the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Mischievous Kiss (also known as Playful Kiss / It Started with a Kiss) is a Korean television series based on the popular anime/manga called Itazurana Kiss.
It has 14 episodes with more than 8 subtitles.
It is about a clumsy student named Oh Ha Ni.
She is a senior student from Section F who has a very low IQ.
Oh Ha Ni fell in love with the perfectionist Baek Seuk Jo.
Baek has an IQ of 200 and is from section A. When Oh Ha Ni decided to Baek Seung Jo she loved him, he rejected her in front of the entire school.
This embarrassed her.
When Oh Ha Ni’s house is destroyed, they moved to her father’s long-time friend who turns out to be Baek Seung Jo’s dad.
Now that they lived in the same house.
http://www.hancinema.net/korean_drama_Mischievous_Kiss.php
http://www.mysoju.com/mischievous-kiss/
2010 television series debuts
2010 establishments in South Korea
One World is a movie festival that takes place each year in Prague, Czech Republic.
The theme of the festival is human rights documentary movies.
The Czech organization People in Need organizes the festival.
People can watch about 130 documentary movies from almost 40 countries during one week.
Every year "One World" focuses on a different human rights issue or problem.
The festival also offers other events, such as debates with filmmakers and photography exhibitions.
The festival is at the end of April each year.
One World Film Festival Official Site
People in Need (PIN, Člověk v tísni in Czech) is a Czech organization that does relief work and creates development projects around the world.
It works in regions that are in crisis.
At the same time, it supports human rights and democratic freedom.
PIN is a nonprofit and non-governmental organization.
PIN had a budget of over 13 million of Euro in 2008 and about 500 staff all over the world.).
It works or worked in more than 40 countries.
The organization was founded in 1992 by Šimon Pánek and by Jaromír Štětina.
Pánek had been a student activist during the Velvet Revolution.
Štětina was journalist who wrote about wars.
Relief and Development Department
The Relief and Development Department of PIN  helps victims of natural disasters and wars, works against poverty worldwide, and supports universal education.
In 2009, the Relief and Development Department was working in eighteen countries in Asia (for example Afghanistan , Cambodia , Sri Lanka ), Africa (e.g. Ethiopia , Angola , Namibia )  and Europe (e. g. Romania , Ukraine, Czech Republic ).
Programs focus on education, health care, clean drinking water, hygiene, and support for jobs that can continue for a long time.
Human Rights Department
People in Need supports people who oppose the government and the develop civil society in countries where the government its power to control many parts of daily life.
People in Need also gives the Homo Homini award to a person protected human rights and developed democracy without using violence.
Other Departments
PIN has had programs to fight against poverty and social exclusion in the Czech Republic since 1999.
They helped people from poor areas with housing, unemployment, or debt problems.
Social Integration Programmes (SIP) started in 2006 and now works in more than 50 cities and towns in the Czech Republic.
PIN also offers informative and educational programs in schools to teach about poverty and migration.
People in Need has been active in Chechnya and Ingushetia since 2000.
In 2005, the Russian weekly Argumenty i Fakty claimed the organization supports Chechen separatist and terrorists.
PIN said it did not.
Then, Russia made the organization leave, but PIN was allowed back in 2007.
People in Need (Official site)
People in Need (English version)
Homo Homini Award
Jīn Xuěfēi (simplified Chinese: 金雪飞; traditional Chinese: 金雪飛; born February 15, 1956) is a living Chinese-American writer.
He uses the pen name Ha Jin (哈金).
Ha comes from his favorite city, Harbin.
In 1984, he went to America and began to write about China only in English.
His work increased international attention to Chinese culture and history.
Ha Jin was born in Liaoning, China.
Jin joined the People's Liberation Army during the Cultural Revolution when he was 13 years old.
He began to teach himself about Chinese literature and to learn the high school curriculum at sixteen.
He left the army when he was nineteen, as he entered Heilongjiang University.
He got his B. A. degree in English studies there.
Next, he earned a M.A. degree in Anglo-American literature at Shandong University.
Jin grew up in the chaos of early communist China.
He was at Brandeis University when the 1989 Tiananmen incident happened.
The way the Chinese government stopped the protest by force was important to Jin.
It helped him decide to emigrate to the United States.
It also made him choose to write in English "to preserve the integrity of his work."
He eventually earned a Ph.
Jin sets many of his stories and novels in China in an imaginary place called Muji City.
He has won the National Book Award and the PEN/Faulkner Award for his novel, Waiting (1999).
Many of his short stories have appeared in The Best American Short Stories anthologies.
His collection Under The Red Flag (1997) won the Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction.
Ocean of Words (1996) has been awarded the PEN/Hemingway Award.
The novel War Trash (2004), set during the Korean War, won the PEN/Faulkner Award and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize.
Jin teaches at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts.
He used to teach at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.
Jin was at the American Academy in Berlin, Germany, in the fall of 2008.
He was a Mary Ellen von der Heyden Fellow for Fiction.
Major Works
Between Silences (1990)
Facing Shadows (1996)
Wreckage (2001)
Ocean of Words (1996)
Under the Red Flag (1997)
The Bridegroom (2000)
A Good Fall (2009)
In the Pond (1998)
Waiting (1999)
The Crazed (2002)
War Trash (2004)
A Free Life (2007)
The Writer as Migrant (2008)
John Noell Moore, “The Landscape Of Divorce When Worlds Collide,” The English Journal 92 (Nov. 2002), pp.
Ha Jin, Waiting (New York: Pantheon Books, 1999)
Neil J Diamant, Revolutionizing the Family: Politics, Love and Divorce in Urban and Rural China, 1949-1968(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000), p. 59.
Ha Jin, The bridegroom (New York: Pantheon Books, 2000)
Listen to Ha Jin on The Forum from the BBC World Service
Boston University staff page
Author interview in Guernica Magazine (guernicamag.com)
Online interview with Ha Jin
On Point: Ha Jin and "A Free Life"
Ha Jin audio interview re: A Free Life, November 2007
Watch Ha Jin talk about the challenges of writing A Free Life on BUniverse .
Exiled to English
Emotions and dilemmas are universal - Ocean of Words
Audio: Ha Jin in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme The Forum
This prize is given in the United States.
There are several other Pulitzer Prizes.
The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is for writing by an American author.
Usually this writing is about American life.
It started as the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, which was awarded between 1918 and 1947.
1918: His Family  by Ernest Poole
1919: The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington
1920: no award given
1921: The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton
1922: Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington
1923: One of Ours by Willa Cather
1924: The Able McLaughlins by  Margaret Wilson
1925: So Big by Edna Ferber
1926: Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis (declined prize)
1927: Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield
1928: The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder
1929: Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin
1930: Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge
1931: Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes
1932: The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck
1933: The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling
1934: Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Miller
1935: Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson
1936: Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis
1937: Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell
1938: The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand
1939: The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
1940: The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck
1941: no award given
1942: In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow
1943: Dragon's Teeth by Upton Sinclair
1944: Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin
1945: A Bell for Adano by John Hersey
1946: no award given
1947: All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren
1948: Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener
1949: Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens
1950: The Way West by A. B. Guthrie, Jr.
1951: The Town by Conrad Richter
1952: The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk
1953: The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway
1954: No award given
1955: A Fable by William Faulkner
1956: Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor
1957: No award given
1958: A Death in the Family by James Agee
1959: The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor
1960: Advise and Consent by Allen Drury
1961: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
1962: The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor
1963: The Reivers by William Faulkner
1964: No award given
1965: The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau
1966: The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter
1967: The Fixer by Bernard Malamud
1968: The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron
1969: House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday
1970: The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford
1971: No award given
1972: Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner
1973: The Optimist's Daughter by Eudora Welty
1974: No award given
1975: The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara
1976: Humboldt's Gift by Saul Bellow
1977: No award given
1978: Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson
1979: The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever
1980: The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer
Birdy by William Wharton
The Ghost Writer by Philip Roth
1981: A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole (posthumous win)
Godric by Frederick Buechner
So Long, See You Tomorrow by William Maxwell
1982: Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike
A Flag for Sunrise by Robert Stone
Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson
1983: The Color Purple by Alice Walker
Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant by Anne Tyler
Rabbis and Wives by Chaim Grade
1984: Ironweed by William Kennedy
Cathedral by Raymond Carver
The Feud by Thomas Berger
1985: Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie
I Wish This War Were Over by Diana O'Hehir
Leaving the Land by Douglas Unger
1986: Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry
The Accidental Tourist by Anne Tyler
Continental Drift by Russell Banks
1987: A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor
Paradise by Donald Barthelme
Whites by Norman Rush
1988: Beloved by Toni Morrison
Persian Nights by Diane Johnson
That Night by Alice McDermott
1989: Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler
Where I'm Calling From by Raymond Carver
1990: The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos
Billy Bathgate by E. L. Doctorow
1991: Rabbit at Rest by John Updike
Mean Spirit by Linda Hogan
1992: A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley
Jernigan by David Gates
Lila: An Inquiry into Morals by Robert M. Pirsig
Mao II by Don DeLillo
1993: A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler
At Weddings and Wakes by Alice McDermott
Black Water by Joyce Carol Oates
1994: The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx
The Collected Stories by Reynolds Price
Operation Shylock: A Confession by Philip Roth
1995: The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields
The Collected Stories by Grace Paley
What I Lived For by Joyce Carol Oates
1996: Independence Day by Richard Ford
Mr. Ives' Christmas by Oscar Hijuelos
Sabbath's Theater by Philip Roth
1997: Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser
The Manikin by Joanna Scott
Unlocking the Air and Other Stories by Ursula K. Le Guin
1998: American Pastoral by Philip Roth
Bear and His Daughter: Stories by Robert Stone
Underworld by Don DeLillo
1999: The Hours by Michael Cunningham
Cloudsplitter by Russell Banks
The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver
2000: Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri
Close Range: Wyoming Stories by Annie Proulx
Waiting by Ha Jin
2001: The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon
Blonde by Joyce Carol Oates
The Quick and the Dead by Joy Williams
2002: Empire Falls by Richard Russo
The Corrections by Jonathan Franzen
John Henry Days by Colson Whitehead
2003: Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides
Servants of the Map: Stories by Andrea Barrett
You Are Not a Stranger Here by Adam Haslett
2004: The Known World  by Edward P. Jones
American Woman by Susan Choi
Evidence of Things Unseen by Marianne Wiggins
2005: Gilead by Marilynne Robinson
An Unfinished Season by Ward Just
War Trash by Ha Jin
2006: March by Geraldine Brooks
The Bright Forever by Lee Martin
The March by E. L. Doctorow
2007: The Road by Cormac McCarthy
After This by Alice McDermott
The Echo Maker by Richard Powers
2008: The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Diaz
Shakespeare's Kitchen by Lore Segal
Tree of Smoke by Denis Johnson
2009: Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout
All Souls by Christine Schutt
The Plague of Doves by Louise Erdrich
2010: Tinkers by Paul Harding
In Other Rooms, Other Wonders by Daniyal Mueenuddin
Love in Infant Monkeys by Lydia Millet
Pulitzer Prizes
Raymond Clevie Carver, Jr. (May 25, 1938 – August 2, 1988) was an American short story writer and poet.
Carver is considered a major American writer of the late 20th century.
He also helped improve short story writing in the 1980s.
Early life and first marriage
Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington.
His father was a skilled sawmill worker from Arkansas.
He was a fisherman and a heavy drinker.
Carver's mother sometimes worked as a waitress and as a clerk in a shop.
He had one brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943.
Carver studied at local schools in Amery, Wisconsin.
In his spare time he read mostly novels by  Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life and hunted and fished with friends and family.
After graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California.
In June 1957, aged 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk.
She had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls.
Their daughter, Christine La Rae, was born in December 1957.
When their second child, a boy named Vance Lindsay, was born the next year, Carver was 20.
Carver supported his family by working as a janitor, sawmill laborer, delivery man, and library assistant.
During their marriage, Maryann worked as a waitress, salesperson, administrative assistant, and high school English teacher.
California and beginning to write
Carver became interested in writing in California.
He had moved there with his family because his mother-in-law had a home in Paradise.
Carver attended a creative-writing course taught by the novelist John Gardner.
Gardner became his mentor and had a major influence on Carver's life and career.
Carver continued his studies first at Chico State University and then at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California, where he studied with Richard Cortez Day.
Carver received his B.A. in 1963.
During this period he was first published and served as editor for the university literary magazine called Toyon.
Carver included some of his own writing under pen names.
He later attended the Iowa Writers' Workshop, at the University of Iowa, for one year.
Maryann graduated from San Jose State College in 1970 and taught English at Los Altos High School until 1977.
In the mid-1960s Carver and his family lived in Sacramento.
He worked as a night custodian at Mercy Hospital.
He sat in on classes at what was then Sacramento State College including workshops with poet Dennis Schmitz.
Carver and Schmitz soon became friends, and Carver's first book of  poems, Near Klamath, was later written and published with helpful advice from Schmitz.
With his appearance in the respected "Foley collection," the impending publication of Near Klamath by the English Club of Sacramento State College, and the death of his father, 1967 was a landmark year for Carver.
That was also the year that he moved his family to Palo Alto, California, so that he could take a job as a textbook editor for Science Research Associates.
He worked there until he was fired in 1970 for his inappropriate writing style.
In the 1970s and 1980s as his writing career began to take off, Carver taught for several years at universities throughout the United States.
During his years of working different jobs, rearing children, and trying to write, Carver started to drink heavily.
He said that he eventually more or less gave up writing and started drinking all of the time.
In the fall semester of 1973, Carver was a teacher in the Iowa Writers' Workshop with John Cheever, but Carver said that they did less teaching than drinking and almost no writing.
The next year, after leaving Iowa City, Cheever went to a treatment center to try to overcome his alcoholism, but Carver continued drinking for three years.
After going in the hospital three times (between June 1976 and February or March 1977), Carver began his 'second life' and stopped drinking on June 2, 1977, with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous.
Later life and second marriage
Carver met the poet Tess Gallagher at a writers' conference in Dallas, Texas in November, 1977.
Beginning in January, 1979, Carver and Gallagher lived together in El Paso, Texas, in a borrowed cabin near Port Angeles, in western Washington state, and in Tucson, Arizona.
In 1980, they moved to Syracuse.
Gallagher was the coordinator of the creative writing program at Syracuse University.
Carver was a professor in the English department.
He and Gallagher bought a house in Syracuse, at 832 Maryland Avenue.
Later, the house became so popular that the couple had to hang a sign outside that read "Writers At Work" so that people would leave them alone.
In 1982, Carver and first wife, Maryann, were divorced.
He married Gallagher in 1988 in Reno, Nevada.
Six weeks later, on August 2, 1988, Carver died in Port Angeles, Washington, from lung cancer at the age of 50.
In the same year, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
Raymond Carver is buried at Ocean View Cemetery in Port Angeles, WA.
The words on his grave are:
LATE FRAGMENT
And did you get what
you wanted from this life, even so?
And what did you want?
To call myself beloved, to feel myself
beloved on the earth.
Carver's career was dedicated to short stories and poetry.
He often wrote about blue-collar experiences.
These were similar to his own life.
In the same way, he often included themes of alcoholism and recovery from his life.
His first published story appeared in 1960, titled "The Furious Seasons."
His first collection, Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?,
was published in 1976.
The story with the same name had already appeared in the collection, Best American Short Stories 1967.
Tess Gallagher published five Carver stories after he died in a book called Call If You Need Me.
One of the stories, "Kindling", won an O. Henry Award in 1999.
Throughout his lifetime Carver won six O. Henry Awards: the winning stories were: "Are These Actual Miles" (originally titled "What is it?") (
1972), "Put Yourself in My Shoes" (1974), "Are You A Doctor?" (
1975), "A Small, Good Thing" (1983), and "Errand" (1988).
Carver believed he would have died of alcoholism at the age of 40 if he had not found a way to stop drinking.
When he knew the cancer would kill him, he wrote a poem about that bonus of 10 years, called "Gravy."
Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? (
first published 1976)
Furious Seasons (1977)
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love (1981)
Cathedral (1983)
Elephant (1988)
Where I'm Calling From (1988)
Short Cuts: Selected Stories (1993) - (film tie-in)
Collected Stories (2009) - Complete Short Fiction including 'Beginners'
Near Klamath (1968)
Winter Insomnia (1970)
At Night The Salmon Move (1976)
Fires (1983)
Where Water Comes Together With Other Water (1985)
Ultramarine (1986)
A New Path To The Waterfall (1989)
In a Marine Light: Selected Poems (1988)
All of Us: The Collected Poems (1996)
Dostoevsky (1985, with Tess Gallagher)
Movies and theatre
Short Cuts directed by Robert Altman
Everything Goes directed by Andrew Kotatko
Jindabyne (based on So Much Water So Close to Home) directed by Ray Lawrence
Everything Must Go directed by Dan Rush and starring Will Ferrell
What's in Alaska?
directed by Jim Fields
Carver, a production directed by William Gaskill at London's Arcola Theatre in 1995, adapted from five Carver short stories including What's in Alaska, Put Yourself in My Shoes, and Intimacy.
Studentova žena (Croatian), directed by Goran Kovač, based on The Student's Wife
Books and articles about Carver
The novel Name Your Poison: A Max Mitchum Mystery, by Lucas Stensland, was a comical attempt by the author to combine the styles of "the two Raymonds": Carver and Chandler.
The book was intended to be a tribute.
Ródenas, Gabri (2009), “Jarmusch y Carver: Se ha roto el frigorífico” in Fernández, P. (Ed.),
Rompiendo moldes: Discursos, género e hibridación en el siglo XXI.
Zamora/Sevilla: Editorial Comunicación Social. .
Available at Google Books.
A review of Maryann Burk Carver's What It Used To Be Like; A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver
A review of Raymond Carver A Writer's Life by Carol Sklenicka and Raymond Carver Collected Stories edited by William L. Stull and Maureen P. Carroll
Historian Carol Polsgrove interviews Carver biographer Carol Sklenicka
Rights Battle Brews over Un-Edited Carver Stories, All Things Considered, January 7, 2008
Carversite  Features story, video, photographs, poems, quotations, bibliography, more
An indepth interview from 1985  in which Carver talks about his father, his early writing, his characters, and the 'dark humour' in some of his stories.
The Raymond Carver Page
Little Things short story by Raymond Carver
The International Raymond Carver Society
The Raymond Carver Review
Map of Port Angeles marked with Carver's 'haunts' such as the Odyssey Bookshop
Tell it All this review site for the posthumously published Tell it All, provides numerous links to Carver sites on the web and links to his work
Manga and Minimalism: The Shared Visions of Yoshihiro Tatsumi and Raymond Carver
Oscar Jerome Hijuelos (August 24, 1951 – October 12, 2013) was an American novelist.
He is the first Hispanic to win a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
Hijuelos was born in New York City, in Morningside Heights, Manhattan.
His parents were Cuban immigrants.
He studied at the Corpus Christi School in Morningside Heights.
Later, he attended Bronx Community College, Lehman College, and Manhattan Community College.
He studied writing at the City College of New York and earned two degrees in Creative Writing there: his B.A. in1975 and M.A. in 1976.
He had several jobs before becoming a full-time writer.
His first novel, Our House in the Last World, was published in 1983 and received the 1985 Rome Prize, awarded by the American Academy in Rome.
His second novel, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love, received the 1990 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
It was adapted for the film The Mambo Kings in 1992 and as a Broadway musical in 2005.
Hijuelos has taught at Hofstra University.
He is a faculty member in the Department of English at Duke University.
Hijuelos collapsed due to a heart attack while playing tennis in Manhattan and never regained consciousness.
He was 62 and is survived by his wife Lori Marie Carlson.
Our House in the Last World (1983)
The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love (1990)
The Fourteen Sisters of Emilio Montez O'Brien (1993)
Mr. Ives' Christmas (1995)
Empress of the Splendid Season (1999)
A Simple Habana Melody (from when the world was good) (2002)
Dark Dude (2008)
Beautiful Maria of my Soul (2010)
Preface, Iguana Dreams: New Latino Fiction, edited by Delia Poey and Virgil Suarez.
New York, HarperPerennial, 1992.
Introduction, Cool Salsa: Bilingual Poems on Growing up Latino in the United States, edited by Lori M. Carlson.
New York, Holt, 1994.
Introduction, The Cuban American Family Album by Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler.
New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.
Contributor, Best of Pushcart Press III.
Pushcart, 1978.
Contributor, You're On!:
Seven Plans in English and Spanish, edited by Lori M. Carlson.
New York, Morrow Junior Books, 1999.
Perales, Contreras Jaime and Lozano, Tovar Wendolyn. "
Two Pulitzer Prize (Junot Diaz and Oscar Hijuelos) Talk to Literal Magazine"
Oscar Hijuelos Papers at the Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Columbia University
Oscar Hijuelos's page  at HarperCollins
Biography of Oscar Hijuelos from Thomson Gale
1990 Real Audio interview with Oscar Hijuelos at Wired for Books.org  by Don Swaim
Each year, two consuls were elected together, to serve for a one-year term.
Each consul was given veto power over his colleague and the officials would alternate each month.
Consuls had extensive power in peacetime (administrative, legislative and judicial), and in wartime often held the highest military command.
They conducted some religious rites which could only be done by the highest state officials.
Consuls also read auguries, an essential step before leading armies into the field.
Civil administration
The consuls could convene the Senate, and presided over its meetings.
Each consul served as president of the Senate for a month.
They could also summon any of the Roman assemblies and preside over them.
Thus, the consuls conducted the elections and put legislative measures to the vote.
When neither consul was within the city, their civic duties were assumed by the praetor urbanus (city prefect).
Each consul was accompanied in every public appearance by twelve lictors, who displayed the magnificence of the office and served as his bodyguards.
Each lictor held a fasces, a bundle of rods that contained an axe.
The rods symbolized the power of scourging, and the axe the power of capital punishment.
When inside the city, the lictors removed the axes from the fasces to show that a citizen could not be executed without a trial.
Upon entering the democratic assembly, the lictors would lower the fasces to show that the powers of the consuls derive from the people (populus romanus).
Military powers
Outside the walls of Rome, the powers of the consuls were far greater in their role as commanders-in-chief of all Roman legions.
It was in this function that the consuls were vested with full imperium (power).
When legions were ordered by a decree of the Senate, the consuls conducted the conscription.
Upon entering the army, all soldiers had to take their oath of allegiance to the consuls.
The consuls also oversaw the gathering of troops provided by Rome’s allies.
Within the city a consul could punish and arrest a citizen, but had no power to inflict capital punishment.
When on campaign, however, a consul could inflict any punishment he saw fit on any soldier, officer, citizen or ally.
Each consul commanded an army, usually two legions strong, with the help of military tribunes and a quaestor who had financial duties.
In the rare case that both consuls marched together, each one held the command for a day in turn.
A typical consular army was about 20,000 men strong and consisted of two citizen and two allied legions.
In the early years of the republic, Rome's enemies were in central Italy, so campaigns lasted a few months.
As Rome's frontiers expanded, in the 2nd century BC, the campaigns became lengthier.
Rome was a warlike society, and very seldom did not wage war.
So the consul upon entering office was expected by the Senate and the people to march his army against Rome's enemies, and expand the Roman frontiers.
His soldiers expected to return to their homes after the campaign with spoils.
If the consul won an overwhelming victory, he was hailed as imperator by his troops, and could request to be granted a triumph.
The consul could conduct the campaign as he saw fit, and had unlimited powers.
However, after the campaign, he could be prosecuted for his misdeeds.
Status in the Empire period
In the Roman Empire, the consuls were merely a figurative representative of Rome’s republican heritage.
The consulate then held much less power and authority, since the emperor was the supreme leader.
However, consuls were often high-ranking and important in their own right.
Some were designated successors of their emperor.
Also, emperors frequently appointed themselves as consuls.
The letters may stand for "Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages", used in English as a Foreign or Second Language (EFL/ESL)
TESOL Inc. is a professional organization based in the United States for people working in this field.
Interest Sections
TESOL has some special interest groups called "Interest Sections".
They promote research and continuing education in areas that are important to TESOL members.
Current Interest Sections include the following:
Bilingual Education
Computer-Assisted Language Learning
English as a Foreign Language
Intensive English Programs
International Teaching Assistants
Materials Writers
Non-native English-Speaking Teachers
Program Administration
Refugee Concerns
Second Language Writing
Secondary Schools
Speech, Pronunciation, and Listening
Video and Digital Media
TESOL was founded in 1966 and has corporate headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia.
TESOL has more than 13,000 members in more than 120 different countries.
TESOL is an NGO under the United Nations.
Annual conference
TESOL convenes an annual conference with papers, symposia, key note speakers, workshops, and annual meetings for the Interest Sections.
Presenters speak on topics ranging from practical advice for the classroom to new theories for explaining language learning.
The event also has a large book fair where most major publishers have displays.
Usually around 10,000 people attend the conference.
It was first held in 1966.
The James E. Alatis Award for Service to TESOL is for outstanding and extended service by TESOL members at international, regional, and local levels.
The TESOL Virginia French Allen Award for Scholarship and Service
The D. Scott Enright TESOL Interest Section Service Award is for outstanding and extended service to and leadership in TESOL interest sections.
The TESOL Award for Excellence in Teaching is for educators who are considered excellent by other teachers.
TESOL Home Page
TESOL France Home Page
TESOL Greece Home Page
Dates and locations of past TESOL Conferences
TESOL Asia http://www.tesol.asia
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The O. Henry Award is given for especially good short stories.
The prize is given each year.
The award is named after the American short story author, O. Henry.
The award itself is called The O. Henry Award, not the O. Henry Prize, though until recently there were first, second and third prize winners.
History and format
The award was first given in 1919.
Money to support the award comes from the Society of Arts and Sciences.
As of 2003, the series editor chooses twenty short stories and each one is called an O. Henry Prize Story.
All stories originally written in English and published in an American or Canadian magazine can possibly win.
Three people become jurors each year.
The jurors get the twenty prize stories in text form.
The author or publication name are not listed.
Each juror works alone and chooses one special short story  and comments on it.
The goal of The O. Henry Prize Stories is to improve the art of the short story.
Starting in 2003, The O. Henry Prize Stories is dedicated to a writer who has made a major contribution to the art of the short story.
The O. Henry Prize Stories 2007 was dedicated to Sherwood Anderson, a U.S. short-story writer.
Jurors for 2007 were Charles D'Ambrosio, Lily Tuck, and Ursula K. Le Guin.
Laura Furman is now the series editor for The O. Henry Prize Stories.
Partnership with PEN American Center
In 2009 Anchor books announced a change in the series tittle.
Anchor is the publisher of The O. Henry Prize Stories.
They worked with the PEN American Center and renamed the series the PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories collection.
Profits from selling The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories 2009 books went to PEN's Readers & Writers Program.
This program sends well-known authors to under served inner-city schools.
Juror favorites, first-prize winners
Complete list of winners 1919–1999
SimCity DS, or SimCity Creator, is a simulation video game made in 2007 by Electronic Arts.
The player can build a city, while trying to keep it healthy.
The player will be known as the "Mayor" throughout the game.
They will have to look at five sheets to run their city.
Zones are the places where buildings can develop.
They are different, and the "heavier" the zone, the more buildings grow.
However, land value has a greater effect.
Certain facilities are called "needs".
Power and water are considered needs in the game, although one is not completely mandatory.
Power lines are wires that conduct electricity through to another place.
Many have transformers.
The voltage of the power at the end is usually 100V (Japan), 120V (North and Central America, parts of South America and Africa, and Saudi Arabia), or 220-240V (most of the rest of the world), but is much higher while going through the electric power transmission lines.
The power at the end is then safe enough to be used when "stepped-down" by a transformer.
The original power is made at a power plant.
As the power is sent through the power lines, sometimes it encounters spots that it cannot go through.
Then it will need to raise its voltage with a step-up transformer.
The act is called "stepping up".
Where the electric power distribution reaches buildings, this voltage is too dangerous to be used, so it goes through a step-down transformer.
This is called "stepping down".
Then the electricity can be distributed to buildings.
Dean of Invention is a TV show on Planet Green.
The presenters, Dean Kamen and Joanne Colan investigate new inventions.
Science and culture
The Greco–Persian Wars were a series of wars fought between Classical Greece and Persia's Achaemenid Empire in the 5th century BC.
The struggle lasted 50 years, from 499–449.
Herodotus wrote a history of the war.
Fifty years before the war started, Cyrus the Great had conquered the Greek colonies on the western coast of Asia Minor, an area the Greeks called Ionia.
The Persians put a tyrant in charge of each city or polis.
About 530 BC Cyrus died in battle.
Aristagoras, the Tyrant of Miletus was on an expedition to conquer the island of Naxos with Persian support, but that was a failure.
Before he could be dismissed, Arisagoras encouraged Ionia to rebel against the Persians.
This led to the Ionian Revolt.
Aristagoras got support from Athens and Eretria, and together they burnt the Persian regional capital city, Sardis.
The Persian king, now Darius the Great, vowed revenge.
First invasion of Greek kingdoms
The first Persian invasion of Greek majority kingdoms began in 492 BC, led by the Persian general Mardonius.
They successfully beat Thrace and Macedon, but several mishaps forced an early end to the rest of the campaign.p135-138.
The Battle of Marathon
In 490 BC a second force was sent to Greece, this time across the Aegean Sea.
This expedition captured the Cyclades, then destroyed Eretria.
On the way to Athens, the Persian force was decisively defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon, ending Persian efforts at that time.
Darius then began to plan to completely conquer Greece, but died in 486 BC.
Command passed to his son Xerxes.
In 480 BC, Xerxes personally led the second Persian invasion of Greece with one of the largest ancient armies ever assembled.
Victory over the allied Greek states at the famous Battle of Thermopylae allowed the Persians to burn Athens (which had been evacuated) and overrun most of Greece.
However, against the combined Greek fleet, the Persians suffered a severe defeat at the Battle of Salamis.
The following year, the confederated Greeks went on the offensive, decisively defeating the Persian army at the Battle of Plataea, and ending the invasion of Greece by the Achaemenid Empire.
List of main events
Ionian revolt 499–493 BC
First invasion of Greece 492–490
Battle of Marathon 490
Second invasion of Greece 480–479
Battle of Thermopylae 480
Battle of Artemisium 480
Battle of Salamis 480
Greek counter-attack 479–478
Wars of the Delian League 477–449
Later wars
Although 449 BC saw the end of the wars started by the Ionian revolt, the two civilisations continued for more than a hundred years.
The wars between Athens and Sparta allowed Persia to take back all she had lost in the Greco–Persian wars, until finally Alexander the Great put an end to the Achaemenid Empire.
This is a brief summary of these later conflicts:
First Peloponnesian War (Sparta vs Athens): 460–445 BC
Second Peloponnesian War: 431–404.
Persians join Sparta in return for Ionia.
Persian king Artaxerxes II demands return of Ionian cities.
Humiliating peace treaty follows.
Alexander the Great enters Asia and defeats the Persian king Darius III, ending his empire.
330 BC
The Persian Wars at History of Iran on Iran Chamber Society
Batchelor, J. The Graeco-Persian Wars Compared .
Clio History Journal, 2009.
1320: Section 2: Herodotus and the Persian Wars
Windows Live is an internet product of Microsoft.
Until 2005 its many services were under MSN.
They moved them to Windows Live to show people that these services are made to work with Windows operating system.
They used the term less after 2012.
The Windows Live family features many different services.
The most famous service being Windows Live Hotmail.
However, there are also many more free services provided by Windows Live which only requires one account to access.
Google and Yahoo!
compete against Windows Live with similarly diverse services.
Windows Live homepage
MSN homepage
The Battle of Corinth was a battle fought between the Roman Republic and the Ancient Greek state of Corinth and its allies in the Achaean League in 146 BC.
This was a few months after the Romans destroyed Carthage in the Third Punic War.
It resulted in total destruction of Corinth, which was previously famous for its wealth.
The Romans burnt it to the ground and went on to conquer the rest of Greece.
Perm Krai is a krai (federal territory) of Russia that came into existence on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast (province) and Komi–Permyak self-governing district.
The city of Perm became the administrative center of the new federal subject.
Perm Krai is located in the east of the East European Plain and the western slope of the Middle Ural Mountains.
The length from north to south is ; length from west to east is .
Rivers of Perm Krai belong to the Kama River Basin, the largest tributary of the Volga River.
There are more than 29,000 rivers in Perm Krai.
Together they are more than  long, but only two rivers have lengths exceeding ; the Kama () and the Chusovaya ().
The landscape is mostly low rolling hills covered by forests and fields.
The Ural Mountains are in the eastern part of Perm Krai.
The highest mountain Tulysmsky Kamen () is in the north east of the territory.
Principal inhabited places
Official website of Perm Krai
Tourist Resourses of Perm Krai
Krais of Russia
The Caro–Kann defence is a chess opening.
It is a defence for Black when White opens by moving his King's pawn two squares on the first move.
It begins:
It is then followed by 3.Nc3 (the Modern Variation), 3.Nd2 (the Classical Variation), 3.exd5 (the Exchange Variation), or 3.e5 (the Advance Variation).
The modern variation (3.Nc3) is most popular.
The Caro–Kann, like the Sicilian defence and French defence, is an asymmetrical defence to 1.e4.
These are sometimes called 'semi-open games'.
The Caro is thought to be more solid and less dynamic than the others, which means that play is likely to be more quiet and positional.
It may lead to good endgames for Black, who has the better pawn structure.
Classical or Capablanca variation
3.Nc3 (or 3.Nd2) dxe4
4.Nxe4 Bf5
For a long time, this was thought to be the best play for both sides in the Caro–Kann.
White usually continues
5.Ng3 Bg6
6.h4 h6
7.Nf3 Nd7
8.h5 Bh7
9.Bd3 Bxd3
10.Qxd3
This variation is a big reason that people think the Caro-Kann is a solid defence.
Black makes very few compromises in his pawn structure, and plays c5 in time to fight for the d4 square.
Black can castle queenside, castle kingside, or even leave his king in the centre.
Should the game go to an endgame, Black often has good chances because of his solid pawn structure and kingside pawn majority.
Smyslov or Modern variation
Another solid positional line is the Modern variation.
It happens after the moves
4.Nxe4 Nd7
The short-term goal of 4...Nd7 is to make developing his pieces easier by trading a pair of knights without damaging his pawn structure by the direct 4...Nf6.
Play is similar to the Classical variation except that Black is not forced to play his QB to the g6 square.
However, this freedom comes at a cost as White is able to take up space in the center.
White often plays the aggressive 5.Ng5!?
pressuring key points such as the f7-square.
This variation can lead to a quick mating trap with 5.Qe2 Ngf6??
6.Nd6#.
4...Nf6 variations
3.Nc3 dxe4
4.Nxe4 Nf6!?
5.Nxf6+
5...gxf6!?
Black has chosen a worse pawn structure, and often castles queenside.
Black does have compensation, with the open g-file for the rook and unusually active play for the Caro-Kann.
It is generally considered somewhat double-edged.
5...exf6
Viktor Korchnoi has played 5...exf6 many times (including his first world championship match with Anatoly Karpov), and this line has also been employed by Ulf Andersson.
Black's 5...exf6 is thought to be sounder than 5...gxf6!?
of the previous and offers Black fast development, though also giving White the superior pawn structure and long-term prospects.
Advance variation
3.e5
is most often played.
Against it are aggressive lines such as the Bayonet Attack (4.Nc3 e6 5.g4), a popular line in the 1980s and later favoured by Latvian Grandmaster Alexei Shirov.
A more natural development 4.Nf3 e6 5.Be2 c5 6.Be3 was popularised by English Grandmaster Nigel Short and often seen in the 1990s.
3...c5 is an important alternative which avoids the opening theory on 3...Bf5.
It was used by Botvinnik in his 1961 match with Tal.
In comparison to the French defense, Black gains the tempo normally spent on ...e6.
However, White can counter this by opening the centre with 4.
dxc5.
This exposes the black pawn on d5.
Exchange variation and Panov-Botvinnik Attack
This system often leads to typical isolated queen's pawn (IQP) positions, with White gaining rapid development, a grip on e5, and kingside attacking chances to make up for the long-term structural weakness of the isolated d4 pawn.
The major variation in this line 4...Nf6 5.Nc3 e6 6.Nf3, when Black's main alternatives are 6...Bb4 (a position which often transposes into lines of the Nimzo-Indian defence) and 6...Be7, once the most common line.
6...Nc6?!
is inferior as it is favourably met by 7.c5!,
after which White plans on seizing the e5-square through the advance of his b-pawn to b5 or by exchanging the Black's Knight on c6 after Bb5.
This line is thought to have equal chances for both sides, and was tried by Bobby Fischer.
Some of the strategic ideas are analogous to the Queen's Gambit declined, Exchange variation, (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.cxd5 exd5) with colours reversed.
Two knights variation
This is  1.e4 c6 2.Nf3 d5 3.Nc3, played by Bobby Fischer in his youth.
White gets rapid development and has options with the d-pawn.
Black's logical and probably best reply is 3...Bg4.
After 4.h3 Bxf3 5.Qxf3, the positional continuation, Black has the option of 5...Nf6 or 5...e6.
4....Bh5 is a complicated line, in which White can trap the bishop, though Black has much compensation.
The variation sets a trap: if Black plays along the lines of the Classical Variation, he gets in trouble after 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5 (4...Nd7 is playable) 5.Ng3 Bg6?! (
5...Bg4) 6.h4 h6 7.Ne5 Bh7 (7...Qd6 may be best) 8.Qh5!
g6 (forced) 9.Bc4!
e6 (9...gxh5??
10.Bxf7#) 10.Qe2 with a huge advantage for White.
Now 10...Qe7!
is best.
Instead, Lasker–Radsheer, 1908 and Alekhine-Bruce, 1938 ended quickly after, respectively, 10...Bg7??
11.Nxf7!
and 10...Nf6??
White can play 2.c4.
Then Black may play 2...d5 (see 1.e4 c6 2.c4 d5).
This can transpose to the Panov–Botvinnik line given above, with 3.exd5 cxd5 4.d4 or White can capture twice on d5.
Alternatively, Black may play 2...e5.
Also, White can play 2.Nc3.
Then Black may play 2...d5.
If White replies 3.d4 then we get the main Capablanca line or the Two knights variation.
Or Black may play 2...g6.
ECO codes
Martin, Andrew 2007.
The ABC of the Caro Kann.
ChessBase Publications.
Fritz Trainer DVD.
Regional evidence
Every important Anatolian site during the preceding late Bronze Age shows a destruction layer.
It appears that civilization did not recover to the same level as that of the Hittites for another thousand years.
Hattusa, the Hittite capital, was burned and abandoned, and never reoccupied.
Troy was destroyed at least twice, before being abandoned until Roman times.
The sacking and burning of the sites of Enkomi, Kition, and Sinda may have happened twice, before they were abandoned.
Originally, two waves of destruction, ca.
1230 BC by the Sea Peoples and ca.
1190 BC by Aegean refugees  have been proposed.
Syrian sites previously showed evidence of trade links with Egypt and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age.
Evidence at Ugarit shows that the destruction there occurred after the reign of Merenptah.
The last Bronze Age king of Ugarit, Ammurapi, was a contemporary of the Hittite king Suppiluliuma II.
A letter by the king is preserved on one of the clay tablets found baked in the conflagration of the destruction of the city.
Ammurapi stresses the seriousness of the crisis faced by many Near Eastern states from invasion by the advancing Sea Peoples in a dramatic response to a plea for assistance from the king of Alasiya (Cyprus):
My father, behold, the enemy's ships came (here); my cities(?)
were burned, and they did evil things in my country.
Does not my father know that all my troops and chariots(?)
are in the Land of Hatti, and all my ships are in the Land of Lukka?...Thus, the country is abandoned to itself.
May my father know it: the seven ships of the enemy that came here inflicted much damage upon us.
Unfortunately for Ugarit, no help arrived and Ugarit was burned to the ground at the end of the Bronze Age.
A cuneiform tablet found in 1986 shows that Ugarit was destroyed after the death of Merneptah, about 1178 BC.
None of the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age survived.
Destruction was heaviest at palaces and fortified sites.
Thebes was one of the earliest examples of this.
Its palace was sacked repeatedly between 1300 and 1200 BC.
Eventually it was destroyed by fire.
At many other sites it is entirely unclear what happened.
It is clear that Athens saw a significant decline during the Bronze Age Collapse.
There is no evidence of any significant destruction at this site.
Fortification at this site suggests fear of the decline in Athens.
It is possible that the abandonment of Athens was not a violent affair and other causes have been suggested.
The Peloponnese was the worst affected in Greece by far.
Up to 90% of small sites in the region were abandoned, which suggests a major depopulation in the region.
Again, as with many of the sites of destruction in Greece, it is unclear how this destruction came about.
The city of Mycenae for example was initially destroyed in an earthquake in 1250 BC as evidenced by the presence of crushed bodies buried in collapsed buildings.
However, the site was rebuilt only to face destruction in 1190 BC as the result of a series of major fires.
There is a suggestion by Robert Drews that the fires could have been the result of an attack on the site and its palace.
This is denied by Eric Cline who points out the lack of archaeological evidence for an attack.
We see a similar situation  in Tiryns in 1200 BC when an earthquake destroyed much of the city including its palace.
It is likely however that the city continued to be inhabited for some time following the earthquake.
As a result there is a general agreement that earthquakes did not permanently destroy Mycenae or Tiryns because physical destruction  cannot fully explain the collapse.
The cause of the continued decline of these sites could be environmental.
In particular There was a lack of homegrown food.
Palaces were important in managing and storing food imports.
Their destruction made worse the more crucial factor of food shortage.
The importance of trade is further supported by  the lack of any evidence for violent or sudden decline in Mycenae.