the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Noh Jung-Yoon (born 28 March 1971) is a South Korean professional athlete.
He was a member of the Korean national team.
|1993||rowspan="5"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||28||6||4||2||2||1||34||9
|1994||36||10||3||0||1||0||40||10
|1995||38||13||5||1||colspan="2"|-||43||14
|1996||24||5||5||2||4||0||33||7
|1997||12||2||2||1||3||0||17||3
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|NAC Breda||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||9||0||||||||||9||0
|1998/99||16||1||||||||||16||1
|1999||rowspan="3"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||27||0||2||0||2||0||31||0
|2000||25||4||1||0||4||0||30||4
|2001||12||1||0||0||1||0||13||1
|2001||rowspan="2"|Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||13||2||0||0||0||0||13||2
|2002||J. League 2||33||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||33||5
|2003||rowspan="2"|Busan I'cons||rowspan="2"|K-League||27||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||2
|2004||20||1||1||2||10||3||31||6
|2005||rowspan="2"|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i||rowspan="2"|K-League||23||0||1||0||12||0||36||0
|2006||8||0||0||0||0||0||8||0
Total||44||5
People from Incheon
Guido Buchwald (born 24 January 1961) is a former German football player.
|1979/80||rowspan="4"|Stuttgarter Kickers||rowspan="4"|2.
Bundesliga||33||1||||||||||33||1
|1980/81||38||8||||||||||38||8
|1981/82||38||5||||||||||38||5
|1982/83||37||4||||||||||37||4
|1983/84||rowspan="11"|Stuttgart||rowspan="11"|Bundesliga||34||3||||||||||34||3
|1984/85||15||4||||||||||15||4
|1985/86||32||1||||||||||32||1
|1986/87||33||2||||||||||33||2
|1987/88||30||1||||||||||30||1
|1988/89||30||1||||||||||30||1
|1989/90||28||5||||||||||28||5
|1990/91||21||3||||||||||21||3
|1991/92||37||5||||||||||37||5
|1992/93||33||1||||||||||33||1
|1993/94||32||2||||||||||32||2
|1994||rowspan="4"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||20||2||3||0||2||0||25||2
|1995||51||4||3||0||colspan="2"|-||54||4
|1996||24||3||4||0||12||0||40||3
|1997||32||2||0||0||6||0||38||2
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Karlsruhe||Bundesliga||9||0||||||||||9||0
Bundesliga||31||3||||||||||31||3
|1992||13||1
|1993||10||2
Total||76||4
Alemannia Aachen managers
Edwin van der Sar (born 29 October 1970) is a Dutch former football player.
|1990/91||rowspan="9"|Ajax||rowspan="9"|Eredivisie||9||0||||||colspan="2"|-||0||0||9||0
|1991/92||0||0||||||colspan="2"|-||0||0||0||0
|1992/93||19||0||||||colspan="2"|-||3||0||22||0
|1993/94||32||0||||||colspan="2"|-||6||0||38||0
|1994/95||33||0||||||colspan="2"|-||11||0||44||0
|1995/96||33||0||||||colspan="2"|-||11||0||44||0
|1996/97||33||0||||||colspan="2"|-||10||0||43||0
|1997/98||33||1||||||colspan="2"|-||8||0||41||1
|1998/99||34||0||||||colspan="2"|-||6||0||40||0
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Juventus||rowspan="2"|Serie A||32||0||||||colspan="2"|-||4||0||36||0
|2000/01||34||0||||||colspan="2"|-||6||0||40||0
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Fulham||rowspan="4"|Premier League||37||0||4||0||0||0||0||0||41||0
|2002/03||19||0||0||0||0||0||11||0||30||0
|2003/04||37||0||6||0||0||0||0||0||43||0
|2004/05||34||0||5||0||1||0||0||0||40||0
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Manchester United||rowspan="5"|Premier League||38||0||2||0||3||0||8||0||51||0
|2006/07||32||0||3||0||0||0||12||0||47||0
|2007/08||29||0||4||0||0||0||10||0||43||0
|2008/09||33||0||2||0||0||0||9||0||44||0
Total||130||0
Sportspeople from South Holland
Morishima was born in Hiroshima on April 30, 1972.
After graduating from Tokai University Daiichi High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yanmar Diesel (later Cerezo Osaka) in 1991.
In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league Japan Football League.
The club won the champions in 1994 and was promoted to J1 League.
The club won the 2nd place at 2001 and 2003 Emperor's Cup.
His opportunity to play decreased from 2007 and he retired end of 2008 season.
He played 456 games and scored 140 goals for the club.
On May 21, 1995, Morishima debuted for the Japan national team against Scotland.
In 1996, played at 1996 Asian Cup.
At 1998 World Cup qualification in 1997, Japan won the qualify for 1998 World Cup first time Japan's history.
At 1998 World Cup, he got 11 minutes as a substitute against Croatia.
In 2000, he played at 2000 Asian Cup.
he played 5 matches and Japan won the champions.
In 2001, he played at 2001 Confederations Cup.
He played in all 5 matches and Japan won the 2nd place.
At the 2002 World Cup he got three games as a substitute, scoring after two minutes in the game against Tunisia.
He played 64 games and scored 12 goals for Japan until 2002.
|1990/91||rowspan="4"|Yanmar Diesel||JSL Division 1||6||1||0||0||0||0||6||1
|1991/92||JSL Division 2||30||7||||||1||0||31||7
|1992||rowspan="2"|Football League||13||4||2||2||colspan="2"|-||15||6
|1993||18||6||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||6
|1994||rowspan="15"|Cerezo Osaka||Football League||28||16||5||1||1||0||34||17
|1995||rowspan="7"|J1 League||50||11||2||0||colspan="2"|-||52||11
|1996||26||9||1||0||14||4||41||13
|1997||21||10||2||2||0||0||23||12
|1998||29||18||1||3||0||0||30||32
|1999||30||12||2||1||4||1||36||14
|2000||25||15||0||0||4||0||29||15
|2001||22||3||5||2||0||0||27||5
|2002||J2 League||37||12||4||2||colspan="2"|-||41||14
|2003||rowspan="4"|J1 League||28||4||4||1||5||0||34||4
|2004||28||3||1||1||5||0||34||4
|2005||33||6||4||2||8||1||45||9
|2006||26||3||1||0||7||1||34||4
|2007||rowspan="2"|J2 League||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|2008||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
Total||64||12
is a Japanese professional football club in the Shimizu ward of Shizuoka.
The club plays in the J1 League.
2011 : J1 League - 10th
2012 : J1 League - 9th
2013 : J1 League - 9th
2014 : J1 League - 15th
2015 : J1 League - 17th
2016 : J2 League - 2nd
2017 : J1 League - 14th
2018 : J1 League - 8th
2019 : J1 League - 12th
2020 : J1 League - 16th
http://www.s-pulse.co.jp/english/index/ ;
1991 establishments in Japan
is a Japanese professional football club in Sendai.
1988-1994 Tohoku Electric Power SC
1995-1998 Brummell Sendai
1999-present Vegalta Sendai
2011 : J1 League - 4th
2012 : J1 League - 2nd
2013 : J1 League - 13th
2014 : J1 League - 14th
2015 : J1 League - 14th
2016 : J1 League - 12th
2017 : J1 League - 12th
2018 : J1 League - 11th
2019 : J1 League - 11th
2020 : J1 League - 17th
Vegalta Sendai website
is a Japanese professional football club in the Ōmiya ward of Saitama.
1964-1997 NTT Kanto SC
1998-present Omiya Ardija
2011 : J1 League - 13th
2012 : J1 League - 13th
2013 : J1 League - 14th
2014 : J1 League - 16th
2015 : J2 League - 1st
2016 : J1 League - 5th
2017 : J1 League - 18th
2018 : J2 League - 5th
2019 : J2 League - 3rd
2020 : J2 League - 15th
Omiya Ardija website
is a Japanese professional football club in Yamagata Prefecture.
1984-1995 NEC Yamagata SC
1996-present Montedio Yamagata
2011 : J1 League - 18th
2012 : J2 League - 10th
2013 : J2 League - 10th
2014 : J2 League - 6th
2015 : J1 League - 18th
2016 : J2 League - 14th
2017 : J2 League - 11th
2018 : J2 League - 12th
2019 : J2 League - 6th
2020 : J2 League - 7th
Montedio Yamagata website
The caecum is a pouch-like part of the colon.
The appendix is near the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine.
The term "vermiform" comes from Latin and means "worm-like in appearance".
Its length is approximately 4 to 6 centimetres.
The appendix has no apparent function in humans, but it can get inflamed and cause diseases (like appendicitis).
In us, it is a vestigial organ.
It is assumed the appendix may act as a storage for beneficial ("good") gut bacteria which aid us on digesting difficult food and fighting germs.
Darwin suggested that the appendix was perhaps used to digest leaves as primates.
Over time, humans have eaten fewer vegetables and have evolved.
Over thousands of years, this organ has become smaller to make room for the stomach.
It is a vestigial organ which has degraded to nearly nothing in the course of evolution.
Herbivorous mammals such as the Koala have large appendices, and usually other adaptations as well.
Cellulose, from plant cell walls, is hard to break down.
The cecum of the koala is attached to the juncture of the small and large intestines as it is in humans, but is very long.
This enables it to host bacteria specific for cellulose breakdown.
Early man’s ancestor may have also relied upon this system and lived on a diet rich in foliage.
As man began to eat foods easier to digest, they became less reliant on cellulose-rich plants for energy.
Reservoir of gut flora
Recent work shows the appendix is a safe place for useful bacteria when illness flushes those bacteria from the rest of the intestines.
This proposal is based on a new understanding of how the immune system supports the growth of beneficial gut flora, in combination with many well-known features of the appendix, including its architecture, its location just below the normal one-way flow of food and germs in the large intestine, and its association with copious amounts of immune tissue.
Research performed at Winthrop University-Hospital showed that individuals without an appendix were four times more likely to have a recurrence of Clostridium difficile colitis.
The appendix, therefore, may act as a "safe house" for commensal ("good") bacteria.
This reservoir of gut flora could then serve to repopulate the digestive system following a bout of dysentery or cholera.
Belle Haven can be any of the following places in the United States:
Belle Haven, Fairfax County, Virginia
Midway, Santa Rosa County, Florida
Midway, Seminole County, Florida
nl:Midway (Florida)
Hillsboro, King and Queen County, Virginia
Eastville, Bristol, England
Eastville, Lincolnshire, England
Eastville, Virginia, United States
Mechanicsville is a city in Iowa in the United States.
There were 1,146 people living in Mechanicsville during the 2010 census.
Melcher-Dallas is a city in Marion County in the state of Iowa in the United States.
Milo is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The population was at 775 people in 2012.
Mingo is a city in Iowa in the United States.
In 2010, 302 people lived there.
The first map of Mingo was created in 1884.
It is named after another city in Ohio named Mingo.
The city was first made for  coal mining.
Montrose is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The amount of people living in the city was 898 at the 2010 Census.
The town is next to the Mississippi River.
Moulton is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Moulton was platted in 1867.
In 1873, the Burlington and Southwestern Railway was built into the settlement.
Claude R. Porter, government official and politician
Nellie Walker, American sculptor
The population was 162 in 2020 census
Mount Sterling is located at  (40.618058, -91.933898), near the Iowa border with Missouri.
Mystic is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Its population was 588 at the 2000 census.
The United States Census Bureau says the city has a total area of 2.9 square miles (7.6 km²).
At the end of the 19th century, "the valley of Walnut Creek was one long mining camp, known under different names, Jerome, Diamond, Mystic, Clarksdale, Rathbun and Darby" (later known as Darbyville).
A. M. Elgin opened the first coal mine in the Mystic area in 1857.
It was about 1.5 miles north of Mystic on Little Walnut Creek.
The Mystic coal crack was seen on the surface there, and drifts were opened and left, over the next few decades until the hills were full with mines.
Nashua is a city in Iowa in the United States.
As of the 2010 census, the city had 1,663 people.
This was an increase of 45, or 2.8%, from the 1,618 people reported at the 2000 census.
The famed Little Brown Church featured in the song "The Church in the Wildwood" is located in Nashua.
Nashua is located at  (42.952231, -92.537944).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and  is water.
City of Nashua
Nashua-Plainfield Schools
City-Data Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Nashua
New Hartford is a town in the state of Iowa in the United States.
It is located within Butler County, Iowa.
New London is a city in Iowa in the United States.
In 2010 it had 1,897 people.
New Providence is a city in Iowa in the United States.
In 2000, about 227 people lived in New Providence.
North English is a city of Iowa and Keokuk counties in the state of Iowa, United States.
Candiru (candirú) (Spanish, also known as canero or toothpick fish) are parasitic freshwater catfish and a member of the Trichomycteridae family.
They can be found in the Amazon River and to the people who live there, they are the most feared fish in its waters, even over the piranha.
They are eel-shaped and translucent, making them very difficult to see in the water.
Some species have been known to grow to a size of 6 inches (~15 cm) in length.
Parasitism and food
Candiru are parasites.
Their ability to find breath currents in the water allows them to swim into the gill openings of other aquatic species, where they feed on their prey's blood.
To hunt for its prey, the Candirú lies at the bottom of the river testing and sniffing the water for certain chemicals, such as urea and ammonia from the gills of other fish.
Once they have found a fish nearby they rush with a burst of speed to the gill cavity and attaches itself with its spines.
Then, it begins to gnaw a hole towards a major blood vessel and stuffs itself for no more than a few minutes, which usually causes the victim to die.
It will then release itself and sink back to the river bed in order to digest its food and wait for its next meal.
Attacks on people
These smaller species are known for being thought to invade and make use of a person's urethra.
Even with reports as old as the 1800s, the first written case of the removal of a candiru from a person did not occur until 1997, and even that incident is not believed by everyone.
The idea that the fish are attracted by urine appears to be not right.
The fish actually hunt by sight and do not like urine at all.
Article on removal of candiru from a male patient with pictures .
Youtube Video of Animal Planet documentary detailing infestation by and surgical removal of candiru from penis.
The Candiru, cat fish Brazil vampire myth or reality
th:ปลากังจีรู
North Washington is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Northboro is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The 2010 Census said there were 58 people living in it.
The 2000 census said there were 60 people living in it.
The city takes up 0.26 square miles.
Norway is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The population was 545 at the 2010 census.
Ocheyedan is a city in Iowa in the United States.
It is in Osceola County.
Onawa is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Orchard is a city in Iowa in the United States.
In 2011 there were 79 people living in Orchard.
Osage is a city in Iowa in the United States.
James Vincent Casey, Roman Catholic bishop
Hamlin Garland, American writer
Mike Johanns, former Governor of Nebraska and United States Secretary of Agriculture; current US Senator from Nebraska
Gerald Leeman, 1948 Olympic silver medallist in wrestling
Doug Schwab, 2008 Olympic Wrestler
Troy Merritt, PGA Tour golfer
Osceola is a city.
Osceola is in the state of Iowa, in the United States.
Oskaloosa is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The population was 11,463 in the 2010 census.
Oskaloosa is the home of William Penn University, a private, liberal arts college.
It was founded by members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in 1873 as Penn College.
Cities in Iowacc
Oto is a city in Iowa, United States.
It is part of the Sioux City metropolitan area.
Ottumwa is a city in Iowa in the United States.
It is the county seat of Wapello County.
The city is split into northern and southern halves by the Des Moines River.
Oxford has a time zone of UTC-6:00
Oxford Junction is a city in Jones County, Iowa, United States.
The population was 496 at the 2010 census.
Panama is a city in Shelby County, Iowa, United States.
The population was 221 at the 2010 census.
Pella is a city in Iowa in the United States.
It has a population of 9,832 as of 2000.
Perry is a city in Iowa in the United States.
It is in Dallas County.
It is by the North Raccoon River.
There were 7,702 people living in Perry at the 2010 census.
William Bell (1902–1971) premier American tuba player and teacher
Gertrude Mary Cox (1900–1978) influential American statistician
V. T. Hamlin (1900–1993) cartoonist, creator of "Alley Oop"
Persia is a city in Iowa in the United States.
It is in Harrison County.
Plano is a city in Iowa in the United States.
In 2000, about 58 people lived in 29 households in Plano.
Pleasant Hill is a city in Iowa in the United States.
It is in Polk County.
Pleasant Plain is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Pleasantville is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The population is currently at 1,694 people.
Polk City is in Polk County, Iowa, United States.
The population was 3,418 in the 2010 census, an increase from 2,344 in 2000 census.
It is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Pomeroy is a city in Calhoun County, Iowa, United States.
The population of Pomeroy was 710 in 2000.
Pomeroy was hit by a tornado on July 6, 1893, that was estimated to be F5 on the Fujita scale.
There was a damage path of around 500 yards (460 m) wide and 55 miles (89 km) long and the tornado destroyed about 80% of the homes in Pomeroy.
It killed 71 people and injured 200 others.
Official City of Pomeroy website
Postville Community Schools
City-Data Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Postville
Pulaski is a city in Davis County, Iowa, United States.
The population was 260 at the 2010 census.
Pulaski was founded in 1856.
Randall is a city in Iowa in the United States.
It is in Hamilton County.
Rathbun is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The population was 89 at the 2010 census.
Reasnor is a city in Iowa in the United States.
It is in Jasper County.
There were 152 people living there in 2010.
Redfield is a city in Dallas County, Iowa, United States.
It is on the Middle Raccoon River.
The population was 833 at the 2000 census.
Rex Harvey, American decathlete
Rhodes is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The population was 305 at the 2010 census.
Rhodes was laid out in 1856, and it was incorporated in 1883.
Rhodes is located at  (41.926536, -93.184884).
Riceville is a city in Iowa in the United States.
It is in Howard and Mitchell Counties.
Rinard is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The had had about 72 inhabitants as of 2000.
In 2000, there were 28 households counted in Rinard.
Rockwell City is a city in Iowa in the United States.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.14 square miles (0.36 km2), all of it land.
City-Data Comprehensive statistical data and more about Rossie
Rushville is an unincorporated community of Iowa in the United States.
There are no longer any buildings in Rushville.
Sageville is a city in Iowa in the United States.
In 2008 there were 191 people living in Sageville.
The town is named after Chester Sage who built a flour mill there in the 1830's.
Seymour is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Seymour is a very tiny city.
Sigourney (pronounced "SIGG-ur-nee") is a city in Keokuk County, Iowa, United States.
At the 2012 census, 2,059 people lived there.
Keokuk County was opened for white people to live in, in 1843.
The town got its start in 1844 when S.A. James built the first cabin there.
Other families began to settle there as well, and in 1844, the town was named by county commissioner Dr. George H. Stone, in honour of a popular poet named Lydia Sigourney.
A large oil-painted portrait of Lydia is still in the foyer of the county courthouse.
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.6 km²).
Sioux City is a city in Iowa, United States.
It is located in Woodbury County and Plymouth County, and is the county seat of Woodbury County.
Sioux City is the fourth-largest city in Iowa, with a population of 82,684 at the 2010 census.
The city sits near two major rivers, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River.
Spy Kids is the first movie of the Spy Kids series.
It is directed and written by Robert Rodriguez.
The movie stars Alexa Vega and Daryl Sabara and was released in United States theaters on March 30, 2001 and on DVD on September 28, 2001.
Spillville is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The city has over 300 people in it.
The University of Michigan Law School (Michigan Law) is the law school of the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor.
Started in 1859, the school has about 1,200 students.
The Law School has 81 full-time teachers.
1859 establishments in Michigan
The city of St. Donatus is named after Saint Donatus of Muenstereifel.
It used to be called Tetes de Morts, which is the name of a creek that flows through the town.
The geographic coordinates of St. Donatus are  (42.360590, -90.538790).
In the year 2000, the census showed that there were 153 people living in St. Donatus.
These people lived in 53 households and were from 41 families.
The average household earned $39,750 each year.
Stanhope is a city of Hamilton County in the state of Iowa, United States.
About 490 people were living in Stanhope as of 2000.
Stanton is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Palomar Observatory is a privately owned observatory in San Diego County, California, 90 miles (145 km) southeast of Mount Wilson Observatory, on Palomar Mountain in the Palomar Mountain Range.
It is owned and run by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
The observatory is made up of four main telescopes: the 200 inch (5.08 m) Hale telescope, the 48 inch (1.22 m) Samuel Oschin telescope, the 18 inch (457 millimeter) Schmidt telescope, and a 60 inch (1.52 m) reflecting telescope.
Also, the Palomar Testbed Interferometer is located at this observatory.
The word palomar is from the Spanish language, meaning pigeon house.
The name may be because of the many pigeons that can be seen in the spring and autumn months on Palomar Mountain, or it may be because of an old pigeon-raising building built there by the Spaniards.
Astronomical observatories in California
San Diego County, California
Addison is a city in Dallas County, Texas (United States).
About 14,160 people were living in Addison as of the year 2000.
It is really a city, but it calls themselves a town.
Addison has an area of 4.4 square miles.
Addison official website
Addison community website
The European Southern Observatory (ESO, officially called the European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere), is a research group for astronomy, made up of fourteen countries from Europe.
Made in 1962 to give state-of-the-art facilities and a view the Southern Sky to European astronomers, it is well known for using some of the largest and most advanced telescopes in the world, such as the New Technology Telescope (NTT), the telescope that helped create active optics technology, and the VLT (Very Large Telescope), made of four 8-meter class telescopes and four 1.8-m Auxiliary Telescopes.
1962 establishments in Europe
Legal education is the education of people who wish to become legal professionals or those who wish to earn their law degree.
ja:法学部
A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same area.
These turbines turn moving air into electricity.
A large wind farm has several hundred wind turbines, and covers an area of hundreds of square miles.
A wind farm may also be offshore.
Many of the biggest onshore wind farms are in the USA.
The Roscoe Wind Farm is the largest onshore wind farm in the world, producing 781.5 MW of power, followed by the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center (735.5 MW).
The Thanet Offshore Wind Project in United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 300 MW, followed by Horns Rev II (209 MW) in Denmark.
The slide rule, or slipstick, is a mechanical analog computer.
The slide rule is used mainly for multiplication and division, and also for "scientific" functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but usually not for addition or subtraction.
There are many different styles of slide rules.
They are usually linear or circular.
They have a standardised set of markings or scales.
These scales are used for mathematical computations.
Some slide rules have been made for special use, as for aviation or finance.
Those slide rules have special scales for those applications, as well as normal scales.
The slide rule is based on the work on logarithms by John Napier and was invented by William Oughtred.
Before electronic calculators were developed, slide rules were the tool used most often in  science and engineering.
The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as digital computing devices were  gradually introduced; but around 1974 the pocket calculator made the slide rule largely obsolete and most suppliers left the business.
In its most basic form, the slide rule uses two logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of numbers.
These common operations can be time-consuming and error-prone when done on paper.
More complex slide rules allow other calculations, such as square roots, exponentials, logarithms, and trigonometric functions.
The relative position of other marks can then be observed.
Numbers aligned with the marks give the approximate value of the product, quotient, or other calculated result.
The user determines the location of the decimal point in the result, based on mental estimation.
Addition and subtraction steps in a calculation are generally done mentally or on paper, not on the slide rule.
Most slide rules have three linear strips of the same length.
The strips are aligned in parallel and interlocked so that the central strip can be moved lengthwise relative to the other two.
The outer two strips are fixed so that their relative positions do not change.
Some slide rules ("duplex" models) have scales on both sides of the rule and slide strip, others on one side of the outer strips and both sides of the slide strip, still others on one side only ("simplex" rules).
A sliding cursor with a vertical alignment line is used to find corresponding points on scales that are not next to each other or, in duplex models, are on the other side of the rule.
Using a slide rule for calculation
A logarithm transforms the operations of multiplication and division to addition and subtraction according to the rules  and .
Moving the top scale to the right by a distance of , by matching the beginning of the top scale with the label  on the bottom, aligns each number , at position  on the top scale, with the number at position  on the bottom scale.
Because , this position on the bottom scale gives , the product of  and .
For example, to calculate 3*2, the 1 on the top scale is moved to the 2 on the bottom scale.
The answer, 6, is read off the bottom scale where 3 is on the top scale.
In general, the 1 on the top is moved to a factor on the bottom, and the answer is read off the bottom where the other factor is on the top.
Operations may go "off the scale;" for example, the diagram above shows that the slide rule has not positioned the 7 on the upper scale above any number on the lower scale, so it does not give any answer for 2×7.
In such cases, the user may slide the upper scale to the left until its right index aligns with the 2, effectively multiplying by 0.2 instead of by 2, as in the illustration below:
Here the user of the slide rule must remember to adjust the decimal point appropriately to correct the final answer.
We wanted to find 2×7, but instead we calculated 0.2×7=1.4.
So the true answer is not 1.4 but 14.
Resetting the slide is not the only way to handle multiplications that would result in off-scale results, such as 2×7; some other methods are:
(1) Use the double-decade scales A and B.
(2) Use the folded scales.
In this example, set the left 1 of C opposite the 2 of D. Move the cursor to 7 on CF, and read the result from DF.
(3) Use the CI inverted scale.
Position the 7 on the CI scale above the 2 on the D scale, and then read the result off of the D scale, below the 1 on the CI scale.
Since 1 occurs in two places on the CI scale, one of them will always be on-scale.
(4) Use both the CI inverted scale and the C scale.
Line up the 2 of CI with the 1 of D, and read the result from D, below the 7 on the C scale.
Method 1 is easy to understand, but entails a loss of precision.
Method 3 has the advantage that it only involves two scales.
The illustration below demonstrates the computation of 5.5/2.
The 2 on the top scale is placed over the 5.5 on the bottom scale.
The 1 on the top scale lies above the quotient, 2.75.
There is more than one method for doing division, but the method presented here has the advantage that the final result cannot be off-scale, because one has a choice of using the 1 at either end.
In addition to the logarithmic scales, some slide rules have other mathematical functions encoded on other auxiliary scales.
The most popular were trigonometric, usually sine and tangent, common logarithm (log10) (for taking the log of a value on a multiplier scale), natural logarithm (ln) and exponential (ex) scales.
Some rules include a Pythagorean scale, to figure sides of triangles, and a scale to figure circles.
Others feature scales for calculating hyperbolic functions.
On linear rules, the scales and their labeling are highly standardized, with variation usually occurring only in terms of which scales are included and in what order:
Roots and powers
There are single-decade (C and D), double-decade (A and B), and triple-decade (K) scales.
To compute , for example, locate x on the D scale and read its square on the A scale.
Inverting this process allows square roots to be found, and similarly for the powers 3, 1/3, 2/3, and 3/2.
Care must be taken when the base, x, is found in more than one place on its scale.
For instance, there are two nines on the A scale; to find the square root of nine, use the first one; the second one gives the square root of 90.
For  problems, use the LL scales.
When several LL scales are present, use the one with x on it.
First, align the leftmost 1 on the C scale with x on the LL scale.
Then, find y on the C scale and go down to the LL scale with x on it.
That scale will indicate the answer.
If y is "off the scale," locate  and square it using the A and B scales as described above.
The S, T, and ST scales are used for trigonometric functions and multiples of trig functions, for angles in degrees.
Many slide rules have their S, T, and ST scales marked with degrees and minutes.
So-called decitrig models use decimal fractions of degrees instead.
Logarithms and exponentials
Base-10 logarithms and exponentials are found using the L scale, which is linear.
Some slide rules have a Ln scale, which is for base e.
The Ln scale was invented by an 11th grade student, Stephen B. Cohen, in 1958.
The original intent was to allow the user to select an exponent x (in the range 0 to 2.3) on the Ln scale and read ex on the C (or D) scale and e–x on the CI (or DI) scale.
Pickett, Inc. was given exclusive rights to the scale.
Later, the inventor created a set of "marks" on the Ln scale to extend the range beyond the 2.3 limit, but Pickett never incorporated these marks on any of its slide rules.
The first method to perform addition and subtraction on the C and D (or any comparable scales) requires converting the problem into one of division.
For addition, the quotient of the two variables plus one times the divisor equals their sum:
The second method uses a sliding linear L scale available on some models.
Addition and subtraction are performed by sliding the cursor left (for subtraction) or right (for addition) then returning the slide to 0 to read the result.
Standard linear rules
The length of the slide rule is quoted in terms of the nominal length of the scales.
Scales on the most common "10-inch" models are actually 25 cm in length, as they were made to metric standards, though some rules offer slightly extended scales to simplify manipulation when a result overflowed.
Pocket rules are typically 5 inches.
Models a couple of meters long were sold to be hung in classrooms for teaching purposes.
Typically the divisions mark a scale to a precision of two significant figures, and the user estimates the third figure.
Some high-end slide rules have magnifying cursors that make the markings easier to see.
Such cursors can effectively double the accuracy of readings, permitting a 10-inch slide rule to serve as well as a 20-inch.
Various other conveniences have been developed.
Trigonometric scales are sometimes dual-labeled, in black and red, with complementary angles, the so-called "Darmstadt" style.
Duplex slide rules often duplicate some of the scales on the back.
Scales are often "split" to get higher accuracy.
Specialized slide rules were invented for various forms of engineering, business and banking.
These often had common calculations directly expressed as special scales, for example loan calculations, optimal purchase quantities, or particular engineering equations.
For example, the Fisher Controls company distributed a customized slide rule adapted to solving the equations used for selecting the proper size of industrial flow control valves.
Circular slide rules
Circular slide rules come in two basic types, one with two cursors (left), and another with a movable disk and a single cursor (right).
The dual cursor versions perform multiplication and division by maintaining a fixed angle between the cursors as they are rotated around the dial.
The single cursor version operates more like the standard slide rule through the appropriate alignment of the scales.
The basic advantage of a circular slide rule is that the longest dimension of the tool was reduced by a factor of about 3 (i.e. by π).
For example, the outer scale of a 10 cm circular would have a maximum precision equal to a 30 cm ordinary slide rule.
Circular slide rules also eliminate "off-scale" calculations, because the scales were designed to "wrap around"; they never have to be re-oriented when results are near 1.0—the rule is always on scale.
However, for non-cyclical non-spiral scales such as S, T, and LL's, the scale length is shortened to make room for end margins.
Circular slide rules are mechanically more rugged and smoother-moving, but their scale alignment precision is sensitive to the centering of a central pivot; a minute 0.1 mm off-centre of the pivot can result in a 0.2 mm worst case alignment error.
The pivot, however, does prevent scratching of the face and cursors.
The highest accuracy scales are placed on the outer rings.
Rather than "split" scales, high-end circular rules use spiral scales for more complex operations like log-of-log scales.
One eight-inch premium circular rule had a 50-inch spiral log-log scale.
The main disadvantages of circular slide rules are the difficulty in locating figures along a rotating disc, and limited number of scales.
Another drawback of circular slide rules is that less-important scales are closer to the center, and have lower precisions.
Most students learned slide rule use on the linear slide rules, and did not find reason to switch.
One slide rule remaining in daily use around the world is the E6B. This is a circular slide rule first created in the 1930s for aircraft pilots to help with dead reckoning.
With the aid of scales printed on the frame it also helps with such miscellaneous tasks as converting time, distance, speed, and temperature values, compass errors, and calculating fuel use.
The so-called "prayer wheel" is still available in flight shops, and remains widely used.
While GPS has reduced the use of dead reckoning for aerial navigation, and handheld calculators have taken over many of its functions, the E6B remains widely used as a primary or backup device and the majority of flight schools demand that their students have some degree of its mastery.
In 1952, Swiss watch company Breitling introduced a pilot's wristwatch with an integrated circular slide rule specialized for flight calculations: the Breitling Navitimer.
The Navitimer circular rule, referred to by Breitling as a "navigation computer", featured airspeed, rate/time of climb/descent, flight time, distance, and fuel consumption functions, as well as kilometer–nautical mile and gallon–liter fuel amount conversion functions.
Traditionally slide rules were made out of hard wood such as mahogany or boxwood with cursors of glass and metal.
At least one high precision instrument was made of steel.
In 1895, a Japanese firm, Hemmi, started to make slide rules from bamboo, which had the advantages of being dimensionally stable, strong and naturally self-lubricating.
These bamboo slide rules were introduced in Sweden in September, 1933 , and probably only a little earlier in Germany.
Scales were made of celluloid or plastic.
Later slide rules were made of plastic, or aluminum painted with plastic.
Later cursors were acrylics or polycarbonates sliding on Teflon bearings.
All premium slide rules had numbers and scales engraved, and then filled with paint or other resin.
Painted or imprinted slide rules were viewed as inferior because the markings could wear off.
Nevertheless, Pickett, probably America's most successful slide rule company, made all printed scales.
Premium slide rules included clever catches so the rule would not fall apart by accident, and bumpers to protect the scales and cursor from rubbing on tabletops.
The recommended cleaning method for engraved markings is to scrub lightly with steel-wool.
For painted slide rules, and the faint of heart, use diluted commercial window-cleaning fluid and a soft cloth.
The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after John Napier's publication of the concept of the logarithm.
Edmund Gunter of Oxford developed a calculating device with a single logarithmic scale, which, with additional measuring tools, could be used to multiply and divide.
The first description of this scale was published in Paris in 1624 by Edmund Wingate (c. 1593 – 1656), an English mathematician, in a book entitled “L'usage de la reigle de proportion en l'arithmetique & geometrie”.
The book contains a double scale on one side of which is a logarithmic scale and on the other a tabular scale.
In 1630, William Oughtred of Cambridge invented a circular slide rule, and in 1632 he combined two Gunter rules, held together with the hands, to make a device that is recognizably the modern slide rule.
Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students, but delayed in publishing them, and like Newton, he became involved in a vitriolic controversy over priority, with his one-time student Richard Delamain and the prior claims of Wingate.
Oughtred's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653.
In 1677, Henry Coggeshall created a two-foot folding rule for timber measure, called the Coggeshall slide rule.
His design and uses for the tool gave the slide rule purpose outside of mathematical inquiry.
In 1815, Peter Roget invented the log log slide rule, which included a scale displaying the logarithm of the logarithm.
This allowed the user to directly perform calculations involving roots and exponents.
This was especially useful for fractional powers.
Modern form
The more modern form was created in 1859 by French artillery lieutenant Amédée Mannheim, "who was fortunate in having his rule made by a firm of national reputation and in having it adopted by the French Artillery."
It was around that time, as engineering became a recognized professional activity, that slide rules came into wide use in Europe.
They did not become common in the United States until 1881, when Edwin Thacher introduced a cylindrical rule there.
The duplex rule was invented by William Cox in 1891, and was produced by Keuffel and Esser Co. of New York.
Astronomical work also required fine computations, and in 19th century Germany a steel slide rule about 2 meters long was used at one observatory.
It had a microscope attached, giving it accuracy to six decimal places.
In World War II, bombardiers and navigators who required quick calculations often used specialized slide rules.
One office of the U.S. Navy actually designed a generic slide rule "chassis" with an aluminum body and plastic cursor into which celluloid cards (printed on both sides) could be placed for special calculations.
The process was invented to calculate range, fuel use and altitude for aircraft, and then adapted to many other purposes.
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s the slide rule was the symbol of the engineer's profession (in the same way that the stethoscope symbolizes the medical profession).
German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun brought two 1930s vintage Nestler slide rules with him when he moved to the U.S. after World War II to work on the American space program.
Throughout his life he never used any other pocket calculating devices; slide rules served him perfectly well for making quick estimates of rocket design parameters and other figures.
Aluminum Pickett-brand slide rules were carried on five Apollo space missions, including to the moon, according to advertising on Pickett's N600 slide rule boxes .
Some engineering students and engineers carried ten-inch slide rules in belt holsters, and even into the mid 1970s this was a common sight on campuses.
Students also might keep a ten-or twenty-inch rule for precision work at home or the office while carrying a five-inch pocket slide rule around with them.
In 2004, education researchers David B. Sher and Dean C. Nataro conceived a new type of slide rule based on prosthaphaeresis, an algorithm for rapidly computing products that predates logarithms.
There has been little practical interest in constructing one beyond the initial prototype, however.
The importance of the slide rule began to diminish as electronic computers, a new but very scarce resource in the 1950s, became widely available to technical workers during the 1960s.
The introduction of Fortran in 1957 made computers practical for solving modest size mathematical problems.
IBM introduced a series of more affordable computers, the IBM 650 (1954), IBM 1620 (1959), IBM 1130 (1965) addressed to the science and engineering market.
John Kemeny's BASIC programming language (1964) made it easy for students to use computers.
The DEC PDP-8 minicomputer was introduced in 1965.
Computers also changed the nature of calculation.
With slide rules, there was a great emphasis on working the algebra to get expressions into the most computable form.
Users of slide rules would simply approximate or drop small terms to simplify the calculation.
Fortran allowed complicated formulas to be typed in from textbooks without the effort of reformulation.
Numerical integration was often easier than trying to find closed form solutions for difficult problems.
The young engineer asking for computer time to solve a problem that could have been done by a few swipes on the slide rule became a humorous cliché.
Many computer centers had a framed slide rule hung on a wall with the note "In case of emergency, break glass."
Another step toward the replacement of slide rules with electronics was the development of electronic calculators for scientific and engineering use.
The first included the Wang Laboratories LOCI-2, introduced in 1965, which used logarithms for multiplication and division and the Hewlett-Packard HP-9100, introduced in 1968.
The HP-9100 had trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan) in addition to exponentials and logarithms.
It used the CORDIC (coordinate rotation digital computer) algorithm, which allows for calculation of trigonometric functions using only shift and add operations.
This method facilitated the development of ever smaller scientific calculators.
The last nail in the coffin for the slide rule was the launch of pocket-sized scientific calculators, of which the 1972 Hewlett-Packard HP-35 was the first.
Such calculators became known as "slide rule" calculators since they could perform most or all of the functions on a slide rule.
At several hundred dollars, even this was considered expensive for most students.
While professional slide rules could also be quite expensive, drug stores often sold basic plastic models for under $20 USD.
But by 1975, basic four-function electronic calculators could be purchased for under $50.
By 1976 the TI-30 offered a scientific calculator for under $25.
After this time, the market for slide rules dried up quickly as small scientific calculators became affordable.
A slide rule tends to moderate the fallacy of "false precision" and significance.
The typical precision available to a user of a slide rule is about three places of accuracy.
This is in good correspondence with most data available for input to engineering formulas.
When a modern pocket calculator is used, the precision may be displayed to seven or more decimal places, while in reality the results can never be of greater accuracy than the input data available.
A slide rule requires a continual estimation of the order of magnitude of the results.
On a slide rule 1.5 × 30 (which equals 45) will show the same result as 1,500,000 × 0.03 (which equals 45,000).
It is up to the engineer to continually determine the reasonableness of the results, something that can be lost when numbers are carelessly entered into a computer program or a calculator.
When performing a sequence of multiplications or divisions by the same number, the answer can be often determined by merely glancing at the slide rule without any manipulation.
This can be especially useful when calculating percentages, e.g., for test scores, or when comparing prices, e.g., in dollars per kilogram.
Multiple speed-time-distance calculations can be performed hands-free at a glance with a slide rule.
A slide rule does not depend on electricity.
A slide rule is an easily replicated technology.
From a given example of a slide rule, more can be constructed by a competent craftsperson from rudimentary materials using non-industrial processes.
Slide rules are highly standardized, so there is no need to relearn anything when switching to a different rule.
Slide rules are versatile, and can be operated in situations and environments where a human user might have reduced dexterity (for example, due to requiring protective gloves).
Conversely, a calculator can be difficult to operate in such situations – a slide rule is unlikely to result in an error similar to that resulting from mistakenly pressing the wrong button on a calculator.
Slide rules can be made out of cardboard or paper.
Many free charts or specialized calculating devices made out of cardboard are actually specialized linear or circular slide rules.
Errors may arise from mechanical imprecision.
Calculations using the slide rule are of limited precision because of their analog inputs and outputs.
Conversely, because of the discrete numerical input and floating point electronic operations, even modest modern calculators have output resolutions of at least six significant figures.
International Slide Rule Museum – Galleries of slide rule scans, downloadable instruction manuals, slide rule encyclopedia and Glossary of Terms, historical dating of specimens, Slide Rule Course, Loaner Slide Rules for Schools, etc.
The history, theory and use of the engineering slide rule – By Dr James B. Calvert, University of Denver
Oughtred Society Slide Rule Home Page – Dedicated to the preservation and history of slide rules
Early Calculators: Slide Rules – At the Museum of HP Calculators
"How a slide rule works" – From the Slide Rule Universe
International Slide Rule Museum – Illustrated Self-Guided Course On How To Use The Slide Rule (with simulators)
A Collection of Photo-realistic Pickett Slide Rule Simulators, by Derek Ross
Márcio Emerson Passos (born 6 December 1978) is a Brazilian-Qatari professional athlete.
He has played for Qatar national team.
|1998||rowspan="2"|São Paulo||rowspan="2"|Série A||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|1999||8||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||2
|2000||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||34||31||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||31
|2001||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||18||19||0||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||19||20
|2001||rowspan="5"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||13||7||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||14||7
|2002||24||15||0||0||6||6||colspan="2"|-||30||21
|2003||25||18||0||0||9||8||colspan="2"|-||34||26
|2004||26||27||0||0||6||4||colspan="2"|-||32||31
|2005||12||4||0||0||5||5||colspan="2"|-||17||9
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Al-Sadd||rowspan="2"|Stars League||7||6||1||0||3||2||1||1||12||9
|2006/07||25||18||3||1||8||6||2||2||38||27
|2007/08||Stade Rennais||Ligue 1||3||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Al-Sadd||rowspan="2"|Stars League||2||0||2||2||3||2||4||2||11||6
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