the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Sibel Galindez as Lieutenant Elizabeth 'Skates' Hawkes
1995 American television series debuts
Television series set in Washington, D.C.
Burn (injury), injury to the skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation
Burn (stream), in Scotland and north-eastern England, a type of stream which is smaller than a river
Burn (computer game), a first-person shooter computer game released in 2007
Burn, a village in North Yorkshire, England
Burn and Burn Sugar Free, energy drinks by Coca-Cola
Burn in, to exercise components (such as electronics) before putting them into service
Burning, a self-sustaining thermonuclear (nuclear fusion) reaction
Burning, the recording process for various technologies based on compact discs or DVDs
Burning-in, a manipulation during photographic enlargement to darken selected areas of the final print
Burned (image), an image with highlights or shadows considerably outside the medium's gamut
Execution by burning, an execution by fire, usually by being burnt to death on a pyre
Indian burn, common school prank also called a Chinese burn
Burn notice, an official statement issued between intelligence agencies stating that an individual or a group is or has become unreliable.
Burn (UK band), a heavy rock band from Loughborough, England
Burn (U.S. band), a New York hardcore band
Burn (album), a 1974 album by Deep Purple
Burn, a 1995 album by Sister Machine Gun
Burn, a 2000 album by Jo Dee Messina
Burnin, a 1970 album by The Wailers
Burning, a 1999 EP by house DJ/producer Pépé Bradock
Burned, a 1995 album by ElectrafixionSongs:'''
"Burn" (Usher song), a song from Usher's 2004 album Confessions "Burn" (Nine Inch Nails song), a song by Nine Inch Nails found on the Natural Born Killers Soundtrack
"Burn", a song by Rancid on the album Let's Go "Burn", a song The Cure featured on The Crow Soundtrack "Burn", a song by Shannon Noll on his 2004 album That's What I'm Talking About "Burn", a song by Mushroomhead on their 2006 album Savior Sorrow "Burn", a song by Alkaline Trio on their 2005 album Crimson "Burn", a song by Collective Soul found on their album Home
"Burn", a song by Three Days Grace on their album Three Days Grace "Burn", a song by Year Of The Rabbit on their EP Hunted "Burn", a song by Against Me!
which first appeared on their 2001 EP Crime As Forgiven By "Burn", a song by King Diamond on the 1990 album The Eye "Burn", a song by Michael Angelo Batio on his 2005 album Hands Without Shadows "Burn", a song by Deep Purple on their 1974 album Burn "Burnnn!",
a song by Pantera on their 1988 album Power Metal "The Burn", a song by Matchbox Twenty on their 2000 album Mad SeasonIn media
Burn!,
a 1969 film
Burn, a 1998 film directed by Scott Storm
Burn, a 2005 novel by James Patrick Kelly
Burned'', a 2005 novel by Ellen Hopkins
Burn Notice (TV series), a 2007 television drama
Photoshop is a popular image changing software package.
It is widely used by photographers for photo editing (fixing colors, reducing noise, adding effects, fixing brightness/contrast) and by graphic designers and Web designers to create and change images for web pages.
The first version was introduced in 1990.
Version Photoshop CC 2018 was launched on October 18 2017.
Photoshop works on computer systems like Windows and Mac.
The software is made by the company Adobe Systems.
A simpler version named Photoshop Elements is made for home users who do not want to buy the more powerful, more expensive full version.
Photoshop Express, a free version, is even more limited.
There are different pricing plans for the application.
A finger is a type of digit attached to the hand.
Our type of fingers are similar to those of other primates.
They are used for doing things and feeling things.
Humans have five digits, the bones of which are termed phalanges.
The first digit is the thumb, followed by the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger or 'pinky'.
According to different definitions, the thumb can be called a finger, or not.
The four fingers have three phalanges each; the thumb has two.
Bronze is a metal alloy.
Bronze is mostly copper, with some tin added (usually between 5% and 20% tin) to make it stronger.
When an alloy is bronze, it means it is made of copper and tin.
Aluminum bronze
Leaded bronze
Silicon bronze
Phosphor bronze
Bronze was the first alloy that was used by humans.
The first nation that used bronze was Egypt about 3500 years B.C. This gave the name for the Bronze Age.
Bronze is stronger than copper or tin alone.
Bronze lasts longer than copper.
Pure copper can be oxidized by air and also by water.
When copper is oxidized by air or water, it turns green (the color of "copper oxide"), and falls apart.
When people learned how to make and work iron, the Bronze Age ended, and the Iron Age started.
Iron can be made harder than bronze, but is susceptible to corrosion (see rust).
Iron also wears away faster than bronze, when different pieces are moving against each other.
Iron is very common, and easy to make.
For this reason, iron costs less than bronze.
This is the reason why iron is now used where bronze used to be used.
Current use
Bronze is still used to make many parts of machines.
We use bronze when the part must last for a long time around water and air, or must not wear away.
The main things that are made out of it are pump parts, bearings, bells, electrical components, gears, valves, and other things.
Bronze parts are usually cast in a foundry.
After they are cast, bronze parts can also be worked in a lathe or milling machine, or drilled.
Bronze is not normally worked with a hammer as iron is.
Flight or flying is a process of movement of an object in a gaseous environment or a vacuum.
In practice this means it moves through the air.
All of these animals use (or used) the aerodynamic principles of flight, using the load-bearing properties of the wing for active flight.
There are also many animals that glide and parachute flight, such as some spiders' webs, aeroplankton, flying clams, flying fish, and various forest-dwelling mammals and reptiles.
The fastest flying animal is the peregrine falcon.
The speed of its dive is over .
Floating flight
An aerostat is a system that remains in the air by the use of floating.
Man-made aerostats include balloons and airships.
An aerostat's main structural component is its envelope, a lightweight skin containing a lifting gas to provide floating, to which other parts are attached.
By contrast, aerodynes use aerodynamic lift, which requires the movement of the aircraft through the surrounding air mass.
There are a huge number of plants which distribute their spores or seeds by air.
Many bacteria and viruses do so as well.
With these very small objects, the surface area is great in proportion to its weight.
That is why they lift off.
Pound (currency): currency in some countries
Pound (mass): used to measure the mass of something
Pound sterling: the official money used in the United Kingdom
Pound, Virginia, a town in the U.S. state of Virginia
The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is an even-toed ungulate mammal of the deer family.
In North America it is also called caribou.
There are about 10-20 reindeer subspecies.
The reindeer is the only deer that has been domesticated.
The different reindeer subspecies have different sizes and slightly same fur colors.
Male reindeer are usually bigger and heavier than the females.
Reindeer are about 1.20 - 2.20 meters long and about 0.90 - 1.40 meters high.
They weigh between 60 - 300 kilograms.
Reindeer mostly have a grey-brown fur.
The fur is dark in summer and becomes a lighter color in winter.
Reindeer have big feet that help them walk on soft ground.
Reindeer are the only deer where both sexes have antlers.
The antlers of female reindeer are smaller than the antlers of males.
Reindeer can be found in Lapland (Northern Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia), North America (All over Canada and on farms across North America where they are raised in captivity), and Siberia.
They were first used by people to do work in Lappland and Siberia.
Reindeer live in  coniferous forest and Arctic conditions.
The historic range of the reindeer is threatened by global warming.
Reindeer are herd animals and live in groups.
They live in groups of 10-100 reindeer, which are herds of only females or herds of only males.
Reindeer go on long journeys between the warm and cold seasons.
For this journeys the smaller groups form big herds of up to several 100,000 animals.
Reindeer mate in October, and the males mate with as many females as possible.
Reindeer eat mostly grass, but eat also almost any other plant.
In winter they often eat lichen, moss and fungi. "
During winter, they find lichen by using their hooves to get under the snow"
After a pregnancy of 230 days the female gives birth to a single baby, usually in May or June.
Reindeer babies do not have spots on their fur, like most other deer babies have.
Young reindeer become mature when they are 2 year old.
Reindeer usually live to be 12–15 years old, sometimes they can live to be 20 years old.
Reindeer and humans
Reindeer have been hunted by humans since the stone age.
People, especially in the northern regions, used the reindeer's meat, fur, skin, antlers and bones.
The reindeer was domesticated about 3 thousand years ago.
It was first domesticated in Siberia and Scandinavia.
Since then, reindeer have also been used for transport, for example for pulling sleds.
Because reindeer can live in very cold climates, domesticated reindeer are used in most northern parts of the world.
The deer are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals.
They form the family Cervidae.
The word 'deer' is both singular and plural.
A male deer is called a stag or buck, a female deer is called a doe or hind, and a young deer is called a fawn, kid or calf.
There are about 60 species of deer.
They originally lived in the northern hemisphere, and now are native to Europe, Asia, North America and South America.
Humans have introduced deer to places where they did not live naturally, such as Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
Almost all adult deer have antlers, except one, the water deer, which has tusks.
Only male deer have antlers, except for reindeer (caribou), where both sexes carry antlers.
The antlers are deciduous, and drop off after the mating season.
Their main use is for males to fight for groups of females during the rutting season (mating season).
Musk deer (family Moschidae) and chevrotains (Tragulidae) have no antlers, and are not deer.
They are  ruminants (Ruminantia).
They are no more closely related to deer than any other even-toed ungulates.
Their evolutionary history is not well-known, and they are often described as "not true deer".
Deer do not make nests or dens.
They find a safe and comfortable place to rest under low hanging evergreen branches.
They stay close to where they can find food.
In summer, they eat grasses, plants and weeds.
In the fall, they like mushrooms and small branches.
They do not store their food for the winter.
If the snow is not deep, they use their hooves to uncover moss and leaves.
If the snow is deep, they eat twigs and branches.
The doe usually has one or two fawns in the spring.
The fawn is precocial, and can stand immediately after birth, but is weak.
The doe will hide each fawn in a different place.
They are camouflaged by spots on their backs.
Deer have many predators.
Wolves, cougar, dogs and people will eat deer.
They are always looking, listening and smelling for danger.
Group behaviour
Generally speaking, deer prefer mixed forest and grassland areas.
In former times, wolves were the number one enemy of deer.
Even though deer today rarely need to defend against attack, their behaviour is adapted to succeed in mating, and protect themselves and their relatives from predators.
The rut establishes which males are dominant, and each successful male has a group of females.
The group stays together until the fawns are born, about four or five months.
Deer are by nature gregarius (social) and like to live together.
This helps their defence against predators.
The details vary between species.
The actual defence against attack is decided by the dominant male.
He decides whether to stand and, if necessary, to fight.
Males keep their antlers for half a year.
If they run, deer are outstanding runners.
If they stand, they can kick.
They will not attack humans unless the male senses danger.
He gives warning by posture and sound.
Stags tend to join up in male groups for mutual defence once their antlers are shed.
The females also join up in large herds which can defend themselves fairly well.
Deer stay in these single-sex groups for much of the year.
Deer are browsers, and feed mainly on leaves.
Deer choose easily digestible shoots, young leaves, fresh grasses, soft twigs, fruit, fungi, and lichens.
This is mostly low-fibre food.
The male deer need minerals such as calcium and phosphate for their antler growth.
Deer are a monophyletic group.
They originated in the northern hemisphere and arrived in some Gondwana continents much later.
Red deer are found in the Atlas Mountains of North Africa, and some deer arrived in South America via the Great American Interchange.
Below North Africa there are no deer.
Their place in the ecosystems is taken by antelopes, which occupy a niche similar to the deer.
Antelopes are not a monophyletic group.
The antelope types have evolved from several bovid groups, and are an example of convergent evolution.
Family Cervidae
Subfamily Hydropotinae: Water deer
Genus Hydropotes
Water deer, Hydropotes inermis
Subfamily Muntiacinae: Muntjacs
Genus Muntiacus: Muntjacs
Genus Elaphodus
Tufted deer, Elaphodus cephalophus
Subfamily Capreolinae: New World deer
Genus Capreolus
Roe deer, Capreolus capreolus
Siberian roe deer, Capreolus pygargus
Genus Odocoileus
White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus
Mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus
Genus Ozotoceros
Pampas deer, Ozotoceros bezoarticus
Genus Blastocerus
Marsh deer, Blastocerus dichotomus
Genus Mazama: Brocket deer
Genus Pudu: Pudú
Genus Rangifer
Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus
Genus Hippocamelus: Andean deer
Genus Alces
Moose, Alces alces
Subfamily Cervinae: True deer, Old World deer
Genus Axis
Chital, Axis axis
Hog deer, Axis porcinus
Bawean deer, Axis kuhlii
Calamian deer, Axis calamianensis
Genus Elaphurus
Père David's deer, Elaphurus davidianus
Genus Cervus
Red deer, Cervus elaphus
Wapiti (Elk) Cervus canadensis
White-lipped deer, Cervus albirostris
Sika deer, Cervus nippon
Barasingha, Cervus duvaucelii
Schomburgk's deer, Cervus schomburgki †
Thamin, Cervus eldii
Sambar deer, Cervus unicolor
Rusa deer, Cervus timorensis
Philippine deer, Cervus mariannus
Philippine spotted deer, Cervus alfredi
Genus Dama
Fallow deer, Dama dama
The Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly known as Belgian Congo which became independent in 1965.
Also formerly known as Zaire
The Republic of the Congo, formerly part of French Congo; independent since 1960
The Congo River, which separates the two countries
Congo Free State, a former area in central Africa
The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (abbreviated: amu, u, or Da) is a unit of measurement that is used to measure the mass of atoms.
The atomic mass unit is equal to one twelfth of the mass of the carbon-12.
The unified atomic mass unit and the dalton are different names for the same thing.
The word 'dalton' is being used more over time.
The unit is named after John Dalton, an 18th-century naturalist and teacher.
Anions are atoms or radicals (groups of atoms), that have gained electrons.
Since they now have more electrons than protons, anions have a negative charge.
For example, chloride ions Cl- , bromide Br- , iodide I-.
These are monovalent anions, meaning they have a valency (combining capacity) with only one ion of hydrogen.
Similarly there are bivalent anions, etc.
An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) with an electrical charge.
Anions are one of the two types of ions.
The other type is called a Cation, having a positive charge.
In many crystals the anions are bigger; the little cations fit into the spaces between them.
Anions are termed so because they are attracted towards the anode (the positive electrode).
All anions tend to accept a proton H+ thus they are categorised as base
en:Ion#Anions and cations
ja:イオン#陰イオン
sv:Jon#Anjon
David is a statue by Michelangelo, begun in 1501 and completed in 1504.
It is made of marble and is 17 feet tall.
It is a statue of a shepherd, David, whose story is told in the Bible.
David fought a battle with a giant soldier called Goliath.
He beat Goliath by knocking him down with a small stone from his slingshot.
David later became King of Israel.
Michelangelo has carved the figure naked, in the way that Ancient Roman statues of Classical Gods were often made.
He shows David before the fight, just as he is looking at Goliath and planning what to do.
The statue was paid for by the wool-workers of Florence.
To the people of the Republic of Florence, David, the teenage boy who fought a giant, was a symbol of how a small fierce town could battle off powerful invaders.
David was a particularly important symbol to the wool-workers as well, because as a boy, he took care of his father’s sheep, and as a king, he was like a shepherd to his people.
The statue of David is a symbol of the City of Florence, Italy,  and is Michelangelo's most famous work of sculpture.
It is often called The David.
Making the statue
From about 1464 the members of the Wool Guild wanted to have twelve statues of people from the Old Testament of the Bible carved for the Florence Cathedral.
These statues were to go on the buttresses all around the outside walls, high up near the roof.
Two statues had already been made by Donatello and his assistant, Agostino di Duccio.
Duccio was asked to carve a statue of David.
He began carving the  statue's feet, chest and a hole between the legs.
He stopped making the statue when his master, Donatello, died in 1466.
Antonio Rossellino then worked on the statue for two years.
The block of stone was untouched for 33 years and was left in the cathedral workshop where it was getting damaged by the weather.
Michelangelo began working on David on September 13, 1501.
It was finished on September 8, 1504.
Where the statue was placed
When it was finished, the statue was placed in front of the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio.
During 1873 it was moved to the Accademia Gallery in Florence to protect it from damage.
The statue currently attracts many visitors to the Accademia Gallery.
Damage to the statue
In 1991, the statue of David was attacked by a person with a hammer.
Before the person with the hammer could be stopped, damage was done to the toes of the left foot.
Art by Michelangelo
Moses is a statue that was made by Michelangelo.
It is a statue of Moses from the Bible.
The statue is unusual because Moses has horns on his head.
This was one of Michelangelo's last projects.
http://www.romaviva.com/Santa-Maria-Maggiore/moses.htm  Website with more information on Moses.
The Birth of Venus is a painting by Sandro Botticelli (1445 – May 17, 1510).
It is of a Roman goddess who was called Venus.
He pictured her standing on a shell because Venus was said to have been born from foam on the sea in Stanze per la giostra, a poem written by Angelo Poliziano.
The painting shows Zephyr, god of the winds holding the gentle breeze Aura, blowing her toward the shore where Horae, goddess of the seasons, is awaiting her with a cloak.
She is pictured naked to show her innocence and divinity.
Art by Sandro Botticelli
15th-century paintings
What is the painting of?
The painting is set in the garden of Venus, who is in the middle of the painting.
Above her head is Cupid, who is aiming a bow and arrow at The Three Graces.
The Three Graces are dancing a rondel.
Mercury is on the left of the painting.
He is wearing a helmet and is carrying a sword.
This means that he is the guard of Venus's garden.
On the right of the picture is Zephyr.
Zephyr is the god of the wind.
He is chasing a nymph called Cloris.
Next to Cloris is Flora, the goddess of Spring, scattering flowers.
She was originally Cloris but was turned into Flora by Zephyr.
Where is the painting?
Cupid, also called Amor (Latin for love), is the god of sexual desire in Roman mythology.
He fired golden arrows at people to make them fall in love, and lead arrows to make people fall out of love.
He was mainly drawn as a cherub, but he might have looked like a normal teenager.
He had large feathery wings which he used to fly around in the sky and mainly shot people with his love arrows by flying above them.
He secretly did this.
And many people asked him for help.
Eros – Greek mythology version of Cupid.
Eros (concept), the Greek word for romantic or sexual love
433 Eros, an asteroid
Eros, Secretary of Roman Emperor Aurelian, whose assassination he planned
EROS (microkernel), an operating system
Eros Ramazzotti (born 1963), Italian singer-songwriter
The Creation of Adam is part of a painting by Michelangelo which can be seen on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican City.
It is of Adam and God touching hands so that God can give the spark of life to Adam.
Paintings with Christian themes
Newbury is home to many kinds of people from different cultures.
It is easy to get there from the M4 motorway and has airport and train links.
Towns in Berkshire
The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard ( ) is an alternative way of putting letters on an English keyboard.
Most English keyboards have the keys lined up in a "QWERTY layout."
The point of QWERTY was to prevent typewriter keys from sticking, but it is not the most "ergonomic", or comfortable, keyboard to type on.
August Dvorak invented the Dvorak keyboard, where letters are arranged based on how often they are used.
For instance, the most common letters (like "e") are in the center row of keys, so less hand movement is needed when a person is typing.
Proponents of the Dvorak keyboard feel that with the use of computers rather than typewriters, there is no reason to keep the QWERTY keyboard.
Many Dvorak keyboard users think that more people should use the Dvorak keyboard, as it aims to prevent typing injuries (like repetitive strain injury and carpal tunnel syndrome).
But most users are used to the QWERTY keyboard, and do not want to switch.
Microsoft FrontPage (Full name: Microsoft Office FrontPage) is a program made by Microsoft to help people make webpages and full websites.
It was one of Microsoft Office programs until 2003.
A freeware version was also included in earlier releases of Internet Explorer.
It was called FrontPage Express.
It was a useful web editor without costing as much as professional software.
FrontPage express is compatible with Windows XP and some other versions of Windows.
FrontPage Express downloads are still available online from third-party hosts, such as stormthecastle.com.
FrontPage is a WYSIWYG, "What You See Is What You Get", Web Editor.
All versions of FrontPage are still in use by web developers all over the globe.
The 2003 version is the last installment to the series.
It was discontinued in 2006, being replaced by Microsoft Expression Web and Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer.
A martial art is any form of fighting and an art that has a set way of practice.
There are many martial arts that come from certain countries.
They are practiced for many reasons: fighting, self-defense, sport, self-expression, discipline, confidence, fitness, relaxing, meditation.
A martial art is a style of combat, in many instances directed towards the self-defence.
In the common usage, the word applies to the systems of combat developed in all the world.
A person who does martial arts is called a martial artist.
The idea of "martial art" appeared first time in English language in the 1920 Takenobu's Japanese-English Dictionary as a translation of the word bu-gei or bu-jutsu what means "art or solution of the military matters".
The martial arts are fighting systems.
There are many schools and styles of martial arts, but all share the same goal: self-defence.
Some of them, like taiji quan also can be used in order to improve health and the form as flowing of the qi.
Some martial arts were not born in Asia.
For example, savate appeared in France and the movements of sport of the capoeira came from Brazil.
It is difficult to compare the effectiveness of the different existing arts.
Recently, people developed competitions like the Ultimate Fighting Championship in the United States of America or Pancrase in Japan.
That competitions also are known as "mixed martial arts" or MMA.
But these competitions only test the fighting styles in limited situations (fighting against an experts, only fighting one opponent, fighting while wearing the right clothes - none of which would be true in other situations such as self-defense).
The martial arts are defined in this method: through the history, to the soldier in the battlefield, the only thing that was important for them was beat the enemy that one have before himself.
Whether a style is soft or hard or how many points are gained with a blow are details and subjects of discussion which appear in periods of peace, when there were hand to hand combats.
Martial arts are part of the art of war.
If the main goal in a competition depends on noting points to somebody's advantage, then it could be said that this is a sport, not a martial art.
The history of martial arts is long.
The act of developing of the fighting systems dates from when the man had been able to cause to pass the knowledge, along with the strategies of war.
Part of the most ancient written material on the subject dates from the 15th century in Europe and the authorship fall to famous masters, like Hans Talhoffer and George silver.
Also transcriptions of still more ancient texts had been brought to our days, one of them is a document written by hand.
That document is called I.33 and dates from end of the 13th century.
The persons who train martial arts disagree with relation to the matter of the competitions.
Some arts, like the boxing or the Thai boxing, give attending to the sparring -fights during training - and to taking part in competitions, yet the most common of aikido and krav maga reject the competitions.
The reasons that cause these opinions are different.
Many of the arts desiring to compete argue that the competitions give place to better and more efficient techniques.
However, certain styles not desiring to compete claim that the rules with which people developed these competitions ruin the art and does not represent what can happen in a real situation.
In recent years, there have been tries to return to life some martial arts considered historical.
Examples of this historical reconstruction of the martial arts are the pankration and the school of Shaolin that have not a continua tradition.
Asian martial arts
bersilat
kalari payattu
kuntao
pencak silat
tarung derajat
aikido
bojutsu
bujutsu
aikijutsu
iaido
jujutsu
jodo
yudo
kempo
kenjutsu
kobudo
kusarigamajutsu
kyokushinkai
kyudo
kyusho jitsu
naginatado
ninjutsu
ninpo
shintaido
shooto
shorinji kenpo
taijutsu
taido
tantojutsu
tegumi
kung jung mu sool
taekyun
tangsudo
bando
eskrima
arnis
Thai boxing or Muay Thai
Vinoệt V Đạo
The China - all the Chinese martial arts called kung-fu, wushu, chuan fa or kuntao.
Internal styles: so-called neijia.
hsing yi (hsing Y)
pakua quan
taiji quan
Budoban/ Budokan
Martial arts of other lands
capoeira
Brazilian jujutsu
Cornish Wrestling
Cumberland and Westmorland Wrestling
English Longbow
Lancashire Wrestling
tahtib or Egyptian stick fencing
savate
musado
Nindokai
pankration
combat 56
karate-do tsunami
kempo tai jutsu
juego del palo canario
lucha canaria
lucha leonesa
SeishinDo Kenpo or Seishindo Kenpo
Kempo Karate called American kenpo
Some chemical compounds containing sodium
Sodium carbonate, washing soda or soda ash
Sodium bicarbonate, baking soda
Sodium hydroxide, caustic soda
Sodium oxide, an alkali metal oxide
Also, products made by or containing one of these chemicals:
Soda glass
Soda water, a natural potable mineral water with high concentration of sodium bicarbonate, often carbonated
Soft drink, a sodium bicarbonate beverage; typically carbonated
Soda cracker, or saltine cracker
Soda bread, a variety of quick bread
Ice cream soda, a dessert dish
Gonads are the ovaries and testicles.
A male usually refers to his testes as "gonads" more than a female would refer to her ovaries as gonads.
His grandfather was the German-Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
He was one of the great composers of the Romantic period.
He loved the music of earlier composers like Bach, Handel and Mozart and he built on the traditions they had made.
Mendelssohn was a child prodigy.
He was already composing great music when he was a teenager.
He wrote music for orchestra, piano, organ as well as chamber music and  music for singing.
His violin concerto is one of the most popular concertos ever written and is played by all the famous violinists.
Two of his tunes are known by almost everybody: the hymn tune Hark the Herald Angels Sing, and the Wedding March which is played so often at the end of weddings.
Mendelssohn’s family had plenty of money.
They were also very interested in music, literature, painting etc.
His grandfather Moses Mendelssohn was famous in German national literature.
His father was a banker and his mother came from a family who owned a lot of factories in Berlin.
The young Felix was educated at home by his parents.
Although the family was Jewish his parents had Felix baptized and his father became a Christian a few years later.
The Mendelssohn family added the name of Bartholdy to their name at this time.
Soon Felix was being taught by private tutors including Ludwig Berger who taught him the piano.
He also learned music theory and composition.
He played the piano at a concert when he was nine, and started to compose little plays with music (called a Singspiel in German).
In 1821 he was taken to meet the famous writer Goethe in Weimar.
It was to be the first of several visits and Goethe’s way of thinking and his works of German literature had a big influence on the young Mendelssohn.
He composed several works at this time including Singspiels, symphonies and chamber music.
He traveled with his father and met many famous musicians.
In 1825 the family moved to Berlin.
They had regular concerts on Sunday mornings in their large house.
Many rich and famous people were invited to their private concerts.
In October 1825 he wrote a String Octet (a piece for eight string instruments) which is one of his best works.
He studied the music of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) whose music people had almost forgotten.
He found the music of Bach’s St Matthew Passion and conducted a performance of it in 1829.
It was a famous performance in music history, because people suddenly realized how great Bach was.
Bach’s music has never been forgotten again since then.
During the years 1829 to 1835 Mendelssohn traveled all over Europe.
He visited London several times and he also performed Beethoven’s Emperor Concerto there.
He travelled to Scotland where he sailed to Fingal’s Cave in the Inner Hebrides.
This inspired him to write the overture called The Hebrides.
When he was returning the stagecoach had an accident and he hurt his knee.
He stayed with the composer Thomas Attwood for some time before he could return to Berlin.
Next he travelled to Italy where he wrote the Italian Symphony.
In Italy he met Hector Berlioz and on his way back he met Chopin.
He spent some time in Düsseldorf where he performed several oratorios by Handel as well as his own music.
In Frankfurt am Main he stayed with a family who had two daughters.
He married one of them, Cécile Charlotte Sophia Jeanrenaud, in 1837.
They had a happy marriage and had five children.
Felix and his young wife went to live in Leipzig where he became the conductor of the famous Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra.
This was one of the highest musical jobs in Germany.
He conducted a lot of music by 18th century composers who had been forgotten.
He also gave the first performance of Schubert's Symphony in C major which had been discovered by Robert Schumann nine years after Schubert’s death.
Mendelssohn got some of the most famous musicians to come to Leipzig and perform with the orchestra: Clara Schumann, Franz Liszt, Anton Rubinstein, the young violinist Joseph Joachim and the Swedish soprano Jenny Lind.
Mendelssohn improved the playing of the orchestra, making them one of the best orchestras in the world.
He also made sure that the players were paid well.
In the early 1840s Mendelssohn spent some time in Berlin.
The new king, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, was very keen on music and had lots of ideas about new plans for concerts.
He wanted Mendelssohn to be in charge of this.
The king wanted to see Greek plays performed and Mendelssohn had to write incidental music for the performances of Antigone.
In June 1842 Mendelssohn was twice received by Queen Victoria at her palace in London.
Mendelssohn thanked the Queen by dedicating his Scottish Symphony to her.
He continued to conduct in Leipzig and helped to make Berlioz’s music famous in Germany.
He became director of the new Conservatoire in Leipzig.
In Berlin the king asked him to provide incidental music for Shakespeare's play  A Midsummer Night’s Dream .
He had already written some of this music 17 years earlier but now he finished it and performed it in 1843.
For his piano performances Mendelssohn was using instruments from a Viennese piano maker Conrad Graf.
Mendelshohn was so pleased with this instrument, that he decided to order from Graf two more pianos: one for himself and one for his brother’s bride.
During his last years Mendelssohn suffered from bad health.
He continued to work and travel as much as he could, but after a stroke in 1849 he died in Leipzig aged 38.
His body was taken by a special train to Berlin where he was buried near the grave of his sister Fanny.
Mendelssohn’s most famous works are his 5 symphonies (especially the Scottish and Italian symphonies), his concertos (especially his violin concerto), his overtures (especially The Hebrides) and his Incidental Music to A Midsummer Night’s Dream which includes the famous Wedding March.
He wrote some very good chamber music: string quartets and piano trios and two very famous oratorios: Elijah and St Paul.
His piano music includes a large collection of short pieces called Songs without Words (German: Lieder ohne Worte) which many pianists like to play.
His organ music shows his love for J.S.Bach, often sounding more Baroque than Romantic.
After his death Mendelssohn’s music became less popular for a time.
This may have been because of the rise of anti-semitism in the mid-19th century, it may also have been because some musicians played Mendelssohn’s music in a rather delightful way.
But many great musicians saw his greatness and his music is well-loved today.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed.
Stanley Sadie, 1980;
Felix Mendelssohn House and Foundation, Leipzig
The Mendelssohn Project A project with the objective of "recording of the complete published and unpublished works of Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn".
Jewish German musicians
Pigments are coloured materials from rocks, plants, or chemicals, that dissolve in water.
They are made in the form of cakes or tablets.
When water is added, the powdered pigment becomes liquid again.
The pigment is applied to white paper or white card by brush or cloth or cotton wool, and allowed to dry.
Unlike painting in oil-based pigments (coloured materials dissolved in oil), a watercolour can not be painted over without spoiling the colour, whose purity depends on the white backing below.
Therefore, each area of a watercolour painting is painted only once, and looks fresh and original rather than worked over.
Watercolour painting is often used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese paintings.
Fingerpainting with watercolours came from China.
An expert system is a program running on a computer.
Like a human expert, it knows a lot about a subject.
People can ask the expert system a question.
The expert system will then use a set of rules and give answers to the question.
This method of automated reasoning belongs to a field of computer science called artificial intelligence.
Different groups of people can have different kinds of access to an expert system.
The people managing the network of computers have different needs than the office worker or secretary.
How expert systems work
A set of facts, rules and principles
A set of data that is solved using its expertise
A user interface
When they are asked a question, they will filter the data with the rules they have.
They might give back a result, or ask an additional question.
Categories of expert systems
Case-based expert systems have a number of cases; each case describes the problem in context, and  the solution of the problem, in the specific case.
The current problem is matched as closely as possible to a case.
The solution of the case found is then applied to the current problem.
The main problem of such systems is to define how cases relate to each other, or are similar.
An example of where such a system may be used is that of a patient: This patient shows a given number of symptoms, and the expert system could diagnose the patient.
Rule-based systems do not rely on cases; instead, there are a number of rules.
These are expressed in the form IF A THEN B.  In most systems, human experts have to write the rules.
A third approach is to construct systems that are based on decision trees.
Such systems are capable of learning, or of extending their knowledge base, using inductive reasoning.
When the classification is done, the system uses a path through the tree.
At the end, it arrives at a leaf, which indicates the class of solution to the problem.
Each bifurcation in the tree is based on an attribute, that is checked.
The value of the attribute determines how to continue the path.
Ideally, good results are obtained using small trees.
The problem is finding good attributes to base the decisions on.
Hermann Hesse (2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter.
In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature.
His best known works include Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, and The Glass Bead Game (also known as Magister Ludi).
Hermann Hesse Page - in German and English, maintained by Professor Gunther Gottschalk
Hermann Hesse Portal
Community of the Journeyer to the Easy  - in German and English
Concise Biography  - originally published by the Germanic American Institute, by Paul A. Schons
Article  at 'Books and Writers'
1962 deaths
German novelists
Swiss poets
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, is a protocol related to computers and networks of computers.
It is referred to as DHCP for short.
It was made so that computers could connect to other computers (on a network) automatically.
To be able to access the Internet (or any computer network), an IP address is needed.
DHCP allows for this IP address to be obtained automatically.
Other data, like a DNS Nameserver, or a time server can also be obtained that way.
Finally, computers that support it can even get a disk image they boot from over the network.
The address can be dynamic (it can change), or it can be static (it stays the same).
After a certain time, the address lease has to be renewed.
computer networking
DHCP is one of the most complicated IP protocols in networks of computers.
In computing, a communication protocol refers to the set of rules that computers use to communicate with each other.
The protocol defines the signals that the computers will give each other, and other details such as how communication begins and/or ends   .
Types of Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), is used for accessing and receiving Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files on the internet.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP),  is used for transferring e-mail between computers.
Post Office Protocol version 3 (PoP3) is the most common account type for personal e‑mail.
Messages are typically deleted from the server when you check your e‑mail.
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a protocol for e-mail retrieval and storage developed in 1986 at Stanford University as an alternative to POP.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), is used for showing files to be copied between devices.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), ensures the delivery of information packets across networks.
Internet Protocol (IP), is responsible for logical addressing called "IP address" to route information between networks.
In computer networking, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link (layer 2) protocol used to establish a direct connection between two nodes.
The packets and device protocol(TPADP) makes sure that the other protocols have a back up route.
Aldi is a supermarket in Germany and in most parts of the European Union.
Aldi shops are also in Australia and the United States.
Most German towns and villages have at least one Aldi shop.
There are about 4,100 stores in Germany, and 7,600 worldwide.
The name of the shop stands for ALbrecht-DIscount.
The company is a food retailer, but it also sells non-food at times.
In the 1990s, Aldi often sold computers that were sought after.
Aldi has a reputation for being cheap.
It forces its suppliers to sell to them at low prices.
The company was started in 1913 as a family grocery business in Essen.
In 1946, brothers Karl Albrecht (1920-2014) and Theo Albrecht (1922-2010) took over the business from their mother.
Theo had been held by the US in a prisoner of war camp.
They started the idea of discount shops in Germany.
They decided to have a limited range of goods and sell them at a discount price.
In 1960, the company was split into Aldi Nord (Aldi North) under the control of Theo, and Aldi Süd (Aldi South) under the control of Karl.
The brothers became billionaires.
In 2009 Karl's wealth was estimated to be €25 billion.
Theo was kidnapped in 1971 and held prisoner for 17 days until a seven million mark ransom was paid.
The family have avoided publicity and there are few known photographs of them.
Aldi started in Australia in 2001.
At the end of 2010 there were 210 Aldi stores in eastern Australia and the company were planning to open 20-30 stores each year.
In 2009 the Australian stores made a profit of AU$91.94 million, up 27% on 2008.
Aldi International (with links to all of Aldi's international websites)
1913 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Germany
Supermarkets of Germany
The Channel Tunnel (or Chunnel) (French: le tunnel sous la Manche) is a long underwater tunnel between England and France that runs under the English Channel at the Strait of Dover.
It is only for trains.
Some of the trains in the Channel Tunnel carry freight, including automobiles.
Others, like the Eurostar, carry only passengers.
The tunnel, which was once called the Eurotunnel, opened in 1994.
It is 50 kilometres (31 miles) long and its deepest point is 75 metres (250 feet) beneath the surface.
It connects Folkestone, Kent in the United Kingdom to Calais in northern France.
This has reduced travel time between London and Paris to a little over two hours with high-speed trains.
EuroTunnel.com
Buildings and structures in France
Transport in England
1994 establishments in Europe
Katowice (pronounce:  , also known as Kattowitz in German) is a city in Poland.
It is in the south of Poland in the historical region called Silesia on Kłodnica and Rawa river.
It received city rights in 1865.
Between 1953 and 1956 Katowice had the name Stalinogród - "Stalin City".
It was given by the polish communists.
There are about 315,123 people living there.
The mayor of the city is Marcin Krupa.
For a long period of time the city was ruled by Germans, as it was a part of Germany until 1918.
There is a little airport called Airport Muchowiec.
There are both modern and old buildings in Katowice.
It was the center of the coal mining and metallurgy.
Famous people from Katowice
Hans Bellmer, surrealist photographer
Henryk M. Broder, journalist
Kurt Goldstein, neurologist
Richard Herrmann, German footballer
Jerzy Kukuczka
Franz Leopold Neumann
Groningen (Netherlands)
Miskolc (Hungary)
Mobile, Alabama (United States)
Odense (Denmark)
Ostrava (Czech Republic)
Saint-Etienne (France)
The Municipal Council of Katowice
The Commercial Website of Katowice
Katowice, Silesia
A webcam view of Katowice
Hotel in Katowice
Tram in Katowice
The mobile phone can be used to communicate over long distances without wires.
It works by communicating with a nearby base station (also called a "mobile tower") which connects it to the main phone network.
When moving, if the mobile phone gets too far away from the cell it is connected to, that cell sends a message to another cell to tell the new cell to take over the call.
This is called a "hand off," and the call continues with the new cell the phone is connected to.
The hand-off is done so well and carefully that the user will usually never even know that the call was transferred to another cell.
As mobile phones became more popular, they began to cost less money, and more people could afford them.
Monthly plans became available for rates as low as US$30 or US$40 a month.
Cell phones have become so cheap to own that they have mostly replaced pay phones and phone booths except for urban areas with many people.
In the 21st century, a new type of mobile phone, called smartphones, have become popular.
Since the 2010s, more people use smartphones than the old kind of mobile phone, which are called feature phones.
Mobile phones in the 1950s through 1970s were large and heavy, and most were built into cars.
In the late 20th century technology improved so people could carry their phones easily.
Although Dr. Martin Cooper from Motorola made the first call using a mobile phone in 1973 (using a handset weighing  2 kilograms), it did not use the type of cellular mobile phone network that we use today.
The first cellular mobile phone networks were created in 1979 in Japan.
Now almost all urban areas, and many country areas, are covered by mobile phone networks.
A cell phone combines technologies, mainly telephone, radio, and computer.
Most also have a digital camera inside.
Cell phones work as two-way radios.
They send electromagnetic microwaves from base station to base station.
The waves are sent through antennas.
This is called wireless communication.
Early cell telephones used analog networks.
They became rare late in the 20th century.
Modern phones use digital networks.
The first digital networks are also known as second generation, or 2G, technologies.
The most used digital network is GSM (Global System for Mobile communication).
It is used mainly in Europe and Asia, while CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) networks are mainly used in North America.
The difference is in communication protocol.
Other countries like Japan have different 2G protocols.
A few 2G networks are still used.
3G are more common, and many places have 4G.
The radio waves that the mobile phone networks use are split into different frequencies.
The frequency is measured in Hz.
Low frequencies can send the signal farther.
Higher frequencies provide better connections and the voice communications are generally clearer.
Four main frequencies are used around the world: 850, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz.
Europe uses 900 and 1800 MHz and North America uses 850 and 1900 MHz.
Today there are mobile phones that work on two, three or four frequencies.
The most advanced phones  work on all frequencies.
They are called 'world' phones and can be used everywhere.
There are different kinds of phones.
A flip phone flips open, and is best for calling.
A bar phone is shaped like a candy bar, and the keys and screen are on one face.
A slate phone is a phone that has almost no buttons, and uses a touchscreen.
Most smartphones are slates.
A slider phone slides on rails.
It can slide out number keys or a mini keyboard, but some do both.
A swivel spins on an axle.
How mobile phones work
When a mobile phone is switched on, its radio receiver finds a nearby mobile phone network base station, and its transmitter sends a request for service.
Computers in the base station check if the phone is allowed to use the network.
The base station covers an area called a cell.
A phone can move between different cells, but will only communicate with one cell at a time.
This is why mobile communications are sometimes called cellular communications.
Once connected to a station, the mobile phone can make calls.
Because the network knows that the phone is connected to that particular cell, it can also route calls to the mobile phone.