the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
There are 627 incorporated cities in Kansas.
Wichita is the biggest city in Kansas; it has almost 400,000 people.
It is in Sedgwick County, which has about 520,000 people.
Sedgwick County has the biggest city in Kansas, but it does not have the most people of any county in Kansas; Johnson County has more than 600,000 people.
Johnson County has four of the biggest cities in Kansas: Overland Park, Olathe, Shawnee, and Lenexa.
They are all suburbs of nearby Kansas City.
Lawrence is a college town between Kansas City and Topeka.
Kansas had 627 cities in 2008.
The largest city in Kansas is Wichita, which had a population of 382,368 in 2010.
The other largest cities in Kansas are: Overland Park, 173,372; Kansas City, 145,786; Topeka, 127,473; and Olathe, 125,872.
Between the years of 2000 and 2010, the Kansas population increased 6.1 percent.
83.8% White American (77.5% non-Hispanic white)
5.9% Black or African American
1.0% American Indian and Alaska Native
2.4% Asian American
0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander
3.0% from two or more races.
Ethnically 10.5% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).
They are mostly in southwest Kansas.
Many black people in Kansas were from the Exodusters, free black people who left the South.
English is the most-spoken language in Kansas.
About 95% of people only speak English.
Spanish is second.
Northeast Kansas
The northeastern part of the state, going from the eastern border to Junction City and from the Nebraska border to south of Johnson County, has more than 1.5 million people in the Kansas City (Kansas portion), Manhattan, Lawrence, and Topeka metropolitan areas.
Overland Park is the biggest city in the county.
Johnson County Community College is there, and the corporate campus of Sprint Nextel is also there.
In 2006, Overland Park was ranked as the sixth best place to live in America; the nearby city of Olathe was 13th.
Olathe is the county seat of Johnson County.
Olathe, Shawnee, De Soto, and Gardner are some of Kansas's fastest growing cities.
There are many universities and colleges in the northeast.
Baker University is the oldest university in the state (created in 1858), and it is in Baldwin City.
Benedictine College is in Atchison.
MidAmerica Nazarene University is in Olathe.
Ottawa University is in Ottawa and Overland Park.
Kansas City Kansas Community College and KU Medical Center are in Kansas City.
The KU Edwards Campus is in Overland Park.
Lawrence has the University of Kansas, the biggest public university in Kansas.
Lawrence also has Haskell Indian Nations University.
Topeka is the state capital, and about 250,000 people live in the metropolitan area.
Washburn University and Washburn Institute of Technology are in Topeka.
In south-central Kansas, the Wichita metropolitan area has over 600,000 people.
Wichita is the biggest city in the state in terms of both land area and number of people. '
The Air Capital' is a major manufacturing area for the aircraft industry.
It's also where Wichita State University is.
Before Wichita was 'The Air Capital' it was a cowtown.
Wichita's population growth has grown by more than 10%.
The nearby suburbs are some of the fastest growing cities in Kansas.
The number of people in Goddard has grown by more than 11% per year since 2000.
Wichita was one of the first cities to add the city commissioner and city manager in their form of government.
Wichita is also home of the nationally recognized Sedgwick County Zoo.
Southeast Kansas is different in that it was a coal-mining region.
It has many places on the National Register of Historic Places.
Pittsburg is the biggest city in the region.
It is where Pittsburg State University is.
Frontenac in 1888 was where one of the worst mine disasters in Kansas happened; an underground explosion killed 47 miners.
Fort Scott has a national cemetery.
It was designated by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862.
Central Kansas
Salina is the biggest city in central and north-central Kansas.
South of Salina is the small city of Lindsborg.
Lindsborg has many Dala horses.
Abilene was where President Dwight D. Eisenhower lived.
It is where his Presidential Library is.
It also has the tombs of the former President, First Lady and son who died in infancy.
Northwest Kansas
The city of Hays is the biggest city in the northwest as it has about 20,000 people living there.
Hays is where Fort Hays State University is.
It also has the Sternberg Museum of Natural History.
There are very few people that live west of Hays.
There are only two towns that have at least 4,000 people: Colby and Goodland.
Southwest Kansas
Dodge City was famous for the cattle drives it had in the late 19th century.
It was built along the old Santa Fe Trail route.
The city of Liberal is along the southern Santa Fe Trail route.
The first wind farm in the state was built east of Montezuma.
Garden City has the Lee Richardson Zoo.
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Kansas's total gross domestic product in 2014 was  billion.
In 2015, the job growth rate in was .8%.
This was one of the lowest rate in America with only "10,900 total nonfarm jobs" added that year.
The Kansas Department of Labor's 2016 report found the average yearly wage was $42,930 in 2015.
In April 2016, the state's unemployment rate was 4.2%.
The State of Kansas had a $350 million budget deficit in February 2017.
In February 2017, S&P downgraded Kansas's credit rating to AA-.
The median household income for Kansas was $47,709 in 2009.
The gross domestic product (GDP) for Kansas was $122,700,000,000 ($122.7 billion) in 2008.
Overall, Kansas' GDP accounts for less than 1 percent of total U.S. economy.
Kansas has three big military bases: Fort Riley, Fort Leavenworth, and McConnell Air Force Base.
The US Army reserve has about 25,000 soldiers at these bases, and they also have about 8,000 civilian employees there.
40% of Kansas's economy is farming.
In 2017, there were 58,569 farms in Kansas.
In 2020, Kansas produced more grain sorghum and wheat than any other state in the United States.
Kansas farmers produce about 400 million bushels of wheat per year.
Kansas also ranks second in the United States in cropland and silage sorghum, third in cattle and raw meat, and fourth in sunflowers produced.
Other agricultural products are cattle, sheep, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, cotton, hogs, corn, and salt.
87.5% of Kansas's land is used for farming.
As of 2018, there were 59,600 farms in Kansas, 86 (0.14%) of which are certified organic farms.
The size of the average farm in the state is 781 acres (more than a square mile).
In 2016, the average cost of running the farm was $300,000.
4% of Kansas's GDP is from the aviation industry.
Many parts of airplanes are made in Wichita.
Also, many important companies are near Kansas City, Missouri.
For example, the Sprint Nextel Corporation is one of the biggest telephone companies in the United States.
Its main operational offices are in Overland Park, Kansas.
Kansas has many renewable resources.
Kansas is one of the biggest producers of wind power in the United States.
In 2019, Kansas had an installed capacity of about 6,100 Megawatts (MW) from about 3,200 wind turbines.
Wind produced the biggest amount of electricity from the state at 41%.
An additional 700 MW of capacity was scheduled to become available during 2020.
Kansas is also one of the biggest national producers of renewable ethanol and biodiesel fuels; Kansas produces about 600 million gallons per year.
Kansas is eighth in US petroleum extraction.
Production has slowly lowered because Kansas's limited economical reserves (especially from the Anadarko Basin) are being used up.
Since oil prices reached their lowest level in 1999, oil production in Kansas has remained about the same; it had an average monthly rate of about  in 2004.
The recent higher prices have made carbon dioxide sequestration and other oil recovery techniques more economical.
Kansas is also eighth in US natural gas production.
Production has slowly lowered since the mid-1990s with the slow depletion of the Hugoton Natural Gas Field—the state's biggest field which extends into Oklahoma and Texas.
In 2004, slower declines in the Hugoton gas fields and increased coalbed methane production contributed to a smaller overall decline.
Average monthly production was over .
During his campaign for the 2010 election, Governor Sam Brownback said he would get rid of the state income tax.
In May 2012, Governor Brownback signed into law the Kansas Senate Bill Substitute HB 2117.
Starting in 2013, the "ambitious tax overhaul" lowered income tax, got rid of some corporate taxes, and created pass-through income tax exemptions.
He raised the sales tax by one percent to make up for the loss of the other taxes.
However, the sales tax was not enough to make up for it.
He made cuts to education and some state services to make up for the lost revenue.
The tax cut led to years of budget shortfalls.
The worst was a $350 million budget shortfall in February 2017.
From 2013 to 2017, 300,000 businesses were considered to be pass-through income entities and benefited from the tax exemption.
The tax reform "encouraged tens of thousands of Kansans to claim their wages and salaries as income from a business rather than from employment."
The economic growth that Brownback hoped for never happened.
He argued that it was because of "low wheat and oil prices and a fewer aircraft sales."
The state general fund debt load was $83 million in fiscal year 2010.
By fiscal year 2017 the debt load sat at $179 million.
In 2016, Governor Brownback earned the title of "most unpopular governor in America".
Only 26 percent of Kansas voters approved of his job performance.
65 percent said they did not.
In the summer of 2016, S&P Global Ratings downgraded Kansas's credit rating.
In February 2017, S&P lowered it to AA-.
In February 2017, a bi-partisan group wrote a bill that would repeal the pass-through income exemption, the "most important provisions of Brownback's overhaul", and raise taxes to make up for the budget shortfall.
Brownback vetoed the bill but "45 GOP legislators had voted in favor of the increase, while 40 voted to uphold the governor's veto."
On June 6, 2017 a group of Democrats and newly elected Republicans overrode Brownback's veto.
They increased taxes to an amount that is close to what it was before 2013.
Brownback's tax plan was described in a June 2017 article in The Atlantic as the United States' "most aggressive experiment in conservative economic policy".
The tax cuts had made schools and infrastructure difficult to get funding in Kansas.
There are two interstate highways in Kansas.
The first part of the interstate highway opened on Interstate 70 west of Topeka.
It opened on November 14, 1956.
Interstate 70 is an important east–west highway.
People can go from Kansas City, Missouri to Denver, Colorado.
Cities on this highway include Colby, Hays, Salina, Junction City, Topeka, Lawrence, Bonner Springs, and Kansas City.
Interstate 35 is a major north–south highway from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma to Des Moines, Iowa.
Cities on this highway include Wichita, El Dorado, Emporia, Ottawa, and Kansas City (and suburbs).
Interstate Highways
(formerly known as I-35W)
Kansas's only major commercial (Class C) airport is Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport.
It is along US-54 on the western part of Wichita.
Manhattan Regional Airport in Manhattan has flights every day to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Chicago's O'Hare International Airport.
This would it the second-biggest commercial airport in Kansas.
Most air travelers in northeastern Kansas fly out of Kansas City International Airport, which is in Platte County, Missouri.
Some also use the Topeka Regional Airport in Topeka.
In the state's southeastern part, people often use Tulsa International Airport in Tulsa, Oklahoma or Joplin Regional Airport in Joplin, Missouri.
People in the far western part of the state often use the Denver International Airport.
Connecting flights are also available from smaller Kansas airports in Dodge City, Garden City, Hays, Hutchinson, Liberal, or Salina.
Passenger Rail
The Southwest Chief Amtrak route goes through the state on its route from Chicago to Los Angeles.
Stops in Kansas include Lawrence, Topeka, Newton, Hutchinson, Dodge City, and Garden City.
An Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach connects Newton and Wichita to the Heartland Flyer in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Amtrak may change the Southwest Chief route from using train service for the entire route.
Plans call for shortening the route to Los Angeles to instead end in Albuquerque.
Buses would replace the train on the route between Albuquerque and Dodge City, where train service east to Chicago would continue.
Freight Rail
Law and government
State and local politics
Legislative branch: The legislative branch is the Kansas Legislature.
It is a bicameral legislature.
It has the Kansas House of Representatives and the Kansas Senate.
The House has 125 members, and the Senate has 40 members.
Judicial Branch: The judicial branch is headed by the Kansas Supreme Court.
The Kansas Supreme Court has seven judges.
If there is a spot open, the governor picks who to replace them.
Since the middle of the 20th century, Kansas has been socially conservative.
In 1999 and 2005, the Board of Education voted to stop teaching evolution in schools.
In 2005, Kansas banned same-sex marriage.
In 2006, Kansas made the lowest age to marry 15 years old.
Kansas allowed women's suffrage in 1912.
This was nearly a decade before the United States allowed it.
National politics
Kansas has been strongly Republican.
The Republican Party was very strong since Kansas became a state.
This is because Republicans were very anti-slavery, and Kansas was also anti-slavery.
Kansas has not elected a Democrat to the United States Senate since 1932.
Abilene has the childhood house of Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Two Republican presidential candidates, Alf Landon and Bob Dole, were also from Kansas.
Primary and secondary schools are controlled by the Kansas State Department of Education.
Public colleges and universities are controlled by the Kansas Board of Regents.
In 1999 and 2005, the Board of Education voted to teach intelligent design in science classes.
Both times, they changed their decision after the next election.
The rock band Kansas was created Topeka.
Many of the band's members are from there.
Singer Melissa Etheridge is from Leavenworth.
Singer Martina McBride is from Sharon.
Singer Janelle Monáe is from Kansas City.
Kansas's most famous appearance in a book was as the home of Dorothy Gale.
She is the main character in the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900).
The Plaza Cinema in Ottawa, Kansas was built on May 22, 1907.
It is listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest operating movie theater in the world.
Dorothy Gale (portrayed by Judy Garland) in the 1939 fantasy film The Wizard of Oz was a young girl who lived in Kansas with her aunt and uncle.
The line, "We're not in Kansas anymore", has become a phrase to describe veryy new and/or unexpected situation.
The 1967 feature film In Cold Blood was set in various locations across Kansas.
Many parts in the film were filmed at the exact places where the events in the book happened.
A 1996 TV miniseries was also based on the book.
The 1988 film Kansas starred Andrew McCarthy as a traveler who met up with a dangerous wanted drifter played by Matt Dillon.
The 2005 film Capote, for which Philip Seymour Hoffman was awarded the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of the title character.
He profiled the author as he traveled across Kansas while writing In Cold Blood (although most of the film itself was shot in the Canadian province of Manitoba).
The setting of The Day After, a 1983 made-for-television movie about a fictional nuclear attack, was the city of Lawrence.
The 2013 film Man of Steel is set primarily in Kansas (as Superman is from Smallville, Kansas – a fictitious town).
The 2012 film Looper is set in Kansas.
The 1973 film Paper Moon in which Tatum O'Neal won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress (The youngest to win an Academy Award) was based in and filmed in Kansas.
The film was shot in the small towns of Hays; McCracken; Wilson; and St. Joseph, Missouri.
Various shooting locations include the Midland Hotel at Wilson; the railway depot at Gorham; storefronts and buildings on Main Street in White Cloud; Hays; sites on both sides of the Missouri River; Rulo Bridge; and Saint Joseph, Missouri.
Parts of the 1996 film Mars Attacks!
were set in the fictional town of Perkinsville.
Scenes set in Kansas were filmed in Burns, Lawrence, and Wichita.
The 2007 film The Lookout is set mostly in Kansas (although filmed in Canada).
Specifically two locations; Kansas City and the fictional town of Noel, Kansas.
The 2012 documentary The Gridiron was filmed at The University of Kansas
The 2014 ESPN documentary No Place Like Home was filmed in Lawrence and the countryside of Douglas County, Kansas
The 2017 film Thank You for Your Service is mostly set in Kansas, including the cities of Topeka and Junction City.
The 2017 documentary When Kings Reigned was filmed in Lawrence.
The 2019 film Brightburn was set in the fictional town of Brightburn.
As is evident with scenes in the film depicting mountains (Kansas has no mountain ranges), it was filmed in Georgia instead of in Kansas.
The group that governs college sports in the United States is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
Their headquarters were in Johnson County, Kansas from 1952 until moving to Indianapolis in 1999.
List of United States senators from Kansas
Book sources
-documents, photographs, and other primary sources provided by the Kansas Historical Society
Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Kansas state agencies
real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Kansas
Kansas Department of Transportation maps
1861 establishments in Kansas
James Buchanan Jr. (April 23, 1791 - June 1, 1868) was the 15th president of the United States.
He was the only president not to have married.
His niece, Harriet Lane, stood in as First Lady.
He was an experienced politician, and became president in 1857.
His stances on slavery, and actions before the Civil War broke out, have been criticized by scholars.
James Buchanan was born on April 23, 1791 in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania, into a prosperous merchant family.
He had four sisters and three brothers, and studied at the Old Stone Academy before entering Dickinson College in 1807.
There he studied law and was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar Association in 1812.
Buchanan was engaged to Anne C. Coleman, but she died early, and he never had children.
He is the only U.S. president who was never married.
During the beginning of his presidency, he called slavery an issue of little importance.
This was clearly not the case at the time; Northerners and Southerners were very divided on slavery, almost to the point of war.
The Supreme Court declared that African Americans were not American citizens and that the states were allowed to keep slavery legal.
James Buchanan supported that decision because he did not want the pro-slavery states to stop being part of the United States.
Buchanan supported the rights of slave owners to keep their slaves and wanted Kansas to adopt a constitution that allowed slavery.
Because of that, the Democratic Party was divided on that issue and after the 1858 Congressional election, there were more Republicans in Congress than Democrats.
He did not get along with the Republicans.
He ordered troops to fight against Utah based on untrue information that Utah was planning a revolt.
Buchanan later realized that he made a mistake and apologized.
During his term, the country was becoming more and more divided over the slavery issue.
A few months before his term ended, some of the southern states decided that they were going to not be a part of the United States any more.
Buchanan believed that it was a bad thing, but he did nothing about it because he felt that using force against the south was against the Constitution.
He did not even prepare the country for war.
At the end of his term, he left the next president, Abraham Lincoln, to face the greatest crises in United States history, the Civil War.
Buchanan's White House biography
1791 births
1868 deaths
American diplomats
A hand is the part of the body at the end of an arm.
Most humans have two hands.
Each hand usually has four fingers and a thumb.
On the inside of the hand is the palm.
The five bones inside this part of the hand are called metacarpals.
The wrist connects the hand to the arm.
The hand has 27 bones including the wrist bones.
When the fingers are all bent tightly, the hand forms a fist.
The joints that are the hardest part of the fist are called knuckles.
Many other animals, especially other primates, have hands that can hold things.
Human hands can do things other hands cannot.
Hand anatomy (eMedicine)
A means of measurement (such as a slide rule.)
A law or regulation.
A precedent or conclusion drawn from experiments.
A "rule" in mathematics is a formula which allows a person to work out parts of the solution if he or she has certain information.
For example, Pythagoras' theorem is a rule which states that if a person knows the lengths of two sides of a right-angled triangle he or she can work out the length of the third.
1911-12: The Republic of China overthrew the Qing Dynsty.
1912: The ship RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg in the North Atlantic, and sinks on its first voyage.
1912: Olympic Games held in Stockholm, Sweden.
1914–1918: World War I 15,000,000 people die
1917: The October revolution in Russia.
Communists get rid of the king (Tsar)
1918–1919: Influenza (the spanish flu) spreads through Europe killing 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 people.
Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (Australia)
Prime Minister Joseph Cook (Australia)
Prime Minister Billy Hughes (Australia)
Emperor Karl (Austria-Hungary)
Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden (Canada)
Emperor Henry Pu Yi of the Qing Dynasty (China)
Sun Yat-sen, President of the Republic of China
Yuan Shikai, President of the Republic of China and briefly Emperor.
Xu Shichang, President of the Republic of China
Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (German Empire)
Sultan Vahidettin (Ottoman Empire)
Ahmad Shah Qajar of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
Emperor Nicholas II (Russia)
Prime Minister José Canalejas (Spain)
Prime Minister Eduardo Dato Iradier (Spain)
Prime Minister H. H. Asquith (United Kingdom)
President William Howard Taft (United States)
1911 – Ronald Reagan
1912 – Alan Turing
1912 – John Cage
1912 – Pope John Paul I
1913 – Richard Nixon
1913 – Gerald Ford
1914 – Richard Widmark
1916 – Gregory Peck
1918 – Nelson Mandela, South African prisoner of conscience and president
1918 – Paul Harvey, American radio host
1919 – Eva Perón
1914 – Adlai E. Stevenson, American politician
1914 – John Philip Holland, early submarine designer
1919 – Emiliano Zapata
Bahrain (officially called Kingdom of Bahrain) is an island country in the Arabian Gulf.
Saudi Arabia is to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway, and Qatar is to the south across the Persian Gulf.
The Qatar-Bahrain Friendship Bridge, not yet built, will link Bahrain to Qatar as the longest fixed bridge in the world.
Qatar and Bahrain's flag is the same design but not the same colors because Qatar is white and maroon and Bahrain is white and red.
People have lived in Bahrain before there was writing.
It has been ruled and influenced by the Assyrians, Babylonians, Greeks, Persians, and the Arabs, who made the island Muslim.
Bahrain was in old times known as Dilmun, Tylos, Awal and Mishmahig.
The islands of Bahrain, set in the middle south of the Persian Gulf, have attracted many invaders in history.
The word Bahrain, "Two Seas", means that the islands contain two kinds of water, sweet water springs and salty water in the sea.
A location between East and West, fertile lands, fresh water, and pearls made Bahrain important in history.
About 2300 BC, Bahrain started trading with Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and the Indus Valley (now near India).
It was then called Delmon, and  was linked to the Sumerian Civilization about 2000 BC.
Bahrain also became part of the Babylonian empire about 600 BC.
Historical records called Bahrain the "Life of Eternity", "Paradise", the "Pearl of the Persian Gulf" and other names.
Until 1521, Bahrain also ruled Al-Hasa and Qatif (both are now the eastern province of Saudi Arabia) and Awal (now the Bahrain Islands).
The country had all of the land from what is now Kuwait to Oman.
This was called Iqlim Al-Bahrain (Province of Bahrain).
In 1521, the Portuguese took Awal (now Bahrain) from the rest and since then the name of Bahrain only means today's Bahrain.
The modern history of Bahrain begins with Great Britain exploring the area, trying to keep Iran from taking more land.
The British gave support to the Al-Khalifa family, who made a power base in the island and allied with the British to keep the island from Iran.
The British got free passage to the Persian Gulf through this agreement.
In November of 1957, the Iranian parliament declared that Bahrain was the Fourteenth Province of Iran.
Later the British would become involved in the politics of Bahrain by choosing an Emir of the island.
Iran and Britain later agreed that the United Nations Secretary General would judge the political situation in Bahrain.
In a Plebiscite to decide the country's future, the majority of the people of Bahrain chose to reject Iran's claims, and to define their country and their culture to be Arabic, and not Persian.
Oil was found in the early 20th century and brought modern improvements to the country.
Relations with the United Kingdom also became closer, and the British brought more military bases to the nation.
British influence grew, until Charles Belgrave became an advisor; Belgrave brought modern education to Bahrain.
After World War II, anti-British feeling spread through the Arab world and led to riots in Bahrain.
The British left Bahrain in 1971, making it an independent country.
The sales of more oil in the 1980s brought money to Bahrain, but even when the sales of oil  decreased in later years, it did not cause as many problems in Bahrain as in other oil countries, because the economy of Bahrain had grown into other areas.
In 1999, Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa followed his father as head of state and called for elections for parliament to resolve the congestion that occurred over that last period.
The women were given the right to vote and the new ruler released all political prisoners in 2001.
Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy ruled by the King, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.
The head of government is the Prime Minister, which is currently held by Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.
Shaikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa was the country's first prime minister from 1971 until his death in 2020.
The prime minister has a cabinet of 15 members.
Bahrain has a bicameral legislature with a lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, elected by all of the people and the upper house, the Shura Council, appointed by the King.
Both houses have forty members.
The first elections were held in 2002, with Members of Parliament serving four year terms.
Women were given the right to vote and stand in national elections for the first time in 2002's election, but no women were elected to office that year, and Shia and Sunni Islamists won a majority of seats.
Because no women were elected, six were appointed to the Shura Council, which also includes members of the Kingdom’s Jewish and Christian people.
Bahrain is split into five governorates.
Until July 3 2003, it was divided into twelve municipalities.
Manama - 154,700
Riffa - 111,000
Muharraq - 98,800
Hamad Town - 57,000
A'ali - 51,400
Isa Town- 39,800
Sitra - 37,100
Budaiya - 33,200
Jidhafs - 32,600
Al-Malikiyah - 14,800
Adliya
In Bahrain, petroleum (oil product) producing and processing is about 60% of the money from export, 60% of government money, and 30% of Gross Domestic Product.
The economy has changed as the sales of oil have changed since 1985, for example, during and after the Persian Gulf War of 1990 - 1991.
Bahrain has high quality  communications and transport, and so the country is home to many international companies with business in the Persian Gulf.
A large part of the country's income comes from petroleum products made from imported crude oil.
There are several major industrial projects being built.
Unemployment, especially among young people, and the decrease of both oil and water resources are major economic problems.
Bahrain is a flat and dry archipelago, with a low desert plain rising gently to a low central hill, in the Arabian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia.
The highest point is the 122 meter Jabal ad Dukhan ("Mountain of Smoke").
Bahrain has a total area of 620 km², which is a few square kilometres larger than the Isle of Man.
As an archipelago of 33 islands, Bahrain does not share a land border with any other country, but it does have a 161 km coast line and claims a further 12 nm of territorial sea and a 24 nm contiguous zone.
Bahrain enjoys mild winters and has very hot, humid summers.
Bahrain's natural resources include large amounts of oil natural gas as well as fish.
Only 1% of the country includes land where crops can be grown.
92% of Bahrain is desert, and droughts and dust storms are the main natural dangers.
About the people
The official religion of Bahrain is Islam; most of the people are Shi'a and Sunni Muslims, but there are also small Jewish and Christian minorities.
Most Bahrainis are Arabs, although some tribes came from Persia.
Today, many of the people in Bahrain are guest workers who come from Iran, South Asia and Southeast Asia.
A Financial Times article from 31 May 1983 found that "Bahrain is a polyglot (speaking many languages) state, both religiously and racially.
Leaving aside the temporary immigrants of the past 10 years, there are at least eight or nine communities (groups of people) on the island".
Manama, Bahrain's capital city, is as modern as other cities in the world.
But life in the island's many villages (and in parts of Manama itself) remains traditional.
Where there is tradition in the Persian Gulf area, there is Islamic conservatism: women cover themselves from head to foot and women travellers are expected to wear long skirts and one-piece bathing suits.
Bahrain's population is 85% Muslim and Islam is the state religion.
Arabic is the official language, but many people speak English.
Traditional folk art continues in several places around Bahrain: dhows (fishing boats) are built near Manama and Muharraq, cloth is made at Bani Jamrah and pottery is made at A'ali.
A few goldsmiths still work in the Manama souk, though much of the work is now done in other countries.
One of the important parts of Bahraini culture is the drinking of traditional Arabian coffee.
Traditional Arabian street food like shawarma (lamb or chicken cut from a large spit and served in pita bread) and desserts such as baklava are also found.
University of Bahrain
William Christopher (October 20, 1932 – December 31, 2016) was an American actor.
He was best known for playing Father Mulcahy on the television series M*A*S*H. He also played Private Lester Hummel on Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.
Christopher was born in Evanston, Illinois.
He studied at Wesleyan University.
His wife was Barbara O'Connor; together they wrote a book, Mixed Blessings, about their experiences raising their autistic son.
He retired in 2012.
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
People from Evanston, Illinois
Boxer shorts are men's underwear.
They are shorts with a stretchy band, and named after the shorts worn by boxers.
They were first made in the 1930s, but did not become popular until 1947.
These days, briefs (Y-fronts) are sold more than boxer shorts.
Some boxer shorts have openings with a snap button for using the toilet (urinating).
Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs.
They can be made in different colors or patterns.
Television displays more men in boxer shorts than in other underwear.
A CD player has a laser and an optical sensor.
A CD has tracks and bumps on the tracks.
The CD player passes a laser beam along the track of the CD.
The areas that are reflected (without the bumps) are 1s to the player and the areas that are reflected (with the bumps) are 0s to the player.
When the 1's and 0's are added to the CD a complicated coding is used that enables error corrections to prevent the CD "skipping" in the event of a small scratch.
The CD player converts the series of 1's and 0's into sound waves by sending a varying voltage into an amplifier which then drives a speaker.
The conversion of digital data into an analogue signal is achieved through the use a matrix(maths not the movie), imaginary numbers and trigonometric functions.
Music technology
Audio technology
Fluid Dynamics talks about how fluids (liquids and gases) work.
It is one of the oldest parts of the study of Physics, and is studied by physicists, mathematicians, and engineers.
Mathematics can describe how fluids move using mathematical formulas called equations.
The fluid dynamics of gases are called aerodynamics.
Understanding how fluids behave helps us understand things like flight or ocean currents.
For example, fluid dynamics can be used to understand weather, because clouds and air are both fluids.
Fluid dynamics can also be used to understand how aeroplanes fly through the air or how ships and submarines move through water.
Computer programs can use the mathematical equations of fluid dynamics to model and predict the actions of moving fluids.
Computers have helped us understand fluid dynamics very much, and some people study how to model or simulate fluids only with a computer.
Studying how fluid dynamics can be done with computers is called computational fluid dynamics (or CFD for short).
Important equations in fluid dynamics
The mathematical equations that govern fluid flow are simple to think about but very hard to solve.
In most real life cases there is no way to get a solution that can be written down and a computer must be used to calculate the answer instead.
There are three fundamental equations based on three rules.
Conservation of mass: mass is neither created nor destroyed, it simply moves from one place to another.
This gives the mass conservation equation.
Sometimes this may not apply such as a flow involving a chemical reaction.
Conservation of momentum: this is Newton's Second Law and it states that Force = rate of change of momentum.
Momentum is mass times velocity.
The momentum equations are the equations that make it hard to solve problems in fluid dynamics.
There are a number of different versions that include a number of different effects.
The Navier-Stokes equations are momentum equations, and the Euler equations are the Navier-Stokes equations but with viscosity not included.
There is one momentum equation in a 1D problem and three, one in each space direction, in 3D.
To solve the equations more information is often needed in the form of an equation of state.
This relates thermodynamic properties (usually pressure and temperature) to each other for a specific type of fluid.
An example is the "Ideal Gas" equation of state that relates pressure, temperature and density and works well for gases under normal pressures (like air at atmospheric pressure).
Poiseuille's Equation
Bernoulli's Theorem
Navier-Stokes Equations
Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 - July 2, 1961) was an American writer.
He is generally thought to be a member of the Lost Generation.
Some people say that, of the many characters he created in his books, the author himself was his best creation.
Hemingway's early life
Very early days
Ernest Hemingway was born in 1899.
He grew up in Oak Park, Illinois, near the midwestern city of Chicago.
He was the second child in a family of six.
His mother was a painter  and a pianist.
Each summer, the family travelled to their holiday home in northern Michigan.
Ernest's father taught him how to catch fish, hunt, set up a camp, and cook over a fire.
At home in Oak Park, Ernest wrote for his school newspaper.
He tried to write like a famous sports writer, Ring Lardner, and he made his writing skills better.
Start as a news reporter
In 1917, Hemingway decided not to go to a university.
The United States had just entered World War I and he wanted to join the Army, but they rejected him because his eyesight was not good enough.
Ernest found a job with the Kansas City Star newspaper in Kansas City, Missouri.
He reported news that happened at the hospital, police headquarters, and the railroad station.
One reporter said: "Hemingway liked to be where the action was."
The Kansas City Star told its reporters to write short sentences, and to report unusual details of an incident.
Hemingway quickly learned to do both.
His life outside of America
Hemingway worked for the newspaper for nine months.
He then joined the Red Cross to help on the battle fields of Europe.
His job was to drive an ambulance and to take wounded soldiers off the battlefield.
The Red Cross sent him to Italy.
There, he soon saw the first wounded.
This was when a weapons factory in Milan exploded.
Later, he was sent to the battle front.
He went close to the fighting to see how he could act in the face of danger.
Soon, he was seriously wounded.
Soon after healing, the war ended.
Hemingway returned to the United States.
After less than a year he had changed forever: he needed to write about what he had seen.
Hemingway wrote many short stories about people who experienced World War I.
Gone to Chicago
But he ran out of money and began to write for a newspaper again.
The Canadian newspaper, the Toronto Star, loved his reports in Chicago.
They hired him and paid him well.
In Chicago, Hemingway also met Sherwood Anderson.
Anderson was one of the first American writers to write about common people.
Hemingway saw that Anderson's stories showed life as it really was.
This was similar to what he wanted to do.
Anderson gave Hemingway advice about his writing.
He told Hemingway to move to Paris.
Life was less costly there.
Anderson said that Paris had many young artists and writers from many nations.
Hemingway decided to move to Paris.
Before he did, in America, he married a woman he had recently met.
Her name was Hadley Richardson.
Paris was cold and grey when Hemingway and his new wife arrived in 1921.
They lived in one of the poorer parts of the city.
Their rooms were small and they did not have water from pipes.
But the Toronto Star employed him as its European reporter, so they had enough money for the two of them to live.
That job gave Hemingway time to write his stories.
Hemingway enjoyed exploring Paris, learning French customs, and meeting friends.
Some of these new friends were artists and writers who had come to the city in the 1920s.
Among them were poet, Ezra Pound, and writers Gertrude Stein, John Dos Passos, and F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Seeing that Hemingway was a good writer, they helped him publish his stories in the United States.
He was thankful for their support at the time, but later denied that he had received their help.
Hemingway travelled all over Europe.
He wrote about politics, peace conferences, and border disputes, as well as sports, skiing, and fishing.
Later he would write about bullfighting in Spain.
The Toronto Star was pleased with his work, and wanted more of his reports, but Hemingway was busy with his own writing.
He said this: "Sometimes, I would start a new story and could not get it going.
Then I would stand and look out over the roofs of Paris and think.
I would say to myself: 'All you have to do is write one true sentence.
Write the truest sentence you know.'
So finally, I would write a true sentence and go on from there.
It was a wonderful feeling when I had worked well."
His first success in 1925
Hemingway's first book of short stories was called In Our Time.
One of its stories, "Big Two Hearted River," told of the effects of war on a young man who was taking a long fishing trip in Michigan.
Hemingway had learned from his father, when he was a boy, about living in the wild.
The story is about two kinds of rivers.
One is calm and clear, and is where the young man fishes.
The other is a dark, threatening swamp.
The story shows its main character trying to forget his past, as well as the war.
He does not talk much about the war.
The reader learns about the young man, not because Hemingway tells his readers what the man thinks, but because he shows that man learning about himself.
Many people believe it is one of the best modern American stories of all time.
Because of this, "Big Two Hearted River" is often published in collections of best writing.
A book: The Sun Also Rises
Hemingway was working on a long story.
He wanted to publish a novel so he would be recognized as a serious writer.
And he wanted the money a novel would earn.
The novel was called The Sun Also Rises.
It is about young Americans in Europe after World War One.
The war had destroyed their dreams and had given them nothing to replace those dreams.
The writer Gertrude Stein later called these people members of "The Lost Generation."
The book was an immediate success.
At the age of 25 Ernest Hemingway was famous.
Many people, however, did not like Hemingway's art because they did not like what he wrote about.
Hemingway's sentences were short, the way he had been taught to write at the Kansas City Star newspaper.
He wrote about what he knew and felt.
He used few descriptive words.
His statements were clear and easily understood.
He had learned from earlier writers, like Ring Lardner and Sherwood Anderson, but Hemingway brought something new to his writing.
He was able to paint in words what he saw and felt.
In later books, sometimes he missed.
Sometimes he even looked foolish.
But when he was right he was almost perfect.
Marriage with Pauline Pfeiffer
With the success of his novel, Hemingway became even more popular in Paris.
Many people came to see him.
One was an American woman, Pauline Pfeiffer.
She became Hadley's friend.
Then Pauline fell in love with Hemingway.
Hemingway and Pauline saw each other secretly.
One time, they went away together on a short trip.
Years later, Hemingway wrote about returning home after that trip:
"When I saw Hadley again, I wished I had died before I ever loved anyone but her.
She was smiling and the sun was on her lovely face. "
But the marriage was over.
Ernest Hemingway and Hadley separated.
She kept their son.
He agreed to give her money he earned from his books.
At twenty-five, Hemingway was living in Paris.
He was a famous writer.
But the end of his first marriage made him want to leave the place where he had first become famous.
Much later he said, "the city was never to be the same again.
When I returned to it, I found it had changed as I had changed.
Paris was never the same as when I was poor and very happy."
Hemingway and his new wife returned to the United States in 1928.
They settled in Key West, an island with a fishing port near the southern coast of Florida.
His well-known books
Before leaving Paris, Hemingway sent a collection of his stories to New York to be published.
The book of stories, called Men Without Women, was published soon after Hemingway arrived in Key West.
One of the stories was called "The Killers."
In it, Hemingway used a discussion between two men to create a feeling of tension and coming violence.
This was a new method of telling a story:
Nick opened the thingy and went into the room.
Ole Andreson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.
He had been a heavyweight prizefighter and he was too long for the bed.
He lay with his head on two pillows.
He did not look at Nick.
"What was it?"
It sounded silly when he said it.
Ole Andreson said nothing, "they put us out in the kitchen," Nick went on. "
They were going to shoot you when you came in to supper."
Ole Andreson looked at the wall and did not say anything. "
George thought I ought to come and tell you about it."
Any new book by Hemingway was an important event for readers.
But stories like "The Killers" shocked many people.
Some thought there was too much violence in his stories.
Others said he only wrote about gunmen, soldiers, fighters, and drinkers.
This made Hemingway angry.
He felt that writers should not be judged by those who could not write a story.
Hemingway was happy in Key West.
In the morning he wrote, in the afternoon he fished, and at night he went to a public house and drank.
One old fisherman said: "Hemingway was a man who talked slowly and very carefully.
He asked a lot of questions.
And he always wanted to get his information exactly right."
Hemingway and his wife Pauline had a child in Key West.
Soon afterwards, he heard that his father had killed himself.
Hemingway was shocked.
He said, "My father taught me so much.
He was the only one I really cared about."
His new book told about an American soldier who served with the Italian army during World War One.
He meets an English nurse, and they fall in love.
They flee from the army, but she dies during childbirth.
Some of the events are taken from Hemingway's service in Italy.
The book is called A Farewell to Arms.
"At noon we were stuck in a muddy road about as nearly as we could figure, ten kilometres from Udine.
The rain had stopped during the forenoon and three times we had heard planes coming, seen them pass overhead, watched them go far to the left and heard them bombing on the main highroad. . . .
"Later we were on a road that led to a river.
There was a long line of abandoned trucks and carts on a road leading up to a bridge.
No one was in sight.
The river was high and the bridge had been blown up in the center; the stone arch was fallen into the river and the brown water was going over it.
We went up the bank looking for a place to cross. . . .
we did not see any troops; only abandoned trucks and stores.
Along the river bank was nothing and no one but the wet brush and muddy ground. "
A Farewell to Arms was very successful.
It earned Hemingway a great deal of money.
It permitted him to travel.
One place he visited was Spain, a country he loved.
He said, "I want to paint with words all the sights and sounds and smells of Spain.
And if I can write any of it down truly, then it will represent all of Spain."
He wrote a book called Death in the Afternoon.
It describes the Spanish custom of bull fighting.
Hemingway believed that bull fighting was an art, just as much as writing was an art.
And he believed it was a true test of a man's bravery, something that always concerned him.
Hemingway also travelled to Africa.
He had been asked to write a series of reports about African hunting.
He said, "Hunting in Africa is the kind of hunting I like.
No riding in cars, just simple walking and feeling the grass under my feet."
The trip to Africa resulted in a book called The Green Hills of Africa and many smaller stories.
One story is one of Hemingway's best.
The story, called The Snows of Kilimanjaro, tells of Hemingway's fears about himself.
It is about a writer who betrays his art for money and is unable to remain true to himself.
In 1936, the Civil War in Spain gave him a chance to return to Spain and test his bravery again.
He agreed to write about the war for an American news organization.
It was a dangerous job.
One day, Hemingway and two other reporters were driving a car near a battlefield.
The car carried two white flags to show they were not fighting.
But rebel gunners thought the car was carrying enemy officers.
Hemingway was almost killed.
Later he said that "bullets are all the same.
If they do not hit you, there is no story.
If they do hit you, then you do not have to write it. "
The trip to Spain resulted in two works: a play called The Fifth Column, and a novel called For Whom the Bell Tolls.
The novel tells the story of an American who has chosen to fight against the fascists.
He realizes that there are lies and injustice on his side.
But he sees no hope except the victory of his side.
During the fighting, he escapes his fear of death and of being alone.
He decides that "he can live as full a life in seventy hours as in seventy years."
Later days and his married life
The book was a great success.
Hemingway enjoyed being famous.
His second marriage was ending.
He divorced Pauline and married reporter Martha Gellhorn.
He had met her while they were working in Spain.
They decided to live in Cuba, near the city of Havana.
Their house looked out over the Caribbean Sea.