the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In The Gardens of Pharao / Aguirre (1983)
Gesang der Gesänge (1988)
Florian Fricke (1991) - featuring tracks from Coeur de Verre (retitled) and Brüder des Schattens - Söhne des Lichts
The Best Soundtracks From Werner Herzog Films (1991)
Sing, For Song Drives Away The Wolves (1993) - remix album
Movie Music (1994)
Nicht Hoch Im Himmel (1998)
Future Sound Experience (2002) - remix album recorded in 1993 (according to its booklet) and released after Florian Fricke's death
70's Progressive (2006) - SPV compilation
Unauthorized album
Yoga (1976) - recorded by Florian Fricke with Indian musicians
http://www.venco.com.pl/~acrux/discogr.htm (Definitive discography - includes sound samples)
http://www.popolvuh.it/  (Italian fansite, in Italian and English)
http://www.enricobassi.it/hosiannamantra.htm/  (Italian fan club, in Italian)
http://www.popolvuh.nl/ (Dutch fansite.
In English, German.
Many full text articles)
http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/ultimathule/krautrockers.html#p  "The Crack In The Cosmic Egg" krautrock encyclopedia P
Franchising is a business method that involves the licensing of trademarks and methods of doing business.
That can be chain stores, which are retail outlets which share a brand and central management, but also an exclusive right to sell branded merchandise.
A similar case is a media franchise, the ownership of the characters and setting of a movie, video game, book, or toys etc.,
Examples include Pokémon, Harry Potter or Barbie.
Franchise Territory Definition
International Franchise Association
American Association of Franchisees and Dealers
Canadian Franchise Association
Franchising Association of India
The British Franchise Association
The Australian Franchise Association
Verbano-Cusio-Ossola is a province in the region of Piedmont, Italy.
Verbano
The province of Ancona () is a province in the Marche region of Central Italy.
Ancona has an area of .
The province is bordered to the northeast and east by the Adriatic Sea, to the northwest by the province of Pesaro and Urbino, to the west with Umbria (province of Perugia) and to the south with the province of Macerata.
Cesano
Musone
The highest point in the province is Serra Santa-Cima Nord,() in the Apennines; it is  high.
There are 474,124 persons living in the province (1 January 2017), for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
There are 47 municipalities (or comuni) in the province; they are:
Genga
Jesi
Mergo
Osimo
Ostra
The largest comune is Fabriano, with  and the smallest is Concamarise, with .
Only two comuni have less than 1,000 inhabitants (2017)ː San Paolo di Jesi with 912 inhabitants, and Poggio San Marcello with 685 inhabitants.
Province of Ancona official website
A cannon is a type of artillery, or large gun.
They are made with a large tube called "barrel", and shoot projectiles.
Cannons were first made in China, and were used with another Chinese invention, gunpowder.
The gunpowder was put at the back of the tube, and the projectile, usually a cannonball, was placed in front.
The gunpowder was set on fire, and would explode.
This pushed the cannonball out the front of the tube towards the enemy.
Howitzers and mortars are similar to cannons but they have shorter barrels and shoot the balls higher.
The Province of Macerata () is a province in the region of Marche in Italy.
Macerata is the largest of provinces of the Marche, with an area of .
The province is bordered to the east by the Adriatic Sea and to the west by the Umbria region (Province of Perugia).
It is the only province of the Marche that borders with other three provinces of the same regionː the Ancona to the north,  Ascoli Piceno to the southwest and the  Fermo to the south.
Chienti,  long
Potenza,  long.
There are 318,921 persons living in the province (1 January 2017), for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
There are 55 municipalities (or comuni) in the province; they are:
Apiro
Appignano
Belforte del Chienti
Bolognola
Caldarola
Camerino
Camporotondo di Fiastrone
Castelraimondo
Castelsantangelo sul Nera
Cessapalombo
Cingoli
Civitanova Marche
Colmurano
Corridonia
Esanatoglia
Fiastra
Fiuminata
Gagliole
Gualdo
Loro Piceno
Matelica
Mogliano
Monte San Giusto
Monte San Martino
Montecassiano
Montecosaro
Montefano
Montelupone
Morrovalle
Muccia
Penna San Giovanni
Petriolo
Pieve Torina
Pioraco
Poggio San Vicino
Pollenza
Porto Recanati
Potenza Picena
Recanati
Ripe San Ginesio
San Ginesio
San Severino Marche
Sant'Angelo in Pontano
Sarnano
Sefro
Serrapetrona
Serravalle di Chienti
Tolentino
Treia
Urbisaglia
Valfornace
Visso
The largest comune is San Severino Marche, with  and the smallest is Camporotondo di Fiastrone, with .
The two Comune|comuni with fewest people living in it are Bolognola, with 137 inhabitants, and Monte Cavallo, with 133 inhabitants.
Province of Macerata official website
Most common meanings
Inductive reasoning, used in science and the scientific method
Mathematical induction, a way of proving things in math
Electromagnetic induction in physics and engineering
Induction (play), an opening scene in a play, notably used in early English plays
Rite of passage
Orientation week, an induction program for new students at Universities
Teacher induction, the support and guidance provided to novice educators in the early stages of their careers
Induction (teachers), the period of one year following qualification as a teacher in the United Kingdom
Induction program, the process used within many businesses to welcome new employees to the company and prepare them for their new role
Induction (biology) is the initiation or cause of a change or process in developmental biology
Enzyme induction and inhibition is a process in which a molecule (e.g. a drug) induces (i.e. initiates or enhances) or inhibits the expression of an enzyme
Induction (birth), induction of childbirth
asymmetric induction is the formation of one specific stereoisomer in the presence of a nearby chiral center
Induction procedure, the act of inducing a hypnotic state
Post Induction Therapy, a therapy which is based on the theory that childhood trauma, including child abuse and neglect, is the origin of developmental immaturity
Inductive reasoning aptitude, an aptitude or personality characteristic
Rhetorical induction
Backward induction in game theory and economics
Concept learning is the induction of a concept (category) from observations
Theoretical foundations of induction, see:
Computational learning theory
Algorithmic Information Theory.
Concept learning, for citations to foundational work by Watanabe, Solomonoff, Rendell, etc.
Mathematical induction, a method of proof in the field of mathematics
Strong induction, or Complete induction, a variant of mathematical induction
Transfinite induction, a kind of mathematical induction
∈-induction, a kind of transfinite induction
Structural induction, a generalization of mathematical induction
'Statistical induction', also known as inferential statistics
'Magnetic induction', see magnetic field
Electrostatic induction
Radio frequency induction
Induction cooker uses induction heating for cooking.
Induction sealing
forced induction, with combustion engines, is the use of a gas compressor added to the air intake
Deduction in logic:
Natural deduction: attempts to give a model of logical reasoning as it "naturally" occurs
Expenditure which may be deducted from profits before taxation
Steven Cherundolo (born February 19, 1979 in Rockford, Illinois) is an American soccer player.
He has played most of career (until 2008) for the German football club Hannover 96.
Cherundolo plays on the position of a defender.
In his first season for Hannover 96, 1998-99, he made four matches in the team which played in the 2nd German league (2.
In the following season, Cherundolo was in the team most of the time, but he had a bad knee injury.
He came back during the 2000-01 season and made 18 matches.
In the following season, he made 33 of 34 matches and has been a start member of the team most of the time until 2008.
In 2002 he got up to the 1st league with his club and played the following seasons in the 1st German league (1.
All together Cherundolo made 250 matches for Hannover 96 from 1999 to 2008, scoring six goals.
Cherundolo made his first match for the United States national team against Jamaica on 8th September 1999.
Until 2008 he has made 44 matches for his national team, scoring two goals.
Steven Cherundolo's Homepage
homepage of his club, Hannover 96
WrestleMania XXV (or The 25th Anniversary of WrestleMania or WrestleMania 25), was the twenty-fifth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling Pay-per-view produced by World Wrestling Entertainment and took place on April 5, 2009 at Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas.
It was the second WrestleMania held in the state of Texas, with the first being WrestleMania X-Seven, at the Reliant Astrodome, also in Houston, which was held in 2001.
The tagline for the event was "Everything is bigger in Texas, especially WrestleMania." "
Cowboy" by Kid Rock was used in the first promotional advertisement for the event.
While WWE calls it the 25th Anniversary, it is only the 24th anniversary as WrestleMania I cannot be an anniversary of itself.
Since 1993, the winner of the yearly Royal Rumble match at the event of the PPV has won the opportunity to wrestle for a World Championship at WrestleMania.
The only Royal Rumble winners since 1993 that did not wrestle for a championship at WrestleMania are Steve Austin in 1997, and Vince McMahon in 1999.
Randy Orton won the match in 2009 and will wrestle for a championship at WrestleMania XXV.
On the February 16 edition of Raw, Shawn Michaels challenged John "Bradshaw" Layfield to a match the following week for the right to face Undertaker at WrestleMania.
Shawn won this match but was then forced to face Vladimir Kozlov for the right to face Undertaker at WrestleMania.
Shawn won this match and will face The Undertaker at WrestleMania.
Money in the Bank (MITB) qualifying matches started on the February 23, 2009 edition of Raw with a triple threat match CM Punk versus John Morrison versus The Miz.
CM Punk won the match and is the first of eight men to be added to the Money in the Bank ladder match.
The following week on Raw, another triple threat match between Rey Mysterio, Kane and Mike Knox with the winner of this match qualifying for (winning his way into) the MITB ladder match.
Kane won this match and as a result will be in the ladder match.
Official Website for 25th Anniversary of WrestleMania
Official Website for WrestleMania
WrestleMania 25
2009 in professional wrestling
2009 in American television
2000s in Houston, Texas
Alba (; Hungarian: Fehér) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania.
The capital of Alba County is Alba Iulia, with a population of 72,405 people.
Aiud
Sebeş
Abrud
Baia de Arieş
Câmpeni
Cugir
Ocna Mureş
Teiuş
Zlatna
Arad (; Hungarian: Arad, Serbian: Arad/Арад) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Crişana.
The capital of Arad County is Arad.
About 185,272 people live in Arad County.
Chişineu-Criş
Curtici
Ineu
Lipova
Nădlac
Pâncota
Pecica
Sântana
Clit
Chelmac
Fiscut
Sampetru German
Sanrio Co., Ltd.  is a Japanese company that makes characters and sells and licenses products with images of characters.
The things they make include stationery (pencils, pens writing, paper, etc.),
school supplies and gifts.
Sanrio's best known character is Hello Kitty, a white cat with red bow and no mouth.
Hello Kitty is one of the most successful marketing brands in the world.
Sanrio was started by Shintaro Tsuji as the Yamanashi Silk Company in 1960.
In 1973 the company changed its name to "Sanrio."
The word Sanrio comes from "san" (meaning three in Japanese) and "río" (meaning river in Spanish").
He named the company Sanrio to join the three rivers of the world.
Besides selling their character goods, Sanrio also takes part in movie production and publishing.
Sanrio worked together with Sega Toys to make a series of cartoons, toys, and other products called Jewelpet.
They make lots of greeting cards.
Sanrio also has two theme parks in Japan, Sanrio Puroland in Tama, Tokyo, and Harmonyland  in Hiji, Ōita, Kyūshū.
Sanrio Characters
Badtz-Maru
Bonbonribbon
Bunny and Mattie
Charmmy Kitty
Chibi-maru
Chi Chai Monchan
Chirin
Chococat
Cinnamoroll
Coro Coro Kuririn
Dear Daniel
Deery Lou
Den Den
Doki Doki Yummychums
Fairy Florence
Flint the Time Detective
Frooliemew
Gudetama
Hangyodon
Hoshinowaguma
Keroppi Hasunoue
Kuromi
Landry
Marron Cream
Masyumaro
Mimmy
Monkichi
Nyago
Pandapple
Pankunchi
Patapatapeppy
Patty & Jimmy
Pekkle
Picke Bicke
Pink no Corisu
Pinki Lili
Pokopon
Purin
Pururun Kyupi
Robowan
Spottie Dottie
Spunky Burro (first Sanrio character)
Strawberry King
Sugarbunnies
Sweet Coron
Tabo
Tenorikuma
Tuxedo Sam
Unico (formerly with Osamu Tezuka)
U*SA*HA*NA
Winkipinki
Zashikibuta
Other webs
Sanrio's official English website
1960 establishments in Asia
1960s establishments in Japan
John Burningham (27 April 1936 – 4 January 2019) was a British children's book writer and illustrator.
He won many awards including the Kate Greenaway Medal in 1963 for his book called Borka: The Adventures of a Goose With No Feathers.
He was also known for illustrating the book Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang.
Burningham was born April 27, 1936 in Farnham, Surrey, England.
Burningham died on 4 January 2019 at the age of 82 from pneumonia.
Borka: The Adventures of a Goose With No Feathers is a children's book that was written by John Burningham in 1963.
The book won the 1963 Kate Greenaway Medal.
The Kate Greenaway Medal is an award that was created in the United Kingdom in 1955.
It was named after the children's illustrator, Kate Greenaway.
The medal is given every year to an extremely good work of illustration in children's literature.
It is awarded by the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP).
The first award was given to Edward Ardizzone for Tim All Alone in 1956.
The winner gets a golden medal and £500 worth of books to give to a library of their choice.
Full list of winners
2007 Mini Grey, The Adventures of the Dish and the Spoon
2005 Emily Gravett, Wolves
2004 Chris Riddell, Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver"
2003 Shirley Hughes, Ella's Big Chance
2002 Bob Graham, Jethro Byrde, Fairy Child
2001 Chris Riddell, Pirate Diary
2000 Lauren Child, I Will Not Ever Never Eat a Tomato
1999 Helen Oxenbury, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
1998 Helen Cooper, Pumpkin Soup
1997 P. J. Lynch, When Jessie Came Across the Sea
1996 Helen Cooper, The Baby Who Wouldn't Go To Bed
1995 P. J. Lynch, The Christmas Miracle of Jonathan Toomey
1994 Gregory Rogers, Way Home
1993 Alan Lee, Black Ships Before Troy
1992 Anthony Browne, Zoo
1991 Janet Ahlberg, The Jolly Christmas Postman
1990 Gary Blythe, The Whales' Song
1989 Michael Foreman, War Boy: a Country Childhood
1988 Barbara Firth, Can't You Sleep Little Bear?
1987 Adrienne Kennaway, Crafty Chameleon
1986 Fiona French, Snow White in New York
1985 Juan Wijngaard, Sir Gawain and the Loathly Lady
1984 Errol Le Cain, Hiawatha's Childhood
1983 Anthony Browne, Gorilla
1982 Michael Foreman, Long Neck and Thunder Foot and Sleeping Beauty and Other Favourite Fairy Tales
1981 Charles Keeping, The Highwayman
1980 Quentin Blake, Mr Magnolia
1979 Jan Pienkowski, The Haunted House
1978 Janet Ahlberg, Each Peach Pear Plum
1977 Shirley Hughes, Dogger
1976 Gail E. Haley, The Post Office Cat
1975 Victor Ambrus, Horses in Battle and Mishka
1974 Pat Hutchins, The Wind Blew
1973 Raymond Briggs, Father Christmas
1972 Krystyna Turska, The Woodcutter's Duck
1971 Jan Pienkowski, The Kingdom under the Sea
1970 John Burningham, Mr Gumpy's Outing
1969 Helen Oxenbury, The Quangle Wangle's hat and The Dragon of an Ordinary Family
1968 Pauline Baynes, Dictionary of Chivalry
1967 Charles Keeping, Charley, Charlotte and the Golden Canary
1966 Raymond Briggs, Mother Goose Treasury
1965 Victor Ambrus, The Three Poor Tailors
1964 C. Walter Hodges, Shakespeare's Theatre
1963 John Burningham, Borka: The Adventures of a Goose With No Feathers
1962 Brian Wildsmith, A.B.C
1961 Antony Maitland, Mrs. Cockle's Cat
1960 Gerald Rose, Old Winkle and the Seagulls
1959 William Stobbs, Kashtanka and A Bundle of Ballads
1958 Prize withheld because no book was good enough
1957 V. H. Drummond, Mrs Easter and the Storks
1956 Edward Ardizzone, Tim All Alone
1955 Prize withheld because no book was good enough
Catherine "Kate" Greenaway  (17 March 1846 – 6 November 1901) was a children's book illustrator and writer.
Her first book, Under The Window (1879) was a best-seller.
Greenaway died of breast cancer in 1901 at the age of 55.
She is buried in Hampstead Cemetery, London.
The Cry Of The Icemark is the first book in the Icemark Chronicles that are written by the English author Stuart Hill.
The book won the Ottakar's Children's Book Prize in 2005.
It also won the 2006 Highlands Children's Book award for Long Novels in 2006.
It is followed by The Blade of Fire.
Blade of Fire is the second book in Stuart Hill's fantasy series, The Icemark Chronicles.
It came out in 2007.
It tells the story of Nicosia, the elder heir of the king Cupro.
Stuart Hill is a British author who was born in 1958.
in Leicester England.
He has written two books in The Icemark Chronicles.
They are called The Cry of the Icemark and The Blade of Fire.
He is currently writing the third book called "Last Battle Of The Icemark".
Chinon is a French commune.
It is in the west of the Indre-et-Loire department in the Centre-Val de Loire region, to the southwest of Paris, and is a subprefecture in the department.
It is also the capital of the arrrondissement of Chinon and the administrative centre of the Chinon canton.
The historic town of Chinon is on the banks of the Vienne river about  from where it joins the Loire.
The city of Chinon is along the Vienne river, near the confluence with the Loire river.
Tours, the departmental capital - ;
The commune of Chinon is surrounded by the communes:
The inhabitants of Chinon are known, in French, as Chinonais (women: Chinonaises).
With a population of 8,073, Chinon has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Chinon is a subprefecture of the Indre-et-Loire department, the capital of the arrondissement of Chinon and the administrative centre () of the canton of Chinon, with 34,893 inhabitants (2014).
It is part of the intercommunality Chinon, Vienne et Loire ().
Ville de Chinon - Official website
The Pacific Ring of Fire is an arc around the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes and earthquakes are formed.
The area is also called the Pacific Rim, a term which refers to the coastal areas of the countries round the Pacific.
About three quarters of the world's dormant volcanos and active volcanos are here.
The ring is 40,000km long, and there are 452 volcanoes.
About 90% of the world's earthquakes and 81% of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire.
The next most seismic region (5–6% of earthquakes and 17% of the world's largest earthquakes) is the Alpide belt, which extends from Java to Sumatra through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the third most prominent earthquake belt.
Avachinsky-Koryaksky in Russia
Barren Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India
Bogoslof island in Alaska
Chimborazo in Ecuador
Cotopaxi in Ecuador
Galeras in Colombia
Glacier Peak in the US (Washington)
Irazu in Costa Rica
Kelut in Indonesia
Kilauea in the US (Hawaii)
Krakatoa in Indonesia
Lō'ihi Seamount in the US (Hawai'i)
Mount Adams in US (Washington)
Mount Baker in the US (Washington)
Mount Fuji in Japan
Mount Hood in the US (Oregon)
Mount Lassen in the US (California)
Mount Mayon in Albay in the Philippines
Mount Merapi in Indonesia
Mount Olympus in US (Washington)
Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines
Mount Rainier (Tahoma) in the US (Washington)
Mount Slamet in Central Java, Indonesia
Mount St Helens in US Washington
Mauna Kea in US (Hawaii)
Mauna Hualalai in US (Hawaii)
Mauna Loa in the US (Hawaii)
Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia
Pacaya in Guatemala
Parícutin in Mexico
Popocatepetl in Mexico
Redoubt in US (Alaska)
Sakurajima in Japan
Sinabung in Indonesia
Taal in the Philippines
Tambora in Indonesia
Ulawun in Papua New Guinea
Mount Unzen in Japan
Palenque (Bàak' in Modern Maya) is a Maya archeological site near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas.
It is a medium-sized site, much smaller than large sites like Tikal or Copán.
It does, however, contain good examples of architecture, sculpture, roof comb and bas-relief carvings of the Maya time.
(2005) The Inscriptions from Temple XIX at Palenque.
Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute.
Maya Explorations Center.
Unaahil B'aak: The Temples of Palenque (Wesleyan University)   - Contains a learning objects program, panoramas, 3D models, and glyphs and translations.
Mesoweb's Palenque resources
The Tablet Of The 96 Hieroglyphs
The Ruins of Palenque: bilingual essay with audio
Drawings of the Palenque site from the Antonio del Rio 1784 expedition
Estimating Palenque's population on Mesoweb (PDF)
Jack Frasure Hyles (September 25, 1926 in Texas - February 6, 2001 in Indiana) was a important person in the independent Baptist movement.
He was the pastor of the First Baptist Church of Hammond in Hammond, Indiana from 1959 until his death in 2001.
The Jack Hyles Home Page -- books, sermons, & links
Hyles Publications -- a publisher of books and bibles including many by Jack Hyles
JackHyles.net -- An unofficial Jack Hyles site with archival copies of books and sermons
Biblical Discernment Ministeries  -- criticism of Hyles
There is also a regularly-erupting geyser named Old Faithful near Calistoga, California.
Old Faithful is a cone geyser in Wyoming, in Yellowstone National Park in the United States.
Old Faithful was named in 1870 during the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition and was the first geyser in the park to get a name.
Eruptions can shoot 3,700 to 8,400 U.S. gallons (14–32 kL) of boiling water to a height of 106–184 feet (30–55 m) lasting from 1.5 to 5 minutes.
The average height of an eruption is 145 feet (44 m).
More than 137,000 eruptions have been recorded.
Harry M. Woodward first described a mathematical relationship between the duration and intervals of the eruptions (1938).
Old Faithful is not the highest or biggest geyser in the park; that title belongs to the less predictable Steamboat Geyser.
Increasing interval
Over the years, the length of the difference of time has increased, which may be the result of earthquakes changing underground water levels.
These disruptions have made the earlier mathematical relationship inaccurate, but have in fact made Old Faithful more predictable.
With an error of 10 minutes, Old Faithful will erupt 65 minutes after an eruption lasting less than 2.5 minutes or 92 minutes after an eruption lasting more than 2.5 minutes.
The reliability of Old Faithful can be attributed to the fact that it is not connected to any other thermal features of the Upper Geyser Basin.
Between 1983 and 1994, four probes containing temperature and pressure measurement devices and video equipment were lowered into Old Faithful.
The probes were lowered as deep as 72 feet (22 m).
Temperature measurements of the water at this depth was 244 °F (118 °C), the same as was measured in 1942.
The video probes were lowered to a maximum depth of 42 feet (13 m) to observe the conduit formation and the processes that took place in the conduit.
Some of the processes observed include fog formation from the interaction of cool air from above mixing with heated air from below, the recharge processes of water entering into the conduit and expanding from below, and entry of superheated steam measuring as high as 265 °F (129 °C) into the conduit.
Old Faithful Geyser Webcam
Time Lapse movie of Old Faithful Geyser Webcam
Old Faithful information at the All Yellowstone site.
Video Of Old Faithful  at Nationalgeographic.com
Old Faithful Widget Dashboard / Konfabulator widget for Mac or Windows.
Geysers
Odyssey (fictional town), the setting of the radio series Adventures in Odyssey
Odyssey Writing Workshop, an annual workshop for writers
The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, an epic poem by Nikos Kazantzakis
A book in the Isaac Asimov's Robot City series of novels
Magnavox Odyssey, a video game console released in 1972
Magnavox Odyssey², a video game console released in 1978
Odyssey: The Compleat Apventure, a role-playing computer game released in 1980
Odyssey (Magic: The Gathering), a card game expansion
Odyssey: The Legend of Nemesis, a computer game based on the engine of Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete
Odyssey (band)
ARP Odyssey, an electronic music synthesizer
Odyssey (album), an album by Yngwie J. Malmsteen
Odyssey (Fischerspooner album), an album by Fischerspooner
Odyssey (Westenra album), an album by Hayley Westenra
Odyssey: The Definitive Collection, an album by Vangelis
The Odyssey (album), an album by Symphony X
"The Odyssey" (Incubus song)
A song by Orgy on the album Vapor Transmission
A song by KISS on the album Music from "The Elder"
Odyssey (TV channel), a Canadian Greek-language television network
Odyssey Channel, a defunct Australian television channel
Hallmark Channel, a television network formerly known as the Odyssey Channel
The Odyssey (TV series), a 1992-1995 Canadian television series
The Odyssey (TV miniseries), a 1997 American miniseries
Odyssey 5, a science-fiction series premiering in 2002
A season 8 episode of the TV series Lassie
Fictional spacecraft
A fictional spaceship in the Stargate universe
A fictional starship in the Star Trek universe
A fictional spaceship in the Ulysses 31 universe
Adventures in Odyssey, a Christian kids radio and video program
Odyssey (Belfast), a sports and entertainment centre
Odyssey (WBEZ), a radio talk show
The Odyssey (apartment complex)
2001 Mars Odyssey, an American spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars
Honda Odyssey, a minivan
Honda Odyssey (ATV), an all-terrain vehicle
Star Trek: Odyssey, a Star Trek fan production
Windows Odyssey, an unreleased version of the Microsoft Windows operating system
The Command Module of the Apollo 13 space mission
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata (CGE or GELP) is an Argentina sports club, of the city of La Plata, Buenos Aires.
It was founded on June 3, 1887 as Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima.
Its principal activity is football, and it competes in the First División Argentina, Argentina's premier league.
The "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata" was founded on June 3, 1887 as a civil association, and thus is the oldest surviving football club in the whole of South America.
Its foundation came barely five years after the creation of the City of La Plata in 1882.
The first sports offered to its members were, as its Spanish name indicates, gymnastics and fencing.
Clubs supporting these sports were common among the upper classes at the end of the 19th century (cf.
the prior foundation of Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires in 1880).
The institution changed name a few times: from April to December 1897 it was called a "Club de Esgrima" due to the fact that fencing was the only activity practised at that moment.
On December 17, 1897 it returned to its original name: "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima".
From July 1952 to September 30, 1955, the club was named "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima de Eva Perón", due to the fact that the city of La Plata itself had been renamed "Eva Perón" in 1952, after Eva Perón's death.
The city returned to its previous name during the government of the "Liberating Revolution", and so did the club.
However, it remained unduly identified legally as "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata", a mistake that was corrected on August 7, 1964 after the new statute was approved.
Amateur era (1891–1930)
Gimnasia had to abandon its original field at the corner of 13th and 71st streets, in 1905; at that time, it chose to discontinue the practice of football and to devote the club mainly to social activities.
As a result, some members who were interested in playing football left and founded a club devoted principally to that activity: Estudiantes de La Plata.
Later, in 1912, a group of football players who were in conflict with Estudiantes de La Plata joined Club Independencia, which later merged with Gimnasia y Esgrima in 1914, thereby returning to the practice of football.
In 1915 Gimnasia y Esgrima joins "División Intermedia", wins the championship and thus promotion to the Primera División Argentina.
On that year, Gimnasia obtains the two cups that were in dispute: Competencia Adolfo J. Bullrich Cup and Campeonato Intermedia Cup.
On April 27, 1916, Gimnasia played against Estudiantes de La Plata, its classic rival, for the first time.
The match took place at the Estudiantes de La Plata' field (1st and 57th streets), where Gimnasia y Esgrima defeated its classic rival 1–0.
That year, Gimnasia finished the championship in fourth place, behind Racing Club, Club Atlético Platense and River Plate, with nine victories, nine ties and three defeats.
In 1921 Gimnasia would again reach fourth place, behind Racing Club, River Plate and Independiente, as a result of 23 victories, six ties and nine defeats.
On April 27, 1924 the new stadium was inaugurated, in La Plata's main park ("El Bosque", the Forest) at the intersection of 60th avenue and 118th street; it was named Stadium Juan Carlos Zerillo.
Gimnasia y Esgrima remained undefeated in its new stadium for 15 months (from its first official meeting until July 1925).
On that year, Gimnasia achieved second place, behind San Lorenzo, with 15 victories, seven ties and one defeat.
Title of 1929
In 1929, Gimnasia y Esgrima obtains its only First Division title in the amateur era, after a campaign that included fourteen victories and three defeats.
The championship of 1929 was organized along the Copa Estímulo format, that is, teams where separated in two zones ("even" and "odd"), the title being defined in a game between the winners of each zone.
Gimnasia y Esgrima won the first place in the "odd zone", which included River Plate, Racing Club, Huracán, and Estudiantes de La Plata, among other teams.
The "even zone" was won by Boca Juniors, that qualified thus for the final meeting.
The final took place on February 9, 1930 at the old stadium of River Plate (at the intersection of Alvear and Tagle in Recoleta).
On that day, Gimnasia fielded: Felipe Scarpone, Di Giano and Evaristo Delovo; Rusciti, Santillán and Belli; Curell, Varallo, Maleani, Díaz, and Morgada.
After being down 0–1 at half time, the team turned the result and won 2-1 with two goals by Martin Maleani.
That same year Gimnasia won the "Reserve" championship.
Consequently, Gimnasia y Esgrima became the first club of La Plata to earn a title in a competition organized by an Association recognized by FIFA.
The European Tour of 1930/1931
Between December 1930 and April 1931, Gimnasia's team, which later would be known as "El Expreso" (in English, "The Express"), toured Europe and Brazil.
Gimnasia became the first Argentine club outside Greater Buenos Aires to compete in Europe, and the first ever to play in Portugal, Czechoslovakia, Austria and Italy.
In the European portion of the tour, Gimnasia played twenty-two games, winning eleven and losing six.
On February 15, 1931, Gimnasia defeated Sportverein München 4-0 at Munich, in a game remarkable for being the first match played by an Argentine team on a snow-covered pitch.
On March 8, Gimnasia won 3-1 over AC Sparta Praha at Prague, a team that was arguably the strongest in Europe at the time, and that no South American team had yet defeated.
Gimnasia also won its matches against three of the most important European clubs: a 3-1 victory against Real Madrid (at Madrid, on January 1, 1931), 2-1 against FC Barcelona (at Barcelona, on January 6, 1931), and 1-0 against Benfica (at Lisbon, on March 29, 1931).
Professional era (1931–2008)
El Expreso of 1933
Already in the professional era, Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata entered in the history of Argentine soccer with a famous team known as "El Expreso" (The Express).
The "1933 Express" comfortably won the first round of the First Division championship.
In the second round, Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata led the championship, until it faced Boca Juniors and San Lorenzo de Almagro.
In these matches, Gimnasia was subject to openly biased arbitration.
In the latter game, the referee Rojo Miró favoured so blatantly San Lorenzo that the Gimnasia players famously refused to continue with the charade, and "went on strike."
They simply sat on the field, while San Lorenzo scored unopposedly, before the referee terminated the game with a 7–1 outcome.
The 1933 team ended in the fourth place (San Lorenzo was the champion) with a record of 21 victories, four draws and nine defeats.
However, the legendary Express had been born, and it never left the memory of its fans.
The top scorer of The Express was Arturo "El Torito" Naón with 33 goals.
Governor Alende Cup (1960)
This Cup was disputed in 1960 and was organized by the club Estudiantes de La Plata.
It was called "Gobernador de la  Province of Buenos Aires Dr. Oscar Alende Cup", in honoring the governor Oscar Alende.
The cup was an international quadrangular, comprising friendly matches between Estudiantes, Gimnasia, Club Nacional de Football and Club Atlético Peñarol, the latter being the two main football clubs from Uruguay.
Gimnasia won both meetings against the Uruguayan teams: 5–2 against Nacional and 1–0 against Peñarol.
Estudiantes lost its respective games for 0–1 and 2–5.
In the last match, Gimnasia tied with Estudiantes 2–2.
On February 13, 1960, Gimnasia was therefore crowned champion of the Gobernador Alende Cup, at the stadium of its classic archrival, located at the intersection of the 57 & 1 streets of La Plata.
La Barredora (1970)
One of the teams most remembered by Gimnasia fans is "La Barredora" ("The Sweeper").
After almost a decade alternating good and bad performances, the championships organized by the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino were restructured.
The result was the creation of two championships: the "Metropolitano", played by teams affiliated directly to the AFA (and divided in two zones), and the "Nacional", played by the teams placed in the top positions of the "Metropolitano", in addition to teams from the leagues of the Argentine interior.
The rest of the teams played the "Promocional" and "Reclasificatorio" cups.
Other variants existed, whereby the "Metropolitano" was played as an all-team home-and-away round robin, and the "Nacional" in a two-zone competition.
In 1970, Gimnasia y Esgrima finished second the zone "B" behind Chacarita Juniors, and qualified to the "Nacional" semifinal against Rosario Central, who had occupied the first position in the zone "A".
At that time, a conflict developped between the players and the club's administration on a disagreement about performance remuneration.
Unable to solve the issue, the President Oscar Venturino fielded the club's third division on the semifinal at Rosario.
The final result was a 3–0 victory for Rosario Central.
The typical eleven in that remarkable team were: Hugo Orlando Gatti; Ricardo Rezza, José Bernabé Leonardi, José Masnik, Roberto Zywica, Roberto Gonzalo; Héctor Pignani, José Santiago, Delio Onnis, José Néstor Meija, Jorge Castiglia.
José Varacka was the coach.
The Return to First Division (1984)
After a bad campaign, Gimnasia y Esgrima is relegated to Primera "B" in 1979.
The team played in the Second Division between 1980 and 1984, year in which it returns to First Division.
The team included football players such as Ricardo "El Pulpo" Kuzemka and Carlos Carrió; its coach was Nito Veiga.
In 1984 Gimnasia y Esgrima obtained the third place in the overall table, and thus qualified to dispute an Octogonal for the second promotion to First Division.
The other teams in the octogonal were Racing Club, Argentino de Rosario, Club Atlético Tigre, Defensores de Belgrano, Club Atlético Lanús, Nueva Chicago, and Deportivo Morón.
Gimnasia reached the final, where it defeated Racing Club twice, first 3-1 in Avellaneda, and then 4-2 in La Plata on December 30, 1984.
After these victories, Gimnasia returned to First Division in 1985 and has been playing there ever since.
Copa Centenario de la AFA (1993–94)
The AFA organized in 1993 a cup-style (elimination) tournament named Copa Centenario ("Centennial Cup"), to celebrate its hundredth anniversary.
Each first division team played its derby rival in two rounds in a double elimination system.
Gimnasia eliminated its classic rival Estudiantes 1–0 with a goal by Guillermo Barros Schelotto, and qualified for the next round after a 0–0 tie in the return match.
Then, Gimnasia successively eliminated Newell's Old Boys, Argentinos Juniors and Belgrano de Córdoba to win the "round of winners".
River Plate won the "round of losers" and qualified for the final, with Gimnasia having home court advantage.
Gimnasia won the final 3–1 with goals by Hugo Romeo Guerra, Fernández and Guillermo Barros Schelotto.
River's goal was scored by Villalba.
Gimnasia's winning team included Lavallén; Sanguinetti, Morant, Ortiz, Dopazo, Fernández, Bianco, Talarico, Gustavo Barros Schelotto, Guillermo Barros Schelotto and Guerra.
From Griguol to Troglio (1994–2007)
With veteran coach Carlos Timoteo Griguol at the helm, Gimnasia took second place in the 1995 Clausura tournament, repeating the performance in 1996 and 1998.
Also took second place in 2002 (coached by Ramaciotti).
On September 10, 2006, during the halftime of a match against Boca Juniors, club president Juan José Muñoz confronted (and allegedly threatened) referee Daniel Giménez, who called off the match immediately, with Gimnasia leading 1–0.
Muñoz was reprimanded by the football association and temporarily removed from its executive committee, although he was confirmed as Gimnasia's President by the club's board.
A few days later, Gimnasia was eliminated from the Copa Sudamericana by the Chilean champions Colo Colo, following a quarter final match where a player of Gimnasia was injured by a cement piece thrown by Chilean supporters.
Due to Gimnasia's physical play in the second leg of the quarter finals in Argentina, Argentine Football Association's president Julio Grondona wrote a personal letter to the president of the ANFP (the Chilean football federation) apologizing for the "roughness" of the Gimnasia players.
The pending second half against Boca Juniors was played on November 8, 2006.
Boca Juniors scored four goals and won the match.
After the match, Troglio and some of the players hinted that the team had received death threats from some supporters, who wanted to benefit Boca in its championship bid against Gimnasia's archrivals Estudiantes.
Nevertheless, Estudiantes obtained the title in the end.
La Plata District Attorney Marcelo Romero opened an investigation and cited some players and club officers to testify, but the entire affair was soon dismissed.
Player Marcelo Goux refused to participate in the next match and quit the team soon afterwards, as did fellow players Martín Cardetti and Ariel Franco.
Many articles condemned Muñoz's handling of the situation, accusing him of lying to the press, and of treating violent fans as his protégés.
2007–08: New management
After a string of losses in the local championship and the Copa Libertadores, there were renewed calls for Muñoz to resign.
Coach Troglio felt the burden of responsibility and quit his post on April 2, 2007.
Gimnasia hired first famed Colombian trainer Francisco Maturana, and then Julio César Falcioni, both with limited success.
In the December 2007 election, Muñoz did not run, and the candidate he supported lost to the opposition.
New club president Walter Gisande hired former player Guillermo Sanguinetti as team coach and tried to convince former players, notably Diego Alonso and Guillermo Barros Schelotto, to return to Gimnasia.
Only Alonso, who was playing in China, made the leap.
Sanguinetti quit after a string of bad results that left Gimnasia in serious danger of relegation.
Under new coach Leonardo Madelón, team results improved markedly, and as of the beginning of the 2009 Clausura tournament, Gimnasia is better positioned to stay in the Primera level.
The new management also campaigned for a return to its traditional ground at El Bosque.
Starting April 2008, the stadium underwent a structural engineering evaluation after all security measures requested by authorities were put in place.
On June 2008, Gimnasia was allowed to play again at El Bosque; the return took place in a match against Lanús, the last game of the Clausura 2008 championship.
Mayor Pablo Bruera has indicated that the city will let Gimnasia buy or lease some city-owned lands for erecting a sports complex.
Records and curiosities
Gimnasia is the oldest club participating in the Argentine Football League, as it was founded on June 3, 1887.
Gimnasia was the first South American team to defeat Real Madrid C.F. on Spanish soil.
The match was played on January 1, 1931 and ended with a score of 3–2 for Gimnasia.
Gimnasia was the first Argentine club to hire a foreign manager in the professional era:  Emérico Hirschl.
Between August 12, 1932 and September 9, 1934 Gimnasia won five consecutive La Plata derbies, the longest run of victories in that derby to date.
Gimnasia best score was an 8–1 victory against Racing Club on November 22, 1961.
Curiously, Racing Club was the champion on that year.
Gimnasia has the record for the fastest goal in the Argentine league: Carlos Dantón Seppaquercia scored against Club Atlético Huracán after five seconds, on March 20, 1979.
At the reinauguration of Boca Juniors' stadium (La Bombonera) on May 5, 1996, Gimnasia defeated the home team by 6–0.
Gimnasia has been in Primera División Argentina for 69 seasons.
Shield or Logo
The shield of the Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata is a wreath in which top part is outlined a helmet with a heraldic crest.
At the center, on enamel and with the colors of the club (white and navy blue), the club monogram appears in relief.
In the top cantons, like a guard, there appear the hilts of a saber and a foil, with their sharp points emerging at lower part of the shield.
To the sides of the center a rama of laurels spreads the helmet, for every side.
Since its inception, the club shield has undergone some modifications.
From 1887 until 1928, the shield used was devised by Emilio Coutauret, and it was characterized by a handcrafted and adorned design.
In 1964, following a reform of the foundational statute, Gimnasia's shield adopted a simpler form, while still keeping the essence of the original one.
This is the logo in current use, and often displayed on the team's jerseys.
There have been some minor changes introduced in the past few years.
During Héctor Domínguez's presidency, the abbreviation at the center of the shield was changed, replacing the historical CGE (Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima), for the GELP (Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata), modification that persisted during the mandates of Gliemmo and Muñoz.
Since the beginning of Walter Gisande's presidency, it was decided to return to the original abbreviation of 'CGE'.
Kit / Team jerseys
Official uniform ("camiseta titular"): a white jersey with a single horizontal navy-blue stripe over the chest, white (or blue) trousers, white (or blue) socks.
Alternative uniform: a navy-blue jersey with a horizontal white stripe over the chest, navy blue trousers, navy blue socks.
Kit Evolution
In the first years of life of the institution, the colors adopted were the white and light blue, seeking of this form to highlight the fact that it was an Argentine club.
Later, in 1905, it was decided to change the colors to make it distinct from Racing Club.
This resulted in a vest with vertical stripes of white and navy-blue color.
Apparel and Sponsor
(Last updated: February 14, 2009)
During the year 2009, the apparel of Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata will be provided by the company "Kappa", the one who will provide from uniform sports up to the extra-sports clothes.
In turn, jersey will be supported by the company "La Nueva Seguros", of which it will take the name written in the principal band.
Fan base
Within the city of La Plata and its environs, the Gimnasia fan base used to be identified with the working class, contrasting with the mostly middle class Estudiantes constituency.
This characterization is no longer true.
Most of Gimnasia y Esgrima fans are from the Greater La Plata area.
The fans' collective name for itself is "La 22", after 22nd street in La Plata where many famous fans lived, notably Marcelo Amuchástegui.
Known as Loco Fierro, Amuchástegui was famous for his exploits, such as hanging a 100-meter Gimnasia flag in the Bombonera stadium.
He was shot to death by Rosario police in a murky episode on May 28, 1991, allegedly during an armed robbery.
Nicknames: The Wolf, and others
Since the 1960s, Gimnasia has been known as El Lobo (short for "El Lobo del Bosque", Spanish for "the wolf in the Forest") after the story of "Red Riding Hood", since its historical football field is in the middle of La Plata's main park, known as El Bosque ("the forest").
Many other Argentine clubs also called "Gimnasia y Esgrima" adopted later the nicknames of "El Lobo" after the La Plata team.
Another nickname, mensanas, derives from the Latin motto used in the shield: Mens sana in corpore sano (a healthy mind in a healthy body).
An original nickname was (and still is) triperos ("tripe" or "gut-handlers").
This name has its origin in the fact that many of Gimnasia's original supporters worked in the meat-processing plants of nearby Berisso.
In newspaper caricatures from the early 1900s, Gimnasia was accordingly depicted as a "butcher", instead of the current "wolf".
Yet, still today, Gimnasia is often greeted into the stadia by its fans with a resounding "Tripa corazón!" (
Spanish for "Go Tripe Go!").
Curiously, the same nickname is applied when referring to the population of Porto in Portugal, although the meaning of the nickname in Portuguese is closer to "tripe-eaters".
Another nickname is basureros ("garbage or waste collectors"), acquired during the presidency of Mr. Venturino in the 1970s, who also managed the private company dealing with trash pickup in La Plata.
The Stadium Juan Carlos Zerillo, known as El Bosque (Spanish for "the forest", because it is in the La Plata park of the same name) has a capacity of 31,460 and was used continuously until 2005.
When a new city stadium was built for La Plata, both Gimnasia and Estudiantes initially chose to stay at their respective fields, but this arrangement collapsed when both fields were closed down due to new security regulations.
In the 2006 Clausura tournament, Gimnasia began to use the city stadium for home games.
Beginning on March 2008, Gimnasia made various reforms to its old stadium, seeking to secure the permit for its use at selected games.
Finally on June 2008, the "El Bosque" grounds were reapproved for First Division competitions.
On Saturday June 21, 2008, on the occasion of the last game of the Clausura 2008 championship, Gimnasia returned to its old home in a match against Lanús.
National Official Tournaments
Primera División:
Winners (1):1929
Runners-up (1): 1924
División Intermedia del Fútbol Argentino:
National Friendly Tournaments
Copa Competencia Adolfo J. Bullrich (1): 1915
Copa Campeonato Intermedia (1): 1915
Runners-up (5): Clausura 1995, Clausura 1996, Apertura 1998, Clausura 2002, Apertura 2005
Copa Centenario de la AFA (1): 1994
Segunda División:
Winners (3): 1944, 1947, and 1952
Runners-up (1): 1946
Copa Amistad (2): 1977 y 2006
Copa Ciudad de Mar del Plata (1): 2009
Copa Municipalidad de La Plata (2): 1999 and 2001
International Friendly Tournaments
Copa Gobernador Alende (1): 1960
Copa Colonia del Sacramento (1): 1998
Cuadrangular de Asunción (1): 1975
Copa Cristal (1): 2005
Second place of Sanwa Bank Cup (1): 1994
GELP has a female volleyball team.
They are the only one of the nine founder clubs from the Federación de Voleibol y Pelota al Cesto
, still playing volleyball and in the highest division.
The federation is now Federación Metropolitana de Voleibol (FMV).
Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata is also known for several excellent campaigns in basketball.
The GELP basketball team peaked during the 1978 and 1979 campaigns, when they won twice in a row Argentina's premier basketball championship (Metropolitano titles).
In both cases, they prevailed over favorite Obras Sanitarias, Argentina's powerhouse at the time.
The team included players such as "Gallego" González, "Finito" Gehrmann, Peinado, as well as some Americans: Michael Jackson, Lawrence Jackson Jr., and the team leader and star, point-guard Clarence Edgar Metcalfe, chosen as the league MVP in 1979.
The twice-champions were coached by Rolando Sfeir.