the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
An expert said "Increasingly, authoritarian countries who want to control what citizens see are looking at what Iran and China have already done... It means people will not have access to dialogue about what is going on in their own country, they will be kept within their own bubble".
Bold (type) - making text darker
Boldness - Being brave
Italic script and  type has a long history.
It was based on handwriting.
Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi (1475–1527) was a papal scribe and type designer in Renaissance Italy.
Present day cursive writing style known as "italic" is based upon the style he developed.
It has been said that the style of cursive known as "italic" got its name from this Italian designer.
Modern day scribes, also known as "calligraphers",  study the work of Arrighi to learn the structure of the style of writing known as "italic" , a modernized version of the Chancery hand which was first perfected by Roman scribes in the early part of the sixteenth century.
In typography, italic type is a cursive font based on a kind of calligraphic handwriting.
Such letters normally slant slightly to the right.
In modern texts, Italics can emphasise key points in a printed text.
One manual of English usage described italics as "the print equivalent of underlining".
Calligraphy-inspired typefaces were first designed in Italy, to replace documents written in a handwriting style called chancery hand.
As the illustration shows, there were flourishes copied from calligraphy.
An alternative is oblique type: the type is slanted but the letterforms do not change shape: this less elaborate approach is used by many sans-serif typefaces.
Usage on the web
There are different ways in making a text italic.
In HTML, the editor can add the <i> and the </i> tags to make text surrounded by these tags italic.
In Wikitext, the editor can just add two apostrophes ('') around the text to become italic.
Underlined
In formatting, bold type is a little bit darker and bigger than normal type.
It is used to emphasize a few words as a bolded text can attract attention from the reader.
Markup languages provide different ways to make a word bold.
In HTML, the <b> and the </b> tags are used to surround the text that needs to be bolded.
In Wikitext, an editor can bold a text using three apostrophes (''') around the text to be bolded to produce the same results.
To make a text underlined means to add a straight line below the text.
It is commonly used to emphasize the text.
However, it is usually not used.
Both HTML and Wikitext uses the same way in making underlined text.
They both use the <u> and the </u> tags to produce an underlined text.
Iodic acid is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is HIO3.
It contains hydrogen and iodate ions.
The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state.
Iodic acid is a white solid that can dissolve in water to make an acidic solution.
Chloric acid and bromic acid only exist in solution and break down when crystallized.
Iodic acid is a strong oxidizing agent.
It can be converted to iodine pentoxide when it is heated gently.
If it is heated strongly, it decomposes into iodine, oxygen, and other iodine oxides.
It can form several things when it is reduced.
If there is a lot of reducing agent, it is reduced to iodide.
If there is a lot of iodic acid, it is reduced to iodine.
If there is a lot of chloride, then it is reduced to iodine trichloride, a yellow liquid.
Iodic acid is used to make other iodates by reacting bases with iodic acid.
It is also used as a strong acid.
The Malays (Malay-; ; Rejang: ꤷꥁꤼ; Jawi: ) are an Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia.
They mainly live in the Maritime Southeast Asia region (especially within the Malay Archipelago; consist of Indonesian Archipelago and Philippines archipelago), such as Sumatra, Riau Islands, Singapore, Kalimantan (including Brunei), southern Thailand, and southern Philippines.
Malay people were once a tribal group who inhabited the island of Sumatra.
According to the Malay Annals, the origin of Malay people are from the area known as Palembang in modern-day South Sumatra.
Sang Sapurba also mentioned in the Malay Annals as the King of Malays who originated from the hill of Siguntang Mahameru area as well.
Malay people transformed from the tribal group into an ethnic group during the glorious era of Srivijaya—the empire that originated from Palembang— when the trading activities grew.
Nowadays, Malay people are inhabiting areas that was under the Srivijayan empire rule, with the big population mainly in Sumatra and its surrounding regions such as Bangka Belitung Islands, Riau Islands, Malacca Peninsula ( Kra Peninsula), Kalimantan (including Brunei), southern Thailand, southern Vietnam, and southern Philippines.
Most ethnic Malays speak one or more of the many dialects (versions) of the Malay language, a language of the Austronesian family of languages.
In Indonesia, the standardized form of Malay is Indonesian ().
In Malaysia, the standard form is called Malaysian (.
About 80% of their words mean the same thing in either dialect.
These naming policies were created to form national unities in the two countries instead of making the Malays a ruling influence or the ruling class, something that it is in Brunei.
In Brunei, Thailand and Singapore it is known as Bahasa Melayu.
Today, the language is usually written a version of the Roman alphabet, called Rumi.
Malay written using the Arabic alphabet is called Jawi, which is mostly used in official and religious contexts.
Jawi is more common than Rumi in very conservative Muslim areas like Kelantan in Malaysia and Pattani in Thailand.
Malaysian people
Patrick Chukwuemeka Okogwu (born 7 November 1988) is a British Grime MC and rapper.
He was born in Plumstead, London and is of Nigerian origin.
He is better known by his stage name Tinie Tempah.
He also founded the record label Disturbing London in 2006.
Tempah released his first album Disc-Overy in 2010.
On 4 August 2013, the first single from Demonstration, "Trampoline", was released.
2 Chainz rapped in it.
It reached number three in the UK Singles Chart.
His second album Demonstration was released 4 November 2013.
Twelve of the album's fifteen songs feature other musicians.
Tempah won Best UK Hip Hop/Grime Act at the 2013 Music of Black Origin Awards.
The Orang Laut are a group of Malays living in the Riau Islands.
Their name means the sea people.
They used to be pirates.
The Japanese Occupation of Singapore is a time from 1942-1945 (during World War II) where the Japanese occupied Singapore.
Japan attacked because Singapore was an important naval base for controlling other areas.
The occupation started after the army of Japan defeated garrison troops from Australia, British Malaya, Britain, and India.
This was at the Battle of Singapore.
The British decided to surrender to the Japanese on 15 February 1942 at the Ford Motor Factory.
The city was renamed to Syonan-to (pronounced as Sho-nan-to), meaning Light of the South, during the rule.
It was officially returned to the British after the peace treaty ending World War II was signed.
The Japanese did not treat the people very well during their occupation.
There was a large amount of inflation because the Japanese printed paper money for Singapore to use, which did not have any identification numbers.
Also called 'banana notes' as they had a picture of a banana tree on them, the paper notes could have been printed by people who had a modern-day printer and sufficient paper.
In 1941, due to the weak defenses, the Japanese attacked Singapore.
They landed on Singaporean soil on the 9th of February 1942 and took control of the colony on 15 February 1942, soon renaming it Syonan-to (pronounced as Sio-nan-to or Sho-nan-to), meaning Light of the South Island, during the rule.
Many people suffered during this time till the Japanese surrendered and the British returned to Singapore in September 1945.
During the Japanese Occupation, the trade was disrupted, resulting in scarcity of food and other kinds of goods, causing the price to drastically increase in a process known as inflation.
Even if one were to try to buy a jar of jam from a shop, the shopkeeper would say that he had none.
However, if one was prepared to pay a very high price for it, the shopkeeper would know just where to get it: the black market.
1945 in Asia
20th century in Singapore
A ligand is a biochemical substance.
Its function is to bind to a biological molecule, and make the molecule perform a function.
Ligand binding alters the shape of the receptor protein.
This changes the protein's behaviour.
The binding occurs by intermolecular forces, such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces.
The docking (association) is usually reversible (dissociation).
Ligands include substrates, inhibitors, activators, and neurotransmitters.
The tendency or strength of binding is called affinity.
Polyxena was born at Langenschwalbach in Hesse and was baptised with the names Polyxena Christina Johanna .
King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and heir Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont.
A previous match organised by "Agostino Steffani" with a daughter of Duke Rinaldo d'Este of Modena had come to nothing.
His first wife, Anne Christine of Sulzbach died March 1723 having given birth to a son.
The engagement was announced on 2 July 1724.
The marriage was celebrated in person at Thonon in Chablais on 20 August 1724.
The happy marriage produced six children.
Praised as an attractive, cultured and kind woman, Polyxena founded a home for penniless mothers in Turin in 1732, redecorated the Villa della Regina, the hunting lodge of Stupingi, and the Church of Saint Giuseppe in Turin.
She popularised chinoiserie.
She was also a patron of Giovanni Battista Crosato, a baroque painter.
Having been ill since June 1734, she died at the Royal Palace of Turin.
Originally buried at the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista, she was moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga in 1786 by her son Victor Amadeus III.
Two years after her death, her husband married Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, sister of the future Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.
Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (26 June 1726 – 16 October 1796) married Maria Antonia of Spain and had issue.
Princess Eleonora of Savoy (28 February 1728 – 14 August 1781) unmarried.
Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy (25 March 1729 – 22 June 1767) unmarried.
Princess Maria Felicita of Savoy (19 March 1730 – 13 May 1801) unmarried.
Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy (17 May 1731 – 23 April 1735) Duke of Aosta.
Prince Carlo of Savoy (23 July 1733 – 28 December 1733) Duke of Chablais.
21 September 1706 – 23 July 1724 Her Princely Grace Landgravine Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg
23 July 1724 – 3 September 1730 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Piedmont
3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735 Her Majesty the Queen of Sardinia
1735 deaths
Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine (Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine; 15 October 1711 – 3 July 1741) was born a Princess of Lorraine and a Queen of Sardinia as wife King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.
She was a younger sister of Francis Stephan, Duke of Lorraine.
Élisabeth Thérèse of Lorraine was born at the Château de Lunéville and was the ninth of eleven children of Leopold Joseph of Lorraine and his wife Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans.
Her mother was a niece of Louis XIV.
Her mother wanted her to marry her cousin Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans but the Duke of Orléans refused.
As a result Elisabeth Therese was created the coadjutrice of Remiremont Abbey in October 1734.
In 1736 her brother the Duke of Lorraine married the Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor.
The already twice widowed Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia asked for her hand in late 1736 and the marriage went ahead.
The couple married in person on 1 April 1737.
Charles Emmanuel III was her first cousin, his mother being Anne Marie d'Orléans – a half sister of her mother Élisabeth Charlotte.
The marriage produced three children, only one of whom survived infancy.
Élisabeth Thérèse died at the Palace of Venaria aged 29, having fallen ill with a fever after childbirth.
She was buried in the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista in Turin.
She was moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga in 1786 by her stepson Victor Amadeus III.
Prince Carlo of Savoy (Carlo Francesco Maria Augusto; 1 December 1738 – 25 March 1745) died young but given the title  Duke of Aosta.
Princess Vittoria of Savoy (Vittoria Margharita; 22 June 1740 – 14 July 1742) died young.
Prince Benedetto of Savoy (Benedetto Maria Maurizio; 21 June 1741 – 4 January 1808) married his niece Maria Anna of Savoy, no children.
15 October 1711 – 1 April 1737 Her Highness The Princess Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine.
1 April 1737 – 3 July 1741 Her Majesty the Queen of Sardinia.
Bronze  is the color of the alloy bronze.
The first recorded use of bronze as a color name in English was in 1753.
Meaning of bronze
The color bronze means third place after gold (first place) and silver (second place) in awards such as the Olympic medals for the Olympic Games.
Tones of bronze color comparison chart
Delta Airlines
OneJet
It hosts an Admirals Club in Terminal A (West Concourse) and an Escape Lounge in the East Concourse.
Dr. Dolittle is a comedy movie released in 1998 by Davis Entertainment/20th Century Fox.
It stars Eddie Murphy who plays Dr. Dolittle.
He is a doctor who lives in San Francisco.
He discovers that he has the ability to talk to (and understand) animals.
It was marketed as a family movie and earned $294,456,605.
It had 1 sequel of the same format and 3 direct-to-video sequels.
There was and is a video game based on the movie which was and is simulation game Dr. Dolittle by Blast!
Entertainment Ltd/Aqua Pacific which was released in 2006.
1998 comedy movies
In mathematics, the dot product is an operation that takes two vectors as input, and that returns a scalar number as output.
The number returned is dependent on the length of both vectors, and on the angle between them.
The name is derived from the centered dot "·" that is often used to designate this operation; the alternative name scalar product emphasizes the scalar (rather than vector) nature of the result.
The dot product of two vectors a = [a1, a2, ..., an] and b = [b1, b2, ..., bn] is defined as:
where Σ denotes summation notation (the sum of all the terms) and n is the dimension of the vector space.
Geometric interpretation
In Euclidean geometry, the dot product, length, and angle are related.
For a vector a, the dot product a · a is the square of the length of a, or
where ||a|| and ||b|| denote the length of a and b and θ is the angle between them.
then the angle θ is given by
As the cosine of 90° is zero, the dot product of two orthogonal (perpendicular in 2D and 3D) vectors is always zero.
Moreover, two vectors can be considered orthogonal if and only if their dot product is zero, and they both have a nonzero length.
This property provides a simple method to test the condition of orthogonality.
Sometimes, these properties are also used for defining the dot product, especially in 2 and 3 dimensions; this definition is equivalent to the above one.
For higher dimensions, the formula can be used to define the concept of angle.
Scalar projection
If only b is a unit vector, then the dot product a · b gives |a| cos(θ).
This corresponds to the magnitude of the projection of a in the direction of b, with a minus sign if the direction is opposite.
This is called the scalar projection of a onto b, or scalar component of a in the direction of b (see figure).
This property of the dot product has several useful applications (see § Rotation below).
B1 = {x, y, z} and B2 = {u, v, w} be two different orthonormal bases of the same space R3, with B2 obtained by just rotating B1,
a1 = (ax, ay, az) represent vector a in terms of B1,
a2 = (au, av, aw) represent the same vector in terms of the rotated basis B2,
u1, v1, w1 be the rotated basis vectors u, v, w represented in terms of B1.
Then the rotation from B1 to B2 is performed as follows:
Notice that the rotation matrix R is assembled by using the rotated basis vectors u1, v1, w1 as its rows, and these vectors are unit vectors.
By definition, Ra1 consists of a sequence of dot products between each of the three rows of R and vector a1.
Each of these dot products determines a scalar component of a in the direction of a rotated basis vector (see previous section).
If a1 is a row vector, rather than a column vector, then R must contain the rotated basis vectors in its columns, and must post-multiply a1:
In physics, magnitude is a scalar in the physical sense, in that.it is a physical quantity independent of the coordinate system, expressed as the product of a numerical value and a physical unit, not just a number.
The dot product is also a scalar in this sense, given by the formula, independent of the coordinate system.
Mechanical work is the dot product of force and displacement vectors.
Magnetic flux is the dot product of the magnetic field and the area vectors.
Volumetric flow rate is the dot product of the fluid velocity and the area vectors.
The following properties hold if a, b, and c are real vectors and r is a scalar.
Unlike multiplication of ordinary numbers, where if ab = ac, then b always equals c unless a is zero, the dot product does not obey the cancellation law:
If a • b = a • c and a ≠ 0, then we can write: a • (b − c) = 0 by the distributive law; the result above says this just means that a is perpendicular to (b − c), which still allows (b − c) ≠ 0, and therefore b ≠ c.
Provided that the basis is orthonormal, the dot product is invariant under isometric changes of the basis: rotations, reflections, and combinations, keeping the origin fixed.
The above mentioned geometric interpretation relies on this property.
In other words, for an orthonormal space with any number of dimensions, the dot product is invariant under a coordinate transformation based on an orthogonal matrix.
This corresponds to the following two conditions:
The new basis is again orthonormal (that is, orthonormal expressed in the old one).
The new base vectors have the same length as the old ones (that is, unit length in terms of the old basis).
Triple product expansion
This is a very useful identity (also known as Lagrange's formula) involving the dot- and  cross-products.
It is written as
which is easier to remember as "BAC minus CAB", keeping in mind which vectors are dotted together.
This formula is commonly used to simplify vector calculations in physics.
Proof of the geometric interpretation
Consider the element of Rn
Lemma 1
Now consider two vectors a and b extending from the origin, separated by an angle θ.
A third vector c may be defined as
creating a triangle with sides a, b, and c.  According to the law of cosines, we have
Merging the two c • c equations, (1) and (2), we obtain
The inner product generalizes the dot product to abstract vector spaces and is usually denoted by .
Due to the geometric interpretation of the dot product, the norm ||a|| of a vector a in such an inner product space is defined as
For vectors with complex entries, using the given definition of the dot product would lead to quite different geometric properties.
For instance, the dot product of a vector with itself can be an arbitrary complex number, and can be zero without the vector being the zero vector; this in turn would have severe consequences for notions like length and angle.
Many geometric properties can be salvaged, at the cost of giving up the symmetric and bilinear properties of the scalar product, by alternatively defining
where bi is the complex conjugate of bi.
Then the scalar product of any vector with itself is a non-negative real number, and it is nonzero except for the zero vector.
However, this scalar product is not linear in b (but rather conjugate linear), and the scalar product is not symmetric either, since
The Frobenius inner product generalizes the dot product to matrices.
It is defined as the sum of the products of the corresponding components of two matrices having the same size.
Generalization to tensors
The dot product between a tensor of order n and a tensor of order m is a tensor of order n+m-2.
The dot product is worked out by multiplying and summing across a single index in both tensors.
If  and  are two tensors with element representation  and  the elements of the dot product  are given by
Occasionally, a double dot product is used to represent multiplying and summing across two indices.
The double dot product between two 2nd order tensors is a scalar.
Cauchy–Schwarz inequality
A quick geometrical derivation and interpretation of dot product
Interactive GeoGebra Applet
Java demonstration of dot product
Another Java demonstration of dot product
Explanation of dot product including with complex vectors
"Dot Product" by Bruce Torrence, Wolfram Demonstrations Project, 2007.
Intuitive explanation video 1 and video 2 from online Interactive 3D graphics course
Sarcocystis is a genus of protozoa.
Species in this genus can live in reptiles, birds, mammals, and sometimes pigs.
The name came from the Greek language, sarx, which meant flesh, and kystis, which meant bladder.
The organism was first found by Miescher in 1843, in a mouse.
The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN; ) is a political and militant group based in –Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico.
Its members are called the Zapatistas.
They advocate for libertarian socialism, environmental sustainability and indigenous rights.
It is led by the indigenous people of the Chiapas Mountains.
The name Zapatista refers to Emiliano Zapata who was a leader of the Mexican Revolution of 1910.
The group was formed in the 1980s and led a large rebellion in 1994.
Where it captured a small region of Mexico and was granted control over it.
Though the movement has many leaders, both women and men, Marcos has become the unofficial spokesperson for the movement.
This is because he is very well educated, a good public speaker, and has written letters to and worked with writers and intellectuals from all over the world.
He signs almost all of his letters with "Subcomandante Marcos, from the mountains of the southeast of Mexico."
He is wearing a ski-mask in every picture and video of him and ski-masks have become a symbol of the EZLN in Mexico, as the majority of its supporters also wear them.
Followers of the EZLN also paint murals of Marcos in his mask and Emiliano Zapata to show their support.
Rebel Autonomous Zapatista Municipalities
Since 1994, the Zapatistas have been in control of a region in Southern Chiapas.
The Zapatistas created a 'Council of Good Government' which is a direct democracy representing between 120,000 to 300,000 people.
The economy is made up of a coordinated network of communal stores, worker cooperatives and family farms.
Their autonomous government provides low-interest loans, free education and universal health care.
The Zapatistas mainly produce corn, beans, coffee, bananas, sugar, cattle, chicken, pigs and clothing.
The Mexican military has attacked communities several times with drones, infantry and helicopters.
1994 establishments in North America
Lead glass, also known as lead crystal, is a type of glass that has lead in it.
Normal glass has calcium oxide in it, while lead glass changes the calcium oxide with lead(II) oxide.
It looks nice because the lead is very large and heavy and changes how the glass looks.
Lead glass rings when tapped while ordinary glass does not.
This glass can absorb some X-rays.
It is very insulating.
It contains between 18 to 40% of lead (II) oxide by weight.
Any glass that contains at least 24% PbO by weight is referred to as “lead crystal”.
Any glass that contains less than 24% PbO by weight is referred to as "crystal glass".
Lead glass has a chemical composition of silicon and lead oxides, with other elements added to get colours or properties.
Lead glass is also known as X-ray glass or radiation shielding glass as one of its major applications is in the absorbance of high energy radiation while maintaining optical transparency.
The presence and quantity of PbO are what determines some of lead glass’ most important optical and physical properties.
Applications of lead glass
The properties of lead glass make it useful for many applications.
Here are a few examples:
In the medical and research fields where visibility is required during procedures or experiments that involve radiation, lead glass can achieve the same radiation attenuation as the surrounding walls or barriers while allowing visibility to the operator.
A typical example is the viewing window of an X-ray room or a laboratory experimenting with radioactive materials.
The high refractive index of lead glass is useful for the production of lenses as thinner lenses can be crafted to achieve similar focal lengths to ordinary ophthalmic glass.
Lead glass is thus used for special medical glasses, binoculars, microscopes and telescopes.
Digital projectors use lead glass because it has a high level of transmission over short wavelengths, which is typical of projector laser beams.
Further, the temperature rise caused by the light source does not distort the image projected by lead glass because it has a lower thermal conductivity than lead-free glass.
It is useful in instruments that operate in the near-ultraviolet region and the near-infrared region as in bio-fluorescence, gene analyses, spectrometry and telecommunication.
Lead glass is used in laser optics for printing and photocopying technologies.
He is always drunk.
Children are afraid of him.
When he drinks too much wine, he starts speaking in Latin.
He has pimples on his face but is rather intelligent.
Chaucer used to write about the medieval age.
Anachronism can be found in his writings easily.
Everything that he has described about the Summoner is set in that time.
Lead(II) chloride, also known as plumbous chloride and lead dichloride, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is PbCl2.
It contains lead and chloride ions.
Its use may lead to lead poisoning.
Lead(II) chloride is a colorless crystalline solid.
It does not dissolve well in water.
It can dissolve in solutions that have chloride ions in them.
It reacts with molten sodium nitrite to make lead(II) oxide.
Lead(II) chloride is made by reacting sodium chloride or hydrochloric acid with lead nitrate.
It can also be made by reacting lead(IV) oxide with hydrochloric acid.
It can also be made by reacting chlorine with lead.
It is used to make ceramics.
A basic chloride is used in pigments.
Lead(II) carbonate
A relic is an object, especially a piece of the body or a personal item of someone of religious importance, that was carefully preserved with an air of veneration as a memorial that you can touch.
Relics are an important aspect of Buddhism, some denominations of Christianity, Hinduism, shamanism, and many other personal belief systems.
The word relic comes from the Latin reliquiae ('remains').
A reliquary is a shrine that houses one or more relics.
Relics article from the Catholic Encyclopedia
Keeping Relics in Perspective
A Place for Relics
The veneration of the relics of saints  - from the Summa Theologiae
An Inventory of Relics  by John Calvin
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. (November 25, 1960 – July 16, 1999) often called John-John, JFK Jr. or Jack Kennedy Jr. was an American lawyer and magazine publisher.
He was the son of American President John F. Kennedy.
Kennedy was born at Medstar Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, DC, to President elect John F. Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline.
He spent his first three years at the White House until his father's assassination on November 22, 1963.
The following year, he moved to New York City with his mother and older sister Caroline.
After high school, he attended Brown University.
He graduated in 1983 with a Bachelor's Degree in history.
He then attended the New York University of Law, earning his law degree in 1989.
He founded the magazine George in 1995.
He married Carolyn Bessette (1966-1999) on September 21, 1996.
He was flying his own airplane on July 16, 1999 when he crashed off Cape Cod coast.
He was on his way to the wedding of one of his Kennedy cousins.
He was with his wife Carolyn and her sister.
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
On 8 December 1650 he married Henriette Adelaide of Savoy, daughter of Victor Amadeus I of Savoy and Christine Marie of France.
Ferdinand Maria was crowned on 31 October 1654.
He was an absolute monarch.
He allied with France.
Ferdinand Maria supported the wars of the Habsburgs against the Ottoman Empire with Bavarian forces (1662-1664).
During the Franco-Dutch War since 1672 Bavaria became neutral.
The marriage of his eldest daughter Maria Anna and her cousin Louis, Grand Dauphin in 1680 cemented the alliance with France.
Ferdinand Maria modernised the army and introduced the first Bavarian local government code.
He made Bavaria a rich nation.
He died in Schleissheim Palace and was succeeded by his son Maximilian II Emanuel.
He is buried at the Theatiner Church.
Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria (28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) married Louis, Grand Dauphin and had issue; King Juan Carlos I of Spain descends from her.
Christian apologetics is a field of Christian theology that tries to find a rational basis for the Christian faith.
There have been many people who tried to do this, including Paul of Tarsus, Origen, Augustine of Hippo and C. S. Lewis.
Apologists base their arguments on historical evidence and philosophy, amongst others.
is an American race car driver.
Currently, he drives the No.
11 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series.
Racing before NASCAR
Hamlin started his racing career in 1988, at the age of 7 years old, racing Go-Karts.
At the age of 16, he was racing Ministocks.
In his first stock car race, at Langley Speedway, Hamlin won the pole position, and won the race.
In 2004, while racing full-time in Late Model Stock Cars, Hamlin was signed to a development program  with Joe Gibbs Racing.
In 2004, Hamlin raced in five NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series (NCTS) races with the team EJP Racing.
He finished tenth in his first race, at Indianopolis Raceway Park.
He ran his first  ARCA RE/MAX Series race at Talladega Superspeedway, finishing third in the #10 Pontiac owned by Andy Hillenburg.
His last start of the year came at Darlington Raceway, when he started his first Busch Series race.
He started twenty-seventh but finished eighth in the #18 Joe Gibbs Driven Performance Oil Chevrolet.
Hamlin raced the full season in the #20 Rockwell Automation Chevrolet in the Busch Series.
He finished 5th in the final championship points standings as a rookie in that series.
Hamlin also raced in his first Nextel Cup Series races in 2005, making his Cup first start at Kansas Speedway as driver of the #11 FedEx Chevrolet.
He made seven starts in the Sprint Cup series in 2005.
He finished the Sprint Cup season with three top 10 finishes in seven starts and one pole at Phoenix International Raceway.
In 2006, Hamlin raced his first full season in the NASCAR Nextel Cup Series.
He also drove in the Busch Series full-time.
In Hamlin's first race as a Nextel Cup driver, he won the 70-lap 2006 Budweiser Shootout.
Hamlin became the first Rookie to win the Budweiser Shootout.
Hamlin got his first career Busch Series win at Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez on March 5th 2006.
On June 11 2006, Hamlin won his first career Nextel Cup Series race at the Pocono 500.
He got his second career win on July 23, in the Pennsylvania 500, also at Pocono Raceway.
In the Nextel Cup Series, Hamlin won the Raybestos Rookie of the Year award and finished third in the final standings.
In 2007 Denny Hamlin finished 12th overall in the final standings in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.
In the Nationwide Series, Hamlin won three races, Darlington, Michigan, and Dover in the #20 Rockwell Automation Chevy.
In 2008, Hamlin finished 8th in the Sprint Cup Series and won early in the season at Martinsville Speedway.
He won three races in the Nationwide Series, driving both the #18 and #20 cars for Joe Gibbs Racing, as well as the #32 Dollar General/Haas Avocados car for Braun Racing.
In 2009 Hamlin won his fifth career race at Pocono Raceway on August 3, 2009.
The win was Hamlin's third at Pocono.
It was an emotional win for Hamlin as his grandmother, Thelma Clark, died the Friday before the race.
Hamlin also won races at Martinsville Speedway, his home track Richmond International Raceway, and the last race of the year at Homestead-Miami Speedway.
Hamlin ended the season 5th in the Sprint Cup Series points.
On March 27, 2010 Hamlin said he was going to have surgery on his left knee the next Monday.
If he did not have the surgery, his knee would have been injured worse.
Three weeks after his surgery on April 19, 2010, Hamlin won the race at Texas Motor Speedway.
It was the 10th win of his career.
Later in the season Hamlin finished 43rd in a race at Atlanta Motor Speedway.
This was the first time that Denny Hamlin finished last in a race.
This race moved Hamlin into 10th place in the Sprint Cup Series points, and made sure he would have a place in the championship race.
Denny Hamlin won 8 races in the 2010 Sprint Cup Series but finished the season 2nd in Sprint Cup Series points behind Jimmie Johnson.
After a strong second place finish in 2010, 2011 was not a very good year for Denny Hamlin.
Hamlin had mechanical problems many times in 2011, and this hurt his chances at finishing well in the points.
Hamlin only won one race in 2011, and finished the season 9th in the points standing.
Denny Hamlin's official website
Joe Gibbs Racing's Official Denny Hamlin Website
The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four major ligaments of the human knee.
The injury of this ligament is the most common one of the knee.
Many athletes suffer from this condition.
Moving the knee sideways or rotating it can cause this ligament to strain or tear.
Tears will almost always require surgery to repair.
The post-transition metals, also known as the poor metals, is a group of metals on the periodic table.
They are to the right of the transition metals.
The Group 12 elements are sometimes included.
Sometimes germanium and antimony are included, although they are normally considered metalloids.
They normally have higher electronegativities than the transition metals.
Their melting points are lower, too.
They are generally softer than other metals.
They include lead, tin and other softer metals.
Lead(II) sulfide, also known as plumbuus sulfide, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is PbS. It contains lead and sulfide ions.
The lead is in its +2 oxidation state.
Lead(II) sulfide is a black solid.
It does not react with acids.
It reacts with air at a high temperature to make lead(II) oxide.
It is one of the least toxic forms of lead.
This does not mean that it is not toxic, though.
It is the result of a test for hydrogen sulfide.
Paper soaked in lead(II) acetate is passed through hydrogen sulfide.
The colorless lead(II) acetate turns black.
It can be made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with lead(II) acetate or lead(II) nitrate.
This makes a black solid.
It is found as the mineral galena.
Galena is a little shinier.
It was once used as a black pigment.
Now it is mainly used in infrared detectors.
Lead(IV) acetate, also known as plumbic acetate, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is Pb(C2H3O2)4.
It contains lead and acetate ions.
The lead is in its +4 oxidation state.
Lead(IV) acetate is a colorless or pink solid.
Lead(IV) acetate is used in organic chemistry as an oxidizing agent.
It is also used to add lead to other organic compounds.
Lead(II) bromide, also known as plumbous bromide, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is PbBr2.
It contains lead and bromide ions.
Lead(II) bromide is a white solid.
It melts to make a liquid that conducts a little electricity.
Lead(II) sulfate, also known as plumbous sulfate, is a chemical compound.
Its chemical formula is PbSO4.
It contains lead and sulfate ions.
Lead(II) sulfate is a white solid.
It does not dissolve in sulfuric acid.
Lead(II) sulfate is made in a lead acid battery by normal usage.
It can be made by reacting lead(II) acetate or lead(II) nitrate with any sulfate.
It is found as a mineral named anglesite.
This mineral is made when galena is oxidized.
Anderson Hays Vanderbilt Cooper (born June 3, 1967) is an American journalist.
He is an anchor on CNN.
He hosts Anderson Cooper 360° and the syndicated daytime talk show, Anderson Live.
Cooper was born in New York City.
His mother is Gloria Vanderbilt; his father was Wyatt Emory Cooper.
Cooper's great-great-great-grandfather was Cornelius Vanderbilt, a 19th-century American businessman and slave owner.
Contra (known as Probotector in Europe) is a 1987 arcade shooting video game.
The player plays as Bill Rizer (player 1) or Lance Bean (player 2), as they try to stop and evil extraterrestrial terrorist organization Red Falcon from taking over the planet Earth and making the human species extinct.
Either Bill or Lance is chosen.
The player has a rifle with no limit to the number of times it can shoot.
However, the player dies after being hit by an enemy once.
The game has ten stages.
For each stage, the player must shoot out the sensors before moving on.
A player has 3 lives, and when all of them are lost, the game ends.
In the arcade version, the player can continue a few times.
de:Contra (Spieleserie)
A small arm is a gun that is small enough to be held by one person.
This includes pistols, shotguns, and rifles.
Artillery are larger guns that cannot be carried by one person.
Ryan Caldwell (born June 15, 1981 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman.
He currently plays for the Schwenninger Wild Wings of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL).
He has also played for the New York Islanders and Phoenix Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL), the DEG Metro Stars, Eisbären Berlin, and Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers of the DEL, and Ässät and Lukko of the SM-liiga.
Aaron G. MacKenzie (born March 7, 1981, in Terrace Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman.
He played briefly in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Colorado Avalanche.
After playing several years in senior leagues in Ontario and British Columbia in the late 1950s, Madigan had a long career as a minor league star, most notably with the Fort Wayne Komets of the International Hockey League for three seasons in the early 1960s, and then for the Portland Buckaroos of the Western Hockey League for nine seasons.
He won accolades as First Team league All-Star in 1960, 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1969, Second Team All-Star in 1965, 1971 and 1972, as well as winning best defenceman honors in 1966.
In the 1972–73 NHL season, the St. Louis Blues of the NHL bought Madigan's rights from the Buckaroos, and he joined the Blues in January 1973 at the age of 38, becoming the oldest rookie ever.
He played for the Blues in twenty regular-season games and five playoff games, before finishing his career with Portland in parts of the two successive seasons.
In addition to Madigan's hockey career, he had a minor role in the 1977 cult classic movie Slap Shot as legendary hockey goon Ross "Mad Dog" Madison.
JaVale McGee (born January 19, 1988 in Flint, Michigan) is an American basketball player that currently plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
He went to University of Nevada, Reno for college where he played for the Nevada Wolf Pack.
McGee was drafted by the Washington Wizards with the 18th overall pick in the 1st round of the 2008 NBA Draft.
McGee also participated in the 2011 NBA Slam Dunk Contest where he finished in second place, losing to Blake Griffin.
He was the first player to dunk three basketballs at one time in a dunk contest.
On March 15, 2012, He was traded by the Wizards to the Denver Nuggets for Nenê.
McGee's father was George Montgomery who was also a NBA player and his mother is Pamela McGee who was a WNBA player which made McGee the first son of an WNBA player to play in the NBA.
JaVale McGee's NBA player profile
Kevin Wesley Love (born September 7, 1988 in Santa Monica, California) is an American basketball player that currently plays for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
He used to play for the Minnesota Timberwolves.
He went to UCLA for college where he played for the UCLA Bruins basketball team.
The western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) is a large and very common kangaroo or macropod.
It lives right across the southern part of Australia.
They live from just south of Shark Bay in Western Australia to western Victoria.
In South Australia they live along the coast.
They also live in the Murray-Darling Basin in New South Wales and Queensland.
The subspecies on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, is called the Kangaroo Island kangaroo.
The western grey kangaroo is one of the largest kangaroos.
It weighs 28–54 kg and its length is 0.84-1.1m with a 80–100 cm tail, and is about 1.3m tall.
It has sexual dimorphism with the male up to twice the size of female.
It has thick, coarse fur with colour ranging from pale grey to brown.
It has a paler color on its throat, chest and belly.
It feeds at night, mainly on grasses but also on leafy shrubs and low trees.
It has a nickname Stinker because mature males have a curry-like odour.
The kangaroo lives in groups of up to 15.
The males compete for females during the breeding season.
During these "boxing" contests, they would lock arms and try to push each other over.
Usually, only the strongest male in the group mates.
The gestation period is 30–31 days.
After the birth, the tiny baby Joey attaches to the teat in the females pouch for nine months.
After it comes out of the pouch, it will continue to drink milk from the mother's pouch for about another nine months.
Long known to the Aboriginal people of Australia, for Europeans, the western grey was the centre of a great deal of sometimes comical taxonomic confusion for almost 200 years.
It was first noted by European settlers when the great explorer Matthew Flinders landed on Kangaroo Island in 1802.
Flinders shot several for food but assumed that they were eastern grey kangaroos.
In 1803 French explorers captured several Kangaroo Island Western Greys and shipped them home to Paris, where they lived in the zoological gardens for some years.
Eventually, researchers at the Paris Museum of Natural History recognised that these animals were indeed different and formally described the species as Macropus fuliginosus in 1817.
Unfortunately, for reasons that remain unclear, it was described as native to Tasmania.
There the matter rested for over 100 years, and it was not until 1917 that researchers realised that the "forester kangaroo" of Tasmania was in fact Macropus giganteus, the same western grey kangaroo that was, and still is, widespread in the more fertile south-eastern part of the mainland.
By 1971, it was understood that the Kangaroo Island species was the same as the kangaroos of southern Western Australia, and that this population extended through much of the eastern part of the continent as well.
For a time, three subspecies were described, two on the mainland and one on Kangaroo Island.
Finally, by the early 1990s, the current understanding emerged.
There are two subspecies of the western grey: Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus which lives on Kangaroo Island, and Macropus fuliginosus melanops, which has a range of different types that change gradually from west to east.
The western grey does not live in the tropical north or the fertile south-east of Australia.
The eastern grey does not live over the NSW-South Australia border, but the two species are both common in the Murray-Darling Basin area.
They never interbreed in the wild, although hybrids between eastern grey females and western grey males have been produced in captivity.
Traditional animation is much harder than today's style of animation.
It often uses a stop-motion camera to "liven", or animate, the photos made by the producer.
When movie-makers use stop-motion, they need to draw one picture for every scene.
However, there are tools to help save time with movie-making.
Other types of animation, such as limited or digital animation, can also be used now.
FPS is the number of times a movie is shot in one second.
The photographer first shoots out or edits many photos.
These photos are combined to make the storyline.
And as with all movies, not all scenes make it into the final movie.
Many people help out in the editing of a movie.
But in old times, people had to draw the scenes on their own.
Then the stop-motion camera took a photo of a scene once a second.
Most movies or cartoons in the 1950's required very hard work of the editors.
To make things cheaper, though, people made limited animation that used two to three copies of the same image (so the stop-motion process would be two to three times faster.)
Right now movie-makers use digital animation to "liven the movie even more".
Movies from the 2000 to 2010 years are usually 1–2 hours long.
Common units
FPS, or frames per second, is the number of scenes being shot in one second.
The higher this is, the more "smooth" the film looks.
Most movies have an FPS of 24 to 60.
Cels
Cels, or celluloids, are tools used to "preserve" scenes.
An editor uses a cell to draw a scene then make changes to it on the next drawing.
It is useful when a cartoon or movie involves moving figures or objects.
Sometimes a sketch pad is used to draft the scenes the editors think would be good in the movie.
A sketchpad at first may contain a comic book that looks like an animation when the editors flip it back and forth.
Live video shower
Often editors preview the animation with a video shower.
On the stream of scenes, movie-makers test their animation and fix bugs or problems.
Milarepa (c. 1052—1135) is the most famous yogi, poet and Buddhist saint of Tibet.
A collection of his teachings in the form of poetic songs called The Hundred Thousand songs of Milarepa, and his biography The Life of Milarepa are two of the most popular books in Tibet.
Milarepa was a student of Marpa and the teacher of Gampopa.
Together these three (Marpa, Milarepa and Gampopa) are considered to be the founders of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
Milarepa was born in the village of Kya Ngatsa in the Gungthang province of western Tibet to a family of farmers.
He was named Mila Thöpaga, which means "Mila, a joy to hear."
When his father died, Milarepa's uncle and aunt took all of the family's wealth and property and mistreated Milarepa, his mother and sister.
At his mother's urging, Milarepa left home and studied magic so that he could take revenge on his uncle and aunt.
While his aunt and uncle were having a party to celebrate the marriage of their son, Mila took his revenge by summoning a great hail storm to demolish their house, which killed 35 people.
The villagers were angry and set off to look for Milarepa, but his mother got word to him and he sent anther hailstorm to destroy their crops.
Mila later came to regret his evil actions and so became determined to practice the Buddha's teachings.
Setting out to find a teacher, he was eventually led to Marpa the translator.
Marpa proved a harsh task master.
Before Marpa would teach Mila, he had him build and then demolish three towers in turn and go through many other trials.
Eventually Mila was granted the teachings of the Six Yogas of Naropa and Mahamudra.
After practicing these teacings very diligently for twelve years in remote Himalayan caves of Tibet and Nepal, Mila attained the complete enlightenment.
He is said to be the first to achieve this state within one lifetime.
During his meditation practice he ate mostly nettle soup which made his skin turn green, and wore only a single cotton robe.
He became known as Milarepa, which means the "Mila, the cotton clad one".
Later Milarepa become a wandering teacher and attracted many disciples, of whom the most well known were Rechungpa and Gampopa.
Rechungpa followed the yogic lifestyle of his teacher while Gampopa, a Kadampa monk, eventually established a monastery a Daglha Gampo which became the first Kagyu institution.
Later Gampopa's immediate disciples and their successors established the various branches of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Life of Milarepa, translated by Andrew Quintman, Penguin Classics, 2010,
The Life of Milarepa, translated by Lobsang P. Lhalungpa, Book Faith India, 1997,
Milarepa, The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa, translated by Garma C.C. Chang, City Lights Books, 1999,
1052 births