the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Lahore Division was also an administrative division of Punjab Province of British India.
It extended along the right bank of the Sutlej River from the Himalaya to Multan, and was made up of the six districts of Sialkot, Gujranwala, Montgomery, Lahore, Amritsar, and Gurdaspur.
With the Partition of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan in 1947, Lahore Division was divided among the two countries.
Pakistan, including the disputed territory of Kashmir, originally had 37 political divisions during the United Pakistan period, that was inherited by British India, then from 1971-2000 it was reduced to 33 since four were lost to the independence of Bangladesh''
The Divisions of Pakistan () used to be a subdivision of Pakistan's provinces.
Pakistan's four provinces were split into divisions and the divisions were split into districts.
However after the year 2000, the government of Pakistan abolished divisions.
In August 2000, local government reforms abolished the "Division" as an administrative tier and introduced a system of local government councils, with the first elections held in 2001.
Following that there was radical restructuring of the local government system to implement "the principle of subsidiarity, whereby all functions that can be effectively performed at the local level are transferred to that level".
This meant devolution of many functions, to districts and tehsils, which were previously handled at the provincial and divisional levels.
At abolition, there were twenty-six divisions in Pakistan proper - five in Sindh, six in Balochistan, seven in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and eight in Punjab.
Abolition did not affect the two divisions of Azad Kashmir, which form the second tier of government.
The former subdivisions of Pakistan are states, provinces and territories of Pakistan.
Most of which existed between 1947 and 1975.
Pakistan's subdivisions originate from those of British India, during their rule the British had established provinces and chief commissioners.
After 1947 Pakistan and India became independent when British India was divided.
From 1947 to 1971, Pakistan was split into two areas (East and West Pakistan) that were 1600 kilometres apart separated by India in the middle.
The eastern wing had one province - East Bengal which included the Sylhet District from the former Indian province of Assam, and also the former district of East Pakistan province.
The western wing was formed from three Governor's provinces (North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sind (historical), one Chief Commissioner's Province (Baluchistan), several Princely states and parts of occupied Kashmir.
Kalat Division () originally it was called Baluchistan States Union, until the merger with West Pakistan in 1955 and was also an administrative division of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished it.
Makran Division () was an administrative division of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished it.
Nasirabad Division () was an administrative division of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished it.
The capital was Nasirabad town.
Makran () is a partly-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan.
It is along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman.
The Persian phrase Mahi khoran, fish-eaters (Mahi = fish + khor = eat) is believed to be the origin of the modern word Makran.
The narrow coastal plain rises very rapidly into several mountain ranges.
The coastline is 1,000 km, 750 km of this is in Pakistan.
The climate is very dry with very little rainfall.
According to the book Documents on the Persian Gulf's name " and ENCYCLOPEDIA Iranika   Makran also Mekran and Mokrān  historically in persian and Arabic text was a vast area from Hormuz strait to the Sind River some mentioned as far as gujarat region.also the body of water in that region was called Macran Sea.
The name Makrān has found a popular etymology in māhi-ḵᵛorān “fish eaters,” but more probable is a connection with the name Magan,or Maka of the Old Persian.
On his way homewards from the Far East in 1290, Marco Polo (II, pp.
334-35) sailed along the Makrān coast, calling it KisMacoran (i.e. Tiz Makrān), considering it as the last province of India and attributing to it a ruler of its own.
In the early 14th century, Ebn Baṭṭuṭa (II, pp.
341-2) records that, after the death of the Il-Khanid sultan (i.e. after 736/1335), a certain Malek Dinār took power in Makrān.
It was during these centuries that Makrān was colonized by Baluch tribesmen moving southeastwards from Persia, so that it is today mostly Baluch-speaking.
The boundary between Persian Makrān and that part coming within the British Indian province of Baluchistan (the easternmost part forming the Native State of Las Bela) and after 1947 within Pakistan, was demarcated by an Anglo-Persian Boundary Commission in 1870-72.
Landforms of Iran
The Geography of Iran contains mountains, rivers as well as plain land.
Iran is a country of Southwest Asia, it borders the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan.
Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries.
Iran has an area of 1,648,000 square kilometres and is the sixteenth largest in size.
Iran is bordered to the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan.
The border with these countries are more than 2,000 kilometres long and includes nearly 650 kilometres of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea.
Iran's western borders are with Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south, ending at the Shatt al Arab (which Iranians call the Arvand Rud).
The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the southern border (1,770 kilometres).
To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the south.
The distance from the Iran's border with Azerbaijan in the north-west to the border with Pakistan in the south-east is about 2,333 kilometres.
Iran in Maps - BBC (population, land, infrastructure)
"Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan" is an old map from 1897 of Persia, also known as Iran
Pakistan is a country in Asia.
It is divided into five provinces and two territories.
Pakistan also administers part of Kashmir.
This part is divided into two separate areas.
The rest of Kashmir is administered by India.
Provinces and federal territories
Each province of Pakistan is divided into zillas - zillah is an Urdu word () meaning district.
There are 105 districts in Pakistan.
A district is divided into tehsils ().
A tehsils is similar to a county.
Tehsils are used in all provinces except in Sindh province where the word taluka () is used instead.
Tehsils may contain villages or towns and cities.
Each tehsil is further divided into union councils.
A union council is the smallest part of local government in Pakistan.
They are sometimes made up of a few villages.
There are over 5,000 local government areas in Pakistan.
Since 2001, these have been led by democratically elected local councils, each headed by a Nazim (the word means "supervisor" in Urdu, but is sometimes translated as mayor).
Women have been allotted a minimum of 33% seats in these councils; there is no maximum limit to the number of women in these councils.
In the 1960s, Pakistan was simply divided into two "units" these were East Pakistan and West Pakistan.
Shortly before East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh, West Pakistan reverted to a system with four provinces.
The provinces consisted of subunits called "divisions", which were further subdivided into districts, tehsils, and villages or municipalities.
In August 2000, Pervez Musharraf's local government reforms abolished the "division" as an administrative tier.
A system of local government councils was established, with the first elections being held in 2001.
Since then Pakistan has had greatly changed the local government system.
The government had a plan to allow devolution.
This plan according to the government "follows the principle of subsidiarity, whereby all functions that can be effectively performed at the local level are transferred to that level."
Government of Azad Kashmir
Government of Balochistan
Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas
Government of the Islamabad Capital Territory
Government of the Northern Areas
Government of the Punjab
Government of Sindh
Decentralization Support Program
National Reconstruction Bureau
The idea is that the top authority should only do things which cannot be properly done at a lower or local level.
It applies to many areas of life.
“Just Dance” is a 2008 song by American singer Lady Gaga, from her debut album, The Fame.
Gaga sang this song with Colby O'Donis.
The song was nominated for Best Dance Recording at the 2009 Grammy Awards.
It reached #1 in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and the Netherlands.
Lady Gaga songs
Dance-pop songs
Electro songs
Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Before 2001
Rose Marion Tyler is a character in the British television series Doctor Who.
She was played by Billie Piper.
Rose was a companion of the Doctor.
The character was created by series producer Russell T Davies.
When Doctor Who was returned to television in 2005, Rose was introduced in the show as a new "companion" of series protagonist the Doctor, in his Ninth and later Tenth bodies.
A regular companion of the Doctor for all of series one and series two, Rose also returned in the programme's fourth series having Changed in the gap between them.
When first seen, Rose is 19 years old and working in a shop named Henrik's.
She has a boyfriend named Mickey Smith, and lives in a apartment with her mother Jackie Tyler in the Powell Estate in London.
Rose left school without taking her A-levels but won the bronze medal in an under-sevens gymnastics competition at her school.
Her father, Pete Tyler died in 1987 in a car accident, the year after Rose was born.
When she was twelve, she received a red bicycle for Christmas, which was given to her by the Doctor after meeting Rose in the future.
Ninth Doctor saves her from aliens named Autons then he destroys the building.
She helps the Doctor to defeat the autons then decides to travel with him.
While they are travelling, the Doctor and Rose realise that the words "Bad Wolf" follow them around.
They discover that Rose herself is the Bad Wolf, and that the words are a message.
They tell Rose that she must travel to the future to absorb the energies of the time vortex, to save the Doctor and the Earth from the Daleks.
By absorbing the power of the TARDIS, she destroy the Daleks, brings Captain Jack back to life and leaves the words "Bad Wolf" through the universe as clues that are seen throughout the series.
Soon the energies she absorbed begin to destroy her body.
The Doctor, through a kiss, absorbs the power, sacrificing his ninth incarnation and regenerating before Rose's eyes into the Tenth Doctor.
At the beginning of season 2, Rose and the Doctor travel "farther than we've ever gone before" to New New Earth.
There they meet the Face of Boe again and help defeat some cat-nurses.
Over the course of season two, we learn that Rose has a crush on the Doctor, a point that is made strongly in 2.03 (when she competes for the Doctor's affections with former companion, Sarah Jane Smith) and 2.04 (when the Doctor falls for Madame de Pompadour).
Toward the end of the season, the Doctor starts to return affection for Rose, ending in the finale where Rose is trapped in a parallel universe (that looks just like ours) with her mother, Jackie, Mickey, and her parallel-universe father, Peter Tyler.
In "Turn Left", when a Time Beetle causes Donna to change the past and change the universe, Rose continually appears to her and helps her to set things right by sending her back in time.
She also gives Donna the message "Bad Wolf" to deliver to the Doctor, which tells him that it is the end of the universe.
Rose is reunited with the Doctor in  "The Stolen Earth", but as the two run towards each other, the Doctor is shot down by a Dalek.
A sad Rose, reunited with Jack Harkness for the first time since she resurrected him in "The Parting of the Ways", is forced to watch the Doctor begin to regenerate again.
In "Journey's End" the Doctor regenerates just enough to heal himself, moving the rest of his 'Time Lord' regenerative energy into his hand that was cut off in the series two episode "The Christmas Invasion".
Donna later touches the hand, and the energy that flows into her creates a weird event called a 'biological metacrisis'.
This metacrisis causes the hand to develop into a part human, part time lord version of the Doctor, complete with the Doctor's memories, personality and knowledge, but exhibiting traits of Donna's personality.
This mixed version of the Doctor also has only one heart, and he can't regenerate.
The original Doctor returns Rose to her alternate universe's Bad Wolf Bay.
Between themselves, the original Doctor and the half-human Doctor have decided that the half-human Doctor will stay with Rose; this Doctor can give Rose a romantic relationship, as he will age and die as a human rather than greatly outliving her like his Time Lord counterpart would.
The Doctor tells Rose that his half-human self needs her as he was "born of blood and fire and revenge" much like his previous body was after the Time War.
He believes Rose can help turn him into a "better man".
When the half-human Doctor seemingly completes the sentence the original Doctor started at the end of "Doomsday" they kiss each other.
And although we do not hear what the half-human Doctor had whispered to Rose, executive producer Julie Gardner confirmed in Doctor Who Confidential that "even though we don't hear it, of course he's saying 'I love you'."
Kashmir and Jammu was a princely state in the Himalayas next to the territories of British India in the north.
It was ruled by a Hindu Maharaja.
The state was created in 1846 after the defeat of the Sikhs.
The East India Company annexed the Kashmir valley and wanted to recover some of the cost of the Anglo-Sikh war.
The Muslim majority Kashmir was sold to the Dogra ruler of Jammu under the Treaty of Amritsar.
The area of the state were set by the Treaty of Amritsar of 1846 "situated to the eastward of the Indus and westward of the Ravi River it covered an area of 80,900 km2.
After the British left India the princely state was divided between Pakistan and India  as war took place between the neighbours.
Before the creation of the princely state, Kashmir had been ruled by the Durrani Empire it was then taken over by the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh.
During Sikh rule Jammu had been a tributary of the Sikh Empire in the Punjab region, but after the death of its Raja, Kishore Singh, Dogra,  in 1822 his son Gulab Singh was recognised by the Sikhs as being his heir.
He then began expanding his kingdom.
As Ruler Jammu Gulab Singh took over Bhadarwah then  Kishtwar.
Taking over Kishtwar meant that Singh had now gained control of two of the roads which led into Ladakh which allowed him to take control of that territory.
Although there were huge difficulties, due to the mountains and glaciers, the Dogras under Gulab Singh's officer, Zorawar Singh managed to conquered the whole of Ladakh.
A few years later, in 1840, General Zorawar Singh invaded Baltistan and captured the Raja of Skardu who had sided with the Ladakhis, and took over his country.
The following year (1841) Zorawar Singh tried to invade Tibet, however due to the winter weather and by being attacked by the Tibetians.
He along with almost all of his army died.
In the winter of 1845 war broke out between the British and the Sikhs.
Gulab Singh remained neutral until the battle of Sobraon in 1846, when he became a trusted adviser of Sir Henry Lawrence.
This allowed him to gain land for himself - all the hilly or mountainous land to the east of the Indus and west of the Ravi River.
Kashmir itself was not easy for the Maharaja to take over.
The Maharaja's army had to fight Imam-ud-din - the Sikh governor.
Imam-ud-din was aided by the Bambas from the Jhelum valley.
They managed to defeat Gulab Singh's troops near to Srinagar, killing Wazir Lakhpat.
However Imam-ud-din was later persuaded by Sir Henry Lawrence to stop fighting and Kashmir passed without further fighting to the new ruler.
Not long afterwards the Hunza Raja, attacked Gilgit territory.
Nathu Shah on behalf of Gulab Singh responded by leading a force to attack the Hunza valley; he and his force were destroyed, and Gilgit fort fell into the hands of the Hunza Raja, along with Punial, Yasin, and Darel.
The Maharaja then sent two armies, one from Astor and one from Baltistan, and after some fighting Gilgit fort was taken back.
In 1852 the Dogra troops were defeated by Gaur Rahman of Yasin, and for eight years the Indus formed the boundary of the Maharaja's territories.
Gulab Singh died in 1857, his successor, Ranbir Singh, sided with the British during the Indian Rebellion.
After the rebellion had been defeated by the British Ranbir decided to take back Gilgit.
In 1860 a force under Devi Singh crossed the Indus, and moved towards Gaur Rahman's strong fort at Gilgit.
Gaur Rahman had died just before the arrival of the Dogras.
The fort was taken and held by the Maharajas until 1947.
Although Ranbir Singh was tolerant of other religions his control over the country was weak, between 1877 and 1879 a dreadful famine took place in Kashmir.
There used to be a route from Kohala to Leh, it was possible to travel from Rawalpindi via Kohala and over the Kohala Bridge into Kashmir.
The route from Kohala to Srinagar was a cart-road 132 miles in length, from Kohala to Baramulla the road was close to the Jhelum River.
At Muzaffarabad the Kishenganga River joins the Jhelum and at this point the road from Abbottabad and Garhi Habibullah meet the Kashmir route.
The road carried heavy traffic and had to be repaired main times by the authorities.
In 1893 very serious floods took place in the Jhelum because of rain that fell for 52 hours, and much damage was done to Srinagar.
However the floods of 1903 was much more severe.
End of the princely state
In 1947 the Indian Independence Act was passed, this meant that British India would become two independent states - Pakistan and India.
Also each of the princely states would be free to join India or Pakistan - or remain independent.
All of princely ended up becoming part of Pakistan or India.
However the ruler of Kashmir wanted to remain independent, neither joining Pakistan or India, this led to war between the two neighbouring countries in which Kashmir became divided between them.
Each considered that all of the former princely state belongs to them.
This has led to several wars.
The Kashmir conflict between the two nuclear neighbours remains one of the hardest and longest running disputes that the  United Nations Security Council has been trying to solve.
Indian princely states
1952 disestablishments
1840s establishments in the United Kingdom
1950s disestablishments in India
1950s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1840s establishments in Asia
The Jallianwalah Bagh Massacre, also known as the Amritsar Massacre was a massacre that happened in Amritsar, in 1919.
It is named after the Jallianwala Bagh (Temple) in the northern Indian city of Amritsar , Punjab.
On April 13, 1919, British Indian Army soldiers started shooting at an unarmed crowd of men, women and children.
The person in charge was  Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, the military commander of Amritsar.
The shooting lasted about ten minutes.
According to official British Raj sources, 379 people were killed.
According to other sources, there were over 1,000 deaths, with more than 2,000 hurt badly, and Civil Surgeon Dr. Smith said that there were 1500 casualties.
India during World War I
World War I began with large support and friendliness towards the United Kingdom from the leaders of India.
This was not expected by the British, who thought there may be a revolt.
India helped a lot to the British war effort by providing men and resources.
About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and workers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition.
However, Bengal and Punjab were areas where people still did not like the British.
Terrorist-style attacks in Bengal were connected with the unrest in Punjab.
Also, from the beginning of the war, the overseas Indian population (mainly from Canada, Germany, and the United States) tried to start a rebellion in India similar to the 1857 uprising.
With Irish Republican, German and Turkish help, a large conspiracy was made called the HinduGerman Conspiracy.
This conspiracy also tried to make Afghanistan not support British India.
After World War I, the high number of dead and wounded, inflation, heavy taxation and other problems greatly affected the people of India.
Indian soldiers smuggled weapons into India to get rid of British rule.
Different groups joined together to demand independence from Britain.
In 1916, the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League signed the Lucknow Pact, agreeing to build a border dividing Punjab (India) and Pakistan.
The worsening civil unrest throughout India, especially amongst the Bombay millworkers, led to the Rowlatt committee in 1919.
The Rowlatt committee was named after Sydney Rowlatt, an English judge.
The job of the committee was to understand German and Bolshevik links to the militant movement in India, especially in Punjab and Bengal.
The committee asked for an extension of the Defence of India act of 1915  The act gave the Viceroy's government with great power, that included silencing the press, including detaining the political activists without trial, arrest without warrant of any individual suspected of treason.
This act sparked huge anger within India.
Before the massacre
The events that followed the Rowlatt Act in 1919 were also influenced by the events linked to the Ghadar conspiracy, At the time, British Indian Army troops were returning from the battlefields of Europe and Mesopotamia to an economic depression in India.
There were many attempts to mutiny in 1915 and the Lahore conspiracy trials were still in public attention.
News of young Mohajirs who fought on behalf of the Turkish Caliphate and later for the Red Army during the Russian Civil War was also beginning to reach India.
The Russian Revolution had also started to influence India.
It was at this time that Mahatma Gandhi, until then relatively unknown on the Indian political scene, began emerging as a mass leader.
Gandhi's call for protest against the Rowlatt act got an expected response - of furious unrest and protests.
The situation especially in Punjab became bad very quickly.
Rail, telegraph and communication systems were all disrupted.
A huge crowd of 20,000 marched through Lahore.
In Amritsar, over 5,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh.
Michael O'Dwyer is said to have believed that this was part of an attempt to rebel against the British.
James Houssemayne Du Boulay is said to have ascribed a direct relationship between the fear of a Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tensed situation in Punjab, and the British response that ended in the massacre.
On April 10, 1919, a protest was held at the residence of the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar, a city in Punjab, a large province in the northwestern part of what was then undivided India.
The demonstration was held to demand the release of two popular leaders of the Indian Independence Movement, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, who had been earlier arrested on account of their protests.
The crowd was shot at by British troops, the shooting stated more violence.
Later in the day, several banks and other government buildings, including the Town Hall and the railway station were attacked and set on fire.
The violence continued to increase, and resulted in the deaths of at least 5 Europeans, including government employees and civilians.
For the next two days, the city of Amritsar was quiet, but violence continued in other parts of the Punjab.
Railway lines were cut, telegraph posts destroyed, government buildings burnt, and three Europeans were killed.
By April 13, the British government had decided to place most of the Punjab under martial law.
The legislation placed restrictions on a number of civil liberties,  including freedom of assembly, banning gatherings of more than four people.
On April 13, 1919, thousands of people gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh (garden) near the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
The date was for the Baisakhi festival which was also the Sikh new year.
For more than two hundred years, this festival had drawn thousands from all over India.
People had travelled for days to get to Amritsar.
The Jallianwala Bagh was surrounded on all sides by houses and buildings and had few narrow entrances, most of which were kept locked.
Unable to escape people tried to climb the walls of the park.
Many jumped into a well inside the compound to escape from the bullets.
A plaque in the monument says that 120 bodies were plucked out of the well.
As a result of the shooting, hundreds of people were killed and thousands were injured.
The shooting lasted for ten minutes.
In a telegram sent to Dyer, British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Sir Michael O'Dwyer wrote: "Your action is correct.
Lieutenant Governor approves."
Dyer dismissed
20th century in India
The British Indian Army, officially called simply the Indian Army (IA), was the army in British India during British rule (1858–1947).
The Indian Army served as a security force in India itself and fought in battles overseas, particularly during the two World Wars.
The term "Indian Army" was used to describe the presidency armies, especially after the Indian Mutiny.
However, the first army officially called the "Indian Army" was raised by the government of India in 1895.
In 1903 the Indian Army absorbed the three presidency armies (the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army).
Between 1903 and 1947  the Army of India consisted of two separate parts: the Indian Army and the British Army in India.
The first consisted of Indian Army regiments from India, while the second were British Army regiments from the United Kingdom which were sent to India.
The Indian Army was formed after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 when the government of Britain took over rule from the British East India Company.
Before that the company had their own army units, paid for by their profits and these joined with British Army units.
The army of the British East India Company recruited mostly Muslims in the Bengal Presidency (which consisted of Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), and high caste Hindus mainly from the rural plains of Oudh.
These troops rebelled against the British in 1857.
The presidency armies were the armies of the three presidencies of British India.
The presidency armies, like the presidencies themselves, belonged to the East India Company until the Indian Mutiny, when the British government took over all three presidencies.
Eventually all three presidency armies were merged into the Indian Army.
The Bengal Army
The Madras Army
The Bombay Army
Before the rebellion
From the mid-eighteenth century, the East India Company began to keep armies at each of its three main stations, or ‘Presidencies’, in India at Calcutta (Bengal), Madras and Bombay.
The Bengal Army, Madras Army, and Bombay Army were quite different, each with its own list of Regiments and European officers.
All three armies had both European regiments in which both the officers and men were Europeans, and a larger number of ‘Native’ regiments in which the officers were Europeans and the ordinary soldiers were Indians.
Also from the mid-eighteenth century the British government began to send regiments of the regular British Army to India to reinforce the Company’s armies.
These troops are often referred to as ‘H.M.’s Regiments’ or ‘Royal regiments’.
After the rebellion
Following the Indian rebellion of 1857-58 and the end of the East India Company, its European regiments were joined in 1860 with the British Army, but its ‘Native’ regiments were not.
The three separate Presidency Armies  continued to exist, and their European officers continued to be listed as members of the Bengal, Madras or Bombay Army rather than the British Army.
However, the Presidency Armies began to be described as the Indian Army.
Also after the rebellion artillery was only to be used by the British Army and not by Indian troops.
The Bombay Presidency was a former province of British India.
It began in the 17th century as trading posts of the British East India Company, but later grew to include much of western and central India, as well as parts of Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula.
At its greatest extent, the Bombay Presidency was made up of the present-day state of Gujarat, the western two-thirds of Maharashtra state, including the regions of Konkan, Desh, and Kandesh, and northwestern Karnataka state of India; It also included Pakistan's Sindh province and the British territory of Aden in Yemen.
It consisted partly of districts, which were directly under British rule, and partly of native or princely states, which were ruled by local rulers under the administration of a governor.
The first British settlement in the Bombay Presidency was in 1618, when the East India Company established a factory at Surat.
The British were protected by a charter from the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.
Bombay at the time was under the control of Portugal.
In 1661 Bombay was given to the British government, as part of the dowry of  Catherine of Braganza when she  married Charles II of England.
In 1668 Bombay was given to the East India Company for a yearly payment of £10.
In 1687 Bombay became the capital of the Company's territories in India.
However, in 1753 Calcutta was in charge of the Government of Bombay.
During the 18th century, the Maratha Empire grew quickly, conquering Konkan and much of eastern Gujarat from the Mughal Empire.
In western Gujarat, including Kathiawar and Kutch, the weakening Mughal control allowed lots of local rulers to become independent.
The first battle between the British and the Marathas was the First Anglo-Maratha War which began in 1774 and resulted in the 1782 treaty of Salbai.
The treaty meant that the island of Salsette, next to Bombay island, was given to the British.
The British took over Surat in 1800.
British territory became bigger in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803.
In 1803 the Bombay Presidency included only Salsette, the islands of the harbour (since 1774), Surat and Bankot (since 1756); but 1803 and 1827 the presidency grew even more.
The Gujarat districts were taken over by the Bombay government in 1805 and made larger in 1818.
The small states of Kathiawar and Mahikantha were organised into princely states under British control between 1807 and 1820.
After the Revolt of 1857, the British East India Company rule ceased, and India came under the direct control of the British government.
In 1932, Aden was separated from Bombay and made a separate province, and Sind became a separate province on April 1, 1936.
The Bombay Presidency had a large and diverse population.
The census of 1901 gave a total of 25,468,209 people.
By religion the population was 19,916,438 Hindu, 4,567,295 Muslim, 535,950 Jain, 78,552 Zoroastrian, and about 200,000 Christian.
In Sindh Islam had been the main religion since the Arab conquest in the 8th century.
In Gujarat the main religion is Hinduism, although Muslim kingdoms have left their influence in many parts of the province.
The Deccan is the home of the Marathi, who were 30% of the population.
The Konkan had various Christian castes, because of the rule of the Portuguese.
The main languages of the Presidency were Sindhi in Sindh, Kutchi in Kutch, Gujarati and Hindustani in Gujarat, Marathi in Thana and the central division, Gujarati and Marathi in Khandesh, and Marathi and Kannada in the southern division.
There were also Bhil (120,000) and Gipsy (30,000) dialects.
In 1947 Bombay Province became part of newly-independent India, and Sindh Province became part of Pakistan.
In 1950 Bombay Province was reorganised into Bombay State, which included the princely states.
The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or "high king".
Many languages of India have borrowed the word 'maharaja', there languages include Punjabi, Bengali, Hindi and Gujarati.
Its use is mainly for Hindu rulers.
A female ruler is known as Maharani (or Maharanee) or great queen.
She can be the wife of a Maharaja or a ruler herself.
British India contained more than 600 princely states each with its own ruler.
Some states called the ruler Raja or Thakur (if the ruler were Hindu) or Nawab (if he was Muslim); there were many other titles as well.
Originally only rulers of large empires such as the ancient Gupta Empire were Maharajas but in later centuries even rulers of small kingdoms used the title.
In 1971, the government of Indira Gandhi abolished the titles and money for all Indian rulers.
However some people still claim such titles.
Jallianwala Bagh is a public garden in Amritsar city in Punjab province of India.
It has a memorial to remember those people who were killed  in the Massacre of 13 April, 1919.
This date was also the Punjabi New Year 2,000 peaceful demonstrators had gathered in the garden.
The memorial is managed by Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust, which was established as per Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act passed by Government of India in year 1951.
Text of Jalliamwala Bagh National Memorial Act, 1951
Almaty (; formerly known as Alma-Ata (Алма-Ата), also Verniy, (Верный)) is the largest city in Kazakhstan.
It has a population of over 1,700,000 people (as of 2015).
Eight percent of the population of the country live in Almaty.
It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1927 to 1998.
Almaty is the major commercial center of Kazakhstan.
The city is close to China, and was once on the northern silk route between China and the Middle East.
Its name derives from the Turkic languages.
The city is in an earthquake zone.
There have been three quite serious earthquakes in the last 150 years.
On 4 February 1854 the Russian Empire decided to build a fort Verniy on the west bank of the Malaya Almatinka river.
Later Russian settlers arrived.
In 1922 the Soviet Union renamed the city to Alma-Ata.
In 1927 Alma-Ata became the capital of the Kazakh SSR.
TV tower
Almaty TV tower is the highest TV tower above sea level (1130 m.).
The tower is the highest building in the city (372 m.).
This building able to withstand 10.0 magnitude.
The name "Almaty" comes from the Kazakh word for "apple" (алма).
The name is often translated as a city "rich with apples".
The older Soviet-era Russian name for the city, Alma-Ata, comes from a mistake (the name literally means "Grandfather of apples").
In the area around Almaty, there are many different species of the wild apples.
The region is thought to be the ancestral home of the apple.
A local species of apple, the wild Malus sieversii, may be the ancestor of the modern domestic apple.
Banjo-Kazooie is a video game made by Rare for the Nintendo 64 in 1998.
The name of the game comes from the names of the two main characters, a bear called Banjo and an orange bird called Kazooie, who lives in Banjo's backpack.
The story follows Banjo and Kazooie as they set out on a quest to rescue Banjo's sister who has been kidnapped by an evil witch named Gruntilda Winkybunion.
It was released on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service in December of 2008.
Halo Wars is a real-time strategy video game for the Xbox 360.
It was developed by Ensemble Studios.
The game was released by Microsoft.
It was released in Japan and Australia on February 26, 2009, in Europe on February 27, and in North America on March 3.
It is based on the popular, award winning Halo series of video games, and is set in the year 2531, 21 years before the events of Halo: Combat Evolved.
It's the first Halo game that is not a first person shooter.
Video game prequels
Project Gotham Racing
Project Gotham Racing 2
Project Gotham Racing 4
Bydales School is a secondary school in Marske-by-the-Sea, England which has about 750 students.
A new school building was opened on 2 November 2006.
It is rated as 'outstanding' by Ofsted.
It is a technology college.
The school has a small wind turbine, solar panels and a hydrogen fuel cell.
The school's website
"In Love with a Girl" is the #1 single by Gavin DeGraw on the album Gavin DeGraw.
In Love with a Girl was released February 2008.
Vinje is a municipality in Norway.
It is in  the county of Telemark.
The administration of this place is done from Åmot.
Notable people from Vinje
Terje Håkonsen, snowboarder
Aslak Brekke, kveder ( a type of folk musician )
Myllarguten, or Targjei Augundsson (1801-1872), Master fiddler / artist
Odd Nordstoga,popular musician
Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, author
Tarjei Vesaas, author
Dyre Vaa, sculptor.
Sculptures by him are found in Oslo and Vinje.
Aslaug Vaa, author
Vinje is the home of folk musician Myllarguten.
His home there is now a small museum.
A  monument of Myllarguten is located near Kosi.
Myllarguten was a 19th-century musician.
He who played for kings and inspired Edvard Grieg.
Vinje was established in 1838 as a municipality.
It is on the Hardangervidda and on the Setesdalsheiane Mountains plateaus.
Arabygdi lies  in the western part of Rauland.
IT is on Lake Totak.
The largest stone scree in Northern Europe, with huge boulders lying on the floor of the valley is here. "
Urdbøuri", is the name of this famous place.
The municipality Vinje (originally the parish) is named after the old farm Vinje (Norse Vinjar), since the first church was built here.
The name is the plural form of vin f 'meadow, pasture'.
The 1979–80 NHL season was the 63rd season of the National Hockey League.
This season saw the addition of four teams from the collapse of the World Hockey Association (WHA) the previous season as expansion teams.
The Edmonton Oilers, Winnipeg Jets, New England Whalers (later renamed "Hartford Whalers" at the insistence of the Boston Bruins), and Quebec Nordiques joined the NHL bringing a new total of 21 teams.
The other two WHA teams (Birmingham Bulls and Cincinnati Stingers) were paid to disband.
1979 in North America
1980s in North America
The viola d'amore is a string instrument which was popular in the 17th and 18th century.
It is a kind of viola.
The name is Italian and means “viola of love”.
It can have 6 or 7 strings.
It is held under the chin and bowed like a violin.
Sometimes it is used today to play music from the 17th and 18th centuries.
Occasionally some modern composers have also written music for it.
Structure and sound
The viola d'amore is about the same size as a modern viola.
However, the shape is more like the shape of a viol.
Like viols, it has a flat back, a wide rib (the sides), sloping shoulders and a carved head at the top of the peg box.
It does not have any frets (markings on the fingerboard) like a viol or a guitar.
The sound-holes are often in the shape of a flaming sword.
The viola d'amore usually has six or seven playing strings which are played with the bow, just as with a violin.
In addition, it has the same number of sympathetic strings.
These are strings which vibrate when the other strings are played, making the sound richer and sweeter.
The notes it can play
The viola d'amore was often tuned to whatever notes were best for the piece it was to going to play.
This is a kind of scordatura (changing the way the strings are tuned).
Towards the end of the 18th century the usual tuning became: A, d, a, d', f#', a', d'' (see music example.
Notice the example uses the "viola clef")
The viola d’amore became very popular during the 17th century.
However, after a time it became less popular because the instruments of the viol family were not used much while the instruments of the violin family took over.
The viola d’amore was too quiet and sweet to play with the modern violin family.
However, in the 20th century some composers have written for the instrument again, e.g. Paul Hindemith.
The viola d'amore can regularly be heard today in groups who play Baroque music on period instruments.
It can be heard, for example in Bach’s St John Passion.
Grove Music Online (subscription)
She was born in Brussels, Belgium, the daughter of a family that made lingerie.
At the age of six she saw her father drown.
She learned at the Sorbonne, earning a degree in philosophy.
In 1929 she made a religious promise and became a nun.
In 1971 she saw how poorly trash collectors in Cairo, Egypt were doing, and decided to live with them.
She stayed until 1993, when she went back to France.
After she went back, she became very famous in France and was liked by audiences and talk-show hosts.
Besides her work with the poor, she is also known for having had views that are not like how religion normally is, such as being for the use of birth control and being for the idea of priests to marry.
She has been voted one of the most popular people in France, and has been compared to Mother Teresa. (
Although she does not agree with this comparison).
In 2003, French television broadcast Soeur Emmanuelle: An exceptional woman.
Les Amis de Soeur Emmanuelle (The Friends of Sister Emmanuelle) is a charitable organization based in Brussels.
95-year-old nun is France's favourite woman
De Madeleine Cinquin à Sœur Emmanuelle
The 1978–79 NHL season was the 62nd season of the National Hockey League.
The 17 teams of the league played an 80-game season.
All dates in 1979
Philadelphia wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1
NY Rangers win best-of-three series 2 games to 0
Toronto wins best-of-three series 2 games to 0
Pittsburgh wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1
NY Islanders win best-of-seven series 4 games to 0
Boston wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0
NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 1
NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 2
Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 3
The 1934–35 NHL season was the 18th season of the National Hockey League.
The Montreal Maroons were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Toronto Maple Leafs in three games in the final series.
1935 in North America
David Alexander Paterson (born May 20, 1954) is an American politician and the 56th Governor of New York.
He is the first black governor of New York and the first legally blind governor of any state.
He became governor when Eliot Spitzer resigned.
Due to Paterson becoming governor, two black governors are serving at the same time for the first time in more than 100 years; as Governor Deval Patrick of Massachusetts is also African American.
He chose not to run for governor in February 26, 2010.
Governor of New York  - Official Website of the Governor of New York
Paterson for Governor - Official Website of Paterson For Governor
Project VoteSmart - Senator Paterson Biography
Accolades posted to Spitzer's 2006 gubernatorial campaign website.
2008 Moment of Thanks video of Governor David Paterson thanking the troops
Lieutenant Governors of New York (state)
The 1972–73 NHL season was the 56th season of the National Hockey League.
Sixteen teams each played 78 games.
For the first time since the collapse of the Western Hockey League in 1926, the National Hockey League had serious competition.
A new professional hockey league, the World Hockey Association, made its season debut with 12 new teams, many of which were based in the same cities as NHL teams.
Unlike the Western Hockey League, though, the new World Hockey Association would not challenge for the Stanley Cup.
In response to the new league, the NHL hastily added two new teams in an unplanned expansion, the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames, in an attempt to exclude the WHA from newly constructed arenas in those markets.
a violation of the reserve clause in NHL contracts.
Others soon followed Hull to the
Johnny McKenzie.
In the expansion draft, the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames made their picks and eleven Islander players skipped off to the WHA.
The California Golden Seals, chafing under the unorthodox ownership of the unpopular Charlie Finley, were
1972 in North America
Justified is the debut album by pop entertainer Justin Timberlake.
The album has famous singles like "Rock Your Body", "Cry Me A River", and "Like I Love You".
The album was released in November of 2002.
The album also has various guest appearances featuring in Timberlake's songs.
Guest Artists
"Like I Love You" - Timberlake featuring Clipse
"(And She Said) Take Me Now" - Timberlake featuring Janet Jackson
"Right For Me" featuring Bubba Sprarxxx
"Senorita" - 4:54
"Like I Love You (feat.
Clipse)" - 4:43
"Oh No, What You Got" - 4:31
"Take it from Here" - 6:14
"Cry Me a River" - 4:48
"Rock Your Body" - 4:27
"Nothin' Else" - 4:58
"Last Night" - 4:47
"Still on my Brain" - 4:35
"(And She Said) Take Me Now (feat.
Janet Jackson)" - 5:31
"Right for Me (feat.
Bubba Sparxxx)" - 4:29
"Let's Take a Ride" - 4:44
"Never Again" - 4:34
Rock Your Body is the 3rd single off the debut album by pop singer Justin Timberlake called Justified.
It was written by Timberlake and The Neptunes.
He performed the single at the Super Bowl XXXVIII with Janet Jackson.
Disco songs
The 1947–48 NHL season was the 31st season of the National Hockey League.
Six teams each played 60 games.
This season saw the introduction of a new trophy – Art Ross Trophy – that would be handed out to the player who scored the most points during the regular season.
GP = Games Played, TOI = Time On Ice (minutes), GA = Goals Against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals Against Average
All dates in 1948
Toronto vs. Boston
NY Rangers vs. Detroit
Detroit wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2
Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0
GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points
1948 in North America
Amiee Ann Duffy (born 23 June 1984), usually known as just Duffy,  is a Welsh singer, songwriter and actress from Bangor, Gwynedd.
Her first album, Rockferry, sold more than 6.5 million copies.
Rockferry, and a song from the album, "Mercy", both reached number one on the UK music charts.
Her second album did not sell very well, with only 200,000 sold in the UK.
In 2009 she made an advertisement for Diet Coke.
The ad caused problems because she is shown riding a bicycle at night without a helmet or lights.
Journalist Luke Lewis described the ad as "...blank, sterile and mildly unsettling."
Rockferry (2008)
Endlessly (2010)
Welsh musicians
Funeral for a Friend (often known as FFAF) is a Welsh post-hardcore band.
They have released five studio albums.
The band was formed in 2001.
Official wesite.
Retrieved 2011-08-29.
Welsh rock bands
The Chicago Spire is a very large skyscraper that was being built in Chicago, Illinois.
Because of financial problems, the project has not been finished.
As of May 2013, however, interest in the Chicago Spire site has risen, drawing in at least a half-dozen offers for the property.
The developer is also considering a bid to take back control of the property, reigniting hope that the 2,000 ft.
skyscraper may actually be built.
In 2014, a Chicago court ruled in favor of not building the skyscraper thus abandoning plans of it being constructed.
The Gateway Tower, a proposed  tall condo, is proposed to be built on the site of where the Spire would have been built.
Proposed skyscrapers in the United States
Rickrolling is an internet meme that involves playing a trick on someone by tricking them into listening to Rick Astley singing his 1987 song, "Never Gonna Give You Up".
It was first seen on 4chan and is called a "bait and switch".
A "bait and switch" happens when the prankster gives a website to someone saying that the website address (which is somehow hidden) is about something else.
When the victim clicks the link, they see the music video and have been "rickrolled" or "rickroll'd".
On October 27, 2008, at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Astley himself performed a live rickroll.
He came out during the singing of "Best Friends" by the cast of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends and sang "Never Gonna Give You Up".
At the end of the song, one of the characters said "I love rickrolling!"
On July 29, 2021, the "Never Gonna Give You Up" YouTube video reached a billion views.
Astley recorded "Never Gonna Give You Up" in 1987 on his album Whenever You Need Somebody.
This song was his debut single and was a Number One hit for him on many international charts like the Billboard Hot 100, Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and UK Top 40 charts.
It was also Astley's first music video which features him performing the song while dancing.