the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Whatever the reason might be, there are a great number of family chapels attached to old churches, all over Europe.
The Church of Santa Croce in Florence is famous for its many chapels named after important Florentine families.
One of the most famous chapels of this type is the one built by Henry VIII to bury his father at Westminster Abbey.
Special chapels
Many chapels have a special purpose in the church.
One of the most important uses for a small chapel within a church is to store the Sacrament, the wine and bread or wafer which is used for Holy Communion.
Some chapels are designed to remind worshippers of a particular part of the Life of Christ, particularly the Crucifixion or Resurrection, or celebrate a certain Feast Day in the Church Year, such as the Assumption of the Virgin.
Service chapels
Most cathedrals have a chapel especially to remember local people who have served their country and perhaps died in a war.
The chapel might have the colours or flags of the local regiment.
Services may be held regularly, or on special days to remember a particular battle or a particular hero.
Protestant chapels
In many Protestant churches, the places where people gather for prayer and services are called chapels rather than churches.
This is sometimes because the pastors of the congregation were not accepted as priests by the Roman Catholic or Anglican churches, or because they were set up in places where there was no priest to take services.
Wayside chapels
These are chapels built specially for the use of travellers who can drop in as they are passing by.
They may be found in busy market places, deep in forests, on lonely mountain roads, and nowadays, at airports.
Funerary chapels
These chapels are found at cemeteries.
Sometimes they are owned by a particular family and contain the tombs of family members, but in most large modern cemeteries the chapels are multi-denominational, meaning that they are for people of different Christian churches, and are used specifically for funeral services.
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 5th Edition.
Clandestine chemistry is chemistry that occurs in a lab that is used for making illegal drugs, usually using unsafe equipment.
The use of this unsafe laboratory equipment will sometimes result in explosions, fires or heavy flows of noxious fumes.
Meth labs are the main form of clandestine laboratories and are used for making methamphetamine (Crystal Meth), a kind of illegal drug. "
Clandestine" means "secret".
A flask is a type of container made of glass.
They are a common piece of apparatus used in laboratories.
Their size are chosen by the volume they can hold, and is measured in metric units, like litres (L) or mililitres (mL).
Their shape depends on what they are used for, but they usually consist of a wider body, which contains the materials, and a more narrow neck with an opening at the top.
The opening is the way to insert materials into the body.
Some flasks have more than one neck and opening at the top.
Flasks are used to contain substances.
They are usually made of glass or borosilicate glass (Pyrex).
This is to ensure that the substances inside the flask do not react with the flask itself, due to the volatile nature of many chemicals (such as hydrochloric acid), They can be used to heat a substance.
There are many different types of laboratory flasks.
They differ in their shape and what they are used for.
The most common types of flask are:
Fernbach flask
Ebermannstadt is a German town in the district of Forchheim, Bavaria, Germany.
The population of the town is about 7,000.
The next largest cities are: Forchheim, Bayreuth, Bamberg, Kulmbach and Erlangen.
The city parts of Ebermannstadt are:
Gasseldorf
Niedermirsberg
Rüssenbach
Neuses-Poxstall
Wohlmuthshüll
Buckenreuth
Moggast
Wolkenstein
Thosmühle
Burggaillenreuth
Windischgaillenreuth
Eschlipp
The Franks or the Frankish peoples were one of several west Germanic federations of tribes.
It was formed out of Germanic tribes: Salians, Sicambri, Chamavi, Tencteri, Chattuarii, Bructeri, Usipetes, Ampsivarii, Chatti.
Most of them lived at the northern borders of the Rhine.
They entered the late Roman Empire from the north and east river bank of the Rhine into modern northern Belgium and southern Netherlands.
Later invasions conquered and established a lasting kingdom in an area which eventually covered most of modern-day France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the western regions of Germany.
When the pagan Frankish king Clovis became Christian in the late 5th century that was an important event in the history of Europe.
Modern scholars of the period of the migrations are in agreement that the Frankish confederacy emerged  at the beginning of the third century.
A region in the northeast of the modern-day Netherlands – north of the erstwhile Roman border – still bears the name Salland, and may have received that name from the Salians, who formed the core of the Frankish sea raiders.
Frankish Empire
From their heartland, the Franks gradually conquered most of Roman Gaul north of the Loire valley and east of Visigothic Aquitaine.
At first they helped defend the border as allies; for example, when a major invasion of mostly East Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in 406, the Franks fought against these invaders.
In the region of Paris, Roman control persisted until 486, a decade after the fall of the emperors of Ravenna, in part due to alliances with the Franks.
In 451, Aëtius called upon his Germanic allies on Roman soil to help fight off an invasion by Attila the Hun.
The Salian Franks answered the call; the Ripuarian Franks fought on both sides as some of them lived outside the Empire.
The Merovingians had governors who lead the Franks to war and had many governing responsibilities.
Pippin reigned as an elected king.
While in later France the kingdom became hereditary, the kings of the later Holy Roman Empire proved unable to abolish the elective tradition and continued as elected rulers until the Empire's formal end in 1806.
In 768 Charlemagne (Charles the Great), a powerful, intelligent, and modestly literate figure who became a legend for the later history of both France and Germany.
Charles restored an equal balance between emperor and pope.
Then (773–774), he conquered the Lombards and thus could include northern Italy in his sphere of influence.
He renewed the Vatican donation and the promise to the papacy of continued Frankish protection.
Charles created a realm that reached from the Pyrenees in the southwest (actually, including an area in Northern Spain (Marca Hispanica) after 795) over almost all of today's France (except Brittany, which the Franks never conquered) eastwards to most of today's Germany, including northern Italy and today's Austria.
On Christmas Day, 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charles as "Emperor of the Romans" in Rome.
Though Charles preferred the title "Emperor, king of the Franks and Lombards", as he did not want to get in conflict with the Byzantine Empire, the Frankish Empire became the successor of the (Western) Roman Empire.
Charles died on January 28, 814 in Aachen, where was buried.
Charles had several sons, but only one survived him.
This son, Louis the Pious, followed his father as the ruler of a united Empire.
When Louis died in 840, the Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the Empire in three:
Louis' eldest surviving son Lothair I became Emperor and ruler of the Central Franks.
His three sons in turn divided this kingdom between them into Lotharingia, Burgundy and (Northern) Italy.
These areas would later vanish as separate kingdoms.
Louis' second son, Louis the German, became King of the East Franks.
This area formed the kernel of the later Holy Roman Empire, the cradle of Germany.
His third son Charles the Bald became King of the West Franks; this area became the foundation for the later France.
Geary, Patrick J. Before France and Germany: the Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. .
James, Edward.
The Franks. (
Peoples of Europe series) Basil Blackwell, 1988. .
Crusaders, or more broadly any persons originating in Catholic western Europe (medieval Middle Eastern history).
See Farangi, firang, farang and barang for derived words.
Frankfurter sausages, the filling for hot dogs
USS Franks (DD-554), a United States Navy warship
Franc, a unit of currency (Frank in Dutch, German, and English)
Augustus Wollaston Franks
Bob Franks
Bobby Franks
Carl Franks
Cecil Franks
Charles Franks
Dick Franks
Fred Franks
Lynne Franks
Oliver Shewell Franks
Paul Franks
Randall Franks
Stephen Franks
Tanya Franks
Trent Franks
Tillman Franks
Tommy Franks
Wilbur R. Franks
William Sadler Franks
Franconia, a region in Bavaria, Germany
Franken, a commune of the Haut-Rhin département, in France
Al Franken (born 1951) United States satirist
The zebra mussel is a small shellfish.
It is a bivalve mollusc, a type called a mussel.
Color patterns vary, with only dark or colored shells or no stripes.
They are typically found attached to objects, surfaces, or each other by threads underneath the shells.
Although similar in appearance to the quagga mussel, the two species can be easily distinguished.
When placed on a surface zebra mussels are stable on their flattened underside while quagga mussels, lacking a flat underside, will fall over.
These musssels spread rapidly by sticking to boats.
They spread by this passive method to many places where they have no natural predators.
That explains their huge growth in numbers.
Zebra mussels are a problem in  Northern America's Great Lakes region because they reproduce fast.
They colonize water supply pipes of hydroelectric and nuclear power plants, public water supply plants, and industrial facilities.
As a result, they clog water sources.
They colonize pipes constricting flow, therefore reducing the intake in heat exchangers, condensers, fire fighting equipment, and air conditioning and cooling systems.
It is estimated that zebra mussels will continue to populate the Great Lakes and even enter the Mississippi River region.
San Marcos is a city in central Texas.
Texas State University-San Marcos is there.
It is in the Interstate 35 corridor, between Austin and San Antonio.
In 2013 and 2014, the United States Census Bureau named it the fastest-growing city in the United States.
In December 2013, it was named #9 on Business Insider's list of the "10 Most Exciting Small Cities In America."
A bar or measure is used in writing music.
It is a way of organizing the written music in small sections.
Each bar is a small amount of time.
Most music has a regular beat (or pulse) which can be felt.
Each bar usually has the same number of beats in it.
Music that feels like 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4 will be divided into bars with four beats worth of music in each bar.
At the beginning of a piece of music there will be a time signature.
The top number shows how many beats there are in each bar.
The time signature tells you how long each measure is.
A double bar does not mean "two bars".
It is two single bar lines drawn close together.
These are simply ways of visually dividing the music into sections.
A double bar line can be written with one being thicker than the other.
This double bar line shows the end of a piece of music.
If there are two dots on the left of the double bar line, this is a repeat sign.
The player should go back to the beginning and start again.
If the composer only wants the performer to repeat a section of the music, and not go back to the beginning, they can put in a "start repeat" sign.
This is a double bar line with two dots on the right.
The first beat of a bar feels stronger than the others.
When a conductor beats time, his hand (or baton) always goes DOWN for the first beat of the bar.
This feels strong.
The last beat of a bar is an "upbeat" because the conductor's hand always goes up.
Rostov (Russian: Росто́в; Old Norse: Rostofa) is one of the oldest towns in Russia.
It was first mentioned in the year 862 as an already important town.
By the 13th century Rostov became the capital of an important area.
Now it is an important tourist centre of the so-called Golden ring.
It is located on the shores of Lake Nero in Yaroslavl Oblast.
About 35,300 people lived there in 2002.
While the official name of the town is Rostov, it is better known to Russians as Rostov Veliky, i.e. Rostov the Great.
This name is used to distinguish it from Rostov on Don, which is now a much larger city.
Rostov Yaroslavsky is the official name of its railway station (due to its position in Yaroslavl Oblast), but not of the town itself.
Towns in Russia
Alaskan king crab fishing is an event done in the winter in the Bering Sea near Alaska.
People fish for many King Crabs.
The crabbers fish from boats between 40 and 250 feet (13-75m) in length.
They throw steel cages, called pots, over the side of the boat, and the crabs are lured to bait placed in them.
When the pots have been on the bottom of the sea long enough they are pulled back onto the boat using a special kind of crane.
The crabs in the pots are examined and crabs that are not good enough are put back into the ocean and the rest are put into a tank.
When the ship gets back to the shore, the crabs are sold to stores around the world for eating.
The people working on the boat are paid a lot of money.
The amount of money can be from nothing to tens of thousands of dollars depending on how many crab the fishermen caught.
Alaskan crab fishing is one of the USA's most dangerous jobs.
Because of the big waves and dangerous boats the fishermen work on, some people die every year.
To show people how dangerous crab fishing is, the Discovery Channel made a series called Deadliest Catch about the fishermen.
And they also catch a lot of Crabs.
is a part of Legend of Zelda series of video games.
It is for the Nintendo DS.
The game is played only using the touch screen on the Nintendo DS.
It is a sequel to the 2002/2003 GameCube game The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker.
The game was released in Japan on June 23, 2007, in the United States on October 1, 2007, in Australia on October 11, 2007, and in Europe on October 19, 2007.
It was followed by a sequel in 2009, The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks, also released for the DS.
The games story happens after The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker's story.
The player plays as the main character of the Zelda games, Link.
The game will let the player sail around a Ocean using a boat.
The game also has an online mode.
Phantom Hourglass
Link is the main character from The Legend of Zelda series.
The game was created by Shigeru Miyamoto.
47 million copies of the game have been sold since 2007.
Link wears a green shirt and a long, floppy green hat on his head.
In the Legend of Zelda games, the player must use Link to fight against evil, especially Ganondorf.
Although Link is the main character in the game, he never speaks (he does speak in the Legend of Zelda CD-I games).
He is also left-handed, and has large ears, like most Hylians.
He has also appeared in all 6 of the Super Smash Bros. games.
Link mainly used a sword and a shield but he is able to use a large number of weapons like bombs, bow, hammer or a boomerang and the hook shot.
Link has been in many GameFAQs "Character Battle" contests and is the only character to have won more than once.
In one of IGN's 2007 "Hero Showdowns", Link was voted the favorite over Cloud Strife.
Link ranked first on GameDaily's Top 10 Smash Bros. characters list.
IGN asked its readers to vote for their favorite Nintendo character in which Link came first.
The Legend of Zelda characters
A company called Solar Systems has announced a large 154 MW photovoltaic (PV) solar power station for north-western Victoria.
The A$420 million project will provide enough electricity for more than 45,000 homes.
It will create jobs and will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Solar Systems home page
Sunny outlook for solar power players
Buildings and structures in Victoria, Australia
Waldpolenz Solar Park, is a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, to the east of Leipzig in Germany.
The power plant is a 40-megawatt solar power system using new technology.
It is in the Muldentalkreis district in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany.
The investment cost for the Waldpolenz solar park amounts to some Euro 130 million.
World’s largest solar power plant being built in eastern Germany
Buildings and structures in Saxony
Power stations in Germany
Masaccio (, , ; December 21, 1401 – summer 1428), born Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone, was a famous painter of the Italian Renaissance.
He worked in Florence.
Masaccio was a nickname that meant Fat Untidy Tom.
He lived a very short life and only a few of his paintings exist, but they were so different to the style of other artists around him that they helped other painters to see things in a new way.
Masaccio was born on 21 December, 1401, in the town of San Giovanni Valdarno, in the valley of the Arno River, near Florence.
He was the son of a notary, a person who writes legal documents.
His older brother became a painter and moved to Florence to the workshop of a painter called Bicci di Lorenzo.
It is not known for certain, but it is thought that Masaccio may have trained at the same workshop.
Masaccio's brother was nicknamed Lo Scheggia which means The Splinter, so it is thought that he was a skinny as Masaccio was fat.
In 1422, when he was 21, Masaccio was already known as a painter, because he joined the Company of Saint Luke, which was a guild that helped artists and set down the rules for their employment.
Earliest painting
The earliest known painting by Masaccio is the San Giovenale Triptych, dating from 1422.
A "triptych" is a painting in three parts, most often used as an altarpiece.
This altarpiece has in the middle panel the Virgin Mary and Christ Child on a throne.
The wings, or side panels, each show two saints.
Kneeling in front of the Virgin Mary are two little angels.
One of the things that makes this painting different from most other paintings of the same time is that the angels are shown from the back.
Their position is an invitation for the viewer to kneel down and worship the Virgin and Child as well.
Masaccio used this way of making the viewer feel part of the scene in many of his paintings.
In April 1422 an event took place in Florence that was to be important in Masaccio's life.
A new church was opened, and there was a grand procession and feast to celebrate.
The church was Santa Maria del Carmine and Masaccio went along with his good friends, the sculptor Donatello, the architect Brunelleschi and the painter Masolino.
After the feast day, it seems that Masaccio went to Rome, probably with his friends.
Brunelleschi and Donatello like to spend a lot of time poking around among the ruins of Ancient Rome.
It is believed that on this trip Masaccio also spent a lot of time poking around in the ruins.
What he saw were the sculptures of a previous age- more lifelike and realistic than anything that he had ever seen before.
Many of the sculptures showed pocessions of figures, but each figure was different from the next, so that they all looked like real individual people.
When Masaccio returned to Florence he was given a job, a commission to paint a fresco of the procession that had taken place for the opening of the new church.
Masaccio was inspired by what he had seen in Rome.
The writer Vasari, who must have seen the picture before it was destroyed in the late 1500s, wrote that the people were in rows that were five or six deep, but painted in such a way that they were all different, fat ones and thin ones, tall ones and short ones, some in long cloaks, some in big hats, and every single one was a portrait of a real person who lived in Florence at the time.
And of course, Masaccio put his friends Brunelleschi, Donatello and Masolino into the picture.
Luckily, several artists made drawings at some time in the 1500s, so part of the design has been recorded, even though the painting itself has gone.
Working with Masolino
In the Uffizi Gallery in Florence is an altarpiece that shows the Madonna and Child with Saint Anne.
The Madonna and Child are seated on a throne, as is usual.
Saint Anne, who was the mother of the Virgin Mary, is shown standing behind Mary with one hand on her daughter's shoulder and the other hand above the head of the Baby Jesus in a sign of blessing.
The painting may have been done for a convent of nuns who honoured Saint Anne.
It is believed that this painting is a collaboration; that two artists worked on it together.
It is believed by Art Historians that Masaccio painted Mary and Jesus and the angel near the top right.
It is believed that Saint Anne and the other four angels were painted by Masolino.
Masolino was 17 years older than Masaccio.
His name was Tommaso da Panicale, so when the two began to work together, they were known as Masaccio and Masolino, which means "Little Tom".
Those are the names by which they are remembered as painters.
The Brancacci Chapel is a large chapel at the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine where Masaccio had previously worked painting the procession.
It was sponsored by the Brancacci family who paid for its decoration.
There are no written records to show why or how it happened, but it seems that Masaccio and Masolino were given the job together.
At first everything went very well and then things went very badly.
It looked as if the job would never be finished.
In fact, it is lucky that the paintings in the chapel survived at all.
The job seems to have started in 1423 or 1424 but this is not certain.
The plan of the paintings was to show firstly how Sin came into the world through the disobedience of Adam and Eve.
A painting by Masolino shows their disobedience in taking fruit from the forbidden tree.
A painting opposite it by Masaccio shows Adam and Eve in disgrace, being chased out of the Garden of Eden.
The rest of the paintings show The Life of Saint Peter.
This is because Saint Peter was the founder of the Catholic Church and the paintings were meant to show that the best way to know about God's love is through the Church.
It seems that Masaccio and Masolino happily planned a scheme of frescoes that went together is a pleasing way, even though they are in two styles.
It is not hard to tell which scenes Masolino painted and which were done by Masaccio.
Masolino's are prettier and more elegant.
Masaccio's scenes show figures that are strong and have drapes like the statues that he saw in Rome.
The thing that was most different in his painting to other artists of the same time was that the figures looked very solid and three-dimensional.
He was influenced by the paintings of Giotto who had worked in Florence at the Church of Santa Croce nearly a hundred years earlier, but whose style of painting had given way to the International Gothic style.
Apart from the Adam and Eve scenes, which are the smallest of the pictures, the most famous is Masaccio's picture of The Tribute Money.
This large picture is set partly against a background of mountains and a lake, and partly against the background of a town which is similar to Florence.
There are three scenes from the story.
In the centre of the picture is a large group, Jesus and his twelve disciples.
A tax collector has come to ask for a payment, but none of the men have any money.
Jesus tells Peter to go fishing in the lake.
Peter looks rather annoyed, wondering what good it will do.
To the left, the small figure of Peter is kneeling at the edge of the lake with a fish he has caught.
Inside the fish is a coin.
To the right side of the picture, Peter is shown giving the coin to the tax collector.
He no longer looks argumentative.
Instead, he looks humble.
Masaccio has expertly shown the feelings of the characters, not only by their faces, but also through body language.
Neither Masaccio nor Masolino were able to work on the frescoes continuously, as they both kept getting other jobs to attend to.
In 1428 Masaccio was asked to go to Rome to paint an altarpiece for one of the most important and ancient churches, Santa Maria Maggiore.
He only painted one panel, Saint Jerome and Saint John the Baptist, before he died at the age of 27 years.
Masolino and perhaps another artist, Domenico Veneziano worked on, and finished the altarpiece, which was later broken into pieces and scattered to galleries in different countries.
Masaccio's panel is in the National Gallery, London.
Masolino lived for another 19 years, but he never went back to finish the Brancacci frescoes.
The Brancacci family fell into disgrace and were chased out of Florence.
One of Masaccio's pictures was attacked because it had portraits of some of the Brancacci family in it.
Some 50 years later, in the 1480s, all the scenes that remained incomplete or not begun were painted by Filippino Lippi, who tried to respect the styles that Masaccio and Masolino had used before him.
The chapel, which was dedicated to Saint Peter, was re-dedicated to Our Lady of the Common People and to her honour a magnificent ancient altarpiece by Coppo di Marcovaldo, dating from about 1280 was put into place.
Because this image of the Virgin Mary was said to work miracles, many hundreds of candles were lit in front of it which soon stained the frescoes so that their bright colours could no longer be seen.
Eventually the painting was moved to a different church.
Then part of the roof fell in and had to be replaced.
More damage was done in re-decorating.
In 1680 the Marquis Francesco Ferroni decided that the paintings were too old-fashioned and should all be pulled down.
Luckily the Grand Duchess Vittoria della Rovere stopped this from happening.
In 1734 a painter called Antonio Pillori cleaned the frescoes.
Then in the 1770, there was a fire in the church, causing worse staining and some damage to the frescoes. (
Luckily the precious altarpiece had been moved.)
In recent years there have been four interesting discoveries.
During a minor cleaning in 1904 two slabs of marble near the altar were moved.
Underneath were the bright colours that showed what the frescoes should look like.
Examination of the areas where two windows had been changed showed the plans for two paintings that had been destroyed.
The final discoveries in the chapel itself were two painted roundels with little angel faces in them, one by Masaccio and one by Masolino.
There was a problem to be solved in the minds of some art historians.
Despite these interesting findings, there was a scene missing from the story of Saint Peter.
It is the scene where Jesus says "You are Peter, and on this Rock I build my Church."
This part of the story is of the greatest importance to the Roman Catholic Church because Peter was the first Bishop of Rome, and so the Pope rules as his direct line.
The scene is usually shown by Jesus giving Peter the Keys of Heaven.
The Keys, for hundreds of years, have been the symbol of the Pope.
But the story of the Keys is completely missing.
Then, in the 1940s, John Pope-Hennessy, the director of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, realised that the museum owned a work of art that was exactly the thing that was missing from the Brancacci Chapel.
It was a thin, almost flat marble slab delicately carved with the scene of Jesus giving the Keys to Peter.
It was just the right size to make the front of an altar.
And although it could not be proved, it was almost certainly carved by Masaccio's friend, Donatello.
At some time while he was working on the Brancacci Chapel, Masaccio painted a fresco for another church in Florence, Santa Maria Novella, the church of the Dominican Order.
This is a very remarkable painting and one of Masaccio's most famous.
It shows the Holy Trinity, (or God in three parts).
God is shown as the eternal Creator, as the humble Sacrifice in Jesus on the Cross and as the inspiring Spirit.
On either side of the Cross stand the Virgin Mary and Saint John.
The two kneeling figures are the family who paid for the painting.
Masaccio has painted this very holy scene as if it was taking place in a deep recess or small chapel in the wall of the church.
He has done this by using very accurate perspective.
It is believed that the architect Brunelleschi may have helped him with this, as the painted architecture looks very much like buildings that Brunelleschi designed.
Vasari writes that Masaccio was not very famous in his own time.
In 1440 his body was brought home to Florence and buried at Santa Maria del Carmine but no monument was put up in his honour.
Shortly afterwards people began to honour him as a painter.
Michelangelo and many other painters and sculptors went to the Brancacci Chapel to study Masaccio's paintings.
His influence can be seen in the paintings of Fra Angelico, Piero della Francesca, Ghirlandaio and particularly Michelangelo.
Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Painters, translated by George Bull, Penguin Classics,
Ornella Casazza, Masaccio, Scala/Riverside, 1990,
1401 births
1428 deaths
Germany is the world's biggest user of wind power with an installed capacity of 20,621MW in 2006, ahead of Spain which had 11,615MW.
There are 18,000 wind turbines in Germany.
The country plans to build more.
Renewable energy in Germany
Wind farms
de:Windenergie#Deutschland
After the world's oil crises in the 1970s, Denmark started to develop wind power.
In 1988, two years after the Chernobyl disaster, the Danes passed a law forbidding the construction of nuclear power plants.
Sources: Global Wind 2005 Report, p.7  Global Wind 2006 Report, p.9
List of wind turbine manufacturers
Wind power in Spain
Caldicott, Helen (2006).
Nuclear power is not the answer to global warming or anything else, Melbourne University Press,
The Don (Дон) is one of the major rivers of Russia.
It starts in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 km southeast from Tula, southeast of Moscow, and flows for a distance of about 1,870 km (1,162 miles) to the Sea of Azov.
From its source, the river first flows southeast to Voronezh, then southwest to its mouth.
The main city on the river is Rostov on Don, its main tributary, the Donets.
In antiquity, the river was seen as the border between Europe and Asia.
In the Hebrew Book of Jubilees, it is mentioned as being part of the border, beginning with its westernmost point up to its mouth, between the allotment of Japheth to the north and that of Shem to the south, sons of Noah.
During the times of the old Scythians it was known in Greek as the Tanaïs, and has been a major trading route ever since.
Tanais appears in ancient Greek sources as the name of the river and of a city on it in the Maeotian marshes.
The name derives however from Scythian (Iranian) Dānu "river", akin to modern Ossetic don "river".
At its easternmost point, the Don comes near the Volga, and the Volga-Don Canal (length ca.
105 km (65 miles)), connecting both rivers, has been a major waterway.
The Khazar fortress of Sarkel used to dominate this point in the Middle Ages.
This part of the river saw Operation Uranus, one of the turning points of the Second World War.
The Don has given its name to the Don Cossacks who settled the fertile valley of the river in the 16th and 17th centuries.
In modern literature, the Don figures centrally in the works of Mikhail Sholokhov, a Cossack from the stanitsa of Veshenskaya.
Views of Don River
Hopper was born in New York, USA.
Hopper graduated from Vassar College in 1928 and Yale University in 1934 with a Ph.
D degree in mathematics.
She joined the US Navy during the World War II in 1943.
She worked on computers in the Navy for 43 years.
She then worked in other private industry companies after 1949.
She retired from the Navy in 1986 and died on January 1, 1992.
She was one of the first people to work with modern digital computers and the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I calculator.
She developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.
She had the idea that programs could be written in a language that was close to English rather than in machine code or languages (such as assembly language) close to machine code, which is how it was normally done at that time.
She led the work of COBOL language, which was based very much on her philosophy.
It was successful since it was not copyrighted, so many programmers could use it.
The spread of COBOL led to it becoming the universal language for business coding.
It became used in government, industry, and commerce.
Hopper, a mathematician, was on the faculty at Vassar College when World War II began.
She joined the Navy.
Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project to work on missile problems in 1943.
The Navy began using one of the first electronic computers in 1944.
Hopper retired from the Navy in 1986.
After the war, she was still interested in computers.
Hopper worked at Remington Rand.
She worked at Sperry Corporation later.
She did not return to her teaching career after the war.
She continued working on software for the other computers.
She also served as an officer in the Naval Reserve.
She worked on the UNIVAC, the first large-scale commercial computer.
Hopper's work led to the development of the FLOW-MATIC.
The  FLOW-MATIC was the first English-language data compiler.
Hopper's work on FLOW-MATIC helped her later work with Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL).
Hopper’s work translated the computer language into words we use that the computer will also understand.
Grace Murray Hopper died on January 1, 1992.
She had retired from the navy six years before.
A park in Arlington, Virginia is named in her honor.
The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) was named for her.
Alsop went to Yale University and then got a master's degree from the Juilliard School in violin playing.
She won the Koussevitzky Conducting Prize at the Tanglewood Music Center in 1989, where she studied with famous conductors such as Leonard Bernstein.
Alsop has conducted many of the world’s most famous orchestras.
Since 2002 she has been the conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, and in 2007 she will become the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony.
This will make her the first woman conductor of an important American orchestra.
Alsop has won many prizes and made lots of recordings.
She has conducted and recorded many pieces by American composers, including the complete orchestral works of Samuel Barber.
www.marinalsop.com – her official website
Nevada Solar One is the third biggest solar power plant in the world, generating 64MW.
It was built in Boulder City, Nevada.
Nevada Solar One is a solar thermal power station and will use parabolic troughs, heating tubes of liquid (solar receivers).
These solar receivers are specially coated tubes made of glass and steel.
Nevada Solar One also uses a technology that collects extra heat by putting it into phase-changing molten salts.
This energy can then be drawn on at night.
Nevada Solar One video
Largest solar power plant in a generation to be built in Nevada
Ten facts about solar thermal power
In agriculture, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest control strategy.
This strategy uses many different ways to deal with pests: natural predators and parasites, pest-resistant varieties of plants, cultural practices, biological controls, various physical techniques, and pesticides as a last resort.
Serpa solar power plant (also known as Hércules solar power plant) is a power plant found in Serpa, Portugal.
It was begun in June 2006 and finished in January 2007.
The plant consists of a photovoltaic system that uses silicon solar cell technology to convert sunlight directly into energy.
The Serpa solar power plant uses 52,000 photovoltaic modules manufactured by SunPower, Sanyo, and Sharp.
The plant uses a new tracking system that follows the Sun's daily path across the sky.
Generating electricity from the sun with no fuel costs or emissions, the Serpa plant is on a 60-hectare (150-acre) hillside and is a model of clean power generation integrated with agriculture.
The project saves more than 30,000 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions compared to equivalent fossil fuel generation.
Buildings and structures in Portugal
2007 establishments in Europe
The United Nation Environment Programme's Indian Solar Loan Programme has won the World award for Sustainability for helping to establish a householder loan program for solar home power systems.
Energy policy of India
Solar loans light up rural India
Clovis I (variously spelled Chlodowech or Chlodwig, giving modern French Louis and modern German Ludwig) (c. 466 – November 27, 511) was the first king of the Franks who united that nation.
He succeeded his father Childeric I in 481 as King of the Salian Franks, one of two main groups of Frankish tribes, They were occupying the area west of the lower Rhine at that time, with their centre around Tournai and Cambrai along the modern frontier between France and Belgium.
Clovis conquered the neighbouring Frankish tribes and established himself as sole king before his death.
Clovis converted to Catholicism, as opposed to the Arian Christianity that was common among Germanic peoples, because his wife, the Burgundian Clotilde, was a Catholic.
He was baptized in the Cathedral of Reims.
This act was very important in the following history of France and Western Europe in general, because he expanded his reign over almost all of the old Roman province of Gaul (roughly modern France).
He is considered to be the founder both of France (which his state closely resembled geographically at his death) and the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Franks for the next two centuries.
Place of birth : Tournai (Belgium),  Place of death : Paris (France).
Daly, William M., "Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?"
Speculum 69.3 July 1994, pp.
619–664.
The Origins of France: Clovis to the Capetians 500-1000.
Macmillan, 1982.
Kaiser, Reinhold.
Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich.
München 2004. (
Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 26)
Oman, Charles.
The Dark Ages 476-918.
Rivingtons: London, 1914.
Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. The Long-haired Kings.
London, 1962.
The Oxford Merovingian Page.
466 births
511 deaths
They were sometimes referred to as the "long-haired kings" (Latin reges criniti) by people of the time, for their symbolically uncut hair (traditionally the tribal leader of the Franks wore his hair long, while the warriors trimmed theirs short).
The term is drawn directly from Germanic, akin to their dynasty's Old English name Merewīowing.
The Merovingian dynasty owes its name to the semi-legendary Merovech (or Merowig, sometimes Latinised as Meroveus or Merovius), leader of the Salian Franks from c.447 to 457.
Clovis I went on to unite most of Gaul north of the Loire under his control around 486, when he defeated Syagrius, the Roman ruler in those parts.
Franks (main history of Frankish kingdoms)
Beyerle, F and R. Buchner: Lex Ribuaria in MGH, Hannover 1954.
Eugen Ewig: Die Merowinger und das Frankenreich.
Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2001.
Patrick J. Geary: Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Kaiser, Reinhold: Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich, (Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 26) (München, 2004)
Rouche, Michael: "Private life conquers State and Society" in Paul Veyne (ed.),
A History of Private Life: 1.
From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1987.
Werner, Karl Ferdinand: Die Ursprünge Frankreichs bis zum Jahr 1000, Stuttgart 1989.
Oman, Charles: The Dark Ages 476-918, London, 1914.
Wood, Ian: "The Merovingian Kingdoms: 450-751", New York: Longman Press, 1994.
The Oxford Merovingian Page .
From Merovingians to Carolingians: Dynastic Change in Frankia .
Dr Deborah Vess: Merovingian and Carolingian bibliography, sources and web links .
Ralph Dale Earnhardt, Sr. (
April 29, 1951 – February 18, 2001) was an American NASCAR driver.
He is the father of race car driver Dale Earnhardt, Jr. He started Dale Earnhardt, Inc., also called DEI.
Earnhardt died in a crash during the Daytona 500 in 2001.
The accident happened a few seconds before his own son came second in that race, and a DEI car driven by Michael Waltrip won the race.
He died because he was trying to hold everybody back so his son (Dale Earnhardt Jr.) could maybe win the race.
While he was trying to do that, someone bumped his car, he lost control and crashed into the wall.
After that they took him to the hospital and he died.
Earnhardt respected his father, who quit school in sixth grade, His father worked hard and started driving for NASCAR, eventually entering the NASCAR Hall-of-Fame.
People from Kannapolis, North Carolina
Homelessness means people who do not have a place to stay.
The word "homelessness" also includes people who sleep in warming centers, homeless shelters, or in abandoned buildings, parking garages, or other places not meant for humans to live in.
Homelessness occurs for many reasons.
It may happen when people or households are unable to buy and/or maintain housing they can afford.
International human rights law includes the right to housing.
Homeless people live in many parts of the world including: San Francisco in  California, Dublin in  Ireland and Tallinn in  Estonia.
Homeless people
In academic articles and government reports, these people are called "homeless people".
You may hear different words to describe homelessness and homeless people.
Some of these words apply to people who might not be homeless.
Sometimes they are based upon stereotypes.
For instance, in slang, a vagabond is someone who travels without the money necessary to stay in good hotels.
Such a person may or may not have a home somewhere.
Sometimes police reports use the word "transient" to describe people from out of town or who are passing through.
Many times these words confuse the issues because someone just passing through might own a mansion somewhere or might not.
There are tough questions in sorting out homeless people even when trying to create programs and services to help them.
Homeless counts are required by the government agencies that deal with homelessness.
In the USA, the United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development (HUD) agency requires a homeless "enumeration" or count every two years.
They classify "homeless" in a careful way and that way is very influential and a lot of other agencies and church groups copy it.
In Metro Vancouver homeless people are counted by the British Columbia (B.C.) Non-Profit Housing Society which conducts the homeless count with the help of about  1,200 volunteers.
HUD definitions
Housing and Urban Development of the United States spreads information about what does and does not work when providing shelter for homeless people.
That information about the things that seem to work is called "best practices".
HUD defines homeless as 1.
somebody who lacks a fixed, regular, and decent place to sleep at night or 2.
somebody who sleeps at night in A.a supervised shelter (including welfare hotels, homeless shelters, warming centers and transitional housing) ; B. a place that provides a temporary residence for people waiting for space in a place like a hospital, jail or hospice; or C. places not designed for human beings to sleep, such as parks or public sidewalks.
A new interest: people who live outside
The "C" part of the HUD definition is now getting more attention.
It is called "chronic homelessness". (
HUD) defines a "chronically homeless" person as "an unaccompanied homeless individual with a disabling condition".
There are other conditions to that definition.
It has to be someone who has either been homeless for a year or more, or has been homeless four times in the past three years.
People who study these things believe that  "chronic" homelessness costs a lot more than the rest.
A new approach is to seek information on those folks who are considered chronically homeless.
They are using what is called a vulnerability index system.
It was invented by a doctor in Boston who works with a New York organization called Common Ground.
These "Vulnerability Index's" code for things like bad liver, kidney disease, HIV-AIDS, age, and visits to the hospital.
Health care for the homeless is a major public health challenge.
Homeless people are more likely to suffer injuries and medical problems from their lifestyle on the street.
Quite a few drink or have addiction problems with drugs.
Some have skin conditions from being out in the sun without sunscreen to protect themselves from UV radiation.
It is hard to find places to wash up, and homeless people are exposed to extreme cold and hot sun.
It is tough finding good food for many homeless people so they tend to suffer from medical conditions.
This can include obesity if they eat a lot of poor quality food with empty calories.
Homeless people also may have more severe dental problems than the general population due to lack of access to washrooms and in some cases excess intake of sweets, which may be the only food available.
Diabetes and liver problems are not uncommon, as are diseases associated with cigarette smoking...
Vulnerability Index
The vulnerability index is from the work of Dr. Jim O'Connell of Boston's Healthcare for the Homeless.
He was concerned about the causes of death of unsheltered homeless individuals living on the street.
A national drive is underway by Common Ground to work with the HUD homeless count.
Since communities are doing the count, he believes that is a good time to do the vulnerability index too.
Its' people say that using it will help getting needy individuals off the street.
The vulnerability index has been tried out in a lot of other places not just the East Coast.
These include New Mexico and Santa Monica
Main causes
Lack of affordable housing
Low paying jobs
Addiction and lack of needed services
Mental illness and lack of needed services
Social exclusion
Discrimination that lows self-esteem
Careless life style
Prison release and re-entry into society
Change and cuts in welfare
Developing and undeveloped countries
The number of homeless people worldwide has grown steadily in the past few years.
In some Third World nations such as Brazil, India, Nigeria, and South Africa, homelessness is a very big problem, with millions of children living and working on the streets.
Homelessness has also become a problem in China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines and Japan.
In the sixteenth century in England, the government first tried to give housing to vagabonds instead of punishing them.
In the eighteenth century, these houses were replaced by workhouses.
These were later replaced by dormitory housing ("spikes").
By the early 1930s in England, there were 30,000 people living in these places.
In most countries, many towns and cities had an area where all the poor, transients, and afflicted lived, such as a "skid row".
In smaller towns, there were hobos, who camped near train tracks and hopped onto trains from place to place.
Many places where people were once allowed to loiter(such as churches, public libraries and public atriums) became more strict as the number of homeless people grew.
In the 1980s, in the United States, some new laws were made for the homeless as a result of the work of Congressman Stewart B. McKinney.
In 1987, the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act was enacted.
Several organisations in some cities, such as New York and Boston, tried to help the growing number of homeless people in a new way.
Homelessness in the popular media
- An influential film by Ken Loach which raised the profile of homelessness in the UK and led indirectly to the formation of several charities and changes in legislation.
2003. —
see Liz Murray
- the story of Chris Gardner
2005 Without a Net: Middle Class and Homeless (With Kids) in America by Michelle Kennedy
1985. —
follows homeless Seattle youth.
1997. —
about the Canadian homeless in Montreal.
New York Times Review,
2000 —A film following the lives of homeless adults living in the Amtrak tunnels in New York.
2001 —Following the lives of homeless children in Bucharest, Romania.
about the homeless in São Paulo, Brazil.
Its English title is "On the Fringes of São Paulo: Homeless".
2005 —About homeless children in Moscow.
2005 —Explores what a homeless who is given $100,000 and is free to do with it whatever he wishes.
2007 Easy Street—about the homeless in Florida.
Photographic expose by Michel Mersereau entitled "Between The Cracks"
Duke, Alan, "'Golden voice' Ted Williams departs drug rehab", CNN, January 25, 2011
Homeless Statistics for Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States, all data from around the year 2001.
PBS, "Home at Last?",
NOW series program, first aired on February 2, 2007.
The topic was what will most help homeless people reenter the fabric of society.