the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
However, the name was not changed until 5 years later and George V continued to be King of Ireland until he died ("of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India").
George V (1922-1936)
Edward VIII (1936), abdicated
George VI (1936 - 1952)
Elizabeth II (1952 - present)
is a short way of saying of "Costume Play".
It is an act of dressing up to look like an anime, manga, video game, Japanese rock,  or K-pop character.
A person who does this is called a Cosplayer.
Cosplay can be divided into two parts, basic cosplay and masquerade cosplay.
Both types of cosplay involve trying to physically look like the character, including speaking like the character and memorizing quotes.
Masquerading, or "The Masquerade," usually refers to a cosplay competition where cosplayers demonstrate their skills in creating costumes, putting on skits, and in technical matters.
Cosplay communities often hold events such as parties and conventions.
Some of the best cosplayers can be famous amongst otaku.
A Las Vegas algorithm is an algorithm that uses randomness which has the consequence that the algorithm terminates with probability $p<1$. If the algorithm does terminate then it does so with a correct result (unlike a Monte Carlo algorithm which definitely terminates but with a result that is only correct with probability $p<1$).
The algorithm  gambles with the resources used.
It may take a very long times to give back a result, or it may not give back a result at all.
A simple example would be a version of the Quicksort.
Quicksort is used to quickly sort things (mostly numbers).
For this, each element is compared to a central element (called pivot).
Depending on how this element is selected the sorting can take more time or less.
The factorial of a whole number , written as  or , is found by multiplying  by all the whole numbers less than it.
For example, the factorial of  is , because .
Hence one can write .
For some technical reasons,  is equal to .
Factorial can be used to find out how many possible ways there are to arrange  objects.
For example, if there are 3 letters (A, B, and C), they can be arranged as ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA.
That would be 6 choices because A can be put in 3 different places, B has 2 choices left after A is placed, and C has only one choice left after A and B have been placed.
In other words,  choices.
The factorial function is a good example of recursion (doing things over and over), as 3!
can be written as 3×(2!),
which can be written as 3×2×(1!)
and finally as 3×2×1×(0!).
can therefore also be defined as N×(N-1)!,
with 0!
The factorial function grows very fast.
There are 10!
= 3,628,800 ways to arrange 10 items.
is not defined for negative numbers.
However, the related gamma function is defined over the real and complex numbers (but the integers it is defined over are positive).
Calculation of Factorial (0≤N≤40000)
A database engine can sort, change or serve the information on the database.
The information itself can be stored in many different ways; before digital computers, card files, printed books and other methods were used.
Now most data is kept on computer files.
A database system is a computer program for managing electronic databases.
A very simple example of a database system would be an electronic address book.
The data in a database is organized in some way.
Before there were computers, employee data was often kept in filing cabinets.
There was usually one card for each employee.
On the card, information such as the date of birth or the name of the employee could be found.
A database also has such "cards".
To the user, the card will look the same as it did in old times, only this time it will be on the screen.
To the computer, the information on the card can be stored in different ways.
Each of these ways is known as a database model.
The most commonly used database model is called the relational database model.
It uses relations and sets to store the data.
Normal users talking about the database model will not talk about relations; instead, they will talk about database tables.
Uses for database systems
They store data and provide facilities (tools) to search for specific records in a given set of data.
They store special information used to manage the data.
This information is called metadata and it is not shown to all the people looking at the data.
They can solve cases where many users want to access (and possibly change) the same entries of data.
They manage access rights (who is allowed to see the data, who can change it)
When there are many users asking questions to the database, the questions must be answered faster.
In this way, the last person to ask a question can get an answer in a reasonable time.
Certain attributes are more important than others and can be used to find other data.
This is called indexing.
An index contains all the important data and can be used to find other data.
They ensure that the data always has context.
There are a lot of different rules that can be added to tell the database system if the data makes sense.
One of the rules might say November has 30 days.
This means if someone wants to enter November 31 as a date, this change will be rejected.
In databases, some data changes occasionally.
There may be problems when data is changed; for example, an error might have occurred.
The error might make the data useless.
The database system looks at the data to ensure that it meets certain requirements.
It does this by using a transaction.
There are two points in time in the database, the time before the data was changed, and the time after the data was changed.
If something goes wrong when changing the data, the database system simply puts the database back into the state before the change happened.
This is called a rollback.
After all the changes are done successfully, they are committed.
This means that the data makes sense again; committed changes can no longer be undone.
Either all tasks of a given set (called a transaction) are done, or none of them is.
This is known as Atomicity.
The data in the database always makes sense.
There is no half-done (invalid) data.
This is known as Consistency.
Independent.
If many people work on the same data, they will not see (or impact) each other.
Each of them has their own view of the database, which is independent of the others.
This is known as Isolation.
Transactions must be committed, when they are done.
Once the committed, they can not be undone.
This is known as Durability.
Simple files (called flat files): This is the most simple form of Database system.
All the data is stored in a file in plain text.
Every piece of information can be separated by a new line or a comma etc.
Hierarchical model: The data is organized like a tree structure.
The interesting data is at the leaves of the tree.
The relationships among the data entries is such that some entries are directly dependent to other entries.
Network model: Use records and sets to store the data.
Similar to Hierarchical model, but this has much more complex structure.
Relational model: This uses set theory and predicate logic.
It is widely used.
Data looks like it is organized in tables.
These tables can then be joined together so that simple queries can be chosen from them.
Object oriented model: The data is represented in the form of objects as used in Object Oriented Programming.
They can interact directly with the OOP language being used, as both of them have the same representation of the data internally.
Object relational model: This is a hybrid of the Object oriented model and the relational model.
NoSQL model: This is a new kind of database model and is increasing being used in the industry in big data and real-time web applications.
The data in this model is stored as key-value pairs without any strict hierarchy as in other models.
NoSQL systems are also referred to as "Not only SQL" because they do not allow Structured Query Language-like query languages to be used.
Ways to organize the data
As in real life, the same data can be looked at from different perspectives, and it can be organized in different ways.
There are different things to consider, when organizing the data:
Each item of data should be stored as few times as possible.
Imagine that an unmarried woman is listed in the county records, State Motor Vehicle Department, Federal Social Security Department and International Passport Department.
If she marries, and decides to change her name, all the these departments have to be notified.
If all the departments were linked, and her name stored in only one place, then updating is easy.
If the data is stored in several different databases, it may contradict itself.
This problem makes finding data slower.
If there is a lot of data, this problem of storing one piece of data in many places, will take up a lot of space.
In our example there were four databases for one person.
That will be eight changes made, if a second person has exactly the same problem.
If you have this problem, a method called Database Normalisation was developed to solve it.
Currently there are six Normal forms.
These are ways to make a database faster, and make the data take less space.
Lichtenfels may refer to:
Lichtenfels, Hesse in Germany
Lichtenfels, Bavaria in Germany
Lichtenfels station
FC Lichtenfels, a German association football club
Lichtenfels (district) in Bavaria
Lichtenfels, Greenland, a former settlement
People with the surname
Friedrich-Karl Freiherr von Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels (1907–1940),  German Major in the Luftwaffe during World War II
Julius Lichtenfels (1884–1968), German fencer
Eduard Peithner von Lichtenfels (1833–1913), Austrian painter
Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels (1821–1891), German gynecologist and obstetrician
(1885-1977), grandson of Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels
Gustav Scanzoni von Lichtenfels (1855–1924), German general of World War I
SS Lichtenfels (1929), a heavy lift ship, built for the DDG Hansa shipping company
Neustadt bei Coburg is a German city in the North of Franconia and has an population of ca.
17,000.
It is near Coburg.
Its mayor is Frank Rebhan (SPD).
Sonneberg, Germany
Villeneuve-sur-Lot, France
Member in the City Friendship Neustadt (Newton) in Europe
Kronach is a town in Upper Franconia, Germany, in the Frankenwald area.
Kronach is at the southwestern edge of the Franconian Forest.
The rivers Haßlach, Kronach and Rodach unite in Kronach.
Town districts
Kronach is divided into the following districts:
Bernsroth
Birkach
Blumau
Dennach
Dörfles
Gehülz
Glosberg
Gundelsdorf
Höfles
Kestel
Knellendorf
Krugsberg
Neuses
Ruppen
Seelabach
Seelach
Stübental
Vogtendorf
Vonz
Wötzelsdorf
Ziegelerden
Kronach is twinned with:
Hennebont, France
Kiskunhalas, Hungary
Rhodt unter Rietburg, Germany
Rödental is a German town in the north of Franconia.
There are about 14,000 people living in Rödental.
Rödental and Coburg have grown together like one city.
The mayor of Rödental is Gerhard Preß.
Rocko's Modern Life is an animated television show that aired on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 1996.
A comic book series based on the cartoon was made by Marvel Comics the following year.
The television special, Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling was released in 2019.
Its characters included an Australian wallaby named Rocko, his dog Spunky, his best friend Heffer, a turtle named Filbert, and his not-so-friendly neighbors Mr. and Mrs. Bighead.
The show's story line was based on Rocko's everyday life.
1996 television series endings
Jörð (or Jord) is a giantess (jötun) and goddess in Norse mythology.
Her name means "earth".
She is also called Fjörgyn.
Jörð is the wife of Odin, king of the gods, and the mother of Thor.
Her parents are Annar and Nótt.
Snorri Sturluson says Jörð was included among the Asynjur.
Her name occurs most often in Skaldic and Eddic poetry in phrases that refer to Thor as "the son of Jörð".
There is some confusion, however, because in some parts of the Poetic Edda the word "Fjörgyn" appears in phrases referring to Thor, such as in the poem "Voluspa", where Thor is described as "the son of Fjörgyn".
Scholars explain the confusion by pointing out that Fjörgyn, as an Old Norse noun, means "earth" when used in the feminine form.
Asgard (Old Norse: Ásgarðr - “Enclosure of the Æsir; Court of the Ás”) is one of the Nine Realms in Norse mythology, home to the tribe of deities known as the Æsir.
Asgard lies at the top of Yggdrasill’s highest branches, and the only thing connecting Asgard to Midgard is the mystical rainbow bridge Bifröst.
At the center of Asgard lies the bountiful field of Iðavöllr; there the Æsir meet to feast, make revelry, and discuss important issues.
The male gods meet in a hall called Glaðsheimr, the goddesses in the hall Vingólf. *
According to the poem Grímnismál (as found in the Poetic Edda), Glaðsheimr is the field in which Valhalla was located.
In the science fiction series Stargate SG-1 and its spinoff series, Stargate Atlantis, "Asgard" is the name of a highly advanced, fictional race of beings who are extraterrestrial in origin.
Asgard appears frequently in Marvel Comics.
Similar to the original mythological location, it is one of the Nine Realms, home to a race of beings known as the Asgardians, whom the Germanic peoples (in particular Norsemen) once worshipped as gods.
It is often seen and referenced in both film, and television shows.
Other spellings: Ásgard, Ásegard, Ásgardr, Asgardr, Ásgarthr, Ásgarth, Asgarth, Ásgardhr
Common Swedish and Danish form: Asgård
Norwegian: Åsgard (also Åsgård, Asgaard)
Icelandic, Faroese: Ásgarður
Midgard is an old Germanic name for our world.
Midgard means "middle enclosure".
It is where the term "Middle Earth" comes from.
The term is an English version of the Old Norse language.
It is the home of mortals.
Midgard is surrounded by a world of water or ocean.
The ocean is inhabited by the great sea serpent Jörmungandr.
It is a world between Asgard, the land of the gods (Aesir) and Helheim (Hel), the land of the dead.
Midgard was connected to Asgard by the Bifrost Bridge, which is guarded by the god Heimdall.
According to mythology, Midgard will be destroyed in Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world.
Jörmungandr will arise from the ocean.
He will poison the land and sea.
The final battle will take place on the plain of Vigrond.
Midgard and almost all life on it will be destroyed, with the earth sinking into the sea.
Places in Norse mythology
Alien is a 1979 British-American science fiction–horror movie directed by Ridley Scott.
It is called a science fiction movie because the story takes place in outer space, and there are alien creatures.
The movie's title refers to a highly aggressive (angry) and intelligent extraterrestrial (alien creature) that attacks and hurts the crew of the spaceship Nostromo.
The movie stars Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley, Tom Skerritt as Captain Dallas, and Ian Holm as Ash.
Alien was a box office success (it made a lot of money).
It led to a successful Hollywood franchise of books, video games, merchandise, and three official sequels (follow-ups).
Along with launching the career of actress Sigourney Weaver, the movie is credited as being the first action movie to have a strong female heroine.
There are three sequels to this movie: Aliens (1986), Alien³ (1992), Alien: Resurrection (1997), and a cross-overs: Alien vs. Predator (2004) and Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007).
The famous tagline (slogan) for the movie was: In space no one can hear you scream.
Executive producer Ron Shusett on making Alien - video interviews and transcript
1979 horror movies
1979 science fiction movies
Alien movies
American monster movies
Movies set on fictional planets
Saturn Award winning movies
Isabella of Castile (22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504) was a queen of Castile and León.
She was the daughter of John II of Castile and his second wife Isabel of Portugal.
Her brother, Enrique IV, who was the king of Castile, wanted her to marry her off.
She wanted to marry someone from Portugal to make a political ally.
She secretly married Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, and had five children with him.
The youngest was Catherine of Aragon, who married Henry VIII of England in 1509.
Isabella was the grandmother of Carlos I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor).
When Isabella’s brother died, she was supposed to be the new queen.
Her brother Enriques’s daughter, Juana, wanted to become queen instead.
After a war, Isabella became queen.
At the same time, Isabella’s husband, Ferdinand, became king of Aragon.
They united the lands of Castile and Aragon into present-day Spain.
Isabella helped pay for four of Christopher Columbus’ trips to find the Americas.
In their time, the Americas were called “The New World”.
She signed a truce in 1492 that made Spain a Christian country.
After she died, her daughter Joanna of Castile became queen.
Weissberger,Barbara, 2008.
Queen Isabel I of Castile: power, patronage, persona.
Tamesis, Woodbridge, p.20-21.
Boruchoff, David A. 2003.
Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: critical essays.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
1504 deaths
The Xinhai Revolution was a revolution in China in 1911.
It consisted of many revolts and rebellions.
At the end of the Xinhai Revolution the last emperor, Puyi, abdicated.
China changed from a monarchy to a republic.
Anything related to Basque Country (greater region), a region in southwestern Europe within France and Spain
Basque people, the people from that region
Basque language, spoken in the Basque Country
Basque (clothing), a type of garment for women
Sonneberg is a German city in the south of Thuringia.
The nearest large city is Coburg.
The population of Sonneberg is about 20,000 people.
The mayor of the city is Sibylle Abel.
, Göppingen
, Neustadt bei Coburg
Schlauaquarium Nautiland
Heimattiergarten
German Toy Museum
Astronomiemuseum
Sternwarte
Citychurch St.Peter
Militarychuch St. Aegidien
Old City hall
New City hall
House of AOK
Main station
Regular meetings
International Jazz Days of Sonneberg
Sonneberger Vogelschießen
Sonneberger Kneipenfest
Sonneberger Musikmeile
Doll Theater Weeks
International Doll Festival (with Neustadt bei Coburg)
City festival
B 89 Konach-Meiningen
A 73 Nürnberg-Coburg-Suhl about 15 km away from Sonneberg there is the Connectionpoint Neustadt bei Coburg-Sonneberg.
It is next to Coburg.
With the train to Coburg and to Eisenach
Next airports in Coburg and Suhl
Sonneberg Rural District
Hildburghausen is a German town in the south of Thuringia.
The next towns in size are Suhl and Coburg.
Its population is ca.
13,000.
Its mayor is Steffen Harzer.
Pelhřimovin
Würselen (Germany)
Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Hildburghausen
Haßfurt (; English: Hassfurt) is a town in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the Haßberge district.
It is on the river Main, 20 km east of Schweinfurt and 30 km northwest of Bamberg.
Eisfeld is a German city in the south of Thuringia.
The next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg.
Its population is ca 6,000.
The current mayor is Kerstin Heintz.
Ahorn (Germany)
Ham (France)
B 4 Nürnberg-Coburg-Erfurt-Hamburg
A 73 Nürnberg-Coburg-Suhl
Bad Colberg-Heldburg is a German city in the south of Thuringia.
It is near the Franconian city of Coburg.
The population is 2,260.
The mayor is Anita Schwarz.
Before 1993, there were eight different municipalities (villages, cities) that merged into the current city.
Bad Colberg-Heldburg official city website
Former municipalities of Germany
Heldburger Unterland Verwaltungsgemeinschaft
Schleusingen is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in Thuringia, Germany.
It is 10 km north of Hildburghausen, and 12 km southeast of Suhl.
The population of Schleusingen is about 6,000.
The mayor of the city is Klaus Brodführer.
, Plettenberg
A 73 Coburg-Suhl
The next important train stations and airports are in Coburg and Suhl.
Schleusingen on the net
Ummerstadt is a German city in the south of Thuringia.
Larger cities nearby are Hildburghausen and Coburg.
With a population of 527, it's one of the smallest towns in Germany.
The mayor of Ummerstadt is Christine Bardin.
Seßlach is a German city in the north of Franconia.
The nearest large cities are Coburg and Ebern.
The population of Seßlach is about 4,000.
The mayor of the city is Hendrik Dressel.
The movies Luther and Der Räuber Hotzenplotz were made there.
Ebern is a town in Haßberge, Bavaria, Germany.
It is  southwest of Coburg and  northwest of Bamberg.
Its population is about 8,000.
Its mayor is Robert Herrmann.
Its name comes from , the German word for boar.
Villages of Ebern
The borough of Ebern covers an area of  within which are 18 villages as well as the town of Ebern itself.
Creation legend
The legend is that one day two hunters were chasing a wild boar.
It was finally hit, but with two spears, one from each of the hunters.
They could not decide who threw the spear that caused the boar to die.
The boar finally broke down exactly at the border between Seßlach and Ebern, with its head in Ebern, and its body in Seßlach, so they divided it.
That is why the town Ebern is named after the boar, and the town's flag carries the head of the boar.
Bad Staffelstein is a small town in the Bavarian Administrative Region of Upper Franconia in Germany.
It has about 10,000 residents.
The municipal territory of Bad Staffelstein extends on both sides of the Main river.
It is northeast of Bamberg in Lichtenfels.
Bad Staffelstein consists of the following Stadtteile:
The information in this article is based on a translation of its German equivalent.
Heinrich Karl, Staffelsteiner Chronik.
Staffelstein 1905.
Karl-Ludwig Ostertag-Henning,  Der Apfelbaum im Gottesgarten.
Staffelstein 1998,
Bildende Kunst in Staffelstein.
vom Arbeitskreis Kunst der Kultur-Initiative Staffelstein.
Staffelstein 2000,
Günter Dippold und Alfred Meixner (Hrsg.),
Staffelsteiner Lebensbilder.
Günter Dippold, Bad Staffelstein.
Kleinod im Gottesgarten am Obermain.
Stuttgart 2001,
Bad Staffelstein 2002,
Ludwigsstadt is a town in Kronach, in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.
It is in the valley of the Loquitz River, a tributary of the Saale, in the Thuringian-Franconian Highlands of the Thuringian Slate Mountains and the Franconian Forest mountain ranges.
Being  north of Kronach, the Bavarian border with the state of Thuringia runs about  north of the town centre, with Thuringian Saalfeld in a distance of c.  down the Loquitz.
Ludwigsstadt is the only municipality of the State of Bavaria north of the Rennsteig ridge.
Teuschnitz () is a town in Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany.
It is in the Frankenwald, 19 km north of Kronach, and 15 km east of Sonneberg.
Wallenfels is a town in Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany.
It is in the Frankenwald, 11 km east of Kronach, and 32 km west of Hof.
It is a twin town of Bingham, Nottinghamshire, England.
Wallenfels is on the B 173, between Hof and Coburg.
Bordering communities are Kronach, Marktrodach, Schwarzenbach am Wald, and Presseck.
Steinach is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia.
Larger cities nearby are Coburg and Sonneberg.
The population of Steinach is about 4,500 people.
The mayor of the city is Ulrich Kurtz.
Lauscha is a German city in Thuringia.
Next bigger cities are Sonneberg and Coburg.
Its population is ca 4,000.
Its mayor is Norbert Zitzmann.
Neuhaus am Rennweg is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia.
Bigger cities close by are Sonneberg and Coburg.
Its mayor is Marianne Reichelt.
Themar is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in the south of Thuringia, Germany.
It is situated on the river Werra, 11 km northwest of Hildburghausen, and 14 km southwest of Suhl.
It was first named in 796 as Tagamari and today Themar consists out of the districts Wachenbrunn and Tachbach, with a population of about 2,900 inhabitants.
The town church is the St Bartholomew's Church.
defensive wall
town hall
Adam Werner (1462–1537), Humanist, teacher, poet, lawyer and professor of theology at the university in Heidelberg
Johannes Haym (16th century), Cathedral vicar in Augsburg, author and publisher of hymns
Joachim Zehner („Decimator“) (1566–1612), Founder of the „Zehnerschen Bibliothek“ in Schleusingen
Johann Trier (1716–1790), Organist and composer
Johann Friedrich Fuchs (1774–1828), Medical doctor
Eduard Gottlieb Amthor (1820–1884), School principal, publisher, bookseller and writer
Karl Pfauter (1905–1993), Diplomat
Karl-Heinz Löffler (1927–2016), Soccer player
Karl Blau (1930–1994), Politician in DDR
Claus Oefner (1938–2017), Musician
Gernot Güntherodt (* 1943), Professor for physics
In the last 5 years Themar has invested in sustainable energy production systems.
A small local heat network was installed with a cogeneration unit of 15 kW electric and 30 kW thermal energy.
Also photovoltaics (6 kWp) and a heat pump (20 kW) which is using the water and thermal energy from the river Werra have been established.
These renovations were completed in March 2019.
In total Themar is saving carbon dioxide emissions of 14,200 kg per year.
Towns in Thuringia
Schalkau is a German town in the south of Thuringia.
Schalkau is in the district of Sonneberg, in Thuringia, Germany.
It is 13 km west of Sonneberg, and 15 km north of Coburg.
The population of Schalkau is about 3,500.
The mayor of the city is Rheinhard Zehner.
Römhild is a German city in the south of Thuringia.
Next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg.
Its mayor is Klaus-Jürgen Theilig.
It is the county seat of the Gleichberge verwaltungsgemeinschaft
Verwaltungsgemeinschaft in Hildburghausen
an organism with genetic changes, see Mutation
Mutant (Marvel), fictional mutants from Marvel Comics
Mily Alexanyevich Balakirev (born Nizhny-Novgorod 2 January 1837; died St Petersburg 29 May 1910) was a Russian composer.
His music sounds very Russian, and he was a very important influence on other Russian composers such as Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Borodin and César Cui.
These five composers were known as the “Mighty Handful”.
Balakirev mainly wrote music for orchestra, choir and piano and solo songs.
Balakirev, Mily
Louis-Hector Berlioz (11 December 1803 – 8 March 1869) was a French composer.
He was one of the greatest composers of the 19th century.
His music is typical of the Romantic period: full of passion and often based on ideas outside music.
He was not particularly good at playing any instrument, but he was brilliant at writing for the orchestra.
Some of his most famous works include several orchestral overtures, the Symphonie Fantastique, the opera Les Troyens (The Trojans), the requiem Grande messe des morts and the song cycle Les nuits d'été (Summer Nights).
He was very original as a composer, and his music was not fully appreciated until many years after his death.
Childhood and student days
Berlioz was the eldest of six children.
One brother and one sister lived to be adults, and Berlioz was always very fond of them both.
The family lived in the country, north west of Grenoble.
Berlioz only went to school for a short time, when he was ten years old.
The rest of his education he had from his father.
He liked French and Latin literature and travel books about faraway countries.
He learned to play the flute, the flageolet and the guitar.
He read a book by Rameau about harmony.
He never had a piano.
He just imagined the sounds of chords in his head.
He was only 12 when he fell in love with a girl called Estelle who was 18.
He was teased about it a lot.
He started to compose some music.
When he was 17 his father said that he wanted him to be a doctor.
Berlioz wanted to study music, but his father made him go to Paris to study medicine.
Berlioz was to stay in Paris for the rest of his life.
He studied medicine for two years, but he hated it.
One day, in an anatomy lesson, he had had enough and jumped out of the window.
He started to study music.
His father was furious and stopped sending him money.
Berlioz was very poor and started writing musical criticism for newspapers.
This is how he earned most of his money for the rest of his life.
He was also borrowing money from friends.
Berlioz started going to the Opéra.
He particularly liked the music of Gluck and went to the library to study Gluck’s scores.
At the end of 1822 he found a good teacher.
His name was Le Sueur.
He made Berlioz stop publishing his music until he had learned to compose properly.
In 1826 he was officially a student at the Conservatoire.
He continued to study with Le Sueur and with Reicha.
He tried four times to win the important music prize called Prix de Rome.
The first time he wrote a piece called La Mort d’Orphée (The Death of Orpheus).
The judges said it was unplayable, but Berlioz got an orchestra to play it.
The second time he wrote a piece called Herminie which had a tune he used later as the main tune for his Symphonie fantastique.
The third time he wrote a cantata La mort de Cléopâtre which is a wonderful work but he still did not win the prize.
The fourth time he wrote a cantata La mort de Sardanapale, and he won the prize.
Nearly all the music for this work is now lost.
Berlioz did not understand any English, but he went to a performance of Shakespeare’s Hamlet given by an English theatre company.
The actress taking the part of Ophelia was called Harriet Smithson.
Berlioz fell passionately in love with her, although he did not know her, and started following her about everywhere.
In the end he married her.
The marriage was not a success.
Berlioz was really in love with Ophelia, the character from Shakespeare’s play.
He found it hard to love Harriet in real life.
Shakespeare’s plays, however, were to be a great inspiration for Berlioz.
He wrote many works which are inspired by Shakespeare, including Roméo et Juliette, Béatrice et Bénédict, Roi Lear and several others.
He was also inspired at this time by Goethe’s Faust as well as by many other writers including E.T.A. Hoffmann, Scott and Byron.
He also discovered the music of Beethoven which helped him to learn how to give shape to large compositions.
Berlioz started to be very busy putting on concerts of his music in Paris.
He was quickly becoming known as a very original young composer.
Winning the Prix de Rome gave him a steady income for a time, but he was supposed to go to Rome.
Berlioz did not want to go to Rome.
He said that he had plenty of work in Paris.
The real reason why did not want to go was probably because he was in love with a 19- year-old girl called Camille Moke.
The 1830s
Berlioz spent 15 months in Rome.
On his way there he visited his parents who seemed to have forgiven him for not studying medicine.
They could now be proud because their son was so successful.
In Italy Berlioz did not write much music.
He did not like Italian music or Italian art, but he was inspired by the countryside, the sun, the sea, the people he met: sailors, peasants, sculptors, travellers.
He did not like the city of Rome, although he did like Florence.
He hated the Villa Medici, the house where he had to stay.
When he travelled about he wrote some music.
When he heard the news that Camille now loved another man he became so furious that he left Rome in order to return to Paris to kill them both.
However, when he got as far as Nice he calmed down and changed his mind.
He returned to Rome.
At the end of his time in Italy he returned to Paris, visiting his parents on the way.
He started organizing concerts of his music.
This is when he got to know Harriet Smithson.
They had a strange courtship and he married her in 1833.
The next year they had a son.
The marriage was never easy.
Their personalities were different, they were poor, and they did not speak one another’s language.
In 1842 they separated and Harriet died in great poverty in 1854.
Although a few people thought that Berlioz was an original composer, many others thought his music was very strange.
He hardly earned any money from composing.
Most of the money he earned came from musical journalism, which is something he hated.
When his works were performed, he usually conducted them himself.
He wrote a work for viola and orchestra called Harold en Italie.
Paganini had asked him to write it for him to play, but when Paganini saw the music he did not like it because it was not “showy” enough for the viola.
Some years later Paganini heard the work and decided he liked it, so he paid Berlioz 20.000 Francs.
This was a lot of money, and it made it possible for Berlioz to spend time writing a big new work: Roméo et Juliette.
When this was first performed some critics thought that Berlioz did not understand Shakespeare probably.
However, Richard Wagner, who was in the audience at the first performance, was very impressed.
Berlioz tried to be successful as an opera composer, but people did not understand his original music.
He wrote a Grand symphonie funèbre et triomphale, originally written for a military band.
Les nuits d'été is a very moving song-cycle.
During the 1840s and 1850s Berlioz spent much of his time travelling abroad.
He went to Germany, Austria, Russia and England.
He was becoming more famous abroad than at home in France, although he still continued to go back to Paris.
The Germans loved his music and were impressed by his conducting.
He rarely conducted anything except his own music.
In 1846 he composed one of his finest works: La Damnation de Faust which was performed in the Opéra-Comique.
The opera house was half empty.
It was a great disappointment to him.
Berlioz continued to tour to other countries where people appreciated him.
He had great success in St Petersburg, in Berlin where he performed to the King of Prussia, and in London, where he never got paid for the concerts that Jullien conducted because Jullien had no money left.
However, he had other successes in London and the English liked him very much.
In 1854 Harriet Smithson died and seven months later Berlioz married Marie Recio, a singer he had known for 12 years.
Her Spanish mother came to live with them, and she looked after Berlioz very kindly in his last years when he was ill.
Berlioz’ son Louis had become a captain in the navy and travelled all over the world.
This was something Berlioz had always dreamt of doing since his childhood when he used to read travel books.
Berlioz was terribly sad in 1867 when he heard that Louis had died in Havana of yellow fever.
Berlioz had always had a passion for the Latin poet Virgil.
In 1856 he spent a long time writing a long opera in five acts called Les Troyens (The Trojans).
He knew it would be almost impossible to find anyone who would put on a performance.
It only became possible in 1863 after he had divided the work into two parts.
After that it was 30 years before the opera was performed again.
It contains some of his best music.
The storm scene is especially famous and often performed separately as an orchestral piece.
As he got older he became obsessed with death.
He had lost two wives, and his two sisters had also died.
He started to walk in cemeteries.
He wrote his Memoires (autobiography).
It has been translated into many languages including English.
In 1863 he wrote to Estelle, the girl he had loved when he was a child.
She was now a widow of 67 and he was 60.
He visited her in Lyons and loved her again.
He wrote regularly to her for the rest of his life, and stayed with her three times in Grenoble where she lived with her son.
She gradually understood him better, and she gave him much happiness during his last years.
A final journey to St Petersburg was too much for Berlioz.
He became ill.
He went to Nice on the way home, where he twice collapsed while walking by the sea.
He went back to Paris where he was cared for by his mother-in-law.
He died on 11 March 1869 and was buried in the Cimitière Montmartre.
Berlioz’s reputation
Berlioz is a clear example of a “prophet who is without honour in his own country”: not many people in France realized he was a great composer, but in other countries he was welcomed as one of the great composers and conductors of his day.
Many of his works are difficult to describe.
His Symphonie fantastique is not quite a symphony, his Harold en Italie is not quite a concerto.
His Requiem is not a normal, religious requiem, Roméo et Juliette is a mixture of all sorts of things.
He wrote five operas, which are all very different in style.
His songs are tender and lovely, influenced by the French romance.
His overtures are very popular at orchestral concerts.
His music is very original and, although he wrote a book on orchestration, the sounds he composed were so personal that no one could imitate him.
He was not good at playing any instrument, but could imagine all the sounds in his head.
Many of his melodies stretch themselves over an unusual number of bars.
A lot of his orchestral music is programme music: it is often inspired by books or wild stories in his imagination.
Stanley Sadie, 1980.
Berlioz Mémoires; edition Garnier-Flammarion, Paris 1969
French autobiographers
French music critics
Bellini was well liked for his melodies.
His first success was Il pirata in 1827.
It was followed by I Capuleti e Montecchi in 1830.
Then came his most famous operas La sonnambula (1831), Norma (1831) and his last I puritani (1835).
His second to last work Beatrice di Tenda (1833) was less successful.
The Complete Dictionary of Opera and Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
1801 births
1835 deaths
People from Sicily
Charles-Valentin Alkan (30 November 1813 - 29 March 1888) was a French-Jewish composer and pianist.
His real name was Morhange.
He was a virtuoso pianist who wrote a lot of piano music.
Most of the pieces he wrote are extremely difficult to play.
Franz Liszt,  Busoni and other people of his day thought he was a great composer.
Despite this, most people have only discovered in recent years how good his music is.
His piano music is mostly tonal, but it changes key in unusual ways.
The story was told by many people that he died when a bookcase collapsed on top of him, but that story is proved not to be true.
French pianists
Kalki is the final avatar or incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu.
Hindus believe that there are four stages of time.
The stage of time we are in is called the Kali Yuga.
In this stage of time, people are very bad.
To make the world good, Kalki will come to Earth, and will destroy the bad things and kill the bad people.
People will change then, and become good people.
A new stage of time will begin, called the Satya Yuga or the first stage of life.
He is deciding to only come when everybody on Earth is very cruel.
Kalki will come after Buddha, his work is to punish people who not changed their behaviour even after Buddha taught the right way.
Kalki will come within this millennium.
He will take birth in India.
Lord Kalki will be expected to incarnate on the Shukla Paksha Dwadashi Tithi(12th day of the bright fortnight) in the Hindu month Vaishakha.
According to some beliefs, he will appear at the end of this Kali Yuga which is about 432,000 years away.
According to Nostradamus prophecies Kalki is the Chyren who will be king of whole world.
He establish rightness in earth after defeating the whole world.
He will punish bad people without mercy.
It is said that he will be ruthless to cruel people.
Kalki will establish a Golden Age within the Kali Yuga, before becoming king of the world.
It is said that Krishna told Arjuna on the battlefield that right after his death, there will be the beginning of the Kali Yuga.
He says 5000 years after his death (6000 B.C.) will come a Golden Age within the Kali Yuga.
After the Kali Yuga Golden Age which will last approximately 10,000 years, he will establish the real Satya Yuga by defeating Kali (Demon) who is also known as the prince of evil in vedic scriptures.
The Shrimad Bhagwat Purana describes in detail the incarnations of Lord Vishnu.
There is a description of Lord Kalki in the second chapter of the 12th wing of the same Purana.
In which it is said that Lord Kalki will be born as a son in the house of an ascetic Brahmin named Vishnuyasha at a place called Shambhala in Moradabad district of Uttar Pradesh.
Lord Kalki will destroy the sinners from the world by riding on a horse or vehicle named Devadatta and re-establish religion.
Thomas Arne (born in London, baptized 28 May 1710; died London 5 March 1778) was an English composer and violinist.
He was the most famous musician in the theatre in England in the 18th century.
He wrote music for lots of plays.
He had a great gift for writing beautiful tunes.
Songs such as Where the Bee Sucks are still very popular.
His best known tune is Rule Britannia which is sung every year at the Last Night of the Proms.
Arne, Thomas
Johann Nepomuk Hummel (born Pressburg November 14 1778; died Weimar October 17 1837) was an Austrian composer and pianist.
He was a child prodigy.
Mozart thought he was so talented that he taught him free of charge.
Hummel became one of the greatest pianists and composers in Europe.
He always wrote in a Classical style, he never became an early Romantic like Beethoven.
People from Bratislava
Austrian pianists
Alphabetical order is a way to sort (organize) a list.
It helps a reader to find a name or a title in the list.
It is done by following the standard (usual) order of letters in an alphabet.
Some lists in alphabetical order were used during the early Roman Empire.
It became commonplace after the Renaissance.
Sorting things in English is done using the Roman alphabet.
Different languages have different rules for sorting.
Note also, that there are different ways to sort numbers, and special characters, such as letters with diacritics.
German has the letters ä,ö,ü, and ß.
Option one: the letter with diacritics is treated the same way as the one without, ä is treated as a, ö as o and ü as u. (Known as DIN 5007-1, usually used for encyclopedias)
Option two: the letter is treated the same as some replacement: ä is replaced by ae, ö be oe, ü by ue, and  ß by ss (Known as DIN 5007-2, used for phone books)
Note that these may be different by language: Danish also has a letter ä, but sorts it after z, and not treated like a as in German.
A list of items like Eric, Lydia, Andrea, and Bob is organized by their first letter.
A comes before B, and B comes before E, and E comes before L in the alphabet.
When alphabetical order is used:
The words a, an and the are ignored.
Sometimes they are written at the end, after a comma.
Spaces and hyphens ( - ) are ignored, too.
A Long Day's Journey Into Night
Longhand: A Writer's Notebook
A formula can be used to systematically ignore a, an and the.
For Microsoft Excel, it would be:
=IF(LEFT(A2,2)="A ",RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-2),IF(LEFT(A2,3)= "An ",RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-3),IF(LEFT(A2,4)="The ",RIGHT(A2, LEN(A2)-4),A2)))
Long Day's Journey Into Night, A
Long Goodbye, The
Long Road Home, The
Long Walk, The
Hackman, Gene
Hanks, Tom
Hepburn, Katharine
Hewitt, Jennifer Love
Numbers can be sorted in two ways.
Sometimes, they are listed in order from smallest to largest.
This is the normal way to sort numbers.
Other times, they can be sorted as if they were normal, spelled-out words.
This way is often used for numbers in titles.
Eighty-one
Twenty-seven
Bad Rodach is a German town in the north of Franconia.
7,000.
Its mayor is Gerold Strobel.
Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam (born 17 July 1977 in Hounslow, London) is an acclaimed artist, movie graduate and musician.
She is the daughter of a Tamil revolutionary.
She is best known by her stage name M.I.A. Her music style contains elements of grime, alternative, hip-hop, dance, and electronic music.
M.I.A. graduated from Central St. Martin's College of Art and Design with a degree in fine art, film and video.
She has been noted for her idiosyncratic style in her music, her sense of fashion, and other artistic output.
In 2000, she did the cover artwork for the album The Menace, by Elastica and directed the music video for their single "Mad Dog God Dam."
She filmed a North American tour of the band.
In 2002, she published a book of art inspired by the Tamil rebellion and her childhood in Sri Lanka.
She met the musician Peaches who introduced M.I.A. to the Roland MC 505.
M.I.A. wrote and recorded several songs on a demo using a 505, including the song "Galang."
"Galang" was initially released in 2003 on the white-label Showbiz Recordings.
It became popular with DJs and garnered acclaim.
M.I.A. signed to XL Recordings in 2004.
The song "Sunshowers" and "Galang" were re-released.
Through 2004, file-sharing of the two singles and leaked promos of Arular on the internet increased anticipation for her debut album Arular.
One of the first artists to break on the internet, M.I.A. ended 2004 making Piracy Funds Terrorism, a mash-up mixtape of Arular tracks produced by herself and DJ Diplo.
Arular
in 2005, M.I.A. released her debut album, Arular, which is named for her father.
It sold over 100,000 copies.
The most popular song off the album was "Galang" which appeared in a Honda advertisement.
On the album, there is a hidden track called "M.I.A.".
The listener hears nothing for a minute or two, then a new track starts playing.
Kala is M.I.A.'s second album.
Track listing as follows:
Bamboo Banga
Bird Flu
Boyz
Mango Pickle Down River
World Town
Rap musicians
Most music is in a particular key.
This means that one of the 12 notes (C, D flat, D, etc.)
sounds like the “home note”.
When the piece finishes it normally comes to rest on this home note (also called: the “tonic”).
The piece will be built on the notes of the scale that starts on that note.
There are two kinds of key (like there are two kinds of scale): major and minor.
Sometimes the key of a piece is in its title: "Minuet in C", "Sonata in F sharp major".
If the title does not say “major” or “minor” it is normally taken to be major.
circle of fifths
key signature
transposing instrument
Otaku is a Japanese slang word, deriving from the honorific "おたく" (otaku), meaning "your house", that has come to mean someone who obsessively exerts time, money, and energy into a hobby.
Otaku have a deep, complex knowledge around a particular subject or area of study, and is oftentimes (esp.
in the West) used to refer to avid consumers of anime and manga.
The term can be compared with Hikikomori.
In Japan, otaku has generally regarded as an offensive word, due to the negative cultural perception of withdrawal from society.
However, the otaku philosophy of living has gained traction among Japanese youth and adolescents, likely as a reaction to the established culture of intense work and academic studies.
Under 30’s have developed a neo-otaku identity with more positive associations of being a geek or nerd.
In the West, the word usually describes an anime or manga "fanatic" and is not typically perceived as derogatory.
Anime and manga terms
In music theory the Circle of fifths shows how the different keys are related to one another.
It is usually shown as a circle with the names of keys around it.
If you take any key in the circle, its fifth is the one to its right.
It can be easily understood together with a piano keyboard.
On a piano there are white and black notes (confusingly these are also called “keys”).
The white notes are named by the letters A to G of the alphabet.
After G comes another A and so on.
The black notes go in threes and twos.
This makes it easy to see the pattern of white notes.
Where there are two black notes together, for example, the white note between them is D.  The black notes do not have names of their own.
They are named after the white notes next to them.
The black note just above (i.e. to the right) of a G is a G sharp.
The black note just below (i.e. to the left) of the G is G flat.
This means that each black note has two possible names (e.g. G flat or F sharp).
Playing each note in turn, whether a white or a black note, will give a chromatic scale (e.g. C, C sharp, D, E flat, E, F, F sharp, G, A flat, A, B flat, B, C).
Each step is called a “semitone” or “half tone”.
A “tone” or “whole tone” therefore is a jump of two semitones (C to D, or C sharp to E flat, or E to F sharp).
By playing on white notes from C to the next C we get a major scale.
Some of the steps are tones and some are semitones.
The semitones come between E and F and between B and C, i.e. between the 3rd and 4th and between the 7th and 8th note of the scale.
All major scales have this pattern (tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone).
Starting a scale on a G means that the F has to be an F sharp.
This F sharp, the 7th note of the scale, is written in the key signature when writing a piece in the key of G major.
Starting a scale on a D means that the F and the C have to be F sharp and C sharp.
Starting a scale on an A means that the F, C and G have to be sharp.
We can continue like this until all seven notes are sharp (C sharp major).