the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The island came into the news after U.S. high school student Natalee Holloway disappeared on a graduation trip on May 30, 2005.
Today, some refer to Aruba as "One Happy Island".
Aruba is a generally flat, riverless island.
It is in the southern part of the Caribbean Sea.
The western and southern beaches have white sandy beaches.
They are generally protected from the ocean currents.
This is one of the reasons Aruba is a popular tourist location.
Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands.
Collectively, Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean.
Aruba has no administrative subdivisions.
For census purposes, it is divided into eight regions.
Its capital is Oranjestad.
The Caribbean Netherlands are special municipalities ('public body') of the Netherlands (see :Category:Municipalities of the Netherlands) and consists of:
The Netherlands Antilles doesn't exist anymore and were made up of the six above mentioned Caribbean islands.
Kill Bill is an American crime movie directed by Quentin Tarantino.
It was released in two parts; Volume 1 and Volume 2.
In most countries it is rated for adult viewing only because of extreme violence and profanity.
Sonny Chiba as Hanzō Hattori
Movies directed by Quentin Tarantino
Martial arts movies
Andalusia () is the first in population among the 17 Autonomous communities in Spain and the second in area.
The territory is divided into eight provinces: Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Seville.
Its capital is the city of Seville (Spanish: Sevilla).
Andalusia is in the south of the Iberian peninsula, just to the south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar.
The small British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar shares a land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar.
The name Andalusia is the modern version of the Arabic language Al-Andalus (الأندلس), name used by the Muslim Moors for all of the territory of the Iberian Peninsula under their control.
During that period, northern Iberian Peninsula was controlled by Christian kings and the southern Iberian Peninsula was controlled by Moors.
In 711 CE, the Moors invaded the Iberian Peninsula, then controlled by Christians of Visigothic origin.
By 719 the Moors conquered all of the peninsula except for a small area in the northern Pyrenees Mountains.
The Moors used the name Al-Andalus for all of the territory of the Iberian Peninsula under their control.
Christians in the north waged war for more than seven centuries against the Moors, gradually taking over more and more of the southern areas.
This process of war is called the Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word meaning "to conquest again").
In the year 1492 under Spanish Inquisition, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain retook the last stronghold in the southern area at Granada.
In that same year, the majority Muslim Moors and Sephardi Jews were forced to leave Spain, other who want stay in Andalusia got baptized and became Catholic Christians.
The Andalusian coat of arms shows the figure of Hercules and two lions between the two pillars of Hercules that tradition puts on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar.
The words below read Andalucía por sí, para España y la Humanidad ("Andalusia by herself, for Spain and Humanity").
Over the two columns is an arch in the colors of the flag of Andalusia, with the Latin words Dominator Hercules Fundator.
The official flag of Andalusia has three equal horizontal stripes, colored green, white, and green respectively; the Andalusian coat of arms is on the central stripe.
It was approved in a meeting in 1918 of Andalusian nationalists at Ronda, a city in the province of Málaga.
The anthem of Andalusia was composed by José del Castillo Díaz with lyrics by Blas Infante.
The music was inspired by Santo Dios, a religious folk song sung at harvest time by peasants.
The national holiday, the Día de Andalucía, is celebrated on 28 February.
Andalusia is one of the 17 Spanish autonomous communities and is in the southwestern region of the European Union.
It has a surface area of , 17.3 percent of the territory of Spain.
By area, it is the second Spanish autonomous community.
Andalusia has the Iberian peninsula's highest mountains and nearly 15 percent of its terrain over .
The picture is similar for areas under  (with the Baetic Depression), and for the variety of slopes.
The Atlantic coast is mostly beach and gradually sloping coasts; the Mediterranean coast has many cliffs.
These differences divide the region naturally into Upper Andalusia (two mountainous areas) and Lower Andalusia (the broad basin of the Guadalquivir).
The Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile–La Mancha on Spain's Meseta Central.
Although few people live there, this is not a particularly high range.
The Baetic Cordillera consists of the parallel mountain ranges of the Cordillera Penibética near the Mediterranean coast and the Cordillera Subbética to the north.
The Cordillera Subbética is quite discontinuous, offering many passes that facilitate transportation, but the Penibético forms a strong barrier between the Mediterranean coast and the interior.
The Sierra Nevada, part of the Cordillera Penibética in the Province of Granada, has the highest peaks in the Iberian peninsula: Mulhacén at  and Veleta at .
Lower Andalusia or valley of the Guadalquivir is between these two mountainous areas.
It is a nearly flat territory, open to the Atlantic Ocean in the southeast.
Throughout history, this has been the part of Andalusia where there are more people.
Rainfall decreases from west to east.
The place in Andalusia with the highest rainfall is in the Sierra de Grazalema ( per year) and the driest place is Cabo de Gata, the place with the least amount of rainfall in Europe with only  of rain per year.
The average temperature in Andalusia throughout the year is over .
Averages in the cities range from  in Baeza to  in Málaga.
Much of the Guadalquivir valley and the Mediterranean coast has an average of about .
The coldest month is January when Granada at the foot of the Sierra Nevada experiences an average temperature of .
The hottest are July and August, with an average temperature of  for Andalusia as a whole.
Córdoba is the hottest provincial capital, followed by Seville.
The mountain ranges are cooler than the plains and have a higher rainfall with some snow in winter.
The Sierra Nevada, above , is snow covered for most of the year.
Andalusia has rivers that flow into both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean.
Flowing to the Atlantic are the Guadiana, Odiel-Tinto, Guadalquivir, Guadalete, and Barbate.
Flowing to the Mediterranean are the Guadiaro, Guadalhorce, Guadalmedina, Guadalfeo, Andarax (also known as the Almería) and Almanzora.
Of these, the Guadalquivir is the longest in Andalusia and fifth longest on the Iberian peninsula, at .
Andalusia consists of eight provinces.
Each of the Andalusian provinces bears the same name as its capital:
The Andalusians are the inhabitants of Andalusia of the southern region in Iberian Peninsula.
Traditional male circumcision is usually performed.
They are generally considered an ethnically distinct peoples because of the two of the most important markers of distinctiveness: their own language and an awareness of a presumed common origin.
Andalusian is said to be a distinct dialect of Spanish, according to the Andalusian nationalism.
The Andalusians have a rich culture which includes the famous flamenco style of music and dance, even though it was adopted by the Spanish Caló who have changed it and monopolized into their own culture.
Joseph O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain, 1975, Cornell University Press.
Official portal
Official Tourism Website of Andalusia
1981 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Spain
Granada is a Spanish city, capital of the province of Granada, in Andalusia.
With 233,000 inhabitants, it is an important artistic and cultural center.
The city has many famous monuments, such as the Alhambra, the Cathedral, the Alcaiceria, and the Corral del Carbon.
It is near Sierra Nevada, the highest mountain range in Spain, in the valley where the Genil and Darro rivers meet.
The Darro runs through the Albaicin and the Sacromonte, two charming historical areas of the city.
Realejo
Realejo is where the Jewish people of Granada lived for hundreds of years.
In 1492, Isabella of Castile forced the Jewish people of Granada to leave Spain.
Now, it is known for its street art and food.
Cartuja
Cartuja is named after an old monastery in this district.
The area also contains many buildings that are part of the University of Granada.
Bib-Rambla
This district is named after a big, important gate built by the Nasrid dynasty.
The name means "Gate of the Ears."
Bib-Rambla is in the middle of the city, and it has many important landmarks like the Cathedral.
Sacromonte
The Sacromonte is in the northern half of Granada, near the Albaicin.
It is famous for the Romani people that have lived there.
It has many houses made from caves dug into the hill.
It is famous for flamenco dancing, as well as its views of the Alhambra.
Albaicin
The Albaicin is one of the oldest areas of Granada.
In fact, before the city of Granada, there was an older city here called Elvira.
Like the Sacromonte, it is famous for its views of the Alhambra.
Zaidin
Zaidin is an area in the far south of Granada.
It has the most people of any district in Granada.
Detailed information about the Alhambra
Website of the Granada Tourist Office
Granada Local Tourist Guide
Photos of Granada
International Students Community
More interesting information about the Alhambra
Cadiz is a Spanish city, capital of the Province of Cadiz, in Andalusia.
It is the southernmost capital in the Iberian Peninsula.
The population is 130,000, but it is the centre of a metropolitan area, the Bay of Cadiz, with more than 500,000 inhabitants.
Cadiz is known for its attractive beaches where many nautical sports can be practiced.
This is possible thanks to the excellent climate all year round.
It is one of the oldest cities in Western Europe and it used to be one of the most imporant Spanish ports during the Spanish Golden Age and the Age of Discovery.
Mérida () is the capital of Extremadura, an autonomous community in Spain.
It has 55,000 inhabitants and is an important Roman center, with the theatre and the bridge over the Guadiana river.
Mérida,  Venezuela
Mérida, Mexico
Mérida, Philippines
Roman Art National Museum
Pictures of Roman Mérida
Photos of Mérida: Roman monuments and other views of the city
Cities in Extremadura
Municipalities in Extremadura
Cuenca is a Spanish city, capital of the Cuenca province, in Castile-La Mancha.
Around 50,000 are living there.
It is famous for its monuments: The hanging houses, the Cathedral and other churches.
It is located over the Jucar river, near the Serrania of Cuenca.
The Balearic Islands (officially and in Catalan Illes Balears) are an autonomous community of Spain, formed by the Balearic Islands province.
The main Balearic islands are Mallorca (also called in English Majorca), Minorca, Eivissa or Ibiza, and Formentera.
The capital is Palma de Mallorca, and other cities are Mahon, Ibiza, Inca, Ciutadella, and Calvia.
Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American movie, stage, television, radio, and voice actor.
He was the head of a family of actors: son Peter, daughter Jane, granddaughter Bridget and grandson Troy Garity.
He has won an Academy Award.
Fonda starred in movies including The Grapes of Wrath (1940), 12 Angry Men (1957), Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) and Yours, Mine and Ours (1968).
His last performance was in 1981's On Golden Pond.
Fonda was born on May 16, 1905 in Grand Island, Nebraska.
He studied at the University of Minnesota.
He was married to Margaret Sullavan from 1931 until they divorced in 1932.
Then he was married to Frances Ford Seymour from 1936 until her death in 1950.
Then he was married to Susan Blanchard from 1950 until they divorced in 1956.
Then he was married to Afdera Franchetti from 1957 until they divorced in 1961.
Then he was last married to Shirlee Mae Adams from 1965 until his death in 1982.
Fonda died on August 12, 1982 from heart disease in Los Angeles, California.
He was 77.
Tribute Site - full of pictures
Fonda family tree
There are fifty parts of Spain called provinces.
Spain-related lists
Cartagena is a city in the Region of Murcia, in Spain.
In the south of the region, at the Mediterranean Sea.
The population of the city is 205,000 and it is an industrial centre.
Cartagena was founded by the Carthaginese as "Qart Hadasht" and the name means New City.
Cities in the Region of Murcia
Municipalities in the Region of Murcia
Palermo is an Italian city.
It is the capital and largest city of Sicily.
It has 720,000 people, with more than 1,000,000 in the metropolitan area.
It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate.
The city started as a colony of Phoenicia.
It was later Roman -for a century Islamic- and Norman and part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
After Italian unification Palermo grew rapidly.
The city was bombed heavily in 1942 and 1943.
Bosnia and Herzegovina or Bosnia-Herzegovina (locally: Bosna i Hercegovina/Босна и Херцеговина, most commonly abbreviated as BiH/БиХ) is a country in Southeastern Europe, with an area of 51,197 km2 and 4,600,000 people.
Countries around Bosnia and Herzegovina are Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro.
The capital is Sarajevo, and other important cities are Banja Luka, Mostar, Zenica and Tuzla.
The first state in Bosnia and Herzegovina was in the Middle Ages.
During the Ottoman Empire, it was a very important province in the Balkans and the capital, Sarajevo, had 100,000 people.
In 1878, it became a province of Austria-Hungary when the Empire took over Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908.
In 1914 the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, were assassinated in Sarajevo, leading to World War I. From 1918 until 1992, the country was a part of the former Yugoslavia.
After a  3-year long war, Bosnia and Herzegovina proclaimed independence as a country consisting mostly of Serbs, Croats and Bosnian Muslims.
The country is divided into two entities: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska.
These are then divided into 10 cantons.
This is a list of the ten largest towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Only Sarajevo and Banja Luka have more than 200,000 people.
Bosnia and Herzegovina has produced many athletes.
Many of them were famous in the Yugoslav national teams before Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence.
The Bosna basketball club from Sarajevo were European Champions in 1979.
The Yugoslav national basketball team medaled in every world championship from 1963 through 1990.
The team included Bosnian players such as Dražen Dalipagić and Mirza Delibašić.
Bosnia and Herzegovina regularly qualifies for the European Championship in Basketball.
Jedinstvo Aida women's basketball club, based in Tuzla, has won the 1989 European Championships in Florence.
Bosnia has many world-class basketball players, notably Mirza Teletović, the first Bosnian in the NBA.
Among others are, Elmedin Kikanović, Nihad Đedović, Ognjen Kuzmić, Jusuf Nurkić, Nedžad Sinanović, and Nemanja Mitrović.
The Bosnian chess team has been Champion of Yugoslavia seven times.
In addition the club ŠK Bosna Sarajevo won four Chess Club Cup : 1994 in Lyon, 1999 in Bugojno, 2000 in Neum, and 2001 in Kallithea Elassonos.
Chess grandmaster Borki Predojević has also won European Championships: Under-12 years Litochoro (Greece) in 1999, and Under-14 years Kallithea Elassonos (Greece) in 2001, and in 2003 won World Championship Under-16 years Halkidiki (Greece).
Middle-weight boxer Marijan Beneš has won several Championships of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslav Championships and the European Championship.
In 1978 he won the World Title against Elisha Obed from the Bahamas.
Another middle-weight boxer, Anton Josipović won the Olympic Gold in Los Angeles, 1984.
He also won Yugoslav Championship in 1982, the Championship of the Balkans in 1983, and the Belgrade Trophy in 1985.
Association football is the most popular sport in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
It dates from 1903, but its popularity grew significantly after World War I. At the local level, FK Sarajevo (1967 and 1984), Željezničar (1972) have both won the Yugoslav Championship.
The former Yugoslav national football team has included a number of Bosnian players, such as Josip Katalinski, Blaž Slišković, Dušan Bajević, Enver Marić, Mehmed Baždarević, Ivica Osim, Safet Sušić, Vahidin Musemić and Mirsad Fazlagić.
Today, the team of Bosnia and Herzegovina has modern footballers like Edin Džeko, Zvjezdan Misimović, Vedad Ibišević, Emir Spahić, Asmir Begović, Miralem Pjanić, Sejad Salihović, Senad Lulić and others.
The independent Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team has not qualified for a European or World Championship but has played twice in the play-off stages.
Bosnian national teams have struggled to draft the best national players.
Many players born in Bosnia and Herzegovina choose to play for other countries because of their ethnic identification.
For example, Nikica Jelavić and Vedran Ćorluka were both born in Bosnia and Herzegovina but play for Croatia.
Other internationally famous players from Bosnia and Herzegovina, who have made similar choices, are: Dejan Lovren, Mladen Petrić, Mario Stanić, Neven Subotić, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Marko Marin, Boris Živković, Zlatko Junuzović, Savo Milošević, and Zdravko Kuzmanović.
Bosnia and Herzegovina was the world champion of volleyball at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics.
Many among those on the team lost their legs in the Bosnian War.
Bosnian cuisine uses many spices, in moderate quantities.
Most dishes are light, as they are cooked in lots of water.
The sauces are fully natural, with little more than the natural juices of the vegetables in the dish.
Typical ingredients include tomatoes, potatoes, onions, garlic, peppers, cucumbers, carrots, cabbage, mushrooms, spinach, zucchini, dried beans, fresh beans, plums, milk, paprika and cream called Pavlaka.
Bosnian cuisine is balanced between Western and Eastern influences.
As a result of the Ottoman administration for almost 500 years, Bosnian food is closely related to Turkish, Greek, and other former Ottoman and Mediterranean cuisines.
However, because of years of Austrian rule, there are many influences from Central Europe.
Typical meat dishes include mostly beef and lamb.
Some local specialties are ćevapi, burek, dolma, sarma, pilaf, goulash, ajvar and a whole range of Eastern sweets.
Local wines come from Herzegovina where the climate is suitable for growing grapes.
Herzegovinian loza (similar to Italian Grappa but less sweet) is very popular.
Plum or apple alcohol beverages are made in the north.
In the south, distilleries used to produce vast quantities of brandy.
Brandy is the base of most alcoholic drinks.
Coffeehouses, where Bosnian coffee is served in džezva with rahat lokum and sugar cubes, are in many places in Sarajevo and every city in the country.
Coffee drinking is a favorite Bosnian pastime and part of the culture.
Bosnians are believed to be some of the heaviest coffee drinkers in the world.
A black bass is a type of fresh water fish.
The black basses are found throughout a large area east of the Rocky Mountains in North America, from the Hudson Bay basin in Canada to northeastern Mexico.
Several species, notably the Largemouth and Smallmouth, have been very widely introduced throughout the world.
Black bass of all species are highly sought-after game fish, and bass fishing is an extremely popular sport.
These fish are well known as strong fighters, and taste good.
Description (by species)
The Largemouth bass is a fish which generally has greenish to brownish sides with a dark line which goes from the head to the tail.
It's the largest member of the sunfish family.
The upper jaw of a largemouth bass extends back beyond the eye.
The Smallmouth bass (also called the bronzeback, brownie, and smallie) is generally brown with red eyes.
It has dark brown vertical bands, rather than a horizontal band along the side.
There are 13–15 soft rays in the dorsal fin.
The upper jaw of smallmouth bass extends to the middle of the eye.
The Spotted bass (or Kentucky bass) resembles the largemouth bass in coloring, but has a smaller mouth.
The upper jaw of spotted bass extends to the front of the eye.
Black bass are found in running and still waters, with or without aquatic vegetation (plants that live in water).
they need food and some form of cover.
Generally, they can tolerate a wide range of water clarities and bottom types.
Most prefer water temperatures from 20 to 30°C, and are often found at depths less than 20 feet.
Smallmouth prefer clear water and usually like deeper water than Largemouth.
Feeding habits
The feeding habits of bass change with its size.
Young fish mainly feed on microscopic animals (plankton).
Fingerling bass eat insects and small fishes.
Adult bass will eat whatever is available, including fish, crabs, frogs, salamanders, snakes, mice, turtles, and even birds.
Age and growth - Growth rates are highly variable with differences attributed mainly to their food supply and length of growing season.
Female bass live longer than males and are much more likely to reach trophy size.
By age two or three, females grow much faster than male bass.
At five years of age females may be twice the weight of males.
The oldest bass from Florida whose age has been determined by fisheries' biologists was 16 years of age.
Sporting qualities
The largemouth bass is a very popular fresh water game fish.
Much of its popularity is due to its aggressive attitude and willingness to strike a bait with explosive force.
They can be caught with almost every bait.
The value of the largemouth as a sport fish has prompted a movement toward catch and release fishing.
Economic impact
Sport fishing for Black bass, particularly largemouth and smallmouth, has seen extraordinary growth in popularity.
In Texas alone, fishermen spent $28 billion on equipment, licenses and fishing trips in 1996.
That same year Texas sport fishing was responsible for creating 80,000 jobs and brought in over $180 million to the state in taxes.
Many talented fishermen have turned the sport of bass fishing into a business by becoming a professional and competing in tournaments.
Kevin VanDam is the top-rated money winner in professional bass fishing, having earned more than $5.6 million.
Centrarchidae
The Reinheitsgebot is a regulation about the purity of beer.
The regulation started in Ingolstadt, in Bavaria, in Germany, in 1516.
It says what can be part of beer, and what can not.
Beer may only contain water, barley, and hops.
It gives a price to beer.
This is important for taxation.
The price is set to 1-2 Pfennigs per Maß.
Some people talk about the Bavarian Reinheitsgebot, or the German Reinheitsgebot.
They all mean the same thing.
There are similar acts in the other states which later became known as Germany.
The Reinheitsgebot is no longer part of German law.
It has been replaced by the Provisional German Beer Law
, which allows things prohibited in the Reinheitsgebot, such as wheat malt and cane sugar, but which no longer allows unmalted barley.
Yeast was not a part of beer until Louis Pasteur discovered what it did during fermentation.
This was around the year 1800.
Brewers (the people brewing beer) usually re-used some of the sediments of the fermentation.
They took some sediments of an older brew and added those sediments to the next brew.
Hops were added as a method of preservation (to stop the beer going bad quickly).
Hops were allowed to stop other things (like adding certain mushrooms to the beer, which was done in the Middle Ages) being done to preserve beer.
Other herbs, like stinging nettles had been used.
The stinging nettle is part of the same plant family as hops.
A brewer who broke the Reinheitsgebot was punished: The beer barrels were taken by the state and destroyed and he/she did not receive any money for the loss.
Even today, many brewers are proud of the Reinheitsgebot; most German breweries say they follow it.
Some only use it as a marketing tool.
The ''Reinheitsgebot' says that beer is made of barley, so all wheat beers were not allowed by the original Reinheitsgebot).
Belgian beers are different.
The brewers often add sugar (to boost fermentation).
Nevertheless, Belgian beers have a brewing tradition at least as long as those of Germany.
They taste totally different from the German ones.
Beer-related culture
A Maß or Mass is an old unit of measurement of liquid.
Literally translated, it means mass.
It is equal to 1.069 litre.
Today, it is only used for measuring quantities of beer (one litre).
Beer is usually served as 0.2 or 0.3 l (small beer) or as 0.5 l (big beer), but at some occasions (like the Oktoberfest) and some places it is also served as a Maß.
Usually this Maß is served in special mugs.
These used to be made of ceramics, especially clay.
During the 19th and 20th centuries most were replaced by ones made of glass.
Old units of measurement
The wolverine or glutton (Gulo gulo) is the largest member of the Mustelidae family (the weasels).
It is a stocky and muscular carnivore, more like a small bear than other mustelids.
The wolverine, a solitary animal, has a reputation for ferocity, and can kill prey many times larger than itself.
It is a powerful and versatile predator and scavenger.
There is a clear difference between two subspecies: the Old World form Gulo gulo gulo and the New World form G. g. luscus.
The male is about  tall, the female .
Their length ranges from  (female) to  (male) and they reach a weight of around .
Their tail measures about .
Their brown fur protects them from the extremely cold temperatures and their big feet enable them to walk on top of snow.
Wolverines live primarily in isolated arctic and alpine regions of northern Canada, Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia.
they are also native to European Russia, the Baltic countries, northeast China and Mongolia.
In 2008 and 2009, wolverines were sighted as far south as the Sierra Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, for the first time since 1922.
They are also found in low numbers in the Rocky Mountains and northern Cascades of the United States, and have been sighted as far south and east as Michigan.
However, most New World wolverines live in Canada.
Wolverines feed on almost every type of food that they can find: mice, rats, birds, bird eggs, reindeer and other large prey.
Wolverines prefer to hunt larger prey in winter, when the snow slows down the prey and gives the wolverine an advantage.
Wolverines are highly territorial.
Wolverines reproduce every two or three years.
The female gives birth to one to three young (called kits) in a tunnel called a den deep underneath snowdrifts.
Humans are the wolverine’s main enemy.
The wolverine’s thick, warm fur is used to manufacture the trim of a parka's hood or other winter clothes, as the dense guard hairs do not collect frost.
In February 2013, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service proposed giving Endangered Species Act protections to the wolverine largely because climate change (global warming) is whittling away its wintry habitat in the northern Rockies.
Wolverines have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell, they can smell prey 20 feet under the snow.
The German battleship Bismarck was built by Nazi Germany.
It was one of the most famous and recognized warships of World War II.
It sailed for just one mission, known as Operation "Rheinübung".
Its construction began on 1 July 1936 in a shipyard in Hamburg, Germany.
The ship was launched on 14 February 1940.
The Bismarck class battleship was the largest type of battleship built by any European power.
Her sister ship Tirpitz was the second in this class.
The Bismarck and Tirpitz were planned in the mid 1930's by the German Kriegsmarine to counter France and its own naval expansion.
Construction began in 1936 and were supposed to fall within the 35,000 long ton limit as imposed by the Washington regime and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement during the Interwar period.
Both of them secretly ignored the limits but before it's completion, the agreement and the treaty fell apart due to Japan's withdrawal in 1937.
Bismarck weighed 41,700t (long tons) and 50,300 t (49,500 long tons) when fully loaded and had a overall length of 251m (823 ft 6in) which was the largest built than any other European power until HMS Vanguard after the war.
Bismarck had a top speed of 30.01 knots (55.58 km/h; 34.53 mph) during trials and had a max distance of 16,430 km (10,210 mi) without refuels.
Bismarck had a crew of 2000-2200 and had them divided into twelve divisions of 180-200 per division and half of them were assigned to main and secondary weaponry while the other half were support crew. (
Cooks, Radio Operators) The Bismarck had an armament of eight 38cm (15in) guns, twelve 15cm (5.9in) guns, sixteen 10.5cm (4.1in) guns, sixteen 3.7 (1.5in) guns, and twelve 2cm (0.79in) guns.
Bismarck's main belt had a thickness of 320mm (12.6in) and was additionally covered with upper and main armor deck ranging from 50mm to 120mm ( 2in to 4.7in ) while the turret faces were protected by 360mm (14.2in) fronts while the sides were 220mm (8.7in) thick.
Operation "Rheinübung"
On 5th May 1941 Hitler started Operation Rheinübung to sever Britain's lifeline which consisted of merchant ships bringing vital supplies such as food and raw materials.
If this lifeline was cut  Britain would be forced to either sue for peace, negotiate an armistice or leave the British Isles.
The goal of Rheinübung was to break into the Atlantic ocean and attack allied merchant ships transporting essential goods.
German Naval Command (OKM) established a network of tankers and supply ships around the area Bismarck and Prinz Eugen sailed.
Britain knew Nazi Germany was going to attack these supply lines and stationed multiple battlecruisers, aircraft carriers, and battleships.
Battle of Denmark Strait
At 05:45 24th of May, German lookouts spotted smoke in the distance which turned out to be from two of the Royal Navy's ships called HMS Hood and HMS Prince of Wales.
At 05:52 Hood opened fire at what they thought was Bismarck but instead of Prinz Eugen while Prince of Wales fired on Bismarck.
Both Prince of Wales and Hood attacked Bismarck and Prinz Eugen head on only allowing them to use their front guns while Bismarck and Prinz Eugen could fire with all their weaponry.
After several minutes of shelling, Hood turned 20° left to use its rear turrets and after a minute of firing, Prinz Eugen scored a hit on Hood causing an ammunition fire which was quickly extinguished.
Bismarck fired three salvos which caused it to find the range to Hood and the order to rapid-fire was given.
Hood turned 20° to the left again to make itself parallel with Bismarck and Prinz Eugen.
Prinz Eugen shifted its fire towards Prince of Wales to keep both British ships under fire and scored a couple of hits on Wales.
Prinz Eugen was ordered to move behind Bismarck to keep track of Norfolk and Suffolk.
At 06:00 Hood was completing her second turn to the left when Bismarck's salvo hit.
Two of the shells landed short while one of the shells struck Hood's thin deck armor and caused 112 t ( 110 long tons ) of  ammo to explode causing Hood to split in half in only eight minutes and only three out of 1149 crew survived.
After the sinking of Hood, Bismarck redirected its fire towards Prince of Wales and hit Wales directly in the bridge killing all but 3 officers and was still being fired upon and guns were malfunctioning on the new battleship and after scoring a bunch of ineffective hits on Bismarck, the order was given to retreat at 06:13
After the engagement, Bismarck’s commander reported that Hood sunk and another battleship thinking it was King George V or Renown escaped but was damaged and transmitted a damage report along with his intentions to let Prinz Eugen detach and head to Saint-Nazaire for repairs.
Prinz Eugen reported that Bismarck was leaking oil and an hour later a British plane reported the oil slick to Suffolk and Norfolk which was joined by a damaged Prince of Wales.
Winston Churchill ordered all ships in the area to join in the pursuit against Prinz Eugen and Bismarck which resulted in six battleships, two battlecruisers, two aircraft carriers, thirteen cruisers, and twenty one destroyers were ordered to hunt down Bismarck and Prinz Eugen.
With weather worsening Bismarck’s commander attempted to detach Prinz Eugen but the squall wasn’t heavy enough to hide her withdrawal from Norfolk and Suffolk which continued to maintain radar contact.
Prinz Eugen was successfully detached and Bismarck turned to face Suffolk which forced Suffolk to turn away at high speeds while Prince of Wales fired at Bismarck and received fire back.
Although Bismarck had been damaged earlier she was still able to achieve 27-28 knots and was still able to reach Saint-Nazaire unless slowed down.
The British sent aircraft carrier Victorious and an additional four light cruisers to have Swordfish torpedo bombers find and engage Bismarck but due to the inexperience of the pilots, they nearly attacked Norfolk and a US Coast Guard USCGC Modoc and alerted Bismarck’s anti-aircraft gunners.
The Republic of Mahabad (also Republic of Kurdistan), established in Iranian Kurdistan, was the second independent Kurdish state of the 20th century after the Republic of Ararat in Turkey.
Its capital was the Kurdish city of Mahabad in northwestern Iran.
The Republic was part of the Iran crisis a conflict between the United States and USSR.
The republic was led by President Qazi Muhammad and Minister of Defense Mustafa Barzani.
Prime Minister was Hadschi Baba Scheich.
The Republic of Mahabad declared independence on January 22, 1946, but the movement was defeated a year later by the army of the central government of Iran.
After the collapse of the republic in 1947, Qazi Muhammad was hanged in public in Chuwarchira Square in the center of Mahabad.
Massoud Barzani, the current President of Iraqi Kurdistan, was born in Mahabad when his father, the late General Mustafa Barzani, was chief of the military of Mahabad declared in Iranian Kurdistan  .
Archibald Roosevelt son of the former US-President Theodore Roosevelt, wrote in "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad", that a main problem of the peoples Republic of Mahabad, was the kurds needed the power of the USSR.
Only with the Red army they had a chance.
But these close relationship to Stalin and the USSR let many kurdish tribes to be in opposition with this kurdish state.
"The Republic of Kurdistan: Fifty Years Later," International Journal of Kurdish Studies, 11, no.
1 & 2, (1997).
The Kurdish Republic of 1946, William Eagleton, Jr. (London: Oxford University Press, 1963)
Moradi Golmorad: Ein Jahr autonome Regierung in Kurdistan, die Mahabad-Republik 1946 - 1947 in: Geschichte der kurdischen Aufstandsbewegungen von der arabisch-islamischen Invasion bis zur Mahabad-Republik, Bremen 1992,
M. Khoubrouy-Pak: Une république éphémère au Kurdistan, Paris u.a.
Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad", Middle East Journal, no.
1 (July 1947), pp.
247–69.
Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, Encyclopedia of the Orient.
The Kurds: People without a country, Encyclopædia Britannica
Meiselas, Susan Kurdistan In the Shadow of History, Random House, 1997.
McDowall, David A Modern History of the Kurds, I. B. Tauris, 1996 (Current revision at May 14, 2004).
Yassin, Burhaneddin A., Vision or Realty: The Kurds in the Policy of the Great Powers, 1941-1947, Lund University Press, Lund/Sweden, 1995. ,
Lund University Press.
ou  Chartwell-Bratt Ltd.
Republic of Ararat
Kurdish Autonomous Region
Ethnic minorities in Iran
Mahabad Republic at Britanica encyclopedia
Kurds at the crossroad
The Encyclopedia of World History
The kurdish Republic of Mahabad at PDKI-Canada
The Emblem of Iran was made after the Islamic Revolution in that country, in 1979.
After the revolution, Iran decided to use a new flag.
The old flag had a picture of a golden lion and a sabre, that was a symbol for the Shah (king) of Iran.
This emblem is a symbol for the whole country and the Islamic character of the new government.
It is drawn to look like a version of the word الله which means "God" in Persian (the language of Iran) and also in the Arabic language.
It looks like a tulip, which is an old symbol for Iran.
1980s establishments in Iran
1980 establishments in Asia
Tennis is a sport played with a felt-covered rubber ball, a tennis racket, and a court.
Since 1998, every September 23 has been called "Tennis Day".
Tennis’s official name is "lawn tennis".
First, early in the 11th century, players in France played a sport like this with their hands.
It was called “Jeu de Paume”.
In the 15th century the players played with rackets.
Now it is called “tennis”.
It became popular in England and France.
King Henry III of France was a big fan of the game.
This kind of sport is still played but is known as real tennis ("real" here meaning "royal").
The sport of "lawn tennis" played on grass courts was invented in mid 19th-century England and later spread into many other countries.
The name of the sport is usually shortened to "tennis".
Tennis matches
There are many different kinds of courts, like grass, clay or hard court.
The goal of tennis is to hit the ball over the net into the other player’s court.
When the other player cannot return the ball, a point is won.
The game is played with two or four people.
When it is played with two people, it is called “singles”, and when it is played with four people, it is called “doubles”.
The court has "alleys" on each side, which are "fair" territory when playing doubles.
A tennis game has a number of sets.
Each set has a number of games, and each game has points.
The points are counted love (0, after the French l'oeuf), fifteen (15), thirty (30), and forty (40).
If both players get to forty, the score is deuce from which 2 more points are needed to win the game.
When one player reaches six games, it is one set.
If it is a three-set match, the player who wins two sets first is the winner.
If the game count reaches 5–5, the set must be won with two more games than the other player, like 7–5 or 8–6.
If the game count gets to 6–6, a "tiebreaker" is played.
In a tiebreak, players have to get at least seven points while getting two more points than the other player to win the set.
In tiebreak points are called “one,” “two,” etc.
There is also soft tennis.
Soft tennis is different from regulation tennis.
For example, the racket, ball and rules are much different.
Soft tennis is popular in Japan.
Thousands of people play soft tennis.
Tennis is quite a popular sport which lots of people enjoy watching.
There are many different "shots" and "strokes", ways to hit the ball, in tennis.
A stroke is the way the body is moved to hit the ball.
A shot is how the ball is hit.
The backhand is a type of stroke hit by swinging the racquet away from the body.
The stroke begins with the arm holding the racquet held across the body.
It is then moved in front of the body to hit the ball.
For a right-handed player, a backhand begins on the left side of his body, continues across his body as the ball is hit, and ends on the right side of his body.
It can be either a one-handed or a two-handed stroke.
The forehand is the opposite of the backhand.
It starts with the arm outside of the body and moves across the body.
For a right handed player, the arm starts on the right side of the body and moves across the body to the left side.
The forehand is hit with one hand (most commonly the hand the player uses to write).
A serve (sometimes called a service) is a shot to start a point.
The serve is usually started by tossing the ball into the air and hitting it across the net.
The serve may be done underhand or overhead.
The overhead serve the most common form.
The serve is done from behind the baseline (the line at the back of the court).
The serve must land on the inside of the service line and center service line on the other side of the net to call it good.
The serve that is set has to be in the box diagonal to where the server serves.
A volley is a shot that is hit before the ball bounces on the ground.
Usually, a player hits a volley while standing near the net.
It is sometimes done farther back, in the middle of the court or even near the back.
A drop shot is tapping .
A good drop shot travels just far enough that the opponent cannot run fast enough to get to it.
A lob is a shot that can use backhand or forehand swings.
For a lob the person has to swing through, but make the tennis ball go up.
When the ball goes up the goal is for the ball to land in between the baseline (the line at the back of the court) and the service line.
Four Grand Slams
Tennis is now a sport that is played at the Olympics.
They also have big tournaments like the U.S. Open, Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon.
These four are known as Grand Slam events.
Australian Open (January)
French Open ( May-June)
Wimbledon (June - July)
US Open (August-September)
They are the most important tennis tournaments of each season (year).
This is because of the world ranking points, tradition, prize-money, and public attention.
ATP The official site for men's professional tennis
WTA The official site for women's professional tennis
Tennis Ball Hopper
A teacher is a person who helps people to learn.
A teacher often works in a classroom.
There are many different kinds of teachers.
Some teachers teach young children in kindergarten or primary schools.
Others teach older children in middle, junior high and high schools.
Some teachers teach adults in colleges and universities.
Some teachers are called professors.
There are different ways of teaching.
Different teachers use a variety of methods to teach.
Teachers explain new knowledge, write on a blackboard or whiteboard, sit behind their desks on chairs, help students with their work and mark students' work.
They may also use a computer to write tests, assignments or report cards for the class.
Getafe is a city 15 km south of Madrid, in the Community of Madrid, Spain.
158,363 people live there.
It has great commercial and industrial activity and many mass media.
In Getafe there is a university, a military air base, and has a football team in the first division of the Spanish's League.
Cities in the Community of Madrid
Municipalities in the Community of Madrid
The Manhattan Project was the program based in the United States which tried to make the first nuclear weapons.
The project went on during World War II, and was run by the U.S. Army.
The head of the project was General Leslie R. Groves, who had led the building of the Pentagon.
The top scientist on the project was Robert Oppenheimer, a famous physicist.
The project cost $2 billion, and created many secret cities and bomb-making factories, such as a laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, a nuclear reactor in Hanford, Washington, and a uranium processing plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
The Manhattan Project had to find solutions to two difficulties.
The first difficulty is how to make the special isotopes of uranium (uranium-235) or plutonium.
This process is called separation and is very slow.
The United States built very big buildings with three different kinds of machine for separation.
They made enough fissionable special isotopes for a few nuclear weapons.
The second difficulty was how to make a bomb that will produce a big nuclear explosion every time.
A weapon with a bad design can make a much smaller nuclear explosion.
This is called a "fizzle".
In July 1945, the Manhattan Project solved the two difficulties and made the first nuclear explosion.
This test of a nuclear weapon was called "Trinity" and was a success.
The Manhattan Project operated under a blanket of tight security.
This was to prevent the Axis countries, especially Nazi Germany, from accelerating their own nuclear projects or undertaking covert operations against the project.
The possibility of sabotage was always present.
At times, people suspected sabotage when equipment failed.
While there were some problems believed to be the result of careless or disgruntled employees, there were no confirmed instances of Axis-instigated sabotage.
However, on 10 March 1945, a Japanese fire balloon struck a power line, and the resulting power surge caused the three reactors at Hanford to be temporarily shut down.
Maintaining security was difficult because so many people worked on the project.
A special Counter Intelligence Corps detachment handled the project's security issues.
By 1943, it was clear that the Soviet Union was trying to penetrate the project.
Lieutenant Colonel Boris T. Pash, the head of the Counter Intelligence Branch of the Western Defense Command, investigated suspected Soviet espionage at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley.
Oppenheimer informed Pash that he had been approached by a fellow professor at Berkeley, Haakon Chevalier, about passing information to the Soviet Union.
The most successful Soviet spy was Klaus Fuchs.
Fuchs was a member of the British Mission who played an important part at Los Alamos.
The 1950 revelation of Fuchs' espionage activities damaged the United States' nuclear cooperation with Britain and Canada.
Subsequently, other instances of espionage were uncovered, leading to the arrest of Harry Gold, David Greenglass and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.
Other spies like George Koval remained unknown for decades.
People will never know the value of the espionage.
One reason was that the Soviet atomic bomb project was held back by a shortage of uranium ore.
The consensus is that espionage saved the Soviets one or two years of effort.
General, administrative, and diplomatic histories
Technical histories
(Available on Wikimedia Commons)
Participant accounts
1940s in the United States
Hadschi Baba Scheich (Haji Baba Sheikh) (Hecî Baba Şêx in Kurdish) was the prime minister of the Republic of Mahabad.
After the republic was conquered by the Iranian army in 1947 he was the only one who was not hanged together with president Qazi Muhammad at the Chuwarchira Square in Mahabad in 1947.
The journalist and lyric Hemin Mukriyani was his secretary during the republic.
Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad" ,Middle East Journal, no.
247-69
Kurdish politicians
Ajam (عجم) in Arabic means non-Arabic-speaker.
Ajam is an Arabicized word that came from Jam or jamshid the name of a A Persian legendary king or prophet ,according to old stories he was the king  able to fly  around the world by a throne or Carpet.
in most of the languages  Ajam and Ajami means Persian.
in Arabic Ajam means someone whose mother tongue is not Arabic.
The early use of the term included all of the peoples with whom the Arabs had contact including Persians, Greeks, Ethiopians, and the somewhat related Nabataeans.
In general, during the Umayyad period Ajam was a pejorative term used by Arabs who believed in their social and political superiority, in early history after Islam.
According to the book "Documents on the Persian Gulf's name ", pages 22–44 explanation of Ajam and the Persians "The word Ajam has many different uses and meanings throughout the history.
words had a simple meaning at first, but over the time, other meanings and concepts are added to its early meaning, especially when the word goes to other languages.
Ajam was first used for Persian native speaking in the poems of the Arab poet of pre Islam  but after expansion of Islam it also was referred to Turks,Zoroastrianism and others.
Today, in Arabic literature, "Ajam" is used to refer to the non-Arab person.
Ajam has never meant dumb in Arabic literature , using The word Ajam as a derogatory meaning was very late and very rare and unofficial concept in Umayyad period time.
according to the new finding "Ajam infact had a root in the persian word  Jam Jamshid The stories of "Jam and Jamshed and the word Molouk Ajam (Persian emperor) were well known to the Arabs before Islam and the word Molouk Ajam (Ajam kings) and Molk e Ajam(persia) were used in poems of famous 7 Arab poets of Jahiliyyah (pre Islam).