the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Phillips Academy, the most prestigious secondary boarding school in the United States, was founded by Samuel Phillips Jr.
Vikings besiege Paris
Emperor Daigo of Japan
November 26 – Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang
April 6 – Saint Methodius, bishop and Bible translator
June – Godfrith, the Sea King
July – Pope Adrian III
July/August – Sulayman ibn Wahb, Abbasid vizier
Adam Smith is appointed professor of logic at the University of Glasgow
March 25 – For the last time, New Year's Day is legally on March 25 in England and Wales.
March 31 – The future King George III of the United Kingdom succeeds his father as Prince of Wales.
His mother Augusta of Saxe-Gotha becomes Dowager Princess of Wales.
First publication of Encyclopédie
The Academy and College of Philadelphia, the predecessor to the private University of Pennsylvania, is founded.
Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the British colonies, is founded.
March 16 – James Madison, American politician, 4th President of the United States (d. 1836)
March 31 – Frederick, Prince of Wales, member of the British Royal Family (b. 1707)
Diophantus writes Arithmetica the first systematic treatise on algebra.
A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date).
Goths invade Moesia.
The Alamanni drive the Romans from the modern area of Donau-Ries.
Decius begins a period of persecution of the Christians in the Roman Empire.
Teotihuacán is rebuilt as a four-quartered cosmogram by Zapotec architects brought from Monte Albán in Oaxaca.
Kofun Period begins in Japan.
March 16 – West Point is established.
March 25/27 – Treaty of Amiens between France and United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition.
March 28 – H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Pallas.
May 19 – Napoleon Bonaparte establishes the French légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour).
June 8 – Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture is seized by French troops and sent to Fort de Joux for prison.
July 4 – At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.
August 2 – In a plebiscite Napoleon Bonaparte is confirmed as consul for life.
September 11 – The Italian region of Piedmont becomes a part of Napoleonic France.
October 2 – War ends between Sweden and Tripoli.
The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation.
July – Eleuthère Irénée du Pont founds E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, the modern DuPont Company.
October – French army enters Switzerland.
Marie Tussaud opens her famous wax museum in London, having been commissioned during the Reign of Terror to make death masks of the victims.
Treviranus uses the term biology for the first time.
Thomas Wedgwood produces the world's first photograph, but has no means of fixing the image, which quickly fades.
William Symington builds the first successful steamship, the Charlotte Dundas.
Ludwig van Beethoven performs the Moonlight Sonata for the first time.
William Wordsworth publishes the poem "Westminster Bridge."
The estimated world population reaches 1 billion people.
French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)
37 is a year in the 1st century.
It was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Proculus and Pontius.
March 18 – Roman Senate ends Tiberius' will.
They proclaim Caligula Roman Emperor.
Caligula tries declare himself a god.
This creates tension between himself and the Senate.
An earthquake destroys Antioch
Abilene is granted to Agrippa I.
Saint Peter founds the Syrian Orthodox Church. (
traditional date)
Probable year of the conversion of the Pharisee Saul of Tarsus to Christianity.
After 39 he is recognised as Saint Paul.
December 15 – Nero, Roman Emperor
Josephus, Jewish historian
March 16 – Tiberius, Roman Emperor
May 1 – Antonia Minor, daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor
Marbod king of the Marcomanni
June 1 – With the death of the Duc d'Anjou, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France.
July 5 – Maronite College established in Rome
July 10 – William I of Orange assassinated
Change to the new Gregorian Calendar in many countries.
Dates between October 5 – 14 ignored.
The first translation of the complete Bible into Slovenian language: Bibilija, tu je vse svetu pismu stariga inu noviga testamenta, slovenski tolmačena skuzi Jurija Dalmatina (Wittenberg), i.e. The Bible, it is a Complete Holy Scripture of the Old and of the New Testament, Translated into Slovenian by Jurij Dalmatin.
Archangelsk is founded in northern Russia.
Feodor I succeeds his father Ivan IV as Tsar of Russia
Latin Book of Concord published in Germany
Ghent falls to the Spanish.
January 1 – Pertinax is proclaimed Roman Emperor.
June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace.
Pertinax is killed after 87 days as Roman emperor.
Septimius Severus finally gains control of the Roman Empire, after eliminating Pescennius Niger and Didius Julianus.
Clodius Albinus also claims the Empire.
Last (4th) year of Chuping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty
Innocent IV was elected pope.
Castile captures the city of Murcia from the Moors.
City of Brno founded
Battle of Köse Dag
The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish
February 12 – Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile.
May 8 – Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River naming it Rio de Espiritu Santo.
May 23 –  Jacques Cartier departs Saint-Malo France on his third voyage.
July 9 – Estevão da Gama departs Massawa, leaving behind 400 matchlockmen and 150 slaves under his brother Christovão da Gama, with orders to assist the Emperor of Ethiopia defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi who has invaded his Empire.
August 29 – The Janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent take Buda by ruse, hiding themselves as tourists.
Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent seals off The Golden Gate in Jerusalem.
The Parliament of Ireland declares Henry VIII of England King of Ireland replacing the Lordship of Ireland with the Kingdom of Ireland.
October – The unsuccessful Algerian campaign of Charles V of Spain Gabsurg
October 8 – Cola di Rienzo, self-proclaimed "tribune" of Rome, is killed by an angry mob
End of reign of John VI Cantacuzenus, as Byzantine emperor.
The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang is established.
March 8 – John III, Duke of Brittany (died 1341)
June 30 – John de Warenne, 8th Earl of Surrey, English politician (died 1347)
James Douglas the Black, Scottish patriot (died 1330)
Hugh the younger Despenser (died 1326)
Frederick I of Austria (died 1330)
William III, Count of Holland (died 1337)
March 8 – Queen Urraca of Castile (born 1082)
July 24 – Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (born 1053)
Prince Álmos, of Hungary
Constantine II of Armenia
Thoros I of Armenia
Ranulph le Meschin, 1st Earl of Chester
Symeon of Durham, English chronicler
Margrave Leopold of Styria
November 2 - Emperor Huizong of China (d. 1135)
Queen Urraca of Castile (d. 1129)
June 4 – Emperor Huizong of China (b. 1082)
December 1 – King Henry I of England
Al-Mustarshid, Caliph of Baghdad
Milarepa, Tibetan yogi and poet (born 1052)
The year 1052 was a leap year which started on Wednesday.
Godwin, Earl of Wessex returns to England from exile.
May 23 – King Philip I of France (d. 1108)
January 14 – Third Battle of Panipat was fought between Marathas and Afghans
January 16 – British capture Pondicherry, India from the French.
February 8 – Earthquake in London breaks chimneys in Limehouse and Poplar
March 8 – Second earthquake in North London, Hampstead and Highgate
In Dutch Guayana a “state” formed by escaped slaves signs a treaty with the local governor
Opening of Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory.
Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star is published, in France.
June 6 – Transit of Venus occurred, and was observed from 120 locations around the globe.
The vizier Muhammad Abu al Kaylak, who had led the Funj army in wars, carries out a Sennar palace coup, relegating the sultan to a figurehead role. (
History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah))
1470 July 12 – The Ottomans capture Euboea.
1471 March – The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne.
1472 – Foundation of the Kingdom of Fez.
1474 February – The Treaty of Utrecht ends the Anglo-Hanseatic War.
1476 – Battle of Avenches
1477 February 27 – Uppsala University is founded.
1478 November 1 – Start of the Spanish Inquisition.
1479 January 20 – Ferdinand II takes the throne of Aragon.
He rules together with his wife Isabella I, Queen of Castile.
March 2 – Battle of Grandson.
A Swiss army defeats the Burgundians under Charles the Bold
June 2 – Battle of Morat.
The Swiss again defeat Charles.
December – Vlad III Dracula manages to become reigning Prince of Wallachia for the third and last time before being assassinated by decapitation.
His head is sent to his old enemy Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire.
The Gleiwitz incident was a planned German attack against the radio station "Sender Gleiwitz" in the German town of Gliwice on the night of August 31, 1939.
This attack along with other Nazi activities was used to make people think that Poland attacked Germany and that Poland, not Germany started World War II.
August events
1939 in Europe
1930s in Germany
For things that are not alive, it means that it is being given away by someone who does not want any money in return
For living creatures, including people, it means having freedom: being able to be what one wants to be, or to do what one wants to do, without being ordered around
Free County (), a former region of France
Free (band), an English rock band
Free software, software that anyone may run, share, and change, at any time, for any reason.
Mackinac Island is an island in Lake Huron.
It is part of the U.S. state of Michigan and is 8 miles (13 kilometers) around.
Many people go to see Mackinac Island in the summer because the island passed a local law that says that no one can use a car on the island.
Everybody has to ride a horse or a bicycle.
In recent years, young people have been using roller skates or roller blades to get around the island.
There is a narrow paved road that follows the 8 miles of shoreline.
This road is for horses (and their buggies), bicycles, skaters and joggers or just people taking a long walk.
In order to get to Mackinac Island, visitors have to buy a ticket on a ferry boat.
The boat ride has views of Lake Huron and the Mackinac Bridge.
After they get to Mackinac Island, many visitors buy locally made fudge.
Islands of the United States
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars is a list of the top actors in Hollywood history.
It was announced by the American Film Institute on June 16, 1999.
As of 2020, of the fifty stars listed, only two are still alive: one man (Sidney Poitier), and one woman (Sophia Loren).
At the time the list was unveiled Katharine Hepburn, Elizabeth Taylor, Shirley Temple, Lauren Bacall, Marlon Brando, Gregory Peck and Kirk Douglas were also still living.
Lists of entertainers
Havana () is the capital city of Cuba.
Its population was 2.1 million in 2012.
It is at 23°8′N 82°23′W and is a little more than 100 miles south-southwest of Key West, Florida in the United States.
Havana is a very old city.
It was created in 1515 by Spanish explorers.
Due to its important location it became a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the Americas.
Also, it became a stopping point for Spanish ships returning to Spain filled with treasure.
King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592.
Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city.
The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish–American War.
1515 establishments
Establishments in Cuba
Bismarck is a German family name.
Bismark is an incorrect spelling.
Battlecruiser class
Fürst Bismarck, a Mackensen class battlecruiser of the German navy, still under construction at the time of the 1918 Armistice and never completed.
The Bismarck was a battleship of the German navy during WWII
The Bismarck Chase
Sink the Bismarck!,
a 1960 movie about the sinking of the Bismarck
Sink the Bismarck, a 1960 Johnny Horton song inspired by the movie
Expedition: Bismarck, a 2002 documentary about the battleship Bismarck.
Ocean liners
The SS Bismarck of 1914 became the RMS Majestic as a part of World War I war reparations.
the Bismarck Sea, north of the island of New Guinea
the Bismarck Archipelago, a part of Papua New Guinea
Bismarck, North Dakota, the capital of the U.S. state of North Dakota
Bismarck, Missouri
Bismark, Ontario, a hamlet at the junction of Highway 20 and Highway 57
Buildings and Structures
"Bismarck towers"
Bismarck Tower Stettin
Other people named Bismarck
Herebord von Bismarck, the first verifiable holder of the name (from the 13th century)
Ludolf August von Bismarck (1683-1750), a Russian General
Levin Friedrich von Bismarck (1703-1774), a Prussian Attorney General
August Wilhelm von Bismarck (1750-1783), a Prussian Finance Minister
Friedrich Alexander Graf von Bismarck-Bohlen (1818-1894), a Prussian General
Herbert von Bismarck (1849-1904), Secretary of State, son of Otto von Bismarck
Gottfried von Bismarck (1881-1928)
Bernhard von Bismarck
Otto Fürst von Bismarck (1815-1898), a highly influential German politician of the 19th century.
Prime Minister of Prussia, and Chancellor of the Second German Reich.
Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen (1901-1949), a Nazi parliamentary representative, grandson of Otto von Bismarck
Count Gottfried von Bismarck (1962-2007) son of Prince Ferdinand von Bismarck, great-great-grandson of the famous Otto von Bismarck
Philipp von Bismarck (b. 1913), a German politician of the CDU party
Prince Ferdinand von Bismarck
Klaus von Bismarck, 1961-1976, and administrator of a German radio station
Gunilla von Bismarck (b. 1949), great-granddaughter of Otto von Bismarck, a German philanthropist
Carl-Eduard von Bismarck (b. 1961), great-great-grandson of Otto von Bismarck, a German politician
Aurel von Bismarck, a musician and composer
Bismarck, a beer mix also known as a Black Velvet
Bismarck herring, a variant of rollmops
Sei Jūshi Bismarck, a Japanese anime series released by Studio Pierrot in 1984.
Crusinallo, with 4000 people, is the most populated district of the town of Omegna (in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, in Piedmont, Italy).
It was an independent town until 1928.
The town of Crusinallo is located in the north part of the town of Omegna, at the border with the towns of Casale Corte Cerro, Gravellona Toce, and Germagno.
The natural borders are: at north, the Saint Martino river; at east and south, the Strona river; at west, the forest of Alpe Colla.
Settlements in Piedmont
February 11 – Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the US, is opened.
March 23 – The Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper
June 6 – Fire destroys part of Moscow
June 15 – Benjamin Franklin proves that lightning is electricity using a kite and a key.
September 14, Gregorian Calendar – The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar, making it necessary to skip eleven days (September 2 being followed directly by September 14 this year)
Adam Smith at the University of Glasgow transfers to professor of moral philosophy
English Scientist Lord John Davies first observes what is later recognised as respiratory collapse
669 BC - Assurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria
668 BC - Shamash-shum-ukin, son of Esarhaddon, becomes King of Babylon
668 BC - Egypt revolts against Assyria
667 BC - Byzantium founded by Megaran colonists under Byzas. (
664 BC - First naval battle in Greek recorded history, between Corinth and Corcyra
664 BC - Assurbanipal captures and sacks Thebes, Egypt
664 BC - Psammetichus I succeeds Necho I as king of Lower Egypt
664 BC - Taharqa appoints his nephew Tantamani as his successor of Upper Egypt
660 BC - Legendary Emperor Jimmu's reign starts; traditional date of 1st Japanese monarch of Yamato dynasty
660 BC - First known use of the demotic script
660 BC - Psammetichus I drives the Assyrians out of Egypt
January 3 – Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine.
March 10 – Christopher Columbus leaves Hispaniola for Spain, ending his second visit to the Western Hemisphere.
July – Spanish forces under Gonzalo Hernandez de Cordoba capture Atella after a siege.
Among the prisoners is the French viceroy of Naples, the Comte de Montpensier.
Ferrante II is restored to the throne of Naples.
Jesus College (University of Cambridge) founded.
March 28 – Mary Tudor, queen of Louis XII of France (died 1533)
May 12 – King Gustav I of Sweden (died 1560)
October 20 – Claude, Duke of Guise, French soldier (died 1550)
François Bonivard, Swiss historian (died 1570)
Edward Fox, English churchman (died 1538)
Richard Maitland, Scottish poet (died 1586)
Clément Marot, French poet (died 1544)
Anthony St Leger, Lord Deputy of Ireland (died 1559)
Menno Simons, Dutch religious leader (died 1561)
Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester (died 1549)
March 4 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (born 1427)
September 7 – King Ferdinand II of Naples (born 1469)
September 25 – Piero Capponi, Italian soldier and statesman (born 1447)
Piero del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter (born 1443)
February 21 – Battle of Wayna Daga – A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn.
May – Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
July 12 – King Henry VIII of England marries Catherine Parr.
It is the sixth of Henry's marriages and the third of Catherine's.
Princess Elizabeth attends the wedding
August 5 – Turkish and French troops under Khair ed-Din Barbarossa occupy Nice
September-October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Emperor Charles V, but withdraw on the approach of the French army.
Japanese receive first firearms from shipwrecked Portuguese
Native Americans in Spanish colonies are announced free against the wish of local settlers
Martin Luther publishes On the Jews and Their Lies.
January 18 – (baptized) – Alfonso Ferrabosco, Italian composer
January 31 – Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japanese shogun
February 15 – Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
February 16 – Kano Eitoku, Japanese painter
April 1 – François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières, Constable of France
September 14 – Claudio Aquaviva, Italian Jesuit
January 2 – Francesco Canova da Milano, Italian composer
January 3 – Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Portuguese explorer
January 9 – Guillaume du Bellay, French diplomat and general
February 21 – Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Imam of Adal (killed in battle)
May 24 – Nicolaus Copernicus, mathematician and astronomer
July 19 – Lady Mary Boleyn, mistress of Kings Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England
September 20 – Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland
November 29 – Hans Holbein the Younger, German artist, active in England
April — The last Byzantine-controlled city in southern Italy, Bari, is captured by Robert Guiscard.
August 26 — Byzantine Empire loses Battle of Manzikert to Turkish army under Alp Arslan.
Control of much of Asia Minor passes to the Turks.
Construction of Richmond Castle in North Yorkshire, England begins.
August 26 – Kings Rudolph I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat King Otakar II of Bohemia in the Battle of Marchfield, a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of knights in the Middle Ages.
The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central Europe, and Rudolph's Habsburg family will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.
The independence, boundaries, and political structure of Andorra are agreed to by the Spanish Bishop of Urgell and the French Count of Foix.
The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.
An edict by Pope Nicholas III requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons.
The Japanese era Kenji ends, and the Koan era begins.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA ) is one of the world's largest non-profit organisations about animal rights.
The four main beliefs of PETA are that animals are not to be used for food, clothes, exploitation or testing.
The headquarters of the organization is in Norfolk, Virginia in the United States.
PETA was started by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco in 1980.
PETA has protested fast food chain KFC for the way it kills chickens and also for jallikattu or sallikattu in Tamil Nadu (India).
In the past, it has protested many corporations including Iams, which makes pet food.
PETA's main website is made for adults and vegans.
They also have another website called PETA2 which is made for teenagers who are vegetarian, vegan or still deciding.
PETA says it has over five million members.
PETA (General)
PETA (UK)
YouTube profile
PETA UK on YouTube
Non-profit organizations of the United States
A software licence (or software license in United States English) is a kind of licence that is used to set rules about how a piece of software can or cannot be used.
After getting the software by either downloading it or buying it, you need to agree with the licence in order to use it.
The licence is chosen or created by the software developer/creator or software publisher.
Many licences answer questions such as "can I use this software commercially/to make money?",
or "can I give this software to other people?",
or in general, "in what ways am I allowed/permitted to use this software?".
One kind of software licence, an end user licence agreement, or "EULA", is very specific/descriptive about the things that you can or cannot do with the software, and oftentimes establishes/defines the rights of the software developer over the user.
Most EULAs are written by the specific software developer and are not shared like other software licences.
Another type of software licence is an open source distribution licence.
These licences let software developers choose what people can and cannot do with the code of the software.
There are many licences freely available which allow you to do this, such as the MIT Licence, which allows for the software to be used by any person for any reason/purpose.
The GNU General Public Licence, often abbreviated/shortened as GPL is a licence which makes all copies of the software free and open source.
Therefore, GPL cannot be included in any part of proprietary/closed software because it does not follow the rules of the licence.
The Apache Licence is more definitive and specific, but is more common with larger companies, such as Google, but is still considered a free software licence.
Creative Commons is a popular licence used by people who want to give something out for free without taking as much credit.
Creative Commons is very open, and is even used by Wikipedia for its pages and other content.
Affero General Public License
General Public License
The BSD licence is named after the group that first used the licence, the University of California, Berkeley, where the BSD operating system was first made.
Since they are in the United States, BSD uses the U.S. spelling BSD license.
The licence
The words of the BSD licence are public domain and can be changed however people want.
To be useful for people or groups, people need to change 'Regents of the University of California', 'University of California, Berkeley', and 'Regents' to their name.
A basic BSD licence looks like this:
* Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
*        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* DISCLAIMED.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
This means that any person who uses the licensed software can do anything with it, but the person cannot say it is all their work or say that the first makers of the software support the person's new software in any way.
It also stops people from suing the first makers if something goes wrong with it.
May 21 – Trial of the Necklace affair ends in Paris
August 8 – Mont Blanc was climbed for the first time by Dr. Michael-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat.
August 29– Shays Rebellion begins
September 2 – Hurricane in England.
November 7 – The oldest musical organization in the United States was founded as the Stoughton Musical Society.
November 30 – Peter Leopold Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, promulgates a penal reform making his country the first state to abolish the death penalty.
November 30 is therefore commemorated by 300 cities around the world as Cities for Life Day.
December 4 – The Mission Santa Barbara, was founded by Father Fermín Francisco de Lasuén, becoming the tenth mission in the California mission chain.
Choctaw Treaty
Chickasaw Treaty
Robert Burns publishes Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect
Francis Light acquires the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah on behalf of the British East India Company.
It is the first British colony in South-East Asia.
Anglo-Spanish treaty gives Belize to Britain
First ship of convicts leaves Britain for Botany Bay, Australia – 820 out of 1138 aboard are convicts
The trade with Iceland is opened to all Danish and Norwegian traders.
The Mozart opera "The Marriage of Figaro" is premiered in Vienna
Goethe undertakes his 'Italian Journey' throughout September-December (published in 1817)
January 8 – Nicholas Biddle, President of the Second Bank of the United States (d. 1844)
January 12 – Sir Robert Inglis, Bt, English politician (d. 1855)
January 23 – Auguste de Montferrand, French architect (d. 1858)
February 16 – Maria Pavlovna of Russia, Grand duchess of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach (d. 1859)
February 24 – Martin W. Bates, U.S. Senator from Delaware (d. 1869)
February 24 – Wilhelm Grimm, German philologist and folklorist (d. 1859)
March 22 – Joachim Lelewel, Polish historian (d. 1861)
June 13 – Winfield Scott, American general and Presidential candidate (d. 1866)
August 17 – David "Davy" Crockett, American frontiersman (d. 1836)
August 25 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria (d. 1868)
September 10 – William Mason, American politician (d. 1860)
September 11 – Friedrich Kuhlau, German composer (d. 1832)
September 18 – King Christian VIII of Denmark (d. 1848)
September 24 – Charles Bianconi, Italian-Irish entrepreneur
December 12 – William L. Marcy, American statesman (d. 1857)
nv:1751 – 1800
March – William Dampier makes first recorded visit to Christmas Island.
April 18 (Julian calendar) – Germantown Quaker Protest Against Slavery drafted by four Germantown Quakers.
April 29 – Frederick I of Prussia becomes Kurfürst (Elector) of Brandenburg.
June 30 – A high-powered conspiracy of notables, the "Immortal Seven", invite William and Mary to depose James II of England.
July – Phetracha stages a coup d'état and becomes king of Ayutthaya.
October 27 – King James II of England fires his minister Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland.
November 5 – The Glorious Revolution begins: William of Orange lands at Brixham but James II of England is prevented from meeting him in battle because many of his officers and men desert to the other side.
November 9 – William of Orange captures Exeter after the magistrates flee the city.
November 23 – A group of 1500 Old Believers immolated themselves to avoid capture when troops of the tsar laid siege to their monastery on Lake Onega.
November 26 – Hearing that William of Orange has landed in England, Louis XIV declares war on the Netherlands.
Perhaps revealingly, he does not attack the Netherlands but instead strikes at the heart of the Holy Roman Empire with about 100,000 soldiers.
The Nine Years' War begins in Europe and America.
December 11 – After a series of defeats King James II of England flees England for France.
Austria occupies Belgrade.
Francesco Morosini becomes Doge of Venice.
Fire destroys Bungay in England.
Ottoman Turks besiege Vienna.
Neuruppin becomes a Prussian garrison town.
Antonio Verrio begins work on the Heaven Room at Burghley House.
Janez Vajkard Valvasor becomes a member of the Royal Society.
The Austrians incite a rebellion against the Ottomans in Bulgaria.
January 18 – Lionel Cranfield Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (died 1765)
January 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg Swedish scientist, philosopher, and theologian (died 1772)
February 2 – Queen Ulrike Eleonora of Sweden (died 1741)
February 4 – Pierre de Marivaux, French playwright (died 1763)
March – William Burnet, British colonial administrator (died 1729)
April 4 – Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, French astronomer (died 1768)
April 15 – Johann Friedrich Fasch, German composer (died 1758)
May 22 –  Alexander Pope, English poet (died 1744)
June 10 – James Francis Edward Stuart, "The Old Pretender" (died 1766)
July 19 – Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian missionary to China (died 1766)
August 14 – King Frederick William I of Prussia (died 1740)
September 12 – Ferdinand Brokoff, Czech sculptor (died 1731)
October 17 – Domenico Zipoli, Italian composer (died 1726)
October 22 – Nadir Shah of Persia (died 1747)
Date Unknown – Charles Rivington, English publisher (died 1742)
January 7 – James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk
February 2 – Abraham Duquesne, French naval officer (born 1610)
April 29 – Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg (born 1620)
May 14 – Antoine Furetière, French writer (born 1619)
June 5 – Constantine Phaulkon, Greek adventurer (born 1667)
June 26 – Ralph Cudworth, English philosopher (born 1617)
July 11 – Narai of Thailand (born 1639)
July 21 – James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Irish statesman (born 1610)
August 25 – Henry Morgan, Welsh privateer and Governor of Jamaica (born c. 1635)
August 31 – John Bunyan, English writer (born 1628)
September 2 – Robert Viner, Lord Mayor of London (born 1631)
October 6 – Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, English statesman (born 1653)
October 23 – Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange, French philologist (born 1610)
November 26 – Philippe Quinault, French dramatist (born 1635)
December 15 – Gaspar Fagel, Dutch statesman (born 1634)
Astronomical aberration found by the astronomer James Bradley
Swedish academy of sciences made at Uppsala
The making of the University of Havana (Universidad de la Habana), Cuba's most set university.
January 9 – Thomas Warton, English poet (d. 1790)
February 21 – Emperor Peter III of Russia, husband of Catherine the Great (d. 1762)
April 16 – Joseph Black, Scottish scientist (d. 1799)
August 26 – Johann Heinrich Lambert, Swiss mathematician, physicist and astronomer (d. 1777)
August 28 – John Stark, American general (d. 1822)
September 3 – Matthew Boulton, English metal-worker, inventor and partner of James Watt (d. 1809)
September 14 – Mercy Otis Warren, American writer (d. 1814)
October 7 – Caesar Rodney, American lawyer who signed the Declaration of Independence (d. 1784)
October 27 – James Cook, British captain and explorer (d. 1779)
November 10 – Oliver Goldsmith, Irish writer (d. 1774)
February 12 – Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (b. 1654)
February 13 – Cotton Mather, Puritan minister (b. 1663)
March 4 – Anna Petrovna of Russia, oldest daughter of Peter the Great (b. 1708)
April 3 – James Anderson, Scottish historian (b. 1662)
August 15 – Marin Marais, French musician (b. 1656)
September 23 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist (b. 1655)
November 19 – Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen, German Prince (b. 1694)
date unknown – Serfoji I, Indian Ruler (b. 1675)
April 5 – In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe.
October 11 – Adriaen Block and a group of Amsterdam merchants petition the States General for exclusive trading rights in the area he explored and named "New Netherland".
The French Estates-General meets for the last time before the era of the French Revolution.
In between, France will be governed as an absolute monarchy.
John Napier publishes a paper outlining his discovery of logarithms.
The University of Groningen is established.
Institution of the Rosicrucian Order in Germany according to Fraternitas Rosae Crucis.
Toyotomi Hideyori attempts to restore Osaka Castle.
Tokugawa Ieyasu, father of the Shogun, is outraged at this act, and takes the castle by storm.
January 1 – John Wilkins, English clergyman (d. 1672)
January 5 – Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (d. 1662)
July 10 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (d. 1686)
December 16 – Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1674)
Franciscus Sylvius, German scientist (d. 1672)
May 12 – Day of the Barricades in Paris.
Duke Henry of Guise seizes the city, forcing King Henry III to flee.
May 28 – The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from Lisbon heading for the English Channel (it will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port).
July – King Henry III of France capitulates to the Duke of Guise and returns to Paris.
July 31 – First engagement between the English and Spanish fleets off Plymouth.
The English have the better of it.
August 2 – The English and Spanish fleets meet again off Dorset. (
The English fleet is led by Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Francis Drake.)
The English again have the better of it.
August 6 – Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, now in France.
August 7 – The English and Spanish fleets again engage off the coast of Flanders.
The English again are more successful.
August 8 – August 9 – The Spanish are unable to reach the coast of Flanders to meet up with the army of the Duke of Parma.
Medina Sidonia decides to return to Spain.
August 12 – The Spanish fleet sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English cease their pursuit.
Much of the Spanish fleet is destroyed as it sails around Scotland and Ireland.
December 23 – Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, Cardinal Louis of Guise, killed, and holding the Cardinal de Bourbon a prisoner.
Ahmad al-Mansur, sultan of Morocco, demands that the king of Songhay give a heavy tribute in exchange of a Saharan salt, probably in an intentional provocation.
When Songhay's answer is defiant, he declares war and marches his army through Sahara to Songhay
Russia, regency of Boris Godunov
William Morgan's Welsh translation of the Bible published.
Mael Morda starts a rebellion against Brian Boru in Ireland, which would eventually end in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf.
Sulayman is restored as Umayyad caliph of Cordoba, succeeding Hisham II.
Benedict VIII becomes pope.
Gregory is antipope.
Archbishop Alphege of Canterbury is murdered by his Danish captors.
King Aethelred of England pays Danegeld.
Oldrich succeeds Jaromir as duke of Bohemia.
Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim orders the destruction of all Jewish and Christian places of worship.
January 8 – Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Stirling
April 16 – Battle of Culloden brings an end to the Jacobite Risings
August 18 – Two of the four rebellious Scottish lords, Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmeniro beheaded in the Tower (Lord Lovat executed 1747)
October 22 – The College of New Jersey is founded (it becomes Princeton University in 1896)
October 28 – An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru
Catharine de Ricci (born 1522) canonized.
Town of Vilkovo (Odes'ka oblast', Ukraine) is founded.
Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles-November 12, 1746
January 8 – Premiere of George Frideric Handel's opera Ariodante at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
June 17 – French troops take Philippsburg, but the Duke of Berwick is killed
June 21 – In Montreal in New France, a black slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique, was tortured then hanged by the French authorities in a public ceremony that involved her disgrace and the amputation of a hand.
June 30 – Russian troops take Gdańsk (German: Danzig) which had been besieged since October 1733.
Gdańsk is captured after the failure of a French expedition to relieve the city
March 11 – Chelsea hospital for soldiers is founded in England.
April 7 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, exploring rivers in America, reaches the mouth of the Mississippi River.
April 9 – At the mouth of the Mississippi River, near modern Venice, Louisiana, Robert de La Salle buries an engraved plate and a cross, claiming the territory as "La Louisiane" for France.
May 6 – Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles.
May 7 – Official beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.
May 11 – Moscow Uprising of 1682: a mob takes over the Kremlin and lynches the leading boyars and military commanders.
July 19 – Iyasus succeeds his father Yohannes I as Emperor of Ethiopia.
August 12 – Vesuvius begins a period of volcanic activity lasting for ten days.
September – Halley's comet makes an appearance, and is observed by Edmond Halley himself.
September 14 – Bishop Gore School in Swansea, Wales is founded.
October 27 – The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn.
October 31  – The city of Bideford, England two men and one woman were some of the last to be executed for witchcraft in England.
They were accused of speaking in unknown languages as well as practicing knowledge beyond their natural abilities, and acting in peculiar manners.
The woman, Guenevere Damascus, as well as her lover (name unknown) and their spiritual mentor were burned at the stake.
The first black slaves arrive in Germany.
The Richard Wall House is built in Pennsylvania.
February 25 – Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist (died 1771)
April 16 – John Hadley, inventor (died 1744)
June 27 – King Charles XII of Sweden (died 1718)
July 10 – Roger Cotes, English mathematician (died 1716)
August 16 – Louis, duc de Bourgogne, heir to the throne of France (died 1712)
October 29 – Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, French historian (died 1761)
February 25 – Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer (born 1644)
March 14 – Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruysdael, Dutch painter (born c.1628)
April 1 – Franz Egon of Fürstenberg, Bishop of Strassburg (born 1625)
April 3 – Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Spanish painter (born 1618)
May 7 – Tsar Feodor III of Russia (born 1661)
July 12 – Jean Picard, French astronomer (born 1620)
September 8 – Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (born 1606)
October 19 – Sir Thomas Browne English writer, physician, and philosopher (born 1605)
November 19 – Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (born 1619)
November 23 – Claude Lorrain French painter (born c.1600)
date unknown Yohannes I, Emperor of Ethiopia
date unknown Turhan Hatice, regent of the Ottoman Empire (born 1627)
Pope Urban I succeeds Pope Callixtus I
Roman Emperor Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus
Kingdom of Wu is established in China
Sun Quan defeats Liu Bei at the Battle of Yi Ling
January 11 – In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the first American life insurance company is incorporated.
January 13 – The Távora family is executed following the accusation of attempted regicide on Joseph I of Portugal
January 15 – The British Museum opens
April 13 – a French army defeats Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick at Brunswick
June 27 – British Troops under Jeffrey Amherst take Fort Ticonderoga
July 25 – Seven Years' War (French and Indian War): In Canada, British forces capture Fort Niagara from French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé.
August 1 – Battle of Minden – Anglo-Hanoverian forces under Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat the French army of the Duc de Broglie, but due to the disobedience of the English cavalry commander Lord George Sackville, the French are able to withdraw unmolested.
August 10 – Ferdinand VI of Spain dies and is succeeded by his half-brother Charles III.
Charles resigns the thrones of Naples and Sicily to his third son, Ferdinand IV.
August 12 – Battle of Kunersdorf – Frederick the Great is rebuffed in bloody assaults on the combined Austro-Russian army of Peter Soltikov and Gideon von Loudon.
This is one of Frederick's greatest defeats.
August 18 – Battle of Lagos – The British fleet of Edward Boscawen defeats a French force under Commodore de la Clue off the Portuguese coast.
September 10 – Battle of Pondicherry – An inconclusive naval battle is fought off the coast of India between the French Admiral d'Aché and the British under George Pocock.
The French forces are badly damaged and returned home, never to return.
September 13 – Seven Years' War (French and Indian War): Quebec falls to British forces following General Wolfe's victory in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham just outside the city.
Both the French Commander (the Marquis de Montcalm) and the British General James Wolfe are fatally wounded.
November 20 – Battle of Quiberon Bay – The English fleet of Sir Edward Hawke defeats a French fleet under Marshal de Conflans near the coast of Brittany.
This is the decisive naval engagement of the Seven Years' War – after this, the French are no longer able to field a significant fleet.
November 21 – Battle of Maxen – the Austrian army of Marshal von Daun cuts off and foces the surrender of a Prussian force under Friedrich von Finck.
December 6 – The Germantown Union School (now called "Germantown Academy"), America's oldest nonsectarian day school, is founded.
George Washington marries Martha Dandridge Custis
Adam Smith publishes Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures
Publication of Voltaire's Candide
The town of Egedesminde (modern Aasiaat) is founded in Greenland.
Guinness Brewery founded in Dublin.
January 25 – Robert Burns, Scottish poet (d. 1796)
April 27 – Mary Wollstonecraft, feminist writer (d. 1797)
May 28 – William Pitt the Younger, statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1806)
August 24 – William Wilberforce, British abolitionist (d. 1833)
October 25 – William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1834)
November 10 – Friedrich Schiller, German writer (d. 1805)
April 14 – George Frideric Handel, German composer (b. 1685)
August 10 – King Ferdinand VI of Spain (b. 1713)
January 25 – Moscow University established.
February 20 – General Braddock lands in Virginia to take command of the English forces against the French in North America
April 15 – A Dictionary of the English Language is published by Samuel Johnson; he had begun the work in 1746
July 9 – French and Indian War: Braddock Expedition – British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces.
November 1 – 1755 Lisbon earthquake: In Portugal, Lisbon is destroyed by a massive earthquake and tsunami, killing 60,000 – 90,000 people.
November 18 – An earthquake occurs near Cape Ann, Massachusetts, causing extensive damage.
December 2 – The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire.
Great Expulsion of the Acadians.
The sultanate of Mataram on Java is divided in two, creating the sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta.
The Acadians were forced to leave their home because of the treaty of uresty between the French and the British
Wolsey the clothes manufacturer was established in Leicester; the business celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2005.
Huneric becomes king of Vandals
Aelle, king of the South Saxons, arrives in England, with his three sons, near Cymenshore. (
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle)
Song Shun Di succeeds Song Hou Fei Di as ruler of the Chinese Song Dynasty
Emperor Kimmei, 29th emperor of Japan (d. 571, traditional date)
The Monophysites again reject the Council of Chalcedon, causing another schism.
Emperor Kimmei, 29th emperor of Japan (b. 509, traditional date)
The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (or 610).
Edessa is taken by the Sassanids.
Lake Baikal is a huge lake in Siberia, Russia.
It is the biggest fresh water reservoir in the world.
The lake is near Irkutsk.
Baikal is about  long.
At it’s deepest point, it is  deep.
With this depth it is the deepest lake on Earth.
The lake is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
It holds about 20% of the world's unfrozen surface fresh water,
The lake has fish that exist only here and nowhere else.
It is home to more than 1,700 species of plants and animals, two-thirds of which can be found nowhere else in the world.
At the Baikal Rift Zone, the Earth's crust pulls apart.
It is the deepest lake in the world at .
The bottom of the lake is  below sea level, but below this lies some  of sediment.
This means the rift floor is  below the surface: the deepest continental rift on Earth.
In geological terms, the rift is young and active  it widens about two cm per year.
The fault zone is also seismically active; there are hot springs in the area and notable earthquakes every few years.
Baikal's age is 25–30 million years: it is one of the oldest lakes.
It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, because its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets.
U.S. and Russian studies of core sediment in the 1990s gave a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 250,000 years.
Longer and deeper sediment cores are expected soon.
Lake Baikal is the only confined freshwater lake in which evidence of gas hydrates exists.
The lake is completely surrounded by mountains.
The Baikal Mountains on the north shore and the taiga are protected as a national park.
It has 27 islands; the largest, Olkhon, is  long and is the third-largest lake-bound island in the world.
The lake is fed by as many as 330 inflowing rivers.
Lake Baikal has over 1000 species of plants and 1550 species and varieties of animals.
Over 60% of animals are endemic; that means of 52 species of fish 27 are endemic.
The omul fish (Coregonus autumnalis migratorius) is local to Lake Baikal.
It is fished, smoked, and sold on all markets around the lake.
For many travellers on the Trans-Siberian railway, purchasing smoked omul is one of the highlights of the long journey.
Baikal also hosts a species of seals, Baikal seal or nerpa.
In 1986, Baikalskyi and Barguzinskyi became Biosphere Reserves.
The ecosystems are part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.
Marina Rikhvanova, an ecologist who works to protect Lake Baikal
List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites
Lakes of Russia
The omul is a kind of fish.
It belongs to the same family as the trout and the salmon.
It only lives in Lake Baikal and the rivers around it (the Angara for example.
It is very typical for that region of Siberia).
Omul considered a food delicacy and can be eaten n many ways.
Local people consume it boiled, fried smoked, and freshly  salted.
Salmon is a kind of teleost fish.
There are many different kinds of salmon.
Salmon belong to the same family of fish as the trout.
Most kinds of salmon live in salt water, or migrate between rivers and the sea.
Many people like to eat salmon, so the fish is also grown in fish farms.
Usual ways to make food out of salmon are smoking, cold smoking and graving.
Salmon are killed by people, other fish and their environment.
Salmons get their pink color from a pigment called astaxanthin.
Wild salmon get it from the krill and shrimp they eat, while farmed salmon gets traces of it in kibble.
If they don't have the pigment, they get a gray color.
Major species
Australian salmon
Indian Salmon
Salmon Nation A place and idea for "reliable prosperity."
Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
Seafood Watch from the Monterey Bay Aquarium
Is Something Fishy Going On? (
red dyes in farmed fish)
The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is the name of the more common of the two species of turkey.
This large bird is found across much of the United States and southern Canada.
Wild turkeys prefer hardwood and mixed conifer-hardwood forests with scattered openings such as pastures, fields, orchards and seasonal marshes.
They can adapt to any dense plant community so long as there is cover and openings to fly out.
Open, mature forests with a variety of tree species seem to be best.
The domesticated turkey has been tamed and bred from wild turkeys, by people, to raise on farms.
An ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) is a turkey (a large bird) that is named for the eye-like spots on the tail feathers (ocellated means having eye-like spots).
It is similar to the wild turkey that is found more to the north in North America.
Natalia Republic
Natalia (album), a music album of Natalia Kukulska
People named Natalia
Natalia (singer), Belgian musician
Natalia Rodriquez (singer), Spanish musician
Natalia Podolskaya, the 2005 Eurovision Song Contestant for Russia
Drenthe (pronounce: "DREN-te") is a province in the northeast of the Netherlands.
The capital city is Assen.
South of it is Overijssel, west of it is Friesland and north of it is Groningen.