the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Copper(II) bromide, gray solid
Copper(II) carbonate, greenish, forms on copper when in air
Copper(II) chloride, greenish when hydrous, brown when anhydrous
Copper(II) hydroxide, light blue, turns into copper(II) carbonate easily
Copper(II) nitrate, blue, oxidizing agent, used in demonstration voltaic cells
Copper(II) oxide, black
Copper(II) sulfate, blue, most common copper compound
Paris Green, extremely toxic, bright blue-green
Copper can be found as a metal in the ground.
Normally, it is green on the outside.
Most copper is not as a metal but in chemical compounds.
Chalcopyrite is the most common copper ore.
It is a mixture of pyrite and copper sulfide.
Copper is found in small amounts in living things.
Some mollusks and arthropods have blue blood because they have copper in their blood.
Animals such as humans and other mammals have red blood because it contains iron.
Copper can be used in many ways but one example is wires.
Copper is used in making wires as it is easy to stretch and it is not expensive.
So that’s why large wire companies will use copper as it is cheaper and takes less time to get
Copper may be the oldest metal in use, as very old copper tools have been found.
Copper is used in electrical wiring.
It can also be shaped into various parts.
It can be used in a heat sink.
The Statue of Liberty is made of copper.
It is also used in pipes carrying water, because it does not corrode.
When people mix copper with tin, bronze is made.
Bronze is much harder, and created the Bronze Age.
It became less important when people learned to use iron better.
When zinc is mixed with copper, brass is made, which is even harder than bronze.
Copper with nickel makes cupronickel.
Copper is also used in medical and food production industries.
Copper can alter proteins, form radicals, and disrupt enzymes, thereby inactivating or killing bacteria and viruses.
Copper is an easily molded base metal that is often added to precious metals to improve their elasticity, flexibility, hardness, color, and resistance to corrosion.
As chemical compounds
Copper is important in the human body.
If a person does not get enough copper, the molecules in the body might not work.
Having too much copper, though, can be a problem.
Humans get most of the copper they need from food, and vitamins also contain copper to make sure we get enough.
Copper compounds are also used to kill fungi and algae.
Copper is not as toxic as a metal.
Copper compounds are toxic, although small amounts are needed to live.
Copper is expelled from the body easily, so it does not build up in toxic effects.
Copper is sometimes just taken out of the ground and shaped into objects.
But most copper is not in a metal form in the ground.
Chalcopyrite is the main copper ore.
It is heated with air to separate the iron as iron(II) oxide.
Some copper(I) oxide is made.
Sulfur dioxide is also made.
Then silicon dioxide is added, which reacts with the iron(II) oxide to make a liquid which is drained.
Now only copper and sulfide are left.
The copper sulfide reacts with air to make copper metal and sulfur dioxide.
Some copper sulfide reacts with the copper(I) oxide to make copper and sulfur dioxide.
This makes impure copper.
Copper is made pure by electrolyzing it.
A thin sheet of pure copper is put on the cathode and a thick sheet of impure copper is put on the anode.
The electrolyte is copper sulfate.
The impure copper gets dissolved in the solution.
It then coats the thin sheet of pure copper.
This makes the copper pure.
Copper compounds
A prince is a male member of a royal family.
A female prince is called a princess.
Each royal family has its own rules saying who is called a prince.
In most of these families, the son of a king or a queen is a prince.
In some families, the son of a prince is also a prince.
In Monaco and Lichtenstein, the ruler of the country is called the prince.
A princess is a female member of a royal family.
A son of a monarch is called a prince.
A princess may become a ruler by heredity or by marriage.
Sometimes the expression "princess" is used when a female has noble qualities such as kindness, charity, and virtue.
An ore is a mineral which has a valuable metal inside it.
Ores are usually extracted by being mined.
They can sometimes be found on the Earth's surface.
Most ores are chemical compounds such as oxides or sulfides.
There are different ways to get the metal out of the ore.
Iron ore, for example, is smelted in a blast furnace.
Gainesville is a city in north-central Florida in the United States.
It is the county seat of Alachua County.
It is home to the University of Florida, the largest public university in the state.
An alligator (Gator) named Albert is the mascot of the University of Florida. (
A mascot is a symbol of qualities the school admires).
People think that growth of the city comes from building the university in the city.
People of the city show their strong good feelings for the university by going to football games there, and by showing Gator symbols in businesses and homes.
Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
The University of Florida (UF) is a public university that is in Gainesville, Florida in the United States.
The campus is 2,000 acres and has more than 900 structures, as well as other locations in the state of Florida.
Important research activities at the university are in medicine, at Shands Hospital, and in agriculture.
The mascot of UF is an alligator, and students and fans of the university's athletic teams are often called "Gators."
1853 establishments in Florida
The fictional characters, the X-Men, are a team of superheroes who were born with special mutant powers, making them different from regular humans.
The X-Men characters are owned by Marvel Comics, which publishes comic books featuring them as well as many other superheroes.
The comic book was one of the first to combine social issues and social commentary into a superhero story, set in a world where people with mutant abilities are hated by those born without them.
This is similar to acts of ableism seen throughout history.
Unlike "some" mutants, the X-Men try to be good and show tolerance toward humans and other mutants.
The idea behind the superheroes were inspired by the African-American equality supporters like Malcolm X and Martin Luther King.
Original X-Men
and all first appeared in X-Men #1 (Sept 1963).
The leader and mentor of the X-Men is Professor Charles Xavier, who is more commonly known as "Professor X" and has mental powers.
He wants to gain civil rights for mutants in the way that Martin Luther King did for African Americans; through peace.
Other X-Men
Some of the X-Men's enemies include Magneto, Mystique, Sabretooth, Toad, Juggernaut, Mister Sinister and Apocalypse.
The leader of X-Men's enemies is Magneto.
He wants to gain civil rights for mutants in the forceful style of Malcolm X.
Marvel Comics superheroes
Marvel Comics adapted into movies
Iron Man is a fictional superhero who wears a suit of armor.
His alter ego is Tony Stark.
He was created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby and Larry Lieber for Marvel Comics in Tales of Suspense #39 in the year 1963 and appears in their comic books.
He is also one of the main protagonists in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
Iron Man is played by Robert Downey Jr in the movies Iron Man, Iron Man 2, The Avengers, Iron Man 3, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Captain America: Civil War, Spider-Man: Homecoming, Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame and he will reprise his role in the untitled Avengers fifth film.
In the movies and the earlier comic books, Tony Stark is a human.
Outside the suit, he does not have any superpowers, however he is very intelligent.
He made the suit himself.
Iron Man can fly and shoot beams from his hands using special technology called "repulsors" in his boots and gloves.
He is not hurt by most weapons like guns and cannons.
There are many versions of the Iron Man suit, because Stark keeps making improvements.
In the later comic books, Stark took an experimental virus called "Extremis" which allowed him to control his suit with his mind and summon it wherever he was.
Stark would eventually develop an armor that he could store in his body.
This armor was known as the "Bleeding Edge Model 37".
Stark inherited a large American company called "Stark Industries" when his father died.
He was badly injured by a bomb in an attack planned by people who did not like him running his company.
Shrapnel from the explosion was moving towards his heart.
This would have killed him, but a scientist called Yinsen who was with him made a magnet for his chest which would keep the shrapnel away.
In the movies, he makes an "arc reactor" which is put into his chest to stop the shrapnel.
Yinsen and Stark secretly build a heavy suit of armor which they plan to use to escape.
However, during the escape, Yinsen dies so that the kidnappers will be distracted from Stark escaping.
Stark escapes safely and goes back to America.
He makes a better suit and uses it to fight evil.
Tony Stark is charismatic and eccentric, he is also very proud, but also very altruist and heroic.
He did not have a good childhood, and this affects how he acts.
Stark is very smart, and a very talented inventor.
His technology is always very advanced, and Iron Man is his greatest piece of work.
In both the comics and the movies, he uses the arc reactor (or "repulsor technology") as a form of sustainable energy to help the world.
Stark has very few close friends.
Two of them are Pepper Potts, his personal assistant who becomes his girlfriend, and James Rhodes, an American soldier who operates the War Machine armor.
Fictional characters introduced in 1963
Marvel vs. Capcom fighters
Tony Hawk's (series) guest characters
Andris Piebalgs (born September 17, 1957, in Valmiera) is a Latvian politician.
Since 22 November 2004 he has been the European Commissioner for Energy.
He was born in Valmiera and was educated at the University of Latvia in Riga.
He worked as a teacher in Valmiera in the 1980s.
After Latvia became independent from the USSR he was education minister (in charge of schools) from 1990 to 1993, and finance minister (in charge of money) from 1994 to 1995.
He was Latvia's ambassador to Estonia from 1995 to 1997, and to the European Union from 1998 to 2003, when he helped Latvia join the EU.
He also helped to start a political party called the Latvian Way.
European Commissioners
Latvian politicians
Pinochet was a high ranking general in the Chilean Army in the early 1970s.
In 1970, Allende was narrowly elected in a close three way race.
Western countries like the United States were concerned about Allende.
There was discontent in Chile in 1973, with some groups trying to destabilize the government of Allende.
On September 11th, 1973, the Chilean military led a coup d'état against Allende in which they attacked the Presidential Palace in Santiago.
Allende committed suicide, and Pinochet took power as the leader of a military council known as a junta.
The junta began cracking down on Allende supporters.
About 3,000 Chilean people died because of Pinochet's rule and many other people were tortured.
Most of the people that died during Pinochet's rule were communists.
The first days of his rule saw the most deaths, and in the weeks after the coup, Allende supporters were arrested and locked in a football stadium in Santiago.
Many were released a few months later, but some were imprisoned for years.
Pinochet introduced many neoliberal free market policies bringing growth and great economic progress to Chile."
In economic affairs, Pinochet's rule was influenced by the ideas of Milton Friedman.
In 1980, a plebiscite (without electoral registries) was held and Pinochet was kept in power.
The coup d'état that was launched to overthrow Allende and put Pinochet in power was supported by the United States, as was Pinochet's regime.
The US government has never admitted being involved, but they did support Pinochet while he was in power.
The government of the United Kingdom was also pro-Pinochet.
In 1988, there was a plebiscite in Chile.
The people were asked whether Pinochet should rule for another eight and a half years.
About 56% of the people did not want that.
Pinochet, under pressure from other countries was forced to accept the results, and stepped down from power in 1990.
Patricio Aylwin became the next president.
Pinochet kept his responsibilities as head of the military until 1998.
After this, he became a senator for life, but had to leave senate in 2002.
He was not arrested because the Supreme Court of Chile said he suffered from dementia.
In May 2004, judges said that was not true.
On December 13 he was placed under house arrest.
Judges in Spain tried to put him on trial for the many crimes against the human rights he committed while leader of Chile.
Pinochet died from congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema on December 10, 2006 in Santiago, Chile, a week after a heart attack, aged 91.
His remains were later cremated (Pinochet's request) to avoid vandalism on his tomb.
Extensive bio by Fundación CIDOB (in Spanish)
Augusto Pinochet (1915–2006) – A Biography
France 24 coverage – Augusto Pinochet's Necrology on France 24
BBC coverage (special report)
Documentary Film on Chilean Concentration Camp from Pinochet's Regime: Chacabuco
CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression from The National Security Archive
Chile under Allende and Pinochet
Human rights violation under Pinochet
The Times obituary
Analysis of economic pol
1915 births
Chilean military people
Deaths from pulmonary edema
Disease-related deaths in Chile
People from Valparaíso
Presidents of Chile
Plasma is created by adding energy to a gas so that some of its electrons leave its atoms.
This is called ionization.
It results in negatively charged electrons, and positively charged ions.
Unlike the other states of matter, the charged particles in a plasma will react strongly to electric and magnetic fields (i.e. electromagnetic fields).
If a plasma loses heat, the ions will re-form into a gas, emitting the energy which had caused them to ionize.
Over 99% of the matter in the visible universe is believed to be plasma.
When the atoms in a gas are broken up, the pieces are called electrons and ions.
Because they have an electric charge, they are pulled together or pushed apart by electric fields and magnetic fields.
This makes a plasma act differently than a gas.
For example, magnetic fields can be used to hold a plasma, but not to hold a gas.
Plasma is a better conductor of electricity than copper.
Plasma is usually very hot, because it takes very high temperatures to break the bonds between electrons and the nuclei of the atoms.
Sometimes plasmas can have very high pressure, like in stars.
Stars (including the Sun) are mostly made of plasma.
Plasmas can also have very low pressure, like in outer space.
On Earth, lightning makes plasma.
Artificial (man-made) uses of plasma include fluorescent lightbulbs, neon signs, and plasma displays used for television or computer  screens, as well as plasma lamps and globes which are a popular children's toy and room decoration.
Scientists are experimenting with plasma to make a new kind of nuclear power, called fusion, which would be much better and safer than ordinary nuclear power, and would produce much less radioactive waste.
Bose-Einstein condensate
Other helpful websites
Plasma Science and Technology
Plasma on the Internet comprehensive list of plasma related links.
Introduction to Plasma Physics: M.I.T. Introduction by I.H.Hutchinson
Plasma Coalition page
How to make a glowing ball of plasma in your microwave with a grape | More (Video)
Phases of Matter
Puebla is a state of Mexico.
The capital of Puebla is also called Puebla.
The volcanos Malinche, Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl are in the state of Puebla.
Daniel Edward Aykroyd (born July 1, 1952) is a Canadian actor in theater and motion pictures.
He also is a script writer, director and producer
Short biography
Aykroyd was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
His parents were Peter and Lorraine Aykroyd.
He studied criminology and social science at Carleton University.
He dropped out to join a Toronto acting company.
Later he went to the United States to pursue his acting career in movies.
Dan Aykroyd is a dedicated Blues fan.
For some time he hosted a radio program.
He used the alias Elwood Blues.
This alias he would later use in the motion pictures The Blues Brothers and Blues Brothers 2000.
The first of these movies was co-starred by John Belushi, the second one by John Goodman.
Aykroyd is married to Donna Dixon.
They are parents of 3 daughters.
Dan's brother Peter Ayrkroyd is a researcher.
Partial filmography
As producer
Soul Man (1997) TV series (supervising producer)
Blues Brothers 2000 (1998)
As director
Nothing But Trouble (1991)
As writer
Saturday Night Live (TV series)
The Blues Brothers (1980)
Ghostbusters (1984)
Actors from Ottawa
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television producers
Canadian television writers
Canadian voice actors
1952 births
People on the autism spectrum
Belushi was born in Chicago, Illinois.
His mother was the daughter of Albanian immigrants; his father was an immigrant from Albania.
His brother is James Belushi, who is also an actor.
John was co-captain of the football team in high school as well as homecoming king in his senior year.
In school he was already active in acting, but wanted to become a baseball-coach.
His drama-teacher persuaded him to pursue becoming a professional actor.
He appeared mainly in TV shows, and was one of the founders of Saturday Night Live.
His Blues Brothers act with Dan Aykroyd was famous, long before The Blues Brothers movie (1980).
Unfortunately Belushi became a drug addict.
He used both heroin and cocaine, and a lot of both.
When The Blues Brothers was made, he spent about US$40,000 to $75,000 a month on drugs.
John Belushi died in 1982 from a drug overdose injected by Cathy Smith.
She was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.
National Lampoon's Lemmings (1973) (Stage)
The National Lampoon Radio Hour (1973–1974) (Radio) (also Creative Director)
The National Lampoon Show (1975) (Stage)
The Beach Boys: It's OK (1976) (TV)
Saturday Night Live (1975–1979) (TV)
Tarzoon: Shame of the Jungle (1975) (voice)
Goin' South (1978)
National Lampoon's Animal House (1978)
The Rutles: All You Need Is Cash (1978) (TV)
Old Boyfriends (1979)
1941 (1979)
Continental Divide (1981)
Neighbors (1981)
SNL characters and impersonations
Samurai Futaba
Captain Ned, one of Miles Cowperthwaite's cronies
Jacob Papageorge alias 'Joliet' Jake Blues, from the Blues Brothers
Jeff Widette, from the Widettes
Kevin (from The Mall sketches)
Kuldorth (from The Coneheads)
Larry Farber (one half of the Farber couple [the wife, Bobbi, was played by Gilda Radner])
Lowell Brock, from the H&L Brock commercials
Matt Cooper, from the Land Shark sketches
Pete, from the Olympia Cafe
Steve Beshekas (who was in real life a good friend of Belushi's since community college)
Frank Leary, one of St. Mickey's Knights of Columbus
Celebrity impersonations
Bert Lance
Jerry Mathers (as The Beaver from Leave It To Beaver)
Menachim Begin
Richard Daley
Sanjay Gandhi
Steve Rubell
Vasiliy Alekseyev
Woody Hayes
Actors from Chicago
American Eastern Orthodox Christians
Comedians from Chicago
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
Television personalities from Chicago
The Blues Brothers (Elwood Blues and Joliet "Jake" Blues) are fictional characters which became well known from the TV show Saturday Night Live.
Elwood Blues was first played by Dan Aykroyd, in his radio program on Blues music.
Jake Blues was played by John Belushi.
In 1980, Aykroyd and Belushi starred in the movie called The Blues Brothers, playing again the same characters from TV.
Unfortunately, Belushi died only two years later, due to a drug overdose.
A sequel called Blues Brothers 2000 (1998) starred John Goodman as new partner to Dan Aykroyd but it was not as successful as the first movie.
Plot summary
Jake and Elwood are sent off by Sister Mary Stigmata of the orphanage to raise money.
The money is needed to pay taxes, otherwise the orphanage will be shut down.
They try to do this by getting their band back together again.
John Belushi - 'Joliet' Jake Blues
Dan Aykroyd - Elwood Blues
James Brown - Reverend Big Balck
Cab Calloway - Curtis
Ray Charles - himself
Aretha Franklin - Mrs. Murphy
Steve Cropper - Steve 'The Colonel' Cropper
Donald Dunn - Donald 'Duck' Dunn
Murphy Dunne - Murph
Willie Hall - Willie 'Too Short' Hall
Tom Malone - Tom 'Bones' Malone
Lou Marini - 'Blue Lou' Marini
Matt Murphy - Matt 'Guitar' Murphy
Alan Rubin - Mr. Fabulcous
Carrie Fisher - Mystery woman
"Joliet" Jake Blues is released from jail.
His brother, Elwood, picks him up in a former police car.
They go to the orphanage they grew up in, since Jake promised the orphanage Mother Superior (nicknamed "The Penguin").
There they find out that the orphanage is in need of money, for taxes.
Jake and Elwood are sent off to earn it, but in a legal manner.
From the start they are under continuous attention of the police.
But Elwood does not mind; they wreck a complete shopping mall (Dixie Square Mall in Harvey, Illinois) in a police chase.
They arrive at Elwood's apartment, which is located directly next to an elevated railway.
After a night's sleep the apartment is blown up by a mystery woman, right at the moment of a police raid.
The brothers have to find their former band members.
They find "Bones" Malone and some others playing Latin music in a nightclub, as "Murph and the Magic Tones".
Mr. Fabulous is maitre d' at a chic restaurant "Chez Paul".
They convince him to join by ordering expensive bottles of champagne, and by acting like pigs, offending the other guests.
They find Matt 'Guitar' Murphy and Blue Lou working in a diner.
The place is run by Matt's wife, and she does not want them to join the band.
Aretha Franklin, playing Matt's wife makes this clear in the song "Think!",
but they go anyway.
The next stop is Ray's Music Exchange, run by Ray Charles.
Ray nearly shoots a boy who wants to steal a guitar (considering Ray is blind, that's amazing!).
They sign an IOU for the equipment.
On the way to find the other members, they spoil a march of the Neo Nazi American Socialist White People Party.
The marching members are forced to jump off a bridge into a pond to save themselves.
When the brothers try to call their booking agent, the payphone is torched by the mystery woman.
Fortunately they survive, and find a couple of dollars change.
The Neo Nazis in the meantime find out Elwood's address (which is faked: 1060 West Addison in Chicago is Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs).
The Blues Brothers end up in a Country & Western club, Bob's Country Bunker.
They steal the gig of the Good Ole Boys.
When Elwood asks "What kinds of music do you usually play here?",
the answer is: "Why we have both kinds-Country and Western!".
They are protected from beer bottles by wire as they try their first song, but the audience go crazy.
So they decide to do "Rawhide", and "Stand By Your Man", along with some other songs.
At the end of the performance they owe the owner $100 (the beertab).
They run from him and from the real Good Ole Boys.
On the run, the Good Ole Boys' camper is wrecked by a police car in pursuit.
They blackmail Maury (their agent) into booking the Palace Hotel Ballroom with 5,000 seats.
All kids in the neighborhood help in selling the tickets.
Elwood and Jake end up in a gas-station that is out of gas, and the gig starts without them.
Cab Calloway sings the opening song "Minnie the Moocher".
Both the police and the Good Ole Boys find out where the gig is.
When the brothers finally arrive, they sabotage the Good Ole Boys' car.
They do two songs, Sweet Home, Chicago, and Come On.
They are offered a record contract, and are paid $10,000 in advance.
They flee through a tunnel, being shot at by the mystery woman.
She turns out to be Jake's ex-bride, whom he stood up at their wedding.
Jake begs for their lives, and even takes off his sunglasses!
They seem to fall in love all over again, but Jake leaves her behind.
In a crazy car chase the Good Ole Boys end up in a lake, hundreds of police cars are wrecked and the Neo Nazis cannot brake on an unfinished bridge.
The Brothers succeed in getting to the tax office, pursued by police, special units, choppers and the army.
They are arrested right after paying the taxes.
Back in jail, the band plays their final song, Jailhouse Rock.
DVD edition
1980 movies
1980s criminal comedy movies
1980s musical movies
1980s road movies
American buddy movies
American criminal comedy movies
American musical comedy movies
American road movies
Chase movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Movies shot in Chicago, Illinois
Works about brothers
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by John Landis
United States National Film Registry movies
Arnhem is a city in the Netherlands.
It is the capital of the eastern province Guelders (Gelderland).
Arnhem has 159,265 citizens (as of 1 January 2019), the agglomeration 722,181 (Arnhem-Nijmegen conurbation).
It is in the top-15 of largest cities in the Netherlands.
The history of Arnhem goes back to the Middle Ages.
Arnhem got city-rights in 1233 from the Count of Zutphen.
The exact text is still kept in the Duivelshuis (Devil's house) which is now part of Arnhem's City Hall.
In 1850 Arnhem had 9,000 citizens.
The city became popular with rich people from the western part of the Netherlands.
During the World War II Arnhem was severely damaged.
The Battle of Arnhem in 1944 is the sad story of UK and Polish paratroopers who fought to get control of the Rhine-bridge.
According to the plan of Field Marshal Montgomery, Arnhem was the last in a series of bridges which would be taken by paratroopers.
At the same time a ground-army would advance from the Belgium-Dutch border across all these bridges.
This operation was called Operation Market Garden.
Market for the Airborne-element and Garden to represent the Ground-forces.
Arnhem would be the responsibility of the British paratroopers, and would be the last bridge to be crossed by the ground forces.
General John Frost succeeded in taking the Arnhem bridge from the Germans.
Due to several reasons Frost had to retreat, and the bridge was again in German control.
The movie A Bridge Too Far is about this battle.
After the Battle of Arnhem the Germans forced Arnhem's citizens to evacuate the city.
This was because they were afraid another battle would have to be fought.
When Arnhem's citizens came back, they found their city destroyed.
After the war Arnhem was rebuilt, including the Eusebiuskerk (Eusebius Church).
The bridge crossing the Rhine is now called John Frost Bridge after the famous UK general, since 1978.
Museums and other attractions
Burgers Zoo (address: Schelmseweg 85) - One of the major Dutch zoo's, with a replica of a tropical rainforest.
Nederlands Openluchtmuseum (address: Schelmseweg 89) - Dutch Open Air Museum in which are many old buildings, farms and factories.
Eusebiuskerk (address: Kerkplein 1) - The rebuilt Eusebius Church, which tower can be visited.
Bronbeek (address: Velperweg 147) - A home for Dutch ex-soldiers (originally KNIL-soldiers only), and also a museum about the history of the Dutch in Indonesia.
Arnhems Oorlogsmuseum 40-45 (address: Kempenbergerweg 780) - Arnhem Warmuseum 1940-1945
Arnhem's official website
Webcam in the center of Arnhem
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Gelderland
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
KNIL is the abbreviation for a Dutch army.
This army was in what is now called Indonesia.
The official name is Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch Leger (Royal Dutch-East Indies Army)
Indonesia was a Dutch colony from 1800 to 1949.
It was then called Nederlandsch Indië (Dutch East Indies).
The KNIL taskforce was sent there to maintain order.
When Indonesia declared itself independent in 1945 the Dutch fought a war to keep the colony.
This war was won by the Indonesians.
The Dutch government accepted Indonesia's independence in 1949, and the KNIL ceased to exist.
History of the Netherlands
Bronbeek is a former Royal palace in Arnhem, the Netherlands.
It is now a museum and a home for elderly soldiers.
Bronbeek was built early 19th century.
In 1845 the Dutch King William III bought Bronbeek.
He donated it to the Dutch state in 1859.
William wanted it to be a home for disabled KNIL soldiers.
The inhabitants took their collections of 'souvenirs' with them.
This turned into a museum about the Dutch East Indies.
Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Bowie was born on 8 January 1947 in 40 Stansfield Road, Brixton, London.
He grew up in Bromley, Kent.
He played the saxophone.
He was a singer in London blues bands.
He used the alias David Bowie because David Jones sounded too much like Davy Jones (of The Monkees).
He took the name Bowie from Jim Bowie, who invented the Bowie knife.
Bowie became known to the public with the 1969 song "Space Oddity".
This single was released when man first landed on the moon.
The song's title is based on the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey by Stanley Kubrick.
In 1970, Bowie won an Ivor Novello Award for "Space Oddity".
Bowie's album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars was released in 1972.
It is one of his best-known albums.
As a result of his performance, Bowie became a leader of glam rock.
Ziggy Stardust became Bowie's second personality (alter ego).
For a press conference, he would show up as Ziggy.
Bowie let Ziggy Stardust come to an end during a live concert in the Hammersmith Odeon theatre on 3 July 1973.
In 1983, this show was released as movie and soundtrack (Ziggy Stardust – The Motion Picture).
Bowie also produced Lou Reed's "Transformer".
He released "Aladdin Sane" (his first number one album in the United Kingdom).
Los Angeles and Berlin
In 1974, after releasing the album "Diamond Dogs", Bowie settled in Los Angeles.
He experimented with drugs, especially cocaine.
In 1975, "Fame" (from the Young Americans album) a song co-written with John Lennon, was number 1 on the United States charts.
Bowie played an alien in the movie The Man Who Fell To Earth.
A new second personality was The Thin White Duke.
This was introduced on the Station to Station album in 1976.
The song "Golden Years" scored high in the pop charts.
In 2003, the album was ranked number 323 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.
After releasing Station to Station, Bowie moved to Berlin.
He was interested in German music.
He wanted to end his drug abuse.
In Berlin, he started to work with producer Tony Visconti and with Brian Eno, the "king of oblique strategies".
Bowie was a producer for Iggy Pop too.
The Berlin Trilogy Albums are Low (1977), Heroes (1977) and Lodger (1979) although only Heroes was recorded entirely in Berlin.
Bowie left Berlin in 1980.
In 1980 he recorded and released the album Scary Monsters And Super Creeps, featuring the United Kingdom number 1 single "Ashes To Ashes".
In 1981, he had a big hit with "Under Pressure", together with Queen: it peaked at number 1 on United Kingdom charts.
In 1983, Bowie released Let's Dance, his biggest selling album.
The title track peaked at number 1 in the United Kingdom and The United States Of America.
In 1984, Bowie won a Brit Award as Best Male Artist.
In 1985, he won a Grammy Award for Best Video (Short Form).
Yet in 1985, David Bowie and Mick Jagger released the charity single "Dancing In The Street".
In 1986, Bowie released the hit-single "Absolute Beginners".
In 1989, Bowie formed the band Tin Machine.
This was his first real band since the 1970s.
With this band, Bowie recorded three albums: Tin Machine (1989), Tin Machine II (1991) and Oy Vey, Baby (1992).
1990s–2010s
By the 1990s, Bowie had become more interested in soul, jazz and hip hop.
This was first noticed on the album Black Tie, White Noise.
In 2013, after a ten years hiatus, Bowie released his twenty-fourth album, The Next Day.
In 2014, he was nominated for Best Rock Album at the Grammy Awards  and won a Brit Award for Best Male Artist.
His last album, Blackstar, was released on 8 January 2016.
That was his 69th birthday and two days before his death.
After Bowie's death, Blackstar reached number one in the United Kingdom and in the United States: it was the only Bowie album to peak at number one in the United States.
In 2017 "Blackstar" won 5 Grammy Awards. "
Blackstar" also won a Brit Award for the Best Album and David Bowie also won a Brit Award for Best Male Artist.
Bowie married Mary Angela Barnett in 1970.
Their son, Duncan Jones was born in 1971.
The couple divorced in 1980.
Bowie married Iman in 1992.
The couple's daughter, Alexandria Jones, was born in 2000.
On 10 January 2016 after an 18-month battle with liver cancer, Bowie died in Manhattan, New York City, two days after his 69th birthday.
His remains were later cremated on 14 January in a private ceremony in New York.
David Bowie (1967)
David Bowie (also released as Man of Words, Man of Music in Usa and as Space Oddity' in 1972') (1969)
The Man Who Sold the World (1970)
Hunky Dory (1971)
The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972)
Aladdin Sane (1973)
Pin Ups (1973)
Diamond Dogs (1974)
Station to Station (1976)
Low (1977)
"Heroes" (1977)
Lodger (1979)
Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps) (1980)
Let's Dance (1983)
Tonight (1984)
Never Let Me Down (1987)
Tin Machine (1989) (with Tin Machine)
Tin Machine II (1991) (with Tin Machine)
Black Tie White Noise (1993)
Outside (1995)
Earthling (1997)
'Hours...' (1999)
Heathen (2002)
Reality (2003)
The Next Day (2013)
Blackstar (2016)
Filmography (selection)The Image (1969)The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) - Thomas Jerome NewtonJust a Gigolo (1979) - PaulMerry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983) - Maj.
Jack 'Strafer' CelliersLabyrinth (movie) (1986) - Jareth, the Goblin KingThe Last Temptation of Christ (1988) - Pontius Pilate
"Basquiat" (1996)- Andy Warhol    Mr. Rice's Secret'' (2000) - Mr. Rice
1947 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from liver cancer
English rock singers
Musicians from London
January 8  – West Germany has 8 million refugees inside its borders.
January 24 – Sudden heavy snowfall in Algeria.
January 24 – Vincent Massey sworn in as first Canada-born Governor-General of Canada.
Unknown date – Pakistan's first test match.
Unknown date – The Asiatic cheetah was declared extinct in India
January 18 - Michael Angelis, English actor (d. 2020)
January 20 - Paul Stanley, American singer-songwriter and musician (Kiss)
February 13 - Erik Yakovici, Croatian politician and Christian Democrat
February 23 - Brad Whitford, American guitarist (Aerosmith)
March 10 - Mike O'Donnell, English musician and composer
March 11 – Douglas Adams
March 26 – Luka Oztürk, Croatian politician and Croatian judge
April 4 – Gary Moore, Irish musician (Thin Lizzy) (d. 2011)
May 11 - Leart Enzo, Macedonian folk music
May 13 – Wang Xiaobo, Chinese writer
June 28 - John Patrick Lowrie, American voice actor
July 1 – Dan Aykroyd, Canadian actor in TV series and movies
July 6 - Grant Goodeve, American voice over artist
August 7 - Gary Schwartz, American voice actor
September 12 - Neil Peart, Canadian drummer (Rush) (d. 2020)
October 1 - Ivan-Milan Kiraly, Croatian musician
October 22 - Dennis "Fly" Amero, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans)
October 31 - Aron Xavier, Croatian politician and judge
November 3 – Jim Cummings, American actor
November 16 – Shigeru Miyamoto, Japanese game designer
December 1 - Ellen McLain, American voice actress
December 11 - Susan Seidelman, American director
January 18 – Curly Howard, American actor and comedian
February 6 – King George VI of the United Kingdom
February 19 – Knut Hamsun, Norwegian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1859)
February 22 – Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, first President of Finland
March 7 – Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian guru
March 22 – Uncle Dave Macon, country music performer
March 31 – Wallace H. White, Jr., U.S. Senator from Maine (b. 1877)
April 3 – Miina Sillanpää, Finnish union activist
April 21 – Sir Stafford Cripps, British politician and Chancellor of the Exchequer 1947-1950
May 6 – Maria Montessori Italian educator (cerebral hemorrhage) (b. 1870)
May 8 – Walter Fox, American movie producer
May 21 – John Garfield, actor
June 17 – Krystyna Skarbek, SOE agent
July 26 – Eva Perón, Argentine wife of Juan Perón
September 29 – George Santayana, writer
September 30 – Viscount Waldorf Astor, British businessman and politician
October 28 – Billy Hughes, seventh Prime Minister of Australia
November 9 – Chaim Weizmann, chemist, first President of Israel (b. 1874)
November 18 – Paul Eluard, French poet (b. 1895)
November 23 – Aaro Hellaakoski, Finnish poet
December 12 – Bedřich Hrozný, Czech orientalist and linguist
December 28 – Fletcher Henderson, jazz musician (b. 1897)
African Queen
The Snow of Kilimanjaro
Adventures in Two Worlds – A.J. Cronin
Arrow in the Blue – Arthur Koestler
A Buyer's Market – Anthony Powell
Charlotte's Web – E.B. White
East of Eden – John Steinbeck
La Formica Argentina – Italo Calvino
Foundation and Empire – Isaac Asimov
Giant – Edna Ferber
Go Tell it On The Mountain – James Baldwin
The Gown of Glory – Agnes Sligh Turnbull
Heaven and Earth – Carlo Coccioli
The Hidden Flower – Pearl S. Buck
The Houses in Between – Howard Spring
Invisible Man – Ralph Ellison
Island of Desire – Edith Templeton
Judgment Night – C. L. Moore
A Many-splendoured Thing – Han Suyin
Martha Quest – Doris Lessing
The Old Man and the Sea – Ernest Hemingway
The Power of Positive Thinking – Norman Vincent Peale
The Rolling Stones – Robert A. Heinlein
The Saracen Blade – Frank Yerby
The Silver Chalice – Thomas B. Costain
The Small Miracle – Paul Gallico
Steamboat Gothic – Frances Parkinson Keyes
Vermeer – Lawrence Gowing
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader – C. S. Lewis
Hit Songs
"All Of Me" – Johnnie Ray
"Anytime" – Eddie Fisher
"Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart" – Vera Lynn
"Be My Life's Companion" – The Mills Brothers
"Botch-A-Me (Ba-Ba-Baciami Piccina)" – Rosemary Clooney
"Christmas Roses" – Frankie Laine & Jo Stafford
"Day Of Jubilo" – Guy Mitchell
"Delicado" – Percy Faith & his Orchestra
"The Glow-Worm" – The Mills Brothers
"A Guy Is A Guy" – Doris Day
"Half As Much" – Rosemary Clooney
"Heart And Soul" – The Four Aces featuring Al Alberts
"Here In My Heart" – Al Martino
"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)" – Frankie Laine
"Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me" – Karen Chandler
"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" – Jimmy Boyd
"I Went To Your Wedding" – Patti Page
"I'll Walk Alone" – Don Cornell
"I'm Confessin'" – Les Paul and Mary Ford
"I'm Just A Poor Bachelor" – Frankie Laine
"I'm Yours" – Eddie Fisher
"Kiss Of Fire" – Georgia Gibbs
"A Kiss To Build A Dream On" – Louis Armstrong
"Lady Of Spain" – Eddie Fisher
"Lover" – Peggy Lee
"Maybe" – Perry Como & Eddie Fisher
"My Favorite Song" – Georgia Gibbs
"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" – Guy Mitchell
"Please, Mr. Sun" – Johnnie Ray & The Four Lads
"Ramblin' Man" – Frankie Laine
"Rock Of Gibraltar" – Frankie Laine
"Settin' The Woods On Fire" – Frankie Laine & Jo Stafford
"A Sinner Am I" – Johnnie Ray
"Slow Poke" – Arthur Godfrey
"So Madly In Love" – Georgia Gibbs
"Somewhere Along The Way" – Nat King Cole
"Sugarbush" – Doris Day & Frankie Laine
"Tell Me Why" – Eddie Fisher
"Temptation" – Mario Lanza
"Tenderly" – Rosemary Clooney
"Tiger Rag" – Les Paul and Mary Ford
"Till I Waltz Again With You" – Teresa Brewer
"Tonight You Belong To Me" – Frankie Laine
"Unforgettable" – Nat King Cole
"Walkin' My Baby Back Home" – Johnnie Ray
"Wheel Of Fortune" – Kay Starr
"When I Fall In Love" – Doris Day
"When You're In Love" – Frankie Laine
"Why Don't You Believe Me" – Joni James
"Winter Wonderland" – Perry Como
"Wish You Were Here" – Eddie Fisher
"You Belong to Me" – Jo Stafford
"You'll Never Be Mine" – Guy Mitchell
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini KSMOM GCTE (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist.
He was also the Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 until 1943.
He was the leader of the National Fascist Party.
Benito Mussolini was named after Benito Juarez, a Mexican opponent of the political power of the Roman Catholic Church, by his anticlerical (a person who opposes the political interference of the Roman Catholic Church in secular affairs) father.
Mussolini's father was a blacksmith.
Before being involved in politics, Mussolini was a newspaper editor (where he learned all his propaganda skills) and elementary school teacher.
At first, Mussolini was a socialist, but when he wanted Italy to join the First World War, he was thrown out of the socialist party.
He 'invented' a new ideology, Fascism, much out of Nationalist and Conservative views.
Rise to power and becoming dictator
In 1922, he took power by having a large group of men, "Black Shirts," march on Rome and threaten to take over the government.
King Vittorio Emanuele III gave in, allowed him to form a government, and made him prime minister.
In the following five years, he gained power, and in 1927 created the OVRA, his personal secret police force.
Using the agency to arrest, scare, or murder people against his regime, Mussolini was dictator of Italy by the end of 1927.
Only the King and his own Fascist party could challenge his power.
Fascism as practiced by Mussolini
Mussolini's form of Fascism, "Italian Fascism"- unlike Nazism, the racist ideology that Adolf Hitler followed- was different and less destructive than Hitler's.
Although a believer in the superiority of the Italian nation and national unity, Mussolini, unlike Hitler, is quoted "Race?
It is a feeling, not a reality.
Nothing will ever make me believe that biologically pure races can be shown to exist today".
Mussolini wanted Italy to become a new Roman Empire.
In 1923, he attacked the island of Corfu, and in 1924, he occupied the city state of Fiume.
In 1935, he attacked the African country Abyssinia (now called Ethiopia).
His forces occupied it in 1936.
Italy was thrown out of the League of Nations because of this aggression.
In 1939, he occupied the country Albania.
In 1936, Mussolini signed an alliance with Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Germany.
Fall from power and death
In 1940, he sent Italy into the Second World War on the side of the Axis countries.
Mussolini attacked Greece, but he failed to conquer it.
In 1943, the Allies landed in Southern Italy.
The Fascist party and King Vittorio Emanuel III deposed Mussolini and put him in jail, but he was set free by the Germans, who made him ruler of the Italian Social Republic puppet state which was in a small part of Central Italy.
When the war was almost over, Mussolini tried to escape to Switzerland with his mistress, Clara Petacci, but they were both captured and shot by partisans.
Mussolini's dead body was hanged upside-down, together with his mistress and some of Mussolini's helpers, on a pole at a gas station in the village of Millan, which is near the border  between Italy and Switzerland.
After death
After the war, several Neo-Fascist movements have had success in Italy, the most important being the Movimento Sociale Italiano.
His granddaughter Alessandra Mussolini has outspoken views similar to Fascism.
Mussolini's "Last Will", April 22, 1945 (in Italian).
From 'Il Giornale' newspaper
1883 births
Deaths by firearm in Italy
Former members of the Order of the Bath
Italian atheists
Italian military people
Politicians from Emilia-Romagna
Prime Ministers of Italy
World War II people
A puppet state is a country that is officially independent but is not so in practice.
Puppet governments are usually kept in power by military force provided by an occupying country.
It is a biased term and is used in criticizing the government of the alleged puppet state.
Far Eastern Republic (puppet state of the Soviet Union).
Kingdom of Holland (puppet state of the First French Empire)
Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918) (puppet state of the German Empire)
Panama (puppet state of the United States)
Grand Duchy of Warsaw (puppet state of the First French Empire)
Emirate of Mongda (puppet state of the Ottoman Empire)
Kingdom of Albania (1939-1943, puppet state of Italy)
Hungarian State of National Unity (1944-1945, puppet state of Nazi Germany)Government of National Unity (Hungary)
Manchukuo (1932-1945, puppet state of the Empire of Japan)
Independent State of Croatia (1941- 1945, puppet state of Italy and Nazi Germany)
Slovak Republic (1939-1945, puppet state of Nazi Germany)
Free State of Burma (1943-1945, puppet state of the Empire of Japan)
People's Republic of Bulgaria (Soviet Union)
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Soviet Union)
East Germany (Soviet Union)
Hungarian People's Republic (Soviet Union)
Socialist Republic of Romania (Soviet Union)
Polish People's Republic (Soviet Union)
Democratic Republic of Albania (Soviet Union)
Mongolian People's Republic (Soviet Union)
North Korea (Soviet Union), (until 1976)
Austria (mostly in the  north east including Vienna and the old Soviet occupation zone until 1955) (Soviet Union)
In some of these countries the people overthrew the government, but each time they did that (before 1989) the Soviet Union and some of its other puppet states invaded and put the old government back in power.
The Soviet Union had also some puppet states outside Europe, such as Mongolia.
Some of these countries had more independence from the Soviet Union.
For example, the Romanian government sided against the Soviets when they went into Czechoslovakia.
Cuba (United States), (before 1959)
Guatemala (United States), (until 1991)
South Korea A.K.A United States Army Military Government in Korea (United States), (Until 1948)
Republic of Vietnam A.K.A South Vietnam (United States), (Until 1975)
Japan A.K.A Allied Occupation of Japan (United States), (Until 1952)
Donetsk People’s Republic (puppet state of Russia)
Luhansk People’s Republic (puppet state of Russia)
South Ossetia (puppet state of Russia)
Abkhazia (puppet state of Russia)
Transnistria (puppet state of Russia)
Republic of Artsakh (puppet state of Armenia between 1991-2020, puppet state of Russia since 2020)
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004-2021, puppet state of United States)
This also includes the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan, (2002-2004)
Republic of Iraq (puppet state of United States), (2003-2018)
This also includes the Coalition Provisional Authority, (2003-2004)
A banana republic is a politically unstable country whose economy depends on the export of one product in limited supply, such as bananas or minerals.
A banana republic has social classes that are divided by wealth.
These include a large, poor working class and a small ruling class made up of the businessmen, politicians, and the military.
The ruling class controls and exploits the country's economy.
Characteristics of a Banana Republic
The way the phrase banana republic is used has evolved since it was introduced more than a century ago.
It is no longer limited to countries in Central America or the tropics.
Key characteristics of a banana republic in the modern world include:
Widespread government corruption
Tyrannical government
Unstable government
Civil unrest
Coup attempts/insurgency
Economic dependency on exporting a limited natural resource (which may or may not be bananas)
Infrastructure owned/supported by out-of-country interests
Overall economic dependency on foreign investment or business entities
Widespread poverty
Significant stratification of social classes
Enormous gap between the haves and have nots
Lack of a middle class
Examples of Banana Republics
In the modern world, whether or not a country could accurately be described as a banana republic government is a matter of opinion.
A number of countries have been described as banana republics at some point.
A country that at some point might exhibit all of the characteristics of a banana republic could change, which would mean that the term would no longer apply.
The fact that someone refers to a country as a banana republic does not mean that the country really is one.
Remember that the phrase is a derogatory description rather than an actual type of government.
Banana Republic is a clothing and accessories retailer.
The retailer is owned by Gap Inc.. The restaurant was created by both Mel and Patricia Ziegler in 1978.
The first store they opened was a two-store safari and travel themed clothing company.
Banana Republic was acquired by The Gap, Inc. in 1983 and was rebranded as a mainstream luxury clothing retailer.
1978 establishments in California
American clothing companies
The Kingdom of Holland was a country that existed from 1806 to 1810.