the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
This name is probably the name of the river ford (crossing) where people could cross the Lachlan River.
The first people to live in the area were the Wiradjuri people.
The first European explorer, George Wilson Evans, came into the Lachlan Valley in 1815.
He named the area the Oxley Plains after his boss, the Surveyor-General, John Oxley.
In 1817 he said the area was "unfit for white settlement".
An army camp was set up soon after at Soldiers Flat near present-day Billimari.
Arthur Ranken and James Sloan, from Bathurst, were amongst the first European settlers on the Lachlan.
They moved to the area in 1831.
The township of Coura Rocks began in 1840.
By 1847 the township was called Cowra.
The village was officially listed in 1849.
In the 1850s many people looking for gold went through on their way to the gold fields at Lambing Flat (Young) and Grenfell.
The first school was started in 1857.
The first bridge over the Lachlan River was built in 1870.
Gold was found at Mount McDonald in the 1880s.
The railway, from Sydney, reached Cowra in 1886.
Local government started in 1888.
The first telephone were connected in 1901.
The town water supply was started in 1909, the gas in 1912, and town supplied electricity was connected in 1924.
Cowra is home to the Australian copy of the United Nation's World Peace Bell.
These are normally kept in a nation's capital city.
It was given to Cowra because of its special role in international understanding, world peace and as a centre of world friendship.
The Cowra breakout
During World War II Cowra was the site of a prisoner of war (POW) camp.
Most of the prisoners were captured Japanese and Italian soldiers, sailors and airmen.
On August 5, 1944  about 545 (some sources say over 1000) Japanese POWs attempted a mass escape from the camp.
This is perhaps the largest prison escape in the world.
At the same time, other Japanese prisoners killed themselves, or were killed by their countrymen, inside the camp.
The POWs tried to capture machine gun posts, armed only with home made weapons.
The Prime Minister John Curtin said this was a "suicidal disregard of life", and had no chance of success.
During the escape 231 Japanese and 4 Australian guards were killed, and 108 prisoners were wounded.
The dead Japanese were buried in Cowra in a specially made Japanese War Cemetery.
This is the only such cemetery in Australia.
It also has some of the dead from the WWII air raids on Darwin.
The Japanese War Cemetery was looked by members of the Cowra RSL and given to Japan in 1963.
In 1971 the Cowra Tourism Development decided to celebrate this link with Japan.
They planned a Japanese garden for the town.
The Japanese Government agreed to help as a sign of thanks for the respectful treatment of their war dead.
The garden also received money from the Australian Government and private groups.
The garden was designed by Ken Nakajima (1914 - 2000).
He was a world famous designer of Japanese gardens.
The first part was opened in 1979, with a second part opened in 1986.
The gardens were built in the style of the Edo period.
They are a kaiyū-shiki or strolling garden.
At five hectares, the Cowra Japanese Garden is the largest Japanese garden in the Southern Hemisphere.
An annual Sakura Matsuri (cherry blossom festival) is held in the gardens during late September and/or early October each year.
The garden also has other events during the year.
Cowra Shire Council
Fact sheet on 1944 Cowra outbreak , National Archives of Australia
Cowra Wine Region
YouTube Video Featuring Cowra
Network computing is when computers work together over a network.
Network computing is "Storing and/or running applications in servers in a network" This means that the network may use the power from all the networked computers to perform complex tasks.
The network could also be for sharing files so that they can be looked at on any computer in the network easily.
Network computing is the opposite to Stand-alone computing.
This is where computers are not connect to a network.
Most laptops and home computers do their jobs alone and are stand-alone computers.
Network Computing  at network-computing.net
A loan is a type of debt.
The borrower needs to repay the lender the sum of money loaned part by part over time in order to clear the debt.
Acting as a provider of loans is one of the main tasks for financial institutions.
For other institutions, issuing of debt contracts such as bonds is a main source of funding.
Bank loans and credit are one way to increase the money supply.
Important components of a loan
Deposit or Down-payment
The deposit or down-payment is an amount of money that the borrower is required to pay, as the first contribution towards clearing the debt, so that the loan deal can be finalized.
The deposit is usually higher than the monthly contribution towards the loan.
Some loans require a deposit while some do not.
The deposit is usually a fraction, typically a percentage, of the total amount that is loaned out.
An Installment is money that is a monthly payment towards the loan.
It may not be necessarily paid monthly but it has to be paid from time to time over throughout the loan deal.
Installments are paid according to a loan rate.
Interest is a charge on top of the value of the loan, that acts as a cost of the loan.
Interest is paid according to a rate called an interest rate.
The interest rate varies from loan to loan and from lender to lender.
Types of loan
Secured and unsecured loans
Secured loans are loans for which the borrower is required to guarantee repayment, by pledging with property, for instance a car, a house etc.
This property is called security or collateral.
Because of the pledging, secured loans are given in larger amounts and have lower interest rates.
However, there is a risk of losing the property used as security, in the event that the loan is not paid off.
Unsecured loans are loans that are given without pledges of repayment.
This means that the borrower is not required to provide security to get the loan.
Because of the high risk involved, unsecured loans are given out in smaller amounts and have higher interest rates.
The lenders raise the interest rates in an effort to recover their money as quickly as possible.
Most personal loans are unsecured loans.
Personal loans
finance their day to day emergencies.
They come in smaller amounts and
Home loans
Home loans are secured loans.
The house acts as a collateral or security
Payday loans
Payday loans  are signature loans or cash advances that requires no security.
This means that it is possible to get a payday loan even with a bad credit status or no credit at all.
Payday loans are given on the basis of employment and income.
schedule is not followed.
The high interest rates are a cost of convenience.
Auto loans
Auto loans are loans given out by financial institutions or car dealerships, for the purpose of buying an automobile.
Due to the nature of automobiles to lose value with time, Auto loans usually have high interest rates.
The shorter the time an auto loan is paid, the lower the overall cost of the loan will be.
Bike Loan
A two wheeler loan enables you to buy a bike of your choice on low-interest rates with monthly EMIs without hurting your budget.
Bike Loan is a credit line for people who want to own a bike, but don't have the cash up front to make a purchase.
Mortgage is a loan that is used specifically to purchase a house.
Usually, a mortgage is given to you by a mortgage company or any financial institution, after evaluation of your potential to pay back the loan in full.
A mortgage is a secured loan, therefore, providing collateral is necessary.
Mortgage can be further classified into long-term and short-term mortgages, depending on the length of time required for the mortgage to be paid.
Short-term mortgages usually have a term of 15 years while long–term mortgages have a 30-year term.
Credit card loans
When you get a credit card, you have taken a loan.
This is a credit card loan, and just like any other loan, it comes with interest and fees.
Credit card loans are given out by credit companies and most banks today.
The interest rates on credit card loans are higher than that on most personal loans, often around 15%.
Federal Direct Consolidation Loans Information Center of the U.S. Government
William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program
UK Information about extending your borrowing
Debt Settlement Advice from Consumer Reports magazine
A mortgage is a way to use one's real property as a guarantee for a loan to get money.
Real property can be land, a house, or a building.
Many people do this to buy the home they use for mortgage: the loan provides them the money to buy the house and the loan is guaranteed by the house.
In a mortgage, there is a debtor and a creditor.
The debtor or mortgagor is the owner of the property, while the creditor or mortgagee is the owner of the loan.
When the mortgage transaction is made, the debtor gets the money with the loan, and promises to pay the loan.
The creditor will receive money back with interest over time (usually in payments made each month by the debtor).
If the debtor does not pay the loan, the creditor may take the mortgaged property in place of the loan.
This is called foreclosure.
In the 2008 American economic failure, creditors lent money to debtors who could not pay back that money.
This lowered housing prices and hurt the economy.
Types of mortgage
Simple mortgage
Defined under Section 58(b) of the Indian Transfer of Property Act as a simple mortgage is a transaction whereby ‘without delivering possession (ownership or occupancy) of the mortgaged property, the mortgagor binds himself personally to pay the mortgage money and agrees, expressly or implicitly, that in the event of his failing to pay according to his contract, the mortgagee shall have a right to cause the mortgaged property to be sold by a decree (an order of law) of the court in a suit(a case in a law court) and the proceeds of the sale to be applied so far as may be necessary in payment of the mortgage money; there is no foreclosure of the mortgaged property.
Normally a mortgage is to be registered if the mortgaged money is Rs.100 or more.
Mortgage deed is to be executed and appropriately stamped ad valorem with two best available witnesses.
English mortgage
A mortgage has a product term and a mortgage term, the mortgage term is the total amount of time you will have the mortgage (typically 10 to 25 years) where the product term is how long you will be tied into a fixed rate (normally 2 to 5 years) The borrower promises to repay the borrowed money on a certain date and if it is a repayment mortgage will have cleared the mortgage in full by the end of the mortgage term.
The borrower transfers the property to the lender.
The lender will re transfer the property when the money is repaid when the mortgaged property is absolutely transferred to the mortgagee.
The land registry holds information on who owns a property and which properties have charges outstanding on them.
Reverse mortgage
A reverse mortgage is a loan where the lender pays the monthly instalments to the borrower instead of the borrower paying the lender.
The payment stream is reversed.
A reverse mortgage allows people to get tax-free income from the value of their home.
They are mainly to improve older people's personal and financial independence.
Usufructuary mortgage
In this form of mortgage, the property is given as a security to the mortgagee, who is let into possession or is permitted to repay himself out of the rents and profits of such property.
Following Two points should be noted carefully with respect to Usufructary mortgage, that is
(i) Possession must be given to the mortgagee, or the mortgagor must expressly or impliedly bind himself to deliver possession and
(ii) The mortgagor will not be personally liable, unless there is a distinct agreement to the contrary.
The lender takes the property.
The lender receives income from the property (rent, profit, interest, etc.)
until the money is paid back.
The owner keeps the title deeds with him.
In computer network and computer science, digital bandwidth or just bandwidth means the amount of data that can be sent from one point to another in a certain period of time.
It is measured as a bit rate expressed in bits per second (bits/s) or multiples of it (kbit/s Mbit/s etc.)
Network throughput: which is the average rate of successful data transfer through a connection.
Data transfer: which is the quantity of data transferred over a given period of time.
Bandwidth in web hosting
In web hosting, the term "bandwidth" is often used to describe the amount of data transferred to or from the website within a defined period of time.
Another more specific phrase used for this meaning of bandwidth is monthly data transfer.
Web hosting companies often quote a monthly data transfer for a website, for example 500 gigabytes per month.
If the total amount of data downloaded from the website in a particular month reaches this limit, the hosting company may shut off further public access to the site.
Internet connections bandwidths
Broadband
Sometimes, the word "broadband" is used to mean "high-speed", especially with high-speed internet connections.
"Broadband" means "wide band", and suggests high-speed.
However, the term is not clear;  "high-speed" is more clear.
A dial-up telephone connection is most often thought to be low-speed, at less than 56,000 bit/s (bits per second).
High-speed is usually 200,000 bit/s or faster.
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) or Cable modem connections are usually high-speed.
Niki FM is a song by Hawthorne Heights.
It is one of their most famous songs, and their second hit.
The band's singer,  JT, says it is his most personal song from the album The Silence in Black and White, and is his favourite song to perform live in concert.
They still play it at concerts, although without the harsh vocals that are on the single.
The music video for Niki FM starts with a room with a lot of people in.
JT is at the front, and someone in the audience is touching someone's leg.
The video also includes JT being kissed by another woman.
It shows him in a room tearing a picture in two and he stares at it.
He has a radio and goes outside the young woman's house to match with the lyrics "I'm outside of your window, with my radio".
The girl walks away and leaves him, and the song finishes.
Gears of War 2 is a third-person shooter video game made by Epic Games and published by Microsoft.
It can only be played on Microsoft's own Xbox 360 console.
It is the sequel to the popular Xbox 360 game Gears of War.
The game was released around the world on November 7 2008.
By November 12 it had already sold over 2 million copies.
Epic Games is a video game company based in North Carolina, USA.
They are famous for making the Fortnite, Unreal Tournament, and Gears of War series' of video games.
Companies based in North Carolina
In mathematics, the Riemann sum is a method of approximating the integral of a function over an interval.
One representation of the integral, is the area under a curve in a graph.
The Riemann sum is calculated   by splitting the region into equal parts.
In each part, the function is replaced by a shape.
Shapes that are commonly used are rectangles, trapezoids, parabolas and cubics.
The area of the similar shape can then be calculated.
This method is often used when finding the closed form integral is difficult or impossible.
The shapes used also influence how accurate the approximation is.
More complex shapes give a higher accuracy, but this also means that calculating the approximation becomes more difficult.
Because the region filled by the small shapes is usually not exactly the same shape as the region being measured, the Riemann sum will differ from the area being measured.
This error can be reduced by dividing up the region more finely, using smaller and smaller shapes.
The Riemann sum  may also be used to define the integration operation.
The sum is named after a German mathematician who was called Bernhard Riemann.
You divide the horizontal length under the part of the function you want to evaluate into "n" equal pieces.
That is the n on top of the Σ (Greek letter sigma).
The (xi-xi-1) represents the size of one horizontal segment that is created from dividing the whole by the "n".
The f(yi) is a y value in an "n" segment.
Since the area of a rectangle is length × width, the multiplication of xi and f(yi) is the area of a rectangle for that part of the graph.
The Σ means we add up all of these small rectangles to get an approximation of the area under the segment of a function.
A simulation showing the convergence of Riemann sums
The Beatitudes (from Latin beatus, meaning "blessed" or "happy") are a list of traits that Christians should follow told by Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke.
Some of these include humbleness, meekness, and making peace.
Ascetic redirects here.
You might also be looking for acetic acid.
The term should not be confused with aestheticism.
Asceticism (Greek: askēsis) is a word that describes a certain way of living.
In this kind of life, a person gets rid of worldly pleasures for religion or spirituality.
A person might not have sex or drink alcohol.
One might spend much of their time in prayer or meditation.
Often, the reason is to follow goals of Christianity and the Indian religions (including yoga).
These teach that salvation and freedom involve a process of changing one's mind and body.
This is done by limiting speech, what one thinks and does with the body.
The earliest people who practiced Buddhism, Jainism, and the Christian hermits, lived very simply and without luxury.
They rejected sensual pleasures and keeping money.
This did not mean that life could not be enjoyed.
But spiritual and religious goals are hindered by such indulgence.
Asceticism is closely related to the abstinence and the Christian concept of chastity and might be said to be the technical implementation of the abstract vows of renunciation.
Those who practice ascetic lifestyles do not consider their practices as virtuous but pursue such a life-style in order to satisfy certain technical requirements for mind-body transformation.
There is remarkable uniformity among the above religions with respect to the benefits of sexual continence.
Religions teach that purifying the soul also involves purification of the body which thereby enables connection with the Divine and the cultivation of inner peace.
In the popular imagination asceticism is considered a sort of perversion (self-flagellation by birch twigs as the archetypal stereotype of self-mortification) but the askēsis enjoined by religion functions in order to bring about greater freedom in various areas of one's life, such as freedom from compulsions and temptations bringing about peacefulness of mind with a concomitant increase in clarity and power of thought.
Asceticists sometimes neglect their maslowist or maslowic needs.
Museo Nazionale di San Marco is a church and Dominican convent.
in Florence, Italy.
The church also has the Museum of St. Mark (Museo di S. Marco) which shows paintings by Fra Angelico.
The Domincan Convent was begun in the early 1400s.
The first "prior" (head man) was St. Antoninus of Florence.
The famous painter known as Fra Angelico was one of the first of the Dominican Friars to live and work there.
He later became the prior.
The land for the convent was given to the friars by Cosimo Medici.
The monks lived in small rooms called "cells".
Cosimo had a cell built for himself, where he could stay sometimes.
Between 1447 and 1452 Cosimo got his favourite architect, Michelozzo, to build a large new library and improve other parts of the building.
In the late 1700s, the facade (front) of the building was rebuilt in a Classical style.
In 1490, the prior of St. Marks was a famous Domincan called Savonarola.
He lived in the cell that had once belonged to Cosimo Medici.
He was a great preacher.
He disliked Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo Medici, who was often called "Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico).
He thought that Lorenzo had too much power and was acting like a prince.
He preached against Lorenzo, against the Pope and against the Roman Catholic Church.
He told everyone that the end of the world was near.
Many people became frightened or depressed by the things that he said.
Pope Alexander VI had Savonarola arrested.
He was tortured and put to death in 1498.
60 years later, the Church agreed that, in fact, he had said nothing wrong.
The Library of St. Mark's contains many illuminated manuscripts.
Some were probably decorated by Fra Angelico's brother Benedetto.
Some may even have been painted by Fra Angelico.
The Museum has a collection of paintings by Fra Angelico.
On of the most famous is The Descent from the Cross, which shows the body of Jesus being taken down from the cross where he was crucified.
The convent also contains many paintings by Fra Angelico.
They are frescos, and decorated many walls, including a painting in each friar's cell.
Another famous fresco is The Last Supper painted in the refectory (dining room) by Domenico Ghirlandaio.
Anne Mueller von der Haegen and Ruth Strasser, Art and Architecture of Tuscany, Konemann (2001),
In Hinduism, sadhu is a common term for an ascetic or someone who practices yoga (yogi).
Sadhus have given up trying to achieve the first three Hindu goals of life: kama (enjoyment), artha (practical objectives) and even dharma (duty).
The sadhu is solely dedicated to achieving moksha (liberation) through meditation and contemplation of God.
Sadhus often wear ochre-colored clothing, as a symbol that they have given up many things in life.
Digambar (sky-clad) is one of the two main sects of Jainism, the other is Svetambar.
The word digambara is made up of two words 'dig' and 'ambar',  the person whose clothes (ambar) is the directions (dig).
The digambar have a stricter interpretation of Jainism than other sects.
Vows of a monk
Fivefold regulation of activities (samiti)
Control of speech - Not to criticise anyone.
Control of thought
Regulation of movement - To prevent killing of small living beings.
Care in lifting things
Examining food and drink before consuming.
Squidward Tentacles is one of the main characters of SpongeBob SquarePants.
He is SpongeBob's grumpy neighbor and a coworker of SpongeBob SquarePants that lives in a moai.
Afro-Asian or Blasian, means a person of mixed race.
Black African and East Asian.
West Asia and Africa
Ethiopians went to South Arabia in the 2nd century and the 4th century.
By 532 AD they had invaded Yemen.
After this, many more Africans came to South Arabia as slaves; men were usually traded and the women were kept as servants for the Arab leaders.
Mixed race children were more valuable in South Arabia.
Two such children became Princes of the Abbassids.
At this time, the Arabian army, known as the Sabaens, moved to Ethiopia.
In Iraq, Bantu-speaking Africans were called Zanj.
The large number of Zanj slaves working in bad conditions in Iraq lead to the famous Zanj Rebellion over fifteen years (869-883 AD).
African rebels took over many of Iraq's cities forcing Arabs to flee to African nations such as Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania.
Today someone of African and Arab descent is considered Afro-Arab.
As early as 1100 AD, African slaves were brought to India by Arab merchants in medieval times from the Bantu-speaking parts of eastern Africa.
These Africans became known as Siddi or Habshi, Arabic word meaning Black African.
Today, marriage has made the Siddi population in India much smaller.
Someone of Indian and African background is considered an Indo-African.
In South Asia, there are over 15,000 individuals who identify as Afro-Asian.
In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. could no longer be with their wives who stayed behind in China.
Because White Americans looked at Chinese labor workers as stealing jobs, they were treated badly.
Many Chinese men settled in black communities and in turn married black women.
Tiger Woods, a famous golf player, is of white, black, Native American, Chinese and Thai descent; his mother being half Thai and his father being half African-American.
R&B singer Amerie is another famous Afro-Asian-American, with her mother Korean and her father being black.
Hines Ward, an NFL football player who currently plays for the Pittsburgh Steelers, is also an Afro-Asian.
In the 1860s, Chinese people were imported for labor and trade.
It became more common for a Chinese man to marry a black woman since there was more black women than Chinese women.
According to the 1946 Census, 12,394 Chinese were located between Jamaica and Trinidad.
5,515 of those who lived in Jamaica were Chinese-Jamaican and another 3,673 were Chinese-Trinidadians living in Trinidad.
In Guyana and Haiti, there is also a very small percentage within the minority who are of Asian descent.
The UK has a large mixed race population, which is about 1.4% of the population (or around 850,000 people).
The largest groups are mixed Whites and Black and mixed Whites and Asians.
However, there are over 70,000 UK citizens that are mixed race and do not fit the above descriptions, a large percentage of these are Afro-Asian.
Famous Afro-Asian Britons include Naomi Campbell, David Jordan.
John Middleton, The World of the Swahili.
James de V. Allen, Swahili Origins.
Agehananda Bharati, The Asians in East Africa: Jayhind and Uhuru.
"The Indian Diaspora" at the UCLA Manas project
Blasians.com - Providing a Voice for Black Asians Online
Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (; 24 December 179826 November 1855) was a heavily influential national Polish Romantic poet, generally regarded as the greatest figure in Polish literature, especially known for his epic poem Pan Tadeusz.
At the later phase of his life he was also a political activist, an ideologue and a Messianic philosopher who lectured Slavic languages at Collège de France.
Adam Mickiewicz was born on 24 December 1798, either at his paternal uncle's estate in Zaosie (now Zavosse) near Navahrudak (in Polish, Nowogródek) or in Navahrudak itself in what was then part of the Russian Empire and is now Belarus.
::::Lithuania, my country!
You are as good health:
How much one should prize you, he only can tell
Who has lost you.
In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric-key block cipher derived from RC5.
RC6 is a parameterized algorithm with a variable block size, a variable key size, and a variable number of rounds.
RC stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code".
In 1997, the NIST announced a competition to choose a successor to Data Encryption Standard (DES) to be known as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
RC6 was derived from RC5 to meet the competition requirements, and was selected as one of the five finalists of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) competition, but was not selected as a standard.
In order to provide varieties of security and efficiency levels, RC6 allows choices for the block size: 32 bits (for experimentation and evaluation purposes only), 64 bits (for use as a replacement for DES), and 128 bits (intended for AES).
The number of rounds can range from 0 to 255, while the key sizes can range from 0 bits to 2040 bits in size.
RC6 is very similar to RC5 in structure and could be viewed as interweaving two parallel RC5 encryption processes.
However, RC6 does use an extra multiplication operation not present in RC5 and the use of four b/4-bit working registers (see splitting of plaintext blocks in feistel cipher) instead of two b/2-bit registers as in RC5 (b is the block size).
Integer multiplication is used to increase the diffusion achieved per round so that fewer rounds are needed and the speed of the cipher can be increased.
The reason for using four working registers instead of two is mainly for optimization on 32-bit CPUs.
The default block size of RC5 was 64 bits, while the default block size of the AES is 128 bits.
RC5 has only two working registers.
It uses 32-bit operations when dealing with 64-bit blocks and 64-bit operations when dealing with 128-bit blocks, so four working registers are required to build the AES architecture using only 32-bit operations.
RC6 is a proprietary and patented algorithm (by RSA Security  and ), and may require licensing and royalty payments for any products using the algorithm.
It was designed by Ron Rivest, Matt Robshaw, Ray Sidney, and Yiqun Lisa Yin, and was also submitted to the NESSIE and CRYPTREC projects.
R.L. Rivest, M.J.B. Robshaw, R.Sidney, and Y.L. Yin.
The RC6 Block Cipher .
v1.1, August 1998.
J. Beuchat FPGA Implementations of the RC6 Block Cipher .
SCAN's entry on RC6
RSA Security's RC6 page
In cryptography, RC5 is a simple symmetric-key block cipher.
Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1994, RC5 is a parameterized algorithm with a variable block size, a variable key size, and a variable number of rounds. "
RC" stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code".
In order to provide varieties of security and efficiency levels; RC5 has a variable block size (32, 64 or 128 bits), variable key size (0 to 2040 bits) and variable number of rounds (0 to 255).
The original suggested choice of parameters were a block size of 64 bits, a 128-bit key and 12 rounds.
A key feature of RC5 is the use of data-dependent rotations; one of the goals of RC5 was to study and evaluate operations of block ciphers as a cryptographic primitive.
RC5 also consists of a number of modular additions and eXclusive OR (Xor)s.
The general structure of the algorithm is a Feistel-like network.
The key schedule, however, is more complex, expanding the key using an essentially one-way function with the binary expansions of both e and the golden ratio as sources of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".
The simplicity of the algorithm together with the novelty of the data-dependent rotations has made RC5 an attractive subject to study by cryptanalysts.
12-round RC5 (with 64-bit blocks) is susceptible to a differential attack using 244 chosen plaintexts.
18–20 rounds are suggested as sufficient protection.
RSA Security, which has a patent on the algorithm, offered a series of US$10,000 prizes for breaking ciphertexts encrypted with RC5, but these contests have been discontinued as of May 2007.
A number of these challenge problems have been tackled using distributed computing, organised by Distributed.net.
Distributed.net has brute-forced RC5 messages encrypted with 56- and 64-bit keys, and now is working on cracking a 72-bit key.
At the current rate (as of November 12, 2008), it will take approximately 1,000 years to test every possible key to complete the project.
Rivest's paper describing the cipher
SCAN's entry for the cipher
RSA Laboratories FAQ — What are RC5 and RC6?
Helger Lipmaa's links on RC5
RSA's patent via Google.
Altaic is a language system that includes the Turkic languages, Mongolic, and the Tungusic languages.
That is probably the meaning attributed to "Altaic" by most general linguists.
It has disputed language families, but only a few linguists still believe that it existed.
It supposedly had 66 languages that are now spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia.
However, since the publication of Gustaf John Ramstedt's Einführung in 1952–1957, most Altaicists have included Korean in Altaic.
Since the publication of Roy Andrew Miller's Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages in 1971, some also included Japanese (Nicholas Poppe) or Japonic, consisting of Japanese and Ryukyuan.
Altaic family tree Ethnologue
Altaic languages  MSN Encarta
Monumenta altaica Altaic linguistics website
Altaic etymology section in StarLing databases
Defense of Altaic  by Alexis Manaster Ramer (1994)
The Mongolian language (, Mongol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл, Mongol khel) is the best-known member of the Mongolic language family and the language of most of the residents of Mongolia, where it is officially written with the Cyrillic alphabet and of around three million Mongolian speakers in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, where it is officially written with the traditional Mongolian script.
It is also spoken in some areas in the Russian Far East and Kyrgyzstan.
The majority of speakers in Mongolia speak the Khalkha (or Halh) dialect, while those in China speak one of many Inner Mongolian dialects.
Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (
2003): The Mongolic languages.
Ethnologue report for Khalkha Mongolian
Lingua Mongolia Information on classical Mongolian, including an online dictionary
Omniglot - Mongolian Alphabets
Mongolian bilingual dictionaries
In cryptography, RC2 is a symmetric-key block cipher.
Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1987. "
Rounds are arranged as a source-heavy feistel network, with 16 rounds of one type called "mixing rounds" interleaved by two rounds of another type called "mashing rounds".
perform 5 mixing rounds.
perform 1 mashing round.
perform 6 mixing rounds.
RC2 uses key-expansion algorithm by which an expanded key consisting of 64 (16-bit words) is produces depending in a complicated way on every bit of the supplied "variable-length" input key.
A mixing round consists of four applications of the "mix-up" transformation, as shown in the diagram.
A round is "mashed" by adding to it one of the 16-bit words of the expanded key (RFC 2268).
RC2 is susceptible to a related-key attack using 234 chosen-plaintext attacks (Kelsey et al.,
The development of RC2 was sponsored by Lotus, who were seeking a custom cipher be exported as part of their Lotus Notes software, after evaluation by the NSA.
The NSA suggested a couple of changes, which Ronald Rivest incorporated.
After further negotiations, the cipher was approved for export in 1989.
Along with RC4, RC2 with a 40-bit key size was treated under US export regulations for cryptography.
Now all 40-bit encryption algorithms are obsolete because they are dangerously susceptible to brute force attacks.
Initially, the details of the algorithm were kept secret — proprietary to RSA Security — but on 29 January 1996, source code for RC2 was anonymously posted to the Internet on the Usenet forum, sci.crypt.
A similar post had occurred earlier with RC4.
It is unclear whether the poster had access to the specifications or whether it had been reverse engineered.
Steven Levy, Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government — Saving Privacy in the Digital Age, , 2001.
Lars R. Knudsen, Vincent Rijmen, Ronald L. Rivest, Matthew J. B. Robshaw: On the Design and Security of RC2.
Fast Software Encryption 1998: 206–221
John Kelsey, Bruce Schneier, David Wagner: Related-key cryptanalysis of 3-WAY, Biham-DES, CAST, DES-X, NewDES, RC2, and TEA.
ICICS 1997: 233–246
RFC 2268 - A Description of the RC2(r) Encryption Algorithm
RSA FAQ: What is RC2?
sci.crypt posting revealing the RC2 algorithm
The 1999 East Timorese crisis  was a conflict.
Militia who did not like the independence in East Timor started the conflict when they attacked civilians.
These attacks led to more violence all over the country.
Most of the violence occurred in the capital Dili.
The violence started after the result of an election was independence from Indonesia.
About 1400 people are thought to have died.
An UN force (InterFET) made up mainly of people from the Australian Defence Force was sent to East Timor to establish and maintain peace.
Background: referendum
In 1999, there was a lot of pressure on Indonesia.
Therefore, the Indonesian government decided to hold a vote.
In this referendum it asked the people of East Timor, whether they wanted to stay with Indonesia or become independent.
Portugal had done some lobbying.
The referendum was held on August 30.
In it, a clear majority (78.5%) of people voting said they would prefer to become independent.
The alternative proposal would have been to stay with Indonesia, but to have many freedoms as an autonomous province, called Special Autonomous Region of East Timor (SARET).
Directly after the referendum, violence broke out.
The violence came from Indonesian soldiers and from a special East Timorese pro-integration militia which was supported by Indonesia.
These troops became violent and terrorised the population.
They did not like how the people had voted.
About 14,000 Timorese people were killed.
300.000 had to flee to West Timor to live as refugees.
Most of the infrastructure of the country, including houses, watering systems, and the electricity was destroyed.
Noam Chomsky said: "In one month, this massive military operation murdered some 2,000 people, raped hundreds of women and girls, displaced three-quarters of the population, and demolished 75 percent of the country's infrastructure."
InterFET
On 20 September 1999 the Australian-led peacekeeping troops of the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) came to the country.
This ended the violence.
Activists in Portugal, Australia, the United States, and elsewhere pressured their governments to take action.
US President Bill Clinton eventually threatened Indonesia, that the IMF loans would be stopped.
Indonesia was in deep economic troubles already.
The Indonesian government agreed to withdraw its troops and allowed a multinational force into Timor to stabilize the area.
It was clear that the UN did not have sufficient resources to fight the paramilitary forces directly.
Instead, the UN authorised the creation of a multinational military force known as INTERFET (International Force for East Timor), with Security Council Resolution 1264.
23 nations sent troops, about 11,000 people in total.
The force was led by Major-General Peter Cosgrove.
Troops landed in East Timor on 20 September 1999.
The lyrics are one of the main reasons why the band are considered to be Emo.
It contains the lyrics "cut my wrists and black my eyes" more than once.
About the video
The album The Silence in Black and White later contained a DVD including the making of "Ohio is for lovers" it shows a spider, and also shows JT in a room alone looking miserable.
There's also a young girl in the Ohio is for lovers music video, played by Emma Parris.
Lady Godiva (; about 980 – 1067) was an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman.
She was married to Earl Leofric and frequently donated to the church, and was highly religious.
There are legends that say that she rode naked through the streets of Coventry in England.
Lady Godiva was the wife of Earl Leofric of Mercia.
The Earl’s taxes were very high, and people in Coventry was very upset about it.
Lady Godiva begged her husband to lower the taxes many times, but he never agreed to.
Finally, the Earl told Lady Godiva that if she rode through the streets completely naked, he would lower the taxes.
Lady Godiva sent a message through town that told everyone to close their shutters and stay indoors.
Then, she rode through town only clothed by her hair.
The Earl gave in and lowered the taxes of the town.
However, a tailor named Tom drilled a hole through his shutters, and caught a glimpse of Lady Godiva.
He was struck blind, some think from heaven, and some think the town “took care of him” themselves.
This is where the phrase “Peeping Tom” for a voyeur comes from.
There were many celebrations to remember Lady Godiva’s courage.
Peeping Tom was added to the story in the 17th century.
The Seven Lady Godivas, an early Dr. Seuss book
Nudity and protest
Lady Godiva, the website of the women's sports team
Cecilia Parsons, "Countess Godiva", 1999, revised 2004: biography and developing legend
BBC News – the unearthing of a stained glass window identified with Lady Godiva
James Grout: Lady Godiva, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
How Lady Godiva Got a Tax Break
1067 deaths
A scandal is a very public incident which involves a claim of wrong-doing, shame, or moral offence.
A scandal may be about a real event, an untrue event (often called a ) or a mixture of both.
Something which is a scandal can be described as scandalous.
Scandals may be told by , who have access to secrets and allow them to go public.
A well-known scandal was the Watergate scandal, in which US President Richard Nixon was found to be supporting and hiding illegal burglaries.
Untrue claims often lead to a loss of respect for that person, and can destroy their careers.
Sometimes an attempt to cover up a scandal creates a bigger scandal when the cover-up does not succeed.
Sometimes there are scandals surrounding people who work for the president such as during the Grant administration.
The Iran-Contra affair was also a known scandal that surrounded Ronald Reagan and his administration.
All were not-guilty of the crime.
Countdown to Extinction is the fifth studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth.
Countdown to Extinction was released on July 6, 1992.
It was released through Capitol Records.
The album debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200 and sold 128,000 copies in the first week.
The album was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 1993 Grammy Awards.
The title track won the Humane Society's Genesis Award for raising awareness for animal rights issues.
2004 Bonus Tracks
Manchester is a city in North West England.
In 2013 there were 514,417 people living there, which makes it the fifth largest city in the United Kingdom.
It is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England.
Manchester was given city status in 1853.
The city is in the middle of the Greater Manchester Urban Area, which has 2,240,230 people, and is the United Kingdom's third largest built-up place.
Manchester is a very important city in England, and is often called the "Capital of the North".
Manchester has many places for the arts, places for learning, businesses providing media as well as lots of shops.
In a poll of British managers in 2006, Manchester was named the best place in Britain to have a business.
A report in 2007 said Manchester is a fast-growing city (meaning lots of jobs are being created).
Manchester was the host of the 2002 Commonwealth Games.
It has two well-known football teams, Manchester United and Manchester City.
Manchester was the first city to industrialise, because of  the Industrial Revolution.
It became the main place for making cloth and fabric.
During the 19th century it had the nickname Cottonopolis, because it had so many cotton mills.
The middle of Manchester is important because of its network of canals and mills built during its 19th-century development.
In the late 18th century, Manchester was much smaller than it is today with about 40,000 people living there.
This changed at the start of the Industrial Revolution.
During this time, there were revolts about the living conditions for workers.
The most well known of these revolts was the Peterloo Massacre.
Fifteen to twenty people were killed during the Peterloo Massacre and hundreds of other people were hurt.
In 1780, Richard Arkwright built the first cotton mill in the area.
Later in the 1800s, Manchester became most important cotton town in the world.
It was also the first 'industrialised' city, meaning that it was the first city to have a big amount of industry in it.
Only a small amount of cloth is still made in the city and the trade has mainly stopped.
This left a big number of old buildings from that time including the Town Hall, Free Trade Hall and Central Library and left a lot of other buildings empty.
The Manchester Ship Canal was created by the digging of canals in the rivers Irwell and Mersey for  from Salford to the Mersey estuary.
This let ocean going ships sail into the Port of Manchester.
The county of Greater Manchester was made in 1974.
The county was made from cities and towns in southern Lancashire and northern Cheshire (the two main areas which make up Greater Manchester), and some mainly rural districts of Derbyshire and Yorkshire.
In 1996, the Irish Republican Army put a bomb in a truck in the centre of the city.
Nobody was killed, but it did a lot of damage.
On 22 May 2017, a bombing occurred at the Manchester Arena which killed 22 people and injured 55.
Manchester is  northwest of England's capital, London.
The city has many canals and rivers which were important to its growth, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The largest open space in the city is Heaton Park.
It has an area of about .
Heaton Park is a place that attracts many people every year.
People go there to see the many animals and the beauty of the countryside.
Much of Manchester is built-up (or 'urbanised').
Much of Manchester's rain comes over from the Pennines, which are hills to the east of the city.
The city is mainly urban areas but also has some areas which are mainly of farmland.
To the south of the centre is Manchester Airport.
This is the third largest airport in the United Kingdom.
A revival of the city's importance started in the 1980s.
This was partly led by a vibrant music scene whose spirit was called 'Madchester'.
It was led by bands such as The Happy Mondays and Joy Division.
Indie band The Smiths also came from Manchester.
The scene was partly fuelled by the number of students attending the universities and further education colleges in the city.
Manchester has the most students in the United Kingdom in term time.
The University of Manchester is the largest university in the UK.
It has over 30,000 students.
The city also has the UK's fourth largest university, the Manchester Metropolitan University.
The city has two Premier League football teams, Manchester City and Manchester United.
Football is a very important part of the culture of the city.
Many of the people support or show interest in the sport.
Manchester and North West England are served by Manchester Airport.
The airport has the most passengers in the UK outside London, with 22.1 million passengers in 2007.
Planes fly to lots of destinations in Europe, North America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East and Asia (with more destinations from Manchester than from London Heathrow).
Manchester is very well served by train and in terms of passengers, Manchester Piccadilly was the busiest English train station outside London in 2005 and 2006.
Northern Rail operates all over the north of England, and other operators include Virgin Trains.
The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the first passenger railway in the world.
Greater Manchester has a very big railway network.
The city centre has over a lot of park and ride sites.
Manchester became the first city in the UK to get a new tram system when the Manchester Metrolink opened in 1992.
There are lots of new lines being built.
The city has one of the biggest bus networks outside London with over 50 bus companies operating in the Greater Manchester area around the city.
First Manchester and Stagecoach Manchester are the main bus operators.
First Manchester also operates three free bus services called Metroshuttle which carry workers around Manchester's business areas.
A big canal network runs though the city, built in the Industrial Revolution, today mainly used for leisure.
The Manchester Ship Canal is open, but not many boats use it.
Manchester's buildings display many different types of building styles, from Victorian to contemporary architecture.
The very common use of red bricks characterises the look of the city.
Much Manchester's architecture dates back to its days as a global centre for the trade of cotton.
Just outside the city centre is a large number of former cotton mills, some of which have been left mostly untouched since they were closed, while many others have been turned into apartment buildings and office spaces.
Manchester Town Hall, in Albert Square, was built in the gothic revival style and is thought of by many to be one of the most important Victorian buildings in all of England.
There are two universities in the city of Manchester.
The University of Manchester, created in 2004 when Victoria University of Manchester and UMIST were combined, is the largest full-time non-collegiate university in the United Kingdom.
The Manchester Business School, at the University of Manchester, was the first school to offer an MBA course in the United Kingdom in 1965.
Manchester Metropolitan University was created as Manchester Polytechnic on the merger of three colleges in 1970.
It was given university status in 1992, and in the same year, combined with Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education, in South Cheshire.
Manchester has twinning plans (or "friendship agreements") with lots of places.
In addition, the British Council has a "metropolitan centre" in Manchester.
Although not an official twin city, Tampere, Finland is known as "the Manchester of Finland" – or "Manse" for short.
Also, Ahmedabad, India became the centre of a booming textile industry, and it got the nickname "the Manchester of the East."
There have been twelve goaltenders who have scored a goal in a National Hockey League (NHL) game.