the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
When writing words that someone has spoken when that person has difficulty speaking, as in: "I reached for the w-w-w-watering can."
This is called a stammer.
When adding words that already have a hyphen.
For example: two to year-old as in: "He was a two- or three-year-old dog."
If a word for a person (a name or proper noun) is used with another name, a hyphen is used such as "the Merriam-Webster dictionary" or "the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact."
Some people take a name from the family names of both parents, or from the last name of their father and spouse.
For example: "John Rees-Williams".
This is not always the case, for example: "Hillary Rodham Clinton".
A hyphen is also used when a word is too long to fit in one row of writing.
This is often done in books, magazines and newspapers to save space and paper.
A long word is broken into two parts, of nearly the same length, with a hyphen at the end of the first part.
The normal way is to make the first part of the word as much like a complete word as possible.
Trusse, Lynne 2003.
Eats, shoots, and leaves.
Profile Books.
Carey G.V. 1946.
Mind the stop: a brief guide to punctuation with a note on proof-correction.
Land can mean some territory, forming part of a country.
Roughly 22% of the surface of Earth is land, while the rest is covered with water.
Land can have different types of soil; it may be covered with stones, sand, dirt, etc.
Sometimes it is not clear where land ends and a body of water begins.
Conserving Land for People
A surface is the outer part of something.
Most surfaces have a width and a length, but no depth.
Examples of Surfaces
An apple has a skin on its surface.
People live on the Earth's surface.
A piece of metal is put in red paint.
The metal is taken out of the paint.
After, the outside of the piece of metal is red.
The parts of the metal that are now red are called the surface of the object.
Boats move on the surface of the sea.
Small insects can walk on the surface of the water, because of surface tension.
Sexual slavery is a special case of slavery or forced labour.
Sexual slaves are like normal slaves, except for the following:
They may have been forced into prostitution;
The people are slaves, forced to do non-sexual labour.
However, sexual relations with the slaves may be permitted, or even common;
They may be forced into sexual slavery with only one master.
Often the fact that they really are slaves is hidden through marriages.
Modern-day slavery
IANA's information on TLDs
The Internet Domain Survey
The Congress of the United States signs a treaty to end the American Revolutionary War.
The Methodist Church is started by John Wesley.
October 13 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain
November 24 – Zachary Taylor, 12th President of the United States
August 28 – Junípero Serra, Spanish missionary
December 26 – Seth Warner, American Revolutionary War leader
The following is a list of Atlantic hurricane seasons.
All began on June 1 in their respective years.
They ended on November 30.
These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Atlantic hurricane season is the time of year that hurricanes form in the northern Atlantic Ocean.
The season starts on June 1 and ends November 30.
There is an average of ten tropical storms, six hurricanes, and two or three major hurricanes in the Atlantic.
Before 1800s
Before 1600
Weather lists
The following is a list of Pacific hurricane seasons.
They all began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific and June 1 in the central Pacific in their respective years.
There, they end on November 30.
These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Before the satellite age started in the 1960s, data on east Pacific hurricanes is extremely unreliable.
Most east Pacific storms are of no threat to land.
The most famous hurricane of the season was Hurricane Flora.
It was one of the most deadly.
It killed 7,200 people in Haiti and Cuba.
Hurricane Arlene
A group of clouds in the central Atlantic became a tropical storm on July 31.
It went to the west and it became a hurricane on August 2.
The hurricane quickly became a category 2 hurricane with 100 mph (160 km/h) winds.
Arlene got to Bermuda on August 9.
Afterwards it got wind speeds of 100 mph (160 km/h) again that night.
It got weaker until it left the tropics on August 11.
No one died from it.
Before Hurricane Beulah there was a tropical wave moving in the tropical Atlantic.
It was put together enough to be called a tropical depression on August 20, and it became strong enough to be called a tropical storm the next day.
Beulah moved to the northwest, becoming a hurricane on the 22nd and a big hurricane on the 24th.
The hurricane moved to the north.
Tropical Storm Three
A weak storm north of Puerto Rico moved northeast.
It became a tropical depression on September 10.
It became a tropical storm on the 11th.
This small storm had 60 mph (100 km/h) winds on the 12th.
That was the fastest the winds would become.
Over the Gulf of Mexico Cindy turned into a tropical storm on September 16.
Cindy turned into a hurricane the next day.
It did not become any stronger before it got to High Island, Texas.
Cindy brought a lot of rain to southeast Texas as it moved to the southwest over the state.
The hurricane weakened on the 20th, after causing $12.5 million (1963 dollars) in damage.
It killed three people.
Hurricane Debra
On September 19, a tropical wave became a tropical depression in the Atlantic Ocean.
It turned into a tropical storm on the 21st.
It did not hit the islands as it moved north.
Debra became a hurricane later on the 21st.
Hurricane Edith
The Intertropical Convergence Zone developed a tropical depression on September 23, east of the Lesser Antilles.
It moved west and it became a hurricane on the 24th.
It went through the Windward Islands on the 25th as a hurricane with 95 mph (140 km/h) winds.
Upper-level winds made it stay as a minimal hurricane before it got to Dominican Republic on the 27th.
The island killed the hurricane.
Edith was gone by the 29th.
Edith killed ten people in Martinique, injured 50 people across the Caribbean, and caused $47 million in damage.
It was unlucky that Hurricane Flora came just days later.
Hurricane Flora was the deadliest hurricane of the season.
It killed over 7,000 people and created hundreds of millions of dollars in damage.
Hurricane Ginny
Ginny was strange.
It is one of the most recent hurricanes to make landfall near New England.
It made 18 inches (50 cm) of snow over Maine.
The hurricane killed 7 people and created $300,000 in damage (1963 dollars).
Tropical Storm Helena
Tropical Storm Helena formed on October 25.
It reached its maximum of 50 mph (80 km/h) before it hit the Lesser Antilles.
Helena's strength changed a lot for the next 3 days.
Though it was weak, Helena was able to kill 5 people and create $500,000 in damage.
1963 storm names
The following names were used for tropical storms and hurricanes that formed in Atlantic in 1963.
Names that were not used are marked in gray.
Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season
Sildenafil is an aphrodisiac.
It is a medication that is also called Viagra, Revatio and (in the Indian subcontinent) Caverta.
Sildenafil makes the blood vessels become wider.
This lowers the blood pressure.
Sildenafil mostly works in the penis and in the lungs.
This medicine increases blood flow to the penis.
This helps the penis become erect during sexual intercourse.
Sildenafil also helps pulmonary hypertension.
Because this medicine makes the blood vessels wider, it makes it easier for blood to flow.
Sildenafil was patented in 1996 and first made to sell in 1998.
Adverse effect
January 4 – King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies dies and is succeeded by his son Francis I of the Two Sicilies.
February 12 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government, and migrate west
March 4 – John Quincy Adams officially succeeds James Monroe as President of the United States.
July 6 – The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Beck gains possession of Glücksburg and changes his title to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.
The line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg later became the Royal House of Greece, Denmark and Norway.
July 30 – Malden Island (an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean) discovered.
August 6 – Bolivia gains independence from Peru as a republic with the instigation of Simón Bolívar
August 25 – Uruguay declares independence from Brazil (See Uruguay's independence)
September 27 – The world's first modern railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway opens in England.
October 26 – The Erie Canal opens – passage from Albany, New York to Lake Erie
December 1 – Nicholas I of Russia succeeds his older brother Alexander I.
Decembrist Revolt in Russia.
The first horse-drawn omnibuses established in London
First roller skates
Aluminium discovered
City of Brisbane founded – see History of Brisbane
The electromagnet was invented by William Sturgeon
May 2 – Michail Leontievich Bulatov, Russian military
January 17 – Johann Friedrich Struensee and Queen Caroline Matilda are arrested, leading to his execution and her banishment from Denmark
July 17 – Massacre at Bloody Falls: Chipewyan chief Matonabbee traveling as the guide to Samuel Hearne on his Arctic overland journey, massacre a group of unsuspecting Inuit.
September 8 – In California, Fathers Pedro Cambon and Angel Somera found Mission San Gabriel Arcangel in what is now San Gabriel, California.
October 9 – The Dutch merchant ship Vrouw Maria sinks near the coast of Finland.
Captain Raymund Lourens and his crew escape unharmed.
November 16 – During the night the Tyne floods, destroying many bridges and killing several people; the main bridge at Newcastle upon Tyne is not completed until 1781
Discovery of Oxygen.
The territory of Baden-Baden is inherited by the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, forming Baden.
Emperor Go-Momozono ascends to the throne of Japan
Plague in Moscow – 57,000 dead
The trade monopoly with Iceland is transferred to the Danish crown.
April 13 – Richard Trevithick, English inventor (d. 1833)
April 18 – Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg, Austrian field marshal (d. 1820)
April 27 – Jean Rapp, French general (d. 1821)
June 5 – Prince Ernest Augustus of Great Britain, King of Hanover (d. 1851)
August 14 – Sir Walter Scott, Scottish writer (d. 1832)
September 5 – Archduke Charles of Austria, Austrian general and statesman (d. 1847)
September 23 – Emperor Kokaku of Japan (d. 1840)
October 9 – Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick (d. 1815)
October 23 – Jean-Andoche Junot, French general (d. 1813)
November 14 – Marie François Xavier Bichat, French anatomist and physiologist (d. U momma)
The Cornish language died out
2nd edition of Encyclopædia Britannica published
January 3 – American Revolutionary War: American general George Washington defeats British general Charles Cornwallis at the Battle of Princeton.
January 12 – Mission Santa Clara de Asís is founded in what is now Santa Clara, California
January 16 – Vermont declares its independence from New York becoming an independent country, a status it retained until it joined the United States as the 14th state in 1791
June 13 – American Revolutionary War: Marquis de Lafayette lands near Charleston, South Carolina to help the Continental Congress train its army.
June 14 – Stars and Stripes adopted by the Continental Congress as the Flag of the United States.
August 16 – American Revolutionary War:  Battle of Bennington – British forces are defeated by American troops.
September 3 – Cooch's Bridge – Skirmish of American Revolutionary war in New Castle County, Delaware where the Flag of the United States was flown in battle for the first time.
September 11 – Battle of Brandywine – Major American Revolutionary war victory for British in Chester County, Pennsylvania.
September 19 – American Revolutionary War: First Battle of Saratoga/Battle of Freeman's Farm/Battle of Bemis Heights.
October 4 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Germantown– Troops under George Washington are repelled by British troops under Sir William Howe.
October 17 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Saratoga– American troops defeat the British.
November 15 – American Revolutionary War: After 16 months of debate, the Continental Congress approves the Articles of Confederation in the temporary American capital at York, Pennsylvania.
November 17 – Articles of Confederation submitted to the states for ratification.
November 29 – San Jose, California founded.
It is the first pueblo in Spanish Alta California.
December 24 – Kiritimati discovered by James Cook
The code duello is adopted at the Clonmell Summer Assizes as the form for pistol duels in Ireland.
It is quickly denounced but nevertheless widely adopted throughout the English-speaking world.
January 2 – The United Kingdom captures Calcutta, India.
March 14 – On board the HMS Monarch, Royal Navy Admiral John Byng is executed by firing squad for breach of the Articles of War.
May 6 – Battle of Prague – Frederick the Great defeats an Austrian army and begins to besiege the city.
June 18 – Battle of Kolin – Frederick is defeated by an Austrian army under Marshal Daun, forcing him to evacuate Bohemia.
June 23 – Battle of Plassey – 3000 British troops under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000 strong Indian army under Siraj-ud-Dawlah at Plassey.
July 26 – Battle of Hastenbeck – An Anglo-Hanoverian army under the Duke of Cumberland is defeated by the French under Louis d'Estrées and forced out of Hanover.
July 30 – Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf – A Prussian army under Hans von Lehwald is defeated by the Russian army of Marshal Stepan Apraksin.
October 16 – Austrian raiders plunder Berlin.
October 30 – Osman III dies and is succeeded as Ottoman Sultan by Mustafa III.
November 5 – Battle of Rossbach.
Frederick defeats the French-Imperial army under the Duc de Soubise and Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen, forcing the French to withdraw from Saxony.
November 22 – Battle of Breslau – An Austrian army under Prince Charles of Lorraine defeats the Prussian army of Wilhelm of Brunswick-Bevern and forces the Austrians behind the Oder.
December 6 – Battle of Leuthen – Frederick defeats Prince Charles's Austrian army.
Year 4 BC was a common year starting on Tuesday or Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sabinus and Rufus.
Herod Archelaus becomes the ruler of Judea.
Herod Antipas rules Galilee and Perea.
Publius Quintilius Varus leads Roman legions to Jerusalem to restore order.
He crucifies 2,000 Jewish rebels.
Jesus (possible)
Herod the Great (b. 73 BC)
Marcus Tullius Tiro, freedman of Cicero
Percy James Patrick Kent-Smith or Sylvester McCoy (born 20 August 1943) is a Scottish actor.
He is best known for playing the seventh incarnation of the Doctor on Doctor Who from 1987–1989, he also briefly played the Doctor in beginning of the 1996 TV movie.
Paul McGann (born 14 November 1959) is an English actor.
He is best known for his roles in Withnail and I (1987) and as the Eighth Doctor in the 1996 Doctor Who television movie.
Georgia O’Keeffe (November 15 1887 – March 6 1986) was an American artist.
She was born near Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, U.S. O'Keeffe studied art at the Art Institute of Chicago, Art Students' League, University of Virginia, Charlottesville and Teachers College.
She is mainly known for her modernist paintings.
These paintings use both abstract and concrete elements.
Concrete means that objects can be recognized.
For example, she painted flowers, rocks, shells, animal bones and landscapes.
Abstract means that there may be colors and forms, but nothing real can be seen in the pictures.
Georgia O'Keeffe married Alfred Stieglitz in 1924.
Stieglitz was a famous photographer and he helped O'Keeffe gain success in her career.
He owned the first studio her art was displayed in.
Georgia and Alfred evidently wrote over 25,000 love letters to each other.
Auction record
O'Keefe holds the world auction record for a painting by a woman (November 2014).
Her Jimson Weed/White Flower No 1 sold for $44.4m (£28.8m) at the O'Keeffe Museum in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
O'Keeffe's large-format depictions of flowers which she painted as if they had been seen in close-up.
1887 births
Genesis is an English progressive rock group.
They formed in 1967.
They have sold about 150 million albums all over the world.
This puts them among the top 30 best-selling recording artists of all time.
The group's members have included Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins.
Both of them were successful as solo artists as well.
Members of the group
Over the years, Genesis has changed members more than once.
The first line-up was Peter Gabriel (vocals), Anthony Phillips (guitar), Tony Banks (keyboards), Mike Rutherford (bass & guitar), and Chris Stewart (drums).
Other drummers until 1970 were John Silver and John Mayhew.
In August 1970, Phil Collins began playing drums for Genesis.
In some songs, he also sang.
The same year Phillips left, and Steve Hackett joined as a guitarist in 1971.
The band also made a song called "Supper's Ready" which is almost 23 minutes long.
Many fans call it their best because it has many different parts.
After the release of the album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway (1974), Gabriel left the band.
Collins took over the singing.
He was singer for Genesis from 1976 to 1996.
When Hackett also left, in 1977 there were only three members left.
The 1978 album was called ...And Then There Were Three... because of this.
The last studio album with Collins was We Can't Dance in 1991.
He left the band in 1996 and was replaced with singer Ray Wilson.
Because the album Calling All Stations (1997) with Ray Wilson was not very successful, the group disbanded.
After a break of eight years, Genesis started a world tour in 2006.
The members now are Phil Collins, Mike Rutherford and Tony Banks.
The band disbanded again at 2011 due to Collins retiring and Collins came back from retiring at 2015.
Peter Gabriel – Lead vocals (1967–1975)
Tony Banks – Keyboards (1967–1998, 2006–2011)
Mike Rutherford – Bass guitars, guitars, backing vocals (1967–1998, 2006–2011)
Anthony Phillips – Guitars (1967–1970)
Chris Stewart – Drums (1967–1968)
John Silver – Drums (1968–1969)
John Mayhew – Drums (1969–1970)
Phil Collins – Drums, lead vocals, backing vocals (1970–1996, 2006–2011)
Mick Barnard – Guitars (1970–1971)
Steve Hackett – Guitars (1971–1977)
Ray Wilson – Lead vocals (1996–1998)
Nir Zidkyahu – Drums (1996–1998)
From Genesis to Revelation (1969)
Trespass (1970)
Nusery Cryme (1971)
Foxtot (1972)
Selling England by the Pound (1973)
The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway (1974)
A Trick of a Tail (1976)
Wind & Wuthering (1976)
...And Then There Were Three... (1978)
Duke (1980)
Abacab (1981)
Genesis (1983)
Invisible Touch (1986)
We Can't Dance (1991)
Calling All Stations (1997)
Deadly nightshade or belladonna (Atropa belladonna) is a well-known, hardy perennial shrub.
It is a member of the nightshade family.
Originally, it grew in Europe, North Africa, and Asia.
It has also been seen in North America, but is far less common there.
Usually it grows in the shade.
The plant does not like direct sunlight.
Often it grows in places where the soil is rich in limestone.
Belladonna is poisonous
Most parts of the plant are known to be very poisonous.
Children have died from eating as few as three berries.
One leaf contains enough poison to kill an adult.
The root usually contains the most poison.
Effects of the poison
The effects of atropine are dilated (big) pupils, hallucinations, and difficulty in seeing (the vision may not be as sharp as always, it may be difficult to focus on some object).
Problems keeping upright, feeling like one is flying, and being confused are also symptoms.
The pulse of the victim grows faster and faster, and the rate at which the heart is beating will go up.
Toxic reaction to atropine causes fever, delirium, stupor and rash on head, neck and upper trunk.
There may be agitation, difficulty in speaking and swallowing.
Coma and convulsions usually come before death.
A perennial is a plant that bears leaves and perhaps flowers every year.
Some plants only bear leaves and flowers once, then they die.
Such plants are called annual.
Other plants live for two years.
They are called biennial.
A shrub or bush is a category of plants.
A tree usually has one stem, which at some height has branches.
A shrub can have multiple stems from the bottom up.
Usually, bushes do not grow as tall as trees, very often they are less than 1–2 m tall.
Very many  plants can be either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing conditions.
Small, low shrubs such as lavender, periwinkle and thyme are often termed subshrubs.
Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen.
Shrubs as a botanical structural form
dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed-scrub
mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-scrub
sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — tall shrubland
very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — tall open shrubland
dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed-heath
mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — heath
sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — low shrubland
very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — low open shrubland
Selecting Shrubs for Your Home (University of Illinois Extension)
An evergreen is a plant which keeps its leaves throughout the year.
Which is Different with deciduous plants, which lose their leaves during the winter or wet seasons.
Deciduous means "temporary" or "tending to fall off" (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off).
When talking about plants this means that the plant loses its leaves, usually in autumn.
The leaves will then grow again in spring.
When referring to teeth, it means the teeth at the front of the mouth that grow and fall out and are replaced in childhood.
They are called  deciduous teeth.
In botany and horticulture, deciduous plants are trees, shrubs and herbaceous perennials which lose all of their leaves for part of the year.
This is called abscission.
Leaf loss happens in winter in temperate or polar climates.
With evergreens, foliage is shed differently from deciduous trees.
They seem green year round.
Plants that are intermediate may be called semi-deciduous; they lose old foliage as new growth begins.
Other plants are semi-evergreen and lose their leaves before the next growing season, keeping some in winter or dry periods.
Some trees, including a few species of oak, have desiccated leaves that stay on the tree through winter.
These persistent dry leaves are dropped in the spring as new growth begins.
Many deciduous plants flower during the period when they are leafless, as this increases the effectiveness of pollination.
Not having leaves also improves wind transmission of pollen for wind-pollinated plants and increases the visibility of the flowers to insects in insect-pollinated plants.
A place is called in the shade when the sun is shining, and some object, a tree for example, blocks the direct sunlight.
So the sunlight can not reach the spot.
The dark image, which the object casts on the ground (or on another object) is called shadow, not shade.
Shade can also mean a darker or lighter color of the same base color.
For example: in a picture of a tree's shadow, the grass in the shade will be a darker shade of green than the grass out of the shade.
A hallucination is seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling or feeling things that do not really exist.
Usually people have to be awake and conscious to have hallucinations.
That way, a person who sees or hears something that is not really there has a hallucination.
Hallucinations are different from dreams.
When people dream they are not awake.
Hallucinations are also different from illusions.
Illusions are based on real perceptions, which are distorted or interpreted in a wrong way.
Certain drugs can cause hallucinations.
Some illegal drugs are taken because they cause hallucinations.
Certain mental illnesses can also cause hallucinations.
In some cases, withdrawal of a drug can also cause hallucinations.
This has especially been reported by people trying to stop taking sleeping pills, or by alcoholics.
People who have hallucinations are not necessarily ill, lack of sleep can also cause hallucinations.
Hallucinations just before going to sleep or just after waking up are considered normal.
What are the different types of hallucinations?
Hallucinations can affect all of a person's senses.
People with the mental illness of schizophrenia may hear sounds or voices that are not really there.
People with certain mental illnesses may also have hallucinations in which they see a person or thing which is not really there.
People are less likely to have hallucinations in which they smell or touch something that is not really there.
Certain forms of epilepsy can cause hallucinations.
Finally, hallucinations can be the result of certain substances taken or of certain physical constellations.
Most of the time, these substances are taken to get the hallucinations.
Sometimes, (severe) lack of sleep, or high fever can lead to hallucinations brought on by such viruses as the common cold.
How many people are affected by hallucinations?
Many studies have shown hallucinatory experiences take place across the world.
Several studies, one of them done as early as 1894, have reported that approximately 10% of the population experience hallucinations.
A recent survey of over 13,000 people reported a much higher figure.
According to the study, almost 39% of the people reported hallucinatory experiences.
27% of the people reported daytime hallucinations, mostly outside the context of illness or drug use.
From this survey, hallucinations affecting smell or taste seem the most common in the general population.
What are the causes of hallucinations?
Illnesses
Diseases or illnesses
Some diseases such as brain disorders or infections may cause a person to have hallucinations.
As well, an alcoholic (person who is addicted to alcohol) who stops drinking alcohol suddenly may experience a type of hallucinations called delirium tremens (or "DT's").
Some people have hallucinations if they do not sleep  for a number of days, or if they do not eat for a number of days.
Chemicals or drugs
Some people use illegal drugs that cause vivid hallucinations, such as LSD ("acid") and PCP ("angel dust").
Many kinds of drugs - even legal ones - will cause hallucinations, if very large doses are taken, and it is seen as a side effect.
Legal drugs
Some legal drugs that dentists, doctors, or surgeons use cause hallucinations.
The dentists, doctors, and surgeons use drugs called anaesthetics to make people not feel pain, or to make people become unconscious.
But the drugs also have some other additional effects, which are called side effects, such as nausea (feeling sick) and hallucinations.
Many dentists use an anaesthetic called nitrous oxide ("laughing gas").
Inhaling large quantities of nitrous oxide can cause people to have hallucinations.
Doctors and surgeons use many types of anaesthetic gases so that patients who are being operated become unconscious.
When a person inhales anaesthetic gases, they may have hallucinations for several minutes, until they become unconscious.
Accidental poisoning
Some adults accidentally swallow a poisonous chemical because it is in a bottle that has the wrong label.
In some cases, children swallow a poisonous chemical because they think that it is a food product or a drink.
Some dangerous, poisonous chemicals which can make people very sick or even kill them also cause hallucinations.
Some people have hallucinations when they have not slept for a long time; other people have something resembling a hallucination before falling asleep.
This is usually called hypnagogia.
Most of the time, the people experiencing this kind of hallucinations are aware of the fact that they are not real.
A shadow is a dark area on a bright surface.
It is caused by something blocking a source of light.
A shadow's outline, called a silhouette, will have the same shape as the object blocking the light.
Depending on the light source, or sources, a wide range of effects can be produced.
A point source of light casts only a simple shadow, called an "umbra".
A "penumbra" is the region in which only a portion of the light source may be blocked.
If there is more than one light source, there will be several shadows, with the overlapping parts darker, and various combinations of brightness or even colors.
The more diffuse the lighting is, the softer and more indistinct the shadow outlines become, until they disappear.
The lighting of an overcast sky produces few visible shadows,
Astronomical shadows are usually sharp.
This is because in space the light usually does not go through an atmosphere.
June 26 – Christ's Hospital and King Edward's School, Witley created by Royal Charter
July 6 – Edward VI of England dies
July 10 – Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England – for the next nine days
July 18 – Lord Mayor of London proclaims Queen Mary as the rightful Queen – Lady Jane Grey willingly gives up the title of queen.
August 2 – Battle of Marciano.
French forces invading Italy under Marshal Blaise de Monluc are defeated by an imperial army under the Marquis of Marignano and are forced to retreat into Siena, which is besieged by the imperial forces.
August 3 – Queen Mary arrives in London
August 22 – Duke of Northumberland, supporter of Jane Grey, executed
September Protestant bishops in England are arrested and Roman Catholic bishops are restored
September 23 – The Sadians consolidate their power in Morocco by defeating the last of their enemies
October 27 – Calvinists burn Michael Servetus as a heretic in Geneva
Battle of Sievershausen – Elector Maurice of Saxony defeats the Catholic forces of Margrave Albert of Brandenburg-Kulmbach.
Maurice is mortally wounded.
Shanghai is fortified for the first time.
February 23 –  First performance of Handel's Orlando, in London
June 9 – James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of Georgia.
December 7 – The original Covent Garden Theatre Royal (now the Royal Opera House) is opened
Genoa regains Corsica
139 members of the Paris Parlement are exiled by order of the King, but are eventually triumphant over the Crown, and secure their recall in December
Cobalt discovered
February 22 - George Washington, first President of the United States
April 5 - Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French artist
April 13 - Frederick North, Lord North, Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782
December 6 - Warren Hastings, first Governor-General of India
Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer
October 31 - Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, Duke of Savoy
January 9 – Philip Astley stages the first modern circus (London)
May 10 –  John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for the North Briton severely criticizing King George III.
This action provokes rioting in London
Secretary of State for colonies appointed in Britain
Massachusetts Assembly dissolved for refusing to assist collection of taxes.
Boston citizens refuse to quarter British troops
France buys Corsica from Genoa
Gurkhas conquer Nepal
First of the weekly numbers of the Encyclopædia Britannica are published; 100 are planned
James Cook's first voyage: 1768-1771
12 February 1768 Francis I of Austria
3 March 1768 Nicola Porpora
The Sims is a video game released in 2000 .
It is a life simulator that imitates real life.
Sims can get jobs, have needs, and can get married.
It was the third best selling computer and video game of all time (it mostly sold well on the computer).
The Sims was created by Will Wright, who worked at Maxis, which was owned by EA Games.
It was first released in February 2000.
His intention was to make an open-ended game without a set objective.
This feature was the reason why it attracted so many gamers.
The first part of the game is to make a family, or play one of the preexisting families.
Every family can have children and adults.
A player can choose what they look like from many different clothes and hair styles.
Each family must include at least one adult.
Each family starts with $20,000, regardless of how many sims are in the family.
After the family is made, the player can move them into a lot.
Some lots are empty while other lots have houses on them.
There are many different floor coverings, wall coverings and doors to choose from when building a house.
After building, the player can purchase objects, such as a refrigerator, bed, or other things.
Players control the Sims in Live Mode.
The main goal is to keep the Sim's eight needs up and in the green.
These needs eventually go down as time goes by.
If Sims have no energy, they will fall to the ground.
If they are swimming and run out of energy they will drown.
If they are too hungry, they will die of starvation.
Other goals include making money (called Simoleons in this game).
Sims must get jobs to get more money so they can pay bills, buy new objects, and expand the house.
If they do not go to work two days in a row, they will be fired.
Each Sim has eight skill levels to work towards.
Each skill level has 10 points.
For instance, in the military job, the ultimate requirement is 10 body points.
Jobs also require a certain number of friends to receive a promotion.
The higher they go, the more money they make per day.
Children must go to school.
If they do not keep their grades up, they will be sent to military school and will never return.
They can read books to study.
Expansion packs
The Sims is well known for having many expansion packs, or smaller games that add onto the main game.
The player must own the original game to buy and install these packs.
The Sims has 7 official expansion packs.
Other Sims games
After it sold well on the computer, it was put on other platforms such as the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, GameCube and Xbox.
The console releases are:
The Sims (Console Game)
The Sims 2 (console Game)
These all follow a different concept.
They are more objective-based rather than free-willed and have not been as popular as the original PC editions.
A webcam is a video camera that connects to a computer, and can let people see each other over the Internet.
Most people that have webcams use them with an instant messenger to see each other at the same time.
Webcams can also be used for recording videos and video blogs.
The webcam can be part of a computer, mobile phone or it can be an independent device.
The equation for straight lines is .
"" is the -intercept.
The Last Waltz was final concert of the Canadian/American rock group The Band.
It took place on Thanksgiving (November 26) in 1976 at the Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco, California.
It was also made into a movie by Martin Scorsese, that came out in 1978.
Other musicians who were in The Last Waltz concert were:
Paul Butterfield
1976 in music
Music in San Francisco
1976 in the United States
1970s in California
April – Paris is recaptured by the French
End of the Hussite Wars in Bohemia.
Sigismund is accepted as King.
Alexandru I Aldea is replaced as ruler of Wallachia by Vlad II Dracul.
April 5 – Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz
April 27 – Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the Battle of Sajo.
The Glagolitic alphabet, devised by Cyril and Methodius, missionaries from Constantinople, is  adopted in the Bulgarian Empire.
Alfred the Great captures London and renames it Lundenburgh.
The boundaries between Wessex and the Danelaw are shifted.
Alfred the Great builds a small harbour called Queenhythe slightly upstream from London Bridge.
Alfred the Great mints the first halfpenny.
Previous halfpennies had been pennies cut in half.
Earl Aethelred is given control of London by Alfred the Great.
Alfred's sister Ethelfleda marries Aethelred.
Leo VI succeeds his stepfather Basil I as Byzantine emperor and replaces patriarch Photius with his brother Stephen I.
Khan Boris I of Bulgaria establishes the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools.
Charles II of France purchases peace with Vikings at Paris.
February – Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor.
April 12 – The Fourth Crusade take Constantinople by storm, and pillage the city for three days.
End of the Fourth Crusade.
May 16 – Baldwin, Count of Flanders is crowned emperor of the Latin Empire a week after his election by the members of the Fourth Crusade.
Theodore I Lascaris flees to Nicaea after the capture of Constantinople, and establishes the Empire of Nicaea; Byzantine successor states are also established in Epirus and Trebizond.
Boniface of Montferrat, a leader of the Fourth Crusade, founds the Kingdom of Thessalonica.
The writings of French theologian Amalric of Bena are condemned by the University of Paris and Pope Innocent III.
Valdemar II, King of Denmark, is recognized as king in Norway.
Angers and Normandy are recaptured from England by Philip II of France.
The Cistercian convent of Port-Royal is established.
The district of Cham becomes subject to Bavaria.
Philip of Swabia becomes a subject of Hermann I of Thuringia.
Beaulieu Abbey founded.
Jersey enjoys self-government thanks to the division of the Duchy of Normandy.
Haakon IV, King of Norway (died 1263)
Heinrich Raspe, Landgraf of Thuringia (died 1247)
Abû 'Uthmân Sa'îd Hakam al Qurashi, Ra'îs of Manûrqa (died 1282)
January 1 – King Haakon III of Norway
February 8 – Alexius IV Angelus, Byzantine Emperor
March 31 – Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of France and England
August 11 – King Guttorm of Norway
August 14 – Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (born 1182)
October 21 – Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester
December 13 – Maimonides, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (born 1135)
Ban Kulin – ruler of Bosnia (born 1163)
Amalric of Bena, French theologian
William de Burgh, English politician
Emeric of Hungary (born 1174)
Isaac II Angelus, Byzantine Emperor
Suleiman II of Rum
David Soslani, Prince of Ossetia
Barcelona sacked by Al-Mansur
Greenland colonized by Icelandic Viking Erik the Red (the date is according to legend but has been established as at least approximately correct – see History of Greenland)
Lady Wulfruna founded the town that later became the city of Wolverhampton
Henry the Wrangler restored as Duke of Bavaria
Rajaraja Chola I becomes the Chola Emperor and brings in another golden era of Chola Empire
Emma of Normandy, Queen of England and first Queen Mother of England; mother of Edward the Confessor and aunt of William the Conqueror (died 1055)
August 9 – The Bulgars win the war with the Byzantine Empire; the latter signs a peace treaty, which is considered as the birth-date of Bulgaria
Wilfrid of York is expelled from Northumbria by Ecgfrith and retires into Sussex
May 18 – Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe.
June 22 – Ottoman Empire defeated in Battle of Sisak, their first defeat in Europe.
July 25 – King Henry IV of France returns to Catholicism, and is recognized as King in most of France.
Outbreak of the Long War in Hungary between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.
Mihai Viteazul becomes prince of Walachia.
Pope Innocent XIII becomes pope
Johann Sebastian Bach composes the Brandenburg Concertos
April 4 – Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
September 10 – Treaty of Nystad is signed, bringing an end to the Great Northern War
November 2 – Peter I is proclaimed Emperor of All the Russias
April 19 - Roger Sherman, signer of the American Declaration of Independence (d.  1803)
July 18 - Antoine Watteau, French painter (b. 1684)
September 2 - Kwon Sang-ha, Korean writer
September 17 - Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
December 13 - Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor (original "Robinson Crusoe") (b. 1676)
The Vedas are the four holiest books of the  by mankind to the next, perhaps over thousands of years.
Each book has four major kinds of text – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).
The Vedas are written inVedic Sanskrit.
the Rigveda
the Yajurveda
the Samaveda
the Atharvaveda
Rigveda is the first of the four Vedas.
Rigveda means a Veda of praise.
This Veda has several verses (hymns).
This Veda is also the oldest Hindu holy book.
Yajurveda is the second of the four Vedas.
Yajurveda means the Veda of the Yajus.
Yajus were mantras sung during religious activities.
Yajurveda is divided into two parts.
The name of the first part is Black Yajurveda, called Taittiriya.
The Taittirīya Upanishad is a Vedic era Sanskrit text, embedded as three chapters of the Yajurveda.
It is a mukhya Upanishad, and likely composed about 6th century BC.
The Taittirīya Upanishad is associated with the Taittirīya school of the Yajurveda, attributed to the pupils of sage Tittiri.
The name of the second part is White Yajurveda,is called Vajasaneyi.
Samaveda is the third Veda of the four Vedas.
Samaveda means the Veda of sacred songs.
This Veda also has many hymns.
They were sung by the Hindu priests and other Hindus during religious activities.
Atharvaveda
Atharvaveda is the fourth of the four Vedas.
Atharvaveda means the Veda of knowledge.
The Atharvaveda holds key for the massive vedic knowledge on the sciences like medicine, sorcery and has many facts that the present generation is still  trying to crack.
Flood, Gavin.
An Introduction to Hinduism.
Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996. .
Michaels, Axel.
Hinduism: Past and Present.
Princeton University Press: 2004. .
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli;  and Moore, Charles A. A Source Book in Indian Philosophy.
Princeton University Press, 1957; Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. .
Walker, Benjamin Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism, (Two Volumes), Allen & Unwin, London, 1968; Praeger, New York, 1968; Munshiram Manohar Lal, New Delhi, 1983; Harper Collins, New Delhi, 1985; Rupa, New Delhi, 2005, .
Winternitz, Moriz.
History of Indian Literature.
1 (of two volumes), p. 1. (
Calcutta 1926)
A translation of Rig Veda
The Vedas at sacred-texts.com
Vedas: Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Artharva
The Prime Minister of Greenland (, lit Leader of the Government; ), officially referred to as the Premier, is the head of the Government of Greenland.
The incumbent prime minister is Múte Bourup Egede of the Siumut party.
The prime minister is usually leader of the majority party in the Parliament of Greenland.
Jonathan Motzfeldt became Prime Minister after home rule was granted to Greenland in 1979.
List of prime ministers of Greenland
Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian: Србија и Црна Гора, Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated as "SCG") was the name of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.
They used to be two separate Yugoslav republics.
In 2006, they became their own countries.
Serbia and Montenegro worked together in only some political areas.
The states had separate economic policies and currencies (money).
Although both the states now had more freedom to do as they pleased than they did as Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro was still a Sovereign State united under one government.
The people of Montenegro still wanted independence though, on 21 May 2006 they held a vote to ask the Montenegrin's whether they still wanted to stay in the union.
The vote for independence won by 55.5%.
On 3 June 2006 Montenegro declared independence; followed by Serbia's deceleration of independence two days later on the 5 June.
Former federations
Former republics
1992 establishments in Europe
2006 disestablishments in Europe
A Minister can be a Member of Parliament, or a Clergyman (person who works as a Minister in the Church).
This article talks about a Minister as a Member of Parliament.
What is a minister?
A Minister is a Member of Parliament who has a special role dealing with a certain area of Government.
In the British Government, there are Ministers for lots of different things, like Children, Work & Pensions and Culture, Media & Sport.
There are descriptions (things that describe) of what these people do at the bottom of this page.
Ministers in the government report to the Prime Minister, who also tells them what they need to do in relation to their jobs.
The Deputy Prime Minister also reports to the Prime Minister.
What describes these jobs?
The Minister for Children looks after children's rights - these are laws which take care of how children are treated by their parents or guardians (a guardian is someone who looks after a child when their parents are not able to), and their care in society.
The job means that this Minister has a special role in the lives of all children in the UK.
This Minister looks after jobs (Employment) and money given to people who are in need (Welfare Benefits).
They set the rules saying what people who have no job must do to try and get one, and how much money people who have no job or are in need, get to live on.
The Minister also sets rules about what happens to people who do not do enough to find a job, or who break the law by working while they are getting Welfare Benefits.
This Minister has a special role which means they promote (make popular) British Culture and Traditions.
They also take care of Broadcasting laws and laws about what newspapers and television stations can and cannot do.
Also, they have a duty to promote sporting activities which take place in Britain and help the government attract major sports events to Britain (the recent decision to let Britain host the Olympic Games in 2012 is an example of this).
There are a lot of other Ministers in the Government, and you can find out about them by writing to the Houses of Parliament in London.
Their address is:The Houses of ParliamentWestminsterLondonSW1A 0AA'
Other countries also have Ministers who, like those in Britain, deal with special things related to how people live.
You can find out about them by looking at the Wikipedia in your own country.
id:Menteri#Menteri di Indonesia
Jealousy or envy is a feeling (or emotion) people get when they want what others have.
When someone is jealous of someone else, they usually dislike the other person.
These particular emotions are usually caused by a person having a certain object or quality which you desire but can not obtain.
Jealousy is caused by lacking of self confidence and judging your abilities.
Jealousy is not reasonable rationally.
Anger is one of the basic emotions.
It is an inherited response, and is common to all mammals and a number of other animals.
It happens when we are threatened, offended, wronged, or denied something we really want or need.
Psychology of anger
Anger is a normal emotion.
It involves a strong, uncomfortable and emotional response to a provocation.
There is a sharp distinction between anger and aggression (verbal or physical, direct or indirect).
Both influence each other.
Anger can start aggression or increase its probability or intensity.
However, it is not necessary nor sufficient for aggression.
People show anger to others by their face, what they do with their body, not trying to understand or help other people's problems, and sometimes acts of aggression or force in public (e.g. punching a wall).
Animals and humans might try to scare- by making loud sounds, trying to make their bodies look bigger, by showing their teeth, or by staring.
When we face a challenge, our response may be anger or fear.
It may be difficult to decide whether to face the challenge, or walk away.
In animal behaviour terms, we face the choice of a fight or flight response.
Hormones and body changes
Being angry makes the levels of the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline in the body go up, although this does not last for very long.
Adrenaline quickly makes the body ready to act when there is important trouble by increasing the supply of oxygen and glucose (needed to make energy) to the brain and muscles, while slowing less important things the body is doing, like digesting food.
Noradrenaline is released during stress.
It goes to areas of the brain which control attention (how much you think or concentrate) and reactions.
It is very important  when the body chooses "fight-or-flight" (attacking or running away).
Then it increases heart rate, takes glucose out of storage so it can be used, and increases blood flow to muscles.
Passive anger
Passive anger can be expressed in various ways.
Basically it means being angry, but not facing the issue at hand.
Walk away, turn one's back on a crisis, avoid conflict, not arguing back.
Consequence: problem not solved, and tends to eat away at one's self-confidence.