the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It was one of the first taxes that led to protests in the Thirteen Colonies.
The Sugar and Stamp Acts were done away with in 1766.
The Townshend Duties, formally known as the Townshend Acts, was a tax passed by the British.
It was named for Charles Townshend, who was the British Prime Minister at the time.
He spearheaded the acts, but he died before the detrimental effects were clear.
In 1776, he was hanged in effigy, which means a doll was made to represent him and it was hanged in the town square in Boston.
It taxed all imported goods.
E.g tea, food, anything that was imported.
Townshend wanted the duties to make sure the colonists knew that they were under British rule.
The acts were resisted in the Thirteen Colonies.
Tea Act of 1773 was a law made by the Parliament of Great Britain.
The law was made to help the East India Company which had massive amounts of tea stored in London which they could not sell.
The law would make the company's tea cheaper than other tea which was being smuggled into Britain's North American colonies.
This was supposed to make people buy East India Company tea on which the Townshend duties were paid, thus implicitly agreeing to accept Parliament's right of taxation.
The law gave the Company the right to directly ship its tea to North America and the right to the duty-free export of tea from Britain.
The tax imposed by the Townshend Acts and collected in the colonies remained in force.
It became law on May 10, 1773.
The Jay Treaty was a treaty between the United States and Britain in the years following the American Revolution.
The main American involved in the treaty was John Jay, who was also Chief Justice of the United States.
It was passed by the United States Congress in 1795.
It allowed for increased trade with Britain in exchange for the British giving up their forts on the Great Lakes.
The Democratic-Republican Party thought that the Jay Treaty was good for the British and bad for the Americans, which led to them burning effigies of Jay.
18th-century treaties
Aegyptosaurus, meaning "Egypt's Lizard", is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived in Africa around 95 million years ago during the Upper Cretaceous period.
Its tail also ended in a whip-like structure that it used to defend itself against predatory dinosaurs such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus.
Aegyptosaurus was a close relative of Argentinosaurus, a much larger dinosaur that lived in South America at about the same time.
This suggests a possible land bridge between Africa and South America during the Cretaceous period.
Aegyptosaurus was discovered and named by a German paleontologist named Ernst Stromer in 1932.
Its fossils were found in Egypt, Niger, and in several different locations in the Sahara Desert.
All known specimens were discovered before 1939.
The fossils were stored together in Munich, but were destroyed when an Allied bombing raid hit the museum in 1944, during World War II.
The type species is Aegyptosaurus baharijensis, named after the Bahariya Formation in Egypt, where the first fossils were found.
Aegyptosaurus was much smaller and more common than its contemporary, Paralititan.
In the People's Republic of China, a public security bureau (PSB)  is a kind of government office.
These offices acting as a Police stations.
Smaller offices are called Police posts.
These are similar Japanese Kōban.
PSBs in each province and large city take care of policing law enforcement, public security, and social order.
Other duties of such offices include residence registration as well as immigration and travel affairs of foreigners.
Solitary confinement is a punishment or special form of imprisonment.
A prisoner is not allowed contact with anyone, except the prison staff.
It may be a kind of psychological torture.
It is also used to protect one prisoner from other inmates in the prison.
Solitary confinement has many other names.
In American English it is also called the 'hole', 'lockdown', the 'SHU'  (pronounced 'shoe') or the 'pound'.
In British English people say 'block' or 'the cooler'.
Use and criticism
People who think solitary confinement is necessary give several reasons.
Some prisoners are considered dangerous to other people in the prison.
Other prisoners might be able to lead crime groups even from inside jail.
Also, solitary confinement can be used to stop prisoners from communicating with others because of possible fears about national security.
Finally, it may be used for prisoners who are at high risk of being attacked by other inmates, such as pedophiles, celebrities, or witnesses who are in prison themselves.
This form of solitary confinement is sometimes called protective custody.
In the US Federal Prison system, solitary confinement is known as the Special Housing Unit (SHU), .
California's prison system also uses the abbreviation SHU, but it stands for Security Housing Units.
In other states, it is known as the Special Management Unit (SMU), pronounced .
Opponents of solitary confinement claim that it is cruel and unusual punishment and torture.
Taking away social contact, and the sensory input is usually part of solitary confinement and can have a powerful negative effect on a prisoner's mind.
This may lead to mental illnesses such as depression and even death since humans are social animals.
Sourcebook on solitary confinement
Thomas Gainsborough (14 May 1727 – 2 August 1788) was an 18th-century English portrait and landscape painter.
He was born in Sudbury, Suffolk, England.
He was the youngest son of John Gainsborough.
When he was 13, he surprised his father by how well he drew with the pencil.
Impressed, his father let him go to London to study art in 1740.
In the 1740s, Gainsborough married Margaret Burr and began painting portraits more than landscapes.
In 1774, Gainsborough and his family moved to London.
In 1780, he painted portraits of King George III.
He died of cancer in London on 2 August 1788 at age 61 years.
In painting portraits he sometimes painted with brushes on sticks six feet long.
This put him at the same distance from subject and canvas, set at right angles to each other.
Webmuseum Paris: Thomas Gainsborough
Victoria and Albert Museum collection
http://www.abcgallery.com/G/gainsborough/gainsborough.html Olga's Gallery
www.gac.culture.gov.uk/search/Artist.asp?maker_id=112361
www.Thomas-Gainsborough.org 70 works by Thomas Gainsborough
Leaellynasaura (meaning "Leaellyn's lizard") was a fast-running, plant-eating dinosaur that lived in Australia during the middle Cretaceous Period, roughly 115-110 million years ago.
Australia was within the Antarctic Circle during the Cretaceous period, and it had a very long winter.
Leaellynasaura is known from two nearly complete skeletons and two skulls.
It is described as an ornithopod.
Unlike some other ornithischians, the Leaellynasaura did not have any tendons in its tail.
The tail is known for being among the longest of its relatives: it was three times longer than the rest of the whole body.
It also has more vertebrae in its tail than any other ornithischians except for some hadrosaurs.
It also had large eyes to help it look in the dark winter.
Muttaburrasaurus was a plant-eating dinosaur that lived during the early Cretaceous period, about 113-97.5 million years ago.
This dinosaur means "Muttaburra (in Queensland, Australia) lizard".
Muttaburrasaurus are about 24 feet (7 m) long.
They may have lived in herds.
The Gulf of Salerno is a gulf of the Tyrrhenian Sea in the coast of the province of Salerno in south-western Italy.
The northern part of this coast is the Costiera Amalfitana.
This includes towns like Amalfi, Maiori, Positano and the city of Salerno itself.
Luigino Celestino Di Agostino (born December 17, 1967) is an Italian disk jockey.
He was born in Turin, Italy.
Di Agostino is better known under his stage name Gigi D'Agostino.
He is also known as the Violento Man.
Italian entertainers
San Bruno is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States.
The population was 41,114 at the 2010 census.
King's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England.
It is a very famous college because it is very old and it has a world-famous choir.
The college was founded in 1441.
Its full name is "The King's College of Our Lady and St. Nicholas in Cambridge".
The students at the university usually just call it "King's".
King's was founded in 1441 by King Henry VI.
At first the college was going to be quite small, but by 1445 the college was going to be a magnificent building to show how important the king was.
The king gave the college a lot of money for several feudal privileges.
King Henry VI had admired what William of Wykeham had done when founding the twin colleges of New College, Oxford  and Winchester College in 1379.
He copied a lot of Wykeham's ideas when building King's and Eton College.
These colleges still have the same tie as part of their uniform.
Originally, the college was just for boys from Eton College.
It was not until 1865 that other people could study there.
King's does not have any strong connection now with Eton, although there is still a scholarship for a student from Eton to study at King's.
Henry VI is still remembered at the College: each year, on the Saturday after the end of Autumn Term (which in Cambridge is called the  "Michaelmas term"), is Founder's Day.
It begins with a service in the chapel: the "Founder's Eucharist".
This is followed by a Founder's Breakfast with ale and finally a big dinner called "Founder's Feast" to which all members of College in their last year of studies are invited.
King's College Chapel
The College Chapel is built in the style of late Gothic architecture.
It was built over a period of a hundred years (1446–1531) in three stages.
The Chapel has the world's largest fan vault, stained glass windows, and the painting "The Adoration of the Magi" by Rubens.
Many concerts and college events take place here.
The world-famous Chapel choir consists of choral scholars (male students from the college) and choristers (boys educated at the nearby King's College School).
The choir sings services on most days in term-time, and also performs concerts and makes recordings and broadcasts.
Every Christmas it sings the service called Nine Lessons and Carols which is shown on BBC television as well as heard on the radio.
Education at King's
Nearly all subjects that can be studied at Cambridge can be studied at King's.
There is a big library which includes some rare books and manuscripts.
Student intake and life
The student union has a long record of activism.
In the 1980s a long strike against the college's investment in apartheid South Africa was organised.
The Cellar Bar is a small room in the basement of the college, which is used for music.
The main bar at King's is far older.
The bar has been traditionally painted a socialist red, including a picture of a hammer and sickle.
In 2004 it was redecorated, with the walls painted yellow and the overall décor lightened.
A hammer and sickle survives in a frame on the wall.
There is a lot of argument about this.
King's also has a  Coffee Shop next to the bar.
A Vacation Bar, or "vac bar", also is sometimes open during the summer vacation, run by (and mainly for) the graduate students who stay in College throughout the year.
Most Cambridge colleges celebrate May Week with a May Ball (which actually falls in June), but since the early 1980s King's has instead held a June Event (a more informal version of a May Ball) which they call King's Affair.
The reason they have a different event from other colleges is because many students who were not invited used to forced their way into the party (so-called "gatecrashing").
A ticket usually costs around £60 which is cheap compared to the May Ball tickets for other colleges which can cost up to £200.
Once someone has been admitted to the College, they become a member for life.
For this reason, King's alumni (people who used to go there) are referred to as 'Non Resident Members'.
King's College official website
A leavening agent is a substance used to make a baked good rise.
Most people like baked goods that are risen, so leavening agents are popular.
Yeast is a common leavening agent.
It is a fungus that converts sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
The carbon dioxide makes the bread rise.
This is slower and makes the bread more soft.
Most of the ethanol evaporates when the bread is baked.
The yeast is also killed when the bread is baked.
Yeast takes longer time to rise than chemical leavening agents.
It can also be killed by heat or salt.
Yeast is normally sold in small packages.
These have yeast fungi.
Chemical leavening agents
Main articles: Baking powder and baking soda
There are several chemical leavening agents.
For acidic foods, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) can be used.
It reacts with the acid to make carbon dioxide gas, which makes the bread rise.
For non-acidic foods, baking powder is used.
Baking powder is a mix of a powdered acid and sodium bicarbonate.
They react when dissolved in water to make carbon dioxide gas.
Baking powder is more common.
Baking powder and baking soda leavening is better for certain baked goods like muffins or cakes.
The bread rises much faster with baking powder or baking soda.
It is not affected by many other ingredients.
But it does not have the same texture or taste that yeast has.
Sweet potato pie is a type of pie.
It is common in the southern United States.
It is similar to pumpkin pie.
It is common at Thanksgiving.
It is a side dish or dessert.
"The most delicate root that may be eaten," as the sixteenth-century English mariner and slave trader John Hawkins called it, suited European taste.
Henry VIII ate his sweet potatoes in heavily spiced and sugared pies, a fashion that survived at least until the 1680s."
It is normally made as a large tart.
It doesn't have a top crust.
The filling has mashed sweet potatoes, milk, sugar, eggs, and flavoring.
The filling can be made light or dense.
Occasionally marshmallows are added as a topping.
Creamy vegetable pie recipes date back to Medieval Europe.
It was a favorite of Henry VIII of England.
He was known to eat a great number of sweet potato pies at a time believing they were an aphrodisiac.
Sweet potato pie appears in the southern United States from the early colonial days.
Like many sweet potato recipes, sweet potato pie was likely developed by the black slaves from traditional African cuisine.
It is a staple of Soul food today.
Recipes for sweet potato pie first appeared in printed cookbooks in the 18th century.
It was included with savory vegetable dishes.
By the 19th century, sweet potato pie was considered a dessert.
Sweet potato vs. pumpkin pie: Your roots might determine your preference
Modern art refers to artistic works produced from the 1860s to about the 1970s.
It refers to the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era.p102 The period coincides with the invention of mechanical means of recording images: photography and film.
The term modern art is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.p419  Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art.
A tendency toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art, including minimalism .
More recent artistic production is often called Contemporary art or Postmodern art.
Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art.
At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with 'wild', multi-colored, expressive, landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism.
Henri Matisse's two versions of The Dance marked a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting.
It reflected Matisse's fascination with primitive art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism.
Pablo Picasso made his first cubist paintings based on Cézanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids: cube, sphere and cone.
With the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon 1907, Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of African tribal masks and his own new Cubist inventions.
Analytic cubism was jointly developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, from about 1908 through 1912.
Analytic cubism, the first clear manifestation of cubism, was followed by Synthetic cubism, practised by Braque, Picasso, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp and several other artists into the 1920s.
Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé and a large variety of merged subject matter.
"One way of understanding the relation of the terms 'modern,' 'modernity,' and 'modernism' is that... modernist art is scarcely thinkable outside the context of the modernized society of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Social modernity is the home of modernist art, even where that art rebels against it".p13
Modern art was introduced to the United States in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I. It was only after World War II, however, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements.
The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism, one of the most important of the later modernist art movements.
Auction prices
Modern art and Impressionism dominate the world art markets.
Of the 20 top art prices, only one is a work of classical art.
The world's highest price for a work of art is Jackson Pollock's No.
5, 1948 privately sold by Sotheby's for (price adjusted) $151.2 million dollars.
The modern paintings overtook the old masters in 1987.
The Colonial Clash is an annual American College Football rivalry game played between the University of Massachusetts and the University of New Hampshire.
These are traditionally the two best programs in the championship subdivision of college football in New England.
The rivalry adopted the name "Colonial Clash" on August 18, 2010, just two months before becoming the first college football match-up ever at Gillette Stadium.
Robert Kraft, owner of Gillette Stadium and its tenants, the New England Patriots and New England Revolution, called it "a fitting name for a border rivalry between schools who represent two of the original colonies."
The game is scheduled to be held at the professional venue in both 2010 and 2011.
The two schools have played each other every year since 1952, with UMass holding a 43-26-3 advantage.
UNH captured the 2008 game 52-21 while UMass won on homecoming in 2009, 23-17.
In 2006, the schools played twice, meeting first on November 4th in Durham, NH (with UMass winning 28-20), then again on December 2nd in Amherst for the NCAA FCS Quarterfinals (UMass winning 24-17).
After each regular season meeting, the Billy Knight Trophy is awarded to the MVP of the game.
Since the separation of Division I college football into two separate tiers in 1978, UMass has played for the National Championship three times (1978, 1999, 2006), winning in 1999.
While New Hampshire has not yet reached a National Championship game, they were the #1 overall seed in the 2005 FCS playoffs.
Classical physics are the physics that were made before the 20th century.
This part of physics studies things like movement, light, gravity, and electricity.
Classical physics turned out not to work when the things being studied were very, very small (around the size of atoms or smaller), or were moving very, very fast (around the speed of light).
So, around the beginning of the twentieth century, Albert Einstein worked out his Theory of Relativity and people like Neils Bohr, Werner Heisenberg.
and Erwin Schrödinger created quantum mechanics.
Sir Isaac Newton, and many scientists before him, helped create classical physics.
They observed that some things in nature such as the falling of an apple occur the same way each time.
Newton made equations that let him predict such events.
He called these equations laws of physics.
Newton's laws of physics have been tested by experiments and by using them in doing jobs.
Sometimes things (like powerful winds) mess up the results of the experiment a bit, and the results come out a little wrong.
But when people make efforts to get rid of these extra factors, the results of the experiments almost always get closer to what Newton's laws predict.
Areas of classical physics
Mechanics (how levers help lift things, cars keep moving after the engine is turned off, etc.)
Thermodynamics (why we experience some things as hot and other things as cold, why it takes longer to heat water than air, etc.)
Electricity (why rubbing one object with another can produce a static charge, why electrons move through wires, why lightning can span immense distances, etc.)
Magnetism (why compass needles point to the north and south poles, why nails wrapped around and around with insulated wire will act as magnets when a direct current is passed through the wire, etc.)
Optics (why sunlight that passes through raindrops can produce a rainbow, why prism bend light and make a spectrum like the rainbow, why lenses can magnify things, how to make powerful telescopes with or without using lenses, etc.)
ht:Dezyèm lwa Newton
Huayangosaurus is a genus of stegosaurian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China.
The name derives from "Huayang", an alternate name for Sichuan province.
It lived about 165 million years ago, some 20 million years before its famous relative, Stegosaurus appeared in North America.
At only 4.5 metres long, it was also much smaller than its famous cousin.
Found in the Lower Shaximiao Formation, Huayangosaurus shared the local landscape with the sauropods Shunosaurus, Datousaurus, Omeisaurus and Protognathosaurus, the ornithopod Xiaosaurus and the carnivorous Gasosaurus.
Like other stegosaurians, Huayangosaurus was a quadrupedal herbivore with a small skull and a spiked tail.
Like its more famous relative, Stegosaurus, Huayangosaurus bore the distinctive double row of plates that characterize all the stegosaurians.
In Huayangosaurus, the plates were more spike-like than in Stegosaurus.
Like Stegosaurus, however, it bore two pairs of long spikes extending horizontally near the end of its tail.
Huayangosaurus was one of the smallest known stegosaurians, at just 4.5 meters  in length.
Huayangosaurus remains from twelve individual animals were recovered from the Dashanpu Quarry near Zigong in Sichuan.
The type species is H. taibaii.
As it is the most basal stegosaurian, it is placed in within its own family Huayangosauridae.
It is also morphologically distinct from later (stegosaurid) forms.
All later stegosaurians lost these teeth.
Like many other stegosaurians, it had plates all down its back and spikes on its tail.
Two large spikes were above its hips, and may have been used for deterring an attack from above (considering as it was a fairly short in height compared to later stegosaurians).
Its plates were smaller than those of Stegosaurus, with much less surface area.
Thus they would have been much less effective heat regulators, one of the postulated functions of plates.
Mounted skeletons of Huayangosaurus are on display at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum in Zigong and the Municipal Museum of Chongqing in Sichuan Province in China.
Huayangosaurus Factsheet - Australian Museum
A gas balloon is a kind of balloon that uses a gas of low density to fly using buoyancy.
Gas balloons sometimes fly very high, very far, and for a very long time.
A gas balloon is different from a hot air balloon.
A hot air balloon uses a fire to lower
the density of air.
A gas balloon does not use fire.
The most common use for gas balloons are to measure the atmosphere.
These are called weather balloons.
Evanna Patricia Lynch (born 16 August 1991) is an Irish actress.
She became famous by playing Luna Lovegood, a supporting character in the Harry Potter movie series.
Lynch was cast as Luna at the age of 14, having acted only in school plays before.
From 2007 to 2009, she starred in two Harry Potter movies and their video games.
She later returned for the final movies (Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows) and the first of the movie's two video games.
Lynch's work on the series has earned her two award nominations.
Art Nouveau  is an international art movement and style based on organic forms.
It was seen in modern art, graphic design, architecture and applied arts such as decoration, jewellery, ceramics and glass.p7 It peaked in popularity at the fin de siècle of the late 19th century (1890–1905), and continued until the First World War.
A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, Art Nouveau is organic in style.
It has floral and plant-inspired motifs, and stylized, flowing curvilinear forms.p3-36 Art Nouveau is an approach to design according to which artists should work on everything from architecture to furniture, making art part of everyday life.
The movement was strongly influenced by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha.
Mucha produced a lithographed poster as an advertisement for the play Gismonda by Victorien Sardou, starring Sarah Bernhardt.
The poster appeared on 1 January 1895 in the streets of Paris.
It was an overnight sensation, and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris.
Initially called the Style Mucha, this soon became known as Art Nouveau.
Art Nouveau's fifteen-year life was most strongly felt throughout Europe—from Glasgow to Moscow to Madrid—but its influence was global.
In France, Hector Guimard's Paris Metro entrances shaped the landscape of Paris and Emile Gallé was at the center of the school of thought in Nancy.
Victor Horta had a decisive impact on architecture in Belgium.p37
Magazines like Jugend helped spread the style in Germany, especially as a graphic design form, while the Vienna Secessionists influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary.
Art Nouveau was also a movement of distinct individuals such as Gustav Klimt, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Alphonse Mucha, René Lalique, Antoni Gaudí and Louis Comfort Tiffany, each of whom interpreted it in their own individual manner.p34
Art Nouveau monuments are now recognized by UNESCO on their World Heritage Sites list as significant contributions to cultural heritage.
The historic center of Riga, Latvia, with "the finest collection of art nouveau buildings in Europe", was inscribed on the list in 1997 in part because of the "quality and the quantity of its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture".
Four Brussels town houses by Victor Horta were included in 2000 as "works of human creative genius" that are "outstanding examples of Art Nouveau architecture brilliantly illustrating the transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, thought, and society".
E.S. Posthumus is a two-person band.
They mainly made music for movies (and their trailers).
Franz Vonlichten and Helmut Vonlichten created the music from Pythagorean ideas that combine very different elements and still produce harmony.
Franz died tragically in 2010.
Helmut released the last song "Christmas Eve" in November 2010.
The group ceased its activity.
In November 2011, Helmut Vonlichten has formed a new band called Les Friction.
Miloš Forman (18 February 1932 – 13 April 2018) was a Czech-American movie director and screenwriter.
He was an emigrant to the US from Czechoslovakia.
He was born in Caslav.
Two of his movies, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest,  and Amadeus won the Academy Award for Best Picture and are very famous.
He also directed Hair and People vs. Larry Flynt.
He won the Academy Award for Best Director twice.
He became an American citizen in 1977.
His full name was Jan Tomáš Forman.
1975: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (won)
1984: Amadeus (won)
1996: The People vs. Larry Flynt (nomination)
1981: Ragtime (nomination)
1996: The People vs. Larry Flynt (won)
1971: Taking Off (Won)
1968: The Fireman's Ball (nomination)
1999: Man on the Moon (won)
1997: The People vs. Larry Flynt (won)
1984: Amadeus (nomination)
1971: Taking Off (nomination – Best Film)
1971: Taking Off (nomination – Best Screenplay)
1975: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (nomination)
1979: Hair (nomination)
1989: Valmont (nomination)
1984: Amadeus (won – Best Film)
1984: Amadeus (won – Best Screenplay)
1979: Hair (won)
1996: The People vs. Larry Flynt – Award for European contribution to world cinema – screen Prix International (won)
1997: Contribution to Czech cinema (won)
Největší Čech: # 30 place
1995: Medal of Merit
Czech actors
Wheat flour is a type of flour made from wheat kernels.
There are two main types of wheat flour: whole wheat flour and white flour.
Whole wheat flour has the whole grain of wheat, making it more nutritious.
White flour only has the endosperm of the wheat grain, making it less nutritious.
White flour is preferred by many people.
White flours are normally enriched.
Wheat flour can be sifted to make it finer and smoother.
People who never learned how to read and write are called illiterate.
Dysgraphia or agraphia is the learning disability to write texts, even though the person has the necessary motoric skills.
People with dysgraphia can move their hand enough, and are also capable of understanding how to write.
Dysgraphias  occur because of damage done to the brain.
They often occur with other illnesses, such as speech problems.
Many people who suffered a stroke may have lost the ability to move parts of their body.
There are different forms of dysgraphia:
Lexical agraphia: words that are hard to tell apart cannot be written down properly
Phonological agraphia: words can be written down correctly, but they cannot be pronounced
Semantic agraphia: words with a certain meaning cannot be pronounced
Apractical agraphia: The motor skills can no longer be used for writing
Africa has a rich fossil record, but it is patchy and incomplete.
Prosauropods dating from the late Triassic period, about 230 million years ago, have been discovered in Madagascar.
Africa is rich in Triassic and Lower Jurassic dinosaurs.
African dinosaurs from these time periods include Syntarsus, Dracovenator, Melanorosaurus, Massospondylus, Euskelosaurus, Heterodontosaurus, Abrictosaurus, and Lesothosaurus.
The Middle Jurassic is poorly represented in Africa.
Only the three sauropods Cetiosaurus, Lapparentosaurus, and Archaeodontosaurus  have been discovered dating from this time period.
The Upper Jurassic, however, is well represented in Africa, mainly thanks to the spectacular Tendaguru Formation, a Lagerstätte in southeastern Tanzania.
Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Elaphrosaurus, Giraffatitan, Dicraeosaurus, Janenschia, Tornieria, Tendaguria, Kentrosaurus, and Dryosaurus are among the dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered from Tendaguru.
This fauna seems to show strong similarities to that of the Morrison Formation in the United States and the Lourinha Formation in Portugal.
For example, Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, and Dryosaurus have been found in both the Tendaguru and the Morrison.
This has important biogeographical implications.
This means the animals could travel between most continents at that time (Pangaea).
Suchomimus, Elrhazosaurus, Spinostropheus, Rebbachisaurus, Nigersaurus,  Kryptops, Nqwebasaurus, and Paranthodon are some of the early Cretaceous dinosaurs known from Africa.
The early Cretaceous was an important time for the dinosaurs of Africa because it was when Africa finally separated from South America, forming the South Atlantic Ocean.
This was an important event because now the dinosaurs of Africa started developing endemism because of isolation.
The Upper Cretaceous of Africa is known mainly from North Africa.
During the early part of the Upper Cretaceous, North Africa was home to a rich dinosaur fauna.
It includes Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, Rugops, Bahariasaurus, Deltadromeus, Paralititan, Aegyptosaurus, and Ouranosaurus.
During the latest Cretaceous, at the end of the Age of Dinosaurs, Majungasaurus, Masiakasaurus, Rapetosaurus, and the flying dromaeosaurid Rahonavis lived in Africa.
{| class="sortable wikitable"
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Period !!
Diet !!
| Aardonyx|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Abrictosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore or omnivore || —
| Aegyptosaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
|- style = "background-color: #b8bbb7; color:#ffe"
| Aetonyx|| Jurassic || herbivore || probably synonymous with Massospondylus
| Afrovenator|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
|- style = "background-color: #bdb76b; color:#ffe"
| Algoasaurus|| Jurassic/Cretaceous || herbivore || —
| Allosaurus || Jurassic || carnivore || —
| Antetonitrus|| Triassic || herbivore || —
| Archaeodontosaurus || Jurassic || herbivore || _
| Atlasaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Australodocus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Bahariasaurus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
| Barosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Berberosaurus|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
| Blikanasaurus|| Triassic || herbivore || —
| Carcharodontosaurus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
| Ceratosaurus|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
| Cetiosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Chebsaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Cristatusaurus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
| Deltadromeus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
| Dicraeosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Dracovenator|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
| Dryosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Elaphrosaurus|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
| Elrhazosaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
| Eocarcharia|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
| Eocursor|| Triassic || omnivore || —
| Eucnemesaurus|| Triassic || (disputed) || —
| Euskelosaurus|| Triassic || herbivore || —
| Fabrosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Geranosaurus|| Jurassic || (unknown) || —
| Giraffatitan|| Jurassic || herbivore ||—
| Gyposaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Heterodontosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Ignavusaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Inosaurus|| Cretaceous || (unknown) || —
| Janenschia|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Jobaria|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
| Kangnasaurus|| Cretaceous || (unknown) || —
| Karongasaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
| Kemkemia|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
| Kentrosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Kryptops|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
| Lanasaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Lapparentosaurus || Jurassic || herbivore || _
| Lesothosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
|- style = "background-color: #88bbbb; color:#ffe"
| Likhoelesaurus|| Triassic || (unknown) || Possibly not a dinosaur (disputed)
| Lurdusaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
| Lycorhinus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Majungasaurus || Cretaceous || carnivore || _
| Malawisaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
| Masiakasaurus || Cretaceous || carnivore || _
| Massospondylus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Megapnosaurus|| Jurassic || carnivore || —
| Melanorosaurus|| Triassic || herbivore || —
| Nigersaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
| Nqwebasaurus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
| Ouranosaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
| Paralititan|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
| Paranthodon|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
| Plateosauravus|| Triassic || herbivore || —
| Rahonavis || Cretaceous || carnivore || _
| Rapetosaurus || Cretaceous || herbivore || _
| Rebbachisaurus|| Cretaceous || herbivore || —
| Rugops|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
| Sigilmassasaurus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
| Spinosaurus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
| Spinophorosaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore ||—
| Spinostropheus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
| Stormbergia|| Jurassic || (unknown) || —
| Suchomimus|| Cretaceous || carnivore || —
| Tazoudasaurus|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Tendaguria|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Thotobolosaurus|| Triassic || herbivore || —
| Tornieria|| Jurassic || herbivore || —
| Vulcanodon|| Jurassic || herbivore  || —
This is a timeline of selected dinosaurs from the list above.
Time is measured in mya along the x-axis.
Criteria for inclusion
The creature must appear on the List of dinosaurs.
Fossils of the creature must have been found in Africa.
This list is a complement to :Category:Dinosaurs of Africa.
The Boeing 747-400 is a jet airliner, a variant of the Boeing 747.
Compared to the original 747, the 747-400 features improvements such as more powerful engines, new avionics, a new interior, and a longer-span wing with winglets.
The 747-400 first flew in 1988 and entered service in 1989.
It was produced until 2009 in six different variants: 747-400, 747-400F, 747-400M, 747-400D, 747-400ER, and 747-400ERF.
Xiaosaurus (means "dawn lizard)" was a small, plant-eating dinosaur.
It walked on two long legs, had four-toed feet, five-fingered hands, short arms, a long, stiff, pointed tail, a flexible neck, and a small head with large eyes.
This early dinosaur ornithischian lived during the mid-Jurassic period, about 169–163 million years ago.
It was small and lizard-like, about four feet (1.2 m) long – smaller than an adult human.
Fossils of this dinosaur were found in China.
Vulcanodon was a long-necked dinosaur that lived during the early Jurassic period, about 208 to 201 million years ago.
It was an early sauropod.
Vulcanodon was about 20 feet (6.5 m) long.
It was a long-necked, long-tailed plant-eater with a small head, thick legs, and a bulky body.
It had nail-like claws on its feet and an enlarged claw on each big toe.
Its front legs were relatively long.
P.A.E. Olympiacos C.F.P. is a football club which plays in Greece.
The club based in Piraeus, Greece.
The colours of Olympiacos is red and white and its emblem is an adolescent with a crown made of laurel, representing an ancient Olympic Games winner.
It is the most successful Greek team.
Up to 2020-21 season it has won forty-six League titles, twenty-eight Greek Cups and three Greek Super Cups, more titles than any other Greek team and it is one of the three teams that have never been relegated from the first division.
The club's stadium is the newly rebuilt Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus, Athens.
Olympiacos is the most popular Greek club with around two and a half million fans in Greece and was placed ninth on the list with the most paid up members in the world in 2006, having 83,000 registered members as of April 2006.
They share a great and long-standing rivalry with Panathinaikos.
The Lancia Dedra is an automobile produced by Lancia.
It replaced the Lancia Prisma in 1989, and was replaced by the Lancia Lybra in 2000.
1.6 i.e. 55 kW (75 hp), 57 kW (78 hp), 65 kW (88 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
1.6 i.e. 16V 77 kW (105 hp)
1.8 i.e. 66 kW (90 hp), 74 kW (101 hp), 77 kW (105 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
1.8 i.e. 16V 83 kW (113 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)
2.0 i.e. 83 kW (113 hp) and 85 kW (115 hp)
2.0 i.e. 16V 102 kW (139 hp)
2.0 i.e. HF Turbo 119 kW (162 hp)
2.0 i.e. HF Integrale 124 kW (169 hp)
2.0 turbo ds 66 kW (90 hp)
Treasure Planet is a 2002 American animated science fiction movie produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, and released by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Pictures on November 27, 2002.
The 42nd animated movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics, the movie is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's adventure novel Treasure Island and was the first movie to be released in both normal and IMAX theaters at the same time.
The movie uses hand-drawn 2D traditional animation over 3D computer animation.
And it was theatrical released with a 2002 Pixar short, Mike's New Car.
The movie was co-written, co-produced, and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, who had pitched the concept for the movie at the same time that they pitched The Little Mermaid.
Treasure Planet features the voices of Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Brian Murray, David Hyde Pierce, Martin Short, Emma Thompson, Michael Wincott, Laurie Metcalf, and Roscoe Lee Browne.
The musical score was composed by James Newton Howard, while the songs were written and performed by John Rzeznik.
Although it got mostly positive reviews, the movie did not perform well at the box office in the United States.
The movie cost $140 million to make but only earned $38 million in the United States and Canada and just under $110 million in the rest of the world.
It was nominated for the 2002 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
As a young boy, Jim Hawkins (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) grows up enjoying stories of the legendary pirate Captain Flint.
Twelve years later, he has grown into a wayward, rebellious teenager; his father is out of the picture and his mother Sarah (Laurie Metclafe) is at her wit's end.
Jim reluctantly helps his mother out at the Benbow Inn, and finds entertainment through "Solar Surfing" (similar to windsurfing and sky surfing), a hobby which gets him into frequent trouble.
One day, a spaceship crashlands near the inn, and Billy Bones (Patrick McGoohan), the ship's pilot, is critically injured.
Before succumbing to his wounds, he gives Jim a sphere and warns him to "beware the cyborg".
After this, a gang of pirates raid the inn and raze it to the ground, as Jim, Sarah and their dog-like friend Dr. Delbert Doppler (David Hyde Pierce), escape.
Taking refuge in Delbert's study, Jim discovers the sphere is a map to the legendary Treasure Planet.
Doppler commissions a ship called the RLS Legacy, on a mission to search for Treasure Planet.
The ship is captained by the cat-like, free-spirited Captain Amelia (Emma Thompson), and the stone-skinned Mr. Arrow (Roscoe Lee Browne); the crew is secretly led by the half-robot cook Long John Silver (Brian Murray), who Jim suspects is the cyborg that Bones warned him about.
Jim is sent to work in the galley, where Silver and his shapeshifting pet alien Morph supervise him.
Although Jim does not trust Silver, they form a tenuous father-son relationship.
On the voyage, the ship encounters a supernova.
While Jim secures the lifelines, he saves Silver just in time.
The supernova then devolves into a black hole, and Mr. Arrow falls to his death into the abyss.
As Amelia mourns Arrow, she suspects Jim failed to secure his lifeline, when it was really severed by the treacherous crablike pirate Scroop (Michael Wincott).
As the ship approaches Treasure Planet, Jim eavesdrops on the crew and discovers that they are following Silver, which leads to a mutiny.
Jim, Doppler, Amelia and Morph escape, but the map is left behind.
Silver, thinking that Jim has the map, targets to kill him, but hesitates; Amelia ends up being wounded when the fugitives are shot down in the escape.
While Jim explores Treasure Planet's jungles, the group come across the eccentric robot B.E.N. (Martin Short), who has lost his primary memory and invites them to his home for shelter, where the group are cornered by the pirates; Using a back door, Jim, B.E.N. and Morph return to the ship in an effort to recover the map.
Scroop attacks them, but ends up falling into the abyss.
The group obtain the map, but end up being caught by Silver (who has captured Doppler and Amelia) when they return.
Silver coerces Jim into using the map, which can open a portal to any location in the universe, which leads Jim to realize this was how Flint conducted his raids.
The portal to Treasure Planet is opened, and the group discover the planet is a giant space station which Flint commandeered in order to store his loot.
As the pirates prepare to collect the loot, Jim finds Flint's skeleton, holding the missing piece of B.E.N.'s cognitive computer.
After reinserting it, B.E.N. immediately remembers that Flint rigged the planet to explode upon the treasure's discovery.
As the planet falls apart, Silver, in a desperate attempt not to leave emptyhanded, tries to escape on a boat loaded with treasure, but sacrifices the treasure to save Jim.
The survivors escape to the ship, but it is damaged and becomes unable to leave the planet in time.
Jim rigs a rocket-powered sailboard, and rides ahead of the ship to the portal.
At the last moment, Jim sets the portal to the Montressor Spaceport, and he and the crew clear the destruction.
Jim discovers Silver has escaped below decks.
Jim allows Silver to leave, and Silver gives Jim Morph, as well as providing him some of the treasure he rescued before the planet's destruction to help him rebuild the Benbow Inn; as he leaves, Silver tells Jim he will "rattle the stars".
Amelia offers Jim a recommendation to the Interstellar Academy, before he returns to the spaceport to reunite with his mother.
Sometime later, a celebration is held at the rebuilt Inn; Doppler and Amelia marry and have children, and Jim becomes a military cadet.
During the party, Jim sees an image of Silver in the clouds, smiling proudly.
Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Jim Hawkins
Brian Murray as Long John Silver
Emma Thompson as Captain Amelia
Martin Short as B.E.N
Michael Wincott as Scroop, an alien-like creature
David Hyde Pierce as Doctor Delbert Doppler
Roscoe Lee Browne as Mr Arrow.
Laurie Metcalf as Sarah Hawkins
Patrick McGoohan as Billy Bones, this was Patrick McGoohan's last film role before his death in 2009
Dane A. Davis as Morph
Corey Burton as Onus
Michael McShane as Hands
Rodger Bumpass as Turnbuckle
Phil Proctor, Jan Rabson, Joe Ranft and Steve Susskind as Pirates
Peter Cullen as Captain Flint
Several Treasure Planet video games were released.
In October 2002, Disney Interactive released the naval strategy game Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon for the PC, while in November, Sony Computer Entertainment released two separate Treasure Planet action video games for the PlayStation (developed by Magenta Software) and PlayStation 2 (developed by Bizarre Creations).
Bizarre Creations used Softimage's XSI engine for modeling, texturing and animation, and released a Making-of video on their Facebook page in 2008.
A Game Boy Advance game based on the film was also released.
A series of games collectively called Disney's Treasure Planet: Training Academy (or Disney's Treasure Planet Collection) was also released in 2002.
It was composed of three games (Broadside Blast, Treasure Racer, and Etherium Rescue), and players with all three games could unlock a fourth game (Ship Shape).
Triva
Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth is a hamlet in the United Kingdom.
It is in Lincolnshire, England.
It is 100 miles north of London.
It is the town where scientist Sir Isaac Newton was born.
Newton was born and lived at Woolsthorpe Manor, which is a small farm house.
The apple tree which made him think about gravity can still be seen in the garden.
It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, Edward Everett and Joseph Smith.
It started in upstate New York in the 1790s, but spread to New England and the Midwest.
During the Second Great Awakening, thousands of people gathered at large religious meetings called revivals.
The people of the Second Great Awakening thought they could bring about a Golden Age in America through religion.
The Second Great Awakening led to new religious movements such as the Holiness Movement and the Mormons, and helped groups like the Methodist Church grow.
One of these was the Temperance Movement, which believed that drinking alcohol was not good for society.
The other was abolitionism, which wanted to end slavery.
People such as Harriet Beecher Stowe and William Lloyd Garrison wrote books and newspapers about how slavery should stop.
They formed political movements, including the Liberty Party, the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party (United States).
The Black Hawk War was a war between the Indians under command of Chief Black Hawk and American settlers on the frontier in 1832.
It took place mostly in Illinois and Wisconsin.
Several small battles were fought, including the Battle of Stillman's Run and the Battle of Bad Axe.
During the War, dozens of Americans and hundreds of Indians were killed.
Many more Americans died of cholera and other diseases than died in battle.
After the War, the Sac, Fox and Kickapoo Indians lost most of their land in Illinois and Wisconsin.
Both future Union President Abraham Lincoln and future Confederate President Jefferson Davis fought in the Black Hawk War, both on the side of the Union.
19th century in Illinois
19th century in Wisconsin
The Populist Movement, also known as the People's Party was a movement in late-19th century America.
It grew out of groups such as the Grange Movement.