the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
On top of all this, Hephaestus was and is still credited with the invention of the three-legged stool and the world’s first robots.
His helpers included a complete set of life size golden maids who helped around the house.
Marriage to Aphrodite
Hephaestus married Aphrodite.
When Aphrodite emerged from the sea (created by the sperm of the severed member of Uranus,) Zeus feared that the gods would battle over her hand in marriage, so Zeus arranged that Aphrodite would marry Hephaestus if he let his mother out of the golden throne.
Hephaestus gave Aphrodite his best creations and even gave her a magic girdle that made her irresistible to men.
However, Aphrodite did not love him as she was married against her will and she didn't like Hephaestus' looks.
She spent most of her time with Ares.
It is said that when his wife, Aphrodite, does something unfaithful, he smashes some of his materials through rage and makes the volcano he lives under erupt.
One time, Hephaestus caught Aphrodite and Ares on a bed while they Aphrodite and Ares were making love.
Hephaestus out of rage, trapped them on the bed and sent them to Mount Olympus to be ridiculed and laughed at by the other gods.
Hephaestus was well liked by all of the Olympians.
He was not involved in their plots.
Hephaestus preferred to be alone in his workshop.
Hephaestus was also worshiped by the Greeks because he proved that those who labor are also noble.
Hephaestus reminds us of the value and dangers of losing our selves in work.
Sethlans - Etruscan version of Hephaestus.
Vulcan - Roman version of Hephaestus.
Vulcan is the god of fire in Roman mythology.
His Greek equivalent is the god Hephaestus.
He is the son of Jupiter and Juno, and the husband of Venus.
In Roman mythology, he was one of the top 12 gods in the heavens - the 12 gods that made up the Dei Consentes, the council of Gods.
Vulcan was born extremely ugly.
His mother, Juno, tried to throw him off a cliff, but failed to kill her son.
Instead, she put him in a volcano and told him to stay there for most of his young life.
Little did she know that her young boy would grow to be a very talented blacksmith for all the gods and goddesses of Olympus.
Vulcan made thrones for the other gods to sit on in Mount Etna.
Through his identification with the Hephaestus of Greek mythology, he came to be considered as the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, jewelry and armor for various gods and heroes, including the thunderbolts of Jupiter.
He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and husband of Maia and Venus.
His smithy was believed to be underneath Mount Etna in Sicily.
Vulcan had a happy childhood with dolphins as his playmates and pearls as his toys.
Late in his childhood, he found the remains of a fisherman's fire on the beach and became fascinated with an unextinguished coal, still red-hot and glowing.
Vulcan carefully shut this precious coal in a clam shell and took it back to his underwater grotto and made a fire with it.
On the first day after, Vulcan stared at this fire for hours on end.
On the second day, he discovered that when he made the fire hotter with bellows, certain stones sweated iron, silver or gold.
On the third day he beat the cooled metal into shapes: bracelets, chains, swords and shields.
Vulcan made pearl-handled knives and spoons for his foster mother, he made a silver chariot for himself, and bridles so that seahorses could transport him quickly.
He even made slave-girls of gold to wait on him and do his bidding.
From then on, Vulcan and Thetis lived like royalty.
Later, Thetis left her underwater grotto to attend a dinner party on Mount Olympus wearing a beautiful necklace of silver and sapphires, which Vulcan had made for her.
Juno admired the necklace and asked as to where she could get one.
Thetis became flustered causing Juno to become suspicious and, at last, the queen god discovered the truth: the baby she had once rejected had grown into a talented blacksmith.
Juno was furious and demanded that Vulcan return home, a demand that he refused.
However he did send Juno a beautifully constructed chair made of silver and gold, inlaid with mother-of-pearl.
Juno was delighted with this gift but, as soon as she sat in it her weight triggered hidden springs and metal bands sprung forth to hold her fast.
The more she shrieked and struggled the more firmly the mechanical throne gripped her; the chair was a cleverly designed trap.
For three days Juno sat fuming, still trapped in Vulcan's chair, she could not sleep, she could not stretch, she could not eat.
It was Jupiter who finally saved the day, he promised that if Vulcan released Juno he would give him a wife, Venus the goddess of love and beauty.
Vulcan agreed and married Venus.
He later built a smithy under Mount Etna on the island of Sicily.
It was said that whenever Venus is unfaithful, Vulcan grows angry and beats the red-hot metal with such a force that sparks and smoke rise up from the top of the mountain, to create a volcanic eruption.
To punish mankind for stealing the secrets of fire, Jupiter ordered the other gods to make a poisoned gift for man.
Vulcan's contribution to the beautiful and foolish Pandora was to mould her from clay and to give her form.
He also made the thrones for the other gods on Mount Olympus.
Vulcan's oldest shrine in Rome, called the "Volcanal", was in the Roman Forum.
It was said to have been built during the Roman Kingdom by Titus Tatius, the Sabine co-king, in the eighth century BC.
The Etruscan haruspices thought a temple of Vulcan should be outside the city, and the Volcanal may originally have been on or outside the city limits before they expanded to include the Capitoline Hill.
Vulcan also had a temple on the Campus Marius.
The Romans identified Vulcan with the Greek smith-god Hephaestus and he became associated like his Greek counterpart with the use of fire in metalworking.
A fragment of a Greek pot showing Hephaestus found at the Volcanal has been dated to the 6th century BC, suggesting they were already associated.
However, Vulcan had a stronger association than Hephaestus with fire's destructiveness, and his worshippers wanted to encourage the god to avert harmful fires.
His festival, the Vulcanalia, was celebrated on August 23, when the summer heat made a fire hazard.
The people made bonfires, and threw live fish or small animals into the fires as animal sacrifice.
Vulcan was among the gods placated after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64.
Also because of that fire, Domitian (emperor 81–96) established a new altar to Vulcan on the Quirinal Hill.
A red bull-calf and red boar were added to the sacrifices made on the Vulcanalia, at least in that part of town.
There is a statue of Vulcan in Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
It is the largest cast iron statue in the world.
Hephaestus - Greek mythology version of Vulcan
Tyche is the nickname given to a possible gas giant planet in the  Solar System's Oort cloud.
It is one of several proposed planets beyond Neptune.
Tyche was first proposed in 1999 by astronomer John Matese of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette.
Matese and Daniel Whitmire say that the points of origin for long-period comets gives a pattern that suggests Tyche's existence.
They noted that Tyche, if it exists, should be seen in the archive of data that was collected by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Infrared telescope.
However, several astronomers disagree that Tyche exists.
In 2014 NASA announced that WISE had not found such a planet.
Tyche is in the Nickelodeon TV show The Fairly OddParents.
It is also called "Yugopotamia" and is where the character Mark Chang is from.
Fortuna was the goddess of fortune, luck and fate in Roman mythology.
Fortuna could bestow good or bad luck onto people.
She was sometimes represented veiled and blind.
She was a daughter of Jupiter and like him, she could also be bountiful and generous to everybody.
Tyche - Greek mythology version of Fortuna
Demeter (Attic Greek: Δημήτηρ, Dēmḗtēr; Doric: Δαμάτηρ, Dāmā́tēr) is the goddess of the harvest and agriculture in ancient Greek religion and myth, one of the Twelve Olympians.
The elder sister of Zeus, Demeter presided over grains and the fertility of the earth.
She served as the patron goddess of farmers, and was believed to have taught men how to reap and cultivate the harvest.
By Zeus, she is the mother of Persephone, the wife of Hades and queen of the underworld.
Both she and Persephone were central figures of the Eleusinian Mysteries, a series of festivals held in honor of the two goddesses in the region of Attica.
Her symbols were the scythe, cornucopia, wheat, bread and harvest grains, and the pig and snake were her sacred animals.
In Greek Mythology, Demeter's daughter Persephone was kidnapped by Hades, and made her bride.
Demeter grieved the loss of her daughter, bringing on a long famine.
Eventually an accord was met by which Persephone would spend part of the year underground, and the rest above ground with her mother.
This cycle is the Mythological explanation for the seasons.
Ceres - Roman version of Demeter
In Roman religion and myth, Ceres (Latin: Cerēs) is the goddess of agriculture, especially the growing of grains and cereals, fertility and motherly relationships.
The Roman counterpart of Demeter, Ceres was the central deity of the Plebeian or Aventine Triad, comprised of her, Liber and Libera.
She was the mother of Proserpine, who was married to Pluto, the god of the underworld.
At Roman weddings, a boy carried the torch of Ceres to light the way to marital happiness.
The dwarf planet Ceres is named for her.
Demeter - Greek mythology version of Ceres
Roman mythology is a huge collection of stories, started in Ancient Rome, about the beginning of the world, and the lives and adventures the many Roman gods, goddesses, and heroes.
Each god, each goddess had a cult to take care of their temples or other holy places.
The myths of the Ancient Romans are often called "Greco-Roman".
Originally they were similar to the Greek mythology of the Ancient Greeks, and later the Romans added Greek stories for their Roman gods, so they became even more similar.
The gods and goddesses in these stories have lots of magic powers.
They can make themselves invisible to humans and move to any place in a very short time.
They can change people into animals or animals into people.
They have no disease and can only be hurt by very unusual causes.
This is called being immortal; they can never die.
Apollo- The god of light, music, and healing
Aurora- The goddess of dawn
Bacchus- The god of agriculture and wine
Bellona- The goddess of war
Caelus- The primal god of the sky and theology, iconography, and literature
Ceres- The goddess of agriculture and grain
Cupid- The god of love
Cybele- The goddess of the Earth, nature, mountains, and wild animals
Diana -The goddess of wild animals and the hunt
Faunus- The god of the forest, fields, and plains
Flora- The goddess of flowers and of the season of spring
Fortuna - The goddess of luck
Janus - The god of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways, passages, and endings
Juno - The goddess of love, marriage, and fertility
Jupiter- The god of thunder and the sky
Mars - The god of war and fighting
Mercury - The god of shopkeepers, merchants, travelers, transporters of goods, thieves, and tricksters.
Messenger of the gods.
Minerva- The goddess of wisdom, medicine, commerce, handicrafts, poetry, the arts, and war
Neptune - The god of the sea and earthquakes
Nyx - The primordial goddess of the night
Pluto - The god of the underworld.
God of death and the riches under the Earth
Proserpina- The goddess of fertility, wine, and agriculture
Pomona - The goddess of fruitful abundance
Saturn- The god of generation, dissolution, plenty, wealth, periodic renewal, liberation, and time
Spes- The goddess of hope
Terra- The goddess of the Earth
Venus- The goddess of love and beauty
Veritas- The goddess of truth
Vesta- The goddess of the hearth, the home, and domestic life
Vulcan- The god of fire and blacksmiths
List of names of mythological gods, a comparison of names of Greek, Roman, Etruscan, Norse and Meitei gods and goddesses
Lists of gods and goddesses
Ancient Egyptian deities
Mesopotamian deities
Ancient Greek deities
Ancient Meitei deities
Ancient Roman deities
Norse deities
Hindu deities
This list includes Etruscan, Greek, Roman, Norse and Meitei versions of similar gods and goddesses.
The table is ordered by the Greek god's name.
Ancient history is all the events we know about between the invention of writing and the start of the Middle Ages.
It was invented after the Neolithic revolution in which people settled in small towns and started agriculture.
Writing dates from about 3,300 BC, which is over 5000 years ago, in the Middle East.
The first people to use writing were the Sumerians and the Ancient Egyptians.
Before writing, the only things we have are the tools and monuments made by earlier people.
This is studied by archaeology rather than history.
The period of ancient history ends with the early Middle Ages.
Study of ancient history
Finding facts about ancient history is difficult because people wrote less in those times: only scribes could write.
Most of what they did write has been lost.
There were very few copies made because there was no printing.
What people wrote they wrote by hand.
More people could read and write in Ancient Rome than in other places but much of what they wrote is now lost.
Archaeology is looking at things that were made or used in the past to learn about that time.
Things like clay pots, solid tools, and metal weapons often exist at the same time.
Things like paper, wood, and cloth can be easily broken, burnt or damaged.
The Egyptian pyramids - Big tombs made by the Ancient Egyptians for their king and queens.
The city of Pompeii - A city from Ancient Rome.
When a volcano (a mountain that makes fire and hot rocks) killed the people living there, the city was buried and the things inside it were covered with rock and ash.
This meant that they did not change for a long time.
The Terracotta Army - the tomb of the First Qin Emperor in Ancient China.
Primary sources are written by people who lived in ancient times.
They tell us most of what we know about ancient history.
But people in ancient history may have believed different things from each other.
They may also be wrong.
Some famous people who wrote ancient history are:
The human race evolved in Africa.
Our species, Homo sapiens evolved about 200 to 250,000 years ago.
~90,000 years ago – people go to the Middle East.
~60,000 years ago – people from Africa go to Asia.
~40,000 years ago – people go to Australia.
~40,000 years ago – people go to Europe.
~14th to 10th millennium BC – people go to America.
~10th millennium BC – people start farming.
4th millennium BC – cuneiform writing in the cities of Uruk and Susa; and hieroglyphs (picture writing) in Egypt.
1000 years BC – earliest writing about history.
450 BC - Herodotus writes what may be the first book based on non-fictional events.
It is still available today.
Older Ancient history
c. 3300 BC – Bronze Age start in the Near East and South Asia Bronze Age goes to the rest of Europe and The Middle East
c. 3100 BC – Sagol Kangjei, the proto-polo was invented in Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak).
c. 3000 BC – Egyptians make papyrus (paper made of Reeds)
c. 2800 BC – Kot Diji time of the Indus Valley Civilization starts
c. 2700 BC – Elam grows.
2580 BC – Egyptians make the Great Pyramid of Giza
2000 BC – People use horses
1700 BC – Indus Valley Civilization ends but the Cemetery H culture keeps going; The start of Poverty Point Civilization in North America
1600 BC – The start of Shang Dynasty in China, Chinese make writing.
1600 BC – Hittite people start ruling The Middle East.
1500 BC – People make the Rigveda.
1445 BC – Monarchy started in Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak).
1398 BC – The Wakoklon was written down.
1200 BC - The Bronze Age collapse.
1200 BC – The Hebrews come to Israel and start living there.
c. 1200 BC – The Trojan War
c. 1100 BC – King Saul makes the 12 tribes of Israel into Israel
c. 1180 BC – End of the Hittite Empire
1122 BC – The Zhou people stop the last king of Shang Dynasty from being king; Zhou Dynasty starts in China
1004 BC – King David captures Jebus.
He calls it Jerusalem and makes it the capital of Israel.
1000 BC to 100 BC
928 BC - Israel breaks and becomes The Kingdom of Judah and the Kingdom of Israel
800 BC - City states in Ancient Greece
776 BC - People write about the Olympic Games.
They were started before this time but people did not write about them.
c. 753 BC - Rome starts
751 BC - LeChe grows
745 BC - Tiglath-Pileser III becomes the new king of Assyria.
He will become powerful and make Assyria into an empire
728 BC - the Median Empire grows
722 BC - Zhou Dynasty becomes weaker; the time of the Hundred Schools of Thought begins.
653 BC - The first Persian state grows.
600 BC - Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") start.
c. 600 BC - Pandyan kingdom in South India
c. 563 BC - Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), is born as a prince of the Shakya tribe.
The Shakya tribe ruled parts of Magadha.
549 BC - Mahavira is born
546 BC - Cyrus the Great makes The Persian Empire.
546 BC - Cyrus the Great defeats the Lydian kingdom
544 BC - Bimbisara makes Magadha powerful.
539 BC - the Babylonian Empire ends and Cyrus the Great frees the Jews.
525 BC - Cambyses II of Persia takes Egypt
c. 512 BC - Darius I (Darius the Great) of Persia takes Easter Thrace, Macedonia, and Libya.
The Persian Empire is the most powerful.
509 BC - The last King of Rome stops being king, The Roman Republic starts.
500 BC - Pingala uses zero and binary numbers.
490 BC - Greek city-states defeat the Persian attack at Battle of Marathon
424 BC - Nanda dynasty becomes powerful.
404 BC - End of Peloponnesian War.
403 BC - Warring States Period starts in China.
331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela
326 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Indian king Porus (Purushottama) in the Battle of the Hydaspes River.
321 BC - Chandragupta Maurya defeats the Nanda Dynasty of Magadha
323 BC - Alexander the Great dies.
273 BC - Ashoka the Great becomes the emperor of the Mauryan Empire
250 BC - Parthia (Ashkâniân) becomes powerful.
232 BC - Emperor Ashoka the Great dies; the Mauryan Empire becomes weak.
230 BC - Satavahanas are in South India
221 BC - Qin Shi Huang is in China, end of Warring States Period; start of Emperors in China (this will end in 1912 AD)
202 BC - Han Dynasty starts in China,Qin Shi Huang dies; the Silk Road is made
202 BC - Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Battle of Zama
c. 200 BC - Chera dynasty in South India
185 BC - Sunga Empire starts
149 BC-146 BC - Third and last Punic War; Rome defeats Cathage.
146 BC - Rome takes Greece.
110 BC - First time the Chinese rule Vietnam: the Nanyue Kingdom.
c 100 BC - Chola Dynasty grows.
100 BC to end of Roman Empire, 476 AD
49 BC - Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great make the Roman Civil War
44 BC - Marcus Brutus and others kill Julius Ceaser; The Roman Republic ends; The Roman Empire starts.
6 BC - Jesus of Nazareth is born
c. 1 BC - The Numit Kappa was written down.
9 - Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
14 - Emperor Augustus (Octavian) dies, Tiberius becomes emperor.
33 - Emperor Nongda Lairen Pakhangba of Ningthouja dynasty ascended the throne of the Kangla.
117 - Trajan is The emperor of Rome.
The Roman Empire is the most powerful.
200s - The Hindu Srivijaya Empire starts in the Malay Archipelago.
220 - The Han Dynasty ends in China.
226 - the Parthian Empire ends and the Sassanian Empire becomes powerful
238 - Shapur I of Persia defeats of Gordian III (238–244), Philip the Arab (244–249), and Valerian (253–260).
285 - Emperor Diocletian breaks the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Empires
313 - Edict of Milan says that the Roman Empire would not make people worship a god.
335 - Samudragupta becomes the emperor of the Gupta empire
378 - Battle of Adrianople, the Germanic tribes defeat Roman army.
395 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I makes people be Christian
410 - Alaric defeats Rome.
No one has deafeated Rome after 390 BC
c. 455 - Skandagupta stops Indo-Hephthalite people attacking India.
476 - Romulus Augustus deposed as emperor of Rome,
Some groups of people in ancient history
Germanic tribes
Illyrians
Parthian Empire
Kassites
Phoenicians
Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa
South and East Asia
Ancient Japan
Ancient Korea
Khuman kingdom
Ancient Turks
Siam
Adena culture
Olmecs
Poverty Point culture
Andrzej Sapkowski (born June 21, 1948 in Łódź) is a Polish fantasy writer.
His best known work is The Witcher (Wiedźmin) Saga (takes place in a fictional universe).
Before starting his career in the late 1980s, he worked in foreign trade.
Polish writers
Staten Island is a borough of New York City.
Fewer than half a million people live there, the smallest population of any of the five boroughs.
Three bridges connect Staten Island to New Jersey, and the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge connects to Brooklyn.
A passenger railroad runs along the south shore to the northeast end of the island, which is called Saint George.
The borough has the same boundaries as the county Richmond County.
The free Staten Island Ferry carries 21 million passengers each year the five miles (eight km) across New York Harbor between Saint George and Manhattan.
Nine ferry boats provide the service which began in 1817.
England took control of New Netherland in the Second Anglo-Dutch War in the 17th century and made Staten Island part of New York instead of new Jersey.
Staten Island Live
Staten Island -Citizendium
1660s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
A borough is an administrative division in many countries.
In medieval times, boroughs were settlements with some self-government.
Boroughs were particularly common in England, Germany and Scotland.
In medieval England, boroughs had also the right to elect members of parliament. (
The Borough in Southwark, London is thought to have been the original 'borough' of which all others come from.)
But in some cities it is a sub-division of the city (e.g. London, New York City, Toronto, Montreal).
In such cases the borough will normally have either limited powers delegated to it by the city's local government or no powers at all.
At certain times London has had no overall city government and London boroughs were the main unit of local government for Londoners.
In other places, such as Alaska, a borough does not mean a single township, but a whole region - in other words, it is similar to a county.
In Australia borough can mean a town and its surrounding area, e.g. the Borough of Queenscliffe.
At the end of a word, -borough (or -brough) is found in the name of many towns and cities in England; in southern England it is usually spelt -bury.
The suffix -bury is also used in the New England region of the United States, while -burg (or -burgh) is more common in Scotland and the American South and West.
Echo was a nymph in Greek mythology, and an Oread (a mountain nymph).
She was very beautiful, but loved her own voice.
According to Ovid, Echo once had the job of distracting Hera from Zeus having relationships with other women.
She put a curse on her that meant that she could only speak the last words of other people after she had heard them.
After she was cursed, Echo fell in love with Narcissus.
Narcissus was very handsome and anybody who saw him always fell in love with him.
However, Narcissus had no heart and could not fall in love with anybody.
Echo could not speak to Narcissus but wanted to be able to see him.
She therefore followed him everywhere, but made sure that he could not see her.
Narcissus got lost and called out "Is anyone here?".
Echo said back "Here, here, here."
Narcissus then asked Echo to come out of her hiding place.
Echo did so and then told Narcissus that she loved him by hand movements.
Narcissus, who was angry that so many people loved him, told Echo that he did not love her.
Echo was very upset and prayed to Aphrodite for death.
Aphrodite granted Echo's wish, but she liked Echo's voice so much she kept it alive.
Narcissus also rejected Echo and broke her heart.
She then went and haunted valleys and mountainous areas where echoes are able to be heard in all hollow places of the earth.
This is a different story about Echo's death.
Echo was a talented dancer and singer, but did not like the love of any man.
This caused another god, called Pan, to become angry.
He had Echo killed and split into pieces.
These pieces were spread about the world, but were collected up by Gaia.
Echo's voice was not collected, so it remains all over the world and still says the last words that other people have said.
In some versions of the story, Echo and Pan have a child who was called Iambe.
Helios (, Hēlios; Ἠέλιος in Homeric Greek) is the god of the Sun in Greek mythology.
He is often thought to be the personification of the Sun itself.
He is the son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia.
He is the brother of Selene, goddess of the Moon, and Eos, goddess of the dawn.
During the Hellenistic period, particularly the 3rd Century BCE, he became more and more identified with Apollo, the god of light, music and prophecy.
Helios' equivalent in Roman mythology was Sol.
Bia is the goddess of force in Greek mythology.
She is the daughter of Styx and Pallas, and also the sister of Nike, Cratos, and Zelus.
She and her brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him.
Zelus (, zeal) is the god of dedication and emulation in Greek mythology.
He is the son of Styx and Pallas, and also the brother of Nike, Cratos, and Bia.
He and his brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him.
He was a constant companion of Zeus and personified zeal.
Theoi Project, a site exploring Greek mythology and the gods in classical literature and art
Mnemosyne is the Titan of memory in Greek mythology.
Her parents are Gaia and Uranos.
With Zeus her children are the nine Muses.
Her patron symbol is a mask and she is often seen wearing one.
Her patron animal is the partridge.
Harmonia (; ) is the goddess of harmony and concord in Greek mythology.
She is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite.
She is the opposite of Eris, goddess of strife and discord.
Her Roman counterpart is Concordia.
Harmonia is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite.
Her children are Ino, Polydorus, Autonoe, Agaue and Semele with Kadmos.
As goddess of harmony, she is the opposite of Eris, the goddess of strife and discord.
Eris - the goddess of strife and the opposite god of Harmonia in Greek mythology
The president pro tempore ( or ), or president pro tem, of the United States Senate is the longest serving senator from the majority political party in the United States Senate.
According to the Constitution, this is the fourth highest office in the United States.
It is the third in the U.S. presidential line of succession (behind the vice president and the speaker of the House).
Many state senates also use the office of President pro tem.
Officially the vice president is the person in charge of the Senate, but they are not a Senator.
Patrick Leahy (D-VT) is the president pro tempore.
When the vice president cannot be in charge, the president pro tempore is in charge of the Senate.
Many people still think of the president pro tempore as de facto president of the Senate.
Benjamin Wade was only one vote away from becoming the president of the United States due to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.
No president pro tempore has taken over the presidency as of March 2020.
Probably the most famous presidents pro tempore were John Langdon (first in this office), David Rice Atchison (D-MO), Benjamin Wade (R-OH), Arthur Vandenberg (R-MI), Carl Hayden (D-AZ) Richard Russell, Jr. (D-GA), Strom Thurmond (R-SC), Robert Byrd (D-WV), Daniel Inouye (D-HI), Orrin Hatch (R-UT) and Chuck Grassley (R-IA).
When Senator Hubert Humphrey, a former vice president, was seriously ill, the Senate showed its respect for him by creating the office of Deputy President Pro tempore for any former president or vice president who is elected to the Senate.
No vice president since Humphrey has done this.
President pro tempore emeritus
Since 2001, the honorary title of president pro tempore emeritus has been given to a Senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore.
The position has been held by:
Strom Thurmond (R-South Carolina) (2001-2003)
Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia) (2003-2007)
Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) (2007-2009)
Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) (2015-2021)
Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) (since 2021)
David John Tennant (né McDonald; 18 April 1971) is a Scottish actor.
He is known for portraying the Tenth Doctor on Doctor Who from 2005 to 2010 and as Giacomo Casanova in the television series Casanova.
In 2011, Tennant had a daughter with Georgia Moffett.
Later that year he adopted Moffett's son.
The couple married in December 2011.
In May 2013, the couple had a son.
In November 2015, the couple had a daughter.
Programmes he has been in
1994: Takin' Over the Asylum — Campbell McBain
1998: Duck Patrol — Darwin
2001: People Like Us — Rob Harker (1 episode)
2002: Foyle's War — Theo Howard (1 episode)
2004: He Knew He Was Right — Rev Gibson
2004: Blackpool — DI Carlisle
2005: Casanova — Young Giacomo Casanova
2005: The Quatermass Experiment — Dr Gordon Briscoe
2005–2010: Doctor Who — The Doctor
2005: Secret Smile — Brendan Block
2005: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire — Barty Crouch Junior
2007: Recovery — Alan Hamilton
2008: Einstein & Eddington — Arthur Eddington
2009: Hamlet — Hamlet
2010: Single Father — Dave
2011: United'' — Jimmy Murphy
The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American television network.
Along with CBS, NBC and Fox, it is one of the country's four major television networks.
The network is owned by The Walt Disney Company following the acquisition of Disney Channel's consumer business.
ABC Television Shows
ABC  at the Museum of Broadcast Communications Encyclopedia of Television
Fox (styled as FOX) is an American television network.
Along with ABC, CBS, and NBC, it is one of the country's four major television networks.
It is owned by Fox Entertainment Group.
Fox Television shows
Bless the Harts
Duncanville
The Masked Singer
American Broadcasting Company, a television network in the United States
Associated Broadcasting Company, a television network in the Philippines
Australian Broadcasting Corporation, a television network in Australia
ABC Family, a cable and satellite television network in the United States
"ABC" (The Jackson 5 song), a 1970 hit song
ABC (The Jackson 5 album), a 1970
"ABC-DEF-GHI", a 1969 song sung by Big Bird of Sesame Street
Abc notation, a musical notation language
Papua New Guinea is an island country located on the Pacific Ocean.
It is the east half of New Guinea island, plus some nearby islands.
The capital city of Papua New Guinea is Port Moresby.
The population of Papua New Guinea are mostly the Indigenous peoples of the island.
The island is in both Australasia and Oceania, which are two different terms for the continent of islands in the Pacific area.
It borders Indonesia to the west and near Australia to the south.
Papua New Guinea is divided into four regions.
These regions are important for government, commercial, sporting and other activities.
The nation has 20 province-level divisions: eighteen, the Autonomous Region of Bougainville and the National Capital District.
Each province is divided into one or more districts.
The districts are divided into one or more Local Level Government areas.
Government of Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea focused wiki
1970s establishments in Oceania
James Strom Thurmond Sr. (
December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was an American politician.
He was the oldest serving member of the United States Senate to date and the only senator to reach 100 while in office.
He was also Governor of his home state South Carolina and a Presidential candidate.
Thurmond spent more than 70 years of his life on public career.
Before World War II he served as state senator and judge.
During war he served in the US Army in Europe and briefly in Asia.
In 1960 he was promoted to the rank of major general.
Thurmond was born on December 5, 1902 in Edgefield, South Carolina.
His family used to own slaves, including ancestors of Al Sharpton.
He studied at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina.
Thurmond graduated in 1923.
He was married to Jean Crouch from 1947 until they divorced in 1960.
Then he was married to Nancy Moore from 1968 until his death in 2003.
He had five children.
From 1947 to 1951 he served as Governor of South Carolina (as a Democrat).
During 1948 U.S. Presidential Election he became the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party faction called "Dixiecrat" (States Rights Democrat, mostly from the South) - people who supported racial segregation and opposed civil rights laws.
Thurmond and his Vice Presidential candidate, Mississippi Governor Fielding Lewis Wright finished the race in 3rd (behind Harry Truman and Thomas E. Dewey) with 39 electoral votes and they carried 4 states (Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and, of course, Thurmond's home state).
In 1957, he filibustered (delayed) the 1957 civil rights act for 24 hours.
Despite the long hours, he failed and the bill passed.
He was elected, as first write-in candidate for major national office, to the Senate in 1954.
He was reelected for his first full term in 1956 and served until January 2003.
He was originally a Democrat, but in 1964 he openly supported Barry Goldwater's presidential bid and became a Republican.
Later career
As the longest serving Republican he was President pro tempore of the United States Senate for three occasions (1981-1987, 1995-2001, and January 2001-June 2001), when Republican gained a majority.
After Democrats took over the control of the Senate in June 2001 Thurmond became first honorary "president pro tempore emeritus".
His longtime Senate rival, Robert Byrd of West Virginia surpassed Thurmond's record of length of senatorial service in 2006.
Byrd died in 2010.
After Thurmond's death in 2003, an attorney for his family confirmed that in 1925, when he was 22, Thurmond fathered a mixed-race daughter, Essie Mae Washington-Williams, with his family's housekeeper, Cassie Butler, then 16 years old.
Thurmond paid for the girl's college education and provided other support.
Washington-Williams died in February 2013 at the age of 87.
Thurmond died in his sleep on June 26, 2003, at 9:45 p.m. of heart failure at a hospital in Edgefield, South Carolina.
He was 100 years old.
Then-Senator Joe Biden delivered a eulogy, and later to the family burial plot in Willowbrook Cemetery in Edgefield, where he was buried.
Strom Thurmond Institute at Clemson University
U.S. Senate historical page on Strom Thurmond
SCIway Biography of Strom Thurmond
NGA Biography of Strom Thurmond
Oral History Interview with Strom Thurmond from Oral Histories of the American South
Strom Thurmond Foundation, Inc.
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Citizens Medal – January 18, 1989
Booknotes interview with Nadine Cohodas on Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Southern Change, April 4, 1993.
Complete transcript and audio and video of Sen. Joe Biden's Eulogy for Strom Thurmond
Strom Thurmond's family confirms paternity claim, By David Mattingly, CNN.com, December 15, 2003
The Scarred Stone: The Strom Thurmond Monument by Joseph Crespino, Emory University, April 29, 2010
Tribute to Strom Thurmond from The State  — June 26, 2003
, CNN, June 26, 2003
Strom Thurmond Dead at 100, By James Di Liberto Jr., Fox News, June 26, 2003
American centenarians
Governors of South Carolina
United States senators from South Carolina
South Carolina Republicans
The Roman Forum is an area of the city of Rome which the ancient city developed around.
It is the place where commerce, business, cult, and the administration of justice took place.
It was for centuries the centre of Roman public life.
It was the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches.
It was also the heart of commerce.
Here statues and monuments mark the city's great men.
It has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history.
The Forum is in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills.
Today it is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and excavations.
It has 4.5 million sightseers each year.
Buildings in the Forum
The Roman Forum is famous for the number of buildings and other ancient ruins that it contains.
A playwright is a person who writes plays for the stage.
Because the name of such a text is drama, another word for this person is dramatist.
Sometimes, dramas are written to be read and not played.
In that case, they are called closet dramas.
The word wright does not come from write.
It is an ancient English term for a builder.
For example, a wheelwright makes wheels.
In a similar way, a playwright makes plays.
When the term was first used, it was meant as an insult.
Today it has lost this meaning.
The first playwrights in Western literature whose plays still exist were the Ancient Greeks.
They were written around the 5th century BC.
These playwrights are important as they wrote in a way that is still used by modern playwrights.
Important among them are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.
The most famous playwright may be William Shakespeare.
A lot of later work is based on his tragedies and comedies.
For example, Kiss Me, Kate is based on Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, and his Romeo and Juliet has been made again many times.
Tom Stoppard created the play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead in 1966 which is a modern adaptation of Hamlet.
Modern playwrights
Modern playwrights are usually less famous than past playwrights.
Since television and movies were invented, theater has become less popular.
Because it is less popular, not as many tickets are sold now, and producers often do not have enough money to make plays, and many playwrights are not known.
Iambe was the goddess of rhyme and merriment in Greek mythology.
She was the daughter of Pan and Echo.
Iambe is said to have created the iambic pentameter verse pattern in poetry.
This is a metered verse with two different sounds, and it was named after Iambe.
The iambic pentameter verse is used by many poets, one of which is William Shakespeare.
In the myth, Demeter, was sad about losing her daughter, Persephone.
It was only Iambe who was able to make Demeter laugh.
She did this by using poetry and wit to cheer Demeter up.
When Demeter was not sad any more, the earth became fertile again.
Iambe then became Demeter's first priestess.
fr:Ïambe
The triangle is a musical instrument with three sides and curved corners.
There is always one corner where the sides do not join.
This makes it possible for the instrument to vibrate.
The player holds a small piece of string or leather from which the triangle is hanging, and he makes a sound by hitting the triangle with a triangle beater.
In orchestras, where the percussionist may be playing several percussion instruments, the triangle may hang from a stand so that the player can move quickly to another instrument.
Triangles come in different sizes.
Smaller ones will sound higher than larger ones.
Loudspeaker, refers to an electronic device that gives off sound
Speaker (politics) is also the name of the person in charge of some legislatures, usually the lower house.
Bernie Little (born in McComb, Ohio on circa 1926 - died April 25, 2003) was the most successful owner in Unlimited Hydroplane racing history.
His Miss Budweiser team won 134 of the 354 hydroplane races they entered.
They won the high points championship 22 years in 40 years of competition, and the Gold Cup 14 times.
Racing career
His team employed some of the biggest names in their field, including designer Ron Jones, and driver Chip Hanauer who won more Gold Cup races than any other driver.
He is second only to Bill Muncey in total races won.
Little has been inducted into the Unlimited Hydroplane Hall of Fame, the Florida Sports Hall of Fame, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America.
Chenoweth, Hanauer, and another driver for Little, Tom D'Eath, are also in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America.
Bernie Little obituary  - from the American Boat Racing Association website
Bernie Little - King of Boats - by Fred Farley - APBA Unlimited Historian
Sportspeople from Ohio
Perseus () is a hero in Greek mythology.
He is the legendary founder of Mycenae and is most famous for killing the Gorgon Medusa.
He is a demigod, the son of Zeus and the mortal princess Danaë.
With his wife, the Ethiopian princess Andromeda, his children are the sons Perses, Alkaios, Sthenelos, Elektryon, and the daughter Gorgophone.
Perseus is also the great-grandfather of Herakles, as well as his half-brother.
King Akrisios of Argos was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild.
Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where no one was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child.
But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.
Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea.
But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos.
There they are found by Diktys, who lets them live with him.
A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games.
During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios.
Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said.
Perseus was sent to retreive Medusa's head by King Polydectes, who wanted him dead so he could marry his mother.
To do this, he was advised by Athena to seek the Gray sisters, who told him how to fight Medusa when he stole their eye.
Hermes lent Perseus winged sandals, Hades lent him his helm of darkness (which makes the wearer invisible), and Athena lent him a shield which he could see Medusa's reflection in, since whoever looked her in the eye would turn to stone.
With all these magic items, Perseus was able to cut off Medusa's head.
On the way back home, he fights a sea monster to save Andromeda, who is chained to a cliff as a sacrifice, and marries her.
Niccolò Paganini (27 October 1782 – 27 May 1840) was an Italian composer and violin player.
He is believed to be one of the greatest violinists who ever lived.
He was born in Genoa, Italy and died in Nice, France.
Paganini was the perfect virtuoso during his time although many other violinists slowly approach and some appear to be as virtuosic as him too.
He was said to be a show off during his time and many wanted to challenge his violin skills.
Paganini once broke all of the strings on his violin except the G-string and played a piece just on one string to show how good he was.
He intonated the violin in a different way to sound different.
He was the master of violin technique and invented many new techniques such as ricochet bowing, flying staccato, and left hand pizzicato.
His 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1 are his most famous compositions.
Paganini was good friends with Franz Liszt, a similarly magnificent virtuoso.
Liszt admired Paganini.
In his teenage years he watched Paganini playing, and determined to be a virtuoso as Paganini in piano.
Viola in music – Niccolò Paganini
Free Family Tree
1840 deaths
Samer Kamal is a Jordanian athlete.
He won the bronze medal in Taekwondo (a form of martial arts) in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.
He was the first Jordanian athlete to get a medal for Jordan in the Olympics in Seoul.
This gave many Jordanians pride in this achievement during the 1980s.
Samer Kamal holds 9th Dan Chung Do Kawan and 8th Dan Kukkiwon Black Belt in Taekwondo since 2012, a 1st Class international referee since 1997 and an international trainer since 1990.
He was given the Independence Badge of Honor (4th Degree) by His Majesty the late King Hussein Ben Talal in 1988 and was chosen seventh best Jordanian athlete for the century in 1999.
Samer pursued his undergraduate higher education in Business Administration and Philosophy from the University of Jordan.
He then received a graduate degree in Management Science from Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, Scotland.
Taekwondo Refereeing & Arbitration
Samer began his sports career as a marketing manager at a Jordanian-based sports marketing company.
He took the experience he gained there to Qatar where he became a general manager.
He was responsible for the starting a sports marketing company with the purpose of promoting sports in Jordan and the region.
Soon after, Samer decided to start his own sports marketing company “SportUp Jordan” to promote local athletes.
Within a year, he was able to get sponsors for champion Jordanian athletes.
He started the largest and only bilingual online sports business.
He made an attractive product that was acquired by Maktoob Inc., an Arabic internet service provider.
His sports experience let him expand internationally.
Samer was named the director of business development at Right To Play in Canada, that uses sport programs to help children who live in poverty and disadvantage communities to play sports and games.
He helped raise funds to the organization.
The year 2012 was the year Samer has gotten his 8th Dan Black Belt in Taekwondo.
2012 also marked the opening of Champions Martial Arts Taekwondo Center in Mississauga, Canada.
A year after, a 3rd branch was announced open also in Erindale, Mississauga, Canada.
Community activities
Other than at work, Samer is active in many sports communities.
In 2009, he was named an executive board member of the World Olympians Association (WOA).
In November 2011, Samer become president of Asian Olympians Association (AOA).
Championship competitions
Taekwondo practitioners
Jordanian people
The violet is a genus of flowering plants.
The common blue violet (Viola sororia) is the state flower of the U.S. state of Illinois.
There is also a famous poem that refers to violets.
It goes "Roses are red, violets are blue", and then the poet adds his or her own lines to it.
It is also February's birth flower.
Some Viola species are perennial plants, some are annual plants, and a few are small shrubs.
Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their flowers.
In horticulture, the term pansy is  used for the multi-coloured cultivars often used in bedding by professional gardeners.
The terms 'viola' and 'violet' are normally used for small-flowered annuals or perennials, and the wild species.
Winnie the Pooh, also called Pooh Bear, is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear.
He was created by A. A. Milne.
He is based on a stuffed toy that belonged to Milne's son, Christopher Robin Milne.
The toy was named after "Winnipeg" ("Winnie" for short), who was a black bear at the London Zoo, and "Pooh", which was a nickname Milne and his son had given to a swan.
The first book was published in 1926.
Other books were published later.
Walt Disney made a series of cartoons based on the books.
The Walt Disney Company still owns the character.
Pooh is a small yellow bear.
He is nearly  tall.
He wears an old red t-shirt.
His favorite food is honey.
The first thing he says when he gets up in the morning is "What's for breakfast?".
He invented the game "Poohsticks".
Pooh has several friends.
Their names are Piglet, Eeyore, Tigger, Rabbit, Kanga and Roo, Owl, Gopher, and Christopher Robin.
Piglet is a small timid pig.
Eeyore is an old grey donkey.
Tigger is an energetic tiger.
Rabbit is a kind-hearted rabbit.
Kanga is a female kangaroo.
Roo is Kanga's son.
The first book, Winnie-the-Pooh, was published on October 15, 1926 by Methuen & Company.
The second book was The House at Pooh Corner, which was published on October 11, 1928.
The poetry book When We Were Very Young was published in 1924 and Now We Are Six was published in 1927.
Return to Hundred Acre Wood was written by David Benedictus and published on October 5, 2009.
The Best Bear in All the World was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of the first Winnie-the-Pooh book.
There have been quite a few series created by Walt Disney based on these books.
The stories are translated into many languages.
A Disney movie about Pooh, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, was made in March 1977.
Winnie the Pooh was made in July 2011.
A live-action movie directed by Marc Forster and based on A. A. Milne's books, entitled Christopher Robin, was released in 2018.
Fictional bears
Mieszko I becomes ruler in Poland