the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
August 31 – Titus Oates is told to leave his state apartments in the Whitehall – his fame begins to wane and he is soon arrested and imprisoned for sedition.
August 12 – The Ahom King Gadadhar Singha or Gadapani, who took the Tai name Supaatphaa, ascends the throne.
December – Wu Shifan, the grandson of the Chinese general Wu Sangui, commits suicide in Yunnan province, ending the eight year conflict of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories against Qing Dynasty authority in China, then led by the Kangxi Emperor.
France annexes the city of Strasbourg.
The last dodo bird is killed.
Collections are made in England for needy French refugees.
March 14 – Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer (died 1767)
June 26 – Hedwig Sophia, duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish writer (died 1708)
September 11 – Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (died 1741)
September 28 – Johann Mattheson, German composer (died 1764)
November 17 – Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (died 1776)
November 28 – Jean Cavalier, French Protestant rebel leader (died 1740)
January 28 – Richard Allestree, English royalist churchman (born 1619)
March 12 – Frans van Mieris, Sr.,
Dutch painter (born 1635)
May 25 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish dramatist and poet (born 1600)
July 1 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish saint (born 1629)
July 25 – Urian Oakes, English-born President of Harvard University (born 1631)
August 22 – Philippe Delano, Dutch Plymouth Colony settler (born 1602)
December 22 – Richard Alleine, English Puritan clergyman (born 1611)
date unknown – Gerard ter Borch, Dutch painter (born 1617)
Anonymity means "namelessness" and comes from Greek words meaning "without name".
It is when a person's identity or name is unknown.
If a person is called anonymous, nobody knows who he or she is, or the anonymous person does not want to be found out.
The concept of anonymity has some important uses.
It is vital for a democracy that votes cast in an election are anonymous.
In that way, no-one can find out how a person voted in an election.
Spectroscopy is the study of light as a function of length of the wave that has been emitted, reflected or shone through a solid, liquid, or gas.
To be analyzed the chemical is heated, because hot things glow and each chemical glows differently.
The various wavelengths of the glow make a color spectrum that differs in some detail from other chemicals.
Spectroscopy separates and measures the brightness of the different wavelengths.
It can identify the chemicals in a mixture, and determine some other things, such as how hot the thing is.
Spectroscopy allows scientists to investigate and explore things that are too small to be seen through a microscope, such as molecules, and the even smaller subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and  electrons.
There are special instruments to measure and analyze these light waves.
Infrared spectroscopy measures light in the infrared electromagnetic spectrum.
The highlight of IR spectroscopy is that it is very useful in identifying functional groups of organic molecules.
The absorption of infrared light by organic molecules causes molecular vibrations.
The vibrational frequencies are unique to the individual functional groups.
IR spectra is given graphically by transmittance(%) vs. wavenumber (cm-1)
X-ray crystallography can look at the structure of a crystalline molecule.
The electron cloud of each atom diffracts the X-rays thus revealing the positions of the atoms.
Various inorganic and organic molecules can be crystallized and used in this method including DNA, proteins, salts and metals.
The sample used for analysis is not destroyed.
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy uses visible and ultraviolet light to look at how much of a chemical is in a liquid.
The colour of the solution is the basis for how UV-Vis works.
The color of the solution we are working with is colored because of its chemical composition.
So the solution absorbs some light colors and reflects other colors, the light it reflects is the color of the solution.
UV-Vis spectroscopy works by passing light through a sample of your solution then determining how much light gets absorbed by the solution.
Nuclear magnetic resonance can look at nuclei.
It uses the magnetic properties of certain nuclei, the most common being 13C and 1H.  The NMR instrument generates a large magnetic field that makes the nuclei act like tiny bar magnets.
The nuclei either align with the instruments magnetic field or against it.
At this point we have two possible orientations the nuclei could be in α or β.
Next the nuclei are exposed to radio waves that make α go to the β orientation.
When this change occurs energy is given off and detected.
The data is interpreted graphically (Intensity vs. chemical shifts in ppm) by a computer system.
NMR does not destroy the sample you use for analysis.
Below is a 900 MHz NMR system.
Equestrianism is the sport of horseback riding.
It is a popular sport in countries like the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom and other countries in Europe.
Horses are used in many different competitions.
Within the sport, there are several types of riding, such as English and Western.
In English riding, there are three Olympic events: cross country, dressage and show jumping (in which competitors ride horses over obstacles).
There are no forms of Western riding in the Olympics.
In show jumping, a rider rides a horse over a set course of horse jumps while being timed.
Riders win by having the fastest time without mistakes.
There are many types of horse jumps such as the vertical (a jump which is straight up and down and has no depth), the  oxer (a jump which is two or more rails deep, creating a wider jump), and combinations (2 or 3 jumps put right after each other).
Courses will generally include more than 10 jumps, and require the horse and rider to do many complicated turns, jump at difficult angles, and perform more advanced tests of ability and communication.
Not every type of horse can jump well, just like not all horses are able to do well at horse racing or farm work.
Most horses seen in show jumping competitions are warmblood and thoroughbred horses which were bred for equestrian sports.
The riding has been popular since 1900.
Dressage is an event where horses are judged “on the flat” (no jumps) and where horse and rider are tested on their ability to talk to each other and perform specific tasks in a specific order within a time period.
There is usually a sequence of activities that the horse and rider must complete.
Letters are placed around a sand filled arena to show where movements should happen.
In dressage the horse and rider can also perform a freestyle, which is also known as "Dancing on Horseback".
Dressage riders usually wear tight pants called breeches, as well as a blouse, a top coat and a top hat.
The moves of the horse should be very graceful.
Horses and riders that compete at the Olympics in dressage have had many years of training to learn all the moves they must do together for the competition.
Eventing (or 3-day-eventing) combines dressage, show jumping, and the horse version of cross country into one sport.
This combined training is based on the old military tests of the cavalry where the rider's life depended on the horse listening to what the rider told it to do.
In eventing, the horse and rider compete in three separate tests of skill typically over 2-3 days: Dressage, Show Jumping, and Cross Country.
The cross country test makes this sport different from the other equestrian sports.
It requires the horse to canter and gallop at a high speed over solid and complicated jumps and jump combinations.
These jumps may be logs, stone walls, water, ditches, or banks.
The cross country course is very long, and at the Olympics it may take as long as 10 minutes to complete the course.
The dressage test makes sure that the horse is listening to the rider, is relaxed, and is able to do very difficult small tasks.
It tests that the horse is very well trained.
The cross-country course makes sure that the horse is fast, has long distance endurance, and is brave.
Cross-country fences may be very scary and the horses may become tired while running.
The show jumping test makes sure that the horse and rider are in good physical condition, have excellent jumping skills, and are able to jump many high jumps in a short period of time without making a mistake.
This is an especially difficult test as the athletes will be tired after completing the other tests.
If the horse is too tired, he will hit the show jumps and make it harder for the rider to win.
Hunter-jumper
In the Hunter-jumper discipline, people ride horses in various classes meant to test skills required in English fox hunting.
Tests may be conducted over fences or “under saddle” meaning without jumps.
In this discipline, the horse is being judged on how easy it makes each of the tests look.
It is the job of the rider to make the test look as easy as possible, to not show signs of forcing the horse to do anything, and to let the horse show its ability.
Under saddle, a horse should walk, trot, and canter in both directions easily and relaxed.
The horse should not show signs of being annoyed, show anger, change speed, or misbehave in any other way.
In some cases, riders may be asked to “jog” their horses, which is where they get off the horse, take off the saddle, and run on foot next to the horse to show that it has no injuries and so the judge can look at the horse to see if it has the right body for hunting.
Over fences, riders will be asked to take the horses over a course of natural jump fences, made to look like the obstacles encountered in the English countryside.
The courses are simple, with no tight turns, or complicated jumps, and usually only one or two changes of direction.
The horse must keep the same speed throughout the course, they must not touch any of the jumps with their body, and the rider must make it look as easy as possible.
Hunter-jumper is one of the most popular disciplines for children and teenagers.
Classes are also offered at most shows for adults and professionals as well.
Stock work
Stock work began when horses were ridden on a ranch to round up cows, sheep, or other animals.
Today, horse shows also have competitions for horses to show these skills.
These include Cutting, Reining, Barrel Racing, Cattle Penning, Calf Roping, Campdrafting,  and Pole Bending.
Driving in the horse world means that a horse is pulling a type of wagon.
It knows where to go by a person sitting on the wagon that tells them which direction they should turn.
A horse used to pull a wagon is usually bigger and heavier than most other horses.
The hooves are also much larger than a racing horse.
Large horses are calm, trustworthy and good-natured.
Types of heavy horses are: Belgians, Shires, Clydesdale, Friesian horse, and Gypsy Vanners.
These horse breeds are generally quiet, strong, heavy, but gentle.
Beginner equestrians may be able to communicate with these well tempered horses.
Races of horses pulling carts are called harness races.
Harness racing is typically done at a trot and by a single horse pulling a light cart with a single jockey.
In other types of carriage or harness races, teams of multiple horses may race around figure 8 courses.
Horses may also compete in individual driving competitions which require individual or teams of horses to be guided through a serious of tests.
Horse racing tests the speed of a horse.
Different breeds do different types of races.
The most popular type in the U.S. is Thoroughbred racing, where only horses of this breed can participate in galloping around a track.
There are also endurance races, trotting races and steeplechases (horses galloping around a track with jumps).
Most horses that are used for racing are ridden by professional riders called jockeys.
Usually the people that own or train the horse do not ride it in the races.
Barrel racing is a sport where the rider rides the horse in a pattern around three barrels.
The rider must be able to turn the horse very quickly around the barrels.
The horse that does the pattern the fastest is the winner.
Pleasure riding
Pleasure riding is riding for enjoyment, not for awards.
People ride horses on trails in the forest, along quiet roads, or in an arena near their homes or barns.
Horse back riding lessons could be considered pleasure riding.
Pleasure riding can be called trail riding.
Pleasure riding does not have to be for any specific reason, just for fun and enjoyment.
Riding in a horse carriage may also be for pleasure.
Endurance riding is an equestrian long-distance race.
There are two main types of endurance rides which are competitive trail riding and endurance rides.
The United States Virgin Islands are a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea.
They are currently owned and under the authority of the United States Government.
They used to be owned by Denmark (and called Danish West Indies).
They were sold to the U.S on January 17, 1917, because of fear that the Germans would capture them and use them as a submarine base in World War I. They are the only part of the U.S. where vehicles drive on the left hand side of the road.
Governor's Website
U.S. Census Bureau: Island Areas Census 2000
Real-time, geographic and other scientific resources of Virgin Islands  from the United States Geological Survey
Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies
Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was an American politician and the 21st president of the United States.
Before becoming president, he was most noted as the Collector of Customs for the port of New York, a job he got from his political friendships.
Arthur was the first president of the United States to take oath of office at his own house.
Arthur was a lawyer in New York City.
Two of his cases were famous.
One confirmed that any slave brought to New York was automatically set free.
The other ended the racial segregation of streetcars in the city.
After President James A. Garfield died, vice-president Chester Arthur replaced him.
The man who killed him expected the new president to pardon him.
During Arthur's term a major problem was that people were appointing their friends (such as himself) into high political offices instead of people who were most qualified to do the job.
The problem was solved after he passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act which required people to pass tests before they could be appointed to a public job.
Arthur's White House biography
1830 births
1886 deaths
Wizardry is a series of computer role-playing games that were popular in the 1980s.
First, made for the Apple II, they were later moved to other platforms.
The latest game in the series, Wizardry 8, is only for Windows.
Wizardry began as a simple dungeon crawl by Andrew C. Greenberg and Robert Woodhead.
It was written when they were students at Cornell University and then published by Sir-Tech.
Main series
Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord (1981)
Wizardry: Knight of Diamonds - The Second Scenario (1982)
Wizardry: Legacy of Llylgamyn - The Third Scenario (1983)
Wizardry: The Return of Werdna - The Fourth Scenario (1986)
Wizadry V: Heart of the Maelstrom (1988)
Bane of the Cosmic Forge (1990)
Crusaders of the Dark Savant (1992) (Remade as Wizardry Gold in 1996)
Wizardry 8 (2001)
Spin-offs
Nemesis: The Wizardry Adventure (1998)
Wizadry Chronicle (2001)
Wizardry: Tale of the Forsaken Land (2001)
Wizardry: Labyrinth of Lost Souls (2011)
Wizardry Online (2013)
Wizardry inspired many games which were almost exactly like it.
Some notable series that are very much like Wizardry include The Bard's Tale and Might and Magic.
Official Wizardry 8 website
Prepare Yourself for the Ultimate in Fantasy Games
Moby Games entry on Wizardry
Page with a lot of mods and inofficial patches
Role-playing video games
Apple II games
The United States Army is a branch (or section) of the United States Armed Forces.
An army mainly deals with land based missions, while other parts of the military deal with air and sea missions.
The United States Secretary of the Army, a civilian, leads the army with the help of the Army Chief of Staff, a general.
Officially, a person (or member) in the army is called a soldier.
The soldier must take orders from a person in charge known as a CO or commander.
When a person joins the Army, they must serve for a certain amount of time or a "tour of duty".
A new soldier or recruit must go through training called Basic Training to become a soldier.
Each soldier is trained in a variety of weapons and equipment to carry out commands.
The army started as the Continental Army from 1775 to August 7, 1789 when the War Department (now known as the Department of Defense) was formed.
The Army fought wars against the British and many indigenous peoples in its early years.
It also rented slaves from slaveowners to build forts, and many officers brought their own slaves with them on assignments.
Cavalry (Armoured)
Charlemagne (Latin: Carolus Magnus, English: Charles the Great, German: Karl der Große, Dutch: Karel de Grote) (c.2 April 748 – 28 January, 814) was the king of the Franks and the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
He was crowned as the Emperor on Christmas Day, 800.
He was the older son of King Pippin III of the Carolingian dynasty.
When Pippin died, Charlemagne and his brother Carloman ruled together.
When Carloman died in 771 Charlemagne became the only ruler of the Franks.
The Franks—one of the Germanic peoples who had moved their homes over the River Rhine into the Roman Empire as it was falling apart—were, by the year 700, the rulers of Gaul, and a lot of Germania east of the Rhine.
They also protected the Papacy and the Roman Catholic faith.
When their king Pepin the Short died, his sons, Charlemagne and Carloman were chosen to share the kingdom.
They divided it into two parts: one half for Charlemagne, and the other for Carloman.
Carloman died on December 4, 771, leaving Charlemagne as the leader of the whole Frankish kingdom.
He was king of the Franks from 768, and king of the Lombards from 774.
He was crowned Imperator Augustus (Emperor) in Rome on Christmas Day by Pope Leo III in 800, starting the Holy Roman Empire, that they hoped would be a kind of second Western Roman Empire (while the Byzantines in Constantinople were still keeping up the Eastern Roman empire).
With many wars, Charlemagne spread his empire across much of Western Europe.
Charlemagne fought in many wars over the course of his reign.
He is known for using his sword, “Joyeuse”, in each of the thirty years of war and the 18 battles he fought in.
He also finally managed to conquer Saxony, something the Roman Emperor Augustus could not do 800 years earlier.
He was able to convert the Saxons to Catholic Christianity.
He also had many schools built so his people could learn.
However, he also killed thousands of those who failed to convert.
Charlemagne's politics and plans failed, which led to low self-esteem.
His last years were spent in bed in deep depression.
He died in 814, leaving his kingdom to his only son, Louis the Pious.
The descendants of Charlemagne are called Carolingians.
His family line died out in Germany in 911 and in France in 987.
Battles and Campaigns
Saxon Wars.
The Saxon Wars, also called the Saxon War or Saxon Uprising were the campaigns and insurrections of the thirty-three years from 772, when Charlemagne first entered Saxony with the intent to conquer,
740s births
814 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Frankish rulers
9th century in Europe
Marlow is a town on the banks of the River Thames, on the southern tip of Buckinghamshire, England.
Towns in Buckinghamshire
Italian unification (), also known as the Risorgimento (meaning "the Resurgence"), refers to the Italian movement that united the Italian states in the 19th century.
The movement began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna.
It ended in 1871, when Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy by the efforts of Count of Cavour, the prime minister of Piedmont, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian national hero who united southern Italy.
That allowed King Victor Emmanuel II to become the first king of Italy.
Napoléon's defeat of Napoleon
Napoléon Bonaparte invaded Italy in 1796 and later controlled it.
When he was defeated in 1815, at the Battle of Waterloo, the free states could now join together.
The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) restored the prewar ancien régime.
The Austrian Empire, ruled by the Habsburgs, controlled most of Italy.
Conquest of Sardinia
Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont-Sardinia had a great vision of a unified Italy.
He wanted Piedmont-Sardinia to be a model for the unification of Italy.
To do so, he started many public works, projects, and political reforms.
Piedmont-Sardinia was soon recognized as an emerging power.
The next step for its conquest was to get Austria out of the Italian Peninsula.
With the Crimean War breaking out between France and Britain on one side, and Russia on the other, Piedmont-Sardinia had a chance to earn some respect and to make a name for itself.
Britain and France proved victorious, and Sardinia was able to attend the peace conference.
As a result, Piedmont-Sardinia gained the support of French Emperor Napoléon III.
War against Austria
In 1858, Sardinia and France secretly plotted a plan of attack against Austria.
The following year, Sardinia put its plan into action.
Instead of attacking, Sardinia encouraged nationalist revolts in th Austrian-held territories in Italy to provoke Austria into starting the war.
Following the Battles of Magenta and Solferino, France drove Austria out of Lombardy, but Austria still held onto Venetia.
France then dropped out of the war, since it feared that a unified Italy might be a threat and realized that the Austrian strength would eventually crush the French.
That ended the war, with Austria keeping Venetia.
Completion of unification
Meanwhile, the Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi led a nationalist uprising to join the states and territories into one republic.
As Sardinia ended the war, Garibaldi gave it most of the provinces.
In March 1861, a parliament of all of Italy except Rome and Venetia agreed to unify Italy with Victor Emmanuel as its first king.
When Prussia defeated Austria in a war in 1866, Italy struck a deal with Berlin to force Vienna to turn over Venetia, which left Rome as the last Italian city not yet added.
Because of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, France sent its army away from Rome.
Without protection, the Pope could not resist, and Rome finally became the capital of Italy.
German unification
The Risorgimento: A Time for Reunification
Women of the Risorgimento
Cavour and the Unification of Italy
https://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1871/section3/
In the sign of the tricolour: Italians and Hungarians in the Risorgimento
History of Austria
History of Hungary
19th century in Italy
Meditation is a practice where an individual trains attention and awareness to get to a clearer and calmer state.
Scholars have found meditation difficult to define.
The practices vary both between traditions and within them.
and other religions.
Meditation has now become a modern trend, showing many health benefits.
In Buddhism, three things are very important: being a good person, making the mind stronger, and understanding (Insight or Wisdom) about why people are in pain (Dukkha).
For Buddhists, meditation is used to calm the mind so that the mind can better see the cause of pain.
Buddhists believe that this type of seeing can end pain.
Buddhist meditation is not just used for spiritual reasons.
Research shows that Buddhist meditation lowers stress, anxiety and depression.
Most types of Buddhist meditation focus on something.
The most popular things to focus on include breath,  metta or Loving-Kindness towards all, other recollections, situational mindfulness and religious images and sounds.
Christian meditation
Christians sometimes meditate by thinking about small parts of the Bible, or by saying the words of a prayer to themselves over and over.
Meditation is an expression of Christian prayer.
In the Catechism of the Catholic Church is specified that by means of meditation "The mind seeks to understand the why and how of the Christian life, in order to adhere and respond to what the Lord is asking"; also it is pointed out that "meditation engages thought, imagination, emotion, and desire.
This mobilization of faculties is necessary in order to deepen our convictions of faith, prompt the conversion of our heart, and strengthen our will to follow Christ".
Meditation is a significant part of the devotion of the Rosary; "by virtue of its meditative character, with the tranquil succession of Hail Marys, the Rosary has a peaceful effect on those who pray it, disposing them to receive and experience in their innermost depths, and to spread around them, that true peace which is the special gift of the Risen Lord (cf.
Jn 14:27; 20.21)."
Hindu meditation
Meditation has a long tradition in Hinduism.
It comes in many different styles.
Here is a short list:
Yoga Meditation
Self-punishment
Meditation in Hinduism is used for different reasons.
Some of the reasons are:
Deeper understanding of scriptural subjects
Evolvement of the soul
Cleaning the mind
To change the life situation of a person
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (
1998a).
Sikkha Sutta: Trainings (1) (AN 3.88).
Retrieved 2007-11-10 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.088.than.html.
1998b).
Sikkha Sutta: Trainings (2) (AN 3.89).
Retrieved 2007-11-10 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.089.than.html.
1998c).
Kimsuka Sutta: The Riddle Tree (SN 35.204).
Retrieved 2007-11-10 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.204.than.html.
Buddhist meditation blog
Christian prayers
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of six awards in the memory of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.
Every year the organization gives out six awards for the people "who best benefit mankind through their actions" in one of the six subjects; peace, literature, physics, chemistry, economics, and medicine.
The Peace Prize is given out in Norway, but the other Prizes are given out in Sweden.
This is because Norway and Sweden were one country when the prizes were started.
Its list of winners includes Martin Luther King, Jr., Elihu Root, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Henri La Fontaine, Mikhail Gorbachev, Aung San Suu Kyi, Nelson Mandela, Kofi Annan, Jimmy Carter, Wangari Maathai, Barack Obama, Liu Xiaobo, Juan Manuel Santos and Abiy Ahmed.
There is often a lot of controversy about the award of the prize.
The 2013 winner is the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, making it the second year in-a-row that an organization has won the prize, after the European Union did so in 2012.
Celtic Park is a football stadium in Parkhead, Glasgow, Scotland.
It is the home ground of Celtic Football Club.
Buildings and structures in Glasgow
Football stadiums in Scotland
The Romanian language is a Romance language, meaning it comes from Latin like French, Spanish and Italian.
It has 66% Latin-based words and 20% Slavic-based words.
The rest are newer and come from Dacian, Turkish, Greek, or English.
There are about 28 million speakers: 24 million who speak it as their mother tongue and 4 million who have learned it as their second language.
Romanian is also the most spoken language in Moldova, which is northeast of Romania.
The Moldovan language is a kind of Romanian with certain differences, such as the dialect and a Moldavian accent.
Ealing is a town in the London Borough of Ealing, most famous for the Ealing Studios, a movie studio.
In 2011, the population was estimated at 339,300 and contains seven distinct town centres – Ealing, Hanwell, Acton, Southall, Greenford, Perivale and Northolt.
Rome, a city in Italy, called Roma in Italian and Latin
A.S. Roma, an Italian soccer team
Roma, Gotland, in Sweden
Roma people, a nomadic ethnic group found mainly in Eurasia
Fellini's Roma, a movie by Federico Fellini
Roma (surname)
The ear is the part of the body which allows animals (including people) to hear.
People and most mammals have ears.
Non-mammals can also hear, but may have holes instead of external ears.
The ear works by directing sound to the inner ear.
These vibrations are sent to the brain by a network (organized group) of nerves.
The whole system is called the auditory system.
The inner part of the ear is common to most vertebrates, but mammals have special adaptations for hearing which even other land vertebrates do not have.
These include the external ear and the three little bones which transmit sounds (the ossicles).
The part of the ear that sticks out and can be seen is called the pinna.
Ears are also used in other ways.
African elephants use their large ears to cool themselves when it is very hot.
Bats rely on their ears to find prey by echolocation.
Some animals use their ears for signalling to each other.
Other hearing
In ordinary language, "ear" refers to this receptor which conducts sound and sends signals to the brain.
It does not refer to the many other methods of hearing found in fish and invertebrates.
Many animals do not hear through ears.
Spiders have small hairs on their legs that they can hear with.
The Czech language is a Slavic language spoken by people in the Czech Republic.
Ten million people speak it.
It is very similar to the Slovak language; the differences between these two languages are small enough that speakers of Czech and Slovak usually understand each other.
It has three genders and is an inflected language like Latin.
The grammar is much more complex than that of English.
mluvtečesky.net – website for learning Czech language  (in many languages)
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States.
He was the only president who also served as a Supreme Court chief justice.
He was   tall and weighed over  at the end of his presidency.
Taft served as Solicitor General of the United States, a federal judge, Governor of the Philippines, and Secretary of War before being nominated for President in 1908 by the man who preceded him, Theodore Roosevelt.
As a Republican president, Taft was most notable for trust-busting, in which he broke up large businesses that had too much control over the economy.
Taft also expanded the civil service, improved the United States Postal Service and promoted world peace.
Taft also started the tradition of the president pitching the first ball of the baseball season.
Early in life, Taft had played baseball.
He was a good second baseman and could hit with power.
1908 election
In 1908, with Theodore Roosevelt's support, William Taft was nominated as the Republican candidate for President.
He easily won against William Jennings Bryan in the 1908 general election, and became President.
1912 election
During Taft's presidency, his relationship with Roosevelt became bad, because Roosevelt thought Taft was not doing a good job and taking too little actions against so-called trusts.
As a result, in 1912, Theodore Roosevelt came back into politics and ran for President against William Taft.
Many Republicans split their votes between Taft and Roosevelt, and the Democratic opponent Woodrow Wilson won the election.
After the presidency
In 1921, Taft was appointed by Warren Harding to be the 10th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, making Taft the only former President to become Chief Justice.
He retired from the job on February 3, 1930 due to bad health.
Taft was the most obese president.
He was  tall and his weight was between  and  toward the end of his presidency.
He is thought to have had difficulty getting out of the White House bathtub, so he had a  long,  wide tub installed.
This tub could accommodate four normal-sized people.
It was replaced in 1952 with a modern tub of similar size.
Taft died on March 8, 1930 due to heart failure.
Three days later, he became the first president to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
Other websites and links
Taft's White House biography
Chief Justices of the United States
United States Solicitors General
Politicians from Cincinnati, Ohio
Lawyers from Cincinnati, Ohio
Underwear are clothes worn under other clothes, often next to the skin.
They keep outer clothes from being made dirty by sweat.
They also shape the body and provide support for parts of it, and in cold weather help the wearer to keep warm.
Underwear can be used to protect the wearer's modesty, as well as to make them look sexy.
Special types of underwear have religious importance.
Some items of clothing are made to be worn as underwear, while others such as T-shirts and certain types of shorts can be used both as underwear and as outer clothing.
If made of suitable fabric, some types of underwear can serve as nightwear or swimsuits.
Items of underwear commonly worn by women today include brassieres (bras) and panties (also known as knickers), while men wear briefs, trunks, boxer shorts or boxer briefs.
Items worn by both women and men include T-shirts, sleeveless shirts, bikini underwear, thongs, T-fronts and G-strings.
In countries where the weather is cold, long underwear can be worn to keep warm.
There are a number of different words for underwear: 'underclothes', 'underclothing'  and 'undergarments' are more formal words.
In casual situations, underwear may be called 'undies'.
In Australia, one may hear underwear being called 'Reg Grundys' or 'Reginalds' (rhyming slang for 'undies'), while in the UK the word 'smalls' is sometimes used.
Different types of women's undergarments are known together as 'lingerie' (pronounced LAWN-zhur-ray).
They may also be called 'intimate clothing' or simply 'intimates'.
Words for the top half of female lingerie: 'bras', obviously.
Note the use of 'teddy' for a one-piece close-fitting nightwear.
Words for the bottom half of female lingerie: pants (US) versus knickers, drawers or panties, but never pants! (
UK). '
Briefs' is another possible. '
French knickers' = knickers with frills, looser-fitting.
Note the French cache-sex as a prototype 'G-string.
Other types of undergarments are spandex shorts common for women who workout.
These shorts are used because it supports the behind and the back for good posture.
An undershirt is old word for a piece of underwear covering the torso, which has fallen out of usage in the UK, but is still commonly used in North America.
Vests is by far the most common term in UK.
Underpants  or pants cover the part of the body where the sex organs are, but never drawers.
Most common words: shorts  as in boxer shorts for the looser fit.
Y-fronts for the tight fit (UK), boxers or briefs used for the same things in Canada and the USA.
These and other words for different types of underwear are set out in the table below.
The slang word for a man going without underwear is called free-balling.
The slang word fo a bulge in a man's underwear is called mooseknuckle.
Underwear is worn for many reasons.
Men's briefs provide support for the male sex organs, and women's brassieres (bras) do the same thing for their breasts.
Some people wear corsets to make their torsos a certain shape.
For more support and protection when playing sports, people often put on underwear that fits more tightly for extra support.
Men may wear jockstraps and trunks (which are a type of boxer shorts).
Women may wear sports bras and pelvic protectors.
Sports bras lessens the chance of damage to the ligaments of the chest during vigorous exercises such as jogging.
In countries where the weather is cold, underwear is one more layer of clothing that helps the wearer to keep warm.
Underwear can be used to keep the wearer modest – for instance, some women wear camisoles and slips (petticoats) under clothes that are see-through.
A camisole is an item of clothing without sleeves that covers the top part of a woman's body, while a slip or petticoat is a kind of skirt that is worn underneath an outer skirt.
On the other hand, underwear can also be worn to make a person look more sexy.
It is possible to buy underwear made specially to excite another person in a sexual way, such as underwear that can be eaten (it is usually made of small sweets stuck together) and underwear with holes cut into them.
Some items of clothing are designed to be worn as underwear, while others such as T-shirts can be used both as underwear and as outer clothing.
Whether underwear can be used as outer clothing depends on a number of things, such as how warm it is indoors and outdoors, what other people in society find acceptable, fashion, and what the law allows.
Some types of underwear can be used for sleeping in or as swimsuits, if they are made of suitable fabric.
Religious uses
Some types of Jews wear a prayer shawl (a piece of cloth wrapped around the shoulders) called a tallit katan.
It has four corners which have tzitzit (fringes) attached to them.
Because people who are not Jews do not usually walk about wearing prayer shawls, a Jewish person will often wear a tallit katan beneath a shirt so that it cannot be seen.
However, as the shawl is not supposed to touch the skin, an undershirt is worn under it.
Mormonism.
Most members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) wear special temple garments under their clothes after they have gone through special rituals in a temple.
They believe that such clothes help them remember the teachings of the temple (sacred covenants), foster modesty, and also shield and protect the wearer.
Sikh men and women believe that they should wear the panj kakaar (five articles of faith) to help them remember their faith.
One of the articles is a type of underpants called the kacchera, which are similar to boxer shorts.
Types and styles
Fashions and trends
Designers and retailers
A number of big clothes designers are well known for their underwear collections.
Two of these are Calvin Klein and Dolce & Gabbana.
There are also companies that make only underwear, such as 2(x)ist, Agent Provocateur, C-IN2, GapBody, Gilly Hicks, Ginch Gonch, La Senza, Fruit of the Loom, Lord, and Victoria's Secret.
Exposed underwear
Although most of the time underwear is kept hidden under other clothes, sometimes it is partly exposed for fashion reasons or to make other people feel sexually excited when they see it.
A woman may, for instance, allow the top of her bra to peek out from under her collar, or wear a see-through blouse over it.
Some men wear T-shirts underneath partly- or fully-unbuttoned shirts.
A common style among young men is to allow their trousers to sag or droop down below their waists.
This fashion is called "sagging".
When a person allows his trousers to sag, the waistband or a larger part of his underpants can be seen.
A woman wearing trousers which expose the upper back portion of her thong underwear is said to show a "whale tail".
Not wearing underpants
Not wearing underpants under one's outer clothing is known in American slang as "freeballing" for men or "freebuffing" for women.
The term "going commando" is also used at times, for both sexes.
Certain types of clothes, such as cycling shorts and kilts, are meant to be worn or are traditionally worn without underpants.
In 1998 she became well known for being part of a scandal between her and then President of the United States, Bill Clinton.
The scandal involved claims that she had had a sexual relationship with President Clinton.
He said they had not.
In the end Clinton had to admit that sexual activity of some kind took place between them.
Lewinsky is of Jewish descent.
She grew up in a luxury $1.6 million home in Beverly Hills.
She is the daughter of Bernard Lewinsky, a medical researcher and photographer.
On December 14, 2006, Lewinsky graduated with a Masters of Science degree in Social Psychology from the London School of Economics.
Lewinsky's thesis is titled "In Search of the Impartial Juror: An exploration of the third person effect and pre-trial publicity".
According to her publicist Barbara Hutson, Lewinsky was interviewing for jobs in the United Kingdom in early 2007.
In 2009, scholar Ken Gormley had communications with Lewinsky as a part of his in-depth study of the Clinton scandals.
She said that Clinton had lied under oath when asked detailed and specific questions about his relationship with her.
In the 2010s, Lewinsky became an activist against cyberbullying, and gave a TED talk about it.
BuzzFeed called her the Queen of Twitter.
Jewish American entertainers
People from Beverly Hills, California
Writers from Los Angeles
March 16 — Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150–500 Jews in Clifford's Tower.
June 10 — Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem.
October 4 — Richard I of England threatens war against Tancred of Sicily, and captures Messina
"On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy" (ar.
Kitab fasl al-maqal) first published.
Coronation of Richard I of England (the Lion-Hearted)
Anti-Jewish riots in England.
In Myanmar, Anawrahta's lineage regains control with the assistance of Sri Lanka.
Pagan has been in anarchy.
The new regime reforms Burmese Buddhism on Sri Lankan Theravada models.
Henry I becomes Duke of Brabant.
Richard I of England and Philip II of France meet at Vézelay, beginning the Third Crusade.
Stevan Nemanja founds the Studenica monastery in Serbia.
The feudal era of Japan begins.
Cartmel Priory founded
Vincent of Beauvais, Dominican friar and encyclopedist (d. 1264)
Peter I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1251)
William III of Sicily (d. 1198)
William of Sherwood, English logician (d. 1249)
March 15 Isabelle of Hainaut, queen of Philip II of France (b. 1170)
June 10 — Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, (drowned) (b. 1122)
July 25 — Sibylla of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem (b. c. 1160)
William Fitzstephen, servant of Thomas à Becket and sheriff of Gloucester
Ranulf de Glanvill, chief justiciar of England
Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester
William Seward Burroughs (February 5, 1914 – August 2, 1997) was an American writer.
He was a contemporary and friend of writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac.
Burroughs was a member of the family who owned the Burroughs Cash Register Company.
A family trust paid him an income, so he did not have to work a regular job.
Sometimes he lived in Mexico and other countries, because he could live there in more luxury than in the United States.
One favorite apartment he had in New York City was a windowless basement, nicknamed "Bill's Bunker" by his friends.
Many of them were emerging writers and artists.
Burroughs told interesting, colorful stories, but did not think he could be a writer.
This changed as he came to terms with tragedy; he had killed his common law wife Joan, in an accident when they were both drunk.
Burroughs began to write to work through his grief and feelings of guilt.
He also abused drugs, including heroin, and it affected his writing.
His first novel, Naked Lunch, was a surreal work.
Besides writing, Burroughs also recorded spoken word and musical works.
One of his works paired him with musician Kurt Cobain.
1997 deaths
December 16 – At the Boston Tea Party, the Sons of Liberty throw 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor.
This will help start the American Revolutionary War.
February 9 – William Henry Harrison
The Republic of Uganda is a landlocked country in east Africa.
Its capital and biggest city is Kampala.
The currency is the Ugandan Shilling.
The official languages of Uganda are English and Swahili.
The most common religion is Christianity.
The President of Uganda is Yoweri Kaguta Museveni.
The country is to the East of Africa.
The population of Uganda is 32 million people.
The area of Uganda is about 236,040 km2.
Uganda is among countries thought to be very corrupt by Transparency International.
It is rated at 2.4 on a scale from 0 (the most corrupt) to 10 (the most clean).
Uganda is one of the poorest nations in the world.
37.7 percent of the people live on less than $1.25 a day.
Uganda is almost completely in the Nile basin.
At the centre of the country is Lake Kyoga.
Although landlocked, Uganda has many large lakes.
Besides Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga, there are Lake Albert, Lake Edward and the smaller Lake George.
Most important cities are in the south, near Lake Victoria, including the capital Kampala and the nearby city of Entebbe.
The climate is mostly equatorial.
But it is not the same everywhere because there are some changes in altitude.
The difference in altitude changes the climate.
Southern Uganda is wetter with rain generally throughout the year.
At Entebbe on the northern shore of Lake Victoria, most rain falls from March to June and in the November/December period.
Further to the north a dry season slowly emerges.
At Gulu about 120 km from the South Sudanese border, November to February is much drier than the rest of the year.
Culture and sport
Because there are so many communities, culture in Uganda is diverse.
Many Asians (mostly from India) who had to leave during the regime of Amin have returned to Uganda.
Football is the national sport in Uganda.
Games with the Ugandan national football team usually attract large crowds of Ugandans.
The Ugandan Super League is the top division of Ugandan football.
There are 16 clubs from across the country.
It was made in 1968.
Uganda's most famous footballers are David Obua of Scottish club Hearts and Ibrahim Sekagya, who is the captain of the national team.
Uganda's notable past greats of the game include Denis Obua, Majid Musisi, Fimbo Mukasa and Paul Kasule.
Cricket has become more popular.
Uganda won the World Cricket League (WCL) Division 3 in 2007.
Hockey is the only Ugandan field sport to date to have qualified for and represented the country at the Olympics.
This was at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
Uganda won gold medals at the Olympics in athletics with legendary hurdler John Akii-Bua in 1972 and marathon winner at the London 2012 Olympics Stephen Kiprotich.
In July 2011 Kampala, Uganda qualified for the 2011 Little League World Series.
Due to visa trouble they were unable to attend the Series.
In 2012, Uganda qualified again for the Little League World Series.
This time they were able to attend.
Royaltee-Free images of Uganda
Mike Judge (born October 17, 1962) is an American animator, actor, writer, and producer.
He is most famous for creating and starring in the animated television series Beavis and Butt-head and King of the Hill.
Judge also wrote, directed, and played a small part in the 1999 movie Office Space, and directed the 2006 movie Idiocracy, which starred Luke Wilson.
He was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, grew up in New Mexico, and lives in Austin, Texas.
Actors from Austin, Texas
Actors from New Mexico
People from Guayaquil
Missing Persons was an American New Wave group.
They formed in the 1980s while working with Frank Zappa.
American new wave bands
Blackpool is a seaside town in Lancashire, in the north west of England.
The town is on the coast of the Irish Sea.
Blackpool had a population of 142,283 as of the 2001 census.
Blackpool became important for tourism during the 19th century.
It is known for its beaches and amusement parks.
It is also the home to a famous international ballroom dancing competition.
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = His Excellency Generalísimo
| name                = Francisco Franco
| image               = RETRATO DEL GRAL.
FRANCISCO FRANCO BAHAMONDE (adjusted levels).jpg
| caption             =
| office              = Caudillo of Spain
| term_start          = 1 October 1936
| term_end            = 20 November 1975
| deputy              =
| predecessor         =
| successor           = Juan Carlos I(King of Spain)
| office2             = Prime Minister of Spain
| term_start2         = 30 January 1938
| term_end2           = 9 June 1973
| predecessor2        =
| deputy2             =
| successor2          = Luis Carrero Blanco
| party               = FET y de las JONS
| birth_date          =
| birth_place         = Ferrol, Galicia, Kingdom of Spain
| death_date          =
| death_place         = Madrid, Spanish State
| death_cause         = Septic shock
| restingplace        = Mingorrubio Cemetery, El Pardo, Madrid, Spain
| relatives           = Nicolás Franco (brother)Ramón Franco (brother)Francisco Franco (cousin)Ricardo de la Puente (cousin)
| spouse              =
| children            = María del Carmen
| mother              = María del Pilar Bahamonde
| father              = Nicolás Franco
| residence           = El Pardo, Madrid
| education           = Infantry Academy of Toledo