the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Cornell's accelerator and high-energy physics groups are involved in the design of the proposed International Linear Collider and plan to participate in its construction and operation.
The International Linear Collider, to be completed in the late 2010s, will complement the Large Hadron Collider and shed light on questions such as the identity of dark matter and the existence of extra dimensions.
In the area of humanities and social sciences, Cornell is best known for being one of the world's greatest centers for the study of Southeast Asia.
The Southeast Asia Program (SEAP) at Cornell is designated as a National Resource Center (NRC) by the United States Department of Education 2010–2014.
Therefore, the SEAP is nationally prominent in promoting advanced foreign language training, area and international knowledge in the liberal arts and applied discipline focused on Southeast Asia.
The George McTurnan Kahin Center for Advanced Research on Southeast Asia is in the historic "Treman House."
The George McTurnan Kahin Center is home to SEAP graduate students, visiting fellows and scholars, faculty members, and SEAP's Publication and Outreach offices.
Bolognese sauce is a sauce made with meat that is then mixed with pasta before eating.
It is called Ragù alla bolognese in Italy.
The sauce came from Bologna in Italy.
Most Italian people eat their Bolognese sauce with tagliatelle, a broad, flat type of pasta.
It can also be served with ribbon or tube shaped pasta.
Spaghetti alla Bolognese recipes
In 1982, the Bolognese delegation, said that the recipe must only be made of beef, pancetta (a type of bacon), onions, carrots, celery, tomato paste, meat broth, red wine and milk or cream.
There are different recipes of Bolognese sauce.
Some of the recipes contain chopped pork or pork sausage.
Mushrooms are sometimes added.
Spaghetti Bolognese is popular outside of Italy where the sauce is put on a plate of spaghetti with a little bit of grated cheese put on.
In China Bolognese sauce is served with noodles and it is called Chinese spaghetti.
However, these different ways of making the recipe are never eaten in Bologna.
They do use the recipe together with béchamel sauce to make lasagna.
Kaspar, Lynne Rossetto (1st Edition: September 21, 1992) The Splendid Table: Recipes from Emilia-Romagna, the Heartland of Northern Italian Food, Morrow Cookbooks. .
Lixion A. Avila (born November 25, 1950) is a weather forecaster with the National Hurricane Center (NHC).
He has been a senior hurricane specialist.
The pug  is a type of dog with a wrinkly face.
It also has a curled tail, and pug puppies are called puglets.
The pug has a square, muscular body with a large head, big eyes, and small ears.
They have often been described as multum in parvo, which means "much in little", referring to the pug's character and size.
Pugs came originally from Taiwan, but they became popular in England, Ireland, and Scotland.
Pugs are popular and often liked most for their curly tails, compact body, a deep chest, and strong muscles.
There are two different types of a Pug's ears, "rose" and "button". "
Rose" ears are smaller than the "button" ears and are folded up instead of on the side of the head.
Most people prefer "button" style Pugs.
Pugs have strong, straight legs and laid back shoulders.
Their feet are not as large as a hare's foot, but they are not as round as that of a cat, either.
They have toes that are split up perfectly, and their nails are all black.
The lower teeth normally grow farther out than the upper teeth, so they meet in an under-bite.
The coat of pugs can be a lot of different colors, including fawn, apricot, silver, or black.
A very rare pug is white.
The fur color may be white due to albinism.
There is also a smutty fawn pug, which has a very dark head and dark forelegs.
The tail usually curls at the hip.
Different coat types shed differently, but they all shed year-round.
The pug who has a fawn color sheds the most.
Grooming their fur helps prevent too much shedding.
The pug is very strong-willed, but does not act aggressively unless provoked to a high degree.
Pugs are well kept for families with children.
They can be quiet and nice but also funny according to the owner's mood.
They are also good at guarding the house.
In East China, they were known as the "Lo-Chiang-Sze" or "Foo".
In the early 551 BCE, Confucius described the pug as a "short mouthed dog".
After that, pugs became popular in Tibet, especially for monks.
Then, pugs became known toward Japan and then Europe.
The pug's origin is unknown because the first Emperor of China destroyed everything related to the pug in his reign.
The Dutch East India Company imported the pug first in the late 16th and 17th centuries.
Later, in 1572, a pug named Pompey saved the Prince of Orange by warning him when the Spaniards came.
William III and Mary II also took a pug with them when they were going from Netherlands to England for the seat of the throne in 1688.
The pug was also becoming famous in other European countries as well.
The Spanish painter, Goya, painted pugs in Spain and Italy sitting beside the coachmen of the rich.
They were used as guard dogs and to find animals or people.
18th and 19th centuries
After that, pugs began to become popular in France.
A pug named Fortune was a messenger between Joséphine de Beauharnais and her family while she was in prison.
In Italy, the pug was becoming famous also.
A Mrs. Piozzi wrote in her journal that "every carriage I meet here has a pug in it".
In 19th century England, Queen Victoria was a very sincere lover of pugs.
She had many pet pugs, such as Olga, Pedro, Minka, Fatima, and Venus.
The pug finally arrived in the United States during the 19th century and soon became popular there as well.
Many pugs won dog shows, and soon the Pug Dog Club was founded in 1931.
Because pugs do not have long snouts, they can get eye diseases.
They also cannot breathe well, because passages for oxygen are very small and they cannot regulate their temperature with their tongue well.
A pug's normal body temperature is between  and .
If the temperature rises to , they need to cool down immediately because they cannot cool themselves enough.
If the temperature reaches , their organs can fail.
Serious issues
Pugs can also be hurt by necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME).
NME is an inflammation of the brain and meninges.
It is also known as pug dog encephalitis (PDE).
There is no known cure or explanation for NME, although most people believe it is a disease that dogs may inherit from their mother or father.
All dogs usually die within a few months after this disease, which usually happens from 6 months to 7 years of age.
Common conditions
Because pugs have wrinkles on their faces, owners must clean the folded part of their skin.
Hip dysplasia is another major problem for pugs.
About 63.8% of pugs were caught with hip dysplasia.
When pugs get excited, they begin to "reverse sneeze", in which they will breathe in short, quick breaths. "
Reverse sneezing" is usually not harmful to the pug.
It can be helped by massaging the dog's throat or covering its nose to make it breathe instead with its mouth.
Media and culture
Pugs have come out in television and film, such as Frank the Pug in the film Men in Black and the follow-up series.
Other films that have pugs include 12 Rounds, Marie Antoinette (2006 film), and Disney's film about Pocahontas.
They have also appeared on television, in shows like: Poldark,The West Wing
Pugs have also appeared in many fictional books, like Lady Bertram's pug in Mansfield Park and in the book Pugs: God's Little Weirdos.
PugWear - All about pugs!
Information, common illnesses, remedies and lots more
National breed clubs
Pug Dog Club of America
UK Pug Dog Club
Pug Club of Canada
Malta Pug Dog Club
A command economy is where the big decisions are made and owned at the centre by the government.
A planned economy is where the big decisions are made at the centre by the government.
In an economic system the main decisions are, for example, allocating resources like labour, capital and oil.
Prices, too, are controlled.
In a command economy, these decisions are taken by a central body, usually the government.
This system contrasts that of a market economy where all the economic actors involved take decisions.
The benefit of a planned economy is that the planning body has (supposedly) perfect information, and can make a better decision than in the market economy.
Countries at war sometimes command their people to make things the war needs; the major powers in World War II did this.
Friedrick von Hayek, a 20th-century economist, thought that it is not possible for the planning body to have perfect information.
For this reason, the decisions taken by this body will be wrong, as it is not possible to foresee all possible events.
Once the decision has been taken there is only a small margin to vary the production; this means that a planned economy cannot adapt to a change as rapidly as a market economy.
According to Ludwig von Mises, there is no competition, and there are no reasons to innovate or to look for different solutions to a problem, in a planned economy.
Planned economies have sometimes been successful.
After World War I and the Russian Civil War the Soviet Union was very undeveloped, but the command economy was able to resume pre-war industrial growth, to build houses and to bring electric power distribution to millions.
In a few decades the country became strong and started space travel.
Communism is a type of government system that would use a command economy.
The only country that now employs a pure command system is North Korea.
All the other communist countries that operated under the command system have converted to a mixed economy that resembles the market system.
Formerly, the Eastern Bloc and China were command economies, and are now mixed economies where the government still has a major influence.
Charles Edward Ives (October 30, 1874 – May 19, 1954) was an American composer.
He experimented with new ways of composing which many people did not understand at the time.
These became more widely used later in the century.
He used dissonant (harsh) sounding intervals and techniques such as polytonality (playing in several keys at once), polyrhythms (several rhythms at once) and polytextures (several textures at once).
Very few people listened to his music at the time he was writing it.
Only much later did musicians  start to realize the importance of his work.
Ives earned his living as an insurance agent.
He composed in his spare time.
Charles Ives was born in Danbury, Connecticut.
His father George Ives was a U.S. Army bandleader in the American Civil War.
His father taught him a great deal about the music and encouraged him to experiment with new sounds.
As well as teaching him counterpoint and introducing him to the music of  J.S.Bach  he trained his son’s musical ear by getting him to sing a tune in one key while he played the accompaniment in another.
In this way the young Charles became used to modern sounds that were quite different from traditional, Romantic music.
Charles also listened in Danbury town square to his father's marching band and other bands that were playing on other sides of the square, so that he heard a mixture of several pieces of music at the same time.
His father also taught him the music of Stephen Foster.
Ives became a church organist at the age of 14 and wrote various hymns and songs for church services, including his Variations on 'America' .
At the same time he also enjoyed sport and was good at baseball, football and tennis.
Ives spent four years at Yale University.
His teacher Horatio Parker was very good and taught him important basic techniques of composing, but he could not understand some of things that Ives was writing in his music.
Ives got annoyed when his teacher told him he could not finish a section of music on a dissonant chord, but Ives liked it like that.
The choirmaster at the Centre Church where Ives played the organ was John Griggs.
He had more understanding of what Ives was trying to do.
It was a terrible blow to Charles when his father died on 4 November 1894.
He always had a huge admiration for his father who had encouraged him in his musical experiments.
Charles kept busy composing.
He did not do any sport at Yale because his father had forbidden him to take part in sport so that he would spend his time on studying.
By the time Charles graduated he had composed more than 40 songs, several marches, overtures, anthems and organ pieces, a string quartet and a symphony.
However, most people thought of him as the composer of a simple waltz tune called The Bells of Yale.
Adult years
After his studies at Yale Ives continued to work as a church organist while working for an insurance firm.
He was very good at his job and became very well known in the insurance business.
Some of his business friends were often surprised to find out that he was also a composer.
In 1907, Ives had his first "heart attack".
These attacks may have been more to do with his imagination.
When he was better he composed more than ever before.
He married in 1908.
After several heart attacks in 1918 he composed very little.
He stopped composing altogether in 1926.
His health problems continued, and he retired from the insurance business in 1930.
He spent some time revising works he had written early, but never wrote any more new pieces.
Ives published more than 100 of his songs.
He was a very good pianist and the piano parts are often quite difficult.
They include bitonality and pantonality.. Although he is now best known for his orchestral music, he composed two string quartets and other chamber music.
His organ piece Variations on "America" (1891), takes the tune My Country, 'Tis of Thee (which is the same tune as God Save the Queen )  and changes it in several amusing variations, using a march, a ragtime and bitonality.
it was not published until 1949.
The variations differ sharply: a running line, a set of close harmonies, a march, a polonaise, and a ragtime allegro; the interludes are one of the first uses of bitonality.
His Symphony Number 1 was fairly traditional, but Symphony Number 2 is much more modern sounding, even ending with a dissonant chord with 11 notes.
In 1902 he gave up his organ job.
He left all his best anthems and organ music in the church library, and these were thrown out in 1915 when the church moved so most of them are lost.
Central Park in the Dark
Central Park in the Dark is a piece for orchestra which describes the mysterious, quiet park and then sounds of music coming from nearby nightclubs in Manhattan (playing the popular music of the day, ragtime, quoting Hello My Baby and even Sousa's Washington Post March).
The Unanswered Question
Perhaps the piece which is most often heard today is the short fanfare  The Unanswered Question (1908), written for the very unusual combination of trumpet, four flutes, and string orchestra.
The strings, playing from behind the stage, play very slow, chorale-like music throughout the piece while several times the trumpet (playing from behind the audience) plays a short group of notes that Ives described as "the eternal question of existence".
Each time the trumpet is answered with harsh outbursts from the flutes (onstage) — apart from the last one.
That is the question that is left unanswered.
Musicians often have discussions about what the real meaning of the piece is.
Orchestral and Piano works
Another well-known orchestral work is Three Places in New England.
His best-known piano work is his Concord Sonata.
Ives often liked to quote bits of other pieces, and in this piano sonata he quotes the famous opening of  Beethoven's Fifth Symphony.
It also has an interesting example of one of Ives' experiments: in the second movement, he tells the pianist to use a 14¾ in (37.5 cm) piece of wood to make a thick but soft  cluster chord.
The sonata is one of the best piano works of the 20th century.
Fourth Symphony
One of his most interesting works is the his Fourth Symphony (1910–16) written for a huge orchestra.
The last movement is like a fight between discord and traditional tonal music.
The piece ends quietly with just the percussion playing at a distance.
This symphony seems to say everything that Ives had been trying to do in music.
It was not until 1965 that a complete performance of the symphony was given.
Ives music only gradually began to get well known during the 1930s and into the 1940s.
Schoenberg recognized his importance.
In 1951, Leonard Bernstein conducted the first performance of Ives' Second Symphony in a broadcast concert by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.
He recorded a lot of his music and even played some in a television programme for young people.
The Charles Ives Society
A flageolet is an old woodwind instrument.
It belongs to the end-blown flute family.
It started to be used in the 16th century for folk music.
Soon there were two kinds: the French kind and the English.
The French flageolet had four holes in the front and two in the back.
The English flageolet had six holes in the front.
The flageolet is quite similar to the recorder.
In the 18th century it changed because a narrow mouthpiece made of ivory or bone was added at the top.
This led into another section which bulged out.
There was a soft sponge at the end of this.
Sometimes this instrument was called the "flautino".
The piccolo developed from it.
Another instrument that developed from it was the tin whistle.
flageolets.com – information about the flageolet]
Paris Opéra or the Opéra National de Paris is the most important opera company of France.
It stages performances at the Opéra Bastille and Opéra Garnier in Paris.
The theatre is also the home of the Paris Opéra Ballet.
King Louis XIV allowed Jean-Baptiste Lully to start the Académie Royale de Musique in 1672.
This was an organization that included opera, ballet, and music.
The ballet company was part of the opera company.
Then Louis XIV started the ballet school, called Académie Royale de Danse, in 1661.
From 1671 until Lully's death in 1687, the school was directed by the great dancing master Pierre Beauchamp, the man who set down the five positions of the feet.
In 1713 King Louis XIV made the Opera company a state institution.
There was a group of professional dancers called Le Ballet de l'Opéra.
From that time until 1875 they used lots of theatres, each one of which was destroyed by a fire.
All these companies were called Paris Opéra or Opéra de Paris.
On 29 October 1873, the old Paris Opéra, known as the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique, which had been used since 1821, was destroyed by a fire which burned for 27 hours.
By 1875 the opera company moved to the new Palais Garnier which was part of the rebuilding of Paris by Emperor Napoleon III.
When the Opéra Bastille was built in 1989 the company chose it as their main theatre.
Faust or Faustus is a character from German legendary stories.
His name comes from a Latin word meaning "lucky".
The legend is about a man called Faust.
Faust wants to have knowledge.
He meets the Devil.
The Devil tells Faust he can have anything he wants.
In return, the Devil says, Faust must give him his soul.
Faust agrees, and the Devil lets Faust have a wonderful time, but in the end Faust has to go to Hell.
The story of Faust became famous all over Europe.
Many writers from different countries wrote their own versions of the Faust story, e.g. Christopher Marlowe, Goethe, Mikhail Bulgakov, Thomas Mann.
Many composers wrote music about Faust, e.g. Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Charles Gounod and Ferrucio Busoni.
In the early versions of the Faust story: in ballads, dramas and puppet-plays, Faust is always damned (meaning he will have to go to Hell).
This is because he prefers human knowledge instead of God’s knowledge.
This was thought to be very bad at that time.
Some of the plays and comic puppet theatre from around the 16th century make up their own versions of the story.
They often show Faust as a figure of vulgar fun.
The story became popular in England when Christopher Marlowe wrote a play called The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.
But in Goethe's version of the story two centuries later, Faust is described as a well-educated man who wants more than just "meat and drink."
Robert Mulligan (August 23, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was an Academy Award-nominated American movie and television director.
He directed movies such as To Kill a Mockingbird and The Man in the Moon.
The Man in the Moon (1991)
Clara's Heart  (1988)
Kiss Me Goodbye  (1982)
Bloodbrothers  (1978)
Same Time, Next Year  (1978)
The Nickel Ride  (1974)
The Other  (1972)
Summer of '42  (1971)
The Pursuit of Happiness  (1971)
The Stalking Moon  (1969)
Up the Down Staircase  (1967)
Inside Daisy Clover  (1965)
Baby the Rain Must Fall  (1965)
Love with the Proper Stranger  (1963)
To Kill a Mockingbird  (1962)
The Spiral Road  (1962)
Come September  (1961)
The Great Impostor  (1961)
The Rat Race  (1960)
Fear Strikes Out (1957)
Austin was a British car manufacturing company that began production in 1905.
The company merged with Morris in 1952, becoming the lead partner in British Motor Corporation.
This became British Leyland and then Rover Group.
They began phasing the brand out in 1987; by 1989 all Rover Group cars had been cleared of Austin branding.
The name has now passed into the ownership of Nanjing Motor Corporation, who have stated an interest in reviving it.
Independent Austin 1905-1952
The company was started in 1905 by Herbert Austin, originally making cars at a factory in Rotherham, Yorkshire before moving to Longbridge, Birmingham.
In the First World War Austin made aircraft for the Army and Navy, it was this work which led to the rapid expansion of the company; following the war the company stopped making aircraft.
The company became Britain's biggest car maker.
British Motor Corporation 1952-1968
In 1952 Austin merged with its biggest rival Morris (founded by William Morris, afterwards Lord Nuffield), with Austin being the lead partner.
This company was known as the British Motor Corporation (BMC).
Following the merger with Morris, the model line up for Austin changed considerably.
The most notable car to come from this era was the Austin Mini, this was also sold as a Morris Mini and was made up until 2000 (though not as an Austin after 1987).
Austin enjoyed a favourable market share during the 1950s and 1960s.
British Leyland 1968-1986
In 1968 BMC merged with Leyland (Leyland, Standard and Triumph) to become British Leyland even though Leyland had been a much smaller firm.
It was the British Leyland years that were perhaps the most difficult and in 1975 British Leyland was nationalised.
Austin's market share fell, as did other marques within the company, leading to the phasing out of the Morris name plate in 1981.
There were many strikes at British Leyland's factories, making British Leyland and other companies with the same problem, such as the Ford Motor Company unproductive compared to Japanese and European companied like Volkswagen.
Many of the models in this era failed to sell well, either because they were old fashioned or deemed unreliable; the Austin Princess and the Austin Allegro were the only modern cars of this era, while the 1300, 1800 and Austin Maxi were all dated.
The Princess and Allegro sold well, but both were saloons, and the only hatchback the company had was the Maxi, which wasn't a popular car.
Rover 1986-1987
British Leyland became the Rover Group in 1986.
Despite the huge success of the Austin Metro, launched in 1980, there was trouble in the company.
In the 1980s Austin sold the most cars in the British Leyland group, however when the company became Rover Group, a greater emphasis was placed on the more upmarket Rover name.
In 1987 the company began phasing the name out and by 1989 it had been removed from all products.
The name now belongs to Nanjing Motor Corporation who have expressed an interest in reviving it.
They currently make cars as MGs (the MG marque came from Morris and consisted of three sports cards MGA, MGB and MGC), however it intends to use this brand name for luxury cars and sports cars.
Nanjing does not own the Rover name, so the Austin name is the most recent it has to use for its mainstream mass market cars.
1905 establishments in the United Kingdom
The flag was created in 1892.
In 1952, the flag became the official national flag of Puerto Rico.
The Islamic Crescent is a symbol consisting of a crescent with a star at the concave side.
In its modern form, the star is usually shown with five points (though in earlier centuries a higher number of points was often used).
The two signs together, or the crescent only, was long a symbol of Byzantium.
Now it is often a symbol of Islam.
It is seen on a number of different country flags such as Turkey and Pakistan respectively.
Flag of Ottoman Empire was the first flag featuring a crescent with a star.
Other states formerly part of the Ottoman Empire also used the symbol, so the symbol emerged into popular use.
Cootamundra is a town in New South Wales, Australia.
In 2006 there were 5,566 people living in Cootamundra.
It is on the Olympic Highway where it crosses the Muttama Creek, between Junee and Cowra.
Cootamundra's railway station is on the main Melbourne-to-Sydney railway line.
Sir Donald Bradman AC, Australian cricketer said to be the greatest batsman of all time was born in Cootamundra.
The town is very proud of Bradman, and uses this in signs and tourist information.
The home where The Don was born is a fully restored visitor site open to the public seven days per week.
Cootamundra is the home of the Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia Baileyana).
Every year there is a large 'Wattle Time' Festival (which happens when the wattle starts to bloom) with an art show and festivities.
The Cootamundra Wattle is an Australian shrub or tree.
It is in the Family Fabaceae.
The tree's Latin name, Acacia baileyana, is named after the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey.
It is one of nearly 1000 species of Acacia found in Australia.
The Cootamundra Wattle at first only came from a small area in southern New South Wales near Cootamundra.
It has been widely planted all over Australia.
In many areas of Victoria Cootamundra Wattle has become a weed.
It is taking over from acacias that were only found in Victorian.
Almost all wattles have cream to golden colored flowers.
The small flowers are arranged in round to cylindrical clusters.
Only the stamens, the male part of the flower, stick out.
Many wattles have been planted in New Zealand.
A. baileyana is used in Europe in the cut flower industry.
It is also used as food for bees in making honey.
This plant is easy to grow.
It can adapt and grow in different areas.
Unfortunately it easily produces seeds and will start growing new plants in the surrounding area.
It can also cross breed with other acacias, including the rare and endangered Sydney species Acacia pubescens.
A low growing, weeping form, is being grown.
The fine leaves of the original Cootamundra wattle is grey-green.
A new type with  blue-purple leaves, known as 'Purpurea' is very popular.
Society of studies about Ethnobotany and the Modified States of Consciousness
Kermanshah or Kermashan (; ), is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, in Iran, in Iranian Kurdistan.
Kermanshah is the largest Kurdish city in Iran.
The city is 525 km from Tehran in the western part of Iran and it is about 120 km from the border of in Iraq.
Kermanshah has a continental climate.
The estimated population of the city was 822,921 in the year 2005.
The majority of the population speak a Kurdish language as well as the Persian language.
The religion of the people is diverse, but there are more Muslims than any other religion.
Rider King Strong (born December 11, 1979) is an American movie and television actor.
He became famous in the 1990s as the character Shawn Hunter in the television series Boy Meets World.
John O'Meally (1841 – 19 November 1863) was an Australian bushranger and criminal.
He was one of Frank Gardiner's gang who robbed the gold escort coach at Eugowra.
O'Meally worked as a stockman, looking after cattle and sheep on his father's farm, Arramagong Station in the Lachlan River valley.
His father, Paddy O'Meally, also ran a shanty (a very basic hotel), called "The Weddin Inn", on Emu Creek.
The inn was the only hotel in the district.
John OMeally, and another one of Gardiner's gang, Alex Fordyce, sometimes worked at the shanty.
The gold escort robbery was planned there.
Bush ranger with Frank Gardiner
On 15 June 1862 the gold escort coach that took the gold from the goldfields of Forbes to Bathurst was robbed.
This was one of Australia's biggest robberies.
O'Meally and several of his friends were in the gang led by Frank Gardiner.
A week after the robbery the police, led by Sir Frederick Pottinger, captured two of the robbers, Henry Manns, and Charlie Gilbert.
Charlie Gilbert was the brother of gang member John Gilbert.
John Gilbert had nearly been captured but was able to escape.
He went straight to "The Weddin Inn", and together with Ben Hall and O'Meally, captured the police and released the prisoners.
Bushranger with Ben Halls gang
In July 1863, O'Meally and Gilbert tried to rob the bank at Carcoar in broad daylight.
This is believed to be the first daylight bank robbery in Australia.
On 30 August 1863, O'Meally tried to rob John Barnes near Wallendbeen station (farm).
Barnes owned shops in Cootamundra and Murrumburrah.
O'Meally tried to take Barnes' saddle.
Barnes rode off to try and get away, but O'Meally shot and killed him.
Barnes is buried in the Cootamundra cemetery.
The battle of Goimbla
O'Meally was shot and killed while trying to rob Goimbla station (farm) near Eugowra, on 19 November 1863.
This event became known as the "Battle of Goimbla."
The Campbell family fought off the Ben Hall gang in during a two-hour battle.
The National Museum of Australia has several items in its collection about the battle.
A letter from the people of Forbes to David and Amelia Campbell.
The first person to sign the letter was author Rolf Boldrewood who later wrote the classic Australian bushranger novel, Robbery Under Arms.
A silk cloth, given to Amelia Campbell by the ladies of Upper and Middle Adelong.
It has a message stitched into the silk praising Campbell's part in defending the farm.
A silver tea urn,  high.
It was given to Amelia Campbell.
It is engraved with the words: "The ladies of Upper & Middle Adelong present this token of esteem to Mrs Campbell, as an appreciation of her heroic conduct displayed during the attack at GOIMBLA by bushrangers on 19th Nov. 1863."
Patrick William Marony (1858-1939) Bushrangers attacking Goimbla Station, an oil painting (1894) kept in the National Library of Australia.
Patrick William Marony (1858-1939) Bourke (i.e. Burke) ; Ben Hall ; Frank Gardiner, King of the Road; Gilbert; Dunne (i.e. Dunn) , an oil painting (1894) of the gang members (1894), kept in the National Library of Australia.
Magdalena Rivas, 24, from Worcester, Massachusetts
Leah Darrow, 24, from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Julie Titus, 20, from Kent, Washington
Laura "Kristi" Grommet, 20, St. Louis, Missouri
Jennipher Frost, 22, Pocatello, Idaho
Kelle Jacob, 19, New York City, New York
Cassie Grisham, 19, Norman, Oklahoma
Toccara Jones, 22, Dayton, Ohio
Nicole Borud, 21, Minot, North Dakota
Norelle Van Herk, 20, Newport Beach, California
Ann Markley, 21, Erie, Pennsylvania
Amanda Swafford, 25, Hendersonville, North Carolina (2nd runner up)
Camara "Yaya" Da Costa, 21, Harlem, New York (runner up)
Eva Pigford, 20, Los Angeles, California (winner)
The contestant was CoverGirl of the Week
The contestant was CoverGirl of the Week and won the reward challenge
The contestant was CoverGirl of the Week and was eliminated
The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel
Number of contestants: 14
Oldest contestant: Amanda, 25
Youngest Contestant: Kelle and Cassie, both 19
Most collective first call outs: Amanda, 4
Most consecutive first call outs: Amanda, twice
Most collective challenge wins: Yaya, 5 times
Most consecutive challenge wins: Yaya, 5 times
Most collective bottom two apperences: Ann, 5 times
Most consecutive bottom two apperences: Eva, twice
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust  is the most famous play in all German literature.
Part One is very dramatic, and tells the main story.
Part II is extremely long, and it is meant to be read rather than acted on stage.
It is about Goethe’s philosophy as well as about history and politics.
What the story is about
Goethe’s Faust is a re-telling of the Faust legend which was very famous in Germany.
The legend tells of a man called Faust who is tired of studying and wants to have the greatest possible happiness.
The devil (usually called Mephistopheles, as he is in Goethe’s play) tells Faust he can help him to do this, but that in the end Faust will have to give him his soul and go with him to hell.
Faust makes a pact (an agreement) with Mephistopheles who promises him all his soul can wish for: fine living, gold, women and honour.
Faust signs the pact with his blood.
However, in the end Mephistopheles wins his bet.
How Goethe worked on the play
The subject of Faust occupied Goethe all his life.
The name of Faust is mentioned in a comedy he wrote in 1769: “Die Mitschuldigen“.
In 1773, when he was 24, he first read the poetry of Hans Sachs, the medieval German poet.
He immediately started to imitate the rhythm of Sachs’s poetry.
This rhythm is known as “Knittelvers”.
It had 4 accented syllables in each line and an AABB or ABAB rhyming pattern, e.g.
”Send me your Doctor Faust instead."
When it comes gushing from your head.”
In 1887, long after Goethe’s death, it was discovered that he had made a version of “Faust“ which he never published but later decided to rewrite.
This version is known as the “Urfaust” (“Ur” means “original”, i.e. the “Original Faust”).
It was written between 1772 and 1775.
He changed a lot of it and it became “Faust Part I“.
A fragment (small part of it) was published in 1790.
Then he finished it in 1806, published it in 1808 and changed it for a new edition in 1829.
Part 2 was finished in 1831, a few months before he died, and was not published until a few months after his death.
Faust Part One starts off in heaven.
Mephistopheles makes a bet with God: he says that he can go down to earth and meet Faust and make him do bad things.
We then see Faust in his study.
Faust is trying to get to know all possible things.
He wants to know about science, humans and religion.
He tries to use magic in order to understand everything there is to know, but he thinks he is not managing to do it.
For a moment he thinks of  killing himself, but then hears people celebrating Easter and decides to go for a walk with Wagner, his assistant.
A poodle who has no home follows Faust back to his house.
In Faust’s study, the poodle changes into the devil (Mephistopheles).
Faust makes an arrangement with the devil: the devil will do everything that Faust wants while he is here on earth,  In exchange Faust will serve the devil in hell.
Faust's arrangement is that, while Mephistopheles is serving Faust, if Faust is so pleased with anything the devil gives him, that he wants to stay in that moment forever, he will die that very moment (in German he says: “Verweile doch, du bist so schön” – “Stay a while, you are so beautiful”.
It is perhaps the most famous quotation in all German literature.)
Mephistopheles persuades Faust to sign the agreement with his own blood.
Faust has a few adventures and then meets Margaret (also known as Gretchen).
He loves her, and by offering her jewellery, and with help of a neighbour, Martha, Gretchen lets herself into Faust's arms.
Faust and Gretchen want to sleep together, so Gretchen gives her mother a sleeping potion so that she does not see Faust.
Faust and Gretchen sleep together.
Gretchen’s mother dies of the potion.
Gretchen discovers she is pregnant.
Gretchen’s brother says Faust is bad and challenges him, but Faust kills him (with the devil’s help, of course).
Gretchen has given birth to a baby, but she drowns it.
She is found guilty of murder and is sent to prison.
Faust tries to save her from death, but he cannot free her from prison.
Finding that they cannot free her, Faust and the devil run away from the prison cell, while voices from heaven say that Gretchen shall be saved.
Faust Part Two is very different from Part One.
It keeps referring to classical literature.
The romantic story of the first Faust is forgotten, and Faust wakes in a field of fairies.
He has many adventures.
The piece is in  five acts which each tell of different things.
In the end Faust goes to heaven, because he loses only half the bet.
Angels, who arrive as messengers of God’s mercy, say at the end of Act 5: "He who strives on and lives to strive/ Can earn redemption still" (i.e. anyone who tries hard in life can still be saved).
People’s views about Goethe’s "Faust"
Goethe’s "Faust" had an enormous influence on all art in Western countries.
In Germany many writers were fascinated by the legend.
They often felt that Faust represented the spirit of the German people.
Dramas, epic poems and novels were written about Faust.
Composers wrote operas or orchestral music about him.
Thomas Mann wrote a novel "Dr Faustus" which compares Faust’s pact with the devil to the way the German people supported Hitler.
Nitric Acid (HNO3) is a very corrosive and toxic strong acid that can cause severe burns.
It is also known as aqua fortis.
Nitric Acid is used in rocket fuels, to help make wood look older, and is used in explosives.
It can react with metals such as copper to produce a brown toxic gas called nitrogen dioxide.
It is made by reaction of nitrogen dioxide with water.
In alchemy, it is known as aqua fortis, or strong water.
It can dissolve silver but leaves gold unharmed, making it a good test for gold.
The term acid test came from this test.
Peter Fechter (14 January 1944 - 17 August 1962) is one of the best known victims of the Berlin Wall.
Fechter was a bricklayer.
Aged 18, he tried to cross the wall into the West, near Checkpoint Charlie, to live with his sister.
He did this with his friend and colleague, Helmut Kulbeik.
Both started to climb the wall at around 14:15.
Kubelik was successful, and could escape.
Fechter was hit by several gunshots, one of which pierced his lung, and fell back down, to what was called the Death strip.
He was unable to move, and started to cry for help.
Crowds started to gather on both sides of the wall; on the east side, they were dispersed by police.
Police gathered on the west side threw medical kits to him; despite the crowd asking them, they would not do more.
The DDR border guards did not do anything either; neither did the United States personnel on duty at the Checkpoint.
Fechter bled to death after about an hour.
After reunification, two border police were found guilty of manslaughter.
They were convicted and given suspended prison terms of 20 and 21 months respectively.
Both had told the court they fired shots at Fechter, but did not want to kill him.
The court also ruled that Fechter was killed by the shots, and not by the absence of aid.
The evidence could not show who of three gunman (one had already died) was responsible for the bullet that killed Fechter.
1960s crimes
German crime victims
Manslaughter victims
Manchester Metrolink (or usually just Metrolink) is the name of the tram system in Greater Manchester, England.
The system is owned by Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM), which used to be called the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive (GMPTE).
It is operated under contract by the RATP Group.
The construction of Manchester's railway network in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries had created a lot of termini around the City Centre.
These were not linked together.
This left a large amount of Manchester disconnected from the railway network.
For many years there had been plans to connect Manchester's two main railway stations.
These are Piccadilly and Victoria.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s there were plans for a "Picc-Vic tunnel".
This tunnel would carry main-line trains under the city centre.
The proposal was abandoned because it would cost too much.
Metrolink was created by converting two British Rail lines serving the suburbs of Manchester, one to the town of Altrincham to the south, and another to the town of Bury to the north, to light rail.
These two lines were joined up in Manchester city centre, where trams run on the roads, and had a short branch to Piccadilly railway station.
This first section of the new system opened in 1992, and a newer line to Eccles opened in 2001.
Lots of extensions to the system have opened since then, with more that are currently being built or proposed.
Metrolink now has lines that serve Didsbury, Ashton-under-Lyne, Oldham, Rochdale, MediaCityUK and Manchester Airport.
These expansions increased the system's length from 37 km to 97 km with 99 stops.
Sometime in 2017 there will be a second line through Manchester city centre serving Exchange Square, and another line towards the Trafford Centre shopping mall before the end of the decade.
There are also plans for tram-train lines to Stockport and other places in Greater Manchester.
1992 establishments in England
Nitrate (NO31-) is a polyatomic ion.
It is made up of one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms.
It is part of many important molecules.
Potassium nitrate is a common type of nitrate.
It is often used in fertilizers because plants need both potassium and nitrates to live and grow.
Sodium nitrate is also used in preserving foods.
Some nitrates are explosive.
People make large amounts of nitrates from ammonia.
Nitrates are similar to nitrites.
Many metal nitrates with thermal decomposition makes oxygen and metal nitrate.
Nitric acid has the formula HNO3  and has no overall charge, because the hydrogen ion is positive.
Supertram is a tram network in Sheffield, England.
The track and connected items are owned by South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive (SYPTE).
Stagecoach Group run and look after the vehicles, through their Stagecoach Supertram branded company.
The song is a protest about the Vietnam War in 1969.
It has become a Christmas standard and has appeared on several Christmas albums.
Notable cover versions
Céline Dion covered the song on her 1998 album These Are Special Times.
The Corrs included a live version as a bonus track on the Live in London DVD (2001).
Sarah McLachlan led off her 2006 Christmas album Wintersong with a cover of this song.
Maroon 5 recorded a cover version in 2007.
Drake Bell sang it live in Times Square, NYC to welcome in the new year, 2007.
*NSYNC recorded a cover version for one of their albums.
Sarah Brightman recorded her own version as a bonus track for her album A Winter Symphony.
Thrice, an experimental rock band, has recorded their own version of the song.
The melody was used during the early 1990s as a musical commercial to promote tourism to Jamaica.
Nottingham Express Transit (or in short NET) is a light-rail tramway in the Nottingham area in England.
The first line opened to the public on 9 March 2004.
It cost £200 million to construct.
It took 16 years from the first idea of the system until it was built.
It is operated by Nottingham Tram Consortium, a 50:50 partnership between Transdev and Nottingham City Transport.
Queanbeyan is a  city in New South Wales, Australia.
It is also the local government area called Queanbeyan City Council.
It is very close to the Australian federal capital city of Canberra.
It is really now a part of the capital city as it is on the Australian Capital Territory border and is only  from Canberra's CBD.
The border itself is marked by a railway line.
The Queanbeyan River flows through Queanbeyan, near the centre of the city.
The town grew from a farm owned by ex-convict inn keeper, Timothy Beard.
It was on the banks of the Molonglo River.
The original name was Quinbean which means "clear waters".
Queanbeyan became a township in 1838.
There were about 50 people living there.
Some of the important historic buildings still standing were built in the early days.
Traces of gold were found in 1851.
There were also some lead and silver mines.
Settlers were often robbed by bushrangers including John Tennant, Jacky Jacky, Frank Gardiner and Ben Hall.
In 1836, the government built a Post Office at Queanbeyan.
The first bank was opened in Queanbeyan on 19 September, 1859.
This was the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney Limited which is now part of the National Australia Bank.
The Golden Age now called The Queanbeyan Age was Queanbeyan's first newspaper started in 1860 by John Gale.
In 1880 John James Wright, the first mayor of Queanbeyan, built a house on the banks of the Queanbeyan River.
In 1982 house became the Queanbeyan Art Centre.
The railway reached Queanbeyan railway station in 1887 and it became the junction for the lines going to Canberra and Bombala.
There are now two trains a day, the Countrylink Xplorer service between Canberra and Sydney.
Queanbeyan became an important country town, with 16 hotels and six flour mills powered by wind, water, horse and steam.
Canberra was started as the national capital in 1911.
There were no hotels, so people crossed the border to get a drink at Queanbeyan's hotels.
When the Parliament moved to Canberra from Melbourne in 1926, Canberra got it's first hotel.
Queanbeyan became a city on 7 July, 1972.
From 1982 to 1989, the Canberra Raiders rugby league team played their home games in Queanbeyan, at Seiffert Oval.
David Campese - retired Wallaby winger
Glen Lazarus - former Canberra Raiders, Brisbane Broncos and Melbourne Storm player, NSW representative
Matt Giteau - Australian Wallaby player, Australia's highest ever paid domestic football player of any code, plays for Western Force
Brent Kite - Australian NRL player
Brad Haddin - Australian cricketer
Matt Henjak - former Wallaby halfback, former player for the Western Force
George Lazenby - movie star, famous as the second official James Bond 007, after Sean Connery
Hau Latukefu - ARIA award-winning MC & triple j radio & TV presenter
Heather McKay AM, MBE - Australian squash champion
Megan Marcks (née Still) - Olympic women's (pairs) rowing gold medallist
Tommy Murphy - award-winning playwright
Mark Webber - Formula 1 driver for Red Bull Racing Winner 2009 German Grand Prix
Terry Campese - present Canberra Raiders and Kangaroo's player
Ben Snow - Academy Award Nominee for Visual Effects
"Queanbeyan Rocks", ABC Stateline
"Queanbeyan City Council", Official website
Symphony (2002)
A Winter Symphony (2005)
Dreamchaser (2011)
His daughter was Marie Thérèse of Austria, wife of Louis XIV.
All but three of his children died in childhood.
With Elisabeth of France (1603–1644, daughter of Henry IV of France) — married 1615 at Burgos:
Archduchess Maria Margaret of Spain (14 August 1621 15 August 1621)
Archduchess  Margaret Maria Catherine of Austria (25 November 1623 22 December 1623)
Archduchess Maria Eugenia of Austria (21 November 1625 21 August 1627)
Archduchess  Isabella Maria Theresa of Austria (31 October 1627 1 November 1627)
Archduke Balthasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias (17 October 1629 9 October 1646), Prince of Asturias
Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria (12 March 1634)
Archduchess Maria Anna "Mariana" Antonia of Spain (17 January 1636 5 December 1636)
Archduchess Marie Thérèse (1638–1683), married Louis XIV of France and had children.
With Mariana of Austria (1634–1696) – his niece – 1649:
Margaret Theresa of Austria (1651-1673), first wife of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Archduchess Maria Ambrosia de la Concepción of Austria (7 December 1655 21 December 1655)
Archduke Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias (28 November 1657 1 November 1661)
Archduke Ferdinand Thomas Charles of Austria  (23 December 1658 22 October 1659)
Charles II of Spain (6 November 1661 1 November 1700)
1605 births
UTC+10:00 means a time zone that is 10 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time or UTC.
UTC is the standard time zone of the world.
Timezones are often named by how many hours they are different from UTC time.
For example, UTC -5 (United States east coast) is 5 hours behind UTC.
The UTC+10 time zone covers the following the east coast of Australia, Papua New Guinea, Micronesia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and parts of Russia.
The map shows the time zone.
There are differences with Daylight saving time:
As standard time (all year round)
(AEST - Australian Eastern Standard Time)
Chuuk, Yap and surrounding area
(Chamorro Time Zone)
(territory)
(commonwealth)
Southern Hemisphere -  as standard time (winter)
(AEST—Australian Eastern Standard Time)