the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
They evolved early in the Miocene period.
There 143 living species in this family.
They include cattle, goats, sheep and antelopes.
The family is widespread, living in all continents except the southern continents South America, Australia and Antarctica.
They are all ruminants, with the double stomach system of digesting vegetation, which is most efficient.
The family originated in the Miocene, and is now very successful.
Their success is probably helped by their digestive system.
The group includes the three domestic animals cows, sheep and goats.
Subfamily Aepycerotinae (one genus: the impala)
Subfamily Alcelaphinae (one tribe and four genera: wildebeest and relatives)
Subfamily Antilopinae (three tribes and 15 genera: gazelles and relatives)
Subfamily Bovinae (three tribes and ten genera: cattle, bisons etc.)
Subfamily Caprinae (three tribes and 13 genera: goats and sheep)
Subfamily Cephalophinae (three genera: duikers)
Subfamily Hippotraginae (three genera: antelopes)
Subfamily Panthelopinae (the Tibetan antelope)
Subfamily Peleinae (the grey rhebok)
Subfamily Reduncinae (two genera: more antelopes)
The Cromwell current is the name of a submarine river.
It was discovered in 1952 by the scientist Townsend Cromwell.
It is 250 miles (400 km) wide.
It flows to the east.
The current appears about 300 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean at the equator.
The Cromwell current carries a lot of oxygen and nutrients.
It is very rich in marine life.
Subduction is when two tectonic plates meet.
One of the plates is pushed under the other into the Earth's mantle.
Subduction causes the most powerful earthquakes in the world.
Earthquakes caused by subduction can lead to tsunamis.
Areas where subduction occurs are called subduction zones.
Subduction zones are all around the world in places like Indonesia, Seattle, Washington and in the Himalaya mountain range in Nepal.
An icebreaker is a special type of ship.
Its special features include extra powerful motors and a very strong hull designed to cut through thick sheets of ice floating on oceans and lakes.
A tattoo is a mark made by putting ink into the skin.
Tattoos may be made on human or animal skin.
Tattoos on humans are a type of body modification (a way of changing the body), but tattoos on animals are most often used for identification.
People sometimes get tattoos to show that they belong to a gang or culture group.
People get tattoos in tattoo parlors.
Getting a tattoo is painful, although some people have more pain than others, and some body parts are more painful to tattoo than others.
Most tattoos today are created using an electric tattoo machine, which uses needles to put ink into the body.
Preserved tattoos on ancient mummified human remains reveal that tattooing has been practiced throughout the world for many centuries.
In 2015, scientific re-assessment of the age of the two oldest known tattooed mummies identified Ötzi the Iceman as the oldest currently known example.
This body, with 61 tattoos, was found embedded in glacial ice in the Alps, and was dated to 3250 BCE.
In 2018, the oldest figurative tattoos in the world were discovered on two mummies from Egypt which are dated between 3351 and 3017 BCE.
Tattooing is an ancient art.
Ötzi the Iceman, a man who lived around 3300 BC and whose mummy was found in 1991, had 61 tattoos consisting of 19 groups of lines simple dots and lines on his lower spine, left wrist, behind his right knee, and on his ankles.
These tattoos, which were made of soot, were possibly part of an early form of acupuncture.
Tattoos have also been found on mummies from ancient civilizations throughout the world, including Egypt, Nubia the Pazyryk culture of Russia, and from several cultures throughout South America.
Tattoos became popular in the Western world after Westerners first had contact with American Indians and Polynesians during the 1700s.
James Cook, a famous British explorer, reported that he had seen tattooing being done when he was in Tahiti in 1769.
The word "tattoo" comes from the Tahitian word "tatau".
In some cultures, tattoos have special meaning and importance.
For example, Polynesian people like the Māori in New Zealand have a tradition of face tattoos (called moko) which are sacred and have special meaning related to status and tribal history.
In other cultures, tattoos are forbidden.
For example, tattoos are forbidden in Jewish law.
In the Old Testament of the Bible, the book of Leviticus 19:28 states: "You shall not make any cuts on your body for the dead or tattoo yourselves."
Tattoos started to become popular in the United States and England during the 1860s and 1870s.
At first, tattoos were most often given to soldiers and sailors.
The first known professional tattoo artist in the United States was Martin Hildebrandt, a German immigrant who arrived in Boston in 1846.
Between 1861 and 1865, he tattooed soldiers on both sides in the American Civil War.
The first known professional tattooist in Britain worked in the port of Liverpool in the 1870s, tattooing mostly sailors.
However, by the 1870s, tattoos had become fashionable among some members of the upper classes, including royalty.
Since the 1970s, tattoos have become a mainstream part of Western fashion, common among both men and women, to all economic classes, and to age groups from the later teen years to middle age.
For many young Americans, tattoos have a very different meaning than they did for earlier generations.
In the past, tattoos were viewed as a form of deviance - a way of breaking social rules and standards.
Today, it has become an acceptable form of expression.
At times during history, people have been forced to get tattoos to mark them as slaves, criminals, or outsiders.
For example, the ancient Romans tattooed criminals and slaves.
In the 19th century, the United States marked convicts with tattoos before releasing them from jail, and the British Army marked deserters with tattoos.
In the 20th century, prisoners in Siberian and Nazi concentration camps were tattooed with identification numbers.
Types of tattoos
Amateur and professional tattoos
Today, people choose to be tattooed for many different reasons.
Tattoos may also be used to show that a person belongs to a specific group.
For example, gang tattoos may show that a person belongs to a certain criminal gang.
Criminal tattoos may also show a person's criminal accomplishments (such as the number of years they spent in prison, or the number of people they have killed).
Tattoos, including full-body tattoos, are popular among the Yakuza (JapaneseMafia).
Cosmetic tattoos
Tattoos can be used for cosmetic reasons.
Cosmetic tattoos include "permanent makeup," which uses tattooing to make designs that look like real makeup.
For example, cosmetic tattooers can create tattooed eyebrows for people who have lost their eyebrows because of old age, diseases that cause hair loss (like alopecia), or medications that make the hair fall out (like chemotherapy).
Cosmetic tattoos can also cover up moles or hide skin that is discolored because of diseases like vitiligo.
Cosmetic tattoos can also be used to cover up surgical scars, like scars from mastectomy (surgical removal of the breast).
The use of artistic tattoos to cover mastectomy scars is becoming more popular in the United States and the United Kingdom.
Cosmetic tattooing is also used to tattoo nipples onto reconstructed breasts after breast reconstruction surgery (where the breast which was removed during mastectomy is re-created using fat from another part of the body).
Medical tattoos
Tattoos can also be used for medical reasons.
For example, a person may get a medical alert tattoo, which warns that they have a certain medical condition (like diabetes or a severe allergy).
When people get radiation therapy for cancer, tattoos may be used to mark exactly where the beam of radiation should be pointed.
This helps to make sure that the person gets the same treatment, in the right place, every time they have radiation therapy.
Genital
Because it breaks the skin, tattooing carries health risks.
These risks include infection and allergic reactions to tattoo inks.
These problems can often be avoided if the tattooer follows rules of cleanliness, uses certain tools on one person only, and sterilizing their equipment after every use (cleaning it in a special way that will kill germs).
In many places, tattooers are required to have training on blood-borne diseases (diseases which can be spread through the blood, like HIV and hepatitis).
As of 2009 in the United States, there were no reported cases of a person getting HIV from a professional tattoo.
In amateur tattooing (like tattooing in prisons), however, there is a much higher risk of infection.
Unsterilized (unclean) tattoo equipment or contaminated ink could spread infections on the surface of the skin, fungal infections, some forms of hepatitis, herpes simplex virus, HIV, staph, tetanus, and tuberculosis.
Most people are not allergic to tattoo inks.
However, there have been cases of allergic reactions to tattoo inks, especially to certain colors.
Sometimes this happens because the ink includes nickel, which sets off a common metal allergy.
Tattoo removal is most commonly performed using lasers that break down the ink particles in the tattoo into smaller particles.
Dermal macrophages are part of the immune system, tasked with collecting and digesting cellular debris.
In the case of tattoo pigments, macrophages collect ink pigments, but have difficulty breaking them down.
Instead, they store the ink pigments.
If a macrophage is damaged, it releases its captive ink, which is taken up by other macrophages.
This can make it particularly difficult to remove tattoos.
When treatments break down ink particles into smaller pieces, macrophages can more easily remove them.
Some people who have tattoos wish that they had not gotten them.
Tattoos can be taken off with laser surgery, but this is painful and often requires several visits to a dermatologist or skin care professional.
Flash (tattoo) - a sheet of paper or card board with tattoo designs printed or drawn on
An artificial or constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language that has been made by a person or small group, instead of being formed naturally as part of a culture.
Some constructed languages are designed for use in human communication (like the common Esperanto).
Others are created for use in fiction, linguistic experiments, secret codes, or simply because the maker likes to play language games.
Constructed languages can also be split into groups by purpose.
These groups are:
Engineered languages (engelangs), which are split into philosophical languages and logical languages (loglangs) - designed for experiments in logic or philosophy
Auxiliary languages (auxlangs) - designed to be a lingua franca (common language between people with different native languages) for international communication (also called International Auxiliary Language, (IAL))
Artistic languages (artlangs) - designed to look or sound pretty, to make a fictional world more believable, or just for fun.
Some examples of constructed languages
Atlantean
Interlingue (in the past: Occidental)
Middle-earth languages (Quenya, Sindarin)
ENIONI Site dedicated to some constructed languages, mainly Esperanto, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Occidental/Interlingue, Novial, and Interlingua.
It contains the magazines Posta Mundi, Vok Neutral, and IE Munde.
LingoJam - a tool for creating conlang translators
Joel S. Engel is an American scientist.
He was the Head of Research at Bell Laboratories (Belltel) in 1973.
He was born on February 4, 1936 in New York City, New York.
In 1973, Martin Cooper made the first mobile phone call to him whilst walking the streets of New York City.
Philosophical languages
Logical languages
Experimental languages
The pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is an even-toed ungulate mammal, the only living member of the family Antilocapridae.
It is a small ruminant mammal which looks a bit like an antelope.
The pronghorn lives in North America.
It lives in the prairies, but sometimes also in the desert and the Rocky Mountains.
The antilocaprids evolved in North America, where they filled a niche similar to that of the bovids that evolved in the Old World.
During the Miocene and Pliocene, they were a diverse and successful group, with many different species.
Some had horns with bizarre shapes, or had four, or even six, horns.
The pronghorn has a yellowish-brown to reddish-brown colored fur with a white underside, and white stripes on the neck and around the mouth.
Male pronghorns also have black markings on the neck and face.
The males have horns that are up to 25 cm long.
Females usually have no horns; if they have horns they are very short.
Pronghorns can be active at any time during day or night, but they are mostly active during twilight.
Pronghorns eat grass, but also leaves and herbs.
Pronghorns have the ability to digest poisonous plants.
This is due to their excessively oversized liver, which helps in the filtering of toxins.
In summer, adult male pronghorns fight with other males for a territory.
In this territory the male keeps a group of females with which he mates in September.
Adult males go to the extremes in fighting each other to win over the female by fatally injuring the other pronghorn and determining which male is stronger.
Young males that do not yet fight for a territory form small groups, and old weak males live alone.
Females live in groups of about 20 animals.
When the female is close to giving birth, it leaves the group for a time to give birth to its offspring.
After a pregnancy of 8½ months the female gives birth to 1-2 babies, seldom 3.
The babies hide for three days, and after a week they can run with their mother.
A pronghorn baby has grey fur, and after 3 months it has the adult fur coloring.
They drink milk for 5-6 months, and start to eat grass after three weeks.
Females become mature when they are 15-16 months old, and males become mature when they are 24 months old.
In a command line interface, the user types commands using the keyboard to tell the computer to take an action.
For example, the more command available in most operating systems will display the contents of a file.
Sometimes people call CLI “Console”, but consoles can be GUI, too.
In a graphical user interface, the user can use the computer mouse to click on buttons.
For example, your web browser probably has a Print icon to print this page.
Graphical user interfaces are generally thought more easy to use than command lines.
Command lines are faster than graphical user interfaces and can be used to give special commands to the computer.
It also allows users to run more than one program at the same time.
The water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is an even-toed ungulate mammal of the deer family.
It is the only member of the subfamily Hydropotinae.
There are two subspecies: the Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis inermis) and the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus).
Water deer are small deer: they are about 90 cm long and about 50 cm high.
They weigh about 13 kg.
The water deer has yellowish-brown fur, with a white chin and throat.
Both males and females do not have antlers.
Males have long upper canine teeth (called tusks), which can be up to 5 cm long.
The water deer originally lived in China and Korea.
Today there are also small wild populations in England and France.
Water deer live close to water: in swamps and on the shores of rivers and lakes.
Water deer eat grasses and reeds.
They also eat grains and vegetables from fields.
After a pregnancy of 200 days the female gives birth to 2-4 babies.
A water deer baby has white dots and stripes on its fur, which disappear after 8 weeks.
They drink milk for 3 months.
When the young water deer are 6 months old they are independent and leave their mothers.
They become mature when they are 1 year old.
It can mean: the study of how to write music for an orchestra.
It can also mean the list of instruments that are used in a particular piece of music.
People who want to compose music for orchestras need to study orchestration.
They can do this by reading books about orchestration, but also they can do this by studying orchestral scores and listening to orchestras in concerts or on CDs.
Students at music colleges will also practise orchestration by taking piano music and arranging it for orchestra.
The word instrumentation means almost the same thing as “orchestration”.
“Instrumentation” means: understanding each instrument and knowing about all the sounds they can make.
It can be about any music with instruments, whereas “orchestration” refers to the orchestra from its beginnings in the 17th century to the present.
Sometimes composers leave the orchestration of their works to other people.
Leonard Bernstein is famous as the composer of West Side Story, but although he composed all the notes he left it to other people to orchestrate.
The composer Maurice Ravel took a piano piece called Pictures at an Exhibition by Modest Mussorgsky (who had died forty years earlier).
He arranged it for orchestra.
Most people know this version rather than Mussorgsky’s piano version.
Hector Berlioz and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov are two famous composers who were particularly brilliant at writing for orchestra.
They both wrote books on orchestration which are still very useful today.
One team of two people plays against a solo person to see if two heads are better than one.
The team is represented by the color white while the solo player is represented by the color red.
There is a game board with letters inside spaces shaped like a hexagon.
A player picks a letter on the board, and host Bill Cullen asks a question to see how much the players know.
Whoever rings in first and gets the answer right gets their color put on the board in the space where the corresponding letter once was.
If the team makes a connection from left to right, they win.
If the solo player makes a connection from top to bottom, he/she wins.
Whoever wins after two games goes on to play the "Gold Rush" for a shot at an extra $5,000.
The board is the same, except that the spaces are colored gold, and sometimes more than one letter is seen in each space.
The object of the game is to make a connection across the board within the 60 second time limit.
If they do, they win the $5,000.
If they miss a question, a block will go up and they will have to work their way around it.
Blockbusters aired on the NBC network and was hosted by Bill Cullen from 1980 to 1982.
Then in 1987, comedian Bill Rafferty hosted a new version, which ended the same year.
It featured two solo players instead of a team of two people and a solo player.
Theria is a subclass of mammals.
It includes almost all living mammals: the ones that give birth to live young, and not by using a shelled egg.
The Theria are divided into two groups (infraclasses): Metatheria and Eutheria.
The surviving Metatheria are the marsupials, and the Eutheria are the placental mammals.
The Ameridelphia is a superorder of marsupial mammals only found in South America.
It consists of two orders:
Order Didelphimorphia
Order Paucituberculata
Marsupials of South America
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (born October 27, 1945) was the 39th President of Brazil.
He was the president of Brazil from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2010.
He succeeded Fernando Henrique Cardoso, and was succeeded by Dilma Rousseff.
His wife was Marisa Letícia Lula da Silva until her death in 2017.
"Brazil’s Presidential Election: Background on Economic Issues" from the Center for Economic and Policy Research
Profile of President Lula
Lula's foreign policy of Third World unity , The Nation
Brazil's 'Lula' Celebrates Election as President, Voice of America News
Financial markets hold for Lula, BBC News
Peace, love and power , Radio Netherlands
Brazil's Lost Leader  from the Council on Hemispheric Affairs
"Interview transcript: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva" July 11, 2006 Financial Times
Presidents of Brazil
Paraná is a state in Southern Brazil.
It is next to Paraguay and Argentina.
Its capital is Curitiba.
Paraná is a famous state because of Itaipu Dam and the Iguaçu Falls.
Paraná is one of the Brazilian states that shows the most signs of recent European colonization.
Most of the population are descendants of European settlers, and is one of the most ethnically diverse.
Waves of European immigrants started arriving after 1850, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians.
The development of the state is closely linked to the arrival of the immigrants.
Nowadays, migrants from other Brazilian states (especially from the São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and the Northeast Region) come to Paraná in search of a better life.
People of Polish descent predominate in the central and south regions, mainly around Curitiba.
Italians predominate in the capital, Curitiba, and in the coast.
People of Ukrainian descent predominate in a few cities, such as Prudentópolis; many Ukrainians are found throughout the state.
Germans predominate in a few cities, such as Rolândia.
Almost all towns have many Portuguese people and their descendants.
People of mixed-race ancestry predominate in a few towns in the north.
There is an important Muslim Lebanese and Syrian community around Foz do Iguaçu.
In the north, there are many Japanese people.
Curitiba (Capital and largest, east)
Londrina (2nd largest, north)
Maringá (3rd largest, north)
Foz do Iguaçu (4th largest, west)
Ponta Grossa (5th largest, center-east)
Cascavel (6th largest, center-west)
São José dos Pinhais (7th largest, Greater Curitiba)
Colombo (8th largest, Greater Curitiba)
Guarapuava (9th largest, center)
Paranaguá (10th largest, east-coast)
The Dual Alliance was an alliance made between Germany and Austria-Hungary.
It was started to help one another if Russia attacked either of them.
It was formed on October 7, 1879.
Radio Caracas Television (or RCTV) is one of the largest and most important television stations in Venezuela.
It can be seen in all of Venezuela on channel 2.
It was the third television station to start up in Venezuela (Televisiora Nacional was the first and Televisa was the second).
Both Televisora Nacional and Televisa are no longer on, so RCTV is now the oldest television station in Venezuela.
Venevision is RCTV's main rival.
RCTV's offices can be found in the center of Caracas.
Radio Caracas Television began on November 15, 1953 (during the dictatorship of General Marcos Perez Jimenez).
In 1953, plays, news, and sports were pretty much the only thing seen on RCTV, but by 1954, they began making soap operas (also known as telenovelas).
Telenovelas are now RCTV's most liked and seen programs.
In the 1960s, RCTV began videotaping their programs, as they used to be made live.
In 1961, there was small fire at RCTV.
On July 21, 1969, RCTV was on of the only television station in Venezuela that showed the first visit to the moon by man.
In 1972, RCTV began selling some of its shows to other countries and television stations.
The three hundred chaptered telenovela, "La Usurpadora" was the first telenovela to be sold to other countries.
Today, RCTV's shows are said to be seen in more than 60 countries and heard in more than 20 languages.
In 1974, RCTV began recording some of their programs in color. "
Doña Barbara", which was made from a book written by Romulo Gallegos, was RCTV's first show made in color.
Radio Caracas Television started the "Fundacion Academia Nacional de Ciencias y Artes de Cine" on November 15, 1978.
The host of "¿Quien Quiere Ser Millonario?" ("
Who Wants to be a Millionaire?"
in Venezuela) is Eladio Larez, who is also the president of RCTV.
RCTV used to be seen on channel 7 (though in a few places, it can still be seen on that channel).
Television networks
1953 establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Venezuela
Acquired means that people are not born with the disease.
They get it after being infected with the HIV virus.
Immune or Immuno- talks about the immune system.
The immune system is the part of the body that fights off disease.
Deficiency means not to be enough.
An immuno-deficiency is a problem where the immune system is damaged and cannot fight off diseases to keep the body healthy.
Syndrome is a collection of symptoms, or problems in the body.
Because the immune system is damaged, and cannot fight off disease, people with AIDS get a collection of symptoms which is referred to as the "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome."
How many people have AIDS?
As of 2018, it is estimated that there are 39.7 million people worldwide infected with HIV.
The HIV pandemic is most severe in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Over 60% of all people with HIV live in the region.
Many people with HIV do not know they have it.
Because of this, the exact number of people with HIV is unknown.
Where HIV started
Scientists believe the first human who got HIV was a person in Africa in the early 1900’s.
It infected only a small amount of people (disease not recognised), until it then turned into an epidemic reported to have started in New York (USA) in 1981.
It then very quickly started spreading to other countries.
This happened when Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) went from apes or chimpanzees to humans.
This virus probably crossed to humans when a hunter came into contact with monkey blood while cutting up monkeys to eat.
Research in October 2014 shows that the virus started in Kinshasa during the 1920s.
It was quickly spread by unprotected sex, dirty needles used by intravenous drug users, and it then made its way into the medical blood supply .
Some people described the spread of the disease as a sexidemic (widespread).
HIV and AIDS
Not everyone who has HIV has AIDS.
When people first get HIV, they can be healthy for years.
A person is diagnosed as having AIDS when he or she gets specific types of illnesses or gets sick in certain ways due to their HIV.
Once a person's HIV progresses to (or turns into) AIDS, the person will continue to have AIDS for the rest of their life.
While there are many treatments for HIV/AIDS, at this point there is no cure.
If someone has HIV they are called HIV-positive.
Blood tests that show very low numbers of white blood cells – special cells that fight infections
AIDS defining illnesses (illness is another word for disease.)
AIDS-defining illnesses
If a person gets an "AIDS-defining illness," this is usually a sign that the person has AIDS.
Healthy people do not get these illnesses, because a healthy immune system is strong enough to fight off these diseases.
Because of this, getting an AIDS-defining illness is a sign that a person's immune system is seriously damaged.
In a person with HIV, getting an AIDS-defining illness signals that the HIV has damaged the immune system badly enough that the person now has AIDS.
Kaposi's sarcoma – a type of cancer that usually affects the skin (often causing red or purple lesions, or wounds, on the skin).
Sometimes KS only affects the skin; sometimes it also affects other systems in the body.
CMV retinitis – a virus that infects the back of the eye.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (acronym PCP) – a type of pneumonia, an infectious disease of the lung.
PCP is the most common infection in AIDS patients.
Toxoplasmosis – a parasitic disease (a disease caused by a parasite), which can cause problems in the brain as well as other systems in the body.
Invasive cervical cancer – cancer of the bottom part of a woman's uterus.
Invasive means the cancer has spread.
How is HIV spread?
Fluids from a woman's vagina
Fluids from the rectum
Breast milk
From infected mother to child during pregnancy (Transplacental).
Having sex with a person with HIV without using condoms or other types of protection
This includes anal sex and (sometimes) oral sex
Sharing needles with someone who has HIV (to inject illegal drugs like heroin)
Getting stuck with a needle that has been used on someone with HIV (this happens sometimes to healthcare workers like doctors and nurses)
A mother with HIV can pass HIV on to her baby while she is pregnant or if she breast-feeds the baby
How is HIV not spread?
Body fluids like saliva (spit), tears, or sweat
Touching a person with HIV (like shaking hands or hugging)
Sharing dishes or drinking from the same glass as someone with HIV
Light switches or toilet seats
Drinking fountains
Air or water
Insects, like mosquitoes
Treatment  of HIV and AIDS
There are medicines that help people with AIDS.
These are called antiretroviral medicines (or antiretrovirals.)
Anti- means against.
HIV is a retrovirus.
So antiretroviral means it fights retroviruses.
Antiretrovirals cannot cure AIDS.
This means they cannot make all of the virus leave a person's body.
But they can make people with AIDS more healthy.
Antiretrovirals help people fight the HIV virus.
This makes their immune systems work better.
So antiretrovirals are a treatment but not a cure for HIV.
People with HIV/AIDS who take antiretroviral medicines live longer.
They live longer without getting AIDS defining illnesses.
But after a long time, the HIV virus learns how to fight the antiretrovirals.
The HIV virus is not killed by this medicine.
HIV becomes resistant to the medicine.
Then the resistant HIV hurts the immune system and the person may get AIDS.
Sometimes when HIV is resistant to one medicine, another medicine can be used.
To make less resistance happen, people with AIDS take more than one medicine at the same time.
They may take 2–4 medicines at once.
This is sometimes called a cocktail or AIDS cocktail.
When HIV gets resistant to one medicine, this is changed to another medicine.
So the AIDS cocktail that people with AIDS take changes over time.
But after a long time, the HIV learns to be resistant to many drugs.
This is called multi-drug-resistant (acronym MDR) HIV.
After the HIV in a person has MDR-HIV there may be no more medicines to treat them.
So scientists keep trying to find new medicines to fight HIV.
D4T (stavudine)
3TC (Lamivudine)
NVP (nevirapine)
AZT (zidovudine)
EFZ (efavirenz)
HIV orphans
Many people who die of AIDS, especially in Africa, leave behind children who are still alive, and may need help.
These children are called AIDS orphans.
Ways to stop AIDS
There are many ways people fight the AIDS epidemic.
The most important way to stop HIV/AIDS is education.
People can get HIV from the exchange of bodily fluids and from sharing needles.
Children can also get HIV from their mothers (when they grow inside pregnant mothers and when they drink breast milk.)
Sex is one way to get HIV.
If people use condoms when they have sex, there is a much smaller chance of catching HIV.
A person can also get HIV by sharing needles.
This means using a needle that has not been cleaned after someone else has used it.
Some people who take illegal drugs like heroin and cocaine take these drugs by needle.
Some of these people share needles.
If one person has HIV and he shares his needles, he can give HIV to other people.
But if people have clean needles or if they know how to clean needles, they do not get HIV as much.
Many people do not know that condoms and clean needles help stop HIV.
They may not even know that sharing needles and sex with someone who has HIV can make them get HIV.
Even if people know about condoms and clean needles, they may not have condoms and clean needles.
Safe sex and needle exchange
There are some people who do not want people to know about condoms or clean needles.
They believe that if people know about condoms and have condoms they will have more sex.
They believe that if people have clean needles they will use illegal drugs more.
Many of these people think this because of their religion.
For example, the Catholic church does not want people to have or use condoms.
They do not want people to have condoms because they do not think people should have sex unless they are married.
They also think that married people should not use condoms, because they believe that if people have sex, they should be prepared to accept a possible pregnancy.
Scientists who study (look at and learn about) people who use condoms, see that if teenagers (children 13–19) learn about condoms (and other birth control) they have less unsafe sex.
Scientists see that learning about these things does not make teenagers start having sex earlier.
The teenagers also have safer sex.
Safer sex means doing things (like wearing condoms) to try not to get pregnant or get sexually transmitted diseases (STDs or STIs) like HIV, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
Using a condom works very well for keeping people from getting pregnant or getting STDs if people know how to use a condom the right way.
Scientists have also learned that if a city has a needle exchange program it will have fewer people who use illegal drugs.
Needle exchange programs are where people can come in and trade dirty needles for clean needles.
This means that if they use drugs they will be more safe.
But needle exchange programs do more than give people clean needles.
They teach people about drugs.
If people want to stop using drugs, they help them.
The best way to stop HIV is thought to be a vaccine.
There is no vaccine for HIV yet.
Many scientists are looking for an HIV vaccine.
Even one that protected some people from HIV would save millions of people's lives.
Wrong ideas
Some people think that HIV is not the cause of AIDS.
They dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS, the existence of HIV itself, or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods.
These claims, known as "AIDS denialism", are rejected by the scientific community.
However, they have had a significant impact, particularly in South Africa.
There the government's official embrace of AIDS denialism (1999–2005) was responsible for its weak response to that country's AIDS epidemic.
It has been blamed for hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and HIV infections.
Some conspiracy theories have been put about.
Operation INFEKTION was a worldwide Soviet active measures operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV/AIDS.
Surveys show that a significant number of people believed – and continue to believe – in such claims.
"Survey shows intervention crucial to halt HIV in youth."
AIDS Policy Law.
2005 Mar 11;20(5):4.
"Sexual possibility situations and sexual behaviors among  adolescents: the moderating role of protective factors."
2004 Dec;35(6):528.e11-20.
"Update: syringe exchange programs--United States, 2002."
Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 Jul 15;54(27):673-6.
MMWR is published by the Centers for Disease Control.
World Health Organizations 3 by 5 Initiative
Médecins Sans Frontières: Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines
WHO HIV/AIDS Programme
AIDS Education Global Information System
From the US National Institutes of Health
New England Journal of Medicine Article "Patents versus Patients?
Antiretroviral Therapy in India"
AIDSPortal knowledge network
Piedmont Care
AIDS portal
A gibibyte (GiB) is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices.
One gibibyte holds 1024 mebibytes (MiB).
Some people call this number of bytes a gigabyte.
This would be considered the binary equivalent to the base-10 gigabyte, which consists of exactly one billion bytes.
Return to Castle Wolfenstein Official Site
Planet Wolfenstein
Wolfstuff Return to Castle Wolfenstein Resources
GameFAQs Enemy Territory
RTCW and ET Community Site
gamegate2k
RTCW.co.uk
Return to Castle Wolfenstein at MobyGames
Bosskey.net - Return to Castle Wolfenstein
Activision video games
Ssirûm, or Korean wrestling, is a very old sport.
It is shown in pictures that are painted on walls in the ancient graves in Korea.
This kind of wrestling was formed in Korea.
It took place on days of "public enjoyment" that were created by custom.
Similar to Sumo.
the man who stays on his feet until the end was the winner.
He was given the title changsa ("the athlete" or "the strong man").
He was also given an ox.
As Korea grew industrially, this type of wrestling has become a real sport.
It has support in the form of the teams of professional athletes coming from colleges and universities.
There are also organizations for the national Championship Ssirum Changsa.
There are competitions in the country.
Two fighters fight on the sand inside a circle.
They each put on "satpa" - a piece of cloth that ties around the waist and thighs.
Using their hands, legs backs, they try to make the other person fall.
Most wrestlers are  in height and   in weight.
The fights can seem slow at first they are actually very dynamic.
Li Man-ki is one of the most well known sportsmen in this sport.
In the 1980s, he won the title changsa (jangsa) many times.
He has caused much of the interest of this sport.
Korea Ssireum Research Institute (en)
Sports in Korea
Queensland is a state in eastern Australia.
It is the second largest state by area and the third largest state by population.
In 2006 there were 3,904,532 people living in Queensland.
It occupies the north-east corner of Australia.
The state has the Northern Territory to the west, South Australia to the south-west and New South Wales to the south.
To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean.
The capital city is Brisbane.
The area was first settled by Indigenous Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, who arrived between 40,000 and 65,000 years ago.
Later, Queensland was made a British Crown Colony that was separated from New South Wales in 1859.
The area that currently forms Brisbane was originally the Moreton Bay punishment colony, intended as a place for criminals with a repeated offence history who had offended while serving out their sentences in New South Wales.
The state later encouraged free settlement, and today Queensland's economy is dominated by the agricultural, tourist and natural resource sectors.
The population is concentrated in the south-east corner, which includes the capital Brisbane, Ipswich, Logan City, and the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast.
Other major regional centres include Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Rockhampton, Bundaberg, Toowoomba, and Mount Isa.
Queensland is often nicknamed the Sunshine State, since it enjoys warm weather and a sizable portion of the state is in the tropics.
Emblems of Queensland
The floral emblem of Queensland is the Cooktown Orchid, Dendrobium phalaenopsis, which was chosen in 1959 for the centenary of the beginning of the state of Queensland.
The fauna emblem of Queensland is the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus.
It was chosen in 1971.
The bird emblem of Queensland is the Brolga, Grus rubicunda.
It is the only one of the 17 species of crane that come from Queensland.
It has been on the Queensland Coat of Arms since 1977, and became the bird emblem in 1986.
The aquatic emblem is the Anemone Fish, Amphiprion akindynos.
It was chosen in 2005.
The state's official gem is the sapphire, which was first found in Queensland in 1870.
Postcode Tool - Queensland
1859 establishments in Australia
Babes in Toyland is an 1961 Disney musical movie.
It starred Tommy Sands as Tom Piper and Annette Funicello as Mary Contrary.
The characters in the movie are taken from Mother Goose nursery rhymes.
Tom the Piper's Son is about to marry Mary Quite Contrary.
On the night before of their wedding, evil Barnaby hires two men, Gonzorgo and Roderigo, to drown Tom and take Mary's sheep.
The sheep are being taken care of by Little Bo Peep.
This will make life very hard for Mary and the children she lives with.
It will make her have to marry Barnaby.
Tom and the sheep are taken by Gonzorgo and Roderigo, but they sell Tom to gypsies instead of killing him.
Tom  escapes from the gypsies and goes with Mary, Bo-Peep, and other Mother Goose characters to Toyland.
1961 movies
1960s musical movies
1960s fantasy movies
Airships are kind of aircraft.
Airships float in the sky and do not have to move to stay up.
This is different from aeroplanes that stay up in the sky by moving.
An airship floats like a balloon.
But an airship is different from a balloon.
An airship has an engine for power and a way to control its direction of movement.
A balloon does not have an engine or a way to control its direction of movement.
Kinds of airships
There are three kinds of airships.
The difference is the amount of structure in the airship.
Rigid airships - Rigid airships have big structures in them.
The biggest airships were rigid airships, made in the 1920s and 1930s.
Big rigid airships were also called dirigibles.
Semi-rigid airships - Semi-rigid airships have small structures in them.
There are only a few semi-rigid airships.
Non-rigid airships - Non-rigid airships have no structures in them.
Non-rigid airships are also called blimps.
Most airships are non-rigid airships.
Blimps
Blimps were used by the United States in WWII to fight against submarines.
Blimps are now used mostly for advertising and sometimes for looking down, for example at sport stadiums and tourist attractions.
The most famous airship was the Hindenburg.
The Hindenburg was a rigid airship made by the Zeppelin airship company.
It burned when it was landing on May 6, 1937.
There were 97 people on the airship when the fire started.
The fire killed 35 of these people and one person on the ground.
New Amsterdam is the name the Dutch gave to the island of Manhattan after buying it from local Natives.
It was the capital of New Netherland.
In 1664 an English fleet arrived and took control.
The English renamed it New York.
History of Manhattan
Universal suffrage means that every citizen above the age of 18 is allowed to vote.
Most countries have universal suffrage, but some do not.
In some countries people had to fight to get it.
In other countries, it was granted after demonstrations in the main cities.
They thought it was important to have it because they wanted to choose who ruled over them.
Rights to vote
Democratic rights
Bruce Dickinson (born 7 August 1958) is an English heavy metal singer.
He is the singer in the band Iron Maiden.
Dickinson was born on 7 August 1958 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire.
He was born as Paul Dickinson, but changed his first name to Bruce.
As a teenager, he lived in Sheffield.
This was where he started to listen to heavy metal music.
He sang in local bands during this time, after trying to play the drums.
In the early 1980s, Dickinson was part of the band Samson.
He left Samson in 1981.
Later that year, after Paul Di'Anno left Iron Maiden, Dickinson was chosen to be the band's new singer.
During the 1980s, Iron Maiden was very popular, and Dickinson's singing was a big part of this.
In 1990, Dickinson made his first solo album, called Tattooed Millionaire.
In 1993, he left Iron Maiden to become only a solo artist.
He released five solo albums during the 1990s, but they were not as popular as his work with Iron Maiden had been.
In 1999, Dickinson joined Iron Maiden again, and soon after the band  made a new album, Brave New World.
Since then, he has stayed as a part of Iron Maiden as well as recording music both by himself and with other people.
Other interests
British aviators
Musicians from Nottinghamshire
Streaming Soundtracks is a radio station that is found on the internet.
It plays mostly theme music from movies and television shows, but also plays music from video games.
It has a website to talk with other listeners.
Streaming Soundtracks website
An étude (said "ay-TOOD"; French for study) is a short piece of music written to help the player to become a better player.
They are usually quite difficult.
Sometimes they are just called "studies".
Composers such as the pianist Carl Czerny and the violinist Otakar Ševčik wrote lots of études.
Each one concentrates on a technical problem: fast scale passages, arpeggios, wide leaps, chords or, for string players, different ways of bowing.
The tradition of writing études started in the early 19th century, when the piano started to become popular.
Many of the études from that time are still very popular today, including those by Muzio Clementi.
Frédéric Chopin wrote two sets of études for piano.
Franz Liszt also wrote some very difficult études, including the piece known as La Campanella.
These two composers' études are known for being not only good for developing piano technique but are also beautiful to hear.
Because of this, they are often performed in concerts and recorded onto CDs.
A nocturne is a piece of music, usually for piano, which suggests the night (“nocturnal” means “of the night”).
The Irish composer John Field was the first person to make nocturnes popular.
He was inspired by the slow, gentle tunes of Italian operas of his time (early 19th century).
His nocturnes are mostly tunes with many long notes in the right hand over.
Delta Air Lines, Inc. is a large airline from the United States.
They are headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.
Their largest hub is also in Atlanta.
Delta's first flight was in 1929.
In 1972, Delta merged with Northeast Airlines.
In 1987, Delta merged with Western Airlines.
In 2009, they merged with Northwest Airlines.
Until 2013, Delta was the worlds largest airline.
As of 2016, the airline goes to 334 cities and has 819 planes.
http://www.delta.com
1920s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Vytorin is a clinical drug made up of chemicals called ezetimibe (right image) and simvastatin (Left image) to help people with diseases that change the amount of fats in the blood.
http://www.vytorin.com/vytorin/shared/documents/vytorin_pi.pdf
http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2008/09/02/new-england-journal-of-medicine-vytorin-cancer-link-uncertain/
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/NEJMsa0806603v1
Blade Runner is a 1982 American-Hong Kong dark science fiction movie directed by Ridley Scott and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples.
It was based on the book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
by Philip K. Dick.
Blade Runner's main actors are Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, Edward James Olmos and Daryl Hannah.
The movie takes place in humid rainy climate changed Los Angeles in November 2019 when artificial human adults called "replicants" come to Earth.
As replicants are not allowed on Earth anymore after some of them had attacked humans, police officers called "Blade Runners" hunt down and kill them on Earth.
Rick Deckard is forced to hunt down some replicants in Los Angeles.
Some movie critics did not like Blade Runner because they thought it was slow, but others liked its many ideas.
The movie did not sell many tickets in North American movie theaters but was more popular in other countries.
Even though it did not make much money, it was liked very much by teachers and science fiction fans.
Blade Runner looked good and made the future look very dark and old.
The movie showed important ideas of the 21st century such as globalization and genetic engineering.
Blade Runner is an important example of cyberpunk and people believe it has changed the world and affected many cultures.
Blade Runner made Hollywood interested in stories written by Philip K. Dick.
Seven versions of Blade Runner exist because of changes made by different people.
The producers took Scott's cut and changed some things about it, which Scott did not like.
In 1992, Scott released a Director's Cut version, which was made very fast.
It cut the ending of the movie and removed the voice-over.
Warner Bros. released the Final Cut, a new 25th anniversary version of the movie, in October 2007.
It features some new scenes and removes some of the visible special effect.
BRMovie.com — alt.fan.blade-runner website
Special Edition News Page
Encyclopedia Blade Runner
BR-Insight — Thoughts of the movie
Hong Kong movies
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
Sir Ridley Scott (born 30 November 1937) is an English movie director and producer.
The movies he has directed and produced include:
Boy and Bicycle (1965)
The Duellists (1977)
Blade Runner (1982)
Legend (1985)
Someone to Watch Over Me (1987)
Black Rain (1989)
Thelma & Louise (1991)
1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992)
White Squall (1996)
Gladiator (2000)
Hannibal (2001)
Black Hawk Down (2001)
Matchstick Men (2003)
Kingdom of Heaven (2004)
All the Invisible Children (2005)
A Good Year (2006)
American Gangster (2007)
Body of Lies (2008)
Robin Hood (2010)
Unstoppable (2010)
Prometheus (2012)
All the Money in the World (2017)
People from Tyne and Wear
Motörhead were an English rock band.
The band were started in 1975 by bassist, singer and songwriter Ian Fraser “Lemmy” Kilmister.
He is known better as "Lemmy."
Although they started in 1975 they did not start to become famous until they became part of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal in 1979.
Motörhead is another word for Speed Freak.
Motörhead played heavy metal music.
But they played very fast in their first years.
Many listeners call them the first speed metal or thrash metal band.