the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
School Rumble 3rd Term (Eri Sawachika)
Shikabane Hime: Aka (Black Cat, Kamika Todoroki, Riko)
The Tower of Druaga: the Aegis of Uruk (Fatina)
Toradora! (
Minori Kushieda)
Vampire Knight (Yuki Cross)
Vampire Knight Guilty (Yuki Cross)
Wagaya no Oinari-sama. (
Miyako Takagami)
Zero no Tsukaima: Princesses no Rondo (Siesta)
Hakken Taiken Daisuki!
Shimajirou (Shinkansen)
Aoi Hana (Kyōko Ikumi)
Bakemonogatari (Tsubasa Hanekawa)
GA Geijutsuka Art Design Class (Namiko Nozaki)
Hayate the Combat Butler!! (
Sonia Shaflnarz)
Jewelpet (Celine Bright)
Kämpfer (Akane Mishima)
Kanamemo (Haruka Nishida)
Lupin III vs Detective Conan (Princess Mira)
Natsu no Arashi! (
Kanako Yamazaki)
Natsu no Arashi!
Akinai chū (Kanako Yamazaki)
Rune Factory 3 (Dahlia)
Saki (Mihoko Fukuji)
Shikabane Hime: Kuro (Black Cat, Kamika Todoroki, Riko)
The Tower of Druaga: the Sword of Uruk (Fatina)
Umineko no Naku Koro ni (Maria Ushiromiya)
Umi Monogatari: Anata ga Ite Kureta Koto (Urin)
Zan, Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei (Shōko Maruuchi)
Battle Spirits: Shōnen Gekiha Dan (Seiru)
Asobi ni Iku yo! (
Jens)
B Gata H Kei (Miharu Takeshita)
Blaze Union (Siskier)
Ikkitousen: Xtreme Xecutor (Sonken Chuubou)
Dead or Alive Paradise (Hitomi)
Elsword (Rena)
Fairy Tail (Carla, Shagotte)
Mayoi Neko Overrun! (
Kanae Naruko)
Nurarihyon no Mago (Tsurara Oikawa, Setsura)
Ōkami-san to Shichinin no Nakamatachi (Alice Kiriki)
Otome Yōkai Zakuro (Hōzuki)
Tegami Bachi Reverse (Roda)
Astarotte no Omocha! (
Effie)
Ben-To (Kyō Sawagi)
Dead or Alive: Dimensions (Hitomi)
Dog Days (Millhiore F. Biscotti)
Dragon Crisis! (
Maruga)
Kämpfer für die Liebe (Akane Mishima)
Hyperdimension Neptunia Mk2 (Nepgear)
Nekogami Yaoyorozu (Yuzu Komiya)
Nichijou (Graduation photo)
Nurarihyon no Mago: Sennen Makyou (Tsurara Oikawa, Setsura)
Penguin Drum (Masako Natsume, Esmeralda the Penguin)
Persona 4: The Animation (Chie Satonaka, Loveline)
Wandering Son (Anna Suehiro)
AKB0048 (Kashiwagi Yuki The 6th / Yukirin / Kuroki Ayako)
Waiting in the Summer (Emika Takatsuki)
Persona 4: The Ultimate in Mayonaka Arena (Chie Satonaka)
Arashi no Yoru Ni: Himitsu no Tomodachi (Mii)
Dead or Alive 5 (Hitomi)
Dog Days' (Millhiore F. Biscotti)
Persona 4: The Golden (Chie Satonaka)
K (Kushina Anna)
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere Season 2 (Mary Tudor/Scarred)
Papa no Iukoto wo Kikinasai! (
Raika Oda)
Little Busters! (
Riki Naoe)
Mōretsu Pirates (Coorie)
Nekomonogatari (Kuro) (Tsubasa Hanekawa)
Nisemonogatari (Tsubasa Hanekawa)
Saki Achiga-hen Episode of Side-A (Mihoko Fukuji)
Sengoku Collection (Liu Bei)
Shining Hearts: Shiawase no Pan (Rufina)
YuruYuri♪♪ (Akane Akaza)
Zero no Tsukaima F (Siesta)
Kamisama Kiss (Imperial Priestess of the Lake)
Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic (Yamuraiha)
The Pet Girl of Sakurasou (Ryūnosuke Akasaka)
From the New World (Reiko Amano)
Hayate the Combat Butler: Can't Take My Eyes Off You (Sonia Shaflnarz)
Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure (Persephone, Stealth Elf)
Shining Blade (Touka Kureha)
AKB0048 Next Stage (Kashiwagi Yuki The 6th / Yukirin / Kuroki Ayako)
Skylanders: Giants (Persephone, Stealth Elf)
The Legend of Heroes: Sen no Kiseki (Alisa Reinford)
Hyperdimension Neptunia: The Animation (Nepgear / Purple Sister)
Miss Monochrome (Miss Monochrome)
Monogatari Series Second Season (Tsubasa Hanekawa)
Valvrave the Liberator (Rion Nanami)
Super Robot Wars UX (Elebos)
Yuyushiki (Yoriko Matsumoto)
Golden Time (Kōko Kaga)
Coppelion (Kanon Ozu)
Seishun Hajimemashita! (
Chitose Futaba)
Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate (Hitomi)
Persona 4: The Ultimax Ultra Suplex Hold (Chie Satonaka)
Assassination Classroom OVA (Irina Jelavić)
Refrain (Riki Naoe)
Black Bullet (Kisara Tendō)
Wooser's Hand-to-Mouth Life (Miss Monochrome)
Sabagebu! (
Ena Sakura)
Battle Spirits: Saikyou Ginga Ultimate Zero (Eris the Morning Star)
Rail Wars! (
Nana Iida)
Puyo Puyo Tetris (S)
Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth (Chie Satonaka)
Persona 4: The Golden Animation (Chie Satonaka)
Cross Ange (Salamandinay)
Girl Friend Beta (Miss Monochrome)
Kantai Collection (Mamiya, Irako, Asagumo, Yamagumo)
Absolute Duo (Sakuya Tsukumo)
Kantai Collection (anime) (Mamiya)
Kantai Collection (Amagi)
Shimoneta to Iu Gainen ga Sonzai Shinai Taikutsu na Sekai (Kosuri Onigashira)
Moe!
Ninja Girls RPG (Ran Kuzuryu)
My Goddess: The Movie, Chrono (Kurono)
Bodacious Space Pirates: Abyss of Hyperspace, Coorie
Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: The Hero of Kinpoko, Mata Tami
Akihabara Dennou Gumi 2011, Francheska
Dōbutsu no Mori, Ai
Doraemon: Nobita no Himitsu Dōgu Museum, Ginger
Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Spaceblazer, Morina (young)
Fairy Tail: Hōō no Miko, Charle
HappinessCharge PreCure!
the Movie: The Ballerina of the Land of Dolls, Tsumugi
Inukami!
The Movie, Yoko
K: Missing Kings, Anna Kushina
Keroro Gunso the Super Movie 3: Keroro vs. Keroro Great Sky Duel, Miruru
Mon Colle Knights, Rokuna Hiiragi
Kizumonogatari, Tsubasa Hanekawa
Anime Final, Makie Sasaki
Sekai-ichi Hatsukoi: Yokozawa Takafumi no Baai, Hiyori Kirishima
Pia Carrot Movie, Orie Amano
Drama CDs
Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-Chan, Dokuro-chan)
Corsair series, Ayfelia 'Aura' Farless
MM!,
Arashiko Yuno
Pandora Hearts, Sharon Reinsworth
Rozen Maiden, Shinku
Shinshi Doumei Cross, Ushio Amamiya
Umineko no Naku Koro ni.
Anthology Drama 'Yamaika Noroika, Nekomimi no Kai', Maria Ushiromiya
GA Geijutsuka Art Design Class 'Slapstick Wonderland' Premium Bonus Drama CD, Namiko Nozaki
Dog Days Drama CD Vol.1 / 2 / 3, Millhiore F. Biscotti
Wand of Fortune 2, Lulu
Chitose Get You!!,
Chitose Sakuraba
YuruYuri, Akane Akaza
Winter Sonata Vol.
1 - Unmei no Hito Drama CD, Jung Yoo Jin
The Amazing World of Gumball (Penny Fitzgerald, Carrie)
Dark Water (Cecilia "Ceci" Williams)
Hide and Seek (Emily Callaway)
Hitler: The Rise of Evil (Geli Raubal)
Kiss Kiss (Bang Bang) (Mia)
The Ring (Samara Morgan)
Shining Time Station (Becky)
Teaching Mrs. Tingle (Trudie Tucker)
When Good Ghouls Go Bad (Danya Stenson)
Millenarianism Three Musketeers Vanhee Knights (Aris La Zoanis (Voice), / Kimijima Seria (Actor))
Ressha Sentai ToQger (Wagon)
Ressha Sentai ToQger the Movie: Galaxy Line S.O.S. (Wagon)
(21.12.2000)
(29.11.2001)
sky (24.7.2003)
(28.4.2004)
(23.11.2005)
Darling (30.1.2008)
A Votre Sante!! (
2008) (with Kurobara Hozonkai)
Honey Jet!! (
15.7.2009)
(22.2.2012)
(07.01.2015)
(26.3.2003)
Best Album (20.9.2012)
Singles/maxi singles
My Best Friend (November 18, 1998)
Brand－new コミュニケイション (March 17, 1999)
Maxi Single Collection Part.6 (2000)
Merry Merrily (Yamato Nadeshiko) (March 21, 2001)
Love Destiny (May 16, 2001)
(February 28, 2002)
All My Love (July 24, 2002)
(February 4, 2004)
Scramble (Yui Horie with Unscandal) (October 27, 2004)
Hikari (Inukami!
Opening Theme) (May 24, 2006)
Days (Includes theme songs for Nagasarete Airantō) (May 2, 2007)
(Including the ending theme for the second half of Nagasarete Airantō) (August 17, 2007)
Vanilla Salt (Toradora!
Ending 1) (October 22, 2008)
Silky Heart (Toradora!
Opening 2) (January 28, 2009)
Yahho!! (
Kanamemo Ending) (August 26, 2009)
True Truly Love (September 2010)
Immoralist (Dragon Crisis!
Opening) (February 2, 2011)
Presenter (Dog Days Ending) (May 25, 2011)
Coloring (Listen to Me, Girls.
I Am Your Father!
Ending) (January 18, 2012)
Natsu no Yakusoku (Dog Days' Ending) (July 2012)
Heart Relation (Dog Days' Insert Song) (2012)
VHS, DVDs & Blu-rays
CLIPS 0 〜since'00〜'01〜 (2002) — VHS containing 3 singles, making-of and an interview
CLIPS 1 (2004) — includes a number of live action promotional videos, including:
Sakura - her first promotional video, for her first album, 水たまりに映るセカイ (Mizutamari ni Utsuru Sekai)
Love Destiny - parts of the live action video can be seen in the Sister Princess opening animation
Kirari Takaramono - the song is the opening theme for Love Hina Again
All My Love - the song is the opening theme for Earth Defender Mao-chan
Kokoro Harete Yo mo Akete - the song is the ending theme for Jubei-chan 2
LIVE DVD 2006 -
LIVE DVD 2007 -
CLIPS 2 (2010) - includes a number of live action promotional videos
LIVE DVD 2010 - The Adventure Over Yui Horie II - Budoukan of Butoukai ~ Q & A
LIVE DVD 2012 - The Adventure Over Yui Horie III - Secret Mission Tour (2012)
Horie Yui Best Live - Dorobou to Jikan (2013)
This special one-off concert was for fans that had bought both the BEST ALBUM & the 15th single (PRESENTER), with the tickets distributed through a lottery.
Around 9000 tickets were issued.
LIVE DVD 2013 - The Adventure Over Yui Horie IV ~Pirates Of Yui 3013~
Songs used for theme songs and commercials
Love Destiny - Sister Princess, Opening
Mainichi ga O-tenki (lit.
Good Weather Every Day) - Love Hina, Insert
Egao No Mirai E (lit.
Towards A Future Of Smiles) - Love Hina
Kirari Takaramono (lit.
Glittering Treasures) - Love Hina Again, Opening
Be for me, be for you - Love Hina Again, Ending
Yakusoku (lit.
Promise) - Love Hina, Insert
Happy Happy Rice Shower - Love Hina
Tsubasa (lit.
Wings) - Sister Princess Ending
Girlish - Sister Princess, Sakuya's Theme
Destiny - Kikaider, Ending
Feel my feeling - School Rumble, Eri's Theme
RAMUNE iro no natsu - Love Hina
Kokoro Harete Yo mo Akete - Jubei-chan 2
IN YOU - Shaman King, Image Song
ALL MY LOVE - Ground Defense Force!
Mao-chan, Opening
IT's MY STYLE - Earth Defender Mao-chan, Ending
Soyokaze no Harmony - From D.C.- Da Capo (Kotori Shirakawa's Song)
Sono Saki no Justice - Shaman King, Iron Maiden Jeanne Song
Aosusuki - Samurai Deeper Kyo, Image Song
Scramble - School Rumble, Opening
Pacem in Terris - Shaman King, Iron Maiden Jeanne S. F. O. V Song
Aki Uta ~Sarara~ - Bottle Fairy, Ending (Episodes 7-9)
Anata ga Suki (I like You) - Ultra Maniac, Ayu Tateishi image song
Hikari - Inukami!,
Days - Nagasarete Airantou first opening
Say Cheese! -
Nagasarete Airantou first ending
Koisuru Tenkizu -  Nagasarete Airantou 2nd ending
Poetry Love - Kogado game Heartful Memories
Kirakira Mitsubachi wo Meguru Boken (2012)
In episode 3 of School Rumble, when the girls are having a slumber party, her music video of scramble was starting to play in a big screen.
At 15:42.
When it turns to harima's story so far.
Interesting relationships with co-stars
She has starred alongside Yukari Tamura in many anime.
In 2001, they formed a unit called Yamato Nadeshiko and has released two singles.
In Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Kai, with Tamura as Furude Rika and Horie as Hanyuu
In Kanon, with Tamura as Kawasumi Mai and Horie as Tsukimiya Ayu
In Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl, with Tamura as Tomari Kurusu and Horie as Yasuna Kamiizumi
In Idolmaster: Xenoglossia, with Tamura as Iori Minase and Horie as Yukiho Hagiwara
In D.C. ~Da Capo~ and D.C. II ～Da Capo II～, with Tamura as Sakura Yoshino and Horie as Kotori Shirakawa
In Rumble Roses XX, with Tamura as Lambda and Horie as Makoto Aihara
She has starred alongside Yūji Ueda whereby Ueda's character had a crush on hers.
In Love Hina, with Ueda as Urashima Keitaro and Horie as Narusegawa Naru.
In Jubei-chan 2, with Ueda as Bantaro and Horie as Jiyu.
Bathymetry is the study of the underwater terrain of lakes or ocean floors.
It is the same as topography, except that it looks at the underwater topography.
It is a field of oceanography.
The name comes from Greek  (bathus), meaning "deep", and  (metron), meaning "measure".
Bathymetric (or hydrographic) charts are often made to support the safety of underwater navigation and exploration.
Most of these underwater topographic maps use contour lines (called depth contours or isobaths) to show the terrain of the sea floor, and how deep it is.
They usually also give surface navigational information.
Originally, bathymetry involved the measurement of ocean depth through sounding.
Early techniques used heavy rope or cable lowered over a ship's side.
This method measures the depth of the water at a single location each time.
It was not a very accurate method.
The data used to make bathymetric maps today usually comes from an echosounder (sonar).
This device is attached to the bottom or the side of a boat.
High resolution bathymetry for the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea
Cave paintings are paintings on cave walls and ceilings.
Usually these paintings were made in prehistoric  times.
It is not known why these paintings were made.
They may have had a function  for rituals.
They may also have been a way to transit information; to tell other people about something.
Most paintings are in caves that are difficult to get at.
Today, there are about 350 caves known which have paintings in them.
Many are in France and Spain.
The best known are probably the caves of Altamira (in Spain), Lascaux (in France), or Creswell Crags in England.
Sometimes, paintings were also done on cliff faces.
Fewer of those have survived though, because of erosion.
One such example are the rock paintings of Astuvansalmi (in Finland).
Most often, animals or hunting scenes were painted.
Sometimes hands are there too.
Rarely, there are also more abstract patterns.
The paintings were drawn with red and yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide and charcoal.
Sometimes the silhouette of the animal was put into the rock first.
There are different theories about why people created cave paintings.
These are the most common explanations:
Painting in caves could be a form of hunting magic, meant to make a hunt more successful.
A similar theory is based on studies of modern hunter-gatherer societies.
This theory says that shamans made cave paintings.
The shaman would retreat into the darkness of the caves, enter into a trance state, and then paint images of their visions, perhaps with some notion of drawing power out of the cave walls themselves.
Cave paintings could be some form of graffiti, mostly done by teenage boys of the time.
Figurines have been found that show Venus at roughly the same age.
According to this theory, there were many adolescents in the society of the time.
Most of the adolescents who painted were male, but some were female.
The paintings may have been made for practical reasons: There is some hidden symbolism which may show the techniques of hunting, or the routes the animals took.
People may have painted what they wished for or what they had dreamt of.
The paintings could have been seen as "art" at the time.
There are several societies today who do not have a word for art, but who practice the same type of painting.
Oldest known
A painting  on the wall of an Indonesian cave has is about 44,000 years old.
It shows a buffalo being hunted.
Last year another painting was found in Borneo.
Radiocarbon dating, also known as the C14 dating method, is a way of telling how old an object is.
It is a type of radiometric dating.
The method uses the radioactive isotope carbon-14.
Most organic matter contains carbon.
Carbon has different isotopes, which are usually not radioactive.
14C is the radioactive one, its half-life  (time it takes to reduce its radioactivity by half)  is about 5,730 years.
This makes it possible to tell the age of substances that contain carbon.
The method works to about 60,000 years old.
Dates obtained are usually written as before present ('present' is 1950).
Plants take up atmospheric carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, and are eaten by animals, so every living thing is constantly exchanging carbon-14 with its environment as long as it lives.
Once it dies, however, this exchange stops.
In 1958 Hessel de Vries showed that the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere varies with time and locality.
The relatively short-lived 14C is constantly renewed by cosmic ray bombardment on atmospheric nitrogen.
Since the bombardment is slightly variable, and for other reasons, the 14C taken into organic matter is also slightly variable.
That leads to errors in the chronology.
However, under about 20,000 years the results can be compared with dendrochronology, based on tree rings.
For the most accurate work, variations are compensated by means of calibration curves.
The method was developed by Willard Libby and his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1949.
In 1960, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.
He first demonstrated the accuracy of radiocarbon dating by accurately estimating the age of wood from an ancient Egyptian royal barge of which the age was known from historical documents.
Radiocarbon - The main international journal of record for research articles and date lists relevant to 14C
C14dating.com - General information on Radiocarbon dating
NOSAMS: National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Discussion of calibration
Several calibration programs can be found at www.radiocarbon.org
CalPal Online (Cologne Radiocarbon Calibration & Paleoclimate Research Package)
OxCal program (Oxford Calibration)
Fairbanks' Radiocarbon Calibration program (for prior to 12400 BP)
Further basic information on radiocarbon dating (PDF)
A passage tomb or passage grave is a tomb which can be reached through a (usually low) passage.
Most of these tombs were constructed during prehistoric times.
Most often, large stones, called Megaliths were used to construct them.
These kinds of tombs can be found in large numbers in Ireland and Scotland.
The Hallstatt culture is named after Hallstatt, a city in Austria in which the first artifacts were found.
It lasted from about 1200 BC to about 275 BC.
There were different periods that are now told apart mainly by the kinds of brooches used.
The brooches changed rather rapidly and permit a good estimate.
That can be documented by various things that were added to graves, such as at Magdalenenberg.
In the Bronze Age, people lived in big settlements.
A new upper class could establish itself.
Unlike before, the upper class liked to live in big houses in the countryside to show their power.
Funerary cults also changed, from cremation burials, to burials with sarcophagi.
The new upper class used its wealth for import goods, mostly from the Mediterranean.
People started settling there around the 2nd millennium BC.
Archaeological sites in Europe
Austrian culture
The La Tène culture existed from about 500 BC to about 100 AD.
Named after a town in Switzerland near Neuchâtel, it was greatly influenced by the Roman and the Greek cultures.
Things found
Romans and Greeks came in contact with the culture and called them Celts, usually.
They wrote about them, most notably Julius Caesar's "On the Gallic War" (De bello gallico).
The Celts basically lived in clans, which were led by leaders, the druids and the bards.
Women were much better off than under the Romans and were of a similar status to men.
There were both polygyny  (a man could have several women) and polyandry (a woman could have several men).
A ringfort, ring fort or ring fortress is a fortified settlement.
Ring forts were made to protect villages, mostly in the Middle Ages.
In Ireland where many such forts can be found, they are also known as ráth, caiseal, cathair and dún in the early Irish sources.
A ráth (anglicised rath), was made of earth, caiseal (northwestern Ireland, anglicised cashel) and cathair (southwestern Ireland) were built of stone.
A dun is a more prestigious site, the seat of some kind of ruler, the term is applied to promontory forts as well.
Buildings and structures in the Middle Ages
Capitol building, a building in which a legislature meets, including:
Capitoline Hill in Rome (from which the word capitol derives)
United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
Capitol of Puerto Rico in San Juan
Capitole de Toulouse in Toulouse, France
Capitolio Nacional in Colombia
Capitolio Federal in Venezuela
El Capitolio in Havana, Cuba
Capitol (board game), a Roman-themed board game
Capitol (TV series), a U.S. soap opera
Capitol Air Lines, a U.S. charter airline in the 1970s and 1980s
Capitol Corridor, an Amtrak railroad corridor
Capitol Records, a U.S. record label
Beowulf is an Old English heroic epic poem.
It is not known who wrote it, and there is no agreement as to when it was written.
Estimates for the date range from AD 608 right through to AD 1000, and there is no consensus.
The poem has only one manuscript source, written about 1010.
Beowulf is 3182 lines long.
Tolkien describes and illustrates many of the features of Old English poetry in his 1940 essay On translating Beowulf.
The protagonist of the poem is Beowulf.
In the poem, Beowulf fights three monsters: Grendel and Grendel's mother, and later in his life an unnamed dragon.
Hrothgar, a Danish king, has built a big mead hall, which is called Heorot.
Hrothgar and his people live a good life and celebrate in Heorot.
But then they are attacked by Grendel, who comes to Heorot every night and kills some of Hrothgar's people.
Beowulf is a warrior from Geatland (modern southern Sweden).
He hears of Hrothgar's troubles with Grendel.
Beowulf and his men leave Geatland to help King Hrothgar.
Beowulf and his men stay the night in Heorot.
When Grendel comes to kill them, Beowulf fights him.
Beowulf tears Grendel's arm off from his body and sticks it on the wall as a trophy.
Grendel runs to his home in the marshes, where he dies.
Everyone is happy that Grendel is killed and celebrates.
But the next night, Grendel's mother comes to Heorot and kills many people for revenge and grabs Grendel's arm.
Beowulf then goes to the marshes where Grendel and his mother lived.
Beowulf fights Grendel's mother and kills her.
Beowulf later becomes a king.
He fights a dragon that was living in a barrow.
With the help of the young man Wiglaf, Beowulf kills the dragon.
Beowulf is wounded in the final battle and dies and crowns Wiglaf as his successor.
The story of Beowulf has often been told in books, plays, and films.
Sometimes the full story is told, sometimes just parts of the story.
Sometimes the plot is altered.
Sometimes only ideas or themes are taken from the story.
Beowulf (1999 film)
Beowulf and Grendel (2005 film)
[[Grendel (movie)|Grendel]] (2007 film)
Eaters of the Dead, a book by Michael Crichton (1976)
Grendel, a book by John Gardner (1971)
The Ring-givers, a book by W.H. Canaway (1958).
Romana, short for Romanadvoratrelundar,  is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
She is a Time Lady from the planet Gallifrey, and she was a companion of the Fourth Doctor.
Because she was a Time Lord, Romana was able to regenerate, having two on-screen incarnations with somewhat different personalities (called Romana I and Romana II by fans).
Romana I was played by Mary Tamm from 1978 to 1979.
When she became pregnant and chose not to return for another series, the part was recast.
Romana II was played by Lalla Ward from 1979 to 1981.
Romana I
The White Guardian assigns Romana to help the Doctor during his quest for the Key to Time.
Romana first appears in The Ribos Operation, and was intended as a contrast to her predecessor, the savage Leela.
Romana is initially haughty and somewhat arrogant, looking down on the Doctor (whom she considers to be her academic inferior; she obtained a triple first at the academy, while the Doctor passed with only 51 percent, on his second attempt) and responding to his initial resentment at her presence with icy put-downs.
However, she soon gains an appreciation for the Doctor's experience and sense of adventure, and begins to respect him as a teacher.
Romana II
The introduction of Romana's second incarnation in Destiny of the Daleks, a script credited to Terry Nation, but with several changes by script editor Douglas Adams, treats the concept of regeneration humorously.
At the beginning of the serial, Romana changes bodily forms several times, like she was trying on different outfits, before deciding to take the form of Princess Astra, who had been played by Lalla Ward in the final serial of Season 16, The Armageddon Factor.
Romana II enjoys a more intimate relationship with the Doctor than her first incarnation, some fans have assumed that she had a romantic relationship with the Doctor.
Although a relationship was never shown or intended by the writers.
In many ways, she is the companion most like her Doctor - besides being of the same race and close to the same intelligence, she occasionally mimics his sense of style, wields her own sonic screwdriver and can occasionally get the better of him in moments of banter and more practical situations.
As her practical experience develops, she also becomes more assured and capable in the situations she finds herself in.
Her final television appearance was in Warriors' Gate, where, along with  the robot dog K-9, she leaves to forge her own path in the parallel universe of E-space.
She also appears briefly in the 20th Anniversary special The Five Doctors through the reuse of footage from the uncompleted story Shada because Tom Baker refused to come back.
After the departure of both Romana I and II, both versions of the character also appeared very briefly in flashback sequences during the Fourth Doctor's regeneration in Logopolis as well as the Fifth Doctor's mind-copy in Resurrection of the Daleks.
She would also be mentioned in Castrovalva during the Fifth Doctor's post-regenerative confusion, as well as Arc of Infinity, where the Fifth Doctor, in response to a reprimand from the High Council of Time Lords for "leaving her behind", retorts that she "chose to remain in E-Space".
In the new series the doctor says that all of the Time Lords apart from him were killed in the time war.
Whether Romana was killed with the others, or is still alive in E-Space or elsewhere, has not been specifically established on screen.
An article by Russell T Davies in the Doctor Who Annual 2006 states that Romana was President of the Time Lords during the Time War against the Daleks (see below), which ended with Gallifrey being destroyed.
As with all spin-off media and the new series, it is unknown if it is canon.
In the licensed Virgin New Adventures novel Blood Harvest by Terrance Dicks, Romana II leaves E-Space and returns to Gallifrey with the help of the Seventh Doctor.
In Goth Opera by Paul Cornell, from the complementary Missing Adventures series, she is given a seat on the High Council of Time Lords.
In New Adventures' Happy Endings, also by Cornell, it is revealed that Romana has become Lady President of Gallifrey.
Romana's presidency is reflected in the later novels and in her appearances (voiced by Ward) in audio dramas from Big Finish Productions.
Romana appears in independent charity novel Time's Champion, in the role of President of the Time Lords.
Audio plays
Romana II appeared pseudonymously in a series of audio plays produced in the early 2000s by BBV.
In this series, Lalla Ward played a character who appeared with K-9 in an unnamed parallel universe.
This character is called the Mistress (which was what K-9 called Romana in the television series).
Because of an unusual copyright situation in which BBV was able to license K-9 but not Romana or other Doctor Who elements, the Mistress is not explicitly called Romana.
For similar reasons, the parallel universe (obviously intended to reflect Romana's exile in E-Space) is called a "pocket universe" in the series' packaging.
In Big Finish's regular line of Doctor Who audio stories, Ward joined the Sixth Doctor in The Apocalypse Element, in which Romana is Lady President of Gallifrey.
In Zagreus, Romana II is forced to banish the Eighth Doctor from the universe as he has become a danger to it following his infection by the forces of "anti-time".
Following on from this, she is featured in a number of audio plays with former Doctor companion Leela (played by Louise Jameson) under the umbrella title of Gallifrey.
The Ribos Operation (Romana I)
The Pirate Planet
The Stones of Blood
The Androids of Tara
The Power of Kroll
Destiny of the Daleks (Romana II)
The Creature from the Pit
Nightmare of Eden
The Horns of Nimon
Shada (not completed or transmitted)
The Leisure Hive
Meglos
Warriors' Gate
20th anniversary special
The Five Doctors (footage from Shada)
30th anniversary special
Audio dramas
BBV
K-9: The Choice (pseudonymous appearance)
K-9: The Search (pseudonymous appearance)
Big Finish Productions
The Apocalypse Element
Zagreus
Shada (webcast on BBCi, later released on CD)
Gallifrey: Weapon of Choice
Gallifrey: Square One
Gallifrey: The Inquiry
Gallifrey: A Blind Eye
Gallifrey: Lies
Gallifrey: Spirit
Gallifrey: Pandora
Gallifrey: Insurgency
Gallifrey: Imperiatrix
Gallifrey: Fractures
Gallifrey: Warfare
Gallifrey: Appropriation
Gallifrey: Mindbomb
Gallifrey: Panacea
Ferril's Folly (Romana I)
Virgin Missing Adventures
Goth Opera by Paul Cornell
The Romance of Crime by Gareth Roberts
The English Way of Death by Gareth Roberts
The Shadow of Weng-Chiang by David A. McIntee
The Well-Mannered War by Gareth Roberts
Virgin New Adventures
Blood Harvest by Terrance Dicks
Happy Endings by Paul Cornell
Lungbarrow by Marc Platt
Eighth Doctor Adventures
The Eight Doctors by Terrance Dicks
The Shadows of Avalon by Paul Cornell
The Ancestor Cell by Peter Anghelides and Stephen Cole
Past Doctor Adventures
Tomb of Valdemar by Simon Messingham
Heart of TARDIS by Dave Stone
Festival of Death by Jonathan Morris
Independent Novels
Time's Champion
"Glass" by Tara Samms
"Return of the Spiders" by Gareth Roberts
"Special Occasions 1: The Not So Sinister Sponge" by Gareth Roberts and Clayton Hickman
"Special Occasions 2: Do You Love Anyone Enough?"
by Norman Ashby
"Special Occasions 3: Better Take Care" by Steve Burford
"Special Occasions 4: Playing with Toys" by David Agnew
"I Was A Monster!!!"
by Joseph Lidster
"The Lying Old Witch in the Wardrobe" by Mark Michalowski
"Doing Time" by Lance Parkin
"O, Darkness" by John Binns
"The Time Lord's Story" by Iain McLaughlin and Claire Bartlett
"The Little Things" by Paul Beardsley
"The Clanging Chimes of Doom" by Jonathan Morris
"Present Tense" by Ian Potter
"Suitors, Inc." by Paul Magrs
"Life from Lifelessness" by Keith R.A. DeCandido
"The Glarn Strategy" by Brian Dooley
"All Snug in Their Beds" by Scott Alan Woodard
"Good Queen, Bad Queen, I Queen, You Queen" by Terri Osborne
"Breadcrumbs" by James Moran
"Terror on Xaboi" by Paul Crompton (Doctor Who Annual 1980) - 1st incarnation
"The Weapon" by Paul Crompton (Doctor Who Annual 1980) - 1st incarnation
"Every Dog Has His Day" by Mel Powell (Doctor Who Annual 1981) - 2nd incarnation
"Victims" by Dan Abnett, Colin Andrew and Enid Orc (Doctor Who Magazine 212–214) - 2nd incarnation
"The Seventh Segment" by Gareth Roberts, Paul Peart and Elitta Fell (Doctor Who Magazine Summer Special 1995) - 1st incarnation
Romana I on the BBC's Doctor Who website
Romana II on the BBC's Doctor Who website
Tegan Jovanka is a fictional character in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
She was played by Janet Fielding.
Tegan Jovanka was an Australian airline stewardess who was a companion of the Fourth and Fifth Doctors, she was a regular in the programme from 1981 to 1984.
Tegan was the longest-serving companion in terms of years on the series (3 years, 1 month), although Jamie McCrimmon was in the most episodes and stories.
Tegan first appears in the Fourth Doctor's last serial, Logopolis.
On her way to Heathrow Airport to start her new job with Air Australia, her car suffers a flat tyre.
She enters a roadside police box to seek help, but she enters and does not realise that it is the Doctor's Tardis.
She is present when the Fourth Doctor falls from the Pharos Project radio telescope and regenerates into his fifth incarnation, and continues to travel with the doctor
Eventually, the chaos during the events of Resurrection of the Daleks prove too much and she chooses to leave the Doctor and Turlough and stay in 1984 London.
According to David Tennant's video diary of filming Doctor Who Series 3, John Barrowman (who plays Captain Jack Harkness in the 21st century series of Doctor Who and its spinoff Torchwood) has a dog named Tegan, named after the companion.
Logopolis
Castrovalva
Four to Doomsday
Earthshock
Time-Flight
Arc of Infinity
Snakedance
Mawdryn Undead
The King's Demons
The Five Doctors
Warriors of the Deep
Frontios
Resurrection of the Daleks
The Caves of Androzani (cameo)
Tegan Jovanka at The TARDIS Index File website
Tegan Jovanka on the BBC's Doctor Who website
Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles is a television series that appeared on the Fox Television Network from January 13, 2008 until 2009.
It is a spin-off of Terminator 2: Judgment Day.
It is about Sarah Connor, her teenage son, and a good robot named Cameron trying to stop the evil computer Skynet from ever being created.
Official site on Fox  (requires Flash)
Official Wiki  (uses some Flash)
2008 American television series debuts
A stigma is a part of a flower that gets pollen from pollinators such as bees.
The stigma is part of the female reproductive part of a flower, the pistil.
The stigma is on top of the style.
The stigma can be either hairy or sticky, or both to trap pollen.
When the pollen lands on the stigma, the pollen will grow a pollen tube down the style, and into the ovary of the pistil.
Empress Dowager Cixi  (November 29 1835 – November 15 1908), often known in China as the West Dowager Empress  was from the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan.
Cixi was a powerful and charismatic figure who became the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and ruled over China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908.She was one of the wives of Emperor Xianfeng and also the mother of Emperor Tongzhi.
She quickly took over the power after the death of Emperor Xianfeng.
Though her exact origins are unclear it is very likely that she came from an ordinary Manchu family.
She was chosen by the Xianfeng Emperor as a concubine.
She gained almost total control over the court when the rule of her son the Tongzhi Emperor started.
He and her nephew the Guangxu Emperor attempted unsuccessfully to rule in their own right.
As the source tells it, Cixi had a partnership with the #1 concubine Zhin, who had been raised to Empress.
The two women ruled together, with Cixi as the more dominant personality.
She was in charge during the Opium Wars, First Sino-Japanese War, and the Boxer Rebellion.
She was largely conservative during her rule, and some historians consider her reign despotism, and think that she might be responsible for the fall of the Qing Dynasty, and therefore Imperial China, as a result of Cixi's rule.
Chung, Sue Fawn.
The much maligned Empress Dowager: a revisionist study of the Empress Dowager Tz'u-Hsi (1835-1908).
Modern Asian Studies 13, 2, 177-96.
Hummel, Arthur William, ed.
Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912).
Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1943.
Warner, Marina.
The Dragon Empress: life and times of Tz'u-his 1835-1908.
Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/favourites/b03bdpl9
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_cixi.htm?terms=cixi
http://www.royalty.nu/Asia/China/TzuHsi.html
http://www.kings.edu/womens_history/tzuhsi.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/headland-courtlife.html
Cixi: The Woman Behind the Throne -- Smithsonian.com
Human trafficking (or Trafficking in human beings) is a way to exploit people.
People are sold, bought, traded much like slaves , and are even sold to couples who don't have children.
It is estimated to be a $5 to $9 billion-a-year industry.
Trafficking victims typically are recruited by using force or because they are deceived, or fraud is used, power is abused, or they are simply abducted.
Threats, violence, and economic problems can often make a victim consent to exploitation.
Exploitation includes forcing people into prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.
For children exploitation may also include forced prostitution, illegal international adoption, trafficking for early marriage, or recruitment as child soldiers,  beggars, for sports (such as child camel jockeys or football players), or for religious cults.
Sex trafficking
Sex trafficking is human trafficking, where the main idea is to trick or force people so they can be used for sexual needs.
This is fundamentally different from sex work or prostitution.
Prostitution and sex work is legal in many countries.
Human trafficking is almost always illegal.
Many are women, but it is not rare for men to also be trafficked.
Their ages, ethnic and their socioeconomic background all vary.
Still there are groups of people that are more high-risk.
Homeless and runaway young people
People that move from other countries and have low resources
People who have gone through physical, emotional, or sexual abuse
People who have been mistreated in their life and have low social skills
Who does it?
In 2017 they analyzed 1,416 child sex traffickers that were arrested in the United States in the past 10 years and it was found that 75.4% of traffickers are male and 24.4% are female.
In average they were younger than 30 years.
Ways of trafficking
Trafficking controlled by pimps: A person is controlled by one trafficker called a pimp.
They sometimes use promises of marriage or possible modeling chances to attract victims.
Other times they simply use intimidation, brainwashing and kidnapping.
Trafficking done by gangs: It is a lot like pimp-controlled trafficking, but a person is controlled by a large group of people.
They can also attract people by making them trust them.
Gangs now have been using sex trafficking because it is safer and leaves more money than drug trafficking.
Trafficking done by a person's family: The person is controlled by members of their own families.
They let them be exploited and ask for something in return, usually drugs or money.
Trafficking done by cybersex: Cybersex trafficking means the live streaming of forced sexual acts and/or rape on camera of trafficked victims.
Forced marriage: When a person is sent to another country, forced into a marriage and then is forced to participate in sexual conduct with their new partner, then the experience is considered sex trafficking.
Child trafficking
Child trafficking is defined as the "recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, and/or receipt" of a child for the purpose of exploitation.
The commercial sexual exploitation of children can take many forms.
This includes forcing a child into Child prostitution.
Or it can be other forms of sexual activity like child pornography.
exploitation may also involve forced labour or services like slavery.
It can mean practices similar to slavery such as servitude or the removal of organs, illegal adoption, or recruitment as child soldiers.
Gaslighting - A form of psychological abuse that can make human trafficking easier
A controversy is a  prolonged public dispute or debate, with people having different opinions.
There may be several groups of people who have different opinions and who cannot agree.
Examples for controversial topics are the question of whether abortion should be legal, or whether research on embryonic stem cells should be permitted.
Controversies can happen when there is not a lot of understanding about a topic.
A controversy may also happen when different people interpret the same information differently based on their own biases.
Any opinion that has opposing sides or points of view can become a controversy.
In the winter of 2015, consumers argued over the color and design of Starbucks Christmas cup.
Some suggested a boycott of the coffee brand to protest.
Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund is a confederation of German trade unions.
It was a national trade union center of Germany.
The DGB hat 8 German trade unions with more than 7 million people (31.12.2004).
It was founded in Munich in 12 October 1949.
IG BAU - IG Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt (Construction, Agriculture, Environment) 424,808 members = 6.06%
IG BCE - IG Bergbau, Chemie, Energie (Mining, Chemicals, Energy) 770,582 members = 10.99%
GEW - Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft (Education and Science) 254,673 members = 3.63%
IGM - IG Metall (Metalworkers) 2,425,005 members = 34.58%
NGG - Gewerkschaft Nahrung-Genuss-Gaststätten (Food, Beverages and Catering) 225,328 members = 3.21%
GdP - Gewerkschaft der Polizei (Police) 177,910 members = 2.54%
TRANSNET Gewerkschaft (Railway Workers) 270,221 members = 3.85%
ver.di - Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft (United Services Union) 2,464,510 members = 35.14%
( DGB in total: 7,013,037 members = 100% // all values: 31 December 2004 )
1949–1951: Hans Böckler
1951–1952: Christian Fette
1952–1956: Walter Freitag
1956–1962: Willi Richter
1962–1969: Ludwig Rosenberg
1969–1982: Heinz-Oskar Vetter
1982–1990: Ernst Breit
1990–1994: Heinz-Werner Meyer
1994–2002: Dieter Schulte
2002–today: Michael Sommer
DGB homepage
Trade unions in Germany
The Best Damn Thing is the fourth single off the album The Best Damn Thing  by Avril Lavigne.
The song was released June 13, 2008.
ver.di is a large German trade union.
It is the largest trade union in the world, with 2.6 million members. "
ver.di" is an abbreviation for Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft, which means "United Services Union."
In 2001 ver.di was formed when the Deutsche Angestellten Gewerkschaft (DAG) (German Salaried Employees) merged with four unions of the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB) (DPG, HBV, ÖTV, IG Medien).
ver.di homepage
Introduction in English on the ver.di homepage
Deutscher Beamtenbund (dbb) (Civil Service Federation) is a national trade union center of Germany.
DBB has a membership of 1,250,000 members.
President is Peter Heesen
dbb homepage
Gewerkschaft Deutscher Lokomotivführer (GDL) () is a trade union of Germany.
Its president is Claus Weselsky , who took over from Manfred Schell in 2008.
The GDL has a membership of 34,000.
Most members live in the old East Germany.
GDL homepage
TRANSNET, which stands for Transport, Service, and Networks, is a trade union in Germany.
It  283,000 workers, and is one of eight industrial affiliations of the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB).
Its president is Norbert Hansen.
TRANSNET homepage
The can-can (also spelled cancan or Can Can) is a music hall dance, performed by a chorus line of female dancers who wear costumes with long skirts, petticoats, and black stockings, like the fashions of the 1890s.
The can-can was first danced in low class ballrooms of Montparnasse in Paris about 1830.
The dancers of the 1890s, such as La Goulue and Jane Avril, were highly paid for their appearances at the Moulin Rouge and elsewhere.
The female dancers of the French Second Empire and the fin de siècle developed the various cancan moves.
The Galop from Jacques Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld is the tune most often played with the can-can (a somewhat simplified form and a more evolved one Can-Can (Orpheus in the Underworld).
Performed on the accordion ).
The can-can was adapted as an American movie titled "Can Can"(1960), acted by Frank Sinatra and Shirley MacLaine  with music by Cole Porter.
Jacques Offenbach (20 June 1819, in Cologne – 5 October 1880, in Paris) was a French composer and cellist of the Romantic era.
He is seen as one of the originators of the operetta form.
Of German-Jewish descent, he was one of the most influential composers of popular music in Europe in the 19th century.
Many of his works are still played today.
Offenbach's many operettas, such as Orpheus in the Underworld, and La belle Hélène, were extremely popular both in France and elsewhere in the 1850s and 1860s.
They combined political and cultural satire with witty grand opera parodies.
His popularity in France declined in the 1870s after the fall of the Second Empire.
He fled France, but during the last years of his life, his popularity came back.
Several of his operettas are still performed.
While his name remains most closely associated with the French operetta and the Second Empire, it is Offenbach's one fully operatic masterpiece, Les contes d'Hoffmann (The Tales of Hoffmann), composed at the end of his career, that has become the most familiar of Offenbach's works in major opera houses.
Shane MacDougall is a Canadian stand-up comedian, former columnist, television writer, and documentarian.
Best known for his 1999 challenge to Queen Elizabeth II to a kickboxing match or math test for the monarchy of Canada, the challenge resulted in him receiving death threats but also brought much media attention to the burgeoning Canadian republican movement.
He is also known for The Dark Show, which in the late 1990s was Canada's longest running independent comedy show.
Held at Toronto's famous Rivoli club, The Dark Show featured some of Canada's top comedians doing material on topics from school shootings to date rape, and also generated protests from some citizens.
In 2005, MacDougall completed filming on a documentary entitled "Wiener Takes All", which followed the competitive dachshund racing circuit.
The documentary screened such venues as the San Francisco Documentary Film Festival, the 27th Atlantic Film Festival, BendFilm, the Laguna Beach Film Society/Museum of Art, and the Oklahoma City Museum of Art.
References and Reviews
Variety Review of Wiener Takes All
SFist coverage of the US Premiere
Frank Decaro (Sirius Radio) interview with director Shane MacDougall
Chronicle Herald front page coverage (Canada)
Cinematical report on BendFilm
CBC Radio Interview
Comte Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa (24 November 1864 – 9 September 1901) was a French painter of the Post-Impressionist period.
He was born into a noble family, but lived for most of his life among the actors, dancers and prostitutes of Paris.
He is famous for painting the lives of these people, the entertainment of Paris, and many portraits.
In a 2005 auction at Christie's auction house a new record was set when La blanchisseuse, an early painting of a young laundress, sold for $22.4 million U.S.
Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa was born in Albi in the Midi-Pyrénées region of France.
He was the oldest child of Count Alphonse and Countess Adèle de Toulouse-Lautrec.
His mother and father were cousins.
This is thought to have been a reason for his weakness and bad health.
His younger brother was born on 28 August 1867, but died the following year.
Henri had two accidents when he was 13 and 14.
He fractured (broke) the thigh bones of both his legs.
They took a long time to heal, and never grew again.
No-one knows exactly what caused this problem.
As an adult he had a man-sized body but child-sized legs and was 1.54 m (5 ft 1 in) tall,
As a young man, Toulouse-Lautrec was not able to do many of the things that other men of his age liked doing.
He had been good at drawing from the time he was a child.
He spent his time drawing and painting instead of joining in sports and hunting.
He travelled to Paris where he met other artists as well as writers, actors and dancers.
The "night life" (entertainment) of Paris had so many colourful scenes and people to paint.
His paintings are famous for showing the scenes of modern life in a way they had never been shown before.
Toulouse-Lautrec lived in Montmartre, a part of Paris that was famous for its "bohemian" people: artists, poets, philosophers and poor students.
He was called "the soul of Montmartre".
He often visited the nightclubs such as the Moulin Rouge.
He also spent a lot of time at the brothels in that area, and lived for a time at the brothel at des Moulins where he was a good friend to many of the women there.
Toulouse-Lautrec painted scenes of the lives of these people, which were very shocking to some people in the polite society of Paris.
As well as showing the dancing, singing, acting and circus performances that many people enjoyed, he also showed people in bed together, the sad faces of people who were addicts and the half-naked prostitutes lined up for STD medical examination.
Many of his pictures were of women in lesbian relationships.
He painted the singer Yvette Guilbert, the dancer Jane Avril and the dancer Louise Weber, who was known as "La Goulue" ("Greedy-Guts"), famous for the leg-kicking dance called the "Can-Can", which is still danced at the "Moulin Rouge" to this day.
Toulouse-Lautrec gave painting lessons to Suzanne Valadon, who was one of his models and may have also been his girlfriend.
Henri Toulouse-Lautrec was an alcoholic for most of his adult life.
He was put into a psychiatric hospital shortly before his death.
He died from syphilis and problems caused by his alcoholism at his family's home in Malromé.
He was nearly 37 years old.
He is buried in Verdelais, Gironde, a few kilometres from his birthplace.
Throughout his working life of less than 20 years, Toulouse-Lautrec created 737 canvases, 275 watercolors, 363 prints and posters and 5,084 drawings.
He also made some ceramics and stained glass After Toulouse-Lautrec's death, his mother, the Countess Adèle Toulouse-Lautrec, and his art dealer Maurice Joyant made his art famous.