the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In the movie, James Bond tries to find out what Goldfinger's bad plan is, and in the end James Bond wins and stops Goldfinger.
His plan is to blow up Fort Knox so that the price of gold will go up.
Goldfinger has a sidekick called Oddjob who throws his metal hat at people.
It is noted for the character with the unusual name Pussy Galore, played in the movie by Honor Blackman.
Sean Connery as James Bond
Gert Fröbe as Auric Goldfinger
Honor Blackman as Pussy Galore
Harold Sakata as Oddjob
Cec Linder as Felix Leiter
Shirley Eaton as Jill Masterson
Tania Mallet as Tilly Masterson
Desmond Llewelyn as Q
Bernard Lee as M
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny
Burt Kwouk as Mr. Ling
Martin Benson as Mr. Solo
Raymond Joung as Sierra
Nadja Regin as Bonita
Alf Joint as Capungo
Michael Mellinger as Kisch
Margaret Nolan as Dink
Bill Nagy as Mr. Midnight
Hal Galili as Mr. Strap
James Bond movies
1964 movies
Movies directed by Guy Hamilton
A scar is the natural result of a healing process in the human body.
When the dermis is hurt by a wound, the wounded tissue will be replaced by scar tissue.
Scar tissue is not identical to the tissue it replaces.
A scar will look different (and have different characteristics) than the surrounding tissue.
Scar tissue is composed of the same protein (collagen) as the tissue that it replaces, but the fiber composition of the protein is different; instead of a random basketweave formation of the collagen fibers found in normal tissue, in fibrosis the collagen cross-links and forms a pronounced alignment in a single direction.
This collagen scar tissue alignment is usually of inferior functional quality to the normal collagen randomised alignment.
For example, scars in the skin are less resistant to ultraviolet radiation, and sweat glands and hair follicles do not grow back within scar tissues.
A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, causes scar formation in the heart muscle, which leads to loss of muscular power and possibly heart failure.
However, there are some tissues (e.g. bone) that can heal without any structural or functional deterioration.
Warcraft is a series of computer games made by Blizzard Entertainment.
The games in this series are real-time strategy games, where players play as their characters and gain experience to level up.
The different games from the series are Warcraft: Orcs and Humans, Warcraft 2: Battle.net edition (with an expansion pack) and Warcraft 3 and its expansion pack, The Frozen Throne.
The most successful game of the series is The Frozen Throne expansion pack, which sold more than 12 million copies.
The MMORPG World of Warcraft is based on these games.
Blizzard Entertainment also created World of Warcraft, which was published by Vivendi Games.
The History of Warcraft
Warcraft series official website
Blizzard video games
Example of DIN standards
DIN 476: international paper sizes (now ISO 216 or DIN EN ISO 216).
Specifies the System where the paper size DIN A4 is from.
In short, there are different series (A,B,C,..).
Each series has a number of different sizes.
If you go up one with the number, you halve the size.
DIN A3 is as large as two pages of DIN A4.
The biggest in that series is DIN A0.
See Paper size for more.
DIN 1301: International System of Units (better known as the SI System of units)
DIN 5007: Rules for sorting words alphabetically.
Also tells what to do with special characters, like ä or ß.
DIN 5008: Rules for writing a (German) letter.
Specifies how the letter as a whole should look.
Also looks at things like correctly writing a date, or a time.
DIN 72552: electric terminal numbers in automobiles
DIN 31635: transliteration of the Arabic language.
Paper comes in different sizes.
There are names for the different sizes of paper.
In different parts of the world, different sizes and names are used.
Envelope sizes are normally wider to fit the paper inside.
International sizes
In most of the world an international system of paper sizes is used.
The normal size of paper is called A4.
It is measured in metric units.
It is 210 millimetres wide and 297 millimetres long.
This is about the size of US letter, but it is a little narrower, and a little longer.
The Deutsches Institut für Normung chose this standard in 1922 and other countries soon followed.
The other common size of paper in Europe is called B5.
It is 176 millimetres wide by 250 millimetres long.
This is about the same as executive size in the United States.
It is sometimes used for writing personal letters to people.
In the international paper size system, the sizes are based on mathematical formulas.
A0 is the biggest at 1 square metre.
A1 is half as big as A0.
A2 is half as big as A1, and so on.
The sizes with "B" and "C" in their name are in between the "A" sizes.
Sizes in United States and Canada
In the United States and Canada the normal size of paper is called letter size, or sometimes US letter.
It is  inches wide and 11 inches long (216 × 279 mm).
The other common size of paper in the US is called legal, or sometimes US legal.
It is also  inches wide, but it is 14 inches long.
It is similar to the size called foolscap in Britain.
Another size is called executive.
It is  inches wide by  inches long.
There is also a size called tabloid.
It is 11 inches wide, and 17 inches long.
That is the same size as two pieces of letter size put next to each other.
Paper sizes and computer printers
Most printers used with computers are designed to fit US letter and A4, and smaller paper sizes.
Sometimes they can fit US legal also.
For larger paper sizes, printers at professional printing businesses may be needed.
Below are charts showing all the different sizes of paper that are usually made, listed in increasing order of size.
Dimensions are shown width first, then length.
An envelope is a form of packing.
Envelopes are used for sending letters or documents using regular postal mail.
Envelopes are usually made of paper or hardened paper.
An envelope may be small enough to make you need to fold the paper going into it, or it can be as large as the paper so that you do not need to fold it.
A large envelope is called a manila envelope, usually colored a color in between yellow and orange, and is used to send several pages of papers when a regular envelope would be too small.
Another reason a manila envelope would be used would be to send important papers (e.g. birth certificates) that are better left unfolded.
Stationery
Irish philosophers
1746 deaths
Yasser Arafat  (24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004) is best known as the first leader of the Palestinian people.
He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004.
In 1993, he also became president of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).
Arafat was born in Jerusalem, Gaza or Cairo.
He studied civil engineering at Cairo University.
He worked as an engineer in Kuwait.
In 1994, Yasser Arafat was one of the three recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize.
The others were Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres.
They got the prize for their peace efforts in the Middle East when Palestinian National Authority was formed.
The views of him are somewhat divided.
Some people see him as a hero, who fought for the cause of the Palestinian people.
Others see him as a terrorist, who promoted the use of violence to reach his goals.
Still others think he was a charismatic leader, but he made too many concessions to the Israeli government.
Yasser died in Paris from a cerebral hemorrhage.
The next day he was buried at his compound, with a hasty funeral in Ramallah on November 12.
He was reburied on November 13, about 3:30 am.
He was buried in a special casket, with the hope of being reburied in Jerusalem one day when an independent State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital would be established.
Life in Palestine after Arafat, Situation worse, not what Bush and Sharon planned
The Real Obstacle to Peace was Ariel Sharon, not Yasser Arafat
Death of Arafat, burial and reburial November 13 2004
Dr. Fathi Arafat, brother of Yasser Arafat
Asian military people
Muslim terrorists
Palestinian Muslims
Palestinian nationalists
Palestinian politicians
Palestinian terrorists
Presidents (government)
An antidote is a chemical or medicine that will reverse the effects of some poisons.
An antidote will make some or all of the effects of the poison go away.
Not every poison has an antidote.
For example, the poison aconitine has no known antidote.
Aconitine is a very poisonous toxin that comes from the Aconitum plant.
If enough of the poison enters a person's body, the person often dies.
Examples of antidotes
Activated charcoal
Activated charcoal can be used as an antidote for many poisons, but only poisons that were swallowed.
For example, activated charcoal can be used for some drug overdoses, and for some poisonings.
The charcoal attaches to the poison and keeps it from being taken into the bloodstream through the stomach.
Activated charcoal will not work for every kind of poison.
For example, it will not work for alcohol, strong acids, and products made of petroleum (like paint thinner and fuel oil).
Antivenoms
To create some antivenoms, a little bit of venom is injected into an animal, like a horse.
That animal's immune system will create antibodies which signal other cells in the immune system to destroy the venom.
Then, those antibodies can be taken out of the animal's blood to make an antivenom.
Then, when that antivenom is given to a person who has been poisoned by that venom, the person's immune system will already "know" to kill the venom.
Sometimes, antidotes are poisons themselves.
For example, atropine, which is found in deadly nightshade, is very poisonous.
However, because of the way it reacts with the body, atropine is used as an antidote against some insecticides and certain kinds of nerve gas.
Atropine is carried on many ambulances because it has other uses.
For example, it can help restart a heart that is not beating.
There is a product called DuoDote that combines atropine with a medicine called pralidoxime chloride (also called 2-PAM).
Both medicines are antidotes against some insecticides and nerve gases.
DuoDote is given by injection (through a needle into the thigh muscle).
It comes in an auto-injector, which looks like a large pen.
When its safety cap is taken off and the auto-injector is pushed against the thigh, it will automatically send the needle into the thigh and deliver the medicines.
DuoDote is not carried on many ambulances, but some special teams that specialize in treating poisons carry them.
Cyanide antidotes
There are a few different antidotes to cyanide.
Some of them need to be given together in order to work.
Often, the first thing that medical professionals will do for cyanide poisoning is to give amyl nitrate or sodium nitrate.
These work by making the cyanide attach (stick) to a chemical called methemoglobulin.
When it is stuck to methemoglobulin, cyanide is not as dangerous.
However, methemoglobulin will only stick to cyanide for a while.
Eventually, it will not stick any more.
This is why another medicine is needed.
That medicine is called sodium thiosulfate.
This medicine sticks to cyanide, and never un-sticks.
It helps make cyanide into another chemical that is not poisonous.
This new chemical can easily be removed from the body by the kidneys, through urination.
Some ambulances carry cyanide antidote kits for firefighters who have breathed in too much smoke.
(Smoke from a fire has cyanide in it.)
These antidote kits are auto-injectors like the DuoDote.
Ethanol - drinking alcohol - can actually be used as an antidote.
It works for people who have been poisoned by drinking ethylene glycol.
Ethylene glycol is used in antifreeze.
Because ethylene glycol tastes very sweet, children and animals sometimes drink a lot of it without realizing that it is poison.
Ethanol also works as an antidote for methanol poisoning.
Methanol is sometimes called "wood alcohol."
It is also used in antifreeze, fuel, and solvents.
People can get methanol poisoning accidentally by getting methanol on their skin or breathing it in.
Methanol is also poisonous if it is drunk.
Ethanol works as an antidote for ethylene glycol and methanol by sticking to those poisons.
Once the ethanol is stuck onto the poisons, the kidneys urinate out the poisons.
A medicine called fomepizole is also an antidote for ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning.
It works the same way as ethanol.
Naloxone (Narcan)
Naloxone is an antidote for overdoses on opiates, like heroin, oxycodone (OxyContin), and other prescribed painkillers.
The most common brand name for the naloxone antidote is Narcan.
Opiates cause changes in the body by sticking to special opiate receptors (like landing spots) in the brain.
If they are not attached to these receptors, they cannot cause any changes in the body.
Naloxone works by pushing the opiates off their landing spots.
Narcan sticks to those landing spots instead and keeps opiates from attaching to them.
100% (pure) oxygen is an antidote for carbon monoxide poisoning.
When pure oxygen is not enough, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) can also be used.
HBOT is done in a special tube or room that can handle high pressures (called a hyperbaric chamber).
100% pure oxygen is sent into the room for the patient to breathe.
However, the air pressure is increased to three times more than the normal air pressure.
This helps the lungs get more oxygen than they could if the patient were breathing at normal air pressure.
It also makes it easier for the blood to carry more oxygen to the entire body.
Vitamin K is an antidote for warfarin (Coumadin) poisoning.
Warfarin is a medicine which makes the blood thinner.
It is used to prevent blood clots.
However, if a person is given too much warfarin, their blood can get too thin.
When the blood is too thin, it cannot clot.
This can cause serious bleeding problems.
The blood needs vitamin K to be able to clot.
When a person has warfarin poisoning, giving them vitamin K can make their blood able to clot again.
It takes vitamin K four to six hours to reverse warfarin poisoning.
Because of this, if a person with warfarin poisoning is bleeding, doctors may also give fresh frozen plasma.
This will work more quickly to make the blood less thin.
Yitzhak Rabin (March 1, 1922 – November 4, 1995) was an Israeli politician and general.
He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel from 1974 until 1977 and again from 1992 until his assassination in 1995 by Yigal Amir, a right-wing extremist who had strongly opposed Rabin's signing of the Oslo Accords and to peace with Palestine.
He was the first local-born Prime Minister of Israel, the only Israeli Prime Minister to be killed and the second to die in office (following Levi Eshkol).
Yitzhak Rabin was one of the three recipients of the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.
The others were Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres.
All three got the prizes for trying to make peace in the Middle East.
He died in Tel Aviv in 1995 after being assassinated.
He was buried Helkat Gdolei Ha'uma in  Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.
Burials at Mount Herzl
HaAvoda politicians
Israeli Nobel Prize winners
The military rank of General officer, also in paramilitary, etc.
The equivalent ecclesiastical position of general superior.
Of or relating to a genus.
A blue-collar worker who does many different services, often called simple a "General" or "General Employee".
This is most often found in food service careers.
The corrupt leader of military regime in Capcom's Mega Man X4.
General snus is a brand of snus manufactured in Sweden by Swedish Match
General (Freeware game), a freeware strategic game developed by Russian NewGame Software
General Tire, a brand of tire owned by German tire manufacturer Continental AG
General Records, a record label
The second strongest piece in Stratego.
Pleasure is an emotion.
It is the opposite of pain.
Humans and many other mammals feel pleasure.
People feel pleasure when they do something that is fun or that feels good.
Pleasure in neuroscience
Pleasure is studied in neuroscience.
Neuroscientists have mapped pleasure "hotspots" in the brain.
Pleasure is important for a person's mental health and well-being.
The loss of pleasure is common in people with mental illnesses like depression, schizophrenia, and addiction.
Pleasure in psychology
Pleasure is studied in positive psychology.
How much pleasure someone feels changes from person to person.
Pleasure depends how special something is.
There is no rule that says what pleasure is for every person.
Sigmund Freud wrote about the "pleasure principle" in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle.
According to Freud, the pleasure principle is what drives people to do things that give them a feeling of immediate gratification.
Pleasure in philosophy
Hedonism is another philosophy that is focused on pleasure.
It says that pleasure is good.
In Hedonism, people focus on pleasure and avoid pain.
Utilitarianism is a philosophy that focuses on pleasure.
It says that morality requires that people do what has the most utility for the most people.
After (novel), a book by Francine Prose
After... (visual novel), a visual novel
After... (movie), a 2006 thriller film about urban exploration
A kettle is a type of pot that is used in a kitchen.
It is used to make water hot or to boil water.
It comes from the Latin word catillus ("deep pan or dish for cooking").
In the past, kettles were made of metal bins like copper.
Kettles were put on a rack or a hook above the fire to become hot.
Now, metal kettles are put on the stove or rangetop.
Sometimes they are made of ceramic or clay.
Now, some people have electric kettles.
These kettles plug into the wall and use electricity to generate heat.
They are usually plastic or metal.
They heat water faster than kettles on a stove.
Kettles are often used to make tea.
Nerve gas or nerve agent is the name of a family of chemical poisons.
Usually people call them nerve agents (they are not always gases).
They work by changing the way the nerves work in the human body.
They stop messages from the brain from getting sent to the muscles and organs.
Nerve agents are organic chemicals that have phosphorus in them (organophosphates).
Many organophosphates are pesticides, and have the same effects as nerve agents if people are exposed to them.
However, these pesticides are not used against people as weapons like nerve agents are.
Since they are chemical weapons, nerve agents are classified as weapons of mass destruction by the United Nations according to UN Resolution 687.
Since 1993, making or stockpiling them has been against international law.
Nerve agents have long-lasting effects.
People who survive nerve agent poisoning almost always have chronic damage to the brain and nerves.
This damage can also cause mental health problems.
Nerve agents work by blocking communication between the brain and the body.
Usually, a neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger) called acetylcholine gives the signal for the muscles to tighten up.
It also keeps them from relaxing.
However, when it is time for the muscles to relax, an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase destroys acetylcholine, and another neurotransmitter tells the muscles to relax.
Nerve agents work by blocking acetyl-cholinesterase.
Too much acetylcholine builds up, because it is not getting destroyed by acetylcholinesterase.
The muscles keep getting more and more signals to tighten up.
Basically, the brain loses control over the body's muscles.
It cannot make the muscles relax.
This leads to many of the unique signs and symptoms of nerve agent poisoning.
Acetylcholine also signals the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) to kick in.
Usually, the PNS balances out with the sympathetic nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
However, when there is too much acetylcholine, the two systems cannot balance, and the sympathetic nervous system does not work correctly.
Nerve agent poisoning causes a very unique group of signs and symptoms.
Some medical providers use the acronym "SLUDGE" to remember them:
Salivation: The salivary glands make a very large amount of saliva (spit); the person will drool a lot
Lacrimation: Tears will run out of the person's eyes
Urination: As the brain loses control over the body's muscles, the person will involuntarily urinate
Defecation: For the same reason, the person will also involuntarily defecate
Gastric upset: The person will have an upset stomach
Emesis: The person will vomit
Some medical professionals use a different version of this acronym: "SLUDGE and the Killer B's."
"The Killer B's" are three life-threatening symptoms:
Bradycardia: Slow heart rate (caused by over-actiity of the parasympathetic nervous system)
Bronchoconstriction: The bronchi (tubes to the lungs} get narrower, as the muscles around the airways tighten up
Bronchorrhea: Making more than 100mL of mucus per day.
This can build up in the lungs or make the lungs be unable to inflate normally
As the person gets worse, they will have muscle twitches, then start having seizures and go into status epilepticus.
People can die because their brain cannot control their breathing muscles, and they stop breathing.
Commonly known nerve agents
"G series" nerve gases
These nerve gases are called "G series" because they were first created by German scientists.
They were all discovered and made before or during World War II.
Sarin, also called GB
Tabun, also called GA.
Soman, also called GD.
"V series" nerve gases
Nobody agrees on why these nerve gases are called "V series."
Different people say the V stands for "Victory," "Venomous" (poisonous), or "Viscous" (thick liquid).
The most commonly known "V series" nerve gas, VX, was made in the 1950s by the United Kingdom's military researchers.
Hague Convention of 1899: This was the first agreement that made it illegal to use toxic gas as a weapon (in section IV,2.)
Geneva Protocol of 1925: This agreement was signed on June 17, 1925, and took effect on February 8, 1928.
It permanently bans the use of all forms of chemical and biological warfare.
The agreement was signed after World War I, where mustard gas and other chemical weapons were used.
People were afraid that chemical and biological warfare could have terrible effects in any future war.
The protocol was extended by the Biological Weapons Convention (1972) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993).
Nerve agents
Chemical weapon
A herbicide is a poison that kills plants.
There are many kinds of herbicides, from weedkillers for gardens to Agent Orange which was used to destroy forests in the Vietnam War.
Hugh Marston Hefner (April 9, 1926 – September 27, 2017) was the founder of Playboy Magazine and its Editor-in-Chief.
Hefner was born into a Methodist family, to Glenn Hefner, an accountant, and Grace (Swanson) Hefner, a teacher, on April 9, 1926 in Chicago, Illinois.
He was raised in Woodlawn, Chicago.
Hefner served in the US Army (1944 - 1946).
He attended the Art Institute of Chicago (1946), the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, earning a BA in Psychology (1949), and Northwestern University, 1949.
Hefner has several children.
With Mildred, he has David Paul (August 30, 1955) and Christie Ann (November 8, 1952).
With Kimberley, he has Cooper Bradford (September 4, 1991) and Marston Glenn (April 9, 1990).
Hefner owned a multi-million mansion called the Playboy Mansion.
He was also the executive producer of Roman Polanski's 1971 movie version of Macbeth.
Hefner also appeared in cameos of himself in some movies.
When nude photographs of Jayne Mansfield on the set of Promises!
were published in the June 1963 issue of Playboy, Hefner was brought into Chicago city court on obscenity charges.
Hefner supported legalizing same-sex marriage.
He said that a fight for gay marriage is "a fight for all our rights.
Without it, we will turn back the sexual revolution and return to an earlier, puritanical time."
Hugh M. Hefner Foundation
American chief executives
American editors
American sex industry businesspeople
American socialites
Magazine founders
Urination (peeing) is how animals and humans remove urine from their bodies.
Urine is the scientific term for "pee", the liquid bodily waste filtered out of the bloodstream by kidneys and from the liquids that a person drinks.
The bladder temporarily holds the waste fluid.
Nyctalopia (Greek for Night blindness) is a disease of the human eyes.
The eyes of people who are night-blind cannot adapt to situations where there is relatively little light; as a result, they have trouble seeing in such situations.
lack or deficiency of Vitamin A
Several genetic conditions, most notably retinitis pigmentosa
Wounds of the eye
Martinique is an island in the Caribbean Sea.
It has an area of 1,128 km².
Nearly 400,000 people live there.
Martinique was known by indigenous peoples of the Caribbean as Madiana or Madinina.
It was colonized by the French in the 17th century, and they introduced racist slavery there as they spread it all around the world.
France still claims to own the island today, even though there has been an independence movement.
The capital city is Fort-de-France.
Other towns include Sainte-Anne and St. Pierre (which was destroyed by a volcano named Mont Pelée in 1902 and killed 30,000 people).
Martinique is well known for its zouk music.
Artists such as Kassav' have made it famous over the years.
Frantz Fanon, an important anti-colonial revolutionary, was born there.
The ethnic makeup of the country is: 90% African and Mixed African with anything from Chinese, East Indian or White.
and 10% White, Amerindian, Chinese and East Indian.
Guadeloupe, another French island in the Caribbean
Martinique Tourism Authority
PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a scripting language that helps people make web pages more interactive by allowing them to do more intelligent, complex things.
PHP code is run on the web server.
A website programmed with PHP can have pages that are password protected.
A website with no programming cannot do this without other complex things.
Standard PHP file extensions are: .php .php3 or .phtml, but a web server can be set up to use any extension.
Its structure was influenced by many languages like C, Perl, Java, C++, and even Python.
It is considered to be free software by the Free Software Foundation.
PHP was first created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995.
It is now developed and improved by a large team of people.
Its name at first stood for Personal Home Page, but it was later changed to PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor; using its old acronym in the new name.
<!
DOCTYPE html>
<title>Hello World</title>
= '<p>Hello World</p>'; ?
Official PHP website
PHP Tutorial  for beginners
PHP Tutorial for beginners
[./Https://webtopfree.blogspot.com/2021/07/php-what-is-php-in-hindi-technology.html  https://webtopfree.blogspot.com/2021/08/How-to-learn-PHP.html ] what is PHP
PHP.orgPHP tutorials for beginners
A Hello world program is usually a program made by computer programmers that are new to a programming languages, or to test if the compiler for this language is working correctly.
It will simply put the text Hello, World!
On Python programming language:print("Hello World")On Pascal programming language
WriteLn('Hello World');
On Lua programming language:print("Hello World")
On C++ programming language:#include <iostream>
std::cout << “Hello World” << std::endl;
helloworld.org
codepad.org  - Can compile some of the programs
The oldest pianos still in existence today are from the 1720s.
Louis XV, King of France (king from 1715 to 1774)
Shahs of the Safavid dynasty in Persia:
Husayn, 1694–1722
George I, King of Great Britain (king from 1714 to 1727)
George II, King of Great Britain (king from 1727 to 1760)
Philip V, King of Spain (king from 1700 to 1746)
The decade as a whole
This decade will be called "the twenty-thirties".
The Roman number will be MMXXX.
Events to happen
Voyager 2 will stop transmitting back to Earth.
January 19, 2038 - 32-bit clocks will return to 1970.
September 1, 2039 will be the 100th anniversary of Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland (the start of World War II).
Hello World in DarkBASIC
DarkBasic - The Gaming Language
The Extensible Markup Language (short XML) is a markup language like HTML but is extensible.
It's created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
XML defines rules for the construction of a document.
XML adds context to the information in a document.
It does not say how this should be displayed.
Some programs get information out of an XML-document.
To do that, they need an API.
There are many APIs for XML.
You can write a description of an XML document in a way that is useful for programmers.
There are several languages for this; the best known is called DTD.
XML uses less than (<) and greater than (>) to show tags.
For example, a paragraph in HTML would be <p>.
A closing tag is a tag used to enclose the value of the tag.
The tag has a slash (/) before its name.
For example, </p>
A tag which is empty can be represented as an opening tag but with a slash before the >.
For example, <p />
The XML specification defines a valid XML document as a well-formed XML document which also conforms to the rules of a Document Type Definition (DTD).
XHTML (HTML based on ALL)
TEI (Text Encoding Initiative)
NITF (News Industry Text Format)
SVG (vector graphics)
X3D (3D modelling language)
Collada (Language to change informations between different 3D programs)
GPS Exchange Format (GPX): XML for GPS informatons
Keyhole Markup Language (KML): coordinates for Google Earth
OpenImmo : XML for Houses with position informations
SMIL (Informations with times from multimedia)
MPEG-7 (for MPEG-7)
Laszlo (LZX)
SAML (describe and send informations about safety)
There are a lot more languages that use XML.
A couple of them are:
WAP/WML
XeML.net
W3C XML Page
JavaScript is a high-level programming language that follows the ECMAScript standard.
It was originally designed as a scripting language for websites but became widely adopted as a general-purpose programming language, and is currently the most popular programming language in use.
JavaScript is usually found running in a web browser as interactive or automated content, ranging from popup messages and live clocks to large web applications.
JavaScript is also commonly used in server-side programming through platforms like Node.js, or "embedded" in non-JavaScript applications where the base programming language lacks the high-level functionality that JavaScript offers.
Despite the similarities in name and syntax, JavaScript is not related to the programming language Java.
Though the names of both languages are trademarks of Oracle Corporation, the two languages follow different design principles, and are actively developed by unrelated organizations.
JavaScript is typically inserted into HTML when used on the web, either directly in the file in an HTML tag, or linked to a separate file containing the script.
JavaScript, as a full featured scripting language, can be used to provide functionality to a website.
Using AJAX in order to load content without refreshing the website.
Changing HTML through the Document Object Model
Validating inputs of forms and sending them.
Tracking users as they move throughout the website.
A majority of websites use what is known as a framework.
Frameworks may allow programming to be easier as more predefined procedures are defined within it.
Such a library is jQuery.
Beyond web browsers
JavaScript is also used outside of web browsers.
As a scripting language, JavaScript can be used to define the behaviour of applications such as extensions in GNOME Shell.
In addition, there are runtime environments for running JavaScript as a server side programming language.
Such an environment is Node.js.
Electron is a framework which allows graphical applications to be made with web technologies, by running on the Chromium browser and Node.js.
A JavaScript program is made of a collection of instructions called "statements".
A semicolon marks the end of a statement, and allows multiple statements to be placed on the same line.
However, it is typical to write each statement on its own line to keep a program file readable.
Variables can be defined in several ways.
In an older version named "ES5", variables are defined using the var keyword.
In the newer versions after ES5, variables can be defined using const for constant variables and let for local variables.
The value of constant variables cannot be re-declared or reassigned.
Variables assigned using const or let are contained within blocks, while variables assigned using var are contained within functions.// ES5
The script below prints "Example" on the screen.
The lines that start with // are comments, which are used to describe the actions of the program.
let name = prompt("What's your name?");
// this name is saved to a variable
alert("Hello " + name);
// whatever the name is, the browser alerts "hello (name)"
// a variable was used (name)
/*  This is also a comment, but it can span multiple lines.
In the above code it says "Hello " + name
If you want to put JavaScript in your HTML, you put it between an opening <script> and closing </script> tag.
These tags mean that whatever is between them is a script and not text to be put onto the web page.
The script below inserts the numbers 1 through 10 at the bottom of a webpage:
<title>Example page</title>
<script> // This is the script tag
for (let counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++) {
document.body.innerHTML = document.body.innerHTML + counter + "<br>";
This puts the number, then a new line element (<br>),
at the end of the web page.
// End javascript: </script>
The for() loop makes whatever code is between the { and the } happen more than one time.
In this case, it keeps looping until numOfTimesAround is equal to 10, then it stops.
This means it equals ten.
It's a bit confusing at first, but it works.
Differences between Java and Javascript
In Java, to define a variable, you have to say what type of variable it is: a number, a word, a letter, or more.
In JavaScript, this is not necessary.
In JavaScript, functions are stored as variables (unlike Java).
This makes the following code okay in JavaScript:
alert("Hi!");
alert("Bye!");
JavaScript is interpreted, but Java, in most cases, must be compiled.
This means that JavaScript needs to be run by another computer program (an interpreter), but finished Java can be run as its own program.
Learn JavaScript  on the Mozilla Developer Center
Mozilla's Official Documentation on JavaScript
Video - Firefox 2 and Javascript with Mozilla Corp and JavaScript creator Brendan Eich
References for Core JavaScript versions: 1.5
New in JavaScript: 1.7 , 1.6
List of JavaScript releases: versions 1.0 - 1.7
Brendan's Roadmap Updates: JavaScript 1, 2, and in between  - the author's blog entry
comp.lang.javascript FAQ Official FAQ for the comp.lang.javascript Usenet group
RFC 4329, a document for the registration of media types related to ECMAScript and JavaScript.
The current recommendations are "application/javascript" and "application/ecmascript", although neither is recognized by Internet Explorer.
The World Money Fair is an international bourse of coins.
A bourse is where dealers, collectors and the public to buy, sell and trade coins.
In 1970 A. M Beck founded in Muinch the "Organisation of European Coins-Bourses", "Organisation Europäischer Münzen-Börsen" (OEMB) in German.
He had the idea to build up a stronger market for the collecting of coins.
Two years later the organisation organized in Basel the 1st international bourse of coins.
During the time it was developed to the "World Money Fair".
Today more than 40 nations are members of this organisation.
In 2006, the bourse is at the 1st time in Berlin.
At the start the German Secretary of State Karl Diller presented the new German 2 Euro Coin.
It shows the Holstentor of Lübeck.
Autocracy is a form of government.
In an autocracy, a single person has all legal and political power, and makes all decisions by himself or herself.
The person who holds the power is called an autocrat.
When there is a monarch ruling a country as an absolute monarchy, this is also called an autocracy.
Having an autocratic government does not mean the country is governed well or governed poorly.
It is just a description on how it is set up.
The two types of Autocracy are Absolute monarchy and Dictatorship
In modern times, most autocrats gain power as part of a larger nationalist, communist, or fascist movement.
Once in power, they eliminate all other kinds of authority in the country, such as judges, the legislature, and political parties.
Historical examples of autocracies include: The Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica, in it, the Aztec Emperor functioned as both the sole ruler of the Empire himself, as well as of its military, he also was the religious figurehead behind the empire's aggressive foreign policy (In this time, the priesthood supported a pantheon that demanded human sacrifice, and the nobility consisted mainly of warriors who had captured many prisoners for these sacrificial rites), Eastern Han under Dong Zhuo, the Empire of Japan under Hirohito, and the Roman Empire, in 27 B.C., Augustus founded the Roman Empire following the end of the Roman Republic.
Augustus officially kept the Roman Senate while effectively consolidating all of the real power and influence in himself.
In recent years dictators have been called autocratic.
De facto rule, government
Oligarchy is a form of government.
In an oligarchic system, all the power is held by a small group of people.
It is usually the most powerful people who govern the state.
It was used in Sparta, where the kingship alternated between three leading families.
Rule by the best
An oligarchy where the best rule is called Aristocracy.
Rule by the rich
If the richest people rule the country, this is called Plutocracy.
Online Text: Leonard Whibley, Greek Oligarchies: Their Character and Organisation  (1896), still the only full-scale treatment of oligarchy in Classical Greece.
Punctuation is the name for marks used in writing text.
They are to help understanding and the correct reading.
These are some common punctuation marks used in English:
is a period or full stop
, is a comma
is a question mark
is an exclamation mark
' is an apostrophe or single quote mark
" is a quotation mark/inverted comma
: is a colon
; is a semicolon
... is an ellipsis mark
- is a hyphen
is an en dash
is an em dash
( ) are parentheses or curved brackets
[ ] are brackets or square brackets.
There are other punctuation marks but used less often.
Other languages have other marks, such as French using guillemets, « » as quotation marks.
Rules of punctuation
The use of punctuation in English can change from place to place and from time to time, for the rules in use at that location.
Modern typography suggests that punctuation should only be used when there is a need.
That results in less punctuation than was the case in the early 20th century.
The use of these marks is often decided by a group or organization and then written down into a style guide of format rules.
Newspapers have a style guide to make their content use the same rules (for consistency).
Reasons for punctuation
One reason is obedience.
If we work for an organization with a house style guide, then we use that guide.
Punctuation helps the reader understand what is meant.
Consider these examples:
He did not go to town because his father was absent.
This means he did go to town, and the reason was not his father's absence.
He did not go to town, because his father was absent.
This means he did not go to town, and the reason for not going was that his father was absent.
In the second example, no style guide will help.
The writer just has to make sure that the sentence is understood as it is written.
Punctuation is there to help the reader make sense of what is written.
Often it is best to change the sentence so that the meaning does not rest on a comma.
He went to town, but not because his father was away.
Because his father was away, he did not go to town.
Period or full stop
A period or stop is used to end a sentence.
The period plus a space separates sentences in prose, and makes it easier to read.
If they are not needed, they should not be used.
So, for example, in a list format it is obvious when a section ends, therefore it does not need a full stop.
A period can show numbers that are smaller than one.
With money, a period is used to show the amount of money less than one dollar.
For example: "Elizabeth bought a soda for $1.25."
means that Elizabeth paid one dollar and twenty-five cents for her drink.
A period is sometimes used to show that a word has been made shorter.
A word that is made shorter with a period is called an abbreviation.
For example: The words doctor or mister are often made shorter when used with a name. "
Dr. Smith" is the name of a doctor whose last name is Smith, and "Mr. Banerjee" and "Mrs. Yang" are common ways of writing.
However, in modern typography, plain "Mr, Mrs/Ms" or "Dr" are more common. "
Mrs" is never written in full: to write  "mistress" is to mean something quite different.
See also capitalization.
A comma has many uses.
Some of these are shown below:
To separate things in a list: "cows, horses, pigs, and sheep".
A comma that is used before the word and in a list is called an Oxford comma.
Some people do not use Oxford commas: "cows, horses, pigs and sheep".
To separate two sentences with a conjunction: "Most birds have separate toes, but ducks' feet are webbed."
To separate parts of a sentence: "Mimi, hungry as she was, was shy to come forward and have a slice of cake."
To indicate a pause in a sentence or question: "Hallie, did you remember to feed the cat?"
In some European countries, commas are used as the -Insert number base here- point, instead of a full stop.
Instead of €3.57 it would be €3,57.
In an inverse to that, €17,693 (Seventeen thousand, etc.)
would be €17.693.
"Hallie, have you done your homework?"
"Elizabeth said 'How are you?'
to Hallie."
"Why is the sky blue?"
"Do you like apples?"
An exclamation mark is used to write about a suprise or emotion, or to write the words a person shouted.
It can be used to make a statement stronger or more forceful.
"What a bad cat she has!"
"Jane, come here!"
"You did a good job!"
How wonderful this city is!
Don't talk, get out!
And also an exclamation mark can be used with a question mark, to make a question more forceful.
"What did you do that for?!"
she said angrily.
An apostrophe looks like this: '
If there is only one thing, the letter s is used after an apostrophe to show ownership.
"It was the boy's dog."
"We will go in Mimi's car."
Sometimes the letter s is not used after an apostrophe to show ownership.
A word will end with just an apostrophe if there is more than one thing and the word already ends with an s.
"Father put away the girls' clothes" means that Father had to tidy up for several girls.
"Father put away the girl's clothes" means that Father tidied up for only one girl.
An apostrophe can be used to put two small words together.
Two small words that are put together with an apostrophe to make one word are called contractions.
This is normal in writing about a person speaking.
Spoken English often uses contractions because these words are easier to say.
Cannot can be made into the word can't.
It is can be made into the word it's, for example, "It's a nice day today."
Common mistakes when using apostrophes
Pronouns do not use an apostrophe to show that something belongs to something else.
Among these are its, his, hers, theirs.
"The bird flapped its wings," not "The bird flapped it's wings."
"It is his bike," not "It is his's bike."
"Apples for sale," not "Apple's for sale."
Quotation marks (also called quote marks or quotes for short) are used around the words that people have said, or direct speech.
They are used in pairs.
Hallie said, "Mimi, please wash the dishes."
"Today," said our teacher, "is the first day of the rest of your lives."
"After recording 'Beat It', Michael Jackson went on to record several more hits".
Order of punctuation
When quotation marks sit next to periods and commas, there are two styles of punctuation.
These two styles are most commonly referred to as "American" and "British"; the British one is also called "logical quotation".
Both systems have the same rules regarding question marks, exclamation points, colons, and semicolons.
But they differ in how they treat full stops and commas.
Did he say, "Good morning, Dave"?
No, he said, "Where are you, Dave?"
There are three major definitions of the word "gender": vernacular, sociological, and linguistic.
British practice
or logical punctuation.
it includes inside quotation marks only those punctuation marks which appeared in the original quoted material.
Otherwise it places punctuation outside the closing quotation marks.
Fowler's A Dictionary of Modern English Usage provides an early example of the rule: "All signs of punctuation used with words in quotation marks must be placed according to the sense."
"Carefree", in general, means "free from care or anxiety".
The name of the song was "Gloria", which many already knew.
She said she felt "free from care and anxiety".
With direct speech, British placing depends on whether or not the quoted statement is complete or a fragment.
According to the British style guide Butcher's Copy-editing, American style should be used when writing fiction.
In non-fiction, some British publishers may permit placing punctuation that is not part of the person's speech inside the quotation marks but prefer that it be placed outside.
Periods and commas that are part of the person's speech are permitted inside the quotation marks regardless of whether the material is fiction.
"Today," said Cinderella, "I feel free from care and anxiety." (
fiction)
"Today", said the Prime Minister, "I feel free from care and anxiety." (
preferred in non-fiction)
"Today I feel happy," said the woman, "carefree, and well." (
regardless)
U.S. practice
In the United States, the prevailing style is called American style, whereby commas and periods are almost always placed inside closing quotation marks.
This style of punctuation is common in the U.S. and to a lesser extent, Canada as well.,
and is the style usually recommended by The Chicago Manual of Style  and most other American style guides.
"Carefree," in general, means "free from care or anxiety."
The name of the song was "Gloria," which many already knew.
She said she felt "free from care and anxiety."
"Today," said the Prime Minister, "I feel free from care and anxiety." (
non-fiction)
Ending the sentence
In both major styles, regardless of placement, only one end mark (?, !,
or .)
can end a sentence.
Only the period, however, may not end a quoted sentence when it does not also end the enclosing sentence, except for literal text:
"Hello, world," she said. (
American style)
"Hello, world", she said. (
British non-fiction)
She said, "Hello, world." (
both styles)
she exclaimed. (
"Is anybody out there?"
she asked into the void. (
Colons can be used at the beginning of a list. "
This is a list of animals: birds, cats, insects, pigs, and sheep.".
A semicolon has only two uses.
First, to connect two independent clauses into a single sentence.
The second use of a semicolon is to separate items in a series when the items contain parenthetical elements within themselves.
A semicolon is also used with a conjunctive adverb when joining two clauses.
In reality, this is the same as the first rule, but it looks different enough to sometimes cause concern.
It is used to show where words have been omitted when writing what a person said.
It can also be used to show that there is more to be said but the person stopped at that point.
... one day all Americans will live peacefully throughout the world ... they will be at peace with all other world inhabitants ...
So much more could be said ...
A hyphen looks like this: -.
Hyphens have many uses in writing:
Some words can have a hyphen added to change the meaning.
For example, re-form means "start again" but reform means "change".
A re-formed group is different from a reformed group.
A hyphen is used to spell out some numbers (thirty-two, forty-nine, eighty-six).
When a name for a material such as "stainless steel" is used with a word for a thing made of that material, a hyphen is used, as in "stainless-steel knife".
Some words have letters at the beginning, or prefixes, these can sometimes use hyphens: un-American, anti-pollution, non-proliferation
When spelling out a word: H-Y-P-H-E-N
In some cases, when putting two words together would be hard to understand.
For example, if something is like a shell, writing it as "shelllike" is hard to read with so many uses of the letter 'l'.
It is better to use "shell-like."