the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
June 6 – The invading Manchu army, with the help of Ming general Wu Sangui, captures Beijing, China.
This marks the beginning of the Qing Dynasty (also known as the Manchu Dynasty), the last imperial dynasty of China.
July 2 – Battle of Marston Moor, a crushing victory for the Parliamentary side of the English Civil War, ends Charles I's hold on the north of England.
September 1 – Battle of Tippermuir, Montrose defeats Elcho's Covenanters, reviving Royalist cause in Scotland
September 2 – Second Battle of Lostwithiel, the last major victory for Charles I and the Royalist side in the English Civil War.
September 15 – Pope Innocent X is elected to the Papacy, in Rome.
November 23 – Areopagitica by John Milton is published.
December – Plague breaks out in Edinburgh.
Muslims have different dress codes for different contexts.
Conservative ideas of hijab require people to dress modestly both for outside and religious contexts.
Clothing for everyday wear, inside and outside the house is different, and very much depends on the family.
Clothes for men
Islamic men wear thobes as well as Kufi Hat's.
A mans clothing is modest and loose so as not to emphasize the shape of the body.
It should cover at least the area from navel to knees.
Clothes for women
Islam says that women should dress in a very special way.
This dress code applies to women and adolescent girls, but not to children.
Usually, women who travel to Islamic countries should also wear such dress.
In the very least, the garment should cover the shoulders.
Long-sleeved garments (and trousers) are preferred.
Use a headscarf to cover the hair (especially when you enter a mosque or other place of worship).
Abaya- long flowing outer garment worn over all other clothing.
Jilbab- garment that may be worn like a dress, usually with trousers underneath.
Dupatta- a long rectangular scarf usually worn over the shoulders in front of the neck, or however you prefer.
Women will sometimes use a dupatta over their head for a hijab.
Scarf or veil - the head covering worn by many Muslim women.
Traditionally, it is a square folded into a triangle or simply a triangle, but also can be a rectangular shape.
To wear- bring the two corners together and pin/knot/wrap at the neck.
Niqab- a veil worn to cover the face.
A niqab can be made to leave only the eyes uncovered, only the eyes and forehead uncovered, or to leave the forehead, eyes, and nose uncovered, covering only the mouth.
Burka- a long, loose piece of clothing covering the whole body from head to feet, worn in public by women in many Muslim countries.
Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649), was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.
He was a son of James VI and I. He was married to Henrietta Maria of France.
He was executed during the English Civil War.
Charles was came to England in 1604.
When Charles's older brother Henry Frederick died in 1612, Charles became the Prince of Wales and the heir apparent to his father's kingdoms.
He had an elder brother, Henry, who was clever, handsome, popular, and rich, and next in line for the throne.
Henry died suddenly in 1612, and then his brother Charles was made Prince of Wales in his place, showing that he was now the heir to the throne.
Charles was less suited to be king than Henry had been, because he was small and weak and not as clever.
After his brother died, the person Charles was closest to was George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, who was also his father's best friend.
The Duke of Buckingham was very powerful and rich, but was not popular with most common people.
He took Charles to Spain in the hope of finding him a Spanish princess as a bride, but they had a lot of problems on the journey and could not persuade the Spanish king to give them his daughter as a wife for Charles.
Charles sat in the Parliament of England's House of Lords in 1621.
King James wanted Charles to marry Maria Anna of Spain because she was the sister of Philip IV of Spain.
Charles travelled to Spain to meet Maria in 1623, but the journey was a disaster, the two did not marry, and Charles became an enemy of Spain.
Charles married Henrietta Maria of France because she was the sister of the French king, Louis XIII, and planned to fight Spain.
The Parliament of England convened in 1624 because of Charles's plans.
King James did not want a war, but he died in 1625.
Charles' religion
His religious policies, and his marriage to a Roman Catholic, made him mistrusted by Reformed groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views were too Catholic.
He supported "high church" Anglican ecclesiastics, and failed to help Protestant forces enough in the Thirty Years' War.
His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and were a cause of his downfall.
Charles, now the king, convened the parliament again in 1625.
The parliament did not give the king what the king wanted.
The men in parliament did not like Charles's friend George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham.
Buckingham had gone with Charles to Spain and later helped him to marry Henrietta Maria.
When Buckingham led the Royal Navy to attack Cadiz in Spain, the campaign was a failure, and the Parliament of England impeached him.
Because of this, Charles stopped (dissolved) the parliament.
He also wanted to send soldiers to help Protestants in the Kingdom of France, and made demands for more money as payment for the army.
This campaign was also a failure, and the king had to agree to the Petition of Right in 1628.
An army officer assassinated Buckingham that summer.
The Parliament of England convened again in 1629.
There were many disagreements about religion and the organization of the Church of England.
Charles gave support to the "High Church" group, but the parliament gave their support to the "Low Church" group.
Charles supported Arminianism, but the parliament's House of Commons tried to make Arminianism illegal.
To stop the House of Commons, the king again dissolved the parliament.
Some members of parliament in the House of Commons tried to continue their session, but the king put them in prison.
Charles continued to support Arminians in the Church of England, with the inclusion of William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury (the chief bishop of all England).
The population disliked Laud and the Arminians, and disliked Charles's taxes.
Between 1629 and 1640, the king controlled the government alone.
There was no parliament.
This time has the name "Personal Rule" or the "Eleven Years' Tyranny".
This made Charles very unpopular with the people, who did not like the different taxes they had to pay directly to the king, since Parliament could not vote to give him any budget.
Many also did not like the King's closest adviser, William Laud, who was trying to force the Church of England to use the same Anglican Prayer Book and stop the many other Protestant denominations that were becoming popular at that time.
When the king and the Archbishop then tried to force a Prayer Book on Scotland, which was even more Protestant (Calvinist), armed rebellion broke out there.
The Wars of the Three Kingdoms started in 1639 with the Bishops' Wars.
The members of Parliament, angry at the things that had been going on for 11 years, did not want to give him money to fight his war.
Instead, they spent the session complaining about what had been going on in the country for the last 11 years.
So after only three weeks, Charles dissolved Parliament again.
For this reason, it was known as the Short Parliament.
Without enough money, Charles lost the war badly, and had to pay the Scots even more money that he did not have.
These wars were a failure for the king, and his position forced Charles to convene the Parliament of England in 1640.
Parliament voted that the King had to call Parliament, and could not shut them down again.
Charles had no choice but to agree.
This Parliament is known as the Long Parliament, because it ended up lasting for twenty years, until 1660.
Charles was in a weak position, and he had to agree to acts of parliament that took away many of his royal powers.
Laud and Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford were both impeached and later were executed.
Parliament also tired to take control of the army away from the king.
Many political conservatives were not pleased with this plan.
Acting on the advice of his wife Queen Maria Henrietta, the king went with soldiers to the House of Commons in 1642 and tried to arrest his political enemies.
They had gone.
After this failure, the king left London and went to travel the country to look for help.
With a collection of his political friends, Charles began the English Civil War with an army at Nottingham, and then moved to Oxford.
The army of Parliament got the upper hand in this war, and Charles, after a crushing defeat in 1646, went to the Scots for protection.
They decided to hand him over to the Parliament of England in 1647.
The war was a failure for the king, and Charles was made a prisoner.
The king got out of Hampton Court Palace in 1647 and ran away to Carisbrooke Castle, on the Isle of Wight.
The governor of the Isle of Wight was on the side of Parliament and made the king a prisoner again.
While he was being held at Carisbrooke Castle, Charles made an agreement with the Scots who joined his side, and the fighting started again in 1648.
Charles's many enemies then fought among themselves in spring 1648.
Because he was still making trouble for them even while he was captured, Parliament voted to put the king on trial.
The army then removed the conservatives from parliament in a political purge in December as an insurance against more fighting.
The men left in parliament then formed a court in order to hold a trial of the king.
The court gave the king the death penalty.
This had never been done to a king of England before.
At the trial he was found guilty.
He was decapitated in a public execution outside the Banqueting House of the palace at Whitehall.
Some of the members of Parliament who were opposed to killing king Charles were purged, and from this time on, what was left of the Long Parliament became known as the Rump Parliament.
This Parliament took complete power in England, and there was not a new king at all until 1660.
1600 births
1649 deaths
In 740 Pepin married Bertrada of Laon.
She was the daughter of Caribert of Laon.
They had two sons and a daughter who lived long enough to become adults:
Carloman
Pepin died at Saint Denis and is buried in the basilica with his wife, Bertrada of Laon.
His sons, Charlemagne and Carloman, were each King of half the Kingdom of the Franks after him.
714 births
768 deaths
Sense and Sensibility is a novel by Jane Austen.
It was her first novel, and was published in 1811.
The novel is mostly about two sisters, Elinor and Marianne Dashwood, and their life and loves.
The story takes place in southern England in the 1790s.
Austen paid to have the book published.
The publisher got a commission on sales.
She made a profit of £140 (almost £5,000 in 2008 currency) on the first edition, which sold all 750 printed copies by July 1813.
A second edition was advertised in October 1813.
Characters in Sense and Sensibility
Henry Dashwood – a rich gentleman who dies at the beginning of the story.
He is not able to leave an inheritance to his second wife and their three daughters.
He asks John, his son by his first wife, to help provide some money for them to live on.
Mrs. Dashwood – the second wife of Henry Dashwood.
She is now left very poor when her husband dies.
Much like her daughter Marianne, she shows her emotions easily.
Elinor Dashwood – the sensible and quiet oldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Dashwood.
She becomes fond of Edward Ferrars, the brother-in-law of her older half-brother, John.
She feels responsible to take care of her family, so she thinks about them more than about herself.
Marianne Dashwood – The romantic and eagerly expressive second daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Dashwood.
She is the object of the attentions of Colonel Brandon and Mr. Willoughby.
She is attracted to the young and good-looking Willoughby and does not think much about the older, more reserved Colonel Brandon.
Margaret Dashwood – the youngest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Dashwood.
Also romantic and well-tempered but not expected to be as smart as her older sisters when she grows older.
John Dashwood – the son of Henry Dashwood by his first wife.
Fanny Dashwood – the wife of John Dashwood, and sister to Edward and Robert Ferrars.
Sir John Middleton – a distant relative of Mrs. Dashwood who, after the death of Henry Dashwood, invites her and her three daughters to live in a cottage on his property.
Middleton, his wife, and their children are visited by his mother-in-law, Mrs. Jennings.
He and Mrs. Jennings are a jolly and gossipy pair, taking an active interest in the romantic affairs of the young people around them and trying to encourage good matches for them.
Lady Middleton – The proper and idle wife of Sir John Middleton, she is mostly concerned with mothering her four spoiled children.
Edward Ferrars – The elder of Fanny Dashwood's two brothers.
He forms an attachment to Elinor Dashwood.
Years before meeting the Dashwoods, Ferrars proposed to Lucy Steele, the niece of his tutor.
The engagement has been kept secret because he   is expecting that his family would not allow him to marry Miss Lucy Steele.
Robert Ferrars – the younger brother of Edward Ferrars and Fanny Dashwood.
Mrs. Ferrars – Fanny Dashwood and Edward and Robert Ferrars' mother.
A bad-tempered, vain woman who embodies all the foibles demonstrated in Fanny and Robert's characteristics.
She is determined that her sons should marry well.
Colonel Brandon – a close friend of Sir John Middleton.
In his youth, Brandon had fallen in love with his father's ward, but was prevented by his family from marrying her because she was intended for his older brother.
He was sent abroad to be away from her, and while gone, the girl suffered numerous misfortunes partly as a consequence of her unhappy marriage, finally dying penniless and disgraced, and with a natural daughter, who Colonel Brandon takes in.
John Willoughby – a nephew of a neighbour of the Middletons, a dashing figure who charms Marianne.
Charlotte Palmer – the daughter of Mrs. Jennings and the younger sister of Lady Middleton, Mrs. Palmer is very pretty and cheerful but empty-headed and laughs at inappropriate things, such as her husband's continual rudeness to her and to others.
Mr. Palmer – the husband of Charlotte Palmer who is running for a seat in Parliament in spite of his idleness and rudeness.
Lucy Steele – a young, distant relation of Mrs. Jennings, who has for some time been secretly engaged to Edward Ferrars.
She carefully develops her friendship with Elinor Dashwood and with Mrs. John Dashwood.
She is manipulative and scheming
Anne/Nancy Steele – Lucy Steele's elder sister.
Miss Sophia Grey – a rich heiress who Mr. Willoughby marries after he is disinherited in order to retain his comfortable lifestyle.
Lord Morton – the father of Miss Morton
Miss Morton – a rich woman whom Mrs. Ferrars wants her eldest son, Edward, to marry
Mr. Pratt – an uncle of Lucy Steele.
Sense and Sensibility - Full text with audio and translations.
1810s books
Books by Jane Austen
Works about marriage
Works about sisters
Works about widowhood
Pride and Prejudice is a book by Jane Austen.
It was published in 1813.
It was made into a movie in 1940 and again in 2005.
There were two BBC television productions, in 1980 and 1995.
Elizabeth Bennet: A clever, witty, and pretty lady of twenty.
She is brave, intelligent, cheerful and likes to laugh at odd people.
Her family's vulgarity often makes her uncomfortable and ashamed.
She is not as beautiful as her sister Jane, but she has an attractiveness.
Mr. Darcy, who is critical about beauty, at first calls her "tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me..." However, he later realizes that as soon as he made it clear to himself and his friends that her face is not beautiful, he started to understand that she was intelligent.
There are also many other discoveries, such as that her figure, though not perfect, is "light and pleasing", and her manners, though they are not fashionable, have an "easy playfulness."
She does not know that he likes her at first, and when he proposes to her, she angrily and quickly says no to him because she knew he was the person who separated her sister and Mr. Bingley, and because she thought he was a bad man who was unjust to Mr. Wickham.
When she finds out her mistakes, however, and he is polite and kind to her, she begins to change her feelings.
When he helps her sister Lydia, she falls in love with him.
He proposes again, and they marry happily.
Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy: He is very handsome, with a "fine, tall person (figure), with handsome features.
He is very rich, with "ten thousand a year."
He is also "clever".
However, everybody in Elizabeth's town soon dislike him because he is too proud and cold to be pleasing ("his manners, though well-bred, were not inviting"), and they all like the cheerful and friendly Mr. Bingley better.
Elizabeth dislikes him as much as anybody, but he is attracted to her because of her prettiness and "liveliness of mind."
However, he much dislikes Elizabeth's family because they are so vulgar (he respects and likes Jane, though, and even says she is "pretty, but she smiled too much").
He learns to bend his pride, however, at the same time as Elizabeth gets rid of her prejudice, and loyally continues to love her.
He is very kind to his sister, Georgiana Darcy, and loves her.
Mr. Charles Bingley: a "good-looking, gentlemanlike" man.
He is much friendlier than Mr. Darcy, and very cheerful.
He makes friends everywhere he goes, and thinks Jane is "the most beautiful creature I ever beheld (saw)," and "he could not conceive (imagine) an angel more beautiful," and Elizabeth is "very pretty, and, I dare say, very agreeable."
He is patient and very modest.
He is not as clever as Mr. Darcy, but he is more "sure of being liked wherever he appeared."
He is sweet-tempered and kind.
Miss Bingley, his sister, says his handwriting is very careless, and that "he leaves out half his words, and blots the rest."
Jane Bennet: Elizabeth's elder sister, who eventually marries Mr. Bingley.
Lydia Bennet: the youngest sister.
She runs away with George Wickham, though he has no intention of marrying her.
She is 15 when the novel begins.
George Wickham has known Mr Darcy since childhood.
An officer in the army, he is superficially charming and rapidly forms an attachment with Elizabeth Bennet.
He spreads tales against Mr Darcy, but eventually he is found to be the wrongdoer.
He elopes with Lydia.
This would have caused her complete disgrace, but Darcy bribes Wickham to marry her.
Caroline Bingley: Mr. Bingley's rich but snobby sister.
She tries to break up Elizabeth and Darcy, as she wants Mr. Darcy for herself.
Lady Catherine de Bourgh: Mr. Darcy's rich and snobbish aunt.
She tries to stop Darcy marrying Elizabeth.
"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife". (
first line)
The story starts with Mr. Bingley, a wealthy, handsome young gentleman, who comes to town and rents a place near the Bennet family.
He comes with quiet Mr. Darcy and his pretty sisters.
Jane Bennet and Mr. Bingley begin to spend a lot of time with each other, even though the sisters of Mr. Bingley try to cut the attraction.
Mr. Bingley is loved and admired by almost every woman in the town.
Mr. Darcy is disliked by everybody, because of his arrogant way of talking and his mean attitude.
Elizabeth Bennet, the second daughter of Mrs. Bennet, seems to despise Mr. Darcy.
She despises him even more after he refused to dance with her at the ball.
Elizabeth soon grows to admire an officer named Wickham.
He seems to equally hate Mr. Darcy.
He tells her a sad story about how Mr. Darcy was mean to him.
This story makes Elizabeth hate Mr. Darcy even more.
Meanwhile, Mr. Darcy begins to fall in love with Elizabeth.
Bingley slowly begins to declare his proposal of marriage to Jane, when he suddenly has to leave to Netherfield.
Netherfield is the house he lives at most of the time.
He did not plan to leave for a long time but his sisters use this chance to move Bingley and Jane away from each other.
The sisters follow Bingley to London.
Bingley's quick leave makes Jane sad and confused.
Elizabeth finds out that it is because of his sisters.
Before Mr. Bingley leaves, Mr. Collins, the man who was supposed to inherit all of Longbourn (where the Bennet family lives), appears.
The rich and pompous Lady Catherine de Bourgh had employed him as a clergyman.
Collins wanted to find a good wife from the daughters of Mr. Bennet.
He tries to take Jane as his wife, but after learning about the relationship between her and Mr. Bingley, he tries to marry Elizabeth.
He proposes, but Elizabeth rejects him.
Her mother is angry because Elizabeth could have lived in Longbourn if she married Mr. Collins.
Then Mr. Collins turns his attention to Elizabeth's friend, Charlotte Lucas.
He decides to marry Charlotte.
They marry and Charlotte invites Elizabeth over to her house for a short visit.
Elizabeth goes to Charlotte's house in the Spring.
It is quite close to Rose Park.
Rose Park is Lady Catherine de Bourgh's land.
Mr. Darcy's aunt is Lady Catherine de Bourgh.
He is staying there when Elizabeth visits and they meet.
Elizabeth finds out that Mr. Darcy was the one who put an end to Mr. Bingley and Jane's love.
She later rejects Mr. Darcy's proposal.
She says all the mean thoughts she had about his cruelness towards Wickham and Jane and Mr. Bingley's relationship.
Darcy writes an explanation to Elizabeth in a letter.
Mr. Wickham almost eloped with Darcy's 15-year-old sister, Georgianna.
Mr. Wickham had only wanted her money.
Also, Darcy told Bingley not to propose marriage to Jane because he thought that she did not actually love him.
Elizabeth returns home soon after and thinks about Darcy's explanations and all her misunderstandings about him.
A few months later, Elizabeth visits Pemberly during her tour with her aunt and uncle.
Pemberly is Darcy's land.
Mr. Darcy meets them there.
and is very kind to them during their visit.
Mr. Darcy's kindness makes Elizabeth even more attracted to him.
She also becomes friends with his sister Georgianna.
Later, Elizabeths receives a letter from Jane.
It contains sad news that their younger sister Lydia, has run off with Wickham.
They find out that Wickham does not want to marry Lydia, but this would cause a scandal.
Elizabeth and her uncle and aunt hurriedly return home.
Elizabeth thinks that now Mr. Darcy will never speak to her again because of her sister's behavior.
Then, Lydia and Wickham are found and are married.
They later visit Longbourn.
While describing her wedding to Elizabeth, Lydia talks about Mr. Darcy.
Elizabeth sends an inquiry to her aunt because she is surprised.
She learns that Mr. Darcy had paid for all the wedding expenses and paid Wickham to marry Lydia.
Bingley and Darcy come to Longbourn.
Bingley proposes to Jane, and she accepts.
Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, even though Lady Catherine does not like Elizabeth.
Elizabeth accepts the proposal.
Jane and Elizabeth marry their lovers on the same day.
Pride and Prejudice free downloads in PDF, PDB and LIT formats
Free audiobook from LibriVox
Original line by line commentary  of Pride and Prejudice
A new approach to literary criticism from Humanscience wikia
http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/pride/
Emma is a book by Jane Austen.
It was first published in the year 1815.
Jane Austen teased readers with the idea of a "heroine whom no one but myself will much like" when she began writing Emma.
It is a comedy about Emma Woodhouse, a rich young lady growing up in the fictional community of Hartfield, in 19th century England.
The book is about the troubles Emma causes when she tries matchmaking.
Emma Woodhouse is a rich and beautiful young woman.
The book starts by introducing her, and with her governess, Miss Taylor's wedding with Mr. Weston, a cheerful neighbor.
Emma quickly becomes friends with Harriet Smith, a "natural daughter".
Emma Woodhouse - the second daughter of Mr. Woodhouse.
Jane Austen introduces Emma as "handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition," and has had "...very little to distress or vex her."
She is elegant, friendly, and cares about her friends.
However, Emma can also be proud and vain, like when she stops Harriet from marrying Robert Martin.
Sometimes her kind feelings and her pride struggle with each other: "Emma could not but picture it all, and feel how justly they must resent (be angry), how naturally Harriet must suffer...She would have given a great deal, or endured a great deal, to have had the Martins in a higher rank of life.
They were so deserving, a little higher should have been enough; but as it was, how could she have done otherwise?
She could not repent (be sorry).
They must be separated..." Emma is also an "imaginist," "on fire with speculation (guesses) and foresight."
She tries to match the people around her, but thinks she will never marry.
Mr. Knightley warns her to try not to do so: "You are more likely to have done harm (bad) to yourself, than good to them, by interference."
He also says to Mrs. Weston, "Emma is spoiled by being the cleverest of her family.
At ten years she had the misfortune of being able to answer questions which puzzled her sister at seventeen...ever since she was twelve, Emma has been mistress of the house and of you all."
Later, however, she sees her mistakes and has a happy marriage with Mr. Knightley.
Mr. George Knightley - the brother of Mr. John Knightley, Emma's brother-in-law, and an old family friend.
He is "a sensible man about seven or eight-and-thirty," with "a cheerful manner."
He is "one of the few people who could see faults in Emma Woodhouse, and the only one who ever told her of them."
He is jealous of Frank Churchill when he comes and flirts with Emma.
He is not as proud as Emma, and knows that Harriet would be very happy if she married Robert Martin.
He is kind and generous, and respectful to people like Miss Bates.
Frank Churchill - the son of Mr. Weston by his first wife.
He is "...a very good-looking young man - height, air, address, all were unexceptionable, and his countenance (face) had a great deal of the spirit and liveliness of his father's - he looked quick and sensible."
Somehow Mr. Knightley seems "...determined to think ill of him," and says he is a "...trifling, silly young fellow."
Everybody seems to expect Frank Churchill and Emma to fall in love with each other.
At first, Emma likes him very much, and thinks she loves him, but soon she realizes her love has settled into cheerful friendship, and she decides to match him with Harriet.
She does not know he is already engaged to Jane Fairfax, and is very, very surprised when she finds out.
Jane Fairfax - a quiet young lady of Emma’s age.
Emma is secretly jealous of her because she can do lots of things better than Emma, like playing the piano.
She is very beautiful, and “very elegant, remarkably elegant…elegance was the reigning character.”
She is also delicate, kind, clever, and polite.
However, she does not have the cheerful openness or warmth of Emma.
She is secretly engaged to Frank Churchill, and is very unhappy when he keeps on flirting with Emma.
Harriet - a seventeen-year-old illegitimate daughter of a tradesman.
She is "a very pretty girl...short, plump, and fair, with a fine bloom, blue eyes, light hair, regular features, and a look of great sweetness...".
Harriet is not very clever.
However, she is grateful, nice, and humble.
She loves Robert Martin, but because of Emma's opinion, she refuses his offer of marriage, and she falls in love with Mr. Elton instead.
But Emma is very surprised when she finds out Mr. Elton loves her!
Harriet is very sad, but Emma soon wants her to marry Frank Churchill instead.
She is shocked when she realizes Harriet does not love Frank Churchill, but Mr. Knightley.
In the end, Harriet marries the person she really liked, Robert Martin, and has a happy life.
Mr. Woodhouse - Emma's old father.
He loves his daughters, but with "gentle selfishness."
He does not want his daughters to be married because he does not want them to leave him.
Mr. Woodhouse is very cautious about illness and disease.
He is sweet tempered, and likes to eat gruel.
1996: Emma - Starring Gwyneth Paltrow.
An examination of Emma's theme and its slavery subtext
Chronology/Calendar for Emma
Emma, online at Ye Olde Library
Emma , complete text and audio
Emma, free audio book at LibriVox
Christopher Anthony John "Chris" Martin (born 2 March 1977) is an English singer and pianist for the band Coldplay.
He also plays the guitar.
He was born in Exeter, Devon, England.
He married Gwyneth Paltrow in 2003.
They have two children, a daughter, Apple (born 2004) and a son, Moses (born 2006).
His band members are called Jonny Buckland (lead guitarist), Guy Berryman (bassist) and Will Champion (drummer).
They met while studying at University College London.
In January 1998, they formed the rock band Coldplay.
They were influenced by the Scottish rock band Travis.
U2 was another important influence on Martin both musically and politically.
Martin does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol.
PETA said he was the World's Sexiest Vegetarian in 2005!
Solo discography
See Coldplay for his work with the band.
British anti–Iraq War activists
Musicians from Devon
Joseph Alberic Fiennes is an English actor.
He was born on 27 May 1970 in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England.
His parents were Jennifer Lash and Mark Fiennes.
Joseph is the youngest of six children.
His brothers and sisters are Ralph Fiennes, Sophie Fiennes, Martha Fiennes, Magnus Fiennes and his twin brother, Jacob Fiennes.
He is best known for acting in the movie Shakespeare in Love.
Actors from Wiltshire
People from Salisbury
April 4 — Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar
Third Council of the Lateran condemned Waldensians and Cathars as heretics, institutes a reformation of clerical life, and creates the first "ghettos" for Jews
Afonso I is recognized as the true King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III, bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Castilian monarchy
Philip II is crowned King of France
Aberdeen is chartered by William the Lion
Westminster School founded by the monks of Westminster Abbey (by papal command)
Drigung Kagyu school of Kagyu Buddhism was founded.
Wikibooks (previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks) is a collection of free books.
It is one of many projects that are run by the Wikimedia Foundation.
It is a wiki, which makes it possible for anyone to edit.
Wikijunior
Wikijunior is a subproject of Wikibooks that has books for children.
The project consists of both a magazine and a website, and is currently being developed in English, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish.
Wikibooks Main page
Wikibooks in English
Charles was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, on June 27, 1550.
Charles was married to Elizabeth of Austria on November 26, 1570.
They had one child, Mary Elizabeth of France (October 27, 1572 – April 9, 1578), who died young.
Charles died in Vincennes, France, on May 30, 1574.
The next King was Henry III of France.
1550 births
1574 deaths
Henry III of France (September 19, 1551 – August 2, 1589) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois.
He was also a King of Poland.
Henry was born in Fontainbleau, France, on September 19, 1551.
His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici.
He was Catherine de Medici's favourite son.
Henry was married to Louise of Lorraine on February 13, 1575.
Henry died in Saint-Cloud, France, on August 2, 1589, after being stabbed with a knife.
Henry was the last King of the Valois Dynasty.
The next King was Henry IV of France, who was a member of the Bourbon Dynasty.
1551 births
LGBT royalty
Princess Theodora, later Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire.
April 23 – Saint Adalbert of Prague (martyred)
February 7 – Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia
February 18 – Pope Gregory V
December 16 – Saint Adelaide of Italy (b. 931)
Maredudd ab Owain king of Deheubarth and Powys
August: King Cnut the Great of Denmark launches an invasion of Mercia and Northumbria in England.
Berserkers are banned in Norway.
Olav Haraldsson becomes king of Norway.
Sviatopolk succeeds Vladimir as prince of Kiev.
Theodoric I becomes king of the Visigoths.
December 28 – Pope Boniface I succeeds Zosimus as the 42nd pope.
Eulalius is elected antipope of Rome.
December 26 – Pope Zosimus
Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces.
Hopkins School is founded. (
exact date uncertain)
January 1 – colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration.
Samuel Pepys began his diary.
February 2 – George Monck and his regiment arrive in London
February 23 – Charles XI becomes king of Sweden.
February 27 – John Thurloe reinstated as England's secretary of State for a short time
March 16 – The Long Parliament disbands
May 8 – The Parliament of England declares Prince Charles Stuart King Charles II of England
May 15 – John Thurloe arrested for high treason after English Restoration
May 23 – King Charles II of England reaches the shores of his Kingdom.
On May 29 he arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the English Restoration
May 25 – Charles II of England crowned
June 29 – John Thurloe released
November 28 – At Gresham College, 12 men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray meet after a lecture by Wren and decide to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning" (later known as the Royal Society).
Theaters opened again in England – Margaret Hughes debuts as the first female actor as Desdemona in Othello
Blaise Pascal's The Provincial Letters, a defense of the Jansenist Antoine Arnauld, was ordered shredded and burned by King Louis XIV of France.
Sweden recovers its southern provinces from Denmark.
April 16 - Hans Sloane, Irish physician
May 2 - Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian composer
May 28 - George I of Great Britain, King of Great Britain and ruler of Hanover in North Germany.
November 12 - Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro.
November 28 - Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, mother of Philip V of Spain
June 6 - Diego Velázquez, Spanish painter
July 8 - Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester
November 4 - Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
Constance of Arles (973 - July 25, 1034) was the third wife of Robert II of France.
They were married in 1003 after Robert had divorced his second wife, Bertha.
She was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica with Robert II of France.
Henry I of France
Adela of France - is the mother of Matilda of Flanders, who was the wife of William I of England
Robert I of Burgundy
Eudes of France
Constance of France, married to Count Manasses of Dammartin
973 births
1034 deaths
Queen Matilda of Boulogne (1105 – May 3, 1152) was the wife of Stephen of England.
She also became the Countess of Boulogne when her father died in 1125.
Matilda was born in Boulogne, France.
She was the daughter of Eustace III of Boulogne and Mary of Scotland.
Matilda's mother, Mary, was the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland.
Matilda married Stephen I of England in 1125.
They were deeply in love until two of their children died Baldwin and Matilda.
Matilda died at Hedingham Castle, Essex, England.
She was buried in Faversham Abbey.
1105 births
1152 deaths
Marie was the daughter of Stephen of England and Matilda of Boulogne.
She was placed in a convent when she was young so that she could become a nun.
When her brother, William of Blois, died, she became the heir of the Count of Boulogne.
She had to leave the convent and was married to Matthew of Alsace.
Marie and Matthew ruled Boulogne together, but their marriage was not happy and they got a divorce in 1170.
After Marie died, Matthew continued to be the Count of Boulogne until 1173.
After this Marie and Matthew's daughter, Ida of Boulogne, became Countess of Boulogne.
Marie and Matthew's other daughter, Maud of Boulogne, became the wife of Henry I of Brabant.
Earls and countesses
Marie of France was the eldest daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
In 1164 she was married to Henry I of Champagne.
Their children included:
Henry II of Champagne
Theobald III of Champagne
French royalty
Alix of France was the youngest daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
She was married to Theobald V of Blois in 1164.
Louis I of Blois
1151 births
1190s deaths
Margaret of Blois was Countess of Blois from 1218 until 1230.
She was the daughter of Theobald V of Blois and Alix of France.
Her mother was the daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
1230 deaths
Flemish Region (Dutch: Vlaams Gewest) is a region in the north of Belgium.
The official language is Dutch, sometimes called Flemish.
Flanders has 5 provinces.
About 7 million people live there.
Its capital is Brussels.
Flanders is one of three regions in Belgium.
The other two regions are Wallonia (or Walloon Region) and Brussels-Capital Region.
Geography of Belgium
Feta cheese (, feminine gender; pronounced ), or simply Feta is a kind of cheese.
Usually it is made from the milk of sheep or goats.
Feta cheese originally is from the Greek mainland, or from Lesbos in the Aegean Sea.
Other cheese (which is usually not from Greece and is usually made from cow milk) must not be called Feta from 2007.
The European Court said so in its decisions  C-465/02 and  C-466/02 (from October 25, 2005).
This ruling is only valid for the European Union, and other countries in Europe.
Several member state of the WTO still think that the term "feta" is generic.
European Member states wanted to ddefend this protected designation  of origin at the WTO talks in Doha.
What is now called feta cheese was known to Ancient Greeks.
Homer must have known about it.
There were several references to the cheese in the Odyssey.
According to the myth, the cyclops Polyphemos was the first cheese manufacturer.
He carried the milk in animal-skin bags.
He had collected the milk from his sheep.
He was very surprised to see that days later the milk had become solid.
When Polyphemus tried to eat it, it tasted well.
He also found that as such a solid, it would go bad later than with milk.
The name Feta has an Italian origin.
It is derived from fetta (slice), and dates back to the 17th century.
Very likely this referred to the method of cutting the cheese in slices to put it in barrels.
Feta registered as Protected Designation of Origin
http://www.feta.gr on feta's history, production and conservation methods, plus dozens of recipes with feta
Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is an album released by The Beatles.
It was the 9th Beatles album to be released in the United Kingdom.
It was released on 1 June 1967, and stayed at the top of the charts for twenty-seven weeks.
It has lots of well-known songs such as McCartney's "When I'm Sixty-Four" and "A Day in the Life", which Lennon and McCartney worked on together.
For a while before this album came out, The Beatles had been trying new things when they made records, but this album made a much bigger change in the way they sounded.
The album title was used later for a 1978 Universal Pictures movie.
Peter Frampton and the Bee Gees played Sgt.
Pepper's band, while Billy Preston was the Sergeant.
George Burns played Mr. Kite (the mayor), Steve Martin (in his first film) played Maxwell Edison, and Aerosmith was the Future Villain Band.
It consistently holds the top spot on critics' lists of the greatest albums of all time.
Songs on the album
The Beatles albums
1967 albums
Concept albums
The Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia, is one of the greatest and largest palaces.
From 1732 to 1917, it was the official residence of the Russian Tsars.
It was built on the shores of the Neva River between 1754 and 1762.
Tsar Nicholas I, in the 19th century, was  responsible for the palace's present appearance and layout.
He made many changes to the interior of the palace, and was responsible for its complete rebuilding after the fire of 1837.
On 30 October 1917, the palace was declared to be part of the Hermitage Museum.
Today, the palace, as part one of the world's most famous museums, attracts an annual 3.5 million visitors.
Palaces in Russia
The Standing's day gecko (Phelsuma standingi Methuen & Hewitt, 1913) is a  type of gecko.
It is diurnal, which means that it sleeps during the night and is awake during the day.
It lives in southwest Madagascar and usually is found on trees.
Standing's day gecko eats insects and nectar (a type of drink created by flowers).
Charles VI (1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor from 12 October 1711 to 20 October 1740.
He succeeded his elder brother, Joseph I. His daughter, Maria Theresia of Austria, inherited the throne after he died.
1740 deaths
Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau  (October 18, 1919 in Montreal, Canada – September 28, 2000 in Montreal, Canada) was the 15th Canadian Prime Minister during the 1970s (1968 - 1979), and then again from 1980 - 1984.
He is thought by many Canadian citizens today as having been the greatest Canadian Prime Minister ever.
His son is the 23rd and current Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.
He had many challenges during the 1970s, including the October Crisis, and in 1980 held the country together by defeating the referendum on Quebec sovereignty (the province of Quebec wanted to leave Canada and become its own country), and keeping Quebec a member of the Canadian state.
Another popular event associated with Pierre Trudeau is Trudeaumania, which referred to how much he was liked by the Canadian people.
As a relatively young man, he was very close to the youth of the time, as well as funny, and he appealed to everyone by being so understanding and just like a normal person.
This kind of Prime Minister had never been seen before, and it made people feel like he was a good, friendly person.
Trudeau retired from being the Prime Minister in 1984, after which he did not speak to the public very much.
He died of prostate cancer and Parkinson's disease in Montreal on September 28, 2000.
After he died, his son, Justin Trudeau, spoke at his funeral, which was shown all over the country.
He said je t'aime (French for "I love you") and cried on his father's coffin.
After this moving eulogy (a speech at a funeral about the dead person), many Canadian people thought Justin would have a future in politics; Justin is the 23 Prime Minister of Canada, elected in 2015.
2000 deaths
Cancer deaths in Quebec
People from Montreal
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
Canadian Queen's Counsel
Jennifer Lynn Lopez (also known as J. Lo) is a Grammy-nominated American singer, dancer, fashion designer and actress.
She was born July 24, 1969.
She's most known for her performances in Selena, Maid in Manhattan, Out of Sight (co-starring George Clooney), Monster-in-Law, The Cell, and An Unfinished Life (with Robert Redford and Morgan Freeman).
She also was a judge for the talent reality series American Idol in 2011 and from 2014 until the show's series finale in 2016.
She began her career as a "Fly Girl" dancer on the 1990s TV series, In Living Color.
Her first album On the 6 was released in 1999.
It contains the hit singles "If You Had My Love", "No Me Ames", "Waiting for Tonight", "Feelin' So Good" and "Let's Get Loud".
She released J.Lo in 2001, her most successful album to date.
The Remixes and This Is Me...Then were released in 2002.
The album Brave was released in 2007, followed by Love?
in 2011.
She has released one greatest hits album, Dance Again... The Hits, in 2012.
Her most recent album is A.K.A., which was released in 2014.
She has many records, including record for having a movie and album (The Wedding Planner, and J.Lo) both #1 on the same week.
On June 5, 2004, she married Marc Anthony.
They have twin children, son Maximillian David Muñiz and daughter Emme Maribel Muñiz (born on February 22, 2008).
The couple separated in July 2011 and divorced in June 2014.
From 2017 to 2021, Lopez has been in a relationship with former MLB star Alex Rodriguez.
They were engaged in March 2019.
They split in 2021.
After dating from 2002 to 2004, Lopez reconciled with and began dating American Actor Ben Affleck in April 2021.
She publicly confirmed their relationship on her 52nd birthday later that July
1999: On the 6
2001: J.Lo
2002: This Is Me... Then
2005: Rebirth
2007: Como Ama una Mujer (Spanish language album)
2007: Brave
2011: Love?
2014: A.K.A.
2012: Dance Again... the Hits
2002: J to tha L-O!:
2000: Feelin' So Good
2003: Let's Get Loud
2003: The Reel Me
2007: Como Ama una Mujer
Number-one singles
Actors from the Bronx
American hip hop musicians
Anne was the daughter of Francis II of Brittany and Margaret of Foix.
She was born in Nantes (then in Brittany, now officially outside that Région) on January 25, 1477.
Anne was married to Charles VIII of France on December 6, 1491.
They had four children, but all of them died young.
After Charles died, Anne married Louis XII of France on January 8, 1499.
They had two daughters:
Claude of France (1499 - 1524), who married Francis I of France
Renee of France (1510 - 1575)
1477 births
1514 deaths
People from Nantes
A ritual (or a rite) is a set of actions people do.
In a ritual, the actions are important because every action stands for something.
Each ritual of a type is done in a certain way.
Danger might be involved in carrying out the ritual.
When the ritual has been performed successfully, it is often followed by a celebration.
Rituals can mark a personal change.
For example, a rite of passage may show that a child has reached the age of majority.
All societies seem to have had them.
A religious rite is a religious ceremony.
Many rituals have a religious significance and are part of the religion or traditions of a community.
The rite signals that those who take part are members of the religion, or believers in the religion.
The rite may signal status, qualification, prayer and commitment to the god or to the belief.
A rite need not be to a religion as understood in the present day.
Fervent support of a sports team, or kissing the ring of an organised crime lord, or a military enrollment is equally a rite, because it has consequences for the behaviour of the person, and for their beliefs.
Maria Theresia of Austria (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female head of the Habsburg Dynasty.
She was the Holy Roman Empress, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and archduchess of Austria.
During her rule she changed the royal palace outside Vienna (the Austrian capital) to look much like Versailles.
Vienna itself became an important center for the arts, especially music.
Maria Theresia added support to her absolute power by tightening her hold on the government.
She also improved conditions for the peasants.
She is generally known to history as the Empress Maria Theresia.
Maria Theresia was born in Vienna, Austria, on 13 May 1717.
Her parents were Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
Her father had made the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a decree which allowed a female ruler despite the Salic law prohibition.
Maria Theresia married Duke Francis Stephan I of Lorraine for love.
They had sixteen children who are named here:
Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1738–1789)
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (1740–1741)
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741–1790)
Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria, Duchess of Teschen (1742–1798)
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1743–1808)
Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (1745–1761)
Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria (1746–1804)
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II (1747–1792)
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (stillborn 1748)
Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria (1750–1762)
Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (1751–1767)
Queen Maria Carolina of Austria of Naples and Sicily (1752–1814)
Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre, born Maria Antonia (1755–1793)
Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria (1756–1801)
Maria Theresia died in Vienna, Austria, on 29 November 1780.
1717 births