the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Cambridge University founded.
London Bridge completed
In August, Simon De Monfort, leader of Albigensian Crusade, takes over Carcassonne
Genghis Khan conquers Turkestan
January 5 – Richard, Earl of Cornwall, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1272)
Hajji Bektash Wali, Turkish mystic (died 1271)
November 12 – Phillipe de Plessis, Grand Master of the Knights Templar (born 1165)
Walter Map, Welsh writer (born 1137)
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Persian theologian and philosopher (born 1149)
To get the Tony Award, a show must play in a "Broadway" theater, which is said by its size, not its geographical location.
The rules for the Tony Awards are explained in the official document "Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wing's Tony Awards", which applies for each season only.
He was first made the 90th Prime Minister of Japan following Junichiro Koizumi in 2006.
However, he stepped down on 12 September 2007 after a year.
The stated reason to end his term was missing support for Japan's mission in Afghanistan.
However, he had also been involved in a number of crises over the last few months.
In 2012 he was once again made party leader and his party went on to win the election in December 2012 by a wide margin.
This brought him back to power as Prime Minister.
In 2019, he became the longest serving Prime Minister in Japan.
He was born in Shinjuku, Tokyo, but his Constituency is in Yamaguchi Prefecture.
It was inherited from his father Shintarō Abe.
His grandfather was Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi.
On 28 August 2020, Abe announced his plans to resign as Prime Minister because of his bad health with ulcerative colitis.
He was replaced by Yoshihide Suga on 16 September 2020.
People from Yamaguchi Prefecture
The United Nations Secretary-General is one of the most important people in the United Nations.
The Secretary-General is important in international talks.
The current Secretary-General is António Guterres.
Secretaries-General
Petunia is a genus of plants.
All of them bear flowers.
They are in the Nightshade family, and are related to tobacco.
Many people grow them in the garden.
Petunias are usually used as annual plants, because they die when the weather becomes cold.
They grow best when they are planted in the sun.
nightshades
Garden petunia is not difficult to grow or maintain and presents no particular challenges provided the soil is kept reasonably dry.
Garden petunia is used for its delicate, colorful flower booms, pleasing scent and its flowering duration which lasts from spring until frost.
They make excellent bedding and container plants.
garden petunia will thrive best in fertile soil with high organic matter content such  manure.
If potting, soil needs to be lightweight to allow water to drain away.
Dense soil with poor drainage is easy to accumulate water.
Garden petunia can be grown from  transplants is easier.
Transplants should be positioned in light, well-drained soil with exposure to full sun shortly .
If planting in pots use a soil-less mix to keep cultivation substrate light garden petunia free of disease.
Watering of garden petunia once a week should be sufficient in most condition.
If growing garden petunia in containers or baskets, opt for a time-release fertilizer.
The most important factor in growing of garden petunia is sunlight.
garden petunia needs at least five hours of sunlight per day.
Lack of sunlight may also lead to leggy plants and a lack of healthy flowering.
Guantanamo is a city in the southeast of Cuba.
About 208.000 people live in the city.
Most of them are employed in the production of sugarcane and coffee.
The city is 910 km away from Havana, the capital city of Cuba.
About 15 km away is Guantanamo Naval Base, on a territory occupied by the United States since 1902.
Cities in Cuba
Dame Valerie Jane Goodall DBE, born in London on 3 April 1934, is a zoologist.
Jane Goodall is a British primatologist, ethologist ,and anthropologist.
She is also the UN Messenger of Peace.
She is the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees.
Goodall is best known for her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania.
She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues.
She has been interested in animals since childhood.
As a child she was given a lifelike chimpanzee toy named Jubilee by her father; her fondness for the toy started her early love of animals.
The reason the chimpanzee's name is Jubilee is because in 1935 there had been a chimpanzee named Jubilee also that was born in London and all of the zoo's chimps had been born in Africa.
Leakey's influence
Leakey raised funds, and in 1960 Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of "Leakey's Angels".
She was accompanied by her mother whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden.
He was concerned for their safety; Tanzania was "Tanganyika" at that time and a British protectorate.
Leakey arranged funding and in 1962 sent Goodall, who had no degree, to Cambridge University where she obtained a PhD degree in Ethology.
She became only the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD without first obtaining a BA or BSc.
Her thesis was completed in 1965, titled Behavior of the free-ranging Chimpanzee.
It told of her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.
On 28 March 1964 she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick.
The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis, affectionately known as "Grub," who was born in 1967.
They divorced in 1974.
In 1975 she married Derek Bryceson.
He was a member of Tanzania's parliament and director of national parks; he died of cancer in October 1980.
With his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson was able to protect Goodall's research project.
He put an embargo on tourism at Gombe while he was alive.
United Nations Messenger of Peace
Légion d'honneur (France)
Medal of Tanzania
Kyoto Prize (Japan)
Benjamin Franklin Medal
Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence
Prince of Asturias Award (Spain)
Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life.
She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania in 1960.
Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard, and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time.
She found that, “It isn’t only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational though emotions like joy and sorrow”.
She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider 'human' actions.
Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of "the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years".
These findings suggest similarities between humans and chimpanzees can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships.
Goodall’s research at Gombe Stream challenged two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could build and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians.
While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively “fishing” for termites.
The chimps would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification which is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking.
"Man the Toolmaker" is a famous phrase in anthropology.
In response to Jane's research, Louis Leakey wrote, "We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!"
Over the course of her study, Goodall found evidence of mental traits in chimpanzees such as reasoned thought, abstraction, generalization, symbolic representation, and even the concept of self.
All these were thought to be uniquely human abilities.
In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found a mean side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream.
She discovered that chimps will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as Colobus monkeys.
Goodall saw highly intelligent, emotional creatures living in complex social groups, when other researchers saw non communicating apes.
She says of this revelation, "During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe Stream chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings, then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature".
British naturalists
Beginning in 1961, he studied graphic design at Ealing Art College.
At Ealing, Townshend studied with future Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood and future Queen singer Freddie Mercury.
Townshend is the primary songwriter for The Who and has written over one hundred songs for the band's eleven studio albums including the rock operas "Tommy" and "Quadrophenia" and the popular rock radio staple "Who's Next."
Although known mainly as a guitarist he is also an accomplished singer and keyboard player and has played many other instruments including: banjo, accordion, bass guitar and drums.
Townshend has also written many newspaper and magazine articles, books, book reviews, essays and scripts.
Townshend was ranked #3 in Dave Marsh's list of best guitarists in "The New Book of Rock Lists" and #50 in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time."
The aphelion is the point in the orbit of an object where it is farthest from the Sun.
The point in orbit where an object is nearest to the sun is called the perihelion.
The word aphelion derives from the Greek words, apo meaning away, off, apart and Helios.
Sir Anthony Richard Wagner (6 September, 1908–5 May 1995) was an officer of arms from England.
Wagner wrote many books about heraldry.
He became Portcullis Pursuivant in 1931 and then served in the Army during World War II.
He became Garter King of Arms in 1961 and served until 1978.
Wagner was made a knight in 1961.
Even though he was blind when he was older, he still served at the College of Arms until he died in 1995.
In 1950 he founded "The Coat of Arms" which is the journal of the Heraldry Society of England.
50 years later, for its Golden Jubilee the society published a collection of essays called Tribute to an Armorist in his honour.
Heraldic Posts
Chairman, Heraldry Society 1947-97,
President 1997-2006
Gold Staff Officer, Coronation 1953
Bluemantle Pursuivant 1956-67,
Richmond Herald, 1967-80,
Norroy and Ulster King of Arms, 1980-95,
Clarenceux King of Arms, 1995-97
Registrar, College of Arms 1974-82
Treasurer, 1978-95
Sodium hydroxide is an alkali which is also known as caustic soda.
Caustic means "burning" and caustic soda takes its name from the way it can burn the skin.
It has the chemical formula of NaOH.
As a solid, the alkali is deliquescent and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air.
It dissolves easily in water, and makes the water warm when this happens.
Sodium hydroxide is used as a solution called lye to make soap.
Lye is also used to unclog drains.
Its dissolving properties and its ability to easily break surface tension are fundamental for its uses.
It works in two ways.
First, it combines with grease to make soap.
Second, it dissolves hair (which is soluble in any basic solution).
Making sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide can be made (with chlorine and hydrogen) using the chloralkali process.
A solution of sodium chloride is electrolyzed and sodium hydroxide is made around the cathode, where water is reduced to hydrogen gas and hydroxide ion.
The hydrogen is released and the hydroxide bonds with the sodium to make sodium hydroxide.
Special care is required to prepare a solution of sodium hydroxide or NaOH in water because considerable heat is liberated by the exothermic reaction.
The solution may splatter or boil.
2Na+ (from salt) + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 at cathode
2 Cl- (from salt) → Cl2 at anode
Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954 in Birmingham, Alabama) is an American Republican politician, She was the 66th United States Secretary of State.
She was the second Secretary of State under former President George W. Bush.
She took over from Colin Powell on January 26, 2005, after he stepped down.
Rice was the first African American woman, second African American (after Powell), and second woman (after Madeleine Albright) to serve as Secretary of State.
Her educator was Josef Korbel, he inspired her.
Condoleeza was born at Holy Family Community Hospital in Birmingham, Alabama, She is only child of John W. Rice.
Jr is a High School Guidance Counselor and Angelena Ray is High School Teacher, She has study at St. Mary's Academy,  Bachelor of Arts at University of Denver,  Doctor of Philosophy at University of Denver and Aspen Music Festival and School
Before she became Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice was Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term (2001–2005).
Before she did this, she was a Professor of political science at Stanford University from 1993 to 1999, where she also was the Provost.
Rice was in the 2011 documentary Miss Representation.
Rice was a Democrat until 1982.
She then changed to Republican because she did not agree with the foreign policy of Democratic President Jimmy Carter and because her father was Republican.
Biography from the U.S. Department of State
Biography from the White House
Biography  from the Hoover Institution
Profile from BBC News
African American politicians
American political scientists
Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
United States National Security Advisors
Educators from Birmingham, Alabama
Paul Williams (songwriter) (born 1940), songwriter for the Carpenters and many other groups; also film and television actor
Paul Williams (saxophonist) (1915–2002), rhythm and blues saxophonist
Paul Williams (The Temptations) (1939–1973), one of the lead singers of the popular Motown act The Temptations
Paul Williams (stage name for Paul Humphries), mandolinist and harmony singer for bluegrass legend "Jimmy Martin and the Sunny Mountain Boys"
Paul Williams, birth name of soul musician Billy Paul
Paul Williams (British singer), vocalist and keyboardist for 1970s bands Tempest and IOU.
Paul Williams (Composer / Pianist) (born 1940), a Composer and Pianist in the UK
Paul Williams (Crawdaddy!
creator) (born 1948), American author who created the music magazine Crawdaddy!
Paul Williams (writer), a British writer associated with Doctor Who
Paul L. Williams, former FBI consultant, journalist and author
Paul O. Williams (born 1935), American science-fiction author and poet
Paul Williams (Irish journalist), is an Irish journalist and non-fictioncrime  writer
Paul Williams (footballer), English association football (soccer) player for Stoke City F.C.
Paul Williams (Australian rules footballer) (born 1973), Australian rules football player for the Sydney Swans
Paul Williams (boxer) (born 1981), American welterweight boxer
Paul Williams (architect) (1894–1980), prominent African American architect in Los Angeles, California
Paul Williams (director) (born 1943), American film and television director
Paul Williams (politician) (born 1922), former British Member of Parliament
Paul Williams (professor), professor at American University and director of the Public International Law & Policy Group
Paul Williams (British professor), professor of Indian and Tibetan Philosophy at the University of Bristol, UK.
Paul Williams (Y&R), a fictional character on The Young and the Restless
Decidability theory is a branch of mathematics.
Suppose there is a set, and there is an element.
There is also an algorithm.
The algorithm will simply check if the element belongs to the set or not.
If the algorithm stops (after a limited time) and has reached a decision, if the element is in the set or not, this is called decidable.
Some logical problems cannot be decided that way (This statement is false).
They are called undecidable
There is a weaker property too, called semidecidable.
A set is called semidecidable (or recursively enumerable), if there is an algorithm that lists its elements out.
Ground is a commonly used word for the surface of the Earth.
It is the dirt, soil and rock that we walk on.
Ground in electrical language is the electrical charge of the earth.
Voltages are compared to the ground to measure voltage.
Biography and career
He was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas.
His father worked as a construction worker and a cotton farmer.
After moving often, the family settled in 1967 in the town of Southaven in De Soto County, Mississippi, and he graduated from Southaven High School.
Young Grisham loved to read.
In 1977, Grisham received a degree from Mississippi State University.
He earned his law degree from the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1981.
After leaving law school, he entered a small-town general law practice for nearly 10 years in Southaven, MS where he paid a lot of attention on criminal law and civil law.
In 1983, he was elected as a Democrat to the Mississippi House of Representatives, where he served until 1990.
During this time, he continued his private law practice in Southaven.
In 1984 at the De Soto County courthouse in Hernando, Grisham witnessed the testimony of a 12-year-old girl who was raped.
In his spare time, Grisham began work on his first novel, which explored what would have happened if the girl's father had murdered her attackers.
He spent three years on A Time to Kill and finished it in 1987.
The book was bought by Wynwood Press, which published it in June 1988.
The day after Grisham finished A Time to Kill, he began work on another novel, the story of a young attorney lured to what seemed to be a perfect law firm.
That second book, The Firm, became the bestselling novel of 1991.
Grisham then went on to write at least one work a year, most of them popular bestsellers.
Grisham has been declared  "the bestselling novelist of the 90s," selling a total of 60,742,288 copies.
Grisham's 1992 novel The Pelican Brief sold 11,232,480 books in the United States alone, making it the bestselling novel of the decade and the only novel to sell ten million books or more during a period of 10 years.
Books by John Grisham
A Time to Kill (1989)
The Firm (1991)
The Pelican Brief (1992)
The Client (1993)
The Chamber (1994)
The Rainmaker (1995)
The Runaway Jury (1996)
The Partner (1997)
The Street Lawyer (1998)
The Testament (1999)
The Brethren (2000)
The Summons (2002)
The King of Torts (2003)
The Last Juror (2004)
The Broker (2005)
The Appeal (2008)
The Associate (2009)
The Innocent Man (2006)
lawyers from Arkansas
lawyers from Mississippi
Politicians from Mississippi
People from Jonesboro, Arkansas
A construction worker is someone whose job is to work on a construction site where structures such as bridges or houses are being built.
Construction workers use many types of tools (such as shovels and wrenches) and operate machines and vehicles such as trucks and bulldozers.
Working as a construction worker can be dangerous, because a person could fall, or have a heavy object fall on them.
Construction workers have to wear safety clothing to protect themselves, such as leather work boots with a metal toe, plastic construction hats or helmets, and goggles to protect their eyes.
Many construction workers also wear brightly-coloured orange safety vests, so that drivers and other construction workers will be able to see them.
Railway lines
Never Mind the Buzzcocks is a British television game show on channel BBC Two.
It was first presented by Mark Lamarr, then a different person each episode, then Simon Amstell, then different people again and finally Rhod Gilbert.
The left team is captained by Phill Jupitus.
The right team was captained by Sean Hughes, then Bill Bailey, then different people for each episode and finally by Noel Fielding.
1993 television series debuts
British comedy television series
Panel games
2012 television series endings
2012 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Bayreuth (German: [ˈbaɪ̯rɔʏ̯t] or [baɪ̯ˈrɔʏ̯t]; Upper Franconian: [ba(ː)ˈɾaɪ̯t]; Bavarian: Bareid; East Franconian: Baraid) is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany.
It is the capital of Upper Franconia.
About 74,000 people live there.
Bayreuth is internationally famous for the Bayreuth Festival (), a festival for the music of Richard Wagner.
Nearby bigger cities are Coburg, Bamberg, Hof and Nuremberg.
Bayreuth has a university, the University of Bayreuth.
Bayreuth has a lot of sights and historical buildings which are usually visited by many tourists, especially at the time of the Bayreuth Festival.
You can find sights such as the New Palace (Neues Schloss), Bayreuth Festspielhaus, Eremitage, Spitalkirche, The Old Castle, Margravial Opera House, and Wahnfried.
Most of the sights have been built in the 18th century and the 19th century.
The most popular sight in Bayreuth is the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, which is a major opera building located north of Bayreuth.
In Norse mythology, Ragnarök ("fate of the gods") is the battle at the end of the world.
It is to be fought between the gods or Æsir, led by Odin; and the fire giants, the Jötnar and other monsters, led by Loki and Surtr.
Not only will most of the gods, giants, and monsters die in this battle, but almost everything in the universe will be destroyed.
Odin vs Fenrir: Odin will be swallowed by Fenrir.
Vidar vs Fenrir: Vidar will kill Fenrir by stepping on the jaw of Fenrir and split it all the way down through his tail.
That's when Ragnarok ends.
Thor vs Jormungandr: Thor kills Jormungandr, but then dies from his wounds and the poison after taking nine steps.
Tyr vs Garm: Garm bites off Tyr's other hand and he bleeds out, but not before he gives Garm a mortal wound, which does kill him.
Heimdall vs Loki: Both will inflict fatal wounds on each other, but Loki shall refuse to die until he sees the destruction of the worlds which will happen soon after.
They'll both die next to each other.
Surviving gods
Hoenir, Magni,  Modi, Njord, Vidar, Vali, and the daughter of Sol are all stated to survive Ragnarok.
All of the remaining Æsir then reunite at Ithavllir.
Baldr and Hod return from the underworld - Baldr having been killed by Hod, and Hod by Vali, before Ragnarok.
Hoenir either makes slots for divination or receives a wand for divination, depending on the translation.
Vidar - who avenges Odin - and Vali are unharmed by Surtr's fire or the flood.
Magni and Modi who will wield their father's (Thor) hammer, Mjolnir, will also live.
Njord is stated to return to Vanaheim at "the doom of man", which has been interpreted as Ragnarok.
Sol (who dies) gives birth to a daughter who will follow her path in the new world.
There are some beings whose fate after Ragnarok is uncertain.
Nidhhoggr is stated to fly with darkness under him and corpses on his back at the end of the Voluspa.
This has been noted to not fit well with the theme of the last stanza, in which all of the old and bad has been burnt, and a new world with only good will rise of the waters.
The last stanza has seen this interpreted differently, with some having Nidhoggr as the last remaining evil in the new world, and others stating that Nidhhoggr will rise one more time but then fall back to the ground, meaning evil has been defeated and all is good in the new world.
Additionally, the dwarfs are stated to be in their "stone doors".
This has been interpreted as meaning that the dwarfs are stuck in their mountain homes or structures, which are going to fall - but that they are unable to leave, as they will turn to stone if they do.
The Voluspa in the Poetic Edda
Jörmungandr (Old Norse: Jǫrmungandr - "huge monster"), also known as the Midgard Serpent (Old Norse: Miðgarðsormr), is a sea serpent, the middle child of Loki and the giantess Angrboða.
According to the Prose Edda, Odin took Loki's three children by Angrboða (the wolf Fenrir, Hel, and Jörmungandr) and tossed Jörmungandr into the great ocean that encircles Midgard.
The serpent grew so large that it was able to surround the Earth and grasp its own tail, receiving the name of the Midgard Serpent as a result.
Upon the onset of Ragnarök, Jörmungandr will release its tail, as he is met in battle by his arch-enemy, Thor, god of thunder.
Hof is a German city in the north of Franconia.
The next bigger cities are Coburg, Bayreuth and Chemnitz.
The population of Hof is 44,000.
It is surrounded by, but not part of, the district of Hof, so it  has its own local council.
Cities in Bavaria
Pancakes (also called "griddlecakes", "hotcakes" or  "flapjacks") are a kind of bread made on a frying pan.
They are baked in different ways, such as thin French crêpes or Vermont-style multigrain pancakes.
Although it is mainly called "pancake" in the English speaking countries and it is thin dough, in Mexico, it is called "hotcake" and it is often thick dough.
Most pancakes are quick breads that use baking powder, although some are also made using a yeast-raised or fermented batter.
In many different places, pancakes are served as breakfast or dessert, and they are served with sweet sauces or toppings such as maple syrup, jam, or sugar.
Pancakes are also served with savory (non-sweet) fillings and toppings such as meat pie.
Some  pancakes have a leavening agent (something that makes the pancake rise while cooking), usually baking powder, eggs, flour, and milk, which makes a thick batter.
This batter is either spooned or poured onto a hot surface which is coated in cooking oil or melted butter.
The batter spreads to make a cake about 1/4 or 1/3 inch (1 cm) thick.
The raising agent makes bubbles rise to the uncooked side of the pancake, where now the pancake is ready to be flipped (turned over).
At the end, the pancakes are very light in texture and are often served at breakfast topped with maple syrup, butter, or fruit.
Vermont pancakes usually have a secondary grain added to the wheat flour, either oatmeal or buckwheat flour.
Both of these recipes need more baking powder to leaven.
In these pancakes, the texture is coarser, and the flavor is deeper, rather like toasted nuts.
Variety of pancakes
North American (Canada and the United States) style pancakes
Some pancakes served in restaurants are 3 to 4 pancakes of more or less 14 cm (5 inch) diameter.
A smaller number may be ordered by asking for a "silver dollar" pancake is the same as a pancake about 7 cm (3 inches) in diameter - these pancakes are usually served in groups of five or ten.
British pancakes
British pancakes have three main ingredients: white flour, eggs, and milk.
Some people also add melted butter to the batter.
The batter is quite runny and makes a thin layer on the bottom of the frying pan when the pan is tipped to one side.
It may form some colours during cooking, which result in a dark pancake with pale spots where the mix was, but the pancake does not rise.
British pancakes don't rise as much as other pancakes because they have a different recipe.
These pancakes may be eaten with the traditional topping of lemon juice and sugar, or wrapped around savory stuffing and eaten as a main course.
When baked instead of fried, this batter rises (even though it has no raising agents such as baking powder, it rises because the air beaten into the batter expands) and is known as Yorkshire pudding.
British pancakes are similar to French crêpes, and Italian crespelle, but do not look "lacy".
However, in Scotland pancakes, known as Scotch pancakes or drop scones in the rest of Britain, are more like the American variation and are served as such (see below).
Scotch pancakes often have sugar in the batter.
Scottish pancakes
Scottish pancake and fruit crumpet.
Pancakes similar to the North American pancake but smaller (usually about 3.5 in / 9 cm across) are known in the British Isles as Scotch pancakes or (after the traditional method of dropping batter onto a griddle) drop-scones, and in Australia and New Zealand as pikelets.
They can be served with jam and cream or just with butter.
In the U.S. these are known as "silver dollar pancakes" because each pancake is about the size of an old-style U.S. silver dollar (with Eisenhower on the face, no longer minted).
In Scotland, they are rarely served for breakfast, but are usually served for dessert.
They are available plain, or as a fruit pancake with raisins baked in, and larger thinner crumpets are made from the same recipe by watering down the mix.
The griddle is generally called a girdle in Scotland.
French crêpes
French crêpes, popular in France, the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec, and Brazil (where they are usually called pancake, or only crêpe) are made from flour, milk, and a relatively large proportion of eggs (compared with other types of pancakes).
Due to their thinness, they are usually served with a filling such as fruit or ice cream.
Maple syrup or other sweetened sauces are sometimes served with crêpes.
Crêpes are also served as a dinner meal, by filling them with seafood or other meats.
Crêpes made out of buckwheat flour are known as galettes.
German pancakes
German pancakes often served in American pancake houses, are shaped like a bowl.
They come in a variety of sizes, some quite large and nearly impossible for one person to finish.
They are commonly eaten with lemons and powdered sugar, although jam is sometimes used as well.
The pancakes eaten in Germany, however, are of the British variety.
They are called Pfannkuchen, although in some areas (Berlin, Brandenburg, Saxonia) that is instead the local name for Berliner, a type of doughnut.
Pancakes are called Eierkuchen (meaning "egg cake") there.
In Swabia, cut pancakes (Flädle) are a traditional soup ingredient.
Austrian pancakes
In Austria, pancakes are called Palatschinken, a word which comes from Latin "placenta" by way of Romanian, and are usually filled with apricot jam but are also known to have a pleasing taste filled with a chocolate sauce or hazel nut spread.
Similar pancakes with similar names can be found throughout the former Austria-Hungary (today Austria, Bosnia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia), (see Palatschinken).
Scandinavian pancakes
Scandinavian pancakes are similar to British pancakes.
They are traditionally served with jam and/or ice cream or whipped cream, although they may also be served as a main dish with a variety of savoury fillings.
Traditional Swedish variations can be somewhat exotic.
Some resemble British pancakes with a tiny diameter; these are called plättar, and they are fried several at a time in a special pan.
Others are like German pancakes but include fried pork in the batter; these are cooked in an oven.
There are also potato pancakes, called raggmunk.
These contain shredded raw potato and, sometimes, other vegetables.
If the actual pancake batter is left out, the fried cakes of grated potatoes are called rårakor.
Both the last two kinds are eaten traditionally with pork rinds and/or lingonberry jam.
Vegan pancakes
Vegan pancakes are not associated with any nationality, however they are a different and popular type of pancake.
Vegan pancakes try to be like the American pancake by using direct substitutes such as egg substitute and soy milk.
However, some kinds use baking soda and occasionally a small amount of vinegar as raising agents.
Indonesian pancakes
In Malaysia and Singapore a pancake-like snack is made with a filling, usually cheese or kaya but occasionally bean paste,  peanut, blueberry or custard.
There are other interesting variations, such as those made with soya bean replacing some of the flour.
More commonly seen are serabis, pancakes made with rice flour and coconut milk and smothered with a sauce made from coconut milk and palm sugar (or brown sugar).
Eastern European blintz and blini
In Russia, Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine, blintz and blini are made from wheat or buckwheat flour, yeast, butter, eggs and milk.
Blini come from the French crêpes which were introduced during before the time of the Soviet Union.
Mexican hot cakes
In Mexico they are generally called "hot cakes" rather than "pancakes".
They are similar in style to pancakes served in the U.S. but are perhaps more likely to mix or replace wheat flour with corn.
As well as being a popular breakfast at restaurants in all parts of the country, "hotcakes" are often sold on the streets of Mexico City and other cities and during the local celebrations of small towns at all hours of the day and night.
These  sell a single cake topped with some kind of sweet sauce.
Other kinds
In Ethiopia, injera is made from a fermented sourdough batter of buckwheat or the more traditional teff.
Unlike North American and European pancakes, the injera is not served with sweet sauces or sugar.
Instead, it is served with meat sauce, vegetables, and cooked eggs.
In Hungary, palacsinta are made from flour, milk and soda water, sugar, and eggs.
They are served as a main dish.
They are also served as a dessert.
However, this depends on the filling.
Sweet wine can also be added to the batter.
In Italy, cannelloni are made from pancake batter or noodle dough.
They are then filled, covered with cheese, and baked.
In the Middle East, pita is made from flour and yeast.
In India, dosa are made from rice flour and fried in a skillet.
In Chinese cooking, green onion pancakes are the thin pancakes made with buckwheat flour and green onions, served with moo shu dishes.
In Egypt, katief is made.
In Venezuela, pancakes are topped with butter and white cheese.
Most types of pancake, (but not the Breton galette), are cooked one side at a time and flipped (turned over) by the cook halfway through.
Tossing a pancake well can be quite difficult, but good cooks become very good at it, tossing them high in the air.
North American pancakes can be made sweet or savoury by adding foods like blueberries, strawberries, cheese or bacon to the batter; bananas or chocolate chips are sometimes dipped in the batter too.
British pancakes can be stuffed (put things in the middle) after cooking with a wide variety of sweet or savoury fillings.
Both are often sweetened after cooking by pouring on syrup or sprinkling with powdered sugar.
In Canada and the United States, the pancake is usually a breakfast food made in a person's home.
Pancakes are also served at restaurants and diners.
In Britain, pancakes are eaten as a dessert, or served savoury with a main meal.
They are also traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday which is also known as "Pancake Day". (
Shrove Tuesday is better known in the United States, France and other countries as Mardi Gras or Fat Tuesday.)
According to tradition, this used to be done in order to use up the last of the fat and rich foods before Lent which was a time when people did not eat rich foods.
Charity or school events are often organised on Pancake Day.
In the Netherlands pancakes are called pannekoeken and eaten at dinner.
Pancake restaurants are popular family restaurants and serve many varieties of sweet, savoury, and stuffed pancakes.
The Netherlands also has another kind of pancake called "poffertjes".
Each poffertje is quite small.
They are cooked on a large griddle with lots of holes for each poffertje.
The cook pours the batter quickly into all the holes by pouring up and down the rows.
When they are cooked,several poffertjes are put on a plate and sprinkled with icing sugar and melted butter.
There is often a poffertje stall at Dutch markets.
In Sweden and in Finland it is traditional to eat yellow pea soup followed by pancakes on Thursdays.
A smaller pancake, often called a "silver dollar" pancake, is sometimes used to make hors d'oeuvres in place of crackers or other bread-like items.
September 24 – The first autopsy and coroner's jury verdict are recorded in the Colony of Maryland.
Christiaan Huygens writes the first book to be published on probability theory, De ratiociniis in ludo aleae ("On Reasoning in Games of Chance").
February 8 – Mary, Queen of Scots is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle.
August 18 – Virginia Dare, Virginia colony settler, the first person of English parentage born in America (date of death unknown)
October 28 – The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded.
January 18 – King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York are married, uniting the House of Lancaster and the House of York after the Wars of the Roses.
May 21 – Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway dies and is succeeded by his son John (1481–1513).
December 26 – Battle of Westbroek: Holland defeats the troops of Utrecht.
Juan Ponce de Leon (d. 1521), Spanish explorer
August 5 – Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (d. 19 March, 1330), youngest surviving son of King Edward I of England
King Macbeth of Scotland (d. 1057)
Godwin, Earl of Wessex (d. 1053)
El Cid (b. 1040)
1030 – On July 29, during the Battle of Stiklestad of Norway, Olav Haraldsson lost to the people he ruled and is killed in the fight.
The people he lost to were called "pagan" because they were not Christian.
Later on, Olav is made a saint and is called the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway', or 'King of Norway forever').
1030 – The city of Kaunas in Lithuania is founded.
1030 – The city of Tartu in Estonia is founded.
1030 – Thalwil, Switzerland, is talked about for the first time
1030 – Henry I of France fights against his father Robert.
1031 – Collapse of the Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba.
1031 – Byzantine general George Maniaces captures Edessa.
1031 – Henry I becomes King of France
1031 – Bezprym seizes the throne of Poland from Mieszko II Lambert
1034 – On April 11, Empress Zoe of Byzantium marries her chamberlain and elevates him to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael IV.
1034 – Free County becomes subject to the Holy Roman Empire.
1035 – Harald I becomes King of England.
1035 – Harthacanute becomes king of Denmark.
1035 – Magnus I becomes king of Norway.
1035 – William II (the future William I of England) becomes duke of Normandy.
1035 – Construction on the cathedral of Saint Sabino begins in Bari.
1035 – Koper is awarded town rights.
1036 – Edward the Confessor's younger brother Alfred Aetheling is blinded and murdered in an apparent attempt to seize the throne of England from Harold I.
June 4, 1039 — Henry III becomes King of Germany.
1039 – The Abbey of Bec is founded.
1039 – Bretislav I of Bohemia invades Poland.
1030 – The Song Dynasty Chinese historian and scholar Ouyang Xiu earned his jinshi degree at the age of 22 by passing the highest level tests in the country.
This was his third time to take the test.
This degree let him work for the government as a scholar-official.
1030 – Byzantine Emperor Romanus III attacks Syria.
1030 – Masud begins to rule the Ghaznavid Empire after the death of his father Mahmud.
1036 – Emperor Go-Suzaku ascends the throne of Japan.
1036 – First appearance of the Flower Sermon in Buddhist literature
July 26, 1030 — Stanislaus of Szczepanów, Saint Stanislaw (died 1079)
1030 – Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders (died 1070)
1030 – Vsevolod I of Kiev (died 1093)
1031 – Matilda of Flanders, Queen consort of the Kingdom of England
September 3, 1034 – Emperor Go-Sanjō of Japan (d. 1073)
April 30, 1030 — Mahmud of Ghazni
July 19, 1030 — Adalberon, bishop of Laon
July 29, 1030 — King Olaf II of Norway (born 995)
September 30, 1030 — William V, Duke of Aquitaine (born 969)
July 20, 1031 – King Robert II of France (b. 972)
September 2, 1031 – Saint Emeric of Hungary
July 1–July 3, 1035 — Robert I Duke of Normandy at Bythinian Nicaea while on pilgrimage
October 18, 1035 — Sancho III of Navarre
November 4, 1035 — Jaromír, duke of Bohemia
November 12, 1035 — Canute the Great, King of England, of Denmark, of Norway, some of Sweden, and the territories near the legendary Jomsviking stronghold Jomsburg.
c. February 5, 1036 – Alfred Aetheling, Anglo-Saxon prince
May 15, 1036 — Emperor Go-Ichijō of Japan (b. 1008)
June 12, 1036 — Tedald, Bishop of Arezzo
June 13, 1036 — Ali Az-Zahir, caliph
1036 – Sweyn Knutsson, son of Canute the Great
March 10, 1039 — Eudes of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony
June 4 – Conrad II (the Elder), Holy Roman Emperor
1039 – Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, Prince of Gwynedd
1039 – Unsuri, Persian poet
1021 – The Moorish taifa (state) of Valencia (in modern Spain) becomes independent, after being ruled by Slavic soldiers for about ten years.
1024 – The Salian Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire is founded by Conrad II.
1024 – John XIX succeeds his brother as Pope
1027 – On March 26, Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor.
1027 – On May 14, Henri I is crowned king of France at Reims Cathedral.
1027 – Aldred becomes abbot of Tavistock.
1027 – Start of the Tibetan calendar.
1028 – On November 12, dying Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire marries his daughter Zoe of Byzantium to his chosen heir Romanus Argyrus.
1028 – On November 15, Romanus Argyrus becomes Eastern Roman Emperor as Romanus III.
August 28, 1025 – Emperor Go-Reizei of Japan
Giordano Bruno (d. 17 February 1600), Italian philosopher, priest, mathematician, and astronomer
8 July – Kim Jang-saeng (d. 3 August 1631), Korean scholar, politician, and educator
January 23 – Bernardo Pisano, Italian composer (b. 1490)
February 26 – Lorenzino de' Medici, writer and assassin (b. 1514)
March 23 – Itagaki Nobukata, Japanese retainer
March 24 – Gissur Einarsson, first Lutheran bishop in Iceland
April 1 – King Sigismund I the Old of Poland (b. 1467)
May 30 – Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, Mexican Catholic saint (b. 1474)
June 3 – Juan de Zumárraga, Spanish Catholic bishop of Mexico (b. 1468)
June 6 – João de Castro, Portuguese explorer (b. 1500)
June 14 – Carpentras, French composer (b. c. 1470)
September 8 – Catherine Parr, Sixth and last Queen of Henry VIII of England (b. c. 1512)
October 27 – Johannes Dantiscus, Polish poet and Bishop of Warmia (b. 1485)
December 27 – Francesco Spiera, Italian Protestant jurist (b. 1502)
August – Bartolomeu Dias leaves Lisbon on his voyage to the Cape of Good Hope.
Aztec emperor Ahuitzotl dedicates the Great Temple Pyramid of Tenochtitlan with thousands of human sacrifices.
February 7 – Queen Dangyeong, Korean royal consort (d. 1557)
February 8 – Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1550)
February 15 – Henry of the Palatinate, bishop of Utrecht (d. 1552)
April 10 – William I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (d. 1559)
July 5 – Johann Gramann, German theologian (d. 1541)
July 16 – Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (d. 1530)
July 17 – Ismail I, Shah of Persia (d. 1524)
August 27 – Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess of Schleswig and Holstein (d. 1514)
September 10 – Pope Julius III (d. 1555)
October 5 – Ludwig of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German nobleman (d. 1553)
November 14 – John III of Pernstein, Bohemian land-owner, Governor of Moravia and Count of Kladsko (d. 1548)
March 21 – Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (b. 1417)
June 16 – John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln (b. c. 1463)
June 26 – John Argyropoulos, philosopher
July 16 – Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus (b. 1436)
September 9 – Chenghua Emperor of China (b. 1447)
September 14 – Mara Branković, Serbian princess (b. 1416)
September 30 – John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1400)
October 22 – Antonio Bettini, religious writer (b. 1396)
William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel (b. 1417)
Tlacaelel, high priest of Tenochtitlán (b. 1397)
April 27 – Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated by Edward I of England.
August 10: King John I of Bohemia
Philip VI of France (died August 22, 1350), King of France
Simon Apulia becomes Bishop of Exeter.
June 20 – University of Oxford receives its charter.
July 27 – Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
Foundation of the German city of Bielefeld.
The Emperor of Jin China surrenders to the Mongols under Genghis Khan who have been besieging Beijing for a year.
He pays a huge ransom and then abandons Northern China, heading for Kaifeng.
April 25 – King Louis IX of France (died 1270)
Isabella of England, daughter of John of England (died 1241)
September 14 – Albert Avogadro, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem (born 1149)
October 5 – King Alfonso VIII of Castile (born 1155)
October 31 – Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (born 1162)
December 4 – King William I of Scotland
John de Gray, bishop of Norwich
Rostislav II of Kiev (born 1173)
Vsevolod IV of Kiev
Rurik Rostislavich, Prince of Novgorod
Steksys, Grand Prince of Lithuania
Donald III of Scotland comes to the throne of Scotland.
King Conrad III of Germany
King Roger II of Sicily
King Malcolm III of Scotland (b. 1031)
Folder (computing) used to organize documents
Filing cabinet
Filing (legal)
File (formation) Military term for a single column of men one in front of the other.
See also Rank (formation)
File (chess)
file (Unix), a program used to determine file types.
The File menu
filé culinary ingredient used in Cajun and Creole cooking
Labium (plural labia) is a Latin-derived term meaning "Lip".
Labium and its derivatives (including labia, labial, labrum and labellum) are used to describe any lip-like structure, but in the English language, labium often specifically refers to parts of the vulva.
A variant of the word, labellum (plural: labella), is used by people studying entomology and botany.
Rete testis is a network of small tubules found in the part of the testicle that carries sperm.
They can sometimes get cysts.
The rete testis have concentrated sperm and fluid in them, and they help the epididymis to absorb this fluid.
If the fluid is not absorbed, the person can be infertile.
Image at UC Davis
The 1st century BC started on January 1, 100 BC and ended on December 31, 1 BC.
An alternative name for this century is the last century BC.
The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero.
Scientific notation does, however, use a minus sign, so '2 BC' is equal to 'year −1'.
Popularity, the quality of being well-liked
Popular fiction
"Popular" (song), by Nada Surf
"Popular", a song in the musical, Wicked
Popular (TV series), a teenage dramedy on The WB
Popular Holdings, a Singapore-based educational book company
Popular, Inc, a Puerto Rican-based financial services company, also known as Banco Popular
Poplar, a genus of trees, Populus, which includes the cottonwoods, poplars, and aspens
A thing that is used to store information, such as --
vinyl record (also called a "phonograph record" or "gramophone record")
World record, an unsurpassed accomplishment or statistic
Record (computer science)
Record (technical) a document, originated by a qualified person or qualification body, that register or records data, parameters, variables, values and/or measurements pertaining to a specific technical activity.
Administrative records, a collection of documentation pertaining to personal information or transactions or organizational meetings.
Any document for administrative use
Vital record of life events
Business record of economic transactions
Medical record of a person's medical history and treatments
Service record, usually associated with military service
Minutes, a summary of the proceedings at a meeting
Public record, information that has been filed or recorded by public agencies
Records (album), the 1982 album by rock band Foreigner
The Record (name of a number of newspapers and other publications)
Record (newspaper), a Portuguese sports newspaper.
Récord, a Mexican sports newspaper
The Monarchy of the United Kingdom is the head of state of United Kingdom.
The current monarch is Elizabeth II who has reigned since 1952.
The queen is currently the head of the U.K and 15 other nations known as the commonwealth realms.
Monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland
George I (1714 - 1727)
George II (1727 - 1760)
George III (1760 - 1801)
Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
George III (1801 - 1820)
George IV (1820 - 1830) (Regent 1811-1820)
William IV (1830 - 1837)
Victoria (1837 - 1901)
The royal household changed its name to Saxe-Coburg-Gotha after Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, but Victoria stayed part of the House of Hanover.
With monarchs it started in 1901.
The name was changed in 1917 by George V.
Edward VII (1901 - 1910)
George V (1910 - 1922, changed name of house in 1917)
Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
In 1922 Ireland was split into the future Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland stayed part of the United Kingdom.