the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The groups that did best on the Trail wrote constitutions or rules that they could use to settle disagreements or problems on the Trail.
People who traveled the Oregon Trail could use three types of animals to pull their wagons: oxen, mules, or horses.
Most people used oxen.
They were less expensive than horses and mules, and also less stubborn than mules.pp.
79–80
They could eat grass along the Trail, unlike horses, who needed special food.
Oxen were easy to train, and they usually traveled at a steady pace of 2 miles per hour, even in mud and snow.pp.
It was very important for travelers to carry enough food and water for the trip.
However, food for the trip was expensive.
To feed four people for six months, food would cost about $150 - over $4,500 in today's dollars.p.
Travelers often brought along a lot of dried meat and "bread stuff" (like flour, crackers, and hardtack).
Boiling water was difficult on the Trail, so cooking was not always possible.
Some travelers also brought other foods, like rice, peas, dried beans, or dried fruit.
Along the Trail, travelers could fish and hunt for food.
Bison, antelope, and deer were the best animals to hunt for food.
Travelers also ate berries that grew along the Trail, partly to help prevent scurvy.
Most travelers used covered wagons to travel the Trail.
There were a few different styles of covered wagons.
One common style, called the "Independence-style" wagon, was usually about 11 feet long, four feet wide, and two feet deep.
Pieces of wood held up a cover, made of something like dried ox skin, that rose about five feet above the bottom of the wagon.
It is difficult to know how many people died along the Oregon Trail.
Many travelers would bury their dead in unmarked graves and would disguise the graves.
For example, they would bury people right in the middle of a trail and then have their oxen run over the graves.
They did this so that animals and robbers would not dig up the graves.
Because of this, historians can only estimate the total number of people who died along the Oregon Trail.
Disease was the most common cause of death on the Trail.
While travelers usually brought some medicines with them, they usually were not very helpful.
Cholera was the most common illness and cause of death on the Trail.
From 1849-1855, there was a cholera epidemic along the trail.
Up to 3% of all travelers during this time may have died from cholera.
One of the causes of the epidemic was that there was no sanitation along the Trail.
For example, travelers liked to camp along the Platte River in Colorado, so they could easily get fresh water.
However, as thousands of travelers used the same campsites over and over again, sewage from travelers with cholera got into the Platte River.
After this, any traveler that drank water from the Platte River, or made food with that water, could get cholera.
Often, cholera's symptoms would be so bad that travelers would die within 12 hours of getting sick.
Other diseases
Dysentery and other diseases that caused diarrhea.
The travelers treated these diseases with castor oil.
"Mountain fever", which may have been Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus, typhoid fever, and/or scarlet fever.
The travelers used quinine water to treat these illnesses.
Scurvy, which travelers tried to prevent by eating berries along the Trail and drinking citric acid.
Still, because they ate mostly meat and bread along the Trail, many travelers did not get enough vitamin C.  Some died from scurvy; many others had scurvy when they arrived at the end of the Trail.
Historians do not agree on how many people died from disease along the Trail.
One historian, John Unruh, estimates that 6,000 to 12,500 travelers died from disease on the Trail, and another 300-500 died specifically from scurvy.
However, the United States National Park Service says that as many as 30,000 people may have died from disease along the Trail.
There were many other dangers along the Trail.
John Unruh estimates the number of people who died from these other dangers:
3,000 to 4,500 from Native American attacks
300 to 500 from freezing to death
200 to 500 from being accidentally run over by wagons
200 to 500 from drowning while trying to cross rivers
200 to 500 from accidentally being shot (for example, in hunting accidents)
200 to 500 from other causes, including murder, being hit by lightning, dying during childbirth, stampedes, snake bites, flash floods, being hit by falling trees, and being kicked by animals
Unruh estimates that 4 percent of the Oregon Trail travelers died: 16,000 out of 400,000 total travelers.
However, the National Park Service says:
The Oregon Trail is this nation’s longest graveyard.
Nearly one in ten [travelers] who set off on the trail did not survive.
Life on the Trail
A usual day on the Trail started very early, just before dawn.
Nobody actually rode in the wagons unless they were sick or very young.
The ride was too bumpy, too dusty, and added too much work for the oxen.
Instead, people walked beside their wagons.
Usually, groups traveled almost all day, except for an hour around noon for lunch.
Then they kept moving until just before sunset, when they would stop to set up a campsite.
Most groups traveled about 15 miles per day, though on the best days they could move 20 miles a day.
Since oxen moved at about 2 miles per hour, this meant a day's travel could last up to ten hours.
About 40,000 of the travelers were children.
Unless they were babies, they walked alongside the wagons and worked just like adults.
Their jobs included herding animals, driving wagons, washing dishes, helping with meals, watching younger children, and collecting firewood and "buffalo chips" (dry buffalo manure, which could be used to start fires if there was no firewood).
At night, the group would move the wagons into a circle ("circle the wagons") and put their animals inside the circle.
This kept them from wandering away, or being killed or stolen.
If the weather was dry, people slept outside.
If it was wet, people slept under their wagons.
Many travelers were very afraid of attacks from Native Americans.
However, most Native Americans left the travelers alone, or even helped them by trading with them and helping them cross rivers in canoes.
When Native Americans did attack travelers, the stories were told over and over again, which may have made attacks seem more common than they actually were.
Travelers who did reach Oregon looked back on the Trail with different feelings.
One man named Loren Hastings said in 1847:
I look back upon the long, dangerous and precarious emigrant road with a degree of romance and pleasure; but to others it is the graveyard of their friends.
Computer game
In the 1970s, three student teachers in Minnesota made an educational computer game based on the Oregon Trail.
The goal of the game was to successfully travel the trail from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon.
Dangers of the trail included river crossings, illnesses, sick oxen, and hunger.
Over the next two decades, new versions of the game were made that added more options and included better graphics.
The second version included zombies and oxen.
The goal was to survive as long as you can before you die.
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
The Emancipation Proclamation was an order by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln to free slaves in 10 states.
It applied to slaves in the states still in rebellion in 1863 during the American Civil War.
It did not actually immediately free all slaves in those states, because those areas were still controlled by the Confederacy.
It did, however, free at least 20,000 slaves immediately, and nearly all 4 million slaves (according to the 1860 United States census) as the Union army advanced into Confederate states.
Until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865, only the states had power to end slavery within their own borders.
Thus, Lincoln issued the Proclamation as a war measure in his role as commander-in-chief.
The Proclamation made emancipation a goal of the Civil War.
It also weakened efforts within England and France to officially recognize the Confederacy.
As Union troops advanced into Rebel (Confederate) territory, they freed thousands of slaves per day.
Many did not wait, but fled their owners to claim their freedom.
Five slave states (the Border States) had remained loyal to the Union and were not at war with the federal government.
Thus, Lincoln did not have authority to free slaves in those states, and so this Proclamation was not applied in those states.
The Proclamation also did not apply to Tennessee, nor to areas within Virginia and Louisiana which Union forces already controlled.
The Proclamation was issued in two parts.
On September 22, 1862, Lincoln said that in 100 days, he would free all slaves in areas not then under Union control.
On January 1, 1863, he named the ten states in which the proclamation would then apply: Texas, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Virginia, Florida, and Louisiana.
The five border states where slavery was still legal were exempt, and so not named, because they had remained loyal to the Union and were not in rebellion.
Tennessee also was not named because Union forces had already regained control there.
Several counties of Virginia that were in the process of separating from that state to form the new state of West Virginia were specifically named as exemptions, as were several parishes around New Orleans in Louisiana.
The next paragraph is part of a quote from the Emancipation Proclamation.
As Union forces advanced, nearly all four million slaves were effectively freed.
Some former slaves joined the Union army.
Before the war was over, some of the exempted border states ended slavery within their own borders.
While the Proclamation had freed slaves, it had not made slavery illegal.
Thus, Lincoln sponsored a constitutional amendment to ban slavery.
The Thirteenth Amendment, which made slavery illegal everywhere in the United States, was passed late in 1865, eight months after Lincoln was killed.
The Confederacy (The Rebels)
Story of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry (one of the first black units in the U.S. military, made up of many former slaves freed by the Emancipation Proclamation) (Simple English)
The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States.
The bridge goes over the East River.
It connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn.
It is one of the leading landmarks of New York City.
The bridge was built from 1869 to 1883.
It was the first fixed crossing of the East River.
It was designed by John Roebling.
The construction was directed by his son Washington Roebling and Washington's wife, Emily.
When it was finished, it was the tallest structure in North America.
The bridge is an official landmark.
It has been a National Historic Landmark since 1964.
It became a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972.
Brooklyn Bridge at New York City Department of Transportation
Shelf life is length of time that food can be stored safely.
Food cannot be kept forever.
After a certain time it will go bad.
After this time it is no longer safe to eat it.
Shelf life is also used for drugs, drinks and other things that can go bad.
In some countries, a best before, use by or freshness date must be put on packaged foods.
During this time, if the food is kept under proper conditions the quality of the food does not change.
Frozen food that does not remain frozen will go bad earlier, for example.
Most of these labels do not guarantee the safety of food.
They should only be used as a guide.
Shelf life is different from expiration date.
Shelf life is linked to food quality, expiration date to food safety.
A product that has passed its shelf life might still be safe, but quality is no longer guaranteed.
In most food stores, shelf life is controlled by using stock rotation.
This means moving products with the earliest sell by date to the front of the shelf, so that most shoppers will pick them up first and take them out of the store.
This is important, as stores can be fined for selling out of date products.
Most shops, if not all, will have to mark such products down as wasted, leading to a loss of profit.
Mathematically, product quality is often modelled using only one parameter, for example the concetration of a chemical substance, a microbiological index, or a physical parameter.
Sometimes, the parameter picked is irrelevant.
The shelf life is an important factor to health.
Bacteria are everywhere, and foods left unused too long will often get large amounts of bacterial living in them.
It may be dangerous to eat them and lead to food poisoning.
The shelf life itself cannot always be trusted to tell how safe it is to eat a certain item of food.
For example, pasteurized milk can remain fresh for five days after its sell-by date if it is refrigerated properly.
In contrast, if milk already has harmful bacteria, the use-by dates do not matter.
For drugs the situation is different.
If drugs are used within the expiration date, the manufacturer guarantees that they work as expected.
After that date, they may still work, but only to a lesser extent.
A rare exception is a case of renal tubular damage said to have been caused by out of date tetracycline.
A study done by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration covered over 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter.
The results showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective as far as 15 years past their expiration date.
Joel Davis, a former FDA expiration-date compliance chief, said that with a handful of exceptions - notably nitroglycerin, insulin and some liquid antibiotics - most expired drugs are probably effective.
Preservatives and antioxidants may be put into some food and drug products to make their shelf life longer.
Some companies use induction sealing and vacuum pouches to add to the shelf life of their products.
Some degradation factors can be controlled by provisions in the ed packaging.
For example, the amber bottle used for many beers blocks damaging wavelengths of light.
Transparent beer bottles do not.
Packaging with barrier materials (e.g., (low moisture vapor transmission rate, etc.)
extends the shelf life of some foods and pharmaceuticals.
Temperature control
Nearly all chemical reactions will occur (at various rates depending on the individual nature of the reaction) at common temperatures.
Examples are the breakdown of many chemical explosives into more unstable compounds.
Nitroglycerine is notorious.
Old explosives are thus more dangerous (i.e., liable to be triggered to explode by very small disturbances, even trivial jiggling) than more recently manufactured explosives.
Rubber products also degrade as sulphur bonds induced during vulcanization revert; this is why old rubber bands and other rubber products soften and get sticky as they age.
These breakdown processes usually happen more quickly at higher temperatures.
The usually quoted rule of thumb is that chemical reactions double their rate for each temperature increase of 10 Celsius degrees (C°) because of activation energy barriers become more easily surmounted at higher temperatures.
However, as with all rules of thumb, there are many caveats and assumptions.
This particular one is most applicable to reactions with activation energy values around 50 kJ/mole; many of these are important at the usual temperatures we encounter.
It is often applied in shelf life estimation, sometimes wrongly.
There is a widespread impression.
for instance in industry, that "triple time" can be simulated in practice by increasing the temperature by 15 C°, e.g. storing a product for one month at 35 °C simulates three months at 20 °C.
There is enough variation that this practical rule cannot be routinely relied upon .
The same is true, to a point, of the chemical reactions of life.
They are usually enzymatically catalyzed which changes reaction rates, but with constant catalytic action, the rule of thumb is still mostly applicable.
In the particular case of bacteria and fungi, the reactions needed to feed and reproduce increase at higher temperatures, up to the point that the proteins and other compounds in their cells themselves begin to breakdown, or denature,  so quickly that they cannot be replaced.
This is the reason high temperatures kill bacteria and other micro organisms; 'tissue' breakdown reactions reach such rates that they cannot be compensated for and the cell dies.
On the other hand, 'elevated' temperatures short of these result in increased growth and reproduction; if the organism is harmful, perhaps to dangerous levels.
Just as temperature increase speeds up reactions, temperature decreases reduce them.
Therefore, to make explosives stable for longer periods, or to keep rubber bands springy, or to force bacteria to slow down their growth, they can be cooled.
This is the reason shelf life is generally extended by temperature control: (refrigeration, insulated shipping containers, controlled cold chain, etc.)
and the reason some medicines and foods must be refrigerated.
Best before
Best before is sometimes put on food and drink wrappers, followed by a date.
It shows the date before which the supplier intended the food should be consumed.
The term best before is also used to show the date by which the item will have outlived its shelf life, and is intended to ensure that customers will not unwittingly purchase or eat stale food.
Sometimes the packaging process involves using pre-printed labels, making it impractical to write the best before date in a clearly visible location.
In this case, a  term like best before see bottom or best before see lid might be printed on the label and the date marked in a different location as indicated.
Best Before is usually advisory and refers to the quality of the product, in contrast with Use By which indicates that the product is no longer safe to eat after the specified date.
Use by
Generally, foods that have a use by date written on the packaging must not be eaten after it has expired.
This is because such foods usually go bad quickly and may be dangerous to eat.
It is also important to follow storage instructions carefully for these foods (for example, product must be refrigerated).
Foods that have a best before date are usually safe to eat after the date has passed, although they are likely to have deteriorated either in flavour, texture, appearance or nutrition.
Bathroom products/toiletries usually state a time in months by which,  once the product is opened, they should be used.
This is often indicated by a graphic of an open tub, with the number of months written inside (e.g., "12M" means use the product within 12 months of opening).
Open dating
Open Dating is the use of a date or code stamped on the package of a food product to help determine how long to display the product for sale.
It is also helpful to the customer and ensures that the product is at its best quality when bought.
An Open Date does not supersede a Use by date, which should still be followed.
Sell by / Display until
These dates are meant to help keep track of the stock in stores.
Food that has passed its sell by or display until date, but is still within its use by / best before can still be eaten, if it has been stored correctly.
It is common practice in large stores to throw away such food, as it makes the stock control process easier.
It also reduces the risk of customers buying food without looking at the date, only to find out the next day that they cannot use it.
Changing the posted date is illegal in many countries.
Mark-downs
Software Shelf Life
In a metaphorical sense, much software also has a shelf life.
Most software products are released to market with defects, xecurity vulnerabilities, and design flaws.
Over time, some of these are discovered and patches issued by the vendor (and possibly others, as in the open source environment) which fix bugs and add functionality.
The result is that, after some time, the software application is rather different than it was at first release, even with the same version level.
Since correct inclusion of patches at end user sites is spotty, the actual population of that software application in the field is quite varied; some will have patches 1 and 2, others 1, 2, and 3, some others none, in  all possible variations.
This increases support difficulty.
There have been a few attempts to address this.
One commercial attempt is from Preemptive.
US Government Guidelines
The Food & Drug Administration, which controls packaged foods and drugs, only requires a use-by, or expiration, date on infant formula and some baby foods.
That's because formula must contain a certain quantity of each nutrient that is described on the label.
And if formula is stored too long, it loses its nutritional quality.
It also separates or form lumps that will clog the bottle nipple.
Except for infant formula and some baby foods, product dating is not required by federal regulations.
The Agriculture Dept.,
which controls fresh produce and meats, only requires labeling of the date when poultry is packed at the farm.
However, many manufacturers are allowed to also add sell-by or use-by dates.
Beer freshness date
A freshness date is the date used in the American brewing industry to indicate either the date the beer was bottled or the date before which the beer should be consumed.
Beer is does not keep forever.
It can be affected by light, air, or the action of bacteria.
Although beer in the USA does not have to have a shelf life, freshness dates serve much the same purpose and are a marketing tool.
Beginnings of freshness dating
The Boston Beer Company, maker of Samuel Adams, was among the first to start adding freshness dates to their product line in 1985.
For ten years there was a slow growth in  brewers adding freshness dates to their beer.
The practice rapidly grew in popularity after the Anheuser-Busch company's heavily marketed "Born-On dates" starting in 1996.
Many other brewers have started adding freshness dates to their products, but there is no standard for what the date means.
For some companies, the date on the bottle or can will be the date that the beer was bottled; others have the date by which the beer should be consumed.
Beer processing
Before a beer is bottled, it is processed to make its shelf life longer.
This can change the beer's freshness date.
It may be done in several ways, not all of which will be used by a particular brewery:
Pasteurisation is a process by which a liquid is heated for a brief time to kill microbes that may be in the liquid.
Pasteurisation has also been used for many years to keep milk safe for drinking due to bacteria that may be present.
Sterile filtration, in which the beer is passed through a mechanical filtration system which removes anything larger than 0.5 micrometres.
This removes any yeast or hops that may still be in the beer which would continue to react with it.
Bottle conditioning allows yeasts to remain in the beer after it is bottled.
This helps prevent some oxidation of the beer.
Freshness longevity affects the time it takes a beer to become stale.
Some of this depends on the type of beer ingredients included.
If the beer has more hops and more alcohol than otherwise, it will stay fresh longer than those that are not as strong.
USDA - Food Product Dating and storage guidelines
FDA - Food freshness and smart packaging
How to store your food
Labuza, T. P., and Szybist, L., "Open dating of Foods".
2001, Food and Nutrition Press, Trumbul CN
"Cold Chain Management", 2003, 2006,
"Freshness and Shelf Life of Foods", Hugo Weenen and Keith Cadwallader,
"Shelf-Life Evaluation of Foods", by C. M. Man, A. A. Jones,
"Stability and Shelf Life of Food", by David Kilcast, Persis Subramaniam
A red card in sport is a punishment to a player of a team.
It is usually given to a player who has broken the rules of the game.
In football (soccer)
In football rules, a red card means that the player is sent off the field, and is not allowed to play in the rest of the match.
A player with a red card is automatically banned from his team's next game.
In some cases, the player may be banned for multiple games.
en:Penalty card#Red card
es:Tarjeta penal#Tarjeta roja
sl:Kazenski karton#Rdeči karton
The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Women's Championship was an official championship in World Wrestling Entertainment fought for by divas.
The title was unified with the WWE Diva's Championship.
The WWE Women's Championship has descended from the National Wrestling Alliance World Women's Championship when The Fabulous Moolah became champion and held the title close to 30 years.
The Title became inactive in 1990 when Rockin' Robin Vacated the Title after departing from the WWF.
In 1993 Alundra Blayze won the Title after Winning a Tournament.
However the Title became Inactive after Alundra Blayze dropped the Title into a Garbage Can live on WCW Monday Nitro this incident forced her to give up the title.
Final champion
The final champion was Layla El who defeated Beth Phoenix in a two-on-one handicap match with Michelle McCool on Smackdown and McCool self-proclaimed herself as the co-Women's Champion.
The title was unified with the WWE Diva's Championship on September 19, 2010 and retired.
WWE Diva's Championship
Official Title History at WWE.com
The text-layout scheme in KWord is based on frames, making it look like Adobe FrameMaker.
These can be placed anywhere on the page, and can include text, graphics and embedded objects.
Each new page is a new frame, but the text is able to flow through KWord’s ability to link frames together.
The use of frames means that complex graphical layouts can be achieved easily in KWord.
KWord was created as part of the KOffice project in 1998 using some ideas from FrameMaker such as the frames approach.
The first author said that the application and its code were not the best since it was his first object-oriented application.
In 2000 the KWord application was created in a way that made it very hard to fix problems and nobody was working on the problems anymore.
There had not been any official release of the application in all this time.
In the same year a new maintainer started working on the application and over the duration of 2000 and the beginning of 2001 they worked to fix any problems in the code of the application.
KWord user manual
koffice.org/filters - List of supported file formats in KWord
KWord in Windows
The 1964–65 NHL season was the 48th season of the National Hockey League.
Jean Beliveau was the winner of the newly introduced Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs.
The Montreal Canadiens won their first Stanley Cup since 1960 as they were victorious over the Chicago Black Hawks in a seven-game final series.
For the third straight playoffs, it was Montreal vs. Toronto and Detroit vs. Chicago in the first round.
The Canadiens came beat the Leafs in six games, while the Hawks beat the Wings in seven.
1960s in North America
The Nation of Islam is a religious group.
It was founded in Detroit, Michigan, in 1930 by Master Fard Muhammad.
The main goal of the Nation of Islam is to bring back the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of blacks in the United States.
Since 1981, the group has been led by Louis Farrakhan.
Malcolm X also was a member.
The current headquarters for the Nation of Islam is located in Chicago, Illinois.
The Nation of Islam is currently lead by the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan through the teachings of the Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad.
Elijah Muhammad meet Master Farad Muhammad and was directly given lost knowledge to rebuild the children of slavery and bring them back to their original selves.
Main belief
The main belief of The Nation of Islam is that there is no God but Allah.
They say that "Allah" “came in the person of W. D. Fard", who founded the Nation of Islam.
Their type of Islam is different from Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims.
Their teachings under Islamic standards do not allow making any person divine, or treating God as human.
The flag of the Nation of Islam has the symbols of the sun, moon, and the stars.
It represents the universe.
It is also a banner of universal peace and harmony.
What the Nation of Islam believes
They believe in the One God.
This God is called Allah which means "God" in Arabic
They believe in the Holy Qur'an and in the scriptures of all the prophets of God
They believe in the truth of the Bible, but they believe that it must be reinterpreted
They believe this is the time in history for the separation of the Black children of slavery and the children of their former slave-masters.
They believe that they should have their own names.
These names should not be the names they were given by their former slave masters
They believe that God (Allah) appeared in the person of Master W. Fard Muhammad in 1930.
They believe that he is the Christian "Messiah" and the Muslim's "Mahdi".
They believe that all people are equal.
They see and accept the American people as independent.
They respect their laws.
Islam in the United States
The World Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling tag team championship in World Wrestling Entertainment.
It is the original world tag team title of WWE.
Currently, it is exclusive to the Raw brand and is unified with the WWE Tag Team Championship to make up the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship.
The championship was first introduced into the then World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) in 1971.
Following its introduction into the WWF Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler became the first WWWF Tag Team Champions on June 3.
In 1979 the title became known as the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Tag Team Championship when the promotion renamed itself World Wrestling Federation
In 2001 at the Survivor Series Pay-per-view during the Invasion Storyline The Hardy Boyz, Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy who were the current World Tag Team Champions and were competing for the World Wrestling Federation took on The Dudley Boys, Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley who were the current WCW World Tag Team Champions and were competing for The Alliance in a title unification match inside a Steel Cage, The Dudley Boys defeated The Hardy Boyz and were named the last WCW Tag Team Champions while also becoming the WWF Tag Team Champions
After the WWF/WWE name change in 2002, the championship was referred to as the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Tag Team Championship.
After a period where the championship was to be freely defended on either WWE Monday Night Raw or WWE Thursday Night Smackdown the championship became exclusive to the Raw Brand.
The current General Manager at this time Stephanie McMahon created new WWE Tag Team Titles which were to be exclusive to the Smackdown Brand.
WrestleMania III was the third yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).
The event was held on March 29, 1987 at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan.
The event is particularly notable for the record attendance of 93,173, the largest recorded attendance for a live indoor sporting event in North America.
Though differing numbers have been argued, the event is considered to be the pinnacle of the 1980s wrestling boom.
Almost one million fans watched the event at 160 closed circuit locations in North America.
The number of people watching via pay-per-view was estimated at several million, and pay-per-view revenues were estimated at $10 million.
Official website for WrestleMania III
WrestleMania 03
1980s in Michigan
Heat Pre-Show: Lance Storm and Chief Morley (champions) defeated Kane and Rob Van Dam
Tag team match for the World Tag Team Championship.
Matt Hardy (champion) (with Shannon Moore) defeated Rey Mysterio
Singles match for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship
The Undertaker defeated The Big Show and A-Train.
Handicap Match
Trish Stratus defeated Victoria (champion) (with Steven Richards) and Jazz.
Triple threat for the WWE Women's Championship
Team Angle (Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin) (champion) defeated Los Guerreros (Eddie and Chavo Guerrero) and Chris Benoit and Rhyno.
Triple threat tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship
Shawn Michaels defeated Chris Jericho.
Stacy Keibler and Torrie Wilson and the Miller Lite Catfight girls, Kitana Baker and Tanya Ballinger fought to a no contest.
Triple H (champion) (with Ric Flair) defeated Booker T.
Singles match for the World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)
Hulk Hogan defeated Vince McMahon.
Street Fight Match
The Rock defeated Steve Austin.
Brock Lesnar defeated Kurt Angle (champion).
Singles match for the WWE Championship
2003 in professional wrestling
WrestleMania 19
2000s in Washington (U.S. state)
21st century in Seattle, Washington
WrestleMania 2 was the second annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (although the first WrestleMania was only on pay-per-view in select areas).
It took place on April 7, 1986 at three venues: the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, the Rosemont Horizon in Rosemont, Illinois, and the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles, California.
WrestleMania 02
1980s in Chicago
1980s in California
Arthur Guseni Oliver Mutambara (born 25 May 1966) is a Zimbabwean politician.
He became the President of a faction of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) in February 2006.
He has worked as the Managing Director and CEO of Africa Technology and Business Institute since September 2003.
Zimbabwe politicians
Kill 'Em All is thrash metal band Metallica's first album.
It was released on July 29, 1983.
It has sold over three million copies in the United States.
When it was released most of the reviews were good.
Two singles were released from the album, "Whiplash" and "Jump in the Fire".
The album was going to be called Metal Up Your Ass.
However, the record label did not want this.
The bass player, Cliff Burton said about the record label, "why don't we just kill 'em all?"
Then the band decided to use "Kill 'em All" as the album's name.
Motorbreath
(Anesthesia) Pulling Teeth
Phantom Lord
Metal Militia
Lucille Frances Ryan (born 29 March 1968 in Auckland) is a New Zealand actress.
When she was twenty years old, she got her first acting job in the TV program Funny Business.
In 1995, she starred in her first television series, Xena: Warrior Princess, becoming in an international star in this role.
Lawless is also known for her role as D'anna Biers in the TV series Battlestar Galactica between 2005 and 2008.
During a break in 1997 between filming seasons on Xena, Lawless made her onstage debut singing songs on Broadway as Rizzo in the remake of the musical play Grease.
Since her role as Xena, Lawless has pursued a new career in singing after being a contestant on Celebrity Duets.
She sang at the Roxy in Hollywood in 2007, and has since performed regularly in concerts and released several CDs.
She has a contralto singing range.
She was born in Auckland on 29 March 1968.
Lawless' mother, Julie, was teacher, and her father, Frank, was mayor.
She has 6 brothers.
She had bulimia and Depression.
Lawless began acting in secondary school, attending Marist College, New Zealand, in Mount Albert.
She studied foreign languages at Auckland University for a year before dropping out and leaving for Europe with her boyfriend, Garth Lawless, to travel to Germany and Switzerland.
The couple then moved to Australia, where she worked briefly as a gold miner.
Lawless wanted to act since she was five.
She took her first acting class at the school.
Lawless starred various national television commercials when she was a child.
One of these was for McDonald's.
She played an Amazon in the TV movie Hercules and the Amazon Women, in 1994, and Lisya in his Spin-off, the TV series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys em 1995.
In the same year, she plays Xena in three episodes, returning later.
In September, Xena won her own series, Xena: Warrior Princess, Lawless was the star in the program during 6 years.
Lawless first appeared on Broadway in September 1997 in the Grease play remake, as the "bad girl" Rizzo character.
She applied to play the squeaky-clean naive blond girl Sandra Dee, but she claimed the producers after Xena had typed her to playing only "bad girls."
She said the Sandy character was very similar to her sheltered childhood, growing up in New Zealand with many protective older brothers.
Lawless has since appeared onstage in the Vagina Monologues and as a television guest star in episodes of The Simpsons, The X-Files, Just Shoot Me!,
Veronica Mars, Burn Notice, and Curb Your Enthusiasm.
She was also featured in the short-lived television series Tarzan.
Lawless has made cameo appearances in the movies EuroTrip, Spider-Man and Boogeyman.
She returned to television in the TV movie Locusts!
and its sequel Vampire Bats.
From 2005 to 2008, Lawless has had a recurring role in the television series Battlestar Galactica.
She portrays D'Anna Biers, a reporter with the Fleet News Service who works on a critical documentary about the crew of the Galactica and is later revealed to be a Cylon.
In 1997, Lawless was named one of the "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" by People magazine.
Days earlier on 6 May 1997, Lawless inadvertently exposed a breast as she concluded a performance of the US national anthem at an NHL hockey game in Anaheim, California between the Mighty Ducks and Detroit Red Wings.
Lawless was quoted in Newsweek as saying:
Lawless has enjoyed a particular cult status in the lesbian community.
Some of the lesbian fan base sees Lawless as a lesbian icon.
Some fans felt that the sexual nature of Xena and the character Gabrielle's relationship was cemented by an interview given by Lucy Lawless to Lesbian News magazine in 2003.
Lawless stated that after the series finale, where Gabrielle revives Xena with a mouth-to-mouth water transfer filmed to look like a full kiss, she had come to believe that Xena and Gabrielle's relationship was "definitely gay... there was always a 'well, she might be or she might not be' but when there was that drip of water passing between their lips in the very final scene, that cemented it for me".
At the age of nineteen, Lawless became pregnant with Garth's child.
In 1988, they married in Kalgoorlie, Australia.
They returned to New Zealand and had a daughter, Daisy Lawless (born 15 July 1988), who also attended Marist College, New Zealand.
The couple divorced in 1995.
Lawless married Xena executive producer Robert Tapert on 28 March 1998.
Lawless and Tapert have two sons: Julius Robert Bay Tapert (born 16 October 1999) and Judah Miro Tapert (born 7 May 2002), both born in Auckland.
Lucy Lawless  at TV.com
Fan Club at Internet
Photos  at Frodisman.com
Biography at Ussbrazil.com
Raccoon  may also mean:
The Raccoons, an animated television series
Raccoon City, a fictional metropolis depicted in Capcom's survival horror video-game series Resident Evil
Raccoon Creek, a disambiguation page lists several links
Raccoon Dog, a canine also known as tanuki
Raccoon River, a tributary of the Des Moines River
HMS Racoon, the name of six ships of the Royal Navy
Racoon (band), a Dutch rock band
racoon (KAME), in computing: a key-exchange management daemon from the KAME project, used in IPsec
Rocky Raccoon, a Beatles song from The White Album
List of fictional raccoons
In Godless: The Church of Liberalism, Ann Coulter's 2006 book, the Giant Flatulent Raccoon Theory claims to refute the scientific theory of evolution.
North York, Ontario, Canada
North York, Pennsylvania, United States
North York Centre, a district of Toronto, Canada.
North Yorkshire, England
North York Moors, England
The Red Army Faction or RAF (German Rote Armee Fraktion), was one of postwar West Germany's most active and prominent militant left-wing groups.
It was responsible for 34 deaths including many secondary targets such as chauffeurs and bodyguards—and many injuries in its almost 30 years of existence.
It ceased activities in 1993 and disbanded in 1998.
1998 disestablishments
Crime in Germany
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's biggest and most powerful particle accelerator.
It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).
It is a giant circular tunnel built underground.
The tunnel is 17 miles (27 kilometers) long, and between 50 and 175 meters below the ground.
It lies beneath the border of Switzerland and France.
10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 different countries worked together in the making of this project, and it cost 10.4 billion Swiss francs ($10 billion) to build.
It is now the largest and most complicated experimental research facility in the world.
As its name states, the research at the LHC involves the collision of hadrons.
A hadron is a particle which consists of a number of quarks held together by the subatomic strong force.
Protons and neutrons are examples of a hadron.
The LHC primarily uses the collision of protons in its experiments.
Protons are parts of atoms with a positive charge.
The LHC accelerates these protons through the tunnel until they reach nearly the speed of light.
Different protons are directed through the tunnel in opposite directions.
When they collide, they create conditions similar to the early universe.
The LHC attempts to study elementary particles and the ways they interact.
Researchers have used it to learn about quantum physics, and they hope to learn much more about the structure of space and time.
The observations researchers are able to make can help us learn what the universe might have been like within milliseconds after the big bang.
The LHC ionizes Hydrogen atoms to get their protons.
A Hydrogen atom consists of only one proton and one electron.
When they ionize the atoms, they are removing the one electron to give it a net positive charge.
The Hydrogen protons are then directed through the circle by electromagnets.
In order for the magnets to be strong enough, it must be very cold.
The inside of the tunnel is cooled by liquid helium.
They keep the temperature at just above absolute zero.
The protons hit one another at close to the speed of light and this creates lots of particles, many of which only live a short time before decaying to lighter particles.
At the four collision sites, there are large detectors called ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb.
When the particles hit each other, their energy is converted into many different particles, and sensitive detectors keep track of the pieces that are created.
By looking carefully at the detector data, scientists can study what the particles are made of and how the particles interact.
This is the only way to detect some particles because very high energy is needed to create them.
The LHC's particle collisions have the energy needed.
The LHC has three main parts to it.
There is the particle accelerator, the four detectors, and the Grid.
The accelerator creates the collision, but the results cannot be directly observed.
The detectors turn it into usable data and send it to the Grid.
The Grid is a computer network that the researchers use to interpret the data.
There are 170 locations in 36 different countries which are filled with regular desktop computers.
All of these computers are connected, and together they act as a supercomputer.
The LHC's Grid is considered the most powerful supercomputer ever built.
The computers share processing power and data storage space.
The Grid is very powerful, but it is only able to take in about one percent of the data it receives from the detectors.
Its limitations have motivated attempts at creating quantum computers, which could use what the LHC has taught us about quantum mechanics in order to make faster computers.
Some people thought the LHC could create a black hole, which would be very dangerous.
There are two reasons not to be worried.
The first is that the LHC didn't do anything that the cosmic rays that hit the Earth every day don't do, and these rays do not create black holes.
The second reason is that even if the LHC did make black holes, they would be very tiny.
The smaller a black hole is, the shorter its life.
Very tiny black holes would evaporate before they could hurt people.
The LHC was first used on September 10, 2008, but it did not work because a cooling system broke.
The magnets that help to move the charged particles must be cold.
The failure caused part of the facility to collapse.
The lab shut down for the winter and the collider was not used again until November 2009.
While it was being repaired, scientists used the Tevatron to look for the Higgs Boson.
When the LHC was restarted in November 2009, it set a new speed record by accelerating protons to 1.18 TeV (teraelectronvolt, or trillion electronvolt).
On March 30 2010, the LHC created a collision at 3.5 TeV.
The official LHC website
This page has a view inside the tunnel in 2005
Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology, or S.M.A.R.T. is a system to watch computer hard disks to help stop the risk of failures.
It does this by watching  of the hard disks to try and see when a failure might happen and where.
Predictable failures''' happen over a longer time period.
Examples for this is mechanical wear, or degradation of the surface of the storage device.
Unpredictable failures happen suddenly, in an unforeseen manner.
Examples for this is the failure of an electronic component, or sudden mechanical failure, perhaps because of bad handling.
Predictable failures can be detected by certain monitoring devices.
This is like a thermometer in a vehicle that can alert the driver to do something before serious damage occurs, for example because the engine is too hot.
About 60% of all drive failures are caused by failing mechanics.
Most mechanical failures result from gradual wear.
An eventual failure may be catastrophic.
Before complete failure occurs, there are usually certain signs that failure is imminent.
These may include increased heat output, a more noisy drive, problems with reading or writing data and a big increase in the number of damaged disk sectors.
The purpose of S.M.A.R.T. is to warn a user or system administrator that a drive is about to fail.
At the time of the warning, there is usually still time to do certain things to prevent data loss, for example copying the data to a different drive.
Approximately 30% of failures can be predicted by S.M.A.R.T. Work at Google on over 100,000 drives has shown little overall predictive value of S.M.A.R.T. status as a whole.
The study suggests that certain sub-categories of information which some S.M.A.R.T. implementations track do correlate with actual failure rates.
In the 60 days after the first scan error on a drive, the drive is 39 times more likely to fail on average than it would have been had no such error occurred.
Also, first errors in reallocations, offline reallocations and probational counts are strongly correlated to higher probabilities of failure.
History and predecessors
The industry's first hard disk monitoring technology was introduced by IBM in 1992 in their IBM 9337 Disk Arrays for AS/400 servers using IBM 0662 SCSI-2 disk drives.
Later it was named Predictive Failure Analysis (PFA) technology.
It was measuring several key device health parameters and evaluating them within the drive firmware.
Communications between the physical unit and the monitoring software were limited to a binary result – namely, either "device is OK" or "drive is likely to fail soon".
Later, another variant, which was named IntelliSafe, was created by computer manufacturer Compaq and disk drive manufacturers Seagate, Quantum, and Conner.
The disk drives would measure the disk’s "health parameters", and the values would be transferred to the operating system and user-space monitoring software.
Each disk drive vendor was free to decide which parameters were to be included for monitoring, and what their thresholds should be.
The unification was at the protocol level with the host.
Compaq submitted their implementation to Small Form Committee for standardization in early 1995.
It was supported by IBM, by Compaq's development partners Seagate, Quantum, and Conner, and by Western Digital, who did not have a failure prediction system at the time.
The Committee chose IntelliSafe's approach, as it provided more flexibility.
The resulting jointly developed standard was named S.M.A.R.T.
SMART Information
The most basic information that SMART provides is the SMART status.
It provides only two values: "threshold not exceeded" and "threshold exceeded".
Often these are represented as "drive OK" or "drive fail" respectively.