the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Michail Leontievich Bulatov (Михаил Леонтьевич Булатов),  (1760 in Rjazan, 2 May 1825 in Omsk), was a Russian military who fought during the Russo-Turkish War (1787-1992) and became Major General in 1799 during the Napoleonic Wars and lieutenant-general in 1823.
Ecstasy is an emotion, and an altered state of consciousness.
The word comes from Greek  έκστασις, ékstasis, which means to step outside oneself.
People who have this emotion feel very happy.
King Lear is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare.
He based it on an old British story about a king named Leir or Lyr.
The play might have been first performed in December 1606.
It was first printed in 1608.
It was printed again in 1623 in the First Folio.
This is a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays.
Many great actors over the years have played the part of King Lear.
The play is about an old king named Lear.
He wants to divide his kingdom between his three daughters.
To get the kingdom, they must tell him how much they love him.
His youngest daughter Cordelia will not say how much she does, although she's the one who loves him most.
She says words will not be able to describe her love.
King Lear does not realize this is true love.
Lear gets angry at her and will not give her land, and says she is not his daughter anymore.
He gives his land to his other daughters Regan and Goneril.
The king soon finds out that Regan and Goneril do not love him.
They only wanted his land.
The King becomes very mad.
The two daughters, and their husbands, throw him out of the land that is now theirs.
Lear goes on a  trip around the land that was once his as he becomes insane.
Regan poisons Goneril out of jealousy.
She also kills herself.
Lear dies after discovering that Cordelia was the one who always cared for him and came with a French army to help him but she and king Lear were caught by Edmund who gave an order to get them both hanged, which happens to Cordelia and causes Lear's grief and death.
Mutual information measures how much more is known about one random value when given another.
For example, knowing the temperature of a random day of the year will not reveal what month it is, but it will give some hint.
In the same way, knowing what month it is will not reveal the exact temperature, but will make certain temperatures more or less likely.
These hints or changes in likelihood are explained and measured with mutual information.
Calculating mutual information
Required information
To calculate mutual information, the probability (chance) of all possible events, and the probability of them happening at the same time, is needed.
For example, to measure mutual information between month and temperature we would need to know how many days in the year are 10 degrees Celsius, how many days out of the year are March and finally how many days are 10 degrees Celsius in March.
The formula requires the summation, or adding up, of many terms or numbers.
Every possible outcome has its own term.
From the above calculation of mutual information between month and temperature, we will use the following variables:
p(x,y) = probability of it being x degrees Celsius in month y
t(x) = probability of it being x degrees Celsius (on any day of the year)
m(y) = probability of it being month y
This means m(3) equals the probability of a randomly selected day being in March.
This is 31/365, or about 0.085, since 31 out of 365 days in the year are in March.
Understanding mutual information
Possible values
If mutual information is zero, you cannot determine anything about one value when given another.
For example, knowing if you got heads or tails in a coin flip last time will not tell you anything about what will happen next time.
If mutual information is small, there may still be no mutual information.
Sometimes random events seem to have a pattern in the short term, but overall there is no mutual information.
If mutual information is large, there is likely some connection between the two things being looked at.
Since temperature and month are connected, their mutual information would be a lot larger than zero.
It is not easy to know if mutual information is significant or large.
If mutual information is one, then knowing one value will exactly tell you the other.
For example, if a random desk is selected in a classroom, a teacher can know exactly which student will sit there.
Knowing which desk was selected tells us exactly which student is connected to it.
Important facts
Mutual information does not change based on which of the two random values is revealed.
This means we know just as much about temperature when told the month as we know about the month when told the temperature.
Mutual information is difficult to compare.
If we calculate mutual information for weather and another value for a card game, the two values cannot easily be compared.
A praetor was a person who served as a judge in Ancient Rome during the time of the Roman Republic.
Also, when a Roman consul was away, the praetor would act as consul.
Praetors were officials in Rome that were responsible for rendering justice.
Some of them could also be responsible for the administration of a province.
Yoshi's Island DS (called  in Japan) is a platform video game made by Artoon, and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS.
It is the sequel to Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island.
The gameplay of Yoshi's Island DS is much the same as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game, but with some small add-ons.
The player moves Yoshi through many stages.
Yoshi has to get through these stages by not getting hit by enemies or losing the baby he is holding.
Yoshi's Island DS received good scores from lots of video game websites, including IGN and GameSpot who gave separate reviews of the game of 8.0 and 9.1.
The Tillamook are a Native American tribe from the state of Oregon.
The word Tillamook means "people of Nekelim" in the Chinook language.
Also, Tillamook can mean "Land of Many Waters" but it is not as widely used.
Tillamook can also be spelled Calamox, Gillamooks, and Killamook.
The Tillamook tribe used to speak Tillamook.
After a while they learned to speak English.
The last person that spoke Tillamook died in 1970.
This made the Tillamook language gone forever.
Starting in 1965, a group of scientists tried to protect the Tillamook language by talking with the Tillamook people and creating a Tillamook language dictionary.
The Tillamook tribe used to live between the Necanicum River and Tillamook Bay.
The Tillamook were coastal Native Americans.
Their  name, Tillamook, means "Land of Many Waters" in their language.
The first Tilamook people lived around the 1400s.
In the 1700s, the population was counted at about 2200 people.
People from Oregon
Stick figure is a species that is typically drawn, sometimes simple drawing of a person made out of lines and circles.
They are made of simple shapes, such as circles, lines and triangles.
These are often the first way that children begin to draw people.
Stick figures have also become popular to make simple, and often violent, animations.
YouTube channels such as Alan Becker and Hyun's Dojo community create small series of videos.
Hans Michael Frank (23 May 1900 – 16 October 1946) was a German lawyer.
He worked for the Nazi party during the 1920s and 1930s.
Later he became a high-ranking official in Nazi Germany.
He was prosecuted during the Nuremberg trials for his role in the Holocaust.
He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and executed on 16 October 1946.
Before his execution, Frank repented and returned to the Catholic Church.
The First Folio is the common name for the first collection of William Shakespeare's plays.
It was published in 1623.
Its title is Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies.
The collection was assembled by Shakespeare's theatrical colleagues, John Heminges and Henry Condell.
Four plays are missing: Pericles, Prince of Tyre, The Two Noble Kinsman, and the "lost plays" Cardenio and Love's Labours Won.
It is believed about 750 copies were originally published.
Two hundred twenty-eight remain in existence.
The Folger Library in Washington, D. C. holds the most copies at 82.
Copies that arrive at auction realize prices in the millions.
James Emory Foxx (October 22, 1907 – July 21, 1967), nicknamed "Double X" and "The Beast", was an American first baseman in Baseball.
Foxx was the second major league player to hit 500 home runs, and at age 32, is the second youngest to hit that many home runs, behind Alex Rodriguez.
Deaths from choking
Stade de l'USFA is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive des Forces Armées.
The stadium holds 9,000 people.
Football stadiums in Ouagadougou
Stade Wobi Bobo-Dioulasso is a stadium in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive du Foyer de la Régie Abidjan-Niger.
The stadium holds 10,000 people.
Wobi Bobo
Bobo Dioulasso
Camp Nou (also known as the Nou Camp) is a football stadium used by FC Barcelona that was opened in 1957.
It can hold 99,354 people, making it the largest stadium in Europe and the second largest football stadium in the world.
The stadium was used to host the 1982 FIFA World Cup and the 1992 Summer Olympics.
It also hosted the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Bayern Munich.
Matches hosted
European Competition Finals
European Super Cups/UEFA Super Cups
International Competitions
1950s establishments in Spain
After the death of Daniel Inouye on December 17, 2012, Patrick Leahy became the new Dean of the Senate.
Also since the death of Inouye, Leahy became the President pro tempore and "dean".
Leahy is the senorist Democratic Senate politician in the United States.
Stade Municipal is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
It is used mostly for football games and is the home of Santos Football Club.
The stadium holds 15,000 people.
Stade Banfora is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive de la Comoé.
The stadium holds 6,000 people.
Stade Balibiè is a stadium in Koudougou, Burkina Faso.
It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Association Sportive des Employés et Commerçants de Koudougou.
The stadium holds 30,000 people.
Football stadiums in Burkina Faso
Benjamin Scott Folds (born September 12, 1966) is an American singer and songwriter who plays the piano.
He was the main singer of the band Ben Folds Five.
The band stopped playing together in 2000, and Folds has played as a solo act since then.
His solo albums include Rockin' the Suburbs, Songs for Silverman and Way to Normal.
Carl Zimmer (born 1966) is a popular science writer and blogger, mostly dealing with the study of evolution and parasites.
He has written several books and contributes science essays to publications such as The New York Times and Discover.
He is a Fellow at Yale University's Morse College.
He lives in Guilford, Connecticut, with his wife, Grace Farrell Zimmer, and their two children.
His father, Dick Zimmer, was a Republican congressman from New Jersey from 1991 through 1997.
His brother, Benjamin Zimmer, is a linguist.
American Association for the Advancement of Science's 2004 Science Journalism Award
The Pan American Health Organization's Award for Excellence in International Health Reporting
American Institute Biological Science's Media Award
Everett Clark Award for Science Writing
John Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship
United States National Academy of Sciences Communication Award
Zimmer, Carl At the Water's Edge (1999)
Zimmer, Carl Parasite Rex (2001)
Zimmer, Carl Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea (2001)
Zimmer, Carl Soul Made Flesh (2004)
Zimmer, Carl Smithsonian Intimate Guide to Human Origins (2005)
Zimmer, Carl Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life (2008)
Stade de la SONABEL is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Association Sportive SONABEL.
The stadium holds 5,000 people.
Stade Municipal is a stadium in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
It is used mostly for football games.
Stade du 4-Août is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
It is used mostly for football games and it also has an athletics track.
The stadium can hold of 35,000 people.
Etoile Filante Ouagadougou play their homes games at the stadium.
Photo  at worldstadiums.com
Photos  at fussballtempel.net
Stadium at Openstreetmap
38628 Huya, previously known by its provisional designation ) is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO).
It was found in March 2000 by Ignacio Ferrin and announced on October 24, 2000.
It was given the name Huya, after Juyá, the Wayuu rain god, in August 2003 by the International Astronomical Union.
At the time when it was found, Huya was the biggest and brightest TNO yet found.
It was found using data collected by at the CIDA Observatory in Venezuela.
Astronomers think it's about 530 km in diameter.
37th DPS: Albedos, Diameters (and a Density) of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects
Tiny 'Plutino' Almost Qualifies
Discovery of a bright Trans-Neptunian Object (Yale)
From the Rain Forest to Planet Huya
2101 Adonis was one of the first near-Earth asteroids to be found.
It was found by Eugene Delporte in 1936 and named after Adonis, the beautiful youth with whom the goddess Venus fell in love.
Adonis is thought to measure about 1 km in diameter.
Adonis was the second Apollo asteroid to be found (after 1862 Apollo itself).
It may be a dead comet, and may be the source of some meteor showers.
Long-lost planet 1936 CA ("Adonis") recovered
1566 Icarus is an Apollo asteroid (a sub-class of near-Earth asteroid).
At its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) it is closer to the Sun than Mercury.
In its orbit it crosses the orbits of Mercury, Venus and Mars.
It is named after Icarus of Greek mythology, who flew too close to the Sun.
The asteroid was found in 1949 by Walter Baade.
Icarus makes a close approach to Earth at gaps of 9, 19, or 38 years.
Sometimes, it comes as close as 6.4 Gm (16 lunar distances and 4 million miles), as it did on June 14, 1968.
The last close approach was in 1996, at 15.1 Gm, about 40 times as far as the Moon.
The most recent close approach was on June 16, 2015, 8.1 Gm (5 million miles).
In 1967, Paul Sandorff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave his students the task of making a plan to destroy Icarus, if it was going to hit the Earth.
This plan is known as Project Icarus (which was the basis for the 1979 science fiction film Meteor, starring Sean Connery).
NeoDys Object Listing: orbital elements and list of close approaches
Article on TheSpaceReview.com about Project Icarus
It was announced on 14 October 1983 in IAUC 3878, with optical confirmation that it looks like an asteroid.
It was the first asteroid to be found by a spacecraft.
It measures 5.10 km in diameter.
Phaethon approaches the Sun closer than any other numbered asteroid.
Its perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) is only 0.140 AU – less than half Mercury's perihelion distance.
It is a Mercury-, Venus-, Earth- and Mars-crosser.
The surface temperature at perihelion could reach ~1025 K, or 1400 F. For this reason, it was named after the Greek myth of Phaëton, son of the sun god Helios.
Phaethon approached to 18.1 Gm on 10 December 2007.
It will draw nearer in 2017, 2050, 2060,  and closer still on 14 December 2093, passing within 0.0198 AU (3.0  Gm).
Minor planet designations are number-name combinations given by the Minor Planet Center, a part of the IAU.
They are used for dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies such as asteroids, but not comets.
They are given to a body once its orbit is secured and unrelated to provisional designations, given when an object is found.
a number, historically given in a similar order to the order that it was found, now given only after the orbit is secured
a name, either the name assigned by the astronomer who found it or, more commonly, the provisional designation.
It looks like this: (number) Name, for example (90377) Sedna or .
According to what the astronomer wants, the brackets are now often removed, as in 90377 Sedna.
In practice, however, the number is primarily a catalog entry for any reasonably well-known object.
Therefore, the name or provisional designation is generally used in the formal designation: Sedna, .
The rule for moons of minor planets, such as the formal designation (87) Sylvia I Romulus for the asteroid moon Romulus, is an extension of the Roman numeral convention used, on and off, for the moons of the planets since Galileo's time.
The Minor Planet Center also managed comets but used a different cataloging system.
By 1851, there were 15 asteroids, all but one with their own symbol.
The symbols were becoming less and less simple, and, as they had to be drawn by hand, astronomers found some of them hard to draw.
This difficulty was addressed by Benjamin Apthorp Gould in 1851, who suggested numbering asteroids in the order that they were found, and placing this number in a circle as the symbol for the asteroid, such as ④ for the fourth asteroid, Vesta.
This practice was soon coupled with the name itself into an official number-name designation, "④ Vesta", as the number of minor planets increased.
By ca 1858, the circle had been simplified to brackets, "(4)" and "(4) Vesta", which was easier to typeset.
Other punctuation such as "4) Vesta" and "4, Vesta" was also used, but had more or less completely died out by 1949.
The major exception to the convention that the number tracks the order they were or the order that they're orbit was calculated is the case of Pluto.
Since Pluto was originally called a planet, it was not given a number until a 2006 redefinition of "planet" that didn't include it.
At that point, Pluto was given the formal designation Pluto.
IAU FAQ on minor planets
MPC explanation of provisional designations
Dr. James Hilton, When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?
is a popular ball-shaped Japanese dumpling.
It is like a savory pancake in a ball-shape which is cooked in a special pan.
Takoyaki is a specialty of Osaka and Kyoto.
It is usually eaten as a snack.
Many people in Osaka and Kyoto have a special cooker that makes takoyaki.
This is because they eat takoyaki often.
Takoyaki was invented in Osaka in 1935 by Tomekichi Endo.
It is most often made with flour and small pieces of boiled octopus.
How to make Takoyaki
First, mix flour and egg with water to make dough.
It is important the dough is not too thick but not too watery.
Second, pour the dough into a takoyaki pan.
Third, put a piece of cut, boiled octopus into each of the holes of the takoyaki pan.
Also, put pickled ginger, and tenkasu (deep-fried flour dough).
Fourth, turn the dough as it cooks to make a ball-shape.
Finally, once cooked, put takoyaki sauce, katsuobushi (dried fish flakes), and aonori (green laver) on the balls.
A minor planet named "6562 Takoyaki" was discovered in 1991 by M. Yanai and K. Watanabe at Katani.
The name was selected by children who visited the Funai Space Festival which was held in Osaka in 2001.
Just Hungry,  "Takoyaki, the great street snack that's fun to make at home"
Nishinomiya is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.
It is in the Kansai region of Japan and has a population of 483,598.
The Great Hanshin Earthquake on January 17, 1995 killed 1,134 people in Nishinomiya and injring 6386 people.
34,181 buildings were completely destroyed with 27,116 buildings being partially destroyed.
Nishinomiya had 194 evacuation spots with 44,351 evacuees.
U.S., Spokane, Washington September, 1961
Friendship cities
Brazil, Paraná, Londrina, May, 1977
China, Zhejiang, Shaoxing July, 1985
France District of Lot-et-Garonne and Agen, April, 1992
U.S., Burlington, Vermont
Japan, Kagoshima (formerly Naze), Amami, October, 1981
Japan, Kochi, Yusuhara, March, 1991
Location - Nishinomiya City is in Hyogo Prefecture.
It lies on Osaka Bay between Kobe (to the West) and Osaka (to the East).
Size - Area is 99.96km2
Transport - There are excellent links to Kobe, Osaka and beyond with a choice of three separate train lines.
The Bullet train, which connects to Tokyo, stops in nearby Kobe.
Also, roads out of the city are good.
Many people within the city travel by bicycle so there are large bicycle parking places especially near stations.
The Land - most of Nishinomiya is on the flat plain in the south, however there are mountains in the north.
The town has expanded up the mountains, so many houses are built on the slopes of these mountains with excellent views over the city below and even out over Osaka Bay.
One small mountain is called Kabuto-yama.
This landmark, with its Japanese helmet shape, can be seen from most parts of the city.
In the bay, artificial islands have been made on which industries, residential areas and a marina have been built.
There is a small beach.
Nishinomiya is famous in Japan for its sake (rice wine) production.
Other food production is the main industry.
There are also docks for shipping.
Leisure and Culture
There are huge shopping centres that are very popular.
The city is the home of the famous Hanshin Tigers baseball team who play at Koshien Stadium.
The Tigers have won the Central League pennant five times (1962, 1964, 1985, 2003, 2005) and the Japan Series once (1985).
In each of 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009, more than three million people attended games at their Nishinomiya stadium.
There are many shrines, such as Nishinomiya Shrine, Hirota-jinja and Kannō-ji.
A popular light novel, manga, and anime series 'The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya' is set in Nishinomiya.
The 1979 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1979 and ended on November 30, 1979.
This was an average season with 20 storms, however only 9 became tropical.
This was a damaging and deadly season most of the damage was caused by Tropical Storm Claudette, Hurricane David and Hurricane Frederic.
Most deaths were caused by Hurricane David.
Tropical Storm Elena
Hurricane Henri
Tropical Depression Nineteen
Tropical Depression Twenty
Tropical Depression Twenty-One
Tropical Depression Twenty-Two
Tropical Depression Twenty-Five
Tropical Depression Twenty-Six
This is the list of names that were set aside for the 1979 Atlantic hurricane season.
The list is not the same as in 1973 because in 1979 male names were added to the list.
HPC rainfall pages for 1979 tropical cyclones impacting North America
The 1969 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1969 and ended on November 30, 1969.
This season was highly active in fact, at that time it was the most active it has since fallen many times.
This season featured the very powerful, Hurricane Camille.
Tropical Storm Anna
Hurricane Blanche
Hurricane Debbie
Tropical Storm Eve
Hurricane Francelia
Hurricane Gerda
Hurricane Holly
Tropical Depression Twenty-Nine
Hurricane Inga
Tropical Storm Eleven
Tropical Depression Thirty-Two
Tropical Storm Jenny
Hurricane Kara
Hurricane Laurie
Tropical Storm Sixteen
Hurricane Seventeen
Hurricane Martha
HPC rainfall pages for 1969 tropical cyclones
Hanasaka-jiisan(花咲か爺）is a famous folk story of Japan.
The name means "old man who made flowers blossom(Japanese flower)".
The story became famous in Japan in the Edo Period (1603-1868).
There was a kind-hearted old man, Hanasaka-jiisan, who grew cherry blossoms.
The old man and his wife had a white puppy.
One day, their dog barked, “Koko-hore-wan-wan,” (meaning "Dig here!
Bark bark!")
while digging in a field.
The old man dug up gold and made the old man very rich.
The old man was very happy.
The old man's neighbor saw the dog barking and watched as the old man dig up the treasure.
The old couple’s neighbors were jealous of this.
So they stole the white puppy away, and ordered him to search for treasure.
They beat him, then he went to search for treasure.
But they only found rubbish.
So, then they killed the dog.
The old man was crushed with grief.
The neighbor's gave the old man and his wife the dog's ashes.
Then, the dog appeared in the old man's dream.
The dog said, "Please scatter my ashes on the dead cherry blossom tree!"
The old man followed the dog's directions.
Then, the dead cherry blossom tree came into full bloom.
The old man and his wife received great praise from a feudal lord passing by.
ICOCA is an IC (Integrated Circuit) Card used on the JR West rail network in Japan.
It stands for "Integrated Circuit Operating Card."
It can be used as a riding ticket or digital cash.
For example, you can use it to get on a train or, to buy a drink at a convenience store, or bread from a bakery.
How To Purchase
The Green Windows (midori-no-madoguchi) of JR stations sell ICOCA cards.
The price of the card is 500 yen (about $5 USD), but at first you must pay 2,000 yen (about $20 USD), and you immediately get 1,500 yen (about $15 USD) of cash on the card.
The limit you can have on the card is 20,000 yen (about $200 USD).
Origin of Name
Mono no aware (物の哀れ) is a Japanese literary term.
It means "the pathos of things" in English.
Pathos is the power in literature that creates feelings of sorrow, pity and tenderness.
Mono no aware is a very important concept when reading old literature, so that the reader can understand the importance and beauty of the literature.
It is used to express the keen emotion and pathos of a piece of literature and the feeling it gives the readers' senses, such as the description of a sound or scenery.
The Tale of Genji, said to be the world's oldest novel, is a good example of literature that gives its readers the sense of mono no aware.
The term mono no aware was first used by Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801) to describe Heian Period (794 AD - 1185 AD) literature, especially Tales of Genji.
Notable manga artists who use mono no aware–style storytelling include Hitoshi Ashinano, Kozue Amano, and Kaoru Mori.
In anime, both Only Yesterday, by Isao Takahata and Mai Mai Miracle, by Sunao Katabuchi make note of the passing of time in a gentle way by presenting the main plot against a parallel one from the past.
In addition, the Japanese director Yasujiro Ozu was well known for making a sense of mono no aware.
The first recorded use of salmon as a color name in English was in 1776.
Meaning of salmon
The color salmon is know to provide good health because salmon contains Omega-3 fatty acids, which are good for you.
The color pale salmon (shown below) represents finance because it is used as the color of the paper on which some economic newspapers like the Financial Times are printed (it is also the color of logo of the Financial Times website).
Hence the economic press is sometimes termed the salmon press as opposed to regular general newspapers published on off-white colored newsprint.
Tones of salmon color comparison chart
A saddle is like a seat for a rider, which is held to an animal's back by a belly strap called a girth.
The most common type is the equestrian saddle made for a horse.
Saddles have been made for camels and other animals.
The earliest saddles were simple pads fixed with a surcingle seen by 800 BC, with the saddle tree coming into use about 200 BC, and paired stirrups by 322 AD Saddles in use today, date back to the 1700s.
Today, modern saddles come in different styles, designed for different equestrian activities.
They need careful fit for both the rider and the horse.
Proper saddle care can extend the useful life of a saddle, often for many years.
The two most common saddle types used for horse riding are the English saddle and the Western saddle.
The English saddle is used for horse sports like show jumping, dressage, and eventing.
It is also used for horse showing.
It has less leather and is lighter than most Western saddles.
The Western saddle is used for horse activities where the rider needs more support than in and english saddle.
It is also used for showing,  barrel racing,  rodeo, and many other sports.
The biggest difference is it has a horn on the front, and a higher cantle.
This was used originally for tying cattle off when working, so the ranchers could brand or work with the cow.
It's now used more widely, in barrel racing it's used for support, in roping events, it's still used to tie cattle.
The there are many different types of English and Western saddles.
All are designed for a specific purpose.
So while they might look different, they all help the rider for the sport or activity for which they were designed.
For example, a rider would not want to jump in a Western saddle because the horn would make it hard for them to stay in the correct position over the jump.
A rider would not want to work cows in a jumping saddle because they would not have a horn and because the Western saddle puts the rider in a better position for working cows.
it:Finimenti#Selle
A bridle is a piece of equipment used to direct and control a horse.
The bridle is the headgear that holds a bit which goes in the mouth of a horse, and also the reins that are joined to the bit.
Bridles are usually made of leather.
They are made of different parts which are buckled together.
The headpiece, also called a crownpiece, goes behind the horse's ears.
The browband is placed across the horse's forehead.
The throatlach goes behind the horse's cheek.
The cheekpieces extend across the horse's cheek and attach to the bit.
The noseband goes across the horse's nose and under its chin.
Some bridles do not have a noseband.
Others have special nosebands designed to prevent the horse from opening its mouth too widely and crossing its jaw.
Sometimes, a strap called a martingale is attached to the noseband.
A bridle without a bit uses a noseband to control a horse, and is called a hackamore, or a bitless bridle.
Bitless bridles work by pressure and leverage on the horse's nose and chin groove.
Bitless bridles can be useful for horses that have problems with their mouths.
It is more difficult to turn a horse using a bitless bridle, and bitless bridles can provide tremendous leverage and stopping power.
The Greek Wikipedia (also Hellenic Wikipedia, Elliniki Vikipedia, ) is the fifth language of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia.
It started on December 1, 2002.
By 15 December 2003, it had 1,000 articles.
As of October 2009, it had reached over 45,000 articles.
Greek Wikipedia mobile version
Statistics for Greek Wikipedia by Erik Zachte
Tell us about Greek Wikipedia
Pontic Wikipedia
Ancient Greek Wikipedia
August Franz Anton Hans Fritzsche (21 April 1900 in Bochum – 27 September 1953 in Cologne) was a Nazi official, ending the war as Ministerialdirektor at the Propagandaministerium.
Fritzsche was one of the 24 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials.
Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga (August 7, 1533–November 29, 1594), was a Spanish nobleman, soldier and epic poet.
While in Chile (1556–63) he fought against the Araucanian Indians, and there he began the epic poem La Araucana, said to be the greatest Spanish historical poem.
This heroic work in 37 cantos is divided into three parts, published in 1569, 1578, and 1589.
It tells of the brave uprising of the Araucanians and also tells the history of Chile and of contemporary Spain.
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) is the governing body covering both public and private higher education institutions in the Philippines, including its degree-granting programs.
The CHED was established in May 18, 1994 through Republic Act 7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994.
CHED Philippines official website
Education in the Philippines
Professional Regulation Commission is a governing body tasked by the government of the Philippines to administer and supervise licensing examinations in the Philippines.
Professional Regulation Commission official website
Reserve Officers' Training Corps is a type of military officer commissioning program, mostly in the United States.
It is designed as a subject that students can choose to take at college.
It focuses on leadership development, problem solving, strategic planning, and professional ethics.
After joining the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, the person involved must be involved in the military for a period of time.
The U.S. Armed Forces and a number of other national militaries have ROTC programs.
The Philippines established its program in 1912, with the creation of the first unit at the University of Santo Tomas during American colonial rule.
ROTC in South Korea started in 1963; while China created its own program in 1997.
The athletic nickname of a school, university, college, or institute is the name officially or unofficially adopted by that institution for at least the members of its sports teams.
In general, the institution uses this name to describe the people associated with it, especially its current students.
It is also adopted by the athletic teams mascot.
Adel Fadel Abbas Tamano (born October 2, 1970) is a Filipino lawyer and politician.
He is the spokesperson of the United Opposition.
He was president of the University of the City of Manila.
Early life And career
Tamano is the eighth son of the late Senator Mamintal Tamano and civic leader Hadja Putri Zorayda Abbas Tamano.
Tamano is married to Rowena Kapunan, who is also a lawyer.
During the 2007 elections, Tamano was the spokesperson for the United Opposition.
He is also a member of Kapunan, Tamano, Villadolid & Associates.
He lectures on legal writing at the Ateneo Law School, and on constitutional law at the Far Eastern University Institute of Law and the University of the City of Manila.
Tamano attended Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and La Salle Greenhills for his primary and secondary education.
He went to the Ateneo de Manila University to study A.B. Economics and later law, graduating in 1992 and 1996 respectively.
Thereafter, he attended the University of the Philippines and took a master's degree in Public Administration.
In June 2005, he matriculated in Harvard Law School's Master of Laws graduate program.
He was the first Filipino Muslim to graduate from Harvard Law School.
Harvard Commencement Speech
Tamano:His Own Man
Filipino politicians
Benjamin G. Tayabas is the longest-serving university president of the University of the City of Manila.
Filipino people
The University of the Philippines (UP; )  is a public school in the Philippines.
Far Eastern University is a private research university in Manila, Philippines.
The school began in 1885.
It was the first university in the Arizona Territory.
The school also includes the Banner – University Medical Center Tucson.
This is a four-year M.D. college in downtown Phoenix.
Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities (an organization for research institutions).
It is the only school from Arizona in the group.
The sports teams are nicknamed the Arizona Wildcats (often shortened to "Cats").
They got the name from a 1914 football game with the California champions at the time, Occidental College.
The Los Angeles Times said that, "the Arizona men showed the fight of wildcats."
Sports are a big part of campus life at the school and they get a large amount of money to operate the programs.
They are members of the Pacific-12 Conference in the NCAA, which they joined in 1978.
The Wildcats have won national titles in several sports, most notably men's basketball, baseball, and softball.
The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are UA Red and Arizona Blue.
The  square meter is the SI-derived unit of area.
It has a symbol m² (33A1 in Unicode).
It is defined as the area of a square whose sides measure exactly one metre.
The square metre is derived from the SI base unit of the metre, which in turn is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in absolute vacuum during a time interval of  of a second.
Adding SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples.
However, as the unit is squared, the order of magnitude difference between units doubles from their comparable linear units.
For example, a kilometre is one thousand times the length of a metre, but a square kilometre is one million times the area of a square metre.
A "square metre" is not the same thing as a "metre square"  - although it is true that exactly 1 square metre is exactly 1 meter square.
But that only works for the numbers 1 and 0; no others.
But a square that is 4 metres squared would have 4 metres on each side.
This means it would have 16 square metres of area.
That is,  is 4 meters squared, whereas  is 4 square meters.
SI prefixes applied to the square metre
0.000 001 square kilometre (km²)
10,000 square centimetres (cm²)
0.000 1 hectares (ha)
0.01 ares (a)
1 centiare (ca)
0.000 247 105 381 acres
1.195 990 square yards
10.763 911 square feet
1,550.003 1 square inches
BIPM (SI maintenance agency)  (home page)
BIPM brochure (SI reference)
"Quid pro quo" is a Latin phrase.
It means roughly "this for that."
In other words, the phrase describes the context when something is given in return for something else.
The phrase means the same thing as the English saying "a tit for a tat", or trading something for something else.
It can also mean the same thing as "an eye for an eye".
Quid pro quo means reciprocity
Cologne or Eau de Cologne is a toiletry, a perfume in a style of that originated from Cologne, Germany.
Nowadays, it's used as a term for scented formulations with a concentration of about 2-5% essential oils.
Cologne may be used by men or women.
In a base of dilute ethanol (70-90%), Eau de Cologne contains a mixture of citrus oils including oils of lemon, orange, tangerine, bergamot, lime, grapefruit and neroli.
It can also contain oils of lavender, rosemary, thyme, petitgrain (orange leaf), and jasmine.
Eau de Cologne is a spirit-citrus perfume launched in Cologne in 1709 by Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), an Italian perfumer from Santa Maria Maggiore Valle Vigezzo, Italy.
In 1708, Farina wrote to his brother Jean Baptiste: "I have found a fragrance that reminds me of an Italian spring morning, of mountain daffodils and orange blossoms after the rain" (Eckstein p.8).
He named his fragrance Eau de Cologne, in honour of his new hometown.
The Original Eau de Cologne composed by Farina was used only as a perfume and delivered to "nearly all royal houses in Europe" (Farina Fragrance Museum information leaflet).
His ability to produce a constantly homogenous fragrance consisting of dozens of monoessences was seen as a sensation at the time.
When free trade was established in Cologne by the French in 1797, the success of Eau de Cologne prompted countless other businessmen to sell their own fragrances under the name of Eau de Cologne and even Farina.
Giovanni Maria Farina's formula has been produced in Cologne since 1709 by Farina opposite the Jülichplatz and to this day remains a secret.
His shop at Obenmarspforten opened in 1709 and is today the world's oldest fragrance factory.
Other Colognes, such as the famous Cologne 4711, named after its location at "Glockengasse No.
4711", have the name in common but smell different.
In 1806, Jean Marie Joseph Farina, a grand-grand-nephew of Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), opened a perfumery business at Paris that developed into Roger & Gallet, that owns the rights to Eau de Cologne extra vielle in contrast to the Original Eau de Cologne from Cologne.
Eau de Cologne, or just "cologne", has now become a generic term.
The Flock is a 2007 movie directed by Andrew Lau, the co-director of the Infernal Affairs trilogy.
The movie, which was his first English-language movie, stars Richard Gere and Claire Danes.
Fast Food Nation is a 2006 American/British movie directed by Richard Linklater.
It is based on Schlosser's bestselling 2001 non-fiction book Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal.
The movie is about the fast food industry.
Schlosser's book criticized the fast food industry.
He finds out where types of fast food are made, where they come from, and why people eat it.
List of 2006 movies
Going the Distance is a 2004 Canadian movie.
It was directed by Mark Griffiths.
It is set across Canada.
Its tagline was "They came.
They saw.
They came."
The film was released in Canada as Going the Distance, but in the USA, it was called National Lampoon's Going the Distance.
The Canadian DVD release has its original release title.
Canadian comedy movies
Sabrina the Teenage Witch is an American television sitcom.
It is based on the Archie comic book series of the same name.
It stars Melissa Joan Hart in the title role.
Its first four seasons aired on ABC from September 27, 1996 to May 5, 2000; the final three seasons ran on The WB Television Network from September 22, 2000 to April 24, 2003.
Vera Wang (; born June 27, 1949) is an American fashion designer.
Her parents were Chinese.
She is based in New York and is known for her wedding gown collection, among other specialties.
After her graduation in 1971, Wang began working for Vogue Magazine.
In 1972, she was promoted as the senior fashion editor.
She left Vogue in 1987, to join Ralph Lauren as the design director for accessories.
Total Request Live (known from 1998 to 2008 as TRL) was a television series on MTV that featured popular music videos.
In addition to music videos, the show also featured daily guests.
TRL played the top ten most requested music videos of the day, as requested by viewers who voted for their favorite video online.
The countdown started with the tenth most requested video of the day and ended with the most requested video of the day.
As of October 22, 2007, the countdown was based on votes, charts, ringtones, downloads, radio airplay, and streams, meaning that the video that the user requested might not have been the number one video of the day.
The show mainly aired from Monday to Thursday for an hour, but the scheduling and length of the show has changed over the years.
Even though the word "Live" is in the show's title, a lot of the show's episodes have actually been pre-recorded.
On September 15, 2008, it was announced that TRL would be over and it was later replaced by another show.
A special, three-hour finale was aired on November 16, 2008 at 8 p.m.
Until 2010, a local version of TRL was still running in Italy on MTV.
The beginning of TRL
The beginning of TRL traced back to 1997 when MTV started to produce MTV Live from the newly opened MTV Studios in Times Square in New York.
MTV Live featured celebrity interviews, musical performances, and news updates.
Music videos were not a major part of the program.
At one time, the show had more than 75,000 viewers.
At the same time, MTV aired a countdown show that was simply called Total Request, hosted by Carson Daly.
Total Request was a more quiet show, as music videos were introduced from a dimly lit set.
By the fall of 1998, MTV producers decided to merge MTV Live and Total Request into a new show called Total Request Live.
The new show made its premiere on September 14, 1998.
The end of TRL
On September 15, 2008, it was announced that TRL would be shut down.
The last regular weekday episode aired on November 13, 2008.
The episode showed the process of the set being torn down.
A three-hour special that was aired on November 16, 2008 marked the end of the show.
The final show included several musical performances.
On June 25, 2014, MTV announced that it will bring back TRL for one day on July 2, 2014 with American singer Ariana Grande.
"Breakaway" is a 2004 song written by Avril Lavigne, Bridget Benenate and Matthew Gerrard and produced by John Shanks.
It was recorded by pop rock singer Kelly Clarkson for the soundtrack to the film The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement by Disney Records.
It was also included on Clarkson's second album, Breakaway and was released as the album's first single.
Kelly Clarkson songs
Multi-criteria optimization, or multiobjective optimization is a way of solving a mathematical or economic problem where many different parameters need to be changed to get one of the best possible solutions to the problem.
The result of this is called Pareto efficiency, named after Vilfredo Pareto, who first used it in his studies.
If we look at what the economy produces, we might say it is on its Pareto Frontier or Production Possibility Frontier, meaning that it is making (or "producing") all it can with the things it has (such as machines, labour, land and ideas -- all called resources or factors of production).
If this is the case, making more of one thing would mean making less of another; the resources are already being used to full capacity, so making more of one thing will take resources away from making another.
Just because something is Pareto efficient, it doesn't mean it is fair or "equitable".
Even though no-one could be made better off without making someone else worse off, it is possible that one person owns all of the world's things.
To make anyone else better off, some would have to be taken away from this person, making them worse off.
Manjiro was born in the Naka-no-hama in Tosa Province (now Tosashimizu in Kōchi Prefecture).
He was the second son of a poor fisherman.
He worked when he was young because his father died and his mother and older brother were sick.
Because of this, he did not learn how to read and write very well.
Life in the United States
In 1841, when he was fourteen years old, the fishing boat he worked on ran into a storm and was turned over.
He and the people with him were on the ocean for five days.
They landed on an island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean where no people lived.
They spent 143 days on that island.
An American ship passed by the island and John Manjiro and the others were saved.
At this time, Japan was a closed country.
The American ship or any non-Japanese ship could not enter Japan.
Also, any Japanese who left Japan were killed by the Japanese government if they returned to Japan.
Most of the people saved from the island were taken to Hawaii.
The captain of the ship liked John Manjiro and took Manjiro with him.
Manjiro saw a map of the world for the first time and saw how small Japan was in the world.
Manjiro was named “John Mung” by the captain.
He was adopted by the captain of the ship and lived with the captain’s family in the United States.
Manjiro learned English, math, measurement, navigation, and shipbuilding at school.
He spent all of his time to studying to be a captain.
He learned new ideas from the Western world.
For example, democracy and equality between men and women.
Manjiro returned to Hawaii and bought a boat.
He and his friends from the fishing boat started to sail back to Japan in December of 1850.
Japan was still a closed country.
Because of this, he was investigated by the Shogunate (the rulers of Japan) for a long time.
Around this time, Shimazu Nariakira, a historical person in Japan, was interested in English and shipbuilding.
John Manjiro began working as an English teacher.
He had a strong friendship with many statesmen.
He was even asked to be a statesman himself.
In his later years, Manjiro visited American friends.
By then, he could not speak English very well any more.
He died in 1898 at the age of 71 years old.
The Name, "John Manjiro"
John Manjiro was actually born as Manjiro (without a family name).
The name "John" comes from the name of the ship he was saved by when on the island in 1841.
The name of the ship was "John Howland."
The captain gave Manjiro this name.
In 1938, Ibuse Masuji, a Japanese writer, first used the name "John Manjiro."
From this book came the name of "John Manjiro."
John Manjiro's English
Manjiro had problems translating because he was not good at translating English sentences.
This was because he had not learned basic grammar when he was young.
He was used as interpreter when Commodore Perry came in 1863.
Manjiro pronounced English just as he heard it.
His pronunciation was different from present-day English.
Japanese based their pronunciation of English at the time on Manjiro’s pronunciation.
They were able to be understood by Americans and English people.
The John Manjiro Musical
There is a musical about Manjiro in Japan.
It is called The Dream of John Manjiro.
It was first done in June, 1974.
John Manjiro was the first Japanese man to set foot on the contintental United States, to take a train, to ride a steamship, and to wear a necktie.
John Manjiro talked about world views with Ryoma Sakamoto, a famous Japanese statesman and general.
Japanese translators
Proper motion is the name for the way the stars seem to slowly move relative to each other when seen from Earth.
The movement is caused by the fact that all stars (including the Sun) are moving through space at hundreds of kilometres per second.
However, because they are so far away, it takes a long time for us to see that they have moved, and even then it takes a powerful telescope to see the difference.