the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The city was founded on January 1, 1955.
Much of the city was heavily damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
Ōfunato Line: Rikuzen-Yahagi Station, Takekoma Station, Rikuzen-Takata Station, Wakinosawa Station, Otomo Station
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami effects
Rikuzentakata was reported to have been "wiped off the map" by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake.
According to the police, every building smaller than three stories high has been completely flooded.
Buildings taller than three stories were partially flooded.
At the city hall, water also reached as high as the third floor.
On 14 March, a BBC report showed a picture of the town.
The report described the city as "almost completely flattened."
Reporters could not tell how many people had survived.
The city did have tsunami shelters.
The shelters were designed to protect people from a wave 3 to 4 meters tall.
However, the tsunami of March 2011 was 13 meters high in the city.
The wave covered the areas that were supposed to be safe.
Local officials estimate that 20% to 40% of the cities people died. "
Rikuzen-Takata effectively no longer exists."
The city had a 6.5 meter high seawall, but it was not enough.
More than 80% of 8,000 houses were destroyed by the tsunami.
Sixty-eight city officials, about one-third of the city's municipal employees, were killed.
The town's mayor, Futoshi Toba, was at work at the city hall and survived.
His wife was at their seaside home and she died.
Takata-matsubara
is part of the coastline, two kilometers long.
About seventy thousand pine trees used to grow there.
It was selected as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan (Shōwa period) in 1927 and in 1940 it was named a Place of Scenic Beauty.
After the 2011 tsunami only one tree was still there.
A single, ten-meter tall, two hundred year-old tree is all that is left from the forest.
The tree is only five meters from the sea and may be damaged by too much salt.
The Association for the Protection of Takata-Matsubara along with the city and prefectural governments are trying to protect the last pine tree.
Rikuzentakata official website
Gala day procession with floats, August 2010 Five videos available in this series
The tsumani sweeping over Rikuzentakata
Al Jazeera report on Rikuzentakata after the waters receded
Rikuzentata as the rescue begins Mark Willacy reports for ABC News
Tsunami Damage, Rikuzentakata (March 2011) Before-and-after thermal satellite images from NASA
The floodgate that didn't work to stop the tsunami BBC report on the failure of the Rikuzentakata floodgates
Daniel Ricciardo (born 1 July 1989 in Perth, Western Australia) is an Australian racing driver.
He won the British Formula Three Championship in 2009.
He currently races in  Formula 1 for McLaren.
Formula Ford and Formula BMW
Ricciardo started karting at the age of nine.
In 2005, he entered the Western Australian Formula Ford championship.
He drove a 15-year-old Van Diemen, and finished eighth by season's end.
The next year, he won a scholarship to the Formula BMW Asian championship with Eurasia Motorsport.
During his first season, Ricciardo earned a pole position and won twice.
He finished third in the Drivers' Championship with 231 points, 59 points behind the champion.
In August 2006, Ricciardo  entered one race in the Formula BMW UK series.
He finished eighth in the second race and took three championship points.
At the end of the year, he entered the Formula BMW World Final Fortec Motorsport.
He finished in fifth position, fourteen seconds behind the winner.
2007 saw the Australian moved to Formula Renault, entering the European and Italian championships.
He finished the year seventh in the Italian series with 196 points and scoring a single podium at Valencia.
He failed to score a point in his few starts in the European races.
Ricciardo stayed in Formula Renault for 2008, entering the European and Western European championships.
By the end of the year, the he took his first European title in the Western European Cup and finished second in the Eurocup.
During the middle of the 2008 season, Ricciardo made his Formula Three debut at the Nürburgring.
He qualified in eighth for the first race.
He was moved up to sixth in the race after James Jakes and Christian Vietoris stalled on the grid.
Ricciardo moved to the British Formula Three Championship for 2009, driving for Carlin Motorsport.
He also made his debut in the 3.5-litre World Series by Renault championship.
He retired from the first race, before finishing fifteenth in the second.
When he returned to Formula Three, he extended his championship lead.
Ricciardo became the first Australian driver since David Brabham in 1989 to win the British F3 title.
He won the championship by 87 points.
Ricciardo continued with Carlin for the Macau Grand Prix with the team.
He finished sixth in the qualifying race.
He retired on the first lap of the main race after hitting the wall.
Formula Renault 3.5 Series
On 30 October 2009, Ricciardo was signed by Tech 1 to compete in the 2010 Formula Renault 3.5 Series season.
He had 8 pole positions in the season, 4 wins, and finished the season second in the championship.
Ricciardo made his track debut at the wheel of a Formula One car in December 2009.
He tested for Red Bull Racing at the young drivers test at Circuito de Jerez.
On the final day of testing, Ricciardo had the fastest time of the test by more than one second.
Ricciardo became one of the test and reserve drivers for both Red Bull Racing, and the sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso
In November 2010, Ricciardo was the only Red Bull Racing driver at the end-of-season young drivers test.
Ricciardo dominated the event.
His fastest lap was 1.3 seconds faster than Sebastian Vettel's qualifying lap the Saturday before.
Ricciardo remained unbeaten in Formula One tests he has attended.
On 26 November 2010, Ricciardo was confirmed as Toro Rosso's test and reserve driver for the  season.
He will take part in the first free practice session of each race weekend.
Profile on Driver Database
Alpheton is a village and civil parish on the A134 road in Babergh, Suffolk, England.
In 2001 there were 242 people living in Alpheton.
Monks Eleigh is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England.
In 2001, there were 425 people living in Monks Eleigh.
Ashby-de-la-Zouch is a town and civil parish in Leicestershire, England.
In 2001 there were 12,758 people living in Ashby-de-la-Zouch.
Civil parishes in Leicestershire
Beverley is a town and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.
In 2001 there were 17,549 people living in Beverley.
Scunthorpe is a town near the M180 motorway and the M181 motorway in Lincolnshire, England.
The ending of the name in thorpe meaning new village in Norse, show it was a Viking settlement.
Downham Market is a town and civil parish in Norfolk, England.
In 2001 there were 6,730 people living in Downham Market.
Robert Blake began his acting career as a child in dozens short films as Joy Scouts (1939), Captain Spanky's Show Boat (1939), The Big Premiere (1940), Good Bad Boys (1940), and the Oscar-winning short film Main Street on the March! (
As an adult, Blake he began to play small roles in films like The Black Rose (1950) with Tyrone Power and  directed by Henry Hathaway, The Veils of Bagdad (1953) with Victor Mature, Three Violent People (1956) with Charlton Heston, Pork Chop Hill (1959) with Gregory Peck.
He also had a role in The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), playing the role of Simon the Zealot.
Robert Blake shot to fame when playing Perry in the film In Cold Blood (1967) based on the book by Truman Capote, and directed by Richard Brooks.
Another performance was playing a deranged police officer motorized in Electra Glide in Blue (1973) for this film Blake was nominated for a Golden Globe.
Robert Blake has had a long and successful career in television.
His great works include Baretta as Det.
Tony Baretta.
Robert Blake played for 82 episodes broadcast between 1975 and 1978.
Blake won a prestigious Emmy Award in 1975 and was nominated again in 1977 and also won Golden Globe in 1975 for Baretta.
Another of his works on television was his portrayal of James Riddle 'Jimmy' Hoffa in Blood Feud (1983) directed by Mike Newell, for which he was nominated for an Emmy and Golden Globe in 1983.
One of his last television appearances was in Judgment Day: The John List Story (1993) directed by Bobby Roth, he plays the true story of a religious fanatic who kills his family.
This role was one of his best performances and earned him a nomination for an Emmy in 1993.
LIFE 12 January 1968
Stephen J. Cannell Television Productions: A History of All Series and Pilots by Jon Abbott
Bourne is a town and civil parish in Lincolnshire, England.
In 2001 there were 11,933 people living in Bourne.
Edenbridge is a town and civil parish in Kent, England.
In 2001 there were 7,808 people living in Edenbridge.
Newby is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England.
In 2001 there were 164 people living in Newby.
Colby is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England.
In 2001, there were 120 people living in Colby.
Long Marton is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England.
In 2001 there were 704 people living in Long Marton.
Kirkby Thore is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England.
In 2001 there were 731 people living in Kirkby Thore.
Foxearth is a village and civil parish in Braintree district, Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 303 people living in Foxearth.
East Grinstead is a town          and civil parish in West Sussex, England.
In 2001 there were 23,942 people living in East Grinstead.
It is the home town of the 1990s pop group Right Said Fred.
It is on the Meridian Line.
Petworth is a town and civil parish in West Sussex, England.
In 2001 there were 2,775 people living in Petworth.
Evesham is a town and civil parish in Worcestershire, England.
In 2001 there were 22,304 people living in Evesham.
There are many coffee shops and a wonderful park the locals keep tidy
Diss is a town and civil parish in Norfolk, England.
In 2001 there were 6,917 people living in Diss.
Civil parishes in Norfolk
Frome is a town and civil parish in Somerset, England.
In 2001 there were 24,510 people living in Frome.
Cancion Nacional Chilena is the national anthem of Chile until 1847.
It was written by Bernardo de Vera y Pintado and composed by Manuel Robles.
Government of Chile
Wincanton is a town near the A303 road in Somerset, England.
In 2001 there were 4,639 people living in Wincanton.
A coordination complex is an inorganic chemical compound where a central atom (usually a metal) has an electron shell which permits it to combine with one or more molecules.
These molecules, called ligands, have at least one pair of free electrons for binding.
Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers () was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772.
The full title was Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres, mis en ordre par M. Diderot de l'Académie des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Prusse, et quant à la partie mathématique, par M. d'Alembert de l'Académie royale des Sciences de Paris, de celle de Prusse et de la Société royale de Londres.
The Encyclopédie was the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many people, and it was the first to include applied science and engineering.
Still, the Encyclopédie is famous above all for representing the thought of the Enlightenment.
According to Denis Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the Encyclopédie'''s aim was "to change the way people think."
The Encyclopédie was conceived as a translation of Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia (1728).
In 1743, the translation was given by the Parisian book publisher André Le Breton to John Mills, an Englishman living in France.
In May 1745, Le Breton announced the work as available for sale, but Mills had not done the work.
Le Breton beat Mills with a cane.
Mills sued for assault, but Le Breton was set free because he was justified.
For his new editor, Le Breton chose mathematician Jean Paul de Gua de Malves.
In August 1747, Gua de Malves was fired for being a poor leader.
Le Breton then hired Diderot and Jean d'Alembert as the new editors.
Diderot would remain editor for the next twenty-five years, seeing the Encyclopédie through to completion.
Many of the most noted figures of the French Enlightenment contributed to the Encyclopédie, including Voltaire, Rousseau, and Baron d'Holbach.
The most prolific contributor wrote 17,266 articles, or about eight per day, between 1759 and 1765.
Approximate size of the Encyclopédie'':
17 volumes of articles, issued from 1751 to 1765
11 volumes of illustrations, issued from 1762 to 1772
18,000 pages of text
75,000 entries
44,000 main articles
28,000 secondary articles
2,500 illustration indices
20,000,000 words in total
"If exclusive privileges were not granted, and if the financial system would not tend to concentrate wealth, there would be few great fortunes and no quick wealth.
When the means of growing rich is divided between a greater number of citizens, wealth will also be more evenly distributed; extreme poverty and extreme wealth would be also rare." (
Wealth article, Diderot)
Encyclopedie (Diderot and d'Alembert)
Denis Diderot (; 5 October 1713 – 31 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic and writer.
He was a known figure during the Enlightenment.
He is best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
2 Baruch is a text that was written in the late first century, or the early second century CE.
It was  probably written after the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem, in 70 CE, and before the second Roman-Jewish War, 132-135 CE.
It is attributed to Baruch ben Neriah and is included in some editions of the Old Testament and the Peshitta, but neither Jews nor Christians regard it as scripture.
The Syrian Orthodox Church includes it in the Bible.
The text has 87 sections and is also known as Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch and Letter of Baruch to the Nine and a Half Tribes.
The Rhysling Awards are a prize given each year for the best poem from science fiction, fantasy, or horror.
Most awards for writing are named for the creator of the award, the subject of the award, or an important person.
The Rhyslings are named for a character in a science fiction story: the blind poet Rhysling, in Robert A. Heinlein's short story The Green Hills of Earth.
Two awards are given: "Best Long Poem", for poetry of 50 or more lines, and "Best Short Poem", for works of 49 or fewer lines.
The members of the Science Fiction Poetry Association (SFPA) choose several possible winners (nominees) for each year's Rhysling Awards.
Each member may name one work that should win in each category.
All of the nominees are published in a book called The Rhysling Anthology.
Members of the Association then vote on the final winners.
Since 2005, the Awards have been presented in July at a ceremony at Readercon.
The "Best Short Poem" category allows very short poems to be entered.
However, the SFPA also has the Dwarf Stars Award for poems from one to ten lines.
Best Long Poem winners
1978 Gene Wolfe The Computer Iterates the Greater Trumps
1979 Michael Bishop For the Lady of a Physicist
1980 Andrew Joron The Sonic Flowerfall of Primes
1981 Thomas M. Disch On Science Fiction
1982 Ursula K. Le Guin The Well of Baln
1983 Adam Cornford Your Time and You: A Neoprole's Dating Guide
1984 Joe Haldeman Saul's Death: Two Sestinas
1985 Siv Cedering A Letter from Caroline Herschel (1750-1848)
1986 Andrew Joron Shipwrecked on Destiny Five
1987 W. Gregory Stewart Daedalus
1988 Lucius Shepard White Trains
1989 (tie): Bruce Boston In the Darkened Hours ; John M. Ford Winter Solstice, Camelot Station
1990 Patrick McKinnon dear spacemen
1991 David Memmott The Aging Cryonicist in the Arms of His Mistress Contemplates the Survival of the Species While the Phoenix Is Consumed by Fire
1992 W. Gregory Stewart the button and what you know
1993 William J. Daciuk To Be from Earth
1994 W. Gregory Stewart and Robert Frazier Basement Flats: Redefining the Burgess Shale
1995 David Lunde Pilot, Pilot
1996 Margaret B. Simon Variants of the Obsolete
1997 Terry A. Garey Spotting UFOs While Canning Tomatoes
1998 Laurel Winter why goldfish shouldn't use power tools
1999 Bruce Boston Confessions of a Body Thief
2000 Geoffrey A. Landis Christmas (after we all get time machines)
2001 Joe Haldeman January Fires
2002 Lawrence Schimel How to Make a Human
2003 (tie): Charles Saplak and Mike Allen Epochs in Exile: A Fantasy Trilogy ; Sonya Taaffe Matlacihuatl's Gift
2004 Theodora Goss Octavia Is Lost in the Hall of Masks
2005 Tim Pratt Soul Searching
2006 Kendall Evans and David C. Kopaska-Merkel The Tin Men
2007 Mike Allen The Journey to Kailash
2008 Catherynne M. Valente The Seven Devils of Central California
2009 Geoffrey A. Landis Search
2010 Kendall Evans and Samantha Henderson In the Astronaut Asylum
2011 C.S.E. Cooney The Sea King's Second Bride
2012 Megan Arkenberg The Curator Speaks in the Department of Dead Languages
2013 Andrew Robert Sutton Into Flight
2014 Mary Soon Lee Interregnum
2015 F.J. Bergmann 100 Reasons to Have Sex with an Alien
2016 (tie): Krysada Panusith Phounsiri It Begins With A Haunting; Ann K. Schwader Keziah
2017 Theodora Goss Rose Child
Best Short Poem winners
1978 (tie): Duane Ackerson The Starman ; Andrew Joron Asleep in the Arms of Mother Night ; Sonya Dorman Corruption of Metals
1979 (tie): Duane Ackerson Fatalities ; Steve Eng Storybooks and Treasure Maps
1980 (tie): Robert Frazier Encased in the Amber of Eternity ; Peter Payack The Migration of Darkness
1981 Ken Duffin Meeting Place
1982 Raymond DiZazzo On the Speed of Sight
1983 Alan P. Lightman In Computers
1984 Helen Ehrlich Two Sonnets
1985 Bruce Boston For Spacers Snarled in the Hair of Comets
1986 Susan Palwick The Neighbor's Wife
1987 (tie): Jonathan V. Post Before the Big Bang: News from the Hubble Large Space Telescope ; John Calvin Rezmerski A Dream of Heredity
1988 (tie): Bruce Boston The Nightmare Collector ; Suzette Haden Elgin Rocky Road to Hoe
1989 Robert Frazier Salinity
1990 G. Sutton Breiding Epitaph for Dreams
1991 Joe Haldeman Eighteen Years Old, October Eleventh
1992 David Lunde Song of the Martian Cricket
1993 Jane Yolen Will
1994 (tie): Bruce Boston Spacer's Compass ; Jeff VanderMeer Flight Is for Those Who Have Not Yet Crossed Over
1995 Dan Raphael Skin of Glass
1996 Bruce Boston Future Present: A Lesson in Expectation
1997 W. Gregory Stewart Day Omega
1998 John Grey Explaining Frankenstein to His Mother
1999 Laurel Winter egg horror poem
2000 Rebecca Marjesdatter Grimoire
2001 Bruce Boston My Wife Returns as She Would Have It
2002 William John Watkins We Die as Angels
2003 Ruth Berman Potherb Gardening
2004 Roger Dutcher Just Distance
2005 Greg Beatty No Ruined Lunar City
2006 Mike Allen The Strip Search
2007 Rich Ristow The Graven Idol's Godheart
2008 F.J. Bergmann Eating Light
2009 Amal El-Mohtar Song for an Ancient City
2010 Ann K. Schwader To Theia
2011 Amal El-Mohtar Peach-Creamed Honey
2012  Shira Lipkin The Library, After
2013 Terry A. Garey The Cat Star
2014 Amal El-Mohtar Turning the Leaves
2015 Marge Simon Shutdown
2016 Ruth Berman Time Travel Vocabulary Problems
2017 Marge Simon George Tecumseh Sherman's Ghosts
SFPA Rhysling Anthology
Northbourne is a village and civil parish near Deal in Kent, England.
In 2001 there were 793 people living in Northbourne.
Civil parishes in Kent
Huntshaw is a village and civil parish in Torridge, Devon, England.
In 2001 there were 120 people living in Huntshaw.
East Bergholt is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England.
In 2001, there were 2,689 people living in East Bergholt.
West Bergholt is a village and civil parish in Colchester district, Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 3,294 people living in West Bergholt.
Wormingford is a village and civil parish in Colchester district, Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 459 people living in Wormingford.
Stanstead is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England.
In 2001, there were 316 people living in Stanstead.
In England, a civil parish is a unit of local government.
Civil parishes are the lowest tier of local government, below districts and counties.
It is an administrative parish, in comparison to an ecclesiastical (church) parish.
The parish council can decide to call itself a town, village, neighbourhood or community; and in a limited number of cases has city status granted by the monarch.
Civil parishes only cover part of England; about 35% of the population.
The creation of ancient parishes was linked to the manorial system.
The parishes often shared the same boundaries as the manor of the local lord.
At first the manor was the main unit of local administration and justice in the early rural economy.
Eventually the church replaced the manor court as the rural administrative centre and levied a local tax on produce known as a tithe.
Responsibilitfor things such as relief of the poor passed from the Lord of the Manor to the church, but in practice it was administered by monasteries.
After the dissolution of the monasteries, the power to charge (levy) a rate to fund relief of the poor was given to the parish authorities by the 1601 Act for the Relief of the Poor.
The parish authorities were known as vestries and were made up of all the inhabitants of the parish.
As the population was growing it became increasingly difficult to hold meetings as an open vestry.
In some, mostly built up, areas the select vestry took over responsibility from the community at large.
The administration of the parish system relied on the monopoly of the Church of England.
As religious membership became more fractured, such as through the revival of Methodism, the legitimacy of the parish vestry came into question and the perceived inefficiency and corruption inherent in the system became a source for concern.
Because of this scepticism, during early the 19th century the parish progressively lost its powers to ad-hoc boards and other organisations, such as the loss of responsibility for poor relief through the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834.
The replacement boards were each able to levy their own rate in the parish.
The church rate ceased to be levied in many areas and was abolished altogether in 1868.
Civil and ecclesiastical split
The ancient parishes split into two distinct units during the 19th century.
The Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 declared that all areas that levied a separate rate —extra-parochial areas, townships, and chapelries— become civil parishes as well.
The parishes for church use continued unchanged as ecclesiastical parishes.
The latter part of the 19th century saw most of the ancient irregularities inherited by the civil system cleaned up, with the majority of exclaves abolished.
Civil parishes in their modern sense were established afresh in 1894, by the Local Government Act 1894.
The Act abolished vestries, and established elected parish councils in all rural civil parishes with more than 300 electors.
These were grouped into rural districts.
Boundaries were altered to avoid parishes being split between counties.
Urban parishes continued to exist, and boundaries were usually changed to be the same as the urban district or municipal borough in which they were situated.
Large towns originally split between multiple parishes were, for the most part, eventually joined into one parish.
No parish councils were formed for urban parishes, and their only function was as areas electing guardians to Poor Law Unions.
With the abolition of the poor law system in 1930 the parishes had only a nominal existence.
In 1965 civil parishes in London were formally abolished when Greater London was created, as the legislative framework for Greater London did not make provision for any local government body below a London Borough (since all of London was previously part of a metropolitan borough, municipal borough or urban district, no actual parish councils were abolished).
In 1974 the Local Government Act 1972 retained civil parishes in rural areas and small urban areas, but abolished them in larger urban areas.
Many former urban districts and municipal boroughs that were being abolished rather than succeeded were continued as new parishes.
Urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes were refused this permission and became unparished areas.
The Act also led to the possibility of sub-division of all districts (apart from London boroughs, reformed in 1965), into multiple civil parishes.
For example, Oxford, whilst entirely unparished in 1974, now has four civil parishes, covering part of its area.
The creation of town and parish councils is encouraged in unparished areas.
The Local Government and Rating Act 1997 gave local residents the right to demand that a new parish and council be created in unparished areas.
This was extended to London boroughs by the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 - with this, the City of London is at present the only part of England where civil parishes cannot be created.
If enough electors in an area of a proposed new parish (ranging from 50% in an area with less than 500 electors to 10% in one with more than 2,500) sign a petition demanding its creation, then the local district council or unitary authority must consider the proposal.
Recently established parish councils include Daventry (2003), Folkestone (2004), and Brixham (2007).
In 2003 seven new parish councils were set up for Burton upon Trent, and in 2001 the Milton Keynes urban area became entirely parished, with ten new parishes being created.
In 2003, the village of Great Coates (Grimsby) regained parish status.
Parishes can also be abolished where there is evidence that this in response to "justified, clear and sustained local support" from the area's inhabitants.
Examples include Birtley, which was abolished in 2006 and Southsea abolished in 2010.
Every civil parish has a parish meeting, consisting of all the electors of the parish.
Generally a meeting is held once a year.
A civil parish may have a parish council which exercises various local responsibilities given by statute.
If a parish has fewer than 200 electors it is usually deemed too small to have a parish council, and instead will only have a parish meeting; an example of direct democracy.
Alternatively several small parishes can be grouped together and share a common parish council, or even a common parish meeting.
In places where there is no civil parish (unparished areas), the administration of the activities normally undertaken by the parish becomes the responsibility of the district or borough council.
There are about 8,700 parish and town councils in England, and about 1,500 parishes with only parish meetings.
Since 1997 around 100 new civil parishes have been created, in some cases splitting existing civil parishes, but mostly by creating new ones from unparished areas.
Powers and functions
The provision and upkeep of certain local facilities such as allotments, bus shelters, parks, playgrounds, public seats, public toilets, public clocks, street lights, village or town halls, and various leisure and recreation facilities.
Maintenance of footpaths, cemeteries and village greens
Since 1997 parish councils have had new powers to provide community transport (such as a minibus), crime prevention measures (such as CCTV) and to contribute money towards traffic calming schemes.
Parish councils are supposed to act as a channel of local opinion to larger local government bodies, and as such have the right to be consulted on any planning decisions affecting the parish.
Giving of grants to local voluntary organisations, and sponsoring public events, including entering Britain in Bloom.
The role played by parish councils varies.
Smaller parish councils have only limited resources and generally play only a minor role, while some larger parish councils have a role similar to that of a small non-metropolitan district.
Parish councils receive funding by levying a "precept" on the council tax paid by the residents of the parish.
Councillors and elections
Parish councils are run by volunteer councillors who are elected to serve for four years and are not paid.
Some councils have chosen to pay their elected members a small allowance as permitted under Part 5 of the Local Government Act 2000 The Local Authorities (Members’ Allowances) (England) Regulations 2003.
The number of councillors varies roughly in proportion to the population of the parish.
Most parish councillors are elected to represent the entire parish, though in parishes with larger populations or those that cover large areas, the parish can be divided into wards.
These wards then return a certain number of councillors each to the parish council (depending on their population).
Only if there are more candidates standing for election than there are seats on the council will an election be held.
However, sometimes there are fewer candidates than seats.
When this happens, the vacant seats have to be filled by co-option by the council.
When a vacancy arises for a seat mid-term, an election is only held if a certain number (usually 10) of parish residents request an election.
Otherwise the council will co-opt someone to be the replacement councillor.
Every Parish Council in England must adopt a code of conduct, and parish councillors must comply with its standards, enforced by the Standards Board for England.
Status and styles
A parish can have city status but only if that is granted by the Crown.
In England, there are currently eight parishes with city status, all places with long-established Anglican cathedrals: Chichester, Ely, Hereford, Lichfield, Ripon, Salisbury, Truro and Wells.
The council of an ungrouped parish may unilaterally pass a resolution giving the parish the status of a town.
The parish council becomes a "town council".
Around 400 parish councils are called town councils.
neighbourhood
The chairman of a town council will have the title "town mayor" and that of a parish council which is a city will usually have the title of mayor.
As a result, a parish council can also be called a town council, a community council, a village council or occasionally a city council (though most cities are not parishes but principal areas, or in England specifically metropolitan boroughs, non-metropolitan districts).
Charter trustees
When a city or town has been abolished as a borough, and it is considered desirable to maintain continuity of the charter, the charter may be transferred to a parish council for its area.
Where there is no such parish council, the district council may appoint charter trustees to whom the charter and the arms of the former borough will belong.
The charter trustees (who consist of the councillor or councillors for the area of the former borough) maintain traditions such as mayoralty.
An example of such a city was Hereford, whose city council was merged in 1998 to form a unitary Herefordshire.
The area of the city of Hereford remained unparished until 2000 when a parish council was created for the city.
The charter trustees for the City of Bath make up the majority of the councillors on Bath and North East Somerset Council.
Civil parishes do not cover the whole of England.
There are none in Greater London and very few in the other conurbations.
Civil parishes vary greatly in size: many cover tiny hamlets with populations of less than 100, whereas some large parishes cover towns with populations of tens of thousands.
Weston-super-Mare, with a population of 71,758, is the most populous civil parish.
In many cases, several small villages are in a single parish.
Large urban areas are mostly unparished, as the government at the time of the Local Government Act 1972 discouraged their creation for large towns or their suburbs, but there is generally nothing to stop their establishment.
For example, Birmingham has a parish, New Frankley, whilst Oxford has four, and Northampton has seven.
Parishes could not however be established in London until the changing of the law in 2007 and as yet none have been established there.
Deserted parishes
The 2001 census recorded several parishes with no inhabitants.
These were Chester Castle (in the middle of Chester city centre), Newland with Woodhouse Moor, Beaumont Chase, Martinsthorpe, Meering, Stanground North (subsequently abolished), Sturston, Tottington, and Tyneham.
The last three had been taken over by the British Armed Forces during World War II and remain deserted.
Detached parts and divided parishes
Ancient parishes often had detached parts, exclaves and enclaves which were not joined to the rest of the parish.
In some cases the detached part was in a different county.
In other cases, an entire parish was in a detached part of the county to which it belonged.
There were also many examples of parishes divided between two or more counties.
These anomalies were mostly fixed in the 19th century.
Before civil parishes were introduced, the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 transferred many (but not all) parishes which were detached parts of a county to the county in which they were geographically located.
The remaining detached parishes were transferred in the 1890s and in 1931.
The detached part of the parish of Tetworth, Huntingdonshire, surrounded by Cambridgeshire, remained until the boundaries were changed in 1965.
Other laws, including the Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882, eliminated most instances of civil parishes belonging to two (or more) counties, and by 1901 Stanground in Huntingdonshire and the Isle of Ely was the sole remaining example.
Stanground was split into two parishes, one in each county, in 1905.
List of civil parishes in England
Cavendish is a village and civil parish in St Edmundsbury, Suffolk, England.
In 2001 there were 922 people living in Cavendish.
Belstead is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England.
In 2001 there were 189 people living in Belstead.
A barn owned by Mr D Nesbitt
Chapel Farmhouse
Chapel of St James
A cottage
White Rose Inn
The Flinders Ranges are a group of mountains in South Australia.
They have been listed as one of Australia's outstanding national landscapes.
The were named "Flinders Range" in 1839 by explorer Edward John Eyre who was searching for an overland route from Adelaide to Port Lincoln.
The ranges were home to the Adnyamathanha, an indigenous Australian people, for thousands of years.
Their paintings and rock carvings can be found throughout the area.
A large area is protected by the Flinders Ranges National Park.
Important towns in the Flinders Ranges include Hawker, Quorn, Wilpena Pound and Leigh Creek.
Mountains of South Australia
Mountain ranges of Australia
Glaucoma is a disease that causes damage to the eye.
If a person who has glaucoma does not get help from a doctor, they will not be able to see.
This disease happens because of increased pressure in the eye.
The pressure causes damage to the optic nerve.
This can cause loss of vision, and may also be painful.
Sometimes, it is hard for a person to know that they have glaucoma.
The vision can be lost very slowly.
When sight is lost from glaucoma, it cannot be recovered.
Genetic component
There is often a hereditary tendency to glaucoma.
A family history of glaucoma is a risk factor.
The relative risk of having what is called "primary open-angle glaucoma" (POAG) is increased about two- to four-fold for people who have a sibling with glaucoma.
Glaucoma, particularly primary open-angle glaucoma, is associated with mutations in several different genes
Also, the likelihood of it happening is different in different populations.
Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in African Americans, who have higher rates of primary open angle glaucoma.
Some people are tax resisters because they feel bad about helping the government do bad things (like war).
Some people are tax resisters to protest.
Some people are tax resisters to try to cause a government to fall (like Mohandas Gandhi did in India).
An observation deck is a place up high where people can see things.
They are usually on buildings or mountains.
This is a list of the highest mountains in the world.
There are at least 109 mountains on Earth that are higher than  above sea level.
Most of these are in central or southern Asia.
It is hard to measure how tall a mountain is, so these measurements may not be exact.
It is also hard to figure out if two peaks close to each other are part of the same mountain or are two different mountains.
Summitpost (Has details on 30 of the top 100 peaks)
Prominence lists (lists all mountains in the world with more than 1,450m of prominence)
Alpine Club Himalayan index (Gives history of ascents and location of not well known peaks)
Discussion of often misquoted heights
Mountains of Northern Kashmir
Digital elevation data, including all the above peaks and many more worldwide
Hispar area: expedition reports and maps
List of highest mountains down to 6750 metres
MOUNTAINS
The aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) is a lemur which lives  in rain forests of Madagascar, a large island off the southeast coast of Africa.(madagascar)
This solitary animal is nocturnal (most active at night).
The aye-aye spends most of its time in trees.
During the day, it sleeps in a nest  in the fork of a tree.
It builds the nest out of leaves and twigs.
The aye-aye has rodent-like teeth and a special thin middle finger to get at the insect grubs under tree bark.
It fills the same ecological niche as  woodpeckers do elsewhere.
It taps on trees to find grubs, then gnaws holes in the wood using its forward slanting incisors.
Then it sticks in its middle finger to pull the grubs out.
Merlin is a legendary character.
He is best known as the wizard in the Arthurian legends.
He was King Arthur's guide.
Merlin is always a mysterious figure.
He rarely gives his reasons for the things he does.
Merlin was probably first written about in Welsh legend.
His story is based on parts of several different real and fictional characters.
Merlin is usually said to be one with nature, being the source of his enormous power.
The Lady of the Lake enchanted him.
Peter Schöttel (born 26 March 1967 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian footballer, who played for SK Rapid Wien and the Austrian football team as defender.
The only club he played for was SK Rapid Wien.
From 1997 till 2001 he was captain of the team.
During his time with Rapid, he played in a total of 436 matches and scored four goals.
For this reason he is a hero for all Rapid supporters.
He was voted for the Rapid team of the century.
He played for Rapid in the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners Cup Final against Paris St Germain in Brussels, which Rapid lost.
He played 63 matches for the Austrian football team from 1988 to 2002.
He played for them in the FIFA World Cup 1990 and 1998.
After his player career he started as coach of the amateur squad of Rapid.
In 2003 he became sports manager of the club, but in 2007 he quit due to continuing criticism.
He became coach of the Wiener Sportklub for one year, then manager of the First Vienna FC.
Since 2009 he has been coach of SC Magna Wiener Neustadt in the Austrian Bundesliga.
In 2011 he went as a new coach to his former club SK Rapid Wien.
Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):
1987, 1988, 1996
1987, 1995
SC Wiener Neustadt managers
Vim is a text editor made by Bram Moolenaar.
Moolenaar publicly released Vim on November 2, 1991.
Vim stands for Vi IMproved.
Vim is an improved version of the vi text editor, an editor created by Bill Joy in 1976.
Vim is free, and the source code is publicly available on GitHub.
It is available in multiple languages, and it works on multiple operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS.
Vim can be used from either a command-line interface or a graphical user interface.
Vim is widely popular because it allows users to perform many functions on a document (save, search, scroll, etc.)
by pressing as few keys as possible.
However, many critics argue that these keystrokes are confusing.
One can customize Vim using a .vimrc file.
To add new features like keyboard shortcuts, one can use Vim script, Vim’s built-in programming language.
Many Vim plugins and extensions are also available online for free.
The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores")  was the call issued by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, on 16 September, 1810  in the small town of Dolores (Therefore the Grito "de Dolores").
It is also called the Grito de la Independencia or the Cry of  Independence against the traditional Spanish Government, which had become catastrophically distorted by the Napoleonic invasion of the Peninsula in the preceding two years.
Because he was afraid to get arrested, Hidalgo made his brother Mauricio and a number of other men with guns go to the sheriff.
On the night of 15 September, they made the sheriff set free the pro-independence (people wanting to rule their own land) prisoners.
They set eighty free.
The next morning, at around 6:00 am, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung.
He made his congregation (people who attended his church) come together.
With Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama by his side, he spoke to the people in front of his church.
He encouraged them to go against José de Iturrigaray the Spanish Viceroy.
Researchers do not agree as to what exactly Hidalgo said at the time.
The Battle of Guanajuato, the first important fight in the war, happened 4 days later.
Mexico's independence from Spain wouldn't be declared until September 27, 1821, after ten years of war.
This happened with the declaration of the first Mexican Empire.
Every year on the night of September 15 the President of Mexico rings the bell of the National Palace in Mexico City at around eleven in the evening.
After the ringing of the bell, he repeats a cry of patriotism (a Grito Mexicano) based upon the "Grito de Dolores".
He calls out the names of the important heroes of the Mexican War of Independence and ends with the shout of Viva Mexico! (
three times) from the balcony of the palace.
After the shouting, he rings the bell again and waves the Flag of Mexico to the applause of the crowd in the Plaza de la Constitución.
This is followed by the playing and mass singing of the Himno Nacional Mexicano, the national anthem.
On the morning of September 16, or Independence Day, the national military parade starts in the Zócalo (another name for the Plaza de la Constitución).
It goes past the Hidalgo Memorial and ends on the Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City’s main boulevard.
A similar celebration happens in cities and towns all over Mexico, and in Mexican embassies and consulates worldwide, on the 15th or the 16th.
The mayor or governor, ambassadors or consuls will take on the role of the president, and ring the bells, give a speech and so on.
In the 19th century, Mexican presidents in their last year in office started to come to Dolores Hidalgo for the Grito de Dolores.
President Calderón went to Dolores Hidalgo as part of the bicentennial celebrations in 2010 on the 16th of September.
September 16 is Independence Day in Mexico and is considered a patriotic holiday, or fiesta patria (literally, holiday of the Fatherland).
This day is celebrated with parades, patriotic programs, drum and bugle and marching band competitions, and other special events.
Mexico connect "El Grito" (The Cry)
Bibliography and Hemerography: Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla.
Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla - Documents of 1810 and 1811.
Chronology of Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla
Mexico Celebrates Its Bicentennial  - slideshow by Life magazine
1810s in North America
The Criollos (singular: Criollo) were a social class in the caste system of the overseas colonies established by Spain in the 16th century, especially in Latin America.
The name was used for people of pure or mostly Spanish blood, but who were born in the colony.
The Criollo class was seen as lower than the Peninsulares.
Peninsulares were the people who lived in the colony, but were born in Spain.
Criollos were higher status/rank than all other castes.
Examples of other castes are people of mixed descent, Amerindians, and enslaved Africans.
The term Criollo is often translated into English as Creole.
However, the word "creole" is also used for many ethnic groups around the world who have no historic connection to Spain or to any colonial system.
Criollos and the wars of independence
Until 1760, the Spanish colonies were ruled under laws designed by the Spanish Habsburgs.
They gave the American provinces great independence.
The situation changed with the Bourbon Reforms during the reign of Charles III.
Spain needed to get more money from its colonies for the European and global wars it was fighting so it could maintain the Spanish Empire.
The Crown made the Penisulares more important, and they took over many administrative offices which had been filled by Criollos.
At the same time, reforms by the Catholic Church reduced the roles and privileges of the lower ranks of the clergy, who were mostly Criollos.
By the 19th century, this unfair policy of the Spanish Crown and the examples of the American and French revolutions, led the Criollos to rebel against the Peninsulares.
With increasing support of the other castes, they started to fight Spain in for independence (1809–1826).
16th-century establishments
The Grumman G-21 Goose is an amphibious aircraft, which means it can land and take off on water.
It was designed as an eight-seat "commuter" plane for businessmen in the Long Island area.
The Goose was Grumman’s first monoplane to fly.
It was also Grumman's first twin-engined aircraft as well as their first aircraft to provide commercial service.
During World War II, the Goose was used to transport the US military (including the Coast Guard).
It served with many other air forces.
During battles, the Goose took on an increasing number of combat and training roles.
It was also used after the war.
In 1936, some rich residents of Long Island, such as E. Roland Harriman, asked Grumman to build them an aircraft.
They would use this aircraft to fly to New York City.
The G-21 was designed after this.
It was an all-metal, high-winged monoplane powered by two  Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Jr. nine-cylinder, air-cooled radial engines mounted on the leading edge of high-set wings.
The deep fuselage served also as a hull and had hand-cranked retractable landing gear.
First flight of the prototype took place on May 29, 1937.
The fuselage was very versatile.
It had a lot of interior space.
So it could be used as luxury or transport airliner.
There were plans to market the G-21 as an amphibian airliner.
Donald, David, ed.
American Warplanes of World War II.
London: Aerospace Publishing, 1995. .
Francillon, René J. and Gary L. Killion. "
Sauce for the Goose - turbine style".
Air International, July 1993, Vol.
45, No 1, pp.
Stamford, UK:Key Publishing.
ISSN 0306-5634.
Green, William.
War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Five Flying Boats.
London:Macdonald, 1968. .
March, Daniel J., ed.
British Warplanes of World War II.
London: Aerospace Publishing, 1998. .
Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers.
United States Navy Aircraft since 1911.
London: Putnam, Second edition, 1976. .
Thruelsen, Richard.
The Grumman Story.
New York: Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1976. .
Winchester, Jim, ed. "
Grumman Goose/Mallard."
Biplanes, Triplanes and Seaplanes (The Aviation Factfile).
Rochester, Kent, UK: Grange Books plc, 2004. .
Grumman Goose at the Smithsonian
Goose Central/ Biggest database on the Grumman Goose in the world
Antilles Seaplanes - Home of the G-21G Super Goose
Non-FIFA member codes
Abnormal codes
The following codes mean countries that do not have anything to do with FIFA.
Even though they are members of their local groups, these codes are not usually used by FIFA.
Obsolete country codes
FIFA, IOC and ISO differences
The Lady Killer is the third studio album by American singer Cee Lo Green.
It was released November 5, 2010, on Elektra Records.
Salaam Remi, ELEMENT, The Smeezingtons, Fraser T. Smith, Paul Epworth, and Jack Splash produced the album.
This was during 2009 to 2010.
The album was listed at number nine on the US Billboard 200 chart in its first week.
It sold 41,000 copies in the week after its debut.
Its first single, "Fuck You" did well internationally.
The album has sold 337,700 copies in the United States.
It has been certified platinum in the United Kingdom.
Upon its release, The Lady Killer received positive reviews from most music critics.
They praised it for its production, classicist soul music approach, and Green's singing.
CeeLo Green albums