the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Wallace evaded capture by the English until 5 August 1305 when John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers at Robroyston near Glasgow.
Wallace was taken to London at Westminster Hall, where he was tried for treason.
He replied to the charge, "I could not be a traitor to Edward, for I was never his subject".
Wallace was however found guilty.
After the trial, on 23 August 1305, Wallace was taken from the hall, stripped naked and dragged through the city at the heels of a horse to the Elms at Smithfield.
He was hanged, drawn and quartered–the most terrible execution in English law.
It meant he was strangled by hanging but released while he was still alive, his body cut open, and his bowels burnt before him.
Then he was beheaded, and his body cut into four parts.
His preserved head (dipped in tar) was placed on a pike atop London Bridge.
It was later joined by the heads of the brothers John and Simon Fraser, who had been colleagues of Wallace.
Wallace's limbs were displayed, separately, in Newcastle upon Tyne, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Stirling, and Aberdeen.
A book called The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace, Knight of Elderslie was written by a minstrel named Blind Harry in the 15th century.
The book is written more like a story than a true version of his life, and has led to much of the legends around William Wallace.
The film Braveheart is based on the novel.
A plaque stands in a wall of St Bartholomew's Hospital near the site of Wallace's execution at Smithfield.
In 2002 William Wallace was ranked as number 48 of the 100 Greatest Britons in an extensive UK poll conducted by the BBC.
Peter Polack, Guerrilla Warfare; Kings of Revolution,Casemate,
1270s births
1305 deaths
The Æsir (Old Norse: singular ǫ́ss or áss; feminine ásynja, plural ásynjur) are the principal group or tribe of deities in Norse mythology.
Including Odin, Frigg, Thor, and Baldr, the Æsir reside in the realm of Asgard, situated at the top of Yggdrasil's highest branch.
Alongside the Æsir exists a second family of gods known as the Vanir, who joined with the Æsir to form a single, unified pantheon after the devastating war between the two tribes of deities.
The Vanir were native to Vanaheimr, the god Njörðr and his children, Freyr and Freyja chief among them.
The Æsir gods were usually connected with power and war, while the Vanir were associated with fertility and nature.
The things that happened between the Æsir and the Vanir are an interesting part of Norse mythology.
While other cultures have had "elder" and "younger" generations of gods, as with the Titans and the Olympians of ancient Greece, the Æsir and Vanir were portrayed as contemporaries.
The two tribes fought battles, concluded treaties, and exchanged hostages; Freyr and Freyja were said to be hostages.
Some believe that events that occurred between the Æsir and Vanir were a reflection of events common between different Norse clans at the time.
The Æsir did not grow old, instead remaining young by eating the apples of Iðunn.
While they did not age, they could be killed.
It was said that most of them will die at Ragnarök.
List of Æsir
Baldr—God of light and radiance, he is the most beloved of the gods.
He is the son of Odin and Frigg and younger brother of Thor.
Frigg—Wife of Odin and goddess of marriage, she rules Asgard as queen alongside the All-Father.
Heimdallr—Known as the All-Seeing, he is the guardian of the rainbow bridge Bifröst.
Höðr—God of winter and darkness; a blind god, he is the son of Odin and Frigg.
Iðunn—Goddess of youth, she was keeper of the apples that grant the gods their phenomenal longevity and youth.
Loki—Though oftentimes referred to as the god of trickery and mischief, Loki is not counted among the Æsir.
The son of the (female) jötunn Laufey and Fárbauti (Old Norse: “cruel striker”), he is Odin’s blood brother.
Odin—God of wisdom, poetry and war, he is chief of the Æsir and ruler of Asgard.
Sif—Goddess of agriculture and fertility, she is the beloved wife of Thor, known across the Nine Worlds for her golden hair, which was sheared by Loki.
Thor—God of thunder and lightning, he is Asgard's greatest champion.
He is the eldest son of Odin, born to him by Jörð, the personification of the Earth.
Týr—God of law and heroic glory, he is one-handed.
Either the son of Odin or the jǫtnar Hymir and Hroðr (Old Norse: “famed”).
Ullr—God of the hunt and archery, he is the son of Sif and Thor's stepson.
Viðarr—God of vengeance, he is the son of Odin and the female jötunn Gríðr.
Braveheart is an American historical movie war drama movie starring Mel Gibson and Sophie Marceau.
It is loosely based around the life of 13th century Scottish warrior William Wallace, who fought against the English when they occupied Scotland.
Actors in Leading Roles
Mel Gibson - as William Wallace
Sophie Marceau - as Princess Isabelle
Patrick McGoohan - as King Edward I
1995 drama movies
Historical movies
Movies set in Scotland
A semiconductor is a material that in some cases will conduct electricity but not in others.
Good electrical conductors, like copper or silver, easily allow electricity to flow through them.
Materials that block the flow of electricity, like rubber or plastic, are called insulators.
Insulators are often used to protect people from electric shock.
As the name implies, a semiconductor does not conduct as well as a conductor.
Silicon is the most used semiconductor, but gallium arsenide is also used.
By the addition of different atoms into the crystal lattice (grid) of the semiconductor it changes its conductivity by making n-type and p-type semiconductors.
Silicon is the most important commercial semiconductor, though many others are used.
They can be made into transistors, which are small amplifiers.
Transistors are used in computers, mobile phones, digital audio players and many other electronic devices.
Semiconductors were being studied in laboratories as early as the 1830s.
In 1833 Michael Faraday was experimenting with silver sulfide.
He discovered that as the material was heated it conducted electricity better.
This was the opposite of how copper acted.
When copper is heated it conducts less electricity.
A number of other early experimenters discovered other properties of semiconductors.
In 1947 at Bell Labs in New Jersey, the transistor was invented.
This led to the development of integrated circuits, which power almost all electronic devices today.
Doping is the process of adding a small impurity to a pure semiconductor to change its electrical properties.
Lightly and moderately doped semiconductors are called extrinsic.
A semiconductor doped to such high levels that it acts more like a conductor than a semiconductor is referred to as degenerate.
Most semiconductors are made out of silicon crystals.
Pure silicon has little use but doped silicon is the basis for most semiconductors.
Silicon Valley was named for the large number of semiconductor startup companies that were located there.
Semiconductors today
Today, semiconductors are used far and wide.
Semiconductors can be found in nearly every electronic device.
Desktop computers, the Internet, tablet devices, smartphones all would not be possible without semiconductors.
Semiconductors can be made into very precise switches with a small amount of voltage.
The voltage that the semiconductor doesn’t need can be sent to other electrical components in the device.
Semiconductors can also be made very tiny and many of them can fit into a rather small circuit.
Since they can be made so small, electrical devices today can be made thin and lightweight without compromising processing power.
N-type Semiconductor
Curium is a synthetic chemical element in the periodic table that has the atomic number 96.
It has the chemical symbol Cm and it is a radioactive metal.
In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the actinides.
Curium is a transuranic element.
Curium has a silver color and it is made by bombarding a plutonium target with alpha particles (helium ions).
Curium was named after Marie Curie and her husband Pierre.
Curium is used currently in rovers and space machinery.
Lanark is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland.
It is close to Carluke and Biggar.
Lanark is approximately 40 miles from Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.
William Wallace once lived there.
There is a statue of Wallace on the town church.
A plaque remembers where he "first drew sword to free his native land" in 1296, when he killed Heselrig, the English sheriff of Lanark.
This event forms the start of the Mel Gibson film, Braveheart.
Lanark is also notable for its annual Lanimer celebrations, where local children on coloured floats parade through the streets along with marching pipe bands.
A Lanimer Queen is elected from the children, and crowned in a ceremony at the foot of the High Street.
A Lord Cornet is chosen from local businessmen, and acts as escort for the Queen for the events of Lanimer Week.
Towns in South Lanarkshire
Robert I of Scotland (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329) was King of Scotland from 1306 to 1329.
He is better known as Robert the Bruce, or simply The Bruce.
He is famous for beating the English army at the Battle of Bannockburn near Stirling in 1314.
Robert the Bruce was born at Turnberry Castle on 11 July 1274.
He was the oldest son of the sixth Robert Bruce and Marjorie, the Countess of Carrick.
Robert the Bruce's family originally came from France.
They were from a place called Brus in Normandy, which is in the northern part of France.
An ancestor also named Robert de Brus came to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.
Another Robert de Brus came to Scotland with David I of Scotland and his family became powerful lords.
In 1286, King Alexander III of Scotland died.
His granddaughter was supposed to become Queen of Scotland, but she died too.
In 1292 the Bruce family and another family called the Balliols (BAY-lee-ols) asked King Edward I of England to decide who would become the new king.
King Edward chose John Balliol.
In 1292 Robert's family decided that he should be the head of all the Bruces in Scotland.
In 1297, King Edward I of England wanted Scotland go to war against France.
Many Scottish leaders said no and rebelled against the English king.
Robert joined this rebellion.
Edward won most of the battles against the Scottish rebels.
Finally Robert ended up doing what Edward wanted.
King of Scots
In 1306, Robert the Bruce met a man called John Comyn III (KOHM-in) in a church.
John Comyn also wanted to be King of Scotland.
They had an argument and Robert killed John.
Soon after, Robert went to Scone (skoon), and the Scottish lords brought out the royal clothes that they had hidden from the English.
Then Robert was crowned King of Scots.
Robert the Bruce then fought a lot of battles to make Scotland free instead of always doing what the English king wanted.
He fought King Edward I, and then his son, King Edward II.
In 1314, Robert the Bruce's army defeated Edward II's army at the Battle of Bannockburn.
In 1315, Robert the Bruce sent his army to Ireland.
At that time the English were in control of Ireland.
Robert fought with them and made his brother, Edward Bruce, High King of Ireland in 1316.
The Scottish army did not treat the Irish people well, and they were forced to leave after Edward Bruce was killed in 1318.
On June 7th, 1329, Robert the Bruce died.
After a life of fighting he had wanted to redeem himself by joining the Crusades.
Realizing he could not accomplish this he sent his trusted friend Sir James Douglas to take his heart in a small silver box on crusade.
James Douglas took the heart and with several knights left on their journey to honor Robert's request.
But in fighting in Spain Sir James was killed and the heart was returned to Scotland.
the Bruce's body is buried in Dunfermline Abbey, while his heart is buried in Melrose Abbey.
Robert did not want any fighting over his kingdom after he died.
He provided for his brother Edward Bruce to follow him as king.
But after Edward died in 1318 Robert's heir became his son David who became king as David II of Scotland.
Following David, Robert's grandson Robert II Stewart by his daughter Marjorie was heir to the throne king as Robert II of Scotland.
He left behind him a well-ordered kingdom.
Marjory Bruce (died 2 Mar. 1316), she married Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland
In 1302 Robert married his second wife Elizabeth de Burgh.
She was the daughter of Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster Together they had:
Matilda Bruce, she married Thomas Isaac.
Margaret Bruce, she married William Earl of Sutherland.
David II of Scotland, King of Scotland after his father.
John Bruce, died as a child.
Robert, killed at Dupplin 12 Aug. 1332
Nigel of Carrick, killed at Battle of Durham, 17 Oct. 1346
Margaret, married to Robert Glen
Elizabeth, married to Sir Walter Oliphant of Aberdalgie
Christian of Carrick
1274 births
1329 deaths
Geelong is the second biggest city in the state of Victoria, Australia.
It has a large port and 190,000 people living in its area.
Geelong at Corio Bay, which is 75 kilometres south-west
The city is a near many famous tourist attractions, for example the Great Ocean Road, the Shipwreck Coast and the Bellarine Peninsula.
Geelong also has the second oldest Australian rules football club in the world, the Geelong Football Club, also called The Cats.
Official Geelong Government Site
Local history of Geelong
Monty Python's Life of Brian is a 1979 comedy movie by Monty Python.
It is about the life of Brian Cohen (Graham Chapman), a young man born on the same night and the same neighbourhood as Jesus Christ.
Satirical movies
Call of Duty was a game series started in the early 2000s.
The shorter form of the name; typically used, is CoD. The first 6 games are about World War II, but the series began branching out beginning with Modern Warfare.
The series now spans World War II, the Cold War, the present, the near future, and the far future.
The Modern Warfare series takes place in present times and is developed by Infinity Ward.
Infinity Ward also created Infinite Warfare.
The Black Ops series takes place in the secret missions of the Cold War and in the future, and is developed by Treyarch.
The majority of the games have been developed by Infinity Ward and Treyarch, with studio Sledgehammer Games developing Advanced Warfare and WWII.
Many smaller studios have also assisted with development duties.
The Call of Duty games are on the Gamecube, Xbox, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Xbox Series X, Xbox Series S, PC, Nintendo Wii, Wii U, and the Nintendo DS.
The games are rated Teen or Mature for blood, violence and strong language.
Call of Duty - 29 Oct, 2003
Call of Duty: Finest Hour - Dec 3, 2004
Call of Duty 2 - Oct 25, 2005
Call of Duty 2: Big Red 1 - Nov 1, 2005
Call of Duty 3 - Nov 7, 2006
Call of Duty 3: Roads to Victory - Mar 13, 2007
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare - Nov 7, 2007
Call of Duty: World at War - Nov 11, 2008
Call of Duty: World at War Final Fronts - Nov 10, 2008
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Nov 10, 2009
Call of Duty: Black Ops - Nov 9, 2010
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 - Nov 8, 2011
Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 - Nov 12, 2012
Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified - Nov 13, 2012
Call of Duty: Ghosts - Nov 5, 2013
Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare - Nov 4, 2014
Call of Duty: Black Ops III - Nov 6, 2015
Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare - Nov 4, 2016
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered - Nov 4, 2016
Call of Duty: WWII - Nov 2, 2017
Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 - Oct 12, 2018
Call of Duty: Mobile - Oct 1, 2019
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019) - Oct 25, 2019
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Campaign Remastered - Mar 31, 2020 (PS4); Apr 30, 2020 (Xbox One, PC)
Call of Duty: Warzone - March 10, 2020
Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War - Nov 13, 2020
Call of Duty: Vanguard - Nov 5, 2021
An elementary particle can be one of two groups: a fermion or a boson.
Fermions are the building blocks of matter and have mass, while bosons behave as force carriers for fermion interactions and some of them have no mass.
The Standard Model is the most accepted way to explain how particles behave, and the forces that affect them.
According to this model, the elementary particles are further grouped into quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons, with the Higgs boson having a special status as a non-gauge boson.
Of the particles that make up an atom, only the electron is an elementary particle.
Protons and neutrons are each made of 3 quarks, which makes them composite particles, particles that are made of other particles.
The quarks are bound together by the gluons.
The nucleus has boson pion fields responsible for the strong nuclear force binding protons and neutrons against the electrostatic repulsion between protons.
Such virtual pions are composed of quark antiquark pairs again held together by gluons.
There are three basic properties that describe an elementary particle: ’mass’, ’charge’, and ’spin’.
Each property is assigned a number value.
For mass and charge the number can be zero.
For example, a photon has zero mass and a neutrino has zero charge.
These properties always stay the same for an elementary particle.
Mass: A particle has mass if it takes energy to increase its speed, or to accelerate it.
The table to the right gives the mass of each elementary particle.
The values are given in MeV/c2s (that is pronounced megaelectronvolts over "c" squared), that is in units of energy over the speed of light squared.
This comes from special relativity, which tells us that energy equals mass times the square of the speed of light.
All particles with mass-produce gravity.
All particles are affected by gravity, even particles with no mass like the photon (see general relativity).
Electric charge: Particles may have positive charge, or negative, or none.
If one particle has a negative charge, and another particle has a positive charge, the two particles are attracted to each other.
If the two particles both have negative charge, or both have positive charge, the two particles are pushed apart.
At short distances, this force is much stronger than the force of gravity which pulls all particles together.
An electron has charge -1.
A proton has charge +1.
A neutron has an average charge 0.
Normal quarks have charge of ⅔ or -⅓.
Spin: The angular momentum or constant turning of a particle has a particular value, called its spin number.
Spin for elementary particles is one or ½. The spin property of particles only denotes the presence of angular momentum.
In reality, the particles do not spin.
Mass and charge are properties we see in everyday life, because gravity and electricity affect things that humans see and touch.
But spin affects only the world of subatomic particles, so it cannot be directly observed.
Fermions (named after the scientist Enrico Fermi) have a spin number of ½, and are either quarks or leptons.
There are 12 different types of fermions (not including antimatter).
Each type is called a "flavor".
The flavors are:
Quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom.
Quarks come in three pairs, called "generations".
The 1st generation (up and down) is the lightest and the third (top and bottom) is the heaviest.
One member of each pair (up, charm and top) has a charge of ⅔. The other member (down, strange and bottom) has charge -⅓.
Leptons: electron, muon, tau, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino.
The neutrinos have charge 0, hence the neutr- prefix.
The other leptons have charge -1.
Each neutrino is named after its corresponding original lepton: the electron, muon, and tauon.
Six of the 12 fermions are thought to last forever: up and down quarks, the electron, and the three kinds of neutrinos (which constantly switch flavor).
The other fermions decay.
That is, they break down into other particles a fraction of a second after they are created.
Fermi-Dirac statistics is a theory that describes how collections of fermions behave.
Bosons, named after the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, have spin 1.
Although most bosons are made of more than one particle, there are two kinds of elementary bosons:
Gauge bosons: gluons, W+ and W- bosons, Z0 bosons, and photons.
These bosons carry 3 of the 4 fundamental forces, and have a spin number of 1;
Gluon: Gluons are massless and chargeless particles, and they are the carriers of the strong force interaction.
They, along with quarks, join together to make composite particles called hadrons, which include protons and neutrons.
W and Z bosons: W and Z bosons are particles that carry the weak force.
The W boson has a matter particle (W+) and an antimatter particle (W-), whereas the Z boson is its own anti-particle.
The W boson is produced in beta decay, but almost immediately turns into a neutrino and an electron.
The W and Z bosons were both discovered in 1983.
Photon: Photons are massless and chargeless particles that carry the electromagnetic force.
Photons can have a certain frequency that determines what electromagnetic radiation they are.
Like all other massless particles they travel at the speed of light (300,000 km/s).
Higgs boson: Physicists believe that massive particles have mass (that is, they are not pure bundles of energy like photons) because of the Higgs interaction.
The photon and the gluons have no charge, and are the only elementary particles that have a mass of 0 for certain.
The photon is the only boson that does not decay.
Bose-Einstein statistics is a theory that describes how collections of bosons behave.
Unlike fermions, it is possible to have more than one boson in the same space at the same time.
The Standard Model includes all of the elementary particles described above.
All these particles have been observed in the laboratory.
The Standard Model does not talk about gravity.
If gravity works like the three other fundamental forces, then gravity is carried by the hypothetical boson called the graviton.
The graviton has yet to be found, so it is not included in the table above.
The first fermion to be discovered, and the one we know the most about, is the electron.
The first boson to be discovered, and also the one we know the most about, is the photon.
The theory that most accurately explains how the electron, photon, electromagnetism, and electromagnetic radiation all work together is called quantum electrodynamics.
Sea-Monkey, a very small animal
SeaMonkey, an internet application
The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys, a television series.
For large visible objects like the Earth, spin is the angular momentum of the turning of the Earth around its axis.
This tells the amount of rotation that it has.
Angular momentum changes with the mass and shape of the object, and with how fast it is turning.
Spin in quantum theory
Experiments such as the Stern-Gerlach experiment have shown that sub-atomic particles, such as electrons, seem to have a north pole and a south pole much like magnets do.
Scientists once thought that this was caused by the particle spinning on its axis like a planet.
Later, it was shown that the electron would have to be spinning faster than the speed of light to do this.
This is why scientists no longer believe that the electron is actually spinning like a planet.
Scientists do, however, continue to refer to the magnetic properties of particles as "spin".
Spin, whatever it is, seems to follow some of the laws of angular momentum, but not all of them.
A "spinning" electron (or any other sub-atomic particle with spin) can only have certain values of angular momentum.
Electrons can also align themselves against a magnetic field in ways that would be impossible in the everyday world.
Bendigo is a city in central Victoria, Australia.
There are about 86,000 people in Bendigo.
It is the fourth biggest city in Victoria after Melbourne, Geelong and Ballarat.
The city area is  and has the towns Bendigo, Marong, Lockwood, Lockwood South, Ravenswood, Sebastian, Elmore, Heathcote, Maiden Gully, Lake Eppalock, Axedale, Goornong, Raywood and Huntly, all together, there are 100,000 people living there.
Strathfieldsaye
Strathfieldsaye is a small suburb in Bendigo.
It takes its name from Stratfield Saye House, which was awarded to the Duke of Wellington after his defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo.
In the 2011 census, Strathfieldsaye had a population of 4,648.
Ballarat is a city in central Victoria, Australia.
Nearly 90,200 people live there, which makes it the third biggest city in Victoria, after Melbourne and Geelong.
It is also the biggest city that is not on the coast in Victoria.
It is about  north-west of Melbourne.
The city area covers about .
Tribes of Australian Aboriginals, the Wathaurang and the Borneghurk, used to rest here, and called it "Balla-arat" meaning "Resting - Place"
The first people from Europe came to Ballarat in 1837 to be sheep farmers.
They took over large areas of land, with some farms more than .
By 1840 there were more than 20 farms with thousands of sheep in the Ballarat area.
The city area was a farm owned by William Cross Yuille and Henry Anderson who arrived in 1838.
Gold was found at Ballarat in late August 1851, by James Regan and John Dunlop and within three weeks there were nearly 1000 people digging in the area looking for gold.
In two days the Cavanagh brothers dug up  of gold from a hole less than two metres deep.
This area is now called "Golden Point".
Within a year there were 20,000 people living in Ballarat.
With so many people coming to look for gold, the town soon became bigger.
The Post Office opened on November 1, 1851.
Ballarat is famous as the site for an uprising, or rebellion.
This is known as the Eureka Stockade or the Eureka Rebellion, which took place on 3 December 1854.
About 30 miners were killed.
This is an important moment in Australian history.
The site now has a museum, called the Eureka Centre, with displays about the rebellion.
The rebel miners flag, the Eureka Flag can be seen at the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery.
Big city
Gold mining made Ballarat a rich town, and it was made a city in 1871.
The railway came to the town with the opening of the Geelong-Ballarat line in 1862, and a direct line to Melbourne finished in December 1889.
The money made from gold mining can still be seen in size of many public buildings, the large parks, wide streets, the grand style of shops and hotels, and large houses built for the wealthy residents.
From the 1880s to the start of the 20th century the city changed from a gold rush town to a large industrial city.
Factories that made equipment for mining slowly changed into engineering and manufacturing businesses.
The Victorian Railways built the Ballarat North Workshops in April 1917.
During 1901, the Duke of Cornwall and York, later King George V, opened the first Commonwealth Parliament in Melbourne.
While in Victoria, the Duke and Duchess made several journeys by train, on 13 May they went from Melbourne to Ballarat via Geelong, returning to Melbourne via Bacchus Marsh.
Ballarat's airport was opened in 1930.
In 1940 the Federal Government took over the airport as an air base for the Empire Air Training Scheme.
During WWII the base was a RAAF Wireless Air Gunners' School as well as the base for USAAF Liberator bomber squadrons.
During the war the airport was made much bigger, with three sealed runways.
Two of these were over 2,000 metres (6,550 ft) long and 45 metres (150 ft) wide.
The aerodrome remained the RAAF School of Radio until 1961 when it was returned to normal use.
The City of Ballarat now runs the airport which is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register for its social and historic importance.
After World War II, Ballarat grew to the northwest.
To ease the housing shortage a large estate was built by the Housing Commission of Victoria on the old Ballarat Common This area is now called Wendouree West.
From 1951 to 1962, 750 houses were built, with another 300 added in the 1970s.
This was matched by private housing built in Wendouree.
In the 1980s the areas of growth have been in the south and west of the city, as well as new building in the inner areas of the city.
Through the 20th century Ballarat continued to grow at a steady rate.
New public buildings have been built including the hospital, the library, the law courts and the police station complex.
Ballarat is home to many schools, including Damascus College.
Heimdall (or Heimdallr) is one of the gods in Northern mythology.
He is the guardian of the Bifröst Bridge.
He was the son of nine different mothers and was called the White God.
Heimdall is the guardian of the gods.
He will blow a horn, called the Gjallarhorn, if Asgard is in danger.
His senses are so good that he can hear the grass grow and he can see to the end of the world.
Heimdall could hear a leaf fall.
He does not need any sleep at all.
Tantalum is a chemical element.
Tantalum was named tantalium.
It has the chemical symbol Ta.
It has the atomic number 73.
It is hard and blue-gray.
Tantalum does not easily corrode.
It is found in the mineral tantalite.
Hafnium is a chemical element.
It has the chemical symbol Hf.
It has the atomic number 72.
It is silver gray.
The chemistry of hafnium is similar to zirconium.
Hafnium is used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes.
It is also used as a neutron absorber in control rods in nuclear power plants.
Lutetium is a chemical element.
It has the chemical symbol Lu.
It has the atomic number 71.
It is a metal and a rare earth element.
Lutetium can also be grouped with the lanthanides because it is near the lanthanides in the Periodic Table.
Its physical properties are like the lanthanides.
The Anaheim Ducks are an ice hockey team from Anaheim, California.
They are in the National Hockey League (NHL).
The Ducks changed the name on June 22, 2006.
They used to be the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.
The name comes from the Disney movie The Mighty Ducks.
The team was created in 1991 and started playing in the 1993 season.
The Ducks were originally owned by The Walt Disney Company.
In 2005, Disney sold the Ducks to Susan and Henry Samueli
They are in the Western Conference's Pacific Division.
They play their home games at Honda Center, in Anaheim, California.
Their team colors are black, gold, and orange.
Dallas Eakins is the team's head coach.
Ryan Getzlaf is the captain of the team.
To date, they have won one Stanley Cup.
It was in the 2006-2007 season.
The Anaheim Ducks won the conference championship in the 2002-03 season and 2006-2007 season.
They have won 6 Pacific division titles.
Magni and Móði (Old Norse: "strength" and "bravery") are a pair of minor deities in Norse mythology.
They are sons of the god Thor, said to be embodiments of their father's traits.
While Magni is born to Thor by the jötunn Járnsaxa (a lover of Thor), the name of Móði's mother is unknown.
Other than his part after Ragnarök, little is known about Móði.
Magni however, is featured prominently in the myth of Thor's battle with the giant Hrungnir.
Thor hit the giant Hrungnir in the head with his hammer, Mjölnir, shattering Hrungnir's skull.
The giant then fell dead, as his leg landed on Thor's neck, pinning the god to the ground.
The other Æsir tried to lift Hrungnir's leg off of Thor, but were unsuccessful.
Thor's son, Magni, who was only three days old at the time, then came to his father and lifted Hrungnir's leg off of Thor all by himself.
In his gratitude, Thor gifted his son Hrungnir's horse, Gullfaxi (Old Norse: "Gold-mane").
Odin himself was upset that Thor gave the horse to "the son of a giantess" and not to Odin, Thor's own father.
Kerosene or paraffin oil is a colourless flammable liquid, usually used for fuel.
Kerosene is made by fractional distillation of petroleum.
It may be used as fuel for lamps, in some kinds of cooking stoves, and in heaters.
Kerosene is mainly used in the fuel for jet engines.
The most common consumer use for kerosene in Canada and the US is lighting camp lamps.
Kerosene is used as cooking fuel in some places, such as South Asia.
Kerosene is also used to store sodium and other alkali metals.
Brass players use their breath to produce sound.
Instead of blowing into a reed, they vibrate their lips by buzzing them against a metal cup-shaped mouthpiece.
The mouthpiece helps to amplify the buzzing, which creates the sound.
Most brass instruments have valves attached to their long pipes; the valves look like buttons.
Pressing on the valves makes them open and close different parts of the pipe.
Their mouthpieces just help your lips buzz.
It does not matter if the instrument is really made of brass, as long as it works that way.
It is not important what the instrument is made of.
Some brass instruments are really made of wood, but are still called brass instruments, like the serpent.
Other instruments are made of brass but do not work like this, like the saxophone.
They are not called brass instruments, because they don't work that way.
A brass band is a group of brass instruments and drums that play music together.
They are often used to play for parades and processions because the players can march and play at the same time.
Brass bands were very popular in England.
Many factories and coal mines had their own bands.
The workers would play in the bands after work.
One famous band is the Grimethorpe Colliery Band.
List of brass instruments
Baritone horn
Sousaphone (American Tuba)
Cimbasso
Crystallization is the way that atoms link up in a regular structure.
The structure is held together by chemical bonds or connected groups.
Crystallization can be from a melt or from a solution, and can be natural or artificial.
Rarely, crystal can form directly from a gas.
Faster crystallization makes smaller size crystals as in basalt, and slower can make bigger crystals, as in granite.
Crystallization occurs in two major steps.
The first is nucleation.
This is the appearance of a crystalline phase from a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent.
The second step is crystal growth.
This is the increase in the size of particles: it leads to a crystal state.
Loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open pores, cracks, etc.
Artificial crystallization is a technique to get solid crystals from a homogeneous solution.
For crystallization to occur the solution should be supersaturated.
Put simply, the solution should contain more solute molecules than it would under ordinary conditions.
This can be achieved by various methods—solvent evaporation, cooling, and chemical reaction.
To make things clear we can use a simple example.
We take a bowl of water to which we add sugar crystals.
We keep adding sugar to it until we reach a stage when no more crystals can be dissolved.
This solution is now a saturated one.
It is interesting to note that we can dissolve more crystals to this particular saturated solution by heating it.
Solubility of solutes increases with increase in temperature, but there are exceptional cases.
This increase in temperature causes more sugar crystals to dissolve (so forming a supersaturated solution), but when the temperature of the solution cools down, the solubility of the solute decreases This is because the temperature of the solution has decreased, and the 'excess' sugar crystallizes out.
This process illustrates the simplest of supersaturation techniques.
'Drowning' is the addition of a nonsolvent in the solution that decreases the solubility of the solid.
Alternatively, chemical reactions can also be used to decrease the solubility of the solid in the solvent, thus working towards supersaturation.
Crystallization can be divided into stages  primary nucleation is the first.
It is the growth of a new crystal.
In turn this causes secondary nucleation – the final stage if removal of the crystals is not an issue.
Secondary nucleation needs existing crystals to continue crystal growth.
In our sugar example, we had got such nuclei when the 'excess' sugar had just about crystallized out.
Secondary nucleation is the main stage in crystallization for this is what causes the 'mass production' of crystals.
Stir frying  is a when food is cooked in a Wok (a traditional Asian pan for cooking).
This method usually makes food cook faster.
Ragnarok Online is an online computer game.
It was made by Gravity Corp. It is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game.
The game was first released in 2002.
Cairns is a city in Queensland, Australia.
120.000 people live there.
Cairns is about 1720 km (1,069 miles) north of Brisbane and about 2500km (1,553 miles) from Sydney by road.
It is built on the shores of Trinity Bay.
Cairns is an important travel destination for tourists because it is warm all year round and is near many attractions.
The Great Barrier Reef is only one-and-a-half hours away by boat.
The Daintree National Park and Cape Tribulation, about 130km north of Cairns, are popular areas for experiencing a tropical rainforest.
It is also a starting point for people wanting to see Cooktown, Cape York Peninsula, and the Atherton Tableland.
Captain James Cook named Trinity Bay when he arrived there in his ship HM Bark Endeavour on Trinity Sunday, 1770.
The first Europeans to settle arrived in 1876 when gold was found near Cairns.
It was named after the Governor of Queensland, Sir William Cairns.
Cities in Queensland
The Arabian Sea is the northwest part of the Indian ocean.
To its west are the Guardafui Channel, Somali Sea and Arabian peninsula.
To its east is the Indian peninsula.
The Arabian Sea one of the warmest seas.
On the west: the eastern limit of the Gulf of Aden.
On the north: a line joining Ràs al Hadd, east point of the Arabian Peninsula (22°32'N) and Ràs Jiyùni (61°43'E) on the coast of Pakistan.
On the south: a line running from the southern extremity of Addu Atoll in the Maldives, to the eastern extremity of Ràs Hafun (the easternmost point of Africa, 10°26'N).
On the east: the western limit of the Laccadive Sea a line running from Sadashivgad on the west coast of India () to Cora Divh () and thence down the west side of the Laccadive and Maldive archipelagos to the most southerly point of Addu Atoll in the Maldives.
Border and Basin countries
The countries into which the Arabian Sea drains include:
- 2,500 Km Coastline
- 1,050 Km Coastline
Other names for the sea include:
Indian Sea
Sindhu Sagar
Fars Darya
Erythraean Sea
Sindh Sea
Green Sea
Mare di Persia
Persian Sea
The Arabian Sea, historically and geographically, has been referred to by different names by Turks, Persians, Arabs, and scholars of Geography and cartography in medieval Islam, European geographers and travelers, including the Ministry of Iran.
In Indian folklore, it is referred to as Darya, Sindhu Sagar, and Arab Samudra.
Arab sailors and nomads used to call this sea by different names, including the green sea, Bahre Fars, the ocean sea, the Hindu sea, the Makran Sea, the sea of Oman, among them the Zakariya al-Qazwini, Al-Masudi , Ibn Hawqal and (Hafiz-i Abru) They wrote: “The green sea and Indian sea and Persian sea are all one sea and in this sea there are strange creatures.
Ibn Khordadbeh, Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, Muhammad al-Idrisi, Istakhri, Mahmud al-Kashgari, Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad, and Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi had mentioned the sea as Persian sea and Bahr e Fars.
Some medieval maps, including the map by Vincenzo Maria, Coronelli, 1693 had mentioned the Persian sea and also Macran.
Cornelius Le Brun's Year 1718 Map.
On this map, the name of the Oman Sea is recorded as "Gulf of Hormuz".
Map of Iran in the 16th century by Abraham Ortelius in which the name of the Persian Sea and the Indian Sea appear.
Iran, had in the past, been called persian sea, but now like Turkey, it is called Oman sea together with the gulf of Oman Encyclopædia Iranica also call it Oman sea.
Maps with historical names
Many atlases had published old maps of Asia and Indian ocean such as Atlas of The Arabian Peninsula in Old European Maps.
Paris, 424pp.
contains 253 maps.10  maps have used persian Sea (for the body of water which is now called  Arabian sea)the maps in pages: -141-226-323-322-331-345-347-363-355• such as the hours shape map of Bunting H.S.Q34/24CM Hanover,1620.
http://lib.eshia.ir/23019/1/577
A base is a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+) from another substance.
A chemical can accept a proton if it has a negative charge, or if the molecule has an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine that is rich in electrons.
Like acids, some bases are strong and others are weak.
The weak bases are less likely to accept protons, while the strong bases quickly take protons in solution or from other molecules.
An acid is a base's "chemical opposite".
An acid is a substance that will donate a hydrogen atom to the base.
Bases have a pH greater than 7.0.
Weak bases generally have a pH value of 79 while strong bases have a pH value of 9–14.
How bases work
Bases can be used to neutralize acids.
When a base, often OH–, accepts a proton from an acid, it forms a water molecule which is harmless.
When all of the acids and bases react to form water molecules and other neutral salts, it is called neutralization.
Acids can also be used to neutralize bases.
Every base has a conjugate acid formed by adding a hydrogen atom to the base.
For example, NH3 (ammonia) is a base and its conjugate acid is the ammonium ion, NH4+.
A weak base forms a strong conjugate acid and a strong base forms a weaker conjugate acid.
Since ammonia is a moderately strong base, ammonium is a considerably weaker acid.
Bitter taste (opposed to sour taste of acids)
Slimy, or soapy feel on fingers (Slippery)
Many bases react with acids and precipitate salts.
Strong bases may react violently with acids.
An acid spill can be safely neutralised by using a mild base.
Bases turn red litmus paper blue
Bases are substances that contain metal oxides or hydroxides
Bases which are soluble in water form alkalis (soluble bases)
Some common household products are bases.
For example, caustic soda and drain cleaner are made from sodium hydroxide, a strong base.
Ammonia or an ammonia-based cleaner such as window and glass cleaner, is basic.
These stronger bases may cause a skin irritation.
Other bases, like cooking ingredients sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) or cream of tartar are basic, but these are not harmful and suitable for cooking.
Gloves should always be worn when handling bases.
If skin irritation is encountered, the affected area should be rinsed thoroughly with cold water.
If that does not stop the problem, contact medical help as soon as possible.
Strong bases
A strong base is a base that gives off a hydroxide ion, OH–, when put in water.
There are eight of them.
Lithium hydroxide - LiOH
Sodium hydroxide - NaOH
Potassium hydroxide - KOH
Rubidium hydroxide - RbOH
Cesium hydroxide - CsOH
Calcium hydroxide - Ca(OH)2
Strontium hydroxide - Sr(OH)2
Barium hydroxide - Ba(OH)2
Ytterbium is a chemical element.
It has the chemical symbol Yb.
It has the atomic number 70.
Ytterbium is a rare earth element.
It is soft and silver in colour.
Ytterbium is found in minerals named gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime.
In nature it is found as a mix of seven stable isotopes.
Ytterbium is used in some steels and is also used to make lasers.
A heart transplant is a type of surgery where someone's heart is removed and another one is put in because theirs is not working properly.
The new heart is taken from a dead person who does not need it any more.
The first heart transplant on a human was done by Christiaan Barnard in December 1967.
Heart transplant website built by heart transplant patient, John Fisher
Joan Chandos Baez (born January 9, 1941) is an American folk singer and activist.
Baez is known for her very individual vocal style.
She is a soprano with a three-octave vocal range.
Many of her songs talk about social issues.
She is best known for her 1970s hits "Diamonds & Rust" and "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down".
She is also known for "Sweet Sir Galahad" and "Joe Hill."
She sang these songs at the 1969 Woodstock festival and the songs became famous.
She is also well known due to her relationship with Bob Dylan and her love for activism in areas such as nonviolence, civil and human rights and the environment.
Baez has performed for nearly fifty years.
She has released over thirty albums.
She has recorded songs in over eight languages.
Baez is considered a folksinger, but after the 1960s her music became a lot different from folk.
She sings many kinds of music, including rock, pop, country, and gospel.
Baez is famous for singing other peoples' songs very differently.
She sang songs by The Beatles, Jackson Browne, Paul Simon, The Rolling Stones, Stevie Wonder and many others.
Baez protests against social and environmental problems.
She did not support the Vietnam War.
She did not want people to pay taxes that paid for the Vietnam War.
Baez did not want men going to fight in the war.
She did not perform in places where people of color were treated differently.
In addition, Baez helped found the Resource Center for Nonviolence.
The Resource Center for Nonviolence is an organization whose goal is to make social change without violence.
The Kalmar Union was a historical consisting union of the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and various other provinces and areas.
At that time, Norway included Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland, Orkney, and parts of Finland belonged to Sweden.
The union was started in 1397 at a meeting in the town of Kalmar in Sweden.
The union ended on 6 June 1523 when Sweden left the union by Gustav I.
History of Denmark
History of Sweden
1397 establishments
1523 disestablishments
The Bay of Plenty is a region in New Zealand.
It was first called the Bay of Plenty by Captain James Cook in November 1769.
The Māori name for the bay is Te Moana-a-Toi ("the sea of Toi").
Bodies of water of New Zealand
A plotter is a kind of printer for computers.
Plotters use vector graphics.
Usually they are used to print to paper which is very large in size.
Plotters print things using special, colored pens.
There is one called the drum plotter.
They are often used in warehouses.
They are generally used for making flex or maps.
Output devices
Dot-matrix printers are printers for computers.
A dot matrix printer creates characters by striking pins against ink ribbons.
The print head moves back and forth on the paper like a typewriter and prints the image Each pin makes a dot, and combinations of dots form characters and pictures.
This is much like a typewriter.
Each character is made from a matrix of dots.
These were used a lot in the 1970s to the 1990s.
Today, dot matrix printers are not used by many people anymore.
Most people use inkjet printers or laser printers now.
They are still in use where forms (with multiple copies) need to be filled out.
It is not advisable for office uses as it is an impact printer (make noise as the job is getting done).
It prints information on a stationery paper
Vercingetorix ( in Gaulish) born c.82 BC, died 46 BC.
was a chieftain of the Gallic tribe of the Arverni.
He led the Gauls in 52 BC against the Roman army in Gaul led by Julius Caesar.
Vercingetorix's name in Gaulish means "over-king of the marching men"; the "marching men" would now be called "infantry".
Vercingetorix was probably one of the first to unite some tribes of Gaul against a common enemy.
This was the last major uprising of the peoples of Gaul against the Roman invaders.
72 BC births
46 BC deaths
Philippe Noiret (1 October 1930, in Lille, France – 23 November 2006 in Paris) was a well-known French actor.
He is probably best known for his role in Cinema Paradiso, and for playing Pablo Neruda in the film Il Postino.
He died on November 23, 2006 of cancer.
French stage actors
French voice actors
Monica Bellucci (born on 30 September 1964  is an Italian actress.
She was born in Città di Castello, Umbria.
Bellucci started modelling at 16.
She is the daughter of Maria Gustinelli, a painter, and Luigi Bellucci, who owned a trucking company.
She used to be a fashion model.
She speaks Italian, French, and English fluently and has acted in each of these languages, as well as Aramaic.
She is currently considered as an Italian sex symbol.
Bellucci is married to Vincent Cassel and has a daughter named Deva (born 12 September 2004).
In 2004, while pregnant with her daughter, Bellucci posed nude for the Italian "Vanity Fair" Magazine in protest against Italian laws that allow only married couples to use in-vitro fertilization and that prevent the use of donor sperm.
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992)
L'appartement (1996)
Dobermann (1997), Nat the Gypsy
Le Pacte des Loups (2001)
Astérix & Obélix: Mission Cléopâtre (2002)
Irréversible (2002)
Tears of the Sun (2003)
Ricordati di me (2003)
She Hate Me (2004)