the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The destruction on Pylos by fire around 1180 suggests a violent destruction to the city.
There is some evidence of Pylos expecting a seaborne attack with tablets at Pylos discussing "Watchers guarding the coast".
The tablets do not give any context as to what is being watched for and why.
Regardless of what the threat from the sea was, it likely played a role in the decline.
It would have hindered trade and perhaps vital food imports.
The end Bronze Age collapse marked the start of a period that has been called the Greek Dark Ages, which lasted for more than 400 years.
The occupation of some cities, like Athens, did continue however their existence was of a much different nature.
They had a more local sphere of influence, limited trade and an impoverished culture.
It took centuries for Greece to recover.
Several cities were destroyed, Assyria lost northwestern cities which were reconquered by Tiglath-Pileser I after his ascension to kingship.
Control of the Babylonian and Assyrian regions extended barely beyond the city limits.
Babylon was sacked by the Elamites.
After apparently surviving for a while, the Egyptian Empire collapsed in the mid twelfth century BC (during the reign of Ramesses VI).
This led to the Third Intermediate Period, that is, non-dynasty.
Robert Drews describes the collapse as "the worst disaster in ancient history, even more calamitous than the collapse of the Western Roman Empire".
A number of people have spoken of the cultural memories of the disaster as stories of a "lost golden age".
Hesiod for example spoke of Ages of Gold, Silver and Bronze, separated from the modern harsh cruel world of the Age of Iron by the Age of Heroes.
Possible causes of collapse
The Hekla 3 eruption was about this time, and is dated at 1159 BC by  Egyptologists and British archeologists.
Earthquakes tend to occur in sequences or 'storms', where a major earthquake above 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale can set off later earthquakes along the weakened fault line.
When a map of earthquake occurrence is superimposed on a map of the sites destroyed in the Late Bronze Age, there is a very close correspondence.
Migrations and raids
Evidence includes the widespread findings of Naue II-type swords (coming from South-Eastern Europe) throughout the region, and Egyptian records of invading "northerners from all the lands".
The Ugarit correspondence at the time mentions invasions by tribes of such as the mysterious Sea Peoples.
Equally, the last Linear B documents in the Aegean (dating to just before the collapse) reported a large rise in piracy, slave raiding and other attacks, particularly around Anatolia.
Later fortresses along the Libyan coast, constructed and maintained by the Egyptians after the reign of Ramesses II, were built to reduce raiding.
This theory is strengthened by the fact that the collapse coincides with the appearance in the region of many new ethnic groups.
Indo-European tribes such as the Phrygians, Thracians, Macedonians and Dorian Greeks seem to have arrived at this time – possibly from the north.
There also seems to have been widespread migration of the Aramaeans – possibly from the South-East.
Ultimate reasons for these migrations could include drought, developments in warfare/weaponry, earthquakes or other natural disasters.
This means that the migrations theory is not incompatible with the other theories mentioned here.
Ironworking
It now seems that the disruption of long distance trade cut easy supplies of tin, making bronze impossible to make.
Older implements were recycled and then iron substitutes were used.
Drought could have easily precipitated or hastened socio-economic problems and led to wars.
More recently Brian Fagan has shown how the diversion of mid-winter storms, from the Atlantic to north of the Pyrenees and the Alps, bringing wetter conditions to Central Europe but drought to the Eastern Mediterranean, was associated with the Late Bronze Age collapse.
Changes in warfare
Robert Drews argues that massed infantry used newly developed weapons and armor.192ff Cast rather than forged spearheads and long swords, a revolutionizing cut-and-thrust weapon, and javelins were used.
The appearance of bronze foundries suggest "that mass production of bronze artifacts was suddenly important in the Aegean".
For example, Homer uses "spears" as a virtual synonym for "warrior", suggesting the continued importance of the spear in combat.
Such new weaponry, used by a proto-hoplite model of infantry able to withstand attacks of massed chariotry, would destabilize states that were based upon the use of chariots by the ruling class.
This precipitated an abrupt social collapse as raiders and/or infantry mercenaries began to conquer, loot, and burn the cities.
General systems collapse
A general systems collapse has been put forward as an explanation for the reversals in culture.
This theory raises the question of whether this collapse was the cause of, or the effect of, the Bronze Age collapse being discussed.
In the Middle East, a variety of factors — including population growth, soil degradation, drought, cast bronze weapon and iron production technologies — could have combined to push the relative price of weaponry (compared to arable land) to a level unsustainable for traditional warrior aristocracies.
In complex societies which were increasingly fragile, this combination of factors may have contributed to the collapse.
The critical flaws of the late Bronze Age are its centralization, specialization, complexity and top-heavy political structure.
These flaws then revealed themselves through revolts, defections, demographic crises (overpopulation), and wars between states.
Other factors which could have placed increasing pressure on the fragile kingdoms include the aggression of the ‘Sea Peoples’, the effect of pirates on maritime trade, drought, crop failures, and famine.
Oliver Dickinson 2007.
The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: continuity and change between the twelfth and eighth Centuries BC Routledge, London.
Official website of Washington University in St. Louis
1850s establishments in Missouri
The Lions Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia.
It is one of Canada's National Historic Sites.
Andray Blatche (born August 22, 1986 in Syracuse, New York) is an Filipino-American basketball player that currently plays for the Washington Wizards of the NBA.
On September 25, 2005, Blatche was shot in a carjacking in Alexandria, Virginia and recovered successfully.
Blatche has played for the Washington Wizards for 5 seasons.
Blatche became a naturalized Filipino in 2014.
He plays for the Philippine national basketball team.
Evgeni Vladimirovich Malkin (born July 31, 1986) is a Russian professional ice hockey centre.
He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) and serves as their alternative captain.
He was selected 2nd overall by the Penguins in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.
Drew Doughty (born December 8, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman.
He plays for the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL).
He was selected 2nd overall by the Kings in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.
He plays on Team Canada in the Olympics where he won a gold medal in the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Doughty was named to the all-rookie team in the 2008-09 NHL season.
He won the Stanley Cup with the Los Angeles Kings in 2012.
Borsdorf was born in Saxony in 1854.
He studied the French horn at the Conservatoire in Dresden and played in a military band.
In 1879, he moved to England where he stayed for the rest of his life, becoming the most important horn player in England.
The conductor Hans Richter offered him at job in the orchestra at Covent Garden.
In 1904, he joined the newly formed London Symphony Orchestra.
The four horn players in that orchestra were excellent players and were often called “God’s Own Quartet”.
Borsdorf and his colleague Franz Paersch had learned to play on horns that were made in Germany.
These had a wide bore (the hole through the tube).
However, both players changed to playing instruments made in France by a horn-maker called Raoux.
These instruments had a narrower bore.
They were not quite as powerful but gave a particularly clear sound.
Borsdorf became professor at the Royal College of Music when it was founded in 1882.
He also taught at the Royal Academy of Music.
He soon became the best horn player in London.
He was playing principal horn in the orchestra which Henry Wood conducted at the very first Promenade Concert in the Queen’s Hall in 1895 (the fourth horn was A.E.Brain, grandfather of Dennis Brain).
He was also in the orchestra when Richard Strauss’s Till Eulenspiegel was given its first performance in England in 1896 with the composer conducting.
In 1913, he became ill and had to have teeth removed.
There was also another problem for him: World War I broke out in 1914 and there was a lot of anti-German feeling in England.
After the war he rarely played in public.
Borsdorf died in 1923.
He had done more than anyone else to improve the standard of horn playing in England.
He taught many talented pupils, including A.E.Brain Jr., Aubrey Brain, Frank Probyn and his own three sons: Oskar, Francis and Emil who all became professional horn players.
ISBN 0-7091-5772-X
Alfred Edwin Brain (born Turnham Green, London, 4 February 1860; died London, 25 October 1929), was an English player of the French horn.
He was the founder of a great school of English horn playing.
His grandson Dennis Brain became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.
He is known as A.E .Brain Sr. (
Senior) because one of his sons, who also was a famous horn player, had the same name.
A.E. Brain was born in 1860.
His father fought in the Crimean War and was invalid.
Alfred was not well educated.
When he was 12 he joined the Scots Guards and played the horn in the band.
He married in 1880 and had seven children.
Two of the children became great horn players: Alfred and Aubrey.
He played in several orchestras, including the Philharmonic Society, the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and Covent Garden.
He played a lot for Henry Wood in The Proms.
In orchestras he nearly always played fourth horn, so his nickname was “George IV”.
In 1904 he became a founding member of the London Symphony Orchestra.
The four horn players in that orchestra: Adolf Borsdorf,  Thomas Busby,  Henri Van der Meerschen and A.E. Brain, were often called “God’s Own Quartet” because they blended together so well.
Alfred Edwin Brain Jr. (born London, 24 October 1885; died Los Angeles, 29 March 1966) was an English player of the French horn.
He came from a family which included many famous horn players, including his nephew, Dennis Brain who became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.
A.E.Brain Jr (Junior, to distinguish him from his father who had the same name) was born in 1885.
His father, Alfred Edwin Brain Sr.
was a well-known horn player.
Alfred started to learn the trumpet when he was six, but when he was twelve he changed to the French horn and learned from his father.
He studied at the Royal Academy of Music with Adolf Borsdorf and also learned the piano from G.D.Cunningham who was to teach his nephew the organ some forty years later.
His first professional job was with the Scottish Orchestra.
He then played in the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra.
When World War I broke out he joined the Scots Guards, but later, in 1917, he did a lot of dangerous work in France where the fighting was taking place.
After the war he was awarded the British War Medal and Victory Medal for his bravery.
When he returned after the war he got jobs with several of the London orchestras, including Covent Garden where he played for Sir Thomas Beecham.
His brother Aubrey, also an excellent horn player, returned from the war after him.
By this time Alfred had got all the best horn jobs in London, so it was difficult for Aubrey to find the best jobs.
In 1923 he emigrated to the United States.
He played in the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and later for the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.
In his later years he recorded a lot in movie studios, including for 20th century Fox.
When the waves at shallow water were poor, surfers would often attempt to surf in shallow breaking water.
This led to the making of smaller, lighter boards, named skimboards for the way they allow the user to skim across the surface of the water.
Lifeguards were quick to adopt these new boards and used skimboarding as a way to quickly move up and down the beach in shallow water.
Skimboarding has progressed and is now a recognized sport.
Competitions are held each year around the world and produce large amounts of revenue for the market interested in this sport.
These competitions also allow skimboarders to exhibit maneuvers that technology, evolution and skill have made possible.
Arminius, also known as Armin or Hermann (b. 18 BC/17 BC in Magna Germania; d. AD 21 in Germania) was a chieftain of the Cherusci.
He was able to unite a group of Germanic tribes together to fight the Romans.
They destroyed a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
This was the greatest military disaster the Romans had ever suffered.
After the battle, Arminius immediately sent Varus' severed head to Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, the other most powerful Germanic ruler.
Arminius offered an anti-Roman alliance.
Marobod declined the offer, sending the head on to Rome for burial, and remained neutral throughout the ensuing war.
Only later did a brief, inconclusive war break out between the two Germanic leaders.
Rome's response
Later, in 14 AD, the Roman general  Germanicus, nephew of the Emperor Tiberius, led a huge 8-legion army (a legion was up to 5,000 men) into Germania against the coalition of tribes led by Arminius.
Arminius initially lured Germanicus' cavalry into a trap and inflicted minor casualties, until successful fighting by the Roman infantry caused the Germans to break and flee into the forest.
This victory, combined with the fact that winter was fast approaching, meant Germanicus's next step was to lead his army back to its winter quarters on the Rhine.
In spite of doubts on the part of his uncle, Emperor Tiberius, Germanicus managed to raise another huge army and invaded Germany again the next year, in 16.
He forced a crossing of the Weser near modern Minden, suffering heavy losses.
Then he met Arminius' army in an engagement often called the Battle of the Weser River.
Germanicus's superior tactics and better trained and equipped legions inflicted huge casualties on the German army, with only minor losses.
One final battle was fought at the Angivarian Wall west of modern Hanover, repeating the pattern of high German fatalities, forcing them to flee.
With his main objectives reached and with winter approaching Germanicus ordered his army back to their winter camps, with the fleet occasioning some damage by a storm in the North Sea.
However, only a minute number of Romans died due to this storm.
After a few more raids across the Rhine, which resulted in the recovery of two of the three legion's eagles lost in 9, Germanicus was recalled to Rome and informed by Tiberius that he would be given a triumph and reassigned to a different command.
Death of Arminius
Five years later, Arminius was killed on the orders of rival Germanic chiefs.
Although Arminius could not keep unity among the Germanic tribes, the loss of Roman legions in the Teutoburg forest had a far-reaching effect on the Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire.
Germanicus' campaign was the last major Roman  military effort east of the Rhine.
Doctor of Medicine (MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine") is a doctoral degree for physicians (medical doctors).
The degree is given by medical schools.
It is a professional doctorate / first professional degree (qualifying degree) in some countries, including the United States and Canada.
Students need to have completed 90 to 120 credit hours of university level work  (see second entry degree) and in most cases should already have a Bachelors Degree.
In other countries, such as the United Kingdom and Germany, the Doctor of Medicine is an advanced academic research degree similar to a PhD or a higher doctorate.
In Britain, Ireland, and many Commonwealth nations, the qualifying medical degree is the Bachelor of Science in Medicine, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, BMBS, BM BCh, BM, MB BCh BAO, or MB ChB) and is the same as the M.D. degree in the U.S. system.
In these countries it is illegal to prescribe scrips (prescriptions) and perform operations without the basic degree; also usual is the membership of appropriate medical and/or surgical societies.
The societies (such as the British Medical Association) act as a kind of sophisticated trades union for doctors.
In the British system, the General Medical Council has legal authority for the medical register of doctors licensed to practice medicine.
They can and do hold tribunals to decide whether doctors accused of misdeeds should be struck off the medical register.
Therefore, to practice it is necessary not only to hold the medical degree(s), but also to be on the register.
Watson is of British ancestry.
He is best known as one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA with Francis Crick in 1953.
He studied at the University of Chicago and Indiana University and later worked at the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory.
He met Crick at the Cavendish and they became friends.
Criticism of Watson
Watson has always been a controversial figure, especially in the United States.
The main cause is a long-running argument as to what causes the small difference in the average IQs of black and white people in the U.S.A.
Watson has repeatedly said that differences in average measured IQ between blacks and whites are due to genetics.
Watson said his intention was to promote science, not racism
An excerpt from Watson's memoir, Avoid Boring People: Lessons from a Life in Science page=102 goes as follows:
"As we find the human genes whose malfunctioning gives rise to such devastating developmental failures, we may well discover that sequence differences within many of them also lead to much of the observable variation in human IQs.
A priori, there is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically.
Our desire to reserve equal powers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so".
An editorial in Nature said that his remarks were "beyond the pale".
Because of the controversy, the Board of Trustees at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory suspended Watson's administrative responsibilities.
Watson issued an apology, then retired at the age of 79 from CSHL after what the lab called "nearly 40 years of distinguished service".
Watson attributed his retirement to his age and to circumstances that he could never have anticipated or desired.
The double helix: a personal account of the work with Francis Crick)  2018: later version.
Genes, Girls, and Gamow: after the double helix (autobiography)
DNA: The secret of life.
The molecular biology of the gene, 5th ed.
(co-author with five others)
Avoid boring people: lessons from a life in science (autobiography)
The molecular biology of the cell
Recombinant DNA: a short course.
1983 to 2017 editions.
The 1707 Hōei earthquake happened at 14:00 local time on 28 October 1707.
It was one of the largest earthquakes in Japanese history.
The southern coast of Honshu runs in the same direction as the Nankai Trough.
This marks the place where the Philippine Sea Plate moves under the Eurasian Plate.
Movement on this boundary causes many earthquakes; some of them are megathrust earthquakes.
The Nankai megathrust has five parts (A-E) that can break one by one.
The different parts have broken either one at a time or all together many times over the last 1,300 years.
This kind of quake often happens in pairs with a relatively short time between them.
In addition to the two earthquakes in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946.
Each time, the northeastern part broke before the southwestern part.
In 1707, the earthquakes were either at the same time, or close enough together so that writing from that time do not describe them separately.
29,000 houses were destroyed and more than 5,000 people were killed.
The earthquake caused at least one major landslide in Shizuoka.
This landslide was one of the three largest in Japan and is called the Ohya Landslide.
It covered an area of 1.8 km2 with an estimated volume of 120 million m3.
In the Nara Basin, the earthquake made the soil behave like a liquid.
There were two other very large earthquakes: the 1854 Ansei-Tōkai and Ansei-Nankai earthquakes.
The 1707 was stronger than both.
Several observations show that the Hōei earthquake was bigger.
At Cape Muroto, Kōchi, a cliff was raised up about 2.3 m in 1707, but just 1.5 m in 1854.
In the Kawachi Plain area, the earthquake was around 6 - 7 on the JMA scale.
Also, the amount of damage and height of the water from tsunami showed the strength of the earthquake.
There are also records of tsunami at distant locations, such as Nagasaki and Jeju-do, South Korea.
The tsunami that followed the earthquake raised water along the coast.
Along the southwestern coast of Kōchi, the average increase in sea level was 7.7 m. In some places it rose up to 10.2 m
Connection to Mount Fuji eruption
Changes in stress caused by large earthquakes may be enough to cause volcanic eruptions, when the magma system of the volcano is close to a critical state.
The great earthquake in 1707 may have changed pressure in the magma under Mount Fuji and might have caused the last eruption of Mount Fuji 49 days later.
Earthquakes in Japan
18th century in Japan
1700s in Asia
Henri Marie La Fontaine (22 April 1854 – 14 May 1943), was a Belgian lawyer.
He is most well known for receiving the Nobel Prize of Peace in 1913.
He devoted himself to international peace.
He was responsible about making education better and about foreign affairs.
La Fontaine was born in Brussels in April 11, 1854.
In 1895, he became a senator, and in the following years, he submitted a bill on mine inspection.
He also became the President of the International Peace bureau at 1907, and finally received the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1913.
He died before Belgium was liberated.
Belgian lawyers
Belgian politicians
Publius Quinctilius Varus (46 BC in Cremona, Roman Republic - AD 9 in Germania) was a Roman politician and general under Emperor Augustus.
He is mainly remembered for having lost three Roman legions and his own life when attacked by Germanic leader Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
46 BC births
9 deaths
Dumbledore's Army (often referred to as the D.A.) is an association in the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling.
It is started in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and continued in the last book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by member Neville Longbottom.
This is an association created to prepare some pupils for beating Voldemort.
The leader, Harry Potter, teaches his friends how defend themselves against the Dark Lord.
The idea for the D.A. came from Hermione Granger, who wanted the students to learn defensive spells which were not being taught by the new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher, Delores Umbridge.
cs:Albus Brumbál#Brumbálova armáda
he:הארי פוטר - דמויות משנה#צבא דמבלדור
Charles de Tornaco (June 7, 1927 - September 18, 1953) was a race car driver from Belgium.
He drove in Formula One World Championship Grands Prix.
He died of a car accident in 1953.
The accident happened in Modena, Italy while he was practicing for the race.
De Tornaco rolled his car over the barrier.
There was no medical help available for him there, and he died on the way to a hospital in a private Mercedes-Benz C-Class.
He was 28.
Photo editing is the changing of images.
These images can be digital photographs, illustrations, prints, or photographs on film).
Traditional editing, such as airbrushing, is done by hand.
Now photo editing is done by programs such as Photoshop, Gimp and Microsoft Paint.
Photo editing is done for many reasons.
Many photos of models are edited to remove blemishes or make the model "better".
This is usually called retouching, airbrushing or Photoshopping, even if Photoshop or airbrushes are not used.
Other reasons to edit a photo include fixing errors (red eye, contrast, brightness, etc.),
practical jokes, and to trick people.
Photo editing is also used to make completely new images.
Photo editing is sometimes called photo manipulation, a term which sounds negative.
The first known example of photo editing happened in the 1860s to a photo of President Abraham Lincoln.
Before the invention of computers, people had to edit images by hand.
Some editing was done by pasting photos together.
People also used tools like ink, paint and airbrushes.
Enlargers made bigger pictures, and allowed adjustments such as brightening or darkening different parts.
In the 1980s, photo editing computer programs for personal computers were made.
The first version of Adobe Photoshop was released in 1987.
In 2011 the first photo editing mobile apps were released on App Store Other apps have been made for other mobile operating systems.
These apps allow editing and photo sharing by smartphone and tablet computer.
A piñata is a type of decoration with bright colors.
It is made from either clay or cardboard and is covered with papier-mâché.
In Puerto Rico, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia and in some other Latin American countries, piñatas are traditionally used only at children's birthday parties.
They are usually made of cardboard, colorfully decorated to match the birthday party theme and filled with candy, chocolates, small toys and confetti.
Colored strings (long enough to reach the ground) are attached to the bottom of the piñata, where a trap-door is hidden under the decoration.
The piñata is then hung somewhere where everyone can see, but the strings are kept out of the reach of children.
Toward the end of the party, usually after the cutting of the cake, an announcement is made that the piñata will be 'broken' and each child is given an empty party bag.
All the children get together directly underneath the piñata and each child is given a string to hold.
Then, at the count of three, the children pull their strings all at the same time.
This opens the hidden trap-door (or 'breaks' the piñata) and the children receive a shower of candy and confetti while they rush to fill up their bags with the treats.
The  started on December 16, 1707 (23rd day of the 11th month of the year Hōei 4) and ended about January 1, 1708 (9th day of the 12th month of the year Hōei 4) during the Edo period.
There was no lava flow, but the Hoei eruption released at least 800 million cubic meters of volcanic ash.
This ash spread over very large areas around the volcano.
It even reached Edo almost 100 km away.
Cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi provinces.
This eruption of Mount Fuji might have been caused by the 1707 Hōei earthquake
49 days earlier.
The eruption was on Mount Fuji's east–north-east slope and made three new volcanic openings called No.
2, and No.
3 Hōei vents.
The danger of the eruption increased over the next several days.
After the first earthquake and explosion of cinders and ash, another stronger explosion happened a few days later.
This explosion threw out rocks and stones.
Mount Fuji has not erupted since; but scientists describe Fuji as an active volcano.
Hokusai's One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji includes an image of the small crater which developed from a secondary eruption site on the southwestern slope.
This was called Hōeizan (Mount Hōei) because the eruption happened in year Hōei 4.
Today the crater can be visited from Fujinomiya Trail  or Gotemba Trail  of Mount Fuji.
Related disasters
In the year after the Hōei eruption, another related disaster happened.
The Sakawa River flooded.
Sand from the volcano fell and widely covered the fields east of Mount Fuji.
Farmers made sand piles by dumping the ash and sand from their fields.
The rain washed away the sand piles from the dumping grounds and into the rivers again and again.
This made some of the rivers shallower, especially the Sakawa.
Enough ash had fallen to partly block the river.
The ash made temporary dams.
Heavy rainfall on August 7 and 8, 1708, caused an avalanche of volcanic ash and mud and broke the dams.
The river flooded the Ashigara plain.
Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji
富士山火山防災協議会  (Council for Fuji volcano disaster reduction)
富士山宝永噴火（1707）後の土砂災害(PDF)(Distribution of sediment disasters after the 1707 Hoei eruption of Fuji Volcano in central Japan, based on historical documents)
Forest of Secrets is the third book in the series Warriors.
Forest of Secrets takes place in the New Forest in England, with just one change: a mountain exists in the book but not in reality.
Fireheart, a ThunderClan warrior, still looks for a way to make Tigerclaw get seen by his true personality.
Graystripe, another ThunderClan warrior, is still in love with a RiverClan warrior, Silverstream, and eventually she has kits, but dies in the process.
Fireheart and Graystripe find Ravenpaw, a loner who is no longer an apprentice of ThunderClan, and get the true story.
Fireheart uses the story to try and frame Tigerclaw, but fails.
Eventually, Tigerclaw brings a band of rogues into the camp, and tries to kill Bluestar.
Fireheart rescues Bluestar and Tigerclaw gets banished from ThunderClan.
Fireheart is deputy in his place and Graystripe takes his kits to RiverClan.
Bluestar has gone crazy by that time and Fireheart tries his best to calm her.
Rising Storm is the fourth book in the original Warriors series.
Fireheart, now second in command to Bluestar, the leader, must deal with Bluestar's new insanity (from when Tigerclaw betrayed ThunderClan) as well as the Clan's needs.
He has to take care of his nephew and apprentice Cloudpaw, and make sure he is trained and abides by the Warrior Code.
So far Cloudpaw has not done that and gets into trouble, even going so far as to beg for food from a Twoleg, which results in him being stolen.
Ravenpaw comes to meet Fireheart to tell him where Cloudpaw is, and so he, Fireheart, and Sandstorm go and rescue Cloudpaw.
On the way back the patrol, without Ravenpaw, runs into a WindClan patrol, and get into a fight.
They win, so they advance back to their territory and are greeted by the Clan.
Later on, Fireheart detects fire and warns the Clan.
The Clan rushes to the RiverClan camp for shelter, but Yellowfang dies saving elders.
Fireheart then races back to the RiverClan territory and the Clan goes home.
Finally, Fireheart takes ThunderClan to the Gathering and discovers that Tigerclaw is now the leader of ShadowClan.
Titanosaurs were a group of large sauropod dinosaurs.
Together with the brachiosaurs and relatives they make up the larger clade Titanosauriformes.
They were some of the heaviest creatures ever to walk the earth.
Titanosaurs included Saltasaurus, Isisaurus,  Argentinosaurus and Paralititan.
The group includes the largest land animals known to have existed, such as Patagotitan  estimated at  long with a weight of   and the comparably sized Argentinosaurus and Puertasaurus from the same region.
They were named after the mythological Titans of Ancient Greece, Abdarainurus and Aegyptosaurus.
The titanosaurs were the last great group of sauropods before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
They were the dominant herbivores of their time.
The fossil evidence suggests they replaced the other sauropods, like the diplodocids and the brachiosaurids, which died out between the Upper Jurassic and the mid-Cretaceous.
Broadly, their skeleton was similar to earlier sauropods, but with a few key differences.
The pelvis (hip area) was slimmer than some sauropods, but the pectoral (chest area) was much wider.
This them a uniquely 'wide-gauged' stance: their front legs were wider apart, and usually longer than their hind legs.
This can be seen very clearly in the Argentinosaurus.
As a result, the fossilised trackways of titanosaurs are broader than other sauropods.
Their vertebrae (back bones) were solid (not hollowed-out).
Their spinal column was more flexible, so they were probably more agile than their cousins and better at rearing up.
The group was quite varied.
Some of the smaller types did not have longer forelimbs (Epachthosaurus), and one Chinese find (Xinghesaurus) had an extremely long neck.
These differences must reflect adaptations to differences in their habitats and life-style, but at present there is little known about this.
Many of these discoveries are quite recent.
Global distribution
Their fossils have been found in all continents, even Antarctica.
Four well preserved skeletons of a titanosaur species were found in Italy.
They were especially numerous in the southern continents (then part of the supercontinent of Gondwana).
Australia had titanosaurs around 96 million years ago: fossils have been discovered in Queensland of a creature around 25 meters long (82 feet).
World record size
Titanosaurs hold the world record for the size of a land animal.
One place in the Argentine had 150 bones from seven titanosaurs.
The largest were from an animal 40 metres (~130 feet) long and 20 metres (35 feet) tall.
It would have weighed about 77 tonnes.
A local farm worker stumbled on the remains in the desert near La Flecha, about 250km (135 miles) west of Trelew, Patagonia.
The BBC flew a team out to record the event.
As a group, titanosaurs were high browsers, eating leaves and branches from tall trees.
This is in contrast to other herbivores like the Ceratopsia and Ankylosauria, which were low browsers, eating lower vegetation like shrubs.
As a general rule, high browsers can eat lower-growing plants, but low browsers cannot eat from tall trees.
Like the earlier sauropods (e.g. Diplodocus) titanosaurs had peg-like teeth and no grinders.
This means they used gastroliths to grind their food, and had a huge vat-like stomach where bacteria decomposed it.
Fossilized dung found with late Cretaceous titanosaurids suggests a broad, unselective plant diet.
Besides the plant remains that might have been expected, such as cycads and conifers, there were an unexpectedly wide range of monocotyledons, including palms and grasses (Poaceae), including ancestors of rice and bamboo.
This has given rise to speculation that herbivorous dinosaurs and grasses co-evolved.
A large titanosaurid nesting ground was discovered in Auca Mahuevo, in Patagonia, Argentina and another colony has reportedly been discovered in Spain.
Several hundred female saltasaurs dug holes with their back feet, laid eggs in clutches averaging around 25 eggs each, and buried the nests under dirt and vegetation.
The small eggs, about 11–12 cm (4–5 in) in diameter, contained fossilised embryos, complete with skin impressions.
The impressions showed that titanosaurs were covered in a mosaic armour of small bead-like scales.
The huge number of individuals suggests herd behavior which, with their armour, could have helped give protection against large contemporary predators such as Abelisaurus.
A crosshair is a circular range most commonly associated with telescopic sights for aiming firearms; often used in first-person shooter video games.
It lets the player know what and where they are going to shoot.
Chemical similarity or molecular similarity is a similarity between two different molecules.
Two molecules with chemical similarity may do the same or a very similar thing in an organism.
They might also have very similar chemical structures.
It can be used to predict the properties of certain chemicals.
The Battle of Thermopylae, 480 BC, was a battle in the second Persian invasion of Greece.
It was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, led by Sparta, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I. It took place at the pass of Thermopylae.
The battle was fought for over three days, at the same time as the naval Battle of Artemisium.
The Persian invasion was a delayed response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece.
In 500 BC the lonians settled in the western coast of Asia minor and rose up against Persian’s King Darius.
After six years, the rebellion was ended.
In 490 BC the Persians sailed to punish the Athens.
Darius fought against Athens and promised to punish them because they went to Persian land to help The Ionians.
This First Persian War was ended by the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon.
A Greek force of about 7,000 men marched north to block the pass in the summer of 480 BC.
The huge Persian army arrived at the pass in late August or early September.
During two full days of battle, the small force led by King Leonidas I of Sparta blocked the only road by which the massive Persian army could pass.
After the second day of battle, a local resident named Ephialtes betrayed the Greeks by revealing a small path that led behind the Greek lines.
Aware that his force was being outflanked, Leonidas dismissed the bulk of the Greek army, and remained to guard the rear with 300 Spartans, 700 Thespians (who refused to leave), 400 Thebans and perhaps a few hundred others.
Most of them were killed.
The pass at Thermopylae was thus opened to the Persian army according to Herodotus, at the cost to the Persians of up to 20,000 fatalities.
The Greek rearguard meanwhile, was annihilated, with a probable loss of 2,000 men, including those killed on the first two days of battle.<ref name=Lazenby>J.F. Lazenby, The defence of Greece 490–479 BC (Aris & Phillips, 1993), p. 148 </ref>
The Greek navy
After this engagement, the Greek navy at Artemisium received news of the defeat at Thermopylae.
Since their strategy required both Thermopylae and Artemisium to be held, and given their losses, the Greek navy decided to withdraw to Salamis.
The Persians then captured the evacuated Athens.
During the battle the Greek navy lured the Persians into a narrow pass and obliterated at least 200 Persian war ships, thanks to Themistocles.
Seeking a decisive victory over the Allied fleet, the Persian fleet attacked, but were defeated at the Battle of Salamis in late 480 BC.
Fearing to be trapped in Europe, Xerxes withdrew with much of his army to Asia, leaving Mardonius to complete the conquest of Greece.
The following year, however, saw a Greek army decisively defeat the Persians at the Battle of Plataea, thereby ending the Persian invasion.
Both ancient and modern writers have used the Battle of Thermopylae as an example of the power of a patriotic army of freemen defending native soil.
The performance of the defenders at the battle of Thermopylae is also used as an example of the advantages of training, equipment, and good use of terrain as force multipliers and has become a symbol of courage against overwhelming odds.
The 300 Spartans'' (movie)
The Coriolis effect is a force that is found in a rotating object.
Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis first described the Coriolis effect in 1835 using mathematics.
The Coriolis effect can best be seen in hurricanes.
In the northern hemisphere, they spin counter-clockwise (because the earth spins counter-clockwise), and in the southern hemisphere they spin clockwise.
One example of the Coriolis effect that is often described is that water flows down a drain in the opposite direction in the northern and southern hemispheres.
However, in reality, the force of the Coriolis effect is not strong enough to see in such a small amount of water.
The main action of the battle took place after two days of smaller engagements.
The two sides fought all day, with roughly equal losses; however the smaller Allied fleet could not afford the losses.
After the engagement, the Allies received news of the defeat of the Allied army at Thermopylae.
Their strategy was to hold both Thermopylae and Artemisium.
So, given their losses, the Allies decided to withdraw to Salamis.
The Persians overran Boeotia and captured the now-evacuated Athens.
However, seeking a decisive victory over the Allied fleet, the Persians were later defeated at the Battle of Salamis in late 480
Livius Picture Archive: the naval battle of Artemisium (480 BC)
Reed Classics, extracts from Herodotus Book Eight
Artemisium
Louis Angelo Marcon (born May 28, 1935 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player.
His career included 60 games in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings.
Moonrise is the second book in the Warriors: The New Prophecy series.
It takes place in the same forest as the original series, but also has some mountains, woods, moorland, and the ocean.
This installment of Warriors: The New Prophecy is about the Clan cats on their way home from the Tribe of Rushing Water.
There is a new prophecy they had to fulfill -- and it includes the RiverClan cat, Stormfur.
They must save the Tribe from Sharptooth, the cat-eating mountain lion that has been feeding off of the tribe cats.
The Tribe takes Stormfur hostage, believing he is the "silver cat that will save the Tribe."
After getting Stormfur away from the hostage Tribe, the Clan cats end up going back in pity of the tribe cats.
Squirrelpaw comes up with the plot of stuffing a rabbit with deathberries and leading a trail of blood to it, so that Sharptooth will eat the fresh-kill and die.
But their plan backfires and Sharptooth ends up about to kill Crowpaw, when Feathertail sacrifices herself for Crowpaw and impales Sharptooth with a long rock and ends up killing him and herself.
Mitch Maunu (born July 30, 1986 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman.
Maunu was drafted by the Windsor Spitfires in the 1st Round, 10th overall in 2002.
He went on to become their captain.
After playing major-junior he played in the ECHL and American Hockey League before returning to his hometown of Thunder Bay to play for the Lakehead Thunderwolves.
Rudolph Joseph Migay (November 18, 1928 in Port Arthur, Ontario – January 16, 2016) was a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward.
He began playing in the National Hockey League with the Toronto Maple Leafs during the 1949–50 NHL season and retired after the 1959–60 season, having never played with another team.
His brother-in-law, Pete Backor, was the first Stanley Cup winner of Slovak descent.
He also was of Slovak descent, since both of his parents were born in what is today Slovakia.
It was used as an Air Force Base called Presque Isle Air Force Base.
The base closed in 1961.
Airtran Airways
Direct Air (Hub)
Airports in Florida
Albany International Airport  is a public use airport six nautical miles (11 km) northwest of the central business district of Albany, in Albany County, New York, United States.
It is owned by the Albany County Airport Authority.
It is an airport of entry serving Albany.
It is in the town of Colonie.
It was built on the site of the Shaker settlement about 6 miles (10 km) north of Albany and stretching north to the hamlet of Verdoy.
The airport is the seat of a class C airspace.
Top Destinations
Airline share
W. Arthur "Jakie" Nash (5 September 1914 in Thunder Bay, Ontario – 18 January 2000 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) was a Canadian ice hockey player who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics as a member of the Canadian ice hockey team, which won the silver medal.
Nash was a member of the 1936 Port Arthur Bearcats, which won the silver medal for Canada in ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics.
In 1987 he was inducted into the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame as a member of that Olympic team.
Nash was a Goaltender for Port Arthur Bearcats, a hockey team based in Port Arthur, Ontario.
In 1935 the Bearcats were the runner-up in the Allan Cup, which earned him a trip to represent Canada at the 1936 Winter Olympics ice hockey event where he won the Silver Medal.
After the Olympics he moved to England and played for the Wembley Monarchs in the English National League from 1936 through 1938.
He later returned to Canada and played at least one full season (1941–1942) with the Kimberley Dynamiters of the Alberta-British Columbia Senior League.
He was still playing internationally as late as 1948.
Sports-Reference.com: Arthur "Jakie" Nash biography
Louis Charles Nistico (January 25, 1953 – November 27, 2020) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player.
During his career he played three games in the National Hockey League and 186 games in the World Hockey Association.
The Colorado Rockies, Toronto Toros, and Birmingham Bulls were some of the teams his played for during his career.
Nistico was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario.
Sabaton is a Swedish heavy metal band.
It was formed in 1999.
Sabaton have released 6 albums: Metalizer from 2000, Primo Victoria from 2004, Attero Dominatus from 2005, The Art of War from 2008, Coat of Arms from 2010, and Carolus Rex from 2012.
Their lyrics are based on wars and battles, especially World War 2.
They sing in both Swedish and English.
Joakim Brodén — vocals (1999–today), keyboards (1999–2005, 2012–today)
Pär Sundström — bass (1999–today), backing vocals (2012–today)
Chris Rörland — guitar, backing vocals (2012–today)
Thobbe Englund — guitar, backing vocals (2012–today)
Robban Bäck — drums (2012–today; on hiatus)
A head crash is when the part of a hard drive that writes on the disks (the "head") touches the disk.
Usually, there is air between the head and the disk.
However, if dirt and debris get into the drive, they can cause the disks to crash.
The crash itself then sends more debris which can make things worse.
It is important to back up files before a head crash.
Head crashes make sounds.
Hard drive failures can also be caused by bearings, parts found in the drive motor.
Fort McMurray is a small city in Northern Alberta.
The city is also known as the Wood Buffalo Region.
Fort McMurray has been popular because of the oil sands production which attracts thousands of people to move to Fort McMurray and work.
Over the years, the construction around the city has been moving fast with new buildings, bridges, and wellness centres.
Cities in Alberta
"The most intact, undisturbed wild natural areas left on our planet—those last truly wild places that humans do not control and have not developed with roads, pipelines or other industrial infrastructure".
Wilderness areas can be found in reserves, estates, farms, conservation areas, ranches, National Forests, National Parks and even in urban areas along rivers, gulches or any undeveloped areas.
These areas are important for the survival of species, biodiversity, ecology, conservation, solitude, and recreation.
Wilderness is deeply valued for cultural, spiritual, moral, and aesthetic reasons.
From this point of view, it is the wildness of a place that makes it a wilderness.
The mere presence or activity of people does not disqualify an area from being "wilderness".
Many ecosystems that are, or have been, inhabited or influenced by activities of people may still be considered "wild."
This way of looking at wilderness includes areas within which natural processes operate without human interference.
The WILD Foundation states that wilderness areas have two dimensions: they must be biologically intact and legally protected.
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) classifies wilderness at two levels, Ia (Strict Nature Preserves) and Ib (Wilderness areas).
Probably no place on earth is completely untouched by humanity, either due to past occupation by indigenous people, or through global processes such as climate change.
Activities on the margins of specific wilderness areas, such as fire suppression and the interruption of animal migration, also affect the wilderness.
Especially in richer , industrialized nations, it has a specific legal meaning as well: as land where development is prohibited by law.
Many nations have designated wilderness, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States.
Conservation of natural things
Conservation biology, the science of the protection and management of biodiversity
Conservation genetics - "an interdisciplinary science that aims to apply genetic methods to the conservation and restoration of biodiversity."
Conservation movement, to protect plants, animals and their habitats
Conservation (ethic), an ethic of resource use, allocation, and protection, especially of the natural environment
Conservationist, a person who advocates for conservation of plants, animals and their habitats
Energy conservation, the reduction of non-renewable energy consumption