the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Beth Twitty alleged in televised interviews that Joran van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers know more than they have told, and that at least one of them sexually assaulted or raped her daughter.
Twitty has stated that she has received copies of police statements stating that Joran van der Sloot admitted having sex with Holloway at his home and described intimate details of her.
She has never released copies of the alleged statement, though she characterizes them as admissions of "sexual assault" and Vinda de Sousa, former Holloway–Twitty family Aruban attorney, has indicated that no such admission was made.
In addition, Dompig has denied that any such statement was made, stating that Van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers consistently denied having sex with Holloway.
Twitty has been criticized for her focus on Joran van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers, to the exclusion of any other theory as to what happened to Holloway.
According to the lawsuit filed by the Kalpoe brothers, she has (on various television programs) repeatedly accused them, and Joran van der Sloot, of "sexual assault" and "gang rape" of her daughter.
Following the airing of the De Vries program, Beth Twitty, adhering to the position that the tapes represent the way events transpired, told the New York Post that she believes her daughter might still be alive if Van der Sloot had called for help.
She contends that Van der Sloot dumped Holloway's body, possibly alive, into the Caribbean.
Twitty also alleges that the individual Joran van der Sloot supposedly called that evening was his father, Paulus, who, according to Twitty, "orchestrated what to do next".
She, and Dave Holloway, alleged that Joran van der Sloot was receiving "special legal favors".
After the court decision not to rearrest Van der Sloot was affirmed, Twitty stated, "I think that what I do take comfort in, his life is a living hell", later adding, "I'd be good with a Midnight Express prison anywhere for Joran.
Twitty's book Loving Natalee: A Mother's Testament of Hope and Faith,written under the name "Beth Holloway", which she has resumed following her divorce from Jug Twitty, was released on October 2, 2007.
The release was accompanied by a number of TV appearances, including a full hour on On the Record.
A television movie, titled "Natalee Holloway", based in part on Beth Twitty's book, was made by LMN (formerly the Lifetime Movie Network).
Twitty has continued to make television appearances when there were new developments in the case.
Lifetime movie
In October 2008, the Lifetime Movie Network (LMN) announced plans to create a television movie, The Natalee Holloway Story, based on Beth Twitty's book Loving Natalee: A Mother's Testament of Hope and Faith.
The senior vice president of original movies, Tanya Lopez, stated in the announcement that the network was "pleased to be working closely with Natalee's mother" and that they intended to tell the story of Holloway's disappearance "sensitively and accurately".
The movie was expected to focus on Beth Twitty's involvement in the search for Holloway.
The movie, which aired April 19, 2009, under the title "Natalee Holloway", stars Tracy Pollan as Beth Holloway, Grant Show as George "Jug" Twitty, and Amy Gumenick as Natalee Holloway.
The movie brought in the highest television ratings in Lifetime's 11-year history, with average viewership of 3.2 million people and more than 1 million women in the 18-49 age bracket.
Although the movie set ratings records for Lifetime, the movie was not received well by critic Alec Harvey of The Birmingham News.
Harvey called the movie "sloppy and uneven, a forgettable look at the tragedy that consumed the nation's attention for months".
U.S. television networks devoted much air time to the search for Holloway, the investigation of her disappearance, and rumors surrounding the case.
Greta Van Susteren, host of Fox News' On The Record, and Nancy Grace on CNN's Headline News were among the most prominent television personalities to devote time to the incident.
Van Susteren's almost continuous coverage of the story caused On The Record to get its best ratings to date, while Grace's show became the cornerstone of the new "Headline Prime" block on Headline News, which ran two episodes (a live show and a repeat) every night during prime-time.
As the case wore on, much of the attention was given to Beth Twitty and her statements.
Aruban government spokesman Ruben Trapenberg stated, "The case is under a microscope, and the world is watching".
Locally, the Aruban press published extensive news on the story in Dutch, English, and Papiamento.
The saturation of coverage triggered a backlash among some critics who argued that such extensive media attention validates the "missing white woman syndrome" theory, which argues that missing-person cases involving white skinned women and girls receive disproportionate attention in the media compared with cases involving white males or people of color.
CNN ran a segment criticizing the amount of coverage their competitors gave to the story despite what they characterized as a lack of new items to report, with CNN news anchor Anderson Cooper calling the coverage "downright ridiculous".
Early in the case, political commentator and columnist Arianna Huffington wrote, "If you were to get your news only from television, you'd think the top issue facing our country right now is an 18-year-old girl named Natalee who went missing in Aruba.
Every time one of these stories comes up, like, say, Michael Jackson, when it's finally over I think, what a relief, now we can get back to real news.
But we never do".
In March 2008, El Diario commented, "But if doubts persist about cases involving missing Latinas, there are reasons why.
These cases rarely receive the attention and resources we see given to other missing persons.
The English-language media, for example, appear to be focused on the stories of missing white women, such as with the disappearance of Natalee Holloway in Aruba.
Cases of missing Latina and African American women often remain faceless, when they are even covered".
Australophenida are a clade of mammals which has nearly entirely died out.
Today, living specimen exist only in Australia and New Guinea with only five surviving species species, but fossils have been in Madagascar and Argentina.
Species consist are of the platypus and echidnas.
Monotremata
Kollikodontidae (extinct)
Ornithorhynchidae (platypus)
Steropodontidae (extinct)
Tachyglossidae (echidnas)
Steropodontidae was a family of monotremes that are known fossils from the Early Cretaceous in Australia.
Rich et al.
Monotreme nature of the Early Cretaceous mammal Teinolophos.
Acta Paleontologica Polonica.
46:113-118
Steropodon galmanii was a prehistoric species of monotreme, or a egg-laying mammal, that lived during the Mesozoic, in the Lower Cretaceous period.
It is the second-earliest known relative of the platypus: the earlist is called Teinolophos.
Archer M. et al 1985.
First Mesozoic mammal from Australia – an early Cretaceous monotreme.
Nature 318: 363-366.
Kollikodon ritchiei is a fossil monotreme species.
It is known from an opalised teeth frgament, with one premolar and two molars in situ.
The fossil was found al Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia.
Flannery, T.F., Archer, M., Rich, T.H., Jones, R. (1995) "A new family of monotremes from the Cretaceous of Australia".
Nature 377: 418-420.
Teinolophos trusleri was a prehistoric species of monotreme, or egg-laying mammal.
It is known from a lower jawbone found in Flat Rocks, Victoria, Australia.
It lived during the Lower Cretaceous, about 123 million years ago (mya).
Obdurodon is a extinct monotreme genus.
Obdurodon differed from modern Platypuses in that it still had teeth (except for juveniles, the modern platypus does not have teeth).
Archer, et al. "
Description of the skull and non-vestigial dentition of a Miocene platypus (Obdurodon dicksoni) from Riversleigh, Australia, and the problem of monotreme origins".
Augee, M.L. "Platypus and Echidnas".
Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales.
Pages 15–27. (
O. dicksoni).
Pascual, et al. "
First discovery of monotremes in South America".
Nature 356 (1992), Pages 704-706 (Monotrematum).
Woodburne and Tedford. "
The first Tertiary Monotreme from Australia."
American Museum.
Novitates Number 2588.
Pages 1–11.
(O. insignis).
Mario is a Nintendo video game character.
Mario or Mario Son may also mean:
Mario, a male given name
Mario R. Capecchi
Mario (series), the video games with Mario in them
The Curtiss P-40 (also called the Tomahawk, Warhawk, and Kittyhawk) was a fighter aircraft that could also be used for attacking things on the ground.
It was made by Curtiss.
It first flew in 1938 and saw combat during World War II.
It was not as fast high up as the German Luftwaffe fighters, but was used a lot in other places.
It was used not only the United States Army Air Force, but also a mercenary air force called the "Flying Tigers."
They put the mouth of a shark on their P-40s.
It could fly to 360 miles per hour.
In 1948, the United States Air Force stopped using it.
The Flying Tigers was a group of American fighter pilots from the United States Army Air Force, the United States Navy, and the United States Marine Corps.
Claire Lee Chennault commanded it.
During 1937, Claire Lee Chennault retired from the American military and became the military advisor to China.
He to looked at their air force.
It was bad, and could not fight their enemy, Japan.
In 1938, Chennault was going to make the Flying Tigers.
In late 1941, after Pearl Harbor, the Flying Tigers started fighting the Japanese.
The airplane they used was the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk.
There were about 100 of the fighter aircraft.
They could not turn with the Japanese fighters, such as the A6M Zero, Ki-43 Oscar, and Ki-27 Nate, but the P-40 was tough, had more guns, and was faster in a dive.
Things the Flying Tigers were famous for
The Flying Tigers are well known for things.
One thing was their airplane paint, which had a shark face on the sides.
They were also known for fighting hard during the war.
Franklin D. Roosevelt had said they were good.
List of aces
Percy Bartelt (5.0)
William Bartling (5.0)
Charles Bond (7.0)
George Burgard (10.0)
Robert Hedman (6.0)
David Lee "Tex" Hill (10.25)
Frank Lawlor (7.0)
Robert Little (10.0)
William McGarry (8.0)
Robert Neale (13.0)
John Newkirk (7.0)
Charles Older (10.0)
Edmund Overend (5.0)
Robert Prescott (5.5)
Joseph Camille Rosbert (6.0)
Richard Rossi (6.0)
Robert Sandell (5.0)
Robert H. Smith (5.0)
Robert T. Smith (8.9 kills)
Shusha () is a city in Azerbaijan.
The city is a major centre of Azerbaijani culture and music.
Shusha was founded in 1750-1752 by Panah-Ali khan Javanshir (r. 1748-1763), the founder and the first ruler of the Karabakh Khanate (Qarabağ xanlığı - in Azerbaijani).
The first capital of the Karabakh khanate was the castle of Bayat, built in 1748 in the district of Kebirli.
However, soon afterwards Panah Ali khan realized that in order to secure himself and his newly established khanate from external threats, he needed to build a new more reliable castle.
Shusha was turned into the capital of the Karabakh khanate.
Shusha was a popular mountainous-climatic recreation resort in Azerbaijan.
On May 8, 1992, the city was captured by the Armenian forces and all of the city's predominantly Azerbaijani population was either expelled or killed.
Shusha by Travel-images.com
Shusha – the town of the dead.
Photo-report.
Districts of Azerbaijan
Settlements in Azerbaijan
1750s establishments
Establishments in Azerbaijan
Doritos ,pronounced  as (),os  a brand of flavored corn (maize) tortilla chip snack.
They have been made by the American food company Frito-Lay since 1966.
They come in different flavors, including Nacho Cheese and Cool Ranch.
They may be eaten with a dip such as salsa.
They are made with varying vegetables and are not fruit products.
Doritos America
Doritos Canada
Doritos China
Pepsico France
Doritos Australia
Doritos Scotland
Doritos Germany
Nutrition facts
Mount Silverthrone is a 20 km wide, deeply dissected caldera complex in southwestern British Columbia, Canada.
Most of its eruptions occurred during the last ice age.
The products have since been heavily eroded.
It is the highest peak in the Ha-Iltzuk Icefield, the largest icefield in the Coast Mountains south of the Alaska Panhandle.
The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a short-range air-to-air missile, which means it is shot from an aircraft and is supposed to hit an aircraft.
It is heat seeking, which means it locks on to heat.
It first flew in 1953, and went into air forces in 1956.
It was used during the Vietnam War along with the AIM-7 Sparrow, but was not good.
At the time, it would hit only 10-20% of the time, and could be fooled.
Sometimes it could lock on to the sun or other bogus heat source and not an enemy airplane.
The problems were later fixed, and the new Sidewinders have a good hitting rate.
It is in a lot of air forces.
The missile can hit from 11 miles.
It is very often on many different aircraft around the world today.
The x-intercept of a line on a graph is where the line touches (intercepts) the x-axis.
y-intercept
Liberty means the condition in which an individual has the ability to act following his or her own will and alternatively, achieve their potential, within the context of other words like political freedom.
It is a term that has contested meanings.
Communism and socialism claim to have something defined as liberty for them because of their social equality ideals.
Libertarians and classical liberals think communism is against Liberty because communism is most of the times against the individual basic rights (life, freedom and property).
Classical liberalism conceptions of liberty conceive mainly of the freedom of the individual from outside compulsion in terms of freedom from restraint and social liberalist perspective, on the other hand, highlights the need for social and economic equality, as in the power and resources to fulfill one's potential.
As such, a social liberalist connects liberty (i.e. freedom) to the equal distribution of political power (i.e. democracy) in the sense of positive liberty.
They argue that liberty without equality means the domination of the most powerful.
Thus, freedom and democracy are seen as connected and ultimately, antagonistic.
John Stuart Mill, in his work, On Liberty, was the first to recognize the difference between liberty as the freedom to act and liberty as not being forced to do something.
Mill also sought to define the "nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual” and as such, he describes an inherent and continuous antagonism between liberty and authority and thus, the prevailing question becomes "how to make the fitting adjustment between individual independence and social control".
Types of freedom
There are mainly nine types of Freedom.
Freedom of belief
Freedom to express oneself
Freedom to choose one's state in life
Freedom from bondage and slavery
Freedom of education
However, the civil constitutions of each country have different definitions of the freedoms allowed to the citizens.
It has been argued that any law limits freedom, since it sets limits on what people may do.
Freedom, or the more specific political freedom
Liberty (magazine) (disambiguation)
Liberty - a 1929 short movie starring Laurel and Hardy
"Liberty", a 1942 poem by Paul Éluard.
On Liberty, a political philosophy paper written by John Stuart Mill
Liberty!,
a 1997 documentary about the American Revolutionary War
Liberty Leading the People or La Liberté guidant le peuple, the most influential painting by Eugène Delacroix, 1830.
USS Liberty, the name of multiple United States Navy ships
Liberty engine, a United States First World War V12 aero-engine also used in 1930s British tanks as the Nuffield Liberty
Mark VIII (tank), the Mark VIII or "Liberty", a Anglo-American development of the main British tank of the First World War.
Rolls-Royce AE 1107C-Liberty aeroengine
Liberty or "Libo" refers to time off of work when a US Marine is allowed to do what he or she wishes.
Liberty, the former name of pop group Liberty X
Liberty (album), a 1990 album by pop group Duran Duran
"LIBERTY", a song by the Japanese rock band the pillows, from their album Turn Back
Liberty Records, a former US record label
Liberty & Lament, a record label
Liberty Music Shop Records, a record label
Liberty (goddess)
Liberty (division), a mediaeval English administrative unit
The Liberties, a district in the south-west inner city of Dublin, Ireland
Liberty Stadium (disambiguation)
Liberty, Mississippi
Liberty, New York (disambiguation)
Liberty, North Carolina
Liberty, Pennsylvania (disambiguation)
Liberty, South Carolina
Liberty, Washington
Liberty, Wisconsin (disambiguation)
Liberty County (disambiguation)
Liberty Township (disambiguation)
Liberty (department store), founded in 1875 by Arthur Lasenby Liberty
Liberty (dog), golden retriever pet of Gerald Ford
Liberty (go term), an empty space adjacent to a group of stones in go.
Liberty (advocacy group) for the British human rights pressure group
Liberty (yacht), a 12-meter yacht that unsuccessfully defended the America's Cup in 1983
Liberty Medical Supply, a company that sells diabetes testers
Liberty ship, a class of cargo ship built in the United States during World War II
Liberty Alliance, a consortium developing standards for federated identity management and web services.
New York Liberty, women's basketball team
Liberty University, a Christian liberal arts university in Lynchburg, Virginia
Arthur Lasenby Liberty (1843–1917), founder of Liberty & Co.
Stile Liberty, an art style akin to Art Nouveau
Liberty Van Zandt, a character from the Canadian Television series Degrassi: The Next Generation
Liberty Central School District, a school district in Sullivan County, New York.
Jeep Liberty, an SUV manufactured by Jeep
Liberty, cheerleading stunt were the flyer stands on one leg with the other leg at Passé.
Liberty Baker, British Hotel Heir
Liberty Mutual Group, a large American insurance company.
"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood".
It is easy to show that many societies do not agree with this in practice.
The civilised Greeks and Romans regarded other races as barbarians.
A shocking example was Aristotle's advice to Alexander to be 'a leader to the Greeks and a despot to the barbarians, to look after the former as after friends and relatives, and to deal with the latter as with beasts or plants'.p58 Many societies based on religion have treated persons of other religions harshly, with little dignity.
And sometimes political movements have deliberately and openly talked about and treated some groups as not having human dignity.
Nazi treatment of the Jews came after a long period of propaganda against their humanity and dignity.
Dignity, article from Parenting For Everyone
Respect at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Emotional Competency Entry describing Dignity.
"Dignity" (Deacon Blue song), a song by Deacon Blue on their 1987 album Raintown
"Dignity" (Bob Dylan song), a song by Bob Dylan on his 1994 album Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Volume 3
Dignity (album), a 2007 album by Hilary Duff
"Dignity" (Hilary Duff song), a song by Hilary Duff on the album
The Dignity of Labour, a 1979 album by The Human League
Dignity and Shame, a 2005 album by Crooked Fingers
Dignitas, an ancient Roman political idea to do with the influence of a citizen
Dignitatis Humanae, the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on religious freedom
Four Dignities of Shambhala Buddhism
Dignitas International, a medical humanitarian organisation that aims to increase access to life-saving treatment and prevention in areas overwhelmed by HIV/AIDS
Dignité (Centrale des Syndicats Libres de Côte d'Ivoire), a trade union centre in the Côte d'Ivoire, Africa
DignityUSA, an organisation that works for 'respect and justice' for LGBT people in the Catholic Church in the USA.
It is an organization of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Catholics
Dignity Village, a collective of homeless people that have created a shanty town near Oregon, USA
Dignity for Disabled, a minor South Australian political party
Dignity, Democracy, Motherland, a minor Armenian political party
Dignity (Ar-Namys) Party, a major political party of Kyrgyzstan
Dignity Battalions, paramilitary combatants under the Manuel Noriega Regime in Panama in the 1980s
Dignity plc, a major UK funeral company formed by a management buyout of the UK interests of Service Corporation International
Voluntary association, a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to accomplish a purpose
501(c) non-profit organization
Association (statistics), comes from two variables that are related
Association (psychology), something linked in memory or imagination with a thing or person
The Association, a pop band
Archaeological association, in archaeology, the relationship between objects found together
HMS Association, a Royal Navy ship which sank in 1707
Association (object-oriented programming), in object-oriented programming, a relationship between classes
Association (ecology), a set of organisms which appear together and cover areas in a roughly uniform way
Association (astronomy), combined or co-added group of astronomical exposures
Professional association
Alumni association, an association of former students of a college or university
An industry trade group is also known as a trade association
L'Association, a French comic book publisher
A voluntary association or union is a group of individuals who  enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to work together for a purpose.
In most of the cases no formalities are necessary to start an association.
But in some jurisdictions, there is a minimum for the number of persons starting an association, in others the association must register with the police or other official body to inform the public of the association's existence.
This is not necessarily a tool of political control but much more a way of protecting the economy from fraud.
"...where two or more persons are bound together for one or more common purposes by mutual undertakings, each having mutual duties and obligations, in an organisation which has rules identifying in whom control of the organisation and its funds is vested, and which can be joined or left at will."
In most countries, an unincorporated association does not have separate legal personality, and nor do members of the association usually enjoy limited liability.
However, in some countries they are treated as having separate legal personality for tax purposes.
Associations that are organized for profit or financial gain are usually called partnerships.
A special kind of partnership is a co-operative which is usually founded on one man–one vote principle and distributes its profits according to the amount of goods produced or bought by the member.
Associations may take the form of a non-profit organization or they may be not-for-profit corporations; this does not mean that the association cannot make benefits from its activity, but all the benefits must be reinvested.
Most associations have some kind of document or documents that regulate the way in which the body meets and operates.
Such an instrument is often called the organization's bylaws, regulations, or agreement of association.
Article 20
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Law relating to unincorporated associations
French Association of Epargne and Retraite
Helen Adams Keller was an American writer and speaker.
She was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama in 1880 to Arthur H. Keller and Kate Adams Keller.
When she was nineteen months old she became sick and lost her eyesight and hearing.
The doctor didn't know what it was, so he called it a "congestion of the stomach and brain."
Some people say that it was scarlet fever or meningitis.
Communicating with other people was hard for Helen, because she could not see or hear.
She made up some home signs that she used to communicate with her family.
The home signs were quite simple, pull meant "come", push meant "go" and so on.
Sometimes Helen's family did not understand what Helen was meaning with her home signs.
That made Helen frustrated and she had temper tantrums.
When Helen was seven years old, her family decided to find a teacher for her.
They wrote to Michael Anagnos, who was the director of the Perkins Institute and Asylum for the Blind.
They asked him to help them find a teacher for their daughter.
He wrote to them and told them that he knew a young teacher and her name was Annie Sullivan.
She had been blind, but a series of operations helped to restore her eyesight.
Annie traveled to Alabama to live with Helen’s family and to teach her.
Annie went to live with the Keller family in March, 1887.
Annie helped Helen to learn how to communicate with other people.
She taught her the names of things by writing the words on Helen’s hand.
At first Helen didn't understand the meaning of the words.
The first word Helen understood was "water".
She learned this word when Annie put Helen's hand under some water and wrote W,A,T,E,R on her hand.
Then she learnt the words and sentences with this method.
In 1890, Helen’s family sent her to the Perkins Institute to learn how to speak and communicate.
When she was nineteen years old, Helen went to Radcliffe College in Massachusetts.
She graduated from Radcliffe in 1904.
She was the first deaf and blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.
In 1903, Helen wrote a book about her life.
It was called The Story of My Life.
The movie The Miracle Worker, made in 1962, was based on Helen's book.
She also wrote a book about Annie Sullivan called Teacher.
She wrote twelve other books.
Helen tried to help poor people and other blind people during her life.
She traveled to over 39 countries with Annie to talk about her life and experiences.
When Helen was in Japan, she met Hachiko, a famous Akita.
She decided to adopt an Akita, and was the first person to bring an Akita to America.
Helen Keller wanted to get married.
She fell in love with her secretary, but her mother didn't allow Helen to marry him.
At that time, disabled people often could not marry.
Helen Keller died in her sleep on June 1, 1968, at Arcan Ridge in Connecticut.
People from Tuscumbia, Alabama
Pausanias (Greek: ) was a Greek traveller and geographer of the 2nd century A.D., who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius.
He is famous for his Description of Greece (), a lengthy work that describes ancient Greece from firsthand observations.
He is a crucial link between classical literature and modern archaeology.
Pausanias was probably a native of Lydia; he was certainly familiar with the western coast of Asia Minor, but his travels extended far beyond the limits of Ionia.
Before visiting Greece he had been to Antioch, Joppa and Jerusalem, and to the banks of the River Jordan.
In Egypt he had seen the Pyramids, while at the temple of Ammon he had been shown the hymn once sent to that shrine by Pindar.
In Macedonia he had almost certainly viewed the traditional tomb of Orpheus.
Crossing over to Italy, he had seen something of the cities of Campania and of the wonders of Rome.
He was one of the first to write of seeing the ruins of Troy, Alexandria Troas, and Mycenae.
Pausanias' Description of Greece takes the form of a tour in Ionia on the coast of Asia Minor and in the Peloponnese and part of northern Greece.
He constantly describes ceremonial rites or superstitious customs.
He frequently introduces narratives from the domain of history and of legend and folklore, and it is only rarely that he allows the reader to see something of the scenery.
Description of Greece, tr.
W.H.S. Jones and H.A. Ormerod (1918)
Description of Greece, Jones translation at Theoi Project
Bibliography (in French)
Hutton, William 2005, Describing Greece: Landscape and Literature in the Periegesis of Pausanias (Cambridge). .
Levi, Peter (tr.)
1984a, 1984b, Pausanias: Guide to Greece, 2 vols. (
Penguin).
1 Central Greece ; vol.
2 Southern Greece .
Pretzler, Maria. "
Turning Travel into Text: Pausanias at work", Greece & Rome, Vol.
51, Issue 2 (2004), pp.
In Ancient Rome, Dignitas was regarded as the sum of the personal influence that a male citizen acquired throughout his life.
It included personal reputation, moral standing, and ethical worth and the man's entitlement to respect and proper treatment as well.
The word does not have a direct connotation or translation in English.
Some interpretations include dignity (merely a derivation) and prestige.
The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines the expression as fitness, suitability, worthiness, visual impressiveness or distinction, dignity of style and gesture, rank, status, position, standing, esteem, importance, and honor.
Authors who had used dignitas extensively in their writings and oratories include M. Tullius Cicero, Julius Caesar, Cornelius Tacitus, and T. Livius (Livy).
The most prolific user was Cicero, who initially related it to the established term auctoritas.
These two words were highly associated, auctoritas was thought to be the expression of a man’s dignitas.
The changing definition of dignitas
Over the course of Ancient Roman history, dignitas took on different meanings over time, adjusting for the gradually changing viewpoints of society, politicians, and the various authors.
Years after Caesar's death, his heir Augustus rejected the contemporary meaning of dignitas.
Augustus found the related term auctoritas to be a suitable alternative.
Balsdon, J.p.v.d. "
Auctoritas, Dignitas, Otium."
The Classical Quarterly ns 10 (1960): 43-50.
Cicero, Ad Familiares 4.14
Cicero, Epistulae Ad Familiares.
J. Paul Leonard Library, San Fransisco.
Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares.
San Francisco State University.
18 May 2007
Radin, Max. "
Roman Concepts of Equality."
Political Science Quarterly 38 (1923): 262-289.
Ridler, Vivian. "
Dignitas."
Oxford Latin Dictionary.
1 vols.
London: Oxford UP, 1968.
Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca.
56 – ca.
117) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire.
The surviving parts of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories—report about the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian.
Experts believe Tacitus wrote these five works that have survived.
The dates are approximate:
(98) De vita Iulii Agricolae (The Life of Julius Agricola)
(98) De origine et situ Germanorum (The Germania)
(102) Dialogus de oratoribus (Dialogue on Oratory)
(105) Historiae (Histories)
(117) Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annals)
Haynes, Holly.
The History of Make-Believe: Tacitus on imperial Rome (Berkeley, Calif.; London: University of California Press, 2003)
Syme, Ronald.
Tacitus, Volumes 1 and 2. (
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958) (reprinted in 1985 by the same publisher, with the ) is the definitive study of his life and works.
Ten Studies in Tacitus. (
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970)
Talbert, R.J.A. "Tacitus and the Senatus Consultum de Cn.
Pisone patre".
The American Journal of Philology, Vol.
120, No.
1 (1999), pp.
Woodman, Anthony John.
Tacitus Reviewed (Oxford: Oxford University Press,  1998)
Bibliography on Tacitus  (from Rutgers University Classics Department)
Texts by Tacitus:
Works by Tacitus at the Internet Archive
At Perseus Project: Works by Tacitus in English and/or Latin
At "The Online Books Page": Online e-texts of Tacitus' works
At "Romansonline" (Latin text can be displayed side by side to translation): Works by Tacitus
At "The Internet Sacred Text Archive": Parallel English and Latin text of the complete works of Tacitus
Works by Tacitus: text, concordances and frequency list
About Tacitus' Agrippina on QueenDido.org
110s deaths
50s births
Tacitus was a Roman historian.
Other people and things named Tacitus include:
Marcus Claudius Tacitus, emperor of Rome 275–276
Asteroid 3097 Tacitus, named after the historian.
Tacitus, a fictional data matrix from the Command & Conquer series of computer games.
Today the word has different meanings, but it is always used for the contrast of a word or phrase with its primary, literal meaning (known as a denotation).
That can be an implied value judgement or feelings.
A stubborn person may be described as being either strong-willed or pig-headed.
Although these have the same literal meaning (i.e. stubborn), strong-willed connotes admiration for the level of someone's will, while pig-headed connotes frustration in dealing with someone.
Likewise, used car and previously owned car have the same literal meaning, but many dealerships prefer the latter, since it is thought to have fewer negative connotations.
It is often useful to avoid words with strong connotations (especially negative ones) when striving to achieve a neutral point of view.
A desire for more positive connotations, or fewer negative ones, is one of the main reasons for using euphemisms.
Originally the Holy Roman Emperor would give a Markgraf an area of the borders (the Marches or ) to look after.
The Margrave would have to protect the people in the area from invaders, and at the same time protect the empire.
A Markgraf ranked higher than a graf, but lower than a duke.
The Margraves of Brandenburg were in control of such an important area that they were made Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, which was the highest honour in the Imperial Parliament.
There were no Kings in the Empire, so when the Margraves of Brandenburg took control of some territory outside the empire as well, they could call themselves King in Prussia.
As the Middle Ages ended and Europe and the Holy Roman Empire became more secure the military importance of the Margraves became less.
At the end of the German Empire in 1918, there were no Markgrafs left.
All had been given higher title, but may have kept the Markgraf title as an extra.
The Kings of Prussia, for example, always kept the lower title Margraves of Brandenburg.
Meppel is a city and a municipality in the north east of the Netherlands (in the province Drenthe).
On January 1, 2007 it had about 31,063 inhabitants.
It has a density of 558/km² (1,445.2/sq mi).
The timezone in Meppel is CET.
Meppel received city rights in 1644.
It is the oldest town of Drenthe.
In the World War II almost all the Jews of Meppel were killed.
232 of the 250 were killed, so 18 survived it.
Now there is a monument in Meppel for all those who died.
For the Spanish painter, see Diego Velázquez.
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (1465 - 1524) was a Spanish soldier and colonial administrator (a Conquistador).He conquered and governed Cuba for Spain.
He is often called Diego de Velázquez by Dominican historians (that is the name used in the Appleton's Cyclopedia).
He was born in Cuéllar, near Segovia, Spain.
He came to America in the second voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1493.
He spent 17 years in the Hispaniola, living most of the time in the southwestern region of the island.
He worked together with the Spanish governor Nicolás de Ovando in the fight against the Taíno Indians of the region.
He founded and governed several towns: Azua de Compostela (1504), San Juan de la Maguana (1503), Bánica (1504), Salvatierra de la Sabana (1504, now Les Cayes, Haiti), Santa María de la Verapaz (near the present Port-au-Prince, Haiti), Villanueva de Yáquimo (now Jacmel, Haiti).
In 1511, he left from Salvatierra de la Sabana with 300 men and three or four ships to the island of Cuba to conquer that island.
He was the first governor of the island and he founded several cities, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Baracoa (the first European city in Cuba and its first capital) in 1511, San Salvador del Bayamo (1513), Santiago de Cuba in 1514 and Havana in 1515.
In 1517 he sent Juan de Grijalva to explore the coast of Mexico and in 1518 he sent Francisco Hernández de Córdoba to explore the coast of Yucatán.
Then in 1519 he sent his secretary, Hernán Cortés, to conquer Mexico with about 450 soldiers but when Cortés got to México (in Veracruz), he broke all relations with Velázquez.
Enciclopedia Libre Universal
Biography , with a bibliography
1465 births
History of Cuba
For the opposite of Denotation see Connotation.
In logic, linguistics and semiotics, a denotation of a word or phrase is a part of its meaning.
Different aspects of meaning
Several parts of meaning may be called denotation.
That depends on the contrast being drawn.
Connotation and denotation are either
in basic semantics and literary theory, the figurative and literal meanings of a word, or
in philosophy, logic and parts of linguistics, the intension and extension of a word
Denotation can be synonymous with reference in the sense and reference in philosophy of language.
In Computer science, denotational semantics is contrasted with operational semantics.
In Semiotics, denotation also has its own meaning.
In media-studies terminology, denotation is the first level of analysis: what the audience can visually see on a page.
Denotation often refers to something literal, and avoids being a metaphor.
Here it is usually coupled with connotation which is the second level of analysis, being what the denotation represents
In logic and semantics, denotational always attracts the extension meaning "in the pair", but the other element genuinely varies.
See intension for some more discussion.
VirtuaLit Elements of Poetry
Victoria Silvstedt (born September 19, 1974 in Skellefteå, Sweden) is a Swedish fashion model and actress.
She is also a former winner of Playmate of the Year, which is chosen by Hugh Hefner.
Doner kebab (also spelled döner kebab) (, ;  or  ) is a type of kebab.
A doner can be made from lamb, chicken or beef.
It is cooked on a vertical rotisserie then thinly sliced.
When bought from kebab shops it usually comes with salad or french fries.
Restaurants in Germany offer hot chili sauce and garlic yoghurt-style sauce.
Barbecue sauce, burger sauce, lemon juice, or a mint sauce similar to raita are also popular.
Doners are often eaten as take-away food on the way home after a night out.
There are several common ways in which doner kebabs are served.
Wrapped in pita bread (the most common)
On pita bread
Served as a dish of "doner meat" (and maybe chips), typically including salad
Often preferred to be garnished with a range of sauces such as tomato ketchup, mayonnaise, chili sauce, mint or garlic sauce.
It is a very popular German fast food.
The Döner was introduced to the Germans in the 1970s.
In the UK
Kebabs are very much part of the Friday and Saturday night culture in the UK rather than breakfast or lunchtime food.
UK doner kebab often uses a different mixture of spices, because immigrants from Cyprus run many of the shops.
They may offer doner, shish (lamb and chicken) and kofte kebabs, with a 'special' including some of each with bread and chips.
The murder of Meredith Kercher happened on the night of 1 November 2007.
Meredith Kercher was born in London on 28 December 1985 and was 21 years old at the time of her death.
She was a student at Leeds University in England but moved to Italy in August 2007.
Meredith went to a university in Perugia, Italy as part of her course of study.
She lived in a house, upstairs, with three other female students.
Police investigators concluded that Kercher had been killed by striking her neck with a knife, undressed, and locked in her bedroom.
Missing from her bedroom were credit cards, 300 euros (~US$450) as rent money due, and her house keys, all never found.
Also missing were her 2 mobile phones (one international and one for local calls) which were found in bushes several blocks away when they rang as friends called on the next day.
A local unemployed man from Ivory Coast, found on the run north of Switzerland, without a rail pass on a train in Germany, was taken by police when his bloody fingerprints and DNA matched on the girl's body and handbag.
The court judge found him guilty of the crime when his statements claimed he had seen a man with a knife and left the stabbed girl bleeding in her clothes on her bed with a white pillow, but that pillow was later found under her naked body with his bloody shoeprint and fingerprints on the pillow.
He was sentenced to 30 years in prison but lowered to 16 years on appeal of his court case.
Also accused in the case were the girl's 3-month flatmate and college classmate, Amanda Knox, along with her new student boyfriend of 8 days, an Italian young man named Raffaele Sollecito (/so-Lay-chee-toe/), who lived in an apartment nearby.
Knox and Sollecito were both held in prison, without bond, for 4 years as they waited on the court judges to re-hear the case until they were found innocent of the crimes.
None of their DNA was found anywhere in the girl's locked bedroom, only out in the hallway or other rooms.
However, the court continued for over 7 years in again attempting to sentence them, to 26 and 25 years in prison, until they were judged completely innocent in 2014.
An American student named Amanda Knox who lived in the house with Kercher, came home the next day.
At 12:07 pm, she called Kercher's local Italian mobile phone, but it rang without being answered for 16 seconds.
Then she called another roommate, Filomena R., and said that there were drops of blood in the house and that Kercher did not answer her phone.
Knox then tried calling Kercher again two times, but there was still no answer on either her local Italian phone or her UK phone.
Immediately, Filomena called back to Knox to say she was coming home, and Knox then announced that Filomena's bedroom window had been broken, with glass all over her clothes and the computer on the floor.
After Filomena had called Knox again, two police officers came to the house because two mobile phones had been found in gardens about one kilometer (0.6 mile) from the house.
When Knox had called Kercher (at 12:07 pm), her phone was found ringing in some garden bushes.
It was found by a neighbour who then called the communications police.
Entering the house, the police noted all the drops of blood that Knox showed them, and they confirmed that Kercher's bedroom door was locked.
A friend of Filomena's broke the door to open it.
The police looked in the bedroom and found Kercher's body under a duvet (quilt).
She was naked except for her T-shirts pulled up to her shoulders.
There was a lot of blood on her body and around the room.
Someone had stabbed her neck with a knife.
Her clothes were laying scattered towards the door.
Two credit cards, 300 euros (about US$420), and her house keys were missing.
The next day, the police arrested three people.
They arrested Knox, her 2-week boyfriend (an Italian student) Raffaele Sollecito.
They also arrested Knox's boss at a local pub where she worked but later released him.
Sollecito was Knox's new boyfriend, and she had met him just eight days before the murder.
Weeks later, police arrested another person called Rudy Guede.
Originally from the Ivory Coast, Guede later acquired dual citizenship in Italy.
After the murder, he went by train to Germany.
Police in Germany caught him and took him back to Italy.
Guede was put on trial in Italy in October 2008.
He was found guilty and sent to prison for 30 years.
Knox and Sollecito were also put on trial.
Sollecito was sent to prison for 25 years, and Knox for 26 years.
The prosecutors said that Guede, Knox and Sollecito killed Kercher together.
The lawyers of Knox and Sollecito said that Guede killed her alone, and undressed and moved the body hours later.
In June-November 2009, their lawyers presented evidence and witnesses to support a "lone-wolf" theory, that Guede killed Kercher and later undressed and moved her body away from the window of her bedroom in the house where she lived with Knox.
Guede had claimed that he had been invited to her house, as a date planned with Kercher on Halloween.
While in her house, he claimed he became sick, and while in the bathroom, he heard a loud scream.
In his story, Guede claimed that he saw a brown-haired Italian man holding a knife, over Kercher on the floor of her room.
He then claimed that the man fought him, and ran from the house, saying in perfect Italian, "Trovato negro, trovato colpevole" ("found black, found guilty").
Guede said that he tried to help Kercher, as she was bleeding quickly, but he became scared and ran from the house, without calling the police or anyone for help.
Guede had told officials that Kercher was fully dressed when she was stabbed, and he left her with the bed quilt and pillow on her bed.
However, witnesses and CSI experts, from the Forensic Police in Rome, presented evidence that contradicted Guede's story about that night:
Guede claimed Kercher met with him on Halloween, but her friends testified that they had gone partying with her, and none of them saw her talking to Guede.
Guede claimed Kercher was fully dressed when stabbed, but blood spots on her skin indicated that her T-shirt was pulled above her bra when she was stabbed.
Guede claimed the white pillow remained on the bed, but it was found under the body, marked with his left shoe print (from Nike Outbreak 2 tennis shoes) and his palm-print in blood.
Guede claimed that he did not return to undress and move the body, but the bra and severed bra strap had DNA matching Guede's DNA genetic profile, also on her body and handbag.
Guede claimed he did not break the upstairs window in the third bedroom, but just 5 days earlier, he had been caught afterhours in a Milan school, with a laptop computer and mobile phone stolen from a law office burgled with a rock breaking through an upstairs window.
Guede claimed he had not stabbed Kercher, but when caught inside the Milan school on 27 October 2007, the local police searched his backpack and found a kitchen knife stolen from the school kitchen.
At Guede's trial, the judge and jury did not believe Guede's claims, and they convicted him of the murder.
He had been caught because his palm-print on the pillow matched his police file, including the Milan school incident, when Milan police had released him just 5 days before the murder.
Guede was sentenced to 30 years in prison, but that was reduced to 16 years after his first appeal trial.
In a separate trial, both Knox and Sollecito were tried for the murder, but the evidence was much less than with Guede.
No witnesses testified that they had seen or heard Knox or Sollecito enter or leave the house that night.
Also, the small amounts of DNA connecting them to the murder were in such low amounts that it could be considered contamination, and such small amounts of DNA are inadmissible during trials in British or U.S. criminal courts.
Although numerous shoe prints had been found matching Guede's Nike shoe, there were no shoe prints matching any of the shoes which police had taken from the houses of Knox and Sollecito.
The main issues about them were that they said things that seemed suspicious:
Knox had written a statement, during police interrogation, in which she vaguely remembered going to the house with her boss from work, but thought it was a false memory, suggested under police pressure.
Knox testified that the police, on the 4th day of questions, had kept her awake all night, without food, then shouted, hit her, and threatened to put her in prison for 30 years unless she named someone.
However, the police testified they did not bully her, and instead that Knox started crying and confessed to being in the house.
Sollecito, when calling the police, said that there had been a burglary break-in with nothing taken, even though the other housemates had not returned to count their belongings.
They both claimed to have stayed the night at his 2-story house, but they could not confirm what the other was doing downstairs, or if either had left.
Sollecito told police his father had called him at home around 11 p.m. However, phone records later showed that he received no such call.
Because no other witnesses could confirm the couple stayed in his house, during the murder at Knox's house, they were both sent to trial.
The evidence against them was very limited:
One man, Hekuran K., claimed he saw all three on a rainy street near the house that night, and had argued with them, but the rain had been on Halloween, instead, the night before.
When asked how he knew what time they argued, he said he checked his car clock, but noted that it was broken.
When asked if he had talked to reporters, he said no then yes.