the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Black people in the Americas
Black people in the United States are called African Americans.
Before 1860, many Africans were brought to the United States in the European slave trade by white people.
Later, other Africans came out of their free will.
Discrimination against African Americans is a big problem.
Black Lives Matter is a movement fighting against racism.
In 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American president of the United States.
In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first African American to be the Vice President of the United States.
Some blacks in the United States are Hispanic, Caribbean or African because of immigration.
Most recent African immigrants are refugees from East Africa such as Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia etc.
or high-skilled immigrants from Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa.
Most non-Hispanic blacks in the United States live in the South.
States with a large black population are Texas, Georgia, Florida, New York, North Carolina, California, Maryland, Illinois, Virginia and Louisiana.
White men who were Spanish colonizers shipped African slaves to Latin American countries such as Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, Venezuela, Cuba, Guatemala, Panama, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic because of the decline of Native Americans from smallpox and disease.
Native Americans were initially slaves but white Europeans turned to Africans because of the mass decline of the Native American population.
Many Mestizos and Hispanics have African DNA from the slave trade because of the race mixing with white people, African slaves and Native Americans.
Many African ex-slaves in Latin America are mixed race and have Native American and Spanish ancestry.
Racial whitening was a policy in Brazil to turn African slaves white in the future and to improve the uncivilized, undesirable African race. "
Mestizaje" in Latin America by the Spanish was similar to the racial whitening that happened in Brazil.
Black slaves were shipped to various Caribbean countries such as Jamaica, Haiti, The Bahamas, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago.
Europeans, mostly the British, the Dutch and the French brought Africans to the Caribbean to work on crops like coffee, sugar, cocoa, cotton and indigo.
Black people in other countries
There were about 1 million black people living in Germany in 2020.
India and Pakistan
In India and Pakistan there are Siddi people.
Their ancestors came from East Africa.
During apartheid people in South Africa were classified into four main races: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian) and Coloured.
Under apartheid black people were treated the most badly.
Coloured people were treated slightly less badly.
In South Africa, Chinese people who lived there during apartheid are classed as black.
About 80% of people in South Africa are Black African.
The income of the average white South African household is six times as much as that of the average Black South African household.
Black people in the United Kingdom are defined by terms used by the Office for National Statistics.
They make up 3.3% of the people in the UK.
Of course, these terms may or may not be used in everyday life.
African American
The Book of Ruth (meaning pity or compassion) is the eighth book of the Old Testament (Christian), and the Tanakh (Jewish).
It is one of the shortest books in both the Jewish and Christian holy books, consisting of only four chapters.
It is unknown who wrote the book.
Date and author
The book does not name its author.
In the past, people believed the prophet Samuel (11th century BCE) was the author.
But the majority of scholars now date it to the Persian period (6th–4th centuries BCE).
Story of Ruth
The book tells the story of the family of Elimelech, his wife Naomi, and their sons Mahlon and Chilion.
Because of a famine, they were forced to leave Bethlehem and go to the land of Moab.
Once there, Elimelech died, and his sons married two Moabite women.
Mahlon married Ruth, and Chilion married Orpah.
After some time there, Mahlon and Chilion both died.
Naomi was forced to return home because her husband and sons were dead.
She then told Ruth and Orpah to return home to their families and find new husbands.
Orpah returned home but Ruth promised she would follow Naomi wherever she went.
Ruth's pledge to Naomi is found in chapter 1 verses 16 and 17.
But Ruth said, "Do not press me to leave you or to turn back from following you!
Where you go, I will go; where you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God.
Where you die, I will die— there will I be buried.
May the Lord do thus and so to me, and more as well, if even death parts me from you!"
Although originally made by a daughter-in-law to her mother-in-law, a form of this pledge is sometimes included in wedding services.
They returned to their home and Ruth decided she would go into the fields to pick up grain the wealthy people would drop on the ground (a common practice in that time).
A kind man named Boaz, who was the owner of the field, noticed her and her beauty.
He  also learned that she had chosen to follow the God of Israel and that she was caring for her widowed mother-in-law.
He told his workers to drop extra grain for her.
When she went home to tell her mother-in-law how much she received, they found out that Boaz was a close relative of theirs.
Under Jewish law, this gave Ruth the right to marry Boaz, if Boaz bought the land formerly owned by Ruth's husband.
After an even closer relative said he would not buy the land and marry her, Boaz and Ruth were happily married.
She would bear him a son named Obed, who was the father of Jesse, who was the father of David, who was, according to the New Testament, the ancestor of Jesus.
The Book of Ruth (King James Version)
The Book of Ruth (New International Version)
The Mesolithic  was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age.
In the Palaeolithic, people were pure hunter-gatherers.
In the Neolithic they were farmers in settlements with domesticated animals and wheat, with over 100 kinds of tools and with pottery.
The Mesolithic was a transitional period between the two.
It happened at different times in different places.
Mesolithic tools are small tools produced by chipping, and are hunter-gatherer tools, often arrowheads and points.
Neolithic tools are often polished and far more varied.
They are tools of more settled societies with some agriculture.
The term 'Mesolithic' was introduced by Hodder Westrop in 1877, though the idea had been used earlier.
It was not much used until V. Gordon Childe popularized it in his book The dawn of Europe (1947).
There is another term, 'Epipalaeolithic', which is sometimes used instead.
Distinctive features
The type of tool is the diagnostic factor.
The Mesolithic featured devices made with small chipped stone tools.
The Neolithic mainly abandoned this mode in favor of polished, not chipped, stone tools.
the tool kit is more varied than Palaeolithic tools.
the emphasis is on small, even tiny, tools rather than the larger tools used previously.
These small tools are called microliths.
The Mesolithic also saw greater use of wooden handles for tools.
they used the adze, a carpentry tool with a wooden handle at right angle to the blade.
the domestication of animals has begun.
Perhaps the earliest clear cultural evidence for this domestication is the first dog found buried together with human, 12,000 years ago in Palestine.
The Fertile Crescent
In some areas, such as the Near East, agriculture was already underway by the end of the Pleistocene, and there the Mesolithic is short.
In areas with limited influence of ice age, the term "Epipaleolithic" is sometimes preferred.
Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as the last ice age ended have a much more evident Mesolithic era.
This lasted millennia.
In Northern Europe, societies were able to live well on rich food supplies from the marshlands.
Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviours which are preserved in characteristic finds.
These conditions also delayed the coming of the Neolithic until as late as 4000 BC (6,000 before present) in northern Europe.
Mesolithic men in Europe
Genetic research has been done on the skeleton of a 7,000-year-old man from north-west Spain.
It shows he had blue eyes and a dark skin.
The analysis showed that he had ancestral alleles in several skin pigmentation genes.
This means he had dark hair and brown skin.
Researchers were surprised because they thought that European populations evolved light skin quite quickly.
In lower latitudes dark skin protects from UV rays in sunlight.
In northern latitudes this is not such a problem, but the supply of vitamin D is a problem.
Vitamin D is synthesised by the action of sunlight on skin.
Therefore, it is an advantage in much of Europe to have a light skin.
Earlier research was done on data using 2,196 samples from 185 diverse populations.
It showed that at least three ancestral groups contributed to present-day Europeans.
Burial of Thèviec – Museum of Toulouse
Mesolithic Miscellany- Newsletter and Information on the European Mesolithic
20th Century Mesolithic Sites in Mandla (Madhya Pradesh), India, discovered by Dr. Babul Roy: , , and
Picture Gallery of the Paleolithic (reconstructional palaeoethnology), Libor Balák at the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Archaeology in Brno, The Center for Paleolithic and Paleoethnological Research
The term is sometimes confused with Mesolithic, and the two are sometimes used as synonyms.
Yet, when a distinction is made, Epipaleolithic is used for those cultures that were not much affected by the ending of the Ice Age and the term Mesolithic is reserved for Western Europe where the extinction of the Megafauna had a great influence on the paleolithic populations at the end of the Ice Age.
an intellectual - the one who tries to use his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate on, or ask and answer questions with regard to a variety of different ideas.
The Thinker (French: Le Penseur) a bronze and marble sculpture by Auguste Rodin.
Thinker (comics), a pair of comic book characters at DC Comics and Marvel Comics, respectively.
Neolithic Revolution (about 10,000 years ago), which formed the basis for human civilization to develop.
It is commonly referred to as the 'First Agricultural Revolution'.
Green Revolution (1945-), the use of industrial fertilizers and new crops greatly increases the world's agricultural output.
Muslim Agricultural Revolution (10th century), which led to increased urbanization and major changes in agriculture and economy during the Islamic Golden Age.
British Agricultural Revolution (18th century), which spurred urbanization and consequently helped launch the Industrial Revolution.
Scottish Agricultural Revolution (18th century), which led to the "Lowland Clearances."
The Neolithic revolution was the first agricultural revolution.
It was a gradual change from nomadic hunting and gathering communities to agriculture and settlement.
It changed the way of life of the communities which made the change.
It occurred in different prehistoric human societies at different times.
Many societies changed 9–7 thousand years ago
The term refers to the general time period over which these developments took place.
It also applies to the changes which took place: the adoption of early agriculture techniques, crop cultivation, and the domestication of animals.
The Neolithic revolution led to people living in permanent or semi-permanent settlements.
Because of this fewer people led a nomadic lifestyle.
To be able to know who the crops grown belonged to, the concept of land ownership was developed.
The natural environment was changed, population sizes grew, and people ate more vegetable and cereal foods in their diet.
Hierarchies developed in society.
Grain was stored, and could be traded.
Surplus production from good crop yields helped societies survive bad years.
With domesticated animals such as dogs, goats, sheep, and cattle, and crops, human society changed.
Now, having crops and livestock, they no longer needed to move around.
They could build better settlements.
It included more oats and vegetables.
People also started to keep and manage food: it was not advisable to eat all grain seeds, because then there would be no seeds left to plant the next year.
Also, there were surplus in some years and that could be traded for other goods with other peoples.
These changes happened independently in several parts of the world.
They did not happen in the same order.
The earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery.
It is still unclear to what extent plants were domesticated in Britain, or if permanently settled communities existed at all.
Theories about the Neolithic revolution
Oasis theory: Climate changed, and there was less rain.
Humans went to live in or near oases where there is more water, to be able to survive.
Some animals and plants did that too.
It was only a small step to domesticate some of the animals that were there.
This theory was advocated by Childe himself.
Climate data from the period does not support it though.
The hilly flanks theory.
It suggests that agriculture began in the hilly flanks of the Taurus and Zagros mountains, and that it developed from intensive focused grain gathering in the region.
It was proposed in 1948.
The feasting model suggests that agriculture was driven by displays of power, such as throwing feasts to show dominance.
This required assembling large quantities of food which drove agricultural technology.
The demographic theories say that the local population grew so much that it was difficult to support it using hunting and gathering alone.
More food was needed than could be gathered.
Various social and economic factors helped drive the need for food.
The evolutionary/intentionality theory proposes that agriculture is an evolutionary adaptation of plants and humans.
Domestication of wild plants started by protecting them.
Later, the location where to grow them was chosen more carefully.
Finally they were domesticated.
Reasons why it happened
Domestication for religious reasons.
There was a revolution of symbols; religious beliefs changed as well.
Venus figurines which have been found could be a hint for this.
Domestication because of crowding and stress.
Many animals died out at the end of the last ice age.
The human population had increased to fill all the available land.
There was a food crisis.
Agriculture was the only way to support the population on the available land.
Domestication from discovery from the food-gatherers.
Food-gatherers where those who cared for the young and who kept the fires alive.
With the time, they found out which plants were edible, or would help against certain illnesses.
They also helped to domesticate animals (which then traveled with the humans).
Population growth a consequence of the neolithic revolution
Bellwood, Peter. (
First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies.
Blackwell Publishers.
Harlan, Jack R. (1992) Crops & Man: Views on Agricultural Origins ASA, CSA, Madison, WI.
sv:Neolitikum#Den neolitiska revolutionen
The British Army is the army of the British Armed Forces, the military of the United Kingdom.
The British Army came into being with unification of the kingdoms of England and Scotland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.
The new British Army included Regiments that had already existed in England and Scotland.
It was administered by the War Office from London.
Since 1963 it has been managed by the Ministry of Defence.
Under Oliver Cromwell, the English Army was active in the conquest and settlement of Ireland since the 1650s.
The Cromwellian campaign was characterised by its uncompromising treatment of Irish towns that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War.
From roughly 1763 and the Seven Years' War the United Kingdom has been one of the leading military and economic powers of the world.
The British Empire expanded in this time to include colonies, protectorates, and Dominions throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australasia.
Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of Empire, and British dominance of the world, the British Army played important roles in colonisation.
The British army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars in which the army served in Spain, across Europe, and in North Africa.
The war between the British and French Empires stretched around the world.
The British Army finally came to defeat Napoleon at one of Britain's greatest military victories at the battle of Waterloo.
British Army Website
Regiments and Corps of the British Army: An Introductory Overview Regiments
Mario Kart (stylized as MARIOKART) is a series of racing video games and media franchise, made by Nintendo.
It began with Super Mario Kart for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1992.
To date, there are four Mario Kart games on home consoles, three portable games, and three Namco co-developed arcade games, making a total of twelve.
The latest game for the series is.
In the Mario Kart series, players compete in go-kart races, controlling one of a selection of characters from the Mario franchise.
Up to eight participants can compete in each race, with the exception of Mario Kart Wii, which holds twelve.
One of the features of the series is the use of various power-up items obtained by driving into item boxes laid out on the course.
These power-ups include mushrooms to give players a speed boost, Koopa Shells to be thrown at opponents, and banana peels that can be laid on the track as hazards.
The type of weapon received from an item box is random and often influenced by the player's position in the race.
For example, players lagging far behind may receive more powerful items while the leader will only receive small defensive items.
This gameplay mechanic–called "rubber banding"– allows other players or computers a realistic chance to catch up to the leading player no matter how far ahead they are.
As the series has progresses, each new title has introduced new elements in order to keep the gameplay fresh.
Changes typically include new items, new stages, and new methods of obtaining speed boosts, but most games have also featured a new play mechanic as well.
Changes new titles have brought to the series include: Mario Kart 64 introducing 4-player racing and bringing the series into the third dimension, Mario Kart: Double Dash!!
's introducing a partner system and the Double Dash!!,
Mario Kart Wii's use of motorbikes and twelve participants per race, and the newest entry into the franchise, Mario Kart 7, featuring hang gliders, submarines and a new first-person perspective as well as customizing karts.
Many course themes are repeated throughout the series.
For example, most games have featured a circuit course, a desert course, a city or highway course with traffic, some form of a beach course, a stadium course, a jungle course, an ice or snow course, Bowser's Castle and Rainbow Road.
Each game in the series includes 16 original courses, with the exception of Super Mario Kart and Super Circuit, which holds 20.
Most races have three laps, while some games have more or less.
There are also three to six original battle arenas in each game, designed exclusively for Battle mode.
So far, there are 120 original courses and 30 original arenas spread throughout these seven games.
Additionally, there are 48 Retro courses and 10 Retro arenas.
These consist of older material recreated for newer games.
Recurring items
Banana peel: deployed as a hazard to other racers.
Sometimes appears in a group of three.
Green/Red Koopa shell: projectile fired at other racers.
Green shells go straight and bounce off walls whereas red shells home in on other racers.
Appears either as a single shell or as a group of three.
Spiny shell: indestructible shell that homes in on the player in 1st place.
In Mario Kart 64, Mario Kart: Super Circuit, and Mario Kart 7, it travels along the ground and also knocks down other karts in its path; in the other games it is airborne and damages the 1st placed racer only.
Also known as Blue Shells.
Starman: gives temporary invincibility and as well as an increase in speed.
Knocks out other karts on contact.
Bob-omb: A bomb that explodes after a set amount of time or on contact.
Lightning Bolt/Thunderbolt: strikes all other racers with lightning, temporarily causing them to shrink and slow down.
Mushroom: gives user a speed boost.
Boo: makes user temporarily invisible (to opponents) and invincible, as well as stealing another racer's item.
This item has been dropped in later games.
Fake Item Box: looks similar to a real item box, but is instead used as a hazard to trick other racers.
Bullet Bill: Transforms the kart to an automated bullet which travels the course at a faster-than-usual speed, knocking out any kart in its path.
Modes of play
Each Mario Kart game features a variety of different modes.
The following modes recur most often in the series:
Grand Prix – players compete in various "cups," groups of several courses each.
Players earn points according to their finishing position in each race, and the player with the most points at the end of the cup wins a trophy.
In some games, a ranking system is also included to determine the player's overall performance.
Time Trial – (single player) the player attempts to complete any course in the fastest time possible with three mushrooms to be used at anytime during the run.
The best time is then saved as a ghost, in which the player can compete against in later runs.
VS – multiple human players compete against each other on any course with custom rules.
Also playable in single player mode since Mario Kart DS.
Battle – players use race items to battle each other in a closed arena.
Each player starts the battle with three balloons and loses a balloon with every hit sustained; the last player possessing at least one balloon wins the match.
In later installments, other battles have been added including throwing Bob-ombs at opponents, collecting Shine Sprites (an object found in Super Mario Sunshine) and coins.
In Mario Kart Wii and Mario Kart 7, the battles have a time limit.
Since Mario Kart DS, battle mode is playable in both single and multiplayer.
List of Mario Kart games
Console games
Super Mario Kart (1992, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Virtual Console)
Mario Kart 64 (1996, Nintendo 64, Virtual Console)
Mario Kart: Super Circuit (2001, Game Boy Advance, Virtual Console)
2003, Nintendo GameCube)
Mario Kart DS (2005, Nintendo DS, Virtual Console)
Mario Kart Wii (2008, Wii)
Mario Kart 7 (2011, Nintendo 3DS)
Mario Kart 8 (2014, Wii U
Mario Kart 8 Deluxe* (2017, Nintendo Switch)
Mario Kart Arcade GP (2005, Arcade) (Co-developed by Namco)
Mario Kart Arcade GP 2 (2007, Arcade) (Co-developed by Namco)
Mario Kart Arcade GP DX (2013, Arcade) (Co-developed by Namco)
Mario Kart Arcade GP VR (2017, Arcade) (Co-developed by Namco)
Several Mario Kart-related items appear in the Super Smash Bros. series, with Super Smash Bros. Brawl in particular featuring a stage based on one of Mario Kart DS's courses.
Certain courses from the series have also appeared in F-Zero X, Itadaki Street DS, Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games, Fortune Street and Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games.
Various items from the series can also be seen in games such as Nintendogs and Animal Crossing.
Mario Kart has had a range of merchandise released.
This includes a Scalextric style Mario Kart DS Figure-8-Circuit.
It comes with Mario and Donkey Kong figures, while a Wario and a Luigi are available separately.
It also includes CD soundtracks.
A line of remote-controlled karts are available in stores.
Each kart has a Game Boy Advance-shaped controller.
It features forward driving and rotates when put in reverse, instead of steering.
The current line-up of karts is Mario, Donkey Kong and Yoshi.
There are three large karts that depict the same trio.
These karts are controlled by a GameCube controller shape.
Japanese figurines of Mario, Luigi, Peach, Toad, Yoshi, Wario, Donkey Kong, and Bowser are also available for purchase as well as for Mario Kart 64, figures of Mario, Luigi, Wario, Bowser, Donkey Kong, and Yoshi were made by Toybiz.
There is also a land-line telephone featuring Mario holding a lightning bolt while seated in his Kart,  as seen here.
K'Nex has released Mario Kart Wii sets, with Mario, Luigi, Yoshi, and Bowser in karts and bikes.
Club Nintendo also released merchandise with a platinum soundtrack from Mario Kart Wii and three gold trophies from Mario Kart 7.
Nintendo Power listed the Mario Kart series as being one of the greatest multi-player experiences, citing the diversity in game modes as well as the entertainment value found.
Guinness World Records awarded the Mario Kart series with five world records in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008, including "First Console Kart Racing Game" and "Best Selling Handheld Racing Game."
Guinness World Records ranked the original Super Mario Kart number 1 on the list of top 50 console games of all time based on initial impact and lasting legacy.
Official Nintendo sites:
North American Mario Kart 7 site
UK Mario Kart DS site
Mario Kart Wiki
Mario Kart at the Super Mario Wiki
The Melbourne City Loop is where Melbourne, Victoria's railway lines meet.
Most of the stations are under the ground.
The stations in the loop are Flinders Street Station, Southern Cross Station, Parliament, Melbourne Central and Flagstaff.
Percy Bysshe Shelley (4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was an English poet  of the early nineteenth century.
He is widely thought of as one of most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature.
Some of his poems, like Ozymandias and Ode to the West Wind, are among the most famous in English.
Shelley was born in Horsham, Sussex.
He was the son of a member of Parliament.
He attended the University of Oxford, for only one year; he was expelled for being an atheist.
In his own time Shelley was very unpopular for his political and religious views and for his personal conduct.
He married young, but left his wife to run away with Mary Godwin.
After Shelley's first wife committed suicide, Shelley married Mary Godwin; she later became famous as Mary Shelley, the author of the novel Frankenstein.
Shelley left England and spent much of his life travelling in Europe, especially in Italy.
He became a close friend of poet Lord Byron, who also left England and travelled in Europe because of sexual controversy at home.
Shelley continued to write poetry throughout this time; he wrote several major works, like the verse drama The Cenci and long poems like Alastor and Adonais, as well as many shorter poems.
About a month before his 30th birthday, Shelley drowned in a boating accident off the coast of Italy.
He was one of three important English Romantic poets of the same generation who died young; the other two were Lord Byron and John Keats.
Romani or Romany (native name: ) is the language of the Roma.
The Indo-Aryan Romani language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages.
The language developed outside from India, in Roman province Egypt, by Indian traders from different areas of India, who settled at the red sea coast in Egypt.
It is based by Sanskrit and Prakrit, but strongly influenced by Ancient Greek, and Persian language, Old Church Slavonic, some words from the Coptic language, like rōmi man.
Loanwords from other languages in Romani make it possible to trace the pattern of their migration westwards.
There are many different dialects.
Horahane and Dasikane Roma
Horahane means Turkish Roma or Muslim Roma at the Balkan, while Dasikane named Orthodox Christian Roma at the Balkan.
The following table shows the distribution of Romani speakers in Europe according to Bakker et al. (
2000) .
The last column shows the percentage of Romani speakers in the Roma population in each country.
Bakker Peter et al.
What is the Romani language?
Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.
Hancock, Ian.
Ame sam e rromane džene / We are the Romani People.
The Open Society Institute, New York.
Lee, Ronald.
Learn Romani Das-dúma Rromanes Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press
Masica, Colin.
The Indo-Aryan Languages.
Matras, Yaron.
Romani: A linguistic introduction.
Sarău, Gheorghe.
Rromii, India şi limba rromani.
Bucureşti.
Dicţionar rrom-român / Dikcionaro rromano-rumunikano.
Dacia, Cluj-Napoca. .
Detailed discussion of the language
Outline of Romani Grammar (Victor A. Friedman)
Romani Origins - Veda encyclopedia
Fudge is a kind of candy which is made by mixing sugar, butter, and milk.
It is heated up to 240 degrees Fahrenheit (116 degrees Celsius) and beaten until it becomes smooth.
Sinti or Sinta (Singular masc.=Sinto; sing.
fem.=Sintisa) is the name of some communities of the nomadic people usually called "Gypsies" in English.
This includes communities known in German and Dutch as Zigeuner and in Italian as Zingari.
They are related to the Roma people.
While the Sinti were, until quite recently, chiefly nomadic, today only a small percentage of the group remains unsettled.
Sinti's believe there Ancestors left Sindh arround 711–714 AD, about the Umayyad muslim Conquest of Sindh, by Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi.
Sinti's languages is called Sintitikes.
The Sinti arrived in Germany and Austria in the Middle Ages, eventually splitting into two groups: Eftavagarja ("the Seven Caravans") and Estraxarja ("from Austria").
These two groups then expanded, the Eftavagarja into France, where they assimilated into the local Romani groups (Manouches), and the Estraxarja into Italy and Eastern Europe, mainly what are now Croatia, Hungary, Transylvania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, eventually taking various regional names.
Walter Winter, Struan Robertson (Translator) Winter Time: Memoirs of a German who Survived Auschwitz Hertfordshire Publications, (2004),
Reviewed by Emma Brockes "We had the same pain" in The Guardian November 29, 2004
Open Society Intitute: The Situation of Roma in Germany (2002)
Strapping Young Lad was a metal band from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
They played extreme metal.
These people played in the band: Devin Townsend (guitar, vocals), Jed Simon (guitar, vocals), Byron Stoud (bass, vocals), Gene Hoglan (drums).
The band went on an extended hiatus and would eventually disband in 2007.
Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing (1995)
City (1997)
Strapping Young Lad (2003)
Alien (2005)
The New Black (2006)
2000s disestablishments in Canada
Rock climbing is a sport where someone uses their hands and feet to climb up a rock or an artificial climbing wall.
Rock climbing is a very difficult sport because you need to have a lot of strength.
Rock climbers must know how to use ropes, carabiners and harnesses for their own safety.
Different ways of rock climbing
Solo climbing is where the climber's own physical strength and skill are relied on to do the climb.
Anchors, ropes and protection are used to back up the climber, but are only there in case of a fall and are not actively used to help the person do the climb.
Bouldering is climbing on short, low routes.
Because people do not climb very high, they do not need to use safety equipment.
Sometimes there are used special pads to cushion a drop.
Free solo climbing is when a climber climbs alone, without somebody belaying them.
Free soloing is climbing alone without the use of any rope or protection system whatsoever.
Lead climbing is used when the rope is not on top yet.
The person must tie the rope to their harness and then climb up the wall.
On the way the climber puts the rope through a carabiner every few metres.
Here the person at the bottom must use a belay device, and feed rope up to the climber.
This is unlike top roping, where the belayer instead takes up rope using a belay device.
Top roping is when the rope is already anchored at the top of the route.
Safety equipment is needed here but many people say this kind is the safest.
The belayer must only keep the rope tight by using a knot or a belay device, like a Grigri or Atc.
Douglas James Henning (May 3, 1947 – February 7, 2000) was a Canadian magician, illusionist and escape artist.
He was born in Winnipeg.
He helped to re-{popularize magic shows, during his heyday (most popular and successful period) in the 1970s.
Henning's approach to magic and performing was different from earlier magicians.
While magicians usually performed in black formal wear, Henning wore colorful clothes.
He also studied psychology in college, to know how the human mind works.
Henning is credited by many for the resurgence of the public's interest in magic, thanks to his breakthroug Broadway show, The Magic Show, which opened in 1974 and ran for almost five years.
This was followed by eight television specials on NBC (the first of which remains the most watched magic television special in history, with over fifty million viewers).
In 1982, he appeared in another Broadway show, Merlin, which ran for seven months.
Though the magic in Merlin was met with accolades, critics trounced the show's book and music.
He was a student of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and used transcendental meditation to help him focus and to relax.
He tried to help the Maharishi open a theme park, called Vedaland.
Henning also ran for public office in Canada, but lost the election.
Henning died in 2000 of liver cancer in Los Angeles.
Instead of normal medical treatments, he tried to cure himself through natural remedies and diet, but this did not work.
After his death, Henning's widow kept the Vedaland campaign going.
The first and only written biography of Doug Henning, Spellbound: The Wonder-filled Life of Doug Henning was published in 2009 (John Harrison, BoxOffice Books, New York.)
Entertainers from Winnipeg
Tim Armstrong (vocals and guitarist)
Lars Frederiksen (guitarist)
Matt Freeman (bassist)
Branden Steineckert (drummer)
Rancid were formed in 1991 out of the ashes of out of the seminal ska punk band Operation Ivy, which had broken up two years earlier.
Following Operation Ivy's breakup, Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman decided to form a new band, and started a hardcore punk group called Generator, which quickly broke up.
They also started two other ska influenced bands, Downfall and Dance Hall Crashers, but moved on quickly from both.
In 1991, after Armstrong and Freeman recruited drummer Brett Reed, Rancid officially became Rancid.
Rancid's first official recorded release was a 1992 self-titled EP, which is currently out of print, for Operation Ivy's old label Lookout!
Also during 1992, shortly after releasing this, Rancid were signed to Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz's label, Epitaph Records, and finally released their first album in 1993, which is also self-titled.
Prior to its release, the band was looking for a second guitarist and Armstrong asked former UK Subs guitarist Lars Frederiksen to be Rancid's second guitarist, but he immediately turned down the request.
However, after Billie Joe Armstrong (who was in Green Day at the time) declined, Frederiksen changed his mind and decided to join Rancid.
Frederiksen was present on Rancid's second album, Let's Go, which was released in 1994 and spawned the radio hit "Salvation".
That year their label-mates, The Offspring, experienced a huge success with their album Smash.
The Offspring took Rancid on tour with them, and helped Let's Go make it to #97 on Billboard's Heatseekers and Billboard 200 charts, respectively.
With the success of the album Rancid were pursued by several major labels, including Madonna's Maverick Records, but the band eventually turned down the idea of signing to a different label and decided to just stay on Epitaph.
Rancid's popularity grew in 1995 with their third album, ...And Out Come the Wolves, which quickly surpassed Let's Go in terms of success.
The critically-acclaimed album, also the band's most successful, produced three singles, "Roots Radicals", "Time Bomb", and "Ruby Soho", which all charted on the North American Billboard Modern Rock Tracks, and the band performed two of these songs on Saturday Night Live. ...
And Out Come the Wolves was certified gold by the RIAA on January 22, 1996.
It was also certified platinum on September 23, 2004.
Since the release of ...And Out Come the Wolves, Rancid would became one of the most important punk bands of the 1990s, along with ALL, Bad Religion, Face to Face, Green Day, Guttermouth, Lagwagon, NOFX, The Offspring, Pennywise, Social Distortion (the latter of which Freeman would eventually join and later leave), The Vandals, and many others.
Rancid (Gun Cover) (1993)
Let's Go (1994)
...And Out Come the Wovles (1995)
Life Won't Wait (1998)
Rancid (Skull Cover) (2000)
Indestructible (2003)
Let the Dominoes Fall (2009)
Honor Is All We Know (2014)
The Official Rancid Website
RANCID FRANCE: Roots Radicals
The Official LJs Webpage
Rancid on allmusic
Rancid Videoclips
Glen Canyon Dam is a large dam on the Colorado River.
It is in Page, Arizona.
The dam is 583 feet high and it is 1,560 feet wide.
It creates Lake Powell which is 186 miles long.
The purpose of the dam is to create electricity and to prevent floods.
The reservoir can store 27 million acre-feet of water (which is the amount of water that can cover one acre to 1 foot deep).
Construction of the dam began in 1956.
It was able to begin storing the flow of the river in 1963.
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
Glen Canyon Dam page from the Bureau of Reclamation
Images of Glen Canyon before it was flooded
Article by David Brower on restoring Glen Canyon
The Glen Canyon Institute
1995 Glen Canyon EIS
New Environmental Impact Assessment of the Glen Canyon Dam (2006)
Superunknown is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Soundgarden.
The album was released in 1994.
The album is well known thanks to singles like "Black Hole Sun", "Spoonman" and "Fell on Black Days".
"Let Me Drown" (Chris Cornell) – 3:51
"My Wave" (Cornell, Kim Thayil) – 5:12
"Fell on Black Days" (Cornell) – 4:42
"Mailman" (Matt Cameron, Cornell) – 4:25
"Superunknown" (Cornell, Thayil) – 5:06
"Head Down" (Ben Shepherd) – 6:08
"Black Hole Sun" (Cornell) – 5:18
"Spoonman" (Cornell) – 4:06
"Limo Wreck" (Cameron, Cornell, Thayil) – 5:47
"The Day I Tried to Live" (Cornell) – 5:19
"Kickstand" (Cornell, Thayil) – 1:34
"Fresh Tendrils" (Cameron, Cornell) – 4:16
"4th of July" (Cornell) – 5:08
"Half" (Shepherd) – 2:14
"Like Suicide" (Cornell) – 7:01
"She Likes Surprises" (Cornell) – 3:17
Soundgarden albums
Badmotorfinger is the third studio album by the American rock band Soundgarden.
It is one of Soundgarden's best-selling albums.
The album was released October 8, 1991.
"Rusty Cage" (Chris Cornell) – 4:26
"Outshined" (Cornell) – 5:11
"Slaves & Bulldozers" (Cornell, Ben Shepherd) – 6:56
"Jesus Christ Pose" (Matt Cameron, Cornell, Shepherd, Kim Thayil) – 5:51
"Face Pollution" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 2:24
"Somewhere" (Shepherd) – 4:21
"Searching with My Good Eye Closed" (Cornell) – 6:31
"Room a Thousand Years Wide" (Cameron, Thayil) – 4:06
"Mind Riot" (Cornell) – 4:49
"Drawing Flies" (Cameron, Cornell) – 2:25
"Holy Water" (Cornell) – 5:07
"New Damage" (Cornell, Thayil, Cameron) – 5:40
Satanoscillatemymetallicsonatas
Satanoscillatemymetallicsonatas was a bonus CD included with some editions of Badmotorfinger (like how Songs from the Superunknown was included with Superunknown).
The title is a palindrome ("Satan, oscillate my metallic sonatas.")
"Into the Void" (Black Sabbath cover) – 6:37
"Girl U Want" (Devo cover) – 3:29
"Stray Cat Blues" (The Rolling Stones cover) – 4:46
"She's a Politician" (Cornell) – 1:48
"Slaves & Bulldozers" (live) – 8:38
Bernoulli's principle is an idea of fluid dynamics.
It says that as speed of the fluid increases, pressure decreases.
The photo on the right shows this happening.
The air in the wide part of the tube has a higher static pressure than the thin part.
For a steady flow, the amount of fluid entering the pipe must equal the amount leaving the pipe, so the fluid speed in the thin part must increase.
When a force acts over an area, it is called "pressure".
A higher pressure pushes (accelerates) fluid toward lower pressure.
So any change in a fluid's speed must be matched by a change in pressure (force).
Bernoulli saw that while the fluid moved more quickly in the smaller part of the tube, the pressure became less.
Please note that this refers to changes in speed and pressure along a single path of flow and does not apply to two different flows at different speeds.
The full version of Bernoulli's principle includes both the work by the pressure and by the changes in potential energy from changes in height.
In this form, the principle says the total of the pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy is a constant. (
Bernoulli does not consider viscosity or compressibility.)
The Book of Proverbs is a book in both the Tanakh (Judaism), and the Old Testament (Christianity).
The book contains some important teaching and instructions in each of these respective Religions.
While some verses teach duty to God, many can be seen as good advice.
Even nonreligious persons may find this advice to be useful.
Most scholars believe that Solomon was the writer of at least part of the book.
Other authors are mentioned as well, but these references are  missing in the Greek Septuagint.
The Septuagint sees  King Solomon as the author of the whole Book of Proverbs.
In the Middle Ages, scholars thought the Vulgate was a more faithful rendering of 30:1 and 31:1.
In their eyes the words "Agur" and "Lamuel" were only other names for Solomon.
When it was Written
Dates for the writing of the book are unclear.
Because of suggested authorship of Solomon, and the workings of Hezekiah's men, there are some dates that can be worked with.
However, there are not enough to give specific timing to the completion of the book, though it could have been as late as third century BC
The first part of the book (Chapters 1-10) is mainly praise for Wisdom.
Wisdom is personified as a woman.
This does not mean that an actual person is spoken of.
Christians believe that Jesus is the person who most shows the wisdom of God. (
Colossians 2:3).
Some of the attributes of Jesus are said to be found in the "Wisdom" of the Book of Proverbs.
This first section also advises young men not to go to prostitutes.
The center part of the book (Chapters 10-29) contains many "stand alone" verses.
These are in the form of Hebrew Poetry.
Each verse has two parts.
The second part may give the opposite side of some advice, such as "Hard workers get rich, lazy people become poor".
In other cases the two halves repeat the same idea again, but in different words.
The final chapter is a famous poem of praise to "a virtuous woman".
This chapter was from "King Lemuel", but was taught him by his mother.
It is one of the few parts of the Bible which has a female author.
The Book of Proverbs (King James Version)
The Book of Proverbs (New International Version)
Welwitschia or Welwitschia mirabilis is known as one of the oldest living plants.
It can be called a "living fossil".
The plant is mainly found in the deserts of Namibia.
Some of these plants may be more than 5000 years old.
This would make them the oldest living things on Earth.
It is named after the discoverer, Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch.
The plant is locally called "long haired thing".
Its structure consists of a short, woody, top-shaped stem, and never more than two leaves, which are enormously long, (two or three metres) and break up at the ends.
Petasites is a genus of herbs with leaves in the shape of a heart in the family Asteraceae.
The common English name of petasites is Butterbur.
Plants of this genus grow near rivers and other water places in Europe, Asia and North America.
In general, the leaves are very big.
His root is very long and grows very quick.
Flowers are white, yellow, white-yellow or white-red, they are small and in a great number.
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Petasites
ITIS: Petasites
NCBI: Petasites
eFloras
Species of Petasites
Death Angel is  a thrash metal band from Concord, California.
They played from 1982 to 1991.
In 2001 they started to play again.
All of their members are from the Philippines.
The members are: Mark Osegueda (vocals) Rob Cavestany (guitar, vocals), Ted Aguilar (guitar), Andy Galeon (drums), Dennis Pepa (bass, vocals)
Kill as One (1986) (demo)
The Ultra-Violence (1987)
Frolic Through the Park (1988)
Act III (1990)
Fall From Grace (1990) (live album)
The Art of Dying (2004)
Killing Season (2008)
Relentless Retribution (2010)
The Dream Calls for Blood (2013)
The Evil Divide (2016)
Humanicide (2019)
Arch Enemy is a death metal band from Sweden.
They started in 1996.
The members are: Alissa White-Gluz (vocals), Michael Amott (guitar, vocals), Jeff Loomis (guitar), Sharlee D'Angelo, (bass) Daniel Erlandsson (drums).
1996: Black Earth
1998: Stigmata
1999: Burning Bridges
2001: Wages of Sin
2003: Anthems of Rebellion
2005: Doomsday Machine
2007: Rise of the Tyrant
2011: Khaos Legion
2014: War Eternal
2002: Burning Angel (EP)
2004: Dead Eyes See No Future (EP)
2007: Revolution Begins (EP)
Live albums and DVDs
1999: Burning Japan Live
2006: Live Apocalypse (Live DVD)
2007: Revolution Begins (DVD)
Trivium (band) - an American heavy metal band
Trivium (cipher), a synchronous stream cipher
Trivium (liberal arts), in medieval educational theory
he:בוגר אוניברסיטה#מקור השם
Horseshoe crabs are a typical case of living fossil.
They have changed little in appearance since the Ordovician period, 450 million years ago.
Crocodilians first appeared 220 million years ago, and are close relatives of the dinosaurs.
However, modern crocodiles only date back to the Upper Cretaceous of 84 million years ago.
Turtles are first known from 215 million years ago, but for some reason they are not often mentioned as living fossils.
The Tuatara, from New Zealand, is the sole survivor of a whole order of reptiles, the Sphenodontia.
200 million years ago the group (sister to the lizards and snakes) was quite common.
The Coelacanth is definitely a living fossil.
It is the closest link between fish and the first amphibians (408362 million years ago).
The Coelacanth was thought to have been extinct for 80 million years until one was caught alive off the east African coast in 1938.
It is therefore also a Lazarus taxon.
The Ginkgo tree, Ginkgo biloba, is a good example from the world of plants.
It is a gymnosperm.
It was thought to be long extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow in at least two small areas in China.
The first similar fossils date from the Permian period, 270 million years ago.
Lingula, a brachiopod, is a genus which has lasted since the Ordovician, 488 million years ago.
The modern species are almost the same as the first fossils.
Living fossils are not identical to their ancestors, of course.
But they lived in the same or similar environments, and their adaptations suggest that their life-style was the same, or very similar.
Caliban is a metal band from Hattingen, Germany.
They started in 1997.
They play metalcore which is mixture of Hardcore and Heavy metal.
The members are: Andreas Dörner (vocals),   Denis Schmidt (guitar, vocals), Marc Görtz (guitar), Marco Schaller (bass, vocals) and Patrick Grün (drums).
Demo Tape (1997)
Caliban (EP) (1998)
A Small Boy and a Grey Heaven (1999)
The Split Program with Heaven Shall Burn (2000)
Vent (2001)
Shadow Hearts (2003)
The Opposite from Within (2004)
The Split Program II with Heaven Shall Burn (2005)
The Undying Darkness (2006)
The Awakening (2007)
Say Hello To Tragedy'' (2009)
Caliban at MySpace
Caliban  at Roadrunner Records
Caliban  at Century Media Records
1997 establishments in Germany
NetBSD is known for being very portable (able to work with a many kinds of computers), such as a small ARM or big amd64 Opteron computers.
It is also seen as being fast (does things quickly), secure (hard for people to do bad things to) and stable (does not break often).
When people use NetBSD, like most software, they must agree to a license.
The BSD license, which NetBSD uses, allows everyone to use, change, give away or sell NetBSD, as long as they do not take away the copyright notice and license text.
This means people can make new things from NetBSD without having to give people the source code (information for the computer to make the program run).
Soilwork is a melodic death metal band from Helsingborg, Sweden.
They have made 7 albums until now.