the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
My Computer" gives us an overview about different types of drives present in the computer.
The My Computer folder is a gateway to all the data stored on the computer, attached devices, and the network -- as well as a shortcut to most of your system information.
A trilogy is a series with three parts.
For example, The Godfather series of movies is a trilogy because there are three movies in the series: The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and The Godfather Part III.
de:Mehrteiler#Dreiteiler (Trilogie)
In mathematics, a series is the adding of a list of (usually never-ending) mathematical objects (such as numbers).
It is sometimes written as , which is another way of writing .
For example, the series  corresponds to the following sum:
If the result of the addition gets closer and closer to a certain limit value, then this is the sum of the series.
For example, the first few terms of the above series are:
However, not all series have a sum.
a series can go to positive or negative infinity, or just go up and down without settling on any particular value.
In which case, the series is said to diverge.
The harmonic series is an example of a series which diverges.
Synesthesia, or synaesthesia, is a condition where the brain mixes up the senses.
People who have synesthesia are called synesthetes.
Synesthesia is sometimes reported by people using psychedelic drugs, after a stroke, or during an epileptic seizure.
It is also reported to be a result of blindness or deafness.
Synesthesia that comes from events unrelated to genes is called adventitious synesthesia.
This synesthesia results from some drugs or a stroke but not blindness or deafness.
It involves sound being linked to vision or touch being linked to hearing.
Synesthesia was investigated a lot in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but in the middle of the 20th century, it was less studied.
Only recently has it been studied again in much detail.
Some musicians and composers have a form of synesthesia that allows them to "see" music as colors or shapes.
This is called chromethesia.
Mozart is said to have had this form of synesthesia.
He said that the key of D major had a warm "orangey" sound to it, while B-flat minor was blackish.
A major was a rainbow of colors to him.
This may explain why he wrote some of his music using different colors for different music notes, and why much of his music is in major keys.
Another composer who had color-hearing was the Russian composer Alexander Scriabin.
In 1907, he talked with another famous composer, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, who had synesthesia, and they both found that some musical notes made them think of certain colors.
Scriabin worked with a man named Alexander Mozer who made a color organ.
Synesthetes often say that they did not know their experiences were unusual until they found out that other people did not have them.
Others report feeling as if they had been keeping a secret their entire lives.
Most synesthetes consider their experiences a gift—a "hidden" sense.
Most synesthetes find out in their childhood that they have synethesia.
Some learn to apply it in daily life and work.
For example, they might use their gift to memorize names and telephone numbers or do mental arithmetic.
Many people with synesthesia use their experiences to help them be more creative, for example, in making drawings and music.
Grapheme–color synesthesia: Letters or numbers are seen to have colors of their own.
Ordinal linguistic personification: Numbers, days of the week, and months of the year are felt to have their own personalities.
Spatial-sequence: Numbers, months of the year, and/or days of the week are located in specific places in space.
For example, 1980 may be "farther away" than 1990.
Or a year may be seen three-dimensionally as a map.
Visual motion → sound synesthesia: Hearing sounds in response to seeing motion.
A moose (Alces alces; called elk in Europe) is a large deer.
Some authorities put the American moose in a different species, Alces americanus.
A male moose is called a bull, a female moose is called a cow, and a young moose is called a calf.
A group of moose is called a herd.
The plural form of moose is "moose”.
Moose live in northern Europe, Asia, and in North America.
Moose usually live in areas with lakes, marshes and swamps.
They also live in mountain ranges.
Moose live in North America and also range from northern Europe to Siberia.
In Europe they live in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Poland and the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania).
In North America they live in Canada, Alaska and northern parts of the United States.
In 2008 they were re-introduced to Scottish Highlands from Scandinavia.
There are about 115,000 moose in Finland, and about the same number in Norway.
Alaska has about 200,000.
Canada and Russia each have between 500,000 and one million.
There are also some in the continental United States.
The animal is widely distributed.
Moose are active during the day.
They live alone, but in winter they sometimes form small groups.
Moose eat grass, leaves, twigs, willow, birch, maple shoots and water plants.
After a pregnancy of 8 months, the female gives birth to one or two calves.
Females can first become pregnant when they are between two and three years old.
Young moose stay with their mother for a year; after one year they leave and live alone.
Moose usually live to fifteen years old, but they can reach as old as twenty-seven years old.
A mother moose will aggressively protect her young.
Moose calves are hunted by bears and wolves.
A full-grown moose has few natural enemies.
Siberian tigers prey on adult moose.
Wolves also pose a threat, especially to females with calves.
Brown bears are known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own.
American black bears and cougars can take moose calves and can sometimes kill adult cows.
Wolverine are most likely to eat moose as carrion but have killed moose, including adults, when the moose are weakened by harsh winter conditions.
Killer whales are the moose's only known marine predator.
They have been known to prey on moose swimming between islands off North America's northwest coast.
Moose and humans
Because of their dark coloured fur, moose are hard to see when they are crossing roads at night.
They are sometimes hit by cars.
In some countries like Canada, Finland and Sweden there are moose warning signs on roads and motorways are fenced.
goMoose
Stanley Kubrick (July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American movie director.
Kubrick is thought to have been one of the great directors of the 20th century.
He was born in New York City but lived most of his life in England.
His movies are respected for their great amount of detail and symbolism.
Some of his movies were controversial when they were first shown.
For example, the sex and violence in his movie A Clockwork Orange was very disturbing to many people who saw it when it was released in 1971.
The reaction to the movie in the United Kingdom became so great that Stanley Kubrick stopped showing the movie there for over 25 years.
Other famous movies that Kubrick made include Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, 2001: A Space Odyssey and The Shining.
Stanley Kubrick died from a heart attack on March 7, 1999.
Early life and work
Kubrick was born in Manhattan, New York City and grew up in the Bronx during his youth.
Stanley was a poor student in school but his father, who was a doctor, taught Stanley how to play chess and gave him a camera.
Kubrick finished high school in 1946 and could not get into a college.
This was because of his poor grades in school and because colleges were full with many American soldier's who returned from World War II that same year.
During this time, Kubrick played games of chess with people for money.
He was a good chess player and won many games.
He used the money he won from playing chess to buy food and photography equipment.
Kubrick got a job at a magazine in New York City that was called Look Magazine.
Kubrick also enjoyed watching movies and thought that he could make better movies than the movies that were being made at the time.
He first made two small documentaries.
One of them was about a boxer and was called Day of the Fight.
The other documentary was about a religious man and was called Flying Padre.
He then made two full-length movies (called feature films) that made other people interested in his work.
The first feature film was called Fear and Desire and the other was called Killer's Kiss.
His third feature film, called The Killing, was a success.
The success of The Killing allowed Stanley to work on a bigger movie, called Paths of Glory, that was about World War I and was made with the famous actor Kirk Douglas.
At this time Kubrick became well known in the movie industry and had started to create his own style.
Big movies
After Stanley Kubrick completed Paths of Glory, he worked on a big Hollywood movie named Spartacus in 1960.
The movie is about a gladiator who fights Rome.
It made a lot of money and was a success but Kubrick did not enjoy working on it.
He did not enjoy working on it because of problems he had with the other people working on the movie who controlled it.
Kubrick desired to have a lot of control in making his movies, and after making Spartacus he only worked on movies that he had full control over.
Kubrick moved to the United Kingdom in 1962, to make his next movie, Lolita.
He liked the United Kingdom very much and decided to live there for the rest of his life.
The movie Lolita was the first movie that Kubrick made that created a lot of controversy.
The movie was based upon a book by the Russian author Vladimir Nabokov that was also very controversial at the time.
The movie shows the relationship between a very young woman and an older man.
This is a forbidden topic in the United States and most of the world.
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb
For the movie Lolita, Kubrick hired the talented and famous actor Peter Sellers.
Kubrick respected Peter's acting and asked him to act as three different characters in Kubrick's next movie, Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, which was released in 1963.
Dr. Strangelove was a comedy but it was about very serious topics.
These are called black comedies.
The movie was about the Cold War and was very controversial but also very successful.
The movie had a large cultural influence and created some images that became very famous in the years to follow.
The most famous image from the movie was of an American pilot sitting on a nuclear bomb as it fell to earth from an airplane.
Kubrick's success with Dr Strangelove convinced the movie studios that he was talented and that he could be trusted to make good, popular movies.
Kubrick entered into a positive relationship with the movie studio, Warner Brothers.
Warner Brothers gave him almost full artistic control on all of the movies he was to make in the future.
A director being given so much control is rare.
Such directors are called "auteurs".
Kubrick took five years to develop and plan his next movie.
It was a science fiction movie called 2001: A Space Odyssey and it was released in 1968.
Kubrick based the movie on a short story called "The Sentinel" that was written by the science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke.
Kubrick worked with Arthur C. Clarke to make the movie.
The movie used many new ideas and techniques and had special effects that no other movie at the time had.
The great special effects used in the movie won Kubrick his first and only Oscar award.
2001 was made during the end of the 1960s and was very popular with members of the Hippie Counterculture.
This was because of the movies strange and dream-like visuals.
When the movie was released it was both loved and hated by many movie critics.
Many of the movie critics who did not like the movie when they saw it in 1968 have changed their opinions.
Some of them have written a second, positive review of the movie many years later.
His next movie was one of his most famous and also his most controversial.
The movie was titled A Clockwork Orange and was released in 1971.
The movie was darker than 2001 and was originally released with an "X" motion picture rating in the US.
The movie was based on a novel of the same title by the author Anthony Burgess.
The novel and movie are about a criminal who is given a new and experimental 'cure' for his violent nature.
The story asks questions about how society defines morality.
The movie had an amount of sex and violence that was not often seen in big Hollywood movies at the time.
The controversy of the movie increased when other people copied some of the acts that were committed by the characters in the movie.
Kubrick and his family received violent threats from people, called death threats.
These threats were serious enough that Kubrick took the movie out of theaters in Britain.
The movie was not shown again in Britain until the year 2000, after Kubrick's death.
Kubrick's next movie was to going to be about Napoleon but he canceled it after another similar movie was released before his own.
Kubrick worked very hard researching and learning about Napoleon and about the world at that time.
Kubrick chose to make another movie set in that time that was titled Barry Lyndon.
The movie was based a book by William Makepeace Thackeray and was about an 18th-century gambler named Barry Lyndon.
The movie was not as well liked as his previous movies but, like 2001: A Space Odyssey, it convinced people over time.
After Barry Lyndon, Kubrick made movies at a much slower rate than before.
He only made three more movies in the next twenty-five years.
He was still very popular and respected.
Each of the movies he released became an event that many people waited for and celebrated.
The Shining was Kubrick's next movie.
It was based on the book of the same name by the American author, Stephen King and was released in 1980.
It was a horror movie and starred Jack Nicholson and Shelley Duvall.
The movie was one of Kubrick's most mainstream movies and was very popular.
It was different from the other horror movies at the time and the catch phrase, "Here's Johnny!" (
which was also used on the TV's The Tonight Show hosted by Johnny Carson at the time) was made very popular after Jack Nicholson's character said it during an important scene in the movie.
The author of the book Stephen King hated the movie and did not like that Kubrick changed many things from the book.
King made his own version, a TV mini-series in 1997, which was much more like the book.
Full Metal Jacket was Kubrick's next movie and was released in 1987.
It was one of several movies that were made in the 1980s that were about the Vietnam War.
The movie was most famous for its drill instructor character, played by R. Lee Ermey, who was very cruel to his soldiers.
After the movie was released, the United States Armed Forces changed some of its rules about how their drill instructors should behave.
Eyes Wide Shut was Kubrick's last movie and was released in 1999.
He completed editing the movie just before his death in March.
The movie starred Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, who were married to each other in real-life at the time.
It was based on the novel Traumnovelle by the Austrian writer Arthur Schnitzler.
The movie took over 16 consecutive months (a world record) to complete and was released in July 1999.
According to R. Lee Ermey, of Full Metal Jacket Fame, Kubrick revealed to him that he was rather disappointed with his work.
Kubrick supposedly went further, saying that both Kidman and Cruise "had their way with" him.
Apparently a reference to a clashing of large-Hollywood personas to Kubrick's more reserved demeanor.
Kubrick's death and influence
Just a few days after completing the editing of Eyes Wide Shut, Kubrick died from a heart attack in Harpenden, Hertfordshire.
In the year 2001, the American movie director Steven Spielberg filmed A.I.: Artificial Intelligence.
A.I was a movie that Stanley Kubrick had worked on before Eyes Wide Shut, but did not finish.
Steven Spielberg based his movie on Kubrick's plans.
The movie received a poor response from audiences and did not make as much money as expected.
The movie was thought to be more Spielberg's movie than Kubrick's movie.
Movies he made (Filmography)
Day of the Fight (1951)
Flying Padre (1951)
The Seafarers (1952)
Fear and Desire (1953)
Killer's Kiss (1955)
The Killing (1956)
Paths of Glory (1957)
Spartacus (1960)
Lolita (1962)
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1963)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Barry Lyndon (1975)
The Shining (1980)
Full Metal Jacket (1987)
All of Stanley Kubrick's later movies, except for The Shining, were nominated for Oscars or Golden Globes.
2001: A Space Odyssey had many technical awards, including a BAFTA award for cinematographer and an Academy Award for best visual effects.
As director of special effects on the movie, Kubrick got the award.
This was Kubrick's only personal Oscar win among 13 nominations.
Nominations for his movies were mostly in the areas of cinematography, art design, screenwriting, and music.
Only four of his movies were nominated by either an Oscar or Golden Globe for their acting performances: Spartacus, Lolita, Dr. Strangelove, and A Clockwork Orange.
Kubrick received two awards from major film festivals: "Best Director" from the Locarno International Film Festival in 1959 for Killer's Kiss, and "Bastone Bianco Award" at the Venice Film Festival in 1999 for Eyes Wide Shut.
The Venice Film Festival awarded him the "Career Golden Lion" in 1997.
He received the D.W. Griffith Lifetime Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America, and another life-achievement award from the Director's Guild of Great Britain, and the Career Golden Lion from the Venice Film Festival.
In 2000 he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award.
After he died, the Sitges - Catalonian International Film Festival awarded him the "Honorary Grand Prize" for life achievement in 2008.
He also received the Hugo Award three times for his work in science fiction.
Stanley Kubrick at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
Official site  (requires Macromedia Flash)
Arthur C. Clarke links & image archive
American cinematographers
American movie editors
1999 deaths
The Kyoto Protocol is a plan created by the United Nations for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that tries to reduce the effects of climate change, such as global warming.
The plan says that countries that adopt (follow) the Kyoto Protocol have to try to reduce how much carbon dioxide (and other "greenhouse gases" that pollute the atmosphere) they release into the air.
The full name of the Kyoto Protocol is the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
It is called the Kyoto Protocol because it was made in Kyoto, Japan.
The Kyoto Protocol was officially put into "full force" on February 16, 2005.
On February 16, Russia began to follow (ratify) the Kyoto Protocol and it was decided to be put into "full force".
As of February 2009, 183 countries have agreed to follow the Kyoto Protocol, who make up for more than 55% of the greenhouse gases released into our atmosphere.
Adoption status
There are still 29 countries which have not yet adopted it.
Croatia and Kazakhstan have signed the treaty, but have not ratified it (made it a law they have to follow).
Donald Trump and The United States of America has signed it but said that they will not ratify it.
Australia has only recently ratified the Kyoto Protocol under the previous Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd.
Both of these countries have said that the fact that China and India are using exceptions to the treaty (those countries believe parts of the treaty do not apply to them and they will not follow those parts) in the name of industrialization is unfair and that they will not ratify because of this, although it is believed that the U.S. and Australia are protecting their economic interests by not ratifying.
The countries' leaders say that changing their use of greenhouse gases will make their people lose jobs.
The twenty four other countries have neither signed nor ratified the treaty.
A movie director is a person who leads the making of a movie (or film).
They take care of the artistic things in the movie.
They give instructions to the actors and direct the people that work on the movie.
Directors give many of their responsibilities to other members of their movie-making team (called a movie crew).
For example, the person who is responsible for the lighting is told by the director what style of lighting he wants and he then creates the lighting for him.
It is common for movie directors to work closely with a movie producer.
Movie producers are people who control the non-artistic side of movie making.
For example, they control all the money that is used for making the movie.
The amount of control a director has in creating their movie is different for each director.
It is most common for directors to have some control, while the rest of the movie-making is controlled by the movie studio, and by the people who pay for making the movie.
This was very common for American movies made in the 1930s to 1950s.
There are a small number of directors who are given complete control over making their movies.
For example, Stanley Kubrick, Jean-Luc Godard, Steven Spielberg and James Cameron all had a great amount of control in making their movie.
Famous directors
Movie occupations
John Joseph "Jack" Nicholson (born April 22, 1937) is an American retired actor, director, producer and writer.
He started out as a writer and part-time actor.
He became a star in 1969 when he had a small part in the movie Easy Rider.
He has won three Oscars, for As Good as it Gets, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and Terms of Endearment.
He is one of the fans for Los Angeles Lakers.
Nicholson is one of only two actors who have been nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to 2000s; the other is Michael Caine.
Nicholson received the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1999.
He has won seven Golden Globe Awards.
He received a Kennedy Center Honor in 2001.
Nicholson dropped out from the remake movie Toni Erdmann.
Nicholson has been linked to many actresses and models, including Michelle Phillips, Bebe Buell and Lara Flynn Boyle.
He had a intimate relationship with Anjelica Huston from 1973 to 1989.
The relationship ended when the media reported Rebecca Broussard was pregnant with their child.
Nicholson and Broussard had two children together, Lorraine and Raymond.
Nicholson's other children are Jennifer (born with Sandra Knight) and Honey Hollman (born with Winnie Hollman).
Susan Anspach says that her son, Caleb Goddard, was fathered by Nicholson.
He is not sure that he is the father.
Nicholson describes himself as a "lifelong Irish Democrat", and is highly against abortion.
In 2020, Nicholson endorsed Bernie Sanders's second presidential campaign for the 2020 nomination.
Jack Nicholson Online
Actors who played the Joker
Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie producers from New Jersey
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
Emperor Napoleon III (Second French Empire)
King William I, German Emperor (Germany)
King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
Queen Isabella II (Spain)
Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
President James Buchanan (United States)
President Abraham Lincoln (United States)
President Andrew Johnson (United States)
President Jefferson Davis (Confederate States of America)
President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
Emperor Kōmei (Japan)
Emperor Meiji (Japan)
Emperor Xianfeng (China)
Emperor Tongzhi (China)
451- The Battle of Chalons, Flavius Aetius' victory over Attila the Hun.
1214 – University of Oxford receives its charter.
1605 - Tsar Feodor III of Russia is murdered.
1631 – The sack of Baltimore: the Irish village of Baltimore was attacked by Algerian pirates.
1667 - Pope Clement IX is elected.
1685 – Monmouth Rebellion: The Duke of Monmouth declared himself King of England at Bridgwater.
1756 – English garrison imprisoned in the Black Hole of Calcutta.
1782 – The U.S. Congress adopts the Great Seal of the United States.
1789 – Deputies of the French Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath
1791 – The Flight to Varennes began.
1819 – The US vessel Savannah arrives at Liverpool.
She is the first steam-propelled vessel to cross the Atlantic, most of the journey was made under sail.
1837 – Queen Victoria succeeds to the British throne.
1840 - Samuel Morse receives a patent for the telegraph.
1862 – Barbu Catargiu is assassinated in Romania.
1863 – West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S. state.
1877 – Alexander Graham Bell installs world's first commercial telephone service in Hamilton Ontario.
1884 - The Pentre Ifan Neolithic site in Pembrokeshire, west Wales, gets the special status of a "Scheduled Monument".
1887 - Victoria Terminus, the busiest railway station in India, opens in Bombay.
1893 – Lizzie Borden is found innocent of murdering her stepmother and father.
1895 - The Kiel Canal, crossing the base of the Jutland peninsula in Northern Germany, is officially opened.
1900 – In China, the Boxer Rebellion begins.
1919 – 150 die at the Teatro Yaguez fire, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
1921 - Workers of the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills in Chennai, India, begin a four-month strike.
1939 – Benny Goodman's Song School ends its radio series.
1940 - World War II: Italy begins
1943 - The Detroit race riots break out.
1944 - World War II: The Battle of the Philippine Sea finishes, with a decisive US Naval victory.
1944 - Continuation War: The Soviet Union demands the unconditional surrender of Finland, which the Finnish government refuses.
1945 - The United States Secretary of State approves the transfer of Wernher von Braun and his team of Nazi rocket scientists to the US.
1948 – Toast of the Town, later The Ed Sullivan Show, debuts.
1954 - 1954 FIFA World Cup: West Germany loses a group game 8-3 to the Hungary national football team, which they go on to beat 3-2 in the final.
1956 – A Venezuelan Super-Constellation crashed in Atlantic Ocean off Ashbury Park, New Jersey killing 74 people
1959 - A rare June hurricane strikes Canada's Gulf of Saint Lawrence, killing 35 people.
1960 – Independence of Mali and Senegal.
1963 – "Hotline" established between Soviet Union and United States.
1966 – Canada sells 336 million bushels of wheat to Soviet Union.
1969 – Jacques Chaban-Delmas becomes Prime Minister of France.
1973 - Ezeiza massacre in Buenos Aires - Snipers fire on left-wing Peronists, killing 13 people.
1976 - The Czechoslovakia national football team defeats the West Germany national football team to win UEFA Euro 1976.
1977 - Menachem Begin becomes Prime Minister of Israel.
1977 – Oil begins to flow through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS).
1979 - ABC News correspondent Bill Stewart is shot dead by a Nicaraguan soldier under the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle.
1980 – Roberto Duran starts his classic boxing trilogy with Sugar Ray Leonard by defeating him in Canada by a decision in 15 rounds, to gain the WBC world Welterweight championship.
1981 – Iran is taken over by what is now known as the Islamic Republic of Iran after two and a half years of intimidation.
1982 - Jacky Ickx wins the 24-hour motor race at Le Mans, France.
1990 – Asteroid Eureka is discovered.
1991 – German parliament decides to move the capital city from Bonn back to Berlin.
1992 - Estonia takes the Kroon as its national currency.
1994 - In Mashad, Iran, a bomb attack on a mosque kills 26 people and injures 80.
1995 - In Kenya the Safina political party is founded by Richard Leakey and opposition activists.
2001 – Pervez Musharraf becomes President of Pakistan
2001 – Andrea Yates drowns her children in a bathtub and admits the crime.
She was later sentenced to life in prison.
2003 – Formation of Wikimedia Foundation is announced.
2009 – In Tehran, student Neda Agha-Soltan is shot dead.
As it happened during post-election protests, she becomes a symbol of the Iranian opposition.
2010 - Juan Manuel Santos is elected President of Colombia.
2012 - Antonis Samaras becomes Prime Minister of Greece, after a second election in the space of six weeks, during the country's economic crisis.
2013 - At 1 p.m., the 3-hour PSI reading in Singapore reached record levels once again with a reading of 371 in the Hazardous range, as Singapore experienced its worst haze to date.
2014 - 2014 FIFA World Cup: Costa Rica secures a place in the second round after beating Italy 1-0, from a group also containing England and Uruguay.
It is one of the surprises of the tournament.
2019 - Iran shoots down a US surveillance drone over the Strait of Hormuz; US President Donald Trump later admits to having ordered a strike on Iran which he later cancelled.
2019 - Boris Johnson and Jeremy Hunt become the final two candidates for the leadership of the British Conservative Party and the post of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
1005 - Ali az-Zahir, Egyptian caliph (d. 1036)
1389 - John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford (d. 1435)
1469 - Gian Galeazzo Sforza, consort of Isabella of Naples (d. 1496)
1566 – Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Sweden (d. 1632)
1583 - Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (d. 1652)
1634 - Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy (d. 1675)
1642 - George Hickes, English theologian and writer (d. 1715)
1647 - John George III, Elector of Saxony (d. 1691)
1717 - Jacques Saly, French sculptor (d. 1776)
1723 – Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher and historian (d. 1816)
1737 - Tokugawa Ieharu, Japanese shogun (d. 1786)
1753 - Antoine de Rivarol, French writer (d. 1801)
1754 - Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1832)
1756 - Joseph Martin Kraus, German composer (d. 1792)
1760 - Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley, British statesman (d. 1842)
1763 - Wolfe Tone, Irish lawyer and independence campaigner (d. 1798)
1771 - Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, Scottish philanthropist (d. 1820)
1778 - Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, French statesman (d. 1832)
1786 - Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, French writer (d. 1859)
1819 – Jacques Offenbach, German-French composer (d. 1880)
1832 - Benjamin Bristow, American politician (d. 1896)
1833 - Leon Bonnat, French painter (d. 1922)
1858 – Charles W. Chesnutt, American writer (d. 1932)
1860 - Alexander Winton, Scottish automobile designer and racer (d. 1932)
1860 - Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer and footballer (d. 1932)
1861 – Frederick Gowland Hopkins, English chemist, won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1947)
1862 - Marco Praga, Italian playwright (d. 1929)
1869 - Lucy Kemp-Welch, English painter (d. 1958)
1872 - George Carpenter, 5th General of the Salvation Army (d. 1948)
1875 - Reginald Punnett, British geneticist (d. 1967)
1884 - Johannes Heinrich Schultz, German psychiatrist (d. 1970)
1887 - Kurt Schwitters, German painter and writer (d. 1948)
1889 - John S. Paraskevopoulos, Greek-South African astronomer (d. 1951)
1891 – John A. Costello, Irish Taoiseach (d. 1976)
1891 - Giannina Arangi-Lombardi, Italian soprano (d. 1951)
1896 - Wilfrid Pelletier, Canadian conductor, pianist, composer and arts administrator (d. 1982)
1897 – Elisabeth Hauptmann, German writer (d. 1973)
1897 - Jimmy Driftwood, American folk musician and songwriter (d. 1998)
1899 - Jean Moulin, French resistance leader (d. 1943)
1902 - Juan Evaristo, Argentine footballer (d. 1978)
1905 – Lillian Hellman, American playwright (d. 1984)
1906 - Bob King, American high jumper (d. 1965)
1907 - Jimmy Driftwood, American singer-songwriter and banjo player (d. 1998)
1909 – Errol Flynn, Australian-American actor (d. 1959)
1913 – Lilian Jackson Braun, American writer (d. 2011)
1913 - Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, Spanish royal, father of King Juan Carlos I of Spain (d. 1993)
1915 - Terence Young, British screenwriter and director (d. 1994)
1916 - Jean-Jacques Bertrand, 21st Premier of Quebec (d. 1973)
1917 - Helena Rasiowa, Polish mathematician (d. 1994)
1920 - Man Mohan Adhikari, Nepalese politician (d. 1999)
1920 - Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambican political activist (d. 1969)
1923 - Jerzy Nowak, Polish actor (d. 2013)
1923 - Peter Gay, German-American historian, educator and author (d. 2015)
1924 – Chet Atkins, American guitarist and producer (d. 2001)
1924 – Fritz Koenig, German sculptor (d. 2017)
1924 - Rainer Barzel, German politician (d. 2006)
1925 - Audie Murphy, American soldier, actor and songwriter (d. 1971)
1925 - Doris Hart, American tennis player (d. 2015)
1926 - Giovanni Viola, Italian footballer (d. 2008)
1927 - Simin Behbahani, Iranian poet (d. 2014)
1927 – Josef Posipal, German footballer and manager (d. 1997)
1928 – Jean-Marie Le Pen, French far-right politician
1928 – Martin Landau, American actor (d. 2017)
1928 - Eric Dolphy, American jazz musician (d. 1964)
1929 - Edgar Bronfman, Sr.,
Canadian-American businessman (d. 2013)
1929 - Edith Windsor, American LGBT rights activist ad technological manager at IBM (d. 2017)
1930 - Magdalena Abakanowicz, Polish sculptor and artist (d. 2017)
1931 – Olympia Dukakis, American actress (d. 2021)
1932 - Robert Rozhdestvensky, Russian poet (d. 1994)
1933 - Danny Aiello, American actor
1933 - Dai Dower, Welsh boxer (d. 2016)
1933 - Brett Halsey, American actor
1934 - Sergio Balanzino, Italian diplomat, former Secretary-General of NATO.
1934 - Graham Leggat, Scottish footballer
1934 - Wendy Craig, English actress
1935 - Armando Picchi, Italian footballer (d. 1971)
1936 - Billy Guy, American singer (d. 2002)
1937 - Phil Skoglund, New Zealand lawn bowls player (d. 2015)
1938 - Joan Kirner, Australian politician, 42nd Premier of Victoria (d. 2015)
1939 - Konrad Spindler, German prehistorian (d. 2005)
1940 - John Mahoney, English-American actor (d. 2018)
1941 - Stephen Frears, British actor, director, producer
1941 - Ulf Merbold, German physicist and astronaut
1942 – Brian Wilson, American musician (The Beach Boys)
1945 – Anne Murray, Canadian singer
1945 - Jean-Claude Izzo, French writer (d. 2000)
1945 - Shekhar Mehta, Kenyan rally driver (d. 2006)
1946 - Lars Vilks, Swedish sculptor, artist and activist
1946 – Xanana Gusmao, former President of East Timor
1948 – Ludwig Scotty, former President of Nauru
1948 - Cirilo Flores, American bishop (d. 2014)
1948 - Alan Longmuir, Scottish musician and actor (Bay City Rollers) (d. 2018)
1949 - Lionel Richie, American singer and musician
1950 – Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq
1951 – Tress MacNeille, American voice actress
1952 – John Goodman, American actor
1952 – Vikram Seth, Indian poet
1952 - Larry Riley, American actor
1952 - Mabel Rivera, Spanish actress
1953 - Ulrich Mühe, German actor (d. 2007)
1954 – Michael Anthony, American musician (Van Halen)
1954 - Allan Lamb, South African-English cricketer
1954 - Ilan Ramon, Israeli astronaut (d. 2003)
1958 - Barbara Rosenkranz, Austrian politician
1958 - Chuck Wagner, American actor
1959 – Chris Williams, African-American actor
1960 – John Taylor, British musician ("Duran Duran")
1963 - José Basualdo, Argentine footballer
1964 - Pierfrancesco Chili, Italian motorcycle racer
1964 - Silke Möller, German athlete
1966 - Boaz Yakin, American screenwriter and director
1967 – Nicole Kidman, Australian actress
1967 - Angela Melillo, Italian actress, model, singer and television personality
1968 - Mateusz Morawiecki, Polish politician, Prime minister of Poland
1969 - Paulo Bento, Portuguese footballer and manager
1970 – Prince Moulay Rachid of Morocco
1970 - Andrea Nahles, German politician
1971 - Josh Lucas, American actor
1971 - Jeordie White, American musician
1972 - Craig Thomson, Scottish football referee
1973 - Chino Moreno, American singer-songwriter and musician
1976 – Juliano Belletti, Brazilian footballer
1978 – Frank Lampard, English footballer
1978 - Quinton Jackson, American mixed martial artist and actor
1979 - Masashi Motoyama, Japanese footballer
1980 – Carlo Festuccia, Italian rugby player
1980 - Vignir Svavarsson, Icelandic handball player
1981 - Brede Hangeland, Norwegian footballer
1982 – Aleksei Berezutski, Russian footballer
1982 – Vasili Berezutski, Russian footballer
1982 – Example, English rapper
1982 - George Forsyth, Peruvian footballer
1983 - Josh Childress, American basketball player
1984 - Hassan Adams, American basketball player
1985 - Souleymane Mamam, Togolese footballer
1986 - Luca Cigarini, Italian footballer
1987 – Itumeleng Khune, South African footballer
1987 - Alexey Korolev, Kazakhstani ski jumper
1987 – Paweł Rogaliński, Polish journalist
1987 - Asmir Begovic, Bosnia and Herzegovina footballer
1988 - Shefali Chowdhury, British actress
1989 – Javier Pastore, Argentine footballer
1989 - Christopher Mintz-Plasse, American actor
1990 - Ding Ning, Chinese table tennis player
1990 - Iselin Solheim, Norwegian singer
1991 - Rick ten Voorde, Dutch footballer
1993 - Sead Kolasinac, Bosnia and Herzegovina footballer
1996 - Majid Hosseini, Iranian footballer
1997 - Maria Lark, Russian-American actress
1997 - Jordan Larsson, Swedish footballer
1998 - Jadin Gould, American actress
1999 - Yui Mizuno, Japanese singer and model
451 – Theodorid, King of the Visigoths
537 - Pope Silverius
840 – Louis the Pious, King of the Franks, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (b. 778)
1176 - Mikhail of Vladimir
1597 – Willem Barentsz, navigator (b. 1550)
1605 – Tsar Feodor II of Russia (b. 1589)
1668 - Heinrich Roth, German scholar (b. 1620)
1776 - Benjamin Huntsman, English inventor and manufacturer (b. 1704)
1787 – Karl Friedrich Abel, German composer
1810 - Axel von Fersen the Younger, Swedish statesman (b. 1755)
1820 – Manuel Belgrano, Argentine lawyer and politician (b. 1770)
1837 – King William IV of the United Kingdom (b. 1765)
1840 - Pierre Claude Francois Daunou, French statesman (b. 1761)
1847 - Juan Larrea, Argentine politician and businessman (b. 1782)
1862 - Barbu Catargiu, Romanian politician (b. 1807)
1869 - Hijikata Toshizo, Japanese military leader (b. 1835)
1870 - Jules de Goncourt, French writer (b. 1830)
1888 – Johannes Zukertort, German chess player (b. 1847)
1891 - Mihail Kogalniceanu, Romanian historian, writer and journalist (b. 1817)
1909 - Friedrich Martens, Estonian-Russian diplomat, lawyer and historian (b. 1845)
1925 - Josef Breuer, Austrian psychologist (b. 1842)
1929 - Emmanuel Benakis, Greek merchant and politician (b. 1843)
1933 – Clara Zetkin, German politician and feminist (b. 1857)
1940 - Jehan Alain, French organist and composer (b. 1911)
1945 – Bruno Frank, German writer (b. 1878)
1945 - Luis Fernando de Orleans y Borbon, Spanish prince (b. 1888)
1946 - Wan Rong, last Empress of China (b. 1906)
1947 – Bugsy Siegel, American gangster (b. 1906)
1947 - Howard Mason Gore, 17th Governor of West Virginia (b. 1877)
1952 - Luigi Fagioli, Italian racing driver (b. 1898)
1958 – Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
1965 - Bernard Baruch, American financier and politician (b. 1870)
1966 – Georges Lemaitre, Belgian theologian and astrophysicist (b. 1894)
1976 - Lou Klein, American baseball player (b. 1918)
1979 - Bill Stewart, American journalist (b. 1941)
1995 – Emil Cioran, Romanian-born French philosopher and essayist (b. 1911)
1997 - Lawrence Payton, American singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1938)
1998 – Conrad Schumann, East German borderguard, most famous escapee from East Germany (b. 1942)
1999 – Clifton Fadiman, writer (b. 1902)
2001 - Gina Cigna, Italian-French opera singer and dramatic soprano (b. 1900)
2002 – Erwin Chargaff, Austrian biochemist (b. 1905)
2002 – Tinus Osendarp, Dutch sprinter (b. 1916)
2003 – Bob Stump, U.S. Congressman from Arizona (b. 1927)
2005 – Jack Kilby, American electrical engineer (b. 1923)
2009 – Neda Agha-Soltan, Iranian student (shot), symbol of the resistance to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (b. 1982)
2010 – Roberto Rosato, Italian footballer (b. 1943)
2011 – Ryan Dunn, American television star and stuntman (b. 1977)
2012 - Judy Agnew, wife of Spiro Agnew (b. 1920)
2013 - Ingvar Rydell, Swedish footballer (b. 1922)
2014 - Oberdan Cattani, Brazilian footballer (b. 1919)
2014 - Jaroslav Walter, Czech ice hockey player (b. 1939)
2015 - Elson Floyd, American educator (b. 1956)
2015 - Angelo Niculescu, Romanian football manager (b. 1921)
2015 - Takanonami Sadahiro, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1971)
2015 - François Delapierre, French politician (b. 1970)
2015 - Esther Brand, South African athlete (b. 1922)
2015 - William Brantley Aycock, American educator (b. 1915)
2016 - Frank Chapot, American equestrian (b. 1932)
2016 - Rich Olive, American politician (b. 1949)
2016 - Ernesto Maceda, Filipino politician (b. 1935)
2016 - Edgard Pisani, French politician (b. 1918)
2016 - Chayito Valdez, Mexican-American folk singer and actress (b. 1945)
2017 - Sergei Mylnikov, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1958)
2017 - Prodigy, American rapper (b. 1974)
2017 - Fredrik Skagen, Norwegian writer (b. 1936)
2018 - Ken Albiston, Australian rules football player (b. 1926)
2018 - Dante Caputo, Argentine politician (b. 1943)
2018 - Peter Thomson, Australian golfer (b. 1929)
2018 - Bill Hendon, American activist, writer and politician (b. 1944)
2018 - Ernie Hunt, English footballer (b. 1943)
2018 - Sándor Kányádi, Hungarian poet and translator (b. 1929)
2018 - Bill Speakman, British soldier (b. 1927)
2019 - Eddie Garcia, Filipino actor, director and television personality (b. 1929)
2019 - Rubén Suñé, Argentine footballer (b. 1947)
2019 - Mark Warawa, Canadian politician (b. 1950)
World Refugee Day
Flag Day (Argentina)
West Virginia Day
In Leap years: Northern Summer solstice and Southern Winter solstice
46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.
1490 – Anne of Brittany announces that all those who would ally (go on the same side) with the King of France will be guilty of the crime of lese-majesty.
1642 – Charles I of England sends soldiers in to arrest members of parliament.
1643 – Famous English scientist Isaac Newton is born.
In the Julian calendar in use in England at the time, his date of birth was December 25, 1642.
1649 – The English Rump Parliament votes to put Charles I on trial.
1717 – The Netherlands, Great Britain and France sign a triple alliance.
1762 – Great Britain declares war on Spain and Naples.
1798 – Constantine Hangerli arrives in Bucharest, then-part of Wallachia, as its new prince, invested by the Ottoman Empire.
1847 – Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the US Government.
1852 – British steamer RMS Amazon catches fire and explodes and sinks, killing 104 people.
1854 – The Subantarctic McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald.
1863 – The New Apostolic Church is created in Hamburg.
1865 – The New York Stock Exchange opens its first permanent headquarters on Wall Street.
1878 – The city of Sofia is freed from Ottoman Rule.
1880 – Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador is first climbed by Edward Whymper.
1885 – Dr. William W. Grant of Davenport, Iowa, performs what is thought to be the first appendectomy.
1889 – The Oklahoma Land Run opens 2 million square acres of unused Oklahoma Territory to first-come, first-served settlers from April 22.
1896 – Utah becomes a state of the US.
1904 – In Gonzales v. Williams, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that citizens of Puerto Rico are not aliens and can enter the U.S. freely.
1912 – The Scout Association is officially created throughout the British Commonwealth of Nations by Royal Charter.
1935 – Dry Tortugas National Park in Mexico is created.
1944 – World War II: Operation Carpetbagger, involving the dropping of arms and supplies to resistance fighters in Europe, begins.
1948 – Burma gained independence from the United Kingdom.
1950 – Israel declares Jerusalem to be its capital city.
1951 – The Communist forces of North Korea and China, seize the city of Seoul.
1958 – Sputnik 1 falls back to Earth.
1958 – Edmund Hillary reaches the South Pole, leading the first overland expedition there since Robert Falcon Scott.
1959 – Luna 1 becomes the first spacecraft to reach the area near the Moon.
1964 – Pope Paul VI visits Israel.
1965 – During the State of the Union Address, President Lyndon Johnson outlines his plan for "The Great Society".
1966 – A coup occurs in Upper Volta (present-day Burkina Faso).
1967 – Donald Campbell is killed in an attempt to beat his own water speed record on Coniston Water.
1970 – An earthquake in Yunnan, China, kills around 10,000 people.
1972 – Rose Heilbron becomes the first female judge to sit on the Old Bailey in London.
1976 – The Troubles: The Ulster Volunteer Force shoots dead six Irish Catholic civilians in County Armagh.
On January 5, gunmen shoot dead 10 Protestant civilians nearby.
1981 – Peter Sutcliffe admits being the Yorkshire ripper.
1987 – An Amtrak train travelling from Boston, Massachusetts to Washington, DC, collides with Conrail engines in Chase, Maryland, killing 16 people.
1990 – A train accident in Sangi, Pakistan, kills 350 people.
1998 – A massive ice storm in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States causes widespread disruption and power outages.
1999 – Former wrestler, Jesse Ventura, becomes Minnesota's governor.
1999 – The US Mint begins issuing the 50 state quarters.
2004 – Spirit, a NASA Mars Rover, lands successfully on Mars.
2004 – Mikheil Saakashvili becomes President of Georgia.
2006 – Prime Minister of Israel Ariel Sharon suffers a stroke.
His duties are transferred to Ehud Olmert.
2007 – Nancy Pelosi becomes the first female Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
2010 – The Burj Khalifa is opened in Dubai, officially becoming the world's tallest building.
2016 – Zinedine Zidane becomes the manager of Real Madrid C.F..
1077 – Emperor Zhezong of China (d. 1100)
1334 – Amadeus VI of Savoy (d. 1383)
1341 – Wat Tyler, English leader of the Peasants' Revolt (d. 1381)
1581 – James Ussher, Irish bishop and theologian (d. 1656)
1643 – Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)
1664 – Lars Roberg, Swedish physician (d. 1742)
1710 – Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer, violinist and organist (d. 1736)
1720 – Johann Friedrich Agricola, German composer (d. 1774)
1737 – Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, French chemist and politician (d. 1816)
1785 – Jacob Grimm, German storyteller (d. 1863)
1793 – Roger Sherman Baldwin, American politician, Senator and Governor of Connecticut (d. 1863)
1809 – Louis Braille, French inventor of Braille (d. 1852)
1813 – Isaac Pitman, English linguist (d. 1897)
1838 – General Tom Thumb, American circus performer (d. 1883)
1839 – Carl Humann, German engineer, architect and classical archaeologist (d. 1896)
1848 – Katsura Taro, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1913)
1858 – Carter Glass, 47th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1946)
1866 – Joel Hastings Metcalf, American astronomer (d. 1925)
1866 – Ramon Casas i Carbo, Catalan painter (d. 1932)
1869 – Tommy Corcoran, American baseball player (d. 1960)
1870 – Percy Pitt, English organist and conductor (d. 1932)
1872 – Ottilie Sutro, American pianist (d. 1970)
1874 – Josef Suk, Czech composer (d. 1935)
1874 – Albert Tyler, American athlete (d. 1945)
1878 – Augustus John, Welsh painter (d. 1961)
1881 – Wilhelm Lehmbruck, German sculptor (d. 1919)
1883 – Max Eastman, American writer (d. 1969)
1883 – Pat Ryan, American hammer thrower (d. 1964)
1883 – Johanna Westerdijk, Dutch botanist (d. 1961)
1887 – Hugo Steinhaus, Polish mathematician (d. 1972)
1888 – Walther Kossel, German physicist (d. 1956)
1889 – M. Patanjali Sastri, 2nd Chief Justice of India (d. unknown)
1890 – Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson, American pulp writer and publisher (DC Comics) (d. 1968)
1891 – Edward Brooker, Australian politician, 31st Premier of Tasmania (d. 1948)
1893 – Yone Minagawa, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2007)
1896 – Everett Dirksen, American politician (d. 1969)
1896 – André Masson, French painter (d. 1987)
1896 – Arnold Susi, Estonian lawyer and politician (d. 1968)
1900 – James Bond, American ornithologist (d. 1980)
1902 – John McCone, 6th Director of Central Intelligence (d. 1991)
1903 – Georg Elser, German resistance activist (d. 1945)
1905 – Sterling Holloway, American actor (d. 1992)
1910 – Arthur Villeneuve, Canadian painter (d. 1990)
1913 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan Head of State (d. 2007)
1914 – Jean-Pierre Vernant, French historian and anthropologist (d. 2007)