the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The card you are looking at is card A. The position where card A currently, is in stack P.
If there are no more cards in the stack after card A, go to step 8.
The next card in the stack is card B.
If card B has a lower number than card A, swap the positions of cards A and B. Remember you did this.
When you swap cards, do not change the position P.
If there is another card in the stack after position P, look at it; go back to step 3.
If you did not swap the position of any cards in the last run, you are done; the stack of cards is sorted.
Otherwise go back to step 2.
Step-by-step example
Let us take a stack of the cards with the numbers "5 1 4 2 8", and sort it from smallest number to biggest one using this algorithm.
In each step, the algorithm compares the elements written in bold.
The top of the stack of cards is on the left-hand side.
( 5 1 4 2 8 )  ( 1 5 4 2 8 ) Here, the algorithm compares the first two elements, and swaps them.
( 1 5 4 2 8 )  ( 1 4 5 2 8 )
( 1 4 5 2 8 )  ( 1 4 2 5 8 )
( 1 4 2 5 8 )  ( 1 4 2 5 8 ) These elements are already in order, so the algorithm does not swap them.
( 1 4 2 5 8 )  ( 1 4 2 5 8 )
( 1 4 2 5 8 )  ( 1 2 4 5 8 )
( 1 2 4 5 8 )  ( 1 2 4 5 8 )
Now, the stack of cards is already sorted, but our algorithm does not know this.
The algorithm needs one whole pass without any swap to know it is sorted.
This is an easy-to-understand algorithm for sorting.
Computer scientists called it Bubble sort, because smaller elements will rise to the top, changing their position in each run.
Unfortunately, the algorithm is not very good, because it needs a long time (many passes through the stack of cards) to sort it.
This algorithm uses another idea.
Sometimes solving a problem is difficult, but the problem can be changed so it is made of simpler problems that are easier to solve.
This is called recursion.
It is more difficult to understand than the first example, but it will give a better algorithm.
If the stack has no cards in it, or it only has one card, it is sorted, and you are done.
Split the stack of cards into two halves of about the same size.
If there is an odd number of cards, one of the two stacks will have one card more than the other.
Sort each of the two stacks using this algorithm (For each stack, start at item 1 of this list.)
Merge the two sorted stacks together, as described below.
The result is a sorted stack of cards.
Merging two stacks together
This works with two stacks of cards.
One of them is called A, the other is called B. There is a third stack that is empty at the start, called C. At the end, it will contain the result.
If either stack A or stack B is empty, put all the cards of the stack that is not empty on top of stack C; you are done, stack C is the result of the merge. (
Note: take the whole stack, and put it on stack C; doing it card-by-card will change the order and will not work as it should.)
Look at the top cards of stack A and stack B. Put the one with the lower number on top of stack C. If stack C had no cards in it, it will now have one card.
If either stack A or stack B has cards left, go back to step 1 to sort them.
John von Neumann developed this algorithm in 1945.
He did not call it Sorting by numbers, he called it Mergesort.
It is a very good algorithm for sorting, compared to others.
Third algorithm
The first algorithm takes much longer to sort the cards than the second, but it can be improved (made better).
Looking at bubble sort, it can be noticed that cards with high numbers move from the top of the stack quite quickly, but cards with low numbers at the bottom of the stack take a long time to rise (move to the top).
Rather than comparing two cards that are next to each other, at the start a 'special' card is picked.
All the other cards are then compared to this card.
We start out with a stack A. There will be two other stacks B and C, which will be created later.
If stack A has no cards, or it only has one card, we are done sorting.
A card is picked from stack A, if possible at random.
This is called a pivot.
All the remaining cards of stack A are compared to this pivot.
Cards with a smaller number go to stack B, those with an equal or bigger number go to stack C.
If there are any cards in stacks B or C, these stacks need to be sorted with the same algorithm (Start at pos 1 of this list for both stack B and stack C in turn.)
The sorted stack of cards first has the sorted stack B, then the pivot, and then the sorted stack C.
This algorithm was developed by C. A. R. Hoare in 1960.
It is one of most widely used algorithms for sorting today.
It is called Quicksort.
Putting algorithms together
The sorting-by-numbers algorithms are more difficult to do than the sorting-by-colors algorithm, because they may have to do the steps again many times.
One would say that sorting by numbers is more complex.
The Euclidean algorithm was found over 2000 years ago.
It is able to find the greatest common divisor of two numbers.
Algorithm -Citizendium
John Caesar (1764 – 15 February 1796), known as Black Caesar, was the first Australian bushranger.
He was also the first black person with an African background to come to Australia.
He was the first bushranger to have a reward offered for his capture.
Caesar was most likely born in Madagascar, in about 1763.
He was a slave on a sugar plantation (farm) in the West Indies.
He ran away and went to London.
On 17 March 1786, he was in court at Deptford, Kent for stealing 240 shillings.
He was sent to the new country called Australia as a convict for seven years.
He left on the Alexander, a convict transport ship in the First Fleet, in May 1787 and arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788.
Convict life for Black Caesar
On 29 April 1789 he was caught stealing food.
Two weeks later he escaped into the bush, taking food, an iron cooking pot, and a musket (gun) taken from a sea army officer (Marine) named Abraham Hand.
He could not catch enough animals to eat, and he began to steal food from the settlement.
On 26 May he stole food from a brick making gang at Brickfield Hill and was nearly caught.
On June 6 he tried to steal food from Zachariah Clark, who was the assistant in charge of the new colony's food supplies.
Caesar was caught by a convict named William Saltmarsh.
In July 1789, David Collins, the colony's Judge-Advocate, said that John Caesar was the hardest working convict in the new colony.
He said that he was a large man with a lot of muscles, but he was always hungry.
He would eat food meant to last two days in one meal, and would then need to steal more food from others.
All his thefts were about getting more food.
After he was captured, Collins said Caesar was a "wretch" (a miserable person) who did not care if he died.
Caesar told Collins that he would make it if was hanged, he would turn into a joke by playing a trick on the executioner.
Governor Arthur Phillip however, thought Caesar would be more use working and sent him to Garden Island, where he would work in with his legs tied with iron chain.
He was well behaved and the chains were soon taken off.
Caesar soon escaped again; on 22 December used a canoe to get off the island, taking a week's worth of food.
He stole a musket, and lived by taking food from gardens and taking the food of Aboriginals after scaring them away with his gun.
After he lost the gun at Rose Hill, and was attacked by the Aborigines, leaving him wounded in several places.
He gave himself up on the 31 December to an officer at Rose Hill.
On 6 March 1790, Caesar was sent to Norfolk Island.
There he had one daughter, later named Mary Ann Fisher Power, to Ann (e) Power.
He was taken back to Sydney in 1793, and began stealing from the farms and huts again.
He was caught and then flogged (hit 500 times with a whip).
This did not make any difference; Caesar said that "all that would not make him better."
In 1795 Black Caesar ran away for the last time, and formed a gang of runaways.
On 29 January 1796, a reward of five gallons of rum was offered by Governor John Hunter for his capture.
Every day there were reports of missing things, but he was able to avoid being captured until 15 February.
A man named Wimbow, who had been searching for days, found him in an area of thick bush called Liberty Plains and shot him.
Negro Convicts in Australia
First Fleet - John Caesar
First Fleet stories - John Caesar
SliTaz GNU/Linux is a software project started by Christophe Lincoln in 2006.
It is one of the smallest desktop  Linux distributions available  It can be loaded entirely into RAM or be installed to a hard drive.
SliTaz 1.0 was released on March 22, 2008.
SliTaz shares many common goals with Damn Small Linux, but is smaller and based on the more recent Linux 2.6 kernel.
SliTaz GNU/Linux official website
The musket is the weapon that replaced the arquebus, and was then replaced by the rifle.
But the word musket is also used to describe a number of different weapons including:
a long, heavy weapon with a matchlock or wheellock and loose powder fired with the gun barrel resting on a stand
a lighter weapon with a flintlock or percussion cap firing mechanism, with a bayonet.
Muskets were made for use by infantry.
A soldier armed with a musket was called a musketman or musketeer.
In the 1500's, soldiers armed with a heavy arquebus, called a musket, supported the arquebusiers and the pikemen.
By the start of 1700's, a lighter type of musket took over from the arquebus.
When the bayonet was added, there was no longer a need for pikemen, and almost all infantry soldiers became musketeers.
The first musket made in the united States was the Springfield Model 1795 Musket.
In the 1800's, better ammunition and ways of firing the gun, meant that rifling was practical for military use, and the rifled musket became common.
A few years later, the use of cartridges, breechloading, and multiple rounds of ammunition meant the "rifled musket" gave way to the rifle, and "muskets" were no longer used.
Musket calibres ranged from  to .
A smoothbore musket, firing at a single target, was only accurate to about  to .
Rifled muskets in the 1850's were much better, able to hit a man sized target at up to .
The advantage of this longer distance was shown at the Battle of Four Lakes, where Springfield Model 1855 rifled muskets killed Indian warriors before they could get close enough with their smoothbore muskets.
However, in the Italian War of 1859, French forces were able to defeat the longer range of Austrian rifle muskets by quick, small attacks and bayonet attacks at close range.
History of Muskets
Infantry Tactics During the Napoleonic wars - Musketry
http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Campground/8551/
The ALPHA Collaboration is a group of physicists from about 11 universities who work together (or "collaborate") to try to trap neutral antimatter.
The neutral antimatter they are working to trap is antihydrogen.
This is the antimatter version of hydrogen, the first atom in the periodic table.
Antihydrogen, like hydrogen, has two oppositely charged particles.
Hydrogen has a proton and an electron, and so antihydrogen would have an antiproton and a positron.
A positron is the common name for the antielectron.
The ALPHA collaboration has its experiment at CERN in Geneva in Switzerland.
CERN is the only place in the world that can provide "slow" antiprotons that can be easily captured by ALPHA.
ALPHA then brings these antiprotons into contact with positrons and form antihydrogen.
Antihydrogen has, like many atoms and especially hydrogen, a small magnetic dipole moment.
A dipole moment is another way of saying that the atom behaves a bit as if it was a tiny magnet with a north and a south pole.
Normally such small magnets are attracted to other magnets.
However, some atoms in some states behave such that they are repelled by magnetic fields.
This means that the atoms could possibly be trapped in space by making a minimum of the magnetic field.
ALPHA is trying to do just that with antihydrogen.
By a clever arrangement of magnets, ALPHA has a so-called magnetic minimum trap, in which antihydrogen may be trapped.
This is a difficult process.
The magnetic forces on these atoms are quite weak, so the trap can only contain antihydrogen atoms of very low motional (kinetic) energy, that is at very low temperature.
The current state-of-the-art ALPHA trap can contain antihydrogen atoms in their ground state if they are colder than about 0.5 Kelvin (i.e. 0.5 degrees above absolute zero).
ALPHA is currently working on making such cold antihydrogen.
en:Antiproton Decelerator#ALPHA collaboration
fr:ALPHA (expérience)
Forestle is a website for finding all kinds of information on the internet; Forestle helps to save the rain forest and reduces the total carbon dioxide (CO2) production.
It also offers special features, for example a preview of the websites found during a search.
It was invented in 2008.
Helping the environment
Forestle saves 0.1 square meters (about 0.1 square yards) of rain forest per search.
It earns money from showing advertisements along with the websites found, and Forestle guarantees to donate 90% of this money to buy areas of rain forest through its partner organization The Nature Conservancy.
As of October 2009, about  1,991,055 square meters of rain forest have been saved.
For searching the web using Forestle is also essentially CO2-neutral: Of course the server computers used by Forestle, the connection network, and the computer of the searching users need electric energy and thus create emissions of carbon-dioxide; but Forestle purchases an equivalent amount of renewable energy certificates.
The certificates are purchased from a part of the 10% of money left after buying rain forest.
This makes Forestle one of the few web search sites that are "green certified".
Forestle offers a website preview that shows small versions of the websites found in each search.
The search page offered by Forestle is very simple and only contains a window to type in words to be searched for, the search results, and a few links to check related services (for example Google Maps) as well as explanations about how Forestle works.
Forestle meanwhile also provides several browser plugins, can be added to iGoogle and can be used in English and German (full versions) as well as in Spanish and Dutch (details partially in English).
Forestle search engine partners
Forestle used the search services of Google until Google forbid them to do that after four days of service; the reasons was that Google and Forestle had a fight: it was not clear whether Forestle broke the terms of service fixed in the contract between them.
Forestle.org states that google did not actually give reasons for stopping their service.
The action by google to not support Forestle any more immediately drew international attention.<ref
name=immediateattentionInquirer></ref>  Details about the conflict between Google and Forestle are debated.
Forestle is now associated with Yahoo.
Forestle.org
Proof for Saving Rain Forest
Proof of reducing CO2  production
The Hebrew Wikipedia () is the Hebrew-language edition of Wikipedia.
This edition was started in July 2003.
Hebrew Wikipedia main page
Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is a drug.
It is used to prevent coughs in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines.
Dextromethorphan can also be used for pain relief or for psychological conditions.
It is sold in syrup, tablet, and lozenge forms, manufactured under several different brand names and generic labels.
In its pure form, dextromethorphan is a white powder.
If more is taken than directed, dextromethorphan acts as a dissociative hallucinogenic drug.
Its mechanism of action (how it works) is as an NMDA receptor antagonist (blocks a chemical in the brain), producing  effects similar to those of the controlled substances ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP).
A metrosexual is a male who is overly concerned with their own physical appearance and grooming.
Metrosexual men are known to act like the stereotypical homosexual man.
Roman à clef (said like it rhymes with "a don a day") means "novel with a key" in French.
It is a phrase used for talking about literature and movies.
A roman à clef is a type of story that's true for the most part except for details like the name of the main character.
The "key" part of the meaning–what someone needs to unlock the real story–changes from book to book.
For some books it is knowing that the main character is really a famous person.
For others it is knowing that the main character is really the author.
Authors usually write these types of stories (instead of telling the whole truth) to talk about a controversy or what happened during a crime so that the people involved can't sue them.
A couple of movies that are written like this are Citizen Kane (a movie about a man a lot like William Randolph Hearst) and Dreamgirls (a movie about a Motown group a lot like The Supremes).
Because it comes from French, the plural of roman à clef is romans à clef.
Ernst Kaltenbrunner (4 October 1903 in Ried im Innkreis – 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was an Austrian lawyer.
During World War II he was an official of the NSDAP.
He was the head of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Head Office) and Interpol.
Kaltenbrunner was the highest SS officer who was charged at the Nuremberg Trials.
He was found guilty of war crimes and executed.
A typographical error or typo is a word that has been spelt wrong by accident.
There are a few ways to make a typo:
Hitting the wrong key while typing.
Example: "Tom amd Jane are friends."
Pressing the keys in the wrong order.
Example: "Tom nad Jane are friends."
Forgetting to press a key.
Example "Tom nd Jane are friends."
Holding a key too long, causing a letting to be typed twice.
Example "Tom andd Jane are friends."
| death_place       =Rutland House, London
| burial_place      =St. George's Chapel, Windsor
| rank                 = Field Marshal
| branch = British Army
| allegiance = United Kingdom
|}}
Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, was born on August 16, 1763.
He was the second son of George III.
He was the heir to the throne from 1820 to his death.
Irish nobility
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex was born (27 January 1773 – 21 April 1843), was the sixth son of George III and his consort, Queen Charlotte.
He was the only son of the King and Queen not to pursue an army or navy career, but he did consider becoming a cleric in the Church of England.
Augustus Frederick married twice, but neither was legal in the United Kingdom because under the Royal Marriages Act  he should have asked permission from the King first.
Princess Augusta Sophia (8 November 1768 – 22 September 1840)was second oldest daughter of George III and Queen Charlotte.
She died at age 71 in 1840.
Princess Elizabeth (22 May 1770 – 10 January 1840) was the 7th child of George III and Queen Charlotte.
She married Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, in 1818.
She died at age 69.
There were plans for her to marry the future Louis Philippe I, but the marriage never took place as he was a Catholic and her father had a deep dislike of Catholic people.
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh (25 April 1776 – 30 April 1857) was the fourth daughter and eleventh child of George III and Queen Charlotte.
She was the last living child of George III, dying in 1857.
The Princess Sophia (Sophia Matilda; 2 November 1777 – 27 May 1848) was the fifth daughter of George III and Queen Charlotte.
Prince Octavius (23 February 1779 - 3 May 1783) was the eighth son of the British king George III and his queen, Charlotte.
He died at the age of four.
His father King George once said "There will be no heaven for me if Octavius is not there."
Prince Alfred (22 September 1780 - August 20 1783) was the ninth and last son of George III and Queen Charlotte.
He was the first son of George III to die, dying at age two years in 1783.
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (19 May 1744 – 17 November 1818) was the queen of the United Kingdom as the wife of King George III.
She was queen consort of the United Kingdom from her marriage on September 8, 1761 to to death, on November 18,1818.
Charlotte and George III had 15 children, of whom 13 survived to adulthood.
She was the longest consort, serving 58 years.
She died in 1818, and George III died two years later.
Egbert (also spelt Ecgberht) (–839) was King of Wessex from 802 until 839.
In the 780s Egbert was forced into exile by Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex, but on Beorhtric's death in 802 Egbert returned and took the throne.
He was the father of Athelwulf of Wessex.
Egbert was the son of Ealhmund, King of Kent.
He was descended from Ingeld, brother of Ine of Wessex.
In 786 he made a bid for the throne of Wessex after the death of Cynewulf.
Offa of Mercia however, made Beorhtric king instead.
As a youth Egbert was seen as a problem for Beorhtric.
He didn't want Egbert in England.
While Beorhtric was negotiating to marry Offa's daughter he asked that Egbert be handed over to him.
While Offa was considering doing just that, Egbert fled Mercia and at some point left England.
He appears to have been welcomed at the court of Charlemagne for at least three years.
This is at the time Frankish ports were closed to English ships and trading.
Offa had offended Charlemagne by his son marry one of Charlemagne's daughters.
While at the Frankish court Egbert married a noblewoman, Redburga.
She was possibly a close relative of Charlemagne.
Egbert and Redburga had a son born in Francia, Athelwulf, about 795.
In 802 Beorhtric died.
Egbert returned to become King of Wessex, probably with military aid from Charlemagne.
His first few years as king are not well recorded.
It is very probable that he used this time to reorganize his army and his administration.
Egbert formed an alliance with Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury.
In 815 Egbert invaded Cornwall and brought it under his rule.
He allowed sub-kings to rule it for him.
In 825 the new king of Mercia, Beornwulf, invaded Wessex.
Beornwulf had extended his authority over Kent, Essex and Middlesex.
In what Frank Stenton called "one of the most decisive battles of Anglo-Saxon history" Egbert defeated Beornwulf.
This was the end of the Mercian kings dominating England.
Egbert sent his son Athelwulf with an army to overthrow Baldred, the Mercian sub-king.
As a result, all of Kent, Surrey, Sussex and East Anglia submitted to Egbert.
Beornwulf tried to recover East Anglia later the same year and was killed in the attempt.
Kent, Surrey and Sussex remained a part of the kingdom of Wessex from this time on.
Essex was later lost to the Danes.
Egbert appointed his son Athelwulf as sub-king of Kent which included all the new territories of Wessex.
Egbert then defeated all of Mercia in 829.
The king of Northumbria submitted to him after the defeat of Mercia.
He assumed the title  (King of Mercia).
This title was also on coins made in the former Mercian port of London.
In 830 Wiglaf returned to power in Mercia, but the gains of Kent and southwest England remained with Wessex.
Egbert died 4 February 839.
He left a territory larger than any other Wessex king since Ine.
He was the bretwalda or overlord of Anglo-Saxon England until Wiglaf returned in 830.
Even so, he remained the most powerful king during his time.
Athelwulf, who succeeded his father.
Athelstan.
770s births
839 deaths
The axilla (also known as the armpit, underarm, or oxter) is the area on the human body right under where the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder.
The axilla is one of the four places where a medical thermometer can be used to measure human body temperature.
The other places are the rectum, mouth, and ear canal.
What is in the area of the axilla
In the area where the axllia is, the body parts that are found are the axillary vein, axillary artery, brachial plexus, lymph nodes, and fat.
Hair of the axilla
During puberty, hair will grow in the underarms.
Many women choose to shave or remove this hair because it gives a neater and cleaner look when wearing some types of clothes, however some women do not shave and choose to have a natural look for cultural or symbolic reasons.
What the axilla is known for
Other words for axilla
Asyut is a city in Egypt.
It is the capital of the current Asyut Governate.
There is an old city close by the newer city of Asyut.
Ganz (tramcars), Hungarian maker of electric railway equipment.
Ganz (toy company), a Canadian toy company known for Webkinz
Ganz, Austria, a town in the district of Mürzzuschlag in Styria
Ganz (surname), people with the surname Ganz
Ganz HMG, a fictitious machine gun in Battlefield 2142
The Ganz (Ganz vállalatok, "Ganz companies") electric works  in Budapest is best known for making tramcars.
It was also one of the first to use three-phase alternating current on electric railways.
Ganz also made / makes: ships (Ganz Danubius), steel bridges (Ganz Acélszerkezet), high voltage electrical equipment (Ganz Transelektro).
Famous engineers employed by Ganz were Kálmán Kandó and Ottó Bláthy.
The company is named after Ábrahám Ganz.
Battle of Yorktown (1781), American Revolutionary War battle
Battle of Yorktown (1862), Civil War battle
Tetraphobia is a fear of the number 4.
It is a superstition found most often in East Asian areas, for example China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.
The Chinese word for four (, pinyin: sì, jyutping: sei3), sounds very similar to the word for death (, pinyin: sǐ, jyutping: sei2).
Chinese people take care not to use the number 4 during important holidays, or if someone in the family is sick.
Numbers such as 14, 24, and so on, are not used because they also have the number 4 in them.
Buildings sometimes do not have floors with these numbers, apartments and hotels do not have rooms with number 4, 14, 24 and so on.
Table number 4, 14, 24, may be often left out in wedding dinners or other social activities in these countries.
Where there are a lot of apartment buildings, buildings that should be 4, 14, 24, are called 3A, 13A, 23A, and so on.
In Hong Kong, some apartments such as Vision City and The Arch do not have the floors from 40 to 49.
Immediately above 39/F is 50/F, leading many who do not know about tetraphobia to think that some floors are missing.
The Chinese start numbering their military aircraft with the number 5, such as the fighter plane "Shenyang J-5".
The Taiwanese and the South Korean navies do not use the number 4 when giving flag numbers to their ships.
In Korea, tetraphobia is not as important, but the floor number 4 is almost always left out in hospitals.
In other buildings, the fourth floor is sometimes named "F" (Four) instead of "4" in elevators.
Apartment numbers with a lot of the number 4 (such as 404) are hard to sell, and often they are not worth as much money.
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (30 November 1719 – 8 February 1772) was Princess of Wales between 1736 and 1751, and Dowager Princess of Wales thereafter.
She was one of only three holders of the title who never became queen.
Princess Augusta's eldest son succeeded as George III of the United Kingdom in 1760, as her husband, Frederick, Prince of Wales, had died nine years earlier.
Princess Elizabeth (Elizabeth Caroline; 10 January 1741 – 4 September 1759) was a member of the British Royal Family, a grandchild of George II and sister of George III.
Claustrophobia is a fear of narrow or closed places.
It is an anxiety disorder and often results in panic attack.
The Palace of Whitehall was the main home of the English kings and queens in London, from 1530 until 1698, when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire.
Before the fire, it was the largest palace in Europe, with over 1,500 rooms (at one time it was the largest building in the world).
The palace gives its name—Whitehall—to the road on which many of the buildings of the UK government now stand.
The word "Whitehall" can also refer to the central government itself.
It became an official royal palace in 1530 when Henry VII was the king of England.
He also included a recreation centre with a bowling green, tennis courts, a pit for cock fighting (now the site of 70 Whitehall) and a tiltyard for jousting.
It is estimated that over £30,000 (approaching £11 million in 2007 values) were spent during the 1540s, 50% more than the construction of the entire Bridewell Palace.
Henry VIII married two of his wives at the palace—Anne Boleyn in 1533 and Jane Seymour in 1536.
It was also at the palace that Henry died.
It was a lesser used palace during the reign of the next few monarchs.
The palace of Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698.
Many of the palace's wooden structures were destroyed in the fire.
Michelangelo's Cupid is to believed to have been destroyed in the blaze.
After this the remaining structures were torn down.
Now Whitehall has government buildings on it.
Whitehall, Palace of
1698 disestablishments
The Romanian Wikipedia () is the Romanian-language edition of Wikipedia.
This edition was started in June 2003.
It has  articles.
This makes it the 30th largest edition.
Romanian Wikipedia main page
A weekday is a day that falls outside of the weekend.
In most places, weekdays include Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday but not Saturday or Sunday.
Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American theoretical and applied mathematician.
His father was a teacher of languages.
Wiener founded cybernetics, the science of control and communication in animals and machines.
It is a field that uses the notion of feedback, and is important for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society.
The name of the science comes from his book, Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948).
"Information is information, not matter or energy". –
Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics (1948, 155)
Wiener was born in Columbia, Missouri.
Books by Norbert Wiener
1933: The Fourier Integral and certain of its applications.
Press; reprint by Dover.
1942: Extrapolation, interpolation and smoothing of stationary time series.
A war-time classified report nicknamed "the yellow peril" because of the color of the cover and the difficulty of the subject.
Published postwar 1949 MIT Press.
1948: Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine.
Wiley, New York 1948.
2nd revised ed.
1950: The human use of human beings: cybernetics and society.
Houghton Mifflin, New York.
1953: Ex-prodigy: my childhood and youth.
Autobiography of his younger years
1956: I am a mathematician.
Gollancz, London.
1958: Nonlinear problems in random theory.
MIT Press & Wiley.
1959: The Tempter.
1964: Selected papers of Norbert Wiener.
Cambridge Mass.  MIT Press & SIAM.
1966: Generalized harmonic analysis and Tauberian theorems.
1966: God & Golem, Inc.: a comment on certain points where cybernetics impinges on religion.
1966: Norbert Wiener 18941964.
72(1).
Also published in book form.
1976-84: The mathematical work of Norbert Wiener.
Masani P (ed) 4 vols, Camb.
Mass. MIT Press.
This contains a complete collection of Wiener's mathematical papers with commentaries.
1994: Invention: the care and feeding of ideas.
Erich Johann Albert Raeder (24 April 1876 in Wandsbek - 6 November 1960 in Kiel) was a naval leader in Germany before and during the Second World War.
He was made a "Großadmiral" (, equivalent to Admiral of the Fleet) in 1939, which is the highest naval rank.
In 1943 he was replaced by Karl Dönitz in his position as head of the German Navy.
The Invasion of Grenada, codenamed Operation Urgent Fury, was an invasion of the nation of Grenada ordered by President Ronald Reagan.
Grenada is an island in the Caribbean Sea, 100 miles north of Venezuela, and over 1,500 miles south east of the United States.
It was invaded by the combined force of troops from the United States (nearly 10,000 troops), Jamaica and members of the Regional Security System (RSS) (approximately 300 troops).
, taglined Legend of the Seven Stars, is a role-playing game made by Square Co. (now known as Square Enix) and published by Nintendo.
The game was first out on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1996, and then on the Wii's Virtual Console service in 2008.
The gameplay of Super Mario RPG is like other Square role-playing games of Chrono Trigger and the Final Fantasy series.
The characters fight enemies by taking turns in a battle-style area.
The player controls Mario, Bowser, Princess Toadstool, Mallow and Geno.
Each of those characters has special moves they can use on an enemy.
Super Mario RPG got very good scores, including an 88% average from Game Rankings.
The game also sold 1.47 million copies in Japan, which was the third best selling game in that region of 1996.
de:Mario RPG
Whopper is a kind of hamburger sold at the fast-food chain Burger King.
It is made using a beef patty, lettuce, tomato, sliced onion, pickles, ketchup, and mayonnaise served on a sesame seed bun.
Also, cheese can be added at the customer's request.
There is also a Double Whopper available.
A Whopper Jr. is the same as the Whopper, but in a smaller size.
Direct memory access  (usually shortened to DMA) is a technology used in Computers and microprocessors.
With it, certain hardware components can use parts of the main memory for their applications, without the need to ask the CPU.
The CPU will request data from memory once and the DMA will continue to fetch the data, freeing the CPU to do other work.
This way, the CPU does not have to request every byte.
5145 Pholus is a Centaur (minor planetoid) of the solar system running in a stretched orbit, with a perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) less than  Saturn's and aphelion (farthest approach from the Sun) farther than Neptune's.
Close approaches of the object are not common: it has not come within one astronomical unit (about 150 million km) of a planet since 764 BC, and will not again until 5290.
Astronomers think that Pholus started out as a Kuiper belt object.
Pholus was the second Centaur type asteroid to be found and was quickly found to be very red in color.
Because it's very red, it is sometimes called "Big Red".
Astronomers think the color is because of organic compounds on its surface.
SOLEX
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris HORIZONS Web-Interface
She was born in July of 1751.She was the last child of her father Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta.
She married Christian VII of Denmark on 8 November 1766 at Christiansborg Castle.
She did not know the groom was mentally ill.
But the marriage did produce two children.
The youngest daughter was thought to be the offspring of the king's doctor and the queen.
Nothing was ever proven but the physician was killed and Caroline sent away.
She died in May of 1775 at the age of 23.
1775 deaths
Malcolm III of Scotland, aka Malcolm Canmore, King of Scots.
He was the first of a dynasty of kings who ruled Scotland for over two centuries.
Malcolm was born in 1031, the son of king Duncan I of Scotland and his wife; a cousin of Siward, Earl of Northumberland.
When his father was killed in 1040 Malcolm did not succeed to the throne.
At the time the system alternated between different lines of the same royal family.
So the king chosen from a different royal line was Macbeth, who had killed Duncan I in battle.
Malcolm killed Macbeth in battle in 1057, but Lulach, Macbeth's stepson was selected as king.
This broke the pattern of alternate selection.
Lulach ruled only ruled a few months until he was killed.
Malcolm finally succeeded Lulach and changed the succession to his own sons and their descendants.
This made Scotland like other European countries in keeping the same dynasty on the throne.
Malcolm was in his late twenties when he finally became king.
Malcolm would lead a total of five raids into England starting in 1061.
The Norman Conquest of England caused many to leave England.
Malcolm welcomed several into Scotland.
These included Edgar Atheling, his sisters Margaret and Christina as well as their mother.
Raised at the court of St. Stephen of Hungary she was beautiful, wise, and very religious.
Malcolm was at once taken with her and asked her to marry him.
She refused as she and her sister were destined to be nuns.
But after a time she finally accepted.
By his marriage to Margaret he gained an interest in the English throne.
Edgar Atheling joined the uprising in the North of England in 1069 but it failed and William the Conqueror sacked York as punishment.
Malcolm joined in but too late as Edgar left England on a Danish ship.
Malcolm had long claimed Cumbria and Northumberland and made another raid on Bamburgh.
He took so many captives that it was said there was an English slave in every house in Scotland.
In 1071 William came north with a large army.
He came as far as Abernethy but Malcolm wanted peace.
William agreed to give him twelve English manors and pay a yearly fee.
Malcolm had to give his son Malcolm as a hostage but this made him a vassal of the English king.
Edgar Atheling returned to Scotland the next year.
He had been offered land on the border near Normandy by the French king.
Malcolm told him to take it and settle down.
He then gave Edgar gold and silver and sent him off to live in France.
But Edgar soon returned having been shipwrecked on his journey.
This time Malcolm advised him to make peace with king William of England.
Edgar did and received a castle as a residence in England.
In 1079 William and his son Robert were fighting in Normandy.
Malcolm raided into England again being welcomed in Northumberland.
But William sent his brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux north to punish Northumberland and Robert to raid into Scotland.
Once more Robert and Malcolm settled their differences and were at peace again.
In 1092, during the reign of William Rufus Malcolm raided England yet again.
Peace was again renewed with William Rufus.
But William failed in one of his promises to Malcolm, so in 1093 the Scots invaded England again.
This time Malcolm III died while fighting at Alnwick Castle.
His son Edward died there also.
Margaret, his queen died of grief after hearing the news of the death of her husband and their son.
About 1059 he married Ingibjorg, the widow of Thorfinn Sigurdson, Earl of Orkney.
She was the daughter of Earl Finn Arnason.
Duncan, eventually succeeded his father as king Duncan II.
Donald, († 1085).
He married secondly Margaret of Wessex .
They had eight children; six sons and two daughters, including:
Edward († 1093).
Edmund, Prince of Cumbria and later a monk.
Ethelred, Earl of Fife and abbot of Dunkeld.
Edgar of Scotland, afterwards king.
Alexander, later king of Scots as Alexander I.
David, later king of Scots as David I.
Matilda, married Henry I of England.
Mary, married (1102) to Eustace, Count of Boulogne.
Their daughter, Matilda, was the wife of Stephen, king of England.
Berengaria (, ; c. 1165-1170 – 23 December 1230), was the oldest daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre and Sancha of Castile.
Her mother's parents were Alfonso VII of León and Berenguela of Barcelona.
She was the wife of Richard I of England.
Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (15 June 1519–23 July 1536) was the son of King Henry VIII of England and his mistress, Elizabeth Blount.
Henry had an affair with Elizabeth Blount while he was married to Catherine of Aragon.
He was the only illegitimate (a person whose parents are not married) child of Henry VIII that was confirmed by Henry VIII to be his own son.
Henry had no other living sons during Fitzroy's lifetime and so Fitzroy was considered as a potential heir to the throne.
Steve Hart (1860 – June 28, 1880) was an Australian bushranger and a member of the Kelly Gang.
A close friend of Ned Kelly's brother, Dan Kelly, Hart was caught up in the murder of three policemen at Stringybark Creek.
He was killed during the siege at Glenrowan, Victoria.
Hart was born at Three Mile Creek, near Wangaratta, Victoria, in 1859.
His parents, Richard Hart and Bridget Young had come from Ireland.
They had other children, Richard 'Dick' Hart (Jr.), Hugh Hart, Thomas Hart, Nicholas Hart, Esther 'Ettie' Hart, Jane Hart and Winifred Hart.
Hart was a small man, and a very good horse rider.
His brother Nicholas was a jockey.
One story says Steve worked as a jockey around Beechworth and Wangaratta, and won 'The Benalla Handicap' after a protest was upheld.
He did not open farm gates, and always jumped them with his horse.
In 1877, Hart was sent to Beechworth Gaol for 12 months for stealing 13 horses.
He met Dan Kelly while in prison.
When he was let out of gaol he went to Bullock Creek to look for gold with Dan Kelly.
He is reported to have said here's to "...a short life, and a merry one."
He was at Bullock Creek while Dan and Ned Kelly were in hiding from the police.
The gang, which on that day included Joe Byrne, heard gunshots and discovered a police search party camped nearby at Stringybark Creek.
The next day the gang went to the camp to take the policemen's guns.
Three policemen were killed and the gang were made outlaws, which meant that they could be captured dead or alive for a reward.
At this time the police did not know Hart was a member of the gang.
As a member of the Kelly Gang he often rode around in women's clothes to avoid being caught.
During the search for the Kelly Gang, the police were told to stop women riders to see if they were really women.
The stories of how Ned's sister, Kate Kelly, did things to help the gang, were probably really about Steve Hart.
Hart took part in the bank robberies at Euroa and Jerilderie.
At Euroa he met an old school friend of his, Francis 'Fanny' Shaw (sometimes known as Maggie Shaw) and through her, the police found out his name.
Hart also stole a watch from Robert Scott, the bank manager.
When a bank worker, Bob Booth, asked him for something to remember the visit by, Hart gave him a lead bullet carved with the letter 'H'.
At Jerilderie in 1879, the Kelly gang held many people hostage in the Royal Hotel before robbing the bank.
Hart stole a watch from Reverend Gribble, a parson at the Protestant church.
Ned told Hart he was a common thief and made him give the watch back.
After Jerilderie, Hart went into hiding with the gang for most of 1879, although Hart did go to a St.Kilda doctor to be treated for a foot problem.
In June 1880 Ned Kelly came up with a plan to get his mother released from prison.
Dan Kelly and Joe Byrne went to Beechworth and killed their friend Aaron Sherritt who they thought was a police spy.
They knew this would bring many police by train to Beechworth to capture them.
In the meantime Hart and Ned Kelly had gone to Glenrowan and forced railway workers to pull up the train tracks.
They hoped the police train would crash, and then wearing home made armour they would capture the surviving policemen.
These would be held as hostages until Ellen Kelly was set free.
Hart and Kelly forced many people of the town into a small hotel owned by Ann Jones.
They were joined by Dan Kelly and Byrne who had ridden quickly across country from Beechworth.
They waited at the hotel for the police.
The plan failed when news of the Sherritt murder took a long time to reach Melbourne.
The people kept at the hotel were becoming difficult to keep under control.
Ned Kelly let one man go free at 3.00am, the school teacher Thomas Curnow, who said he had to get home to his wife.
Instead he went to the train line and was able to stop the police train safely.
The police went to the hotel and began shooting.
It is estimated that 15,000 bullets were fired.
Joe Byrne was shot dead in the front room of the hotel.
Ned Kelly left the hotel in the early morning, probably to meet with other men who were going to help him capture the train.
At 10.00am the police were forced to stop shooting to allow some of the hostages to escape.
Several, including the hotel owner's son had been shot dead.
Dan Kelly's sister, Maggie Skillion, and a Catholic priest Father Gibney tried to go to the hotel to tell Steve and Dan to give themselves up, but were stopped by the police.
The police wanted a cannon to be sent from Melbourne so they could blast the two men out.
At 2.30pm the police set the hotel on fire, and Father Gibney rushed inside.
Gibney saw the bodies of Hart and Dan Kelly lying side by side in a room at the back of the hotel, with their heads resting on blankets.
They had removed the armour which was placed beside them.
It is most likely they had killed themselves.
The bodies of Hart and Kelly were badly burned during the fire.
Hart's body, little more than a blackened stump was buried at Greta Cemetery the following day, June 29, 1880, in the same grave as Dan Kelly.
He was 21 years old.
After the grave was filled in, the whole area was ploughed over to keep the site of the grave hidden.
Hart's armour is now on display at the Victoria Police Museum in Melbourne.
Over the years there have been claims that Hart and Dan Kelly did not die at the hotel, but escaped and went to live in Queensland.
A man named Billy Meade, as he was dying in 1938, told a nurse he was really Hart.
Another story says Hart and Dan Kelly went to South Africa.
After serving in the Second Boer War; also called the South African War, they went to India, where Hart is said to have drowned himself in Calcutta in 1917.
There is no evidence to prove these stories.
Kleptomania (, "to steal", μανία, "mania") is an impulse control disorder.
It is mental disorder with a frequent urge of stealing.
Kleptomaniacs often steal many of the same thing and hoard, throw away or give away the things they steal.
Some may not be aware that they have committed the theft.
It is often found in people who have other mental disorders, such as depression, panic attacks, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder and drug addiction.
The condition is more common in females, and especially those with bulimia.
Rancid (band), an American punk band, and their self-titled releases:
Rancid (EP), the above group's self-titled debut EP
Rancid (1993 album), their first full-length album
Rancid (2000 album), another self-titled album
Rancid (movie), a 2004 Swedish movie
RANCID, network management software
Rancid News, a punk magazine
Rancidification, the oxidation of fats, fatty acids, and edible oils
Hudson is a census-designated place  found in Pasco County, Florida, in the United States.
About 12,500 people live in Hudson as of 2000.
History of Hudson
Brooklyn is a town of the Clay Township in Morgan County, Indiana, in the United States.
About 1,500 people were living in Brooklyn as of 2000.
Qawwali () is an Islamic Sufi type of music, that is famous in Pakistan and India.
Mainly performed at Sufi Shrines in Pakistan  and India, Qawwali has also become popular in the world.
Singers like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well known for this music due to their excellent voice and ability of singing.
Qawwali music is believed to have started 700 years ago.
This music is mainly based in Punjab, which is a state of Pakistan.
Pakistani music
Pakistani rock is a form of rock music from Pakistan.
It mixes up Pakistani classical music with American rock.
It has its own vibrant elements, with slightly different sounds and tunes.
Pakistani rock is mostly sung in Urdu, however large numbers of songs are also sung in languages such as Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Seraiki.
Many new music bands are also now singing in English.
The rock music of Pakistan first began in the 1990s, with Vital Signs and Junoon as the first rock bands to come out.
There were then some other bands like Strings, which also began later.
After the year 2000, there were suddenly hundreds of rock music groups across Pakistan that began to create.
Pakistani rock music has become massively popular among people in the country.
It is listened to in countries such as Iran, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, India and even as far as China and Japan.
As of June 2010, there are 208 football associations affiliated to FIFA.
The associations are divided into six confederations.
The confederations formed by continent.
The confederations are:
Asia  — Asian Football Confederation - AFC
Africa — Confederation of African Football - CAF
North America — Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football - CONCACAF
South America — Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol - CONMEBOL
Oceania — Oceania Football Confederation - OFC
Europe — Union of European Football Associations - UEFA
Members of FIFA affiliated confederations
West Asian Football Federation (WAFF) – represents nations at the western extremity of the continent, except Iran.
East Asian Football Federation (EAFF) – represents nations in Northeast Asia, plus Guam and Northern Mariana Islands.
Central Asian Football Federation (CAFF) – represents nations in Central Asia, plus Iran.