the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Some people in Belize speak Spanish or Kriol, but English is the official language and the most commonly spoken.
This is because Belize is a former colony of the United Kingdom, while its neighbors were once colonies of Spain.
Many people speak two languages.
Belize is a melting pot of cultures.
More than three hundred and thirty thousand (374,681 (2017))  people live in Belize.
Kriols make up about 21% of the Belizean people.
Three Maya groups now live in the country: the Yucatec, the Mopan, and Kekchi.
The Garinagu are a mix of African, Arawak, and Carib ancestry.
There are also Mestizos.
Belmopan, which is near the centre of the country, is its capital.
The first capital was Belize City.
Other towns and cities include Belize City, Corozal Town, Orange Walk Town, Punta Gorda, Santa Elena/San Ignacio (known as the twin town) and San Pedro Town.
Belize is on the coast of the Caribbean Sea.
There are about 450 islands.
The largest island, Ambergris Caye, is forty kilometres long.
Many other islands are very small.
In the water around the islands are coral reefs.
The temperature along the coast is warm all year round.
It typically ranges from 20 °C to 32 °C.
Sometimes hurricanes hit, causing great damage.
Belize is on the Caribbean coast of northern Central America.
It shares a border on the north with the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, on the west with the Guatemalan department of Petén, and on the south with the Guatemalan department of Izabal.
To the east is the Caribbean Sea.
The Belize Barrier Reef is along most of the  of predominantly marshy coastline.
Belize have the second largest living barrier reef in the world.
The area of the country totals .
There are many lagoons along the coasts and in the northern part of the country.
This makes the actual land area smaller at .
The north of Belize is mostly flat, swampy coastal plains.
In some places it is heavily forested.
The south has the low mountain range of the Maya Mountains.
The highest point in Belize is Doyle's Delight at .
The Caribbean coast is lined with a coral reef and about 450 islets and islands.
The islands are locally called cayes (pronounced "keys").
Three of only four coral atolls in the Western Hemisphere are off the coast of Belize.
Over 60% of Belize's land surface is covered by forest.
20% is covered by cultivated land (agriculture) and human settlements.
There are also important mangrove ecosystems across Belize's landscape.
Belize is divided into 6 districts.
The districts are shown below with their areas (in km2) and number of people at the 2010 Census:
Belize District  4,204 – 89,247
Cayo District  5,338 – 73,202
Corozal District  1,860 – 40,324
Orange Walk District  4,737 – 45,419
Stann Creek District  2,176 – 32,166
Toledo District  4,649 – 30,538
Total areas and number of people  22,964 – 312,971
The Belize Defence Force (BDF) is the military.
It is responsible for protecting Belize.
In 1997, the regular army had over 900 people, the reserve army 381, the air wing 45 and the maritime wing 36.
This amounts to an overall strength of about 1400.
In 2005, the maritime wing became part of the Belizean Coast Guard.
In the same year, the government spent $1.2 million on the military.
This is 1.87% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP).
After Belize became independent in 1981 the United Kingdom kept some military in the country to protect it from invasion by Guatemala.
The main British force left in 1994.
This was three years after Guatemala said Belize was independent.
The United Kingdom still keeps some military people in the country.
In 2011 the base was only 10 soldiers due to British budget cuts.
They hope to reopen the base later.
Belizean cuisine is inspired by British, Mexican and Western Caribbean cooking.
Since Belize is a melting pot of culture, it has adopted dishes from many different countries.
The basic ingredients are rice and beans.
These are often eaten with chicken, pork, veal, fish or vegetables.
Coconut milk and fried plantains are added to the dishes to create a truly tropical taste.
Exotic ingredients include armadillo meat, venison, iguana, iguana egg, and fried paca.
Conch soup is a traditional dish.
It has a characteristic taste and thick consistency due to added okra, potatoes, yams, cassava flour and a touch of toasted habanero.
Belizean food is almost always served alongside white rice in coconut milk.
The major sports in Belize are football, basketball, volleyball and cycling.
There are smaller followings of boat racing, track & field, softball and cricket.
Fishing is also popular in areas of Belize.
The Cross Country Cycling Classic is one of the most important Belize sports events.
This one-day sports event is meant for amateur cyclists but has also gained a worldwide popularity.
On Easter day, citizens of Dangriga participate in a yearly fishing tournament.
First, second, and third prize are awarded based on a scoring combination of size, species, and number.
The tournament is broadcast over local radio stations.
Prize money is awarded to the winners.
National Symbols
The black orchid (Encyclia Cochleatum) is the National Flower of Belize.
This orchid grows on trees in damp areas, and flowers nearly all year round.
Its clustered bulblike stems vary in size up to six inches long and carry two or three leaves.
The black orchid flower has greenish-yellow petals and sepals with purple blotches near the base.
The "lip" (one petal of special construction, which is the flower's showiest) is shaped like a valve of a clamshell (hence the name Encyclia Cochleatum) and is deep purple-brown, almost black, with conspicuous radiating purple veins.
Mahogany Tree
The National Tree of Belize is the Mahogany Tree (Swietenia macrophylla), one of the magnificent giants of the Belize rain forest.
It rises straight and tall to over a hundred feet.
In the early months of the year, when the leaves fall and new red-brown growth appears, the tree can be seen from a great distance.
The tree puts out a many small whitish flowers.
The flowers blossom into dark fruits, which are pear-shaped capsules about six inches long.
The mahogany tree matures in 60 to 80 years.
Keel Billed Toucan
The Keel Billed Toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus) is the National Bird of Belize.
It is noted for its great, canoe-shaped bill and its brightly coloured green, blue, red and orange feathers.
There are toucans in open areas of the country with large trees.
It is mostly black with bright yellow cheeks and chest, red under the tail and a distinctive white patch at the base of the tail.
They make a monotonous frog-like croak.
Toucans like fruits.
They eat by cutting with the serrated edge of their bills.
The Tapir or Mountain Cow (Tapirello Bairdii) is the largest land mammal of the American tropics.
The tapir is a stoutly built animal with short legs, about the size of a donkey and weighs up to 600 pounds.
Its general color is dusty brown with a white fringe around the eyes and lips, white tipped ears and occasional white patches of fur on the throat and chest.
In spite of its local name, the tapir is not a cow.
It is closely related to the horse and is also kin to the rhinoceros.
The tapir is a vegetarian.
It spends much of its time in water or mud shallows, and is a strong swimmer.
Michael Landon (October 31, 1936 - July 1, 1991) was an American actor.
He is best known for his roles on the TV shows, Bonanza, Little House on the Prairie, and Highway to Heaven.
Little House Wiki: Michael Landon
The RMS Titanic was a British passenger ship.
She was built by Harland and Wolff ship builders, in Belfast, for the White Star Line company.
She sank during the first trip at sea.
Before the Titanic sailed, many people thought it would be almost impossible for ships of this design to sink.
Sinking on
At 11:40 PM on 14 April 1912, during the Titanic's first trip, she hit an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean.
The iceberg broke the Titanic's hull (bottom), letting water into the ship.
The Titanic sank two hours and forty minutes later at 2:20 AM on 15 April.
As she sank, the Titanic split in two.
The wreck killed over 1,500 people.
Only around 705 people survived.
It was one of the worst shipwrecks that was not during a war.
One reason why so many people died was that the ship did not have enough lifeboats for everyone on board.
The Titanic had 20 lifeboats with room for 1,178 passengers, only a third of the number of passengers the ship could carry.
It actually had more lifeboats than was needed by law (it needed 16 with room for 990 passengers).
This was because the laws in the UK were out of date.
They did not say that a ship needed enough lifeboats for all passengers.
They only said that a ship weighing more than 10,000 tons needed 16 lifeboats (the Titanic weighed 46,000 tons).
Furthermore, the White Star Line believed that the lifeboats on the Titanic would only be needed to take passengers a short distance to a rescue ship.
Higher class women and children were allowed on the lifeboats first, and passengers who sailed in first class (which meant that they paid for better rooms on the ship) were allowed on before other passengers.
Few of the poorer people who had paid less (called second class and third class passengers) got out safely.
Another reason so few people survived was that the radio was off on the SS Californian, the ship closest to the Titanic.
The Californian crew did not hear about the accident.
Also, the Titanic did have flares but they were white.
Back then (and still now), red meant emergency and other colors were used for identification (White = White Star Line).
The Californian and other ships saw the flares but they didn't think of the flares as distress signals.
Another ship, the SS Carpathia, did hear about the accident and collected all 705 survivors.
There was no information.
The ship didn't have an alarm system (like the common ones, where sirens could be sounded).
This means that the crew had to tell each passenger to go and evacuate the ship.
There was less crew for second and third class, and there were much more people.
People who paid less had no access to certain decks.
There was a clear separation between the classes.
The passage between decks of different classes could be locked.
This was especially a problem in the first phase of the evacuation.
According to some survivors, some passages were not opened even when the ship started sinking.
Many people travelling in third class were foreigners.
Their language skills were limited.
Many of those who died didn't die because they couldn't leave the ship before it sank.
They died of hypothermia, while they were floating in the cold water (which was only a bit over the freezing point at that time).
When the MS.
Carpathia arrived, at 4.10 ship's time, they were floating dead bodies in the water.
Many lifeboats rowed away from those who were in the water shouting for help.
The people in the lifeboats were afraid the lifeboat would capsize when people entered it from the water.
Only lifeboat Number four returned to the shouting people in the water.
Five people could be rescued, but two of them died in the lifeboat.
Around 3 am ship's time, 40 minutes after the sinking, the last calls for help ceased.
After 3am, lifeboat number 14, commanded by Officer Harold Lowe returned.
He could save another three people.
He had emptied the lifeboat and let the people in the boat enter other boats beforehand.
The following table gives a listing of those who died and those who survived, grouped by age, gender and ships class.
Children are those up to age 12.
It is taken from a report to British parliament of 1912.
There are other lists, with slightly different numbers.
Last survivor
The last survivor of the Titanic disaster to die was a woman named Millvina Dean.
She was the youngest passenger on board, as she was then a baby of only nine weeks old.
She died in Ashhurst, Hampshire, England on 21 May 2009 aged 97.
Changes after the accident
The Titanic disaster changed many maritime ship laws.
Because so many people died, authorities felt that laws should be put into place to make ship travel safer.
Changes included requiring all ships to carry enough lifeboats for everyone on the ship, and emergency materials such as flares.
Someone must be at the ship's radio all the time.
Alexander Brehm, a German physicist, was shocked when he heard about the disaster.
He wanted to invent a technology that would be able to detect icebergs.
He wasn't able to achieve that goal until his death, but he was granted patents relating to the measurement of the depth at sea, using sound.
Today, this is known as echo sounding.
In 1986, Ballard returned to the wreck with a submarine.
He took many photos and made lots of films.
The story of the sinking has been made into several movies.
The most popular film version is a 1997 film starring Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio called Titanic.
It won 11 Academy Awards, tying Ben-Hur for the record for the most Academy Awards won by one movie.
Other movie versions of the story include the 1958 film A Night to Remember, the 1953 film Titanic, the 1979 film S.O.S. Titanic and the 1996 movie Titanic.
In the 1980 film Raise the Titanic, salvagers raise the shipwreck from the bottom of the ocean to the surface.
However, this is impossible to do in reality.
The Titanic broke in two, and the wreck is partially stuck in the bottom, buried under more than three feet (1 m) of mud in some spots.
The ship has been on the ocean floor for more than 100 years, and would shatter into many more pieces if disturbed.
Worms and other animals have eaten away much of the wood and many other parts.
RMS Titanic Citizendium
1910s in the United Kingdom
Steel is iron mixed with carbon and perhaps other metals.
It is harder and stronger than iron.
Iron with more than 1.7% percent carbon by weight is named cast iron.
Steel is different from wrought iron, which has little or no carbon.
Making steel
Steel has a long history.
People in India and Sri Lanka were making small amounts of steel more than 2,500 years ago.
It was very expensive and was often used to make swords and knives.
In the Middle Ages, steel could be made only in small amounts since the processes took a long time.
In the time since, there have been many changes to the way steel is made.
In about the year 1610 steel started to be made in England, and the way it was made got better and cheaper over the next 100 years.
Cheap steel helped start the Industrial Revolution in England and in Europe.
The first industrial Converter (metallurgy) for making cheap steel was the Bessemer converter, followed by Siemens-Martin open-hearth process.
Today the most common way of making steel is the basic-oxygen process.
The converter is a large turnip-shaped vessel.
Liquid raw iron called "pig iron" is poured in and some scrap metal is added in to balance the heat.
Oxygen is then blown into the iron.
The oxygen burns off the extra carbon and other impurities.
Then enough carbon is added to make the carbon contents as wanted.
The liquid steel is then poured.
It can be either cast into molds or rolled into sheets, slabs, beams and other so-called "long products", such as railway tracks.
Some special steels are made in electric arc furnaces.
Steel is most often made by machines in huge buildings called steel mills.
It is a very cheap metal and is used to make many things.
Steel is used in making buildings and bridges, and all kinds of machines.
Almost all ships and cars are today made from steel.
When a steel object is old, or it is broken beyond repair, it is called scrap.
It can be melted down and re-shaped into a new object.
Steel is recyclable material; that is, the same steel can be used and re-used.
Iron and steel chemistry
Every material is made up of atoms which are very small parts.
Some atoms hold together quite well, which is what makes some solid materials hard.
Something made of pure iron is softer than steel because the atoms can slip over one another.
If other atoms like carbon are added, they are different from iron atoms and stop the iron atoms from sliding apart so easily.
This makes the metal stronger and harder.
Changing the amount of carbon (or other atoms) added to steel will change those things that are interesting and useful about the metal.
These are called the properties of the steel.
Some properties are:
How easily it bends
Ductility: can it be made into thin wires
Is it magnetic, a magnet can pick it up
Will it rust (or corrode)
Types of steel
There are thousands of steel types.
Each type is made of different chemical elements.
All steels have some elements that have a bad effect, such as phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S).
Steel makers take out as much P and S as possible.
Plain carbon steels are made only of iron, carbon, and undesired elements.
They fall into three general groups.
Plain carbon steel with 0.05 to 0.2% carbon does not harden when cooled quickly.
Welding it is simple, so it is used for shipbuilding, boilers, pipes, fence wire and other purposes where low cost is important.
Plain  steels are used for springs, gears, and engine parts.
Plain carbon steel with 0.45 to 0.8% carbon is used for very hard items such as shears and machine tools.
Alloy steels are plain carbon steel with metals such as Boron (B), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and cobalt (Co) added.
These give other properties than plain carbon steel.
Alloy steels are made for specialized purposes.
For example, chromium can be added to make stainless steel, which does not rust easily, or boron can be added to make very hard steel that is also not brittle.
Uses of steel
There are a huge number of things that people make from steel.
It is one of the most common and useful metals.
A lot of items made from iron in the past are now made of steel.
Some of them are:
Motors and engines
Rails for trains
Bars for making reinforced concrete
Hulls of ships and large boats
Car and train bodies
Major appliances
Cutlery and knives
steel -Citizendium
The Luftwaffe (pronounced ) is the name for the air force of Germany.
It was the name for the air force of Germany during the Third Reich when Adolf Hitler was in power (between 1933 and 1945).
It has also been the name for the air force since it was re-established in 1955 during the era of the Cold War.
Luftwaffe means Air weapon in English.
The early years including World War I
Germany first had aeroplanes in its army in 1910, four years before the start of World War I in 1914.
At that time, aeroplanes had no guns.
They were being used for reconnaissance duties.
They would fly over the battlefield to see what the enemy was doing and fly back so that the pilots could tell their generals what they knew.
The generals used that information to help plan the fighting.
During World War I, Germany created the Luftstreitkräfte, known in English as the Imperial German Air Service.
The German navy also had its planes in the Marine-Fliegerabteilung.
The fighter aeroplanes became very famous because of its brave pilots.
The most famous German pilot of World War I was Manfred von Richthofen, also known as "The Red Baron" of Jasta 11.
When he died in combat, Hermann Goering replaced him.
Germany also used airships called "Zeppelins".
They were named after Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, who had built the first airships in 1900.
He had wanted them to carry cargo and passengers, not bombs.
He died in 1917.
In November 1918, the "Allies of World War I" (which included Britain and France) won the war, and Germany had to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
The treaty said that Germany could not have any military aeroplanes at all because it was blamed for starting the war in 1914.
Germany therefore had to destroy all its military aeroplanes as a punishment, so until 1933 it had no air force at all.
Between January and September 1918 German pilots shot down 3,732 Allied planes while losing 1,099 aircraft.
By the end of the war, the German Army Air Service had a total of 2,709 frontline aircraft, 56 airships, 186 balloon detachments and about 4,500 flying personnel.
After the war ended in German defeat, the service was dissolved completely.
The Treaty of Versailles demanded that its aeroplanes should be destroyed.
Between the two world wars
For many years, Germany pretended to have no army pilots.
The German army generals did not like the idea of not having any aeroplanes,  so they acted secretly and used tricks.
At first, pilots would pretend to be training to become airline pilots but this was not much use because they really needed to fly fighters and bombers.
The Treaty of Versailles did not allow Germany to have them, so Germany had to ask for help from Russia, its former (and future) enemy.
In 1924, German army pilots started to fly Russian fighters and bombers at a secret training school near the Russian city of Lipetsk.
These pilots would then become the first ones to fly for the new German air force, the Luftwaffe, when Hitler said that it now existed.
The training school closed in 1933.
In 1935, Adolf Hitler finally told the world that Germany had a new air force, even though the Treaty of Versailles forbade it.
Hitler was defying the Allies, who had won World War I. The allies did nothing about this, because many still remembered the war in 19141918.
They were frightened by the idea of war and did not want another one.
The Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 gave the Germans the opportunity to test its new aircraft, pilots and weapons in battle.
Hitler sent many aeroplanes and pilots to Spain because he wanted to support Francisco Franco, who wanted to get rid of the Spanish government.
The aeroplanes included fighter aircraft called the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and dive bombers called the Junkers Ju 87 ‘Stuka”.
During the war.
German bombers attacked the city of Guernica in the Basque region of northeast Spain, and many civilians died in the attack.
Many governments and people around the world were horrified by the attack.
The artist Pablo Picasso made a painting called Guernica that has become very famous.
People see the painting as a symbol of the horror of war.
A copy of the painting hangs in the United Nations Headquarters in New York City.
The new airforce in action
The German air force was the strongest in the world when World War II broke out in September 1939.
It supported the army on the ground and the aircraft were very effective at defeating all opposition.
The German armed force, the Wehrmacht, had practised a new, fast, way to defeat their enemies.
This was called Blitzkrieg or "lightning war".
The French and the British were more prepared for a trench war.
Within a year, Germany had conquered Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France.
Britain supported the countries attacked by Germany but found herself on her own by June 1940 when Germany had conquered most of western Europe.
As the war went on, things began to go badly wrong for the Luftwaffe.
A key event was the Battle of Britain, which was the effort by the Luftwaffe to destroy British industry, and to terrorise the civilian population.
Despite destroying major parts of British industry and housing, the Luftwaffe eventually withdrew.
The cost to the Luftwaffe of lost planes and skilled men was great.
Not only that, but Germany was suffering a shortage of materials needed to build the aeroplanes.
Things got worse for the Germans when the USA joined the war in December 1941, because the Americans brought bombers to the United Kingdom, and they attacked Germany from there.
Soon, hundreds of American and British bombers were attacking Germany every day and night.
The Luftwaffe was unable to stop British and American planes from attacking German aircraft factories and other industrial targets in large numbers at night.
Germany could not hope to win the war on the ground.
Since Russia was so huge, the government set up factories hundreds of miles away from the fighting in order to build aeroplanes, tanks, guns and other weapons for the Russian Army.
This meant that the Russians would eventually start to push the Germans back west, especially after they defeated the Germans in great battles near the city of Kursk and in the city of Stalingrad itself (Volgograd).
The Germans also failed to conquer the city of Leningrad, which was also a key battle.
On January 1 1945 the Luftwaffe launched a desperate plan called operation 'Bodenplatte' (Baseplate), a dawn air attack aimed at multiple Allied air bases in Belgium & Holland.
Over 800 German aircraft were rounded up with many veteran pilots retired from combat duty pressesd back into service.
The plan cost more than it was worth, with over 280 German planes lost and 213 irreplaceble pilots killed or captured.
As with the fog of war, over 100 German planes were shot down by their own ground fire who were not in on the plan.
Germany became famous as the country which flew the first jet aeroplanes.
In 1944, the Luftwaffe started to use the world’s first operational jet fighter plane, the Messerschmitt Me-262, even though the engines sometimes did not work properly.
Once again, the shortage of materials needed to build the plane as well as the continuing bombing of Germany meant that not as many Me-262s were built as Germany would have liked.
Even so, Germany also built and flew the world's first jet bomber, the Arado Ar 234, the world’s first fighter plane powered by a rocket, the Messerschmitt Me-163, the V-1 flying bomb, and V-2 rocket.
The Cold War and after
Once again, the Allies prohibited Germany from having an air force.
The Russians were in the eastern half of Germany, and this half became East Germany.
The British, French and Americans were in the western half, and this half became West Germany.
These became countries in their own right, and East Germany became a Russian puppet state.
In case a new war started with Russia and East Germany as enemies, the Western Allies finally allowed West Germany to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an organization of western countries which wanted there to be peace throughout the world.
NATO allowed West Germany to have an air force because the country was right next to East Germany.
Deutsche Luftwaffe 1933-1945
Luftwaffe Archives and Records Reference database
Luftwaffe -Citizendium
Two Germans Aviators killed October 10,1915
Shot down German Aircraft and grave of dead crewman
The Velvet Underground was an American rock band, (not bebop).
It was founded in 1964.
The original line-up was Lou Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison and Maureen Tucker.
They were discovered by the famous artist, Andy Warhol, who produced and designed the cover for their first album The Velvet Underground and Nico, which paired them with another discovery of his, German model/singer, Nico.
The album was never really a hit, but it is now considered a classic.
Later, the group broke up with Warhol and Nico after being a part of Andy Warhol's Factory for a while.
The group released several more albums, White Light/White Heat (1967), The Velvet Underground (1969), Loaded (1970), and Squeeze (which features none of the original members, 1973), before finally breaking up.
Lou Reed later had a successful solo career and is considered one of the founders of the "punk" movement.
The Velvet Underground & Nico (1967)
White Light/White Heat (1968)
The Velvet Underground (1969)
Loaded (1970)
Live at Max's Kansas City (recorded 1970, released 1972)
Squeeze (1973)
1969: The Velvet Underground Live (double album, recorded live 1969, released 1974)
VU (recorded 1968-1969, released 1985)
Another View (recorded 1967-69, released 1986)
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often called JFK and Jack, was the 35th president of the United States.
He was in office from January 20, 1961 until his assassination on November 22, 1963.
He was the youngest president elected to the office, at the age of 43.
Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War.
He was the youngest president of the United States to die in office.
Kennedy was born at 83 Beals Street in the Coolidge Corner neighborhood in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917.
He was the second of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy (1888–1969).
His father was a businessman and later US ambassador in the United Kingdom from 1938 until 1940.
His mother was Rose Fitzgerald (1890–1995).
Kennedy graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor's Degree in International Relations.
Before World War II began, he tried joining the U.S. Army, but was rejected because he had back problems; he instead joined the Navy.
When his PT boat was sunk by a Japanese destroyer in 1943, he seriously injured his back.
He still saved his surviving crew, for which he was later rewarded with a medal for his bravery.
He was elected to the US Congress in 1946, and the US Senate in 1952.
He married Jacqueline Bouvier on September 12, 1953.
The couple had four children; a stillborn daughter (b. 1956), Caroline (b. 1957), John (1960–1999) and Patrick, who was born prematurely in August 1963 and lived only for two days.
Presidency, 1961–63
Kennedy was a member of the United States Democratic Party.
He beat his Republican Party opponent, Richard Nixon, in the 1960 presidential election.
Kennedy was the youngest president ever elected.
He was also the first Roman Catholic President and the first president to win a Pulitzer Prize.
Kennedy was a very good speaker and inspired a new generation of young Americans.
In the beginning of his term, he approved the CIA's plan to invade Cuba.
After the invasion turned out to be a failure, the Cuban Missile Crisis began.
During the crisis, Cuba ordered a lot of nuclear missiles from the Soviet Union.
It was the closest the world was to having a nuclear war.
Kennedy ordered US Navy ships to surround Cuba.
He ended the crisis peacefully by making an agreement with the Soviet Union.
They agreed that the Soviet Union would stop selling nuclear weapons to Cuba.
In return, the U.S. would take its missiles out of Turkey and promise to never invade Cuba again.
He also created a plan called the New Frontier.
This was a series of government programs, such as urban renewal, to help poor and working class people.
He created the Peace Corps to help poor countries all over the world.
He agreed to a large tax cut to help the economy.
He also called for the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which would make discrimination and segregation illegal.
Kennedy intended to reach a détente with Cuban Premier, Fidel Castro, and to withdraw all US military advisers from Vietnam.
Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.
He was being driven through the city in an open-top car, along with John Connally, the Governor of Texas.
As the car drove into Dealey Plaza, shots were fired.
Kennedy was shot once in the throat and once in the head.
He was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital  away.
At 1:00 p.m., Kennedy was pronounced dead.
Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S. Marine, was the prime suspect in the murder, and he was arrested on the same day for the murder of a policeman called J. D. Tippit.
Oswald denied shooting anyone and was killed two days later on November 24 by Jack Ruby.
Kennedy had a state funeral on November 25, three days after his murder, near to the White House.
Kennedy was a very popular president and still is today.
He is considered one of the greatest presidents, ranking highly in public surveys and opinion polls.
JFK Library and Museum
JFK Library and Museum Online Store
1917 births
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths by firearm in Texas
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
United States representatives from Massachusetts
Jyväskylä (; ) is a city and municipality in Finland in the western part of the Finnish Lakeland.
It is located about 150 km north-east from Tampere, the third largest city in Finland; and about 270 km north from Helsinki, the capital of Finland.
The Jyväskylä sub-region includes Jyväskylä, Hankasalmi, Laukaa, Muurame, Petäjävesi, Toivakka, and Uurainen.
Other border municipalities of Jyväskylä are Joutsa, Jämsä and Luhanka.
Jyväskylä is the largest city in the region of Central Finland and in the Finnish Lakeland; as of , Jyväskylä had a population of .
The city has been one of the fastest-growing cities in Finland during the 20th century,
when in 1940, there were only 8,000 inhabitants in Jyväskylä.
Elias Lönnrot, the compiler of the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala, gave the city the nickname "Athens of Finland".
This nickname refers to the major role of Jyväskylä as an educational centre.
The works of the most famous Finnish architect Alvar Aalto can be seen throughout the city.
The city hosts the Neste Oil Rally Finland, which is part of the World Rally Championship.
It is also home of the annual Jyväskylä Arts Festival.
Jyväskylä page, english
Jyväskylä page, finnish
Municipalities of Central Finland
Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock  (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was a British movie director who later became an American citizen, but still kept his British citizenship.
He mostly made mystery and suspense movies.
Despite having a successful career, Hitchcock never won an Academy Award.
Hitchcock started his career in England, starting with silent movies in the 1920s.
In the 1930s, he made some successful movies like The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), The 39 Steps (1935), and The Lady Vanishes (1938).
He then moved to the United States, to work in Hollywood.
His first American movie was Rebecca (1940), which won an Academy Award.
Some of his best known movies from the 1940s are Spellbound (1945) and Notorious (1946), which were inspired by psychoanalysis.
His first movie in color was the experimental Rope (1948).
Strangers on a Train (1951) was based on a novel by Patricia Highsmith.
In the 1950s, he made three popular movies with Grace Kelly: Dial M for Murder (1954), Rear Window (1954), and To Catch a Thief (1955).
In 1956, he made a new version of The Man Who Knew Too Much, starring James Stewart and Doris Day.
He returned to black-and-white, briefly, with The Wrong Man (1957).
Then came Vertigo (1958), which some consider his best suspense movie.
It was followed by three more successful movies: North by Northwest (1959), Psycho (1960), and The Birds (1963).
After that, he only made 5 more movies: Marnie (1964), Torn Curtain (1966), Topaz (1969), Frenzy (1972), and Family Plot (1976).
In 1971, he became the very first winner of the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award.
This is an award for lifetime achievement.
In 1945 Hitchcock made a documentary about the Holocaust.
It will be shown on British television in 2015.
He also hosted a TV show, Alfred Hitchcock Presents.
Hithcock was born in Leytonstone, Essex.
He was married to Alma Reville, who helped write some of his movies.
They had a daughter, Patricia.
He died in Bel Air, Los Angeles.
1899 births
Actors from Essex
People from Leytonstone
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
BAFTA Award winning directors
February 16 – The first known cheque (400 pounds) is written.
May 21 – The Kingdom of France, the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of The Hague.
Thomas Hobbes publishes De Homine.
Drought occurs in India.
Christiaan Huygens writes Systema Saturnium.
Abel Tasman, Dutch explorer
69 - Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
552 - Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in present-day Italy.
1097 – Battle of Dorylaeum: Crusaders under Bohemond of Taranto defeat a Turkish army under Qilich Arslan I.
1431 - The Battle of La Higueruela takes place in Granada, leading to a modest advance of Castile
1502 - A hurricane off the Caribbean island of Hispaniola sinks 20 ships, with no survivors.
1690 – Battle of the Boyne as reckoned under Julian calendar.
1770 - Lexell's Comet passes closer to Earth than any other comet in recorded history.
1782 - American privateers attack Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.
1858 – The joint reading of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's papers on evolution to the Linnean Society.
1862 – Russian State Library is founded.
1863 – American Civil War: the Battle of Gettysburg begins.
1863 - The Netherlands ends slavery in Suriname, on a day now celebrated there as Keti Koti.
1867 – The British North America Act takes effect as the constitution of Canada, creating the Canadian Confederation; John A. Macdonald is sworn in as first Prime Minister.
1870 – The United States Department of Justice formally comes into existence.
1873 – Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.
1874 - The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first commercially successful typewriter, goes on sale.
1878 – Canada joins the Universal Postal Union.
1879 - Charles Taze Russell, founder of the Jehovah's Witnesses, publishes the first edition of the religious magazine The Watchtower.
1881 – World's first international telephone call, between St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, and Calais, Maine, United States.
1881 – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Army's organisation, came into effect.
1885 – United States terminates reciprocity and fishery agreement with Canada.
1890 – Canada and Bermuda linked by telegraph cable.
1898 - Spanish-American War: The Battle of San Juan Hill is fought near Santiago de Cuba.
1903 - The first Tour de France cycling race starts.
1904 – Games of the III Olympiad open in Saint Louis, Missouri.
1908 - SOS is first adopted as a distress signal.
1916 – First day on the Somme: On the first day of the Battle of the Somme 20,000 soldiers of the British Army are killed, and 40,000 wounded.
1921 – The Communist Party of China is founded.
1923 – The Canadian Parliament suspends all Chinese immigration.
1931 - Official opening of Milan Central Station.
1935 – Regina, Saskatchewan police and Royal Canadian Mounted Police ambush strikers participating in On-to-Ottawa-Trek.
1937 - The first 999 emergency telephone number goes into effect in the UK.
1942 - A US submarine sinks Japanese ship Montevideo Maru, killing 1,053 people, including Australian POWs.
1943 - Tokyo City merges with Tokyo Prefecture and is dissolved, meaning that Tokyo is not a city.
1947 - The Philippine Air Force is founded.
1947 – The Australian real estate franchise L. J. Hooker lists on the Australian Stock Exchange
1948 – Official opening of New York International Airport (now known as John F. Kennedy International Airport) at Idlewild.
1949 - 1,000 years of the princely family of Cochin's rule comes to an end in Southern India, when the states of Cochin and Travancore merge into the state of Thiru-Kochi, which later becomes known as Kerala.
1957 – The International Geophysical Year begins (until December 31, 1958).
1958 – The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation links television broadcasting across Canada via microwave.
1958 – Flooding of the St. Lawrence Seaway begins.
1960 – Independence of Somalia.
1960 – Ghana becomes a Republic.
1962 – Independence of Rwanda.
1962 – Independence of Burundi.
1963 – ZIP Code introduced for United States mail.
1963 – The British Government admits that former diplomat Kim Philby had worked as a Soviet agent.
1963 – U.S President John F. Kennedy arrives in Rome.
1966 – First colour television transmission in Canada, from Toronto.
1967 – The European Community is formally created out of a merger with the Common Market, the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Commission.
1968 – The CIA's Phoenix Program is officially established.
1968 – Nuclear non-proliferation treaty signed by about sixty countries in Geneva, Switzerland.
1968 – Formal separation of the United Auto Workers with the AFL-CIO.
1969 – Rock group The Band release their influential debut Music From Big Pink.
1972 – Andreas Baader, Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins of the Red Army Faction are captured in Frankfurt am Main after a shootout with the police.
1976  2000
1976 – Portugal gives autonomy to Madeira.
1978 – Australia's Northern Territory is given self-government.
1979 – Sony introduces the Walkman.
1980 – O Canada officially becomes the national anthem of Canada.
1983 – A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea crashed into the Fouta Djall Mountains in Guinea-Bissau, killing all 23 people on board.
1984 - Liechtenstein allows women the right to vote, as the last then-independent European country to do so.
1985 - At a Wimbledon Doubles match, the record is set for the longest-ever tie break (after a set is tied 6-6), which ends 26-24.
1984 - Richard von Weizsaecker becomes President of Germany.
1986 – In an interview with Playboy magazine, science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke comes out as a bisexual.
1987 – Excavation begins on the Channel Tunnel.
1988 – Bologna, Italy: Quartetto Cetra's last concert after over forty years' musical career.
1990 – East Germany accepts the Deutsche Mark as its currency, thus uniting the economies of East and West Germany.
1991 – The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved.
1994 - Roman Herzog becomes President of Germany.
1997 – The United Kingdom hands sovereignty over Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China.
1999 – At the first meeting of the Scottish Parliament in nearly three centuries, Winnie Ewing opened with the famous words, "The Scottish Parliament, adjourned on the 25th day of March in the year 1707, is hereby reconvened."
1999 - Johannes Rau becomes President of Germany.
2000 - The Oresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is opened.
2000 – Vermont's civil unions law goes into effect.
2002 - The International Criminal Court is created, to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression.
2002 – A Bashkirian Airlines Tupolev TU-154 and a DHL (German cargo) Boeing 757 collide in mid-air over southern Germany, killing 71.
2003 – 500,000 people take part in a march in Hong Kong to protest, amongst other things, the government's handling of the plans to implement a new anti-subversion law required under Article 23 of Hong Kong's Basic Law.
2004 – 530,000 people take part in a march in Hong Kong to urge for faster pace of democratisation and universal suffrage, according to Article 45 and Article 68 of Hong Kong's Basic Law.
2004 – Saturn Orbit Insertion of Cassini-Huygens begins at 01:12 UT and ends at 02:48 UT.
2004 - Horst Koehler becomes President of Germany.
2005 – Microsoft plans to end official support of Windows 2000
2005 – Make Poverty History's White Band Day.
2005 – Revaluation of the Romanian Leu.
2006 - First operation of the Qinghai-Tibet railway.
2007 – On the same day as each other, England and Australia ban smoking in public places.
2009 – Ivo Sanader resigns as Prime Minister of Croatia.
Jadranka Kosor succeeds him.
2012 – The Spain national football team wins UEFA Euro 2012, defeating the Italy national football team 4-0 in the final in Kiev, Ukraine.
2013 – Croatia joins the European Union.
2013 - Neptune's moon S/2004 N1 is discovered.
2015 - Greece becomes the first advanced economy to miss a payment to the International Monetary Fund.
2016 - Austria's highest court orders a re-run of the May 22 Presidential election, in which Alexander Van der Bellen had narrowly defeated Norbert Hofer.
2018 – Andrés Manuel López Obrador is elected President of Mexico.
1336  Philip, Duke of Orléans (d. 1375)
1368  Bracco da Montone, Italian mercenary (d. 1424)
1381  Lorenzo Giustiniani, Italian bishop (d. 1456)
1481  King Christian II of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (d. 1559)
1506  King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia (d. 1526)
1534  King Frederick II of Denmark (d. 1583)
1627  Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1669)
1633  Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian (d. 1698)
1646  Gottfried Leibniz, German mathematician and philosopher (d. 1716)
1723  Pedro Rodriguez, Conde de Campomanes, Spanish statesman (d. 1802)
1725  Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, French nobleman and soldier (d. 1807)
1742  Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German physicist (d. 1799)
1771  Ferdinando Paer, Italian composer (d. 1839)
1780  Carl von Clausewitz, Prussian general (d. 1831)
1788  Jean-Victor Poncelet, French mathematician and engineer (d. 1867)
1804  George Sand, French writer (d. 1876)
1812  Abbas I of Egypt (d. 1854)
1814  Robert Torrens, Irish-Australian politician, 3rd Premier of South Australia (d. 1884)
1818  Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian physician (d. 1865)
1822  Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Vietnamese poet (d. 1888)
1834  Jadwiga Luszczewska, Polish poet (d. 1908)
1863  William Grant Stairs, Canadian explorer (d. 1892)
1872  Louis Blériot, French aviator (d. 1936)
1873  Andrass Samuelsen, 1st Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 1954)
1878  Jacques Rosenbaum, Baltic German architect (d. 1944)
1879  Léon Jouhaux, French labor figure (d. 1954)
1882  B. C. Roy, Indian doctor and politician (d. 1962)
1889  Vera Mukhina, Russian sculptor (d. 1962)
1893  Walter White, Head of the NAACP (d. 1955)
1899  Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of Greece (d. 1987)
1899  Charles Laughton, British actor (d. 1962)
1899  Thomas A. Dorsey, American composer (d. 1993)
1902  William Wyler, French-American director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1981)
1903  Amy Johnson, British pilot (d. 1941)
1906  Estée Lauder, American entrepreneur (d. 2004)
1906  Jean Dieudonné, French mathematician (d. 1992)
1906  Peter Ritchie Calder, Scottish author, journalist and academic (d. 1982)
1907  Fabian von Schlabrendorff, German jurist and resistance activist (d. 1980)
1908  Peter Anders, German tenor (d. 1954)
1909  Emmett Toppino, American sprinter (d. 1971)
1910  Glenn Hardin, American hurdler (d. 1975)
1911  Sergey Leonidovich Sokolov, Soviet marshal (d. 2012)
1913  Vasantrao Naik, Indian politician, 3rd Chief Minister of Maharashtra (d. 1979)
1915  Nguyen Van Linh, Vietnamese politician (d. 1998)
1915  Willie Dixon, American blues singer (d. 1992)
1916  Olivia de Havilland, British-born actress
1917  Humphry Osmond, English psychiatrist (d. 2004)
1920  Lucidio Sentimenti, Italian footballer (d. 2014)
1921  Seretse Khama, first President of Botswana (d. 1980)
1922  Riccardo Carapellese, Italian footballer (d. 1995)
1924  Antoni Ramallets, Spanish footballer (d. 2013)
1925  Farley Granger, American actor (d. 2011)
1926  Hans Werner Henze, German composer (d. 2012)
1926  Robert Fogel, American economist (d. 2013)
1927  Chandra Shekhar, Prime Minister of India (d. 2007)
1929  Gerald Edelman, American biologist (d. 2014)
1930  Carol Chomsky, American linguist (d. 2008)
1930  Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, former President of Bolivia
1931  Leslie Caron, French actress and dancer
1931  Seyni Kountché, President of Niger (d. 1987)
1934  Jamie Farr, American actor
1934  Sidney Pollack, American actor (d. 2008)
1934  Claude Berri, French movie director and screenwriter (d. 2009)
1934  Jean Marsh, English actress and writer
1935  James Cotton, American singer (d. 2017)
1935  David Prowse, English actor
1937  Lydia Makhubu, Swazi chemist
1939  Karen Black, American actress (d. 2013)
1940  Craig Brown, Scottish footballer and manager
1941  Rod Gilbert, Canadian ice hockey player
1941  Alfred G. Gilman, Canadian-American pharmacologist
1941  Myron Scholes, American economist
1941  Twyla Tharp, American dancer, choreographer and writer
1942  Geneviève Bujold, Canadian actress
1942  Andraé Crouch, American singer-songwriter, producer and writer (d. 2015)
1942  Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, Iraqi politician
1945  Debbie Harry, American singer (Blondie)
1946  Mireya Moscoso, former President of Panama
1946  Mick Aston, British archaeologist (d. 2013)
1946  Erkki Tuomioja, Finnish politician
1947  Kazuyoshi Hoshino, Japanese racing driver
1950  Ben Roberts, British actor (d. 2021)
1951  Trevor Eve, British actor
1952  Dan Aykroyd, Canadian actor and entertainer
1953  Jadranka Kosor, former Prime Minister of Croatia
1953  Lawrence Gonzi, former Prime Minister of Malta
1955  Li Keqiang, Premier of the People's Republic of China
1955  Keith Whitley, American country musician
1960  Dave Thompson, English stand-up comedian
1961  Carl Lewis, American athlete, 9 Olympic gold medals
1961  Diana, Princess of Wales (d. 1997)
1961  Michelle Wright, Canadian country music singer
1962  Andre Braugher, American actor
1964  Bernard Laporte, French rugby player and coach
1966  Frank De Bleeckere, Belgian football referee
1966  Enrico Annoni, Italian footballer
1967  Pamela Anderson, Canadian-American actress, novelist, activist and model
1967  Marisa Monte, Brazilian singer
1971  Missy Elliott, American singer and rapper
1971  Julianne Nicholson, American actress