the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The game is either one player against one player or a team of two players against another team of two players.
Players use rackets to hit a shuttlecock over a net but if it goes too far it will be an out.
The aim of the game is to hit the shuttlecock over the net in a way that the other player or pair cannot hit it back properly before it hits the floor.
Every time this is done, the player or pair gets one point.
They also get to serve.
The first player or pair to reach 21 points wins a game.
Badminton traces its history to a game called George Cajoles, which was played in Pune, India in the 19th century by the British military officers stationed there.
This game was taken by retired officers back to England where it developed and quickly grew in popularity.
In 1877, the first set of written rules were arranged by the newly formed Bath Badminton Club.
The All England Open Badminton Championships, the first badminton competition in the world, was held in 1899.
Although badminton originated in England, it is mainly played in countries of Asia such as China, Nepal, Indonesia, India, and the Republic of Korea that now dominates this sport.
Rackets
Shuttlecocks
Net/ court
Line Courtyard
Badminton shoes
International Badminton Federation
Badminton Central
Badminton World Federation
https://www.badmintonengland.co.uk/
Chemical warfare means using chemical compounds in war to injure or kill people.
The chemicals used for chemical warfare are poisonous.
Chemical warfare has been used since the Stone Age.
Since 1899, several international laws have said that using chemical weapons is illegal.
But chemical weapons have still been used in wars since then.
Chemical weapons are different than regular weapons (like bombs) or nuclear weapons because they do not explode.
Some chemical weapons are meant to kill people; they do this by poisoning them.
Other chemical weapons are meant to "incapacitate" people (make them unable to fight back).
They do this by causing pain, injuries, or sickness.
Chemical warfare does not include using living organisms (like anthrax bacteria) to make people sick.
That is called biological warfare.
However, some living organisms make toxins (poisons).
These toxins are not alive.
For example, botulinum toxin is made by a bacteria, and ricin is made by the castor oil plant.
Because botulinum toxin and ricin are not alive, using them to make people sick is called chemical warfare.
This is explained in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).
The Convention also says that any toxic chemical is a chemical weapon unless it is used for legal reasons.
About 70 different chemicals have been used or stockpiled (saved up) as chemical warfare agents during the 20th century.
The Chemical Weapons Convention says that all of these chemicals should be destroyed.
The Chemical Weapons Convention lists three different groups of chemicals.
These are chemicals that are poisonous enough to be used as chemical weapons, or chemicals that may be used to make chemical weapons.
Schedule 1 Substances (Chemicals): These chemicals can be used for nothing but chemical weapons (or for very few other things).
Because of this, they may only be made or used for research; medicine; to make medications or antidotes; or for protective reasons (for example, to test chemical weapons sensors, which can tell when a chemical weapon is nearby, or to test protective clothing).
Examples include nerve agents, ricin, lewisite, and mustard gas.
If a country makes over 100 grams of any of these chemicals, the country must report this to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW).
A country may have a stockpile of no more than one ton of these chemicals.
Schedule 2 Substances: These chemicals have some specific uses other than chemical warfare, but not many.
For example, dimethyl methylphosphonate can be used to make sarin, a nerve agent.
But it is also used as a flame retardant.
Another example is Thiodiglycol, which can be used to make mustard gas.
But is also widely used as to make inks.
Schedule 3 Substances: These chemicals have many uses other than chemical warfare.
One example is phosgene.
It can be used as a chemical weapon, but it is also an important chemical used to make plastics.
Another example is chloropicrin, which has also been used as a chemical weapon, but is also used as a fumigant (for example, to kill insects in a house).
The OPCW must be told of, and may inspect, any company that makes more than 30 tons of these chemicals in a year.
Since modern chemical warfare started in World War I, countries have tried to research and make chemical weapons.
They have had four main goals:
To make new, more deadly agents (types of chemical weapons)
To create ways of delivering chemical weapons that will hurt or kill even more people
To come up with better protections against chemical weapons
To create better ways of detecting chemical weapons (realizing that chemical weapons are nearby)
Chemical warfare was first used during the Stone Age.
Stone Age people used poisoned arrows and spear-tips.
These were dipped in poisons, like venom from snakes or scorpions.
Sometimes they used poisonous plants.
Main article: Chemical weapons in World War I
Poison gas was first used in World War I. France was the first country to make this type of gas.
However, Germany was the first to use it in battle, on March 15th, 1915.
On that day, they used tear gas against France.
Chlorine gas (tear gas): Tear gas makes people cough, have trouble breathing, and go blind until the tear gas wears off
Phosgene gas: Phosgene caused people to cough and choke much worse than tear gas.
Phosgene gas is a very deadly chemical weapon.
Historians think about 100,000 people died in World War I from chemical weapons.
They also think that 85% of these people (85,000 people) were killed by phosgene.
Mustard gas: Mustard gas was almost impossible to protect against.
It caused very bad, painful sores on the outside and inside of the body.
At first, very basic ways of spreading these gases were used.
Even so, many soldiers could be hurt or killed.
This was partly because World War I was fought usingtrench warfare, so many soldiers would be in the same place at the same time, and escaping from poisonous gases would be very hard.
Germany was the first country in World War I to use chemical warfare in battle.
They simply opened containers of chlorine upwind of enemy soldiers, so that the wind would carry the chlorine gas to their enemies.
Soon after this, the French started using chemical weapons too.
They filled artillery projectiles with phosgene and fired them at the Germans.
This was a much more effective way of using chemical weapons.
It would become the most common way of delivering chemical weapons during World War I.
Modern use
Chemical weapons were not used very much in World War II, except by the Japanese army during the invasion of China.
This was because everybody was afraid that the other side would use weapons like theirs.
Also, chemical weapons were not easy to use.
They took time to use, and this made it harder for soldiers to move quickly.
Also, the raw materials needed to make chemical weapons were not easy to get.
This was because World War II was fought in areas which were not connected well by railroads.
During the Iran-Iraq War, Iraq used chemical weapons (Iran did not).
Many people believe that Iraq used chemical weapons against the Kurdish people.
The United States has used chemical weapons even after World War II.
For example, the U.S. used Agent Orange during the Vietnam War.
Laws about chemical weapons
According to international law, it is wrong to use chemical weapons.
Since 1899, there have been many rules that make it illegal to make, import, and use chemical weapons.
In 1997, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) was created.
As of the end of 2015, 192 countries had agreed to follow the CWC.
According to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, as of October 2015, 90% of the world's chemical weapons stockpiles had been destroyed.
Chemical agents
Nerve agents, like sarin or VX
Mustard agents
Hydrogen cyanide-based agents
Arsines, like lewisite
Toxins, like Botulinum toxin
Incapacitating agents (chemicals that make large numbers of people unable to fight back, but without permanently hurting or killing them).
Tear gases
If we use chemicals (like Agent Orange or glyphosate) to destroy plants, sometimes human beings may be affected by side effects.
But, we will not call it chemical warfare.
Chemical warfare covers only direct attacks on human life.
Iran officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (), historically known as Persia, is a country in Western Asia.
It is part of the Middle East region.
It shares borders  with Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.
Tehran is the capital and biggest city.
It has more than 84.9 million people.
Iran has been a member of the United Nations since 1945.
It is a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
It is an Islamic republic.
In the past, Iran was called "Persia" by people outside of the country.
The people that lived there called the country "Iran".
The official name was Persia, a region in Iran.
The name Persia was used when dealing with other countries and in government papers.
In 1935, Reza Shāh Pahlavi was Shah of Iran.
He officially asked foreigners to call the country "Iran".
This was done to show that Iran belongs to all the non-Persian Iranians as well as to Persian Iranians.
The name Iran means land of the Aryans.
It is used in the ancient book of the Zoroastrians, the Avesta.
In the 19th and early 20th century, the name Aryan was used by Europeans to mean all Indo-Europeans.
The "Aryan Race" was a term that Hitler used to describe his "Superior" or "perfect" race, but it first meant Iranians. "
Aryan" means "noble" in Iranian languages.
Around 500 BC, the area that is now Iran was the center of the Achaemenid Empire.
The Greek city states fought against the Persian armies led by Darius the Great and Xerxes.
Then Alexander the Great took the country by fighting the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia.
He ruled until he died,then the Greek Seleucids ruled until they were defeated by the Parthian Empire which later fought the Roman Empire.
After the Parthians, the Sassanian dynasty (224-651) took over.
Other people took Persia by fi\ghting, like the Arabs (7th century), Turks (10th century) and Mongols (13th century).
However, Iran has always had a different culture and continued to survive.
After the Arab Muslims conquered the Iranians, Persian women were enslaved as domestic servants while Persian men were forced to build and farm and engage hard labour.
The Arab Abbasid Harun caliph had Persian concubines like Marajil al-Badghisiyya whom the later Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun descended from in the maternal line.
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) worked in Iran to create 1953 riots which led to the removal of Prime Minister Mosaddegh.
The United States and Great Britain then made the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi the most powerful person in Iran, again.
The Shah left Iran in 1979 in the face of a revolt.
The Iranian government was changed to an Islamic Republic by Islamic Revolution.
Soon afterwards, the Iranian Students Movement (Tahkim Vahdat), with the backing of the new government, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran.
They held most of the diplomats hostage for 444 days.
Relations between the two countries have not been good since.
For example, the United States claims that Iran supports terrorist groups against Israel.
Iran does not see Israel as a country.
Iran, along with most Arab countries, believes that Israel does not have the right to exist.
However, Iran has collaborated with the West at times.
These deals have been about energy or about fighting terrorism.
Iran fought the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s.
Many foreign countries supported Iraq.
Now, the West is trying to prevent Iran from using nuclear technology, even though Iran is a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has reported many times that there is no evidence that Iran is developing nuclear weapons.
However, it also says that it can not say for sure that Iran is not doing so in secret.
A December 2007 CIA report on nuclear activity in Iran said that Iran's secret program to get nuclear weapons technology was stopped in 2003.
It said that Iran will probably not be able to build a nuclear weapon soon.
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action is a political strategy to deal with this issue.
Iran has the natural resource of oil.
It is a member of OPEC.
Oil is one of its main exports.
Rice, handicrafts, carpets and crocus are important local products.
Iran is the world's largest exporter and producer of caviar.
Iran is also one of the world's biggest exporters of pistachio nuts.
Iran has factories that produce industrial products.
Iran is also involved in the field of biomedical sciences.
Religion in Iran
About 90% of Iranian people are Muslim.
The state religion is Shia Islam.
It has been the state religion since the Safavid dynasty in the 16th century.
This is the religion of about 75% of Iranians.
They belong to the Twelver branch.
About 9% of Iranians Muslim belong to the Sunni branch of Islam.
The 9% of Iranians who are not Muslim are Bahá'ís, Mandeans, Zoroastrians, Christians and Jews.
It is thought that there are between 300,000 and 350,000 Persian (Iranian) Jews.
Regions and provinces
Akbarzadeh, P. (2003) "Iran or Persia?
Farsi or Persian?
Which Ones Should be Called ?!".
Payvand News of Iran.
Norton, K. (2002) "ARYAN" .
Rhetoric of Race Dictionary Project.
College of New Jersey.
1979 establishments in Asia
The Buddha is a title used to refer to a man named "Siddharth Gautama".
It means Fully Awakened One.
He was born in a region of what is now known as the country Nepal as Prince Siddharth Gautam in a Nepali Shakya Kingdom in Lumbini, Nepal and was the person who created the religion of Buddhism.
He lived from about 563 BC to about 483 BC.
Siddhartha Gautama was born just outside the city in Lumbini, Nepal as Prince Siddhartha Gautam in a Nepali Shakya clan.
His father was a ruler named Shuddhodana, and his mother was named Maya.
Maya died when Siddhartha was about 7 days old.
His father controlled him in a very peaceful and nice way.
There were home tutors for him as he was not interested in the outward things that took place at that time.
Siddhartha lived in luxury; his father kept trouble and hard work far from him.
A seer predicted that if Siddhartha stayed inside his palace his whole life, then he would become a great king.
However, if he left the palace, then he would become a great religious leader.
The king did not want his son to become a religious leader.
He kept Siddhartha in the palace for his entire childhood.
When Siddhartha turned 16 years old, his father found a woman for him to marry.
He married a woman named Yashodhara, and they had a son named Rahula.
Although Siddhartha had everything he could want, he was still not happy.
He wanted to learn about life outside his palace.
Legend says that he got out of the castle against his father's orders.
He saw the "Four Great Sights": an old man, a sick man, a dead man, and a holy man with no home.
Siddhartha left his family, his land and everything else in Nepal at the age of 29.
He left everything to travel to neighbouring country India to be a mendicant (a wandering ascetic); eventually he became a religious leader for the people.
Many holy men at this time were ascetics.
They hurt their bodies for religious reasons.
They abstain from certain pleasures so they can get rid of desire.
One group of ascetics were called the Jains.
They practiced self-denial and made themselves suffer very much.
They believed this would free the ātman (soul) from pain and sadness.
There were many types of ascetic mendicants (wanderers) throughout the region which would become known as India.
Siddhartha tried these ascetic practices and meditation techniques, and eventually became better than his teachers.
He still found no answer, so he left his teachers and friends to discover another way.
He decided to eat only six grains of rice a day.
He tried holding his breath.
His body became very thin, like skin and bones, and he nearly died.
Still, he had no answer.
Siddhartha began to think again about this path.
He recalled sitting under a roseapple tree as a boy, and reaching a profound happy peaceful state.
He thought this memory might point to a better way than hurting himself.
He accepted a meal of milk-rice so he would have strength to make focussed effort.
He found a fig tree (now called the Bodhi tree) and decided to meditate beneath it.
He promised himself that he would not leave this spot until he had found enlightenment.
He meditated under the tree (some say for 49 days).
His mind is said to have become pure, and then--after a total of six years practicing--he became enlightened.
He was now the Buddha the Fully Awakened
His life as a Buddha
When the Buddha became enlightened, he found the answer to suffering, and he knew how to defeat suffering.
This answer was called the Four Noble Truths.
He was not sure if he should teach his new ideas or not.
He asked himself if the world was ready for such a deep teaching.
But in the end, he decided to travel to a town called Sarnath to teach the people his new way.
He taught about the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path.
The people listened to him.
When he taught, he did not pretend to be a god.
He said he was just a man who had found the meaning of life (enlightenment), and that any person can also find the meaning of life.
For the rest of his life, he walked all over Southern Nepal and parts of India to teach people what he believed.
He started a Sangha, which is a group of Buddhist monks and nuns.
Many people became enlightened because of him.
At the age of 80, after 45 years teaching the Four Noble Truths, Gautama Buddha died.
The life teachings
The teachings of the Buddha are known as Buddhism.
Buddhism is mostly about ending the feeling of pain that all people feel inside.
Gautama Buddha taught that old age, sickness, death and suffering is a part of everyone's life.
He taught that pain is caused by craving.
And he showed that there is a way to end craving and end suffering by doing good things, not doing bad things, and training one's mind.
When a person is able to perfect these qualities, they will gain enlightenment.
Buddhism teaches non-harm and balance – not going too far one way or the other.
The Buddha taught people to meditate while sitting in the lotus position or when standing, sitting, walking, or lying down.
The Buddha urged his followers to remember the Teachings, and ask questions.
Some Buddhists chant (which was a way to remember and preserve the Teachings).
Buddhists sometimes do these things to understand the human heart and mind.
Sometimes they do these things to understand the way the world works.
Sometimes they do these things to find peace.
The Buddha taught that people should not look to gods to save them or bring them enlightenment.
The gods may have power over world events and they might help people, or they might not.
But Buddha believed that it is up to each person to become enlightened.
A page about the Buddha's Life
A page about the Buddha and Buddhism
The Buddhist's Resource - A public resource of Buddhist prayers and chants
Eastern philosophers
Buddhist clergy
Deaths from food poisoning
6th-century BC births
5th-century BC deaths
North is one of the 4 main directions on a compass.
North is usually up on most maps.
For Example: The United States is north of the Mexico, which is itself north of Brazil.
The North Pole is the farthest north you can go.
The North of the world is considered to be the top.
da:Kompasretning#Nord
Academica
Alverca
Beira Mar
Belenenses
Guimaraes
Leiria
Maritimo
Moreirense
Pacos Ferreira
www.PortuGOAL.net The definitive Portuguese football site
ru:Список футбольных клубов Португалии
Epiphany is a Web browser for GNOME.
It is also available for Mac OS X and was made from Galeon.
It uses the Gecko layout engine from the Mozilla project to show web pages; however, the Epiphany developers have a new but less stable version of Epiphany 2.21.4 using the WebKit engine instead of Gecko.
The Epiphany team wants to stop using Gecko and only use the WebKit engine, by the time they release Epiphany 2.24 or 2.26.
Epiphany has tabbed browsing, cookie management, popup blocking and an extensions system.
Epiphany can be extended with the Epiphany-extensions package in GNU/Linux Operating Systems.
Epiphany was made from Galeon by Marco Pesenti Gritti (also the creator of Galeon) with the aim of making a web browser with a very simple user experience.
Because of that, Epiphany does not have its own themes, instead, it uses GNOME’s settings that are set in the GNOME Control Center.
Epiphany Homepage
Galeon History homepage covering the decision to split development
Epiphany WebKit Project
A video game console is a machine that is used to play video games.
Video game consoles usually connect to a television.
Special controllers are attached to the console to control the game.
Some video game consoles are handheld.
They can be carried around and have their own screens.
The Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable are examples of handheld consoles.
Some video game consoles can also run general software, such as Linux.
Video game consoles
GamePark
VTech
Other consoles
The PlayStation (often known as the PS1 or the PSX) is a video game console made by Sony released in December 1994.
At the time, it was competing against the Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn.
PlayStation games were stored on CDs.
The controllers that were first released with the console had no analog joysticks on them, but analog joysticks and a vibration feature were added to later controllers.
A slimmer version of the console called the PSOne was released in 2000.
It was white instead of grey.
It was succeeded by the PlayStation 2 in March 2000 and was discontinued on March 23, 2006 (eight months before the PlayStation 3 was released).
The PocketStation was a very small games console released as a peripheral (an extra accessory) for the PlayStation.
It had a clock, an LCD display and four buttons.
It could be used as a memory card.
It wasn't released in the United States, because it did not sell well.
Most democratic countries hold new elections for their national legislature every few years.
What elections do is select representatives for the local areas.
These are called MPs (Members of Parliament) in the British parliamentary system.
Parliamentary systems may have a head of government and a head of state, but sometimes the two posts are held by the same person.
The legislature chooses the government, usually by majority vote in the legislature.
Some democracies elect a president, who then selects the government.
Many democratic countries also have regional, provincial or state elections.
There are different ways to organize an election in different countries.
Voters might vote for an individual, or they might vote for a political party (party list).
This is because different countries use different voting systems.
As a foundation of democracy, voting in elections has been adopted in most countries around the world.
Whilst the process of electing an individual as a representative in a government can be simple, many election candidates spend mass amounts of money on their campaigns.
The past decade has seen a consistent trend of politicians and election candidate spending more and more on their campaigns.
Higher household incomes, inflation and population growth are all factors that have contributed to this trend of higher election spend.
Every country around the world has different rules and regulations when it come sot voting in elections.
The biggest differences amongst most major countries is, the age in which an individual may vote and whether voting in an election is compulsory or not.
Argentina, Brazil and Austria are among the few countries where the legal voting age is 16.
Countries that are not democracies can also hold elections.
This is usually done to let the people choose a local representative (like a mayor).
Also many countries call themselves democracies, but behind the scenes have a more autocratic form of government.
Vatican City is a theocracy: The pope (and a few high-ranking clerics) run the state.
When the pope dies, or steps down, a number of high-ranking priests (called cardinals) select a new pope, through an election.
When they are done, they will announce the result in a speech, called Habemus Papam (Latin: We have a pope)
Elections keep a democratic country functioning, as they give people the right to select their own government.
However, there are ways a government can "fix" elections.
Opposition candidates are permitted in former USSR countries, but they are usually prevented from using broadcasting or the newspapers.
This means that, in effect, the ruling president is never challenged.
Elections which are fixed are sometimes called sham elections or show elections.
Countries where the candidates are elected with a very high approval rating usually use elections to hide a more autocratic form of government.
When Saddam Hussein was elected president of Iraq in 1995, he got 99.96% approval.
There were about 8.4 million valid votes,  3,052 people voted against him.
99.47% of all people allowed to vote did so (this is called voting turnout).
Another example: Kim Jong-un was elected the leader of North Korea, in 2014, with 100% of the vote.
Voting systems
People who practice medicine are most often called medical doctors or physicians.
Often doctors work closely with nurses and many other types of health care professionals.
Many doctors specialize in one kind of medical work.
For example, pediatrics is the medical specialty about the health of children.
Specialties in Medicine
Anaesthesiology
In this specialty, the doctor is trained to provide anaesthesia and sedation.
This is important for surgeries and certain medical procedures.
Anaesthesiologists also provide pre-operative assessments, ensuring the patient is safe during the operation and successfully awakens from anaesthesia after the operation.
They assess for medical conditions and suitability for anaesthesia.
They screen for risk factors prior to surgery and try to optimize the operative environment for the patient and the surgeon.
They are the doctors who give epidurals during labor and delivery, provide spinal blocks, local nerve blocks, and general anaesthesia for procedures.
They are the doctors who are especially trained in intubation (putting a tube into the lungs to help a person artificially breathe when the person is paralyzed and asleep during surgery).
Hence, due to their skill in intubation, they are often the first line responders for emergencies.
They help people who are in distress with their breathing, who have lost their airway or when their airway has become obstructed.
A cardiologist is a doctor with special training on the heart.
The doctor in this field ensures the heart is healthy and functions properly.
The heart is a vital organ whose role is to pump blood to the rest of the body.
The purpose of blood is to deliver oxygen to the tissues.
Without the heart functioning well, our tissues and organs would die and not function properly.
Cardiologists treat heart attacks, sudden cardiac arrests, arrhythmias (rhythm issues related to a faulty electrical system of the heart), heart failure (where the heart fails to pump blood forward properly) and many other heart related illnesses.
They specialize in life saving procedures like cardiac stents and cardiac ablation.
There is a subspecialty within cardiology called "Interventional cardiology."
These are cardiologists who specialize in interventions or procedures to save the function of the heart, such as cardiac stenting or angiography.
Cardiovascular surgery
This specialty consists of well trained doctors who practice cardiac surgery.
They are best known for their role in cardiac bypass surgeries.
In cardiac bypass, the surgeon restores blood flow to the area of the heart that was deficient due to a blocked coronary artery.
This is usually done by taking a vein, most commonly the saphenous vein from the leg, to create a pathway of blood flow to the heart region that needs it.
Emergency room doctors are in charge of sudden important or life-threatening emergencies.
In addition to dealing with heart attacks, strokes, traumas, issues that require immediate medical attention or surgeries, they also deal with a wide range of other health conditions, such as mental health and drug overdoses.
Their training is broad and diverse as anyone can walk through the door seeking help.
They see patients of all ages and walks of life.
However, unlike a general practitioner or family doctor, their immediate goal is to make sure the patient is stable and exclude any serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions.
A family doctor, otherwise known as general practitioner, is trained to provide medical service to people of all ages, demographics, and walks of life.
Their training is diverse to deal with a variety of conditions including all non surgical specialties.
They also follow the patient from birth to death  and are trained to treat an individual as a whole, in the context of their social setting and also their family situation and mental health.
Unlike specialists who mainly deal with problems of one organ or system, family doctors deal with all parts of the body and synthesize this information for the patient's general health.
They provide a global perspective of the person's health in the patient's unique life situation.
They are an individual's regular doctor who knows the patient in their social and family context.
They can refer to specialists for issues that require more detailed or specialized treatments unavailable to them as an outpatient or beyond their expertise.
Gastroenterologists are doctors who specialize in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and upper abdominal organs.
The GI tract is consists of the esophagus all the way down to the anus.
The upper abdominal organs include the liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen.
In addition to dealing with medical conditions associated with these organs, doctors in this speciality also perform endoscopies.
This is where a camera is placed to visualize the esophagus and stomach (upper endoscopy) or the colon (lower endoscopy or colonoscopy).
Gastroenterologists that specialize in the liver is called a Hepatologist.
They are responsible for treating patients with liver failure or cirrhosis.
They also treat patients with viral Hepatitis (A,B,C) and many other forms of liver disease.
Internal Medicine
Doctors in this specialty are trained to recognize and treat a variety of different conditions involving the internal organs.
They have wide knowledge in a number of specialties including, but not limited to: Respirology, Nephrology, Gastroenterology, Cardiology.
Doctors who practice broadly in this field are known as General Internists (or General Internal Medicine doctors).
Internists can go to receive further training beyond residency in a particular field.
For example, Gastroenterologists are internists that have chosen to specialize in GI medicine.
Internal medicine doctors are in charge of inpatient units when patients are admitted for a general reason.
Unlike family doctors and emergency doctors, although their training is diverse and they have broad knowledge in many organ systems, they do not treat or manage children, babies, or pregnant women. (
Those patients are instead cared for by Pediatricians and Obstetrics/gynecology, respectively.)
Doctors in this field, abbreviated OBGYN or Obs/Gyn, specialize in women's health covering conditions of the female reproductive organs, and pregnancy care and delivery.
Some examples of gynecological issues they deal with include contraceptive medicine, fertility workup and treatments, prolapse and incontinence, sexual health, ovarian tumors/ cysts, gynecological oncology.
They are also surgeons in their fields, capable of performing numerous gynecological surgeries.
Doctors in this field also practice obstetrical medicine, specializing in maternal fetal care and deliveries, complications related to deliveries, assisted deliveries (such as vacuum and forceps deliveries) and Caesarian sections.
This medical specialty consists of well trained doctors who recognize and treat medical conditions associated with the eyes.
Some common complaints they see include red eye, eye pain, visual changes and trauma.
They deal with many eye diseases including conjunctivitis, iritis, blepharitis, hordeolum, chalazion, glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, retinal detachments, papilloedema, central retinary artery occlusion.
They are trained to perform surgery.
These are doctors with special training to treat the ears, nose and throat.
These are the doctors who will very commonly remove an organ call the "tonsils" from a patient.
This medical area, commonly known as chest medicine or respiratory medicine, deals with the respiratory system.
It usually involves patients who require intensive care including life support and mechanical ventilation.
Doctors of this field usually are knowledgeable in diseases and conditions of the chest, such as pneumonia or asthma.
Doctors in this field tend to perform minor procedures in surgery of the respiratory tract.
Pulmonary specialists often practice critical care medicine.
They also manage complicated chest infections.
Transport, or transportation, is moving people or things from one place to another place.
Transport can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations.
Infrastructure includes roads, railways, airports, canals and pipelines.
The infrastructure is the network where things are carried.
Infrastructure also includes airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports (docks).
Infrastructure is usually built by governments and paid for by taxes from the citizens of a country or region.
Infrastructure such as roads and railways are designed by civil engineers and urban planners.
Vehicles or vessels travel on the infrastructure.
Vehicles include cars, trucks, trains and airplanes.
Vehicles are usually designed by mechanical engineers.
Vessels include boats, ferries, and barges which travel on canals and use docks and seaports.
In the same way that trains use train stations, airplanes use airports.
In the same way that trains use railway lines (train tracks), airplanes use flight paths and then fly in the sky.
Operations control the system.
Operations include traffic signals, railway signals and air traffic control.
Operations also include the government policies (a policy is a plan of action to guide decisions and actions) and regulations (a set or group of laws and rules) used to control the system, such as tolls, fuel taxes, and traffic laws.
Transport and communications
Transport and communication can be used instead of each other (someone could telephone a person rather than visit them).
Transport traffic also needs communication.
For example, air traffic control lets more airplanes fly.
So, an increase of either transport or communication usually leads to an increase in the other one.
Transport, energy, and the environment
Transport uses a lot of energy.
Most transport uses hydrocarbons (oil and gas).
This can create pollution.
Environmental regulations (laws) and low-pollution fuels (for example liquified natural gas) can reduce pollution.
But as more vehicles are used, more pollution is created.
Ethanol and biodiesel pollute less than petroleum.
Kinds of transportation
Land transport using walking, roads and railway tracks  by bicycles and other vehicles
Water transport using ships and  barges in canals and in rivers and seas
Air transportation using airplanes and airports and helicopters
A road is a piece of land which connects two or more places.
Usually, a road has been made easy to travel on, for example by removing trees and stones so the ground is more level.
Although many roads are made of gravel and dirt, some are paved with concrete or bricks or stones.
People have been making roads for a long time.
Roman roads in Britain and the Inca road system are famous.
Transport by boats on waterways was usually easier and faster than transport by road.
In the industrial revolution, the railway was invented.
A railway is a special type of road, using railway tracks.
Roads are now usually made for wheeled vehicles, like cars, to travel on.
Road building and care is usually paid for by taxes.
Some roads are toll roads, where people pay to use the road.
Other kinds of road
Freeways
2004 was the Chinese Year of Wood Monkey based on the 12-year Chinese Zodiac cycle.
January 1 - Deiss becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland.
January 2 - Several British Airways flights from London Heathrow Airport to Washington D.C. and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia are cancelled due to security fears.
January 3 - Flash Airlines Flight 604 crashes into the Red Sea off the coast of Egypt.
All 148 aboard are killed.
January 3 - NASA's MER-A (Spirit) lands on Mars.
January 3 - Blair goes to Basra, Iraq and talks to the British soldiers there.
Very few people are told before he comes.
January 4 - Dr. Mikhail Saakashvili wins Presidential Elections in the Republic of Georgia.
January 4   - A NASA rover lands on Mars and starts sending back photos of Mars.
January 5 - Britney Spears's marriage to childhood sweetheart Jason Allen Alexander is annulled (declared invalid) by a Las Vegas court following a surprise 55-hour marriage.
January 5    -  China has confirmed that a sick man in southern China has the SARS virus.
January 6 - An official look into the death of Diana, Princess of Wales begins in London.
It is held by Michael Burgess, the coroner of The Queen's Household.
January 12 - More than 100 000 people come together in Tel Aviv against their Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's plan to withdraw from parts of Gaza and the West Bank.
January 13 - An Uzbekistan Airways plane crashes in Uzbekistan's capital of Tashkent.
37 are killed.
January 14 - The shock site Goatse.cx is placed on registry lock for violating the AUP.
January 15 - The South Korean Foreign Minister, Yoon Young-kwan resigns after he says he supports American policy towards North Korea.
January 20 - India signs a $1.5 billion deal with Russia to buy the 45,000 tonne aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov along with 28 MiG-29k fighter planes.
January 22 - The European Union bans the import of poultry from Thailand, as bird flu spreads throughout Southeast Asia.
January 24 - NASA's MER-B (Opportunity) lands on Mars.
January 28 - The findings of the Hutton Inquiry are published in London.
The British Government is found not to have falsified information in the "sexed up dossier".
The report criticises the BBC's role in the death of David Kelly, a weapons expert on Iraq.
January 28 - At a hearing of the Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, it is revealed that the September 11, 2001 terrorists used mace (a brand of tear gas) or pepper spray to overpower the flight crew of American Airlines Flight 11.
January 31 - Mystery Science Theatre 3000 ends its run on the Sci-Fi Channel.
February 1 - A Hajj stampede in Mina, Saudi Arabia kills 251 pilgrims.
February 2 - An apartment building falls apart in Konya, Turkey, killing 92.
February 3 - The CIA admits that there was no immediate threat from weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
February 6 - A suicide bomber kills 41 people on a subway train in Moscow.
February 7 - His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales begins a tour of the Middle East, visiting troops in Iraq, the Iranian earthquake zone at Bam and Saudi Arabia.
February 10 - At least 50 people are killed in a car bomb attack at a center for hiring police officers south of Baghdad.
February 10 - The French National Assembly votes to pass a law banning religious items and clothing from schools.
February 11 - Up to 47 people are killed in a car bomb attack on an army recruiting center in Baghdad.
February 12 - Same sex marriage in the United States: The City and County of San Francisco begins giving out marriage licenses to homosexual couples as an act of civil disobedience.
February 13 - Scientists in South Korea announce the cloning of 30 human embryos.
February 17 - 90482 Orcus is discovered (found)
February 18 - A train carrying a convoy of gas, fertiliser and sulphur derails and explodes in Iran, killing 320 people.
February 20 - Iranian parliament election is held.
Many reformist candidates are not allowed to run, resulting in a win by conservatives.
February 22 - A suicide bomber kills eight bus passengers in Jerusalem.
February 22 - Rebels capture Haiti's second-largest city, Cap-Haïtien.
February 24 - An earthquake in Morocco kills 571 people.
February 26 - Former British cabinet minister, Clare Short reveals that British Intelligence bugged the phone calls of United Nations officials, including Kofi Annan.
February 26 - The United States lifts a ban on travel to Libya, ending travel restrictions to the nation that had lasted for 23 years.
February 29 - 2004 Haiti Rebellion: Jean-Bertrand Aristide resigns as president of Haiti.
The chief justice of the Haitian Supreme Court, Boniface Alexandre, is sworn in as interim (short-term) president.
Aristide later says he was made to resign, and that he was taken from the country by U.S. soldiers.
March 1 - Prime Minister Ahmed Qurie blasted ongoing Israeli extrajudicial executions of Palestinian activists, which claimed two more lives on Sunday, and blamed Israel for the weekend of violence, whilst accusing his Israeli counterpart’s government of trying "to kill any possibility for (achieving a) mutual cease-fire".
March 1 - Jean-Bertrand Aristide claims that his resignation as President of Haiti was forced and that he was kidnapped by American forces and forced to leave the country against his will.
United States Vice President Dick Cheney rejects the accusation.
March 1 - President of Russia Vladimir Putin names Mikhail Fradkov as his new prime minister.
March 1 - Several hundred United States, French and Canadian troops are sent to Haiti.
March 2 -  The Palestinian Authority's prisoners' affairs ministry states in its monthly statistical report that the number of Palestinian prisoners has risen to around 7,500.
Of those 336 are children, 75 female and 943 in need of medical treatment.
Of the 166 prisoners who died, 41% died as a result of medical negligence, while 18% died as a result of torture.
March 2 -  Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics reports 1,850 new housing units in the Jewish settlements Israel built in the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 2003, up by 35 percent from the previous year.
March 2 -  John Kerry wins the Super Tuesday primaries in California, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, and Rhode Island and caucus in Minnesota, effectively winning the nomination.
Howard Dean wins in his home state of Vermont even though he is no longer actively campaigning.
John Edwards is reported to be withdrawing from the race three hours before polls close in California and just as the caucuses begin in Minnesota.
March 2 - Jason West, mayor of New Paltz, New York is charged with 19 criminal counts of solemnizing marriages without a license.
If convicted, he faces up to a $500 fine and a year in jail on each count.
March 2 - Exploration of Mars: NASA announces that Mars rover Opportunity landed in an area where "liquid water once drenched the surface".
March 2 - Bernard Ebbers, ex-CEO of Worldcom, is indicted on three counts of conspiracy for his alleged role in that company's $11 billion accounting scandal in 2002.
Worldcom's CFO Scott Sullivan pleads guilty and is expected to cooperate with prosecutors against Ebbers.
March 2 - Multiple explosions hit Shiite shrines in Baghdad and Karbala on the Shia festival of Ashura.
Over 180 people are reported killed.
A three-day long period of national mourning is announced.
March 2 - Iraq gets a Bill of Rights, including guarantees of freedom of religion and press, in the form of the Law of Administering the Iraqi State for the Transitional Period.
March 2 - The U.S. declares its 2,000-man force to have leadership over all foreign military forces in Haiti.
President Bush chose not to wait for the UN Security Council but, instead, to intervene immediately to "restore order" in the western hemisphere's poorest country.
March 2 - The European Union imposes additional 5% tariffs on a wide range of goods imported from the United States, such as Honey, paper, and nuclear reactors.
The tariffs were sanctioned by the World Trade Organization in 2002 as punitive measures after a ruling declaring that United States tax law unfairly favors U.S.-based companies.
March 2 - The European Space Agency's Rosetta space probe is successfully launched aboard an Ariane 5 rocket on a mission to investigate the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
March 3 -  At the Walt Disney Company's Annual General Meeting, about 43% of Walt Disney stockholders, including several prominent pension funds, vote to oppose the re-election of Chairman and CEO Michael Eisner.
The board of directors replaces him as Chairman with George J. Mitchell.
March 3 -  Researchers at Harvard University announce that they will give scientists free access to 17 human embryonic stem cell lines created without U.S. federal funding.
This move is expected to boost stem cell research in the face of federal funding restrictions announced in 2001 by the Bush administration.
March 3 -  A new government of Serbia, headed by Vojislav Kostunica, is approved by parliament.
March 3 - March 3 -  Israeli aircraft destroy a car in the Gaza strip with missile fire, killing three people acknowledged by Palestinian officials as members of the militant group Hamas.
March 3 - March 3 -  A group of Israelis join a court challenge against the Israeli West Bank barrier out of concern it could turn their good Palestinian neighbors into deadly enemies.
March 3 -  New claims of bubble fusion are made, claiming that the results of previous experiments have been replicated under more stringent experimental conditions.
March 4 - bomb blasts in Iraq threaten to de-stabilise the country.
March 4 -  The guilty verdict for Moroccan al-Qaeda suspect Mounir el Motassadeq's involvement in the September 11, 2001 attacks is overturned by the German appeals court, which orders a retrial.
March 4 -  Three American Muslims accused of using paintball games to train for a jihad holy war are found guilty of conspiracy charges.
March 4 -  Chinese authorities release Wang Youcai, a day after Rabiya Kadeer's release
March 4 -  Israeli tanks around 15 armoured vehicles escorted by several bulldozers enter the town of Rafah in the southern Gaza Strip, exchanging gunfire with resistance and later demolishing a four-storey building, claiming "anti-terrorist operations".
March 4 -  The Prime Minister of Malaysia dissolves the national parliament and all state assemblies except Sarawak's, paving the way for the general election to be held within 60 days as dictated by the constitution.
March 5 - CBS broadcasts tape recordings of Diana, Princess of Wales as she describes suicide attempts while pregnant with Prince William, Duke of Cambridge.
March 5 -  The National People's Congress convenes in Beijing.
Premier Wen Jiabao makes his first state address, saying that "solving the problems of agriculture, villages and farmers is one of the most crucial parts of our entire work".
March 5 -  Last minute disagreement delays signing of Iraq's interim constitution.
March 5 -  The Russian polar station will be evacuated.
Russia launches rescue operation to evacuate 12 of its scientists stranded on a research station which partially sank near the North Pole.
March 5 -  Tony Blair defends the war in Iraq, stating that "global threat we face in Britain and round the world is real and existential and it is the task of leadership to expose it and fight it, whatever the political cost."
March 5 -  Police hold a Haifa man,  Eliran Golan, and his 54-year-old father in custody on suspicion of involvement in making and planting bombs over the last three years.
Haifa Magistrate court extends for five days the remand of Yivgeny Grossman.
Grossman denies any connection.
March 5 -  Martha Stewart is found guilty by a jury on charges of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and two counts of making false statements regarding alleged insider trading in December 2001.