the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The tarantula, who knew what to do, spun a black cord and, attaching it to the ball, crawled away fast to the east, pulling on the cord with all his strength.
Tarantula repeated with a blue cord to the south, a yellow cord to the west, and a white cord to the north.
With mighty pulls in each direction, the brown ball stretched to immeasurable size--it became the earth!
No hills, mountains, or rivers were visible; only smooth, treeless, brown plains appeared.
Then the Creator created the rest of the beings and features of the Earth.
Judeo-Christian-Islamic account
First day: God creates light ("Let there be light!").
The light is divided from the darkness, and "day" and "night" are named.
Second day: God makes the sky over the earth (the atmosphere), dividing the waters above from the waters below.
Third day: God commands the waters on earth to be gathered together in one place (ocean), and dry land to appear. "
Earth" and "sea" are named.
God commands the earth to bring forth grass, plants, and fruit-bearing trees.
Fourth day: God creates lights in the sky to separate light from darkness and to mark days, seasons and years.
Two great lights are made (the Sun and Moon, though not named), and the stars.
Fifth day: God commands the sea to be filled with "living creatures", and every kind of bird, and commands them to be fruitful and multiply.
Sixth day: God commands the land produce all kinds of animals.
He makes wild beasts, livestock and reptiles.
He then creates the first human (Adam).
People are told to "be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it."
Humans and animals are given plants to eat.
Then God calls his creation "very good."
Seventh day: On the seventh day God rested.
Christians that believe God created the Universe in exactly the way described in the Bible are called creationists.
Other Christians think that the biblical creation story has fundamental truths and messages, but should not be taken literally.
In other cultures/religions
Many cultures have stories describing the origin of the world, which may be roughly grouped into common types.
In one type of story, the world is born from a world egg; such stories include the Finnish epic poem Kalevala, the Chinese story of Pangu or the Indian Brahmanda Purana.
In related stories, the creation is caused by a single entity emanating or producing something by his or herself, as in the Tibetan Buddhism concept of Adi-Buddha, the ancient Greek story of Gaia (Mother Earth), the Aztec goddess Coatlicue myth, the ancient Egyptian god Atum story, or the Genesis creation myth.
In another type of story, the world is created from the union of male and female deities, as in the Maori story of Rangi and Papa.
In other stories, the Universe is created by crafting it from pre-existing materials, such as the corpse of a dead god — as from Tiamat in the Babylonian epic Enuma Elish or from the giant Ymir in Norse mythology – or from chaotic materials, as in Izanagi and Izanami in Japanese mythology.
In another type of story, the world is created by the command of a divinity, as in the ancient Egyptian story of Ptah or the Genesis creation myth as a part of Jewish and Christian mythology.
In other stories, the universe emanates from fundamental principles, such as Brahman and Prakrti, or the yin and yang of the Tao.
Although Heraclitus argued for eternal change, his quasi-contemporary Parmenides made the radical suggestion that all change is an illusion, that the true underlying reality is eternally unchanging and of a single nature.
Parmenides denoted this reality as το εν (The One).
Parmenides' theory seemed implausible to many Greeks, but his student Zeno of Elea challenged them with several famous paradoxes.
Aristotle resolved these paradoxes by developing the notion of an infinitely divisible continuum, and applying it to space and time.
The Indian philosopher Kanada, founder of the Vaisheshika school, developed a theory of atomism and proposed that light and heat were varieties of the same substance.
In the 5th century AD, the Buddhist atomist philosopher Dignāga proposed atoms to be point-sized, durationless, and made of energy.
They denied the existence of substantial matter and proposed that movement consisted of momentary flashes of a stream of energy.
The theory of temporal finitism was inspired by the doctrine of creation shared by the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
The Christian philosopher, John Philoponus, presented the philosophical arguments against the ancient Greek notion of an infinite past.
Philoponus' arguments against an infinite past were used by the early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi (Alkindus); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon (Saadia ben Joseph); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali (Algazel).
They employed two logical arguments against an infinite past, the first being the "argument from the impossibility of the existence of an actual infinite", which states:
"An actual infinite amount cannot exist."
"An infinite temporal regress of events is an actual infinite."
" An infinite temporal regress of events cannot exist."
"An actual infinite cannot be completed by successive addition."
"The temporal series of past events has been completed by successive addition."
" The temporal series of past events cannot be an actual infinite."
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209) criticized the idea of the Earth's centrality within the universe.
In the context of his commentary on the Qur'anic verse, "All praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds," he raises the question of whether the term "worlds" in this verse refers to "multiple worlds within this single universe or cosmos, or to many other universes or a multiverse beyond this known universe."
He rejected the Aristotelian and Avicennian notions of a single universe revolving around a single world, and instead argued that there are more than "a thousand thousand worlds (alfa alfi 'awalim) beyond this world such that each one of those worlds be bigger and more massive than this world as well as having the like of what this world has."
He argued that there exists an infinite outer space beyond the known world, and that God has the power to fill the vacuum with an infinite number of universes.
Japanese Creation Myth
Mayan Creation Myth
Norse Creation Myth
Gerald Schroeder
Tarantula is the common name for a group of "hairy" and often very large spiders belonging to the family Theraphosidae, of which approximately 900 species have been found.
Some tarantulas hunt prey in trees and some hunt on the ground.
All tarantulas can make silk.
They use silk to make shelters like tube tents in trees, to line burrows if they live on the ground, and they all use silk to wrap up prey before they eat it.
It is easy to see a tarantula turning around and around in one spot with the prey in its mouth, but it is hard to see the silk coming out because it is small in diameter (thickness) and transparent.
These spiders are found in warmer regions around the world.
Tarantulas' predators are normally big snakes or creatures such as the Tarantula Eating Wasp.
Defenses are camouflage and fangs.
International Societies
American Tarantula Society Headquarters
The British Tarantula Society
German Arachnologic Society
The Australian Tarantula Association
American Societies
SFBATS - San Francisco Bay Area Tarantula Society
N-TEC · Nebraska Tarantula Enthusiasts Club
MTTG · Middle Tennessee Tarantula Group
Tarantulas.us - Forums  - Tarantula Discussion Boards and Caresheets.
Arachnoboards - Arachnid discussion board
Tarantula care - Gallery of tarantulas and other arachnids.
Tarantulas.us - Gallery  - Photo gallery of tarantula's species.
How to Pick a tarantula and Care for a tarantula
Birdspiders.com - Rick C. West's Site.
Includes a gallery of tarantula pictures by species in alphabetical order.
Caresheets of several tarantula species
Information on tarantulas, scorpions, and other invertebrates
Stanley A. Schultz and Marguerite J. Schultz, "Common and scientific name correlations of the theraphosid tarantulas", University of Calgary
Tarantulas Photo Gallery Tarantula photos (Mexican Red Knee, Green Bottle Blue, Salmon Pink etc.)
The line between hunter-gatherers and other people is often not clear-cut.
Nomadic people often practice a mix of hunting, gathering and herding, and others spend some of their time in farming.
African Pygmies Culture and photos of these African hunter-gatherers.
Reconstructed bone flutes, sound sample and playing instructions.
A wiki dedicated to the scientific study of the diversity of foraging societies without recreating myths
How Our “Hunter Gatherer” DNA Is Making Us Fat Now
File formats are also known as file types.
A computer stores data in a computer file in the shape of a file format.
For example: images are stored in a different shape than music files.
There are, for example, more than five ways to store text as a file.
Two of the most known ways are: the plain .txt format and the simplest of the HTML formats.
The difference is that a .txt file can only store a sequence of characters but an HTML file can also store links to other files and the formatting of the text, for example whether the text is bold, underlined or italic (but usually HTML should say whether the text is very important, a link, or not very important; whether important text should be bold, italic or red is then specified using a file in a special format called CSS).
There is often a choice between saving a file in a simpler versus a more complex file format.
The simpler format will make a smaller file, but store less information.
The more complex file format will usually be a larger file and more difficult to use, but can store more information; sometimes a faster computer might be needed in order to use a more complex file format.
File formats made for commercial proprietary software are sometimes a secret, so that people who do not work in the company which made the proprietary software cannot use their own and others' files in the format without buying their software.
That action is called vendor lock-in, and can be used to make a monopoly.
Because of that, it is sometimes a crime.
Lascaux is the name given to a cave in the Vézère Valley of southwestern France.
The Lascaux cave is famous for its cave paintings.
There are a number of caves near the village of Montignac, in the Dordogne département.
One of these caves contains some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art.
Most of the paintings are realistic images of large animals.
Many of these animals are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time.
The site of Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979, under the name of the Vézère Valley.
Montignac is about  from Périgueux, and about  from Sarlat-la-Canéda
Unfortunately, none of the colors used in Lascaux are coal based.
Therefore, a direct dating of the paintings is not possible.
Despite this, Lascaux was one of the first sites where radiocarbon dating was used.
That way, the coal in the fireplaces was dated to about 17,000 years ago.
H.Breuil himself thought that the site was older, about 31.000 to 22.000 years old.
There are some disagreements about dating the site.
The paintings seem to date from 17,000 to 15,000 years ago.
Artifacts were also found in the cave, which seem to be older.
The original dating was to about 26,000 years ago.
All the paintings seem to have approximately the same age
No object has been found that would allow to date the paintings to 22,000 years or older
The tools that were found in the cave correspond to those used 17,000 to 15,000 years ago
All radiocarbon datings show an age of about 17,000 years, which corresponds to the findings above.
Discovery and problems
The caves were discovered on 12 September 1940.
By 1955, about 2000 people visited them every day.
In 1968, the original cave was closed to the public, and a system of air conditioning was installed.
The cave paintings were restored and  replicas of several paintings were created in other caves nearby, known as Lascaux II and Lascaux III.
Today, the original cave is no longer accessible to the public.
In 2000, another problem emerged: Certain kinds of fungi started to grow in the original cave.
These are extremely resistant to the usual fungicides used, even to formaldehyde.
The fungus lives in symbiosis with a bacterium which is capable of destroying the fungicide.
Therefore, the fungicide needs to be combined with an antibiotic to kill the bacterium as well.
As of 2006, the situation is more or less under control.
The original caves are now sprayed with the fungicide/antibiotic every fortnight.
Special workers need to clear the cave walls by hand, removing the mycelium which grows despite the treatment.
Archaeological sites in France
Sir Robert Charlton,  (born 11 October 1937) is a retired English footballer who played for the England national team.
He played over 600 times for Manchester United.
He also played for England over 100 times and scored more goals than any other player.
He played for England when they beat Germany in the World Cup final in 1966.
He is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time.
|1956/57||rowspan="17"|Manchester United||rowspan="17"|First Division||14||10||2||1||0||0||1||1||17||12
|1957/58||21||8||7||5||0||0||2||3||34||16
|1958/59||38||29||1||0||0||0||0||0||39||29
|1959/60||37||13||3||3||0||0||0||0||40||16
|1960/61||39||21||3||0||0||0||0||0||42||21
|1961/62||37||8||6||2||0||0||0||0||43||10
|1962/63||28||7||6||2||0||0||0||0||34||9
|1963/64||40||9||7||2||0||0||6||4||53||15
|1964/65||41||10||7||0||0||0||11||8||59||25
|1965/66||38||16||7||0||0||0||8||2||53||18
|1966/67||42||12||2||0||0||0||0||0||44||12
|1967/68||41||15||2||1||0||0||9||2||52||18
|1968/69||32||5||6||0||0||0||8||2||46||7
|1969/70||40||12||9||1||8||1||0||0||57||14
|1970/71||42||5||2||0||6||3||0||0||50||8
|1971/72||40||8||7||2||6||2||0||0||53||12
|1972/73||34||6||1||0||4||1||0||0||39||7
|1973/74||Preston North End||Second Division||38||8||4||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||45||10
|1974/75||Waterford United||Premier Division||31||18||||||||||||||31||18
|1958||6||6
|1959||8||6
|1960||8||6
|1961||9||6
|1962||8||1
|1963||9||6
|1964||9||2
|1965||5||2
|1966||15||6
|1967||4||2
|1968||8||3
|1969||8||1
|1970||9||2
Total||106||49
Sportspeople from Northumberland
Gary Lineker (born 30 November 1960) is an English retired footballer.
He has played for the English national team.
He scored 48 goals for the English national team.
He is now on television on the BBC on Match of the Day.
|1978/79||rowspan="7"|Leicester City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||7||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|1979/80||19||3||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||3
|1980/81||First Division||9||2||1||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||3
|1981/82||rowspan="2"|Second Division||39||17||5||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||47||19
|1982/83||40||26||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||43||26
|1983/84||rowspan="2"|First Division||39||22||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||22
|1984/85||41||24||4||3||3||2||colspan="2"|-||48||29
|1985/86||Everton||First Division||41||30||6||5||5||3||colspan="2"|-||52||38
|1986/87||rowspan="3"|Barcelona||rowspan="3"|La Liga||41||21||1||1||colspan="2"|-||8||0||50||22
|1987/88||36||16||5||2||colspan="2"|-||9||2||50||20
|1988/89||26||6||4||1||colspan="2"|-||8||4||38||11
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="3"|First Division||38||24||1||0||6||2||colspan="2"|-||45||26
|1990/91||32||15||6||3||5||1||colspan="2"|-||43||19
|1991/92||35||28||2||0||5||5||8||2||50||35
|1993||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||7||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|1994||11||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||3
|1985||9||6
|1986||10||8
|1987||7||9
|1988||10||3
|1989||9||3
|1990||15||8
|1991||11||10
|1992||8||1
Total||80||48
National Football Teams
English sports commentators
Sportspeople from Leicester
Geoff Hurst (born 8 December 1941) is an English retired professional footballer.
He was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire and moved to Chelmsford, Essex when he was eight.
He played football for West Ham United F.C. over 400 times.
He also played for the England national football team and scored a hat trick (three goals) in the 1966 World Cup final which England won 4–2.
|1959-60||rowspan="13"|West Ham United||rowspan="13"|First Division||3||0
|1960-61||6||0
|1961-62||24||1
|1962-63||27||13
|1963-64||37||14
|1964-65||42||17
|1965-66||39||23
|1966-67||41||29
|1967-68||38||19
|1968-69||42||25
|1969-70||39||16
|1970-71||39||15
|1971-72||34||8
|1972-73||rowspan="3"|Stoke City||rowspan="3"|First Division||38||10
|1973-74||35||12
|1974-75||35||8
|1975-76||West Bromwich Albion||Second Division||10||2
|1976||Seattle Sounders||North American Soccer League||24||9
|1966||11||7
|1967||6||2
|1968||6||2
|1969||8||7
|1970||11||3
|1971||6||3
Total||49||24
Sportspeople from Essex
Sportspeople from Lancashire
The parliament of Scotland had only one house (cf.
House of Commons, House of Lords) and was mentioned for the first time during the early thirteenth century, and the first meeting one knows of was in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II of Scotland.
The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates  the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament (), met until the Acts of Union in 1707.
K. M. Brown and R. J. Tanner, The History of the Scottish Parliament volume 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235-1560 (Edinburgh, 2004)
The Records of the Scottish Parliament, The complete acts and proceedings of the Scottish Parliament, General Council  and much other parliamentary material from 1235 to 1707.
The publication arose from the work of The Scottish Parliament Project
The First Scottish Parliament: the Middle Ages – 1707, Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliamentary Tradition, Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliament Project - The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, University of St Andrews
Scottish Parliament records , National Archives of Scotland
Scotland's powerful parliament , abstract of The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, Dr Roland Tanner, Tuckwell Press,
Original Scottish Parliament, The Scotsman
Coco Island is a tropical island.
The island covers .
It has two bays in the north.
It is  southwest of Costa Rica.
It was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997 for its animals and its beauty.
Today, the only people who live there are four national park guards who patrol the park.
Ships leave from Puntarenas, a port in the Pacific Ocean.
The island is one of the world's best diving spots.
It is famous for its massive schools of different fish, hammerhead sharks, manta rays, and whale sharks.
The island is also famous because of the legend about pirates.
It is said that this island was chosen by them to hide their treasures.
Many people have gone there to look for this hidden treasures but they didn’t find any.
The island has waterfalls, some of them  high.
There are also a few animals which were brought from other places because there are no native mammals.
Also some birds were brought.
The island has just one kind of butterfly and two lizard species.
The highest point, called Mount Iglesias, is  high.
Islands of Central America
World Heritage Sites in North America
Decoritidae is one of five families of the Gastriocerataceae superfamily.
They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.
Gastrioceratoidea is one of 17 superfamilies of the Goniatitina suborder.
Goniatitina is one of 2 suborders of the Goniatitida order.
(Sir) Alf Ramsey (22 January 1920 - 28 April 1999) was an English footballer and football manager.
He was born in 1920 and played for Southampton F.C. and Tottenham Hotspur F.C.  He also played for the England national football team 32 times and scored three goals.
Alf Ramsey was in charge of Ipswich Town F.C. for nearly ten years, Ipswich are the only team to win the First Division title in their first season in the top flight the season after winning the second division.
Ramsey then became manager of the England team.
He was manager when England beat Germany 4–2 in the World Cup final at Wembley Stadium.
He is the only England manager to win a World Cup.
|1946-47||rowspan="3"|Southampton||rowspan="3"|Second Division||23||1
|1947-48||42||5
|1948-49||25||2
|1949-50||rowspan="6"|Tottenham Hotspur||Second Division||41||4
|1950-51||rowspan="5"|First Division||40||4
|1951-52||38||5
|1952-53||37||6
|1953-54||37||2
|1954-55||33||3
|1948||1||0
|1950||9||0
|1951||7||1
|1952||7||0
|1953||7||2
Total||32||3
Qom is one of the 30 provinces of Iran with an area 11,237 km².
About 2 million people live in the Qom Province.
The capital of the province is Qom.
Kahak Cave
Vashnuh Cave
Howz e Soltan Salt Lake
Namak Great Salt Lake
Mar'ashi Najafi Library, with over 500,000 handwritten texts and copies.
Astaneh Moqaddaseh Museum
Qom Bazaar
Feyzieh Seminary
Jamkaran Mosque
Qom Jame' Mosque
Qom Atiq Mosque
A'zam Mosque
Shrine of Hazrat Masoumeh
Qom County (Persian: قم) is a county of the Qom Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Qom.
Markazi (Persian: استان مرکزی) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran.
The word markazi means central in Persian.
There are about 1,350,000 people living in the Markazi Province currently.
Official website of Markazi Governorship
Ashtian County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Ashtian.
Arak County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Arak.
Delijan County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Delijan.
Khomein County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Khomein.
Komeijan County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Komeijan.
Mahallat County (Persian: شهرستان محلات) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Mahallat.
Saveh County (Persian: شهرستان ساوه) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Saveh.
Shazand (Persian: شهرستان شازند) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Shazand.
Tafresh County (Persian: شهرستان تفرش) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Tafresh.
Zarandieh County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran.
The capital of the county is Zarandieh.
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction movie produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, and written by Melissa Mathison.
It follows the eponymous alien, who is stranded on Earth.
A boy and his family keep it hidden from the group of government agents, while bringing it home.
Released on June 11, 1982, by Universal Pictures, E.T. was an immediate blockbuster, surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing movie of all time—a record it held for 11 years until Jurassic Park, another Spielberg movie, surpassed it.
E.T. was widely acclaimed by critics and is considered to be one of the greatest movies of all time.
It was re-released in 1985, and again in 2002, to celebrate its 20th anniversary, with altered shots and additional scenes.
Henry Thomas as Elliott, a ten-year-old boy who forms a bond with E.T..
Robert MacNaughton as Michael, Elliott's brother.
Drew Barrymore as Gertie, Elliott's sister.
Dee Wallace as Mary, Elliott's mother.
She does not notice the alien's presence in her household.
Peter Coyote as "Keys", one of the government agents.
K. C. Martel, Sean Frye and C. Thomas Howell as Greg, Steve and Tyler, Michael's friends.
Erika Eleniak as the girl whom Elliott kisses.
Having worked with Cary Guffey on Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Spielberg felt confident in working with a cast of mostly child actors.
The major voice work for E.T. was Pat Welsh, an elderly woman who lived in Marin County, California.
Welsh smoked two packets of cigarettes a day, which gave her voice a quality that sound effects creator Ben Burtt liked.
Burtt also recorded 16 other people and various animals to create E.T.'s "voice".
These included Spielberg; Debra Winger; Burtt's sleeping wife, who had a cold; a burp from his USC movie professor; and raccoons, sea otters, and horses.
The movie was first shown at the closing gala of the 1982 Cannes Film Festival.
It started in the United States on June 11, 1982.
It opened at number one with a gross of $11 million.
The movie was re-released in 1985 and 2002.
The movie was nominated for nine Oscars at the 55th Academy Awards, including Best Picture.
Gandhi won that award, but its director, Richard Attenborough, declared "I was certain that not only would E.T. win, but that it should win.
It was inventive, powerful, [and] wonderful.
I make more mundane movies."
It won four Academy Awards: Best Original Score, Best Sound, Best Sound Effects Editing, and Best Visual Effects.
At the 40th Golden Globe Awards, the movie won Best Picture in the Drama category and Best Score; it was also nominated for Best Director, Best Screenplay, and Best New Male Star for Henry Thomas.
The Los Angeles Film Critics Association awarded the movie Best Picture, Best Director, and a "New Generation Award" for Melissa Mathison.
The movie won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Writing, Best Special Effects, Best Music, and Best Poster Art, while Henry Thomas, Robert McNaughton, and Drew Barrymore won Young Artist Awards.
Composer John Williams won a Grammy and a BAFTA for the score.
It was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.
In 1994, E.T. was selected to keep in the U.S. National Film Registry.
1982 drama movies
Sir Alexander Chapman Ferguson  (born 31 December 1941) is a retired Scottish footballer and retired manager.
He has managed St. Mirren, Aberdeen, and Manchester United.
He is considered one of the greatest football manager of all time, and has won more trophies than anyone else in the history of English football.
As a player, he played as a forward.
He play for multiple Scottish teams, including Dunfermline Athletic and Rangers.
After retiring from playing, he started managing at East Stirlingshire.
He would be hired by St Mirren, Aberdeen, and the Scotland national team, due to the death of Jock Stein.
He was the manager of Scotland at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.
In November 1986, he was appointed the manager of Manchester United.
He won 38 trophies with Manchester United, including 13 Premier Leagues, 5 FA Cups, 4 Football League Cups, 10 FA Community Shields, 2 UEFA Champions Leagues.
He would manage the team until his retirement in 2013.
Playing Career
He made his debut for Queen's Park at age 16.
He would score 20 goals in 31 games for Queens Park.
He joined St Johnstone in 1960 to try to get regular gametime.
He would score a hat-trick for St Johnstone against Rangers.
He signed for Dunfermline in 1964.
In the 1964-65 season, Dunfermline finished 3rd with 49 points.
They finished 1 point behind Hearts and Kilmarnock.
Ferguson was dropped for the 1964–65 Scottish Cup final.
In that final, Dunfermline lost 3-2 against Celtic.
He was the joint top scorer in the 1965–66 Scottish Division One season.
He and Joe McBride both scored 31 goals.
He joined Rangers in 1967, for a Scottish record of £65,000.
He would only spend 2 season at Rangers, before joning Falkirk in 1969.
He retired in 1974, after spending 1 season at Ayr United.
He scored 171 goals in 317 games throughout his career.
Managerial Career
Early career as manager
In June 1974, Ferguson became the manager of East Stirlingshire.
A year after that, St Mirren offered Ferguson the job as their manager.
Ferguson took the job.
In 1974, St Mirren were playing in the second division.
By 1978, Ferguson had led the club to the First Division title.
St Mirren fired Ferguson from his role in 1978.
Ferguson became Aberdeen manager in 1978.
At that time, Aberdeen had only won the league title once.
Ferguson was still a young manager.
His start with Aberdeen did not go very well.
Aberdeen lost the Scottish Cup semi-final and the Scottish League Cup final in his first season, and finished fourth in the league.
In the 1979-80 season, Aberdeen won the Scottish league.
In 1982, the team won the Scottish Cup.
As a result of winning the cup, Aberdeen played in the European Cup Winners' Cup the following season (1982-83).
Impressively, Aberdeen beat Bayern Munich on their way to the final.
They faced Real Madrid in the final.
Aberdeen won that game 2-1 and won the competition.
In the next season, Aberdeen beat the European Cup champions Hamburger SV to win the European Super Cup.
Aberdeen won the league title in 1983-84 and 1984-85 seasons and won a couple of domestic cups.
He left for Manchester United in November 1986.
On 6 November 1986, Manchester United appointed Ferguson as their manager.
The team was in the 21st position (out of 22) when he took over, but they finished 11th.
Manchester United finished second in the following season, 1987-88.
As a player
As a manager
Scottish Division Two: 1962–63
Scottish Division Two: 1969–70
Scottish Division One top scorer: 1965–66
Scottish First Division: 1976–77
Scottish Premier Division: 1979–80, 1983–84, 1984–85
Scottish Cup: 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86
Scottish League Cup: 1985–86
Drybrough Cup: 1980
European Cup Winners' Cup: 1982–83
European Super Cup: 1983
Premier League: 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13
FA Cup: 1989–90, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04
Football League Cup: 1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10
FA Charity/Community Shield: 1990 (shared), 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011
UEFA Champions League: 1998–99, 2007–08
European Cup Winners' Cup: 1990–91
European Super Cup: 1991
Intercontinental Cup: 1999
LMA Manager of the Decade: 1990s
LMA Manager of the Year: 1998–99, 2007–08, 2010–11, 2012–13
LMA Special Merit Award: 2009, 2011
Premier League Manager of the Season: 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13
Premier League Manager of the Month: August 1993, October 1994, February 1996, March 1996, February 1997, October 1997, January 1999, April 1999, August 1999, March 2000, April 2000, February 2001, April 2003, December 2003, February 2005, March 2006, August 2006, October 2006, February 2007, January 2008, March 2008, January 2009, April 2009, September 2009, January 2011, August 2011, October 2012
UEFA Manager of the Year: 1998–99
UEFA Team of the Year: 2007, 2008
Onze d'Or Coach of the Year: 1999, 2007, 2008
European Coach of the Year—Alf Ramsey Award: 2008
IFFHS World's Best Club Coach: 1999, 2008
IFFHS World's Best Coach of the 21st Century: 2012
Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year: 2000
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award: 1999
BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award: 1999
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award: 2001
World Soccer Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013
ESPN Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013
France Football 2nd Greatest Manager of All Time: 2019
FourFourTwo Greatest Manager of All Time: 2020
BBC Sports Personality Diamond Award: 2013
English Football Hall of Fame (Manager) : 2002
Scottish Football Hall of Fame: 2004
European Hall of Fame (Manager): 2008
FIFA Presidential Award: 2011
Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992–93 – 2001–02)
Manager of the Decade
Most Coaching Appearances (392 games)
Premier League 20 Seasons Awards (1992–93 – 2011–12)
Best Manager
FWA Tribute Award: 1996
PFA Merit Award: 2007
Premier League Merit Award: 2012–13
Mussabini Medal: 1999
Orders and special awards
Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE): 1985
Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE): 1995
Knight Bachelor (Kt.):
Freedom of the City of Aberdeen: 1999
Freedom of the City of Glasgow: 1999
Freedom of the City of Manchester: 2000
Freedom of the Borough of Trafford: 2013
Ferguson has received at least eight honorary degrees.
These Include:
Sir Alex Ferguson's Manchester United Managerial Record at mufcinfo.com
Scottish Football Hall of Fame profile
Aberdeen Manager profile at AFC Heritage Trust
Scottish football managers
The Tocharians were an ancient people who lived in the Tarim Basin.
They spoke an Indo-European language.
The region they live in was closer to the Far East than that of any other Indo-European-speaking regions.
Tocharian alphabet
Modern studies are developing a Tocharian dictionary
Mark Dickens, 'Everything you always wanted to know about Tocharian'
Mysterious Mummies of China  by Nova on Google Video
Now, people have been using it to refer to other aspects of technology.
It now covers many more fields of study than it has covered in the past.
Premechanical,
Mechanical,
Electromechanical, and
A. The Premechanical Age: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.
Writing and Alphabets—communication.
First humans communicated only through speaking and picture drawings.
3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq) devised cuneiform
Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols
The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.
Paper and Pens—input technologies.
Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay.
About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians write on the papyrus plant
around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based.
Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices.
Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books"
The Egyptians kept scrolls
Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together.
The First Numbering Systems.
Egyptian system:
The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom.
The first place value numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. in India who created a nine-digit numbering system.
Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed.
The First Calculators: The Abacus.
One of the very first information processors.
B. The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840
The First Information Explosion.
Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany)
Invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450.
The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers.
The first general purpose "computers"
Actually people who held the job title "computer: one who works with numbers."
Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's Machine.
C. The Electromechanical Age: 1840 – 1940.
The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period.
Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses.
The Beginnings of Telecommunication.
Voltaic Battery.
Late 18th century.
Telegraph.
Early 1800s.
Morse Code.
Developed in 1835 by Samuel Morse
Dots and dashes.
Telephone and Radio.
Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated.
These two events led to the invention of the radio
Electromechanical Computing
Herman Hollerith and IBM.Herman Hollerith (1860–1929) in 1880.
Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard University
Built the Mark I
Completed January 1942
8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used about 750,000 parts
D. The Electronic Age: 1940 – Present.
First Tries.
Early 1940s
Electronic vacuum tubes.
Eckert and Mauchly.
ENIAC, fixed, not stored, program
The First Stored-Program Computer(s)
Early 1940s, Mauchly and Eckert began to design the EDVAC - the Electronic Discreet Variable Computer.
John von Neumann's influential report in June 1945:
"The Report on the EDVAC"
British scientists used this report and outpaced the Americans.
Max Newman headed up the effort at Manchester University
Where the Manchester Mark I went into operation in June 1948--becoming the first stored-program computer.
Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at Cambridge University, completed the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) in 1949—two years before EDVAC was finished.
Thus, EDSAC became the first stored-program computer in general use (i.e., not a prototype).
The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC).
Late 1940s, Eckert and Mauchly began the development of a computer called UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
Remington Rand.
First UNIVAC delivered to Census Bureau in 1951.
But, a machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) went into action a few months before UNIVAC and became the world's first commercial computer.
The Four Generations of Digitalg Computing.
Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements.
Punch cards to input and externally store data.
Rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data and programs
Programs written in
Compiler language
Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic element.
AT&T's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s
Crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could be used in the design of a device called a transistor
Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage devices.
Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal storage technology.
High-level programming languages
e.g., FORTRAN and COBOL
Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punch cards as external storage devices.
Magnetic core internal memories began to give way to a new form, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) memory, which, like integrated circuits, used silicon-backed chips.
Advanced programming languages like BASIC developed.
The Fourth Generation (1979–Present).
Large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs and VLSICs)
Microprocessors that contained memory, logic, and control circuits (an entire CPU = Central Processing Unit) on a single chip.
Which allowed for home-use personal computers or PCs, like the Apple (II and Mac) and IBM PC.
Apple II released to public in 1977, by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs.
Initially sold for $1,195 (without a monitor); had 16k RAM.
First Apple Mac released in 1984.
IBM PC introduced in 1981.
Debuts with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)
Fourth generation language software products
e.g., VisiCalc, Lotus 1-2-3, dBase, Microsoft Word, and many others.
Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) for PCs arrive in early 1980s
MS Windows debuts in 1983.
Windows wouldn't take off until version 3 was released in 1990
Apple's GUI (on the first Mac) debuts in 1984.
Field of Study
A Bachelor of Information Technology (abbreviations BIT, BInfTech, B.Tech(IT) or BE(IT)) is an undergraduate academic degree that generally requires three to five years of study.
While the degree has a major focus on computers and technology, it differs from a Computer Science degree in that students are also expected to study management and information science, and there are reduced requirements for mathematics.
A degree in computer science can be expected to concentrate on the scientific aspects of computing, while a degree in information technology can be expected to concentrate on the business and communication applications of computing.
There is more emphasis on these two areas in the electronic commerce, e-business and business information technology undergraduate courses.
This is in contrast to a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology which is a bachelor's degree typically conferred after a period of three to four years of an undergraduate course of study in Information Technology (IT).
The degree itself is a Bachelor of Science with institutions conferring degrees in the fields of information technology and related fields.
Many employers require software developers or programmers to have a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science degree; however, those seeking to hire for positions such as network administrators or database managers would require a Bachelors of Science in Information Technology or an equivalent degree.
Graduates with an information technology background are able to perform technology tasks relating to the processing, storing, and communication of information between computers, mobile phones, and other electronic devices.
Information technology as a field emphasizes the secure management of large amounts of diverse information and its accessibility via a wide variety of systems both local and world-wide.
Search data center
A History of Information Technology and Systems
The coastal periphery was the home to some of the world's earliest known civilizations, with each of the three regions developing early civilizations around fertile river valleys.
The civilizations in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and China had much in common.
Therefore it is likely that they exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel.
Other aspects such as that of writing developed individually in each area.
Cities, states and then empires developed in these lowlands.
The steppe region had long been inhabited by nomads, and from the central steppes they could reach all areas of the Asian continent.
The earliest known expansion out of the steppe is that of the Indo-Europeans which spread their languages into the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and in the Tocharians to the borders of today's China.
The northern part of the continent was not accessible to the steppe nomads due to the dense forests and the tundra.
These areas had very few people.
The centre and periphery were kept separate by mountains and deserts.
The Caucasus, Himalaya, Karakum Desert, and Gobi Desert formed barriers that the steppe horsemen could only cross with difficulty.
The city dwellers were more advanced in civilisation but they could do little militarily to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe.
Because the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force the nomads who conquered states in China, India, and the Middle East were soon forced to adapt to the local societies.
Paleolithic
Alexander the Great conquered an area from Turkey to Pakistan in the 4th century BC.
The Roman Empire would later control parts of western Asia.
The Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian and Sassanian empires were based in ancient Persia.
Many ancient civilizations were influenced by the Silk Road, which connected China, India, the Middle East and Europe.
The Vedic religion and later Buddhism, which began in Southern Asia, were an important influence on South and East Asia.
The Islamic caliphate and other Islamic states took over the Middle East starting in the 7th century, and later expanded into India and Indonesia.
The Crusades would be fought from the 12th century, in Christian Europe's attempt to retake the Holy Land from the Muslims.
The Mongol Empire conquered a large part of Asia in the 13th century, an area extending from China to Europe.
The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire conquered most of the Indian subcontinent.
The Russian Empire began to expand into Asia from the 17th century, eventually taking control of much of Siberia and most of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century.
The Ottoman Empire controlled Turkey and the Middle East from the 16th century onwards.
In the 17th century, the Manchu conquered China and established the Qing Dynasty, although this was in decline by the nineteenth century and had been overthrown in 1912.
Several European powers had control of other parts of Asia by the 1900s, such as British India, French Indochina and Portuguese Macau and Goa.
Russia and Britain struggled for power in the Central Asian region in the nineteenth century.
The Trans-Siberian Railway that crossed Asia by train was complete by 1916.
Parts of Asia remained free from European control, although not influence, such as Persia, Thailand and most of China.
In the twentieth century, Imperial Japan expanded into China, Korea and Southeast Asia during the Second World War.
After the war, many Asian countries became independent from European powers.
During the Cold War, the northern parts of Asia were communist controlled with the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China, while western allies formed pacts such as CENTO and SEATO.
Conflicts such as the Korean War, Vietnam War and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan were fought between communists and anti-communists.
In the decades after the Second World War, a massive restructuring plan drove Japan to become the world's second-largest economy, a phenomenon known as the Japanese post-war economic miracle.
The Arab-Israeli conflict has dominated much of the recent history of the Middle East.
After the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, there were many new independent nations in Central Asia.
History by country
History of Iraq
History of Mesopotamia
History of the Levant
History of Palestine
History of Anatolia
History of the Republic of Turkey
History of South Asia
History of the Republic of India
History of South India
History of Assam
History of West Bengal
History of the Punjab
Historical regions of Pakistan
History of Sindh
History of Balochistan
History of Afghania
History of Mehrgarh
History of the Indus Valley
History of Kashmir
History of Khalistan
History of East Bengal
History of East Pakistan
History of Sikkim
History of Bhutan
History of Tibet
History of Myanmar
History of the Maldives
History of East Asia
History of Hong Kong
History of Macau
History of Russian Far East
History of Ryukyu Islands
History of Siberia
History of Vladivostok
History of Central Asia
History of Tajikistan
History of Kazakhstan
History of Kyrgyzstan
History of Uzbekistan
History of Turkmenistan
History of Southeast Asia
History of Cambodia
History of Laos
History of Malaysia
History of Thailand
Generally, a periphery is a boundary or outer part of any space or body.
It is derived from the Greek word , meaning a circumference or outer surface.
In biology, the periphery of the body is the part that is away from the central or core regions.
For example, the peripheral nervous system is distinct from the central nervous system.
See also peripheral membrane protein.
Peripheral vision is that part of visual perception that occurs in the periphery, i.e., near the edges, of the field of view.
A computer peripheral is added to a host computer in order to expand its abilities.
For peripheral submanifolds in mathematics, see boundary parallel.
The Periphery includes nations that are not core countries -  capitalist or industrialized nations.
See Immanuel Wallerstein, Third World.
The 13 peripheries of Greece are subnational subdivisions of that country, equivalent to regions.
In the fictional universe of BattleTech, the Periphery is the region of interstellar space.
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a six-question two-day math competition for students that have not yet gone to college and are under 20 years old.
Any country may take part in it by sending a team of six students to compete.
The IMO has been held every year since 1959.
It takes place in a different country (which is called the "host country") from year to year.
However, it is often seen that this competition is dominated by the US and China.
The list (below) shows for each team: the sum of how many contestants there have been since the first time the competition was held.
The list also shows how many awards have been given to members of a team:
Other countries have had teams in competition:
Angola, since 2019
Benin, since 2009
Brunei, since 2000
Dominican Republic, since 2019
Gambia, since 2014
Jamaica, since 2016
Kenya, since 2016
Laos, since 2016
Madagascar, since 2016
Mauritania, since 2009
Mozambique, since 2004
Oman, since 2020
Rwanda, since 2021
Northern Cyprus, since 1993
United Arab Emirates, since 2008
Mathematics competitions
Edmund Strother "Ned" Phelps, Jr. is an American economist.
He was born on July 26, 1933 in Evanston, Illinois.
He was given the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
He is best known for his work on economic growth at Yale University's Cowles Foundation in the 1960s.
This includes the idea of the Golden Rule savings rate, which is about how much money should be spent and how much should be saved for the future.
Some of his best work is on microeconomics of full employment and how prices affect wages.
Part of this work is about the natural rate of unemployment.
Phelps has been the McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University since 1982.
His Nobel Prize award was announced on October 9, 2006.
He received the award on his own, breaking the recent pattern of awarding the prize to two or more winners at the same time.