the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Vortex (album), a remix album by Collide
Vortex I: A Biodegradable Festival of Life, a state sponsored music festival held in 1970 in Estacada, Oregon
Vortex Jazz Club, a London venue that primarily features live jazz music but will occasionally have intriguing programmes of other music
Aureal Vortex, the PC audio accelerator chipset which powered such sound cards as the Monster Sound MX300
Vortex (satellite), a class of United States Reconnaissance satellites
Caltex Vortex, a brand of 95 and 98 octane unleaded fuels from Caltex
Vorticity, a mathematical concept used in fluid dynamics
Vortex (DS9 episode), a first-season episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
Vortex (Smallville episode), the first episode in Season 2 of Smallville
Vortex (YTV), a programming block produced by YTV and hosted by Paula Lemyre
Subaru Vortex, a sporty coupe sold from 1985 to 1991 by Subaru
A vortex (pl.
vortices) is a spinning, often turbulent,
flow of fluid.
The motion of the fluid swirling rapidly around a center is called a vortex.
The speed and rate of rotation of the fluid are greatest at the center and become smaller with distance from the center.
Dust Devil Movie A short movie showing many spinning vortices of varying sizes
Video of two water vortex rings colliding  (MPEG)
BubbleRings.com Web site on "bubble rings", which are underwater rings made of air formed from vortices.
The site has some information on how these rings work.
Chapter 3 Rotational Flows: Circulation and Turbulence
Video of Vortex Formation and Annihilation in a Superconductor (By Joel Thorarinson )
Libertia is a genus of monocotyledenous plants in the family Iridaceae.
There are 15 species in the genus.
The plants can be found growing in the southern hemisphere.
L. chilensis (Molina)Gunckel (=Libertia formosa Graham)
L. elegans Poepp.
L. sessiliflora (Poepp.)
Skottsb.
L. tricocca Phil.
L. grandiflora (R.Br.)
L. ixioides (G.Forst.)Spreng (mapuche) pukallecalle, māori mikoikoi
L. peregrinans Cockayne et Allan
L. micrantha A.Cunn.
L. cranwelliae Blanchon, Murria et Braggins
L. edgariae Blanchon, Murria et Braggins,
L. mooreae Blanchon, Murria et Braggins
L. paniculata (R.Br.)Spreng.
L. pulchella var.
laurencei (Hook.f.)
Domin
Rodney Todd Eason Mediterranean plants from Chile for displays at Longwood gardens
Alan Dawazhouma (known as alan) or 阿兰 is a Tibetan-Chinese singer and erhu player from Sichuan province who debuted in 2005 with 声声醉如兰.
As well as Tibetan and Mandarin, she speaks some English and Japanese.
Her first release in Japanese was the single, 明日への讃歌.
alan was born on 25 July 1987.
Her stage name "alan" is pinyin for 阿兰, which is her surname.
In Japan, she is also known as あらん.
Her real name is Alan Dawa Dolma (阿兰达瓦卓玛 in Chinese, which is pronounced in pinyin as Alan Dawazhuoma).
alan grew up in the Meiren valley in the Danba County of Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in China.
Her father is a civil servant, while her mother was a former singer.
She learned singing from a young age and started to learn how to play the erhu at the age of eight.
At nine years old, alan was selected for the leading role in the TV drama Tai Yang Nu Shen and first pursued a career as an actress.
After graduating from her musically oriented high school, she enrolled in a relatively well known music school in China, the China National Chinese Opera and Dance Drama Company (解放軍芸術学院), where two members of 12 Girls Band were also being taught.
Later in 2005, alan debuted with a cover album titled Sheng Sheng Zui Ru Lan under a Chinese independent label.
Currently, the album has sold over 50,000 copies.
In October 2006 at the Shanghai International Art Festival, alan won second place (tied with Filipino singer Jimmy Layo Marquez) at the 9th Asia New Singer Competition.
In July 2007 she graduated the China National Chinese Opera and Dance Drama Company with excellent grades.
alan was discovered when the Japan-based record label Avex Inc. held auditions in Beijing.
Her first single was in November the same year.
It was called "Ashita e no Sanka", which can be translated as "a song for tomorrow."
She is currently still studying Japanese and only has a basic grasp of the language.
[1997]  (; lit.
Goddess of the Sky) as 电视剧
References & other websites
Official Website (Japan)
Oricon Profile
Of or relating to Tibet
Tibetan people, an ethnic group
Tibetan script, a writing system
Tibetan art
Tibetan culture
Tibetan food
Tibetan Spaniel dog breed
Tibetan Mastiff dog breed
V/Line is a regional train operator in Victoria, Australia.
They operate all regional trains outside the Connex network, as well as some bus services that take people a long way.
Carpooling is sharing a car with other passengers to help share the cost of operating the car.
Besides being cheaper than driving many cars at the same time, it also reduces traffic congestion.
There are many companies that provide carpooling services such as Ola, MyCotra, Quickride, and Uber.
In boxing, the term Middleweight is used for a specific group of people based on weight.
A middleweight is a boxer weight does not exceed 160 pounds (73 kg).
Moneymore is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.
It is  from Cookstown and  from Magherafelt.
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 1,369 people living in Moneymore.
25.0% of the people were under 16 years old and 16.1% were over 60 years old.
47.9% of the people were male and 52.1% were female.
47.8% of the people were from a Roman Catholic background and 51.0% were from a Protestant background;
3.1% of people aged 16–74 had no job.
Denpasar () is the capital city of the province of Bali, Indonesia.
It is also the site of Ngurah Rai Airport, the main gateway to Bali.
It has a population of 897,300 (2017).
Cities in Indonesia
Toome (or Toomebridge) is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.
It is  from Magherafelt and  from Antrim.
It is close to the River Bann.
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 722 people living in Toome.
27.2% of the people were under 16 years old and 10.9% were over 60 years old
48.8% of the people were male and 51.3% were female
96.3% of the people were from a Roman Catholic background and 2.9% were from a Protestant background
6.2% of people aged 16–74 had no job.
Kuta is a town in southern Bali, Indonesia.
Once it was a fishing village.
It was one of the first towns on Bali to become popular with tourists.
It is one of Indonesia's major tourist destinations.
It has a long sandy beach, and many restaurants and bars.
It is near Bali's Ngurah Rai Airport.
On October 12, 2002, a series of bombings killed more than 200 people in Kuta.
The bombings happened outside two nightclubs.
Towns in Indonesia
An Inconvenient Truth is a 2006 documentary movie about global warming directed by Davis Guggenheim, presented by former United States Vice President Al Gore.
The movie was first shown at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival.
It opened in New York and Los Angeles on May 24, 2006.
The movie was released on DVD on November 21, 2006.
A companion book by Gore reached Number 1 on the paperback nonfiction New York Times bestseller list on July 2, 2006.
The movie won Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature and for Best Original Song.
An Inconvenient Truth is the story of Al Gore and his efforts to tell people about the climate change concerns.
Gore says, "I've been trying to tell this story for a long time and I feel as if I've failed to get the message across."
The movie closely follows a "slide show" presentation that Gore has shown throughout the world.
It shows Gore's exploration of the global warming data, and predictions regarding climate change and its potential for disaster.
Gary Megson (born: 20 June 1960) is an English former football player and manager.
He is best known for being the manager of the West Brom team which gained promotion to the Premier League.
Matthew "Matt" Moore Hardy (born September 23, 1974) is an American professional wrestler.
He works for OMEGA Championship Wrestling and Ring of Honor (ROH).
He has workied for World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.
He teams with his younger brother Jeff Hardy.
The Hardy Show website
Sports bio and story archive
Profile on Online World of Wrestling
Sportspeople from Raleigh, North Carolina
AEW wrestlers
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Kerobokan Prison is a prison in the town of Kerobokan in Bali, Indonesia.
In addition to local criminals, a number of foreigners are held there, notably Schapelle Corby and the Bali Nine — all convicted of drug smuggling.
Buildings and structures in Indonesia
Edmund Spenser (; c. 1552 – 13 January 1599) was an important poet from England.
He is most famous for his epic poem The Faerie Queene, which talks about different knights who fight against evil.
The poem also praises Queen Elizabeth I of England.
He wrote also many sonnets and poems.
The sonnets were collected under the name of Amoretti.
Edmund Spenser invented a new rhyme-scheme for sonnet (abab bcbc cdcd ee) and a nine-line stanza (ababbcbcc).
These forms are today called Spenserian sonnet and Spenserian stanza.
Spenserian stanza was later used by many poets, among others by George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats and Alfred Tennyson.
1552 births
1599 deaths
New Guinea, Pacific island
Papua New Guinea, country on the above island
Papua Region, in the above country
Papua (Australian territory), former Australian-administered territory in southeastern New Guinea
Papua (Indonesian province), Indonesian province on the western half of the New Guinea
West Papua (province), Indonesian province on the Bird's Head Peninsula region of the island
Western New Guinea, the western part of the island.
The term Papuan languages means languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian.
That is, the term is defined negatively and does not mean a linguistic relationship.
The languages
The majority of the Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea (which is divided between the country of Papua New Guinea and Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Irian Jaya), with a number spoken in the Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville Island, and the Solomon Islands to the east, and in Halmahera, Timor, and the Alor archipelago to the west.
One Papuan language, Meriam Mir, is spoken within the national borders of Australia, in the eastern Torres Strait.
The only Papuan languages with official recognition are those of East Timor.
New Guinea is perhaps the most linguistically diverse region in the world.
Besides the Austronesian languages, there are some 800 languages divided into perhaps sixty small language families, with unclear relationships to each other or to anything else, plus a large number of language isolates.
2003 bibliography of languages (Papuan and Austronesian) of Indonesian Papua
Summer Institute of Linguistics site on languages (Papuan and Austronesian) of Papua New Guinea
Map of Papuan languages (formerly known as the East Papuan family) of island Melanesia
Bill Foley on Papuan languages
Dryer's Papuan Language Families and Genera
Lombok (population 2,950,105 in 2005) is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia.
It is to the east of Bali on the other side of the Lombok Strait.
The capital and largest city on the island is Mataram.
The Gili Islands are very popular with tourists.
There are many places to dive and the beaches are lovely.
NY Times on Lombok
Inside Lombok
The Faerie Queene is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser.
The poem was first published in 1590.
A longer version of the poem was published in 1596.
This version of the poem is in six parts or books.
The Fairie Queene is about different knights who fight against evil.
It is an allegorical work, and each book of the poem is about a different virtue.
The poem also praises Queen Elizabeth I of England and her family, the Tudors.
Queen Elizabeth liked the poem so much that she gave Spenser a pension as a reward.
16th-century British poems
Torres Strait Islanders are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia.
They are culturally related to the coastal peoples of Papua New Guinea.
They are regarded as being distinct from other Aboriginal peoples of the rest of Australia.
There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland.
The indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live.
They are a sea-faring people, and engaged in trade with peoples of Papua New Guinea.
The culture is complex, with some Australian elements, some Papuan elements, and some Austronesian elements, just like the languages.
The Islanders seem to have been the dominant culture for many centuries, and neighbouring Aboriginal and Papuan cultures show some Island influence in religious ceremonies and the like.
Archaeological, linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is Austronesian.
Unlike the indigenous peoples of mainland Australia, the islanders were traditionally agriculturalists although they supplemented their food supplies through hunting and gathering.
Torres Strait Regional Authority
Church of Torres Strait
Indigenous peoples of Australia
Australian megafauna is a word used to describe a number of animal species in Australia that are quite a bit bigger than their closest living relatives.
These species became extinct during the Pleistocene (16,100±100 - 50,000 years before present), but exact dates for their extinction have only been discovered recently.
Scientists have been unable to agree on the reasons the megafauna became extinct.
It is possible when humans came to Australia (around 48,000-60,000 years ago), and began hunting and using fire, they may have caused the extinction of the megafauna.
Climate change, which made the country much drier during an Ice Age about 18,000 years ago, may have also have led to the extinction of the megafauna.
Some scientists say that climate change alone caused the extinction of the megafauna.
This argument does not allow for the fact that the megafaunal species had lived through two million years of climate changes.
They had lived through a number of dry times before their sudden extinction.
New evidence
Scientists have got new evidence, based on new and better ways of finding dates, using optically stimulated luminescence and Uranium-thorium dating of megafaunal bones.
This suggests that humans were the main cause of the extinction of megafauna in Australia.
The dates show that the last of the megafauna became extinct around the same time, about 47,000 years ago.
This was the time in which humans first arrived in Australia.
The dates suggest the main reason for extinction was human burning of the land.
Many plants were not able to survive regular fires, and so the types of plants changed.
Scientists have studied oxygen and carbon isotopes from teeth of megafauna.
These show sudden, dramatic, non-climate-related changes in plants, and in the diet of surviving marsupial animals, as well as the loss of megafaunal species.
Further study of the teeth of megafauna shows the climate was dry at the time of extinction, similar to the dry climate of today, and that the megafauna were able to live in dry climates.
Living Australian megafauna
Extinct Australian megafauna: pre-1788
The following is a list of some of the Australian megafauna.
It shows:
Latin name (scentific name), (common name, when it lived), and a brief description.
1000-2000 kilograms
Diprotodon optatum  was the largest type of Diprotodontid.
About three metres long, two metres high at the shoulder and weighing up to two tonnes, it looked like a giant wombat.
It is the largest marsupial currently known.
Diprotodon minor
Zygomaturus trilobus was a smaller, about the size of a cow, about two metres long and one metre high.
It was a Diprotodontid that may have had a short trunk (like an elephant).
It appears to have lived in wetlands, using two fork-like teeth to dig up reeds for food.
Palorchestes azael (the Marsupial Tapir) was a Diprotodontoid, about the same size as the Zygomaturus, with long claws and a long trunk.
It lived in the Pleistocene (Mackness 2009).
100-1000 kilograms
Euowenia grata
Nototherium mitchelli
Euryzygoma dunense
Phascolonus gigas
Ramsayia magna
Procoptodon goliah (the Giant Short-faced Kangaroo) is the largest kangaroo to have ever lived.
It grew 2–3 metres (7–10 feet) tall, and weighed up to 230 kilograms.
It had a flat, shortened face with jaw and teeth able to chew tough, desert plants.
It had forward-looking eyes providing three dimensional vision.
Procoptodon was one of seventeen species, in three genera in the Sthenurine subfamily, which are all extinct.
Sthenurines lived in open woodlands in central northern Australia.
All sthenurines had a hoof-like, fourth toe on the back legs.
Their other toes were not fully formed.
They also had elastic ligaments between the toe bones; this gave them more spring and speed compared to modern kangaroos.
Sthenurine front legs were long, with two long fingers and claws, compared with the small, stiff arms of modern kangaroos.
These may have been used for pulling branches nearer for eating and for walking on all four legs for short distances.
Procoptodon rapha, P. pusio and P. texasensis
Protemnodon a type of giant wallaby with four species.
Palorchestes parvus
Macropus pearsoni and M. ferragus
10-100 kilograms
Simosthenurus pales
Sthenurus tindalei and S. atlas
Phascolarctos stirtoni was a koala, the same as a modern koala, but one third larger.
Phascolomys medius
Lasiorhinus angustioens
Congruus congruus a wallaby from Naracoorte.
Troposodon minor
Sthenurus oreas
Simosthenurus occidentalis (another Sthenurine), about as tall as a modern Eastern Grey Kangaroo, but much stronger.
It is one of the nine types of leaf-eating kangaroos found as fossils in the Naracoorte Caves National Park.
Simothenurus brownei
Propleopus oscillans (the Carnivorous Kangaroo), from the Miocene and Pliocene, was large rat kangaroo, up to , with large cutting and tough grinding teeth.
These show it was a carnivore able to eat insects, animals (possibly carrion), fruits, and soft leaves.
It grew to about  to   tall.
Simothenurus maddocki
Sthenurus andersoni
Thylacoleo carnifex, (the Marsupial Lion), was the size of a leopard.
It had a cat-like skull with large slicing teeth.
It had a thumb-claw, that could be pulled back in, and very big front legs.
It ate meat, and it lived in trees.
Vombatus hacketti
Macropus thor
Macropus piltonensis
Zaglossus hacketti was a sheep-sized echidna.
It was found in Mammoth Cave in Western Australia, and is the largest monotreme so far discovered.
Macropus rama
Simothenurus gilli
Warrendja wakefieldi a wombat from Naracoorte.
Zaglossis ramsayi
Sarcophilus harrisii laniarius was a large type of the Tasmanian Devil.
Megalibgwilia ramsayi was a large, long-beaked echidna with powerful front legs for digging.
It would have eaten worms and grubs, rather than ants.
Family Dromornithidae: this group of birds was closely related to waterfowl (ducks), not the modern ratites (emus and cassowaries).
Dromornis stirtoni, (Stirton's Thunder Bird, Miocene epoch) was a bird that did not fly.
It was  tall and weighed about .
It is one of the largest birds so far discovered.
It lived in subtropical open woodlands and may have been carnivorous.
It was heavier than the Moa and taller than the Aepyornis.
Bullockornis planei (the 'Demon Duck of Doom') was another large member of the Dromornithidae.
It was up to  tall and weighed up to , and was probably carnivorous.
Genyornis newtoni (the Mihirung) was related to Dromornis.
It was about the height of an ostrich.
It was the last survivor of the Dromornithidae.
It had a large lower jaw and was probably omnivorous.
Leipoa gallinacea (formerly Progura) was a giant malleefowl.
Varanus priscus (formerly Megalania prisca) was a giant, carnivorous goanna that might have grown to as long as , and weighed up to  (Molnar, 2004).
Wonambi naracoortensis was a snake about  in length.
It would catch animals at a water hole and kill by crushing.
It was not a poisonous snake.
Quinkana sp.,
was a land crocodile, which grew up to  in length.
It had long legs positioned underneath its body, and chased down mammals, birds and other reptiles for food.
Its teeth were sharp for cutting, not pointed for gripping like water living crocodiles.
It was part of the Mekosuchine subfamily (all now extinct).
It was discovered at Bluff Downs in Queensland.
Liasis sp., (
Bluff Downs Giant Python), lived during the Pliocene epoch, grew up to  long, and is the largest Australian snake known.
It hunted mammals, birds and reptiles in woodlands near rivers.
It is similar to the Olive Python (Liasis olivacea).
Meiolania was a group of huge land cryptodire turtle measuring  in length, with a horned head and spiked tail.
Field, J. H. and J. Dodson.
Late Pleistocene megafauna and archaeology from Cuddie Springs, south-eastern Australia.
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65: 1-27.
Wroe, S., J. Field, and R. Fullagar.
Lost giants.
Nature Australia 27(5): 54-61.
Mackness, B.S. 2009.
Reconstructing Palorchestes (Marsupialia: Palorchestidae) — from Giant Kangaroo to Marsupial ‘Tapir’.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 130: 21-36.
Gavin J Prideaux, Richard G. Roberts, Dirk Megirian, Kira E. Westaway, John C. Hellstrom, John M. Olley.
Mammalian responses to Pleistocene climate change in southeastern Australia.
Geology, v. 35, n. 1, p. 33-36.
Cuddie Springs
Interview with Dr John Long, curator at the Museum of Victoria
Naracoorte caves in South Australia
Lost Kingdoms
Animals of Australia
The Omagh bombing was a car bomb attack by the Real Irish Republican Army in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, on 15 August 1998.
It killed 29 people and injured 300 others.
1998 in the United Kingdom
1990s crimes in the United Kingdom
1990s in Northern Ireland
1990s murders in Europe
Attacks on buildings and structures in Northern Ireland
Building bombings in the United Kingdom
Car and truck bombings in Europe
Explosions in Northern Ireland
Mass murder in Northern Ireland
Massacres in the United Kingdom
On April 28, 1905, the American astronomer William H. Pickering said that he had found a tenth moon of the planet Saturn.
Pickering named the moon Themis.
No other astronomer has ever seen the moon that Pickering said he saw.
Because of this, astronomers do not count Themis as an official moon of Saturn.
Pickering tried to figure out an orbit for Themis.
He thought that Themis had an inclination of 39.1° to the ecliptic, with 0.23 eccentricity (0.23) and a semi-major axis distance of 1,457,000 km.
This meant that Themis had an orbit like the moons Titan and Hyperion.
Pickering believed that it took Themis 20.85 days to orbit Saturn, in a prograde motion.
Pickering thought that the diameter of Themis was about 38 miles (61 km).
Pickering had also discovered the moon Phoebe, but modern astronomers know that Pickering made a mistake when he gave 42 miles (68 km) as the diameter of Phoebe.
Because astronomers know how Pickering made his mistake, they can say that if Themis existed, it would have a diameter of 200 km.
In April 1861, Hermann Goldschmidt also thought he discovered a new satellite of Saturn between Titan and Hyperion.
Goldschmidt called this moon Chiron.
The moon Chiron also does not exist, but the name was used much later for the comet/asteroid 2060 Chiron.
The actual tenth satellite of Saturn (in order of discovery) was Janus, which was discovered in 1966 and confirmed in 1980.
Themis in fiction
John Varley's science fiction novel Titan takes place on an expedition to Saturn.
As they approach the planet and prepare to enter orbit, the astronomer onboard discovers a new moon.
At first she believes she has recovered Pickering's lost moon, so she names it Themis.
Robert Anton Wilson's novel Schrödinger's Cat trilogy makes frequent reference to Pickering's Moon as a satellite that revolves the "wrong way" around its primary.
Harvard College Observatory Bulletin No.
189, p.1 (April 1905)
Annals of Harvard College Observatory, vol.
173-185 (1905)
AnHar 53 (1905) 173
AnHar 61 (1908) 86
Obs 28 (1905) 12:433
PASP 18 (1906) 96
Obs 31 (1908) 8:295
MNRAS 69 (1909) 215
Obs 32 (1909) 3:79
The Real Irish Republican Army (or Real IRA) is a group from Ireland who want Northern Ireland to become part of the Republic of Ireland, and want it to leave the United Kingdom.
The group started after they left the Provisional Irish Republican Army, after an argument.
On 15 August 1998 they did the Omagh bombing, which killed 29 people and hurt over 300 people.
They have shot police officers and have also bombed places in England, such as London and Birmingham.
It is against the law to be a member of the Real IRA.
The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck is a comic book painted and written by Don Rosa.
To make it, Rosa needed to see Carl Barks's stories and the more important facts of Scrooge's fictional life.
The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is a set of exams taken in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and other British territories.
They are usually taken by students aged 15–16, after two years of study.
Some students can take their exams early if their teachers think the students are capable.
Most students taking their GCSEs study between 5 and 25 subjects.
All pupils have to study English, mathematics and science until they are 15-16.
They do not have to take the GCSE exams, but the large majority do so.
In Wales, students must also study Welsh until they are 14.
Art Textiles
Film studies
Modern foreign languages including: Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Spanish, Somali, Turkish, Tamil, Urdu and Welsh
Classical languages including: Classical Greek, Biblical Hebrew and Latin
Engineering and Manufacturing (Double Award)
Graphic products
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Applied ICT (Double Award)
Electronics with Resistant Materials
Resistant Materials
Systems and Control Technology
Philosophy & Ethics
Islamic Studies
People and society-related
Citizenship (Personal Social Health Education)
Health and Social Care (Double Award)
Home Economics: Child Development
Home Economics: Food and Nutrition
Human Physiology and Health
Further Mathematics (Further Pure Mathematics for Edexcel IGCSE)
Applied Business (Double Award)
Archaeology (may not currently be available as a separate GCSE  )
Business and Communication Systems
Outdoor Pursuits - Birdwatching - Fishing
Physical Education (PE)
Sports Studies
A-levels - Exams taken after GCSEs
International GCSE - GCSE exams for students whose first language is not English.
Standard Grades - Similar exams taken in Scotland
This article is about Edo.
For more information, see Tokyo (disambiguation).
is the former name of the Japanese capital Tokyo, and was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868.
During this period it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world.
The site of the city, on what is now known as Tokyo Bay, had been settled for several centuries, but first became historically significant with the building of Edo Castle in 1457 by order of Ōta Dōkan.
Kyoto was the site of the Japanese emperor's residence and the capital of Japan for many centuries, until the Tokugawa shogunate was established in 1603 and Edo became its seat of government.
From that point Kyoto remained merely the formal capital of the country, while the de facto capital was now Edo, the center of real political power.
Edo consequently rapidly grew from what had been a small, virtually unknown fishing village in 1457 to a big city of 1,000,000 residents by 1721, the largest city in the world at the time.
In 1868, when the shogunate came to an end, the city was renamed Tokyo, meaning "eastern capital", and the emperor moved his residence to Tokyo, making the city the formal capital of Japan.
Alternate spelling from 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article
1457 establishments
Establishments in Japan
The Renault Vel Satis was a large automobile created by the French car manufacturer Renault.
It has five seats and four doors.
It was produced from 2001 to 2009· It was known for its daring styling and was sold in the UK from 2002 to 2005 but was dropped there due to poor sales.
Renault also produced another big car with bold styling called the Avantime which was a coupe/grand tourer but it was a poor seller with only 8,557 made between 2001 and 2003.
Vel Satis
Korean food came from very old traditions in Korea.
It has developed through many environmental, political, and cultural changes.
There are special rules for eating meals in Korea.
Korean food is mostly made up of rice, noodles, vegetables, and meats.
Most Korean meals have many side dishes (called banchan) along with their steam-cooked rice.
Kimchi is usually eaten at every meal.
Sesame oil, doenjang, soy sauce, salt, garlic, ginger, pepper and gochujang are ingredients that are often used in the food.
In different provinces of Korea, its ingredients and dishes are different, too.
The Korean royal court cuisine used to serve all the best dishes from each province for the royal family.
People follow special rules when they eat meals in Korea.
Traditional rice cakes like tteok are eaten as treats during holidays and festivals.
Tteok means all rice cakes made from pounded rice (메떡, metteok), pounded glutinous rice (찰떡, chaltteok), or glutinous rice that has not been pounded.
It is usually filled or covered with sweet mung bean paste, red bean paste, raisins, or a sweet, creamy filling made with sesame seeds, pumpkin, beans, pine nuts, and honey.
Tteok is usually eaten for dessert or as a snack.
Dining manners
The oldest people are usually served first, and it is thought rude to pick up chopsticks or eat before the oldest people do so.
In Korea, unlike in China and Japan, the rice bowl is not lifted up from the table.
Spoons should not hit bowls while eating.
You must not talk about dirty things.
Some rules are now not important.
For instance, talking used to be discouraged, but today people usually talk together at meals.
Also, men usually ate at a different table than women, but now they eat all together.
In Korea, they have both spoons and chopsticks, and together they are called sujeou (pronounced soo-juh - 수저).
Usually, before they eat, people say, "Jalmukgessemnidah (잘 먹겠습니다)", and after they are finished, they say, "Jalmuggussemnidah (잘 먹었습니다)."
Soups and stews must be set on the right side of the person who is eating.
List of Korean dishes
Bulgogi (불고기): a popular dish of beef cooked on a grill.
Galbi (갈비): pork or beef ribs, thicker than bulgogi.
It is often called "Korean BBQ."
Samgyeopsal (삼겹살): Bacon, served like Galbi.
It is often cooked with onions and garlic, and is eaten wrapped in lettuce.
When it is wrapped in lettuce it is called ssam.
The sauce spread on samgyeopsal when it is wrapped in lettuce is called ssamjang.
Fish dishes
Hoe (pronounced 'hweh' - 회): raw seafood dish dipped in sauce and eaten wrapped up in lettuce or sesame leaves.
Sannakji (산낙지): Raw octopus.
It is usually served alive.
Soups and stews
Guk (국): soup
Tang (탕): stew
Jjigae (찌개): stew
Grain dishes
Bibimbap (비빔밥): rice with vegetables (나물)
Boribap (보리밥)
Ogokbap (오곡밥): five-grain rice
Snacks or simple foods
Bindaetteok (빈대떡): Meaning mung-bean pancake
Bungeoppang (붕어빵): A popular fish-shaped cake, pastry.
Kimbap (김밥)
Baek Un-hwa (백운화).
Inje Food Science Forum (인제식품과학 FORUM), "Part 3 Status quo and prospect about the industrialization of Korean traditional beverages (제 3 주제 전통 음청류의 산업화 현황과 전망)" taken from  on 2008-06-15.
75~95.
Coultrip-Davis, Deborah, Young Sook Ramsay, and Deborah Davis (1998).
Flavors of Korea: Delicious Vegetarian Cuisine.
Tennessee: Book Publishing Company. .
Cost, Bruce.
Asian ingredients: a guide to the foodstuffs of China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam.
New York: Harper Perennial, 2000.
Crawford, Gary W. (2006) East Asian Plant Domestication.
In Archaeology of East Asia, edited by Miriam Stark.
Wiley-Blackwell, 2006
Food in Korea, "Jontongjoo - Kinds of Traditional Liquors" taken from
Fritscher, Lisa. "
Korean Food Basics: What You Might Find On A Korean Food Menu" taken from   on 2007-11-17.
Herskovitz, Jon.
Reuters, "North Korean beer: great taste, low proliferation risk", Mar 9, 2008, taken from
Extreme Cuisine: The Weird & Wonderful Foods that People Eat, Singapore: Tuttle Publishing, 2004.
Korea Agro-Fisheries Trade Corporation. "
Introduction of Eumcheongryu" taken from  on 2008-05-22.
Korea Tourism Organization. "
Experience Royal Cuisine" taken from   on 2008-06-13.
Koryǒsa, The History of the Koryǒ Dynasty, Seoul, 1990.
National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. "
King Sejong's Humanism" taken from  on 2008-06-10.
Marks, Copeland.
The Korean Kitchen: Classic Recipes from the Land of the Morning Calm.
San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1993.
O'Brien, Betsy.
Let's Eat Korean Food.
Elizabeth, NJ:Hollym, 1997.
Sohn Gyeong-hee (손경희).
Inje Food Science Forum (인제식품과학 FORUM), "Part 1 HIstorical overview of Korean traditional eumcheongryu (제 1 주제 한국 전통 음청류의 역사적 고찰)" taken from  on 2008-06-16.
The Academy of Korean Studies. "
농사직설(農事直說), Nongsa jikseol" taken from   on 2008-06-10.
The Chosun Ilbo. "
Hanjeongsik, a full-course Korean meal" taken from   on 2008-06-11.
The Korea Economic Daily, "Brew master.. the only beer in the world" (브루 마스터 .. 세계 유일의 맥주) taken from
Yi Kyubo, Tongmyǒng-wang p'yǒn' (The lay of King Tongmyǒng) in Tongguk Yi Sangguk chip (The Collected Works of Minister Yi of the Eastern Country), Seoul, 1982.
Yi Yang-Cha, and Armin E. Möller (1999).
Koreanisch vegetarisch: Die kaum bekannte, fettarme, phantasievolle und küchenfreundliche Art asiatisch zu kochen (Korean Vegetarian: Almost Unknown, Low Fat, Creative and Kitchen-friendly Way of Asian Cooking). .
Yi Tǒngmu, Sasojǒl (Elementary Etiquette for Scholar Families), quaoted in Sources of Korean Tradition, Volume Two: From the Twentieth Centuries, ed.
Yǒongho Ch'oe, Peter H. Lee and W. Theodore de Bary.
New York, 2000.
Yu Jisang (유지상). "
Pojangmacha, outing at night" (오늘 어때?
포장마차 ‘밤마실’) taken from  on 2008-06-13.
Korea National Tourism list of Korean food
Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to loosen" or "to untie") is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so.
Typically, this involves finding a secret key.
In non-technical language, this is the practice of codebreaking or cracking the code, although "break" can also mean just a part of a complete solution.
People have been making and breaking codes for many centuries.
In the 1930s specialized machines were invented to do the calculations.
Code-breaking machines such as the Colossus computer were important during World War II.
Computers were the main tool of cryptanalysis in the Cold War and later.
Helen Fouché Gaines, "Cryptanalysis", 1939, Dover.
Basic Cryptanalysis
Simon Singh's crypto corner
UltraAnvil tool for attacking simple substitution ciphers
A lot of real encrypted messages on newsgroups
A javascript codesystems solver for many types of ciphers, with examples
The National Museum of Computing Cipher Challenge
The International General Certificate of Secondary Education, or IGCSE, is an international exam for school students.
It is typically taken by 14 to 16-year–olds, and it makes students ready for more academic work, including moving to A-Level and AS-Level study.
The IGCSE is recognised as the same quality as the United Kingdom GCSE.
Most subjects can be studied at two levels of ability, either an easier level or a harder level.
This is so that the IGCSE is appropriate for students with different levels of ability.
It is planned to be appropriate for students whose first language may not be English and this is seen in all the tests for the IGCSE.
Subjects available
Afrikaans as a first language
Afrikaans as a second language
Arabic as a first language
Arabic as a second language
Bangladesh Studies
Chinese as a first language
Chinese (Mandarin) as a second language
Computer Studies
Czech as a first language
Dutch as a first language
Dutch as a second language
English as a second language (ESL)
Food and Nutrition
French as a first language
French as a second language
German as a first language
German as a second language
Greek as a second language
Hindi as a First Language
Indonesian as a second language
Information and Communication Technology
IsiZulu as a second language
Japanese as a first language
Japanese as a second language
Korean as a first language
Malay as a second language
Mathematics - Additional
Pakistan Studies
Portuguese as a first language
Portuguese as a second language
Russian as a first language
Science - Combined
Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double Award)
Spanish as a first language
Spanish as a second language
Thai as a first language
Thai as a second language
Turkish as a First language
GCSE - GCSEs in the UK.
List of GCSE subjects.
Advanced levels (A-levels) - Exams taken after GCSEs in the UK.
Sánchez Ramírez is a province of the Dominican Republic.
Its capital city is Cotuí.
It was created in 1952.
It was a municipality of the Duarte province before being elevated to the category of province.
The province was named after Juan Sánchez Ramírez, who was born in Cotuí and who fought against the French army when the country was a colony of France.
When the country was again a Spanish colony, Sánchez Ramírez was made the governor of the colony.
On 3 March 1952, the province was created with the territory of Cotuí, part at that moment of the Duarte Province, and the southeastern part of La Vega province.
When it was created, it had only two municipalities: Cotuí, the provincial capital, and Cevicos.
In 1961, Fantino became the third municipality of the province; in 2002, Villa La Mata became the fourth municipality.
The Sánchez Ramírez province is in the centre of the country, in the southeast limit of the Cibao Valley (part of the region called Eastern Cibao).
It is bordered to the north by the Duarte province, to the east and south by the Monte Plata province, to the southwest and west by the Monseñor Nouel province and to the northwest by the La Vega province.
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Sánchez Ramírez province, and 85,207 () living in towns and cities.
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 19th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
The Sánchez Ramírez province has a total area of .
It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 21st (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The valley of the Yuna river, on the north and northeast of the province.
It is part of the large region of Eastern Cibao; it is flat and with very good soils.
Sierra de Yamasá (Yamasá mountain range in the southern part of the province.
It is an eastern branch of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain chain") with low mountains.
The highest point in the province is in this mountain range; it is La Naviza (sometimes written La Navisa),  high.
The altitude of Cotuí, provincial capital, is  above sea level.
The most important river is the Yuna river, that flows from west to east; the other rivers are all tributaries of this river.
Other rivers are Cevicos, Chacuey and Maguaca; they flow from the Sierra de Yamasá into the River Yuna.
The main economic activities in the province are farming and mining.
Close to the town of Las Lagunas, in the Sierra de Yamasá, are the gold mines.
The main products of farming in the Sierra de Yamasá are cacao, oranges and tobacco.
In the Yuna valley, rice is the most important product but pineapple and orange are also produced.
Diane Julie Abbott (born 27 September 1953) is a British politician.
Julie was born and raised in London.
Her parents were Jamaican immigrants.
She is now the Member of Parliament for the Hackney North and Stoke Newington constituency in London, UK.
She was oppurtune to be the first black woman to be elected to the House of Common  when she was elected in the 1987 General Election.
In 2010, Abbott became Shadow Public Health Minister after unsuccessfully standing for election as leader of the Labour Party.
Abbott was made Shadow Home Secretary by Jeremy Corbyn in October 2016.
Abbott is a frequent public speaker, newspaper contributor and TV performer.
She has been on so many programmes such as Have I Got News For You, Celebrity Come Dine with Me, Cash in the Celebrity Attic.
Black British people
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
David Hywel Francis (6 June 1946 – 14 February 2021) was a Welsh politician and the Member of Parliament for the Aberavon constituency in the United Kingdom.
He was elected in the 2001 General Election.
Frank Doran (born April 13, 1949 in Edinburgh, Scotland–died October 30, 2017) was a Scottish politician and the  Member of Parliament for the Aberdeen North constituency in the United Kingdom.
He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election for Aberdeen South but was defeated in 1992.
He was re-elected at the 1997 general election for the new constituency of Aberdeen Central.
The boundary of the constituency was changed, and in 2005 he was elected for the Aberdeen North constituency.
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Dame Anne Begg, DBE (born December 6, 1955) is a Scottish politician and the  Member of Parliament for the Aberdeen South constituency in the United Kingdom.
She was elected in the 1997 general election.
John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan (born 8 May 1947) is a Scottish football club chairman and a Labour Party politician.
He was the Member of Parliament for the Scottish  constituency of Airdrie and Shotts in the United Kingdom.
He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election for the Motherwell North constituency.
The boundary of the constituency was changed, and in the 1997 election he was elected to the new constituency of Hamilton North and Bellshill.
After more boundary changes in 2005 he was elected to the new constituency of Airdrie and Shotts.
James Gerald Douglas Howarth, known as Gerald Howarth (born September 12, 1947) is a British politician and the Member of Parliament for the English  constituency of Aldershot in the United Kingdom.
He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1983 general election for the Cannock and Burntwood constituency but lost in the 1992 general election.
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Mount Agung () is a volcano on Bali.
Mount Agung last erupted in 1963-1964.
The lava just missed the Mother Temple of Besakih, which is located on high on the slopes of this sacred mountain.
Over 1,000 people were killed and a number of villages were destroyed in this eruption.
Gunung Agung is an active volcano, with a large and deep crater that occasionally emits smoke and ash.
Agung
Mount Batur () is a volcano on Bali.
Mount Batur last erupted in 2000.
It is a volcano inside an older, larger, volcano.
The original eruption, about 30,000 years ago, is one of the largest known volcanic events on Earth.
The volcano is now 1,717 metres (5,633 feet) high.
There are many people — whole villages — living inside the caldera.
Mount Rinjani or Gunung Rinjani is an active volcano on Lombok, Indonesia.
It is  high, making it the second highest volcano in Indonesia.
It last erupted in 2009.
Mataram is a city on the west side of the island of Lombok, Indonesia.
It is the capital and largest city of West Nusa Tenggara province, and has a population of around 342,896 people as of the year 2005.
http://www.mataramkota.go.id/
Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri (born January 23, 1947), was President of Indonesia from July 23, 2001 to October 20, 2004.
She was the Indonesia's first female President, and leader born after independence.
On September 20, 2004, she lost her campaign for re-election in the 2004 Indonesian presidential election.
She was also the country's vice president from 21 October 1999 to 23 July 2001.
She is the daughter of Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.
Megawati was born in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Her father is Indonesia's first President, Sukarno, and her mother is Fatmawati, one of Sukarno's nine wives.
Megawati was Sukarno's second child and first daughter.
She grew up in her father's Merdeka Palace, one of Indonesia's presidential palace.
She used to dance for her father's guests and had a hobby of gardening.
Megawati was 19 when her father gave up his power in 1966 and was taken over by a government which was later led by President Suharto.
Megawati studied agriculture at Padjadjaran University in Bandung but dropped out in 1967 to be with her father following his loss of power.
In 1970, the year her father died, Megawati went to the University of Indonesia to study psychology but dropped out two years later.
Vice-Presidents of Indonesia
The Kingdom of Kerma was a state in Nubia from around 2500 BC to about 1520 BC.
It was based in the city of Kerma in Upper Nubia and was a major centre during the Middle Kingdom period of Egypt.
It had a distinct civilization (for example very fine and original ceramics have been found).
The site of Kerma includes both an extensive town and a cemetery consisting of large tumuli.
Because one can find there much examples of Nubian culture and burial practices at the site, scholars think that the Egyptian statues and other Egyptian objects found at Kerma arrived through trade.
In 2003, a Swiss archaeological team working in northern Sudan uncovered one of the most remarkable Egyptological finds in recent years.
At the site known as Kerma, near the third cataract of the Nile, archaeologist Charles Bonnet and his team discovered a ditch within a temple from the ancient city of Pnoubs, which contained seven monumental black granite statues.
Magnificently sculpted, and in an excellent state of preservation, they portrayed five pharaonic rulers, including Taharqa and Tanoutamon, the last two pharaohs of the 'Nubian' Dynasty, when Egypt was ruled by kings from the lands of modern-day Sudan.
For over half a century, the Nubian pharaohs governed a combined kingdom of Egypt and Nubia, with an empire stretching from the Delta to the upper reaches of the Nile.
Bonnet, Charles, et al.
The Nubian Pharaohs: Black Kings on the Nile, AUC Press (February 22, 2007) -
Bonnet, Charles, et al.,
2005, Des Pharaohs venus d'Afrique : La cachette de Kerma.
Citadelles & Mazenod.
Bonnet, Charles, 1986,  Kerma, Territoire et Métropole, Institut Français d’Archaéologie Orientale du Caire.
Kendall, Timothy 1997.
Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush.
National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Inst.
Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical fantasy movie.
Aladdin is the 31st animated movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series.
It was part of the Disney movie era known as the Disney Renaissance.
The movie was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements.
It is based on the Arab folktale of Aladdin and the magic lamp from One Thousand and One Nights.
The voice cast features Scott Weinger, Jonathan Freeman, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Frank Welker, Gilbert Gottfried, and Douglas Seale.
Aladdin was released on November 25, 1992.
It got positive reviews and was the most successful movie of 1992, earning over $217 million in revenue in the United States, and over $504 million worldwide.
The movie also won many awards, most of them for its soundtrack.
Some people have accused it of being racist, because the heroes are light-skinned and have American accents while the villains are dark-skinned and have Arab accents.
Aladdins success led to other material inspired by the movie, including two direct-to-video sequels, The Return of Jafar and Aladdin and the King of Thieves; an animated television series; toys, video games, spin-offs, and Disney merchandise.
A Broadway adaptation debuted in 2014.
In the city of Agrabah, the Sultan wants his daughter Princess Jasmine to marry a prince, but she rejects every suitor and temporarily leaves the palace.
At the marketplace, she meets a "street rat" named Aladdin.
Jafar, the Sultan's vizier, discovers that Aladdin is the only one who can enter the Cave of Wonders and find a magic lamp.
Jafar orders him to get the lamp.
Aladdin and his pet monkey, Abu, enter the cave, where they befriend a magic carpet and obtian the lamp.