the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The next anti-tobacco organization, the Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents), was established in 1910 in Trautenau, Bohemia.
Other anti-smoking organizations were established in 1912 in the cities of Hanover and Dresden.
In 1920, a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in Prague, after Czechoslovakia was separated from Austria at the end of World War I. A Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Austria) was established in Graz in 1920.
These groups published journals advocating nonsmoking.
The first such German language journal was Der Tabakgegner (The Tobacco Opponent), published by the Bohemian organization between 1912 and 1932.
The Deutsche Tabakgegner (German Tobacco Opponents) was published in Dresden from 1919 to 1935, and was the second journal on this issue.
The anti-tobacco organizations were also against drinking of alcohol.
Hitler's attitude towards smoking
Adolf Hitler was a heavy smoker in his early life, smoking 25 to 40 cigarettes daily.
He gave up when he realized it was a waste of money.
In later years, Hitler viewed smoking as "decadent" (meaning that it was bad for his health) and "the wrath of the Red Man against the White Man, vengeance for having been given hard liquor".
He was sad that "so many excellent men have been lost to tobacco poisoning".
He was unhappy because both Eva Braun and Martin Bormann were smokers and was concerned over Hermann Göring's continued smoking in public places.
He was angered when a statue of Göring showed a cigar in his mouth.
Hitler is often considered to be the first national leader to advocate nonsmoking.
Hitler disapproved of the military personnel's freedom to smoke, and during World War II he said on March 2, 1942, "it was a mistake, traceable to the army leadership at the time, at the beginning of the war".
He also said that it was "not correct to say that a soldier cannot live without smoking".
He promised to end the use of tobacco in the military after the end of the war.
Hitler personally encouraged close friends not to smoke and rewarded those who quit smoking.
However, Hitler's dislike for tobacco was only one of several reasons behind the anti-smoking campaign.
Reproductive policies
The Nazi reproductive policies were an important factor behind their anti-tobacco campaign.
Women who smoked were considered to be more likely to age prematurely, and lose physical attractiveness; they were viewed as unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family.
Werner Huttig of the Nazi Party's Rassenpolitisches Amt (Office of Racial Politics) claimed smoking mothers' breast milk contained nicotine.
Martin Staemmler, an important doctor during the Third Reich, said that smoking by pregnant women resulted in a higher rate of stillbirths and miscarriages.
This was supported by the well-known female racial hygienist Agnes Bluhm, in her book published in 1936.
The Nazi leadership was concerned about this because they wanted German women to give birth.
An article published in a German gynecology journal in 1943 stated that women smoking three or more cigarettes per day were more likely to remain childless compared to nonsmoking women.
Research and studies on tobacco's effects on the population's health were more advanced in Germany than in any other nation by the time the Nazis came to power.
The link between lung cancer and tobacco was first proved in Nazi Germany, contrary to the popular belief that American and British scientists first discovered it in the 1950s.
The term "passive smoking" ("Passivrauchen") was coined in Nazi Germany.
Research projects funded by the Nazis revealed many disastrous effects of smoking on health.
Nazi Germany supported epidemiological research on the harmful effects of tobacco use.
Hitler personally gave financial support to the Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der Tabakgefahren (Scientific Institute for the Study of Tobacco Hazards) at the University of Jena, headed by Karl Astel.
Established in 1941, it was the most significant anti-tobacco institute in Nazi Germany.
Franz H. Müller in 1939 and E. Schairer in 1943 first used case-control epidemiological methods to study lung cancer among smokers.
In 1939, Müller published a study report in a reputed cancer journal in Germany claiming that prevalence of lung cancer was higher among smokers.
Müller, described as the "forgotten father of experimental epidemiology", was a member of the National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK) and the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP).
Müller's 1939 medical dissertation was the world's first controlled epidemiological study of the relationship between tobacco and lung cancer.
Apart from mentioning the increasing incidents of lung cancer and many of the causes behind it such as dust, exhaust gas from cars, tuberculosis, X-ray and pollutants emitted from factories, Müller's paper pointed out that "the significance of tobacco smoke has been pushed more and more into the foreground".
Physicians in the Third Reich were aware that smoking is responsible for cardiac diseases, which were considered to be the most serious diseases resulting from smoking.
The use of nicotine was sometimes considered to be responsible for increased reports of myocardial infarction in the country.
In the later years of World War II, researchers considered nicotine a factor behind the coronary heart failures suffered by a significant number of military personnel in the Eastern Front.
A pathologist of the Heer examined thirty-two young soldiers who had died from myocardial infarction at the front, and documented in a 1944 report that all of them were "enthusiastic smokers".
He cited the opinion of pathologist Franz Buchner that cigarettes are "a coronary poison of the first order."
Anti-tobacco measures
The Nazis used several public relations tactics to convince the general population of Germany not to smoke.
Well-known health magazines like the Gesundes Volk (Healthy People), Volksgesundheit (People's Health) and Gesundes Leben (Healthy Life) published warnings about the health consequences of smoking and posters showing the harmful effects of tobacco were displayed.
Anti-smoking messages were sent to the people in their workplaces, often with the help of the Hitler-Jugend (HJ) and the Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM).
The anti-smoking campaign undertaken by the Nazis also included health education.
In June 1939, a Bureau against the Hazards of Alcohol and Tobacco was formed and the Reichsstelle für Rauschgiftbekämpfung (Bureau for the Struggle against Addictive Drugs) also helped in the anti-tobacco campaign.
Articles advocating nonsmoking were published in the magazines Die Genussgifte (The Drugs for Enjoyment), Auf der Wacht (On the Guard) and Reine Luft (Clean Air).
Out of these magazines, Reine Luft was the main journal of the Nazi anti-tobacco movement.
After recognizing the harmful effects of smoking on health, several items of anti-smoking legislation were enacted.
The later 1930s increasingly saw anti-tobacco laws implemented by the Nazis.
In 1938, the Luftwaffe and the Reichspost imposed a ban on smoking.
Smoking was also banned not only in health care institutions but also in several public offices and in rest homes.
Midwives were restricted from smoking while on duty.
In 1939, the Nazi Party outlawed smoking in all of its offices' premises, and Heinrich Himmler, the then chief of the Schutzstaffel (SS), restricted police personnel and SS officers from smoking while they were on duty.
Smoking was also outlawed in schools.
In 1941, tobacco smoking in trams was outlawed in sixty German cities.
Smoking was also outlawed in bomb shelters; however, some shelters had separate rooms for smoking.
Special care was taken to prevent women from smoking.
The President of the Medical Association in Germany announced, "German women don't smoke".
Pregnant women and women below the age of 25 and over the age of 55 were not given tobacco ration cards during World War II.
Restrictions on selling tobacco products to women were imposed on the hospitality and food retailing industry.
Anti-tobacco films aimed at women were publicly aired.
Editorials discussing the issue of smoking and its effects were published in newspapers.
Strict measures were taken in this regard and a district department of the National Socialist Factory Cell Organization (NSBO) announced that it would expel female members who smoked publicly.
The next step in the anti-tobacco campaign came in July 1943, when public smoking for persons under the age of 18 was outlawed.
In the next year, smoking in buses and city trains was made illegal, on the personal initiative of Hitler, who feared female ticket takers might be the victims of passive smoking.
Restrictions were imposed on the advertisement of tobacco products, enacted on December 7, 1941, and signed by Heinrich Hunke, the President of the Advertising Council.
Advertisements trying to depict smoking as harmless or as an expression of masculinity were banned.
Ridiculing anti-tobacco activists was also outlawed, as was the use of advertising posters along rail tracks, in rural regions, stadiums, and racing tracks.
Advertising by loudspeakers and mail was also prohibited.
Restrictions on smoking were also introduced in the Wehrmacht.
Cigarette rations in the military were limited to six per soldier per day.
Extra cigarettes were often sold to the soldiers, especially when there was no military advance or retreat in the battleground, however, these were restricted to 50 for each person per month.
Access to cigarettes was not allowed for the Wehrmacht's female auxiliary personnel.
Medical lectures were arranged to persuade military personnel to quit smoking.
An ordinance enacted on November 3, 1941, raised tobacco taxes by approximately 80–95% of the retail price.
It would be the highest rise in tobacco taxes in Germany for more than 25 years after the collapse of the Nazi regime.
The early anti-smoking campaign was thought to be a failure, and from 1933 to 1937 there was a rapid increase in tobacco consumption in Germany.
The rate of smoking in the nation increased faster even than in neighboring France, where the anti-tobacco movement was tiny and far less influential.
Between 1932 and 1939, per capita cigarette consumption in Germany increased from 570 to 900 per year, while the corresponding numbers for France were from 570 to 630.
The cigarette manufacturing companies in Germany made several attempts to weaken the anti-tobacco campaign.
They made new journals and tried to show the anti-tobacco movement as "fanatic" and "unscientific".
The tobacco industry also tried to counter the government campaign to prevent women from smoking and used smoking models in their advertisements.
Despite government regulations, many women in Germany regularly smoked, including the wives of many high-ranking Nazi officials.
For instance, Magda Goebbels smoked even while she was interviewed by a journalist.
Fashion illustrations displaying women with cigarettes were often published in prominent publications such as the Beyers Mode für Alle (Beyers Fashion For All).
The cover of the popular song Lili Marleen featured singer Lale Andersen holding a cigarette.
The Nazis implemented more anti-tobacco policies at the end of the 1930s and by the early years of World War II, the rate of tobacco usage declined.
As a result of the anti-tobacco measures implemented in the Wehrmacht, the total tobacco consumption by soldiers decreased between 1939 and 1945.
According to a survey conducted in 1944, the number of smokers increased in the Wehrmacht, but average tobacco consumption per military personnel declined by 23.4% compared to the immediate pre-World War II years.
The number of people who smoked 30 or more cigarettes per day declined from 4.4% to 0.3%.
The Nazi anti-tobacco policies were not exempt of contradictions.
For example, the Volksgesundheit (People's Health) and Gesundheitspflicht (Duty to be Healthy) policies were enforced in parallel with the active distribution of cigarettes to people who the Nazis saw "deserving" groups (e.g. frontline soldiers, members of the Hitler Youth). "
Undeserving" and stigmatized groups (Jews, war prisoners), however, were denied access to tobacco.
Association with antisemitism and racism
Apart from public health concerns, the Nazis were heavily influenced by ideology; specifically, the movement was influenced by concepts of racial hygiene and bodily purity.
Nazi leaders believed that it was wrong for the master race to smoke and that tobacco consumption was equal to "racial degeneracy".
The Nazis viewed tobacco as a "genetic poison".
Racial hygienists opposed tobacco use, fearing that it would "corrupt" the "German germ plasm".
Nazi anti-tobacco activists often tried to depict tobacco as a "vice" of the "degenerate" Africans.
the Nazis claimed that the Jews were responsible for introducing tobacco and its harmful effects.
The Seventh-day Adventist Church in Germany announced that smoking was an unhealthy vice spread by the Jews.
Johann von Leers, editor of the Nordische Welt (Nordic World), during the opening ceremony of the Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der Tabakgefahren in 1941, proclaimed that "Jewish capitalism" was responsible for the spread of tobacco use across Europe.
He said that the first tobacco on German soil was brought by the Jews and that they controlled the tobacco industry in Amsterdam, the principal European entry point of Nicotiana.
After the collapse of Nazi Germany at the end of World War II, American cigarette manufacturers quickly entered the German market.
Illegal smuggling of tobacco became prevalent, and leaders of the Nazi anti-smoking campaign were silenced.
In 1949, approximately 400  million cigarettes manufactured in the United States entered Germany illegally every month.
In 1954, nearly two billion Swiss cigarettes were smuggled into Germany and Italy.
As part of the Marshall Plan, the United States sent free tobacco to Germany; the amount of tobacco shipped into Germany in 1948 was 24,000 tons and was as high as 69,000  tons in 1949.
The Federal government of the United States spent $70  million on this scheme, to the delight of cigarette manufacturing companies in the United States, who profited hugely.
Per capita yearly cigarette consumption post-war Germany steadily rose from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963.
The present-day anti-tobacco campaign in Germany has been unable to exceed the seriousness of the Nazi-era climax in the years 1939–41 and German tobacco health research at the end of the 20th century is described by Robert N. Proctor as "muted".
The 1992–93 NHL season was the 76th regular season of the National Hockey League.
Each player wore a patch on their jersey throughout the 1992–93 regular season and playoffs to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of the Stanley Cup.
Twenty-four teams played 84 games each.
It proved, at the time, to be the highest-scoring regular season in NHL history, as a total of 7,311 goals were scored.
Twenty of the twenty-four teams scored three goals or more per game, and only two teams, the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Chicago Blackhawks, allowed fewer than three goals per game.
Only 63 shutouts were recorded during the regular season.
The Montreal Canadiens won their league-leading 24th Cup by defeating the Los Angeles Kings four games to one.
As of the end of the 2007–08 season, this is the last time that a Canadian team has won the Stanley Cup.
Note: x = clinched playoff berth, z = won Presidents' Trophy
Boston vs. Buffalo
April 18 - Buffalo 5 Boston 4 (OT)
April 20 - Buffalo 4 Boston 0
April 22 - Boston 3 Buffalo 4 (OT)
April 24 - Boston 5 Buffalo 6 (OT)
Buffalo wins best-of-seven series 4–0
Quebec vs. Montreal
April 18 - Montreal 2 Quebec 3 (OT)
April 20 - Montreal 1 Quebec 4
April 22 - Quebec 1 Montreal 2 (OT)
April 24 - Quebec 2 Montreal 3
April 26 - Montreal 5 Quebec 4 (OT)
April 28 - Quebec 2 Montreal 6
Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4–2
Pittsburgh vs. New Jersey
April 18 - New Jersey 3 Pittsburgh 6
April 20 - New Jersey 0 Pittsburgh 7
April 22 - Pittsburgh 4 New Jersey 3
April 25 - Pittsburgh 1 New Jersey 4
April 26 - New Jersey 2 Pittsburgh 5
Pittsburgh wins best-of-seven series 4–1
Washington vs. New York Islanders
April 18 - New York Islanders 1 Washington 3
April 20 - New York Islanders 5 Washington 4 (2OT)
April 22 - Washington 3 New York Islanders 4 (OT)
April 24 - Washington 3 New York Islanders 4 (2OT)
April 26 - New York Islanders 4 Washington 6
April 28 - Washington 3 New York Islanders 5
NYI win best-of-seven series 4–2
Chicago vs. St. Louis
April 18 - St. Louis 4 Chicago 3
April 21 - St. Louis 2 Chicago 0
April 23 - Chicago 0 St. Louis 3
April 25 - Chicago 3 St. Louis 4 (OT)
St. Louis wins best-of-seven series 4–0
Detroit vs. Toronto
April 19 - Toronto 3 Detroit 6
April 21 - Toronto 2 Detroit 6
April 23 - Detroit 2 Toronto 4
April 25 - Detroit 2 Toronto 3
April 27 - Toronto 5 Detroit 4 (OT)
April 29 - Detroit 7 Toronto 3
May 1 - Toronto 4 Detroit 3 (OT)
Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4–3
Vancouver vs. Winnipeg
April 19 - Winnipeg 2 Vancouver 4
April 21 - Winnipeg 2 Vancouver 3
April 23 - Vancouver 4 Winnipeg 5
April 25 - Vancouver 3 Winnipeg 1
April 27 - Winnipeg 4 Vancouver 3 (OT)
April 29 - Vancouver 4 Winnipeg 3 (OT)
Vancouver wins best-of-seven series 4–2
Calgary vs. Los Angeles
April 18 - Los Angeles 6 Calgary 3
April 21 - Los Angeles 4 Calgary 9
April 23 - Calgary 5 Los Angeles 2
April 25 - Calgary 1 Los Angeles 3
April 27 - Los Angeles 9 Calgary 4
April 29 - Calgary 6 Los Angeles 9
Los Angeles wins best-of-seven series 4–2
Division Finals
Montreal vs. Buffalo
May 2 - Buffalo 3 Montreal 4
May 4 - Buffalo 3 Montreal 4 (OT)
May 6 - Montreal 4 Buffalo 3 (OT)
May 8 - Montreal 4 Buffalo 3 (OT)
Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4–0
Pittsburgh vs. New York Islanders
May 2 - New York Islanders 3 Pittsburgh 2
May 4 - New York Islanders 0 Pittsburgh 3
May 6 - Pittsburgh 3 New York Islanders 1
May 8 - Pittsburgh 5 New York Islanders 6
May 10 - New York Islanders 3 Pittsburgh 6
May 12 - Pittsburgh 5 New York Islanders 7
May 14 - New York Islanders 4 Pittsburgh 3 (OT)
New York Islanders win best-of-seven series 4–3
Toronto vs. St. Louis
May 3 - St. Louis 1 Toronto 2 (2OT)
May 5 - St. Louis 2 Toronto 1 (2OT)
May 7 - Toronto 3 St. Louis 4
May 9 - Toronto 4 St. Louis 1
May 11 - St. Louis 1 Toronto 5
May 13 - Toronto 1 St. Louis 2
May 15 - St. Louis 0 Toronto 6
Vancouver vs. Los Angeles
May 2 - Los Angeles 2 Vancouver 5
May 5 - Los Angeles 6 Vancouver 3
May 7 - Vancouver 4 Los Angeles 7
May 9 - Vancouver 7 Los Angeles 2
May 11 - Los Angeles 4 Vancouver 3 (2OT)
May 13 - Vancouver 3 Los Angeles 5
Montreal vs. New York Islanders
May 16 - New York Islanders 1 Montreal 4
May 18 - New York Islanders 3 Montreal 4 (2OT)
May 20 - Montreal 2 New York Islanders 1 (OT)
May 22 - Montreal 1 New York Islanders 4
May 24 - New York Islanders 2 Montreal 5
Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4–1
Toronto vs. Los Angeles
May 17 - Los Angeles 1 Toronto 4
May 19 - Los Angeles 3 Toronto 2
May 21 - Toronto 2 Los Angeles 4
May 23 - Toronto 4 Los Angeles 2
May 25 - Los Angeles 2 Toronto 3 (OT)
May 27 - Toronto 4 Los Angeles 5 (OT)
May 29 - Los Angeles 5 Toronto 4
Los Angeles wins best-of-seven series 4–3
Montreal vs. Los Angeles
Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4–1.
Patrick Roy (Montreal) wins Conn Smythe Trophy
Bryan Smolinski, Boston Bruins
Matthew Barnaby, Buffalo Sabres
Philippe Boucher, Buffalo Sabres
Michael Nylander, Hartford Whalers
Alexei Zhitnik, Los Angeles Kings
Robert Lang, Los Angeles Kings
Darius Kasparaitis, New York Islanders
Vladimir Malakhov, New York Islanders
Alexei Kovalev, New York RangersSergei Zubov, New York Rangers
Eric Lindros, Philadelphia Flyers
Martin Straka, Pittsburgh Penguins
Sandis Ozolinsh, San Jose Sharks
Roman Hamrlik, Tampa Bay Lightning
Byron Dafoe, Washington Capitals
Teemu Selanne, Winnipeg Jets
Alexei Zhamnov, Winnipeg Jets
Reggie Lemelin, Boston Bruins
Carey Wilson, Calgary Flames
Brent Ashton, Calgary Flames
John Ogrodnick, Detroit Red Wings
Tim Kerr, Hartford Whalers
Bobby Smith, Minnesota North Stars
Brian Mullen, New York Islanders
Brad Marsh, Ottawa SenatorsLaurie Boschman, Ottawa Senators
Brian Hayward, San Jose Sharks
Brian Lawton, San Jose Sharks
Petri Skriko, San Jose Sharks
Doug Wilson, San Jose Sharks
Rick Wamsley, Toronto Maple Leafs
Steve Kasper, Tampa Bay Lightning
Ryan Walter, Vancouver Canucks
Rod Langway, Washington Capitals
Randy Carlyle, Winnipeg Jets
1993 Trading Deadline
Trading Deadline: MARCH 22, 1993
March 22, 1993: Mark Hardy and Ottawa's 5th round choice in 1993 Entry Draft (previously acquired from Ottawa) traded from NY Rangers to Los Angeles for John McIntyre.
March 22, 1993: Jim Hrivnak and future considerations traded from Washington to Winnipeg for Rick Tabaracci.
March 22, 1993: Peter Taglianetti traded from Tampa Bay to Pittsburgh for Pittsburgh's 3rd round choice in 1993 Entry Draft.
March 22, 1993: Steve Konroyd traded from Hartford to Detroit for Detroit's 6th round choice in 1993 Entry Draft.
March 22, 1993: Vancouver's 9th round choice in 1993 Entry Draft traded from Vancouver to Winnipeg for Dan Ratushny.
March 22, 1993: Mike Hartman traded from Tampa Bay to New York Rangers for Randy Gilhen.
March 22, 1993: Murray Craven and Vancouver's 5th round choice in 1993 Entry Draft (previously acquired from Vancouver) traded from Hartford to Vancouver for Robert Kron, Vancouver's 3rd round choice in 1993 Entry Draft and future considerations.
March 22, 1993: Mike Ramsey traded from Buffalo to Pittsburgh for Bob Errey.
March 22, 1993: Craig Muni traded from Edmonton to Chicago for Mike Hudson.
The Athanasian Creed is a Christian statement of faith.
It is also often referred to as Quicumque vult (can be translated as Whoever wants, the first two words of the statement).
It is the first known creed to talk about trinity.
It has been in use since the 6th century, mainly in the western part of the Church.
It is not used very much today, the Nicene Creed has largely replaced it.
From about the 9th century people thought that St. Athanasius had written it.
Athanasus lived in the 4th century in Egypt.
Today, this view is largely seen as false.
This is because of the following:
The original text is in Latin.
Athanasius wrote mainly in Greek.
Neither Athanasius nor other people who lived at the same time as him mention it.
It talks about problems that were only discovered after Athanasius' death.
Today, most people think it came from Gaul around the year 500.
Its positions are similar to those taken by St. Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo or Vincent of Lérins.
J.N.D. Kelly, a contemporary patristics scholar, believes that St. Vincent of Lérins was not its author, but suggests that it may have come from the same bacground, namely the area of Lerins in southern Gaul.
Caesarius of Arles is one of the possible authors.
Martin Luther said there were three statements of faith, the Nicene Creed (Credo in unum deum, I believe in one god..), the Te Deum (Te Deum Laudamus,..., Thee, O Lord, we praise), and the Athanasian Creed.
It explains Trinity, in such a way to stand against positions such as Arianism.
It has the filioque.
Acanthopolis (meaning "spiny scales") was an armoured ankylosaurian dinosaur.
This quadrupedal (walked on four legs), plant-eating dinosaur had its armour in rows of oval plates set into its skin.
It also had spikes jutting out of its neck and shoulder area along the spine.
It was about 15 feet long (4 m) and weighed roughly 380 kg.
The first specimen was found in 1865 by fossil collector John Griffiths on the shoreline at Folkestone.
The stratum was Cambridge Greensand, a formation in the Lower Cretaceous of southern England.
At the time England was part of a huge tropical river delta, and the Greensand was laid down just offshore.
It seems that dinosaurs were on the shoreline or the river delta, and sometimes their bodies washed out to sea.
Carpenter, Kenneth 2001.
Phylogenetic analysis of Ankylosauria.
In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed): The armored dinosaurs.
Indiana University Press, 455–480.
Noasaurus was a small meat-eating dinosaur.
It lived at a time when some of the biggest dinosaurs ever to live were roaming South America.
Although it had some of the same characteristics as raptors that lived in North America and Asia, it was not a close relative.
This little hunter is a good example of how dinosaurs filled lots of roles in the environment.
Not only were dinosaurs the biggest hunters, but they were also among the smallest.
It was discovered by Jaime Powell and José Bonaparte in northwestern Argentina.
Its unique foot claw has caused a great deal of discussion regarding the evolutionary lineage of this dinosaur.
Astrodon (meaning "star-tooth") was a long-necked plant-eating dinosaur, a relation of Brachiosaurus.
The sauropod was about 30 feet (9 m) long.
It lived during the Lower Cretaceous period, about 130 million to 120 million years ago.
Astrodon is known from teeth and scattered bones found in Maryland.
Astrodon is the state dinosaur of Maryland.
Astrodon was named by Johnston in 1859.
The type species is A. johnstoni.
Astrodon may be the same as Pleurocoelus.
Carpenter and Tidwell (2005) accepted Hatcher's argument that there is only one species of sauropod dinosaur known from the Arundel Formation and that Astrodon johnstoni is it.
Interestingly, the majority of the bones of Astrodon are of juveniles, and Carpenter and Tidwell considered the two species named by Marsh, P. nanus and P. altus, as different growth stages of Astrodon johnstoni.
being like dirt (and the word meaning not clean)
violating accepted standards or rules: cheating
considered morally corrupt: dishonesty, ethics
considered obscene or indecent: see obscenity
Dirty, a song by Korn from their album Issues
Dirty, an album by Sonic Youth
Dirty (group), a rap duo from Alabama
"Dirrty", a song by Christina Aguilera
Dirty, a song by Lemon Interrupt
Dirty Records, a record label
Dirty (film), a 2004 crime-drama
Dirty data, a computing term
Dirty cache, a computing term
Corrupt, illegal, or improper.
dirty bomb
dirty word: see profanity
chocolate pipe
A mill, mil or mille is 1/10th of a US cent or 1/1000th of a US Dollar.
In the United States, it is most used in gasoline prices.
For example $4.119 per US gallon.
$0.009 is equal to nine mils.
It is also used when discussing taxes on land and prices of electricity.
openSUSE () is a community project, sponsored by Novell and AMD, to develop and maintain a general purpose Linux distribution.
After taking over SUSE Linux in January 2004, Novell decided to release the SUSE Linux Professional product as a 100% open source project, involving the community in the development process.
The initial release was a beta version of SUSE Linux 10.0, and as of Janury 2016 the current stable release is openSUSE Leap 42.1
OpenSUSE 11.1 has full support for 32-bit i586 and 64-bit x86-64 PC hardware, as well as PowerPC (PPC) processors.
The basic requirements for non-PPC hardware is as follows:
CPU: Intel—Pentium 1-4 or Xeon; AMD—Duron, Athlon, Athlon XP, Athlon MP, Athlon 64, Sempron or Opteron
RAM: 256 MB minimum, 512 MB recommended
Hard drive: 500 MB for minimal system; 3 GB recommended for standard system
Older processors that still belong to the i586 family can be used, for example the AMD K6/2.
When extra language/translation files and documentation are removed and X is not needed, decent console-based router systems can be made using 300 MB disk space.
Most console workloads also cope with 128 MB of RAM at the cost of increased swap activity in tight situations.
First Boer War, 16 December 1880 to 23 March 1881
Second Boer War, 11 October 1899 to 31 May 1902
Pioneer movements are movements for children and adolescents.
They were founded in countries where there is a Communist party.
Many of the ideas are taken from the scout movement.
In most socialist countries, people can choose if they want to be members of the pioneer movement or not.
There are many differences between a pioneer movement, and the scout movement.
Scout movements are independent of governments.
They are also not controlled by the state.
For example, there were no separate organizations for boys and girls.
During the time of the USSR, thousands of Young Pioneer camps and Young Pioneer Palaces were built.
These could only be used by Young Pioneers.
The camps and palaces were also free of charge, it did not cost any money to use them.
The government and trade unions sponsored them.
There were many newspapers and magazines published for Young Pioneers.
Some sold millions of copies.
Certain features, however, are similar to the Scout movement.
The two movements share some principles like preparedness and promotion of sports and outdoor skills.
The pioneer movement also includes teaching of communist principles.
Opponents of Communist states claim that this is a form of indoctrination.
A member of the movement is known as a pioneer, and a scarf – typically red, but sometimes light blue – is the traditional item of clothing worn by a pioneer.
The pioneer organization is often named after a famous party member that is considered a suitable role model for young communists.
In the USSR it was Lenin; in East Germany, it was Ernst Thälmann.
The Thälmann pioneers were taught the slogan "Ernst Thälmann is my role model.
We wear our red scarf with pride.
"Albania, which had severed diplomatic relations with the USSR since 1961, also had a certain variant of Pioneer organization, called Pioneers of Enver, named after the communist ruler of Albania, Enver Hoxha.
Belarus (Belarusian Republican Pioneer Organization)
Belgium (Pioneers of the Workers Party of Belgium)
People's Republic of China (Young Pioneers of China)
Cuba (José Martí Pioneer Organization) Established in 1961; in 2001 it was elected to the Global 500 Roll of Honour of the United Nations Environment Programme for its environmental activities.
Cyprus (EDON)
Finland (Democratic Union of Finnish Pioneers)
The Czech Republic – Nowadays Pionýr is a non-political organisation organizing leisure time for children, part of the IFM-SEI.
North Korea (Young Pioneer Corps)
Spain (Pioneers of the Communist Party of the Basque Homelands)
Tajikistan (King Somoni Inheritance)
Syria (Baath Party Pioneers)
Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneers, established on May 15, 1941)
Scout movement
Pioneers (Belgium)
Rules of Thälmann Pioneers (GDR)
Young Pioneers (People's Republic of China)
Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union (Vietnam)
Peter Lalor (February 5, 1827 – February 9, 1889) was the leader of the Eureka Stockade rebellion, one of Australia's few violent protests and seen by many as the start of democracy in Australia.
He later became an important politician in Victoria.
Lalor was born at Tenakill, Queens County, Ireland into a large family, active in Irish politics.
His father Patrick, represented Queens County in the House of Commons.
Peter was educated in Dublin and became a civil engineer.
With political unrest in Ireland, and the chance of getting rich in on the Australian goldfields, he left Ireland with his brother, Richard, and went to Victoria, Australia, in 1852.
They worked on building the railway between Melbourne and Geelong.
In 1853 Peter went to the Ovens River looking for gold, and Richard went back to Ireland where he later became a member of parliament.
Peter Lalor went into business selling wine and tobacco in Melbourne, but decided to go to Ballarat to look for gold in 1854.
He set up camp on the Eureka Lead, at East Ballarat, which was settled by many miners from Ireland.
In 1854 the miners were working in the goldfields (the area where gold was being found) became very angry about the cost of a gold mining license.
In Ballarat the miners started the Ballarat Reform League and demanded changes to the laws.
Lalor was the chairman of the Reform League.
After on particularly brutal hunt for licenses on November 30, 1854, the miners met together at Bakery Hill to demand the League do something to protect them from the police violence.
None of the usual speakers were at the meeting, so Lalor stepped forward and gave a rousing speech.
The rebel miners flew their new Eureka  Flag.
He made the miners promise to protect each other, and their rights and liberties.
He told the miners to get weapons and be ready in case they were attacked by the police and government troops.
Lalor became the new leader of the League.
They built a small fort, or stockade, at Eureka in east Ballarat.
This fort, the Eureka Stockade was attacked by 275 government soldiers at 3:00am on December 3, 1854.
Twenty-two miners were killed, and Lalor was badly hurt.
Friends hid him from the soldiers and he was able to get away.
His left arm had to be amputated.
After Eureka, Lalor was hidden in Geelong until the police and eager bounty hunters concluded looking for him.
The government changed the laws, and miners on the goldfields were able to elect people to Parliament.
Lalor was elected in November 1855.
As part of the democratic changes, Victoria got a constitution in 1856 and Lalor was elected to the new Parliament.
His political views were not as democratic as the Ballarat miners wanted.
He was against giving every one the right to vote and he wanted some people in the parliament to be appointed, not elected.
Lalor became a the person in charge of several mining companies.
He even supported wage cuts for miners working in his mines.
He was seen as more interested in money and power than in people's rights.
In 1859 he changed his seat in parliament to another area, and did not represent the Ballarat miners again.
In January 1871 Lalor lost his seat in an election.
He was made Chairman of the Clunes Water Commission with the job of getting water for the town of Clunes.
He was voted back into parliament again in 1874.
In 1875 he became Postmaster General (in charge of the postal service) and later Commissioner for Trade and Customs.
From 1880 to 1887 he was Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
Lalor's wife and daughter died in 1887, he was also sick with diabetes, so he stopped being Speaker, but stayed as representative for South Grant until his death.
1827 births
Knoppix, or KNOPPIX, is a Linux distribution based on Debian designed to be started directly from a CD / DVD.
Knoppix is one of the best-known LiveDistros.
It was developed by Linux consultant Klaus Knopper.
When starting a program it is loaded from the optical disc and decompressed into a RAM drive.
The decompression is transparent and on-the-fly.
Johor (last time known as Johore, Jawi script: جوهر) is a state of Malaysia.
It is one of the most developed states in Malaysia.
The capital city and royal seat of Johor is Johor Bahru, once known as Tanjung Puteri.
The old state capital is Johor Lama.
The Arabic honorific of the state is Darul Ta'zim ("Abode of Dignity').
Johor is surrounded by Pahang to the north, Melaka and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest, and the Straits of Johor to the south which is divided by the international border between Malaysia and the Republic of Singapore.
Tanjung Piai, in the district of Pontian, is the most southerly point of mainland Asia.
The name "Johor" came from the Arabic word Jauhar, 'gem/precious stone' .
Before the name Johor was taken up, the area south of the Muar River to Singapore island  was known as Ujung Tanah or 'land's end' in Malay, due to its location at the end of the Malay Peninsula.
Coincidentally, Johor is the most southerly point of the Asian continental mainland.
Transportation centres
Johor has one international airport, the Senai International Airport in Senai.
It was opened on 6 June 1974 and has been expanded several times ever since.
Currently, it has a 5 million passenger capacity with parallel taxiway under construction.
The airport is also a regional hub of AirAsia, a regional low-cost no-frills airline.
Malaysia Airlines also operate flights from Senai airport to some local and international destinations.
Government structure of Johor
Johor is a constitutional monarchy.
It was the first state in Malaysia which adopted the constitutional monarchy system, and its laws are stated in Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor (Johor State Establishment Constitution), written by Sultan Abu Bakar.
The constitutional head of Johor is the Sultan.
This position can only be passed down and held by a member of the Johor Royal Family, who is descended from Sultan Abu Bakar.
The State's Sultan since 1981 has been Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj.
Johor was the first state and currently the only state in Malaysia that has its own military force called Johor Military Force or 'Timbalan Setia Negeri'.
It is a private army of the Sultan of Johor paid by the state government.
State government
The state government is led by the Chief Minister or Menteri Besar.
The current Chief Minister is Dato' Abdul Ghani Othman, a former civil servant.
The Chief Minister is assisted by an executive council (exco), whose members are selected from the state assembly members.
The legislative branch of Johor's government is the Johor State Assembly.
The state assembly makes laws in matters on the state.
Members of the assembly are elected every five years in an election.
Major tourist attractions
Desaru - beaches & golf courses along the South China Sea
Johor Bahru - shopping, night market, colonial/royal district
Endau Rompin National Park - pristine jungle
Kota Tinggi 34 meter waterfall.
Kukup - a fishing village with seafood restaurants built over water
Muar - picturesque riverside town
Seribuat Archipelago - islands with beautiful beaches, coral reefs
Tanjung Piai - the southernmost tip of mainland Asia
Danga Bay - waterfront city
Pekan Air Panas - hot springs,waterfall,local fruits available
Kota Iskandar - administrative capital of Johor
National parks and forest reserves
Johor is also known for its national parks.
Johor currently has five national parks, with a combined area of more than 700 km² and several smaller recreational forest.
Almost all recreational parks are based around a mountain.
Johor also has the third largest mangrove forest reserve in Peninsular Malaysia (167 km²).
In the official census of 2010, the  population of Johor was 3.35 million people with 48% Malays, 40% Chinese, 8% Indians and 4% others.
It is the fifth largest state (18,984 km²) of Malaysia.
It is the southernmost state in Peninsular Malaysia being South of Melaka, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang and North of Straits of Johor.
The highest point in Johor is Gunung (mountain) Ledang (1276 m).
Gunung Ledang is also known as Mount Ophir.
Johor is the only state in Malaysia which has a 400 km beach stretching on both the East and the West coast.
Pulau Tengah
Pulau Lima
Johor experiences wet equatorial weather with monsoon rain from Nov until Feb blowing from the South China Sea.
Average annual rainfall is 1778 mm with average temperature of between 25.5 °C (78 °F) and 27.8 °C (82 °F).
Humidity is between 82 and 86%.
Hundred Year Peak Rain Fall
On 19 December 2006, continuously heavy downpour occurred in Johor.
Many towns such as Muar, Kota Tinggi and Segamat were seriously flooded with water levels as high as  above ground level recorded in some areas.
15 lives were lost and many possessions were destroyed and this resulted in huge financial losses in Johor.
More than 100,000 victims were evacuated to flood relief centres.
Links to Singapore
The Johor-Singapore Causeway (length: 1038 m) was designed by Messrs Coode, Fizmaurice, Wilson and Mitchell of Westminster, while the construction contract was awarded to Topham, Jones & Railton Ltd of London.
It started in 1909 as a railway link by Johor State Railway to connect Johor Bahru to Singapore, then the administrative headquarters of British interests in South-East Asia.
Construction of the road section started in 1919 and was completed in 1923.
Johor Chief Minister Office Official Website
Johor Chief Minister Office Official Website, Media and Communication Unit(MedKom)
History of the Johor Empire
Establishments in Malaysia
The clavicle is a long bone that is part of the shoulder.
It connects the arm to the main part of the body.
It is a support for the scapula bone and helps the arm to hang freely.
This allows the arm to have a lot of movement.
The clavicle is made from sponge-like bone, called cancellous bone, and is covered with a hard shell of bone.
Most mammals and many other land vertebrates have clavicles.
Image of the clavicle
Emergency contraception is a form of contraception that can be taken by the woman after sex.
Emergency contraception can not protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
Emergency contraception may prevent a pregnancy.
The drugs that are used for emergency contraception are based on hormones.
Emergency contraception needs to be applied soon after the unprotected sex.
If it is not applied within about 3 days (72 hours) after the event, it will no longer help to prevent pregnancy.
The sooner the drug is taken after unprotected sex, the more effective it is.
Stopping or delaying ovulation, the ovaries from releasing an egg or ovum;
Preventing sperm from fertilising any egg already released; or
Stopping a fertilised egg from attaching itself to the lining of the womb.
The drugs will not work if the woman is already pregnant.
The drugs will also not work for preventing pregnancy from unprotected sex again in the same menstrual cycle.
Emergency contraception is illegal in some countries and for some circumstances (for example, outside the context of rape).
Often the drugs are available in pharmacies.
In some countries, the affected person needs to talk to a healthcare professional (a doctor or a pharmacist).
After this counseling, the drugs can be obtained.
WHO Factsheet on Emergency contraception
The Emergency Contraception Website (not-2-late.com)  – by the Office of Population Research at Princeton University and the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals
International Consortium for Emergency Contraception
Go 2 EC  – Emergency Contraception News
The Morning-After Pill Conspiracy – A United States group whose goal is to have Plan B available over the counter (not just behind pharmacy counters) to women of all ages.
Emergency contraception  by the Adolescent Medecine Committee, Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS), Paediatrics and Child Health ACSA-CAAH
ja:避妊#緊急避妊
Reason or reasoning is a way of thinking that uses logic and facts.
People can use reason to decide what is true or best.
It is different from obeying tradition or emotions to decide what things are best or true.
In common English, it is using your head instead of your heart.
Reason has been an important part of philosophy since Ancient Greece.
Many philosophers have thought about what reason is, and how to think using reason (Logic).
Also, they have thought if religious thinking and faith are ways of reasoning, what we can know if we only use reason (Epistemology), and if animals or computers can think using reason.
Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (or just Paul Kruger) (10 October 1825–14 July 1904) was the president of the South African Republic (sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Transvaal) from 1883 to 1900.
He became famous for leading the Boers against the British at the time of the Second Boer War.
Kruger grew up on his grandfather's farm.
He worked as a commando (a soldier defending farms), and became a respected leader.
In 1877 the British Army took control of Transvaal, and Kruger became the leader of the resistance (the people who wanted to fight British control).
On 30 December 1880, the government of the South African Republic (Transvaal) elected (chose) him to be president.
In 1881 Kruger negotiated (talked with the enemy) to agree the peace.
The Second Boer War began in 1899, and Kruger had to escape to Europe in October 1900.
He moved to Clarens in Switzerland, where he died in 1904.
People took his body back to South Africa and buried him in Church Street Cemetery in Pretoria
South African military people
Bridgeview is a village in Illinois in the United States.
It is the home of the Major League Soccer team the Chicago Fire.
Bridgeview
1940s establishments in Illinois
Xfce () is a free software desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms, such as Linux, Solaris and BSD.
It is made to be fast and lightweight, while still looking nice and easy to use.
The current version, 4.12, is modular and reusable.
It is based on the GTK+ 2 toolkit (formerly used in GNOME).
It uses the Xfwm window manager, described below.
Its configuration is entirely mouse-driven, and the configuration files are hidden from the casual user.
Olivier Fourdan started the project in 1996.
The name "Xfce" originally stood for "XForms Common Environment", but after that Xfce has been rewritten twice and no longer uses that toolkit.
The name survived, but it is no longer capitalized as "XFCE", but rather as "Xfce".
Xfwm
Starting with version 4.2, the window manager of Xfce, Xfwm, integrates its own compositing manager.
Other compositing managers exist, but have been very unstable, and Xfce was the first to put its own compositing manager into the window manager.
At its beginning, many users called it the most stable one available, though at the time, in late 2004, xcompmgr was the only other compositing manager available.
ALTLinux 4.0 Lite (CD)
Debian Xfce CD
Fedora Xfce Spin
FreeSBIE (FreeBSD LiveCD)
Gentoo Linux 2008.0 installation
KateOS
Linux Mint Xfce
Mythbuntu
Myah OS
VectorLinux Standard Edition
Wolvix
Gentoo Linux for the PlayStation 3
Xfce website
Jammu Region () is one of the three regions comprising Kashmir's southernmost area of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.
Jammu division borders Vale of Kashmir, the disputed part of the state, to the north, Ladakh region to the east, and Himachal Pradesh to the south.
Sandwiched between the Vale of Kashmir to the north and the Daman Koh Plains to the south, the Margalla hills range of the foothills of the Himalayas which comprises most of the disputed region in Jammu.
The Pir Panjal Range, the Trikuta Hills and the low-lying Tawi River of the branch Chenab River basin add beauty and diversity to the terrain of Jammu.
Jammu, the winter capital of the maharajas and second largest city in the territory, was traditionally the seat of Dogra power.
Of the total population of Jammu, more than two-thirds are classed as Dogra Hindus.
Of these, the greater number live in the southeastern portion of the state.
Culturally, ethnically, and linguistically, they are closely related to the Punjabi-speaking peoples in Punjab region of India and Pakistan.
Majority speaks the Dogri language.
The majority of the state’s Sikhs also live in the Jammu region.
To the north-west, however, the proportion of Muslims increases, with Muslims making up a dominant majority in the area around the western town of Poonch District.
Demographics of Jammu Division
Jammu is the only region in the state (Jammu & Kashmir) that has a Hindu majority population.
About 64% of its Jammu's population practices Hinduism while 31% practices Islam.
Although Islam and Sikhism enjoy a very strong cultural heritage with neighbouring Punjab (Pakistan) in the wider region.
Most Hindus are either Dogras or people who migrated from Kotli, Mirpur, and the Kashmir Valley.
The Sikhs are of Punjabi descent.
Jammu is now well connected with the rest of India by rail, road and air, making it far better connected than the rest of the regions in the state through Gurdaspur District.
While at the core Linux Mint is mostly based on Ubuntu, the design of the desktop and User interface are very different.
These differences include a very unique desktop theme, a custom Linux Mint menu and the MintTools, a collection of system tools designed to make managing the computer easier for users.
Originally, Linux Mint did not follow a predictable release cycle.
The project first defined the goals for the next release, and when all the goals are achieved a beta is released and a date is announced for the stable release.
Recently however, it has been decided that Linux Mint will be with the 6 month Ubuntu release cycle.
Comparison with Ubuntu
Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu and both distributions have a lot in common.
Both distributions use the same software repositories.
For instance, release 2.2 (“Bianca”) uses the package pools of Ubuntu “Edgy Eft” (6.10).
Most packages are the same on both distributions and the two systems behave almost identically.
Most differences are on the desktop.