the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Bradley's Beat (1991)/(1995 re-issue)
Bradley's Robot (1993)
Joyrex J4 (1992)
Joyrex J5 (1992)
Joyrex J9 (1993)
CAT 023 (unreleased, only 4 copies pressed)
Caustic Window Compilation (1998)
GAK (1994)
Universal Indicator: Red (1989)
Universal Indicator: Green (1995)
(Surfing on Sine Waves) (1993, re-released 2001)
(Quoth) (1993)
Pac-Man (1992)
Q-Chastic EP (1992 unreleased)
Universal Indicator: Blue (1992)
Universal Indicator: Yellow (1993)
Rephlex Records.
This is Aphex Twin's record label.
Niagara Falls is the collective, name of three big waterfalls on the Niagara River in eastern North America, on the border between the United States and Canada.
The three waterfalls are: the Horseshoe Falls, sometimes called the Canadian Falls, the American Falls, and the smaller Bridal Veil Falls.
The American Falls and the Horseshoe Falls are separated with Goat Island, and the Bridal Veil Falls separated from the other waterfalls with Luna Island.
Niagara falls is very well known for both its beauty and hydroelectric power.
It has been a tourist attraction, commercial site and hydroelectricity source since the 19th century.
It is located near Niagara Falls, New York in the United States and Niagara Falls, Ontario in Canada.
The volume of water approaching the falls during peak flow season may sometimes be as much as 225,000 cubic feet (6,400 m3) per second.
The cities of Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, and Niagara Falls, New York, United States, are connected by two international bridges.
Niagara Falls were formed when glaciers receded at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation (the last ice age).
Water from the newly formed Great Lakes carved a path through the Niagara Escarpment en route from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario and the Atlantic Ocean.
The Escarpment has hard limestone on top and soft shale below.
Although not very high, Niagara Falls is very wide, and is probably the most popular waterfall in the world.
The Horseshoe Falls are the largest out of the three falls.
It is named the Horseshoe Falls because it looks like a horse shoe.
Bodies of water of North America
Bodies of water of the United States
June 13 – James Clerk Maxwell born in Edinburgh
October 30 – In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave revolt in United States history.
March 26 - August Bournonville's Napoli is first performed in Copenhagen by the Royal Danish Ballet
January 11 – William James, American philosopher and psychologist
October 30 – Allan Cunningham, Scottish poet and writer.
Custard is a kind of food prepared with milk and eggs.
Custard can be the dessert or its sauce.
Custard is an important part of dessert recipes from many countries, including the United Kingdom, France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Australia,  and Malaysia.
Huckleberry is a name used in North America for several plants in two closely related genera in the family Ericaceae: Gaylussacia and Vaccinium.
The huckleberry is the state fruit of Idaho.
Some Vaccinium species, such as the red huckleberry, are always called huckleberries.
Other species may be called blueberries or huckleberries in different locations.
There is much confusion in naming of berries in American English.
The 'garden huckleberry' (Solanum melanocerasum) is not a true huckleberry but a member of the nightshade family.
The fruit of most species of huckleberry can be eaten.
The berries are small and round.
They are usually less than 5 mm in diameter and contain 10 seeds.
Berries range in color from bright red, through dark purple, and into the blues.
In taste the berries range from tart to sweet.
They have a flavor similar to that of a blueberry.
Huckleberries are well liked by many mammals such as bears and humans.
A cheesecake is a dessert cake made of cheese (usually cream cheese but sometimes ricotta), eggs, and sugar.
It often has a graham cracker crumb crust, sometimes held together by melted butter.
The filling has a very heavy, smooth texture.
It sometimes has sour cream to make it easier to shape and may have fruit flavoring such as strawberry, blueberry, or lemon.
It is often topped with fresh fruit or chocolate.
Cheesecake is now often thought to be part of American cooking, but it has a long history.
Cheese making began around 2000, and scientists who study people in the past have found cheese molds almost as old.
Cheesecakes are known to go back to at least Greece.
In the 100s, the writer Athenaeus's Dinner-Table Philosophers mentioned the poet Callimachus (around the 200s) used to have a book by an "Aegimius" about the art of making cheesecakes (, Plakountopoukón Sýngramma).
Cheesecake may have been given to the sportspeople during the Olympic Games, which started in 776.
Even before the Romans took over Greece, they had begun making cheesecakes as well.
M. Porcius Cato's Book on Farming (written around 160) mentions three kinds of cakes, , and for use as offerings to the gods.
Placenta cakes were the closest to today's cheesecakes, since its crust and filling are made separately.
Europeans stopped using yeast and started adding beaten eggs to their cheesecakes around the 1700s.
This made it taste more like a dessert than a cheesebread.
Cheesecake recipes were brought to the United States as people moved there from Europe.
Most of today's kinds of cheesecake ("New York-style cheesecake") come from the kind created by William Lawrence of Chester, New York, in 1872.
He was trying to make something like the soft French Neufchâtel cheese and ended up with a heavy, creamy "unripened cheese".
Sonya Thomas holds the world record for eating the most cheesecakes in a given time.
She ate 11 pounds of cheesecake in nine minutes.
Rhubarb is one of about 60 plants in the genus Rheum, family Polygonaceae.
The vegetable rhubarb is Rheum rhabarbarum (or Rheum x hybridum).
The leaves are somewhat toxic because they have oxalic acid, but the red stalks are baked in pies, with sugar to soften their tart flavor.
There are many varieties grown for eating.
The drug rheum is prepared from the rhizomes and roots of another species, R. officinale or medicinal rhubarb.
Monkeys are tree-dwelling (arboreal) simians.
They are in the primate order.
Monkeys are intelligent, social animals.
Monkeys have a tail, even if it is a short one.
The word "monkey" is a common-language term.
It includes two rather different groups of primates.
The big distinction is between Old World monkeys and New World monkeys.
Some examples of monkeys are macaques, baboons, guenons and marmosets.
Old World monkeys: Cercopithecidae.
Apes are the descendants of Old World monkeys.
New World Monkeys: Platyrrhini or Ceboidea (same thing in effect)
Both these groups are in the infraorder Simiiformes.
That infraorder also includes the great apes and man.
Some monkeys live almost entirely in trees.
Others live partly on the ground.
Monkeys are mainly vegetarian, with a strong preference for fruit.
However, they may eat a wide range of other food, including insects.
Monkeys can live in forests and savannahs, but not in deserts.
Some can live in snowy mountains, but more live in rainforests.
There are none in the rainforests of Australia and New Guinea.
Apparently, they never reached those islands.
Some monkeys are small, about  long and  in weight.
Other monkeys are much larger, about  long and  in weight.
A group of monkeys is called a "troop" of monkeys or a "tribe" of monkeys.
The two groups of monkeys live in different places: the New World Monkeys in South America and the Old World Monkeys live mainly in  Africa and Asia.
New World Monkeys are often smaller than Old World Monkeys.
Monkeys have long arms and legs to help them swing from trees.
Some monkeys' tails can wrap tightly around branches, almost like a "fifth limb".
This type of tail is 'prehensile'.
The smallest known monkey is the pygmy marmoset.
It is between  and  in size (without the tail).
It weighs about 120 grams.
It lives in the treetops of rainforests in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador.
The largest known monkey is the mandrill.
It can grow to about  in size.
Adults weigh up to .
The monkeys often climb with the help of their tails.
The word monkey might have come from a popular German story, "Roman de Renart" (Reynard the Fox).
In there, the name of the son of Martin the Ape is Moneke.
In Africa, monkeys can be sold as "bushmeat" (meat of wild animals).
Monkey brains are eaten in some parts of Africa, South Asia, and China.
"The impossible housing and handling conditions of monkeys in research laboratories", by Viktor Reinhardt, International Primate Protection League, August 2001
The problem with pet monkeys: reasons monkeys do not make good pets, an article by veterinarian Lianne McLeod on About.com
Helping hands: monkey helpers for the disabled, a U.S. national non-profit organization based in Boston Massachusetts that places specially trained capuchin monkeys with people who are paralyzed or who live with other severe mobility impairments.
Civilization (or civilisation) comes from the Latin word civis meaning someone who lives in a town.
The Romans usually wanted conquered people to live in towns.
When people are civilized, they have learned from the wisdom, skill and knowledge gained over centuries of human progress.
The opposite of civilization is sometimes said to be entropy, barbarity, rudeness, or animal-like behavior.
A civilization is generally an advanced stage of organization.
That means it has laws, culture, a regular way of getting food and protecting the people.
Most civilizations have agriculture, and a system of government like monarchs or elections.
They speak a common language, and usually have a religion of some kind.
They teach their young the knowledge they need.
All civilizations since the Sumerians and the Egyptians have had some kind of writing.
This is because writing lets people store and build up knowledge.
Past societies that would be called more primitive compared to today, are still often referred to as civilizations for their time.
The Roman Empire is an example of a past large civilization.
It was governed from Rome.
This empire once stretched from the Scottish borders to North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.
Their language was Latin.
Latin remained the preferred way of communication among educated people, long after their civilization had vanished.
Some scientists, scholars and others still use Latin in the course of everyday work, even though the Roman civilization fell apart more than 1,500 years ago.
The Roman civilization lasted almost 1000 years.
One way a civilization ends is to become part of another civilization.
For example, Ancient Egypt was conquered by foreigners who changed the country.
It became part  of Persian, Greek, Roman, and Islamic civilization.
Another way is to go back to an earlier, simpler way of life.
For example, Roman civilization collapsed in the Dark Ages.
When people became more civilized again, it was the Medieval civilization.
In Buddhism, enlightenment (called bodhi in Indian Buddhism, or satori in Zen Buddhism) is when a Buddhist finds the truth about life and stops being reborn because they have reached Nirvana.
Once you get to Nirvana you are not born again into samsara (which is suffering).
Buddhists believe a person can become enlightened by following the Middle Way;  the Middle Way is not too extreme in either way of living, neither an extremely luxurious life of ease and enjoyment nor an extremely harsh life on living on the minimum of the most basic necessities.
One develops Sila (morality), Samadhi (concentration), and Prajna (insight or wisdom).
This is thought to take a very long time, according to many buddhist monks and nuns.
After establishing a strong foundation of Sila (morality), Buddhists become enlightened by using meditation.
While they practice Vipassana meditation, they relax their mind with clear understanding of the law of impermanence, which clears their minds of all attachments; craving, aversion, and delusion are destroyed.
Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) is described as the first known (historical) person to have reached enlightenment and was the founder of Buddhism. (
Buddhists know him as the Shakyamuni Buddha, and believe there were Buddhas before him and will be after him.)
The story of his life is told as an example of what he learned.
Life at the Palace
Siddhartha was a rich aristocrat and the son of a ruler of a republic.
His father went to a fortune teller who predicted that Siddhartha would either become a king or a religious leader.
If Siddhartha saw any suffering then he would become a great religious leader.
His father wanted him to become a king, so he gave Siddhartha many things and did not let him see any suffering.
Siddhartha married a woman and had a son.
He named his son Rahula.
Some say Siddhartha left the palace to pursue a spiritual path on the day his son was born.
Four Sights
Siddhartha went to the Shramana teachers to ask for help.
Siddhartha traveled for four days.
On the first day, he saw an old man.
On the second day, he saw a sick woman.
On the third day, he saw a funeral.
It was his first time seeing death.
On the fourth day he saw a sadhu (holy man).
This man was very poor.
Siddhartha thought that the man was happy even though he was poor.
Siddhartha also knew that he was not happy even though he was rich.
He decided to leave the palace and never go back.
Siddhartha walked through the forest.
In the forest, he found a group of ascetics.
He watched them and thought this was the way to be enlightened.
For six years he lived with the ascetics.
For some time, he ate one grain of rice and drank from the river every day.
One day a boat was on the river with a musician and his students on it.
Siddhartha heard the musician say, "If the string is too tight, it will snap.
If it is too loose, it will not play."
After hearing that, Siddhartha knew that he wanted to find a middle way, something more effective than asceticism.
He took a bowl of rice with milk from a village woman.
He then had the strength, to meditate until Enlightenment.
Siddhartha sat at the bottom of the Bodhi tree.
He made a promise to keep meditating until he was enlightened.
For forty days Devaputra Mara, the leader of demons, tried to stop Siddhartha.
He made Siddhartha think of scary things.
He made demons try to hurt Siddhartha with spears, arrows, fire, and rocks.
Siddhartha did not fear them and kept his mind relaxed and the hurtful things became like flowers and many coloured lights.
From Sila (morality), Samadhi (concentration), and Prajna (insight; wisdom), he became  enlightened.
After he was enlightened, he taught people about what he had learned for 45 years.
He died when he was 80 years old.
Mail is part of the postal system.
The postal system is a system where written documents and small to medium packages are sent (delivered) to places around the world.
Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post.
A postal service can be private or public.
Governments often make rules about private postal delivery systems.
Since the early 19th century, most national postal systems have been controlled entirely by governments.
The governments make people pay a fee to send something.
This fee is usually in the form of stamps.
Some governments only let private postal services deliver parcel (non-mail) packages.
Postal systems often do things other than sending letters.
In some countries, the postal system is also in charge of telephone and telegraph systems.
The postal systems in other countries can help people apply for government papers such as passports and driver's licenses.
Many places the post offices also work like banks.
This is so that people can take out money or pay bills at a nearby post office, instead of travelling to a big bank in the nearest town.
The Righteous Brothers were an American pop group consisting of two men named Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield.
They formed in California in 1962.
Some of their hits include "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" and "Unchained Melody".
Phil Spector produced those songs.
Right Now (1963)
Some Blue-Eyed Soul (1964)
This is New (1965)
You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin' (1965)
Just Once in My Life… (1965)
Back to Back (1965)
Soul & Inspiration (1966)
Go Ahead an Cry (1966)
Sayin' Somethin' (1967)
Souled Out (1967)
One for the Road (1968)
Re-Birth (1969)
Give it to the People (1974)
Sons of Mrs Righteous (1975)
The Righteous Brothers (2016)
Gene Francis Alan Pitney (17 February 1940 – 5 April 2006) was an American rock singer and songwriter.
He was born in Hartford, Connecticut.
Some of his most well-known songs are "Town Without Pity", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" and "Twenty Four Hours From Tulsa".
He died of a heart attack in Cardiff in 2006 while on tour in the UK.
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United Kingdom
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Singers from Connecticut
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is an agency of the US government that investigates crime across the country.
It is dedicated to national security and to law enforcement.
The Bureau of Investigation was founded in 1908 and was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935.
J. Edgar Hoover was the Director of the Bureau from 1924 to his death, in 1972.
Although the FBI works worldwide, its headquarters are in Washington DC.
It has 56 main offices in cities throughout the United States.
Mission and priorities
The FBI's mission is to protect the USA and maintain justice.
They do this in many ways:
They protect the United States from terrorist attacks.
They protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage.
They protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes like hacking.
They protect civil rights.
They combat all national and international criminal organizations.
They combat major white-collar crime and fraud.
They combat important violent crime.
They also support international partners.
The FBI is organized into branches and the Office of the Director.
This office contains most administrative offices.
Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions.
Each division is headed by an assistant director.
The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches.
Each sub-branch is led by deputy assistant directors.
Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs.
Four of the branches report to the deputy director while two report to the associate director.
The functions branches of the FBI are:
FBI Intelligence Branch
FBI National Security Branch
FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch
FBI Science and Technology Branch
FBI Information and Technology Branch
FBI Human Resources Branch
FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit
The FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit (FCNU) is a 24/7 operational response to crisis and to negotiate person(s) who are threatening to commit suicide or other harmful situations after a crime has been committed.
The FBI's lead negotiator contacts the person(s) involved, with a hard-wire phone line to communicate with the person(s) to try convincing them to give themselves up to local police who are on stand-by.
1596 was a year in the 16th century.
It was a leap year.
March 31 – René Descartes, French philosopher and physicist
June 29 – Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan
Micheal I of Russia, Russian Tsar
January 28 – Sir Francis Drake, English explorer
Warsaw becomes the capital of Poland.
The Cudel War starts in Finland
Nothofagus is a kind of plant, also called southern beech.
It is a tree which can reach 35 m tall.
Nothofagus is found in South America, New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea.
Nothofagus, Southamerican species;
Nothofagus Antarctica
Nothofagus betuloides
Nothofagus nitida
Nothofagus pumilio
Brassospora, New Guinea and New Caledonia species;
Nothofagus aequilateralis
Nothofagus balansae
Nothofagus baumanniae
Nothofagus brassii
Nothofagus carrii
Nothofagus codonandra
Nothofagus crenata
Nothofagus discoidea
Nothofagus flaviramea
Nothofagus grandis
Nothofagus nuda
Nothofagus perryi
Nothofagus pseudoresinosa
Nothofagus pullei
Nothofagus resinosa
Nothofagus rubra
Nothofagus starkenborghii
Nothofagus stylosa
Nothofagus womersleyi
Fuscospora, Southamerican, Australian and in some Oceania Island;
Nothofagus alessandri
Nothofagus fusca
Nothofagus gunnii
Nothofagus solandri
Nothofagus truncata
Lophozonia, in places of Southamerica and Oceania.
Nothofagus alpina
Nothofagus cunninghamii
Nothofagus glauca
Nothofagus macrocarpa
Nothofagus menziesii
Nothofagus moorei
Nothofagus obliqua
Ancient Greek was an Indo-European language spoken in Ancient Greece from about 1500 BC to about 300 BC.
Ancient Greek and Latin are very important languages.
Although they are no longer spoken, they influenced almost all modern European languages.
Greek had many different dialects.
Attic Greek was spoken in Athens, the largest city, and was thought to be the purest form of Greek.
Later, in the educated Roman world, children were taught Greek as a second language just as many people now learn English as their second language.
Koine Greek was the common language of Greeks.
It was Attic Greek mixed with several other dialects.
Homer spoke and wrote in an old dialect that was somewhat different from Attic Greek.
The Iliad and the Odyssey are long poems that tell exciting stories about warfare, travel and the Greek gods.
In the 5th century BC, some great plays were written by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides.
The Golden Age of Ancient Greece inspired literature that has been read for centuries.
Attic Greek
Attic Greek was the dialect that was spoken in Athens and the rest of the region of Attica.
It was the dialect most similar to later forms of Greek since it was the standard form of the language.
It is studied in Ancient Greek courses because it was the most common dialect.
All languages change with time, and Greek has changed a great deal over 2500 years.
Modern Greek is often said to have started in the year 1453 AD.
Unlike Latin, Ancient Greek did not split into many languages, but it is still considered to be a separate language from Modern Greek.
The pronunciation has changed; for instance, beta was pronounced "b" in Ancient Greek, but it is pronounced "v" and is called "vita" in Modern Greek.
The spelling has not changed much, which gives the appearance of less change than has actually happened.
Also, many different vowels and diphthongs merged into "i", the vowel sound in the English word "ski".
The tonal system of Ancient Greek has disappeared, but modern Greek had only recently changed its spelling to match that change.
Despite these changes, much of the language has remarkably survived intact through the centuries.
There is a community near Trabzon, Turkey, that speaks a dialect that is closer to Ancient Greek than to Standard Modern Greek.
Autobahn (engl.
motorway) is the controlled-access highway system in Germany.
They are famous because in many parts of the roads, there are no speed limits and drivers can drive as fast as they want to.
An autobahn has at least two lanes in each direction, with a barrier between the directions.
Sometimes there may be more than two lanes for one direction (or another lane for cars with mechanical failures).
All drivers are supposed to drive on the outer-most right lane except when they move past other cars or trucks that are going slower.
Many autobahns in Germany have no speed limit.
There is only a speed recommendation of  per hour.
However, drivers going faster than 130 km/h can be made responsible for an accident that they are involved in.
The German traffic law says that it is only permitted to drive as fast as the track conditions allow.
German Road Safety Council (DVR) has established that on average, there are 25% more deaths on sections of the autobahn without speed limits compared to those with a limit.
Data analysis performed by Der Spiegel has established that a speed limit applied across all German motorways would save 140 lives a year.
An emergency telephone is located at a German autobahn every .
Junctions between two autobahns are called Dreieck (Triangle), if one autobahn ends there or Kreuz (Cross).
Junctions with normal roads are called Anschlussstelle.
All junctions of an autobahn are numbered sequentially.
Driving on a German autobahn is free for cars.
Trucks (12.5 tons and above) do have to pay a toll of about a twelve cents (0.12 €) per kilometre.
Transport in Germany
Arnold Franz Walter Schoenberg (originally written 'Schönberg') (13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian-born composer.
He was known for his twelve-tone system of writing music.
Schoenberg came from a strict Jewish family who had moved to Austria from Hungary.
They were quite poor and Schoenberg taught himself about music.
When he was grown up he had to do a lot of teaching to try and earn enough money to live.
In later life he went to live in the United States.
It took a long time before he was recognized world-wide as a great composer.
His two most famous pupils were Alban Berg (1885-1935) and Anton Webern (1883-1945).
He taught them how to write twelve-tone music and they became famous composers.
When Arnold Schoenberg was a young man he was living in the late 19th century.
If you look at the way composers wrote music at this time you will find that their compositions became more and more chromatic.
This means that more and more sharps and flats were used during the piece, and the music went from one key to another (modulated) very quickly.
Richard Wagner wrote very chromatic music, especially in his opera Tristan and Isolde.
In 1898 Schoenberg converted to Christianity in the Lutheran church.
According to MacDonald, this was partly to connect with Western European cultural traditions, and partly as a means of self-defence "in a time of resurgent anti-Semitism".
In 1933, after long thought, he returned to Judaism, because he realised that "his racial and religious heritage was inescapable", and to take up an unmistakable position on the side opposing Nazism.
He would self-identify as a member of the Jewish religion later in life.
Schoenberg’s early works are mostly Late Romantic.
His piece Verklärte Nacht (which can be played by six string instruments or by a whole orchestra) has very beautiful harmonies which go quickly from one key to another.
Gradually Schoenberg’s music changed.
It became so chromatic that it was no longer in any key at all.
Music like this (called “atonal”) is much harder to understand.
His Five Orchestral Pieces were played by the conductor Sir Henry Wood at a Promenade Concert in 1912.
The audience did not like it at first and took some time to get used to the sound.
Twelve-tone system
In 1923 Schoenberg developed the twelve-tone system for which he is famous.
This is music which is based on a particular row of notes.
Twelve-tone music is atonal because there is no feeling of being in any key, because of the equal use of every pitch.
1951 deaths
20th-century composers
Wars of the Roses, a civil war in England between the House of York and the House of Lancaster
The War of the Roses (movie), a 1989 movie
Full Metal Jacket is a 1987 British-American war drama movie  directed by Stanley Kubrick.
It is based on the Gustav Hasford book The Short-Timers.
The name of the movie comes from the full-metal jacketed bullets used in the military.
The movie follows soldiers who are drafted to fight in the Vietnam War.
The story is set in the late 1960s and follows the characters from their time in recruit training and them fighting in the war.
Full Metal Jacket at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
Full Metal Jacket screenplay
1987 drama movies
1980s war movies
British drama movies
British war movies
Movies directed by Stanley Kubrick
Movies set in the 1960s
Murder-suicide in movies
Vietnam War movies
Cambridgeshire is a county in England.
It is located in the East part of the country.
The counties around Cambridgeshire are Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west.
The county town is Cambridge.
February 29 – Pope Paul III (d. 1549)
February 3 – Johann Gutenberg
The English Channel is a body of water that separates the island of Great Britain from the rest of Europe.
People who live in the UK and want to visit Europe, or people from Europe who want to visit the UK, can take a ferry across or ride a train under the channel in a special tunnel called the Channel Tunnel (nicknamed the Chunnel).
Both the ferries and trains carry cars.
It is 563 km long, 246 km wide, and its narrowest part (34 km) is the Strait of Dover.
On a clear day, it is possible to see the cliffs of Dover from Calais on the French side.
In 1875, Matthew Webb became the first known person to swim the English Channel, crossing it in just under 22 hours.
The first woman to do this was Gertrude Ederle.
In 2004, over 600 people were recorded making the crossing.
The fastest time was achieved by Bulgarian swimmer Peter Stoychev in 2007, who managed it in 7 hours.
Recently, officials have outlawed swimming in the English Channel.
In France, it is known as La manche (The Sleeve).
Upminster is a place in the east London Borough of Havering, England.
It is the eastern end of the London Underground system, on the District line which is green.
It is also a station on the c2c line, but Oyster cards  and travel cards are not valid beyond Upminster.
Nearby places include Hornchurch, Upminster Bridge and Cranham.
Colin Baker (born 8 June 1943) is an English actor.
He is most famous as the Sixth Doctor on Doctor Who from 1984 to 1986.
He has no relation to Tom Baker, who played the fourth incarnation of the Doctor.
Boxing is one of the world's oldest combat sports.
It is held in a ring and two boxers (people who fight in boxing fights) wear padded gloves and try to hit one another.
There are a few different ways to win in boxing.
One is by a way of a knockout, which is when a fighter is punched and falls to the ground and cannot get back up within ten seconds.
Another way is by a technical knockout, which is when the fighter can not continue fighting thus the referee stops the fight.
Technical knockout wins and losses are also knockout wins or losses for a boxer.
Another possibility is winning on points, which a boxer gets by outboxing his or her opponent by hitting the opponent more often, harder, and more accurately.
There are also draws in boxing.
What in other sports are called "tie" in boxing it's called "draw".
A referee can announce a technical draw due to an accidental cut or an accidental wound like a headbutt.
Generally, it is considered a "no contest" (NC)-in which case, the fight is considered as not having taken place at all and not counting as a fight.
However, after the fourth round, if the score cards for both fighters are equal, the fight could be called a draw.
It is a way to defeat your enemy by brute physical force.
Each round lasts 3 minutes for men, 2 minutes for women.
Famous boxers
Rubin "Hurricane" Carter
Nonito Donaire
Willie Pep
Floyd Mayweather, Jr.
Wilfred Benitez
Roberto Duran
Vasiliy Lomachenko
1901 – Independence of Australia.
1903 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers flies an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in the United States.
1904-1905 – Russo-Japanese War.
1905 – First Russian Revolution.
Prime Minister Edmund Barton (Australia)
Prime Minister Alfred Deakin (Australia)
Prime Minister Chris Watson (Australia)
Prime Minister Sir George Reid (Australia)
President William McKinley (United States)
President Theodore Roosevelt (United States)
Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, 1896–1907
Mohammad Ali Shah, 1907–1909
Ahmad Shah Qajar, 1909–1925
Tux Racer is a video game made by Sunspire Studios where the player moves Tux, the Linux Penguin .
In the game, Tux goes down a hill on his belly and collects fish.
There are many things that slow Tux down.
There are also things that may be hard for Tux to get past.
Turning: Left and Right buttons
Paddling (makes Tux go faster): Up button
Braking (makes Tux slow down): Down button
Jumping: Hold down the "E" button, then let go
Hard Turn (makes Tux turn when he is moving fast or when you want him to turn a lot): Down and Right or Left buttons at the same time
Reset (makes Tux Get out when he is stuck): Backspace Button
Quit (exits the game): "Q" Button
The developers of Tux Racer have long abandoned making and programing the game.
But some programmers took the source code and they call their new version Extreme Tux Racer, it is much newer and has many improvements over the old Tux Racer.
2000 video games
The Northwest Territories is a territory in Northern Canada.
44,541 people live there as of 2018.
It is 1,171,918 square kilometers.
The capital of the Northwest Territories is Yellowknife.
Yellowknife was the capital since 1967.
The Northwest Territories have many geographical features, like the Great Bear Lake, the Mackenzie River and Nahanni River, which is a national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Northwest Territories entered the Canadian Confederation in 1870.
The Hudson's Bay Company gave the land to the Dominion of Canada.
The Northwest Territories have one person in the House of Commons and the Canadian Senate.
A lot of parts of the Northwest Territories were given to other provinces, including British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec.
In 1999, the eastern part of the Northwest Territories became the territory of Nunavut.
Lines can bend in a curve.
If lines do not bend, they are straight.
For example, the edge of a circle is not straight.
The edge of a circle bends in a curve.
The SS Richard Montgomery was an American ship built during World War II.
Montgomery was wrecked off the coast of Sheerness, near Kent, England in 1944 with around 1,400 tonnes of explosives on board, which continue to be a hazard to the area.
Montgomery sank in the Thames estuary on August 20, 1944.
It was loaded with 15,000 tons of explosive munitions.
The Admiralty decided to leave the wreck and its dangerous cargo untouched.
The wreck lies just a few hundred yards offshore between an oil refinery and the several towns.
Southend-on-Sea is just a couple of miles away on the other side of the Thames estuary.
Rumors about the ship and its cargo have spread in these towns ever since.
Denials have been issued by ministers in the House of Commons in response to MPs questions about the fact biological, chemical and gas warheads are on board.
Nevertheless, rumors continue that the real reason the wreck was not made safe was because of the fact of "dirty weapons" being on board.
Information on the SS Richard Montgomery
Hymn and Pontifical March (Inno e Marcia Pontificale) is the national anthem of the Vatican City.
It was adopted in 1950.
Latin words
O Roma felix - O Roma nobilis.
Ancient latin Words
(Evaristo D'Anversa)
Nobile carmen, te decete, sonorumque,
Pax et in terra  fraternae caritati
Quod unun vitae, solamen datur isti.
Non praevalebunt horrendae portae infernae,
Sed vis amoris veritatisque aeternae.
[Hymn]
O Rome immortal, city of martyrs and saints,
O immortal Rome, accept our praises.
Glory in the heavens to God our Lord
And peace to men who love Christ!
To you we come, angelic Pastor,
In you we see the gentle Redeemer.
You are the holy heir of our Faith,
You are the comfort and the refuge of
Those who believe and fight.
Force and terror will not prevail,
But truth and love will reign.
[Pontifical March]
Hail, O Rome,
Eternal adobe of memories;
A thousand palms and a thousand altars
Sing your praises.
O city of the Apostles,
Mother and guide of the elect,
Light of the nations,
And hope of the world!
Hail, O Rome!
Your light will never fade;
The splendour of your beauty
Disperses hatred and shame.
The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean that are a political division controlled by the United States.
Its capital is Saipan.
The southern islands are limestone, with level terraces and fringing coral reefs.
The northern islands are volcanic, with active volcanos on Anatahan, Pagan and Agrihan.
The volcano on Agrihan has the highest elevation at .
Anatahan Volcano is a small volcanic island  north of Saipan.
It is about  long and  wide.
Anatahan began erupting suddenly from its east crater on May 10, 2003, at about 6 p.m. (0800 UTC).
On April 6, 2005, approximately  of ash and rock were ejected, causing a large, black cloud to drift south over Saipan and Tinian.
Northern Mariana Islands  official government website
The CNMI Covenant
The CNMI Constitution
CNMI Office of Resident Representative Pedro A. Tenorio
H.R. 873 - the Northern Mariana Islands Delegate Act
H.R. 5550 - The United States-Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Human Dignity Act
May 19, 1890 – Ho Chi Minh, prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1955–1969) of North Vietnam
September 15, 1890 – Agatha Christie, English writer
October 2, 1890 – Groucho Marx, American comedian
October 14, 1890 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, president of the United States 1953–1961
November 22, 1890 – Charles de Gaulle, president of France 1958–1969
June 9, 1891 – Cole Porter, American musician
January 3, 1892 – J.R.R. Tolkien, English author
May 7, 1892 – Josip Broz Tito, president of Yugoslavia 1953–1980
December 26, 1893 – Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China
Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson (Canada)
Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier (Canada)
Kaiser Wilhelm II (German Empire)
Chancellor Leo von Caprivi (German Empire)
King Umberto I (Italy)
Czar Alexander III (Russia)
Czar Nicholas II (Russia)
Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
Prime Minister Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (United Kingdom)
President Benjamin Harrison (United States)
President Grover Cleveland (United States)
Nasser-al-Din Shah, 1848–1896
He was the grandson of President William Henry Harrison and the only grandson of a president to himself become president.
His home was in Indianapolis, Indiana.
He was a member of the Republican party and was elected to the White House in 1888, beating the incumbent, Grover Cleveland.
He was the first president of the United States to use electricity in the White House.
After Harrison served one full four-year term as president, Cleveland ran again and, this time, beat Harrison.
Harrison's first wife was Carrie Harrison.
After she died, he married Mary Dimmick Harrison.
During the American Civil War Harrison was a colonel in the Union Army (later a brevet brigadier general).
He was also a successful lawyer, arguing many cases before the United States Supreme Court.
First, it gave more money to the U.S. government, so it could fund important things.
Second, because he believed in protectionism.
He thought a high tariff would encourage Americans to make more of their own things instead of buying them from foreign countries.
Harrison was the first president to have a billion dollar budget for the government.
People criticized him for that.
Benjamin Harrison's White House biography
1833 births
Deaths from influenza
United States senators from Indiana
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (October 25 1881 – April 8 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor.
He created over 20,000 images.
He is considered one of the greatest artists of the 20th century.
He is best known as the co-founder of cubism.
A work of art is cubist when the artist opts to break up objects and reassemble them in abstract and geometric form.
Picasso could draw and paint when he was very young.
His first word was lápiz, the Spanish word for "pencil".
Perhaps his most famous painting is Guernica, which shows the horrors of war after the bombing of the town of Guernica.
He spent most of his life in France when he was an adult.
He was 90 years old when a number of his works were shown in an exhibition at the Louvre in Paris.
He was the first living artist to have an exhibition at the Louvre.
Picasso had four children with three women.
He died of heart failure in Mougins, France, on April 8 1973.
Pablo Picasso was born on October 25 1881 in Málaga, Spain.
His father was a painter and teacher José Ruiz Blasco and his mother was María Picasso López.
Until 1898, he signed his pictures with the names of his father and of his mother.
After around 1901, he only used his mother's name.
At the age of eight, Picasso created his first oil painting called "The Picador".
In 1891, Pablo moved with his family to Northern Spain, where his father taught at the Instituto da Guarda.
One year later, Pablo studied at this institute.
Pablo's father was his teacher at this time.
In 1896, he started to attend the art school in Barcelona after passing the entrance examination.
One year later in 1897, Picasso started to study at the Academia San Fernando in Madrid.
In 1898, he left the academy and went to a rest to Horta de Ebro.
In 1900, he published his first illustrations in a newspaper in Barcelona.
This exhibition had over 60 portraits.
Beginning of the Career
Picasso made his first trip to Paris in 1900, where he lived with Max Jacob, a poet and journalist.
When Max was working during the day, Pablo slept and when Max slept at night, Pablo worked.
Picasso had to burn his paintings to keep himself warm.
Lovers in the Street and Moulin de la Galette are examples of his Paris work from this time.
Both pictures were painted in 1900.
He went back to Madrid in 1901 where he worked for a newspaper called Arte Joven.
He was responsible for illustrations.
At this time, he shortened his signature from "Pablo Ruiz y Picasso" to "Picasso".
This is the time his so-called Blue Period started.
The two 1903 paintings, The Soup and Crouching Woman, are examples.
His Blue Period ended in 1904 when he settled in Paris.
In 1905, Picasso made a trip to Holland.
In the same year, Pablo's "Rosa Period" started.
During this period, Picasso mostly painted circus motives.
Girl Balancing on a Ball and The Actor are two early paintings from this time.
This period lasted until 1907.
Picasso's Cubism period started in 1909 and ended around 1912.
This period was inspired by the French painter Paul Cézanne.
This period is called Cubism because of the use of cubes and other shapes.
During this time, Picasso painted musical instruments, still life objects, and also his friends.
Picasso had his first exhibition in the United States in 1911.
One year later in 1912, he had his first exhibition in Great Britain.
Pablo's father died in May 1913.
During the First World War
From 1912 to 1919 was Picasso's so called Synthetic Cubism Period.
During this time, he started to use collages in his paintings.
His works from this time are called papiers collés.
He has spent his time during the First World War in Rome.
In 1914, Picasso spent the whole summer in Avignon.
In 1915, he started to paint realistic again.
At the end of the same year, his wife Eva died.
During the World War, he also worked as a designer for Sergey Diaghilev.
In 1917, Picasso met Olga Koklova, a Russian dancer.
In the same year, he painted several realistic portraits of her and their friends.
One year later, he married her.
The last summer of the wartime, Picasso and his wife spent in Barcelona and Biarritz.
After the First World War
In 1921, Picasso's son Paul was born.
Due to this occasion, he painted several paintings with his wife and his son on it.
Paul was Picasso's only legitimate son.
In 1925, he took part in the first Surrealist exhibition in Paris.
Between 1924 and 1926, Picasso preferred to paint abstract still lives.
In 1927, hes got known to Marie-Thérèse Walter.
She became his model and mistress.
In 1928, he started a new period where he began to make sculptural works.
In 1931, he left his wife and moved with his mistress to Boisgeloup.
There they lived in a country home.
There, Picasso had a room for his sculptures only.
Since 1932, he used Marie-Thérèse as a model.
During a travel in Spain, he started to use the bullfight as a new topic of his paintings.
In 1935, Picasso's daughter, Maïa, was born.
At this time, he got divorced from his wife because of the birth of Maïa.
In 1936, Picasso got a job as director of the Prado-Museum in Madrid.
During this time, the Spanish Civil War started.
German bombs fell on Guernica in Spain on 26 April 1937.
Picasso used this impact to paint one of his most famous paintings, Guernica.
This painting was completed in about 2 months.
It was first shown in the Spanish Pavilion in Paris in 1937.
During the Second World War
In 1938, Picasso's mother died.
When the Second World War started on 1 September 1939, Picasso returned to Paris.
Around 1943, he got known to the painter Françoise Gilot.
She bore to him one son and one daughter.
In 1941, he wrote his first play "Le désir attrapé par la queue" (English: Desire Caught by the Tail).
It was first shown in 1944.
Also in 1944, Picasso joined the communist Party.
Picasso spent almost the full war time in Paris.
After the Second World War
Picasso's Death
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
People from Malaga
Spanish painters
Spanish sculptors
The first commercial Macadamia nut farm opens in Australia.
Railroads help industrialize many western countries.
Prime Min Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
Guangxu Emperor (China)
Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
General Porfirio Díaz (Mexico)
Czar Alexander II (Russia)
King Alfonso XII (Spain)
Queen - Empress Victoria (United Kingdom)
Prime Min William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
Prime Min Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)
President James Garfield (United States)
President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
President Chester A. Arthur (United States)
Emperor Pedro II (Brazil)
In 1903, the king of Serbia was murdered and replaced with Peter I. After this, Serbia became more nationalist.
During this period Serbia managed to extend its borders and reconquer Kosovo and North Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire.
In June 1914, a Bosnian Serb called Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
This event eventually led to World War I.
Yugoslavia came into existence in 1918 after World War I. Most of its northern territories were given to it from Austria-Hungary when it collapsed during the war.
Its territories were reconquered by Serbia from the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912-13).
The reigning king in Serbia became the king of all Yugoslavia.
For ten years, it was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
The Kingdom was invaded by the Axis Powers in 1941 and quickly fell during World War II.
The Hamleys Toy Store opens on Regent's Street in London.
February 11 – Arthur Davidson, American business man (d. 1950)
February 21 - Kenneth J. Alford, British composer (d. 1945)
October 25 – Pablo Picasso (d. 1973)
November 25 – Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)
September 19 – United States President James A. Garfield (b. 1831)
Wake Island is an atoll (a type of island) in the Pacific Ocean, near Hawaii.
It is controlled by the United States Army and United States Air Force.
It is a territory of the United States, part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands.
From December 1941 to August 1945 the Empire of Japan ruled Wake Island.
There is no permanent population on Wake Island, so there are no schools for children.
About 100 people live there at any given time, though.
Most are contractors who keep the roads and other infrastructure working.
One man has been there since 1991.
Current Weather, Wake Island
AirNav – Wake Island Airfield – Airport details, facilities and navigational aids
Rocket launches at Wake Island (link broken)
The Defense of Wake – United States Marine Corps historical monograph
Surrender of Wake by the Japanese – Marines in World War II
U.S. Army Strategic and Missile Defense Command  – Logistics, flight schedules, facilities
Photographic history of the 1975 Vietnamese refugee camp on Wake Island
Wake Island – Pacific Wreck Database
William McKinley Jr. (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, from 1897 until his assassination in 1901.
McKinley was inaugurated in 1897.
This was the first presidential inauguration to be filmed.
When the USS Maine was sunk, the public wanted war.
Congress declared war against Spain in Latin America.
This was the Spanish-American War.
It started the era of imperialism for the United States.
During his presidency, McKinley also supported higher tariffs (taxes on countries which trade with the US).
During his term, the United States annexed Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines, and Wake Island.
McKinley was elected to a second term as president in 1900.