the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
One award was presented for both leagues in 1947 and 1948; since 1949, the honor has been given to one player each in the National and American League.
At first, the award was known as the J. Louis Comiskey Memorial Award, named after the Chicago White Sox owner of the 1930s.
The award was renamed the Jackie Robinson Award in July 1987, 40 years after Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color line.
Of the 128 players named Rookie of the Year, 14 have been selected for the National Baseball Hall of Fame—Jackie Robinson, five American League players, and eight others from the National League.
The award has been shared twice: once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979.
Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any team (with 16).
This is twice the total of the New York Yankees (eight), who have won the most in the American League.
Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year.
Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year.
Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award, at age 32, 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki (also 32).
Buster Posey of the San Francisco Giants and Neftali Feliz of the Texas Rangers are the 2010 winners.
Qualifications and voting
From 1947 through 1956, each BBWAA voter had their own rules for decide who was a rookie.
In 1957, the BBWAA first defined the term as someone with fewer than 75 at bats or 45 innings pitched in any Major League season before the current season.
This guideline was later changed to 90 at bats, 45 innings pitched, or 45 days on a Major League roster before September 1 of the last year.
The current rule is 130 at bats, 50 innings pitched or 45 days on the active roster of a Major League club (except for time in military service or on the disabled list) before September 1 was first used in 1971.
Since 1980, each voter names three rookies: a first-place choice is given five points, a second-place choice three points, and a third-place choice one point.
The award goes to the player who receives the most total points.
Edinson Volquez received three second-place votes in 2008 even though he was not a rookie under the award's definition.
Some baseball writers have criticized the voting in recent years because several players who played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) have won the award.
These winners include Hideo Nomo in 1995, Kazuhiro Sasaki in 2000, and Ichiro Suzuki in 2001.
The current definition of rookie for the award is based only on Major League playing.
Some writers feel that past NPB players are not true rookies because of their past professional playing.
This issue came up in 2003 when Hideki Matsui lost the AL award to Ángel Berroa in a close vote.
Jim Souhan of the Minneapolis Star Tribune said he did not think Matsui was a rookie in 2003 because "it would be an insult to the Japanese league to pretend that experience didn't count."
The Japan Times had a story in 2007 on calling Daisuke Matsuzaka, Kei Igawa, and Hideki Okajima as rookies, saying "[t]hese guys aren't rookies."
Past winners such as Jackie Robinson, Don Newcombe, and Sam Jethroe had professional experience in the Negro Leagues.
Major Leagues combined (1947–48)
American League winners (1949–present)
National League winners (1949–present)
This Year in Baseball Awards Rookie of the Year
Players Choice Awards Outstanding Rookie
Baseball America Rookie of the Year
The Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award
Rookie of the Month
Topps All-Star Rookie Teams
Baseball awards
Rookie of the Year Award (all sports)
Rookie of the Year (movie)
Inline citations
Testament is an American thrash metal band from Berkeley, California, formed in 1983.
They are often credited as one of the most popular bands of the 1980s thrash metal scene.
In the  years since its inception, Testament has had numerous lineup changes, and guitarist Eric Peterson has been the only constant member, although the band currently features three original members.
Demonic is the seventh studio album by American heavy metal band Testament.
The lyrics deal with occult themes more like their 1980s efforts instead of the political topics covered on more recent releases.
"Demonic Refusal" – 5:21
"The Burning Times" – 5:15
"Together as One" – 4:17
"Jun-Jun" – 3:43
"John Doe" – 3:11
"Murky Waters" – 3:00
"Hatred's Rise" – 3:15
"Distorted Lives" – 3:36
"New Eyes of Old" – 3:00
"Ten Thousand Thrones" – 4:37
"Nostrovia" – 1:32
"Rapid Fire" (Judas Priest cover) (2008 reissue bonus track) - 3:42
Chuck Billy: Vocals
Eric Peterson: Guitar
Derrick Ramirez: Bass
Gene Hoglan: Drums
Glen Alvelais: Lead guitar on track 9
Dave McKean: Album cover artwork
Greg Christian: Bass
James Murphy: Lead guitar
Chris Kontos: Drums
Rainbow (also known as Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow or Blackmore's Rainbow) were an English hard rock band, controlled by guitarist Ritchie Blackmore from 1975 to 1984 and 1994 to 1997.
It was originally established with former Elf members, though over the years Rainbow went through many line-up changes with no two studio albums featuring the same line-up.
In addition to lead singers Ronnie James Dio, Graham Bonnet, Joe Lynn Turner and Doogie White, the project consisted of numerous backing musicians.
The band started out combining mystical lyric themes with neo-classical metal, but went in a more streamlined commercial style following Dio's departure from the group.
Rainbow was ranked #90 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock.
Core member
Ritchie Blackmore – guitar (1975–1984, 1994–1997)
Ronnie James Dio – lead vocals (1975–1978)
Craig Gruber – bass (1975)
Micky Lee Soule – keyboards (1975)
Gary Driscoll – drums (1975)
Jimmy Bain – bass (1975–1977)
Tony Carey – keyboards (1975–1977)
Cozy Powell – drums (1975–1980)
Mark Clarke – bass (1977)
Bob Daisley – bass, backing vocals (1977–1978)
David Stone – keyboards (1977–1978)
Jack Green – bass (1978–1979)
Graham Bonnet – lead vocals (1979–1980)
Roger Glover – bass, backing vocals (1979–1984)
Don Airey – keyboards, backing vocals (1979–1981)
Joe Lynn Turner – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1980–1984)
Bobby Rondinelli – drums (1980–1983)
David Rosenthal – keyboards (1981–1984)
Chuck Burgi – drums (1983–1984, 1995–1997)
Doogie White – lead vocals (1994–1997)
Greg Smith – bass, backing vocals (1994–1997)
Paul Morris – keyboards (1994–1997)
John O'Reilly – drums (1994–1995)
John Micelli – drums (1997)
Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow (1975)
Rising (1976)
On Stage (1977)
Long Live Rock 'n' Roll (1978)
Down to Earth (1979)
Difficult to Cure (1981)
Straight Between the Eyes (1982)
Bent Out of Shape (1983)
Finyl Vinyl (1986)
Stranger in Us All (1995)
The Rainbow Fanclan Legacy
The New Taiwan dollar () (currency code TWD and common abbreviation NT$), or simply Taiwan dollar, is the official currency of Taiwan.
It was used since 1949, when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar.
It was first printed by the Bank of Taiwan, it has been printed by the Central Bank of the Republic of China since 2000.
Economy of Taiwan
The crown of thorns (also known as  Christ plant, or Christ thorn, called Corona de Cristo in Latin America) is a woody, succulent species of Euphorbia native to Madagascar.
The species name commemorates Baron Milius, once governor of Réunion, who introduced the species to France in 1821.
It is suspected that the species was introduced to the Middle East in ancient times, and legend associates it with the crown of thorns worn by Jesus.
Joseph J. Romm (born June 27, 1960) is an American physicist, writer and environmentalist.
He has an interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.
He is also interested in energy security through energy efficiency and green energy technologies.
Romm's 2006 book was Hell and High Water: Global Warming — the Solution and the Politics — and What We Should Do.
In December 2008, Romm was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
In March 2009, Rolling Stone magazine named Romm as one of "100 People Who Are Changing America".
In September 2009, Time magazine named him one of its "Heroes of the Environment".
A Child of Our Time is an oratorio by Michael Tippett.
It was composed between 1939 and 1941.
Why Tippett wrote this oratorio
Tippett composed this oratorio at the beginning of World War II.
He had already lived through World War I and he was very upset about all the evil in this world.
He wanted to write a musical work about it.
He did it by taking the story of the beginning of World War II as a basis of the oratorio, but he also made the work speak in general about the evil of this world.
In 1938 a 17 year old Jewish boy Hershel Grynspan, who lived in Paris, desperately wanted to attack the Nazis because of the cruel way his parents in Germany had been treated.
He therefore murdered a Nazi diplomat in France.
The Nazi’s in Germany were so furious that they attacked and murdered lots of Jews in Germany.
This terrible attack became known as the Kristallnacht.
This series of events can be found in the words of Tippett’s oratorio.
Tippett wrote the words himself.
The title comes from Ödön von Horváth’s novel, Ein Kind unserer Zeit (A Child of Our Time), written in 1938 and published in English in 1939.
Tippett began composing it on 5 September 1939, two days after Britain declared war against Germany.
In 1958 Tippett arranged the five negro spirituals so that they could be sung by unaccompanied chorus.
They are often performed like that, separately from the oratorio.
Tippett uses a similar structure to the Passions of Bach.
This meant that he used a narrator (like the evangelist in Bach’s Passions) who tells the story.
Instead of Bach’s Lutheran chorales he adds five negro spirituals which add an emotional comment to the events.
The music of these spirituals blend very cleverly into the style of Tippett’s music.
The whole oratorio, which lasts a little over one hour, has three parts.
This idea is based on the three parts of  Handel's Messiah.
Tippett calls the three parts: 1) Prophecy;  2) Narrative;  3) Meditation.
The story in the oratorio
Part one opens with a picture of the world in darkness.
The alto solo shows what the person’s soul is feeling.
The bass (narrator) tells of the purges in Russia, the lynching in the USA, the terrible poverty in Britain.
The chorus tell of their despair.
The chorus describes an atmosphere of icy stillness.
They talk of “The Scape-Goat, The Child of Our Time” (a “scape-goat” is someone who gets the blame for something they have not done).
There is a chorus of the Persecutors and the Persecuted.
The choir are split into two like the crowd scenes in Bach’s Passions.
In the “Chorus of the Self-Righteous” we hear about the attitude of countries who refuse to accept more than just a few of the persecuted Jews (this includes Britain).
The boy tries to save his mother.
We are told of the murder of the Nazi diplomat.
There is a chorus of terror.
We see the boy in prison and the grieving of the mother.
This is about the descent through evil and the discovery of rebirth and liberation.
The bass suggests that, if we have patience, we shall be healed.
The chorus finish by singing of the universal nature of the problem.
Richard Smith, An introduction to Michael Tippett's 'A Child of Our Time', documentary,  Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
Spirituals (or Negro spirituals) are the songs which were sung by the black slaves in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The words to many Negro spirituals have Christian themes.
This is because Black slaves in the United States turned to religion, as a way to cope with the pain of slavery.
Negro spirituals combine traditional West African musical style with the style of Christian hymns from Europe.
Stamford is a town and civil parish in Southern Lincolnshire, a county in England.
It is on the River Welland and is located in the borough of South Kesteven.
The town centre is 92 miles (148 km) north of London, the capital city.
The town is located very close to the borders with Cambridgeshire, Rutland and Northamptonshire.
The town is in Lincolnshire, but has a Peterborough post code, a city in Cambridgeshire.
It is a very old town.
Many 17th and 18th-century buildings and old timber-framed buildings still stand in the town.
It also has five medieval churches.
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
The University of Concepción is a university in Concepción, Chile.
It is the oldest university in the south of Chile.
University of Concepción Official website
1910s establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Chile
Jotunheimen is a large mountain range in Norway.
It is named after Jötunheimr.
Its highest peak, Galdhøpiggen (2469 metres) is the highest mountain in Scandinavia.
Mountains of Norway
The Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception is a university located in Concepción, Chile.
It is one of the universities in the south of Chile.
Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception official website
1990s establishments in Chile
R2-D2 (phonetically spelled Artoo-Detoo, and called "R2" for short), is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe.
An astromech droid, R2-D2 is a major character throughout all seven Star Wars films.
Along with his droid companion C-3PO, he joins or supports Anakin Skywalker, Luke Skywalker, and Obi-Wan Kenobi in various points in the saga.
R2-D2 was played by Kenny Baker.
de:Figuren aus Star Wars#R2-D2
The Illinois Senate is the upper chamber in the Illinois General Assembly, the legislative branch of the government of the state of Illinois.
Created in 1818 by the constitution of the first state, the Illinois senate is comprised 59 senators elected from individual legislative districts determined by population.
According to Illinois' 1970 constitution, senators are divided into three groups, each group having a two-year term at a different part of the decade between censuses, with the rest of the decade being taken up by two four-year terms.
Depending on the election year, roughly one-third, two-thirds, or all Senate seats may be contested.
In contrast, the Illinois House of Representatives is made up of 118 members with its entire membership elected to two-year terms.
House districts are formed by dividing each Senate district in half.
By party
Star anise (Illicium verum) is a spice plant which tastes like anise.
The star shaped fruits are harvested before they start getting ripe.
Japanese star anise (Illicium anisatum), a similar tree, is not edible because it is "highly toxic"; instead, it may be burned as incense in Japan.
Use as medicine
Star anise is grown in four places in China and harvested between March and May.
It is also found in the south of New South Wales.
Thubten Zopa Rinpoche (born 1946) is a lama from Nepal.
He took his monks vows at Dungkar Monastery in Tibet and has received teachings from many high lamas.
Lama Zopa is the co-founder, with Lama Yeshe, of Kopan Monastery and the FPMT.
Since the 1984 death of Lama Yeshe, Lama Zopa has served as the FPMT's spiritual director.
Zopa's books are published by Wisdom Publications.
Free books and a vast online collection of his teachings are available from the Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive.
There is an extensive biography of him in the book 'The Lawudo Lama' , by Jamyang Wangmo.
Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive
FPMT
Simon Cziommer (born 6 November 1980 in Nordhorn) is a German footballer.
He plays for the Dutch club Vitesse.
He started his career in his local football club FC Schüttdorf 09.
Soon he went to the Netherlands   where he played for Twente Enschede, AZ Alkmaar, and FC Utrecht.
2003- 2006 he played for Schalke 04 in the German Bundesliga.
Since 2009 he plays for F. C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.
He also played for the German U20-team.
Champions League player with Schalke 04
Austrian Champion with Red Bull Salzburg 2010
Players profile Official Homepage FC Red Bull Salzburg(German)
Players profile Austrian Soccer Board(German)
Kopan Monastery is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery near Boudhanath, on the outskirts of Kathmandu, Nepal.
It belongs to the FPMT, an international network of Gelugpa dharma centers, and once served as its headquarters.
The monastery was established by the FPMT founders, Lamas Thubten Yeshe and Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, who bought the property from Nepal's royal astrologer in 1969.
Its name comes from the name of the hill on which it was built.
Kopan has become famous for teaching Buddhism to visiting Western foreigners.
The first of what would become annual month-long (November-December) meditation courses was held in 1971.
These courses generally combine traditional Lam Rim teachings with informal discussion, several periods of guided meditation, and a vegetarian diet.
Las Condes is a commune and city in Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile.
At the 2002 census, 249,893 people lived there.
Municipality of Las Condes
The Volkswagen Crafter is a series of vans and buses which is a rebadged Mercedes Sprinter.
It replaced the Volkswagen LT in 2006.
In 2016, a new Crafter was unveiled but now it's Volkswagen's own van and no longer a rebadged Sprinter.
2.5 TDI 65 kW (88 hp)
2.5 TDI 80 kW (109 hp)
2.5 TDI 100 kW (136 hp)
2.5 TDI 120 kW (163 hp)
Crafter
Red Bull Brasil, also known as RB Brasil, is a Brazilian association football club from Campinas, São Paulo.
The club was founded in 2007 by initiative of energy drink-maker Red Bull GmbH. Red Bull Brasil plays in the top tier of Campeonato Paulista, the São Paulo state league.
In 2017, Red Bull Brasil makes their second appearance in the fourth tier of Campeonato Brasileiro (the first was in 2015).
Paulo Sérgio   (2008)
Ricardo Pinto   (2008–2009)
José Luis Fernandes (2009)
Jair Picerni (2009)
Márcio Fernandes: (2010–2011)
Luciano Dias(2011–)
Season's results
2008: Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão (IV)
2009: Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão (IV)
2010: Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (III)
2011: Campeonato Paulista Série A2 (II)
F.C. Red Bull Salzburg
Official Homepage Red Bull Brasil
The Great American Interchange was an important zoogeographic event about three million years ago.
Land and freshwater fauna migrated between North America and South America.
The migration happened during the Pliocene, 3.6–2.6 million years ago (mya).
The volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose from the seafloor and bridged the two continents.
The interchange is visible from both stratigraphy and nature.
Its most dramatic effect is on the distribution of mammals, but weak-flying or flightless birds, reptiles, amphibians, arthropods and even freshwater fish also migrated.
The differences in the fauna of North and South America had been known for some time.
Both Humboldt and Darwin discussed it.
The interchange as a concept was first fully laid out in 1876 by the "father of biogeography", Alfred Russel Wallace.
Wallace had spent 1848–1852 exploring and collecting specimens in the Amazon Basin.
Others who made significant contributions to understanding the event in the century that followed include Florentino Ameghino and George Gaylord Simpson.
Similar interchanges occurred earlier in the Cainozoic, when the former Gondwana continents of  India and Africa made contact with Eurasia, about 50 and 30 mya respectively.
When the global continent Pangaea broke up early in the Jurassic period, the great southern supercontinent  Gondwana was formed.
It separated from Laurasia 200–180 mya.
In stages, Gondwana also broke up, eventually into half-a-dozen continents we recognise today.
They were Australasia, Indian subcontinent, Africa, Madagascar, Antarctica and South America.
South America drifted west from Africa, starting about 130 mya in the Lower Cretaceous.
There was open sea between them by 110 mya.
The last connection of South America with any part of Gondwana was a link with West Antarctica, which broke in the Oligocene, only 30 mya.
Relevance to biogeography
When Gondwana was separated from Laurasia, evolution of most animals and plants went on separately in the two great supercontinents.
Later, as Gondwana broke up, most of its fauna and flora also evolved separately.
This is not obvious in Africa and India, since they moved north and joined the Eurasian continent long ago.
Animals and plants moved north and south there also, but the original pattern is now hard to see.
But in Australasia and South America the pattern is clear.
The mammals are a good example.
Eutherian mammals evolved in Laurasia but few got to Gondwana before it was separated.
Earlier groups of mammals did get to Gondwana.
They were the marsupials, the monotremes and other (now extinct) therian mammals.
Thus, when South America was completely separated, it had only the earlier types of mammals, including some early eutherians such as the Xenarthra.
The groups which evolved later, and which dominate the northern continents, only got to South America by the Great American Interchange.
South America's endemic fauna
Early mammals
One living South American marsupial, the tiny Monito del Monte, is more closely related to Australian marsupials than to other South American marsupials.
Since it is the most 'basal' (= primitive) australidelphian we know, its group probably evolved in South America and then colonized Australia.
The borhyaenids and the sabertooth Thylacosmilus were once considered to be marsupials.
Sparassodonts were the only South American mammals to specialize as carnivores.
Their relative inefficiency left opportunites for nonmammalian predators to be more prominent than usual (similar to the situation in Australia).
Sparassodonts shared the ecological niches for large predators with fearsome flightless "terror birds" (phorusrhacids), whose closest extant (living) relatives are the seriemas.
Terrestrial ziphodont crocodilians were also present at least through the middle Miocene.
Some of South America's aquatic crocodilians reached monstrous sizes, with lengths up to 12 m.
Through the skies over late Miocene South America (6 Ma ago) soared the largest flying bird known, the teratorn Argentavis, with a wingspan of 6 m or more, which may have lived in part on the leftovers of Thylacosmilus kills.
Later herbivores
In addition to those extant today (armadillos, anteaters and tree sloths), a great diversity of larger types were present, including pampatheres, the ankylosaur-like glyptodonts, various ground sloths, some of which reached the size of elephants (e.g. Megatherium), and even semiaquatic sloths.
Both groups started evolving in the Lower Paleocene, possibly from condylarth stock, diversified, dwindled before the great interchange, and went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene.
The pyrotheres and astrapotheres were also strange but were less diverse and disappeared earlier, well before the interchange.
The North American fauna was typical northern eutheria (supplemented with Afrotherian  proboscids).
Once the continents were joined, invasions from the north to the south were numerous and significant in their effect.
Invasions from south to north were much less significant.
This is most clearly seen in the mammals.
Reasons for this have been suggested.
Wetland tropical species going north encountered desert or, at any rate, dry conditions in Mexico, where the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, also known as the Sierra Nevada (Mexico) or the Snowy Mountain Range, extends 900  km from west to east across central-southern Mexico.
Mammals a special case
This applies with force to mammals, because the eutherian mammals originated in Asia and had undergone a great deal of evolution before they got to South America.
Marsupials originally in Eurasia had long before been out-competed and gone extinct.
It is not surprising the eutherians did well in South America.
Marsupials in both South America and Australasia were weak in predators.
The borhyaenids and Thylacosmilus (the 'marsupial' sabretooth) were not marsupials; they were the related group, the sparassodonts.
Instead, in South America, the terror birds (Phorusrhacos were for a long time the top predators.
All these native forms were wiped out as short-faced bears, wolves, nine species of small cats, cougars, jaguars, lions, sabretooths (Smilodon and Homotherium) established themselves.
The successes in the opposite direction are interesting.
Opossums, as the Virginia Opossum, are well established over a wide range.
They are the only surviving marsupial in North America, though there were others before mankind arrived in the Americas.
The top native South American mammal success for a long time was the superorder Xenarthra, which had two different groups with large representatives in North America.
One group was the giant ground sloths, such as the megalonychid Megalonyx.
This group lived in North America for over 10 million years, well before the Great Interchange.
How they got there is not known.
They got as far north as Alaska and the Yukon.
The other group was the glyptodonts, such such as Glyptotherium texanum.
They were large, heavily armoured relatives of the armadillo.
The ability of South America's xenarthrans to compete effectively against the northerners represents a special case.
The explanation for their success lies in part in their defence against predation.
This was based on body armour and/or formidable claws.
The xenarthrans did not need to be fleet-footed or quick-witted to survive.
Such a strategy may have been forced on them by their low metabolic rate (the lowest among the therians).
Their low metabolic rate in turn allowed them to subsist on less abundant and/or less nutritious food sources.
Unfortunately, the defensive adaptations of the large xenarthrans would have been useless against humans armed with spears and other projectiles.
History of Panama
Eomaia ('dawn mother') is an early fossil eutherian mammal.
It is exceptionally well-preserved for a 125 million-year-old specimen.
It was discovered in rocks of the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China.
These strata date to the Lower Cretaceous about 125 million years ago (mya).
The fossil is  in length and virtually complete.
It weighed between .
Although the fossil's skull is squashed flat, its teeth, tiny foot bones, cartilages and even its fur are visible.
Eomaia is a eutherian.
The eutherians are the placental mammals plus some extinct mammals which had not developed a placenta.
However Eomaia is not a true placental mammal as it lacks some features that are specific to placentals.
Eomaia has:
variations in the shin and ankles.
an ancestral eutherian dental formula.
a wide opening at the bottom of the pelvis, which allows the birth of large, well-developed offspring.
Marsupials have and non-placental eutherians had a narrower opening that allows only small, immature offspring to pass through.
Eomaia has epipubic bones extending forwards from the pelvis.
These are not found in any placental mammal, but are found in all other mammals, even in the cynodont therapsids that are closest to mammals.
Their function is to stiffen the body during locomotion.
This stiffening would be harmful in pregnant placentals, whose abdomens need to expand.
Its discoverers sampled 268 characters from all major Mesozoic mammal clades and principal eutherian families of the Cretaceous period.
As a result, they claimed Eomaia is at the root of the eutherian "family tree" with a few other fossils.
The Eomaia fossil shows clear traces of hair.
However this is not the earliest clear evidence of hair in the mammalian lineage, as fossils of the docodont Castorocauda, discovered in rocks dated to about 164 mya, also have traces of fur.
New Scientist article on original find.
The East West MRT line was the 2nd Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore.
The line is currently 49.2 km long with 35 stations.
It is the longest MRT line in Singapore and it is operated by SMRT Corporation.
It takes about 1 hour to travel from end to end and this line is coloured green on MRT system maps.
The MRT line joins central Singapore to the western and eastern parts of the island, with another branch to Changi Airport from Tanah Merah.
Transferring to the North South line is done at Jurong East, City Hall and Raffles Place stations while transfer to the North East Line at Outram Park station is possible using a linkway.
For Circle Line at Paya Lebar station and Buona Vista using an underpass and linkway.
The Downtown Line will interchange with the East West Line at the Bugis, Tampines and Expo MRT stations.
Changi Airport Extension
LTA - Expanding The Rail Network: LTA To Build Boon Lay MRT Extension
Urbanrail.net - Singapore
The Red Bull Arena is a football stadium in Leipzig, Germany.
It is the homeground of RB Leipzig.
The Zentralstadion was built between 1954 and 1956.
100,000 visitors could enter the stadium.
It was used for the sport festivals of the GDR, GDR football team matches, and other sports.
The largest number of visitors was during a football match between SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt and FC Kaiserslautern when 110,000 people entered.
It was renovated between 2000 and 2004.
The renovation reduced the number of visitors that can enter the stadium.
The first match in the new stadium was FC Sachsen Leipzig – Borussia Dortmund (Amateure) in front of 28,000 visitors.
Now it is only used for football matches and concerts.
In 2010, Red Bull bought the right to name the stadium for 30 years.
It is now called "Red Bull Arena" and became the homeground of RB Leipzig, which is owned by Red Bull.
2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA World Cup 2006
Confederation Cup 2005
Australia-Tunesia 44,337 visitors
Brazil - Greece 42,507 visitors
erlebnis-stadion.de: History and renovation (German)
wm-2006-leipzig.de: Pictures
zentralstadion-le.de: Pictures
In baseball, a stolen base is when a baserunner advances to the next base while the pitcher is throwing the ball to home plate.
In baseball statistics, stolen bases are displayed as SB.
It is possible to steal second base, third base, or home plate, but not to steal first base.
If the defense does not try to put the baserunner out (for example, if the catcher does not even look his way), the play is called defensive indifference (also called fielder's indifference).
No stolen base is credited to the runner in this case.
Defensive indifference is usually only scored instead of a stolen base when the game is in a late inning and the team with the stealing baserunner is down by more than one run.
MLB Rule 10.07(g) defines defensive indifference.
A player who is good at stealing bases needs not just running speed, but also good base-running instincts, quickness, and split-second timing.
The scoring and guidelines for awarding a stolen base to a runner are covered by rule 10.07 of the Major League Baseball rule book.
If a player is good at stealing bases, his manager may let him try to steal a base whenever he thinks he can.
A player who is allowed to try to steal whenever he wants is said to have the "green light".
Players who do not have the green light may only be allowed to steal when a coach or manager tells him to.
Baseball-Almanac.com list of All-Time Career stolen bases leaders
The Pasadena Star-News is the local daily newspaper for Pasadena, California.
The Star-News is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, since 1996.
It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the San Gabriel Valley Tribune and the Whittier Daily News.
Ridder Newspapers bought the Star-News in 1956; Bernard J. Ridder took over as Publisher.
Ridder merged with Knight to form Knight Ridder in 1974.
The paper was sold in 1989 to a company owned by William Dean Singleton; the Thomson Corporation bought majority control of the paper a year later.
Thomson sold the Star-News to Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.
The Pasadena Star-News was first published in 1884.
The paper was in a building at the corner of Colorado Blvd.
and Oakland Avenue for years.
This building is now being used by Technique at Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts and 24 Hour Fitness.
The newspaper also published the Rose Magazine.
Pasadena Star-News website
4319 Jackierobinson (1981 ER14) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on March 1, 1981 by Schelte J. Bus at Siding Spring Observatory.
It was found during the U.K. Schmidt-Caltech Asteroid Survey.
It was named after Jackie Robinson, the first African-American major league baseball player of the modern era.
JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 4319 Jackierobinson
Baseball-Reference.com is a website that lists statistics for every player in Major League Baseball history.
The site is often used by large media companies and baseball broadcasters as a source of information.
The website came online in April 2000.
It had originally been published in February 2000 as part of the website for the Big Bad Baseball Annual.
It was first built as a web version of the Lahman Baseball Database.
Now it uses variety of data sources.
It has year-by-year team pages, a baseball encyclopedia (the Bullpen, powered by MediaWiki software, using the GFDL), box scores and game logs from every MLB game back to 1954 and minor league player stats back to 1900.
The Oracle of Baseball can link any two players by common teammates.
The Oracle of Baseball is based on the Oracle of Bacon website.
In February 2009, Fantasy Sports Ventures bought part of Sports Reference, the parent company of Baseball-Reference, for a "low seven-figure sum".
In reporting this purchase, journalist Eric Fisher wrote:The Sports Reference sites combine to generate more than 1 million unique users per month, according to internal analytics.
Company president and former college math professor Sean Forman has become something of a folk hero to baseball fans for the massive depth of data stretching to the 19th century and for the ease of navigation within Baseball-Reference.com.
"The man behind the numbers: Former math professor creates statistics uber-site,"  Sports Illustrated (February 6, 2007)
Ryan Miller (born July 17, 1980) is an American ice hockey goaltender.
He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres, Vancouver Canucks, and St. Louis Blues.
CCHA First All-Star Team (2001, 2002)
NCAA West First All-American Team (2001, 2002)
CCHA Player of the Year (2001, 2002)
Hobey Baker Memorial Award (Top U.S. Collegiate Player) (2001)
C-Bone Classic Champion (2001)
CCHA Second All-Star Team (2000)
AHL
AHL First All-Star Team (2005)
Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award (Outstanding Goaltender – AHL) (2005)
Starter for the Eastern Conference in NHL All-Star Game (2007)
NHL Foundation Player Award (2010)
Vezina Trophy for top goaltender (2010)
NHL First All-Star Team (2010)
MVP of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament
Best Goaltender of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament
All-star selection of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament
Ryan Miller – Sabres.com
The Oreo is a cookie sandwich or cream biscuit.
It is made by the Nabisco division of Mondelēz International.
The cookie has a sweet, white filling of "creme" or "cream".
The creme is in between two circle-shaped chocolate or golden cookie pieces.
Oreos come in many different flavours like chocolate, vanilla, red velvet, caramel coconut, chocolate marshmallow and many more.
The origin of the name "Oreo" is not known, but there are many ideas for why they are called that.
It may have been named after a plant genus called Oreodaphne, but it could be named after the French word or (which means gold in English) and it could be named after the Greek word  (), which means 'nice' or 'attractive'.
Note: All dates in 1940
Quarter-finals and Semi-finals
Rangers win best of seven series 4 games to 2
Toronto wins best of three series 2 games to 0
Detroit wins best of three series 2 games to 1
Stanley Cup Final
New York wins best of seven series 4 games to 2
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty Minutes
Playoff leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts
1939-40 NHL Playoff Season Stats - quanthockey.com
1939-40 NHL Playoff Season Goaltender Stats
The North East MRT Line (NEL) is the third Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore.
The line is 20 km long with 16 stations and operated by SBS Transit.
Travelling from one end of this line to the other end takes about half an hour.
This line is coloured purple in the rail map.
The line joins central Singapore to the north-eastern part of the island.
Transfer to the North South Line is done at Dhoby Ghaut station, East West Line at Outram Park station, Circle Line at Serangoon and Dhoby Ghaut and Downtown MRT Line at Chinatown and Little India stations.
This line is the first MRT line in Singapore to be completely underground (running in a tunnel all the way between HarbourFront and Punggol).
It is also the first (and so far, the only) line where trains get their power from overhead wires above the track, instead of a third rail beside the track.
All the trains on the North East Line are automated (computer-controlled) and do not have an operator driving the train at the front.
It is one of the world's first rapid transit lines that does not need drivers and is one of three such lines in the MRT network today.
The others are the Circle Line and the Downtown Line.
The Land Transport Authority has announced that it will extend the North East Line from its current northern terminal at Punggol to a new station called Punggol Coast.
Construction will begin in 2018, and it is expected to open in 2023.
North East Line (SBS Transit)
North East Line (Land Transport Authority)
Railway Technology on the NEL
The following lists all rail stations of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system in Singapore, with underground stations listed in italics.
There are 151 stations in operation.
Many more are in various stages of planning and construction (as shown in the latest system map).
MRT stations
A  Opening date of interchange platform adjacent to, within, or below the existing station.
B  Station will be built when the area undergoes development.
C  Original location of station and lines leading to station were shifted due to the Nicoll Highway collapse.
D  Station completed, but opening delayed until the area populates.
Train System Map
In baseball, an at bat (AB) or time at bat is used for certain statistics.
These statistics include batting average, on base percentage, and slugging percentage.
It is a more narrow definition of a plate appearance.
A batter starts with an at bat every time he faces a pitcher; however, the batter gets "no time at bat" in the following cases:
He receives a base on balls (BB).
He is hit by a pitch (HBP).
He hits a sacrifice fly or a sacrifice hit (also known as sacrifice bunt).
He is awarded first base due to interference or obstruction, usually by the catcher.
The inning ends while he is still at bat (due to the third out being made by a runner caught stealing, for example).
In this case, the batter will come to bat again in the next inning, though he now has no balls or strikes on him.
He is replaced by another hitter before his at bat is completed (unless he is replaced with two strikes and his replacement strikes out).
The batter reaches first base on a hit
The batter reaches first base on an error
The batter is called out for any reason other than as part of a sacrifice
There is a fielder's choice
Calvin Edwin "Cal" Ripken, Jr. (born August 24, 1960), nicknamed "Iron Man", is a former Major League Baseball shortstop and third baseman.
He played his whole 21-year baseball career for the Baltimore Orioles (1981–2001).
Ripken is perhaps best known for breaking New York Yankees first baseman Lou Gehrig's record for consecutive games played.
The record had been called too hard to break.
He beat the 56-year-old record when he played in his 2,131st straight game on September 6, 1995 between the Orioles and the California Angels in front of a sold-out crowd at Oriole Park at Camden Yards.
Ripken hit a home run in the game the night before that tied Gehrig's record and another home run in his 2,131st game.
Fans later voted this game as Major League Baseball's "Most Memorable Moment" in MLB history.
Ripken played in an 501 more straight games over the next three years.
His streak ended at 2,632 games when he removed his name from the lineup for the final Orioles home game of the 1998 season.
His record 2,632 straight games lasted over seventeen seasons, from May 30, 1982 to September 20, 1998.
A 19-time All-Star and member of the 3000 hit club, Ripken is considered one of the best shortstops and third basemen to ever play the game.
At 6' 4" (1.93 m), 225 lbs. (
102.27 kg), he led the way for taller, larger shortstops to be successful in that position.
When voted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007, he was a first ballot inductee with the third highest voting percentage (98.53%) in Hall of Fame history, behind Tom Seaver (98.84%) and Nolan Ryan (98.79%).
He is a best-selling author and the President and CEO of Ripken Baseball, Inc. The company's goal is to grow the love of baseball from a more grassroots level.
Established in 2001, Ripken Baseball represents Cal and his brother Bill's business and philanthropy dealings and focuses on several subsidiaries: Ripken Management and Design, Youth Camps and Clinics, Cal Ripken, Sr.
foundation, Ripken Professional Baseball, with three minor-league teams—the Aberdeen IronBirds (affiliated with the Orioles); the Augusta GreenJackets (affiliated with the San Francisco Giants); and the Charlotte Stone Crabs (affiliated with the Tampa Bay Rays)—and Ironclad Authentics.
The Battle of Finnburg was a battle between the Frisians and the Danes.
It was mentioned in two early medieval writings, the Finnesburg Fragment and Beowulf.
These may describe a real or a completelymythical event.
According to the Finnesburg Fragment, the Danish prince Hnaef came with sixty followers to visit and spent the winter at the Finnburg.
Finnburg was the fort of his brother-in-law Finn, king of the Frisians.
There a fight started between the Frisians and the Danes.
A battle took place that lasted for three days.
The verses of the story that were found (which is thought to be a small part of the original work) do not explain why the fight started, nor do they give the outcome of the battle.
In a passage of Beowulf, a bard sings a song about the ending of the battle, here named Freswael.
This is the same story as in the Finnesburg Fragment.
While in less detail, the Beowulf episode is complete.
Here it is seen that the Frisians won the battle.
The Danish prince Hnaef and Finn's son died in the battle.
After the fighting, the parties make peace, and the new Danish leader Hingest (who some have identified as Hengest) is allowed to leave with the surviving Danes.
Finnesburg Fragment
Finnburg
The Moose River Plains Wild Forest is a  forest in Adirondack Park, which is in the Hamilton and Herkimer counties in the U.S. state of New York.
It is designated a Wild Forest by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.
He was born in Jonsrud, Vestby, Akershus, Norway.
In 1763, having completed secondary school, he went to Denmark for further studies (since Norway didn't have any university in 1763).
In 1778 he got the degree of candidatus juris, which is one law degree.
In 1794 he was hired as a surveyor; in 1798, a Royal inspector of Surveying.
As surveying is related to mathematics, he later studied the geometrical importance of complex numbers.
His most important paper, Om directionens analytiske betegning, (On the Analytical Representation of Direction) was published in 1799 by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.
Since it was in Danish, it was not noticed by many people.
Later, Jean-Robert Argand and Carl Friedrich Gauss's paper showed the same results.
One of the more important, but missed ideas shown in Wessel's Om directionens analytiske betegning was vectors.
Wessel's main thing he wanted to show in the paper was not this, but he felt that the concept of numbers, with length and direction would be needed.
Wessel's thoughts on addition was: "Two straight lines are added if we unite them in such a way that the second line begins where the first one ends and then pass a straight line from the first to the last point of the united lines.
This line is the sum of the united lines".
Today, the same idea is used when adding vectors.
His paper was printed in a French translation in 1899.
It was released in English in 1999 as "On the analytic representation of direction" (ed.
J. Lützen et al.).
Johan Herman Wessel, Wessel's brother was a famous person in Denmark-Norway.
Global Handwashing Day is a campaign to encourage people around the world to wash their hands with soap.
It takes place on October 15 of each year.
The campaign's goal is to raise awareness of handwashing with soap as a key way to prevent diseases with hygiene.
The holiday was made at the annual World Water Week 2008, which was held in Stockholm from August 17 to 23.
Out of this week came the Public Private Partnership for Handwashing (PPPHW).
The Global Handwashing Day took place for the first time on October 15, 2008, the date appointed by United Nations General Assembly to go along with the year 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation.
The theme for Global Handwashing Day’s inaugural year was Focus on School Children.
The members pledged to get the maximum number of school children handwashing with soap in more than seventy countries.
Official site for Global Handwashing Day
World Bank Sanitation Program
In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 500 home run club is a term given to the group of batters who have hit 500 or more regular-season home runs in their careers.
On August 11, 1929, Babe Ruth became the first member of the club.
Ruth ended his career with 714 home runs.
This record stood from 1935 until Hank Aaron broke it in 1974.
Aaron's ending career total, 755, stayed the record until Barry Bonds set the current mark of 762 during the 2007 season.
Albert Pujols is the most recent to reach 500 home runs; he hit his 500th home run on April 22, 2014.
Twenty-six players are members of the 500 home run club.
Of these 26 players, 14 were right-handed batters, 10 were left-handed, and 2 were switch hitters (meaning they could bat from either side of the plate).
The San Francisco Giants are the only franchise to have four players reach 500 home runs while on their roster: Mel Ott while the team was in New York, Willie Mays, Willie McCovey, and most recently Bonds.
Four 500 home run club members—Aaron, Mays, Eddie Murray, and Rafael Palmeiro—are also members of the 3,000 hit club.
Sheffield's 500th home run was his first career home run with the New York Mets, the first time that a player's 500th home run was also his first with his franchise.
Alex Rodriguez, at 32 years and 8 days, was the youngest player to hit 500.
Ted Williams, at 41 years and 291 days, was the oldest.
Being a member of the 500 home run club is sometimes described as a guarantee of entry into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Some believe the milestone has become less meaningful in recent years.
Four club members who are now eligible for election to the Hall of Fame—Bonds, Sammy Sosa, Mark McGwire and Palmeiro—have not been elected.
Eligibility requires that a player has "been retired five seasons" or be dead for at least six months.
Some believe the milestone has become less important with the large number of new members; 10 players joined the club from 1999 to 2009.
Also, several of these recent members have had ties to performance-enhancing drugs.
Some believe that by not electing McGwire to the Hall, the voters were starting a "guideline" on how they would treat players from the "Steroid Era".
Since then, Bonds and Sosa have also failed to earn election.
Most recently, Palmeiro became the first club member to be dropped from the Hall of Fame ballot, failing to earn enough votes (5% of votes cast) in the 2014 election to stay on the ballot.
Statistics up to date as of June 8, 2014
Although MLB.com's 500 Home Run Club page lists Mathews at 511 home runs, his listings on both MLB.com and Baseball-Reference show 512.
The Whittier Daily News is the local daily newspaper for Whittier, California.
The Daily News is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, a division of MediaNews Group.
It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the San Gabriel Valley Tribune and the Pasadena Star-News.
Thomson Newspapers purchased the newspaper in 1982.
Thomson sold the Daily News to William Dean Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.
The San Gabriel Valley Tribune is the daily newspaper in West Covina, California.