1992)
Black Jack (1992)
Salto Mortale (1993)
Thrash! (
Legendy (1995)
S.O.S. (1996)
15 Vol.
2 (1997)
15 (1997)
Apage Satanas (1998)
Thrash The Trash & Schizofrenie (1998)
1&2 (1998)
Farao (1999)
Gambrinus Live (2000)
Forrest Gump (2001)
Archeology (2002)
20 let natvrdo (2003)
Balady (2003)
XXV Eden (2007)
New Spirit! (
Aleš Brichta Band
Divadlo snů (2006)
Nech si to projít hlavou (2007)
Best Of: Beatová síň slávy (2008)
Deratizer (2009)
50 - TESLA ARENA true live (2009)
Grizzly (2010)
Aleš Brichta Project
Údolí sviní (2013)
Aleš Brichta Trio
Papírovej drak (2014)
Zemětřesení (1993)
Hattrick (2000)
Zemětřesení - Live (2001)
Hattrick I+II (2004)
compilation albums
Dej mi víc… Olympic (1992)
Souhvězdí Gott (1999)
Karel Gott 70 [TV koncert] (2009)
1994 Jesus Christ Superstar
Plovers are water birds birds belonging to the subfamily Charadriinae.
There are about 40 species, most of them called 'plover' or 'dotterel'.
The closely related lapwing subfamily, Vanellinae, has another 20-odd species.
Plovers are found throughout the world, and have short bills.
They wade in the water, and hunt by sight, rather than by feel as longer-billed waders like snipe do.
They feed mainly on insects, worms or other invertebrates.
They use a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other waders.
The plover group of birds has a defence against predators called false brooding.
They sit on an imaginary nest site, changing position sometimes as if real eggs were under them.
The plover has been known to attack when the young are threatened.
The birds secrete an acidic compound from a gland located in their mouth.
On contact with skin causes a burning sensation.
The Gay Nigger Association of America (often referred to as the GNAA) is an anti-blogging and Internet trolling group (a group that likes causing trouble on the Internet).
The group takes their name from the 1992 Danish movie Gayniggers from Outer Space, and the words gay and nigger.
They have trolled (made trouble for) many popular websites and Internet people.
They have trolled many bloggers, and sites including Slashdot, Wikipedia, and CNN.
They have also released software and made available secret information about operating systems.
In addition, they maintain a wiki-based site that makes fun of Slashdot posts and have a software archive that has many GNAA coding projects.
Members of the GNAA also started Goatse Security, a grey hat computer safety group.
Members of Goatse Security told media groups in June 2010 about a problem located on AT&T's website that made the privacy of people who pre-ordered the iPad public.
After the mistake in the website was talked about, the then-president of the GNAA, "weev", and GNAA member "JacksonBrown" were arrested by the police.
Beginning and purpose
The group says that it was started in 2002.
There is not much information about the group's structure.
Researcher Andrew Lih has said that it is not clear if there was a actual group of GNAA members at the start.
Also not known is if the first members of the GNAA were online pranksters who used the name in order to disturb or disrupt websites.
The group's name has been causing trouble (known as trolling) on the Internet, having been described as causing "alarm in anyone with [even a little bit] of good taste", and as being "[amazingly] offensive."
However, the group claims that it is neither racist nor homophobic (fear of or hatred of gay people).
GNAA members deny it when people say that they are racist.
They say that these words are said only to get people to make angry responses and to undermine or challenge long-standing social norms, and say that the name of the group came from the 1992 Danish satirical blaxploitation movie (an exploitation movie made specifically for an urban, black people audience) Gayniggers from Outer Space.
The GNAA uses more than one way of causing damage to the Internet.
One way is flooding (making many requests at once) weblogs with a very big amount of words and sentences, called "crapflooding".
They have also made shocking websites that have malware that infects people who visit the sites.
One website, "Last Measure", had malware that opened up pop-up windows that had shocking pictures.
On Wikipedia, the group made a page about itself, while following every rule of Wikipedia in order to use the rules against themselves.
They have also attacked many Internet Relay Chat channels using IRC flooding.
GNAA used an old but little known way to force users of the Freenode IRC network to flood IRC channels after going to websites that have malware.
They also have used bugs in Firefox to crapflood IRC channels.
They have also shown people new bugs and problems.
These actions have sometimes stopped the day-to-day working of big websites such as Slashdot, even making some websites (like 4chan) to shut down for a little bit of time.
In July 2004, two GNAA members sent secret pictures of the future operating system Mac OS X v10.4 to the popular Apple Macintosh news website MacRumors, which read "With WWDC just days away, the first Tiger information and [pictures] appears to have been leaked. [
Sources say] Apple [might give our coders] ... a Mac OS X 10.4 preview copy at WWDC on Monday.
The [pictures] were [said to have] come from this [future coder sneak-peek]."
Later, when people said that the images were fake, the GNAA made a press release which said that the screenshots were real and said that they had "trolled" the Apple websites.
In June 2005, the GNAA said that they had made a Mac OS X Tiger release for Intel x86 processors which made media stories from many sources.
The next day, the suspicious leak and was talked about on the G4 show Attack of the Show.
The DVD put on BitTorrent just showed an image of Goatse when you started your computer and not the OS X Tiger as many people were led to believe.
On February 3, 2007, the GNAA tricked CNN reporter Paula Zahn into thinking that "one in three Americans" think that the September 11, 2001 terror attacks were done by Israeli agents.
CNN then decided to publish a story, not truthfully reporting this, adding pictures of the GNAA-owned website jewsdidwtc.com The story had a round-table talk about people who hate Jews and a talk with the father of a Jewish 9/11 victim.
The GNAA-owned website had claims that "over 4,000" Jews were not at work at the World Trade Center on 9/11.
Many members of the GNAA with experience in grey hat computer safety research began giving out details about security problems under the name "Goatse Security."
Goatse Security takes its name from a shock site called goatse.
They chose a new name to publish their work under because they were afraid that their work would not get talked about if given out by the "Gay Nigger Association of America."
In June 2010, Goatse Security got attention from the media for their finding of 114,000 email addresses owned by people who pre-ordered Apple's 3G iPad.
The data was retrieved from AT&T's own servers.
The FBI soon investigated the event.
This search for the truth led to the arrest of then-GNAA President, Andrew 'weev' Auernheimer, on drug charges that happened because of an FBI search of his house, and were not having anything to do with his hacking.
Pickett's Charge was an infantry attack ordered by Confederate General Robert E. Lee against Maj.
Gen. George G. Meade's Union positions.
The attack took place on Cemetery Ridge on July 3, 1863.
It was part of the last day of the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War.
Gen. James Longstreet (who was in charge of attack) believed that it would fail.
The farthest point reached by the attack has been called the high-water mark of the Confederacy.
The charge is named after Maj.
Gen. George Pickett.
Pickett was one of three Confederate generals who led the attack under Longstreet.
Lee hoped to attack the Union center on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg.
Confederate attacks on both Union sides had failed the day and night before.
On the night of July 2, General Meade said at a council of war that he thought Lee would try an attack on his lines in the center the next day.
A large attack by artillery took place before the infantry charge.
The Confederates hoped the artillery attack would make the Union weaker.
It did not work well.
About 12,500 men in nine infantry brigades marched over open fields for three-quarters of a mile under heavy Union artillery and rifle fire.
Some Confederates were able to get past the low stone wall that many of the Union defenders hid behind.
However, they could not hold this area.
The Union pushed the Confederates back.
Over 50% of the Confederate soldiers on the charge suffered casualties.
This defeat ended the three-day battle and Lee's campaign into Pennsylvania.
Years later, when asked why his charge at Gettysburg failed, General Pickett said: "I've always thought the Yankees had something to do with it."
Boritt, Gabor S., ed.
Why the Confederacy Lost.
Gettysburg Civil War Institute Books.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. .
Clark, Champ, and the Editors of Time-Life Books.
Gettysburg: The Confederate High Tide.
Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. .
Coddington, Edwin B. The Gettysburg Campaign; a study in command.
New York: Scribner's, 1968. .
Desjardin, Thomas A. These Honored Dead: How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory.
New York: Da Capo Press, 2003. .
Dixon, Benjamin Y. Learning the Battle of Gettysburg: A Guide to the Official Records.
Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 2007. .
Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
Gallagher, Gary W. Lee and His Generals in War and Memory.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998. .
Gottfried, Bradley M. The Maps of Gettysburg: An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign, June 3 – June 13, 1863.
New York: Savas Beatie, 2007. .
Hall, Jeffrey C. The Stand of the U.S. Army at Gettysburg.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003. .
Harman, Troy D. Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg.
Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003. .
Hess, Earl J. Pickett's Charge–The Last Attack at Gettysburg.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. .
Pfanz, Harry W. The Battle of Gettysburg.
National Park Service Civil War series.
Fort Washington, PA: U.S. National Park Service and Eastern National, 1994. .
Sears, Stephen W. Gettysburg.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. .
Stewart, George R. Pickett's Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959. .
Symonds, Craig L. American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg.
New York: HarperCollins, 2001. .
Trudeau, Noah Andre.
Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage.
New York: HarperCollins, 2002. .
Wert, Jeffry D. Gettysburg: Day Three.
Bearss, Edwin C. Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War.
Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2006. .
Bearss, Edwin C. Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg: The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War.
Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010. .
Gallagher, Gary W., ed.
The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. .
Haskell, Frank Aretas.
The Battle of Gettysburg.
Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2006. .
Laino, Philip, Gettysburg Campaign Atlas.
Dayton, OH: Gatehouse Press 2009. .
Petruzzi, J. David, and Steven Stanley.
The Complete Gettysburg Guide.
New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. .
Pickett's Charge in Encyclopedia Virginia
Numbers at Pickett's Charge in Encyclopedia Virginia
Modern photograph of the Copse of Trees
The Drug in Me Is You is the first album of the post-hardcore band Falling in Reverse.
It was released on July 26, 2011.
The album was produced for Michael Baskette, recorder in Orlando, Florida, by Epitaph Records.
The song "Raised by Wolves" was released in May 28, and officially released June 7.
The music video from "The Drug in Me Is You" was released June 28.
"Raised by Wolves" - 3:23
"Tragic Magic" - 4:06
"The Drug in Me Is You" - 3:38
"I'm Not a Vampire" - 3:51
"Good Girls Bad Guys" - 3:15
"Pick Up The Phone" - 4:37
"Don't Mess with Ouija Boards" - 4:55
"Sink or Swim" - 4:45
"Caught Like a Fly" - 4:36
"Goodbye Graceful" - 4:48
"The Westerner" - 3:51
Ronnie Radke - lead vocals
Jacky Vincent - lead guitar, backing vocals
Derek Jones - rhythm guitar
Nason Schoeffler - bass, backing vocals
Scott Gee - drums
Jef Moll - digital editing
Dave Holdredge - engineer, mixing
Michael "Elvis" Baskette - production, mastering
Matt Grayson - band photo
Nick Pritchard - design, artwork
Kevin Thomas - assistant engineer
Devin Taylor - artwork girl
Ryan Ross - drums, composer, rhythm guitar (On Raised by Wolves, Don't Mess With Ouija Boards and Goodbye Graceful)
Michael "Elvis" Baskette - keyboards, composer
Omar Espinosa - composer (On Don't Mess With Ouija Boards and Goodbye Graceful)
Dave Holdredge - synths, programming, composer, vocals
Jeff Moll - vocals
Daily charts
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of China.
It was written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century.
Nowadays, it is still hugely popular in East Asia.
Its main characteristic trait is its syncopated, or 'ragged', rhythm.
It began as dance music in the red-light districts of American cities such as St. Louis and New Orleans years before being published as popular sheet music for piano.
Ragtime was a modification of the march made popular by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms typical of African music.
The ragtime composer Scott Joplin became famous through the publication in 1899 of the Maple Leaf Rag and a string of ragtime hits that followed.
For at least 12 years after its publication, the Maple Leaf Rag heavily influenced subsequent ragtime composers with its melody lines, harmonic progressions or metric patterns.
Ragtime fell out of favor as jazz claimed the public's imagination after 1917, but there have been numerous revivals since.
First, in the early 1940s many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire and put out ragtime recordings on 78 rpm records.
A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s as a wider variety of ragtime styles of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded.
In 1971 Joshua Rifkin brought out a compilation of Scott Joplin's work which was nominated for a Grammy Award.
In 1973, the motion picture The Sting brought ragtime to a wide audience with its soundtrack of Joplin tunes.
Subsequently, the film's rendering of Joplin's 1902 rag The Entertainer was a Top 5 hit in 1974.
Ragtime (with Joplin's work in the forefront) has been cited as an American equivalent of minuets by Mozart, mazurkas by Chopin, or waltzes by Brahms.
Ragtime influenced classical composers including Erik Satie, Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinsky.
Ragtime was included in the dance styles of Vernon and Irene Castle, and influenced the English ballroom dances, the foxtrot and the quickstep.
Gildo De Stefano.
Ragtime, jazz & dintorni.
SUGARCO Editions, Milan 2007.
The Army of the Potomac was the main Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War From 1861 to 1865.
The army was also known as Mr. Lincoln's Army due to the close involvement by President Abraham Lincoln.
It had two missions.
The first was to protect Washington, D.C.. The second mission was to defeat the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia.
The generals who led the Army of the Potomac remain some of the most controversial military leaders in history.
Under Irvin McDowell, George McClellan, Joseph Hooker and George G. Meade, the army had more defeats than victories.
The Army of the Potomac had its beginnings when President Lincoln called for 75,000 militia from Northern states.
This was just a day after the garrison at Fort Sumter surrendered to Confederate forces.
These units were to serve for 90 days and each state governor was given a quota.
At the time 90 days was the maximum time militia units could serve under the Militia Act of 1795.
In 1861, the regular U.S. Army only had 16,367 officers and men.
They were organized into 197 companies, 179 of which were scattered in frontier duty in the west.
East of the Mississippi River the remaining 18 companies were all artillery.
In total there were only six generals including the General-in-Chief, Winfield Scott.
There was an urgency to gathering an army together as quickly as possible.
Washington was being threatened by the presence of 20,000 Confederate troops camped just 25 miles away near Manassas, Virginia.
During the months of April, May and June of 1861, volunteers were everywhere.
Almost daily a new group arrived by train.
They camped everywhere, even on the White House lawn.
On May 24, 1861, Brigadier general Irwin McDowell took command of the new army, called the Army of Northeastern Virginia.
With training still incomplete McDowell was ordered to engage the Confederate forces at Manassas.
He moved south very slowly which allowed the Confederate commander, P. G. T. Beauregard, enough time to call for reinforcements from his fellow general, Joseph E. Johnston.
The engagement that followed was called the First Battle of Bull Run.
Also called the First Battle of Manassas, fought on July 21, 1861 it was the first large battle of the American Civil War.
McDowell started marching part of his army around the left end of the Confederate army attempting a flanking maneuver.
The two armies started shooting at each other about 6 a.m. near Matthews Hill.
The Confederates did not expect the Union army to attack but they moved brigades to their left flank.
The Union army pushed the Confederates back from Matthews Hill about 11 a.m. The Confederates retreated back to another hill called Henry House Hill.
On the hill was Thomas J. Jackson's brigade.
Another Confederate general was trying to regroup his men.
When Jackson rushed forward to fill a gap in the Confederate line the general said, "Look men, there is Jackson standing like a stone wall!"
After the battle Jackson would be called "Stonewall Jackson".
All the Union attacks on the Confederate lines failed.
In the afternoon the Confederates made an attack of their own.
This drove the Union army back towards Washington, D.C. The Confederates were too tired to chase after them.
Four days later, McDowell was replaced by Major general George B. McClellan.
A month later the name was changed to the Army of the Potomac.
McClellan began training McDowell's raw troops.
He organized the army and made sure they were well equipped.
For several months, Lincoln urged MaClellan to take the Army of the Potomac and go on the offensive.
Finally Lincoln demanded he take action against the Confederate army.
In March 1862, the Army of the Potomac began its first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.
McClellan landed his army at Fort Monroe.
The Army then moved northwest, up the Virginia Peninsula.
The Confederate defensive position on the Warwick Line caught McClellan by surprise.
McClellan ordered his army to prepare for a siege of Yorktown, Virginia.
Before the Union army was ready, the Confederates began a withdrawal toward Richmond.
The first heavy fighting of the campaign happened in the Battle of Williamsburg.
The Union troops managed some small victories, but the Confederates continued their withdrawal.
An amphibious flanking movement cut off the Confederate retreat.
In the Battle of Drewry's Bluff, an attempt by the U.S. Navy to reach Richmond by way of the James River failed.
The Army of Northern Virginia was the most successful of any Confederate army during the American Civil War.
It was the main Confederate fighting force in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.
The army often fought against the Union Army of the Potomac.
The army was led by several generals during its early history, but was best known for its final leader, General Robert E. Lee, who took over in June of 1862.
For that reason it was often called "Lee's army".
The army, when first organized was called the (Confederate) Army of the Potomac.
It was formed October 22, 1861.
Confederate General P. G. T. Beauregard was first given command of what was called the "Alexandria Line" on May 31, 1861.
He joined his troops near Manassas, Virginia on June 2.
He planned an attack on Washington, D.C. which first required pushing the Union army back behind Bull Run.
He called for additional support from Joseph E. Johnston's army in the Shenandoah Valley.
On the morning of July 21, 1861, Beauregard planned a surprise attack on the Union forces that failed.
He was driven back until the afternoon, when Johnston's troops arrived by train.
The Confederates were then able to push the Union forces back and created a victory out of a near-disaster.
Both Beauregard and Johnston were full generals.
But Johnson took over command of the two armies which were now merged into one.
Confederate President Jefferson Davis did not like or agree with Beauregard.
There was a series of verbal disputes with Beauregard following Johnston taking command.
Possibly as a result, Beauregard was sent west in January 1862 to serve as second in command in the Army of Mississippi.
In the Battle of Seven Pines, Johnston was wounded.
Jefferson Davis appointed Lee to take over command.
In June 1862, when Lee took over, the army was a collection of various commands in Virginia and North Carolina.
This is also when the army reached its peak strength of 90,000 soldiers.
When he replaced Johnston, his orders had the heading "Department of Northern Virginia," and the "Army of Northern Virginia".
From that time on that was the name it was known by.
The army under Lee
Lee wanted to inspire his troops telling them "every man has resolved to maintain the ancient fame of the Army of Northern Virginia and the reputation of its general and to conquer or die in the approaching contest."
There was no ancient history, it was a newly formed army.
But Lee got the idea across.
The first first series of battles under Lee, called Seven Days Battles, defined Lee's army.
His soldiers were tough, dedicated men willing to inflict and suffer great casualties in order to win battles.
Between 1861 and 1865, the Army of Northern Virginia fought in dozens of battles.
Some of the better known are the Battle of Antietam, the Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Gettysburg.
In the Battle of Fredericksburg his army managed to inflict 12,653 casualties on the Union army while losing only 5,377 men.
In December 1861, Lee corrected one of his officers after a fight saying "you allow these people to get away". "
Go after them, and damage them all you can!"
In the months following Lee's takeover of the Army of Northern Virginia, as they drove the Union army away from Richmond, Virginia, and out of Virginia, he became a hero to his soldiers and the people of Virginia.
Antietam and the Maryland Campaign
Antietam was the third of four battles in Lee's Maryland Campaign.
It fought on September 17, 1862 and was the bloodiest one-day battle of the Civil War.
Exact numbers are unknown, but official records show the Army of Northern Virginia suffered 10,320 casualties (killed, wounded or missing).
The Union Army of the Potomac suffered 12,400 casualties.
Lee's goal was for the Army of Northern Virginia to invade the Northern states of Maryland and Pennsylvania.
That way he could threaten the cities of Washington, D.C. and Baltimore.
By a series of decisive victories Lee thought that the South could gain recognition from England and France and get them to support the Southern cause.
The hope was if Lee's army was victorious, it might cause Abraham Lincoln to sue for peace.
During the month of September Lee had moved his army north.
They captured the garrison at the Battle of Harpers Ferry.
Lee's army was driven back at the Battle of South Mountain and withdrew again after a day of heavy fighting at Antietam.
Retreating back into Virginia, Lee managed to reinforce General George B. McClellan's overly-cautious nature with a successful rearguard action at the Battle of Shepherdstown.
It stopped the Union Army of the Potomac from chasing the Army of Northern Virginia back into Virginia.
From a military standpoint, Antietam was a draw.
But it gave Lincoln the opportunity he needed to claim a victory and use it to deliver his Emancipation Proclamation.
At Chancellorsville, Lee's army defeated the Army of the Potomac once again, this time inflicting 16,800 casualties while losing 13,000 men.
The victory at Chancellorsville brought new hope to the South.
It reinforced the idea that a single blow to the North could win the war.
His soldiers and officers held Lee in the highest regard.
They trusted his judgment and believed him to be a military genius.
At this same time the Union Army of the Potomac was suffering poor morale under General Joseph Hooker.
Time and again the Army of Northern Virginia, which had fewer men and far fewer resources, defeated the larger Army of the Potomac.
Lee carefully monitored events in the Northern newspapers for any and all information about his enemy.
Gettysburg was Lee's next chance to strike a final blow that would win the war.
The battle was fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863.
This time Lee suffered more casualties than he could afford.
The standoff that was Gettysburg ended Lee's invasion of the north and nearly destroyed the Army of Northern Virginia.
Now the war was turned around for the Union.
The battle revealed the Army of Northern Virginia had another agenda.
As the Confederate army swept northward into Pennsylvania, the soldiers rounded up escaped slaves and free blacks.
African-Americans, men, women and children were gathered up and taken with the army as they marched north.
When the Army of Northern Virginia retreated, they took the captured black people, estimated to be over a thousand, back to Virginia.
There those who had escaped slavery were returned to their slaveowners.
Others were sold at auction or imprisoned.
Lee may not have ordered the "slave hunt".
Once in Pennsylvania he told his troops "no greater disgrace could befall the army," or discredit the Confederate cause, "than the perpetuation of the barbarous outrages upon the unarmed and defenceless [sic] and the wanton destruction of private property that have marked the course of the enemy in our own country."
This did not stop his officers and men from rounding up blacks.
In one case at Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, soldiers threatened to burn "every house which harbored a fugitive slave".
They gave the people in their homes 20 minutes to give up any black people.
In mid-May, 1864, rumors were going around that the Army of Northern Virginia was beaten.
A Union officer on General George G. Meade's staff corrected the idea.
He said "Lee is a brave and skillful soldier and he will fight while he has a division or a day's rations left."
Of Lee's soldiers Lyman said "These rebels are not half-starved and ready to give up—a more sinewy, tawny, formidable-looking set of men could not be".
Lyman knew they were still a deadly fighting force even after three years of hard war against a larger and better equipped army.
Not surprisingly, it would take another 11 months of hard fighting before the Army of Northern Virginia finally surrendered at Appomattox.
Uniforms of the Army of Northern Virginia 1861-1865; YouTube
What the Rebel Yell Sounded Like (started in the Army of Northern Virginia); YouTube
Stenhousemuir FC is a Scottish football club from Stenhousemuir.
The club is a member of the Scottish Football League and currently plays in the Scottish Second Division.
Through much of its history the team has competed in the lower leagues of Scottish football, spending the 2006–07 season in the Third Division.
In 2008–09, despite earning 4th place, the club won the promotion play-offs and returned to the Scottish Second Division.
1884–1989
The club was founded in 1884 following a break away from a local team called Heather Rangers.
In 1890, the Warriors moved to Ochilview Park following spells at Tryst Park and Goschen Park.
In the early 20th century the club had a brief spell of success, winning the Scottish Qualifying Cup twice in 1901 and 1902.
In 1902–03, the club reached the Scottish Cup semi-final, losing 1–4 at home to Rangers.
The 1921–22 season saw Stenhousemuir compete for the first time in senior Scottish League Football.
In 1925–26, Stenhousemuir goalkeeper Joe Shortt was offered a £50 bribe to throw a match against Broxburn, but he rejected the offer and the Warriors won the match 6–2.
A bookmaker from Bainsford, a small village on the outskirts of Falkirk, was subsequently jailed for attempted match fixing.
In 1928, the wooden grandstand at Ochilview Park burnt down in a fire, which lead to a new stand being built in its place, although staircases had to be added later due to planning errors.
During the 1936–37 season saw the club record a record victory – a 9–2 win against Dundee United.
More than a decade later in 1949–50, a Scottish Cup quarter-final tie against East Fife drew a record crowd of 12,500 – the highest ever at Ochilview Park.. In November 1951, the first floodlit game between two Scottish senior teams occurred at Ochilview Park, between Stenhousemuir and Hibernian.
In the summer of 1964, Rangers FC revealed a plan to The Scottish Football League to remove the Warriors from the league, along with four other clubs, on the basis that they were poorest-supported clubs over the previous three seasons.
Four years later, Stenhousemuir, along with Albion Rovers, Berwick Rangers, Brechin City and Stranraer, with support from a number of clubs, including Celtic F.C., Hamilton Academical F.C. and Airdrieonians F.C., successfully defeated this plan.
In 1972–73, the Warriors defeated Rangers 2–1 at Ibrox Stadium in the Scottish League Cup.
Notably, Rangers were the holders of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup at the time.
1990–present
In 1992–93, the team allowed their rivals Stirling Albion to share their stadium Ochilview Park.
In the 1993–94 season, the Warriors moved out of the bottom league for the first time, due to the formation of the Scottish Third Division.
The mid-90s was one of the club's most successful periods in its history; in 1994–95 they defeated St. Johnstone 4–0 and Aberdeen 2–0, both higher league opposition, en-route to the Scottish Cup quarter finals.
In the 1995–96 season, Stenhousemuir won the Scottish Challenge Cup, defeating Dundee United 5–4 on penalties after a goalless 90 minutes and extra time.
In the process, reaching their first national semi-final since 1902.
Stenhousemuir was relegated from the Scottish Second Division to the Scottish Third Division for the first time in the history of the club.
However, the next season winning promotion back to the Second Division, also a first in its history.
In 2006–07, the club announced a plan to lay 'fake' grass at Ochilview Park.
It became the first in the UK to pass the FIFA 2 Star category accreditation.
Stenhousemuir were promoted to the Scottish Second Division after defeating Cowdenbeath 5–4 on penalties after drawing 0–0 on aggregate in the play-off final at the end of the 2008–09 season.
The 2010–11 season saw the club narrowly avoid relegation after spending most of the season in the relegation zone.
On the final day of the season the club defeated Peterhead 3–0 to move above Alloa Athletic and therefore avoided the relegation play-offs.
Stenhousemuir Supporters' Club  is the official supporters' club of Stenhousemuir FC.
It is a democratic organisation based on one vote per person, and its committee is elected every year by the members.
It is the largest shareholder in the club with about 11 % of the shares with the aim to increase the shareholding so that no individual(s) can take control of the club away from its supporters.
The Kriss Akabusi Loyal is a band of traveling supporters.
It has a democratically-elected representative on the Stenhousemuir FC Board to relay supporter's ideas and wishes.
This person serves two years on the Board before being replaced by another member of the committee.
The club also has many foreign supporters: the Norwegian Supporters' Club is a small supporters' organisation based in Oslo, Norway).
The Supporters Club was founded on New Year's Eve 1992 by Rolf Erik Wulff, Christian Wulff and Kjell Jarslett.
In 1996 it was given one share of Stenhousemuir F.C. as a recognition of their support and promotion of the club.
As of today, the supporters club and its members owns about 5% of the shares in Stenhousemuir.
Also the Stenhousemuir FC Danish Support.
The Denmark based supporters club is an unofficial Warriors fan club founded and established in the summer 2000.
The fan club has approximately 30 members.
Stenhousemuir Supporters Trust also The 'Warriors Supports Trust' is registered with the Financial Services Agency as a not-for-profit Industrial and Provident Society.
It was established in 2003.
It works with the Board of the football club and the Supporters Club to develop a more successful football club.
The annual membership subscription of the Trust is £5 but Trust members can take out either a 'silver' membership of £5 a month, or a 'gold' membership of £10 a month.
The cash obtained from membership of the Trust is used to buy shares the football club has for sale, and hence the club benefits financially.
Since its inception the Trust has given money to the club and its members have given their time and labour towards several projects.
The current Chairman of the Stenousemuir Supporters Trust is Graeme Wallace who is also the stadium announcer at Ochilview
Scottish Qualifying Cup:
Winners (2): 1900–01 and 1901–02.
Winners (1): 1995–96.
Scottish Third Division:
Winners (1): 2010–11
Runners-up (1): 1998–99.
Promoted: 2008–09 (via play-offs)
Biggest league victory: 9–2 v Dundee United, 16 April 1937. (
Scottish League – Division Two); and 0–7 v East Stirlingshire, 20 March 2006. (
Scottish Third Division)
Biggest league defeat: 2–11 v Dunfermline Athletic, 27 September 1930. (
Scottish League – Division Two)
Biggest home attendance: 12,500 v East Fife, 11 March 1950. (
Scottish Cup Quarter-Final)
As of 20 June 2011
Official club site
Norwegian fan site
Stenhousemuir FC 6-a-side League
The Great Attractor (GA) is a gigantic mass in space which pulls our Milky Way galaxy, and many other galaxies towards it.p60
The Great Attractor is known by its effect on the movement of galaxies across hundreds of millions of light years (mly).
Its mass is equivalent to the mass of tens of thousands of Milky Ways.
All the galaxies in the GA are redshifted, in accordance with the expansion of the Universe.
They are receding relative to us and to each other, but the variations in their redshift show the existence of the Attractor.
The variations in their redshifts  range from about +700 km/s to -700 km/s, depending on where they are in relation to the Great Attractor.
The position of the Great Attractor was finally worked out in 1986.
It is between 150 and 250 million light years (47–79 million parsecs) away.
Objects in that direction lie in the Zone of Avoidance, which is the part of the night sky obscured by the Milky Way galaxy.
Because of this, they are difficult to study with visible light.
However, X-ray observations have revealed that the region of space is dominated by the Norma Cluster, a massive cluster of galaxies, with large, old galaxies, many of which are colliding with their neighbours, and/or radiating large amounts of radio waves.
In 2005, astronomers conducted an X-ray survey of part of the sky known as the Clusters in the Zone of Avoidance.
The survey confirmed earlier theories that the Milky Way galaxy was in fact being pulled towards a much more massive cluster of galaxies near the Shapley Supercluster, which is beyond the Great Attractor.
The Cubs Win Flag is a flag that is flown at Wrigley Field after every Chicago Cubs home win.
The flag is called by about a dozen names.
These names usually include several of the following words; either Cubs or Chicago Cubs; Win, W, White, White W, or W Win; and flag, banner or banner flag.
Other common names for the symbol include Cubs Win Banner Flag.
It has become an important symbol for fans.
Days when the win flag is flown are known as "White Flag Days".
The tradition of flying a win or loss flag over the stadium began soon after the scoreboard was built in 1937.
The flag has used two different colors with the letter "W" on a solid background.
The flag used now is white with a blue "W." There is a flag used for losses with a letter "L".
This flag is blue with a white "L" on it.
Additionally, lights are shone on the flags that show if it was a win or loss.
A new flag is used for each win.
Some stores sell versions of the flag that also have the Cubs logo at the bottom.
1930s establishments in Illinois
Wrigley Field is a sports stadium, the baseball park where the Chicago Cubs play in Major League Baseball.
The ballpark is in Chicago, Illinois.
The Cubs have been playing there since 1916.
The ballpark is on the north side of Chicago.
It is on a block bounded by Addison Street, Clark Street, Waveland Avenue, and Sheffield Avenue.
It was built in 1914 for the Chicago Whales of the Federal League.
The Federal League disbanded after the 1915 season.
The Cubs moved from their previous home, West Side Park, to this ballpark in 1916.
The Chicago Bears of the National Football League played their home games at Wrigley Field from 1921 through 1970.
They moved to Soldier Field in 1971.
Wrigley Field has also hosted events such as soccer and hockey.
It has also been used as a filming location for some Hollywood movies.
The ballpark has a "cozy" feel.
Fans often call it "The Friendly Confines".
That nickname was made famous by former Cubs player Ernie Banks.
Stadium site on cubs.com
Restore Wrigley Field
Wrigley Field facts, figures, photos and more
Wrigley Field News
Zachary Taylor Davis
Landmarks in Chicago
Dust and stars in the plane of the Milky Way (the galactic plane) block our view of about 20% of the sky at visible wavelengths.
As a result, optical galaxy catalogues are usually very incomplete close to the galactic plane.
Modern developments
In more recent years, many projects have attempted to bridge the gap in our knowledge caused by the Zone of Avoidance.
However, the effects of the Zone drops at longer wavelengths, such as the infrared, and the Milky Way is effectively transparent at radio wavelengths.
Surveys in the infrared have given us a more complete picture of the extragalactic sky.
Indeed, two very large nearby galaxies, Maffei 1 and Maffei 2, were discovered in the Zone of Avoidance by Paolo Maffei by their infrared emission in 1968.
Even so, about 10% of the sky remains difficult to survey because extragalactic objects (for example, distant galaxies) can be confused with stars in the Milky Way.
Projects to survey the Zone of Avoidance at radio wavelengths have detected many galaxies that could not be detected in the infrared.
Examples of galaxies detected from their HI emission include Dwingeloo 1 and Dwingeloo 2.
The Norma Cluster (ACO 3627 or Abell 3627) is a rich cluster of galaxies near the center of the Great Attractor.
It is both nearby and bright; but it is difficult to observe because it is in the Zone of Avoidance.
This is a region near the plane of the Milky Way, which obscures our view.
The cluster is hidden by interstellar dust at optical wavelengths.
Its mass is estimated to be on the order of 1015 solar masses.
ESO Press Photos 46a-j/99
Galaxy cluster has two 'tails' to tell.
NASA Image of the Day, January 22, 2010.
The concept of Lewis acid and Lewis base is one of acids and bases, which is independent of the idea of (protons donor or acceptor).
Gilbert Newton Lewis developed this idea in the early 20th century.
In this concept, a Lewis acid can accept and bind electrons.
Lewis acid is a substance that accepts two electrons to form a covalent bond.
A Lewis base is a substance that gives two electrons in the bonding.
A Lewis acid together with a Lewis base will  react to make a compound called a Lewis adduct.
Shamrock Rovers Football Club (Irish: Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige) is a football club from Dublin, Ireland.
They play in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland.
The club is the most successful in Ireland's football history.
The club was founded in 1901 and is named after Shamrock Avenue in Dublin, the place where the club was founded.
They started playing friendly matches.
In 1904/05 they began to play in a league.
From 1907 till 1914 they were not allowed to play because they had no home ground.
In 1921 they missed the founding of the league of Ireland, but the next season they played in this league and won the title.
The next decades the Rovers were very successful.
In 1967, they played as Boston Rovers one season in the United Soccer Association in the USA.
In 1987 Glenmalure Park, the home ground was sold by the club owners as building area.
The club started to build a new stadium in Dublins suburb Tallaght but came into financial troubles.
The County South Dublin finished the construction in 2009 and so the Rovers have a new homeground.
During the troubles the club was also relegated to the first division of the League of Ireland in 2005 but in 2007 they won and were again promoted to the Premier Division.
Through a 2:1 after extra time against (home 1:1) the Rovers are qualified for the UEFA-Europa League group stage 2011/12.
They will play in group A versus Tottenham Hotspur, Rubin Kasan and  PAOK Saloniki.
All players used during the season:
Coach: Stephen Bradley
Assistant Coach: Trevor Croly
Goalkeeping Coach: Tim Dalton
Physiotherapist: Richard Walker
League of Ireland: 17 (record)
1922–23, 1924–25, 1926–27, 1931–32, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1963–64  1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1993–94, 2010, 2011
FAI Cup: 24 (record)
1925, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1945, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966,  1967, 1968, 1969, 1978, 1985, 1986, 1987
League of Ireland Shield: 18 (record)
1924–25, 1926–27, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1941–42, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1954–55, 1955–56,  1956–57, 1957–58, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68.
League of Ireland Cup: 1
League of Ireland First Division: 1
Setanta Sports Cup: 1
In actual use, the terms "galactic plane" and "galactic poles" usually refer specifically to the plane and poles of the Milky Way, the galaxy where the Earth is.
Even in the case of a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way, defining the galactic plane is imprecise since the stars are not perfectly in the plane.
https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0408107
It is a huge group of galaxies about 200 million light-years away.
The Great Wall is like a long, thin line filament: it is over 500 million light-years long, 300 million light-years wide, but only 15 million light-years thick.
It was discovered in 1989 from redshift survey data.
We do not know how much farther the wall extends.
Our view is blocked by the galactic plane of the Milky Way.
The gas and dust from the Milky Way (known as the Zone of Avoidance) obscures the view of astronomers.