the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In 1937 he set up the Polaroid Corporation to make scientific instruments and anti-glare sunglasses.
In 1947 he developed the Polaroid camera.
It could print photographs without needing film.
Scientists from Connecticut
Mostazal is a Chilean commune in the Province of Cachapoal, Region of O'Higgins.
According to the census of 2002, the population of the commune was 21,866 and it has an area of .
Settlements in the Region of O'Higgins
In rail transport, a retarder is a device put in a classification yard used to slow down the speed of freight cars as they are sorted into trains.
Each retarder has a series of stationary brakes around a short section of each rail on the track that hold and slow the cars' wheels through friction as they roll through them.
Modern retarders are computer worked to have the perfect amount of pressure on the wheels so that cars rolling down a yard's hump are slowed to a safe speed for coupling with cars already standing on the yard's tracks.
The word Janeite has been used by people who love the works of Jane Austen.
However, it can also be used to show disapproval.
Claudia Johnson says that Janeitism is "the self-consciously idolatrous enthusiasm (love) for 'Jane' and every detail relative to her (about her)".
Janeitism did not begin until after J. E. Austen-Leigh published A Memoir of Jane Austen in 1870.
When this was published, Jane Austen became much more popular.
This worried the literary elite.
They felt they had to separate their liking of Austen from the "masses".
The word Janeite was first begun by the literary scholar George Saintsbury in his 1894 introduction to a new edition of Pride and Prejudice.
Austen scholar Deidre Lynch explains, "he meant to equip himself with a badge of honor he could jubilantly (triumphantly, happily) pin".
In the early twentieth century, Janeitism was "principally (mostly) a male enthusiasm shared among publishers, professors, and literati".
Rudyard Kipling even printed a short story called "Janeites" about a group of World War I soldiers who were fans of Austen's novels.
In the 1930s and 1940s,Austen's works were accepted at school, and the word began to change its meaning.
It began to mean the people who liked Austen in the "wrong" way.
The word, according to Lynch, is now " and against other people".
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Jane Austen In Context.
Introduction: Sharing with Our Neighbors".
MacDonald, Gina and Andrew MacDonald, eds.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
When a computer is asleep, it is not running.
However, programs that were running when the computer "went to sleep" are not shut down.
When the computer wakes up, the programs come back to where they were before the sleep.
2008 in ice hockey
The 2007-08 Calgary Flames season is the team's 27th season in the National Hockey League since the franchise relocated to Calgary.
2007 in ice hockey
Histones are proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, which package the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
They are the chief protein components of chromatin, the active component of chromosomes.
Histones act as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation.
Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long.
For example, each human cell has about 1.8 meters of DNA, but wound on the histones it has about 90 millimeters of chromatin, which, when duplicated and condensed during mitosis, result in about 120 micrometers of chromosomes.
Compacting DNA strands
Histones act as spools around which DNA winds.
This packs in the large genomes of eukaryotes to fit inside cell nuclei.
The compacted molecule is 40,000 times shorter than an unpacked molecule.
Chromatin regulation
Histones undergo changes which alter their interaction with DNA and nuclear proteins.
Long-term changes in histone/DNA interaction cause epigenetic effects.
Combinations of modifications are thought to constitute a code, the so-called histone code.
Histone modifications act in diverse biological processes such as gene regulation, DNA repair and chromosome condensation (mitosis).
Histones were discovered in 1884 by Albrecht Kossel.
The word "histone" dates from the late 19th century and is from the German "Histon", of uncertain origin: perhaps from Greek histanai or from histos.
Until the early 1990s, histones were dismissed as merely packing material for nuclear DNA.
During the early 1990s, the regulatory functions of histones were discovered.
The discovery of the  H5 histone appears to date back to 1970's.
Conservation across species
Histones are found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, and in certain Archaea, namely Euryarchaea, but not in bacteria.
Histone proteins are among the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes, which suggests they are vital to the biology of the nucleus.
In contrast, mature sperm cells largely use protamines to package their genomic DNA, most likely to achieve an even higher packaging ratio.
Core histones are highly conserved proteins, that is, there are very few differences among the amino acid sequences of the histone proteins of different species.
Linker histone usually has more than one form within a species and is also less conserved than the core histones.
Yūsuke Tanaka (born in February 1986) - Japanese footballer
Yūsuke Tanaka (born in April 1986) - Japanese footballer
Satoshi Hida (born 18 April 1984) is a Japanese football player.
|2003||rowspan="5"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|2004||6||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||1
|2005||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|2006||6||1||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||9||1
|2007||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|2008||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||9||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|2009||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|2005||rowspan="3"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2007||Ryukyu||Football League||7||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|2000||rowspan="4"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||8||0||0||0||0||0||8||0
|2001||3||0||1||0||0||0||4||0
|2003||12||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|2004||rowspan="3"|Thespa Kusatsu||Football League||13||0||||||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|2005||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||18||0||||||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|2006||14||0||||||colspan="2"|-||14||0
Óscar López Hernández (born 11 May 1980) is a Spanish football player.
He plays for Numancia Soria.
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||2||0
|2004/05||Lazio||Serie A||14||0
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Real Betis Balompié||rowspan="2"|La Liga||18||0
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Gimnàstic Tarragona||La Liga||2||0
|2007/08||Segunda División||13||0
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Real Betis Balompié||La Liga||0||0
|2009/10||Segunda División||0||0
|2009/10||Numancia Soria||Segunda División||||
Heurelho Gomes (born 15 February 1981) is a Brazilian football player.
|2002||rowspan="3"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="3"|Série A||14||0||||||||||||||14||0
|2003||40||0||||||||||||||40||0
|2004||5||0||||||||||||||5||0
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||30||0||||||||||11||0||41||0
|2005/06||32||0||||||||||8||0||40||0
|2006/07||32||0||||||||||10||0||42||0
|2007/08||34||0||||||||||12||0||46||0
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||34||0||1||0||5||0||8||0||48||0
Alex Rodrigo Dias da Costa (born 17 June 1982) is a Brazilian football player.
He plays for Chelsea.
|2002||rowspan="3"|Santos||rowspan="3"|Série A||19||3||||||||||||||19||3
|2003||34||9||||||||||||||34||9
|2004||4||0||||||||||||||4||0
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||27||3||||||||||13||2||40||5
|2005/06||28||2||||||||||7||0||35||2
|2006/07||29||6||||||||||8||2||37||8
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Chelsea||rowspan="3"|Premier League||28||2||2||0||3||0||6||1||39||3
|2008/09||24||2||6||1||2||0||9||1||41||4
|2009/10|||12||2|||||||||||||||
Helton da Silva Arruda (born 18 May 1978) is a Brazilian football player.
He plays for Porto.
|1998||rowspan="5"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="5"|Série A||0||0
|2001||25||0
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Leiria||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||9||0
|2004/05||30||0
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Porto||rowspan="5"|Portuguese Liga||11||0
|2007/08||25||0
Carlo Mazzone (born 19 March 1937) is a former Italian football player.
|2004||rowspan="3"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|2005||1||0||0||0||0||0||2||0||3||0
|2007||Gifu||Football League||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
Yūsuke Tanaka (born 14 April 1986) is a Japanese football player.
|2005||rowspan="6"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2006||2||0||3||0||0||0||5||0
|2007||10||0||1||1||4||0||15||1
|2008||25||1||3||0||6||0||34||1
|2009||31||1||3||1||10||2||44||4
Jonathan de Guzmán (born 12 September 1987) is a Dutch football player.
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Feyenoord Rotterdam||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||29||4||1||0||1||0||31||4
|2006/07||32||7||1||0||6||1||39||8
|2007/08||33||9||6||2||0||0||39||11
|2008/09||2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
Jiro Kamata (born 28 July 1985) is a Japanese football player.
|2005||rowspan="2"|Ryutsu Keizai University||rowspan="2"|Football League||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|2006||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|2006||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 2||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|2007||Ryutsu Keizai University||Football League||6||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|2008||rowspan="2"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||26||1||0||0||5||1||31||2
|2009||11||0||0||0||4||0||15||0
|2005||rowspan="5"|Consadole Sapporo ||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||17||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||18||1
|2006||37||9||4||0||colspan="2"|-||41||9
|2007||36||6||1||1||colspan="2"|-||37||7
|2008||J. League 1||9||0||0||0||3||0||12||0
|2009||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||16||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||1
|2010||rowspan="3"|Ehime ||||||||||||||||
Taku Akahoshi (born 21 April 1984) is a Japanese football player.
|2007||rowspan="4"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||32||0||2||0||34||0
|2008||15||0||0||0||15||0
In biochemistry, a substrate is the molecule acted on by an enzyme to produce a product.p37
An example: Sucrase, 400 times the size of its substrate sucrose, splits the sucrose into its constituent sugars, which are glucose and fructose.
Enzymes increase the rate of reaction up to 10 billion-fold and are effective in tiny amounts.
A substrate may be capable of many reactions.
Maciej Rataj (born 19 February 1884 - died 21 June 1940) was a Polish politician of peasants movement.
He was Speaker of the Parliament (Sejm).
He was Acting President of Poland twice.
Rataj was an independence and peasant activist before Poland regained an independence in 1918.
He became Member of Sejm in 1918.
He was elected Speaker in the first regular term and held that post from 1922 to 1928.
Previously, he was Minister for Religious Affairs in Wincenty Witos cabinet.
He was Acting President twice: from 16 December to 22 December 1922 and from 15 May to June 4 1926.
For the first time he served between assassination of Poland's first President Gabriel Narutowicz and election of his successor Stanisław Wojciechowski.
For the second, between Wojciechowski resignation after a May coup and election of Ignacy Mościcki.
A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (-C(=O)OH), with a long unbranched hydrocarbon tail.
It is studied in organic chemistry and biochemistry.
Fatty acids are important sources of body fuel.
When metabolized, they yield large quantities of ATP.
Many cell types can use either glucose or fatty acids for this purpose.
In particular, heart and skeletal muscle prefer fatty acids.
Fatty acids may be either saturated or unsaturated.
Unsaturated compounds have reactive double bonds; saturated ones do not.
Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids derived from, or contained in, an animal or vegetable fat, oil, or wax.
Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of four to 28 carbon atoms (usually unbranched and even numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated.
This would include acetic acid, although this is not usually considered a fatty acid (not a lipid).
The blend of fatty acids in mammalian skin, together with lactic acid and pyruvic acid, are  distinctive.
They allow animals with a keen sense of smell to identify individuals.
Repetitive strain injury (RSI), also known as occupational overuse syndrome, is a medical condition.
It causes pain in the muscles,  nerves, or tendons after a person uses the same part of the body over and over again, or without taking breaks.
It is usually caused by doing the same thing repeatedly or without breaks.
Using a computer or mobile for long periods of time is a common cause of this problem.
Repetitive strain injury is described as a sudden, intense pain in affected parts of the body, often the wrists, neck, back or hands, that keeps coming back.
It is different from more specific diagnoses, because there are many possible causes for RSI.
The pain is often spread across different muscle groups and inspection of the affected area usually cannot show any differences from that of a healthy person.
Because of this, treatment for RSI is usually limited to rest and exercises, and sometimes wearing a brace.
Debt consolidation involves taking out a loan to pay off multiple loans.
This is usually done to secure a lower interest rate and for the convenience of paying only one loan.
Debt consolidation usually entails taking a secured loan against an asset, such as a house, and using this to pay off higher-interest unsecured loans and credit card debts.
However this puts the individuals assets at risk if they do not keep up payment.
Sometimes, debt consolidation companies will discount the amount of the loan.
When the debtor is in danger of bankruptcy, the debt consolidator will buy the loan at a discount.
A prudent debtor can shop around for consolidators who will pass along some of the savings.
Consolidation can affect the ability of the debtor to discharge debts in bankruptcy, so the decision to consolidate must be weighed carefully.
The overall debt can reach the point where a debtor is in danger of bankruptcy, insolvency, or other fiscal emergency.
Options available to overburdened debtors include credit counseling and personal bankruptcy.
Nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney.
It is commonly performed in patients with Renal cell carcinoma or other forms of Kidney cancer.
Prostatectomy is the surgical removal of part or all of the prostate.
It is often used in the treatment of inability to urinate or of prostate cancer.
Patients who are having a prostatectomy can expect to stay in the hospital for two to four days.
A tube called a catheter is usually left in the patient's bladder for two or three weeks, which can result in the patient having problems controlling his bladder for awhile.
Interleukin-2 is a form of Interleukin.
It is important in medicine because it is an effective treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma and Metastatic melanoma.
It can produce up to a 16% response rate in patients with Metastatic melanoma.
and a slightly lower 15% response rate in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system.
There are many types of lymphoma, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, the B-cell lymphoma, and the hepatosplenic lymphoma.
Larger-than-normal lymph nodes
Sweating at night
Fevers that happen often or do not get better
Fatigue (feeling tired)
Enlarged spleen
Enlarged liver
Chemotherapy is often used for both Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Radiotherapy may also be used.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a form of Lymphoma affecting the Central nervous system.
It is more common in those with weak immune systems, such as those with AIDS.
Kya Dark Lineage is about a girl named Kya.
Kya gets thrown into another world with her brother Frank.
Kya ends up helping creatures called Nativs.
Nativs are little cat people.
The Nativs are being attacked by Brazul, Kya's father who has powerful magic and turns Nativs into creatures called Wolfun.
Wolfun are bad, Kya can fight Wolfun and defeat them.
She can also turn them back into Nativs.
Kya-Gam.com
Kya Wiki
Moby-games Kya
The 2008–09 season is the Nashville Predators' tenth season in the National Hockey League.
Regular Seasion
The Predators lost to the Detroit Red Wings in the Conference Quarter-Finals.
2 games to 4.
Daisuke Aono (born 19 September 1979) is a former Japanese football player.
|2002||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|2005||rowspan="2"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||16||0||0||0||0||0||16||0
|2007||rowspan="3"|Ehime||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||24||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||28||2
|2008||26||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||28||3
|2009||20||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||1
|2000||rowspan="3"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|2002||1||0||0||0||4||1||5||1
|2003||rowspan="2"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||40||11||3||1||colspan="2"|-||43||12
|2004||9||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||2
|2005||Albirex Niigata||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2005||Albirex Niigata Singapore||S. League||15||7||||||||||15||7
|2006||Albirex Niigata||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
Akihiro Kurihara (born 2 May 1985) is a Japanese football player.
|2004||Albirex Niigata||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2004||rowspan="2"|Albirex Niigata Singapore||rowspan="2"|S. League||13||0||||||||||13||0
|2005||17||1||||||||||17||1
|2007||rowspan="4"|Nagano Parceiro||rowspan="4"|Regional Leagues||11||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||11||1
|2008||6||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||1
|2009||10||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||10||4
Yudai Suwa (born 5 May 1986) is a Japanese football player.
|2005||rowspan="3"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2008||rowspan="2"|Japan Soccer Collage||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||13||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|2009||13||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|2004||rowspan="2"|Albirex Niigata Singapore||rowspan="2"|S. League||11||1||||||||||11||1
|2005||rowspan="2"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||4||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|2007||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||8||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
Olivier Dacourt (born 25 September 1974) is a former French football player.
|1992/93||Thouars||||6||0
|1993/94||rowspan="5"|Strasbourg||rowspan="5"|Division 1||8||0
|1994/95||18||0
|1996/97||31||3
|1998/99||Everton||Premier League||30||2
|1999/00||Lens||Division 1||26||2
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Leeds United||rowspan="3"|Premier League||33||3
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Roma||rowspan="4"|Serie A||18||0
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="3"|Serie A||24||0
|2008/09||Fulham||Premier League||8||0
|2009/10||Standard Liège||First Division||8||0
Andranik Eskandarian (born 31 December 1951) is a former Iranian football player.
|1979||rowspan="6"|New York Cosmos||rowspan="6"|NASL||14||0
|1980||26||0
|1981||29||0
|1982||22||0
|1983||28||0
Hironobu Haga (born 21 December 1982) is a Japanese football player.
|2004||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|2006||rowspan="5"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||46||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||50||0
|2007||47||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||47||1
|2008||J. League 1||26||0||0||0||5||0||31||0
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||34||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||36||1
Shinji Tsujio (born 23 December 1985) is a Japanese football player.
|2008||rowspan="3"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||3||0||1||0||2||0||6||0
|2009||9||0||2||0||3||0||14||0
Yuya Hikichi (born 2 May 1983) is a Japanese football player.
|2004||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||6||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|2005||rowspan="6"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="6"|J. League 2||19||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|2006||38||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||39||1
|2007||40||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||42||0
|2008||9||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|2009||15||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||16||1
|2002||Shizuoka Sangyo University||Football League||8||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|2006||rowspan="5"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||14||2||3||1||0||0||17||3
|2007||22||1||0||0||6||0||28||1
|2008||23||1||0||0||6||0||29||1
|2009||15||0||1||1||5||0||21||1
Yusuke Inuzuka at Júbilo-Iwata.co.jp
Kazunori Yoshimoto (born 24 April 1988) is a Japanese football player.
He plays for Gifu.
|2007||rowspan="3"|Tokyo||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|2008||2||1||0||0||2||0||4||1
|2009||rowspan="2"|Gifu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||11||2||4||2||colspan="2"|-||15||4
Farnborough is a town in northeast Hampshire, England.
The town is best known for the Farnborough Airshow which takes place every two years.
Acid - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -  alcohol - alkali - alkali metal - alkaline earth metal - allotrope - Alpha helix - amino acid - antibiotic - antibody - apoptosis - archaea - atom - atomic mass - atomic mass unit - atomic nucleus - atomic number - atomic orbital - atomic weight - Avogadro constant -
Half-life (element) - halogen - hemoglobin - heterotroph -  hydrocarbon - Hydrogen bond - hydrolysis -
Macromolecule - malleability - marine biology -  melting point - membrane protein - metabolism - metal - metallic bond - microbe - mixture - mole (unit) - molecular biology - molecule - monosaccharide -
The Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB) or lunar cataclysm, is a period of time about 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago.
During this time, a large number of impact craters formed on the Moon.
By inference the same thing happened on Earth, Mercury, Venus, and Mars as well.
The evidence for this event comes from the dating of lunar samples, which indicates that most impact melt rocks formed at that time.
Many hypotheses have been suggested to explain how asteroidal or cometary material got into the inner solar system, but no consensus yet exists.
One popular theory is that the gas giant planets migrated in orbit at this time, causing objects in the asteroid belt and/or Kuiper belt to be forced into orbits which reached the terrestrial planets.
Impact events
The Rover 75 is a car produced by Rover from 1999 to 2005.
The 75 replaced both the 600 and the 800 Series.
The 75 was available in both 4-door saloon and 5-door station wagon bodystyles, the latter was added in 2001 alongside sporty MG models called the ZT.
It had a facelift in early 2004.
A brain tumor is any tumor in the brain.
Tumors may be benign or malignant.
astrocytoma
glioblastoma multiforme
oliogodendroglioma
ependymoma
primary CNS lymphoma
meningioma
The treatment varies based on the type of tumor.
For meningiomas, surgical removal of the tumor alone is often sufficient.
Malignant tumors like anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme require more aggressive therapy.
For glioblastoma multiforme, surgical removal of the tumor followed by radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, is used.
Temozolomide (also known as Temodar) is also used for gliomas (including Glioblastoma multiforme).
"The Black Cat" is a short story by Edgar Allen Poe.
It was first published in August 1843 in The Saturday Evening Post.
In the story, a murderer tries to hide his crime.
In the end, his guilt makes him admit the crime.
Peter Lorre starred in a Roger Corman movie based on the story.
On the eve of his death, an unnamed narrator opens the story by proclaiming that he is sane, despite the wild narrative he is about to convey.
This narrative begins years before, when the narrator’s honorable character is well known and celebrated.
He confesses a great love for cats and dogs, both of which, he says, respect the fidelity of friendship, unlike fellow men.
The narrator marries at a young age and introduces his wife to the domestic joys of owning pets.
Among birds, goldfish, a dog, rabbits, and a monkey, the narrator singles out a large and beautiful black cat, named Pluto, as his favorite.
Though he loves Pluto, the narrator begins to suffer from violent mood swings, predominantly due to the influence of alcohol.
He takes to mistreating not only the other animals but also his wife.
During this uncontrollable rage, he spares only Pluto.
After returning home quite drunk one night, the narrator lashes out at Pluto.
Believing the cat has avoided him, he vengefully grasps the cat, only to be bitten on the hand.
In demonic retaliation, the narrator pulls a penknife from his pocket and cuts out one of the cat’s eyes.
Though the narrator wakes the next morning with a partial feeling of remorse, he is unable to reverse the newly ominous course of his black soul.
Ignored for certain now by the wounded cat, the narrator soon seeks further retaliation.
He is overwhelmed by a spirit of PERVERSENESS, and sets out to commit wrong for the sake of wrong.
He hangs Pluto from the limb of a tree one morning.
On the night of Pluto’s hanging, the narrator’s family’s house burns down, but he dismisses the possibility of a connection between the two events.
The day after the fire, which destroys all the narrator’s possessions, he witnesses a group of neighbors collected around a wall that remains standing.
Investigating their shouts of amazement, the narrator discovers the impression of a gigantic cat—with a rope around its neck—on the surface of the wall.
The narrator attempts to explain rationally the existence of the impression, but he finds himself haunted by this phantasm over the course of many months.
One night, while out drunk, the narrator discovers a black object poised upon a large barrel of alcohol.
A new black cat has appeared, resembling Pluto but with a splash of white on his fur.
As with Pluto, the narrator experiences a great fondness for the mysterious cat, which no one has seen before.
The cat becomes part of the household, much adored by his wife as well.
However, following the earlier pattern, the narrator soon cannot resist feelings of hatred for the cat.
These murderous sentiments intensify when the narrator discovers that the cat’s splash of white fur has mysteriously taken on the shape of the gallows, the structure on which a hanging takes place.
The white fur reveals the mode of execution that claimed Pluto, and the narrator pledges revenge.
One day, descending into the cellar of the building with his wife, the narrator almost trips over the cat.
Enraged, the narrator grabs an axe to attack the cat, but his wife defends the animal.
Further angered by this interference, the narrator turns his rage at his wife and buries the axe in her head.
Faced with the evidence of his crime, the narrator considers many options for the body’s disposal, including dismemberment and burial.
The narrator eventually decides to take advantage of the damp walls in the basement and entomb the body behind their plaster.
Without any difficulty, the narrator creates a tomb in n the plaster wall, thereby hiding the body and all traces of his murder.
When he finally turns to the cat, it is missing, and he concludes that it has been frightened away by his anger.
On the fourth day after the murder, the police arrive unexpectedly at the narrator’s apartment.
Cool and collected, the narrator leads them through the premises, even into the basement.
Though facing the scene of the crime, the police do not demonstrate any curiosity and prepare to leave the residence.
The narrator, however, keeps trying to allay their suspicion.
Commenting upon the solid craftsmanship of the house, he taps on the wall—behind which is his wife’s body—with a cane.
In response to the tapping, a long, loud cry emanates from behind the wall.
The police storm the wall and dismantle it, discovering the hidden corpse.
Upon its head sits the missing cat.
Much like “The Tell-Tale Heart,” “The Black Cat” follows the narrator’s descent into madness after he proclaims his sanity in the tale’s opening paragraph.
Even the narrator acknowledges the “wild” nature of the tale, attempting thereby to separate his mental condition from the events of the plot.
The nature of the narrator’s madness differs from that of the narrator of “The Tell-Tale Heart.” “
The Black Cat” does not concern itself only with the self-contained nature of the narrator’s mind.
Rather, the narrator confesses an alcoholism that interferes with his grasp on reality and produces mood swings.
Alcohol is, like the cat, an external agent that intrudes on the dynamics of the plot.
The introduction of alcohol as a plot device is also significant because Edgar Allan Poe was an reputedly uncontrollable drunk throughout his lifetime.
For many years, his biographers asserted that he died of alcohol poisoning in a gutter in Baltimore.
More recent biographies insist that the exact cause of Poe’s death cannot be determined.
Regardless, it is certain that Poe suffered from the deleterious effects of alcohol consumption throughout his life.
The influential literary critic Tzvetan Todorov introduced a concept of the “fantastic” in the early 1970s to discuss literature of horror, and the idea can be applied usefully to “The Black Cat.”
The fantastic, he asserts, explores the indefinite boundary between the real and the supernatural.
The fantastic is a literary category that contains elements of both the rational and the irrational.
One of the fantastic elements in “The Black Cat” is the existence of the second cat—with the changing shape of its white fur and its appearance on the corpse behind the wall.
These plot twists challenge reality, but they do not completely substitute a supernatural explanation for a logical one.
It is possible that the plot twists derive only from the insanity of the narrator.
As a result, the plot twists, like the fantastic, hover between the real and the supernatural.
The resolution of the story is both rationally possible and tremendously unlikely; the cat could inhabit the basement walls, but it is difficult to believe that it would remain silently in the wall for a long time or go unnoticed by the overly meticulous narrator.
Benzodiazepines are organic chemical substances, made of two carbon rings.
Certain benzodiazepines can be used as drugs that increase the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA.
The resulting drug has sedative effects.
Depending on the drug, the effect may be stronger or weaker.
The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by the medicine company Hoffmann–La Roche.
In general taking benzodiazepines is safe and effective in the short term.
Longer term use is controversial: In the long term, the drug may become less effective and problems of dependency may show.
Benzodiazepines may not be safe to be taken during pregnancy.
They are not teratogens, which cause birth defects, but they may cause cleft palate in a small number of babies.
Benzodiazepines can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness.
However, they are much less toxic than the drugs they replaced, the barbiturates.
Death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken.
When combined with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol and opiates, the potential for toxicity increases.
Benzodiazepines uses
Panic attacks: Benzodiazepines contain certain chemicals that produce a calming effect in the body.
They keep the brain in a sedated state and hence help people overcome anxiety-related problems, they are also used to treat the people suffering from panic disorders.
Alcohol withdrawal: Benzodiazepines like diazepam are also used to help people fight alcohol dependence.
These medicines eliminate toxins from the body and help people deal with alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
Generalized anxiety disorder: Benzodiazepines are also used to treat people suffering from GAD.
Insomnia: Benzodiazepines are an effective treatment for severe insomnia.
These drugs calm down the nerves in the brain and induce sleep.
Benzodiazepine effects & withdrawal symptoms
Benzodiazepines affect the central nervous system, increasing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter known as GABA.
This results in a person experiencing a sensation of calmness and sedation, resulting in feeling more relaxed, less anxious, and increased drowsiness.
When people use benzodiazepines, even under a doctor’s care, they can develop a tolerance, which means that they will require increasingly larger doses to achieve the desired effects.
With escalating use and at higher doses, a person may find that they require the drug to feel and function normally.
This indicates the development of dependence which, once established, may result in a person experiencing symptoms of withdrawal.
Long-term, compulsive, or otherwise problematic use of benzodiazepines can lead to significant physical dependence and a higher risk of experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms, which may include seizures and hallucinations.
Supervised medical treatment is usually recommended for people who are undergoing benzodiazepine withdrawal after a period of consistent use.
Psychoactive drugs
Bacterial meningitis is meningitis caused by bacteria.
It is almost always fatal without antibiotics.
Symptoms of bacterial meningitis
High fever
Altered mental status (including changes in attention)
Emesis
Bulging fontnalles
Viral meningitis is an infection of the brain that is caused by a virus.
It is usually caused by enteroviruses.
Viral meningitis is not so dangerous as meningitis that is caused by bacteria and the symptoms are often mild or similar to flu.
This disease occurs mainly in the summer.
Children get this infection more than adults.
Children usually recover completely after a two weeks.
Strong medicines are often not needed.
Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer involving the plasma cells.
Some symptoms of the multiple myeloma are bone pain, renal failure, recurring infections and anemia.
It is treated with chemotherapy.
A commonly used chemotherapy regimen is the Vincristine, Adriamycin, and Dexamethasone.
Thalidomides, velcades, melphalans, prednisones and interferons have also been used.
Mieloma.com MMRF
Edward Everett (April 11, 1794– January 15, 1865) was an American politician, religious leader and educator from Massachusetts.
He was a Whig.
He served as U.S. Representative, and U.S. Senator, the 15th Governor of Massachusetts, Minister to Great Britain, and United States Secretary of State.
He also taught at Harvard University and was as president of Harvard.
He was the Vice-Presidential candidate of the Constitutional Union Party in 1860.
He gave a long speech at Gettysburg right before Abraham Lincoln.
When Abraham Lincoln became president, the Civil War broke out.
Everett had been calmer about slavery, but he was a strong Unionist.
He worked hard to raise support for the Union through speaking in public.
In November 1863, when the military cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania was dedicated, Everett was the main speaker.
His two-hour speech was before the much shorter, but now more famous Gettysburg Address by President Lincoln.
Everett was moved by the short speech and wrote to Lincoln, "I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes."
The NBA draft happens every year in June.
It is where teams in the National Basketball Association (NBA) choose players who have never played in the NBA before.
If a team chooses a player, that player cannot sign a contract to play for any teams other than that team.
Who can be drafted
Players must be at least 19 years old at some point during the year of the draft.
If the player's 19th birthday will be the next year, they are too young.
If a player is from the United States, it must be at least one year after the graduation of his high school class.
Some players who are star players go to college and play college basketball for just one year (because they cannot enter the draft right out of high school), then enter the NBA draft.
These players are called "one and dones".
Other players enter the draft after two or three years in college, and other players are drafted after playing in college for all four years that they can.
How the draft works
Teams take turns choosing players.
When a team chooses a player, it is called a pick.
For example, if a player is chosen second, people will say that he was taken with the second pick in the draft.
There are two rounds in the draft.
Both rounds have 30 picks, so there are 60 picks in the whole draft.
Each team gets one pick per round, but sometimes, a team will pick more than once in a round or not at all.
This is because teams can trade draft picks for players, for money, or for other draft picks.
When teams get to pick
The NBA allows teams who had worse records (which means that they won fewer games) the previous season get to pick before better teams.
This lets bad teams draft good players and become better.
The first fourteen teams to pick are the fourteen teams that did not make the playoffs the previous season. (
There are thirty teams in the NBA, and sixteen teams qualify for the playoffs every year, so fourteen teams do not.)
The teams that do make the playoffs and who get picks 15 through 30 in the first round pick in reverse order of how good their records were (so the best team gets the 30th pick, the second best team gets the 29th pick, and so on).
However, the first fourteen picks are given out differently so that teams will not lose games on purpose to get higher picks.
These picks are given to teams in a process called the draft lottery.
Draft lottery
Since 1985, all teams that have missed the playoffs have participated in a lottery system to see who gets the first pick.
The lottery system has changed a few times since then, but the system that the NBA uses right now uses ping pong balls that have numbers written on them.
A machine picks four balls at a time, and every possible combination of numbers is assigned to a team.
Teams with worse records get more combinations of numbers, which means that they have a better chance to win.
The machine picks three teams, and these teams get the first three picks in the draft.
The other eleven teams will pick in order of how bad their records are, so the worst team that was not selected will pick fourth, and so on.
Success from the NBA Draft
Many star NBA players who helped their teams a lot were selected early in the NBA Draft.
For example, with the first pick in the 1997 NBA draft, the San Antonio Spurs chose Tim Duncan.
Duncan would help the San Antonio Spurs win several NBA Championships.
Other star players who were chosen with the first pick are Shaquille O'Neal (chosen by the Orlando Magic in 1992), Dwight Howard (chosen by the Magic in 2004), and LeBron James (chosen by the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2003).
However, not all players who have been chosen with the first pick have gone on to become star players.
Some players have not had as much success as the teams who drafted them expected, and have been called "draft busts".
A few players chosen with the first pick who have been called "draft busts" include Joe Smith (chosen by the Los Angeles Clippers in 1995), Michael Olowokandi (chosen by the Clippers in 1998), and Kwame Brown (chosen by the Washington Wizards in 2001.)
On the other hand, some very successful players have been chosen very late in the draft, and have been called "draft steals".
One such player is Manu Ginóbili, Duncan's longtime teammate with the Spurs, who was chosen with the next-to-last pick in the 1999 draft.
Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a way to find out how old something is.
The method compares the amount of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, in samples.
The method uses known decay rates.
It is the most used method of geochronology, the main way to learn the age of rocks and other geological features, including the age of the Earth itself.
It is used to date many kinds of natural and man-made materials.
Fossils may be dated by taking samples of rocks from above and below the fossil's original position.
Radiocarbon dating is much used to date archaeological materials, including ancient artifacts.
Radiometric dating methods are used to establish the geological time scale.
Among the best-known techniques are radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon dating and uranium-lead dating.
All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements, each with its own atomic number, indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
Elements exist in different isotopes, with each isotope of an element differing in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
A particular isotope of a particular element is called a nuclide.
Some nuclides are naturally unstable.
That is, at some point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will spontaneously change into a different nuclide by radioactive decay.
The decay may happen by emission of particles (usually electrons (beta decay), positrons or alpha particles) or by spontaneous nuclear fission, and electron capture.
The age equation
D = D0 + N(eλt − 1)
t is age of the sample,
D is number of atoms of the daughter isotope in the sample,
D0 is number of atoms of the daughter isotope in the original composition,
N is number of atoms of the parent isotope in the sample, and
λ is the decay constant of the parent isotope, equal to the inverse of the radioactive half-life of the parent isotope times the natural logarithm of 2.
This equation uses information on the parent and daughter isotopes at the time the material solidified.
This is well known for most isotopic systems.
Plotting an isochron (straight-line graph) is used to solve the age equation graphically.
It shows the age of the sample, and the original composition.
The method works best if neither the parent nuclide nor the daughter product enters or leaves the material after its formation.
Anything which changes the relative amounts of the two isotopes (original and daughter) must be noted, and avoided if possible.
Contamination from outside, or the loss of isotopes at any time from the rock's original formation, would change the result.
It is therefore essential to have as much information as possible about the material being dated and to check for possible signs of alteration.
Measurements should be taken on samples from different parts of the rock body.
This helps to counter the effects of heating and squeezing, which a rock may experience in its long history.
Different dating methods may be needed to confirm the age of a sample.
For example, a study of the Amitsoq gneisses from western Greenland used five different radiometric dating methods to examine twelve samples and got agreement to within 30 million years on an age of 3,640my.
Gerard López (born 12 March 1979) is a Spanish football player.
|1997/98||Valencia||La Liga||11||0
|1998/99||Deportivo Alavés||La Liga||29||7
|1999/00||Valencia||La Liga||33||4
|2000/01||rowspan="5"|Barcelona||rowspan="5"|La Liga||24||2
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Monaco||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||7||0
|2007/08||Recreativo Huelva||La Liga||18||0
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Girona||rowspan="2"|Segunda División||5||4
|2004||rowspan="3"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|2007||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|2010||||||||||||||||||||||||
|2004||rowspan="2"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="2"|J. League 2|| || || || || || || || || ||
Takashi Fujii (born 28 April 1986) is a Japanese football player.
He has played for Sun Hei and is currently playing for Unsommet Iwate Hachimantai.
|2005||rowspan="2"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
|2006||2||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|2007||Ehime||J. League 2||26||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|2008||Júbilo Iwata||J. League 1||0||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
Go Nakamura (born 29 November 1986) is a Japanese football player.
He plays for Gifu (reserve team).
|2005||rowspan="2"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2007||Ehime||J. League 2||8||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||1
|2006||rowspan="3"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2002||rowspan="5"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|2004||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|2005||6||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||2
|2006||J. League 1||6||0||1||0||2||0||9||0
|2007||Kyoto Sanga||J. League 2||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|2007||Tochigi||Football League||10||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||11||2
Sho Kamogawa (born 7 February 1983) is a Japanese football player.
|2005||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||5||3||1||0||0||0||6||3
|2006||2||0||0||0||3||1||5||1
|2008||Fagiano Okayama||Football League||6||0||3||3||colspan="2"|-||9||3
Yusuke Sudo (born 7 May 1986) is a Japanese football player.
|2005||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||3||0||0||0||3||0||6||0
|2006||15||0||0||0||3||0||18||0
|2007||4||0||0||0||6||0||10||0
|2008||rowspan="2"|Yokohama||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||9||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|2009||29||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|2010||Matsumoto Yamaga||Football League||||||||||||||||
|2006||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
Tomoyasu Naito (born 11 September 1986) is a Japanese football player.
He has played for Fukushima United.
|2005||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2008||Montedio Yamagata||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|2009||rowspan="2"|Fukushima United||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||14||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|2007||rowspan="3"|Kariya||rowspan="3"|Football League||27||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||2
|2008||29||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||1
|2009||31||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||1
Potassium–Argon dating or K–Ar dating is a radiometric dating method used in geochronology, which is part of geology.
It is based on measurement of the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium (K) into argon (Ar).
Potassium is a common element found in many materials, such as micas, clay, tephra, and evaporites.
In these materials, the decay product 40Ar is able to escape the liquid (molten) rock, but starts to build up when the rock solidifies (recrystallises).
Time since recrystallization is calculated by measuring the ratio of the amount of 40Ar to the amount of 40K remaining.
The long half-life of 40K is more than a billion years, so the method is used to calculate the absolute age of samples much older than a few thousand years.
Quickly cooled lavas make nearly ideal samples for K–Ar dating.
They also preserve a record of the direction and intensity of the local magnetic field at that time.
The geomagnetic reversal time scale was calibrated largely using K–Ar dating.
Ivan Leko (born 7 February 1978) is a Croatian football manager and former player.
|1995/96||rowspan="6"|Hajduk Split||rowspan="6"|Prva HNL||3||0
|1997/98||21||1
|1998/99||22||4
|2000/01||30||13
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Málaga||rowspan="4"|La Liga||18||2
|2003/04||22||2
|2004/05||Hajduk Split||Prva HNL||14||3
|2005/06||rowspan="4"|Brugge||rowspan="4"|First Division||30||5
|2006/07||22||6
|2008/09||15||4
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Germinal Beerschot||rowspan="2"|First Division||16||4
|2009/10||Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen||First Division||||
Jerko Leko (born 9 April 1980) is a Croatian football player.
He plays for Monaco and Croatia national team.
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Dinamo Zagreb||rowspan="3"|Prva HNL||16||0
|2002/03||4||1
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Dynamo Kyiv||rowspan="4"|Premier League||18||3
|2003/04||21||3
|2004/05||16||1
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Monaco||rowspan="4"|Ligue 1||28||1
|2007/08||29||1
It can be used over an age range of about 1 million years to over 4.5 billion years.
Precision is in the 0.1-1 percent range.
The method relies on two separate decay chains, the uranium series from 238U to 206Pb, with a half-life of 4.47 billion years and the actinium series from 235U to 207Pb, with a half-life of 704 million years.
The term 'U-Pb dating' normally implies the coupled use of both decay schemes.
However, use of a single decay scheme (usually 238U to 206Pb) leads to the U-Pb isochron dating method, analogous to the rubidium-strontium dating method.
Finally, ages can also be determined from the U-Pb system by analysis of Pb isotope ratios alone.
Clair Cameron Patterson, an American geochemist who pioneered studies of uranium-lead radiometric dating methods, is famous for having used it to obtain one of the earliest accurate estimates of the age of the Earth.
Uranium-lead dating is usually performed on the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4), though it can be used on other minerals.
Zircon incorporates uranium and thorium atoms into its crystalline structure, but strongly rejects lead.