the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In addition to his television work, Richter has appeared in movies such as Seeing Other People, Olsen Twins' New York Minute, Madagascar, and Cabin Boy.
Comedians from Michigan
Actors from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Jennifer Granholm (born February 5, 1959) is a Canadian born American politician.
Granholm is the 16th United States Secretary of Energy since 2021 under the Joe Biden administration.
She was the Governor of Michigan from 2003 to 2011.
Granholm was born in Canada and raised in California.
She ran for governor of Michigan in 2002, even though she had lived in the state for less than 15 years.
On December 15, 2020, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Granholm to be Secretary of Energy.
Her nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 25, 2021 with a 64-35 vote.
Governors of Michigan
People from Vancouver
United States Secretaries of Energy
Lawyers from Michigan
CNN people
People from Anaheim, California
Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
She was the first woman to serve as justice on the Supreme Court, as well as the first from Arizona.
One of her ideas on the Supreme Court was the endorsement test.
It was a way to check if the government was supporting religion.
O'Connor was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1981 by President Ronald Reagan.
Reagan said while running for president that he wanted a woman to be on the supreme court and promised to nominate a woman for the job the first chance he got.
One of her biggest supporters was Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, who helped make sure that all 100 Senators voted to confirm her.
While on the Supreme Court, she was involved in several major supreme court decisions including: Bush v. Gore, which had to do with a disputed election; Planned Parenthood v. Casey which involved a woman's right to privacy.
She was also involved in Lawrence v. Texas, a case about whether burning a US flag was free speech.
She retired from the court in 2006.
Sam Alito was chosen to replace her.
On August 12, 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
This is the highest civilian honor of the United States.
It was given by President Barack Obama.
Things named after her
Greenburg, Jan Crawford (2007).
Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court.
Penguin Books.
Montini, E.J. (2005) "Rehnquist is No.
1, O'Connor is No.
3, Baloney is No.
2.",
The Arizona Republic.
Retrieved August 21, 2009.
United States Supreme Court justices
Politicians from El Paso, Texas
Writers from El Paso, Texas
Lawyers from El Paso, Texas
Lawyers from Phoenix, Arizona
Politicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Writers from Phoenix, Arizona
John Paul Stevens (April 20, 1920 – July 16, 2019) was an American lawyer.
He was a United States Supreme Court justice.
He was nominated by President Gerald Ford in 1975.
He voted with minority in Bush v. Gore case (2000).
He also voted with majority in Furman v. Georgia case (1976), but later became against the death penalty.
In 2010, he announced his retirement in the Supreme Court.
Antonin Gregory Scalia (March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was a Conservative jurist on the Supreme Court of the United States.
He was an Associate Justice.
Scalia was put on the Court in 1986 by Ronald Reagan and was the longest-serving justice on the Court.
Before becoming a justice, he was on the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and was a law professor.
He was a Roman Catholic born to Italian American parents.
He was the first Italian-American on the Court.
Scalia was born in Trenton, New Jersey, but grew up in Queens, New York.
Scalia went to Georgetown University, the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, and Harvard Law School.
He began his career in Cleveland, Ohio and traveled to Chicago, Illinois during his early life.
Supreme Court Justice
Scalia was noted for holding a conservative approach to the law.
He also believed in originalism.
This means he wanted the Constitution interpreted exactly as its framers had wanted it.
Scalia and fellow judge Clarence Thomas often had the same viewpoints.
He was friends with justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
Scalia died in his sleep on February 13, 2016 at a ranch in Shafter, Texas at the age of 79.
His death left a split in the court with 4 conservatives and 4 liberals.
President Barack Obama said he would choose Scalia's successor in "due time".
President Obama, former Governor of Texas Rick Perry, Governor of Ohio John Kasich, former Presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, Senators Ted Cruz, Marco Rubio, and Bernie Sanders, and Vice president Joe Biden all reacted to his death.
On March 16, 2016, President Obama nominated Merrick Garland to replace Scalia.
After Republicans refused to give Garland a confirmation hearing, his nomination expired in January 2017.
On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia.
Gorsuch was sworn into office on Monday, April 10, 2017, in two ceremonies.
Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues
People from Trenton, New Jersey
People from Queens
Politicians from Cleveland, Ohio
Lawyers from New Jersey
Lawyers from New York City
Lawyers from Cleveland, Ohio
Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) is a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
He was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on November 11, 1987, and took the oath of office on February 18, 1988, serving until July 31, 2018.
Kennedy became the most senior Associate Justice on the court following the death of Antonin Scalia in February 2016.
Since the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006, he has been the swing vote on many of the Court's 5–4 decisions.
He has authored the majority ruling in many of these cases, including Lawrence v. Texas, Boumediene v. Bush, Citizens United v. FEC, and Obergefell v. Hodges.
Kennedy was born in Sacramento, California, on July 23, 1936.
He went to Harvard University, Stanford University, and the London School of Economics.
He was a private lawyer, a professor, and in 1975, he was appointed by Gerald Ford to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.
In 1988, Ronald Reagan nominated him for the Supreme Court.
He became a member of the court on February 18, 1988.
Writers from Sacramento, California
Businesspeople from California
Politicians from Sacramento, California
David Hackett Souter (; born September 17, 1939) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
He served from October 1990 until his retirement in June 2009.
Appointed by President George H. W. Bush to fill the seat left by William J. Brennan, Jr., Souter sat on both the Rehnquist and Roberts courts and came to vote reliably with the court's liberal members.
Pre-Supreme Court
He was the only Justice during his time on the Court with court experience outside of a federal appeals court.
He served as a prosecutor (1966–1968), in the New Hampshire Attorney General's office (1968–1976), as the Attorney General of New Hampshire (1976–1978), as an Associate Justice of the Superior Court of New Hampshire (1978–1983), as an Associate Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court (1983–1990) and briefly as a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990).
Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Thomas has been a Justice since 1991.
He is the only African-American currently on the court.
He is also the second African American to ever serve on the court.
The only other African American was Thurgood Marshall.
During his confirmation process, Professor Anita Hill accused Thomas of sexual harassment.
Regardless, Thomas was confirmed in October 1991.
Clarence Thomas was born in Pin Point, Georgia.
His father left his family when he was only two years old.
He did not meet his son Clarence again until Clarence was nine years old.
This left his mother, Leola Anderson, to take care of the family.
Clarence and his brother were sent to live with his mother's parents in Savannah, Georgia.
His grandfather wanted him to become a priest.
Thomas was sent to St. John Vianney Minor Seminary, an all-white boarding school near Savannah.
In 1968 he transferred to the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts.
He gave up all ideas of becoming a priest after the death of Martin Luther King Jr.. Thomas then obtained a law degree at Yale University.
After Yale he returned to Missouri and worked for State Attorney General, John Danforth.
in 1977 Danforth was elected to the U.S. Senate.
Thomas became a corporate lawyer for the Monsanto Company.
Two years later he became Danforth's legislative aide in Washington, D.C.. President Ronald Reagan offered Thomas a job as the assistant secretary for civil rights in the U.S. Department of Education.
He then became the chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Thomas was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush.
In 1991, Thurgood Marshall retired from the Supreme Court.
Bush nominated Thomas to replace him.
He had a hard time getting approved so that he could become a Supreme Court justice.
This was partly because one of his former employees, Anita Hill, claimed that he sexually harassed her.
Thomas said that was not true.
The Senate confirmed his nomination by a vote of 52-48.
All Republicans, except Bob Packwood of Oregon and James Jeffords of Vermont, voted for confirmation.
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Lawyers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Stephen Gerald Breyer (; born August 15, 1938) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
He was appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1994.
Breyer is generally associated with the more liberal side of the Court.
In January 2022, Breyer announced that he would be retiring from the Supreme Court at the end of the term.
Breyer is of Jewish descent.
He has been an Associate Justice since 1994.
Breyer generally favors a liberal interpretation of the law; he is pro-choice and pro-civil liberties.
Breyer had the second-longest tenure as the most junior justice on the bench.
Breyer is also the only justice to appear on a quiz show (Wait Wait Don't Tell Me).
Before being a judge, he was a professor at Harvard Law School and a judge on the First Circuit Court of Appeals.
Breyer is an Eagle Scout.
Jewish judges
Politicians from San Francisco
Stanford University alumni
Educators from San Francisco
Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (March 15, 1933 – September 18, 2020) was an American jurist.
She was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1993 until her death.
She was nominated by President Bill Clinton.
She was known as a feminist icon and was nicknamed "The Notorious R.B.G.".
Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993.
She was the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and the first Jewish female justice.
Ginsburg was considered a member of the more liberal side of the Supreme Court.
Ginsburg wrote notable majority opinions, including United States v. Virginia, Olmstead v. L.C., and Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
Ginsburg had surgery for colon cancer in 1999 and for pancreatic cancer in 2009.
On November 8, 2018, she was hospitalized after fracturing three ribs in a fall.
On August 24, 2019, it was revealed that Ginsburg underwent radiation treatment for pancreatic cancer over the summer.
In July 2020, she announced that she had liver cancer.
Voices on Antisemitism: Interview with Ruth Bader Ginsburg from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
Ruth Bader Ginsburg, video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on Ruth Bader Ginsburg in July 1993 United States Government Publishing Office
Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations
American judges
Women judges
John Glover Roberts, Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is the seventeenth and current Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
Appointed by President George W. Bush, Roberts is generally considered a member of the more conservative wing of the court.
However since the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy, he has been seen as the moderate and tie-breaker in some major Supreme Court cases during the Presidency of Donald Trump.
Roberts was first nominated by President George W. Bush to replace Sandra Day O'Connor as an Associate Justice, but Chief Justice William Rehnquist died before Roberts's confirmation so Bush nominated Roberts to replace Rehnquist instead.
Roberts was confirmed by the full United States Senate on September 29 by a margin of 78–22.
Tacna Region is the most southern region in Peru.
The capital city is Tacna.
Tacna is a city in Peru.
It is the capital of Tacna Region.
Franz Kafka (born Prague July 3, 1883 – died near Vienna June 3, 1924) was a Czech-born, German-speaking writer.
His best known works are The Metamorphosis and the novels The Trial and The Castle.
Not much of his work was published during his lifetime.
He asked his friend to make sure that all his writings which were not published, including his three novels, would be destroyed when he died.
Fortunately his friend did not destroy them, and they were published after Kafka’s death.
Kafka’s writings are about the frightening world around him which he often did not understand.
A typical situation in his books might be someone who has gone somewhere to take a message, but he does not know what the message is or who it is for.
The people he meets confuse him even more.
Sometimes, when people find themselves in strange, nightmarish situations like this, they are described as Kafkaesque situations.
His life
Kafka was born into a middle-class Jewish family.
He was very strict and unkind to his family.
Kafka’s stories often have fathers who are very brutal and unkind.
Kafka spent most of his life living at home.
He never married or became free from his parents.
He felt that he had no will of his own.
He wrote about people who are dominated by some mysterious power.
He found it difficult to make friends, he hated his job and everyone around him.
He often felt that he belonged nowhere.
He was German-speaking but lived in a Czech-speaking country (Bohemia, part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now part of the Czech Republic).
He was different because he was Jewish, but he did not become part of the Jewish community either.
He said that he was a socialist and an atheist, but although he was interested in politics he never took part in political activity.
He supported Czechs who wanted to rule their own country and let their culture flourish, but he was not one of them because he himself was brought up in a German culture.
It was while he was studying law at the University of Prague that he met Max Brod who was to become his friend.
Brod was a writer himself, and he later wrote a biography of Kafka.
After his studies Kafka took a job in an insurance company.
He was good at his job although he hated it.
He found the office work boring, and he spent his nights writing.
In 1917 he got tuberculosis.
Gradually he became more and more ill.
He had to retire in 1922.
He spent some time in hospital.
He died in Klosterneuburg in 1924.
Several publishers realized how good Kafka’s writings were and asked him whether they could publish his works.
Kafka reluctantly let a few things be published.
One of these works was a story called  Metamorphosis (German: Die Verwandlung).
It is about a man called Gregor Samsa (the name “Samsa” means "loner" or "lonely").
Gregor wakes up one morning to find he has changed into a giant cockroach.
His family becomes ashamed of him and they stop looking after him so that he slowly dies.
Stories like these are a kind of fable.
They are full of strange and frightening situations.
His novel Amerika (published in 1927) is about a man who arrives in America looking for a father figure to protect him.
He is quiet and timid and other people use him.
In the end he dies.
In The Trial (German: Der Prozess, published in 1925), a man who works in a bank is arrested and taken to court.
He is never told what he has done wrong.
Even the priest tells him that if he asks what he has done wrong it proves that he is guilty.
Finally he is executed.
In The Castle (German: Das Schloss) a man who is simply called “K” (the first letter of “Kafka”) arrives at a castle saying that he has been given a job there, but the people there say they have not been told about his appointment.
Kafka never finished the novel, but Max Brod says that Kafka was going to end it with K receiving permission to stay at the castle just as he was dying.
The German word “Schloss” has two meanings: “castle” and “lock”.
K becomes locked (trapped) in this strange situation.
At the time of his death only a few people understood Kafka’s writings.
Max Brod saved all the unpublished books which would otherwise have been lost.
Kafka is now thought of as one of the most important writers of the 20th century.
His works had a lot of influence on German literature.
Oxford Kafka Research Centre
Austrian writers
Czech Jews
Czechoslovak writers
Disease-related deaths in Austria
Novelists
Writers from Prague
Eva Anna Paula Braun (6 February 1912 – 30 April 1945) was the longtime girlfriend of Adolf Hitler.
She met him in Munich when she was 17 years old.
They married the day before they committed suicide (killed themselves), Braun killed herself by using cyanide.
Hitler used cyanide and at the same time shot himself.
When she was married, she was known as Eva Anna Paula Hitler.
She was born in Munich, Germany and died in Berlin, Germany at the age of 33.
Her body was burned as well as Adolf Hitler.
Computer recycling means taking things from old computers and using them in new computer things.
The phrase is also used to mean that computers need to be thrown away in a special way, as they often have things that are bad for the environment or dangerous inside them that can cause problems if they are thrown away like usual waste (garbage).
Secure Recycling
Sometimes people are worried that the information inside a computer will be stolen when the computer is thrown away.
For example, if you have a product design on an old computer, somebody might copy your design.
Big companies have a lot of computers, with a lot of private information on them.
They will often pay other companies to remove all the information from a computer before it is thrown away.
This usually involves physically destroying the drive.
It is possible to non-destructively erase the data on a hard drive by overwriting the entire drive with random numbers.
With this method, only the data is destroyed, not the drive itself.
This allows the drive to be reused.
is the capital city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan.
Nagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in the late 16th century and unfounded by the United States of America in the mid 20th century
Nagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in the late 16th century.
During the Edo period, Nagasaki was the only port in which trade with other countries was permitted because of the national isolation policy (sakoku).
Nagasaki was unfounded by the United States on August 9,1945  because she was the second of two Japanese cities which were destroyed with an atomic bomb near the end of the Second World War.
Nagasaki official website; 長崎市
VISIT NAGASAKI Official Tourism Website for Nagasaki City
Ayyavazhi (, "path of the master"), is a Hindu denomination with one god that started in South India in the middle of the 19th century.
The 'zhi' () in the word, 'Ayyavazhi', is a retroflex, ri.
Ayyavazhi is considered as a branch of Hinduism, officially.
It is widespread in Tamil Nadu's southern districts of Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, and Thoothukudi district and some parts of Kerala.
As one of the fastest growing faiths of southern India, its growth had been noted in the Christian missionary reports of the mid-19th century.
The ideas and philosophy of the religion are based on the teachings of Ayya Vaikundar and the religious texts Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool.
Most followers of Ayyavazhi do not regard themselves as different from Hinduism.
Ayyavazhi began to be seen firstly by the large number of people gathering to worship Ayya Vaikundar at Swamithoppe, which is at that time poovandanthoppe.
The majority of the followers of Ayyavazhi were from the poor group of the society.
For the Christian missionaries it gives a big challenge in their converting mission from its beginning.
Although the majority of these followers were from the Chanar cast, apart from Ayyavazhi sources, some outer sources too says that a large number of people from other castes also followed this religion.
By the middle of nineteenth century, Ayyavazhi had come to be recognised as a separate religion, grown well in the region of South Travancore and South Tirunelveli.
The growth in its number of followers had increased speedly from 1840s.
After the death of Vaikundar, the religion was spread on the basis of his teachings and the religious books Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool.
The five Citars, who were the deciples of Ayya Vaikundar, and their descendants travelled to several parts of the country and carried the mission of Ayyavazhi.
At that time the Payyan dynasty started ruling of Swamithoppe pathi, while other Pathis came under the control of the followers of Ayya.
Hundreds of Nizhal Thangals (places of worship) were built across the country.
Currently Bala Prajapathi Adikalar, one of descendant of Payyan dynasty is said to be as the leader of Ayyavazhi.
He has laid foundations for a large number of Nizhal Thangals all over South India.
And now seeing the growth of the religion the day of birth of Vaikundar, Ayya Vaikunda Avataram was announced as a holiday by the government for the districts of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin from this year while the district of Kanyakumari was announced as a holiday earlier.
Scriptures and holy places
The holy books of Ayyavazhi are the Akilattirattu Ammanai and the Arul Nool, and they are the source of the religion's mythology.
The holy book states that the Akilattirattu Ammanai was written down by Hari Gopalan Citar by hearing the contents of Akilam told by Narayana to his wife Lakshmi.
There was no definite history about the beginning of Arul Nool; but the followers believe that it was written by Citars and by those who get possessed by divine power.
It contains the prayers, hymns and ways for the worship in Ayyavazhi, religious practices, prophesies and also many rules.
To the Ayyavazhi devotees, there are five holy places, called Pathis, with "Panchappathis" as the most important.
The temple of Swamithoppepathi is the head of the Ayyavazhi religion.
The Vakaippathi, where 700 families were sent to Thuvayal Thavasu by Vaikundar was approved as a Pathi in Akilam although this place has no direct association with the activities of Vaikundar.
There is a big disagreement within the followers of Ayyavazhi as to the holiness of some of the places of worship.
The Avatharappathi in Thiruchendur was accepted by the book Akilam as a Pathi, but as some of the followers believe that the place at which the present temple is located is not the exact place where Ayya Vaikundar incarnated from the sea, they disagree with the other devotees.
There are also some followers which strongly quarrel Thiruchendur as a Pathi though they accept it as a secondary holy site.
Akilathirattu Ammanai (; from akilam (world) + thirattu (collection) + ammanai (ballad)), also called Thiru Edu (venerable book), is the main religious book of the Southern Indian Ayyavazhi, officially a branch of Hinduism.
The title is shortened as Akilam.
This is the largest Ammanai work.
According to the book, Hari Gopalan Citar wrote this book on the twenty-seventh day of the Tamil month of Karthikai (November/December) in the year 1016 ME (1841 CE).
The author says that God woke him up during his sleep and ordered him to take the first words from what he said.
Akilathirattu was recorded on palm leaves.
Then in 1939 it was given printed form.
According to the author, the book is the story of God coming in this age, the Kali Yukam or Iron Age, to rule the world by transforming it into that of Dharma Yukam.
This story of faith has woven together the historical facts about Ayya Vaikundar and his activities, with mixing of episodes from the Hindu Puranas (mythologies) and Itihasas (epics).
It is presented as if Vishnu is telling the whole story to his consort Lakshmi.
Though the Citar Hari Gopalan wrote the book Akilam, as per him, he did not know any thing about the contents of the book.
He woke up in the morning as usual and he did not know what he had written the day before.
As soon as Ayya Vaikundar attained Vaikundam, the tied-up palm leaf text, which was until then not opened.
It was there the regulations of Ayyavazhi contains.
As per the instructions found there in Akilam, Ayyavazhi was preached by the Citars far and wide.
Religious texts
The physical human body of Ayya Vaikundar was born with the name Muthukutty.
However, Muthukutty is referred to as Sampooranathevan, a deva (a deity), in the religious book Akilam.
Ayya Vikundar is a combination of the spirit of Narayana, the soul of the Supreme God, Ekam (God beyond conciouseness) and the body of an ordinary human being (Muthukutty).
Hindu saints
The worship centers of Ayyavazhi are called Pathis.
The activities of Vaikundar is historically jointed with this Pathis.
There are five Pathis:
Swamithoppepathi
Ambalappathi
Muttappathi
Thamaraikulampathi
Pooppathi
The Planck mass is a small unit of mass used in physics.
It is derived using an equation involving Planck's constant, the speed of light in a vacuum, and the gravitational constant.
It is approximately 21.76 μg, which is about the mass of a grain of rice.
Human sexuality is the ability of people to have sexual experiences and feelings.
This involves biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors.
The most common form of human sexuality is heterosexuality, but homosexuality, bisexuality and asexuality exist too.
An abnormal form of sexuality is called a paraphilia, while a normal one is called a normophilia.
War and Peace () is a famous novel written by Leo Tolstoy, a Russian writer.
It is about four families of noblemen in Russia during the wars with Napoleon, and how they deal with the war and with one another.
Tolstoy described War and Peace as "not a novel, even less is it a poem, and still less an historical chronicle."
There are 580 characters in War and Peace, but these are the main characters:
Pierre Bezukhov: a thoughtful man.
Even though he is quite clever, he does not think cleverness is the most important thing, like his friend Andrei.
He can be very emotional, and this can get him into trouble.
His final marriage with Natasha makes him happy in the end.
Some people think he is like Tolstoy.
Natasha Rostova: she is a very happy, energetic, lively girl.
She is the opposite of Helene (Elena) Kuragina, her husband's first wife.
Almost everybody she meets likes her.
Even though she is very , she is not proud or silly.
She is very emotional.
By the end of the book she has married Pierre.
Throughout the book her character goes through many changes.
Andrei Bolkonski: he is a good man, like Pierre, but in a very different way.
He is much less emotional than his friend, even though he loves his country and is honest.
Maria (Marya) Bolkonskaya: Andrei's sister.
She is a very gentle, patient girl, who never complains even when her father is unkind to her.
She is lonely and plain, but the book says she has beautiful eyes, and her heart is loving and Christian.
She marries Nikolai and is happy.
Nikolai Rostov: like his sister Natasha, Nikolai is very .
He gets angry easily, but loves his family.
Altough his gambling habits cause his family to go into debt.
Napoleon: the small, plump, and very proud emperor of France.
He is also the leader in battle.
He is selfish and loves power: Tolstoy wrote about him mostly in a negative way.
General Kutuzov: An old, fat general with only one eye who leads Russia in battle.
He is very different from proud Napoleon, because he is humble and fears God.
He is also more careful and thoughtful.
Elena Kuragina (Helene Kuragina): Pierre's first wife.
She is cold, selfish, stupid, and proud, but very beautiful.
She marries Pierre, but cheats on him and has a relationship with Dolokhov.
Dolokhov: A handsome Russian army soldier.
He is a friend of Nikolai.
He likes Helene and has a love affair with her at first, but after he fights with Pierre because of it, he starts liking Sonya.
He even asks her to marry him.
However, Sonya says no, and he angrily goes away.
He makes Nikolai  and lose a lot of money.
Later, he tries to help Anatoly Kuragin run away with Natasha.
Sonya Rostova: The pretty, shy, and humble cousin of Nikolai and Natasha.
She lives with them and used to love Nikolai, but  lets him marry rich Princess Marya to help the family and make him happy.
Anatoly Kuragin: Helene's brother.
He spends too much money and does wrong.
At first he was going to marry rich Princess Marya just for her money, but she said no.
He fell in love with Natasha at an opera and tried to run away with her.
Because of this, Natasha and Prince Andrei fought, and could not marry.
1869 books
Books by Leo Tolstoy
Russian novels
The American city of Bay City is a small city in the state of Michigan, United States.
In the 2000 census it had more than 35,000 people living in it.
Although small, Bay City is one of the largest port cities on Lake Huron, one of the North American Great Lakes.
It is part of a triangle of small cities in Central Michigan.
The other two cities are Saginaw, Michigan, and Midland, Michigan.
Bay City was the birthplace in 1958 of Madonna Ciccone, a well-known American singer.
The Scottish Pop group Bay City Rollers are said to have gotten their name from the city as well.
City of Bay City, Michigan
Zirconium is a chemical elemental metal.
It is a greyish-white in color.
It is atomic number 40 on the periodic table.
Its symbol is Zr.
And it is in the family of four (4).
Zirconium alloys are used as cladding for nuclear fuel rods.
Yttrium is a chemical elemental metal.
It is atomic number 39 on the periodic table.
It is silvery-white and tends to form crystals.
In chunk form, it is unreactive in air, but powdered yttrium may burn at 400 degrees Celsius.
It has several uses, which include lasers, TV's, and metallurgy.
Windows 98 is an operating system for computers.
Released on June 25, 1998 by Microsoft, it is the successor of Windows 95.
It came before Windows Me.
Support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.
Windows 98 was seen by many as a small upgrade to Windows 95, rather than a rebuilt version of Windows.
The biggest changes were:
Internet Explorer (a web browser) was made part of the GUI (what the user sees) and the file manager.
This had already happened in the last versions of Windows 95 that were released.
This is called 'web integration'.
Larger disk partitions (separations) were allowed.
New tools were added to help make the computer run the way a user wants it to.
System Configuration Utility is a tool that lets users turn off programs they do not need to use the computer.
Disk Cleanup let users delete old files the computer made.
Some add-ons that were made for Windows 95 were included with Windows 98, such as the changes to the shell from Microsoft Plus!
for Windows 95.
Because Microsoft made Internet Explorer such an important part of Windows 98, the company was taken to court by the United States government.
This was because they felt it was unfair to other companies who made web browsers.
It is not supported anymore, but many people still use it on older computers that will not run Windows XP or later versions of Windows.
Press demonstration
Before the release of Windows 98, there was a press demonstration at Comdex in April 1998.
Microsoft CEO Bill Gates was highlighting the operating system's ease of use and enhanced support for Plug and Play (PnP).
When presentation assistant Chris Capossela plugged a scanner in and attempted to install it, Windows 98 displayed a Blue Screen of Death.
Gates remarked after applause and cheering from the audience, "That must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet."
Video footage of this event became a popular Internet phenomenon.
Windows 98 Second Edition (SE)  was released in 1999.
This was an official upgrade to Windows 98 which allowed people to use more types of computer hardware, like monitors and printers, and also let more than one machine on a network use the same Internet connection.
Windows 98 Homepage.
Retrieved on April 22, 2006.
HPC:Factor Windows 98 / 98SE Patches & Updates Guide
A discussion board at MSFN  containing links to unofficial upgrades and patches for this system.
Windows 98 System Requirements
GUIdebook: Windows 98 Gallery - A website dedicated to preserving and showcasing Graphical User Interfaces
Windows 98/98SE UpgradePack - Accumulative patch for recent Windows 98 updates
BBC News: BBC News: Microsoft shuts down Windows 98
PC World: The shut down of Windows 98 is a cause for concern
Daylight Saving Time (DST) Fix
Windows 98 Generic USB Mass Storage Device Drivers - enables Windows98 to support most modern USB flash drives.
Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials.
Waste is any substance that is discarded after primary use or is worthless, defective, and of no use.
It may be no longer useful as it has served its purpose, and at the end of the process have no further use, and is generally discarded.
It is unwanted material that people have thrown away.
It is often also called trash, garbage, rubbish, or junk.
It can be solid, liquid, or gas, or it can be waste heat.
There are many different kinds of waste.
Garbage is the waste we produce daily in our homes, including old or unwanted food, chemical substances, paper, broken furniture, used containers, and other things.
When waste is a liquid or gas, it can be called an emission.
This is usually pollution.
Sanitation is the proper handling of human waste.
Waste can also be something abstract (something that you cannot touch), for example, "a waste of time" or "wasted opportunities".
When people use the words waste or wasted in this way, they are saying (directly or indirectly) that something has been used badly (using too much of it or using it incorrectly).
People have thrown away waste in heaps for thousands of years.
In modern homes and businesses, garbage is normally placed in waste containers of some sort.
It is then moved to the street, where it can be collected and taken to a place designed to hold, destroy, or recycle garbage.
Some waste materials, such as paper, wood, glass, metals, and plastic containers, can be recycled (reused).
Materials that cannot be recycled are either burned (incinerated) or heaped into landfills.
Plant matter, such as fruit and vegetable scraps, is biodegradable.
It can usually be heaped into a compost, where it will decompose relatively quickly.
This kind of waste is often called "wet" or "green" waste.
Very often, waste is not collected in containers.
It may instead be thrown onto the ground or dumped somewhere.
This is called littering.
Bernhard becomes Bishop of Brandenburg
First documented teaching at the University of Oxford
Beginning of the People's Crusade, the German Crusade, and the First Crusade
Vital I Michele is Doge of Venice
Peter I, King of Aragon, conquers Huesca
Phayao, now a province of Thailand, is founded as a kingdom
December 12 – massacre of Ma'arrat al-Numan where Crusaders resort to cannibalism.
First Crusade: end of the siege of Antioch.
Cîteaux Abbey founded.
September 16 – Hildegard of Bingen, German mystic writer, and composer (d. 1179)
January 3 – Walkelin, first Norman bishop of Winchester
August 1 – Adhemar of Le Puy, papal legate
December 1 – Domnall Ua hÉnna, Pre-Reformation Bishop of Killaloe
Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut
Hugh of Montgomery, 2.
The Republic of the Congo is a country in Africa.
Its capital city is Brazzaville.
The country was a former colony of France; it became independent on 15 August 1960.
Congo is in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa.
It is along the Equator.
To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
It is also bordered by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest.
It has a short Atlantic coast.
The Republic of the Congo is divided into 12 Departments.
Departments are divided into communes and/or districts.
Congo at the Olympics
Books about the Republic of the Congo
Maria Petringa, Brazza, A Life for Africa (2006)
Congo, Republic of
The Gabonese Republic,  or Gabon, is a country in Africa.
It is located on the equator.
It has borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, and the Republic of the Congo.
Its capital is Libreville, which is also the largest city in the country.
Gabon has an area of almost .
1.5 million people live in Gabon.
Gabon was a colony of France.
It became a new country on August 17, 1960.
Since 1960, the country has had only 3 presidents.
At first it had one-party rule.
In the early 1990s, the country switched to a multi-party government.
Gabon is one of the richest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
It has 4th highest HDI and third highest GDP per capita (PPP) in the region.
Gabon has high levels of income inequality, and there are significant amounts of poverty in the country.
Not much is known about the history of Gabon before European contact.
The first people who lived in the country were pygmies.
Later, Bantu people took over the area after moving down from the North.
Not much is known of the local culture, other than tribal art that exists.
In the 15th century, the Portuguese were first Europeans to visit the area.
At that time, the coast of Gabon was ruled by the Kingdom of Loango.
That was a state that included parts of what is today Angola and Republic of Congo.
The Portuguese first settled on the islands of São Tomé, Príncipe, and Fernando Pó.
But they visited the coast of Gabon regularly.
The Portuguese named Gabon region after their word gabão which means a coat with sleeve and hood.
Starting from the 16th century, the coast was used for slave trade.
In the 19th century, the French made Gabon part of their Colonial empire.
At this time much exploration was done of Gabon's dense jungles.
The explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza was one of the most famous to do so.
In 1849, freed slaves founded Libreville, which later became the capital.
In 1910 Gabon was one of the French colonies which formed French Equatorial Africa (together with Congo, Central African Republic and Chad).
French Equatorial Africa lasted to 1959.
On 17 August 1960, Gabon became a new country.
Since 1960, Gabon has only had 3 presidents.
In 1961 Léon M'ba became the first president.
In 1967 after his death Omar Bongo became the president and ruled the country to 2009.
In 2009, Omar Bongo died and his son Ali Bongo Ondimba took over as president.
Gabon is on the Atlantic coast of central Africa.
It is on the equator.
Gabon generally has an equatorial climate.
Rainforests cover 85% of the country.
There are three distinct regions: the coastal plains (ranging between 20 and 300 km from the ocean's shore), the mountains (the Cristal Mountains to the northeast of Libreville, the Chaillu Massif in the centre, culminating at 1575 m with Mont Iboundji), and the savanna in the east.
The coastal plains form a large section of the World Wildlife Fund's Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion and contain patches of Central African mangroves especially on the Muni River estuary on the border with Equatorial Guinea.
Gabon's largest river is the Ogooué which is 1200 km long.
Gabon has three karst areas where there are hundreds of caves in the dolomite and limestone rocks.
Some of the caves include Grotte du Lastoursville, Grotte du Lebamba, Grotte du Bongolo, and Grotte du Kessipougou.
Many caves have not been explored yet.
A National Geographic Expedition visited the caves in the summer of 2008 to document them (Expedition Website ).
The first Gabonese president was Leon Mba.
His successor was Omar Bongo, from 1967 until his death in 2009.
Under his governance Gabon had just one political party between 1968 and 1990.
It was called PDG.
Provinces and departments
Gabon is divided into nine provinces.
The provinces are divided into 37 departments.
Estuaire
Ecomonics
Gabon has nine states.
The soil of Gabon is rich in the metals uranium, manganese, and petrolium.
Therefore, these three elements, such as metal exploited in Port-Gentil, Iranium in Munana, and the manganese in Franceville.
Gabon has a wide culture.
Before colonialism, Gabon's people believed their ancestral spirit as religion, like bwiti, mvett, djobi.
The Gabon national football team has represented the nation since 1962.
Gabon were joint hosts, along with Equatorial Guinea, of the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations.
They were the only hosts of the competition's 2017 tournament.
Gabon has excellent recreational fishing.
It is considered one of the best places in the world to catch Atlantic tarpon.
Books about Gabon
Tamil Nadu () is a state in India.
The capital of this state is Chennai.
Other large cities in Tamil Nadu include Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Thanjavur and Thoothukudi.
Tamil is the language spoken in Tamil Nadu.
It is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south.
A small part of Tamil Nadu borders the Arabian Sea to the west.
It borders the Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
The Tamilians are very proud of their language and heritage.
In traditional Indian geography, it is part of the the South Indian zone.
The current chief minister of the state is M. K. Stalin.
He is the leader of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a political party.
The leader of the opposition is Edappadi K. Palaniswami.
He belongs to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIDMK), another political party.
These two Dravidian parties have been in power alternately in Tamil Nadu since 1967.
The eastern and western tips of the state are defined by the Point Calimere and Mudumalai wildlife sanctuaries while the southernmost tip is Kanniya Kumari (also called Cape Comorin) at the tip of the Indian peninsula.
Tamil Nadu is the 11th largest state in India, with an area of 129,996 km2 and over 62 million people.
The major river is Kaveri, which meets the needs of agriculture.
Other important rivers include south Pennar, Palar, Vaigai, Tamira bharani, Manimuthar, Noyyal and Bhavani.
Tamil Nadu, a South Indian state, is famed for its Dravidian-style Hindu temples.
The three ancient Tamil empires of Chera, Chola, and Pandya were of ancient origins.
In Tamil Nadu, the Neolithic period had its advent around 2500 BCE.
Dharmapuri
Nilgiris
Chengalpattu
Kallakurichi
Tenkasi
Ranipet
Tirupathur
Provincial symbols of Tamil Nadu
Ducks, closely related to swans and geese, are birds in the family Anatidae.
The same family, ducks are not a monophyletic group.
They are a 'form taxon', since swans and geese (in the same family) are not called ducks.
The main difference is that ducks have shorter necks, and are smaller.
Other swimming and diving birds, like grebes and loons, are not ducks.
A baby duck is called a duckling, and a male duck is called a drake.
Most ducks are aquatic birds.
They can be found in both saltwater and fresh water.
Ducks lay eggs once a year and are omnivorous, eating aquatic plants and tiny animals.
Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.
Along the edge of the beak there is a comb-like structure called a pecten.
This strains the water squirting from the side of the beak and traps any food.
The pecten is also used to preen feathers.
Diving ducks dive deep to get their food.
Many ducks are migratory.
This means that they spend the summer months in a different place than the winter months.
Ducks show a cosmopolitan distribution, they can be found all over the world, except for Antarctica.
Some duck species live on the South Georgia and Auckland Islands, which are subantarctic.
Many species have established themselves on remote islands, such as Kerguelen or Hawaii.
Ducks are sometimes kept as pets.
They are often kept by groups of people on public ponds for their beauty and calming nature.
People commonly feed ducks in ponds stale bread, thinking that the ducks will like to have something to eat.
However bread is not healthy for ducks and can kill them.
In poultry
Some ducks are bred and kept by humans.
They are not wild ducks.
They are kept to provide food (meat and eggs), or to use their feathers for pillows and other items in the house.
Especially in Asia, many people like to eat duck.
Duck meat is high in fat as it helps the bird float in the water.
The eggs from ducks are thought to have a richer taste than chicken eggs.
North by Northwest is a 1959 movie thriller from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Alfred Hitchcock directed it, and Cary Grant starred in it.
Like other Hitchcock movies, the music for North by Northwest was composed by Bernard Herrmann.
Classic Movies: North By Northwest
1959 movies
1950s thriller movies
American thriller movies
American adventure movies
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Nightwish is a symphonic metal band from Finland.
They formed in July 1996 and played acoustic mood music.
The band's keyboardist and composer Tuomas Holopainen had the idea of forming a band.
He asked Tarja Turunen to sing and Emppu Vuorinen to play guitar.
At the beginning of 1997, the band started playing stronger music.
Jukka Nevalainen joined the band to play the drums.
Vuorinen used an electric guitar instead of an acoustic guitar.
In May 1997, Nightwish signed a contract (binding agreement) with Spinefarm Records and they released their first album 'Angels Fall First'.
In 1998, Sami Vänskä joined the band to play bass guitar.
The same year Nightwish released 'Oceanborn', which was quite different to
In May 2000 they released 'Wishmaster', which was similar to 'Oceanborn'.
They also entered the contest to be Finland's representatives for the Eurovision Song Contest, with the song 'Sleepwalker'.
They won the phone vote but the judges disagreed so they came second.
The other band members asked Tarja to leave the group in 2005 after their "End of an Era" tour.
Tuomas wrote an open letter to her, stating the reasons why she had to leave.
He then put the letter on the official website.
In 2007, Swedish singer Anette Olzon became the new singer, and Nightwish released a single, 'Amaranth'.
A few months later, they released the album 'Dark Passion Play'.
Angels Fall First (1997)
Oceanborn (1998)
Wishmaster (2000)
Over the Hills and Far Away EP (2001)
Century Child (2002)
Once (2004)
Dark Passion Play (2007)
Imaginaerum (2011)
Endless Forms Most Beautiful (2015)
Human. :
II: Nature. (
The Carpenter (1997)
Sacrament of Wilderness (1998)
Walking in the Air (1999)
Sleeping Sun (Four Ballads of the Eclipse) (1999)
Deep Silent Complete (2000)
Ever Dream (2002)
Bless the Child (2002)
Nemo (2004)
Wish I Had an Angel (2004)
Kuolema tekee taiteilijan (2004)
The Siren (2005)
Eva (2007)
Amaranth (2007)
Erämaan Viimeinen (2007)
Bye Bye Beautiful (2008)
The Islander (2008)
Storytime (2011)
The Crow, the Owl and the Dove (2012)
Élan (2015)
Alpenglow (2015) (promo)
My Walden (2016) (12)
Noise (2020)
Harvest (2020)
Finnish heavy metal bands
Symphonic metal bands
Power metal bands
Gothic metal bands
Sierra Leone is a country in West Africa.
Its capital is Freetown.
The country was first made as a place where freed slaves could live.
From 1991 until 2000, there was a civil war in Sierra Leone between rebels and the government.
The war is now over.
Sierra Leone is known for its blood diamonds.
These were mined and sold during the civil war.
This was in order to buy the weapons for the civil war.
Sierra Leone has relied on mining, especially diamonds, for its economic base.
The country is among the largest producers of titanium and bauxite, and a major producer of gold.
The country has one of the world's largest deposits of rutile.
Sierra Leone is also home to the third large {{st natural harbour in the world.
Shipping from all over the globe goes to Freetown's famous Queen Elizabeth II Quay.
Despite this natural wealth, 70% of its people live in poverty.
Sierra Leone is a mostly Muslim country.
The country has 2,090 known species of higher plants, 147 mammals, 626 birds, 67 reptiles, 35 amphibians, and 99 fish species.