the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Nathan thinks he is out of luck, until he hears that the famous gambler Sky Masterson is in town.
He bets Sky one thousand dollars that he cannot get Sarah Brown, a missionary, to go to Havana, Cuba with him.
Because Sarah is very religious and moralistic, Nathan thinks she will never agree to go with him.
Nathan has another problem.
He has been engaged to a woman named Adelaide for fourteen years, but they still are not married.
Adelaide is so frustrated with him that she comes down with a cold.
She tells him that if he does not marry her, she will leave him.
Nathan promises to marry her, but then realizes that the night he said he would meet her is the same night as the dice game.
He does not marry her, and Adelaide is extremely angry with him.
She tells him she never wants to see him again.
Meanwhile, Sarah's mission is about to be closed down unless she can have it filled for a midnight prayer meeting later that week.
Sky hears about this and makes a deal with her.
If she goes to Havana with him, he will persuade the men he knows to go to the prayer meeting.
Because Sarah is desperate, she accepts his offer.
At first Sky is only taking her to Havana to win the bet, and Sarah is only going with him to save her mission, but while they are in Havana they fall in love.
As Sky is saying goodbye to her, Nathan and the other gamblers run out of the mission, where they had been holding the dice game.
Sarah thinks he only took her to Havana to get her away from the mission so Nathan could have the game there, and she is very angry with him.
Sky is still in love with Sarah, so he decides to keep his part of the deal.
He makes a bet with all the gamblers.
If he loses, he will give each of the gamblers a thousand dollars.
If he wins, they will have to go to the prayer meeting.
Sky wins the bet, and Sarah's mission is saved.
Sarah realizes that he really does care about her.
Later, Sarah meets Adelaide.
They talk about Nathan and Sky and realize that they are both in love.
Sarah decides to marry Sky, and Adelaide decides to marry Nathan.
, real name  (born January 7, 1948 in Tokyo), is a Japanese singer, composer, voice actor and actor.
He is best known for his anime and tokusatsu such as Mazinger Z, Great Mazinger, Kamen Rider and Metal Hero series.
Ichiro Mizuki began his solo career in 1968, although his first single "Kimi ni sasageru Boku no Uta" was released as this song was composed by Kanae Wada.
Later, he starts to sing his theme song during the 1970s.
His first anime song called Genshi Shounen Ryuu was released in 1971 as the opening theme from the animated television series Genshi Shounen Ryuu.
Then he released many other anime and tokusatsu songs from Super Robot, Science Fiction, Sports, Kamen Rider, Metal Hero and Super Sentai series.
Ichiro Mizuki has been sang more than 1000 songs since his anison debut.
From August 30 to August 31, 1999, he held a 1000-song concert in duration of 24 hours.
Also the success of his 1000-song concert has become a legend in Japan.
Ichirou Mizuki Official Site
Ichiro Mizuki Official English Language Website
Ichiro Mizuki at the Anison Database
Ichiro Mizuki at the Anime News Network
Ichiro Mizuki  at the Henshin Hall of Fame
It was constructed about 90 CE and enlarged until about 210.
Then the Romans left it after 260.
It is estimated that it was home to a cohors equitata, about 500 cavalry and infantry, to protect the access to the Rhine-Main valley from the Germanic tribes in the North.
Eventually it decayed, and its stones were used as a quarry.
In 1897 Wilhelm II ordered that it was rebuilt.
Today the Saalburg houses a museum and is a center for Roman archeology.
It is located between Bad Homburg and Wehrheim, some 30 km north of Frankfurt am Main.
As part of the Upper Germanic Limes the Saalburg belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage sites since 15.
July 2005.
Saalburgmuseum
Buildings and structures in Hesse
Kesha Wizzart (22 October 1988 – 12 July 2007) was an English singer.
She was a contestant on the television programme Stars In Their Eyes.
She was born in Manchester.
Wizzart was murdered on 12 July 2007, along with her mother Beverley and brother Fred.
It happened in their home in Manchester.
The investigators found injuries to their heads.
The next day, a search for the suspect Pierre Williams was started.
He was arrested on 14 July, convicted and received three life sentences.
TV show teenager is victim of triple murder – Retrieved from Sky News
Black English musicians
People murdered in England
Naming very small numbers is the same as naming very big numbers, but with one important difference.
There is a minus sign over what the 10 in the formula is raised to.
So if one wanted to write 0.007 in shorthand form, they would write it 7 x 10−3 since 7 is the third digit after the decimal point (the zero in front of the decimal point does not count).
Naming a very small number with lots of different numbers inside it is the same as doing it with a very big number, but again with that one difference of the minus sign.
So 0.0000452 would become 4.52 x 10−5 (0.0000452 --> 4.52 x 0.00001 --> 4.52 x 10−5).
The Military of ancient Rome (known to the Romans as the militia) means all military forces of Ancient Rome from the founding of the city of Rome to the end of the Western Roman Empire.
Originally there was only the Roman army, but a small navy was added during the Second Samnite War, around 320 BC.
The Roman military was an important part of the Roman state.
Josephus describes the Roman people as "as if born ready armed".
It has a history of more than 1300 years.
Roman armies fought in Parthia as well as in Africa, and in - what was in that time the far north - the British Isles.
After a series of reforms, the army became highly trained, and was well equipped in the middle of the Roman Imperial period.
The Romans also had a powerful navy that ruled the Mediterranean and the European Atlantic coast.
In the late Imperial period the military's numbers were significantly increased to cover the borders and keep internal peace.
The circumstances of the Empire had changed; the Western Roman Empire now relied heavily on units of mostly Germanic tribes living within the borders, who fought in the name of Rome during the Migration Period.
Livy, The Rise of Rome, Oxford University Press, 1998
Polybius, History, Book 6
Tacitus, The Histories, Book V
Gibbon E., The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Penguin, 1985
Goldsorthy A., In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003
Grant, M., The History of Rome, Faber and Faber, 1993
Heather, P., The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History, MacMillan, 2005
Jones, The Later Roman Empire,Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964
Lane Fox, Robin, The Classical World, Penguin, 2005
Luttwak, E., The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Johns Hopkins
Matyszak, P., The Enemies of Rome, Thames and Hudson, 2004
Santosuosso, A., Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire, Westview Press, 2001
UNRV's Roman Military
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
Military Resources
Armamentarium bibliography
The Ancient Warfare Articles of Smith's Dictionary, Bill Thayer's Lacus Curtius site.
A Roman legion  was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army in the period of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.
It was roughly equivalent to the modern word division.
In the plural, the legions, it may mean the entire Roman army.
A legion was about 5,000 men in several cohorts of heavy infantry (legionaries).
It was usually accompanied by attached units of auxiliaries, who were not Roman citizens.
They provided cavalry, ranged troops and skirmishers to complement the legion's heavy infantry.
The size of a typical legion varied during the history of ancient Rome.
It had a complement of 4,200 legionaries in the republican period of Rome.
In the imperial period, the full complement was 5,500 men split into 10 cohorts of 480 men each.
The first cohort was at double strength with 800 men.
The remaining 220 were 120 cavalry plus technical staff.
Rome did not have a standing army until the reforms of Gaius Marius about 107 BC.
Legions instead were created, used, and disbanded again.
In the time of the early Roman Empire, there were usually about 25–35 standing legions plus their auxiliaries, with more raised as needed.
Greek phalanx
The development of the early legion may be seen as a Roman version of the Greek phalanx formation.
Until the 4th century BC the massive Greek phalanx was the mode of battle.
Roman soldiers would have thus looked much like Greek hoplites.
Tactics were no different from those of the early Greeks and battles were joined on a plain.
Spearmen would deploy themselves in tightly packed rows to form a shield wall with their spears pointing forwards.
There were now three lines of soldiers when in battle formation.
Roman soldiers had to purchase their own equipment.
Equites (cavalry): The cavalry was originally the most prestigious unit, where wealthy young Roman men displayed their skill and prowess, laying the foundation for an eventual political career.
In a total of circa 3000 men, (plus the velites that normally enlarged the number to about 4200), the legion had only around 300 horsemen, divided into 10 units (turmae) of 30 men.
These men were commanded by decurions.
In addition to heavy cavalry, there would be the light cavalry.
In battle, they were used to disrupt and outflank enemy infantry formations and to fight off enemy cavalry.
In the latter type of engagement they would often (though not always) dismount some or all of the horsemen to fight a stationary battle on foot, an unusual tactic for the time, but one that offered significant advantages in stability and agility in a time before stirrups.
Velites (light infantry): The velites were mainly poorer citizens who could not afford to equip themselves properly.
Their primary function was to act as skirmishers – javelin-throwers who would engage the enemy early in order either to harass them or to cover the movement of troops behind them.
Heavy infantry: This was the principal unit of the legion.
The heavy infantry was composed of citizen legionaries that could afford the equipment composed of an iron helmet, shield, armour and pilum, a heavy javelin whose range was about 30 meters.
After 387 B.C. the preferred weapon was the gladius, a short sword.
Their hobnailed sandals were also an effective weapon against a fallen enemy.
The heavy infantry was subdivided, according to experience, into three separate lines of troops:
The hastati (sing.
hastatus) consisted of raw or inexperienced soldiers, considered to be less reliable than legionaries of several years' service.
The principes (sing.
princeps) were men in their prime (late twenties to early thirties).
The triarii (sing.
triarius) were the veteran soldiers, to be used in battle only in extreme situations; they rested one knee down when not engaged in combat.
The triarii served primarily as reserves or barrier troops to backstop the hastati and principes.
They had long hastae (spears) rather than the pilum and gladius.
Thus armed, they fought in a phalanx formation.
The sight of an advancing armored formation of triarii legionaries frequently discouraged exultant enemies in pursuit of retreating hastati and principes troops.
To fall upon the triarii was a Roman idiom – meaning to use one's last resort.
Each of these three lines was subdivided into maniples, each consisting of two centuries of 60 men commanded by the senior of the two centurions.
Centuries were normally 60 soldiers each at this time in the hastati and principes (no longer 100 men).
The mid Republican legion had a nominal strength of about 4500 men.
Later on the legions were made up of 80 strong centuries.
Each century had its standard and was made up of ten units of eight soldiers who shared a tent, millstone, a mule and cooking pot (depending on duration of tour).
Late Republic
Throughout Rome's Late Republic, the legions played an important political role.
By the 1st century BC the threat of the legions under a demagogue was recognized.
Roman Governors were not allowed to leave their provinces with their legions.
When Julius Caesar broke this rule, leaving his province of Gaul and crossing the Rubicon into Italy, he precipitated a constitutional crisis.
This crisis and the civil wars which followed brought an end to the Republic and led to the foundation of the Empire under Augustus in 27 BC.
Early Empire (30 BC-284 AD)
11,000 downwards.
The more prestigious legions were stationed on hostile borders or in restive provinces tending to have more auxiliaries.
Some legions may have been reinforced with units making the force near 15,000–16,000 or about the size of a modern division.
The legion was commanded by a legate.
Aged about thirty, he would usually be a senator on a three year appointment.
Immediately subordinate to the legate would be six appointed military tribunes.
Five would be staff officers and the remaining one would be a noble heading for the Senate — originally this tribune commanded the legion.
There would also be a group of officers for the medical staff, the engineers, record-keepers, the praefectus castrorum (commander of the camp) and other specialists such as priests and musicians.
Despite a number of reforms, the legionary system survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and was continued in the Eastern Roman Empire until around 7th century.
The Eastern Roman/Byzantine armies continued to be influenced by the earlier Roman legions, and were maintained with similar level of discipline, strategic prowess, and organization.
Centurions
Centurions were the glue which held a Roman legion together.
They were the full-time professional officers of the Roman army.
The basic centurion commanded (usually) 83 men rather than 100.
They rose in rank by commanding ever more important centuries.
The very best centurions were promoted to become centurions in the First Cohort, called Primi Ordines, commanding one of its ten centuries and also taking on a staff role.
The most senior centurion of the legion was the Primus Pilus who commanded the first century.
Only eight officers in  a full legion outranked him.
Five tribunes
The Camp Prefect
the Senior Tribune (second-in-command)
The Legate (commander)
History of the Art of War.
Vol 1.
Ancient Warfare, Hans Delbrück
Roman Warfare, Adrian Goldsworthy
History of Warfare, John Keegan
The Roman Army and Greece and Rome at War, Peter Connolly
The Encyclopedia Of Military History: From 3500 B.C. To The Present. (
2nd Revised Edition 1986), R. Ernest Dupuy, and Trevor N. Dupuy.
War, Gwynne Dyer.
The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare, Trevor N. Dupuy.
Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari (with English translation on-line)
Julius Caesar, The Gallic War
William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875.
The Punic Wars, Adrian Goldsworthy.
Carnage and Culture, Victor Davis Hanson
The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, by Arther Ferrill, 1988
The Complete Roman Army, by Adrian Goldsworthy
The Military System Of The Romans, by Albert Harkness
From the Rise of the Republic and the Might of the Empire to the Fall of the West, by Nigel Rodgers
The Roman Military Museum with ancient military equipment
The Roman Army Page , Gary Brueggeman (pop-up ads)
Essays on life in the Late Roman Army , troop types  etc.
by members of the Comitatus Reenactmen and Living history group.
The Roman Army at Roman-Empire.net
Lego V Living History Group in Tennessee
Roman Legion
List of Roman legions (disambiguation page)
Legion of the United States
33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French) (French Legion)
Ostlegionen
Foreign legion
Spanish Foreign Legion
Other legions
Arab Legion
Black Legion
British Legion
An alpha helix (α-helix) is a twisted part of a protein.
It is one of the two most common parts of the secondary structure, or shape, of a protein.
The other is the beta sheet.
An alpha helix is created by alternating groups of atoms.
There is a carbonyl group, created by a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom, and an amine group, created by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.
Each section containing one of each of these groups is called a residue, a general term for a small part of a molecule.
Each amine group forms a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl group four residues earlier.
A prion is a protein that causes disease by changing the shape of another protein.
It does this by changing some of the alpha helices, which are more common in normal cells, to beta sheets, which are more common in prions.
The alpha helix consists of 3.6 residues per turn.
All hydrogen bonds face in the same direction.
If two or more alpha helices come together, they become a tertiary structure. (
Five alpha helices arranged into a barrel shape)
After World War II Nazi Germany west of the Oder-Neisse line was divided into four occupation zones.
This had been agreed in London in September 1944.
They were occupied by the allied powers who defeated Germany (the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States) and by France.
This was done for administrative purposes during the period 1945-1949.
In the closing weeks of fighting in Europe the American forces had actually pushed beyond the previously agreed upon occupation zone boundaries, sometimes by as much as 200 miles.
After about two months of holding certain areas meant to be in the Soviet zone, the American forces withdrew during July 1945.
Post-WWII commanders/governors of Germany
1949 disestablishments
1945 establishments in Germany
1940s disestablishments in Germany
Topaz is a silicate mineral.
Along with silicate, it includes the chemical elements aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2.
Color and varieties
Pure topaz is colorless and transparent but they usually have colors made by small impurities.
The typical topaz is wine, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, or blue brown.
It can also be made white, pale green, blue, gold, or pink (rare).
Orange topaz, also known as precious topaz, is the traditional November birthstone, the symbol of friendship, and the state gemstone for the US state of Utah.
Imperial topaz is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange.
Some imperial topaz stones can fade if they are exposed too much in the sunlight.
Blue topaz is the US state Texas' gemstone.
Mystic topaz is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated, making it rainbow-colored.
Pink Topaz, Biblical Topaz References Farlang – gem information and full text historical references
Topaz and other minerals found at Topaz Mountain, Juab County , Utah Geological Survey
Beautiful is a song from Christina Aguilera's fourth album Stripped.
It was written by Linda Perry.
It was released late in 2002.
It was the second single from Stripped.
In 2004, the character Damian sang the song at the school's talent show in Mean Girls.
Music video for "Beautiful"
Christina Aguilera songs
The fundamental theorem of algebra is a proven fact about polynomials, sums of multiples of integer powers of one variable.
It is based on mathematical analysis, the study of real numbers and limits.
It was first proven by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.
It says that for any polynomial  with the degree , where , the polynomial equation  must have at least one root , and not more than  roots altogether.
the degree  of a polynomial is the highest power of  that occurs in it
some of the roots may be complex numbers
it is possible to 'count' a root  twice, if  is still a root of the polynomial ; if you will 'count' the roots in this way, then the polynomial  with degree  has exactly  roots
it is not a theorem of pure algebra.
It is not possible to prove this theorem without an element of analysis.
This element has been reduced to the observation that, firstly, for polynomial functions  of odd degree the pair of values  and  has opposite positive and negative signs when  is large enough.
And secondly, that any polynomial function  on the real line that takes positive and negative values for  has to cross  axis.
R.E.M. is an American rock band.
It was formed in Athens, Georgia in 1980.
R.E.M. was one of the first popular alternative rock bands.
R.E.M. released its first single, "Radio Free Europe" in 1981.
The lead singer of the band was Michael Stipe.
During the 1980s, R.E.M. were one of the most important rock bands in the campus radio movement.
They became successful internationally in 1987, when they released the songs, "The One I Love" and "It's The End Of The World As We Know It (And I Feel Fine)".
They were very popular in the early 1990s and broke-up in 2011.
They have been inducted in to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Associated With
R.E.M. has been associated with many different bands within the years.
Most of them from different parts of the world.
Mercury Return
Dude3
Microband
Michael Stipe (REM lead singer)
Mike Mills (REM base guitar player)
Peter Buck (REM lead guitar player)
Bill Berry (REM dummer 1979 - 1997)
William Thomas (REM drummer from 1998)
Neil Young (REM guitarist on "Country Feedback" at Bridge School Benefit Festival - 17, 18 & 19 October 1998)
Thom Yorke (REM guitarist and backing singer on "E-Bow The Letter" at Tibetan Freedom Concert - 14 June 1998
Michael Casi
Foot Fighters
Stipe: R.E.M. Tribute Band
Monster: R.E.M. Tribute Band
Drive: R.E.M. Tribute Band
Dead Letter Office: R.E.M. Tribute Band
Albums & DVDs
Chronic Town (1982)
Murmur (1983)
Reckoning (1984)
Fables of the Reconstruction (1985)
Lifes Rich Pageant (1986)
Dead Letter Office (1987)
Document (1987)
Green (1988)
Tourfilm (1989)
Parallel (1990)
The Best Of R.E.M. - IRS Years (1991)
Out of Time (1991)
Automatic for the People (1992)
Monster (1994)
New Adventures In Hi-Fi (1995)
Road Movie (1996)
Up (1998)
Man on the Moon Soundtrack (1999)
Rock In Rio (2001)
Live at Cologne (2001)
Reveal (2001)
In Time: The Best Of R.E.M. 1988 - 2003 (2003)
T In The Park (2003)
Perfect Square (2004)
iTunes Origanals (2004)
Around the Sun (2004)
The Best Of R.E.M. - IRS Years #2 (2006)
Album:#9 Dream (2007)
R.E.M. Live (2007)
Live at the Olympia (2007)
Accelerate (2008)
Oxygen [Five Songs] (2008)
Movistar Arena - 3 November 2008 (2009)
Austin City Limits (2010)
Part Lies, Part Truth, Part Heart, Part Garbage (2011)
Collapse into Now (2011)
Unplugged: The Complete 1991 and 2001 Sessions (2014)
Complete Rarities: Warner Bros. 1988 - 2011 (2014)
REMTV (2014)
Permanent Vacation (1980)
Bubblegum Pop (1981)
Wolves, Lower (1981)
Radio Free Europe (1982)
Talk About The Passion (1983)
Perfect Circle (1983)
We Walk (1984)
Haborcoat (1984)
7 Chinese Bros. (1984)
Pretty Persuasion (1984)
Central Rain (1985)
(Don't Go Back To) Rockville (1985)
Little America (1985)
Feeling Gravity's Pull (1985)
Maps and Legands (1985)
Hyena (1985)
Begin the Begin (1986)
These Days (1987)
Fall on Me (1987)
Cuyahoga (1987)
Superman (1987)
Burning Hell (1987)
Welcome To The Occupation (1987)
Finest Worksong (1988)
Pop Song 89 (1988)
Get Up (1988)
You Are The Everything (1988)
Stand (1989)
World Leader Pretend (1989)
I Remember California (1989)
Eleven Untitled Track (1989)
Radio Song (1991)
Losing My Religion (1991)
Country Feedback (1992)
Me In Honey (1992)
Try Not To Breathe (1992)
The Sidewinder Sleeps Tonite (1992)
Drive (1993)
Everybody Hurts (1993)
Crush With Eyeliner (1993)
What's the Frequency, Kenneth? (
Electrolite (1994)
Tongue (1995)
Bang and Blame (1995)
How The West Was Won And Where It Got Us (1995)
The Wake-Up Bomb (1995)
Undertow (1995)
Binky The Doormat (1995)
Bittersweet Me (1995)
Be Mine (1996)
So Fast, So Numb (1996)
Airportman (1997)
Lotus (1998)
Suspicion (1999)
Falls to Climb (1999)
The Great Beyond (2000)
The Lifting (2000)
I've Been High (2001)
All The Way To Reno (2001)
She Just Wants To Be (2001)
Imitation of Life (2002)
Animal (2003)
Bad Day (2003)
The Worst Joke Ever (2003)
Leaving New York (2005)
Electron Blue (2005)
Living Well Is The Best Revenge (2008)
Man-sized Wreath (2009)
Discoverer (2010)
ÜBerlin (2012)
Buckley, David.
R.E.M.: Fiction: An Alternative Biography.
Virgin, 2002.
Platt, John (editor).
The R.E.M. Companion: Two Decades of Commentary.
Schirmer, 1998.
Fletcher, T. Remarks: the story of R.E.M. Omnibus, 1989. .
Gray, M. It crawled from the South: an R.E.M. companion.
Guinness, 1992. .
Sullivan, Denise.
Talk About the Passion: R.E.M.: An Oral Biography.
Underwood-Miller, 1994.
Official R.E.M. website
If something is finite, it means it will end.
The opposite is infinite.
There are many uses of this word, for example:
A finite number is a number which is not equal to ; all real numbers are finite.
A finite set is a set that has a certain number of elements.
A finite verb is a term from linguistics that means that a verb is of a form that tells person and tense.
fr:Fini
it:Finito
For the historical people of Israel, see Israelites.
The State of Israel is a country in southwestern Asia on the eastern side of the Mediterranean Sea.
Israel became an independent country in 1948.
Israel is the only Jewish country, and Jews all over the world think of Israel as their spiritual home.
Israel's population was 8.1 million people in 2013 and 6.04 million are Jewish.
Almost all the other citizens of Israel are Arab (1.6 million) and include Muslims, Christians, Druze, and Samaritans.
Israel's largest city is Jerusalem.
Israel's capital city is Jerusalem (limited recognition).
Most countries keep embassies in Tel Aviv.
Israel is a small country, but it has mountains, deserts, shores, valleys and plains.
The climate is hot and rainless in the summers with high humidity in the coastal plain and lower elevations, and cool and rainy in the winters, rarely going below freezing temperatures.
Israel has few natural resources and imports more goods than it exports.
It has a relatively high standard of living and life expectancy.
Almost all of its people can read and write.
According to the Democratic Index, Israel is the only democratic republic in the Middle East.
According to Freedom House, both Israel and Tunisia are the only full democracies in the Greater Middle East.
It has a long history of conflict with Palestine.
The country's history goes back thousands of years, to ancient times.
Two world religions, Judaism and Christianity, began here.
It is the place where the Jewish nation and religion first grew.
Jews and Christians call it the Holy Land, because it is the place of many events described in the Bible, and because some commandments of Jewish law can be accomplished only on its soil.
Premodern
From the time of the first Jewish patriarch Abraham four thousand years ago, the land now called Israel were populated by Canaanites and other Semitic peoples.
Around 1400 BCE, another Semitic people, called the Hebrews, settled in Canaan under the leadership of Moses and Joshua.
They were named the “Children of Israel” or “Israelites”: which were divided into 12 tribes.
A few centuries later, the Hebrews made Saul, as their leader.
The next king, David, began the Kingdom of Israel in about 1000 BCE and made the city of Jerusalem his capital.
His son, Solomon, built the first Temple for the worship of their God.
Solomon died in about 928 BCE.
His kingdom broke into two countries.
The northern country kept the name Israel.
The southern country, called Judah, kept Jerusalem as its capital.
The Assyrians conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 732 BCE and the Babylonians conquered the Kingdom of Judah in 586 BCE and destroyed Solomon's Temple.
Many Jews returned from Babylonia and built a country again and rebuilt the Temple.
First the Persians, then the Greeks and then the Romans ruled the Land of Israel.
The Jews fought against the Romans but the Romans defeated them.
In 70 CE, the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and the Second Jewish Temple there.
Again, in 135 CE, the Romans defeated the Jews and killed or took many of them to other places.
The number of Jews living in Israel became much smaller.
Many were forced to live in other countries.
This spreading of Jewish communities outside of Israel is called the Diaspora.
Many of the Jews who remained moved to the Galilee.
Jewish teachers wrote important Jewish books, called the Mishnah and part of the Talmud there, in the 2nd to 4th centuries CE.
The Romans began to call this region by the word that became Palestine in English.
The Roman and then the Byzantine empires ruled until 635 CE, when Arabs conquered the region.
Different Arab rulers, and for a while Crusaders, ruled the land.
In 1516, the Ottoman Empire conquered the land and ruled the region until the 20th century.
Since the Diaspora, there have been many attempts to make a new homeland for the Jewish people.
In the 1880s, this wish for a Jewish nation in Israel became a movement called Zionism.
Jews from all over the world began to come to the area and settled in desert zones, then governed by the Turkish and later by the British Governments.
On 14 May 1948, British control over Palestine ended.
The Jewish inhabitants (under the leadership of David Ben-Gurion) declared independence for the new Jewish state.
Immediately following Israel's declaration of independence, the armies of several nearby countries – including Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq – attacked the new country.
Since the 1980s, Israel's main military opponents have been Islamist groups, such as Hezbollah.
The countries of Lebanon and Syria are to the north of Israel; Jordan is on the east; and Egypt is to the southwest.
Israel also controls the West Bank of the Jordan River.
Israel has a long coastline on the Mediterranean Sea.
In the south, the town of Eilat is on the Gulf of Aqaba, which is part of the Red Sea.
The Galilee is a fertile and mountainous region in the north.
There is a flat plain called the Coastal Plain to the west, near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
The Negev Desert is a barren area of flat plains, mountains, and craters in the south.
There is a range of mountains in the center that runs from the north to south.
On the eastern side, there is a low area called a depression.
The Hula Valley and the Sea of Galilee are in this low area in the north.
The Jordan River runs from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea.
The land next to the Dead Sea is the lowest in the world.
It is -426 meters below sea level.
The weather is normally hot and dry in the summer and mild to cool in the winter.
Rain falls mostly in the winter (between the months of November and April).
There is more rain in the north than in the south, and hardly any rain in the desert.
Snow falls in higher elevations.
Israel built a very big irrigation system to bring water from the north to the dry areas in the south so that crops can grow there also.
Jerusalem is the biggest city in Israel.
Tel Aviv, Haifa, Beersheba and Rishon LeZion are also large cities.
Israel says that its capital city is Jerusalem.
Most countries do not recognize that.
They treat Tel Aviv as the capital.
National government
All Israeli citizens who are 18 years or older may vote.
The Israeli parliament is called the Knesset.
The Knesset has 120 members.
Each member is elected for no more than four years at a time.
The Knesset makes laws, helps decide national policy, and approves budgets and taxes.
Voters do not vote for individual candidates in Knesset elections.
Instead, they vote for a party.
This party makes a list with all its candidates.
The list may have only one candidate or as many as 120 candidates.
In an election, the percentage of the vote that each list wins decides how many representatives, or seats, the party gets in the Knesset.
For example, if a party list gets 33 percent of the vote, it gets 40 Knesset seats.
Israel has no written constitution.
Instead, the Knesset made "Basic Laws".
The Basic Laws say how the government must work and give civil rights to the citizens.
The Prime Minister is the head of Israel's government.
He or she is usually the leader of the party that has the most seats in the Knesset.
The prime minister must keep the support of a majority of Knesset members to stay in office.
He or she appoints ministers to the cabinet.
The Knesset approves appointments to the Cabinet.
The ministers are responsible for subjects such as education, defense, and social welfare.
The prime minister is the head of the cabinet and decides the topics of cabinet meetings and makes the final decisions.
Naftali Bennett has been the Prime Minister since June 2021.
The Knesset elects the president for seven years.
Most of the president's duties are ceremonial: The president signs laws and treaties approved by the Knesset, appoints judges, and members of some public organizations.
He or she also accepts the documents from ambassadors and foreign diplomats bring when they are appointed.
Isaac Herzog has been the President since July 2021.
Israel has many political parties, with a large variety of opinions.
In the elections of 2020, 20 parties won seats in the Knesset.
The parties belong to three main groups.
The biggest groups are the Zionist parties.
These include the conservative liberals, such as HaLikud; social democrats, such as HaAvoda (Labor Party); and the religious Zionists.
There are also smaller religious Orthodox Jewish parties, special-interest parties, and Israeli Arab parties.
A single party usually does not win enough seats in the Knesset by itself to have a majority, so one of the bigger parties asks for support from the other parties, including the religious parties, to form a coalition government.
This gives these parties a lot of power although they are small.
The Likud supports free market policies and limited government involvement in the economy.
Likud  believes strongly in protecting Israel's security.
It wants to give less away in the peace process for a negotiated agreement with the Palestinians and the Arab states.
The Labor Party supports government control of the economy, but also believes in a limited amount of free enterprise.
The party says it will give more away for an agreement with the Palestinians and the Arab states.
Current Knesset is the 24th Knesset, sworn in on April 6, 2021.
Current government is the Bennett-Lapid Government, installed on June 13, 2021.
At independence, Israel was a poor country with little agricultural or industrial production.
But Israel's economy has grown tremendously since 1948.
The nation now enjoys a very high standard of living, despite having few natural resources and a limited water supply.
Many immigrants came to Israel in the years immediately after independence.
Many of these immigrants were skilled laborers and professionals who greatly aided the nation's economic development.
Many of Israel's service industry workers are employed by the government or by businesses owned by the government.
Government workers provide many of the services that are needed by Israel's large immigrant population, such as housing, education, and job training.
Tourism is one of the country's important sources of income.
Tourists visit many archaeological, historical, and religious sites; museums; nature reserves; and beach resorts in Israel.
Tourists support many of Israel's service industries, especially trade, restaurants, and hotels.
Approximately 4 million tourists visited Israel in 2018.
Israeli factories produce such goods as chemical products, electronic equipment, fertilizer, paper, plastics, processed foods, scientific and optical instruments, textiles, and clothing.
The cutting of imported diamonds is a major industry.
Government-owned plants manufacture equipment used by Israel's large armed forces.
Israel is the world's largest exporter of drones.
Tel Aviv and Haifa are Israel's major manufacturing centers.
Agriculture formerly employed a much larger percentage of Israel's workforce.
But much of the work once performed by people is now performed by machines.
Important agricultural products include citrus and other fruits; eggs; grain; poultry; and vegetables.
The government develops, helps finance, and controls agricultural activity, including fishing and forestry.
Israel produces most of the food it needs to feed its people, except for grain.
Agricultural exports provide enough income to pay for any necessary food imports.
Most Israeli farmers use modern agricultural methods.
Water drawn from the Sea of Galilee irrigates large amounts of land in Israel.
Most Israeli farms are organized as moshavim or kibbutzim.
Israel also has some private farms.
The Dead Sea, the world's saltiest body of water, is Israel's leading source of minerals.
Bromine, magnesium, potash and table salt are extracted from the sea.
Potash, used mainly in fertilizers, is the most important mineral.
In the Negev Desert, there are mines for phosphates, copper, clay, and gypsum.
Israel has few energy sources.
It has no coal deposits or hydroelectric power resources, and only small amounts of crude oil and natural gas.
As a result, Israel depends on imported crude oil for gasoline and diesel for transportation, and coal producing electricity for its energy needs.
Solar energy – energy from the sun – is used widely to heat water for houses.
Israel is developing other ways to use solar energy to power houses and factories.
In 2008, Israel began investing in building electric cars and the stations to charge them.
There may also be large natural gas fields in the Mediterranean Sea that Israel could develop.
For 2006, Israeli exports grew by 11% to just over $29 billion; the hi-tech sector accounted for $14 billion, a 20% increase from the previous year.
Because it has few natural resources, Israel imports more goods than it exports.
The country's main imports include chemicals, computer equipment, grain, iron and steel, military equipment, petroleum products, rough diamonds, and textiles.
Israel's main exports are chemical products, citrus fruits, clothing, electronic equipment, fertilizers, polished diamonds, military equipment, and processed foods.
The nation's main trading partners include the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg); Germany; Italy; Switzerland; the United Kingdom; and the United States.
Israel has a well-developed transportation system.
Most middle-class Israeli families either own a car or have one provided by their employer.
Paved roads reach almost all parts of the country.
Public transportation both in and between cities is provided primarily by bus.
Ben-Gurion Airport is Israel's main international airport.
It is near Tel Aviv.
There are smaller airports are located at Atarot, near Jerusalem, and at Eilat.
El Al, Israel's international airline, flies regularly to the United States, Canada, Europe, and parts of Africa and Asia.
Israel has three major deepwater ports: Haifa, Ashdod, and Eilat.
Israel's communication system is one of the best in the Middle East.
Israel has about 30 daily newspapers, about half of which are in Hebrew.
The rest are in Arabic, Russian, Yiddish, or one of several foreign languages.
The Israel Broadcasting Authority, a public corporation set up by the government, runs the television and nonmilitary radio stations.
Israel Government Portal  (English)
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (English)
Israel Breaking News, News from Israel and the Middle East, updated daily.
Israel-Times Daily News, Breaking News: World, USA, Europe, Asia and Israel.
Haaretz Daily Newspaper, News from Israel in English.
Israel national news, News from Israel in English.
A Brief History of the Jewish people
State of Israel -Citizendium
Lake Champlain is a natural freshwater lake in North America along the borders of New York and Vermont and partially across the United States-Canada border in the province of Quebec.
The lake was named for the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who came there in 1609.
A region of large freshwater lakes
Lake Champlain is one of a large number of large lakes spread in an arc from Labrador through the northern United States and into the Northwest Territories of Canada.
Although it is much smaller than the Great Lakes of Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, or Michigan, Lake Champlain is a large body of fresh water.
The lake is about  in area.
At its widest point, it is about  wide.
The maximum depth is about .
It contains about 80 islands, including an the entire country of Grand Isle County in Vermont.
Colonial America and the Revolutionary War
In the colonial times, Lake Champlain gave an easily blocked water (or, in winter, ice) passage between the Saint Lawrence and the Hudson Valleys.
Boats and sledges were usually preferable to the unpaved and frequently mud-bound roads of the time.
The northern tip of the lake at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec (St. John in colonial times) is a short distance from Montreal.
The southern tip at Whitehall (Skenesborough in colonial times) is a short distance from Saratoga, Glens Falls, and Albany, New York.
Forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point (Fort St. Frederic) controlled passage of the lake in colonial times.
Important battles were fought at Ticonderoga in 1758 and 1777.
A important naval battle was fought in 1776 at Valcour Island: in the Battle of Valcour Island, Benedict Arnold delayed British ships enough to prevent the fall of these forts until the following year, allowing the Continental Army to grow stronger and allowing the later victory at Saratoga.
Geography of Vermont
Geography of Quebec
She is a five-times Japanese National Champion, three-times World Championships medalist, and 2003-2004's Grand Prix Final Champion.
Suguri is expressive, her program is called "Suguri World".
Her younger sister Chika Suguri is figure skater likewise, too.
People from Kanagawa Prefecture
The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor.
It was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act and was signed by President Richard M. Nixon, on December 29, 1970.
Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by making and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health.
As of March 2006, the agency is headed by Assistant Secretary of Labor Edwin Foulke.
References and suggested reading
American National Standards Institute (1996); “Workshop on International Standardization of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: Is there a Need?”
Workshop proceedings.
Rosemont, Illinois, May 7-8, 1996.
American National Standards Institute (2005): “American National Standard – Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems.”
Draft document.
Adams, E. (1976) "Accident Causation and the Management System" in Professional Safety, October, pp 26-29.
Anton, T. (1979) Occupational Safety and Health Management, McGraw Hill, New York.
OSHA website and public contact website.
Full text of the OSH Act
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSHA Office of Education and Training
Current 29 CFR Books in Digital Format
Medical and health organizations in the United States
Arsenio Hall (born February 12, 1956) is an American actor and comedian.
He hosted his own television talk show, The Arsenio Hall Show, from 1989 to 1994 on the Fox network.
He also had his own sitcom on ABC titled, Arsenio.
Hall co-starred with Eddie Murphy in the movies Coming to America and Harlem Nights.
After his own television series ended, Hall sometimes guest-starred on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.
Comedians from Cleveland, Ohio
Television personalities from Ohio
Bezenye is a village in the north-west of Hungary.
It is very close to the border with Slovakia and only 9 km from the Slovakian capital city Bratislava.
The population is about 1600.
Archaeologists  have found things under the ground which show that the first people to lived there were Old Germanic tribes.
Later, Hungarian (Magyar) people lived there.
Then troops from Turkey destroyed a lot of the village and the people fled.
New people came to live in the area: Croatians and Germans.
The Croatians called the village "Bizonja" and the Germans called it "Palersdorf".
"Bezenye" is the Hungarian name.
It comes from a Slav word "baza" meaning an elderberry tree.
After World War II many of the poorer Germans had to go and live in Germany.
New Hungarian families from Slovakia came to live in Bezenye.
Today Bezenye is not a typical Hungarian village.
The people speak a mixture of Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak and German.
The Roman Catholic church of the Blessed Virgin Mary has services in Hungarian and Croatian.
"The Slovak-Austrian-Hungarian Danubeland", compiled by Daniel Kollár;
Bezenye.hu
Street map (Hungarian)
Villages in Hungary
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III after Great Britain gained French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War.
The purpose of the Proclamation was to organize Britain's large North American empire, and to make relations with Native Americans better and more stable by controlling trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier.
Parliament also wished to gain trust from the natives so they could place forts there.
The Proclamation stated that Americans could not settle or buy land west of a line along the Appalachian Mountains.
This angered colonists Tempted by great farm land, settlers continued to flow into the Ohio River Valley and Great Britain was unable to provide adequate protection for those colonists.
Also, the Proclamation gave Great Britain a monopoly in land bought from Native Americans.
The later Quebec Act, 1774 extended the rights of French Catholics, thus further angering English Protestant settlers.
Opposition to the Proclamation
Boundaries of Québec were very limited.
Catholics not permitted to run for office.
Did not think the proposed assembly would represent the views of the population.
Were concerned about the future of the Roman Catholic Church.
Could not fur trade outside the proclaimed boundaries.
Did not like the restrictions placed on fur trade.
Colonists wanted to continue going west.
Many veterans of the war against France had been given land beyond the line, and the Proclamation took it away.
Were not satisfied by the proposal for an elected assembly.
They did not have a say in it.
1760s in the Thirteen Colonies
Resistance to the British Empire
1760s in the Kingdom of Great Britain
Inkscape is a vector graphics (pictures made from lines instead of dots) drawing program published under the GNU General Public License.
Its stated goal is to become a really good drawing tool while being able to fit in with standards for SVG graphics.
Inkscape was first made for Linux, but now it is cross-platform and runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems.
As of 2007, Inkscape is actively being made better, and new features are added all the time.
Inkscape began in 2003 as a fork (break-off) of the Sodipodi project.
Sodipodi, developed since 1999, was itself based on Raph Levien's Gill (Gnome Illustration Application).
A land grant  is a gift of real estate - land or privileges - made by a government or other authority as a reward for services to an individual, especially as rewards for military service.
Grants of land are also awarded to individuals and companies to help develop unused land in relatively unpopulated countries.
Roman soldiers were given rewards at the end of their service including cash or land (praemia).
Augustus fixed the amount in AD 5 at 3000 denarii and by the time of Caracalla it had risen to 5000 denarii.
Pope Gregory XVI granted Pecci the title Monsignore.
In 1903, there were Golden Jubilee celebrations which recalled the 50 years since he was named a cardinal.
Pope Leo was in office until the age of 93.
He was the oldest pope and had the second longest papal reign before Pope John Paul II.
He is known as the "Pope of the Working Man."
The pope lay in State in St. Peter's Basilica.
His final resting place is the Basilica of St. John Lateran, which is the official seat of the Bishop of Rome.
"Pope Leo XIII" in Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913
"Leo XIII" in Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
Vatican webpage,  Leo XIII
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Gioacchino Cardinal Pecci
Catholic Encyclopedia,  "List of Popes"
Konzum is Croatia's biggest supermarket chain.
Konzum was opened in Zagreb in 1957, and today has 230 stores open in Croatia.
Lately, Konzum's popularity has grown a lot in Croatia.
In 1994,  Konzum joined the Agrokor group.
Konzum supermarkets can also be found in Croatia's neighbouring country, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Konzum has relations with the Bosnian company, Velpro.
Supermarkets of Europe
1957 establishments in Europe