the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Thomas Becket was an English priest, and Archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170.
People used to think his name was Thomas á Becket, but it is now known to be wrong.
Becket was born in Cheapside, London.
He was an intelligent child, who also enjoyed playing sports and hunting.
At age 16, he left England to study in Paris.
In 1143, Becket joined the household of Theobald of Bec, as a clerk.
He became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1162.
He had been a close friend of King Henry II, but they argued about the rights of the Church.
This argument between Henry and Becket ended their friendship.
Becket resigned as Lord Chancellor and sought to extend the rights of the archbishopric.
This led to a series of conflicts with the King.
One was on the jurisdiction of secular courts over English clergymen.
Attempts by Henry to influence the other bishops against Becket began in Westminster in October 1163.
The King sought approval of the traditional rights of the royal government over the church.
Henry held a meeting with most of the higher English clergy at Clarendon Palace on 30 January 1164.
Becket was officially asked to agree to the King's rights.
Henry summoned Becket to appear before a great council at Northampton Castle on 8 October 1164, to answer allegations.
Convicted on the charges, Becket stormed out of the trial and fled to Europe.
King Louis VII of France offered Becket protection.
He spent nearly two years in the Cistercian abbey of Pontigny, until Henry's threats made him return to Sens.
Beckett returned to England, but the dispute continued.
He excommunicated his enemies in the Church, and threatened to do the same to Henry.
Upon hearing reports of Becket's actions, Henry said things which were understood as wishing Becket killed.
The king's exact words are unknown and several versions have been reported.
The most commonly quoted, as handed down by oral tradition, is "Who will rid me of this troublesome priest?".
Becket was killed by four of the King's knights on 29 December 1170.
He became a saint in 1173.
His major shrine is in Canterbury, but was destroyed by order of Henry VIII during his reign.
1118 births
1170 deaths
The Fortress of Solitude is Superman's Kryptonian base.
The first Fortress was a huge iceberg.
A huge golden key that only Superman or Supergirl could lift was needed to open the door.
Superman built it.
The second Fortress was a huge crystalline building.
It looked similar to a pile of crystals and icebergs.
A green crystal built the second Fortress.
The third version was similar to the second one, but was bigger and looked different in the inside.
This version was created by the Crystal of Knowledge, a ring-like crystal.
sv:Stålmannen#Utrustning
Brine shrimp are  small shrimp that live in salt water.
Brine shrimp are Artemia, a genus of aquatic crustacea which has changed little (externally) since the Triassic period.
They can often be found in saltwater ponds and marshes, and cannot live very long in fresh water.
Artemia avoid most types of predators, such as fish, because they live in waters of very high salinity: (25 parts per thousand).
The optimum for Artemia is 100 to 150 parts per thousand.
The shrimp grow to be about one centimeter long.
Brine shrimp circulatory and respiratory systems work together to remove extra salt from their body and distribute oxygen.
They breathe through gills on their feet.
The oxygen taken in is carried through the bloodstream.
The heart pumps the blood around the body.
Brine shrimp have a protein called hemoglobin in their blood.
This helps the oxygen to be more efficiently transported to cells around the body.
They need hemoglobin because oxygen levels can be very low in salty water.
Then, the gills pump the excess salt, water, and carbon dioxide out of the body.
Additional salt is pumped out through exocrine glands.
The brine shrimp's body has a head, thorax, and abdomen.
A hard exoskeleton covers the entire body.
Inside this exoskeleton, which is made of chitin, is where the brine shrimp’s muscles are located.
Their muscles are attached internally.
They move by beating their tails and by the continuous movement of the legs along their body.
Adult female brine shrimp ovulate about every 140 hours.
In favourable conditions, the female brine shrimp can produce eggs that almost immediately hatch.
But in extreme conditions, such as low oxygen level or salinity above 150‰, female brine shrimp produce eggs inside cysts.
They are metabolically inactive and can remain in total stasis for two years in dry oxygen-free conditions, even at temperatures below freezing.
While in cysts, brine shrimp eggs survive temperatures of liquid air () and a small percentage survive above boiling temperature () for up to two hours.
Once placed in normal briny (salt) water, the eggs hatch within a few hours.
The nauplius larvae are less than 0.4 mm in length when they first hatch.
Brine shrimp have a biological life cycle of one year
“Brine Shrimp.”
Great Salt Lake Ecosystem Program.
State of Utah, n.d.
18 April 2012.
Carolina Biological Supply Company
Thunder Bay is the most populous city in Northwestern Ontario, in Canada.
Its population was 107,909 as of the 2016 census.
Before, it was two cities called Fort William and Port Arthur.
Thunder Bay has the second largest population in Northern Ontario, behind Greater Sudbury.
Macroom is a small town in County Cork, Republic of Ireland.
It lies on the River Sullane, a large tributary of the River Lee.
Pecorino cheese (or simply Pecorino) is the name for a few kinds of Italian cheeses made from sheep milk.
The word pecora, from which the name comes from, means sheep.
Most of these cheeses are aged for some time.
They taste rather salty.
Pecorino Romano is probably the best known outside Italy, especially in the United States.
The cheese has been exported to the United States since the 19th century.
Most Pecorino Romano is produced on the island of Sardinia, though its production is also allowed in Lazio and in the Tuscan Province of Grosseto.
Pecorino Sardo also comes from Sardinia.
It is milder.
Pecorino Toscano is from Tuscany,  Pecorino Siciliano (or  in Sicilian) from Sicily and Pecorino di Filiano from Basilicata.
All come in a variety of styles depending on how long they have been matured.
The more matured cheeses, referred to as , are harder and have a stronger flavour.
Sometimes, the cheeses are made with spices.
In Sardinia, the larvae of the cheese fly are intentionally introduced into Pecorino Sardo to produce a local delicacy called casu marzu.
Pecorino Romano is most often used on pasta dishes, like the better-known Parmigiano Reggiano (parmesan).
Its distinctive strong, very salty flavour means that it is preferred for some pasta dishes with highly-flavoured sauces, especially those of Roman origin, such as pasta all'amatriciana.
Pecorino Romano is a type of Pecorino cheese.
It is mostly made in the Italian state of Lazio (Rome), but it is also made in some bordering municipalities.
It is aged for about 5 months.
This hard and crumbly cheese similar to Parmigiano-Reggiano is usually used for grating.
It is one of the most well known pecorino cheeses.
Pecorino cheeses
Pecorino Sardo is a type of Pecorino cheese.
It is made in the Italian state of Sardinia.
It is made from sheep milk, mostly from the local breed.
Since 1991, it has Protected designation of origin.
It is aged for a couple of months, but can also age up to 6 months.
It is not as well known outside of Italy as the Romano or Toscano cheeses.
It can be used for grating like other cheeses.
Pecorino Toscano is a type of Pecorino cheese.
It is made in the Italian state of Tuscany.
Since 1996, it has protection of designated origin.
The cheese is aged for about 20 days.
This firm cheese can be used for grating or it can be eaten with some Mediterranean fruits and vegetables.
Pecorino Siciliano is a type of Pecorino cheese.
It comes from the Italian state of Sicily.
It comes in a cylinder like shape.
It is not well known outside of Italy.
Since 1996, it has protected designation of origin.
It has a firm and rough texture.
Martin Pierre Brodeur (born May 6, 1972, in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender.
He was formerly a ice hockey goaltender for the New Jersey Devils in the National Hockey League (NHL) and ins currently a current team executive for the New Jersey Devils.
During his 21-years with the Devils, he was a three-time Stanley Cup champion and holds more than thirty Devils team records.
Calder Memorial Trophy — 1994
NHL 1st All-Star Team — 2003, 2004, 2007
NHL 2nd All-Star Team — 1997, 1998, 2006, 2008
NHL All-Rookie Team — 1994
NHL All-Star Game — 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008
Olympic Gold Medal — 2002, 2010
Primus World'Stars Challenge Bowl — 2004
QMJHL 2nd All-Star Team — 1992
QMJHL All-Rookie Team — 1990
Stanley Cup — 1995, 2000, 2003
Vezina Trophy — 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008
William M. Jennings Trophy — 1997 (with Mike Dunham), 1998, 2003 (tied Roman Čechmánek & Robert Esche), 2004, 2010 Tied most all time with Patrick Roy
World Cup of Hockey Championship  — 2004
New Jersey Devils players
Vezina Trophy winners
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Miikka Sakari Kiprusoff (pronounced "MEE-kah KIHP-roo-sawf") (born October 26, 1976) is a Finnish retired professional hockey goaltender.
He played 11 seasons in the NHL mainly with the Calgary Flames.
He was named to the SM-liiga All-Star Team during the 1998–99 season.
Urpo Ylönen trophy (1998–99)
Jari Kurri trophy (1998–99)
He was named as a First Team All-Star during the 2005-06 NHL season
Vezina Trophy (2005–06)
William M. Jennings Trophy (2005–06)
Molson Cup (2005–06, 2006–07, 2008–09)
Calgary Flames players
San Jose Sharks players
Finnish ice hockey goaltenders
Evgeni Viktorovich Nabokov () (born July 25, 1975 in Ust-Kamenogorsk, U.S.S.R., now Kazakhstan), is a Kazakhstani-Russian professional ice hockey goaltender.
He used to play for the San Jose Sharks, New York Islanders, and Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League.
He has also played for Metallurg Magnitogorsk and SKA St. Petersburg in the Russian Superleague and Kontinental Hockey League.
Nabokov played from 1991 until 2015.
Nabokov was drafted by the San Jose Sharks with the 219th overall pick in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft.
He played 10 seasons with the Sharks and then signed with SKA St. Petersburg in the Kontinental Hockey League in 2010.
He only played in Russia for 22 games and went back to the NHL.
He was signed by the Detroit Red Wings in January, 2011.
He never played a game for the Red Wings and was placed on waivers.
He was claimed off waivers by the New York Islanders on January 22, 2011.
For three years he played for the Islanders, and then played one year with the Tampa Bay Lightning.
He stopped playing hockey in 2015.
Kazakhstani ice hockey players
Russian ice hockey players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Ice hockey goaltenders
Henrik Lundqvist (; born 2 March 1982, in Åre, Sweden) is a Swedish ice hockey goaltender for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL).
He has been nominated for the Vezina Trophy three times.
He finished third all three times.
His play during his first season resulted in the New York media and Rangers fans giving him the nickname "King Henrik".
During the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy, he played on the Swedish team when they won their second Olympic Gold Medal.
Swedish ice hockey goaltenders
The Danube Delta is the second largest delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta.
It is one of the best preserved deltas on the continent.
Most of the Danube Delta can be found in Romania, but the northern part of the delta is in Ukraine.
In the Ukraine the delta is not preserved as well as it is in Romania.
In 1979, the Danube delta became a Biosphere Reserve.
The coastal ecosystem is recognized as part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.
Trips in Danube Delta
Tourism in Danube Delta
Wallachia (also spelled Walachia;  or "The Romanian Land") is a historical area of Romania.
Wallachia is divided into two sections, Muntenia (Greater Wallachia) and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).
Areas of Romania
History of Romania
The Romanian War of Independence was battled in 1877.
It was against the Ottoman Empire.
On , Romania and the Russian Empire signed a treaty that allowed Russian troops to pass through Romanian land, so long as the Russians respected the integrity of the Romanians.
On , in the Romanian parliament, Mihail Kogălniceanu said that it was the will of the Romanian people to be independent.
In the beginning of this war, Russia did not want to help the Romanians with the war.
The Romanian Army defeated the Turks in all the battles.
The battles took place in Grivitsa, Rahova, Vidin and Smârdan.
The Plevna Delay  by Richard T. Trenk, Sr. (
Originally published in Man At Arms magazine, Number Four, August, 1997)
The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of violent riots and fighting in Romania.
It took place in late December of 1989.
The fighting began to end Nicolae Ceauşescu's control of the Communist state.
In 1989, similar revolutions ended Communist governments in other countries in Eastern Europe.
Revolutions in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Albania were peaceful, but in Romania, the revolution was violent and led to the deaths of many, including Ceausescu.
20th century in Romania
This is a list of general managers in the National Hockey League.
In the National Hockey League, the general manager of a team typically controls player trades and talks about contracts  with players.
He is also responsible for the coaches.
Current NHL general managers
{{Infobox ice hockey player
| halloffame = 2014
| image = hasek-face.png
| caption = Hašek with the Red Wings in 2008
| birth_place = Pardubice, Czechoslovakia
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 1
| weight_lb = 166
| position = Goaltender
| catches = Left
| played_for =
{{plainlist |
ELH
HC Pardubice
HC Dukla JihlavaNHL Chicago Blackhawks
Ottawa SenatorsKHL HC Spartak Moscow
| ntl_team = TCH
| ntl_team_2 = CZE
| draft = 199th overall
| draft_year = 1983
| draft_team = Chicago Black Hawks
| career_start = 1980
| career_end = 2011
}}Dominik Hašek''', (born January 29, 1965) is a retired professional ice hockey goaltender that played a total of 16 seasons in the National Hockey League.
During his playing career he played for the Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Blackhawks, Buffalo Sabres, and the Ottawa Senators.
When he was in Buffalo, he became one of the league's best goaltenders.
He was nicknamed "The Dominator."
His strong play has been said to have establish European goaltenders in a league dominated by North Americans.
Hašek was one of the league's most successful goaltenders of the 1990s and early 2000s.
From 1993 to 2001, he won six Vezina Trophies, and in 1998 he became the first goaltender to win consecutive Hart Trophies.
During the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, he led the Czech national ice hockey team to its first and only Olympic gold medal.
The feat made him a popular figure in his home country and prompted hockey legend Wayne Gretzky to call him "the best player in the game."
Doing that, he set a record for shutouts in a postseason year.
He came in second in votes for the Conn Smythe Trophy for the playoff's Most Valuable Player.
Hašek was considered an unorthodox goaltender, with a special style that has labelled him a "flopper."
He is best known for his concentration, foot speed, flexibility, and unconventional saves, such as covering the puck with his blocker rather than his trapper.
Hašek is seen as a future Hall of Famer by those in the hockey world.
He is right now the oldest goalie in the NHL at 43, and  also, the second oldest player in the league after Red Wings teammate Chris Chelios, who is 46.
Buffalo Sabres players
Czech ice hockey players
Czechoslovak ice hockey players
Televangelism is the use of modern mass media such as television or radio to speak of the faith.
Usually this is done to convince other people of one's own beliefs.
It is common with Christianity but also occurs with other religions.
The word is a made up of television and evangelism.
The term was started by Time magazine.
Today it is also used for preachers who use modern mass media, such as radio, or the internet to spread the gospel.
Televangelists often give speeches, or sermons.
There they tell about the good news, and they ask people to do specific things.
Most often, they want donations either for their organisation, or for a specific cause.
Most televangelists make a connection between wonders or miracles, and the donations of the faithful.
What they preach is a form of prosperity theology, and this connection is a defining characteristic.
Televangelism also exists in Islam.
There, the people are either Salafi Sunni Muslims, or they are Shiites or Alevites.
Harun Yahya is an Turkish Islamic televangelist who has creationist ideas.
Politically, his ideas are close to the Gülen movement.
He has a very modern interpretation; in his broadcasts, he also shows women with few clothes, which is unusual for the Islamic world.
Televangelism has also been critiziced: Conservative Christian theologian John Mc Arthur wrote: „Someone needs to say this plainly: The faith healers and health-and-wealth preachers who dominate religious television are shameless frauds.
Their message is not the true Gospel of Jesus Christ.
There is nothing spiritual or miraculous about their on-stage chicanery.
It is all a devious ruse designed to take advantage of desperate people.
They are not Godly ministers but greedy impostors who corrupt the Word of God for money's sake.
They are not real pastors who shepherd the flock of God but hirelings whose only design is to fleece the sheep.
Their love of money is glaringly obvious in what they say as well as how they live.
They claim to possess great spiritual power, but in reality they are rank materialists and enemies of everything holy."
Bernard Marcel Parent (born April 3, 1945 in Montreal, Quebec), better known as Bernie Parent, is a retired  Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender.
Philadelphia Flyers players
Central Professional Hockey League players
Anthony James "Tony O" Esposito (April 23, 1943 – August 10, 2021) was a professional ice hockey goaltender, who played in the National Hockey League, most notably for the Chicago Black Hawks.
He was considered one of the pioneers of the now popular butterfly style.
He was born in Sault Ste.
Marie, Ontario.
Esposito died on August 10, 2021 at the age of 78, from pancreatic cancer.
American ice hockey players
Montreal Canadiens players
Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes
Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes
Playoff bracket
Philadelphia Flyers defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2, winning the cup with a Game 6 1–0 victory.
In doing so, the Flyers became the first expansion team to win the Cup in the post-Original Six era.
Hockey Database
NHL.com
1970s in North America
William Ashley "Billy" Sunday (November 19, 1862 in Story County, Iowa – November 6, 1935 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American athlete and religious person.
He was an outfielder in baseball's National League during the 1880s.
After that he became an influential American Presbyterian evangelist at the start of the 20th century.
In Rare Form: A Pictorial History of Baseball Evangelist Billy Sunday.
William A. Firstenberger.
Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
Official Billy Sunday website
Billy Sunday's grave
Billy Sunday Quotes
Major League Baseball players
The 2007–08 NHL season was the 91st season of operation (90th season of play) of the National Hockey League (NHL).
It began on September 29, 2007.
The regular season ended April 6, 2008.
The Stanley Cup playoffs ended on June 4.
The Detroit Red Wings won the Stanley Cup.
GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime/Shootout Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, Rank = Conference rank (division leaders are ranked first to third), Top eight teams in each conference qualified for post-season playoffs.
Conference standings
*-Denotes Division Leader
Tiebreaking Procedures
The greater number of games won.
The greater number of points earned in games between the tied clubs.
The difference between goals for and against.
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/– = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes
Leading goaltenders
GP = Games Played; TOI = Time On Ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average
Playoff seeds
Montreal Canadiens - Northeast Division and Eastern Conference regular season champion; 104 points
Pittsburgh Penguins - Atlantic Division champion, 102 points
Washington Capitals - Southeast Division champion, 94 points
New Jersey Devils - 99 points
New York Rangers - 97 points
Philadelphia Flyers - 95 points
Ottawa Senators - 94 points  (43 wins)
Boston Bruins - 94 points (41 wins)
Detroit Red Wings - Central Division and Western Conference regular season champion; Presidents' Trophy winner, 115 points
San Jose Sharks - Pacific Division champion, 108 points
Minnesota Wild - Northwest Division champion, 98 points
Anaheim Ducks - 102 points
Dallas Stars - 97 points
Colorado Avalanche - 95 points
Calgary Flames - 94 points
Nashville Predators - 91 points
Playoff Bracket
NHL awards
NHL All Star Team
Forwards: Alexander Ovechkin • Evgeni Malkin • Jarome Iginla
Defencemen: Nicklas Lidstrom • Dion Phaneuf
Goaltender: Evgeni Nabokov
Forwards: Henrik Zetterberg • Joe Thornton • Alexei Kovalev
Defencemen: Brian Campbell • Zdeno Chara
Goaltender: Martin Brodeur
John Henry Newton, Jr. (July 24, 1725 – December 21, 1807) was a slave ship captain who became an Anglican clergyman.
He was the author of many hymns, including "Amazing Grace".
Famous Quotes by John Newton
Amazing Grace: The True Story
Amazing Grace: John Newton information
1807 deaths
John Newton (1725–1807), English slaveship master and Anglican clergyman, author of “Amazing Grace”
John Haymes Newton (b. 1965), American actor
John Newton (engineer) (1822–1895), U.S. Army engineer and Civil War general
John Newton (soldier) (1755–1780), American Revolution soldier, fictionalized as a hero
John T. Newton (1793–1857), American naval officer
The Beginning Place is a science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in 1980.
Ursula Kroeber Le Guin () (October 21, 1929 – January 22, 2018) was an American writer.
She wrote books, poetry, children's books, essays, short stories, fantasy and science fiction.
Early life: California
Ursula K. Le Guin was born Ursula Kroeber in Berkeley, California, on October 21, 1929.
Her father, Alfred Louis Kroeber (1876–1960), was an anthropologist at the University of California, Berkeley.
Le Guin's mother, Theodora Kroeber (1897–1979; born Theodora Covel Kracaw), had a graduate degree in psychology.
She started writing in her sixties and became a successful author.
Her best known work was Ishi in Two Worlds (1961).
This was a biography of Ishi, an indigenous American who was the last known member of the Yahi tribe.
Ursula had three older brothers: Karl, Theodore, and Clifton.
The family had a large collection of books.
Ursula and her brothers all liked to read when they were young.
Le Guin read science fiction and fantasy.
She and her brothers often read issues of Thrilling Wonder Stories and Astounding Science Fiction.
She liked myths and legends.
She especially liked Norse mythology and Native American legends that her father would tell her.
Many people visited the Kroeber family.
Some of the visitors were well-known academics such as Robert Oppenheimer.
Le Guin used Oppenheimer as the model for her lead character in The Dispossessed, a physicist named Shevek.
The family lived in a summer home in the Napa valley and a house in Berkeley during the school year.
Le Guin studied at Berkeley High School.
She graduated with another student who became a famous science fiction author, Philip K. Dick.
She received her Bachelor of Arts in Renaissance French and Italian literature from Radcliffe College in 1951.
She was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society.
Le Guin then studied at Columbia University, and earned a Master of Arts in French in 1952.
Soon after, she began a Ph.D. program.
She won a Fulbright grant to continue her studies in France from 1953 to 1954.
Later, Le Guin also received Fulbright grants to travel to London in 1968 and 1975.
In 1953, while traveling to France aboard the Queen Mary, Ursula met historian Charles Le Guin.
Charles was also a Fulbright Scholar.
They got married in Paris in December 1953.
They returned to the United States in 1954.
Le Guin said that getting married meant she had to stop studying for her doctorate degree.
While her husband finished his doctorate at Emory University in Georgia, and later at the University of Idaho, Le Guin taught French and worked as a secretary until the birth of her daughter Elisabeth in 1957.
The couple had another daughter, Caroline, and a son, Theodore (born 1964).
Return to the West Coast: Portland
In 1959 Charles became a history instructor at Portland State University, so they moved to Portland, Oregon.
She first wrote in the 1960s.
She was awarded many Hugo and Nebula awards.
Her agent was Virgina Kidd.
She was given the Gandalf Award in 1979 and the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Grand Master Award in 2003.
She got eighteen Locus Awards, more than any other writer.
Her book The Farthest Shore won the National Book Award for Children's Books in 1973.
Le Guin was the Professional Guest of Honor at the 1975 World Science Fiction Convention in Melbourne, Australia.
She got the Library of Congress Living Legends award in the "Writers and Artists" area in April 2000 for her additions to America's cultural history.
In 2004, Le Guin was the was given the Association for Library Service to Children's May Hill Arbuthnot Honor Lecture Award.
Le Guin died on January 22, 2018, at her home in Portland.
She was 88 years old.
Her son said that she had been sick for several months.
He said that she probably had a heart attack.
There was a private memorial service for her in Portland.
There was also a public memorial service in June 2018.
At this service, many writers gave speeches, including: Margaret Atwood, Molly Gloss, and Walidah Imarisha
Beliefs and values
Political Freedom
In 1975, Le Guin won a Nebula Award for her story "The Diary of the Rose."
She did not accept the award.
This was a protest against the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America.
The SFWA had recently canceled Stanisław Lem's membership in the group.
Le Guin believed they kicked Lem out because he criticized American science fiction and chose to live in the Soviet Union, She said she could not take an award for a story about an unfree society from a writers' group that did not protect freedom.
Le Guin said she was did not learn any religion and was not taught to be religious as a child.
But, she became very interested in Taoism and Buddhism.
She said that Taoism was a tool to help her understand her life as a teenager and young adult.
In 1997 she published a translation of the Tao Te Ching.
Author's rights
In December 2009, Le Guin quit the Authors Guild.
She did this to protest the Guild's agreement with the Google's book digitization project. "
You decided to deal with the devil", she wrote in her letter when she quit.
She wrote that they had given control over authors' rights and copyright to a company for nothing.
Le Guin made a speech at the 2014 National Book Awards.
She explained that Amazon's control over the publishing industry was bad and dangerous.
She was especially concerned about how Amazon blocked the Hachette Book Group from selling all books because the companies disagreed about how to sell ebooks.
The speech was broadcast twice by National Public Radio.
And, many other news organizations reported on it around the world.
Early writing-1951-1968
Le Guin's first published work was in her fictional country called Orsinia.
These were a poem and a short story.
The poem, "Folksong from the Montayna Province," was published in 1959.
The short story was "An die Musik", in 1961.
Between 1951 and 1961 she also wrote five novels that all happened in Orsinia.
But, publishers did not want them because they thought they were hard to read or understand.
Some of her poetry from the 1950s was published in 1975 in a book called Wild Angels.
Le Guin was rejected by many publishers.
Then she turned to science fiction because she knew that clearly labeled SF would sell well.
Her first professional SF publication was the short story "April in Paris" in 1962 in Fantastic Science Fiction.
Seven more stories followed in the next few years, in Fantastic or Amazing Stories.
One of them was "The Dowry of the Angyar", which introduced the fictional Hainish universe, Two more were "The Rule of Names" and "The Word of Unbinding".
These introduced the world of Earthsea.
Most critics ignored these stories.
Le Guin published her first novel in 1966.
It was called Rocannon's World.
Ace Books published it.
Two more Hainish novels, Planet of Exile and City of Illusions were published in 1966 and 1967.
These three books became the Hainish trilogy.
The first two were each published as half of an "Ace Double": two novels bound into a paperback and sold as a single low-cost volume.
City of Illusions was published as a standalone volume.
Le Guin was getting greater name-recognition.
Critics paid more attention to these books  than to Le Guin's short stories.
Several science fiction magazines reviewed them, but the critical response was still muted.
The books had many themes and ideas also present in Le Guin's better known later works, including the "archetypal journey" of a protagonist who undertakes both a physical journey and one of self-discovery, cultural contact and communication, the search for identity, and the reconciliation of opposing forces.
Getting more attention
Le Guin's next two books in 1968 and 1969 brought her much more attention and praise.
The Wizard of Earthsea in 1968 was a young adult fantasy novel.
The Left Hand of Darkness in 1969 started her Hainish universe, explored sexuality, and won awards.
These two books changed Le Guin's career and made her a major writer.
A Wizard of Earthsea and The Left Hand of Darkness have been described by critic Harold Bloom as Le Guin's masterpieces.
Le Guin had not planned to write for young adults.
But, the editor of Parnassus Press asked her to write a novel for young people.
He thought they could sell many books to that group.
A Wizard of Earthsea published in 1968.
It was a fantasy coming of age story for teenagers.
In the book, Le Guin created a fictional archipelago called Earthsea.
She also created the first wizarding school.
Readers and reviewers in the US and the UK liked the book very much.
Her next novel was The Left Hand of Darkness in 1969 showed the strength of her writing and won awards.
It was in her Hainish universe on a fictional planet where humans have no fixed sex.
Le Guin explored experiences of gender and sexuality.
The book was Le Guin's first about feminist issues.
The book shocked and surprised science fiction critics.
It won both the Hugo and the Nebula Awards for best novel.
Le Guin the first woman to win these awards.
Le Guin continued to develop themes of equilibrium and coming-of-age in the next two installments of the Earthsea series, The Tombs of Atuan and The Farthest Shore, published in 1971 and 1972, respectively.
Both books were praised for their writing, while the exploration of death as a theme in The Farthest Shore also drew praise.
She won the Hugo Award again in 1973 for The Word for World is Forest.
The book was influenced by Le Guin's anger over the Vietnam War, and explored themes of colonialism and militarism: Le Guin later described it as the "most overt political statement" she had made in a fictional work.
Her 1974 novel The Dispossessed again won both the Hugo and the Nebula awards for best novel, making her the first person to win both awards for each of two books.
Also set in the Hainish universe, the story explored anarchism and utopianism.
Scholar Charlotte Spivack said Le Guin was making her science fiction writing more about discussing political ideas.
Several of her speculative fiction short stories from the period, including her first published story, were later anthologized in the 1975 collection The Wind's Twelve Quarters.
The fiction of the period 1966 to 1974, which also included The Lathe of Heaven, the Hugo Award-winning "The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas" and the Nebula Award-winning "The Day Before the Revolution", constitutes Le Guin's best-known body of work.
Later writing
Le Guin published the novel Lavinia in 2008.
Lavinia is a character from Virgil's Aeneid,
The Annals of the Western Shore was a series of three books: Gifts (2004), Voices (2006), and Powers (2007).
Each book has a different main character and happens in a different place.
But, the books all share some characters and places.
Gifts won the PEN Center USA 2005 Children's literature award.
Powers won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 2009.
Near the end of her life, Le Guin wrote less fiction.
She wrote essays, poems, and some translations.
Her last publications included the non-fiction collections Dreams Must Explain Themselves and Ursula K Le Guin: Conversations on Writing.
She also wrote a book of poetry called So Far So Good: Final Poems 2014–2018.
These were released after she died.
About the writing
Genre and style
Gender and sexuality
Moral development
The story of The Dispossessed happens on twin planets called Urras and Anarres.
Urras was richer than Anarres.
But Anarres is more advanced ethically and morally.
Sttlers from Urras planned the Anarres society.
It is an anarcho-socialist society that is an "ambiguous utopia".
Anarres society is neither perfect nor static, unlike classical utopias.
The main character, Shevek, travels to Urras to do research.
Urras society is authoritarian, hierarchical, and misogynistic.
But these the anarchists on Anarres do not have those problems.
In their society cooperation and individual liberty are most important.
Responses to her work
Le Guin became popular and got good reviews quickly after publishing The Left Hand of Darkness in 1969.
She was very well known among SF writers by the 1970s.
Readers bought millions of her books.
And, her writing was translated into more than 40 languages.
Some of her books stayed in print many decades after their first publication.
Academics studied her work carefully  and discussed it often.
Later in her career, mainstream literary critics wrote positively about her work.
In an obituary, Jo Walton said that Le Guin "was so good that the mainstream couldn't dismiss SF any more".
Le Guin earliest work stayed the most popular and got the most recognition.
A reviewer in 2018 said that she often lectured the reader in her later works.
John Clute, wrote in The Guardian, that she felt responsible for explaining important things clearly, and that this was difficult for her.
Some critics disliked some of her work.
The Compass Rose had a mixed reaction.
Even the critically well-received The Left Hand of Darkness was criticized by some feminists,.
Other authors liked her work.
According to Zadie Smith, her prose was "as elegant and beautiful as any written in the twentieth century".
After Le Guin's death in 2018, writer Michael Chabon called her the "greatest American writer of her generation", and said that she had "awed [him] with the power of an unfettered imagination".
Author Margaret Atwood praised Le Guin's "sane, smart, crafty and lyrical voice", and wrote that social injustice was a powerful motivation through Le Guin's life.
Literary critic Harold Bloom described Le Guin as an "exquisite stylist", saying that in her writing, "Every word was exactly in place and every sentence or line had resonance".
According to Bloom, Le Guin was a "visionary who set herself against all brutality, discrimination, and exploitation".
Academic and author Joyce Carol Oates highlighted Le Guin's "outspoken sense of justice, decency, and common sense", and called her "one of the great American writers and a visionary artist whose work will long endure".
China Miéville described Le Guin as a "literary colossus", and wrote that she was a "writer of intense ethical seriousness and intelligence, of wit and fury, of radical politics, of subtlety, of freedom and yearning".
Praise for Le Guin frequently focused on the social and political themes her work explored.
The New York Times described her as using "a lean but lyrical style" to explore issues of moral relevance.
In the introduction to an interview in 2008, Vice magazine described Le Guin as having written "some of the more mind-warping sf and fantasy tales of the past 40 years".
Le Guin won many annual awards for individual works.
She was nominated for Hugo Awards twenty-four times and won seven times.
She won six Nebula Awards from eighteen nominations.
Four of her Nebula Awards were for Best Novel, more than any other writer.
Le Guin won twenty-two Locus Awards.
Her third Earthsea novel, The Farthest Shore, won the 1973 National Book Award for Young People's Literature, She was a finalist for ten Mythopoeic Awards, nine in Fantasy and one for Scholarship.
Her 1996 collection Unlocking the Air and Other Stories was one of three finalists for the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
Other awards won by Le Guin include three James Tiptree Jr. Awards, two World Fantasy Awards, and three Jupiter Awards.
She won her final Hugo and Locus awards in the year of her death, for the essay collection No Time to Spare: Thinking About What Matters, and an anthology of the Hainish cycle, respectively.
Other awards were for Le Guin's contributions to speculative fiction.
She was voted a Gandalf Grand Master Award by the World Science Fiction Society in 1979.
The Science Fiction Research Association gave her its Pilgrim Award in 1989 for her "lifetime contributions to SF and fantasy scholarship".
At the 1995 World Fantasy Convention she won the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement.
She became a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in 2001.
The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America made her its 20th Grand Master in 2003.
She was the second, and as of 2019, one of only six women to receive that honor.
In 2010, Le Guin was awarded the Lyman Tower Sargent Distinguished Scholar Award by the North American Society for Utopian Studies.
In 2013, she was given the Eaton Award by the University of California, Riverside, for lifetime achievement in science fiction.
Later in her career Le Guin was also recognized her contributions to literature more generally.
In April 2000 the U.S. Library of Congress made Le Guin a Living Legend in the "Writers and Artists" category for her significant contributions to America's cultural heritage.
The American Library Association granted her the annual Margaret Edwards Award in 2004, and also selected her to deliver the annual May Hill Arbuthnot Lecture.
The Edwards Award recognizes one writer and a particular body of work: the 2004 panel cited the first four Earthsea volumes, The Left Hand of Darkness and The Beginning Place.
The panel said that Le Guin "has inspired four generations of young adults to read beautifully constructed language, visit fantasy worlds that inform them about their own lives, and think about their ideas that are neither easy nor inconsequential".
At its 2009 convention, the Freedom From Religion Foundation awarded the Emperor Has No Clothes Award to Le Guin.
A collection of Le Guin's works was published by the Library of America in 2016, an honor only rarely given to living writers.
The National Book Foundation awarded Le Guin its Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, stating that she had "defied conventions of narrative, language, character, and genre, and transcended boundaries between fantasy and realism to forge new paths for literary fiction".
The American Academy of Arts and Letters made her a member in 2017.
Legacy and influence
Le Guin strongly influenced the field of speculative fiction.
Jo Walton argued that Le Guin was important in both making the genre more open and accepting of new ideas, and in helping genre writers get mainstream success.
A Wizard of Earthsea introduced the idea of a "wizard school", which would later be made more famous by the Harry Potter series of books, and with popularizing the trope of a boy wizard, also present in Harry Potter.
Le Guin created the word "ansible" for an instantaneous interstellar communication device in 1966.
Several other writers, including Orson Scott Card and Neil Gaiman, used the word later.
The notion that names can exert power is also present in Hayao Miyazaki's 2001 film Spirited Away; critics have suggested that that idea started with Le Guin's Earthsea series.
Adaptations of her work
Her 1971 novel The Lathe of Heaven has been adapted twice, in 1979 by WNET with Le Guin's participation, and the in 2002 by the A&E Network.
In a 2008 interview, she said 1979 adaptation is "the only good adaptation to" a movie of her work to date.
In the early 1980s Hayao Miyazaki asked to create an animated adaptation of Earthsea.
Le Guin, who was unfamiliar with his work and anime in general, initially turned down the offer, but later accepted after seeing My Neighbor Totoro.
The third and fourth Earthsea books were used as the basis of Tales from Earthsea, released in 2006.
Miyazaki's son, Gorō Miyazaki directed the movie, not Hayao Miyazaki himself.
Le Guin was disappointed by the change.
Le Guin was positive about how the movie looked.
She wrote that "much of it was beautiful", but she did not like the moral sense of the movie.
She disliked the  physical violence, especially the death of a villain as the movie's ending.
In 2004 the Sci Fi Channel adapted the first two books of the Earthsea trilogy as the miniseries Legend of Earthsea.
Le Guin was highly critical of the adaptation, calling it a "far cry from the Earthsea I envisioned", objecting to the use of white actors for her red-, brown-, or black-skinned characters.
Le Guin's novel The Left Hand of Darkness and novella Paradises Lost have both been adapted for theater.
In 1995, Chicago's Lifeline Theatre presented its adaptation of The Left Hand of Darkness.
Reviewer Jack Helbig at the Chicago Reader wrote that the "adaptation is intelligent and well crafted but ultimately unsatisfying", mainly because it is extremely difficult to compress a complex 300-page novel into a two-hour stage presentation.
She also said she was better pleased with stage adaptations, including Paradises Lost, than screen adaptations of her work till date.
In 2013, the Portland Playhouse and Hand2Mouth Theatre produced a stage adaptation of The Left Hand of Darkness, directed and adapted by Jonathan Walters, with text adapted by John Schmor.
The play opened May 2, 2013, and ran until June 16, 2013, in Portland, Oregon.
Paradises Lost was adapted into an opera at the University of Illinois.
The opera was composed by Stephen A. Taylor; the libretto has been attributed both to Kate Gale and to Marcia Johnson.
Adapted in 2005, the opera premiered in April 2012.
Le Guin described the effort as a "beautiful opera" in an interview, and expressed hopes that it would be picked up by other producers.
Earthsea (fantasy)
A Wizard of Earthsea, 1968
The Tombs of Atuan, 1971
The Farthest Shore, 1972 (Winner of the National Book Award)
Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea, 1990 (Winner of the Nebula Award)
The Other Wind, 2001
Tales from Earthsea, short story collection, 2001 (winner of Endeavour Award)
Hainish Cycle (science fiction)
Rocannon's World, 1966
Planet of Exile, 1966
City of Illusions, 1967
The Left Hand of Darkness, 1969 (winner of the Hugo Award and Nebula Award)
The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous Utopia, 1974 (winner of the Hugo Award and Nebula Award)
The Word for World is Forest, 1976 (winner of the Hugo Award)
Four Ways to Forgiveness, 1995 (Four Stories of the Ekumen)
The Telling, 2000 (winner of Endeavour Award)
Miscellaneous novels and story cycles
The Lathe of Heaven, 1971 (made into TV movies, 1980 and 2002)
The Eye of the Heron, 1978 (first published in the anthology Millennial Women)
Malafrena, 1979
The Beginning Place, 1980 (also published as Threshold, 1986)
Always Coming Home, 1985
Lavinia, 2008
The Catwings Collection
Catwings, 1988
Catwings Return, 1989
Wonderful Alexander and the Catwings, 1994
Jane on her Own, 1999
The Language of the Night, 1979, revised edition 1992
Dancing at the Edge of the World, 1989
Revisioning Earthsea, 1992 (a published lecture - essay)
Steering the Craft, 1998 (about writing)
The Wave in the Mind, 2004
Ursula K. Le Guin Blog
Jan van Eyck or Johannes de Eyck () (before c. 1395 – before 9 July 1441) was an early Dutch painter active in Bruges.
He is thought to be one of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century.
He was interested in art since he was a child and was encouraged in this career by his older brother, Hubert.
Web Gallery of Art
Jan van Eyck Gallery at MuseumSyndicate
1380s births
1441 deaths
European diplomats
Awana (an acronym for Approved Workmen Are Not Ashamed, from 2 Timothy 2:15), is an international evangelical non-profit organization.
It was founded in 1950.
Its headquarters is in Streamwood, Illinois.
It was founded by Baptist minister Arthur Rorheim in 1950.
Awana Clubs International
Dwight Lyman (D.L.) Moody (February 5, 1837 – December 22, 1899) was an American evangelist and publisher.
He started the Moody Church, Northfield School and Mount Hermon School in Massachusetts (now the Northfield Mount Hermon School), the Moody Bible Institute and Moody Publishers.
Horatio Spafford - Spafford, a friend of Moody, wrote the words to the hymn It Is Well with My Soul.
Sermons by D. L. Moody
Fletcher Christian (September 25, 1764 - 1793) was an English seaman on HMS Bounty when it sailed to Tahiti to collect breadfruit trees in 1787.
He led a mutiny (take over) to stop Lieutenant William Bligh returning to England. (
See Mutiny on the Bounty).
He left Bligh and 18 seaman in a small boat, and went back to Tahiti in the Bounty.
Christian and some of the other sailors then sailed to Pitcairn Island to live.
Christian was later killed in a fight between the Tahitian men and the seamen.
Christian was born in 1764 at the family home of Moorland Close, near Brigham, Cumbria.
He was one of 10 children of Charles Christian and Ann Dixon.
He could trace his ancestry back to William the Conqueror.
The name Christian is an English way of saying the Manx name "McCrystyn".
Fletcher's mother came from Cumberland and he was named after his grandmother, Mary Fletcher.
After his father died, Christian went to sea.
He was 18 years old.
He was a sailor on the ship 'Cambridge'.
William Bligh was also on the ship.
Christian later sailed on two trips with Bligh to Jamaica on the ship 'Britannia'.
After the mutiny
After the mutiny, Christian wanted to settle on the island of Tubuai.
The sailors were scared of the natives who lived on the island.
The sailors went back to Tahiti.
Christian married Maimiti, the daughter of one of the chiefs on June 16, 1789.
He then left Tahiti with 8 of the mutineers, 13 Tahitian women and six men.
They sailed to the remote Pitcairn Island.
Sixteen sailors from the Bounty stayed at Tahiti.
At Pitcairn they took everything they could from the Bounty.
After that Matthew Quintal set it on fire.
The sexual imbalance (more men than women) and the slavery of the Tahitian men by the mutineers led to fighting and the deaths of most of the men.
Fletcher Christian was killed in the fighting.
He had a son with Maimiti, Thursday October Christian and two additional children.
By the Upper Triassic they are similar in shape to dolphins and to fast predatory fish like tuna (convergent evolution).
They are found in marine strata from the earliest Triassic to the Cretaceous, though the early proto-ichthyosaurs are sometimes put in the broader category of Ichthyopterygia.
After transitional Triassic types like Mixosaurus and Cymbospondylus, they have essentially the same body shape.
Californosaurus was one of the first to have the typical dolphin-like body shape.