the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Cinderella Man (2005)
Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004)
Shark Tale (2004)
Down with Love (2003)
Chicago (2002)
White Oleander (2002)
Bridget Jones's Diary (2001)
Nurse Betty (2000)
Me, Myself and Irene (2000)
The Bachelor (1999)
One True Thing (1998)
Jerry Maguire (1996)
Empire Records (1995)
Shake, Rattle and Rock! (
Best Supporting Actress: Cold Mountain (2004)
Best Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Cold Mountain (2004)
Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: Chicago (2003)
Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: Nurse Betty (2001)
People from Katy, Texas
Meryl Streep (born Mary Louise Streep; June 22, 1949) is an American actress.
She has appeared in many movies, including Falling in Love, The Bridges of Madison County, and The House of Spirits.
She was born in New Jersey.
Streep is considered one of the best actresses of her time.
She has won three Academy Awards and has been nominated for twenty-one in total.
President Barack Obama awarded her the 2010 National Medal of Arts.
Streep was born in Summit, New Jersey.
Her mother, Mary Wolf (née Wilkinson; 1915–2001), was a commercial artist and an art editor, and her father, Harry William Streep, Jr. (1910–2003), was a pharmaceutical executive.
She has two brothers, Dana David and Harry William III.
Her patrilineal ancestry traces back to Loffenau, Germany, from where her second great-grandfather, Gottfried Streep, emigrated to the United States, and where one of her ancestors served as mayor.
Another line of her father's family was from Giswil in the canton of  Obwalden, a small town in Switzerland.
Her mother had English, German, and Irish ancestry.
Some of Streep's maternal ancestors lived in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, and were descended from 17th century immigrants from England.
Her eighth great-grandfather, Lawrence Wilkinson, was one of the first Europeans to settle Rhode Island.
Streep is also a distant relative of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, and records show that her family is among the first purchasers of land in the state.
One of Streep's maternal great-grandmothers, Grace Strain, was from Creeslough, County Donegal, Ireland.
Streep is married to Don Gummer since September 30, 1978.
They have four children, son Henry Wolf Gummer (born November 13, 1979) and daughters Mary Willa Gummer (born August 3, 1983), Grace Jane Gummer (born May 9, 1986), and Louisa Jacobson Gummer (born June 12, 1991).
A bench is a kind of chair, a place where people can sit.
Benches are long and often found outside, and more than one person can sit on them.
Benches are usually made of wood, metal, stone, and other synthetic things.
Many benches have no back.
This list shows the country on the left, the national anthem in the middle, and the meaning in English on the right.
The names of states that do not exist anymore, or that are not independent nations, or the names of state organisations are italicized.
There are many countries over the world who have a national anthem of their own.
Acadia - Ave Maris Stella (Star of the Sea, We Hail Thee)
Afghanistan - Mili Thirana
Åland - Ålänningens sång (The Ålander's Song)
African Union - African Union Anthem
Alaskan Republic - The Star-Spangled Banner
Albania - Hymni i Flamurit (Hymn to the Flag)
Algeria - Kassaman (We Pledge)
American Samoa - Amerika Samoa
Andalusia - Himno Nacional de Andalucía, (Andalusian National Anthem)
Andorra - El Gran Carlemany (The Great Charlemagne)
Angola - Angola Avante (Forward Angola)
Antigua and Barbuda - Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee
Argentina - Himno Nacional Argentino (Argentine National Anthem)
Armenia - Mer Hayrenik (Our Fatherland)
Aruba - Aruba Dushi Tera (Aruba Precious Country)
Australia - Advance Australia Fair
Austria - Land der Berge, Land am Strome (Land of Mountains, Land on the River)
Azerbaijan - National Anthem of the Republic of Azerbaijan
The Bahamas - March On, Bahamaland
Bahrain - Bahrainona (Our Bahrain)
Bangladesh - Amar Sonar Bangla (My Golden Bengal)
Barbados - In Plenty and In Time of Need
Basque Country - Eusko Abendaren Ereserkia (Anthem of the Basque Homeland)
Bavaria - Bayernhymne (Gott mit Dir Du Land der Bayern) (Hymn of Bavaria / God be with you, land of Bavarians)
Belarus - My Belarusy (We, the Belarusians)
Belarusian National Republic - Vajacki mars (Come, We Shall March in Joint Endeavor)
Belgium - The Brabançonne (The Song of Brabant)
Belize - Land of the Free
Benin - L'Aube Nouvelle (The Dawn of a New Day)
Bharata - Jana Gana Mana (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People)
Bhutan - Druk tsendhen (The Thunder Dragon Kingdom)
Biafra - Land of the Rising Sun
Bolivia - Bolivianos, el hado propicio (Bolivians, A Favourable Destiny)
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Intermeco; Formerly: Jedna i Jedina (One and Only)
Botswana - Fatshe leno la rona (Blessed Be This Noble Land)
Brazil - Hino Nacional Brasileiro (Brazilian National Anthem)
Brittany - Bro Goz ma Zadoù (Land of My Fathers)
Brunei - Allah Peliharakan Sultan (God Bless the Sultan)
Bulgaria - Mila Rodino (Dear native land)
Burkina Faso - Une Seule Nuit (One Single Night)
Burundi - Burundi bwacu (Beloved Burundi)
Cambodia - Nokoreach
Cameroon - Chant de Ralliement (Rallying Song)
Canada - O Canada; Royal Anthem: God Save the Queen
Cape Verde - Cântico da Liberdade
Catalonia - Els Segadors (The Reapers)
Cayman Islands - Beloved Isles Cayman
Central African Republic - La Renaissance (The Rebirth)
Chad - La Tchadienne
Chile - Himno Nacional de Chile (Chilean National Anthem)
China, People's Republic of - The March of the Volunteers (official)
China, Republic of (Taiwan) - National Anthem of the Republic of China, National Banner Song
China (Qing Dynasty) - Gong Jin'ou (Cup of Solid Gold)
Colombia - Oh Gloria inmarcesible (Oh Unfading Glory!)
Comoros - Udzima wa ya Masiwa (The Union of the Great Islands)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the - Debout Congolais (Arise Congolese)
Congo, Republic of - La Congolaise
Cook Islands - Te Atua Mou E
Cornwall - Bro Goth Agan Tasow
Corsica - Dio vi Salve Regina (Hymn to the Virgin Mary)
Costa Rica - Noble patria, tu hermosa bandera (Noble Fatherland, Your Beautiful Flag)
Côte d'Ivoire - L'Abidjanaise (Song of Abidjan)
Croatia -  Lijepa naša domovino (Our Beautiful Homeland)
Cuba - La Bayamesa (The Bayamo Song)
Cyprus - Hymn to Freedom
Czech Republic - Kde domov můj? (
Where is My Home?)
Denmark - Civil: Der er et Yndigt Land (There is a Lovely Land); Royal: Kong Christian Stod Ved Højen Mast (King Christian stood by the lofty mast)
Djibouti - National anthem of Djibouti
Dominica - Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour
Dominican Republic - Himno Nacional
East Timor - Pátria (Fatherland)
East Turkistan - Uygur March
Ecuador - Salve, Oh Patria (We Salute You Our Homeland)
Egypt - Bilady, Bilady, Bilady (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland)
El Salvador - Saludemos la Patria orgullosos (Proudly Salute the Fatherland)
Equatorial Guinea - Caminemos pisando la senda (Let Us Tread the Path)
Eritrea - Ertra, Ertra, Ertra (Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea)
Esperantio - La Espero ((The) Hope)
Estonia - Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm (My Native Land, My Pride and Joy)
Ethiopia - Yezegnet Kibr [የዜግነት ክብር] (Civil Respect)
European Union - Ode "An die Freude" (Ode "to Joy")
Faroe Islands - Tú alfagra land mítt (O Faeroe Islands, My Dearest Treasure)
Fiji - God Bless Fiji
Finland - Maamme/Vårt land (Our Land)
Flanders - De Vlaamse Leeuw (The Flemish Lion)
France - La Marseillaise
Frisia - De âlde Friezen (The Old Frisians)
G-H
Galicia - Os Pinos (Galician Nathional Anthem)
Gabon - La Concorde (Concord)
The Gambia - For The Gambia Our Homeland
Georgia - Tavisupleba (Freedom), former anthem Dideba zetsit kurtheuls (Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings)
German Democratic Republic - Auferstanden aus Ruinen (Arisen from Ruins)
Germany - Das Lied der Deutschen, 3rd stanza (Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit)
Ghana - God Bless Our Homeland Ghana
Gibraltar - Gibraltar Anthem
Greece - Imnos eis tin Eleftherian (Hymn to Freedom)
Greenland - Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit (You Our Ancient Land)
Grenada - Hail Grenada
Guam - Stand Ye Guamanians
Guatemala - Guatemala Feliz (Guatemala, Be Praised!)
Guernsey - Sarnia Cherie (Guernsey Dear)
Guinea - Liberté (Freedom)
Guinea-Bissau - Esta é a Nossa Pátrai Bem Amada (This Is Our Beloved Country)
Guyana - Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains
Haiti - La Dessalinienne
Hawaii - Hawai'i Pono'i (Hawaii's Own)
Honduras - Tu bandera es un lampo de cielo (Your Flag Is A Heavenly Light)
Hungary - Himnusz (Hymn)
I-J
Iceland - Lofsöngur (Hymn)
India See: Bharat
Indonesia - Indonesia Raya (Great Indonesia)
Iran - Sorud-e Melli-e Jomhuri-ye Eslami Iran — National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iraq - (Old anthem) Ardulfurataini Watan (Land of Two Rivers) — Royal Salute
Ireland, Republic of -Amhrán na bhFiann (The Soldier's Song)
Isle of Man - Arrane Ashoonagh dy Vannin (Isle of Man National Anthem)
Israel - Hatikvah (The Hope)
Italy - Il Canto degli Italiani (the Song of the Italians) – also known as Fratelli d'Italia and l'Inno di Mameli
Jamaica - Jamaica, Land We Love
Japan - Kimi Ga Yo (君が代 May 1,000 Years of Happy Reign Be Yours)
Jersey - Ma Normandie (My Normandy)
Jordan - As-salam al-malaki al-urdoni (Long Live the King!)
K-L
Kashmir (Pakistan) - Watan Hamara Azad-Kashmir
Kazakhstan - Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kenya - Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu (Oh God of All Creation)
Kiribati - Teirake kaini Kiribati (Stand Kiribati)
Korea - There are 2 different songs and 1 old song, which have same title.
South- Aegukga (The Song of Love for the Country or The Patriotic Song)
North - Aegukka (The Song of Love for the Country or The Patriotic Song) or Achimeun Bitnara (The morning will shine)
Korean Empire (old) - Aegukga (The Song of Love for the Country or The Patriotic Song)
Kuwait - Al-Nasheed Al-Watani
Kyrgyzstan - National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic
Laos - Pheng Xat Lao (Hymn of the Lao People)
Latvia - Dievs, svētī Latviju (God Bless Latvia)
Lebanon - Koullouna Lilouataan Lil Oula Lil Alam (All Of Us!
For Our Country, For Our Flag and Glory)
Lesotho - Lesotho Fatse La Bontata Rona
Liberia - All Hail, Liberia, Hail!
Libya - Allahu Akbar (God Is Greatest!)
Liechtenstein - Oben am jungen Rhein (High Above the Young Rhine)
Lithuania - Tautiska Giesme (The National Song)
Luxembourg - Ons Hémécht (Our Homeland)
Republic of Macedonia - Today Over Macedonia
Madagascar - Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô (Oh, Our Beloved Fatherland)
Malawi - Mlungu dalitsani Malawi (Oh God Bless Our Land Of Malawi)
Malaysia - Negara Ku (My Country)
Maldives - Gavmii mi ekuverikan matii tibegen kuriime salaam (In National Unity Do We Salute Our Nation)
Mali - Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali (For Africa and for You, Mali)
Majorca - La Balanguera (The Balanguera)
Malta - L-Innu Malti (The Maltese Hymn)
Man, Isle of - Arrane Ashoonagh Dy Vannin
Marshall Islands - Forever Marshall Islands
Mauritius - Motherland
Mexico - Himno Nacional Mexicano (Mexican National Anthem)
Federated States of Micronesia - Patriots of Micronesia
Moldova - Limba Noastra (Our Tongue)
Monaco - Hymne Monégasque
Mongolia - Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol
Montenegro - Oj, svijetla majska zoro (O, bright dawn of May)
Morocco - Hymne Cherifien
Mozambique - Patria Amada, formerly Viva, Viva a FRELIMO
Myanmar - Gba Majay Bma (We Shall Love Burma)
Namibia - Namibia, Land of the Brave
Nauru - Nauru Bwiema (Nauru Our Homeland)
Nepal - Ras Triya Gaan (May Glory Crown You, Courageous Sovereign)
Netherlands (and Kingdom of the Netherlands) - Wilhelmus van Nassouwe (William of Nassau)
Netherlands Antilles - "Anthem Without a Title"
Newfoundland - Ode to Newfoundland
New Zealand - God Defend New Zealand, God Save the Queen
Nicaragua - Salve a ti, Nicaragua (Hail to You, Nicaragua)
Niger - La Nigerienne
Nigeria - Arise O Compatriots, Nigeria's Call Obey
North Korea - Aegukka (애국가 The Patriotic Hymn – different song from that of South Korea)
Norway - Ja, vi elsker dette landet (Yes, We Love This Country)
O-R
Oman - Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani
Pakistan - Pak sarzamin shad bad (Blessed Be The Sacred Land)
State of Palestine - Biladi (My Country)
Panama - Himno Istmeño (Isthmus Hymn)
Papua New Guinea - O Arise, All You Sons
Paraguay - Paraguayos, República o Muerte (Paraguayans, the Republic or Death)
Peru - Somos libres, seámoslo siempre (We Are Free, Let Us Remain So Forever)
Philippines - Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land)
Poland - Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (Dąbrowski's Mazurka)
Portugal - A Portuguesa (The Portuguese)
Puerto Rico - La Borinqueña
Qatar - As Salam al Amiri
Quebec - Gens du Pays (People of the Country)
Romania - Deşteaptă-te, române (Wake up, Romanian), former anthem Trei culori (Three Colours)
Russia - National Anthem of Russia; formerly The Patriotic Song, Soviet Union Anthem and God Save the Tsar
Rwanda - Rwanda nziza
Saint Kitts and Nevis - O Land of Beauty!
Saint Lucia - Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - St Vincent Land So Beautiful
Samoa - The Banner of Freedom
São Tomé and Príncipe - Independência total (Total Independence)
Saudi Arabia - Aash Al Maleek (Long Live the King)
Senegal - Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons (Pluck Your Koras, Strike the Balafons)
Serbia - Boze Pravde (God the Righteous)
Serbia and Montenegro - Hej Sloveni (Hey, Slavs)
Seychelles - Koste Seselwa
Sierra Leone - High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free
Singapore - Majulah Singapura (Onward Singapore)
Slovakia - Nad Tatrou sa blýska (Storm Over the Tatras)
Slovenia - Zdravljica (A Toast) Naprej zastava slave (Go ahead, the Flag of Glory)
Solomon Islands - God Save Our Solomon Islands
Somalia - Somali National Anthem
South Africa - Nkosi Sikelel iAfrica & Die Stem van Suid Afrika (God Bless Africa & The Call of South Africa combined)
South Korea - Aegukga (애국가 The Patriotic Hymn – different song from that of North Korea)
Spain - Marcha Real (Royal March)
Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka Matha
Sudan - Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan (We Are the Army of God and of Our Land)
Swaziland - Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati
Sweden - Civil: Du gamla, Du fria (Thou ancient, Thou free, Thou mountainous North) — Royal: Kungssången (The Royal Anthem)
Switzerland - Swiss Psalm (Schweizerpsalm, cantique suisse)
Syria - Homat el Diyar (Guardians of the Homeland)
Taiwan - See "China, Republic of"
Tajikistan - Suudi mellii (Happiness of the Nation)
Tanzania - Mungu ibariki Afrika (God Bless Africa)
Tatarstan - Hymn of the Republic of Tatarstan
Thailand - Civil: Phleng Chat; Royal: Phleng Sansasoen Phra Barami
Togo - Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux (Hail to thee, land of our forefathers)
Tonga - Koe Fasi Oe Tui Oe Otu Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago - Forged From The Love of Liberty
Tunisia - Ala Khallidi (Oh Make Eternal) Himat Al Hima (Defender of the Homeland)
Turkey - Istiklâl Marsi (The March of Independence)
Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan State Anthem
Turks and Caicos Islands - God Save the Queen
Tuva - Tooruktug Dolgaï Tangdym (The Forest is Full of Pine Nuts)
Tuvalu - Tuvalu mo te Atua (Tuvalu for the Almighty)
Uganda - Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty
Ukraine - Shche ne vmerla Ukraina (Ukraine Has Not Died Yet)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - National Anthem of the Soviet Union, The Internationale
United Arab Emirates - Ishy Bilady (Long Live my Homeland)
United Kingdom - God Save the Queen
United States - The Star-Spangled Banner
Uruguay - Orientales, la Patria o la tumba (Uruguayans, the Fatherland or Death!)
Uzbekistan - National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan
V-W
Vanuatu - Yumi, Yumi, Yumi (We, We, We)
Vatican City - Inno e Marcia Pontificale (Hymn and Pontifical March)
Venezuela - Gloria al Bravo Pueblo (Glory to the Brave Nation)
Vietnam - Tien Quan Ca (The March to the Front)
Virgin Islands, U.S. - Virgin Islands March
Wales - Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau (Land of My Fathers)
Wallonia - Li Tchant des Walons (Song of the Walloons)
X-Z
Yemen - United Republic
Yugoslavia - Hej Sloveni (Hey, Slavs)
Zambia - Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free
Zimbabwe - Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe (Blessed Be The Land of Zimbabwe); Formerly: Ishe Komborera Africa (God Bless Africa)
Lists of songs
Celsius (more precisely, a degree Celsius), sometimes called centigrade, is a unit of measurement used in many countries to measure temperature.
This unit was created by Anders Celsius (1701–1744), a Swedish astronomer.
0 degrees (°) Celsius is the melting point of pure water at sea level (normal pressure).
100° Celsius is the boiling point of water at normal pressure.
(Water boils at a lower temperature at higher altitudes).
Since 1948, this unit has been called "Celsius". "
Centigrade" was the name of the unit before the change. "
Centi" meaning 1/100, and "grade" being a scale.
The other commonly used measurement of temperature is the Fahrenheit scale.
The Celsius scale, based on multiples of ten, is used with SI, or metric measurements.
In 1742, Anders Celsius made a "reversed" version of the modern Celsius temperature scale.
In this scale, zero was the boiling point of water and 100 was the melting point of ice.
In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer, he wrote about his experiments.
He showed that the melting point of ice was basically unaffected by air pressure.
Ice would turn into water at the same temperature, whether it was at sea level or on a mountain.
This was not the case for the boiling point of water.
It would boil easier with less pressure (on a mountain).
He decided that zero on his temperature scale (water's boiling point) would be set at the standard barometric pressure at  sea level.
This pressure is known as one atmosphere.
In 1954, Resolution 4 of the 10th CGPM  (the General Conference on Weights and Measures) set what exactly is one standard atmosphere ().
In 1744, the year Anders Celsius died, the famous Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) used a reversed version of Celsius's scale when he bought his first thermometer.
This had a scale where zero represented the melting point of ice and 100 represented water's boiling point, similar to what we use it today.
His custom-made "Linnaeus thermometer", to use in his greenhouses, was made by Daniel Ekström, then Sweden's leading maker of scientific instruments.
Ekstöm's workshop was in the basement of the Stockholm observatory.
As often happened in this age before modern communications, many physicists, scientists, and instrument makers are given credit with independently making the same measurement scale; among them were Pehr Elvius, the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (which had an instrument workshop), who Linnaeus had also talked to; Christin of Lyons; Daniel Ekström, the instrument maker; and Mårten Strömer (1707–1770) who had studied astronomy under Anders Celsius.
The first known document reporting temperatures in this modern "forward" Celsius scale is the paper Hortus Upsaliensis, dated 16 December 1745, that Linnaeus wrote to a student of his, Samuel Nauclér.
In it, Linnaeus reported the temperatures inside the orangery at the Botanical Garden of Uppsala University:
For the next 204 years, the scientific and thermometry communities worldwide called this scale the "centigrade scale".
Temperatures on the centigrade scale were often reported as "degrees" or "degrees centigrade".
The symbol for temperature values on this scale was °C (in several formats over the years).
Because the name "centigrade" was also the Spanish and French language name for a unit of angular measurement (one-hundredth of a right angle) and had a similar meaning in other languages, the term "centesimal degree" was used when very precise, clear language was required for international communication, such as by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM).
The 9th CGPM (General Conference on Weights and Measures) and the CIPM (International Committee for Weights and Measures) officially decided to use "degree Celsius" (symbol: °C) in 1948.
There were three reasons for the decision in 1948 to use the word Celsius:
All common temperature scales would have their units named after someone closely associated with them - Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Réaumur and Rankine.
The symbol °C that for centuries had been used in association with the name centigrade could continue to be used, but now meant Celsius.
(Linnaeus had an important part of the modern scale, but Celsius first developed it).
The new name meant that centigrade could again mean only the French-language name for the unit of angular measurement.
It would take nearly two decades however, for school textbooks to change from centigrade to Celsius, and many people today still use the old name.
On the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°.
Room temperature is about 20 °C.
Absolute zero (the coldest possible temperature) is -273.15 °C.
Winters in Antarctica can be between -80 and -90 °C.
A human's body temperature is usually 37 °C.
To make a temperature in degrees Celsius into kelvins a person must add 273.15.
For example, 0 degrees Celsius, which is the temperature at which water freezes, is 273.15 kelvins.
To make a temperature in kelvins into degrees Celsius a person must subtract 273.15.
For example, 310 K is the same temperature as 36.85 °C, which is about the temperature of a human body.
To make a temperature in degrees Celsius into degrees Fahrenheit a person must multiply it by 9/5 and add 32: F = (9/5)C + 32.
To make a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit into degrees Celsius a person must subtract 32 and multiply the result by 5/9: C = (F - 32) * 5/9.
Fahrenheit (more precisely, a degree Fahrenheit) is a unit of measurement used to measure temperature.
The conversion rate to Celsius is C= 5/9 x (F − 32).
The degree Fahrenheit is abbreviated °F.
This temperature scale was made in 1724 by a German scientist named Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit.
In the twentieth century, the unit became less used, and the degree Celsius more used.
Fahrenheit is still often used in the United States.
In the United Kingdom, Fahrenheit is used on some websites, and on weather forecasts.
The main reason for this is that the older population is more familiar with Fahrenheit.
The degree Fahrenheit is considered by many to be old fashioned and outdated way of measuring temperature.
The degree Celsius has largely replaced Fahrenheit's use.
Room temperature is about 70 °F.
A human's body temperature is usually close to 98.6 °F.
Absolute zero is –459.67 °F.
Newton (Unit) (force)
an FBI agent is an official representative of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
literary agent, a person who represents a writer
sports agent, a professional who represents an athlete
talent agent, a person who finds jobs for actors, models, and other people in various entertainment businesses.
travel agent, a person who helps plan a trip and buys airline tickets and makes hotel reservations.
a secret agent, a spy (espionage)
a free agent, a sports player who is out of contract
a realtor (US), or real estate agent (Brit.)
Agent Orange, a herbicide
biological agent, an infectious disease that can be used in biological warfare
Agents, characters in The Matrix
Secret Agent, a 1936 film
Anthrax, or splenic fever, is a disease.
Both humans and other animals can get it.
It is caused by the bacterium bacillus anthracis.
It is common with even-toed ungulates (some hoofed creatures, like camels and giraffes).
The spores of the bacteria can live for hundreds of years.
Humans usually catch the disease from animals.
It is usually not passed from one human to another.
Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics.
There is also a vaccine against it.
If not treated, anthrax often leads to death.
Types of anthrax
There are 89 different strains (kinds) of anthrax.
One of them, the Ames strain, was used against the United States in 2001 as a biological weapon.
Outbreaks
On April 2, 1979, there was a leak at one of the plants just outside of Sverdlovsk that made anthrax during the Cold War.
94 people were infected and 64 of those people died.
The USSR blamed the deaths on another strain of anthrax that the people caught by digesting infected meat.
However, later it was revealed that the outbreak was caused by an accidental release of the bacteria from a nearby plant which developed biological weapons for the USSR.
In September 2001, several letters containing anthrax were mailed to several USA media companies and senators.
The attacks were linked to the September 11 attacks which occurred a few days before the start of the attack.
Hoaxes
Napoleon Bonaparte () was a French politician and army leader who ruled France from 1799 to 1814 and for a short period (the "Hundred Days") in 1815.
He became Emperor of the French and King of Italy as Napoleon I. He had power over most of Europe at the height of his power, and his actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century.
Bonaparte was born in Corsica into a noble family.
He learned the Corsican language first before learning French.
He moved to mainland France and trained to become an army officer.
He became an important army leader during the First French Republic, helping to stop the countries that wanted to end the French Revolution.
In 1799, he overthrew the government and took control of France for himself (a coup d'état).
At first his title was Consul.
Five years later, he was made Emperor of France.
In the first ten years of the nineteenth century, the French Empire under Napoleon waged the Napoleonic Wars.
Every European great power joined in these wars.
After a number of victories, France became very important in continental Europe.
His power by making many alliances.
He also made other European countries into French client states by letting his friends and family members rule them.
The French invasion of Russia in 1812 became Napoleon's first big defeat.
His army was badly damaged and never fully recovered.
In 1813, another Coalition defeated his forces at Leipzig.
The year after that, they attacked France and won.
The Coalition exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba.
Less than a year later, he escaped Elba and briefly returned to be the Emperor of France.
However, he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815.
Napoleon spent the last six years of his life exiled to the island of Saint Helena, which was controlled by the British, and died at the age of 51.
A doctor said he died of stomach cancer.
Some scientists think he was poisoned, though others disagree.
Napoleon is remembered as a brilliant army leader, and his campaigns are studied at military schools all over the world.
People have many different views on whether he was a good or bad ruler.
He brought many ideas of liberalism and the French Revolution to the countries he conquered, such as the Napoleonic code, freedom of religion and making education and government more modern.
His enemies remembered him as a tyrant and some historians criticise him for causing many wars .
Birth and education
Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Casa Buonaparte in the town of Ajaccio, Corsica, on the 15th of August 1769.
This was one year after the island was given to France by the Republic of Genoa.
He was named Napoleone di Buonaparte.
He took his first name from an uncle who had been killed fighting the French.
However, he later used the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.
The Corsican Buonapartes were from lower Italian nobility.
They had come to Corsica in the 16th century.
His father Nobile Carlo Buonaparte became Corsica's representative to the court of Louis XVI in 1777.
The greatest influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, Maria Letizia Ramolino.
Her firm education controlled a wild child.
He had an older brother, Joseph.
He also had younger siblings Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline and Jérôme.
Napoleon was baptized as a Catholic just before his second birthday, on 21 July 1770 at Ajaccio Cathedral.
Early military career
Napoleon was able to enter the military academy at Brienne in 1779.
He was nine years old when he entered the academy.
He moved to the Parisian École Royale Militaire in 1784 and graduated a year later as a second lieutenant of artillery.
Napoleon was able to spend much of the next eight years in Corsica.
There he played an active part in political and military matters.
He came into conflict with the Corsican nationalist Pasquale Paoli, and his family was forced to flee to Marseille in 1793.
The French Revolution caused much fighting and disorder in France.
At times, Napoleon was connected to those in power.
Other times, he was in jail.
In the French Revolutionary Wars he helped the Republic against royalists who supported the former king of France.
In September 1793, he assumed command of an artillery brigade at the siege of Toulon, where royalist leaders had welcomed a British fleet and troops.
The British were driven out in December 17, 1793, and Bonaparte was rewarded with promotion to brigadier general and assigned to the French army in Italy in February 1794.
13 Vendémiaire
General Napoleon Bonaparte was later appointed by the republic to repel the royalists on October 5, 1795 (13 Vendémiaire Year IV in French Republican Calendar).
More than a 1400 royalists died and the rest fled.
He had cleared the streets with "a whiff of grapeshot" according to the 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle.
He was then promoted to major general and marked his name on the French Revolution.
The defeat of the Royalist rebellions ended the threat to the Convention and earned Bonaparte sudden fame, wealth, and the patronage of the new Directory.
On March 9, 1796, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais, a widow older than he was and a very unlikely wife to the future ruler.
The campaign in Italy is the first time Napoleon led France to war.
Late in March 1796, Bonaparte began a series of operations to divide and defeat the Austrian and Sardinian armies in Italy.
He defeated the Sardinians in April 21, bringing Savoy and Nice into France.
Then, in a series of brilliant battles, he won Lombardy from the Austrians.
Mantua, the last Lombard stronghold fell in February 1797.
Egyptian Campaign
In May 1798, General Napoleon left for a campaign in Egypt.
The French needed to threaten British India and the French Directory was concerned that Napoleon would take control of France.
The French Army under Napoleon won an overwhelming victory in the Battle of Pyramids.
Barely 300 French soldiers died, while thousands of Mamluks (an old power in the Middle East) were killed.
But his army was weakened by bubonic plague and poor supplies because the Navy was defeated at the Battle of the Nile.
The Egyptian campaign was a military failure but a cultural success.
The Rosetta Stone was found by French engineer Captain Pierre-François Bouchard, and French scholar Jean-François Champollion was able to read the words in the stone.
Napoleon went back to France because of a change in the French government.
Some believe that Napoleon should not have left his soldiers in Egypt.
Napoleon helped lead the Brumaire coup d'état of November 1799.
Ruler of France
Bonaparte returned to Paris in October 1799.
France's situation had been improved by a series of victories but the Republic was bankrupt, and the ineffective Directory was unpopular with the French population.
He was approached by one of the Directors, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, for his support in a coup to overthrow the constitutional government.
The leaders of the plot included his brother Lucien Bonaparte (the speaker of the Council of Five Hundred), Roger Ducos, another Director, Joseph Fouché, and Charles Maurice Talleyrand.
Other deputies realised they faced an attempted coup.
Faced with their protests, Bonaparte led troops to seize control and disperse them, which left a rump legislature to name Bonaparte, Sièyes, and Ducos as the three provisional Consuls to administer the government.
Sieyès expected to dominate the new regime, but he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte.
Napoleon drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII, and secured his own election as First Consul.
This made Bonaparte the most powerful person in France, and he took up residence at the Tuileries.
In 1800, Napoleon ensured his power by crossing the Alps and defeating the Austrians at Marengo.
He then negotiated a general European peace that established the Rhine River as the eastern border of France.
He also concluded an agreement with the pope (the Concordat of 1801), which contributed to French domestic tranquility by ending the quarrel with the Roman Catholic Church that had arisen during the French Revolution.
In France the administration was reorganized, the court system was simplified, and all schools were put under centralized control.
French law was standardized in the Napoleonic Code, or civil code, and six other codes.
They guaranteed the rights and liberties won in the Revolution, including equality before the law and freedom of religion.
Emperor of France
In February 1804, a British-financial plot against Bonaparte was uncovered by the former police minister Joseph Fouche.
It gave Napoleon a reason to start a hereditary dynasty.
On December 2, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself "Emperor of the French".
The people of France did not see him as the monarch of the old regime because of his holding a Roman Empire title.
He invited Pope Pius VII to see his coronation at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.
During the ceremony, Napoleon I took the crown from the pope's hand and placed it on his own head.
This had been agreed on between Napoleon and the Pope.
At Milan Cathedral on May 26 1805, Napoleon was crowned King of Italy with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.
To restore prosperity, Napoleon modernized finance.
He regulated the economy to control prices, encouraged new industry, and built roads and canals.
To ensure well-trained officials and military officers, he promoted a system of public schools under firm government control.
He also repealed some social reforms of the revolution.
He made peace with the Catholic Church in the Concordat of 1801.
The Concordat kept the Church under state control but recognized religious freedom for Catholics.
Napoleon I won support across class lines.
He encouraged the émigré population to return, provided they gave an oath of loyalty.
Peasants were relieved when he recognized their right to lands they had bought during the revolution.
Napoleon's chief opposition came from royalists and republicans.
Among Napoleon's most lasting reforms was a new law code, popularly called the Napoleonic Code.
It embodied Enlightenment principles such as equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and advancement based on virtue.
But the Napoleonic Code undid some reforms of the French Revolution.
Women, for example, lost most of their newly gained rights under the new code.
The law considered women minors who could not exercise the rights of citizenship.
Male heads of households regained full authority over their wives and children.
Again, Napoleon valued order and authority over individual rights.
The Grand Empire
Emperor Napoleon abandoned plans to invade England and turned his armies against the Austro-Russian forces, defeating them at the Battle of Austerlitz on December 2, 1805.
In 1806 Napoleon destroyed the Prussian army at Jena and Auerstädt and the Russian army at Friedland.
He crowned his elder brother Joseph Bonaparte as King of Naples and Sicily in 1806 and converted the Dutch Republic into the kingdom of Holland for his brother Louis.
Napoleon also established the Confederation of the Rhine (most of the German states) of which he was protector.
To legitimize his rule, he divorced his wife Joséphine and married Marie Louise, duchess of Parma and daughter of the Emperor Francis I of Austria.
Soon she delivered a son and heir to the Bonaparte Dynasty.
He was named Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte or Napoleon II and crowned King of Rome from his birth.
At Tilsit in July 1807, Napoleon made an ally of Russian tsar Alexander Romanov and greatly reduced the size of Prussia.
He also added new states to the empire: the kingdom of Westphalia, under his youngest brother Jerome, the duchy of Warsaw, and others states.
The Congress of Erfurt sought to preserve the Russo-French alliance and the leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807.
However, on June 23, 1812, Napoleon went to war with Russia.
The French invasion of Russia defeated many Russian cities and villages, but by the time they reached Moscow it was winter.
Due to the Russian army's scorched earth tactics, the French found little food for themselves and their horses.
Napoleon's army was unable to defeat the Russians.
The Russians began to attack.
Napoleon and his army had to go back to France.
The French suffered greatly in during Napoleon's retreat.
Most of his soldiers never returned to France.
His army was reduced to 70,000 soldiers and 40,000 stragglers, against more than three times as many Allied troops.
Finally at the 1813 Battle of the Nations he was defeated by the Allies: Sweden, Russia, Austria, and Prussia.
Exile in Elba
Napoleon had no choice but to abdicate in favor of his son.
However, the Allies refused to accept this.
Napoleon abdicated without conditions on April 11, 1814.
Before his official abdication, Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill but it did not work.
In the Treaty of Fontainebleau the victors exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean.
The Allies allowed Napoleon to keep an imperial title "Emperor of Elba" and an allowance of 2 million francs a year.
Napoleon even requested a 21 gun salute as emperor of the island of Elba.
Many delegates feared that Elba was too close to Europe to keep such a dangerous force.
Separated from his son and wife, who had come under Austrian control, cut off from the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours he was about to be banished to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon escaped from Elba on February 26 1815.
He made a surprise march on March 1, 1815 to Paris.
His former troops joined him and Louis XVIII fled to exile.
He again became ruler of France for a length of 100 days.
Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by the British under Duke of Wellington and Prussians on June 18 1815, which was his last battle.
Napoleon was again captured and taken to his second exile on the island of Saint Helena on the Atlantic Ocean.
Second exile and death
Napoleon was sent to the island of Saint Helena, off the coast of Africa.
He died on May 5 1821 of stomach cancer.
Napoleon kept himself up to date of the events through The Times and hoped for release in the event that Holland became Prime Minister.
There were other plots to rescue Napoleon from captivity including one from Texas, where exiled soldiers from the Grande Armée wanted a resurrection of the Napoleonic Empire in America.
There was even a plan to rescue him with a primitive submarine.
For Lord Byron, Napoleon was the epitome of the Romantic hero, the persecuted, lonely and flawed genius.
The news that Napoleon had taken up gardening at Longwood also appealed to more domestic British sensibilities.
French people remain proud of Napoleon's glory days.
The Napoleonic Code reflects the modern French Constitution.
Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th century operational mobility underwent significant change.
Napoleon's biggest influence was in the conduct of warfare.
His popularity would later help his nephew Louis-Napoléon to become ruler of France more than 30 years later.
On the world stage, Napoleon's conquest spread the ideas of the revolution.
He failed to make Europe into a French Empire.
Instead, he sparked nationalist feeling across Europe.
He was also known as “The Leader Of France”.
Historians have many different views on Napoleon.
Some historians say that he caused wars that killed many people in Europe, and therefore he was a bad ruler.
Vincent Cronin disagrees with the view, saying that most of the Napoleonic Wars were started by Napoleon's enemies.
Others argue that Napoleon made the mistake of trying to conquer too much land and that if he had stopped in 1808, his enemies might have left him alone.
Other historians have said that he was a good ruler.
They usually focus on the changes he brought to France and the countries he conquered.
Andrew Roberts lists the greatest ideas that Napoleon brought to France and other countries as the Napoleonic code, freedom of religion, better civil services, better education, more equality, support for science and art and others.
1769 births
1821 deaths
French generals
French politicians
Wetzlar is a city at the river Lahn in Hesse in Germany.
The number of people in the city is about 53,000.
Colchester, United Kingdom
Siena, Italy
Schladming, Austria
Ilmenau, Thuringia
Berlin-Neukölln, Berlin
Písek, Czech Republic
1803 disestablishments
1800s disestablishments in Germany
Andy Warhol (Andrew Warhol, Jr.; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was one of the most famous American artists of the latter half of the 20th century.
Many people think that Warhol is the "bellwether of the art market".
Warhol was born Andrew Warhola, Jr. in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on August 6, 1928.
He graduated from the Carnegie Institute of Technology before moving to New York City.
His first big break was in August 1949 when he was asked to illustrate an article in Glamour Magazine.
He dropped the 'a' from the end of his name when the credits read "Drawings by Andrew Warhol".
Warhol was also famous for painting Campbells' and Watties' soup cans.
He painted about 300 different paintings. .
He originally worked as a commercial artist.
He designed things like advertisements and window displays for stores.
He soon became famous as an artist in the Pop Art movement, in which everyday objects and media images were used.
One of his most famous paintings is his colourful portrait of American movie star, Marilyn Monroe.
After she died he was deeply moved, and wanted to create some sort of memorial.
In 1968, Warhol was shot by Valerie Solanas.
He was known for his The Factory studio in New York City where most of his work was created.
In 1987, Warhol was in a hospital in New York City after an operation on his gallbladder.
He died in his sleep from a sudden post-operative cardiac arrhythmia, aged 58.
His family sued the hospital for inadequate care, saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water poisoning.
Andy Warhol Print at Adam's Auctioneers
Warhol Foundation in New York City
Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh
Time Capsules: the Andy Warhol Collection
Documentation of recent exhibitions of work by Andy Warhol
The work of Andy Warhol spoken about by David Cronenberg on UbuWeb
Warhol in Paris—slideshow by The First Post
Andy Warhol makes a digital painting of Debbie Harry at the Commodore Amiga product launch press conference in 1985
Andy Warhol: A Documentary film by Ric Burns for PBS
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
Pop artists
Deaths from cardiac arrhythmia
People from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Romulus and Remus were the legendary founders of Rome.
In Roman mythology they were twin brothers, children of Rhea Silvia and the god Mars.
Birth and youth
Rhea Silvia was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of Alba Longa, a legendary town founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas, prince of Troy.
When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him.
But the god Mars seduced her and she had the twins Romulus and Remus.
Rhea Silvia was punished, and her sons were thrown into the Tiber, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and married her.
Romulus and Remus were found by a she-wolf who suckled them.
A woodpecker fed them.
The brothers were later found by a shepherd, Faustulus, who raised them.
The founding of Rome
Once they were grown, Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome.
However, the twins had an argument about where to start Rome.
Romulus favored the Palatine Hill, but Remus favored the Aventine Hill.
They decided to settle the disagreement by asking the gods.
Each brother stood on his respective hill.
Remus saw six birds fly overhead, and Romulus saw twelve.
However, Remus countered that he had seen the birds first.
Nonetheless, Romulus started to build a wall around his city.
Then, Remus jumped over the wall as an insult to his brother.
Angered, Romulus killed Remus.
He regretted it, and took Remus to Amulius's palace, and buried him there.
Confucianism is the philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), who was an important Chinese philosopher.
Confucianism has a complete system of moral, social, political, and religious thought, and has had a large influence on the history of Chinese civilization.
Some people think Confucianism should be called a religion but others do not agree.
Confucianism was made to stop the fall of Chinese society.
After the Zhou Dynasty fell, people cared only for themselves and did not have any respect for others.
Confucianism became a social order for China, teaching that social relationships are the most important.
People slowly started to believe in it, because they wanted to have peace, but they had to care for themselves too.
As a result, Confucianism brought the people love, harmony, and respect for one another.
Confucianism was started in Ch'u-fu, Confucius's birthplace.
Today, Confucianism has spread around the world, but it is still more important in China.
The teachings of Confucius focus largely on the respect of one's parents, elders, and ancestors.
He also taught that humans 'can never stop learning'; meaning that knowledge is infinite, therefore we will always learn, never stopping.
For example, he once asked a seven-year-old child to be his teacher, because the child knew something that he did not.
Confucianism Beliefs and Teachings
Ren (Jen), that refers to altruism and humanity.
Yi, that refers to righteousness.
Li, that refers to good conduct.
Zhi, that refers to knowledge.
Xin, which means loyalty.
Chinese culture that exists today has its roots in Confucianism.
Confucius believed that families are the building blocks of a society, which is why he laid emphasis on Filial Piety, which is known as xiào (孝) in Chinese.
Filial Piety means loyalty towards ones family.
A Filial son is expected to take care of his parents and go to any extent to make their wishes come true.
The book, Analects, describes the teachings of Confucius and was written by his disciples.
Lead (pronounce: "/'lɛd/") is a chemical element.
Its chemical symbol is Pb, which comes from plumbum, the Latin word for lead.
Its atomic number is 82, atomic mass is 207.2 and has a melting point of 327.8°C.
It is a very poisonous and heavy metal.
Lead is a shiny, gray-blue poor metal.
It gets tarnished easily to a dull gray color.
It is soft and malleable.
It is very shiny when it is melted.
It is very heavy.
It is very corrosion-resistant.
It is made stronger by adding antimony or calcium.
It can form an alloy with sodium.
It is toxic to people and animals when swallowed.
Lead burns in air with a grayish-white flame, making toxic fumes of lead(II) oxide.
Only the surface is corroded by air.
It dissolves in nitric acid to make lead(II) nitrate.
It does not dissolve in sulfuric or hydrochloric acid.
It reacts with sodium nitrate to make lead(II) oxide and sodium nitrite.
It reacts with chlorine to make lead(II) chloride.
Lead(II) oxide reacts with lead sulfide to make lead metal and sulfur dioxide.
Lead makes chemical compounds in two main oxidation states: +2 and +4.
+2 compounds, also known as lead(II) compounds or plumbous compounds, are weak oxidizing agents.
+4 compounds, also known as lead(IV) compounds or plumbic compounds, are strong oxidizing agents.
Lead compounds are toxic just like the element.
The lead halides do not dissolve in water.
Lead(IV) oxide is the most common lead(IV) compound.
It is a black solid.
The lead oxides are all colored, while the other salts are white or colorless.
Lead nitrate and lead(II) acetate are the soluble compounds of lead.
+2 compounds
This state is more common than the +4 state.
These are weak oxidizing agents.
All but the oxides are colorless or white.
Lead(II) acetate, colorless soluble
Lead(II) arsenate, insoluble former pesticide
Lead(II) bromide, insoluble
Lead(II) carbonate, white, used as pigment
Lead(II) chloride, insoluble
Lead(II) nitrate, soluble, colorless
Lead(II) oxide, red or yellow
Lead(II) sulfate, white, found in lead acid batteries
Lead(II) sulfide, black, common as mineral
Mixed oxidation state compounds
Lead(II,IV) oxide, red, oxidizing agent
+4 compounds