the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The movie's success at the box office and on DVD led to a franchise, with three direct-to-video and televisions sequels and three television series.
The movie has received 139 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, 119 positive and 20 negative, giving it a positive total rating of 86%.
On August 26, 2003, Disney released a direct-to-video sequel, Stitch!
The Movie, which was made as the pilot to a TV series titled Lilo & Stitch: The Series.
This series ran for 65 episodes between on September 20, 2003 and July 29, 2006.
The series carried on where the movie left off and showed Lilo's efforts to capture and re-home Jumba's remaining experiments.
This series ended with TV movie Leroy & Stitch, which was released on June 27, 2006.
On August 2005, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, another direct-to-video sequel to the movie, was released.
In this movie, Stitch has a glitch because his molecules were never fully charged (this is different than a deleted opening, "Stitch's trial", which was seen on the DVD release of Lilo & Stitch).
Lilo wants to win the May Day hula contest like her mother did in the 1970s, but Stitch continues to have problems.
Lilo thinks Stitch is not behaving right, until she finds out that Stitch is dying.
In March 2008, Disney announced that it is to produce a remade version of Lilo & Stitch, called Stitch!,
for the Japanese market.
The show, which began in October 2008, features a Japanese girl named Yuna (formerly referred to as Hanako) in place of Lilo, and is set on a fictional island in Okinawa prefecture instead of Hawaii.
The series is produced by the Japanese animation house Madhouse LTD.
On October 4, 2018, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Disney would be making a live action remake.
2002 animated movies
2002 science fiction movies
Impact of the September 11 attacks
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs is a list of the top one hundred comedy movies in American cinema.
The American Film Institute presented it on June 14, 2000.
Blazing Saddles (1974)
Airplane! (
The Producers (1968)
A Night at the Opera (1935)
Bringing up Baby (1938)
The Odd Couple (1968)
The General (1927)
His Girl Friday (1940)
A Fish Called Wanda (1988)
Adam's Rib (1949)
When Harry Met Sally... (1989)
Born Yesterday (1950)
Being There (1979)
There's Something About Mary (1998)
This Is Spinal Tap (1984)
Arsenic and Old Lace (1944)
Raising Arizona (1987)
The Thin Man (1934)
Groundhog Day (1993)
Harvey (1950)
The Great Dictator (1940)
Sullivan's Travels (1941)
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963)
Moonstruck (1987)
Big (1988)
My Man Godfrey (1936)
Harold and Maude (1972)
Manhattan (1979)
Shampoo (1975)
A Shot in the Dark (1964)
To Be or Not to Be (1942)
Cat Ballou (1965)
The Seven Year Itch (1955)
Ninotchka (1939)
Arthur (1981)
The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1944)
The Lady Eve (1941)
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)
Diner (1982)
It's a Gift (1934)
A Day at the Races (1937)
Topper (1937)
What's Up, Doc? (
Sherlock, Jr. (1924)
Beverly Hills Cop (1984)
Broadcast News (1987)
Horse Feathers (1932)
Take the Money and Run (1969)
Mrs. Doubtfire (1993)
The Awful Truth (1937)
Bananas (1971)
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936)
Caddyshack (1980)
Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948)
Monkey Business (1931)
Nine to Five (1980)
She Done Him Wrong (1933)
Victor/Victoria (1982)
The Palm Beach Story (1942)
Road to Morocco (1942)
The Freshman (1925)
Sleeper (1973)
The Navigator (1924)
Private Benjamin (1980)
Father of the Bride (1950)
Lost in America (1985)
Dinner at Eight (1933)
City Slickers (1991)
Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982)
Beetlejuice (1988)
The Jerk (1979)
Woman of the Year (1942)
The Heartbreak Kid (1972)
Ball of Fire (1941)
Auntie Mame (1958)
Silver Streak (1976)
Sons of the Desert (1933)
Bull Durham (1988)
The Court Jester (1956)
The Nutty Professor (1963)
Good Morning, Vietnam (1987)
The Irish Sea (sometimes called the Manx Sea) is a body of water that separates Ireland and Great Britain.
It is known to be one of the most polluted seas in the world including the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
The sea is important to regional trade, shipping and fishing.
It is a source of power generation in the form of wind power and nuclear plants.
Annual traffic between Great Britain and Ireland amounts to over 12 million passengers and  of traded goods.
It covers  and at its deepest point is  deep.
In 2008, about  of fish were caught.
Shell fish made up three quarters of this amount.
The Irish Sea has 17 active oil and gas drilling platforms.
It is estimated there are about 1.6 billion barrels of oil in the Barryroe oil field alone.
Sealife
At least thirty species of shark can be found in the Irish Sea at different times.
These include the basking, thresher, blue, mako and porbeagle sharks.
There are about 12 species of Dolphin, porpoise and whales in the Irish Sea.
These include the common dolphin, bottlenose dolphin and the harbor porpoise.
Geography of the United Kingdom
Party (pronoun), used to identify a grammatical person:
"First-party" pronoun, such as we
"Second-party" pronoun, such as you
"Third-party" pronoun, such as they
one or more participants in the context of a legal, business, or political relationship:
First party, a principal in the relationship (referring to self) or the obvious dominant principal
Second party, the other principals in the relationship
Third party (disambiguation), some other person or entity with some involvement (many uses across many disciplines)
Party (law), a person or group of persons composing a single entity for the purposes of the law
a party in politics:
Political party, an organization that seeks to attain political power within a government
Third party (politics), any minor party in any two-party system
The Party (politics) can refer to a dominant political party in a country, often the only party (in a single party systems).
For example, in reference to the Soviet Union, the Party means the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Wedding party, the bride, groom, bridesmaids, groomsmen and sometimes other participants in a wedding
The members of an expedition, often armed.
Sometimes synonymous with squad; e.g.:
Hunting party
Scouting party
Architectural parti, the underlying idea behind a work of architecture.
a foreign political party - possibly also "Partia"
See articles beginning in Parti, usually foreign political parties.
Party (film), (1984)  by Govind Nihalani.
"Party", a 2007 episode of The Mighty Boosh
Party (Nick Swardson album), a comedy album by Nick Swardson
A party, in role-playing games, is a group of game characters working together for a common purpose, generally comprised of the participating player characters.
Third-party developer, hardware or software developer not directly tied to the primary product that a consumer is using
First-party developer, a division of a console manufacturer, who develops games for the company's video game console
Second-party developer, a company that is tied to, and makes games specifically for, a console manufacturer
Third-party developer, a company licensed by, but not directly tied to, a console manufacturer
The Party (disambiguation)
Surprise party, a celebration that is not made known to one or more of the guests until it occurs
Hate or hatred is an emotion of very strong dislike for someone or something.
It is a desire to avoid, restrict, remove, or destroy that person or thing.
It is often thought the opposite of love.
Hatred can also be a form of projection.
Sigmund Freud said that hatred was a selfish feeling that wishes to get rid of whatever is making that person unhappy.
The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology says that hate is a "deep, enduring (long-lasting), intense emotion expressing animosity, anger, and hostility towards a person, group, or object."
The Solomonid king Yekuno Amlak kills the last king of the Zagwe dynasty in Ethiopia.
The Solomonids begin to rule Ethiopia, which they continue until 1974.
Louis IX of France starts the Eighth Crusade by attacking Tunis.
In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins.
Jacob ben Asher, Spanish Rabbi (Jewish religious leader)
King Louis IX of France
Dallas is a large city in the northern part of the U.S. state of Texas.
It is a part of a much larger group of cities called the Metroplex, along with important cities like Arlington, Denton, Fort Worth, and Plano.
The city is one of the largest in the United States.
The city of Dallas was founded in 1841 by John Neely Bryan.
Over time, it grew into a large city with many companies.
In 1907 Neiman Marcus set up shop , and later in 1915 Southern Methodist University opened.
On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was shot dead.
In 2014, ebola virus infected several people in Dallas, killing some.
A nurse who got it sued the hospital.
On July 7, 2016, five police officers were shot dead.
Dallas has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).
Dallas has a large Mexican American and African American population.
The Handbook of Texas Online: Dallas, Texas
1840s establishments in the Republic of Texas
1841 establishments in the United States
Ilulissat (population 4,000) is the third largest city in Greenland.
The town is about halfway up the country's west coast, at 69 degrees north latitude, about 200 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle.
Illulisat is also known by its Danish name of Jakobshavn (or Jacob's Harbour).
In direct translation, Ilulissat is the Greenlandic word for 'The Icebergs'.
Ilulissat is Greenland's most popular tourist place, because it is near to the beautiful Ilulissat Ice Fjord - tourism is now the town's main industry.
Ilulissat was the birthplace of the great polar explorer Knud Rasmussen, and his childhood home in the center of the town is now a museum dedicated to him.
Inuit villages have been in the area of the ice fjord for at least three thousand years.
The abandoned settlement of Sermermiut two kilometers south of the modern town of Ilulissat was once amongst the largest settlements in Greenland, with around 250 residents.
The modern town was founded in 1741 by a missionary and a trader of fur, who had built a trading lodge in the area.
Ilulissat ice fjord
The Ilulissat fjord goes west 40 kilometers from the Greenland icecap to Disko Bay, close to Ilulissat town.
At its eastern end is the Jakobshavn Isbrae Glacier, the most productive glacier in the Northern Hemisphere.
The glacier flows at a rate of 20-35 metres per day, resulting in around 20 billion tons of icebergs breaking off and leaving the fjord every year.
On breaking up the icebergs come out into the open sea and at first, they travel north with ocean currents.
Soon, they start turning south and they go into the Atlantic Ocean.
Ilulissat tourist information site
The genus Pan is made up of two living species: the chimpanzee and the bonobo.
Taxonomically, these two ape species are called panins; however, both species are more commonly called chimpanzees or chimps.
Together with gorillas, orangutans and humans, they are part of the family Hominidae.
Genus Pan: Chimpanzees
Common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes
Bonobo or Pygmy chimpanzee, Pan paniscus
The common chimpanzee lives in West and Central Africa.
The bonobo lives in the rain forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The two species are on opposite sides of the Congo River.
Life and description
Chimpanzees mainly eat fruit, leaves, flowers, seeds, bark, honey, insects, bird eggs, and meat.
They spend a lot of time with other chimpanzees from their group, acting up, playing, and chatting.
Sometimes they will groom each other; combing and looking through each other's thick fur; picking out the dirt and insects.
Grooming helps chimps feel comfortable and friendly.
Chimpanzees can walk on two feet, but they prefer to move about on all four legs.
On the ground, they walk on their hind feet and knuckles.
They have hands that look like human hands, but their thumbs are shorter than those of humans.
At night, chimpanzees sleep in nests that they make on tree branches.
They bend twigs and tuck in leaves to make a soft platform to rest in a place that is safe from enemies on the ground.
The gestation period of chimpanzees lasts between six and eight months.
Usually only one offspring is produced; they rarely have twins.
Chimpanzees live up to 60 years in the wild.
Jane Goodall has studied chimpanzees since 1960.
She observed how chimpanzees use tools in several ways.
They will pick up rocks to crack nuts for a meal.
They also strip down twigs and stick them into a termite mound to collect a tasty snack.
Some have been known to make a sponge from leaves in order to hold more drinking water.
The chimp chews leaves to soften them up, dips them in rainwater, and then squeezes the water into its mouth.
Chimpanzees are also known to think ahead and solve problems.
Chimpanzee aggression
The behavior described in this section refers to the common chimpanzee.
At present there is no evidence that the bonobo has a similar level of aggressive behavior.
Attacking monkeys
Chimpanzees attack Colobus monkeys by working as a team to corner them in the high branches of the trees.
Then they tear the monkey apart and eat it.
It is thought the main benefit is that meat is a more rich source of nutrition than their usual vegetarian diet.
"Goodall’s Gombe data have also led researchers to take a closer look at the role that hunting plays in chimp feeding habits.
One recent Gombe study, for instance, concluded that the 45 members of one troop ate a ton of monkey meat per year.
During one hunting binge, chimps killed 71 colobus monkeys in 68 days; one chimp alone killed 42 monkeys over five years.
All told, chimps may kill and eat a third of the Gombe’s colobus population each year.
Researchers have also found that lower-ranking males often trade the meat for mating privileges; such trades may help prevent inbreeding".
Otherwise one or two males might father most of a troop’s children.
Attacking other chimpanzee groups
If they can, male chimpanzees try to kill the male members of neighboring groups.
Males work together when they spot a chance to make a lightning raid on an isolated male from the other group.
They kill him.
In Gombe, Tanzania, a group in the 1970s was seen to kill seven of their neighbors one by one, until all were gone.
It can take years for this to happen but, when it does, the remaining females and the neighboring territory are added to the now larger group.
Attacks like this are carefully planned, done only when success is likely, and carried out in silence.
The advantage for the males that triumph is to breed more children.
Their tribe also holds a larger territory, and so has access to more food.
Several authors have drawn a connection between this behaviour and the origins of human warfare.
Scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology studied chimpanzees in Taï National Park in Côte d’Ivoire.
The project followed four groups of chimpanzees for twenty years.
They found that female chimpanzees patrolled territory and fought with chimpanzees from other groups too, not just males.
The scientists wondered if human beings have been imagining that male chimpanzees do all the fighting because we think of human warfare being done mostly by men.
One of the scientists, Catherine Crockford, said: "We are now accumulating compelling evidence that cooperation among non-related individuals, and among males and females, has likely been under selection due to the competition between neighboring groups.
These findings have therefore strong implications to understand the evolution of cooperation in social species and in humans in particular.
Continuous and long-lasting research and conservation efforts are necessary if we want to understand the interplay between competition and cooperation in this emblematic species for human evolution, and how it relates to our own evolution."
Chimpanzees show their emotions with their faces and sounds.
They make hooting sounds to express the discovery of food, and the face of a chimpanzee with a scowling face and lips pressed is to express annoyance.
This means the chimpanzee may attack.
Or, the chimpanzee may bare its teeth to express that it is afraid or that a more dominant chimp is approaching.p74/5
Relationship with humans
According to a genome study done by the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, humans share either 96% or 95% of their DNA with chimpanzees.
However, this applies only to single nucleotide polymorphisms, that is, changes in single base pairs only.
The full picture is rather different.
24% of the chimpanzee genome does not align with the human genome, and so cannot be directly compared.
There are 3% further alignment gaps, 1.23% SNP differences, and 2.7% copy number variations totaling at least 30% differences between chimpanzee and Homo sapiens genomes.
On the other hand, 30% of all human proteins are identical in sequence to the corresponding chimpanzee proteins.
Hominins
Geographers today measure these lines from what they call the Prime Meridian.
It is the line of longitude that goes through the Royal Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, England.
They decided this at the 1884 International Meridian Conference.
Meridians, as lines of longitude, are measured in degrees.
The Prime Meridian, as the starting point, is 0 (zero) degrees.
Lines west of the Prime Meridian are either called west, as in "the longitude of Los Angeles, California is 118 degrees west", or as a negative number: "the longitude of Los Angeles, California is -118 degrees".
Going the other direction, east of the Prime Meridian is always said as a positive number: "The longitude of Mecca is about 40 degrees east," or just "The longitude of Mecca is about 40 degrees."
Lines of longitude
The Bonneville Slide blocks the Columbia River near the site of present-day Cascade Locks, Oregon with a land bridge 200 feet (60 m) high.
The river eventually removes the blockage, but this event is remembered in the local legends of the Native Americans as the Bridge of the Gods.
The first newspaper to be published in English.
The War of the Spanish Succession, started in 1701.
The Industrial Revolution, a time period starting in the 1700s.
The Scientific Revolution, another important cultural advance.
King Frederick IV of Denmark (1699–1730).
King William III of England and Scotland (1689–1702).
King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705).
A district is an area or locality.
Lists of districts
Districts of Belize
Districts of Libya
Literacy means the ability to read and write.
Being able to read and write is an important skill in modern societies.
Usually, people learn how to read and write at school.
People who can read and write are called literate; those who cannot are called illiterate.
According to UNESCO, illiteracy is not being able to write or read a simple sentence in any language.
They estimated that, in 1998, about 16% of the world's population were illiterate.
Illiteracy is highest amongst the states of the Arabian Peninsula, and in Africa, around the Sahara.
In those countries about 30% of men, and 40-50% of women are illiterate, by the UN definition.
One of the causes of illiteracy is that someone who can manage to live without being able to read and write often does not have any reason to want to learn to read and write.
Cultural factors also play a part, such as having a culture in which the oral tradition (communicating by speaking) is more important than writing.
A tribe that mostly herds livestock, for example, may have no need to read or write.
People with primary illiteracy have never learned how to read or write.
People who have learned some reading and writing, but not well enough for their work are called functionally illiterate.
Perhaps they cannot write well enough to fill out a form, or to understand instructions in a manual.
In most industrial countries, the main problem is functional illiteracy.
In English the word literacy has traditionally meant to be well educated.
It also meant to be familiar with literature (to know about books).
In the late 19th century the word came to include the ability to read and write.
It still kept its larger meaning.
In modern usage, literacy also means being able to read print, visual, and sound texts.
To continue learning students must be literate in more than just reading and writing text.
The Isle of Man () is an island in the Irish Sea, off the coast of Great Britain (of which it is a crown dependency).
Douglas is the capital city.
It also has a flag with a red background and 3 armoured legs joined together - "whichever way you throw us, we always land on our feet".
It has a Parliament called Tynwald.
It is the longest running parliament in the world.
The Isle of Man is a Crown dependency.
Foreign affairs, defence, and good government are handled by the British government, but in all other matters the island is independent.
The Isle of Man Government is the executive and proposes laws to the legislature, Tynwald.
Laws passed by Tynwald are given royal approval by the Lieutenant Governor unless the British Minister of Justice says they do not help the good government of the island.
The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, it is northwest of the European continent.
It is between the United Kingdom and Ireland.
The island is 22 km wide and 52 km long, it has a total area of 572 km².
The Isle of Man has a total of 160 km of coastline, it has no important bodies of water.
Apart from the island itself, the Isle of Man also includes some nearby islands.
The most important of these islands are called Calf of Man, St Patrick's Isle and St Michael's Isle.
The island's terrain is varied, it has mountains in the north and south.
A valley is more or less in the center of the island, between the cities of Douglas and Peel.
The northern part of the island is very flat.
Snaefell is the Isle of Man's highest mountain, it measures 621 meters above sea level.
It is said that you can see Scotland, England, Ireland and Wales from the top of mount Snaefell.
The Isle of Man has a usually mild weather.
Summers are cool and winters are mild and rainy.
Rainfall is similar to that of the other British Isles.
Elevated parts of the Isle of Man get more rainfall, especially mount Snaefell.
The northern and southern parts of the island are not as rainy as the rest.
The island's weather is normally cool.
The highest temperature ever registered is 28.9 °C, in Ronaldsway.
The Isle of Man is not very sunny, but it is less cloudy than other parts of the British Isles; strong winds around the island help keep clouds in constant movement.
The geology of Man is notable for the Iapetus Suture, which runs almost unseen right through the rocks of the island.
The suture is the remnant of  a once huge ocean, the Iapetus Ocean, which was lost about 420 million years ago as three continents came together.
The Isle of Man became separated from Ireland and the British Isles about 8500 years ago.
The short period of time between the melting of glaciers and the rise of sea level allowed a small number of species to colonize the island by land.
The island was heavily deforested in the Middle Ages, which weakened its environment.
Some land is now protected by the government to help preserve its wildlife.
Curraghs Wildlife Park, in the wetlands, is home to many species of animals and plants.
Many bird species live on the island.
A lot of the Isle of Man's plant life, or flora, is composed of shrubs (bushes) and other short plants.
Several species of grass and moss also live there.
Mosses on the island contribute to the formation of peat.
There is peat in the island's wet areas.
The island has heavily deforested in the Middle Ages.
Common trees on the island include ashes, elms, pines, willows, and hawthorns.
There are also other trees on the island, as well as many species of flowering plants.
Bogs are home to ferns and orchids.
The Isle of Man is home to many bird and insect species.
Many species live in "curraghs" (wetlands in the northeast of the island).
Curraghs are protected by the Government of the Isle of Man.
Curraghs Wildlife Park is in these wetlands, it is both a zoo and a protected area.
During the winter, curraghs are the second largest nesting ground of the Hen Herrier in Europe.
The Peregrine Falcon, Merlin, European Robin, Willow Warbler, Song Thrush, Dunnock, Swan and a subspecies of Winter Wren possibly native to the island also nest in the curraghs.
The Chough is also in the Isle of Man, it is more common than in other parts of Europe.
Some farming methods have decreased the bird population of the island.
The Northern Lapwing is now rarely found, and the Yellowhammer is now extinct on the island.
18 species of butterfly and 250 species of moth also live on the Isle of Man.
Most of them live in the wetlands during different seasons.
Manx Government Website A comprehensive site covering many aspects of Manx life from fishing to financial regulation
Google Maps Satellite Photo
Isle of Man Guide Large website about the island
Information on places in the Isle of Man
Tynwald.org Hansards, Order Papers and Background to the Manx Government.
Manx Radio The Government/commercial funded radio station for the Isle of Man
Birching in the Isle of Man 1945-1976 Article about the use of the birch as a judicial punishment in the Isle of Man.
Manx Notebook Manx History Archive.
The French Revolution was a revolution in France from 1789 to 1799.
A result of the French Revolution was the end of the French monarchy.
The revolution began with a meeting of the Estates General in Versailles, and ended when Napoleon Bonaparte took power in November 1799.
Before 1789, France was ruled by the nobles and the Catholic Church.
The ideas of the Enlightenment were beginning to make the ordinary people want more power.
They could see that the American Revolution had created a country in which the people had power, instead of a king.
The government before the revolution was called the "Ancien Régime".
Causes of the revolution
Under the Kings Louis XV and Louis XVI, France had fought against Prussia and the British Empire in the Seven Years' War.
They fought against Britain again in the American Revolution.
They borrowed much money to pay for the wars, and the country became poor.
The high price of bread and low wages of workers caused the ordinary people to suffer from hunger and malnutrition.
This made them dislike the rich nobles, who had the money to eat well and build huge mansions.
The Roman Catholic Church, which owned the most land in France, put a tax on crops called the dime (tithe) which hurt the poorest and hungriest people as they were not able to afford the tax.
Ideals of Enlightenment.
Many people disliked absolute rule by the royalty and the nobility.
They could see that in other countries, such as in the United States, which had recently been formed, people like them had more power over the government.
They also wanted freedom of religion.
The first and the second estate i.e., the Clergy and the Nobility, enjoyed all the privileges and rights but the Third Estate (everyone else, middle class, city workers and peasants) had to pay tithes and taille (taxes paid to Church and the court).
The ‘Estates-General’
Before the Revolution, France was divided into three Estates.
The First Estate was the Clergy (the church).
It made up 1% of the population.
The Second Estate was the Nobles, which also made up 1% of the population.
The other nearly 98% of the population was in the Third Estate.
Representatives of the people from all three estates together made up the Estates-General.
In May 1789, the Estates-General was called by King Louis in order to deal with the money problems of the country.
They met at the royal Palace of Versailles.
However, the members of the Third Estate were angry.
They had made lists of problems they wanted to fix called the Cahiers de Doléance
The members of the Third Estate (The commoners) were angry that they were being taxed the most when they were the poorest group of people.
They, and the Director-General of Finances, Jacques Necker, thought the Church and the Nobility ought to be taxed more.
They also wanted votes in the Estates-General to be more fair.
Even though the Third Estate had many more members than the other two Estates, each Estate only had one vote in the Estates-General.
The Third Estate thought this could be improved by giving members of the Estates-General a vote each.
However, when they talked to the other Estates, they could not agree.
Forming the National Assembly
Since the First and Second Estates would not listen, The Third Estate decided to break away and start their own assembly where every member would get a vote.
On 10 June 1789, they started the National Assembly.
The king tried to stop them by closing the Salle des États meeting room, but they met in an indoor tennis court instead.
On June 20, they took the Tennis Court Oath, where they promised to work until they had created a new constitution for France.
The storming of the Bastille
In July 1789, after the National Assembly was formed, the nobility and the king was angry with Jacques Necker, the Director-General of Finances, and they fired him.
Many Parisians thought that the King was going to shut down the National Assembly.
Soon, Paris was filled with riots and looting.
On 14 July 1789, the people decided to attack the Bastille prison.
The Bastille contained weapons, as well as being a symbol of the power of the nobility and the rule of the king.
By the afternoon, the people had broken into the Bastille and released the seven prisoners being held there.
The Members of the Third Estate took over Paris.
The president of the National Assembly at the time of the Tennis Court Oath, Jean-Sylvain Bailly, became mayor of the city.
Jacques Necker was given back his job as Director-General of Finances.
Soon, the King visited Paris and wore the red, white and blue (tricolor) ribbons (cockade) that the revolutionaries were wearing.
By the end of July, the revolution had spread all over France.
The National Assembly
The National Assembly began to make lots of changes.
On 4 August, the National Assembly ended the special taxes the Church was collecting, and put a stop to the rights of the Nobility over their people, ending feudalism.
On 26 August, the National Assembly published the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which was written by the nobleman Marquis de Lafayette.
The National Assembly began to decide how it would be under the new constitution.
Many members, especially the nobles, wanted a senate or a second upper house.
However, more people voted to keep having just one assembly.
The King was given a suspensive veto over laws, which meant he would only have the power to delay laws being made, not stop them.
In October 1789, after being attacked at the Palace of Versailles by a mob of 7,000 women, the King was convinced by Lafayette to move from Paris to the palace in Tuileries.
The Assembly began to divide into different political parties.
One was made up of those against the revolution, led by the nobleman Jacques Antoine Marie de Cazales and the churchman Jean-Sifrien Maury.
This party sat on the right side.
A second party was the Royalist democrats (monarchists) which wanted to create a system like the constitutional monarchy of Britain, where the king would still be a part of the government.
Jacques Necker was in this party.
The third party was the National Party which was centre or centre-left.
This included Honoré Mirabeau and Lafayette.
Ways The French Church Changed
Under the new government, the Roman Catholic Church would have much less power than they had before.
In 1790, all special taxes and powers of the Church were cancelled.
All the Church’s property was taken over by the state.
On 12 July 1790, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy made all clergy employees of the state and made them take an oath to the new constitution.
Many clergy, as well as the Pope, Pius VI, did not like these changes.
Revolutionaries killed hundreds for refusing the oath.
Working on the Constitution
On 14 July 1790, a year since the storming of the Bastille, thousands of people gathered in the Champs de Mars to celebrate.
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand led the crowd in a religious mass.
The crowd, including the King and the royal family, took an oath of loyalty to “the nation, the law, and the king.”
However, many nobles were unhappy with the revolution and were leaving the country.
They were called émigrés (emigrants).
Although the members of the Estates-General had only been elected for a year, the members of the Assembly had all taken the Tennis Court Oath.
They had promised to keep working until they had a constitution and no constitution had been made.
It was decided that the members would keep working until they had a constitution.
The Assembly continued to work on a constitution and make changes.
Nobles could no longer pass their titles to their children.
Only the king was allowed to do this.
For the first time, trials with juries were held.
All trade barriers inside France were ended along with unions, guilds, and workers' groups.
Strikes were banned.
Many people with radical ideas began to form political clubs.
The most famous of these was the Jacobin Club, which had left-wing ideas.
A right-wing club was the Club Monarchique.
In 1791, a law was suggested to prevent noble émigrés from leaving the country.
Mirabeau had been against this law, but he died on 2 April, and by the end of the year, the law was passed.
Royal family tries to leave Paris
Louis XVI did not like the revolution, but did not want to get help from other countries or run away from France like the émigrés.
General Bouille held the same views and wanted to help the king leave Paris.
He said that he would give the King and his family help and support in his camp at Montmédy.
The escape was planned for June 20, 1791.
Dressed as servants, the royal family left Paris.
However, their escape was not well planned, and they were arrested at Varennes on the evening of June 21.
The royal family was brought back to Paris.
The Assembly imprisoned Louis and his wife Marie Antoinette, and suspended the king from his duty.
Completing the Constitution
Although the king had tried to escape, most members of the Assembly still wanted to include the king in their government rather than to have a Republic with no king at all.
They agreed to make the king a figurehead, with very little power.
The king would have to take an oath to the state.
If he did not, or if he created an army to attack France, he would no longer be king.
Some people, including Jacques Pierre Brissot, did not like this.
They thought the king should be completely removed from the throne and the constitution.
Brissot made a petition and a huge crowd came to the Champs de Mars to sign it.
Republican leaders Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins came and gave speeches.
The National Guard, led by Lafayette, was called in to control the crowd.
The mob threw stones at the soldiers who first fired their guns over the heads of the crowd.
When the crowd kept throwing stones, Lafayette ordered them to fire at the people.
Up to 50 people were killed.
After this, the government closed many of the political clubs and newspapers.
Many radical left-wing leaders, including Danton and Desmoulins, ran away to England or hid in France.
Finally the constitution was completed.
Louis XVI was put back on the throne and came to take his oath to it.
He wrote, “I engage to maintain it at home, to defend it from all attacks from abroad, and to cause its execution by all the means it places at my disposal.”
The National Assembly decided that it would stop governing France on 29 September 1791.
After that date, the Legislative Assembly would take over.
The Legislative Assembly (1791-1792)
The new Legislative Assembly met for the first time in October 1791.
Under the Constitution of 1791, France was a Constitutional Monarchy.
The King shared his rule with the Legislative Assembly, but had the power to stop (veto) laws he did not like.
He also had the power to choose ministers.
The Legislative Assembly had about 745 members.
260 of them were “Feuillants”, or Constitutional Monarchists.
136 were Girondins and Jacobins, left-wing liberal republicans who did not want a king.
The other 345 members were independent, but they voted most often with the left wing.
The Legislative Assembly did not agree very well.
The King used his veto to stop laws that would sentence émigrés to death.
Because so many of the members of the Assembly were left-wing, they did not like this.
Crisis of Constitution
The people were turning against King Louis XVI.
On 10 August 1792, the members of a revolutionary group called the Paris Commune attacked the Tuileries, where the King and Queen were living.
The King and Queen were taken prisoner.
The Legislative Assembly held an emergency meeting.
Even though only a third of the members were there and most of them were Jacobins, they suspended the King from duty.
The kings and emperors of many foreign countries were worried by the French Revolution.
They did not want revolutions in their own countries.
On 27 August 1791, Leopold II of the Holy Roman Empire/Austria, Frederick William II of Prussia, and Louis XVI’s brother-in-law, Charles-Philippe wrote the Declaration of Pillnitz.
The Declaration asked for Louis XVI to be set free and the National Assembly to be ended.
They promised that they would invade France if their requests were ignored.
The Declaration was taken very seriously among the revolutionaries.
With the Legislative Assembly in place, the problems did not go away.
The Girondins wanted war because they wanted to take the revolution to other countries.
The King and many of his supporters, the Feuillants, wanted war because they thought it would make the King more popular.
Many French were worried that the émigrés would cause trouble in foreign countries against France.
On 20 April 1792, the Assembly voted to declare war on Austria (Holy Roman Empire).
They planned to invade the Austrian Netherlands, but the revolution had made the army weak.
Many soldiers deserted.
Soon, Prussia joined on the Austrian side.
They both planned to invade.
Together, on 25 July, they wrote the Brunswick Manifesto, promising that if the royal family was not hurt, no civilians would be hurt in the invasion.
The French believed that this meant the king, Louis XVI, was working with the foreign kings.
Prussia invaded France on 1 August, 1792.
This first stage of the French Revolutionary Wars continued until 1797.
September Massacres
In September, things got worse.
The Legislative Assembly had almost no power.
No single group was controlling Paris or France.
The country was being invaded by the Prussian Army.
The revolutionaries were very angry and violent.
They began to go into prisons and kill people they thought were traitors to France.
They hated the priests of the Roman Catholic Church the most, but they also killed many nobles and ordinary people.
By 7 September, 1,400 people were dead.
National Convention (1792-1795)
The Legislative Assembly had lost all its power.
France needed a new government.
On 20 September 1792, the National Convention was formed.
The Convention had both Girondins and radical Jacobins.
Execution of Louis XVI
The Brunswick Manifesto had made many people suspicious of the king.
They thought he was plotting with the Prussian and Austrian rulers to invade France.
In January 1793, the National Convention voted and found Louis XVI guilty of “conspiracy against the public liberty and the general safety.”
On the twenty-first of January, the King was executed using the guillotine.
Marie Antoinette, the Queen, was also executed on the sixteenth of October.
Revolt in Vendée
People in the area of Vendée did not like the revolutionary government.
They did not like the rules about the church in the Civil Constitution of the Church (1790) and new taxes put in place in 1793.
They also disliked being forced to join the French army.
In March, they rose up against the government in a revolt.
The war lasted until 1796.
Hundreds of thousands of people from Vendée (Vendeans) were killed by the Revolutionary French army.
The Jacobins Seize Power
Now that the king was dead, the National Convention made a new republican constitution that began on 24 June.
It was the first one that did not include the king and gave every man in France a vote.
However, it never came into power because of the trouble between the Jacobins and Girondins.
The war with Austria and Prussia was causing the state to have money problems.
Bread was very expensive and many people wanted things to change.
In June 1793, the Jacobins began to take power.
They wanted to arrest many Girondin members of the National Convention.
In July, they became angrier when Charlotte Corday, a Girondin, killed Jean-Paul Marat, a Jacobin.
By July, the coup was complete.
The Jacobins had taken power.
They put in new, radical laws including a new Republican Calendar with new months and new ten-day weeks.
They made the army bigger and changed the officers to people who were better soldiers.
Over the next few years, this helped the Republican army push back the attacking Austrians, Prussians, British, and Spanish.
The Reign of Terror
In July 1793, a Jacobin called Maximilien de Robespierre and eight other leading Jacobins set up the Committee of Public Safety.
It was the most powerful group in France.
This group and Robespierre were responsible for the Reign of Terror.
Robespierre believed that if people were afraid, the revolution would go better.
The Reign of Terror lasted from the spring of 1793 to the spring of 1794.
It was not only the nobility who died in the Reign of Terror.
Anyone who broke the Jacobins' laws, or was even suspected of breaking their laws or working against them, could be arrested and sent to the guillotine, most without a trial.
Even powerful people who had been involved in the Jacobin coup were executed.
Prisoners were taken from the prisons to “Madame Guillotine” (a nickname for the guillotine) in an open wooden cart called the tumbrel.
According to records, 16,594 people were executed with the guillotine.
It is possible that up to 40,000 people died in prison or were killed during the Reign of Terror.
By July 1794, people began to turn against Maximilien de Robespierre.
He and his Revolutionary Tribunal had killed 1,300 people in six weeks.
On 27 July, the National Convention and the Committee of Public Safety turned against him.
Robespierre tried to get help from the Convention’s right-wing members, but he failed.
A day later, Robespierre and many of his supporters in the Paris Commune were sentenced to death by guillotine without any kind of trial.
This reaction against Robespierre is called the Thermidorian Reaction.
Now that the terror was over, the National Convention started to make a new Constitution, called the Constitution of the Year III.
On 27 September 1794, the constitution came into effect.
The Directory (1795-1799)
The new constitution had created the Directoire (Directory), which was the first government of France to be bicameral (split into two houses).
The lower house, the parliament, had 500 members.
It was called the Conseil de Cinq-Cent (Council of Five Hundred).
The upper house, the senate, had 250 members and was called the Conseil des Anciens (Council of Elders).
There were five directors chosen every year by the Conseil des Anciens from a list made up by the Conseil de Cinq-Cent.
This group was in charge and was called the Directory.
The Directory was much more conservative than the governments in France since 1789.
The people were tired of radical changes and the unstable governments.
Things were much more stable under the Directory than they had been before.
However, the Directors were disliked by the people - especially the Jacobins, who wanted a republic, and the royalists, who wanted a new King.
France’s money problems did not go away.
The Directors ignored elections that did not go the way they wanted.
They ignored the constitution in order to do things to control the people.
They used the ongoing war and the army to keep their power.
Coup of 18 Brumaire
The Coup of 18 Brumaire brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France and in the view of most historians ended the French Revolution.
This bloodless coup d'état overthrew the Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate.
The Musée de Veygoux - a museum in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes dedicated to the French Revolution and Desaix
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Daffy Duck is a cartoon duck from the Warner Bros. cartoons.
He stands on two legs, has a black body, a white ring about his neck, and an orange beak.
He first appeared in Porky´s Duck Hunt in 1937.
In 1946, Daffy had started to change, and Daffy became less looney.
Over the years, Daffy Duck had changed from screwball and heckling character to greedy and a jealous character.
Looney Tunes characters
Fictional ducks
Tune Squad players
King Frederick III of Denmark (1648–1670).
Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1658).
Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1658–1659).
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657).
King John II of Poland (1649–1668).
King John IV of Portugal (1640–1656).
King Afonso VI of Portugal (1656–1667).
Tsar Aleksey I of Russia (1645–1676).
King Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665).
Queen Christina of Sweden (1632–1654).
King Charles X of Sweden (1654–1660).
A guillotine is made of a heavy blade attached to a rack, which moves up and down on a vertical frame.
When the executioner releases the rack, it will fall down and the blade will cut the convict's head off.
Machines like the guillotine were first invented in the Middle Ages, and were used throughout Europe.
For example, Scotland used a machine called the "Scottish Maiden".
Such machines were seldom used in France, until the French Revolution of 1789.
Instead, aristocrats were executed by beheading and ordinary criminals by hanging.
The guillotine became the only legal way to execute someone in France.
The guillotine was used because it caused a quick death.
Everyone, rich or poor, died the same way, no matter what social class.
The guillotine was commonly used in France (including France's colonies), Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Germany, and Austria.
It was also used in Sweden.
Today, all of these countries have abolished (legally stopped) the death penalty.
The guillotine is no longer used.
The invention of the guillotine
Joseph Guillotin
The guillotine is named after a French medical doctor, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin.
Guillotin was against the death penalty.
Realising he could not stop the death penalty, Guillotin instead tried to think of a quicker, less painful way of executing people.
On October 10, 1789, he suggested using a machine to do all the executions.
The actual guillotine was designed by another doctor, Antoine Louis.
Guillotin did not help much with the design, but his name went down in history.
Against Guillotin's wishes, the new machine quickly became known as the  Guillotine.
Guillotin regretted this until death in 1814.
The design for a quick, painless, decapitation machine was given to Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer.
Schmidt built the first guillotine and tested it, on animals at first, but later on dead humans.
It was made of two fourteen-foot uprights joined by a crossbar, whose inside edges were grooved and greased with tallow; the weighted blade was either straight, or curved like an axe.
The system was started by a rope and pulley, while the whole construction was set up on a platform.
The first execution was in 1792.
Later use
The guillotine was still the only legal way to execute a person in France until 1979, when France stopped using the death penalty.
In Nazi Germany, the guillotine was used to kill prisoners sentenced for serious crimes like murder, treason, or conspiracy against the government.
A guillotine was last used in West Germany in 1949 and East Germany in 1961.
The last person guillotined was the Tunisian murderer Hamida Djandoubi in 1977.
A school uniform  is a standard set of clothing students wear when they go to some schools.
It might have a particular color of trousers or skirt, plus a matching shirt and perhaps a jacket or necktie, with matching shoes.
In some countries, like Germany, students can wear anything they like when they go to school.
In other countries, like England, there is usually a standard dress code in school, usually a set of dressing for girls and one for boys.
Boys and girls need to wear school uniforms when they go to school.