the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Brittlebush - Encelia farinosa
Broadleaf - Plantago major
Brown Betty - Rudbeckia hirta
Black-eyed Susan - Rudbeckia hirta, Rudbeckia triloba
Buffalo Weed - Ambrosia trifida
Butterfly Flower - Asclepias syriaca
Butterfly Weed - Asclepias tuberosa
Cabbage - Brassica oleracea
Clumpfoot Cabbage - Symplocarpus foetidus
Meadow Cabbage - Symplocarpus foetidus
Skunk Cabbage - Symplocarpus foetidus
Swamp Cabbage - Symplocarpus foetidus
Canada Root - Asclepias tuberosa
Cancer Jalap - Phytolacca americana
Carrot - Daucus carota
Wild Carrot - Daucus carota
Carrot Weed - Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Cart Track Plant - Plantago major
Cherry - Prunus
Black Cherry - Prunus serotina
Cabinet Cherry - Prunus serotina
Rum Cherry - Prunus serotina
Whiskey Cherry - Prunus serotina
Wild Cherry - Prunus avium, Prunus serotina
Wild Black Cherry - Prunus serotina
Chigger Flower - Asclepias tuberosa
Coakum - Phytolacca americana
Colic Weed - Corydalis flavula
Collard - Symplocarpus foetidus
Colwort
Hare's Colwort - Sonchus oleraceus
Coneflower
Brilliant Coneflower - Rudbeckia fulgida
Cutleaf Coneflower - Rudbeckia laciniata
Eastern Coneflower - Rudbeckia fulgida
Green-headed Coneflower - Rudbeckia laciniata
Orange Coneflower - Rudbeckia fulgida
Tall Coneflower - Rudbeckia laciniata
Thin-leaved Coneflower - Rudbeckia triloba
Three-leaved Coneflower - Rudbeckia triloba
Cornel
Blueberry Cornel - Cornus amomum
Silky Cornel - Cornus amomum
White Cornel - Cornus florida
Cornelian Tree - Cornus florida
Corydalis - Corydalis
Fern-leaf Corydalis - Corydalis cleilanthifolia
Golden Corydalis - Corydalis aurea
Pale Corydalis - Corydalis flavula, Corydalis sempervirens
Pink Corydalis - Corydalis sempervirens
Yellow Corydalis - Corydalis lutea, Corydalis flavula
Cress - (several genera)
American Cress - Barbarea verna
Bank Cress - Barbarea verna
Belle Isle Cress - Barbarea verna
Bermuda Cress - Barbarea verna
Bulbous Cress - Cardamine bulbosa
Lamb's Cress - Cardamine hirsuta
Land Cress - Barbarea verna, Cardamine hirsuta
Scurvy Cress - Barbarea verna
Spring Cress - Cardamine bulbosa
Upland Cress - Barbarea verna
Crowfoot - Cardamine concatenata
Crow's Nest - Daucus carota
Crow's Toes - Cardamine concatenata
Daffodil - Narcissus pseudonarcissus
Brown Daisy - Rudbeckia hirta
Gloriosa Daisy - Rudbeckia hirta
Poorland Daisy - Rudbeckia hirta
Yellow Daisy - Rudbeckia hirta
Yellow Ox-eye Daisy - Rudbeckia hirta
David mountain laurel - Sophora davidii
Deadnettle - Lamium
Henbit Deadnettle - Lamium amplexicaule
Devil's Bite - Veratrum viride
Devil's Darning Needle - Clematis virginiana
Devil's Hair - Clematis virginiana
Devil's Plague - Daucus carota
Bristly Dewberry - Rubus hispidus
Swamp Dewberry - Rubus hispidus
Dindle - Sonchus arvensis
Dogwood - Cornus, Solanum dulcamara
American Dogwood - Cornus florida
Florida Dogwood - Cornus florida
Japanese Flowering Dogwood - Cornus kousa
Kousa Dogwood - Cornus kousa
Silky Dogwood - Cornus amomum
Swamp Dogwood- Cornus amomum
Duck Retten - Veratrum viride
Duscle - Solanum nigrum
Dye-leaves - Ilex glabra
Earth Gall - Veratrum viride
English Bull's Eye - Rudbeckia hirta
Fair-maid-of-France - Achillea ptarmica
Fairymoss Azolla caroliniana
Fellenwort - Solanum dulcamara
Felonwood - Solanum dulcamara
Felonwort - Solanum dulcamara
Mosquito Fern - Azolla caroliniana
Water Fern - Azolla caroliniana
Feverbush - Ilex verticillata
Feverfew - Tanacetum parthenium
Creeping Yellowcress - Rorippa sylvestris
Fluxroot - Asclepias tuberosa
Fumewort
Yellow Fumewort - Corydalis flavula
Gallberry - Ilex glabra
Garget - Phytolacca americana
Golden Garlic - Allium moly
Wild Garlic - Allium canadense
Garlic Mustard - Alliaria petiolata
Garlic Root - Alliaria petiolata
Gilliflower
Dame's Gilliflower - Hesperis matronalis
Night Scented Gilliflower - Hesperis matronalis
Queen's Gilliflower - Hesperis matronalis
Rogue's Gilliflower - Hesperis matronalis
Winter Gilliflower - Hesperis matronalis
Golden Buttons - Tanacetum vulgare
Goldenglow - Rudbeckia laciniata
Golden Jerusalem - Rudbeckia hirta
Gordaldo - Achillea millefolium
Goose Tongue - Achillea ptarmica
Groundberry - Rubus hispidus
Bristly Groundberry - Rubus hispidus
Gutweed - Sonchus arvensis
Rock Harlequin - Corydalis sempervirens
Yellow Harlequin - Corydalis flavula
Hay Fever Weed - Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Artemesia trifida
Healing Blade - Plantago major
Hedge Plant - Maclura pomifera
Hellebore - Helleborus
American White Hellebore - Veratrum viride
Big Hellebore - Veratrum viride
Black Hellebore - Veratrum nigrum
European White Hellebore - Veratrum album
False Hellebore - Veratrum album, Veratrum viride
Swamp Hellebore - Veratrum viride
White Hellebore - Veratrum album, Veratrum viride
Hemp Dogbane - Apocynum cannabinum
Hen Plant - Plantago major
Henbit - Lamium amplexicaule
Greater Henbit - Lamium amplexicaule
Herb Barbara - Barbarea vulgaris
Hogweed - Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Holly - Ilex
Deciduous Holly - Ilex decidua, Ilex verticillata
Inkberry Holly - Ilex glabra
Meadow Holly - Ilex decidua
Swamp Holly - Ilex decidua
Winterberry Holly - Ilex verticillata
Horse Cane - Ambrosia trifida
Hortensia - Hydrangea
Hound's Berry - Solanum nigrum
Houseleek - Sempervivum tectorum
Indian Hemp - Apocynum cannabinum
White Indian Hemp - Asclepias incarnata
Indian Paintbrush - Castilleja, Castilleja mutis, Asclepias tuberosa
Indian Posy - Asclepias tuberosa
Inkberry - Ilex glabra, Phytolacca americana
Itchweed - Veratrum viride
Jack-by-the-Hedge - Alliaria petiolata
Jack-in-the-Bush - Alliaria petiolata
Juneberry - Amelanchier canadensis
Keek - Rorippa sylvestris
Kinnikinnik - Cornus amomum
Kousa - Cornus kousa
Laceflower - Daucus carota
Lamb's Foot - Plantago major
Leek - Allium
Lily Leek - Allium moly
Summer Lilac - Hesperis matronalis
Love Vine - Clematis virginianaM
Maple - Acer
Ash-Leaved Maple - Acer negundo
Creek Maple - Acer saccharinum
Cutleaf Maple - Acer negundo
Red River Maple - Acer negundo
River Maple - Acer saccharinum
Silver Maple - Acer saccharinum
Silverleaf Maple - Acer saccharinum
Soft Maple - Acer saccharinum
Sugar Maple -  Acer saccharum, Acer negundo
Swamp Maple - Acer saccharinum
Water Maple - Acer saccharinum
White Maple - Acer saccharinum
Mesquite -  Prosopis
Honey Mesquite - Prosopis glandulosa
Screwbean Mesquite - Prosopis pubescens
Milfoil - Achillea millefolium
Milkweed - Asclepias, Sonchus oleraceus
Blunt-leaved Milkweed - Asclepias amplexicaulis
Common Milkweed - Asclepias syriaca
Horsetail Milkweed - Asclepias verticillata
Orange Milkweed - Asclepias tuberosa
Swamp Milkweed - Asclepias incarnata
Rose Milkweed - Asclepias incarnata
Whorled Milkweed - Asclepias verticillata
Yellow Milkweed - Asclepias tuberosa
Milky Tassel - Sonchus oleraceus
Morel - Solanum nigrum
Petty Morel - Solanum nigrum
Mosquito Plant - Azolla caroliniana
Mother-of-the-Evening - Hesperis matronalis
Mountain Mahogany - Betula lenta
Mulberry - Morus
Red Mulberry - Morus rubra
White Mulberry - Morus alba
Nature's Mistake - Cornus florida
Nettle
Bull Nettle - Solanum carolinense
Carolina Horse Nettle - Solanum carolinense
Horse Nettle - Solanum carolinense
American Nightshade - Phytolacca americana, Solanum americanum
Bitter Nightshade - Solanum dulcamara
Black Nightshade - Solanum nigrum, Solanum americanum
Climbing Nightshade - Solanum dulcamara
Deadly Nightshade - Solanum nigrum
Garden Nightshade - Solanum nigrum
Trailing Nightshade - Solanum dulcamara
Woody Nightshade - Solanum dulcamara
Nosebleed - Achillea millefolium
Oak - Quercus
Algerian Oak Quercus canariensisBlack Oak - Quercus velutina, Quercus coccinea, Quercus rubraBlue Oak - Quercus macrocarpaBur Oak - Quercus macrocarpaChampion Oak - Quercus rubraDyer's Oak - Quercus velutinaEnglish Oak - Quercus roburMirbeck's Oak - Quercus canariensisMossycup Oak - Quercus macrocarpaMossycup White Oak - Quercus macrocarpaPedunculate Oak -Quercus robur
Pin Oak - Quercus palustris
Red Oak - Quercus rubra, Quercus coccinea
Scarlet Oak - Quercus coccinea
Scrub Oak - Quercus macrocarpa
Sessile Oak - Quercus petraea
Spanish Oak - Quercus coccinea, Quercus rubra
Spotted Oak - Quercus velutina
Swamp Oak - Quercus palustris, Quercus bicolor
Swamp Spanish Oak - Quercus palustris
Swamp White Oak - Quercus bicolor
White Oak - Quercus alba
Yellowbark Oak - Quercus velutina
Old Man's Pepper - Achillea millefolium
Giant Onion - Allium giganteum
Nodding Onion - Allium cernuum
Tree Onion - Allium canadense
Wild Onion - Allium canadense
Osage Orange - Maclura pomifera
Wild Orange - Maclura pomifera
Orange-root - Asclepias tuberosa
Osage - Maclura pomifera
Osier
Red Osier - Cornus amomum
Parsnip - Pastinaca sativa, Daucus carota
Pellitory
Bastard Pellitory - Achillea ptarmica
European Pellitory - Achillea ptarmica
Wild Pellitory - Achillea ptarmica
Penny Hedge - Alliaria petiolata
Pepper Root - Cardamine concatenata
Pigeon Berry - Phytolacca americana
Broadleaf Plantain - Plantago major
Common Plantain - Plantago major
Dooryard Plantain - Plantago major
Greater Plantain - Plantago major
Roundleaf Plantain - Plantago major
Wayside Plantain - Plantago major
Pleurisy Root - Asclepias tuberosa
Pocan Bush - Phytolacca americana
Poisonberry - Solanum dulcamara
Poisonflower - Solanum dulcamara
Poke - Phytolacca americana
Indian Poke - Veratrum viride
Pokeroot - Phytolacca americana
Pokeweed - Phytolacca americana
Polkweed - Symplocarpus foetidus
Polecat Weed - Symplocarpus foetidus
Poor Annie - Veratrum viride
Poor Man's Mustard - Alliaria petiolata
Possumhaw - Ilex decidua
Queen Anne's Lace - Daucus carota
Quercitron - Quercus velutina
Radical Weed - Solanum carolinense
Ragweed - Ambrosia
Common Ragweed - Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Giant Ragweed - Ambrosia trifida
Great Ragweed - Ambrosia trifida
Rantipole - Daucus carota
Raspberry - Rubus spp.
Black Raspberry - Rubus occidentalis
Purple Raspberry - Rubus occidentalis
Redbrush - Cornus amomum
Red Ink Plant - Phytolacca americana
Redweed - Phytolacca americana
Rheumatism Root - Apocynum cannabinum
Ribwort - Plantago major
Roadweed - Plantago major
Rocket - (several genera)
Dame's Rocket - Hesperis matronalis
Sweet Rocket - Hesperis matronalis
Winter Rocket - Barbarea vulgaris
Yellow Rocket - Barbarea vulgaris
Rocketcress - Barbarea vulgaris
Rose - Rosa
Baby Rose - Rosa multiflora
Dwarf Wild Rose - Rosa virginiana
Low Rose - Rosa virginiana
Multiflora Rose - Rosa multiflora
Prairie Rose - Rosa virginiana
Rambler Rose - Rosa multiflora
Wild Rose - Rosa virginiana
Sanguinary - Achillea millefolium
Sauce-alone - Alliaria petiolata
Scarlet Berry - Solanum dulcamara
Scoke - Phytolacca americana
Scotch Cap - Rubus occidentalis
Scrambled Eggs - Corydalis aurea
Scurvy Grass - Barbarea verna
Serviceberry - Amelanchier
Common Serviceberry - Amelanchier arborea
Downy Serviceberry - Amelanchier arborea
Shadblow Serviceberry - Amelanchier canadensis
Shadblow - Amelanchier canadensis
Shadbush - Amelanchier canadensis
Silkweed - Asclepias syriaca
Swamp Silkweed - Asclepias incarnata
Virginia Silkweed - Asclepias syriaca
Skunkweed - Symplocarpus foetidus
Snakeberry - Solanum dulcamara
Speedwell=Veronica
Corn Speedwell - Veronica arvensis
Wall Speedwell - Veronica arvensis
Spoolwood - Betula papyrifera
Squaw Bush - Cornus amomum
Stammerwort - Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Stars-of-Persia - Allium cristophii
Stickweed - Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Swallow-wort
Orange Swallow-wort - Asclepias tuberosa
Silky Swallow-wort - Asclepias syriaca
Sneezeweed - Achillea ptarmica
Sneezewort - Achillea ptarmica
Sugarplum - Amelanchier canadensis
Soldier's Woundwort - Achillea millefolium
Stag Bush - Viburnum prunifolium
Sweet Potato - Ipomoea batatas
Sweet Potato Vine - Ipomoea batatas
Sweet William - Dianthus barbatus
Swinies - Sonchus oleraceus
Common Tansy - Tanacetum vulgare
White Tansy - Achillea ptarmica
Wild Tansy - Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Appalachian Tea - Ilex glabra
Thimbleberry - Rubus occidentalis
Thimbleweed - Rudbeckia laciniata
Thousand-leaf - Achillea millefolium
Thousand-seal - Achillea millefolium
Tassel Weed - Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Thistle - (Several genera)
Annual Sow Thistle - Sonchus oleraceus
California Thistle - Cirsium arvense
Canada Thistle - Cirsium arvense
Corn Thistle - Cirsium arvense
Corn Sow Thistle - Sonchus arvensis
Creeping Thistle - Cirsium arvense
Cursed Thistle - Cirsium arvense
Field Sow Thistle - Sonchus arvensis
Green Thistle - Cirsium arvense
Hard Thistle - Cirsium arvense
Hare's Thistle - Sonchus oleraceus
Milk Thistle - Sonchus oleraceus
Nodding Thistle - Carduus nutans L.
Perennial Thistle - Cirsium arvense
Prickly Thistle - Cirsium arvense
Sharp-fringed Sow Thistle - Sonchus asper
Small-flowered Thistle - Cirsium arvense
Spiny Sow Thistle - Sonchus asper
Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle - Sonchus asper
Swine Thistle - Sonchus arvensis
Tree Sow Thistle - Sonchus arvensis
Way Thistle - Cirsium arvense
Tickleweed - Veratrum viride
Toothwort - Cardamine concatenata
Cutleaf Toothwort - Cardamine concatenata
Purple-flowered Toothwort - Cardamine concatenata
Touch-me-not - Cardamine hirsuta
Traveller's Joy - Clematis virginiana
Tread-softly - Solanum carolinense
Tree Tobacco - Nicotiana glauca
Tuber-root - Asclepias tuberosa
Viburnum - Viburnum
Blackhaw Viburnum - Viburnum prunifolium
Leatherleaf Viburnum - Viburnum rhytidophyllum
Violet - (several genera)
Damask Violet - Hesperis matronalis
Dame's Violet - Hesperis matronalis
Violet Bloom - Solanum dulcamara
Virgin's Bower - Clematis virginiana
Virginia Virgin's Bower - Clematis virginiana
Waybread - Plantago major
White Man's Foot - Plantago major
White-root - Asclepias tuberosa
Wild Cotton - Apocynum cannabinum,  Asclepias syriaca
Wild Hops - Clematis virginiana
Willow - Salix
Coyote Willow - Salix exigua
Goodding Willow - Salix gooddingii
Red Willow - Cornus amomum
Rose Willow - Cornus amomum
Windroot - Asclepias tuberosa
Wineberry - Rubus phoenicolasius
Winterberry - Ilex verticillata
American Winterberry - Ilex verticillata
Evergreen Winterberry - Ilex glabra
Virginia Winterberry - Ilex verticillata
Wintercress - Barbarea vulgaris
Early Wintercress - Barbarea verna
Woodbine - Clematis virginiana
Roman Wormwood - Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Corydalis sempervirens
Wound Rocket - Barbarea vulgaris
Yarrow - Achillea
Common Yarrow - Achillea millefolium
Fernleaf Yarrow - Achillea filipendulina
Sneezewort Yarrow - Achillea ptarmica
Yellow Fieldcress - Rorippa sylvestris
Yellowwood - Cladrastis lutea, Maclura pomifera
Johnny's Plant Profiles
The Celts were a large group of Caucasian tribes in Europe.
They first appeared in the early Iron Age, around 1200 B.C. in Austria.
The name 'Celt' comes from the Greeks.
The Romans called them "Gauls".
They came from the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures.
Their culture and genes spread through much of Europe, and by the time the Greeks and later the Romans started emerging, the British Isles and parts of western, southern and eastern Europe were Celtic - the most prominent Celtic tribes were in Gaul.
The Celts spoke Celtic languages.
Today, the Celtic languages that remain are the Breton, Cornish, Welsh and Gaelic languages.
Celtic society and technology, although not as advanced as the Romans, was far from being primitive for its time.
The Celts lived a way of life based on ethical codes and honor codes and had developed a culture of their own, full of unique drawings, sculptures, jewellery, folklore, and building designs and techniques.
They were also skilled in blacksmithing, farming and diplomacy.
Celtic warriors would wear war paint and try to scare their enemies by shouting war cries.
Tribes had different dress standards for battle; some warriors wore chainmail and/or leather armor, some wore only clothes and some were known to fight fully naked.
They also had their own type of sword that was very strong and a shield that was very protective.
When the Roman Republic started expanding, the Gauls and the Romans became very hostile towards each other and clashed on many occasions; however, the Romans were eventually able to defeat them and ended up conquering most of the Celtic tribes in Europe and ruled them until the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Celtic tribes also fought among each other.
After winning a battle, the Celts would cut off the heads of their enemies and take them home.
During the fall of the Roman Empire most of the old Celtic land ended up being ruled by migrating Germanic tribes and they merged with Romano-Celtic stock (people with both Roman and Celtic ancestry) to eventually form several European nations of today e.g. Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg as well as Southern and Western Germany.
Territories that are still considered Celtic are Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Isle of Man, Cornwall and Brittany.
In economics free good means a good that is available without production, and therefore not scarce.
It is available in as much quantity as desired, with zero opportunity cost to society.
A good that is made available at zero price is not necessarily a free good.
For example, a shop might give away its stock in its promotion, but for the production of these goods, resources were needed, so this would not be a free good in an economic sense.
Resources that are so abundant in nature that there is enough for everyone to have as much as they want.
An example of this is the air that we breathe.
Resources that are jointly produced.
This type of free good is produced as a by-product of something else that is more valuable.
Waste products from factories and homes, such as discarded packaging, are often free goods.
Ideas and works that can be copied at zero cost, or almost zero cost.
For example, if someone invents a new device, many people could copy this invention, with no danger of this "resource" running out.
Although these goods are free goods (in the economic sense) when they have been produced, they did require scarce resources, such as artistic skill, to create them in the first place.
Thus, intellectual property laws such as copyrights and patents are sometimes used to give exclusive rights to the creators of such "intellectual property", to make sure that people are interested in these activities.
A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps.
It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium.
The load is attached to the hoist by means of a lifting hook.
Types of Hoist
The basic hoist has two important characteristics to define it: Lifting medium and power type.
The lifting medium is either wire rope, wrapped around a drum, or load-chain, raised by a gear-like wheel.
The power type can be either electric motor or air motor.
Both the wire rope hoist and chain hoist have been in common use since the 1800s.
Using a two-post hoist (automotive)  Free video content from CDX eTextbook
Using an engine hoist  CDX eTextbook
Eugene Onegin (Евгений Онегин in Russian) is an opera by Pyotr Tchaikovsky.
It is usually thought to be his greatest opera and one of the best of all Russian operas.
Tchaikovsky finished composing it in 1878 and it was first performed in Moscow in 1879.
The story of Eugene Onegin was written by Alexander Pushkin.
He was Russia’s most famous writer and Tchaikovsky made several of his stories into operas.
He was careful not to make the opera too long, and chose several chapters from Pushkin’s original book so that the story sometimes jumps from one time to a time much later.
Russian operas are quite often like this: they are a series of “tableaux”, i.e. scenes from a story.
Sometimes the audience has to imagine what happens between the acts.
Eugene Onegin - baritone
Tatyana - soprano
Olga - contralto
Lenski - tenor
Gremin - bass
The story of the opera
Tatyana is a young girl who comes from a rich family.
She is with her younger sister Olga.
Tatyana is reading a novel, but her mother, Madame Larina, tells her that real life is very different from what it is in books.
Visitors arrive: Olga’s fiancée Lensky who is a young poet, and his friend Eugene Onegin.
Onegin is a rather lazy man who likes to go to parties and socialize.
Tatyana immediately feels attracted to him.
Back in her room Tatyana tells her nurse that she is in love.
When she is alone she writes a letter to Onegin saying how she loves him.
When the nurse returns Tatyana asks her to make sure the letter is sent to Onegin.
Onegin returns to give Tatyana an answer to her letter.
He says very politely that he is not really suited to marriage.
Tatyana is very upset.
It is Tatyana's name-day party.
Onegin is annoyed that people are gossiping about him and Tatyana.
He is cross with Lensky for making him come.
He decides to make Lensky cross by dancing with his fiancée Olga.
Olga likes this, and Lensky is very jealous.
A singer entertains the party by singing a song in honour of Tatyana.
Lensky is now furious and tells everyone in a loud voice that he is no longer Onegin’s friend.
He challenges Onegin to a duel which Onegin has to accept to keep his honour.
In the next scene Lensky is waiting for Onegin, and sings a famous song about his fate and his love for Olga.
Onegin arrives.
Onegin shoots Lensky dead.
The next act takes place several years later.
A rich nobleman in St Petersburg is having a ball.
Onegin is thinking about his empty life and how bad he feels about Lensky’s death.
Prince Gremin enters with his wife, Tatyana, who is now older and still very beautiful and wealthy.
Gremin sings how happy he is with Tatyana and introduces Onegin to her (he does not know anything about how Tatyana used to love him).
Onegin desperately wants her to love him again.
In a reception room Tatyana has had a letter from Onegin.
Onegin enters and begs her to love him.
Tatyana wonders why he is now in love with her.
She says she loves him but that she wants to be faithful to her husband.
Onegin keeps begging her but in the end she leaves him.
Onegin is left in despair.
1936: Panteleimon Nortsov (Onegin), Lavira Zhukovskaya (Tatyana), Bronislava Zlatogorova (Olga), Sergey Lemeshev (Lensky), Aleksandr Pirogov (Gremin); Bolshoy Theatre Orchestra and Chorus, Vasiliy Nebolsin - (Melodiya)
1948: Andrey Ivanov (Onegin), Yelena Kruglikova (Tatyana), Maria Maksakova (Olga), Ivan Kozlovsky (Lensky), Mark Reyzen (Gremin); Bolshoy Theatre Orchestra and Chorus, Aleksandr Orlov - (Arkadia)
1955: Dushan Popovich (Onegin), Valeria Heybalova (Tatyana), Biserka Cvejic (Olga), Drago Starc (Lensky), Miroslav Changalovich (Gremin); Belgrade National Opera Chorus and Orchestra, Oscar Danon - (Decca)
1956: Yevgeniy Belov (Onegin), Galina Vishnevskaya (Tatyana), Larissa Avdeyeva (Olga), Sergey Lemeshev (Lensky), Ivan Petrov (Gremin); Bolshoy Theatre Orchestra and Chorus, Boris Khaikin - (Opera d'Oro)
1974: Bernd Weikl (Onegin), Teresa Kubiak (Tatyana), Julia Hamari (Olga), Stuart Burrows (Lensky), Nicolai Ghiaurov (Gremin); John Alldis Choir, Orchestra of The Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, Georg Solti - (Decca)
1987: Thomas Allen (Onegin), Mirella Freni (Tatyana), Anne Sofie von Otter (Olga), Neil Shicoff (Lensky), Paata Burchuladze (Gremin); Rundfunkchor Leipzig, Staatskapelle Dresden, James Levine - (Deutsche Grammophon)
Eugene Onegin is often described as a “lyrical” opera.
The melodies are very beautiful and romantic.
Two of the most famous arias in the opera are the aria that Tatyana sings when she writes the letter to Onegin, and Lensky’s aria which he sings just before the duel.
Tatyana is sung by a soprano, Lensky is a tenor and Eugene Onegin is a baritone.
Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Basingstoke is a large town in Hampshire, England.
It is  southwest of London,  northeast of Southampton,  southwest of Reading and  northeast of Winchester.
In 2008 it had an estimated population of 82,913.
It is part of the borough of Basingstoke and Deane.
Basingstoke is often nicknamed "Doughnut City" or "Roundabout City" due to the number of roundabouts.
Often mistaken for a "new town", Basingstoke is an old market town expanded in the 1960s as part of a plan of London County Council, Hampshire County Council and Basingstoke Borough Council.
It was developed fast to accommodate part of the London 'overspill' as seen in the Greater London Plan, 1944.
Flerovium is a synthetic chemical element also known as eka-lead.
It has the symbol Fl and has the atomic number 114.
It is a radioactive superheavy element.
Flerovium does not exist in nature.
It is made from a nuclear reaction between plutonium and calcium.
The reaction that happens is a fusion reaction.
It currently has no use at the moment as it is being researched right now.
The discovery of Flerovium in December 1998 was reported in January 1999 by scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia.
The same team of scientists made another isotope of Fl three months later and made it again in 2004 and 2006.
In 2004 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research checked it was made by another method.
They found the final products of radioactive decay.
After its discovery, the "new" element was named ununquadium.
The named changed on May 30th, 2012 to "flerovium".
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry named it so.
Not enough Flerovium has been made to measure its physical or chemical properties.
It is thought that it would be a soft, dense metal that changes colour in air.
It may have a low melting point of about 200 °C.
298Fl - An undiscovered neutron-rich nucleus
According to the nuclear shell model, the undiscovered neutron-rich nucleus 298Fl may be a doubly magic nucleus, atop the shell closure at N=184.
It is predicted that this atom, amid the closed nuclear shells, expected to have longer half-lives for alpha decay and spontaneous fission.
However using the fusion-evaporation method to produce this nuclide is impractical, since more neutron-rich starting materials with low proton numbers are unstable due to beta decay.
WebElements.com - Uuq
Apsidium - Flerovium
First postcard from the island of nuclear stability
Second postcard from the island of stability
Brontosaurus  is a genus of sauropod dinosaur.
Brontosaurus was originally named by its discoverer Othniel Charles Marsh in 1879.
Brontosaurus had long been considered a junior synonym of Apatosaurus.
Its only species was reclassified as A. excelsus in 1903.
However, an extensive study published in 2015 concluded that Brontosaurus was a valid genus of sauropod distinct from Apatosaurus.
Brontosaurus is a member of the family Diplodocidae, a clade of gigantic sauropod dinosaurs.
The family includes some of the longest creatures ever to walk the earth, including Diplodocus, Supersaurus, and Barosaurus.
Brontosaurus is closely related to Apatosaurus in the subfamily Apatosaurinae.
Fate or destiny is the idea that the future is already planned even if people do not know what their fate is (what is going to happen to them).
Humans in nearly all cultures have had ideas about their fate being “predetermined” (fixed in advance).
People who live unhappy lives may believe that their misery is because of their fate and that they can do nothing about it.
This is called being “fatalistic”.
Other people may believe that they can control their fate by being brave and trying to “overcome”  fate by improving themselves and their lives.
In Greek mythology there were three Fates.
They were three goddesses who determined when every person was going to be born, how they would live and when and how they would die.
Human beings in many cultures had lots of ways in which they would try to “read” their fate (know what would happen to them).
Sometimes they would try to read their fate in the stars (this is called astrology).
In other cultures they might ask a person with powers of magic like a shaman.
The Ancient Greeks often went to Delphi to ask the oracle.
Composers may express fate in music.
Beethoven was thinking about Fate when he wrote his Fifth Symphony, and Tchaikovsky when he wrote his Sixth Symphony just before he committed suicide.
Fatalism
August Heinrich Hoffmann (April 2, 1798 - January 19, 1874), who used Hoffmann von Fallersleben as his pen name, was a German poet.
He is best known for writing "Das Lied der Deutschen", which is now the national anthem of Germany, and a number of popular children's songs.
Fallersleben, Heinrich Hoffman von
Lake Peipus (Estonian: Peipsi-Pihkva järv, German: Peipussee, Russian: Чудско-Псковское озеро) is a large fresh water lake.
It is between Estonia and Russia in Northern Europe.
Lake Peipus is the fourth largest lake in Europe.
The lake covers 3,500 square kilometres.
It has an average depth of 7m. At its deepest point, Lake Peipus is 15m deep.
The lake is used for fishing and recreation.
Peipus
Geography of Estonia
The tantō's traditional overall length was 11.93 in (1 shaku, about 30 cm).
The blade's length was about 5in to 12in (12 1/2 cm to 30 cm).
Blades that were bigger (13 to 14 inches) were called ko-wakizashi, meaning "small short sword."
The tantōs which varied from the traditional size were called O-tantō or Sunobi tantō.
The tantō was a weapon with a single-edged blade and a curved shape.
It was designed for soft targets and was thought to be a hidden weapon of the samurai.
It was extremely effective in close fighting.
The tantō appeared during the Heian Period (795-1192 A.D.) and developed as a weapon during the Kamakura Period (1192-1333 A.D.).
At that time the tantō was not just a weapon but also a work of art.
It was richly decorated using the most spread styles: hira-tsukuri and uchi-sori.
Later, in the Nambokucho period (1336-1392 A.D), tantōs become longer than 15.75 inches (37 cm).
Blades become thinner and broader and thus even more dangerous.
Different styles developed and the shape changed.
During the Muromachi Period (1336–1573 A.D.) the tantō becomes once more narrow-bladed.
By this time the quality of the blade was better.
It was the time when professional smiths appeared and there were several styles of tantō making.
The best known smiths were: Sukesada and Norimitsu (Bizen-den); Kanemoto and Kanesada (Mino-den); Muramasa and Masashige (Ise).
The beginning of Edo period (1603-1867 A.D.) was a period of relative peace after Japanese unification and, although not so many were made, they were of good quality.
The heat treated blade's edge (hamon) becomes more waved and so more beautiful.
A great number of tantōs were made in the last 700 to 800 years.
Some of them were for civil use.
Others were made especially for samurai.
One of the classifications is based on the hand guard type:
tantō with a guard called tsuba;
tantō with an aikuchi style of guard;
tantō with hamadashi style of guard.
The most popular of the three tantōs were aikuchi and hamadashi.
This was because of the fact that these two types had a small guard and they were easier to hide and carry.
The tantō was not widely used on the battlefield, so the guard was mostly unnecessary.
Other styles of tantō differed by the shape of the blade.
The best known are:
Hira-zukuri - with a flat, narrow and thick blade.
This was designed for slashing and piercing blows.
Shobu-zukuri - with a ridge line and with a blood groove.
Moroha - a double edged and very rare tantō
Kissaki-moroha-zukuri - with a very long and sharp point (o-kissaki)
Kaikan - short tantō with small guards, usually carried by women.
When the tantō was used on the battlefield it was supposed to go through the armor of the opponent when he was close.
The best tantōs for this were those with a long, narrow blade and with a thick spine.
The blow was applied with the point directed under or through the armor.
The tantō was usually carried in a wide cloth belt (obi) with the edge up and the handle turned to the right.
In the samurai house the tantō was often placed with the wakizashi (short sword).
Samurai women were taught to use the tantō in case they needed to defend themselves or, if violated, to take their own life.
It is also considered that tantōs of different type were used for suicide ritual (seppuku, also hara-kiri).
Still, it was mainly used by women samurai whose suicidal ritual was to cut their own throat.
The men samurai had a different ritual: they used a wakizashi sword for disembowelment.
History of Japanese sword polishing
Clint Dempsey (born March 9, 1983) is an American footballer from Texas.
He plays for Sounders F.C.and is number 2 and, has also played for Fulham F.C. and was number 8.
He played for the New England Revolution in the United States before Fulham gave them money (a transfer fee) to get him to play for them, but then was put on Sounders F.C. Dempsey is a good player who is well liked by many people in the United States and England for his hard work and desire to win.
Clint also has taken an interest in rapping.
Known as Deuce, he has produced compilations with Big Hawk and XO.
He also once defeated Peter Crouch in a freestyle battle.
Official website of Clint Dempsey
Official Fulham FC profile of Clint Dempsey
American soccer players
Runaway Brain is an animated short movie released on September 22, 1934 by MGM/United Artists.
It was produced by Walt Disney and directed by Burton Gillett.
The movie is 7 minutes long.
It has Peter Penguin, Polly Penguin, Gosalyn Mallard, Honker Muddlefoot, Bubba the Caveduck, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Magica De Spell, and Poe De Spell.
Runaway Brain  at The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts
1934 movies
Maltese is the language of Malta, and a language of the European Union.
Maltese sounds similar to the Phoenician language that was spoken in areas around the ancient Mediterranean.
It is written in the Latin alphabet like English.
The language has borrowed many words from Sicilian, Italian, and English.
Around 393,000 people speak Maltese.
Most of them live in Malta.
Many people from Sicily settled in Malta after the Muslims conquered it in 870 AD.
They spoke a Sicilian-Arabic language from the Maghreb.
In later centuries their language changed into Maltese.
The oldest known document in Maltese is "Il Cantilena," a poem from the 15th century written by Pietro Caxaro.
For centuries, Maltese was mainly a spoken language.
Maltese became an official language of Malta in 1934, alongside English.
Before that year, the only official language of Malta was Italian.
Italian, however, is still used a lot in the media.
Italian and English words are being taken in by the language more and more.
This sometimes causes words to form that are not found in Maltese, Italian, or English, but instead are a mix of the three.
At schools, English is taught as a second language.
Maltese is usually used in the standardized jobs and when people talk to each other.
Most of the television, radio, and literature in Malta is also in Maltese.
Persuasion is a form of influence.
It is the way to get people to agree with an idea, attitude, or action by rational and emotional means.
It is a problem-solving strategy and relies on "appeals" rather than force.
Dissuasion is the process of convincing someone not to believe or act on something.
Methods of persuasion
Moral Appeal
Presentation and Imagination
Communication skill or Rhetoric
Ögedei (1186-1241) was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, after his father.
He continued to make his father's empire bigger.
Like all of Genghis' sons, he helped to conquer Western China and Central Asia.
Ögedei was thought to be his father's favorite son, ever since his childhood.
As an adult, Ögedei was known to be persuasive in debates he was involved because he had a strong personality.
Although less schooled than his father, and despite his drinking habits, he was intelligent and steady in character.
After Genghis Khan's Death
He was selected as the supreme khan in 1229 because of the kuriltai, the meeting for important leaders, was held after Genghis' death, but it was never doubted that Genghis wanted Ögedei to rule after him.
During his reign, the Mongols ended the Jin Dynasty (in 1234) and fought against the Southern Song Empire.
In 1235, under the khan's direct command, the Mongols began a war of conquest that would not end for forty-five years, and would result in the addition of all of China.
Mongol armies established permanent control of Persia (commanded by Chormagan) and expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan to take over Russia.
1186 births
1241 deaths
Heligoland (;  ) is a small German group of islands in the North Sea..
It has been controlled by Denmark and between 1807 and 1890 by the British.
The islands have a population of 1,650.
They are the only German islands not nearby to the mainland and are about two hours' sailing time from Cuxhaven at the mouth of the River Elbe.
Heligoland is located 70 km (44 miles) from the German coast line and actually consists of two islands: the populated triangular-shaped 1 km² (0.4 sq mi) main island () to the west and the island of Düne (Heligolandic: de Halem) in the east.
Düne is the smaller of the two islands(0.7 km²).
It is also lower, surrounded by sand beaches and no-one lives on the island throughout the year.
Heligoland Tourist Board  — includes an aerial photograph of Heligoland (front) and Düne (back).
Site about planting palms on Heligoland
Heligoland Web Cams
Cooperation is when people work together to make their lives better, even though they are free to not work together, and receive little if any money for working together.
Organizations made for cooperation are known as cooperatives.
Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also called RFK, was a brother of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy.
He ran for president in 1968, but was killed in California during the presidential primaries.
PBS video on RFK, with long quotes by historians
The Coalition on Political Assassinations
Murders by firearm in California
People murdered in California
The umbilical cord is the tube that connects the unborn child and the mother together.
It allows the baby to get what it needs, for example, blood, oxygen and glucose.
During the first years of World War II Mengele served as a medical officer in the Waffen-SS.
After being wounded and recovered in 1942, he went working at the Race and Resettlement Office in Berlin.
In 1943 he volunteered for concentration camp Auschwitz.
He conducted medical experiments on the people in the camps.
Many people died as a consequence of these experiments.
The experiments included freezing and placing subjects under heat lamps.
Mengele was also known for his studies and fascination with twins.
Mengele was known as the Angel of Death.
Mengele wrote a thesis, which he finished in 1936.
His advisor was Theodor Mollison.
His assumption was that is was possible to determine the race of a human being by looking at the jawbone.
He wrote another thesis, in a related area in 1938.
In 1960 and 1961, his title was revoked, because of the crimes he had committed in Auschwitz.
A short essay on Mengele at the Holocaust ,,.,history project
A short essay about Mengele by Robert Jay Lifton
German doctors
He was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until August 6, 1806, when the Empire was no longer a unit.
He then became Francis I, first Emperor of Austria (from 1804 to 1835).
Wilhelm I (Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Hohenzollern) of the Hohenzollern family was a king of Prussia (January 2, 1861 – 9 March 1888) and the first German Emperor (18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888).
In English, his first name means "William", which is sometimes used instead.
Because his brother Frederick William IV of Prussia had a stroke in 1857, Wilhelm became Prince Regent and actual ruler.
His brother died in 1861 and Wlhelm became King.
When Wilhelm was king of Prussia, he and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, united a large group of smaller German countries with Prussia.
Winning the Franco-Prussian War allowed the start of the German Empire.
Official titles
His official title was German Emperor and King of Prussia; Margrave of Brandenburg; Burgrave of Nürnberg, Count of Hohenzollern; Sovereign and highest Duke of Silesia as of the county of Glatz; Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen; Duke of Saxony, Wesphalia, and Angaria, of Pomerania, Lüneburg, Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, Bremen, Gelders, Cleves, Jülich and Berg, as well as of the Wendes and Kaschubs, of Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, Prince of Rügen, of East Frisia, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers; Princely Count of Henneberg; Count of the Mark and of Ravensberg, of Hohnstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt", and Josseppi Longo. .
22 March 1797 – 2 January 1861: His Royal Highness Prince William of Prussia
2 January 1861 – 18 January 1871: His Majesty The King of Prussia
18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888: His Imperial and Royal Majesty The German Emperor, King of Prussia
1888 deaths
The  is a group of islands in Kagoshima prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan.
It is also known as the .
The name of the islands comes the mythological figure of Amamiko.
The Amami language belongs to the Ryukyuan languages, all of which are endangered because in the past, Japan suppressed them.
This is also why most younger Amamians speak Japanese instead, as it was enforced in schools.
The largest island in the group is Amami Island.
Other islands include Kikai Island, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu Island, Yorontou and some small islands make up the Amami Islands.
Kagoshima Prefecture - One of 47 prefectures in Japan.
It is part of Kyushu.
Kagoshima, Kagoshima - the capital of Kagoshima Prefecture
Formal is a word used to describe anything that has form or structure.
So it is something which is used or done in accordance with rules or ceremonies.
Formal  events have rules. '
Formal clothes' or 'formal attire' is a way of dressing to meet the rules for an event, such as a party or wedding. '
Formal attire' can be a suit, a tuxedo or a dress.
People from all over the world have their own ideas about 'formal attire'.
Most of the time formal attire clothes are the most beautiful or the best clothes a person owns.
The opposite of "formal" is informal.
Informal clothes are comfortable clothes for general use, e.g. T shirt and jeans.
An informal ceremony might be a ceremony which is very relaxed instead of following an exact plan.
An informal way to greet a friend might be: "Hi, John!"
Formal can be the way a person speaks or acts.
To act in a formal way a person will follow the social rules of their culture or country.
For example, they might greet each other by bowing, and they might address one another by their family name and their title (e.g. "Professor Smith").
A formal agreement is one which is explicit (written down) and reached by a formal discussion or negotiation.
That means the negotiation is also done by set rules or procedures.
In mathematics, formal logic is a way of thinking about mathematics questions using strict rules.
is one of Japan's four main islands.
It is the most southern of the main islands.
The name Kyūshū literally means "nine countries" in Japanese.
Kyūshū was made of nine old "countries" or provinces that are now prefectures.
In other words, each prefecture has a modern name and sometimes more than one old provincial name.
The old names are still used sometimes, especially for foods, music, or art.
Oita Prefecture
Parts of Kyūshū have a warm climate, like the Miyazaki and Kagoshima regions.
Major crops grown there are rice, tea, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and soy; silk is also made.
The island is known for many types of porcelain like Arita, Imari, Satsuma and Karatsu.
Under the Gokishichidō system, the island of Kyūshū was a part of the region known as Saikaidō.
It was a part of this region from the 7th century until the middle of the 1800s.
Around 1905, it was made into its own region.
In the modern system, Kyūshū and the small islands around it are a part of the Kyūshū region.
Kyushu region
Presentation is the process of presenting the content of a topic to an audience.
Presentation software, such as OpenOffice.org Impress, Beamer, Apple Keynote or Microsoft PowerPoint, is often used to generate the presentation content.
As a form of communication, a presentation is usually 10-30 minutes long, but can take longer in special cases.
Useful illustrations
BCG diagram: This diagram is extremely useful in marketing, to eat donuts
Tips on making presentations
Tips for presentations in school
Art of Speaking (A list of links related to speaking and presentation)
Example of Evaluating Student Presentations
RecruitIreland.com - Tips for an internal presentation
EServer TC Library: Presentations
Tips on making a presentations
100 Creative Presentation Ideas
pl:Grafika prezentacyjna
Keynote was a software program that Steve Jobs, the chief executive officer of Apple used for his own presentations only.
It was later sold to everyone as Keynote 1.0, competing against other presentation software, especially Microsoft PowerPoint.
Unlike PowerPoint, Keynote can use all image types, and the design uses more pictures, making it easier to use.
Because Keynote uses Mac OS X's built-in graphics technologies, it can produce slides with many graphics very easily.
Al Gore, a member of the board of directors for Apple as of 2006, uses Keynote for a lecture about Global Warming which he claims to have shown over a thousand times.
The talk was made into a film, An Inconvenient Truth.
During the film he can be seen using Keynote on a Powerbook to design a slide for his presentation.
Presentation program
Official website of Keynote
Discussion Groups
Keynote Yahoo!
Group — Help and advice for users of Keynote
iWork Yahoo!
Group — Help and advice for users of Apple's iWork (Pages and Keynote)
Apple software
The claymore is a Scottish sword.
It is double-edged.
The word itself is of Gaelic origins and means “great sword”.
The Claymore is indeed a big sword and was held only with two hands.
In some sources the broad claymore sword is called “claidheamh da lamh”, which means “two-hand sword”.
It was very popular in the 16th century when Scottish warriors (highlanders) used it against the Englishmen.
The claymore sword was in average about  - overall length, the blade was about  long.
It weighed around .
It possessed a very broad blade and a slim channel, called a fuller, to slightly reduce its weight.
There also existed a version of Claymore that had a single-edged blade and a basket-shaped handle.
The basket  of the handle was used as protection for the hand.
The blade was very long, so the basket was designed for balance too.
The making of these swords was widespread especially during the mid-1600s .
The places where the claymore swords were made were: Edinburgh, Canongate, Stirling and Glasgow.
Beginning around 1350, very long claymore swords were  used.
The handles and the blades  became longer.
This was because of the heavy armour, that was almost impossible to penetrate.
The Scottish Claymore was one of the two swords which could cut through  the armour.
The second was  the Germanic Landsknecht sword.
More on swords' component parts
Tamahagane {tah-mah-ha-ga-nay} is a high quality metal (steel) made in the Japanese tradition.
The word tama  means "round and precious", like a gem or jewel.
The word hagane means  "steel".
On the market, it costs 50 times more than ordinary steel.
Tamahagane steel is used to make Japanese swords, knives, and other kinds of tools.
Tamahagane is made of iron sand (called satetsu in Japanese).
There are 2 main types of iron sands: akome satetsu and masa satetsu.
Akome is of lower quality and masa is of better quality.
The man who decides the amount of the mixing parts is called the murage.
Depending on the desired result, the murage mixes one or more types of sands.
The iron sand is put in a clay tub (furnace) called a tatara.
The clay tub measures about 4 feet tall, 12 feet long, and 4 feet wide.
The tub is then dried and heated.
The clay tub is heated to a high temperature, about 1000 ºC (1.832 ºF).
Then, it is mixed with charcoal to give tamahagane hardness.
The process of making tamahagane continues for 36 to 72 hours, depending on how many people work and how much metal is to be obtained.
The iron sand is added every 10 minutes and the mixture is frequently turned over.
When the tamahagane is finished, the clay tub is broken and the steel is removed.
The best steel is on the edges of metal block, because this is the where the oxidation process is stronger.
The quality of tamahagane is determined by its color: bright silver pieces are very good for making blades.