the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Technological advances, most notably in high-resolution spectroscopy, led to the quick detection of many new exoplanets.
These advances allowed astronomers to detect exoplanets indirectly by measuring their gravitational influence on the motion of their parent stars.
Additional extrasolar planets were eventually detected by watching occultations when a star becomes dimmer as an orbiting planet passed in front of it.
They can be gas giants or rocky planets
They can possibly be dwarf planets, i.e. planets smaller and less dense than regular planets
They can orbit several different types of stars
They can be free-floating or orbit a brown dwarf
They may support life.
One recently discovered exoplanet, Gliese 581g is thought to possibly support life, but the existence of this planet is not yet confirmed.
Nearest
The nearest star with planets is Alpha Centauri.
It is 4.3 light years away.
Using standard rockets, it would take tens of thousands of years to get there.
The nearest star similar to our Sun is Tau Ceti.
It has five planets, one of which in the habitable zone, where liquid water may exist.
Most Earth-like
Some extrasolar planets might be Earth-like.
This means that they have conditions very similar to that of the Earth.
Planets are ranked by a formula called the Earth similarity index or ESI for short.
The ESI goes from one (most Earth-like) to zero (least Earth-like).
For a planet to be habitable it should have an ESI of at least 0.8.
For comparison, the four solar terrestrial planets are included in this list.
dwarf planet
Search projects
University of California Planet Search Project
The Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Programmes
PlanetQuest distributed computing project
Extrasolar Planets
NASA's PlanetQuest
PlanetQuest 3D Atlas of extrasolar planets within 400 light years of our Solar System
Planetquest Flash
German Center for Exo-Planet Research Jena/Tautenburg
Astrophysical Institute & University Observatory Jena (AIU)
Table of known planetary systems
Extrasolar Planet XML Database
Andrew Collier Cameron, Extrasolar planets, Physics World (January 2001). (
See the online version.)
searchable dynamic database of extrasolar planets and their parent stars
List of important exoplanets
Extrasolar Planets - D. Montes, UCM
Extrasolar Visions
6-8 Earth-Mass Planet Discovered orbiting Gliese 876
Newfound World Shatters Distance Record from space.com
Oldest Known World from space.com
Earth Sized Planets Confirmed from space.com
Sunshade to Look for Distant Life from news.bbc.co.uk
An extratropical cyclone (also called a mid-latitude cyclone) is a type of cyclone.
It is a large low-pressure weather area with clouds, rain and heavy wind.
They occur in areas that are between latitudes 30° – 60° from the equator.
They are not the same as tropical cyclones or low-pressure weather areas from polar zones.
They are actually many masses of cold and warm fronts producing rain, heavy wind, and sometimes tornadoes and even hail.
An extratropical cyclone turns anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.
The shape is circular or oval.
The usual diameter is about 1000 km.
These cyclones are usually connected with fronts.
A front is a system of changes in weather.
It is caused by a very cold air mass meeting a very hot air mass.
In the cyclone, there is a system of warm front and cold front.
The center of a cyclone is cloudier.
There is also a very high chance of precipitation.
The wind is strong and changes its direction, as the warm front passes.
The weather is stable and fog is usual.
As the cold front passes, there is a change of wind, the temperature decreases and rain is also common.
Some extratropical cyclones are made from tropical cyclones that become weak but do not die when they move over cold water.
Sometimes, these weather areas can become even stronger than before as they turn into extratropical cyclones.
When made from tropical cyclones, they can still have an eye (a place in the middle of a tropical cyclone that is not as windy, cloudy, or rainy).
European windstorms are sometimes made when wind from the northwestern part of the Atlantic carry them more east and north towards Europe.
Nor'easters often hit northeastern North America, and are made when it is cold, most often in late fall.
Wind from the west part of the Atlantic moves them north.
They become stronger, and drop snow on the areas it moves into.
When a nor'easter drops in pressure and become stronger, by more than one millibar every hour, it is called a weather bomb.
Hurricane Hazel was extratropical but still hurricane-level when it hit Toronto, for example.
Cyclonal defects usually occur in series called "the families of the cyclones".
Usually, there is a belt of 3 or 4 cyclones in different stages.
The cyclone has several stages of evolution.
First, there is a stage of the origin of a cyclone.
Second stage means that the cyclone is strengthening.
At that moment, both the warm and cold front are very large.
The system is moving very fast.
The cold front is generally faster, which means that it runs down the warm one.
This causes an occluded front.
The weather is similar to both types of fronts.
The third stage ends with filling of the area with air.
The pressure rises.
Stage four means that the signs of cyclonal weather disappear.
Notable storms
A violent storm during the Crimean War on November 14, 1854, wrecked 30 vessels, and sparked initial investigations into meteorology and forecasting in Europe.
In the United States, the Columbus Day Storm of 1962, one of many Pacific Northwest windstorms.
Hurricane Sandy also became extratropical before it's landfall.
All other objects orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies" ... These currently include most of the Solar System asteroids, most Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs), comets, and other small bodies.
all known minor planets that are not dwarf planets, i.e.:
the classical asteroids (except the largest one, 1 Ceres);
the Centaurs and Neptune Trojans;
the smaller Trans-Neptunian Objects (except dwarf planets such as Pluto and Eris);
all comets;
It is not yet clear whether there will be a lower bound on the group of small solar system bodies, or if it will encompass all material down to the level of meteoroids.
Minor planets
Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by Mary Shelley.
It is about a creature produced by a strange scientific experiment.
Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen.
It was published when she was twenty-one.
The first edition was published anonymously in London in 1818.
Shelley's name appears on the second edition, published in France in 1823.
Shelley had travelled in the region of Geneva, Switzerland, where much of the story takes place.
Ideas about occultism were topics of conversation among her travelling companions, especially her future husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and his doctor John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story.
After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by the result.
She then wrote Frankenstein.
Since publication of the novel, the name "Frankenstein" is often used to refer to the monster itself.
This usage is sometimes considered erroneous, but usage commentators regard the monster sense of "Frankenstein" as well-established and an acceptable usage.
In the novel, the monster however is called "creature", "monster", "fiend", "wretch", "vile insect", "daemon", "being", and "it".
Speaking to Victor Frankenstein, the monster refers to himself as "the Adam of your labors", and elsewhere as someone who "would have" been "your Adam", but is instead "your fallen angel."
Victor Frankenstein is a scientist who wants to create life itself.
He stitches together parts from the dead bodies of criminals executed at the gallows.
He brings his creation to life during an electrical storm.
The monster scares Frankenstein.
The monster spends years looking for a place in the world.
Mostly, other humans are afraid of it.
After years alone, it decides to go back to Frankenstein to ask him to make another monster to be its wife.
Frankenstein chases the monster to the Arctic, and dies pursuing the creature.
The monster vanishes into the fog.
1818 books
ESPN is an American sports television network owned by ESPN, Inc., a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company which own Sony Corporation which WarnerCBS 90% owns 20%.
ESPN is an acronym for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network.
The channel is headquartered in Bristol, Connecticut with other studios in Los Angeles, California.
ESPN shows sporting events and games, and also has shows that show highlights of sporting events and that show people talking about sports.
The network has also shown games or events other than sports, such as poker.
The ESPN family of networks
ESPN (1979–present)
ESPN on ABC (2006-present, replacing ABC Sports)
ESPN International (1989–present)
ESPN2 (1993–present)
ESPNEWS (1996–present)
ESPN Classic (1997–present)
ESPNU (2005–present)
ESPN Deportes (2004–present)
ESPNHD (2003–present)
ESPN2HD (2005–present)
ESPN Plus (–present)
ESPN PPV (–present)
SEC Network (2014–present)
ESPN Motion (2003–present)
ESPN 360 (2005–present)
ESPN Radio (1992–present)
ESPN Deportes Radio (2005–present)
Ultimite X with Touchstone Pictures
Official ESPN Website
1979 establishments in the United States
Sports media
Companies based in Connecticut
Peter Dodds McCormick (–1916) wrote the music and the words for the song.
It was first performed in 1878, but it only became Australia's official anthem in 1984.
Between 1878 and 1984, the song was used inside of Australia as a patriotic song.
For a time the song announced the news from the Australian Broadcasting Commission.
When Australia became a Federation in 1901, the song was sung by a choir of 10,000 people.
In 1977 there was a vote for the national anthem between four songs during the 1977 Australian referendum.
The other three songs were:
God Save the Queen, which was then the official national anthem
Waltzing Matilda, often regarded as the unofficial anthem
Song of Australia.
Advance Australia Fair received 43.29% of the vote, defeating the three alternatives: Waltzing Matilda (28.28%), Song of Australia (9.65%), and the existing national anthem God Save the Queen (18.78%).
However, it was not until 1984 that the national anthem was changed to reflect the popular vote.
The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, were held in Turin, Italy from 10 to 26 February 2006.
This was the second time Italy hosted the Olympic Winter Games.
The first time was the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo.
Italy also had the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.
The President of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, opened the ceremony.
Stefania Belmondo was the torch-bearer.
1,548 men and 960 women were in the Olympics.
There were 84 events.
The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was "Passion lives here".
Medals won by each nation
Olympic areas
Olympic events were mainly held in Turin.
Other events such as skiing and snowboarding had to be held in mountain areas.
Oval Lingotto – Speed skating
Torino Esposizioni – Ice hockey
Palasport Olimpico – Ice hockey (final)
Stadio Olimpico – Opening and closing ceremonies
Palavela – Figure skating, short-track speed skating
Olympic Village
Other locations
Bardonecchia – Snowboarding
Cesana Pariol – Bobsleigh, Luge, Skeleton
Cesana San Sicario  – Biathlon
Pinerolo – Curling
Pragelato – Nordic combined (ski jumping), Ski jumping
Pragelato Plan – Cross-country skiing, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing)
San Sicario Fraiteve – Alpine skiing (women's combined (downhill), downhill, and super-g)
Sauze d'Oulx – Freestyle skiing
Sestriere Borgata – Alpine skiing (men's combined (downhill), downhill, super-g)
Sestriere Colle – Alpine skiing (combined (slalom), giant slalom, slalom)
Olympic villages
2006 in sports
2000s in Italy
March 4 – The Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.
February 6 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain (d. 1714)
June 6 – The Ashmolean Museum opens as the world's first university museum.
June 12 – The Rye House Plot to assassinate Charles II of England is discovered.
July 8 – The Qing Dynasty Chinese admiral Shi Lang led 300 ships with 20,000 troops out of Tongshan, Fujian and sailed towards the Kingdom of Tungning, in modern-day Taiwan and the Pescadores in order to quell the kingdom in the name of Qing.
July 14 – A 140,000-man Ottoman force arrives at Vienna in June and starts to besiege the city.
The siege is broken at the Battle of Vienna on September 12 with the arrival of a force of 70,000 Polish, Austrians and Germans under Polish-Lithuanian king Jan III Sobieski, whose cavalry turns their flank.
Considered to be the turning point in the Ottoman Empire's fortunes.
July 16 and July 17 – Battle of Penghu, the Qing Chinese admiral Shi Lang defeats the naval forces of Zheng Keshuang in a decisive victory.
September 5 – the Qing Chinese admiral Shi Lang receives the formal surrender of Zheng Keshuang, ushering in the collapse of the Kingdom of Tungning, which was then incorporated into the Qing Empire.
Shi Lang reached Taiwan on October 3 and occupied present day Kaohsiung.
October 6 – Germantown, Pennsylvania is founded, leading in 1983 to U.S. President Ronald Reagan declaring a 300th Year Celebration, and in 1987, it became an annual holiday, German-American Day.
November 1 – The  British crown colony of New York is subdivided into 12 counties.
December – The River Thames freezes, allowing a frost fair to be held.
Wild boars are hunted to extinction in Britain.
February 28 – René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, French scientist (died  1757)
March 1 – Caroline of Ansbach, queen of George II of Great Britain (died 1737)
April 3 – Mark Catesby, English naturalist (died 1749)
June 23 – Etienne Fourmont, French orientalist (died 1745)
September 11 – Farrukhsiyar, Mughal Emperor (died 1719)
September 25 – Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer (died 1764)
October 25 – Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, British politician (died 1757)
November 10 – King George II of Great Britain (died 1760)
November 30 – Ludwig Andreas Graf Khevenhüller, Austrian field marshal (died 1744)
December 19 – King Philip V of Spain (died 1746)
December 27 – Conyers Middleton, English minister (died 1750)
January 21 – Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, British politician (born 1621)
February 18 – Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem, Dutch painter (born 1620)
March 19 – Thomas Killigrew, English dramatist (born 1612)
March 29 – Yaoya Oshichi, a young girl burned at the stake for arson in 17th Century Japan (born 1667)
July 10 – François-Eudes de Mézeray, French historian (born 1610)
July 13 – Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex, English statesman (born 1631)
July 30 – Marie-Thérèse, first wife of Louis XIV of France (born 1638)
August 18 – Charles Hart, English actor (born 1625)
August 24 – John Owen, English non-conformist theologian (born 1616)
September 6 – Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French minister of finance (born 1619)
September 12 – King Afonso VI of Portugal (born 1643)
October 25 – William Scroggs, lord chief justice of England (born c.1623)
December 7 – John Oldham, English poet died from smallpox (born 1653)
December 7 – Algernon Sydney, English politician (born 1623)
December 15 – Izaak Walton, English writer (born 1593)
March 13 – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1845)
September 25 – Fletcher Christian, leader of the Mutiny on the Bounty (d. 1793)
April 15 – Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV of France (born 1721)
November 20 – Christian Goldbach, Prussian mathematician (born 1690)
February 11 – The Pilgrims leave England for North America to settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
March 9 – Czar Alexis I of Russia (d. 1676)
April 14 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch scientist (d. 1695)
March 1 – The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony, with the charging of 3 women with witchcraft.
June 8 – During a famine in Mexico City, an angry mob torches the Viceroy's palace and ignites the archives; most of the documents and some paintings are saved by royal geographer Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora.
June 10 – Salem witch trials: Bridget Bishop is hanged for witchcraft.
September 8 – An earthquake in Brabant of scale 5.8 is felt across the Low Countries, Germany and England.
September 14 – Diego de Vargas leads Spanish colonists in retaking the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, after a 12-year exile, following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.
Salem witch trials:
September 19 – Giles Corey is pressed to death, in an attempt to coerce a confession from him of witchcraft.
By the end of September, 14 women and 5 men have been hanged.
September 22 – The last of those convicted of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials are hanged; the remainder of those convicted are all eventually released.
October 21 – In Barbados, a slave revolt is crushed.
June 28 – Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart, Princess of England, Scotland, and Ireland
August 18 – Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, Prime Minister of France (d. 1740)
October 25 – Elisabeth Farnese, queen of Philip V of Spain (d. 1766)
July 19 – Rebecca Nurse, accused Massachusetts witch (b. 1621)
March 8 – King William III of England dies.
His sister-in-law, Anne, becomes queen.
Delaware becomes a separate colony.
The first university in Finland, the Academy of Åbo, is founded in Turku.
June 18 – Charles I is crowned King of Scots, at St. Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh.
May 18 – In Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.
February 22 – The Académie française in Paris is founded as the national academy for the preservation of the French language.
July 31 – The Royal Mail service is made available to the public by King Charles I of England.
August 25 – The Great Colonial Hurricane strikes Narragansett Bay as a possible Category 3 hurricane, killing over 46 people.
Dominica is claimed by France.
February 13 – Henry III of France is crowned at Reims.
The year 1760 was a leap year which started on Tuesday.
March 20 – The Great Fire of Boston, Massachusetts, destroys 349 buildings.
October 25 – King George II of Great Britain dies; his grandson George III becomes king.
April 29 – Pope Clement X succeeds Pope Clement IX as the 239th pope.
July 18 – Spain recognises Jamaica and the Cayman Islands as English possessions by the Treaty of Madrid.
August 9 – Dutch forces under Admiral Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge recapture New York City from the English (regained by the English in 1674).
February 19 – England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster.
Part of the agreement transfers the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to England, which renames it New York.
April – The South Atlantic Ocean island of South Georgia is discovered.
June 24 – King Philip's War starts in North America.
August 10 – Construction starts on the Royal Greenwich Observatory.
March 31 – Pope Benedict XIV (d. 1758)
January 27 – The first fire engine company in what will become the United States goes into service.
February 18 – John Bunyan publishes his Christian allegory The Pilgrim's Progress in London.
April 5 (Easter Sunday) – Dutch admiral Jakob Roggeveen lands on what is now Easter Island.
The Dodo bird goes extinct.
March 4 – The Prince Edward Islands in the subantarctic Indian Ocean are discovered by Dutch explorer Barent Barentszoon Lam.
March 11 – Mount Etna erupts, destroying the town of Nicolosi and killing 20,000 people.
July – The Hanseatic League, 400 years after it was formed, holds its last official meeting in Lübeck.
Phosphorus is discovered by Hennig Brand.
Antonio Stradivari makes his first violin.
December 9 – Pope Clement IX (b. 1600)
June 6 – Gustav Vasa is elected king of Sweden, finally establishing its full independence from Denmark, ending of the Kalmar Union.
February 8 – Giorgio Vasari (d. 1574), Italian painter, architect and writer
January 9 – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek classical scholar (b. 1424)
February 11 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, eldest son of Henry VIII of England
June 6 – Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah, Islamic scholar, author of the Oran fatwa
July 2 – Şahkulu, leader of the Şahkulu Rebellion
August 2 – Andrew Barton, Scottish naval leader (b. c. 1466)
September 6 – Ashikaga Yoshizumi, Japanese shogun (b. 1481)
October 18 – Philippe de Commines, French-speaking Fleming in the courts of Burgundy and France (b. 1447)
Nicolás de Ovando (born 1460), Spanish soldier, governor of Hispaniola
Diego de Nicuesa, Spanish conquistador and explorer
Johannes Tinctoris, Flemish composer and music theorist (b. c. 1435)
Matthias Ringmann, German cartographer and humanist poet (b. 1482)
Yusuf Adil Shah, founding leader of the Adil Shahi dynasty
probable – Antoine de Févin, French composer (b. c. 1470)
January 22 – The Swiss Guard arrives at the Vatican, to serve as permanent ceremonial and palace guards under Pope Julius II.
April 7 – Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit saint (d. 1552)
January 11 – 1693 Sicily earthquake: Mount Etna erupts, causing a devastating earthquake that affects parts of Sicily and Malta.
February 8 – The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, is granted a Royal charter from King William III and Queen Mary II of England.
Some members of the Anabaptist movement in Switzerland splits from the group to start the Amish.
February 7 – Empress Anna I of Russia (d. 1740)
March 7 – Pope Clement XIII (d. 1769)
March 24 – John Harrison, English clockmaker (d. 1776)
Dracula is a horror novel written by the Irish writer Bram Stoker.
Bram Stoker published the novel in England in 1897.
The character 'Dracula' may have been based in part on Sir Henry Irving (who was an actor and friend of Bram Stoker) and on Vlad III the Impaler (a Romanian king).
The story is about a vampire called Dracula, who wants to take over England.
The novel happens in 1893.
A young solicitor (a type of lawyer) Jonathan Harker goes to the country Transylvania to sell a house in England to a nobleman named Dracula.
After living in the castle for a week, he realizes that Dracula is a vampire that wants to take over England.
Dracula traps Harker in his castle with three other vampire women (who are called his brides) and goes to England, by hiding on a ship and killing the crew.
When he gets to England, he bites a young woman called Lucy Westenra and turns her into a vampire.
Lucy is then killed by Abraham van Helsing (a vampire hunter) and the other characters in the book.
Then Dracula bites Jonathan's wife Mina.
Because of this, the other characters try to defeat Dracula, by chasing him back to Transylvania and stabbing him in the heart with a wooden stake.
Most famous adaptations of Dracula
1922,  (Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror).
First adaptation of the novel.
Directed by F. W. Murnau.
Max Schreck has the role of Count Orlok.
The movie director could not get permission to use the actual story from Stoker's widow, who ordered many copies of the movie to be destroyed after its release.
1931, Dracula.
Horror, directed by Tod Browning and starring Béla Lugosi as Dracula.
1958, Horror of Dracula.
Horror, stars Christopher Lee as Count Dracula.
1979, Dracula.
Horror, stars Frank Langella as Dracula.
1979, Love at First Bite.
Comedy, stars George Hamilton as Count Vladimir Dracula.
1992, Bram Stoker's Dracula.
Horror, directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Gary Oldman as Dracula.
Dracula: Dead and Loving it.
Comedy, directed by Mel Brooks and starring Leslie Nielsen as Count Dracula.
Van Helsing is a 2004 movie that has Hugh Jackman as the title character (Gabriel Van Helsing) and Richard Boxburgh as Count Vladislaus Dracula.
2014, Dracula Untold, directed by Gary Shore
http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45839
Bram Stoker Online Full text and PDF versions of this novel.
1897 books
Irish novels
Vampire novels
1002 (MII) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used.
It was the second year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.
January 23 – Emperor Otto III dies, at the age of 22, of smallpox at Castle of Paterno (near Rome) after a 19-year reign.
He leaves no son, nor a surviving brother who can succeed by hereditary right to the throne.
Otto is buried in Aachen Cathedral alongside the body of Charlemagne (Charles the Great).
June 21 – Pope Leo IX (d. 1054)
Adolf II of Lotharingia (d. 1041)
Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Sunni Muslim scholar and historian (d. 1071)
George I of Georgia (possible date; d. 1027)
Mei Yaochen, Chinese poet of the Song Dynasty (d. 1060)
January 23 – Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 980)
April 30 – Eckard I, Margrave of Meissen, assassinated
August 8 – Al-Mansur, chief minister of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, Spain
October 15 – Otto-Henry, Duke of Burgundy (b. 946)
Ealdwulf, Abbot of Peterborough, Bishop of Worchester and Archbishop of York
Godfrey I, Count of Verdun
Gunhilde, wife of Pallig, killed in the St. Brice's Day massacre
John the Iberian, Georgian saint (possible date)
Pallig, Danish chieftain, Jarl of Devonshire, killed in the St. Brice's Day massacre
Rogneda of Polotsk, wife of Vladimir I of Kiev before his conversion to Christianity
Sancho Ramírez of Viguera (possible date)
Tahir, son of Khalaf I
Udayadityavarman I of Khmer Empire
February 8 – A magnitude 8.3 earthquake occurs in Concepción, Chile.
February 25 – Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England with the bull Regnans in Excelsis.
July 14 – Pope Pius V issues Quo Primum, promulgating the 1570 edition of the Roman Missal.
March 12 – Wars of the Roses in England – Battle of Losecoat Field: The House of York defeats the House of Lancaster.
July 12 – The Ottomans capture Euboea.
October 3 – Warwick releases Henry VI of England from the Tower of London, and restores him to the throne.
June 30 – Charles VIII of France (d. 1498)
November 2 – King Edward V of England, one of the princes in the Tower (d. c. 1483)
Filippo Azzaiolo (d. 1569), Italian composer
29 November – Thomas Wolsey (born between 1471 and 1476), English statesman and archbishop
Jaques Cartier explored Quebec and Montreal.
Joan Waste (d. 1 August 1556), English woman burned to death because she would not stop being a Protestant
10 February – Song Ik-phil (d. 8 August 1599), Korean politician
23 June – Oda Nobunaga (d. 21 June 1582), Japanese daimyo
1 July – Frederick II of Denmark (d. 4 April 1588), King of Denmark-Norway
24 September – Guru Ram Das (d. 1 September 1581), fourth of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism
26 May – Pope Clement VII (born 26 May 1478), 220th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church
July 11 – War of the Spanish Succession: Allied forces commanded by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough defeated the French at the Battle of Oudenarde.
August 18 – War of the Spanish Succession: The British capture Minorca, Spain.
December – The pendulum clock is invented by Christian Huygens.
Simon Stevin, a Flemish mathematician, demonstrates that two objects of different weight fall with the same speed.
August 11 – English navigator Martin Frobisher, on his search for the Northwest Passage, enters the bay now named after him.
The University of Tübingen was founded in Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
January 25 – Anne of Brittany (d. January 9, 1514), Duchess of Brittany
February 16 – First English Civil War: The Battle of Great Torrington, Devon, the last major battle of the conflict, is fought.
December 21 – Temperatures around the world start to decline as part of the Little Ice Age.
December 22 – Peter Mogila, Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (b. 1596)
19 September – Henry III of France (d. 2 August 1589), King of France and of Poland
8 October – Giulio Caccini (d. 10 December 1618), Italian composer and singer
17 May – Shin Saimdang (b. 29 October 1504), Korean artist, poet, writer, and scholar
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare branch of the United States armed forces and one of the seven uniformed services.
It was a part of the United States Army until September 18, 1947.
The USAF is the largest and most of technologically advanced air force in the world.
It has thousands of aircraft in service including bombers, fighter aircraft, transports and other kinds, and hundreds of Intercontinental ballistic missiles.
Hundreds of thousands of men and women are on active duty in the Air Force and others are in the Reserves and the United States National Guard.
Officer Ranks
Warrant officers
Enlisted airmen
Find a grave memorial of a World War II "WASP" {Women Air Service pilot}
The European Broadcasting Union (EBU), known in French as L'Union Européenne de Radio-Télévision (UER), and unrelated to the European Union, was formed on 12 February 1950 by 23 broadcasting organizations from Europe and the Mediterranean at a conference in the coastal resort of Torquay in Devon, England.
In 1993, the International Radio and Television Organisation (OIRT), an equivalent organisation of broadcasters from Central and Eastern Europe, was merged with the EBU.
Full Members
The names of the broadcasting companies not in Roman script are either in English or French, the official languages of the EBU.
Future & Potential EBU Members
Liechtenstein: currently Liechtenstein has no national television or radio station, but if they get one it will be possible for them to join the EBU (this technicality had affected them once before when they were not allowed to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 1969)
Kosovo: RTK - currently an associate member
Syria: ORTAS (Organisme de la Radio-Télévision Arabe Syrienne) - currently an associate member only
Morocco: The second commercial channel of Morocco 2M TV have asked for membership to the EBU.
It is still unknown if Morocco will participate in the Eurovision Song Contest or the Junior Eurovision Song Contest.
EBU Website
An annular hurricane is a term used in the north Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean east of the International Dateline.
An annular hurricane is a rare type of hurricane that has a big, circular eyewall, and thick, deep convection around it with no spiral rainbands.
This structure allows the hurricane to maintain its strength for longer durations, and in worse conditions than typical hurricanes.
In North America, after arriving in different areas in Mexico, the Aztec settle in a swampy area near Lake Texcoco, and found the city of Tenochtitlan.
Note: Sometimes the '20s is used as shorthand for the 1920s, the 1820s, or other such decades in various centuries
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (d. 1524), Spanish soldier, conquered and governed Cuba for Spain
Lady Mary Grey (d. 20 April 1578), sister of Lady Jane Grey
8 July – Carlos, Prince of Asturias (d. 24 July 1568), son of King Philip II of Spain
18 October – John Taverner (b. about 1490), English composer and organist
1346, March 15 – Shah Jalal of Bengal (b. 1271)
The Black Death spreads across Europe.
The Battle of Sluys is fought between the ships of the navy of the Kingdom of England and those of the Kingdom of France.
August 26, 1346: Edward III of England defeats Philip VI of France at the Battle of Crécy.
This battle is famous for the destruction of the French cavalry by English longbowmen.
This was also the first time cannons were used in battle.
1111 Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II
1112 The people of Laon, France, proclaim a commune and murder their bishop
1113 Pierre Abélard opens his school in Paris
1119 Knights Templar Order established in Jerusalem
1200 (MCC) is a    common year.
Had the Gregorian calendar existed that year or before, the year 1200 would have been a century leap year and a leap year starting on Saturday.
University of Paris received charter from Philip II of France
The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200
Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed
Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265)
Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died 1278)
Adam Marsh, English Franciscan (approximate date; died 1259)
John Fitzalan, Lord of Oswestry
Matthew Paris, English Benedictine monk and chronicler (approximate date; died 1259)
Rabbi Isaac ben Moses of Vienna (died 1270)
Dogen Zenji, founder of Soto Zen (died 1253)
Joscelin III of Edessa
Zhu Xi, Chinese philosopher (born 1130)
Gilbert Horal, 12th Grand Master of the Knights Templar
1308 – Avignon Papacy established, which splits and weakens the Roman Catholic Church
The Ancient Pueblo Peoples culture rises (approximate date).
The great Buddhist centre of learning at Nalanda is destroyed by invaders.
The city of Cusco, Peru is founded.
Emperor Huizong of Song starts to rule in China.
1102 Bolesław III becomes king of Poland.
1104 The volcano Hekla erupts in Iceland, destroying settlements.
1107 Emperor Toba ascends the throne of Japan.
The 2004 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, were held in Athens, Greece from August 13, 2004, until August 29, 2004.
It was the first time since 1896 that the Olympics were held in Greece.
10,625 athletes took part.
There were 301 medal events.
The four other candidate cities were Rome, Cape Town, Stockholm, and Buenos Aires.
Six other cities had applied, but were turned down by the IOC in 1996.
These cities were Istanbul, Lille, Rio de Janeiro, San Juan, Seville, and Saint Petersburg.
Athens won every round of voting and easily beat Rome in round 5, the final vote.
Round 2 was to settle a tie break between Cape Town and Buenos Aires from round 1.
Medal count
Countries are ranked firstly by the number of gold medals they have, then by the number of silver, and then by the number of bronze.
Where countries have the same number of each type of medal, they are listed alphabetically and given the same ranking.
Medal numbers shown in bold are the highest in their section.
Greece, the host nation is highlighted in lavender.
Greek sprinters Konstantinos Kenteris and Ekaterini Thanou withdraw from the games after allegedly staging a motorcycle accident in order to avoid a drug test.
World record holder and strong favourite Paula Radcliffe crashes out of the women's marathon, leaving Mizuki Noguchi to win the gold.
While leading in the men's marathon with less than 10 kilometres to go, Brazilian runner Vanderlei de Lima is attacked by Irish priest Cornelius Horan and dragged into the crowd.
De Lima recovered to take bronze.
He was later awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal for sportsmanship.
British athlete Kelly Holmes wins gold in the 800 m and 1500 m.
Liu Xiang wins gold in the 110 m hurdles, equalling Colin Jackson's 1993 world record time of 12.91 seconds.
This was China's first ever gold in men's track and field.
The Olympics saw Afghanistan's first return to the Games since 1999.
Hicham El Guerrouj wins gold in the 1500 m and 5000 m. He is the first person to do this at the Olympics since Paavo Nurmi in 1924.
Greek athlete Fani Halkia comes out of retirement to win the 400 m hurdles.
The US women's 4 × 200 m swimming team of Natalie Coughlin, Carly Piper, Dana Vollmer and Kaitlin Sandeno win gold.
They beat the long-standing world record set by the German Democratic Republic in 1987.
The United States lost for the first time in Olympic men's basketball since NBA players were let to play in the Games.
This defeat came at the hands of Puerto Rico 92–73.
Argentina wins a shocking victory over the United States in the semi-finals of men's basketball.
They go on to beat Italy 84–69 in the final.
Windsurfer Gal Fridman wins Israel's first-ever gold medal.
Dominican athlete Félix Sánchez won the first ever gold medal for the Dominican Republic in the 400 m hurdles event.
German kayaker Birgit Fischer wins gold in the K-4 500 m and silver in the K-2 500 m. She became the first woman in any sport to win gold medals at 6 different Olympics, the first woman to win gold 24 years apart and the first person in Olympic history to win two or more medals in five different Games.
Swimmer Michael Phelps wins 8 medals (6 gold and 2 bronze).
He became the first athlete to win 8 medals in non boycotted Olympics.
United States' gymnast Carly Patterson becomes only the second American woman to win the all-around gold medal.
Chilean Tennis players Nicolás Massu and Fernando Gonzalez won the gold medal in the Doubles Competition.
Massu won the gold and Gonzalez the bronze on the Singles competition.
These were Chile's first-ever gold medals.
South America had its best Olympics, with nine gold medals.
OAKA
Athens Olympic Aquatic Centre – diving, swimming, synchronized swimming, water polo
Athens Olympic Tennis Centre – tennis
Athens Olympic Velodrome – cycling (track)
Olympic Indoor Hall – basketball (final), gymnastics (artistic, trampolining)
Olympic Stadium – ceremonies (opening/ closing), athletics, football (final)
Fencing Hall – fencing
Helliniko Indoor Arena – basketball, handball (final)
Olympic Baseball Centre – baseball
Olympic Canoe/Kayak Slalom Centre – canoeing (slalom)
Olympic Hockey Centre – field hockey
Olympic Softball Stadium – softball
Faliro
Faliro Olympic Beach Volleyball Centre – volleyball (beach)
Faliro Sports Pavilion Arena – handball, taekwondo
Peace and Friendship Stadium – volleyball (indoor)
GOC
Goudi Olympic Hall – badminton
Olympic Modern Pentathlon Centre – modern pentathlon
Football venues
Kaftanzoglio Stadium (Thessaloniki)
Karaiskakis Stadium (Athens)
Pampeloponnisiako Stadium (Patras)
Pankritio Stadium (Heraklion)
Panthessaliko Stadium (Volos)
Other venues
Agios Kosmas Olympic Sailing Centre – sailing
Ano Liosia Olympic Hall – judo, wrestling
Galatsi Olympic Hall – gymnastics (rhythmic), table tennis
Kotzia Square – cycling (individual road race)
Marathon (city) – athletics (marathon start)
Markopoulo Olympic Equestrian Centre – equestrian
Markopoulo Olympic Shooting Centre – shooting
Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall – weightlifting
Panathinaiko Stadium – archery, athletics (marathons finish)
Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall – boxing
Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre – canoeing (sprint), rowing
Stadium at Olympia – athletics (shot put)
Vouliagmeni Olympic Centre – cycling (individual time trial), triathlon
The  games took place from April 6 to 15, 1896.
It was the first international Olympic Games held in the Modern era.
As Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, Athens was an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games.
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was also instituted during this congress.
The 1896 Olympics were regarded as a great success even though there were many obstacles and setbacks.
The Games had the largest international participation of any sporting event to that date.
The Panathinaiko Stadium, the only Olympic stadium used in the 19th Century, overflowed with the largest crowd ever to watch a sporting event.
The highlight for the Greeks was the marathon victory by Spyridon Louis.
The most successful competitor was German wrestler and gymnast Carl Schuhmann, who won four events.
After the Games, Rhys Coubertin and the IOC were petitioned by several prominent figures including Greece's King George and some of the American competitors in Athens, to hold all the following Games in Athens.
However, the 1900 Summer Olympics were already planned for Paris and, except for the Intercalated Games of 1906, the Olympics did not return to Greece until the 2004 Summer Olympics, some 108 years later.
The stories about the events and people of these Games were in the 1984 NBC miniseries, The First Olympics: Athens, 1896 – starring David Ogden Stiers as William Milligan Sloane and Louis Jourdan as Pierre de Coubertin.
Reviving the Games
In the 18th century, several small-scale sports festivals in Europe were named after the Ancient Olympic Games.
The 1870 Olympics at the Panathenaic stadium had 30,000 people.
Coubertin took Dr William Penny Brooke's idea to have a multi-national and multi-sport event—the ancient games were in a sense international, because various Greek city-states and colonies were represented, but only free male athletes of Greek origin were allowed to participate.
In 1890, Coubertin wrote an article in La Revue Athletique, which talked about the importance of Much Wenlock—a rural market town in the English county of Shropshire.
It was here that, in October 1850, the local physician William Penny Brookes started the Wenlock Olympian Games, a festival of sports and recreations that included athletics and team sports, such as cricket, football and quoits.
Coubertin also took inspiration from the earlier Greek games organized under the name of Olympics by businessman and philanthropist Evangelos Zappas in 1859, 1870 and 1875.
The 1896 Athens Games was funded by the legacies of Evangelos Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos Zappas and by George Averoff who had been specifically requested by the Greek government, through crown prince Constantine, to sponsor the second refurbishment of the Panathinaiko Stadium.
The Greek government did fix the stadium even though the cost of refurbishing the stadium in marble had already been funded in full by Evangelos Zappas forty years earlier.
On June 18, 1894, Coubertin put together a group at the Sorbonne, in Paris, to present his plans to representatives of sports societies from 11 countries.
After his proposal's acceptance by the congress, a date for the first modern Olympic Games needed to be chosen.
Coubertin suggested that the Games be held at the same time as the 1900 Universal Exposition of Paris.
Concerned that a six-year wait might lessen public interest, congress members instead chose 1896.
With a date established, members of the congress turned to the choice of a host city.
Since Greece was the original home of the Olympics, all the congress approved the decision of Athens.
Vikelas was then elected the first president of the newly established International Olympic Committee (IOC).
On April 6 (March 25 according to the Julian calendar then in use in Greece), the games of the First Olympiad were officially opened; it was Easter Monday for both the Western and Eastern Christian Churches and the anniversary of Greece's independence.
The Panathinaiko Stadium was filled with an estimated 80,000 spectators, including King George I of Greece, his wife Olga, and their sons.
Most of the competing athletes were aligned on the infield, grouped by nation.
After a speech by the president of the organizing committee, Crown Prince Constantine, his father officially opened the Games:
"I declare the opening of the first international Olympic Games in Athens.
Long live the Nation.
Long live the Greek people."
Afterwards, nine bands and 150 choir singers performed an Olympic Hymn, composed by Spyridon Samaras, with words by poet Kostis Palamas.
Thereafter, a variety of musical offerings provided the backgrounds to the Opening Ceremonies until 1960, since which time the Samaras/Palamas composition has become the official Olympic Anthem (decision taken by the IOC Session in 1958).
Other elements of current Olympic opening ceremonies were started later: the Olympic flame was first lit in 1928, the first athletes' oath was sworn at the 1920 Summer Olympics, and the first officials' oath was taken at the 1972 Olympic Games.
At the 1894 Sorbonne congress, a large roster of sports were suggested for the program in Athens.
The first official announcements regarding the sporting events to be held featured sports such as football and cricket, but these plans were never finalized, and these sports did not make the final list for the Games.
Rowing and yachting were scheduled, but had to be canceled due to poor weather on the planned day of competition.
The athletics events had the most international field of any of the sports.
The major highlight was the marathon, held for the first time in international competition.
Spyridon Louis was the only Greek athletics champion and a national hero.
Although Greece had been favored to win the discus or the shotput, the best Greek athletes finished just behind the American Robert Garrett in both events.
No world records were set, as few top international competitors had elected to compete.
In addition, the curves of the track were very tight, making fast times in the running events hard.
Despite this, Thomas Burke, of the United States, won the 100 meter race in 12.0 seconds and the 400 meter race in 54.2 seconds.
was the only one who used the "crouch start" (putting his knee on soil), confusing the jury.
Eventually, he was allowed to start from his "uncomfortable position".
The rules of the International Cycling Association were used for the cycling competitions.
The track cycling events were held at the newly built Neo Phaliron Velodrome.
Only one road event was held, a race from Athens to Marathon and back (87 kilometers).
In the track events, the best cyclist was Frenchman Paul Masson, who won the one lap time trial, the sprint event, and the 10,000 meters.
In the 100 kilometers event, Masson entered as a pacemaker for his compatriot Léon Flameng.
Flameng won the event, after a fall, and after stopping to wait for his Greek opponent Georgios Kolettis to fix a mechanical problem.
The Austrian fencer Adolf Schmal won the 12-hour race, which was completed by only two cyclists, while the road race event was won by Aristidis Konstantinidis.
The fencing events were held in the Zappeion, which, built with money Evangelos Zappas had given to revive the ancient Olympic Games, was not used before.
Unlike other sports (in which only amateurs were allowed to take part at the Olympics), professionals were allowed to compete in fencing, though in a separate event.
These professionals were considered gentlemen athletes, just as the amateurs.
Four events were scheduled, but the épée event was cancelled for unknown reasons.
The foil event was won by a Frenchman, Eugène-Henri Gravelotte, who beat his countryman, Henri Callot, in the final.
The other two events, the sabre and the masters foil, were won by Greek fencers.
Leonidas Pyrgos, who won the latter event, became the first Greek Olympic champion in the modern era.
Gymnastics was at the infield of the Panathinaiko Stadium.
Germany sent an 11-man team, which won five of the eight events, including both team events.
In the team event on the horizontal bar, the German team was unopposed.
Three Germans added individual titles: Hermann Weingärtner won the horizontal bar, Alfred Flatow won the parallel bars; and Carl Schuhmann, who also competed successfully in wrestling, won the vault.
Louis Zutter, a Swiss gymnast, won the pommel horse, while Greeks Ioannis Mitropoulos and Nikolaos Andriakopoulos were victorious in the rings and rope climbing events, respectively.
Held at a range at Kallithea, the shooting competition was five events—two using a rifle and three with the pistol.
The first event, the military rifle, was won by Pantelis Karasevdas, the only competitor to hit the target with all of his shots.
The second event, for military pistols, was dominated by two American brothers: John and Sumner Paine became the first siblings to finish first and second in the same event.
In order to avoid embarrassing their hosts, the brothers decided that only one of them would compete in the next pistol event, the free pistol.
Sumner Paine won that event.
The Paine brothers did not compete in the 25 meter pistol event, as the event judges determined that their weapons were not of the required caliber.
In their absence, Ioannis Phrangoudis won.
The final event, the free rifle, began on the same day.
However, the event was not completed due to darkness and was finalized the next morning, when Georgios Orphanidis was crowned the champion.
The swimming competition was held in the open sea.
Nearly 20,000 spectators lined the Bay of Zea off the Piraeus coast to watch the events.
The water in the bay was cold, and the competitors suffered during their races.
There were three open events (men's 100 metre freestyle, men's 500 metre freestyle, and men's 1200 metre freestyle), in addition to a special event open only to Greek sailors, all of which were held on the same day (April 11).
For Alfréd Hajós of Hungary, being on the same day meant he could only compete in two of the events.
He won the two events in which he swam, the 100 and 1200 meter freestyle.
Hajós later became one of only two Olympians to win a medal in both the athletic and artistic competitions, when he won a silver medal for architecture in 1924.
The 500 meter freestyle was won by Austrian swimmer Paul Neumann, who defeated his opponents by more than a minute and a half.
Although tennis was already a major sport by the end of the 19th century, none of the top players turned up for the tournament in Athens.