the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The members are: Bjørn „Speed“ Strid (vocals), Daniel Antonsson (guitar), Ola Flink, (bass), Dirk Verbeuren (drums) and Sven Karlsson (Keyboard).
Lamb of God is an American metal band from Richmond, Virginia.
They started in 1990.
They play a style called Groove metal with Death metal influences.
This style is similar to Thrash metal but has more rhythm.
Their music is very similar to Pantera's music.
The members are Randy Blythe (vocals), Mark Morton (guitar), Willie Adler (guitar), John Campbell (bass) and Chris Adler (drums).
Burn the Priest (1999)
New American Gospel (2000)
As the Palaces Burn (2003)
Ashes of the Wake (2004)
Killadelphia (2005)
Sacrament (2006)
Wrath (2009)
Resolution (2012)
A carabiner is a metal loop, which can be opened on one side.
This side is called a gate.
The other side is called spine.
Carabiners are often used for rock climbing, sailing and canoeing.
They also are used for construction of high buildings or window cleaning.
The word comes from the German word "Karabinerhaken", which means "hook for a carbine".
Climbing carabiners are very strong.
Many can hold loads greater than 20 kN. When belaying a climber, using a belay device (such as a Grigri or an ATC), a carabiner with a locking feature must be used to prevent the carabiner from opening accidentally.
HMS: A special kind of carabiner is often used in rock climbing.
HMS = HeMi Spherical.
i.e. offset, or curved to one side.
HMS is also considered short for the German word, "Halbmastwurfsicherung", a knot which is called the Munter Hitch in English.
The special offset shape of the HMS carabiner allows a climber to use the Munter Hitch for belaying without the rope getting stuck or jammed.
D-shape: This type of carabiner sends most of the load to the spine side.
This makes the carabiner stronger, but more expensive.
Big D-shape carabiners are called Offset-D
Oval: This type is the cheapest.
They are often used in aid climbing or for organizing (racking) gear.
They are usually not as strong as the other types of carabiners.
The last two types exist with and without locking devices.
HMS carabiners usually are not produced without locking device.
Non-locking-carabiners are often used in quickdraws.
Cyclamen is a genus of 20 species of flowering plants.
It is in the Myrsinaceae family.
The genus is most widely known by its scientific name Cyclamen.
It may also be called Persian violet (it is not related to the violets), or primrose (neither is it a primrose).
This is because Cyclamen has been part of the Primulaceae families.
Cyclamen come from the Mediterranean, from Spain to Iran.
They are also found from northeast Africa to Somalia.
They are perennial herbaceous aestivating plants, with a surface or underground tuber (derived from the hypocotyl) 4-12 cm diameter, which produces leaves in late winter, and flowers in the autumn; the leaves die down during the hottest part of the Mediterranean summer drought to save water.
Each leaf or flower grows on its own stem, which shoots up from the hypocotyl.
The variegation is thought by some botanists to be a form of natural disruptive camouflage to reduce grazing damage by animals.
The hypocotyl grows leaves and flowers on stems, either one flower or one leaf per stem.
The stem for leaves and flowers appears identical except in height.
The leaves grow on stems of around 6 cm height.
Cyclamen africanum
Cyclamen alpinum
Cyclamen cilicium
Cyclamen colchicum
Cyclamen creticum
Cyclamen cyprium
Cyclamen elegans
Cyclamen graecum
Cyclamen hederifolium
Cyclamen intaminatum
Cyclamen libanoticum
Cyclamen mirabile
Cyclamen parviflorum
Cyclamen peloponnesiacumum
Cyclamen pseudibericum
Cyclamen purpurascens
Cyclamen rohlfsianum
Cyclamen somalense
Sundberg, M. D. 1982 Petal-stamen initiation in the genus Cyclamen (Primulaceae).
American Journal of Botany 69: 1707–1709
Bambi is the main character in Felix Salten's book Bambi, A Life in the Woods.
He is a European Roe Deer.
Bambi is also the main character in the Disney movies based on the book: Bambi and Bambi II.
In the movies, Bambi was an American white-tailed deer.
Bambi characters
A Grigri is a securing device for rock climbing.
Unlike many other securing devices, a Grigri is half-automatic.
It works like a seat belt in a car.
The rope can be slowly pulled through, but if there is lot of weight on the rope the Grigri locks the rope. "
Grigri" is a trademark of the company Petzl, but because it was the first half-automatic securing device, many people call devices of other companies also Grigri.
Thumper is a fictional rabbit in the Disney movies Bambi and Bambi II.
He is Bambi's sidekick.
Thumper has a total of 4 sisters and a girlfriend called blossom or miss bunny in some countries.
Thumper and bambi are also both friends with Flower the skunk
Jacmel (Kréyòl: Jakmèl) is a city in southeast Haiti, on the Caribbean coast, at the mouth of the river Grande Rivière de Jacmel.
It is the capital city of the Sud-Est Département.
The city is in the Baie de Jacmel ("Jacmel Bay") about 86 km south of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince.
The arrondissement has four communes (a commune is like a municipality): Jacmel, Cayes-Jacmel, La Vallée and Marigot.
Jacci was the Taíno name for the region where is located Jacmel.
It was changed to the Spanish word Yáquimo (sometimes written as Jáquimo) and then to the French word Jacmel.
Christopher Columbus gave the name Puerto de Brasil ("Brazil port") to the place where Jacmel is now because there were many trees called "Brasil" (English: Brazilwood) in the region that were cut and sent to Spain; the tree has a yellow substance (and wood) that was used to give that color to hair, cloths and other objects.
In 1504, Nicolás de Ovando, Spanish governor of the Hispaniola, founded the town of Villanueva de Yáquimo (or Villanova de Yáquimo).
But people left the town and French people came to live here; in 1698, the new town of Jacmel was founded.
Jacmel today
There are many beautiful old houses in Jacmel, from the 1880s.
Since 2004, the 'Festival Film Jakmèl' is celebrated in Jacmel and, since 2007, the international music festival 'Festival Mizik Jakmèl'.
Many visitors come to Jacmel for its carnival, the  Bassins Bleu waterfalls, and the white sand beaches near the city.
Radio TéléDiffusion Jacmelienne
Radio Télé-Express Continental
Radio SemencesFM de Marbial
Palm Beach, Florida, USA
Strasbourg,France
Festival Film Jakmèl
Festival Mizik Jakmèl
Bonzouti.com - Web portal for Jacmel and the Sud-Est Department of Haiti
Official Chamber of Commerce Website
Website for Cayes-Jacmel
Bassin-Bleu website
1698 establishments
The Honda S2000 was a roadster created by the car company Honda.
It was first on sale in April 1999.
It was the successor (new model) of the S800.
Production of the S2000 ended in 2009.
http://www.hondanews.com/search/release/218
Honda automobiles
Caliban (character), a character from the play The Tempest
Caliban (moon), a moon of Uranus
Caliban (band), a metalcore band from Germany
Caliban (comics), a mutant character in the Marvel Comics Universe
A Premium station is a term used in the Melbourne train system for a station where there are better things than the other stations.
There are currently 72 stations like this.
All 5 City Loop stations are Premium stations, as well as the following stations -
Gary the Snail is SpongeBob's pet snail who lives with him in their pineapple house.
He meow and acts like a cat.
He cannot talk but SpongeBob can understand him.
Gary is usually shown to be very smart.
Walker Percy (May 28, 1916–May 10, 1990) was an American author.
He wrote a novel called The Moviegoer.
writers from Alabama
Talcott Parsons (December 13 1902 – May 8 1979) was an American sociologist.
He created a type of sociology called structural functionalism.
Parsons worked at Harvard University from 1927 to 1973.
American sociologists
Scientists from Colorado
Edward Hopper (July 22, 1882 – May 15, 1967) was an American painter.
He created paintings called The Nighthawks or Chop Suey.
Elias Canetti (July 25, 1905 – August 14, 1994) was an Bulgarian-Swiss Jewish author who wrote Crowds and Power.
A mountain in Antarctica is named for him.
Gao Xingjian (born January 4, 1940), is a Chinese-French  writer.
He was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Literature.
List of Chinese painters
Chinese Nobel Prize winners
Chinese painters
French critics
People who lost Chinese citizenship
English Renaissance drama is sometimes called Elizabethan drama, since its most important developments started when Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 to 1603.
But this name is not very accurate; the drama continued after Elizabeth's death, into the reigns of King James I (1603–1625) and his son King Charles I (1625–1649).
Shakespeare, for example, started writing plays in the later years of Elizabeth's reign, but continued into the reign of James.
When writing about plays from James's reign, scholars and critics sometimes use the term Jacobean drama; plays from Charles I's reign are called Caroline drama. (
These names come from the Latin forms of the two kings' names, "Jacobus" for James and "Carolus" for Charles.)
But for the subject as a whole, terms like English Renaissance drama or theatre are more accurate.
The year 1576 was a key date in this subject, since that is when the first permanent theatre building was built in London.
It was called simply The Theatre, because it was the only place of its kind in England at the time.
Before 1576, plays were acted in public halls and large houses, and in inns and public squares and courtyards and other open spaces, by troops of actors that mostly travelled around the countryside between cities and towns.
Once the actors had a permanent place to act plays, they could develop their art without the constant need to travel.
The Theatre was followed by other theatres in the London area; there were the Curtain, The Rose, the Swan, the Globe, and others too.
More plays were written by more playwrights to fill these theatres.
Playwrights worked in both the classic types of drama, tragedy and comedy.
They also began their own type of history play, mainly about earlier English kings and the events of their reigns.
Shakespeare's Richard III and Marlowe's Edward II are two examples of this type of English history play.
Plays were often written in poetry; early plays were mainly in rhymed verse, though as time passed playwrights came to prefer unrhymed blank verse.
Prose was also used in some plays, mostly for comedy.
English Renaissance drama grew and developed until 1642, when it suddenly stopped.
In the early years of the English Civil War, the Puritans who were fighting King Charles gained control of London and the region around it.
The Puritans were against play-acting; they thought it was sinful and immoral.
On September 2, 1642, the Puritans forced the London theatres to close, and to stay closed for most of the time until 1660.
Then the English Restoration brought a new king, Charles II, who let the theatres re-open.
In the 18-year gap between 1642 and 1660, English society had changed a good deal, and a new style of drama rose up in the Restoration era; it is usually called Restoration drama or Restoration theatre.
Some important English Renaissance playwrights
John Lyly
Robert Greene
Philip Massinger
Blank verse relies on the meter of the lines in the poem to give structure, and to create the feeling of poetry as compared to prose.
An example from William Wordsworth's poem Michael shows  the lack of rhyme and the strict meter in blank verse – each line sticks fairly closely to the pattern of iambic pentameter:
Upon the forest-side of Grasmere Vale
There dwelt a shepherd, Michael was his name;
An old man, stout of heart, and strong of limb.
His bodily frame had been from youth to age
Of an unusual strength: his mind was keen,
Intense, and frugal, apt for all affairs,
And in his shepherd's calling he was prompt
And watchful more than ordinary men.
Many critics judge blank verse to be better than rhyme for serious subjects, and many poets have used blank verse for their most important works.
Shakespeare used rhyme in his early plays, but in his more mature works like Hamlet he preferred blank verse.
John Milton wrote Paradise Lost in blank verse, including a note at the beginning of the poem saying that rhyming poetry was used to disguise badly written poems, Lord Tennyson used it for Idylles of the King, and Wordsworth used it for The Prelude and The Excursion.
John Keats used rhyme in his Endymion, his first try at a major poem; for his second attempt, Hyperion, he switched to blank verse.
The longest poems in English literature are written in blank verse, for example The Fall of Nineveh by Edwin Atherstone or King Alfred by John Fitchett.
This last is about 130 000 lines long.
Altamira (Spanish for 'high view') is a cave in Spain famous for its Upper Paleolithic cave paintings featuring drawings and coloured paintings of wild mammals and human hands.
It is located near the town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain, 30 km west of the city of Santander.
The cave with its paintings has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Curtis, Gregory.
The Cave Painters: probing the mysteries of the world's first artists.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Guthrie, R. Dale.
The nature of prehistoric art.
McNeill, William H. Secrets of the Cave Paintings, The New York Review of Books, Vol.
53, # 16, October 19, 2006.
Altamira Cave National Museum In Spanish and English
The story of Altamira
The website of UNESCO - Cave of Altamira
Altamira (cave), a cave in Cantabria, Spain, famous for its cave paintings, and carving
Altamira, Tamaulipas,  a port city in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas
Altamira (Caracas) a neighborhood in Caracas, Venezuela
Altamira, Pará, a city in the Brazilian state of Pará
Altamira do Maranhão, a city in the Brazilian state of Maranhão
Altamira Software, a computer software developer acquired by Microsoft in 1994
Altamira, Dominican Republic, a municipality of the Puerto Plata province
"Alta Mira", a song by Edgar Winter on their LP They Only Come Out at Night, 1972
"The Caves of Altamira", a song by Steely Dan on their album The Royal Scam
Altamira Retreat, a holiday retreat in Gloucester, Australia
FC Kuban () is a Russian football club based in Krasnodar.
In 2006 they won promotion to the Russian Premier League.
Kuban have previously spent two seasons in Russian Premier League and three seasons in Soviet Top League.
The club was founded as Dynamo in 1928, but was named Neftyanik in 1954, Kuban in 1958, and Spartak in 1960.
In 1963 the club was renamed Kuban and has been known by this name ever since.
Kuban and their predecessors mainly played at the lower levels of Soviet football, winning the RSFSR championship four times.
Kuban played in the Soviet Top League in 1980-1982, achieving their best result (13th position) in 1981.
In 1992, due to the dissolution of the USSR, Kuban were entitled to play at the top level instead of being relegated to the Second League.
They finished 18th out of 20 teams and were relegated.
After spending several seasons in First and Second divisions, they won promotion back to the Premier League for 2004, but were again relegated straight away.
This happened again in 2006 when they won promotion for the 2006-2007 season and then finished second to bottom.
RSFSR Championship: 4
Winners: 1948, 1962, 1973, 1987
1928 establishments
Liiga also known as SM-liiga from 1975 to 2013, is the top professional ice hockey league in Finland.
It is generally thought of as one of the top leagues in Europe.
It started in 1975.
SM is a common abbreviation for Suomen mestaruus, "Finnish championship".
Ice hockey leagues
Sport in Finland
2013 disestablishments in Europe
The aurochs, or urus, (Bos primigenius) was a large species of cattle.
The aurochs used to be common in Europe.
It is extinct now.
It was a wild animal, not a domesticated animal.
The extinct aurochs/urus is a not the same species as the wisent (the European bison).
According to the Paleontologisk Museum, University of Oslo, aurochs developed in India some two million years ago, came into the Middle East and farther into Asia, and reached Europe about 250,000 years ago.
People once thought that they were a different species from modern European cattle (Bos taurus).
Today, people think that aurochs and modern cattle are the same species.
Aurochs also had several features not often seen in modern cattle, such as lyre-shaped horns set at a forward angle, a pale stripe down the spine, and different color according to the gender.
Males were black with a pale stripe down the spine, while females and calves were reddish (these colours are still found in a few domesticated cattle breeds, such as Jersey cattle).
Aurochs were also known to have very aggressive behaviour, and killing one was seen as an act of courage in ancient cultures.
At one time there were three aurochs subspecies, namely Bos primigenius namadicus (Falconer, 1859) that occurred in India, the Bos primigenius mauretanicus (Thomas, 1881) from North Africa and the Bos primigenius primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) from Europe and the Middle East.
Only the European subspecies survived until recent times.
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition (AHD4).
Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
Headwords aurochs, urus, wisent.
Bunzel-Drüke, M. 2001.
Ecological substitutes for wild horse (Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785 = E. przewalslii Poljakov, 1881) and Aurochs (Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827).
Natur- und Kulturlandschaft, Höxter/Jena, 4, 10 p. AFKP.
Online pdf (298 kB)
Garfield, Richard van.
Magic the gathering: gatherer search: Aurochs.
http://gatherer.wizards.com/?first=1&last=100&term=aurochs&Field_Name=on&Field_Rules=on&Field_Type=on&setfilter=Allsets&colorfilter=All
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
Opinion 2027 (Case 3010).
Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved.
Nomencl.,
60:81-84.
Privas is a commune of France, capital (Prefecture) of the Ardèche department of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.
It is the smallest administrative centre of any department in France.
Today Privas is known for several confectionery made with chestnuts produced in the region, as the marron glacé.
When the department of Ardèche was created on 4 March 1790, the capital was Privas alternating with Annonay, Aubenas, Le Bourg(-Saint-Andéol) and Tournon.
In September of that year, Privas became the only capital of the department.
The commune of Privas is in the central eastern part of the Ardèche department, in the valley of the Ouvèze river, a tributary of the Rhône river.
The commune of Privas is in the centre of a region known as the "Bassin Privadois".
Reims - ;
Nice - .
Privas is surrounded by the communes:
The inhabitants of Privas are known, in French, as Privadois (women: Privadoises).
With a population of 8,313, Privas has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
It is the prefecture with fewest people living in it.
Privas is the prefecture of the Ardèche department since 1800.
It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Privas and the administrative centre () of the canton Privas, formed by 15 communes, including Privas, with 20,402 inhabitants (2014).
It is part of the intercommunality Privas Centre Ardèche, officially named as Communauté d'agglomération Privas Centre Ardèche.
Tortona, Italy
Weilburg, Germany
Wetherby, United Kingdom
Zevenaar, Netherlands
Site de la Communauté d'agglomération Privas Centre Ardèche
Guilherand-Granges is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Tournon-sur-Rhône is a commune in the Ardèche department of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.
The city is at about  to the north of Valence, the capital of the Drôme department.
Tournon-sur-Rhône, with the name of Tournon, was one of the seven districts of the Ardèche department when it was created on 4 March 1790.
When the arrondissements were created in 1800, Tournon was one of the three arrondissements of the department.
The commune of Tournon-sur-Rhône is on the northeastern part of the Ardèche department, on the border with the Drôme department.
The city is on the right side of the Rhône river.
Tournon-sur-Rhône is surrounded by the communes:
Ardèche department: Lemps, Saint-Jean-de-Muzols, Mauves, Plats, Saint-Barthélemy-le-Plain.
Drôme department: Crozes-Hermitage, Larnage, Tain-l'Hermitage, Pont-de-l'Isère.
The inhabitants of Tournon-sur-Rhône are known, in French, as Tournonais (women: Tournonaises).
With a population of 10,558, Tournon-sur-Rhône is the fourth largest city of the department and has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Tournon-sur-Rhône is a subprefecture of the Ardèche department since 1800.
It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Tournon-sur-Rhône and the administrative centre () of the canton Tournon-sur-Rhône formed by 13 communes, including Tournon-sur-Rhône, with 20,885 inhabitants (2014).
It is part of the intercommunality Arche Agglo, officially named as Communauté d'agglomération Hermitage-Tournonais-Herbasse-Pays de Saint Félicien.
Fellbach, Germany
Erba, LombardyItaly
The Battle of Marion (December 17–December 18, 1864) was a military engagement in the American Civil War that occurred when Major General George Stoneman, commander of the Union Army in Kentucky and Tennessee, raided Southwestern Virginia.
General Stoneman's plan was to destroy anything that might benefit the Southern war effort and was approved by his commanding officers on December 6, 1864.
The Confederates managed to hold the key positions on the battlefield against numerous Union charges.
Eventually, the Confederates ran short of ammunition and were forced to withdraw.
The total casualties for this battle were 274, relatively low for a battle during the Civil War.
The town of Marion is in southwest Virginia on the Middle Fork of the Holston River in Smyth County, Virginia.
It was about half way between the salt works at Saltville and the lead mines near Wytheville.
Since it is near the Mason–Dixon line, many of the town's families were divided and fought on opposing sides.
Until the winter of 1864, the town of Marion had been protected from fighting by the mountains and geographic location.
Union army
Major General George Stoneman, commander of the Union Army in Kentucky and Tennessee, proposed another expedition into southwest Virginia to destroy all facilities and supplies of benefit to the Confederate war effort.
This gained the approval of Major General John Schofield on December 6, 1864.
Stoneman would use troops under General Alvan Gillem and those commanded by General Stephen Burbridge—including the 5th and the 6th U.S. Colored Cavalry  who had participated in the failed previous attempt to destroy the salt works at the first Battle of Saltville.
Stoneman ordered Burbridge to bring his army of 4,200 men through the Cumberland Gap to join Stoneman and General Gillem at Knoxville, Tennessee where Gillem was refitting his own command into a picked force of 1,500 men.
Stoneman did not reveal the objectives of the expedition to his subordinates until three days after it had departed Knoxville on December 10.
On December 12, Stoneman's force flanked and forced back Confederate General Basil Duke's cavalry at Rogersville, Tennessee.
The Federals defeated and scattered the Confederates the next day at Kingsport, Tennessee.
There General Gillem captured 84 prisoners, including Col.
Richard C. Morgan and the brigade's supply train.
On the 14th, the Union army began to push Duke's cavalry back toward Abingdon, Virginia.
The next day, Stoneman and his cavalry went into camp at Glade Spring, Virginia, which was about  west of Marion.
On December 16, Stoneman's cavalry rode toward Marion, destroying infrastructure and public buildings along their path.
Confederate army
The opposing force of General Stoneman was the army of Major General John C. Breckinridge, who was the commander of the Department of Southwest Virginia.
Breckinridge's command consisted of approximately 1,000 regular troops with another 500 militia reserves.
Most of the army had been transferred to the Army of Northern Virginia to help in the defense of Richmond.
Breckinridge's army consisted of Colonel Henry Giltner's brigade, (which was formed from the soldiers of the 4th Kentucky Cavalry and the 10th Kentucky Cavalry); the 10th Kentucky Mounted Rifles (later renamed to the 13th Kentucky Cavalry), and the 64th Virginia Mounted Infantry.
Breckinridge's army also included General Basil Duke's cavalry, General George Cosby's cavalry and Colonel Vincent Witcher and his 34th Battalion of Virginia Cavalry.
On the night of December 16, General Breckinridge and his troops moved out of Saltville, Virginia in an effort to stop Stoneman.
Taking the regular troops with him, Breckinridge left Colonel Robert Preston in charge of the 500 militia men to defend the salt works.
General Breckinridge sent Witcher and his men of the 34th on ahead of his main force and ordered them to harass the Union army.
At about 3 a.m. (Local Time), Breckinridge and his small army began to travel across Walkers Mountain.
In the last few days before the march, 4" of rain fell, making travel difficult across the muddy roads.
At 4:00 a.m. (Local Time), they reached the main road near Seven Mile Ford, Virginia where Breckinridge waited for daylight before continuing.
Around noon of December 17, 1864, Breckinridge's men mounted their horses rode toward Marion.
Meanwhile, General Stoneman sent some of his Tennessee regiments to Wytheville, Virginia to destroy anything that looked valuable.
Stoneman also sent two regiments of cavalry to destroy the lead mines and smelting facilities that were about ten miles (16 km) from Wytheville.
Stoneman and Burbridge continued on toward Marion where they encountered Witcher and his men.
Burbridge's front regiment easily pushed back Witcher's small regiment, who stopped just so they could fire a volley into the Union cavalry.
They then continued to retreat toward Marion.
Witcher sent a courier to inform Breckinridge that they were coming to join them at Marion.
General Breckinridge's front regiment was the 10th Kentucky Mounted Rifles, under the command of Colonel Benjamin Caudill.
Caudill's men dismounted and fired into the Union cavalry, causing several casualties.
As the rest of Breckinridge's troops began to arrive on the scene, General Stoneman's men secured the high hill overlooking the river.
Breckinridge observed that these hills were the best defensive positions in the area; following which he ordered the men of the 10th Kentucky Mounted Rifles to charge up the hill and drive out the Union army.
The rest of Giltner's Brigade also joined in the charge, routing the Union soldiers.
The result of the charge ended in Confederate favor, and the Confederates gained control of the hill.
Burbridge then began to form his men up in columns to counterattack the Rebel defenses.
As soon as the men were in position, he ordered all columns to charge in unison.
After the signal, the Union Army surged forward.
The first Confederate volley of shots depleted the Union forces considerably.
Even after the volley, the Rebel forces were still vastly outnumbered.
Confederate Artillery commander Major Richard Page and his battery of four 10-pounder Parrott rifles began to fire, attempting to slow the charge.
The overwhelming fire forced the Union soldiers to fall back with many casualties.
The Union officers then reorganized their men and with a yell of their own, charged again.
Like the previous charge, this charge also was repelled.
One more charge occurred that day.
Courageously, the men formed and prepared to face the withering fire that they knew would come from the breast works in their front.
For the final time that day, the Union army charged into Confederate fire with the same results as the previous charges.
The Rebels had held on to their position during the first day of battle.
Breckinridge ordered his men to move forward and build new breastworks.
These new defensive positions placed the two armies less than one hundred fifty yards apart.
During the night, one Union officer was ordered to take positions at the covered bridge near the river.
He and 75 men took up positions in and around the covered bridge.
This was the only advance of that night by the Union army.
The Union army that was positioned at the covered bridge fired the first few volleys at the rebels to harass their front positions.
General Burbridge attacked just as the fog lifted.
To entertain themselves, soldiers from both armies began to hurl insults across the fields between them.
About midmorning Burbridge decided that the light rain probably would not stop falling any time soon and had his officers prepare to commence the battle.
Both armies yet again raised their battle cries.
Columns of Union men charged across the fields into the same fire they had received the day before.
A combination of the colored and the white troops managed to push the 4th Kentucky Infantry and General Cosby's positions back.
Cosby rallied his men and counterattacked, retaking their breastworks.
The Union soldiers that had taken positions at the covered bridge the night before began to take pressure from the 4th Kentucky in their front.
They realized their location was not safe one and some began to try to run back to the Union lines.
As these men would attempt to retreat from their positions at the bridge, the rebels of the would pick most of them off.
The remaining Union soldiers at the bridge decided to wait out the battle.
Later in the day General Burbridge ordered one of his regiments to charge across the bridge on horseback to relieve the pressure on the trapped men.
The regiment solely received a few casualties and then retreated.
On the far right, General Duke was being pressed hard by the heavy columns of attacking soldiers.
Seeing this, Colonel Giltner sent his regiment to reinforce Duke.
Before the 2nd arrived, Duke and his men counterattacked the Union line and routed it.
Duke and Witcher then combined forces and charged the Union's extreme left flank.
This Union colored regiment was also completely routed.
Burbridge and his men then went into a disorderly retreat.
The confederate rail breastworks had held, but the holding of the line had resulted in the use of a huge amount of ammunition.
Each Rebel defender had shot at least seventy-five rounds, and some having fired as many as a hundred shots.
The Union army then ordered another charge with a large cavalry regiment that reinforced the Union infantry.
The unexpected fighting capabilities of the small Confederate army had temporarily created a reprieve for the salt works.
Breckinridge ordered his field officers to make an inspection of the troops and to report back with the condition of his army.
The number of men wounded and killed had depleted his army to the point that he could judged that he could no longer hold back the Union army at the front lines.
Ammunition in the camp was also running low; each man had no more than ten cartridges apiece.
With their supplies destroyed by Stoneman's army at the towns of Wytheville and Abingdon, there was little hope of being resupplied or reinforced in time.
Breckinridge then ordered his men to retreat from the battlefield.
Though the men faced miserable conditions, they were confident they could hold the field the next day.
Angrily they obeyed orders and silently began to move out with Colonel Ben Caudill and his Mounted Rifles leading the way.
The battle at Marion was a Union victory.
The vastly outnumbered Rebels had inflicted moderate casualties and slowed the advance on Saltville, but were unable to stop it.
Finding their own path to Saltville's defenses blocked, Breckinridge and his men retreated further south, while the Union raiders advanced.
Saltville would fall to a night attack on December 20 - December 21 and the salt works would be destroyed by the Union army.
The damage to the leadmines near Wytheville would keep them out of production for three months, and then only partial production would be possible.
Salt production would not be resumed for over a month.
All railroad locomotives, cars, depots and bridges in the vicinity had been destroyed by the raid.
General Stoneman claimed to have captured 34 officers and 845 enlisted men during the raid.
About the Battle
History of Marion County
History of one of the Regiments
Step by step of the battle
1864 in Virginia
FC Angusht Nazran are a Russian football club from Nazran.
In 2006 the club played in the Russian First Division, the second level of Russian professional football.
The club was founded in 1993 as Ingushetia Nazran and entered the Russian Third League in 1994.
In 1995 the club was renamed Angusht and finished second in their zone, securing promotion to the Second League.
Angusht finished second in 1998 and third in 2000, and in 1995 they managed to win their Second Division zone to get another promotion.
The club spent the 2006 season in the First Division, finishing last between 22 teams.
After the season Angusht went bankrupt, were renamed FC Nazran and joined the Amateur Football League.
Angusht
The Union Army was the name of the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War.
It was also known as the Federal Army, the U.S. Army, the Northern Army, or the National Army.
It consisted of the small United States Army (the regular army), increased by many regiments supplied by the Northern states militias.
Most soldiers were volunteers but some were drafted.
The Union Army fought and defeated the Confederate States Army during the war, from 1861 to 1865.
Of the 2.5 million men who served in the Union Army during the war, about 9.5% were African American, about 360,000 died from being hurt in battle, disease, and 280,000 were wounded.
The Confederate States Army (CSA) was organized in February 1861 to fight for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.
Somewhere between 750,000 and 1.2 million soldiers served the Confederacy in one form or another.
The exact numbers are not known because of incomplete and destroyed records.
Although it won many battles the Confederate Army lost the war.
It could not overcome the Union army's larger numbers and better resources.
On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered what was left of the Army of Northern Virginia to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.
While his army was only a part of the total Confederate army, his surrender marked the end of the Confederacy.
On June 23, 1865, Georgia's Stand Watie became the last Confederate general to surrender.
Much of the design of the Confederate States Army was based on the structure and customs of the U.S. Army.
Both armies were mainly infantry, cavalry and artillery units.
While the structure of the two armies was very similar, the number of men in each unit could be different.
Many Confederate officers were graduates of West Point just like Union officers.
Regiments were usually numbered and named for the state where they were first organized and where most of the soldiers came from.
Brigades were usually named after their commanders (past or present).
For example, the Stonewall Brigade was named for its commanding general, Stonewall Jackson.
The Confederate Army had three parts; the Army of the Confederate States of America (ACSA, smallest but intended to be the permanent, regular army), the Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS, or "volunteer" Army, to be disbanded after the war), and the various Southern state militias.
The Confederate Constitution called for the President, Jefferson Davis to be Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy.
It did not call for a commanding general of the army but several generals were advisors to President Davis.
A regiment was the basic unit in battle.
At the start of the war, a regiment was 1,000 men and was led by a colonel.
Regiments were usually recruited from the same area so most soldiers and officers knew each other.
Disease, desertion, and combat reduced the numbers considerably.
Usually, instead of adding new recruits to a decimated regiment, a new regiment would be raised in its place.
A brigade was from two to five regiments.
Led by a brigadier general a brigade was usually from one branch of the army (infantry, cavalry or artillery).
A division was two or more brigades.
In the Confederate army, divisions could be as many as five or six brigades (Union army divisions were usually smaller).
Divisions were commanded by a major general.
A corps was two or more divisions.
A corps usually included infantry, cavalry and artillery.
That way a corps was independent and could conduct operations on its own.
An army was two or more corps.
A Corps or an army was usually led by the most senior major general or a general picked by Jefferson Davis.
The Army of Northern Virginia was one of the main forces of the Confederate Army in the east.
The Confederate Army of the Shenandoah, after the First Battle of Bull Run it became part of the Confederate Army of the Potomac.
The Army of the Peninsula was established May 26, 1861.
On April 12, 1862, it was merged into the Army of Northern Virginia.
The Confederate Army of the Northwest was an army early in the war.
It was disbanded February 9, 1862.
The Army of Central Kentucky.
Was created in 1861.
In March 1862 it was merged into the Army of Mississippi, which then became the Army of Tennessee
The Army of New Mexico was a smaller army that operated in the New Mexico Territory in 1861 and 1862.
The Army of the West was largely made up of the Missouri State Guard.
Confederate officers
Before the Civil War, many Confederate officers were in the United States Army.
When war started, 313 army officers resigned and became officers in the Confederate army.
Robert E. Lee was one of those who found it difficult to leave.
Abraham Lincoln had offered to make him commander-in-chief of the Union Army.
But he could not fight against his native Virginia.
He became commander of the Virginia militia and when Virginia Seceded, a General of the Confederacy.
Many militias elected their officers including field officers.
When these units joined the Confederate army, their officers were commissioned.
There were also a number of professional officers who came from Germany or Britain (just as there were in the Union army).
But at the start of the war, few Southern officers had any real experience.
Wealthy planters who owned 20 or more slaves were not required to serve in the army and many stayed home during the war.
Some served in the Enlisted rank but many thought it was unfair to serve under officers so poor they could not afford a single slave.
Many Confederate officers kept a slave as a personal servant throughout the war.
Confederate soldiers
Confederate officers often did not maintain discipline among their men.
Many of their soldiers were illiterate and some did not know which was their left foot and which was their right.
At the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, even Lee complained about the lack of discipline in his army.
Visiting foreign officials were shocked at lack of discipline and were amazed they could fight.
The average Confederate soldier was in his early 20s.
He was usually gaunt, unkempt and beards were common.
It often did not fit, especially if taken off a dead soldier.
Most wore a white shirt under their wool jacket.
Replacement uniforms were hard to get.
They would often stain homespun (clothing made at home) with a dye made from walnuts.
This gave their uniforms a yellowish-brown appearance they called "butternut".
Many did not have shoes or shoes that fit.
Those who did nailed horseshoes to the bottom to keep them from wearing through the sole.
At first he carried a musket or flintlock rifle.
Later in the war many carried the better Enfield rifles taken from dead Union soldiers.
Any boots, uniforms or supplies Union soldiers left behind or were captured were used by the Confederate soldiers.
In camp, most of the tents were marked "U.S." Most of the Southern Artillery was also captured Union cannons.
Stand Watie (December 12, 1806 – September 9, 1871) was a leader of the Cherokee Nation and a brigadier general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
He commanded the Native American cavalry made up mostly of Cherokee, Creek and Seminole people.
He was also known as Degataga, meaning to "stand firm" and Isaac S. Watie.
Stand Watie was born in Georgia.
He helped his brother run a newspaper.
Watie helped lead the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1835.
When the American Civil War started in 1861, Watie started a cavalry regiment.
He lead the regiment in several battles with the Union Army.
In 1862, he was elected as a chief of the Cherokees.
Watie surrendered to the Union army in 1865.
Stand Watie Biography
George Stoneman, Jr. (August 22, 1822 – September 5, 1894) was a career U.S. Army officer, a Union cavalry general in the American Civil War, and the Governor of California between 1883 and 1887.
Cornas is a French commune that can be found in the département of Ardèche in the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.
The name is Celtic for "burnt land."
It has a population of 2,082 people.
Coux, Ardèche, in the Ardèche département
Coux, Charente-Maritime, in the Charente-Maritime département
Coux-et-Bigaroque, in the Dordogne département
Military history is the history of what happened in the history of humanity that are considered to be conflicts.
This could mean anything as small as a fight between two tribes or a conflict as large as a world war.
Military historians record military history.
Why Study War?,
by Victor Davis Hanson, City Journal, Summer 2007
Military History Encyclopedia
Military History Wiki
Coux is a commune of the Ardèche département in the south-east of France.
The commune has a population of 1,466 people as of the year 1999.
Cruas is a village and commune that can be found by the Rhône River in the Ardèche département of France.
The commune has a population of 2,405 people as of the year 1999.
http://www.cruas.com
Davézieux is a village and commune in the Ardèche département in the center of southern France.
The commune has a population of 2,629 people as of the year 1999.
Désaignes   is a village and commune in the Ardèche département in the southern part of France.
The commune has a population of 1,105 people as of the year 1999.
Félines, Ardèche, a commune in the department of Ardèche
Félines, Haute-Loire, a commune in the department of Hérault
Félines-Minervois, a commune in the department of Hérault
Félines-sur-Rimandoule, a commune in the department of Drôme
Félines-Termenès, a commune in the department of Aude
Félines is a commune of the Ardèche département in the south-east of France.
The commune has a population of 1,106 people as of the year 1999.
Jaujac is a town and commune in the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
The commune had a population of 1,048 people as of the year 1999.
Joyeuse River, a river in France
Joyeuse, Ardèche, a town in the French department of Ardèche
Joyeuse ()is a commune in the French department of Ardèche in the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.
It is the seat of the canton of Joyeuse.
Joyeuse has a population of 1,487 people as of the year 1999.
Joyeuse can be found in the  region of Bas-Vivarais that has a lot of history.
It can be found in the valley of the Beaume, which is a tributary of the Ardèche River.
People connected to Joyeuse
Marcus Julius Bassus, Roman consul, whose tomb is near Joyeuse
Charlemagne, starter of Joyeuse
Duke Anne de Joyeuse
Cardinal François de Joyeuse
Duchess Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse
La Grande Mademoiselle, Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans de Montpensier
François Boissel
Mairie of Joyeuse
Labégude is a town and commune in the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
The commune had a population of 1,337 people as of the year 1999.
Lachapelle-sous-Aubenas   is a village and commune in the Ardèche département of the center of southern France.
The commune has a population of 1,264 people as of the year 1999.
The Chauvet Cave  or Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave is near Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, in the Ardèche département, in southern France.
It became famous in 1994 when Paleolithic artwork was found on the walls.
There were remains of many animals, some which are now extinct.
Also some footprints of animals and humans were found.
The cave is one of the most significant prehistoric art sites, like Lascaux, Altamira, and Cosquer.
The gorges of the Ardèche region have many caves.
Many have geological or archaeological importance.
The Chauvet Cave is unusually large.
Its artwork is well preserved and of good quality.
It was occupied by humans at two different times: the Aurignacian and the Gravettian.
Most of the artwork dates to the earlier Aurignacian era (30,000 to 32,000 years ago).
The only traces left of the later occupation during the Gravettian include a child's footprints, the charred remains of ancient hearths and carbon smoke stains from torches that lit the caves.
It seems nobody had been in it after the child, until it was discovered in 1994.
The footprints are some of the oldest human footprints in existence: they are between 20,000 and 30,000 years old.
The floor of the cave is of a soft material, almost like clay.
There are paw prints of cave bears.
There are also large rounded depressions in the floor.
These are believed to be the nests where the bears slept.
There are many fossilized bones, including the skulls of cave bears and the horned skull of an ibex.
There are hundreds of animal paintings there.
At least 13 different species, including those which have rarely or never been found in other ice age paintings are represented.
In addition to commonly hunted animals: horses, cattle, reindeer, etc.. The walls of the Chauvet Cave are covered with predatory animals: lions, panthers, bears, owls, rhinos and hyenas.
Typical of most cave art, there are no paintings of complete human figures, although there is one possible, partial "Venus" figure that may represent the legs and genitals of a woman.
A peculiar figure appears to have the lower body of a woman with the upper body of a bison.
There are a few panels of red ochre hand prints and hand stencils made by spitting pigment over hands pressed against the cave surface.
Abstract markings—lines and dots—are throughout the cave.
There are also two unidentifiable images that have a vaguely butterfly shape to them.
This combination of subjects has led experts in pre-historic art and cultures to believe that there was likely a ritualistic, shamanistic, or magical aspect to these paintings.
The artists who produced these unique paintings used techniques not often observed in other cave art.
Many of the paintings appear to have been made only after the walls were scraped clear of debris and concretions.
This left a smoother and noticeably lighter area upon which the artists worked.
Similarly, a three dimensional quality is achieved by incising or etching about the outlines of certain figures.
This visually emphasizes some of the animals and allows torch light to cast shadows about the edges.
The cave contains the oldest known cave paintings, based on radiocarbon dating of "black from drawings, from torch marks and from the floors."
Clottes concludes that the "dates fall into two groups, one around 27,000-26,000 BP and the other around 32,000-30,000 BP."
As of 1999, the dates of 31 samples from the cave had been reported, with the earliest being 32,900±490 BP.
The cave was named after Jean-Marie Chauvet, who discovered it on 18 December 1994, together with Christian Hillaire and Eliette Brunel-Deschamps.
The researchers found that the cave had been untouched for 20,000-30,000 years.
http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/en/  French Ministry of Culture information site; includes an interactive map with photos.
http://www.france.diplomatie.fr/label_france/ENGLISH/SCIENCES/CHAUVET/cha.html
http://www.time.com/time/europe/wonder/chauvet.html   A brief article by Jean Clottes of the French Ministry of Culture, responsible for overseeing the authentication of the contents and art of the cave
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chav/hd_chav.htm    Metropolitan Museum of Art showing the Chauvet Cave on its Timeline of Art History page
http://www.neara.org/MiscReports/04-18-03.htm     Doubt cast on Chauvet cave dating
Chauvet Cave The cave paintings and rock art of Chauvet, with contributions by Dr Jean Clottes.
http://www.paleoesthetique.com/articles_us/the_grotte_chauvet.php  A new stylistic approach on Chauvet