the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Portuguese man o' war is an example.
A siphonophore is not a single animal.
It is a colony of four kinds of zooids.
All the zooids in a colony are genetically identical.
Each type of zooid is not self-sufficient.
So close do the zooids fit together that the colony looks like a single individual.
It was a triumph of 19th century biology to discover the real nature of the siphonophores.
Potassium manganate is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is K2MnO4.
It contains potassium and manganate ions.
Potassium manganate is a green solid.
It can disproportionate into potassium permanganate and manganese(IV) oxide.
This happens in acidic pH. This reaction, because of its color change, is known as a "chemical chameleon".
It is made by reacting manganese(IV) oxide with very hot potassium hydroxide.
Sometimes oxygen or potassium nitrate is used as the oxidizing agent.
This makes potassium manganate.
Normally the potassium manganate is converted to potassium permanganate.
Potassium permanganate is more common.
Potassium iodide can reduce potassium permanganate to potassium manganate.
It can also be made by reacting hot potassium permanganate with potassium hydroxide.
This makes oxygen and potassium manganate.
Potassium manganate does not have many uses.
It is mainly made when potassium permanganate is made.
Potassium manganate is a moderate oxidizing agent.
When it is reduced, it can made black or brown stains on glass, clothing, or skin.
Manganates
Sodium manganate is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is Na2MnO4.
It contains sodium and manganate ions.
It is a bright green solid.
It cannot be made by reacting manganese dioxide with sodium hydroxide, like potassium manganate is made.
It is made by reacting hot sodium hydroxide with sodium permanganate.
This releases oxygen and makes sodium manganate.
It is more expensive than potassium manganate because it is harder to make.
Hypomanganate is an ion.
Its chemical formula is MnO43-.
It is bright blue.
It disproportionates into manganates and manganese(IV) oxide easily.
This can be stopped by adding a lot of a base.
They are both reducing agents and oxidizing agents.
They are made by reducing manganates with sulfites and hydrogen peroxide.
Potassium hypomanganate is a chemical compound.
It contains potassium and hypomanganate ions.
It is a bright blue solid.
It is unstable and rare.
It can be made several ways: reduction of potassium permanganate with potassium sulfite; reduction of potassium manganate with hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide; and disproportionation when manganese dioxide is dissolved in potassium hydroxide.
It disproportionates into potassium manganate and manganese dioxide easily.
Only a strong base can stop it from disproportionation.
Potassium sulfite is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is K2SO3.
It contains potassium and sulfite ions.
It can react with oxidizing agents to make potassium sulfate.
2 KOH + SO2 → K2SO3 + H2O
It is used to preserve food.
Sulfites can cause allergies in some people, though.
Ray Ceresino (April 24, 1929 – May 1, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey left winger.
He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the NHL.
He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.
Thomas John Cook (May 7, 1907 – October 2, 1961) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 348 games in the National Hockey League.
Born in Fort William, Ontario, he played for the Montreal Maroons and Chicago Black Hawks.
He won the Stanley Cup in 1934 with the Chicago Black Hawks.
David Theodore Creighton (June 24, 1930 – August 18, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward.
Creighton started his National Hockey League career with the Boston Bruins in 1948.
He would also play with the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Black Hawks, and New York Rangers.
He left the NHL after the 1960 season.
He played several more seasons in the AHL before retiring after the 1969 season.
After this, he coached the Providence Reds from 1969 to 1970.
Francis Patrick Denis "Dapper Dan" Daley (August 28, 1908 – October 15, 1968) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played for the Detroit Cougars in the National Hockey League (NHL).
Detroit Cougars players
Edward Reginald Noble (June 23, 1895 – January 19, 1962) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 17 professional seasons in the National Hockey Association (NHA) and National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Blueshirts, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto St. Pats, Montreal Maroons, Detroit Cougars, Detroit Falcons and Detroit Red Wings.
He was a three-time winner of the Stanley Cup, with Toronto and Montreal and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962.
He was also the last active NHL player from both the NHL's inaugural season  and the 1910s.
1914–15 -  OHA-Jr. First All-Star Team
1918 - Stanley Cup championship (Toronto Arenas)
1922 - Stanley Cup championship (Toronto St. Pats)
1926 - Stanley Cup championship (Montreal Maroons)
1962 - Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame
November 25, 1916 - signed as a free agent by Toronto (NHA)
February 11, 1917 - assigned to Montreal Canadiens (NHA) by NHA in dispersal of Toronto (NHA) players
December 5, 1917 - signed as a free agent by Toronto (NHL)
November 1, 1921 - named player coach of Toronto (NHL).
November 1, 1922 - resigned as coach and captain of Toronto (NHL)
December 9, 1924 - traded to Montreal Maroons by Toronto for $8,000.
October 4, 1927 - traded to Detroit by Montreal Maroons for $7,500.
December 9, 1932 - traded to Montreal Maroons by Detroit for John Gallagher.
Harry Lawrence "Little Dempsey" Aurie (February 8, 1905 in Sudbury, Ontario – December 12, 1952 in Detroit, Michigan) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played 11 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Cougars, Detroit Falcons and Detroit Red Wings.
IAHL Second All-Star Team, 1939
Led NHL in goals in 1936–37
Named to NHL First All-Star Team, 1936–37
Played in NHL All-Star Game, 1933–34
Won the Stanley Cup (with the Detroit Red Wings) 1936, 1937
Aurie holds Detroit's forgotten number, Macomb Daily
, Kukla's Corner: Ilitch Celebrates Yzerman, Desecrates Aurie
Hurricane Gloria was an Atlantic tropical cyclone in September 1985.
The storm was the first major storm to affect Long Island and New York directly since Hurricane Donna 25 years before.
On September 18, it weakened back to a tropical depression.
Two days later, it became a tropical storm again.
After being a weak tropical cyclone for several days, on September 22, Gloria became a hurricane.
It quickly became stronger on September 24; the next day, its winds peaked at 145 mph.
A 2008 reanalysis later found the winds had been even stronger.
On September 27, the hurricane struck eastern North Carolina as a Category 2 storm.
It then moved up the East Coast of the United States.
Later that day, the storm struck western Long Island, with winds of 85 mph.
One hour after striking Long Island, it hit near Westport, Connecticut.
The name Gloria was later retired and replaced with Grace.
Hurricanes in New York
1980s in North Carolina
The immune mechanisms help an organism identify a pathogen, and neutralize its threat.
The immune system can detect and identify many different kinds of disease agents.
Examples are viruses, bacteria and parasites.
The immune system can detect a difference between the body's own healthy cells or tissues, and 'foreign' cells.
Detecting an unhealthy intruder is complicated, because intruders can evolve and adapt so that the immune system will no longer detect them.
Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess enzyme systems that protect against viral infections.
Other basic immune mechanisms appeared in ancient life forms and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects.
These mechanisms include antimicrobial peptides (called defensins), phagocytosis, and the complement system.
These make up the innate immune system, which defends the host from infections in a non-specific way.
The simplest innate system is the cell wall or barrier on the outside to stop intruders getting in.
For example, skin stops most outside bacteria getting in.
Our innate immune system responds very fast to anything foreign that enters our body.
When something gets past our skin, like through a cut, our immune cells work to find the intruder and to alert each other of the foreign object.
Small immune cells bring other cells from all over the body to the site where the foreign object was found.
Other immune cells can send out messengers to cells nearby to have them help attack the foreign object.
This process can make our skin look red and feel hot.
A certain type of cell called a phagocyte eats anything foreign or dangerous that enters your body.
This response is called non-specific because it responds the same way to anything foreign that enters your body from germs to a piece of dust.
Vertebrates, including humans, have much more sophisticated defense mechanisms.
The innate immune system is found in all metazoa, but the adaptive immune system is only found in vertebrates.
The adaptive immune response gives the vertebrate immune system the ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens.
The system mounts stronger attacks each time the pathogen is encountered.
It is adaptive, because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges.
The typical vertebrate immune system consists of many types of proteins, cells, organs, and tissues that interact in a complex and ever-changing network.
This acquired immunity creates a kind of "immunological memory".
The process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.
Primary response can take 2 days to 2 weeks to develop.
After the body gains immunity towards a certain pathogen, if infection by that pathogen occurs again, the immune response is called the secondary response.
Autoimmune disorders
In some organisms, the immune system has its own problems within itself, called disorders.
These result in other diseases, including autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and possibly even cancer.
Immunodeficiency diseases occur when the immune system is less active than normal.
Immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic (inherited) disease, or an infection, such as the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), that is caused by the retrovirus HIV, or other causes.
In contrast, autoimmune diseases result from an immune system that attacks normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms.
Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes, and Lupus erythematosus.
Immunology is the study of all aspects of the immune system.
It is very important to health and diseases.
Immunology is  scientific part of medicine that studies the causes of immunity to disease.
For many centuries people have noticed that those who recover from some infectious  diseases do not get that illness a second time.
In the 18th century, Pierre Louis Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and saw that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom.
"Genomic analysis of plants and animals provides evidence that a sophisticated mechanism of host defense was in existence by the time the ancestors of plants and animals diverged.
This system, shared by plants and animals, is the Toll pathway of NFκB activation of gene function... The necessary DNA sequences are found in invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants".
Sulfur hexafluoride, also known as sulfur(VI) fluoride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is SF6.
BBC News says "It's the most powerful greenhouse gas known to humanity, and emissions have risen rapidly in recent years.
Sulphur hexafluoride, or SF6, is widely used in the electrical industry to prevent short circuits and accidents.
Leaks of the little-known gas in the UK and the rest of the EU in 2017 were the equivalent of putting an extra 1.3 million cars on the road".
Sulfur hexafluoride is a colorless, odorless gas.
It is very heavy for a gas (about 5 times heavier than air).
It is non reactive, and hard to find anything that reacts with it.
It is a strong greenhouse gas.
This has made people put some restrictions on using it.
It is made by reacting sulfur with fluorine.
That combination also makes toxic disulfur decafluoride, which has to be removed.
It is used in electronics and various electrical devices.
It can be used in the body since it is not toxic.
It can be used as a test gas to look where gas flows in a heater system, for example.
It is detected easily.
It is used in some torpedoes.
Lithium is one of the only things that reacts with sulfur hexafluoride.
Sulfur hexafluoride is sprayed on lithium.
This makes the lithium very hot.
It creates steam from water and shoots the torpedo.
It can be breathed in to make the voice deeper.
This is the opposite of breathing in helium gas.
Sulfur hexafluoride is not toxic.
It can fill up in closed spaces though.
A person may suffocate in the closed space if sulfur hexafluoride has pushed out the oxygen from the space.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,  is the most potent greenhouse gas that it has evaluated, with a global warming potential (GWP) of 22,800 times that of  when compared over a 100-year period.
Measurements of SF6 show that its global average mixing ratio has increased by about 0.2 ppt per year to over 7 ppt.
Sulfur hexafluoride is also extremely long-lived.
It is inert in the troposphere and stratosphere.
It has an estimated atmospheric lifetime of 800–3200 years.
is very stable. (
For countries reporting their emissions to the UNFCCC, a GWP of 23,900 for  was suggested at the third Conference of the Parties: GWP used in Kyoto protocol).
Average global SF6 concentrations increased by about seven percent per year during the 1980s and 1990s, mostly as the result of its use in the magnesium production industry, and by electrical utilities and electronics manufacturers.
Given the low amounts of SF6 released compared to carbon dioxide, its overall contribution to global warming is estimated to be less than 0.2 percent.
In Europe,  falls under the F-Gas directive which ban or control its use in several ways.
Since 1 January 2006,  is banned as a tracer gas and in all applications except high-voltage switchgear.
An art gallery is a place where art is displated.
Gallery may also refer to:
National Gallery, London, an art gallery in London, England
National Gallery of Art, an art gallery in Washington, D.C.
National Gallery of Armenia, an art gallery in Yerevan, Armenia
Disulfur decafluoride, also known as sulfur pentafluoride and sulfur(V) fluoride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is S2F10.
It contains sulfur in its +5 oxidation state.
Disulfur decafluoride is a colorless liquid.
It has no odor.
It disproportionates to sulfur hexafluoride and sulfur tetrafluoride when heated.
It reacts with sulfur dioxide.
It also can react with chlorine, bromine, and ammonia.
It is more toxic than phosgene.
It was thought of as a poison gas in World War II, but it was never used.
Phosphorus pentoxide
Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is a form of open-wheeled auto racing.
It is the highest class defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body.
The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules.
These rules tell the builders and drivers of the cars what they may and may not do.
The F1 world championship season is a series of races.
These races are known as Grands Prix.
They are usually held on purpose-built circuits.
In a few places, they are held on closed city streets.
The most famous Grand Prix is the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo.
The top finisher of each race are awarded championship points.
The points are added up at the end of they year.
There are two yearly Championships.
The one for drivers and one for constructors.
Michael Schumacher holds the record for the most Grand Prix victories.
He has won 91 times.
Alain Prost is second with 51 wins, and Ayrton Senna is third with 41 wins.
Michael Schumacher also has the longest time between his first win and his last.
He won his first Grand Prix in  at the Belgian Grand Prix, and his last in  at the Chinese Grand Prix, a span of 14 years, 1 month and 1 day.
The youngest winner of a Grand Prix is Sebastian Vettel, who was 21 years, 73 days old when he won the Italian Grand Prix in .
Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix.
He was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the  French Grand Prix.
As of the , there have been 109 different Formula One Grand Prix winners.
The 100th Grand Prix winner was Heikki Kovalainen at the  Hungarian Grand Prix.
746 drivers have started a Grand Prix race.
All figures correct as of the 2016_Australian_Grand_Prix
''All figures are correct as of 31 July 2011.
Formula One official website
FIA official website
Grand Prix winners
The Turdidae are a family of passerine songbirds, the thrushes.
It includes the common song thrush and the blackbird.
The Paridae is a family of tiny birds, the tits (called 'chickadees' or 'titmice' in North America).
They are passerine songbirds which are native to the northern hemisphere and Africa.
Most of them used to be classified in the genus Parus, which has now been split up.
These birds are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout  bills.
Some have crests.
They range in length from 10 to 22 centimetres.
Many species will live around human habitation and come readily to bird feeders for nuts or seed, and learn to take other foods.
In Britain, great tits and blue tits learned to break through the foil caps sealing bottles of milk on doorsteps, to get at the cream on top.
Of course, the change in milk packaging has robbed them of this delicacy.
These are hole-nesting birds, typically using trees, although some species build nests on the ground.
They lay anything from three to nineteen speckled white eggs, depending on species.
The tits are active, noisy, social birds.
They are territorial during the breeding season.
The tits are highly adaptable and, after the corvids (crows and jays) and parrots, amongst the most intelligent of all birds.
Vocalisations
The tits make a variety of calls and songs.
They are amongst the most vocal of all birds, calling continuously and loudly.
They are only ever silent for reasons such as avoiding predators or when intruding on a rival's territory.
Quiet calls are made while feeding to keep contact with others in their social group.
Other calls are used for signalling alarm—the most famous of which is the "Chic-a-dee-dee" of North American species in the genus Poecile.
The call also serves a rallying call to summon others to mob and harass the predator.
It has been demonstrated through experiments that the number of "dee" syllables at the end of the call increases with the level of danger the predator poses.
The tits are insectivorous, and eat a wide range of small insects and other invertebrates, particularly small leaf-eating caterpillars.
They also eat seeds and nuts, especially in winter.
A typical activity is hanging, where they inspect a branch or twig and leaves from all angles while hanging upside down to feed.
In areas with several species of tit, the different species will forage (search) in different parts of a tree.
Larger species search on the ground, medium sized species search on larger branches, and the smallest species on the ends of branches.
If they get larger prey or seeds, tits will do 'hold-hammering'.
They hold the item with one foot, and hammer it with their bill (beak) until it is open.
In this way they can open hazelnuts in 20 minutes.
Many birds store food in a cache or hiding place.
They hoard supplies of food for the winter.
These caches are usually of seeds but may be of insects.
Sulfur tetrafluoride, also known as sulfur(IV) fluoride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is SF4.
It contains sulfur in its +4 oxidation state.
Sulfur tetrafluoride is a colorless gas.
It is toxic and corrosive.
It releases hydrogen fluoride when exposed to water.
It is made by reacting sodium fluoride, chlorine, and sulfur dichloride.
The chlorine does not have to be included.
If no chlorine is used, other products form that need to be taken out.
Sulfur tetrafluoride is used to make organic molecules containing fluoride ions.
It is not used much.
Sulfur pentafluoride
Sulfur dichloride, also known as sulfur(II) chloride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is SCl2.
It contains sulfur in its +2 oxidation state.
It also contains chloride ions.
Sulfur dichloride is a red liquid.
It is a common sulfur chloride.
It reacts with water to make hydrochloric acid and sulfur dioxide.
When it is old, it might have some chlorine in it.
It reacts with fluorides to make sulfur tetrafluoride.
It is made by reacting chlorine with sulfur.
Disulfur dichloride is an intermediate.
It is also a common impurity in sulfur dichloride.
Disulfur dichloride, also known as sulfur(I) chloride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is S2Cl2.
It contains sulfur in its +1 oxidation state.
It contains chlorine in its -1 oxidation state.
It is a yellow or orange liquid.
It smokes in air because it reacts with water.
It releases sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid when reacted with water.
It reacts with chlorine to make sulfur dichloride.
It can dissolve sulfur.
It is made by reacting a little chlorine with sulfur.
A lot of chlorine would make sulfur dichloride.
Disulfur dichloride, yellow liquid
Sulfur dichloride, red liquid
Tetrasulfur tetranitride, also known as tetrasulphur tetranitride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is S4N4.
It contains sulfur in its +3 oxidation state.
It also contains nitride ions.
It is a gold solid.
It is an explosive, releasing sulfur and nitrogen when detonated.
The purer the substance is, the more easily it explodes.
It is pale yellow when cold, orange at normal temperature, and red when hot.
It reacts with bases.
It can be split into disulfur dinitride when it is reacted with silver.
It can be made by reacting disulfur dichloride with ammonia.
It can also be made by reacting ammonium chloride with disulfur dichloride.
It is an explosive, so it should not be ground.
Explosion releases harmless nitrogen and sulfur.
Disulfur dinitride, explosive
Tetrasulfur tetranitride, two disulfur dinitrides connected, explosive
Disulfur dinitride is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is S2N2.
Disulfur dinitride is a colorless crystalline solid.
It is explosive, similar to tetrasulfur tetranitride.
It easily evaporates.
It turns back into tetrasulfur tetranitride when exposed to water.
Disulfur dinitride is produced by reacting elemental silver with tetrasulfur tetranitride.
This forms silver(I) sulfide, which acts as a catalyst.
This reaction happens in a vacuum.
I puritani is an Italian opera in three acts by Vincenzo Bellini, first performed in Paris, on January 25, 1835, libretto by Carlo Pepoli, after Jacques Ancelot and Xavier Boniface Saintine's Têtes Rondes et Cavaliers, itself based on Sir Walter Scott's Old Morality.
Bellini's last work and one of his greatest triumphs.
Elvira - soprano
Arturo - tenor
Riccardo - baritone
Giorgio - bass
Enrichetta - mezzo-soprano
Bruno - tenor
Gualtiero - bass
La sonnambula is an Italian opera in two acts by Vincenzo Bellini, first performed at La Scala in Milan, on March 6, 1831, libretto by Felice Romani, after Eugène Sribe's ballet-pantomime La somnanbule.
Bellini's most pastoral work, it was an immediate success and is still regularly performed.
Amina - soprano
Elvino - tenor
Count Rodolfo - bass
Lisa - soprano
Teresa - mezzo-soprano
1952: Lina Pagliughi (Amina), Ferruccio Tagliavini (Elvino), Cesare Siepi (Rodolfo), Wanda Ruggeri (Lisa), Anna Maria Anelli (Teresa); Coro e Orchestra Sinfonica della RAI di Torino, Franco Capuana - (Preiser Records)
1955: Maria Callas (Amina), Cesare Valletti (Elvino), Giuseppe Modesti (Rodolfo), Eugenia Ratti (Lisa), Gabriella Carturan (Teresa); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Leonard Bernstein - (EMI Classics)
1957: Maria Callas (Amina), Nicola Monti (Elvino), Nicola Zaccaria (Rodolfo), Eugenia Ratti (Lisa), Fiorenza Cossotto (Teresa); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Antonino Votto - (EMI Classics)
1962: Joan Sutherland (Amina), Nicola Monti (Elvino), Fernando Corena (Rodolfo), Sylvia Stahlman (Lisa), Margreta Elkins (Teresa); Orchestra e Coro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Richard Bonynge - (Decca)
1980: Joan Sutherland (Amina), Luciano Pavarotti (Elvino), Nicolai Ghiaurov (Rodolfo), Isobel Buchanan (Lisa), Della Jones (Teresa); London Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Richard Bonynge - (Decca)
2006: Natalie Dessay (Amina), Francesco Meli (Elvino), Carlo Colombara (Rodolfo), Sara Mingardo (Lisa), Jael Azzaretti (Teresa); Chœur et Orchestre de l'Opéra National de Lyon, Evelino Pido - (Virgin Classics)
2008: Cecilia Bartoli (Amina), Juan Diego Flórez (Elvino), Ildebrando D'Arcangelo (Rodolfo), Gemma Bertagnolli (Lisa), Liliana Nikiteanu (Teresa); Chor des Opernhauses Zürich, Orchestra La Scintilla, Alessandro de Marchi - (L'Oiseau-Lyre)
Dame Barbara Mary Quant DBE (born 11 February 1930) is a British fashion designer.
In 1963, she won the Sunday Times International Fashion Award, and was chosen as Woman of the Year.
Quant is famous as a designer who invented the miniskirt and hot pants.
She was also instrumental in the mod fashion movement, and known for her use of pop art in fashion.
Born to Welsh parents in Blackheath, London, Quant went to Blackheath High School, then studied illustration at Goldsmiths College.
Her first employment was as a couture milliner (hat maker).
In November 1955, she teamed up with her husband, Alexander Plunket Greene, and a former solicitor, Archie McNair, to open a clothes shop on the Kings Road in Chelsea called Bazaar.
Bazaar's best sellers were small white plastic collars to brighten up black dresses or t-shirts.
Black stretch stockings were also popular.
Skirts had been getting shorter since about 1958 – a development Mary Quant thought was practical and liberating, allowing women to run for a bus.
The miniskirt, which she is most famous for, became one of the defining fashions of the 1960s.
The miniskirt was also developed separately by André Courrèges and John Bates, and there is disagreement as to who came up with the idea first.
Like most fashion, the short- and ever-shorter skirt was evolving already among fashion-minded young women: the designers who adapted it just helped spread the style and, in Quant's case, gave it a name.
Mary Quant named the miniskirt after her favourite make of car, the Mini.
She loved the car so much, she had one designed especially for her.
Undergarments and tights
Quant's first collection of underwear was designed to be worn with the miniskirt look.
She renamed the basics "booby traps and bacon savers" (bras and tights), which appealed to her young customers.
In addition to the miniskirt, Mary Quant is often credited with inventing the coloured and patterned tights (pantyhose) that often went with the miniskirt.
These are also attributed to Cristobal Balenciaga or John Bates.
Tights worn over briefs or bikini panties were an essential accessory to the miniskirt, because the older method of stockings plus suspenders was no longer suitable, and legs need to be covered for most of the year in Britain.
Often there would be a second pair of coloured short pants on top of the tights, for show.
A range of materials and colours were used for the tights.
In the late 1960s, Quant popularised hot pants.
Through the 1970s and 1980s she concentrated on household goods and make-up, rather than just her clothing lines.
At a talk at the Victoria and Albert Museum in 2007 she claimed to have invented duvet covers.
She is a Fellow of the Chartered Society of Designers, and winner of the Minerva Medal, the Society's highest award.
In 1963 Quant was the first winner of the 'Dress of the Year' award.
In 2000 she resigned as director of Mary Quant Ltd., her cosmetics company, after a Japanese buy-out.
There are over 200 Mary Quant Colour shops in Japan, where Quant fashions continue to enjoy popularity.
Mary Quant at the V&A Museum
V&A Museum History of 1960s fashion and textiles
Roméo et Juliette is a French opera in five acts by Charles Gounod, first performed in Paris, on April 27, 1867, libretto by Jules Barbier et Michel Carré, after Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
One of Gounod's most successful works, it contains his most beautiful and melodious music.
It is still regularly performed.
Juliette - soprano
Roméo - tenor
Frère Laurent - bass
Mercutio - baritone
Stephano - soprano
Gertrude - mezzo-soprano
Thybalt - tenor
Capulet - baritone
Roberta Peters (May 4, 1930 – January 18, 2017) is an American soprano.
She had a long and successful career at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.
She was particularly associated with light coloratura roles in Italian, French and German operas.
She made her unscheduled debut (as an emergency replacement) at the Metropolitan Opera, on November 17, 1950, as Zerlina in Don Giovanni, aged only 20 and having no previous stage experience.
The success was immediate.
Her well schooled voice, good looks and charming personality quickly made her a great favorite of this theatre where she was to sing regularly for 35 seasons.
Some of her most performed roles include; Susanna (Le nozze di Figaro), Despina (Cosi fan tutte), The Queen of the Night (The Magic Flute),  Rosina (Il barbiere di Siviglia), Adina (L'elisir d'amore), Norina (Don Pasquale), Lucia (Lucia di Lammermoor), Gilda (Rigoletto), Oscar (Un ballo in maschera), Nanetta (Falstaff), Olympia (Les contes d'Hoffmann), Sophie (Der Rosenkavalier), Zerbinetta (Ariadne auf Naxos), etc.
She also appeared abroad, notably at the Royal Opera House in London in 1951, as Arline in The Bohemian Girl, and later appeared at the Vienna State Opera, the Salzburg Festival, the Bolshoi in Moscow.
She also made several appearances on television, notably on The Ed Sullivan Show.
Roberta Peters retired from the stage in 1985, but continued to give recital until recent years.
She was briefly married to baritone Robert Merrill.
Peters died from Parkinson's disease on January 18, 2017 in Rye, New York.
She was 86.
The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia, edited by David Hamilton, Simon & Schuster, 1987.
Hannibal Alkhas (1930 – 2010) was a sculptor, painter and author.
He was born in 1930 in Iran into an ethnic Assyrian and Christian family and spent his childhood and teenage years in Kermanshah, Ahwaz and Tehran.
In 1951, Hannibal Alkhas moved to the United States in pursuit of his education and studied philosophy for three years at Loyola University of Chicago, Illinois.
In 1959, after the death of his father, the famous Assyrian writer Rabi Adai Alkhas, Hannibal Alkhas returned to Iran and began to teach painting, drawing, and art history at the Tehran School of Fine Arts for the next four years.
During this time he established the successful Gilgamesh gallery, the first modern art gallery in Iran where aspiring young artists were introduced.
Hannibal Alkhas has also created book illustrations, written poems and translated many poems to and from Assyrian.
His works have been displayed in numerous exhibitions in Iran, Europe, Canada, Australia and the US.
Hannibal Alkhas died on September 14, 2010 at the age of 80 in the United States.
He was suffering from cancer.
The blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) is a passerine songbird in the family Paridae.
It is 10.5 to 12 cm (4.2 to 4.8 inches) long.
The blue tit is a widespread and common resident breeder.
It lives throughout temperate and subarctic Europe and western Asia in deciduous or mixed woodlands.
It is a resident bird; most do not migrate.
Blue and great tits form mixed winter flocks, and the former are perhaps the better gymnasts on the slender twigs.
A blue tit will often ascend a trunk in short jerky hops, imitating a treecreeper.
As a rule the bird roosts in ivy or evergreens, but in hard weather will shelter in a hole.
Blue tits are very agile and can hang from almost anywhere.
The blue tit is a destroyer of pests.
It is fond of young buds of various trees, and may pull them to bits in the hope of finding insects.
It also eats leaf miner grubs and green tortrix moths (Tortricidae).
Seeds are eaten, as with all this family.
An interesting example of culturally transmitted learning in birds was the phenomenon dating from the 1960s of blue tits teaching one another how to open traditional British milk bottles with foil tops, to get at the cream underneath.
This behaviour has declined recently because of the replacement of doorstep delivery by supermarket purchases of milk, and by hard-topped containers instead of the old bottles.
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (Blue tit)
Blue tit videos, photos & sounds  on the Internet Bird Collection.
Crows form the genus Corvus in the family Corvidae.
They are medium to large sized birds, carnivores and scavengers.
The genus includes the crow (carrion crow or hooded crow), the rook, jackdaw, and the large common raven.
The genus has 40 or so members on all temperate continents except for South America, and some islands.
The Corvus makes up a third of the species in the Corvidae.
Crows appear to have evolved in Asia from corvid stock which had evolved in Australia.
The collective name for a group of crows is a flock or, more poetically, a murder.
Some crow species not only use tools but also make tools.
Crows are now thought to be, with parrots, among the world's most intelligent birds.
They have a brain size (adjusted for body size) as large as some apes.
The jackdaw and the European magpie have a nidopallium about the same relative size as the equivalent neocortex in chimpanzees, and significantly larger than is found in the gibbon.
Silver(I) sulfide, also known as silver sulfide and silver sulphide, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is Ag2S. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state.
It also contains sulfide ions.
It reacts with acids.
It is heavy.
It can irritate the skin.
It exists in the ground as acanthite and argentite.
It is also made when silver is in air containing hydrogen sulfide.
The oxygen in air cannot oxidize the silver directly; the hydrogen sulfide helps it.
It is the tarnish on silver items.
Silver nitrate is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is AgNO3.
It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state as an ion.
It also has nitrate.
Silver nitrate is a colorless crystalline solid.
Most silver compounds do not dissolve in water.
It can get dark if light shines on it.
Most of the times the silver ion is reduced, but sometimes the nitrate ion is reduced.
It reacts with copper to make silver crystals and copper(II) nitrate.
It turns into silver, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen when it is heated.
It is the least expensive silver compound.
It reacts with bases to make dark brown silver(I) oxide.
It is made by dissolving silver in nitric acid.
This produces nitrogen dioxide, so it should be done where the person can get fresh air.
It was used to separate silver and gold.
Gold does not dissolve in nitric acid.
It is used to make other silver compounds.
It reacts with chloride, bromide, and iodides to make white, cream, and yellow-colored solids.
It is also used as an oxidizing agent.
It can also be used to kill germs.
Silver nitrate is an oxidizing agent and should be kept away from chemicals that can burn.
It can burn and stain skin.
If too much is eaten, it can turn the skin blue.
Smokey Bear (also sometimes called Smokey the Bear) is a mascot of the United States Forest Service.
He was made to teach people that forest fires are dangerous and how people can prevent them.
An advertising campaign featuring Smokey was started in 1944 with the slogan, "Smokey Says – Care Will Prevent 9 out of 10 Forest Fires".
Smokey Bear's later slogan, "Remember... Only YOU Can Prevent Forest Fires", was made in 1947 by the Ad Council.
In April 2001, the message was changed to "Only You Can Prevent Wildfires".
According to the Ad Council, Smokey Bear and his message are recognized by 95% of adults and 77% of children in the U.S.
Smokey's correct name is Smokey Bear.
In 1952, the songwriters Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins made a famous song named "Smokey the Bear".
The pair said that "the" was added to Smokey's name to keep the song's rhythm.
This small change has made people curious ever since.
Smokey's name is spelled differently from the word smoky on purpose.
The fictional character Smokey Bear is run by three groups: the United States Forest Service, the National Association of State Foresters, and the Ad Council.
Smokey Bear's name and image are protected by U.S. federal law, the Smokey Bear Act of 1952 (16 U.S.C. 580 (p-2); 18 U.S.C. 711).
Beginning the campaign
Though the US Forest Service fought wildfires long before World War II, the war made doing it even more important.
The forest service began using colorful posters to teach Americans about the dangers of forest fires.
Since most physically fit men who were able to already were serving in the armed forces, there were few people who could stay back and put them out as a job.
The hope was that local communities, educated about the danger of forest fires, could prevent them from starting in the first place.
However, Japan saw wildfires as a possible weapon.
Forest fires could waste the time of people in the United States who could otherwise be involved in the war.
They could also destroy natural resources.
The government made advertisements about fire safety.
It decided to use a bear in the advertisement.
The bear was named "Smokey" after "Smokey" Joe Martin, a New York City Fire Department hero who suffered burns and blindness during a brave 1922 rescue.
Smokey's first poster was released on August 9, 1944.
It was drawn by Albert Staehle.
In the poster, Smokey was wearing jeans and a "forest ranger's hat"  (a campaign hat), pouring a bucket of water on a campfire.
The message underneath reads, "Smokey says – Care will prevent 9 out of 10 forest fires!"
The living symbol of Smokey
The living symbol of Smokey Bear was an American black bear who, in the spring of 1950, was caught in the Capitan Gap fire, a wildfire that burned  in the Capitan Mountains of New Mexico.
The cub was in the Lincoln National Forest.
Smokey had climbed a tree to get away from the fire, but his paws and hind legs had been burned.
He was rescued by a game warden after the fire.
At first, he was called "Hotfoot Teddy," but he was later renamed Smokey, after the mascot.
A local rancher who had been helping fight the fire took the cub home with him, but he needed care from a veterinarian.
New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Ranger Ray Bell took him to Santa Fe.
His wife, Ruth, and their children, Don and Judy, took care of the cub.
News services around the country wrote stories about the cub, and he became famous.
Soon after, Smokey was flown in a Piper Cub airplane to the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., where he lived for 26 years.
After he died on November 9, 1976, Smokey's remains were returned by the government to Capitan, New Mexico, and buried at what is now the Smokey Bear Historical Park.
Smokey as popular character
The character became a big part of American popular culture in the 1950s.
He appeared on radio programs, in comic strips and in cartoons.
In 1952, Congress passed the Smokey Bear Act, an act of Congress, was passed to remove the character from the public domain and place it under the control of the Secretary of Agriculture.
This meant that people had to have permission from the government to use pictures of Smokey.
In the 1960s, so many people wanted to write letters to Smokey that the US Postal Service issued him his own ZIP Code.
That code is 20252.
Parts of those letters have been published online.
In 2004, Smokey's 60th anniversary was celebrated.
According to Richard Earle, author of The Art of Cause Marketing, the Smokey Bear campaign is recognized one of the most powerful and lasting of all public service advertising. "
Smokey is simple, strong, straightforward," Earle writes. "
He's a denizen of those woods you're visiting, and he cares about preserving them.
Anyone who grew up watching Bambi realizes how terrifying a forest fire can be.
But Smokey wouldn't run away.
Smokey's strong.
He'll stay and fight the fire if necessary, but he'd rather have you douse it and cover it up so he doesn't have to."
SmokeyBear.com
Smokey Bear on Facebook
U.S. Forest Service National Symbols Program
The Real Smokey Bear  - slideshow by Life magazine
Smokey Bear and Fire Prevention via US Forest Service
Inventory of the Rudolph Wendelin Papers, 1930 - 2005  in the Forest History Society Library and Archives, Durham, NC
Smokey Bear Historical Park in Capitan, New Mexico
A collection of Smokey Bear and other forest fire-related posters
Burt Munro (25 March 1899 – 6 January 1978) was a motorcycle racer from New Zealand.
He began riding motorcycles when he was 15.
He is famous for setting a world record on 26 August 1967 with his motorcycle.
The speed was 295.453 km/h (183.59 mph).
To qualify he made a one-way run of 305.89 km/h (190.07 mph), the fastest-ever officially recorded speed on an Indian.
Letters from the hand of Burt Munro
Burt Munro: A New Zealand Legend
E Hayes and Sons: The World's Fastest Indian Exhibition (original motorcycles), The World's Fastest Indian Legend
A Tribute to H.J Munro, a.k.a "Burt" Munro
Indian Motorcycle website
, a documentary
New Zealand sportspeople
Lilongwe River is a river in Malawi flowing through Lilongwe.
Its length is near 200 kms and at mouth of the Lilongwe River is as lake called the Malawi Lake.
Geography of Malawi
Finches are passerine songbirds in the family Fringillidae.
They are mostly seed-eaters.
The scientific name Fringillidae comes from the Latin word fringilla for the Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), which is common in Europe.
• some species in the very similar-looking waxbills (family Passeridae, of the Old World tropics and Australia;
• several groups of the bunting and American sparrow family (Emberizidae);
• Darwin's 'finches' of the Galapagos Islands, which provided evidence of natural selection.
They are now recognized to be peculiar tanagers (Thraupidae).
Sub-families
Fringillinae: Fringilla
Carduelinae:
Grosbeaks
American rosefinches
Bullfinches
Arid-zone clade
Asian rosefinches
Goldfinch-canary-crossbill clade
Drepanidinae: Hawaiian honeycreepers
Euphoniinae: Euphonious finches
Silver(II) fluoride, also known as argentic fluoride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is AgF2.
It has silver in its +2 oxidation state.
It is a white or gray crystalline solid.
It is usually black or brown because of impurities.
It is one of the only silver compounds that is in the +2 oxidation state.
Most of the silver compounds are in the +1 oxidation state.
It should be stored in certain fluorinated plastics.
It reacts with xenon.
It also reacts with water to make oxygen and hydrofluoric acid.
It reacts with acids to make ozone.
It reacts with iodide to make iodide.
It also reacts with hydrogen peroxide to make oxygen.
Only a little is made each year.
Silver(II) fluoride is made by reacting fluorine with silver(I) oxide.
It can also be made by reacting silver(I) fluoride or silver chloride with fluorine.
Silver(II) fluoride is used to add fluoride to certain chemical compounds.
It is not used much because it is very expensive.
Silver(II) fluoride is very corrosive and toxic.
It reacts with water to make toxic hydrofluoric acid.
It also corrodes glass.
Katrina cottages are small houses designed and marketed in the United States in the wake of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005).
They were designed as a response to the inadequacies of the trailers issued to flood victims by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
The homes are designed to attempt to fulfill the needs of their occupants in a more permanent and weather-resistant manner, while addressing the challenges of building and protecting a home in the Gulf Coast region.
Some of the homes are elevated, on stilts, particularly in southern Louisiana and Mississippi, where much of the land currently used is near sea level, protected by levees, or prone to flooding by nearby rivers or coastal storm surges or high tides.
Though designs differ somewhat, the main factor for appearance is that Katrina cottages look like traditional homes in the area, reduced in size to lower costs and ease construction so that multiple units can be built quickly as needed.
The Katrina cottages are usually one-bedroom, shotgun-house designs, with a front porch that helps stabilize the house from strong winds.
Hence, they tend to be smaller than many house trailers, which have 2 or 3 bedrooms (as in a double wide trailer); however, the cottages are constructed of heavier materials to resist winds that would buckle the light-weight walls of mobile homes.
The best-known of these designs are those by Marianne Cusato, whose original "Katrina Cottage" made the term popular and received in 2006 the first annual People's Design Award from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of the U.S. Smithsonian Institution.
As Cusato's design and others gained increasing media attention, the number of designs has increased.
The home-improvement retailer Lowe's offers pre-packaged Katrina Cottage kits, including plans and all materials needed for construction.
A Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) pilot program accommodating 900 Mississippi coast families encountered some opposition from local government officials opposed to permanent small housing units, although Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour urged local officials to accept the cottages as safer than trailers, in high winds or moderate floods.
"The house that Katrina built", St. Petersburg Times, January 28, 2006.
"The little house that roared", San Francisco Chronicle, March 4, 2006.
"Lowe's Makes Katrina Cottages Available for Purchase", Architectural Record Digest, November 3, 2006.
Houses in the United States
Silver(I) fluoride is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is AgF. It contains silver in its +1 oxidations state.
It is a yellow-brown solid.
It can turn black when in moist air.
It is an oxidizing agent because of the silver ion.
Silver compounds can stain skin.
They are also oxidizing agents and should be kept away from metal.
Silver(I) carbonate is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is Ag2CO3.
It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state.
It also contains carbonate ions.
It reacts with acids to make carbon dioxide and a silver(I) salt.
Silver compounds can irritate skin.
If consumed, they may turn the skin blue.
Silver chloride is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is AgCl.
When it is exposed to light, it turns back into silver and chlorine.
It dissolves in several solutions, such as ammonia.
It is used in photographic film.
It darkens when exposed to light, which makes a picture.
It is also used in electrochemistry.
It is used as a disinfectant in bandages.
It is also used to make stained glass.
It can be used when someone is poisoned with mercury.
It can irritate skin.
It can also stain the skin.
Silver bromide is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is AgBr.
It also contains bromide ions.
It is a light yellow solid.
It darkens when light shines on it.
The darkening is because it turns into silver metal and bromine gas.
It reacts with ammonia to dissolve.
Many science studies are on this.
Scientists are figuring out how it changes color when light shines on it.
Potassium bromide is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is KBr.
It contains potassium and bromide ions.
When it is dilute, it tastes sweet; when it is a little concentrated, it tastes bitter; when it is very concentrated, it tastes salty.
This taste is because of the potassium ion.
It can be made by reacting hydrogen bromide with potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide.
It can also be made by reacting bromine and potassium metal.
This is very difficult, though.
It is used to put people to sleep (sedative).
It is also used to stop convulsions.
This is because of the bromide ion, not the potassium ion.
It is used to make silver bromide.
It is used to treat various animals.
Bromide ions can be toxic in large amounts.
Potassium ions can burn, similar to salt when someone eats too much.
Silver iodide is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is AgI. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state.
It also contains iodide ions.
Silver iodide is a yellow solid.
It turns dark when light is shined on it.
The darkening is caused by a chemical reaction.
The silver iodide turns into silver and iodine.
Silver iodide is sprinkled in clouds to make rain.