the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In Europe there were people who went around the countryside making a living by singing and playing musical instruments.
They often went to big houses where rich people lived and entertained them with their faces.
These travelling musicians were called minstrels in England, and troubadours or trouvères in many other countries, or Minnesinger in Germany.
The minstrels often sang long songs which told stories (a ballad).
This was a way to tell people about what was happening in the world.
Some of the stories were made up: they were about love or about mythology.
Richard the Lionheart was a keen musician.
He wrote many songs in the style of the trouvères.
On the way back from a Crusade he was captured by Leopold of Austria.
The story goes that his attendant, Blondel, was looking for him everywhere.
Then he heard Richard’s voice singing a tune which he knew and so he found him.
The song that he was singing was called Ja Nuns Hons Pris (I am no longer captive).
Minstrels very often went with their masters when they went on journeys to battles.
They also sang at important ceremonies, for example when people were being knighted.
Many of them played instruments such as the lute or fiddle.
Minstrels were poets and musicians, because they made up their own words and the tunes.
Sometimes we know the words of these songs because they wrote them down, but they did not write the tunes down.
Walther von der Vogelweide was a famous minnesinger in Germany.
One famous tune that was written down is the round Sumer is icumen in.
It was written down by a monk.
Monks could often read and write.
There were two main types of dances in medieval times: line dances and circle dances.
The farandole is a line dance.
It was a bit like a modern conga with people following a leader in a line.
The bransle was a round dance or circle dance.
The word “bransle” comes from the French word “branler” (“to sway”).
It is pronounced 'Brawl'.
Instruments could be divided into quiet ones which were used indoors, and loud ones which were used outside.
The recorder was a very popular indoor instrument.
There was also the psaltery and the harp (which looked like a small Welsh harp of today).
The bagpipes were loud instruments for outside.
They were used for dancing.
They were not as loud as modern Scottish bagpipes.
They were more like Northumbrian pipes or the French musettes.
There was also the hurdy-gurdy which was played by turning a handle.
Pipe and tabor were used for Morris dancing.
Many medieval plucked string instruments were similar to the modern guitar, such as the lute and mandolin.
The dulcimer and zither were had strings which were hit with sticks.
These are still popular in East Europe today.
There were also “fiddles” (vielle) and trombones (called sackbut).
It was believed that if you were entertained with music while you are eating it would help you digest your food and help keep your heart healthy.
And people believed that you will not get fat even if you scoffed down a load of food.
Also eating food while having people dancing for you was believed to have made you fit.
Church music was very important.
The mass was the main form of church music.
It used the five parts of the mass Ordinary (the Eucharist service): Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus and Agnus Dei.
The priests in the churches wanted church music to be serious.
They did not want it to become popular.
They thought that if people enjoyed it too much they would forget about worshipping God.
Religious plays had become very popular.
They told stories from the Bible.
However, the church leaders banned them, so they were performed in the streets and squares of the towns.
Instruments were also banned in church.
The church leaders thought that they belonged to the devil.
Only singing was allowed.
Gradually, however, the organ started to be allowed in church.
It helped people to sing.
Some organs were very tiny.
They were called portative organs.
The large organs that were fixed in place were called “positives”.
Bells were also used in church.
They looked like our sleigh bells.
Medieval music was based on plainsong.
This was a melody which sounded quite free in rhythm.
Composers started adding a second part to the melody as an accompaniment.
This was called organum.
Sometimes it just simply followed the main tune a fourth or fifth below.
This was called “parallel organum”.
In the 12th and 13th centuries the original plainsong started to be put at the bottom.
It became known as the cantus firmus (the “firm tune”).
Sometimes antiphony was used.
The simplest form of antiphony is when a leader sings something and a group (the choir) sing something back.
The type of plainchant that evolved was called Gregorian chant.
By the 13th century all other types of chant had been forgotten in Western Europe.
Carols became popular at this time.
At first a carol was a dancing song, but often these popular songs became used for songs for particular seasons or festivals.
In later periods these developed into Christmas carols as we know them.
People often went around in groups, particularly at Christmas, singing at the houses of rich people.
This was called Wassailing.
The word means “being of good cheer” (i.e. “happy”).
The Boar’s Head is a well-known medieval carol.
Mummers were groups of people who performed religious plays.
They were travelling entertainers.
They normally wore masks so that people did not know who they were.
There are not many musical manuscripts which have survived from the Middle Ages.
Most of them are religious music.
They were often written using a system called neumes.
The pitch (music) of the music is shown by the neumes, but the rhythms were not very clear.
Gradually the system of writing music we know today was evolving.
Philippe de Vitry was an important composer and music theorist.
He developed ways of writing rhythms.
High medieval music (1150-1300)
Most of the medieval music we know today belongs to the last part of the Middle Ages.
There was a tradition known as the “Notre Dame school”.
This music dates from around 1150 to 1250.
It was the time that great cathedrals were being built in Gothic architecture.
The cathedral of Notre Dame was a very famous example.
The music of this time was called “Ars antique”.
It used a system of rhythms called “rhythmic modes”.
Gradually a new way of writing was used.
This was called “Ars nova” (“New art”).
The most famous composer of this time was Guillaume de Machaut.
He developed a kind of composition called the isorhythmic motet.
He wrote a lot of songs called chansons (the French word for “song”).
Other types of song were called rondeau, ballade, and virelai.
Training in medieval music in Germany
Schola Cantorum Basiliensis Study of medieval music in Switzerland
A channel dedicated to Secular-Profane Medieval music
The Neolithic period is the last part of the Stone Age.
After the Neolithic came the Bronze Age.
During the Neolithic, people invented farming and started caring for animals, such as cows, sheep and pigs.
The Neolithic period started at different times in different places, since not everyone started farming at the same time.
The word "Neolithic" means “new Stone Age.”
It comes from two words in Greek meaning "new" and "lithic" ("stone").
Neolithic Revolution
Neolithic Stone Tools and Artifacts—World Museum of Man
Brutal lives of Stone Age Britons
Vincha Neolithic Script
A crotchet or quarter note is a note played for one fourth of a whole note (or semibreve).
Quarter notes are written as a filled-in oval (or round) note head and a straight, flagless stem (the line).
The stem usually points up (like a d) if it is below the middle line of the stave or down (like a p) if it is on or above the middle line.
When beginners start to learn to play an instrument they are often taught that one crotchet lasts for one beat (one count).
That is because they are learning pieces with simple time signatures.
It is, however, important to remember that other note lengths (minims, dotted crotchets etc.)
can also be treated as one beat, depending on the time signature.
Note values
Year 44 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Antony.
March 15 Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is assassinated by a group of Roman senators.
This date is known as The Ides of March.
March 20 — Caesar's funeral.
Early April — Octavian returns from Apollonia in Dalmatia to Rome to become ruler of Rome, against advice from his mother and stepfather Phillipus.
June — Mark Antony promised five years of being governor of northern and central Transalpine Gaul (France) and Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy).
September 2 — Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt makes her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
Comosicus succeeds Burebista as king of Dacia.
March 15 — Julius Caesar assassinated in the Senate
July 26 — Pharaoh Ptolemy XIV of Egypt (last date mentioned alive)
Burebista, King of Dacia
Antipater the Idumaean, procurator of Judaea and father of Herod the Great
Burzum is a black metal/dark ambient one man band from Bergen, Norway.
The band was formed in 1991 by Varg Vikernes.
He is best known for serving a prison sentence for the murder of Mayhem guitarist Øystein Aarseth and arson of churches.
Burzum (1992)
Det som engang var (1993)
Hvis lyset tar oss (1994)
Filosofem (1996)
Dauði Baldrs (1997)
Hliðskjálf (1999)
Belus (2010)
Fallen (2011)
Umskiptar (2012)
Sôl austan, Mâni vestan (2013)
The Ways of Yore (2014)
Thulêan Mysteries (2020)
Aske (1993)
Musical groups from Bergen
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
1999 disestablishments in Europe
21st-century establishments in Norway
John Collins (born January 31, 1968 in Galashiels, Scotland) is a Scottish footballer.
He is currently the manager of Charleroi.
Collins played for Celtic in the early 1990s.
John Collins career stats  at Soccerbase.com
Mayhem is a Norwegian black metal band.
It was founded in 1984 by guitarist Øystein Aarseth (aka Euronymous), bass guitarist Jørn Stubberud (aka Necrobutcher), and drummer Kjetil Manheim (aka Manheim).
The band name is taken from the Venom song, "Mayhem with Mercy."
During the early years, the band used either session vocalists Messiah or Maniac for live/studio performances.
During rehearsals, they played either without a singer, or either Necrobutcher or Euronymous would sing.
By late 1987, both Manheim and Maniac had left the band.
Members of the band Vomit sang for the band for a short time.
In 1988, singer Dead, and drummer Hellhammer joined the band.
Dead Suicide and euronymous murder
Dead killed himself in 1991.
He shot himself in the mouth with a shotgun after cutting his wrists with a knife.
The shell he used, was not given to him by Varg Vikernes (Count Grishnackh).
His body was found in his room.
A suicide note was also found.
It said "Excuse all the blood".
Euronymous took pictures of the body and room.
One of these pictures was used as the cover of their Dawn of the Black Hearts album.
This started people saying many things about the band.
It was said that Euronymous had cooked and eaten pieces of Dead's brain.
It was also said that parts of Dead's skull had been used to make necklaces that both Euronymous and Hellhammer wore.
It is not likely that his brains were eaten,  but it is known that necklaces were made, and that pictures were taken.
With the media and police attention after Dead's suicide, Necrobutcher (Jørn Stubberud) left the band.
Dead was replaced by Occultus (Stian Johansen).
He was the ex-singer of Thyabhorrent.
He sang and played bass in Mayhem for a few months, but soon left.
Varg Vikernes (Burzum) joined as bassist.
On August 10th, 1993, Varg Vikernes murdered Euronymous in his apartment.
Their relationship before the murder had gotten bad.
It is thought that there were many reasons why Vikernes killed him.
These include that it was over a girl, jealousy of Euronymous's position in the band, Euronymous owing him money and Euronymous not releasing Burzum's albums on time.
Euronymous was found in his underwear with knife wound.
Varg was rumoured to try and outdo the murder Faust of the band Emperor did.
At his trial, Vikernes came into court with his long hair made into pigtails.
He said he had nothing to do with Euronymous's death.
He laughed throughout the trial.
Vikernes was found guilty the murder.
He was sent to prison for 21 years.
This is the most time a person can be sent to prison in Norway.
When police arrested Vikernes, he was found with over  of dynamite and plans to destroy Nidarosdomen on a religious holiday.
Nodarosdomen is a large Christian church in Trondheim.
Varg Vikernes has a different story to the reasons for killing Euronymous.
He created many articles to tell the reasons.
After the trial, Euronymous's parents asked Hellhammer to remove the parts of the bands music that Varg had recorded.
He told them he would do this.
Since he could not play the bass guitar, the changes were not made.
The album remained the same, with Varg playing on it.
Their performances used heavy atmospheric effects.
These included things such as pig heads put on wooden poles.
Dead's clothes were buried days or weeks before the show.
They were dug up before the performances and would be covered in decay, dirt and insects.
Pieces of rotting meat were thrown into the audience and given to people to eat or rip on the spot.
Dead ravens were placed in a bag so Dead could smell decay and death.
Members would also cut themselves onstage.
De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas (1994)
Wolf's Lair Abyss (1997)
Grand Declaration Of War (2000)
Chimera (2004)
Ordo Ad Chao (2007)
Esoteric Warfare (2014)
Daemon (2019)
Live In Leipzig (1993)
Dawn of the Black Hearts(1995)
Mediolanum Capta Est (1999)
Live In Marseille 2000 (2001)
Live in Zeitz (2016)
De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas Alive (2016)
Live in Jessheim (2017)
Live in Sarpsborg (2019)
Necrobutcher - bass guitar  (1984-1991, 1995-present)
Hellhammer - drums, percussion  (1988-1993, 1995-present)
Attila Csihar - vocals  (1992-1993, 2004-present)
Teloch - guitars  (2011-present)
Ghul - guitars  (2012-present)
Euronymous - guitars  (1984-1993; died 1993)
Manheim - drums, percussion  (1984-1988)
Dead - vocals  (1988-1991; died 1991)
Maniac - vocals  (1987-1988, 1995-2004)
Blasphemer - guitars, backing vocals  (1995-2008)
Torben Grue  - drums, percussion  (1988)
Kittil Kittilsen  - vocals  (1988)
Varg Vikernes - bass guitar  (1992-1993)
This page is about the movie Shrek.
For the character Shrek, see Shrek (character)
Shrek is an animated movie based on William Steig's 1990 fairy tale picture book.
The name Shrek likely comes from the Yiddish word שרעק (pronounced Shreck) or the German word Schreck.
Both words mean "fear" or "terror".
It was directed by Andrew Adamson and animated by DreamWorks Animation.
It was the first movie to win an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, a category introduced in 2001 .
It was released on DVD on November 2, 2001.
There have also been three sequels (follow-ups) of Shrek, called Shrek 2 and Shrek the Third and Shrek Forever After.
There is also a Christmas special, a Halloween special and a spinoff movie all about a minor character in the sequels and specials.
It was adapted into a Broadway musical.
Shrek (voiced by Mike Myers) is a green ogre who always loves living peacefully in the swamp.
However, he finds many fairytale creatures disrupting his privacy.
This is because of the order by Lord Farquaad (voiced by John Lithgow).
Shrek goes along with Donkey (voiced by Eddie Murphy) to ask Farquaad to give his privacy back.
Farquaad wants to be King by marrying Princess Fiona (voiced by Cameron Diaz) to be Queen.
Farquaad orders Shrek and Donkey to travel for Fiona and bring her to Farquaad.
After trying to get Fiona from the castle, Fiona is happy that she is rescued, but soon becomes sad that the knight is an ogre.
Shrek forces Fiona to travel with him and Donkey, with Shrek and Fiona finding they have more in common with each other along the way, and falling in love.
However, at night, Fiona refuses to camp with them, taking shelter in a nearby cave until morning.
Shrek and Donkey stay awake and watch the stars while Shrek informs Donkey that he plans to build a 10-foot wall around his swamp when he returns.
When Donkey keeps on asking Shrek why he is doing this, Shrek sadly tells him that everyone judges him before they know him; so he thinks he is better off alone, despite Donkey's saying that that he did not immediately judge him when they first met.
The next night, Donkey finds Fiona in a windmill.
Donkey finds that Fiona has turned into an ogress.
She tells Donkey that she was cursed as a child and turns into an ogress every night.
This is why she was locked away in the castle.
She also says that only a kiss from her true love will return her to her "love's true form".
Shrek, about to confess his feelings for Fiona, overhears part of their conversation, and is heartbroken as he misinterprets her disgust at her transformation into an "ugly beast" as being disgusted with him.
Fiona makes Donkey promise not to tell Shrek about the spell, vowing to do it herself, but when the next morning comes, Shrek has brought Lord Farquaad to Fiona.
The two return to the castle, while a hurt Shrek returns to the now-vacated swamp.
After finding out that despite is privacy that he misses Fiona very much, Donkey gets mad at Shrek, and Shrek tells Donkey that he overheard their conversation.
They both travel to Duloc quickly, thanks to Dragon, who had escaped her confines and followed Donkey.
They interrupt the wedding before Farquaad can kiss Fiona, but not before the sun sets, which causes Fiona to turn into an ogress in front of everyone.
While her transformation causes Shrek to fully understand what he overheard at the windmill, Farquaad, disgusted over the change, orders Shrek killed and Fiona imprisoned, but Shrek whistles for Dragon, who bursts in and eats Farquaad.
Shrek and Fiona admit their love for each other and share a kiss; Fiona is bathed in light as her curse is broken, but is surprised to find that she has remained an ogress, as she "thought [she] was supposed to be[come] beautiful", to which Shrek replies that she is beautiful.
The two of them get married in the swamp and depart on their honeymoon while the rest celebrate by singing "I'm a Believer".
Mike Myers as Shrek
Eddie Murphy as Donkey
Cameron Diaz as Princess Fiona
John Lithgow as Lord Farquaad
Vincent Cassel as Monsieur Hood (a French rendition of Robin Hood)
Conrad Vernon as Gingerbread Man
Chris Miller as Geppetto/ Magic Mirror
Cody Cameron as Pinocchio / The Three Little Pigs
Simon J. Smith as Three Blind Mice
Christopher Knights as Three Blind Mice and Thelonius
Aron Warner as Big Bad Wolf
Jim Cummings as Captain of the Guards
Kathleen Freeman as Old Woman (Donkey's ex-owner)
Andrew Adamson as Duloc Mascot (a man dressed in a suit that looks like Lord Farquaad)
Bobby Block, Elisa Gabrielli & Eddie Murphy as Three Bears
Elisa Gabrielli as Additional Voices
Frank Oz and Carole Jeghers as Dragon (uncredited)
Michael Galasso as Peter Pan
Rodger Bumpass, Paul Eiding, Eddie Korbich, Corey Burton, Phil Proctor, Rick Miller, Bob Bergen, Brian Tochi, Jack Angel, Patrick Pinney, John Cygan, Bill Farmer, Michael Gough, Jess Harnell, Hans Zimmer, and Jan Rabson as Lord Farquaad's Guards
Emma Taylor-Isherwood as little girl pointing at mother
Jan Rabson as Gold Pieces Villager
Rick Miller as Guard arrests Shrek and Fiona
Cinderella, Snow White, Pied Piper, and several other characters are not speaking roles and are thus uncredited
Steven Spielberg bought the rights to the original book in 1991, when he apparently thought about making a traditionally animated film based on the book with Bill Murray as Shrek and Steve Martin as Donkey.
After only a few years in development, producer John H. Williams got hold of the book from his children, and when he brought it to DreamWorks, it caught Jeffrey Katzenberg's attention and the studio decided to make it into a movie.
After buying the rights to the film in 1995, Katzenberg quickly put the film in active development.
The Art Directors visited Hearst Castle, Stratford upon Avon and Dordogne for inspiration on Duloc's place.
Art Director Douglas Rogers visited a magnolia plantation in Charleston, South Carolina for inspiration for Shrek's swamp.
The film was originally planned to be a motion-captured film.
DreamWorks used live action background plates with miniature fairy tale settings that they had filmed, giving the film a very visual distinct look.
After a year and a half of R & D, a test was finally shown.
The result was a disaster, with Katzenburg stating "It looked terrible, it didn't work, it wasn't funny, and we didn't like it."
Production was shut down for a while.
DreamWorks later went to its production partners at PDI in Spring of 1997, when the movie Antz was still in production, to help Shrek get it's final computer-animated look.
“We did a lot of work on character and set-up, and then kept changing the set up while we were doing the animation,” Ramon Hui noted. “
In Antz we had a facial system that gave us all the facial muscles under the skin.
In Shrek we applied that to whole body.
So if you pay attention to Shrek when he talks, you see that when he opens his jaw, he forms a double chin, because we have the fat and the muscles underneath.
That kind of detail took us a long time to get right."
Saturday Night Live member Chris Farley was to be the voice for Shrek.
He was able to voice around 80-90% of the script, although Chris' brother, Tom Farley, states that Farley had actually already recorded 95% of Shrek's dialogue for the movie, but died in 1997 before he finished voicing the character.
Production was shut down again after Farley's death.
Andrew Adamson stated "Chris Farley's death was before any animation had been done [although] we'd recorded an amount with him."
DreamWorks later asked Mike Myers to play Shrek, whom Myers wanted the writers to re-write the script to leave no traces of Farley's version of Shrek.
After Myers had completed providing the voice for the character, when the film was well into production, he asked to re-record all of his lines in a Scottish accent similar to the one his mother had used when she told him bedtime stories.
After hearing the alternative voice-over, Katzenberg agreed to redo scenes in the film, saying, "It was so good we took $4m worth of animation out and did it again."
The film was entered into the 2001 Cannes Film Festival, and was the first animated film since Disney's Peter Pan (1953) to receive that honour.
Shrek open in more 3,587 movie theaters on its 2001 release, 11 of them showing them digitally, made possible by the THX Division of Lucasfilm.
This was the first time that DreamWorks had shown one of its movies digitally.
Produced on a $60 million budget, Shrek was commercially successful, becoming the highest-grossing animated movie ever to be released in Australia, passing the mark set by 1994's The Lion King.
In the United Kingdom, Shrek regained the top spot at the British box office after being beaten out the previous week by Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, earning a $20.3 million since its opening in the UK.
The film closed on December 6, 2001, after grossing $267,665,011 domestically along with $216,744,207 overseas for a worldwide total of $484,409,218.
Shrek is the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2001 behind Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and Monsters Inc.
Shrek received critically good reviews, praising Shrek as an animated film worthy of adult interest, with many adult-oriented jokes and themes but a simple enough plot and humor to appeal to children.
Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 89 percent of critics have given the film a positive review based on 176 reviews, with an average score of 7.7/10.
The general opinion is: While simultaneously embracing and subverting fairy tales, the irreverent Shrek also manages to tweak Disney's nose, provide a moral message to children, and offer viewers a funny, fast-paced ride.
Roger Ebert liked the film, giving it four stars out of a possible four and describing it as "jolly and wicked, filled with sly in-jokes and yet somehow possessing a heart."
USA Today's Susan Wloszczyna praised Eddie Murphy's performance, stating it "gives the comic performance of his career, aided by sensational digital artistry, as he brays for the slightly neurotic motormouth."
Richard Schickel also enjoyed Murphy's role, stating, "No one has ever made a funnier jackass of himself than Murphy."
William Steig, the author of the original book, and his wife Jeanne Steig also enjoyed the film, stating "We all went sort of expecting to hate it, thinking, 'What has Hollywood done to it?'
But we loved it.
We were afraid it would be too sickeningly cute and, instead, Bill just thought they did a wonderful, witty job of it."
Shrek won the first ever Academy Award For Best Animated Feature, beating Monsters, Inc. and Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius.
Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Prince Charming?
So last millennium.
This decade, fairy-tale fans--and Princess Fiona--fell for a fat and flatulent Ogre.
Now, that's progress."
Shrek was also nominated for 6 BAFTA Award, including the BAFTA Award for Best Film.
Eddie Murphy became the first actor to ever receive a BAFTA nomination for a voice-over performance.
The film was also nominated for Best Visual Effects, Best Sound, Best Film Music, and won the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.
Shrek was nominated for a dozen Annie Awards from ASIFA-Hollywood.
In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its "Ten top Ten"; the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres—after asking 1,500 people for their opinions.
Shrek was acknowledged as the eighth best film in the animated genre, and the only non-Disney·Pixar film on the top ten.
It is also third on Bravo's 100 funniest films.
Shrek was also ranked second in a Channel 4 poll of the "100 Greatest Family Films", losing out on the top spot to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.
In 2005, Shrek came sixth in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Cartoons poll behind The Simpsons, Tom and Jerry, South Park, Toy Story and Family Guy.
In November 2009, the character, Lord Farquaad, was listed #14 in IGN UK's "Top 15 Fantasy Villains".
Shrek Official Website
Shrek on Know Your Meme
DreamWorks SKG Fansite for Shrek
William Steig's web page describing the original 1990 story book
2001 animated movies
2001 computer-animated movies
DreamWorks Pictures movies
Movies composed by Harry Gregson-Williams
Movies composed by John Powell
Screenplays by Joe Stillman
Mom at Sixteen is a 2005 American made-for-TV movie.
It is about a sixteen year old mother, Jacey Jeffries (Danielle Panabaker) in high school.
Jeffries is hiding the fact that she is the mother of Charley, the baby.
Charley is the teen's mother's responsibility.
When Jeffries goes to swimming practice and takes her migrane medicine, she faints because of the side affects of the medicine.
While thinking she is being taken to the delivery room, she asks if her baby is okay while other students are around.
Her classmates and teacher soon find out about Charley.
Jeffries is teased by the other students.
She decides give up the baby to the foster home at the end, and Charley finds a new home.
Danielle Nicole Panabaker (born September 19, 1987) is an American actress.
She is known for acting in many movies.
These include Sky High and Mom at Sixteen.
She has also acted on the television series including Shark.
Panabaker is the older sister of child actress Kay.
Both girls act in Disney Channel programs.
Official site of Danielle Panabaker
Renaissance music is European music written from about the year 1400 to 1600.
This section of time is called the Renaissance, a word which means “rebirth”.
The Renaissance comes between the Middle Ages and the Baroque times.
Putting music into time sections does not mean that there were quick changes of type.
Music changed slowly, and early Renaissance music was similar to Medieval music.
Slowly music-writers started to try new ideas.
A lot of medieval church music had become very hard with lots of rules about rhythms and clashes of notes to make dissonances.
A lot of Renaissance composers wrote music which was smoother and more gentle.
The music was still polyphonic with each voice having a share of melody.
Music was starting to become less modal and more tonal.
By the time the Baroque period started composers were using a system of major and minor keys like we do today.
Composers wrote many masses and motets.
The 16th century also saw the birth of the madrigal: secular (not religious) songs which were often about love.
The madrigal started in Italy and became very popular for a short while in England from the 1580s.
There were lots of other secular songs such as the chanson, canzonetta and villanelle.
Songs were often accompanied by a lute.
Music was an essential part of civic, religious, and courtly life in the Renaissance.
The rich interchange of ideas in Europe, as well as political, economic, and religious events in the period 1400–1600 led to major changes in styles of composing, methods of disseminating music, new musical genres, and the development of musical instruments.
The most important music of the early Renaissance was compose for use by the church—polyphonic (made up of several simultaneous melodies) masses and motets in Latin for important churches and court chapels.
By the end of the sixteenth century, however, patronage was split among many areas: the Catholic Church, Protestant churches and courts, wealthy amateurs, and music printing—all were sources of income for composers.
An important development during the Renaissance was music notation.
Many musicians wrote books about music theory.
They are useful for us because they tell us how music sounded in those days and what people thought about it.
Music started to be written on a music staff with five lines.
There were still no barlines in early Renaissance music.
Notes were written with white note heads, e.g. the minim (half note) was at one time the shortest note that could be written (the “minimum” length).
Only later did crochets (quarter notes) and quavers (eighth notes) come in.
This does not mean that music was slow in those days, it was just the way it was written.
Key signatures had not yet been invented.
Sharps and flats were sometimes shown by accidentals (written in front of the notes).
Very often, however, the performers were expected to know or even decide for themselves the sharps and flats (see musica ficta).
Music printing
Another very important discovery at this time was music printing.
Music printing started in Italy in the mid 16th century.
Composers of the Renaissance
In the early 15th century there was a group of composers known now as the Burgundian School (from Burgundy).
Guillaume Dufay was the most famous.
Their music sounded a little bit like medieval music.
Towards the end of the 15th century a style of polyphonic sacred music had been developed that can be heard in the masses of Johannes Ockeghem and Jacob Obrecht.
Ockeghem even composed one piece in which all the parts develop from one idea which was used as a canon.
In the 16th century composers started to write music with a clear beat and regular pulse.
These included Josquin des Prez and others from the Franco-Flemish School.
The was a Roman school, to which the famous Italian Giovanni da Palestrina belonged.
His way of writing polyphony has been a model for that style for many centuries.
Music students still have to study “Palestrina technique” (how to compose in Palestrina’s style).
Although church music at this time is mainly polyphonic it also has homophonic passages where the voices sing the same words together.
This helps to make important words really clear.
In Venice, from about 1534 until around 1600, a polychoral style developed.
Choirs were separated, singing from different parts of the church, often from galleries.
This grand music sounded beautiful in big churches such as the Basilica San Marco di Venezia.
These composers are often called the “Venetian School”.
Andrea Gabrieli and later his nephew Giovanni Gabrieli wrote this kind of music, and later Claudio Monteverdi who started in the Renaissance and lived into the Baroque period.
The end of the Renaissance period
The change to the Baroque musical style happened around 1600.
This was the time when opera was invented.
This needed a new style of composing.
The composer Monteverdi wrote in the Renaissance style until about 1600-1650, when he changed to the Baroque style.
Stephanie Kay Panabaker (born May 2, 1990) is an American actress from Orange, Texas.
Some of her best known roles are Emily on Life is Ruff and Debbie on Phil of the Future.
Panabaker is the younger sister of actress Danielle.
The two sisters starred together in the movie Read it and Weep for the Disney Channel.
She has had recurring roles on the television series CSI:Crime Scene Investigations and Angel.
Official site of Kay Panabaker
Haley Hudson (born June 14, 1986) is an American actress.
Her best known roles were in Freaky Friday and Lizzie McGuire.
Her image is a punky Gothic type person.
Enslaved is a band from Haugesund, Norway; their music has been called black metal and viking metal.
Enslaved's website
Viking metal is a heavy metal music subgenre inspired by Norse mythology.
Swedish metal band Bathory's fourth album, released in 1988 and called Blood Fire Death, was the first Viking metal album.
Viking metal bands
Graveland
Musica ficta is a term used in medieval and Renaissance music.
It means that when musicians play or sing music they put in accidentals (sharps and flats) which are not written in the music.
In those days (near the end of the 16th century) music used modes instead of the modern system of major and minor keys.
Sometimes the music would not sound right unless a note was sharpened or flattened (raised or lowered a semitone).
For example, to go down from the note B to an F would have sounded bad, so the F would need to be an F sharp.
The composer who wrote the music down might not bother to put the sign for F sharp.
He would expect the performer to know that it should be an F sharp and not an F. This is what is called musica ficta.
Gradually it became more and more necessary for composers to write exactly what notes they wanted.
The modern system of keys was developing.
They developed the system of key signatures and accidentals (sharps and flats which are not in the key signature, but written as and when they are needed).
The practice of musica ficta gradually ended.
Universal Studios Japan is one of four Universal Studios theme parks.
It is in Osaka, Japan.
The park opened on March 31, 2001.
Ride attractions
Space Fantasy
Hollywood Dream
New The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man
Show attractions
Magical Starlight Parade
Terminater 2: 3D
Universal Monsters Live Rock and Roll Show
Animation Celebration
Shrek's 4D Adventure
Sesame Street 4D Movie Magic
Theme parks in Japan
A gap year is time taken between completing secondary school and going to a university or college or also between college and graduate school or a profession.
It is generally a practice of young people from Australia, Poland, Scandinavia, United Kingdom and United States.
The time between the two events is often, but not always, a year.
It is often used to travel or to gain experience with an internship at the lowest cost possible.
Beam bridges are often used for heavy cars and trains to pass, and some are also built for people to walk on.
Beam bridges used to be made from wood and were called log bridges.
Modern ones are mostly made of steel.
Beam bridges are usually placed over highways, rivers or gaps in the earth so people or cars can cross over them.
Beam bridges are simple but they cannot be as long as more complex and expensive kinds.
Beam bridges can be connected to make one longer bridge.
Bridge types
de:Brücke#Balkenbrücke
Born with the name of Chaim Witz in Haifa, Israel, Gene emigrated at age 8 with his family to Queens, New York.
His mother, Flora Klein, was born in Jand, Hungary.
His father, Feri Witz, was also born in Hungary.
He adopted the stage name of Gene Simmons in the late 1960s.
He lives with his longtime partner Shannon Tweed and has two children, Nick and Sophie.
Kiss career
in 1972 Gene Simmons together with guitarist Paul Stanley are the band Kiss, Gene and Paul join the band the musicians Ace Frehley on guitar and Peter Criss on drums and vocals.
One of the characteristics of the band were his outlandish makeup and costumes.
In 1973 Kiss; Paul Stanley guitar and voice, Gene Simmons bass and voice, Ace Frehley in lead guitar  released their first album Kiss", Gene composed the hit "Strutter" with Stanley, and "Deuce" two of the biggest hits of the band.
Kiss recorded their second album Hotter Than Hell, released in October 22, 1974.
In 1975 the band  released the third album Dressed to Kill, with the theme Rock and Roll All Nite, the most successful of the band, written by Simmons and Stanley.
Gene with Kiss, recorded with two of the best live albums "Alive!" (
1975) and "Alive II" (1977).
In 1976 and 1977 he edited two of the best albums of the band "Destroyer" released in March 15, 1976, and "Love Gun" released in June 30, 1977.
Gene Simmons as the other members of Kiss released the solo album "Gene Simmons" released for sale in 1978.
In 1979 he recorded with Kiss "Dynasty" a disc-themed disco.
After the album Unmasked (1980), Peter Criss left the band, Gene and Paul chose Eric Carr replaced Criss, in the drummer.
In 1982 he joined the band the guitarist Vinnie Vincent in substitution for Ace Frehley.
With the newly formed launch the album "Creatures of the Night", Gene Simmons composed the theme "I Love It Loud" one of the most powerful of Kiss.
In 1983 Kiss appears without makeup on the cover of the album Lick It Up, the band had changed their style of Hard Rock for the Heavy Metal style.
For 1984 released the album Animalize, another powerful album of Heavy Metal.
Mark St. John as lead guitarist, was incorporated in replacing Vinnie Vincent.
Mark left the band in 1985 and was replaced by Bruce Kulick, who would maintain the lead guitar until 1997.
In 1989 Gene recorded with Kiss one of their best album Hot in the Shade, with two of the best tracks from the band "Hide Your Heart" and Forever.
In 1991 the premature death of Eric Carr forced to Gene and Paul to seek replacements, They chose a young drummer Eric Singer, who had worked with Alice Cooper.
With Singer on drums the band released the album "Revenge" released in May 19, 1992, an album that recalled the band's early records.
They also recorded the third live album Alive III (1993).
After inviting former members of Kiss Criss and Frehley to record the acoustic album.
Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley decided, to Frehley and Criss will incorporate the band.
Kiss original training again with face painting, leave and turn around the United States and the world.
With the original Kiss recorded "Psycho Circus" (1998) a studio album after 18 years.
Gene Simmons currently continue performing with Stanley at the head of Kiss.
The current formation Kiss is Simmons in Bass and vocals, Paul Stanley in guitar and vocals, Tommy Thayer in lead guitar, and Eric Singer in drums.
Gene Simmons also turned to acting film credits include Runaway (1984), with Tom Selleck and directed by Michael Crichton, Wanted: Dead or Alive (1986), with Rutger Hauer, Red Surf (1990), with George Clooney, Wish You Were Dead (2002), with Christopher Lloyd.
And appearances on television series as Miami Vice (1985), The Hitchhiker (1986), Millennium (1998), Third Watch (2004) and more.
Simmons and his family starred in the reality show Gene Simmons: Family Jewels (2006-2010).
Simmons, Gene
Beam theory, a way to find the load-carrying and deflection characteristics of beams
Beam (nautical), the most extreme width (or breadth) of a nautical vessel, or a point alongside the ship at the midpoint of its length
Beam (structure), a construction element
Beam bridge, a bridge that uses beams
A narrow stream of particles or energy:
Charged particle beam
Cathode ray, or "electron beam"
Light or other Electromagnetic radiation
The output of a raygun in science fiction
Beam weapons from the Metroid series
Beaming means a way of traveling on the Star Trek television series
Tractor beam, a hypothetical beam that pulls or pushes
"On the beam", following a radio navigation beacon
Beam (music), a connection line in musical notation
Balance beam (gymnastics), a piece of gymnastics equipment
BEAM robotics, an automatically moving machine based on analog electronics
Beam Software, a computer game developer
BEAM.TV, a global distribution network
The Fox News Channel (commonly known as Fox News) is an American 24-hour cable and satellite television news network.
It was made by Rupert Murdoch and Roger Ailes.
It is owned by Fox Broadcasting Company.
the channel was officially launched in 1996.
The channel plays up to 15 hours of live shows every day.
6 hours of these are opinion shows.
The hosts of its opinion shows are  Sean Hannity, Neil Cavuto, Greta Van Susteren, and Geraldo Rivera.
Fox News Network leans right-wing, but has some liberals (such as Greta van Susteren).
There was a documentary called Outfoxed that criticized the channel because they say it is biased towards conservatives and the US Republican Party in its reporting.
Fox says its opinion shows are conservative but its regular news programs are not.
President Barack Obama, through a spokesperson, accused Fox News of working for the Republican Party.
Fox has also been accused of having a right-wing bias, racism, discrimination, race baiting and gender inequality.
Roger Ailes has called Fox News "the balance" against the liberal networks news groups such as ABC News, NBC News, CBS News, Cable News Network, and MSNBC.
Omsk is a city in Russia in the Siberia region, capital of Omsk oblast.
As of the census in 2010, Omsk had been declared one of the cities in Russia with over 1 million people.
Omsk is close to the border of Kazakhstan.
Omsk is the only one city in the world which has Metro with only one station.
List of cities and towns in Russia
Official site of Omsk city administration
Open Omsk -- an independent news source
Current events in Omsk (Russian)
Omsk in Livejournal.com
Photoblog about Omsk
Omsk-On-Line
Mayhem, a type of crime
Mayhem, an influential black metal band
Mayhem, an album by English rock group Toyah
Mayhem, a Marvel Comics character
Mayhem, a professional wrestler
Mayhem in Monsterland, a Commodore 64 video game
TV Mayhem, a television show that aired for six weeks beginning in September 1991
WCW Mayhem, a World Championship Wrestling event, which has a video game based on it:
Mayhem Attack Squad, a team of Decepticons
Methods of Mayhem, an American rap metal band formed by ex-Mötley Crüe drummer, Tommy Lee
Minstrels of Mayhem, an American Renaissance Festival music group
Michigan Mayhem, a minor league basketball team in the Continental Basketball Association
Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem, a Muppet rock band that appeared on The Muppet Show
Ani-Mayhem, an anime-based collectible card game
Jason "Mayhem" Miller, a Mixed Martial Arts fighter
Monica Mayhem, an Australian pornographic actress
The symbol is thought to come from the Latin quæstio, meaning "question", which was shortened to Qo.
The uppercase Q was written above the lowercase o, and this mark was turned into the symbol that we use today.
Some writers put a space between the end of their sentence and the question mark.
This is thought to come from a French practice and is called French spacing.
In French a space is always put before question marks, exclamation marks, colons, and semicolons.
In English, however, using this space is thought of as bad form.
Some English books do have these spaces, but are often a very thin space, which are not full spaces but an attempt to make the words easier to read.
In computing, the question mark character is represented by ASCII code 63, and is located at Unicode code-point U+003F. The full-width (double-byte) equivalent, ？,
is located at Unicode code point U+FF1F.
Examples of the question mark being used
"How are you doing?"
"Why did that happen?"
Lupton, Ellen and Miller, J. Abbott, "Period styles: a punctuated history", in The Norton Reader 11th edition, ed.
Linda H. Peterson, Norton, 2003 Online excerpt (at least)
Parkes, M.B., Pause and Effect: an Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West, University of California Press, 1993
Truss, Lynne, Eats, Shoots & Leaves Gotham Books, NY, p. 139
Other references
Kevin Earl Federline (born March 21, 1978) is an American entertainer, who dances, raps and models as his job.
He is famous for being the former husband of pop singer Britney Spears.
Federline has 4 kids, 2 with actress Shar Jackson and 2 with Spears.
People from Fresno, California
Mercyful Fate are a heavy metal band from Denmark.
The band was formed in Copenhagen in 1980.
King Diamond - vocals, keyboard (1981–1985, 1992–present)
Hank Shermann - guitar (1981–1985, 1992–present)
Mike Wead - guitar (1996–present)
Bjarne T. Holm - drums (1994–present)
Sharlee D'Angelo - bass (1993–present)
Michael Denner - guitar (1981, 1982–1985, 1992–1996)
Timi Hansen - bass (1981–1985, 1992–1993)
Kim Ruzz - drums (1981–1985)
Tommie "Snowy Shaw" Helgesson - drums (1993–1994)
Session members
Lars Ulrich - drums (1993)
Old Nick - drums (1981)
Morten Nielson - drums (1993)
Melissa (1983)
Don't Break the Oath (1984)
In the Shadows (1993)
Time (1994)
Into the Unknown (1996)
Dead Again (1998)
9 (1999)
The Beginning (1987)
Return of the Vampire (1992)
A Dangerous Meeting (1992)
The Best of Mercyful Fate (2003)
The Mercyful Fate EP (1982)
The Bell Witch (1994)
Danish heavy metal bands
BASIC (programming language)
Basic (chemistry), the opposite to acidic, reacting with acids to form salts
Basic access authentication in HTTP
Basic (cigarette), owned by the Altria Group (Philip Morris Company)
Basic (dance move), the name of the basic dance step in many dances
Lindy Basic (dance move), in Lindy Hop
Basic (geology), of rock: containing between 45–52% of silica
Basic (movie), 2003 movie starring John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson
Basic (Star Wars), the common interstellar language in the Star Wars universe
Basic Training or Recruit training is training received by military personnel when first entering service
Basic is also used as the name for whatever common tongue is usually used between species in many science fiction works
Basic is a name used to describe the level of certification for an EMT (Emergency Medical Technician)
Basic Replay, a record label
Basic (album), a 1984 album by Robert Quine and Fred Maher (1996 on CD)
A circuit is a closed path that consists of circuit components in which electrons from a voltage or current source can flow.
If the circuit consists of electric components like a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor etc.
then it will be called an Electrical circuit and if the circuit consists of any of the electronic circuit components like a diode, a Transistor etc.
then it will be called an Electronic circuit.
So, the electronic circuits may consist both of the electrical and electronic circuit components, but an electrical circuit will have only the electrical components.
The point where electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the "source" of electrons.
The point where the electrons leave an electrical circuit is called the "return" or "earth ground".
The exit point is called the "return" because electrons always end up at the source when they complete the path of an electrical circuit.
The part of an electrical circuit that is between the electrons' starting point and the point where they return to the source is called an electrical circuit's "load".
The load of an electrical circuit may be as simple as those that power home appliances like refrigerators, televisions, or lamps or more complicated, such as the load on the output of a hydroelectric power generating station.
Circuits use two forms of electrical power: alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC).
AC often powers large appliances and motors and is generated by power stations.
DC powers battery-operated vehicles and other machines and electronics.
Converters can change AC to DC and vice versa.
High-voltage direct current transmission uses big converters.
Electronic circuit
Electronic circuits usually use direct current sources.