the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Marius Žaliūkas, Lithuanian footballer (b. 1983)
November 1 – Pedro Iturralde, Spanish saxophonist and composer (b. 1929)
Ahmed Laraki, 6th Prime Minister of Morocco (b. 1931)
Don McDermott, American speed skater and Olympic silver medalist (b. 1929)
Gigi Proietti, Italian actor and comedian (b. 1940)
John Sessions, British actor and comedian (b. 1953)
November 4 – Ken Hensley, English rock singer-songwriter and musician (b. 1945)
Jim Marurai, 8th Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (b. 1947)
Geoffrey Palmer, British actor (b. 1927)
Reynaert, Belgian pop singer-songwriter and Eurovision contestant (b.1955)
Géza Szőcs, Romanian-Hungarian poet and politician (b. 1953)
Fernando Solanas, Argentine movie director and politician (b. 1936)
Nathan Zach, Israeli poet (b. 1930)
November 7 – Jonathan Sacks, British Orthodox rabbi, philosopher, theologian, author and politician (b. 1948)
November 8 – Alex Trebek, Canadian-American game show host (b. 1940)
November 9 – Fernando Atzori, Italian boxer and Olympic champion (b. 1942)
Dino da Costa, Brazilian-born Italian footballer (b. 1931)
Saeb Erekat, Palestinian politician and activist (b. 1955)
Tom Heinsohn, American Hall of Fame basketball player, coach, and broadcaster (b. 1934)
Juan Sol, Spanish footballer (b. 1947)
Amadou Toumani Touré, 3rd President (b. 1948)
Tony Waiters, English footballer and manager (b. 1937)
Sven Wollter, Swedish actor (b. 1934)
Carlos Campos, Chilean footballer (b. 1937)
Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, 1st Prime Minister of Bahrain (b. 1935)
Jorge Llopart, Spanish race walker and Olympic silver medalist (b. 1952)
Giuliana Minuzzo, Italian alpine skier and Olympic bronze medalist (b. 1931)
Nelly Kaplan, Argentine-born French movie director and screenwriter (b. 1931)
Masatoshi Koshiba, Japanese physicist and Nobel Prize winner (b. 1926)
Leonid Potapov, Russian politician (b. 1935)
Albert Quixall, English footballer (b. 1933)
Jerry Rawlings, 1st and 4th President of Ghana (b. 1947)
Vidin Apostolov, Bulgarian footballer (b. 1941)
Paul Hornung, American football player (b. 1935)
Sir John Meurig Thomas, Welsh scientist and historian (b. 1932)
Attila Horváth, Hungarian Olympic disc thrower (b. 1967)
Louis Rostollan, French road bicycle racer (b. 1936)
Kićo Slabinac, Croatian pop singer-songwriter and musician (b. 1944)
Peter Sutcliffe, English serial killer (b. 1946)
Armen Dzhigarkhanyan, Armenian-Russian actor (b. 1935)
Hasan Muratović, 4th Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina (b. 1940)
Soumitra Chatterjee, Indian actor and writer (b. 1935)
Ray Clemence, English footballer (b. 1948)
Raúl Eduardo Vela Chiriboga, Ecuadorian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1934)
Henryk Gulbinowicz, Polish Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1923)
Walid Muallem, Syrian politician (b. 1941)
Bruce Swedien, American audio engineer and producer (b. 1934)
Walt Davis, American basketball player and Olympic champion (b. 1931)
Pim Doesburg, Dutch footballer (b. 1943)
Roman Viktyuk, Ukrainian-Russian theater actor, playwright and director (b. 1936)
Umar Ghalib, 7th Prime Minister of Somalia (b. 1930)
Adam Musiał, Polish footballer and manager (b. 1948)
Mridula Sinha, Indian politician (b. 1942)
Ernesto Canto, Mexican race walker and Olympic champion (b. 1959)
Irinej, 45th Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church (b. 1930)
Judith Jarvis Thomson, American moral philosopher (b. 1929)
Jan Morris, Welsh historian and travel writer (b. 1926)
Oliver Friggieri, Maltese poet and novelist (b. 1947)
Artemije Radosavljević, Serbian Orthodox prelate (b. 1935)
Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, 7th President of Mauritania (b. 1938)
Mustafa Nadarević, Bosnian-Croatian actor and comedian (b. 1943)
Maurice Setters, English footballer and manager (b. 1936)
Karl Dall, German actor, comedian and singer (b. 1941)
Abby Dalton, American actress (b. 1932)
David Dinkins, American politician and lawyer (b. 1927)
Tarun Gogoi, Indian politician (b. 1934)
Anele Ngcongca, South African footballer (b. 1987)
Damián Iguacén Borau, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1916)
Mamadou Tandja, 7th President of Niger (b. 1938)
Jacques Secrétin, French table tennis player (b. 1949)
Diego Maradona, Argentine footballer and manager (b. 1960)
James Wolfensohn, 9th President of the World Bank Group (b. 1933)
Sadiq al-Mahdi, 7th Prime Minister of Sudan (b. 1935)
Dimitar Largov, Bulgarian Olympic footballer (b. 1936)
Tevita Momoedonu, 5th Prime Minister of Fiji (b. 1946)
Daria Nicolodi, Italian actress and screenwriter (b. 1950)
Kevin Burnham, American sailor and Olympic champion (b. 1956)
Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, Iranian nuclear scientist (b. 1958)
Tony Hsieh, American internet businessman and venture capitalist (b. 1973)
November 28 – David Prowse, English bodybuilder, weightlifter and actor (b. 1935)
Ben Bova, American writer (b. 1932)
Papa Bouba Diop, Senegalese footballer (b. 1978)
Vladimir Fortov, Russian physicist (b. 1946)
Maria Itkina, Russian Olympic runner (b. 1932)
Juan Hormaechea, Spanish politician (b. 1939)
Hugh Keays-Byrne, English-Australian actor (b. 1947)
Eduardo Lourenço, Portuguese professor, philosopher and writer (b. 1923)
Arnie Robinson, 72, American athlete and Olympic champion (b. 1948)
Henri Teissier, French-Algerian Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1929)
Mohamed Abarhoun, Moroccan footballer (b. 1989)
Richard Corben, American illustrator and comics artist (b. 1940)
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, 20th President of France (b. 1926)
Zafarullah Khan Jamali, 15th Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1944)
Rafer Johnson, American Olympic champion and actor (b. 1935)
Karin Lindberg, Swedish gymnast and Olympic gold medalist (b. 1929)
Aldo Moser, Italian racing cyclist (b. 1934)
Pat Patterson, Canadian-American Hall of Fame professional wrestler (b. 1941)
Boris Plotnikov, Soviet-born Russian actor (b. 1949)
Pamela Tiffin, American actress and model (b. 1942)
André Gagnon, Canadian composer and conductor (b. 1936)
Alison Lurie, American novelist (b. 1926)
Albert Salvadó, Andorran writer and industrial engineer (b. 1951)
Narinder Singh Kapany, Indian-American physicist (b. 1926)
Kinuko Tanida, Japanese volleyball player and Olympic gold medalist (b. 1939)
Viktor Ponedelnik, Russian footballer and manager (b. 1937)
Wojciech Zabłocki, Polish architect and Olympic silver and bronze medalist (b. 1930)
Dennis Ralston, American tennis player (b. 1942)
Paul Sarbanes, American politician (b. 1933)
Tabaré Vázquez, 39th and 41st President of Uruguay (b. 1940)
Katarzyna Łaniewska, Polish actress and political activist (b. 1933)
Doug Scott, English mountaineer and philanthropist (b. 1941)
Chuck Yeager, 97, American military general and pilot (b. 1923)
Harold Budd, American composer and poet (b. 1936)
Alejandro Sabella, Argentine footballer and manager (b. 1954)
Yevgeny Shaposhnikov, Russian military officer and politician (b. 1944)
Kurt Stettler, Swiss footballer (b. 1932)
Vyacheslav Kebich, 1st Prime Minister of Belarus (b. 1936)
Alex Olmedo, Peruvian-American tennis player (b. 1936)
Paolo Rossi, Italian footballer (b. 1956)
Tom Lister Jr., American actor and professional wrestler (b. 1958)
Dame Barbara Windsor, English actress (b. 1937)
James Flynn, New Zealand intelligence researcher and writer (b. 1934)
Kim Ki-duk, South Korean filmmaker (b. 1960)
John le Carré, British writer (b. 1931)
Valentin Gaft, Russian actor (b. 1935)
Charley Pride, American singer and baseball player (b. 1934)
Ann Reinking, American actress, choreographer and dancer (b. 1949)
Jack Steinberger, German-born American physicist and Nobel Prize winner (b. 1921)
Fikre Selassie Wogderess, 9th Prime Minister of Ethiopia (b. 1945)
Otto Barić, Austrian-born Croatian footballer (b. 1933)
Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini, 10th Prime Minister of Eswatini (b. 1968)
Jimmy McLane, American swimmer and Olympic champion (b. 1930)
Gérard Houllier, French football manager (b. 1947)
Piotr Machalica, Polish actor and singer (b. 1955)
Günter Sawitzki, German footballer (b. 1932)
Paul Nihill, British race walker and Olympic silver medalist (b. 1939)
Zoltan Sabo, Serbian footballer and manager (b. 1972)
December 16 – Flavio Cotti, 80th President of Switzerland (b. 1939)
Jeremy Bulloch, English actor (b. 1945)
Pierre Buyoya, 3rd President of Burundi (b. 1949)
Hennadiy Kernes, Ukrainian politician (b. 1959)
Saufatu Sopoanga, 8th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (b. 1952)
Pelle Svensson, Swedish wrestler and Olympic silver medalist (b. 1943)
Peter Lamont, British production designer (b. 1929)
Peter Takeo Okada, Japanese Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1941)
Michael Jeffery, 24th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1937)
Òscar Ribas Reig, 1st Prime Minister of Andorra (b. 1936)
Tim Severin, British explorer, historian and writer (b. 1940)
December 19 – Sir Mekere Morauta, 7th Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (b. 1946)
Doug Anthony, 2nd Deputy Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1929)
Nicette Bruno, Brazilian actress (b. 1933)
December 21 – Sir Arnold Wolfendale, British astronomer (b. 1927)
Claude Brasseur French actor (b. 1936)
Norma Cappagli, Argentine model and Miss World winner (b. 1939)
Edmund M. Clarke, American computer scientist (b. 1945)
Muhammad Mustafa Mero, 62nd Prime Minister of Syria (b. 1941)
Stella Tennant, British model (b. 1970)
Arkady Andreasyan, Armenian footballer and manager (b. 1947)
James E. Gunn, American writer (b. 1923)
Leslie West, American singer and guitarist (b. 1945)
Rika Zaraï, Israeli singer-songwriter (b. 1938)
December 24 – Ivry Gitlis, Israeli violinist (b. 1922)
Ivan Bogdan, Ukrainian wrestler and Olympic champion (b. 1928)
Soumaïla Cissé, Malian politician (b. 1949)
Danny Hodge, American wrestler and Olympic silver medalist (b. 1932)
K. C. Jones, American basketball player and coach (b. 1932)
Tony Rice, American bluegrass singer-songwriter and musician (b. 1951)
Milka Babović, Croatian sprinter, hurdler and journalist (b. 1928)
George Blake, British spy (b. 1922)
George Robert Carruthers, American physicist and inventor (b. 1939)
Brodie Lee, American professional wrestler (b. 1979)
Phil Niekro, American baseball player (b. 1939)
Jim McLean, 83, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1937)
Fou Ts'ong, Chinese-born British pianist (b. 1934)
Armando Manzanero, Mexican singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1935)
Claude Bolling, French jazz pianist and composer (b. 1930)
Pierre Cardin, Italian-born French fashion designer and businessman (b. 1922)
John Paul Jr., American racecar driver and convicted criminal (b. 1960)
Luigi Snozzi, Swiss architect (b. 1932)
Samuel Little, American serial killer and rapist (b. 1940)
Dawn Wells, American actress and model (b. 1938)
Eugene Wright, American jazz bassist (b. 1923)
Tommy Docherty, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1928)
Robert Hossein, French movie director, actor and screenwriter (b. 1927)
Dick Thornburgh, American lawyer and politician (b. 1932)
Chemistry – Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna
Economics – Paul Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson
Literature – Louise Glück
Peace – World Food Programme
Physics – Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea M. Ghez
Physiology or Medicine – Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice
The adhān (also Athaan: IPA: [ʔæˈðæːn]) (أَذَان) is the Islamic call to prayer.
The muezzin reads it out aloud.
The root of the word is  "to permit", and another derivative of this word is , meaning "ear."
The muezzin reads Adhan in the mosque, sometimes from a minaret.
He usually does this five times a day.
Adhan is used to call other Muslims to do the prayers.
There is a second call, known as iqama (set up) that is used to tell Muslims to line up for the start of the prayers.
Sometimes, loudspeakers are used on the minarets.
The tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) is a carnivorous marsupial of the order of Dasyuromorphia.
It is also known as the spotted-tail quoll or the spotted quoll.
It is mainland Australia's largest, and the world's longest carnivorous marsupial.
Kenneth "Ken" Moore Whisenhunt (born February 28, 1962 in Augusta, Georgia) is the American football head coach of the Arizona Cardinals NFL football team, leading them to the first Super Bowl in ream history during the 2008 season.
Before that, he was known for his well-planned offensive plays, including the success he had with the Pittsburgh Steelers in his 3 years as their offensive coordinator under Bill Cowher, in which the Steeers won Super Bowl XL during the 2005 season.
After attending the Academy of Richmond County in Augusta, Georgia for high school, Whisenhunt played college football at Georgia Tech (1980-84), where he graduated with a degree in Civil Engineering.
During his senior season, he was an honorable mention All-American.
He also finished first team all-ACC during his final two college seasons.
Whisenhunt's career as a player included 4 years (1985-88) as a tight end with the Atlanta Falcons, who drafted him in the twelfth round, and then short periods with the Washington Redskins and New York Jets.
He retired from the league in 1993 after nine seasons in which he was mostly known as a blocker.
He began his coaching career at Vanderbilt University, where he coached special teams, tight ends and H-backs for the Commodores from 1995 to 1996.
In 1997, he returned to the NFL as the tight ends coach for the Baltimore Ravens.
Whisenhunt changed teams very often in his early years in the league, moving to the staff of the Cleveland Browns in 1999 and to the New York Jets the following season.
In 2001, Whisenhunt was hired by the Steelers to coach their tight ends.
He was able to make players such as Mark Bruener and Jay Riemersma, both considered no longer at their best, into great blocking backs.
He became offensive coordinator in Pittsburgh for the 2004 season after Mike Mularkey became the head coach of the Buffalo Bills.
Whisenhunt had instant success in his role.
While Mularkey was known for creating exciting trick plays, Whisenhunt became more of a cautious play-caller, whose well-timed trick plays surprised the Steelers' opponents because they were very unlike the conservative Pittsburgh run game.
Whisenhunt's most famous moment is the trick play he called in Super Bowl XL.
With Pittsburgh leading 14-10 over the Seattle Seahawks, Whisenhunt called a wide receiver reverse pass (Antwaan Randle El to Hines Ward, the only TD pass thrown by a WR in Super Bowl history) that allowed Pittsburgh to get a big lead, which they did not give away.
On January 14, 2007 the Arizona Cardinals hired Whisenhunt as their new head coach.
The contract he received promised him an average of $2.5 million annually.
Whisenhunt had also interviewed for the head coaching position with the Steelers, Atlanta Falcons and Miami Dolphins.
In February 2006, the Oakland Raiders were interviewing him to become their new head coach, but Whisenhunt ended the talks before a deal could be offered.
The Cardinals were better in Whisenhunt's first season, finishing with 8 wins and 8 losses after finishing with 5 wins and 11 losses the two seasons before that and losing 10 or more games in seven of the previous eight campaigns.
It was their first non-losing season since 1998, even though they still failed to make the playoffs.
Before his second season, Whisenhunt made the experienced Kurt Warner his starting quarterback.
In Whisenhunt's first season, Warner had split time with the team's younger quarterback Matt Leinart, although Warner started the final 11 games of the 2007 season after Leinart suffered a season-ending injury.
This was a good decision because Warner put up good numbers in leading the Cardinals to a 9 win and 7 loss regular season record in the 2008 season.
This was good enough to win NFC West Division, the Cardinals' first division title since 1975, when the team played in St. Louis, Missouri.
Whisenhunt's second season was also the Cardinals' first time in the playoffs since 1998.
After beating the Atlanta Falcons and the Carolina Panthers in the first two rounds of the NFC playoffs, the Cardinals defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in the NFC Championship on January 18, 2009 and advanced to the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history to face the Pittsburgh Steelers.
This gave Whisenhunt an opportunity to play against the team he used to be the offensive coordinator of.
The Cardinals lost the game 27-23.
Whisenhunt credited the Steelers' players and staff with the win, but also said penalties were one of the reasons for the loss.
Head coaching record
Coaching tree
Whisenhunt has worked on the staff of four National Football League coaches.
Ted Marchibroda, Baltimore Ravens (1997–1998)
Chris Palmer, Cleveland Browns (1999)
Al Groh, New York Jets (2000)
Bill Cowher, Pittsburgh Steelers (2001–2006)
Whisenhunt has had one future National Football League coach work under him.
He was:
Todd Haley, Kansas City Chiefs (2009)
Official page on Arizona Cardinals site
Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart was the last child of James II of England and Mary of Modena.
She was born in 1692 and died in 1712.
1692 births
Casa Colorada (translated into English as Red House) is a colonial house in Santiago, Chile.
[red ochre House] is raised with ashlar stone, his roof was mounted on beech beams, and the mezzanine on canelo wood.
Timber framing is made of native bamboo.
The constructor was Joseph de la Vega in 1769.
This building served as home of Mateo de Toro y Zambrano and now is a Museum, managed by Santiago's Municipality.
Kept there the collections, and scale models of the colony life.
Casa Colorada was the place were the Chilean Declaration of Independence was signed on September 18th, 1810.
The building consists of two storeys.
Buildings and structures in Chile
El Seibo is a Dominican province in the eastern part of the country.
Its capital city is Santa Cruz del Seibo.
It was one of the first provinces in the country; the first Dominican constitution made it in 1844 one of the five original provinces of the country.
Its name has always been El Seibo, written sometimes as El Seybo.
The El Seibo province has the La Altagracia province to the east, the San Pedro de Macorís province to the south and the Hato Mayor province to the west.
To the north of the El Seibo province is the Samaná Bay, part of the Atlantic Ocean.
On 24 July 1844, after the Dominican independence, the government made five departments (another name for province); one of those departments was the El Seibo Department, with the municipalities of El Seibo, Hato Mayor, Higüey and Samaná.
The first Dominican constitution kept that division but as provinces instead of departments.
The original province had all the eastern part of the Hispaniola, including the Samaná peninsula.
But soon the province was reduced to make new provinces.
The first two new provinces made with land of El Seibo province were Samaná in 1865, and San Pedro de Macorís in 1882.
In 1961, the old La Altagracia province, that later was divided in La Altagracia and La Romana provinces, was made out of the El Seibo province.
The last province made with part of El Seibo was Hato Mayor in 1984.
Before that, people from El Seibo fought against the French army.
The most important battle was the Palo Hincado Battle won by the Dominican people on 7 November 1808, in a savanna (Palo Hincado Savanna) just to the east of Santa Cruz del Seibo.
Soon the French had to leave the country, and the whole island; they had lost Haiti, too.
1997 : Pedro Sánchez
2001 : El Cedro
2005 : La Gina
2006 : San Francisco-Vicentillo and Santa Lucía
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the El Seibo province, and 45,103 () living in towns and cities.
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 25th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
El Seibo has a total area of .
It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 11th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province of the country.
There are at least three geographic regions in the province.
From north to south, they are:
Coastal plains.
Small plains along the Atlantic coast.
Cordillera Oriental (in English: "Eastern mountain range").
A mountain range with low mountains.
Llano Costero del Caribe (in English, "Caribbean Coastal Plain"), a large prairie with big important savannas.
The only main road in the province is the Carretera Mella (Mella National Road) that goes through the middle of the province; the road comes from Santo Domingo and goes through the cities of Hato Mayor and Santa Cruz del Seibo and ends in Higüey.
There are 2 municipalities and 5 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.
Cattle raising is the most important activity in the province.
Sugar cane and cacao are the most important crops.
Al-Masjid an-Nabawī (; Prophet's Mosque) is a mosque established and originally built by the Prophet of Islam Muhammad.
It is in the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia.
Al-Masjid an-Nabawi was the third mosque built in the history of Islam and is now one of the largest mosques in the world.
It is the second-holiest site in Islam, after Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.
The site was originally adjacent to Muhammad's house; he settled there after his Hijra (emigration) to Medina in 622 CE.
He shared in the heavy work of building.
The original mosque was an open-air building.
The mosque served as a community center, a court, and a religious school.
There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran.
In 1909, it became the first place in the Arabian Peninsula to be provided with electrical lights.
The mosque is under the control of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.
The mosque is located in what was traditionally the center of Medina, with many hotels and old markets nearby.
It is a major pilgrimage site.
Many pilgrims who perform the Hajj go on to Medina to visit the mosque due to its connections to the life of Muhammad.
After an expansion during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, it now incorporates the final resting place of Muhammad and the first two Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar.
One of the most notable features of the site is the Green Dome in the south-east corner of the mosque, originally Aisha's house, where the tomb of Muhammad is located.
In 1279, a wooden cupola was built over the tomb which was later rebuilt and renovated multiple times in late 15th century and once in 1817.
The current dome was added in 1818 by the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II, and it was first painted green in 1837, hence becoming known as the "Green Dome".
Major Donation
Sarvestan Palace is a monument of the Sassanid era (226-651).
It was built during the reign of Bahram "Gur" (The Zebra-Hunter, 420-438 A.D.) as a leisure mansion.
Its excavation revealed that the area was inhabited 6,000 years ago, 4,500 years older than previous estimates.
Sacred architecture (also known as religious architecture) is concerned with the design and construction of places of worship and buildings such as churches, mosques, stupas, synagogues, and temples.
An iwan ( eyvān) is defined as a vaulted hall or space, walled on three sides, with one end open.
Iwans were a trademark of the Sassanid architecture of Persia.
They then found their way into Islamic architecture.
The Hassan II Mosque () is in Casablanca.
It is the largest mosque in Morocco and the third largest mosque in the world after the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) of Mecca and the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) in Medina.
It was designed by the French architect Michel Pinseau.
It was built by Bouygues.
it stands on a promontory looking out to the Atlantic, which can be seen through a glass floor with room for 25,000 worshippers.
A further 80,000 can fit in the mosque's adjoining grounds.
Its minaret is the world's tallest at .
Buildings and structures in Morocco
20th-century establishments in Morocco
The Missa in Angustiis (Mass for troubled times) is one of fourteen masses written by Joseph Haydn.
It is also called Nelson mass, because it was first performed after Lord Horatio Nelson won a battle against Napoleon Bonaparte.
It was written in 1798.
It is one of the six masses Haydn wrote towards the end of his life.
The Princess Victoria, Princess Royal (Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa; 21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901) was the eldest child and daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
She was created Princess Royal of the United Kingdom in 1841.
She became queen of Prussia and Empress of Germany in 1888 until her husband's Friedrich's death a few months later.
Her son Wilhelm II became German Emperor then.
Her daughter Sophia of Prussia became Queen Consort of Greece Queen Consort of the Hellene.
Empress Victoria died of breast cancer in Kronberg im Taunus, Germany, on 5 August 1901, a few months after her mother's death on 22 January 1901 .
The Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn KG, KT, KP, PC, GCMG, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, GCB, GCStJ, (Arthur William Patrick Albert; 1 May 1850 – 16 January 1942) was a member of the British Royal Family, the third son and seventh child of Queen Victoria.
Arthur served as the Governor General of Canada from 1911 to 1916.
He was created Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex in 1874.
He was the longest lived issue of Queen Victoria.
He died in 1942.He lived to age 91.
He was the father of the Crown Princess of Sweden.
The Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (Leopold George Duncan Albert; 7 April 1853 – 28 March 1884) was a member of the British Royal Family, a son of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort.
Leopold was later created the Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence and Baron Arklow.
He was diagnosed with haemophilia as a baby, which later led to his death as an adult after slipping on the floor.
The Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (in Dutch: Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest) is an orchestra in the Netherlands.
The orchestra is based in Amsterdam.
“Concertgebouw” (pronounced: “Con-SERT-ghe-bouw”) is the Dutch word for “concert hall”.
For nearly a century the orchestra were just called “Concertgebouw Orchestra”, but in 1988 the Queen Beatrix gave them the "Royal" title.
The concert hall, called the Concertgebouw, was opened on 11 April 1888.
The orchestra was formed later that year and gave its first performance on 3 November 1888 under Willem Kes, who was to be their conductor for seven years.
In 1895, Willem Mengelberg became chief conductor.
He was to be their conductor for fifty years.
He made them into a world-class orchestra.
He is particularly remembered for his conducting of the music of Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss whose music was new in those days.
As well as their chief conductor, the orchestra had assistant conductor positions called “first conductor” and “second conductor”.
During Mengelberg’s time the “first conductors”  included  Karl Muck (1921-1925), Pierre Monteux (1924-1934), Bruno Walter (1934-1939), and Eugen Jochum (1941-1943), and the second conductors included the composer Cornelis Dopper, Evert Cornelis and Eduard van Beinum.
In 1945, after World War II had ended, Mengelberg was not allowed to conduct the orchestra because he had played to the Nazis.
He was banned for six years from conducting them, but he died in 1951 just before the six years came to an end.
From 1945 to 1959, the orchestra's main conductor was Eduard van Beinum, who had sometimes conducted the orchestra since 1929.
He was especially fond of the symphonies of Anton Bruckner, and he made recordings of Bruckner's Eighth and Ninth Symphonies for the Philips Records.
Van Beinum conducted the orchestra until April 1959 when he suddenly had a heart attack and died during a rehearsal.
Bernard Haitink first conducted the Concertgebouw Orchestra on 7 November 1956.
After van Beinum's death, Haitink became the orchestra's first conductor in September 1959.
From 1961 to 1963, Haitink and Eugen Jochum shared the post of chief conductor of the orchestra.
Haitink became the only chief conductor in 1963, and continued in this post until 1988.
He had “assistant conductors”, including Edo de Waart and Hans Vonk.
Haitink made many recordings with the orchestra.
In the early 1980s, the Dutch government was going to reduce the amount of money that the orchestra would get.
This would mean that 23 musicians would have to lose their job.
Haitink said he would resign if they did that.
Fortunately the government changed their mind.
Riccardo Chailly became chief conductor of the orchestra in 1985.
He recorded many symphonies with them including symphonies by Mahler, Bruckner and Shostakovich.
When he left in 2004 Mariss Jansons became chief conductor.
Chief conductors of the (Royal) Concertgebouw Orchestra
1888-1895 Willem Kes
1895-1945 Willem Mengelberg
1945-1959 Eduard van Beinum
1961-1988 Bernard Haitink
1988-2004 Riccardo Chailly
2004-2015 Mariss Jansons
2016- Daniele Gatti
Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra official website
Dutch music
GNU GRUB ("GRUB" for short) is a boot loader package from the GNU Project.
GRUB is the main example of the Multiboot Specification, which allows a user to have more than one operating systems on their computer at once, and to choose which one to run when the computer starts.
GRUB can be used to select from different kernel images available on a particular operating system's partitions, as well as to pass boot-time parameters to such kernels.
The MBR contains GRUB stage 1.
Because of the small size of the MBR, Stage 1 just loads the next stage of GRUB (which may be physically elsewhere on the disk).
Stage 1 can either load Stage 2 directly, or it can load stage 1.5: GRUB Stage 1.5 is located in the first 30 kilobytes of hard disk immediately following the MBR.
Stage 1.5 loads Stage 2.
When GRUB Stage 2 receives control, it presents an interface to the user in order to select which operating system to boot.
This normally takes the form of a graphical menu, although if this is not available or the user wishes further control, GRUB has its own command prompt, where the user can manually specify the boot parameters.
GRUB can also be set to automatically load a particular kernel after a timeout period.
Once boot options have been selected, GRUB loads the selected kernel into memory and passes control on to the kernel, which then continues to start itself.
At this stage GRUB can also pass control of the boot process to another loader, using chain loading, for operating systems such as Windows that do not support the Multiboot standard.
In this case, copies of the other system's boot programs have been saved by GRUB; instead of a kernel, the other system is loaded as though it had been started from the MBR.
This may be yet another boot manager, such as the Microsoft boot menu, allowing further selection of non-Multiboot operating systems. (
This behavior is often automatic when modern Linux distributions are installed "on top of" existing Windows systems, allowing the user to retain the original operating system without changes, including systems that contain multiple versions of Windows.)
Comparison of boot loaders
Das U-Boot Universal Bootloader
elilo
GRLDR
Ncurses and Ncurses package for Windows in GnuWin32
NTLDR
SILO
xOSL Extended Operating System Loader
Official GNU GRUB project
Official GNU GRUB manual
GRUB 2 Home Page
Official help-grub email list
GRUB wiki
Documentation for forks:
GRUB4DOS  — Manual , Wiki, Guide , and Forum
Super Grub Disk — Wiki
Grub tutorial for beginners
GNU GRUB (0.97) Simplified for Newbies
Structure at the start of a hard disk in a PC and how GRUB fits into that structure.
WINGRUB: a GRUB installer for Windows
LILO and GRUB: Boot Loaders Made Simple by Judith Myerson
Boot with GRUB, Linux Journal - A good tutorial
How to install and boot 145 OS in a PC (using GRUB)
How to add GRUB to your USB thumb drive.
Larva of insects, most commonly of beetles
a slang term for food; also as a verb to scavenge for food
a British word for a headless set screw
a British word to take collective list of items
Grub AR, Grub, in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland
Grub am Forst, a town in the district of Coburg in Bavaria, Germany
Grub, Thuringia, a municipality in the district of Hildburghausen in Thuringia, Germany
GNU GRUB, the GNU project's bootloader software
Grub (search engine), a distributed search crawler platform
In Yahoo email group management terminology, a "grub" sometimes means a Yahoo email group that was formerly a club
Grub Smith, British television presenter
Hugo Eric Louis van Lawick, son of Jane Goodall, nicknamed "Grub"
Mother Goose is thought to be the most famous author of nursery rhymes.
Some people say that the real "Mother Goose" lived in New England or France 300 years ago.
A book of poems for children entitled Mother Goose's Melody was published in England in 1781, and the name "Mother Goose" has been associated with children's poetry ever since.
A fruiterer is a fruit seller.
Fruiterer known also as "greengrocer"
Anything related to the Flemish Region in Belgium (often called Flanders)
Flemish people, an ethnic group in Europe, mostly from the Flemish Region
In medicine, ischaemia is when the blood supply is blocked or restricted.
This is usually caused by problems in the blood vessels, and causes damage to the body.
It may also be spelled ischemia or ischæmia.
It comes from the Greek words, isch- to restrict and hema or haema meaning blood.
Angina pectoris (angina of the heart) is pain which is due to ischaemia of the heart muscle.
A common cause of angina pectoris is when the heart is working harder than normal e.g. during exercise.
Wahhabi (الوهابية) or Wahhabism is the conservative form of Sunni Islam practised in Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
People think Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, an 18th century scholar, started this belief.
He wanted to see a return to the practices of the first three generations of Islamic history.
"a corpus of doctrines, but also a set of attitudes and behavior, derived from the teachings of a particularly severe religious reformist who lived in central Arabia in the mid-eighteenth century".
Gilles Kepel.
"pure Islam that does not deviate from Sharia law in any way and should be called Islam and not Wahhabism".
Prince Salman bin Abdul Aziz, the governor of the Saudi capital Riyadh.
"a misguided creed that fosters intolerance, promotes simplistic theology, and restricts Islam's capacity for adaption to diverse and shifting circumstances".
David Commins, paraphrasing opponents' definition.
Wahhabism -Citizendium
Muawiyah I (602-680) was a deeply controversial figure in Islam.
He was the nephew of Uthman, and founded the Umayyad dynasty.
He was also the rival of Ali.
602 births
680 deaths
A bell tower (also belfry or campanile) is a tower which contains one or more bells, or which is designed to hold bells, even if it has none.
They are usually built at a height that allows the sound to be heard at some distance.
There are different ways to make the bells in a bell tower ring.
In many cases, the bell is rung by pulling on a rope that is joined to the bell, making it swing on a hinge and the clapper hit the bell.
Another way is to use a keyboard called a carillon.
Sometimes, the bells are controlled by a clock mechanism or a computer.
This lets them ring at certain times without the need for a human to do it.
There are no examples of bell towers in antiquity.
The first to use a bell tower in a church was Paulinus of Nola, about the start of the 5th century.
Bell towers in Italy have almost always been plain vertical towers not attached to a building ().
From the beginning, bell towers in northern Europe have been attached to churches.
They were known of in England at least by the time of Bede.
When Hilda, Abbess of Whitby died (680 AD), a nun reported hearing the sound of a bell.
Bell towers are repeatedly mentioned during the 8th century.
One was the campanile of St. Peter's Basilica at Rome.
Bernini's bell towers
Gian Lorenzo Bernini was Pope Urban XIII's choice to design and build twin bell towers on the front of St. Peter's.
His first tower shifted and large cracks appeared.
Work on the second tower stopped.
Bernini was blamed and called incompetent.
When Pope Urban died in 1644 it was not decided what to do about the tower disaster.
It was a major setback for Bernini's career and for the future of church bell towers.
It was later discovered the ground under the towers was not stable.
The towers were torn down.
Bernini went on to have an otherwise brilliant career.
He leads the call (adhan) to Friday service and the five daily prayers (also known as the salat) from one of the mosque's minarets.
Blind people often got the position; this is so that they could not see the places where women gathered.
Today, many mosques have electronic amplification, and the muezzin no longer needs to be on the minaret.
In the city of Abu Dhabi, the call to prayer is coordinated, all mosques transmit the call of the muezzin of Sheikh Zayed Mosque.
The idea for a similar system in Cairo failed in 2004.
Iqama () is the second call to Islamic Prayer.
It is given immediately before the prayer begins.
Aleppo ( ['ħalab], , ) is a city in northern Syria.
From 2012 to 2016 it was a battlefield in the Syrian civil war.
In 2010 it had an official population of 4.6 million.
Then, Aleppo was the largest Syrian city.
After 2010, however, Aleppo is probably the second-largest city in Syria after the capital Damascus.
Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously lived in (lived in all the time) cities in the world.
People may have arrived in the 6th millennium BC.
The Mihrab () is a niche in the wall of a mosque.
It indicates the qibla (the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, the direction that Muslims should face when praying).
The wall in which a mihrab appears is the "qibla wall."
It is known for being the headquarters of NPR West and Sony Pictures and was at one time home to studios for NFL Network.
Majority rule is a way of making decisions in government or in voting.
A decision is made if it gets more than half of the votes.
Majority rule is often used in referendums, which is when voters decide if they want to make a law by voting yes or no.
Majority rule is not the same as a plurality vote.
In Plurality voting, which is often used in elections, whoever gets the most votes wins.
With a plurality vote, the winner can have fewer than half of the votes if there are more than two choices.
Elections for the house of Commons and many similar parliamentary bodies are done by plurality.
Some people have criticized majority rule because it can lead to the tyranny of the majority which is not true democracy, where people who are the majority might vote for something that helps them but hurts the people in the minority or may even cause the negation of universal human rights, like Enabling Act.
To prevent them, limit of constitutionalism and rule of law are established by German Constitution, as well as Council of Europe and European Union.
This was also used in Greek voting.
The Jama Masjid, also known as the Masjid-i Jahān-Numā (, which translates as the 'World-reflecting Mosque') is the principal mosque of Old Delhi in India.
1656 establishments
The 2006 Jama Masjid explosions were two explosions that occurred in the courtyard of Jama Masjid, a 17th-century mosque in Old Delhi (India) on April 14, 2006.
2000s in India
The Babri Mosque (, ), or Mosque of Babur was a mosque in Ayodhya, India.
It was constructed by order of the first Mughal emperor of India, Babur, in Ayodhya in the 16th century.
Later, the site was declared disputed by the court.
The mosque i destroyed in 1992 when a Rally of Hindus entered to the Ayodhya.
After the demolition of the Babri Mosque there was violence between Muslims and Hindus.
On 27 September 2010 an Indian High Court (Allahabad High Court) decided that the Mosque was built on the Shri Ramlala Temple which was destroyed by Babar.
Allahabad High Court decided to split the site into three parts.
16th-century establishments in India
1992 disestablishments
1527 establishments
Wudu ( al-wuū',  ābdast, ,  wazū') is the Islamic act of washing parts of the body using water.
It is necessary to do this before one prays.
The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called 7/7) were suicide bomb attacks on public transport in London.
British Muslim extremists did the attacks during the morning rush hour.
At 08:50 a.m. three bombs exploded within fifty seconds of each other on three London Underground trains.
A fourth exploded an hour later at 09:47 on a bus in Tavistock Square.
The bombs were homemade.
They were carried in rucksacks and set off by the bombers.
There were many memorials and services in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.
The memorials  remembered those who died in the attacks, including a memorial in Hyde Park.
There were 56 people who died from the attacks, and over 700 people were hurt in the attack.
At 8:49am, on 7 July 2005, three bombs were set off on London Underground trains within 50 seconds of each other:
The first bomb exploded on a train that was travelling below the ground, going towards the east between Liverpool Street and Aldgate.
The train had left King's Cross St Pancras about eight minutes before.
When the explosion happened, the train's third carriage was about 100yards (90m) along the tunnel from Liverpool Street.
The parallel track of the Hammersmith & City line between Liverpool Street and Aldgate East was also damaged in the blast.
The second bomb exploded on another train.
It had just left platform 4 on Edgware Road and was travelling west towards Paddington.
There were some other trains nearby at the time of the explosion.
Another train was going by at the time of the explosion and was damaged slightly by the blast.
Two other trains were at Edgware Road and were damaged by the explosion.
A third bomb went off on a Underground train going south from King's Cross St Pancras to Russell Square.
The bomb exploded about a minute after the train had left King's Cross, by which time it had gone about 500yards (450m) from the station.
The explosion happened behind the first carriage of the train, causing a lot of damage to the back of the carriage as well as the front of the second one.
The surrounding tunnel was also damaged.
A code amber alert was declared  at 9:19am.
London Underground began to stop the network's operations, ordering trains to continue only to the next station and stopping all services.
The effects of the explosions varied according to the differing designs of the tunnels in which each happened:
The Circle line is a "cut and cover" below ground tunnel, about 7m (21ft) deep.
The tunnel has two parallel tracks, which apparently reduced the destructive effect of the explosion.
The Piccadilly line is a deep-level tunnel, up to 30m (100ft) below the surface and with narrow (3.56m, or 11ftin) single-track tubes and just 15cm (6in) clearances.
This confined space reflected the blast force, making the damage worse.
Tavistock Square bus
A fourth bomb exploded almost an hour after the attacks on the London Underground.
It exploded on the deck of a  number 30 double-decker bus.
The bus was a Dennis Trident 2 from Stagecoach London.
It was following the route from Marble Arch to Hackney Wick.
At its final destination, the bus turned around and started the return route to Hackney Wick.
The bus left Marble Arch at 9:00am and arrived at Euston bus station, the destination, at 9:35am, where crowds of people had been evacuated from the tube and went on buses as a different way of transport.
The explosion at 9:47am in Tavistock Square caused the roof to come off and destroyed the back part of the bus.
The explosion took place near BMA House, the headquarters of the British Medical Association, on Upper Woburn Place.
A number of doctors and medical staff in or near that building were able to provide immediate emergency help.
People who saw the explosion reported seeing "papers and half a bus flying through the air".
BBC Radio 5 Live and The Sun later reported that two injured bus passengers said that they saw a man exploding the bomb in the bus.
The position of the bomb inside the bus meant the front of the bus remained mostly undamaged from the explosion.
Most of the passengers at the front of the top deck remained in the same condition as before, as did those near the front of the lower deck, including the driver.
However, those at the back of the bus had more serious injuries, with a few people being blown away from the bus.
The level of the damage caused to the victims' bodies resulted in a longer delay in announcing the death amount from the bombing while the police looked at how many bodies were there and whether the bomber was one of them.
A few people nearby the bus were also hurt by the explosion and the surrounding buildings were damaged by debris.
The bombed bus was then covered with tarpaulin and removed so that they could look at the forensics at a secure Ministry of Defence site.
The vehicle was later returned to Stagecoach and scrapped on 15 October 2009.
A replacement bus, a new Alexander Dennis Enviro400, was named Spirit of London.
784 people were injured and 52 people were killed by the bombers, not including the deaths of the bombers.
The people who died were of many different backgrounds.
Some of them were from places outside the United Kingdom.
All those who died were UK residents, including exchange students.
Because of train delays before the attacks and transport problems after attacks caused by them, a few people died aboard trains and buses they would not normally have taken.
The people who died differed in age: the youngest was 20 and the oldest was 60 years old.
The average age was 34.
Seven of the people were killed at Aldgate, six at Edgware Road, 26 at King's Cross and 13 at Tavistock Square.
784 people were injured by the attacks.
Martine Wright, who lost her legs in the attack, would later play in the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
Police officers and other emergency services workers helped those who were injured.
The four suicide bombers were:
Mohammad Sidique Khan: aged 30.
Khan exploded his bomb just after leaving Edgware Road tube station on a train travelling toward Paddington, at 8:50am.
Khan lived in Beeston, Leeds, with his wife and young child.
He worked as a learning assistant at a primary school there.
The blast killed seven people, including Khan himself.
Shehzad Tanweer: aged 22.
He exploded a bomb aboard a train going between Liverpool Street station and Aldgate tube station, at 8:50am.
He lived in Leeds with his mother and father, working in a fish and chip shop.
Eight people, including Tanweer, were killed by the explosion.
Germaine Lindsay: aged 19.
He exploded his bomb on a train travelling between King's Cross and Russell Square tube stations, at 8:50am.
He lived in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, with his pregnant wife and young son.
The blast killed 27 people, including Lindsay himself.
Hasib Hussain: the youngest of the four at 18, Hussain exploded his bomb on the top deck of a double-decker bus at 9:47am.
He lived in Leeds with his brother and sister-in-law.
Fourteen people, including Hussain, died in the explosion in Tavistock Square.
All four of them were associated with Al Qaeda.
Three of the bombers were born in the United Kingdom, sons of Pakistani immigrants; Lindsay was a convert born in Jamaica.
Charles Clarke, Home Secretary when the attacks happened, described the bombers as "cleanskins" before their role in the attacks.
This was a new word: it meant "unknown to the government".
On the day of the attacks, all four had went to Luton, Bedfordshire, by automobile.
The group then went to London by train.
They were recorded on CCTV arriving at King's Cross station at about 8:30am.
Recorded reasonings
Two of the bombers made recordings describing their reasons for becoming what they called "soldiers".
In a taped broadcast by Al Jazeera on 1 September 2005, Mohammad Sidique Khan, described his motivation.
The tape had been edited and mentioned al-Qaeda members Osama Bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, calling them "today's heroes".
Khan's tape said:
On 6 July 2006, a recorded statement by Shehzad Tanweer was broadcasted by Al-Jazeera.
The video was thought to include statements and thoughts by al-Zawahiri.
In the video, Tanweer said:
Tanweer thought that the people who weren't Muslims in Britain deserved to be attacked because they voted for a government which "continues to oppress our mothers, children, brothers and sisters in Palestine, Afghanistan, Iraq and Chechnya".
Effects and response
Early reports
Early reports suggested that a power surge on the Underground power grid had caused explosions in power circuits, but this was later found out to not be true.
Some people suggested that the explanation had been made because of bomb damage to power lines along the tracks.
The damage to the power lines caused power surges.