the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
History of Dublin
Riots in Europe
2D - Two dimensions
3D - Three dimensions
4WD - Four-wheel drive
APP - American Patriot Party
BASIC - Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BIOS - Basic Input/Output System
CCTV - Closed-circuit television, China Central Television, Cork Community TV
CD - Compact Disk
CD-ROM - Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
COBOL - Common Business-Orientated Language
CIA - Central Intelligence Agency
CPU - Central Processing Unit
DVD - Digital Versatile Disc and Digital Video Disc
E3 - Electronic Entertainment Expo
ESPN - Entertainment and Sports Programming Network
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
FPS - First Person Shooter, Frames Per Second
FORTRAN - FORmula TRANslator
FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation
HTTP - Hyper Text Transport Protocol
HTTPS - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
Internet - Interconnected Networks
LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Maser - Molecular Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiations
MMORPG - Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game
MOSFET - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
NAFTA -  North American Free Trade Agreement
NASA -  National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
PHP - PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
POP - Post Office Protocol
POSH - Port Out, Starboard Home
Radar - Radio detection and ranging
RAM - Random Access Memory
ROM - Read Only Memory
RPG - Role Playing Game
RTFM - Read The Fine ( or Flippin' ) Manual
RTS - Real Time Strategy
SCUBA - Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Sitcom/SITCOM - SITuation COMedy
SKU - Stock Keeping Unit (bar code on products)
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Sonar - Sound navigation and ranging
SWAT - Special Weapons And Tactics
TBS - Turn-Based Strategy
TV - Television
TNA - Total Nonstop Action
USB - Universal Serial Bus
W3C - World Wide Web Consortium
WWW - World Wide Web
WWE - World Wrestling Entertainment
WWF - World Wrestling Federation
Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement about financial liability in air travel, and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the People's Republic of Poland.
The Warsaw Pact, officially the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was an organization of Central and Eastern European socialistic and people’s democracy states.
The states were all allies and would fight together if one of them was attacked.
While in theory all the countries in the organisation were equals, the smaller countries were controlled by the Soviet Union.
It was established in 1955 in Warsaw, Poland in response to West Germany joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO).
The treaty was signed in Warsaw, on 14 May 1955 and official copies were made in the languages of Russian, Polish, Czech and German.
The Pact lasted until the end of the Cold War when some members quit in 1991, following the collapse of the Eastern bloc and political changes in the Soviet Union.
Soviet Union (main contributor)
Albania (withdrew its support in 1962 over ideological differences, formally left in 1968)
Central Europe is the region around the Alps and Carpathian Mountains lying between the areas of Eastern and Western Europe.
The understanding of the concept of Central Europe varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time.
Alternative Definitions
If one were to divide the continent of Europe into two halves like it was during the Cold War, the Iron Curtain would subsequently split the mainstream definition of "Central Europe" in half.
When using this definition, the countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia would be included in Eastern Europe: whereas the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland would be considered Western Europe instead.
Some experts consider this definition outdated, but many still use them.
Supranational organizations like the UN and EU also make use of them.
A Four-wheel drive (also called 4WD and 4x4) is a vehicle on which all four wheels get power from the engine to move forward.
This is as opposed to a two-wheel drive vehicle.
4WDs are often used off road.
Part-time and full-time four wheel drive vehicles uses a transfer case as part of the drivetrain to direct power to one or both axles.
By having a transfer case the driver can shift the vehicle into either "two-wheel-drive" or "four-wheel-drive" mode (part-time systems).
Many transfer cases also have a low power range that multiplies the engine power when in four-wheel drive (called four-wheel low gear).
Part-time 4-wheel drive
Part-time systems are the most basic type.
They are also still the most popular type for using off-road.
The can be shifted (mechanically or electrically) from two-wheel drive to four-wheel drive.
This gives them the versatility to operate both on and off-road.
When the four-wheel drive system is engaged, the two axles turn at the same speed.
There usually is no center differential.
For that reason part-time four-wheel drive should not be used on dry pavement.
If operated for any distance on dry pavement tire damage and drivetrain damage is very possible.
Because it operates off-road, the vehicle typically has a higher Ride height.
This is to go over obstacles on uneven ground without damage.
Even when operated in two-wheel drive on-road, this system will not get the fuel economy of a comparable two-wheel drive vehicle.
Locking hubs are available on some models.
They help to get better fuel mileage by disengaging the front axle differential.
Full-time 4-wheel drive
This is the original four-wheel drive.
It was and still is designed for serious off-roading.
Common on full-time four-wheel drives are locking differentials.
These prevent one wheel slipping on the same axle if the other has traction.
These systems do not get good gas mileage due to their typical weight.
All-Wheel Drive
All-wheel drive (AWD) uses a center differential to direct a percentage of the power to both axles, depending on conditions.
All wheel drive is not designed specifically to go off road but is for traction in rain, snow or ice on the road.
Body-on frame SUVs are typically designed for off-road use.
Unibody crossovers are usually only equipped with the lighter-duty all-wheel drive.
However the unibody built Grand Cherokee and newly designed Durango are available with four-wheel drive.
Part-Time All-Wheel Drive
Part-time All-wheel drive (AWD) operate as a front-wheel drive under normal conditions.
When traction is lost for any reason, the system automatically sends a portion of the engine's power to the rear wheels.
As soon as the system detects good traction, it disengages the rear wheels and shifts back to front drive.
This is a less expensive system that adds less weight to the vehicle (usually a car).
This makes it popular on compact vehicles.
It typically gets better fuel economy than all-wheel drive vehicles.
They do not have a low range or a transfer case.
Automotive technologies
2D or two-dimensional objects have two measurements: width and length, like a square.
Two-dimensional objects do not have depth, like a cube.
It's a mathematics tool, but it's also used in video games, and computer science.
Microraptor is a basal theropod related to Velociraptor and Deinonychus.
It had flight feathers, and could glide and probably fly.
About two dozen well-preserved fossil specimens have been found in Liaoning, China.
They are from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, 125 million years old.
Adult specimens are 42–83 centimeters (1.4–2.7 ft) long, so Microraptor was one of the smallest dinosaurs.
Microraptor is one of a number of 'dinobirds' found in the same area of China.
They were buried in volcanic ash during huge eruptions.
"The evolution of powered flight in birds from theropod dinosaurs is recognized as the key adaptive breakthrough that contributed to the biological success of this group... Hundreds of small, exquisitely preserved, feathered theropods were discovered in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Group of northeastern China as they died some 125 million years ago, smothered in the "Cretaceous Pompeii"... Both anatomy and phylogeny strongly suggest that these theropods... offer new insights into the origins of feathers and flight, favoring the arboreal ('trees-down') over the cursorial ('ground-up') hypothesis".
Microraptor was among the first non-avian dinosaurs discovered with the impressions of feathers and wings.
Three specimens of M. zhaoianus have been described in detail, in addition to two specimens of M. gui and three specimens of M. sp.
described by Xu and colleagues in 2003, from which most feather impressions are known.
Unusual even among early birds and feathered dinosaurs, Microraptor is one of the few known bird precursors to sport long flight feathers on its feet as well as its forearms and hands.
This led Xu Xing to describe it as a "four winged dinosaur", and to speculate that it may have glided using all four limbs for lift.
Their bodies had a thick covering of feathers.
A diamond-shaped fan on the end of the tail gave stability during flight.
Sankar Chatterjee found that, in order for Microraptor to glide or fly, the fore and hind wings must have been on different levels (as on a biplane) and not overlaid (as on a dragonfly).
Using this biplane model, he calculated possible methods of gliding, and determined that Microraptor most likely launched itself from a perch, swooped downward in a deep 'U' shaped curve and then lifted again to land on another tree.
The feathers not directly employed in the biplane wing, like those on the tibia and the tail, could have been used to control and alter the flight path.
The hind wings would also have helped control the gliding flight.
Chatterjee also used computer algorithms to test whether or not Microraptor was capable of true, powered flight, in addition to gliding.
The data showed that Microraptor could sustain some level powered flight, so it is possible that the animal flew as well as glided.
Opera is a web browser that formerly included e-mail, webfeed reader, and IRC Chat.
There are versions available for several operating systems.
These include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, FreeBSD, and Linux.
There are also version for mobile phones, personal digital assistants, game consoles, and interactive televisions.
Opera was created in 1994 at Telenor, which is Norway's largest telecommunications company.
In 1995, Opera became its own company called Opera Software ASA.
Opera was first released publicly with version 2.0 in 1996, which only ran on Microsoft Windows.
With the release of Opera 4.0 in the year 2000, other operating systems were supported.
Security: Opera helps protect against computer viruses.
When accessing a certain page opera will warn the user beforehand that the site may impose a threat to their computer.
The user can decide to open the web page or not.
Tabs: Users can save an unlimited number of tabs on their computer, so the next time that the users utilized their PC the pages will still be there.
The order of the tabs can be changed, by dragging and dropping them in their needed location.
Blocking: Users  can block unwanted spam and pop ups, and the blocking features allow the individual to inactivate certain elements.
Resizing: Users can use the zoom button to change the size of the text on the screen, also the ‘Fit to Width’ button is available to change the size of the web page to evade horizontal scrolling.
Opera ASA
Orange, Connecticut
Orange, Massachusetts
Orange, New Hampshire
One of several towns named Orangeville
One of the several counties named Orange County
Orange River Colony
Orange, New South Wales, Australia
part of the commune La Roche-sur-Foron, in Haute-Savoie, France is named Orange
The term orange may refer to a number of citrus trees that produces fruit for people to eat.
Oranges are a very good source of Vitamin C. Orange juice is an important part of many people's breakfast.
The "sweet orange", which is the kind that are most often eaten today, grew first in South and East Asia but now grows in lots of parts of the world.
Oranges are round orange-coloured fruit that grow on a tree which can reach 10 metres (33 ft) high.
Orange trees have dark green shiny leaves and small white flowers with five petals.
The flowers smell very sweet which attracts many bees.
An orange has a tough shiny orange skin that holds acid in outside layer.
Inside, the fruit is divided into "segments", which have thin tough skins that hold together many little sections with juice inside.
There are usually ten segments in an orange, but sometimes there are more or less.
Inside each segment of most types of orange there are seeds called "pips".
Orange trees can be grown from pips, but some types of orange trees can only be grown from "cuttings" (a piece cut off a tree and made to grow roots).
The segments and the skin are separated by white stringy fibrous material called "pith".
In most types of oranges, the skin can be peeled off the pith, and the segments can be pulled apart with the fingers to be eaten.
In some oranges it is hard to take the skin off.
Orange skin is often called "orange peel".
Oranges are an important food source in many parts of the world for several reasons.
They are a commonly available source of vitamin C. They last longer than many other fruits when they are stored.
They are easy to transport because each orange comes in its own tough skin which acts as a container.
They can be piled into heaps or carried in bags, lunchboxes and shipping containers without being easily damaged.
The colour orange takes its name from the fruit.
The word "orange" is unusual because it is one of only a few English words that do not rhyme with anything.
The orange is particularly used in Asia for wide variety of purposes including cosmetic as well  as medicinal.
Doctors prescribe oranges for people who suffer from diabetes [citation needed].
Sweet orange trees were brought to Italy, Spain and Portugal from India in the fifteenth century (1400's).
Before that time only sour oranges were grown in Italy.
The name is from a Tamil word, via Persian and Arabic.
From Europe, orange trees were taken to the United States, South America, Africa and Australia, which all grow oranges for sale.
There are several different types of sweet oranges.
One of the most common types is called the "Valencia" orange, which comes from Spain and is also grown in Africa and Australia.
It is one of the most important "commercial" oranges. (
This means that it is grown for sale in shops.)
One type of sweet orange is called the "blood orange" or "sanguine orange" (sanguine means blood red).
These oranges often have red marks on the skin, and some parts of the inside look as if they have blood in them.
Some blood oranges make juice that is ruby red.
In the 1850s, in Brazil, a tree growing in a monastery garden was making very odd fruit.
Inside each orange skin there was a large orange with no seeds.
At the bottom of the orange were smaller sections that looked like a smaller squashed orange inside the same skin, which was really the bigger orange's twin.
The little orange made a strange bump at the bottom of the orange skin, that looked just like a human navel or belly button.
These oranges were named "Navel Oranges".
They tasted very sweet, they had no seeds and they peeled quite easily.
This made them a very good orange to grow commercially.
But they could not grow from seed.
They could only grow from plant cuttings.
Nowadays, thousands of these orange trees have been planted from cuttings. "
Navel Oranges" are grown in California and exported to many countries of the world.
Every navel orange in the world has the same genetic make up as the oranges on that tree in the monastery in Brazil.
Mandarins, small flattened oranges with skins that come off easily, are believed to have come from China.
Now there are several varieties.
These include tangerines, which are redder than most mandarins, and clementines, which are large, smooth and plump.
Mandarins of all sorts are very useful lunchbox fruit, because they are easy to peel and eat, but do not get squashed easily.
Nowadays, many people of the world eat an orange or drink orange juice every day, because oranges are one of the best and cheapest sources of Vitamin C. Human bodies, unlike many other animals, do not manufacture Vitamin C, so a human needs vitamin C in their diet regularly. (
Vitamin C helps the body to grow, to heal wounds and fight infection.)
Oranges are also a very good source of dietary fibre.
But they do not contain high amounts of minerals.
If a person eats an orange and a banana together, then they have had a very nourishing snack that supplies both vitamins and minerals.
Oranges are sweet and juicy.
Orange trees are a symbol of love and marriage in many cultures.
Oranges are sometimes found in Renaissance paintings of married couples.
One of the most famous is Jan van Eyck's "Wedding Portrait of the Arnolfini".
Brides traditionally wear orange blossoms in their hair or carry them in their bouquet at their wedding.
Orange blossoms are often part of the decoration on a wedding cake.
Queen Victoria was given a coronet of gold and enamel orange blossoms by her husband Albert.
When their children were born, he had a jeweller add tiny green oranges to the coronet.
If an orange is peeled with a knife, it is possible to cut the peel off in one long unbroken piece.
Schoolgirls in some countries chant a rhyme, and throw the long orange peel over their shoulder, then look at how it falls to find the initial letter of the name of the boy that loves them.
In some countries, blood oranges are seen as a symbol of the death of Jesus.
In some European countries, a "Christingle" is a Christmas decoration using an orange and a candle to symbolise Jesus' love for the world.
In cold countries, when fruit was scarce, an orange was often given at Christmas.
In England, it was traditional to stuff the toe of a child's Christmas stocking with raisins, almonds and oranges.
Orange peel can be dried and treated with sugar.
It is an ingredient in Christmas cakes.
Oranges are sometimes used to make a sweet-smelling pomander to perfume a room.
This is done by sticking the stalks of cloves into an orange, and allowing the orange to dry out.
Orange jam is called marmalade.
Traditionally, it is said to have been first made for Mary Queen of Scots or Marie Antoinette when they were sick.
Neither of these stories is true, as marmalade was made in Portugal for many years before either of them was born.
The term "marmalade", originally meaning a quince jam ("marmelada" in Portuguese), derives from the Portuguese word for this fruit, marmelo.
An English children's song about the church bells of London begins with the line "'Oranges and Lemons' say the Bells of St. Clements..."
Citrus fruit
Lime (fruit)
15 Health Benefits of Oranges – Nutritional Value of Orange
Natural Food Guide to the Vitamin C content of Fruits
Diplodocus is a huge dinosaur from the same time as the Allosaurus.
It lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 145 to 155 million years ago.
It was a vegetarian, eating mostly leaves with its peg-like teeth.
Diplodocus was a long-necked, whip-tailed giant and could grow up to 27 m long.
It had an 8 m long neck and 14 m long tail.
Its weight was approximately 22,680 kg.
It had a short 6 ft long head.
Its size helped protect it from other dinosaurs.
It used its long neck to poke into forests because its body was too big.
It is also believed to have knocked the trees down.
The longest species is the hallorum, which was thought to be the longest of all dinosaurs (now Amphicoelias).
Diplodocus skeletons are among the longest dinosaur skeletons ever found.
Fossils were discovered in Western North America, particularly in the Rocky Mountains of the western USA.
A complete tail has never been found.
Seismosaurus was thought to be its own genus of dinosaur.
In 2004 and 2006 it was decided to be a large species of Diplodocus.
It is now known as Diplodocus hallorum.
Seismosaurus was the longest animal ever known, but paleontologists found they had misplaced vertebrae, making the body too long.
Current length estimates are 33–36 metres long.
Weight estimates vary from 40 to 60 tonnes.
Weight estimates of other Diplodocus species are much lower: 10 to 17 tonnes.
Wash (creek), a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain
WASH, a Clear Channel Communications radio station
Wash (distilling), the liquid produced by the fermentation step in the production of distilled beverages
Wash (Firefly), a fictional character who originated in the science fiction television series, Firefly
Wash (painting), a light covering of diluted paint on a painting
Wash (Prison Break episode), 40th episode of American television series Prison Break
The Wash, the square-mouthed estuary on the northwest margin of East Anglia
The Wash (movie), a hip-hop styled movie,
"Wash (song)", a Pearl Jam song
Onions are vegetables.
They are plants in the genus Allium.
When people talk about onions, they usually mean garden onions.
Most species of onions have bulbs that people can eat.
They have a strong flavour and a very distinctive smell.
Onions have been grown for a very long time.
They were probably first grown in Ancient Egypt, together with leek and garlic, but maybe earlier.
Now, most of the world's cultures eat onions.
Farmers and gardeners can grow onions from seeds or from bulbs.
If they plant seeds, they must later pull out most of the young plants so the rest can grow better.
This is called 'thinning.'
A different way to plant onions is to plant young bulbs.
This is faster, but the onions that grow this way are weaker than the onions that started as seeds.
In food
Fried sliced or chopped onions are often served on hot dogs.
Onion rings are sliced, the slices dipped in batter, and deep-fried so the batter is crisp and onion is cooked soft.
Pickled onions are eaten as a relish with chips or with salad.
Raw onions:
Sliced (cut into flat layers) for hamburgers and sandwiches
Chopped or minced fine in salads or as garnish on cooked foods
Cooked in soups, stews and curries
Roasted whole alongside roasted meat
Why onions make eyes water
When you cut an onion, you open some cells of the onion.
Then, some chemicals react.
When one chemical floats through the air and reaches your eyes, they sting.
There are ways to keep the chemical away.
Cut the onion under water
Keep the onion in the fridge, and cut when it is cold
Leave the root end on until last
Use a sharper knife
Have a fan blowing away from you on the onion
Wear goggles, like for swimming or skiing
The Universal House of Justice is the name of a council that leads the Bahá'í community.
It was described by the person who made the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'u'lláh, in his books and letters.
He called it the Supreme House of Justice.
His son, `Abdu'l-Bahá called it the Universal House of Justice, because it was going to lead all of the Bahá'ís.
There will be other "Houses of Justice" for each country and city, but for now these are called "Spiritual Assemblies."
Buildings and structures in Haifa
Religion in Israel
Logitech (sometimes shortened to Logi) is a Swiss company that makes electronics.
They are best known for making peripheral equipment for computers, including webcams, keyboards and computer mice.
Logitech was founded in Apples, Switzerland, in 1981 by graduates of Stanford University Daniel Borel and Pierluigi Zappacosta, and former Olivetti engineer Giacomo Marini.
In 2001, Logitech acquired Labtec for $150 million to expand its range of computer peripherals.
In 2007, Logitech licensed Hillcrest Labs' Freespace motion control technology to produce the MX Air Mouse, which allows a user to use natural gestures to control a PC.
In December 2009, Logitech acquired video conferencing equipment maker Lifesize Communications.
In July 2011, Logitech acquired the mobile visual communications provider Mirial.
In January 2013, Bracken Darrell became Logitech's chief executive officer; then-CEO Guerrino De Luca continued as Logitech's chairman of the board.
In January 2016, Logitech spun off the video conferencing equipment maker Lifesize.
In April 2016, Logitech agreed to pay  penalty related to accusations that it and some former executives improperly inflated the company's results for its 2011 fiscal year to meet guidance and other accounting violations.
On 12 April 2016, Logitech  announced that they had agreed to acquire Jaybird, a leader in wireless audio wearables for sports and active lifestyles, for , with an additional earnout of up to  based on achievement of growth targets.
On 15 September 2016, Logitech announced that they had purchased the Saitek brand and assets from Mad Catz for .
On 26 September 2019, Logitech acquired Streamlabs, producer of software and tools for live-streaming, for approximately $89 million.
On 29 July 2021, Logitech, in collaboration with choreographer JaQuel Knight,  introduced its #Creators4BIPOC initiative under the Logitech For Creators brand.
It allows social media creators, particularly BIPOC influencers, to copyright and monetize their online creations by making it possible for choreographers who amplify attention to hits by major artists in the entertainment business to secure copyright of their choreography using Labanotation and earn royalties from it.
The first mice were made in Switzerland.
Now Logitech makes its items all over the world.
Selling computer mice made Logitech a big company.
In 2008, Logitech made its billionth mouse.
Product lines
Loudspeakers
Phone accessories
Special TV remotes
Programmable remote controls
Logitech has also made two computer games: Jelly Jumper and Jelly Battle.
Mouse maker reveals how niche players succeed , Swissinfo, 20.4.2006
Technology companies of Europe
A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria.
The term is commonly shortened to phage.
Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere.
Like viruses that infect eukaryotes (plants, animals, and fungi)  there are many different phage structures and functions.
The top of phages is made up of a dice-like shape which has 20 sides and 30 edges.
Inside it contains the genetic information, which is its DNA.
This dice-like shape often sits on a tail that has leg-like fibres.
Phages are typically made of an outer protein hull that has genetic material inside it.
The genetic material may be single-stranded (ssRNA or ssDNA), or double-stranded (dsRNA or dsDNA).
It may be between 5,000 to 500,000 base pairs long with either circular or linear arrangement.
Phages have a life cycle that begins when the phage attaches to the bacterium.
Then they inject their genome into the bacterium.
The genome uses the parts of the bacterium to replicate inside it.
When there are many phages inside the bacterium, they put enzymes in the bacterium that weaken the outer cell wall so they can burst through it to infect new bacterias.
Phages are everywhere there are bacteria, such as soils or the intestines of animals.
They are very common in sea water: up to 9×108 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface, and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages.
They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe, as well as in France.
However, it was not until the first phage was observed under an electron microscope by Helmut Ruska in 1939 that its true nature was established.
They are a possible therapy against antibiotic resistant strains of many bacteria.
On the other hand, some phages complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis.
They shelter the bacteria from drugs and so prolong the infection.
Deconstruction is a way of understanding how something was created, usually things like art, books, poems and other writing.
Deconstruction is breaking something down into smaller parts.
Deconstruction looks at the smaller parts that were used to create an object.
The smaller parts are usually ideas.
Sometimes deconstruction looks at how an author can imply things he does not mean.
It says that because words are not precise, we can never know what an author meant.
One thing it pays attention to is how opposites work. (
It calls them "binary oppositions.")
It says that two opposites like "good" and "bad" are not really different things. "
Good" only makes sense when someone compares it to "bad," and "bad" only makes sense when someone compares it to "good."
And so even when someone talks about "good," they are still talking about "bad."
But this is just one thing it does.
Because of things like this, deconstruction argues that books and poems never just mean what we think they mean at first.
Other meanings are always there too, and the book or poem works because all of those meanings work together.
The closer we look at the writing, the more we find about how it works, and how meaning works for all things.
If we deconstructed everything, we might never be able to talk or write at all.
But that does not mean deconstruction is useless.
If we deconstruct some things, we can learn more about them and about how talking and writing work.
Slippery Words
Words are made up of 'signifiers', or the sounds/spellings, and the 'signified', or the meaning and concepts they are talking about.
However, the meaning of a word is naturally ambiguous; the word in itself and the meaning are not naturally linked.
The word 'band' can refer to an elastic band, a pop music group, a gathering of brass musicians or a collection of people, each with separate connotations and mental images.
This means it is the reader who will choose the meanings of words.
In a similar way, reading is like trying to hold a wet fish, because there are a variety of meanings to each word.
Jacques Derrida calls this "slippage along the chain of signifiers."
The chain of signifiers is a long chain of words that are interrelated, for instance a chain might look like this: "band, brass, copper, police."
This chain really has no end, because each word connects to many others, and the more slippery a word, the more words it relates to.
Deconstructionists question language and meaning.
Some people who were very close to Derrida are usually called deconstructionists.
These people include Helene Cixous and Jean-Luc Nancy.
If someone really deconstructed everything, he or she could not talk or think!
Instead there are people who deconstruct things (books, poems, writing, words - in short, texts).
Jacques Derrida began deconstructing things in the 1960s, but he was not the first.
Martin Heidegger had talked about deconstruction in 1927 with Being and Time but he used the word "destruktion".
Heidegger might even say that he got the idea from Ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle.
Other important people who talked about it include Paul de Man and Judith Butler.
Nihilism is a way of thinking which rejects concepts, meaning, or life.
It is a  or condition.
Nihility means "nothingness", and "" is the Latin word for "nothing".
Nihilism can mean the belief that values are meaningless ideas.
It can also mean the belief that nothing has any meaning or purpose.
In fact, there are many different beliefs that can be called nihilism.
The German thinker Friedrich Nietzsche wrote many things about nihilism.
What he wrote is often called the most important explanation of nihilism.
Nietzsche wrote that nihilism comes from questioning traditional values until they fall apart.
This is called "".
The Russian thinker Mikhail Bakunin inspired a lot of nihilists because he believed this kind of destruction was good.
The word "nihilism" was then made popular by a Russian novel called Fathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev.
The hero of the story is a nihilist named Bazarov.
Some other Russian thinkers such as Dmitry Pisarev also wrote good things about this kind of destruction.
Russian nihilism inspired many revolutionaries, such as Sergei Nechaev and Vladimir Lenin.
The Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky was almost also a nihilist.
But he became an  after ten years in exile.
He wrote about nihilism in many novels such as Crime and Punishment.
The people who assassinated the Russian emperor, Tsar Alexander II on 13 March 1881, are often thought of as nihilists.
Nietzsche thought value destruction could not be avoided, even though it has bad results.
He also thought Christianity was a source of this value destruction, and was therefore a kind of nihilism.
According to the French writer Gilles Deleuze, he thought Christianity was nihilistic because it was , meaning it has a negative and unhealthy attitude towards living.
Religious thinkers have instead thought that nihilism comes from rejecting religion.
Some parts of Buddhism have also been called a kind of nihilism, even though other parts strongly reject nihilism.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the word "nihilism" was mostly used against people who rejected religion or believed in nothing.
Either way, nihilism is often seen as a word for life-denying beliefs.
Important terms
anti-nihilism — Anti-nihilism means to be against nihilism.
It was also a genre of Russian literature in the 19th century.
Examples of people who have been called anti-nihilists are Ivan Turgenev, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Friedrich Nietzsche.
But in one way or another, many anti-nihilists have ended up helping nihilism.
life-denying — If something is life-denying it means it has a negative and unhealthy attitude towards living.
It is the opposite of being "life-affirming".
Gilles Deleuze says that the process "of denying life and depreciating existence" is what Friedrich Nietzsche calls "nihilism".
Nihilism is often seen as a word for life-denying beliefs.
value destruction — Value destruction means destroying the values that people take for granted.
This is by questioning traditional values until they fall apart.
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote that nihilism is "not only the belief that everything deserves to perish".
Instead, it also makes an effort to .
This is also called the devaluation of values, which means losing the worth of those values.
It is also called negation, which means denying something or cancelling it out.
The word "nihilism" comes from "", which is the Latin word for "nothing".
But the exact origins of the word "nihilism" are unclear.
In the Middle Ages the word was used for some kinds of heresy.
Around the time of the French Revolution, it was a word for the destruction of Christianity and traditional European values.
It was used in many European countries.
Soon, the word was also used in English.
It probably came from the French, German, or Late Latin form of the word.
"Nihilism" first became a philosophical word in German philosophy, and then in Russian philosophy.
These two studies of nihilism were combined by Friedrich Nietzsche.
German nihilism
In 1733, the German writer Friedrich Lebrecht Goetz used the word "nihilism" as a literary term.
Swiss esotericist Jacob Hermann Obereit also used the word  in 1787,  German thinker Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi did in 1799.
This is where it first became part of philosophy.
The belief that no one can know true reality is what Obereit called "nihilism".
He used this definition to call the German thinker Immanuel Kant a nihilist.
This was because Kant said people cannot be certain of real things, but can only be certain about their experience of real things.
Jacobi also used this definition to say Kant and his followers were nihilists.
For example, he famously called the German thinker Johann Gottlieb Fichte a nihilist.
Jacobi thought both the humanism and German idealism that had come out of the Age of Enlightenment were kinds of nihilism.
According to him, these so-called rational philosophies were the complete opposite of rational.
Around 1824, the German journalist Joseph von Görres used the word "nihilism" in a political way.
He said that to reject social structures is nihilism.
But the word "nihilism" almost died out during this time.
For example, the German thinker Max Stirner is called one of the first true nihilists but he never used the word.
He wrote most of his works in the 1840s.
Russian nihilism
Russian nihilism was an early kind of nihilist philosophy.
It was also a broad cultural movement that mixed with some revolutionary movements.
Russian nihilism is often wrongly called a kind of political terrorism because of this.
Its main interest was to destroy traditional values, especially in art and religion.
Its main philosophers were Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Dmitry Pisarev.
It also rejected the belief in free will and God.
Unlike German nihilism which came from German idealism, Russian nihilism was strongly against idealism.
The Russian writer Nikolai Nadezhdin was probably the first to use the word "nihilism" in Russian publication.
He first used it in 1829 by calling scepticism the same as nihilism.
This same meaning was later used by the Russian writer Vasilij Bervi.
The Russian journalists Mikhail Katkov and Vissarion Belinsky also used the word.
Katkov said nihilism created a threat of revolution because it rejected all morality.
Belinsky used the word in a more neutral way.
But the word was still not popular at the time.
The Russian thinker Mikhail Bakunin is often called the father of Russian nihilism.
In 1842, he wrote: "Let us therefore trust the eternal Spirit which destroys and annihilates only because it is the unfathomable and eternal source of all life.
The passion for destruction is a creative passion, too!".
Then in the 1850s and 60s, the theory behind Russian nihilism started to form.
Originally it was a philosophy of scepticism towards morals and truth.
It was in 1862 that the Russian author Ivan Turgenev made the word "nihilism" popular.
He used it in his novel called Fathers and Sons to describe the attitude of the younger generation.
The nihilists in the book say they are people who "deny ", who do "not take any principle on faith", and who think that "at the present time, negation is the most useful of all".
Even though Turgenev was more of an , many young people started to call themselves "nihilists" because of this book.
For Pisarev, nihilism was mostly philosophical and not political.
He thought extraordinary people should free themselves from rules and morals.
He thought anyone who did this would be above ordinary people.
But later, Russian nihilism became more and more political.
It inspired many revolutionaries such as Sergei Nechaev and Vladimir Lenin.
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote many criticisms about nihilism that have become known as the most important explanation of nihilism.
Even though Nietzsche was very critical of nihilism, he has similarities to earlier nihilists such as Dmitry Pisarev and Max Stirner.
Because of this, he is sometimes called a nihilist and sometimes called an .
His explanation of nihilism combined the German and Russian meanings of the word, and also went further.
When Nietzsche asks the question "What does nihilism mean?",
he gives the answer "That the highest values  themselves.
The aim is lacking; 'Why?'
finds no answer."
According to Nietzsche, nihilism is when someone thinks the world  should not exist, and the world  does not exist.
For example, some religions think the world is wrong , and should be perfect instead.
He also says nihilism is "not only the belief that everything deserves to perish".
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Coronary artery disease, also called coronary heart disease, is a heart disease. ("
Coronary" means "the blood vessels of the heart".)
Coronary heart disease causes plaque to build up inside the coronary arteries.
This causes the coronary arteries to become narrower.
An artery is a blood vessel - a tube that carries blood.
After the heart supplies blood that is full of oxygen and nutrients, the arteries carry the blood to different parts of the body.
The coronary arteries are very important: they supply blood to the heart muscle.
So when the coronary arteries become narrower, less blood gets to the heart muscle.
Most people with coronary heart disease can feel healthy for years before they start experiencing symptoms.
The most common symptom is a heart attack.
If coronary heart disease is not treated, some of the plaques in the coronary arteries can break away and block the blood flow to the heart.
Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of sudden death.
It is also the most common cause of death in people over 65 years old.
Men are 10 times more likely to get coronary heart disease than women.
Atherosclerosis is a form of heart disease.
It causes fatty materials (like cholesterol) to build up in the arteries, forming harder materials called plaques.
This causes the arteries to become narrower.
It also makes it more difficult for blood to flow through the arteries.
This can cause blood clots to form, blocking blood from traveling through the arteries.
Small pieces of plaque can also break off and block smaller blood vessels.
If an artery becomes blocked completely, it causes serious problems.
All cells, tissues, and organs in the body need oxygen and nutrients (carried by blood) to survive.
If cells or tissues are not supplied with enough blood, they will die. (
This is called necrosis.)
When this happens in the coronary arteries, a section of the heart dies.
This can cause a myocardial infarction (a heart attack) to happen.
They can change their diet.
For example, they can eat fewer fatty foods, and take in as few saturated fats and avoiding trans fats as possible.
They can eat more vegetables, fruits, legumes and whole grains.
They can avoid drinking alcohol, and can take in less salt.
They can exercise regularly.
They can avoid becoming overweight or obese by doing things to control their weight.
Fructose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods.
It is also one of the three most important blood sugars, the other two are glucose and galactose.
Honey; tree fruits; berries; melons; and some root vegetables, such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips and onions, contain fructose, usually with sucrose and glucose.
Processed foods also contain fructose due to how sweet it is.
Carbohydrate metabolism
Fructose Information Center
Peer pressure is being influenced by the peer group members.
It often happens to children during puberty.
The group defines some social values.
For somebody to stay "cool" in that group, they feel as if they have to act like other people in that group.
Social pressure (and wanting to be accepted or in favour inside the group) leads people to do things they would not do otherwise.
For example, it can influence a person to smoke cigarettes or  marijuana, to drink alcohol, commit crimes, and/or many other things that they might regret.
Through adolescents are seen adults from external physical point of view, they lack proper mental maturity.
Similarly, they look physically matured and do not intend to be in children's group but adults also do not value them as adults.
Therefore, they create peer group of their own age to enjoy themselves.
They have strong faith and belief on the friends of the same groups.
Because of the changes they experience, the new desires, aspirations and interests are developed.
They become sensitive and sentimental.
When parents and society do not consider and address their needs, aspirations and desires, they feel dominated and leave home to pass most of their time with their friends on peer groups.
Sometimes they cannot get proper counselling and guidelines in these stages.
Consequently, sometimes, they can fall prey to many bad habits.
There are many positives and negatives by peer pressure.
Peer pressure is commonly thought of in a negative light, but in reality, it's not always a bad thing.
Sometimes peer pressure is used to positively influence people.
Learning about acceptable group norms can be a positive part of learning how to live with and socialize with other people.
In biology, a cuticle is something that covers the outside of living things called organisms.
Cuticles are usually tough but also bendable.
In plants, cuticles in the leaves help it from losing too much water by evaporation.
Leek is a vegetable.
It belongs to the genus Allium.
This is the same genus as the onion and garlic.
It can be used for cooking.
They usually come in a cylinder like body and they are tall and skinny
Leeks take around 100 to 120 days to grow and they are mainly harvested in Europe or Asia they are planted in deep holes to prevent them from sun and to avoid photosynthesis.
The soil is required to be fertile and allows water to travel without crating puddles or drain to quickly.
Leeks contain only contain 61 calories, 14.15 Carbohydrates, 1.5g of protein, 0.3g Fat, Vitamins A, C, E and K.
A great power is a nation or state that is able to influence other states in most of the world.
That is possible because it has great economic, political and military strength.
It is not as powerful as a superpower or hyperpower.
Its opinions are taken into account by other nations before taking diplomatic or military action.
Characteristically, they have the ability to intervene militarily almost anywhere.
They also have soft, cultural power, and often economic investment in less developed countries.
There is no definite list, but five great powers are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and seven are in the G7.
Great powers
Potential great powers
Older great powers
A bite is a wound received from the teeth of an animal.
Animals may bite things in self-defence.
Animals also bite things to cut them into smaller pieces before they eat them.
Tearing or scratching the tissue
Haemorrhaging if major blood vessels are pierced
Infection by bacteria or pathogens, such as rabies
Introduction of venom by venomous animals such as some snakes
Introduction of things that may irritate the person by causing inflammation or itching
Bite wounds should be washed, ideally with povidone-iodine soap and water.
The injury should then be loosely wrapped with a bandage.
Open bite wounds are not sutured because of the risk of infection.
Animal bites caused by carnivores (other than rodents) may infect the victim with rabies if the animal that bit them carries it.
If possible, the animal is caught and the head is looked at for signs of rabies.
Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behaviour, and red eyes.
If the animal lives for ten days and does not develop rabies, then the animal probably is not infected.
In cases where the animal cannot be found, prophylactic rabies treatment is carried out in most places.
Snake bites
Spider bites
The black widow spider and some scorpions are considered dangerous to humans, mostly to small children and elderly adults.
Only the Sydney funnel-web spider of Australia is frequently dangerous to adults, and it lives only within 100 miles of Sydney.
Antivenins are available in the United States for black widow spiders and the dangerous scorpions native to the region.
Northern Europe is the northern part of  the  European continent.
Most people see the following states as part of it:
The Nordic countries, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as Åland, the Faroe Islands and occasionally Karelia and the Kola Peninsula.
Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands (but see also Western Europe)
The Baltic states, i.e. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
Areas bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, e.g. north-western Russia, northern Poland (most often referred to as Eastern Europe), the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and northern Germany.
In earlier eras, when Europe was dominated by the Mediterranean region (i.e. the Roman Empire), everything not near this sea was termed Northern Europe, including Germany, the Low Countries, and Austria.
In medieval times, the term (Ultima) Thule was used to mean a semi-mythical place in the extreme northern reaches of the continent.
Western Europe is a geographic region of Europe.
This term does not have a precise definition.
Its use has changed over time.
During the middle ages, the European parts of the Western World included those countries following Catholicism or Protestantism.