the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Each time we went to a sharper key we took the note which was the 5th note of the previous scale (G, with one sharp, was the 5th note of C major.
D, with two sharps, was the 5th note of G, etc.).
In a diagram this can be shown as a circle which is called the “Circle of Fifths”.
As we get sharper and sharper we go clockwise round the circle.
The flats work in exactly the opposite way.
Instead of going up to the fifth note (e.g. C,D,E,F,G) we can go down a fifth (C,B,A,G,F).
F is the scale which has one flat.
As we get flatter and flatter we go counter-clockwise round the circle until all seven notes are flattened.
Relative minors (the minor scale with the same key signature) can also be worked out by going round three steps of the circle (C major is the relative major of A minor, i.e. it shares the same key signature: nothing).
On a keyboard the relative minor can be worked out by going down three semitones (from C go down to B, Bflat, A).
Haddock is a fish that lives in the Atlantic ocean.
It only lives in the sea.
Haddocks are important fish for the fishing industry.
The fish can be easily recognised by a black line on the white side of the fish.
Pollock is a fish with reversed coloring, white line on a black background.
Kristallnacht (also called Reichskristallnacht, Reichspogromnacht, ) was a two-day pogrom that happened against Jews in Nazi Germany and parts of Austria.
It was between 9 and 10 November 1938.
About 30,000 Jews were moved to concentration camps, and over 1,500 synagogues were pillaged and partly destroyed.
Also, almost all Jewish cemeteries in Germany and Austria were destroyed.
This marked the change from discriminating against Jews to actively persecuting and deporting them.
Herschel Grynszpan (sometimes also spelled Grünspan), a 17-year-old Jew living in Paris, learned that his whole family had been made to go back to Zsbaszyn in Poland, even though the younger children had been born in Germany.
He got a gun, and with this he fired shots at Ernst Eduard vom Rath, who was a secretary of the German embassy in Paris.
This was on 7 November.
Vom Rath died of his wounds on 9 November.
The motive of Grynszpan is unclear.
In a judicial hearing in 1942, he said it was revenge.
He meant to shoot the ambassador, but hit the secretary instead.
The NSDAP used this event as an excuse to seize Jewish property.
There had been a similar event in February 1936 but there were almost no consequences.
Then, a Jewish student, David Frankfurter, had fired shots at the NSDAP secretary Wilhelm Gustloff.
At that time, the NSDAP could not act because of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.
Schultheis, Herbert.
Die Reichskristallnacht in Deutschland nach Augenzeugenberichten (Bad Neustädter Beiträge zur Geschichte und Heimatkunde Frankens 3).
Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale: Rötter Druck und Verlag.
1985. .
1938 in Germany
20th century in Austria
Judaism in Austria
Judaism in Germany
Pogrom (from Russian:погром (pogrom); from "громить" IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot attacking people and property.
The target of the attack is a group of people because of their ethnic identity or religion, usually Jews.
In a pogrom, the local authorities such as the police do not arrest the rioters and do not come to the aid of the victims.
In a pogrom, the target people's homes, businesses, and places of worship are destroyed.
People of the target group are physically attacked and some are murdered.
A major volcano erupts in Mashu, Japan.
A terrible famine begins in France.
Eric the Victorious becomes the first king of Sweden.
Leif Ericson, Norse explorer
Seyyed Razi, important Muslim scholar and writer
Sitt al-Mulk
Xu Daoning, Chinese artist
30 January – Peter I of Bulgaria
Magyar leader, Taksány
Ferdinand II of Castile
Fujiwara no Saneyori
García III of Pamplona
Hatto II, Archbishop of Mainz
Menahem ben Saruq
Patriarch Polyeuctus of Constantinople
Taksony of Hungary
Kenneth II of Scotland succeeds Culen as King
Kushyar ibn Labban
Emperor Shengzong of Liao
Prince Shaif
Abu Jafar Khazeni
Ziri ibn Manad
Otto II marries Theophanu, Byzantine princess
Battle of Cedynia – Polish duke Mieszko I defeats Germans
Pope Benedict VI succeeds Pope John XIII as pope
Boleslaus II the Pious succeeds Boleslav I of Bohemia in Bohemia
Yaropolk of Kiev succeeds Sviatoslav I in Kiev
Fatimids enter Egypt, establish the Al-Azhar mosque in Cairo
Buluggin ibn Ziri appointed viceroy in Ifriqiya, start of the Zirid dynasty
The monastery at the site of Peterborough Cathedral is rebuilt
Saint Eadburga is canonized
Emperor John Tzoimisces makes eastern Bulgaria a Byzantine subject
The city of Satu Mare, Romania is founded
March 27 – King Robert II of France (d. 1031)
Ermesinde of Carcassonne, countess and regent of Barcelona (d. 1057)
Fujiwara no Yukinari
Renauld I, Count of Nevers
July 15 – Boleslav I of Bohemia
September 6 – Pope John XIII
Liutprand, bishop of Cremona and historian
Kuya, Japanese monk of Pure Land Buddhism (b. 903)
The Fatimids move their capital to Cairo
Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan
Otto II becomes Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany
January 19 – Pope Benedict VI succeeds Pope John XIII as the 134th pope
September 15 – Al-Biruni, mathematician (d. 1048)
December 26 – Abu al-Ala al-Ma'ar;ri, poet
May 7 – Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 912)
July 4 – Saint Ulrich of Augsburg (b. 890)
A great earthquake in England.
The Carmathians are defeated in Egypt by Jawhar as-Siqilli
The Byzantine Empire retakes Syria
Fuzhou builds new city walls
October – Pope Benedict VII succeeds Pope Benedict VI as the 135th pope
Antipope Boniface VII is declared pope
Pope Benedict VI
Ratherius of Verona
Shi Chonggui
Coronation of King Edward the Martyr
Emperor Taizu of Song China conquers Hunan province
Al-Aziz becomes Fatimid Caliph
Stephen I of Hungary (d.1038)
Thietmar of Merseburg
Andre Bertelli Araujo
Alp Tigin, Turkic general
July 8 – King Edgar of England
al-Muizz, Fatimid Caliph
Turketel, abbot of Crowland
Gu Hongzhong
January 10 – Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor
Brian Boru is inaugurated as King of Munster
Samuil of Bulgaria becomes Tsar
Yuelu Academy is founded in China
Emperor Sanjō of Japan
January 10 – John I Tzimiskes, Byzantine Emperor
October 8 – Jelena of Zadar, Queen of Croatia
November 14 – Emperor Taizu of Song
Harald Greyhide, King of Norway
Al-Hakam II, Caliph of Cordoba
Imam Ali Mosque is built at Najaf
Kōkei, Japanese Buddhist monk
Saint Poppo of Deinze
Hunain ibn Ishaq, Egyptian physician
Dubrawka, daughter of Duke Boleslav I of Bohemia
The revolt of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria against Otto II ends
England's royal mint is located at Guildford
Princess Zoe of Byzantium, later Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire
Yaroslav I the Wise, prince of Novgorod and Kiev
March 18 – King Edward the Martyr of England
Abraham of Alexandria, Coptic pope
Li Houzhu, last Chinese emperor of the Southern Tang
March 24 – The Battle of Pankalia
August 29 – Abu Taghlib, Emir of Mosul
Estrid of the Obotrites, future wife of king Olof Skötkonung of Sweden
Otto, Count of Vermandois
Iago ab Idwal, King of Gwynedd
'Imran
Sei Shonagon writes The Pillow Book, a compilation of her daily observations, thoughts and feelings as an attendant to Empress Sadako in Japan's Imperial Court.
Harry Stewart New (1858–1937), U.S. journalist and political figure.
the IATA airport code for New Orleans Lakefront Airport
the ISO 639 language code for the Nepal Bhasa language, also known as Newari.
New a box office hit Tamil movie released in 2004
new is a built-in operator in the C++ programming language.
Clear (Scientology), how you are when you have understood your mind
In financial terms, the process of making good on an obligation, such as transferring the funds from the writer of a cheque to the receivor of the cheque
To remove from current memory previous numbers or results in an adding machine
An acronym for Citizen Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting, a software system used by the Chicago Police Department
A Sertoli cell  is a  cell found in the testes.
Its main function is to help the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis - the process of turning stem cells into sperm.
It was also called the "mother cell."
The cell also helps in the creation of stem cells.
Sertoli cells get their name from Enrico Sertoli, an Italian physiologist.
He discovered them while studying medicine in the University of Pavia, Italy.
He published a description of this cell in 1865.
As of 2006, two textbooks have been published that are almost entirely about the Sertoli cell .
The year 1300 (MCCC) was a  leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1300th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 300th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 13th century, and the 1st year of the 1300s decade.
The year 1300 wasn't a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.
Wenceslas II of Bohemia becomes King of Poland.
Events of 1378
March – In England, John Wycliffe tries to promote his ideas for Catholic reform by laying his theses before parliament and making them public in a tract.
He is subsequently summoned before Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon of Sudbury, at the episcopal palace at Lambeth to defend his actions.
September 20 – Unhappy with Pope Urban's critical attitude towards them, the majority of the cardinals meet at Fondi and elect Clement VII as antipope and establish a rival papal court at Avignon.
This split within the Catholic Church becomes known as the Western Schism.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV meets with his nephew Charles V of France to publicly celebrate the friendship between their two nations.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV dies and is succeeded by his son, Wenceslaus.
The Papacy makes a permanent move back from Avignon to Rome, ending the Avignon Papacy.
Pope Gregory XI dies.
Due to riots in Rome calling for a Roman pope, the cardinals, who were mostly French, elect Pope Urban VI (Bartolomeo Prignano, Archbishop of Bari) as the 202nd Pope.
France, Aragon, Castile and León, Cyprus, Burgundy, Savoy, Naples and Scotland choose to recognise Antipope Clement VII.
Denmark, England, Flanders, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, northern Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland and Sweden continue to recognise Pope Urban VI.
Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow & Vladimir resists a small invasion by the Mongol Blue Horde.
Revolt of the Ciompi – discontent wool carders briefly take over the government of Florence.
For the first time, a European government represents all social classes.
Tokhtamysh dethrones Timur Malik as Khan of the White Horde.
Kara Osman establishes the Turkomans of the White Sheep dynasty at Diyarbakır in present-day southeast Turkey.
The Turks capture the town of Ihtiman in west Bulgaria.
An English spy assassinates Owain Lawgoch, claimant to the throne of Wales and ally of France.
Gian Galeazzo Visconti succeeds his father, Galeazzo II Visconti, as ruler of Milan.
Uskhal Khan succeeds his father, Biligtü Khan, as ruler of the Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia.
Balša II succeeds his father, Durađ I, as ruler of Zeta (now Montenegro).
Tai Bian succeeds Zhao Bing Fa as King of Mong Mao (now northern Myanmar).
Appearance of Halley's Comet.
Da'ud Shah succeeds his assassinated nephew, Aladdin Mujahid Shah, as Bahmani Sultan in present-day southern India.
Da'ud Shah is assassinated in the same year and is succeeded by Mohammed Shah II.
August 16 – Hongxi Emperor of China (died 1425)
October 24 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (died 1402)
December 31 – Pope Callixtus III (died 1458)
Robert Campin, Flemish painter (died 1444)
Vittorino da Feltre, Italian humanist (died 1446)
Lorenzo Ghiberti, Italian sculptor and metal smith (died 1455)
John Hardyng, English chronicler (died 1465)
February 6 – Jeanne de Bourbon, queen of Charles V of France (born 1338)
March 27 – Pope Gregory XI
May 29 – King Henry II of Castile (born 1334)
July – Owain Lawgoch, titular Prince of Wales – assassinated (born circa 1330)
August 16 – San Rocco di Venezia, patron saint of pestilence (born 1340)
November 29 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1316)
Galeazzo II Visconti, Lord of Milan
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting TV service with many member TV stations in the United States.
The equivalent service for radio in the United States is National Public Radio (NPR).
PBS Stations
WGBH Boston, MA
WMPB Baltimore, MD
WNED Buffalo, NY
WNET Newark, NJ
WQED (TV) Pittsburgh, PA
WTTW Chicago, IL
PBS Shows
Anti-Semitism on PBS?
UPN (which originally stood for the United Paramount Network) was a television network in over 200 places in the United States.
UPN was owned by CBS Corporation, which also owns the larger CBS network.
UPN shut down on September 15, 2006, and was replaced with The CW, a joint venture between CBS Corporation and the Warner Bros. division of Time Warner, which owned The WB before that network was also shut down in 2006 and merged with UPN to create The CW.
A television network is a network to provide television programming to many television stations.
It is almost always a large company.
Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was mainly done by a small number of broadcast networks.
Many early television networks (for example, the BBC, NBC or CBS) began as radio networks.
A television network may broadcast many television channels.
For example, BBC is a television network.
It broadcasts its programs on many different channels including BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Parliament and CBBC.
Each channel will often have a group of programs that are similar in some way.
For example, CBBC broadcasts children programs.
The individual companies that create the content are television studios.
A studio is often an affiliate of a network.
For example, WAVY is a station in Hampton Roads, Virginia.
It is an affilliate of the  NBC network.
WAVY is also the name of the channel that the studio creates and broadcasts locally on channel 10.
It is called WAVY10.
Magnus IV, King of Sweden, is deposed by Albert of Mecklenburg.
Bosnian nobles revolt against the occupying Serbs.
Tokyo Tower is 333 m (1093 ft) tall.
It the world's highest self-supporting steel tower and the tallest structure in Tokyo.
The cost for lighting is about 24 thousand yen to 25 thousand yen a day.
It seems to be two-tone of red and white, but actually the colors are international orange and white.
The color cannot be changed to other colors because the color is decided by the law.
Towers in Japan
King Afonso I of Portugal (died 1185; birthdate disputed)
Anselm of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury
January 22 – Marriage of King Richard II of England and Anne of Bohemia.
May 17 – King John I of Castile and Leon marries Beatrice of Portugal
July 7 – Death of the childless James of Baux, ruler of Taranto and Achaea and titular Latin Emperor.
Charles III of Naples becomes ruler of Achaea (now southern Greece).
Otto, the widower of Joan I of Naples, becomes ruler of Taranto (now eastern Italy).
Duke Louis I of Anjou inherits the claim to the Latin Empire (now western Turkey) but never uses the title of Emperor.
October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal dies and is succeeded by his daughter, Beatrice of Portugal.
A period of civil war and anarchy, known as the 1383-1385 Crisis, begins in Portugal due to Beatrice being married to the King John I of Castile and Leon.
The Teutonic Knights recommence war against pagan Lithuania.
Rao Chanda succeeds Rao Biram Dev as Rathore ruler of Marwar (now in western India).
Löwenbräu beer is first brewed.
Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep temple is built in present-day Thailand by King Kuena of Lanna.
Construction of the Bastille is completed in Paris.
Amadeus VIII of Savoy (died 1451)
Yolande of Aragon, regent of Anjou (died 1443)
Pope Eugene IV (died 1447)
Anne of Gloucester, English noblewoman (died 1438)
March 1 – Amadeus VI of Savoy (born 1334)
June 5 – Dmitry Konstantinovich, Russian prince (b. 1324)
June 8 – Thomas de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros, English Crusader (born 1338)
June 15 – John VI Cantacuzenus, former Byzantine Emperor
October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal (born 1345)
April 25 – Edward II of England (died 1327), King of England
17 January – Antonio del Pollaiuolo (d. 4 February 1498), Italian painter
The  (also , or simply Vuelta) is a long-distance bicycle race.
The first race was in 1935.
The Tour de France and Giro d'Italia were both very successful, and both run by newspaper companies.
A newspaper called  in Spain decided to start a similar race in Spain.
It is now one of the three "Grand Tours" of Europe and, after the  and the , is the third most important road cycling stage race in the world.
The leader of the race wears the red jersey.
This is the same as the yellow jersey in the Tour de France.
The leader of the combination classification wears a white jersey.
The leader of the mountain climbers' competition wears a white jersey with blue polka-dots.
The leader of the sprinters' competition wears a green jersey.
The race was run in the spring until 1995.
Since 1995 it has been run in September.
Winners of the Vuelta a España
Seminiferous tubules are long thread-like tubes found in each of the testicles where sperm is produced.
The inner lining of the tubule contains Sertoli cells.
The seminal vesicles are a pair of tube-like glands.
They are found behind the bladder of males.
They make about 70% of the content of semen (also called seminal fluid).
Both vesicles are about 5 cm in length, but they are curled up.
Each gland makes a ball shape on the wall of each vas deferens.
There is a tube linking the seminal glands which opens into the vas deferens and prostate gland.
Mucosa - folded to increase surface area
The seminal vesicles make most of semen, but during ejaculation, most of the ejaculate has sperm rather than semen in it.
The use of seminal fluid is not known, since sperm do not move or survive well in semen.
Some think that it acts as a fluid to stop sperm from another male impregnating the female so that the children of only one male can survive.
Seminal fluid has proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C and flavins.
The fructose gives sperm energy and 'food'.
- "The Male Pelvis: The Urinary Bladder"
- "The Male Pelvis: Structures Located Posterior to the Urinary Bladder"
The glans penis (or just glans) is the sensitive tip of the penis.
It is also called the "head" of the penis.
Slang names include "helmet" and "bell end".
Usually, the glans is covered by the foreskin, except in men who have been circumcised.
The glans can become irritated or infected which occurs in a small number of males.
It is more common in males who have poor hygene or are uncircumcised.
The opening of the urethra is at the tip of the glans.
In children who have been circumcised and wear diapers, the opening of the penis has no protection.
This can cause the urethra to get very narrow in a small amount of boys which can need surgery to reopen later.
The skin on the glans of a uncircumcised penis is very sensitive, and washing it too much with soap can cause dermatitis.
Circumcised men have a dry and wider glans that is leathery to the touch.
There are special Moisturizer that a circumcised man can use on his glans to provide softer.
The glans penis is a cap around the corpus spongiosum.
It is attached to the Corpus cavernosum penis and at the tip of the glans is the urethra opening.
The foreskin helps keeps the glans moist.
Corpus cavernosum
- "The Male Perineum and the Penis: The Corpus Spongiosum and Corpora Cavernosa"
- "The Male Pelvis: The Urethra"
Edward the Confessor becomes King of England.
Pope Urban II (d. 1099)
Michael V, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1015)
Electric charge, the charge in electricity
to take charge, or being in charge means to take or have authority and responsibility for decisions
In firearms, to charge a weapon is to load it with a round and ready it for firing
Charge (engine), the air or fuel/air mixture being fed into the intake in an internal combustion engine.
Charge air usually refers to air that has not had fuel mixed with it.
During the European Middle Ages, a charge (youth) often meant an underage person placed under the supervision of a nobleman
Charge (warfare), a maneuver in battle where soldiers rush towards their enemy to engage in close combat
In context of wartime operations, to charge with certain rights, such as guaranteeing persons held in custody are allowed those rights
In money, a charge is any fee assessed, such as a charge for using an automatic teller machine (ATM), entering a museum, being late with a payment, etc.
In basketball, a charge is an foul, called when an offensive player with the ball makes illegal contact with a defensive player who has legally established his position
CHARGE syndrome, birth defects in children
Charge card, similar to a credit card
A pen spinning trick where the pen makes conic rotations between two fingers
A criminal charge is an indictment before a court by a prosecuting authority
A jury charge is are jury instructions given by a judge to a jury concerning the law applicable to the case under consideration
An equitable charge is a security interest similar in effect to a mortgage
A grammatical person, you, your, and yours in the English language
Second-person narrative, a perspective in storytelling
God the Son, the Second Person of the Christian Trinity
First person (disambiguation)
Third person (disambiguation)
An optical fiber is a thin fiber of glass or plastic that can carry light from one end to the other.
The study of optical fibers is called fiber optics, which is part of applied science and engineering.
Optical fibers are mainly used in telecommunications, but they are also used for lighting, sensors, toys, and special cameras for seeing inside small spaces.
They are sometimes used in medicine to see inside people, like down their throat.
Guiding light by internal reflection, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first demonstrated by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in Paris in the early 1840s.
John Tyndall, a physicist, demonstrated it during his public lectures in London, 12 years later.
The principle was first used for internal medical examinations by Heinrich Lamm in the 1930s.
Modern optical fibers, where the glass fiber is coated with a transparent cladding to offer a more suitable refractive index, appeared later in the decade.
In 1965 Charles K. Kao and George A. Hockham of the British company Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) were the first to show that the loss of intensity in optical fibers could be reduced, making fibers a practical communication medium.
They proposed that the defects in fibers available at the time was caused by impurities which could be removed.
They pointed out the right material to use for such fibers, such as silica glass which has high purity.
This discovery earned Kao the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009.
An optical fiber is a long, thin strand of clear material.
Its shape is usually similar to a cylinder.
In the center, it has a core.
Around the core is a layer called the cladding.
The core and cladding are made of different kinds of glass or plastic, so that light travels slower in the core than it does in the cladding.
If the light in the core hits the edge of the cladding at a shallow angle, it bounces off.
Light can travel inside the core and bounce off of the cladding.
No light escapes until it comes to the end of the fiber, unless the fiber is bent sharply or stretched.
If the cladding of the fiber is scratched, it may break.
A plastic coating called the buffer covers the cladding to protect it.
Often, the buffered fiber is put inside an even tougher layer, called the jacket.
This makes it easy to use the fiber without breaking it.
Fiber-optic communication
The main use of optical fiber is in communication (telecommunication).
Fiber-optic communication transmits information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.
The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.
First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have helped with the advent of the Information Age.
Early systems had short range but later ones used fibers that are more transparent.
Since the light does not leak out of the fiber, the light can go a long distance before the signal gets too weak.
This is used to send telephone and internet signals within and between cities.
Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed countries.
Undersea cables with fibers connect the world.
Most optical communication systems have electrical connections.
An electric signal controls a transmitter.
The transmitter converts the electric signal to a light signal and sends it through the fiber to the receiver.
The receiver converts the light signal back to an electric signal.
Fiber is sometimes used for shorter links too, such as to carry the sound signals between a compact disc player and a stereo receiver.
The fibers used for these short links are often made of plastic which is less transparent.
TOSLINK is the most common type of optical plug for stereos.
Optical fibers can be used as sensors.
Special fibers are used for this, that change how they pass light through when there is a change around the fiber.
Sensors like this can be used to detect changes in temperature, pressure, and other things.
These sensors are useful because they are small and do not need any electricity at the place where the sensing happens.
These fibers are also used to carry light for humans to see.
This is sometimes used for decoration, like fiber-optic Christmas trees.
Sometimes it is used for lighting, when it is convenient to have the light bulb someplace other than where the light needs to be.
This is sometimes used in signs and art for special effects.
A bundle of fibers can be used to make a device called an endoscope or a fiberscope.
This is a long thin probe that can be put into a small hole, that will send an image of what is inside through the fiber to a camera.
Endoscopes are used by doctors to see inside the human body, and are sometimes used by engineers to see inside tight spaces in machines.
Optical fibers (with special chemicals added) can be used as optical amplifiers.
This allows an optical signal to travel further between endpoints, and without converting the optical signal to electrical and back, reducing the overall cost of the components.
These optical amplifiers can also be used to create Lasers.
These are called fiber lasers.
They can be very powerful, because the long thin fiber is easy to keep cool, and makes a good quality light beam.
Possible timing of King Arthur's victory over the Saxons.
493 – Death of Saint Patrick.
494 – Pope Gelasius I delineates the relationship between church and state.
494 – An earthquake devastates Latakia.
494 – Under Emperor Xiaowen the capital of Northern Wei, a state in China capital is moved from Datong to Luoyang, a city long acknowledged as a major center in Chinese history.
Gildonic revolt in Africa Province (397–398)
The Huns invade Europe
John Cassian, Desert Father and Christian saint
Saint Mesrob, Armenian monk and theologian
Saint Ninian, missionary to Scotland
Tao Sheng, Chinese Buddhist scholar
Wang Fahui, empress during the Jin Dynasty
Eustathius of Antioch, Patriarch of Antioch
Murong Jun, emperor of the Former Yan
November 3 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever.
He names his cousin Julian the Apostate his successor.
December 11 – Julian becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire.
He rules from Constantinople and tries to restore paganism.
Ministers and followers of Constantius II are put to trial at the Chalcedon tribunal.
July 10 – Jin Aidi becomes emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Apodemius, Roman officer and secret agent
November 3 – Constantius II, Roman Emperor
George of Cappadocia, archbishop of Alexandria
Jin Mudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Li Shi, emperor of the Chinese Ba-Di state Cheng Han
Song Hun, regent of the Chinese state Former Liang
Wang Xizhi, Chinese calligrapher
An earthquake strikes Nicaea (Turkey).
An earthquake strikes Al-Karak (Jordan).
Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Constantius II
Jin Xiaowudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Dorotheus of Tyre, bishop and martyr
Princess Dowager Ma, concubine of Zhang Jun
May 29 – Battle of Ctesiphon
June 26 – Battle of Samarra
Petra, capital of the Nabataeans, is damaged by an earthquake.
April 20 – The planet Venus occults the planet Jupiter.
Sulpicius Severus, Christian writer
Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty
Consort Zhou, concubine of Jin Chengdi
June 26 – Julian, Roman Emperor
Zhang Xuanjing, ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang
February 17 – Emperor Jovian dies after ruling for eight months.
He is found dead in his tent at Tyana.
February 26 – Valentinian I is made Emperor by the Roman army.
March 28 – Valens, brother of Valentinian I, is made co-emperor.
He begins to kill people for being pagan.
Valentinian I started the Valentinian Dynasty.
Britain suffers Barbarian raids.
Theon of Alexandria, Greek mathematician, sees a solar eclipse (June 16) and a lunar eclipse (November 25).
Sima Daozi, regent of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Xu Xianzhi, high official of the Liu Song Dynasty
Ge Hong, Chinese taoist and government official
February 17 – Jovian, Roman emperor
July 21 – earthquake and tsunami destroy Crete and Alexandria.
They also affect Italy, Greece, and Palestine.
September 28 – Procopius revolts.
He called himself Emperor, and took control of Thrace and Bithynia.
March 30 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Feidi becomes emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
He has no actual power.
His granduncle Sima Yu truly rules.
Kou Qianzhi, Chinese high official and Daoist
Tao Qian, Chinese poet
Tufa Rutan, prince of the Xianbei state Southern Liang
Charietto, German headhunter
November 22 – Felix, antipope
Hillel II, Jewish religious leader
March 30 – Jin Aidi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Wang Muzhi, empress and wife of Jin Aidi
January 31 – Athanasius of Alexandria returns from his fifth exile.
April – Emperor Valens defeats the troops of Procopius in the Battle of Thyatira.
Valens builds a pontoon bridge across the Danube.
This lets the Visigoths travel farther north.
The Tabula Peutingeriana, a map showing Roman places and roads, is made about this time.
October 1 – Damasus I becomes 37th pope.
Yao Xing, emperor of the Chinese Qiang state Later Qin
Acacius of Caesarea, bishop and Christian leader of Arianism
September 24 – Pope Liberius
Marcellus, general and Roman usurper
May 27 – Procopius, Roman usurper
Yu Daolian, empress and wife of Jin Feidi
Zhi Dun, Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher
Battle of Solicinium
Great Conspiracy: Romans revolt and allow Picts to attack Britain.
Also the  Scotti from Hibernia (Ireland), and the Saxons from Germania attack.
Eunomius of Cyzicus is made to live in Mauretania.
This is because he kept Procopius safe.
The first Korean official goes to Japan.
November 16 – Antipope Ursicinus is made to live in Gaul.
Epiphanius of Salamis becomes bishop of Salamis, Cyprus.
Hilary of Poitiers, bishop and Doctor of the Church
Murong Ke, general and statesman of Former Yan
Great Conspiracy: Picts, Scotti and Saxons reach Londinium and plunder the city.
Eustochium, Desert Mother and saint
Juqu Mengxun, prince of the Xiongnu state Northern Liang
Philostorgius, Anomoean church historian
Caesarius of Nazianzus, physician and politician
Spring – Emperor Valens crosses the Danube at Noviodunum (Romania).
He attacks the Gothic tribes.
Their king Athanaric is defeated.
Fritigern becomes king of the Visigoths.
Count Theodosius brings Britain fully back to the Empire after the Great Conspiracy of 367.
Chinese troops of the Jin Dynasty are defeated by Former Yan of the Xianbei.
Goguryeo invades Baekje.
Huan Xuan, warlord and emperor of the Jin Dynasty
Note: Sometimes the 60s is used as shorthand for the 1960s, the 1860s, or other such decades in various centuries
Rebellion in Roman Britain led by Boudica (60 or 61)
Great fire of Rome, 64
Great Jewish Revolt against Roman occupation begins (66–73)
The suicide of Roman Emperor Nero leaves the throne vacant.
Several candidates for the throne emerge resulting in a year of civil war known as the Year of the four emperors (68–69).
Batavian rebellion in the Roman province of Germania Inferior (69–70).
The Gospels of Mark, Matthew and Luke are being written.
Servius Sulpicius Galba, Roman Emperor (68–69).
Marcus Salvius Otho, Roman Emperor (69)
Aulus Vitellius, Roman Emperor (69)
Titus Flavius Vespasianus, Roman Emperor (Vespasian, 69–79).
Paul of Tarsus, Christian evangelist
Boudicca, rebellious British queen
Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, Roman general
Julius Civilis, rebellious Batavian prince
A population pyramid is a graph.
It has two back-to-back bars.
These bars show the population in groups of ages, with woman in one side and man in the other side.
Stationary pyramid shows a constant population, with equal birth rate and death rate
Expansive pyramid shows a growing population
Constrictive pyramid shows a shrinking population
.to, the country code top-level domain for Tonga
"Metropolis" in Japan (都); Tokyo is a metropolis
"Province" in Korea (도; 道: to is the McCune–Reischauer spelling of do); see Provinces of Korea
Romanisation of the Japanese kana と and ト.
Terrell Owens, a professional football player in the NFL
Logical conjunction, a two-place logical operation used in logic and mathematics
Binary and, a bitwise operator used in computer programming
AND gate, a digital logic gate used in electronics
The 3-letter and NATO country code for Andorra
The standard abbreviation for the constellation Andromeda
A quarry is a type of open pit mine that is used to get rocks and minerals from the ground.
Quarries are often used to cut stone from the ground in large pieces or blocks.
These are called dimension stones.
They are used for building things.
Some quarries fill with water to make small lakes when they are no longer being used for mining.
The members included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria and their territories.
The Central Powers lost the war.
The Triple Entente was composed of France, Russia and the United Kingdom.
These were later joined by Japan, Italy and the United States.
A Soxhlet extractor is a kind of laboratory equipment.
It is made of glass.
Franz von Soxhlet invented it in 1879.
It has a flask, an extraction chamber, and a condenser.
It can be used for solid-liquid extractions.
In this discontinuous extraction process, the extraction solvent inside the boiling flask is evaporated and re-condensed in the distillation column above.
It then falls down onto the solid material requiring extraction.
The chamber containing the solid material is connected to the boiling flask below by a syphoning mechanism seen in the Pythagorean cup, which allows the chamber to fill to a point, at which it will empty its contents and start to fill again and the extracted compounds will accumulate in the boiling flask below.
Chemists use it to remove a material from a solid.
It is useful when removing materials that do not dissolve well in any solvent.
Chemists use a solvent such as ether or alcohol in the extractor.
The Soxhlet extractor applies the solvent repeatedly to the solid until enough of the material dissolves.
Italy, the modern country
Italia (Roman province), the Roman province on the Italian peninsula
Dreams are what a person sees and hears in their mind when they are sleeping.
They are often similar to real life in some ways, but can also be very strange.
Dreams can be so real, the person dreaming may not believe they are awake.
This tends to happen during a false awakening, where a person dreams of waking up.
A person has around 4 - 6 dreams per night, and tend to only remember the last two.
Sometimes a person realizes during a dream that they are dreaming, but keeps having the dream.
This is called a lucid dream.
This happens very little for most people, but for some people it happens often.
During a lucid dream, a person usually has full control over their body, as well as the environment around them.
There are no limits in lucid dreams, sometimes not even the imagination.
Most people remember their dreams in some way or another, even if it is only a small part, but children are very likely to remember most of their dream clearly.
It is often easier for people to remember dreams if they write down what happened in the dream just after they wake up.
Because of this, many people have dream diaries where they describe each dream they have.
This is called dream recall, and the more it is done the better they remember their dreams.
If a person is woken up during a dream, they tend to have a much more reliable memory of it.
Nightmares are dreams which scare or shock people.
Nightmares are usually based around that person's everyday fears, like spiders or dark places, but even a dream that's not about those things can feel unpleasant.
Nightmares are caused by many different things: being uncomfortable or in pain while sleeping, sickness, stress, or even eating right before sleeping.
There are many different theories about why people dream and what their dreams mean.
Every person has different dreams.
Some psychologists believe that dreams reflect what is happening in the unconscious mind (the part of the mind that works by itself).
Others think that people, places, and objects in dreams are symbols for other things in the dreamer's real life.
Throughout history people have tried to make sense of dreams to learn things from them, and have often used them for divination or fortune-telling.
Today there are still many books and websites devoted to making sense of dreams.
Ancient ideas on dreams
Generally speaking, ancient civilisations thought dreams were messages from the gods (see the works of Homer) or alternatively some kind of prophecy.
However, they knew that often dreams misled the dreamer, and invented various explanations for this.
Aristotle started off with ideas like this, but later became more skeptical, and denied the divine origin of dreams.
Freudian theory
In his Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud connected them to his ideas on psychotherapy.
Dreams, in Freud's view, are forms of "wish fulfillment".
They are attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort.
Because the information in the unconscious is in an unruly and often disturbing form, a "censor" in the preconscious will not allow it to pass unaltered into the conscious.
Freud describes three main types of dreams: 1.
Direct prophecies received in the dream; 2.
The foretelling of a future event; 3.
The symbolic dream, which requires interpretation.
Some authors, such as Hans Eysenck, have argued that the dreams Freud cites do not really support his theories.
Eysenck argues that Freud's examples actually disprove his dream theory.
Modern work
The discovery of REM (rapid eye movement) and non-REM sleep has been important.
Researchers have done many studies on this.
Subjects have been woken up in both stages and asked what they were thinking about.
It is clear that the reports from non-REM stages were different from REM stages.
In particular, dreams occur mostly when the brain is in the REM state.
There is also some relationship between dreaming and daydreams.
Both seem to occur in a cycle of 90110 minutes.
If sleep is prevented, people suffer and get worse at every kind of waking activity.
From this it is clear that one important function of sleep is to maintain normal brain activity during awake time.
Somehow, during sleep the brain gets restored to its normal functioning.
Sleep is, so far as is known, universal amongst vertebrates.
That also argues for its great importance.
However, it is not known whether dreaming supports this repair function of sleep, or whether it is something which just happens.
as a noun:
Base (mathematics), or radix, the number of digits in a numeral system, e.g. base 10
Base (geometry), the bottom of a triangle.
Base (baseball), the 3 canvas bags and home plate
The bottom of a building or other structure
A part of some types of column, below the shaft
A pedestal, supporting a statue or other item
A defined area that contains shelter, equipment, and resources:
a place which helps people live in a hostile environment, such as a Moon base or a base in Antarctica
a Military base, which provides shelter, military equipment and personnel
In a transistor, the base is the controlling connection to the junction.
Islamic Extremist group Al-Qaeda is literally translated into English as 'The Base.'
Base (chemistry), the "opposite" of acid, sometimes known as an alkali
as a verb
Made from the ideas of... Developed from... First known as...
BASE jumping - jumping with a parachute from a fixed place like the top of a building or a bridge
Frenulum as a term in zoology is dealt with under wing coupling.
Oral tissue
Frenula of the mouth are found under the tongue and inside the upper and lower lip.
These can easily be torn by blows to the face or mouth.
A torn frenulum is sometimes a warning sign of physical abuse.
Vulvular tissue
Penile tissue
The word frenulum on its own is often used for the frenulum preputii penis.
This is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce, or foreskin to the vernal mucosa.
It help contract the prepuce over the glans.
It may be removed during circumcision.
It is possible for the frenulum of the penis to tear during sexual activity.
This does not cause a great deal of pain  but can cause an alarming amount of blood loss.
This is not a medical emergency.
The frenulum will heal by itself after the bleeding has stopped.
Ejaculatory ducts are part of the human male anatomy.
They cause the reflex action of ejaculation.
Each male has two of them.
During ejaculation, semen moves through the ducts and leaves the body through the penis.
The corpus cavernosum penis (or corpus cavernosum urethrae) is one of two sponge-like sections of tissue in the male penis.
They contain most of the blood during an erection.
The term literally means "cave-like body"
The corpus cavernosum are placed along the length of the penis.
They are found along the penis shaft, from the pubic bones to the head of the penis.
The spongy tissue fills with blood.
The blood comes from arteries down the length of the penis.
The blood fills the corpora cavernosa.
This causes it to swell.
When swollen, it holds 90% of the blood involved in an erection.
This increases both the length and circumference of the penis.
Blood can leave only through a system of veins around the outside wall of the corpus cavernosum.
The expanding tissue constricts these veins.
This preventing blood from leaving.
The penis becomes rigid as a result.
Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme.
It is about a secret organisation protecting the Earth from aliens.
It has been shown on TV channels in Britain including BBC One, BBC Two, and BBC Three.
It can be viewed on Netflix and is sometimes shown on American TV channels including Starz .
The show is a spin off of the British television series Doctor Who.
It follows the Cardiff, Wales section of a secret group called the Torchwood Institute.
The Torchwood Institute examines things that aliens cause to happen on Earth.
They also collect alien equipment to use.
The series is set in Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales.
Series 1 takes place after Doctor Who Series 2.
Series 2 takes place in between Doctor Who Series 3 and Series 4.
Because the shows are science fiction and some characters live forever, it is hard to track down the exact times in which Doctor Who and Torchwood overlap.
Torchwood stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, the leader of the Cardiff Torchwood Institute.
Barrowman also played Harkness in Series 1, Series 3 and Series 4 of the current Doctor Who (2005).
Eve Myles plays Gwen Cooper, a policewoman who joins the group.
Gareth David-Lloyd stars as Ianto Jones, a person who helps out and is a love interest of Jack.
Jack Harkness, Ianto Jones, and Gwen Cooper are the central cast members.
Also, Naoko Mori plays scientist Toshiko Sato.
Burn Gorman plays Doctor Owen Harper.
Because the show is set in and around Cardiff, many of the local attractions like the Millennium Centre and Cardiff Bay are shown in the series.
Country settings around Glamorgan are also used many times in the series.
The third series is a five episode long story named Children of Earth.
Children of Earth has returning cast members John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, and Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones.
The fourth series is a ten episode story named Miracle Day.
Miracle Day has returning cast members John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness and Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper.
List of episodes
Series 1 episodes (2006-2007)
Series 2 episodes (2008)
Children Of Earth episodes (2009)
Miracle Day Episodes (2011)
BBC - Torchwood
BBC - Torchwood on Twitter
BBC - Torchwood on Facebook
BBC - Torchwood on YouTube
2006 British television series debuts
2000s LGBT television series
2010s LGBT television series
British LGBT television programmes
LGBT drama television series
A bulbourethral gland (or Cowper's gland) is one of two small glands found in the reproductive system of human males.
They are like Bartholin's glands.
Bulbourethral glands are found near the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia.
The bulbourethral glands are about the size of a pea.
They appear to slowly get smaller as a person gets older.
During sexual arousal each gland makes a clear liquid known as pre-ejaculate or "pre-cum".
This fluid helps to lubricate the urethra for sperm to pass through.
It also helps clean out any urine or dirt.
January or February – Emperor Theodosius I is baptized.
February 27 – Edict of Thessalonica: Theodosius I, with co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II, say that all Roman citizens should become Christians.
The Rock of Cashel is built in Ireland.
The Visigothic chieftain Fritigern dies.
His rival Athanaric becomes king of the entire Gothic nation.
Aelia Eudoxia, empress and wife of Arcadius
Alexius, Eastern saint
Eucherius, bishop of Lyon
Hephaistio of Thebes, Egyptian astrologer
Peter II, Patriarch of Alexandria
Samudragupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire
Wang Fahui, empress of the Jin Dynasty
Roman Emperor Gratian moves the capital to Mediolanum (modern Milan).
The Visigothic chieftain Athanaric becomes the first foreign king to visit the East Roman capital of Constantinople.
Flavian succeeds Meletius as Patriarch of Antioch.
Timothy succeeds Peter as Patriarch of Alexandria.
Helian Bobo, emperor of the Chinese Xiongnu state Xia
Athanaric, king of the Visigoths
Roman Emperor Gratian removes the Altar of Victory from the Senate.
Jin Andi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Sima Yuanxian, regent during the Jin Dynasty
Niall of the Nine Hostages becomes the first High King of Ireland.
Hadrian's Wall is overrun by the Picts.
January 19 – Arcadius becomes Roman Emperor.
Roman troops in Britain call Magnus Maximus Emperor.
He crosses over to the continent and makes Trier his capital.
King Ardashir II dies after a 4-year reign.
He is succeeded by his son Shapur III.
Lupus of Troyes, French bishop and saint
August 25 – Gratian, Roman Emperor
December 10 – Pope Damasus I
Frumentius, the "Apostle to Ethiopia"
Magnus Maximus returns to Britain to help them with the Barbarians raids.
An edict of Theodosius I closes pagan temples in the Nile Valley.
King Shapur III signs a treaty with Theodosius I. Armenia is divided in two kingdoms.
December 17 – Pope Siricius succeeds Damasus I as the 38th pope.
September 9 – Honorius, Roman Emperor
Chu Lingyuan, last empress of the Jin Dynasty
Maria, empress and daughter of Stilicho
Sengzhao, Chinese Buddhist
Wang Shen'ai, empress of the Jin Dynasty
December 11 – Pope Damasus I
Chu Suanzi, empress of the Jin Dynasty
Geungusu, king of Baekje
Murong Hong, founder of the Xianbei state Western Yan
Jinsa of Baekje becomes the 16th king of the ancient Korean kingdom of Baekje.
Copper extraction and casting begins in the mines of Kansanshi in southernmost Africa.
Ammianus Marcellinus begins writing a history covering the years 96 to 378.
The Serapeum in Alexandria is destroyed.
Aurelios Zopyros becomes the last reported athlete at the Ancient Olympic Games.
Avitus, Western Roman Emperor
Murong Chao, emperor of the Xianbei state Southern Yan
Murong Xi, emperor of the Xianbei state Later Yan
Saint Patrick, missionary in Ireland