the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
She was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.
The Russian Orthodox Church canonised her as Saint Alexandra in 2000.
Alexandra is best remembered as the last Tsarina of Russia.
She is also one of the most famous  royal carriers of the haemophilia disease.
Her friendship with the Russian mystic Grigori Rasputin was also an important part of her life.
Alexandra Fyodorovna was born Princess Alix Viktoria Helene Luise Beatrix in Darmstadt, Hesse and by Rhine.
That area was a part of the German Empire at the time.
Her father was Grand Duke Louis IV.
Her mother was the former Princess Alice, the second daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
In November of 1878, diphtheria swept through Hesse.
Alix, her sisters, Irene and May and brother, Ernst were infected by the disease.
Her sister, May, died shortly before the end of the month but the others got better.
Alix's mother became sick after caring for Ernie when he came down with the disease.
Princess Alice died on December 14, 1878.
Princess Alix became very close to her maternal grandmother.
She was often thought to be Victoria's favourite granddaughter.
Because of this, Alix spent many of her early years in the United Kingdom.
In 1892 when she was twenty, her father died, and her brother, Ernst, became the Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.
When she grew up, Alix was a beautiful woman, with reddish-blonde hair, high cheek bones, pale skin, dark blue eyes, and long dark eyelashes.
Alix was married relatively late for a princess in those times.
She had already refused to marry Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence (the eldest son of the Prince of Wales) even though her family wanted her to marry him.
She had, however, already met a relative by marriage, the Tsesarevich of Russia.
His uncle Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was married to Alix's sister Elizabeth.
At first, Nicholas' father, Tsar Alexander III, told them they could not get married.
He later changed his mind as his health began get bad.
Alix did not like the need that she had to turn away from her Lutheran faith.
The Russian Tsarina had to be an Orthodox.
She later changed her mind and in time became a strong convert to the faith.
She and Nicholas became engaged in April 1894.
Alexander III died in November of that year, and Nicholas became Tsar of Russia at the age of twenty-six.
The couple were married 14 November 1894.
Execution of the Royal family
The Tsar and Tsarina and all of their family, along with several family servants, were executed early in the morning during the night of July 17, 1918, by a detachment of Bolsheviks led by Yakov Yurovsky.
Alexandra watched the murder of her husband and two servants before Peter Ermakov killed her with a gun shot to the left side of her head before she could finish making the sign of the cross.
Ermakov, in a drunken haze, stabbed her dead body and that of her husband's, shattering both their rib cages.
Identification and burial
After the execution of the Romanov family, Alexandra's body, along with Nicholas, their children and some servants who died with them, was stripped and the clothing burnt.
At first, the bodies were thrown down an unused mine shaft, 12 miles north of Yekaterinburg.
A short time later they were retrieved.
Their faces and bodies were badly damaged so they could not be recognized.
All of the bodies except for two of the children were later buried again.
The bodies missing are believed to be those of a daughter- Maria or Anastasia- and Alexis.
In the early 1990s, after the fall of the Soviet Union, what is believed to be the bodies of most of the family were found and identified.
6 June 1872 - 26 November 1894 Her Grand Ducal Highness Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine
26 November 1894 - 15 March 1917 Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia (created prior to marriage)
15 March 1917 - 17 July 1918 Her Imperial Majesty Tsaritsa Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of Russia.
The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family , Nicolay Sokolov.
FrozenTears.org, A media library on the Last Imperial Family.
God in All Things, the Religious Beliefs of Russia's Last Empress by Janet Ashton.
Marriage Ceremony of Nicholas and Alexandra.
Nicholas and Alexandra Exhibition.
A short biography of the Alexandra
People from Darmstadt
Richard Tiffany Gere (born August 31, 1949) is an American actor and activist.
He grew up in Syracuse, New York.
He has been acting for over 20 years.
In favour with 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, Gere is a devout Tibetan Buddhist, which he converted to in 1978.
He has three sisters and a brother.
Gere was married to model Cindy Crawford from 1991 until 1995, when the two divorced.
Hello Magazine, Hello!
The Gere Foundation
A rikishi () is a professional sumo wrestler.
The Japanese characters making up the name mean "strong man".
The people who take part in sumo wrestling are very strong and big.
During their careers, the sumo wrestlers live in "stables" kept by a former wrestler.
The former wrestler makes sure the new wrestlers who live there live a very strict life.
Edda or the plural Eddas or Eddur, including Poetic Edda (or Older Edda) and Prose Edda (or Younger Edda), are two collections of stories about Viking deities.
They were made in around 9th to 13th century by Icelandic Christian historians.
Njörðr is the god of the seas and the wind in Norse mythology.
A member of the Vanir, he is the father of the twin gods Freyr and Freyja by an unnamed sister of his.
He is married to the jötunness Skaði, daughter of Þjazi.
Marriage With Skaði
Skadi's father Þjazi caught Loki, and forced him to lure out the goddess Iðunn, keeper of the apples which grant the Æsir their phenomenal youth and longevity.
As the gods began to age, they sought out the one responsible for taking Idunn; discovering it was Þjazi, they killed him and freed Iðunn.
Angered at the offense, Skaði came to fight the gods, but they did not want to fight her.
The Æsir instead offered Skaði compensation, allowing her to choose a husband among the gods, but only by looking at their feet.
Skaði wished to marry Baldr, the most handsome of the gods, but the feet she picked belonged to Njörðr, whose feet were shining and clean. (
Odin later took Þjazi's eyes and placed them as stars in the night sky).
When Skaði moved to her new husband's home near the sea, she missed her mountain home.
Trapped in a loveless marriage, she only spends half her time with her husband.
When Skaði is away, Njörðr is sad, causing storms at the sea.
Freyr / Frey(Old Norse: “[the] Lord”) is the god of prosperity, fair weather, and fertility in Norse mythology, associated with sacral kingship, and virility.
A member of the Vanir, he is the son of Njördand twin brother of Freya.
Husband of Gerðr, Freyr rides into battle on the massive shining boar Gullinbursti (Old Norse: “Golden maned” or “bristled”) and possesses the mighty ship Skíðblaðnir (Old Norse: “assembled from thin pieces of wood”), both forged by the drawrven brothers collectively known as the Sons of Ivaldi.
Skíðblaðnir is said to always have a favorable breeze and can be folded together and carried in a pouch when not in use.
Freyr once wielded the legendary sword Sümrbranðr (Old Norse: “Sword of summer”), which was said to be able to fight by itself.
When Freyr snuck in and sat on Odin's throne Hliðskjálf (on which one can see anything, anywhere across the Nine Worlds), instead of seeing Freyja (who was recently lost somewhere), Freyr came across Gerðr, a beautiful giantess native to Jötunheimr.
He fell in love, and sent his servant Skírnir to woo her for him, but Gerðr refused to marry the god until Skirnir threatened to kill Gerðr with Freyr's sword and damage her lands.
Gerðr finally agreed to marry Freyr, who then gave his sword to Skírnir as a reward.
Frey's realm is Álfheimr, the land of the elves.
He is the patron god of Sweden.
Statues of Odin, Thor, Frey, Frigg, and Freyja are often found in ancient temples.
Folkvanger, in Norse mythology, is the goddess Freyja's place.
Its name means "Field of the Folk".
The "folk" here refers to men sent to battle.
In Norse mythology, Sessrumnir (Old Norse: “seat-room” or “seat-roomer”) is an enormous hall belonging to the goddess Freyja.
There she receives half of those killed in battle, as chosen by the Valkyries.
It is said to be very large and has many seats.
Spinach is a green, leafy vegetable.
It comes from southwestern and central Asia.
Its flowers are small and yellow.
Spinach is rich in vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate, making it healthy.
Spinach, along with other green, leafy vegetables, is rich in iron.
Spinach is traditionally unpopular with children.
The cartoon character Popeye eats spinach in order to become strong.
Arta Prefecture is one of the 51 prefectures of Greece.
It is in the west of Greece.
Many of its people live in the west parts, near the Arachthos valey.
Its capital is Arta.
The word cardiomyopathy means "heart muscle disease".
Cardiomyopathies are a group of diseases in which the function of the myocardium (heart muscle) is impaired for any reason.
People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death.
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common form.
Patients with this disease usually undergo heart transplantation.
In DCM the heart (especially the left ventricle) is enlarged and the pumping function is impaired.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM) is a genetic disorder in which the heart muscle is thickened, which can block blood flow and prevent the heart from functioning properly.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is caused by an electrical disturbance of the heart in which heart muscle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue.
The right ventricle is generally most affected.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is the least common cardiomyopathy.
The walls of the ventricles are stiff, but may not be thickened, and resist the normal filling of the heart with blood.
Norm (artificial intelligence)
Norm (philosophy)
Norm (sociology)
Normative
The diminutive of the proper name, "Norman"
Norm (mathematics), a map that assigns lengths to vectors
Normed vector space
Matrix norm
Field norm in algebraic number theory and Galois theory
Reduced norm in algebra over a field theory
The nonnegative integer function in the definition of Euclidean domain
The product of conjugate elements of an algebraic element
In descriptive set theory, a map from a set into the ordinals (see prewellordering)
A statistical concept in psychometrics
Norm MacDonald (b. 1963), comedian and star of the 1999-2001 sitcom The Norm Show (a.k.a.
Norm)
Norm Abram, carpenter in the television show This Old House
Norm Peterson, a character in the sitcom Cheers and its spin-off Norm
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material
Norm, a character from the video game Crash Nitro Kart
Norm the Genie, a villain in The Fairly OddParents
Norm, a character from the Life.
Norma (disambiguation)
Surface normal
The fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is a species of salamander which can be found in Europe.
It is black and has different kinds of yellow spots or stripes.
Some salamanders are mostly black while others are mostly yellow.
Shades of red and orange may sometimes appear.
They either mix with the yellow, or replace it completely.
This depends on the subspecies.
Fire salamanders can have a very long life.
In the German natural history museum of Alexander Koenig a salamander lived more than 50 years.
Where they live and what they eat
Fire salamanders live in forests in the hilly parts of southern and central Europe.
They prefer deciduous forests.
They like to hide in the fallen leaves or mossy tree trunks.
They need clean small brooks (small rivers) in their habitat.
This is for the development of the larvae.
Both on land and in the water, Fire salamanders are hard to notice.
Fire salamanders are active in the evening and the night, but on rainy days they may be active in daytime as well.
Their diet consists of insects, spiders, earthworms and slugs.
Sometimes, they will eat small vertebrates—for example, newts and young frogs.
Small prey will be caught within the range of the vomerine teeth or by the posterior half of the tongue, which sticks to the prey.
How they reproduce
Males and females look pretty similar except during the breeding season, when the most conspicuous difference is a swollen gland around the male's vent.
This gland produces the spermatophore, which carries a sperm packet at its tip.
The courtship happens on land.
After the male becomes aware of a potential mate, he confronts her and blocks her path.
The male deposits his spermatophore on the ground.
Reproduction occurs by means of this spermatophore, which will be taken up by the female.
Their gills develop lungs.
Neotenic fire salamanders have not been observed.
How they defend themselves against being eaten
Salamanders may actively defend themselves once they are grasped by a predator.
Besides various antipredator postures, S. salamandra adults are able to make strong poisons.
These usually act on the nerves of the predator.
They are called neurotoxins.
One such poison is the alkaloid Samandarin.
When the salamander senses danger, it can secrete this through its skin.
This alkaloid causes strong muscle convulsions and high-blood pressure combined with hyperventilation in all vertebrates.
The poison glands of the Fire salamander are concentrated in certain areas of the body, especially around the head and the dorsal skin surface.
The colored portions of the animals skin usually coincide with these glands.
Most of these secretions might be effective against bacterial and fungal infections of the epidermis, but some secretions could also be dangerous to human life.
Where they occur
Fire salamanders are found in most of southern and central Europe.
They are most commonly found at altitudes between 400 and 1000 m, only rarely below (in Northern Germany sporadically down to 25 m).
However, in the Balkans or in Spain they are commonly found in higher altitudes as well.
Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758)
England – Fire salamander, Spotted salamander
France – Salamandre tachetée
Germany – Feuersalamander
Portugal – Salamandra de fogo
Spain – Salamandra común
Italy – Salamandra pezzata
Netherlands – Vuursalamander
Norway – Ildsalamander
Slovenia – Navadni močerad
Croatia – Pjegavi daždevnjak
Poland – Salamandra plamista
Several subspecies of the Fire salamander are recognized.
Most notable are the subspecies fastuosa and bernadezi.
These two are the only viviparous subspecies – the others are ovoviviparous.
S. s. alfredschmidti
S. s. almanzoris – Spotted Fire salamander
S. s. bejarae (or hispanica)
S. s. bernardezi
S. s. beschkovi
S. s. crespoi
S. s. fastuosa (or bonalli) – Yellow Striped Fire salamander
S. s. gallaica – Portuguese Fire salamander
S. s. gigliolii
S. s. morenica
S. s. salamandra - Spotted Fire salamander, Nominate supspecies
S. s. terrestris – Barred Fire salamander
S. s. werneri
S. algira Bedriaga, 1883 - African Fire salamander
S. corsica Savi, 1838 - Corsican Fire salamander
S. infraimmaculata Martens, 1885 - Near-Eastern Fire salamander
S. longirostris Joger & Steinfartz, 1994 - South Iberian Fire salamander
Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern
Amphibian Species of the World
Caudata.org entry for Salamandra
Clamps are used in technical work, such as woodworking.
There are also special types of clamps used in medicine.
1797 establishments in the United States
The family Salamandridae is a family of amphibians.
It consists of true salamanders and newts.
Legalism was one of the four main philosophies in Chinese history during the Warring States Period.
It is a political philosophy which says that people are bad by nature and need to be controlled by the government.
It was introduced by Qin Shi Huang.
One of the most important contributors to Legalism was Han Fei Zi (韓非子).
He said that a ruler must use following tools to govern a state:
Fa (Chinese: 法; pinyin: fǎ; literally "law or principle"): The law must be known by everyone.
Everybody under the ruler is equal before the law.
If you do what law wants you will be rewarded.
If you break the law or try to break it, you will be punished.
Shu (Chinese: 術; pinyin: shù; literally "method, tactic or art"): These are methods the ruler has to use so that nobody is able to abolish the system.
Shi (Chinese: 勢; pinyin: shì; literally "legitimacy, power or charisma"): The position of the ruler is important, not the ruler himself.
"Chinese Legalism: Documentary Materials and Ancient Totalitarianism"
"The Book of Lord Shang"
The Gold Coast Art Centre is a place on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
The Art Centre is home to many facilities including the Gold Coast City Art Gallery.
The Art Centre holds events like weddings, Theatre, parties, corporate functions, seminars and conferences.
The art centre is funded by the Gold Coast City Council
Panorama Suite
Two Cinemas
Arts Theatre
Arts Restaurant
Lobby Shop
Harlequin Room
Two Art Galleries
Clubroom
Sculpture Walk
Cafe Arts
Costume Hire Department
Comedy Clubhouse
Technical Services Department
The Boardroom
St. Margaret's Chapel
Gold Coast City Art Centre Webstite
Buildings and structures in Queensland
Reynoldsburg is a city in Fairfield, Franklin, and Licking counties in the U.S. state of Ohio.
Mark Anthony Garrett - International Speaker, Author
In Egyptian mythology, Sekhmet was the goddess of the sun, fire plagues, healing and war.
She had the head of a lioness and the body of a woman.
She was married to Ptah, the god of healing.
They balanced each other.
It was believed that her breath created the desert.
Sekhmet had the head of a lioness and the body of a woman.
She was usually depicted with a sun disc on top of her head.
Many historians argue that she was from Sudan, since lions were plentiful there.
When she was seated, she usually held the ankh of life, but when she was standing, she held a papyrus scepter, the symbol of Lower Egypt.
Sekhmet's breath represented a hot desert wind, and her body was the glare of the midday sun.
She was created when Hathor came down to earth to take vengeance on man.
Sekhmet became the destructive eye of the sun, and a solar goddess, and was named “Eye of Ra.”
The ancient Egyptians knew that the sun could bring life, (Hathor), but also death. (
Sekhmet).
Her name translates as "The Powerful One."
Sekhmet used her power destructively and brutally
Fear of Sekhmet
People were afraid of Sekhmet because along with her healing and protective powers, she was also destructive and retaliating.
The ancient Egyptians believed that the "Seven Arrows of Sekhmet" would bring bad luck, so they used many charms and spells to protect themselves.
There was a  "Book of the Last Day of the Year" which they recited over a piece of cloth and wore around their neck at the end of the year.
This was considered to be a dangerous time.
On the first day of the New Year (Wep Ronpet), people would exchange amulets in the form of Sekhmet to keep the goddess happy.
Sekhmet had an unusual form of worship.
She was worshipped evenly with her husband, Ptah, and her son, Nefertem.
Her main cult center was in Memphis.
Many priests recited complicated prayers, used to avert the rage of Sekhmet.
A well-known prayer was called "The Last Day of the Year," and it was chanted while wearing a piece of cloth around one's head.
The last day of the year was considered to be a dangerous period for the people, because Sekhmet usually attacked then.
Sekhmet was the Egyptian goddess of war and destruction.
She was bloodthirsty, out of control, and the Egyptians thought she represented natural disasters.
Her husband, Ptah, and her son, Nefertem were closely worshipped.
Sekhmet was known as the lady of life, and the lady of terror.
In one myth, Sekhmet terrorized the country of Egypt, crazy and thirsty for blood.
Ra, the sun god, sent many swift-footed messengers to outsmart her.
She saw through all, and then saw love through everything, and Sekhmet in her happiness, embraced it.
She lay back and later turned into Hathor, the goddess of love.
Cult Center
Sekhmet’s main cult center was located in Memphis.
When Amenemhat officially moved the capital of Egypt to Itjtawy, her cult center moved too.
Her large similarity to Hathor brought the special erection of dual temples where citizens could worship Sekhmet and Hathor.
Hundreds of jahovas were set up during the reign of Amenhotep III.
At their bases, they emphasize Sekhmet's savagery and brutal myths.
Oakes, Lorna, & Gahlin, Lucia.
268-269
http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/egypt/hathor.htm
http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/Sekhmet.html
http://www.philae.nu/akhet/NetjeruS.html#Sekhmet
http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/sekhmet2.htm
http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/sekhmet.htm
Heterodoxy means a position that is not within the standards of orthodoxy or to put it precisely "any opinions or doctrines at variance with an official or orthodox position".
As an adjective, heterodox is used to describe a subject as "characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards" (status quo).
Ecclesiastic usage
For example, the orthodox Catholic position on unbaptized infants is that their fate is uncertain, and "the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God" (Catechism of the Catholic Church 1261).
A heterodox Catholic might profess the belief that unbaptized infants are offered the option to accept or deny salvation by God at their judgment.
The belief is not orthodox, as the Church does not profess a belief as to what happens to unbaptized infants; however, it is also not heresy, as the Church accepts that such a scenario might be possible.
By contrast, a denial of the doctrine of "Original Sin" (thereby negating the necessity of baptism for children) or Papal Infallibility -- would be labeled heretical.
Other denominations
The term heterodox is occasionally used by some Christians to refer to themselves when they are in disagreement with orthodox understandings.
The heterodox Christians remain in the tradition and attempt a constructive dialog around issues with which they disagree.
Heterodox - the word of the day
Heterodox Economics
Open University Heterodox Economics
Orthodox vs Heterodox Churches
Isotherms are lines drawn around places with the same temperature range on isotherm maps.
Each point on this line shows one temperature reading, or the average of many temperature readings.
Isotherm maps also have scales that tell the signals or colors for the different temperatures.
Isotherm lines are usually curvy and not straight lines.
en:Contour line#Temperature and related subjects
Spreading boundaries.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Africa's Great Rift Valley are examples.
Rift valleys, mountains (orogeny), volcanoes.
Collision boundaries.
These collide, forming a subduction zone (West coast of the Americas) or a continental collision (India with Asia).
Mountains (orogeny), valleys, volcanoes.
Transform or fault boundaries.
Here plates grind past each other along transform faults.
Earthquakes, volcanoes,
Conservative boundaries: little or no relative motion
The hourglass dolphin (Lagenorhynchus cruciger) (also known as the electra dolphin, little killer whale, or many-toothed blackfish) is a species of dolphin.
It is small and wide compared to other dolphins.
It only lives in the very cold waters of the Antarctic.
It was not known to science until a drawing was made of it in 1820.
Only six Hourglass dolphins have been examined by scientists.
Boats do not usually go where they live.
The average water temperature they live in is 0.1-0.3 degrees Celsius.
The hourglass dolphin is black and white and for this reason was called the "sea skunk".
On each side there is a white patch that looks a little like an hourglass shape.
That is how it got its name.
An adult is about 1.8 m in length and weighs 90-120 kg.
There is only one other dolphin that is as small in its area.
Hourglass dolphins usually stay in groups of 5-10.
Once a group of 60 was recorded.
They like to ride the bow of boats.
There are usually fin whales with them.
It is thought they eat small fish, crustaceans, and squid.
They have conical teeth probably used to crack the shells of crustaceans.
The hourglass dolphin stays around the Antarctic.
Some have been seen from the south of New Zealand and Chile.
Berberis or barberry is a genus of shrub, usually with spines and yellow flowers and red or blackish berries.
It is used for medicines.
Magic: The Gathering is a trading card game.
Players buy and trade cards, and build their own card decks.
Decks must have at least 60 cards.
Players can play in tournaments, and there are even professional Magic players.
Most players of Magic: The Gathering simply call the game Magic.
The game is in a fantasy world involving magic.
Richard Garfield made the game in 1993.
It is said to be the first trading card game.
The current Head Designer is Mark Rosewater, who also writes a weekly article about the game called "Making Magic."
2 or more people play the game.
Players attack each other causing them to lose life points.
Each player starts at 20 life points.
There are many kinds of cards that can be used to reduce another player's life.
Players can attack another player with a creature or deal direct damage with a spell.
You win the game by reducing your opponent's life to 0, when your opponent runs out of cards to draw, or when a card says that you win the game.
Richard Garfield started to make the game at University of Pennsylvania.
In 1993 he showed the game to the game company Wizards of the Coast.
The company liked the game, and started to produce it.
The first cards were made in 1993.
The cards are produced in groups of cards called "sets".
The first sets were very successful, so more sets were made.
About four sets are produced each year.
Cards made before 2003 look different than newer cards, but are still compatible with the modern game in most cases.
Professional Magic began in 1996.
Professionals play in tournaments around the world in the Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour.
A player can win as much as $40,000 in one tournament.
Magic: The Gathering Online (MTGO) was made in 2002.
Magic players can now play their favorite game on the internet.
A new MTGO was released in 2008.
Also, a new online version called MTG Arena was released in 2019.
A game of Magic is played by two or more players.
A player starts the game with twenty "life points".
A player loses when he or she has zero or fewer life points.
There are different ways to lose life points: players play "creature" cards and attack other players with them, or players play spells on other players.
There are also other ways for players to lose: they have no cards in their deck, they have 10 "poison counters", or a card is played that says they lose.
Players begin the game by shuffling their decks (mixing up their cards) and then taking up seven cards.
Each card has a different power.
Players takes one new card at the start of each turn, but the first player does not take a card on their first turn.
There are many steps in each turn.
Certain cards can only be played in certain steps.
A player can have no more than seven cards at the end of their turn.
If they do, they must put cards into their "graveyard" (next to their deck) till they only have seven.
There are two basic kinds of cards: "spells" and "lands".
Lands give its player "mana" (magical energy).
Mana is used to cast spells.
A player may only play one land each turn.
More powerful spells take more mana to play.
There are also different kinds of spells. "
Sorceries" and "instants" are played, and go directly to the "graveyard" after their effects take place. "
Permanents" stay in play after they are played, and their effects stay as well. "
Creatures" are a special kind of permanent that can attack and damage other players.
Colors of "Magic"
Most spells are one of five colors: white, blue, black, red, and green.
To play a spell, at least one mana that is the same color as the spell is needed.
Players normally get this mana from "basic lands": "plains" for white, "island" for blue, "swamp" for black, "mountain" for red, and "forest" for green.
Each color has strengths and weaknesses, with white magic dealing in protection and defense, blue magic dealing with manipulation and thinking, black magic dealing in death and greed, red magic dealing in fire and emotion, and green magic dealing in strength and nature.
Each card has a picture that gives an idea of the power of the card.
Card sets are usually made along with stories, and the pictures on cards generally show actions, events or characters in the stories.
1994: Mensa Select Award winner
1994: Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Board game of 1993 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board game of 1993
1994: Origins Award for the Legends set as Best Game Accessory
1995: Deutscher Spiele Preis special award for new gameplay
1995: Italian Gaming Society Gioco dell'Anno award winner
1996: Super As d'Or award for "Best New Game Concept and Genre Introduced in France"
1997: InQuest Fan Award for Best CCG Expansion for the Weatherlight expansion
1998 Origins Award for the Urza's Saga set as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year
1999: Inducted alongside Richard Garfield into the Origins Hall of Fame
2003: Games Magazine selected Magic for its Games Hall of Fame
2005: Origins Award for the Ravnica: City of Guilds expansion as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year
2009: Origins Award for the Shards of Alara set as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year
Richard Garfield and Donato Giancola have also won personal awards for Magic.
They are the largest living amphibians.
The Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus), reaches up to , feeds on fish and crustaceans, and has been known to live for more than 50 years in captivity.
The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) can reach a length of .
Cryptobranchids are large, fat salamanders, with folds of skin along their flanks.
These help increase the animal's surface area, allowing them to absorb more oxygen from the water.
Chinese giant salamanders have lived as long as 75 years in captivity.
It eats aquatic insects, fish, frogs and also crabs and shrimps.
Hunting habits
During mating season, these salamanders will travel upstream.
After the fertilization of the eggs, the male will guard them for at least six months.
At this point, the offspring will live off their noticeable stored fat until they are ready to hunt.
Once ready they will hunt as a group rather than individually.
Scientists at Asa Zoo in Japan have recently discovered that the male salamander will spawn with more than one female in his den.
Sometimes the male "den master" will also allow a second male into the den, but the reason for this is unclear.
Scientific names
Genus Cryptobranchus (hellbenders)
Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis )
Genus Andrias (giant salamanders)
Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)
Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus)
Genus Aviturus (Aviturus exsecratus)
Genus Zaissanurus (Zaissanurus beliajevae)
Eastern Hellbender Fact Sheet
Japanese Giant Salamander
Cryptobranchid Interest Group
Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen  (2 May 1892 - 21 April 1918) was a German fighter aircraft pilot in World War I. His nickname was the "Red Baron".
He is considered the ace-of-aces of the war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories.
The "Red Baron" is one of the most famous aviators in history and the subject of numerous representations in music, film and other media.
He already received numerous honors and award for his exploits.
In August 1914, Richthofen became a cavalry officer in World War I. In May 1915, he joined the air service and became an observer.
He did that because the training course was shorter and would get him to fighting faster.
In October, he began training as a pilot.
In March 1916, he entered combat.
He had his first victory in April.
In 1917, he was in command of a squadron nicknamed the "flying circus".
He painted his airplane red so his fellow Germans could see him.
Richthofen’s sixteenth victory flying a plane made him the best pilot in Germany in 1917.
On April 21, 1918, Richthofen was fatally shot, whilst flying low above the Somme Valley, near Amiens while fighting in France.
He was 25 years old.
He was chasing an enemy plane when a bullet passed through his chest.
He then made a smooth landing, in a field on a hill near the Bray-Corbie road, just north of Vaux-sur-Somme.
His Fokker Dr.I was not damaged by the landing.
One witness, Gunner George Ridgway, said that Richthofen was still alive when he and other Australian soldiers reached the plane, but he died moments later.
Another eyewitness, Sergeant Ted Smout, said that Richthofen's last word was "kaputt" ("finished"), immediately before he died.
Canadian fighter pilot Arthur Roy Brown was officially credited with killing Richthofen.
However, it is now generally agreed that the bullet that killed Richthofen was fired from the ground.
The enemy buried Richthofen's body with full military honors.
German aviators
People from Wrocław
The Fokker Dr.I was a World War I fighter airplane.
It was designed by Reinhold Platz and built by Fokker-Flugzeugwerke.
The Dr.I was used only in small numbers and it had many problems.
It is well known as the plane flown by the "Red Baron", Manfred von Richthofen.
World War I aircraft
Fokker aircraft
Elmer Earl "Butch" Hartman IV (Born January 10, 1965, Highland Park, Michigan) is an American Christian conservative animator, creator of The Fairly OddParents and Danny Phantom.
Hartman was born in Highland Park, Michigan to Elmer Earl Hartman III and Carol Davis.
He received the nickname "Butch" as a youth and continues to use the name professionally as an adult.
Hartman spent his childhood in Roseville, Michigan and his teen years in New Baltimore, Michigan.
He graduated from Anchor Bay High School in New Baltimore in 1983.
He subsequently attended the California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, California.
While still attending the California Institute of the Arts, Hartman received the chance to intern as an in-between animator on the Don Bluth film, "An American Tail".
Shortly after graduating for the California Institute of the Arts Hartman was hired as a character designer for the animated series "My Little Pony".
Instead, they had him working on storyboards (which he had not done before) and as quickly as he was hired, he was fired.
He was also a video reference crew for the Disney movie Pocahontas.
Later, he became a writer, television director and storyboard artist for several Hanna-Barbera shows, including Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, and Johnny Bravo.
After his contract with Hanna-Barbera finished up he went to work with former co-worker Fred Seibert on Oh,Yeah!Cartoons.
He's also a friend of Seth MacFarlane and worked on MacFarlane's animated short "Zoomates" and "Dan Danger" with Steve Marmel.
MacFarlane also has a character on Family Guy named after Hartman named Dr. Hartman.
The Fairly OddParents and Danny Phantom
His biggest success came in 1997, when he created The Fairly OddParents. (
The idea came to him during the drive from Hanna-Barbera to Nickelodeon to pitch an idea to Fred Seibert.)
It was originally a series of made for TV shorts on the anthology show, Oh Yeah!Cartoons.
In 2001, Nickelodeon picked it up as a full series.
The Fairly OddParents became a huge hit, second only in the ratings to SpongeBob SquarePants.
Due to the success of "OddParents", Hartman was asked to create another cartoon for Nickelodeon, (Hartman says the President of Nickelodeon asked him if he had an idea, and before he could say the title he was given a contract.)
Danny Phantom, in 2004.
The Fairly OddParents ceased production in 2006, but it was announced on Hartman's website on February 2, 2007 that 20 more episodes will be produced.
On July 11, 2007, The first new episode of Danny Phantom was aired on the Nicktoons Network.
Danny Phantom ended production on August 24, 2007.
The 7th Season of The Fairly OddParents aired on February 18, 2008, starting with the 1-hour special Fairly Odd Baby.
Hartman was asked to serve as executive producer and screenwriter of Doogal, the Americanized dub of the British/French animated film The Magic Roundabout.
Butch Hartman revealed in an 2017 interview during the Weinstein scandal that the film was originally supposed to include a live-action frame story similar to The Princess Bride but it was scrapped due to budget costs and therefore replaced with Judi Dench's narration.
Hartman even revealed that the original U.S. movie poster had his name and his production company Billionfold Inc. on it, until they were removed in later posters in copyright favor of both Pathé and Action Synthese's credits.
He later expressed long-harbored remorse for his involvement where he revealed that most of his actual script was actually rewritten without his consent by producer Harvey Weinstein and his distribution and production company The Weinstein Company with a screenplay by Hoodwinked!
co-director Cory Edwards; he also claimed that only 3% of his original script made it into the final film.
The film was then dubbed by The Weinstein Company, and was released on February 24, 2006.
However, Doogal was poorly received by critics, and did poorly in the box-office, grossing only $7 million and getting 7% on Rotten Tomatoes.
Other and future works
Hartman is currently working on two new projects for Nickelodeon: one, a live-action series and the other, animated.
It has also been stated that 20 more episodes of The Fairly OddParents are currently under production and if possible, he may decide to go ahead and work on a theatrical feature film The Fairly OddParents Movie as well.
He also has a brand new cartoon series 'T.U.F.F. PUPPY' set to premiere on Nickelodeon in October, 2010.
Hartman is the creator and it stars Jerry Trainor as the voice of the lead character, DUDLEY PUPPY.
His other TV work include voice actor|voicing various characters on the animated series Family Guy (the series' creator Seth MacFarlane even named the wacky family doctor Hartman after him), and playing the character Sean Masters on the short-lived series Generations in 1991.
He was also a recurring character on the popular NBC series Days of Our Lives (1988 - 1989; see ).
FOP looks of other Nicktoons and Shows
On an edition of Nick Magazine, Butch Hartman posted FOP looks of Nicktoons and other Nick Shows such as  Zoey 101, SpongeBob SquarePants, Rugrats, Drake & Josh, and Avatar: The Last Airbender.
Modes of limited transposition are a kind of musical scale.
They were used by the French composer Olivier Messiaen.
Major scales have twelve different transpositions.
This means that a major scale can start on any of the twelve notes (C, C#, D, D# etc.).
There are also twelve different transpositions of the minor scale.
Each transposition (“each scale”) is a different combination of notes (in this case: all of them).
A chromatic scale (one which uses every note, i.e. using all white and black notes of a keyboard) only has one transposition.
This means that a chromatic scale can start on any note: each time it is the same combination of notes.
Messiaen was fascinated by scales that only had a few (usually two or three) transpositions.
For example: the whole tone scale, which rises by a whole tone each time, has two transpositions.
It can start, for example, on a C, so that the notes are C, D, E, F#, G#, A#, C.  It can start on a C# so that the notes are C#, D#, F, G, A, B, C#.
Transposing this up another semitone, starting on D,  would give D, E, F#, G#, A#, C, D which is exactly the same combination of notes as the first one (the starting note is not important).
The whole-tone scale was used by many composers including Glinka, Liszt and, especially, Debussy.
Messiaen called it the  first mode of transposition.
Messiaen’s second mode, also called the “octatonic scale”,  rises by alternating semitone, tone, semitone, tone etc.
Messiaen used this scale a great deal, not just in his tunes but in the chords that he used (i.e. melodically and harmonically).
The third mode rises by a pattern of tone, semitone, semitone.
It has four transpositions.
Messiaen liked these modes because there is no note which sounds like the starting note.
All the notes sound equal.
He described them as having "the charm of impossibilities."
Olivier Messiaen (born Avignon, 10 December 1908; died Clichy, near Paris, 27 April 1992) was a French composer and organist.
He is the most famous French composer of the mid-20th century and one of the most important and original composers of his time.
He was a brilliant organist and played the organ at the church of La Trinité in Paris for over 60 years.
He wrote music for orchestra, piano and organ, most of which is very difficult to play.
He was also a great music teacher who taught several young students who became well-known composers e.g. Pierre Boulez, Yvonne Loriod (who became his second wife), Karlheinz Stockhausen, George Benjamin and Iannis Xenakis.
Messiaen started to compose when he was seven years old.
When he was given the score of Debussy’s opera Pelléas et Mélisande he could imagine the music in his head and he knew he wanted to be a composer.
He went to the Paris Conservatoire when he was 11.
His teachers included some famous composers such as Paul Dukas, Maurice Emmanuel, Charles-Marie Widor and Marcel Dupré.
He was appointed organist at the church of La Trinité in Paris in 1930, a post he held until his death.
When World War II broke out Messiaen was made a prisoner of war in 1940.
While he was held in a Silesian camp he composed a work which was to become a very famous piece of chamber music: the Quatour pour la fin du temps ("Quartet for the end of time") for piano, violin, cello, and clarinet.
He composed for these instruments because they were the instruments available.
The piece was first performed by Messiaen and fellow prisoners to an audience of 5000 inmates and prison guards.
When he was free again in 1941 Messiaen became professor of harmony at the Paris Conservatoire.
He composed 20 pieces for piano which are called Vingt regards sur l’enfant Jésus (Twenty visions of the child Jesus).
He wrote a book about the way he composed, called Technique de mon langage musical (The Technique of my musical language).
Messiaen soon became famous for his teaching and was invited to teach in other countries such as Germany, Hungary and the United States.
He became interested in the rhythms of Greek and Hindu music.
His first wife died in 1959 and he remarried in 1961.
He also became very interested in birdsong and spent a lot of time with his wife in the country with a tape recorder recording birdsong.
He imitated the birdsong in his music, especially in piano pieces called Oiseaux exotiques (Exotic birds) and the Catalogue d’oiseaux (Catalogue of birds).
Messiaen wrote a lot of organ music which he performed himself.
One very popular work is called Transports de joie (Outburst of joy).
It is one of four pieces called L'Ascension (The Ascension).
A much longer work, consisting of nine movements, is the La Nativité du Seigneur (The Birth of our Lord).
The last movement of this piece is a toccata called Dieu parmi nous (God among us).
It has become a favourite piece for organists to play at recitals or after Christmas carol services.
Messiaen wrote a long piece for orchestra called the  Turangalîla  Symphony.
It was first performed in Boston in 1949 with Bernstein conducting.
The French government commissioned a piece called Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum (And we expect the rising of the dead) which was dedicated to people who had died in the two world wars.
It was performed in the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris and then in Chartres Cathedral in 1965 in the presence of General Charles de Gaulle.
In 1966 Messiaen became professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire.
His visit to the Grand Canyon inspired him to write a ten-movement orchestral piece called Des Canyons aux étoiles (From the canyons to the stars), which was first performed in 1974 in New York.
Messiaen had been asked in 1971 to write an opera for the Paris Opéra.
At first he did not want to start such a large work, but in 1975 he was persuaded to accept the commission and began work on his Saint-François d'Assise.
It took him several years to compose.
It was performed in 1983.
Messiaen said that he preferred to call it a “spectacle” instead of an “opera”.
Messiaen retired from teaching at the Conservatoire in 1978.
In 1987 he was given the highest rank: the Grand-Croix of the Légion d'honneur.
Messiaen was in a lot of pain near the end of his life.
He needed operations on his back.
He still managed to finish a piece called  Éclairs sur l'au delà, which was first performed by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra six months after the composer's death.
Messiaen had also been composing a concerto for four musicians he felt particularly grateful to: his wife Loriod, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, the oboist Heinz Holliger and the flautist Catherine Cantin.
This was nearly finished when Messiaen died, and Yvonne Loriod orchestrated the last movement with advice from George Benjamin.
Messiaen said of himself that he was a “composer and rhythmician”.
He meant by this that rhythm was very important in his music.
He taught himself all about Greek metres although he did not speak the Greek language.
He liked rhythms which use odd numbers.
Very often a bar of his music may have one extra semiquaver so that there might be 17 semiquavers in a bar.
He studied Hindu rhythms and found ways of changing the rhythms during the music.
He was very influenced by the rhythms in  Stravinsky’s famous piece The Rite of Spring.
Messiaen’s harmonies are very individual.
He was fascinated by scales which can only be transposed in two or three different ways.
He called these scales “modes of limited transposition”.
Messiaen’s music is full of different sounds.
He wrote extremely well for large orchestras and for the organ, using different instruments or organ sounds in very original ways, e.g. in Chronochromie (1960) for large orchestra and Méditations sur le mystère de la Sainte Trinité.(1969), a work which uses styles from his earlier period together with birdsong.
Messiaen had synesthesia which meant that music often made him think of particular colours.
In his orchestra Messiaen often used an instrument called the ondes Martenot which was a kind of electronic keyboard instrument.
His sister-in-law Jeanne Loriod was a famous player of the ondes Martenot.
Messiaen was also influenced by Indonesian gamelan music.
For a short time he experimented with total serialism.
In some of his later works such as the La Transfiguration de notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ'', for choir of 100 voices, seven instrumental soloists and large orchestra, composed in the late 1960s, he used a simpler musical language which has helped it to become very popular.
Messiaen was a devout Roman Catholic all his life.
His religion was a very important influence on his life and music.
Musicians from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Simplified Chinese characters are one of the two commonly used forms of Chinese characters.
As its name shows, it is made of characters that have in part been "simplified" from the original written form, which are called traditional Chinese characters.
When the People's Republic of China was formed in 1949, the Communist Party of China under Mao Zedong wanted to help the Chinese people read and write.
Before 1949, most Chinese people could not read.
The government hoped that by using fewer strokes to write characters, along with many other changes in the education system, the Chinese language would become more standardized like Japanese.
The Empire of Japan had brought changes to the Japanese writing system during the earlier Meiji Restoration to make literacy and education more widely available to all Japanese citizens.
Mao also hoped that simplifying Chinese characters would begin to shift Chinese people away from using the character system itself and that eventually Chinese-speakers would only use a phonetic alphabet to write.
The first set of simplified Chinese characters were first put to public use in 1956.
Over time, more characters became "simplified", or existing ones changed, once in 1964 and again in 1978 and 1984.
Many people did not like these changes because too many characters with different meanings were merged.
In hopes of promoting phonetic writing, the CCP was also working creating a standard romanization to accurately represent the pronunciation of Standard Chinese, pinyin.