the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It has more content than Kingdom Hearts II, including new areas, new battles, and a new secret ending.
It is also for the PlayStation 2.
Official North American site
Official Japanese site
Official European site
Kingdom Hearts series
Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children is a computer animated movie.
It was released in 2005 by Square Enix.
The movie is set two years after Final Fantasy VII .
A mysterious illness has spread against humanity, Cloud Strife and the children are infected.
He does not tell anyone he is infected.
The villains included Kadaj, Loz, and Yazoo, are trying to find the "Cells of JENOVA".
The Cells are a lifeform which fell to the planet hundreds of years ago and tried to destroy it.
Official Advent Children English site
Official Advent Children Japanese site
Advent Children.net - news, information, profiles, images, fan submissions and more
The Making of Advent Children with interview translations and images
2005 animated movies
2005 computer-animated movies
2000s fantasy movies
2000s science fiction movies
Mithril is the strongest metal known in Middle-earth.
It looks similar to silver.
It does not weigh much, and it is easy to make into things.
Mithril is very rare and precious.
It was only found in Khazad-dûm (Moria), where it was mined by the Dwarves, and (perhaps) in Númenor.
The name "mithril" comes from the Sindarin words mith, meaning "grey", and ril meaning "glitter".
In Quenya, its name is mistarille.
Mithril was also called "true-silver" or "Moria-silver".
The most well known object made of mithril is probably the mail shirt of Bilbo and Frodo Baggins.
Influence on other fiction
Mithril is now often used in other fictional works, usually as a strong and magical metal.
It other fictional works, mithril it is also sometimes written differently, for example as mythril or mithral.
Shaw and Crompton is a town in the North West of England.
Shaw and Crompton was part of Lancashire until the 1970s, but is now part of Greater Manchester.
Shaw and Crompton is near to Oldham.
Crompton  articles at Gen UKI
Crompton: from the Normans to the Tudors  A comprehensive historical reference site.
Towns in Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester is a county in North West England.
It has 2.7 million people living there.
It was created on 1 April 1974.
Its cities are Manchester and Salford and its large towns are Oldham, Bury, Rochdale, Ashton-Under-Lyne, Stockport, Wigan and Bolton.
It also has smaller towns and villages, for example, Shaw and Crompton.
A league is an old unit of length.
It was the distance a person could walk in about one hour.
The Romans adopted the league and it became a common unit of measurement throughout western Europe and Latin America.
In English-speaking countries the league was usually three statute miles (4.828032 kilometres) on land or three nautical miles (5.556 km) at sea.
However, in writing the word league often means the Spanish, Portuguese or French league.
The league was used by Ancient Rome, which defined it as being  Roman miles (7500 Roman feet or 2.22 km).
The origin is the "leuga gallica"  (also: leuca Gallica), the league of Gaul.
The ancient league was short but the unit grew longer over time.
The French league had different values at different times: 10 000, 12 000, 13 200 and 14 400 French feet, about 3.25 km to about 4.68 km.
It was used for a while together with the metric system but it is not used now.
The French league was three nautical miles.
In the Mexican countryside the league is still commonly used in the original sense of the distance a person can walk in an hour.
So a league along a good road on level ground is longer than a league on a difficult path over rough ground.
The Spanish league was originally set as a fixed unit of distance of 5,000 varas (a Spanish yard), about 2.6 miles or 4.2 km.
In 1568 Philip II of Spain officially abolished the league.
However, in parts of Latin America, people still use it (with different meanings in different countries).
The gill (pronounced like the girl's name Jill) is a unit for measuring volume.
It is equal to a quarter of a pint.
People do not use it much now .
A quart is a unit of measurement for volume.
It is a quarter of a gallon or two pints.
Because the imperial system and the American system use different gallons, their quarts are different.
In the American system, there are two different quarts.
There is a wet quart and a dry quart.
There is only one imperial quart.
One U.S. dry quart is smaller than one imperial quart.
The ampere or amp (Symbol: A) is the standard unit of electric current.
An electric current of one amp is one coulomb per second.
The amp is named after André-Marie Ampère who studied electromagnetism.
The ampere is defined so the elementary charge e is 1.602 176 634 × 10−19 C or A•s.
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
A short history of the SI units in electricity
The newton (symbol: N) is the SI unit of force.
It is named after Sir Isaac Newton because of his work on classical mechanics.
A newton is how much force is required to make a mass of one kilogram accelerate at a rate of one metre per second squared.
1 N is the force of Earth's gravity on a mass of about 102 g.
On the Earth's surface, a mass of 1 kg pushes on its support with an average force of 9.8 N.
1 Newton is equal to the amount of force required to accelerate an object (with a mass of one kilogram) at a rate of 1 meter per second, per second.
The US Customary Unit of force is the pound (symbol: lbf).
1 pound is equal to 4.44822 newtons.
In 1946, Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) set the unit of force in the MKS system of units to be the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second each second.
In 1948, the CGPM adopted the name "newton" for this force.
The MKS system then became the blueprint for today's SI International System of Units.
That made the newton the standard unit of force.
This SI unit is named after Isaac Newton.
As with every International System of Units (SI) unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (N).
However, when an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (newton)—except in a situation where any word in that position would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in material using title case.
Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase.—
Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.
Newton's second law of motion states that F = m•a, where F is the force applied, m is the mass of the object receiving the force, and a is the acceleration of the object.
The newton is therefore:[2]
A corporation is a union of natural persons that has its own legal status.
This status is independent from the persons involved.
Because it is recognized by governments as a separate entity, the corporation must file tax returns and pay taxes and conform to state and federal law.
This separation of persons and corporation gives it special powers.
A corporation's status and capacity is determined by the law of the place of incorporation.
Investors and entrepreneurs often form joint stock companies.
Therefore, the term corporation often means such business corporations.
Corporations may also be formed for local government (municipal corporation), political, religious, and charitable purposes (not-for-profit corporation), or government programs (government-owned corporation).
Condominiums are a common kind of non-profit corporation.
In common speech, the word "corporation" refers usually to limited responsibility corporation.
That is a business firm where each of the partners invest a sum of money in as the capital of the corporation.
They receive shares for the sum they have invested.
If the company becomes bankrupt, the business partners are responsible for only the name value of their shares of the company's debts.
The partners do not use their personal money to pay for the debt.
Joint stock company
Corporation Origins of corporations, their history, legal definition and current issues.
US Corporate Law at Wikibooks
For example, the right to vote is given to natural persons only.
That is the case for most of the human rights.
Therefore, obviously a corporation cannot hold public office, but it can file a lawsuit.
Although science fiction has long fantasized about the possibility of sentient robots (e.g. androids) living among humans (such as Robin Williams Bicentennial Man), no court has yet dealt with the question of whether such a being would be considered a natural person.
Natural Person
Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law.
Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal philosophers, hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions.
As jurisprudence has developed, there are three main aspects with which scholarly writing engages:
natural law is the idea that there are unchangeable laws of nature which govern us, and that our institutions ought to match this natural law
analytic jurisprudence asks questions like, "what is law?" "
What are the criteria for legal validity?"
or "what is the relationship between law and morality?"
are other questions that legal philosophers may engage with
normative jurisprudence asks what law should be like.
It overlaps with moral and political philosophy, and includes questions of whether we should obey the law, on what grounds law-breakers might properly be punished, the proper uses and limits of regulation
Modern jurisprudence and philosophy of law is dominated today primarily by Western academics.
The ideas of the Western legal tradition have become so pervasive throughout the world that it is tempting to see them as universal.
Historically, however, many philosophers from other traditions have discussed the same questions, from Islamic scholars to the ancient Greeks.
Navigate to page for Encyclopedia of the Science of Law (Mellen, 2002).
John Witte, Jr: A Brief Biography of Dooyeweerd, based on Hendrik van Eikema Hommes, Inleiding tot de Wijsbegeerte van Herman Dooyeweerd (The Hague, 1982; pp 1-4,132)
LII Law about... Jurisprudence
The Case of the Speluncean Explorers:  Nine New Opinions , by Peter Suber (Routledge, 1998.)
Lon Fuller's classic of jurisprudence brought up to date 50 years later.
The Roman Law Library, incl.
Responsa prudentium  by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev.
Evgeny Pashukanis - General Theory of Law and Marxism
Internet Encyclopedia: Philosophy of Law
Orascom operates these companies:
Mobinil  in Egypt
Djezzy in Algeria
Iraqna  in Iraq
Mobilink in Pakistan
Banglalink in Bangladesh
Telecel Zimbabwe in Zimbabwe
In 1997, Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) was established as a separate entity to consolidate the telecommunications and technology interests of the Orascom group of companies established in 1976.
Founded in 1998 as part of the Orascom company, it became the largest cellular operator in the Middle East in only five years.
In 2010, Russian Vimpelcom acquired Orascom Telecom as well as Wind Telecomunicazioni from Weather Investments of the Egyptian entrepreneur Naguib Sawiris and merged the two companies to form Global Telecom Holding based in Cairo.
Excluded from this transaction were the activities in North Korea (Koryolink) and Egypt, which were transferred to Orascom Telecom Media and Technology Holding, which remained majority-owned by Naguib Sawiris.
The Italian activities of Wind Telecomunicazioni report directly to the parent company Vimpelcom and are not part of Global Telecom Holding.
Orascom Telecom Holding has been renamed to Global Telecom Holding in 2013.
On 1 July 2019 Gerbrand Nijman (since June 2015 GTH's group CFO) has succeeded Vincenzo Nesci (retired) as GTH's CEO.
Technology companies
A legal entity is a legal construct through which the law allows a group of natural persons to act as if they were a single person for certain purposes.
The most common purposes are lawsuits, property ownership, and contracts.
cooperatives (co-ops)
municipalities
natural persons
sovereigns
temples, in some legal systems, have separate legal personality
trade unions
ship or vessel
There are limitations to the legal recognition of artificial persons.
Legal entities cannot marry, they cannot vote or hold public office, and in most jurisdictions there are certain positions which they cannot occupy.
The extent to which a legal entity can commit a crime varies from country to country.
Certain countries prohibit a legal entity from holding human rights; other countries permit artificial persons to enjoy certain protections from the state that are traditionally described as human rights.
Making decisions about what is owned, and
Benefiting from the economic returns of what is owned.
Ownership can be divided, or shared between owners.
Ownership has no legal value until money is added into the situation.
The surplus, or profits, or money value of what is owned is divided according to the ownership accounts.
Ownership is needed for the development of the capitalist socio-economic system.
The concept of ownership has existed for thousands of years and in all cultures.
Possession usually means to have some sort of ownership over something else.
A person may be in possession of some property, which is legal ownership, under property law.
There are some other related uses of the term.
When English explorer, Captain James Cook, claimed the country of Australia as a British country, he took "possession" of the land.
The spot where he made his claim on 22 August 1770, a small island in the Torres Strait, is now called Possession Island.
In some beliefs, to be possessed is to be under the control of devils, demons, or evil spirits.
These people may do evil or terrible things because of their possession.
heraldry and coats of arms
arranging and conducting ceremonies of state
keeping and interpreting heraldic and genealogical records.
In Scotland the officers of arms maintain the old job of a herald - passing on royal messages.
Three days after parliament is dissolved in London the royal proclamation is read out at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh.
They wait three days because this is how long it used to take to get from London to Edinburgh by horse.
There it is distinguished from real property, or real estate.
In the civil law systems personal property is often called movable property or movables - any property that can be moved from one location to another.
This term is in distinction with immovable property or immovables, such as land and buildings.
The term codified law is sometimes used as a synonym for statutory law in general.
In some U.S. states, the entire body of statutory law is referred to as a "code," such as the Ohio Revised Code.
At the federal and state level in the United States, portions of the statutory law are also referred to as "code," such as the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.
Parliamentary Fact Sheets  United Kingdom
An oral law are rules of human behavior in use in a given culture, religion or other group, which is transmitted by oral tradition and respected.
Oral law is spoken, as opposed to statutory law, which is written down.
Like customary law, oral laws depend not on legislation passed by a government, but rather tradition, custom and precedent.
An oral tradition or oral culture is a way of transmitting history, literature or law from one generation to the next, without a writing system, by voice.
People tell stories.
Often the stories are made into poems and songs to make remembering easy.
For example, the Homeric poetry of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined oral literature and oral history.
Eventually they were written down.
The Center for Studies in Oral Tradition
The Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature Online
Oral Tradition Journal
The Royal Canadian Air Cadets is a program for Canadian youth.
It is supported by sponsors in the community and Canada's Canadian Armed Forces funded by the Department of National Defence.
There are about 450 Air Cadet squadrons, located in every province and territory in Canada.
The two other cadet programs for youth in Canada are the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets and the Royal Canadian Army Cadets.
Aims and Motto
The aim of the Air Cadets is to "develop in youth the attributes of good citizenship and leadership; promote physical fitness; and to stimulate the interest of youth in the sea, land and air activities of the Canadian Armed Forces".
The Motto of the Air Cadets is "To Learn, to Serve, to Advance".
It was created by Robert Myles Colwell in 1966 while he was a cadet with 625 (Southern Victoria) Squadron in Perth-Andover, New Brunswick.
The cadet program focuses on social development, decision-making and leadership.
As cadets acquire skills and knowledge, they pass it along to younger cadets.
The rank system in Air Cadets is founded in that ranking system used by the non-commissioned member's ranks of the pre-unification Royal Canadian Air Force with some modifications.
Royal Canadian Air Cadets are not part of the Canadian Forces and do not have to join the Canadian Armed Forces.
A Cadet who has held the rank of flight corporal for at least 6 months, has participated in the Cadet Fitness Assessment, and has successfully finish Level 3 training in air cadets is eligible for promotion to Sergeant  on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander.
Cadets must attain a minimum of "completed without difficulty" in PO 303 (Leadership) to be promoted to the rank of Sergeant.
After holding the rank of Sergeant for six months and successfully completing Level 4 training, and participating in the Cadet Fitness Assessment, a cadet is eligible for promotion to Flight Sergeant on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander.
Cadets must attain a minimum of "completed without difficulty" in PO3 403 (Leadership) to be promoted to the rank of Flight Sergeant.
7) Warrant Officer Second Class (WO2) After holding the rank of Flight Sergeant for six months, successfully completing Level 4 training, and participating in the Cadet Fitness Assessment, and having been identified as a successful candidate through the merit review board process, a cadet is eligible for promotion to WO2 on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander.
Cadets must attain a minimum of "completed without difficulty" in PO3 503 (Leadership) to be promoted to the rank of Warrant Officer Second Class.
8) Warrant Officer First Class (WO1) After holding the rank of Warrant Officer Second Class for six months, and having been identified as a successful candidate through the merit review board process, a cadet is eligible for promotion to WO1 on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander.
There is only one cadet in each squadron who can hold the rank of WO1.
Air Cadets Website
Canadian Cadet Organization
Canadian people
A legal case is a dispute between two parties that is resolved by a court or other legal process.
A legal case may be either civil or criminal.
The decision of a court is usually published in one form or another for later reference.
In countries like the United States which have a common law system, decisions by a higher court are binding on lower courts when the facts and issues are similar.
Stare decisis, or the concept of precedent, means to follow cases that were decided earlier when judging the current case.
Nasal hair  are small hair-like cells in the nose.
Most of them can be found near the nostrils.
The purpose of these hairs is to act as a filter, keeping dust and dirt out of the nasal passages.
They also draw liquid mucus up from the epithelium by capillary action.
In that way, they help to maintain humidity in the air passages and stop them from drying out.
The hairs trap moisture as air is breathed out.
The evaporation of trapped moisture on the hairs increases the humidity of air as it is breathed in.
Note that nasal hair is different from the cilia found in the nose, which are part of the olfactory system.
Some cultures consider nose hair coming out from the nostrils to be ugly.
The increased growth of nasal cilia with age (particularly for men) is often a source of anxiety and embarrassment.
A number of devices have been sold to trim the nose hair, including small rotary clippers and attachments for electric shavers.
However, given the role of nasal cilia, many doctors recommend trimming them lightly, if at all.
There is evidence that the movement in the ciliar slows down with age.
This may be the reason that old people have more respiratory infections.
January 16 - Emir Abd-ar-rahman III of Cordoba creates the Caliphate of Cordoba and assumes power
Pope Stephen VII succeeds Pope Leo VI
Pope John X
Al-Batani, Arab astronomer
The Willis Tower, formerly known as the Sears Tower, is a 108-story,  skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois.
The tower has 108 stories, though the building's owners count the main roof as 109 and the mechanical penthouse roof as 110.
When it finished costruction in 1973, it beat the World Trade Center in New York City to become the tallest building in the world.
It was the tallest building in the world for twenty-five years until the Petronas Towers were built in Malaysia.
It was also the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere for 41 years, until the new One World Trade Center beat it in 2013.
Willis Tower is seen as the best work of architect Fazlur Khan.
As of 2021, it is the third-tallest building in the United States and the Western hemisphere.
It is also the 23rd-tallest in the world.
Each year, more than one million people visit its observation deck, the highest in the United States.
It is one of Chicago's most popular tourist places.
The tower was renamed in 2009 after the Willis Group bought the tower.
The building's largest office partner is United Airlines, which moved its corporate headquarters from 77 West Wacker Drive in 2012.
Other major company offices in the tower include Schiff Hardin and Seyfarth Shaw.
Morgan Stanley moved into the tower in 2019.
It was known as the Sears Tower until 2009, as it was the headquarters of retail company Sears from its opening in 1974.
Many people from Chicago still call the tower by its original name.
Planning and construction
In 1969, Sears, Roebuck & Co. was the largest retailer in the world, with about 350,000 employees.
Sears wanted to put many of its employees into one building on the western part of Chicago's Loop.
The company was given a location by West Chicago Loop not far from Grant Park.
Sears eventually bought the West Chicago loop location and bought 15 old buildings from 100 owners and paid $2.7 million to the city.
Sears and the city of Chicago approved the design and construction began in April 1971.
Sears needed  of office space for its planned tower。They hired architects Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM).
Sears paid for construction of the building.
Architects Bruce Graham and Fazlur Khan designed the building.
They designed it as a nine square "tubes".
It was connected in a 3×3 metal wrap forming a square base with  sides.
All nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building, where the northwest and southeast tubes end.
The northeast and southwest tubes reach the 66th floor with the north, east, and south tubes end at the 90th.
The last west and center tubes reach 108 floors.
The Sears Tower was the first building to use this design.
It was both cheaper and stronger.
At 1,450 feet, it had more space and was higher than the Empire State Building.
It cost much less per unit area.
The system became successful in skyscraper construction and has been used in most supertall buildings.
With the floors left over Sears decided to rent them to other companies for offices.
Small metal floors were added to give enough space to people working in the tower.
Skidmore architects proposed a tower with large,  floors in the lower part of the building.
They also added metal floors with many setbacks, which would give the tower its well known look.
The tower passed the height of New York's unfinished World Trade Center to become the world's tallest building.
The height was limited by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to protect air traffic.
Two antennas were added at the top of the building for television and radio broadcasting.
The building was completed in May 1973 and opened the next year.
Construction cost about US$150 million.
Black bands appear on the tower around the 29th–32nd, 64th–65th, 88th–89th, and 104th–108th floors.
These give the building's environmental support systems and hide its belted trusses.
Even though adding a fire sprinkler system was not forced, the building was built with one from the beginning.
There are around 40,000 sprinkler heads in the building.
They cost $4 million.
In February 1982, two television antennas were added to the building, increasing its total height to .
The western antenna was made bigger, bringing the overall height to  on June 5, 2000.
It was done to improve reception of local NBC station WMAQ-TV.
Legal action
As the construction of the building reached as the 50th floor in 1972, people sued Sears and wanted to stop the building from passing 67 floors.
The lawsuits said that above the 67th floor would make television signals bad.
The Illinois Citizens' Committee for Broadcasting wanted the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to stop the building from getting taller.
On May 26, 1972, the Commission did not take action as they did not have the power to do anything.
On June 30, 1972, the Illinois Supreme Court supported their decision.
On September 8, 1972, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit supported the FCC decision, ending the lawsuit.
After opening
The tower did not have as many companies buying office spaces and it was half-empty for many years.
In the 2000s, many companies in the tower began to leave because of terrorist threats or because they found better office spaces.
In 1984, Sears decided to improve the appearance of the lower floors for civilians and tourists.
Their solution was to create a new entrance, which became known as "Lunchbox Entrance".
Sears wanted to sell the building in the late 1980s.
In July 1990, with no possible buyers, Sears took out a mortgage loan on the tower for $850 million from MetLife and AEW Capital Management.
Sears talked about the loan again in 1994.
This led to an agreement where Sears would no longer be responsible for the $850 million loan, although it would only own the name of the building.
As part of the 1994 agreement, AEW and Metlife would own the building in 2003.
In 1990, the law firm of Keck, Mahin & Cate wanted to move away from the tower and into 77 West Wacker Drive.
Just two years later, Sears began to move out of the tower to Hoffman Estates, Illinois.
However, in 1997, the Canadian company TrizecHahn bought AEW's holdings of the building for $110 million.
After the September 11 attacks, two of the largest office partners, Goldman Sachs and Merrill Lynch, quickly announced plans leave the building's 300,000 ft2 space.
In 2003, Trizec sold its holdings of the tower to MetLife for $9 million.
In 2004, MetLife sold the building to a group of investors from New York City and Skokie, Illinois.
The price was $840 million, with $825 million held in a mortgage.
In June 2006, seven men were arrested by the FBI and charged with plans to destroy the tower.
The case went to court in October 2007.
After three trials, five of the suspects were convicted and two acquitted.
The leader of the group, Narseal Batiste, was sentenced to 13.5 years in prison.
In response to the possible threat of an attack, the building's largest company space at this time, Ernst & Young, moved to North Wacker Drive in early 2009.
Since 2007, the owners had thought about building a hotel on the north side of the building.
The second building was thought about in the original design.
The plan was eventually cancelled as the city did not allow the construction of a tall building in that location.
In February 2009, the owners announced they were thinking about painting the building silver, an idea that was later stopped.
It was hoped that a new paint-job would "rebrand" the building and show its energy efficiency for a cost of $50 million.
In 2015, the Blackstone Group bought the tower for a reported $1.3 billion, the highest price ever paid for a U.S. property outside of New York City.
In 2017, Blackstone announced a $500 million renovation for the building, such as building a six-story commercial area in the tower's plaza area.
In May 2020, after many days of raining, the building's three basement levels were flooded.
This caused the power to go out and many television and radio stations going off the air.
Sears' naming rights ended in 2003, but the building was still called the Sears Tower for many years.
In March 2009, the British insurance company Willis Group Holdings agreed to rent a part of the building and got the naming rights.
On July 16, 2009, the building was officially renamed the Willis Tower.
On August 13, 2012, United Airlines said they were moving its corporate headquarters from 77 West Wacker Drive to Willis Tower.
The naming rights are legally kept for 15 years, making it is possible that the building's name change again as soon as 2024.
Many Chicagoans still call the tower by its old name.
A July 2009 CNN article showed some Chicagoans did not want to call the tower by its new name.
An October 2010 article from Chicago magazine called the building one of Chicago's 40 most important things.
The author of the article did not want call it the "Willis Tower".
Time magazine called the name change one of the top 10 worst corporate name changes.
On May 25, 1981, Dan Goodwin climbed the tower while using suction cups and wearing a Spider-Man costume.
The Chicago Fire Department tried to stop him, but he made the first successful outside climb of the tower.
Goodwin was arrested at the top after the seven-hour climb and was later charged with trespassing.
In August 1999, Alain "Spiderman" Robert climbed the building all the way to the top using only his hands and feet.
He climbed at the last 20 stories of the building.
Since 2009, the Willis Tower has hosted SkyRise Chicago, the world's tallest indoor stair climb as a charity event.
At the event, people can legally walk up the building's 103-story staircase.
Details and height
Skidmore architects designed the Willis Tower to have large floors of  in the lower part of the building.
They got the design idea from an advertisement for a package of cigarettes.
From the ground to the top of the taller antenna, Willis Tower is  tall.
It leans about  towards the west because of unequal weight on its foundation.
The observation deck elevators are the fastest in the world at  per minute.
With clear weather, four states can be seen from the observation deck: Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin.
The Willis Tower is the third tallest building in the Americas (after One World Trade Center and Central Park Tower) and the Western Hemisphere.
With a height of  with its antenna, it is the third-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas and eighth-tallest freestanding structure in the world.
On November 8, 2013, architects in Chicago and New York City started talking about the height of the One World Trade Center.
They were saying that Willis Tower might be taller.
Four days later, it was made official that One World Trade Center is taller than the Willis Tower.
At the bottom, the lowest level of Willis Tower is 43 feet below elevation.
Many broadcast station transmitters are built at the top of Willis Tower.
The Skydeck
The Willis Tower observation deck is called the Skydeck.
It opened on June 22, 1974.
It is on the 103rd floor.
It is the highest observation deck in the United States and one of Chicago's most famous tourist attractions.
About 1.7 million tourists visit the tower every year.
Elevators reach the top of the building in about 60 seconds.
This can make people to feel the change in pressure as they go up.
The tourist entrance can be found on the south side of the building along Jackson Boulevard.
A second observation deck on the 99th floor was created as a backup and for private events.
In January 2009, work to improve the Skydeck began, such as adding glass balconies that go  outside of the building.
The all-glass boxes, known as "The Ledge", allow visitors to see the street below.
The boxes can hold .
It opened to the public on July 2, 2009.
On May 29, 2014, the laminated glass flooring of one of the boxes broke while visitors were inside but there were no injuries.
The flooring on that same box cracked on June 12, 2019.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) gave the tower ENERGY STAR certification in 2018.
This is for being one of the best buildings of its type in the United States for energy efficiency.
Chicago Skydeck website
Emporis.com - Willis Tower
SkycraperPage.com – Willis Tower
A view from 103rd floor of the tower
1973 establishments in Illinois
Skyscrapers in Chicago
Beetles, the order Coleoptera, are the largest group of insects.
There are 350,000 different species of beetles which have been named: about 40% of all known insects.
There are an estimated 800,000 to a million living species.
Beetles live almost everywhere, though not in the ocean or in places that are very cold, such as Antarctica.
Beetles went through a massive adaptive radiation early in their evolutionary history.
The evolution of flowering plants helped drive the diversification of beetles.
Four of the six biggest families of beetles mainly eat flowering plants.
Beetle bodies
In common with other insects, there are three main parts to a beetle's body: the head, the thorax (the middle part), and the abdomen (the back part).
On the head, beetles have antennae (feelers), eyes, and a mouth.
The legs and wings of the beetle are attached to the thorax.
The abdomen of a beetle does not usually have special parts on the outside, but it has the beetle’s gut inside.
Like other insects, beetles have no internal bones, but instead have a hard exoskeleton on the outside of the body.
The exoskeleton is made of hard plates of chitin.
Beetles differ from other flying insects because their front wings have evolved into hard covers, or elytra.
The back wings are used for flying.
They are thin and are kept under the elytra when at rest.
Beetles lift their elytra out of the way in order to fly.
A few species of true bugs have a similar arrangement.
Not all beetles can fly.
Some beetles do not have back wings, and some cannot lift their front wings out of the way.
A few beetles have no wings at all.
Some beetles with no wings look like larvae, and are called "larviform".
An example is the family Phengodidae, glow-worms where the females are larviform throughout their lives.
The legs of beetles help them to walk, run, swim, and dig.
All beetles have six legs that is made out of several parts.
Each leg ends in two to five small segments called tarsi.
The last tarsus (the singular of tarsi) of each beetle “foot” has one or two claws on the end of it.
Most beetles use their legs to walk or run.
Some beetle legs are flat and have long hairs on them.
These kinds of legs are found on water beetles.
Beetles that often dig in soil have flat legs with spines or horns at the edges.
Flat legs with horns are called fossorial legs.
A few beetles have large hind legs, similar to those of grasshoppers, which help the beetle to jump.
Flea beetles are an example of jumping beetle.
Sight and smell
Beetles have compound eyes, which means the two big shiny eyes on the head are actually made out of many smaller parts.
Sometimes the two eyes are each divided in half so that it looks like there are four eyes.
One beetle family, the whirligig beetles, has divided eyes so that when they are swimming they can see on top of the water and under the water at the same time.
A few beetles have extra simple eyes (usually two) called ocelli.
The ocelli are on the top of the beetle’s head.
Beetles use their antennae to smell things.
Beetles also use their antennae to feel things around them.
Beetle antennae do not all look the same.
Some antennae are long and thin, while others are short and wide.
Thin antennae are called filiform antennae, and antennae that are wide on the end are called clavate antennae.
The mouth
The mouth of a beetle is very different from the mouth of a person.
Most beetles have two hard mandibles at the front of their mouth which are a bit like teeth.
Mandibles help the beetle eat by crushing and cutting food.
In some beetles, the mandibles look like big pincers.
Beetles also have four “fingers” around their mouth that push food into the mouth of the beetle.
These fingers are called palpi.
Beetles do not breathe; instead they have holes called spiracles in the sides of their bodies which lead to trachea, which act like lungs.
Beetles do not have blood, but they have something like blood, called haemolymph.
It is a green colour.
That's because their haemoglobin molecule has a copper atom at its centre, whereas ours has an iron atom there.
How beetles grow
Beetles start out as eggs that a female beetle lays.
Some beetles can lay thousands of eggs during their lives.
A larva comes out when an egg hatches.
Most beetle larvae do not look like adult beetles.
A beetle larva eats and grows larger until it changes and becomes a pupa.
When the pupa opens, an adult beetle, sometimes called an imago, comes out.
This way of growing up is called complete metamorphosis.
Beetles eat the most when they are larvae.
Some beetle larvae eat the outside of plants; some eat inside plants.
Some beetle larvae are predators, which means they hunt for other insects to eat.
Other beetle larvae eat dead things, such as dead plants and dead animals.
Not all beetle larvae look the same.
Some beetle larvae are flat and move very fast.
To describe these larvae, scientists use the descriptive word campodeiform.
Some beetle larvae look similar to hard worms with tiny legs.
These have an elateriform shape.
Click beetle larvae have a special name: wireworms.
Other beetle larvae are short and very thick and are called grubs.
In a few beetles, the larvae change their shape after some time.
Blister beetle larvae start out moving fast, such as campodeiform larvae, but end up slow and thick.
What beetles do
Beetles eat many different things including living plants, rotting plants, animals that may be dead or alive, and animal faeces.
Some beetles can eat both plants and animals, while others eat just one type of food.
Beetles that can only eat one kind of thing are said to be host specific.
Many leaf beetles and longhorn beetles are host specific.
Beetles are tough animals for their size.
They are mechanically tough (the elytra), and have a variety of strategies to avoid being attacked by predators or parasitoids.
These include camouflage, mimicry, toxicity, and active defence.
Some beetles live in places that are hard for predators to find.
Some beetles, such as longhorn beetles, live in tunnels inside tree branches.
Only special predators that are small enough to use the long-horned beetle tunnels can eat the longhorn beetles.
Other beetles do not live in special places but they have colours or shapes that make them hard to find.
When beetles have colours so that predators cannot see them, this is called camouflage.
Some leaf beetles are green so that they can not be seen when they are on green leaves.
Some beetles have very complex colours so that they look like bird droppings.
Sometimes beetles use colour to warn predators (warning colouration).
Some beetles have black and yellow stripes so that they look similar to bees and wasps.
Some beetles even behave similar to bees to confuse predators.
Beetles have a wide range of chemical defences, mostly got from plants their larvae eat.
These chemicals make them taste bad when predators eat them.
Blister beetles are so poisonous that if a horse eats only a few of them, the horse may die.
Bombardier beetles squirt hot poisonous liquid at attackers.
Lady beetles put out a cyanide compound when agitated.
Lady beetles also have colours that warn predators that they taste bad.
Insects which taste foul use warning colours which birds learn to avoid.
Also, other species which are tasty copy those warning colours.
This is a type of mimicry, and is quite common in insects.
Very large beetles sometimes fight predators.
Beetles that fight will often use their mandibles to injure their predators.
Beetles have sexual reproduction, and almost all go through complete metamorphosis.
Some beetles have complex behavior to get a mate.
Pheromones are used, and different species use different pheromones.
Before reproduction, some male beetles sometimes fight to claim a female.
This especially happens with stag beetles: males will fight using their long mandibles.
More often, male and female beetle go through a long routine before mating.
The details differ in each species  and that is the point.
It is essential that mating takes place between beetles of the same species.
Some beetles give special care to their eggs or larvae.
Some scarab beetles, called dung beetles, roll balls of dung (faeces) and put them in a hole in the ground.
The female lays her eggs in the dung.
When the eggs hatch, the larvae will eat the dung that their mother supplied for them.
Beetle evolution
In 2009, a fossil beetle was found in the Pennsylvanian of Mazon Creek, Illinois.
This put the origin of the beetles back to .
Fossils from this time have been found in Asia and Europe, for instance in the red slate fossil beds of Niedermoschel near Mainz, Germany.
Other fossils have been found in Obora, Czech Republic and Tshekarda in the Ural Mountains, Russia.
The first discoveries from North America in Oklahoma were published in 2005 and 2008.
After the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the fossil record of insects is poor, but there are some beetles from the Lower Triassic.
At the Babiy Kamen site in the Kuznetsk Basin, there are many beetle fossils, including entire specimens of the infraorders Archostemata (e.g. Ademosynidae, Schizocoleidae), Adephaga (e.g., Triaplidae, Trachypachidae) and Polyphaga (e.g. Hydrophilidae, Byrrhidae, Elateroidea).
During the Jurassic (), there was a dramatic increase in the number of beetle families, including the development and growth of carnivorous and herbivorous species.
Dung beetles, and herbivorous beetles living on conifers, were common in the Jurassic period.
The evolution of flowering plants in the Cretaceous led to the vast numbers of beetle species there are today.
Kinds of beetles
Suborders
Adephaga: 40,000 recorded species in 10 families.
This is a suborder of specialized beetles, the second largest suborder.
Members include ground beetles, tiger beetles, predacious diving beetles, and whirligig beetles.
The majority of the species belong to the family of carabids, or ground beetles (Carabidae).
Archostemata: Archostemata is the smallest suborder of beetles, consisting of fewer than fifty known species in five families.
Archostemata is an ancient lineage with a number of primitive characteristics.
They are similar in morphology to the first beetles, which appear in the fossil record about 250 million years ago.
Myxophaga: Myxophaga is the second smallest suborder of Coleoptera with 65 species of small to minute beetles in four families.
The members of this suborder are aquatic and semi-aquatic and feed on algae.
Polyphaga: Polyphaga is the largest and most diverse suborder of beetles.
The name means “eaters of many things”.
Polyphaga have 144 families in 16 superfamilies.
They have an enormous variety of specialization and adaptation, with over 300,000 described species, or about 90% of the beetle species so far discovered and named.
There are five infraorders:
Bostrichiformia — including furniture beetles and skin beetles.
Cucujiformia — includes lady beetles, longhorn beetles, weevils, checkered beetles and leaf beetles.
Elateriformia — includes click beetles and fireflies
Scarabaeiformia — includes scarab beetles and stag beetles.
Staphyliniformia — includes rove beetles and water scavenger beetles.
Common families
Different kinds of beetles can be divided into groups called families.
There are many beetle families.
The biggest families are listed here.
Ground beetles (family Carabidae) are often black and can be found under rocks.
They eat other insects.
Leaf beetles (family Chrysomelidae) usually eat on the outside of plants.
Longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) have very long antennae.
Most longhorn beetle larvae eat on the inside of plants.
Weevils (family Curculionidae) have long faces that look like the trunk of an elephant.
Weevils eat plants.
Scarab beetles (family Scarabaeidae) have antennae that are wide on the end.
Dung beetles are a group in this family.
Other scarabs are very colourful and eat plants.
Rove beetles (family Staphylinidae) have short front wings that do not cover their abdomen.
Rove beetles eat other insects.
Popular names
Popular names are often misleading; that is why biologists use scientific names in Latin.
People call some beetles by other names.
Fireflies (also called lightning bugs) are actually beetles; so are ladybirds or ladybugs, which biologists call lady beetles.
Largest and smallest
Nanosella fungi: smallest at 0.35 mm.
Titanus giganteus: largest at 12 to 20 cm in length.
Beetles and people
Some beetles cause trouble for farmers and people in forests because they eat crops or trees.
These beetles are called pests.
One beetle that hurts crops is the Colorado beetle; another is the Maize weevil.
One that destroys trees is the Emerald ash borer.
Evans, Arthur V; Charles Bellamy & Lisa Charles Watson An inordinate fondness for beetles
Beetle larvae of the world.
Harde K.W. A field guide in colour to beetles.
Pages 7–24
Pakaluk J. & Slipinski S.A. eds 1995.
Biology, phylogeny, and classification of Coleoptera: papers celebrating the 80th birthday of Roy A. Crowson.
Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa.
Ross H. Arnett Jr. and Michael C. Thomas.
2001/2.
American beetles.
CRC Press.
White R.E. 1983.
Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, NY.
He was made Pope because of the support of Emperor Lambert of Spoleto.
Lambert was of the Formosian party.
Pope Sergius III who had been elected by the Anti-Formosians was chased from office with arms.
John IX died unexpectedly in the year 900, which again led to feuds between different groups.
9th-century births
900 deaths
Houston Steward Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 – January 9, 1927) was a writer of books.
He wrote many popular scientific books, about Richard Wagner, Immanuel Kant, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe amongst others.
He was born in Portsmouth, but later emigrated to Germany.
In later life he became a German citizen.
He was acquainted with Hitler and died in Bayreuth.
He is known for his Antisemitism.
His best-known book, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century is seen as a standard antisemitic work of the early 20th century.
1927 deaths
Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French aristocrat.
He was well educated, and wrote many things.
He became famous for developing the racialist theory of the Aryan Master race in his book An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-1855).
A staff (or stave) is the name given to the five horizontal lines on which we can write music.
Musical notes can be placed either on a line (i.e. with a line going through the middle of the note head) or in a space.
There are four inside spaces as well as the two outer spaces at the top or bottom.
The higher the pitch of the note the higher it will be on the staff.
Taking the white notes of a keyboard: each note (A, B, C, D etc.)
is placed higher on the stave (line, space, line, space etc.).
A clef is needed to show which notes they are.
There are different clefs to suit high, medium or low instruments.
This musical example shows the opening of Symphony no 5 by Beethoven.
The first three notes are on the second line (counting from the bottom).
They are Gs, because there is a treble clef at the beginning of the staff.
The fourth note is a little lower: on the bottom line, the E line (because of the flats in the key signature it is an E flat).
The next note is between the other two in pitch (an F).
After the three Fs comes a D in the outside bottom space.
When notes are a little too high or low to put on the stave, extension lines are used.
These are called ledger lines.
If two or more staves are being played at the same time the staves are joined on the left by a bracket which is called a brace.
Piano music, for example, is written on two staves: one for the right hand and one for the left.
Instruments that only play a rhythm (such as the cymbals), do not need a stave.