the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It is about 580 nautical miles (1070 km, 670 mi) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 590 nautical miles (1100 km, 690 mi) southeast of Martha's Vineyard.
The island is due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina.
It has 103 km (64 mi) of coastline.
The territory has 181 islands.
The total area is 53.3 square kilometres (20.6 sq mi).
The largest island is Main Island, sometimes itself called Bermuda.
Bermuda has a subtropical climate.
The weather is humid and, as a result, the summertime heat index can be high, even though mid-August temperatures rarely exceed   Winters are mild, with average daytime temperatures in January and February around  The temperature rarely drops below 10 °C
Bermuda is very likely to be affected by hurricanes.
The island's small size means that direct landfalls are rare.
The last hurricane to cause significant damage to Bermuda was category 3 Hurricane Fabian on 5 September 2003.
The only source of fresh water in Bermuda is rainfall.
It is collected on roofs and catchments and stored in tanks.
Each home usually has at least one of these tanks forming part of its foundation.
When discovered, Bermuda had no people.
It was mostly covered by forests of Bermuda cedar, with mangrove marshes along its shores.
Only 165 of the island's current 1000 vascular plant species are considered native.
Of those 15, including the cedar, are endemic.
Many species of palm trees have been introduced to Bermuda.
Coconut palms grow there, making it the furthest north place for the natural growth of this species.
While coconuts grow on Bermuda, the lack of heat does not usually let them properly set fruit.
The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats.
All of these bats are also in the eastern United States — Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis subflavus.
Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda includes its national bird, the Bermuda Petrel, and the Bermuda Rock Skink.
The skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda.
It has recently been discovered, however, that a species of terrapin predated the arrival of humans on the archipelago.
Parishes and municipalities
Paget
St George's
Sandys
Hamilton (city)
St George's (town)
Flatts Village
Somerset Village
Despite their names, Jones Village (in Warwick), Cashew City (St. George's), Claytown (Hamilton), Middle Town (Pembroke) and Tucker's Town (St. George's) are merely neighborhoods.
Dandy Town and North Village are sports clubs and Harbour View Village is a small public housing development.
Bermuda has a wealthy economy, with finance as its largest sector, followed by tourism.
In 2005, Bermuda was even claimed to have the world's highest GDP per capita, yet these statistics are hard to verify as Bermuda is not classified as a country but rather as a territory of the U.K.
Main sights
Bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists.
Many of Bermuda's hotels are  along the south shore of the island.
In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions.
Historic St George's is a World Heritage Site.
Scuba divers can explore many wrecks and coral reefs in  shallow water (typically  in depth) with nearly unlimited visibility.
Many nearby reefs are easy to access from shore by snorkellers, especially at Church Bay.
Bermuda's most popular visitor attraction is the Royal Naval Dockyard.
It includes the Bermuda Maritime Museum.
Other attractions include the Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo, Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute, the Botanical Gardens, lighthouses, and the Crystal Caves with its impressive stalactites and underground saltwater pools.
It is not possible to rent a car on the island.
However, visitors can hire motor scooters for use as private transport, or use public transport.
Arts and culture
Bermuda has produced, or been home to, actors such as Oona O'Neill, Earl Cameron, Diana Dill, Lena Headey, Will Kempe, and most famously, Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones.
Other movie and television personalities who were born, or have lived, in Bermuda include producer Arthur Rankin, Jr., and cartoonist and Muppet man Michael Frith.
Music and dance are important in Bermuda.
Noted musicians have included local icons The Talbot Brothers, who performed for many decades both in Bermuda and the United States, and were on Ed Sullivan's televised variety show.
Other musicians are jazz pianist Lance Hayward, singer-songwriter Heather Nova and her brother, Mishka, tenor Gary Burgess, classical musician and conductor Kenneth Amis, and more recently, dancehall artist Collie Buddz.
Bermuda's national cricket team was in the Cricket World Cup 2007 in the West Indies.
Their most famous player is Dwayne Leverock.
Also very well known is David Hemp.
The yearly "Cup Match" cricket tournament between rival parishes St George's in the east and Somerset in the west is the time for a popular national holiday.
In 2007 Bermuda hosted the 25th PGA Grand Slam of Golf.
The event returned to Bermuda again in 2008 and 2009.
Bermudian Quinn Talbot was once the World one-armed golf champion.
The Government said in 2006 that it will provide substantial financial support to Bermuda's cricket and football teams.
Bermuda's most famous footballers include Clyde Best, Shaun Goater, Reggie Lambe, Sam Nusum and Ralph Bean.
In 2006, the Bermuda Hogges were formed as the nation's first professional football team.
The team plays in the United Soccer Leagues Second Division.
Sailing, fishing, and equestrian sports are popular with both residents and visitors alike.
The Newport–Bermuda Yacht Race is a more than 100-year-old tradition.
A sport unique to Bermuda is racing the Bermuda Fitted Dinghy.
International One Design racing also started in Bermuda.
In those Olympics, Bermuda's Katura Horton-Perinchief made history by becoming the first black female diver in the Olympic Games.
Bermuda has had one Olympic medallist, Clarence Hill,.
Hill won a bronze medal in boxing.
Bermuda also was in Men's Skeleton at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Jillian Teceira was in the Beijing Olympics in 2008.
Bermuda also competes in the biennial Island Games.
It will host in 2013.
Bermuda has a proud Rugby Union community.
The Bermuda Rugby Union team won the 2011 Caribbean championships – defeating Guyana in the final.
Bermuda is the easternmost point of the so-called "Bermuda Triangle"– a region of sea in which a number of aircraft and ships have allegedly disappeared under mysterious circumstances.
Some people think there is a pattern to the disappearances, while other people think it is only coincidence.
Bermuda Government – official government website
UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office Profile of Bermuda
Bermuda  from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Travel websites
Bermuda Travel and Locals site
UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office Visiting Bermuda Page
Background Note from the US State Department
U.S. Consulate General (U.S. State Department website)
Bermuda Dept.
of Tourism
Tarja Halonen (born December 24, 1943) is the former President of Finland.
She is from Helsinki.
She was elected in 2000 and 2006.
Her mandate ended in 2012 and she left office on 1 March 2012.
Presidents of Finland
Politicians from Helsinki
Turku () is a city in Southwest Finland.
It is the fifth-largest city in Finland, with a population of around 190,000.
The harbour of Turku is an important port.
Many ships go from there to Mariehamn and  to Stockholm.
Turku Airport is also one of Finland's busiest airports.
Turku is located near the mouth of Aura river, and is spread on either side of the river.
There are ten bridges over the Aura river in Turku.
Turku is the oldest city in the country.
it was founded in 13th century, when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden.
It used to be the largest city and capital of Finland.
From 1809 Russia ruled Finland, and in 1812 the government moved to Helsinki.
A big fire destroyed much of Turku in 1827.
After that, even the university moved to Helsinki.
The first school in Finland was established in Turku, the old Cathedral school in 13th century.
The first university in Finland, "The Royal Academy of Turku" was established in the city in 1640, but it has moved to Helsinki and become the University of Helsinki.
Now there are five universities in Turku: three in Finnish language and two in Swedish language.
Museums and other sights
Official site of Turku
Wings is a silent movie released in 1927.
It is most famous as the first movie to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.
Jack Powell (Charles "Buddy" Rogers) and David Armstrong (Richard Arlen) are rivals in the same small American town, both vying for the attentions of pretty Sylvia Lewis (Jobyna Ralston).
Jack fails to realize that "the girl next door", Mary Preston (Clara Bow), is desperately in love with him.
The two young men both enlist to become combat pilots in the Air Service.
When they leave for training camp, Jack mistakenly believes Sylvia prefers him; she actually prefers David and lets him know about her feelings, but is too kindhearted to turn down Jack's affection.
Jack and David are billeted together.
Their tent mate is Cadet White (Gary Cooper), but their acquaintance is all too brief; White is killed in an air crash the same day.
Undaunted, the two men endure a rigorous training period, where they go from being enemies to best friends.
Upon graduating, they are shipped off to France to fight the Germans.
She later learns of Jack's reputation as an ace and encounters him while on leave in Paris.
She puts him to bed, but when two Military Police barge in while she is innocently changing from a borrowed dress back into her uniform in the same room, she is forced to resign and return to America.
The climax of the story comes with the epic Battle of Saint-Mihiel.
David is shot down and presumed dead.
However, he survives the crash landing, steals a German biplane, and heads for the Allied lines.
By a tragic stroke of bad luck, he is spotted and shot down by Jack, who is bent on avenging his friend.
When Jack lands to pick up a souvenir, he becomes distraught when he learns what he has done, but before David dies, he forgives his comrade.
With the end of the war, Jack returns home to a hero's welcome.
When he returns David's effects to his grieving parents, David's mother blames the war, not Jack, for her son's death.
Then, Jack is reunited with Mary and realizes he loves her.
1927 movies
1920s drama movies
American silent movies
Movies directed by William A. Wellman
Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans or Sunrise is a 1927 silent movie.
It is the only movie to ever win Academy Award for Unique and Artistic Production.
This category was not used again.
It won the award for Best Cinematography and actress, Janet Gaynor, won the Best Actress award.
It was the first to improvise a primitive version of CGI using nuclear warheads.
It was directed by F.W. Murnau.
1920s romance movies
Movies directed by F. W. Murnau
The Broadway Melody is one of the first Hollywood musical movies.
It was released in 1929.
It made more money than any movie that year.
It also won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
Charles King
Jed Prouty
1929 movies
1920s musical movies
Movies directed by Harry Beaumont
Rocky is a 1976 American sports drama movie.
It was written by, and starred, Sylvester Stallone.
The movie is about a man living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who is trying to become a great boxer.
It won three Academy Awards and was ranked #78 in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
It was followed by 5 sequels, the most recent came out in 2006.
The movie was made on a budget of less than $1 million.
It was shot in 28 days.
Many people liked the movie.
It turned Stallone into a major star.
Sylvester Stallone as Robert "Rocky" Balboa, Sr.,
an enforcer for a loan shark by day and a semi-pro boxer by night.
He is given the chance at the heavyweight title.
Talia Shire as Adrian Pennino, Rocky's love interest; a quiet pet store clerk who falls in love with Rocky and supports him through his training.
Burt Young as Paulie Pennino, Adrian's brother; a meat-packing plant worker by trade, Paulie lets Rocky train in the freezer.
Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed, Rocky's opponent and heavyweight champion.
The character was based on real-life boxing great Muhammad Ali.
Burgess Meredith as Mickey Goldmill: Rocky's manager and trainer, a former bantamweight fighter from the 1920s and the owner of the local boxing gym.
Thayer David as George Jergens: the fight promoter who has "promoted fights all over the world".
Joe Spinnell as Tony Gazzo, loan shark and Rocky's employer.
Boxer Joe Frazier has a cameo appearance in the movie.
Due to the movie's low budget, members of Stallone's family played minor roles.
Michael Dorn made his acting debut as Creed's bodyguard.
Rocky received ten Academy Awards nominations in nine categories, winning three:
The Directors Guild of America awarded Rocky its annual award for best movie of the year.
It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.
The Writers Guild of America Award selected it as the 78th best screenplay of all time.
Rocky II (1979)
Rocky III (1982)
Rocky IV (1985)
Rocky V (1990)
Rocky Balboa (2006)
Creed (2015)
Creed II (2018)
1976 drama movies
American sports movies
Movies set in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Movies directed by John G. Avildsen
Screenplays by Sylvester Stallone
Rocky movies
The Deer Hunter is a 1978 American war drama movie.
It is set from 1967-1975 and is about three friends from Pennsylvania affected by the Vietnam War.
The movie won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.
It was named by the American Film Institute as the 53rd Greatest Movie of All Time.
In 1996, The Deer Hunter was picked to keep in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.
Full cast
Robert De Niro as S/Sgt.
Michael "Mike" Vronsky.
Producer Deeley wanted De Niro for The Deer Hunter because he felt that he needed De Niro's star power to sell a movie with a "gruesome-sounding storyline and a barely known director".
De Niro prepared by talking with steelworkers in local bars and by visiting their homes.
Cimino would introduce De Niro as his agent, Harry Ufland.
No one recognized him.
De Niro said this was his most physically exhausting movie.
He said that the scene where Michael visits Steve in the hospital for the first time was the most emotional scene that he was ever involved with.
Christopher Walken as Cpl.
Nikanor "Nick" Chevotarevich.
His won his first Academy Award, for Best Supporting Actor.
John Savage as Cpl.
Steven Pushkov.
Savage was a last-minute replacement for Roy Scheider, who dropped out of the production two weeks before the start due to "creative differences".
Universal kept Scheider to his three-picture contract for them by making him do Jaws 2.
Meryl Streep as Linda.
Before Deer Hunter, Streep had a small part in Fred Zinnemann's Julia and the eight-hour miniseries Holocaust.
In the screenplay, Streep's role was very small.
Cimino suggested that Streep write her own lines.
John Cazale as Stanley ("Stosh").
All scenes with Cazale, who had terminal cancer, had to be done first.
Because of his illness, the studio wanted to get rid of him.
Streep, whom he was dating at the time, and Cimino said they would walk away if the studio fired Cazale.
He died just after the movie was finished.
George Dzundza as John Welsh
Chuck Aspegren as Peter "Axel" Axelrod.
Aspegren was not an actor.
He was the foreman at an East Chicago steel works visited early in pre-production by De Niro and Cimino.
They were so impressed with him that they offered him the role.
He was the second person to be cast in the movie, after De Niro.
Shirley Stoler as Steven's mother
Rutanya Alda as Angela Ludhjduravic-Pushkov
Amy Wright as Bridesmaid
Joe Grifasi as Bandleader
St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral, in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.
The name plaque is clearly visible in one scene.
Lemko Hall, Cleveland, Ohio.
Also in Tremont, the wedding banquet was shown here.
The name is clearly visible in one scene.
US Steel Central Furnaces in Cleveland, Ohio.
Opening sequence steel mill scenes.
Patpong, Bangkok, Thailand, the area used to show Saigon's red light district.
Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand
North Cascades National Park, Washington, mountain scenes.
Steubenville, Ohio, for some mill and neighborhood shots.
Struthers, Ohio, for external house and long-range road shots.
Weirton, West Virginia, for mill and trailer shots.
River Kwai, Thailand, Prison camp and first Russian roulette scene.
Deer Hunter was shown at one theater each in New York and Los Angeles for a week on December 8, 1978.
The release was to qualify the movie for the Oscars.
And one week would build interest.
After the Oscar nominations, Universal widened the distribution to include major cities.
A full-scale release was on February 23, 1979, just following the Oscars.
The movie's first reviews were largely enthusiastic.
Many critics said it was the best American epic since Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather.
Some people though did not like how the movie used Russian roulette.
Many people did not like Cimino's next movie, Heaven's Gate.
Because they thought it was so bad, they also changed their thoughts on The Deer Hunter.
Instead of liking the movie people said they did not like it anymore.
1978 drama movies
1970s war movies
Movies set in Pennsylvania
A tailor is a person whose job is to make clothes to fit people.
A tailor might make a new piece of clothing, or change an item so that it fits better.
They also mend (fix) clothes.
A tailor is also called a seamster, or a seamstress for a woman.
es:Sastre
A template is a tool that shows the shape of something or it is a tool to help make something.
It can separate the form of something from the things inside it.
In drawing, a template can be a wood, plastic or metal tool that is used to help make marks with a pen or pencil.
Lines can be drawn on paper, or on metal or wood to make the same shape many times.
In publishing for example, a template is a layout made by someone else to give an idea what to write in different parts of a book or story.
A simple publishing template can have spaces for the words, for pictures, for the story title (name), and for the name of the publication.
Humans or machines can use templates.
Some computer programs that work with the Internet use a template to separate the way the program works from the way it shows the words and pictures.
It can be a way to copy words and pictures.
In computer programming, templates save time because the programmer does not need to write the same words over and over.
When doctors plan to give a person a new bone joint made of metal or plastic, they can use a template in the shape of the new joint.
This type of template is put on an x-ray picture of the person to help to decide the size of joint needed.
is a musical.
It is based on the novel, Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens.
The book, lyrics, and music were written by Lionel Bart.
had its world premiere on 30 June 1960 at the New Theatre in the West End.
It ran for 2621 performances.
The musical was directed by Peter Coe, and choreographed by Malcolm Clare.
It starred Ron Moody as Fagin, Georgia Brown as Nancy, Martin Horsey as Dodger, and Keith Hamshere as Oliver.
opened on Broadway at the Imperial Theatre on 6 January 1963.
Georgia Brown reprised her role as Nancy, Clive Revill played Fagin, Davy Jones played Dodger, and Bruce Prochnik played Oliver.
It won three Tony Awards including Best Original Score.
In 1968, the musical was adapted to a movie of the same name.
The movie won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
1960s musicals
Patton, a 1970 motion picture about General Patton
The Patton tank, named after the general
George Patton IV, son of the general
Charlie Patton, a US blues musician
Mike Patton, an American musician who used the title 'General Patton' for a one-off collaboration with The X-Ecutioners
Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show or simply just Dr. Hook was an American band.
They formed in Union City, New Jersey in 1968.
Their two best known songs were "Cover of the Rolling Stone" and "Sylvia's Mother".
1960s establishments in New Jersey
Musical groups disestablished in 1985
1980s disestablishments in New Jersey
1985 disestablishments in the United States
Gliders are aircrafts which do not have a motor.
Gliders are controlled by their pilots by using control-sticks.
Some gliders can only carry one person; others can carry two.
In gliders with two seats, each pilot has a control-stick.
Gliders always have seats for the pilots.
'Sailplanes' are gliders with long wings so that they will only lose height slowly.
In some places a vertical draft makes the air go up faster than the glider is going down.
The pilot of a glider can make it climb by flying to these places.
This is called soaring.
Good pilots can travel long distances by always finding rising air.
Some pilots race each other over hundreds of kilometres each day.
Other pilots just fly for fun.
Gliders cannot get into the air by themselves.
They are pulled into the air by an aircraft with a motor or they are pulled up by motor on the ground.
There are two other types of gliders.
Hang-gliders have frames to give the wings their shape, but do not have seats for their pilots and do not have control-sticks.
The wings of paragliders are like parachutes and so do not have frames to give them their shape.
These other two types of glider are often launched from the tops of hills or cliffs.
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was an English philosopher and political economist.
He was a classical liberal thinker of the 19th century.
He was for utilitarianism, the ethical theory first proposed by his third godfather Jeremy Bentham.
1873 deaths
19th-century English philosophers
Politicians from London
Jeremy Bentham (15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English, jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer.
He is best known as one of the first people to be for utilitarianism and animal rights and gay rights.
Bentham was one of the most influential (classical) liberals, partially through his writings but particularly through his students all around the world, including John Stuart Mill and several political leaders (and Robert Owen, who later started the idea of socialism).
He is believed to be the innovator of classical liberalism, a term first coined in the 19th century.
After he died, his body was preserved and is on public display at University College London to this day.
1748 births
Bentham, Jeremy
Dinosaur Comics is a comic by Ryan North.
It shows dinosaurs who have adventures and talk about philosophy and some other topics.
The art is the same every day, but the words are different.
This comic is intended to be funny.
Dinosaurs did not talk
There were no cabins, cars, or women when dinosaurs lived
The dinosaurs in this comic (Tyrannosaurus Rex, Dromiceiomimus, and Utahraptor) did not live at the same time or even in the same places.
Tyrannosaurus Rex was not friendly
A lucid dream is essentially a dream in which the person is aware that he is in the dream.
In a lucid dream, the person does not have to be in control of his surroundings for the dream to be lucid, and only being aware of the dream itself is sufficient condition for the dream to be described as lucid.
The art of lucid dreaming is the art of being able to control your surroundings in the dream itself.
People who lucid dream can usually control everything that happens in their dream.
They can teleport, fly, make something appear, or even make everything disappear.
Regular lucid dreamers usually do so for spiritual reasons but there certainly are people who do it for fun or to avoid bad dreams.
Ways to lucid dream
Although some people can have lucid dreams without trying, most people do not have them often.
It is important to be able to remember dreams, because if the dreamer does not remember them, he or she will not know if they were lucid dreams or not.
Remembering dreams becomes easier if they are written in a dream diary upon waking up.
There are some ways that help make lucid dreams more likely.
Stephen LaBerge, a psychologist who studies lucid dreams, made the MILD (mnemonic induction of lucid dreaming) technique.
To do this, the dreamer must wake up after having a dream, and visualise himself or herself being in the dream again, except now knowing it is a dream.
The dreamer should think "the next time I am dreaming, I want to remember I am dreaming", and should concentrate on this while returning to sleep.
There are many other ways to help someone lucid dream.
One other way is to fall asleep while keeping the mind awake.
This is called the WILD (wake induced lucid dreaming) technique.
It is easiest to perform after waking up from a few hours of sleep.
Dreamviews Lucid Dreaming Community & Resource
Lucidipedia
Lucidity.com
LD4all
My Fair Lady is a musical.
It is based on George Bernard Shaw's play, Pygmalion, and on the movie adaptation of the play starring Wendy Hiller and Leslie Howard.
The book and lyrics for the musical were written by Alan Jay Lerner.
The music was written by Frederick Loewe.
The common flower girl, Eliza Doolittle, tells us of the simple pleasures she would like in life (a warm room, an enormous chair, chocolate, someone who cares for her) and how much she would appreciate these little things.
As Eliza grew up on the streets of London, she has a strong cockney accent (therefore pronouncing ‘lovely’ as ‘loverly’), the phoneticist, Professor Henry Higgins, overhears her and he places a bet that he can turn Eliza into a lady within the space of a year.
The musical premiered on Broadway on 15 March 1956 at the Mark Hellinger Theatre.
It moved to other theatres in New York during its original run, and closed on 29 September 1962 after 2,717 performances.
It starred Rex Harrison, Julie Andrews, Robert Coote, and Stanley Holloway.
It was directed by Moss Hart.
The West End production opened on 30 April 1958 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
Harrison, Andrews, Coote, and Holloway played their Broadway roles.
It ran for five and one-half years for 2,281 performances.
Musicals based on plays
Musicals based on movies
A Man for All Seasons is a play by Robert Bolt about the life of Sir Thomas More that was first put on in 1960.
It was made into a movie in 1966 that won the Best Picture Academy Award that year.
It was also made into a TV movie in 1988.
Plays based on British history
A composite number (or simply a composite) is a natural number, that can be found by multiplying prime numbers.
For example, the number 9 can be found by multiplying 3 by 3.
Another example is the number 12, which is obtained by multiplying 3, 2 and 2.
The number is prime.
The number is not prime.
It can be found by multiplying together other primes.
The same prime number can be used several times, as in the example with 12 above.
This is known as the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
The Fundamental theorem of arithmetic (also called the unique factorization theorem) is a theorem of number theory.
The theorem says that every positive integer greater than 1 can be written as a product of prime numbers (or the integer is itself a prime number).
The theorem also says that there is only one way to write the number.
If two people found two different ways to write the number, the only thing that can be different is the order in which the primes are written.
For example, we can write:
6936 = 23 · 3 · 172   or   1200 = 24 · 3 · 52
and if somebody else finds another way to write 6936 or 1200 as product of prime numbers, we can put those prime numbers in the right order and find out that it is the same as what we have here.
Finding the prime numbers is called factorization.
The first person who proved the theorem was Euclid.
The first detailed and correct proof was in the Disquisitiones Arithmeticae by Carl Friedrich Gauß.
Some people may think that the theorem is true everywhere.
However, the theorem is not true in more general number systems, like algebraic integers.
This was first mentioned by Ernst Kummer in 1843, in his work on Fermat's last theorem.
For more information about that: read algebraic number theory.
The proof consists of two parts: first we show that every number can be written as a product of primes; second we show that if we write a number as a product of primes for a second time, then the two lists of prime numbers must be the same.
First part of the proof
We show that if not every number greater than 1 can be written as a product of primes, we end up in some kind of impossibility.
So after that we conclude that it must be true that every number can be written as a product of primes.
So, now see what happens when somebody says that he/she knows a positive integer, greater than 1, which can not be written as a product of primes.
In that case we ask him/her to mention all the numbers, greater than 1, that can not be written as a product of primes.
One of these numbers must be the smallest: let's call it n. Of course, this number n cannot be 1.
Further, it cannot be a prime number, because a prime number is a 'product' of a single prime: itself.
So it must be a product of numbers.
Thus-
n = ab
where both a and b are positive integers that are of course smaller than n. But: n was the smallest number that can not be written as a product of primes.
So it must be possible to write a and b as products of primes, because they are both smaller than n. But then the product
can be written as a product of primes as well.
This is an impossibility because we said that n can not be written as a product of primes.
We have now shown the impossibility which exists if the first part of the theorem would not be true.
In this way we have now proven the first part of the theorem.
Second part of the proof
To do this, we use the following lemma: if a prime number p divides a product ab, then it divides a or it divides b (Euclid's lemma).
First we now prove this lemma.
Well, assume now that p does not divide a. Then p and a are coprime and we have Bezout's identity that says that there must be integers x and y such that
px + ay = 1.
Multiplying everything with b gives
pbx + aby = b,
Remember that ab could be divided by p. So now, on the left-hand side we have two terms that are divisible by p. So the term on the right-hand side is also divisible by p. We have now proven that if p does not divide a, it must divide b. That proves the lemma.
Now we will prove that we can write an integer greater than 1 in only one way as a product of prime numbers.
Take two products of primes A and B which have the same outcome.
So we know for the outcome of the products that A = B. Take any prime p from the first product A. It divides the A, so it also divides B. Using several times the lemma that we just proved, we can see that p must then divide at least one factor b of B. But the factors are all primes themselves, so also b is prime.
But we know that p is also prime, so p must be equal to b. So now we divide A by p and also divide B by p. And we get a result like A* = B*.
Again we can take a prime p from the first product A* and find out that is equal to some number in the product B*.
Continuing in this way, at the end we see that the prime factors of the two products must be exactly the same.
This proves that we can write a positive integer as a product of primes in only one unique way.
de:Primfaktorzerlegung#Fundamentalsatz der Arithmetik
"A Portuguesa" (pron. [
ɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ] "uh poor-too-GHEY-zuh"), meaning "Song of the Portuguese" (lit. '
The Portuguese [Song]') is the national anthem of Portugal, adopted in 1911.
It was composed by Alfredo Keil, and its lyrics (words) were written by Henrique Lopes de Mendonça in response to the British Ultimatum for Portuguese troops to get rid of their positions in Africa between the (now former) colonies of Mozambique and Angola in the Rose-Coloured Map (also known as the Pink Map).
Welding is a way of heating pieces of metal using electricity or a flame so that they melt and stick together.
There are many kinds of welding, including arc welding, resistance welding, and gas welding.
The most common type is arc welding.
Anyone who is near arc welding needs to wear a special helmet or goggles because the arc is so bright.
Looking at the arc without visual protection may cause permanent eye damage.
It is also important to cover all your skin because it can give you something like a sunburn.
Hot sparks from the weld can burn any skin that is showing.
One kind of welding that does not use an arc is Oxy-fuel welding (OFW), sometimes called gas welding.
OFW uses a flame to heat up the metal.
There are other kinds of welding that do not use an arc.
Any welding process that utilizes an electric arc is known as arc welding.
The common forms of arc welding include:
Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW): SMAW is also known as "stick" welding.
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW): GMAW is also known as MIG (metal/inert gas welding).
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW): GTAW is also known as TIG (tungsten inert gas welding).
Use of the electrode varies based on the type of welding process.
In SMAW, GMAW, and related welding processes, the electrode is consumed and becomes part of the weld.
The electrode is usually made of the same kind of metal to be welded.
Because the electrode is consumed by the welding process, the electrode must constantly be fed into the weld.
The SMAW welding process features a "stick" electrode impregnated with a weld promoter known as flux, clamped to the end.
The GMAW welding process uses a thin wire on a rotating spool, as a continuous electrode.
The size of this electrode varies from around 0.635 millimeters to about 4 millimeters.
The welding machine has a motor-driven spool inside that feeds the wire electrode into the weld.
The TIG welding (GTAW) process features an electrode that is not consumed by the welding process as the metal that makes up the weld does not have any electricity flowing through it.
The electrode is made of Tungsten, so used as it will not melt while immersed in the electrical arc.
A filler metal, in the form of a rod, can be used to add metal to the weld area.
Almost all welding uses filler metal to fill in the small gap between the metal pieces.
The extra metal helps to make the weld strong.
Sometimes welds need to be made without any filler metal.
Welding with no filler metal is called autogenous welding.
Shielding in arc welding
All types of welding require that the hot metal have protection.
Dirt, rust, grease, and even the oxidation of the metal under the weld process can prevent a proper weld joint.
As such all weld processes use one of two protection methods: flux, and shielding gas.
Welding flux may be used in a solid, liquid, or paste form.
During welding, the flux will melt and some of it will evaporate.
This creates a small pocket of gas around the weld.
This pocket of gas prevents oxidation of the metal under weld.
Melted flux, through a corrosive reaction, cleans contaminants that prevent a proper weld.
After welding, the flux solidifies.
This layer of solid flux is called slag, and must be removed from the weld.
The SMAW weld process most commonly uses flux, and is most commonly used on steel.
Shielding gas protects the weld by being a pocket of gas around the weld.
The purpose of this gas is to keep normal air out, especially oxygen.
It is different from flux because there is no liquid on the weld.
There is only a gas around the weld.
Because there is no liquid, it will not clean up dirt and other things on the metal.
This means that the metal has to be clean before it is welded.
If it is not, the dirt and other things could cause problems.
The gases that are usually used are argon, helium, and a mixture that is 3 parts argon and one part carbon dioxide.
Other mixtures of gases can have nitrogen, hydrogen, or even a little bit of oxygen in them.
One kind of welding that uses shielding gas is gas metal arc welding.
It is usually used in factories to make things.
Welding that uses flux is easier to do outside when it is windy.
This is because the liquid flux is protecting the hot metal and it will not blow away.
Also, the flux is always making the pocket of gas which keeps the electric arc from going out.
Welding that uses shielding gas usually cannot be used outside because the gas would blow away if there were any wind.
Other kinds of welding
Some kinds of welding do not use an electric arc.
They might use a flame, electricity without an arc, an energy beam, or physical force.
The most common type of welding that does not use an arc is called gas welding.
In gas welding, a flammable(meaning it will burn) gas and oxygen are combined and burn at the end of a torch.
Gas welding does not need any special shielding because a flame which is adjusted right has no extra oxygen in it.
It is still important to make sure the metal is clean.
The flame heats up the metal so much that it melts.
When both the pieces of metal are melted at the edge, the liquid metal becomes one piece.
The other kind of welding that does not use an arc still uses electricity.
It is called resistance welding.
With this kind, two pieces of thin metal are pinched together and then electricity is made to go through them.
This makes the metal get really hot and melt where it is pinched together.
The two pieces melt together at that place.
Sometimes this is called spot welding because the welding can only happen at one small place(or spot) at a time.
Forge welding is the first kind of welding that ever was used.
Forge welding needs the two pieces of metal to so hot that they almost melt.
Then they are beat together with hammers until they are one piece.
The other kinds of welding that do not use an arc are hard to do, and usually new.
They are expensive too.
Most of these kinds of welding are only done where specially needed.
They might use an electron beam, laser, or ultrasonic sound waves.
Energy for welding
Every kind of welding needs to use energy.
This energy is usually heat, but sometimes force is used to make a weld.
When heat is used, it can be from electricity or from fire.
Power supplies for arc welding
A lot of electricity is used in arc welding.
Some kinds of welding use alternating current like the electricity that buildings use.
Other kinds use direct current like the electricity in a car or most things with a battery.
Almost all kinds of welding use a lower voltage than the electricity that comes from a power plant.
Arc welding requires using a special power supply that makes the electricity from the power plant usable for welding.
A power supply lowers the voltage and controls the amount of current.
The power supply usually has controls on it that allow these things to be changed.
For kinds of arc welding that use alternating current, sometimes the power supply can do special things to make the electricity alternate differently.
Some power supplies do not plug into a power plug, but instead generate their own electricity.
These kind of power supplies have an engine that turns a generator head to make the electricity.
The engine might run on gasoline, diesel fuel, or propane.
Energy for other kinds of welding
OFW uses a flame from burning fuel gas and oxygen to heat up the metal.
This fuel gas is almost always acetylene.
Acetylene is a flammable gas that burns very hot, hotter than any other gas.
That is why it is used most of the time.
Other gases like propane, natural gas, or other industrial gases can be used too.
Some kinds of welding do not use heat to make the weld.
These kinds of welding can get hot, but they do not make the metal melt.
Forge welding is an example of this.
Friction stir welding is a special kind of welding that does not use heat.
It uses a very powerful motor and a special spinning bit to mix the metals together at the edge.
This seems odd because metals are a solid.
this is why it takes a lot of force to do and is very hard.
The energy for this kind of welding is mechanical energy from the spinning bit.
The American Welding Society
Stalking means following something or somebody secretly.
In the animal kingdom, Predators often hunt by stalking, or by combining stalking with ambushing.
Someone who likes to watch other people known as a voyeur.
When this is continually done to a person it can have a bad effect.
Criminal stalking
Stalking in a way that makes someone feel unsafe is a crime in many countries.
It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes that person feel scared.
Someone who does this is called a stalker.
The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life, because they want to have power over that person's life, or for other sexual reasons.
The stalker can make that person feel scared.
They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker.
Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind.
Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person.
Cyber-stalking
Stalking can sometimes be done on the internet.
This is called cyberstalking.
William Henry Cosby Jr. (; born July 12, 1937) is an American former stand-up comedian, actor, author, producer, musician, and activist.
He was also a regular star of movies and television.
He was known for creating and starring in The Cosby Show.
In 2018, Cosby went to prison because of many sexual assault allegations.
He got out of prison in 2021, because the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania found that the justice system had made a mistake in the process of convicting him.
Cosby was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
He studied at Temple University.
Cosby was the class president and a captain of the baseball.
He is the creator of such shows as Filmation's animated Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, NBC's The Cosby Show (in which he played a doctor named Heathcliff Huxtable) and Nick at Nite's Fatherhood (with Blair Underwood).
On television, he starred in the 1960s spy spoof I Spy, and has also advertised Jell-o and other products.
In 1983, Cosby released the concert film Bill Cosby.
Cosby performed his first TV stand-up special in 30 years.
On the big screen, he appeared in Leonard Part 6 (1987), Ghost Dad (1990), and The Meteor Man (1993).
On May 2, 2015, his last show of the "Far from Finished" tour was performed at the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre in Atlanta, Georgia.
His last known standup performance prior to his conviction was held at the LaRose Jazz Club in Philadelphia on January 23, 2018.
Bill Cosby was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.
Cosby married Camille Hanks Cosby in 1964.
Together, they have five children: Erika, Erinn, Ennis, Ensa and Evin.
Cosby lives in suburban Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The Cosbys have three grandchildren.
Cosby and his wife have collected more than three hundred works of African-American art since 1967.
Sexual assault charges
As of December 30, 2015, numerous civil lawsuits are active against Cosby, and he faces one felony charge of aggravated indecent assault in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania; a warrant was issued for his arrest.
This charge is based on the 2005 allegations of a January 2004 incident.
He was released on a $1 million dollar bail later that day.
In 2014, Cosby was set to release his new standup special Bill Cosby 77 on Netflix.
The release of the film was canceled due to allegations of sexual assault against Cosby.
Cosby's trial started on June 5, 2017.
He hired layer Thomas Mesereau.
Cosby got out of prison on 30 June 2021, because the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania found that the justice system had made a mistake in the process of convicting him.
Comedy albums
Bill Cosby Is a Very Funny Fellow...Right! (
I Started Out as a Child (1964)
Why Is There Air? (
Wonderfulness (1966)
Revenge (1967)
To Russell, My Brother, Whom I Slept With (1968)
200 M.P.H. (1968)
8:15 12:15 (1969)
It's True!
It's True! (
Sports (1969)
Live: Madison Square Garden Center (1970)
When I Was a Kid (1971)
For Adults Only (1971)
Bill Cosby Talks to Kids About Drugs (1971)
Inside the Mind of Bill Cosby (1972)
Fat Albert (1973)
My Father Confused Me... What Must I Do?
What Must I Do? (
Bill's Best Friend (1978)
Bill Cosby: Himself (1982)
Those of You with or Without Children, You'll Understand (1986)
Oh, Baby! (
Bill Cosby: Far from Finished (TV broadcast on November 23, 2013, Blu-ray, DVD, CD and digital distribution on November 26, 2013)
Music albums
Silver Throat: Bill Cosby Sings (1967)
Bill Cosby Sings Hooray for the Salvation Army Band! (
1968)
Badfoot Brown & the Bunions Bradford Funeral & Marching Band (1971)
Charles Mingus and Friends in Concert – As master of ceremonies (Columbia, 1972)
Bill Cosby Presents Badfoot Brown & the Bunions Bradford Funeral Marching Band (1972)
At Last Bill Cosby Really Sings (1974)
Bill Cosby Is Not Himself These Days (1976)
Disco Bill (1977)
Where You Lay Your Head (1990)
My Appreciation (1991)
Hello Friend: To Ennis, With Love (1997)
Quincy Jones & Bill Cosby – The Original Jam Sessions 1969 (2004)
Quincy Jones & Bill Cosby – The New Mixes Vol.
State of Emergency (2009)
Keep Standing (2010)
The Best of Bill Cosby (1969)
More of the Best of Bill Cosby (1970)
Bill (1973)
Down Under (1975)
Cosby and the Kids (1986)
At His Best (1994)
20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Bill Cosby (2001)
The Bill Cosby Collection (2004)
Icon (2011)
1969: Received his third Man of the Year award from Harvard University's performance group the Hasty Pudding Theatricals.
1991: Induction into the Television Hall of Fame.
1998: Received the Kennedy Center Honor.
2002: The Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contributions to television
2002: The scholar Molefi Kete Asante included him in his book The 100 Greatest African Americans.
2003: The Bob Hope Humanitarian Award.
2005: In a British poll broadcast on Channel 4 to find the Comedian's Comedian, he was voted among the top-50 comedy acts ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders.
2010: Received the Lone Sailor Award by the United States Navy Memorial.
2009: Presented with the 12th annual Mark Twain Prize for American Humor.
2011: Made an honorary Chief Petty Officer (Hospital Corpsman) in the United States Navy.
The Navy revoked this award on December 4, 2014.
Emmys
Honorary degrees
Cosby has been awarded at least 57 honorary degrees since 1985.
Several of these honorary degrees have been rescinded due to allegations of sexual assault and/or immoral behavior:
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Boston University, May 18, 2014 (Rescinded)
Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Marquette University, May 19, 2013. (
Rescinded)
Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from The University of San Francisco, May 18, 2012. (
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Oberlin College, May 1, 2010. (
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Virginia Commonwealth University, December 5, 2008.
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Carnegie Mellon University, May 20, 2007; he was also the keynote speaker for the commencement ceremony.
Honorary Doctor of Music degree from Berklee College of Music, May 8, 2004.
Cosby was also the host of the school's 60th Anniversary Concert in January 2006.
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Wilkes University, May 2004.(Rescinded)
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Baylor University, September 4, 2003, at the "Spirit Rally" for the Baylor and Central Texas communities. (
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Yale University, May 26, 2003.
Honorary Degree in 2003 from Sisseton Wahpeton College for his contributions to minority education.
Honorary Doctorate from West Chester University of Pennsylvania during the 2003 graduation ceremony.
Honorary Doctorate from Paine College in 2003.
Honorary Doctorate from Drew University during the 2002 graduation ceremony. (
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Haverford College, May 2002.
Honorary Degrees from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the University of Cincinnati in 2001.
Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from Fordham University in 2001. (
Honorary Doctorate from Goucher College, 2001. (
Honorary Doctor of Arts degree from Tufts University, 2000. (
Honorary Doctorate from Amherst College, May 1999. (
Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa) (Rescinded)
Honorary Doctorate from Colgate University, May 22, 1999; he was also the keynote speaker for the commencement ceremony.
Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from the University of Southern California, May 8, 1998.