the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C can also cause some rare problems (problems which do not happen very often), which affect parts of the body outside of the liver.
One rare problem that Hepatitis C can cause is Sjögren's syndrome, an autoimmune disorder (or a disorder where the body's system of defenses attacks itself).
Hepatitis C can also cause a lower-than-normal number of blood platelets (the part of the blood which causes blood to clot; without enough platelets, a person can have bleeding problems, or can start bleeding and be unable to stop.
Other rare problems that Hepatitis C can cause are chronic (long-lasting) skin disease; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (a type of cancer); and diabetes (where a person's body does not make or use enough insulin, an important hormone that controls the level of sugar in the blood).
Hepatitis C is caused by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV).
In the scientific system that names and organizes viruses, the Hepatitis C virus is part of the hepacivirus genus in the family Flaviviridae.
There are seven major types of HCV, called "genotypes".
In the United States, the first genotype of HCV causes 70% of all cases of Hepatitis C (or 7 out of every 10); the second genotype causes 20% (or 2 out of every 10); and each of the other genotypes causes 1% (or 1 out of every 100 cases).
Thr first genotype is also the most common in South America and Europe.
In the developed world, the most common way that people get Hepatitis C is through intravenous drug use (by shooting drugs into a vein, using a needle that was already used by a person who has Hepatitis C).
In the developing world, most people get Hepatitis C through blood transfusions (being given blood that was taken from a person with Hepatitis C) or by getting medical care with tools that were not cleaned enough after being used on a person with Hepatitis C. In 20% of all cases of Hepatitis C (or 1 in every 5 cases), it is not known what caused the infection, but many of these cases are thought to have been caused by intravenous drug use.
Intravenous drug use
In many parts of the world, intravenous (IV) drug use (shooting drugs into a vein using a needle) is a major risk factor for Hepatitis C (meaning that it makes people more likely to get the disease).
One study that looked at 77 countries showed that in 25 of these countries (including the United States), between 60% and 80% (or 6 to 8 out of every 10) of all IV drug users had Hepatitis C. and China.
In twelve of the countries in the study, more than 80% of all IV drug users had Hepatitis C. Across the world, as many as ten million IV drug users are thought to have Hepatitis C; the highest totals are in China (1.6 million), the United States (1.5 million), and Russia (1.3 million).
Studies have also shown that in places where there are high numbers of IV drug users, people are more likely to have Hepatitis C. For example, prisoners in the United States are ten to twenty times more likely than the general population (people in general) to have Hepatitis C. This is thought to be because prisoners are more likely to things that put them at high risk for getting Hepatitis C, like using IV drugs and getting tattoos with tools that have not been cleaned properly.
Healthcare exposure
Peoples are at risk for getting Hepatitis C if they get blood transfusions (where a person is given blood from another person), blood products (which have blood or parts of blood in them), or organ transplants (where a person who needs a new organ is given an organ from another person), if these things have not been screened (or tested) for the Hepatitis C virus.
In the United States, there has been universal screening - meaning that all blood and organs are tested before being given to another person - since 1992.
Before then, about one out of every 200 units of blood carried the Hepatitis C virus; since 1992, only one in 10,000 to 10,000,000 units of blood carry the virus.
The reason that there is still a low risk, instead of no risk at all, is that a person's blood does not test positive for the Hepatitis C virus until about 11–70 days after they get the disease.
So every once in a while, the screening tests may not pick up on a person's infection if the person got Hepatitis C less than 11–70 days before giving blood.
While Hepatitis C screening works very well, some countries still do not screen blood and organ donations for the disease because of the cost.
Sometimes, a healthcare worker will accidentally get stuck with a needle that was used on a person with Hepatitis C. If this happens, the healthcare worker has a small chance - about a 1.8% chance - of becoming infected.
The worker is more likely to get infected if the needle they were stuck with was hollow, or if the needle stuck deeply into their skin It is also possible for the Hepatitis C virus to spread if an infected person's mucus touches another person's blood; however, the risk of this happening is low.
The virus cannot be spread if an infected person's mucus touches another person's intact skin (skin that is whole and not damaged, with no wounds).
Hepatitis C can also be transmitted (or spread) through hospital equipment that has not been cleaned enough after being used on an infected person.
Hepatitis C can be spread through needles, syringes, and medication vials (or containers) that are re-used; through infusion bags (which are used to pump medications into a person's body; and through surgical equipment that is not sterile (or clean and free of germs).
In Egypt, which has the highest rate of infection in the world, medical and dental facilities with poor standards of care and cleanliness are the most common reason that Hepatitis C spreads.
Scientists do not know whether Hepatitis C can be transmitted (or spread) through sex.
Hepatitis C is more likely in people who have high-risk sexual activity (sexual actions which make them much more likely to get Hepatitis C).
However, it is not known whether this is because of these people's sexual behavior, or because these people were also using IV drugs.
There does not seem to be any risk that Hepatitis C can be spread through sexual contact between a heterosexual couple (a man and a woman; commonly called a "straight" couple) if neither person has sex with anyone else.
There does seem to be a risk of Hepatitis C spreading if one person already has a sexually transmitted infection, like HIV or genital ulceration; or if two people have sex in a way that causes wounds to the lining of the anal canal (like anal penetration - one person putting his penis into another person's anus).
The United States government says that most people need to use condoms to protect themselves from getting Hepatitis C only if they have more than one sexual partner.
Body piercings
Tattoos or body piercings that were done before the mid-1980s or by people who are not professionals (not experts) are especially likely to spread Hepatitis C, since they are more likely to have used tools that were not sterile.
Bigger tattoos also seem to put a person at more risk of getting Hepatitis C. The risk of getting Hepatitis C is very high in prisons; in the United States, almost half of all prison inmates share tattooing tools that are not sterile.
However, if a tattoo is done in a licensed place of business (which has to follow rules about cleaning tools and preventing diseases from spreading), there is almost no risk of getting Hepatitis C from the tattoo.
Contact with blood
Because Hepatitis C is spread by blood-to-blood contact, personal-care tools which come into contact with blood - like razors, toothbrushes, and manicure or pedicure equipment or any other kind of blood to blood contact - can spread the disease if they are shared.
To prevent the spread of Hepatitis C, people should be careful with cuts, sores, or anything else that causes bleeding.
Hepatitis C does not spread through casual contact, such as hugging, kissing, or sharing eating or cooking utensils.
Transmission from mother to child
Although this does not happen very often, a pregnant woman who has Hepatitis C can give the disease to her baby when it is born, or to her fetus while she is pregnant.
This happens in less than 10% of all pregnancies (less than 1 out of every 10 pregnancies).
If a pregnant woman has Hepatitis C, nothing can be done to make her less likely to give her baby the disease.
If the woman is in labor (the process of delivering her baby) for a long time, there is more of a chance that the baby will become infected during the birth.
Breastfeeding does not seem to spread the disease.
However, doctors say that an infected mother should not breastfeed if her nipples are cracked and bleeding, or her viral loads (the amount of the Hepatitis C virus in her blood) are high.
There are a few different tests that can diagnose Hepatitis C (or say for sure that a person has the disease).
These tests are called HCV antibody, ELISA, Western blot, and quantitative HCV RNA tests.
A technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can show that a person has Hepatitis C virus RNA (part of the virus's genetic blueprint) one to two weeks after the person becomes infected.
Tests that look for Hepatitis C antibodies (which the body makes to fight the disease) cannot be done this quickly after infection, because the antibodies can take much longer to form and show up.
A person has chronic Hepatitis C if he has been infected with the Hepatitis C virus for more than six months.
Because people with chronic Hepatitis C often have no symptoms for decades, doctors often diagnose it through liver function tests (which test how well the liver is working) or by doing routine (regular) screening of high-risk people.
Tests cannot tell whether an infection is acute or chronic.
Blood testing
Hepatitis C testing usually begins with blood tests that look for antibodies to the Hepatitis C virus, using a technique called an enzyme immunoassay.
If this test is positive (showing that the body is making antibodies to fight the Hepatitis C virus), the person will be tested a second time to make sure that the results are correct and to see how serious the infection is.
The results are confirmed using a technique called a recombinant immunoblot assay, and an HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction shows how serious the infection is.
If the immunoblot is positive, but there are no Hepatitis C virus RNA, this shows that the person had an infection, but it cleared up either with treatment or on its own.
If the immunoblot is negative, this shows that the immunoassay (the first test) was wrong, and the person does not have Hepatitis C. It takes six to eight weeks after a person gets infected before the immunoassay will test positive.
During the first part of a Hepatitis C infection, a person's liver enzymes may change; on average, they begin to rise seven weeks after infection.
A person's liver enzymes usually do not affect how severe their infection is.
A test called a liver biopsy can show whether a person's liver has been damaged, or how badly it has been damaged, by Hepatitis C. However, there are some risks from the procedure.
In a biopsy, a doctor takes a small piece out of the patient's liver so that he can test it.
There are three major changes to the liver that a biopsy usually shows.
One is that lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) show up in the liver tissue.
Another is that lymphoid follicles (small masses or swellings) show up in the portal triad, a part of the liver.
The third is changes to the bile ducts (these carry bile, which is made in the liver and is needed to help a person digest their food, to other parts of the body).
Many blood tests are available which try to measure how much damage there is to a patient's liver, in order to avoid the need for a biopsy and its risks.
As few as 5–50% of infected people in the United States and Canada (or 5 to 50 out of every 100) know that they have Hepatitis C. Doctors suggest that people who are at high risk for the disease, including people with tattoos, should get tested.
Screening is also suggested for people with elevated (high) liver enzymes, since this is often the only sign that a person has chronic hepatitis.
Routine screening (testing everyone) is not recommended in the United States.
As of 2012, there is no vaccine that works to prevent Hepatitis C. Researchers are working on vaccines, are some are making progress.
The spread of Hepatitis C can be prevented by using a combination of strategies, like needle exchange programs (where IV drug users can get clean needles which will not spread the virus) and treatment for drug abuse.
If these strategies are used together, the risk of IV drug users getting Hepatitis C drops by about 75%.
At a national level - within each country - screening blood donors is important for preventing the spread of Hepatitis C. So is using universal precautions in healthcare facilities. (
This means that healthcare workers treat every patient as if he has Hepatitis C, and they always wear gloves, clean their equipment properly, and keep things sterile so that diseases cannot be spread.)
In countries that do not have enough sterile syringes to use a new needle for every patient, healthcare providers should give medications orally (by mouth) rather than via injection (using a needle) so that needles do not have to be re-used.
The Hepatitis C virus causes chronic infection in 50–80% of infected persons (or 5 to 8 out of every 10).
About 40-80% of these cases (or 4 to 8 out of 10) clear up with treatment.
Although this almost never happens, chronic Hepatitis C can sometimes clear up on its own, without treatment.
Doctors suggest that people with chronic Hepatitis C should avoid drinking alcohol and taking medications that can be toxic (or poisonous) to the liver.
They also suggest that people with chronic infections should be given vaccines for Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B. People with cirrhosis should also have ultrasound tests for liver cancer.
Medications
If a person has liver abnormalities (changes in the liver that are not normal) due to Hepatitis C virus infection, the person should get treatment.
The first treatment that is used is a drug called pegylated interferon given together with the antiviral (virus-killing) drug ribavirin.
These medications are given for 24 or 48 weeks, depending on what type of Hepatitis C virus the person has.
About 50–60% of people who are treated improve.
For people with Hepatitis C virus genotype 1, treatment may work even better if another medication - either boceprevir or telaprevir - is given along with ribavirin and peginterferon alfa.
Side effects with treatment are common; half of people treated get flu-like symptoms, and a third have emotional problems.
Treatment works better if it is given during the first six months than after Hepatitis C becomes chronic.
If a person gets a new infection and it has not cleared up after eight to twelve weeks, doctors usually suggest giving pegylated interferon for another 24 weeks.
For people with thalassemia (a blood disorder), ribavirin appears to be a helpful treatment, but it makes it more likely for patients to need blood transfusions (where they need to be given blood from another person).
Likely outcome
People respond differently to treatment, depending on which of the Hepatitis C virus genotypes they have.
About 40-50% in people with genotype 1 have a good, stable response with 8–48 weeks of treatment.
In people with genotypes 2 and 3, about 70-80% have a good, stable response with 24 weeks of treatment.
About 65% of people with genotype 4 have a good, stable response with 48 weeks of treatment.
There is not much evidence about how well treatment works for people with genotype 6 disease is currently sparse.
The evidence that does exist looks at results after 48 weeks of treatment at the same medication doses as people with genotype 1.
Between 130 and 170 million people, or about 3% of all of the people in the world, are living with chronic Hepatitis C. Between 3–4 million people get infected per year.
More than 350,000 people die every year from diseases caused by Hepatitis C. The numbers of people getting Hepatitis C have increased a lot in the 20th century for a few different reasons.
More people are using IV drugs.
Also, more people are getting medical care with medical equipment that is not sterile, and it is more common for medications to be given intravenously.
In the United States, about 2% of people have hepatitis C, with 35,000 to 185,000 new cases a year.
Rates have decreased in the West since the 1990s due to improved blood screening before transfusion.
Annual deaths from HCV in the United States range from 8,000 to 10,000.
Expectations are that this mortality rate will increase as people infected by transfusion before HCV testing become ill and die.
Infection rates are higher in some countries in Africa and Asia.
Countries with very high rates of infection include Egypt (22%), Pakistan (4.8%) and China (3.2%).
The high rate in Egypt is linked to a now-discontinued mass-treatment campaign for schistosomiasis, using improperly sterilized glass syringes.
In the mid-1970s, Harvey J. Alter, Chief of the Infectious Disease Section in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at the National Institutes of Health, and his research team demonstrated that most post-blood transfusion hepatitis cases were not due to hepatitis A or B viruses.
Despite this discovery, international research efforts to identify the virus failed for the next decade.
In 1987, Michael Houghton, Qui-Lim Choo, and George Kuo at Chiron Corporation, collaborating with Dr. D.W. Bradley from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, used a new molecular cloning approach to identify the unknown organism and develop a diagnostic test.
In 1988, Alter confirmed the virus by verifying its presence in a panel of non A non B hepatitis specimens.
In April 1989, the discovery of HCV was published in two articles in the journal Science.
The discovery led to significant improvements in diagnosis and improved antiviral treatment.
In 2000, Drs.
Alter and Houghton were honored with the Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research for
Chiron filed for several patents on the virus and its diagnosis.
A competing patent application by the CDC was dropped in 1990 after Chiron paid $1.9 million to the CDC and $337,500 to Bradley.
In 1994, Bradley sued Chiron, seeking to invalidate the patent, have himself included as a coinventor, and receive damages and royalty income.
He dropped the suit in 1998 after losing before an appeals court.
The World Hepatitis Alliance coordinates World Hepatitis Day, held every year on July 28.
The economic costs of hepatitis C are significant both to the individual and to society.
In the United States the average lifetime cost of the disease was estimated at US$33,407 in 2003, with the cost of a liver transplant approximately US$200,000 as of 2011.
In Canada the cost of a course of antiviral treatment was as high as 30,000 CAD in 2003, while the United States costs are between 9,200 and 17,600 in 1998 USD.
In many areas of the world people are unable to afford treatment with antivirals because they lack insurance coverage or the insurance they have will not pay for antivirals.
As of 2011, about one hundred medications are in development for hepatitis C. These medicines include vaccines to treat hepatitis, immunomodulators, and cyclophilin inhibitors.
These potentially new treatments have come about due to a better understanding of the hepatitis C virus.
Michel Foucault (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher and historian.
He wrote about many topics, and influenced many other thinkers.
Foucault studied institutions such as psychiatric wards, hospitals, schools, and prisons, to figure out how they affected the people living in them.
He was gay.
He also studied the history of sexuality and, later in his life, wrote about homosexuality.
He is often called a postmodernist or post-structuralist philosopher.
Some philosophers claim that some of his ideas were influenced by existentialism.
However, Foucault rejected all of these labels.
Foucault was born in 1926 in Poitiers, France.
His father, Paul Foucault, was a surgeon.
He attended the Jesuit Collège Saint-Stanislas.
After World War II Foucault studied at the École Normale Supérieure.
While attending university, he became depressed, and tried to kill himself.
Foucault became very interested in psychology.
He got a degree in philosophy and a degree in psychology.
Foucault joined the French Communist Party from 1950 to 1953.
He left the Communist Party because he was sad about all of the people that Stalin was killing in the Soviet Union.
University professor
In the early 1950s, he taught at the École Normale.
Then he began teaching psychology at the University of Lille.
In 1954 Foucault published his first book, Maladie mentale et personnalité.
In the mid-1950s, he worked at Warsaw University and at the University of Hamburg.
He returned to France in 1960 to become a philosophy professor at the University of Clermont-Ferrand.
In the mid-1960s, Foucault moved with his lover to Tunis (in North Africa), and got a job teaching at the University of Tunis.
In 1966 he published Les Mots et les choses (The Order of Things), which was very popular.
In 1968 he returned to France, where he published L'archéologie du savoir (The Archaeology of Knowledge).
In the late 1960s, after France had huge student protests and riots, the French government created a new experimental university at Vincennes.
Foucault became the first head of its philosophy department.
Foucault joined students in occupying administration buildings and fighting with police.
In 1970, Foucault became a Professor of the History of Systems of Thought at the Collège de France.
His political involvement now increased.
His male lover Defert joined the ultra-Maoist Gauche Proletarienne (GP).
Foucault then wrote Surveiller et Punir (Discipline and Punish), about prisons and schools.
In the late 1970s, Foucault wrote books about the history of sexuality.
Foucault began to spend more time in the United States, at the University at Buffalo.
In 1978 Foucault toured Iran to support the new revolutionary Islamic government.
Foucault died of an AIDS-related illness in Paris on 26 June 1984.
Translated writings
Language, counter-memory, practice,, which was edited by Donald F. Bouchard (1977)
Power/Knowledge,, which was edited by Colin Gordon (1980)
The Foucault Reader, edited by Paul Rabinow (1984)
Politics, Philosophy, Culture, edited by Lawrence D. Kritzman (1988)
Foucault Live (2nd Ed.),
edited by Sylvère Lotringer (1996)
The Politics of Truth, edited by Sylvère Lotringer (1997)
Ethics : subjectivity and truth (Essential Works Vol.
1), edited by Paul Rabinow (1997)
Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Vol.2), edited by James D. Faubion (1998)
Power (Essential Works Vol.
3), edited by James D. Faubion (2000)
The Essential Foucault, edited by Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose (2003)
French sociologists
LGBT academics
People from Poitiers
XHTML stands for eXtensible HyperText Markup Language.
It is markup used to design websites and webpages.
XHTML is much more strict than ordinary HTML, and is based on both XML and HTML.
Due to the lax nature of HTML, different web browsers can sometimes display websites incorrectly since there is more than one way to interpret poorly written HTML.
The strict and formal nature of XHTML, once fully adopted will allow for web browsers to display the same page correctly between them.
Proper XHTML is also easier to read for humans.
The line break tag in HTML does not have a closing tag, you just type it once and it creates a line break.
In XHTML the rule is that tags that do not have an closing tag must close themselves within the initial tag.
These tags are called "empty tags."
Another empty tag is <hr /> which inserts a "horizontal rule" or dividing line.
JavaScript Differences
In XHTML, using innerHTML is not "allowed".
XHTML also should not be used together with the JavaScript document.write command.
A suspension bridge is a type of bridge that has been made since ancient times as early as 100 AD.
Some simple suspension bridges, for use by pedestrians and livestock, are still constructed, based upon the ancient Inca rope bridge.
The design of the modern suspended-deck suspension bridge was developed in the early 19th century.
It can cross a longer span than other kinds of bridges.
Sructurae, Suspension Bridges
Bridgemeister, Suspension Bridges
Sangria is a dark slightly purplish red.
It is the colour of Sangría wine.
It is named after this wine.
Sangria can also be called a burnt red.
Shades of violet
Shades of red
The coulomb (sometimes written C) is the SI unit of electric charge.
It is named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.
A coulomb is a quantity of electric charge.
The movement of electric charge is called current in an electric circuit.
For example, a flashlight bulb that has a current of one ampere will pass one coulomb of charge every second.
So in ten seconds, ten coulombs have passed through the light bulb.
In an electric wire the charge that moves is in a particle called the electron.
Each electron has a very small electric charge of negative one elementary charge.
The elementary charge is the smallest electric charge found in a stable particle.
A coulomb is equal to 6,241,509,629,152,650,000 elementary charges.
The coulomb was named in honor of Charles-Augustin de Coulomb who worked on understanding electric charge in the late 1700s.
Leonhard Euler (pronounced Oiler) (April 15, 1707 – September 7, 1783) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist.
He spent most of his adult life in Russia and Germany.
Euler made important discoveries in calculus and topology.
He also created many of the words used in math today.
He introduced the notation we use to write mathematical functions.
He is also known for his works in mechanics, optics, fluid mechanics, astronomy and music theory.
Euler is considered to be the most important mathematician of the 18th century, one of the greatest mathematicians of all time and one of the most prolific writing mathematicians.
His collected works fill around 80 volumes.
The famous mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace advised, "Read Euler, read Euler, he is a master for us all.”
Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10-franc bill and on numerous Swiss, German, and Russian postage stamps.
The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor.
He is also celebrated by the Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on May 24.
Euler was born in Basel to Paul Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church.
His mother was Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter.
He had two younger sisters, Anna-Maria and Maria Magdalena.
Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of Riehen, where Euler spent most of his childhood.
Euler started school back in Basel, where he lived with his grandmother.
At the age of thirteen he went to the University of Basel.
In 1723, he received his Master of Philosophy.
At this time, he was receiving Saturday afternoon lessons from Johann Bernoulli, who quickly discovered his new pupil's extraordinary talent for mathematics.
Euler's number
1783 deaths
Swiss mathematicians
Scientists from Basel
Burgundy is a deep shade of red.
It is named after Burgundy wine.
This wine is named after the Burgundy region of France.
Meaning of burgundy
Burgundy is a popular colour in both men's and women's fashion, for furniture and for linens.
In cosmetology, a brighter shade of burgundy called "vivid burgundy" is used for dyeing hair.
Passports of the European Union member states are burgundy.
Venezuela's athletes traditionally wear burgundy uniforms in international competitions.
The colour burgundy is also the colour of Blackpool F.C.'s third team kit.
This was chosen by Latvian owner Valeri Belekon, who wanted a kit which looked like the colour on the flag of Latvia.
Tones of burgundy colour comparison chart
A pigment is something that is added to something else to give it color.
Natural pigments can come from just about anything.
Pigments can be made from animals, plants, rocks and minerals or even the ground itself, for example clay plus salts.
Pigments can also be created by people.
An example of a pigment is ultramarine.
It is a powder found in nature.
It adds a blue color to paints and dyes.
The first synthetic dye was aniline.
Aniline is an organic chemical compound produced in two stages from benzene.
It gives a mauve color which was much used for dyeing clothes in the 19th century.
It was invented in 1856 by  William Henry Perkin.
Apparently, it gave a brilliant fuchsia color when first applied, but fades rapidly to mauve.
Sierra Nevada (Spain) protected by the Sierra Nevada National Park, in Andalusia
Sierra Nevada (US) in California and Nevada, United States
Trans-Mexican volcanic belt in Mexico
Sierra Nevada (stratovolcano)
Sierra Nevada de Mérida, protected by the Sierra Nevada National Park (Venezuela) in Mérida and Barinas.
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia)
"Anarchy in the U.K." is a punk rock song by the Sex Pistols.
It was first released as a single in 1975.
In 1976, it was released as part of the album Never Mind the Bollocks Here's the Sex Pistols.
The song's lyrics espouse a nihilistic and violent concept of anarchy.
It has been covered by various other bands, including Megadeth.
This song was in the video game Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock.
Megadeth cover
"Anarchy in the U.K." was covered by American heavy metal band Megadeth for their third album So Far, So Good... So What!,
released in 1994.
Megadeth's version has altered lyrics.
Dave Mustaine explained that he could not understand Johnny Rotten's singing, so he made up the parts he could not understand (in a notable example, the line "another council tenancy" is changed to "and other cunt-like tendencies").
In addition, the country is changed to "USA", though the title is kept unchanged.
The song's music video is a montage of live footage of the band, cartoon political figures, which were designed and caricatured by Genndy Tartakovsky, Craig McCracken, Paul Rudish and Rob Renzetti and animated by Fil-Cartoons, various stock footages, and of a man being forced to watch (much like Alex's therapy in A Clockwork Orange).
Mustaine now refuses to play the song live due to lyrics referring to the Anti-Christ, and he believes he's "better for it".
Track listing versions
United States 7"
"Anarchy in the U.K."
United Kingdom 12"
"502"
Germany 12"
"Good Mourning/Black Friday" (live)
"Devil's Island" (live)
Megadeth's chart positions
1976 songs
1994 songs
My Chemical Romance (often abbreviated to MCR or shortened to My Chem) is a rock band from New Jersey that began in 2001.
They released their first album in 2002.
The band has released four albums to date.
The band consists of Gerard Way (lead vocals), Ray Toro (lead guitar/vocals), Mikey Way (bass guitar), Frank Iero (rhythm guitar/vocals).
The band announced that they were breaking up on March 22, 2013, but have announced their reunion as of October 31, 2019 guest starring Welling based guitarist Harley Roy Baker.
The band was started by Gerard Way on the day of the September 11, 2001 attacks after he was on his way to work in New York and saw the bodies falling from the building.
Gerard said that he thought to himself "What am I doing with my life?
I'm slaving away doing drawings for Cartoon Network and not actually helping anybody", he then called up his friend Matt Pelissier who went on to recruit Ray Toro - the band's lead guitarist.
Gerard said "there's nobody in New Jersey who can beat him, he is the best".
Gerard's brother Mikey Way, bass guitarist, joined his brother's new band soon after.
In May 2002, Frank Iero joined as the rhythm guitarist for the band.
He was more than happy to leave college against his parents wishes to join his favourite band, and whilst MCR were on tour, he got a tattoo of a scorpion as high up on his neck as he could get it, as a stand against getting a regular job.
The name of the band comes from an Irvine Welsh book titled "Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance" which caught Mikey Way's eye when he was working in Barnes & Noble.
Musical style and influences
They have been categorised as  alternative rock, post-hardcore, punk rock, pop punk, and, most controversially, emo.
Band frontman Gerard Way has publicly rejected the term "emo", describing the genre as "fucking garbage".
However, Way has reportedly also described the band's style as "What-else-ya-got-emo".
Gerard said to Rolling Stone, "We love bands like Queen, where it's huge and majestic, but also bands like Black Flag and the Misfits, who would go absolutely crazy."
Lead singer Gerard Way has stated that the band is very influenced by The Cure, Joy Division, Bauhaus, Siouxsie and the Banshees, and The Smiths/Morrissey.
Way has also said that his band patterns their career after that of The Smashing Pumpkins, another band they like.
The band's overall influences are:Black Flag, Iron Maiden, The Misfits, Morrissey/The Smiths, At the Gates, The Cure, The Descendents, Pantera, The Smashing Pumpkins, Pink Floyd, Bon Jovi, The Damned, Fugazi, Ministry, New York Dolls, Nirvana, Queen, Sunny Day Real Estate, Green Day, Joy Division, Kill Creek, AFI, Cursive, and Alkaline Trio.
One of Gerard Way's biggest influences was The Beach Boys.
The band released their first album on July 23, 2002.
It was titled I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love.
The album featured the first song written by the band, Skylines And Turnstiles, which Gerard began to write after the 9/11 attacks, in 2001.
The second album by My Chemical Romance, Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge, was the album that shot them to fame with songs like "I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" and "Helena" (A song written about the Way brothers' grandmother, Elena.
Her friends called her Helen, and Gerard thought of her as Helena).
It was released in June 2004.
Over two million copies of the album have been sold in the United States.
The album contained a lot about death, dying and killing, but also showed the better sides of the matter.
Their third album titled The Black Parade was released on October 23rd, 2006.
The album sold more than 240,000 copies in the first week after it was released.
It has sold over 1 million copies in total.
The first single taken from The Black Parade called Welcome to the Black Parade reached the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No.1 in the UK charts for two weeks.
The band has commented in the past about the album, saying that The Black Parade is like a different band performing in a different 'world', and once that's over, My Chemical Romance will never be The Black Parade again.
The album largely focuses on one character, The Patient, but also consists of songs and lyrics about different subjects and aspects of life and death.
At the end of the CD, there is an extra track called Blood which plays over a minute and a half later.
Danger Days: The True Lives Of The Fabulous Killjoys
MCR's newest album was released on November 22, 2010.
The original album was scrapped by the band due to their dislike and disappointment in it, and their second effort became what is now Danger Days.
The band was halfway through making it when Bob Bryar suddenly left the band, which resulted in restarting the record.
The record has spawned a tour called the World Contamination Tour, which is set to play through at least May 2011.
MCR also went out on the Honda Civic tour 2011 with Blink 182.
The band was using Michael Pedicone as a touring drummer to replace Bob Bryar.
Pedicone was caught red handed stealing from My Chemical Romance.
This resulted in him being kicked out, and replaced with Jarrod Alexander for the remainder of the Honda Civic Tour (2011).
This album is musically different from Black Parade as the band has departed a bit from the dark themes of before and is infused with more pop influenced sounds and color.
Set in California in the year 2019, a group of rebels called the Killjoys are rebelling against a dictator-like corporation called Better Living Industries.
Jarrod Alexander- drummer (since 2019)
Gerard Way - lead vocals (since 2001)
Ray Toro - lead guitar (since 2001)
Mikey Way - Bass (since 2001)
Frank Iero - rhythm guitar, backing vocals (since 2002)
James Dewees - Keyboards, synthesizers, percussion (2006-2019)
Matt Pelissier - drums (2001-2004)
Bob Bryar - drums (2004 -2010)
Tour members
Mike Pedicone - drums (touring member 2010-2011)
Jarrod Alexander - drums (touring member since 2011)
I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love (July 23, 2002)
Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge (June 8, 2004)
The Black Parade (October 23, 2006)
Danger Days: The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys (November 19, 2010)
Dreams Of Stabbing And/Or Being Stabbed (December 2001)
Life on the Murder Scene (March 21, 2006)
The Black Parade Is Dead! (
June 30, 2008)
Conventional Weapons (October 31, 2012 - February 5, 2013)
May Death Never Stop You (March 25, 2014)
The Black Parade/Living With Ghosts (September 23, 2016)
Like Phantoms, Forever (August 2002)
Warped Tour Bootleg Series (July 19, 2005)
Live and Rare (December 19, 2007)
The Black Parade: The B-Sides (February 3, 2009)
The Mad Gear and Missile Kid (November 22, 2010)
iTunes Festival: London 2011 (July 18, 2011)
My Chemical Romance Official Website
The Black Parade Official Website
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Musical groups from Jersey City, New Jersey
Cobalt blue is a cool blue colour.
People used to make it using cobalt salts.
Cobalt blue is used widely by artists.
Many pieces of glassware have this colour--glassware that does have this colour is called cobalt glass.
The first written use of cobalt blue as a colour name in English was in 1777.
Meaning of cobalt blue
John Varley suggested cobalt blue as a good substitution for ultramarine blue for painting skies.
Maxfield Parrish, famous partly for the intensity of his skyscapes, used cobalt blue, and cobalt blue is sometimes called Parrish blue as a result.
Cobalt blue was the primary blue pigment used in Chinese blue and white porcelain for centuries, beginning in the late 8th or early 9th century.
Tones of cobalt blue colour comparison chart
April 13 – Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter
November 18 – Philip II becomes King of France
During the third year of the Jisho era of Japan, a devastating whirlwind damages Kyoto.
Emperor Antoku, reign of 81st emperor of Japan starts (1180-1185)
Afonso I of Portugal is taken prisoner by Ferdinand II of Leon
Artois is annexed by France
Prince Mochihito amasses a large army and instigates the Genpei War between Taira and Minamoto clans
Frederick Barbarossa removes Henry the Lion from the Duchy of Saxony, and created the Duchies of Westphalia and Styria
Alexius II Comnenus becomes Byzantine emperor
The Wittelsbach family takes control of Bavaria
Kilij Arslan II allies with Saladin after the death of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus
Alexander Neckam becomes a lecturer in Paris, and writes De Natura Rerum, an early mention of chess (approximate date)
Estimation: Hangzhou, capital of Southern Song China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Fes in the Almohad Empire.
Last major volcanic eruption of Sunset Crater, in Arizona
August 6 – Emperor Go-Toba of Japan (died 1239)
Berenguela of Castile, queen of Alfonso IX of Castile (died 1246)
Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (died 1230)
September 18 – King Louis VII of France (born 1120)
September 24 – Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (born 1118)
October 25 – John of Salisbury, French bishop
Al-Mustadi, Caliph
William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber
Abraham ben David, philosopher (martyred)
Roman of Kiev
Yaroslav II of Kiev
Prince Mochihito, son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan
Minamoto no Yorimasa, Japanese warlord (born 1106)
Azure is a color that looks like the color of the sky on a bright, clear day.
It is a pure chroma on the RGB color wheel halfway between blue and cyan.
The complementary color of azure is orange.
Meaning of azure
Azure is one of the national colors of Italy on its Coat of Arms.
Nations which use tones of Azure in their flags include Argentina, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Guatemala, Kazakhstan, Namibia, Palau, San Marino, Somalia, Sweden, and Ukraine.
The European Union uses a vivid tone of azure called royal blue (the web color royal blue) as the background color for its flag.
The flag of the United Nations is a tone of azure called "United Nations Azure" or "United Nations Blue" (shown below).
It is also the color of the helmets worn by the United Nations peacekeeping forces.
In Poetry, azure is often used to represent or refer to the sky or Heaven.
Azure is  often used in France to describe the Mediterranean Sea.
Where the name comes from
The word azure comes from the Persian لاژورد lazhward.
Lazhward was the name of a place.
This place was famous for a kind of deep blue stone.
Now we call this stone "lapis lazuli".
This means "stone of Lazhward".
The word came to Old French by the twelfth century.
The French used this word to talk about the colors of coats of arms.
From the French the word came to the English.
The first recorded use of azure as a color name in English was in 1374.
In heraldry, the word azure simply means "blue".
Azure is said to represent Jupiter and sapphires.
It belongs to the class of tinctures called "colors".
In engraving, it is sometimes depicted as a region of horizontal lines or else marked with either az.
or b. as an abbreviation.
In addition to the standard blue tincture called azure, there is a lighter blue sometimes found that is called bleu celeste or "sky blue".
Neither azure nor bleu celeste is precisely defined as a particular shade of blue, but azure is consistently depicted in a much darker shade.
Tones of azure color comparison chart
Viridian is a teal-green color with a hue toward  green.
The name comes from the Latin word viridis which means "green".
Meaning of viridian
Viridian is a pigment used in art.
Viridian is a popular color for painting dining rooms.
Viridian is the name of a city in the English translation of Pokémon Red and Blue.
Viridian is a name on several cards in Magic: The Gathering
The color is similar to the color forest green, and both colors are thought of as having to do with forests and woods.
Viridian represents the Viridian Design Movement, an effort to encourage green architecture--architecture based on ecological principles.
Tones of viridian color comparison chart
Malachite (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #0BDA51) (RGB: 11, 218, 81)
Emerald (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #50C878) (RGB: 80, 200, 120)
Caribbean Green (Crayola) (Hex: #00CC99) (RGB: 0, 204, 153)
Sea Green (Hex: #20B2AA) (RGB: 32, 178, 170)
<li style = "background-color: #3cb371; color: #ffffff "> Medium Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #3CB371) (RGB: 60, 179, 113)<li>
Pigment Green (Green (CMYK)) (Hex: #00A550) (RGB: 0, 165, 80)
Deep Green (Green (Crayola)) (Hex: #01A368) (RGB: 1, 163, 104)
Jade Green (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #00A86B) (RGB: 0, 168, 107)
Mint (Mint Leaf (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3EB489) (RGB: 62, 180, 137)
Jungle Green (Crayola) (Hex: #29AB87) (RGB: 41, 171, 135)
<li style = "background-color: #00a693; color: #ffffff "> Persian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #00A693) (RGB: 0, 166, 147)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #009698; color: #ffffff "> Viridian Green (Pantone TPX 17-5126) (Hex: #009698) (RGB: 0, 150, 152)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #009b7d; color: #ffffff "> Paolo Veronese Green (Verde Verones (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #009B7D) (RGB: 0, 155, 125)<li>
Mountain Meadow (Crayola) (Hex: #1AB385) (RGB: 26, 179, 33)
<li style = "background-color: #009e60; color: #ffffff "> Shamrock Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #009E60) (RGB: 0, 158, 96)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #2e8b57; color: #ffffff "> Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #2E8B57) (RGB:46, 139, 87)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #228b22; color: #ffffff "> Forest Green (web color) (Hex: #228B22) (RGB:34, 139, 34)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #01796f; color: #ffffff "> Pine Green (Crayola) (Hex: #01796F) (RGB:1, 121, 111)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #007A74; color: #ffffff "> Skobeloff  (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #007A74) (RGB: 0, 122, 116)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #007f66; color: #ffffff "> Generic Viridian (Viridian inspecfico (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #007F66) (RGB: 0, 127, 102)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #40826d; color: #ffffff "> VIRIDIAN (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #40826D) (RGB: 64, 130, 109)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #3b7861; color: #ffffff "> Dark Erin (Erin (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3B7861) (RGB: 59, 120, 97)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #3b7a57; color: #ffffff"> Amazon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #3B7A57) (RGB: 59, 122, 87)<li>
Tropical Rain Forest (Crayola) (Hex: #00755E) (RGB: 0, 117, 94)
<li style = "background-color: #007f5c; color: #ffffff "> Spanish Viridian (Viridian specfico (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #007F5C) (RGB: 0, 127, 92)<li>
Dark Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #177245) (RGB: 23, 114, 69)
The tarsiers are prosimian (non-monkey) primates.
They got their name from the long bones in their feet.
They are now placed together with the simians (monkeys).
They live in trees, and  are entirely nocturnal.
Tarsiers are the only primates which are wholly carnivorous.
They mainly eat insects, but some are also known to eat birds and snakes.
Tarsiers can catch prey like birds even if they are in motion as the tarsiers jump from tree to tree to catch their prey.
They have large eyes.
Each is about 16 mm wide.
They are very sensitive to touch, and weigh as much as their entire brain.
Unlike many nocturnal animals, tarsiers lack a light-reflecting area (tapetum lucidum) of the eye.
They also have a fovea,  which is also not usual in nocturnal animals.
Brain difference
The tarsier's brain is different from other primates in one respect.
The sequence of cell layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus getting information from both eyes is different from the set-up in lemurs, lorises, and monkeys. "
This apparent difference distinguishes tarsiers from all other primates, and reinforces the view that they arose in an early, independent line of primate evolution".
Pregnancy takes about six months, which is a long time for such a small animal.
Tarsiers give birth to single offspring.
They were once widespread, but now tarsiers live only on islands in south-east Asia.
Fossils are found in Asia, Europe, and North America, and some disputed fossils from Africa.
Living tarsiers are on several southeast Asian islands, including the Philippines, Sulawesi, Borneo, and Sumatra.
They also have the longest continuous fossil record of any primate.
The fossil record shows that their teeth have not changed much, except in size, in the past 45 million years.
That means what they eat, and probably their lifestyle, has not changed much, either.
One tarsier species, Dian's tarsier (Tarsius dentatus), is listed by on the IUCN Red List as being "lower risk – conservation dependent".
Horsfield's tarsier (Cephalopachus bancanus) is listed as "lower risk – least concern".
The spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrum) is categorized as "lower risk, not threatened".
The pygmy tarsier (Tarsius pumilus) was thought to be extinct until a family were found in 2008.
The two males and single female (a fourth escaped) were captured using nets, and were radio collared to track their movements.
Other tarsier species are listed as "data deficient".
Primate Info Net - Primate factsheets & more: Tarsius sp.
Video of a tarsier eating a cricket
A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine islands
The Philippine tarsier
Theoretical Computer Science is domain of Computer Science that looks at the notion of information and about how information can be processed.
It also looks at the way models are built in computer science.
Common divisions of theoretical computer sciences include:
Automata theory: An automaton is an abstraction of a machine, which changes its internal state according to some rules.
Automata theory also looks at the kinds of problems that can be solved by such automata.
Computability theory and Computational complexity theory look at the question if a problem can be solved by a given automaton, and how well a given solution is, compared to others.
Formal languages are the way to communicate with a given automaton.
Most of the time, the question is whether the automaton will accept a word of a formal language, that is, when the word is fed into the automaton, the automaton will end up in an exit state.
Semantics are used to talk about the grammars of such languages, and how they are constructed.
Information theory talks about the notion of information.
Originally it was developed for signal processing.