the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
As a professional, he has skated for Stars on Ice and Tom Collins Tour of Champions, won several professional championships, and did some T.V. skating specials.
He has also talked during skating events on T.V. He has helped the charity Muscular Dystrophy.
Browning was raised in Caroline, Alberta.
He married a dancer with the National Ballet of Canada, Sonia Rodriguez, in 1996.
They have a son Gabriel, born in 2003.
Amateur Competitions
World Championships: came first in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1993
Winter Olympics: 1988 - 8th, 1992 - 6th, 1994 - 5th
Canadian Championships: came first in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1993
Airbus SE (, , , ) is a company which makes aircraft.
It is owned by EADS, a European aerospace company.
Airbus has its headquarters in Blagnac, France.
Airbus began as a consortium (a group) of aircraft makers called Airbus Industrie.
Later, in 2001, it became a joint-stock company.
It was owned by EADS (80%) and BAE Systems (20%).
BAE sold its part of the company to EADS on 13 October 2006, so EADS now completely owns the company.
Around 55,000 people work for Airbus in sixteen places in four European Union countries: France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Spain.
The final part of Airbus aircraft making is done in Toulouse, France; Hamburg, Germany; Seville, Spain; and, since 2009, Tianjin, China.
Airbus makes and sells the first digital fly-by-wire airliner, the Airbus A320.
Airbus also makes the biggest airliner in the world, the Airbus A380.
Airbus Industrie started as a consortium (group) of European aircraft makers.
The companies came together to compete with American companies like Boeing, McDonnell Douglas and Lockheed.
Even though a lot of European planes had a lot of new features, even the most successful planes were not made for long.
In 1991, Jean Pierson, who was then the CEO and managing director of Airbus Industrie, gave some reasons why American plane makers were bigger: because the United States is so big, people preferred to fly; a 1942 agreement between the United Kingdom and the United States meant that the United States would make transport planes; and World War II had given the United States "a profitable, vigorous, powerful and structured aeronautical industry."
In the 1960s, some plane makers were thinking about coming together.
Some aircraft companies had already thought that this would need to happen.
In 1959, Hawker Siddeley thought about making an "Airbus" version of the Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy.
This version would "be able to lift as many as 126 passengers on ultra short routes at a direct operating cost of 2d.
per seat mile."
However, European aircraft makers knew that making this plane would be dangerous.
They knew that they would have to work together to make a plane like this.
At the 1965 Paris Air Show, big European airlines began to think about the specifications for the "airbus".
In that same year, Hawker Siddeley joined with Breguet and Nord to design the airbus.
By 1966, Sud Aviation (became Aérospatiale) (France), Arbeitsgemeinschaft Airbus (became Deutsche Airbus) (Germany) and Hawker Siddeley (UK) were all working together.
The partners asked for money from the French, German and British governments in October 1966.
On 25 July 1967, the three governments gave the money and decided to continue with the airbus.
In the two years after this, both the British and French governments thought the project would fail.
75 orders were needed before 31 July 1968.
The French government thought about leaving the partnership, because it was worried about the costs of the Airbus A300, Concorde and the Dassault Mercure.
The French government was persuaded to stay.
The British government left the partnership on 10 April 1969.
Hawker Siddeley was helping until the British government left, and France and Germany did not want to design the airbus' wing (which Hawker Siddeley was doing).
Hawker Siddeley was allowed to keep helping, but it did not have any help from the British government.
Beginning of Airbus Industry
Airbus Industrie was officially started as a Groupement d'Interet Économique (Economic Interest Group or GIE) on 18 December 1970.
The name "Airbus" was taken from a word used by airlines in the 1960s.
It meant an aircraft with a certain size and range.
Aérospatiale and Deutsche Airbus each owned 36.5% of the company, Hawker Siddeley owned 20% and Fokker-VFW owned 7%.
Each company made its own parts of the plane, and they were completely ready when they were delivered.
In October 1971, the Spanish company CASA took 4.2% of Airbus Industrie.
Aérospatiale and Deutsche Airbus lowered their share to 47.9%.
In January 1979, British Aerospace, which had taken over Hawker Siddeley in 1977, took 20% of Airbus Industrie.
Aérospatiale and Deutsche Airbus lowered their share even more, to 37.9%.
CASA kept its 4.2%.
Designing the Airbus A300
The Airbus A300 was to be the first aircraft which was designed, made and sold by Airbus Industrie.
By 1967, the "A300" label was given an airliner which Airbus Industrie was thinking about making, with 320 seats and two engines.
Roger Béteille was made the technical director of the A300 design.
Béteille decided which companies would make which parts of the plane: France would make the cockpit, flight controls and part of the fuselage; Hawker Siddeley made the wings; Germany made part of the fuselage; the Dutch made the flaps and spoilers; and Spain made the horizontal tailplane.
On 26 September 1967 the German, French and British governments signed an agreement in London, which allowed Airbus Industrie to continue designing the plane.
Rolls-Royce made the engines.
Airlines did not really want a 300+ seat Airbus A300, so Airbus Industrie made the A250 proposal.
This later became the A300B, which had 250 seats and did not need a new engine design.
This made the plane much cheaper to design, as the Rolls-Royce RB207 which would have been used in the A300 made up a lot of the costs.
The RB207 had also had design problems and delays, since Rolls-Royce was concentrating on designing a different jet engine, the RB211, for the Lockheed L-1011 The A300B was smaller but lighter than its American rivals.
In 1972, the A300 made its first flight.
The first type of A300, the A300B2, began being used by airlines in 1974.
However, not much attention was paid to the A300 because of the launch of Concorde.
At first, the A300 was not very successful.
However, airlines began to order more and more.
Part of this was because of the Airbus Industrie CEO Bernard Lathière, who tried to sell the plane to airlines in America and Asia.
By 1979, Airbus Industrie had 256 orders for the A300.
Airbus Industrie had also designed a more advanced aircraft, the Airbus A310, the year before.
It was the A320 in 1981 which made Airbus Industrie a very big aircraft maker.
More than 400 orders were made for the A320 before it even flew.
Only 15 were made for the A300 before it first flew.
Change to Airbus
Since Airbus Industrie's planes were made by different companies, Airbus Industrie really only sold and advertised the planes.
It became obvious that Airbus was no longer a temporary group made just to make one plane.
It had become a big company which could make more planes.
By the late 1980s, Airbus Industrie was working on two medium-sized planes: the Airbus A330 and the Airbus A340.
In the early 1990s, the Airbus CEO Jean Pierson said that the partnership should be closed, and Airbus Industrie should become its own company.
However, the difficulties of integrating and valuing the assets of four companies, as well as legal issues, delayed the initiative.
In December 1998, when British Aerospace and DASA were close to merging with each other, Aérospatiale stopped the negotiations.
The French company thought that if BAe and DASA merged, that company would own 57.9% of Airbus.
Aérospatiale insisted that each company own half of Airbus each.
However, the problem was fixed in January 1999, when BAe merged with Marconi Electronic Systems instead.
This company became BAE Systems.
Then in 2000, three of the companies which made Airbus Industrie (DaimlerChrysler Aerospace, the new Deutsche Airbus; Aérospatiale-Matra, the new Sud-Aviation; and CASA) merged.
This merger made EADS.
EADS now owned Airbus France, Airbus Deutschland and Airbus España, which was 80% of Airbus Industrie.
BAE Systems and EADS created the new company, Airbus SAS.
Both companies owned part of Airbus.
Designing the Airbus A380
Throughout 1988, some Airbus engineers, led by Jean Roeder, began secretly designing a very big plane.
It was made to allow Airbus to rival Boeing, whose 747 had been the only very big plane since the 1970s.
Airbus made the project public at the 1990 Farnborough Air Show.
Airbus wanted to make this plane 15% cheaper to use than the Boeing 747-400.
In June 1994, Airbus named the plane the A3XX.
Five A380s were made for testing, and also to demonstrate the plane to airlines and the public.
The first A380 was shown to the public on 18 January 2005, and it first flew on 27 April 2005.
The head test pilot said that flying the A380 was like "like handling a bicycle".
On 1 December 2005, the A380 reached its maximum speed, Mach 0.96.
On 10 January 2006, the A380 made its first flight across the Atlantic, to Medellín, in Colombia.
On 3 October 2006, Airbus' CEO Christian Streiff said that the Airbus A380 was delayed because of problems with the software used to design the aircraft.
The Toulouse factory used the latest version of CATIA (made by Dassault), but the people who were designing the plane in the Hamburg factory were using an older version.
The 530 km of cables which go through the aircraft had to have their design completely changed.
No airlines cancelled their orders, but Airbus still had to pay a lot of money because of the delay.
The first A380 was delivered to Singapore Airlines on 15 October 2007.
It began to be used on 25 October 2007, when it flew between Singapore and Sydney.
Two months later, Singapore Airlines' CEO Chew Choong Seng said that the A380 was better than both the airline and Airbus thought.
It used 20% less fuel per passenger than the Boeing 747-400.
Emirates was the second airline to get an A380 on 28 July 2008, and it used the A380 to fly between Dubai and New York on 1 August 2008.
Qantas got the A380 on 19 September 2008, and its A380s flew between Melbourne and Los Angeles on 20 October 2008.
BAE sells its part of Airbus
On 6 April 2006, it was announced that BAE Systems would sell its 20% of Airbus.
Its share was worth about €3.5 billion (US$4.17 billion).
At first, BAE wanted to agree a price with EADS informally.
On 2 July 2006, BAE's part of the company was thought to be worth about £1.9 billion (€2.75 billion), which was much less than what BAE, analysts, and even EADS thought.
In September 2006, BAE sold its part of Airbus for £1.87 billion (€2.75 billion, $3.53 billion).
On 4 October, BAE's shareholders decided that the sale should go ahead, meaning that Airbus is now completely owned by EADS.
2007 restructuring
On 28 February 2007, CEO Louis Gallois said that Airbus was planning to make some changes.
The programme was called Power8, and it got rid of 10,000 jobs over four years: 4,300 in France, 3,700 in Germany, 1,600 in the UK and 400 in Spain.
Airbus factories in Saint Nazaire, Varel and Laupheim could be sold or closed, while Meaulte, Nordenham and Filton are "open to investors".
Unions in France and Germany threatened to go on strike because of the job cuts.
2011 A320neo record orders
At the 2011 Paris Air Show, Airbus got 730 orders for Airbus A320neo family planes.
These orders were worth $72.2 billion, and the number of orders is a new record in aviation.
The A320neo was announced in December 2010, and it got 667 orders.
Together with the orders before that time, there were 1029 orders made within six months after the plane was launched, which is also a new record.
Civilian planes
The first Airbus plane was the A300, the world's first twin-engined aircraft to have two aisles.
A shorter version of the A300 is called the Airbus A310.
Airbus launched the A320, which is special as it is the first commercial plane to use a digital fly-by-wire control system.
The A320 has been, and still is, a very big success.
The A318 and A319 are shorter versions, and the A321 is a longer version, of the A320.
The A320's main rival is the Boeing 737 family.
The long-range wide-body planes, the Airbus A330 and the Airbus A340, have efficient wings, which also have winglets.
The Airbus A340-500 can fly for , which is the second-longest range for any commercial plane, after the Boeing 777-200LR.
All Airbus aircraft after the A320 have similar cockpits, which makes it easier to train pilots.
Airbus stopped making A340s in 2011 because not enough planes were being sold compared to other planes like the Boeing 777.
Airbus is studying a replacement for the A320.
This plane is called the Airbus NSR, for "New Short-Range aircraft".
Those studies said that the NSR could burn 9–10% less fuel than the current A320.
Instead of making a brand new plane, Airbus decided to make changes to the current A320 by adding winglets and other improvements.
This updated type of A320 is called the "A320 Enhanced" and it should use 4–5% less fuel.
Airbus Executive and Private Aviation is the part of Airbus which makes private jets.
After Boeing started the Boeing Business Jet, Airbus made the A319 Corporate Jet in 1997.
As of December 2008, 121 corporate and private jets are being used and 164 aircraft have been ordered.
Military planes
In the late 1990s Airbus became interested in designing and selling aircraft to the military.
Airbus made planes for aerial refuelling with the Airbus A310 MRTT and the Airbus A330 MRTT, and tactical airlift with the A400M.
In January 1999, Airbus started another company, Airbus Military SAS, to design and make a tactical transport aircraft, the Airbus Military A400M. The A400M was designed by several NATO members: Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Spain, Turkey, and the UK, so that these countries did not have to use foreign transport planes.
The A400M has had many delays.
Orders and deliveries
* All models included.
Data as of 31 May 2013.
Rivalry with Boeing
Airbus is in a fierce rivalry with Boeing.
NAirbus won more plane orders in 2003 and 2004.
In 2005, Airbus got 1111 orders, and Boeing got 1029.
In 2006, Airbus had its second-best year ever, when it got 824 orders.
The year before that was even better.
In August 2010, Airbus said that it would be making more A320 airliners, so that 40 would be made every month by 2012, when Boeing was making more 737s, so that 35 would be made every month.
As of April 2013, 7,264 Airbus aircraft are being used.
There are 21% more Boeing aircraft than Airbus, because Airbus has not existed as long as Boeing.
However, Airbus is catching up, as older Boeings are being retired.
Recently, more Boeing 777s have been sold than Airbus planes like the A330-300.
The A330-200 is the main rival of the 767, and the A330-200 has sold more than the 767.
Airbus has also made the Airbus A350 XWB to be a rival to the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.
This was done because airlines were asking Airbus to make a plane to rival the 787.
Boeing has complained that Airbus gets unfair help from European governments.
However, Airbus has said that Boeing gets money illegally from the United States government, as the U.S. government buys many of Boeing's military products.
The WTO said in August 2010 and in May 2011 that Airbus was given unfair help by governments of European countries.
In February 2011, the WTO found that Boeing had been given help by U.S. governments which broke the WTO rules.
Factories around the world
Airbus has many different factories for different planes.
Toulouse, France (A320, A330, A350 and A380)
Hamburg, Germany (A320 series)
Seville, Spain (A400M)
Tianjin, China (A320 series).
Mobile, Alabama, (proposed for construction) (A320)
Airbus uses the "Beluga" to move different parts of Airbus planes from one factory to the other.
Boeing also uses some Boeing 747s to do this to transport parts for the 787.
However, some parts of the Airbus A380 are too large to be carried by the Beluga.
These big A380 parts are brought to Bordeaux on a ship.
They are then taken to Toulouse on the Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit.
Airbus started making a $350 million factory in Harbin, China in July 2009.
When it is finished, 1,000 people will work there.
Airbus has started "Flightpath 2050", which will lower the amount of noise, CO2 and NOx made by Airbus planes.
Airbus has joined Honeywell and JetBlue Airways to lower the amount of pollution and how much oil planes need to use.
They are trying to make a biofuel which could be used by 2030.
Airbus recently had the first flight using special fuel.
It used 60% kerosene and 40% gas to liquids (GTL) fuel.
It gave out the same amount of carbon, but less sulphur.
The special fuel worked with Airbus' engine, so this type of fuel should not need new engines.
This flight is thought to be a good advance towards environmentally-friendly planes.
Employees in different factories
(Data as of 31 December 2006)
Airbus plane numbering system
Airbus names its planes in a special way.
The format is: the plane name, a dash, and a three-digit number.
The three-digit number after the plane name means the aircraft series, the company which makes the engines, and the version of the engines.
For example, an A320-200 with version one International Aero Engines (IAE) V2500 engines would be called the A320-231.
Engine codes
Official Airbus website
Airbus North America
Airbus on Twitter
1970 establishments in Europe
Rapid City is the second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
It is in the western part of the state on the eastern edge of the Black Hills.
Rapid City is the county seat of Pennington County.
It is a good starting point for the area around it, which is a tourist area.
Local tourist sites include Mount Rushmore, the Black Hills, the Badlands, and Custer State Park.
Rapid City government website
County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
The Year without a Summer was 1816.
The year before that, in 1815, a volcano had erupted in the Dutch East Indies.
The volcano's name was Mount Tambora.
The volcanic ash from the eruption spread across the world.
It darkened the sky, and made the Earth's surface colder.
In much of Europe and northern North America, summer never came.
In New England and Germany, there were frozen lakes in the middle of June.
Flowers never bloomed, and every day was cold.
These places and China suffered famine.
A capitol building (or just capitol) is a building in a capital city.
People who control government work there to make laws.
The building may have many offices.
Some offices are for people who enforce laws, for example a president or governor.
These people lead all people, and help them obey the laws.
Sometimes, there are offices for judges, people who help all people understand the laws.
These judges are very powerful.
A group of these judges can be called a supreme court or superior court.
Buildings similar to capitols are in other places.
A smaller government like one in a county can be in a court house.
A city government can be in a city hall.
Government buildings
Administrative buildings
pl:Kapitol
In chemistry, it is the act of solvation, when a solid is mixed into a liquid, creating a  solution.
Mixing salt into water is an example.
Upon evaporation, the dissolved parts usually come out of solution and reform the solid.
In film and video editing, it is one way of changing the view.
For example, a scene fades (changes slowly) from a bright day to all black.
Jersey City is a city in Hudson County in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
It is just across the Hudson River from New York City.
County seats in New Jersey
San Jose (officially San José) is a city in Santa Clara County, California in the United States.
It is the third biggest city in California, after Los Angeles and San Diego.
It is the tenth biggest city in the United States.
It is south of San Francisco.
The city has nearly 2,000,000 people.
It has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb in the Koeppen climate classification).
City of San Jose Web site
Venus, Texas is a town in the United States.
Around 2,960 people lived there (about 1,981 males and 979 females) in 2010.
Cities in Texas
Evergreen, Colorado is a community in the United States, about 30 miles from Denver, Colorado.
The historic section of Evergreen has a charming strip of small shops and restaurants.
Before the town became a hot spot for outdoor recreations, the town used to be a hunting ground for the Ute Indians.
By 1860 settlers had converted the land to farms and ranches and the people created an economy based on lumber trade.
Eventually, Evergreen became known for its proximity to nature and scenic landscape.
It was a popular getaway for celebrities of Old Hollywood including Greta Garbo and Teddy Roosevelt.
Queens is a borough of New York City and a county of New York State.
It was named for Catherine of Braganza, the Queen of England and wife of King Charles II of England.
About 2.6 million people live in Queens and it is the largest borough of New York City in size and second in population.
According to the United States census, Queens is the most ethnically diverse county in the USA.
That means that it has the most people from different kinds of places, religions, and ethnic groups of any place in the USA.
Large parts of Queens are urban and an equal part is suburban.
Until 1899 Nassau County, New York was part of Queens County.
Queens is home to both of New York City's airports, LaGuardia Airport (LGA) and John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK).
Queens is connected to the Bronx by three bridges: the Bronx Whitestone Bridge, the Throgs Neck Bridge and the Triborough Bridge.
It is connected to Manhattan by two bridges and one tunnel: the Triborough Bridge, the Queensboro Bridge, and the Queens Midtown Tunnel.
Many controlled-access highways cross Queens, including I-495 (the Long Island Expressway), I-278 (the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), and I-678 (the Van Wyck Expressway, pronounced Van Wike).
Important state highways in Queens include the Grand Central Parkway, which becomes the Northern State Parkway when it crosses the Queens border into Nassau County.
Many New York City Subway lines go through Queens.
The most famous is the Flushing Line, the 7 Train, which has the nickname "International Express" because it goes through many neighborhoods where many immigrants live.
Other subway lines in Queens include the A Train, C Train, E Train, F Train, G Train, J Train, M Train, N Train, R Train, V Train, W Train, and Z Train.
Queens has a very large bus system that goes to all parts of the borough.
Some bus routes go to Brooklyn, Manhattan, or the Bronx.
The Long Island Rail Road also has many stations in Queens.
The Port Washington Line crosses northern Queens.
There are busy stations at Woodside, Queens, Forest Hills, and Flushing.
The central depot and main station for the railroad is in the neighborhood of Jamaica.
The New York Mets of the National League of Major League Baseball play in Citi Field in Queens.
The U.S. Open, a famous and important tennis tournament, is played in Arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing Meadows Park south of the baseball stadium.
Queens has dozens of neighborhoods and named areas.
Addisleigh Park
Arverne
Baisley Park
Bayswater
Beechhurst
Bellaire
Belle Harbor
Bellerose
Breezy Point
Broad Channel
Cambria Heights
College Point
Ditmars / Steinway
Douglaston
Dutch Kills
Edgemere
Fresh Meadows
Glen Oaks
Hollis Hills
Holliswood
Howard Beach
Howard Park
Jackson Heights
Jamaica Estates
Kew Gardens Hills
Laurelton
Lindenwood
Little Neck
Malba
Maspeth
Middle Village
Morris Park
Neponsit
Oakland Gardens
Ozone Park
Pomonok
Queensboro Hill
Queensbridge
Rockaway Park
Rockaway Point
Saint Albans
South Jamaica
South Ozone Park
Springfield Gardens
Willets Point
Woodhaven
Cranston was born in Hamilton, Ontario.
He grew up in Kirkland Lake, Ontario.
He was Canadian champion six times, and, despite never coming higher than third at a world championship, he came first in the free skate four times.
He was well-respected for his artistic ability, and is recognized as someone who brought a new level of artistry to men's figure skating.
Professional career
He skated as a professional for many years, choreographed (designed movement patterns for) skating routines, and was a commentator (talked about events) on T.V. during skating events.
Many people don't realize that Toller was also an extremely successful and talented fine art painter.
He funded his career off the sale of his artworks, and continued to paint ferociously until the end of his days.
Retirement and death
After his retirement, Cranston lived in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico.
He was found dead at his home in San Miguel de Allende on the morning of January 24, 2015.
His cause of death was later said to be a heart attack.
World Championships:  third in 1974
Olympics:  bronze medal in 1976
Canadian Championships:  first in 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, and 1976
Toller Cranston  official site
Canadian LGBT people
Canadian Olympic bronze medalists
LGBT choreographers
LGBT Olympians
People from Hamilton
The Montreal Canadiens are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).
Their nickname is the "Habs" (short for the French "Habitants", early settlers in Quebec from France).
They have won the Stanley Cup championship 24 times, more than any other team.
Early games
They won their first Stanley Cup in 1916, with star players such as Edouard "Newsy" Lalonde and goaltender Georges Vezina.
The Canadiens joined the NHL in 1917; Canadien Joe Malone won the first NHL scoring title (Art Ross Trophy).
They won the Cup again in 1924, with players such as Billy Boucher.
Howie Morenz was a big star in the early years of the NHL.
He was a great skater.
Morenz won the Hart Trophy, as the league's top player, three times.
Goalie George Hainsworth played at the same time, and along with others such as Aurel Joliat, they won the Stanley Cup in 1930 and 1931.
It took 13 years before they won the Cup again.
A young Maurice "The Rocket" Richard, star goalie Bill Durnan,Hector "Toe" Blake, and Elmer Lach led the Canadiens to the cup again in 1944, as well as 1946.
Richard scored 50 goals in a 50-game season in 1944-45.
No one did that again for 36 years.
He led the NHL in goals five times.
Later games
The Canadiens became a very powerful team in the 1950s.
Led by legendary center Jean Beliveau, Doug Harvey (who won seven Norris Trophies as best defence, six on Montreal), Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion, Dickie Moore, Jacques Plante (who won seven Vezina Trophies for goalies), and Richard (along with his younger brother, Henri, the "Pocket Rocket"), the team won the Cup in 1953, and five times in a row, 1956 through 1960.
They won again in 1965, 1966, 1968, and 1969.
New players led the team in the 1970s:  Guy Lafleur, Ken Dryden, Bob Gainey, Larry Robinson, and Yvon Cournoyer led them to the cup in 1971, 1973, and four times in a row, 1976 through 1979.
By 1979, they had won the Stanley Cup 16 times in 27 years.
1909 establishments in Canada
Hockey is a type of sport in which players try to get points by hitting an object into the other team's goal with a stick.
Others believe hockey came from the French word “hoquet” which means shepherd's stick.
James Creighton, an engineer who learned how to play the game of hockey while living in Nova Scotia, is credited for bringing the game to a new level.
He taught his friends at McGill University in Montreal how to play the game.
There are three main ways that hockey is played.
Field hockey is played with a ball on grass or astroturf.
there are eleven players in each team .
Field hockey is usually played outdoors, but there is indoor field hockey.
Field hockey is played in the Summer Olympic Games.
Ice hockey is played on ice.
Players on each team wear ice skates.
They try to hit a small rubber disc called a hockey puck into the other team's goal.
There are up to 6 players on the ice at a time for each team.
It can be played indoors or outdoors.
Professionals play indoors in arenas.
Ice hockey is one of the most popular sports in the world.
It is played in the Winter Olympic GamesThe modern game was invented in the mid-1850´s by British soldiers based in Canada.
Rules were set by students at McGill University in Montréal, Canada, in 1879, and many amateur clubs and leagues were organized in Canada by the late 1880´s.
The game is believed to have been 1st played in the USA in 1893.
Roller hockey is played on a roller hockey rink, usually inside.
Players on each team wear roller skates.
They try to hit a small plastic disk called a hockey puck into the other team's goal.
There are 5 players on each team.
There is no contact.
Evidence exists that shows ancient Aztecs, Greeks and Romans played similar forms of the game.
The modern game of field hockey came to fruition in the mid-19th century in Great Britain.
The British army brought the game to its colonies, and the first international competition took place in 1895.
Tyresta National Park is a small national park in Sweden.
It only has about 50 square kilometers (or 19 square miles) of land.
It is located near the capital city of Stockholm.
A large fire burned almost 10 percent of the park in 1999, but the animals and plants have come back and are now doing fine.
Tyresta National Park and Nature Reserve
National parks in Europe
St. Basil's Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Intercession, is a very famous cathedral in Moscow, Russia.
It is officially known as the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat, or Pokrovsky Cathedral.
It was commissioned by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), for Saint Basil the Blessed.
It is in the area called Red Square.
It was built in 1555-1561.
The cathedral is has eight distinctive onion-shaped towers.
The building itself is made up of separate chapels.
There is a ninth spire in the middle, forming an eight-point star.
The cathedral has been close to destruction many times.
Napoleon Bonaparte decided to take it to Paris, but such an undertaking would have been impossible.
Instead, he ordered it to be demolished.
Explosives were lit, but torrential rain suddenly started, extinguishing the fuses.
Joseph Stalin also ordered it to be destroyed, since it interfered with parades.
Pyotr Baranovsky, who was the architect in charge, objected and was sent to the GULAG but the demolition was cancelled.
The city of Moscow also caught fire numerous times, and the cathedral wasn't spared.
Even so, it still stands to this very day.
Buildings and structures in Moscow
Newport is a city in the southeast of Wales, Great Britain.
It is in the county of Monmouthshire, and in the historic Welsh kingdom of Gwent.
Its name in Welsh is Casnewydd.
It is the third biggest city in Wales.
Newport became a city in 2002.
About 140,000 people live in Newport.
A few years ago, Newport had lots of people working in the steel factory and other heavy industries.
This has changed, now many people work in electronics, such as making computers, phones and microchips.
Cities in Wales
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s establishments in Wales
Monmouthshire is a county in Wales in the west of Great Britain.
From the end of the Middle Ages until the year 1974 Monmouthshire was a part of England for some things and a part of Wales for other things.
Then in 1972 Parliament decided that it was going to be in Wales from 1974 onwards.
The chief town in the area is Newport.
Other important towns are Cwmbran, where the county council meets, Monmouth, the county town and Abergavenny.
A death grunt is when a singer uses a scream which is very low and deep.
It is used in many types of music, but usually death metal.
In many people's opinions, it is hard to understand the death grunt.
However, some people who listen to them a lot think they are not so hard to understand.
Some people believe that death grunts in music sound "scary", so they do not like them.
A clique is a small group of people who like the same things.
Sometimes, people use the word clique to talk about groups of young people.
The word is also used to talk about groups of adults, usually groups of politicians.
In a clique there are leaders and followers.
A clique may also have people they do not like.
Such people are called outcasts.
The outcasts were followers, then they were not liked.
Goth can also mean a member of a Germanic tribe
A goth is a word usually used to describe a person who listens to gothic music and/or dresses in a goth style clothes.
Goths often wear black and unusual jewelry.
Both goth men and goth women often wear make-up.
The goth subculture originated in the early 1980s among fans of the first gothic rock group, Bauhaus.
The word goth comes from the word Gothic which actually means gloomy or dark.
This meaning of the word comes from gothic fiction, a type of literature popular during the late 18th and early 19th century.
Goth people may also make and listen to Goth music.
Cigarettes can be any dried leaf that people roll in thin paper to smoke, but the word is most often used to refer  ones with dried tobacco leaves.
The nicotine in the tobacco can be addictive to people.
The nicotine from cigarettes makes people want to smoke more, even if they do not like the taste or its other effects.
The smoke also has other things that are bad for people's health.
Many countries have laws saying who can smoke tobacco cigarettes and where they can smoke them.
They can cause lung cancer, heart disease and many other diseases.
Most packs of cigarettes have warning labels on them.
Until the mid-1950s, cigarettes were advertised as being healthy or at least not harmful.
Tobacco companies used images of doctors smoking in their advertisements to falsely convince the public that cigarettes were safe.
Cigarettes were advertised as a remedy for throat irritation, the common cold, obesity, indigestion, and even asthma.
Today, all of the major tobacco companies admit that cigarettes are harmful to health.
Smokers have symptoms such as frequent coughing, chest pain, and breathlessness.
Doctors say that people should not smoke, as it can harm almost every organ in the body.
Cigarette smoke contains many harmful substances.
Among them are nicotine, tar, carcinogens and carbon monoxide.
Nicotine is a drug that is addictive.
It damages brain tissue.
Tar is a sticky substance that kills cells and causes lung cancer.
Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer.
Carbon monoxide is a colourless and poisonous gas that stops hemoglobin from taking oxygen around the body.
Filtered, light, ultra-light, menthol, natural, nicotine-free, and electronic cigarettes are just as harmful as regular cigarettes.
Nicotine in cigarettes is as addictive as cocaine and heroin.
Other tobacco products, such as cigars and chewing tobacco, are not a safe alternative to cigarettes.
Improperly extinguished cigarettes are a common cause of house fires.
Smoking near fuel or flammable chemicals can cause a fire or explosion.
Notable brands
Gdańsk is a city in the north of Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship, near the place where the Vistula river meets the Baltic Sea.
It is Poland's 6th largest city (population of 500 000 people) and the largest and most important sea port.
It has existed since the 10th century and many times played a very important role in Poland's history.
In the 19th century it was part of Prussia.
This is where Solidarity, the movement which helped end Communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, came to life.
Gdansk has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).
Golden Gate in Gdańsk
Montserrat is a Caribbean island.
It is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
The governor of Montserrat is Deborah Barnes-Jones.
The capital is officially Plymouth, but the government has moved to Brades after a volcano, Chances Peak, destroyed Plymouth in 1995.
Before the island was called Montserrat, Kalinago and Taíno people had lived in the region for a long time.
They knew it as Alliouagana.
Montserrat was colonized mostly by Irish Catholics.
They brought many black slaves to the island and forced them to work on sugar plantations.
The work the slaves made many plantations grow wealthy.
When slavery was made illegal in the 1830s, the British Empire paid all the slave owners.
Malawi (Republic of Malawi) is a country in south-east Africa.
It has borders with the countries of Tanzania, Zambia, and Mozambique.
The capital of Malawi is Lilongwe and the spoken languages are English and Chichewa.
The official language of Malawi is English.
The total size is about 118480 km² and there are about 100 people per km².
The country is also called "The Warm Heart of Africa".
Malawi is one of the smallest countries in Africa.
Lake Malawi takes about a third of Malawi's area.
Bantu people started living in Malawi in the 10th century.
In 1891 the area became a colony of the United Kingdom.
In 1953 Malawi, then called as Nyasaland, as a protectorate of the United Kingdom, became an almost independent country called Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
The Federation was ended in 1963.
In 1964 the protection of the United Kingdom over Nyasaland was ended.
Nyasaland became an independent country which was ruled by Queen Elizabeth and was called Malawi.
After getting independence it became a one-party rule which was ruled by Hastings Banda.
He was president until 1994.
Peter Mutharika is the current president.
Malawi has a democratic, many party government.
Malawi has a small military: army, a navy and an air support.
Malawi has good relations with Western countries and most countries in the world.
Malawi has joined some international organizations.
Malawi is one of the poorest countries in the world.
Economy is based in farming.
Most of the population live in field areas.
Country gets aid from other countries.
Government has a hard time building and expanding the economy and develop health care, education and environment safety.
Since 2005 some programs have been developed to focus on these problems.
Malawi has a low life expectancy and high infant mortality.
People become ill with AIDS.
Africans, Asians and Europeans are living in the country and they speak in different languages.
People have lived in the area of Malawi for thousands of years.
At first they were hunter-gatherers.
Bantu groups came to the area around the 10th century.
Most of the Bantu groups went to south but some started living there and made ethnic groups based on familiar race.
After 1600 the area was united under one ruler and began trading and making connection with Portuguese traders and members of the military through the Mozambican port which was occupied by Portuguese.
By 1700 the empire had broken up into areas that were controlled by individual groups of people which was known by the Portuguese by collecting information.
The Swahili-Arab slave trade had its highest amount in the middle of 1800s when about 20,000 people were forced to become slaves and were sold every year.
In 1859 British explorer David Livingstone found Lake Malawi (then it was called Lake Nyasa) and thought that Shire Highlands to the south of the lake was a good place for Europeans to make a colony.
Many British missions were done in the area in the 1860s and 1870s.
The African Lakes Company Limited was made in 1878 to set up a trade and transport that helped with the missions, and a small mission and trading area was made at Blantyre in 1876 and a British Consul started living there in 1883.
Malawi became an independent country in 6 July 1964.
Hastings Banda became the first president.
Constitution made Malawi become a republic and one-party state.
Banda's Malawi Congress Party (MCP) was the only legal party in the country.
In 1971, Banda became president for life.
For almost 30 years, Banda ruled over a harsh government which kept Malawi out from war.
Banda showed how a poor country with no access to sea, big population and no minerals can develop farming and industries.
Banda made a business empire that produced one-third of the country's GDP and used 10% of the workers who got paid.
All money made by Banda was used to develop Malawi.
Under pressure for free politics, Banda held an referendum in 1993, where population voted for many party, democratic government.
In late 1993 a presidential council was made, president for life was ended and new constitution was put in place, ending MCP rule.
In 1994 the first many party elections were held in Malawi, and Banda was defeated by Bakili Muluzi.
Electromagnetic waves are waves that contain an electric field and a magnetic field and carry energy.
They travel at the speed of light.
Quantum mechanics developed from the study of electromagnetic waves.
This field includes the study of both visible and invisible light.
Visible light is the light one can see with normal eyesight in the colours of the rainbow.
Invisible light is light one can't see with normal eyesight and includes more energetic and higher frequency waves, such as ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays.
Waves with longer lengths, such as infrared, micro and radio waves, are also explored in the field of Quantum mechanics.
Ultraviolet rays are near the violet end of the light spectrum and infrared are near the red end.
Infrared rays are heat rays and ultraviolet rays cause sunburn.
Mathematical formulation
The problem now is to prove that Maxwell's equations explicitly prove that the electric and magnetic fields create electromagnetic radiation.
Recall that two of Maxwell's equations are given by
By  evaluating the curl of the above equations and vector calculus one can prove the following equations
Electromagnetic Waves from Maxwell's Equations   on Project PHYSNET.
Conversion of frequency to wavelength and back - electromagnetic, radio and sound waves
eBooks on Electromagnetic radiation and RF
The Science of Spectroscopy  - supported by NASA.
Spectroscopy education wiki and films - introduction to light, its uses in NASA, space science, astronomy, medicine & health, environmental research, and consumer products.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea.
It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States and CARICOM.
The country speaks English as its official language.
The capital, and its main port, is Kingstown.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state.
The Queen does not live in the islands but she is represented in the country by the Governor-General, currently Sir Frederick Ballantyne.
Control of the government rests with the elected prime minister and his or her cabinet.
The current Prime Minister is Ralph Gonsalves.
The Parliament is unicameral is formed only by the House of Assembly with 21 seats: 15 representatives elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms and 6 appointed senators.
The last elections were held on 13 December 2010 and the next will be held in 2015.
The island now known as Saint Vincent was originally named Youloumain  by the native Caribs.
The Caribs inhabited Saint Vincent before the Europeans arrived, and it is possible still to find Carib artifacts in the island.
Christopher Columbus explored in 1498 the main island on Saint Vincent's Day.
The Caribs did not allowed Europeans to settle in Saint Vincent until 1719 when some French people came from Martinique and began to grow coffee, tobacco, indigo, cotton and sugar cane with the help of African slaves.
In 1871 the group of islands became part of the Windward Islands Colony and in 1956 a member of the Federation of the Windward Islands.
In 1958 Saint Vincent joined the Federation of the West Indies and in 1969 it got full internal self-government.
Finally in 1979 it became an Independent Sovereign State within the Commonwealt.
The estimated population in 2003 was 103,220.
The population density is 265 persons per square kilometre.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a group of islands of the Caribbean Sea.
It lies to the west of Barbados, south of Saint Lucia and north of Grenada in the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles.
There are 32 islands and cays, including the main island of Saint Vincent () and the northern two-thirds of the Grenadines (), which are a chain of small islands stretching south from Saint Vincent to Grenada.
The largest and most populated Grenadines islands are Bequia, Mustique, Canouan and Union Island.
The main island of Saint Vincent, at , is  long and  wide, and has an area of , or about 88% of the total country area, 19 times that of the country's second largest island Bequia.
It is dominated by the highest mountain in the country and an active volcano, La Soufrière (), which erupted violently in 1812 and 1902.
The most recent eruption was on April 13, 1979.
The island has many mountains and forests.
The island is tropical humid, with an average of between 18 and 31 °C depending on the altitude.
The Grenadines islands lie between the islands of Saint Vincent in the north and Grenada in the south.
The islands north of the Martinique Channel belong to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and the islands south of the channel belong to Grenada.
Bequia, at , is the largest of the Grenadines.
The capital of the Grenadines parish, Port Elizabeth , is here.
Petit Nevis
Isle à Quatre
Bettowia
Baliceaux
Petit Mustique
Savan
Petit Canouan
Mayreau
Union Island
Petit Saint Vincent
Administratively, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is divided into six parishes.
Five parishes are on Saint Vincent, while the sixth is made up of the Grenadine islands.
Kingstown is located in the Parish of Saint George and is the capital city and central administrative centre of the country.
5 parishes on Saint Vincent:
Charlotte - 149 km² (capital: Georgetown)
Saint George - 52 km² (capital: Kingstown)
Saint Andrew - 29 km² (capital: Layou)
Saint Patrick - 37 km² (capital: Barrouallie)
Saint David - 80 km² (capital: Chateaubelair)
1 parish made up of the Grenadine islands:
Grenadines - 43 km² (capital: Port Elizabeth on the Bequia island)
Tropical rainforest climate is a type of tropical climate in which there is no dry season - all months have mean precipitation values of at least .
Tropical rainforest climates have no pronounced summer or winter; it is typically hot and wet throughout the year and rainfall is both heavy and frequent.
The average yearly temperature is .
The coolest months are between November and February.
During the rainy season, May through October, rain is frequent in the mountains of St. Vincent with the annual average rainfall being  away from the coast and  on the coast.
List of Vincentian people
Adolph Frederick Rupp (September 2, 1901 – December 10, 1977) was an American college basketball coach.
He coached the University of Kentucky's basketball team for 42 years from 1930 to 1972.
He helped the team win 4 national NCAA championships.
Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky is named after him.
Sportspeople from Kentucky
1901 births
The Miami Dolphins is an American football club in the National Football League team based in Miami, Florida, USA.
The Dolphins began playing in 1966 and in 1972 they had the only perfect season in NFL history and won a Super Bowl, with Bob Griese leading the team as quarterback.
Another quarterback, Dan Marino, is a more recent famous player from this club.
The Miami Dolphins stadium is Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Fl.
Sports in Miami, Florida
National Football League teams
Oksana Vladimirovna Grishuk (born March 17, 1972 in Odessa, Ukraine) is a Russian retired ice dancer.
She and her partner, Evgeny Platov, won two Olympic gold medals and four world championships.
Grishuk began training in skating at the age of four.
She moved to Moscow in 1986, and studied at the Sport University from 1988 to 1992.
World Championships:  first in 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997
Olympics:  gold medal in 1994 and 1998
European Championships:  first place in 1996, 1997, and 1998
The largest fansite about Oksana Grishuk, AKA Pasha
Oksana Grishuk's official website
Platov and Usova site
Olympic gold medalists
People from Odessa
Russian figure skaters
He was a Russian dancer, and began skating when he was nine years old.
He studied at the Physical Institute of Culture in Moscow.
After the 1998 Olympics in Nagano, Japan, Platov started skating as a professional with a different partner, Maya Usova, until he retired from performing in 2002.
He is now a coach at Princeton Sports Center in Princeton, New Jersey.