the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In other words, they were times when much of the dead vegetation did not entirely decompose.
Instead it became coal and related substances such as peat.
The times of the great wetlands which produced coal and peat were in the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian), continuing in the first part of the Permian; the Jurassic and Eocene periods.
Virtually all the worlds' coal dates to those periods.
Most air pollution comes from burning fossil fuels.
This can be reduced by making the combustion process more efficient, and by using various techniques to reduce the escape of harmful gases.
This pollution is responsible for causing the earth to get warmer, called global warming.
They are also non-renewable resources, there is only a limited amount of coal, gas, and oil, and it is not possible to make more.
Eventually all the fossil fuels will be used.
Some scientists think that coal will have run out by 2200 and oil by 2040.
Renewable energy sources like biomass energy such as firewood are being used.
Countries are also increasing the use of wind power, tidal energy, and solar energy to generate electricity.
Some governments are helping automobile makers to develop electric cars and hybrid cars that will use less oil.
The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on fossil fuels and their impact on climate change (includes Global Warming)
The Boston Bruins are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).
They were the first American team in the NHL, in 1924.
They have won six Stanley Cup championships, and they lost against the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals after winning in 2011.
In their early years, the Bruins won three Stanley Cups:  1929, 1939, and 1941.
Ralph "Cooney" Weiland won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 1930.
Aubrey "Dit" Clapper was also a star player around this time.
Then Eddie Shore came along, a huge star in the league on defense.
Shore won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (MVP) four times:  in 1933, 1935, 1936 and 1938.
Only Gordie Howe and Wayne Gretzky have won it more often.
Cecil "Tiny" Thompson was the team's star goaltender.
In the 1940s and 1950s the Bruins had new stars.
Milt Schmidt and Bill Cowley were great centers and both won scoring championships and MVP trophies.
They were helped by Woody Dumart and Bobby Bauer on wing, and Frank Brimsek replaced Thompson in goal.
The 1960s were not so good for the Bruins.
Schmidt retired to become the team's coach and the team did not have many stars.
They finished in last place six times out of seven years and did not make the playoffs eight straight seasons.
Left wing John Bucyk was their best player.
Bobby Orr began as a defenseman with Boston in 1966.
After his rookie (first) season, he won the Norris Trophy as best defenseman in the NHL eight times in a row, and the Bruins became a top team again.
He joined with centers Phil Esposito and Derek Sanderson, Bucyk and goalie Gerry Cheevers to lead the Bruins to the Stanley Cup in 1970 and 1972.
Orr won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs both years.
He also won the Hart Trophy in 1970, 1971, and 1972; Esposito won it in 1969 and 1974.
Esposito won five Art Ross Trophies:  1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, and 1974.
Orr won it in 1970 and 1975, the only defenseman ever to win the scoring title.
The Bruins continued to be a strong team through the late 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s.
Ray Bourque, who won the Norris Trophy five times, was the team's greatest star in the 1980s and 1990s.
He is the team's top career scorer, and the highest scoring defenseman in NHL history.
The Bruins won the President's Cup as regular-season champions in 1983 and 1990, and made the Stanley Cup finals in 1988 and 1990.
Cam Neely was an important player until the mid-1990s, and Joe Thornton was a top scorer until he was traded to the San Jose Sharks in 2005.
The Bruins won the Stanley Cup championship in 2011.
In the 2018-2019 season the Bruins made the Stanley Cup final once again, losing to the eventual Stanley Cup Champion St. Louis Blues in 7 games.
1924 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Massachusetts
George Morrow (c. 1934 - May 7, 2003) was part of the early microcomputer industry in the United States.
Morrow  promoted (make popular) and improved the S-100 bus used in many early microcomputers.
Morrow was also a member of the Homebrew Computer Club.
Starting in 1976, he designed and sold computers, computer parts, and accessories under several company names, including Morrow Designs.
Morrow's companies built microcomputers that used the CP/M operating system.
When IBM started selling their IBM PC personal computer in 1981, Morrow and other CP/M computer makers had trouble competing.
Morrow Designs filed for bankruptcy in 1986.
Scientists from Detroit, Michigan
One example of a dietary mineral is calcium, which humans and many other animals need to build strong bones and teeth, among other things.
Iron is another mineral, which you can find in red meat.
It is important for us to have iron as it creates red blood cells.
Other common minerals include potassium and phosphorus.
Cleveland was a non-metropolitan county that existed between 1 April 1974 and 31 March 1996.
It was in North East England.
The districts which made up the county are now all unitary authorities.
Hungarian is a Uralic language.
The Hungarian name for the language is Magyar.
The Finno-Ugric languages also include Finnish, Estonian, Lappic (Sámi) and some other languages spoken in Russia: Khanty and Mansi are the most closely related to Hungarian.
Speakers and dialects
Hungarian is spoken by approximately 13 million people.
Most of them live in Hungary (around 10 million) and Romania (around 1.5 million), but there are also speakers in Slovakia, the northern part of Serbia (Vojvodina), Ukraine and other countries.
Hungarian is the official language of Hungary and one of the official languages of the European Union (EU).
It is also an official language of the Autonomous Republic of Vojvodina (Serbia) and of some places in the Republic of Slovenia.
Hungarian has several dialects, but people can easily understand one another.
The Csángó dialect in Romania, however, is archaic and has changed less than the other dialects.
For example, there are no separate words for "he" and "she" but there is one pronoun (ő).
Instead of prepositions, (like "from" or "with"), Hungarian uses suffixes (particles at the end of main words).
For example, "from Budapest" becomes Budapestről, and "with Alexandra" becomes Alexandrával.
Another Hungarian feature is vowel harmony: suffixes change according to (harmonise with) the vowel of the main word.
If they have a in the word, the suffix normally has a as well (fa "tree" and fával "with a tree"), and if they have e, the suffix will change to have e as well' (teve "camel" and tevével "with a camel").
The Hungarian alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet.
Some letters have diacritics (dots or commas above them) and so Hungarian has 44 letters, more than the 26 of English.
The earliest known written Hungarian words are to be found in a Latin document, the Foundation Charter of the Abbey of Tihany (1054).
The Funeral Oration and Prayer (1192-95) and the Old Hungarian Lament of Mary (13th century) are the earliest known continuous Hungarian texts.
In the 16th century, the first printed Hungarian texts were published.
The modern literary language appeared in the 18th and the 19th centuries.
Collection of Hungarian Dictionaries
SZTAKI szótár
Dicfor (DICtionary FOR you) szótár
11th-century establishments
Anything related to Hungary
Hungarians, the people of Hungary
Rochester is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of New York.
It has a little over 200,000 people living in it and over a million people living in the metropolitan area.
It is on the southern shore of Lake Ontario.
It is between the cities of Buffalo and Syracuse.
Rochester is on the shore of Lake Ontario, one of the Great Lakes.
Also, the Genesee River flows through it.
In the area near Rochester, there are many streams, large hills called drumlins, and lakes, such as the Finger Lakes.
The weather in Rochester is warm in the summer and cold in the winter, with a lot of snow falling in the winter and early spring.
Economy and education
Rochester is the headquarters of Eastman Kodak, a company that makes cameras and camera film.
Rochester is also the home to universities such as the University of Rochester and the Rochester Institute of Technology.
City of Rochester
Interesting Sights in Rochester
Downtown Rochester
Rochester's Deaf Community
Dragonfly, an insect
Snapdragon, a flower
Dracaena (plant), a genus of plants.
Dragon (Yu-Gi-Oh!)
A shop or store is a place where people can go to buy items that they need or want.
People might go to a shop to buy food, clothes, furniture, jewelry, or many other things.
There are loads of shops in the world people can buy their things from.
People might also go to a repair shop if something is broken, and they want the shop to fix it.
For example, someone might bring a broken bicycle to a bicycle repair shop.
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American drama movie based on Ken Kesey's novel of the same name, directed by Milos Forman and starring Jack Nicholson.
It is set on a locked psychiatric ward in 1963 Oregon.
It was the first movie to win all five main Academy Awards since It Happened One Night.
These awards included Best Picture, Best Actor (Nicholson), Best Actress (Louise Fletcher), Best Director (Forman), and Best Adapted Screenplay.
The movie was the 20th best ever, according to the American Film Industry's AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
The novel's writer, Kesey, disliked the movie, because it did not take the perspective (view) of a Native American character, Chief Bromden (a more important character in the book than in the movie).
The screenplay was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.
Talk of the movie's characters and themes
1975 drama movies
Movies about prostitution
Movies set in Oregon
Murder in movies
Suicide in movies
Movies directed by Miloš Forman
The story concerns an unhinged United States Air Force general, George C. Scott as General Buck Turgidson.
He orders a first strike nuclear attack on the Soviet Union.
It follows the President, his advisers, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and a Royal Air Force (RAF) officer as they try to recall the bombers to prevent a nuclear apocalypse.
It separately follows the crew of one B-52 bomber as they try to deliver their payload.
Dr. Strangelove, the President's Scientific Adviser in the War Room.
This role is the key to the film's success.
Strangelove, a wheelchair-using former Nazi scientist, has become a naturalized U.S. citizen.
His former role slips into the film via his right arm, with its black-gloved hand.
The arm persists in giving the Nazi salute, and Strangelove occasionally refers to the President as Mein Fuhrer.
The accent is a brilliant copy of such German-origin Americans as Edward Teller, the "father of the H-bomb".
President Merkin Muffley, played as a decent midwesterner, such as Adlai Stevenson.
Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the RAF, one of the minor roles.
During the movie's ending, the world is blown up by a Soviet deterrence weapon, the  Cobalt-Thorium G  "doomsday machine", whose existence had not been announced.
Vera Lynn's recording of "We'll Meet Again" is played as the world meets its end (it was a famous song of World War II).
This is sometimes said to be a film of the book  Peter George's thriller novel Red Alert (1958).
But in this book Strangelove's character does not appear.
It seems the director Stanley Kubrick had intended to use ideas from the book, but as the film developed the influence of tragi-comedy and the genius of Peter Sellers changed its direction.
In 1989, the United States Library of Congress chose this movie to be kept in the National Film Registry.
This means the movie will be protected from damage that happens to older film that was used to make movies.
Happy Birthday, Dr. Strangelove!
April 3, 2014 Issue of The New York Review of Books
1964 comedy movies
British comedy movies
Black comedy movies
Apocalyptic movies
Animal husbandry is the care and breeding of animals, particularly livestock.
People have done this for a very long time; it is much older than agriculture.
Nomadic people and people In rural areas often teach their children how to care for their animals.
4-H is an organization that also teaches children in the United States how to raise and care for farm animals.
Dog breeding
Pig farming
Raising cattle
Sheep farming
Dairy farming is a branch of animal husbandry whereby dairy animals are raised for their milk.
The cow is mainly used throughout the world to produce milk and milk products for human consumption.
Other animals used to a lesser extent for this purpose include sheep, goats, camels, buffaloes, yaks, reindeer, horses and donkeys.
In the past, cows were kept in small herds on family farms, grazing pastures and fed hay in winter, nowadays they are kept in larger herds, more intensive systems and the feeding of silage.
Many animals are raised for their meat.
Meat, mainly from farmed animals, is a major source of dietary protein around the world.
Cattle generally produce a single offspring annually which takes more than a year to mature; sheep and goats often have twins and these are ready for slaughter in less than a year; pigs give birth to more than one litter of up to about 11 piglets each year.
Horses, donkeys, deer, buffalo, llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas are farmed for meat in various regions.
Poultry includes all birds domesticated by man.
They are kept for their eggs and for their meat.
They include chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks.
Chickens are mainly used throughout the world for egg production.
Methods for keeping poultry range from free-range systems, where the birds can roam as they will but at night they are kept in barns for their own protection, through semi-intensive systems where they are kept in barns and have perches, litter and some freedom of movement, to intensive systems where they are kept in cages.
The Walt Disney World Resort, also called Walt Disney World or Disney World, is an entertainment complex near Orlando, Florida.
It opened on October 1, 1971 with only the Magic Kingdom theme park.
It has since added Epcot (October 1, 1982), Disney's Hollywood Studios (May 1, 1989) and Disney's Animal Kingdom (April 22, 1998).
It also has 2 water parks, 23 hotels, a campground, and Disney Springs, which is a shopping area with souvenir shops, restaurants, and sports activities.
It covers an area of  and is the largest theme park in the world.
The resort was inspired by the dreams of Walt Disney and his creation of Disneyland in California.
Its original theme park, Magic Kingdom, is designed similarly to Disneyland.
Walt Disney created "Disney World" to have a vacation resort that was much different from Disneyland's one-day visit; this includes a much wider variety of sports, recreation, themed resort hotels and entertainment.
The theme parks come with lots of different and fun rides and you can go swimming at the water parks.
Sometimes, Disney characters walk around the parks to enjoy the younger ones.
The rides are related to the books and films that Disney created.
The resort is approximately as large as San Francisco and twice the size of Manhattan.
It has many exciting destinations including theme parks, water parks and more.
Theme Parks
There are 4 theme parks in Walt Disney World.
Each of them have numerous rides, restaurants and entertainment activities to witness.
You can meet Disney characters there and have fun viewing different parades.
Magic Kingdom, opened October 1, 1971
Epcot, opened October 1, 1982
Disney's Hollywood Studios, opened May 1, 1989
Disney's Animal Kingdom, opened April 22, 1998
Water Parks
Disney's Typhoon Lagoon, opened June 1, 1989
Disney's Blizzard Beach, opened April 1, 1995
Disney's Boardwalk
Disney Springs, opened March 22, 1975 (Previously known as Lake Buena Vista Shopping Village, Disney Village Marketplace, and Downtown Disney)
La Nouba by Cirque du Soleil, opened December 23, 1998, and is to close after December 31, 2017.
Disney's Wedding Pavilion, opened July 15, 1995
ESPN Wide World of Sports, opened March 28, 1997
Former attractions
Discovery Island — an island in Bay Lake that was home to many species of animals and birds.
It opened on April 8, 1974, and closed on April 8, 1999.
Disney's River Country — the first water park at the Walt Disney World Resort.
It opened on June 20, 1976, and closed on November 2, 2001.
Walt Disney World Speedway — a racetrack at Walt Disney World and included the Richard Petty Driving Experience.
It opened November 28, 1995, and closed on August 9, 2015.
DisneyQuest  — an indoor interactive theme park that featured many arcade games and virtual attractions.
It opened June 19, 1998 as part of an unsuccessful attempt to launch a chain of similar theme parks.
It closed on July 2, 2017 to be replaced by the NBA Experience.
Disney - Orlando
1971 establishments in Florida
The harp is a musical instrument.
It is the second biggest string instrument in an orchestra.
It dates back to 4000 BC when the Egyptians used them in holy places.
Christian artists often draw angels playing harps in Heaven.
How harps work
Parts of a harp
Harps have strings that are tied to the frame, which is usually a triangle made of wood.
Each string is tight, and the frame must be strong so that the many tight strings do not break it.
The side of the triangle that leans on the player's body is called the "sound box".
The top side of the triangle has a lot of pegs in it.
There is one peg for each string on the harp.
The top of each string is tied to one peg, and twisted around the peg.
The player turns the peg to make the string more tight or less tight.
This is how the player makes each string make the right note.
The bottom of each string is tied to the sound box.
The last side of the triangle is called the pillar.
Many of the oldest harps did not have them.
If the strings were too tight, they would break the harp.
Adding a pillar to a harp frame makes the frame very strong, so that the strings will not break it.
Playing a harp
Harp players pluck the strings with their fingers, similar to a guitar.
This makes the strings move so that the strings make sounds.
Each string sound is a different musical note.
Harp players play music by plucking the strings in the right order and at the right time.
More than one string can be plucked at the same time to make a chord, or they can be played quickly, one after another, to make an arpeggio.
When the harp player wants a note to stop, they touch that string softly, so that it stops moving.
Kinds of harps
There are many different kinds of harps.
The two main kinds are folk harps and pedal harps.
The folk harp is the older kind of harp, the oldest dating back to 3000 BC in Ancient Egypt.
In these harps, each string can only make one note at a time.
They are usually tuned so that playing each string in order sounds like playing all the white notes on a piano in order.
This is called a diatonic scale.
In some places, they are tuned so that playing each string in order sounds like playing all the black notes on a piano in order.
This is called a pentatonic scale.
Folk harps can be found in many different sizes.
The smallest ones can be less than half a meter tall and can have as little as 20 strings.
The biggest ones can be almost 1.5 meters tall, have up to 40 strings, and can stand on the ground by themselves.
These harps are too big to be lifted by one person.
The pedal harp was invented during the 1800s by a man in France.
This is the kind of harp that is heard in most classical music and is used in the modern symphony orchestra, and for this reason it is often called a concert harp.
Pedal harps are about two meters tall and have about 50 strings.
The lowest and highest notes on a pedal harp are the same as the lowest and highest notes on a piano.
They are very heavy, and need more than one person to move them.
The frame is usually made out of metal.
Like the folk harp, the pedal harp is tuned like the white keys on a piano.
However, it has seven pedals to let the harp player play music in different keys.
Each pedal, named after the different musical notes,  has three places.
For the A pedal, the usual place makes all the A strings sound like a normal A (A-natural).
The lower place makes all the A strings on the harp sound like A-flat, while the higher place makes all the A strings sound like A-sharp.
A cross-strung harp is a pedal harp that is chromatic and consists of two rows of strings.
They cross near to the middle of the string without touching.
The strings are in the order of the piano keys (7 plus 5) or in the order of the 6-plus-6 system.
Things that are not harps
Some instruments have the word harp in their name, but they are not really harps.
The harp is such an old musical instrument, that people sometimes say harp when they mean any kind of instrument.
A harmonica is often called a blues harp (used to play jazz or blues music).
A jew's harp is not a harp, and it is not Jewish.
An Aeolian harp is just a box with tuned strings on it, and is not played by a human.
It is just placed outdoors where the wind blows.
The wind makes the strings move so that they make notes.
February 20 – The Orkneys and Shetlands are annexed to the crown of Scotland
Possible discovery of Bacalao (possibly Newfoundland, North America) and João Vaz Corte-Real.
Beginning of extensive slave trade in modern Cameroon, as the Portuguese sail up the Wuori River.
Fernão do Po claims the central-African islands Bioko and Annobón for Portugal.
Banca Monte Dei Paschi Di Siena, the world's oldest bank, is founded.
Kassam Staudium is an arena in Oxford, England.
It is where Oxford United F.C. plays.
It is the biggest arena in the blue square premier league conference national
Football stadiums in England
A nucleotide is an organic molecule.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA.
These two types of nucleic acid are essential biomolecules in all forms of life on Earth.
A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2-deoxyribose), and one phosphate group.
Nucleotides contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base.
Ribonucleotides are nucleotides in which the sugar is ribose.
Deoxyribonucleotides are nucleotides in which the sugar is deoxyribose.
In DNA, the purine bases are adenine and guanine, and the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine.
RNA uses uracil in place of thymine.
Adenine always pairs with thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds, each due to their unique structures.
Nucleotides also play a central role in metabolism at a fundamental, cellular level.
They provide chemical energy for the many cellular functions that need it.
Examples are: amino acid, protein and cell membrane synthesis, moving the cell and cell parts (both internally and intercellularly), cell division, and so on.
In addition, nucleotides work in cell signaling, and they are in important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (e.g. coenzyme A, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP+).
Voting is when a group of people decide something by saying what they want.
It can be for electing a leader or representative, passing a law, and other things.
When people are done voting, the votes are counted (often by machines) and the winner is determined.
Usually the side that gets most votes will win.
This is called majority rule.
The right to vote is called suffrage.
In some cases, a certain percentage may be needed to win a vote.
This is often the case when voting to change the constitution of a country, or when electing a government official.
When choosing a government official, there may be several rounds.
In the first round, votes can be cast for all candidates.
In the second round, only the two or three candidates with the most votes can be chosen.
A joule ( or sometimes ) is a unit in the SI system.
It measures energy; usually in scientific or electrical appliances .
A joule refers to the amount of energy transferred to an object when a force of 1 newton is applied on it over a distance of 1 metre (1J = 1N × 1m).
It is related to the watt (a unit of power): one watt equals one joule per second.
It can also be understood as the work done for passing one ampere of electric current through an electric circuit of external resistance equivalent to one ohm for one second.
Carl Friedrich Gauss (pronunciation: , Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss) (30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a famous mathematician from Göttingen, Germany.
Gauss contributed to many areas of learning.
Most of his work was about number theory and astronomy.
He was born in Braunschweig.
That city was then part of the duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg.
Today the city is part of Lower Saxony.
As a child, he was a prodigy, meaning he was very clever.
When he was 3 years old, he told his father that he had incorrectly measured something on his complicated payroll.
Gauss was correct.
Gauss also taught himself to read.
When he was in elementary school, his teacher once tried to keep the children busy, telling them to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100.
Gauss did it quickly, like this: 1 + 100 = 101, 2 + 99 = 101, 3 + 98 = 101, and so on.
There were a total of 50 pairs, so 50 × 101 = 5,050.
The formula is .
According to this archived website, the problem given to Gauss was actually more difficult to do.
The Duke of Brunswick gave Gauss a fellowship to the Collegium Carolinum, where he attended from 1792 to 1795.
This meant that the Duke paid for the education of Carl Friedrich Gauss at the Collegium.
After this, Gauss went to the University of Göttingen, from 1795 to 1798.
When Gauss was 23, scientists spotted the asteroid Ceres but they did not see it for long enough to know its orbit.
Gauss made calculations that let them locate it.
Later in life Gauss stopped working on pure math and turned to physics.
He did work in electromagnetism and made an early electrical telegraph.
Gauss wrote Disquisitiones Arithmeticae which is a book about number theory.
In that book he proved the law of Quadratic reciprocity.
He also was the first mathematician to explain Modular arithmetic in a very detailed way.
Before Gauss, mathematicians had used modular arithmetic in some cases but did not know much about using it broadly.
1777 births
1855 deaths
German number theorists
The Grand Canyon is a famous canyon in Arizona, formed by the Colorado River.
It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and a National Park of the United States.
It is also one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World.
The Grand Canyon is 277 miles (446 km) long, up to 18 miles (29 km) wide and is over a mile (1.83 km) (6000 feet) deep in places.
Nearly two billion years past of the Earth's geological history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries (smaller rivers) cut their channels through layer after layer of rock.
Evidence suggests the Colorado River established its course through the canyon at least 17 million years ago.
Since that time, the Colorado River continued to erode and form the canyon to the point we see it at today.
"Local erosion in the western Grand Canyon began about 17 million years ago, but a through-flowing Colorado River to the Pacific Ocean did not exist until about 5.4 million years ago... most of the downward cutting has been concentrated in the last 2.5 million years".
The result of all the erosion is one of the most complete geologic columns (stacks of rock layers) on the planet.
There are nearly 40 major sedimentary rock layers exposed in the Grand Canyon and in the Grand Canyon National Park area.
They range in age from about 200 million to nearly 2 billion years old.
Most were laid down in warm, shallow seas, near ancient, long-gone sea shores in western North America.
Both marine and terrestrial sediments are represented, including fossilized sand dunes from an ancient desert.
There are at least 14 known unconformities in the geologic record found in the Grand Canyon area.
Shown in the diagram, there is a gap of about one billion years between the stratum that is about 500 million years old (blue) and the lower level, which is about 1.5 billion years old at the top (green).
This large unconformity indicates a period of erosion between two periods of deposition.
Many of the formations were deposited in warm shallow seas, near-shore environments (such as beaches), and swamps.
The seashore repeatedly advanced and retreated over the edge of a proto-North America.
The great depth of the Grand Canyon and especially the height of its strata (most of which formed below sea level) was caused by 5,000 to 10,000 feet (1500 to 3000 m) uplift of the Colorado Plateau.
This started about 65 million years ago during the Laramide period of orogeny (mountain-building).
This uplift steepened the gradient of the Colorado River and its tributaries, which increased their speed and their ability to cut through rock.
Weather conditions during the ice ages also increased the amount of water in the Colorado River drainage system.
The ancestral Colorado River responded by cutting its channel faster and deeper.
The base level and course of the Colorado River (or its ancestral equivalent) changed 5.3 million years ago when the Gulf of California opened and lowered the river's base level (its lowest point).
This increased the rate of erosion and cut nearly all of the Grand Canyon's current depth by 1.2 million years ago.
The stepped appearance of the rocks was caused by their varied resistance to the flow of water.
Between three million and 100,000 years ago, volcanic activity spread ash (tuff) and lava over the area and at times completely blocked the river.
These volcanic rocks are the youngest in the canyon.
Many people come from around the world to visit the Grand Canyon.
People can also take trips floating on the Colorado River in boats and rafts.
Some people like to hike in the Grand Canyon.
The land on the north side of the Grand Canyon is called the North Rim.
The land on the south side of the Grand Canyon is called the South Rim.
North Rim is open to visitors from May to October.
It is possible to visit South Rim all year round.
There are trails leading from the North Rim and the South Rim to the bottom of the canyon.
These trails lead to a place at the bottom of the canyon called Phantom Ranch.
Phantom Ranch has a campground and cabins where hikers can spend the night.
Some people also ride mules into the Grand Canyon.
Most people who visit the Grand Canyon drive in cars to the South Rim and just look at the canyon from the rim and take pictures.
The are also free shuttles for visitors.
They are a good way to go from one viewpoint to another.
Many tourists like to fly over the canyon on a helicopter to have a panoramic view.
Grand Canyon admission is $35 per car.
People accessing by foot or bicycle have to pay $20.
Admission to Grand Canyon is included in the National Parks & Federal Recreational Lands Annual Pass ($80), which is valid to enter all National Park in United States for a year.
Grand Canyon National Park Service
Photos and road book in the Grand Canyon
Geography of Colorado
Geography of Arizona
National parks in the United States
Christopher Columbus finds the American continent while looking for India.
This leads to much exploring of the New World.
Moors driven out of Spain.
Philipp Melanchthon, German humanist and reformer
King Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)
Queen Isabella of Castile (1474–1504)
King Henry VII of England (1485–1509)
King Charles VIII of France (1483–1498)
King Louis XII of France (1498–1515)
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1440–1493)
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1493–1519)
King James IV of Scotland (1488–1513)
Duke Ivan III of Russia
King John I of Denmark
Lorenzo de' Medici, Italian ruler
Tupac Inca Yupanqui, Inca ruler of Tahuantinsuyu
Dairy products are foods that are made from animal milk.
Usually, they are made from the milk of cows and goats, but they can be made from the milk of other animals as well.
Dairy products include milk, cheese, butter, yogurt,ice cream...etc
Alberto Fujimori (born July 28, 1938) was the President of Peru from 1990-2000.
A controversial figure in Peruvian politics, his government is credited with the creation of Fujimorism, defeating the Shining Path insurgency and restoring Peru's macroeconomic stability.
He is still remembered in Peru for defeating Shining Path, the peace with Ecuador and recovering the economy after the presidency of Alan García.
Even amid his prosecution in 2008 for crimes against humanity relating to his presidency, two-thirds of Peruvians polled voiced approval for his leadership in that period.
In 2001, Fujimori's head of intelligence, Vladimiro Montesinos, was accused of doing illegal things.
People thought that Fujimori was also involved.
After that, Fujimori went to Japan, because he has Japanese ancestors, thus is a citizen there.
Japan protected him from Peruvian law since they do not find any valid accusation.
Fujimori resigned the Presidency of Peru.
Valentín Paniagua was elected president by the Congress soon after Fujimori resigned.
In 2005 Fujimori was detained in Chile.
After his extradition in 2007 the Peruvian government put him on trial and convicted him.
He was sentenced to several years in prison.
On 24 December 2017, President Kuczynski pardoned him on health grounds but in 2019 he was put back in prison.
This is a list of presidents of Peru.
Republic of Peru (1839–present)
Lists of politicians
The New York Rangers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).
They play in Madison Square Garden in New York City.
The team began in 1926, and has won four Stanley Cup championships.
The Rangers were started by a promoter named Tex Rickard.
Newspapers began calling the new team "Tex's Rangers", a play on the famous police force known as the Texas Rangers.
The team picked up on the nickname, and have been called "Rangers" ever since.
The Rangers were successful in their early years, winning the Stanley Cup in 1928, 1933, and 1940.
Bill Cook won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring leader in 1927 and 1933, and Bryan Hextall won it in 1942.
"Babe" Pratt was a star defenceman around this time.
The Rangers did very poorly in the mid-1940s, but improved by 1950, when they lost the Stanley Cup final in overtime of the deciding game seven to the Detroit Red Wings.
Buddy O'Connor won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1948, goaltender Chuck Rayner won it in 1950, and Andy Bathgate won it in 1959.
The team did not make the finals again until 1972, when they lost to the Boston Bruins.
They were led by players such as Jean Ratelle, Brad Park, Ed Giacomin, and Rod Gilbert.
The Rangers made the finals again in 1979, losing to the Montreal Canadians.
There was another team in New York, the Americans.
The Americans felt that the Rangers were favoured by Madison Square Garden, and that their team folded in 1942 because of the Rangers.
The Americans' coach and general manager, Red Dutton, claimed the Rangers would never win another Stanley Cup as long as he lived.
This became known as Dutton's curse.
Red Dutton died in 1987, and his curse came true.
Finally, the Rangers improved, winning the President's Cup as regular-season champions in 1992 and 1994.
Mark Messier won the Hart Trophy in 1992, and Brian Leetch won two Norris Trophies as best defence.
They led the Rangers to the Stanley Cup in 1994, after 54 years of not winning.
Problems and Today
Recently, the Rangers have been a poor team, missing the playoffs many years in a row.
However, in 2005-06, the team has improved again, much due to the play of star Jaromír Jágr and rookie (first year) goalie Henrik Lundqvist.
They reached the Finals in 2014 and lost to the Kings in 5 games.
1920s establishments in New York (state)
Burial monuments and structures
Plasma (physics), a state of matter
Blood plasma is the yellow liquid part of blood.
In normal blood, the blood cells are suspended in the plasma.
Plasma makes up about 55% of the total blood volume.
It is mostly water (90% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide.
Plasma is the transport medium for excretion.
In hospitals, blood plasma is prepared like this.
An anti-coagulant stops the blood clotting.
Then tubes of blood are spun very fast in a centrifuge.
The blood cells go to the bottom of the tubes.
The plasma is poured into another container.
Saline solution (pure water plus salt) for blood volume.
This can be done quickly in an emergency.
Blood plasma.
Packed red cells.
Whole blood.
Blood serum is blood plasma without fibrinogen or the other clotting factors (that is, whole blood minus both the cells and the clotting factors).
Whole plasma may be stored frozen, or it may be stored dry.
Dried plasma can be flown anywhere in the world, and is vital for the armed forces.
The method was invented in the USA in 1940, and used widely in World War II.
The Army/Navy standard pack was two tin cans, each with 400cc bottles inside.
One held the plasma, the other distilled (pure) water.
The plasma could be restored in three minutes, and remained fresh for about four hours.
The Vancouver Canucks are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).
They started to play in the NHL in 1970.
They play in Vancouver, British Columbia at Rogers Arena.
The Canucks were first a team in the Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHL), winning the championship in 1946 and 1948.
In 1952 the PCHL changed its name to the Western Hockey League (WHL).
The Canucks stayed in the WHL.
The Canucks joined the NHL in 1970.
They were not a good team at first, though they won their division in 1975.
Andre Boudrias was a star for the team at this time.
The team made the Stanley Cup finals in 1982, which surprised many people, since they had finished below average in the regular season.
Goaltender Richard Brodeur, along with forwards Stan Smyl, Thomas Gradin, and Darcy Rota, led the team.
Coach Roger Neilson and some players raised white towels on top of their hockey sticks to "surrender" to the referees, who they thought were unfair (a white flag means surrender or "I give up").
After that, the fans all waved white flags during Canucks playoff games (this is called "Towel Power").
The team lost four games to zero in the finals to the New York Islanders.
In the late 1980s, players such as Toni Tanti and Petri Skriko led the team.
They made the finals again in 1994, due to players such as goaltender Kirk MacLean, the "Russian Rocket" Pavel Bure (who scored the most goals in the NHL that year), Trevor Linden, and Cliff Ronning.
However, they lost the series four games to three to the New York Rangers.
1990-present
The Canucks did poorly in the late 1990s, but improved in the 2000s.
Markus Naslund came second in scoring in 2002 and 2003, and was named the Pearson Trophy winner as players' choice for the best player in 2003.
Todd Bertuzzi, Matthias Ohlund, and Ed Jovanovski were also important players who helped lead the team to the division title in 2004.
However, they lost in overtime of deciding game seven to the Calgary Flames in the first round of the playoffs (just as they had done in 1989), and the Flames went to the finals (just like 1989).
The Canucks just missed the playoffs in 2006.
Two of the young stars, identical twins Daniel and Henrik Sedin, along with players such as Anson Carter, were important to the team that year.
In 2011 the Canucks won the President's Trophy as they were the best team in the NHL regular season.
They also made the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals, but lost to the Boston Bruins.
The Bruins won the Stanley Cup.
The Canucks won the President's Trophy again in 2012, but lost to the La Kings in the first round in five games.
On April 8, 2014, the Canucks fired General Manager Mike Gillis.
Not too long afterward, they announced that they had hired Trevor Linden as their new General Manager.
fold (geology)
folding, in poker, is the act of withdrawing or forfeiting from a hand rather than meeting the bet
folding ingredients together is a cooking technique
protein folding
origami, the art of paper folding
pattern welding, the folding of metal
Mi Reflejo is the first Spanish-language album by American pop singer Christina Aguilera.
It was released on 2000.
There are 11 songs in this album.
Six of them are new songs.
Five of them are from her first album Christina Aguilera but in Spanish.
This album was nominated Grammy Award as Best Latin Pop Album in 2001.
It was the Latin Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album.
2000 albums
Latin Grammy Award-winning albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Behaviour (or behavior) is what an animal does or how it acts.
Behaviours may be conscious or unconscious.
They may be inherited or learnt.
The term is also used for systems and for machines which interact with their environment.
The term is not well-defined.
In experiments, behaviour is the observed reaction which occurs when an organism is given a stimulus.
Some organisms are more complicated than others and may be more aware of their surroundings.
If their behaviour is conscious it means that they know what they are doing.
If they are not aware of what they are doing this is unconscious behaviour.
Humans will pull their hand back without thinking if they accidentally touch something hot.
This is done because we (and other animals) inherit nervous system reflexes which cause us to pull away from the thing that is causing the pain.
Behaviour is linked to the nervous system as well as the endocrine system.
The nervous system reacts, and notices what happens.
The hormone system is much slower.
It makes some kinds of behaviour more, or less, likely.
A simple example is the change from being a child to an adult.
This involves a whole range of hormones which affect growth and behaviour.
Behaviour is also linked to learning.
Organisms which are more complicated can learn better than those that are simpler.
However, even the simplest animals show habituation, which is a primitive kind of learning.
For organisms, learning means that they change their behaviour because they remember having been in that situation before and know how to react.
People often use the word "behaviour" to mean the way people interact with (behave towards) one another.
Children are taught what is good behaviour and what is bad behaviour.
Good behaviour is about being polite and thoughtful to other people.
It is the kind of behaviour that people in a society expect from others.
Tangsudo, dangsudo or tang soo do () is a Korean martial art.
It is considered as Korean karate.
History of tangsudo
The name "tangsudo" means "the way of Chinese hands".
In the Korean peninsula several schools of martial arts had been prohibited by Japanese invaders for 35 years, and they went out from secret at the end of the Second World War.
They were known as schools of tangsudo.
In the modern Korea, the first school of tangsudo was Chungdokwan, founded in 1944 by the master WonKukLee.
As a result of the liberation of Korean nation, which was happened 15th August 1945, other four schools were opened: Mudokkwan, Songmukwan, Chidokwan, and Changmukwan.
Other schools ("kwan") were added to the list after the end of the civil war between north and south (1950-1953).
In December 1955, with the approval of the president of Republic of South Korea, Singman Rhee, a meeting of the founders of the main schools was called.
The intention of this meeting was to unify the different schools and to give the name and the form to the national martial art.
The name should be related neither with China, nor with Japan ("tangsu"="Chinese hands" and its Japanese pronunciation is "karate").
Among a lot of already postulated names there was "Taekwondo", proposed by a General named Choi Hong Hee.
In 1961 the "Korean Association of Taesudo" rises.
Mudukkwan of Hwang Kee and Ydokwan of Byong Yun Kwei remained anchored to the tradition.
The new organization dismembered the technical inheritance of the old tangsudo in 1962.
The sporting combat with the use of jumps, kicks and fists formed taesudo briefly; the techniques of personal defense with the use of levers and throws (grappling) became "hapkido".
On the other hand, the techniques of "neikung" (internal work), which control breathing, energy (Ki) and the mental concentration, became not very noticeable.
In 1964 the organization changed its name once again into "Korean Association of Taekwondo".
That name remain ultimate.
In 1966, "International Taekwondo Federation" is born.
Its aim was to spread out the new-born discipline in the rest of the world.
Its founder is the Korean general Choi.
In 1971 Taekwondo becomes national sport of South Korea for presidential decree of the president Park Chung Hee.
In 1973, "World Taekwondo Federation" is born, presided by Dr Un Yong Kim.
It was founded in opposition to the ITF.
The ITF, after a series of continual changes, will have the support of the North Korea.
Meanwhile, the WTF of Doctor Kim reaches the Olympic Games: Seoul 1988, Barcelona 1992.
So, it is an official Olympic sport and no more martial art.
The schools, which were faithful to tangsudo had to choose the strategy of the emigration, by installing them outside of Korea, in America, Europe, Southern Africa, etc.,
to maintain live and unaltered the message of the ancient, wise men of Orient.
Techniques of fight in tangsudo
Stances
There are many stances in the tangsudo.
Some of them are basic, for example "the stance of preparation"; the others need more balance, such as "the stance on one foot" or "the stance of the crane".
Basic Techniques
Basic techniques are simple and effective.
The students learn all the basic techniques (blocks, blows, kicks) which can be found in the traditional art of tangsudo.
Dojang (schools of the tangsudo), gives special importance to the "art", not only to fighting.
The hand techniques involve, amongst others, many different fist techniques and "knife-hand" techniques.
Each of them has a correct form and special practical use, and they are used in blocking and in attack.
The tangsudo is the martial art which gives much attention to foot techniques and to flexibility.
They are also used for both blocking and attacking.
Training of tangsudo
In the traditional method, the student has to learn the basics first of all, later he does repeatedly the fight of one step and the fight of three steps.
The fight of one step teaches how to direct attention, but the fight of three steps teaches him how to move forward and to move backward, as well as how to use a distance.
Together, they give the belief in student's abilities, and the student needs this belief in order to successfully block and attack in the free fight.
Training of the mind
The teachers give attention to the importance of the Principles and Creed of Tangsudo, the students learn discipline and respect.
The self-confidence, the concentration and the control are also underlined, because they are important aspects of everyday life.
Practice of basics (kibon)
The students do regularly the basic techniques with marching almost during every lesson.
This helps them to understand the dynamics of a movement and this improves the technique by repetition.
The basics teach them good balance and good stance.
Forms (hyong)
The forms are the sequences of the basic techniques.
They are fixed in advance.
The forms in the tangsudo are obtained from different styles of martial arts.
Indeed, the majority of them is the versions of karate kata.
They show the special practical use of all the basic techniques in a variety of situations.
The form is considered as if the performer of the form were defending himself against many enemies.
The hyong are arranged patterns of techniques which the students do regularly at all levels.
The study of the forms increases abilities of understanding, of learning, and of remembering.
Forms change the shape of the basic techniques and they teach the strategy, the tactics, the choosing of the right moment, and the balance.
If the tangsudo is treated as "the art for the art", the forms are easily learned and they are similar to a kind of dance in presentation.
While the student advances in ability, the hyong become more complicated and become the challenge.
Forms are a part of the training of tangsudo which a student can easily do regularly almost anywhere.
Fight (daeryeon)
The fight of training gives the chance to use freely all the techniques against one or some opponents.
Self-control is important.