the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Koumra - 35,400
Pala - 34,600
Am Timan - 28,200
Bongor - 27,100
Mongo - 27,100
Chad's official languages are Arabic and French, but over 100 languages and dialects are spoken.
Due to the important role of Arab traders and merchants, Chadian Arabic has become a lingua franca, a language for all to use.
Attending primary school is required in Chad, though only about 50% of children attend school.
Adult literacy is only 35%.
Anal sex is a sex act performed on the anus.
Anal sex can involve a penis inserted in the anus, oral stimulation of the anus, using fingers for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.
The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself.
Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something.
Lubrication is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.
For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the prostate that is found near the anus.
For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the clitoral legs/G-Spot or the cervix.
Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the anus has many nerve endings.
Discovery.com - Anal sex
Sexual acts
Cologne Cathedral built.
King Louis IX of France starts the Seventh Crusade.
He leaves with an army of 20,000 toward Egypt.
Roger Bacon publishes the formula for black powder in Europe.
Honor Blackman (22 August 1925 – 5 April 2020) was an English actress.
She was born in Plaistow, Essex.
She is best known for her roles in the movie Goldfinger and on the television programmes, The Avengers and The Upper Hand (the British version of Who's the Boss).
Blackman died at her home in Lewes on 5 April 2020.
She was 94.
Actresses who played Bond girls
The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is a tragedy play by William Shakespeare.
It is one of his best-known plays, and many lines have become famous quotations.
The play is often just called Hamlet.
Hamlet was written between 1600 and 1602, and first printed in 1603.
With 4042 lines and 29551 words, Hamlet is the longest Shakespearean play.
Hamlet is a young prince in Denmark who was supposed to become king when his father (also named Hamlet) died.
Instead, Hamlet's uncle Claudius took the throne for himself and married Hamlet's mother, Gertrude.
Hamlet meets a ghost of his dead father, who tells him that he was poisoned by Claudius.
The ghost demands that Hamlet kill Claudius in revenge.
Hamlet is at first not sure whether to believe the ghost, so he tries to investigate.
He pretends to be mad to hide what he is doing.
As the play goes on, it becomes hard to tell if Hamlet is actually mad or still just pretending.
His behaviour causes him to fall out with Ophelia, a girl he was in love with.
He eventually has the idea of getting some actors to put on a play about a king being killed, in the same way that the ghost described, to see how Claudius reacts.
Claudius panics when he sees the play, and Hamlet sees this as proof that his uncle is a murderer.
Hamlet has a chance to kill Claudius in the castle chapel, but cannot bring himself to do it.
He instead visits his mother, and they have an argument because Hamlet is unhappy that she married Claudius.
Someone moves behind a curtain and Hamlet, thinking it is Claudius, stabs him.
It turns out that he has killed Polonius, a royal advisor and Ophelia's father.
Claudius orders Hamlet to be exiled to England.
He sets up a plot to have Hamlet killed, but Hamlet escapes and returns to Denmark.
Meanwhile, Ophelia has been suffering from madness after falling out with Hamlet.
After learning that he has killed her father, she drowns herself.
Hamlet arrives at Ophelia's funeral and gets into a fight with her brother Laertes.
Laertes blames Hamlet for the deaths of his sister and father, and wants revenge.
He challenges Hamlet to a swordfight.
Hamlet agrees.
The swordfight is arranged to take place at the castle.
To get Hamlet killed, Claudius gets Laertes to fight with a sword that has poison on the blade, and brings some poisoned wine in case this does not work.
The swordfight begins.
After some fighting, Laertes wounds Hamlet and poisons him.
After more fighting, they drop their swords and Hamlet ends up fighting and wounding Laertes with the poisoned sword.
Laertes shows regret for what he has done and tells Hamlet about the poison as he dies.
Meanwhile, Gertrude drinks the poisoned wine by mistake and dies.
Realising that he is also dying, Hamlet stabs Claudius with the poisoned sword and forces him to drink the rest of the wine.
In his last moments, Hamlet tells his friend Horatio that Fortinbras, a Norwegian prince, should be named as the next King of Denmark.
Hamlet, the prince of Denmark
Ghost, the ghost of king Hamlet
Gertrude, the Queen, prince Hamlet's mother
Claudius, the King, brother of dead King Hamlet and now married to Gertrude
Horatio, Hamlet's trusted friend
Polonius, the royal advisor
Laertes, the son of Polonius
Ophelia, the daughter of Polonius and Hamlet's girlfriend
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two members of Claudius' royal court, who spy on Hamlet for Claudius
Acting Hamlet
Hamlet is one of the hardest parts for an actor to perform.
It is one of the largest roles written by Shakespeare.
Many people disagree about what Hamlet is really thinking.
For many actors, playing Hamlet is one of the most important parts of their career.
Hamlet in movies
There have been many movies made of the play.
Most of them show only part of the play, because the entire play is very long.
Some of the most famous movies include:
1948 Hamlet played by Laurence Olivier.
Directed by Laurence Olivier.
1960 A version made for German television.
This version was later an episode of Mystery Science Theatre 3000.
1990 Hamlet played by Mel Gibson.
Directed by Franco Zeffirelli.
1996 Hamlet played by Kenneth Branagh.
Directed by Kenneth Branagh.
Unlike most movies, Branagh's Hamlet did not leave out any of the play to make the movie shorter.
2009 Hamlet played by David Tennant.
Directed by Gregory Doran, a three and a half hour Television adaptation for the BBC.
An adaptation of the folio text with changes from the first and later quarto's to fit the dramatisation.
2014 Bollywood movie "Haider" directed by Vishal Bhardwaj, where role of Hamlet played by Shahid Kapoor.
HyperHamlet  - research project at the University of Basel
BBC production of Hamlet in 2009
A director is someone who is in charge of something.
It can mean slightly different things in different places.
Art director, a position in theatre, movies, television, and related areas
Board of directors, the people in charge of a company
Movie director, the person who controls how a movie is made
Television director, the person who directs different types of television programs.
Theatre director, the person in charge of deciding how a stage play should be performed.
Don Quixote, part 1, is written by Miguel De Cervantes
Bias means that a person prefers an idea and possibly does not give equal chance to a different idea.
Bias can be influenced by a number of factors, such as popularity (for example, a newspaper might be biased towards a particular political party due to their employees sharing the same political beliefs as that party).
Bias in an article or editorial would show one point of view, using selected facts and quotes to support that point of view.
Facts or opinions that do not support the point of view in a biased article would be excluded.
For example, an article biased toward riding a motorcycle would show facts about the good gas mileage, fun, and agility.
An article biased against motorcycle riding would show facts about risk of injury and noise, and ignore positive facts about motorcycles.
An article biased against guns would show only facts and information that support the author's position.
They would list suicides, accidental shootings and other facts showing guns in a negative way.
An article biased for guns should show only information that supports the author's position.
The positively biased article would discuss 'lives saved' by guns, numbers of crimes prevented by civilian gun use, and other facts and data that put gun ownership and guns in a good light.
Bias in writing can also be shown by using bad or slang words to refer to groups of people or things.
"Broads" rather than "women"; "murdercycles" rather than "motorcycles".
Words or phrasing that make wide assumptions about races or groups of people also indicates bias.
"All Chinese people are good at math".
Bias also means mistakes in measurements.
For example, a person may measure the height of another person wearing shoes.
The shoes make the height more than the same person without shoes.
If the extra height of the shoes (extra bias) was not explained, someone might think that the person had been measured without shoes on.
Data with extra parts not explained is called biased data.
Examples of Bias in Writing
September 7 – Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French naturalist (d. 1788)
Harpsichords are keyboard instruments that make sound by having the strings plucked with a plectrum.
They are thought to have originated when a keyboard was attached to a psaltery.
This makes them different from a clavichord where the strings are hit.
The piano is therefore closer to a clavichord than a harpsichord.
On a piano it is possible to play louder or quieter by playing the keys with more or less force.
On a harpsichord the volume (playing louder or softer) cannot be controlled by the way it is played.
However, some large harpsichords have several "stops", each one giving a different kind of sound.
The largest harpsichords have two manuals (keyboards) which gives more variety.
It makes it possible for the right hand to play the tune on one manual while the left hand plays an accompaniment more quietly on the other.
Some small harpsichords were called "virginals", perhaps because they were played by young girls.
There are also spinets which were very small and sometimes wing-shaped.
They could be picked up and put on a table.
Harpsichords were very important in music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods.
They were used as solo instruments as well as to accompany an orchestra.
Some of the most famous composers of harpsichord music are William Byrd (1543-1623), François Couperin (1668-1733), Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757) and Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750).
The last of these composers wrote The Well-Tempered Clavier, which has a prelude and fugue in every major and minor key.
It is said that Bach wrote this collection of music to show how keyboard instruments like the harpsichord can be tuned in a way to make playing in any key possible.
Early musical instruments
Plucked string instruments
The Kingston Trio was a folk music group from Palo Alto, California who were popular in the 1950s and 1960s.
Musical groups from California
The Passion of the Christ is the title of a movie that was produced and directed by Mel Gibson based on sister Catherine Emmerich's visions.
It was released in 2004.
The movie shows the last 24 hours in the life of Jesus of Nazareth (called by his followers Jesus Christ) as told in the Gospel accounts contained in the New Testament that Christians regard as a part of the Holy Bible.
The Passion of the Christ was unusual and controversial for many reasons.
All of the speech was in three languages that were spoken at the time of Jesus: Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
The movie spent a lot of time showing details of the suffering and death of Jesus, with lots of violent scenes.
Mel Gibson said that this was a realistic showing of what happened, though others thought it showed too much violence.
Jewish groups and Christians objected to the movie because it showed the Jewish leaders arranging to have Jesus killed.
There were also other depictions in the film of Jews that many Jews and Christians felt was controversial.
They said that this would cause people to think that modern-day Jews were guilty because of this and increase antisemitism and inaccurate beliefs of Jews.
The movie makers said that this was not their intention, however criticism from both sides continued and still persists to this day.
Mel Gibson was unable to get support from movie studios for this movie, and so supplied the money for it (around $25 million) mostly himself.
The movie made much more money than expected -around $370 million.
2004 drama movies
American drama movies
American epic movies
Fiction set in the past
Movies set in Ancient Rome
Movies based on the Bible
Multilingual movies
Movies directed by Mel Gibson
Depression (mood), when a person is very sad
Depression (mental illness), a type of mood disorder
Depression (economics), when the economy is shrinking instead of growing
Great Depression, a major economic depression in the 1930s
Historically, cavalry have been soldiers who fought while riding horses.
In modern times, "cavalry" means the branch of the military that fight in armored vehicles such as tanks.
They differ from the infantry in that the Infantry fight on foot.
Soldiers have fought on horses ever since people have ridden horses.
Before that, they fought in chariots pulled by horses.
Because horses are strong, cavalry troops can wear more armor than infantry and carry heavier weapons.
Because horses are fast, cavalry can ride into battle more quickly than infantry.
Horse riding
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th president of the United States.
He served as President from 1849 until his death in 1850.
He was a second cousin to James Madison.
General years
Taylor was a general in the United States Army.
He led an army during the Mexican-American War.
He was selected by the Whigs to be their candidate because he was a famous general.
He was the last President to own slaves while in office.
During his term, slavery was a big issue because the Northerners wanted no slavery in the U.S. and wanted to stop newly formed states from allowing slavery.
The southerners believed that they had the right to keep their slaves and people feared that they would choose to not be a part of the United States anymore (which they would eventually do in 1860).
Taylor did not like the idea of the southern states leaving the United States at all.
He threatened to use military force against them if they were to do that.
Taylor never voted until he was 62 years old.
He was never a resident of a particular location in the United States long enough to register to vote.
The Compromise of 1850 (a proposal several laws that would calm down the slavery issue by pleasing both the north and the south) was voted on in Congress shortly after his death.
This was negotiated by Kentucky's Congressman, Henry Clay, who was a distant cousin of the Taylors and Lincolns.
Taylor's White House biography
1784 births
Gianni Rodari (October 23, 1920 in Omegna (Novara) - April 14, 1980 in Rome) was an Italian writer.
He was famous for his books for children.
Rodari, Gianni
Montgomery is the capital city of the state of Alabama in the United States.
It is on the Alabama River.
In 2000 201,568 people lived there.
Montgomery was started on December 3, 1819 by merging New Philadelphia and East Alabama Town.
The city became a county seat in 1822.
On January 28, 1846, the state capital was moved from  Tuscaloosa to Montgomery.
For a few months in 1861 Montgomery was the capital of the Confederate States of America.
Notable natives and residents
Nat King Cole, jazz pianist & singer
Martin Luther King, Jr., civil rights advocate
Bart Starr, Pro Football Hall of Famer
Montgomery -Wikivoyage
City of Montgomery, Alabama
County seats in Alabama
1819 establishments in Alabama
Omaha is a city in the state of Nebraska in the United States.
The city is home to 408,958 people making it the state's largest city both in population and geography.
Omaha is known for its Indie music scene.
Bright Eyes and 311 are some of the most well known bands to come out of the city.
Local music venues include the Slowdown in NoDo and The Waiting Room in Benson.
Connor Oberst, lead singer of Bright Eyes, started Saddle Creek Records in Omaha.
The label is named after a street in Midtown Omaha, despite the label being housed in downtown.
Saddle Creek Records is the owner of the Slowdown.
Omaha is home to a number national and global headquarters including TD Ameritrade, Berkshire Hathaway, Con Agra Foods, Mutual of Omaha, Woodmen of the World, and Hayneedle.
First National Bank of Omaha's headquarters are located downtown at One First National Place, the state's largest building.
Billionaire Warren Buffett calls the city home and hosts the annual Berkshire Hathaway shareholders meeting at the Century Link Center in downtown Omaha.
The city hosts the College World Series every year at TD Ameritrade Park, since 2011.
The series was formerly hosted at Rosenblatt Stadium prior to its condemnation in September 2010 and subsequent demolition in late 2012.
The Series was first held in Omaha in 1947.
Omaha has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification).
Summers are hot and quite wet; winters are cold and quite dry.
1854 establishments in Nebraska Territory
Toledo is a city in Spain with a population of 85,000.
It is a historical city with a lot of monuments.
The city was important from the Roman period to the 18th century.
It is the capital of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha and the Toledo province.
Many famous people and artists were born or lived in this city, including Garcilaso de la Vega, Alfonso X and El Greco.
A city in Ohio was named after this.
Sinagoga del Tránsito
Exhibit on Toledo, Ohio Sister City Agreement
Photography of Toledo by Antony Marsh
http://lahistoriadefermosa.com  "La Historia de Fermosa" Abraham S. Marrache, Hebraica Ediciones 2009, a historical novel in Spanish about the love affair in 1179 between King Alfonso VIII of Castile and the young Toledan Jewess, Fermosa.
Sunset in Toledo , Eretz Acheret  Magazine
Legends of Toledo
Free Audio Guide of Toledo ES/EN
Spain's official website - Info about Toledo
World Heritage Sites in Spain
Tommy Tutone was a 1980s pop music group.
They are best known for their 1982 song 867-5309-Jenny.
Studio albbums
Tommy Tutone (1980)
Tommy Tutone 2 (1981)
National Emotion (1983)
Nervous Love (1996)
Tutone.rtf (1998)
Angel Say No (1980)
867-5309/Jenny (1981)
Which Man Are You (1982)
Get Around Girl (1983)
My Little Red Book (2017)
Time Won’t Let Me (2018)
new wave bands
Judas Priest are an English heavy metal band.
They formed in The Black Country, England in 1969.
They are famous for having two guitar players, named Glenn Tipton and K.K. Downing.
The singer, Rob Halford, left the band in the early 1990s because of problems with the other people in the band.
He went back to the band in 2003.
On 7 December 2010, the band said they would play their last concert tour during 2011, But they are still a band, and have made a new album called Redeemer of Souls.
Judas Priest used to be a different band to the one that is together now.
The lead singer for this old band was called Al Atkins.
Around the same time, guitar player K.K. Downing and bass player Ian Hill put together their own band, and when they were looking for a lead singer, they found Al Atkins.
His band called Judas Priest had broken up by then, and he suggested that KK and Ian should use the same name.
They kept on using the name even after Atkins left in 1973.
When the band was looking for another singer, Ian Hill discovered the singing talents of his girlfriend's brother, Rob Halford.
First five albums
Before Judas Priest recorded their first album, a second guitar player, Glenn Tipton, joined the band.
The first album, Rocka Rolla, came out in 1974.
It was not very successful, probably because it didn't have many of the songs that the band were known for playing in live concerts back in those days.
They would later be on the band's next album, Sad Wings of Destiny in 1976.
That album was followed up by Sin After Sin in 1977.
These three albums had a hard rock style that was familiar to bands like Led Zeppelin, and had a psychedelic feel.
The band's fourth album, Stained Class, had less of a psychedelic sound and was rockier sounding.
This was the first album to have drummer Les Binks, who had a drumming style that was liked by many fans, and is thought of as important for improving the band's sound.
The fitth album, Killing Machine (called Hell Bent for Leather in America because of the original title suggesting murder) was also rockier sounding but had shorter songs. "
Hell Bent for Leather" from the album is one of the band's more popular songs.
Les Binks left after this album.
It was also during the late 70s/early 80s that Rob Halford started putting together stage costumes of S&M leather and studs.
This was done to express that he was gay - he felt like he needed to keep this from the fans in case it would hurt the band's popularity, and he did not come out until 1998.
The S&M look was not thought at the time by fans to be a symbol of homosexuality, and it was copied by many other metal bands.
Sucess with British Steel and similar albums
The band gained much more fame with album #6 in 1980, called British Steel.
The album is said to be important for building on what we know as the heavy metal sound and is one of their most popular, including hit songs like "Metal Gods" "Breaking the Law" and "Living After Midnight".
The next album, Point of Entry, didn't do as well.
Album #8, Screaming For Vengeance, was a return to success and had the hits "Electric Eye" and "You've Got Another Thing Comin'" Album #9.
Defenders of the Faith, had a similar style.
Change to pop-metal sound
Album #10, however, called Turbo, had more of a pop-metal sound with synthesizers on all the songs and lyrics with sexual themes.
This is best demonstrated in the first song "Turbo Lover".
It received mixed critic reviews who had doubts about the change in sound.
The next album, Ram It Down, mixed the pop metal sound of Turbo with the heavy metal sound of the band's more popular albums.
The trial against the band
In the summer of the year 1990, the band was involved in a trial where they were blamed for causing two young men to try to kill themselves.
These men were 20-year-old James Vance and 18-year-old Raymond Belknap, both American.
On 23 December 1985, Vance and Belknap, after hours of drinking beer, smoking weed and apparently listening to Judas Priest, went to a playground at a church with a shotgun to kill themselves.
Belknap died instantly after shooting himself, but Vance survived with a disfigured face.
Vance died three years after.
Their parents thought they heard "do it" being sung in the band's song "Better By You, Better Than Me" from the Stained Class album (actually a cover of a Spooky Tooth song).
They said the words in the song made them shoot themselves.
The trial was dismissed in August of 1990 when Rob Halford played a clip from their song called Exciter in reverse, so it sounded like Halford was singing "I asked her for a peppermint, I asked her to get one" (the actual words were "Stand by for exciter, salvation is his task").
He did this to show how any reverse messages in their songs suggesting suicide were accidental.
Painkiller and Halford leaves
The band released one of their most popular albums in 1990 called Painkiller.
The title song did very well and is a popular Judas Priest song.
Fans and critics liked Scott Travis' fast and heavy drumming style, feeling it was better than the more simple slower drumming of Dave Holland.
Halford wanted to make heavier music in the style of newer bands like Pantera, but the band wanted to carry on with the style they were playing.
Halford and the rest of the band started arguing which led to his leaving of the band, starting new bands called Fight and 2wo.
New singer: Tim 'Ripper' Owens
The band didn't play together for a few years, until 1996 when they found American singer Tim Owens, who nicknamed himself 'Ripper' after an early Priest song.
Owens had been playing in a Priest tribute band before joining the actual band.
They released Jugulator in 1997.
The album was a lot heavier and darker than Painkiller and had lyrics describing the end of the world.
Reviews were negative about Owens' singing style and the heavier musical style.
Halford and the band make up and Demolition
Halford and the rest of Judas Priest started speaking again after KK, Glenn and Ian were invited to a wedding of a relative of Halford's.
KK and Ian attended and made up with Halford.
However, Tim Owens was still in the band until 2003, bringing out Demolition in 2001.
The album has a larger variety of musical styles than Jugulator, but was no more successful.
Halford re-joins
Their next album was Nostradamus in 2008, which was a concept album (an album telling a story) about a prophet, also called Nostradamus.
Reviews were more critical, with negativity towards the album's length of two discs.
Modern Era
Epitaph tour and new album
Around 2010, media reported that the band planned to break up after one last tour.
However, eventually, the band confirmed that they would not be breaking up after the tour but would be doing a lot less touring.
K.K. Downing left the band in 2011, after 41 years.
He was replaced by Richie Faulkner.
The band made a new album after the tour called Redeemer of Souls, which came out in 2014.
The band are still touring although their tours will not last as long due to the elderly ages of some of the band members.
Rocka Rolla (1974)
Sad Wings of Destiny (1976)
Sin After Sin (1977)
Stained Class (1978)
Killing Machine / Hell Bent for Leather (1978)
British Steel (1980)
Point of Entry (1981)
Screaming for Vengeance (1982)
Defenders of the Faith (1984)
Turbo (1986)
Ram It Down (1988)
Painkiller (1990)
Angel of Retribution (2004)
Nostradamus (2008)
Redeemer of Souls (2014)
Firepower (2018)
Hard rock bands
Speed metal bands
Palo Alto is a city in the American state of California in Santa Clara County that has a population of about 55,000 people.
It is in the region called Silicon Valley and close to Stanford University.
It is the home of many innovators and entrepreneurs. "
Palo Alto" means tall tree in Spanish after a famous redwood that was struck down by lightning in 1955.
A diverse population thrives in a city known for its schools, churches, restaurants and mild climate.
Phil and Don Everly (Phil January 19, 1939 – January 3, 2014 and Don February 1, 1937 – August 21, 2021) were two brothers from the U.S. state of Iowa.
They started performing in the 1950s and had a lot of famous songs in the 1950s and 1960s.
They are considered very influential in rock and roll.
Don was born in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky.
He died on August 21, 2021 in Nashville, Tennessee of heart attack at the age of 84.
Phil was born in Chicago, Illinois.
He died at age 74 on January 3, 2014 in Burbank, California from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
List of country musicians from Iowa
1957 establishments in the United States
Musical groups disestablished in 2014
1950s American music groups
Country bands
Entertainers from Iowa
20th-century establishments in Iowa
2014 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1957
The first modern Olympic Games takes place in Athens.
Alden J. Blethen buys The Seattle Times.
On January 4, Utah became a state in the United States.
February 9 – Alberto Vargas – Pin-up artist
May 30 - Howard Hawks, American director (d. 1977)
August 27 – Miyazawa Kenji Japanese poet, writer of children's literature
September 21- Walter Breuning, among the oldest people
42 is a year in the 1st century.
It was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Piso.
Romans take control of Ceuta.
Lands now known as Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province.
The Dalmatian legate Furius Camillus Scribonianus revolts.
His troops do not support him and the rebellion quickly ends.
Claudius starts building the Port of Ostia.
Suro becomes the first king of Geumgwan Gaya in the Korean peninsula.
Chinese General My Yuan puts down the rebellion of the Trung sisters in Tonkin.
25 January: the apostle Paul becomes a  Christian.
The exact date is not known, but the Catholic Church has chosen to celebrate it on this date.
Herennius Philo (approximate date) (d. 141)
Pope Sixtus I (d. 124)
Arria
Gaius Appius Junius Silanus
In 1961, a song that he wrote was recorded by Faron Young, and became a number one song on Billboard's Hot Country Songs music chart.
In 1975 he had his first number one song, as a singer, on Billboards Hot Country Songs music chart.
Willie Nelson was born in Abbott, Texas on April 29, 1933, during the Great Depression to Myrle Marie (née Greenhaw) and Ira Doyle Nelson.
He was born on April 29, 1933, but his birth was recorded by doctor F. D. Sims on April 30.
He was named Willie by his cousin Mildred, who also chose Hugh as his middle name, in honor of her recently deceased younger brother.
Nelson's ancestry includes English, Irish, and Cherokee.
His parents moved from Arkansas in 1929, to look for work.
Nelson's grandfather, William, worked as a blacksmith, while his father worked as a mechanic.
His mother left soon after he was born, and his father remarried and also moved away, leaving Willie and his sister Bobbie to be raised by their grandparents.
The Nelsons, who taught singing back in Arkansas, started their grandchildren in music.
Nelson's grandfather bought him a guitar when he was six, and taught him a few chords, and with his sister Bobbie, he sang gospel songs in the local church.
He wrote his first song at age seven, and when he was nine, played guitar for the local band Bohemian Polka.
During the summer, the family picked cotton along with other citizens of Abbott.
Nelson didn't like picking cotton, so he earned money by singing in dance halls, taverns, and honky tonks from age thirteen, and continuing through high school.
Nelson's musical influences were Hank Williams, Bob Wills, Lefty Frizzell, Ray Price, Ernest Tubb, Hank Snow, Django Reinhardt, Frank Sinatra and Louis Armstrong.
Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain (1975)
"Always on My Mind" (1982)
Writing of songs
Crazy (song) (1961)
List of country musicians from Texas
Africa-Eurasia (also called Afro-Eurasia, Eurafrasia, Afrasia) is the world's biggest landmass.
Around 85% (approximately 5.5 billion) of the world population lives there.
It is split between the two continents of Africa and Eurasia, the latter of which has been historically further subdivided into Europe and Asia.
Northern Asia
Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Southeastern Asia
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
In geological terms, Africa-Eurasia (or Eurafrasia) may be a supercontinent if Africa collides with Europe.
One estimate suggests it will happen in 600,000 years, when the southern tip of Spain reaches Africa.
If this happens, the Mediterranean Sea will be isolated from the Atlantic Ocean.
Africa is expected to collide with Europe completely in 50 million years, closing the Mediterranean.
January 1 – The Royal Army Medical Corps first successful blood transfusionblood that had been stored and cooled.
January 1 – Impressionist painter Monet paints 'Water Lilies'.
January 5 – Heavy rain – allegedly caused by rainmaker Charles Hatfield – begins; it will cause flooding around San Diego, California
January 8 – Allied forces withdraw from Gallipoli
January 13/14 – A heavy storm sweeps through the Zuiderzee in the Netherlands, causing extensive damage.
This storm helped the Dutch parliament to decide to build the Afsluitdijk and build polders in the current IJsselmeer.
January 17 – The Professional Golfers Association of America (PGA) is formed
January 18 – A 611 gram chondrite type meteorite struck a house near Baxter, Stone County, Missouri.
January 23 to January 24 In Browning, Montana, the temperature drops from +6.7 °C to -48.8 °C (44 °F to -56 °F) in one day, the greatest change ever on record for a 24-hour period.
January 24 – In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad the Supreme Court of the United States upholds the federal income tax
January 28 – Louis D. Brandeis becomes the first Jew appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
January 29 – World War I: Paris is bombed by German zeppelins for the first time.
February 3 – Parliament buildings in Ottawa, Canada are burned down.
February 9 – 6.00 PM – Tristan Tzara "founds" Dadaism (according to Hans Arp)
February 11 – Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control.
February 11 – Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presents its first concert
February 21 – World War I: In France the Battle of Verdun begins.
March 20 – Albert Einstein publishes his Theory of Relativity, which explains the relationship between mass and energy.
March 11 - Harold Wilson, British Prime Minister
April 5 – Gregory Peck, American actor (d. 2003)
July 28 - David Brown, American producer (d. 2010)
October 14 - C. Everett Koop, American politician and spokesperson (d. 2013)
November 23 - Michael Gough, British actor (d. 2011)
June 4 - Lord Kitchener, British Secretary of State for War, drowned.
A cemetery or a graveyard is a place, usually surrounded by a fence, where people bury dead bodies and honor the dead people.
Many of them have gardens and other greenery in them to symbolise life and to honor those who are dead.
Linda Blair (born January 22, 1959 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American actress.
She is best known for her role in the movie The Exorcist (1973).
David Van Cortland Crosby (born August 14, 1941 in Los Angeles, California, USA) is an American Guitarist, singer and songwriter.
He is most famous as a founding member of the bands The Byrds and Crosby, Stills, and Nash.
Organ transplant recipients
Paul Harvey Aurandt (September 4, 1918 – February 28, 2009) was an American radio host.
He was best known for his short radio program called "The Rest of the Story" that was broadcast on many radio stations in the United States.
He worked in the radio industry from 1933 to 2009.
He also had news programs two times a day, in which he would comment on the headlines and tell some odd news stories.
Harvey died on February 28, 2009 at a hospital in Phoenix, Arizona.
His son, Paul Harvey Jr., said, "millions have lost a friend".
American radio personalities
Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a chemical compound and is acidic.
It is a gas at room temperature.
It is made of one carbon and two oxygen atoms.
People and animals release carbon dioxide when they breathe out.
Also, every time something organic is burnt (or a fire is made), it makes carbon dioxide.
Plants use carbon dioxide to make food.
This process is called photosynthesis.
The properties of carbon dioxide were studied by the Scottish scientist Joseph Black in the 1750s.
Greenhouse gases trap heat energy.
Greenhouse gases change the climate and weather on our planet, Earth.
This is called climate change.
Greenhouse gases are a cause of global warming, the rise of Earth surface temperature.
Its concentration in Earth's atmosphere since late in the Precambrian was regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena (mainly volcanos).
Biological role
Carbon dioxide is an end product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism.
This is a process known as cellular respiration.
This includes all  animals, many fungi and some bacteria.
In higher animals, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body's tissues to the lungs where it is breathed out.
Plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to use in photosynthesis.
Dry ice, or solid carbon dioxide, is the solid state of CO2 gas below -109.3 °F (-78.5°C).
Dry ice does not occur naturally on earth but is man made.
It is colorless.
People use dry ice to make things cold, and to make drinks fizzy, kill gophers, and freeze warts.
The vapor of dry ice causes suffocation and eventually, death.
Caution and professional assistance is recommended whenever dry ice is in use.
At usual pressure it will not melt from a solid to a liquid but instead changes directly from a solid to a gas.
It will change directly from a solid to a gas at any temperature higher than extremely cold temperatures.
Dry ice sublimates at normal air temperature.
Dry ice exposed to normal air gives off carbon dioxide gas that has no color.
Carbon dioxide can be liquified at pressure above 5.1 atmospheres.
Carbon dioxide gas that comes off of dry ice is so cold that when it mixes with air it cools the water vapour in the air to fog, which looks like a thick white smoke.
It is often used in the theater to create the appearance of fog or smoke.
Isolation and production
Chemists can get carbon dioxide from cooling air.
They call this air distillation.
This method is inefficient because a large amount of air must be refrigerated to extract a small amount of CO2.
Chemists can also use several different chemical reactions to separate carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is made in the reactions between most acids and most metal carbonates.
For example, the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) makes carbon dioxide:
The carbonic acid (H2CO3) then decomposes to water and CO2.
Such reactions cause foaming or bubbling, or both.
In industry, such reactions are used many times to neutralize waste acid streams.
Quicklime (CaO), a chemical that has widespread use, can be made heating limestone to about 850 °C.
This reaction also makes CO2:
Carbon dioxide is also made in the combustion of all carbon-containing fuels, such as methane (natural gas), petroleum distillates (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, propane), coal or wood.
In most cases, water is also released.
As an example the chemical reaction between methane and oxygen is:
Carbon dioxide is made in steel mills.
Iron is reduced from its oxides with coke in a blast furnace, producing pig iron and carbon dioxide:
All aerobic organisms produce  when they oxidize carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins in the mitochondria of cells.
The large number of reactions involved are exceedingly complex and not described easily. (
They include cellular respiration, anaerobic respiration and photosynthesis).
Photoautotrophs (i.e. plants, cyanobacteria) use another reaction: Plants absorb  from the air, and, together with water, react it to form carbohydrates:
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, in which it spontaneously interconverts between CO2 and  (carbonic acid).
The relative concentrations of , and the deprotonated forms  (bicarbonate) and (carbonate) depend on the acidity (pH).
In neutral or slightly alkaline water (pH > 6.5), the bicarbonate form predominates (>50%) becoming the most prevalent (>95%) at the pH of seawater, while in very alkaline water (pH > 10.4) the predominant (>50%) form is carbonate.
The bicarbonate and carbonate forms are very soluble.
So, air-equilibrated ocean water (mildly alkaline with typical pH = 8.2–8.5) contains about 120 mg of bicarbonate per liter.
By capturing natural carbon dioxide springs where it is produced by the action of acidified water on limestone or dolomite.
As a by-product of hydrogen production plants, where methane is converted to CO2;
From combustion of fossil fuels or wood;
As a by-product of fermentation of sugar in the brewing of beer, whisky and other alcoholic beverages;
From thermal decomposition of limestone, , in the making of lime (Calcium oxide, );
An intermission or interval is a break in a performance.
An intermission may be twenty minutes or longer: time for people to have a drink and time for the performers to relax.
Plays and operas are usually divided into acts.
The intermission will come where there is a suitable break between the acts.
There are a few operas (e.g. those by Richard Wagner) which are so long that there may be two intermissions.
David Duchovny (born August 7, 1960) is an American actor.
He is best known for his role as Fox Mulder on the television series, The X-Files.
On August 13, 2007, his series Californication began airing on the Showtime television network.
1960 births
Laramie is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming.
It is near the University of Wyoming.
It is the county seat of Albany County.
City of Laramie, official website
Cities in Wyoming
County seats in Wyoming
The Black Death was a pandemic in Europe and Asia during the 14th century.
This outbreak of disease was at its worst between 1347 and 1351.
It killed between 75 million and 200 million people across Europe, the Middle East, India, and China.
Historians cannot be certain which disease caused the Black Death.
However, most think the disease was the bubonic plague.
This is a bacterial infection caused by the Yersinia pestis species of bacteria.
The Black Death may have begun in Central Asia or East Asia.
It definitely appeared in Crimea in 1347.
It was probably carried by fleas living on black rats.
These rats traveled on Genoan ships and brought the plague to port cities around the Mediterranean.
Rats may also have traveled along trade routes like the Silk Road, bringing infected fleas to European cities.
When these fleas bit humans, they infected them with the plague by injecting a little bit of Y. pestis bacteria into the wound.
Symptoms would start three to seven days later.
Not everybody agrees that plague caused the Black Death.
Some historians have suggested that anthrax or a viral hemorrhagic fever caused the pandemic.
The disease killed around a third of Europe's population.
Some areas were less affected than others.
At least 75-200 million people across Eurasia died in the Black Death pandemic.
Until the 1700s, the plague seems to have reappeared in Europe at least once every generation.
Some of these smaller plagues were more intense than others, and caused more deaths.
Later outbreaks include the Italian Plague of 1629-1631, the Great Plague of London (1665–1666), the Great Plague of Vienna (1679), the Great Plague of Marseille in 1720–1722, and the 1771 plague in Moscow.
The most virulent form of the plague seems to have disappeared from Europe in the 18th century.
The Black Death had a very big effect on Europe's population.
It changed Europe's social structure.
It was a serious blow to the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in widespread persecution of minorities such as Jews, Muslims, foreigners, beggars and lepers.
The uncertainty of daily survival influenced people to live for the moment, as illustrated by Giovanni Boccaccio in The Decameron (1353).
At the time, fourteenth-century European writers called the pandemic the "Great Mortality."
After later outbreaks, it got the name 'the Black Death'.
The Black Death appears in some modern literature and media, used as a subject or a setting.
For example, Edgar Allan Poe's short story The Masque of the Red Death (1842) is set in an unnamed country during a fictional plague that shares many things in common with the Black Death.
Albert Camus's writings use this theme too.
His novel The Plague (1947) is set against an outbreak of the plague in Algeria, and discusses how people handle the epidemic.
Medical aspects
In humans, the bubonic plague causes fevers, severe flu symptoms, and buboes.
Buboes are large swellings filled with pus.
They usually appear in the groin, under the arms, on the thighs, and behind the ears.
Buboes are a black and purple colour; this may be how 'The Black Death' got its name.
The disease was painful, and many victims died horrible deaths.
The medical knowledge of the time was based on Hippocrates' theory of humorism.
This theory said the body consists of different fluids.
If they are in harmony, a person is healthy.
If they are not, disease results.
Very often, diseases were also seen as a punishment from God.
The theory of humorism does not explain why disease spreads from one person to another.
Most people thought that infection was caused bymiasma ("bad air").
The bad air could come from within the earth, and thereby cause the disease.
Remedies against the disease included opening only north-facing windows; not sleeping during the day; and not working too hard.
In 1348, Philip VI of France asked the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Paris about the cause of the Black Death.
The Faculty concluded that the pandemic was caused by a bad conjunction of Jupiter, Saturn and Mars on 20 March, 1345.
Since this answer was based on science (astrology), many people believed it, and it was translated into many languages.
Because nobody understood what caused the plague, doctors had no effective treatments.
Often, doctors simply told their patients to go to Confession, so that their sins would be forgiven if they died.
Eventually, the pandemic caused doctors to change their ideas about how the human body worked.
Gradually they moved away from the theories of Hyppocrates and Galenos, and towards empirical science.
Just 200 years later, Girolamo Fracastoro discovered that diseases spread through infection.
Germ warfare
Mongol forces used the plague as a biological weapon in 1347.
This was one of the earliest uses of germ warfare in history.
On the Crimean Peninsula, Mongol forces were fighting for control of Caffa, a Black Sea port (now Feodosiya, Ukraine).
At that time, Caffa was a Genoese trade centre.
Mongol forces began a siege.
During the siege, they are reported to have catapulted plague-infested bodies over the walls into the city.
Genoans fled the siege, using ships.
Some historians believe the Caffa refugees brought the plague back to Italy with them, starting the Black Death pandemic.
Primary sources online
Agnolo di Tura's account
Gabriele de' Mussi's account
Marchionne di Coppo di Stefano Buonaiuti's account
A Petrarch account  and More quotes from Petrarch
Secondary sources online
The History Guide "Satan Triumphant: The Black Death"
Symptoms, causes, pictures of bubonic plague
Overview of the black death
BBC news story on controversy over Black Death origins
Examination of "Ring around the Rosy"'s relationship to the plague
Black Death Overview from BBC history
Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe.
Primary source documents and analyisis
Secrets of the Dead .
Mystery of the Black Death  PBS
Pandemics in Eastern Europe
Plague pandemics
Liverpool is a city in North West England, United Kingdom with a population of about 485,000 in 2015.
It is part of the Liverpool-Birkenhead metropolitan area, the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the UK.
The local government is Liverpool City Council.
Liverpool is on the eastern side of the River Mersey.
It used to lie in the old area of West Derby in the south west of Lancashire.
It became a borough in 1207 and a city in 1880.
In 1889, it became separate from Lancashire.
Liverpool's growth as a large port was matched by the growth of the city during the Industrial Revolution.
It was most famous as a port during the late 19th and early 20th century.
It is the birthplace of the famous rock group The Beatles.
It is also famous because of its football teams, Everton F.C. and Liverpool F.C.
People from Liverpool are called Liverpudlians or Scousers.
People from Birkenhead are called "true Scousers" by some.
Liverpool became very important due to trade in sugar, tobacco and especially slaves.
In 1818, the Black Ball Line, with a fleet of sailing ships, offered the first regular passenger service with emphasis on passenger comfort, from England to the United States.
Black Ball Line (trans-Atlantic packet) (1817-1877)
Cunard Line (1840-)
White Star Line (1845-1934)
Collins Line (1818-1858)
Leyland Line (1873-1901)
Guion Line (1866-1894)
Inman Line (1850-1893)
In 1830, Liverpool and Manchester became the first cities to have a railway connecting them to each other, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.
Not including airports in London, Liverpool Airport was the first airport in Britain opening in 1930.
In 2008 it was awarded the title European Capital of Culture.
Liverpool is a city on the River Mersey, on the coast next to the Irish Sea.
On the other side of the river Mersey is the Wirral.
In 1846 the Albert Dock was opened and in 1988, turned into a shopping centre.
The city is the birthplace of the famous rock group The Beatles and the musical style Merseybeat.
It has several art galleries, museums and theatres.
The Tate Liverpool is a gallery of modern art, the Walker Art Gallery displays classical art, the Bluecoat and FACT exhibit contemporary art.
Museums include the World Museum, the Maritime Museum and the Museum of Liverpool.
There are two cathedrals, Liverpool Cathedral which is known as Anglican and Metropolitan Cathedral which is Catholic.
There are two famous football clubs, Liverpool F.C. and Everton F.C. It has several parks including Sefton Park and Stanley Park.