the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
While the wavelength of visible light is very very small, less than one micrometer and much less than the thickness of a human hair, radio waves can have a wavelength from a couple centimeters to several meters.
They also have a radio frequency.
The smallest radio waves are called microwaves.
Shortwaves are not quite so small.
There are also medium and long waves.
Antennas designed to send and receive radio waves are usually similar in size to the wavelength they are to use.
Many radio antennas (like those on cars) are made long because they receive signals of FM radio (a few meters, several feet) or AM radio (hundreds of meters, about a thousand feet).
Manmade radio waves have been used since the 19th century for communication.
Radar was developed in the 20th century, using radio waves to 'see' distant objects by bouncing waves off an object and seeing how long it takes for the waves to return.
Radios also use these waves to send and receive information.
Radio waves from other planets were first discovered in the 1930s by Karl Guthe Jansky, working for Bell Laboratories.
Bell was detecting noise (electronics) on radio channels, and had Jansky try to find the source of this static, or interference.
After identifying noise that came from lightning, he spent much time looking into the remainder.
Surprisingly, some of the interference was coming from space!
This discovery eventually led astronomers to look at radio waves along with light waves to find things in the sky.
These radio astronomers use giant Radio telescopes, shaped like satellite dishes, to gather and study the waves.
Radio waves are used for many things today.
Broadcasting and communications satellites and mobile phones and many computers communicate by radio waves.
Radio technology
A bridge is a structure to cross an open space or gap.
Bridges are mostly made for crossing rivers, valleys, or roads.
Nowadays most big bridges are made to carry vehicles but people have also walked across bridges for thousands of years.
Bridges called highway overpasses carry a road over another road.
Military bridges are portable, so that they may be easily moved to where they are needed.
This makes them much more complex than most civilian bridges.
The first man-made bridges were probably made from cut wood or stones.
Some stone bridges have lasted thousands of years.
In recent centuries large bridges are made mostly of steel.
They do not last as long.
Many bridges are in a state of disrepair.
Types of bridges
Beam bridges
cantilever bridges,
arch bridges
suspension bridges and
cable-stayed bridges
Mysticism is the belief that people can directly experience God or true reality, rather than through books, ritual or other people.
People who practice this are called mystics.
Mystics exist within most religions, though not all people who practice religions are mystics.
Mystics may experience visions or dreams, or hear God as a voice.
Hindu mystics
Sri Ramakrishna
Christian mystics
Augustine of Hippo (354–430)
Gregory I (590–604)
Bridget of Sweden (1303–1373)
John of the Cross (1542–1591)
George Fox (1624–1691)
William Blake (1757–1827)
Thomas Merton (1915–1968)
Islamic mystics
Islamic Mysticism is known as Tassawuf (or Sufism) and a detailed list of Muslim Sufi mystics is given on the Sufism page.
Jewish mystics
Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902-1994)
Buddhist mystics
Siddhartha Gautama (563 BC-483 BC)
Bodhidharma (440-528)
Ontario is a province of Canada.
It is in the eastern half of Canada, between Manitoba and Quebec.
Ontario has the most people of any province, with 13,150,000 in 2009, and is home to the biggest city in Canada, Toronto, which is also the capital of the province.
In the eastern part of the province, placed on the border with Quebec, is Ottawa, the capital of Canada, located on the Ottawa River.
Ontario also has the second largest land area, with 1,076,395 km²; only Quebec is larger by size. (
Nunavut and Northwest Territories are also larger, but are called territories and not provinces).
The province has one of the longest borders with the United States and there are several border crossings including the one at Niagara Falls.
Along this border are 4 large lakes called Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior.
They each are partly in Ontario and partly in the United States, and the border runs through them, but not Lake Michigan, which is entirely in the United States.
These five lakes are together are called the Great Lakes.
There are a number of symbols that represent the province of Ontario.
The flag is red with the British Union Jack in the top left corner and the provincial shield is on the right hand side of the flag.
The provincial bird is the loon, and the provincial flower is the trillium.
It has three flower petals and it is usually white but some times is pink or purple.
Ontario became part of Canada when it was created in 1867.
Before 1840, it was known as Upper Canada, which was a colony in the British Empire.
Between 1840 and 1867 it was known as Canada West.
The government of Ontario sits at Queen's Park in Toronto.
The leader of the government is called the Premier, and the current Premier is Doug Ford.
There is also a Lieutenant Governor who represents the Queen, and the current Lieutenant Governor is Elizabeth Dowdeswell.
Ontario is very large, so sometimes people break it into two.
The two parts are called Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario.
Most of the people in Ontario live in the south, and that is where the big cities are.
The big cities in Southern Ontario are Toronto and the rest of the Greater Toronto Area, Ottawa and the National Capital Region, Hamilton, London, Windsor, and Sarnia.
The cities in the north are smaller.
In the far north of Ontario hardly any people live at all, and there are no roads or railways making it difficult to even get to those places.
Much of Ontario gets lots of snow in the winter.
In the summer, it can get very hot in the south parts.
In some big cities, there is smog in the summer.
Manitoba is a province of Canada.
It lies roughly in the centre of Canada.
Manitoba is the 6th largest province with  area.
It has the fifth largest number of people, with 1,379,584 in 2020.
People from Manitoba are called "Manitobans".
People have been living in Manitoba for thousands of years.
Both the Hudson's Bay Company from England and many people from France moved to Manitoba during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.
It became part of the Northwest Territories in 1869.
The Red River Rebellion, which was started by Louis Riel, began in Manitoba.
Manitoba became part of Canada on 12 May 1870.
It included only the southern part which is nearest to the United States.
But parts of the Northwest Territories were added to Manitoba later on.
The capital of Manitoba is the city of Winnipeg.
Other large cities in Manitoba include Steinbach and Brandon.
The people of Manitoba elected a legislature.
The leader of the government, who is called the Premier, is the leader of the largest party in the legislature.
There is also a Lieutenant Governor, who represents the Queen.
Right now, the premier of Manitoba is Greg Selinger and the Lieutenant Governor is Philip S. Lee.
1870 establishments in North America
The head of government is the leader of the executive branch of a nation's government.
This is not always the same person as the head of state.
Official titles for heads of government include Premier or Prime Minister.
For example, in the United States, the president is both the head of state and the head of government.
In the Republic of Ireland the president is the head of state but the Taoiseach is the head of government.
In most modern monarchies the king (or queen) is the head of state but not the head of government, as is the case of Japan and the UK, for example.
Saskatchewan (; Canadian French:  ) is a province in Canada.
About 1 million people live in Saskatchewan.
Most of its population lives in the southern part of the province.
The primary industry in Saskatchewan is agriculture (farming).
Saskatchewan is known for its wide horizons.
The land is very flat in the south, so you can sometimes see far away.
Not all the land is flat prairie.
There are beautiful scenic woodlands and forests in the central and northern regions and parklands with lakes for fishing.
The province is marked by and named after the North and South Saskatchewan rivers that run through it.
The province is nicknamed The Land of Living Skies.
Saskatchewan was founded on September 1, 1905, the same date that Alberta was founded.
The province's colors are gold, red, green, white, brown, yellow, and black.
Gold for the wheat, red for the Prairie Lily which is the provincial flower, green for the forests, white for the snow, brown for the fresh cut fields, yellow for the canola and sunflowers, and black for the coal and oil.
The largest city in Saskatchewan is Saskatoon, followed by the province's capital, Regina.
Saskatchewan is (approximately) a quadrilateral (four-sided object) bounded on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the American states of Montana and North Dakota.
Classical music is a very general term which normally refers to the standard music of countries in the western world.
It is music that has been composed by musicians who are trained in the art of writing music (composing) and written down in music notation so that other musicians can play it.
Classical music may also be described as "art music" though it was not good in classical period that term also Includes types of serious modern music which are not classical.
Classical music differs from pop music because it is not made just in order to be popular for time or just to be a commercial success.
It is different from folk music which is generally made up by ordinary members of society and learned by future generations by listening, dancing and copying.
Meaning of "classic"
The word “classic” tends to mean: an art which is so good that it will always be enjoyed by future generations.
It is something that has become a model for future artists.
The period of Ancient Greece and Rome is known as the Classical Period because, many centuries later, people looked back to those ancient civilizations and thought they were perfect.
In recent European history the 18th century was known as the Classical Period because musicians, artists, writers and philosophers were inspired by the art forms of the Classical Period of Ancient Greece and Rome.
Something that is a “classic” is therefore something that will always be remembered as something great.
Famous books such as the novels of Charles Dickens are called "classics". “
Classical music” therefore tends to mean music that will not be forgotten soon after it is written, but is likely to be enjoyed by many future generations.
Contrast with pop music and jazz
Although people sometimes think of classical music as the opposite of pop music, it can still be very popular.
Like all kinds of music, classical music can be in many different moods: happy, sad, scary, peaceful, thoughtful, simple etc.
Mozart wrote his serenades and divertimentos to entertain people at parties.
Classical pieces of music can be quite short, but they can also be very long, like a big, musical story.
A symphony by Mahler or Shostakovich can last for nearly an hour, and an opera is a whole evening’s entertainment.
Classical music is also different from jazz because true jazz is improvised.
However, the differences are not always obvious.
Classical music has often been inspired by jazz, and jazz by classical music.
George Gershwin wrote music which is both jazz and classical.
Classical music, too, can be improvised.
The great composers Bach, Mozart and Beethoven often improvised long pieces of music on the organ, harpsichord or piano.
Sometimes they wrote these improvistions down.
They were, in effect, compositions which were composed in one go.
Religious and non-Religious music
In Western countries a vast amount of music was written for Christian worship in churches and cathedrals.
This is called “sacred” (religious) music.
All other music is “secular” music.
The word “secular” means things that are not sacred.
Sacred and secular music have influenced one another in many ways during the course of music history.
Secular music was largely influenced by dance, and this in turn changed the style of scared music.
For example: the church music of the 16th century composer Giovanni da Palestrina has nothing to do with dance music, but both the sacred and secular music of Johann Sebastian Bach two centuries later is full of dance rhythms.
At some times in music history there have been different styles of composing for sacred and for secular music.
Claudio Monteverdi uses two different styles for his church and for his non-church music.
When composers were experimenting with new ways of writing music they usually did this with secular music, and sacred music caught up later.
Use of the term "classical music"
The term "classical music" was not used until the early 19th century.
People then started talking about classical music in order to praise the great composers such as Bach, Mozart and Beethoven.
In the 20th century many different ways of composing were used, including music played by electronic instruments or very modern music using strange sounds (experimental or "avant garde" music), for example the music of John Cage.
Some people feel that this kind of music cannot really be described as "classical music".
Instruments used
Classical music can be for instruments or for the voice.
The symphony orchestra is the most common group of instruments for the playing of classical music.
It has four families of instruments: the string instruments which include the violins, violas, cellos and piano, the woodwind instruments which include flutes, oboes,clarinets and bassoons together with related instruments of different sizes, the brass instruments: trumpet, trombone, tuba and French horn, and percussion instruments which nearly always includes timpani as well as many other possible instruments which are hit or shaken.
This is very different from a typical rock band which has a drummer, a guitarist, one or two singers and an electric bass and keyboard.
Instruments that play classical music are not normally amplified electronically.
The same applies to the voice.
Singers may be sopranos, altos, tenors or basses, depending on their vocal range.
Their voices are not amplified.
Opera singers, in particular, have to develop very powerful voices which will be heard over the orchestra and project right to the back of an opera house.
The instruments used in classical music developed at different times.
Some of the earliest were known in Medieval music.
The trombone and the triangle have hardly changed for hundreds of years, but the violin family developed from folk instruments such as fiddles and gradually replaced the viols to form the basis of the modern orchestra.
This was happening by the beginning of the 17th century, which was the time when opera was invented.
In general, musical instruments have become louder as concert halls have become bigger.
Violins are louder than viols.
Modern violins are louder than the early 17th century violins, largely because of they have metal strings instead of gut strings.
The piano developed from the clavichord which was very quiet indeed.
Woodwind instruments developed from Renaissance instruments, while the clarinet was invented in the middle of the 18th century, and the saxophone and tuba came even later.
Modern trumpets sound much brighter than the straight trumpets of the 18th century.
Form (shape) of classical music pieces
Most popular music is based on song form, but classical music has many different forms, some of which can be used over a long time span to make big compositions.
Classical music can have many forms, including the symphony, concerto, oratorio, opera, sonata, fugue or any combination of dance movements such as suites.
In many of the longer compositions, short tunes are developed and changed during the course of the piece.
Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony is a good example of a piece which develops from just four notes into a large piece lasting about half an hour.
Musical training and general use of classical music
People who want to be good at performing classical music have to practice hard for many years.
They normally have formal training at a music college or conservatoire and have lessons from well-known music teachers.
Classical musicians often spend a lot of time thinking carefully about pieces of music, especially about pieces of music that they perform.
They study such things as harmony and counterpoint to help them understand the way that the composers were thinking when they put the piece together.
When they look at pieces of music in this way this is called “musical analysis”.
People who specialize in thinking and writing about music may become professors or lecturers of music at universities.
Classical music is often heard in popular culture.
It is used as background music for movies, television programs, advertisements and even for mobile phone ringing tones.
Most people in the Western world recognize many classical tunes, possibly without even realizing it.
Some classical pieces of music have become enormously popular, e.g. the song Nessun dorma from Giacomo Puccini's opera Turandot which was sung by the three tenors Luciano Pavarotti, Plácido Domingo and José Carreras, and used as the theme tune for the 1990 Soccer World Cup.
This made many people who had never been interested in opera start to become curious about it.
Outline of the history of classical music
The history of classical music really started in the late Middle Ages.
Music written for the church was almost always vocal (singing),  because instruments were thought to be wicked.
This is because the devil played them, and because they were used for dancing.
There was a lot of dance music, but most of it is lost because it was never written down.
The Renaissance was from the 15th century until the 17th century.
This period saw a massive increase in the composition of music, both sacred and secular.
Many great cathedrals had been built in Europe and composers wrote music for them, mostly vocal music.
Secular music also became extremely popular, especially songs and madrigals, which would sometimes be accompanied by instruments.
Baroque period
The Baroque period was from about the 17th century until the mid-18th century.
This was the time when the modern orchestra was formed, more or less as we know it.
It was also the time when opera was invented.
Most musicians worked either for the church or for rich people who had their own orchestras.
Many of them also started to work for opera houses.
The years between 1760 - 1825 was known as the Classical period.
Composers thought a lot about the forms of their pieces and were influenced by the classical art of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
The symphony was invented and various forms of chamber music including the string quartet.
The greatest composers include: Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Antonio Salieri, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert .
From 1820 to 1910 was known as the Romantic period.
Composers continued to use the forms that had been invented in the 18th century, but they also thought that personal feeling and emotion were very important.
Music for orchestra sometimes told a story (programme music).
Musicians who played their instruments brilliantly (such as Paganini) were worshipped like heroes.
Beethoven and Schubert belong, in many ways, to this period as well as to the Classical period.
It was a time when there were a lot of changes in society.
After the wars that Napoleon had waged, there were not so many ruling aristocratic families.
There was a lot of feeling of nationalism as countries united.
19th century music is often nationalistic: composers wrote music that was typical of their own country.
What is known as 20th century classical music (or “modern music”) is music from about 1910 onwards.
At this time many composers felt that everything had already been done by the composers of the past, so they wanted to find new ways of composing.
Claude Debussy, Arnold Schoenberg and Igor Stravinsky, in particular, found new ways of writing music which was not necessarily tonal (in any particular key).
Classical music was influenced by jazz, especially with American composers.
Later in the century people such as Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen experimented in many other ways, including with electronic music (tape recorders etc.).
Today’s composers have combined some of these ideas to develop their own styles.
It has never been possible to say exactly what is meant by “classical music”.
Many different kinds of music influence one another.
Since 1970 it has been even harder to make clear dividing lines between rock, pop, classical, folk, jazz and world music.
This shows that classical music, like other kinds of music, continues to develop and reflect the society from which it comes.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed.
Stanley Sadie; 1980;
SNAFU or snafu is an acronym that the United States Military first used.
Civilians now use it as well.
It stands for Situation Normal: All (Fucked/Fouled/Francis) Up.
In modern times, it means a situation that was occurring normally but then suddenly began to go wrong.
The general's visit this week-end went well until we hit a snafu.
Everything went wrong after that.
Snafu is used mostly as a noun.
It can also be used as a verb but usually in the passive sense.
For instance, someone would say:
The general's visit this week-end went well until it snafued.
The general's visit this week-end went well until we snafued it.
Atlanta is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Georgia.
It is one of the South's largest cities.
Atlanta is known as a major business city.
It is the home of Coca-Cola Company, CNN, AT&T, and Home Depot, as well as many other Fortune 500 companies.
Atlanta's airport, called Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, is the busiest airport in the world.
Atlanta is near the center of Georgia and is on the Chattahoochee River.
Many African Americans live in Atlanta.
Some people call it a "black mecca".
Atlanta was built on Cherokee Native American land.
It was called Terminus until 1843, when the name was changed to Marthasville.
In 1845 the name was changed again to Atlanta.
During the American Civil War, Atlanta was where several battles happened.
Some of the battles were the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Ezra Church.
The city was burnt down and almost entirely destroyed.
After the war, the city was built again, and got a nickname because it was built so fast: "the Phoenix City", after the bird which burns itself then rises from the ashes in old myths.
A picture of the bird is on the city seal.
There have been racial problems in Atlanta.
During riots in 1906, at least 12 people died and more than 70 other people were hurt.
In 1913, a Jewish man named Leo Frank was tried in court for raping and killing a girl in a factory where he worked.
He was found guilty, but then the government decided not to execute him because not everyone was convinced he had done it.
This upset people who thought he had killed the girl, and there were more riots in 1915 and Frank was lynched (hanged with a rope until he died).
In the 1930s, the Great Depression came to Atlanta.
Many people did not have jobs and were hungry.
The city government was almost out of money and the Coca-Cola company gave the city some money to help.
In 1935, the government built the first federal housing project in the United States.
Atlanta's airport is named Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport.
It is the busiest airport in the world.
Delta Air Lines is an airline that has its main office in Atlanta, and it uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport for many of its flights.
Turner Broadcasting, which broadcasts CNN, has their main office in Atlanta.
The Coca Cola Company also has their main office in Atlanta.
The City of Atlanta is home to two colleges.
Georgia Institute of Technology, or Georgia Tech for short, and Georgia State University.
County seats in Georgia
1837 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Niccolò Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was a Florentine Renaissance man, statesman, and writer.
He was a diplomat and government official in the Medici period of the Florentine Republic.
Machiavelli is best known for writing about political philosophy.
He also wrote poetry, plays, carnival songs, history books, military science books, and some of the best-known personal letters in the Italian language.
His best known book is The Prince from 1513.
It was not published until 1532, which was five years after he died.
Many people use the word Machiavellian to mean "evil" because they do not like Machiavelli or his ideas.
But this is mostly known to be a false understanding of what he really thought.
Machiavelli is remembered for being an important realism theorist.
But realism theory was actually already a big trend in Florence at the time.
Machiavelli's ideas are focused mostly on a unique understanding of virtue, statesmanship, and fortune ().
There are many false understandings of what Machiavelli really thought.
There are also many interpretations of his thoughts.
Some of his main thoughts were:
Virtue doesn't always come from being morally good.
A stable country or government also doesn't come from being morally good.
Free will controls almost half of human life, and the rest is controlled by chance or fortune ().
A leader needs useful leadership virtues rather than ordinary virtues.
Ordinary virtues can often be wrong for leaders.
Weaker virtues are less needed than stronger ones.
Fortune () only respects strong virtues, and so do soldiers.
Greatness and excellence are the best examples to follow.
When people look at the past as it should've been and give up on the past as it was, they are giving up on survival.
Being hated is always worse than just being feared.
Relying less on things you can't control is a virtue.
It is always best to know what limits you (including morals).
Knowing when to be good and when to be bad is a virtue.
A leader should only use cruelty when they have to.
Trying to always be morally good usually ends badly.
For leaders, it is better to be well liked.
A leader should not try to oppress people or interfere with their women and belongings.
Otherwise things will end badly for them.
Leaders will not even listen to advice unless they are partly wise.
In times of peace, it is best to prepare for upcoming danger.
It can be wise to choose situations where people's hard work is needed for survival.
The Prince is a political book by Niccolò Machiavelli.
He first shared the book privately in 1513.
But it was not published until 1532.
The book gives instructions for how a prince or ruler should do politics.
He looks especially at what he calls the "new prince", saying that a prince from a royal family has an easier job because the people are used to his family and the way of life.
All that such a hereditary prince needs to do is carefully stick to the traditional ways of working that the people are used to.
A new prince has a much more difficult job because he must get people used to his new power and build up new ways of working that people can get used to.
This job means that the new prince has to act in a way people would not quickly criticize, but Machiavelli says this may mean doing bad but necessary things which people do not see or remember.
Otherwise a new prince will find it difficult to get anything important done, or even to keep ruling.
The Discourses on Livy online 1772 edition
The Seven Books on the Art of War online 1772 edition
History of Florence online 1901 edition
Reform of Florence online 1772 edition
The Private Correspondence of Niccolò Machiavelli, ed.
Orestes Ferrara; 1929.
online edition
Bilingual edition of The Woman from Andros, The Mandrake, and Clizia, edited by David Sices and James B. Atkinson.
The complete Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli with cliff notes
1469 births
1527 deaths
16th-century philosophers
Italian philosophers
Italian playwrights
Italian writers
A supply line is a large line of military supply vehicles, usually in convoy format.
The line is useful for transporting needed supplies (food, medical supplies, ammo) to the front line.
Without the supply line, a deployed army far from home would not be able to fight for long, as supplies would soon run out.
The enemy is most likely to target the supply line if not heavily defended, since once the supplies are cut off, the army will soon be unable to fight, and unable to reinforce, and so they will be forced to surrender or die.
Michigan is one of the fifty states in the United States of America.
It is the 11th largest state in the United States.
It is made up of two peninsulas (connected by the Mackinac Bridge): the only state to be so.
It borders the U.S. states of Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, and Illinois.
Its borders with Minnesota and Illinois are only by water.
It also borders Canada by water.
It was the 26th state to join the union on January 26, 1837.
In 1847, Michigan became the first U.S. state to abolish the death penalty.
Native American tribes first settled in Michigan before the arrival of Europeans.
Michigan is noted as the place where many automobiles were made, and it still shows today.
Michigan is 50% forest, which makes it very useful to the lumber industry.
It also borders four of the Great Lakes, which are some of the largest reservoirs of fresh water in the world.
Lake Superior is the largest body of freshwater in the world.
Culture and weather
The state experiences four seasons, with the winter being predominant and severe in the north, while the south has more mild, equally long seasons.
The northern areas are very popular for skiing in the winter.
The National Ski Hall of Fame can be found in Ishpeming in the Upper Peninsula.
It is surrounded by four of the five Great Lakes.
It is also home to the largest mosque in North America, the Islamic Center of America in Dearborn.
Due to the large amount of water surrounding the state, boating is very popular in the warmer months.
There are more private boats registered in Michigan than in any other state.
Famous Michiganders
Many famous people have come from Michigan.
They include the singer Madonna, the comedian Andy Richter, singer Stevie Wonder, Anthony Kiedis, former president Gerald Ford, singer Kid Rock, rapper Eminem, the former Reverend Jim Bakker, basketball legend Magic Johnson,  Diana Ross, and Aretha Franklin, as well as being the home of Henry Ford, the founder of Ford Motor Company.
The capital city of Michigan is Lansing, and large cities include Detroit, Ann Arbor, Flint, Grand Rapids, and Saginaw.
Marquette is the largest city in the Upper Peninsula.
Michigan has several state universities including Michigan State University, University of Michigan, Saginaw Valley State University, Grand Valley State University and Western Michigan University.
The state also has many private colleges.
The current governor is Gretchen Whitmer, a Democrat who took office in January 2019, and its two national senators are Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters, both Democrats.
Out of its 14 congressmen, 7 are Democrats, 6 are Republicans and Justin Amash is a Libertarian.
In any event, Michigan had once been reliably blue in presidential elections, having voted for the Democrat in presidential elections since 1988, but then in 2016 it swung red to support Donald Trump.
It will be regarded in future as a Swing State.
In comparison to the Midwest
In general, Michigan is more liberal than the states of Indiana, Wisconsin and Ohio, about as liberal as Pennsylvania and Iowa, and less liberal than Illinois and Minnesota.
In the State Legislature, Republicans control both houses, although this is true even in Indiana, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Iowa and Ohio.
1837 establishments in the United States
Caenorhabditis elegans is a species of roundworm or nematode.
It is important because much research has been done on its genetics and development.
C. elegans is about 1 mm long.
The worms are not parasites, they are free-living.
They live in soil and feed on bacteria.
C. elegans is a model organism, used to study animal development and behavior.
It is the first multicellular organism for which scientists have been able to sequence its whole genome.
C. elegans has two types of sex: hermaphrodite and male.
A hermaphrodite makes sperms when its in a larval stage and makes ova in an adult stage.
A male can only make sperm.
Males are a little smaller than hermaphrodites.
Study using C. elegans was begun in 1965 by Sydney Brenner.
In laboratories, they are easy to keep alive.
At 25ºC, they spend 14 hours as an embryo.
Animals like C. elegans that do not take long to grow and are easy to feed are usually good organisms for research.
In 2002, the Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, Robert Horvitz, and John Sulston for their work on how C. elegans's genes cause it to grow and cause some of its cells to die.
Nematodes
Saxe-Weimar () was a duchy in Thuringia, Germany.
Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Gotha were the two original Ernestine Duchies.
They both gradually shrank in size as land in Thuringia was divided among sons..
In 1741 Duke Ernest Augustus I of Saxe-Weimar inheritated the Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach.
Ernest Augustus II, who succeeded in 1748, died in 1758, and his young widow, Anna Amalia, became regent for her infant son, Charles Augustus.
The regency of Anna Amalia and the reign of Charles Augustus were important in the history of Saxe-Weimar.
Both intelligent patrons of literature and art, Anna Amalia and Charles Augustus attracted to their court the leading scholars in Germany, including Goethe, Schiller and Herder, and made Weimar an important cultural centre.
Charles Augustus joined Prussia in the Napoleonic Wars.
After France won the Battle of Jena, Saxe Weimar was forced to join the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806.
In 1809 Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach, which had been separate duchies with the same duke became one country as the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
Dukes of Saxe-Weimar
Johann Wilhelm (1554 – 73)
Frederick Wilhelm I (1573 – 1602), son of Johann Wilhelm
Johann (1602 – 05), son of Johann Wilhelm
Johann Ernst I (1605 – 20), son of Johann
Wilhelm (1620 – 62), son of Johann.
Johann Ernst II (1662 – 83), son of Wilhelm
Wilhelm Ernst (1683 – 1728), son of Johann Ernst II
Johann Ernst III (1683 – 1707), son of Johann Ernst II
Ernst August I (1707 – 48), son of Johann Ernst III
Ernst August II (1748 – 58), son of Ernst August I
Karl August (1758 – 1809), son of Ernst August II
Saxe-Weimar , The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, Columbia University Press (2001 – 2005), accessed December 22 2005
German genealogies
Genealogy of Dukes of Saxe-Weimar
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
Oldham is a town in the North West of England.
It is to the north-east of Manchester.
It is part of Greater Manchester.
Oldham was part of Lancashire until 1 April 1974.
There were riots in Oldham in May 2001.
It is the centre of the Borough of Oldham.
Oldham Council achieved dubious notoriety in 2009 when in ran up a bill of £8 million carrying out a failed prosecution of kitchen tycoon Vance Miller.
The Judge threw out the case and lambasted the Council for the frivolity of the prosecution.
The town has an association football team, called Oldham Athletic.
It also has a cricket club, called Oldham Cricket Club.
The Blue Coat School
Crompton House
Hulme Grammar School
Saddleworth School
Oldham Council
Pakistan is a country in South Asia.
It is next to India, Iran, Afghanistan, and China.
It is officially called the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
It has a long coastline along the Arabian Sea in the south.
Pakistan has the fifth largest population (207.77 million) in the world.
Pakistan has a total land area of  (including the Pakistani controlled territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan).
This makes Pakistan the 34th largest country in the world.
Pakistan has the seventh largest army in the world.
The capital of Pakistan is Islamabad.
Before 1960, it was Karachi, which is now the country's largest city.
The name Pākistān means Land of the Pure in Persian and Urdu.
Name, flag and anthem of Pakistan
The name Pakistan (English pronunciation:  or ;   ) means Land of (the) Spiritually Pure in both Urdu and Persian languages.
Many South-central Asian states and regions end with the element -stan, such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Balochistan, Kurdistan, and Turkistan.
This -stan is formed from the Iranian root *STA "to stand, stay," and means "place (where one stays), home, country".
Iranian peoples have been the main inhabitants of the various land regions of the Ancient Persian Empires now owned by the states for over a thousand years.
The names are compounds of -stan and the name of the peoples living there.
Pakistan is a bit different; its name was coined on 28 January 1933 as  by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist, who published it in his paper Now or Never.
by using the suffix -istan from Balochistan preceded by the first letters of Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir and Sindh.
The name is actually an acronym that stands for the "thirty million Muslim brethren who lived in Pakistan—by which we mean the Five Northern units of India viz: Punjab, (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind, and Baluchistan".
The letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and forms the linguistically correct and meaningful name.
The lyrics of the national anthem of Pakistan was written by Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla and was adopted as the country's national anthem on 13 August 1954.
The music had actually been composed nearly three years before the lyrics were written to fit the tune.
The flag is a green field with a white crescent moon and five-rayed star at its centre, and a vertical white stripe at the hoist side.
Though the green colour is mandated only as 'dark green', its official and most consistent representation is Pakistan green, which is shaded distinctively darker.
The flag was designed by Syed Amir uddin Kedwaii and was based on the original flag of the Muslim League.
It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 11, 1947, just days before independence.
The white colour on the flag represents the minorities and the green the Muslim majority.
The crescent on the flag represents progress while the five-rayed star represents light and knowledge.
Pakistan has a federal parliamentary system.
The head of state is an indirectly-elected ceremonial President.
The Electoral college of the country, (composed of the Senate, the National Assembly, and the four Provincial Assemblies) chooses a leadership representing the President of Pakistan for a five-year term.
The president is also the Commander in Chief of the Joint Armed Forces.
The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is also indirectly elected.
The President's appointment and term are constitutionally independent of the Prime Minister’s term.
The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly or of a coalition in the National Assembly.
The Prime Minister is the head of government.
Pakistan's legislature is made of a 100-member Senate (upper house) and a 342-member National Assembly (lower house).
The Chief Justice of Pakistan is the chief judge who oversees the judicature's court system at all levels of command.
On 17 August 2018 Ex-cricketer Imran Khan was elected as the New Prime Minister of Naya Pakistan.
Because In 2018, Imran Khan (the chairman of PTI) Won the 2018 Pakistan general election with 116 general seats and so became the current 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan in election of National Assembly of Pakistan for Prime Minister by getting 176 votes against Shehbaz Sharif (the chairman of PMLN) who got 96 votes.
Pakistan is also headed by a "President", the Prime Minister Acts as the Leader of Pakistan.
Pakistan is officially a federal republic, but during a long period in its history it changed to a democratic state and a military dictatorship.
Military dictators include Ayub Khan in the 1960s, General Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s.
Pakistan's two largest political parties are the Pakistan People's Party and the government party Pakistan Muslim League (N).
The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf has also gained popularity in the past years.
On 27 December 2007, the leader of the Pakistan Peoples Party, Benazir Bhutto, was assassinated.
The reason is yet to be determined.
Pakistan is made up of four provinces, two territories and two special areas.
Both special areas are in Kashmir.
The provinces and territories are divided into 26 divisions with now 147 districts directly divided from the provinces.
Each district is divided into several tehsils and each tehsil is divided into several union councils.
There are around 596 tehsils and over 6,000 union councils in Pakistan.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly NWFP)
(Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa also have Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA) which are going to be regular districts.)
<li>  Islamabad Capital Territory
<li>  Federally Administered Tribal Areas
<li>  Azad Kashmir
<li>  Gilgit Baltistan
India, Pakistan and China separately control parts of the Kashmir region.
India and Pakistan's parts are divided by a Line of Control.
The Pakistan–China border is internationally recognized.
Trade is common between the 2 countries.
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy.
The growth poles of the Pakistani economy are situated along the Indus River.
Diversified economies of Karachi and Punjab's urban centres, coexist with less developed areas in other parts of the country.
Despite being a very poor country in 1947, Pakistan's economic growth rate has been better than the global average during the following four decades, but incautious policies led to a slowdown in the late 1990s.
Recently, large economic reforms have resulted in a stronger economic outlook and sped up growth especially in the manufacturing and financial services sectors.
Since the 1990s, there has been great improvement in the foreign exchange market position and rapid growth in hard currency reserves.
The 2005 estimate of foreign debt was close to US$40 billion.
However, this decreased with help from the International Monetary Fund and significant debt-relief from the United States.
Pakistan's gross domestic product, as measured by purchasing power parity, is estimated to be $475 billion while its per capita income stands at $1,842.
The poverty rate in Pakistan is estimated to be between 23% and 38%.
Pakistan became Independent in 1947 from the United Kingdom which was known as the British Raj.
The first organised people in Ancient Pakistan lived 9000 years ago.
These people were the ones who made up the Indus Valley Civilization, which is one of the oldest civilizations on Earth.
After that, the Vedic period came.
This also included parts of north-western Republic of India.
Until 1971, Pakistan also included an area in the North-east India region.
This is now called Bangladesh.
It lost that area after a war with the Indian Army and the joint militant group of Indo-Bangladeshi alliance of Mitro Bahini of West Bengal.
During recent times Pakistan has been in the centre of world politics.
This is first because of its support to guerillas in Afghanistan, following a Soviet invasion 1979, and later during the 1990s because of its cooperation with and support for the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
However, since 2000 Pakistan has supported the West in their war against fundamentalist terrorism, including the removal of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
Pakistan is a member of the Commonwealth.
However, after the war in East Pakistan the country was excluded (between 1972-1989).
It was also a member between 1999 and 2007, it was excluded in 2007 for a time but again became a member in 2008.
There are many earthquakes in the area.
The earthquake in 2005 with its earthquake center in Kashmir is the strongest recorded so far.
Over 100,000 people were killed or wounded on 8 October 2005.
Pakistan covers , roughly similar to the combined land areas of France and the UK.
Its eastern regions are located on the Indian plate and the western and northern regions on the Iranian plateau and Eurasian landplate.
Apart from the  Arabian Sea coastline, Pakistan's land borders total — with Afghanistan to the northwest,  with China to the northeast,  with India to the south and east, and  with Iran to the southwest.
The northern and western highlands of Pakistan contain the towering Karakoram and Pamir mountain ranges, which include some of the world's highest peaks, including K2  and Nanga Parbat .
The Balochistan Plateau lies to the west, and the Thar Desert and an expanse of alluvial plains, the Punjab and Sindh, lie to the east.
The  Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the disputed territory of Occupied Kashmir to the Arabian Sea.
Pakistan has four seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.
The beginning and length of these seasons vary somewhat according to location.
Rainfall can change radically from year to year, and consecutive patterns of flooding and drought are also not uncommon.
Urdu is replacing English as the national language of the country.
English is still spoken among the Pakistani elite and in most government ministries.
Many people also speak Saraiki, Punjabi, Hindko, Pashto, Sindhi, Balochi, Brahui and Khowar.
Shina is also one of the regional languages of Pakistan.
It is spoken in Gilgit-Baltistan.
Most (95-97%) of the people are Muslim.
Most of the Muslims in Pakistan are Sunni Muslims (>90%) and some are Shia Muslims (5%).
However a few minority groups exist.
Pakistan also has some Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Zoroastrians and animist minority groups in the northern parts of the country.
After the end British India, Hinduism had much less importance in the newly created state of Pakistan, but has played an important role in its culture and politics as well as the history of its regions.
In fact, Pakistan has the 5th largest population of Hindus, after Sri Lanka.
The word Hindu comes from the Sindhu (Indus River) of Pakistan.
The Sindhu is one of the holy rivers of Hinduism.
Thus, in many ways, the land which is today's heavily Muslim Pakistan has played an important part in the origin of Hinduism.
There are about 3 million Hindus living in Pakistan.
Poverty in Pakistan is a growing concern because of population growth in the country.
Although the middle-class has grown in Pakistan, nearly one-quarter of the population is classified poor as of October 2006.
The national sport of Pakistan is field hockey, although cricket is the most popular game across the country.
The national cricket team has won the Cricket World Cup once (in 1992), were runners-up once (in 1999), and co-hosted the games twice (in 1987 and 1996).
Pakistan were runners-up in the inaugural 2007 ICC World Twenty20 held in South Africa and were the champions at the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 held in England.
The team also won two Asia Cups in 2000 and 2012.
Lately however, Pakistani cricket has suffered heavily due to teams refusing to tour Pakistan after militants attacked the touring Sri Lankan team in March 2009, after which no international cricket was played until May 2015, when the Zimbabwean team agreed to tour.
However, now, with increased security, the Sri Lankan cricket team came for a tour as recently as 2019.
In addition to sports like field hockey, cricket, squash rackets, football and others, Pakistanis are also very keen on equestrianism of various types,and equestrian sports such as Polo and the traditional Tent pegging are played by many.
Other traditional rural sports include two types of Wrestling, Kabbadi and a martial art called Gatka.
Pakistan - CIA World Factbook
1947 establishments in Asia
New Zealand (known as  in the Māori language) is an island country in Oceania.
It is a sovereign state in the south-western part of the Pacific Ocean.
It is made up of two large islands (the North Island and the South Island) and many smaller islands.
These islands are located to the southeast of Australia.
New Zealand was one of the last places in the world that humans discovered, because it is a long way away from most of the world.