the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He was helped in this by his brother Alexander who, like Caroline, spent all his time working as Herschel's assistant.
The largest and most famous of his telescopes was a reflecting telescope with a  main  mirror and a 40-foot (12 m) focal length.
This was the world's largest telescope from 1789 until it was dismantled (taken apart) 50 years later.p6 The mirror was made of a hard metal alloy of tin and copper, called 'speculum', which he polished by hand.
On 28 August 1789, his first night of observation using this instrument, he discovered a new moon of Saturn.
A second moon followed within the first month of observation.
However, the 40-foot telescope was awkward to use, and most of his observations were done with a smaller    reflector.
He continued his work as a telescope maker, selling many of them to other astronomers.
Together with his pension from the king, the money helped support him and his two siblings in their work.
Star catalogue
Herschel used to work with his sister Caroline Herschel.
She recorded his observations as he made them.
In 1783 he gave Caroline a telescope, and she began to make astronomical discoveries in her own right, particularly comets.
Caroline discovered eight comets, three nebulae and, at her brother's suggestion, updated and corrected Flamsteed's work on the position of stars.
This was published as the British Catalogue of Stars.
She was honoured by the Royal Astronomical Society for this work.
Caroline also continued to serve as his assistant.
Herschel was the first to find out that some line-of-sight apparent double stars were actually true binary star systems where the two stars revolved around each other.
This was the first evidence that Newton's laws of gravitation apply outside the Solar System.
Herschel discovered 850 binary stars, and worked up the first catalogue of binary stars.
His son John Herschel discovered many more, and extended the catalogue.
Solar System and Milky Way
Herschel studied the changes in star position relative to the Solar System.
Changes do occur, and quite rapidly for some nearby stars.
Also, the whole Solar System moves, and this was discovered by Herschel.
From studying the proper motion of stars, he was the first to realize that the solar system is moving through space.
He worked out the approximate direction of that movement.
He also studied the structure of the Milky Way and concluded that it was in the shape of a disk.
This was also a really significant discovery.
Discovery of infrared radiation
On 11 February 1800, Herschel was testing filters for the sun so he could observe sun spots.
When using a red filter he found there was a lot of heat produced.
Herschel discovered infrared radiation by passing sunlight through a prism and holding a thermometer just beyond the red end of the visible spectrum.
This thermometer was meant to be a control to measure the ambient air temperature in the room.
He was shocked when it showed a higher temperature than the visible spectrum.
Further experimentation led to Herschel's conclusion that there must be an invisible form of light beyond the visible spectrum.
Family and death
William Herschel and his wife Mary had one child, John.
In 1816, William was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order by the Prince Regent.
Herschel died at Observatory House, Windsor Road, Slough, Buckinghamshire, and is buried at nearby St Laurence's Church, Upton.
He died in his 84th year, which is the same number of years Uranus takes to orbit the Sun.
His son John Herschel also became a famous astronomer.
His sister Caroline returned to Hanover, Germany after the death of her brother.
She died on 9 January 1848 at the age of 97.
British composers
German musicians
The Caiman is a subfamily of the Alligators.
The alligators are divided into True alligators and caimans.
Caimans and true alligators develop slower than the rest of the crocodiles.
Their lifestyle is also slower.
Because of this, they grow older than the other crocodiles.
In total, there are 6 species of caimans.
All of them live in South America, the Spectacled Caiman can also be found in Central America.
True Caiman (Caiman)
Musky caiman Spectacled Caiman (C. Crocodilus)
Yacare Caiman (C. Yakare)
Broad-snouted caiman (C. latirostris)
Paleosuchus (Dwarf caimans?)
Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman
Smooth-fronted Caiman (P. trigonatus)), also known as Schneider's Smooth-fronted Caiman Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger'') (h) (only member of Melanosuchus)
Animals of South America
Cluj is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania.
The capital of Cluj County is Cluj-Napoca.
About 755,000 people live in Cluj County.
Turda
Dej
Câmpia Turzii
Gherla
Cluj
Tangipahoa Parish is a parish in the U.S. State of Louisiana.
The parish was put together from parts of 4 other parishes in 1869.
Before it was a parish, many slaves were forced to work on sugar plantations in the area.
After the Civil War, the white people continued to be very violent towards the black people they had enslaved.
All across the south, there were lynchings against black people.
Tangipahoa Parish had more lynchings than any nearby parish.
Visitor's Bureau website, Tangipahoa history
Quetzalcóatl (pronounced: ketsalˈkoːaːtɬ in Nahuatl) is an Aztec sky and creator god.
The name is a combination of quetzalli, a brightly colored Mesoamerican bird, and , which means serpent; it is therefore usually translated as "feathered serpent" or "plumed serpent".
Quetzalcoatl was often pictured as a snake with feathers, although he was sometimes shown in the form of a human.
Quetzalcoatl was associated with the planet Venus, as well as being the patron god of the Aztec priesthood, of learning and of knowledge.
The name Quetzalcoatl was also taken on by several ancient Aztec leaders.
Many events and characteristics attributed to Quetzalcoatl are therefore exceedingly difficult to separate from the political leaders who took his name.
To name one leader Herman Cortes who sailed to the Aztecs to conquer and to steal their gold.
Today Quetzalcoatl is arguably the best known Aztec deity but there were several other important Aztec gods too: Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli.
Other Mesoamerican cultures have worshipped a feathered serpent god as well: At Teotihuacan the several monumental structures have images of a feathered serpent (See the so-called "Citadel and Temple of Quetzalcoatl").
One can see similar images at Chichén Itza and Tula.
This has led scholars to conclude that the deity called Quetzalcoatl in the Nahuatl language was among the most important deities of Mesoamerica.
There are many legends associated with Quetzalcoatl.
One legend said that the world had been created four times before, but each time it was destroyed again.
Then Quetzalcoatl collected human bones from the underworld and added his own blood to bring them to life.
He was therefore considered the creator of the humans living at the time of the Aztec Empire.
Another legend said that Quetzalcoatl had been banished, but that he would return from the east just before the end of the world.
This legend has been used to support the idea that the Aztec leader Moctezuma thought that the Spanish conquistador Cortés was Quetzalcoatl returning from exile.
This would also explain why Moctezuma treated the Spanish so well.
However, most historians now think that this idea was invented by the Spanish, and that Moctezuma didn't really think that Cortés was a god.
Quetzalcoatlus, a huge pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous was named after Quetzalcoatl
Aztec gods and goddesses
tr:Tüylü yılan
Heartfire (1998) is an alternate history/fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card.
It is the fifth book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (which gives him magical powers).
About the novel Heartfire from Card's website
Pattern matching is a family of tools for finding similar objects in different sources.
In image processing, the pattern matching is used for locating a small image (called model) in a bigger one (called target image).
For searching text, regular expressions are commonly used.
The simple way is to move the model in the target image and measure a similarity in each position.
The position with highest value of the similarity will be accepted as result.
The normalized correlation is used as a common metric for similarity.
The common way to reduce an amount of calculations is using the image pyramid.
When using the image pyramid, the search is started on the reduced target image, and results are improved in the next, more detailed one.
This process is similar to the human vision.
The Crystal City (2003) is an alternate history/fantasy book that is written by Orson Scott Card.
It is the sixth book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (which gives him magical powers).
About the novel The Crystal City from Card's website
The Tales of Alvin Maker is a series of books by Orson Scott Card.
They are about the experiences of a young man named Alvin Miller who finds out that he powers for making and changing things around him.
It takes place in an alternate history of the American frontier in the early 1800s.
It is based on early American folklore and superstition.
Seventh Son (1987)
Red Prophet (1988)
Prentice Alvin (1989)
Alvin Journeyman (1995)
Heartfire (1998)
The Crystal City (2003)
Master Alvin (planned)
The official Orson Scott Card website
The Atlanta Falcons are an American football team in Atlanta, Georgia.
They are a member of the NFC South of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
The Falcons joined the NFL as a 1966 expansion team.
The Falcon's quarterback is Matt Ryan.
Their uniform is a red jersey with white pants.
An old nickname for the Falcons is Red Birds.
In their 42 years in the NFL, the Falcons have a record of 262-386-6 with division championships in 1980, 1998, 2004, 2010 and 2012.
They have played twice in the Super Bowl.
This was in 1999 in Miami in which they lost to the Denver Broncos and 2017 against the New England Patriots.
Their current stadium since 2017 is the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia.
From 1992 through 2016, the Georgia Dome was their home stadium for 25 seasons before it was destroyed and replaced.
The Atlanta Falcons  at GeorgiaEncyclopedia.org
1960s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
{{NFL team
|name = New Orleans Saints
|logo  = New Orleans Saints logo.svg
|current = 2021 New Orleans Saints season
|misc  = Headquarted in Metairie, Louisiana
|founded = 1967
|city = Mercedes-Benz SuperdomeNew Orleans, Louisiana, USA
|colors = Old Gold, Black, White
|coach = Sean Payton
|owner = Tom Benson, Gayle Benson and Rita Benson LeBlanc
|general manager = Mickey Loomis
| song =
| nicknames = Who Dat, The Black and Gold
|mascot = Gumbo the dog
|hist_yr= 1967
|NFL_start_yr=1967
|division_hist=
Eastern Conference (1967-1969)
Capitol Division (1967; 1969)
Century Division (1968)
National Football Conference (1970-present)
NFC West (1970-2001)
NFC South (2002-present)
|no_league_champs=1
|no_sb_champs=1
|sb_champs = 2009 (XLIV)
|no_conf_champs = 1
|conf_champs =*NFC: 2009
|no_div_champs=4
NFC West: 1991, 2000
NFC South: 2006, 2009, 2018, 2019
| playoff_appearances =
NFL: 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 2000, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
| no_playoff_appearances = 14
Tulane Stadium (1967-1974)
Mercedes-Benz Superdome (1975-2004, 2006-2020)
Temporary Stadiums in 2005 due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina:
Tiger Stadium (Four Games)
Alamodome (Three Games)
Giants Stadium (One Game)
caesars superdome (2021-presant)
The New Orleans Saints''' are a professional American football team in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
The Saints play in the  Southern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
After a history of bad luck, the Saints won Super Bowl XLIV in the 2009 season off an interception from Peyton Manning by cornerback Tracy Porter.
That was also meaningful because only about four years earlier the city was badly hurt when Hurricane Katrina came through in 2005.
That was later tarnished as in 2012 they and defesnive coodinator Gregg Williams were exposed to have used a bounty stystem, in which players were paid to deliver especially hard/illegal hits to the opponent.
Brees denied knowing of the system.
The Saints soon recovered and won three straight NFC South division titles.
The Saints have several famous players including their starting quarterback Drew Brees.
They also have running back Alvin Kamara, wide receiver Michael Thomas, defensive end Cameron Jordan, cornerback Marshon Lattimore, and two linebackers in Demario Davis and Kwon Alexander.
After drew Brees's 16 years with the Saints, he retired in the 2021 offseason.
Brees denies knowledge of bounty
New Orleans Saints official web site
The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team in Los Angeles, California, United States.
Originally known as the Cleveland Rams,  and then later as the St. Louis Rams, they are currently in the Western Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
The team has won two NFL Championships and two Super Bowls.
Their starting quarterback is Matthew Stafford.
They play at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California.
The Rams played in Cleveland, Ohio from 1936 to 1945, before moving to Los Angeles, California in 1946.
The Rams stayed in Los Angeles until the 1995 season, when the team moved to St. Louis, Missouri and played there until 2015.
In 2015, the team was sold and was moved back to Los Angeles.
Stan Kroenke, the team’s current owner, met with other NFL owners to approve the move.
The owners approved the Rams' move to Los Angeles with a 30–2 margin.
The Rams returned to Los Angeles at the beginning of the 2016 season.
The Rams have won the Super Bowl title in 1999, when they were established in St. Louis.
On May 31, 2009, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that the Rams were up for sale.
The sale price was not known, but Forbes magazine's estimated that the Rams' value was $929 million.
Eric Dickerson RB
Kurt Warner QB
Jackie Slater OT
Jack Youngblood OLB
Jerome Bettis RB
Ollie Matson RB
Orlando Pace OT
Deacon Jones DE
Marshall Faulk RB
Issac Bruce WR
Gary Lightbody was born on 15 June 1976 in Northern Ireland.
He is the lead singer of the alternative rock band Snow Patrol.
He first started Snow Patrol under the name "Polar Bears" while at the University of Dundee, Scotland, in 1994.
Musicians from Northern Ireland
Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American science fiction magazine.
As of 2007, it is the longest currently published magazine of that genre.
First published in 1930 in the United States with the name Astounding Stories as a pulp magazine, its name has been changed several times, such as Astounding Science-Fiction in 1938, and  Analog Science Fact & Fiction in 1960.
Analog Science Fiction and Fact official web site
Index (1930-1960)
Index (1960-Present)
Science_fiction
01 and 02 - Geographic Numbers
The area code comes first, and is linked to a specific part of the country.
For example, the 020 area code is for London and the 0121 code is for Birmingham.
When calling between two phones that have the same area code, this part is optional.
It is sometimes shown inside brackets to make this clear.
The area code can be two to five digits long.
The second part, usually separated from the code by a space, is known as the 'local number' or 'subscriber number'.
It is normally 6, 7 or 8 digits long but can sometimes be only 4 or 5 digits long.
This is always unique within an area code.
For example, only one person in Manchester could have the number 9460018.
03 - UK-Wide Numbers
Numbers beginning with 03 are for businesses, government and other organisations that need a number not linked to any single part of the country.
The law says they must always cost the same to call as normal 01 and 02 phone numbers from fixed telephones and from mobiles and be included in all call package bundles.
05 - Businesses and Internet Phones
055 numbers are used by big businesses that need a lot of numbers for their own private phone networks
056 numbers are used for internet phone services and let people call an internet phone from a normal telephone.
Internet phones can also use other types of numbers
0500 numbers are free to call from fixed telephones.
07 - Mobile and Personal Numbers
070 numbers are 'personal numbers' that people and business use to forward calls as they move around between different phones and can be very expensive to call
076 numbers are for pagers (except for 07624 which is mobile phones)
All other numbers beginning 07 are for mobile phones.
08 - Special Rate
0800 and 0808 numbers are free to call from fixed telephones.
Except for a few specific charity and helpline numbers, calls from mobile phones are not free.
Numbers starting with 084 are revenue-share numbers and impose a Service Charge of 1 to 5 pence per minute on the caller
Numbers starting with 087 (except for 0870) are revenue-share numbers and impose a Service Charge of 5 to 10 pence per minute on the caller
The Service Charge is related to the first six digits of the telephone number called
Landline providers add an Access Charge of 0 to 10 pence per minute when calling 084 and 087 numbers
Mobile providers add an Access Charge of 20 to 40 pence per minute when calling 08 numbers.
The total price paid can be up to 45 pence per minute and 08 numbers are never included within call packages.
09 - Premium Rate
These are more expensive revenue-share numbers with a Service Charge of up to £1.50 per minute.
These numbers are used to pay for services, for recorded information, for dating and for voting in competitions.
The caller also pays an Access Charge to their own phone network and this varies from network to network.
Specific Numbers
Telephone numbers in Overseas Territories
Telephone numbers in British Overseas Territories do not come under the UK telephone numbering plan.
Below are the access codes for the overseas territories:
Anguilla +1-264
Bermuda +1-441
British Virgin Islands +1-284
Cayman Islands +1-345
Montserrat +1-664
Turks and Caicos Islands +1-649
British Indian Ocean Territory +246
Falkland Islands +500
Gibraltar +350
Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha +290
Ascension Island +247
Akrotiri and Dhekelia +357 (Shared with Cyprus)
Pitcairn Islands +64 (Shared with New Zealand)
List of telephone area codes
UK Numbering Policy section of Ofcom's website
Telnet is a common network protocol used on the Internet and also inside a LAN (local network).
It was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15 and is now defined as IETF STD 8, which is one of the first Internet standards.
However, due to its lack of security, Telnet has been replaced with Secure Shell (SSH) on most servers.
Telnet is one of the simplest ways to exchange data between two computers.
It allows two computers anywhere on a computer network, including the worldwide Internet, to exchange text and other data in real time.
It is still widely used for testing computer programs, and is simple enough that it is included on most computers today.
But it allows many people to eavesdrop on the data exchange, which is why it has mostly been replaced by SSH.
Ofcom is the United Kingdom's regulatory body for telecommunications.
This means they are responsible for making sure that the law is followed by television and radio broadcasters.
Pedro Antonio Marín, (1930-2008) known by his pseudonym, Manuel Marulanda Vélez, and nicknamed by his comrades "Tirofijo" (), apparently because of a reputed ability to accurately aim firearms.
He was the main leader of the FARC-EP ("Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo").
He was born on May 13, 1930 (a date that has been disputed), in a coffee-growing region of west-central Colombia in the Quindío Department, to a peasant family politically aligned with the Liberal Party during La Violencia.
According to a Brazilian journal, he seems to have sufffered from some form of cancer.
There also seem to have been disputes on leadership (of the FARC) in January 2008.
A Colombian newspaper published an interview with the defense minister of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos on the 24th of May, 2008.
In it,  Santos said, that Colombian intelligence agents thought, that Manuel Marulanda had died on the 26th of March 2008, either of natural causes, or through a heart attack.
FARC commander ‘Timochenko’ confirmed on May 25 Telesur that ‘Manuel Marulanda’ died of a heart attack, as announced earlier by the Colombian government and the Colombian armed forces
David Livingstone (19 March 1813 – 4 May 1873) was a Scottish medical missionary with the London Missionary Society.
He wanted to be a missionary, but he could not get many people to convert to Christian beliefs, so instead, he explored and charted much of southern and eastern Africa.
He gave the Victoria Falls their name.
He named them after his queen, Queen Victoria.
In Africa
As an explorer, Livingstone had some advantages.
He usually travelled lightly, and he was able to reassure chiefs that he was not a threat.
Other expeditions had many soldiers armed with rifles, and even more people hired to carry supplies.
They were often seen as military incursions or were mistaken for slave-raiding parties.
Livingstone travelled on most of his journeys with a few servants and porters, bartering for supplies along the way.
He only had a couple of guns for protection.
He preached a Christian message but did not force it on unwilling ears.
He understood the ways of local chiefs, and got permission to go through their territory.
He was often hospitably received and aided, even by Mwata Kazembe.
Livingstone believed in trade, and wanted to see Christian missions established in central Africa.
His motto on the base of the statue dedicated to him at Victoria Falls, was "Christianity, Commerce and Civilization".
The reason he emphasised these three was that they would form an alternative to the slave trade, which was still rampant in Africa at that time.
It would give the Africans some dignity when they met Europeans.
The abolition of the African slave trade was his main hope.
Around this time he believed the key to achieving these goals was the navigation of the Zambezi River as a Christian commercial highway into the interior.
He returned to Britain to try to get support for his ideas, and to publish a book on his travels.
The book brought him fame as one of the leading explorers of the age.
Livingstone, David (1905) [1857].
Journeys in South Africa, or travels and researches in South Africa.
London: Amalgamated Press.
Livingstone, David and Waller, Horace (ed) 1874.
The last journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his death.
Two volumes, London: John Murray.
Holmes, Timothy 1993.
Journey to Livingstone: exploration of an imperial myth.
Edinburgh: Canongate Press. ;
scholarly biography
Jeal, Tim 1973.
A brief biography of David Livingstone
The Cincinnati Cyclones are a ice hockey team in the ECHL (East Coast Hockey League).
They used to be in the IHL (International Hockey League).
The team plays in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The Cyclones won a championship (the Kelly Cup championship) in the 2007–2008 season.
This was the first time they had won a championship in 18 years.
Cincinnati Cyclones' Official Web site
The CycWard - Section 60: Cyclones Fan Web Site
Timor is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea.
It is divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, belonging to the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara.
The island's surface is 11,883 square miles (30,777 km²).
The name is a variant of timur, Malay for “east”; it is so called because it is at the east end of a chain of islands.
Islands of Asia
Biggar is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland.
It is a royal burgh, which means a king or queeen thought it was a very good town when Scotland still had its own royal family.
There are many museums in Biggar.
South Lanarkshire is a county in the central part of Scotland.
It was formerly called Clydesdale.
The Strathclyde police currently governs the county.
Straven
North Lanarkshire is a county in the central part of Scotland.
It is small compared to nearby South Lanarkshire.
The area was formed in 1996.
Principal towns (10,000+ in population)
Cumbernauld - 49,664
Coatbridge - 41,170
Airdrie - 36,326
Motherwell - 30,312
Bellshill - 30,000 (approx.)
Wishaw - 28,565
Kilsyth - 10,100
Small towns and villages
Allanton
Auchinloch
Annathill
Banton
Bonkle
Cambusnethan
Cardowan
Calderbank
Caldercruix
Carfin
Carnbroe
Chapelhall
Chryston
Cleland
Coltness
Dullatur
Forrestfield
Garrion Bridge
Gartcosh
Glenboig
Glenmavis
Greengairs
Harthill
Hareshaw
Holytown
Longriggend
Luggiebank
Mollinsburn
Moodiesburn
Mossend
Muirhead
Murdostoun
Newmains
Newhouse
Newarthill
New Stevenston
Queenzieburn
Riggend
Salsburgh
Shotts
Stepps
Tannochside
Viewpark
Wattston
Motherwell is a large town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland.
It is an important town as many people have to come through it to get to places such as Lanark, Hamilton and Glasgow.
Motherwell has a big train station with four platforms, the biggest in North Lanarkshire.
The station can take you to places such as London.
Motherwell is next to Wishaw.
Towns in North Lanarkshire
A Stirling engine is a kind of heat engine that converts heat into useful mechanical energy by the movement of a piston inside a cylinder within the engine.
Unlike other commonly found heat engines such as the internal combustion engine used in cars and the steam engine used on railways, it re-uses the same gas for each stroke of the piston so there is no noisy exhaust.
The same gas is repeatedly heated and cooled within the engine’s cylinder.
To run it needs a supply of heat to heat its hot parts.
This can come from a fire, but also from the sun’s rays, from hot rocks near a volcano or from nuclear energy.
It also has cold parts which cool the gas inside it and these are kept cold by a stream of air or water flowing over them.
Wishaw is a town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland.
It is bordered by Motherwell and Carluke, and is split into several areas such as Netherton, Craigneuk, Newmains, Cambusnethan and Pather.
One of only three hospitals in Lanarkshire is in Wishaw.
Wishaw General Hospital is at the bottom of Wishaw, easy to find as it is on the main A721 road.
One suggestion is that it is from the Scots word for "Wicket gate in the wood", and that it used to be called Wygateshaw.
Another theory is that it was originally Viashaw, meaning way or road through the wood.
Yet another theory is that the name derives from "Wee Shaw", meaning small wood.
In November 1996, the world's worst recorded outbreak of E. coli occurred in the town, in which 20 people died and around 200 were infected.
John Higgins, world snooker champion
Paul Quinn, footballer for Motherwell F.C.
Tommy Gemmell, former footballer of Celtic F.C.
Lee Miller, footballer for Aberdeen F.C.
Census 2001 statistics for Wishaw
History and Photographs of Wishaw Iron & Steel Works 1859 - 1930
Website of the local Newspaper, the Wishaw Press
FARC (or FARC-EP) is the abbreviation of Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo.
This is the name of a guerrilla organisation operating in Colombia.
The group says it has Marxist- Leninist roots.
When the name of the group is translated into English, it usually reads Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army.
The government of Colombia, the United States, Canada and the European Union have classified the organisation as a terrorist group.
Other countries, such as Ecuador, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Cuba and Venezuela do not see the group as terrorist.
They instead refer to the group as “insurgents”.
Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, for example, publicly rejected this classification of terrorists in January of 2008.
He called on Colombia and other world governments to recognize the guerrillas as a belligerent force.
Chávez said that if they were recognised that way, they would then be obliged to stop kidnappings and terror acts in order to respect the Geneva Conventions.
The FARC was established in the 1960s as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party.
The group started as a guerrilla movement.
It became involved with trading illegal drugs during the 1980s.
This caused an official separation from the Communist Party and the formation of a political structure it calls the Clandestine Colombian Communist Party.
The FARC-EP still claims to be a guerrilla movement.
According to the Colombian government, FARC has an estimated 6,000-8,000 members in 2008, down from 16,000 in 2001.
Other estimates are higher, including up to 18,000 guerrillas, with the FARC themselves claiming in a 2007 interview that they have not been weakened.
The FARC-EP is present in 15-20 percent of Colombia’s territory.
Most of them are in southeastern jungles and in plains at the base of the Andes mountains.
In June 2016, the FARC signed a ceasefire accord with the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos in Havana.
This accord was seen as a historic step to ending the war that has gone on for fifty years.
On 25 August 2016, the Colombian president, Juan Manuel Santos, announced that four years of negotiation had secured a peace deal with FARC and that a national referendum would take place on 2 October.
The referendum failed with 50.24% voting against.
The Colombian government and the FARC on 24 November signed a revised peace deal, which the Colombian Congress approved on 30 November.
1964 establishments
1960s establishments in South America
Lanarkshire (Siorrachd Lannraig in Gaelic), also called the County of Lanark, is a county of Scotland.
Bellshill
Bishopbriggs
An atoll is a kind of island.
It is made when a coral reef forms around an island that sinks over many years.
In the end, the land is gone, and only the coral reef continues to grow until it becomes an atoll, a group of islands shaped like a doughnut.
Charles Darwin, who is most famous for his theory of evolution, was the first person to find out how atolls form.
He said that volcanoes in the ocean sometimes wear away or sink deeper.
Coral growing on a volcano likes to be near the surface, and it keeps growing to stay there.
Darwin, C. 1842.
The structure and distribution of coral reefs, being the first part of the voyage of the Beagle under the command of Capt.
Vitzroy R.N. during the years 1832 to 1834.
Smith, Elder and Co.: London.
214 pp.
Evelyn Waugh (pronounce like the word "war") (28 October 1903 – 10 April 1966) was an English writer.
He was born in Hampstead and raised in Golders Green, both in north-west London.
Waugh is well known for his satirical novels which include Decline and Fall, Vile Bodies, Scoop, A Handful of Dust and The Loved One, and especially for Brideshead Revisited and the Sword of Honour trilogy.
When he was writing these novels he used experiences that he had in his own life.
He often described British aristocracy and high society, making satirical fun of them.
However, in his real life he was also attracted to them.
Waugh was a convert to Catholicism.
His travel writings and his diaries and letters have also been published.
Dima Bilan (; born Viktor Belan on December 24, 1981) is a popular Russian singer.
Bilan was in the 2006 Eurovision contest.
He sang the song "Never Let You Go."
In the 2008 contest, he came back with song "Believe" and he won with 272 points.
In February 2007 Bilan started to record his first international album in English in Los Angeles, Miami and in Philadelphia in collaboration with producer Jim Beanz and Ryan Tedder.
One of the new tracks will be a duet with one of Timbaland's most successful artists, Nelly Furtado.
2003 - Ya nochnoi huligan (Я ночной хулиган) (I'm a Night Hooligan)
2004 - Na beregu neba (На берегу неба) (At The Sky's Shore)
2006 - Vremya-reka (Время-река) (Time-River)
2008 - Protiv Pravil (Против правил) (Against the Rules)
2009 - Believe
2011 - Mechtatel (Мечтатель) (Dreamer)
Thankerton is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, close to Biggar and Lanark.
It is at the bottom of Tinto, a hill.
Villages in South Lanarkshire
Brideshead Revisited, The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder is a novel by the English writer Evelyn Waugh.
It was first published in 1945.
The novel deals with subjects such as religion, especially Catholicism, and the love of God.
It tells the story of a family called Flyte.
They are an aristocratic family.
The story is told by a narrator called Charles Ryder.
Brideshead Revisited was made into a television serial for ITV, produced by Granada Television, in 1981.
A movie of the book was made in 2008.
The movie makes several changes to the story of the book.
The movie is mostly about the relationship between Charles and Julia.
Charles Ryder, who tells the story, is a student at the University of Oxford.
He makes friends with Sebastian Flyte, the younger son of an aristocratic family.
Sebastian, who comes from a very rich family, takes Charles to his family's home, Brideshead Castle.
Charles meets his family, including Sebastian's sister, Julia.
During the holiday Charles goes back to his home, where he lives with his father.
During the holiday Sebastian has a small injury and Charles goes back to him.
Sebastian and Charles spend the rest of the summer together.
Sebastian's family is Catholic.
His father, Lord Marchmain, had been an Anglican, but he had converted to Roman Catholicism, his wife's religion.
The family talk a lot about religion which surprises Charles, who had always thought that Christianity was not an important subject.
Lady Marchmain, Sebastian's mother, is a very strict Catholic.
She tries to control others by making them feel guilty.
Sebastian finds comfort by drinking  alcohol.
He often gets drunk, and over a period of two years he has less and less to do with the Flyte family.
Charles's own wife has been unfaithful, so he plans to divorce her so that he and Julia can marry.
However, Julia decides for religious reasons that it would not be right for her to marry Charles.
As Lord Marchmain lay dying, he had received the sacrament of Extreme Unction.
This act had also influenced Charles, who had been "in search of love in those days" when he first met Sebastian, "that low door in the wall...which opened on an enclosed and enchanted garden,", an important metaphor in the book.
Charles became an architect.
During the Second World War becomes an army officer.
By chance he is billeted at Brideshead.
It seems to him that builders do a useful job, even if there are problems sometimes.
Wilton Norman "Wilt" Chamberlain (August 21 1936–October 12 1999) was an American basketball player.
Chamberlain played in the NBA during the 1960s, and many people think he is one of the best players in basketball history.
At 7 feet 1 inch, he was the tallest and heaviest player in the league for most of his career, and he was one of the most famous people in the game for many years.
He is the first and only basketball player to score 100 points in an NBA game.
Chamberlain led the league several times in points, accuracy, rebounds and minutes.
He also won 4 NBA Most Valuable Player awards and was placed in the Basketball Hall of Fame.
He won two NBA championships: the first in 1967, with the Philadelphia 76ers, and the second in 1972, with the Los Angeles Lakers.
Chamberlain also played for several seasons with the Philadelphia Warriors and toured with the Harlem Globetrotters.
In 1999, he died from congestive heart failure.
Philadelphia 76ers players
Kirkfieldbank is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland.
It is close to Lanark.
They, along with New Lanark, participate in the Lanark Lanimers.
They have one primary school, Kirkfieldbank primary.
Jacqueline du Pré OBE (26 January 1945 - 19 October 1987) was an English cellist.
Today she is thought of as one of the greatest cellists of all time.
She is particularly remembered for her performances of the Elgar Cello Concerto.
She was still quite young when she became ill with multiple sclerosis and had to give up playing her cello.
Jacqueline du Pré was born in Oxford, England.
Her father came from Jersey.
His mother was a talented pianist who taught at the Royal Academy of Music.
When she was four Jacqueline heard the sound of a cello on the radio and she told her mother she wanted "one of those."
She started with lessons from her mother, who composed little pieces with little drawings.
Then, when she was five, she went to the London Violoncello School .
Her first teacher was Alison Dalrymple.
Soon she and her sister, who played the flute, were winning local music competitions.
Du Pré’s main teacher, from 1955 to 1961, both privately and at the Guildhall School of Music in London, was the famous cellist William Pleeth.
She took part in a masterclass with Pablo Casals in Zermatt, Switzerland in 1960, and had some lessons with Paul Tortelier in Paris in 1962, and with Mstislav Rostropovich in Russia in 1966.
Rostropovich said that she was the only young cellist who could play better than he could.
In March 1961, when she was 16, du Pré gave her first concert at the Wigmore Hall, London, and she played the Elgar Cello Concerto in 1962 in the Royal Festival Hall with the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Rudolf Schwarz.
She performed at the BBC Proms in 1963 playing the Elgar concerto again, with Sir Malcolm Sargent.
People liked it so much that she was asked to play it every year for three years.
Du Pré performed at the Proms every year until 1969.
In 1965, when she was 20, she recorded the Elgar concerto for EMI with the London Symphony Orchestra and Sir John Barbirolli.
This made her internationally famous.
People still judge every cellist’s performance of this work by this recording by du Pré.
She played with the world’s greatest orchestras and conductors, including the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic, New Philharmonia Orchestra, BBC Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Israel Philharmonic, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.
She regularly performed with conductors such as Barbirolli, Sir Adrian Boult, Sir Malcolm Sargent, Daniel Barenboim (her husband), Zubin Mehta, and Leonard Bernstein.
There were two cellos that Du Pré usually played.
One was a Stradivari cellos, the Stradivarius made in 1673, and the other was made in 1712 and was called the Davydov Stradivarius.
Both instruments were gifts from her godmother.
She performed with the 1673 Stradivarius from 1961 until 1964 when she got the Davydov.
Many of her most famous recordings were made on this instrument, including the Elgar Concerto with Barbirolli, the Robert Schumann Cello Concerto with Barenboim and the two Brahms cello sonatas.
From 1969 to 1970 du Pré played a Francesco Goffriller cello, and in 1970 she got a modern instrument from the Philadelphia violin maker Sergio Peresson.
It was the Peresson cello that du Pré played for the rest of her career until 1973, including a second, live recording of the Elgar Concerto, and her last studio recording in 1971 of the sonatas by Frederic Chopin and César Franck.
She often played chamber music with her husband Daniel Barenboim and her friends Yehudi Menuhin, Itzhak Perlman, Zubin Mehta, and Pinchas Zukerman.
In 1969 a film was made when they played Schubert’s Piano Quintet ("Trout").
There were also other films made of her playing.
Jacqueline du Pré met pianist Daniel Barenboim on New Year's Eve in 1966.
They were married the following June (1967) at the Western Wall in Jerusalem.
As her husband was Jewish, she converted to Judaism.
They very often performed together, with Baremboim either playing the piano or conducting an orchestra.
Jacqueline’s sister Hilary and her brother Piers later wrote a book about her called A Genius in the Family.
This was made into a film Hilary and Jackie.
In this film it was claimed that Jacqueline had had an affair with Hilary’s husband.
They said that this had helped her at the time she was having a nervous breakdown.
Hilary’s daughter later criticized the story and said that her father had made Jacqueline have sex with him.
In the early 1980s, Barenboim began an affair with the Russian pianist Elena Bashkirova, with whom he had two sons.
This was kept secret from Jacqueline, who was very ill by that time.
In 1971, Jacqueline du Pré’s started to suffer from multiple sclerosis.
She began to lose feeling in her fingers, as well as in other parts of her body.
She stopped playing for a while.
Then, in 1973, she started playing again, but she could not play so well.
She performed the Elgar Concerto for her last London concerts in February 1973 with Zubin Mehta and the New Philharmonia Orchestra.
Her last public concerts were in New York in February 1973, where she was going to play four performances of the Brahms Double Concerto with the violinist Pinchas Zukerman, and Leonard Bernstein conducting the New York Philharmonic.
Du Pré later said she had difficulty in opening the cello case.
She was in the middle of a performance when her fingers could no longer perform.
The last performance was cancelled.
In October 1973 it was confirmed that she had multiple sclerosis.
During her last years she was in a wheelchair.
She sometimes gave some masterclasses.
She died of multiple sclerosis in London on October 19, 1987, at the age of 42.
Jacqueline du Pré was given many honours.
She was made an OBE in 1976.
After her death a rose was named after her by the Royal Horticultural Society.
The music building of St Hilda's College, Oxford is named after her.
She has left us many recordings of her playing.
Jacqueline du Pré Official website
New Lanark is a 18th century village and model industrial community with cotton mill buildings, workers' housing, and school.
The small town was built by Robert Owen as an experiment in utopian idealism.
Between 1785 and 1968, some buildings were torn down or burned; and some new buildings were built.
However, the overall appearance of the village stayed much like it was in the first half of the 19th century.
New Lanark website
A master class is a lesson given by a famous musician or artist to a small group of students.
Music students may often have the opportunity to have a masterclass with a famous musician.
They will have prepared a piece of music to play to the teacher.
There is usually an audience watching at a masterclass.
North Medwyn is a river in the Lanarkshire area of Scotland.
The North Medwyn is a tributary of the River Clyde.
This means that it flows into the River Clyde.
North Medwin
The South Medwyn is a river in the Lanarkshire area of Scotland.
As it flows west it joins the River Clyde.
The two rivers join about 1.5 km south of Carnwath.
South Medwin
Flowing into the North Sea
From Berwick-upon-Tweed to Duncansby Head (East Coast)
Whiteadder Water, Scotland
Blackadder Water, Scotland
Eden Water, Scotland
River Teviot, Scotland
Jed Water, Scotland
Leader Water, Scotland
Gala Water, Scotland
Ettrick Water, Scotland
Leithen Water, Scotland
Quair Water, Scotland
Eddleston Water, Scotland
Manor Water, Scotland
Holms Water, Scotland
Eye Water, Scotland
River Tyne, Scotland
Firth of Forth (Estuary)
River Esk, Lothian
River South Esk
River North Esk
River Carron
River Teith
River Devon, Clackmannanshire
River Eden, Fife
River Almond, Perthshire
River Isla, Perthshire
River Braan
River Tummel
Lunan Water
Bervie Water
Carron Water, Aberdeenshire
Cowie Water
Burn of Monboys
Cowton Burn
Burn of Muchalls
Burn of Pheppie
Burn of Elsick
Water of Feugh
Coy Burn
Leuchar Burn
Crynoch Burn
Cairnie Burn
River Don, Aberdeenshire
River Ythan
River Ugie
North Ugie Water
River Deveron
River Bogie
River Isla, Moray
River Spey
River Fiddich
River Lossie
River Findhorn
River Nairn
River Ness
River Beauly
River Glass
River Orrin
River Averon
River Shin
River Brora
River Helmsdale (River Ullie)
Wick River
The Inner Hebrides and Isle of Skye
Allt Dearg Mòr
Varragill River
Kilmartin River
River Hinnisdal
River Haultin
River Snizort
Lòn an Eireannaich
Abhainn an Acha-leathain
Tungadal River
Bay River
Hamara River
River Ose
River Drynoch
Viskigill Burn
Eynort River
River Brittle
Coir' uisg
Abhainn Camas Fhionnairigh
Lussa River
River Forsa
Aros River
Coladoir River
River Laggan
Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean
Dunnet Head to Mull of Kintyre
River Thurso
Little River, Highland
Halladale River
River Strathy
River Borgie
Kinloch River
River Hope
River Dionard
Rhiconich River
River Inver
River Canaird
River Broom
Dundonnel River
Gruinard River
Inverianvie River
Little Gruinard River
River Ewe
River Kerry
Craig River
River Torridon
River Ling
River Elchaig
River Croe
River Moidart
Strontian River
Carnoch River
River Scaddle
River Lochy
River Kiachnish
River Coe
River Etive
River Kinglass
River Awe
River Orchy (via Loch Awe)
River Avich (via Loch Awe)
River Add
Firth of Clyde
From Mull of Kintyre to Mull of Galloway
River Fyne
River Ruel
River Lachaig
River Kelvin
Allander Water
Glazert Water
Luggie Water
Black Cart Water
River Gryffe
White Cart Water
North Calder Water
South Calder Water
River Nethan
Medwin Water
Portrail Water
Noddsdale Water
Gogo Water
Lugton Water
River Irvine
Annick Water
River Ayr
River Doon
Arran and the Cumbrae Islands
Glen Rosa Water
Benlister Burn
Glenashdale Burn
Kilmory Water
Stiddery Water
Clauchan Water
Machrie Water
Iorsa Water
Solway Firth (Mull of Galloway to Gretna, Irish Sea)
Water of Luce
River Cree
Water of Fleet
Little Water of Fleet
Big Water of Fleet
River Dee, Galloway
Water of Ken
Urr Water
Kirkgunzeon Lane
New Abbey Pow
River Nith
Cairn Water
Scar Water
Euchan Water
Lochar Water
Water of Milk
Kirtle Water
River Sark - straddles the border in its lower reaches
River Solway
River Esk, Dumfries and Galloway
River Lyne
Outer Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland
Burn of Ayreland, Mainland, Orkney
Mill Dam Burn, Shapinsay, Orkney Islands
By length
River Tay 193 km (120 miles)
River Spey 172 km (107 miles)
River Clyde 171 km (106 miles)
River Tweed 156 km (97 miles)
River Dee 137 km (85 miles)
River Don 132 km (82 miles)
River Nith 112 km (71 miles)
River Forth 105 km (65 miles)
River Findhorn 101 km (63 miles)
River Deveron 98 km (61 miles)
River Annan 79 km (49 miles)
Hamilton (, ) is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland.
It is the where the council headquarters for South Lanarkshire are situated.
The Province of Frosinone () is a province in the Lazio region of Central Italy.
The province is in the southeast of the Lazio region.
It borders to the north with the Abruzzo region (L'Aquila province), to the northwest and west with the Metropolitan City of Rome, to the east by the Molise region (Isernia province), to the southeast with the Campania region (Caserta), and to the south with the Latina province.
The highest mountain in the province is Monte Meta or, simply, La Meta (), with an altitude of ; it is on the border with the L'Aquila province.
The main rivers in the province are the Liri,  long, and its tributary, the Sacco river,  long.
There are 493,067 persons living in the province in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
There are 91 municipalities (or comuni) in the province; they are:
Acquafondata
Acuto
Alatri
Alvito
Amaseno
Anagni
Arnara
Belmonte Castello
Boville Ernica
Broccostella
Campoli Appennino
Casalattico
Casalvieri
Castelliri
Castelnuovo Parano
Castro dei Volsci
Castrocielo
Ceccano
Ceprano
Cervaro
Colfelice
Colle San Magno
Coreno Ausonio
Esperia
Falvaterra
Filettino
Fiuggi
Fontana Liri
Fontechiari
Fumone
Gallinaro
Giuliano di Roma
Guarcino
Monte San Giovanni Campano
Morolo
Paliano
Pastena
Patrica
Pescosolido
Picinisco
Piedimonte San Germano
Pignataro Interamna
Pofi
Pontecorvo
Posta Fibreno
Ripi
Rocca d'Arce
Roccasecca
San Biagio Saracinisco
San Donato Val di Comino
San Giorgio a Liri
San Giovanni Incarico
San Vittore del Lazio
Sant'Ambrogio sul Garigliano
Sant'Andrea del Garigliano
Sant'Apollinare
Sant'Elia Fiumerapido
Santopadre
Serrone
Settefrati
Sgurgola
Strangolagalli
Supino
Terelle
Torre Cajetani
Torrice
Trevi nel Lazio
Trivigliano
Vallecorsa
Vallemaio
Vallerotonda
Veroli
Vicalvi
Vico nel Lazio
Villa Latina
Villa Santa Lucia
Villa Santo Stefano
Viticuso
The largest comune is Veroli, with  and the smallest is Vicalvi ().
The comune with fewest people living in it is Acquafondata with 263 inhabitants.
List of communes of the Province of Frosinone
The Province of Latina () is a province in the Lazio region of Central Italy.
The province is in the southwest of the Lazio region.