the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Another example of negentropic things are societies, or social systems, because they take disorderly things such as communications, and make them more orderly and useful.
North America is a large continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres of Earth.
It is to the east of the Pacific Ocean, the west of the Atlantic Ocean, the south of the Arctic Ocean, and it is the northern part of the Americas.
The southernmost part is Central America.
It is the third largest continent in the world, after Asia and Africa.
North America has a population of around 371 million and is the 4th most populous continent in the world.
Hundreds of millions of years ago, North America was part of a larger ancient supercontinent named Laurasia.
A few million years ago, a new land bridge arose and connected North America to South America.
Beringia connected North America to Siberia a few times during ice ages in the past 20,000 years.
North America has many warm tropical islands such as the Bahamas.
North America is currently north of South America.
Neptune is the eighth and last planet from the Sun in the Solar System.
It is an ice giant.
It is the fourth largest planet and third heaviest.
Neptune has five rings which are hard to see from the Earth.
Neptune is seventeen times heavier than Earth and is a little bit more massive than Uranus.
Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus: its greater mass causes more gravitational compression of its atmosphere.
It was named after the Roman god of the sea, Neptune.
Neptune's astronomical symbol is ♆, the trident of the god Neptune.
Neptune's atmosphere is mostly made up of hydrogen and helium.
It also contains small amounts of methane which makes the planet appear blue.
Neptune's blue color is much darker than the color of Uranus.
Neptune also has the strongest winds of any planet in the Solar System, as high as 2,100 km/h or 1,300 mph.
Astronomers Urbain Le Verrier and John Couch Adams discovered Neptune.
They were both honored for the discovery.
It was the first planet to be discovered by mathematical calculations rather than by a telescope.
In 1821, it was found that Uranus' orbit had some differences from its expected orbit.
So astronomers searched for a new planet, the one we now know as Neptune.
The planet has been visited by only one spacecraft, Voyager 2 on 25 August 1989.
Neptune once had a huge storm known as the "Great Dark Spot" which was discovered in 1989 by Voyager 2.
The dark spot was not seen in 1994, and new spots were found since then.
It is not known why the dark spot disappeared.
Visits by other space probes have been proposed.
The first possible sighting of Neptune is thought to be by Galileo as his drawings showed Neptune near Jupiter.
But Galileo was not credited for the discovery since he thought Neptune was a "fixed star" instead of a planet.
Because of Neptune's slow movement across the sky, Galileo's small telescope was not strong enough to detect Neptune as a planet.
In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published the astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus.
Later observations showed that Uranus was moving in an irregular way in its orbit.
Some astronomers thought this was caused by another large body.
In 1843, John Couch Adams calculated the orbit of an eighth planet that could possibly affect the orbit of Uranus.
He sent his calculations to Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who asked Adams for an explanation.
In 1846, Urbain Le Verrier, who was not working with Adams, made his own calculations but also failed to get much attention from French astronomers.
In the same year, John Herschel began to support the mathematical method and encouraged James Challis to search for the planet.
After much delay, Challis began his unwilling search in July 1846.
Meanwhile, Le Verrier had convinced Johann Gottfried Galle to search for the planet.
Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the Berlin Observatory, suggested the following that a newly drawn map of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted area could be compared with the current sky.
This map was needed to look for the change of position of a planet, compared to a fixed star.
Neptune was then discovered the same night on 23 September 1846, within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, and about 10° from Adams' prediction.
Challis later found out that he had seen the planet twice in August.
He did not recognize it at the time because of his careless work approach.
Crediting and naming
When Neptune was discovered, there was also a lot of arguing between the French and the British.
They could not agree who was going to receive credit for the discovery.
Later, an international agreement decided that both Le Verrier and Adams together deserved credit.
However, historians reviewed the topic after the rediscovery in 1998 of the "Neptune papers" (historical documents from the Royal Greenwich Observatory).
It had seemingly been stolen and kept by astronomer Olin Eggen for nearly three decades and was only rediscovered (in his ownership) shortly after his death.
After reviewing the documents, some historians now think that Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier.
Shortly after its discovery, Neptune was temporarily called "the planet exterior to Uranus" or "Le Verrier's planet".
The first suggestion for a name came from Galle.
He proposed the name Janus.
In England, Challis suggested the name Oceanus.
In France, Arago suggested that the new planet be called Leverrier, a suggestion which was met with a lot of opposition outside France.
French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus and Leverrier for the new planet.
Meanwhile, Adams suggested changing the name Georgian to Uranus, while Leverrier (through the Board of Longitude) suggested Neptune for the new planet.
Struve gave support of that name on 29 December 1846, to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Soon Neptune was internationally agreed among many people.
It was  the official name for the new planet.
In Roman mythology, Neptune was the god of the sea, identified with the Greek god, Poseidon.
Mass and composition
At 102.413kg, Neptune's mass puts the planet between Earth and the largest gas giants.
Neptune has seventeen Earth masses but just 1/18th the mass of Jupiter.
Neptune and Uranus are often considered to be part of a sub-class of a gas giant known as "ice giants."
It is given their smaller size and big differences in composition compared to Jupiter and Saturn.
In the search for extrasolar planets, Neptune has been used as a reference to determine the size and structure of the discovered planet.
Some discovered planets that have similar masses like Neptune are often called "Neptunes."
The atmosphere of Neptune is made up mostly of hydrogen, with a smaller amount of helium.
A tiny amount of methane was also detected in the atmosphere.
The methane gives Neptune its blue color.
Because of Neptune's far distance from the Sun, it gets very little heat.
The average temperature on Neptune is about -201°C (−331 °F; 72 K).
Therefore, Neptune is the coldest planet in the Solar System.
But in the depths of planet the temperature rises slowly.
The source of this heating is unknown.
Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is strong enough to create the fastest winds seen in the Solar System.
Several possible explanations have been suggested.
Firstly, radiogenic heating from the planet's core.
Among the explanations is the continued radiation into space of leftover heat made by infalling matter during the planet's birth.
The last explanation is gravity waves breaking above the tropopause.
It has also been suggested that the friction and ram pressure of the diamond hail heats up the planet.
The structure inside Neptune is thought to be similar to the structure inside Uranus.
There is likely to be a core, thought to be about 15 Earth masses.
It is made up of molten rock and metal surrounded by rock, water, ammonia, and methane.
This mixture is referred to as icy.
It is called a water-ammonia ocean.
More mixtures of methane, ammonia, and water are found in the lower areas of the atmosphere.
At a depth of 7,000 km of Neptune, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals.
These diamond crystals look like hailstones.
Weather and magnetic field
One difference between Neptune and Uranus is the level of its meteorological activity.
When the Voyager spacecraft flew by Uranus in 1986, the winds on that planet were observed to be mild.
When Voyager flew by Neptune in 1989, powerful weather events were observed.
The weather of Neptune has very active storms.
Its atmosphere has the highest wind speeds in the Solar System.
It may be powered by internal heat flow.
Regular winds in the equatorial region have speeds of around 1,200 km/h (750 mph).
Winds in storm systems can reach up to 2,100 km/h, near-supersonic speeds.
In 1989, the Great Dark Spot, an anticyclonic storm system, was discovered by NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft.
On 2 November 1994, the Hubble Space Telescope did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet.
Instead, a new storm similar to the Great Dark Spot was found in the planet's northern hemisphere.
The reason why the Great Dark Spot has disappeared is unknown.
The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot.
Its nickname was given when first noticed in the months leading up to the Voyager encounter in 1989.
It moved faster than the Great Dark Spot.
Later images showed clouds that moved even faster than Scooter.
The Wizard's Eye/Dark Spot 2 is another southern cyclonic storm, the second strongest storm seen during the 1989 encounter.
It originally was completely dark, but as Voyager came closer to the planet, a bright core developed.
Neptune also has similarities with Uranus in its magnetosphere.
However, Uranus' magnetosphere is weaker than Neptune's magnetosphere.
The magnetic field is strongly tilted compared to its rotational axis at 47°.
It is offset at least 0.55 radii (about 13,500 kilometres, bigger than the Earth's diameter, for scale) from the planet's physical center.
The unusual course may be caused by flows in the interior of the planet.
Tiny blue-colored rings have been discovered around the blue planet.
They are not as well known as the rings of Saturn.
When these rings were discovered by a team led by Edward Guinan, originally, they thought that the rings might not be complete.
However, this was proven wrong by Voyager 2.
Neptune's planetary rings have a weird "clumpy" arrangement.
The scientists think that it may be because of the gravitational contact with small moons that orbit near them.
Proof that the rings are incomplete first began in the mid-1980s, when stellar occultation were found to rarely show an extra "blink" just before or after the planet occulted the star.
Pictures from Voyager 2 in 1989 solved the problem when the ring system was found to have several faint rings.
The farthest ring, Adams, has three famous arcs now named Liberté, Egalité, and Fraternité (Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity).
The existence of arcs is hard to understand because the laws of motion predict that arcs spread out into a single ring in a very short time.
The gravitational effects of Galatea (a moon just inner to the ring) may have created the arcs.
Earth-based observations in 2005 appeared to show that Neptune's rings are more unstable than thought before.
It looks like the Liberté ring may disappear in less than 100 years.
Neptune's moons
Neptune has a total of 14 known moons.
As Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, the planet's moons were named after lesser sea gods or goddesses.
The largest moon of Neptune  is Triton.
Triton was discovered  on  October 10, 1846 by British astronomer William Lassell.
Unlike all other large planetary moons, Triton orbits in the other direction to the other moons.
This shows the moon was probably captured and maybe was once a Kuiper belt object.
It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous orbit.
It is also slowly moving into Neptune and may one day be torn apart when it passes the Roche limit.
Triton is the coldest object that has been measured in the Solar System, with temperatures of −235°C (38 K, −392 °F).
Nereid is so far from Neptune that it requires 360 Earth days to make one orbit.
It causes the largest elliptical orbit and the largest deviation from a circular path.
It is also considered that Nereid may be a captured asteroid or Kuiper Belt object.
From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six new moons of Neptune.
Of these, Proteus is the second most massive Neptunian moon.
It has only one quarter of 1% of the mass of Triton.
Neptune's closest four moons, Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, and Galatea, orbit close enough to be inside Neptune's rings.
The next farthest out, Larissa was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star.
The moon was credited for causing Neptune's ring arcs when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989.
Five new unusual moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004.
The latest moon, Hippocamp, was discovered from examining Hubble Telescope images on 16 July 2013.
Neptune can not be seen by just looking at the sky with the naked eye.
To see it, a telescope or binoculars is needed.
This is because Neptune has a normal brightness between magnitudes +7.7 and +8.0.
It can be out-shined by Jupiter's Galilean moons, the dwarf planet Ceres, and the asteroids 4 Vesta, 2 Pallas, 7 Iris, 3 Juno and 6 Hebe.
A telescope or strong binoculars will show Neptune as a small blue dot that looks similar to Uranus.
The blue color comes from the methane in its atmosphere.
Its small size in the night sky has made it difficult to study visually.
Most telescopic data was quite limited until the arrival of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics.
The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is about 4.5 billion km.
Therefore Neptune completes its orbit in every 164 years.
On 12 July 2011, Neptune completed its first orbit since its discovery in 1846.
Currently, only one spacecraft has visited Neptune.
NASA's Voyager 2 probe made a quick flyby of the planet with its closest encounter on 25 August 1989.
One of Voyager 2'''s important discoveries was its very close fly-by of Triton where took pictures of several parts of the moon.
The probe also discovered the Great Dark Spot.
However, it had now disappeared after the Hubble Space Telescope took pictures of Neptune in 1994.
Originally thought to be a large cloud or cyclonic storm system.
It was later guessed to be a hole in the visible cloud deck.
The pictures sent back to Earth from Voyager 2 in 1989 became the basis of a PBS all-night program called Neptune All Night''.
Proposed missions
Interstellar Express — A pair of probes by CNSA that would explore the heliosphere.
The second would fly by Neptune in 2038 at a distance of 1,000 km.
ODINUS —  A mission idea based on a twin spacecraft mission to investigate the Neptunian and Uranian systems.
Launch date would be 2034.
OSS mission — A proposed joint flyby mission by ESA and NASA.
Its main focus would be to map the gravitational fields in deep space, including the Outer Solar System (up to 50 AU).
Triton Hopper — A NIAC study of a mission to Neptune with the goal of landing, and flying from site to site, on Neptune's moon Triton.
Trident — A finalist in the Discovery program, would perform a single flyby of Neptune in 2038 and closely study its largest moon Triton.
Neptune Odyssey — it is an idea for a mission to observe Neptune and its moons; The idea is to launch in 2033 and arrive at Neptune in 2049; That is what the idea is in 2021.
NASA's Neptune fact sheet
Neptune Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Planets - Neptune A kid's guide to Neptune.
Mission to Neptune Under Study   (Universe Today)
Neptune by amateur (The Planetary Society)
Something negative can be something bad.
A negative number is a number that is less than zero.
5 - 8 = -3.
Some people also use negative the same way as "no", or other related words. "
Not", "Never", "Nowhere" etc.
are all negative words.
On two-way radios the word "negative" is used instead of "no" to be clearer.
In film photography, a film negative is an exposed picture or movie film that has been processed, and is ready to be used to make a print.
In a negative, everything in the picture has the opposite color.
Things that are white will be black, things that are red will be green, and things that are orange will be blue.
Negative binary numbers
Negative charge
Negative exponent
Negative feedback, a basic concept of cybernetics; it is the basis of regulation and control.
It is important in engineering and physiology.
In biology and physiology negative feedback is known as homeostasis
Negative gravity
Now is the time span between the past and the future.
It can be long (like an eon in geologic time) or short (like a picosecond) but it is almost always used to refer to the span between the present instant to some time horizon when a decision must be made.
It can be used to ask or demand that someone make a decision even if they want to delay.
Mathematics and measurement assume that everything used in one equation equals the same quantities at the beginning of calculation or axiomatization as at the end.
That means it is mathematically correct to say that the idea of "equal" means "equal from the time the process starts to the time it ends."
In General Semantics and E Prime the words equal, remain (for the past until now) and become (for now into the future) replace the verb "to be" for this reason.
Algebra is now often called snapshot algebra or algebra of seeing because of this dependence on time.
If any action or event were possible between steps in algebraic analysis, then, in theory, one would have to start over as if one had no knowledge of the new state at all.
For these reasons the idea of statistics and also knowledge and knowledge management are sometimes questioned, for instance, in the book Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics.
A major issue is the comparing of numbers gathered in the past, and now, after some key conditions change.
New York, or New York City (NYC), is the largest city by population in the United States.
It is at the southern end of the state of New York.
New York's population is similar to London in the United Kingdom with over 8 million people currently living in it, and over 22 million people live in the bigger New York metropolitan area.
It is the financial capital of the U.S. since it is home to the nation's stock market, Wall Street, and the One World Trade Center.
Being on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City is made up of five boroughs, each of which is a county of the state of New York.
The five boroughs—Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island—were combined into one city in 1898.
The city and its metropolitan area are an important place for legal immigration to the United States.
New York has more than 3.2 million people born outside the United States, the biggest foreign-born population of any city in the world as of 2016.
New York City started as a trading post created by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626.
In 1664, the English controlled the city and the areas around it, and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England gave the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.
New York was the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790, and has been the biggest U.S. city since 1790.
The Statue of Liberty welcomed millions of immigrants as they came to the U.S. by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and it is a symbol of the U.S. and its ideals of liberty and peace.
In the 21st century, New York has grew into a global hub of creativity and entrepreneurship and environmental sustainability, and as a symbol of freedom and cultural diversity.
In 2019, New York was voted the best city in the world in a survey of over 30,000 people from 48 cities worldwide, because of its cultural diversity.
Many districts and landmarks in New York City are well known, including three of the world's ten most visited tourist places in 2013.
A record 62.8 million tourists came to New York City in 2017.
Times Square is the colorful area of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a famous area for the world's entertainment industry.
Many of the city's landmarks, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world.
Manhattan's real estate market is one of the most expensive in the world.
New York has more Chinese people outside of China than anywhere in the world, with many Chinatowns across the city.
The New York City Subway is the biggest single-operator rapid transit system worldwide, with  rail stations.
The city has over 120 colleges and universities, including Columbia University, New York University, Rockefeller University, and the City University of New York system, which is the biggest urban public university system in the United States.
The world's two largest stock exchanges, the New York Stock Exchange, located on Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, and NASDAQ, headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, are both in Manhattan.
In 1664, the city was named after the Duke of York, who would become King James II of England.
James's older brother, King Charles II, had chosen the Duke proprietor of the former territory of New Netherland, including the city of New Amsterdam, which England had recently taken from the Dutch.
The oldest part of the city, the island of Manhattan, still has its original Lenape name.
Although Native people such as the Lenape and Canaries had lived there for many thousands of years, New York City was first explored by Europeans in the 1500s.
Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano found the entrance to New York Harbor in the year 1524 he gived to this site the name of New Angoulême in the honor of Francois 1st.
In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered New York Harbor while looking for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company.
Hudson's first mate said it was "a very good Harbour for all windes" and the river was "a mile broad" and "full of fish".
Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues) was one of the first people associated with Europe to live there.
He was a merchant from Santo Domingo.
He was born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, and he came to Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14.
He trapped for pelts and traded with the local people as a representative of the Dutch.
Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor.
Dutch control
New York City was settled by Europeans from The Netherlands in 1624.
The Dutch called the whole area of New York Netherland (New Netherland) and they named a fort and town on the south end of Brooklyn.
In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, acting for the Dutch West India Company, bought the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small Lenape band.
He paid "the value of 60 guilders" (about $900 in 2018).
A false story says that Manhattan was bought for $24 worth of glass beads.
1626 was also the year the Dutch began to bring black slaves there.
After the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly.
In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant started his job as the last Director-General of New Netherland.
During this time, the number of people of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000.
Island New Amsterdam (New Amsterdam), after the capital city of the Netherlands, which was to become present-day New York.
The English took over the colony in 1664 during the second Anglo-Dutch War.
They changed the name to New York, to honor the Duke of York, who later became King James II of England and James VII of Scotland.
The Dutch surrendered Nieuw Amsterdam without fighting.
English control
By the time the English took New York, there were many other Dutch towns in what would become New York City, including Breukelen (Brooklyn), Vlissingen (Flushing), and Nieuw Haarlem (Harlem).
There were already some English towns in the area also, such as Gravesend in Brooklyn and Newtown in Queens.
Dutch, English and other people had been living together in New York for a long time.
New York became more important as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s.
It also became a center of slavery as the British increased the slave trade and built a slave market in the city.
42% of households owned slaves by 1730, the highest percentage outside Charleston, South Carolina.
The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to create the freedom of the press in North America.
In 1754, Columbia University was created under charter by King George II; it was called King's College, and it was in Lower Manhattan.
New York quickly grew to become a large and important port city.
The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty.
It organized in the city, and they skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.
The  important Battle of Long Island of the American Revolution was fought in Brooklyn in 1776; it was the biggest battle of the war.
The Americans lost the battle.
The British used the area as its headquarters for the war in North America.
New York was the capital of the United States under the Articles of Confederation from 1785 to 1788.
When the US Constitution was made, it stayed as the capital from 1789 until 1790.
In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each met for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was written, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street.
By 1790, New York grew bigger than Philadelphia, so it become the biggest city in the United States.
By the end of 1790, because of the Residence Act, Philadelphia became the new capital.
During the nineteenth century, New York City's population grew from ~60,000 to ~3.43 million.
The number of black people in New York City reached more than 16,000 in 1840.
Even though slavery and the slave trade were abolished in New York, the slave trade continued illegally for many years.
The Great Irish Famine brought a many Irish immigrants; more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, more than a quarter of the city's population.
There was also many people from German provinces, and Germans made up another 25% of New York's population by 1860.
In 1898, the cities of New York and Brooklyn came together with the Bronx, Staten Island, and the western towns in Queens County to make Greater New York.
This is the total area of the City of New York today.
Around this time, many new immigrants came into New York City.
They came in at Ellis Island, an island in New York's harbor near the Statue of Liberty.
Many of them then moved to the Lower East Side neighborhood in Manhattan, which had over a million people living in just a few square miles.
Early in the twentieth century, with better transportation, more people moved to outer parts of the greater city, and many commuted to Manhattan.
Many skyscrapers and other big buildings were put up to provide places to work.
In the 1970s, many jobs were lost due to industrial restructuring.
This caused New York City to have economic problems and high crime rates.
Though the financial industry grew, which greatly helped the city's economy in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.
By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop a lot due to different police strategies, better economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both Americans and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America.
Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, started in the city's economy.
New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 census and then again in the 2010 census.
New York had most of the economic damage and biggest loss of human life from the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Two of the four planes taken over that day were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, destroying them and killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 police officers.
The North Tower became the tallest building ever to be destroyed anywhere.
During the Wisconsin glaciation, 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City area was at the edge of a big ice sheet over  deep.
Erosion and the ice moving lead to the creation of what is now Long Island and Staten Island.
It also left bedrock at a shallow depth, providing a solid foundation for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers.
New York City is located in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston.
The city includes all of Manhattan Island and Staten Island, and the western end of Long Island.
There are also many smaller islands.
Water divides several parts of the city.
The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay.
Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary.
The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey.
Part of the Hudson River forms the border between Manhattan and the Bronx on one side, and the State of New Jersey on the other side.
The East River forms the border between Manhattan on one side, and Brooklyn and Queens on the other side.
The Harlem River forms the border between Manhattan and the Bronx (except for a small part of Manhattan that is on the mainland).
Part of Long Island Sound separates the Bronx and Queens.
Newtown Creek is part of the border between Brooklyn and Queens.
Some parts of the city are very separate from the others because of water, such as Rockaway in Queens and City Island in the Bronx.
A small piece of land in Manhattan is international territory and belongs to the United Nations Headquarters.
The country of Somalia is the only country whose national flag copied the colors of the UN.
The city's total area is , including  of land and  of this is water.
The tallest place in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island.
It is at  above sea level, and it is the tallest place on the Eastern Seaboard that is south of Maine.
The summit of the ridge is mostly woodland as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.
The hallmark of New York city is its many skyscrapers, especially in Manhattan.
In New York City there are about 5600 skyscrapers.
48 of them are over 200 metres tall, which is the highest number of skyscrapers in one area in the world.
Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough.
It has Central Park and most of the city's skyscrapers.
It is sometimes locally known as The City.
Brooklyn (Kings County), on the western end of Long Island, has the most people living in it than any other borough.
Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, unique neighborhoods, and unique architecture.
Queens (Queens County), on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the biggest borough and the most ethnically diverse county in the United States.
It is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.
The Bronx (Bronx County) is New York City's northernmost borough.
It is the only New York City borough with most of the land being on the mainland United States.
The Yankee Stadium, the baseball park of the New York Yankees, and the biggest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City, are in the Bronx.
The Bronx Zoo, the world's largest metropolitan zoo, is also in the Bronx.
It is  big and has more than 6,000 animals.
Rap and hip hop culture were created in the Bronx.
Pelham Bay Park is the biggest park in New York City, at .
Staten Island (Richmond County) is the most suburban of the five boroughs.
Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge.
It is connected to Manhattan by way of the free Staten Island Ferry, a daily commuter ferry which has clear views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan.
In central Staten Island, the Staten Island Greenbelt is about  big, including  of walking trails and one of the last untouched forests in the city.
Under the Köppen climate classification, New York City experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) that borders a humid continental climate (Dfa).
The average temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is .
However, temperatures in winter could for a few days be as low as  and as high as .
Summers are typically hot and humid with a July average of .
New York City gets some snow in winter.
New York City currently has over 9 million people.
Over 20 million people live in the New York metropolitan area including the city.
The majority of the people in New York City belong to ethnic groups that are minorities in the US.
New York City has had large numbers of immigrants for centuries.
In the early 19th Century, they came from Ireland and Germany.
Later in the 19th century, they came from Italy, Russia and Eastern Europe.
Today, many are from Puerto Rico, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Colombia.
Other ethnic groups living in New York City are Turks, Indians, Mexicans, Filipinos, Eastern Europeans, Jamaicans, Trinidadians, Caribbeans and Chinese.
New York City has one of the largest Hispanic and Latino population in the United States.
New York City is a global hub of business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States.
The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a big part of the economy.
It received a record cargo volume in 2017, over 6.7 million TEUs.
New York City's unemployment rate fell to its record low of 4.0% in September 2018.
Many Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in New York City, as are many multinational corporations.
One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.
New York City has been ranked first among cities around the world in getting capital, business, and tourists.
New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry can be seen with "Madison Avenue".
The city's fashion industry has about 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages.
Chocolate is New York City's biggest specialty-food export, with up to $234 million worth of exports each year.
Entrepreneurs were creating a "Chocolate District" in Brooklyn , while Godiva, one of the world's biggest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan.
New York City's most biggest economic part is the U.S. financial industry, also known as Wall Street.
The city's securities industry, which has 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to be the biggest part of the city's financial sector and an important economic part.
In 2012, Walls Street made 5.0 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent ($3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of $360,700.
In Lower Manhattan, there is the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's biggest and second biggest stock exchanges, respectively.
Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled about $40 billion in 2012, while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 every year.
In fiscal year 2013–14, Wall Street's securities industry made 19% of New York State's tax revenue.
Many of the world's biggest media conglomerates are also in the city.
Manhattan had more than 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2018, making it the biggest office market in the United States.
Midtown Manhattan, with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2018, is the biggest central business area in the world.
Media and entertainment
New York is an important place for the American entertainment industry, with many movies, television series, books, and other media being set there. ,
New York City was the second biggest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, making about 200 feature films every year, making about 130,000 jobs.
The filmed entertainment industry has been growing in New York, providing nearly $9 billion to the New York City economy as of 2015.
By amount, New York is the world leader in independent film production—one-third of all American independent films are created there.
The Association of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York.
New York City is also an important place for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries, and it is the biggest media market in North America.
Some of the city's media conglomerates and companies include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corporation, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, and Viacom.
More than 200 newspapers and 350 magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry has about 25,000 jobs.
Two of the three national daily newspapers with the biggest circulations in the United States are published in New York: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism.
Big tabloid newspapers in the city include The New York Daily News, which was created in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson, and The New York Post, created in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton.
The city also has a many ethnic presses, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages.
El Diario La Prensa is New York's biggest Spanish-language daily newspaper, and it is the oldest in the United States.
The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a big African American newspaper.
The Village Voice, historically the biggest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would end publication of its print version, and it will only publish online.
New York is also an important place for non-commercial educational media.
The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, created in 1971.
The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the biggest public school system in the United States.
It serves about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 different primary and secondary schools.
The New York City Charter School Center helps the creation of new charter schools.
There are about 900 additional private secular and religious schools in the city.
College and university
More than 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's more than 120 colleges and universities, which is the most of any city in the United States and more than other major global cities such as London, and Tokyo.
More than half a million are just in the City University of New York (CUNY) system , including both degree and professional programs.
New York City's colleges and universities had also higher average scores than those two cities in 2019, according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities.
New York City has many famous private universities such as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Rockefeller University, and Yeshiva University; many of these universities are ranked as some of the best universities in the world.
The mayor of New York is Eric Adams, a Democrat.
The city also has a City Council that makes some local laws.
Most laws in New York City are set by the state government in Albany.
Subway transportation is provided by the New York City Subway system, one of the biggest in the world.
Pennsylvania Station, the busiest train station in the United States, is here.
Famous sights
NYC Go, official tourism website of New York City
1620s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1624 establishments
17th-century establishments in New York
Former capitals of the United States
October is home to the chinese slave trade year.
October (Oct.) is the tenth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming between September and November.
The name comes from the Latin octo for "eight".
It was the eighth month of the year before January and February were added to the beginning of the year.
October begins on the same day of the week as January in common years, but does not begin on the same day of the week as any other month in leap years.
October always ends on the same day of the week as February, and additionally, January in common years.
October is the tenth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming after September and before November.
Its name comes from Latin octo, meaning eight, as it was the eighth month of the year in the Old Roman Calendar before January and February were added to the beginning of the year, though its name did not change.
The tenth month at the time was December.
October is an Autumn (Fall) month in the Northern Hemisphere and a Spring month in the Southern Hemisphere.
In each Hemisphere, it is the seasonal equivalent of April in the other.
October begins on the same day of week as January in common years, but no other month in leap years begins on the same day of the week as October.
October ends on the same day of the week as January in common years and February every year, as each other's last days are 39 weeks (273 days) and 35 weeks (245 days) apart respectively.
In common years, October starts on the same day of the week as May of the previous year, and in leap years, August of the previous year.
In common years, October finishes on the same day of the week as May of the previous year, and in leap years, August and November of the previous year.
In years immediately before common years, October starts on the same day of the week as April and July of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, September and December of the following year.
In years immediately before common years, October finishes on the same day of the week as July of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, April and December of the following year.
October 31/November 1 is Samhain in old Pagan tradition.
Several current observances at this time are believed to be related to it.
They are: Halloween (October 31) in many western traditions, All Saints Day (November 1), All Souls Day (November 2), and the Day of the Dead (October 31 to November 2), which is celebrated in Mexico.
Fixed Observances
October 1  National Day of the People's Republic of China
October 1  Independence Day (Nigeria)
October 1  National Day (Cyprus)
October 1  Independence Day (Tuvalu)
October 1  Independence Day (Palau)
October 1  International Day of Older Persons
October 2  Gandhi Jayanthi (India)
October 2  Guardian Angels Day
October 2  International Day of Non-Violence, birthday of Mahatma Gandhi
October 2  Independence Day (Guinea)
October 3  Unity Day (Germany)
October 3  Foundation Day (South Korea)
October 4  Independence Day (Lesotho)
October 4  World Animal Day
October 5  Republic Day (Portugal)
October 5  International World Teachers' Day
October 6  Armed Forces Day (Egypt)
October 7  Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary
October 8  Independence Day (Croatia)
October 9  Leif Erikson Day
October 9  Independence Day (Uganda)
October 10  National Day in the Republic of China (Taiwan)
October 10  Independence Day (Fiji)
October 11  National Coming Out Day (United States)
October 12  National Day of Spain
October 12  Independence Day (Equatorial Guinea)
October 16  World Food Day
October 18  Alaska Day
October 19  Constitution Day (Niue)
October 21  Apple Day
October 21  Trafalgar Day (United Kingdom)
October 23  Remembrance of the Hungarian Revolution (Hungary)
October 23  Chulalongkorn Day (Thailand)
October 24  United Nations Day
October 24  Independence Day (Zambia)
October 25  Day of the Romanian Army
October 25  Day of the Basque Country
October 25  Constitution Day (Lithuania)
October 25  Republic Day (Kazakhstan)
October 26  National Day of Austria
October 27  Independence Day (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
October 27  Independence Day (Turkmenistan)
October 29  Republic Day (Turkey)
October 31  Nevada Day
October 31  Protestant Reformation Day
October 31  Halloween
October 31/November 1  Samhain (an approximate date)
Jewish New Year, September/October
Munich Oktoberfest, runs from mid-September until around October 3
The Summer Paralympics have often taken place in this month.
The Nobel Prize winners of the year are announced in October
Northern Hemisphere: Harvest festivals take place around this time.
Second Monday in October:
Health and Sports Day in Japan
Columbus Day in the United States
Divali (Hinduism), takes place in October or November
Last Sunday in October: End of Daylight saving time in the EU; clocks are turned back one hour.
October 1, 1890  Yosemite National Park is created by United States Congress.
October 1, 1946  The Nuremberg Trials of leading Nazis ends.
October 1, 1949  The People's Republic of China is declared by Mao Zedong.
October 1, 1960  Nigeria becomes independent.
October 1, 1961  British and French Cameroon merge.
October 1, 1978  Tuvalu becomes independent.
October 1, 1994  Palau becomes independent from a UN Trusteeship, though remains dependent on US aid.
October 2, 1958  Guinea declares independence.
October 3, 1990  Germany is officially re-united.
October 4, 1957  The Soviet Union launches the Sputnik 1 probe into orbit.
October 4, 1966  Lesotho becomes independent.
October 5, 1910  Portugal becomes a Republic.
October 6, 1860  The Introduction of the so-called Section 377 of the British Indian penal code (Law) was enacted in British India respectively.
October 6, 1973  The Yom Kippur war begins as Egypt and Syria launch an attack on Israel.
October 6, 1981  President of Egypt Anwar Sadat is shot dead at a military parade.
October 6, 1987  Fiji becomes a Republic.
October 7, 1949  East Germany is founded.
October 9, 1962  Uganda becomes independent.
October 10, 1780  The Great Hurricane of 1780 kills 20,000 to 30,000 people in the Caribbean.
October 10, 1928  Chiang Kai-shek becomes leader of the Republic of China.
October 10, 1970  Fiji becomes independent.
October 10, 2010  The Netherlands Antilles are split up.
October 12, 1492  Christopher Columbus reaches the Caribbean.
October 12, 1968  Equatorial Guinea becomes independent.
October 12, 1999  The population of the world is said to have officially reached six billion.
October 13, 2010  Successful rescue of 69 miners trapped underground near Copiapo, Chile.
October 14, 1066  The Battle of Hastings results in William the Conqueror taking over England.
October 14, 1964  Martin Luther King, Jr. wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
October 14, 1981  Hosni Mubarak becomes President of Egypt.
October 14, 1991  Aung San Suu Kyi wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
October 15, 1917  Dutch exotic dancer Mata Hari is executed for espionage in France.
October 16, 1582  Spain, Portugal, Italy and Poland switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar.
October 16, 1978  Pope John Paul II becomes Pope, remaining in this position until 2005.
October 17, 1989  The Loma Prieta earthquake strikes the San Francisco Bay Area.
October 18, 1867  Alaska officially changes from Russian to US control.
October 18, 1898  The US takes control of Puerto Rico.
October 18, 1989  Leader of East Germany Erich Honecker resigns.
October 20, 1973  Sydney Opera House in Sydney, Australia, is officially opened.
October 20, 2011  2011 Libyan civil war: Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi is killed.
October 21, 1805  The naval Battle of Trafalgar ends in British victory, although Admiral Horatio Nelson is killed.
October 22, 1962  The Cuban Missile Crisis begins.
October 23, 1956  The Hungarian Uprising begins.
October 24, 1945  The UN is officially founded.
October 24, 1964  Zambia becomes independent.
October 26, 1905  Norway becomes independent from Sweden.
October 26, 1955  Austria declares 'Permanent Neutrality'.
October 27, 1962  The Cuban Missile Crisis ends.
October 27, 1979  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines becomes independent.
October 27, 1991  Turkmenistan becomes independent from the Soviet Union.
October 28, 1886  The Statue of Liberty is officially dedicated near New York City, as a gift to the United States from France.
October 29, 1923  The Republic of Turkey is officially declared by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.