the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
However, in order for processors to do complicated things, they need to execute different instructions based on what the data they were given is.
The ability of processors to execute different instructions depending on something's outcome is called branching.
Instructions that decide what the next instruction should be are called branch instructions.
In this example, suppose someone wants to calculate the amount of paint they will need to paint a square with a certain side length.
However, due to economy of scale the paint store will not sell them any less than amount of paint needed to paint a 100 x 100 square.
subtract 100 from the side length
if the answer is less than zero, set the side length to 100
multiply the side length by itself
mov bx, ax
sub bx, 100
jge continue
mov ax, 100
mul ax
This example introduces several new things, but the first two instructions are familiar.
They copy the value of ax into bx and then subtract 100 from bx.
One of the new things in this example is called a label, a concept found in assembly languages in general.
Labels can be anything the programmer wants (unless it is the name of an instruction, which would confuse the assembler).
In this example, the label is 'continue'.
It is interpreted by the assembler as the address of an instruction.
In this case, it is the address of mult ax.
Another new concept is that of flags.
On x86 processors, many instructions set 'flags' in the processor that can be used by the next instruction to decide what to do.
In this case, if bx was less than 100, sub will set a flag that says the result was less than zero.
The next instruction is jge which is short for 'jump if greater than or equal to'.
It is a branch instruction.
If the flags in the processor specify that the result was greater than or equal to zero, instead of just going to the next instruction the processor will jump to the instruction at the continue label, which is mul ax.
This example works fine, but it is not what most programmers would write.
The subtract instruction set the flag correctly, but it also changes the value it operates on, which required the ax to be copied into bx.
Most assembly languages allow for comparison instruction that do not change any of the arguments they are passed, but still set the flags properly and x86 assembly is no exception.
cmp ax, 100
Now, instead of subtracting 100 from ax, seeing if that number is less than zero, and assigning it back to ax, ax is left unchanged.
The flags are still set the same way, and the jump is still taken in the same situations.
While input and output are a fundamental part of computing, there is no one way they are done in assembly language.
This is because the way I/O works depends on the set up of the computer and the operating system its running, not just what kind of processor it has.
In the example section the Hello World example uses MS-DOS operating system calls and the example after it uses BIOS calls.
It is possible to do I/O in assembly language.
Indeed, assembly language can generally express anything that a computer is capable of doing.
However, even though there are instructions to add and branch in assembly language that will always do the same thing there are no instructions in assembly language that always do I/O.
Assembly languages and portability
Even though assembly language is not directly run by the processor - machine code is, it still has a lot to do with it.
Each processor family supports different features, instructions, rules for what the instructions can do, and rules for what combination of instructions are allowed where.
Because of this, different types of processors still need different assembly languages.
Because each version of assembly language is tied to a processor family, it lacks something called portability.
Something that has portability or is portable can be easily transferred from one type of computer to another.
While other types of programming languages are portable, assembly language, in general, is not.
Assembly language and high-level languages
It takes a lot of effort to express a simple program in assembly.
Although not as error-prone as machine code, assembly language still offers very little protection against errors.
Almost all assembly languages do not enforce type safety.
Assembly language does not promote good programming practices like modularity.
While each individual assembly language instruction is easy to understand, it is hard to tell what the intent of the programmer was who wrote it.
In fact, the assembly language of a program is so hard to understand that companies do not worry about people dissassembling (getting the assembly language of) their programs.
As a result of these drawbacks, high-level languages like Pascal, C, and C++ are used for most projects instead.
They allow programmers to express their ideas more directly instead of having to worry about telling the processor what to do every step of the way.
They're called high-level because the ideas the programmer can express in the same amount code are more complicated.
Programmers writing code in compiled high level languages use a program called a compiler to transform their code into assembly language.
Compilers are much harder to write than assemblers are.
Also, high-level languages do not always allow programmers to use all the features of the processor.
This is because high-level languages are designed to support all processor families.
Unlike assembly languages, that only support one type of processor, high-level languages are portable.
Even though compilers are more complicated than assemblers, decades of making and researching compilers has made them very good.
Now, there is not much reason to use assembly language anymore for most projects, because compilers can usually figure out how to express programs in assembly language as well or better than programmers.
A Hello, world!
program written in x86 assembly:
main  proc
mov    ax,@data
mov    ds,ax
mov    ah,9
mov    dx,offset hello_message
int    21h
mov    ax,4C00h
main  endp
end   main.
A function that prints a number to the screen using BIOS interrupts written in NASM x86 assembly.
Modular code is possible to write in assembly, but it takes extra effort.
Note that anything that comes after a semicolon on a line is a comment and is ignored by the assembler.
Putting comments in assembly language code is very important because large assembly language programs are so hard to understand.
; void printn(int number, int base);
push	bp
mov	bp, sp
push	ax
push 	bx
push	cx
push	dx
push	si
mov	si, 0
mov	ax, [bp + 4]	; number
mov	cx, [bp + 6]	; base
gloop:	inc	si		; length of string
mov	dx, 0		; zero dx
div	cx		; divide by base
cmp	dx, 10		; is it ge 10?
jge	num
add	dx, '0'		; add zero to dx
jmp	anum
num:	add	dx, ('A'- 10)	; hex value, add 'A' to dx - 10.
anum:	push	dx		; put dx onto stack.
cmp	ax, 0		; should we continue?
jne	gloop
mov	bx, 7h		; for interrupt
tloop:	pop	ax		; get its value
mov	ah, 0eh		; for interrupt
int	10h		; write character
dec	si		; get rid of character
jnz	tloop
pop	si
pop	dx
pop	cx
pop	bx
pop	ax
pop	bp
ret	4
Michael Singer, PDP-11.
Assembler Language Programming and Machine Organization, John Wiley & Sons, NY: 1980.
Peter Norton, John Socha, Peter Norton's Assembly Language Book for the IBM PC, Brady Books, NY: 1986.
Dominic Sweetman: See MIPS Run.
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1999.
John Waldron: Introduction to RISC Assembly Language Programming.
Addison Wesley, 1998.
Jeff Duntemann: Assembly Language Step-by-Step.
Wiley, 2000.
Paul Carter: PC Assembly Language.
Free ebook, 2001.Website
Robert Britton: MIPS Assembly Language Programming.
Prentice Hall, 2003.
Randall Hyde: The Art of Assembly Language.
No Starch Press, 2003.
Draft versions available online  as PDF and HTML
Jonathan Bartlett: Programming from the Ground Up.
Bartlett Publishing, 2004.
Available online as PDF and as HTML
ASM Community Book "An online book full of helpful ASM info, tutorials and code examples" by the ASM Community
MenuetOS - Operating System written entirely in 64-bit assembly language
SB-Assembler for most 8-bit processors/controllers
GNU lightning, a library that generates assembly language code at run-time which is useful for Just-In-Time compilers
WinAsm Studio, The Assembly IDE - Free Downloads, Source Code , a free Assembly IDE, a lot of open source programs to download and a popular Board
The Netwide Assembler
GoAsm - a free component "Go" tools: support 32-bit & 64-bit Windows programming
http://www.atariarchives.org/mlb/introduction.php
http://www.swansontec.com/sprogram.htm
The ASM Community, a great ASM programming resource including a Messageboard and an ASM Book
Intel Assembly 80x86 CodeTable (a cheat sheet reference)
Unix Assembly Language Programming
PPR: Learning Assembly Language
Assembly Language Programming Examples
Typed Assembly Language (TAL)
Authoring Windows Applications In Assembly Language
Information on Linux assembly programming
Terse: Algebraic Assembly Language for x86
Iczelion's Win32 Assembly Tutorial
IBM z/Architecture Principles of Operation IBM manuals on mainframe machine language and internals.
IBM High Level Assembler IBM manuals on mainframe assembler language.
Mainframe Assembler Forum
NASM Manual
Experiment with Intel x86/x64 operating modes with assembly
Build yourself an assembler (eniAsm project)  and various assembly articles and tutorials
Encoding Intel x86/IA-32 Assembler Instructions
Toffee is a candy which is made by boiling sugar with butter, and then cooling the mixture so that it becomes hard.
Sometimes it is made with treacle.
Chop (, , ) is a city found in the Zakarpattia Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, near the borders of Slovakia and Hungary.
It is separated from the Hungarian town of Záhony by the river Tisza.
Chop is an important railway junction in Ukraine where the Lviv-Stryi-Budapest railway line meets the Lviv-Uzhgorod-Košice line.
Near Chop, there are also international railway and highway border crossings to Hungary and Slovakia and also to the westernmost point of Ukraine.
Chop in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
Chop (Чоп) of Ukraine 1:100,000 topographic maps
Discovering The Everyday Life in Chop
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) are large metropolitan areas of the United States as defined by the Office of Management and Budget.
These areas are urban areas with a lot of people.
An earlier version of the MSA was the "Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area" (SMSA).
MSAs are used for official purposes.
MSAs are made up of counties and for some county equivalents.
In New England, because of the greater importance of towns over counties, similar areas are based on town units.
These are called New England City and Town Areas (NECTAs).
MSAs are created around a central urban area —an areawhere there are a lot of people.
The counties with the urbanized area are known as the central counties of the MSA.
Other nearby counties (known as outlying counties) can be a part of the MSA if these counties have strong social and economic connections to the central counties.
Some areas within these outlying counties may actually be rural areas.
The population estimates for some metro areas are not always agreed upon.
In some cases, different sources give numbers of people which differ by millions.
The definitions used for the last U.S. Census differed from those for previous censuses.
This makes it hard to compare official information from different dates.
MSA boundaries do not stretch into Canada or Mexico.
This can affect the number of people in several cities.
For example, Detroit, Buffalo, El Paso and San Diego are often much larger than their MSA figures.
As of June 2003, there is now an additional classification, “Metropolitan Division.”
The term metropolitan division is used for a county or group of counties that are a distinct employment area within a metropolitan statistical area that has at least 2.5 million people.
A metropolitan division is a part of a larger metropolitan statistical area but it is often a distinct social, economic, and cultural area within the larger region.
Top 25
For all U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas, see the Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas.
For a list including combined metropolitan areas, see the Table of United States primary census statistical areas.
Jenks is a city in Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, and a suburb of Tulsa, in the northeastern part of the state.
As of the 2000 census, the city population was 9,557, but it was estimated at 14,123 in 2006.
Owasso is a city in Rogers and Tulsa counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and a northern suburb of Tulsa.
The population was 18,502 at the 2000 census.
Broken Arrow is a city in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma.
Most of it is in Tulsa County, but part of it is in western Wagoner County.
Inuvik is a town in the Northwest Territories of Canada.
It is also where the local government of the Inuvik Region is based.
Inuvik was created as a replacement in 1953 for the earlier administrative center, Aklavik because that area was often flooded.
At first, it was called "New Aklavik" but was renamed Inuvik in 1958 because there was confusion between the names of Aklavik and New Akalavik.
Inuvik means "Place of Man" in Inuvialuktun, the local Inuit language.
Edmond is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the  Oklahoma City metropolitan area in the central part of the state.
QuikTrip (abbreviated QT)  is a Tulsa-based chain of convenience stores mainly found in the Midwestern and Southern United States (not to be confused with Kwik Trip convenience stores).
The first QuikTrip opened in 1958 in Tulsa, Oklahoma by Chester Cadieux and Burt B. Holmes.
QuikTrip promotes its gasoline as "high-quality" and offers a money-back guarantee.
Companies based in Oklahoma
20th-century establishments in Oklahoma
The Oklahoma City Thunder (abbreviated OKC) are an American professional basketball franchise based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
The Seattle SuperSonics franchise had moved to Oklahoma, which meant that there was a new team name (Oklahoma City Thunder).
Because of this, the Thunder replaced Seattle in the Western Conference's Northwest Division and began play at Oklahoma City's Ford Center, now known as Paycom Center, during the 2008–09 NBA season.
Nadsat is a slang language.
It was invented by Anthony Burgess when he wrote a book called A Clockwork Orange.
The book is about a teenager called Alex.
Alex speaks Nadsat in the book.
Stanley Kubrick turned the book into a film, also called A Clockwork Orange.
The name of the slang language Nadsat comes from Russian.
So do many words in the language itself.
In Russian, numbers between ten and twenty end with -nadsat.
This is like the way the same numbers end with -teen in English.
So Nadsat means 'teen'.
Although there is 1950s Russian slang in Nadsat, there are other languages too.
However, most words in Nadsat are English or variations of English.
One type of English variation used is rhyming slang.
viddy: to see (from Russian slang)
appy polly logy: apology (rhyming slang)
Larry Joe Bird (born December 7, 1956) is an American retired NBA basketball player.
He won three NBA championships in 1981, 1984, and 1986 with the Boston Celtics.
He has also won the NBA MVP award three times, in 1984, 1985, and 1986 as a Celtic.
He played college basketball at Indiana State University where he developed a rivalry and friendship with Los Angeles Lakers star Magic Johnson when he faced him in the 1979 NCAA national championship game and three NBA championship series (1984, 1985 and 1987).
He has been described as one of the greatest basketball players and greatest shooters of all time.
Bird was nicknamed Larry Legend and The Hick from French Lick, after his hometown in Indiana.
He was also called Kodak by his first NBA coach, Bill Fitch, because Bird could form pictures in his head of the plays on the basketball court.
Finally, he was nicknamed The Great White Hope.
In 1992, Bird was a member of the United States men's national basketball team.
The team was one of the most famous teams in US Olympic history, known as "The Dream Team."
The team captured the gold medal after going undefeated.
In 1997, Bird became the head coach of the Indiana Pacers.
He was also President of the Pacers (2000-2012, 2013-2017).
Sportspeople from Indiana
The Seattle SuperSonics (also called the Seattle Sonics) were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle, Washington that played in the Pacific and Northwest Divisions of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1967 until its final season in 2007–2008.
The team moved to Oklahoma City in 2008, changing its name to the Oklahoma City Thunder.
Sports in Seattle, Washington
Jurassic Park  is a 1993 American science fiction movie directed by Steven Spielberg, based on the novel of the same name by Michael Crichton.
It was released on June 11, 1993, and got positive reviews.
John Hammond, the owner of a scientific company, creates a theme park on an island that has dinosaurs which have been brought back to life by being cloned.
He invites Dr. Alan Grant, a man who studies dinosaurs and doesn't work well with kids, and Dr. Ellie Sattler, a woman who studies ancient plants, to visit the park.
Along with a mathematician named Ian Malcolm and a lawyer named Donald Gennaro, they go to the park and see a few dinosaurs, like Brachiosaurus.
John says that the dinosaurs were brought back because of the dinosaur DNA found in some mosquitoes.
To fix any broken parts of the DNA, they added the DNA of frogs to the dinosaurs.
The dinosaurs were all made to be female so that they would not breed.
Lex and Tim Murphy, who are Hammond's grandkids, join the group.
The group goes on a tour of the park in some Ford Explorer cars.
A tropical storm heads towards the park, and it starts raining.
Ellie is separated from the group when she tries to help a sick Triceratops.
Dennis Nedry, a worker at the park, betrays Hammond so he can get money from another company, and he turns off the park's safety systems.
The cars that the group are in aren't able to move anymore.
Many dinosaurs, including a T. rex, break out of their pens.
The T. rex eats Donald, hurts Ian, and pushes a car off a cliff.
As Dennis tries to escape the park, he gets killed by a Dilophosaurus.
Ellie, along with Robert Muldoon, a park worker, look for survivors.
They rescue Malcolm and escape the T. rex in a Jeep.
John, along with the park's main engineer named Ray Arnold, decide to reboot the park's systems.
During the rebooting, the dangerous Velociraptors escape and start to wander the park.
When Ray goes missing, Ellie goes to finish the rebooting process.
She finds that Ray has been killed, and she runs away from one raptor.
Two of the raptors show up, and they surprise and kill Robert.
Meanwhile, Alan, Lex, and Tim, spend the night in a tall tree.
They make friends with a Brachiosaurus.
The next day, Alan, Lex, and Tim discover dinosaur eggs.
At first, they are confused, since the dinosaurs are all female, and eggs can't be laid unless there is a male dinosaur involved.
Alan figures out that the frog DNA in the dinosaur DNA allows the dinosaurs to change their genders.
They come across a group of running Gallimimus, and they head towards an electric fence.
When the park's power turns back on, Tim gets shocked by the fence and gets hurt.
As Alan goes to look for Ellie, Lex and Tim are hunted by the raptors in a kitchen.
They escape and meet up with Alan and Ellie.
All four of them end up cornered by the raptors in the park's atrium, but the T. rex arrives and kills the raptors.
John, Alan, Ellie, Ian, Lex, and Tim, all survive, and leave the park in a helicopter.
John is disappointed that the park was unsuccessful, but Ellie is happy that Alan has learned to get along with kids.
The movie was based off a book by Michael Crichton.
A few people wanted to be the director of the movie, like Tim Burton.
Eventually, Steven Spielberg was chosen to direct.
Filming the movie started in 1992 on Kaua'i, an island in Hawaii.
The filming was stopped for a day because Hurricane Iniki passed over the island.
A few of the scenes in the movie that involve rain were actually filmed during the hurricane.
Other scenes were filmed in California, on a stage at Warner Bros. Studios, and in other places in Hawaii.
At first, the dinosaurs were going to be made using stop-motion, but Spielberg didn't think it looked real enough.
The dinosaurs in the movie were created using ways called animatronics and CGI.
The dinosaurs were either robots, puppets, or made with computers.
After filming for the movie was over, Spielberg monitored the effects work while he was in the country of Poland, where he was filming another movie, Schindler's List.
Jurassic Park got positive reviews, as many critics and moviegoers enjoyed it.
Many people praised the movie's special effects and music.
The movie was nominated for three Academy Awards (Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Visual Effects), and won all three.
At the time, Jurassic Park had made more money than any other movie.
However, the movie Titanic ended up making even more money, breaking the record.
3-D version
Jurassic Park has five sequels: The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997), Jurassic Park III (2001), Jurassic World (2015), Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), and Jurassic World: Dominion (2022).
Animated web series include: LEGO Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar, Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous.
2013 3D movies
Jørn Utzon (April 9, 1918 – November 29, 2008) was a Danish architect.
He was born in Copenhagen and grew up in Aalborg.
He is most well known for designing the Sydney Opera House in Australia.
He won a contest for designing the Sydney Opera House in 1957.
However, he left Australia in 1966 and never returned and saw his completed work.
He thought of his design of the Sydney Opera House to be like peeling an orange, as he said putting the shells of the building together would make a perfect sphere.
In 2001, he was invited back to restore the building and change it back toward his original designs, but he did not return.
Utzon Center
The Kingohouses website
The Sydney Opera House history
The Edge of the Possible, 58 minute documentary, 1998, Dir: Daryl Dellora, Film Art Doco Pty Ltd
Design by Deception: The Politics of Megaproject Approval  (PDF)
Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that allows humans to get, use, and understand language.
It studies how our minds allow us to understand language and produce language.
One part of psycholinguistics, developmental psycholinguistics studies how children learn to talk.
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics official website
Branches of psychology
Livid is an alternative live music festival from Australia.
It went every year from 1989 to 2003.
The first festival was at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, it was later held in Melbourne and Sydney.
Meherabad ("abad" means a flourishing colony) is the main center where Meher Baba lived and worked from 1923.
It is about nine kilometers (6 miles) south of Ahmednagar, India.
It is now the site of Meher Baba's tomb as well as places for visitors to stay.
A large number of buildings associated with the earlier days of Baba’s work as well as places of charity are also there.
Many Baba lovers work or live in the Meherabad area.
Meherabad is a popular place of pilgrimage.
Around 30,000 pilgrims come each year to Amartithi (the anniversary of Meher Baba's death).
In 1944 Meher Baba moved his residence 15 miles north to Meherazad located on the other side of Ahmedagar.
It also is a place of pilgrimage.
Sakori is a village in Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra State, India that is most famous as the place where Upasni Maharaj lived and worked.
Villages in India
Ajri is an Indo-Aryan language.
It is spoken in Swat District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
It belongs to the Lahnda group and is near the Seraiki and Hindko languages.
Bashkardi is a southwestern Iranian language spoken in the southeast of Iran in the provinces of Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan.
Bashkardi has numerous dialects and these dialects form a transition from Larestani to Balochi.
Jatki or Jhangochi (جھنگوچی) is the oldest and most conservative dialect of the Punjabi (Lahndi or western Punjabi) language.
Native people use Jatki word for their dialect.
It is spoken throughout a widespread area, starting from Khanewal and Jhang at both ends of Ravi River and Chenab River to Gujranwala District.
It than runs down to Bahawalnagar and Chishtian araes, on the banks of river Sutlej River.
It is spoken by Indigenous people of Jhang, Faisalabad, Khanewal, Vehari, Chiniot, Toba Tek Singh, Nankana Sahib, Bahawalnagar, Pakpattan,Okara, Sahiwal,Sargodha, Hafizabad and Mandi Bahauddin districts of Punjab.
It is also spoken in few areas of Sheikhpura, Muzaffargarh, Bahawalpur and Lodhran districts of Pakistani Punjab and Fazilka district of Indian  Punjab.
This entire area has almost the same traditions, customs and culture.
The Jhangochi dialect of Punjabi has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi variants.
This area has a great culture and heritage, especially literary heritage, as it is credited with the creation of the famous epic romance stories of Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiba.
It is spoken in the Bar areas of Punjab, i.e. areas whose names are often suffixed with 'Bar', for example Sandal Bar, Kirana Bar, Neeli Bar and Ganji Bar.
Kalash or Kalasha (also known as Kalasha-mun) is an Indo-European language in the Indo-Aryan branch, further classified as a Dardic language in the Chitral Group.
However, this Dardic classification is questionable because only 53% of the commonly used words in Kalash have cognates in Khowar language.
Piergiorgio Odifreddi (born July 13, 1950), is an Italian mathematician (person who studies mathematics), logician (person who studies reason), essayist (person who writes essays)  and fond of the history of science.
He is particularly well-known in Italy for his longstanding  criticisms and ridicule of the Catholic Church and religions in general and the writings and popular interventions of Antonino Zichichi.
Lubanki, also known as Labanki, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Lubanas tribal grouping in the Republic of India and Pakistan.
It is classified as a form or dialect of Punjabi.
Lubanki has been spoken in the Rajasthan and Gujarat areas and some areas of Pakistan.
The Punjabi word tanda is allegedly of Lubanki origin and means a town.
The dialect is almost extinct.
With the loss of the language's prestige and status, most Lubanas now speak other forms of Punjabi as their primary language.
The Parkari Koli language (sometimes called just Parkari) is a language mainly spoken in the province of Sindh, Pakistan.
Waziri language is a Southeastern Iranian language spoken by the Wazir Pashtun tribe in Waziristan in Pakistan.
It is also spoken by some of the neighboring people of Pakistan and Afghanistan.
The language can be considered a dialect of the Pashto language but has some distinctive features and vocabulary.
Any object that symbolically resembles a penis may also be referred to as a phallus, or as being phallic (as in 'phallic symbol').
Such symbols represent the fertility associated with the male sexual organ, and the male orgasm.
When an erect penis is shown in art, it is often called a phallus ().
It is a piece of stone carved to look like a penis that is about 28,000 years old.
The oldest piece of writing about Priapus that is known is a comedy (a funny or silly play) written some time in the fourth century B.C. (400–301 B.C.).
In Greek mythology, Priapus tried to attack a nymph (a female spirit) named Lotis who was sleeping so he could force her to have sex.
However, a donkey brayed – it gave a loud cry.
This made him lose his erection, and also woke Lotis up.
To save Lotis, the gods turned her into a lotus plant.
In the end, Priapus's lust – his strong desire to have sex – made him have an erection all the time, and his penis grew so large that he could not move.
Although some temples were built for people to pray to Priapus, he was mostly worshipped in people's homes or gardens.
Donkeys would sometimes be killed and offered to him, but gifts of fish, flowers, fruit and vegetables were also very common.
Statues of Priapus were often placed at doorways and crossroads (places where two roads crossed).
To make Priapus happy, people passing by would stroke the statue's penis.
A Herma, or herm, is a sculpture with a head, and perhaps a torso, above a plain, usually squared lower section, on which male genitals may also be carved at the appropriate height.
The form originated in Ancient Greece, and was adopted by the Romans, and revived at the Renaissance.
In ancient Greece the statues had an apotropaic function, and were placed at crossings and borders as protection.
Hermes was a phallic god, associated with fertility, luck, roads and borders.
His name comes from the word herma.
In Athens, they were placed outside houses for good luck and protection.
They would be adorned with garlands or wreaths and anointed with olive oil to obtain luck.
Shiva, perhaps the most ancient of the Indian deities, and the third of the Hindu Trinity—one of the most widely worshipped and edified deity in the Hindu pantheon, is worshipped often in the form of the lingam, or phallus.
Evidence of phallic worship in the India date back to prehistoric times.
Stone Lingams with several varieties of stylized "heads", or the glans, are found to this date in many of the old temples, and in museums in India and abroad.
The famous man-size lingam in the Parashurameshwar Temple in the Chitoor Distirct of the Indian State of Andhra Pradesh, better known as the Gudimallam Lingam, is about 1.5 metres in height, carved in polished black granite.
Dated back to ca.
2300-2800 BC, it is one of the existing lingams from the pre-Buddhist period.
The almost naturalistic giant lingam is distinguished by its prominent, bulbous head, and an anthropomorphic form of Shiva carved in high relief on the shaft.
Shiva Lingams in India have tended to become more and more stylized over the centuries, and existing lingams from before the 6th century show a more leaning towards the naturalistic style, with the glans clearly indicated.
Sandbach is a market town in Cheshire, United Kingdom.
It is in the Borough of Congleton.
Sandbach Town Council
Website about the History of Sandbach
detailed map of Sandbach Town Centre
Alsager is a town and civil parish in Cheshire, England.
It is located in the Borough of Congleton, near to the border with Staffordshire.
Alsager Tour Guide - Information about the local area
The Badawi Pass connects Dir with Kohistan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Bilafond La (meaning "Pass of the Butterflies") is a mountain pass on Saltoro Ridge .
It is , also called the Saltoro Pass.
It is west of the large Siachen Glacier.
India controls the pass now.
It is near the Line of Control dividing Indian- and Pakistani-administered territory.
Sia La is a mountain pass on Saltoro Ridge, which is immediately west of the vast Siachen Glacier.
Currently held by India, the pass is near the line of control dividing Indian- and Pakistani-administered territory.
Bara-lacha-la (also known as Bara-lacha Pass, el.
5045 m./16,400 ft.)
is a high mountain pass connecting Lahaul District in Himachal Pradesh to Ladakh in Jammu & Kashmir state.
A narrow pass in greater Himalayan ranges of HP, located at a height of 1200 ft.
This pass is not available for transportation during winter due to snow cover
The Changla Pass (el.
5425 m./17,800 ft.)
is a high mountain pass in Ladakh, India.
Fotu La () or Fatu La is the highest mountain pass on the Srinagar-Leh highway in the Himalaya in Kashmir.
Khardung La (la means "pass" in Tibetan) is a high mountain pass located in the Ladakh region, Maqbuza Kashmir.
It is at 5359 m above seal level.
The local pronunciation is "Khardong La" or "Khardzong La" but, as with most names in Ladakh, the romanised spelling varies.
The pass on the Ladakh Range is north of Leh and is the gateway to the Shyok and Nubra valleys.
Built in 1976, it was opened to public motor vehicles in 1988.
Maintained by the Border Roads Organisation, the pass is strategically important to India as it is used to carry supplies to the Siachen Glacier Disputed.
The elevation of Khardung La is 5,359 m (17,582 ft).[1] Local summit signs and dozens of stores selling shirts in Leh incorrectly claim that its elevation is in the vicinity of 5,602 m (18,379 ft)[citation needed] and that it is the world's highest motorable pass.
Lachulanga la (el.
5059 m) is a mountain pass on the Leh-Manali highway.
It located 54 km from Sarchu and 24 km from Pang on the Manali Leh highway.
This is one of the easier 16000+ passes and it can be traversed cross country by moving along the nala on both side.
However due to lack of greenry in this region, the climbers / hikers face breathlessness during climb and those who have not undergone acclimatisation may face severe symptoms of AMS.
Marsimik La, elevation 5,582 metres (18,314 ft), is a high mountain pass in the Chang-Chemno Range in northern Kashmir (India).
There is a road over this pass, over which suitably adapted vehicles have been driven, but it is not a motorable pass in the sense that the road is not in good enough condition to permit transit by normal vehicles.
Located 16 km northeast of the northwest tip of Pangong Lake, the pass is on the shortest route from there to the contested Kongka La (Pass) area 42 km farther northeast on the China - Occupied Kashmir line of actual control.
Marsimik La is four km west of the sharp 6000 to 6500 meter ridge line forming the line of actual control.
Namika la (el.
3700 m.) is a high mountain pass in the Himalaya in Maqbuza Kashmir on the Srinagar-Leh highway.
Pensi-la is a mountain pass in the Ladakh region of Kashmir, which is known as the Gateway to Zanskar.
Sasser Pass or Saser-la (el.
5411 m./17,753 ft.)
is a high mountain pass in Kashmir on the ancient summer caravan route from Ladakh to Yarkand in the Tarim Basin.
It leads from the head of the Nubra Valley into the upper Shyok valley, on the way to the even higher, but easier, Karakoram Pass.
Shingo-la is a mountain pass in Jammu and Kashmir, on the border between Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh (Republic of India).
There is a shallow lake or pool about 20m below the pass.
The pass is on a footpath linking Zanskar and Lahaul, used often by locals and trekkers alike.
For trekkers it is one of the technically easiest 5000m passes in Indian Himalaya, involving no glacier trekking nor steep climbs.
There is snow on the pass all year round.
In the summer, only a small stretch of snow has to be passed.
Bolan Pass ( Dharaa Bolan) is a mountain pass through the Toba Kakar Range of mountains in western Pakistan, 120 kilometres from the Afghanistan border.
Broghol Pass, also spelled Boroghil and several other ways, (el.
3798 m./12,460 ft.)
is a high mountain pass that crosses the Pamir Mountains and connects the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan with Chitral in Pakistan.
Chaprot Pass or Daintar Pass is a mountain pass to the northeast of Mehrbani Peak (5639) in the northwest of Chaprot.
Dorah Pass, also spelled and pronounced Durah Pass, connects Badakshan in Afghanistan with Chitral in Pakistan.
The Dorah Pass is more than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) high.
It crosses the Hindu Kush mountains.
The pass became important during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan because the Soviets could not stop the flow of arms and men back and forth across the pass.
Almost all the Munji-speaking people of Afghanistan fled across the border to Chitral during the War in Afghanistan.
Pamir is a high plateau sometimes called "The roof of the world" that joins Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, China and Kashmir.
Marco Polo is believed to have crossed the Pamir Mountains on his way to China.
The others are the Broghol Pass from the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, Shandur Top from Gilgit, and Lowari Top from Dir in Pakistan.
Gondogoro Pass is a high mountain pass on the Gondogoro Glacier near Vigne Glacier.
Gumal Pass or Gomal Pass () is a mountain pass on the border of Afghanistan and the southeastern portion of South Waziristan in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas.
It takes its name from the Gomal River.
It is midway between Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass.
Hayal Pass (el.
4600 m.) is a high mountain pass to the north of Shani Peak in Naltar Valley, Pakistan.
The pass lies in the west of Naltar Pass.
Hispar Pass (or Hispar La) (el.
5,128 m./16,824 ft.)
is a high-altitude, non-technical mountain pass in the Karakoram Range in Pakistan.
At the pass, the Biafo Glacier (63 km.
long) and Hispar Glacier (49 km long) meet to form the world's longest glacial traverse outside of the polar regions, 100 kilometers in length.
Karakar Pass (el.
1336 m./4384 ft.)
is a mountain pass in the Hindu Kush in Pakistan.
From the top of the pass, one can view Buner Valley.
It was at this pass that the Emperor Akbar lost most of his 8000-man army in an abortive attempt to invade Swat in 1586.
Khojak Pass (el.
7,513 ft) connects Qila Abdullah with Chaman in the province of Baluchistan, Pakistan.
khojak pass is between Quetta and Chaman.
22 kilometer before Chaman.
Kilik Pass (el.
4827 m./15,837 ft.),
30 km to the west of Mintaka Pass is a high mountain pass in Pakistan.
The two passes were, in ancient times, the two main access points into the Upper Hunza Valley (also called Gojal Valley) from the north.
This was the shortest and quickest way into northern Kashmir from the Tarim Basin, and one that was usually open all year, but was extremely dangerous and only suited for travellers on foot.
From Tashkurgan one travelled just over 70 km south to the junction of the Minteke River.
Heading some 80 km west up this valley one reached the Mintaka Pass, (and 30 km farther, the alternative Kilik Pass), which both led into upper Hunza from where one could travel over the infamous rafiqs or "hanging passages" to Gilgit and on, either to Kashmir, or to the Gandharan plains.
Laden animals could be taken over the Mintaka and Kilik passes into upper Hunza (both open all year), but then loads would have to be carried by coolie (porters) to Gilgit (an expensive and dangerous operation).
From there, cargoes could be reloaded onto pack animals again and taken either east to Kashmir and then on to Taxila (a long route), or west to Chitral which provided relatively easy access to either Jalalabad, or Peshawar via Swat.
The Mintaka Pass was the main one used in ancient times until the fairly recent advance of glacier ice.
After the glaciation of the Mintaka Pass, the Kilik Pass was favoured by caravans coming from China and Afghanistan as it is wider, free of glaciers and provided enough pasture for caravan animals.
Lowari Pass (or Lowari Top) (elevation ) is a high mountain pass that connects Chitral with Dir in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Lowari Top is a relatively low pass, by far the lowest pass to enter Chitral, the rest all being 12,000 to 15,000 feet.
The road across the pass is in good condition, but is always crowded with a continuous stream of trucks.
From a viewpoint about one kilometre before the top of the pass, one can see the Swat Canal in the valley below.
It was built by the British to channel water from the Swat River through a tunnel under the Malakand Pass to the plains around Mardan.
On the left, Malakand Fort guards the road at the top of the pass.
On the other side of the pass, the road descends through the market town of Bat Khela, with a Hindu Shahi fort perched above it, and continues past the headworks of the Swat Canal to the Swat River.
The first bridge across the river is at Chakdara, which carries the road to Dir and Chitral.
Mintaka Pass (also known as Minteke Pass) (el.
4709 m./15,450 ft.)
or the nearby Kilik Pass (4,827 m or 15,837 ft (4,827 m) high; 37° 05' N; 74° 41' E), 30 km to the west, were, in ancient times, the two main access points into the Upper Hunza Valley from the north.
The Hunza Valley is a mountainous valley near Gilgit in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.
The Mustagh Pass or Muztagh Pass is a pass across the Baltoro Muztagh range in the Karakorams and includes K2, the world's second highest mountain.
The crest of the Baltoro Muztagh marks the present border between Pakistani and Chinese territory.
Drosophila melanogaster is a small, common fly found near rotting fruit.
It has been in use for over a century to study genetics and lends itself well to behavioral studies.
Thomas Hunt Morgan studied Drosophila early in the 1900s.
He and his team were the first to discover sex-linkage and genetic recombination, which placed the small fly in the forefront of genetic research.
Due to its small size, ease of culture and short generation time, geneticists have been using Drosophila ever since.
It is one of the organisms whose entire genome is known, and many hundreds of genes have been identified and studied.
Fruit flies are easily obtained from the wild and most biological science companies carry a variety of different mutations.
In addition these companies sell equipment to culture the flies.
Costs are relatively low and most equipment can be used year after year.
The fly's vision is its most important sense organ.
Approximately two thirds of the Drosophila brain is dedicated to visual processing.
Although their ability to distinguish fine detail is worse than that of humans, their ability to time things (such as flight) is about ten times better.
The compound eye of the fruit fly contains 760 units or ommatidia, and are one of the most advanced among insects.
Each ommatidium contains eight photoreceptor cells (R1–8), support cells, pigment cells, and a cornea (lens).
Wild-type flies have reddish pigment cells, which serve to absorb excess blue light so the fly is not blinded by ambient light.
The wings of a fly are capable of beating at up to 220 times per second.
Flies fly via straight sequences of movement interspersed by rapid turns called saccades.
During these turns, a fly is able to rotate 90 degrees in fewer than 50 milliseconds.
It was long thought that the characteristics of Drosophila flight were dominated by the viscosity of the air, rather than the inertia of the fly body.
However, research has shown that flies perform banked turns, where the fly accelerates, slows down while turning, and accelerates again at the end of the turn.
This indicates that inertia is the dominant force, as is the case with larger flying animals.
First, he faces the female.
Then, he follows the female around.
Taps her on the leg
Vibrates a wing
Positions himself behind the abdomen of the female, licks her genitalia.
Finally, the male fruit fly attempts copulation by curling his abdomen under hers.
The female can, however, kick the male away from it with her legs.
The sexual intercourse usually lasts from about 15–20 minutes, in which several hundred relatively long sperm are released into the female’s body.
The female then stores these sperm in her spermathecae, and then becomes pregnant.
It only takes the female a few days to give birth to about five eggs.
Some reports have the wing vibration earlier in the procedure.
In any event, there are some differences between even closely related species.
Lauren Bacall (, born Betty Joan Perske; September 16, 1924 – August 12, 2014) was an American movie, radio and stage actress and model.
She was well known for her deep voice.
She started acting in the 1940s.
She acted until 2014.
She had big roles in movies like The Big Sleep and Dark Passage.
Bacall was the fourth wife of actor Humphrey Bogart.
They were married until Bogart died in 1957.
They had a son, Stephen (born 1949), and a daughter, Leslie (born 1952).
Bacall married Jason Robards in 1961.
They had one son, Sam (born 1961).
They divorced in 1969.
Bacall was once briefly engaged to singer Frank Sinatra.
Bacall's cousin was Shimon Peres, the former Prime Minister and President of Israel.
Interview with Larry King on CNN
Article about the "origin" of the "Rat Pack" taken mainly from her book "Lauren Bacall, By Myself", (New York: Knopf, 1978)
Lauren Bacall Official website  - at LaurenBacall.com
Models from the Bronx
The Oklahoma City Blue are an NBA Development League team based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States.
They play at the Cox Convention Center.
They were also known as the Asheville Altitude when they played in Asheville, North Carolina from 2001 until 2005 and as the Tulsa 66ers when the team played in Tulsa, Oklahoma from 2005 until 2014.
In July 2014, the Thunder moved the 66ers to Oklahoma City.
The management said that there was "circumstances beyond our control" which stemmed from stalled relocation attempts.
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
2000s establishments in Oklahoma
The NBA G League, or Gatorade League, is the National Basketball Association's officially sponsored and operated developmental basketball organization.
When the league was formed in 2001, it was called the National Basketball Development League (NBDL).
In 2005, it entered into a formal relationship with the NBA and became the NBA Development League, or D-League.
After the 2016–17 season, the NBA entered a sponsorship deal with PepsiCo's Gatorade brand of sports drinks; the league first called itself the "Gatorade League", but settled on "G League", reflecting Gatorade's use of a single large "G" as its brand logo.
2016–17 teams
Development League
In the explanations below, any indication of a bit's position is counted from the right side, moving left.
For example, the binary value 0001 (decimal 1) has zeroes at every position but the first (i.e. the rightmost) one.
The bitwise NOT, or complement, is an operation that performs logical negation on each bit.
Bits that are 0 become 1, and those that are 1 become 0.
NOT 0111  (decimal 7)
= 1000  (decimal 8)
NOT 10101011  (decimal 171)
= 01010100  (decimal 84)
A bitwise AND is an operation that takes two bit patterns and performs the logical AND operation on each pair of bits.
If both bits in the compared position are 1, the result is 1 otherwise the result is 0.
0101 (decimal 5)
AND 0011 (decimal 3)
= 0001 (decimal 1)
A bitwise OR is an operation that takes two bit patterns of equal length and performs the logical inclusive OR operation on each pair of bits.
If both bits are 0 the result is 0, while otherwise, the result is 1.
OR 0011 (decimal 3)
A bitwise XOR is an operation that takes two bit patterns of equal length and performs the logical exclusive OR operation on each pair of bits.
If both bits are 0 the result 0, if one bit is 1 and the other is zero the result is 1, and if both bits are 1 the result is 0.
XOR 0011 (decimal 3)
In 1942, Berlin won the Academy Award for the best original song in the movie "Holiday Inn".
The song was "White Christmas.".
Bing Crosby recorded the song.
This became "the best-selling record of all time."
Irving Berlin Music Company
PBS page on Irving Berlin , part of their Great Performances series
If Irving Berlin could not read or write music, how did he compose? (
from The Straight Dope)
Liner notes for The Vintage Irving Berlin, New World Records NW 238
Irving Berlin collection of non-commercial sound recordings, at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
The Judy Room "Easter Parade" section
Daniel K. Elder "Remarkable Sergeants: Ten Vignettes of Noteworthy NCOs," http://ncohistory.com/files/RemarkableSgts.pdf
Entertainers from New York City
A supercentenarian is someone who has lived to the age of 110 years or more, something achieved by only one in a thousand centenarians.
A very small number of supercentenarians have lived to be 115.
Early uses of the word meant a person well over 100, but now it is just known as people who are 110 or older.
Jeanne Calment had the world's longest verified human lifespan (122 years 164 days).
Since 22 July 2018, the current oldest verified living person is Kane Tanaka, who was 115 years old when she got this title but is currently 118 years old.
Characteristics of Supercentenarians
Supercentenarian Research Foundation
Gerontology Research Group
List of Super-centenarians
Leila Alice Daughtry Denmark, M.D. (February 1, 1898– April 1, 2012) is an American pediatrician who still worked until she was 103.
She worked on the vaccine for pertussis (also known as whooping cough) in the 1920s and 1930s.
As a doctor, she was one of the first to be against smoking near children and drug use in pregnant women.