the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
17th and 18th centuries
Before the English Civil War in 1642, King Charles I said Newcastle could be the only town in the east of England which could send coal by ship.
This had a big impact on Sunderland, which was selling more and more coal.
This created resentment towards Newcastle and towards the idea of having a king.
When the civil war began, the mainly Protestant Sunderland sided with Parliament against the mostly Catholic Newcastle.
This was good for Sunderland's business, because Parliament blockaded (blocked) the Tyne.
This stopped the Newcastle coal trade and allowed the Sunderland coal trade to grow.
When an army from Scotland came to fight the King, its base was set up in Sunderland.
The River Wear was not very deep, so the coal had to be loaded onto big boats called keels and taken downriver to the coal ships which were called colliers.
In 1719, Sunderland and Bishopwearmouth were too big for the only parish church, which was in Bishopwearmouth.
A new parish of Sunderland was created and Holy Trinity, Sunderland parish church was built.
The three original settlements of Wearmouth (Bishopwearmouth, Monkwearmouth and Sunderland) had started to join up.
This was because of the success of the port of Sunderland as well as the salt panning and the shipbuilding along the banks of the Wear.
Around this time, Sunderland was also known as 'Sunderland-near-the-Sea'.
Local government was divided between the three churches (Holy Trinity, Sunderland, St. Michael's, Bishopwearmouth, and St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth).
When cholera broke out in 1831, the "select vestrymen", as the church councillors were called, did not know what to do about the epidemic.
Many were frightened to say that a disease has started because it might stop their businesses from making money.
They printed notices which said there was no disease in the town, and saying that the doctors who said that there was disease did not know what they were talking about.
Sunderland was a big trading port at the time.
It was the first British town to be affected by 'Indian cholera' epidemic.
The first victim, William Sproat, died on 23 October 1831.
Sunderland was put under quarantine, so that people could not leave the town.
The port was blockaded, so that ships could not spread the disease to other ports.
But in December of that year, cholera was in Gateshead and it spread across the country, killing about 32,000 people.
Jack Crawford was one of the first to die in the epidemic.
There are two statues honouring Jack, one in Mowbray Park near the Civic Centre, and the other next to Holy Trinity Church.
The river at Sunderland is in a narrow valley, and the town grew up on plateaus high above the river.
This meant it never had the problem of allowing people to cross the river without stopping high masted vessels.
Rowland Burdon MP pushed for the Wearmouth Bridge, which was built in 1796.
It was the second iron bridge ever built.
Only the famous Iron Bridge itself is older, but Wearmouth bridge was over twice as long and only three-quarters the weight of the Iron Bridge.
Wearmouth Bridge was the biggest single span bridge in the world.
Farther up the river, another bridge, the Queen Alexandra Bridge, was built in 1910, linking the areas of Pallion and Southwick.
It was designed for trains to run across, too, but the railway section was never completed.
Victoria Hall Disaster
The Victoria Hall was a large concert hall on Toward Road facing Mowbray Park.
On 16 June 1883, 183 children died.
During a variety show, children rushed down the stairs for treats.
At the bottom of the staircase, the door only opened inward and was bolted so that only one child at a time could get through.
The children pushed down the stairs to the door.
Those at the front were trapped, and were crushed by the weight of the crowd behind them.
The Victoria Hall disaster is still the worst of its kind in Britain.
A memorial statue, which is a crying mother holding a dead child, is now back in Mowbray Park with a protective canopy.
The newspaper reports of the tragedy were so shocking that an inquiry was set up.
This committee said that public buildings should have outward opening emergency exits.
This led to the invention of 'push bar' emergency doors.
This law still remains in full force to this day.
The Victoria Hall was used until 1941 when it was destroyed by a German bomb.
20th century to present
As the traditional industries have declined, electronics, chemicals, and paper making have replaced them.
Some of these new industries, are in Washington, which has more space to allow purpose built factories.
The Nissan car plant and the nearby North East Aircraft Museum are on the site of the old Sunderland Airport.
Since 1990, industries along the banks of the Wear have changed a lot.
Housing, shopping parks and business centres have been built where the shipbuilding yards were.
The National Glass Centre is also there, next to the University of Sunderland’s new "St Peter’s Campus".
On the south side of the river, the old Vaux Brewery site has been cleared so that new houses, shops and offices can be built close to the city centre.
Sunderland was the one of the most heavily bombed areas in England during World War II.
As a result, much of the town centre was rebuilt in a boring concrete style.
But some fine old buildings remain.
These include Holy Trinity, built in 1719 for an independent Sunderland, St. Michaels's Church, built as Bishopwearmouth Parish Church and now known as Sunderland Minster and St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, part of which dates from 674 AD, and was the original monastery.
Civic history
Sunderland was made a municipal borough of County Durham in 1835.
Under the Local Government Act 1888, it was given further status as a county borough with independence from county council control.
In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the county borough was abolished and its area combined with that of other districts to form the Metropolitan Borough of Sunderland in Tyne and Wear.
See City of Sunderland.
Sunderland has the motto of Nil Desperandum Auspice Deo.
This means Never Despair, Trust In God
Much of the city is on a low range of hills running parallel to the coast.
On average, it is around 80 metres above sea level.
Sunderland is divided by the River Wear which passes through the middle of the city in a deep valley, part of which is known as the Hylton gorge.
The only two road bridges connecting the north and south halves of the City are the Queen Alexandra Bridge at Pallion and the Wearmouth Bridge just to the north of the City centre.
A third bridge carries the A19 trunk road over the Wear to the West of the City.
Most of the suburbs of Sunderland are west of the city centre with 70% of its population living on the south side of the river and 30% on the north side.
The city extends to the seafront at Hendon and Ryhope (on the south) and Seaburn (on the north).
The area is part of the Anglican Diocese of Durham.
It has been in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle since the Catholic bishops returned in 1850.
Alphabetical street naming of suburbs
A: Farringdon
B: Town End Farm
C: Hylton Castle
D: Seaburn (some parts)
E: Carley Hill
F: Ford Estate
G: Grindon
H: Hylton Lane
K: Downhill
M: Moorside
P: Pennywell and Plains Farm
R: Red House
S: Springwell
T: Thorney Close
W: Witherwack
Sunderland has cool winters and warm summers.
Being on the coast, Sunderland is a little warmer in the winter than the national average, but a little cooler in summer.
As with most UK east-coast towns, Sunderland sometimes gets sea fog known locally as Fret.
This is most common in the summer months (April - September).
These frets can be very dense, are often very localised, and can appear and disappear in a matter of minutes.
The City of Sunderland is the 22nd largest borough in England and the largest in the North East.
However, as well as including the Sunderland it also includes a number of surrounding towns and villages, such as Washington, Houghton-le-Spring and Hetton-le-Hole.
In 2001, the most ethnically mixed ward of the city was the (now abolished) Thornholme area - just to the south of the city centre Thornholme included the suburbs of Ashbrooke and Eden Vale.
Here, 89.4% are white, 7.8% are Asian and 1.3% are mixed-race.
The least ethnically diverse wards are in the north of the city.
The area of Castletown is made up of 99.3% white, 0.4% Asian and 0.2% mixed-race.
Only 114 people of Jewish faith live in Sunderland.
There was no Jewish community before 1750, but then a number of Jewish businessmen from across the UK and Europe settled in Sunderland.
A Rabbi from Holland was working in the city in 1790.
The Jewish community has been shrinking since the mid 20th century.
Many Sunderland Jews left for bigger Jewish communities in Britain or to Israel.
The Jewish primary school, the Menorah School, closed in July 1983.
The synagogue on Ryhope Road (opened in 1928) closed at the end of March 2006.
Culture and attractions
Literature and art
Lewis Carroll often visited to the area.
He wrote most of "Jabberwocky" at Whitburn as well as "The Walrus and the Carpenter".
Some parts of the area are believed to be the inspiration for his Alice in Wonderland stories, such as Hylton Castle and Backhouse Park.
There is a statue to Carroll in Whitburn library.
Lewis Carroll was also a visitor to the Rectory of Holy Trinity Church, Southwick, beforeSouthwick became a part of Sunderland.
Carroll's connection with Sunderland, and the area's history, is documented in Bryan Talbot's 2007 graphic novel Alice in Sunderland.
The Manchester painter, L S Lowry, was another frequent visitor, staying in the Seaburn Hotel in Sunderland.
Many of his paintings of seascapes and shipbuilding are based on Wearside scenes.
The Northern Gallery for Contemporary Art on Fawcett Street and Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens have exhibitions and installations from new and established artists alike.
Sunderland Museum has a big collection of LS Lowry.
The National Glass Centre on Liberty Way also exhibits a number of glass sculptures.
Sunderland has produced a number of musicians that have gone on to reach international fame, most notably Dave Stewart of the Eurythmics.
Kenickie, which featured Lauren Laverne on vocals, also achieved a top ten album and wide critical acclaim in the mid-to-late-1990s.
In recent years, the underground music scene and the Sunderland Music Project have helped the likes of The Futureheads and Field Music gain national recognition.
In 2004, music magazine NME put Sunderland came 8th in a list of the "coolest" music places in the UK.
On the 7 and 8 May 2005, Sunderland hosted the BBC Radio 1 Big Weekend concert - the UK's largest free music festival.
The event was held at Herrington Country Park, in the shadow of Penshaw Monument and was attended by 30,000 visitors.
Sunderland does not have a big music venue such as the MetroRadio Arena or the Carling Academy in Newcastle.
The Empire Theatre sometimes plays host to music acts, and has attracted Deacon Blue and Journey South to the city in recent years.
McFly played there in April 2007.
In the past it has also welcomed major bands such as The Beatles and The Kinks.
Independent, a city centre nightclub/music venue, satisfies underground music lovers, having previously played host to Keane, Franz Ferdinand, Kasabian, Kaiser Chiefs, Maxïmo Park and Snow Patrol when they were largely unknown.
More recently, Doves and Tim Burgess have performed DJ sets on club nights, and in summer 2007 the club hosted gigs from established bands such as The Zutons and The Maccabees.
The Manor Quay, the students' union on the campus of the University of Sunderland has also hosted the Arctic Monkeys, Maxïmo Park, 911, the Levellers and Girls Aloud in the past three years.
Clint Boon sometimes deejays in indie venue Ku Club, and the Bluetones did a set there in 2006.
"CoSMOS", the City of Sunderland Millennium Orchestral Society’’ was set up in 2000 to mark the millennium.
The Sunderland Empire Theatre, opened in 1907, is the largest theatre in the North East.
It reopened in December 2004, following a big redevelopment, making the stage bigger.
Now it can stage West End shows such as Miss Saigon, Starlight Express and My Fair Lady.
The Empire is the only theatre between Leeds and Glasgow big enough to put on such shows.
The Royalty Theatre is the home to the (amateur) Royalty Theatre group who also put on a number of low-budget productions throughout the year.
Well-known movie producer David Parfitt belonged to this company before achieving worldwide fame.
Each year on the last weekend in July, the city hosts the Sunderland International Airshow.
It takes place along the sea front at Roker and Seaburn, and is attended by over 1.2 million people annually.
It is the largest free airshow in Europe.
HMS Ocean, a Helicopter Landing Ship is Sunderland's adopted Royal Navy ship.
The crew of HMS Ocean regularly visit the city.
At Christmas, Sunderland has a German market in the city centre selling German-made wooden goods, and German food.
It also hosts a large ice rink in Mowbray Park, which is part of the wider, regional North East Winter Festival.
The National Glass Centre opened in 1998, reflecting Sunderland's distinguished history of glass-making.
The centre has never been as successful as hoped.
Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens, on Borough Road, was the first publicly funded museum in the country outside London.
It was opened by Ulysses S. Grant shortly after he stopped being US President.
The museum has a big collection of the locally produced Sunderland Lustreware pottery.
The new City Library Arts Centre, on Fawcett Street, also houses the Northern Gallery for Contemporary Art.
The City of Sunderland has been commended several times on its commitment to preserving its natural environment.
Sunderland has won awards from the Britain in Bloom group in 1993, 1997 and 2000.
Economy and industry
See: List of companies in Sunderland
Sunderland is one of the most deprived cities in the North of England.
11 of the 25 wards featuring in the list of the 2000 most deprived wards in England.
The most deprived areas are Southwick to the north of the river and Thorney Close to the south - both with chronic levels of unemployment, although the city is performing better than the North East as a whole.
Traditional industry
Once called the "Greatest Shipbuilding Town in the World", ships were built on the Wear from at least 1346 onwards.
The Port of Sunderland was expanded in the 1850s when the Hudsons Dock were built for the River Wear Commissioners.
Robert Stephenson helped the engineers.
Competition from overseas caused a downturn in demand for Sunderland built ships toward the end of the twentieth century.
The last shipyard in Sunderland closed in 1988.
Sunderland, part of the Durham coalfield, has a coal-mining heritage that dates back centuries.
At the peak in 1923, 170,000 miners were employed in County Durham alone, as labourers from all over Britain, including many from Scotland and Ireland, entered the region.
As demand for coal fell after World War II, mines began to close across the region, causing mass unemployment.
The last coal mine closed in 1994.
The site of the last coal mine, Wearmouth Colliery, is now the Stadium of Light, and a miner's Stephenson lamp monument stands outside of the ground to honour the heritage of the site.
Glass has been made in Sunderland for around 1,500 years.
But overseas competition has forced the closure of all of Sunderland's glass-making factories.
Corning Glass Works was one of the last.
It was in Sunderland for 120 years, until 31 March 2007
Vaux Breweries was established in the town centre in the 1880s and for 110 years was a major employer.
The brewery was finally closed in July 1999.
Vaux in Sunderland and Wards Brewing Company in Sheffield had been part of the Vaux Group, when both breweries closed the group started to concentrate on its hotels which were in The Swallow Group.
In the autumn of 2000 even this was taken over by Whitbread PLC.
The giant Nissan factory moved in, and new service industries arrived.
Doxford International Business Park, in the south west of the city, has attracted a host of national and international companies.
The former shipyard areas along the River Wear have also been transformed.
Instead of the old industry new developments have been built, including:
St. Peter's Campus of the University of Sunderland;
North Haven, executive housing and marina at the old North Dock at Roker;
the National Glass Centre, by St. Peter's Church;
the Stadium of Light the 49,000-capacity home of Sunderland A.F.C.;
Hylton Riverside Retail Park, a large shopping outlet centre at Castletown.
Echo 24 luxury apartments near the city centre.
Sunderland Corporation's massive post-war housing estate developments, such as Farringdon, Pennywell, Grindon, Hylton Red House, Hylton Castle, Thorney Close and Town End Farm, together with earlier developments, have all passed into the ownership of Gentoo (once caleed Sunderland Housing Group), a private company and a "Registered Social Landlord".
Since the transfer in 2000 there have been a lot of improvements to the quality of social housing in the city.
The central business district of Sunderland has also been redeveloped and improveed.
In 2000, The Bridges shopping centre was extended to attract national chain stores.
In November 2004, after several years with no cinema, a Cineworld multiplex opened in the new River Quarter, an entertainment complex towards the east of the City Centre.
The Cinema was taken over by the Empire Multiplex Cinema Company in mid 2006.
The previous ABC Cinema, situated on the corner of Park Lane and Holmeside, had been derelict for a number of years until it reopened late in 2005 as The Point, with three bars and the Union nightclub.
The arrival of Roy Keane as Sunderland AFC's new manager in August 2006 has had a massive impact in Sunderland's once limited tourism industry.
Keane has proved a big pull for the city in terms of attracting tourists to Sunderland, with the Tourism Office reporting a dramatic rise in the number of football fans coming to the city "mentioning his name" as early as October 2006, just six weeks after Keane's appointment as manager.
Airline Ryanair, moreover, recorded a 10% increase in passenger numbers travelling to Newcastle Airport on Fridays before a Sunderland home game, some 600 more than on other Fridays.
The Tourism Office believes Keane's attachment to the city is causing a knock-on effect on local restaurants, bars and attractions in that more tourists are "making a weekend of it" after watching the football.
Sunderland station was rebuilt in November 1965 for football teams and officials from countries who were playing at Roker Park when England hosted the 1966 World Cup.
It is served by Northern Rail services between Newcastle and Middlesbrough, and Grand Central services to York and London
In 2002, the Tyne and Wear Metro system was extended to Sunderland.
The local Metro ends at South Hylton after calling at Sunderland Rail Station and Park Lane Bus Station.
Metro trains are quite frequent and travel between Newcastle International Airport and Newcastle upon Tyne in the north and South Hylton at the southern end of the line.
However, the Metro extension has not been viewed as a huge success with frequency of services cut due to a lack of demand.
A multimillion-pound transport interchange at Park Lane was opened on 2 May 1999 by the then Brookside actor Michael Starke.
With 750,000 passengers per year it is the busiest bus and coach station in Britain after Victoria Station in Central London, and has won several design awards.
A new Metro station was built underneath the bus concourse to provide a direct interchange as part of the extension to South Hylton in 2002.
There are a number of cycle routes that run through and around Sunderland.
The National Cycle Network National Route 1 runs from Ryhope in the south, through the centre of the city, and then along the coast towards South Shields.
Britain's most popular long distance cycle route - The 'C2C' Sea to Sea Cycle Route - traditionally starts (or ends) when the cyclist dips their wheel in the sea on Roker beach.
The 'W2W' 'Wear-to-Walney' route, and the 'Two-Rivers' (Tyne and Wear) route also end in Sunderland.
Famous residents
Developer of the electric lightbulb Joseph Swan, agony aunt Denise Robertson, rockers 'The Futureheads' and Alex Kapranos of 'Franz Ferdinand', Civil liberty campaigner Chris Mullin MP, radio DJ and singer Lauren Laverne, football manager Bob Paisley, actor James Bolam, movie producer David Parfitt, lead singer of 'Olive' Ruth-Ann Boyle, author Lewis Carroll, artist LS Lowry, journalist Kate Adie, and the Venerable Bede are a few of the many famous people born in or associated with Sunderland.
For a more detailed list, see List of famous residents of Sunderland.
Port cities and towns of England
Settlements in Tyne and Wear
Dido 814-c.760 BC -queen
Hanno I c.580-c.556 BC
Malchus c.556-c.550 BC
Mago I c.550-c.530 BC
Hasdrubal I c.530-c.510 BC
Hamilcar I c.510-480 BC
Hanno II 480-440 BC
Himilco I (in Sicily) 460-410 BC
Hannibal I 440-406 BC
Himilco II 406-396 BC
Mago II 396-375 BC
Mago III 375-344
Hanno III 344-340
Hanno the Great 340-337 BC
Gisco 337-330 BC
Hamilcar II 330-309 BC
Bomilcar 309-308 BC
In 480 BC, following Hamilcar I's death, the King lost most of his power to an aristocratic Council of Elders.
In 308 BC, Bomilcar attempted a coup (rebellion) to restore the monarch to full power, but failed, which led to Carthage becoming in name as well as in fact a republic.
Lists of heads of state
Wilhelm Busch (born April 15, 1832 in Wiedensahl, near Hannover; died January 9, 1908 in Mechtshausen) was a German painter and poet who is known for his satirical picture stories.
Wilhelm Busch also wrote a number of poems in a style similar to his picture stories.
Besides that he produced more than 1,000 oil paintings that were not sold until after his death in 1908.
(with the year of publication)
1859 Die kleinen Honigdiebe
1864 Bilderpossen
1865 Max and Moritz
1866 Schnaken und Schnurren
1867 Hans Huckebein der Unglücksrabe
1868 Schnaken und Schnurren, part II
1869 Schnurrdiburr oder die Bienen Braun
1870  Saint Antonius of Padua
1872 Schnaken und Schnurren, part III
1872 Die fromme Helene
1872 Bilder zur Jobsiade
1872 Pater Filuzius
1873 Der Geburtstag oder die Partikularisten
1874 Dideldum!
1874 Critique of the Heart (orig.
Kritik des Herzens)
1875 Adventures of a Bachelor (orig.
Abenteuer eines Junggesellen)
1876 Herr und Frau Knopp
1877 Julchen
1878 Die Haarbeutel
1879 Fipps der Affe
1881 Stippstörchen für Äuglein und Öhrchen
1881 Der Fuchs.
Die Drachen. -
Zwei lustige Sachen
1882 Plisch und Plum
1883 Balduin Bählamm, der verhinderte Dichter
1884 Maler Klecksel
1891 Eduards Traum
1893 Von mir über mich (autobiography)
1895 Der Schmetterling
1904 Zu guter Letzt
1908 Hernach
1909 Schein und Sein
1910 Ut ôler Welt (legends)
List of German painters
Collection of known works (Gutenberg Project Germany)
Biography and works (in German)
Electronic sports (Also called esports) is term for video games that are played competitively.
Popular electronic sports games are Counter-Strike, League of Legends, Warcraft, Starcraft, Dota 2, Quake, Fortnite and Valorant.
Electronic Sports is played over the Internet or via LAN.
There are professional leagues and tournaments like the Cyberathlete Professional League, ClanBase, Electronic Sports League and the World Cyber Games where electronic sports players can earn thousands of US Dollars.
One example is Starcraft in Korea where they have many players who are very competitive.
According to TechCrunch the game maker Epic Games is  providing $100 million in prize money in 2019 for participants in esports.
Sports video games
Marklohe is a municipality in  Lower Saxony, Germany.
It is an amt in the district of Nienburg (Weser) in Lower Saxony.
Marklohe has about 4000 habitants.
A skunk is a mammal, usually black with a white stripe on its back and a fluffy tail, but some skunks can be brown or gray.
Its most special part is that it can shoot out a bad-smelling spray from under its tail; it does this to scare away things that could hurt it.
Some people keep skunks as pets.
It can eat both plants and small animals like earthworms, frogs, snakes, birds and eggs.
It usually eats berries, leaves, grasses and nuts.
In places where humans live, skunks often steal food from garbage or pet bowls.
The striped skunk is the most well-known kind of skunk.
It weighs 2.5 to 14 pounds (1.2–6.3 kg) with a body length (without the tail) of 13 to 18 inches (33–46 cm).
The tail is 7 to 10 inches long (18–25 cm), and sometimes has a white tip.
The cerebellum works mainly to control balance and coordinate movement.
It combines signals from eyes, muscle spindles, and ears with motor commands from the forebrain and helps to coordinate control of the body.
More advanced regions of the human cerebellum may be crucial to language and mental dexterity.
Bands of axons extend from the cerebellum into the pons.
Anatomy of the brain
Sustainable development''' is a way for people to use resources without the resources running out.
It means doing development without damaging or affecting the environment.
Everyone wants a better place to live.
Some people want better homes and housing, while other people want better schools, more jobs, better shops, or cleaner and safer streets.
Others may want all these things.
Whatever the problems in any neighbourhood, they can usually be grouped into three issues.
People need:
a better environment – that means green spaces, play areas, no litter, nice gardens, decent houses, less noise and pollution.
The resources used should renew over generations.
a better economy – that means jobs, reasonable prices, cheaper heat and light, no loan sharks
better social conditions – that means good leisure facilities, lots of community groups offering sports and arts, friendly neighbours.
But many people now realise that if we are to tackle one issue, then we'll probably have to tackle the others as well.
For instance, new shops are unlikely to open in an area where crime and poverty levels are very high.
Similarly crime is unlikely to fall in an area where the housing has been improved unless there are jobs available.
People may move into an area where housing and jobs are available, but if the surroundings are run-down and public transport is poor, they may well not want to stay
This is not just a local issue.
The same problems are faced at a national level.
If the governments of the world are to deal with poverty, they do not just need to provide money and food aid, they need to help local people get educated and get jobs.
People also need a safe environment with adequate homes and drinking water.
To make these things work, governments also need to make sure that people have an effective voice in deciding what happens where they live.
This approach is called ‘sustainable development’.
While this phrase can be confusing, it's now used in many government documents and in funding programmes.
Sustainable development has three parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and sociopolitical sustainability.
Most people in the rich nations have most of these needs, but there are still many people living in poverty and in poor quality homes.
Even if these basic needs are met there are still plenty of ways in which their ‘quality of life’ is under threat: from crime, from pollution, or from living in neighbourhoods where no-one in authority seems to care.
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".
This is a definition offered by the famous World Commission on Environment and Development in its report Our Common Future.
Appropedia - a Wiki focused on sustainable international development and poverty reduction
Sustainable Development in Amazonia
Ribose is a five-carbon sugar.
It is found in RNA (ribonucleic acid).
D-Ribose is taken as a herbal supplement.
Victims of fibromyalgia often report reduced pain and increased energy with little or no side effects.
Sir Henry Royce was born 27 March 1863 and died 22 April 1933.
He made cars, and with Charles Stewart Rolls started the Rolls-Royce company.
Seizure can also refer to the act of taking hold of property, for this meaning see Seizure (law)
A seizure happens when the nerves in a person's brain act strangely.
Nerves send information, partly through electrical signals.
Usually, nerves in the brain (called neurons) do not fire at the same time.
During a seizure, groups of nerves start firing together, too fast.
This causes there to be too much disorganized electrical activity in the brain.
Most people think a person with a seizure will shake and twitch.
Some will, but there are also other kinds of seizures.
Types of Seizures
There are many different types of seizures.
They are named by how much of the brain they affect and what happens to the person when they are having that type of seizure.
Partial seizures
In partial seizures, only a small part of the brain is involved in the seizure.
These seizures can be more specifically called:
Simple partial: The person stays awake the whole time the seizure is happening.
They may twitch (especially in just one part of their body), feel dizzy, or smell and taste things that are not there.
Complex partial: The person "zones out" during the seizure and may seem confused, experience deja vu, laugh, feel afraid, see things that are not there, or smell something bad.
The person may also do something over and over again, like button and rebutton a shirt.
Generalized seizures
In generalized seizures, a larger part of the brain is involved in the seizure.
Often, parts of both hemispheres (halves of the brain) are affected.
Tonic-clonic - The person faints, and starts having involuntary jerking motions.
They may bite their tongue, scream, drool, urinate or defecate.
Many people with this kind of seizures have a "strange feeling" before the seizure.
This feeling is called aura.
Tonic-clonic seizures can last up to 20 minutes.
Absence - People having absence seizures often look like they are just "spaced out."
They do not fall to the ground or have jerking movements, but they do not seem to hear or notice anything around them.
Other people may not notice that the person is having a seizure at all.
The person may simply freeze in place and pick up where they left off when the seizure is over.
The person having the seizure usually does not remember it afterward.
This kind of seizure only lasts up to 10 seconds.
Myoclonic - A myoclonic jerk is a sudden jerking motion, usually on both sides of the body.
This kind of seizure is most common in children under 5.
Myoclonic seizures can be seen in adults, who tend of have myoclonic jerks when they are falling asleep or already asleep.
Children can have these myoclonic jerks while awake.
Status epilepticus: A medical emergency
Status epilepticus is a medical emergency.
A person is "in status" when:
They have a seizure that lasts more than five minutes; OR
They have more than one seizure without recovering in between.
Status epilepticus is a medical emergency because the brain will not get enough oxygen during a long seizure.
This can cause brain damage or death.
What Causes Seizures?
Certain types of seizures point to a disorder called epilepsy, where the nerves do not work as they should.
They carry the wrong messages to the brain so that the person moves uncontrollably or sees, hears, smells, feels, or tastes things that are not there.
Medicine can be taken to prevent this from happening.
Infections in the brain, like meningitis (infection of the brain's lining) or encephalitis
This usually only causes seizures in children from 3 months to 6 years old.
Seizures that are caused by fever are called febrile seizures.
Children usually grow out of them.
However, an adult can have a seizure from a very high fever.
Very low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia)
Certain types of medicines or drugs, or drug withdrawal (suddenly not taking a medicine or drug any more)
This includes suddenly not taking anti-seizure medicines (medicines that are supposed to prevent seizures)
Drinking too much alcohol
Overdosing on stimulant drugs like methamphetamine or cocaine
Alcohol withdrawal (when a person who normally drinks a lot suddenly stops drinking)
In the worst cases, this can cause a medical emergency called delirium tremens, which can cause status epilepticus
Other causes
Injuries to the head or brain
Anything that causes the brain to not get enough oxygen, like drowning, being strangled, having a very bad asthma attack, having the heart stop, or smoke inhalation (breathing in too much smoke from a fire)
Heat stroke (a medical emergency that happens when the body and brain get very hot)
Possible first aid
Most seizures only last a short time.
The best thing to do is to prevent the person with the seizure from injury.
During a seizure, reflexes do not work, and the people with the seizure do not have control over their muscles.
Epilepsy, a condition that commonly causes seizures
Benign neonatal seizures (a cause of seizures in infants)
Aura - a strange feeling that occurs just before a seizure.
January 14 – Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence.
May 6 – Roger of Wendover, Benedictine monk and chronicler of St Albans Abbey dies.
His chronicle is continued by Matthew Paris.
September 22 – Lithuanians and Semigallians beat Livonian Brothers of the Sword in Battle of Siauliai
Volga Bulgaria is conquered by Mongol khan Batu.
Córdoba was retaken for Christianity as part of the Reconquista in 1236, and became a centre of activity against the remaining Islamic population.
Accession of Razia al-Din to the Sultanate of Delhi.
Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti,a Sufi Saint.
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Battle of the Sit River was fought in the northern part of the present-day Yaroslavl Oblast of Russia between the Mongol Hordes of Batu Khan and the Russians under Yuri II of Vladimir during the Mongol invasion of Russia.
In the Iberian peninsula, James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia September 28 from the Moors; the Moors retreat to Granada.
Mongols seize Moscow, at that time a small town.
Peterborough Cathedral is consecrated.
The Khmers are expelled from Luang Phrabang in Laos.
The Sukhothai kingdom is founded in Thailand.
The seat of the patriarchate of Aquileia is transferred to Udine.
Simon de Montfort marries Eleanor, sister of Henry III of England.
The Battle of Örlygsstaðir takes place – it is the largest armed conflict in the history of Iceland
A profession is a job at which someone works and for which they have had training.
It is what they do to get money or a living.
People often study for years to do their job.
Medieval Europe recognized three professions: divinity, medicine, and law.
These were called "learned professions".
In modern times other occupations such as teacher or engineer are often called "learned".
Sometimes "profession" only means learned professions, but the word may also be used for other jobs.
Someone who works in a profession is called a professional.
Sometimes this is in contrast to amateur which means someone who does similar things but is not paid.
The International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) is a system introduced by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
It was introduced  to allow people to communicate how serious a nuclear accident is.
Other people are then able to react faster  to take protection measures.
For each level, there is a list of criteria (things) that must be there, for the accident to be of that level.
7Major accident(maximum credible accident)
6Serious accident
5Accident with off-site risk
4Accident without off-site risk
3Serious incident
2Incident
1Anomaly
0Deviation, no safety relevance
Level 7 is the highest level.
Accidents of this type have a large impact (pollution, radiation) outside the site where they occur.
The health of many people is put in danger.
There are big effects on the environment.
Examples: Fukushima nuclear disaster - 2011, Chernobyl disaster (former Soviet Union) - 1986.
Level 6 Accidents of this type have a large impact (pollution, radiation) outside the site where they occur.
Several governments may need to take the full set of countermeasures to protect their population.
Example: Mayak (former Soviet Union)- 1957.
Level 5 Accidents of this type do release some radiation.
Some groups of people which are at risk may need special countermeasures.
Examples: Windscale fire (United Kingdom) - 1957, Three Mile Island accident (United States) - 1979.
The Levels 5-7 are related to severe damage of the reactor core and the radiological barriers.
Level 4 is related to significant damage of the reactor core / radiological barriers and/or a fatal exposure of a worker (or more), but the off-site impact is minor, resulting in public exposure of the order of the prescribed limits.
Examples: Windscale (United Kingdom) - 1973, Saint-Laurent (France) - 1980, Buenos Aires (Argentina) - 1983.
Level 3 is characterized by very small off-site impact, although related to severe spread of contamination on-site / acute health effects to a worker (or more).
It is a "near accident" event, when no safety layers are remaining.
Example: Vandellos (Spain) - 1989, THORP plant Sellafield (United Kingdom) - 2005.
International Nuclear Event Scale , IAEA
International Nuclear Event Scale, User's Manual , IAEA, 2001
Hafnarfjörður is a city found on the western coast of Iceland.
It is about 10 kilometres south of Reykjavík.
It is the third biggest city in Iceland..  Around 25,400 people were living in Hafnarfjörður as of 2008.
Town website page on the 'hidden people'
Cities in Iceland
Municipalities of Iceland
Level might refer to;
Level (tool), a tool used to see if a surface is flat
Level (concept), a certain ''degree of knowledge or skill
Level (video game), a place the player must get through without losing to advance to the next one
Bloomington is a city in McLean County, Illinois, United States.
It is considered a "Twin City" of Normal, Illinois.
It is probably best known as the headquarters of State Farm Insurance.
May 15– Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which allows the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.
Torture is soon used widely across Catholic Europe.
The first European gold coins are minted in the Italian city of Florence, and are known as florins.
The Polish land of Lebus is made a part of the German state of Brandenburg, beginning Brandenburg's expansion into previously Polish areas (Neumark).
The Swedish city of Stockholm is founded by Birger Jarl.
The Lithuanian city of Klaipėda is founded by the Teutonic Knights.
The town and monastery of Orval in Belgium burns to the ground; rebuilding takes 100 years.
Thomas Aquinas travels to the University of Paris to begin his studies there for a master's degree.
In astronomy, work begins on the recording of the Alfonsine tables.
Giverny is a village in Normandy, France.
It was the temporary home of Claude Monet.
At Giverny Monet paintings became much more popular.
Here he painted the famous "Poppy Field Near Giverny", Grain stacks" and "The Japanese Bridge":
Painting of Giverny
Communes in Eure
Fort Collins is a city in the U.S. state of Colorado.
It is near the Cache la Poudre River and home of Colorado State University.
Silver Spring is a community in the U.S. state of Maryland.
It is a suburb of Washington, DC.
It is the fourth biggest place in Maryland by population.
Its estimated population in 2013 was 76,716.
Francis Preston Blair founded Silver Spring in 1840.
Silver Spring Stations
Cities in Maryland
1840 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maryland
Iraq is a country in southwestern Asia.
Iraq borders with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait to the south, Turkey to the north, Syria to the north-west, Jordan to the west, and Iran to the east.
Iraq has been known by the Greek name Mesopotamia which means (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC.
The region between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing.
Iraq was part of several empires, some were Safavid, and Afsharid.
During the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I, British Empire troops conquered the Ottoman Empire provinces of Basra and Baghdad and later added the province of Mosul to make Iraq.
The Kurdistan Region is an autonomous region.
The Kurds have their own culture and speak the Kurdish language.
Ethnic Kurds make up the north’s population a majority.
From 1968 to 2003, Iraq was run by the Ba'ath Party.
Saddam Hussein was the President from 1979 until the disbandment of the Ba'ath Party.
After the 1990 invasion of  Kuwait many countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, France, Italy, Pakistan, and others fought to free Kuwait.
Later, some agents believed to be sent by Saddam Hussein tried to kill former President George H. W. Bush with a truck bomb in Kuwait.
The Kurdistan Region gained autonomy in the 1990’s.
Kurdistan region has its own parliament.
The March 2003 invasion of Iraq was led by American, British, Australian, Danish and Polish forces.
They forced the Ba'ath Party to surrender.
The publicly stated reason for the invasion was that Saddam Hussein refused to let United Nations inspectors look for suspected nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.
In the past, Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons to kill the Kurds.
Iraq had done research in making biological and nuclear weapons.
The country was initially split into 3 zones, the American zone, the British zone, and the Polish zone similar to the way Germany was divided in 1945.
Forces from Denmark controlled areas in the British zone.
A new temporary government was formed on June 28, 2004.
The coalition forces were in the country.
There were many U.S., British and multi-national troops in the country until December 15, 2011 when the Iraq War had ended.
Tensions between religious groups (Shia and Sunni Muslims, as well as Christians) lead to a great deal of instability in the country.
The country area lies between two rivers; for this reason the area was called Mesopotamia in ancient ages.
The rivers Euphrates and Tigris bound what is called the Fertile Crescent.
Iraq also has a small coastline along the Persian Gulf, and this coastline was considered the heart of the petroleum trade in Iraq before the First Gulf War.
The weather is extremely hot and dry because Iraq is far from seas and oceans and even the close ones are blocked by mountains so that the rainy wind can not reach the inlands.
This region has fertile land because of the two rivers.
Iraq is divided into 18 provinces (muhafazah).
Iraq has a large amount of oil.
Iraq is the world's number four in petroleum production and the world's number two in petroleum reserves.
In the past, Iraq sold much of this oil to other countries.
After Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, the United Nations stopped Iraq from selling the oil.
The United Nations later allowed Iraq to sell some oil to buy food, clothes, and medicine so the people would not suffer as much.
This was called the "Oil-for-Food" program.
A neutron star is a very small and dense star made almost completely of neutrons.
They are small stars with a radius of about 1111.5 kilometres.
They have a mass of about twice that of the Sun.
They are the smallest and densest stars known to exist in the Universe.
They are what is left of a huge star which exploded as a supernova.
The density of the star is like that of the nucleus of an atom.
They have strong magnetic fields, between 108 and 1015 times as strong as that of Earth.
The gravitational field at the neutron star's surface is about 2×1011 times stronger than on Earth.
To imagine how dense a neutron star is, take all of the mass of our sun (which has a diameter of ) and push it down into a size that would fit into a ball with a  diameter.
Another way to understand the density is this: one teaspoon of matter from the neutron star would weigh 6 billion tons.
Neutron stars spin very fast, from 0.001 second up to 30 seconds to turn.
They come in different types.
They may emit beams of electromagnetic radiation as pulsars.
Other types are magnetars and binary pulsars.
They are more than 600,000 degrees Kelvin in temperature.
Neutron stars that can be observed are very hot and typically have a surface temperature of around .
Looking for the origin of a supernova, they suggested that in supernova explosions ordinary stars are turned into stars that consist of extremely closely packed neutrons, which they called neutron stars.
Baade and Zwicky suggested that the release of the gravitational binding energy of the neutron stars powers the supernova: "In the supernova process, mass in bulk is annihilated".
Neutron stars were thought to be too faint to be detectable.
Little work was done on them until November 1967, when Franco Pacini (1939–2012) pointed out that if the neutron stars were spinning and had large magnetic fields, then electromagnetic waves would be emitted.
Radio astronomer Antony Hewish and his research assistant Jocelyn Bell at Cambridge soon detected radio pulses from stars that are now  known as pulsars.
In humans, a parent is the mother or the father figure of a child.
They are either biologically or legally related to the person.
When parents separate and choose who takes care of a child it is called custody.
Parents who fail in their duty may be guilty of child abuse.
Lee Hsien Loong (b. 10 February 1952) is the current Prime Minister of Singapore.
His father is Lee Kuan Yew, first Prime Minister of Singapore.
Lee Hsien Loong was born in Kandang Kerbau Hospital (presently known as KK Women's and Children's Hospital).
He is the first child of Lee Kuan Yew and Kwa Geok Choo.
In August 2004, Goh Chok Tong stepped down as Prime Minister, while Lee Hsien Loong took over the position.
He then became the General Secretary of People's Action Party (PAP).
Background and education
His grandmother (father's side), Chua Jim Neo is a Hokkien Nyonya.
His mother's ancestors are from Tong'an District, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
Studied at Nanyang Primary School, Catholic High School and National Junior College.
In 1971, Lee joined the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF).
Lee was promoted to very high rank quickly in the Singapore Army.
In July 1983, he became the youngest Brigadier General in Singapore.
He left SAF in 1984.
Early political life
In the 1980s, Lee Kuan Yew said he will step down as Prime Minister in 1984.
Lee Hsien Loong was considered in the list of new leaders in PAP.
In 1984, at 32, He was elected an MP.
His father immediately assigned him as a Minister of State for some ministries.
From 2008 to 2012, Lee's salary is S$3.87 million every year.
He had a salary increase of 25%, it was originally S$3,091,200.
In January 2012, his salary was reduced to S$2.2 million due to the public then complaining about his unfair salary.
But, he is still the prime minister with the highest salary in the world.
Wong Ming Yang, Lee's first wife is a Malaysian-born doctor who was married in 1978.
He has two children - Li Xiuqi and Li Yipeng.
Three weeks after giving birth to Lee's first son, Li Yipeng, an albino, she died of heart attack on 28 October 1982, at 31 years old.
While married to Ho Ching once again, a civil servant who went on to become CEO of Temasek Holdings in 1985, Lee Hsien Loong has another two more sons - Li Hongyi and Li Haoyi.
Ho Ching's first son, Li Hongyi, won the Lee Kuan Yew Award for Math & Science in 2006.
Also in 2006, he became an officer of SAF.
Lee Hsien Loong has been diagnosed with lymphoma in 1992, and subsequently prostate cancer in February 2018.
People's Action Party (Singapore) politicians
Prime Ministers of Singapore
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
Adam and Eve are the parents of all humans in the Abrahamic religions.
In the Book of Genesis in the Bible, as well as the Qu'ran and the Aqdas, they are the first two people made by God.
The Bible says that the Devil entered into the Garden of Eden as a serpent and tempted Eve.
The Tempter convinced Eve to go against God's command.
Satan told her that God knew that Eve would become self-aware and have the same knowledge as God had if she ate from the fruit of the tree.
When Adam and Eve sinned, they were cast out of the Garden of Eden and cursed with pain, death, and sickness.
When Adam and Eve were cast out, so was the one who tempted them, Satan.