the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Cairo International Book Fair .
ISTC Travel guide.
Ingrid Wassmann.
Censorship and social realism at the Cairo Book Fair.
Arab Media & Society.
Issue 5, Spring 2008.
The 40th Cairo Book Fair: Competition between Center and Periphery.
Mona Naggar.
Translated from the German by Isabel Cole.
Neue Zürcher Zeitung/Qantara.de 13 February 2008.
Pink suitcases, flowerpots turn heads at book fair.
Shaina Azad.
Daily News Egypt.
January 29, 2009.
www.cairoibf.org : official site (Arabic).
Park Kyung-Hwan (박경환 born 29 December 1976) is a South Korean professional athlete.
|1998||Bellmare Hiratsuka||J. League Division 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
http://people.nate.com/people/info/pa/rk/parkkyunghwan/
Alexander Alekhine  (31 October 1892 – 24 March 1946) was the fourth World Chess Champion, and the only one to die holding the title.p7
By the age of twenty-two, he was already one of the strongest grandmasters.
During the 1920s, he was one of the hypermoderns, and won many tournaments.
In 1927, he became World Champion by beating Capablanca.
The match of 34 games was the longest world championship match held until 1985.
In the early 1930s Alekhine dominated tournament play, and won top-class tournaments by large margins.
He also played first board for France in four Chess Olympiads, winning prizes in each.
His tournament record became less good from the mid-1930s onwards; alcoholism is often blamed for this.
Although Alekhine offered Capablanca a rematch on the same terms that Capablanca had set for him, negotiations dragged on for years.
It became clear that Alekhine would never let the match take place.
Meanwhile, he defended his title with ease against Bogolyubov in 1929 and 1934.
Alekhine was defeated by Euwe in 1935, but regained his crown in the 1937 rematch.
His tournament record was now uneven, and rising stars (such as Keres and Botvinnik) threatened his title.
Negotiations for a title match were halted by the start of World War II in 1939.
Alekhine was known for his attacking style: he was good at turning an initiative into a win.
He was the first world champion to work hard on opening theory.
Alekhine was the first to be a full-time dedicated professional of the modern type.
He said he spent eight hours a day studying the game, and produced many innovations in chess openings.
Alekhine was declared an "Enemy of the Soviet Union" after making anti-Bolshevik statements in 1927.
However, after his death, the Soviet chess leaders called him "one of the founders of the Soviet School of Chess".
He is still highly regarded as a chess writer.
His finest works were his collections of his own games, which influenced many players.
Alekhine was a brilliant player with a poor character: "Not everyone liked his personal character, but all admired his chess genius".p7 That he sometimes lied, and was often half-drunk is mentioned by all his biographers.
He married a Russian baroness in 1920, which legitimised their seven-year-old daughter.
The following year he married a Swiss woman, and obtained permission to leave Russia.
The marriage, which was probably bigamous, broke up soon after.
Later he married twice more.
He settled in Paris, becoming a naturalised French citizen.
He studied law at the Sorbonne, and claimed to have got a doctorate there in 1925: he was known widely as 'Dr. Alekhine'.
Researchers have failed to find any trace of this in the records of the Sorbonne.p69 Having at last won the world title, Alekhine used every device to avoid giving Capablanca a return match.
He remarked to a friend "Somehow the match will never take place".p8
Alekhine stayed in Nazi-occupied Europe during the war, where he played in tournaments organised by the Nazis.
Anti-Semitic articles appeared under his name.
Although he later claimed they were forged by the Nazis, the original manuscripts in his hand were found amongst his last wife's effects when she died.p309–313 Whether Alekhine was personally anti-semitic is not so clear.
He had good relationships with some Jewish chess players, and his fourth wife was Jewish.
Negotiations with Mikhail Botvinnik for a world title match were proceeding in 1946 when Alekhine died in Portugal. "
It is not too callous to say that he was fortunate to have died at that time.
Feeling was very strong in France against those who came under suspicion of collaboration with the enemy".p75
Alekine wrote over twenty books on chess.
Some of the best-known are:
Originally published in two volumes as My best games of chess 1908-1923 and My best games of chess 1924-1937
Alekhine, Alexander 1972.
International chess tournament.
New York 1927.
Chess Digest, Dallas.
Alekhine, Alexander 1932.
Auf dem Wege zur Weltmeisterschaft.
Berlin, De Gruyter.
Translated as On the road to the world championship (transl.
C.J. Feather & K.P.Neat) Pergamon, Oxford.
Alekhine, Alexander 1947.
Gran ajadrez: mis mejores analisis.
Skinner L.M. and Verhoeven R.G.P. 1998.
Alexander Alekhine's chess games 1902–1946.
McFarland, Jefferson NC.
A smoke bomb or smoke grenade is a bomb that produces a cloud of smoke.
It can be used as a toy to make large clouds of colored smoke.
It is normally used in the military though.
Smoke bombs are used to hide positions and objects from sight behind a thick cloud of smoke.
Armies also use smoke grenades to hide soldiers from the enemy.
Smoke grenades can be used to mark a spot on the ground (for example, a spot where you want a helicopter to land).
Smoke bombs can be thrown or shot.
They normally contain a powdered chemical that is ignited.
It produces a large cloud of smoke quickly.
Then something else starts burning, keeping the smoke cloud thick.
was a  after Kenji and before Shōō.
This period started in February 1278 and ended in April 1288.
During this time, the emperor|emperors were  and .
Events of the Kōan era
1281 (Kōan 4): Second invasion attempt by Mongol forces.
This is called the Kōan War (Kōan no Eki).
1297 (Kōan 10, 10th month): In the 14th year of Go-Uda's reign, the emperor abdicated; and his cousin became the new emperor.
Kōan (Muromachi period), 1361-1362
1288 disestablishments
Elevated building foundation (EBF) is a kind of seismic base isolation technology which is made a major part of a building superstructure.
It is made to protect the building's superstructure against damage from the shaking caused by an earthquake.
This goal can be met with the right building materials, size, and setup of elevated building foundation for the building site and local soil conditions.
As a result of multiple wave reflections and diffractions, as well as energy dissipation of the seismic waves as they move up through the elevated building foundation, any movement of seismic wave energy into the building superstructure will be decreased, which will lower seismic loads and improve seismic performance of the structure.
en:Elevated building foundation
was a  which came after Bun'ei and before Kōan.
The period started April 1275 and ended February 1278.
Events of the Kenji era
1275 (Kenji 1): The Mongols sent an ambassador to Kamakura along with the delegation sent from the Goryeo.
1270s in Japan
Seismic load is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a building structure or its model.
It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent structures, or with gravity waves from tsunami.
Anticipated earthquake’s parameters at the site
Geotechnical parameters of the site
Building structure’s parameters
Characteristics of the anticipated gravity waves from tsunami (if applicable).
Sometimes, seismic load exceeds ability of a structure to resist it without being broken, partially or completely.
Due to their mutual interaction, seismic loading and seismic performance of a structure are intimately related.
Earthquake Performance Evaluation Tool Online
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 – March 24, 1882) was an American teacher and poet.
Some of his poems are "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline.
He was also the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy.
He was one of the five Fireside Poets.
He was one of the most influential persons in the culture of the 1800s in the USA.
Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine and studied at Bowdoin College.
He then spent time in Europe.
He returned and became a professor at Bowdoin and, later, at Harvard College.
His first major books of poetry were Voices of the Night (1839) and Ballads and Other Poems (1841).
Longfellow retired from teaching in 1854 to spend more time writing.
He lived the rest of his life in Cambridge, Massachusetts, living in George Washington's old headquarters building.
His first wife, Mary Potter, died in 1835 after a miscarriage.
His second wife, Frances Appleton, died in 1861 after her dress caught fire.
Longfellow had difficulty writing poetry for a time after she died.
He mostly worked on his translation.
Longfellow mainly wrote lyric poems which are known for their musicality.
His poems often told stories of mythology and legend.
He became the most popular American poet while he was alive.
He was also successful in other countries.
Some criticized him for imitating European styles and for writing poems for everyday people.
In 1884, Longfellow became the first non-British writer for whom a commemorative bust was placed in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey in London.
He is the only American poet represented with a bust.
Longfellow was born in Maine.
One of his grandfathers was a state Senator and the other grandfather had been a Revolutionary War general and a Congressman.
Then following his graduation in 1826 from Bowdoin College, where he was a classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Longfellow went to Europe to study.
Influences on society and culture
He was a commanding person in the culture life of 19-century America, a romantic who identified with the great traditions of European literature and thought.
Also at the same time, he was rooted in American life and history that charged his imagination with amazing themes and made him ambitious for success.
During the last years of his life, Longfellow received many honors, including honorary degrees from Cambridge and Oxford Universities in England.
After his death, a bust of Longfellow was placed in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey—the first American to be so honored.
In the late 19th century, Longfellow was without a doubt the most popular American poet.
Outre-Mer: A Pilgrimage Beyond the Sea (Travelogue) (1835)
Hyperion, a Romance (1839)
The Spanish Student.
A Play in Three Acts (1843)
Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie (epic poem) (1847)
"Kavanagh: A Tale"  (1849)
"The Golden Legend" (poem) (1851)
The Song of Hiawatha (epic poem) (1855)
The Children's Hour (1860)
Household Poems (1865)
The New England Tragedies (1868)
The Divine Tragedy (1871)
Christus: A Mystery (1872)
"Aftermath" (poem) (1873)
The Reaper and the Flowers (1839)
The Bell of Atri (from The Sicilian's Tale) (1863–72)
A Psalm of Life (1838)
Voices of the Night (1839)
Ballads and Other Poems (1841)
Poems on Slavery (1842)
The Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems (1845)
Birds of Passage (1845)
The Seaside and the Fireside (1850)
The Courtship of Miles Standish and Other Poems (1858)
Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863)
Flower-de-Luce (1867)
Three Books of Song (1872)
The Masque of Pandora and Other Poems (1875)
Kéramos and Other Poems (1878)
Ultima Thule (1880)
In the Harbor (1882)
Michel Angelo: A Fragment (incomplete; published posthumously)
Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique  (Translation from Spanish) (1833)
Dante's Divine Comedy (Translation) (1867)
Poets and Poetry of Europe (Translations) (1844)
The Waif (1845)
Poems of Places (1874)
Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life.
Boston: Beacon Press, 2004. .
Williams, Cecil B. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964.
Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and biography at PoetryFoundation.org
- Plain text and HTML
Works by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow at Internet Archive - Scanned books, many illustrated and original editions.
Audio - Hear the Village Blacksmith
Maine Historical Society Searchable poem text database, biographical data, lesson plans.
Longfellow National Historic Site in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Wadsworth-Longfellow House in Portland, Maine
Longfellow's Translation of Dante rendered side by side with that of Cary and Norton
Famous Quotations by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Audiobooks--Layne Longfellow Reads H.W. Longfellow
was a  after Kōchō and before Kenji.
This period started in February 1264 and ended in April 1275.
Events of the Bun'ei era
17 March 1272 (Bun'ei 9, 17th day of the 2nd month): Former Emperor Go-Saga died.
1274 (Bun'ei 11, 1st month): In the 15th year of Kameyama's reign, the emperor resigned.
1274 (Bun'ei 11, 3rd month):  Emperor Go-Uda became the monarch of Japan.
The retired Emperor Kameyama continued to be important and powerful.
1274 (Bun'ei 11, 10th month): Former Emperor Go-Fukakusa's son Hirohito-shinnō was named Crown Prince and heir to Emperor Go-Uda.
Hirohito and Go-Uda were first cousins.
19 November 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month): Kublai Khan sent a fleet and an army to invade Japan.
Some military forces are landed near Fukuoka in Kyūshū.
However, a storm sank many of the ships.
The major part of the invading army was drowned.
The invaders retreated to Korea.
During the brief fighting, the Hakozaki Shrine was burned to the ground.
This 1274 event was called Bun'ei no eki.
1260s in Japan
The Boston Police Strike happened in Massachusetts during 1919.
Over a thousand police officers went on strike.
They wanted to  be paid more money.
The Governor of Massachusetts, Calvin Coolidge, said it was wrong to "strike against the public safety".
Coolidge fired the police officers who went on strike.
He hired veterans from World War I to replace them and gave them same bonuses that the striking policemen asked for to the veterans.
This was the event which made Coolidge popular enough to become Vice President of the United States and then President of the United States of America after the death of Harding.
1919 in the United States
Protests in the 1910s
813,097 people live there.
It is now a popular place for elderly people to retire.
Settlements in Panama
Nobuyuki Uenoyama (born 26 May 1957) is a former Japanese football player.
Josep María Comadevall (born 24 November 1983) is a Spanish football player.
He plays for Badalona.
|1979/80||Go Ahead Eagles||Eredivisie||27||4
|1980||Edmonton Drillers||NASL||21||5
|1980/81||rowspan="2"|Go Ahead Eagles||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||19||3
|1981/82||1||0
|1981/82||Telstar||Eerste Divisie||30||7
|1982/83||rowspan="3"|Go Ahead Eagles||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||31||10
|1983/84||24||2
|1985/86||Heracles||Eredivisie||19||1
KFC Uerdingen 05 managers
Edson Aparecido de Souza (born November 29, 1962) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1986/87||rowspan="4"|Yomiuri||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|1989/90||18||0||||||2||1||20||1
|1990/91||rowspan="4"|Fujita Industries||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||30||5||||||1||0||31||5
|1991/92||30||10||||||3||0||33||10
|1992||rowspan="2"|Football League||18||4||||||colspan="2"|-||18||4
|1993||18||4||1||0||4||0||23||4
|1994||rowspan="2"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||36||5||5||1||1||0||42||6
|1995||37||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||39||4
|1997||rowspan="4"|Yokogawa Electric||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||||||||||||||||
|1999||rowspan="2"|Football League||23||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||3
|2000||10||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||11||3
|1992||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||9||0||9||0
|1993||29||3||3||0||4||0||36||3
|1994||23||1||2||0||0||0||25||1
Dan Ito (born 3 November 1975) is a Japanese football player.
He plays for Churchill Brothers.
Noriyuki Kawamata (born 9 May 1967) is a former Japanese football player.
He has played for Hitachi.
|1990/91||Hitachi||JSL Division 2||0||0||||||0||0||0||0
Takeshi Satouchi (born 11 January 1957) is a former Japanese football player.
He has played for Sumitomo Metals.
Billy Budd is an opera by Benjamin Britten.
It was first performed at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London on 1 December 1951.
It is based on the short novel Billy Budd by Herman Melville.
The libretto for the opera was written by E.M.Forster and Eric Crozier.
Britten originally wanted the part of Billy Budd to be sung by Geraint Evans, but Evans found that the notes were too high for his voice, so he sang a different role, and the role of Billy Budd was sung by Theodor Uppman.
The first performance was a great success.
In the original version the opera had four acts, but in 1960 Britten made some changes to the opera, making the story fit into two acts.
Not everybody agrees about which version is the better one.
Famous baritones who have sung the role of Billy Budd include Thomas Allen, Simon Keenlyside, Richard Stilwell, and  Thomas Hampson.
There are no women in the opera at all.
The story takes place on board the battleship HMS Indomitable in 1797 during the French Revolutionary Wars.
There is a short prologue at the beginning, and an epilogue at the end, during which the old captain is thinking back about the story which happened many years earlier.
The rest of the opera tells that story.
Captain Vere, an old man, is thinking back on his life and his time in the navy.
He thinks about what happened to Billy Budd some years earlier, and he feels sad because he was not able to save him.
The crew of the Indomitable are working on deck.
There is a new man working there (the Novice).
He slips and bumps into an officer.
The novice is cruelly flogged (beaten) for this.
At the same another crew member comes with three new young men who have been pressed (forced) into coming to work on the ship.
One of these three men is Billy Budd.
Billy Budd is very happy at his new job.
He does realize how cruelly he is going to be treated.
The man in charge of the crew is Claggart.
He is the Master-at-Arms, and he is very cruel.
He says he thinks Billy Budd is a fine young man, although he has a stammer.
Billy happily says goodbye to the ship he used to work on, called  Rights of Man.
He does not see the irony in that ship’s name (there he did at least have some rights, but now he is to be treated badly.
The word “indomitable” means: “something that cannot be defeated”.)
Claggart does not like Billy’s attitude, and tells Squeak to watch him carefully.
The Novice comes back from his flogging.
He is in such pain that he cannot walk.
Billy is shocked, but thinks he himself will not be treated like that so long as he obeys the ship’s rules.
Dansker tells the new men that Captain Vere's nickname is "Starry Vere,".
Billy thinks that he must be a good man and swears loyalty to him, although he has not seen him yet.
In the four-act version Captain Vere comes on deck and encourages the men to do well in battle.
In his cabin, Captain Vere talks with his officers about the French revolution.
They talk about the mutinees that have happened in the British Navy.
The officers say that Billy might cause trouble, but Vere thinks his men are all good.
When Billy finds Squeak looking through his belongings he becomes angry and his stammer gets worse.
He knocks Squeak to the ground.
Claggart seems to be on Billy’s side, so he is not punished.
However, Claggart wants to be evil to Billy.
He gives some money to the Novice and tells him he should persuade Billy to start a mutiny, and that he should give Billy the money as a bribe.
The Novice does not dare to refuse.
Billy refuses the bribe and thinks he will be rewarded, but Dansker warns him that Claggart is dangerous.
Billy is too naïve to understand what Dansker is saying.
They sing a duet in which Billy sings how wonderful life is on the ship, and Dansker is trying to warn Billy about Claggart: “Jemmy-legs is down on you”.
Claggart begins to tell Vere that Billy could cause trouble, but is interrupted when a French ship is seen.
The Indomitable attacks, but loses sight of the enemy in the mist.
Claggart returns, and tells Vere that Billy poses a threat of mutiny.
Vere does not believe him and sends for Billy so that Claggart may talk to him.
Later, in Vere's cabin, Claggart repeats the false charge in Billy’s presence.
Once again, Billy begins to stammer because he is so angry.
Unable to speak, he hits Claggart and kills him.
The Captain has to get the officers together.
They decide Billy is guilty and sentence him to be hanged.
Billy begs Vere to save him, and the officers ask him what they should do, but Vere stays silent.
He goes into the cabin where Billy is being held.
The music suggests that the captain is telling Billy about his death sentence.
Dansker brings Billy a drink.
He tells him that the crew are willing to mutiny for his sake, but Billy accepts his fate.
In the early morning the crew gather on deck and Billy is executed.
Just before he dies he praises Vere, singing: "Starry Vere, God Bless you!",
and the rest of the crew echo his words.
Vere, as an old man, remembers Billy's burial at sea.
He thinks about how the young man had blessed him as he died, and he realizes that this was real goodness.
Vere is now at peace with himself.
The orchestra stops playing and Vere’s voice is heard as the lights fade.
The Earl of Harewood and Antony Peattie;  pp.
111ff
Current performances of Billy Budd  from Operabase
|1984||rowspan="8"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|1989/90||22||0||||||2||0||24||0
|1990/91||12||0||||||5||0||17||0
|1991/92||3||0||||||1||0||4||0
|1992||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||7||0||7||0
|1993||26||0||2||0||5||0||33||0
|1994||17||0||0||0||2||0||19||0
|1995||rowspan="3"|Brummell Sendai||rowspan="3"|Football League||12||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|1996||25||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||27||2
|1997||9||0||0||0||6||0||15||0
Matsuichi Yamada (born 21 February 1961) is a former Japanese football player.
He has played for Honda.
Motoaki Inukai (born 5 July 1942) is a former Japanese football player.
He has played for Mitsubishi Motors.
He is currently the President of Japan Football Association.
was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit.
year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Enbun and before Jōji.
The period started in March 1361 and ended in September  1362.
During this time, the pretender in Kyoto was .
Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .
1361 (Kōan 1, 6th month): Snowfall was unusually heavy; and there was also a disastrous fire in Kyoto as well as a violent earthquake.
1361 (Kōan 1): Eigen-ji was founded.
It is a Zen Buddhist temple in what is now Shiga Prefecture.
1362 (Kōan 2): Hosokawa Kiyouji and Kusunoki Masanori attack Kyoto.
Ashikaga Yoshiakira fled.
Southern Court nengō
Shōhei, 1346–1370
1361 establishments
1360s establishments in Japan
1362 disestablishments
1360s disestablishments in Japan
Samarkand  It is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province.
The city is on the old Silk Road between China and the West, and is an Islamic centre for scholarly study.
In the 14th century, it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane), and is the site of his mausoleum, the Gur-e Amir.
The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most famous landmarks.
The Registan was the ancient centre of the city.
Most of the inhabitants of this city are Persian-speaking and speak the Tajik Persian dialect.
This city is one of the historical centers of the Tajik people in Central Asia, which in the past was one of the important cities of the great empires of Iran.
In 2001, UNESCO added the 2,750-year-old city to its World Heritage Site list as Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures.
Samarkand is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the trade route between China and the Mediterranean (Silk Road).
At times Samarkand has been one of the greatest cities of Central Asia.
Started about 700 BC by the Persians, Samarkand has been one of the main centres of Persian civilization from its early days.
Maracanda was the ancient Greek name for it Alexander the Great conquered the city in 329 BC.
At the start of the 8th century, Samarkand came under Arab control.
Under Abbasid rule, the legend goes, the secret of papermaking was learned from two Chinese prisoners in 751.
This led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world being founded in Samarkand.
The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe.
Samarkand was sacked by the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1220.
Some of the people survived, but later, Samarkand suffered at least one other Mongol attack.
The town took many decades to recover from these disasters.
In The Travels of Marco Polo, where Polo records his journey along the Silk Road, Samarkand is described as "a very large and splendid city..." He also writes about a Christian church in Samarkand, which miraculously remained standing after a portion of its central supporting column was removed.
In 1370, Timur the Lame, or Tamerlane, decided to make Samarkand the capital of his empire, stretching from India to Turkey.
During the next 35 years, he built a new city and populated it with artisans and craftsmen from all of the places he had conquered.
Timur gained a reputation as a patron of the arts, and Samarkand grew to have a population of about 150,000.
In 1499, the Uzbek Turks took control of Samarkand.
They moved the capital to Bukhara and Samarkand went into decline.
The city came under Russian rule in 1868.
The Russian section of the city was built after this point, largely to the west of the old city.
The city later became the capital of the Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan and grew in importance still further when the Trans-Caspian railway reached the city in 1888.
It became the capital of the Uzbek SSR in 1925 before being replaced by Tashkent in 1930.
was a  after Bun'ō and before Bun'ei.
This  period started in February 1261 and ended in February 1264.
Events of the  Kōchō era
1261 (Kōchō 1, 12th day of the 5th month): Nichiren was exiled to Izu Province.
1262 (Kōchō 2, 28th day of the 11th month): Shinran Shonin died at age 90.
1263 (Kōchō 3, 22nd day of the 2nd month): Nichiren was pardoned.
Arovell Verlag is an Austrian publishing house for modern literature.
It was founded in 1991 by the Austrian writer, artist and musician, Paul Jaeg.
Today, Jaeg is still the director.
Each year, Arovell prints between ten and twenty new books.
Some authors, such as Peter Paul Wiplinger, have already published several books with Arovell, but others use Arovell to publish their first book(s).
Arovell publishes modern literature in the German language.
They include short prose, stories and poetry.
The covers of all books show a painting by Paul Jaeg.
Arovell also publishes a magazine about literature, music and art, which gives information about new books and public events.
The magazine prints sometimes short texts from the books by Arovell.
Published authors (examples)
Hans Dieter Aigner
Peter Assmann
Reinhold Aumaier
Constantin Göttfert
de:Fritz Huber
Paul Jaeg
Christoph Janacs
Günther Kaip
Wolfgang Kauer
de:Hermann Knapp
Dorothea Macheiner
Dirk Ofner
Wolfgang Pollanz
Fritz Popp
Herbert Reiter
Christine Roiter
Leopold Spoliti
Nikolai Vogel
Wolfgang Wenger
Christine Werner
Peter Paul Wiplinger
Website of Arovell publishing house
Information at the center for German Philology Germanistik im Netz
Powder monkeys were boys or young teenagers who used to work on board the old sailing ships when they went to war.
When there was a battle it was the powder monkeys'  job to carry bags of gunpowder from the place where it was stored to the people who were operating the guns.
This had to be done quickly, so young boys were ideal because they could run fast and they were small.
It was not unknown for girls to disguise themselves as boys and get a job as a powder monkey.
HMS Victory: The Crew
In general, seismic analysis is based on the methods of structural dynamics.
For decades, the most prominent instrument of seismic analysis has been the earthquake response spectrum method  which, also, contributed to the proposed building code's concept of today.
However, those response spectra are good, mostly, for single-degree-of-freedom systems.
Numerical step-by-step integration, applied with the charts of seismic performance, seems to be a more effective method of analysis for multi-degree-of-freedom structural systems at severe process of earthquake excitation.
The design of structures rests on authorized engineering procedures, principles and criteria meant to design or retrofit structures subject to earthquake exposure.
Those criteria are consistent just with the contemporary state of the knowledge about building structures.
Therefore, the building design which blindly follows some seismic code regulations does not guarantee safety against collapse or serious damage.
The price of poor seismic analysis may be enormous.
Nevertheless, seismic analysis has always been a trial and error process no matter it was based upon physical laws or empirical knowledge.
The international Wiener Werkstattpreis is a literary prize in Austria and has been founded in 1992.
Since the year 2000, the prize is given every year.
The organizers want to promote writers who are not well-known yet.
The prize is 1,100 EUR.
In 2007, the authors could send in their texts in three categories: short story, poetry and essay.
2009 Wolfgang Ellmauer and Markus Thiele
2008 Axel Görlach
2007 Klaus Ebner (main price and winner in the categories short story and essay)Winner in the category poetry: Norbert Sternmut
2006 Constantin Göttfert
2005 Felician Siebrecht
2004 Ingeborg Woitsch and Daniel Mylow
2003 Uljana Wolf
2002 Susanne Wagner
2001 Olaf Kurtz
2000 Christine Thiemt
1994 Franzobel
Information Wiener Werkstattpreis
Petting is a village near Traunstein, in Bavaria.
It is next to the Waginger See, Lake Waging.
The village was built on what was once an island, during the last Ice Age.
The island was known as safe, and secure, and was inhabited even at that time.
According to the records, the place name means place where there is water, at times.
There used to be a church in the village, around 800 AD.
Unfortunately, this church was destroyed by the Hungarians around the year 900.
There had been a castle in what was then the churchyard; the owners of the castle can be traced back to the 6th century.
It is believed that Petting had already existed during the time of the Romans, with the same name.
The part of the village called Ringham can be traced to 788 AD, when it's mentioned by a chronicle of the bishop of Salzburg.
In 1970, about 1,700 people lived in Petting; in 2000 they were about 2,200.
Japanese American internment happened during World War II when the United States government forced about 110,000 Japanese Americans to leave their homes and live in internment camps.
These were like prisons.
Many of the people who were sent to internment camps had been born in the United States.
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and declared war on the United States.
Many Americans were furious, and some blamed all Japanese people for what had happened at Pearl Harbor.
They spread rumors that some Japanese people knew about the attack ahead of time and had helped the Japanese military.
The FBI and other parts of the United States government knew that these rumors were not true, but did not say anything.
Japanese Americans began to feel that other Americans were becoming upset with them.
For example, John Hughes, a man who read the news and listened to the radio in Los Angeles, California, spoke about Japanese Americans.
There were reports of businesses that had anti-Japanese signs.
For example, a barber shop put up a sign saying "Free shaves for Japs" and "not responsible for accidents."
A funeral home hung a sign saying "I'd rather do business with a Jap than an American."
Internment begins
In February 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066.
This order said that people who lived in some parts of the country could be taken out of those areas for any reason.
While the order did not use the exact words "Japanese Americans", people knew that those were the people who would be taken out of those areas.
The areas included all of California and the western parts of Oregon, Washington, and Arizona.
(See the area marked "exclusion zone" on the map on this page.)
This was where most Japanese Americans lived at that time.
To keep Japanese Americans from leaving these areas on their own, the government stopped many of them from taking money out of their bank accounts.
This made it harder for them to move.
Japanese Americans were given only 48 hours to leave for internment camps in other states.
They were only allowed to carry one bag with them, and could not bring radios or cameras.
Who was interned
Most of the Japanese Americans who were interned lived in the continental United States.
About 160,000 Japanese Americans lived in Hawaii, but only a little over 1,000 of them were interned.
Because there were so many Japanese American people living in such a small territory, interning them would have been almost impossible.
Inside the camps
There were three government agencies that ran camps.
Ninety percent of the Japanese Americans were in camps run by the War Relocation Authority (WRA).
Only Japanese Americans lived in the WRA camps.
Ten percent of the Japanese Americans were in mixed-race camps.
These were either run by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) or the United States Army.
Many different people were interned in INS and Army camps.
These people were included:
German and Italian immigrants
German Americans and Italian Americans
Some refugees
Commercial seamen from Germany and Italy whose ships were taken by the United States Navy, and passengers on those ships
WRA camps were surrounded by barbed wire.
They were also guarded by soldiers who waited in watchtowers holding guns.
Some people were shot.
For example, James Wakasa, who stepped outside the barbed wire fence, was shot and killed.
The guard who shot him said that Wakasa was trying to escape, but the Japanese Americans in the camp did not believe the guard.
Most of the camps were many miles away from the coast, and often in rural areas.
Many of the camps were in the desert, which was uncomfortable for many of the Japanese Americans who were not used to that type of climate.
This also meant that even if somebody escaped, there would be nowhere for them to go.
One famous camp was Manzanar, which was in California.
Many Japanese from Los Angeles and San Francisco were sent there.
Other camps included Poston in Arizona and Minidoka in Idaho.
There were a few camps outside of the western U.S., such as Jerome in Arkansas.
Japanese Americans were often crowded into small spaces, such as race tracks, before being sent to the camps.
The camps tried to provide medical care.
Many of the people who worked in the camp hospitals were Japanese American doctors and nurses who lived in the internment camps.
However, there were not enough doctors and nurses, and not enough medical supplies.
Also, conditions at the camps helped cause some diseases.
Because the camps were so crowded, infectious diseases spread easily.
These diseases included typhoid fever, smallpox, whooping cough, flu, diphtheria, and tuberculosis.
The camps could give vaccines to prevent some of these illnesses, like typhoid fever and smallpox, but not others.
Bad sanitation caused outbreaks of food poisoning at many camps.
At camps in the desert, there was so much dust that people with asthma and breathing problems got worse.
At camps in Arkansas, people got malaria from mosquitoes.
A total of 1,862 people died from medical problems while in the internment camps.
About one out of every 10 of these people died from tuberculosis.
The end of internment
By 1943, the government allowed some Japanese Americans to leave the camps to work or go to school.
However, the government would not let them return to the West Coast.
Some Japanese Americans were even allowed to serve as soldiers in the U.S. Army, and many served with honor in Europe.
In 1944, the United States government said that it would stop putting Japanese Americans in internment camps.
The people who were placed in the camps were given $25 and a bus ticket home.
However, it would take more than 40 years for the government to apologize to Japanese Americans for what had happened.
In 1988, the government apologized and paid a check $20,000 to people who had been sent to internment camps.(most checks did not reach the recipients due to logistical issues.)
Colors of Confinement, photographs by Bill Manbo
National Japanese American Memorial Foundation
Photograph collection from the University of Utah's Marriott Library
Smithsonian Education – Japanese American internment
The Feldkirch Poetry Prize, in German Feldkircher Lyrikpreis, started by Erika Kronabitter, an Austrian artist and writer, is given every year by the theater Theater am Saumarkt in Feldkirch, Vorarlberg/Austria.
Among the sponsors, there are the Austrian government, the local administration of Vorarlberg and private banks.
In 2003, the poetry prize was organized for the first time.
Poets from all countries may send in their poems.
German philologists and poets are the jury.
The winners are presented to the public during Fall.
The winning poems are archived in the Library of Vorarlberg.
Elisabeth Steinkellner
Sascha Kokot und Andra Schwarz
Tobias Falberg
C. H. Huber
Claudia Scherer
Kenah Cusanit
Regina Hilber
Udo Kawasser
Marcus Pöttler
Silke Peters and Thilo Krause (ex aequo)
Andreas Neeser
Martin Strauß
Lina Hofstädter
Klaus Händl
Bernhard Saupe
Alexandra Lavizzari
Thomas Steiner
Adelheid Dahimène
Christine Haidegger
Ludwig Laher
Hans Eichhorn
Knut Schaflinger
Julia Rhomberg
Elsbeth Maag
Gertrude Pieber-Prem
Sabine Eschgfäller
Udo Kawasser und Walter Pucher
Elfriede Kehrer
Norbert Mayer
Walter Pucher
Mechthild Podzeit-Lütjen
Ulrike Ulrich
Theater am Saumarkt
Article of the Austrian television on the 5th Poetry Prize
Austrian newspaper Vorarlberger Nachrichten
Inferno Metal Festival is an annual extreme metal festival in Oslo, Norway.
The festival take place at Rockefeller Music Hall.
A sailing ship is a big boat with sails which catch the wind.
The wind pushes the boat along.
A sailing ship had a rig of at least three masts, square rigged on all of them.
The great days of sailing ships was from around the 15th century to the middle of the 19th century.
They were very important for trade as well as for war.
All large boats became known as "ships", so when steam power was invented people talked about "steam ships" to distinguish them from "sailing ships".
Small boats with sails are called "yachts" or sailboats.
They are used today for leisure activities.
A weather radar is a type of radar used to show where precipitation is.
Weather radar can tell the movement of precipitation, what type it is (rain, snow, hail, etc.),
and forecast its future.
Modern weather radars are mostly Doppler radars, which can find the movement of rain drops and the intensity of the precipitation.
Both types of information can be used to find the structure of storms and tell if they will cause any severe weather.
Radar tutorial
Canadian weather radar FAQ
Hominid is a novel by Austrian writer Klaus Ebner.
The story takes place millions of years ago and tells some days in the life of a group of hominids who live in Central Africa.
The book was published by the Viennese publisher FZA Verlag in October 2008.
Hominid takes place several million years ago in the Central African region between rainforest and savanna.
The main characters are australopithecus afarenses, a hominid mostly living on trees that existed before the use of tools and fire.
The story is told in the first person by the main character, Pitar.
In thinking about his social and natural environment, Pitar decides to lead his family to civilization: "Hence I decided to shed some light on the darkness, to light a candle following the motto Let there be light and so on".
His linguistic knowledge, thoughts and sayings are those of modern man, including a big knowledge about history, politics, philosophy and literature.
Several comments made by Pitar about a particular object that has not been invented or developed yet, add to the funniness of the scenario.
Pitar's close friends are Carpediem, who says Latin phrases and quotes the writers of Classical Antiquity, and Lao, who often refers to Chinese philosophy.
Although it is difficult to convince the other characters to follow him, Pitar manages to persuade the patriarchal leader of the clan, Costello, who has taken over leadership from Thorn, who had died shortly before.
The group builds windbreaks so that they may descend more often from the trees, which has a higher risk of being attacked by wild animals on the ground.
Costello and Re are rivals.
Re not only questions the leading abilities of Costello, but also wants to possess Costello's females.
To calm down the arising quarrel, Pitar tries to found a parliament in order to settle conflicts peacefully.
Whereas Costello thinks the parliament would be a forum in which he can strengthen his power, quoting from famous speeches by Winston Churchill and Abraham Lincoln, the other members ruin the idea because they have no discipline and feel indifferent.
One of the subplots of the novel shows the love between Pitar and Maluma, a female member of the group.
Costello pretends the group of females would be his personal harem, but when Maluma falls in love with Pitar, she breaks off her relationship with the leader.
On each day, the characters discover new things.
On the seventh day, everyone is exhausted from their work and needs rest.
However, the calm is broken by the attack of a saber-toothed cat.
Several members of the family are killed, including Costello, which allows Re to come to power.
Pitar and Maluma decide to leave the group, saying: “We should leave in time, leave Re and his new Reich, which, when I'm taking into account Thorn's previous reign, would be the Third over here.”
Pitar and Maluma leave toward the savanna in a move that remembers both the expulsion from paradise and the Out of Africa theory.
The novel has seven chapters, "Day 1" to "Day 7", with the action of each chapter taking place on consecutive days.
The chapter titles refer to the seven days of the biblical Creation.
Only odd-numbered chapters tell the love story.
Writer Karin Gayer mentions in her review that the love story of Pitar and Maluma, and its positioning within the text, offers "a second interpretation of the beginning and the end".
Akshaya: The name stems from Hindi (specifically Sanskrit) and signifies "the indomitable".
Akshaya is a female character with a firm personality.
She belongs to the group although she often acts against Costello.
In a certain sense she represents the matriarchal form of governance.
Bongo: African people and language, place names in several African countries; Remembers Adriano Celentanos movie “Bingo Bongo”; forest antelope.
The novel presents Bongo as a clownish, male young man.
Carpediem: Latin for "seize the day", or literally "pluck the day"; this phrase stems from a poem by Horace.
Carpediem is Pitar's closest friend.
He uses Latin quotations and other sayings.
Costello: English-Italian family name.
Costello is the patriarch of the clan.
Interested in remaining in power, he understands that Pitar's ideas might help him.
For this reason he helps Pitar.
Djamila: A female character who belongs to Costello's harem.
Her name stems from the Arabic language meaning "the pretty one".
Ischa: A female character who belongs to Costello's harem.
Together with Djamila she woos the clan leader.
Her name stems from the Semitic languages meaning "woman".
Konrad: Old High German for "bold or good adviser".
He is a follower of Re.
Lao: Depending on the intonation, the word is Chinese for "firm, solid" or "old".
This also remembers the Lao people who live in Southeast Asia.
The character Lao quotes Chinese philosophers and is a friend of Pitar.
Lucy: Remembers Lucy, the skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis found in 1974 in Ethiopia.
Lucy is the mother of most children of the family.
At the end of the book she leaves for East Africa with Lao.
Maluma: Maluma is an artificial word from synesthesia, representing round and smooth shapes.
Manisha: This name stems from the Hindi and Sanskrit language, signifying "the wise"; Hinduism knows her as the goddess of the mind.
Among the clan's women, Manisha has a similar role as Lao among the men.
Pitar His name stems from Sanskrit and means "father"; its word accent lies on the second syllable: Pitár.
Re: Italian for "king"; remembers the ancient Egyptian sun god Re or Ra.
Re is Costello's rival and enemy.
An aggressive character, he understands Pitar as an enemy because of Pitar's support for the clan leader.
The attack of the sabre-toothed cat, which kills Costello, allows Re to become the new leader at the end of the novel.
Rhododendron: Greek for "rose tree"; a flowering plant.
The character Rhododendron is a male member of the group with a sense for nature.
Ruth: Hebrew for "companion".
Ruth is a female clan member with a strong character.
Thorn: The name stems from the Germanic languages and is the denomination of the rune Thurisaz “Þ”, pronounced as “θ”.
Thorn is the eldest of the clan and considered a wise man.
He appears only in the first two chapters and dies at their end.
He was the leader of the clan before Costello.
History of the book
The idea to give prehistoric characters present-day knowledge and a modern language already arose in 2006.
Since the author believed that this topic would not be enough for a longer novel, he did not continue working on it at first.
The final impulse came with the literature prize Wiener Werkstattpreis in February 2008.
The publication of a book offered by publisher FZA was an integral part of the award, and the publisher limited this book to 100 pages.
For this purpose Ebner wrote and finalized his story and published the book in October of the same year.
Publisher FZA introduced the work to the public in Vienna.
Criticism and interpretation
Heinz Gerstinger means the book would be a “history of the awakening of the spirit of mankind”.
The author has the events glided “into the playful by his gently irony”.
Several reviewers underline the novel's ironic and satirical aspect.
The names of the characters, Latin quotations and idioms add to this as much as the parallelism between the seven days of Creation and scientific hominization.
Ingrid Reichel points out the perfect publication date, just in time for the 150th anniversary of Charles Darwin's evolution theory.
Like other reviewers, who had written about Ebner's earlier books she underlines the complex use of a detail rich language which is “steeped in subtle insensitive humor”.
The many expressions in foreign languages, mostly in Latin, are untranslated in the first edition.
In her review, Ingrid Reichel invites the publisher to add a glossary to a new edition.
The author published such a glossary on his own website.
Despite many clear allusions to several world religions, Ingrid Reichel says that the novel is a book for “readers with humor, for reasoners (…), for darwinists, on no account for creationists, to a lesser extent for people of faith, but rather for atheists, … and fundamentalists drop out entirely”.
Another aspect is identified by Karin Gayer when mentioning the parallel evolution of the patriarchal hierarchy in the story's society and the social matriarchy, the first resembling Chimpanzee communities and the second those of Bonobos.
In addition, she points out the strength of the women characters.
With regard to these underlying comparisons she says: “On another level we are struck by the permanent verbal mix of the ape-like and the human, a combination which leaves us pensive and asks the legitimate question where we, who consider ourselves sapiens in a double sense, should finally classify man.”.
Ebner, Klaus.
Hominide.
Vienna: FZA Verlag, 2008.
Other books and articles
Carbonell, Eudald; Moyà, Salvador; Sala, Robert; Corbella, Josep.
el llarg camí dels homínids cap a la intel·ligència.
Edicions 62, Barcelona 2000.
Gamsjäger, Sonja. "
Gespräch mit Autoren.
Dr. Sonja Gamsjäger im Gespräch mit den Autoren Martin Dragosits und Klaus Ebner".
Arovell-Kulturzeitschrift.
Musik&Literatur&Kunst.
Gosau-Salzburg-Wien, 2009.
p. 16-18
Gerstinger, Heinz. "
Review on Hominide".
Literarisches Österreich.
01/09.
Vienna, 2009.
p. 21-22