the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
All four grew to adulthood.
Taylor knew the difficult life of a military man.
He was always against their daughters marrying military men, but all the three married military persons from the United States Army.
At the White House, Peggy Taylor participated in the household activities and personal functions.
She did not participate in formal and official functions.
Her youngest daughter, Mary Elizabeth Bliss, acted as the official hostess for her mother.
People from Maryland
The Persian Gulf is the name of a geographical place.
Its location is in the Middle East.
It is an extension of the Gulf of Oman.
It is between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula, and the Arabs prefer to call it the "Gulf of the Arabs".
During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the Persian Gulf came into news.
Both sides attacked oil tankers of each other.
Later, when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991, the new war got the name of "Gulf War" but major fighting happened on land.
The water in the Persian Gulf is rich in fishes; it has long beautiful coral reefs.
Deep inside the water of the Persian Gulf, there are many pearl oysters.
Due to this, the area attracts a lot of activities.
In Persian language, the term khalīj-e-Fars means the Persian Gulf.
In October 2018, the World Intellectual Property Organization of the United Nations registered Persian Gulf as a place of origin, based on the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration.
The sea waters of the Persian Gulf covers an area of 233,000 km2.
On the east, it connects with the Gulf of Oman by Strait of Hormuz.
On the west, it connects a major river delta of Shatt al-Arab.
In this river delta, waters of two big rivers of the area flow into: the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers.
The length of the Persian Gulf is 989 kilometers, and the shortest distance between two land points are 56 kilometers.
The waters are generally not very deep.
The maximum depth is only 90 meters.
The average depth is only 50 meters.
There are many countries with borders touching the Persian Gulf.
If taken in a clockwise direction, these countries are from the north: Iran, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar on a peninsula off the Saudi coast; Bahrain on an island; and Kuwait and Iraq in the northwest.
Many small islands lie within the Persian Gulf.
The area in and around the Persian Gulf has world’s largest crude oil.
Industries relating to crude oil are the main industries in this area.
Al-Safaniya, the world’s largest offshore oil field is in the Persian Gulf.
Many countries with large crude oil are in this area.
They are called Persian Gulf States, that is, the countries around the Persian Gulf.
These countries are Iran, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
Iraq (with its small portion touching the Persian Gulf) is not called a Persian Gulf State.
British control
For about 200 years, from 1763 until 1971, the United Kingdom kept some control over some of the Persian Gulf countries.
These countries were the Trucial States and at various times Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar.
Upon independence most of the Trucial States made a new United Arab Emirates.
Gulfs
The Khalistan movement is a Sikh secessionist movement.
Promoted as a separatist campaign, its goal is to create a homeland for Sikhs by seceding the Indian Punjab from India and establishing a sovereign, ethno-religious Sikh state called Khālistān ('Land of the Khalsa'), in the Punjab region.
The geographical area of the proposed state is variable and several propositions have been made by different groups, but all plans which have been primarily considered involve land that currently forms Punjab, Chandigarh and Punjabi speaking areas of Haryana and Rajasthan.
The movement included a period of violence, militancy, and terrorism from the 1980s to the mid-1990s.
On 12 April 1980, Jagjit Singh Chauhan, a prominent supporter of the movement, declared the Council of Khalistan, at Anandpur Sahib.
He said he was the President of organization, and Balbir Singh Sandhu was its Secretary General.
In May 1980, Chauhan traveled to London and announced the formation of Khalistan.
A similar announcement was made by Sandhu, in Amritsar.
Religious landscape of East Punjab region
East Punjab comprising the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh had a population of 61,014,852 people as of 2011 census report of India.
The Hindus form a majority in East Punjab region with 40,234,605 adherents comprising (65.94%), Sikhs are 17,466,731 comprising (28.62%) of the region, Muslims are 2,518,159 comprising (4.12%) of the region and others are 795,357 including Christians, Buddhists, Jains, and atheists together comprising remaining (1.3%) of the region.
Sikhs are the majority in Punjab, while Hindus form the majority in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Chandigarh.
In this 21st century, Sikh population is 30 million worldwide, out of which 17.46 million lives in East Punjab region of India and rest 3.34 million lives out of East Punjab region of India.
Foreign diaspora shows that in additional +10 million Sikhs live outside of India, particularly in the countries of West, Canada, Australia, US.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a large international organization to regulate trade that was established in 1995.
As of 2018, there are 164 members and 23 observer nations.
In the WTO, agreements are made on trade between countries.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) means that countries have to lower barriers to international trade, such as tariff on goods crossing borders.
This lets businesses operate in many different countries.
Member countries sign agreements
There are about 30 such agreements.
Based on these agreements, the member countries trade with each other.
They sell items to each other and follow a set of rules.
They have to give a special job to the other country.
The phrase used (for such and many alike items) is to give the other country a special job – this is known as to give the other country a most favored country job.
From 2004, if a member sells any item to another member country, the same type of item should be offered to all other member countries.
Międzyrzec Podlaski is a city in the east of Poland, in Lublin Voivodeship.
It is on the Krzna rivers.
It has 17 283 people.
The Qing Dynasty () was a dynasty of rulers of China from 1644 to 1912.
The dynasty was founded by the Manchus and so its other name is the Manchu dynasty.
The surname of the Qing emperors was Aisin Gioro.
Rise of the Manchu state
In 1580, Nurhaci became the Jian Zhou general of the Ming dynasty.
He unified the Manchu tribe and organised the Eight Banners.
In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Khan (King) and founded the Jin dynasty in Liao Ling.
In 1626, Nurhaci led armies to attack Ning Yuan.
Unluckily, Nurhaci was wounded by Yuan Chonghuan's Portuguese cannon and he died 2 days later.
Huang Taiji, the son of Nurhaci, then succeeded to the throne and became the Khan of the Manchu tribe.
In 1643, Huang Taiji was dead, caused by apoplexy.
Shunzhi Emperor inherited Huang Taiji's throne.
Prince Dorgon became the regent.
In 1644, the Manchu armies conquered the north of China.
The capital was changed to Beijing.
The Ming dynasty was overthrown, though fighting continued until 1683.
Late-Qing
A. The self-strengthening movement (1861 - 1895)
The self-strengthening movement ( or ; 1861 - 1895) was a reform organised during the late Qing.
With the defeat in the Opium Wars and the outbreak of Taiping Rebellion, the emperor and the imperial officials realised that it was necessary to improve the country's state with a series of reforms.
Therefore, the Self-Strengthening Movement was started.
The movement could be divided into three phases: the first phase (1861 - 1872), the second phase (1872 - 1885) and the third phase (1885 - 1895).
The major leaders are Yixin, Prince Gong (Chinese: 恭親王), Wenxiang (Chinese: 文祥), Zeng Guofan (Chinese: 曾國藩), Li Hongzhang (Chinese: 李鴻章), Zuo Zongtang (Chinese: 左宗棠), Shen Baozhen (Chinese: 沈葆禎) and Zhang Zhidong (Chinese: 張之洞).
However, owing to the conservatives opposition and the problems of modernization, it failed finally.
National defence
Arsenals were built in Shanghai and Xiamen.
Shipyards were built in Fuzhou and Tianjin.
The Beiyang Fleet was organized by Li Hongzhang.
Industry and trade
Modern banks were built.
Many industries were built in the South of China.
Diplomatic modernization
The Zongli Yamen, a foreign office of the Qing dynasty, was set up in 1861.
In 1868, the Qing government sent its first official diplomatic mission aboard.
B. The hundred days' reform (1898)
With the failure of the Self-Strengthening Movenment, the defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War and the scramble for concessions, many Chinese leaders realised that reforms were urgently needed.
Thus, the Hundred Day's Reform (Chinese: 戊戌變法; 11 June 1898 - 21 September 1898) was started in 1898.
The leaders of the reform were Guangxu Emperor, Kang Youwei (Chinese: 康有為) and Liang Qichao (Chinese: 梁啟超).
Eventually, it ended in a coup d'état led by Empress Dowager Cixi.
Political reforms
Useless government posts were to be abolished.
Economic reforms
Modern banks would be built.
Railways were to be built.
Military reform
The army and navy were to have modern weapons.
A national militia would be organised.
Qing government and society
The Manchus changed their ways to be more like the Chinese in order to rule them better.
The Manchus started wearing Chinese clothes and writing in Chinese.
They began to enjoy Chinese food and art.
One of the Manchu emperors, Qianlong Emperor, began to worry about how much like the Chinese the Manchus were becoming and he tried to get Manchus to be more Manchu.
Qianlong Emperor made Manchus ride horses and shoot bows and arrows so that they would remember where they came from.
The Chinese people used different types of clothes like maccukau, konaha, schinin and sakahn.
Regional Development
In the early Qing, Guangdong was a province.
There were totally 79 counties.
In 1911, it was checked that there were 5,041,780 households, approximately 28,001,564 people.
The famous mountains in Guangdong were Lingchau, Huangling and Luofu.
Dongjiang, Beijiang and Xijiang were the most important rivers in Guangdong.
Guangzhou, Zhaoqing, Xiamen and Fujian were the major Guangdong cities.
History of Ming, compiled under Zhang Tingyu in 1739.
Draft History of Qing, compiled under Zhao Erxun in 1927.
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic is a video game developed by BioWare.
The game has a sequel, titled Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords.
The game, also known as KotOR, is a role-playing game.
Developed using BioWare's engine Aurora, the game is set in the fictional universe of Star Wars.
The story takes place four thousand years before the Battle of Yavin, 40 years after the war with Exar Kun (circa 3,956 BBY).
Darth Revan has been killed by his apprentice, Darth Malak, who has taken the mantle of Dark Lord of the Sith.
Malak is continuing the war against the Old Republic, using numerous battleships.
The Jedi Order sees its hope in Bastila Shan, a young female Jedi who is skilled in the art called Battle Meditation.
With that power, she can optimize the performance of the Jedi troops and the battleships.
Also, an unnamed soldier (the player chooses the name) comes under attention of the Jedi Council.
Since it is a roleplaying game, the player can choose which class he wants to be.
He can choose between soldier, scout, and scoundrel.
The choice affects the statistics of the character (strength, agility, etc.).
Also, the player can choose their character's gender and face.
The player must follow several main objectives, with many other minor missions.
The player, while travelling on several planets, will meet some people who join him in his quest.
A number up to 8 companions can join the player: Trask Ulgo, Carth Onasi, Bastila Shan, Mission Vao, Zaalbar, Canderous Ordo, Juhani, Jolee Bindo.
The main goal is to find the Star Forge, a powerful battle station that builds an endless fleet, which is used against the Republic.
The player also has to kill Darth Malak.
The main character (the player) is entirely customizable.
Face, gender and class can be chosen from a series of menus.
One later discovers that they are Darth Reven, but still go by the original own name.
Carth Onasi - A Republican soldier, veteran of the Mandalorian Wars.
Class: Soldier.
Bastila Shan - A young female Jedi, who will look after the player.
Class: Jedi Sentinel.
Mission Vao - A young Twi'lek, expert hacker.
Class: Scoundrel.
Zaalbar - A Wookiee, friend of Mission.
Class: Explorer.
Canderous Ordo - A Mandalorian warrior, veteran of the Mandalorian Wars.
Juhani - A Cathar (human with cat-like features) female Jedi.
Class: Jedi Guardian.
Jolee Bindo - An old human Jedi.
Class: Jedi Consular.
T3-M4 - An astromech droid.
Class: Droid.
HK-47 - An assassin droid.
Darth Malak - The Dark Lord of the Sith and true "boss" of the game.
Darth Bandon - Malak's apprentice.
Calo Nord - A short bounty hunter.
Jedi Masters of the council.
Star Wars games
Usually, one person (the "hypnotist") talks to another (the "subject") in a special way that puts the subject into a trance.
While the subject is in this state, he can be influenced by suggestions.
The hypnotist can tell him to forget his name, or that the room is hot (he will start sweating), or that he is someone else.
Hypnotic suggestions may be delivered by a hypnotist in the presence of the subject, or may be self-administered ('self-suggestion' or 'autosuggestion').
The use of hypnotism for therapeutic purposes is referred to as 'hypnotherapy', while its use as a form of entertainment for an audience is known as 'stage hypnosis'.
Contrary to a popular misconception—that hypnosis is a form of unconsciousness resembling sleep—some contemporary research suggests that hypnotic subjects are fully awake and are focusing attention, with a corresponding decrease in their peripheral awareness.
Subjects also show an increased response to suggestions.
However, the behaviour of subjects under hypnotism goes so far beyond normal focused attention that the description of "altered state of consciousness" is more used.
Hypnotherapy is when a hypnotist uses hypnosis to help the subject heal emotionally, or to heal a sick mind.
Hypnotherapy is hypnosis used for therapy.
Hypnosis can also be done by one person acting alone.
Then he is acting as both hypnotist and subject.
This is called "self-hypnosis," or sometimes "auto-suggestion."
In some cases, this is simply a form of using trance.
Ancient societies
Almost every pre-modern society had practices which were somewhat like hypnotism.
Often a special person in a society (witchdoctor, shaman, priest...) would conduct a ceremony.
The ceremony might use incantations (spells), chants, repetitive music, mind-altering substances, darkness, fire, and other settings.
The purpose was to send a person or group into an altered state of mind like a trance.
Even literate societies such as ancient Greece had phenomena suggestive of hypnosis.
The Delphic oracle was in a trance of some kind as she uttered her famous predictions.
Whether that was self-hypnosis or just the effects of volcanic gas will never be known.
Western societies
There seem to be many ideas about how hypnosis started.
Historic records in modern Europe start with the work of Franz Mesmer, though he did not invent the word 'hypnotism'.
Mesmer and his followers practised what was first called 'animal magnetism', and later mesmerism.
Descriptions of his work leave no doubt that he had discovered for himself what we now call 'hypnotism'.
The words hypnosis and hypnotism both derive from the term neuro-hypnotism (nervous sleep) coined by the Scottish surgeon James Braid around 1841.
Braid based his practice on that developed by but differed in his theory as to how the procedure worked.
The main hypnosis discoveries came in 1842 when Braid started to learn more about its effects.
He did not think that 'mesmerism' was the cause of hypnosis, and in the end he thought that trances were only a 'nervous sleep'.
In 1843 he wrote a book about this with the title Neurypnology.
In this book Braid described hypnotism as a state of physical relaxation accompanied and induced by mental concentration ("abstraction").
The hypnotist must do two things to do hypnosis.
First, he must put the subject into a trance.
Second, he must lead the subject through the trance process (for therapy, or whatever effect is needed).
Often, he will switch between these, first making sure the subject is in the proper state of mind, and then leading him through the process.
These steps are repeated in a cycle throughout.
In trance, the subject does not make decisions about the truth of the hypnotist's suggestions: If trance is reached—it is not always—the subject will accept as true anything the hypnotist says, unless it goes against the subject's deepest beliefs.
This is the heart of hypnosis: to put the subject in trance so he will accept suggestions.
Stage hypnotists get truly amazing effects from good subjects: they can make them forget their names, believe they are someone else, make them see people who are not there, make them forget letters or numbers, and so on.
This happens because the subject actively follows the hypnotist's suggestions, because he trusts the hypnotist and he believes it is safe.
If the trust is broken or the subject believes it is not safe, the subject may emerge from trance.
Hypnosis is not truly a power resting in the hypnotist.
Instead, the power rests in the mind of the subject.
The hypnotist simply knows how to guide the subject through trance.
The Krusty Krab is a fictional fast food restaurant in the television series, "SpongeBob SquarePants".
It is in the city of Bikini Bottom.
The restaurant is run by a crab, Eugene H. Krabs.
The other two workers at the restaurant are SpongeBob SquarePants (fry cook), and Squidward Tentacles (cashier).
The fast food that is sold are the popular Krabby Patty (which are similar to hamburgers but made of krill), and others such as French fries, and drinks.
Fictional buildings and structures
en:SpongeBob SquarePants#Setting
The M6 is the longest motorway in the United Kingdom.
It is also one of the busiest motorways in the country.
It is often referred to as "The Backbone of Britain".
The M6 is part of the unsigned E-road E24 from the M1 to the M6 Toll near Birmingham.
The E5 joins the M6 Toll from the M42 and then uses the M6 to its north end at Carlisle.
Then it continues to become the M74.
The motorway is 230 miles (370km) long.
This is 37 miles longer than the M1 motorway.
History and curiosities
The first section of the motorway was the Preston by-pass, opened on 5 December 1958.
It was built by a company called Tarmac Construction.
It was the first motorway in the United Kingdom.
It was opened by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.
The motorway was later extended in both directions.
Junction 6 in Birmingham has the name Spaghetti Junction.
This is because it looks very complex from the sky.
On the high ground between Shap and Tebay, the north and south-bound carriages split apart.
Strangely, at this point a local road runs between the two carriageways without a link to the motorway.
The section of the M6 which runs over Shap Fell in Cumbria is 1050 ft (320 m) above sea level.
This is one of the highest points on any motorway in the UK.
The West Coast Main Line railway follows the same course.
It runs alongside the M6 for much of its length.
The motorway starts at the M1 in Rugby.
It passes through Birmingham and Spaghetti Junction.
The motorway continues to the north, passing Liverpool and Manchester.
It goes around Preston and up to Lancaster.
It then follows through a valley past the Lake District and Penrith.
It finishes at Carlisle.
At the end of the M6 motorway at Carlisle, there is a 6-mile stretch of the A74 which links England to Scotland.
This is called the Cumberland Gap.
This was caused by an argument between the British Parliament and the Scottish Parliament, which left neither the M6 or the A74(M) being built.
After a lot of controversy, building started on the remaining six miles.
When it is completed, there will be a complete motorway going from London to Glasgow.
The M6 Toll is a toll road which was opened in 2003.
It starts at Junction 11A and runs around Birmingham to Junction 3A. It is the first toll road to be built in the United Kingdom.
It was opened on 9 December 2003.
It is reported to save 45 minutes from the average journey.
CBRD Motorway Database - M6
Motorways in England
The sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) is a bear that lives in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
Sloth bears have long and shaggy black fur, but its fur can also be brown.
On its chest it has a white or yellow mark, which is shaped like an Y or V. They have big feet with long claws.
The long claws are also the reason for its English name, because the claws look like the claws of a xloth.
Sloth bears are omnivores and eats mostly termites and ants.
But they also eat fruit, honey, eggs, carrion, grasses and occasionally rodents.
Sloth bears use their claws to dig up ants from the dirt.
They also use their claws to fight predators such as tigers, leopards and jackals.
Bengal tigers prey on sloth bears of all ages.
Indian leopards, dholes and Indian wolves may also be a threat.
Female sloth bears usually have 1-2 babies, sometimes 3.
Young sloth bears stay with their mother for 2–3 years.
In captivity they can live to be 40 years old.
An inclined plane is a simple machine.
It allows one to use less force to move an object.
Examples of inclined planes are ramps, sloping roads and hills, plows, chisels, hatchets, carpenter's planes, and wedges.
The typical example of an inclined plane is a sloped surface; for example a roadway to bridge at a different height.
Calculation of forces acting on an object on an inclined planes
The normal force (N) exerted on the body by the plane due to the attraction of gravity i.e. mg cos θ
the force due to gravity (mg, acting vertically downwards) and
the frictional force (f) acting parallel to the plane.
We can break the force from gravity into two vectors, one perpendicular to the plane and one parallel to the plane.
Since there is no movement perpendicular to the plane, the component of the gravitational force in this direction (mg cos θ) must be equal and opposite to normal force exerted by the plane, N. Therefore, .
If the component of the force from gravity parallel to the surface (mg sin θ) is greater than the static frictional force fs – then the body will slide down the inclined plane with acceleration  where fk is the force of friction – otherwise it will remain stationary.
When the angle of the slope (θ) is zero, sin θ is also zero, so the body will not move.
An interactive simulation of physics – inclined plane
LEGO is a type of building toy created and made by The Lego Group, a company from Denmark.
LEGO bricks are colorful plastic building blocks that can be joined together easily to make a tower, house, and more.
LEGO bricks are joined together by studs on the top, and holes in the bottom of the brick commonly known as the brick-and-knob connection.
LEGO is the most popular building toy in the world.
The LEGO Group was started by Ole Kirk Christiansen, a Danish toy maker, in 1935.
Christiansen made wooden toys for children.
He made and sold his first plastic LEGO sets in the 1940s.
Since then, LEGO has become very popular and are known and loved by people around the world kids and adults alike.
LEGO bricks come in many shapes, sizes and colors.
There are wheels, car screens, and plants.
LEGO bricks can be joined together in many ways.
Vehicles, buildings and even robots can all be built with LEGO bricks.
All the bricks from LEGO sets can fit together.
New bricks made today can fit with old bricks made years ago.
The bricks can join together no matter which set they come from.
LEGO has become so popular that people sometimes use the word "Lego" to talk about any sort of building blocks.
There are millions of LEGO fans and many LEGO conventions around the world.
LEGO Video Games
Many LEGO video games are being created for different video game systems.
LEGO video games usually come from LEGO themes, such as LEGO Star Wars.
LEGO Star Wars has five video games, and a sixth LEGO Star Wars will come out in 2022.
Other LEGO video games include LEGO Indiana Jones, LEGO Harry Potter, and LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean.
Television and movies
A LEGO Cartoon Network show Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu was aired from 2011 to 2012, and a second Cartoon Network LEGO show aired in 2013.
In 2014 The LEGO Movie was released, starring Chris Pratt, Will Arnett, Elizabeth Banks, Morgan Freeman, Will Ferrell, and Liam Neeson.
The movie was released on February 7, 2014.
Since then, three other LEGO movies have been made, like The LEGO Batman Movie, The LEGO Ninjago Movie, and The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part.
Official Lego Website
da:LEGO
The giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, is a bear.
It lives in south central China.
Although it belongs to the order Carnivora, the panda's diet is 99% bamboo.
Pandas in the wild occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers, or even meat in the form of birds, rodents or carrion.
In captivity, they may get honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, or bananas along with specially prepared food.
Giant pandas are bears.
They have black and white fur all around them.
The black fur is on their ears, around their eyes, on their legs, and on their shoulders.
Giant pandas are about the size of an American black bear.
They are about  tall at the shoulder when they are standing on all four legs.
They are about  long.
Males weigh up to  in the wild.
Females usually weigh less than .
Living areas
Wild giant pandas have lived in the mountains of central China.
They live in forests of tall trees.
They eat the bamboo that grows under the trees.
The weather is rainy and misty in the mountain forests.
There are thick clouds almost all the time.
Food and water
Bamboo is the main diet of pandas.
Ninety-nine percent of the food they eat is bamboo.
They eat as much as  of bamboo every day.
They spend 10 to 16 hours every day looking for food and eating it.
Bamboo is a grass.
Sometimes giant pandas eat other grasses.
They also eat little rodents or musk deer babies (fawns).
In zoos, giant pandas eat bamboo, sugar cane, vegetables, and fruit.
Giant pandas get a lot of water from the bamboo they eat.
They need more water though.
They drink from the freshwater streams and rivers in the mountain.
Melting snow high in the mountains runs into these streams and rivers.
Kinds of giant pandas
There are two kinds of giant pandas.
They both live in China.
The best known is the black and white panda.
Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca.
The other giant panda has dark brown and light brown fur.
Its skull is smaller than the other giant panda.
It has larger molars.
This panda lives only in the Qinling Mountains.
Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis.
Baby pandas
Giant pandas are ready to have babies (cubs) when they are between the ages of four and eight years.
They may be able to have babies until about age 20.
Female pandas are ready to have a baby only once a year.
This is in the springtime.
There are only two or three days during which a baby panda can form in the mother's belly.
Calls and scents bring the males and female pandas to each other.
Female pandas may give birth to two young.
Usually only one lives.
Giant panda cubs may stay with their mothers for up to three years.
Then they leave her for a life of their own.
Giant pandas and people
Today, the giant panda is a symbol for China.
It is protected by the Chinese government.
Killing a giant panda is a crime.
The giant panda may become extinct.
It will die out if the forests of bamboo continue to disappear.
People outside of eastern Asia did not know about the giant panda until 1869.
The first "Westerner" to see a live panda was a German zoologist in 1916.
In 1936, Ruth Harkness became the first Westerner to bring a live giant panda out of China.
It was a cub (baby panda) named Su-Lin.
The cub was taken to live at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago.
In the 1970s, China began showing giant pandas in zoos in the United States and Japan as a type of diplomacy.
This happened until 1984, when China changed how this was done.
Starting in 1984, China would allow zoos to keep the giant pandas for 10 years, but the zoo would have to pay China up to $1,000,000 each year.
Also, the zoo would have to agree that any cubs born would belong to China.
San Diego, California, United States
Memphis, Tennessee, United States
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Rhenen, The Netherlands
Kobe, Hyōgo, Japan
Shirahama, Wakayama, Japan
Endangered animal
The giant panda is an endangered species.
It may become extinct.
In 2013, it was estimated that there were less than 2,500 mature giant pandas living in the wild.
Illegal hunting is no longer a problem.
Hunting for pandas is a crime.
The penalties are harsh if you hunt pandas.
The greatest threat to survival is the loss of living areas.
People are ruining the areas where pandas live.
They are cutting down trees.
They are building farms.
Groups of pandas are forced to live in small areas.
They are isolated.
They cannot mix other panda groups.
Giant pandas eat bamboo.
Sometimes the bamboo dies off.
At one time, pandas could move to an area where bamboo was still growing.
Moving has become more and more difficult.
People are living and working in panda areas.
Pandas cannot move about as freely as they once did.
Helping pandas to survive
China set up the first giant panda nature reserve in 1963.
Other nature reserves were also set up.
There were 40 giant panda reserves in 2006.
Pandas International
Wolong Panda Club
The Game Boy Color (often said as GBC) is a video game console manufactured by Nintendo.
It was first introduced in Japan in October 1998 and released in North America, Europe and Australia in November 1998.
It is the successor to the original Game Boy, but it precedes the Game Boy Advance (which is backwards compatible with GB and GBC games).
The biggest innovation of the Game Boy Color was its colorful graphics.
The Game Boy Color is almost as powerful as the Nintendo Entertainment System.
With the exception of the Pokemon Mini, it was the last 8-bit console made by a mainstream company.
The last game released for Game Boy Color was Harry Potter And The Chamber of Secrets in 2002.
The GBC has a color screen rather than a monochrome, but it is not backlit.
It is clearly thicker and bigger and has a slightly smaller screen than the Game Boy Pocket, its last model in the Game Boy line.
As with the original Game Boy, it has a 8-bit processor made by Sharp Corporation that is a hybrid between the Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80.
The spelling of the system's name, Game Boy Color, remains used throughout the world, with its American English spelling of "color".
The Game Boy Color is part of the fifth generation of video game consoles.
The GBC's competitors in Japan were the grayscale 16-bit handhelds, Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan, though the Game Boy Color outsold them by a wide margin.
SNK and Bandai countered with the Neo Geo Pocket Color and the Wonderswan Color, this did little to change Nintendo's sales.
With Sega discontinuing the Game Gear in 1997, the Game Boy Color's only competitor in the United States was its last one, the Game Boy, until the short-lived Neo Geo Pocket Color was made in August 1999.
The Game Boy and the Game Boy Color together have sold 118.69 million units worldwide making it the third-best-selling system of all time.
It was discontinued on March 23, 2003, shortly after the Game Boy Advance SP was made.
Its best-selling game was Pokémon Gold and Silver, which sold 23 million units worldwide.
Hula is a word in the Hawaiian language.
Male dancers and female dancers can both dance hula.
A long time ago, hula dance was used only in special ceremonies.
Now, hula dance is mainly for entertainment.
Traditionally, the hula dancer dances to a chant (a poem that is sung to a rhythm).
The chanter beats his or her hand on a gourd (dried, empty squash) to create the rhythm.
There are many kinds of hula dance.
For example, the Hawaiian hula dance style is slow and the Tahitian hula dance style is fast.
Herakles (Ancient Greek: Ἡρακλῆς, Hēraklēs - “one glorified of Hera”) is a divine hero in Greek mythology.
The greatest of the Greek heroes, Herakles was a demigod, son of Zeus and the mortal Alkmene as well as the twin brother of Iphicles.
As a god, Herakles served as a paragon of masculinity, and was a patron of heroic endeavor.
In Ancient Rome and the modern West, he is known as Hercules, with whom the later Roman emperors, in particular Commodus and Maximian, often identified themselves.
The figure is most well known for his famous Twelve Labors, a series of seemingly impossible tasks he was made to complete in order to atone for the crime of murdering his family.
As a culture hero, he was said to have started the Ancient Olympic Games and marked out the length of the Olympic stadium.
He was the subject of much ancient and modern art, and remains a popular figure in modern times, being the subject of various films and television series, such as Walt Disney's Hercules.
A major factor in the tragedy surrounding Herakles was the hatred that the goddess Hera, wife of Zeus, had for him, as he was one of the god’s illegitimate children, born to him by the mortal woman Alkmene.
Zeus, lusting after her, took the guise of Alkmene’s husband Amphityron (he had been away fighting a war at the time) and lay with her.
The real Amphitryon returned to Thebes later that night, and Alkmene became pregnant with his son, Iphicles.
On the night Herakles and his twin Iphicles were slated to be born, Hera made Zeus swear an oath that the next descendant of Perseus to be born would become High King (ruler of Tiryns and Mycenae).
Once the oath was made, Hera hurried to Alkmene’s house in Thebes, where Eileithyia, goddess of childbirth, had come to help deliver the twins; Hera arranged for Eileithyia to keep her legs and arms crossed, causing Herakles and his twin to be trapped in the womb.
Hera then caused Eurystheus (son of Sthenelus and Herakles’ cousin) to be born prematurely, making him the one to become the High King instead.
Alkmene wouldve remained in labor, had it not been for her maidservant Galanthis, who came out of Alkmene's room to announce (falsely) that Alkmene had just given birth.
Eileithyia jumped up in surprise, allowing Herakles and his twin to be born.
Hera angrily turned Galanthis into a weasel. (
Herakles was given the name Alkeides, meaning "of the line of Alcaeus", father of Amphitryon).
Shortly after Herakles was born, Alkmene, fearing Hera might take vengeance on her, took her infant child to a desolate plain outside of Thebes and abandoned him.
The goddess Athena saw Herakles and swooped down to Earth, taking him up to Olympus.
She took the baby to Hera, who, not knowing it was Herakles, took pity on the child and began to nurse him at her breast.
Herakles suckled so hard that it hurt Hera, who pushed him away; the goddess' divine milk then spilled across the night sky, forming the Milky Way.
This bestowed upon Herakles the godlike strength for which he is famous for.
When Herakles was only eight months old, Hera placed two enormous serpents in the crib where Herakles and Iphikles slept.
As Iphicles cried out in fear, Herakles took a serpent in each hand and strangled them to death.
Adolesence
Herakles became a strong teenager.
He learned to use weapons and to drive a chariot.
One day he killed his music teacher Linus because the man had tried to whip him.
Herakles was charged with murder, but said he had acted in self defense.
He was freed.
People feared him though, so he was sent far out of town to work on a farm.
Herakles became stronger with the hard work.
He was seven feet tall.
He was eighteen when he left the farm.
Lion of Kithaeron
Herakles was eighteen when he hunted the large and powerful Lion of Kithaeron.
This lion was killing cows in a land near Thebes.
The hunt lasted fifty days and ended when Herakles smashed the lion's skull with a club of olive wood.
This club is seen in pictures of Herakles.
He dressed in the lion's skin.
Herakles slept in King Thespius' palace while the hunt progressed.
He had sex with the King's fifty daughters and became the father of fifty-two sons.
One of the girls did not have sex with him.
She became a priestess in his shrine.
Herakles was going back to Thebes when he met the heralds of King Erginus.
They were on their way to Thebes to collect tribute.
They treated Herakles with contempt.
Herakles cut off their ears, noses, and hands.
Erginus made war on Thebes, but was defeated and killed by Herakles.
For saving Thebes, King Kreon gave his daughter Megara in marriage to Herakles.
Madness, murder, and The Labors of Herakles
Hera could not rest easily because Herakles was becoming more and more famous.
Her anger and hatred made her look foolish.
She tricked Herakles into thinking his sons were his enemies and, insane with anger, he murdered them.
When he came to his senses, he was overcome with grief.
He ran from other people and lived for a time in exile.
He looked for advice from the Oracle of Delphi.
The priestess sent him to serve King Eurystheus, King of Tyrins in Mycenae.
In this way, she said, he would be washed clean of his crimes.
Eurystheus was a dull and bad man.
Herakles hated him.
Eurystheus set some tasks for Herakles to do.
These tasks came to be called "The Labors of Herakles".
It was said that Hera designed them.
She hoped the tasks would kill him.
Zeus would grant Herakles immortality with the successful completion of the Labors.
Herakles was married to a beautiful woman named Deianeira.
They lived in Trachis and had a son named Hyllus.
In a war with a neighboring city, Herakles made the king's daughter Iole his captive.
Herakles had met her sometime in the past and had fallen in love with her.
Deianeira was jealous, and used a mix of blood and semen from the centaur Nessus to get her husband back.
She put the mix on a shirt and sent it to Herakles.
He put the shirt on.
Unknown to Deianeira, the mix was really a poison and burned Herakles' skin and flesh.
Deianeira learned of this and killed herself.
Herakles died in great pain.
Before he died, he ordered Hyllus to marry Iole.
Herakles' body was set on fire at the funeral ceremonies.
His ghost fell to the underworld while his immortal part rose to Mount Olympus.
The gods welcomed him, even Hera.
He married Hebe, his fourth wife, and became the father of two sons.
According to Homer's Odyssey, Herakles became the porter (keeper of the gates) on Mount Olympus.
A steam engine is an engine that uses steam from boiling water to make it move.
The steam pushes on the engine parts to make them move.
Steam engines can power many kinds of machines including vehicles and electric generators.
Steam engines were used in mine pumps starting in the early 1700s century and were much improved by James Watt in the 1770s.
They were very important during the industrial revolution where they replaced horses, windmills and watermills to work machines.
The first steam engines were piston engines.
The steam pressure pushed on a piston which made it move along a cylinder and so they had a reciprocal (back-and-forth) motion.
This could move a pump directly or work a crank to turn a wheel and work a machine.
They operated at low pressure and had to be very big to make a lot of power.
Steam engines were used in factories to work machines and in mines to move pumps.
Later smaller engines were built that could move railway locomotives and steam boats.
The steam to power a steam engine is made in a boiler that heats water to make steam.
In most places fire heats the boiler.
Fuel for the fire may be wood, coal, or petroleum.
Nuclear energy or solar energy may be used instead of fire.
The steam coming out of the boiler applies the force on a piston.
A valve sends the steam to one end of the piston, then the other, to make it move backwards and forwards.
The moving piston pushes and pulls the piston rod, crosshead and connecting rod, to turn wheels or drive other machinery.
The heavy spinning flywheel smooths out the power from the piston.
The governor controls the speed of the engine.
Today many steam engines are still at work.
During the 20th century the pistons were replaced by turbines which spin like a windmill pushed by jets of steam.
These turn faster with more energy efficiency than the original kinds of piston steam engines.
They are used in power plants to operate generators which make electricity.
Some ships are also powered by steam turbines.
The boilers of steam turbines can be heated by many different types of fuel, even a nuclear reactor in some power stations and warships.
Computer programming is the process of telling a computer to do certain things by giving it instructions.
These instructions are called programs.
A person who writes instructions is a computer programmer.
The instructions come in different languages; they are called programming languages.
There are many programming languages.
Sometimes, programmers use special software, such as integrated development environments (IDEs), which have many special parts, including a text editor, to help them to type and edit programs.
Computers understand instructions directly if those instructions are written in machine code, special characters that can be processed by the computer but are difficult for humans to read.
Writing these instructions directly in machine code takes a long time and is difficult, so instructions are written in a language easier for people to use, which the computer converts into "computer form" instructions (in other words, machine code) so the computer can follow them.
The simplest of these is assembly language.
Programs written in a language more like English are converted by a compiler.
Some languages, called interpreted languages, use interpreters instead of assemblers or compilers.
Once a program has been compiled  the instructions in it are written into  a file that contains a series of numbers that the computer can understand.
These files are generally called These  machine-instructions will be loaded into the  memory computer's  so that the  can run them when the executable is opened.
In the event that data is not transferred correctly, it can result in
A variable is a piece of the program that can be changed.
Variables can include information added by the user, or answers that are found as a result of a calculation.
Conditionals are parts of the program that work if something the program can check to see whether it is true.
If that part is not true, then the program won't make it happen.
A conditional is often done with an "If Statement".
Here is an example of an if statement in the Perl programming language.
What it does is it checks to see if the name variable is Bill.
If the name variable is Bill, then it will print out the words "Hi Bill!".
/usr/local/bin/perl
print "Hi Bill!";
Sometimes, a programmer might want to have the if statement do something else if the first part of it is not true.
This is known as an else block.
Here is an example of an else block in the Perl programming language.
print "Hi person who is not Bill!";
And sometimes, the programmer might want to have multiple things for the if statement to do.
For example, they may have the if block run if something is true, but will have parts of the if statement known as else if blocks that will run if the first part doesn't work, but if it works somewhere else.
In the Perl programming language, else if is spelled like this, "elsif."
Other languages might have it spelled like "else if" however.
But for Perl, it is spelled like "elsif."
Else If blocks will only run if their condition is true, just like the first if block.
An if statement can have as many else if statements as the programmer needs.
If the if block, and none of the else if blocks are true, then the plain "else" statement will be used by the program.
print "Hi Ted!";
print "Hi Alex!";
print "Hi other person!";
In the program, a comment is information that is meant to be read by people who are reading the program.
Comments have a special symbol in front of them that tells the computer that they are comments and should not be read as code.
Comments are used to explain how a certain part of a program works.
This is helpful when multiple people are working on the same program, and if they need to work on a section where someone else was working on.
If the programmer that was working on it first left behind comments for any other programmer that works on it later, it will help them know faster what is going on in the program.
Here is an example of programming comments in the C programming language.
In C, the two slash symbols "//" known as a forward slashes, are used.
With the comments, a person can read the code and know what is going on.
printf("Hello world!\n"); // Actual process
return EXIT_SUCCESS; // Tell everyone that we had success
Sometimes, a programmer may need to remove something from the code, but for many different reasons, they may not want to just simply delete it.
An easy solution is to use the comment symbol.
The computer will think that the code is just comments, rather than actual code, but the programmer will still be able to see it and read it.
Here is an example of that in the Perl programming language.
In Perl, the "#" symbol is used for comments, instead of forward slashes "//" like in the C (programming language).
# $country = "France";  because of the special comment symbol at the beginning of the line, this line is now a comment.
Computer programmers make mistakes when writing codes.
The mistakes are called bugs and cause the program to follow the wrong instructions.
Debugging is the process of finding and fixing the mistakes.
To debug code is to find such mistakes.
There are many debugging methods.
Software such as text editors and IDEs have tools that can detect specific mistakes in the codes before the program is executed.
Programmers can also use programs called debuggers.
A debugger can run a program step by step and track how values of specific variables change when the program is running.
Programmers can use a debugger to find where the mistake happened in the code.
BASIC is one of the first programming languages ever to be created.
It was first used as a programming language on console computers.
The name is an acronym (a word made from other words) that spells Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
A specialized version of BASIC is Blitz BASIC.
It is specially for coding games.
It was designed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in 1963.
It was based in part on Fortran and made to follow these eight principles:
Be easy for beginners to use
Be a general-purpose programming language
Allow extra features to be added for experienced programmers.
Be interactive
Provide clear and friendly error messages
Fast results for small programs
Does not require knowledge about computer hardware
Stop the user from editing the operating system
The creators made the compiler free of charge to make programmers interested in using the language.
Since the creation, many other compilers and interpreters have been made so users can make their programs.
for x=9/3*9+9print xnext x
Code prints number 36 to screen.
The Mayon Volcano, also known as Mount Mayon, is an active volcano in the province of Albay, on Luzon island in the Philippines.
It is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.
It is one the most active and dangerous volcanoes in the Philippines.
Mount Mayon is  high, and it is famous for it's "perfect cone" shape, which attracts tourists.
In 1938 the mountain was declared a national park.
It was reclassified and renamed as Mayon Volcano Natural Park in the year 2000.
The name Mayon is from the Bicol word magayon meaning beauty.
Volcanoes of Asia
Geography of the Philippines
Grease (musical) - a musical play
Grease (movie) - a movie based on the play starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John
Petroleum, used to make things smoother, by lubrication
Visual Basic .NET is the second series of Microsoft's Visual Basic series.
It is sometimes shortened to VB.NET.
It is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and it includes an easy 'drag-and-drop' interface.
It can make complete programs for Windows very easily.
It was first released in 1992 by Microsoft.