the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1847 - Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky, Russian mathematician and aviator (d. 1921)
1850 - Aleksandr Yaneyev, Russian composer (d. 1918)
1856 - Jens Bratlie, Prime Minister of Norway (d. 1939)
1860 – Douglas Hyde, 1st President of Ireland (d. 1949)
1863 – David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1945)
1863 - Constantin Stanislavski, Russian theatre practitioner (d. 1938)
1865 - Charles Fergusson, Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1951)
1867 - Carl Laemmle, German-born American movie pioneer (d. 1939)
1870 - Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma (d. 1899)
1871 - Nicolae Iorga, 34th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1940)
1879 - Burt McKinnie, American golfer (d. 1946)
1881 - Antoni Lamnicki, Polish mathematician (d. 1941)
1882 - Noah Beery, Jr., American actor (d. 1946)
1883 – Compton Mackenzie, Scottish novelist (d. 1972)
1886 - Glenn L. Martin, American aviation pioneer (d. 1955)
1887 – Ola Raknes, Norwegian psychoanalyst and philologist (d. 1975)
1889 - Ralph Howard Fowler, British astronomer and physicist (d. 1944)
1895 - John Duff, Canadian racing driver (d. 1958)
1897 - Marcel Petiot, French physician and serial killer (d. 1946)
1899 – Al Capone, American gangster (d. 1947)
1899 – Nevil Shute, English writer (d. 1960)
1901 - Aron Gurwitsch, Lithuanian-born American philosopher (d. 1973)
1902 - Nazim Hikmet, Turkish poet (d. 1963)
1905 – Guillermo Stabile, Argentine footballer (d. 1966)
1908 - Cus D'Amato, American boxing coach (d. 1985)
1911 – George Stigler, American economist (d. 1991)
1911 - John S. McCain, Jr., father of John McCain (d. 1981)
1914 - Taizo Kawamoto, Japanese footballer (d. 1985)
1914 - Fang Zhaoling, Chinese artist (d. 2006)
1917 – M. G. Ramachandran, Indian politician and actor (d. 1987)
1918 – George M. Leader, former Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 2013)
1918 - Keith Joseph, British politician (d. 1994)
1921 – Antonio Prohias, Cuban-born cartoonist (d. 1998)
1921 - Asghar Khan, Pakistani politician and military officer (d. 2018)
1922 – Luis Echeverria Alvarez, former President of Mexico
1922 – Betty White, American actress (d. 2021)
1922 - Nicholas Katzenbach, 55th United States Attorney General (d. 2012)
1925 – Robert Cormier, American writer (d. 2000)
1925 - Edgar Ray Killen, American criminal (d. 2018)
1926 – Moira Shearer, Scottish actress (d. 2006)
1926 - Nélida Romero, Argentine actress (d. 2015)
1927 – Eartha Kitt, American singer (d. 2008)
1927 - Harlan Mathews, United States Senator from Tennessee (d. 2014)
1928 – Vidal Sassoon, British hairdresser (d. 2012)
1928 - Chu Shijian, Chinese businessman (d. 2019)
1929 – Jacques Plante, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1986)
1931 – James Earl Jones, American actor
1931 – L. Douglas Wilder, American politician, former Governor of Virginia
1931 - Don Zimmer, American baseball coach (d. 2014)
1933 – Dalida, French singer (d. 1987)
1934 - Cedar Walton, American pianist and composer (d. 2013)
1935 – Ruth Ann Minner, American politician, former Governor of Delaware (d. 2021)
1938 - Toini Gustafsson, Finnish-Swedish cross-country skier
1939 – Christodoulos, Archbishop of Athens (d. 2008)
1940 - Mircea Snegur, former President of Moldova
1940 - Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni, Egyptian church leader (d. 2015)
1940 – Kipchoge Keino, Kenyan runner
1940 – Tabaré Vazquez, President of Uruguay
1942 – Muhammad Ali, American boxer (d. 2016)
1942 - Forges, Spanish cartoonist (d. 2018)
1943 – René Préval, former President of Haiti (d. 2017)
1944 - Françoise Hardy, French singer
1944 - Jan Guillou, Swedish writer and journalist
1945 - Javed Akhtar, Indian composer, poet and scriptwriter
1948 - Eddie Gray, Scottish footballer
1948 – David Oddson, former Prime Minister of Iceland
1949 – Andy Kaufman, American comedian (d. 1984)
1949 – Mick Taylor, British musician
1949 - Gyude Bryant, Liberian politician (d. 2014)
1949 - Dick Nanninga, Dutch footballer (d. 2015)
1949 - Anita Borg, American computer scientist and activist (d. 2003)
1949 - Heini Hemmi, Swiss skier
1950 - Richard L. Anderson, American sound editor
1954 – Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., American lawyer and activist
1956 – Paul Young, English musician
1956 - Damian Green, British politician
1957 - Keith Chegwin, British television presenter (d. 2017)
1957 - Steve Harvey, American comedian and actor
1959 - Susanna Hoffs, American musician
1959 - Momoe Yamaguchi, Japanese singer and actress
1960 - John Crawford, American musician
1960 - Chili Davis, Jamaican baseball player
1961 - Maia Chiburdanidze, Georgian chess player
1961 - Brian Helgeland, American screenwriter, director and movie producer
1962 – Jim Carrey, Canadian actor and comedian
1963 - Kai Hansen, German singer and guitarist
1963 - Cyrus Chestnut, American jazz musician
1964 – Michelle Obama, former First Lady of the United States
1964 – Andy Rourke, English guitarist
1965 - Sylvain Turgeon, Canadian ice hockey player
1966 - Nobuyuki Kojima, Japanese footballer
1966 - Joshua Malina, American actor
1967 – Filippo Raciti, Italian police officer (d. 2007)
1968 - Svetlana Masterkova, Russian athlete
1969 - Lukas Moodysson, Swedish writer and director
1971 - Leslie Benzies, Scottish video game producer
1971 - Leonardo Ciampi, Italian-American singer and musician
1971 - Kid Rock, American singer
1971 – Richard Burns, English rally driver (d. 2005)
1971 - Sylvie Testud, French actress
1972 - Ken Hirai, Japanese singer-songwriter, producer and actor
1973 - Chris Bowen, Australian politician
1973 – Cuauhtémoc Blanco, Mexican footballer
1974 - Danny Bhoy, Scottish comedian
1974 - Ladan and Laleh Bijani, Iranian conjoined twins (d. 2003)
1975 - Freddy Rodriguez, American actor
1976 - Tonique Williams-Darling, Bahamian athlete
1978 – Ricky Wilson, English singer (Kaiser Chiefs)
1979 – Ricardo Cabanas, Swiss footballer
1980 – Zooey Deschanel, American actress
1981 - Daniel Diges, Spanish singer
1981 - Warren Feeney, Northern Irish footballer
1981 - Ray J, American singer and actor
1981 - Stefan Petzner, Austrian politician
1982 - Hwanhee, South Korean actor and singer
1982 - Dwyane Wade, American basketball player
1983 - Alvaro Arbeloa, Spanish footballer
1983 – Yelle, French singer and songwriter
1984 – Calvin Harris, Scottish singer and musician
1985 - Riyu Kosaka, Japanese singer
1985 – Simone Simons, Dutch singer
1985 – Pablo Barrientos, Argentine footballer
1986 - Viktor Stalberg, Swedish ice hockey player
1986 - Max Adler, American actor
1988 - Earl Clark, American basketball player
1988 - Héctor Moreno, Mexican footballer
1989 - Björn Dreyer, German footballer
1989 - Taylor Jordan, American baseball player
1991 - Lee Kiseop, South Korean actor and singer
1992 - Nate Hartley, American actor
1992 - Frankie Cocozza, English singer
395 – Theodosius I, Roman Emperor (a kind of leader)
1229 – Albert of Buxhoeveden (b. 1165)
1369 – Peter I of Cyprus (b. 1328)
1468 – Skanderbeg, Albanian leader against the Ottoman Empire (b. 1405)
1598 – Fyodor I of Russia (b. 1557)
1617 – Faust Vrancic, Croatian inventor of the Parachute (b. 1551)
1705 - John Ray, English naturalist (b. 1627)
1738 - Jean-François Dandrieu, French organist and composer (b. 1682)
1751 – Tomaso Albinoni, Italian song maker (b. 1671)
1799 - Dun Mikiel Xerri, Maltese patriot (b. 1739)
1834 - Giovanni Aldini, Italian physicist (b. 1762)
1861 – Lola Montez, adventurer (b. 1821)
1863 - Horace Vernet, French painter (b. 1789)
1874 – Chang and Eng Bunker, Siamese twins (b. 1811)
1884 - Hermann Schlegel, German ornithologist (b. 1804)
1886 – Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian composer (b. 1834)
1887 - William Giblin, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1840)
1893 – Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (b. 1822)
1908 – Ferdinand IV of Tuscany (b. 1835)
1909 - Francis Smith, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1819)
1911 – Francis Galton, English polymath, anthropologist (b. 1822)
1927 - Juliette Gordon Low, founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA (b. 1860)
1931 - Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1864)
1933 – Louis Comfort Tiffany, American artist and designer (b. 1848)
1947 - Pyotr Krasnov, Russian general (b. 1869)
1947 - Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve, Canadian cardinal (b. 1883)
1951 - Jyoti Prasad Agarwala, Assamese poet, playwright and movie maker (b. 1903)
1956 - Blind Alfred Reed, American musician (b. 1880)
1961 – Patrice Lumumba, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1925)
1963 - Henri Masson, French fencer (b. 1872)
1964 – T.H. White, writer (b. 1906)
1967 – Evelyn Nesbit, actress, also known as "The Girl In The Red Velvet Swing" (b. 1884)
1972 - Betty Smith, American writer and singer (b. 1896)
1975 - Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, President of Colombia (b. 1900)
1977 - Dougal Haston, Scottish mountaineer (b. 1940)
1977 – Gary Gilmore, American murderer (executed by firing squad) (b. 1940)
1991 – King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903)
1993 – Albert Hourani, historian (b. 1915)
1994 - Yevgeni Ivanov, Soviet spy (b. 1926)
1996 – Amber Hagerman, American murder victim (b. 1986)
1996 – Barbara Jordan, American politician (b. 1936)
1997 – Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (b. 1906)
2001 – Laurent-Désiré Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1939)
2002 – Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature 1989 (b. 1916)
2003 – Richard Crenna, American actor (b. 1926)
2004 – Czeslaw Niemen, Polish musician (b. 1939)
2004 – Rafael Churumba Cordero, mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico (b. 1942)
2004 – Ray Stark, American movie producer, produced Funny Girl in 1968 (b. 1915)
2005 – Charlie Bell, former chief executive officer of McDonald's (b. 1960)
2005 – Virginia Mayo, American actress of the 1940s and 1950s (b. 1920)
2005 – Albert Schatz, microbiologist, discoverer of streptomycin (b. 1920)
2005 – Zhao Ziyang, Premier of the People's Republic of China and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (b. 1917)
2008 – Bobby Fischer, American-born Icelandic chess player (b. 1943)
2009 - Anders Isaksson, Swedish journalist, writer and historian (b. 1943)
2010 – Jyoti Basu, Indian politician (b. 1914)
2010 – Erich Segal, American writer and screenwriter (b. 1937)
2011 – Don Kirshner, American composer (b. 1934)
2012 - Johnny Otis, American singer and musician (b. 1921)
2013 - Jakob Arjouni, German writer (b. 1964)
2013 - Sophiya Haque, British actress (b. 1971)
2013 - John Nkomo, Vice President of Zimbabwe (b. 1934)
2014 - Suchitra Sen, Indian actress (b. 1931)
2014 - Mohammed Burhanuddin, Indian Islamic leader (b. 1915)
2014 - Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green, English politician (b. 1941)
2015 - Faten Hamama, Egyptian actress (b. 1931)
2015 - Bill Sykes, English chaplain and writer (b. 1939)
2015 - Don Harron, Canadian comedian, actor and author (b. 1924)
2015 - Origa, Russian singer (b. 1970)
2016 - Blowfly, American musician and producer (b. 1939)
2016 - Bob Harkey, American racing driver (b. 1930)
2016 - Gottfried Honegger, Swiss artist and graphic designer (b. 1917)
2016 - V. Rama Rao, Indian politician, former Governor of Sikkim (b. 1935)
2017 - M. M. Ruhul Amin, Bangladeshi judge (b. 1942)
2017 - Brenda C. Barnes, American businesswoman (b. 1953)
2017 - Philip Bond, British actor (b. 1934)
2017 - Colo, American-bred Western gorilla (b. 1956)
2017 - Mario Fasino, Italian politician, President of Sicily (b. 1920)
2017 - Heng Freylinger, Luxembourgish wrestler (b. 1926)
2017 - Steven Plaut, American-Israeli economist and academic (b. 1951)
2017 - Robert Timlin, American judge (b. 1932)
2017 - Daniel Vischer, Swiss politician (b. 1950)
2018 - Simon Shelton, English actor (b. 1966)
2018 - Jessica Falkholt, Australian actress (b. 1988)
2018 - Augusto Polo Campos, Peruvian composer (b. 1932)
2019 - Babiker Awadalla, Prime minister of Sudan (b. 1917)
2019 - Windsor Davies, British actor (b. 1930)
2019 - Mary Oliver, American poet (b. 1935)
2019 - Reggie Young, American guitarist (b. 1936)
2019 - Horst Stern, German science journalist, filmmaker and writer (b. 1922)
Ancient Latvia – Zirgu Diena observed
Catholicism – Feast day of St. Anthony.
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day in the United States when this day falls on a Monday.
National Day of Menorca
Antoni Grabowski was a Polish chemical engineer, and an early supporter of the Esperanto movement.
The books and poems that he changed into Esperanto from other languages helped to make Esperanto more well-known and used.
Learning and work
Grabowski was born on 11 June 1857 in Nowe Dobre, near Chełmno, in Poland.
Soon after his birth, his family moved from Nowe Dobre to Toruń.
Grabowski's parents did not have a lot of money, so Grabowski started to work before leaving high school.
He wanted to learn a lot, though, so he got himself ready to take a test to get into grammar school.
He passed the test.
He went to the Nicolaus Copernicus school in Toruń.
At that place, he was shown to be smarter than other people that were as old as him.
He was put in a higher class twice.
After he was done with school, he started to work as a chemical engineer.
After that job, he started to work as a manager of a factory.
At that time, he made many new ideas about chemicals and things that helped with those ideas.
He became famous among people in Europe because of that.
He also had the job of making new words in the Polish language for technical things.
In 1906, he wrote a book, Słownik chemiczny.
The book helped other people to learn the words he had made.
Esperanto and writing
At his school, Grabowski started to want to know more about language.
Because of that, he joined the Slavic Literary Society (Towarzystwo Literacko-Słowianskie), a group that wanted to learn about the Slavic language.
Grabowski did not only want to learn about this language.
He learned a lot of other languages.
In 1887, Grabowski read the book Lingvo internacia.
Antaŭparolo kaj plena lernolibro.. This book was written by L.L. Zamenhof, a person who wanted to make an easy language that everyone could learn.
This language was called "Esperanto."
Grabowski liked this language a lot.
He learned it, then went to Warsaw to see Zamenhof.
They spoke to each other in Esperanto.
Grabowski thought that books and writing were important to languages.
He thought that this was much more true with Esperanto.
Esperanto was getting used more, so it needed this.
So, in 1888, Grabowski started to rewrite books into Esperanto from other languages. (
this is called "translation")
In the early 1890s, Grabowski thought that Esperanto was being used by fewer people than before.
He thought that this was because Esperanto needed to be remade in a different way.
In 1894, though, he said that Esperanto was good like it was at first.
He said that all the time after that, too.
Grabowski was the leader of the Warsaw Esperanto Society and the Polish Esperanto society for a long time.
In 1908, he became the director of the Grammar Section of the Esperanto Academy.
He taught people a lot about Esperanto.
From that year until 1914, he made classes for schools about Esperanto.
He wrote something showing that Esperanto was good for learning other languages.
People did not know this at that time.
World War I made his family have to leave Poland.
They went to Russia, and he was left in Warsaw.
While he was there, he rewrote from Polish one of the most important things that have been changed into Esperanto.
This was the Polish poem, Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz.
1921 deaths
Blood vessel, a tube that carries blood around the body
Lymph vessel, a thin walled, valved structure that carries lymph
Vessel element, a narrow tube that carries water in plants (such as the xylem)
Bowl, a common open-top container
Drinking vessel, for holding drinkable liquids
Marine vessel, any kind of boat or ship
Fire is a chemical reaction that gives off light and heat.
Fire is sometimes useful, but also very dangerous because it can cause houses, trees and other things to burn to ashes.
Forest fires are very harmful.
They can destroy a huge area in a matter of minutes.
Every year people die by accident from fire.
Fire can be made in many different ways.
Some ways are rubbing sticks together for a long time, using flint and steel, or using matches.
However, the Sun does not make fire.
Instead, it crushes together hydrogen atoms to release energy through the process of nuclear fusion.
Fire can be very useful if it is treated carefully.
It has always been very important for people to be able to make fire.
People need its heat to keep warm on cold days.
It is also used to cook meats.
Its light can be useful to be able to see in dark places.
If human skin touches fire, the skin may burn, which can take some time to heal and to remove the scar.
If a fire gives off a large amount of smoke, a person's mouth should be covered with a wet cloth, since people can faint when they breathe in too much smoke.
Even a spark, such as from a cigarette, should be kept away from any fuels that very easily catch and spread fire, like gasoline, or cause an explosion, like gunpowder.
If fire is not treated carefully, it can be very dangerous.
One wildfire sometimes burns thousands of square miles or kilometers.
Forests can burn down if fires are not controlled.
Every year, large areas of forests are destroyed because of fire.
This usually happens in the Summer.
In some camps, there is a camp fire; around the camp fire, there are usually some logs to stop it from spreading.
In buildings fire shutters can be used.
Fire shutters compartmentalize a fire.
With the help of effective shutters, a fire cannot spread from room to room in a building.
Fire needs three things to burn: oxygen, fuel, and heat.
Fuels can be wood, tinder, coal, oil or any other substance that will easily oxidize.
Once a fire is burning, it creates its own heat.
This lets the fire keep burning on its own for some time.
Firefighters are people with special training to control and stop fires.
They also rescue victims of fire related incidents.
The fuel can be removed.
If a fire burns through all of its fuel and extra nearby fuel is removed, the fire will stop burning.
The oxygen can be removed.
This is called "smothering" a fire.
Fires cannot burn in a vacuum or if they are covered in carbon dioxide.
The heat can be removed.
The most common way to remove heat is to use water to absorb that heat, putting the fire out.
However, some fires cannot be smothered, such as magnesium flames.
They can burn in carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and some other elemental compounds.
However, they cannot burn in noble gases such as helium.
Fires are usually combustion reactions that take carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The products are commonly water and carbon dioxide, although there are other examples that avoid this generalization, such as burning magnesium in air, which makes magnesium oxide.
Fires can occur in many ways.
There are many types of fire.
There are wood fires, gas fires, metal fires, and more.
Wood fires can usually be put out with water because water absorbs heat, but metal fires are too hot for water to absorb enough heat to put out the fire.
If water is used to extinguish ("put out") a metal fire, the water will simply evaporate.
For metal fires, sand can be used to cover the fire and keep it from obtaining oxygen.
A fire extinguisher can put out most fires.
In Europe in the 16th century there was a big change in the Christian religion.
In this Protestant Reformation, hundreds of thousands of people left the Catholic church to form Protestant churches all over Europe..
Sola Scriptura.
This means "The Bible only".
The Protestants believed that they should only read the Bible to find out what God wants them to believe.
They did this instead of listening to the Pope or the Priests in the Catholic Church.
Solus Christus.
This means "Jesus Christ only".
The Protestants believed that the only way to heaven is by Jesus dying on the cross.
They did this so they did not have to pray to Mary or saints or angels.
Sola Gratia.
This means "Grace only".
This talks about going to heaven.
It means that God lets people into heaven who do not deserve it.
It also means that no one deserves to go to heaven.
Sola Fide.
This means "Faith only".
Protestants believed that people must trust Jesus.
They have to trust that Jesus lets people into heaven.
Only people who trust Jesus can get to heaven.
This means "Only worship God.
He is wonderful".
It also means that God is the only one people should worship.
People should not worship the Catholic Pope or Priests.
People should not trust the Catholic Church to get to heaven.
People should only worship God.
The words "Sola Scriptura", "Solus Christus", "Sola Gratia", "Sola Fide" and "Soli Deo Gloria" are not English words.
They are words written in Latin.
Articles on the Five Solas—from a conservative Calvinistic perspective
FiveSolas.com—a Reformed page devoted to the Solas
Protestant theology
Göran Persson (born January 20, 1949) was the Prime minister of Sweden between 1996 and 2006.
He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party, but quit in March 2007.
He was replaced by Mona Sahlin as leader of the party, the party's first woman to do so.
Government Offices of Sweden - Göran Persson
Government ministers of Sweden
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Jane Seymour Fonda (born December 21, 1937) is an American actress, writer, political activist and former fashion model.
She is the daughter of Henry Fonda, the sister of Peter Fonda and the aunt of Bridget Fonda, both of whom are actors.
She won two Academy Awards.
Fonda made instructional videos on exercise and aerobics.
Fonda was born on December 21, 1937 in New York City.
She is the daughter of actor Henry Fonda (1905–1982) and the Canadian-born socialite Frances Ford Seymour (1908–1950).
According to her father, their surname comes from Italian ancestors who immigrated to the Netherlands.
There they intermarried and began to use Dutch given names.
She is also of English, Scottish, French-Canadian, German, and Norwegian ancestry.
She was named after the third wife of English king Henry VIII, Jane Seymour.
Her mother is distantly related to Jane Seymour.
Her brother was actor Peter Fonda (1940–2019) and through him, her niece was his daughter Bridget.
In 1950, her mother committed suicide when Jane was 13.
In the early 1950s, Fonda taught dance at Fire Island Pines, New York.
She attended the Emma Willard School in Troy, New York, and Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, but dropped out to become a fashion model.
Fonda was diagnosed with breast cancer and osteoporosis in her later years.
She had a lumpectomy in November 2010, and has recovered.
In April 2019, Fonda revealed she had a cancerous growth removed from her lower lip in March 2018 and had pre-melanoma growths removed from her skin.
Models from New York City
People with cancer
American feminist writers
In most countries, the basic medical degree qualifies a person to treat patients and prescribe appropriate treatment, including drugs.
A physician may also do the simplest kinds of surgery.
Training and qualifications
Doctors are trained in medical schools which are usually part of a university.
They hold a degree awarded by a medical school.
Doctors work in hospitals, medical clinics, from their own offices, or may even visit people in their homes.
They may also work for schools, companies, sports teams, or the military.
Medical doctors are often assisted in their work by nurses.
The basic degree is awarded on the successful completion of medical school education and practice.
It is given different names in different countries.
It is M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) in the USA, Scotland and some other countries.
In England, different universities use different terms.
The University of London qualification is M.B. Ch.
B. (that is, Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery).
Most countries have higher qualifications, based on experience, supervised work, more exams, and theses.
Because of its history, in England a general practitioner eventually becomes an MRCP (member of the Royal College of Physicians), but a surgeon works towards becoming an MRCS (Member of the Royal College of Surgeons).
A similar system is used in Edinburgh, Ireland and Canada.
Medical doctors treat patients by finding out what is wrong with them, known as a diagnosis.
They ask questions about the patient's symptoms.
These might include fever or pain.
They may ask about past illnesses or family members who have been sick.
They will then examine the patient.
They look at different parts of the body, listen to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope.
Sometimes they may need to collect a sample of blood, use an x-ray machine, or use other tools.
When they have gathered enough information, a doctor can make a diagnosis and then plan a treatment.
Often they prescribe drugs.
Some physicians only work on certain diseases or injuries, or may only work on one part of the human body.
These doctors are called specialists.
For example, there are doctors who specialize in diseases of the stomach or intestines.
Other medical doctors are "general practitioners" or "family practitioners".
This means that they do a little bit of everything.
The general practitioner the first doctor a patient will see, and this doctor may decide to send them to a specialist doctor if needed.
Anesthesiologist, a doctor who gives anesthesia to patients
Dentist, also known in the US as a dental surgeon, is a surgeon who specializes in dentistry—the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and conditions of the oral cavity.
Ophthalmologist, a doctor who specialises in treating eyes
Podiatrist, a doctor who specialises in treating feet
Psychiatrist, a doctor who specializes in psychiatry, and treats people with mental illness.
Psychiatrists can prescribe psychiatric medication.
Surgeon, a doctor who performs surgery
Pediatrician, a child specialist who also knew about everything such as elderly health, mental illness, eye problems etc.,
:Category: Physicians
Healthcare occupations
Buffy the Vampire Slayer is an American television series.
It is about a girl who fought vampires and other monsters.
It was written by Joss Whedon.
He based it on the script that he wrote for a movie with the same title.
The movie came out in 1992 and stars Kristy Swanson, Luke Perry, Donald Sutherland, and Paul Reubens.
The television series has many fans.
It was originally shown from March 10, 1997 until May 20, 2003.
The main idea of the series is the opposite of what is the normal Hollywood idea about horror.
In traditional Hollywood horror stories, the young blonde girl is always the weakest character.
She is always the one that needs to be saved.
She is often the first one to die.
In Buffy, Whedon changed that.
He changed that girl into the person with all the power.
He changed her into the hero.
Many of the monsters and storylines on the series are symbols of real-life problems faced by teenagers.
As Whedon has said, "Highschool is a horror movie."
Buffy the Vampire Slayer was first shown on March 10, 1997 on the WB network.
It was a very important part of the Warner Bros. television network in its early years.
After five seasons, the series left the WB and went to the United Paramount Network (UPN) for its last two seasons.
In the United Kingdom, the entire series was shown on Sky One and BBC2.
The BBC showed the series at two different times.
A family-friendly version with violence and bad language cut out was shown early in the evening and an unedited version was shown later at night.
Sky One did something similar.
It showed an edited version in the afternoon and the uncut version in prime time.
From the fourth season onwards, the BBC showed the series in anamorphic 16:9 widescreen format, but Whedon said that Buffy was never supposed to be watched this way.
The Slayer or Chosen One is a girl who kills vampires.
She had superhuman strength and speed.
She also heals very fast.
It is her destiny to fight evil demons, mainly vampires.
When the Slayer dies, a new girl is chosen.
That girl gets all of the powers of the Slayer.
Potentials (girls who might be chosen - "potential slayers") are trained from an early age by a "Watcher".
In this series, Buffy Summers, Kendra Young, and Faith Lehane were the main slayers.
The main character was Buffy Summers.
She was played by Sarah Michelle Gellar.
Buffy was an ordinary high school student in the fictional city of Sunnydale, California, except for being a "vampire slayer."
Buffy's Watcher was a British man named Giles.
With the help of Giles and her friends, Xander and Willow, Buffy fought a different monster every episode. (
aside from the main villains of each season).
Buffy and her friends went to school at Sunnydale High School.
They appear normal to their families while killing vampires and monsters at night.
Not all vampires were evil in the series.
One vampire was named Angel.
He was given his soul back by a gypsy curse.
The curse would make him lose his soul and become evil again if he became really happy.
He and Buffy fell in love.
The curse took his soul away when they had sexual intercourse for the first time.
This caused Angel to become evil (losing his soul).
When Angel got back his soul, he knew that he and Buffy could not be together because he might lose it again.
Angel left Sunnydale and went to Los Angeles.
The television series Angel tells the story of what happened to him after he left.
Notable episodes
"Earshot" (Season 3): This episode was not shown when it was first supposed to.
The episode dealt with a school violence.
It was first scheduled to be shown just after the shootings at Columbine happened.
Because of this, they did not show it in the United States until the summer after the season had ended.
"Hush"(Season 4): Nearly all of the episode was done with no talking at all.
For 29 minutes, the characters could not say anything.
Joss Whedon created this episode after hearing that the most important part of the series was the dialogue.
"The Body" (Season 5): This episode had no musical soundtrack at all.
The episode was about the death of Buffy's mother, Joyce Summers.
"Once More, With Feeling"(Season 6): The entire episode was done as a musical.
Every scene included the characters singing.
They usually were also dancing.
Major characters
Buffy Anne Summers (played by Sarah Michelle Gellar) is "the Slayer," one in a long line of young women chosen to fight evil.
She is blonde and beautiful and she is a normal cheerleading girl at the start of the movie.
Being the Slayer gave her increased strength, endurance, agility and healing.
She also had greater intuition, and some ability of clairvoyance, usually in the form of dreams that tell the future.
She was born January 19, 1981 and grew up in Los Angeles, California.
Buffy died two times in the normal series.
There have also been magical times that she died in, but these periods of time were stopped and do not affect normal times.
The first time she died, she drowned and was brought back to life with CPR.
The second time, magic was used to bring her back to life.
Rupert Giles
Rupert "Ripper" Giles (played by Anthony Stewart Head) is Buffy's Watcher.
He was an Englishman.
He was Buffy's second Watcher.
Her first watcher was killed in the movie version of the story but this fact is not talked about in the series.
Unlike most slayers, it was not known that Buffy was a potential slayer at an early age.
When she was chosen, the Watcher's council sent a watcher to help her.
When he died, the Council sent Giles to Sunnydale to become her watcher.
In the past, Giles used magic and had a lot of knowledge about demons and vampires.
Willow Rosenberg (played by Alyson Hannigan) was Buffy's schoolmate and best friend.
She was very smart and good with computers.
During the series, she learned more and more about magic.
She found out that she is very good at magic and became a powerful witch.
While in highschool, she had a boyfriend named Oz, who was a guitarist in a local band called Dingoes Ate My Baby, and he was also a werewolf.
After Oz left in college, Willow fell in love with another witch, Tara Maclay.
When Tara was killed, Willow tried to destroy the world, but Xander stopped her.
Later on, at the end of season seven, she developed a relationship with a potential slayer named Kennedy.
Xander Harris
Alexander Lavelle "Xander" Harris (played by Nicholas Brendon) was another good friend of Buffy.
During season 4, Xander becomes romantically involved with an ex-vengeance demon, Anya (Anyanka), whom he later became engaged to, but left during the wedding in the episode "Hells Bells".
It was said many times during the series that Xander was the person in the group who had no special powers at all, but still fought as much as everyone else, and, in season 7 ("Potential") Xander is named the "Seer" because he sees everything that is going on, because he's never actually in the spotlight, just next to it.
Xander was often the character the writers used for comic moments.
Xander was a major character in the series and saved the world (from Willow) at the end of Season 6, by telling her he loved her repeatedly, accessing the human love inside of her "evil" persona, created by Tara Maclay's death.
Dawn Summers (played by Michelle Trachtenberg) was a magical energy (The Key) that was turned into a person and Buffy's sister.
At first, Dawn had the special ability to open the way to a hell dimension (with her blood).
After Buffy's death closed that way, Dawn's only special abilities was being very good with languages and a very fast learner.
She could have made a very good Watcher.
Anya Jenkins
Anya Christina Emmanuella Jenkins, or Anyanka, or Aud (played by Emma Caulfield) was an 1100 year old vengeance demon.
She was born with the name Aud somewhere in Scandinavia during the 9th century.
She became a vengeance demon after casting a magic spell on her lover, Olaf.
The spell turned him into a troll.
Anya spent the next 1100 years as Anyanka.
As a vengeance demon, she would use magic to give a wish to a woman who had been treated wrong by a man.
Anyaka lost her powers during a wish she cast for Cordelia Chase.
When the wish was ended, Anyanka was trapped in the human body of 17 year old Anya.
Anya and Xander got together after graduation and later were engaged.
But Xander left her at the wedding, realising he was not ready to get married, but still loved her.
She then got her vengeance powers back from D'Hoffryn (head of vengeance) but later lost them again after she realized how unfulfilling maiming human men was (her human side).
Angel (played by David Boreanaz) was an Irish vampire first named Liam.
He was born in 1727, in Galway, Ireland.
After being turned into a vampire in 1753, he spent the next 145 year creating terror as "Angelus" (face of an angel).
In 1898, he killed the daughter of gypsies.
As punishment, the Gypsies returned Angelus human soul to him.
This caused him to have to feel all the pain he had caused.
Angel went to the United States and lived on the streets.
He stopped killing people to drink their blood because with a soul he knew it was wrong.
He lived a very poor life drinking the blood of rats until a messenger from the Powers That Be took him to California to show him Buffy.
He fell in love with her and changed his life so he could help her.
Buffy fell in love with Angel but he turned evil after she gave him one true moment of happiness (after they had sex).
Then he turned into Angelus and when he was finally changed back (after months, by Willow), Buffy stabbed him in order to once again save the world by closing acaphla (against her feelings of love for him).
Cordelia "Cordy" Chase (played by Charisma Carpenter) went to Sunnydale High with Buffy.
She was a cheerleader who only thought of herself.
She would help Buffy every now and then, but most often was the one that needed help.
During her senior year of high school, all the money Cordelia's parents had was taken away by the government because Cordy's dad had not fully paid his family's taxes.
Cordy had to get a job at a dress store to pay for a dress for her senior prom.
Although Cordelia started off as a self-involved character, she grew throughout the first three seasons, learning to love others (spawning a relationship with Xander Harris, above).
After Season 3 of Buffy, Cordelia moves away to L.A. to become an actress.
After having little luck, she meets Angel and they work together in the detective business- Angel Investigations.
Cordelia's character grows even further throughout Angel as well, and by Season 4/5 of Angel, she seems to be a completely different person.
Spike, or William the Bloody, (played by James Marsters) was an English vampire.
He was born in London around 1853.
He was turned into a vampire in 1880 by Drusilla, a pretty vampire created by Angelus.
He spent the next 20 years with Angelus, Drusilla and Darla as they killed throughout Europe and Asia.
After Angelus got his soul back and left, Spike and Drusilla continued for 100 years before going to Sunnydale to try and find him.
Later, Spike fell in love with Buffy.
He fought a demon (initially to get his chip removed) and got his soul back and helped save the world in the last episode ("Chosen").
He was sent, by the amulet he wore, to Angel. (
Stars in the final season of Angel).
Faith Lehane
Faith Lehane (played by Eliza Dushku) was a vampire slayer.
Buffy's first death caused Kendra Young to be chosen as the Slayer.
When Kendra died, Faith was chosen.
Faith is in many ways the opposite of Buffy.
While Buffy had family and friends for support, Faith was alone.
Faith tried to fight evil, but later chose to be evil instead.
In the end, Faith learns from her mistakes and helps Buffy in her fight.
Daniel "Oz" Osborne (played by Seth Green) was a musician and werewolf.
He was Willow's first boyfriend.
For three nights each month, Oz would change shape.
If he was not put into a cage or locked up, he would roam Sunnydale from the time the sun set until it came up again in the morning.
Being a werewolf gave him increased strength, endurance and healing.
As a werewolf, his mind was similar to an animal and not a human.
Riley Finn
During the day, he was a helper to a professor at Sunnydale University.
At night, he lead a military team that hunted and captured demons.
He had increased strength and endurance, but he was not as strong as Buffy.
He gave Buffy an ultimatum and at the last minute she decided on him.
But when she got to his helicopter they had already taken off and he did not see her.
When he comes back in a later episode Buffy finds out that he is married.
Tara was a member of the Wicca group Willow joined in her first year in college.
Willow and Tara started as friends.
Over time, they became lovers.
When Tara is first introduced, she is very shy.
Tara has a very obvious stutter in her first season.
Through season five, Tara becomes more confident.
Eventually, her family comes back to take Tara home, but she (with Buffy and the gang's help) stands up to them.
She became more and more confident until Glory took her sanity.
Willow got it back in the season five finale, and Tara was sane again.
In season 6, Willow used dark magic (magic that hurt other people) more and more.
Eventually, she used it to make Tara forget a fight they had had.
Tara broke up with Willow.
Tara came back when Willow stopped using dark magic.
A very short time later, Tara died after being hit by a bullet meant for Buffy.
Minor characters
Joyce Summers: Joyce was Buffy's mother.
She died of a aneurysm shortly after having surgery to take a tumor out of her head.
Jonathan Levinson: Jonathan went to school with Buffy.
He was often only used for comic moments.
In season 6, he played a larger part as a member of the Trio.
He was killed by Andrew Wells in season 7 in an attempt to open the Hellmouth.
Harmony Kendall: Harmony was one of Cordelia's friends.
She was turned into a vampire at their high school graduation.
Principal Snyder: Snyder was the high school principal for a lot of Buffy's time at Sunnydale High.
He made Buffy's daily life very hard.
He is one of the few people other than the main cast that shows he knows about the weird things in town such as vampires and demons.
After Mayor Wilkins turned into a giant demon snake at the graduation, he killed Principal Snyder.
Kennedy: Kennedy was one of the potential slayers.
She had a lesbian relationship with Willow.
Principal Robin Wood: Wood was the son of a Slayer (Nikki Woods).
His mother was killed by Spike.
He became the principal of Sunnydale High after it was rebuilt.
He tried and failed to get revenge on Spike for killing his mother.
He later joined Buffy in her fight and got into a relationship with Faith.
Andrew Wells: Andrew was a obnoxious, possibly bi-sexual nerdy member of the Trio.
He has a talent for languages and summoning demons.
Jenny Calendar: Jenny was the high school computer teacher.
She was also a member of the same gypsy clan that cursed Angel.
She was in Sunnydale to watch Angel.
She had a romance with Giles.
Angelus broke her neck, killing her.
The Master: The Master was one of the oldest living vampires.
He was the first major villain that Buffy faced in Sunnydale.
The Master was the leader of a vampire cult called the Order of Aurelius.
The cult included Darla who The Master turned into a vampire.
Buffy killed the Master in season 1.
Darla: Darla was a very old vampire.
She was turned into a vampire in 1609.
She was a prostitute who was dying of syphilis, when the Master turned her into a vampire.
She was the vampire who sired Liam turning him into Angelus (Angel).
Darla was killed by Angel in season 1 of Buffy.
She was later brought back to life on the spin-off Angel.
Drusilla: Drusilla is a vampire created by Angelus around 1860.
Angelus made her insane before turning her into a vampire.
She has the ability to see the future and hypnotize people.
Drusilla created Spike in 1880.
It is not known if Drusilla has been killed or if she still lives.
Mayor Richard Wilkins III: Wilkins was the mayor of Sunnydale.
He first came to the area in the 19th century to search for gold.
He is the founder of Sunnydale.
Wilkins made a deal with demons.
He created the town so that demons would have a place to feed and the demons said they would turn him into a pure demon.
It would take over 100 years to turn into a demon.
Wilkins turned into a giant snake at Buffy's graduation.
She killed him by blowing up the school with him inside it.
Wilkins was the major villain in season 3.
Adam: Adam was a cyborg.
He was made out of parts of humans, demons, and electronic machines.
Adam was created in The Initiative's lab 314.
He was the major villain in season 4.
Buffy killed Adam by taking his power source out of his chest.
Glorificus: Glorificus, or Glory, was an evil goddess from a different dimension.
She was trapped in the body of a baby boy named Ben.
Many years later, she began to take control of the body.
After a while she could take full control and change the body into that of her own form for a short time.
Glory was trying to find the key that would let her go back to her own dimension.
Buffy stopped her.
She beat her very badly and Glory was trapped inside Ben again.
Knowing that she would become strong enough to come back one day, Giles killed Ben which also killed Glory.
Glory was the main villain of season 5.
The First: The First, or The First Evil, is the creator of evil itself.
The First has no body (incorporeal) and can not physically affect things.
It can look like anyone who has ever died.
This includes dead humans (Buffy's mother Joyce), vampires (Drusilla, Spike), and even Buffy herself.
The First had an army of very very old vampires called Turok-Han and a cult of humans called The Bringers that did things for it because it could not do them itself.
The First can not be killed.
Its army and cult were destroyed in the final episode of the series and its plans were stopped.
The First was the main villain in season 7.
Whedon's Trademarks
Joss Whedon uses several themes throughout his works.
These are often found in the writing done for Buffy.
Strong female characters: As a supporter of feminism, Whedon likes to create teenage girls with superpowers.
Many of the most powerful characters in the series are female.
Buffy and Willow are examples.
Homosexuality: Whedon uses gay characters both for major parts (Willow and Tara) and for minor parts (Larry Blaisdall and Scott Hope).
Witty dialogue: The dialogue in Joss Whedon's series and movies is notable.
It often has rapid-fire wit and pop culture references.
Some are easy to notice others are more difficult.
Death: No one is safe in a story written by Whedon.
Major characters can die at any time.
Minor characters die more often.
In a world with magic, not all deaths are forever though.
Buffy herself died at least four times and was brought back to life twice.
Tara Maclay, Jenny Calender, Joyce Summers, and Principal Snyder were all regular characters that died and did not return.
Other characters such as Harmony Kendall died and came back as vampires.
Relationships: A good romantic relationship makes for a bad story.
Whedon does not like relationships that have a happy ending.
Every relationship in the series ended badly.
Angel and Buffy: Angel loses his soul and turns evil.
Spike and Buffy: Spike later tries to rape Buffy, but she stops him.
At the end of the series, Spike dies to save the world.
Willow and Tara: Tara is shot and killed.
Xander and Anya: They almost got married, but Xander leaves Anya at the altar.
They never get back together.
Anya dies at the end of the series.
Family: In a Whedon story, family is not who you were born to.
Family is who you chose to be with.
In Buffy, Buffy, Giles, Willow and Xander, as well as the others with them, were more of a family than any of their biological families.
Fatherhood: Fathers in Whedon's stories are almost always shown badly.
Buffy's father left her mother and her.
He is rarely talked about or seen in the series.
Xander's father is always shown as being abusive.
Father figures replace the traditional father in the same way Whedon replaced the traditional family.
Giles takes the place of the father in Buffy.
At times, even he is shown badly in the role.
20th Century Fox — Buffy section
All Things Philosophical on Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Buffyverse Dialogue Database
Slayage.tv - Buffy academic essays
Whedonesque.com
Whedon.info
Stakes and Salvation: a Buffyverse Encyclopedia
WhedonWiki.com
1997 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
American fantasy television series
American horror television series
American teen drama television series
College television series
High school television series
Television series created by Joss Whedon
Television series set in California
UPN network shows
Vampires are monsters in legends and stories.
The first vampire stories were told in Eastern Europe, but much of how modern people see vampires was created by Bram Stoker in the famous novel, Dracula.
Few people believe that vampires are real, but they are still very popular in movies, television, and books.
Vampires were once people but have a supernatural curse.
Some vampires must drink blood to survive.
They do this by biting people or animals on the neck with their two long fangs.
People who are killed by having their blood drunk by vampires may also become vampires.
Others can live off the life energy of people.
In many stories, vampires can change into other animals, usually bats, though also wolves, cats or rats.
They cannot go out in sunlight, so they sleep during the day.
They can only be killed in certain ways:
being beheaded
having a stake driven through their heart
or being sprayed or washed with vervain
being set on fire
They can be weakened by crosses or other religious symbols, garlic, holy water, and silver.
They cannot cross the ocean unless they are in a coffin surrounded by soil from their homeland.
If vampires click their fingers they can disappear in the blink of an eye.
If a bag of rice, grain, seeds or other similar substance is spilled on the ground, a vampire will have to count every grain.
They have no reflection in glass, mirrors, or other things.
Vampires have photographic memory.
Vampires are cold blooded, if once they touch the wound will go.
Vampires in fiction
Dracula is the most famous vampire in fiction, and many movies have been made about him, often with Christopher Lee as Dracula himself.
Bela Lugosi is another actor known for the role.
Nosferatu is also a famous vampire movie.
There is a popular series of books by Anne Rice about vampires.
Stephen King also wrote about vampires in the 1970s in Salem's Lot.
The television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer featured a young girl who fought vampires, but also befriended good ones.
The series Twilight by Stephenie Meyer is also about vampires.