the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
From 1966, the religion suggested that God could bring Armageddon in 1975, and that the Kingdom would be set up very soon after.
Some Witnesses sold businesses and homes, gave up jobs, delayed medical operations and decided against starting a family because they expected Armageddon to arrive.
Many members that assumed Armageddon would come in 1975 left at the time, but many other people joined and the group kept growing.
Like many Christian religions, Jehovah's Witnesses believe there is an all-powerful, all-knowing God who created everything.
They also have some beliefs that are different from most Christians.
They believe God calls himself Jehovah (a translation of the Hebrew letters "YHWH") and they believe it is important to use that name.
In which, 'God' is a title, as to, daughter, mother, father, son and etc.
This is why it is important to address our father by his name.
They believe Jesus is God's son, the first angel, and that he is also called Michael the Archangel.
They say the holy spirit is God's power rather than a person.
They do not believe in the Trinity.
They believe the Bible is a book that God used humans to write and that it is completely true and the best guide for how people should live.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God made Adam and Eve, the first humans, and put them in a garden called Eden.
They believe that when Adam and Eve sinned, they no longer had God's approval so they began to get sick and die.
They were not perfect any more and could not have perfect children.
Because of this, humans could not remain sinless.
They believe that Jehovah later sent Jesus to die (on a pole (stake), not a cross, as most Christians believe, which is known as 'Christendom') to forgive mankind's sins.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only 144,000 people, a number found in Revelation chapters 7 and 14, will go to heaven to be kings and priests with Jesus Christ.
They say that God will start a worldwide war called Armageddon, and the people who do not obey God or worship him the way he expects will be killed.
The people who he approves will survive and be given the opportunity to live forever.
Then God will begin to turn Earth into a paradise without crime, sickness, pain, aging, wars or death.
They say God will also resurrect (bring back to life) billions of people who died in the past so they can learn about God and have a chance to live in paradise as well.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe only their religion really obeys God's instructions and that God does not approve of any other religions (including Catholics, Protestants, Buddhists and Muslims) because they do not follow the Bible the right way.
They believe that Satan the Devil is the real leader of all other religions and makes them think they worship God the right way. (
AKA: Satan the Devil is the ruler of this wicked world, but only for a short time).(1 John 5:19) So they believe that only Jehovah's Witnesses will be saved at Armageddon, but they say God will make the final choice.
What they do
Door-to-door work
Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching.
They believe Jesus ordered them at Matthew 28:19 to "go make disciples of all the nations", warning people that the day of God's judgement, or Armageddon, will happen soon.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe their preaching is a fulfillment of a prophecy at Matthew 24:14, "And this gospel of the kingdom will be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come."
All Witnesses are told to spend as much time as they can in public preaching work, usually offering The Watchtower and other Watch Tower Society publications.
Since the Internet, Jehovah's Witnesses also preach online.
They teach people their beliefs about Jehovah and his plans for the earth.
Members are asked to give a monthly written report on how much time they have spent publicly preaching.
The buildings where Jehovah's Witnesses meet to worship are called Kingdom Halls.
Unlike many other churches, these halls do not have altars, statues, or symbols such as the Cross.
Each congregation has three meetings each week:
The "Christian Life and Ministry" meeting midweek
A "Public Talk" and the "Watchtower study" (both on the same weekend day)
Members unable to attend in person can also listen to the meeting over the phone or by video streaming where available.
They also attend one large regional convention and two circuit assemblies a year (some of them at hired sports arenas), where hundreds or thousands of members gather depending on the location.
Jehovah’s Witnesses hold meetings for worship twice each week. (
Hebrews 10:24, 25) At these meetings, which are open to the public, they examine what the Bible says and how to apply its teachings in life.
At some meetings, people in the audience, including children, are invited to answer questions and make comments.
The religion has elders and ministerial servants who take the spiritual lead in their congregations, but they do not dress differently to other members and they are not paid.
Most elders support themselves with jobs outside the religion.
Members of the religion are expected to live up to high moral standards.
They are told they should always be honest.
Have sex with people they are not married to (which they call fornication)
Have homosexual relationships
Smoke tobacco or take illegal drugs (they are allowed to drink alcohol if they do not get drunk)
Vote in elections or take any side in politics
Salute flags or sing national anthems
Join the military or fight in wars
Celebrate birthdays, Christmas, Easter, or other common religious holidays
Jehovah's Witnesses are told to marry only other baptized Jehovah's Witnesses.
They believe God does not like married couples to divorce unless the husband or wife cheated.
They can separate from a partner who hurt their family or refused to support them, but they would not be allowed to marry someone else.
Jehovah's Witnesses are quite strict about who can be a member.
Jehovah's Witnesses are only counted as members if they are baptized.
Like other Christian groups, they believe baptism represents devotion to God and their promise to live by his teachings.
Unlike some Christian groups, Witnesses are not baptized as babies.
They believe baptism should be a choice made by someone who understands what it means.
If the elders think a baptized Witness has willingly disobeyed direction set forth in the Bible, they will investigate.
That investigation is called a "judicial committee".
If the elders decide the person is 'guilty' and does not regret what they did, he or she might be "disfellowshipped".
This means the person is no longer a member of the group.
When that happens, no other Jehovah's Witnesses are allowed to talk to or interact with that person (except in some situations such as living or working together) unless the disfellowshipped person repents and is allowed back in.
When such a person is allowed back in, they have been 'reinstated'.
Some people, including former Witnesses, have criticized this punishment as harsh and unfair.
The style of leadership of the group has also been described by some authors as autocratic and totalitarian, because members have to be completely submissive to the direction of Jehovah as found in the Bible to the greatest extent they possibly can.
Official Web Site in over 1000 languages worldwide
JW Broadcasting
Does God Have a Name?
Does God Have a Name? (
video)
The Divine Name in the Hebrew Scriptures
1930s establishments in the United States
A wife is a married woman. "
Married" means that the law says two people are legally "joined".
During the marriage ceremony, the wife is called the bride.
In countries and times it has been different how many wives a man can have legally.
In old times there were no limitations in some countries.
In Christianity and Judaism a husband (a married man) can have one wife (monogamy).
In Islam a husband can have up to four wives (polygamy).
There are some names for special kinds of wives.
Catherine Parr (alternatively Katherine or Kateryn)  (c.1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and of Ireland (1543–47).
She was the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII.
She married him on 12 July 1543, and outlived him by one year.
She was also the most-married English queen, with four husbands.
She was also the first woman to be queen of both England and Ireland.
Catherine had a close relationship with Henry's three children.
She personally helped teach school for Elizabeth and Edward, both of whom became English monarchs.
She helped get the Third Succession Act in 1543 passed.
This placed Mary I and Elizabeth I, back into the line of succession to the British throne.
Henry died on 28 January 1547.
Six months after Henry's death, she married her fourth and final husband, Thomas Seymour, the Baron of Sudeley.
Catherine gave birth to her only child — a daughter, Mary Seymour.
She was named after Catherine's stepdaughter Mary – on 30 August 1548.
She died only six days later, on 5 September 1548, at Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire, from what was probably childbed fever (sepsis).
This was common at that time, because births did not happen in clean conditions.
1512 births
1548 deaths
English Roman Catholics
Queen are  a British rock band formed in London in 1970.
They are one of the most commercially successful bands in history, selling over 300 million records worldwide.
The original lineup consisted of Freddie Mercury (lead vocals, piano), Brian May (lead guitar, vocals), Roger Taylor (drums, vocals), and John Deacon (bass guitar).
Freddie Mercury died of an AIDS-related bronchopneumonia on November 24, 1991 aged 45.
In 1997 John Deacon retired to spend more time with his family.
The other two former members toured with Paul Rodgers from 2005 to 2009.
In December 2018 it was announced Queen & Lambert will bring its Rhapsody Tour to The Forum in 2019.
Three of their biggest hits were "Bohemian Rhapsody”, "We Will Rock You", and "We Are the Champions".
With his friend Tim Staffell, Brian May started a band called 1984 in the mid 1960's.
The band broke up after a little bit and then May decided to make another band and teamed up with two other college students named Tim Staffell and Roger Taylor.
They called themselves "Smile" with Roger Taylor on drums and vocals, Tim Staffell on vocals and bass and Brian May on guitar and vocals.
They did a few hits such as "April Lady".
Tim Staffell became friends with another college student, Farrokh Bulsara (to be later known as Freddie Mercury) and Farrokh became a big fan of Smile and encouraged them a lot.
Later on, Tim left Smile to join Humpy Bongs and Farrokh Bulsara subsequently joined the band on vocals and piano in 1970.
Then Farrokh came up with the name Queen, so they changed it from "Smile" to "Queen".
They then started auditions for a new bassist.
They were going through several bassists during this time and none of them stuck, only lasting for about a few minutes.
None of the auditioners managed to suit the place of the new bassist, but finally in 1971, they settled on John Deacon.
Queen's first album was released in 1973 and it was called Queen with songs such as "Seven Seas of Rhye" and "Liar".
Farrokh Bulsara changed his name to Freddie Mercury after the lyrics "Mother Mercury, look what they've done to me" in "My Fairy King".
Brian May has a degree in Astrophysics.
Brian May – lead guitar (1970–present)
Roger Taylor – drums, vocals (1970–present)
Deceased members
Freddie Mercury – vocals, piano (1970–1991)
Past members
John Deacon – bass guitar (1971–1997)
Guest members
Paul Rodgers – vocals (2004–2009)
Adam Lambert – vocals (2009–present)
Album Hits
Queen – Keep Yourself Alive – 1973
Queen II – Seven Seas of Rhye – 1974
Sheer Heart Attack – Killer Queen – 1974
A Night at The Opera – Bohemian Rhapsody, You're My Best Friend, I'm In Love With My Car – 1975
A Day at the Races – Somebody to Love, Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy  – 1976
News of the World – We Are The Champions/ We Will Rock You (Double A side single) – 1977
Jazz – Bicycle Race/ Fat Bottomed Girls (Double A side single), Don't Stop Me Now – 1978
The Game – Another One Bites the Dust, Crazy Little Thing Called Love – 1980
Flash Gordon – Flash's Theme – 1980
Hot Space – Under Pressure – 1982
The Works – Radio Ga Ga, I Want To Break Free, Hammer To Fall – 1984
A Kind of Magic – One Vision, A Kind of Magic, Who Wants to Live Forever – 1986
The Miracle – I Want It All – 1989
Innuendo – The Show Must Go On, These Are the Days of Our Lives – 1991
Made in Heaven – Heaven For Everyone – 1995
The Cosmos Rocks – C-lebrity – 2008
Queen (1973)
Queen II (1974)
Sheer Heart Attack (1974)
A Night at the Opera (1975)
A Day at the Races (1976)
News of the World (1977)
Jazz (1978)
The Game (1980)
Flash Gordon (1980)
Hot Space (1982)
The Works (1984)
A Kind of Magic (1986)
The Miracle (1989)
Innuendo (1991)
Made in Heaven (1995)
1970 establishments in England
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups from London
one of the best bands in the 60s and 70s
Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel were an American folk and rock music duo.
They were two childhood friends, who found fame in the 1960s.
Their songs, including "Mrs. Robinson", "So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright", "The Sound of Silence", and "Bridge Over Troubled Water", all composed by Simon, are still popular to this day.
Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme
Musical groups from New York City
Folk music groups
Madagascar is a large island nation in the Indian Ocean.
It is off of the east coast of Africa.
Twenty-two million people live there; its capital is Antananarivo.
It is the world's fourth largest island.
Geologists think that about two hundred million years ago, Madagascar was a part of a big supercontinent called Pangaea, that included what is now the continent of Africa, but it broke off.
Madagascar would later break off of the Indian subcontinent.
Madagascar is home to many species that were not known about until around 1679 when Dutch explorers went there.
They do not even exist elsewhere in Africa.
They only exist in Madagascar.
In fact, most of the mammals living in Madagascar do not live anywhere else in the world.
However, many of the species in Madagascar are in danger because many of the forests have been cut down.
A big reason that forests have been cut down is so that land can be used to grow crops such as coffee, which is one of the most important crops that is grown in Madagascar.
Agriculture is a big part of the economy in Madagascar, including the growing of coffee and vanilla.
Madagascar sells more vanilla than any other country in the world.
Madagascar also makes money from tourism.
In 2004 Madagascar was divided into 22 regions.
It used to be divided into 6 provinces.
｡^‿^｡
France took over the city of Antananarivo in 1895, and added Madagascar as a colony two years later.
Madagascar became independent from France, which meant it became its own country, on 26 June, 1960.
On March 17, 2009, President Marc Ravalomanana quit because of pressure from the military.
Andry Raejolina became the next president.
Photos of Madagascar
Most board games use pieces that may be moved, placed, or traded depending on the rules of the game.
These pieces may be money, chips, pawns, or other objects.
Board games may often involve some random chance with dice or cards.
There are many board games with a long history in some cultures.
Examples of these games are  chess, checkers, backgammon, parqués, and go.
There are also a great number of popular board games that have been created more recently, in the past hundred years.
Among these games are Scrabble and Monopoly.
Chess, and most versions of checkers, are played on a 8x8 square board with 32 white squares and 32 black squares.
International checkers is played on a 10x10 square board.
Older than chess, but not by much, is tafl (pronounced 'tabl'), later called "hneftafl".
This is an old Norse board game with just two types of pieces.
Its pieces, when found in Britain, have often been wrongly ascribed to chess.
In chess, of course, the board is different, and there are six kinds of pieces.
Information about thousands of different board games
Aerosmith is an American rock band, formed in 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts.
They have released many popular songs, including "Walk This Way" and "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing".
They have their own Guitar Hero video game called Guitar Hero: Aerosmith.
Their lead singer is Steven Tyler.
List of albums
1973 - Aerosmith
1974 - Get Your Wings
1975 - Toys in the Attic
1976 - Rocks
1977 - Draw the Line
1979 - Night in the Ruts
1982 - Rock in a Hard Place
1985 - Done with Mirrors
1987 - Permanent Vacation
1989 - Pump
1993 - Get a Grip
1997 - Nine Lives
2001 - Just Push Play
2012 - Music from Another Dimension!
Compilation and live albums
1980 - Aerosmith's Greatest Hits
1994 - Big Ones
1998 - A Little South of Sanity (Live)
Aerosmith's official YouTube channel
1970 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Massachusetts
1980s American music groups
Musicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Musical groups from Massachusetts
Brighton is a city on the south coast of England.
It was called "Brighthelmstone".
It is in the county of East Sussex.
In 2000, it joined Hove to become the city of Brighton & Hove.
Historically, Brighton forms the main part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, with 474,485 inhabitants (2011 census).
This is England's 12th largest conurbation, and the mostly densely populated area outside London.
From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes.
The fad for bathing in seawater as a cure for illnesses was encouraged.
From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France.
Road transport to London was improved when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770.
Spas and indoor baths were opened by physicians.
From 1780, development of Georgian terraced houses started.
The fishing village developed to the fashionable resort of Brighton.
Growth of the town was encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later King George IV) after his first visit in 1783.
He spent much of his leisure time in the town, and had the Royal Pavilion built during the early part of his Regency.
The arrival of the London and Brighton Railway in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London.
Some major attractions such as the West Pier and the Brighton Palace Pier were built for the growing number of tourists.
The population grew from around 7,000 in 1801 to more than 120,000 by 1901.
Modern-day Brighton is a centre for education, sports, and recreation.
It has two universities: University of Sussex and the University of Brighton.
It also has 54 other schools.
In 2003, the universities of Sussex and Brighton formed a medical school, known as Brighton and Sussex Medical School.
Brighton has a thriving LGBT community and every year in the first weekend in  August Pride festivities are held.
Dora Bryan - English actress
Henry Thrale - English politician.
Lived in West Street.
His good friend, Samuel Johnson, often stayed at his home.
Laurence Olivier - lived in the city for many years
Martha Gunn - famous Brighton dipper and favourite of George IV
Nick Cave - Australian musician,  been living in the city since the 1980s
Rudyard Kipling - classical books author
1303 - University of Rome La Sapienza is founded by Pope Boniface VIII.
1453 – Last naval battle in Byzantine history, as three Genoese galleys escorting a Byzantine transport fight their way through the huge Ottoman blockade fleet into the Golden Horn.
1534 – Jacques Cartier sets sail from France on an expedition that will take him to present-day Canada, including Labrador.
1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump parliament.
1657 – Freedom of religion is granted to Jews in New Amsterdam, present-day New York City.
1689 - James II of England/James VII of Scotland lays siege to Derry in present-day Northern Ireland.
1770 - Irekle II, King of Georgia, abandoned by his Russian ally Count Totleben, wins against Ottoman Empire forces at Aspindza.
1775 – American Revolutionary War: The Siege of Boston begins.
1792 – France declares war on Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor.
1810 – The Governor of Caracas (Venezuela), declares independence from Spain.
1828 – René Caillié becomes the first non-Muslim to enter Timbuktu.
1836 - United States Congress passes the act creating the Wisconsin territory.
1862 – Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard complete the first pasteurization process.
1876 - The April Uprising begins in Bulgaria.
1887 – The first car race is held in France, on a course running from Paris to Versailles.
1889 – Nazi leader Adolf Hitler is born in Braunau am Inn, Austria.
1902 – Marie Curie and Pierre Curie refine Radium.
1912 – Baseball: The Tiger Stadium (Detroit) and Fenway Park (Boston) open.
1914 - 19 people die in the Ludlow massacre in Colorado during a coal miners strike.
1916 - In baseball, the Chicago Cubs play their first game at Weeghman Park, now called Wrigley Field, defeating the Cincinnati Reds 7-6.
1920 – The 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp begin.
1922 - The Soviet government creates the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
1939 - Billie Holiday records the first civil rights song Strange Fruit.
1944 - Dutch freighter Voorbode explodes in the harbor of Bergen, Norway, killing 150 people.
1945 – World War II: US troops capture Leipzig, which is later handed to Soviet forces.
1945 – World War II: At the Führerbunker, Adolf Hitler makes his last outside appearance, handing Iron Cross medals to members of the Hitler Youth on his 56th birthday.
1946 - The League of Nations officially dissolves, giving most of its powers to the United Nations.
1947 – King Christian X of Denmark dies.
King Frederick IX of Denmark succeeds him.
1951 - Dan Gavriliu performs the first surgical replacement of a human organ.
1964 – The British TV Channel BBC Two begins transmission, but a power cut occurs, due to a fire at Battersea Power Station in London.
1967 - A Globe Air plane crashes against a mountain near Nicosia, Cyprus, killing 126 people.
1968 - A South African Airways plane crashes shortly after take-off from Windhoek, Namibia, killing 129 people.
1968 - Pierre Trudeau becomes Prime Minister of Canada.
1968 – British politician Enoch Powell makes his controversial "Rivers of Blood" speech, in which he calls for tighter immigration controls.
1972 – Apollo 16 lands on the Moon.
1978 – Korean Air Flight 902 is shot down by the Soviets.
1986 – Vladimir Horowitz performs in Russia for the first time in 61 years.
1986 - Chicago Bulls basketball star Michael Jordan scores a playoff record 63 points in a single game, against the Boston Celtics.
1989 – Scientists announce that an Asteroid has narrowly missed hitting the Earth.
1992 - Surviving members of the band Queen hold a tribute concert to Freddie Mercury at Wembley Stadium.
1998 – The Red Army Faction announces an end to its operations.
1999 – Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, two teenagers, go on a shooting spree at Columbine High School, near Littleton, Colorado.
2005 – In Ecuador, President Lucio Gutiérrez is removed by Parliament and replaced by Alfredo Palacio.
2007 - Johnson Space Center shooting: A man with a handgun barricades himself in the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, and kills a male hostage before killing himself.
2008 – Danica Patrick wins the Indy Japan 300, becoming the first woman to win an Indy car race.
2010 – Deepwater Horizon oil spill: An explosion occurs on the Deepwater Horizon Oil rig, near Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 11 people, and causing the worst Oil spill in US history.
2011 – Photojournalist Tim Hetherington and journalist Chris Hondros are killed in Libya during the 2011 Libyan civil war.
2012 - A Bhoja Air plane crashes near Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 127 people.
2013 - At least 160 people are killed after an earthquake of over magnitude 6 strikes Sichuan province in China.
2013 - Giorgio Napolitano is elected to a second term as President of Italy.
It is the first time that an Italian President has been elected to a second term in office.
2017 - In Paris, shooting toward police officers killed one officer and the attacker.
570 – Muhammad the Prophet, founder of Islam (d. 632)
1492 - Pietro Aretino, Italian writer and poet (d. 1556)
1494 – Johannes Agricola, German religious reformer (d. 1566)
1586 – Saint Rose of Lima, Peruvian saint (d. 1617)
1633 – Emperor Go-Komyo, Emperor of Japan (d. 1654)
1723 - Cornelius Harnett, American merchant, farmer and statesman (d. 1781)
1745 - Philippe Pinel, French physician (d. 1826)
1748 – Georg Michael Telemann, German composer (d. 1839)
1808 – Emperor Napoleon III of France (d. 1873)
1809 - James David Forbes, Scottish physicist and glaciologist (d. 1868)
1818 - Albrecht von Stosch, German general and admiral (d. 1896)
1839 – King Carol I of Romania (d. 1914)
1842 - John Murphy Farley, Irish-American cardinal (d. 1918)
1850 - Daniel Chester French, American sculptor (d. 1931)
1851 – Torakusu Yamaha, Japanese entrepreneur (d. 1916)
1851 – Young Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (d. 1875)
1851 - Eduardo Acevedo Díaz, Uruguayan writer and politician (d. 1921)
1852 - John Murphy Farley, Archbishop of New York and cardinal (d. 1918)
1855 – Inukai Tsuyoshi, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1932)
1859 - Vincenzo Cerulli, Italian astronomer (d. 1927)
1860 - Pieter Jelles Troelstra, Dutch-Frisian poet and politician (d. 1930)
1871 - Sydney Chapman, British economist (d. 1951)
1871 - Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, Croatian engineer and inventor (d. 1972)
1875 - Vladimir Vidric, Croatian poet (d. 1989)
1879 - Paul Poiret, French fashion designer (d. 1944)
1884 – Daniel Varujan, Armenian poet (d. 1915)
1884 – Princess Beatrice of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1966)
1889 – Adolf Hitler, Nazi leader (d. 1945)
1890 – Adolf Schaerf, President of Austria (d. 1965)
1890 – Maurice Duplessis, Premier of Quebec (d. 1959)
1893 – Joan Miró, Spanish painter (d. 1983)
1893 – Edna Parker, American supercentenarian, oldest person in the world at the time of her death (d. 2008)
1893 – Harold Lloyd, American actor (d. 1971)
1895 - Emile Christian, American jazz musician (d. 1973)
1896 - Wop May, Canadian pilot and captain (d. 1952)
1904 – Bruce Cabot, American actor (d. 1972)
1904 - George Stibitz, American scientist (d. 1995)
1908 - Lionel Hampton, American jazz musician, bandleader and actor (d. 2002)
1910 – Robert F. Wagner, Jr., Mayor of New York City (d. 1991)
1911 – Kukrit Pramoj, Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 1995)
1913 - Roger Rochard, French long-distance runner (d. 1993)
1914 - Betty Lou Gerson, American actress (d. 1999)
1918 – Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist (d. 2007)
1920 – John Paul Stevens, American jurist (d. 2019)
1923 - Mother Angelica, American nun and broadcaster (d. 2016)
1923 - Tito Puente, American jazz musician and producer (d. 2000)
1923 - Jorge Romo, Mexican footballer (d. 2014)
1924 – Leslie Phillips, British actor
1924 - Nina Foch, Dutch-American actress (d. 2008)
1925 - Elena Verdugo, American actress (d. 2017)
1927 – Karl Alexander Müller, Swiss physicist
1927 – Phil Hill, American racing driver (d. 2008)
1928 - Robert Byrne, American chess player (d. 2013)
1928 - Arvo Kruusement, Estonian movie director
1930 - Dwight Gustafson, American composer and conductor (d. 2014)
1935 - Mario Camus, Spanish screenwriter and movie director
1936 – Pat Roberts, United States Senator
1936 - Pauli Ellefsen, 6th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 2012)
1937 – Jiri Dienstbier, Czech politician and journalist (d. 2011)
1937 – George Takei, American actor
1938 - Betty Cuthbert, Australian athlete (d. 2017)
1938 - Igor Sergeyev, Marshal of the Russian Federation (d. 2006)
1938 – Peter Snow, British broadcaster
1939 - Peter S. Beagle, American writer
1939 – Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway
1939 - Wayson Choy, Canadian writer (d. 2019)
1940 - James Gammon, American actor (d. 2010)
1941 - Ryan O'Neal, American actor
1942 – Arto Paasilinna, Finnish writer (d. 2018)
1943 – Alan Beith, British politician, former MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed
1943 - John Eliot Gardiner, British conductor
1943 – Edie Sedgwick, American actress (d. 1971)
1945 - Michael Brandon, American actor
1945 - Gregory Olsen, American entrepreneur
1945 - Gerry Steinberg, English politician (d. 2015)
1945 - Thein Sein, President of Burma
1946 – Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, German politician
1947 - David Leland, British director, actor and screenwriter
1947 - Björn Skifs, Swedish singer-songwriter, actor and screenwriter
1949 – Massimo D'Alema, former Prime Minister of Italy
1949 – Aleksandr Maltsev, Russian ice hockey player
1949 – Jessica Lange, American actress
1949 – Toller Cranston, Canadian figure skater (d. 2015)
1949 - Paul Heiney, English journalist
1950 - N. Chandrababu Naidu, Indian politician, 13th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
1950 – Alexander Lebed, Russian general and politician (d. 2002)
1950 - Ibrahim Yusri, Egyptian actor (d. 2015)
1951 – Luther Vandross, American singer (d. 2005)
1952 - Eric Pickles, British politician
1953 – Sebastian Faulks, British writer
1956 – Kevin Judge, American Internet Security Expert
1958 - Viacheslav Fetisov, Russian ice hockey player
1959 – Clint Howard, American actor
1960 - Miguel Diaz-Canel, President of Cuba
1961 – Nicholas Lyndhurst, British actor
1961 - Paul Usher, British actor
1962 - Sigurdur Ingi Johannsson, former Prime Minister of Iceland
1963 - Rachel Whiteread, British artist and sculptor
1964 – Andy Serkis, British actor
1964 - Crispin Glover, American actor
1964 - Rosalynn Summers, American figure skater
1965 - Susan Cookson, British actress
1965 - April March, American singer-songwriter
1965 - Bernardo Fernando da Silva, Brazilian footballer
1966 – David Chalmers, Australian philosopher
1966 - David Filo, American businessman and co-founder of Google
1967 - Mike Portnoy, American musician
1967 – Raymond van Barneveld, Dutch darts player
1968 - Julia Morris, Australian actress and television presenter
1969 - Felix Baumgartner, Austrian skydiver
1970 - Shemar Moore, American actor
1972 – Carmen Electra, American actress, singer and model
1972 – Marko Kon, Serbian composer, singer and actor
1972 - Stephen Marley, Jamaican musician
1976 – Aldo Bobadilla, Paraguayan footballer
1976 – Shay Given, Irish footballer
1976 - Joey Lawrence, American actor
1976 - Chris Mason, Canadian ice hockey player
1979 - Gregor Tait, Scottish swimmer
1979 – Ludovic Magnin, Swiss footballer
1980 - Vibeke Skofterud, Norwegian cross-country skier (d. 2018)
1980 – Jasmin Wagner, German singer
1980 – Lee Wilkie, Scottish footballer
1981 - Mike Blair, Scottish rugby union player and coach
1983 – Miranda Kerr, Australian supermodel
1983 - Danny Granger, American actor, producer and musician
1984 - Nelson Evora, Portuguese athlete
1984 - Edixon Perea, Colombian footballer
1985 – Brent Seabrook, Canadian ice hockey player
1985 - Curt Hawkins, American professional wrestler
1987 - John Patrick Amedori, American actor
1987 - Anna Rossinelli, Swiss singer
1991 - Thomas Curtis, American actor
1991 - Ondrej Krajak, Czech footballer
1992 - Ashton Moio, American actor, stuntman and martial artist
1997 - Alexander Zverev, German tennis player
1999 - Carly Rose Sonenclar, American actress
2000 – Funny Cide, American racehorse
689 - Caedwalla, King of Wessex
1176 - Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English military leader (b. 1130)
1314 – Pope Clement V (b. 1264)
1517 - Bogdan III the One-Eyed, Romanian son of Stephen of Moldavia (b. 1470)
1521 – Zhengde Emperor of China (b. 1491)
1526 – Ibrahim Lodi, Sultan of Delhi
1534 - Elizabeth Barton, English nun and saint (b. 1506)
1558 - Johannes Bugenhagen, German priest and theologian (b. 1485)
1769 – Pontiac, Chief of the Ottawa (b. 1720)
1786 – John Goodricke, English astronomer (b. 1746)
1812 – George Clinton, US Vice President and Governor of New York (b. 1739)
1831 - John Abernethy, English surgeon (b. 1864)
1869 - Carl Loewe, German composer (b. 1796)
1873 - William Tite, English architect (b. 1798)
1874 - Alexander H. Bailey, American politician (b. 1817)
1887 – Muhammad Sharif Pasha, Egyptian statesman (b. 1826)
1899 – Joseph Wolf, German artist (b. 1820)
1902 - Joaquim de Sousa Andrade, Brazilian poet (b. 1833)
1912 – Bram Stoker, Irish writer (b. 1847)
1912 - Pedro Lira, Chilean painter (b. 1845)
1914 - Ivar Wickman, Swedish physician (b. 1872)
1918 – Karl Ferdinand Braun, German physicist (b. 1850)
1927 - Enrique Simonet, Spanish painter (b. 1866)
1929 - Prince Albert Wilhelm Heinrich of Prussia (b. 1862)
1932 - Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician (b. 1858)
1935 - John Cameron, Scottish footballer (b. 1872)
1937 - James Gillett, 22nd Governor of California (b. 1860)
1947 – King Christian X of Denmark (b. 1870)
1951 – Ivanoe Bonomi, Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1873)
1967 - Leo-Paul Desrosiers, French-Canadian journalist and novelist (b. 1896)
1982 - Archibald MacLeish, American poet and writer (b. 1892)
1990 - Horst Sindermann, German politician (b. 1915)
1991 – Don Siegel, American movie director (b. 1912)
1992 - Benny Hill, British comedian and actor (b. 1924)
1993 - Cantinflas, Mexican comedian and actor (b. 1911)
1994 - Jean Carmet, French actor (b. 1920)
1996 - Tran Van Tra, Vietnamese general and politician (b. 1918)
1996 – Christopher Robin Milne, son of the writer A. A. Milne (b. 1920)
1999 - Deaths in the Columbine High School massacre:
Cassie Bernall, victim of the Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)
Rachel Joy Scott, victim of the Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)
Eric Harris, perpetrator of the Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)
Dylan Klebold, perpetrator of the Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)
2001 - Giuseppe Sinopoli, Italian conductor and composer (b. 1946)
2002 - Alan Dale, American singer (b. 1925)
2002 - Pierre Rapsat, Belgian singer-songwriter (b. 1948)
2003 - Ruth Hale, American playwright and actress (b. 1908)
2003 – Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer (b. 1976)
2003 – Bernard Katz, German biophysicist (b. 1911)
2005 - Zygfryd Blaut, Polish footballer (b. 1943)
2010 – Dorothy Height, American Civil Rights activist (b. 1912)
2011 - Journalists killed in Libya:
Tim Hetherington, British photojournalist (b. 1970)
Chris Hondros, American photographer (b. 1970)
2013 - Deanna Durbin, Canadian-American actress and singer (b. 1921)
2014 - Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, American boxer (b. 1937)
2014 - Neville Wran, Australian politician, former Premier of New South Wales (b. 1926)
2014 - Benedikt Sarnov, Russian literary critic and writer (b. 1927)
2014 - Alistair MacLeod, Canadian author and academic (b. 1936)
2015 - Frederic Morton, Austrian-American writer (b. 1924)
2015 - Aharon Lichtenstein, French-born American-Israeli rabbi (b. 1933)
2015 - Richard Anthony, Egyptian-born French singer (b. 1938)
2015 - Bob St. Clair, American football player (b. 1931)
2015 - Ibrahim Yusri, Egyptian actor (b. 1950)
2015 - Peter Howell, English actor (b. 1929)
2016 - Victoria Wood, English comedienne, actress and writer (b. 1953)
2016 - Guy Hamilton, English film director (b. 1922)
2016 - Avril Henry, English academic (b. 1934)
2016 - Leonie Kramer, Australian academic (b. 1924)
2016 - Harry Perkowski, American baseball player (b. 1922)
2017 - Germaine Mason, Jamaican-born British high jumper (b. 1983)
2017 - Jay Dickey, American politician (b. 1939)
2017 - Roberto Ferreiro, Argentine footballer (b. 1935)
2017 - Cuba Gooding, Sr.,
American singer (b. 1944)
2017 - Lawrence Hogan, American politician (b. 1928)
2017 - Magdalena Abakanowicz, Polish sculptor (b. 1930)
2018 - Avicii, Swedish DJ, musician and music producer (b. 1989)
2018 - Roy Bentley, English footballer (b. 1924)
2018 - Pedro Erquicia, Spanish journalist and television producer (b. 1943)
2018 - Rajinder Sachar, Pakistan-Indian political activist and judge (b. 1923)
2018 - Al Swift, American broadcaster and politician (b. 1935)
2018 - Shane Yarran, Australian rules footballer (b. 1989)
2018 - Charles Zwick, American civil servant (b. 1926)
2019 - Joe Armstrong, British computer scientist (b. 1950)
2019 - Reggie Cobb, American football player (b. 1968)
2019 - Monir Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian, Iranian artist (b. 1922)
2019 - Karl Grob, Swiss footballer (b. 1946)
2019 - Braulio Lara, Dominican baseball player (b. 1988)
2019 - David V. Picker, American film executive and producer (b. 1931)
4/20 - Cannabis culture
UN Chinese language Day
Ridvan begins (Baha'i faith)
Vincent Willem van Gogh (30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch post-impressionist painter.
His work had a great influence on modern art because of its striking colours and emotional power.
He suffered from delusions and fits of mental illness.
When he was 37, he died by committing suicide.
When he was a young man, Van Gogh worked for a company of art dealers.
He traveled between The Hague, London and Paris.
After that, he taught in England.
He then wanted to become a pastor and spread the Gospel, and from 1879 he worked as a missionary in a mining place in Belgium.
He began drawing the people there, and in 1885, he painted his first important work, The Potato Eaters.
He usually painted in dark colors at this time.
In March 1886, he moved to Paris and found out about the French impressionists.
Later, he moved to the south of France, and the colors in his art became brighter.
His special style of art was developed and later fully grown during the time he stayed in Arles in 1888.
He was born Vincent Willem van Gogh on 30 March 1853 in Groot-Zundert, Netherlands.
His father, Theodorus van Gogh, was a pastor.
His mother, Anna Cornelia Carbentus, was an artist.
Van Gogh was brought up in a religious and cultured family.
He was very emotional and he did not have a great deal of self-confidence.
He was also a replacement child.
He was born a year after the death of his brother, also named Vincent.
He even had the same birthday.
Living at the church rectory Vincent walked past the grave of his dead brother every day.
There has been speculation that van Gogh suffered later psychological trauma as a result, but this cannot be proved.
Between 1860 and 1880, when he finally decided to become an artist, van Gogh had two sad romances.
He also had worked unsuccessfully in a bookstore, as an art salesman, and a preacher.
He remained in Belgium, where he had preached, to study art.
The works of his early Dutch period are sad, sharp, and one of the most famous pictures from here is The Potato Eaters, painted in 1885.
In that year, van Gogh went to Antwerp where he found the works of famous artists and bought a lot of Japanese prints.
In 1886 he went to Paris to join his brother Theo, who was the manager of Goupil's gallery.
In Paris, van Gogh studied with Cormon.
He also met Pissarro, Monet, and Gauguin.
This helped the colors of his paintings lighten and be painted in short strokes from the paintbrush.
His nervous temper made him a difficult companion and night-long discussions combined with painting all day made him very unhealthy.
He decided to go south to Arles where he hoped his friends would join him and help found a school of art.
Gauguin did join him, but it did not help.
Near the end of 1888, Gauguin left Arles.
Van Gogh followed him with an open razor, but was stopped by Gauguin.
Instead, he cut his own ear lobe off.
After that, van Gogh began to get fits of madness and was sent to the asylum in Saint-Remy for medical treatment.
He painted over 1,000 portraits.
In May of 1890, he regained his health and went to live in Auvers-sur-Oise.
However, two months later on 27 July, he shot himself in the chest with a revolver.
He died two days later, with Theo at his side.
Theo reported his last words as "La tristesse durera toujours", which meant, "The sadness will last forever" in French.
During his brief career he had only sold one painting.
After his death, Van Gogh's finest works were all sold in less than three years.
His mother threw away a lot of his paintings during his life and even after his death.
But she lived long enough to see him become a world famous painter.
He was not well known when he was alive, and most people did not appreciate his art.
But he became very famous after his death.
Today, many people consider him to be one of the greatest painters in the history and an important influence on modern art.
Van Gogh did not begin painting until he was almost 30.
Most of his famous works were done in his last two years.
He made more than 2,000 artworks, with 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings and sketches.
Today, many of his pieces  portraits, landscapes and sunflowers  are some of the most famous and costly works of art in the world.
Vincent van Gogh Gallery.
The complete works and letters of Vincent van Gogh.
Van Gogh Letters – The complete letters of Van Gogh, translated into English and annotated.
Published by the Van Gogh Museum.
Van Gogh's Letters, unabridged and annotated.
Van Gogh Museum , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Van Gogh at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., United States.
Painted with Words: Vincent van Gogh's Letters to Emile Bernard, New York Times, 9 September 2007
Art Historians Claim Van Gogh's ear 'Cut Off by Gauguin' by Angelique Chrisafis, The Guardian, 4 May 2009
1853 births
1890 deaths
Artists who committed suicide
Dutch painters
People from North Brabant
Suicides by firearm
Suicides in France
999 - Pope Sylvester II is elected.
1285 - Pope Martin IV is elected.
1453 - The Ottoman Empire's Sultan Mehmed II begins the Siege of Constantinople.
1513 – Florida is sighted by a European for the first time.
1744 – The first official golf tournament is held in Leith, near Edinburgh, Scotland.
1783 – The Duke of Portland replaces the Earl of Shelburne as Prime Minister of Great Britain.
1800 – Ludwig van Beethoven leads the premiere of his First Symphony.
1801 – British forces under Horatio Nelson defeat Denmark in the naval Battle of Copenhagen.
1814 - The French senate declares Napoleon Bonaparte removed from power.
1845 - Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau and Jean Bernard Leon Foucault take the first photograph of the Sun.
1851 – Mongkut (Rama IV) is crowned King of Siam.
1865 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis and his cabinet flee Richmond, Virginia.
1865 - American Civil War: The Siege of Petersburg is broken, as Union troops capture the trenches around Petersburg, Virginia.
1885 - Cree warriors attack the village of Frog Lake in Canada's Northwest Territories, killing 9 people.
1900 - The United States Congress passes the Foraker Act, giving Puerto Rico limited self-rule.
1902 - The Electric Theater, the first full-time movie theater in the US, opens in Los Angeles, California.
1911 – Australia's first census is held.
1912 – The ill-fated RMS Titanic begins sea trials.
1917 – Woodrow Wilson asks US Congress for war with Germany.
1921 - The Autonomous Government of Khorasan, a military government covering present-day Iran, is created.
1930 - Haile Selassie becomes Emperor of Ethiopia.
1932 – Charles Lindbergh paid a $50,000 ransom for the return of his kidnapped son.
1943 – Off Bermuda, the British ship Melbourne Star is torpedoed by the German U-boat U 129.
It explodes and sinks within two minutes, killing 114 people.
1945 – The Soviet Union and Brazil establish diplomatic relations.
1962 - In road use, the first official Panda crossing is opened outside Waterloo station in London.
1972 – Charlie Chaplin returns to the United States for the first time since being labeled as a Communist during the Red Scare of the 1950s.
1974 - The Westfalenstadion stadium in Dortmund is opened.
It is currently the home of the Borussia Dortmund football team, and hosts international matches.
1975 - Vietnam War: Thousands of civilian refugees flee from the Quang Ngai Province in front of advancing North Vietnamese forces.
1975 – The CN Tower in Toronto is completed.
1978 – The television show Dallas is shown for the first time.
1982 – The Falklands War begins, as Argentine forces invade.
1984 – Rakesh Sharma becomes the first Indian in space on board the Soyuz T-11.
1989 - Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Havana, Cuba, for talks with Fidel Castro in an attempt to mend strained relations.
1991 – The eruption of the Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines begins.
1991 - Rita Johnston becomes the first female Premier of a Canadian province, in British Columbia.
1992 – Mafia boss John Gotti is convicted of murder and racketeering.
1998 – Former French minister Maurice Papon is found guilty of war crimes over the deportation of more than 1,700 Jews during World War II.
2004 – Spanish police prevent an attempt by Islamist terrorists to blow up a high speed train near Madrid.
2005 – Pope John Paul II dies at the age of 84 years, after more than 26 years as Pope.
2006 – 60 tornadoes break out in the United States.
Tennessee is the worst affected with 29 people killed.
2007 – A magnitude 8.1 earthquake hits the Solomon Islands, with resulting tsunamis destroying villages, killing 52 people, and making 5,000 homeless.
2011 - India wins the Cricket World Cup for the second time.
2012 – President of Hungary Pal Schmitt resigns after losing his doctorate in a Plagiarism scandal.
2013 - Major flooding affects Buenos Aires and La Plata in Argentina, killing 62 people.
2015 - A trawler sinks in the Sea of Okhotsk, west of Russia's far-eastern Kamchatka Peninsula, killing at least 50 sailors on board.
2015 - Al-Shabaab militants attack a university in Garissa, Kenya, killing 147 people.
2019 - Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns as President of Algeria with immediate effect, ending his almost-20-year Presidency, after several weeks of protests.
2019 - Lori Lightfoot is elected Mayor of Chicago, making her the first African American Lesbian woman chosen to govern a major city in the United States.
742 – Charlemagne (d. 814)
1527 – Abraham Ortelius, Flemish mapmaker (d. 1598)
1545 – Elisabeth of Valois, French princess and Queen of Spain (d. 1568)
1565 - Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1599)
1614 – Jahanara Begum Sahib, Imperial princess and daughter of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (d. 1681)
1618 – Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1663)
1647 - Maria Sibylla Merian, German botanist (d. 1717)
1653 – Prince George of Denmark (d. 1708)
1719 - Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet (d. 1803)
1725 – Giacomo Casanova, Italian writer (d. 1798)
1745 - Richard Bassett, Governor of Delaware (d. 1815)
1788 - Francisco Balagtas, Filipino poet (d. 1862)
1788 - Wilhelmine Reichard, first female German balloonist (d. 1848)
1791 - David Henshaw, 14th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1852)
1792 - Francisco de Paula Santander, Colombian general and politician (d. 1840)
1798 – Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German poet (d. 1874)
1805 – Hans Christian Andersen, Danish writer and poet (d. 1875)
1814 - Erastus Brigham Bigelow, American inventor (d. 1879)
1826 - George II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (d. 1914)
1827 - William Holman Hunt, English painter (d. 1910)
1838 – Léon Gambetta, French statesman (d. 1882)
1840 – Émile Zola, French writer (d. 1902)
1841 - Clement Ader, French aviation pioneer (d. 1926)
1852 - Frederick B. Fancher, Governor of North Dakota (d. 1944)
1862 – Nicholas Murray Butler, American philosopher, diplomat and educator (d. 1947)
1863 - William Adamson, Scottish trade union leader and politician (d. 1936)
1867 - Eugen Sandow, German bodybuilder and circus performer (d. 1925)
1869 - Hughie Jennings, American baseball player (d. 1928)
1875 – Walter Chrysler, American automobile pioneer (d. 1940)
1891 – Max Ernst, German painter (d. 1976)
1891 - Jack Buchanan, Scottish actor, singer, director and producer (d. 1957)
1898 - Harindranath Chatoopadhyay, Indian poet, actor and politician (d. 1990)
1899 - Heinrich Rau, German politician (d. 1961)
1900 - Robert Arlt, Argentine writer (d. 1942)
1906 - Dan K. Moore, Governor of North Carolina (d. 1986)
1907 - Luke Appling, American baseball player (d. 1991)
1912 – Herbert Mills, American singer (d. 1989)
1914 – Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
1916 - Oleg Lundstrem, Russian jazz composer and conductor (d. 2005)
1917 - Dabbs Greer, American actor (d. 2007)
1919 - Delfo Cabrera, Argentine long-distance runner (d. 1981)
1920 – Jack Webb, American actor, director and producer (d. 1982)
1922 - John C. Whitehead, American banker and politician (d. 2015)
1923 - Gloria Henry, American actress
1923 - G. Spencer-Brown, English polymath (d. 2016)
1925 – George MacDonald Fraser, British writer (d. 2008)