the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Edmund Phelps was born in 1933 near Chicago, but he grew up and went to school in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, where his family had moved when he was six years old.
In 1951, he went to Amherst College as an undergraduate student.
At his fathers advice, Phelps took his first economics course in his second year at Amherst.
His economics teacher was James Nelson and his studies were based on a famous textbook by Paul Samuelson.
Phelps was very interested in studying business.
He knew of important unsolved problems and had new ideas, such as the gap between microeconomics and macroeconomics.
After receiving his B.A. at Amherst in 1955, Phelps went to Yale University for graduate studies.
There, his professors were some of the greatest economists, such as Nobel prize winners James Tobin and Thomas Schelling, and he studied with Arthur Okun.
William Fellner and Henry Wallich were very important in his study courses.
Phelps received his Ph.D. from Yale in 1959.
The work for his Ph.D. was based on an idea by Tobin, that peoples need in an emergency has more effect than sudden price changes.
Research in the '60s and '70s
After receiving his Ph.D., Phelps went to work as an economist for the RAND Corporation.
His main interest was macroeconomics, but RAND focused on defense work so Phelps decided to return to the his studies the next year, 1960.
He took a research job at the Cowles Foundation, and a teaching job at Yale.
At the Cowles Foundation, his research was mainly on future prices and wages, following the work of Robert Solow.
As part of this research, Phelps published in 1961 a famous paper on the golden rule savings rate, one of his most important works for economic science.
He also wrote papers about other economic theories, such as monetary economics (Ricardian equivalence) and its importance when producing the best economic growth.
Work at the Cowles Foundation gave Phelps the chance to meet with other important economists who were working on growth theory, such as David Cass and Nobel Prize winner Tjalling Koopmans.
Also, during the academic year of 1962-63 Phelps visited MIT, where he met with Nobel prize winners Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow and Franco Modigliani.
In 1966, Phelps left Yale and moved to University of Pennsylvania, where he was offered a permanent job as professor of economics.
While at Pennsylvania, most of Phelps' research was on the links between employment, wages and inflation.
He wrote about this in 1968: "Money-Wage Dynamics and Labor Market Equilibrium".
This research had important new ideas about the Phillips curve.
It was the first idea of the natural rate of unemployment and said that inflation rates did not affect labour market.
In January 1969, Phelps held a meeting at Pennsylvania University to support the research on inflation and employment.
The story of the meeting was published the next year in a book which was very important and is known as the "Phelps volume".
During this time Phelps worked with other economists on research of economic growth, the effects of monetary and fiscal policy and best population growth.
In the year 1969-1970 Professor Phelps worked for the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science at Stanford University.
Meeting with Nobel prize winners Amartya Sen and Kenneth Arrow, and reading the work of John Rawls, whom he met during that year, gave Professor Phelps an interest to research outside of macroeconomics.
In 1972 he published research he named "statistical discrimination".
He also published research on economic justice, using ideas from Rawls book "A Theory of Justice".
In 1971, Phelps moved to the Economics Department at Columbia University, where Nobel prize winners William Vickrey and James J. Heckman were studying.
Nobel Prize winner Robert Mundell joined three years later, as well as Phoebus Dhrymes, Guillermo Calvo and John B. Taylor.
Professor Phelps published research on the inflation tax and the effects of fiscal policy on inflation.
In 1972, Phelps published a book about his new theory.
The book had many ideas about the effects of being unemployed for a long time and made him more popular.
In the next years, Keynesian economics were thought of as less important after the publication of John Muth's work called rational expectations.
Phelps, with Calvo and John Taylor, started a programme to rebuild Keynesian economics with new ideas about prices and wages being kept the same for certain time.
Professor Phelps and John Taylor published research in 1977, about how to calculate wages ("Staggered Wages).
During the '70s, Phelps and Calvo worked on research for making contracts using asymmetric information.
In the late '70s, Professor Phelps researched with Roman Frydman, who was taught by Phelps.
They worked on rational expectations and showed problems in it.
A book was published in 1983 about what people said at a big meeting they had to talk about rational expectations in 1981.
This book was not thought of as very important.
In 1982 Phelps was made the McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia.
During the early '80s he wrote a textbook about economics knowledge.
The book, Political Economy, was published in 1985, but was not used in a lot of schools.
European co-workers since mid-'80s
In the 1980s Professor Phelps worked with European universities and institutions, such as Banca d'Italia (most of his 1985-86 holidays were spent in Italy) and Observatoire Français des Conjonctures Économiques (OFCE).
He became interested in the continuing high unemployment in Europe and published some work about it with Jean-Paul Fitoussi (the director of OFCE).
During the next years, Professor Phelps worked to calculate the natural rate of unemployment.
He published some of his research in a 1994 book.
Phelps also worked with Luigi Paganetto at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and, between 1988-98, they held the Villa Mondragone International Seminar.
In 1990 Phelps took part in a mission from the EBRD to Moscow, where he and Kenneth Arrow worked on the reform of the USSR.
He became a member of the EBRDs Economic Advisory Board, and stayed there until 1993.
Professor Phelps became interested in the Eastern European transition economies while there.
George Mason University Professor Tyler Cowen wrote in the Marginal Revolution blog that "his main contribution is a better understanding of the Phillips curve and the dynamics of short-run unemployment and the concept of the natural rate of unemployment."
Cowen also wrote that "his 1960s macro work was true, important, and extremely influential.
The capital theory work endures and provides a foundation for subsequent theory.
The overall scope is impressive, and Phelps's concerns never strayed far from the real world."
Cowen by writing that the award to Phelps meant: "The big questions still matter.
Unemployment, economic growth, labor markets, capital accumulation, fairness, discrimination, and justice across the generations are indeed worthy of economic attention."
Some books by Professor Phelps
Phelps, Edmund S., "A Life in Economics", autobiography published in "The Makers of Modern Economics", Volume II (1995), edited by Arnold Heertje, Edward Elgar Publishing Co., Aldershot, UK, Brookfield, US
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2006), "Edmund Phelps’s Contributions to Macroeconomics", Advanced information on Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
Phelps' homepage
Columbia University press release
Nobel profile and links to further announcement details
Edmund Phelps' syndicated op/ed column
Center on Capitalism and Society -- Edmund Phelps, director
Summary of Phelps' influence by George Mason University's Professor Tyler Cowen
Phelps and the Nobel Prize by Arnold Kling.
EconLog and Econlib
Edmund Phelps's Contributions to Macroeconomics
Scientists from Illinois
Columbia University faculty
Educators from Illinois
Nanotechnology includes making products that use parts this small, such as electronic devices, catalysts, sensors, etc.
To give you an idea of how small that is, there are more nanometres in an inch than there are inches in 400 miles.
Generally, when people talk about nanotechnology, they mean structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller.
There are one million nanometers in a millimeter.
Nanotechnology tries to make materials or machines of that size.
People are doing many different types of work in the field of nanotechnology.
Most current work looks at making nanoparticles (particles with nanometer size) that have special properties, such as the way they scatter light, absorb X-rays, transport electrical currents or heat, etc.
At the more "science fiction" end of the field are attempts to make small copies of bigger machines or really new ideas for structures that make themselves.
New materials are possible with nano size structures.
It is even possible to work with single atoms.
There has been a lot of discussion about the future of nanotechnology and its dangers.
Nanotechnology may be able to invent new materials and instruments which would be very useful, such as in medicine, computers, and making clean electricity (nanoelectromechanical systems) is helping design the next generation of solar panels, and efficient low-energy lighting).
On the other hand, nanotechnology is new and there could be unknown problems.
For example, if the materials are bad for people's health or for nature.
They may have a bad effect on the economy or even big natural systems like the Earth itself.
Some groups argue that there should be rules about the use of nanotechnology.
The start of nanotechnology
Ideas of nanotechnology were first used in talk "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", a talk given by the scientist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959.
Feynman described a way to move individual atoms to build smaller instruments and operate at that scale.
Properties such as surface tension and Van der walls force would become very important.
Feynman's simple idea seemed possible.
The word "nanotechnology" was explained by Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 paper.
He said that nanotechnology was the work of changing materials by one atom or by one molecule.
In the 1980s this idea was studied by Dr. K. Eric Drexler, who spoke and wrote about the importance of nano-scale events . "
Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology" (1986) is thought to be the willythirst book on nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology and Nano science started with two key developments: the start of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).
Soon afterwards, new molecules with carbon were discovered - first fullerenes in 1986 and carbon nanotubes a few years later.
In another development, people studied how to make semiconductor nano crystals.
Many metal oxide nanoparticles are now used as quantum dots (nanoparticles where the behaviour of single electrons becomes important).
In 2000, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative began to develop science in this field.
Classification of Nano materials
Nanotechnology has nanomaterials which can be classified into one, two and three dimensions nanoparticles.
This classification is based upon different properties it holds such as scattering of light, absorbing x rays, transport electric current or heat.
Nanotechnology has multidisciplinary character affecting multiple traditional technologies and different scientific disciplines.
New materials which can be scaled even at atomic size can be manufactured.
One nanometer (nm) is 10−9 or 0.000,000,001 meter.
When two carbon atoms join together to make a molecule the distance between them is in the range of 0.12-0.15 nm.
DNA double helix is about 2 nm from one side to the other.
It develops into a new field of DNA nanotechnology.
In future DNA can be manipulated that can lead to new revolution.
Human genome can be manipulated according to requirements.
A nanometer and a meter can be understood as the same size-difference as between golf ball and the Earth.
One nanometer is about one twenty-five-thousandth the diameter of a human hair.
Fingernails grow one nanometer per second.
Physical characteristics of nanomaterial
At nano scale physical properties of system or particles substantially change.
Physical properties such as quantum size effects where electrons move different for very small sizes of particle.
Properties such as mechanical, electrical and optical changes when macroscopic system changes to microscopic one which is of utmost importance.
Some of the most interesting properties when particle gets converted to nano scale are substances which usually stop light become transparent (copper); it becomes possible to burn some materials (aluminum); solids turn into liquids at room temperature (gold); insulators become conductors (silicon).
A material such as gold, which does not react with other chemicals at normal scales, can be a powerful chemical catalyst at nanoscales.
These special properties which we can only see at the nano scale are one of the most interesting things about nanotechnology.
'The Next Big Thing: Nanotechnology' TV discussion
Carbon Nanotubes video
C60 fullerene video
Funny introduction video to nano: The Nano Song
Nanotechnology Image Gallery
Kumiko Miyazaki, & Nazrul Islam, (November 2007).
Nanotechnologysystems of innovation—An analysis of industry and academia research activities.
Technovation, 27(11), 661-675.
Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.libdb.njit.edu:8888/science/article/pii/S0166497207000697
Minna Allarakhia, & StevenWalsh, (March-April 2012).
Analyzing and organizing nanotechnology development: Application of the institutional analysis development framework to nanotechnology consortia.
Technovation, 32(3-4), 216-226.
Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.libdb.njit.edu:8888/science/article/pii/S0166497211001532
Hattem became a city in 1299.
That is one year before Amsterdam.
Alex McLeish is a Scottish association football manager.
He was born in 1959 and is currently manager of Aston Villa F.C. after his reign in Birmingham City F.C.. He also managed Rangers F.C. and the Scotland national football team.
Óscar Arias Sánchez (born 13 September 1940 in Heredia, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate.
He was President of Costa Rica from 1986 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2010.
He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for his efforts to end civil wars in Central America.
He is also a winner of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism and a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.
In 2003, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the International Criminal Court's TrustFund for Victims.
He is also a member of the Club de Madrid.
It is a nonprofit organization.
It is made up of 81 former leaders of democratic nations.
They work to strengthen democracy.
In January 2005 Arias was selected as the candidate for the National Liberation party.
He was reelected as president of Costa Rica.
There was a lot of criticism for his support towards the Free Trade Agreement process in Costa Rica.
Because of his political background and determination, many Costa Ricans still trust and respect Arias.
Presidents of Costa Rica
It looks for common patterns that one can find across all cultures.
Universal historians use a thematic approach.
That means they look at history from two viewpoints: On the one hand they look at processes of world history that have drawn people of the world together, on the other hand they want to find out how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience.
The study of universal or global history is in some ways a product of the current period of accelerated globalization.
This period has two tendencies: it integrates various cultures and it shows their differences when people of different cultures and civilizations have to live with each other.
To discuss "the history of the world" in a unified framework is not that new.
For example, it was a genre popular in the 19th century, and with Christian historians going back to at least the 4th century.
World History Network
Bridging World History
China and Europe
Journal of World History
The Changing Shape of World History, William H. McNeill, Paper originally presented at the History and Theory World History Conference, March 25-26, 1994
World History Connected
World History For Us All  - World History Model Curriculum
World History Matters
WWW-VL World History Index
World History Blog - World History blog.
World History Today  - World History blog.
Five Epochs of Civilization Ends regional bias by focusing on communication technologies shared throughout the earth
Breweries can take up several city blocks, or be a collection of equipment in a homebrewer's kitchen.
The diversity of size in breweries is matched by the diversity of processes, degrees of automation, and kinds of beer produced in breweries.
Typically a brewery is divided into distinct sections, with each section reserved for one part of the brewing process.
The oldest brewery in the world still in operation is believed to be the Bavarian State-owned brewery Weihenstephan, found in the German city of Freising, which can trace its history back to 1040.
Although the Zatec brewery in the Czech Republic claims it can prove paying beer tax in 1004.
: Technology Brewing and Malting, Wolfgang Kunze, 1999, 2nd revised edition, VLB Berlin.
Available at their website
: Technology Brewing and Malting, Wolfgang Kunze, 2004, 3nd revised edition, VLB Berlin.
http://www.beertown.org/craftbrewing/statistics.html : Craft Brewery definitions at the bottom of the page
Butane is an organic compound with the chemical formula .
It is an alkane with four carbon atoms.
It is used as a fuel (sometimes with propane) and in aerosol cans.
Uses of Butane
Butane is sold in canisters, for cooking and camping.
It is also used as fuel in cigarette lighters, and as propellant in aerosol sprays or deodorants.
Some kinds of Butane are used in refrigerators.
Butane can be hazardous.
Inhalation can lead to death by asphyxiation due to displacement of oxygen in the lungs.
Contact with the skin can lead to frostbite.
If the gas is mixed with air and ignighted it is prone to explode like many other fuels that are volatile
International Chemical Safety Card 0232
n-Butane  Molecule of the Month
Molview from bluerhinos.co.uk  See Butane in 3D
World LP Gas Association (WLPGA)
LP Gas Association: Propane and Butane in the UK
Global BioSciences In-Situ Bioremediation utilizing Butane
Butane Viscosity as function of  temperature and pressure
Liquefied petroleum gas (also known as LPG, LP Gas or autogas) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases.
It is commonly used in the household, for example for cooking, or as fuel for heating.
LPG is replacing Chlorofluorocarbons more and more, also because it is less harmful to the ozone layer.
Pixie Gas  LPG Supplier based in the United States
Aerosol spray is a system used in certain containers, like spray cans.
The contents of the can, like color or deodorant are pressurized.
The can has a valve.
When this valve is opened, the liquid is forced out.
It will emerge as an aerosol or mist.
Apart from the liquid, there is another substance in the container, usually called propellant.
When the valve is opened, some propellant will be forced inside the container.
That way the pressure in the container is kept constant.
In 1943, Americans Lyle Goodhugh and William Sullivan, commissioned by the US government, developed a bug bomb (World War II was going on, and it was necessary to find a way to quickly spray insecticide in order to control insect-borne diseases).
This date is considered to be the beginning of the mass production of aerosol balloons.
In 1949, Robert Abplanalp invented the modern spray valve.
In the same year, Edward Seymour started the production of spray paint.
It is also forbidden to overheat balloons and put them in the sun in hot weather, as well as on heaters.
There were many cases of balloon explosions in hot weather, as well as pyrotechnic entertainment of detonating aerosols on fires, which is a rather dangerous activity.
In detail
A - Donut (indicating the color of the paint)
B - Valve system
C - Safety ring
D - Mixture balls (characteristic for paint cans)
E - The valve itself
Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German-British physicist and mathematician who was important in the development of quantum mechanics.
He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of important physicists in the 1920s and 30s.
Born became a British subject in 1939.
He won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics.
American Institute of Physics History Search: Max Born
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Max Born - full article
Annotated bibliography for Max Born from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Freeview video of Gustav Born (son of Max) with conversation and film on Gustav's memories of his father by the Vega Science Trust
Max Born’s Life
Max Born information from Nobel Winners site
Nobel Laureate biography
Papers of Professor Max Born (1882-1970) Held at the Edinburgh University Library, Special Collections Division
Recollections of Max Born, by Emil Wolf, in  Astrophysics and Space Science, Volume 227, Numbers 1-2. (
Biographical tribute)
Kuhn, Thomas S., John L. Heilbron, Paul Forman, and Lini Allen Sources for History of Quantum Physics  (American Philosophical Society, 1967)
The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) is a branch of the United Nations General Assembly.
UNOOSA creates, maintains and carries out the General Assembly's rules about space.
UNOOSA operates the Programme on Space Applications and maintains a list of objects sent into space - the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space.
UNOOSA also helps developing nations develop space technology to help their economies.
International Space Law
United Nations Treaties and Principles on Space Law
He was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew Fire for the discovery of RNA interference.
Mello has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since 2000.
Mello was born in New Haven, Connecticut on October 18 1960.
He was the third child of James and Sally Mello.
His father, James Mello, was a paleontologist and his mother, Sally Mello, was an artist.
His fathers parents moved to the US from the Portuguese islands of Azores.
His parents met while at the Brown University and were the first children in their families to go to college.
James Mello was awarded his PhD in paleontology from Yale University in 1962.
The Mello family moved to Falls Church in northern Virginia so that James could take a job with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in Washington, DC.
After a short time in Falls Church, the family moved to Fairfax, Virginia, when James Mello began work as Assistant Director at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History.
Some of his happiest early memories were holidays with his whole family in Colorado, Wyoming and more often to the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia.
The Mello family enjoyed long talks at the dinner table and this was very important to young Craig Mello.
He learned to argue, to listen, and to accept if he was wrong about something.
Mello's first few years of grade school were difficult.
He was five years old when he started first grade in a local private school.
He was too young to enter first grade in the public system.
He does not know if he was a slow learner, or just not interested, but he did not do well in school until the seventh grade.
In second grade, Mello only pretended that he could read and he was embarrassed of being talked to by the teacher.
He enjoyed playing outdoors, in the woods and creeks, more than time spent in the classroom.
At this time, his older siblings were great students, so his teacher's wanted him to do well.
During these early years, Mello had no doubt that he would be a scientist when he grew up.
After he got his high school diploma, Mello went to Brown University, where he studied biochemistry and molecular biology.
After finishing his studies at Brown, Mello went to Boulder, Colorado for more studies, and then to Harvard University.
He was awarded his PhD at Harvard in 1990.
In 2006, Mello and Fire were awarded the Nobel Prize for work published in 1998.
The paper reports that tiny snippets of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) effectively shut down specific genes, and so caused the destruction of messenger RNA (mRNA) with sequences matching the dsRNA.
As a result, the mRNA cannot be translated into protein.
Fire and Mello found that dsRNA was much more effective in gene silencing than the previously described method of RNA interference with single-stranded RNA.
Because only small numbers of dsRNA molecules were required for the observed effect, Fire and Mello proposed that a catalytic process was involved.
This hypothesis was confirmed by later research.
The Nobel Prize citation, issued by Sweden's Karolinska Institute, said: "This year's Nobel Laureates have discovered a fundamental mechanism for controlling the flow of genetic information".
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) quoted Nick Hastie, director of the Medical Research Council's Human Genetics Unit, on the scope and implications of the research:
"It is very unusual for a piece of work to completely revolutionise the whole way we think about biological processes and regulation, but this has opened up a whole new field in biology".
Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire) of National Academy of Sciences Award in Molecular Biology in 2003.
Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire, Thomas Tuschl and David Baulcombe) of the Wiley Prize in the Biomedical Sciences from Rockefeller University in 2003.
Elected member National Academy of Sciences in 2005.
Co-recipient (with Victor Ambros, Andrew Fire and Gary Ruvkun)  of Brandeis University's Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award for Distinguished Work in Medical Research in 2005.
Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire) of the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 2005.
Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire and David Baulcombe) of Massry Prize in 2005.
Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire) of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 2006.
Inaugural recipient of The Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research by Johnson & Johnson in 2006.
Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire) of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2006.
Recipient of an honorary doctorate by Brown University in 2007.
He gave the keynote Baccalaureate Address at Commencement ceremonies.
Nobel Prize information
Nobel announcement from Stanford University
Nobel announcement from the University of Massachusetts
US Patent 6506559 Genetic inhibition by double-stranded RNA (patent)
Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans , in Nature, via University of Massachusetts
Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut
Educators from New Haven, Connecticut
"The Vicar of Bray" is a satirical song about the career of the Vicar of Bray and how he changes his principles so that he can keep his job in a changing world.
Changes are taking place in the state religion through the course of several English monarchs.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (12 January 1918  5 February 2008) was an Indian guru (a teacher of spirituality).
He was most famous for his development of Transcendental Meditation.
He also was well known for his association with the rock bands, The Beatles and The Beach Boys.
His birth name was either  Mahesh Verma Shrivastava or Mahesh Prasad Varma.
His parents were Hindus from the.
He was born in Raipur, India.
He graduated from Allahabad University in Uttar Pradesh, and began his career as a physicist.
His physics work made him interested in the sound vibrations made by spoken syllables, and how those vibrations could change a person's body or consciousness.
In time, he became a disciple of Swami Brahmananda Saraswati, who was called "Guru Dev".
He later became the swami's secretary.
He could not become the swami's , because of India's caste system, but he could become a guru on his own.
Guru Dev gave him the name "Bal Brahmachari Mahesh".
Later he adopted the name Maharishi ("great teacher"), while "yogi" was a name given to teachers of yoga.
Transcendental Meditation (sometimes shortened to "TM") grew out of Guru Dev's teachings, and the Maharishi's own physics studies.
A person practices Transcendental Meditation by sitting quietly, and mentally repeating a "", of syllables or names considered  or holy in Hinduism.
In Transcendental Meditation, the sounds are used purely as sounds independent of any associated meanings in any language.
Meditating helps a person to relax, and to concentrate on important things.
During this meditation a person transcends conscious thought to a quieter state of mind, and this gives the technique its name.
The Maharishi began what he called the "Spiritual  Movement" in 1958.
He traveled around the world, teaching Transcendental Meditation to ordinary people.
Unlike many gurus, he did not require followers to give up their everyday lives, or move to an  to live and study.
He believed that helping people to relieve stress and learn how to focus would improve their lives, and in time make a better world.
He taught for nearly ten years, with little public notice.
He also published a book, The Science of Being and the Art of Living, and recorded a spoken-word album, that explained his beliefs.
During 1967, during the last months of his ten-year "world tour", he visited England, and people there began to join his Spiritual Regeneration Movement.
One person who joined was Pattie Boyd, the wife of George Harrison, who was a member of The Beatles.
Harrison had learned to play the sitar, an Indian musical instrument, and was interested in Hinduism.
He had not found a guru whose teachings interested him.
When Pattie told him about the Maharishi, he became interested, and all four Beatles went to a lecture given by the Maharishi.
They sent a message to him, asking to meet in person.
All of the Beatles were interested in TM, because it was simple and they could continue on as musicians, instead of having to change their lifestyle.
They each joined the movement, and began to promote the Maharishi and his teachings.
They even announced that they gave up the use of drugs, which had earlier caused  for the band, because of what they learned.
Brian Epstein, manager of the Beatles, was also interested in TM, but had many problems in his personal life.
He decided not to join the Beatles when they traveled to Wales to attend a weekend class given by the Maharishi, and stayed home.
Later that weekend, Epstein overdosed on sleeping pills, and died in his sleep.
The Beatles were very hurt by the news, and worried about what would happen to their careers.
Maharishi tried to comfort them, telling them to think happy thoughts about Epstein, and let his spirit find peace.
The Beatles wanted to study with the Maharishi in India.
They had just started their own company, Apple Corps, and with Epstein gone they had to work out many details for themselves.
They could have found another manager, but decided they did not want one, and looked after Apple personally, until their helpers could take over running the company.
Finally in early 1968, they made the trip to India.
The Beatles enjoyed the atmosphere in India, and the free time they had between classes, and began to write songs for a new album, which was later called the "White Album".
One by one the Beatles lost interest.
Ringo Starr, who had a sensitive stomach, became sick from the spicy food served at the ashram, and headed home after just a few days.
Paul McCartney in time became bored, and also headed home.
George Harrison and John Lennon stayed longer, but were upset when "Magic Alex", a friend who came to India with them, began to tell them stories about the Maharishi trying to have sexual intercourse with some of the women who came to the ashram.
This  Harrison and Lennon, and they went home the next day.
The Beatles were earlier interested in making a movie about the Maharishi and his work.
When they began to talk with him about it, he surprised them by knowing more about business matters than they ever expected, and by asking questions about his share of the movie's profits.
They did not think a "holy man" would be interested in such things.
Between this and Magic Alex's stories, the band decided the Maharishi was a .
They publicly  him, telling the media they thought he was something other than what he proved to be.
Lennon wrote a song about him, whose words went "Maharishi, what have you done?
You made a fool of everyone."
He later changed the name "Maharishi" to "Sexy Sadie", to keep the Maharishi from seeking revenge of some kind, or a lawsuit, against him.
Years later, the Beatles realized Magic Alex's  were false.
McCartney and Harrison began again to say good things about the Maharishi, and to promote his work.
Starr called him "one of the  I met in my life."
Lennon never forgave Maharishi for letting him down personally, but still used TM from time to time.
Lennon realized that he had been looking for a , and that any father figure he found was going to let him down in the end, so he was better off to work out his own problems.
The Beatles were not the only celebrities to get involved with the Maharishi and his work.
Actress Mia Farrow, folk-rocker Donovan and Mike Love of the Beach Boys also studied with the Maharishi in India, and the Beach Boys later promoted TM, much more than the Beatles ever had.
They toured together with the Maharishi, and Mike Love insisted people who worked for them meditate daily.
The association did not work well for the Beach Boys, and an album they recorded at a school started by the Maharishi sold poorly.
In time most of the Beach Boys lost interest, but Love continued to promote the Maharishi and his works.
Magician Doug Henning also became a follower of Transcendental Meditation.
He campaigned to open a theme park called "Vedaland", based on Hinduism and the Maharishi's teachings.
after his death, Doug Henning's widow continued the campaign.
Scientists studied people who meditated, and learned that TM really did help them to relax, and to think more clearly.
A few  Christian ministers and writers denounced TM, calling it "a  into Eastern religions", and said that mantras were really a way of invoking the Devil or demons.
Other Christians saw no harm in it, or encouraged people who wanted to meditate to instead chant the name of Jesus Christ, or a name for God, or a line from a psalm or Christian prayer.
In any case, TM went on to help many people around the world, and it is still taught as a form of meditation.
The Maharishi continued his teachings and work, later promoting the "Maharishi Technology of the " and other ideas.
In time, he gave up his ashram in India, moving to The Netherlands in Europe.
He announced his retirement in January 2008, only weeks before he died from natural causes.
The Science of Being and the Art of Living, by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (Signet Books)
The Love You Make: an insider's story of the Beatles, by Peter Brown (McGraw-Hill)
The Beach Boys, by Byron Preiss
Bristol City F.C. are an English football club.
They are based in the city of Bristol.
They play at Ashton Gate Stadium.
They were formed in 1894.
Chesterfield F.C. are an English football club.
They started in 1867 and are based in Chesterfield in the county of Derbyshire.
They play at a stadium called the Recreation Ground.
Doncaster Rovers F.C. are an English football club.
They started in 1879 and play their home games at a stadium called Keepmoat Stadium.
Huddersfield Town F.C. are an English football club.
They started in 1908 and are based in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire.
The club plays their home games at a stadium called the Kirklees Stadium.
1908 establishments in England
In Hinduism and Buddhism, Sanskaras are the faint memories left on your mind by experiences you had in your present life or in past lives.
Sanskaras change how you look at things in the future and how you act.
Supernanny is a British and American television program about a nanny, or babysitter, named Jo Frost who helps parents in taking care of their often disruptive or ill-behaved children.
The UK version ran from 2004 to 2012.
The US version ran from 2005 to 2011.
2004 British television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2012 British television series endings
A computer keyboard is an input device that allows a person to enter letters, numbers, and other symbols (together, these are called characters) into a computer.
It is one of the most used input devices for computers.
Using a keyboard is often called typing.
A keyboard contains many mechanical switches or push-buttons called "keys".
When one of these are pushed, an electrical circuit is closed, and the keyboard sends a signal to the computer that tells it what letter, number or symbol it would like to be shown on the screen.
The computer then shows the character on the screen, usually at the place where the flashing text cursor is.
Besides entering characters, computer keyboards also have special keys that change the symbol (such as shift or caps lock) or give the computer special commands (such as the arrow keys, CTRL and ALT).
Different computer operating systems use different special keys, or use them differently.
Special commands can also be activated through combinations of keys, called keyboard shortcuts.
Some of the most common shortcuts on Windows programs are: Ctrl + C, to copy some text or a picture; Ctrl + V, to paste what was copied; and Ctrl + F, to find a certain word on a document or web page.
A keyboard can be joined to a computer using a wire, but can also be wireless (like those that use Bluetooth).
Most wired 21st century keyboards connect to a USB socket on the computer, but older ones use a round, purple DIN connector.
There are different types of keyboards.
They can be based on the way the keys work; for example, laptops have keys that do not move a lot, because the keyboard has to be very thin in order to fit inside the laptop.
On the other hand, video game players often like keyboards with keys that move a lot, so that they feel the key working.
Gaming keyboards also need fast reaction times.
In between these two types, an ergonomic keyboard is made to be easier for people to type for long periods of time, without hurting their hands or arms.
There are also different ways the keys on a keyboard are arranged, usually to deal with different regions and languages of the world.
Most computer keyboards have the keys in six rows, but some laptops use only five or even four rows to save space.
The most popular layout is called QWERTY, which is based on the first six letters on them.
The QWERTY design was made so that the most common letters would not make the moving parts of a mechanical typewriter "jam", or stop working.
Now, even though most people do not use typewriters anymore, the design stayed because people were used to it.
Other layouts have been developed, for example the Dvorak keyboard, which puts the most common letters in the places that are easiest to reach.
Keystroke logging is making a record of each key that is pressed.
Keystroke logging can be used to measure employee activity.
Hackers can also use keystroke logging to get private information, such as passwords.
This can be done by putting a piece of hardware in the keyboard or on the cable, or by installing malware in the computer.
A wireless keyboard makes it especially easy for the hacker to detect the wireless signals.
The use of any keyboard may cause repetitive strain injury to the hands, wrists, arms, neck or back.
The risks of injuries can be reduced by taking frequent, short breaks to get up and walk around, a couple of times every hour.
Users should also vary tasks throughout the day, to avoid overuse of the hands and wrists.
When using a keyboard, a person should keep the shoulders relaxed with the elbows at the side, with the keyboard and mouse positioned so that they are comfortable to use.
The chair height and keyboard should be adjusted so that the wrists are straight, and not resting on sharp edges of tables or the computers themselves.
Some technology ranging from special keyboards to pen-tablet interfaces or speech recognition software can reduce the risk of injury.
Pause software reminds the user to pause frequently.
Researchers are studying if keyboards can spread diseases.
Some keyboards were found to contain five times more germs than a toilet seat.
Dvorak (keyboard layout)
The term rhythm guitar refers to the style of playing guitar chords, and sometimes playing repeated riffs instead of using the guitar to play melody lines or solos (this kind of playing is called lead guitar).
Rhythm guitarists add to the sound of a band, whether they play rock and roll, or other kinds of music.
John Lennon of The Beatles usually played rhythm guitar for the band, with George Harrison playing lead guitar.
However, Lennon sometimes played keyboards, and once in a while took the lead guitar role, as he did in the songs "You Can't Do That" and "Get Back".
Sheet music for rhythm guitar is usually written above the classical notes.
It is written in Guitar chord format.
The last book of the New Testament is usually called the Book of Revelation or simply Revelation.
Some of the earliest manuscripts have the title of "The Revelation of John" ().
Later manuscripts usually have the title of "The Revelation of the Theologian" ().
This is why the Authorized King James Version calls Revelation the Revelation of Saint John the Divine (divine was a seventeenth century word for theologian.)
In Greek, the word apocalypse means revealing or unveiling.
Some people consider Revelation to be the most difficult book in the Bible.
Over the course of the book the author has two visions.
There are many different ways to interpret these visions, and there have been many arguments over which way is right.
The person writing Revelation called himself "John".
He also wrote that he was on Patmos, an island in the Aegean Sea, when he saw his first vision.
The book begins by introducing John as the author and has letters to seven churches of that day.
Some think that these churches also represent periods of history.
Various visions follow which are highly symbolic which allows many different interpretations.
They have been understood by various groups to represent past and future events.
Some believe that many of these prophecies have already been fulfilled.
Others think they will be fulfilled at the end of time.
Others think they tell about the victory of Christ over all enemies, but do not refer to specific events.
Parts of the book seem to have used symbols and codes in order to hide their meaning from outsiders.
This includes the mysterious "number of the beast" or 666.
The book ends with a vision of the faithful souls in the next life rejoicing around the throne of God.
Some of the things that Christians talk about come from the book of Revelation.
These include the Millennium which is a 1000 year period when Christ will rule the earth.
The Battle of Armageddon  tells about a final war between good and evil.
The word Armegeddon is sometimes used for any very huge war which ends the world.
Both of these events are thought to be literal and future by some, and figurative by others.
Virtually all Christians agree that there will be a Second Coming of Christ.
This is found in many places in the Bible.
Christians do not all agree on the details of how it will happen.
Many verses in the Book of Revelation are about those details.
The book has been important to Christians in many places and times when they were suffering persecution.
At those times, the persecuted persons found parts of the book that could have been referring to them.
Since some verses refer to the afterlife, they have traditionally been used at funerals.
Relevation
Keyboard (computer), a device that allows a person to enter information into a computer
Keyboard instrument, a musical instrument that uses a keyboard
Fontane was born in Neuruppin into a Huguenot family.
At the age of sixteen he became apprentice in a pharmacy and then a pharmacist himself (like his father).
In 1839, at the age of 20, wrote his first work (Heinrichs IV.
erste Liebe, now lost).
His first published work, the novella Geschwisterliebe (or "Sibling Love"), appeared in the Berlin Figaro in December 1839.
His first job as apothecary was in Dresden after which he returned to his father's shop, now in the provincial town of Letschin in the Oderbruch region.
In this time Fontane published articles in the Leipzig newspaper Die Eisenbahn (railway) and translated Shakespeare.
In 1843, he joined a literary club called Tunnel über der Spree (i.e. Tunnel over the river Spree) in Berlin where he came into contact with many of the most important German writers such as Theodor Storm, Joseph von Eichendorff and Gottfried Keller.
Newspaper writer and critic
In 1844 Fontane enrolled in the Prussian army and set out on the first of many journeys to England.
There he learned about old English ballads.
Soon afterwards he wrote ballads himself.
At that time he became engaged to his future wife, Emilie Rouanet-Kummer, whom he had first met when still at school.
He was - very short - enganged in the revolutionary events of the revolution of 1848.
In 1849 he quit his job as an apothecary and became a full-time journalist and writer.
In order to support his family he took a job as a writer for the Prussian intelligence agency Centralstelle für Preßangelegenheiten which was meant to influence the press towards a  German national cause.
Again he specialised in British affairs, and the agency sent him as correspondent to London for a couple of years.
His wife and two sons followed him there.
While still in London he quit his government job and, on his return to Berlin, became editor of the conservative Kreuzzeitung (newspaper).
His books about Britain include Ein Sommer in London (1854); Aus England, Studien und Briefe (1860) and Jenseits des Tweed, Bilder und Briefe aus Schottland (1860).
At the period, and following the fashion of Walter Scott, traditional British stories were still en vogue on the continent.
His Gedichte (1851) and ballads Männer und Helden (1860) tell of Britain's glories in days gone by.
Back in Germany, Fontane became particularly interested in the Mark Brandenburg region.
He was especially proud of its past achievements and delighted in the growth of its capital city, Berlin.
His fascination with the countryside surrounding Berlin may be seen in his delightfully picturesque Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg (1862-1882, 5 vols.).
Prussian War
In 1870, he quit his job at the Kreuzzeitung and became theater critic for the liberal Vossische Zeitung (newspaper).
This job he kept until retirement.
He had already written about  Prussia's war against Denmark and the Austro-Prussian War.
Then he went to write about the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 and was taken prisoner.
He remained in French captivity for three months.
His experiences there are set down in Kriegsgefangen Erlebtes 1870 (1871); subsequently he published his observations on the campaign in Der Krieg gegen Frankreich 1870-71 (1874-1876).
At the ripe age of 57 Fontane finally took to what he would be remembered for, the novel.
His fine historical novel Vor dem Sturm (1878) was followed by a series of novels of modern life, notably L'Adultera (1882), a book about adultery which was considered so risqué that it took Fontane two years to find a publisher.
In his novels Frau Jenny Treibel, Irrungen, Wirrungen, and Effi Briest (1894), he found his very own tone, he wrote about insights into the lives of the nobility as well as the "common man"; his achievement there was later described as poetic realism.
In  Der Stechlin (1899), his last finished novel, Fontane adapted the realistic methods and social criticism of contemporary French fiction to the conditions of Prussian life.
Geschwisterliebe, 1839
Zwei Post-Stationen, 1845
James Monmouth, 1854
Tuch und Locke, 1854
Goldene Hochzeit, 1854
Vor dem Sturm, 1878
Grete Minde, 1880
Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg, 1880
Elternklipp, 1881
L'Adultera, 1882
Schach von Wuthenow, 1882
Graf Petöfy, 1884
Unterm Birnbaum, 1885
Cécile, 1887
Irrungen, Wirrungen, 1888
Stine, 1890
Quitt, 1891
Unwiederbringlich, 1891
Frau Jenny Treibel, 1892
Meine Kinderjahre, 1894
Effi Briest, 1896
Die Poggenpuhls, 1896
Der Stechlin, 1899
Mathilde Möhring, 1906
Archibald Douglas
Die Brück' am Tay
John Maynard
Herr von Ribbeck auf Ribbeck im Havelland
Aber es bleibt auf dem alten Fleck
Gorm Grymme