the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Like other glands, testicles make chemical substances, called hormones that keep the body working.
Testicles also make sperm, which can join with ova to make new life.
Most glands, like women's ovaries, are inside the body, but testicles are outside the main part of the body.
This is because the testicles work better if they are cooler than the inside of the body.
In cold weather, testicles pull up nearer to the body to keep warm.
The testicles are firm, oval-shaped glands.
Most testicles  match in size, but some testicles are much larger or smaller than others.
Normal sized testicles are between 14 cm³ to 35 cm³.
Most men have one testicle that hangs lower than the other one.
Scientists think this may be so that they do not hit against each other.
It is usually, but not always, the left testicle that hangs lower.
The testicles hang in the scrotum by the spermatic cord.
They are outside the body because they need to be cooler than the temperature inside the body, in order to make sperm.
If a man's testicles get cold, they are automatically pulled closer to the body.
The spermatic cord is tightened by the cremasteric muscle.
When this muscle contracts (pulls tighter), the cord gets shorter, which pulls the testicles closer to the body.
If the testicles are too warm, the cremasteric muscle relaxes (gets longer.)
This lowers the testicles to keep them cooler.
This is how the testicles are kept at the right temperature.
This is called the cremasteric reflex. (
A reflex is something your body automatically does without you thinking about it.)
There are other uses for the cremasteric reflex apart from making the testicles the right temperature.
Stress can also make the cremasteric reflex work.
If a male human or mammal gets into a fight, then its testicles are in danger.
They automatically pull up close to the body.
The cremasteric reflex also happens during sexual intercourse.
Testicles have two important jobs in the body.
They are part of two of the body's systems, the endocrine system which keeps the body working, and the reproductive system which makes new life.
Making hormones
Testicles are a type of organ called glands. (
This makes them part of the body's endocrine system.)
The human body has many types of glands.
The job of glands within a body is to make chemical substances, and put them out into the body's system.
A body has lots of different systems that keep it in good working order all the time, and that also provide for a body's special needs.
Some of the body's special needs happen when a person gets angry, frightened or sick, or if the person wants to have sexual intercourse.
At these times a body uses more of some types of chemical substance, so the glands that make them work harder.
Testicles make several types of chemical substances.
They are not simple chemicals, but are very complicated and very important to life.
Making these substances is controlled by the pituitary gland which is a small gland in the brain.
One substance made by the testicles is a type of substance known as a hormone.
It is the hormone testosterone.
Testosterone is important in a male person's body, because it makes him grow into a man and feel like a man during puberty. (
Women's bodies make some testosterone too, but they make more female hormone called estrogen.)
Making sperm
As well as being chemical-producing glands, testicles are gonads. (
This makes them part of the body's reproductive system.)
Apart from hormones, the other important substances made by the testicles are spermatozoa, which are generally just called sperm. (
The word "sperm" is plural, so you do not add an "s" and say "sperms".)
The sperm are tiny living cells which can join with another cell, called an "ovum" (or egg) inside a female, to start a new human life.
Scientists call making sperm spermatogenesis.
Boys begin making sperm when they start growing into men, at a time of life called puberty.
Females do not have testicles.
The glands in their bodies that do the same sort of jobs as testicles are called ovaries.
They have two ovaries, but unlike testicles, ovaries are inside the body, on either side of the uterus.
They release ova (or eggs) and female hormones.
Ovaries and testicles are sometimes called "gonads".
Details of how testicles are constructed and how they work
(See the picture, right)
The testicles, inside the scrotum, are covered with a tough type of white protective skin called a membrane.
The inner part of the testicles have many small tubes called seminiferous tubules which are coiled (or twisted around).
Sperm are made inside the seminiferous tubules.
The sperm pass through some small tubes called ducts into another part at the back of the testicle, called the epididymis, which is where the sperm cells finish maturing.
The sperm cells then travel along a tube called the vas deferens until they reach the urethra.
The urethra is the main tube in the penis and leads to the opening at the end called the urethral opening.
The urethral opening is also the way that urine leaves the body from the bladder.
When a man feels sexual desire, sperm cells go through the ejaculatory duct.
They are combined with liquid called seminal fluid from a gland called the prostate.
The prostate also has muscles that push the sperm and fluid into the urethra.
During sexual intercourse, seminal fluid containing the sperm comes out through the urethral opening when a man ejaculates.
If the sperm from the testicles enters the vagina of a woman during sexual intercourse, it may pass into the uterus and join with a mature ovum (or egg) to begin a new baby.
Studying animals can help in understanding things about people.
In mammals, testicles can be very big or very small in relation to the size of the animal itself.
The size has to do with the amount of sperm that the male animal needs to make.
Some types of male animal generally only have one sexual partner at a time and are called monogamous.
Some types of animals generally live in a herd or flock where one male will have many female sexual partners.
These males are called polygamous.
More sperm is needed by polygamous males than by monogamous males.
Polygamous males generally have larger testicles than monogamous males.
The testicles grow larger to make more sperm.
Most men's testicles are from 14 cm³ to 35 cm³. This is a measure of volume.
Sometimes Doctors need to measure a man's testicles to see if there is a problem.
Doctors can measure the volume of testicles in two ways:
Orchidometer – This is a set of small objects that look like eggs.
They are many different sizes.
The doctor picks the one that is the size of the testicle.
Doctors know what size the orchidometer is.
Then they know the size of the testicle.
Measuring the size – with a ruler, calipers, or ultrasound.
Then these lengths are used to calculate the volume.
If a man takes testosterone, the testicles do not have to work to make testosterone, so they become smaller.
If a man's testicles are kept more warm than usual, they make less sperm.
So if they are kept too warm, they get smaller.
If testicles are injured(hurt) they can become smaller.
If a man takes hormones from the pituitary gland, (called gonadotropins), it can make testicles bigger.
Gonadtropins are the hormones that tell the testicles to make sperm and testosterone.
Some diseases cause testicles to swell.
Inflammation of the testicles.
This is called orchitis
Fluid around a testicle.
This is called a hydrocele
Inflammation of the epididymis.
This is called epididymitis
Spermatic cord torsion.
This is also called Testicular torsion.
It is when the cord that the testicle hangs from gets twisted.
It can happen when running.
Varicocele - swollen veins to the testes.
Varicocele happens more on the left.
Most boys are born with two testicles in the scrotum.
The testicles have formed inside the baby's body, but moved into the scrotum before the birth.
Sometimes one or both the testicles are still inside when the baby is born.
Sometimes an operation is needed to fix this.
If a testicle is injured, it is extremely painful.
Sometimes testicles get crushed.
Sometimes it is necessary for a doctor to remove one or both the testicles.
This operation is called an orchidectomy.
If a man loses a testicle, a doctor can put a testicular prosthesis (false testicle) into the scrotum.
It looks and feels like a testicle.
If a male loses both his testicles it's called castration.
Because the man cannot produce sperm or testosterone, it has a big effect on the man's life.
Because he cannot make sperm, he cannot have children.
And because he cannot make the male hormone testosterone, he becomes less like a male.
He may lose some of his muscles, and put on weight.
A man who has lost his testicles may take testosterone medicine so that he does not have these changes.
Until the 1700s in Europe, and more recently in some countries, there was a custom to castrate young male slaves and boys.
Young slaves were castrated so that they could be used as guards over the wives of rich men.
It meant that the wives would not fall in love with their guards.
Sometimes young boys who had beautiful singing voices were castrated before puberty.
This meant that their voices would stay high all their lives.
These singing men were called castrati.
It is very common to castrate (remove the testicles from) male domestic animals.
Male dogs and cats that are castrated do not fight so much, and do not stray around looking for females to mate with.
Male horses are usually castrated so that they become more calm and safer to ride.
A castrated male horse is called a gelding.
A male horse that is not castrated is a stallion.
Male animals that are used for meat are generally castrated because it makes them fatter and also makes them quieter to keep because they do not fight each other.
Most male cattle are castrated.
Other names for testicles
There are many slang words for testicles, like balls, nuts, bollocks, nads, crown jewels, testies, marbles, ding dangs, boy toys, nicnaks, plums,tattay (in Urdu) etc.
Slang words are other names that are used for fun or to be vulgar (rude).
Cryptorchidism (cryptorchismus)
List of homologues of the human reproductive system
Orchidometer
Spermatogenesis
Sterilization (surgical procedure), vasectomy
The Screwtape Letters is a book written by author and Christian scholar C. S. Lewis.
It appeared in installments in The Guardian newspaper and was later published as a book in 1942.
It is a series of letters written by a devil named Screwtape to his apprentice and nephew Wormwood.
The letters are filled with advice for the young demon on how to tempt men.
Screwtape tells Wormwood how to undo the work of God and work against Him.
The Screwtape Letters were greatly popular.
It was published in 1941, and after that, it has sold very well around the world.
Because it is funny and easy to read and understand, many people read it easily and have been influenced by it.
The two main characters that are inside the letters are Wormwood, a demon that has the job of leading his "patient" away from Christianity (or at least making him a useless Christian).
Screwtape is Wormwood's uncle and a "high" demon.
Screwtape
Screwtape, a devil and the uncle of Wormwood, helps Satan and everything he stands for.
He calls the devil our Father.
He also fights against everything God stands for, calling God The Enemy.
Wrong to him is right and right to him is wrong.
Through these backhanded references, we see temptation from a different light.
Because Screwtape sees the world in reverse, we ought always to ask ourselves the questions which Wormwood must never let the patient ask, or to carefully consider the things which the patient must never think.
Lewis writes, in the Preface, that he did not perceive Hell and the "Lowerarchy" as an exact antithesis to God, who is Good for His own sake, but rather to a "thoroughly nasty business concern" in which each individual is out for his own ends.
We see an example of this in letter 23, when Screwtape reveals his true nature to Wormwood.
Ironically, even though many of the things he says are Biblically wrong, some of the things he says are, according to the Bible, true.
He talks about the glory of heaven when the patient is taken up there, though he does not understand why God gives them to men.
He admits to Wormwood that he does not know about his Enemy well enough.
Screwtape cannot understand love and says in Letter 18 that he believes that God must have another, hidden reason to save men, since everybody is selfish and cannot love.
Screwtape is always afraid that God will step in and stop Wormwood's temptations.
Screwtape says that when the patient prays to God for help, God always comes, so Screwtape is fearful.
At first, Screwtape thinks the patient's soul will go to hell.
However, he is angry when Wormwood makes more and more mistakes.
He feels that God is "winning the battle".
Quotes from the book
"Indeed the safest road to Hell is the gradual one—the gentle slope, soft underfoot, without sudden turnings, without milestones, without signposts."
"It is funny how mortals always picture us as putting things into their minds: in reality our best work is done by keeping things out."
"Our cause is never more in danger than when a human, no longer desiring, but still intending, to do our Enemy’s will, looks round upon a universe from which every trace of Him seems to have vanished, and asks why he has been forsaken, and still obeys."
The book is set during the early years of World War II.
This was the time when it was actually written.
Lewis was living in England during the war.
He went through many of the things that the patient goes through in The Screwtape Letters.
Many of his first readers did, too.
The book, however, focuses more on the spiritual battle between demons and their patient.
Books by C. S. Lewis
1942 books
Multiplayer is a term for games, usually video games, meaning more than one person can play it.
It was popularized by gaming systems like the Nintendo 64 that allowed four joysticks to be plugged into a home console unit for head-to-head play, competitive, or cooperative play.
Video game gameplay
Alfred Matthew "Weird Al" Yankovic (born October 23, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, parodist, record producer, satirist, music video director, movie producer, actor, and author.
He is known mainly for his parodies of popular songs.
He has also starred in the movie called UHF (1989).
Yankovic had a children's program for a short time.
It was named The Weird Al Show.
He has made parodies of songs such as "American Pie" (his ever popular "The Saga Begins"), "Ridin'" ("White and Nerdy"), "Bad" ("Fat"), "Like a Virgin" ("Like a Surgeon") and "Gangster's Paradise" ("Amish Paradise").
He also has a band to help him perform his songs.
His band members are: Jim West (guitar), Steve Jay (bass), Rubén Valtierra (piano), and Jon Schwartz (drums).
Yankovic has also written a children's book titled When I Grow Up.
Alfred was born in Downey, California.
He was raised in the town of Lynwood, California.
He is the only child of Nick Louis Yankovic (June 4, 1917 – April 9, 2004) and Mary Elizabeth Yankovic (née Vivalda; February 7, 1923 – April 9, 2004).
His father was born in Kansas City, Kansas, of Yugoslavian ancestry, and began living in California after serving during World War II; he believed "the key to success" was "doing for a living whatever makes you happy" and often reminded his son of this philosophy.
Nick Yankovic married Mary Elizabeth Vivalda in 1949.
Mary, who was of Italian and English descent, and had come to California from Kentucky, gave birth to Alfred ten years later.
Singer-songwriters from California
Musicians from Los Angeles County, California
Singers from Los Angeles County, California
Supertramp is a British rock band.
They were created and managed by a Dutch millionaire and were very popular in the 1970s.
The members of Supertramp included Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, who wrote most of the songs.
The band's best-known songs include "Dreamer", "Give a Little Bit", "The Logical Song", "Take the Long Way Home", and "It's Raining Again".
Supertramp (1970)
Indelibly Stamped (1971)
Crime of the Century (1974)
Crisis?
What Crisis? (
Even in the Quietest Moments... (1977)
Breakfast in America (1979)
...Famous Last Words... (1982)
Brother Where You Bound (1985)
Free as a Bird (1987)
Some Things Never Change (1997)
Slow Motion (2002)
Tissue, a part of an organ or organism.
It is a group of cells of the same type, such as 'muscle tissue'.
Tissue paper, a type of thin paper.
Facial tissue, a thin, soft, piece of paper used to wipe the nose.
New Mexico is a state of the United States of America.
It is considered part of the American Southwest and is bordered by Texas to the east, Oklahoma to the northeast, Colorado to the north, and Arizona to the west.
The northwest corner of the state also touches Utah.
This area is known as the Four Corners because four states meet there.
The state has the nickname Land of Enchantment.
It has been inhabited since ancient times by the Pueblo people, it was first named and founded as Nuevo México (New Mexico) in the 1500s by Spain.
The state’s ancient Native American and Hispanic history have given New Mexico a unique food type called New Mexican cuisine, and a distinct music style called New Mexico music.
New Mexico became a state on 6 January 1912 and became the 47th state accepted into the United States.
The state capital is Santa Fe.
New Mexico's population is 2,096,829 as of the July 1, 2019 population estimate from the U.S. Census Bureau.
Most of the people live in the biggest city, Albuquerque.
New Mexico is home to one of the longest trams in the world, the Sandia Peak Tramway, in Albuquerque and one of worlds longest zip lines, the Apache Eagle ZipRider, in Ruidoso.
The climate for most of the state is generally semi-arid.
In the summer it can be very hot in southern New Mexico.
The temperature is sometimes over 100 °F (37.8 °C) with lows over 70 °F (21.1 °C).
It occasionally snows in the northern part of the state in the winter.
It is drier in the southern portion of the state, and it rarely snows.
New Mexico is usually affected by the North American monsoon from mid June to late September.
New Mexico is the long-time home of the Pueblo people, a group of Native Americans.
The area was named Nuevo México (New Mexico) by the Spanish in the mid-1500s and officially settled in 1598, its capital Santa Fe was selected in 1610.
In the late 1600s, the Pueblo people revolted against the Spanish.
The Spanish returned twelve years later, and made a better attempt at giving the Pueblos better representation in New Mexico’s society and government.
One such Spanish governor of New Mexico, that is most well known for his work with Native Americans, was named Tomás Vélez Cachupín.
When Mexico became independent in the early 1800s, New Mexico was part of it.
Mexico wasn’t successful in representing the New Mexican people, which lead to another revolt called the Chimayo Rebellion.
In 1846, the United States and Mexico went to war over a border dispute in Texas (a former state of Mexico that, after being its own country for a time joined the US), and the United States won the war.
The peace treaty the two countries signed gave what is now the American Southwest to the United States.
While most of what was then Northern Mexico did not have a large amount of people living in it, New Mexico had population centers in Pueblo and Spanish towns, especially along the Rio Grande river and in the Sangre de Cristo mountains.
The New Mexican citizens living there were allowed to stay if they agreed to become US Citizens; over 90% did.
New Mexico Indian Tribes
New Mexico Monuments
New Mexico National Parks
Gila National Forest
March – The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne.
April 14 – Battle of Barnet – Edward defeats the Lancastrian army under Warwick, who is killed.
May 4 – Battle of Tewkesbury – King Edward defeats a Lancastrian army under Queen Margaret and her son, Edward of Westminster the Prince of Wales, who is killed.
This practically destroys the Lancastrian cause.
May 20 – Henry VI of England is murdered in the Tower of London and Edward IV becomes sole King of England.
October 10 – Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm.
The forces of Regent of Sweden Sten Sture the Elder with help of farmers and miners repel an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark.
First Inca Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui of the Inca Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui.
Pedro Escobar and João Gomes first visit São Tomé and Principe.
Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner  (born 2 October 1951) better known as Sting, is an English singer and musician.
He first became famous as a member of the band, The Police.
As a solo musician and a member of the Police, Sting has received 17 Grammy Awards: he won Song of the Year for "Every Breath You Take", three Brit Awards, including Best British Male Artist in 1994 and Outstanding Contribution in 2002, a Golden Globe, an Emmy and four nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.
In 2019, he received a BMI Award for "Every Breath You Take" becoming the most played song in radio history.
In 2002, Sting received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors and was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003.
In 2000, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording.
In 2003, Sting received a CBE from Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for services to music.
He was made a Kennedy Center Honoree at the White House in 2014, and was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2017.
With the Police, Sting became one of the world's best-selling music artists.
Solo and with the Police combined, he has sold over 100 million records.
In 2006, Paste ranked him 62nd of the 100 best living songwriters.
He was 63rd of VH1's 100 greatest artists of rock, and 80th of Q magazine's 100 greatest musical stars of the 20th century.
He has collaborated with other musicians on songs such as "Money for Nothing" with Dire Straits, "Rise & Fall" with Craig David, "All for Love" with Bryan Adams and Rod Stewart, "You Will Be My Ain True Love" with Alison Krauss, and introduced the North African music genre raï to Western audiences through the hit song "Desert Rose" with Cheb Mami.
In 2018, he released the album 44/876, a collaboration with Jamaican musician Shaggy, which won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 2019.
The Dream of the Blue Turtles  (1985)
Bring On the Night  (1986)
...Nothing Like the Sun  (1987)
The Soul Cages  (1991)
Ten Summoner’s Tales  (1993)
Mercury Falling  (1996)
Brand New Day  (1999)
Sacred Love  (2003)
Songs from the Labyrinth  (2006)
If on a Winter’s Night...  (2009)
Symphonicities  (2010)
The Last Ship  (2013)
57th & 9th  (2016)
Sting & Shaggy: 44/876  (2018)
My Songs  (2019)
The Bridge (2021)
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
Starbucks is a chain of stores that sell coffee.
A chain is many stores owned by the same company.
Many of the stores look the same, and all stores sell the same items, often at the same prices.
As well as coffee, Starbucks sells beverages and baked goods.
Starbucks started in Seattle in the United States in 1971.
The number of stores has grown quickly.
There are over 9,000 Starbucks stores all over the world.
Most of these stores are in the United States.
Some large cities in the U.S. have many Starbucks stores.
Sometimes they open so many stores in one city that there are two Starbucks within a few blocks of each other.
Starbucks sells many kinds of drinks.
There are 5 sizes: short, tall, grande, venti and trenta.
There are many ways to customize each drink.
A frappuccino, for example, is a cold drink.
Flavored syrup and cream is added to coffee or juice and stirred with ice.
International growth
The first Starbucks in Japan opened in Ginza in 1996.
There were 985 stores in Japan in 2012.
Coffee houses
1971 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Seattle, Washington
Frasier is an American sitcom starring Kelsey Grammer.
The series aired on NBC from 1993-2004.
It was a spin-off from Cheers.
Story based upon the intellectual, mild mannered psychiatrist and his life.
Revolving around his personal life and hilarious interpersonal interactions with his father (Martin Crane, an ex-cop who got shot in the hip, so he needs a cane), his eccentric brother Niles, who is also a psychiatrist, his father's attractive English health care worker Daphne Moon and a host of folks he regularly runs into / works with at the radio station (including his producer Roz Doyle) where he hosts a community psychiatric call-in show.
Dr. Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer)
Daphne Moon (Jane Leeves)
Dr. Niles Crane (David Hyde Pierce)
Roz Doyle (Peri Gilpin)
John Mahoney (Martin Crane)
1993 American television series debuts
American television spin-offs
Television series about brothers
Television series set in Seattle, Washington
A spin-off is something new that comes from something already present.
If military technology finds civilian use, for example, that is one kind of spin-off.
It is often used for video games, movies, and television programmes, but it can also be used when talking about companies or organisations.
A spin-off may have the same people, places, themes or ideas as the original.
Spin-offs in television
Frasier (spin-off from Cheers)
Angel (spin-off from Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
The Facts of Life (spin-off of Diff'rent Strokes)
She-Ra: Princess of Power (spin-off from He-Man and the Masters of the Universe)
Daria (spin-off from Beavis and Butthead, which was a spin-off from Liquid Television)
The Simpsons (spin-off from The Tracey Ullman Show)
Torchwood (spin-off from Doctor Who)
Jack and the Pack and All Engines Go (spin-off from Thomas and Friends)
A.N.T. Farm (spin-off from Kids Incorporated)
Sam & Cat (spin-off from iCarly and Victorious)
The Jeffersons (spin-off from All in the Family)
Pedophilia (Paedophilia in British English) is a psychiatric disorder when a person 16 years of age or older is primarily or exclusively sexually attracted to children who have not begun puberty (Usually under 13 years old).
A person with pedophilia (adults and older adolescents who are sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children) is called a pedophile.
The child must be at least five years younger than the person in the case of adolescent pedophiles before the attraction can be called pedophilia.
Adults whose primary or exclusive sexual attraction is for pubescent early adolescents (ages 11 to 14) are properly called Hebephiles, not pedophiles.
Adults whose primary or exclusive sexual attraction is for late to post-pubescent teens (ages 15 to 19) are properly called Ephebophiles, but ephebophilia is not considered abnormal by mental health professionals.
The opposite of pedophilia is Teleiophilia (the sexual attraction to young adults).
A narrower sub-type of pedophilia is called Nepiophilia or Infantophilia (the sexual attraction to pre-pubescent children restricted to babies/toddlers).
Medically, this condition is classified by the American Psychiatric Association as a mental disorder.
Some pedophiles have sex with children or use children in a sexual way.
This is called "child sexual abuse" because by law, children are unable to truly agree to sexual acts with an adult.
Some adults have pedophilic feelings but do not act by sexually abusing children.
Some adults who are not pedophiles commit sexual abuse against children.
Not all pedophiles feel or act in the same way.
Since the 1880s, psychologists have studied and shown that different pedophiles might act in different ways:
Some pedophiles are only sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children.
They are called exclusive pedophiles.
Some pedophiles have a sexual preference for pre-pubescent children but are sexually attracted to adults as well.
They are called preferential pedophiles.
Some adults who prefer adult sexual partners are also sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children.
The people who abuse children are often known to them—such as parents, other relatives, and friends—and are not strangers.
One research study found that half the adults convicted of child sexual abuse of children outside of their family were also sexually abusing their own children.
Is it common?
Medical researchers do not know how many people in the population are pedophiles.
This is because it is hard to study people's feelings and desires unless they actually show that they have those feelings.
Generally, the only pedophiles who can be studied are those who have both broken the law and been caught and convicted of child sexual abuse.
A second reason is that when an adult or teenager sexually abuses a child, people often call the abuser a "pedophile", but it is possible that the abuse happened for a different reason, such as the unavailability of an adult partner.
Experts generally define a person as a pedophile only if they are primarily or exclusively sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children.
If a person sexually abuses a pre-pubescent child to frighten or punish them, for example, then it may not be true pedophile behavior.
Some sources, such as the Mayo Clinic, report that most child sexual abuse of pre-pubescent children is committed by pedophiles, while other studies report that most people who sexually abuse children are not pedophiles.
According to some studies, about 1% of all adult males may be pedophiles.
As of 2008, most doctors believe that pedophilia cannot be cured.
The current approach to deal with pedophiles who have been convicted of sexual abuse is to try to change their behavior.
It does not change their sexual attraction.
Using this treatment, it is believed that some sex offenders can be prevented from offending again.
Medications such as Depo-Provera can be used to treat pedophilia.
Paraphilias
Igneous rocks are rocks formed from molten magma.
The material is made liquid by the heat inside the Earth's mantle.
When magma comes out onto the surface of the Earth, it is called lava.
Lava cools down to form rocks such as tuff and basalt.
Intrusive rocks are made when the magma slowly cools to form rocks under the surface.
Granite is one of these.
Geological significance
their absolute ages may be determined from various forms of radiometric dating.
This gives information about the dating of adjacent non-igneous geological strata;
their features are usually characteristic of a specific tectonic environment (see plate tectonics);
in some special circumstances they host important mineral deposits (ores): for example, tungsten, tin, and uranium are commonly associated with granites and diorites, whereas ores  of chromium and platinum are commonly associated with gabbros.
Two types
Igneous rock formed from magma that has become solid inside the earth is called intrusive igneous rock.
Examples of intrusive igneous rock types are gabbro, diorite, and granite.
Igneous rock formed from lava that has become solid on the outside of the Earth is called extrusive igneous rock.
This can happen because of the eruption of a volcano.
Some extrusive igneous rock types are basalt, andesite, rhyolite, tuff, obsidian, and pumice.
Magma is made from my bhosda temperature fluid substance.
Temperatures of most magmas are in the range 700&nbspplutonic), or forced out to the surface (extrusion or volcanic) as lava, or blown out in exposions which include rock pieces (tephra).
Magma is made up of atoms and molecules of melted minerals.
When magma cools the atoms and molecules rearrange to form mineral grains.
Rock forms when mineral grains (often crystals) grow together.
Granite, diorite, gabbro and basalt are a few types of igneous rock.
Quartz is one of the chief minerals produced by igneous action; it is made of silica (SiO2), the most common molecule in igneous minerals.
Some examples of igneous volcanic rock are pumice, obsidian (volcanic glass), and scoria and much more.
Most of the minerals that make up igneous rock are of these types:p12
Olivines
Pyroxenes
Amphiboles
Micas
Feldspars & feldspathoids
Igneous rocks can be classified according to their chemistry.
The main types are:
Mafic: a silicate mineral or igneous rock which is rich in magnesium and iron.
Felsic: silicate minerals, magma, and igneous rocks which are rich in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium.
The first six minerals in the list are silicates.
Oxides are mostly of iron.
Bauxite is the main ore of aluminium.
Bauxite is the most important aluminium ore.
It is largely made up of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH)3, Boehmite γ-AlO(OH), and Diaspore α-AlO(OH), together with the iron oxides Goethite and Hematite, the clay mineral Kaolinite and small amounts of Anatase TiO2.
It was named after the village Les Baux-de-Provence in southern France, where it was first discovered in 1821 by geologist Pierre Berthier.
Today the four biggest producers are Australia, Brazil, China and India.
There are two main kinds of bauxite ores: carbonate bauxites (karst bauxites), and silicate bauxites (lateritic bauxites).
Carbonate bauxites were discovered earlier, and occur mainly in Europe and Jamaica above carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite.
Lateritic bauxites occur in many countries of the tropical belt.
They were formed from various silicate rocks such as granite, gneiss, basalt, syenite, and shale.
For bauxite to be created there must be intense weathering conditions and very good drainage.
Bauxite deposits with highest aluminium content are frequently located below an iron-bearing surface layer.
In lateritic bauxite, the aluminum hydroxide contained in laterite deposits is almost entirely a form called gibbsite.
Chalcopyrite is the main ore of copper.
It is mostly copper iron sulfide.
It is also known as peacock ore or peacock copper.
It is often mistaken for bornite.
Hematite or haematite is the main ore of iron.
It is mostly iron(III) oxide.
Millions of tons are dug up every year.
This is usually to feed to blast furnaces to make steel.
It is a mineral related to corundum.
It is an oxide.
It has no cleavage (the way a mineral breaks).
It has a fracture.
The fracture is irregular and uneven.
Hematite on the hardness scale is 5 to 6.
It has a bright red to dark red streak.
To find the streak, you take the mineral and run it across a plate of unglazed porcelain.
The colours can be metallic grey to a dark, rough and earthy red colour.
Hematite has the chemical formula of Fe2O3.
Iron compounds
Galena is the main ore of lead.
It is mostly lead(II) sulphide.
Galena is one of the most common and widely used sulfide minerals.
It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system often showing octahedral forms.
It is often found with the minerals sphalerite, calcite and fluorite.
Robert Joseph Dole (July 22, 1923 – December 5, 2021) was an American politician and lawyer.
He was the United States Senator from Kansas between 1969 to 1996 as a member of the Republican Party.
He was the Republican Leader of the United States Senate during the final eleven years of his Senate career from 1985 until 1996.
Before his senate career, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1961 to 1969.
Dole was the Republican nominee for Vice President in the 1976 election and for President in the 1996 election.
Dole was born and raised in Russell, Kansas, where he began with a legal career after serving in the United States Army during World War II.
He was the Russell County Attorney for a short time until he won election to the House of Representatives in 1960.
In 1968, Dole was elected to the Senate, where he was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1971 to 1973 and chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1981 to 1985.
He was the Senate Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987 and from 1995 to 1996.
President Gerald Ford chose Dole as his running mate in the 1976 election after Vice President Nelson Rockefeller did not want to continue being Ford's vice president.
Ford lost the election to Democrat Jimmy Carter in the general election.
Dole ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 1980 but quickly dropped out of the race.
He ran again for the nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries but lost to Vice President George H. W. Bush.
Dole won the Republican nomination in 1996, however lost in the general election to President Bill Clinton.
He resigned from the Senate during the 1996 campaign and did not run for public office again after the election.
After retiring from the Senate, Dole appeared in commercials and television programs.
In 2012, Dole unsuccessfully supporting Senate passing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Dole is currently a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and special counsel at the Washington, D.C., office of law firm Alston & Bird.
On January 17, 2018, Dole was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.
He was married to former U.S. Senator Elizabeth Dole of North Carolina.
Dole was born on July 22, 1923, in Russell, Kansas, the son of Bina M. (née Talbott; 1904–1983) and Doran Ray Dole (1901–1975).
The Doles lived in a house at 1035 North Maple in Russell and it remained his official residence during his political career.
Dole graduated from Russell High School in the spring of 1941 and went to the University of Kansas.
While at the University of Kansas, Dole played for the basketball team, the track team, and the football team.
In 1942 he was a teammate of former Tennessee Titans owner Bud Adams, Adams's only season playing football at Kansas.
While in college, Dole joined the Kappa Sigma fraternity.
During his college years, Dole enlisted in the United States Army during World War II in 1942.
In April 1945, while in combat near Castel d'Aiano southwest of Bologna, Italy, Dole was seriously wounded by German machine gun fire, being struck in his upper back and right arm.
His recovery was slow as he had many health problems caused by his injured.
Dole recovered from his wounds and was honored three times, receiving two Purple Hearts for his injuries, and the Bronze Star with valor for his attempt to help a radioman.
The injuries left him with limited mobility in his right arm and numbness in his left arm.
Dole ran for office for the first time in 1950 and was elected to the Kansas House of Representatives, being a member for a two-year term.
In 1952, he became the County Attorney of Russell County.
In 1960, Dole was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Kansas' 6th congressional district.
After his first term, Kansas lost a congressional district, and most of Dole's district was merged with the 2nd district to form a new 1st district.
Dole was elected from this district in 1962 and was reelected two more times.
U.S. Senate, 1969–1996
In 1968, Dole won the United States Senate election against former Kansas Governor William H. Avery for the Republican nomination to replaced retiring Senator Frank Carlson.
Dole was re-elected in 1974, 1980, 1986, and 1992.
While in the Senate, Dole was a strong supporter of the Vietnam War and attacked Democratic Senator George McGovern for not supporting the war.
He was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1971 until 1973, the ranking Republican on the Agriculture Committee from 1975 until 1978, and the chairman of the Finance Committee from 1981 until 1985.
In November 1984, Dole was elected Senate Majority leader, beating Ted Stevens by 28 to 25 votes, in the fourth round of voting.
In 1976, Dole ran unsuccessfully for vice president on a ticket headed by President Gerald Ford.
During the Vice Presidential debate with Walter Mondale, "I figured it up the other day: If we added up the killed and wounded in Democrat wars in this century, it would be about 1.6 million Americans — enough to fill the city of Detroit".
Over time in the Senate, Dole was seen by some as having a moderate voting record, meaning he often voted with the Democrats.
During the 1970s, he worked with Senator McGovern to help pass a law making food stamps easier to access.
In 1982, The New York Times called Dole as changing from becoming strictly a conservative to "mainstream" Republican.
In October 1995, Dole and Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich led the Republican-controlled Congress to pass a spending bill that President Clinton vetoed, leading to the federal government shutdown from 1995–96.
The following month Republican and Democratic leaders, including Vice President Al Gore, Dick Armey, and Dole, met to try to fix the budget and were unable to reach an agreement.
By January 1996, Dole was more open to talk about ending the shutdown, but was not supported by other Republicans who wanted to continue until their demands were met.
Gingrich and Dole had a hard time working together as they were possible rivals for the 1996 Republican nomination.
In a January 1996 address, during the shutdown, President Bill Clinton said that Dole was a good lawmaker for "working together in good faith" to reopen the government.
Dole first ran for President of the United States in 1980 for the Republican nomination, eventually won by Ronald Reagan.
He finished behind Reagan, George H. W. Bush and four others in Iowa and New Hampshire, receiving only 2.5% and 0.4% of votes cast in those contests.
Dole ended his campaign after New Hampshire and announced his formal withdrawal from the race on March 15, instead being re-elected to his third term as Senator that year.
Dole announced his second campaign in 1988, formally announcing his candidacy in his hometown of Russell, Kansas, on November 9, 1987.
Dole started out strongly by beating Vice President George H. W. Bush in the Iowa caucus.
However, Bush would beat Dole in the New Hampshire primary a week later.
During the New Hampshire primaries, Dole lost his temper in a television interview with Tom Brokaw, saying Bush should "stop lying about my record", in response to a Bush commercial which accused Dole laying about his tax ideas.
Dole lost to Bush again in South Carolina in early March and several days later, every southern state voted for Bush in a Super Tuesday sweep.
He eventually lost Illinois to Bush and afterwards dropped out of the race.
1996 presidential campaign
On April 10, 1995, Dole announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for president, in his third campaign for the presidency.
Dole was the early front-runner for the nomination.
At least eight candidates ran for the nomination, such as the more conservative Senator Phil Gramm of Texas and more moderate Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania.
Pat Buchanan upset Dole in the early New Hampshire primary, however, with Dole finishing second and former Tennessee governor Lamar Alexander finishing third.
Many believed that Dole was not doing good at first because he was not "conservative enough".
Dole eventually won the nomination in May after winning all the Midwestern primaries, becoming the oldest first-time presidential nominee at the age of 73 years.
If elected, he would have been the oldest president to take office.
In his acceptance speech, Dole said: "Let me be the bridge to an America that only the unknowing call myth.
Let me be the bridge to a time of tranquillity, faith, and confidence in action".
President Bill Clinton responded, "We do not need to build a bridge to the past, we need to build a bridge to the future".
Dole hoped to use his long experience in Senate to boost his odds against an incumbent president.
On June 11, 1996, Dole resigned his seat to focus on the campaign, saying he had "nowhere to go but the White House or home".
Dole promised a 15% reduction in income tax rates and made former Congressman and supply side supporter Jack Kemp his running mate for vice president.
Clinton said Dole was a clone of unpopular then-House Speaker Newt Gingrich.
He warned that Dole would work with the Republican Congress to cut popular social programs, like Medicare and Social Security.
Dole's tax-cut plan found itself under attack from the White House, who said it would "blow a hole in the deficit".
Some people were worried about Dole's age and on September 18, 1996 at a rally in Chico, California, he was reaching down to shake the hand of a supporter, when the railing on the stage gave way and he tumbled four feet.
Many compared the fall between Dole to a younger Clinton, making it clear that Dole's age was becoming an issue.
Dole lost to incumbent President Clinton, with a 379–159 Electoral College landslide.
Clinton won 49.2% of the vote against Dole's 40.7% and Ross Perot's 8.4%.
Many believe that the strong economy during the Clinton president helped the president win a second term.
After the 1996 election, Dole began to focus on writing, being a lawyer, public speaking, and television appearances.
He became a television commercial spokesman for Viagra, Visa, Dunkin' Donuts and Pepsi-Cola.
He was also a political commentator on the interview program Larry King Live, and has been a guest a number of times on Comedy Central's The Daily Show with Jon Stewart.
Dole was, for a short time, a commentator with Bill Clinton on CBS's 60 Minutes.
He also made a cameo appearance on Saturday Night Live making fun of himself.
From 1998 to 2002, Dole was head of the Federal City Council in Washington, D.C. Dole later joined the Washington, D.C. firm Verner, Liipfert, Bernhard, McPherson and Hand, where he became a lobbyist.
Dole joined the Washington, D.C. law and lobbying firm Alston & Bird LLP.
Dole was also involved in many voluntary organizations.
He served as national chairman of the World War II Memorial Campaign, which raised funds for the building of the National World War II Memorial.
He also worked with former President Clinton on the Families of Freedom Foundation, a scholarship fund campaign to pay for college educations for the families of 9/11 victims.
In 2007, President George W. Bush appointed Dole and Donna Shalala, former Secretary of Health and Human Services, as co-chairs of the commission to investigate problems at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.
That same year, Dole joined fellow former Senate majority leaders Howard Baker, Tom Daschle, and George Mitchell to found the Bipartisan Policy Center, to create ideas for bipartisan support.
Trump presidency
In 2015, Dole supported former Florida governor Jeb Bush in his presidential campaign.
After Bush ended his campaign following the South Carolina primary, Dole supported Florida senator Marco Rubio's campaign.
During the campaign, Dole criticized Texas senator Ted Cruz questioning his support of Republican ideas.
Dole later supported Donald Trump after Trump won the Republican nomination.
He was the only former Republican presidential nominee to go to the 2016 Republican National Convention.
Former Dole advisers, including Paul Manafort, played a major role in Trump's presidential campaign.
After Trump won the 2016 election, Dole worked with the Trump campaign and presidential transition team to set up meetings with the government of Taiwan.
After Trump lost the election, he made false claims about voter fraud and that the election was stolen.
Dole did not agree with Trump and said there was no fraud in the many lawsuits that Trump claimed there was.
Dole married Phyllis Holden in 1948, three months after they met.
The couple only had one daughter, Robin.
Dole and Holden divorced January 11, 1972.
Dole met his second wife, Elizabeth, in 1972.
The couple were married in 1975 and had no children.
Dole was a Freemason.
He was known for speaking to himself in the third person in conversation.
After prostate surgery, Dole had erectile dysfunction and made a public service announcement speaking up about it.
In 2001, Dole, at age 77, was treated for an aortic aneurysm.
In January 2005, Dole had bleeding inside his head.
Dole spent 40 days at Walter Reed Army Medical Center and the bleeding left him with mobility problems.
In February 2010, Dole was hospitalized for pneumonia after having knee surgery.
He spent ten months at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, recovering from the surgery, and had pneumonia three times.
He was released from the hospital in November 2010.
In January 2011, however, Dole was hospitalized again to Walter Reed Army Medical Center and spent about six days there, being treated for a fever and an infection.
On September 13, 2017, Dole was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center for low blood pressure.
He stayed for 24 hours before returning home.
In July 2021, he began getting immunotherapy, instead of chemotherapy because of its negative effects on his body.