the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Fast and the Furious (2001, co-production with Original Film)
The Mummy Returns (2001, co-production with Alphaville)
Jurassic Park III (2001, co-production with Amblin Entertainment)
Captain Corelli's Mandolin (2001, USA distribution, co-production with Miramax Films)
The Musketeer (2001, USA distribution only, co-production with Miramax Films)
Mulholland Dr. (2001, distribution only in USA)
K-PAX (2001, USA distribution, co-production with Intermedia Films and Lawrence Gordon Productions)
Spy Game (2001, distributor)
A Beautiful Mind (2001, USA distribution, co-production with DreamWorks, and Imagine Entertainment)
How High (2001, distributor)
Brotherhood of the Wolf (2002, distribution only in USA and Australia)
Big Fat Liar (2002, co-production with Tollin/Robbins Productions)
Dragonfly (2002, USA distribution, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
40 Days and 40 Nights (2002) (USA distribution, co-production with Miramax Films and Working Title Films)
Harrison's Flowers (2002, distributor)
The Scorpion King (2002, co-production with Alphaville)
About a Boy (2002, co-production with Working Title Films)
Undercover Brother (2002, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
The Bourne Identity (2002, co-production with The Kennedy/Marshall Company)
Blue Crush (2002, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
Red Dragon (2002, co-production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures and Dino de Laurentiis)
The Truth About Charlie (2002, distributor)
8 Mile (2002, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
The Emperor's Club (2002)
Empire (2002, distribution only in most countries, including USA)
The Guru (2003, distributor)
The Life of David Gale (2003, co-production with Intermedia Films)
Two Brothers (2003, co-production with Pathé)
Bruce Almighty (2003, USA distribution, co-production with Amblin Entertainment and Spyglass Entertainment)
2 Fast 2 Furious (2003, co-production with Original Film)
Hulk (2003, co-production with Marvel Studios, Valhalla Motion Pictures and Good Machine Studios)
Johnny English (2003, co-production with Working Title Films and StudioCanal)
Seabiscuit (2003, USA distribution, co-production with DreamWorks and Spyglass Entertainment)
American Wedding (2003)
The Rundown (2003, USA distribution, co-production with Columbia Pictures)
Intolerable Cruelty (2003, co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Alphaville)
Love Actually (2003, co-production with Studio Canal and Working Title Films)
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003, USA distribution, co-production with 20th Century Fox)
The Cat in The Hat (2003, co-production with DreamWorks and Imagine Entertainment)
Honey (2003, co-production with Working Title Films)
Peter Pan (2003, USA distribution, co-production with Columbia Pictures, Spyglass Entertainment and Imagine Entertainment)
Along Came Polly (2004, co-production with Jersey Films)
Dawn of the Dead (2004, co-production with Strike Entertainment)
Connie and Carla (2004, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
Van Helsing (2004, co-production with Alphaville)
The Chronicles of Riddick (2004, co-production with Radar Pictures & One Race Films)
The Bourne Supremacy (2004, co-production with The Kennedy/Marshall Company)
Thunderbirds (2004, USA distribution, co-production with Columbia Pictures, StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
Wimbledon (2004)
Shaun of the Dead (2004, co-production with Rogue Pictures, StudioCanal, Film4 Productions, Working Title Films and Big Talk Productions; Rogue Pictures handled U.S. distribution while Universal distributed it in countries outside the USA)
Friday Night Lights (2004, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
Ray (2004, distribution co-production with Bristol Bay Productions)
Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004, USA distribution, co-production with Miramax Films)
Meet the Fockers (2004, USA distribution, co-production with DreamWorks)
In Good Company (2004)
White Noise (2005, co-production with Gold Circle Films)
The Wedding Date (2005, co-production with Gold Circle Films)
Inside Deep Throat (2005, distribution only in USA)
The Interpreter (2005, co-production with Working Title Films)
Kicking & Screaming (2005)
Cinderella Man (2005, USA distribution, co-production with Miramax Films and Imagine Entertainment)
The Perfect Man (2005)
Land of the Dead (2005, co-production with Wild Bunch)
The Skeleton Key (2005)
The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005, co-production with Apatow Productions)
Serenity (2005)
Two for the Money (2005, distribution only; with Morgan Creek Productions)
Doom (2005, co-production with DiBonaventura Productions)
Prime (2005)
Jarhead (2005)
Pride & Prejudice (2005, distributed in countries outside USA; co-production with StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
First Descent (2005, distribution only in USA)
King Kong (2005, co-production with WingNut Films)
Munich (2005, USA distribution, co-production with DreamWorks, Amblin Entertainment and Alliance Atlantis Communications)
The Producers (2005, USA distribution, co-production with Columbia Pictures)
Nanny McPhee (2006, USA distribution, co-production with Metro Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
Curious George (2006, co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Universal Animation Studios)
Inside Man (2006, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
Slither (2006, co-production with Gold Circle Films)
American Dreamz (2006)
United 93 (2006, co-production with StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
The Break-Up (2006)
The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006, co-production with Original Film and Relativity Media; first film teamed up with Relativity Media)
You, Me and Dupree (2006)
Miami Vice (2006)
Accepted (2006, co-production with Shady Acres Entertainment)
Idlewild (2006)
The Black Dahlia (2006)
Man of the Year (2006) (co-production with Morgan Creek Productions)
Let's Go to Prison (2006, distribution only; produced by Carsey Werner Films); (co-production with Strike Entertainment)
The Holiday (2006, international distribution, co-production with Columbia Pictures, Relativity Media and Waverly Films)
The Good Shepherd (2006, co-production with Morgan Creek Productions and American Zoetrope)
Children of Men (2006, co-production with Strike Entertainment)
Alpha Dog (2007, USA distribution only)
Smokin' Aces (2007, co-production with StudioCanal, Relativity Media and Working Title Films)
Because I Said So (2007)
Breach (2007)
Dead Silence (2007) (co-production with Twisted Pictures)
Hot Fuzz (2007, distribution in most countries outside of the USA)
Georgia Rule (2007, co-production with Morgan Creek Productions)
Knocked Up (2007, co-production with Apatow Productions)
Evan Almighty (2007, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment, Shady Acres Entertainment, Relativity Media and Original Film)
I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry (2007, co-production with Happy Madison Productions, Relativity Media and Shady Acres Entertainment)
The Bourne Ultimatum (2007, co-production with The Kennedy/Marshall Company)
Illegal Tender (2007)
Mr. Bean's Holiday (2007, co-production with StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
Sydney White (2007, co-production with Morgan Creek Productions)
The Kingdom (2007)
Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007)
American Gangster (2007, co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Relativity Media)
Charlie Wilson's War (2007, co-production with Relativity Media and Morgan Creek Productions)
Happy Tree Friends (2006, co-production with Peacock (streaming device) and Universal Content Productions)
Untraceable (2008, international distribution, co-production with Screen Gems and Lakeshore Entertainment)
Welcome Home, Roscoe Jenkins (2008, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
Definitely, Maybe (2008, co-production with StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
Doomsday (2008, distribution only in some countries; produced by Rogue Pictures)
Leatherheads (2008)
Forgetting Sarah Marshall (2008, co-production with Apatow Productions)
Baby Mama (2008, co-production with Relativity Media)
The Incredible Hulk (2008) (co-production with Marvel Studios and Valhalla Motion Pictures)
Wanted (2008, co-production with Relativity Media, DiBonaventura Productions and Spyglass Entertainment)
Hellboy 2: The Golden Army (2008, distribution only in some countries; produced by Rogue Pictures, Dark Horse Entertainment and Relativity Media)
Mamma Mia!:
The Movie (2008, co-production with Relativity Media, Littlestar and Playtone)
The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008, co-production with Relativity Media, Alphaville and Sommers Company)
Death Race (2008, co-production with Relativity Media)
Flash of Genius (2008, USA, Japan and France distribution, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment and Strike Entertainment)
The Express (2008, co-production with Relativity Media)
Changeling (2008, co-production with Imagine Entertainment, Malpaso Productions and Relativity Media)
Role Models (2008, co-production with New Regency and Relativity Media)
Frost/Nixon (2008) (co-production with Imagine Entertainment, Working Title Films, StudioCanal and Relativity Media)
The Tale of Desperaux (2008) (co-production with Framestore CFC, Larger Than Life Productions, Relativity Media and Universal Animation Studios)
The Unborn (2009) (distribution only in some countries; co-production with Relativity Media, Rogue Pictures and Platinum Dunes)
Duplicity (2009, co-production with Relativity Media)
Fast & Furious (2009), co-produced with One Race Films, Original Film and Relativity Media
State of Play (2009, co-production with Andell Entertainment, Working Title Films, Studio Canal and Relativity Media)
The Soloist (2009, international distribution, co-production with DreamWorks, StudioCanal, Participant Media and Working Title Films)
Drag Me to Hell (2009) (co-produced with Ghost House Pictures)
Land of the Lost (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media and Sid & Marty Krofft Pictures)
Public Enemies (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media)
Brüno (2009) (co-production with Media Rights Capital and Four By Two Films)
Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey! (
2009) (co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Universal Animation Studios)
Funny People (2009) (USA distribution; co-production with Columbia Pictures, Apatow Productions, Happy Madison and Relativity Media)
Inglourious Basterds (2009) (co-production with A Band Apart and The Weinstein Company)
Love Happens (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media)
Couples Retreat (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media)
Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media)
The Fourth Kind (2009) (co-production with Gold Circle Films and Dead Crow Productions)
Pirate Radio (2009) (international distribution, co-production with Focus Features, StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
It's Complicated (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media)
Filmographies
Friday, April 13 — The asteroid 99942 Apophis (previously also known by its provisional designation 2004 MN4) will pass within 30,000 km (18,600 mi) of the Earth.
Music by Buddy Holly will enter the public domain this year.
Ray Kurzweil and other futurists predict that computer intelligence will exceed biological intelligence.
The FBI will have permission to reveal to the public the Top Secret papers on John F. Kennedy's assassination.
2029 in fiction
Deus Ex (2000): JC Denton's "assigned birth date" is  March 17.
Ghost in the Shell:  Public Security Section 9 is established.
The Terminator (1984): Kyle Reese and a Terminator are sent back in time to 1984.
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991): Two Terminators, a T-800 and a T-1000, are sent back in time to, respectively, protect and kill John Connor as a teenager.
Post-Grunge rock band Our Lady Peace's popular song "In Repair", among others, from their 2000 album Spiritual Machines, references the year 2029 in the opening, which states "The year is 2029.
The machines will convince us that they are conscious...".
The entire album was attributed and decidated to futurist Raymond Kurzweil.
Gothic Metal band Type O Negative speaks of the year 2029 (specifically April 13, 2029) in their song "The Profit of Doom", which is from the narrative of a doom prophet.
The album with the song "The Profit of Doom", entitled Dead Again, was released on March 13, 2007.
Six Feet Under ("Everyone's Waiting," 2005): Keith Charles is shot and killed by robbers seizing the contents of his armored truck.
10 January — Comic book character Tintin, from The Adventures of Tintin created by Herge, turns 100 years old.
Elephants Dream is a short movie made using mostly open source software.
Blender was the main program used to make the movie.
It began production in September 2005 and was released on March 24, 2006.
It was first developed under the name Orange, then later changed to Machina then finally to Elephants Dream since the people working on the movie could not decide how "Machina" would be pronounced.
The movie is 11 minutes long.
The movie has a very random and abstract nature.
Despite the film's title, Elephants Dream does not have any elephants or dreams.
It instead has Proog and Emo in an extremely bizarre construction referred to only as "the machine."
Proog tries to introduce Emo to its nature, but Emo is reluctant (If a person is reluctant to do something, he/she does not want to do it.)
and argues about its purpose.
"The story is very simple- I'm not sure you can call it a complete story even- It is about how people create ideas/stories/fictions/social realities and communicate them or impose them on others.
Thus Proog has created (in his head) the concept of a special place/machine, that he tries to "show" to Emo.
When Emo does not accept his story, Proog becomes desperate and hits him.
It's a parable of human relationships really- You can substitute many ideas (money, religion, social institutions, property) instead of Proog's machine - the story does not say that creating ideas is bad, just hints that it is better to share ideas than force them on others.
There are lots of little clues/hints about this in the movie- many little things have a meaning- but we are not very "tight" with it, because we are hoping people will have their own ideas about the story, and make a new version of the movie.
In this way (and others) we tie the story of the movie with the "open movie" idea."
Ton Roosendaal announced the film in May 2005.
He is the chairman of the Blender Foundation.
The Blender Foundation and the Netherlands Media Art Institute funded the project.
The Foundation raised a lot of their funds by selling pre-orders of the DVD.
Everyone who preordered before September 1 has his or her name listed in the film's credits.
The film was released for download on the Official Orange Project website on May 18, 2006.
The Elephants Dream website
Incorrectly, the term is also used for the choirs of these chapels.
The correct name for these choirs is the Gentlemen of the Chapel.
They are a group of priests and singers who sing church services for the British monarch (king or queen).
They are helped by young boy singers called choristers or Children of the Chapel.
It is an old tradition.
Today there are two consecrated buildings at St James’s Palace, near Buckingham Palace in London served by the Chapel Royal.
These chapels do not belong to the diocese (group of churches in a district).
That is why they are called “royal peculiars” (“peculiar” in this sense does not mean “strange” but “special”).
Services are held every Sunday except during August and September.
Members of the public are welcome to go to these services.
This is the only time that the public can go into the royal chapels.
The choir also sing at special services, including one held every year on 6 January to celebrate Epiphany when offerings of gold, frankincense and myrrh are made on behalf of the queen.
The Chapel Royal dates back to the late 13th century.
At that time the priests and choir travelled with the king wherever he went.
In the 17th century the chapel had its own building in Whitehall, which burned down in 1698.
Since 1702 it has been based in St. James's Palace.
In the 16th and 17th centuries the choir was the best choir in England.
William Byrd and Thomas Tallis were both organists there during the reign of Elizabeth I.  Boy choristers from choirs outside London were sometimes made to join the Children of the Chapel if they had beautiful voices.
These boys also took part in plays at the king or queen’s court.
Charles II liked musical instruments, so the choir were often joined by violins, lutes and viols.
Some very famous composers were organists at the Chapel Royal.
These include: Thomas Tallis (c.1545-85), William Byrd (c.1572-c.1618), John Bull (1591-1613), Orlando Gibbons (1605-25), John Blow (1673/4-1708), Henry Purcell (1682-95), Jeremiah Clarke (1704-1707), William Croft (1708-27), and George Frideric Handel who was organist from (1723-59).
At the time Handel was appointed he was still German, not English, so he was not allowed to be a member.
Instead, he was given a special title: "Composer of Musick of His Majesty's Chappel Royal".
Today the Choir rehearses twice weekly at St James's Palace.
The choir consists of six Gentlemen-in-Ordinary who are professional singers, and ten boys who have scholarships to go to the City of London School where they are called Queen's Scholars.
The composer Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, who was Master of the Queen's Music, worked closely with the Chapel Royal, composing a new carol for them every Christmas.
The head of the Chapel Royal in Scotland is a Dean.
Another Chapel Royal once existed in Ireland.
Chapels Royal, from the official site of the British Monarchy
British royalty
Orlando Gibbons (born: Oxford, baptised 25 December 1583; died Canterbury, 5 June 1625) was an English composer and organist.
He was one of the most important composers of his day.
He is famous for his church music and organ music.
He lived in the late Tudor and early Jacobean periods.
Gibbons was born in Oxford where his father was a city wait.
The family moved to Cambridge and his brother Edward, who was 15 years older than Orlando, became Master of the Choristers at King’s College.
Between 1596 and 1598 Orlando sang in the choir of King's College, Cambridge where his brother was master.
He entered the university in 1598 and got the degree of Bachelor of Music in 1606.
James I made him a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, where he was organist from at least 1615 until his death.
In 1625 he became senior organist at the Chapel Royal, with Thomas Tomkins as junior organist.
He was also keyboard player (mainly harpsichord) in the privy chamber of the court of Prince Charles (later King Charles I), and organist at Westminster Abbey.
He died an early death in Canterbury of apoplexy, and a monument to him was built in Canterbury Cathedral.
Gibbons wrote a lot of keyboard works, around thirty fantasias for viols, some madrigals (the best-known being The Silver Swan), and many popular anthems.
He was very good at writing counterpoint as well as lovely melodies.
His famous verse anthem This is the record of John is often sung by choirs at Advent.
It has a lovely solo for a  countertenor who takes it in turns with the full chorus.
Gibbons wrote two settings of the Evensong service: a long one with several verses, and the Short service.
His full anthems include O Lord in thy wrath, and the Palm Sunday setting of O clap your hands together for 8 voices.
1583 births
Waits or waites were British town musicians.
From medieval times up to the early 19th century, every important British town and city had a band of waites.
Some other countries in Europe also had waits.
They were called Stadtpfeifer in Germany and Pifferi in Italy.
The duties (things they had to do) varied in different towns and at different times in history.
One of their most important jobs was to play at certain times of day so that people knew what the time was.
They often played from the top of church towers.
Sometimes they were also guards, watching from the towers so that they could spot any danger.
They were like watchmen, making sure everything was all right (there was no police at that time).
They woke people up in the mornings by playing music in the streets.
The instruments they played also varied.
Mostly they were loud wind instruments such as the shawm.
It was a paid job.
The waits wore smart liveries and silver chains of office with the town's arms.
In Germany the Stadtpfeifer would also play at church services.
They would play shawms or  trombones on normal days, but trumpets and drums on feast-days.
In Britain there were no more waits after 1835.
The name “waits” is still used in “Christmas Waits” (any group of people singing carols at Christmas).
The meeting hall of the Estates General had been locked accidentally, but the Third Estate thought that this was an invasion of their rights, and were very angry with the king.
They stood in a nearby indoor tennis court.
They made a solemn vow that they would not move until "the voice of the country was heard" and their requests were met.
They were joined by the nobles and clergy.
The vote had always been taken by class, and usually, the clergy and the nobility voted to support whatever the king wanted, so the vote of the middle class did not matter.
The middle class argued that voting should be "by poll" not by order, because they had more representatives than the first two estates combined.
They also wanted the Estates General to meet as one body, so that voting would be by poll, rather than by class.
A chart or graph is an image which summarizes data and presents it in an easy to understand way.
Charts are often used to make it easier to understand the relationships of different aspects of the data.
It is easier to read a chart than the raw data.
Types of charts
A bar chart uses bars to show values for different categories.
A pie chart shows percentage values as a slice of a pie.
A flow chart shows the separate steps of a process.
Samuel Adams (September 27  (OS), 1722–October 2, 1803) was an American leader, politician, writer, and political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
Adams helped gather support in the American colonies to rebel against Great Britain.
This led to the American Revolution.
Adams shaped the foundations of American politics.
Adams, born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, was brought up in a religious family.
He was educated at Boston Latin School and Harvard College.
He started his life as a businessman, but did not like his occupation.
He then turned his interest to politics, and became an influential political writer.
Adams urged the colonists to withdraw from Great Britain and form a new government.
He told the colonies to defend their rights and liberties at town meetings in Boston.
He wrote protests against Parliament's taxes against the colonies, such as the Stamp Act of 1765.
Adams also organized the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and he was a member of the Continental Congress.
He argued for the Declaration of Independence at the Second Continental Congress in 1776.
Adams helped write the Massachusetts Constitution with James Bowdoin and his cousin John Adams.
Later, Adams helped draft the Articles of Confederation.
After the Revolutionary War ended, he ran for the House of Representatives in the 1st United States Congressional election.
He lost the election to Fisher Ames.
He was elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts in 1789.
After John Hancock's death in 1793, Adams served as the acting governor.
He was then elected governor in January of 1794.
He served in that position until June 1797.
He then retired from politics and settled in his home in Boston.
He died six years later on October 2, 1803.
Many of the foremost works on Adams' life are from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Much of the information in more recent biographies is attributed to these earlier works.
Alexander, John K. Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician.
Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. .
Beach, Stewart.
Samuel Adams, the Fateful Years, 1764–1776.
New York: Dodd, Mead, 1965.
Cushing, Harry A., ed.
The Writings of Samuel Adams.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1908.
Fischer, David H. Paul Revere's Ride.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. .
Fradin, Dennis B. Samuel Adams: the Father of American Independence.
New York: Clarion Books, 1998. .
Hosmer, James K. Samuel Adams.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885.
Irvin, Benjamin H. Sam Adams: Son of Liberty, Father of Revolution.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. .
Maier, Pauline.
From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765–1776.
New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. .
The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980. .
Miller, John C. Sam Adams, Pioneer in Propaganda.
Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1936.
Puls, Mark.
Samuel Adams: Father of the American Revolution.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. .
Wells, William V. The Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams: Being a Narrative of His Acts and Opinions, and of His Agency in Producing and Forwarding the American Revolution, with Extracts From His Correspondence, State Papers, and Political Essays.
Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1865.
Samuel Adams quotes at Liberty-Tree.ca
Official Commonwealth of Massachusetts Governor Biography
Biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856
Encyclopedia Britannica: Adams, Samuel
1722 births
1803 deaths
A bar chart is a type of chart which shows the values of different categories of data as rectangular bars with different lengths.
A histogram is a bar chart that shows how data is spread over its categories.
It is another one dimensional diagram also known as pillar diagram or column graph.
These bars do not have any specific width but the height of the bar is proportionally to the value of an element.
When the variations are small this method is very efficient.
A pie chart is a type of chart with the shape of a pie or circle.
It presents the relationship of different parts of the data.
One would easily see the biggest or smallest share of the total data, by simply looking at the pie chart.
The earliest known pie charts were in William Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801, in which two are used.
This invention was not widely used at first.
The French engineer Charles Joseph Minard was one of the first to use it.
In 1858 he used them in maps to add information in a third dimension.
For example, if the count of deaths in each month for a year are to be plotted then there will be 12 sectors (one per month) all with the same angle of 30 degrees each.
The radius of each sector would be proportional to the square root of the death count for the month, so the area of a sector represents the number of deaths in a month.
Pie charts are not the most accurate way to show data: that has been known for some time.
Pie charts should be used only when the sum of all categories is meaningful, for example if they represent proportions.
Pie charts are rare in scientific writing.
They are more common in business and economics.
One reason for this may be that it is more difficult to compare the size of items in a chart when area is used instead of length.
Stevens' power law says that it is harder to see small differences using visual area than when using length.
This means that length is a better scale to use, because differences can be seen more easily.
This can be shown with the image to the right.
The pie chart and the bar chart have the same data.
Most people have difficulty putting the slices in the pie chart in order by size from biggest to smallest.
When using the bar chart, it is much easier to tell the difference between bars that are very similar in size.
Cleveland, William 1985.
The elements of graphing data.
Pacific Grove, California: Wadsworth.
Phillip I. Good and James W. Hardin.
Common errors in statistics (and how to avoid them).
Draw any pie chart
Warning against using pie charts
Polar area diagram
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a biographical dictionary of all present and former members of the United States Congress.
It also includes all members of the Continental Congress.
It also includes delegates from territories and the District of Columbia and Resident Commissioners from the Philippines and Puerto Rico.
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
House Document No.
108-222 ,Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 - 2005
Legislative branch of the United States government
A teapot is a container used to mix tea leaves with boiling water to make tea.
Usually the tea leaves are in a tea bag when the tea leaves are put into the water.
The tea can be poured from the teapot into cups.
Steve Woodhead, "The Teapot Book" A.&C. Black, 2005 .
Robin Emmerson, "British Teapots and Tea Drinking" HMSO, 1992
Garth Clark "The Artful Teapot"  Thames and Hudson
Edward Bramah "Novelty Teapots" Quiller Press
A history of teapots
Sparta Teapot Museum USA
A brief history of teapots from Stoke-on-Trent Museums
Le Monde (English: The World) is a French daily evening newspaper.
It is amongst the newspapers most read in France.
Its political opinion is slightly left-wing.
In many countries outside France, this is the only French newspaper available.
The newspaper should not be confused with the monthly publication Le Monde diplomatique.
Le Monde has 51% ownership of the monthly.
Despite this, the monthly has a different editorial staff.
Le Monde was founded by Hubert Beuve-Méry.
This was at the request of General Charles de Gaulle after the German army was driven from Paris during World War II.
The newspaper took over the format of Le Temps, because the reputation of the latter had suffered during the Occupation.
Beuve-Méry reportedly asked for total editorial independence as the condition for his taking on the project.
Its first edition appeared on December 19, 1944.
Le Monde has been available on the Internet since December 19, 1995.
It is the principal publication of Groupe Le Monde.
French-language newspapers
Begging the question requires two or more ideas.
Each of these ideas may or may not be true.
The speaker of these ideas tries to show that one idea is true by saying a second idea proves it, but the second idea is true only if the first idea is true already.
"If such actions were not illegal, then they would not be prohibited by the law." (
The sentence means "If that wasn't okay, then it wouldn't be okay.")
"We know God exists because we can see the perfect order of His Creation, an order which demonstrates supernatural intelligence in its design." ("
We know God exists because God created us" or "God couldn't create us if God didn't exist")
"This begs the question" has recently been used to mean "this raises the question."
This usage is often criticized as inappropriate.
Ciwan Haco (born 1957) is a Kurdish singer.
He was born near Qamishlo in Syria.
After finishing high school, he left for Germany in order to continue his studies.
He studied music at the University of Bochum for three years.
After university, he started his career as a singer.
He combined Kurdish folk music with western style pop music, rock, blues, and jazz.
He has released 14 albums.
He become well-known on the kurdish music scene after he sang for more than 200.000 people in Batman, south Turkey, in 2003.
Haco lives in Sweden with his wife.
He has two children, Lorin, 7, and Rosa, 5.
She became a singer when she was 15.
Her first album was called Amita Tata Young and it was very successful.
It sold more than a million copies in less than 5 months.
In 2004, she made an English album called I Believe.
It sold many copies and made her famous in other countries as well.
In 2006  she made her second English album called "Temperature Rising", which made her even more popular, especially in Asia.
In 2008 Tata Young released a Thai language album called "One Love".
Her most recent album Ready for Love was released in 2009.
Thai singers
Bollywood playback singers
Trip (drink), a brand of juice in Finland
TRIPs Agreement, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Transformation Induced Plasticity, a strain-hardening effect in steel
The Trip (1967 movie), starring Peter Fonda
The Trip (2002 movie)
The Trip (TV series), a Channel 4 show
The Trip, Italian rock band of the 1970s
Psychedelic experience with drugs
It is a way to learn things faster, by repeating them.
For example, sport teams practice to prepare for real games, or a musician practices for some hours every day, so he can play perfectly in his concert.
Most people think that it describes a wider range of sensations than Weber-Fechner law.
But critics argue that the validity of the law is not sure.
The theory is named after psychophysicist Stanley Smith Stevens (1906–1973).
Although the idea of a power law had been suggested by 19th century researchers, Stevens is credited with reviving the law and publishing a body of psychophysical data to support it in 1956.
where   is the magnitude of the physical stimulus,  is the psychophysical function capturing sensation (the subjective size of the stimulus),  is an exponent that depends on the type of stimulation and  is a proportionality constant that depends on the type of stimulation and the units used.
Ellermeier, W., Faulhammer, G. (2000).
Empirical evaluation of axioms fundamental to Stevens's ratio-scaling approach: I. Loudness production.
Perception & Psychophysics, 62, 1505–1511.
Green, D. M., & Luce, R. D. (1974).
Variability of magnitude estimates: a timing theory analysis.
Perception & Psychophysics, 15, 291–300.
Luce, R. D. (2002).
A psychophysical theory of intensity proportions, joint presentations, and matches.
Psychological Review, 109, 520–532.
Narens, L. (1996).
A theory of ratio magnitude estimation.
Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 40,  109–129.
Smelser, N. J., & Baltes, P. B. (2001).
International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences.
15105–15106.
Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier. .
Steingrimsson, R., & Luce, R. D. (2006).
Empirical evaluation of a model of global psychophysical judgments: III.
A form for the psychophysical function and intensity filtering.
Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 50, 15–29.
Stevens, S. S. (1957).
On the psychophysical law.
Psychological Review 64(3):153–181.
PMID 13441853.
Zimmer, K. (2005).
Examining the validity of numerical ratios in loudness fractionation.
Perception & Psychophysics, 67, 569–579.
it:Soglia percettiva
A Stimulus (plural stimuli) is something which causes a response.
It is used in various bodies:
Stimulus (psychology): an input to a person's (or animal's) senses which causes a reaction or response.
Especially used in classical conditioning and other kinds of behavioral experiments.
Stimulus (physiology): a detectable change around an organism.
Sensory receptors may then produce changes in the body's physiology.
Input to a digital system.
A stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system.
Stimulus (economics): a code-word for using tax and credit changes to boost a country's economy.
Includes other measures to increase the supply of money.
A logic gate is an electronic component that can be used to conduct electricity based on a rule.
The output of the gate is the result of applying this rule to one or more "inputs".
These inputs may be two wires or the output of other logic gates.
Logic gates are digital components.
They normally work at only two levels of voltage, a positive level and  zero level.
Commonly they work based on two states: On and Off.
In the On state, voltage is positive.
In the Off state, the voltage is at zero.
The On state usually uses a voltage in the range of 3.5 to 5 volts.
This range can be lower for some uses.
Logic gates compare the state at their inputs to decide what the state at their output should be.
A logic gate is on or active when its rules are correctly met.
At this time, electricity is flowing through the gate and the voltage at its output is at the level of its On state.
Logic gates are electronic versions of Boolean logic.
Truth tables will tell you what the output will be, depending on the inputs.
AND gates have two inputs.
The output of an AND gate is on only if both inputs are on.
If at least one of the inputs are off, the output will be off.
Using the image at the right, if A and B are both in an On state, the output (out) will be an On state.
If either A or B is in an Off state, the output will also be in an Off state.
A and B must be On for the output to be On.
OR gates have two inputs.
The output of an OR gate will be on if at least one of the inputs are on.
If both inputs are off, the output will be off.
Using the image at the right, if either A or B is On, the output (out) will also be On.
If both A and B are Off, the output will be Off.
NOT logic gate
The NOT logic gate has only one input.
If the input is On then the output will be Off.
In other words, the NOT logic gate changes the signal from On to Off or from Off to On.
It is sometimes called an inverter.
XOR logic gate
XOR ("exclusive or") gates have two inputs.
The output of a XOR gate will be true only if the two inputs are different from each other.
If both inputs are the same, the output will be off.
NAND logic gate
NAND means not both.
It is called NAND because it means "not and."
This means that it will always output true unless both inputs are on.
XNOR logic gate
XNOR means "not exclusive or."
This means that it will only output true if both inputs are the same.
It is the opposite of a XOR logic gate.
The Plaza Mayor of Madrid was built in the 1400's on the same location as the old Plaza del Arrabal (square outside the walls).
It was used as a market in the Middle Ages.
It is also called the Plaza de la Constitución.
In the 1560s, King Philip II and his architect, Juan de Herrera planned to change it into a proper square for the Courts.
The first part to be finished was the Casa de la Panaderia (bakery) in 1590.
Gómez de Mora gave it the rectangular form.
The ground is still cobbled.
It finally opened in 1620 under the rule of King Philip III.
The statue in the middle is King Philip III on horseback made by Juan de Bologna.
The statue was moved from the Casa de Campo to the Plaza Mayor in 1848.
In the 1700's, it was used for the crowning of kings, bullfights, carnivals and even executions.
People watched from the balconies around the square.
The Plaza has been damaged by three fires.
Juan de Villanova had the plaza built again in 1853 and that is what is seen today.
People can enter the plaza through nine different arches.
Casa de la Panaderia.
360° view of Plaza Mayor, Madrid
Plaza Mayor, description and pictures
Plaza Mayor Information and photos.
Plaza Mayor in English Visitor and student information, history, present day uses and photos.
Town squares
1400s establishments
15th-century establishments in Spain
The Gran Vía (The Great Way) is one of the most important shopping areas in Madrid, Spain.
It also has hotels and large movie theaters.
Many of the buildings on the Gran Vía are decorated with fancy sculptures.
One of the more impressive buildings on the Gran Vía is the Edificio Metropolis.
It was built in 1907 by Jules and Raymond Février.
It has a statue of the winged Roman goddess, Victoria, on the top.
Madrid's first skyscraper, Telefonica's Head Office, is also on the Gran Vía.
The Gran Vía was planned in the 1850s.
They did not start building the road until 1904 and finished it in 1929.
People laughed at the plan because it took so long to get started.
As a joke, they called it the 'gran vía' or 'great road'.
A View On Cities - Gran Via, Madrid
Buildings and structures in Madrid
Cibeles is the name given to the marble fountain found in the Plaza de Cibeles (Cybele's Square) in Madrid, Spain.
It is on a very busy road crossing.
The statue was made by Ventura Rodriguez.
King Carlos III asked to have it made in 1716.
It has changed several times.
It was moved to the central position in 1895.
The lady is the Goddess of Fertility.
She sits on a chariot pulled by lions.
The lions' names are Hippomenes and Atalanta.
They were people that the goddess turned into lions because they ruined her temple.
The lions were made by Robert Michel.
The Puerta del Sol (Sun Gate) is known as 'Spain's belly button'.
In the 1400s, it was the gate or entrance of the east side of the city.
Since the sun rises in the east, it got the name Puerta del Sol.
It is now the center of 'kilometer 0' of Madrid.
All roads are measured from this point.
It was rebuilt in 1854.
The statue of King Carlos III is in the middle of the square.
The red brick building there is the former post office.
The famous Oso y el Madroño (bear eating madroños) statue can also be found here.
The Puerta del Sol is also famous for its New Year's celebration which has been broadcast on television since December 31, 1962.
The Palacio Real de Madrid (Royal Palace of Madrid) is the official home of the King of Spain.
It is located in Madrid, Spain.
It is one of the largest palaces in western Europe.
King Felipe V had the palace built to replace the Alcazar that was burned down.
It is made of limestone and granite.
It was supposed to look a little like the Palace of Versailles in France.
Juan Bautista Sachetti was in charge of building the palace.
They started to build it in 1738.
Carlos III moved into the palace in 1764.
It took a hundred years to decorate all the rooms.
Spanish kings lived there until 1931 when King Alfonso XIII was forced to leave Spain.
The Royal Palace is still used for special ceremonies.
Letizia was supposed to walk on a red carpet from the Royal Palace to the cathedral for the wedding with Prince Felipe but it rained so she was taken in car.
Fifty of the rooms in the palace are open for public visits.
Visitors enter the palace from the Plaza de la Armería.
Some of the rooms that can be seen are: the 'porcelain' room, 'throne' room and 'clock' room.
There is a royal army museum in the palace.
Palaces in Spain
The Puerta de Alcalá (Alcalá Gate) is a monument in the Plaza de la Independencia ("Independence Square") in Madrid, Spain.
Francisco Sabatini created the monument in 1778 for Carlos III when he arrived in Madrid.
It is the gateway to the Court.
It is built of granite and limestone.
It has three big arches that have lion's heads on top made by Robert Michel.
There are two smaller arches on the sides.
At the very top of the monument, there are angels, trophies and the coat of arms which were all made by Francisco Gutiérrez.
A site with some more information about the monument
Puerta de Alcalá at Google Maps
High resolution photos
Plaza is a Spanish word related to "field" which describes an open public space in a city, such as a city square.
In Spanish America, the plaza mayor of each city had three things: the cathedral, the cabildo or administrative center, and the audiencia or law court.
At times of crisis or fiesta, it was a space where many people could be together at once.
Similar to Italian piazzas, plazas are still a center of community life, like the market-place.
Most colonial cities in Spanish America were planned around a square plaza de armas, where troops could gather.
A plaza de toros is a bullring.
Shopping center
The first shopping center in the United States, opened in Kansas City, Missouri in 1922, was called "Country Club Plaza" and had Spanish-style architectural details.
More recently, plaza has been used to describe a shopping center, similar to a shopping mall.
Calling a shopping center a plaza is to give the idea of a center of cultural life.
Transduction in the nervous system means synaptic events where an electrical signal is converted into a chemical one by the release of neurotransmitters.
For example, in the visual system, sensory cells called rod  and cone cells in the retina change the physical energy of light signals into electrical impulses that travel to the brain.
The light causes a change in a protein called rhodopsin.
In mammals, more light hitting the receptor results in the transduction of a signal into fewer electrical impulses.
In invertebrates, more rhodopsin activation results in increased frequency of neuron firing.
physiology
A Resource is something that can be used for a purpose.
For example, tools and materials are resources.
There are many kinds of resource:
Resource (Types and Developments), any natural or human wealth that can be used for satisfying human needs
Resource (economics), properties and opportunities which are used in the process of producing goods, including:
Natural resource, something that is valuable in its relatively natural form
Human resources (HR) or human capital, valuable human work power
Resource (project management), economic resources used in planning of tasks
Resource (computer science), files which contain data (like icons or images) to be used by a computer program, including
Resource (Web)
Resource (Macintosh), data associated with a Mac OS file
Resource (Windows), data embedded in EXE and DLL files
Resource (Java), application data
Football (soccer) had already established itself as the popular new sport in Brazil and when the dry season came and the fields dried out they were soon filled with lovers of the new game.
São Paulo's sporting elite had formed several clubs,Germânia, Paulistano and Campos Elíseos among them, but access to the game was still largely restricted to the city's well off.
First members
So a group of working class fans - painter and decorators Joaquim Ambrósio, Antônio Pereira and César Nunes; cobbler Rafael Perrone; driver Anselmo Correia; foundry worker; Alexandre Magnani: cook Salvador Lopomo; labourer João da Silva and tailor Antônio Nunes - decided to start their own team.
Bataglia decided to get involved he was named the club's first president.
The new club needed a name.
Joaquim Ambrósio suggested they call themselves after the Corinthians Casuals Football Club, the famous English team that was then on tour in Brazil.
The press and fans in Brazil who were following the tour shortened the English club's name to Corinthian's Team and so the founders did away with the aopstrophe and the club won its elegant name Corinthians.
Nickames
Corinthians is also known as Big Team, Coringão, The Musketeer and Champion of the Champions.
Finally, the club picked colours.
The club's first strip was beige with black trim and had the distinctive letters "C" and "P" for Corinthians Paulista.
However, when the strips were washed, the black bled into the beige.
The directors could not afford to keep buying new strips every time the colours ran so they decided to change their colours.
They swapped the beige for white.
In present-day, the colours of Corinthians are Black and White.
The name of Corinthians´s stadium is Arena Corinthians, also known as Itaquerão and with a capacity crowd of 68,000.
1st match
The team from Varzea Paulista.
Playing away from home in their first match, Corinthians were expected to lose heavily but they showed they were not there just to make up the numbers and they battled hard before narrowly going down by a goal to nil.
Second match and first win
The defeat turned out to be a one-off.
Four days later, Corinthians proved they would be a name to be reckoned with and beat Estrela Polar 2-0.
The honour of scoring the club's first goal went to striker Luís Fabi, who wrote himself into the history books by grabbing the opener.
They followed the match with an unbeaten streak that lasted two years.
The "big league"
They then won 1-0 away at Minas Gerais and then beat São Paulo do Bexiga 4-0 at home.
They had secured their place in the big league.
Things got even better the following year and in 1914 a dynasty took hold.
In just their second Paulista Championship, Corinthians destroyed the competition and won all 10 games, scoring 39 times in the process.
Neco ended the tournament's top goalscorer with 12 goals.
Threepeats
Corinthians picked up yet another Paulista Championship in 1922 but this victory had something special about it.
The winner took the title not only of Paulista Champions but also of Centenary Champions, a title they would hold for at least the next 100 years.
By this time, winning the Paulista was becoming routine.
The team won the league three years in a row in 1922, 1923 and 1924 under the command of Neco, the club's first great idol, and would do so again in 1928, 1929 and 1930.
The great and only rival of Corinthians is Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras.
This is the most derbie and traditional rivalry in Brazilian football.
The fans of Corinthians called Palmeiras as a pig and the fans of palmeiras called Corinthians as a skunk.