the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Thomas Nast was the first to popularize the image of Uncle Sam, from 1860-1870.
Nast gave him a white beard and a Stars and Stripes suit.
However, Uncle Sam was not yet done changing.
By the early 1900s, Uncle Sam looked nothing like Samuel Wilson.
In 1916, James Montgomery Flagg drew his own version of Uncle Sam.
In his version Uncle Sam was wearing a tall top hat, blue jacket, and was pointing straight at the viewer.
His version was put on the cover of Leslie’s Weekly with the caption “What Are You Doing For Preparedness?”
In 1917 Flagg’s Uncle Sam reappeared as a poster with the caption “I Want You.”
This poster was used all throughout World War I. The poster reappeared in World War II.
Flagg’s illustration is now the standard for Uncle Sam.
Uncle Sam has become one of the most iconic images in American politics.
http://hnn.us/articles/53455.html
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-nicknamed-uncle-sam
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/sam/sam.htm
In 1903, after Myers death, Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death was compiled and published.
It was two large books at 1,360 pages in length, which presented an overview of Myers' research into the unconscious mind.
Blackburne learned the game at the relatively late age of 18 but quickly became a strong player.
He went on to develop a professional chess career that spanned over 50 years.
At one point he was the world's second most successful player, with a string of tournament victories behind him.
Blackburne especially enjoyed giving simultaneous and blindfold displays around the country.
Blackburne also annotated  a collection of his own games (explained the moves), and was a chess correspondent for a leading journal until his death.
"For more than 20 years he was one of the first six players in the world, and for even longer the leading English-born player".p42
Blackburne was fond of Scotch whisky, and often drank during a display.
He once drank his opponent's glass, and said: "He left it en prise, and I took it en passant!"
Much loved, he was supported by subscriptions from his fans in his last years.
People from Greater Manchester
A stile is a simple wooden structure which helps people to climb over a fence in the countryside.
Where there is a footpath (a right of way) which goes through a field with animals, there may be a stile so that walkers can climb over out of the field.
The stile is there instead of a gate.
If there were a gate and there were animals in the field, the animals could escape if the gate were left open.
Stiles are, of course, a problem for people who are disabled.
There are many stiles in the countryside in the United Kingdom.
Another way of letting walkers through but keeping animals in is to use a kissing gate.
Kissing gate
Cattle grid
Behaviorism is an approach to study behavior based only on what can be directly seen.
Behaviorists focus on relationships between stimuli and responses.
Unseen qualities such as states of mind (any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state e.g. as a result of fear or anxiety) were not used in this type of study even though we know that the mind plays a part in all advanced animals' behaviors.
Behaviorism states that behavior can be studied without knowing what the physiology of an event is, and without using theories such as that of the mind.
By definition, all behavior can be observed.
Behaviorism also relied on another idea, that all human behavior was learned.
Behaviorists believed that behavior could be explained by classical or operant conditioning.
This is learning as a result of influences from past experiences.
However, behaviorists denied the importance of inherited behaviors, instincts (inherent inclination of a living organism), or inherited tendency to behave.
They did not believe, or ignored, the idea of heredity(passing of traits to offspring from parents), that something can come from a person's genes.
This was the idea of the blank slate, that babies are born with a clean, empty mind.
Humans, when born, are thought not to have mental experience or knowledge, and that everything is learned after they grow.
The blank slate premise is opposed by modern evolutionary psychology.
Pavlov researched classical conditioning through the use of dogs and their natural ability to salivate, produce water in their mouths.
Thorndike and Watson rejected looking at one's own conscious thoughts and feelings ("Introspection").
They wanted to restrict psychology to experimental methods.
Skinner's research leant mainly on behavior shaping using positive reinforcement (rewards rather than punishments).
Today, ideas from behaviorism are used in cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help people deal with anxieties and phobias, as well as with certain forms of addiction.
As a scientific theory, behaviorism has largely been replaced by cognitive psychology.
The act of conditioning is when a desired behavior is made through training.
This is done by pairing stimuli with a specific behavior.
Some behaviors are natural reflexes which  people (and animals) are born with.
Infants are born with inherited reflexes that help them eat, communicate, and survive.
These reflexes are unconditioned, they are not taught to the baby.
Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian conditioning) is when a conditioned stimulus causes an unconditioned response.
This explains how people gained new responses to different stimuli.
Another example of an unconditioned response is when wind is blown in a person's eyes and they blink automatically to prevent dust or something from getting into them.
This is a reflex that is innate.
Fear conditioning is when a previously neutral stimulus is used to elicit fear.
One main example is the Little Albert experiment by Watson and Rayner.
The researchers tested infants' emotional reactions.
They found that Little Albert would react to a loud noise and then consequently conditioned that noise to elicit fear when he saw a white rat.
This came to be known as 'conditioned emotional response'.
After a period of time, Little Albert would cry when he saw a white rat or anything small and white, even his stuffed animal.
Operant conditioning is also known as instrumental conditioning.
It was studied by Thorndike and Skinner.
Pärna is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Muda küla is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
The Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant  is a nuclear power plant in Iran.
It is about  southeast of the city of Bushehr.
It is between the fishing villages of Halileh and Bandargeh along the Persian Gulf.
The power plant was first planned back in the 1970s.
German companies started the work in 1975, but stopped in 1979.
Later, Russia took over the planning.
The governments of Iran and Russia agreed to build the nuclear plant.
It costs about $800 million.
The Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant is now Iran's first nuclear power plant.
It was first filled with nuclear material on 21 August 2010.
Kuusiku is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Rannaküla is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Õngu is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
The Border Collie is a breed of dog that originated along the English-Scottish border.
It is one of the most intelligent dog breeds.
They have been used to herd livestock for over 300 years.
It is also famous for a pet or show-dog.
The border collie is about 20 inches (51 cm) in height and weighs 31 to 50 pounds (14 to 23 kg).
It is usually a long-haired dog.
Its coat is often black and white in color.
As with other herding and sheepdogs, border collies can be fiercely protective of their territory and their owners.
This inclination (likelihood) to protect their family makes them ideal guard dogs.
If a border collie notices anything new, they will always alert the family by barking loudly.
Exercise is one of the most important aspects of caring for a Border Collie.
The herding dog breed has had over a hundred years of genetic reinforcement (to strengthen) to provide them with intelligence, agility, and a high energy level to perform a job (wrangling sheep) that they generally no longer have to do.
This is why Border Collies are not recommended for pet owners who may be unable to provide their dogs with high amounts of exercise.
Ala is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Aruküla is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Hagaste is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Harju is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Hausma is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Pyrolusite is the natural form (ore) of manganese dioxide.
Its hardness is about 5 on the Mohs scale.
It is used in batteries, although many batteries use artificial manganese dioxide.
It is an oxide mineral.
Manganese(II) oxide is a chemical compound.
It contains manganese in its +2 oxidation state.
Its chemical formula is MnO. It is made by reduction of manganese(IV) oxide by hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or methane.
It is also made by heating manganese carbonate.
Manganese carbonate, also known as manganese(II) carbonate, is a chemical compound.
It is a brownish powder with a chemical formula of MnCO3.
It can be heated to produce manganese(II) oxide and carbon dioxide.
It is made by reacting a soluble manganese compound such as manganese(II) chloride with sodium carbonate.
Manganese(IV) oxide
Manganese(II) chloride is a chemical compound.
It has a chemical formula of MnCl2.
It is a light pink crystalline solid.
It is used to make manganese carbonate and manganese(II) oxide.
It is made by reacting manganese with hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride.
It is also made when manganese(IV) oxide is reacted with hydrochloric acid; this reaction also produces chlorine.
Manganese(II) oxide, pink-brown
Manganese(III) oxide, black
Manganese(IV) oxide, black
Manganese(VII) oxide, dark red or dark green oil
Minardi was an automobile racing team and constructor.
It was founded in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi.
It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005.
The team was headquartered in Faenza, Italy.
They had little success, but acquiring a loyal group of fans.
In 2001 the team was nearly out of money, and was about to shut down.
To save the team Mr. Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart.
Stoddart ran the team for five years.
Then Stoddart sold the team to the energy drink company Red Bull in 2005.
Red Bull renamed the team Scuderia Toro Rosso.
During its time in F1, the team scored a total of 38 championship points.
16 earned by the team's first driver, Pierluigi Martini.
Martini also recorded the team's only front row start, 2nd at the  United States Grand Prix.
Martini led a lap in the  Portuguese Grand Prix.
The team never achieved a podium (top 3) finish.
The best finishing position they managed was 4th place.
Martini finished 4th twice in  and Christian Fittipaldi in .
Before Minardi's demise, it was a well-liked team within Formula One circles.
In the paddock, the team was known for it friendliness, accessibility, and lack of corporate culture.
On the track, their cars were considered by many as well-designed for their tiny budget.
They never had the money to spend compared to front-runners such as Ferrari and McLaren.
Their low running position was a result of a lack of funds and engine power, rather than a poor car.
They also resisted employing pay drivers more than most other teams short on money.
Pay drivers are drivers who pay the team to drive the race car.
Most professional race drivers are paid by a team to drive.
Minardi produced an impressive list of former drivers.
Two-time World Champion Fernando Alonso drove for them in .
Former Minardi drivers who have gone on to win Grands Prix include Alessandro Nannini, Giancarlo Fisichella, Jarno Trulli and Mark Webber.
Alex Zanardi, who drove as a substitute driver for Minardi in , went on to win two Champ Car titles.
Justin Wilson and Christian Fittipaldi have also won races in premier North American open-wheel competition.
The family has run a Fiat dealership since 1927.
Giovanni Minardi competed in his own cars in the late 1940s.
After his death, his son Giancarlo took over the racing part of the family business.
He ran customer cars in Formula Two under various names from 1972 to 1979.
Giancarlo briefly ran a customer Formula One Ferrari as Scuderia Everest in 1976.
In 1979, he gaining financial backing Piero Mancini.
Mancini was a well known Italian motor racing patron (supporter).
This backing allowed Giancarlo to set up the Minardi racing team as a constructor.
Racing History
Formula Two (1980–1984)
The Minardi team first competed under that name in the 1980 European Formula Two championship.
The team commissioned a BMW powered design from Giacomo Caliri's FLY studios.
Caliri had earler build Fittipaldi Automotive team's F5A Formula One car.
The Minardi team had four moderately successful Formula Two seasons with a variety of young drivers, including Alessandro Nannini and Johnny Cecotto.
The team's most best result was a 1981 win at the Misano Circuit by Michele Alboreto.
Minardi left the Formula Two division at the end of 1984.
In 1986 a modified version of their final Formula Two car was entered in two rounds of the Formula 3000 championship.
Formula 3000 had replaced Formula Two in 1985 Minardi did not have any success in Formula 3000.
Minardi Formula One (1985–1993)
During 1984, Minardi made the decision to enter Formula One the next year.
Caliri designed the team's prototype Formula One car.
The car was intended to be used for both Formula One and the new Formula 3000 series.
The car was designed to use the Alfa Romeo's V8 turbocharged engine.
When engineer Carlo Chiti left Alfa Romeo, he founded Motori Moderni.
Minardi became the only customer for Chiti's new V6 engine design.
The engine was not ready for the start of the , so the team converted their chassis, the M185.
They used a Cosworth DFV V8 engine for the first two races.
The single car team was unsuccessful in its first year.
They did not score any points.
The new engine was underpowered.
Driver Pierluigi Martini finished only two races.
Martini's best was 8th place.
The team expanded to two cars for the  season.
They had little success competing with the Motori Moderni engine.
In  they started using the Cosworth engines.
The team became more competitive.
By  had become top entrant for tyre maker Pirelli's return to Formula One.
The team were moderately successful in the middle of the field through the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Minardi gave a number of Italian drivers their first chance at the top level, including Alessandro Nannini, Pierluigi Martini and Gianni Morbidelli.
Martini in especially tied with Minardi, driving for them three different times.
He drove for them on their debut in .
Scored their first point in the  United States Grand Prix.
Took their only front-row start at  USA Grand Prix, aided by special Pirelli tyres.
Led their only lap in the  Portuguese Grand Prix.
Martini was one of the drivers that scored Minardi F1 result of 4th place.
Minardi, Scuderia Italia and Fondmetal (1994–2000)
Through the mid-1990s the team was at the beginning of the end of the Italian Formula One constructors.
It was the first team in modern times to make use of customer engines.
They used Ferrari engines in .
In they switched to Lamborghini V12 engines.
In  they went to Ford engines.
As the number of small teams shrank, Minardi slipped from the mid-field towards the back of the pack.
The team was short on money.
In  Minardi joined his team with BMS Scuderia Italia in an effort to survive.
Gabriele Rumi was an Italian businessman and the former owner of the Fondmetal Formula One team.
Rumi had been sponsoring Tyrrell.
In  Rumi switched his sponsorship support to Minardi.
He became more interested in the team, and became the co-owner and chairman.
For the  season the team were forced to use 1998 specification Ford Zetec-R V10 engines, which were renamed as Fondmetal engines.
Rumi had contracted cancer, and was forced to withdraw his backing in 2000.
The team scored very few points in this era.
Only seven points were scored, four of them by Martini.
Michele Alboreto scored his last point in Formula One with a sixth place in the  Monaco Grand Prix.
Pedro Lamy scored his one and only point in Formula One with a sixth place in the  Australian Grand Prix.
European Minardi (2001–2005)
The team, near financial collapse, was purchased by Australian businessman Paul Stoddart in early 2001.
Stoddaart merged the team with his European Racing Formula 3000 team.
During its final years, the Minardi team was almost as famous for its politics as its racing.
Stoddart was described as the Formula One teams' unofficial representative.
Stoddart tried to get the costs for the teams reduced.
He asked to the other car manufacturers for help.
He wanted an agreement where the independent teams in Formula One would get cheaper engine deals.
In return, the teams that benefited from this deal would support the factory teams with the FIA.
This would help the factory teams oppose new rule changes, such as the proposed ban on traction control.
Before the start of the  season, Stoddart threatened to support the ban on traction control.
Later he withdrew this threat.
Before the  Australian Grand Prix Stoddart threatened to withdraw his cars.
There were new regulation in place for 2005.
He claimed that Minardi could not afford to modify their cars.
Once again Stoddart ended up withdrawing his threat.
Several times, Stoddart called for the resignation of Max Mosley, the FIA's President.
One of Minardi's most famous performances came at the  Australian Grand Prix.
It was Australian driver Mark Webber's first Formula One race.
At his and Stoddart's home grand prix, Webber brought the car home in fifth place finish.
He scored two World Championship points, a rare occurrence for Minardi.
Minardi was represented in  by two rookies, Italian Gianmaria "Gimmi" Bruni and Hungarian Zsolt Baumgartner.
During the year, they celebrated their 20th season in F1.
Baumgartner scored Minardi's first point in more than two years at the United States Grand Prix.
Only eight cars finished the USGP, and Baumgartner finished 8th.
Baumgartner was also the first Hungarian to score a point in a World Championship F1 race.
In , Minardi's drivers were Christijan Albers and Patrick Friesacher.
They scored a total of 7 points, the most since the  season.
All of the points came from the debacle of the United States Grand Prix.
They finished fifth and sixth.
Only six cars started the race.
None of the cars running Michelins started the race because of tyre problems.
After Friesacher sponsors stopped paying him before the German Grand Prix, he was replaced by the Jordan test driver, Robert Doornbos.
This created the first ever all-Dutch driver line-up in Formula One history.
Heads of Minardi F1
1985–2000 Giancarlo Minardi
1996 Flavio Briatore – co-owner
1996–2000 Gabriele Rumi – co-owner
2001–2005 Paul Stoddart
Red Bull purchase
Paul Stoddart stated that he would sell Minardi if he could find the right buyer.
Stoddart said he had 41 offers to buy the team.
His conditions for a sale was the ability of a buyer to move the team forward and leave the team based in Faenza.
The drinks manufacturer Red Bull already owned one Formula One team, Red Bull Racing.
They decided to set up a second team.
They would promote American drivers through its young driver program, the Red Bull Driver Search.
Minardi fans worldwide immediately started an online petition to save the Minardi team name and the team's 20-year heritage.
The petition was not successful and the team was renamed Scuderia Toro Rosso for the 2006 season.
The team's funding from Red Bull was increased.
They started using the Red Bull chassis and Ferrari engines.
Their results improved, and Toro Rosso scored their first win at the  Italian Grand Prix.
Racing return for Minardi
Giancarlo Minardi
On 1 January 2006, Giancarlo Minardi re-acquired some rights to use the Minardi name in racing.
He announced that he was licensing the Minardi name to an existing team GP Racing in the junior Euro Formula 3000 series, to be entitled 'Minardi Team by GP Racing'.
The team raced with moderate success, scoring a podium in each leg of the Spa round in June 2006.
For 2007, Minardi Team by GP Racing combined forces with GP2 team Piquet Sports, to form Minardi Piquet Sports.
For 2008 the team is known simply as Piquet Sports.
In 2006, Paul Stoddart declared his intention to enter a new team called 'European Minardi F1 Team Ltd' into Formula One beginning in 2008.
His application was unsuccessful, with the 12th place on the grid being awarded to Prodrive.
Prodrive was unsuccessful in launching their F1 team.
Stoddart turned his attentions to the U.S. based Champ Car series.
On 18 December 2006, it was confirmed that he had purchased a controlling interest in the CTE Racing-HVM Champ Car team.
The team would be renamed Minardi Team USA.
In 2007, the team had some success.
Robert Doornbos won two times and had several podium finishes.
He finished third in the series, and won Rookie of the Year honors.
The Champ Car series folded before the 2008 season.
Stoddart's team entering the IndyCar Series under the HVM name.
Minardi's new official website
Chequered Flag Motorsports's article on Minardi's F1 history
Formula Two championship results
Sammy was a famous chess prodigy, and later a leading American chess Grandmaster.
He was a contender for the World Chess Championship from about 1935 to the mid-1960s.
He came equal third in the World Chess Championship 1948 tournament, and equal second in the 1953 Candidates Tournament.
He was also an eight-time winner of the U.S. Chess Championship.
He was the greatest American player in the long period between Pillsbury (d.1906) and Fischer.
Sammy was an Orthodox Jew, and did not play on the Jewish Sabbath: his tournament games were re-arranged.
He was a regular top board for the USA at Chess Olympiads.
He played in eight Olympiads, helping the U.S. team to win the gold in 1937.p335
Sammy was tremendously strong in matches, and the Soviets made sure he never got the chance to play Botvinnik in a match.
He played eleven of the first twelve world champions, and drew a match against Fischer at the age of 49.
His one weakness as a player was his time trouble.
He used up so much of his time in the early stages of a game that he was often short of time at the end.
This probably cost him the Candidates tournament in 1953.
Reshevsky was not a full-time chess player.
He was a qualified accountant.
Reshevsky, Samuel [and Fred Reinfeld] 1948.
Reshevsky on chess. [
aka Reshevsky's best games of chess, Dover.]
Chess Review, N.Y.
Reshevsky, Samuel [and Fred Reinfeld] 1962.
How chess games are won.
Pitman, N.Y & London.
Gordon, Stephen W. Samuel Reshevsky: a compendium of 1768 games.
Some annotated by Soviet grandmasters.
London Bridge is a bridge over the River Thames.
It is in central London, and connects the City of London with Southwark.
It is between Cannon Street Railway Bridge and Tower Bridge.
On the south side of the bridge are Southwark Cathedral and London Bridge station.
On the north side are the Monument to the Great Fire of London and Monument tube station.
It was previously the only bridge over the Thames downstream from Kingston until Putney Bridge opened in 1729.
The current bridge opened on 17th March 1973 and is the latest in a succession of bridges to occupy the spot and claim the name.
Roman bridge
A bridge has existed at or near the present site over the period from the Roman occupation of the area, nearly 2,000 years ago.
The first bridge across the Thames in the London area, probably a military pontoon bridge, was built of wood by the Romans on the present site around 50 AD.
Around 59 AD, a piled bridge was constructed, and the local Britons built a small trading settlement next to it—the town of Londinium.
The settlement and the bridge were destroyed in a revolt led by Queen Boudicca in 60 AD.
The victory was short-lived, and soon afterwards the Romans defeated the rebels and set about building a new walled town.
Some of the 2nd-century Roman wall has survived to this day.
The new town and bridge were built around the position of the present bridge, providing access to the south-coast ports via Stane Street (the A3 route) and Watling Street (the A2).
Medieval bridge
The southern gatehouse, the Stone Gateway, became the scene of one of London's most notorious sights: a display of the severed heads of traitors, stuck on pikes and dipped in tar to preserve them.
The head of William Wallace was the first to appear on the gate, in 1305, starting a tradition that was to continue for another 355 years.
Other famous heads on pikes included those of Jack Cade in 1450, Thomas More in 1535, Bishop John Fisher in the same year, and Thomas Cromwell in 1540.
In 1598 a German visitor to London counted over 30 heads on the bridge:
"On the south is a bridge of stone eight hundred feet in length, of wonderful work; it is supported upon twenty piers of square stone, sixty feet high and thirty broad, joined by arches of about twenty feet diameter.
The whole is covered on each side with houses so disposed as to have the appearance of a continued street, not at all of a bridge.
Upon this is built a tower, on whose top the heads of such as have been executed for high treason are placed on iron spikes: we counted above thirty".
Modern bridge
2017 attack
At 22:08 BST on 3 June 2017, a van rammed multiple pedestrians on London Bridge.
The incident, along with a stabbing attack in Borough Market, led to seven deaths.
Three presumed terrorists were shot dead by the police.
Heltermaa is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Hiiessaare is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Hilleste is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Kõlunõmme is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Kukka is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Leerimetsa is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Linnumäe is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Lõbembe is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Palade is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Suuresadama is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Nõmba is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
It is in the middle of a forest.
Many of the old buildings have thatched roofs, which have been restored.
There used to be seven windmills in the village in the early 1900's, but these have all been pulled down.
The Bull Terrier is a breed of dog that originated in 19th-century England from a mixture of other dogs.
They were first used as fighting dogs.
Bull terriers have a short coat, small triangular eyes and an egg shaped head.
They are about 21–22 inches (53–56 cm) in height and weigh about 50–60 pounds (23–27 kg).
Bull terriers are very strong for their size.
The Bullmastiff is a breed of dog.
It started in 19th-century England.
It is a mixture of a bulldog and a mastiff.
It has a short tan, reddish-brown coat with black on the face and ears.
It stands  and weighs .
Bullmastiffs were originally used to discourage poaching and are now also used by police and as guard dogs.
Partsi is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
The Chow Chow is a breed of dog that originated in China and is believed to be one of the oldest dog breed.
It has a large head, a curly tail and a blue tongue.
It has a thick coat of fur and can be either rough or smooth.
Most Chow Chows are a reddish brown or black color.
It stands about 17–20 inches (43–51 cm) and weighs 45–70 pounds (20–32 kg).
Fredonia, Alabama
Fredonia, Arizona
Fredonia, California
Fredonia, New York
Fredonia, North Dakota
Fredonia, Pennsylvania
Fredonia (Spartanburg County, South Carolina), a former NRHP in Spartanburg County, South Carolina
Fredonia, Gregg County, Texas
Fredonia, Mason County, Texas
Fredonia, Wisconsin
Fredonia (town), Wisconsin
Fredonia Township, Michigan
Fredonia, Antioquia, a municipality of Colombia
Chad Javon Johnson (born January 9, 1978 in Miami, Florida) is an American football wide receiver.
He currently plays for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL).
He has also played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cincinnati Bengals.
Johnson was drafted out of the Oregon State University by the Cincinnati Bengals with the 36th pick in the second round of the 2001 NFL Draft.
Chad Ochocinco's Official website
Chad Ochocinco at cincinattibengals.com
Kevin McKidd (born 9 August 1973) is a Scottish actor.
He has played many acting roles such as Lucius Vorenus on Rome, as Dan Vasser on Journeyman, as Poseidon on Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, and as Dr. Owen Hunt on Grey's Anatomy''.
Meqabyan (Amharic: መቃብያን), also called called Ethiopic Maccabees or Ethiopian Maccabees, are three books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Old Testament Biblical canon.
These books are very different in content from the books of Maccabees in Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles.
The Maccabees described in these books are not those of the Hasmonean dynasty, and the "Five Holy Maccabean Martyrs" here do not match "Woman with seven sons", who were also called "Maccabees" and are revered throughout Orthodoxy as the "Holy Maccabean Martyrs".
1st Book of Ethiopian Maccabees
According to this book, a certain man from the territory of Benjamin called Meqabis had three sons Abya (Amharic: አብያ- Abijah), Seela (Amharic: ሴላ- Shelah), and Pantos (Pantera), who opposed the tyrannical policies of the king and refused to worship his idols.
Their account consumes only a short section of the book, spanning chapters 2 through chapter 5.
A second group of brothers are later introduced in Chapter 15.
They are called: Yihuda (Amharic: ይሁዳ- Judah), Meqabis and Mebikyas, and they are said to have lead a successful revolt against the ruthless King Akrandis of Midian.
This appears to be a historical allusion to the king Alexander I Balas, who ruled the Seleucid Empire after the death of Antiochius IV, and who supported the legitimacy of the Maccabees cause.
However, in this folk rendering of history, Mebikyas enters the king's military camp and decapitates him at his dinner table, while his food was still in his mouth.
The remainder of the book, chapters 16 to 36, have no dealing with the Maccabees (disambiguation) revolt and offer no further historical narrative.
Their purpose is unknown, as they recount significant events from the Old Testament.
2nd Book of Ethiopian Maccabees
The Book of Second Meqabyan has 21 chapters.
It starts: "After he found the Jews in Syrian Mesopotamia".
The story says that a king of Moab named Meqabis made war against Israel as a punishment on them.
Later he felt bad for his sins and taught the people living in Israel God's law.
After his death, Tsirutsaydan introduced idolatry and burnt the sons of Meqabis.
3rd Book of Ethiopian Maccabees
The Book of Third Meqabyan has 10 chapters.
It starts: "And the islands of Egypt shall rejoice".
It tells about salvation and punishment, as seen in the lives of Adam, Job, David and others.
Selassie, Feqade.
Ethiopian Books of Meqabyan 1–3, in Standard English.
2008; Lulu Press Inc, Raleigh, NC
Curtin, D.P. The 1st Book of Ethiopian Maccabees.
2017; Dalcassian Publishing, Philadelphia, PA
The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today, by R. W. Cowley - specific info on Meqabyan 1-3 found at footnote #9
The Book of First Meqabyan in Iyaric
The Bloodhound is a large breed of dog famous for its tracking ability by scent.
It stands 23–27 inches (58–69 cm) tall and weighs 80–110 pounds (36–50 kg).
It has a long nose, large ears with wrinkles on its face.
Its fur is short and its coat is usually a brown and black color.
Bloodhounds are known to be a gentle and affectionate breed.
This breed lives an average of six years and nine months.
Bloodhounds are often used by police because of their tracking ability.
The number of species is more than 50.
Some species:
Celosia argentea
Celosia argentea var.
argentea
cristata [syn.
Celosia cristata]
plumosa [syn.
Celosia plumosa]
Celosia isertii [syn.
Celosia laxa]
Celosia leptostachya
Celosia nitida
Celosia odorata
Celosia palmeri
Celosia spicata
Celosia trigyna
Celosia virgata
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Celosia
ITIS: Celosia
NCBI: Celosia
Christopher James Kluwe (born December 24, 1981 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a former American football Punter.
Kluwe played for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL).
Kluwe was undrafted but played college football at the University of California.
He is a supporter of same-sex marriage and released a letter on Deadspin that he sent to Maryland state assembly delegate Emmett Burns.
In the letter he defended the opinions of Baltimore Ravens linebacker Brendon Ayanbadejo who is a supporter of same-sex marriage and criticized Burns for sending a letter to the Ravens owners to "inhibit such expressions" by their employee and trying to stifle Ayanbadejo's freedom of speech.
Chris Kluwe at nfl.com
The Hangover is a 2009 American comedy movie and the first installment of the trilogy.
The movie is directed by Todd Phillips, and stars Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Justin Bartha, Ken Jeong, Heather Graham and Jeffrey Tambor.
It follows three men looking for another friend in Las Vegas, before the wedding is cancelled.
Bradley Cooper as Phil Wenneck
Ed Helms as Dr. Stu Price
Zach Galifianakis as Alan Garner
Heather Graham as Jade
Mike Epps as Black Doug
Justin Bartha as Doug Billings
Jeffrey Tambor as Sid Garner
Ken Jeong as Leslie Chow
Rachael Harris as Melissa
Rob Riggle as Officer Franklin
Sasha Barrese as Tracy Garner
Bryan Callen as Eddie
Ian Anthony Dale as Chow's henchmen
Gillian Vigman as Stephanie Wenneck
Rotten Tomatoes - 78%
Metacritic - 73% out of 100
Roger Ebert - 4.5 out of 5
The Hangover's Official website
2009 buddy movies
2000s black comedy movies
Movies directed by Todd Phillips
Wheel theory is the theory of wheels.
A wheel is an algebraic structure where division by 0 has meaning.
The term wheel was inspired by the topological picture .
A wheel is an algebraic structure satisfying(for all values , , and ):
Addition and multiplication are commutative and associative, with  and  as their respective identities.
Wheels replace the usual division with a unary operator applied to one argument  similar (but not identical) to the multiplicative inverse , such that  becomes shorthand for .
Also,  replaces the fraction .
Carlström, Jesper: .
Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 14(2004): no.
1, 143–184 (also available online here ).
The fundamental theorem of calculus is central to the study of calculus.
It is the theorem that shows the relationship between the derivative and the integral and between the definite integral and the indefinite integral.
It is broken into two parts, the first fundamental theorem of calculus and the second fundamental theorem of calculus.
A definition for derivative, definite integral, and indefinite integral (antiderivative) is necessary in understanding the fundamental theorem of calculus.
The derivative can be thought of as measuring the change of the value of a variable with respect to another variable.
The definite integral is the net area under the curve of a function and above the x-axis over an interval [a,b].
The indefinite integral (antiderivative) of a function f is another function F whose derivative is equal to the first function f.
The history of the fundamental theorem of calculus begins as early as the seventeenth century with  Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton.
Leibniz looked at integration as the sum of infinite amounts of areas that are accumulated.
As such, he references the important concept of area as it relates to the definition of the integral.
Isaac Newton used geometry to describe the relationship between acceleration, velocity, and distance.
This is key in understanding the relationship between the derivative and the integral; acceleration is the derivative of velocity, which is the derivative of distance, and distance is the antiderivative of velocity, which is the antiderivative of acceleration.
In 1823, Cauchy defined the definite integral by the limit definition.
Also in the nineteenth century, Siméon Denis Poisson described the definite integral as the difference of the antiderivatives [F(b) − F(a)] at the endpoints a and b, describing what is now the first fundamental theorem of calculus.
It wasn’t until the 1950s that all of these concepts were tied together to call the theorem the fundamental theorem of calculus.
Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Brent Michael Bowden (born May 21, 1987 in Huntsville, Alabama) is an American football Punter that is currently a free agent in the National Football League (NFL).
Bowden was drafted out of the Virginia Tech University with the 172nd pick in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL Draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
Brent Bowden at nfl.com
Mafia II is the 2010 sequel to Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven.
It was released on August 24, 2010 in North America and August 27, 2010 in the PAL region.
The game is set in Empire Bay which is a parody of The Empire State, the nickname for New York in the years 1945 to 1955.
Mafia II was protested by an Italian-American group because they thought the game was portraying ethnic stereotypes.
A third and become the final series of Mafia is Mafia III, it has been released in 2016.
Mafia II's Official website
The Amazing Jeckel Brothers is the fifth studio album by American horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse.
It was released on May 25, 1999.
The album was the fifth of the "Joker Cards" in the Dark Carnival mythology.
The album featured guest vocals such as Ol' Dirty Bastard, Snoop Dogg, The Jerky Boys and Twiztid.
Thomas Morstead (born August 13, 1982 in Pearland, Texas) is an American football punter for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL).
Morstead was drafted out of Southern Methodist University by the New Orleans Saints with the 164th pick in the fifth round of the 2009 NFL Draft.
Morstead won Super Bowl XLIV while part of the New Orleans Saints.
Thomas Morstead at nfl.com
Southwark ( ) is the main part of the inner London Borough of Southwark.
It is on the Thames, south of London Bridge.
It is often called just 'The Borough'.
Southwark was once a separate town in Surrey, and was made part of London in 1889.
Southwark has several important buildings: Southwark Cathedral, London Bridge station and the Tate Modern art gallery.
Two Roman roads met in Southwark: Watling Street and Stane Street.
The area was marshy with islands in Roman times.
They built the first London Bridge here.
The word 'Southwark' is pronounced Suthuk.
London Bridge station is a major railway and London Underground station in the London Borough of Southwark.
It is immediately south-east of London Bridge and 1.6 miles (2.6 km) east of Charing Cross.
It is the oldest railway terminus in London, opened in June 1839.
There is also a bus station.
It is the fourth busiest rail terminal in London.
In addition, it is where many commuters transfer between lines.
The mainline station is one of 18 railway stations managed by Network Rail and is a major transport terminus and interchange for south London.
Over 54 million people a year use the station.
The underground station is a junction station of two lines, the Jubilee Line and the Bank branch of the Northern Line.
All underground platforms are accessed through ticket barriers.
It is south of the River Thames, so it does not have a direct connection to the Circle Line.
Watling Street is the name of an ancient route in England.
It was first used by the Ancient Britons between Canterbury and St Albans.
Later the Romans made it one of the main Roman roads in Britain.
The Romans paved the route from London to the port of Dover, and from London to St Albans.
'Street' comes from the old word for paving.
Eventually, the road stretched to Caerwent in Wales on the Severn estuary, just west of Chepstow.
Its route is now covered by the A2 road from Dover to London, and the A5 road from London to Wroxeter (Roman Viriconium, in modern Shropshire).
These are major roads in England, which still exist alongside the modern motorways.
Mancetter on Watling Street is thought to be  the site of Boudica's defeat by the Romans.
Later, the A5 was part of the southwestern border of the Danelaw.
In the early 19th century, the course between London and the Channel was paved and became known as the Great Dover Road.
At various points along the historic route, the name Watling Street is still used.
JAMES STYLES
The Kia Picanto is a car produced by Kia Motors.
It replaced the Kia Pride in 2003.
The Hyundai i10 is based on the Picanto's platform.
1.0 Mazda 44 kW (60 hp)
1.3 Toyota 48 kW (65 hp)
1.3 CRDi 55 kW (75 hp)
Picanto
It is the mother church of the Anglican Diocese of Southwark.
It has been a place of Christian worship for over 1,000 years, but a cathedral only since 1905.
The present building is mainly Gothic, from 1220 to 1420.
The main railway line from London Bridge station to Cannon Street station passes close to the cathedral, blocking the view from the south side.
Borough Market and the Hall of the Worshipful Company of Glaziers and Painters of Glass by the river are close by.
Saxon and medieval
The earliest reference to the site was in the Domesday Book survey of 1086.
The 'Minster' of Southwark seems to be under the control of Bishop Odo of Bayeux (William the Conqueror's half-brother).
Its early history is obscure.
A Saxon minster (a teaching church) served a south Thames area.
In 1106, Henry I's reign, the latter became an Augustinian Priory: Norman stonework can still be seen, and Thomas Becket preached here before departing to Canterbury, days before his murder in 1170.
The church is the oldest Gothic church building in London, built from 1220 to 1420.
It is one of the smallest cathedrals, which is because it was not built as a cathedral, but as a Priory chapel.
The cathedral has three choirs, The main Cathedral Choir is supported financially by the St Olave's & St Saviour's Schools Foundation.
They were two parochial schools set up in the 1560s, and still hold their annual services here as their 'foundation' church.
Southwark Cathedral official website
4LYN is a German nu metal group, based in Hamburg.
It formed in 1995 as Headtrip.
In the year 2000 the band renamed to 4LYN after realizing the band name Headtrip was used by many other rock bands all over the world.
The letters LYN are for Little Young Nasties and the 4 for the sum of the band members.
They became famous after touring with bands such as Papa Roach, Dredg, Thumb and Therapy?.
Finally in spring 2001 they released their first album.
In 2002 they continued their successful way with another album called neon and live performances such as on Rock am Ring and the Desperados-Tour together with Cosmotron and Dredg.
In the mid-2000s, they changed their style from nu metal to emo and alternative rock.
4LYN (2001 Motor Music)
neon (2002 Motor Music)
Take It As A Compliment (2004 Edel Records)
Take It As A Compliment / Live Compliments (2004 Edel Records)
Compadres (2005 Rodeostar/Edel Records)
Hello (2008 Rodeostar/SPV)
Live in Hamburg (22008 Rodeostar/SPV)
Quasar (Very Us, 2012)
Whooo! (
2001 Motor Music)
Bahama Mama (2001 Motor Music)
Lyn (2001 Motor Music)
Pearls & Beauty (2002 Motor Music)
Husky (2002 Motor Music)
Hey Ho, Let's Go (2003 Self-release)
Kisses Of A Strobelight (2004 Edel Records)
Matilda, Matilda (Promo Single) (2004 Edel Records)
Drrty Rokka (2005 Rodeostar/Edel Records)
Go, Sea Devils! (
2007 Rodeostar/Edel Records)
Hello (For You I'm Dying) (2008 Rodeostar/SPV)
The Good Life Period (2008)
Live In Hamburg (2008)
Hello (Limited Edition) (includes CD/DVD) (2009)
myspace-Page
Discography @ DISCOGS
4LYN @ Last.fm
Full detailed Fanpage by Petra Preuss
4LYN @ Webpark
The Volkswagen Sharan is a car produced by Volkswagen in two generations since 1995.
The SEAT Alhambra and the Ford Galaxy are based on the same platform as the Sharan.
First generation (1995–2010)
1.9 TDI 66 kW (90 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 85 kW (115 hp), 96 kW (130 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
2.0 TDI 103 kW (140 hp)
Second generation (2010–present)
Cannon Street station is a central London railway terminus and London Underground station complex in the City of London, the financial district of London.
It is built on the site of the mediaeval Steelyard, the trading base in England of the Hanseatic League.
This  is a terminal station approached across the River Thames by the Cannon Street Railway Bridge, with entrances from Cannon Street and Dowgate Hill.
Its approach by rail is by a triangular connection to both London Bridge station and Charing Cross station.
Cannon Street is one of seventeen UK railway stations managed by Network Rail.
The station was opened by the South Eastern Railway on 1 September 1866.
The original station building had two Wren-style towers,  square and  high, which faced on to the River Thames.
The towers supported a  long iron train shed crowned by a high single arch, almost semicircular, of glass and iron.
To this was joined in 1867 an Italianate style hotel and forecourt.
These gave passenger facilities, as well as an impressive frontage onto the street.
Current developments
Thameslink upgrade
Farringdon station has been renovated, to allow longer Thameslink trains to fit, and to make other improvements to the station.
The existing station building will be given a new roof canopy, and a new entrance and concourse facing Turnmill Street.
Platforms will be made wider and longer, which will require the Cowcross Street bridge pillars to be moved.
The bridge, along with the Cardinal Tower building, will be torn down and rebuilt once the pillars have been shifted.
Cowcross Street will be made into a street for pedestrians only.
Lifts will be provided throughout.
The existing ticket hall and concourse will be re-built.
Interchange within the station will be improved by means of removing the existing interchange bridge and installing new stairs and lifts with access to all four platforms, thereby allowing disabled passengers to use the station.
Extending the platforms towards the north could not be done due mainly due to the steep gradient (1 in 27) of the Thameslink line immediately north of Farringdon.
The platforms therefore had to be extended to the south, cutting off the two-station branch to Moorgate.
As a result, since Christmas 2009 Thameslink trains no longer call at Barbican and Moorgate stations, but London Underground still serve those stations.
Crossrail development
A 'Farringdon' Crossrail station is being built between Farringdon and Barbican underground (tube) stations and it will have interchanges with both of them.
Access at the Farringdon end will be via the new Thameslink ticket hall.
Work will not be complete until 2017.
The Grade I listed building stands on Euston Road between the British Library, King's Cross station and the Regent's Canal.
It was opened in 1868 by the Midland Railway as its southern terminus.
The company became the LMS: the London, Midland and Scottish railway.
When the station opened, the arched train shed was the largest single-span roof in the world.
After escaping planned demolition in the 1960s, the complex was renovated and expanded during the 2000s at a cost of £800 million.
A secure terminal area was constructed for Eurostar services to continental Europe—via High Speed 1 and the Channel Tunnel—along with platforms for domestic connections to the north and south-east of England.
The restored station houses fifteen platforms, a shopping centre and a bus station, in addition to London Underground services from King's Cross St. Pancras tube station.
St Pancras is owned by London and Continental Railways along with the adjacent urban regeneration area known as King's Cross Central.
Railway stations opened in 1868
Blackfriars station is a London Underground and National Rail station in the City of London.
It is close to Blackfriars Bridge at the junction of New Bridge Street and Queen Victoria Street.