the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The creation of the new port moved the Port of Liverpool's boundary 11 milles to the west.
Once delivered to the port, goods travelled as far west as Warrington, about 20 miles north, as far east as Leeds, and up to 100 miles south to Birmingham.
Manchester Piccadilly station is the main railway station of Manchester, England.
It serves intercity routes to London Euston, Birmingham New Street, South Wales and the south coast of England, Edinburgh and Glasgow Central in Scotland, and routes throughout Northern England.
One of 18 British railway stations managed by Network Rail, it is the largest and busiest of the five city centre railway stations in Central Manchester/Salford.
The others are Manchester Victoria, Salford Central, Deansgate and Manchester Oxford Road.
Piccadilly is the busiest station in England outside of London for passenger usage, and the second busiest station in the United Kingdom outside London.
According to an independent poll carried out in 2007, Manchester Piccadilly has the highest customer satisfaction level of any UK station, with 92% of passengers satisfied with the station; the national average was 60%.
First Greater Manchester (formerly First Manchester) is one of the bus companies serving Greater Manchester, a metropolitan county in North West England.
It is part of "FirstGroup", a company operating transport services across the British Isles and in North America.
The company operates within the area covered by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive, a public body responsible for helping to co-ordinate public transport services in the Greater Manchester area.
During the industrial revolution, the Victorian era was well known for its thousands of terraced buildings designed for workers living in the vicinity of industrial areas, particularly in the North and Midlands.
Various larger buildings have also been built for the houses of rich members society.
A Victorian property has several distinguishable characteristics such as brickwork, high ceilings, bay windows, brick porches, and ornate gable trim among others.
The term Victorian architecture can refer to one of a number of architectural styles that were employed in the Victorian era.
This kind of architecture is named after Queen Victoria.
Built-in the late 1800s and early 1900s (during the reign of Queen Victoria), this architecture is a style of its own.
Gracious, modestly ornate, solidly built and practical, these homes have stood the test of time.
These architectural styles include:
Gothic Revival: examples are St Pancras railway station (1868); the rebuilt main chambers of the Houses of Parliament (1850 to 1870); Natural History Museum.
Buildings made possible by new technology.
The obvious example being the Crystal Palace (1851), which used cast iron and glass as its main elements.
See Covent Garden and many provincial markets for the same method of construction.
Completely different was the Arts and Crafts movement, which aimed at human-scale buildings based on traditional styles.
It had effect in some of the new towns built in the late 19th to early 20th century in Britain.
The rotifers are a phylum of tiny animals which are common in freshwater environments, such as ponds and puddles.
Some rotifers are free swimming, others move by inching along, and some are fixed.
A few species live in colonies.
History and taxonomy
Rotifers were first described when early microscopes became available, around 1700AD.
They are an important part of the freshwater zooplankton.
Also, many species help decompose organic matter in soil.
Rotifers eat fish waste, dead bacteria, and algae.
They eat particles up to 10 micrometres in size.
A rotifer filters 100,000 times its own volume of water per hour.
They are used in fish tanks to help clean the water, to prevent clouds of waste matter.
About 2200 species of rotifers have been described.
They are placed in the phylum Rotifera.
This phylum is subdivided into three classes, Monogononta, Bdelloidea, and Seisonidea.
The largest group is the Monogononta, with about 1500 species, followed by the Bdelloidea, with about 350 species.
There are only two known species of Seisonidea.
Fossils of the species Habrotrocha angusticollis have been found in 6000 year old Pleistocene peat deposits.
The oldest known fossil rotifers have been found in Eocene Dominican amber.
The front has a ring of cilia circling the mouth.
This gave the rotifers their old name of "wheel animalules".
There is a protective lorica round its body, and a foot.
Inside the lorica are the usual organs in miniturised form: a brain, an eye-spot, jaws, stomach, kidneys, urinary bladder.
Rotifers have a number of unusual features.
Biologists suppose that these peculiarities are adaptations to their small size and the transient (fast changing) nature of its habitats.
Resisting drought
The Bdelloids, who have no males, contract into an inert form and lose almost all body water, a process known as cryptobiosis.
Bdelloids can also survive the dry state for long periods: the longest well-documented dormancy is nine years.
After they have dried, they may be revived by adding water.
In this, and several other ways, they are a unique group of animals.
Cell number
Rotifers are hatched with a standard number of cell nuclei, exactly the same number for every rotifer in a species.
This is called eutely.
No cell division whatsoever takes place during adult life.
Not only that, but the number of nuclei in each tissue is constant.
Furthermore, most of the nuclei do not have cell walls: rotifer tissue is largely or wholly a syncytium.
Resisting radiation
The absence of cell division is probably one reason they are extraordinarily resistant to ionising radiation.
Also, repairing DNA is one of the things they are known to do after desiccation.
In one of the classes, the freshwater Bdelloid rotifers, no males have ever been seen.
It is the largest group of wholly parthenogenetic species in the Animalia.
The females in this group produce eggs by parthenogenesis (virgin birth).
In some species these eggs develop into small juveniles before they are released from their parent.
The offspring are clones of their mother.
Cytological and molecular genetic studies show that bdelloids evolved from a common ancestor which lost sexual recombination (meiosis and fertilisation) about 100 million years ago.
Research has also been done on the implications of parthenogenesis for speciation.
Bdelloid rotifer genomes contain two or more non-identical copies of each gene.
This suggests their asexual reproduction is of long standing.
For example, there are four copies of gene hsp82.
Each is different and on a different chromosome.
This cannot be explaned by normal gene duplication, which produces two or more near-identical genes next to each other.
By contrast, in a monogont rotifer, most genes were single-copy.
There are genes in bdelloid rotifers that seem to have come from bacteria, fungi, and plants.
This suggests they arrived by horizontal gene transfer (HGT).
The capture and use of exogenous (~foreign)  genes seems to be important in bdelloid evolution.
The team led by Matthew S. Meselson at Harvard University showed that, despite the lack of sexual reproduction, bdelloid rotifers do engage in genetic (DNA) transfer within a species or clade.
The method used is not known at present.
Bdelloid rotifers currently hold the 'record' for HGT in animals with ~8% of their genes from bacterial origins.
The Acanthocephala
The Acanthocephala, a group of parasitic worms previously considered to be a separate phylum, have been shown to be modified rotifers.
The exact relationship to the normal, freeliving, members of the phylum is not resolved.
Rotifer web sites
Microscopy UK Gallery of Rotifers
Micrographia.com Rotifer guide
Contemporary architecture is generally speaking the architecture being made at the present time.
The term contemporary architecture is also applied to a range of styles of recently built structures and spaces (broadly speaking - since the 1980s) which are optimized for current use.
The salt marsh moth or acrea moth (Estigmene acrea) is a North American moth.
It is in the family Arctiidae.
The caterpillar is known as the 'salt marsh caterpillar'.
The head and thorax are white.
The abdomen is yellow-orange with a row of black spots.
The fore wing (the top wing) is white with a variable amount of black spots (some individuals do not have these spots).
The hind wing (the bottom wing) is yellow-orange in males.
It is white in females.
Both sexes have 3-4 black spots or blotches on their hind wings.
The wingspan ranges from 4.5 to 6.8 cm.
This moth may be seen from May to August.
It is seen all year in southern Florida and southern Texas.
The eggs are a yellowish color.
They are laid in clusters on the host plant leaves.
The Salt Marsh Caterpillar is highly variable in color.
It ranges from pale yellow to dark brownish-black.
It has many soft hairs.
The hairs are longer towards the end of the body.
The thoracic and abdominal segments have a few rows of either orange or black warts.
The chrysalis hibernates in a cocoon.
Juglans sp. -
Malus domestica - Apple
Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco
Pisum sativum - Pea
Solanum tuberosum - Potato
Trifolium sp. -
Zea mays - Corn
Heliocheilus julia is a North American moth.
It is in the family Noctuidae.
Heliocheilus julia is attracted to lights.
Its life history and host plants are unknown.
Heliocheilus julia is found from central New Mexico west to eastern Arizona and south to Jalisco, Mexico.
This moth has one brood.
It is seen from late July to September.
Claus Philipp Maria Justinian Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (15 November 1907 – 21 July 1944) was a German army officer and Catholic aristocrat.
Stauffenberg was a leader of the failed 20 July plot of 1944 that aimed to kill the German dictator, Adolf Hitler, and to remove the Nazi Party from power in Germany.
With Henning von Tresckow and Hans Oster, Stauffenberg was one of the central figures of the German resistance within the Wehrmacht.
For his involvement in the plot to kill Hitler, Stauffenberg was executed, as were many other German resistance members.
The Führerbunker (German, literally meaning "shelter for the leader" or "the Führer's shelter") was a bunker in the New Reich Chancellery in Berlin, Germany.
It was in this subterranean bunker where Adolf Hitler and his wife Eva Braun spent the last weeks of the war.
Both are believed to have died there on April 30, 1945.
The elaborate complex consisted of two separate levels, the "Vorbunker" (the upper bunker) or "forward bunker" and the newer Führerbunker one level below.
They were both connected together by a stairway set at right angles.
The Führerbunker was about 8.2 meters beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery building at Wilhelmstraße 77.
This is about 120 meters north of the new Reich Chancellery building, which had the address Voßstraße 6.
The Vorbunker was under the large hall behind the old Reich Chancellery.
It was connected to the new Reich Chancellery.
The Führerbunker was somewhat lower than the Vorbunker and in the west of it.
The two bunkers were connected via sets of stairs set at right angles.
The complex was protected by about four meters of concrete.
About 30 small rooms were distributed over two levels with exits into the main buildings and an emergency exit into the garden.
The complex was built in two distinct phases, one part in 1936 and the other in 1943.
The 1943 development was built by the Hochtief company as part of an extensive program of subterranean construction in Berlin that began in 1940.
The rooms of Hitler were in the newer, lower section and by February 1945 it had high quality furniture taken from the Chancellery along with several framed oil paintings.
1930s in Berlin
The Barcelona Metro (Catalan and Spanish: Metro de Barcelona), part of the public transportation system of Barcelona, Spain is an extensive network of electrified railways that run underground in central Barcelona and above ground into the city's suburbs.
There are 189 stations with 12 lines together with 166 km of total track line.
The metro network in 2015
Kelenna David Azubuike (born 16 December 1983 in London, England) is an American basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the NBA.
He plays as a shooting guard and small forward.
He wears the jersey number 7 on his team.
He played college basketball at the University of Kentucky Wildcats.
Kelenna Azubuike's NBA player profile
Harry Catterick was an English football player and manager.
He was most successful when he managed Everton FC during the 1970s.
Honours with Everton
Old First Division Winners 1962–63
Charity Shield Winners 1963
FA Cup Winners 1966
Old First Division Winners 1969–70
Charity Shield Winners 1970
Howard Kendall (22 May 1946 - 17 October 2015) was an English football player turned manager.
He was born in Ryton, County Durham.
He is most famous for managing Everton FC during one of their most successful periods.
He was briefly chairman of the club and has also been manager of Manchester City and Blackburn Rovers.
1983-84 FA Cup
1984-85 FA Charity Shield
1984-85 League Championship
1984-85 European Cup Winners' Cup
1985-86 FA Charity Shield
1986-87 FA Charity Shield
1986-87 League Championship
Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799) served as the first post-colonial Governor of Virginia from 1776 to 1779.
He is known for his "Give me Liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 shortly before the American Revolutionary War in St. John's Church.
He was a fiery speaker who evoked great emotion from listeners.
He unsuccessfully opposed the United States Constitution, which made him an enemy of John Adams and the Federalist Party.
After the French Revolution, however, he supported Adams.
His wife, Sarah Shelton, had a mental illness and died in 1775.
He married his second wife, Dorthea Dandrige, two years later in 1777.
Typhoon Tip, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Warling (international designation: T7920, JTWC designation: 23W) was the biggest and strongest known tropical cyclone on record.
It was the 19th tropical storm and 12th typhoon of the 1979 Pacific typhoon season.
The typhoon formed out of a disturbance in a monsoon trough on October 4 near Pohnpei.
At first, a tropical storm to the northwest prevented Tip from strengthening, but after it moved further north, the storm was able to gain more strength.
After passing near Guam, it strengthened quickly and reached its highest winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) and a worldwide record low barometric pressure of 870 mbar (hPa, 25.69 inHg) on October 12.
At its peak strength, it was also the biggest tropical cyclone on record, with a diameter of 2,220 km (1,380 mi).
Tip slowly weakened as it kept moving towards the west-northwest, and later turned to the northeast.
Tip made landfall on southern Japan on October 19, and became an extratropical cyclone shortly thereafter.
U.S. Air Force Reconnaissance flew into the typhoon on 60 different times, making Tip one of the most closely watched tropical cyclones.
Rainfall from the storm breached a wall that was used to stop flooding at a United States Marine Corps training camp in the Kanagawa Prefecture of Japan.
This eventually led to a fire which killed 13 Marines and hurt 68.
Elsewhere in the country, the typhoon caused lots of damage and 42 deaths and shipwrecks left another 44 killed or missing.
Three low pressure areas formed the monsoon trough that extended from the Philippines to the Marshall Islands.
An area of disturbed weather to the southwest of Guam eventually strengthened into Tropical Storm Roger on October 3.
Later on the same day, the tropical system which would later become Typhoon Tip formed to the south of Pohnpei.
Because Roger was so close, the storm that would become Tip was not able to strengthen much.
However, it gradually organized as it moved towards the west.
The tropical disturbance moved slowly and  and slowly made a loop to the southeast of Chuuk.
A Reconnaissance Aircraft flight into the system late on October 4 confirmed the existence of a circulation center.
A bit later, on October 5, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) called the system Tropical Depression Twenty-Three.
The tropical depression  into Tropical Storm Tip, but it did not organize significantly due to Tropical Storm Roger being so close.
After moving slowly for many days, Tip began a steady northwest path on October 8.
By that time, Tropical Storm Roger had become an extratropical cyclone.
At first, the storm was expected to continue moving northwestward and hit Guam.
However, early on October 9, it turned to the west, passing about 45 km (28 mi) south of the island.
Later that day, Tip reached typhoon strength.
As a result of certain weather conditions, Typhoon Tip quickly strengthened in the open waters of the western Pacific Ocean.
Late on October 10, the typhoon reached Category 4 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, and the next day it became a "super typhoon".
The central pressure dropped 92 mbar (hPa, 2.71 inHg) from October 9 to 11.
During this time, the typhoon became extremely large, reaching a record diameter of 2,220 km (1,380 mi).
The typhoon continued to gain strength, and early on October 12, Reconnaissance Aircraft recorded a worldwide record-low pressure of 870 mbar (hPa, 25.69 inHg).
The typhoon had winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) while located about 840 km (520 mi) west-northwest of Guam.
At the time, the typhoon's eye was only 15 km (9.3 mi) wide.
After hitting its peak strength, Tip weakened to a 230 km/h (145 mph) typhoon and stayed at that intensity for several days as it moved west-northwest.
For five days, 55 km/h (35 mph) winds extended over 1,100 km (685 mi) from the center.
On October 17, Tip began to weaken and get much smaller.
The next day, it curved towards the northeast because of a nearby trough.
After passing about 65 km (45 mi) east of Okinawa, it sped up and was then moving at 75 km/h (46 mph).
On October 19, Tip made landfall on the Japanese island of Honshū with winds of about 130 km/h (80 mph).
The typhoon continued moving rapidly northeastward through the country, and became an extratropical cyclone over northern Honshū.
What was left of the cyclone kept moving northeastward and slowly lost strength.
It was last observed near Alaska.
The typhoon produced heavy rain while passing near Guam, including a total of 23.1 cm (9.09 in) an Air Force base.
The outer rainbands of Tip dropped moderate rain in the mountains of the Philippines.
Heavy rainfall from the typhoon breached a wall used to stop flooding at Camp Fuji, a training camp for the United States Marine Corps near Yokosuka.
Marines inside the camp during the storm stayed inside of huts near the bottom of a hill.
On top of the hill was a fuel farm.
The breach caused hoses to be torn from two rubber storage tanks, letting large amounts of fuel flow down the hill.
The fuel was ignited by a heater used for warming a hut.
This started a large fire which killed 13 Marines, hurt 68 others, and caused damage to the camp.
The facility's barracks were destroyed, along with 15 huts and several other buildings.
Firemen from nearby areas arrived within two hours.
The barracks were rebuilt, and a memorial was created for those who lost their lives to the fire.
While passing offshore, Typhoon Tip came within 65 km (40 mi) of Okinawa.
Sustained winds reached 72 km/h (44 mph), with gusts to 112 km/h (69 mph).
Winds in mainland Japan are not fully known.
The typhoon did many millions of dollars in damage to farming and fishing industries of the country.
Eight ships were grounded or sunk by Tip, leaving 44 fishermen dead or missing.
A Chinese freighter broke in half as a result of the typhoon.
Its crew of 46 people was rescued.
The rainfall led to over 600 mudslides across the mountains of the country flooded more than 22,000 homes.
It is estimated that 42 people died, with another 71 missing and 283 hurt.
Around 27 bridges were destroyed by the storm, as well as about 105 dikes.
Following the storm, at least 11,000 people were left without a place to live.
Transportation in the country was also affected; 200 trains and 160 domestic airline flights were canceled.
Tip was called the most severe storm to strike Japan in 13 years.
Records and meteorological statistics
Typhoon Tip was the largest tropical cyclone on record, with a diameter of 1,380 mi (2,220 km).
This is almost double the previous record of 700 miles (1,130 km) set by Typhoon Marge in August of 1951.
At its largest size, Tip was nearly as big as half of the United States.
When Tip was at its peak strength, the temperature inside the eye of was 30° C (86° F), which is high for a tropical cyclone.
Also, with 10-minute sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h), Typhoon Tip is the strongest cyclone in the list of tropical cyclones by the Japan Meteorological Agency.
The typhoon was also the most intense tropical cyclone in the world.
It had a minimum a pressure of 870 mbar (hPa, 25.69 inHg), which is 6 mbar (hPa, 0.17 inHg) lower than previous record set by Typhoon June in 1975.
The records set by Tip still exists, although because Reconnaissance Aircraft missions in the western Pacific Ocean stopped in August 1987, some people think there might be slightly stronger cyclones.
Three researchers found that two typhoons, Angela in 1995 and Gay in 1992, had higher Dvorak numbers than Tip.
They believe that one or both of the two may have been stronger than Typhoon Tip.
Also, Cyclone Monica of 2006 was rated at 869 mb by Dvorak classifications, but this is not considered accurate data.
Because of this, it is unknown if Tip still has the world record.
Despite its record intensity and severe damage, the name Tip was not retired.
It was then reused in 1983, 1986, and 1989.
Pohnpei is one of the four states in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM).
It is part of the Senyavin Islands group.
Palikir is a city on Pohnpei.
28 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 23 became tropical storms.
14 storms reached typhoon intensity.
Four of these reached super typhoon strength.
Typhoon Alice
Typhoon Alice began as a tropical disturbance on January 1.
Alice then on the 9th started to turn northward and began to weaken.
Alice then dissipated rapidly on January 14.
Typhoon Bess (Auring)
Typhoon Cecil (Bebeng)
Tropical Storm Dot (Katring)
Tropical Depression 05W (Diding)
Typhoon Ellis (Etang)
Tropical Storm Faye (Gening)
Tropical Depression 8W
Super Typhoon Hope (Ising)
Tropical Storm Gordon (Herming)
Tropical Depression 11W (Luding)
Typhoon Irving (Mameng)
Super Typhoon Judy (Neneng)
Tropical Depression 14W
Tropical Storm Ken (Oniang)
Typhoon Lola
Typhoon Mac (Pepang)
Tropical Storm Nancy
Typhoon Owen (Rosing)
Tropical Storm Pamela
Tropical Storm Roger (Sisang)
Typhoon Sarah (Trining-Uring)
Typhoon Sarah was a strong tropical cyclone that formed in the monsoon trough on October 4.
Sarah then struck  Vietnam causing many deaths and damage to crops.
Super Typhoon Tip (Warling)
Super Typhoon Vera (Yayang)
Tropical Storm Wayne (Ading)
Tropical Depression 26W
Typhoon Abby (Barang)
Tropical Storm Ben (Krising)
1979 storm names
The first storm of 1979 was named Alice and the final one was named Ben.
The name Alice was retired after this season and replaced by Andy.
Joint Typhoon Warning Center .
China Meteorological Agency
National Weather Service Guam
A cargo ship or freighter is any kind of ship that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another.
Thousands of cargo carriers travel on the world's seas and oceans each year, and handle most international trade.
Cargo ships are usually specially designed for a special task, often carrying tools like cranes to load and unload.
They come in all sizes.
Freighter travel at Wikivoyage
Vessel size groups
Wristcutters: A Love Story is a movie directed by Goran Dukić.
It was released in theaters in 2006.
In the criminal common law of England and Wales, a common scold was a type of public nuisance.
The term was applied to a woman who caused trouble and who disturbed the peace by arguing and fighting with her neighbours all the time.
The Latin language name for this type of woman was communis rixatrix.
This name's grammar only applies to females.
This makes it clear that only women could commit this type of crime.
The crime was often punished by "ducking".
Ducking meant that the offender was placed in a chair over a river or pond.
They were then lowered into the water, until they were all in the water.
This was done several times.
Few people were actually convicted of being a common scold, but it remained a crime listed on the law books of England and Wales until 1967.
Because it applied only to women, it was eventually banned in the United States.
This was because the U.S. Constitution (the highest law in the U.S.) does not allow people to be treated differently from each other.
This comes from a section of the Constitution called the Equal Protection Clause.
In the Commentaries on the Laws of England, William Blackstone says of this crime:
Lastly, a common scold, communis rixatrix, (for our law-latin confines it to the feminine gender) is a public nuisance to her neighbourhood.
For which offence she may be indicted; and, if convicted, shall be sentenced to be placed in a certain engine of correction called the trebucket, castigatory, or cucking stool, which in the Saxon language signifies the scolding stool; though now it is frequently corrupted into ducking stool, because the residue of the judgement is, that, when she is so placed therein, she shall be plunged in the water for her punishment.——Commentaries on the Laws of England, IV:13.5.8, p. *169
The common punishment for being a common scold was forcing the woman found guilty under water over and over.
This was done using a piece of furniture called a "cucking stool".
The cucking stool, according to Blackstone, later was called  a ducking stool.
Other writers disagree with Blackstone.
They say that the cucking stool and the ducking stool are really two different types of punishment devices.
The Domesday Book mentions the use of a cucking stool in the town of Chester.
The stool was also known as cathedra stercoris.
This Latin word translates to "dung chair".
It is thought that the punishment involved letting everyone see the punished woman's buttocks.
This type of chair was used to punish not only common scolds, but also people who make beer (brewers) and bakers who sold bad beer or bread.
Francois Maximilian Misson, a French traveler and writer, wrote down the way the ducking chair was used in England in the early 1700s:
"The way of punishing scolding women is pleasant enough.
They fasten an armchair to the end of two beams twelve or fifteen feet long, and parallel to each other, so that these two pieces of wood with their two ends embrace the chair, which hangs between them by a sort of axle, by which means it plays freely, and always remains in the natural horizontal position in which a chair should be, that a person may sit conveniently in it, whether you raise it or let it down.
They set up a post on the bank of a pond or river, and over this post they lay, almost in equilibrio, the two pieces of wood, at one end of which the chair hangs just over the water.
They place the woman in this chair and so plunge her into the water as often as the sentence directs, in order to cool her immoderate heat.
"——Francois Maximilian Misson
The ducking stool was not always tied down to one spot next to a river or pond.
Sometimes it had wheels on it.
The woman found guilty would be taken through the streets before punishment was done.
Another way of ducking was to use a device called a "tumbrel".
The tubmrel was a chair on two wheels.
It had two long shafts on its axles.
The tumbrel would be pushed into the ducking pond and the shafts would be released.
This would tip the chair up backwards, ducking the victim.
A scold's bridle was another punishment device.
It was known in Scotland as a brank.
A scold's bridle was a metal mask that locked around a person's head.
For that reason it was sometimes called a "head cage".
The scold's bridle had a tab that went into the victims mouth to make it difficult to talk.
Some people say that common scolds had to wear a scold's bridle to stop them from scolding.
Some say they were used only to punish.
No legal source known mentions the use of scold's bridals to punish a common scold.
However, some less formal sources do tell of scolds being punished with scold's bridles.
In the United States, scolds, or people found guilty of similar crimes, were sometimes punished using a cleft stick.
A cleft stick was similar to a scold's bride, but they were easier to make.
The ducking stool was taken to the U.S. when British people went to live there during colonial times.
Historical prosecutions
A piece of writing mounted on the Fye Bridge in Norwich, England says it marks the place where a "cucking" stool had been in place from 1562–1597.
It also says that "strumpets" (prostitutes) and common scolds were ducked there.
In the Percy Anecdotes, published in 1820, the authors state that "How long the ducking-stool has been in disuse in England does not appear."
The Anecdotes also suggest that the ducking stool stopped being used because it did not work well.
The text talks about a Mrs. Finch.
It says of her that in about 1681, she had been found guilty of being a common scold for a third time.
Each time she was found guilty she was ducked.
When she was found guilty a fourth time, the King's Bench (a court) did not order her punished by ducking.
Instead, they ordered her to pay a money fine and that she be imprisoned until she paid the fine.
I'll speed me to the pond, where the high stool
On the long plank, hangs o'er the muddy pool,
That stool the dread of ev'ry scolding quean.
There stands, my friend, in yonder pool,
An engine call'd a ducking-stool;
By legal pow'r commanded down,
The joy and terror of the town.
If jarring females kindle strife.
These poems do not prove that the punishment took place at the time they were written.
However, they do show that ducking had not been forgotten.
In a 1704 legal case called The Queen v. Foxby, 6 Mod.
11, the lawyer for the person accused of being a scold said that he did not know of any law allowing the ducking of scolds.
Lord Chief Justice John Holt (the person trying to have the judge find Foxby guilty) said this was not correct.
He said that it was "better ducking in aTrinity, than a Michaelmas term", meaning it was better that a person be ducked in summer than in winter.
The way he said it, however, suggests that he thought the punishment was an old custom and something of a joke.
The last written record of stools being used for ducking involved a Mrs. Ganble at Plymouth in 1808, and one Jenny Pipes from Leominster (a town in Herefordshire) in 1809.
In 1817, Sarah Leeke, also from Leominster, was sentenced to be ducked.
However, the water in the pond was too low.
The authorities instead wheeled her around the town in the ducking chair.
The common law of England—law made by court precedent, rather than through legislation—was adopted by the United States in its early days.
The common law included the offence of being a common scold.
In 1829, a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania court found American writer and journalist Anne Royall guilty of being a common scold.
Royall had objected to a firehouse, built with federal money, being used by a small church for their services.
She thought this violated the U.S. Constitution's separation between church and state.
The local clergymen campaigned to have her punished as a common scold.
Hoping the court would sentence Royall to ducking, sailors at the Navy Yard built a ducking stool.
However, the Pennsylvania court ruled that the punishment was not to be used any longer.
They instead fined Royall ten dollars.
In 1972, in the case of State v. Palendrano, 293 A.2d 747, New Jersey State prosecutors charged a woman with being a common scold for a disturbance she had caused.
The New Jersey Superior Court ruled that the law was improper because of it was too vague.
Current status of the law
In England and Wales, the only parts of the United Kingdom where the law was in use, no prosecutions of common scolds have occurred for a long time.
The lawyers in Sykes v. Director of Public Prosecutions [1962] AC 528, described the offence as "obsolete".
Section 13(1)(a) of the Criminal Law Act 1967 did away with it.
The offence of being a common scold has also become obsolete in the United States because only women could commit it.
This was found to violate the U.S. Constitution's Equal Protection Clause.
Many states have laws restricting public profanity, loud noise in public, and disorderly conduct.
None of these laws have any punishment similar to those traditionally used for the common scold.
James v. Commonwealth, 12 Serg. &
Rawle 220 (Penn.,
Judge Duncan rules the punishment of ducking a common scold obsolete and a cruel and unusual punishment.
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum is a sports stadium in Los Angeles, California.
It was built in 1923.
It has hosted many different sporting events.
In 1932 and 1984, it hosted the track events and ceremonies of the Olympic Games.
In football, it used to be the stadium of the Chargers, Raiders and Rams before they moved to other cities.
The University of Southern California, which is across the street, has played in the Coliseum for many years, and UCLA played there for several years as well.
The Coliseum hosted two Super Bowls and 20 Pro Bowls, or NFL All-Star Games.
On January 13, 2016, the Rams relocated back to Los Angeles.
They will play at the Coliseum until their new stadium is built for the 2020 season.
The Los Angeles Dodgers played in the Coliseum for four years before Dodger Stadium was built.
While there, they won a World Series and set records for most people at a baseball game.
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum's Official website
Miszuk was born in a village in the present Belarus but at that time located in Poland.
The family moved to Canada and grew up in Hamilton, Ontario where he began playing hockey in the Ontario Hockey League.
After a season with the Hamilton Red Wings Miszuk turned professional joining the Detroit Red Wings organization.
After playing in the Western Hockey League and the American Hockey League Miszuk moved up to the National Hockey League with Detroit in 1963-64.
At the end of that season he moved to the Chicago Blackhawks, but in the following three years he played only eight NHL games, spending most of his time in the minor leagues.
In the summer of 1967, Miszuk was chosen during NHL Expansion Draft by the Philadelphia Flyers, one of the six new franchises in the National Hockey League.
With the Flyers he found a place in NHL and he played two full seasons and then moved on to the Minnesota North Stars.
He eventually moved to the World Hockey Association with the Michigan Stags.
At the end of his career Miszuk returned again to the minor leagues, spending two seasons in the Pacific Hockey League before retiring from the competitive event.
Polish ice hockey players
Ice hockey defencemen
Roger Machado Marques (born 25 April 1975) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1994||rowspan="10"|Grêmio||rowspan="10"|Série A||21||0||||||||||21||0
|1995||16||1||||||||||16||1
|1997||5||0||||||||||5||0
|1998||24||2||||||||||24||2
|1999||15||0||||||||||15||0
|2000||3||0||||||||||3||0
|2001||18||0||||||||||18||0
|2002||23||0||||||||||23||0
|2003||39||1||||||||||39||1
|2004||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||28||3||1||0||6||1||35||4
|2005||18||1||0||0||5||0||23||1
|2006||rowspan="3"|Fluminense||rowspan="3"|Série A||29||3||||||||||29||3
|2007||26||0||||||||||26||0
|2008||18||0||||||||||18||0
Álvaro Saborío (born 25 March 1982) is a Costa Rican football player.
He plays for Real Salt Lake and Costa Rica national team.
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Saprissa||rowspan="5"|Primera División||30||11||||||||||||||30||11
|2002/03||31||27||||||||||||||31||27
|2003/04||37||25||||||||||||||37||25
|2004/05||21||15||||||||||||||21||15
|2005/06||32||17||||||||||||||32||17
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Sion||rowspan="3"|Super League||31||14||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0||33||14
|2007/08||34||17||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||1||36||18
|2008/09||22||5||1||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||6
|2009/10||Bristol City||League Championship||||||||||||||||||||
|2010||Real Salt Lake||Major League Soccer||||||||||||||||||||
|2009||16||7
Total||59||19
Yoshiyuki Morisaki (born 20 April 1976) is a former Japanese football player.
|1993||Yamaha Motors||Football League||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|1994||rowspan="8"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="8"|J. League 1||4||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|1996||15||0||0||0||0||0||15||0
|1998||34||0||3||0||6||0||43||0
|1999||20||0||0||0||0||0||20||0
|2001||3||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|2002||rowspan="3"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||38||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
Ryan Smith (born 10 November 1968) is an English football player.
He plays for Kansas City Wizards.
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Arsenal||rowspan="2"|Premier League||0||0||0||0||3||0||0||0||3||0
|2005/06||Leicester City||League Championship||17||1||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||19||1
|2006/07||Derby County||League Championship||15||0||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Millwall||rowspan="3"|League One||6||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|2007/08||16||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|2008/09||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|2008/09||Southampton||League Championship||13||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|2009/10||Crystal Palace||League Championship||5||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|2010||Kansas City Wizards||Major League Soccer||||||||||||||||||||
Nigel Reo-Coker (born 14 May 1984) is an English football player.
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Wimbledon||rowspan="3"|First Division||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|2002/03||32||2||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||36||2
|2003/04||25||4||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||27||4
|2003/04||rowspan="4"|West Ham United||First Division||18||2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||2
|2004/05||League Championship||42||3||2||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||47||3
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Premier League||31||5||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||38||5
|2006/07||35||1||1||0||1||0||2||0||39||1
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Aston Villa||rowspan="3"|Premier League||36||0||1||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||39||1
|2008/09||26||1||2||0||0||0||8||1||36||2
Baltazar Maria de Morais Júnior (born 17 July 1959) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1979||rowspan="4"|Grêmio||rowspan="4"|Série A||16||10
|1980||18||14
|1981||21||10
|1982||23||12
|1983||Flamengo||Série A||26||13
|1984||Palmeiras||Série A||11||2
|1984||rowspan="2"|Botafogo||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
|1985/86||rowspan="3"|Celta Vigo||La Liga||32||6
|1986/87||Segunda División||44||34
|1987/88||La Liga||16||7
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="3"|La Liga||36||35
|1989/90||38||18
|1990/91||3||0
|1990/91||Porto||Portuguese Liga||19||2
|1991/92||rowspan="2"|Stade Rennais||Division 1||34||6
|1992/93||Division 2||0||0
|1993||rowspan="2"|Goiás||Série A||0||0
|1994||Série B||0||0
|1995||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||Football League||27||28
|1996||J. League 1||3||0
Rubén Paz (born 8 August 1959) is a former Uruguayan football player.
|1982||rowspan="5"|Internacional||rowspan="5"|Série A||8||0
|1983||13||5
|1985||16||4
|1986/87||RC Paris||Division 1||6||0
|1987/88||rowspan="2"|Racing||rowspan="2"|Primera División||27||7
|1989/90||Genoa||Serie A||25||1
|1990/91||rowspan="3"|Racing||rowspan="3"|Primera División||27||6
|1991/92||33||5
|1992/93||15||1
Total||45||8
Nelson Luís Kerchner (born December 31, 1962) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1981||rowspan="9"|São Paulo||rowspan="9"|Série A||9||0
|1984||13||0
|1986||29||1
|1990||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||7||0
|1992||São Paulo||Série A||11||0
|1992||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||0||0
|1993||rowspan="3"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|Football League||16||2
|1994||29||8
|1995||J. League 1||41||6
|1987||11||1
is a city in Kanagawa, Japan.
It is at the beginning of the Tokyo Bay in the Miura Peninsula.
The city stretches across the peninsula to Sagami Bay.
Yokosuka Naval Base Community Website
Yokosuka U.S. Navy base official website
Chuuk (formerly Truk, Ruk, Hogoleu, Torres, Ugulat, and Lugulus) is a group of islands island in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean.
It is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM).
The other three are Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap.
Chuuk has more people than any of the other FSM states.
Geographically, Chuuk is also part of the larger Caroline Islands group.
Chuuk (Truk) Visitors Center
Jane's Chuuk Page
The monsoon trough is part of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which extends into or through a monsoon circulation.
It is shown on a weather map by a line showing the areas of lower barometric pressure.
Syncytium is a living tissue where there are no  complete cell walls (plants) or cell membranes (animals).
Syncytia have cytoplasm and many nuclei, but are not divided into separate cells.
Fungal hyphae are often syncytia.
Lichen tissue may be syncytia with enclosed algal or bacterial cells.
Many insect eggs develop by nuclear division without cell membranes.
Skeletal muscles in vertebrates are syncytia: it allows rapid coordinated contraction of muscles along their entire length.
The placenta of mammals is a syncytium.
Chang Beer is a beer brand from Thailand.
They are one of the biggest alcohol producers in South East Asia.
They sponsor Everton Football Club.
Tropical Storm Peter was a short-lived tropical storm that formed after the end of the Atlantic hurricane season.
It formed from an extratropical storm, and at first, it was a subtropical cyclone.
However, as it moved over warmer waters, it began to gain strength.
On December 9, 2003, it became a tropical cyclone.
An eye formed within the cyclone, and Peter almost became a hurricane.
It reached its peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h), but wind shear and cooler waters quickly caused Peter to lose strength.
An extratropical cyclone developed on December 2 in the eastern Atlantic Ocean about 1430 miles (2300 km) southwest of the Azores islands.
It moved northwestward, then turned to the north, and developed gale force winds on December 4 after turning to the northeast.
Later that day, it turned into a frontal low pressure system.
As high pressure existed across the northeast Atlantic Ocean, the storm turned to the southeast.
The system turned to the south-southwest on December 7.
Later that day, thunderstorms formed around the center, and it is said that the system organized into a subtropical storm late on December 7 while located 835 miles (1340 km) south-southwest of the Azores.
The storm moved to the southwest over warmer waters, and the thunderstorms, or convection, around the storm continued to get stronger.
The convection became  near the center as rainbands developed around the center.
Since the storm was gaining more strength, the National Hurricane Center declared the system Tropical Storm Peter on December 9 while located 980 miles (1580 km) northwest of Praia in the Cape Verde islands.
Several days before Peter formed, forecasts anticipated the development of the storm.
As it became a tropical storm, Peter was moving slowly, so initial forecasts said the storm would quickly die out.
However, an eye feature quickly developed, and Peter strengthened to reach winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) late on December 9.
Although the presence of an eye, along with Dvorak classifications of 75 mph (120 km/h), would usually mean the storm is of hurricane strength, Peter stayed as a strong tropical storm and quickly began to weaken.
It moved northward due to a cold front.
The combination of wind shear and cooler water temperatures quickly weakened the storm.
By December 10, Peter became a tropical depression.
As the system turned to the northeast, Peter turned into an extratropical storm on December 11.
Shortly afterward, it was absorbed by the cold front.
Peter stayed over the open Atlantic Ocean for its entire lifetime.
It did not affect land.
Because of this, there were no deaths or damages.
The storm formed in the month of December, which is rare, since most storms in the Atlantic exist between June and November.
Another storm, Odette, also formed in December.
This made the 2003 season the first year since 1887 that two storms developed in the month of December.
Peter made 2003 the sixth most active Atlantic hurricane season (at the time, it was the fifth).
The 235 days between the development of the first storm, Tropical Storm Ana, and the  of the last storm, Peter, made the 2003 season the longest since 1952.
Peter is one of only four Atlantic tropical cyclones to reach the "P" name since the official naming of hurricanes began in 1950.
Othr pages
NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Peter
NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Peter
Peter (2003)
Richard Wagner used gesamtkunstwerk in creating his operas.
In the Classical era, there was more emphasis on the music in an opera.
But in the Romantic era, there was more of an emphasis on personal expression.
Wagner made his operas into movie-like performances.
The Lycée Michel-Rodange is a high school in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
It was founded in 1968.
It was named after a famous Luxembourgian writer, Michel Rodange.
Ghost is a 1990 American romantic drama fantasy movie set in New York City.
It stars Demi Moore, Patrick Swayze, Whoopi Goldberg, and Tony Goldwyn.
The movie became an unexpected and huge box office success, earning $505,702,588 on a budget of $22,000,000.
It was the most financially successful movie of 1990.
The movie also got very positive reviews from the audience and mostly positive reviews from movie critics as well.
Its popularity has made it a cult movie.
When the young banker Sam Wheat (Swayze) is murdered, his spirit stays behind to warn his girlfriend Molly Jensen (Moore) of mortal danger from his friend-turned-betrayer and colleague Carl Bruner (Goldwyn), with the help of a reluctant medium Oda Mae Brown (Goldberg).
Patrick Swayze as Sam Wheat
Demi Moore as Molly Jensen
Whoopi Goldberg as Oda Mae Brown
Tony Goldwyn as Carl Bruner
Rick Aviles as Willie Lopez
Vincent Schiavelli as Subway Ghost
Gail Boggs as Oda Mae's Sister, Louise
Armelia McQueen as Oda Mae's Sister, Clara
Phil Leeds as Emergency Room Ghost
Augie Blunt as Orlando
Stephen Root as Police Sgt
Bruce Jarchow as Lyle Ferguson
Movies directed by Jerry Zucker
Fox Sports, also referred to as Fox Sports Media Group and stylized in all caps as FOX Sports, is the sports programming division of the Fox Corporation that is responsible for sports broadcasts carried by the Fox broadcast network, Fox Sports 1 (FS1), Fox Sports 2 (FS2), and the Fox Sports Radio network.
The division was formed in 1994 with Fox's acquisition of broadcast rights to National Football League (NFL) games.
In subsequent years, Fox has televised the National Hockey League (NHL) (1994–1999), Major League Baseball (1996–present), NASCAR (2001–present), the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) (2007–2010), Major League Soccer (MLS) (2003–2011, 2015–present), the U.S. Open golf tournament (2015–2019), the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) (2016–present), and WWE programming (2019–present).
On December 14, 2017, The Walt Disney Company announced plans to acquire then-parent company 21st Century Fox for $52.4 billion, which included key assets such as the regional Fox Sports Networks (which were later sold by Disney to the Sinclair Broadcast Group), FX Networks Group (which had previously aired sports-related programming), and Fox Sports International.
Under the terms of the proposed acquisition, Fox Sports 1, Fox Sports 2, and other assets were spun off into the division's current parent company, which is independently owned by 21st Century Fox’s current shareholders.
The current branding they are using is the Fox Sports branding.
"The Girl and the Robot" is a song by Royksopp from their album Junior (2009).
The song features Swedish singer, Robyn.
The song tells the story of a girl in love with a man who works too much and never sees her.
Like Toy Soldiers is a song by rapper Eminem.
It samples the song "Toy Soldiers" by Martika.
In the song, Eminem declares a truce with all the people that engaged in a feud with and claims that he tried to stop the fights between 50 Cent and Ja Rule.
It was from his fifth album Encore.
It was No.1 in the UK.