the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Three magi are supposed because three gifts are described, and artistic depictions almost always show three magi.
Also, the wise men in the actual biblical narrative did not visit on the day Jesus was born, but saw Jesus as a child, in a house as many as two years afterwards ().
The Immaculate Conception is not synonymous with the virgin birth of Jesus, nor is it a supposed belief in the virgin birth of Mary, his mother.
Rather, the Immaculate Conception is the Roman Catholic belief that Mary was not subject to original sin from the first moment of her existence, when she was conceived.
The confusion stems from a misunderstanding of the term "immaculate," which means "without stain" (i.e. sinless).
The concept of the virgin birth, on the other hand, is the belief that Mary miraculously conceived Jesus while remaining a virgin.
The doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary is not supported by canonical scripture, first appearing c.145 AD in the Gospel of James written several decades after the canonical ones.
The Gospel of Matthew (1:24) implies that Mary and Joseph did indeed consummate a marriage after Jesus's birth, both Matthew (13:55) and the Gospel of Mark (6:3) indicate that Jesus had among his family four brothers (Joses, James, Jude and Simon) and an unspecified number of sisters.
The Gospel of John makes reference to an unidentified number of Jesus's "brothers" associated with Mary and separate from his disciples.
Nevertheless, the doctrine was held as truth by virtually all Christian authorities until the twentieth century, and remains a central tenet of the Roman Catholic Church.
Roman Catholics do not believe the pope is sinless.
Catholic dogma does state that a teaching based on divine revelation stated by the pope is free from error.
This does not mean that the pope or everything he says is free from error, even when speaking in his official capacity.
A fatwā is a non-binding legal opinion issued by an Islamic scholar under Islamic law.
The popular misconception that the word means a death sentence probably stems from the fatwā issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran in 1989 regarding the author Salman Rushdie, whom he stated had earned a death sentence for blasphemy.
This event led to fatwās gaining widespread media attention in the West.
The word "jihad" does not always mean "holy war"; literally, the word in Arabic means "struggle".
While there is such a thing as "jihad bil saif", or jihad "by the sword", many modern Islamic scholars usually say that it implies an effort or struggle of a spiritual kind.
Scholar Louay Safi asserts that "misconceptions and misunderstandings regarding the nature of war and peace in Islam are widespread in both the Muslim societies and the West", as much following 9/11 as before.
George Washington Carver did not invent peanut butter, though he reputedly discovered three hundred uses for peanuts and hundreds more for soybeans, pecans, and sweet potatoes.
Thomas Crapper did not invent the flush toilet; it was invented by Sir John Harrington in 1596.
Crapper, however, did much to increase its popularity and came up with some related inventions, such as the ballcock mechanism used to fill toilet tanks.
He was noted for the quality of his products and received several Royal Warrants.
Furthermore, his surname was not the origin of the word "crap" (see under Words and phrases above).
Thomas Edison did not invent the light bulb.
He did, however, develop the first practical light bulb in 1880 (employing a carbonized bamboo filament), shortly before Joseph Swan, who invented an even more efficient bulb in 1881 (which used a cellulose filament).
Henry Ford did not invent either the automobile or the assembly line.
He did help to develop the assembly line substantially, sometimes through his own engineering but more often through sponsoring the work of his employees.
Karl Benz is credited with the invention of the first modern automobile, and the assembly line was invented before, several times.
Guglielmo Marconi did not invent radio, but only modernized it for public broadcasting and communication.
No single person was responsible for the invention of radio.
James Watt did not invent the steam engine, The invention of the steam engine was a process of development and redevelopment.
Watt developed the first commercially successful steam engine by greatly improving Newcomen's machine.
Toilet waste is never intentionally dumped overboard from an aircraft.
All waste is collected in tanks which are emptied on the ground by special toilet waste vehicles.
A vacuum is used to allow the toilet to be flushed with less water and because plumbing cannot rely on gravity alone in an aircraft in motion.
The infamous blue ice is caused by accidental leakages from the waste tank.
Passenger trains, on the other hand, have historically flushed onto the tracks; however, modern trains usually have retention tanks on board the train.
Limerick Football Club was a football club based in Limerick, Ireland.
The club currently play in the First Division of the League of Ireland.
The first Limerick FC was created in 1937 and has had a number of names since its creation, known at different times as Limerick FC, Limerick United, and Limerick City.
Under UEFA rules, the club could not get a licence to play in the First Division in 2007.
A separate club, Limerick 37, was formed to replace Limerick FC in the league and competed under this name for two seasons.
Limerick 37 has been renamed as Limerick FC.
Although the current Limerick FC and Limerick 37 are a different club to the original Limerick FC, however there has only ever been one senior football club in Limerick City at one time since 1937.
Limerick FC won the League of Ireland title twice, in the 1959-60 and 1979-80 seasons, and the FAI Cup twice, in 1971 and 1982.
They also won the League of Ireland Cup three times, 1976–77, 1992–93 and 2001-02.
The club has competed in European competitions on six occasions, playing against bigger clubs such as Real Madrid and Southampton FC.
Limerick FC has used a number of stadiums around the city as their home ground over the years, including The Market's Field in Garryowen, Jackman Park on Carey's Road, Hogan Park in Rathbane, Thomond Park and Pike Rovers ground at Crossagalla.
The Market's Field has always been considered to be the home of football in the city as the club enjoyed success at the venue and moving from there to Hogan Park heralded a serious decline in the club's fortunes.
The club is currently using Jackman Park, which belongs to the Limerick District League (LDMC), for home games.
It has a training base at Knocklisheen, on the north side of the city.
Limerick F.C. in Europe
Limerick played in European competitions six times in its history.
In 12 matches they scored 7 goals and while the club never won a European game, it drew twice.
One of those draws was at The Dell against a Southampton team that included former European Footballer of the Year Kevin Keegan and Mick Channon.
In the home fixture famous rugby international Tony Ward played well against a Yugoslav international defender Ivan Golac.
Limerick first competed in 1960 in the European Cup against Young Boys Berne, but suffered their heaviest aggregate defeat.
Limerick moved their 1965 Cup Winners' Cup home leg to Dalymount Park - one of only two 'home' games played outside of Limerick.
Interestingly, Pat Nolan is the only player ever to have scored for Limerick in Limerick in a European game.
The most famous European game was the 'home' match against Real Madrid in the European Cup in 1980.
The match was played at Lansdowne Road where Dublin football fans stayed away en masse.
Only 6,000 people watched the match.
The final score 2-1 to Madrid.
Des Kennedy scored twice in the tie, one at home and one away.
English born Left winger Johnny Matthews had a 'goal' disallowed.
Had it been given he would have completed a unique treble, as he had previously scored in European competition against Manchester United and Celtic while at Waterford United.
League of Ireland: 2
1959–60, 1979–80
FAI Cup: 2
League of Ireland Cup: 3
1975–76, 1992–93, 2001–02
League of Ireland Shield: 2
1953–54, 1983–84
Dublin City Cup: 3
1958–59, 1966–67, 1969–70
Regional titles
Munster Senior Cup: 11
1937–38, 1948–49, 1953–54, 1958–59, 1962–63, 1976–77,1983–84, 1984–85, 1988–89, 1994–95, 2005–06
Players and managers
Notable former managers
Ewan Fenton
The Official Limerick FC Website
Limerick FC Supporters' Club
Discussion Group on Limerick FC
Dawn is an unmanned NASA space probe.
It has orbited and studied the asteroid Vesta, and it is currently orbiting the dwarf planet Ceres.
Both Vesta and Ceres are in the asteroid belt.
Dawn is the first spacecraft to visit Ceres and the first to visit Vesta.
It also is the first spacecraft to orbit two extraterrestrial bodies.
Dawn was launched on September 27, 2007 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station aboard a Delta 7925-H rocket.
It then travelled to Mars for a gravity assist, making its closest approach to Mars in February 2009.
Next, Dawn set off for Vesta.
It went into orbit in July, 2011.
On September 5, 2012, Dawn left Vesta and headed for Ceres.
It began to orbit Ceres on March 6, 2015.
The 2001-02 Asian Cup Championship was 21st and the last Asian Cup Championships.
The AFC Champions League was created after this tournament.
The champions were Suwon Samsung Bluewings, defeating Anyang LG Cheetahs 0[4] -0[2].
The tournament final was played in Azadi Stadium, Tehran.
The 2009–10 UEFA Champions League was the 55th UEFA Champions League.
The champions were Internazionale with their third title.
They defeated Bayern Munich 2-0.
No third place game was played, but Lyon and FC Barcelona were defeated in the semifinals.
UEFA Champions League seasons
Phillips Exeter Academy (also called Exeter, Phillips Exeter, or PEA) is a high school for boys and girls in Exeter, New Hampshire.
It is a boarding school, and 80% of the students live there.
The school has 1.3 billion dollars, which is the most any school in New England has, and as much as many colleges do.
Phillips Exeter Academy is one of the oldest private boarding school in the United States, and was founded in 1781, during the American Revolution, by John Phillips, as a school for only boys.
The school opened to girls also in 1970.
The school is known for its special teaching method, the Harkness method, where students discuss concepts instead of being lectured.
The school has many important buildings, like the Class of 45 Library and the Exeter Inn.
It has an art museum, called the Lamont Gallery.
Its rival school, Phillips Academy, was founded three years before in Andover, Massachusetts by John Phillips' nephew, Samuel Phillips Jr. with the help of the older Phillips.
Their football teams have played against each other almost every year since 1878.
This makes their rivalry one of the oldest high school rivalries in the country.
Many politicians, writers, and other leaders have graduated from this school.
An American president, Franklin Pierce, went there, as did the children of three other American presidents: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Grover Cleveland.
The inventor of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, also did.
The school has three mottos: Non Sibi, which means "Not For Oneself", Finis Origine Pendet, which means "The End Depends On The Beginning", and Χάριτι Θεοῦ, which means "By the Grace of God".
Schools in New Hampshire
An emblem is a pictorial image either abstract or representational.
It represents a concept — for example, a moral truth, or an allegory — or a person, such as a king or saint.
For example, the scallop shell is the traditional emblem of James, son of Zebedee.
Pilgrims wore it on their hat or clothes to show that they were travelling to the shrine at Santiago de Compostela.
Military Emblems
These are seashells.
They are the shells of various marine mollusks, gastropod and bivalves.
They represent a maritime state.
Tasman Bay is a large bay at the north of New Zealand's South Island.
It is in the shape of a V. It is in the middle of the island's northern coast.
It is 120 km long and 70 km wide.
It is a part of the coast of the Tasman Sea, on the western side of the Cook Strait.
At the western side of the bay, the land around has dense vegetation.
The separation point between the Tasman Bay and the next bay, Golden Bay, is in the west.
It is a part of the Abel Tasman National Park.
On the east side, the bay is bounded by valleys of the Marlborough Sounds.
A few rivers enter the sea at this point.
Some of them are Waimea River, Riwaka, the Motueka and Serpentine River.
The land around the centre of the bay is cultivated.
It is well known for its crops like apples, kiwifruit, olives, grapes and hops.
Tasman bay produced Tobacco there in the middle of the twentieth century.
Now there is a Tobacco museum in Motueka.
This is also the most populated part of the South Island's north coast.
Several towns and the city of Nelson are there.
Other large towns are Motueka, Riwaka and Richmond.
The Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand Inc. (Forest & Bird) is an environmental organisation.
It specialises in conservation of indigenous plant and animal life in and around New Zealand.
The Society has over 50 active branches.
They are located in urban and rural centres in New Zealand.
Branches are very engaged in conservation projects on a community and regional basis.
Society offices and staff are in Auckland, Christchurch and Wellington.
The society publishes a journal four times a year: Forest & Bird.
1923 establishments in Oceania
A fishing dredge, also known as a scallop dredge or an oyster dredge, is a kind of fishing net.
It is pulled along the bottom of the sea by a fishing boat to collect scallops, oysters and other kind of clams, crabs, and sea cucumber.
Fishermen then lift the dredge into the boat and empty it.
In Europe, used to have "teeth" at the bottom, called tynes.
These teeth raked or ploughed the sand and mud.
This dug up buried clams.
The New Bedford (USA) dredge does not have teeth.
Dredge nets have a gross mesh in order to let organisms smaller than the target organisms through.
The net catches the larger organisms: in the case of scallop dredging that includes the scallops' predators, such as whelks, starfish and octopus.
Sometimes three or four dredges are attached to a wheeled stiff axle.
A number of these dredges can be towed from a heavy spreading bar.
Usually there is one on each side of the ship.
The length of the bar and the number of dredges towed is dependent on the power of the ship and the room on the side of the boat for working the dredges.
There could be 3 on each side on a small 10 metre boat.
There could be up to 20 on each side for a 30-metre ship with 1500 hp.
The weight and strength of this can dig up the ground.
It overturns rocks and can crush animals and plants in its path.
Scallops often contain sand when fishermen use dredges.
It can also damage the seabed if they use dredges carelessly.
These days scallop dredging is sometimes replaced by scuba diving.
However inventors are trying to invent a better dredge.
photo of scallop dredge
drawing of scallop dredge
The Way of St. James or St. James' Way (, , , ) is the pilgrimage route to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain.
Tradition says that the remains of the apostle Saint James are buried there.
"Looking For Infinity: El Camino" (2017) follows the ancient pilgrimage path of St James's Way.
Described by the Blue Mountains Australia Supporters of the Camino as “A beautiful, sincere and gentle work for those who want to savour life and slow down to see it, Working on many different levels, the film provides insight into what attracts many people to undertake a Camino and what the words “freedom” and “simplicity” mean to them when coupled with “giving” to others and always receiving more than you gave."
Camino de Santiago Community dedicated to help pilgrims plan their trip
Comeon.ws, detailed and accurate information about The Caminos and Albergues (GPS tracks, POIs, maps)
Virtual Visit  Cathedral Santiago de Compostela
Camino de Santiago Backpacking Journals Follow hikers as they walk the Way of Saint James
The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Way of St. James (p. 175-183)
Free Guide for Hikers on the Way of St. James
Walk the Camino de Santiago de Compostela First hand pilgrim advice for various European St. James pilgrimage walking routes
App Mi Camino  for Android SmartPhones
Free Android app and maps for navigation to Camino de Santiago for Android SmartPhones
Thomas P. "Oyster" Burns (September 6, 1864– November 11, 1928) was an American baseball player.
He played 11 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Wilmington Quicksteps, Baltimore Orioles, Brooklyn Bridegrooms, and New York Giants.
Burns mostly played as an outfielder.
He also played as a shortstop, second baseman, third baseman and pitcher.
Over his career he compiled a batting average of .300 with 1,392 hits, 65 home runs, and 834 runs batted in (RBI) in 1,188 games played.
Burns spent most of his career in the major leagues.
He also played in minor league baseball.
He first played in MLB at age 19.
In his playing days, Burns was  tall and weighed .
Burns was nicknamed "Oyster" because he sold oysters in the off-season.
He was described as a "loudmouth" with "an irritating voice and personality".
Burns led the Bridegrooms to an American Association championship in 1889 and a National League pennant in 1890.
He retired from baseball in 1901.
He died on November 11, 1928, in Brooklyn, New York.
Burns was born on September 6, 1864, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
His parents, Patrick and Mary Burns, both came to the United States from Ireland.
In 1883, Burns began his professional baseball career.
He played as a pitcher for a minor league team in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
In his first season, Burns had an earned run average (ERA) of 2.30, and pitched in 20 games.
When he was not pitching, Burns played second and third base.
Burns began the 1884 season playing for the Wilmington Quicksteps.
He left the team on August 21, 1884, after they joined the Union Association.
On the same day, Burns joined the Baltimore Orioles.
At the age of 18, he was the youngest player on the Orioles.
Burns played in only 35 games that season but had six home runs.
He hit more home runs than any other player on the team that season.
In 1885, he batted .231 with five home runs and 37 RBIs.
Burns pitched to a 7–4 win–loss record.
His low batting average, however, led him to be demoted to the Newark Domestics for the 1886 season.
Burns helped the Domestics win the Eastern League pennant.
By 1887, he returned to playing in the majors for the Orioles.
He became the Orioles' team captain.
Burns lost the role when he threw a baseball at a pitcher on another team.
He was later fined $25.
Over the 1887 season, Burns hit nine home runs.
He had 19 triples, which was tied with five other players for the American Association lead.
He played in 140 games, which also tied for the league's lead.
After playing in 79 games for Baltimore, Burns was moved to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms by Harry Von der Horst.
Von der Horst owned both teams.
While playing for the Bridegrooms, the New York Clipper described Burns as "the noisiest man that ever played on the Brooklyn team.
His voice reminds one of a buzz-saw."
Burns remained with the Bridegrooms for the 1889 season.
He had team highs in batting average and home runs.
That season the Bridegrooms became American Association champions.
In the World Series, the Bridegrooms played the New York Giants.
Burns hit a three-run home run to win the fourth game of the series.
This gave Brooklyn a 3–1 series lead.
However, the Giants won the World Series after winning five straight games.
In 1890, the Bridegrooms moved to the National League.
Burns, then 26, led the league in home runs (13) and RBIs (128).
He hit for the cycle on August 1, 1890.
He was the first Bridegroom to do so.
The Bridegrooms won the National League pennant.
In the 1890 World Series, the team played against the Louisville Colonels.
The series ended in a 3–3–1 tie because of bad weather.
In 1892, the Bridegrooms changed their name to the Grooms.
Burns's RBI total was third highest in the league.
His hits, doubles, triples, and batting average were the second highest on the Brooklyn team.
In 1893, between games of a doubleheader, a teammate of Burns, Tom Daly, was sleeping in center field.
Burns stabbed Daly with a knife.
Daly woke up and turned into the knife.
This led to a severed tendon which kept Daly out for two weeks.
Burns' 1894 batting average (.355) was the highest of his career.
He continued to play for the club until 1895, when he left the Grooms to play for the New York Giants.
In his final MLB year, Burns batted .258 over 53 games.
After the 1895 season, Burns' contract was bought by the minor league Newark Colts.
The Colts won the Atlantic League division with a 82–61 record.
The next season, Burns served as a player-coach for the Hartford Bluebirds.
He lead the team in doubles and batting average.
In his final year managing, Burns coached for a minor league team in Portland, Maine.
After baseball
After retiring from baseball, Burns lived in Brooklyn.
He died on November 11, 1928.
He was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in North Arlington, New Jersey.
Thomas Wolsey (born between 1471 and 1476 at Ipswich, Suffolk; died 29 November 1530) was an English statesman and archbishop.
He was made a cardinal in 1515.
Of humble origin, Thomas Wolsey became the principal figure in affairs of state for many years during the reign of King Henry VIII of England before falling into disgrace.
Cardinal Wolsey chiefly developed his talents in managing the foreign policy of the kingdom on behalf of Henry VIII.
In spite of the many enemies who envied his ambition, he was able to  acquire the confidence of the king until the latter decided to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled in order to marry Anne Boleyn.
Between 1471 and 1476: born at Ipswich.
10 March 1498: ordained priest.
1509: Dean of Lincoln; made royal almoner and member of the Council.
1514: Took Thomas More into his service to look after his revenue.
1515: Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor of England.
10 September 1515: Pope Leo X created Wolsey a cardinal.
1516: Obtained from Leo X the title of cardinal-legate.
He proceeded to take the possessions of thirty monasteries and put himself forward as a candidate to become Pope.
1518: Bishop of Bath and Wells (while still Archbishop of York)
1522: Resigned Bishopric of Bath and Wells
1525: Founded Cardinal College at Oxford (afterwards Christ Church), one of the largest and richest colleges of the University of Oxford.
1529: The varying attitudes of Wolsey, wishing to keep the Pope happy, had the effect of destroying his credit with the king.
In the autumn, impelled by Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII brought charges against Thomas Wolsey.
He was dismissed from his office of Lord Chancellor and deprived of his properties, including the palace of Whitehall, where Henry decided go and live, instead of Westminster Palace.
29 November 1530: He died of exhaustion at Leicester while being transferred to the Tower of London.
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Wolsey, Thomas
Catholic-Hierarchy, Thomas Cardinal Wolsey
A pacifier (called a dummy or soother in some countries) is an object that a baby sucks to comfort them.
Sucking is a natural instinct for babies and it soothes them.
It generally consists of a teat (which is the part designed to be sucked) made from either silicone (a type of plastic) or latex (a form of rubber).
Silicone is becoming more popular as it is more durable and easier to keep clean.
The teat is mounted on a plastic plate which can vary in shape from circular, oval or butterfly shape.
It can come in a variety of different colors with different designs like cartoon characters to make it look more appealing to the baby.
The main purpose of the plastic mouth guard is to stop the baby from accidentally swallowing the pacifier.
If for some reason the child is able to swallow it, the mouth guard is made to be too large to pass through the throat and if it should get lodged in the throat it also has holes to allow air to pass through so the child can still breathe.
Finally there is sometimes a ring attached to allow the parent to remove the pacifier.
There is some concern that the use of pacifiers can affect the child's teeth so many teats now are a special shape to allow the teeth to form properly, these are called orthodontic teats.
Non-orthodontic teats are sometimes called cherry teats.
The Wilmington Quicksteps were a baseball team in the Union Association.
They finished with a 2–16 record and were managed by Joe Simmons.
Games played (abbreviated as G or GP) is a statistic.
It is used in team sports to show the total number of games in which a player has participated in.
In baseball, a triple is when a batter reaches third base on a hit without an error occurring in the field.
Chief Wilson hit the most triples, recording 36 in 1912.
Indian journalists
Golden, Colorado is a city in the US state of Colorado.
It is the county seat of Jefferson County, Colorado.
It was founded on June 16, 1859 during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush.
Golden City was the capital of the Territory of Jefferson from 1860 to 1861, and the capital of Colorado Territory from 1862 to 1867.
In 1867, the capital was moved to Denver City.
The Sprawl trilogy is William Gibson's first set of novels.
The three books in the series are: Neuromancer (1984), Count Zero (1986), and Mona Lisa Overdrive (1988).
It is also called  the Neuromancer, Cyberspace, or Matrix trilogy.
The Sprawl is a name for a very large city in the novels.
The stories all happen in the same fictional future.
The books share characters and themes.
Some of Gibson's short stories "Johnny Mnemonic," "New Rose Hotel," and "Burning Chrome" also happen in the Sprawl.
Emerald is a small town in Victoria, Australia.
It is 44km south-east of Melbourne.
In 2006 there were 6,135 people living in Emerald.
The large Cardinia Reservoir which supplies water to Melbourne is in Emerald.
A Panzerschreck (also known as a Raketenpanzerbüchse, abbreviated to RPzB) is an infantry weapon made by Nazi Germany.
They fired an 88 mm calibre anti-tank rocket.
Unlike the Panzerfaust, they were reusuable.
This article is about the game designer, for a mountain pass, see mountain pass.
Markus Alexej Persson (born 1 June 1979), better known as Notch, is a Swedish game designer.
He is famous for creating the video game Minecraft.
Persson started the company Mojang AB in 2009.
On September 15, 2014, he announced that he would be leaving the company, and soon after he left.
Pyeongchang is a city in the Republic of Korea.
They hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics.
The town has many mountains, with a lot of snow in the winter.
As of 2013, its population was about 44,000.
Pyeongchang County government website
Pyeongchang 2018 website
Cape Conran Coastal Park is a coastal reserve near Marlo in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia.
It is 420 km east of Melbourne and 530 km south of Sydney.
It covers an area of 11,700 hectares, and has 60 kilometres of coast line.
Most of the area is covered in banksias and woodland which attracts many nectar feeding birds.
Other birds seen in the area include the White-bellied Sea Eagles and Eastern Ground Parrots.
Dame Margaret Evelyn de Arias DBE (née Hookham; 18 May 191921 February 1991), known by the stage name Margot Fonteyn, was an English ballerina.
She is widely regarded as one of the greatest classical ballet dancers of all time.
She spent her entire career as a dancer with the Royal Ballet, eventually being appointed Prima Ballerina Assoluta of the company by Queen Elizabeth II.
This is an honour rarely given to a dancer.
The highest rank in the Royal Ballet today is Principal dancer.
Fonteyn's appointment as a Dame commander of the British Empire is the female equivalent to a knighthood.
Fonteyn danced until 1979, when she was nearly 60.
This is unusual for any dancer, male or female.
Her career was expected to end round about 1960, but it was reborn by a new partnership with a Russian dancer who had escaped from the Soviet Union.
He was Rudolph Nureyev, one of the three greatest male ballet dancers of the twentieth century.
Though he was 19 years younger than her, the partnership flourished, and was called "the most famous partnership in ballet history".p188
She married a Panamanian politician in 1955.
He survived an assassin's bullets ten years later.
She continued dancing to raise money for his upkeep.
The marriage was not happy; he had a mistress.
However, the couple remained married until his death in 1989.
Various photos and early film clips
1955 The Sleeping Beauty: with Michael Soames (NBC, colour).
A black and white version is available on DVD.
1958 The Nutcracker: with Michael Soames
1960 Swan Lake: a colour film of her with Rudolf Nureyev as the Prince
2005 Margot: a documentary with filmed interviews with Nureyev, Frederick Ashton, Roland Petit, Ninette de Valois, Robert Helpmann, Lynn Seymour, and others.
Margot: BBC 4, dramatised biography with Anne-Marie Duff.
1976 Margot Fonteyn Autobiography New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Hampstead is a district of London, England, about  north-west of Charing Cross.
It is part of the London Borough of Camden.
It is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations and for the large and hilly parkland Hampstead Heath.
Some of the most expensive housing in the London area, or indeed anywhere in the world is in Hampstead, with large houses selling for up to £50m (2008).
The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any other area of the United Kingdom.
Hampstead has long been known as a residence of writers, composers, ballerinas, intellectuals, actors, artists and architects, many of whom created a bohemian community in the late 19th century.
After 1917, and again in the 1930s, it became base to a community of avant garde artists and writers and was host to a number of émigrés and exiles from the Russian Revolution and Nazi Europe.
Cosmic dust (also known as star dust and space dust) is a type of dust.
It is very small crystals sent out from stars.
It is formed when a star, such as the Sun, sends out atoms.
Some of the atoms become ions by gaining or losing electrons and becoming negatively and positively charged.
These oppositely charged ions form an ionic bond, sticking together in tiny crystals, a few thousand nanometres across, to form cosmic dust.
Cosmic dust is found in various locations.
Intergalactic dust is found between galaxies.
Interstellar dust is found between stars.
Dust clouds in these places are found by their blocking light from stars behind them, and by their own infrared radiation.
Circumplanetary dust is found around planets and in planetary rings Interplanetary dust can be found between planets, and is seen as gegenschein and zodiacal light.
Sautéing is a method of cooking food.
It uses a small amount of fat in a shallow pan.
The heat must be quite high.
Ingredients are often cut into pieces or sliced thinly.
It makes things cook faster.
Food that is sautéed is browned, but it keeps the same texture, moisture and flavor.
If meat, or fish is sautéed, the sauté is sometimes finished by using the pan's remains to make a sauce.
Sautéing is different from pan-frying.
People sometimes confuse the two.
In pan-frying larger pieces of food (for example, chops or steaks) are cooked quickly.
Sautéing is also different from searing.
Searing only browns the surface of the food.
Olive oil or clarified butter are commonly used for sautéing.
Most others fats will work too.
Regular butter will produce more flavor.
However it burns at a lower temperature and more quickly than other fats.
This is because of the milk solids in it.
Therefore clarified butter is better for sautéing.
Li Zehou (13 June 1930 – 2 November 2021) was a Chinese scholar who lives in the United States.
He was an important scholar of Chinese history and culture.
He criticized the Chinese government's response to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
Because of that, his books and articles were banned in China.
He was invited to the United States to teach.
He was granted permanent resident status.
Li had an important role in Chinese culture.
Professor Yu Ying-shih of Princeton University wrote that Li's books helped a whole generation of young Chinese students become free from communist ideas.
Li died on 2 November 2021, aged 91.
The Path of Beauty: A Study of Chinese Aesthetics, Oxford University Press, 1988
Liu Xiaobo, a Nobel Peace Prize winning scholar who has criticized Li's work as a scholar.
"Modernization and the Confucian World", Colorado College's 125th Anniversary Symposium on Cultures in the 21st Century: Conflicts and Convergences, address given February 5, 1999
"Li Zehou And The Marxist Reconstruction Of Confucianism", High Culture Fever, UC Press Ebooks
Cynthia DeFelice (born in 1951 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American children's book writer.
She has written 16 novels, and 12 picture books for young readers.
Her novels are written for children at the reading level of ages nine to twelve.
She was born Cynthia Carter in 1951.
Her father was a psychiatrist, and her mother was an English teacher, who stopped working to raise DeFelice and her siblings.
She credits her mother for her interest in books.
She began writing children's books in 1987.
She lives in Geneva, New York.
Children's novels
The Strange Night Writing of Jessamine Colter, Atheneum (1988),
Weasel, Atheneum (1990),
Devil’s Bridge, Gale Group (1992),
The Light on Hogback Hill Atheneum (1993),
Lostman’s River, Atheneum (1994),
The Apprenticeship of Lucas Whitaker Farrar, Straus & Giroux (1996),  (ALA Notable Book 1996)
The Ghost of Poplar Point, Farrar Straus (1997),
The Ghost of Fossil Glen, Farrar Straus (1998),
Nowhere to Call Home Farrar Straus (1999),
Death at Devil’s Bridge Farrar Straus (2000),
The Ghost and Mrs. Hobbs, Farrar Straus (2001)
The Ghost of Cutler Creek, Farrar Straus (2004),
Under the Same Sky, Farrar Straus (2005),
Missing Manatee, Farrar Straus (2005),
Bringing Ezra Back, Farrar Straus (2006) (sequel to Weasel)
Signal, Farrar Straus (2009),
Select children's picture books
Dancing Skeleton, illustrations by Robert Andrew Parker, Atheneum (1989)  (named a Best Book of the Year by the Library of Congress)
Clever Crow, illustrations by S.D. Schindler, Atheneum (1998),
Cold Feet, illustrations by Robert Andrew Parker, DK Books for Children (2000),  (2001 Boston Globe-Horn Book award for best picture book)
author website
DeFelice at Macmillan Books website
DeFelice at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database website
Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day is a children's picture book written by Judith Viorst and illustrated by Ray Cruz.
It was published in 1972 by Simon and Schuster.
It is a humorous story about a boy named Alexander and how one day everything went wrong for him, so he started thinking of moving to Australia.
But at the end, he realized that other people have bad days too, even in Australia.
In 2011 Century Fox confirmed to make a live-action film based on the book but was later picked by The Walt Disney Company.
In 2014, Disney released a film adaption, of the same name loosely based on the book.
Pippi Longstocking () is a novel by Astrid Lindgren.
It was originally published in Sweden on 26 November 1945.
It is the first in a series of books about Pippi Longstocking.
Pippi is a girl who lives alone in a house with her pets, a monkey named Mr. Nilsson and a horse that she keeps on the porch.
She befriends Tommy and his sister Annika, who live next door to her.
Astrid Lindgren first thought of Pippi Longstocking in 1941.
Her 9-year-old daughter Karin was sick and had to be kept in bed.
She asked her mother to tell her a story, so Lindgren made up a character named Pippi Longstocking and some stories about her to entertain her daughter.
In 1944, she wrote them down and sent the manuscript of the book to Bonnier Publishers.
They said that they did not want to publish the book.
When the publishing company Rabén and Sjögren announced a children's book contest on January 28 of the next year, she sent a new version of the book to the company.
It won first prize and was published in 1945.
Afterwards, Rabén and Sjögren would also publish the sequels, Pippi Goes on Board (1946) and Pippi in the South Seas (1948).
Since then, the series has been translated into many other languages.
It has also been adapted into a television series and two movies.
Pippi is a girl who is 9 years old.
She lives alone in Villa Villekulla, an old house in a garden way out at the end of a small town (the name of the town is not given).
She lives there all alone because her father, a sea captain called Captain Efraim Longstocking, disappeared when he was washed overboard in a storm and her mother died when she was very young.
Pippi believes that her mother is now an angel in Heaven, watching her through a peephole and her father, instead of drowning after being washed overboard, had actually floated to an island filled with cannibals and become a cannibal king.
Luckily for her, her father had bought Villa Villekulla many years ago so that when he would grow old he would move into the house with his daughter.
So Pippi decides to move into the house with the two things she had taken from her father's ship: her pet monkey named Mr. Nilsson (a present from her father) and a suitcase filled with gold coins.
After moving into the house, she also buys a horse, which she keeps on the porch.
She likes living alone because nobody orders her to go to bed and no one forces her to take cod liver oil, when she likes candy more.
Beside the house, there is another house in which there live two well-behaved siblings named Annika and Tommy.
They first meet Pippi when she is out on the road in the morning, walking backwards.
They ask her about this and she answers that a person can walk any way she wants to in a free country.
She continues to tell them that in Egypt, all the people walk backwards and nobody thinks it is strange.
After they ask her whether she actually has been to Egypt, she answers that she has and that in Farthest India, the people have an even stranger way of walking: they walk on their hands.
At this, they accuse her of lying and then she admits that she was lying and that in the Congo nobody speaks the truth.
Afterwards, she invites them over to her house, where they eat pancakes and Pippi tells them about Brazilians, who always have eggs in their hair.
Then she shows them some of the things which she and her father brought home from their journeys around the world.
From these, Pippi gives them some gifts: Tommy gets a small knife with a handle of pearl and Annika gets a ring with a green stone.
Annika and Tommy then go back to their home.
The Ringstraße (also known as Ring) is a street in Austria's capital Vienna.
It goes around the first district in almost the shape of a circle.
The street is 5.2 km long and is divided into nine sections.
It is one of the main sights in Vienna.
On December 20th, 1857, emperor Franz Joseph I. ordered to destroy the old city walls and to build a street which should show the glory of the Habsburg Empire.
The old walls were a traffic block because in 1850, the suburbs became part of the city as districts II.
till IX.
The order of the emperor outlined the exact size of the boulevard, as well as the geographical positions and functions of the new buildings.
The only building which was erected by the city was the Town Hall.
During the following years, a large number of important public and private buildings were erected.
Nobility and  bourgeoisie began to build mansions along the street.
Most of them were built in the Ringstraßenstyle, which mainly quotes older styles.
Sections of the Ringstraße
The Ringstraße has several sections.
It surrounds the central area of Vienna on all sides, except for the northeast, where its place is taken by the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the street going along the Donaukanal (a branch of the Danube).
Starting from the Ringturm at the northern end of the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the sections are:
Schottenring (named after the Schottenstift)
Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Ring (Karl Lueger)
Dr.-Karl-Renner-Ring (Karl Renner)
Burgring (Hofburg)
Opernring (Vienna State Opera)
Kärntner Ring (Carinthia)
Schubertring (Franz Schubert)
Parkring (Wiener Stadtpark)
Stubenring (named after the Stubenbastei, part of the viennese citywall since 1156)
Buildings along the Ringstraße
The K.u.
K. Hofoper (now Vienna State Opera), in neo-romantic style by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Nüll,
the Akademie der bildenden Künste (Academy of Fine Arts),
the Justizpalast (now Federal Ministry of Justice),
the Parliament building, in neo-attic style (a reference to the democracy of ancient Athens) by Theophil Freiherr von Hansen,
the Rathaus (Town Hall) in Flemish-Gothic style by Friedrich Schmidt,
the K.u.
K. Hofburgtheater (now Burgtheater) by Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer,
the University Building, in neo-renaissance style (a reference to the beginnings of the university system in northern Italy,
the Votivkirche, in neo-gothic style (a reference to the gothic Cathedrals of France) by Heinrich Freiherr von Ferstel,
the Börse (Stock Exchange),
the Ringturm, modern 1950s style,
the Urania observatory,
the Kriegsministerium (now Regierungsgebäude), in neo-baroque style by Ludwig Baumann,
the Postsparkasse (Postal Savings Bank), in Jugendstil by Otto Wagner,
the Museum für Angewandte Kunst (Museum of Applied Arts) in neo-renaissance style by Heinrich Freiherr von Ferstel,
the Palais Württemberg (now Hotel Imperial),
suf.at - Vienna Ringstraße
Die Ringstraße - ein Juwel unter den Straßen der Welt
viennatouristguide.at - Sights along the Ringstraße
Otto Koloman Wagner (13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian architect and urban planner.
He influenced the development of his hometown Vienna at the turn from the 19th to the 20th century.
He also was the architect of important landmarks.
Otto Wagner was born in the Penzing district of Vienna.
He studied in Berlin and Vienna.
After work as brick layer he started as architect.
His first buildings were in the  historism style.
In the late 1880s he became a proponent of the realism style.
In 1890 he designed a city plan for Vienna but only the railway netwerk Wiener Stadtbahn was built.
In 1894 he became Professor of Architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna.
In 1896 he published a textbook entitled Modern Architecture in which he wrote down his ideas about the role of the architect, it based on his first lecture in the Academy.
He called for an architecture based on modern materials and modern construction methods.
In 1897, he joined Gustav Klimt, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser shortly after they founded the "Vienna Secession" artistic group.
He died in 1918 in Vienna.
Works of Otto Wagner
Otto Wagner Museum in Vienna
Great Buildings Online
Images of several Wagner buildings
Otto Wagner at WOKA (de/en)
Majolica House in Vienna by Otto Wagner  (with drawings and photos)
AEIOU - Das österreichische Kulturinformationssystem
Einige skizzen 1, Wien, 1905.
Einige skizzen 2, Wien, 1905.
Einige skizzen 3, Wien, 1905.
Most notably, she danced professionally with Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, reaching the rank of soloist.
After Diaghilev's death she established what became The Royal Ballet.
This became one of the foremost ballet companies of the 20th century and one of the leading ballet companies in the world today.
She is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of ballet and as the 'godmother' of English ballet.
Before de Valois there had been no permanent ballet company in London, though there were a few quality dance schools which offered shows from time to time.
The company which became the Royal Ballet started as the Vic-Wells Ballet, founded by de Valois in 1931.
It had Anton Dolin as its Guest dancer.
In 1933 the company was joined by Alicia Markova, who was appointed prima ballerina.
At this point de Valois retired as a stage performer, and continued as Director.
Her reputation was now made as an organiser and teacher.
She was also a choreographer, with a number of ballets to her credit.
Her ballet Checkmate is still danced today.
'Madame', as she was called by everyone, attracted great talents to the company.
She engaged Frederick Ashton as Principal Choreographer and Constant Lambert as Musical Director, in 1935.
Tamara Karsavina was a dance advisor.
Eventually the company included many of the most famous ballet dancers in the world, including Margot Fonteyn, Svetlana Beriosova, and, most sensationally, Rudolf Nureyev.
As a manager, she had a fearsome reputation.
She would stand for no misbehaviour, or for anything which stood in the way of the dance.
One younger dancer said:
"She could be absolutely terrifying and I count it as one of the blessings of my life that I never saw that side of her... The dragon manner was business.
Outside of that she was the most witty, delightful, intelligent and informed of companions".
The Vic-Wells was given a Royal Charter in 1956, and became the Royal Ballet.
Madame was its first Director.
She retired from the Royal Ballet in 1963, but was a big influence for years.
She was appointed a Companion of Honour, and awarded the Order of Merit.
Madame died at the age of 102 in 2001.
British dancers
A Wrinkle in Time is a science fiction and fantasy novel by Madeleine L'Engle.
It was first published in 1962.
The book won the 1963 Newbery Medal and the 1965 Sequoyah Book Award.
It also won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1964.
A Wrinkle in Time is the story of Meg Murry, a high-school-aged girl who is transported on an adventure through time and space with her younger brother Charles Wallace and her friend Calvin O'Keefe to rescue her father, a gifted scientist, from the evil forces that hold him prisoner on another planet.
At the beginning of the book, Meg is a homely, awkward, but loving girl, troubled by personal insecurities and her concern for her father, who has been missing for over a year.
The plot begins with the arrival of Mrs. Whatsit at the Murry house on a dark and stormy evening.
Although she looks like an eccentric tramp, she is actually a celestial creature with the ability to read Meg's thoughts.
she loves me so much  the way, they meet Calvin O'Keefe, a popular boy in Meg's school whom Charles considers a kindred spirit.
The three children learn from Mrs. Whatsit and her friends Mrs. Who and Mrs. Which that the universe is threatened by a great evil called the Dark Thing and taking the form of a giant cloud, engulfing the stars around it.
Several planets have already succumbed to this evil force, including Camazotz, the planet on which Mr. Murry is imprisoned.
The three Mrs. W's transport the children to Camazotz and instruct them to remain always in each other's company while on their quest for Mr. Murry.
On Camazotz, all objects and places appear exactly alike because the whole planet must conform to the terrifying rhythmic pulsation of IT, a giant disembodied brain.
Charles Wallace tries to fight IT with his exceptional intelligence but is overpowered by the evil and becomes a robot-like creature mouthing the words with which IT infuses him.
Under the control of IT, Charles leads Meg and Calvin to Mr. Murry and together they confront IT.
However, they, too, are unable to withstand IT's power; they escape only at the last minute, when Mr. Murry appears and seizes Meg and Calvin, "tessering" away with them (traveling via another tesseract) to a gray planet called Ixchel inhabited by tall, furry beasts who care for the travelers.
Charles Wallace remains possessed by IT, a prisoner of Camazotz.
On Planet Ixchel the three Mrs. W's appear once again, and Meg realizes that she must travel alone back to Camazotz to rescue her brother.
Mrs. Which tells her that she has one thing that IT does not have, and this will be her weapon against the evil.
However, Meg must discover this weapon for herself.
When standing in the presence of IT, Meg realizes what this is: her ability to love.
Thus, by concentrating on her love for Charles Wallace, she is able to restore him to his true identity.