the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Humans and many other animals do not digest cellulose.
Certain animals can digest cellulose, because bacteria possessing the enzyme are present in their gut.
The classic example is the termite.
Polysaccharide structure
Alfred Gusenbauer (born February 8, 1960, in St. Pölten, Austria) was the chancellor of Austria from January 2007 to December 2008.
His party won the elections of 2008, and he was succeeded as Chancellor the new party leader, Werner Faymann, on 2 December 2008.
He was the leader of the political party SPÖ.
Official page (in German)
SPÖ Official Homepage
Homepage of the Austrian Chancellor
People from Lower Austria
Chinchillas are either of two types of species (Chinchilla chinchilla and Chinchilla lanigera) of crepuscular rodents.
They are slightly larger and active than ground squirrels, and are found in the Andes mountains in South America.
They live in colonies called "herds" at high elevations of up to .
Historically, chinchillas lived in an area that included parts of Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, and Chile, but today, colonies in the wild are known only in Chile.
Along with their relatives, viscachas, they make up the family Chinchillidae.
The chinchilla has the densest fur of all mammals that live on land.
The chinchilla is named after the Chincha people of the Andes, who once wore its dense, velvet-like fur.
By the end of the 19th century, chinchillas had become rare after being hunted for their soft fur.
Most chinchillas currently used by the fur industry for clothing and other accessories are farm-raised.
Domestic chinchillas come from C. lanigera are sometimes kept as pets.
Chinchilla species
The two living species of chinchilla are Chinchilla chinchilla (formerly known as Chinchilla brevicaudata) and Chinchilla lanigera.
C. chinchilla has a shorter tail, a thicker neck and shoulders, and shorter ears than C. lanigera.
The C. chinchilla are currently facing extinction and the C. lanigera, though rare, can be found in the wild.
Domesticated chinchillas are thought to be of the C. lanigera species.
Chinchillas lived in the coastal regions, hills, and mountains of Chile, Peru, Argentina and Bolivia.
In 1914, there was a decrease in population where scientists believed they were close to extinction.
Populations in Chile were thought extinct by 1953, but the animal was found to inhabit an area in the Antofagasta Region in the late 1900s and early 2000s.
In their native habitats, chinchillas live in burrows or holes in rocks.
They can jump up to .
Their predators in the wild include birds of prey, skunks, felines, snakes and canines.
Chinchillas have many defensive movements including spraying urine and releasing fur if bitten.
In the wild, chinchillas have been observed eating plant leaves, fruits, seeds, and small insects.
In nature, chinchillas live in social groups that look like colonies, but are properly called herds.
Herd sizes can have 14 members up to 100, this is both for social interaction as well as protection from predators.
They can breed any time of the year.
Their gestation period is 111 days, longer than most rodents.
They can have long pregnancies, which is why chinchillas are born fully furred and with eyes open.
Litters are usually small in number, usually two.
Both species of chinchilla are currently listed as Endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species because of large population loss roughly at a 90% global population loss over the last 15 years.
The population decrease has been caused by chinchilla hunting by humans.
Until 1996, they were listed as Indeterminate on the IUCN Red List.
In 2006, the subspecies was listed as "Vulnerable" while the short-tailed subspecies was listed as "Critically Endangered".
By 2008, both were listed as "Critically Endangered", and in 2016 they were reclassified as "Endangered" due to some recovery in some areas.
Roles with humans
Fur industry
Chinchilla fur trade on an international level goes back to the 16th century.
Their fur is popular due because of its soft feel, which are mainly used in coats.
A single, full-length coat made from chinchilla fur may require as many as 150 pelts, as chinchillas are relatively small.
Their use for fur led to the extinction of one species, and put serious pressure on the other two.
Though it is illegal to hunt wild chinchillas, they are about to be extinct because of continued poaching.
Domesticated chinchillas are still bred for fur.
The domestic chinchilla are related to the Chinchilla lanigera, the long-tailed Chinchilla, and the more common one in the wild after the other species, Chinchilla chinchilla, or short-tailed Chinchilla, has been hunted nearly to extinction.
Domestic chinchillas have thinner bodies, longer tails and larger ears.
Chinchillas are popular pets, though they need a large amount of exercise and dental care, because their teeth continually growing throughout their life span.
Since they cannot sweat, they need a temperature-controlled environment as they can have heat strokes.
The animals instinctively clean their fur by taking dust baths, in which they roll around in special dust made of pumice, a few times a week and they do not bathe in water.
Their thick fur protects them from getting fleas, and reduces loose dander.
In scientific research
Chinchillas have been used in research since the 1950s.
Since the 1970s, the main interest in chinchillas by researchers is their auditory system.
Other research fields in which chinchillas are used as an animal model include the study of Chagas disease, gastrointestinal diseases, pneumonia, and listeriosis, as well as of Yersinia and Pseudomonas infections.
When the two mix together it is called a saturated solution.
Certain substances can mix into any amount of a liquid solvent.
An example of this is ethanol in water.
This process is better described as "miscible" (the ability to mix with one another).
Solubility does not depend on the size, in fact even the large particles will eventually all dissolve.
A solute is a substance that is dissolving in a solvent and is the smaller part of the solution.
A solvent is the bigger part of a solution and is the substance that the solute dissolves in.
ALOGPS interactive calculation of aqueous solubility of compounds at Virtual Computational Chemistry Laboratory using several algorithms
QUANTUM  web based calculation of aqueous and DMSO solubility of compounds QUANTUM web based prediction of aqueous and DMSO solubility of compounds
ACD/Solubility DB  aqueous solubility prediction
The Spielvereinigung Greuther Fürth is a German football club which plays in the country's top league, the Bundesliga.
The club is playing in the Bundesliga for the first time after being promoted from the Second Bundesliga as winners of that league in 2011–12.
Henry Saint Claire Fredericks, better known by the stage name Taj Mahal (born May 17, 1942), is an American blues musician.
He has been performing and recording since 1964 and is still popular.
Selected discography
1968 – Taj Mahal
1968 – The Natch'l Blues
1969 – Giant Step/De Ole Folks At Home
1971 – The Real Thing
1971 – Happy Just To Be Like I Am
1972 – Recycling The Blues & Other Related Stuff
1973 – Oooh So Good 'n Blues
1974 – Mo' Roots
1975 – Music Keeps Me Together
1976 – Satisfied 'N Tickled Too
1976 – Music Fa' Ya (Musica Para Ti)
1977 – Brothers (Soundtrack) 1977 – Evolution (The Latest)
1983 – Take A Giant Step
1986 – Taj
1991 – Mule Bone
1991 – Like Never Before
1993 – Dancing The Blues
1993 – An Evening of Acoustic Music
1993 – The Source by Ali Farka Touré (World Circuit WCD030 / Hannibal 1375)
1995 – Mumtaz Mahal (with V.M. Bhatt and N. Ravikiran)
1996 – Phantom Blues
1997 – Señor Blues
1998 – Sacred Island (with The Hula Blues Band)
1999 – Kulanjan (with Toumani Diabaté)
1999 - Hippity Hop (Children's music)
2000 – Shoutin' In Key
2001 – Hanapepe Dream
2003 – Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues – Taj Mahal
2003 – Blues with Feeling
2004 – Musicmakers with Taj Mahal (Music Maker 49)
2004 – Etta Baker with Taj Mahal (Music Maker 50)
2005 – Mkutano Meets The Culture Musical Club Of Zanzibar 2005 – The Essential Taj MahalAwards
1997 (Grammy Award) Best Contemporary Blues Album for Señor Blues2000 (Grammy Award) Best Contemporary Blues Album for Shoutin' in Key2006 (Blues Music Awards) Historical Album of the Year for The Essential Taj Mahal2008 (Grammy Nomination) Best Contemporary Blues Album for Maestro''
Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist.
Patterson won the gold medal for boxing in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland.
He was the heavyweight champion of the world from 1956-1959 and from 1960-1962.
Patterson is remembered as the first heavyweight champion to lose the title and get it back within a year.
Patterson's amateur record was 44-4 with 37 knockouts.
He began fighting as a middleweight and moved to the light heavyweight division.
Patterson's first loss was to Joey Maxim in 1954.
In January 1956, Patterson married Sandra Hicks.
She was his wife until 1969.
Their marriage ended because Patterson did not want to quit boxing.
After Rocky Marciano retired, Floyd began aiming at a shot for the vacant heavyweight title.
On November 30, 1956, Patterson had two very good things happen in his life.
His wife gave birth to his first child, and he beat Archie Moore to become the heavyweight champion of the world.
He became the youngest boxing champion ever.
He lost the title in 1959 to Ingemar Johanson but he regained it in 1960.
In 1962, he lost it again to Sonny Liston.
Patterson tried to regain the title two more times from Muhammad Ali in 1965 and 1972.
In 1965, he fought for 12 rounds, but on both tries, he failed to win title.
Patterson is remembered as the first man to win back boxing heavyweight championship.
All other champions before him failed.
Sportspeople from New York
Sportspeople from North Carolina
A clockwise movement is one that moves in a circle like the clock's hands: from the top to the right, then down, then to the left, and back to the top.
The opposite of clockwise is counterclockwise or anticlockwise.
The movement is from the top to the left, then down, then to the right, and finally back up to the top.
Manuel Friedrich (born September 13, 1979 in Bad Kreuznach) is a German footballer with the position of the Defender.
He has played for the team 1.FSV Mainz 05 and at the moment he playes for Bayer Leverkusen.
Friedrich has played nine matches for the German national football team since 2006.
During that time he has scored one goal.
Leverkusen who's who
Bruno Kreisky (January 22, 1911 – July 29, 1990) served as Chancellor of Austria from 1970 to 1983.
He is remembered in Austria as one of the people who helped shape the Austrian State Treaty.
This treaty is the foundation of modern-day Austria.
It was signed in 1955.
Kreisky was of Jewish descent.
Viscachas or vizcachas are rodents.
Together with the chinchilla they make up the family Chinchillidae.
Plains viscacha (Lagostomus maximus): Lives in the Pampas of Argentina and Chile .
It can be easily differentiated from other viscachas because it has black and gray moustache-like facial markings.
This species makes colonies.
It lives in warrens of ten to over one hundred.
It is very vocal and emits alarm calls.
The plains viscacha can strip grassland used to graze livestock; this caused ranchers to consider the rodent a pest species.
Northern viscacha (Lagidum peruanum): Native to the Peruvian Andes at those elevations between the timber line and the snow line.
It is dorsally gray or brown in color.
It has a bushy tail and long, furry ears.
This species lives in large colonies.
The colonies are separated into individual family units, like an apartment complex.
It eats a wide range of plants.
It lives in a harsh, rocky environment.
Therefore, it is not too picky about the food.
Mountain viscacha (Lagidum viscacia): Also called southern viscacha, this species is similar to the northern viscacha, but its fur is more red in color.
It lives in similar habitat in the Andes.
Wolffsohn's viscacha (Lagidum wolffsohni): Little is known about this species, as it is rarer than the other three viscachas.
Incisors are special kinds of teeth that can be found in some mammals, such as humans.
They are the eight large flat  teeth with straight edges that are at the front of a person's mouth, in between the canine teeth, which are pointed.
The straight edges of the incisors are useful for biting because they cut sharply.
They come together like a pair of pincers.
In a human, the two teeth at the middle of each jaw are called the "central incisors", and the side ones are the "lateral incisors". (
lateral means "to the side").
Some humans never grow "lateral incisors" or have very small ones, particularly at the top.
In many mammalian herbivores (plant-eaters) these front teeth are used to cut off stems of grass and other growing things, that are then ground up by the molars at the back of the mouth.
Some omnivores (animals that eat both plants and meat), like humans, have incisors like herbivores.
In carnivores (meat-eating mammals) like cats, the incisors are often quite small.
The canine teeth are  long and suitable for grasping and stabbing.
Carnivores use their incisors for many jobs that need fine control, such as catching fleas, carrying a kitten or peeling the skin off a fish.
If a dog or a member of the cat family needs to cut something with their teeth, they use their back teeth like scissors.
The gerbils are a family of rodents.
There are about 110 species of gerbils.
All gerbils are adapted to arid habitats.
At one time, gerbils were known as wild rats.
Most gerbils are diurnal, some are crepuscular.
The gerbil is native to Central Asia, India, the Middle East, and Africa.
The average length of a gerbil is usually between six and twelve inches, this includes the tail which makes up one half of the total length.
The gerbil is also a common household pet.
Fat-tailed gerbil, whose tail gets bigger when it eats.
Great gerbil, the biggest type of gerbil
The Mongolian gerbil is one of around 110 species, but it is the most popular to have for a pet.
The Mongolian gerbil was discovered in 1800 but was not studied until 1866.
All domestic gerbils come from just a few gerbils from 1930.
A gerbil is smaller than a rat but bigger than a mouse.
It depends on the species.
From just mice and rats the gerbil has a tail with hair and it ends with a tassel.
A gerbil is around 5-6 inches long but with the tail it is around 11-12 inches.
There are bigger gerbils too like the Great gerbil who has a 7-8 inches long body and 7-8 inches long tail.
Gerbil Care Guide
The National Gerbil Society (U.K.)
The American Gerbil Society
TheGerbils.com - Everything about the gerbil!
Gerbils at Popular Pets
Information on Gerbils
Muridae is the largest family of mammals.
It contains over 700 species.
These species can be found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.
They have been introduced worldwide.
The group includes true mice and rats, gerbils, and relatives.
Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
Leimacomyinae (Togo mouse)
Lophiomyinae (Crested rat)
Murinae (Old World rats and mice including the vlei rats)
Jansa S.A. and M. Weksler.
Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
Michaux J. A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis.
Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents.
Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
Steppan S.J; R.A. Adkins and J. Anderson.
Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes.
Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Muridae on ITIS
Muroidea is a large superfamily of rodents.
It includes hamsters, gerbils, true mice and rats, and many other relatives.
They live on almost every continent except Antarctica.
Some scientists have placed all members of this group into a single family, Muridae.
Sometimes there are difficulties in knowing how the subfamilies are related to one another.
Family Platacanthomyidae - incertae sedis - (spiny dormouse and pygmy dormice)
Family Spalacidae fossorial muroids
Subfamily Myospalacinae (zokors)
Subfamily Rhizomyinae (bamboo rats and root rats)
Subfamily Spalacinae (blind mole rats)
Clade Eumuroida - typical muroids
Family Calomyscidae
Subfamily Calomyscinae (mouse-like hamsters)
Family Nesomyidae
Subfamily Cricetomyinae (pouched rats and mice)
Subfamily Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, gerbil mice, fat mice and forest mice)
Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mice and the climbing swamp mouse)
Family Cricetidae
Subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings and muskrat)
Subfamily Cricetinae (true hamsters)
Subfamily Neotominae (North American rats and mice)
Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice)
Subfamily Tylomyinae
Family Muridae
Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
Subfamily Leimacomyinae (Togo Mouse)
Subfamily Lophiomyinae (crested rat)
Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice including vlei rats)
Primary Taxonomic Reference
Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson.
Other Taxonomic References
Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler.
Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis.
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton.
Family Muridae.
501-755 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference.
D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds.
Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt.
The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia).
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972-978.
Pierre Boulez (pronounced “Boo-LEZ") (26 March 1925 – 5 January 2016) was one of the most important French composers of modern classical music.
He was also a conductor.
He was born in Montbrison, Loire.
He died in Baden-Baden.
As a composer
Boulez started his university studies by studying mathematics.
He then gave that up and went to the Paris Conservatoire to study music.
One of his teachers was Olivier Messiaen.
He wrote music in an atonal style, similar to the serial music of Anton Webern.
Gradually his music became completely serial, so that everything about the music: the pitches of the notes, the length of the notes, the louds and softs, the accents were all organized in a mathematical way.
This is called “total serialism” or “integral serialism”.
This kind of music is very strange to listen to.
Boulez belonged to a group of composers who met in the summer at Darmstadt in Germany.
This group is often called the “Darmstadt School”.
He wrote music which was extremely hard to play e.g. Structures book 1 for two pianos.
Perhaps his most famous piece is Le marteau sans maître (The hammer without a master).
This piece, finished in 1957, is for a small group of instruments: flute, guitar, vibraphone, xylorimba (a cross between a xylophone and a marimba), percussion and viola and a singer (alto).
It has very complicated rhythms and is influenced by jazz, gamelan music, African and Japanese music.
Boulez then tried out new ideas.
He wrote works which would sound different at each performance because the players could improvise some ideas.
Pli selon pli (Fold upon fold) was a work for orchestra and soprano.
It was based on a poem by Stéphane Mallarmé about a swan that could not fly away because it was stuck on the frozen lake.
His piece Eclat (1965) also uses improvisation.
The conductor is free to decide on how certain bits could be played and makes signs to the players to improvise in certain ways that the composers has written down.
This kind of composition is sometimes called “Chance music” because it is different each time it is played.
The American composer John Cage also experimented with Chance music.
In the 1970s he became interested in electronic music.
The French president Georges Pompidou supported the building of a big Arts Centre in Paris.
This centre included a large underground set of studios for music.
It became known as IRCAM (translated from the French: Institute for Acoustical/Musical Research and Coordination).
A lot of composers worked in IRCAM.
They used computers, tape recorders etc.,
to compose music.
As a conductor
Boulez was a world-famous conductor.
He conducted many of the world's greatest orchestras.
He was the chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra from 1971-1975, the New York Philharmonic from 1971-1977 and was Conductor Emeritus of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.
His concerts usually consisted of music by the great 20th century composers such as Alban Berg, Claude Debussy, Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Béla Bartók, Anton Webern and Edgard Varèse—as well as lots of new music which he conducted when it had just been written.
21st-century French composers
French conductors
People from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
The Old World rats and mice (called Murinae) is a subfamily in the family Muridae.
It has about 560 species.
This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae.
It is also larger than most mammal orders.
They are the only terrestrial placental mammals native to Australia.
They have also been introduced to all continents except Antarctica.
They are serious pest animals.
This is particularly true in islands where they have  endangered and caused the extinction extinction of many native animals.
The brown rat and the house mouse are both used for medical tests.
They are among the animals whose genome has been sequenced.
The first known appearance of the Murinae in the fossil record is about 14 million years ago with the fossil genus Antemus.
Progonomys is thought to be the ancestor of Mus and relatives, while Karnimata is thought to lead to Rattus and relatives.
All of these fossils are found in the well-preserved and easily dated Siwalik fossil beds of Pakistan.
The genera Uranomys, Lophuromys, and Acomys were once thought to be murines.
Later, it was discovered (by molecular phylogenetics that they were more closely related to gerbils.
They have been assigned a new subfamily status, the Deomyinae.
Sources and further reading
Chevret P. et al 1993.
Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse (Acomys) is more closely related to gerbils (Gerbillinae) than to the true mice (Murinae).
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90:3433-3436.
Jacobs L.L. 1978.
Fossil rodents (Rhizomyidae and Muridae) from Neogene Siwalik deposits, Pakistan.
Bulletin of the Museum of Northern Arizona, 52: 1-103.
Michaux J. A. Reyes and F. Catzeflis 2001.
Nowak, R.M. 1999.
Walker's Mammals of the World, vol.
Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
Steppan S.J; R.A. Adkins and J. Anderson 2004.
Castorimorpha is the suborder of rodents containing the beavers, the pocket gophers, and the kangaroo rats.
In music, an arpeggio is a group of notes in a chord which are played one after the other, instead of all at the same time.
The arpeggio may either go up or go down, but it is more common going up.
The word arpeggio comes from the Italian word arpeggiare, which means "to play on a harp".
This is because harps are very good at playing arpeggiated chords.
Learning many musical instruments include playing scales and arpeggios.
They are often played as part of music examinations, especially for piano and the string instruments.
This is because these skills are useful for playing a lot of music.
For example, Bach's Prelude in C () is made of many different arpeggios.
Guitarists sometimes play arpeggios instead of strumming, and banjo players do it a lot.
An "arpeggiated chord" means a chord which is "spread".
This means the notes do not start exactly at the same time.
This is sometimes called arpeggiato, and in modern music is called a rolled chord.
An arpeggiated chord is written with a wiggly line going from top to bottom in front of the chord.
An arpeggiated chord is spread from the lowest to the highest note.
Occasionally composers such as Béla Bartók ask for them to be played from top to bottom.
This is shown by adding an arrow pointing down.
it:Abbellimento#Arpeggio
The NKVD  (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) was a government department in the Soviet Union.
It was the law enforcement agency which did the will of the All Union Communist Party.
The NKVD underwent many organizational changes; between 1938 and 1939 alone, the NKVD's structure changed three times.
The public face of the NKVD was the regular police force, which acted in a similar way to other police forces.
In addition to its state security and police functions, some of its departments handled other matters, such as transportation, fire guards, border guards (NKVD border troops), etc.
These jobs were usually assigned to the Ministry of the Interior (MVD).
However, it is the classified (secret) activities for which it was really feared.
This was the work of the Main Directorate for State Security, known as the GUGB.
The NKVD also included the Soviet secret police.
The GUGB protected the state security of the Soviet Union.
This was done by massive political repression, including the use of sanctioned political murders and assassinations, especially in the era of Joseph Stalin, during the Great Purge.
Later publications
Bloch, Sidney & Reddaway, Peter.
Russia's political hospitals: the abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union.
London, Victor Gollancz.
Conquest, Robert 2007.
The Great Terror: a reassessment: 40th Anniversary Edition.
Herling, Gustav 1951.
A world apart: the journal of a Gular survivor.
reprint ISB	0-87795-821-1
Polyan, Pavel 2004.
Against their will: a history and geography of forced migrations in the USSR.
Central European University Press, 2004.
Rummel R.J. 1990.
Lethal politics: Soviet genocide and mass murder since 1917.
Transaction.
Shalamov, Varlam Tikhonovich 1994.
Kolyma tales. (
Glad, John) Penguin.
Arrested as a student, Shalamov spent a total of 17 years in prison for saying, and trying to publish, things the regime did not approve of.
His tales are of his experiences, and those of other prisoners.
Solzhenitsyn, Alexandr 1973–78.
The Gulag Archipelago: 19181956. (
three volumes).
A history of the entire process of developing and administering a police state in the Soviet Union.
It was circulated in samizdat (underground publication) form in the Soviet Union until its official publication in 1989.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation, The Gulag Archipelago became required reading in Russian high schools.
The Gulag Archipelago, is both a rhyme and a metaphor used throughout the work.
The word archipelago describes the system of labour camps spread across the huge Soviet Union like a vast chain of islands, known only to those who were fated to visit them.
During and after the war
In liberated territories, the NKVD  carried out mass arrests, deportations, and executions of traitors, and other Nazi collaborators.
Resistance movements included the Polish Armia Krajowa (which was neither pro-nazi or communist) , and leftover Ukrainian Nazi units (aiming to separate from the Soviet Union).
It is disputed whether or not the NKVD or Nazi Soldiers dressed as NKVD officers  were responsible for the execution of tens of thousands of Polish political prisoners in 1939–1941, including the Katyń massacre.
NKVD units were also used to quell the post-Nazi partisan war in the western Ukraine (Mostly in the Lviv region), and the "Forest Brothers" in the Baltics (which lasted until the early 1950s).
NKVD.org: Information website about the NKVD
Spyglass Entertainment is a movie and television production company.
Jonathan Glickman is the current President of Production.
Internationally, Buena Vista has released most movies made by Spyglass (with exceptions).
The first movie released by the company was Instinct.
With Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
With Touchstone Pictures
The Insider (1999)
Keeping the Faith (2000)
Shanghai Noon (2000, followed by 2003 sequel Shanghai Knights)
Unbreakable (2000)
Out Cold (2001)
The Count of Monte Cristo (2002)
Reign of Fire (2002)
The Recurit (2003)
Mr. 3000 (2004) (also with Dimension Films and The Kennedy/Marshall Company)
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005)
Stick It (2006)
With Hollywood Pictures
The Sixth Sense (1999)
Stay Alive (2006) (also with Endgame)
The Invisible  (2007)
With Walt Disney Pictures
The Pacifier (2005)
Eight Below (2006) (also with Mandeville Films)
Underdog (2007)
With Miramax Films
The Lookout (2007)
With NBC Universal
With Universal Studios
Dragonfly (2002)
Bruce Almighty (2003)
Seabiscuit (2003) (also with DreamWorks)
Connie and Carla (2004)
Evan Almighty (2007)
Welcome Home, Roscoe Jenkins (2008)
Wanted (2008)
Dinner for Schmucks (2010)
With Rogue Pictures
Balls of Fury (2007) (also with Interpid Pictures)
With Viacom
With Paramount Pictures
Abandon (2002)
The Perfect Score (2004)
The Love Guru (2008)
Star Trek (2009) (also with Bad Robot Productions)
G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (2009) (also with Hasbro) (logo not shown)
With DreamWorks
Seabiscuit (2003) (also with Universal Pictures)
Memoirs of a Geisha (2005) (also with Columbia Pictures, Amblin Entertainment and Red Wagon Entertainment)
The Ruins (2008)
Ghost Town (2008)
With Sony Pictures
With Columbia Pictures
Also With Amblin Entertainment
The Legend of Zorro (2005)
Memoirs of a Geisha (2005) (also with DreamWorks and Red Wagon Entertainment)
With News Corporation
With 20th Century Fox
27 Dresses (2008)
The Happening (2008) (also with UTV Motion Pictures and Blinding Edge Pictures)
With TimeWarner
With New Line Cinema
Four Christmases (2008) (distributed by Warner Bros.)
A hovercraft is a vehicle supported and moved by a cushion of air blowing downwards.
They are used on water, land, ice and other areas where the surface is smooth.
A difference in air pressure between the ship and the atmosphere creates lift, causing the hovercraft to float above the surface it is set on, allowing it to ride on different surfaces.
They are often used as ferries and by militaries for amphibious, or on water and on land (like an amphibian can live in water and land) missions.
A hovercraft can move cargo, people, and cars.
Like Hovercraft the same thing Hoverboard Which is also a true Self Balancing Board To Enjoy the Ride with a High Speed.
Take a Look On
Alternative propulsion
Duccio di Buoninsegna ( , ;  – ) was one of the most important painters in Italy in the Late Middle Ages.
He worked mainly in the city of Siena in Tuscany but one of his largest works was done for a church in Florence.
He is most famous for his altarpieces of the Madonna and Child.
Duccio painted in the Byzantine style, similar to Greek icons.
Duccio's life
The first written record of Duccio is dated 1278, when he was painting in Siena.
His paintings, of which only a few remain, are all Holy pictures.
Two of them are very large and were painted as altarpieces.
Some of them are very small and were for private owners, not for churches.
At that time, many artists painted pictures that were specially for people to look at while they were praying.
The pictures are most often of the Madonna and Child.
They often have gold backgrounds which glow when they are lit by candlelight.
The figures in the paintings do not look very solid or realistic.
They look very still, calm and holy.
These paintings had been done in the same style for many hundreds of years, in Greece, Constantinople and many other countries where the Greek Orthodox Church was the main church.
The style, which was called the Byzantine style, had also spread to Italy where several Orthodox icons (Holy picture), had become famous and were copied by many artists.
Duccio was one of the greatest painters in the Byzantine style in Italy at the time.
He had a famous rival who worked in Florence.
His name was Cimabue.
One of Cimabue's pupils, Giotto, was to become even more famous, and is remembered as having begun the Renaissance style of painting in Florence.
Even though Duccio probably saw Giotto's paintings, in which the figures look solid and three-dimensional, like actors on a stage, Duccio was not very influenced by him.
Duccio had several students who also became famous painters of the 1300s.
They include Simone Martini and the Lorenzetti brothers, who were also influenced by Giotto.
The "Rucellai Madonna"
In 1285 Duccio was asked to go to Florence to paint an altarpiece of the Madonna and Child for the church of Santa Maria Novella which had been  rebuilt for the Dominican friars.
It was a very large church and for it, Duccio painted the biggest ancient altarpiece of this type that is known.
It is called the "Rucellai Madonna" because the Rucellai, who were a very rich family, paid for the decoration of the main chapel of the church, where this altarpiece was hung in the 1600s.
Duccio painted the Madonna sitting on a throne with the Christ Child in her lap, raising his hand in blessing.
Around them are six kneeling angels in robes of delicate colours.
The robe of the Madonna is very dark blue and looks almost black; it is painted with ground-up semi precious stone called lapis lazuli.
The robe of the baby looks quite transparent.
Duccio was one of the first painters to try to paint transparent material.
One of the important parts of Duccio's design is the gold border of the Madonnna's robe, which seems to wander around the painting in a waving line, and frames the Madonna's face in a way that holds the attention of the viewer.
The "Rucellai Madonna" is no longer in the Church of Santa Maria Novella.
In  1948 it was moved to the Ufizzi Gallery where it is shown in the same room as Cimabue's "Trinita Madonna" and Giotto's "Ognisanti Madonna".
The "Maestà"
In Duccio's own city there was a large cathedral.
In 1308 he was given the job of making an enormous altarpiece of the Madonna on a throne for the cathedral.
It was not to be as tall as the "Rucellai Madonna" but was much wider, because it showed two rows of saints and a row of angels on either side of the throne.
The four saints the kneel at the front of the picture are those who were particularly remembered in the city of Siena.
The altarpiece was to have a very fancy Gothic gold frame with more figures at the top, and small pictures at the bottom, but unfortunately the frame has been destroyed.
Because the painting stood above an altar that was right in the middle of the cathedral, and not against a wall, it was easy for people to walk around to see the back of the altarpiece.
So Duccio painted the back as well.
The back of the altarpiece had lots of small scenes which tell the life of Jesus.
These small scenes, which have gold backgrounds and bright colours in the usual way, are very lively illustrations to the Bible stories.
After three years, the altarpiece was finished.
It was carried in a great procession from Duccio's workshop, up the hill to the cathedral which stood on the highest point of the city.
It was called the "Maestà" (or "Majesty").
Four other artists were asked to do smaller altarpieces to go in the four chapels that were nearby.
Unfortunately, in the 1700s, people at the cathedral thought that Duccio's altarpiece was old-fashioned.
It was taken to pieces, and some of the smaller parts were sold.
They can be seen in the National Gallery, London and other places.
Luckily most of the pieces were kept together and can now be seen in the Cathedral Museum which is near Siena Cathedral.
Some of the smaller panels from the "Maestà"
Some of Duccio's other works
John White, Duccio, Thames and Hudson, (1979),
Cecilia Jannella, Duccio, Scala/Riverside, Siena (1991),
1255 births
1319 deaths
14th-century Italian painters
13th-century Italian painters
Castoridae is a family of rodents.
Today, the only genus that has alive species in it is Castor.
It contains modern-day beavers.
In addition, about 20 extinct genera of beavers have been put into the family.
The IUCN Red List (also IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) is a list of species.
The list tells for each species how likely it is to become extinct (or if it is already).
This is called its conservation status.
This list is put together each year by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
There are exact criteria to see if a certain species is threatened to become extinct.
These criteria are the same for all parts of the world.
The purpose of the list is to tell people how threatened a certain species is.
Politicians can then decide on what needs to be done and the efforts needed to save certain species from becoming extinct.
Data deficient:
IUCN Red List Website - The species list can be found here.
Redruth (Cornish: Resrudh) is a small town in Cornwall.
The name of the town means "red ford"; the parish church of Redruth is dedicated to St Uny.
The district of Camborne and Redruth was once very important for the mining of tin and copper.
Until 1974, Camborne and Redruth were included in the Camborne-Redruth urban district.
In 2001 there were 12,352 people living in Redruth.
The two towns with the village of Pool have more people than St Austell (Cornwall's largest settlement).
In 2004, about 38,500 people were living in Camborne-Redruth.
The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) is an American organization.
It works with several federal agencies to unify the information gathered about different taxonomy of biological species.
It provides a common database for these agencies to use.
ITIS was originally formed in 1996.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Canada Interface: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS*CA)
Mexico Interface: Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica (SIIT*MX)
Brasil Interface: Sistema Integrado de Informação Taxonômica - (SIIT*Brasil)
Scientific organizations based in the United States
Biological databases
Yersinia pestis is a bacillus.
It is a bacterium.
It has been identified as the infectious agent of bubonic plague.
This bacterium also causes other forms of plague- Septicemic plague and pneumonic plague.
These three forms of the plague have been responsible for a high death toll in many epidemics throughout human history.
These diseases are believed to be the cause of the Black Death.
Because of the Black Death, about one third (one of three) people in Europe died.
This was between 1347 and 1353.
The bacillus was discovered by the physician Alexandre Yersin during an epidemic of the plague in Hong Kong, in 1894.
Yersin worked for the Pasteur Institute at the time.
Originally, the microoganism was named Pasteurella pestis.
It was renamed in 1967.
Historians are currently divided about the role of Y. pestis in the Black Death.
Some historians said that the Black Death spread far too fast.
Therefore, Y. pestis could not have caused it.
DNA from Y. pestis has been found in the teeth of some of the victims of the Black Death.
For this reason, Y. pestis must have been at least a factor in some (but not necessarily all) European plague epidemics.
Yersinia pestis .
Virtual Museum of Bacteria.
Genome information is available from the NIAID PathoSystems Resource Integration Center (PATRIC)
Leptospirosis (also known as Weil's disease, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever or seven day fever) is a bacterial disease.
It is caused by spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira.
This bacterium affects humans and many animals, including mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles.
It was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886.
At the time he reported an "acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis".
The pathogen, Leptospira-genus bacteria was isolated in 1907 from a post mortem kidney slice.
Leptospirosis is a relatively rare bacterial infection in humans.
The infection is commonly transmitted to humans by allowing fresh water that has been contaminated by animal urine (often from rats) to come in contact with the skin, eyes or with the mucous membranes.
It usually causes heart failure, kidney failure or liver failure, and most sufferers die if they are not treated urgently.
The disease causes little concern, as it is quite rare
François-Joseph Gossec (born Vergnies, 17 January 1734 — 16 February, 1829) was a South Netherlands composer.
He was born in what is now Belgium, but worked in France during his long life.
People hardly ever hear his music now except for one very popular piece of dance music called Tambourin.
He was famous in France in his time and had a lot of influence on French music.
Life and Work
Gossec’s family were small farmers.
When Gossec was young he worked as a cowherd (someone who looks after cows).
He showed a lot of talent and became a choir-boy in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Antwerp.
In 1751 he went to Paris.
The composer Jean-Philippe Rameau was very impressed by him and got him jobs playing the violin and double bass in his private orchestra.
He heard a lot of music by German composers and started to write music of his own.
His symphony in D was one of the first works in France to use clarinets which had only just been invented.
He composed many  operas as well as instrumental works.
In 1762 Gossec became the conductor of a private theatre of the Prince of Condé at Chantilly.
A lot of German and Bohemian wind players at that time went to Paris, and Gossec gave them jobs in his orchestra.
Gossec wrote a lot of music for the French Revolution.
When the Paris Conservatoire was opened in 1795 he became a teacher of composition there.
Gossec composed lots of different kinds of music.
His music for instruments was very successful.
He wrote operas which suited the taste of French people at the time, but he did not have a good sense of drama and the words of his operas were uninteresting.
He was an important man in the history of music because he organized a lot of musical events in Paris.
He was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
A lot of composers  went to his funeral.
1734 births
Belgian composers
People from Hainaut (province)
Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730  3 January 1795, born in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent) was an English potter, who became famous for the industrialisation  of pottery.
He was the grandfather of both Charles Darwin and Emma Darwin, Charles' wife.
When he was a child, Josiah had smallpox, but he survived (did not die).
The smallpox injured his knee, so he could not easily work as a potter.
Instead, he worked hard to design pottery.
Working as an apprentice, Wedgwood learned many techniques for making pottery.
He used his skills to make one of the first pottery factories, Ivy Works, in Burslem, now part of Stoke-on-Trent.
Wedgwood was very interested in science and technology, and used new ideas to make good quality pottery.
He became famous for making pottery for royalty, and became very rich.
He spent money on civic works, things that would help businessmen and people in the city, for example canals.
He became friends with Erasmus Darwin, an important scientist and inventor.
In 1780, Wedgwood and Darwin became business partners.
Wedgwood's son married Darwin's daughter, who gave birth to Charles Darwin.
Wedgwood and Darwin were also members of the 'Lunar Society', a group of important scientists, philosophers and businessmen.
By 1763, he was receiving orders from the highest levels of the British nobility, including Queen Charlotte.
Wedgwood convinced her to let him name the line of pottery she had purchased "Queen's Ware", and trumpeted the royal association in his paperwork and stationery.
In 1773, Empress Catherine of Russia ordered the Green Frog Service from Wedgwood; it can still be seen in the Hermitage Museum.
An even earlier commission from Catherine was the Husk Service (1770), now on exhibit in Peterhof.
In the latter part of his life, Wedgwood's obsession was to duplicate the Portland Vase, a dark blue and white glass vase from the first century BC.
For three years he worked on the project, eventually producing what he considered a satisfactory copy in 1789.
Together with his friends in the Lunar Society, Wedgwood worked for the abolition (ending) of slavery.
Wedgwood produced medallions asking for the end of slavery.
These medallions became very popular.
Wedgwood died in Etruria, Stoke-on-Trent, in 1795.
Selling slaves became illegal (against the law) in 1807 in Britain, and having slaves became illegal in 1833.
Wedgwood: the first tycoon, Brian Dolan, Viking Adult, 416 pp.
Wedgwood collection at the Lady Lever Art Gallery
Revolutionary Players website
Wedgwood Museum
Wedgwood family
A tambourin (pronounced the French way) is a piece of music which was popular in France in the 18th century.
It is based on a folkdance from the Provence.
The music is made to sound like the kind of drum which is called "tambourin" in French.
Jean-Philippe Rameau wrote several Tambourins in his operas.
Other composers who wrote Tambourins include François-Joseph Gossec and Maurice Duruflé.
Tambourin also means a special kind of drum from the Provence.
It has a long, cylindrical shape and is played with one drumstick.
It is found in orchestral music such as Georges Bizet's L'Arlésienne Suite no.
Thomas Wedgwood (1685-1739) was an English potter.
He was a member of the Wedgwood family, who were very successful potters.
He was the son of Thomas Wedgwood II and Mary Leigh.
Thomas Wedgwood was married to Mary Stringer.
1739 deaths
Thomas Wedgwood (1716-1773) was an English potter.
He was the son of Thomas Wedgwood III and Mary Stringer and brother of Josiah Wedgwood.
Thomas Wedgwood was married firstly to Isabell Beech.
Thomas Wedgwood V
Wedgwood, Thomas IV
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (8 March 1714–14 December 1788) was a German musician and composer.
He was the second of five sons of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach.
He was said to be one of the greatest harpsichord players of his time.
He wrote a book called Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments (1755), which was used by Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven.
Bach was born in Weimar on 8 March 1714.
His godfather was the composer Georg Philipp Telemann, and he stayed in contact with him throughout his life.
He was taught to play music at an early age by his father.
His father moved the family to Leipzig in 1723 where he had a position as Kantor at the Thomasschule.
After finishing school Bach went to Leipzig University and trained as a lawyer.
In 1740 he moved to Berlin to become the harpsichord player for Frederick the Great.
Frederick played the flute, and it was Bach's job to provide the keyboard accompaniment.
This left him with plenty of time to compose music.
Bach married Johanna Maria Dannemann in 1744.
They had a number of children, but only three lived to be adults.
His son, also Johann Sebastian Bach, became a painter in Rome, but died at the age of 30.
Life in Berlin became difficult for Bach during the Seven Years' War.
Frederick was often away and so there was little musical activity in the court.
He was paid with paper money which did not keep its value, and so he had to be careful with his spending.
There was also criticism of his playing style, it was becoming "affected", too modern for the conservative tastes of Frederick's court.
After Telemann died at the end of 1767, Bach was able to replace him as the director of church music for the five churches in Hamburg.
His duties included teaching music, and organising about 200 musical performances a year.
This position allowed Bach to write church music including 21 settings of the Passion, 70 cantatas, motets and liturgies.
He also organised concerts and other performances throughout the year.
Bach became ill in the summer of 1788 and died from a chest ailment on 14 December.
He was buried in the Church of St. Michael in Hamburg.
His grave was forgotten, and only rediscovered in 1925.
Bach wrote nearly 200 keyboard works, mainly sonatas while at Berlin.
He was able to develop a network of people around Europe who were able to sell printed copies of his pieces which brought in a considerable income.
The king however did not regard him as a composer, even though Bach dedicated some of his compositions to him.
Bach wrote in 1773 that many of his compositions were simply written as a business to make money.
Bach also helped make his father's music more widely known.
he arranged the printing and sales of his music.
Bach protected his father's original manuscripts, and it is because of this that some  of them, including the St. John Passion and the St. Matthew Passion, have survived.
Other manuscripts of Johann Sebastian's were given to Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, who sold them and they are now lost.