the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The report says that an air traffic controller made Gagarin have old weather information.
But by that time of his flight, conditions had become very bad.
Ground crew also left fuel tanks on the aircraft.
Gagarin's planned flight needed good weather and no outboard tanks.
The investigation ended, saying that Gagarin's aircraft entered a spin, either because of a bird strike or because of a sudden move to avoid another aircraft.
Because of the old weather report, the crew thought their altitude to be higher than it actually was, and could not properly react to bring the MiG-15 out of its spin.
In his 2004 book Two Sides of the Moon, Alexey Leonov tells that he was flying a helicopter in the same area that day when he heard "two loud booms in the distance."
His thought was that the Sukhoi jet was flying below its minimum allowed altitude, and "without realizing it because of the terrible weather conditions, he passed within 10 or 20 meters of Yuri and Seregin's plane while breaking the sound barrier."
The resulting turbulence would have sent the MiG into an uncontrolled spin.
Leonov thinks the first boom he heard was that of the jet breaking the sound barrier, and the second was Gagarin's plane crashing.
Space race
Gavrilin, Vyacheslav Sportsmen of the Soviet Union
Yuri Gagarin - The First to Fly
Gagarin's photos
Obituary, NY Times, 28 March 1968 Yuri Gagarin Killed As Test Plane Falls
Юрий Гагарин.
Дорога в космос  — his book in Russian (HTML)
Photo, Audio and Video with Yuri Gagarin , online version of CD created to his 70th anniv.
on the homepage of Russian state archive for scientific-technical documentation (RGANTD).
Article in online Encyclopedia of cosmonautics  A lot of information about the first human's flight to space.
Gagarin's flight 3D visualization — contains the real record of his conversation with the Earth during the spaceflight
Annotated transcript of Gagarin's radio conversations with ground stations, starting 2hrs (4:10 UTC) before launch
Gagarin — detailed biography at Encyclopedia Astronautica
List (with photos) of Gagarin statues
11 minutes long interview of Yuri Gagarin by The Finnish Broadcasting Company in 1961
Yuri's Night - World Space Party
Yuri Gagarin: The first man in space
Aviation deaths
Cosmonauts
Soviet military people
The Yangtze River, or Yangzi (Simple Chinese: 扬子江 / Traditional Chinese: 揚子江), or Chang Jiang (Simple Chinese: 长江 / Traditional Chinese: 長江), is the longest River in China and Asia, as well as the world's third longest river (after the Amazon and the Nile).
It is honored as one of the two main cradles of Chinese civilization. (
another is Yellow River)
The river is about 3,900 kilometers  long and is one of the busiest waterways in the world.
It goes from the western part of China (Plateau of Tibet) into the East China Sea, which is part of the Pacific Ocean.
It has been thought of as a dividing point between northern and southern China.
It helped start the Chinese civilization.
On the river is a big dam called the Three Gorges Dam, which is the biggest in the world.
It forms a man-made lake that stretches almost  upstream.
The Yangtze River is home to many species.
The Finless porpoise is endangered and the Lipotes vexillifer (Chinese river dolphin) which died in 2002.
boundary marking
ingredients for food
The Yangtze river is becoming extremely polluted.
The Yangtze river contains oil, dead animals and rubbish including cans, bags, wrappers, glass and plastic bottles.
In 2001 about 23.4 billion tons of sewerage and factory waste was dumped in the river.
Attractions along Yangtze River
Yangtze River Cruise Guide
Rivers of China
"Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia" is the national anthem of Saint Lucia.
The song has been used since the country became independent in 1979.
English lyrics
Love the land that gave us birth.
Land of beaches, hills and valleys,
Fairest isle of all the earth!
Love, oh love, our island home.
Gone the times when nations battled,
For this Helen of the west.
Gone the days when strife and discord,
Stretches out a glad new way.
Guard her sons from woe and harm.
Strong in soul and strong in arm.
Our ideal forever be!
Fils et filles de Sainte-Lucie,
aime la terre qui nous a donné naissance.
Terre de plages, de collines et de vallées,
la plus belle île de toute la terre!
Partout où vous pouvez errer,
Amour, oh amour, notre île à la maison.
Fini le temps où les nations se battaient
Pour cette Hélène de l'ouest.
Fini le temps où les conflits et la discorde
atténué le travail et le repos de ses enfants.
Lève enfin un jour plus lumineux,
s'étend d'une manière nouvelle et heureuse.
Que le bon Dieu bénisse notre île,
protège ses fils du malheur et du mal.
Que notre peuple vive uni,
fort dans l'âme et fort dans le bras.
Justice, vérité et charité,
notre idéal soit pour toujours!
March 14 – Battle of Ivry – Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne.
May–August – Unsuccessful siege of Paris by Henry IV of France.
Henry is forced to raise the siege when the Duke of Parma comes to its relief with a Spanish army.
May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen of Scotland.
August 18 – John White, the governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted.
September 15 – Pope Urban VII succeeds Sixtus V.
December 5 – Pope Gregory XIV succeeds Urban VII.
Coptic Pope Gabriel VIII succeeds Yoannis XIV.
Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Meletius I succeeds Silvester.
Japan is united by Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Seven-Year War – Japan invades Korea in 1592 and 1597.
Journey to the West first appears in China.
Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital.
Begin of the Heian period.
Council of Frankfurt – oldest known mentioning of Frankfurt.
Pope Silverius deposed by Belisarius at the order of Justinian, who appoints as his successor Pope Vigilius.
Battle of Camlann between Arthur and Mordred. (
December 27 – Construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is completed.
This article is about a city in Mexico.
For the birthplace of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, see Tampico, Illinois.
It was the site of an incident called the Tampico Affair during the Mexican Revolution in the early 20th century that led to armed conflict between Mexico and the United States.
About 80 years earlier Tampico was part of a less serious conflict between the two countries, called the Tampico Expedition.
cities in Mexico
A goalkeeper is someone who protects a team's goal.
There are goalkeepers in sports like football (soccer) and ice hockey, for example.
The goalkeeper's mission is to prevent the opposing team from scoring a goal.
Goalkeepers normally wear more protective gear than other players on the team but this is not always true.
A goalkeeper's kit (or uniform) consists of shin guards and gloves to protect his hands from the impact of the ball when he catches it.
Until the early 20th century, the goalkeeper would often wear the same coloured strip as his teammates, with the only different item of clothing being his cap.
However, in 1909, the Scottish Football Association took steps to ensure the goalkeeper would wear a different colour from the outfield players.
This was to show his different role, as the only player allowed to handle the ball.
The goalkeeper in ice hockey (a Goalie) uses thicker padding than the other players on the team.
This is to prevent damage caused by being hit by the puck.
The hockey stick of the goalie is much wider than the stick of other players.
The bottom edge is also longer and flatter.
The goalie has a very large leather glove on one hand.
This glove has a large area to help catch the puck.
Goalies normally wear masks that give protection to the entire face and head as well as the neck.
In field hockey, the goalkeeper stands in the goal net, and stops the other team scoring.
Goalkeepers need a lot of kit to protect them from the hockey balls that are hit at them.
here is a list:
Helmet - Protects the head and face
Neck guard - Protects the neck
Breastplate - Protects the body, and sometimes back
Elbow pads - Protect the arms.
Sometimes breastplate and elbow guards combine to form all-in-one
Smock - An extra large shirt that covers the breastplate and elbow pads, or the all-in-one
Gloves - Protect the hands.
Right glove has a hole in it to hold the stick
Box - Protects the groin
Shorts - Protect the thighs and upper bottom
Shin guards - Protect the lower legs
Kickers - Protect the feet
Stick - Acts as an extra reaching tool for dives
Goalkeepers are the only position in hockey allowed to kick the ball.
If another player kicked the ball it would be a foul.
The Museum of Goalkeeping  Charting goalkeeping throughout the history of football.
The beginnings of the 'Golden Age' of Literature in England
Sir Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland as England's first overseas colony in 1583
Francis Drake had come back from going around the world, bringing back with him many treasures.
Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1542)
Newfoundland claimed by England.
University of Edinburgh started.
January 8 – Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian (d. 1643)
March 3 – Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (d. 1648)
April 10 – Hugo Grotius, Dutch philosopher and writer (d. 1645)
June 16 – Axel Oxenstierna, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden (d. 1654)
June 20 – Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (d. 1652)
July 2 – Dodo Knyphausen, German soldier (d. 1636)
September – Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian composer (d. 1643)
September 24 – Albrecht von Wallenstein, Austrian general (d. 1634)
November 24 – Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Spanish poet (d. 1641)
December 17 – Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey, English adventurer and soldier (d. 1642)
December 25 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer (d. 1625)
Hendrick Jacobszoon Lucifer, Dutch pirate and buccaneer (d. 1627)
Johann Heinrich Alting, German divine (d. 1644)
John Beaumont, English poet (d. 1627)
Bonaventura Elzevir, Dutch printer (d. 1652)
Stanisław Lubomirski, Polish nobleman (d. 1649)
Philip Massinger, English dramatist (d. 1640)
Hayashi Razan, Japanese neo-Confucianist scholar (d. 1657)
Alexander Henderson, Scottish theologian (d. 1646)
Nzinga, warrior queen of Ndongo and Matamba (d. 1663)
Aurelian Townshend, English poet (d. 1643)
March 18 – King Magnus of Livonia (b. 1540)
April – Lucas David, Prussian historian (b. 1503)
May 6 – Zacharias Ursinus, German theologian (b. 1534)
Nakagawa Kiyohide, Japanese military commander (b. 1556)
Shibata Katsutoyo, Japanese military commander (b. 1556)
June 9 – Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1525)
June – Oda Nobutaka, Japanese samurai (b. 1558)
July 1 – Sakuma Morimasa, Japanese samurai and warlord (beheaded)
July 6 – Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1519)
September 9 – Humphrey Gilbert, English explorer (born c. 1537)
September 16 – Catherine Jagiellon, queen of John II of Sweden (b. 1526)
November 11 – Gerald Fitzgerald, 15th Earl of Desmond, Irish rebel
November 24 – René de Birague, French cardinal and chancellor (b. 1506)
December 14 – Ivan Fyodorov, Russian printer
December 31 – Thomas Erastus, Swiss theologian (b. 1524)
Shibata Katsuie, Japanese military commander (b. 1530)
Andrei Kurbskii, Russian writer (b. 1528)
January 10 – Marriage of Napoleon and Josephine is annulled
January 20 – Tyrolean rebel leader Andreas Hofer executed
March 11 – Napoleon marries Marie-Louise of Austria
April 19 – Venezuela achieves home rule: Emparan, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a Junta is installed.
May 10 – Revolutionary occupation of Buenos Aires town hall.
May 25 – Armed citizens of Buenos Aires expel the Viceroy from Spain and establish a provincial government for Argentina.
June 8  – Birth of Robert Schumann, German composer.
June 23 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company.
July – Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland.
July 20 – Colombia declares independence from Spain.
August 6 – City of Mompos in modern-day Colombia is declares independence from the Spanish Empire
September 8 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astor's newly created Pacific Fur Company on board.
After a six-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship will arrive at the mouth of the Columbia River and Astor's men will establish fur-trading town of Astoria.
September 16 – Dieciséis de septiembre, the Mexican War of Independence of the Republic of Mexico
September 18 – Chile forms the National Junta, which is their first passage towards independency.
September 26 – A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne.
October 12 – First Oktoberfest: The Bavarian royalty invites the citizens of Munich to join the celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria to Princess Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen.
October 27 – United States annexes West Florida from Spain
November 10 – the Berners Street Hoax – Theodore Hook manages to attract dozens of people to 53 Berners Street in London
King George III of the United Kingdom recognized as insane
Amadou Lobbo initiates his jihad in present-day Mali.
Russia acquires Sukhumi through a treaty with Abkhazian dukes, and declares a protectorate over the whole of Abkhazia.
Macon's Bill No.
First steamboat on the Ohio River
The Great Awakening – A Protestant religious movement active in the British colonies of North America
Octant invented (probably around 1730) independently by John Hadley in Great Britain and Thomas Godfrey in the American colonies
Louis XV King of France (king from 1715 to 1774)
Shahs of Persia (Safavid dynasty and Afsharid dynasty)
Tahmasp II, 1723–1732
Abbas III, 1732–1736
Nadir Shah, 1736–1747 (Began the Afsharid dynasty)
George II King of Great Britain (king from 1727 to 1760)
Philip V King of Spain (king from 1700 to 1746)
Pope Clement XII elected
September 17 – Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed III (1703-1730) to Mahmud I (1730-1754)
Anna Ivanova (Anna I of Russia) became czarina
June 19 – The Albany Convention of New England Colonies proposes an American Union
July – Columbia University founded as King's College by royal charter of King George II of England.
The college was originally in Lower Manhattan.
Instruction was suspended in 1776 and the school would be reopened in 1784 as Columbia College.
With the college's growth in the 19th Century, it would be renamed Columbia University in 1896.
Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mahmud I (1730-1754) to Osman III (1754-1757)
Beginning of the French and Indian War in North America.
Britain and its colonies adopted a new Marriage Act that formulated many of the rules of modern marriage.
September 9 – William Bligh, Captain of the Bounty, Governor of New South Wales (d. 1817)
November 5, 1605 – The Gunpowder Plot to blow up the British Parliament.
1607 – John Smith of Jamestown enters Virginia and meets the princess, Pocahontas.
September 2, 1609 – Henry Hudson enters New York Bay.
Galileo popularizes the astronomical use of the telescope.
Breast baring is a popular fashion amongst the women of England and the Netherlands.
September 2-Henry Hudson enters New York Bay
Lake Champlain was named for the French explorer Samuel de Champlain.
February 8 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, rebels against Queen Elizabeth I of England – his revolt is quickly crushed
February 25 – Robert Devereux's head is chopped off as a punishment
Jesuit Matteo Ricci arrives in China
A bad harvest in Russia due to rainy summer
Dutch troops chase Portuguese from Málaga
Start of Siege of Kinsale, in Ireland – the siege started in the Autumn of 1601, and ended in the Battle of Kinsale on 3 January 1602 according to the Gregorian Calendar used today.
This calendar was already being used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle, but for the English side, who were still using the old Julian Calendar, the date of the battle was 24 December 1601.
February 20 – In a coup d'état, Chinese Chancellor Zhang Jianzhi murdered the Zhang brothers and restored Emperor Zhongzong.
This marks the end of the short-lived Zhou Dynasty in China
Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik succeeded by al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik.
Beginning of a long period of fighting between Trebizond and the Arabs
Pope John VII succeeds Pope John VI.
Amoghavajra, Chinese translator and Buddhist
January 11 – Pope John VI
November   -- 武則天
January 11 – Pope Miltiades ends his reign as the Catholic Pope.
August 30 – Council of Arles, which confirmed the pronouncement of Donatism as a schism, and passed other canons.
Synod of Ancyra: consulting a magician is declared a sin earning five years of penance.
Pope Silvester I succeeds Pope Miltiades.
Alexander becomes Bishop of Byzantium.
Year 1500 (MD) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
The year 1500 wasn't a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.
The year was seen as being especially important by many Christians in Europe, who thought it would bring the beginning of the end of the world.
Their belief was based on the phrase "half-time after the time", when the apocalypse was due to occur, which appears in the Book of Revelation and was seen as referring to 1500.
This time was also just after the Old World's discovery of the Americas in 1492, and therefore was influenced greatly by the New World.[1]
Historically, the year 1500 is also often identified, somewhat arbitrarily, as marking the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the Early Modern Era.
The end of this year marked the halfway point of the 2nd millennium, as there were 500 years before it and 500 years after it.
Europe's population was about 60 million.
January 5 – Duke Ludovico Sforza recaptures Milan, but is soon driven out again by the French.
January 26 – Vicente Yáñez Pinzón becomes the first European to discover Brazil.
April 21 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral officially discovers Brazil and claims the land for Portugal.
November 11 – Treaty of Granada – Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them.
Emperor Go-Kashiwabara ascends to the throne of Japan.
Battle of Hemmingstedt: The Danish army fails to conquer the peasants' republic of Dithmarschen.
Second Battle of Lepanto – The Turkish fleet of Kemal Re'is defeats the Venetians.
The Turks proceed to capture Modon, Lepanto, and Koron.
The Luo, a Nilotic people from modern Sudan, settle the Cwezi states, establishing the state of Buganda. (
Diogo Dias is the first European to see Madagascar.
January 16 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cape St. Vincent
February – Armed Neutrality of the North alliance formed between Denmark, Sweden, and Russia.
March 26 – The British Gazette and Sunday Monitor, the first Sunday newspaper in Britain
April 16 – The University of Münster in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany is founded
May 12 – American Revolutionary War: Charleston, South Carolina is taken by  British forces.
May 29 – American Revolutionary War: Loyalist forces under Col.
Banastre Tarleton kill surrendering American soldiers in the Waxhaw Massacre.
August 16 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Camden – The British defeat the Americans near Camden, South Carolina.
September 25 – Benedict Arnold flees to British-held New York
October 2 –  American Revolutionary War: British spy John Andre is hanged by American forces.
October 10-16 – Great hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados, Martinique and St. Eustatius
November 29 – Maria Theresa of Austria dies and her Habsburg dominions pass to her ambitious son, Joseph II, who has already been Holy Roman Emperor since 1765.
Britain attacks the United Provinces before it can join the Neutral Alliance, because of its support for the American uprising.
First Epsom Derby horse race run at Epsom Downs, Surrey, England.
Emperor Kokaku ascends to the throne of Japan
In Ireland, Lady Berry, who is sentenced to death for the murder of her son, is released when she agrees to become an executioner (retires 1810)
Good grain and wine harvest in France
35th and last volume of Diderot's Encyclopédie published
Rebellion against king Sancho II of Portugal in favor of his brother Alphonso.
The rebuilding of Westminster Abbey is started.
Pope Innocent IV sends two missions to the Mongol Khan, suggesting that the Mongols convert to Christianity.
Mel Brooks (born June 28, 1926) is a Jewish American actor, comedian, writer, movie director, and producer.
When he was born in Brooklyn, his name was Melvin Kaminsky.
He has directed, produced and written several movies.
Most of these are comedies that make references to other movies.
Brooks is one of the few artists who have received an Oscar, Emmy, Tony, and Grammy.
He was awarded his first Grammy for Best Spoken Comedy Album in 1999 for his recording of The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000 with Carl Reiner.
His two other Grammys came in 2002 for Best Musical Show Album for the soundtrack of The Producers and for Best Long Form Music Video for the DVD "Recording the Producers - A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks".
He won his first of four Emmy awards in 1967 for Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety for a Sid Caesar special.
He went on to win three Emmys in 1997, 1998, and 1999 for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his role of Uncle Phil on Mad About You.
He won his three Tony awards in 2001 for his work on the musical, The Producers for Best Musical, Best Original Musical Score, and Best Book of a Musical.
He also won a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award for Young Frankenstein.
Three of Brooks's movies are on the American movie Institute's list of funniest American films: Blazing Saddles (#6), The Producers (#11), and Young Frankenstein (#13).
Brooks worked with some people many times.
Performers who worked on three or more of Brooks' movies are: Gene Wilder, Dom DeLuise, Madeline Kahn, Harvey Korman, Cloris Leachman, Ron Carey, Dick Van Patten and Andréas Voutsinas.
Brooks was married to Florence Baum from 1953 to 1962.
Mel and Florence had three children, Stephanie, Nicky, and Eddie.
Brooks was married to the actress Anne Bancroft from 1964 until her death from uterine cancer on June 6, 2005.
They met at a rehearsal for the Perry Como Variety Show in 1961 and married three years later.
Their son, Max Brooks, was born in 1972.
In 2010, Brooks said Bancroft was the main force behind his involvement in making The Producers and Young Frankenstein for the musical theater.
Writer/director
The Producers (1968) (Academy Award, best original screenplay)
The Twelve Chairs (1970) (also actor)
Blazing Saddles (1974) (also actor)
Young Frankenstein (1974)
Silent Movie (1976) (also actor)
High Anxiety (1977) (also actor/producer)
History of the World, Part I (1981) (also actor/producer)
Spaceballs (1987) (also actor/producer)
Life Stinks (1991) (also actor/producer)
Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993) (also actor/producer)
Dracula: Dead and Loving It (1995) (also actor/producer)
Leonard Sillman's New Faces of 1952 (1952) (sketches for a revue)
Shinbone Alley (1957) (co-book-writer)
All-American (1962) (book-writer)
The Producers (2001) (composer, lyricist, co-book-writer, producer; Tony Award for Best Musical, Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical, Tony Award for Best Original Score, Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics, Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical)
Young Frankenstein (2007) (composer, lyricist, co-book-writer, producer)
Other credits
Your Show of Shows (TV) (1950–1954) (writer)
New Faces of 1952 (Broadway) (1952) (writer) and "New Faces", the 1954 movie version (writer)
The Critic (created and narrated, won Academy Award for Best Animated Short movie) (1963)
Get Smart (TV) (1965–1970) (co-creator, writer)
The Electric Company (TV) (1971–1977) (voice of recurring little cartoon man who asks: "Who's the dummy writing this show?!")
Hollywood Squares (1972) (Guest star)
When Things Were Rotten (1975) (co-created, writer)
The Muppet Movie (1979) (Special Guest Star-Mad Scientist Professor Max Krassman)
The Elephant Man (1980) (uncredited executive producer)
To Be or Not to Be (1983) (actor, producer)
The Fly (1986) (uncredited producer)
The Fly II (1989) (uncredited producer)
The Nutt House (1989) (co-creator)
The Tracey Ullman Show (1990) (actor-Buzz Schlanger)
Look Who's Talking Too (1990) (voice of Mr. Toilet Man)
Frasier (1993) (voice of Tom)
Rugrats (1994)
The Little Rascals (1994) (actor-Mr. Welling)
Silence of the Hams (1994) (actor-Checkout Guest)
The Simpsons (1995, "Homer vs. Patty and Selma") (voice-himself)
Caesar's Writers (1996) (himself, panel member)
Mad About You (TV) (1996–1999) (actor-Uncle Phil)
The Prince of Egypt (1998) (uncredited, additional voices)
Svitati (AKA Screw Loose) (1999) (actor-Jake Gordon)
It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (voice of Joe Snow)
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius: Season 2 (2003) (voice of Santa Claus)
Jakers!
The Adventures of Piggley Winks (2003–2007) (voice of Wiley the Sheep)
Curb Your Enthusiasm: Season 4 (2004) (actor)
Robots (2005) (voice of Bigweld)
The Producers (2005) (writer, producer, cameo as himself)
Spaceballs: The Animated Series (2008) (writer, producer, voice)
Get Smart (2008) (Consultant)
The 2000 Year Old Man: The Complete History (2009) DVD
The Wizard of Oz (2012) (actor-The Wizard of Oz)
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is a national park in the U.S. state and island of Hawaii.
The park was created in 1916.
It includes The Mauna Loa, which is the Earth's biggest volcano, and Kilauea, the Earth's most active volcano.
The park shows the results of millions of years of volcanism, and evolution.
These processes produce bare land from the sea, and with complex and unique ecosystems, a distinct Ancient Hawaiian culture.
Kīlauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, and Mauna Loa is the biggest, it offers scientists with insights on the birth of the Hawaiian Islands, and can give visitors views of the dramatic volcanic landscapes.
Debris from the explosion was scattered over an area of .
A small amount of ash was also reported at a nearby community.
The explosion covered part of Crater Rim Drive and damaged Halemaumau overlook.
The explosion did not release any lava, which suggests to scientists that it was driven by hydrothermal or gas sources.
Geography of Hawaii
20th-century establishments in Hawaii
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a disease that affects about 300,000 people in the US every year, out of 30–50 million cases per year.
There is a vaccine that can prevent it, so most cases of it are in places where people cannot afford,  cannot get, or refuse to get the vaccine.
However, this vaccine does not work forever.
The disease lasts about 6 weeks, and symptoms include vomiting, violent coughing, and other flu-like symptoms.
It is called whooping cough for the sound an infected person makes when they cough.
Pertussis: new insights in diagnosis, incidence and clinical manifestations, F.G.A. Versteegh, Thesis, 2005
A deity is thought to be a powerful spirit that controls events and the nature of things.
Deities are also called gods.
A female god is often called a goddess.
The adjective of deity is ‘divine’.
This word comes from the Latin deus (female: dea).
Different religions believe in different deities.
Since there are many religions in the world there are many different ideas about how many deities there are, what they are, and what they can do.
Followers of many ancient religions and some modern religions believe in many deities, which is called polytheism.
The two largest religions on earth, Christianity and Islam, believe in only one God, which is called monotheism.
Deism is the belief that a deity exists, but that the deity does not very often change or never changes things in the universe.
Pantheism is the belief that the universe is the deity, while atheism is the belief that there are no deities.
From the Ancient Greek religion: Zeus, Apollo, Athena, Ares, Aphrodite, Poseidon, Hades, Thanatos, Dionysus, Hera, Artemis, Hephaestus, Hermes, nymph
From the Ancient Norse religion: Thor, Odin
From the Ancient Roman religion: Jupiter, Mars, Venus
From the Ancient Egyptian religion: Isis, Osiris, Horus, Thoth, Ra, Hathor,  bastet
From Christianity: Jesus, Yahweh, the Holy Spirit (Considered to Christians as the three parts of one God)
From Judaism: Hashem
From Hinduism: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna, Durga, Ganesha and many more.
From Buddhism: Deva
From Islam: Allah
From Shinto called kami: Amaterasu the Sun goddess, Inari the Fox god, Izanagi the first human, Ryuujin the Sea god, Shinigami the death gods, Susanoo the Storm god
From Deanism: Gaia
From an unknown religion Oriphine the Draconic Curiosity goddess
Odin (Old Norse: Óðinn) is the god of wisdom, poetry, death, divination, and magic in Norse mythology.
Son of Borr and the giantess (jötunn) Bestla, Odin is the chief of the Æsir and king of Asgard.
He is married to the goddess Frigg, and is father to the gods Thor, Baldr, Höðr, Víðarr, and Váli.
Known as the All-Father, Odin is often accompanied by two ravens, Huginn and Muninn, along the wolves Geri and Freki; the god rides into battle atop an eight-legged steed, Sleipnir, and wields the mighty spear Gungnir, which was fashioned for him by the dwarves known as the Sons of Ivaldi and is said to never miss its target.
A defining feature of Odin is his being one-eyed, a result of him having sacrificed an eye to drink from the Well of Urðr, which granted him an incomprehensible amount of knowledge of the universe.
Odin himself often receives counsel from the severed head of the being Mímir, which recites secret knowledge to him.
Half of the souls of those slain in battle will be guided by the Valkyries, battle maidens, to Valhalla, Odin's enormous and majestic hall: the other half go to Fólkvangr, Freyja's realm.
Odin was known in Old English as Wōden, in Old Saxon as Wōdan, and in Old High German as Wuotan or Wōtan, all of which stem from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic *wōđanaz.
The modern English weekday name Wednesday bears the god’s name. (
from Old English Wōdnesdæg, “Wōden’s day”).
Odin is the son of Borr and the jötunn Bestla.
He is married to the goddess Frigg, by whom he is the father of the twin gods Baldr and Höðr.
With the giantesses Gríðr and Rindr, Odin has two other sons named Víðarr and Váli.
His eldest son is Thor, god of thunder, born to him by Jörð, the personification of the Earth.
Related pics
Saturn - Roman mythology equivalent to Odin
Kronos - Greek equivalent to Odin
Odin -Citizendium
Norse gods and goddesses
Qazi Muhammad (1893-1947) was the Nationalist and Religious Kurdish leader and the Head of Republic of Mahabad (Republic of Kurdistan), the second modern Kurdish state in the Middle East (after Republic of Ararat).
He acted as the president of the Russian backed Republic of Mahabad, in Kurdistan of Iran (Eastern Kurdistan) in 1946.
He was also the founder of the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran.
A year later, the Kurdish national movement (Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd) that he helped organize was crushed by Iran's central government.
The Iranian military court sentenced him to death, and he was hanged in Chuwarchira Square in the center of city of Mahabad at   March 30 1947.
Mustafa Barzani, the father of nationalist Kurdish movement in Iraqi Kurdistan (Southern Kurdistan), was the defence minister in his cabinet.
One of his sons Ali Qazi is today an active member in the kurdish movement.
Brine is water that has more than 5% salt in it.
It is used for preserving food.
For this it is much like vinegar or sugar.
Brine is also used to transport heat.
Adding salt to water lowers the freezing point of the water.
The solubility of salt in water depends on temperature.
At 15.5 ° Celsius, a saturated solution of brine can hold 26.4 % salt by weight.
At 0°, it can hold 23.3% salt.
Fall of Constantinople (now called Istanbul).
France wins the Hundred Years' War against England.
The first printing press is made in Europe by Johann Gutenberg.
The Gutenberg Bible is the first book printed with movable type.
War of the Roses starts.
Queen Isabella of Castile
Christopher Columbus, Italian sailor
Leonardo da Vinci, Italian inventor
Girolamo Savonarola, Italian religious reformer
Murad II, Ottoman Sultan
John Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury
January 1 – London, Ontario is incorporated as a city.
January 23 – The first bridge over the Mississippi River opens in what is now Minneapolis, Minnesota, a crossing made today by the Father Louis Hennepin Bridge.
January 23 – The region of Wairarapa, New Zealand was hit by the strongest earthquake ever recorded in New Zealand, which reached Magnitude 8.1 on the Richter Scale.
There were five deaths.
January 29 – Lord Aberdeen resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom over the management of the Crimean War.
February 5 – Lord Palmerston becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
February 11 – Kassa Hailu is crowned Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia, by Abuna Salama III in a ceremony at the church of Derasge Maryam.
March 3 – US Congress appropriates $30,000 to create US Camel Corps
March 16 – Bates College in Lewiston, Maine was founded.
May 15 – The Great Gold Robbery of 1855 in England
June 29 – The Daily Telegraph begins publication
September 3 – Last Bartholomew Fair on London, England
September 11 – Sevastapol falls to the British troops
December 22 – Metropolitan Board of Works established.
Stamp duty was removed from newspapers in Britain creating mass market media in the UK.
The Panama Railway becomes the first railroad to connect the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean by rail as the railroad's route across Panama is completed.
May 10-Sri Yukteswar Giri, Indian guru
Aladdin is a fictional person from the story Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp, which is part of the Book of One Thousand and One Nights.
The young man Aladdin is told by a sorcerer (magician), who is pretending to be his uncle, to get him an oil lamp from a cave.
Aladdin gets the lamp, but the sorcerer tries to trick him.
So, Aladdin keeps the lamp for himself.
Aladdin learns that inside the lamp there is a djinn.
The djinn can fulfill every wish of the lamp's owner.
With the djinn's help, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries a princess.
The sorcerer returns and tricks Aladdin's wife into giving him the magic lamp.
Aladdin finds out that in a ring he has, there is another djinn.
This djinn helps Aladdin defeat the sorcerer, get back the magic lamp, and save his wife.
Adaptions (new versions of the story)
Nicolas Isouard wrote an opera from it in 1822.
There is a ballet version by Michael François Hoguet.
That version was done in 1854.
Wenzel Gährich contributed the music to the ballet version.
There is a film The Thief of Bagdad.
It was shot in 1940.
It was one of the first films to use Technicolor.
There is a Bollywood version Aladdin and Sinbad.
In it, both characters meet and participate in the adventures of each other.
The djinn is female.
In the end Aladdin marries her (rather than the princess).
Disney also made a version of Aladdin, who appeared in several adaptions.
In the Disney film Aladdin, he is a smart young thief in the fictional city of Agrabah.
He meets and falls in love with the Sultan's daughter, Jasmine, an independent soul who, much like Aladdin, wants to escape from her current life.
Jafar, the Sultan's evil advisor, tricks Aladdin into helping him find a magic lamp, which ends up with Aladdin and his monkey and friend, Abu.
The lamp's occupant is a lunatic, shape-shifting genie, who promises his master three wishes, and though he cannot make Jasmine fall in love with Aladdin – he can make things easier for him.
By making Aladdin look like rich and handsome Prince Ali, Aladdin does not impress the Princess, and discovers that it was his true self she liked him all along.
Using his own smartness and courage, Aladdin defeats Jafar and his evil plans, becoming a prince.
In Buddhism, Nirvana is the state of perfect peace free from reincarnation reached by not wanting more than you have.
It means happiness and peace.
It is every Buddhist's goal to achieve Nirvana.
The Buddha described it as:
Nibbana  - excerpts from the Pali Tripitaka defining Nirvana
"Nirvana Sutra": full English translation of the "Nirvana Sutra" and appreciation of its teachings.
Buddha - A Hero's Journey to Nirvana
Salvation Versus Liberation, A Buddhist View of Paradise Worlds
In-depth explanation of Nibbana according to the Pali Canon
Explanation of Nibbana according to dmc
Mind Like Fire Unbound - a discussion of fire imagery as used in the Buddha's time
A Buddhist practice based on the four stages of the Buddha's enlightenment that lead him to Nirvana
Nirvana - a modern scientific view.
Lahti is a city in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland.
Literally it means bay.
It is part of the province of Southern Finland.
As of April 2014, there were about 103,450 people living in Lahti.
Lahti was the eighth biggest city in Finland as of 31 August 2012.
The concert house Sibelius Hall () in Lahti is named after Jean Sibelius.
Many stars, including Antti Tuisku, have performed there.
Lahti's transport was big already at 14th century.
Lahti was first a village that belonged to Hollola.
It was been burned in 1877.
Lahti has been a city since 1905.
The population then was 2,779.
Population grow
The official Lahti page
The British Virgin Islands are part of the Virgin Islands, which are chain of islands in the Caribbean, the territory is part of the United Kingdom.
The British Virgin Islands are the Eastern half of the island chain, and they are a British Overseas Territory.
The British Virgin Islands has sixteen islands which people live on.
They have more than twenty  islands with no inhabitants (people).
Over 22,000 people live there, which is many fewer than the neighbouring United States Virgin Islands.
The capital city, Road Town, is on Tortola, one of the islands in the group.
Most of the people live on Tortola, but the other main inhabited islands (islands with people) are Anegada, Virgin Gorda and Jost Van Dyke.
The islands were originally lived in by Caribbean Indians called Arawaks.
By the time the first European explorers discovered the British Virgin Islands all of the Arawaks had left.
The first Europeans to try and settle in the British Virgin Islands were the Dutch, but the English came soon after and the English and the Dutch settlers used to fight.
The Spanish also claimed the islands, but no Spanish people ever tried to settle there.
But the Spanish did attack the British and Dutch settlers.
During the early years after European settlement the British Virgin Islands was a plantation economy which relied heavily upon slave labour.
After slavery was abolished in the British Virgin Islands there was a long period of decline and many people left.
Those who remained were mostly descended from African slaves, although many of them also left to try and find better lives elsewhere.
A new constitution was introduced in 2007.
It grants more control over everyday life to the Islanders, and lists the protection a person can expect from the government.
The head of Government in the British Virgin Islands is called the Premier, and he is in charge of a group of ministers of Government which is called the Cabinet.
Laws are passed by a group of elected politicians in the House of Assembly.
Most of the international relations are still dealt with by the British Government in London on behalf of the people of the British Virgin Islands.
Most people in the British Virgin Islands work in the tourist trade or in financial services.
There are also a small number of farmers and fishermen.
A visual guide to the British Virgin Islands
A lamp is a device that makes light and heat.
Lamps usually work with electricity, using a lightbulb.
In the United States, a lamp is usually considered a desk lamp or floor lamp.
Other sources of light are called 'lights', such as streetlights, flashlights, and headlights, which in some countries are called streetlamps, torches and headlamps.
Lava lamp (mostly used for decoration rather than lighting a room)
Pinocchio is a fictional character from the 1883 book The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi.
Pinocchio is a puppet, made by wood carver, Gepetto.
When he tells lies, his nose gets longer.
Pinocchio learns about being a real life boy and wants to be a real human being instead of a puppet made of wood and strings.
The most well-known version of the story is the 1940 animated Disney movie Pinocchio.
Diplomacy is the use of tact to gain strategic advantage or to find mutually acceptable solutions to a common challenge.
It may include the phrasing of statements in a non-confrontational, or polite manner.
Diplomacy often involves countries making an agreement with each other, such as a treaty.
Diplomacy is the talk between the representatives of states, such as their heads of state.
Sometimes, these talks are about trade or business, and sometimes they are about war and peace.
Diplomacy happens a lot when two or more countries fight.
Diplomats are people that are sent from their home country, to meet with and talk to diplomats and leaders of foreign countries.
An important type of diplomat is called an ambassador.
An ambassador lives in a foreign country and works in an embassy to be available for meetings with the government of that country.
Literature and sources
A History of Diplomacy (U. of Chicago Press, 2010)
Berridge, G. R. Diplomacy: Theory & Practice, 3rd edition, Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2005,
Cunningham, George.
Journey to Become a Diplomat: With a Guide to Careers in World Affairs FPA Global Vision Books 2005,
Dorman, Shawn, ed.
Inside a U.S. Embassy: How the Foreign Service Works for America by American Foreign Service Association, Second edition February 2003,
Callieres, Francois De.
The Practice of Diplomacy (1919)
Fischer, Roger and Ury, William L. Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In (1991)
Hill, Henry Bertram.
The Political Testament of Cardinal Richeleiu: The Significant Chapters and Supporting Selections (1964)
Kennan, George F. American Diplomacy (Walgreen Foundation Lectures) (1985)
Kissinger, Henry.
A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problem of Peace: 1812-1822 (1999)
Diplomacy (1999)
Kurbalija J. and Slavik H. eds.
Language and Diplomacy DiploProjects, Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, Malta, 2001, .
The volume contains collection of paper presented at the international conference.
Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy Dover Publications,
Metternich, Clemens von.
Mettetnich: The Autobiography, 1773-1815 (2005)
Nicolson, Sir Harold George.
Diplomacy (1988)
The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity: 1812-1822 (2001)
The Evolution of Diplomatic Method (1977)
Nierenberg, Gerard The Art of Negotiating
Rana, Kishan S. and Jovan Kurbalija, eds.
Foreign Ministries: Managing Diplomatic Networks and Optimizing Value DiploFoundation, 2007,
Rana, Kishan S.  The 21st Century Ambassador: Plenipotentiary to Chief Executive DiploFoundation,2004,
Roeder, Larry W.  "Diplomacy, Funding and Animal Welfare", Springer, Hamburg, 2011
Ernest Satow.
A Guide to Diplomatic Practice by Longmans, Green & Co. London & New York, 1917.
A standard reference work used in many embassies across the world (though not British ones).
Now in its fifth edition (1998)
The Embassador and His Functions (2010)
Jovan Kurbalija, Valentin Katrandjiev.
Multistakeholder diplomacy : challenges and opportunities.
Malta 2006,
Igor Janev, Diplomacy, IPS, Belgrade, 2013,
Diplopundit
Acellular or non-cellular life is life that exists without a cellular structure.
Some scientists say that a virus is a type of life form.
The state of México is one of the administrative divisions of the country of Mexico.
It is one of 32 administrative divisions.
It borders Hidalgo, Querétaro, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Michoacán, Morelos and Guerrero as well as Mexico City.
The capital of the state is Toluca.
Its biggest city is Ecatepec de Morelos, which borders Mexico Federal district.
Teotihuacan is also in this state.
It is about 21.355 km²  in surface.
About 14 million people live there as of 2005.
A yawn is a reflex.
It involves a large, long taking in of air, the stretching of eardrums as the jaw opens wide, and last a (sometimes loud) breathing out.
Pandiculation is the act of yawning and stretching simultaneously.
It is easy to see when someone is yawning, but no-one knows what its function is.
Yawning is commonly associated with tiredness, stress, overwork, lack of stimulation and boredom.
In humans, yawning is often triggered by others yawning (e.g. seeing a person yawning, talking to someone on the phone who is yawning) and is a typical example of positive feedback.
This "infectious" yawning has also been observed in chimpanzees and dogs.
Cats both yawn and stretch, though not necessarily at the same time.
Contagiousness
The yawn reflex has long been observed to be contagious.
In 1508, Erasmus wrote, "One man's yawning makes another yawn.,"
and the French proverbialized the idea to "Un bon bâilleur en fait bâillier deux." ("
One good gaper makes two others gape").
Often, if one person yawns, this may cause another person to "empathetically" yawn.
Observing another person's yawning face (especially his/her eyes), even reading, or thinking about yawning, or looking at a yawning picture can cause a person to yawn.
The immediate cause for contagious yawning may be the mirror neurons in the frontal cortex of certain vertebrates, which, upon being exposed to a stimulus, activates the same regions in the brain.
Mirror neurons have been proposed as a driving force for imitation which lies at the root of much human learning such as language acquisition.
Yawning may be an offshoot of the same imitative impulse.
Reasons, functions
Charles Darwin argued, in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, that if a behaviour was present in many cultures, then it must be inherited (wholly or partly).
All traits which appear in a wide range of animals must have some function which is supported (or was supported) by natural selection.
In most cases the function is obvious, but with yawning we do not know what that function is.
Suggestions have been made, but they do not seem to account for its widespread occurrence in mammals, and possibly in other vertebrates.
Other vertebrates
Because mammals have similar emotions, and can show their emotions very clearly, it is agreed that when they look as if they are yawning, it is yawning in every sense.
The reasons for this are similar to the reasons why we think other humans feel the same as us when the show the same signs.
Constantine I, a Roman (Byzantine) Emperor
Constantine, a movie with Keanu Reeves
fi:Konstantinus
Constantine Maroulis (born September 17 1975) is an American singer, actor and writer from New York.
He was on the popular television program American Idol.
With his past work experiences, he stands out from other American Idol singers.
Before he was on television, he sang in the rock band Pray for the soul of Betty.
Right now, he is taking a break from his band to sing on his own.
He is the first Idol alum to sign a contract for the making of a new television sitcom.
American Idol contestants
is an American actor, musician, singer and writer.
Lennon was born on October 9, 1975 at New York Hospital in New York City, He is the son of John Lennon and his second wife Yoko Ono.
He is Japanese on his mother's side and English, Welsh and Irish on his father's side.
This makes him Eurasian.
He has the same birthday as his father.
Lennon is currently dating model/musician Charlotte Muel.
Lennon had been engaged to musican Bijou Phillips.
Groups involved in
Lennon has worked  with Mark Ronson and childhood friend Jordan Galland.
A Eurasian person is a person of mixed European and Asian descent or mixed parentage (someone with one Caucasian parent and one Asian parent).
In Hawaii, the term hapa is used.
Eurasian people can also mean people who live in Europe or Asia, or by the Ural Mountains
Ethnic groups in Asia
Wallonia (, ) or the Walloon Region (French: Région wallonne) is a French-speaking region in the south of Belgium.
Its official languages are French (98%) and German (2%).
Many people understand the local language Walloon, some still speak it, and few people write it.
German is spoken mainly in the area of the German-speaking Community of Belgium.
The capital of the region is Namur.
Other important cities are: Liège, Charleroi, Mons, Tournai and Verviers.
Wallonia is one of three regions in Belgium.