the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
NOAA TAO El Niño data Realtime Pacific Ocean El Niño buoy data
NOAA Ocean Surface Current Analyses – Realtime (OSCAR) Near-realtime Pacific Ocean Surface Currents derived from satellite altimeter and scatterometer data
Antarctica is the Earth's southernmost continent.
It is on the South Pole.
It is almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle.
Around Antarctica is the Southern Ocean.
It is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America.
About 99% of Antarctica is covered by ice.
This ice averages at least 1.6 kilometers (1.0 miles) thick.
Antarctica is the coldest, driest and windiest continent.
It is also, on average, the highest of all the continents.
Antarctica is considered a desert.
It has yearly precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) near the sea and far less inland.
No humans live in Antarctica permanently.
However, about 1,000 to 5,000 people live through the year at the science stations in Antarctica.
Only plants and animals that can live in cold live there.
The animals include penguins, seals, nematodes, tardigrades and mites.
Plant life includes some grass and shrubs, algae, lichen, fungi, and bacteria.
The first known sighting of the continent was in 1820.
Antarctica was mostly forgotten for the rest of the 19th century.
This was because of its hostile environment, few resources, and isolation.
The first official use of the name Antarctica as a continental name in the 1890s is said to have been used by Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew.
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries.
More countries have signed the treaty since then.
So far, 46 countries have signed the treaty.
The treaty declares that military activities and mineral mining are against the law.
However, it supports scientific research.
It also helps the continent's ecozone.
More than 4,000 scientists from different nations and different interests experiment together.
Geography and geology
Antarctica is covered by an ice sheet about four kilometres thick.
Under the ice it is mostly land, although the ice shelves are over the ocean.
The Transantarctic Mountains divide the land between East Antarctica in the Eastern Hemisphere and West Antarctica in the Western Hemisphere.
Antarctica has some important features hidden by the ice.
One is Lake Vostok, which has been covered by ice for at least 15 million years.
The lake is 250 km long and 50 km wide.
Another is the huge Gamburtsev mountain chain, which are the size of the Alps, yet entirely buried under the ice.
The Gamburtsev range has a nearby massive rift valley similar to the East African Great Rift Valley.
It is called the Lambert system.
Scientists used radar that can work under ice to survey the whole of Antarctica.
Ancient Antarctica
Scientists say Antarctica used to be much further north and much warmer, moving to where it is now through continental drift.
From 2011 to 2013, scientists collected fossils of frogs, water lilies, and shark and ray teeth, showing that these life forms used to live on Antarctica.
The frog fossils were about 40 million years old.
Scientists say marsupials, animals that keep their babies in pouches, could have started in South America, migrated to a warm ancient Antarctica, and gone to Australia from there.
Life in Antarctica
Few land plants grow in Antarctica.
This is because Antarctica does not have much moisture (water), sunlight, good soil, or a warm temperature.
Plants usually only grow for a few weeks in the summer.
However, moss, lichen and algae do grow.
The most important organisms in Antarctica are the plankton which grow in the ocean.
One important source of food in the Antarctic is the krill, which is a general term for the small shrimp-like marine crustaceans.
Krill are  near the bottom of the food chain: they feed on phytoplankton and to a lesser extent zooplankton.
Krill are a food form suitable for the larger animals for whom krill makes up the largest part of their diet.
Whales, penguins, seals, and even some of the birds that live in Antarctica, all depend on krill.
Whales are the largest animals in the ocean, and in Antarctica.
They are mammals, not fish.
That means that they breathe air and do not lay eggs.
Many different kinds of whales live in the oceans around Antarctica.
Whalers have hunted whales for hundreds of years, for meat and blubber.
Nowadays most whaling is done in the Antarctic area.
Penguins only live south of the equator.
Several different kinds live in and around Antarctica.
The biggest ones can stand nearly 4 feet (1.2m) tall and can weigh almost 100 pounds (40 kg).
The smallest kinds are only about one foot (30 cm) tall.
Penguins are large birds that swim very well but cannot fly.
They have black backs and wings with white fronts.
Their feathers are very tightly packed and make a thick cover.
They also have a layer of woolly down under the feathers.
The feathers themselves are coated with a type of oil that makes them waterproof.
A thick layer of blubber also keeps them warm.
Penguins eat fish and are at home in the ocean.
They come up on the land or ice to lay their eggs and raise the chicks.
They nest together in a huge group.
Largest land animal
History of its discovery
For a long time, people had believed that there was a great continent in the far south of Earth.
They thought this Terra Australis would "balance" the lands in the north like Europe, Asia and North Africa.
People have believed this from the times of Ptolemy (1st century AD).
He suggested this idea to keep the balance of all known lands in the world.
Pictures of a large land in the south were common in maps.
In the late 17th century, people discovered that South America and Australia were not part of the mythical "Antarctica".
However, geographers still believed that Antarctica was much bigger than it really was.
European maps continued to show this unknown land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773.
They crossed it again in January 1774.
In fact, Cook did come within about  of the Antarctic coast.
However, he was forced to go back because of ice in January 1773.
The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica were by three different men.
According to different organizations, ships captained by three men saw Antarctica in 1820.
The three men were Fabian von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (an American seal hunter out of Stonington, Connecticut).
The first recorded landing on mainland Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis.
He landed on West Antarctica on 7 February 1821.
However, some historians are not sure about this claim.
People began discovering different parts of Antarctica and mapping them.
This was slow work because they could only work in the summer.
At last a map was made, and people began to talk about exploring the land, not only the sea.
However, this would have been very hard work.
They would have to break through the ice that was around Antarctica.
Then they would have to land on it and bring in enough things to live on while they explored the land.
The first serious exploration of the Antarctic land was the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907–09.
They were the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole.
Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 – February 1909.
They were the first humans to cross the Ross Ice Shelf, and the Transantarctic Mountain Range (via the Beardmore Glacier).
They were the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau.
Robert Falcon Scott, the most well known of all of the explorers, wanted to be the first man to reach the South Pole.
At the same time, another team from Norway lead by Roald Amundsen started.
They both raced each other to the South Pole, but in the end Amundsen won because he had made a good use of his sleigh dogs.
Scott had used ponies and motor sleds, but when he got to the South Pole he found a message from Amundsen, showing that he had beaten Scott.
On his way back, Scott and three companions met a blizzard and froze to death while waiting for it to finish.
The people who found him eight months later also found his records and diary, which he had written to the day he died.
No one lives in Antarctica all the time.
People who go to Antarctica are there to learn about Antarctica, so most of the people who live there are scientists.
Most live at national science stations on the coast.
Some bases are far from the sea, for example at the South pole.
They study the weather, animals, glaciers, and the Earth's atmosphere.
Some scientists drill ice cores to find out about the weather long ago.
People who work in the Antarctic must be careful, because a blizzard can start any time and anywhere.
When they go far away from their shelter, they must always take lots of food just in case.
Today, people explore Antarctica using snowmobiles, which are faster than dogs and can pull heavier loads.
Many come to Antarctica just for a short visit.
There are companies in South America that have vacations to Antarctica, so people pay to go there on a ship.
Some people take their own boats.
Western Antarctica warming confirmed December 23, 2012 USA Today
Uninhabited regions
The South Pole is the most southern point on the Earth.
It is in Antarctica and is the center of the Southern Hemisphere.
From the South pole, everywhere is North.
The geographic North and South poles are the poles the earth spins around, the ones people see on a globe where all the north/south lines meet.
These poles stay in the same place, and are usually the ones we mean if we just say North or South Pole.
People can tell that they are at these poles by looking at the stars (at the poles, a star just circles around at the same height, never dipping to the horizon).
The Sun rises once a year and gives the South Pole half a year of summer but it is always cold.
When the Sun sets half a year later it makes half a year of winter which is even colder.
The South Pole is always cold because the Sun never rises high in the sky.
The south magnetic pole is something different.
It is defined by the Earth's magnetic field, as roughly where a magnetic compass needle points.
People can tell they are near these poles by looking at a compass.
The South Pole is hard to reach.
Unlike the North pole, which is covered by the sea and flat sea-ice, the South Pole is on a mountainous continent.
This continent is called Antarctica.
It is covered by thick ice (more than a mile thick in the centre).
The south Pole is very high up, and is very windy.
It is far from places where people live, and ships going there often have to find their way through thick sea ice.
Once ashore, land-travelling explorers have to travel more than a thousand miles to get to the pole.
They must cross a floating ice shelf, then up onto the ice-covered land, up steep mountain glaciers covered in broken, twisted ice slowly sliding to the sea, and across a high level land ("plateau") covered in ice and swept by strong freezing winds.
Two expeditions early in the 20th century, led by Robert Falcon Scott and then Ernest Shackleton, failed to reach the South Pole, but returned safely.
Shackleton turned back quite close to the pole, but it was late in the season and supplies were low.
He knew that he would be risking the lives of his men, so he turned back.
The first men to reach the South Pole were a group from Norway led by Roald Amundsen.
They arrived at the Pole on December 14, 1911 and left the Norwegian flag.
Amundsen and his men returned home safely.
Amundsen's story is one of excellent planning, good leadership, and willingness to learn from others: this made extreme endurance unnecessary, and perhaps made the successful expedition less of a story, and therefore perhaps less famous, than the next one.
The most famous South Pole expedition is perhaps the one that failed badly.
This was the British expedition (not just UK, it included people from the British Empire, who at that time were considered British citizens) led by Robert Falcon Scott.
Scott and four other men, dragging their equipment on sledges, had hoped to be first to the Pole.
When they arrived, they saw a Norwegian flag.
A letter left for Scott showed that Amundsen and his men had beaten them by a month, by using dogs to pull their sledges.
On their journey back from the Pole, Scott's team found that food "dumps" were short of supplies, particularly kerosene.
Kerosene was very important: not just for cooking but for melting ice.
Once it ran out, they would have no water to drink.
One man collapsed and died while walking.
Oates knew his frostbitten feet could not carry him back to base, and that he might delay his companions and risk their lives.
He committed suicide by walking out of their tent into the cold.
Scott and his remaining two companions died of starvation, thirst, and cold - trapped in the tent by bad weather until their supplies ran out.
Next spring, the three bodies in the tent were found by a team from the main part of the expedition - who had spent the winter in the expeditions's hut by the sea.
Scott's letters to his wife, written in the tent when he knew he was going to die, have just (Jan 2007) been made public.
Apart from Ernest Shackleton's expedition to cross the Antarctic (another heroic failure, but Shackleton saved all his men, after a very courageous sea crossing in an open boat, and a crossing of an unknown mountain range while starving and freezing), this was the end of the "heroic" age of exploration.
Motors, Planes, Radios, and GPS ensured that following expeditions were never truly "unsupported".
Today there is an American science base at the South Pole.
It is named the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station to honor the two explorers.
The South Pole has a desert climate.
It almost never gets any precipitation.
Air humidity is near zero.
However, high winds can cause the blowing of snowfall, and the accumulation of snow amounts to about  per year.
The former dome seen in pictures of the Amundsen-Scott station is partially buried due to snow storms, and the entrance to the dome had to be regularly bulldozed to uncover it.
More recent buildings are raised on stilts so that the snow does not build up against the sides.
Geography of Antarctica
The Indian Ocean is the ocean surrounded by Asia to the north, Australia and the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Southern Ocean to the south, and Africa and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
It is named for the river Indus and Ancient India on its north shore.
The Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea are all parts of this ocean.
The deepest point in the Indian Ocean is in the Java Trench near the Sunda Islands in the east, 7500 m (25,344 feet) deep.
The average depth is 3,890 m (12,762 ft).
The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean, 28,350,000 square miles in size.
The majority is in the southern hemisphere.
Maps of the indian Ocean
Océan Indien in easy French
The Indian Ocean in World History: Educational Website Interactive resource from the Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center
The Regional Tuna Tagging Project-Indian Ocean with details of the importance of Tuna in the Indian Ocean..
Detailed maps of the Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean Trade: A Classroom Simulation
CIA - The World Factbook, Oceans: Indian Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the ocean around the North Pole.
The most northern parts of Eurasia and North America are around the Arctic Ocean.
Thick pack ice and snow cover almost all of this ocean in winter, and most of it in summer.
An icebreaker or a nuclear-powered submarine can use the Northwest Passage through the Arctic Ocean to go between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
The ocean's area is about 14.056 million km2, which is the smallest of the world's 5 oceans, and it has  of coastline.
The central surface covered by ice about  thick.
The biology there is quite special.
Endangered species there include walruses, whales and polar bears.
Year by year the Arctic Ocean is becoming less icy, as a result of global warming.
The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is .
The deepest point is in the Eurasian Basin, at .
The Arctic Ocean covers an area of about 14,056,000 km2.
The coastline is 45,390 km (28,200 mi) long It is surrounded by Eurasia, North America, Greenland, and by several islands.
It is generally taken to include Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, White Sea and other bodies of water.
It is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Bering Strait  and to the Atlantic Ocean through the Greenland Sea and Labrador Sea.
The Arctic Ocean is in a polar climate.
Winters are characterized by the polar night, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies.
The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater.
Arctic Ocean consists of saltwater but its salinity is less than other oceans.
The temperature must reach −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) before freezing occurs.
Ice covers most of the Arctic Ocean.
It covers almost the whole ocean in late winter and the majority of the ocean in late summer.
Much of the Arctic ice pack is covered in snow for about 10 months of the year.
The maximum snow cover is in March or April — about 20 to 50 cm (7.9 to 19.7 in).
The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.
As recently as 55 million years ago, during the eocene epoch, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).
The surface waters of the Arctic Ocean warmed enough to support tropical lifeforms.
Animal and plant life
Endangered marine species in the Arctic Ocean include walruses and whales.
The area has a fragile ecosystem.
The Arctic Ocean has relatively little plant life except for phytoplankton.
Phytoplankton are a crucial part of the ocean.
They feed on nutrients from rivers and the currents of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
The Hidden Ocean Arctic 2005 Daily logs, photos and video from exploration mission.
The Northern Forum
Arctic Environmental Atlas  Interactive map
NOAA Arctic Theme Page
Daily Arctic Ocean Rawinsonde Data from Soviet Drifting Ice Stations (1954–1990) at NSIDC
Arctic time series: The Unaami Data collection
NOAA North Pole Web Cam Images from Web Cams deployed in spring on an ice floe
NOAA Near-realtime North Pole Weather Data Data from instruments deployed on an ice floe
Search for Arctic Life Heats Up by Stephen Leahy
International Polar Foundation
National Snow and Ice Data Center – Daily report of Arctic ice cover based on satellite data
Marine Biodiversity Wiki
They are sometimes called Eskimos, a word which likely comes from the Algonquin language and may mean "eater of raw meat" which is a fallacy many believe due to misinformation.
The term Eskimo means "netter of snowshoes.
Most Inuit prefer to be called by their own name, either the more general Inuit particularly in Canada or their actual tribe name.
Inuit is a tribe name but not all indigenous Arctic peoples in North America are Inuits.
Particularly in the United States Alaska, the word Eskimo would be accepted as a more general term, but would probably refer to themselves by their tribe name.
Inuit in Canada and Greenland like the name Inuit because it is their own name for themselves.
Inuit means more than one, one person is an "Inuk".
The native Greenlanders are related to the Inuit.
The language of the Inuit is Inuktitut, and it is one of the official languages of Nunavut and of the Northwest Territories in Canada.
Eskimo is a term more frequently used in mainstream United States where such concerns get less attention.
Inuits in Alaska have various concerns, such as protecting the caribou from American oil pipelines.
Anti-seal hunt campaigns work to eliminate this aspect of northern culture, which most Inuits regard as vital to their lives.
Traditional culture
Inuit ate both raw and cooked meat and fish, as well as the fetus's of pregnant animals.
Whale blubber was burned as fuel for cooking and lamps.
Inuit were also Nomadic people, but they did not domesticate any animals except for dogs, which they used to pull their sleds and help with the hunting.
They were hunter-gatherers, living off the land.
They were very careful to make good use of every part of the animals they killed.
Respect for the land and the animals they harvested was and is a focal part of their culture.
Inuit lived in tents made of animal skins during the summer.
In the winter they lived in sod houses and igloos.
They could build an igloo out of snow bricks in just a couple of hours.
Snow is full of air spaces, which helps it hold in warmth.
With just a blubber lamp for heat, an igloo could be warmer than the air outside.
The Inuit made very clever things from the bones, antlers, and wood they had.
They invented the harpoon, which was used to hunt seals and whales.
They built boats from wood or bone covered with animal skins.
They invented the kayak for one man to use for hunting the ocean and among the pack ice.
Inuit sleds could be built from wood, bone, or even animal skins wrapped around frozen fish.
Dishes were made from carving soapstone, bones, or musk ox horns.
They wore two layers of skins, one fur side in, the other facing out, to stay warm.
Inuit had to be good hunters to survive.
When an animal was killed in a hunt, it was thanked respectfully for offering itself to the hunter.
They believed it intended to provide itself as a gift towards the survival of the hunter and his children.
Their gratitude was deeply sincere and is an important aspect of their belief system.
In the winter, seals did not come out onto the ice.
They only came up for air at holes they chewed in the ice.
Inuit would use their dogs to find the air holes, then wait patiently until the seal came back to breathe and kill it with a harpoon.
In the summer, the seals would lie out on the ice enjoying the sun.
The hunter would have to slowly creep up on a seal to kill it.
The Inuit would use their dogs and spears to hunt polar bears, musk ox, and caribou.
Sometimes they would kill caribou from their boats as the animals crossed the rivers on their migration.
The Inuit even hunted whales.
From their boat, they would throw harpoons that were attached to floats made of inflated seal skins.
The whale would grow tired from dragging the floats under the water.
When it slowed down and came up to the surface, the Inuit could keep hitting it with more harpoons or spears until it died.
Whale blubber provide Vitamin D and Omegas to their cultural diet, and prevented rickets.
The whaling industry around the world has depleted the whale population, and now traditional whale hunting for subsistence purposes is rare around the world.
Inuits have added to their modern northern diet with grocery foods, which are normally very expensive in the north.
During the summer months, the Inuit were able to gather berries and roots to eat.
They also collected grass to line their boots or make baskets.
Often the food they found or killed during the summer was put into a cache for use during the long winter.
A cache was created by digging down to the permafrost and building a rock lined pit there.
The top would be covered with a pile of rocks to keep out the animals.
It was as good as a freezer, because the food would stay frozen there until the family needed it.
Inuit cultural traditions and traditional stories provided each new generation with the lifeskills and knowledge to survive their environment and work together.
They usually moved around in small groups looking for food, and sometimes they would get together with other groups to hunt for larger animals such as whales.
The men did the hunting and home building, and also made weapons, sleds, and boats.
The women cooked, made the clothes, and took care of the children.
Children and infants under the ages of 5 became easy victims of hypothermia, and if they were to die, their mothers would weight the children's corpses with stones and wrap them in fishnets before placing the bodies through holes in the ice.
The mothers believed the children's souls were being offered to the god Phallus, who would reincarnate them as whales.
Something wrong here Phallus isn't found in North America.
Some Canadian companies like Canada Goose and Moose Knuckle have clothing designs based on Inuit culture.
North American Arctic people today
Today, most Inuit live in modern houses.
Many still hunt or fish for a major part of their food supply and sometimes some income.
Seal pelts are used to protect from the extreme cold in the Arctic and are far more effective than man-made fabrics.
The technology has worked well for many thousands of years.
Besides, commercial winter clothes are expensive.
Today, they use rifles and snowmobiles when hunting, however traditional values respecting the animals hunted still very much applies.
In Alaska, many of the people have received money from the oil discovered in that state on their traditional lands.
The Arctic is very different from the rest of the world.
The way of life in the south does not work well in the north.
Canada values having Inuit peoples in Canada's northernmost lands as proof of sovereignty over the Canadian portion of the Arctic Circle.
It's a very challenging living in an Arctic environment.
There is some controversy over the practice of sinking the corpses of child victims of hypothermia under the ice, as bodies have been known to drift through the currents and wash up on the eastern coast of Canada, and, upon occasion, the northeastern United States.
It is usually light.
Basket makers use a wide variety of materials to create a basket, such as bark, willow rods, leaves, wire, plastic, paper, and rope.
There are three basic kinds of baskets—coiled, twined, or woven.
A woven basket is made of spokes and weavers:  the spokes run up and down and the weavers go over and under the spokes.
A coiled basket is made by sewing rings of a fibrous material to the previous ring.
Twined baskets have flexible weavers that are twined around the spokes in a variety of patterns.
Basketmaking is so old that it features in myths from various cultures.
Baskets are used to carry babies, plants, fruit, cotton, and Easter eggs.
Coroners once used a basket coffin to collect bodies, thus the expression "a basket case" which meant the person was dead.
Computer software, also called software, is a set of instructions and documentation that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task.
Software includes all different programs on a computer, such as applications and the operating system.
Applications are programs that are designed to perform a specific operation, such as a game or a word processor.
The operating system (e.g. Mac OS, Microsoft Windows, Android and various Linux distributions) is a type of software that is used as a platform for running the applications, and controls all user interface tools including display and the keyboard.
The word software was first used in the late 1960s to emphasize on its difference from computer hardware, which can be physically observed by the user.
Software is a set of instructions that the computer follows.
Before compact discs (CDs) or development of the Internet age, software was used on various computer data storage media tools like paper punch cards, magnetic discs or magnetic tapes.
The word firmware is sometimes used to describe a style of software that is made specifically for a particular type of computer or an electronic device and is usually stored on a Flash memory or ROM chip in the computer.
Firmware usually refers to a piece of software that directly controls a piece of hardware.
The firmware for a CD drive or the firmware for a modem are examples of firmware implementation.
Today, software has become an important part of our lives.
software is used everywhere.
software engineers are responsible for producing fault-free software which has literally become an essential part of our daily lives.
Changeability and conformity are two of the main properties of software design.
There are also different processing models for designing software including Build and Fix, Waterfall and Agile software processing design methods.
Types of Software
The  different types of software can be put into categories based on common function, type, or field of use.
There are three broad classifications:
Application software are the computer programs for performing user tasks such as word processing and web browsers.
System software is used to start and run computer systems and networks.
This includes operating systems.
Computer programming tools (also known as development software) are used to create application and system software.
This is done by translating and combining computer program source code and libraries into executable RAMs.
These include compiler and linker.
A container is an object used for holding something.
People put things in a container.
The use of shipping containers is called Containerization.
Types of container
Carton
South America is the continent to the south of North America.<ref>"South America . ',
6th ed.
2001–6.
New York, Columbia University Press": "fourth largest continent ..., the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere."
Archived from the original  2009-02-10.
Retrieved 2017-03-24</ref> These two continents are separated by the Panama Canal.
There are seven continents which make up the globe, South America being the 4th largest.
South America includes 14 countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands (United Kingdom), French Guiana (France), Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela.
South America is attached to Central America at the boundary of Panama.
Geographically all of Panama – including the part east of the Panama Canal is usually included in North America alone, among the countries of Central America.
Geography: Panama  CIA World Factbook 2008.
List of Countries
The soil in Argentina's Pampas is among the best in the world.
Brazil's soil is very good for growing coffee.
A great number of minerals have been found.
Few, however, have been mined.
Among those that were mined are iron, manganese, gold, and gemstones.
The tropical forests are rich in valuable trees, like mahogany, ebony, and rubber.
Oil is also a resource in some places.
South America is home to a large variety of animal life.
These include animals such as jaguars, macaws, monkeys, anacondas, llamas, piranhas, toucans, tapirs, cougars, condors and chinchillas.
Tourist attractions
Machu Picchu, a historic site in Peru which is a city made of stone and has a over 26 mile marathon.
The Iguazu Falls, a waterfall on the border between Argentina and Brazil
The Angel Falls, the world's tallest waterfall, in Venezuela
Rio de Janeiro and its carnival in Brazil is a huge seaside city in Brazil, famed for its Copacabana and Ipanema beaches, 38m Christ the Redeemer statue atop Mount Corcovado and for Sugarloaf Mountain, a granite peak with cable cars to its summit.
The city is also known for its sprawling favelas (shanty towns).
Its raucous Carnaval festival, featuring parade floats, flamboyant costumes and samba dancers, is considered the world’s largest.
The Patagonia region in Argentina and Chile
The Christ Redeemer in Brazil, a large, white statue of Jesus Christ.
The Amazon rain forest
The amazon rain forest is a moist grassy land where many wild animals live and contains the amazon river which is the 2nd longest river in the world and has the largest volume of water.
The world's longest river is the Nile in Africa.
The forest is known as a rain forest as it rains very often but due to the dense surroundings not every droplet reaches the bottom.
The Amazon is shared by eight countries''' (Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname) and stretches for 6.7 million kilometers2.
In the amazon rain forest, hundreds of thousands of trees have been cut down for wood and paper, meaning that the forest is endangered.
Unlike the Boreial forest in Canada the trees are not getting replanted.
A bed is a piece of furniture that people sleep on.
It normally has a soft mattress on a bed frame.
Many beds also have bed sheets to cover the mattress and additional sheets for the people to sleep under.
People also use a pillow under their heads.
A bed comes in many different sizes including a single, double and king size.
In August 2020 archaeologists reported the discovery of the oldest grass bedding from Middle Paleolithic (at least 200,000 years ago).
This was much older than the oldest previously known bedding.
They found insect-repellent plants and ash layers beneath the bedding.
This would have made a dirt-free, insulated base which helped to keep away insects.
So early beds were little more than piles of straw or some other natural material (e.g. a heap of palm leaves, animal skins, or dried ferns).
Here's an example of what they said: "Several cultures have used ash as an insect repellent because insects cannot easily move through fine powder.
Ash blocks insects' breathing and biting apparatus, and eventually dehydrates them.
Tarchonanthus (camphor bush) remains were on top of the grass from the oldest bedding in the cave.
This plant is still used to deter insects in rural parts of East Africa".
In Ancient Egypt, beds were considered to be status symbols.
While the lower classes simply slept on a heap of palm bows or straw, the wealthy constructed wood platform beds that were ascended by stairs, were often curtained, and piled high with cushions for comfort.
In Ancient Rome, the bed was utilized as a multi-purpose reclining surface rather than just a place to sleep.
Several beds, or "dining couches" were arranged around the perimeter of the home's living space, and friends and family would recline in bed while socializing, studying, and dining.
Types of beds
There are several kinds of bed in use today.
Several terms refer to the size of the mattress.
Some kinds are usually temporary, such as camp cots, air mattresses, and hammocks.
Single bed
Double bed
Bunk beds
Twin beds
Camp bed/ Cot
Cot/ Crib
Carrycot/Portacrib
Hospital bed
Asia is a large region on Earth mainly in the northern hemisphere.
Asia is connected to Europe in the west, forming a continent called Eurasia, though sometimes it is viewed as a separate continent from Europe.
Some of the oldest human civilizations began in Asia, such as Sumer, China, and India.
Asia was also home to some large empires such as the Persian Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Mongol Empire, and the Ming Empire.
It is home to at least 44 countries.
Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Cyprus are partly are also considered european.
Asia includes a large amount of land.
Covering about 30% of the world's land area, it has more people than any other continent, with about 60% of the world's total population.
Stretching from the icy Arctic in the north to the hot and steamy equatorial lands in the south, Asia contains huge, empty deserts, as well as some of the world's highest mountains and longest rivers.
Asia is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Indian Ocean.
It is separated from Europe by the Pontic Mountains and the Turkish Straits.
A long, mainly land border in the west separates Europe and Asia.
This line runs North-South down the Ural Mountains in Russia, along the Ural River to the Caspian Sea, and through the Caucasus Mountains to the Black Sea.
North Asia
Only Sinai Peninsula
Some countries are variously located in both Europe and Asia, namely Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, and Turkey.
A wall is a vertical dividing surface.
It divides space in buildings into rooms or protects buildings.
It is usually made of stone or brick.
Walls have two main purposes: to support the top part of buildings, and to divide space, giving protection from invasion, escape, and weather.
Before powerful artillery was invented, many cities had protective walls.
Since they are not suitable for defense any more, most city walls have been removed.
Retaining wall
A retaining wall is a structure made to hold soil from collapsing.
It is made in special areas for any other construction work, such as farming or road making.
Anchored wall
Cantilever wall
Gravity wall
Piling wall
Main type of walls
Load Bearing Wall is a structural element.
It carries the weight of a house from the roof and upper floors, all the way to the foundation.
It supports structural members like beams, slab and walls on above floors.
Non-Load Bearing Wall doesn’t help the structure to stand up and holds up only itself.
It doesn’t support floor roof loads above.
It is a framed structure.
Most are interior walls whose purpose is to divide the structure into rooms.
Partition Wall separates spaces from buildings.
It can be solid, constructed from brick or stone.
It is a framed construction.
The partition wall is secured to the floor, ceiling, and walls.
It is enough strong to carry its own load.
It resists impact.
It is stable and strong to support wall fixtures.
The partition wall works as a sound barrier and it is fire resistant.
Cavity Wall A cavity wall or hollow wall consists of two separate walls, called leaves or skins, with a cavity or gap in-between.
The two leaves of the cavity wall may be of equal thickness if it a non-load-bearing wall or the internal leaf may be thicker than the external leaf, to meet the structural requirements.
Veneered Wall holds up the material.
It can be made of brick or stone.
The most famous veneered wall is made of brick.
The wall is only one wythe thick.
It became the norm when building codes began to require insulation in interior walls.
It is light weighted.
Veneered walls can be built quickly.
Fire wall
Coordinated Universal Time (or UTC) is the standard time system of the world.
It is the standard by which the world regulates clocks and time.
It is, within about 1 second, mean solar time at 0° longitude.
The standard before was Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
UTC and GMT are almost the same.
In fact, there is no practical difference which would be noticed by ordinary people.
Some websites, for example Wikipedia, use UTC because it does not make any country look more important than the others.
It offers one time for all the Internet (the same time can be used by people all over the world).
Time zones are often named by how many hours they are different from UTC time.
For example, UTC−5 (United States east coast) is 5 hours behind UTC.
If the time is 07:00 UTC, the local time is 02:00 in New York (UTC−5) and 10:00 in Moscow (UTC+3).
Note that UTC uses the 24-hour clock.
That means there is no 'AM' or 'PM'.
For example, 4:00PM would be 16:00 or 1600.
UTC also does not use daylight savings time - that way the time stays consistent the entire year.
When this page loaded, it was ,   ,  in UTC.
fi:Aikajärjestelmä#UTC
Telegram television (also known as a TV) is a machine with a screen.
Televisions receive broadcasting signals and change them into pictures and sound.
The word "television" comes from the words tele (Greek for far away) and vision (sight).
Sometimes a television can look like a box.
Older TVs had a large cathode ray tube in a large wooden frame and sat on the floor like furniture.
Newer TVs are much lighter and flatter.
A TV can show pictures from many television networks.
Computers and mobile devices also can be used for watching television programs.
The television was invented in the 1920s but the equipment was expensive and the pictures were poor.
By the 1950s, these problems had been fixed and TVs became widespread.
At first, all televisions used an antenna (or aerial).
This would pick up television programmes from broadcasting stations.
A TV station could be many miles or kilometers away, and still be received.
TVs can also show movies from VCD and DVD players or VCRs.
Cable TV and Satellite television can provide more programs at once than broadcast can.
Video game consoles connect to most modern TVs.
Some computers can also use a TV as a computer monitor.
All TVs have screens where the picture is viewed.
Before the 1950s these were usually "black and white", which made everything look grey, but all modern TVs show colors.
Most 20th century screens also had rounded corners.
That is because television screens were cathode ray tubes.
These are like heavy glass jars with one side bulging out to form the screen.
Today flat panel displays are the usual kind.
These are usually flat rectangles with straight edges.
This long rectangle looks more like the shape of a movie theatre screen.
This is called widescreen.
If a widescreen set was 30 cm tall, it would be 53 cm wide.
For this to work best, TV shows also need to be made in widescreen.
Widescreen sets can still be any size, but they have the same widescreen shape.
Sociology is the study of societies and how humans act in groups.
Sociology is a social science.
People who study sociology are called sociologists.
A society is the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations.
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès in 1780 was first to use the term.
The problems caused by the change to an industrial society, where many people moved to cities and worked in factories, were an early focus of sociology.
Auguste Comte, Max Weber and Émile Durkheim were leading figures in the study of social phenomena.
Themes included: community, authority, status, alienation and lack of power.
In the 2000s, some sociologists look at such things as: race, ethnicity, class, gender, the family and social interaction.
They also study the breakdown of social structures; crime and divorce.
Work of sociologists
Sociologists research the structures that organize society, such as race, gender (whether a person is male or female), and social classes (rich or poor).
They study the family and examine problems such as crime and drug abuse.
Most sociologists work in one or more specialty areas or "sub-fields".
Sociology includes many sub-fields that examine different aspects of society.
For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure in society.
The field of demography studies changes in population size or type.
Criminology examines criminal behavior and crime.
Political sociology studies government and laws.
Sociology of race and sociology of gender examine how people think about race and gender.
Many sociologists also do research outside of the university.
Their research is supposedly intended to help teachers, lawmakers, and government administrators to make better institutions, government programs, and rules.
Sociologists often use statistics to count and measure patterns in how people act or behave.
Sociologists also interview people or hold group discussions to find out why people behave in certain ways.
Some sociologists combine different research methods.
History of sociology
Social analysis has been done since the time of Plato.
Sociology became accepted as a type of science in the early 1800s.
European cities were changing as many people moved into cities and began working in factories.
Sociologists tried to understand how people interacted and how groups interacted.
The word "sociology" was invented by French thinker Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès in 1780.
Early thinkers who wrote about sociology included Auguste Comte and Max Weber.
Sociology was taught in a university for the first time at the University of Kansas in 1890.
The first European department of sociology was founded in 1895 at the University of Bordeaux by Émile Durkheim.
The first sociology department to be established in Britain was at the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1904.
In 1919 a sociology department was established in Germany at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich by Max Weber.
Babbie, Earl R. 2003.
The Practice of Social Research, 10th edition.
Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc.,
Giddens, Anthony.
Sociology (5th edition), Polity, Cambridge.
Nisbet, Robert A. 1967.
The Sociological Tradition, London,
An insight to Human Sociology
The sky is the appearance of the atmosphere around the surface of the planet from our point of view.
We see many objects that are actually in space such as the Sun, the Moon, and stars because they are in the sky.
On a clear day the sky appears blue.
At night it appears from very dark blue to black.
The deepness of the blue increases as we look toward the horizon, and up to the point above us.
The sky, which is made up of gas molecules, is blue because of the random scattering of sunlight by the molecules.
Rayleigh scattering defines the amount of scattering of light rays.
Blue light scatters much more than red, which is why the sky appears blue on a clear day.
Depending on the time of day, the sky may appear different colors.
At dawn or dusk the sky may appear red, orange, or even green and purple depending on how low the sun is and how close it is to night.
Other planets have skies too.
Because the types of gases in their atmospheres are different, they have different sky colors.
For example, the sky on Mars is red.
Many things can be seen in the sky.
There are objects from space like the Sun, Moon, and stars.
There are also many weather events seen in the sky.
For example, these can be clouds, rain, lightning, or fog.
Weather is caused by different patterns and temperatures in the atmosphere.
Other things that can be seen in the sky are birds, other flying animals, and aircraft.
Day Sky Images
Night Sky Images
Sky Photo Gallery
Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, Punjabi, Yorùbá, Igbo, Luganda, Ewe, and Cherokee are tonal.
The other languages, including Indo-European languages such as  English and Hindi, are not tone languages.
In some languages, it is pitch accent that is important instead.
A word's meaning can then change if a different syllable is stressed.
Examples include Ancient Greek, Hebrew, Swedish, Norwegian, Serbo-Croatian, Lithuanian, and some Asian languages like Japanese and Korean.
However, pitch accent is different from tones.
Some tones may sound alike to people who do not speak a tone language.
They are the most difficult part of learning a tone language for those people.
In Mandarin, the most famous example "mā má mǎ mà ()" has four different words each pronounced in exactly the same way but with four different tones.
If numbers identify the tones, they can be written ma1 ma2 ma3 ma4, which means "mom hemp horse scold."
Some ways of romanization mark each tone by a different spelling; ma1 ma2 ma3 ma4 in Pinyin would be written ma mha maa mah in Gwoyeu Romatzyh.
Most use numbers or accent marks (mā má mǎ mà in Pinyin).
There is a passage called Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den ().
It has 92 characters; all read the same way in Mandarin ("shi") but with different tones.
"Mother" is "ma" that is high and level.
"Hemp" is "ma" that starts low and ends high.
"Horse" is "ma" that starts fairly high, dips very low, and then goes back up again.
"Scold" is "ma" that starts high and ends low.
To make a question, "ma" is added at the end, but it is kept very soft and short and about the same level.
Mandarin has "first tone," "second tone," "third tone," "fourth tone," and "neutral tone."
Other Chinese dialects have more tones, some as many as twelve.
Tonal markings
Vietnamese and Pinyin use accents as the tone marks for the Latin alphabet.
Each accent shows an altered sound for the syllable.
Most syllables have only one tone marking, but the letters in the syllable can be altered by other markings.
Syllables usually form one word in un-hyphenated compound words.
Pinyin may have style differences because its use is to help Westerners.
On the other hand, Vietnamese has a national script that always follows and uses the same style.
A dollar is a type of currency.
Many countries have named their money the dollar, so it is important to say which dollar is being talked about.
The symbol for the dollar is a capital letter S, pierced by one or two vertical lines: $.
The dollar is named after the thaler.
The thaler was a large silver coin first made in the year 1518.
The thaler named after the Joachimsthal (Joachim's valley) mine in Bohemia (Thal means valley in German).
The later Spanish Peso was the same size and was often called "Spanish dollar" and the similar coin of the Dutch Republic was called “lion dollar”.
In the 18th century it became a world currency.
Many national currencies were originally Spanish dollars including the ones now called dollar or peso and the Japanese yenand Chinese Renminbi.
List of dollars
Hong Kong dollar
Namibian dollar
New Zealand dollar