the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Popeye's unique and commonly used design is one that is immediately recognizable, being always depicted as a gruff-looking yet skinny sailor with a large cleft chin, a single eye, a mostly bald head and very large forearms with anchor tattoos, while his outfit normally consists of a black dress shirt with a red neckline and sleeves with blue edges along with blue pants, brown shoes and a sailor's cap.
During his first introduction in Thimble Theatre, Popeye's appearance was not too different from his current one, the only difference being that his nose was noticeably larger, his chin was slimmer and his forearms were less round and more angular (and also a bit hairy), but as Segar's talent continued to grow, the design would change to match the well known sailor seen today.
This design would be his most iconic and most used depiction used in many media, and most notably the first piece of Popeye animated media by Fleischer Studios.
Following the attack of Pearl Harbor in 1941 by the Japanese which made the US take part in World War II, Popeye's design remained unchanged, however, in the cartoons he was now made a member of the U. S. Navy and given the appropriate naval attire, consisting of the standard white uniform with a black neckerchief, black shoes and a small Navy cap.
He would continue to wear this outfit until the mid-1960s.
During his Famous Studios run, Popeye's eyes were also slightly enlarged to look a bit more realistic rather than looking like black dots, and he was also portrayed as having two eyes in both Famous Studios and the 60s television series, which would occasionally be seen in several shorts.
When Bud Sagendorf began the Popeye comics in 1948, Popeye's design was changed to resemble his classic look but while still wearing his Navy cap from the war.
His eyes were also changed back to their black dot appearance.
His chin was also further enlarged with only a few minor changes due to Sagendorf's own unique art style.
This design would continue to be used by Sagendorf's successors in Popeye comics, such as George Wildman, Bobby London and several others throughout the 70s, 80s and future newspaper comic strips depending on the artist, with Segar and Sagendorf's designs usually being interchanged.
Sagendorf's design was also used in other 70s media and two cartoons, The All-New Popeye Hour and Popeye and Son.
Since the end of Popeye and Son, media and merchandise (outside the occasional comics) would continue to portray Popeye with his classic look or his Sagendorf design regularly, and only rarely using his Navy look.
Drawing the character
Popeye's appearance is always the most difficult for cartoonists to duplicate because, as Sagendorf once pointed out, there is nothing normal about it.
Sagendorf went on to admit that after approximately a year of attempting to do so as Segar's apprentice, he had to ask Segar to draw the character for him; he explained, "It turned out that if you didn't draw the eyebrows and eyes first, the nose second, the head third and the chin last, you were dead."
Popeye is a rough and tough sailor with a heart of gold who always does what he can for others and always doing what he thinks is best.
He is brave and compassionate, as he will not back down against any foe and give them all he has got, but his compassionate nature makes it so he always tries to "defends the weakerist", as he cannot stand seeing the weak and helpless get abused.
He also has a fondness for "poor dumb animals" and, similarly, cannot stand to see any animal being hurt for no reason.
But he also has no patience for violent beasts who attack defenseless people or other animals for no justifiable reason, and he will be quick to turn them into mincemeat for their hotheadedness.
Being a sailor, he has a love for adventure and the sea, and will not pass up the chance to find new mysteries, lost treasures and grand adventures.
While he is usually a treasure hunter of sorts, he is not greedy and always does his best to share with others and encourage others to do the same.
Popeye has a dislike for things like monsters, ghosts and other such terrors, having faced several himself in his life time and would even pretend they do not exist, as seeing them terrifies him greatly, but he always manages to muster the courage to face off against any foe.
Popeye's favorite food is spinach, and he always tries to encourage others to eat this healthy vegetable as it is a great source of "strength and vitality."
He loves his sweetheart Olive Oyl dearly despite their rough start and will go to any lengths to keep her safe and make her happy, showing that he is a very chivalrous and romantic man, despite his rough, tough and gruff nature.
Birth and early life
Popeye was born the son of Poopdeck Pappy and an unnamed woman in a typhoon in Santa Monica (with Popeye erroneously claiming to have been born at 2 or 3 years of age).
Shortly after his birth, his father Poopdeck left home and was never seen again, and his mother's fate was unknown, leaving the young Popeye an "orphink" to be raised by an orphanage keeper who gave him the ID number of 185,764.
As an infant, Popeye already had his signature pipe, presumably given to him by his father before leaving, and would only take it out of his mouth for his morning bottles of malted hardtack.
As far as he could remember, little Popeye was impressed by early home training and exercised as soon as he was able, but avoided getting into serious fights until he was 4 years of age, where he had finally had enough of his orphanage keeper and let him have it.
After this incident, it seemed as though Popeye's keeper became impressed with the child and decided to enter him in contests (similar to dog shows) where the young Popeye became a prize baby in many shows and always took great pride in his Bertillon measurements.
Eventually, the orphan Popeye would fall on hard times upon leaving the orphanage, and was forced to wear flour sacks for clothes, but happily, the luckless lad was taken in by Whaler Joe at the docks, who even bought the young lad a new pipe and a fascinating straw hat with a radio antenna on it.
At six years of age, Popeye began to fulfill his promise of taking his exercising more seriously and started devoting himself to fights with the local bullies, easily laying his foes among the geranium flowerbeds, always promising to do so and never breaking his word.
With Popeye around, the local bullies did not need the aid of any pliers or doorknobs to get rid of those useless bicuspids thanks to Popeye's left-right to the jaw.
As Popeye's notoriety grew among the children, he inadvertently became a factor for good in discouraging his fellow rough-dock kids from crapshooting, doing so by being too good at the game himself, as he always got 18 straight passes when he rolled the dice.
Despite his love of crapshooting, Popeye would be forced to sell his beloved dice for the lead in them after his guardian Whaler Joe fell on tough times.
One day, Popeye set out on a boat with nothing but a bent pin and a spool of thread in hopes of helping his guardian by catching whales for him.
Unfortunately, upon reaching the whale pod, Popeye realized he was grievously ill-prepared against the giant sea beasts who thrashed about his little vessel as they let out a loud horselaugh, which made Popeye respond with a quick tempered "Blow me down, you-!"-- but before he could finish, the whales suddenly stopped.
It was then that the largest whale, deeply offended, got on little Popeye's vessel and sprayed him with a mighty jet of water.
This action infuriated the young Popeye so heavily that his anger became pure strength; he quickly got back on his feet and punched whale with all his might, instantly killing the proud alpha and proceeded to take on the rest of the pod.
A triumphant little Popeye then returned home with a nice string of whales for Whaler Joe that night.
Teenage Years and the Path of the Sailor
Upon reaching the age of 12, Popeye had startled everyone he knew by the sheer fact that he was now like a full-grown man, puberty having hit him hard as he now had to shave after every meal and he even had muscles so tough that they could be used as grindstones, with Popeye even renting out his forearms for just that purpose for some extra side cash.
It was around this time that Popeye finally (but unknowingly) set out to sea, having been shanghaied onto a crew one night after some bilge rat put a mickey in his "sodie pop" to knock him out.
After he woke, he found himself aboard the Josie Lee with a new crew bossing him around, so he decided to slip a "mickey" himself to everyone in the crew with his fists, including the captain.
It was then that the Josie Lee began to drift out to sea and after a few days, Popeye realized that he liked this style of living and would go on to devote his life to that of the sailor's way, deciding to join the crew of the Josie Lee and begin practicing his "sailor's walk" from then on.
Popeye then dedicated himself to sailing the seas, looking for fights and new adventure, as well as any clue to the whereabouts of his long-lost Pappy.
The One-Eyed Sailor
As the twelve-year old Popeye set off on his first voyage, he would end up losing the vision of his right eye in "the mos' arful battle" of his life.
One fateful night, Popeye had just finished shooting craps with his five mates, who laid beaten on the deck of the Josie Lee with all their money on Popeye's side.
It was then that the monstrous and bloodthirsty cook of the ship, an evil, beast-like man simply known as "The Ape," stepped forth, having had enough of Popeye's winning streak.
Popeye knew a fight was inevitable and shouted out a "Blow me down!"
before promising to lay the monster man "among the swee'peas" (the sweet pea flowerbed) as his resting place.
However, the naive young boy (who always kept his promises no matter what) realized that there was not a single flowerbed of "swee'peas" in sight, with the exception of a bed of sunflowers on the ship.
The flustered Popeye kept looking around the boat with his good peepers for any sign of a flowerbed to keep his word on, but before he knew it, "The Ape" pounced on the unsuspecting rookie sailor and a fierce onslaught ensued with The Ape showing no mercy and laying down a gruesome punishment on the sailor, with Popeye never being able to see another flowerbed with that one peeper of his again.
From then on, those at sea would refer to Popeye as "Pop-Eye", after his popped eye.
Despite this gruesome defeat, Popeye did not weaken or falter and only became more dangerous from the experience, and he quickly recuperated and continued his service as a sailor on the Josie Lee, continuing to make his regular nightly rounds, winding the anchor watch, always staying in front of the mast so he could say "Blow me down!"
when the wind hit the sails and always keeping his fists tough while walloping his foes with only his left fist, for if he used his right fist, he would be unable to control his strength without obliterating his opponent due to not having his right eye to be in synch with his fist anymore.
In those days, one had to be a brave or foolish mariner to incur Popeye's wrath.
It was around this time that the teenaged Popeye started embracing a chivalrous oath of gallantry, possibly due to the mature nature of his shipmates, with him often refusing to involve himself in the haughty and lewd conversations they had about fair maidens.
His chivalry reached its peak one day when an albatross landed on the deck of the Josie Lee.
The hapless little bird was suddenly grasped by none other than the ship's cook, "The Ape", who hoped to make some "Off" out of the poor bird.
Popeye then noticed that the small bird was wearing a pair of tiny lady's shoes, making him realize that this albatross was a lady bird, or "Albatress", as he called her.
Popeye then wound up his fist and let "The Ape" have it with a mighty blow to the jaw (while also unintentionally getting a revenge of sorts).
With the little female albatross now saved, Popeye apologetically bowed before the little bird and said "maybe you is somebody's sister, tha's a fack!
Nobody but a criminal would do a hurt to anybody's sister!",
and the little bird happily went on her way.
The Mary Ann
Around the age of 14, when ships were wood and men were iron, young Popeye became a member of the Sea Dog Club for sailors, where he would meet his good friend Bill Barnacle.
The two would then join the crew of the Mary Ann for an unknown voyage.
On a dark night, the Mary Ann began ringing in an ominous and unusual tone not unlike the sound of bones and skeletons moving when suddenly the moon became blood red.
The two shocked sailors could only look on in horror as they saw numerous indescribable beasts clinging to the side of the Mary Ann, led by a sinister being.
The next morning, the duo and their skipper found five of the crew missing with no trace of them left behind.
All that was known was that their frightening encounter aboard the "Ol' Mary Ann" would forever remind the duo of the all-true horrors that exist within the seas.
Dice Island
Later in life (at the presumed age of around 34 according to Bud Sagendorf), Popeye would offer his seafaring services at local ports; it was there he would eventually meet the ever-ambitious Castor Oyl and his sidekick Ham Gravy, who sought Popeye's services in order to travel to the gambling paradise of Dice Island and make it big using the luck-enhancing powers of their mysterious pet, Bernice the Whiffle Hen, and through them he would meet Castor's sister, Olive Oyl who at first was not too fond of the sailor and vice versa.
Even her first words to him were harsh: "Take your hooks offa me or I'll lay ya in a scupper", and they fought bitterly---and hilariously---for months until finally realizing their feelings for each other.
It was at this point that Olive left her womanizing fiancee Ham Gravy to be with the gruff sailor she loved.
Since then, Popeye and Olive have remained almost inseparable and happily in love.
"I Yam What I Yam"
"Swee'Pea's Lullaby"
"Blow Me Down!"
"Sailin'"
"I'm Popeye the Sailor Man"
Popeye in other media
The character has been adapted into different forms of media, including animated, live-action movies, TV shows, video games, and action figures.
William Costello (a.k.a.
Red Pepper Sam) from 1933 to 1935
Jack Mercer from 1935 until his death in 1984
Jackson Beck during the brief time Jack Mercer served in World War II
Mae Questel from 1945 to 1946
Harry Welch from 1945 to 1947
Maurice LaMarche from 1985 to 1990
Billy West in from 2004 to 2006
Floyd Buckley (radio)
Dave Coulier (Robot Chicken)
Jim Cummings (commercials)
Robin Williams (live-action film)
Tom Kenny (2014 animation test)
Astrophysics is the study of how stars, planets and other things in the Universe work, and how we can learn about them.
Astrophysicists use physics to explain what astronomers find and see.
Astrophysics is also the study of how the Universe started and how it is changing with time.
This part of astrophysics is called cosmology.
For a long time bodies in the sky seemed to be unchanging spheres moving in a circle.
But on Earth growth and decay happened, and natural motion was in a straight line.
Therefore, people thought the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found on Earth.
When they were able to work out how the planets moved, the science of astrophysics was born.
Sir Isaac Newton realized that the same rules of mechanics that he had found on the surface of the Earth also could be used to predict how the planets moved.
He said, "As above, so below."
By this, he meant that we can study how things work on this planet to find out how things work in space.
Later scientists found that by looking at the light from stars, they were able to work out what they were made from.
This process is called spectroscopy.
Types of astrophysics
Observational astrophysics is like astronomy.
Like astronomers, observational astrophysicists use telescopes to study the Universe, but observational astrophysicists study the physics of what they see to explain the Universe.
Optical astronomy
Ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma ray astronomy using space telescopes
Theoretical astrophysics uses information from astronomers, theories and mathematics to explain how the Universe works.
Cosmology is a type of theoretical astrophysics.
Problems investigated include:
Solar System formation and evolution
Star formation and evolution
Galaxy formation and evolution
large-scale structure of matter in the universe
Origin of cosmic rays
Evolution of the universe
Hydrodynamics is used for mathematically modelling how gases behave.
Strong magnetic fields found around many bodies can drastically change how these gases behave, affecting things from star formation to the flows of gases around compact stars.
This makes MHD an important and useful tool.
Other fields
Word order is part of syntax, which is part of grammar.
Word order may be different in different languages.
For example, English "I play tennis only sometimes" would be in German Ich spiele nur manchmal Tennis, literally "I play only sometimes tennis".
In Norwegian, the same sentence would be Jeg spiller bare tennis noen ganger ("I play tennis only sometimes").
In Portuguese, the sentence could be Eu só jogo tênis algumas vezes ("I only play tennis sometimes), but word order can be changed to Eu jogo tênis só algumas vezes ("I play tennis only sometimes").
However, Eu jogo só tênis algumas vezes is not allowed ("I play only tennis sometimes") because the meaning would be changed.
Subject-verb-object
In English, a simple sentence with a verb (an action), subject (who or what is doing the action), and an object (to whom or what the action is done) is written with a subject-verb-object word order (SVO).
For example, in the sentence "Robert opens the door", "Robert" is the subject, "opens" is the verb and "door" is the object.
SVO is the second-most common word order among all languages and is used in 42% of them.
Examples are Mandarin Chinese, Bahasa Melayu, Bahasa Indonesia, Spanish, French, Italian, Thai and Vietnamese.
While some of the above languages can use other word orders, such as SOV and VSO, they use SVO for the simplest sentences.
In other languages, sentences can use other word orders.
Consider Robert opens the door.
In English, changing the word order to "The door opens Robert" would change the meaning of the sentence.
In Latin, however, Robertus ianuam aperit and ianuam Robertus aperit mean the same.
Ianuam is in the accusative case and so it is the direct object and Robertus the subject.
Changing the cases of the words, however, to Robertem ianua aperit would change the meaning of the sentence: ianua is now in the nominative case and so it is the subject and Robertum the object.
Subject-object-verb
The subject-object-verb (SOV) word order is the one that is used by the greatest number of distinct languages, 45% of them.
It is especially common in the theoretical language family that is known as the Altaic language family, which includes many languages such as Japanese, Korean, Mongolian and the Turkic languages.
In Japanese, for example, a simple sentence uses SOV.
In other words, the sentence "Robert opens the door" becomes "Robert the door opens".
Such languages often use postpositions, which act like prepositions but appear after content words rather than before them, to show the role of a word in the sentence.
The sample sentence "Robert opens the door" would be in Japanese ロバートはドアを開ける Robāto-wa doa-o akeru in which は wa as in ロバートは Robāto-wa shows that ロバート Robāto (Robert) is the topic of the sentence, and を o as in ドアを doa-o shows that ドア doa is the direct object of the sentence.
Around 45% of all languages are SOV languages.
Verb-subject-object
The verb-subject-object (VSO) word order is the third-most common word order in world languages.
There are far fewer VSO languages than SVO and SOV languages, and only 9% of them are VSO.
Language groups in which VSO is common include Afroasiatic languages, such as Arabic, Hebrew and Aramaic, and Celtic languages, such as Irish, Welsh and Cornish.
In VSO languages, "Robert opens the door" would be "Opens Robert the door".
Spanish sentences are usually SVO, but VSO is also common.
In Spanish, the example above  can be as Roberto abre la puerta (Robert opens the door) or Abre Roberto la puerta (Opens Robert the door).
Aside from SVO, SOV, and VSO, other kinds of word orders are rather uncommon.
VOS word order makes up at around 3% of all languages, and languages that begin with the object (OVS and OSV) are extremely few, each around 1-0% percent each.
George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924 – November 30, 2018) was an American politician and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993.
Before he became president, he was the 43rd vice president from 1981 to 1989 (under the Ronald Reagan administration), an ambassador to the United Nations, a congressman, and Director of Central Intelligence.
He was married to Barbara Bush from 1945 until her death in 2018.
His children include the 43rd president of the United States George W. Bush, former governor of Florida Jeb Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch.
Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, and raised in Greenwich, Connecticut.
He attended Phillips Academy before serving in the United States Navy Reserve during World War II.
After the war, he graduated from Yale and moved to Texas, starting a successful oil company.
He entered politics in the 1960s, first running for the US Senate in 1964, but lost the election.
In 1966, he ran for the House of Representatives and won.
Five years later, in 1971, President Richard Nixon appointed Bush to become the Ambassador of the United Nations, then chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1973.
In 1974, President Gerald Ford appointed him as Chief of the Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China, then in 1976 Bush became the Director of Central Intelligence.
In 1980, Bush ran for president, but lost the nomination to Ronald Reagan.
However, Reagan chose Bush to be his vice presidential running mate.
Eight years later, in 1988, Bush ran for president again, defeating Democrat Michael Dukakis.
During his presidency, Bush led the United States through the end of the Cold War.
He presided over the invasion of Panama and the Gulf War.
He also signed the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which did not allow discrimination to disabled people.
Bush signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (also called NAFTA), which went into effect in 1994.
He appointed David Souter and Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court.
Although he promised not to raise taxes, he did so in order to help make the budget deficit smaller (when the government spends more money than it makes.)
He ran for reelection in 1992, but lost to Democrat Bill Clinton.
After his presidency ended in 1993, Bush did activities that helped other people.
He did this alongside Bill Clinton, his former rival.
In 2000, his son, George W. Bush, was elected president of the United States.
Another son, Jeb Bush, was elected governor of Florida in 1998.
Jeb tried to run for president in 2016, but did not win the nomination.
On November 25, 2017, Bush became, at the time, the longest-lived U.S. president.
He passed the 93 years and 165 days lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died on December 26, 2006.
Bush is ranked as an above-average president.
Bush was born on June 12, 1924 in 173 Adam Street, Milton, Massachusetts.
His father was politician Prescott Bush.
He studied at Yale University.
In June 1943, Bush became the youngest pilot in the United States Navy at the time.
Bush served in the United States Navy from 1942 until 1945.
During WWII, his plane was shot down.
He won the Air Medal, Presidential Unit Citation, and the Distinguished Flying Cross.
He married Barbara Pierce in 1945.
He was later a House Representative.
He was also Republican Party Chairman and tried the vice presidency, with the support of such Congressional conservatives as Senator Barry Goldwater after Nixon resigned and Ford took office, but lost to liberal Republican Nelson Rockefeller in 1974.
In 1980, Bush also ran against Ronald Reagan for the Republican Party's candidacy for President but lost.
He was then named Republican Vice Presidential candidate by Reagan after Reagan defeated him.
Reagan and Bush were elected President and Vice President that year.
During World War II, Bush was a crewman on a TBM Avenger.
He had survived many crashes and sunk a Japanese ship.
He later became a diplomat and head of the CIA.
Presidency, 1989–93
After being Ronald Reagan's vice president, Bush was elected president in 1988 by defeating Michael Dukakis.
While he was president, the Cold War ended and the Soviet Union fell apart.
He was known for his failed promise speech "Read my lips: no new taxes".
In 1990, Bush's off-hand comments about broccoli caused a minor political controversy.
In 1992, he visited Kiichi Miyazawa when he vomited on his lap and soon fainted during a dinner feast.
Hours later, Bush made a comment that he was suffering from the flu.
When Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in order to steal their supplies of oil, Bush led the United States and many other countries to protect Kuwait.
The conflict was called the Gulf War.
He also invaded Panama to remove Manuel Noreiga, who was guilty of drug trafficking.
At his home, Bush also signed in important laws, such as the Americans With Disabilities Act.
However, the country suffered from a recession.
This was embarrassing, and many people believe this was the reason he lost the presidential election of 1992 to Bill Clinton.
Bush resided on a ranch in Houston, Texas with his family.
After his presidency, he supported John McCain and his son George W. Bush.
He supported Mitt Romney and Rick Perry for president.
He attended the opening of the USS George H.W. Bush, a naval ship named after him.
He traveled with his son to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.
He was present at his son's presidential library opening ceremony on April 25, 2013.
In July 2013, Bush had his head shaved in a show of support for the two-year-old son of a member of his security detail, who had leukemia.
He is the most recent president that was a veteran during World War II.
He was the father of George W. Bush, Jeb Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch.
He had two other sons; his other daughter Robin died of leukemia in 1953; his father (also a politician) was Prescott Bush.
On April 13, 2013, he became a great-grandfather when his granddaughter Jenna Bush Hager gave birth to a daughter.
Bush was an Episcopalian.
On November 23, 2012, Bush had a bronchitis-like cough that initially brought him to Methodist Hospital in Houston for treatment.
He was supposed to be released before Christmas, but was kept in and over the holiday because he got worse with a high fever.
On December 23, 2012, he started to be in the intensive-care unit.
On December 29, 2012, his health improved and moved out of intensive care.
He was discharged in the hospital on January 14, 2013.
On December 23, 2014, Bush was once again hospitalized at the Methodist Hospital after suffering a "shortness of breath".
He was released from the hospital on December 30, 2014.
On July 15, 2015, Bush fell at his home in Kennebunkport, Maine and broke a vertebra in his neck.
Bush died on November 30, 2018 at his home in Houston from Parkinson's-related complications, aged 94.
A state funeral was held at the Washington National Cathedral.
Tributes and condolences were offered by former Presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, and then-current President Donald Trump.
He lied in state in the United States Capitol and was buried next to his wife at the George Bush Presidential Library.
Since Bush had the same first and last names as his son, he was often called George H. W. Bush or George Bush Sr. (
George Bush senior).
Some people call him "41" or "Bush 41" because he was the 41st President.
Comments on broccoli
The President made this comment in 1990, shortly after a journalist from the U.S. News and World Report broke the story that Bush banned the vegetable from Air Force One.
George S. Dunlop, President of the United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association, gave First Lady Barbara Bush a bouquet of the vegetable an additional 10 tons in trucks.
A few days afterwards, Bush hosted a state dinner to honor Tadeusz Mazowiecki, the Prime Minister of Poland, and journalists noted there was no broccoli on the menu, as most of the 10 tons of broccoli given to the President's family by the farmers had been donated to the Capital Area Food Bank.
Bush Presidential Library and Museum
Note: Contains only Bush's 1990 State of the Union address
Essays on Bush and His Administration
The President Who Treated Me Like A Son, brief memoir by his personal aide
Photographs of President George H. W. Bush shaking hands with Philip G. Hoffman at a University of Houston commencement ceremony.
George Bush  at C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
Bush, George H. W. and Jim McGrath.
George H. W. Bush Oral History  (Directory entry ), Houston Oral History Project, July 2009.
Houston Public Library Digital Archives.
The Presidents: George H.W. Bush An American Experience Documentary
United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Businesspeople from Houston, Texas
Lawyers from Houston
United States representatives from Texas
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
People from Milton, Massachusetts
Politicians from Houston, Texas
Ohio is one of the 50 states in the United States.
Its capital is Columbus.
Columbus is also the largest city in Ohio.
Some famous people from Ohio include golfer Jack Nicklaus, Wilbur and Orville Wright, astronauts John Glenn and Neil Armstrong, authors Sherwood Anderson and Toni Morrison, and actors Clark Gable and Katie Holmes.
There have also been seven American presidents from Ohio: Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft, Warren G. Harding.
Ohio is important in elections because it is a swing state.
Candidates often campaign a lot there and prior to 2020, the last time they voted for the losing candidate was 1960.
Also, no Republican has ever won the presidency without carrying this state.
Ohio has both farmland and cities, and there is a lot of discrimination against black people.
It is a part of the Midwest.
Ohio is the 7th most populated state in the United States of America.
Ohio borders Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia, and it shares a water border with Ontario, Canada.
Western Ohio is mostly flat farmland, with some hills.
Southern and Southeastern Ohio is near the Appalachian Mountains, and is the most mountainous part of the state.
Most of this area is covered by forests.
This part of Ohio is home to the Ohio River, the Wayne National Forest, and the Hocking Hills, which has waterfalls and canyons.
Central Ohio is mostly rolling hills, and is home to Columbus.
Northeast Ohio is dominated by the Lake Erie coast and has a mix of cities and countryside.
For many years, industry and manufacturing was the biggest part of Ohio's economy.
Youngstown was a big steel producer, as was Cleveland.
Other manufacturing - including the car industry - was a major factor across the state.
Since the 1970s, industry has shrank in Ohio, but it is still a big part of the local economy.
Today, other businesses are more prominent.
Cleveland is one of the biggest hubs for Healthcare, and its main hospital, the famous Cleveland Clinic, is the largest employer in the region.
Banking is also a major business, and foods and retail are too.
Cincinnati plays host to the headquarters of Fifth Third Bank, Cintas, Kroger, Luxottica, Procter & Gamble and Macy's, whereas, Columbus hosts the headquarters of LBrands, JPMorgan Chase, Huntington Bank, Rogue Fitness, Wendy's, Big Lots, Cardinal Health and Nationwide Insurance.
In addition The J.M. Smucker Company and Key Bank are also based in Ohio.
1803 establishments in the United States
A description of things or people from the European country of Greece
A description of things or people from one of the ancient European city-states of Ancient Greece
Greeks, the people of Greece
The Greek language, the language people speak in Greece
Koine Greek, the language of the New Testament, spoken at the time of Christ
Ancient Greek language, the language spoken in Ancient Greece
The Greek alphabet, the alphabet people use to write those languages
The principle of relativity, which was originally thought up by Galileo Galilei, and later used by Albert Einstein as one of the important postulates (like rules) of the theory of relativity.
The theory of relativity itself, which has two parts: special relativity and general relativity.
In 300 BCE, Greek philosopher Aristotle thought that heavy objects fall faster than objects that are not heavy.
The natural science of Aristotle was most popular in Western thought for 2,000 years.
In 1600, Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei proved that all objects fall with the same acceleration.
Therefore, the longer an object moves with constant acceleration the faster its final velocity is.
Also, if different objects each having a different mass are dropped from rest (initial velocity is zero) at the same height in a vacuum, they will all hit the ground at the same velocity regardless of their mass.
The experimental discoveries of Galileo and the Laws of Motion developed mathematically by Newton gave birth to modern science.
Galileo's principle of relativity states "It is impossible by mechanical means to say whether we are moving or staying at rest".
If two trains are moving at the same speed in the same direction, then a passenger in either train will not be able to notice that either train is moving.
However, if the passenger takes a fixed frame of reference, a fixed point, like the earth, he will then be able to notice the motion of either train.
Another thing, if one stands on the earth one will not be able to see that it is moving.
This principle is just taken from observation.
For example, if we are travelling by airplane at a constant speed, we can walk through the inside of the airplane without noticing anything special.
From a practical point of view, this means that Newton's laws of motion are valid in all inertial systems, which means those at rest or those moving with constant speed relative to one considered at rest.
This is the law of inertia: a body at rest continues at rest and a body in motion continues in motion in a straight line unless influenced by an external force.
A Galilean coordinate system is one where the law of inertia is valid.
The laws of mechanics of Galileo and Newton are valid in a Galilean coordinate system.
If K is a Galilean coordinate system, then every other system K' is a Galilean coordinate system if it lies at rest or moves according to the law of inertia relative to K. Relative to K', the mechanical laws of Galileo and Newton are as valid as they are relative to K.
If, relative to K, K' is a coordinate
system moving according to the law of
inertia and is devoid of rotation, then
the laws of nature obey the same general
principles in K' as they do in K. This
statement is known as the Principle of
Therefore, if we want to observe an effect in a moving system at constant speed, we can apply the Newton laws directly.
If the moving system speeds up (or we speed up relative to it, like looking at the stars from the earth) then we will have to introduce imaginary forces to compensate this effect.
Newton's Laws of Motion are mechanically accurate for speeds that are slow compared with the velocity of light.
For speeds that approach the speed of light, it is necessary to apply the discoveries of Einstein's  Special Theory of Relativity.
In order to describe what happens mechanically in the universe, physicists use mass, length and time.
In the physics of Galileo and Newton, these quantities remain the same throughout the universe.
Special relativity (or the special theory of relativity) is a theory in physics that was developed and explained by Albert Einstein in 1905.
It applies to all physical phenomena, so long as gravitation is not significant.
Special relativity applies to Minkowski space, or "flat spacetime" (phenomena which are not influenced by gravitation).
Einstein knew that some weaknesses  had been discovered in older physics.
For example, older physics thought light moved in luminiferous aether.
Various tiny effects were expected if this theory were true.
Gradually it seemed these predictions were not going to work out.
Eventually, Einstein (1905) drew the conclusion that the concepts of space and time needed a fundamental revision.
The result was special relativity theory, which brought together a new principle "the constancy of the speed of light"  and the previously established "principle of relativity".
Galileo had already established the principle of relativity, which said that physical events must look the same to all observers, and no observer has the "right" way to look at the things studied by physics.
For example, the Earth is moving very fast around the Sun, but we do not notice it because we are moving with the Earth at the same speed; therefore, from our point of view, the Earth is at rest.
However, Galileo's math could not explain some things, such as the speed of light.
According to him, the measured speed of light should be different for different speeds of the observer in comparison with its source.
However, the Michelson-Morley experiment showed that this is not true, at least not for all cases.
Einstein's theory of special relativity explained this among other things.
Basics of special relativity
Suppose that you are moving toward something that is moving toward you.
If you measure its speed, it will seem to be moving faster than if you were not moving.
Now suppose you are moving away from something that is moving toward you.
If you measure its speed again, it will seem to be moving more slowly.
This is the idea of "relative speed"—the speed of the object relative to you.
Before Albert Einstein, scientists were trying to measure the "relative speed" of light.
They were doing this by measuring the speed of star light reaching the Earth.
They expected that if the Earth was moving toward a star, the light from that star should seem faster than if the Earth was moving away from that star.
However, they noticed that no matter who performed the experiments, where the experiments were performed, or what star light was used, the measured speed of light in a vacuum was always the same.
Einstein said this happens because there is something unexpected about length and duration, or how long something lasts.
He thought that as Earth moves through space, all measurable durations change very slightly.
Any clock used to measure a duration will be wrong by exactly the right amount so that the speed of light remains the same.
Imagining a "light clock" allows us to better understand this remarkable fact for the case of a single light wave.
Also, Einstein said that as Earth moves through space, all measurable lengths change (ever so slightly).
Any device measuring length will give a length off by exactly the right amount so that the speed of light remains the same.
The most difficult thing to understand is that events that appear to be simultaneous in one frame may not be simultaneous in another.
This has many effects that are not easy to perceive or understand.
Since the length of an object is the distance from head to tail at one simultaneous moment, it follows that if two observers disagree about what events are simultaneous then this will affect (sometimes dramatically) their measurements of the length of objects.
Furthermore, if a line of clocks appear synchronized to a stationary observer and appear to be out of sync to that same observer after accelerating to a certain velocity then it follows that during the acceleration the clocks ran at different speeds.
Some may even run backwards.
This line of reasoning leads to general relativity.
Other scientists before Einstein had written about light seeming to go the same speed no matter how it was observed.
What made Einstein's theory so revolutionary is that it considers the measurement of the speed of light to be constant by definition, in other words it is a law of nature.
This has the remarkable implications that speed-related measurements, length and duration, change in order to accommodate this.
The Lorentz transformations
To define the transformations we use a Cartesian coordinate system to mathematically describe the time and space of "events".
Each observer can describe an event as the position of something in space at a certain time, using coordinates (x,y,z,t).
The location of the event is defined in the first three coordinates (x,y,z) in relation to an arbitrary center (0,0,0) so that (3,3,3) is a diagonal going 3 units of distance (like meters or miles) out in each direction.
The time of the event is described with the fourth coordinate t in relation to an arbitrary (0) point in time in some unit of time (like seconds or hours or years).
Let there be an observer K  who describes when events occur with a time coordinate t, and who describes where events occur with spatial coordinates x, y, and z.
Let us specify that the time of an event is given: by the time that it is observed t(observed) (say today, at 12 o'clock) minus the time that it took for the observation to reach the observer.
This can be calculated as the distance from the observer to the event d(observed) (say the event is on a star which is 1 light year away, so it takes the light 1 year to reach the observer) divided by c, the speed of light (several million miles per hour), which we define as being the same for all observers.
This is correct because distance, divided by speed gives the time it takes to go that distance at that speed (e.g. 30 miles divided by 10 mph: give us 3 hours, because if you go at 10 mph for 3 hours, you reach 30 miles).
So we have:
This is mathematically defining what any "time" means for any observer.
Now with these definitions in place, let there be another observer K'  who is
moving along the x axis of K at a rate of v,
has a spatial coordinate system of x' , y' , and z' ,
where x axis is coincident with the x axis,
and with the y' and z' axes - "always being parallel" to the y and z axes.
This means that when K' gives a location like (3,1,2), the x (which is 3 in this example) is the same place that K, the first observer would be talking about, but the 1 on the y axis or the 2 on the z axis are only parallel to some location on the K' observer's coordinate system,
where K and K' ' are coincident at t = t' = 0
This means that the coordinate (0,0,0,0) is the same event for both observers.
In other words, both observers have (at least) one time and location that they both agree on, which is location and time zero.
The Lorentz Transformations then are
Define an event to have spacetime coordinates  in system S and  in a reference frame moving at a velocity v with respect to that frame, S′. Then the Lorentz transformation specifies that these coordinates are related in the following way:
is the Lorentz factor and c is the speed of light in vacuum, and the velocity v of S′ is parallel to the x-axis.
For simplicity, the y and z coordinates are unaffected; only the x and t coordinates are transformed.
These Lorentz transformations form a one-parameter group of linear mappings, that parameter being called rapidity.
Enforcing this inverse Lorentz transformation to coincide with the Lorentz transformation from the primed to the unprimed system, shows the unprimed frame as moving with the velocity v′ = −v, as measured in the primed frame.
There is nothing special about the x-axis.
The transformation can apply to the y- or z-axis, or indeed in any direction, which can be done by directions parallel to the motion (which are warped by the γ factor) and perpendicular; see the article Lorentz transformation for details.
Writing the Lorentz transformation and its inverse in terms of coordinate differences, where one event has coordinates  and , another event has coordinates and , and the differences are defined as
Mass, energy and momentum
In special relativity, the momentum  and the total energy  of an object as a function of its mass  are
A frequently made error (also in some books) is to rewrite this equation using a "relativistic mass" (in the direction of motion) of .
The reason why this is incorrect is that light, for example, has no mass, but has energy.
If we use this formula, the photon (particle of light) has a mass, which is according to experiments incorrect.
For an object at rest,  so the above equation simplifies to .
Hence, a massive object at rest still has energy.
We call this rest energy and denote it by :
The need for special relativity arose from Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism, which were published in 1865.
It was later found that they call for electromagnetic waves (such as light) to move at a constant speed (i.e., the speed of light).
To have James Clerk Maxwell's equations be consistent with both astronomical observations[1] and Newtonian physics,[2] Maxwell proposed in 1877 that light travels through an ether which is everywhere in the universe.
In 1887, the famous Michelson-Morley experiment tried to detect the "ether wind" generated by the movement of the Earth.[3] The persistent null results of this experiment puzzled physicists, and called the ether theory into question.
In 1895, Lorentz and Fitzgerald noted that the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment could be explained by the ether wind contracting the experiment in the direction of motion of the ether.
This effect is called the Lorentz contraction, and (without ether) is a consequence of special relativity.
In 1899, Lorentz first published the Lorentz equations.
Although this was not the first time they had been published, this was the first time that they were used as an explanation of the Michelson-Morley's null result, since the Lorentz contraction is a result of them.
In 1905, Einstein published his article introducing special relativity, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", in Annalen der Physik.
In this article, he presented the postulates of relativity, derived the Lorentz transformations from them, and (unaware of Lorentz's 1904 article) also showed how the Lorentz Transformations affect electric and magnetic fields.
Later in 1905, Einstein published another article presenting E = mc2.
In 1908, Max Planck endorsed Einstein's theory and named it "relativity".
In that same year, Hermann Minkowski gave a famous speech on Space and Time in which he showed that relativity is self-consistent and further developed the theory.
These events forced the physics community to take relativity seriously.
Relativity came to be more and more accepted after that.
In 1912, Einstein and Lorentz were nominated for the Nobel prize in physics due to their pioneering work on relativity.
Unfortunately, relativity was so controversial then, and remained controversial for such a long time that a Nobel prize was never awarded for it.
Experimental confirmations
The Michelson-Morley experiment, which failed to detect any difference in the speed of light based on the direction of the light's movement.
Fizeau's experiment, in which the index of refraction for light in moving water cannot be made to be less than 1.
The observed results are explained by the relativistic rule for adding velocities.
The energy and momentum of light obey the equation .
(In Newtonian physics, this is expected to be .)
The transverse doppler effect, which is where the light emitted by a quickly moving object is red-shifted due to time dilation.
The presence of muons created in the upper atmosphere at the surface of Earth.
The issue is that it takes much longer than the half-life of the muons to get down to Earth surface even at nearly the speed of light.
Their presence can be seen as either being due to time dilation (in our view) or length contraction of the distance to the earth surface (in the muon's view).
Particle accelerators cannot be constructed without accounting for relativistic physics.
[1] Observations of binary stars show that light takes the same amount of time to reach the Earth over the same distance for both stars in such systems.
If the speed of light was constant with respect to its source, the light from the approaching star would arrive sooner than the light from the receding star.