the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In July 1881, President James Garfield was fatally wounded and died on September 19, 1881.
Arthur succeeded him, and asked McElroy to care for his young daughter Ellen and act as "Mistress of the White House."
Because she had her own family in Albany, McElroy lived in Washington, D.C. only during the busy winter social season.
Although Arthur never officially granted her the protocol of a formal position, she proved to be a popular and competent hostess.
The procedures she and her brother developed for the social functions were used by future First Ladies for decades.
McElroy presided over a number of events and honored former First Ladies Julia Gardiner Tyler and Harriet Lane, James Buchanan's niece and social hostess, by asking them to help her receive guests at the White House.
McElroy's oldest daughter May and Arthur's daughter Nell often assisted.
Her final reception took place on February 28, 1885, one week before the end of the Arthur administration: 3,000 people attended (including Adolphus Greely) and 48 daughters of officials and of the social elite assisted her.
She was born in Buffalo, New York.
Her birth name was Frances Clara Folsom.
Her parents were Emma C. Harmon and Oscar Folsom.
Her father later became a law partner of Grover Cleveland.
All of her ancestors were from England.
Cleveland was a family friend to Oscar's family.
After Oscar’s death, Cleveland looked after the family.
He arranged for education of Frances Folsom.
She studied at Wells College.
Cleveland and Frances Folsom sent letters to each other.
In 1885, Frances Folsom and her mother came to White House to meet Cleveland.
Cleveland and Frances Folsom became close to each other, despite being around 27 years younger than Cleveland.
On 2 June 1886, they married.
This was the first and only couple to wed in the White House.
When Frances Folsom became Mrs. Cleveland, she took the role of the First Lady.
She gave two receptions every week.
She became very popular.
In 1888, Cleveland lost the election.
There their first child Ruth was born.
In 1893 Cleveland again became the president.
Frances Folsom again became active as the First Lady.
In 1893, she gave birth to a second child, Esther.
In 1895, she bore a third child, named Marion.
By the time Cleveland had retired, Frances Folsom had become a very popular First Lady.
The couple retired to live in Princeton, New Jersey.
During this time, they had two sons.
She was by her husband’s side when he died in 1908.
In 1913, Frances remarried.
Her second husband was Thomas J. Preston, Jr., a professor of archeology.
People from Buffalo, New York
Elizabeth Anne Ford (née Bloomer; April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011) was an American spokesperson and women's rights activist who had served as First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977 as the wife of the 38th President of the United States, Gerald Ford.
She had also served as Second Lady of the United States from 1973 to 1974 when her husband was 40th Vice President under Richard Nixon.
Her birth name was Betty Bloomer.
Her parents were Hortense Neahr and William Stephenson Bloomer.
She was the third child of her parents.
She had two older brothers named Robert and William, Jr. She spent her childhood in Grand Rapids, Michigan and graduated from school there.
In 1935, she graduated in dance from the Calla Travis Dance Studio.
She gave dance lessons to earn money during the Great Depression.
Betty Bloomer married William G. (Bill) Warren, a furniture salesman.
But the marriage did not last long.
They divorced in 1947.
After that she started dating Gerald Ford.
Ford was a good football player at his college, and a graduate of the University of Michigan and Yale Law School.
They married on October 15, 1948.
The Fords have three sons and one daughter:
Michael Gerald Ford (born 1950) - a minister
John Gardner "Jack" Ford (born 1952) - a journalist and public relations consultant
Steven Meigs Ford (born 1956) - an actor and rodeo rider
Susan Elizabeth (Ford) Vance Bales (born 1957) - a photographer
Personal family
In 1974, President Richard Nixon resigned.
Nixon had named Gerald Ford as the Vice President of the United States.
After Nixon's resignation, Ford became the 38th President of the United States.
Betty Ford became the First Lady.
As the First Lady, Betty Ford played an active role.
She spoke on many issues.
She spoke on political and many other things.
She had an open mind, and spoke honestly about benefit of mild psychiatric treatment.
She also talked about marijuana use and premarital sex.
She always supported women's rights.
Her surgery for breast cancer made the public more aware of this disease.
In 1987, Betty Ford found a place into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame.
In 1978, she published her autobiography The Times of My Life.
In 1999, President Gerald Ford and Betty Ford jointly got  the Congressional Gold Medal, "in recognition of their dedicated public service and outstanding humanitarian contributions to the people of the United States of America."
In 2003, Betty Ford published Healing and Hope: Six Women from the Betty Ford Center Share Their Powerful Journeys of Addiction and Recovery.
People from Chicago
Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt (August 6, 1861 – September 30, 1948) was the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, the President of the United States.
She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1901 to 1909.
She was born in Norwich, Connecticut.
Her parents were Charles (1825-1883) and Gertrude Tyler Carow (1836-1895).
She spent her childhood in old New York City.
As small children, Edith Kermit Carow and Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (younger sister of Theodore Roosevelt) played together.
During childhood, she and "Teedie" (nickname of Theodore Roosevelt) were in and out of each other's houses.
Edith went to Roosevelt's wedding with Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt in 1880.
Soon Alice Hathaway died.
In 1885, Rooservelt married Edith.
Theodore Roosevelt and Edith were married in London in December 1886.
They settled down in a house on Sagamore Hill, at Oyster Bay, headquarters for a family that added five children in ten years: Theodore Jr., Kermit, Ethel Carow, Archibald Bulloch, and Quentin.
Throughout Roosevelt's intensely active career, family life remained close and entirely delightful.
After assassination of President William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt became the President.
Mrs. Roosevelt became the First Lady.
She guarded the privacy of her family.
Still she was an active First Lady.
The White House became a social center of that time.
After her husband’s death in 1919, she spent more or less a retired life.
She also traveled outside the USA.
But, she always came back to Sagamore Hill as her home.
In 1932, she briefly came out of her retirement.
She gave a speech in support of Herbert Hoover’s re-election for the presidency of the United States.
At that time, her nephew-in-law Franklin Delano Roosevelt was also a candidate for the post of the president of the United States.
She died at her Oyster Bay home in New York on September 30, 1948, at the age of 87.
People from Norwich, Connecticut
She was born in Garrettsville, Ohio.
Her father was Zeb Rudolph, a farmer and co-founder of the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, and her mother was Arabella Mason-Rudolph.
Lucretia "Crete" Rudolph was a devout member of the Churches of Christ.
She was of German, Welsh, English and Irish ancestry.
Lucretia Garfield's paternal great-grandfather immigrated to Pennsylvania (in a part that is now Delaware) from Württemberg, Germany.
She first met James A. Garfield while both were attending a school.
They renewed their friendship in 1851 as students of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute.
They got married on November 11, 1858.
In 1881, Garfield became the President of the United States.
The family moved into the White House.
Even at the age of 49, she was slim and looked lovely.
She was not very much interested in her role as the First Lady.
But, she was a charming lady and hosted parties at the White House.
In May 1881, she fell ill and was suffering from malaria.
She was resting at Long Branch, New Jersey, and was yet to become fit.
At that time, she heard the news that someone had shot President Garfield, her husband.
She rushed to Washington by train.
On its way, the train met with an accident.
She did not suffer any injury.
When she reached Washington, she remained by the side of her husband.
He could not remain alive and died after about three months.
After his death, she left for Ohio.
There she lived for 36 years, and spent her time arranging and caring for the records of her husband’s career.
A part of her home became a presidential library of her husband’s papers.
She died at her home in South Pasadena, California on March 4, 1918.
Her casket was placed above ground beside the coffin of her husband in the lower level crypt of the presidential tomb at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.
Lucretia Garfield White House biography
Biotechnology is a technology that involves the use of living organisms.
Biotechnology is mainly used in agriculture, food science, and medicine.
In biotechnology, living organisms are used to make useful chemicals and products or to perform an industrial task.
An example of biotechnology is the use of the fermentation reaction in yeast to make beer and other alcoholic drinks.
Another example is the use of carbon dioxide produced by yeast to make bread rise.
Biotechnology is often used to refer to genetic engineering technology of the 21st century.
However, the term is used for many ways of modifying biological organisms for the needs of humanity.
It started with modifications of native plants into improved food crops through artificial selection and hybridization.
Bioengineering is the science upon which all biotechnological applications are based.
With the development of new approaches and modern techniques, traditional biotechnology industries are also acquiring new horizons enabling them to improve the quality of their products and increase the productivity of their systems.
Biotechnology has also made cloning (the process duplicating organisms) possible.
A lot of people think that this is morally wrong while others think it could solve many diseases.
Interdisciplinary fields
She was born in Canton, Ohio.
Her father was James A. Saxton, who was a famous banker.
He educated Ida and their sister well.
After their schooling, they went to Europe on a tour.
Marriage & family
She started to work as a cashier in a bank.
In 1867, Major William McKinley came to Canton to start his work as a lawyer.
Ida and William McKinley came to know each other, and they fell in love.
They married each other.
While her husband devoted time to his work and career, Ida devoted time to her home and husband.
She had a daughter on the Christmas Day of 1871.
They named their daughter Katherine.
She bore a second daughter in April 1873.
At that time Ida was very weak and ill.
The second daughter dies in August.
Their first daughter also died in 1876.
By this time, Ida had become very weak and an invalid.
In the meanwhile, her husband has become a Congressman.
He them became a governor of Ohio.
He always paid his attention to his wife and cared for her.
She spent most of her time in a small Victorian rocking chair.
This chair was with her since her childhood.
When they entered the White House, Ida’s health was very weak.
She took the role of the First Lady, but while seated in a blue velvet chair.
She sat by the side of her husband during official dinners.
The President kept a careful watch on her condition.
At that time, very few people know of her bad physical condition.
Only in recent years, people came to know of her bad physical condition.
Just after his second term as the President of the United States, an assassin shot William McKinley.
McKinley at that time also remembered his wife’s weak condition.
He told his secretary: “My wife…be careful, how you tell her; oh, be careful.”
After her husband’s death, Ida Saxton McKinley returned to Canton.
Her younger sister cared for her.
She visited her husband’s grave almost daily.
She died in 1907.
She lies buried by the side of her husband and their two daughters in Canton’s McKinley Memorial Mausoleum.
Original text based on White House biography
Ida Mckinley - National First Ladies' Library
Edith White Bolling Galt Wilson (October 15, 1872 — December 28, 1961), second wife of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921.
She met the President in March 1915 and they married nine months later.
Her husband had suffered a long illness.
There were many things which the President was needed to do which he could not do.
Because of this, some people had called her "the Secret President" and "the first woman to run the government".
Wilson was born in Wytheville, Virginia.
Her parents were Sallie White and Judge William Holcombe Bolling.
She was their seventh child, out of the total eleven children.
Through her grandmother, she was a direct descendant of Pocahontas.
When she was 15 years old, she attended Martha Washington College to study music.
She attended the second year at a smaller school in Richmond, Virginia.
Once when she was visiting her married sister in Washington, DC, Edith met Norman Galt.
Norman Galt was a rich jeweler.
She married him in 1896.
For 12 years, she lived a good life in Washington D. C. But, she also faced some tragedies.
In 1903, she gave birth to a son.
The child only lived for a few days.
The problem birth made her unable to have any more children.
In 1908, her husband died.
Edith Galt picked a manager to run the family’s jewelry business.
The business continued to earn money.
In 1915, President Wilson and Edith Galt met each other.
President Wilson liked her and asked her to marry him.
They married on 18th December 1915.
While asking her to marry him, President Wilson had said like a poet: "in this place time is not measured by weeks, or months, or years, but by deep human experiences..."
Their love and romance also created a lot of talks in the social circle.
Once an article in a Washington newspaper was about the Wilson couple.
It talked of the couple while they were seeing a play in a theater before their marriage.
The article stated: "The President gave himself up for the time being to entertaining his fiancee" But a printing error made it read like this: "The President gave himself up for the time being to entering his fiancee."
The publishers called back the newspapers with the printing error.
Still a few copies could not be called back.
These copies are now very wanted items.
Mrs. Wilson had all the qualifications to act as the First Lady.
She began her role as the First lady.
During this time, World War I started.
This limited the social activities at the White House.
In 1917, the United States also joined the war.
Mrs. Wilson started helping her husband who was under a lot of pressure because of the war.
She also went with him to Europe during the process of peace.
President Wilson returned from Europe.
He spent much of his time trying to get the Senate’s approval for the peace treaty.
He was also trying to get approval for an agreement to create the League of Nations.
In the meantime, his health was getting bad.
In September 1919, he suffered a stroke.
He became partially paralyzed.
Edith Wilson always stayed with him.
She took over many common duties of the government and helped her husband in many official matters.
At the same time, she sent many other official matters to the heads of departments or allowed them to remain undone.
She also wrote a book.
The name of the book is My Memoir.
Its year of publication is 1939.
In this book, she said that her husband’s doctors had asked her to take up many responsibilities of her husband.
Many historians do not agree with her views.
Phyllis Levin, a historian had described her as "a woman of narrow views and formidable determination".
He blamed her for many failures of the policies of the United States after the First World War.
In 1921, the Wilson couple retired to live in Washington.
After three years her husband, Woodrow Wilson, died.
She continued to live in Washington.
People liked her, and she became a respected figure in the high society of the capital.
Some people say that she liked and admired younger men.
She lived a long life and lived to see President John F. Kennedy's inaugural parade.
She died on December 28, 1961, the 105th anniversary of her second husband's birth.
At the time of her death, she was 89 years.
This made her the seventh longest-lived First Lady after Bess Truman, Nancy Reagan, Lady Bird Johnson, Betty Ford, Barbara Bush and Rosalynn Carter, respectively.
Her birthplace is Marion, Ohio.
Her birth name was Florence (Flossie) Mabel Kling.
Her father’s name was Amos Kling.
He was a rich and successful businessman.
She was of German descent and French Huguenot ancestry.
She did a course in music.
When she was 19 years old, she ran away from her home along with her childhood friend named Henry De Wolfe.
No document is available to prove their legal marriage.
But, the “common law” of Ohio covered such marriages.
De Wolfe turned out to be a heavy drinker and he spent a lot of money.
Florence bore a son to him.
The son’s name was Marshall Eugene De Wolfe, also known as Marshall Eugene Kling.
Soon after the birth of her son, she divorced De Wolfe in 1886.
She returned to Marion, and started living there.
She also started using her maiden name, that is, the name before her marriage.
De Wolfe died when he was 35 years old.
She started to give piano lessons and started earning.
However, her father did not like her daughter working and earning in this way.
It was difficult for her to watch her son, and to give piano lessons.
So she agreed to a proposal of his father.
He gave her son to her parents to raise him.
But, she continued to give piano lessons.
Charity (Chat) Harding was one of her students.
She was the eldest sister of Warren G. Harding.
Harding was the young publisher of the town’s only newspaper named Marion Daily Star.
Now, this paper’s name is the Marion Star.
Florence became closer to Warren G. Harding.
The two married in 1891.
The couple did not get any children of their own.
But, Florence’s son Marshall Eugene De Wolfe sometimes lived with them.
Florence started to help her husband and his newspaper.
Once she told: "I have only one real hobby - my husband."
The newspaper’s circulation grew.
Harding was also rising in politics of Ohio.
He became a senator of the United States.
In 1920, he won the US presidential elections.
When the Harding couple moved into the White House, she opened the grounds to the public.
Earlier, due to the illness of President Woodrow Wilson the grounds and the mansion had been closed.
In 1920, she suffered kidney problems.
But, still she continued as an active First lady.
In the summer of 1923, the Harding couple started on their nationwide "Voyage of Understanding".
During this journey, the President died in San Francisco, California in August 1923.
The later years
After the death of her husband, she tried to make a new life for her.
She wanted to live in Washington for some time.
However, her kidney problems increased.
She returned to Marion for treatment and recovery.
The treatment continued for months but could not save her life.
She died on 21st November 1924.
She lies buried alongside her husband in the Harding Memorial in Marion, Ohio.
Many historians think this be the most beautiful of Presidential Tombs in the United States.
Florence Harding - National First Ladies' Library
Louise "Lou" Henry Hoover (March 29, 1874 - January 7, 1944) was the wife of Herbert Hoover, the President of the United States.
As the wife of the president, she acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1929 to 1933.
Her birthplace is Waterloo, Iowa.
Her parents were Charles D. Henry and Florence.
She spent her first ten years of her life at Iowa.
Then, her father thought that the climate of southern California would be good for the health of Florence, his wife.
The family came to live in Whittier, California.
The place was later the childhood home of President Richard Nixon.
Her father, Charles Henry took her on camping trips.
She became a very good horsewoman.
She also hunted.
She also developed interest for rocks, mineral, and mining.
She studied in two schools and got a certificate in teaching.
Then she came to study at the Stanford University in 1894.
She completed her course and became the first woman in Stanford's geology department.
There she had met in a laboratory Herbert Hoover, her senior at the University.
Lou and Herbert Hoover married in 1899.
Once Herbert Hoover said that her blue eyes and broad grins had attracted him.
The newlywed couple went to China where her husband became famous as a mining engineer.
He also worked in many other countries and places of the world: for examples, in places in Ceylon, Burma, Siberia, Australia, Egypt, Japan, and Europe.
Her husband, Herbert Hoover earned a lot of fame after the First World War.
He became famous for his good work in managing emergency relief programs.
She lived with him, but sometimes spent time with her two sons in California.
In 1919, the couple started constructing a house at Palo Alto, California.
By this time, her husband became United States Secretary of Commerce.
The couple lived in Washington for eight years.
She did well socially as a wife of the Cabinet Secretary.
She also took an active role in the Girl Scouts of the USA.
She also served as the president of the Girl Scouts of the USA.
In 1929, the Hoover couple came to live into the White House.
Lou Henry Hoover had a long experience as wife of a famous man who had worked in the United States and in many foreign countries.
She started her role as the First Lady.
She was charming and dressed handsomely.
She did it very well all through the term of her husband as the President.
However, during this period, the Hoovers broke a tradition.
On the New Year’s Day of 1933, they were away from the White House.
Thus, they were not present to greet the public personally.
Their absence ended the tradition of the President and the First Lady greeting the public on the New Year’s Day.
Retired life
In 1933, the Hoovers couple retired to Palo Alto.
But, they also kept an apartment in New York.
Mrs. Hoover died on 7th January 1944 at the age of 69.
After her death, Mr. Hoover came to know of many gifts given by his wife.
She had helped many boys and girls to get education.
Mr. Hoover described her as: "a symbol of everything wholesome in American life."
Now, their house in Palo Alto is the official residence of the President of Stanford University.
The house is one of the National Historic Landmarks.
Lou Henry Hoover Elementary School in Whittier (built in 1938) bears her name in her honor.
Her statue stands at the place where her childhood home was at Waterloo, Iowa.
Anne Beiser Allen and Jon L. Wakelyn; An Independent Woman: The Life of Lou Henry Hoover Greenwood Press, 2000
The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library-Museum
People from Waterloo, Iowa
She was also a political leader in her own right.
She supported the civil rights movement.
After the death of her husband in 1945, she started her career, as an author, speaker and spokesperson for human rights.
She became a new role model for First Lady.
President Harry S. Truman called her the First Lady of the World, in honor of her many travels to help promote human rights.
Her birthplace is 56 West 37th Street, New York City, New York.
Her parents were Elliott Roosevelt I and Anna Hall Roosevelt.
Two brothers followed young Anna Roosevelt.
The Roosevelt family was completed with the addition of Elliott Jr. (1889-1893) and Hall Roosevelt (1891-1941).
She is a fifth-cousin, once removed of Franklin Roosevelt, who later became her husband.
Her family was a descendant of Claes Martenszen van Rosenvelt.
He had come to New Amsterdam, Manhattan from the Netherlands in the 1640s.
His grandsons, Johannes and Jacobus, began two branches of the Roosevelt family.
Descendants of Johannes were Roosevelt family of the Oyster Bay, New York.
Descendants of Jacobus were Roosevelt family of Hyde Park, New York.
Eleanor was a descendant of the Johannes branch.
Her future husband, Franklin was descended from the Jacobus branch.
Theodore Roosevelt, one of the Presidents of the United States, was her uncle.
He was like a father to Eleanor, the future First Lady.
Anna Eleanor liked to use the name Eleanor, using her name as Anna Eleanor only in official papers and for signing bank checks.
From her mother side, she was a descendent of William Livingston, a signer of the U.S. Constitution.
Her parents died early.
After this, her maternal grandmother, Marry Ludlow Hall (1843-1919) raised her.
She spent her childhood in Tivoli, New York.
Most of her mother’s family members tended to look down at her, perhaps because of her plain looks and six-foot tall frame.
Even her Hyde Park Roosevelts, including her future mother-in-law, Sara Delano Roosevelt, would remark to her about the Manhattan Roosevelts: "we got all the looks and the money."
In recent times, allegations have surfaced that in her maternal grandmother’s home, she felt insecure.
Many male members used to consume a lot of drinks.
Once when she was visiting her aunt Bamie Roosevelt (sister of Theodore Roosevelt), she broke down and in tears exclaimed, "I have no real home."
Aunt Bamie was very helpful.
She tried to find better educational opportunities for her.
She arranged that Eleanor go to England for education, and Eleanor readily agreed.
Eleanor received encouragement from Bamie Roosevelt, sister of Theodore Roosevelt, to get a good education.
She went to London, and started her studies in a girls’ boarding school at Allenswood, outside London.
She studied there from 1899 to 1902.
Mademoiselle Marie Souvestre was her headmistress.
Later Eleanor would recall that Souvestre was one of the three main persons to influence her life.
During summers, Eleanor visited Europe along with her headmistress, Souvestre.
She also studied history, language and literature.
She became interested in social justice, and her studies gave her knowledge and confidence to present her views on many issues.
One of her great moments at her school at Allenswood was when she made the field hockey team.
She was one of the favorite students of the school, and when she returned to the USA, the school missed her.
Eleanor and FDR
In 1902 Eleanor and Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) met when he was a student at Harvard.
They dated and got engaged in November 1903.
However, FDR’s mother was against their marriage.
She even sent FDR on a long tour to delay the marriage, and change FDR’s mind.
However, on St. Patrick’s Day (March 17, 1905) FDR and Eleanor married.
President Theodore Roosevelt took the ceremonial role of giving the bride away.
After the marriage, Eleanor’s mother-in-law, continued to advise (and perhaps interfere) in the young couple’s life.
After her husband’s death in 1945, Eleanor Roosevelt continued to live on the Hyde Park Estate in a stone cottage near the main house.
The structure originated as a small furniture factory Val-Kill Industries, and was converted to a cottage used by Eleanor and her close friends.
The cottage afforded Eleanor a level of privacy that she had wanted for many years, and she considered it her first true home.
The cottage is now called the Eleanor Roosevelt Center and hosts many programs that continue her legacy.
She started her role as the First Lady from 1933 with the beginning of her husband’s first term as the President of the United States.
Eleanor was an active First Lady with her own ideology on many issues.
She supported the Civil Rights Movement and rights of the African-American.
However, her husband needed the support of Democrats of southern states of the USA.
Therefore, he was not vocal about the American Civil Rights Movement.
Eleanor became his connection to the African-American population instead, helping Franklin Roosevelt to win a lot of votes.
In 1939, the African-American opera singer Marian Anderson was denied permission by the Daughters of the American Revolution to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington because of her race.
Eleanor arranged for Anderson to perform on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, on Easter Sunday, to a live audience of 70,000.
Millions of people also listened to the performance on the radio.
During the Second World War, Eleanor Roosevelt remained very active.
Once she also co-chaired a committee on civil defense.
She visited many places, both civilian and military, to boost war morale.
She especially supported African Americans and women.
During the Second War, her husband, as the President of the United States, signed an order named Executive Order 9066.
This order confined in special camps about 110,000 American citizens of Japanese descent.
Eleanor opposed her husband's decision to sign this order.
For some period, she was earning $1,000 a week for advertising for the Pan-American Coffee Bureau.
Eight foreign governments used to support and fund the Bureau.
The US State Department tried to cancel the deal, but could not do so.
Postwar Politics
After the Second World War, she along with René Cassin, John Peters Humphrey and others, drafted a declaration for the United Nations: UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
She also served as the first chairman of the U.N. Human Rights Commission.
On 10th December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the declaration.
This made her very famous, and was a great achievement for her.
For about four decades, beginning from 1920s until her death in 1962, Eleanor continued her association with political matters.
She opposed the Equal Rights Amendment.
She thought that this amendment would prevent the US Congress from passing other rules for protection of women workers.
Roosevelt was an accomplished archer, and one of the first modern women to participate in the sport of bow hunting.
She even wrote using a male name “Chuck Painton” about her hunting experiences in a popular hunting magazine of that time, Ye Sylvan Archer.
One of Roosevelt's prized hunting trophies had adorned her husband library.
It is now a part of the Community Forum Collection of the Smithsonian Institution.
The Catholic issue
In July 1949, her unsure attitude toward American Catholics caused a public debate with Francis Cardinal Spellman, the Catholic Archbishop of New York.
Eleanor had written against certain proposals like funding of certain (nonreligious) activities, such as bus transportation for students, of Catholic schools.
Spellman pointed out that the Supreme Court had recently upheld such provisions.
He also accused her of anti-Catholicism.
Most Democrats rallied behind Eleanor Roosevelt and supported her.
Spellman came to Eleanor's Hyde Park home to bridge their differences.
In any case, Eleanor was never as popular among Catholics as her husband.
They were also not happy at Eleanor’s support birth control movement.
They had also resented her prewar (before the Second World War) sponsorship of the American Youth Congress, in which the Communists had been heavily represented, but Catholic youth groups were not represented.
New York and National politics
In 1954, Carmine DeSapio campaigned against Eleanor's son, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., during the New York Attorney General elections.
Franklin (Jr.) lost.
Eleanor held DeSapio responsible for her son's defeat.
She became disgusted with the political conduct of DeSapio through the rest of 1950s.
She, joined with her old friends like Herbert Lehman and Thomas Finletter, succeeded in removing DeSapio from power in 1961.
Eleanor Roosevelt was a close friend of Adlai Stevenson.
She supported his candidacies in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections.
She backed Stevenson once again in 1960 but John F. Kennedy received the presidential nomination.
In 1964, Eleanor Roosevelt helped in founding of the 2,800 acre Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island, New Brunswick.
This followed a gift of the Roosevelt summer estate to the Canadian and American governments.
Mother-in-law
Sara Delano Roosevelt was her mother-in-law.
Even before Eleanor married FDR, she did not have a good relationship with Sara Delano.
Biographers and historians still continue to discuss the issue and the reasons for their difficult relationship.
However, in early years of her marriage, Eleanor valued suggestions from her mother-in-law until she herself could develop confidence in domestic matters.
Perhaps Sara wanted great success for her son, FDR, in all matters of life, including marriage.
She had always given her affection to FDR to the extent of spoiling him.
She even gave costly gifts to FDR and Eleanor’s children.
Sometimes, Eleanor had problems, which came with such costly gifts of her mother-in-law.
Oyster Bay Roosevelts
Eleanor always enjoyed the good graces of her uncle Theodore Roosevelt, the main figure of the Oyster Bay Roosevelts.
However, she found herself at odds with her cousin Alice Roosevelt.
Alice was a daughter of Theodore Roosevelt.
Uncle Theodore felt Eleanor's conduct more responsible, socially acceptable and cooperative than his own daughter Alice.
Alice was beautiful and highly photogenic, but a rebellious person.
Sometimes Theodore Roosevelt would tell her, "Why cannot you be more like 'cousin Eleanor'?"
These experiences laid a lifelong unhappy relationship between two high profile cousins.
With the rise in the political career of FDR, relationships between Eleanor and Oyster Bay Roosevelts became worse.
There were comments by "cousin Alice," such as her description of FDR as "two-thirds mush and one-third Eleanor".
However, at FDR’s presidential inauguration in 1933, invitations went to Alice to attend along with her brothers Kermit Roosevelt and Archibald Roosevelt, with whom Eleanor was close.
In 1961, all volumes of her autobiography were compiled into The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt.
However, it will be printed some 45 years later.
Eleanor Roosevelt survived her husband by nearly 20 years.
From 1919, she had suffered from bone marrow tuberculosis.
It had recurred from time to time.
She died on the evening of November 7, 1962 at her apartment in Manhattan, New York City from tuberculosis.
At the time of her death, she was 78 years old.
She lies buried next to her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt in Hyde Park, New York.
People liked her so much that a commemorative cartoon published at the time simply showed two angels looking down towards an opening in the clouds with the caption "She's here", since no introduction was needed and people could understand that “she” meant Eleanor Roosevelt.
Eleanor Roosevelt kept a lifelong strong loyalty with Theodore Roosevelt ("Uncle Ted").
Her belongings included her membership card for the Theodore Roosevelt Association.
In 1968 she received the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights.
After her death, there was an unsuccessful move to award her Nobel Peace Prize.
Beasley, Maurine H., Holly C. Shulman, and Henry R. Beasley.
The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia (2001)
Eleanor Roosevelt, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt, Da Capo Press ed.,
1992, paperback, 439 pages, , dacapopress.com
Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site
The Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute
Eleanor Roosevelt Biography from Biography.com
Ervk
Infectious disease deaths in New York
Mary Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979) was the First Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961 as the wife of the 34th President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower.
She was born in Boone, Iowa.
Her father was John Sheldon Doud.
He became very rich after earning much money in meatpacking industry.
For sometime, Doud family lived in Pueblo, Colorado.
Then the family settled Denver, Colorado.
There Mamie and her three sisters grew in a big house.
The family had many servants.
Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants.
In 1915, Mamie met Dwight D. Eisenhower.
At that time, he was a young second lieutenant.
On Valentine's Day in 1916 he gave her a ring as token of their engagement.
On July 1, 1916, they married.
Their first son, Doud Dwight, was born in 1917.
He died in 1921 of scarlet fever.
A second son, John Eisenhower was born in 1922.
He became an author, and also served as a U.S. ambassador to Belgium.
Their life was like any other family of army officers – moving from one place to another.
Mamie once estimated that in 37 years, they shifted to at least 27 places.
They lived in many places in the United States.
They also lived near Panama Canal; in France; and in Philippines.
During the Second World War, “Ike” continued to rise in the army.
She lived in Washington DC.
After the Second World War, her husband became president of the Colombia University.
They bought a farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
It was the first home they had ever bought.
Before becoming President of the United States, her husband also served as the commander of the of North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Mamie Eisenhower was the First Lady for eight years, from 1953 to 1961.
She was a popular First Lady.
She was a charming lady.
She wore pretty dresses and jewelry.
Many leaders from different countries came to the White House.
They received a very good welcome.
After retirement of her husband as the President of the United States, Mamie and her husband returned to Gettysburg.
They lived there eight years retirement together.
In 1969, her husband died.
Mamie continued to live on the farm.
She died on 1st November 1979.
At the time of her death she was 82 years old.
Her grave lies by the side of her husband’s grave in a small chapel.
The chapel is a part of the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas.
People from Pueblo, Colorado
Claudia Alta Taylor Johnson (December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007) was an American socialite who had served as First Lady of the United States from 1963 to 1969 as the wife of the 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson.
She had also served as Second Lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963 when her husband was and served as the 37th Vice President under John F. Kennedy.
Johnson was born Claudia Alta Taylor in Karnack, Texas.
Her parents were Minnie Patillo-Taylor (1868-1918) and T.J. Taylor.
There is a story about her nickname, Lady Bird.
Once a nursemaid said about her, "She's as purty as a ladybird.”
This nickname continued, and people called her "Lady Bird."
Some speculate that the nursemaid was referring to a "ladybug," which is also known as a "ladybird," when she gave Johnson this nickname.
Johnson was of Danish, English, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry.
She completed her schooling from Marshall Senior High School in Marshall, Texas.
After schooling, she studied journalism and art at the University of Texas at Austin.
The marriage
On November 17, 1934, she married Lyndon Baines Johnson in San Antonio, Texas.
The names of her daughters are Lynda Bird Johnson and Luci Baines Johnson.
When she was a child, she developed love for the nature.
Because of her efforts, the government of Texas agreed to plant wildflowers on the sides of the roads in Texas.
In 1963, a person shot John F. Kennedy, the President of the United States.
Kennedy died after he was shot.
At that time, Lady Bird Johnson’s husband, Lyndon B. Johnson, was the Vice President of the United States.
Johnson became the President of the United States.
Along with this, Lady Bird Johnson became the First Lady.
She continued as the First Lady until 1969 till her husband retired as the President.
She was an active First Lady.
She was the first First Lady to have a press secretary.
Liz Carpenter, her fellow from the University of Texas, served as Lady Bird’s press secretary from 1963 until 1969.
Carpenter also served as Lady Bird’s staff director.
As the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson used her influence to achieve some new things for the society.
Two important things were:
She started a beautification program for Washington D.C., the capital city.
The program aimed to improve the condition in the capital for the people who lived there, as also for the people who visited the capital.
Based on this, many other states of the United States started similar programs for their capital cities.
The US Congress passed the Highway Beautification Act in 1965.
This Act (that is a law) restricted roadside advertisements.
It also gave rules for planting flowers and plants on sides of the roads.
All these made the highways more beautiful.
Even after retiring as the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson continued to live an active life.
She gave her time to programs that were for nature.
She founded a non-profit organization.
The name of the organization is Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
The Center develops native plants of Americas and uses the same for cleaning up areas.
During 1970s, 1980s, and the early 1990s, Lady Bird Johnson was the most active presidential widow.
During these years, Jacqueline Kennedy did not attend many functions, as she wanted to protect her privacy.
However, with growing age, Lady Bird Johnson’s health became weak.
She suffered two strokes: first one in August 1993, and the second one in May 2002.
Her eyesight failed, and she could not speak.
In February 2006, her daughter Lynda Johnson Robb informed people that her mother is now totally blind and that she "is not in very good health".
Mrs. Robb said that she and her sister Luci Johnson Nugent still read to their mother and talk to her.
She was the only living Presidential widow from May 19, 1994 to June 5, 2004.
This was the period between the death of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and the day when Nancy Reagan was widowed.
Lady Bird Johnson died on July 11, 2007.
Lady Bird Johnson was 94 years old.
She was the oldest First Lady alive until her death.
She had even outlived Pat Nixon, who was First Lady after Johnson.
Only one First Lady had lived longer: Bess Truman.
Bess Truman had lived up to 97 years of age.
Lady Bird Johnson, Bess Truman, Nancy Reagan, Rosalynn Carter (still living), and Betty Ford are the only five First Ladies to have lived over 90 years or more.
The United States Secret Service continued to protect her until she died.
There is a park in Washington, D.C. named Lady Bird Johnson Park.
There is a center in Austin, Texas named the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
There is a lake in Austin, Texas named Lady Bird Lake.
Hank Hill from King of the Hill once said that he named his dog, Lady Bird, after Lady Bird Johnson.
Lady Bird Johnson: PBS Documentary
Patricia Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was an American teacher who had served as First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974 as the wife of the 37th President of the United States, Richard Nixon.
She had also served as Second Lady of the United States 1953 to 1961 when her husband was 36th Vice President under Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Her birthplace was Ely, Nevada.
Her birth name was Thelma Catherine Ryan.
Her father’s name was William M. Ryan.
Her mother’s name was Katherine "Kate" Halberstadt Ryan.
Her ancestors from her father’s side were from Ireland.
Her ancestors from her mother’s side were from Germany.
Her mother was born in 1879 near Frankfurt, Germany.
Their family was not Catholic.
But her father had got baptized as a Catholic, and perhaps returned to it shortly before her death.
After her birth, her family moved near Los Angeles, California.
They settled on a small truck farm in the city of Dairy Valley.
Presently, the name of this place is Cerritos, California.
Pat's mother died in 1925.
At that time, Pat was only 13 years old.
She took over all the household duties for her father and two older brothers.
In 1930, after months of illness, her father also died.
At that time, Pat was only 18 years old.
During all these years, she worked on the family farm.
She also worked in a local bank as a  cleaner and bookkeeper.
In 1929, she graduated from Excelsior High School.
For some time, she attended Fullerton Junior College.
She worked in many jobs.
Some of the jobs were the job of a driver, a X-ray technician, a pharmacy manager and a typist.
She had a will to continue her education.
She studied at the University of Southern California.
During her studies in the University, she did part-time jobs on campus.
She also worked as a sales clerk in a fashionable department store and as an extra in the film industry.
She can be seen in a brief walk-on in the 1935 movie Becky Sharp.
Pat's efforts became successful.
She graduated from the University of Southern California cum laude in 1937.
Patricia worked as a high school teacher in Whittier, California.
Later, during World War II, she worked as a government economist.
Many persons have said about her: "Few, if any First Ladies worked as consistently before their marriage as did Pat Nixon."
Once she had herself said: "I do or I die, but I never cancel out".
In Whittier, Pat Ryan met a young lawyer named Richard Nixon.
He had just graduated from  Duke University.
The two became known to each other at an acting group.
They also acted together in a play.
They became closer and married on 21st June 1940 at in Riverside, California.
Richard Nixon served in the U.S. Navy during World War II.
After the war, in 1946 Richard Nixon entered politics.
He successfully ran for the Congress of the United States.
In 1946, she gave birth to a daughter Tricia Nixon Cox, called Tricia.
In 1948, she gave birth to her second baby, Julie Nixon Eisenhower.
The Nixon couple gave a lot of time and all the affection to their daughters despite official and other engagements.
Her husband, Richard Nixon rose very fast during next six years.
He became a member of the United States House of Representatives, then a member of the United States Senate.
Thereafter, he became the Vice President of the United States while Dwight D. Eisenhower became the President of the United States.
Pat went abroad along with her husband when he was the Vice President.
On a trip to Venezuela, some people threw stones at their car and spat on the car.
The Nixon couple came to the White House in 1969.
They started a tradition of inviting families to Sunday church services in the East Room of the White House.
The President later discontinued these services due to concerns over the separation of Church and State.
In short, separation of Church and the State says that religion and the government should remain separate from each other.
As the First Lady, she herself answered all her letters.
Like Jacqueline Kennedy, she had an interest in adding artifacts to the White House.
Her efforts brought about 600 paintings and furnishings into the White House Collection.
Mrs. Nixon also arranged for a series of performances by artists at the White House.
Among the guests were The Carpenters in 1972.
Pat Nixon went along with her husband to several other countries.
Most important of such visits were to the People's Republic of China in 1972 and the summit meetings in the Soviet Union.
She went to Peru with materials to help the victims of an earthquake.
She also went to Africa and South America as the Personal Representative of the president of the United States.
Pat Nixon had several other personal interests.
She was an avid fan of soap operas, and 'Search for Tomorrow' was her favorite.
In August 1974, her husband resigned as the President of the United States.
People say that while her husband was making his resignation speech, Mrs. Nixon was packing their things for moving out of the White House.
They left the White House on 9th August 1974.
They shifted to San Clemente, California to live.
Her husband resigned as the President of the United States.
With this, her public and social life ended.
She did not appear in public often.
She was a lifelong heavy smoker in private.
Her heath became very weak.
In 1976, and again in 1982, she suffered a stroke.
Richard Nixon said that she read a book about Watergate and became so upset that she had a stroke the next day.
She also got mouth cancer and problems in her spinal cord.
In December 1992, when she was in a hospital with emphysema, physicians found that she also had lung cancer.
She died of lung cancer at 5:45 am on June 22, 1993 at age 81.
Her husband and daughters were by her side.
Her husband died about ten months later.
She and President Nixon lie buried at the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California.
Her epitaph reads: "Even when people cannot speak your language, they can tell if you have love in your heart".
First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon
Richard Nixon's Tribute to His Beloved Pat
Pat Nixon's Gravesite
Writers from New Jersey
People from Park Ridge, New Jersey