the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
There are about 90,164 people living in Flensburg.
The city has a university.
A very well known part of Flensburg is Mürwik.
There lies a small navy harbour.
Flensburg lives on tourism, students and the German navy forces.
There was a first settlement about 1200 A.D., which became a city in 1284.
In the following century, Flensburg became the economic centre of the Duchy of Schleswig.
In 1409 there were battles between people of the Duchy of Holstein and the Danish crown about the control of Schleswig.
In 1412 and 1500 there were bad plagues in Flensburg.
In 1485, there was a big fire in the city.
Between 1460 and 1864 Flensburg was the second most important harbour in Denmark after Copenhagen.
Since the 16th century Flensburg was an important place for trade.
Flensburg became part of Prussia in 1864, after the Danish-Prussian War.
In 1920, there was an election in Schleswig.
The vote was to decide whether people wanted to belong to Denmark or Germany.
Flensburg and regions south of the city decided to stay German, while regions north of the city chose to become Danish.
In 1945, many Germans were driven out of their homes in the eastern German provinces.
These people went to Flensburg.
The city had more than 100,000 inhabitants for a couple of years.
Nowadays Flensburg has about 85,000 inhabitants.
Goslar is a historic city in Germany.
It has about 43,000 inhabitants.
The German Emperor Henry I founded Goslar in 922.
In the 11th century Goslar became seat of a Pfalz, a temporary seat of the Emperor.
In 1253 Goslar became a Free City (that means without being ruled a Duke) in the Holy Roman Empire and joined the Hanseatic League.
In the Thirty-year War Goslar belonged to the loyalists of the Emperor, although its territory belonged to a Protestant region.
The Swedish King Gustav II Adolph punished Goslar for supporting the imperial forces.
After 1642 Goslar came under the rule of the Welfs.
In 1803 Goslar lost its status as a Free City and belonged to Prussia.
Napoleon made Goslar a part of the Kingdom of Westphalia.
After the Napoleonic Wars it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover.
In the 19th century Goslar lost its economic base.
Now it lives mainly on tourism.
Anonymous is a group of anonymous online activists.
They are associated with many online and offline protests.
These protests commonly relate to freedom of speech.
They often protest against political corruption and censorship.
Anonymous also makes DDoS attacks (where an attacker disconnects his or her target from the internet, sometimes forever) on popular websites such as PayPal and the United States' Department of Justice homepage.
Other common targets include organizations who seem to limit people's freedom of speech.
Some people have been arrested for involvement in Anonymous cyberattacks in countries including the U.S., UK, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and Turkey.
Views of the group's actions and usefulness vary widely.
Supporters have called the group "freedom fighters" and digital Robin Hoods while some have judged them as "a cyber lynch-mob" or "cyber terrorists".
In 2012, Time called Anonymous one of the "100 most influential people" of 2012 in the world.
Members of anonymous are called Anons.
When anons appear in public, they often wear Guy Fawkes masks.
Guy Fawkes masks come from a graphic novel and film called V for Vendetta.
Some Anons also disguise their voice with voice changers (products that distort a user's voice) or text-to-speech programs.
Beliefs and Values
Anons regularly have conflicting opinions, but mostly they are non-extremist and socialist.
Anonymous does not have a hierarchy or a leader.
Instead, anons work together because they have similar interests.
Parmy Olson explains, "There was no single leader pulling the levers, but a few organizational minds that sometimes pooled together to start planning a stunt."
Generally, anons fight censorship on the Internet, and they mostly target governments, organizations, and corporations who they believe to use censorship.
Anons were early supporters of the global Occupy Movement and the Arab Spring.
Since 2008, Anons have disagreed on whether Anonymous should focus on pranks and entertainment or serious activism.
We [Anonymous] just happen to be a group of people on the Internet who need—just kind of an outlet to do as we wish, that we wouldn't be able to do in regular society. ...
That's more or less the point of it.
Do as you wish. ...
There's a common phrase: 'we are doing it for the lulz.'
— Trent Peacock.
Search Engine: The Face of Anonymous, February 7, 2008.Members of Anonymous protest in legal and illegal ways.
In 2012, Olson described Anonymous as a "movement" rather than a group:  "anyone can be part of it.
It is a crowd of people, a nebulous crowd of people, working together and doing things together for various purposes."
Anonymous has few rules.
These rules include not sharing one's identity, not talking about the group, and not attacking media (such as news, television, and film).We are Anonymous.
MTV (music television) is an American cable television network.
They are based in New York City.
The channel launched on August 1, 1981.
They used to only show music videos.
The first music video shown on MTV was Video Killed the Radio Star by The Buggles.
Today, the channel shows many different television programs aimed at adolescents and young adults.
MTV.com
The Bundesautobahn 45 (in German: A 45), is a Motorway from the Ruhr area till Hanau.
The highway begins in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia and crosses Hesse.
The A 45 ends in Bavaria.
Cities along the A 45
Gießen
Exits on the A 45
Waltrop (planned)
(2) Dortmund-Nordwest
(3) Castrop-Rauxel-Ost
(4) Dortmund-Hafen
(5) Dortmund-West
(6) Dortmund-Eichlinghofen
(7) Dortmund/Witten
(8) Dortmund-Süd
(9) Westhofen
(10) Schwerte-Ergste
(11) Hagen
(12) Hagen-Süd
Rölveder Mühle/Kaltenborn
(13) Lüdenscheid-Nord
(14) Lüdenscheid-Mitte
Sauerland
(15) Lüdenscheid-Süd
(16) Meinerzhagen
(17) Drolshagen
(18) Olpe
(19) Olpe-Süd
(20) Freudenberg
Siegerland
(21) Siegen
(22) Siegen-Süd
(23) Wilnsdorf
(24) Haiger/Burbach
(25) Dillenburg
Dollenberg
(26) Herborn-West
(27) Herborn-Süd
Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax (Ajax Amsterdam, AFC Ajax, or simply Ajax) is a football club from Amsterdam, Netherlands.
They play in the Eredivisie, which is the highest football competition in The Netherlands.
Players like Johan Cruyff, Van Basten, Frank Rijkaard, Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Jari Litmanen played for this club.
The club was founded on March 18, 1900.
The founders were Floris Stempel, Carel Reeser  and Johan Dade.
It was the second attempt to found Ajax.
In 1894 they tried it too.
Ajax is named after the mythological hero Ajax the Great.
Ajax promoted to the highest level in 1911.
Their coach was Jack Kirwan.
Because Sparta Rotterdam had almost the same kit (clothes), they had to change it.
The name of the stadium is Amsterdam ArenA and has an attendance (which means the number of seats) of about 52.000.
The Amsterdam ArenA was opened on 14 August 1996 by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.
Their previous stadium was named De Meer.
14 –  Johan Cruyff (Forward, 1964–73, 1981–83).
Number retired on 25 April 2007 at Cruyff's 60th birthday celebration match.
34 –  Abdelhak Nouri (Midfielder, 2016–17)
Dutch football clubs
1900 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in the Netherlands
A fungicide is a poison.
It is used to kill fungi that are considered unwanted.
Chad Robert Turton (better known as Chad Kroeger) is a Canadian singer and guitarist for the rock band, Nickelback.
He was born on November 15, 1974, in Hanna, Alberta, Canada.
Kroeger is of American, English, German, Irish, Norwegian, Scottish, Swiss-German, and Welsh descent.
Kroeger became engaged to Canadian singer Avril Lavigne in 2012.
The couple married in 2013 and separated in 2015.
Nickelback consists of four band members.
Chad Kroeger (vocals, lead guitar), Mike Kroeger (bass guitar), Ryan Peake (rhythm guitar) and Daniel Adair (drums).
Musicians from Alberta
Consecutive numbers are numbers that follow each other in order.
They have a difference of 1 between every two numbers.
In a set of consecutive numbers, the mean and the median are equal.
If n is a number, then the next numbers will be n+1 and n+2.
-3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Consecutive even numbers
Consecutive even numbers are even numbers that follow each other.
They have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.
If n is an even integer, then n, n+2, n+4 and n+6 will be consecutive even numbers.
Consecutive odd numbers
Consecutive odd numbers are odd numbers that follow each other.
Like consecutive odd numbers, they have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.
If n is an odd integer, then n, n+2, n+4 and n+6 will be consecutive odd numbers.
Beowulf is the hero of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf.
He was the son of Ecgþeow, a banished warrior of the Wægmundings.
Ecgþeow had killed a man from another clan and had to flee to the Danes.
The Danish king Hroðgar accepted him as one of his warriors.
The king also paid to repay the blood feud that was threatening Ecgþeow.
When King Hroðgar came upon difficulties because his land was raided by the giant Grendel- a descendant of Cain, and cursed-, Ecgþeow's son Beowulf came to help him with twelve warriors.
During the night, Grendel arrived to attack the sleeping men.
Grendel gruesomely slaughtered one man before anyone awoke, but Beowulf attacked him.
Beowulf had earlier decided to fight without his sword because he thought it would be shameful to fight with unequal weaponry.
He, however, outmatched Grendel in strength and tore off his arm.
Grendel fled back to his cave, where he died and his arm was fixed to the wall like a trophy.
During the following night, Grendel's Mother arrived and Beowulf had an even harder fight against her, as she stole back her son's arm and retreated to her underwater cave.
Beowulf followed her and spent a day sinking to the bottom of the lake, and they fought it out a while before Beowulf saw a sword, which conveniently was the only sword that could possibly kill Grendel's mother.
He stabbed her with it, and she died.
The sword dissolved and he found and beheaded Grendel's body.
He brought back the head as a trophy.
Beowulf was greatly rewarded for both of these feats, and he and his men were showered in glory and riches.
All the gold was presented to their king, and Beowulf was rewarded with a great sword, land, a hall, and the throne of the Geats when the current king dies.
Later on in life, Beowulf ruled over his native Geatland for 50 years until a dragon attacked after a golden goblet was stolen from its cave by a slave.
He travels to its cave and successfully slays it, but is severely injured in the melee.
He was bitten in the neck, and the venom will kill him.
The dying Beowulf then crowns a young warrior called Wiglaf as his successor (as he himself does not have children and all his predecessors have died).
Wiglaf is one of the 12 soldiers he took with him to fight the dragon, but the only one who stayed when they saw he was losing.
He is then burned on a pyre with all of his gold he won by slaying the dragon.
In Adaptions
There have been many fictional books and films made based on Beowulf.
Beowulf appeared in most of them.
In 2007, a movie was made about Beowulf.
Germanic mythology
A clan is a group of people who – following a tradition – belong to the same kin.
The word comes from the Gaelic language, and means 'family'.
It is similar in meaning to the more general word tribe.
In Europe, the best-known clans system is that in Scotland, which still has some effects today, especially in the Scottish Highlands and Islands.
It existed before the land was unified under a Scottish king, and continued long afterwards.
Clans also
Muon-catalyzed fusion (μCF) is a type of cold nuclear fusion, which means that nuclear fusion can happen at low temperatures and under normal pressure.
There need to be 3 particles: a muon, a positively charged triton and a positively charged deuteron.
The muon, which has a greater mass (when its not moving) than an electron, drags the heavier triton and the deuteron to it, creating something called a muonic heavy hydrogen ion.
This means that the particle is a hydrogen atom with more protons then electrons, that contains a muon, and that contains extra neutrons which make it heavier.
This reaction can be done at room temperature or below, such as -270 degrees Celsius.
To create these, a stream of negative muons is sent onto blocks of protium, deuterium and tritium (3 first isotopes of hydrogen).
The muon bumps out the electron in the hydrogen atom.
Because the electron is replaced, any 2 atoms are bound together.
This makes a molecular ion, also called a special muonic molecule.
A muon is 207 times more massive then an electron.
Because of the difference in mass, the atom changes.
Because it is heavier, the atoms in the molecular ion are pressed very tightly together, and then the nuclei, the centers of the atoms, join together.
The following process is called nuclear fusion.
The 2 nuclei join together and "glue" together.
But, their weights do not just add up, a part of their mass is released as energy.
This is the energy used.
Now, the process continues because the muon is thrown out of the nuclei when they fuse, so it can join other nuclei, which continues the reaction.
Sometimes the muon is attached to something else thrown out from the nucleus, and the muon is lost.
This stops the reaction.
The good thing about this is that muon-catalyzed fusion uses little energy, and produces much energy.
The only problem is that the reaction is not stable, so it does not last a long time, because the muons are lost.
This process is still a long way from being used for business.
de:Kalte Fusion#Myonen-katalysierte Fusion
Berber people, an ethnic group from North Africa
Berber languages, languages spoken by the Berber people
Nomadic people (or nomads) are people who move from one place to another, instead of living in one place.
The best known examples in Europe are gypsies, Roma, Sinti, and Irish travelers.
Many other ethnic groups and communities are traditionally nomadic; such as Berbers, Kazakhs, and Bedouin.
People are nomads for many reasons.
Most nomads are family men herding their livestock, such as cattle, or horses from pasture to pasture.
These people have to change places because of the weather.
Other nomads are traders and craftsmen (people who make things), traveling to exchange goods or to practice their craft where it is needed.
Nomads who follow their herds usually live in tents with few things inside, like the Mongols.
Nomads who trade or practice crafts usually have wagons in which they travel, because wagons are better for carrying goods.
The Sami of Lapland are semi-nomadic tribe following a herd of reindeer.
They are a migratory people who lead their own herd of reindeer to winter feeding grounds and then return them in the spring to their feeding ground close to a permanent home base, where their family lives.
This cycle happens every year.
The skills of nomadic life can also be useful in mobile warfare, and have been used in attacking sedentary agricultural and urban people.
Genghis Khan and the Mongol hordes, for example conquered vast areas in Asia by organizing themselves as cavalry.
A geodesic dome is a type of structure that looks like half a ball shape (like half a soccer ball), made of many little shapes, usually triangles.
It often is made of glass, concrete, or steel.
They are cheap to make, and bigger than square buildings.
It was first created in 20th century by an American engineer, Buckminster Fuller.
Coprolalia is a condition that affects about 15% of people with Tourette syndrome.
Someone with coprolalia will use words that make people feel uncomfortable so often that it is hard to control.
This is often in the form of a stream of curse words.
People who have Tourette syndrome are not the only people who experience coprolalia.
For example, it can happen in people who have had a stroke, or who have schizophrenia.
Billy Talent, before called Pezz, is a Canadian punk rock band from Mississauga, Ontario.
The name Billy Talent was inspired by the guitarist "Billy Tallent" from the Michael Turner novel Hard Core Logo.
They performed and recorded together for about 10 years before becoming famous.
Benjamin Kowalewicz - vocals
Ian D'Sa - guitar, vocals
Jon Gallant - bass, vocals
Aaron Solowoniuk - drums
Billy Talent (2003)
Billy Talent II (2006)
Billy Talent III (2009)
Dead Silence (2012)
Afraid of Heights (2016)
Billy Talent at MySpace
Billy Talent exclusive video interview on peta2
1993 establishments in Canada
Canadian punk bands
Post-hardcore bands
.Donald Frank Cheadle Jr. (/ˈtʃiːdəl/; born November 29, 1964) is an American actor, author, director, producer and writer.
Following early roles in Hamburger Hill (1987), and as the gangster "Rocket" in the film Colors (1988), Cheadle built his career in the 1990s with roles in Devil in a Blue Dress (1995), Rosewood (1997) and Boogie Nights (1997).
His collaboration with director Steven Soderbergh resulted in the films Out of Sight (1998), Traffic (2000) and The Ocean's Trilogy (2001–2007).
Cheadle was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his lead role as Rwandan hotel manager Paul Rusesabagina in the historical genocide drama film Hotel Rwanda (2004).
From 2012 to 2016, he starred as Marty Kaan on the Showtime comedy series House of Lies; he won a Golden Globe Award in 2013 for the role.
Cheadle extended his global recognition with his role as the superhero War Machine in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, replacing Terrence Howard.
He currently appeared in Iron Man 2 (2010), Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Captain Marvel (2019) and Avengers: Endgame (2019) and will appear in the upcoming Disney+ series Iron Heart.
Film and television work
Cheadle became eligible for his Screen Actors Guild (SAG) card when he appeared as a burger joint employee in the 1985 comedy Moving Violations.
In 1987 he received a small role in episode 19, season 7 of Hill Street Blues where he played a teenager with learning difficulties.
Followed by an appearance in Hamburger Hill the same year; Cheadle secured the role of Jack in the April 1, 1988, "Jung and the Restless" episode of Night Court.
Although his character was 16 years old, Cheadle was 23 at the time.
Cheadle then played the role of Rocket in the 1988 movie Colors.
In 1989, he appeared in a video for Angela Winbush's No.
2 hit single "It's the Real Thing", performing dance moves in an orange jumpsuit, working at a car wash.
In 1990, he appeared in an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air titled "Homeboy, Sweet Homeboy", playing Will Smith's friend and Hilary's first love interest, Ice Tray.
In 1992, he played a supporting role in The Golden Girls spin-off The Golden Palace.
Cheadle subsequently played district attorney John Littleton on three seasons of Picket Fences.
Cheadle first received widespread notice for his portrayal of Mouse Alexander in the film Devil in a Blue Dress, for which he won Best Supporting Actor awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and the National Society of Film Critics and was nominated for similar awards from the Screen Actors Guild and the NAACP Image Awards.
Following soon thereafter was his performance in the title role of the 1996 HBO TV movie Rebound: The Legend of Earl "The Goat" Manigault.
He also starred in the 1997 film Volcano, directed by Mick Jackson.
Don Cheadle also starred in Rush Hour 2 (2001), with Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker..
Cheadle's television credits include Emmy-nominated performances in the movies The Rat Pack, A Lesson Before Dying, Things Behind the Sun and in a guest appearance on ER.
The last of these spanned four episodes during the show's ninth season, in which he portrayed Paul Nathan, a medical student struggling to cope with Parkinson's disease.
He has made appearances in films including Rosewood, The Family Man, Boogie Nights, Out of Sight, Traffic, and Ocean's Eleven.
He made a cameo appearance in the film Abby Singer.
In 2005, Cheadle was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Paul Rusesabagina in the film Hotel Rwanda.
He also starred in and co-produced Crash, which won the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture.
For his performance in Crash, Cheadle was nominated for the BAFTA and Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Supporting Actor.
He played the main character in the movie Traitor.
In March 2007, Cheadle starred with comedian Adam Sandler in Mike Binder's Reign Over Me, a comedy-drama about a man who has slipped away from reality after the death of his wife and three daughters in 9/11.
The film was a box office flop, earning a domestic gross of $22.2 million.
Cheadle later starred in the 2009 DreamWorks Pictures film Hotel for Dogs.
Cheadle was to make his directorial debut with the adaptation of Elmore Leonard's Tishomingo Blues, but in July 2007 he stated, "'Tishomingo' is dead..."
Cheadle appeared in NFL commercials promoting the Super Bowl from 2002 to 2005.
He so regularly appeared for the NFL in its Super Bowl advertising that in 2006, in a drive to get fans to submit their own advertising ideas, the NFL sought his permission to reference his previous commercials to portray themselves as having no new ideas: "he quickly signed off on the idea and found it funny."
Abe Sutton (along with Etan Bednarsh), one of the finalists in this NFL contest, played on this commercial by proposing an ad where every player on a football team is Don Cheadle.
In 2009, Cheadle and Boondocks creator Aaron McGruder worked on a potential comedy show on NBC.
The "project revolve[d] around mismatched brothers who reunite to open a private security company."
Cheadle and McGruder were slated to serve as executive producers, while McGruder was expected to write the script.
Also in 2009, Cheadle performed in The People Speak, a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States.
In 2010, Cheadle assumed the role of War Machine / James Rhodes in Iron Man 2 (2010), replacing Terrence Howard.
Cheadle currently reprised this role in Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and will reprise it in the Disney+ series Iron Heart.
From 2012 to 2016, Cheadle starred in the Showtime TV series House of Lies.
In 2013, he won the Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Comedy Series for his role on the show.
Cheadle spent ten years writing and producing the film Miles Ahead (2016) based on the life of jazz musician Miles Davis.
Cheadle also directed and starred in the film.
Locations for the movie were found in Cincinnati.
In 2018, Cheadle guest-starred in the first-season finale of DuckTales, providing Donald Duck's new voice box.
Sauropodomorphs
mIRC is a popular shareware Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client for Microsoft Windows.
It was created in 1995 by Khaled Mardam-Bey in C. Its most recent update (7.25) was made in 2012.
It is licensed as Proprietary.
It comes free of charge for 30 days and then you have the choice to buy it for $20 USD, or continue using but the program will ask you to buy it at each launch.
The ...for dummies is a series of books that try to explain something very simply.
The series was created in 1991 by Dan Gookin.
The first book was about the computer operating system  MS-DOS.
Dan Gookin created the book, because in 1987 a person wanted a book that was simple and easy to read, as the person considered computer books to be dull at that time.
After MS-DOS for dummies, came PC's for Dummies by Gookin, and Andy Rathbone.
Other popular ...For Dummies books are The Internet for Dummies by John Levine, Carol Baroudi, and Margaret Levine Young, and Beginning Programming for Dummies by Wallace Wang.
The book cover is usually yellow and black, with the name in white letters on the black part.
For dummies website
The Source is a fictional character in the television series Charmed.
The Source of All Evil is vanquished by the Power of Three in the fourth season of the show.
Cole Turner (Phoebe's fiancee) takes his place as the ruler of the Underworld.
Once he is killed, the Charmed Ones are free.
The  is a  railway line that runs from Omiya station in Saitama Prefecture to Takasaki Station in the Gunma Prefecture.
It runs diagonally from south to north in Saitama prefecture and is owed and operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East Japan).
The national highway route 17 and its historical predecessor Nakasendo run near this line.
The colors of the cars are green and orange.
So it looks similar to the Utsunomiya line.
The maximum speed of this train .
So it is possible to go Takasaki from Omiya in about an hour and a half.
The Takasaki line including local trains and rapid trains has generally six standard-runs per hour in daytime.
According to the time, the train might be crowded with students and company employees in major cities, for example, Ageo, Okegawa, Kitamoto, Kounosu, Kumagaya, Fukaya, Honjo.
The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a mammal.
It is the only species of the Ailuridae family.
There are two subspecies: Ailurus fulgens fulgens and Ailurus fulgens styani.
Most that are bred at Japanese zoos are Ailurus fulgens styani.
They are called レッサーパンダ in Japan and 小熊貓 (xiǎo xìong māo ) in China, both literally translating to English as "small bear cat".
They have become popular for how they look.
The IUCN classes them as 'vulnerable'
The red panda is not closely related to the giant panda: they are in different families, but share a vegetarian diet.
They have both adapted to eating plant material, which is unusual for members of the Carnivora.
A scientist by the name Brian Houghton Hodgson was one of the first people to look more deeply into the Red Panda because up until he did, there was not much known about the species.
In addition to Bamboo, the Red Panda also eats fruits, tuberous roots, acorns, and beechmast.
The Red Panda is not necessarily nocturnal but is classified as crepuscular which means they are active around dawn and sleep during the night and midday.
Besides how they slept, Hodgson observed that they were monogamous and only breed once a year.
The red panda lives in the southern part of China, Sikkim, Nepal, and the Himalaya mountains in high trees.
In the Indian kingdom of Sikkim it is the state animal.
As an endangered species it is protected by laws in the countries where it lives.
2 nearly complete skeletons have been found at the Gray Fossil Site in Gray, Tennessee.
Appearance and life
Red pandas are about 50-60 centimeters long.
They weigh between three and five kilograms.
They have chestnut colored hair, and their faces have white designs.
They eat fruits, roots, bamboo shoots, acorns, and insects.
They are active at night and sleep on trees in the daytime.
They act alone, not in groups.
They eat blossoms, berries, various plants, and bird eggs.
Glatston, A. R. (2011).
Red panda biology and conservation of the first panda (1st ed.).
Procyonids
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave, caused by the change in the wave's  speed.
Examples of waves include sound waves and light waves.
Refraction is seen most often when a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium.
Different types of medium include air and water.
When a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium, the wave will change its speed and its direction.
For example, when a light wave travels through air and then passes into water, the wave will slow and change direction.
As light goes into a medium which is denser, the light ray will 'bend' toward the normal.
When it goes back into the less dense medium (with a lower refractive index), it will bend back through the same angle as when it came in (if the surface at exit is parallel to the surface at entry).
An example of how refraction works is placing a straw in a cup of water, with part of the straw in the water.
When looking at a certain angle, the straw appears to bend at the water's surface.
This is because of the change in density of the medium and thus, bending of light rays as they move from the air to water.
A good and simple way to understand how light works is to think of it like a car.
When the car hits the gravel surface (this is the medium) on an angle, the tire that hits it first will slow, causing it to turn in that direction.
Therefore, if light hits a medium on the right having a greater refractive index, it will bend right.
The amount of bending is given by Snell's law.
Lenses work by refraction.
In optics the refractive index or index of refraction n of a substance is a dimensionless number that describes how light, or other radiation, goes through that medium.
It is defined as
where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and v is the phase velocity of light in the medium.
Snell's law uses refractive indexes to calculate the amount of refraction.
Magic mushrooms or psychedelic mushrooms or Psilocybin mushrooms contain the alkaloid psilocybin, or similar  substances.
Psilocybin is a mind-altering chemical.
It changes the brain to an altered state of mind, or a different state of consciousness.
This can lead to effects like hallucinations or visions.
They may be used for medical purposes to treat cluster headaches, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and certain kinds of depression.
Psilocybe semilanceata is the classic example of a magic mushroom, but there are quite a few others.
These fungi also have some species with psilocybin: Copelandia, Gymnopilus, Inocybe, Mycena, Panaeolus, Pholiotina, Pluteus.
Psilocybin can kill in extremely high doses.
The LD50 of psilocybin is 280 mg/kg for rats, this is about 1.5 times that of caffeine.
In normal psychedelic mushrooms, psilocybin makes up about 1% of their weight.
Therefore, nearly 1.7 kilograms of dried mushrooms, or 17 kilograms of fresh mushrooms, would be required for a 60 kg person to reach the 280 mg/kg LD50 rate of rats.
Psilocybin mushrooms have probably been used since prehistoric times.
They may be seen in rock art.
Many cultures have used these mushrooms in religious rites.
Psychedelic mushrooms have been used by native peoples of Mesoamerica for religious communion and healing.
Catholic missionaries were against the use of magic mushrooms.
In Modern society, they are sometimes used recreationally.
Their medical use in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is studied, for example, in the treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer, the treatment of depression and to help quit smoking.
The function of compounds like this in nature is they reduce the likelihood of the mushroom being eaten before its spores have been scattered.
It is a defence against herbivory.
Harold Godwinson was King Harold II of England (c. 1022 – 14 October 1066).
He ruled England after king Edward the Confessor died.
He ruled from 5 January 1066 until he was killed at the Battle of Hastings.
His death marked the Norman conquest of England and the end of Anglo-Saxon England.
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Harold was the son of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and Gytha, a Danish noblewoman.
His sister, Edith, was married to the king he succeeded, Edward the Confessor.
About that same time Harold became Earl of East Anglia.
When his father died in 1053, Harold inherited his earldom of Wessex.
Elfgar, son of Leofric of Mercia was appointed to replace Harold in East Anglia.
Berkshire and Somerset were joined to Wessex again.
Wessex itself was, in those days, an enormous amount of land that covered about a third of England.
Harold ruled over a large portion of England, making him the most powerful man in the whole kingdom, after the King.
Harold Godwinson had three brothers: Tostig, Swegen and Gryth.
He claimed to have been made King by Edward the Confessor.
Before Harold Godwinson became king, he swore to help William, Duke of Normandy to become king.
In September 1066 Harold Godwinson defeated an invasion from the north by Harald Hardrada.
He returned south to fight Duke William's invasion.
He was killed, it is generally assumed, by an arrow shot by one of William's archers, but some reports say he was cut down by many soldiers.
1022 births
The Spanish Armada was a Spanish naval fleet (army of ships) that was most famous for being used by King Philip II of Spain against England in 1588.
The ships were on their way to Flanders, across the English Channel, to fetch an army to invade England.
However, the Royal Navy of England during Queen Elizabeth I of England’s reign caught up with the ships on the way.
The English defeated the Armada by using the wind, twhich blew the ships, to light them on fire into the anchored fleet.
This started on 12 July 1588 and ended during August 1588.
The second-in-command of the Royal Navy was Sir Francis Drake.
A story is that he was playing a game of bowling with his friends when he heard of the attack, but he boldly insisted that he had time to finish the game and then to defeat the Spanish Armada.
The story was first written 100 years after the events, however, and so it may have never happened.
The Spanish Armada was led by Spanish Duke of Medina Sidonia.
He had no naval experience but replaced the original commander, who had died in February.
The Anglo-Spanish War of 1585 to 1604 had several causes:
Religion: Years of religious differences led up to the conflict between Catholic Spain and Protestant England.
Philip II particularly feared the spread of Protestantism in England.
He wanted to conquer England to bring it back to Catholicism and so also had the support of the Pope.
Trade: The Spanish saw England as a competitor in trade and in expansion to the ‘New World’ (America).
This led to many skirmishes (irregular fights) between the English pirates and privateers and the Spanish vessels.
English sailors targeted Spanish shipping around Europe and the Atlantic.
Politics: The turning point came following the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, Spain’s Catholic ally.
The killing of Mary was ordered by Elizabeth and was the final straw for Philip II, Mary’s husband, after tensions between England and Spain.
Spanish Netherlands: England, as a Protestant nation, continued to interfere in the Netherlands in support of Protestantism there and undermined Spanish influence.
In April 1587, while the Armada was being prepared, Sir Francis Drake’s burned over 20 Spanish ships in the Spanish port of Cadiz .
The Spanish defeat of the Armada is often attributed to a severe storm that scattered the Spanish vessels before they met the British fleet.
The Spanish could not use the many more ships they had to their advantage as planned.
The English had only 55 ships.
They were not bigger but carried more guns.
The Spanish had only short-range cannons, but the English had long-range cannons.
Part of the English strategy was to sink or damage the enemy ships before they got close enough to fire back at them.
The English ships were also more manoeuvrable.
The Spanish galleons could have their oars broken off completely by a heavy vessel sailing past nearby.
The morale and dedication of the British sailors was high and ewas improved by the famous speech by Queen Elizabeth and loyalty to England.
They also were led by experienced captains, who had years of naval battles behind them.
The defeated Spanish fled north through the North Sea with the English chasing them.
Many more ships were lost, and thousands of men died during the retreat.
Even though the English sailors had done so well, they failed to get paid and were made to stay on their ships and 'Guard' in case there was another Spanish attack.
Lord Howard of Effingham was shocked,when he found out that his soldiers were not getting paid.
He said. "
I would rather have never a penny in the world, than they (his sailors) should lack...." (I would rather die poor than see my men go unpaid).
A year later, Queen Elizabeth of England sent a similar English Armada of more than 100 ships and 19,000 troops to complete her victory.
It was to seize a fleet of Spanish treasure ships and to impose a new king on Portugal.
However, that expedition also failed.
A second Spanish Armada in 1596 and a third in 1597 also failed.
Reasons for failure
Unrealistic expectations
King Philip II of Spain had a poor understanding of his plan of action.
He believed that God was on his side, which was a faulty understanding of reality.
Francis Drake’s raid on Cadiz
As the Armada was being prepared, English Admiral Sir Francis Drake launched a daring raid on the Spanish port of Cadiz, which disrupted the Spanish preparations and forced the invasion to be postponed until 1588.
Duke of Medina-Sidonia
The Duke of Medina-Sidonia had been selected for not his skills as an admiral but his noble birth.
He was not very confident to lead such a huge armada against the English naval ships.
Lack of experienced gunners
The Spanish lacked experienced gunners on their ships.
On the other hand, the English fleet roughly had one man in ten as a gunnery specialist.
That meant that that every gun crew was supervised by someone with the relevant skills and experience.
As a result, when the battle came, the English fired two or three times faster.
Poorer ammunition
The Spanish carried more ammunition for their cannons than the English, but it was not as good.
Iron ore in Spain was inferior in that found in England.
The situation was made worse by the rush to produce ammunition for the expedition.
To speed production, cannon balls had been cooled in water, which weakened their structure.
Even before they reached their destination, the Spanish ships had been scattered by storms twice.
Some were damaged, others were lost, and there were long delays while they regrouped.
That was an omen of what was to come, with storms smashing the fleet as it fled the English.
It then limped home around the British Isles.
Fire ships
The English used fire ships against the Spanish fleet but did not sink any enemy ship.
However, they forced the Spanish to scatter, and ships were damaged as they collided with each other.
That gave the English an advantage in the days that followed.
Spanish Armada Citizendium
Griswold went to school at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire.
He earned an A.B. in English literature from Harvard College (1959).
He attended the General Theological Seminary and earned his B.A. and M.A, in theology from Oriel College, Oxford University (1962, 1966).
Griswold became a priest in 1963.
He became a priest in Pennsylvania.
He worked at three churches there.
Frank Griswold was the bishop of Chicago from 1987 until he became presiding bishop in 1997.
Griswold is a member of the Joint Standing Committee of the Primates of the Anglican Communion and the Anglican Consultative Council.
He was co-chair of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission from 1998 to 2003.
He was a member of the standing committee for the 1998 Lambeth Conference.
He has also served on diocesan, national and international committees for liturgy, worship and ecumenism.
He is also a member of The Fellowship of Saint John.
His term as presiding bishop ended on November first 2006.
He was replaced by the Rt.
Reverand Katharine Jefferts Schori.
She was elected by the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.
Presiding Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America
People from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
The Sun is a star which is located at the center of our solar system.
It is a yellow dwarf star that gives off different types of energy such as infra-red energy (heat), ultraviolet light, radio waves and light.
It also gives off a stream of particles, which reaches Earth as "solar wind".
The source of all this energy is nuclear fusion.
Nuclear fusion is the reaction in the star which turns hydrogen into helium and makes huge amounts of energy.
The Sun is a star like many others in our Milky Way galaxy.
The Sun is a type of star called a G-type main-sequence star based on its spectral class.
It has existed for a little over 4.5 billion years.
It is going to continue for at least as long.
The Sun is about a hundred times as wide as the Earth.
It has a mass of .
This is 333,000 times the mass of the Earth.
1.3 million Earths can fit inside the Sun.
The Sun fuses about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second.
It can take between 10,000 and 170,000 years for the energy in the core of the Sun to escape.
The Sun has about 99.86% of the mass of the Solar System.
The Sun has an absolute magnitude of +4.83.
It is estimated to be brighter than about 85% of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
The Sun is a Population I star.
That means it is a metal-rich fairly young star.
The Sun is the brightest object in the Earth's sky.
It has an apparent magnitude of −26.74.
It takes 8 minutes and 19 seconds for light to travel from the Sun's horizon to Earth's horizon.
Physics of the Sun
Scientists think that the Sun started from a very large cloud of dust and small bits of ice about  4.567 billion years ago.
At the center of that huge cloud, gravity caused the material to build up into a ball.
Once this got big enough, the huge pressure inside started a fusion reaction.
The energy this released caused that ball to heat and shine.
At its very center, hydrogen atoms collide together at great temperature and pressure so that they fuse to form atoms of helium.
This process is called nuclear fusion.
The Sun and everything that orbits it is in the Milky Way.
The Sun orbits around the centre of the Milky Way.
It takes along everything in the Solar System.
The Sun moves at 820,000 km an hour.
At that speed, it still takes 230 million years for a full orbit.
Visible features
Since the Sun is all gas, surface features come and go.
If the Sun is viewed through a special solar telescope, dark areas called sunspots can be seen.
These areas are caused by the Sun's magnetic field.
The sunspots only look dark because the rest of the Sun is very bright.
Some space telescopes, including the ones that orbit the Sun have seen huge arches of the Sun's matter extend suddenly from the Sun.
These are called solar prominences.
Solar prominences come in many different shapes and sizes.
Some of them are so large that the Earth could fit inside of them, and a few are shaped like hands.
Solar flares also come and go.
This is the surface of the Sun.
The light that the Earth receives from the Sun is radiated from this layer.
Below this layer, the Sun is opaque, or not transparent to light.
The Sun is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium.
All elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, accounts for less than 2% of the mass of the Sun.
The Sun's chemical composition was gotten from the interstellar medium.
The hydrogen and most of the helium in the Sun would have been produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis in the first 20 minutes of the universe.
The heavier elements were produced by stars that died before the Sun was formed.
The heavier elements were released into the interstellar medium when the star exploded as a supernovae.
Five layers make up the atmosphere of the Sun.
The chromosphere, transition region, and corona are much hotter than the outer photosphere surface of the Sun.
It is believed that Alfvén waves may pass through to heat the corona.
The minimum temperature zone, the coolest layer of the Sun, is about  above the photosphere.
It has a temperature of about .
This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water to form.
These molecules can be seen on the Sun with special instruments called spectroscopes.
The solar transition region is the part of the Sun's atmosphere, between the chromosphere and outer part called the corona.
It can be seen from space using telescopes that can sense ultraviolet light.
The transition is between two very different layers.
In the bottom part it touches the photosphere and gravity shapes the features.
At the top, the transition layer touches the corona.
The corona is the outer atmosphere of the Sun and is much bigger than the rest of the Sun.
The corona continuously expands into space forming the solar wind, which fills all the Solar System.
The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about .
In the hottest regions it is .
We do not understand why the corona is so hot.
It can be seen during a solar eclipse or with an instrument called a coronagraph.
The heliosphere is the thin outer atmosphere of the Sun, filled with the solar wind plasma.
It extends out past the orbit of Pluto to the heliopause, where it forms a boundary where it collides with the interstellar medium.
A solar eclipse appears when the moon is between the Earth and Sun.
The last total solar eclipse occurred on December 26, 2019, and was visible from Saudi Arabia, India, Sumatra and Borneo, with a partial eclipse visible in Australia and much of Asia.
A lunar eclipse happens when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth which can only occur during a full moon.
The number of lunar eclipses in a single year can range from 0 to 3.
Partial eclipses slightly outnumber total eclipses by 7 to 6.
Fate of the Sun
Astrophysicists say our Sun is a G-type main-sequence star  in the middle of its life.
In a billion years or so, increased solar energy will boil away the Earth's atmosphere and oceans.
In a few more billion years, they think the Sun will get bigger and become a red giant star.
The Sun would be up to 250 times its current size, as big as  and will swallow up the Earth.
Earth's fate is still a bit of a mystery.
In the long term, the Earth's future depends on the Sun, and the Sun is going to be fairly stable for the next 5 billion years.
Calculations suggest that the Earth might move to a wider orbit.
This is because about 30% of the Sun's mass will blow away in the solar wind.
However, in the very long term the Earth will probably be destroyed as the Sun increases in size.
Stars like the Sun become red giants at a later stage.
The Sun will expand beyond orbits of Mercury, Venus, and probably Earth.
In any event, the ocean and air would have vanished before the Sun gets to that stage.
After the Sun reaches a point where it can no longer get bigger, it will lose its layers and form a planetary nebula.
Eventually, the Sun will shrink into a white dwarf.
Then, over several hundred billion or even a trillion years, the Sun would fade into a black dwarf.
The sign of the cross is a physical gesture made by Catholic and Orthodox Christians, and sometimes also Protestants.
It is usually done at the start and end of prayers.
In the Catholic tradition, the right hand goes from the forehead, to the chest, and then to the left and right shoulders (the order of shoulders does not matter).
This is sometimes done while saying "Father, Son, Holy Spirit."
In the Orthodox tradition, the tips of the thumb and the middle and index fingers are put together, and the ring finger and little finger are put against the palm.
The first three fingers are for faith in the Trinity, and the other two fingers are for the two natures of Jesus, divine and human.
Why Do Lutherans Make the Sign of the Cross? -
from the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America website
The Power of the Sign of the Cross - (Ukrainian church)
The Sign of the Cross - a Catholic perspective
Significance of the Sign of the Cross
The Seljuks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq, sometimes also Seljuq Turks) were a Muslim dynasty.
They ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries.
Their empire was known as Great Seljuk Empire that stretched from Anatolia to Pakistan.
The Seljuks also fought the Christians in the First Crusade.
The Seljuks were one of the cultural ancestors of the Western Turks, the present-day inhabitants of Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.
Originally, the House of Seljuq was a branch of the Kinik Oghuz Turks who in the 9th century lived in the steppes north of the Caspian and Aral Seas.
Rulers of Seljuk Dynasty 1037-1157
Tugrul I  (Tugrul Beg) 1037-1063
Alp Arslan bin Chaghri 1063-1072
Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1072-1092
Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I 1092-1093
Rukn ad-Din Barkiyaruq 1093-1104
Mu'izz ad-Din Malik Shah II 1105
Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad/Mehmed I Tapar 1105-1118
Mahmud II 1118-1131
Mu'izz ad-Din Ahmed Sanjar 1131-1157
Seljuk Rulers of Kerman 1041-1187
Kerman was a nation in southern Persia.
It fell in 1187, probably conquered by Toğrül III of Great Seljuk.
Qawurd 1041-1073
Kerman Shah 1073-1074
Sultan Shah 1074-1075