the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge (2001) - Genie
The Simpsons Wrestling (2001) - Various characters
The Simpsons: Road Rage (2001) - Various characters
Kingdom Hearts (2002) - Genie
The Simpsons Skateboarding (2002) - Various characters
The Simpsons: Hit & Run (2003) - Various characters
Metal Arms: Glitch in the System (2003) - Krunk
Kingdom Hearts II (2005) - Genie
Cartoon Network Racing (2006) - Earl
Happy Feet (2006) - Ramon, Elephant seal #1
The Simpsons Game (2007) - Various characters
Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories (2008) - (archived voice acting)
BioShock (2007) - Toasty splicer
Bioshock 2 (2010) - Toasty splicer
The Simpsons: Tapped Out (2012) - Various characters
Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix (2013) - Genie
Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix (2014) - Genie (Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix)
Lego Dimensions (2015) - Homer Simpson, Krusty the Clown (archived voice acting)
Kingdom Hearts III (???) -
American Splendor - Harvey Pekar
The Simpsons Ride'' (2008) - Homer Simpson, Various characters
Team Milram is an Italian-registered UCI ProTeam established in 2006.
The team is often called a German team because its main sponsor is Milram, part of the Nordmilch company  from the German state of Bremen.
Milram took over the ProTeam licence of Domina Vacanze.
Erik Zabel and Alessandro Petacchi are the team’s top cyclists.
There are 25 other riders, mainly from Germany and Italy.
Milram is the third team in the UCI ProTour with a German main sponsor.
The team manager is led by Italian Gianluigi Stanga, who has been a team manager in professional cycling since 1983.
The directeurs sportifs (Sports Directors) are the Italians Vittorio Algeri, Antonio Bevilacqua and Oscar Pellicioli .
Gerry van Gerwen from the Netherlands is the commercial manager.
Milram only joined the UCI ProTour in 2006.
Since then they have won 88 podium positions (that is, finished a race either first, second, or third) (24 first, 29 second, 35 third ).
Team MILRAM reorganised itself for its second season.
Five new riders joined and eight riders left the team.
The most prominent new rider is Igor Astarloa, 2003 World Champion from Spain.
Additionally, the team added Brett Lancaster, the up-and-coming riders Marcel Sieberg and Niki Terpstra, as well as neo pro Sebastian Schwager.
After breaking his kneecap in 2006, Alessandro Petacchi regained his top form and won some races.
2007 season
Results in the Continental Tour
In probability theory and statistics, the chi-square distribution (also chi-squared or   distribution) is one of the most widely used theoretical probability distributions.
Chi-square distribution with  degrees of freedom is written as .
It is a special case of gamma distribution.
Chi-square distribution is primarily used in statistical significance tests and confidence intervals.
It is useful, because it is relatively easy to show that certain probability distributions come close to it, under certain conditions.
One of these conditions is that the null hypothesis must be true.
Another one is that the different random variables (or observations) must be independent of each other.
Chi-Square Tutorial by Khans Academy
In statistics, a null hypothesis, often written as , is a statement assumed to be true unless it can be shown to be incorrect beyond a reasonable doubt.
The idea is that the null hypothesis generally assumes that there is nothing new or surprising in the population.
The most common null hypothesis is the "no-change" or "no-difference" hypothesis (as in "there is no difference between a sample mean and a population mean").
When testing whether something works, one would start with the null hypothesis that it will not work.
The term was first used by Ronald Fisher in his book The Design of Experiments.
Every experiment has a null hypothesis.
When performing an experiment to see if a medicine works, the null hypothesis is that it does not work.
When performing an experiment to see if people prefer chocolate or vanilla ice cream, the null hypothesis is that people like them equally.
When performing an experiment to see if either boys or girls can play piano better, the null hypothesis is that boys and girls are equally good at playing the piano.
The opposite of a null hypothesis is an alternative hypothesis.
Some examples of alternative hypotheses are:
This medicine makes people healthier.
People like chocolate ice cream better than vanilla.
Boys are better at playing the piano than girls.
Timothy Francis Leary, (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American writer and psychologist from Springfield, Massachusetts.
He is seen as a modern pioneer.
He was in favor of  research on psychedelic drugs and their use.
He was one of the first people whose remains have been sent into space.
As an icon of the counterculture of the 1960s, he is most famous as a person who stood in for the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of using LSD.
He coined and popularized the catch phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out."
People from Springfield, Massachusetts
Ralph Metzner (May 18, 1936 – March 14, 2019) was an American psychologist, and writer.
He was born in 1936, in Germany.
With Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert he was involved in a series of tests done at Harvard University, in the 1960s.
These tests involved psychedelic drugs.
A rock band is a group (a band) of musicians who play rock music.
The standard line up for a rock band is four musicians playing lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums.
One or more of the band can sing.
This was the line up used by the Beatles.
Rock Hall of Fame
Virtual Rock Band
San Francisco Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The Book of the Dead is a name for an Egyptian text.
It is also known as The Book of Coming [or Going]  Forth By Day, or as the papyrus of Ani.
It contains a number of texts, and spells.
These allow the dead person to safely get to the place of the afterlife.
The book of the dead was most commonly written on a papyrus scroll.
It was placed in the coffin of the dead person, or their burial chamber.
The book of the dead in its most familiar form was first used in the New Kingdom, but many of the spells had their origins in the funerary texts of the Old and Middle Kingdoms.
Missing sections of the book were found in the Queensland Museum in 2012.
Historians are hoping that the missing pieces will give them a copy of the complete book.
Team Gerolsteiner (UCI Team Code: GST) is a German road bicycle racing team in the UCI ProTour.
It is sponsored by the drinks company Gerolsteiner Brunnen and the bike company "Specialized".
The team was founded in 1998 with manager Hans-Michael Holczer and sports directors Rolf Gölz and Christian Henn.
The contract with Georg Totschnig in 2001 helped make the team enter Division I.  In 2003 the team participated in the Tour de France for the first time.
The Leader is Georg Totschnig, who has finished in the top 10 in the Tour de France and is an excellent climber.
In 2005, Totschnig won stage 14 of the Tour, showing his skill on the 15km long climb up the Port de Pailhères (2000m at 8.2%).
He was the first Austrian to win a tour stage since Max Bulla in 1931.
In 2007, Georg Totschnig retired and Levi Leipheimer moved to the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team.
The team used  youngsters Markus Fothen and Stefan Schumacher to captain the team in the 2007 Tour de France.
Team honours
1st, Team classification, Deutschland Tour 2006
1st, 2005 Eindhoven Team Time Trial
The 2006-2007 UCI Oceania Tour is the third season of the UCI Oceania Tour of professional road bicycle racing held in various countries throughout the Oceania region.
The season begins with the Jayco Herald Sun Tour stage race in October 2006 and runs until September 2007.
The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Oceania Tour cycling jersey.
The final points leader is crowned the 2006-2007 UCI Oceania Tour champion.
Gordon McCauley is the 2005-2006 champion of the UCI Oceania Tour.
November 2006
Point standings
(As of : 25 June 2007)
UCI Oceania Tour
Natural selection is a central concept of evolution.
It was proposed independently by the English biologists Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the middle of the 19th century (1858).
It is sometimes called the survival of the fittest.
Darwin chose the name as an analogy with artificial selection (selective breeding).
Natural selection is the process where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to reproduce.
In doing so, they pass on these traits to the next generation.
Over time this process allows organisms to adapt to their environment.
This is because the frequency of genes for favourable traits increases in the population.
Members of a species are not all alike, partly because of differences in heredity (genetics).
This is true even with children of the same parents.
Some of these differences might make one organism better at surviving and reproducing than others in a particular habitat.
When this organism reproduces, its offspring may get the genes which gave it the advantage.
Some adaptations are extremely long-lasting, useful in many habitats.
All living things have such fertility that their population size could increase rapidly forever.
Actually, the size of populations does not increase to this extent.
Food and other resources are limited.
So, there is competition for food and resources.
Therefore, they do not have the same chance to live and reproduce.
Much of this variation is inherited.
The parents pass the traits to the children through their genes.
The next generation comes from those that survive and reproduce.
The elimination is caused by the relative fit between the individuals and the environment they live in.
After many generations, the population has more helpful genetic differences, and fewer harmful ones.
Natural selection is really a process of elimination.
A well-known example of natural selection in action is the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms.
Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, antibiotics have been used to fight bacterial diseases.
Natural populations of bacteria contain, among their vast numbers of individual members, considerable variation in their genetic material, as the result of mutations.
When exposed to antibiotics, most bacteria die quickly, but some have mutations that make them slightly less susceptible.
If the exposure to antibiotics is short, these individuals will survive the treatment.
The  elimination of individuals which have no resistance is an example of natural selection.
Given enough time, and repeated exposure to the antibiotic, a population of antibiotic-resistant bacteria will emerge.
This leads to what is known as an evolutionary arms race, or co-evolution, in which bacteria continue to develop strains that are less susceptible to antibiotics, while medical researchers continue to develop new antibiotics that can kill them.
Response strategies typically include the use of different, stronger antibiotics; however, new strains of MRSA have recently emerged that are resistant even to these drugs.
A similar situation occurs with pesticide resistance in plants and insects, and with malarial resistance to quinine.
One famous case study is the study of peppered moth evolution, and there are many other examples.
Most of these day-flying moths were light in colour, but just a few of the moths were dark.
At first, the light coloured moths survived better because they were camouflaged against the light colour of the nearby trees.
This made it hard for birds to see them.
When factories were built, the pollution made all the trees look black.
Now the light coloured moths were obvious against the dark bark.
The dark coloured moths had the advantage after the environment changed.
The genes controlling dark colour spread through the population of moths.
After the second world war, controls against pollution worked to make the environment cleaner.
Then the lighter moths once again had the advantage, and are now much more common.
Mimicry is another example: Some harmless insects mimic other insects which are dangerous, or which taste foul.
Mimicry evolves because the better mimics survive better.
They live to produce more offspring than the less good mimics.
The genes of the better mimics become more common in the species.
Over time, mimic species get closer to their models.
Sexual selection is a special kind of natural selection.
It is a theory of Charles Darwin that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by competition within a species.
It is usually males who fight each other.
Traits selected by male combat are called secondary sexual characteristics (including horns, antlers, etc.)
and sometimes referred to as 'weapons'.
Traits selected by mate choice are called 'ornaments'.
Females often prefer to mate with males with external ornaments—exaggerated features of morphology.
Genes that enable males to develop impressive ornaments or fighting ability may simply show off greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism—features that also benefit females.
This idea is known as the 'good genes' hypothesis.
Sexual selection is still being researched and discussed today.
"Since Darwin’s days it has become clear that this kind of selection includes a far wider realm of phenomena, and instead of sexual selection it is better referred to as selection for reproductive success... genuine selection, not elimination, is involved, unlike survival selection.
Considering how many new kinds of selection for reproductive success are discovered year after year, I am beginning to wonder whether it is not even more important than survival selection, at least in certain higher organisms".
Metaphors referring to nature
Devanāgarī (देवनागरी) is an abugida and brahmic script used to write many North Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Sindhi, Bihari, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Nepal Bhasa and Nepali from Nepal and sometimes Kashmiri.
About a hundred smaller languages also use Devanāgarī.
The UCI ProTour is the series of races for the top cycling teams.
The Continental circuits are for teams that are not so good.
Some teams, such as Team Milram, have one team on the ProTour, a team of younger riders on the continental circuit as well as being linked with U23 teams.
In this way teams can spot talented riders.
Usually organisers of a ProTour event can invite one or two teams from the continental circuit to compete.
Also a ProTour team might decide to compete in a continental circuit race
Zachary David Alexander "Zac" Efron (18 October 1987) is an American actor and singer.
He is most famous for his role in the High School Musical series.
Other movies including 17 Again and Charlie St. Cloud.
His mother, Starla Baskett, is a former secretary and his father, David is engineer.
He has a little brother, Dylan.
He was dating Vanessa Hudgens.
Melinda's World (2003) - Stuart Wasser
Miracle Run (2004) - Steven Morgan
The Derby Stallion (2005) - Patrick McCardle
High School Musical (2006) - Troy Bolton
Hairspray (2007) - Link Larkin
High School Musical 2 (2007) - Troy Bolton
High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008) - Troy Bolton
17 Again (2009) - Mike O'Donnell (teen)
Me and Orson Welles (2010) - Richard Samuels
Charlie St. Cloud (2010) - Charlie St. Cloud
Dr. Seuss' The Lorax (2012) - Ted Wiggins
That Awkward Moment (2014) - Jason
Neighbours (2014) - Teddy SandersNeighbours 2: Soroity Rising (2016) - Teddy Sanders
Baywatch (2017) - Matt Brody
Scoob! (
2020) - Fred Jones
People from San Luis Obispo, California
The word fiddle refers to a violin when used in folk music.
Many people also use it simply as a fun word for "violin".
Someone who plays the fiddle is a "fiddler".
The bow is sometimes called a "fiddling stick".
Fiddle playing, or fiddling, is a style of folk music.
The word fiddle is also used for instruments of several hundred years ago which developed into the violin.
These instruments varied a lot from one country to another and one time to another.
They were of different shapes and sizes, and even had many different names.
Often they were held against the chest instead of being tucked under the chin.
In the Middle Ages a small, narrow violin called a kit was often used by dancing masters.
It was small enough to be put in a pocket.
In south eastern Europe there was even a fiddle with a belly (the front of the instrument) made of skin.
Fiddle strings were usually made of gut.
Many fiddles have bridges which are flatter on top than those of classical violins.
The flatter bridges makes it easier to play chords and to bow quickly from one string to another.
The strings are tuned in a variety of ways.
A player might even change the tuning for playing different pieces of music.
Tunings other than the regular G-D-A-E tuning, such as G-D-G-D or A-E-A-E, are common.
One, two or three of the strings may have been used for a drone (continuous note) while playing the tune on the top string(s).
Many fiddlers have not received classical training but have learned by listening to other fiddlers and copying them.
The music they play is dance music.
Classical violin playing developed out of country fiddle playing.
Most fiddlers use bows which are the same as violin bows, but in some countries such as Hungary they use shorter, heavier bows with horse hair that is tied around the frog (the heel of the bow).
With this type of bow the player tightens the hair by squeezing it while playing.
Fiddles were played by people from all areas of society: from noble people to simple peasants.
Many of them were minstrels who entertained important people.
Some of them may have been able to read music, but many would have learned by copying other players and memorizing the music.
At important feasts the minstrels may have played music while walking up to the high table when the food was brought in.
They played to accompany dancers and singers, and even acrobats.
We can see from old paintings that they sometimes played with other instruments such as trumpets, drums or percussion.
We do not know the music they played because it was never written down, but some tunes we still hear today may have come from those old tunes, since some people still learn tunes by ear, from people who learned them by ear, and so on.
Some American "old-time" tunes, and some Breton tunes may have come to us in this way, for example.
rebec
A Hardanger fiddle or hardingfele in Norwegian, is a traditional string instrument used mainly in the south west of  Norway.
It is similar to the violin, but it has eight or nine strings and the wood is thinner.
Four of the strings are strung and played like a violin, while the other strings are sympathetic strings (they vibrate when the others are played).
The Hardingfele is used for dancing.
The player stamps his foot loudly while playing.
It was the Norwegian tradition for a  bridal procession to be led to the church by a Hardanger fiddler.
The instrument has a lot of decoration, with a carved animal (usually the Lion of Norway) or a carved woman's head as part of the scroll at the top of the pegbox, mother of pearl in the tailpiece and fingerboard, and black ink decorations called 'rosing' on the body of the instrument.
Sometimes pieces of bone are used to decorate the pegs and the edges of the instrument.
The earliest known instrument is dated 1651 although we do not know whether this date is correct.
By 1850 it had developed into the Hardanger fiddle known today.
The Hardanger fiddle can be tuned in lot of different ways, depending on the music to be played.
The Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg liked Norwegian folk music.
When he wrote the famous tune “Morning” for the music for Peer Gynt he was thinking of the notes that would be played on the Hardanger fiddle.
In the 20th century the Hardanger fiddle has become very popular in Norway through competitions.
The players have to play in the style of the area they come from.
The Norwegian Collection of Folk Music  The Fiddle Volumes: Hardingfeleslåtter (University of Oslo, Department of Musicology)
Auguste Rodin (born François-Auguste-René Rodin; 12 November 1840 – 17 November 1917) was a French sculptor.
Rodin was born in Paris.
He made solid objects from stone or clay.
His most famous works are 'The Thinker' and 'The Kiss'.
Although Rodin is generally considered the start of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past.
His training was old-school.
He took a craftsman-like approach to his work, but he was rejected three times to Paris's foremost school of art.
Rodin had a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, deeply pocketed surface in clay.
Many of his most notable sculptures were roundly criticized during his lifetime.
They clashed with the sculpture tradition, in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic.
Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory.
He modelled the human body with realism, with individual character and physicality.
Rodin refused to change his style.
Gradually there came increasing favour from the government and the artistic community.
His statue of writer Honoré de Balzac for the Société des Gens des Lettres was heavily criticised.
Rather than try to convince skeptics of its merit, Rodin repaid the Société his commission and moved the figure to his own garden.
After this experience, Rodin did not complete another public commission.
Only in 1939 was Monument to Balzac cast in bronze.
It is now thought to be a masterpiece.
Rodin's reputation grew, and he became the top French sculptor of his time.
By 1900, he was a world-renowned artist.
Rich private clients sought Rodin's work after his 1900 World's Fair exhibit.
For example, a Japanese patron, Matsukata Kojiro, paid for some of Rodin's best castings, including "The Gates of Hell."
Rodin kept company with a variety of high-profile intellectuals and artists.
He married his lifelong companion, Rose Beuret, in the last year of both their lives.
Musée Rodin, Paris
Rodin Museum, Philadelphia
Views of the Musée Rodin
Rodin-Web.org: Academic site on Rodin
Biography resources dedicated to Auguste Rodin
French sculptors
Joseph John "Joe" Cole (born 8 November 1981) is an English professional football player.
Cole plays as a midfielder for
Coventry City.
At his peak he played for
Cole was born in Paddington.
He was raised in Somers Town, London.
Joe Cole trained at West Ham United at the start of his career.
He moved to Chelsea in 2003 for a prize of £6,600,00 and scored 10 goals for Chelsea in the 2004/05 season.
|1998/99||rowspan="5"|West Ham United||rowspan="5"|Premier League||8||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|1999/00||22||1||1||0||4||1||5||0||32||2
|2000/01||30||5||4||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||36||5
|2001/02||30||0||3||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||33||1
|2002/03||36||4||2||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||40||5
|2003/04||rowspan="7"|Chelsea||rowspan="7"|Premier League||35||1||3||0||3||2||9||0||50||3
|2004/05||28||8||3||0||6||0||9||1||46||9
|2005/06||34||8||6||2||1||0||5||1||46||11
|2006/07||10||0||2||0||2||1||7||1||21||2
|2007/08||33||7||3||0||5||1||13||2||54||10
|2008/09||14||2||2||0||0||0||4||1||20||3
|2005||10||2
|2007||9||1
Total||53||10
Aston Villa F.C. players
British adoptees
People from the London Borough of Camden
People from Paddington
West Ham United F.C. players
The rebec is a bowed string musical instrument that was played many hundreds of years ago.
It was either held under the chin, like a violin, or held against the arm.
The name “rebec” was spelt in a variety of ways.
The rebec dates back to the Middle Ages and was particularly popular in the 15th and 16th centuries.
The instrument is European, but probably developed from the Afghan instrument called the “rebab”.
Instruments like the rebec were being played in the 10th century.
The rebec can have any number of strings from one to five, although three is the most common number.
The strings are often tuned in fifths.
The instrument played high notes like the violin, but in later years bigger rebecs were made that played lower notes.
Use of the rebec
The rebec was mostly used for dance music.
Dancing masters often used a kind of pocket-sized rebec called a “kit”.
In medieval and Renaissance times the rebec in Europe was played by minstrels.
They dressed in special livery and played at important feasts and in processions.
They were also played by cowherds.
King Henry VIII has several rebec players at his court.
early musical instruments
A resonator is something that resonates.
This may make a particular frequency of a sound or other vibration become bigger.
Most musical instruments have resonators.
They are the parts which makes the sound louder.
A vibraphone, for example, has long tubes underneath the keys.
It also has a special effect: a mechanism which, when it is turned on, opens and shuts the resonators very quickly so that a trembling sound is heard.
Joshua David Bell (born 9 December 1967) is an American violinist.
He is considered one of the greatest violinists of today.
Bell was born in Bloomington, Indiana, United States.
His father was a psychologist and therapist.
He began  violin lessons at the age of four after his mother found that her son had taken rubber bands from around the house and stretched them across the handles of his dresser drawer to pluck out music he had heard her play on the piano.
His parents got him a very small violin  and started giving him lessons.
He learned the violin very quickly, but also had time to enjoy things such as  video games and  sports.
Bell's first violin teacher suggested that he should learn with Josef Gingold.
Bell says that Gingold was a great teacher.
At the age of fourteen, Bell appeared as a soloist with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Riccardo Muti.
He studied the violin at the Indiana University's Jacobs School of Music, while managing to graduate from Bloomington High School North in 1984.
Joshua Bell first played in the Carnegie Hall, New York in 1985 with the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra.
He has since performed with almost all of the world's major orchestras and conductors.
He has played all the well known concertos as well as new works.
In 1993 he gave the first performance of Nicholas Maw's violin concerto which was dedicated to him.
The recording of this work won Bell a Grammy award.
He performed the solo part on John Corigliano's Oscar-winning soundtrack for the movie The Red Violin and was also featured in Ladies in Lavender.
Bell also made an appearance in the movie Music of the Heart, a story about the power of music, with other famous violinists.
Bell's violin is a 300-year-old Stradivarius violin called the Gibson ex Huberman, which was made in 1713, a time when Stradivarius was making his best instruments.
This violin had been stolen twice from the previous owner, Bronislaw Huberman; the last time the thief confessed as he was dying to having stolen it.
Bell had held and played the violin, and its owner at the time jokingly told Bell the violin could be his for four million dollars.
Shortly afterwards, by chance, Bell came across the violin again and discovered it was about to be sold to a wealthy German  to become part of a collection.
According to the Joshua Bell website Bell "was practically in tears."
Bell then sold the Stradivarius violin that he had at the time for a little more than two million dollars and bought the Gibson ex Huberman for a little under the four million dollar asking price.
His first recording made with the Gibson ex Huberman was Romance of the Violin.
It sold more than 5,000,000 copies and remained at the top of classical music charts for 54 weeks.
In September 2006 he made a CD called the Voice of the Violin and was released in September 2006.
It has songs arranged for the violin.
He played the song Vocalise by Rachmaninoff in the Royal Albert Hall at the Last Night of the Proms in 2007.
He is a visiting professor at the Royal Academy of Music in London.
In an unusual experiment the Washington Post asked Bell to stand in the street and busk (play his violin) by the entrance to a Washington Metro station one cold morning in January 2007.
During the 45 minutes that he played more than 1000 people passed him but only a few people stopped to listen, most of whom were children.
Only one person recognized him and one other person realized he was a great violinist.
Bell lives in Manhattan.
He is keen on sports such as golf and tennis.
He has three children born by a former girlfriend, however married another woman on 5th October 2019.
Recording  of Bell's performance in L'Enfant Plaza.
People from Bloomington, Indiana
American violinists
ISO 3166-1, is part of the ISO 3166 standard.
It gives a code for the names of countries and dependent territories, and is published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes.
There are three sets of country codes:
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, a two-letter system, used in many applications, for example internet country code top-level domains (ccTLDs).
ISO 3166-1 alpha-3, uses three letters, and makes it easier to work out the country name and code.
ISO 3166-1 numeric, uses three digits.
Using numbers is useful in countries that do not use the Latin alphabet.
This is identical to codes defined by the United Nations Statistics Division.
ISO 3166-1 is not the only standard for country codes.
Many international organizations use their own country codes, where some of them closely correspond to the ISO 3166-1 codes.
For examples, see country codes.
Rules for inclusion
Currently, 244 countries and territories have official ISO 3166-1 codes.
The only way to enter a new country name into ISO 3166-1 is to have it registered in one of the following two sources:
United Nations Terminology Bulletin Country Names, or
Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use of the UN Statistics Division.
To be listed in the bulletin Country Names, a country or territory must be any of the following:
a member country of the United Nations,
a member of one of its specialized agencies, or
a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
Officially assigned code elements
Reserved and user-assigned code elements
Reserved code elements are codes which, while not ISO 3166-1 codes, are in use for some applications in conjunction with the ISO 3166 codes.
They are reserved to add flexibility to the coding system.
Usually, obsolete codes may be kept as reserved, while some overseas territories, international organizations, and special nationality status have reserved codes of their own.
See the corresponding sections in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 for their respective reserved codes (ISO 3166-1 numeric does not have reserved codes).
User-assigned code elements are codes at the disposal of users who need to add further names of countries, territories or other geographical entities to their in-house application of ISO 3166-1, and the ISO 3166/MA will never use them in the updating process of the standard.
See the corresponding sections in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 and ISO 3166-1 numeric for their respective user-assigned codes.
A country or territory may get new codes if it changes its name or its territorial boundaries.
A country generally gets new alphabetical codes if its name changes, whereas a new numeric code is associated with a change of boundaries.
Changes to ISO 3166-1 are announced in periodic newsletters, of which 12 have been released since the first edition of ISO 3166-1 was published in 1997:
Newsletter V-1 – Published 1998-02-05: change of official name of Samoa
Newsletter V-2  – Published 1999-10-01: new entries for Palestinian Territory, Occupied
Newsletter V-3  – Published 2002-02-01: change of alpha-3 code element for Romania
Newsletter V-4  – Published 2002-05-20: name changes for various countries
Newsletter V-5  – Published 2002-05-20: change of names and alphabetical code elements for East Timor
Newsletter V-6  – Published 2002-11-15: change of names for East Timor (to Timor-Leste)
Newsletter V-7 – Published 2002-11-15: change of official name of Comoros
Newsletter V-8 – Published 2003-07-23: deletion of Yugoslavia, new entry for Serbia and Montenegro
Newsletter V-9 – Published 2004-02-13: new entry for Åland Islands
Newsletter V-10  – Published 2004-04-26: name changes for Afghanistan and Åland Islands
Newsletter V-11  – Published 2006-03-29: new entries for Guernsey, Isle of Man and Jersey
Newsletter V-12  – Published 2006-09-26: deletion of Serbia and Montenegro, new entries for Montenegro and Serbia
List of IOC country codes, slightly different codes from ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, used by the International Olympic Committee
List of FIFA country codes, slightly different codes from ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, used by FIFA
ISO 3166/MA – ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency at the International Organization for Standardization – includes up-to-date lists of two-letter codes.
United Nations Statistics Division – Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use – includes three-letter and numeric codes.
CIA World Factbook – Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes  (public domain)
a list of ISO 3166-1 codes (including three-letter and numeric codes), and includes information about changes that have been made over the years.
an xml document  containing country codes and country names in 7 languages.
A page detailing all the ISO 3166-1 "2 digit codes" from FlagsInformation.com.
Atlas (Titan), a Titan who bore the spheres of the heavens; inspiring the widely used image of a man carrying a great sphere on his back or shoulders
Atlas, the first king of Atlantis
Atlas (moon), a moon of Saturn
Atlas (crater), a prominent impact crater on the Moon
Atlas (star), a triple star system in the Pleiades cluster
A book about flora and/or fauna of an area or region; for example, Atlases of the flora and fauna of Britain and Ireland
Atlas (anatomy), the topmost cervical vertebra of the human spine
Atlas Beetle, a rhinoceros beetle (Dynastinae) in the genus Chalcosoma
Attacus atlas (or Atlas moth), a large saturniid moth
Atlas Cedar, a large cedar tree native to the Atlas mountains of Algeria and Morocco
Atlas Flycatcher, a bird in the an Old World Flycatcher family
Atlas Bear, a species of bear native to Africa, now extinct
Testudo atlas (or Atlas turtle), an extinct species of cryptodire turtle from the Pleistocene period
ATLAS experiment, a particle detector for the LHC at CERN
Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System, a particle accelerator at the Argonne National Laboratory
Atlas (topology), a collection of local coordinate charts in mathematics
Literature and press
Atlas Shrugged, a novel by Ayn Rand
Atlas, a book of photography by German artist Gerhard Richter
The Atlas (novel), by American author William T. Vollmann
Atlas publishing house for collector series (mainly automobile, plane and train miniatures), active in Switzerland, France and Italy
Atlas (magazine), Turkish monthly magazine on geography, environment, history and culture.
Atlas Computer (Manchester) (1962 - 1971), an early computer built at the University of Manchester
Titan (computer) (also known as the Atlas 2), its successor
Atlas Autocode, a programming language developed for the Atlas Computer
UNIVAC 1101, also known as the Atlas
UNIVAC 1103, also known as the Atlas II
ATLAS Transformation Language, an OMG standard for performing model transformations
ASP.NET AJAX (formerly codenamed "Atlas"), a set of ASP.NET extensions providing Ajax functionality
Atlas Terrain Engine, developed by Garage Games for use in their Torque Shader Engine
Automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software more commonly known as ATLAS, an optimized BLAS implementation
Atlas.ti, a qualitative analysis software
Atlas Mountains, a mountain range in northwest Africa
Atlas (Neighborhood), in Northeast Washington, DC.
Atlas Township, Michigan, USA
Atlas Games (company), a publisher of role-playing and card games
ATLAS (StarCraft), a fictional artificial intelligence in the StarCraft universe
Atlas (album), an album by Mexican electropop band Kinky
Advanced Technology Leisure Application Simulator, a large hydraulic motion simulator for the theme park industry
Atlas (band), a rock band from Christchurch, New Zealand.
Atlas: Renaissance Voyager, the first in a series of videogames. (
See also: Neo Atlas)
Atlas (Bioshock Character), A Dublin northsider who talks you through the game.
Atlas Comics (1950s), the company that evolved into Marvel Comics
Atlas (comics), a fictional character from Marvel Comics, best known as a member of the Thunderbolts
Atlas (comic series), a comic book series by Dylan Horrocks
Atlas/Seaboard Comics, a line of comics published by Seaboard Periodicals
Agents of Atlas, a Marvel Comics mini-series by Jeff Parker
Atlas Aircraft Corporation, South African military aircraft manufacturer
Atlas Telecom, a worldwide communications company
Atlas Elektronik GmbH, a naval/marine electronics and systems business based in Bremen, Germany
Atlas Van Lines, a moving van company
Atlas Air, a cargo airline based in Purchase, New York
Atlas Blue, a low-cost airline based in Marrakech, Morocco
Atlas Copco, a Swedish rock drill manufacturer
Polar Atlas historic Swedish diesel maker, later part of Atlas Copco
Atlas-Imperial, a historic American diesel engine builder
Atlas Model Railroad, maker of scale railroad models
Atlas Condoms
Atlas Venture, an international early-stage venture capital firm
Atlas (light trucks), a Greek vehicle manufacturer
Atlasjet, an airline of Turkey
Automobiles, trucks & related
Atlas, name of several automobile & truck companies
Gutbrod Atlas, a former German small commercial vehicle
Nissan Atlas, a Japanese light truck
GM Atlas engine, a family of modern inline piston engines for trucks from General Motors
Atlas (light trucks)
Atlas Car and Manufacturing Company, a manufacturer of small railroad locomotives
Meir Atlas (1848–1926), Rabbi of Shavel in Lithuania and one of the founders of the Telz Yeshiva
Charles Atlas (1892–1972), a famous bodybuilder
Tony Atlas (born 1944), a professional wrestler, bodybuilder, and powerlifter
Teddy Atlas (born 1956), a well-known boxing trainer and fight commentator
Natacha Atlas (born 1964), a Belgian female singer
James Atlas, founding editor of the Lipper/Viking Penguin Lives Series
Atllas, a rapper from Phoenix, Arizona
Atlas Cheetah, a fighter aircraft of the South African Air Force
Atlas Oryx, a medium-sized utility helicopter manufactured by the Atlas Aircraft Corporation of South Africa
Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems, a programming language used for automated test equipment
ATLAS (simulation), a system used to conduct military Command Post Exercises (CPX) within the Royal Thai Army
Armstrong Whitworth Atlas, an Army Air Cooperation aeroplane of the 1920s
Atlas (missile), a venerable line of space launch vehicles
Atlas (architecture), a support or column sculpted in the form of a man
Farnese Atlas, a 2nd-century Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic sculpture of the titan Atlas
Atlas languages, a subgroup of the Northern Berber languages spoken in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco
Atlas Uranium Mill, a decommissioned uranium mill near Moab, Utah
CF Atlas, a Mexican professional football club
Radio Atlas, a radio station in Montenegro
Atlas Vampire, the nickname of the assailant of the unsolved "Vampire Murder" in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1932
Atlas Economic Research Foundation, an incubator for free market think tanks
Atlas (1863 - 1885), one of the eight South Devon Railway Dido class steam locomotives
The Atlas (building), a tower in Midtown New York City
Atlas, a book size
Atlas, one of the main characters in the game BioShock.
The lira da braccio was a European string instrument that was played with a bow.
It was used during the Renaissance.
Italian poet-musicians in court in the 15th and 16th centuries often played it to accompany the poems they were reading.
The lira da braccio was very similar to the medieval fiddle.
Changes continued to be made to the way the lira da braccio was made until the end of the 16th century.
In paintings it is often seen being played by the gods Orpheus and Apollo.
Sometimes it was used in groups of instruments.
The instrument was a similar shape to a violin, but with a wider fingerboard and flatter bridge.
It usually had seven strings, five of them tuned like a violin with a low D added to the bottom, and two other strings for drones.
It is likely that the player often played the tune on the top strings and chords on the lower strings.
The lira da braccio was very popular at court.
Later, in the 16th century, the madrigal became very popular and also the violin, so the lira da braccio was used less.
It continued to be used in plays, especially when it was associated with Apollo.
By the middle of the 17th century people no longer played it.
Atlas was a missile built by the Convair Division of General Dynamics.
It was originally designed as an ICBM in the late 1950s.
It launched the Mercury project space capsules and became the foundation for a family of successful space launch vehicles now built by United Launch Alliance.
The Atlas rocket family is today used as a launch platform for commercial and military satellites, and other spacecraft.
Atlas, named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, got its start in 1946 with the award of a United States Army Air Force research contract to Convair for the study of a 1,500 to 5,000 mi. (
2,400 to 8,000 km) range nuclear armed missile.
The missile was originally given the military designation "XB-65", thus making it a bomber; from 1955 it was redesignated "SM-65" and, from 1962, it became "CGM-16".
This letter "C" stood for "coffin" or "Container", because the rocket was stored in a semi-hardened container; it was prepared for launch by being raised and fueled in the open.
The Atlas-F (HGM-16) was stored vertically underground, but launched after being lifted to the surface.
Current Atlas Family
Gunston, Bill (1979).
Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Rockets & Missiles.
London: Salamander Books.
Walker, Chuck, & Powell, Joel (2005).
Atlas The Ultimate Weapon Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Appogee Books.
Video of an early Atlas launch in 1960
bio Karel J. Bossart
Karel Jan Bossart, Ir.
Atlas launch vehicle profile
1958 Video of "Atlas in Orbit" Newsreel
Atlas D from Encyclopedia Astronautica
Atlas ICBM History site
Atlas ICBM Launch on 5/23/1960  Video
Atlas ICBM Information/History
The Dominican Constitution says that the flag of the Dominican Republic has a white cross in the centre; the arms of the cross get to the sides of the flag and divides the flag into four rectangles —the left rectangles are blue (top) and red (bottom), and the right ones are red (top) and blue (bottom).
The width of the white cross is half the height of one of the rectangles.
The Dominican flag was created the first day of Independence (27 February 1844); it was created from the Haitian flag but with a white cross; that is, two blue rectangles on the top and two red rectangles on the bottom.
The colors are from the French flag.
That was the First National Flag.
The first Dominican Constitution of 6 November 1844 did not say anything about the distribution of the rectangles but from the start the flag was represented with alternation of the colors (that is, blue and red on top and red and blue on bottom); this is the Second National Flag.
Only the Constitution of 1908 is specific about the color distribution.
Dominican Republic, Flag of
Southampton is a city in the United Kingdom.
The city is in Hampshire.
It is about in the middle of the south coast of England.
Southampton is the largest city on the south coast.
It is an important port.
It is the nearest city to the New Forest.
In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from there as was common with most ocean liners at the time.
It contains several memorials and museum exhibitions related with the doomed ship.
Places in Southampton
Bargate
Southampton has lots of landmarks, of which one is the Bargate.
This is the old main gate of the city wall of Southampton, and nowadays is used as the beginning of the guided tour of Southampton, Walk the Walls.
In medieval Southampton, a bell was rung at dusk every day to tell people that the gates would shortly be locked.
Named after The Mayflower, which set sail from Southampton to the "New World" (via Plymouth), the Mayflower is the theatre in Southampton.
It was built in 1928.
Southampton is home to many cruise ships and ocean liners, including the Queen Victoria and the Queen Mary 2.
Southampton has a football team Southampton F.C., which is nicknamed "The Saints".
In 2001, the team moved stadiums, from "The Dell", to St. Mary's Football Stadium.
The club was founded in 1885, and has been playing ever since.
Twinned Cities
Le Havre, France (since 1973)
Rems-Murr-Kreis, Germany (since 1991)
Qingdao, China (since 1998)
The Lhasa Apso is a small breed of dog.
It originated in Lhasa, Tibet, which it is named after.
Male Lhasas generally weigh about 14 to 18 pounds, and female Lhasas weigh 12 to 14 pounds.
Lhasas have developed a thick coat of fur because they were bred in Tibet, which can get very cold.
Their coat comes in many different colors, and they usually have dark brown eyes and a black nose.
Lhasas generally live long lives, some surviving into their twenties.
Lhasa Apsos do tend to develop arthritis in their legs, which is due to the fact they are excitable, energetic dogs.
Behavior problems are minimal, but the Lhasa Apso can be a little headstrong and stubborn, which may make it slightly difficult to train.
The coat can also require a lot of effort to maintain.
Lhasa World Forum
Overseas territories
Coral Sea Islands Territory
Heard and McDonald Islands
Territory of North Australia (1927-31)
Territory of Central Australia (1927-31)
Territory of Papua (1902-49)
Territory of New Guinea (1920-49)
Territory of Papua and New Guinea (1949-72)
Background and overview
The states started as separate British colonies before Federation (in 1901).
Their powers are protected by the Australian constitution.
The territories are under the control of the Commonwealth government.
The Australian Parliament has powers to create laws in the territories that it does not have in the states.
Most of the territories are directly administered by the Commonwealth government.
Three of the territories (the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory and Norfolk Island) administer themselves.
In the territories that govern themselves, the Australian Parliament has the power to govern, and can override laws made by the territorial governments.
It has done this at times, but it is rare that it happens.
The Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are usually treated as states.
Each state has a governor.
This governor is chosen by the Queen, but she chooses the person on the advice of the state Premier.
The Administrators of the Northern Territory and of Norfolk Island are chosen by the Governor-General.
The Australian Capital Territory is governed by the Governor-General.
The head of government of each state is called the Premier.
This person is chosen by the state's Governor.
Normally the Governor will select as Premier whoever leads the lower house of the state Parliament.
However, the Governor can chose someone else as Premier.
The head of government of the self-governing mainland territories is called the Chief Minister.
The Northern Territory's Chief Minister, is normally whoever controls the Legislative Assembly, is appointed by the Administrator.n.
CityMayors article
The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show is an alternative name for two separate American television animated shows: Rocky and His Friends (1959–1961) and The Bullwinkle Show (1961–1964).
Bill Scott as Bullwinkle, Dudley Do-Right, Fearless Leader, Mister Peabody, Gidney, Mr. Big and various others
June Foray as Rocky, Natasha Fatale, Nell Fenwick, various witches, princesses and hags in Fractured Fairy Tales and every other female character on the show
Paul Frees as Boris J. Badenov, Captain Peter "Wrongway" Peachfuzz, Cloyd, Inspector Fenwick, narrator for Dudley Do-Right and various historical figures in Peabody's Improbable History
Walter Tetley as Sherman
Daws Butler as Aesop Jr. and various characters in Fractured Fairy Tales and Aesop and Son
Charles Ruggles as Aesop
Hans Conried as Snidely Whiplash
William Conrad as narrator for Rocky and Bullwinkle and narrator for Dudley Do-Right (shared)
Edward Everett Horton as narrator for Fractured Fairy Tales
Hal Smith as various other characters
Julie Bennett as various other characters
Jean Vander Pyl as various other characters
1950s television series
1960s television series
1959 television series debuts