the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The strangely small ripples on the photo fit the size and of circular pattern of small ripples as opposed to large waves when photographed up close.
Analysis of the original uncropped image fostered further doubt.
A year before the hoax was revealed, the makers of Discovery Communications's documentary Loch Ness Discovered analysed the uncropped image and found a white object was visible in every version of the photo. "
It seems to be the source of ripples in the water, almost as if the object was towed by But science cannot rule out it was just a blemish on the negative", he continued.
Additionally, analysis of the full photograph revealed the object was quite small, only about  long.
After Christian Spurling's confession, most agree it was what Spurling claimed – a toy submarine with a sculpted head attached.
Details of how the photo was accomplished were published in the 1999 book, Nessie – the Surgeon’s Photograph Exposed.
Essentially, it was a toy submarine with a head and neck made of plastic wood, built by Christian Spurling.
Spurling was the son-in-law of Marmaduke Wetherell, a big game hunter who had been publicly ridiculed in the Daily Mail, the newspaper that employed him.
Spurling claimed that to get revenge, Marmaduke Wetherell committed the hoax.
His co-conspirators were Spurling (a sculpture specialist), his son Ian Marmaduke, who bought the material for the fake Nessie, and Maurice Chambers (an insurance agent).
Chambers asked surgeon Robert Kenneth Wilson to offer the pictures to the Daily Mail.
The hoax story was disputed by Henry Bauer.
Unfortunately for Bauer, he claimed that plastic wood did not exist in 1934, when actually it was a popular DIY and modelling material from the 1920s.
nessie.co.uk
Wesleyan is the adjective form of Wesley, which could also mean:
John Wesley, the founder of Methodism
The Wesleyan Church, split from the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1843.
Any person who adopts the principles of Wesleyan theology.
Wesleyan used as a noun may refer to one of many universities and liberal arts colleges named after John Wesley.
Institutions include:
Dakota Wesleyan University, in South Dakota
Illinois Wesleyan University, in Illinois
Indiana Wesleyan University, in Indiana
Iowa Wesleyan College, in Iowa
Kentucky Wesleyan College, in Kentucky
Nebraska Wesleyan University, in Nebraska
North Carolina Wesleyan College, in North Carolina
Ohio Wesleyan University, in Ohio
Oklahoma Wesleyan University, in Oklahoma
Roberts Wesleyan College, in New York
Southern Wesleyan University, in South Carolina
Tennessee Wesleyan College, in Tennessee
Texas Wesleyan University, in Texas
Virginia Wesleyan College, in Virginia
Wesleyan College, in Georgia
Wesleyan University, in Connecticut
West Virginia Wesleyan College, in West Virginia
Nagasaki Wesleyan University, Japan
Wesleyan University, in the Philippines
Apple Macintosh (computer)
McIntosh (apple), type of apple
McIntosh, Alabama
McIntosh Laboratory, hi-fi manufacturer
Charles Macintosh (Scottish inventor)
Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Scottish architect and designer)
Donald McIntosh, Canadian-born officer in Custer's 7th Cavalry, killed at Little Big Horn
The Scottish Clan MacKintosh
Winston Hubert McIntosh, better known as Peter Tosh
Southern rock is a kind of rock music from the southern part of the United States.
Some southern rock music groups include: Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Allman Brothers Band and Molly Hatchet.
Notable Artist
Ostrów Mazowiecka is a main town of Ostrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland.
Population (as of 2008):  a. 23 540
Area: 22,09 km²
Town status: Since 1434
Postal code: 07-300, 07-302, 07-310
Current Mayor: George Bauer (Jerzy Bauer)
Community: Ostrów
Twin town: Brembate di Sopra (Italy), Iziaslav (Ukraine), Ryazan (Russia)
100 or one hundred (Roman numeral: C) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar.
Pliny the Younger advances to consulship
Tiberius Avidius Quietus rule as governor of Roman Britain ends
Timgad (Thamugas) founded by Emperor Trajan
The Roman Army reaches 300,000 soldiers
Bricks become the primary building material in the Empire
Lions have become extinct in Europe by this year
Pakores, last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, becomes king
In China, the wheelbarrow is first used
Hopewell culture begins in what is now Ohio (uncertain date)
Teotihuacan at the center of Mexi reaches a population of 50,000
Kingdom of Himyarite is conquered by the Hadramaut
The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China
Fourth Buddhist Council begins
The making of the Kama Sutra begins in India
Agrippa II of Judea
Niue is an island country in the south Pacific.
Situated between Tonga, Samoa and the Cook Islands, it is commonly known as "Rock of Polynesia".
It has its own government, but it is an associated state of New Zealand.
This means that Niue's head of state is New Zealand's sovereign (queen) in right, and most diplomatic relations are conducted by the latter on Niue's behalf.
1994 establishments in Oceania
Master race is an idea that one group of people is better than all other people.
A group of people may believe themselves to be better because of their history, race, culture or some other reason.
The idea first appeared in the 19th century.
It was also used at different times in the 20th century, for example by the Nazi party and during Apartheid in South Africa.
This idea mostly began in the 19th century.
It is not a theory liked by any scientists today.
It claims there is a hierarchy of races (or that some races are better than others).
It was also claimed that at the bottom of the hierarchy were black-skinned people from Africa and Aborigines from Australia, while pale-skinned Nordic people were at the top of the hierarchy.
Writers who started this idea
Arthur de Gobineau (1816–1882) believed that cultures become bad when races mix.
In his book Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races (, 1853–55), de Gobineau states that the mix of races has a bad influence on culture.
In his view, the development of culture is linked to that of race.
When empires are created, this leads to a mixing of races.
According to de Gobineau, this would lead to degeneration and the downfall of the respective empire.
During this time, Charles Darwin started to develop his ideas about evolution.
Social Darwinism is the attempt to use these concepts to predict the development of societies.
Houston Steward Chamberlain believed the Germanic race was there "to save the world".
In colonialism, the concept was helpful too.
Germany and Great Britain had many colonies.
They would pick an ethnic group and say that this was better than the other groups.
This would then lead to an  indirect rule in the respective colony.
People who conducted African studies in Germany developed a whole system, to make this easier.
The Hamitic theory said that the Hamitic people were superior and should rule over the other Negroid people in Sub-Saharan Africa.
John Hanning Speke (1827-64) and Charles Gabriel Seligman (1873-1940) were among the most prominent people with this idea.
People such Johann Ludwig Krapf, Karl Richard Lepsius, or Carl Meinhof used the study of languages in this context.
They said that languages that had a grammatical genus were Hamitic, those that did not were Negroid.
Using these criteria to find suitable candidates for indirect rule also led to problems: According to the theory, the Maasai were Hamitic, and should rule in German East Africa.
Fortunately, they were unable to make such a system for political and economic reasons.
The explanation was that "out of bad luck", the Maasai were a Hamitic people kept at a lower level of social development.
In their place, the Swahili were picked, as the "next-higher" people.
In German South-West Africa, there was a similar problem: The theory identified the Khoikhoi as Hamitic, but they were too few to rule the country.
For this reason, the Ovambo were picked for an indirect rule.
Arthur Schopenhauer liked this idea, but had the idea of "Übermensch":  He said that the White race had become what it was though hardship and bad conditions in the North.
Others who liked his theory were Guido von List and Lanz von Liebenfels.
"Aryans", Hitler's "Master race"
Hitler and his supporters,  the Nazi party, took power in Germany in 1933.
They were Social Darwinists, Social Darwinists believe that human races are stronger or weaker than each other.
They believed that the stronger races would prove themselves better in the long run, this concept was called "survival of the fittest".
Nazis believed that their race the Aryans were stronger than all the other races, because of this, they believed the Aryans would one day rule over the weaker races.
The Nazis made laws that were based on their ideas of race.
They prevented marriage between races so that the Aryan race would not become mixed with other "weaker" races because they believed it would weaken the master race.
They claimed that "Aryans" were the "master race".
They also made propaganda that blamed Jews for many things.
Jews were considered by Nazis, a weak race whose weak values would infect the better values of the Aryan race.
German Jews were not allowed to own property.
In many cases, they were attacked and killed because of their Race.
When Germany invaded other countries in Europe, they also started putting people into concentration camps.
This systematic killing is known as The Holocaust today.
To help increase the numbers of Aryans, the Nazis set up special homes called "Lebensborn".
These were for unmarried pregnant woman who were likely to have children that had Nordic or Aryan qualities.
This mainly meant fair skin, blond hair, blue eyes.
Though slight differences could still be considered Aryan as lots of people in Germany at the time had dark hair and eyes.
Heinrich Himmler believed that this would help create more members of the master race.
He arranged for nine Lebensborn homes to be built in Germany, and another ten in Norway.
There were also Lebensborn in France, Belgium and Luxembourg.
About 20,000 children were born in these homes during the Third Reich.
Reichstag (building), building where the former German legislature met
Reichstag (institution), former parliament of Germany
The Last Supper is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci.
It is a picture of the last supper of Jesus and his disciples.
It shows how they reacted when Jesus said that one of them would betray him.
Each disciple has their own expression showing their own reaction to what Jesus has just told them.
The painting is a mural on the wall of the Santa Maria delle Grazie rectory in the dining room in Milan, Italy.
It measures 460 X 880 cm.
Da Vinci began painting it in 1495 and finished it in 1498, but did not work on it all the time between these years.
Some people think the painting has secret messages.
Saint Thomas is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus.
His name means "the twin".
Thomas is most famous for not being present when the other apostles (Jesus's followers and friends) first saw Jesus after he has been risen from the dead.
Thomas was not there and when he heard about it, he did not believe his friends, and he said he wanted to see it for himself, even the marks in his hands where Jesus had been nailed to the cross.
Jesus did return and showed Thomas.
The phrase "Doubting Thomas" (a term for a person who does not believe something at first) comes from this story.
Thomas didn't believe Christ had returned until he was invited by the risen Jesus to put his finger into the nail holes in Jesus' hands and his hand into Jesus' wounded side.
Missionary Travels
Though not recorded in the Bible, there are many stories about Thomas working as a missionary.
The Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India believe that Thomas came to India to preach in 52 A.D. He is regarded as the patron saint of India.
Other ancient accounts tell of him going to China and Indonesia.
Thomas, Saint
70s deaths
Bartholomew the Apostle is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus.
He is the patron saint of Armenia, bookbinders, butchers, Florentine cheese and salt merchants, Gambatesa, Italy, leather workers; nervous diseases, plasterers; shoemakers; tanners, and trappers.
Along with Saint Jude Thaddeus, he helped bring Christianity to Armenia.
He is the patron saint of people who work with leather and animal skins because he was martyred (killed for his beliefs) by being skinned alive.
He is usually represented by holding a large knife and his skin.
Bartholomew is also found in Islamic literature.
In one such story mentioned by Suyuti, Ibn Arabi, Bayhaqi, and Abu Nuyam Bartholomew is described as one whom God has given extended life to and he meet the companions of the Prophet Muhammad in Iraq.
This event took place during the regin of Umar.
Matthew the Evangelist is a semi-fictional character which comes from the idea that the title of the Gospel of Matthew (AD 80-90) actually referrs to the tax collector Matthew the Apostle or "Levi" mentioned in the New Testament of the Christian Bible as being the author to the Gospel of Matthew.
According to the concensus of modern biblical scholars Matthew the Apostle is not the writer of the Gospel of Matthew, who in fact is anonymous.
The Gospel does not claim to have been written by a certain Matthew, nor writes about the existence of a Matthew the Evangelist.
The name "the Gospel of Matthew" was given in the 2nd century.
The author was probably a male Jew, standing on the margin between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values, and familiar with technical legal aspects of scripture being debated in his time.
John the Apostle (;  ) or Saint John the Beloved was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus.
He is believed to have written one of the four gospels of the New Testament of the Christian Bible that is named after him.
He also wrote the New Testament books of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd John and the Book of Revelation.
Tradition holds that he was the last surviving apostle and the only apostle to die a natural death rather than by martyrdom.
John is the brother of James according to the Bible.
He is remembered in many churches on December 27.
He was the son of Zebedee and Salome.
His so-called brother James was the first disciple of God.
Saint John the Apostle | Biography, Facts, Writings, & Death | Britannica.com
0s births
100s deaths
Ancient Christianity
Saint Peter (, "rock") also called Simon (Kephas) Peter is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus.
He is often talked about in the New Testament.
Most of what we know about Peter comes from the Bible.
In the Gospel it is written that Jesus Christ would make Peter the "rock" (foundation) of the Church (Gospel of Matthew 16:18, you are Peter (rock), and upon this rock I will build my church).
It is not known when Peter was born.
But the date of his death is said to be about the year 64 AD.
He died by being nailed to a cross in Rome.
This type of death is called crucifixion.
According to the apocryphal Acts of Peter, Peter asked to be crucified upside down, as he felt unworthy to die as Jesus did.
Most historical sources only say he was crucified this way.
Peter was married according to the gospel of Mark.
The name of his wife is unknown.
Saint and Pope
The Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Lutheran Churches, as well as the Anglican Communion, consider Simon Peter a saint.
Roman Catholics believe that the Pope is Peter's successor.
For this reason, he is the rightful head of all other bishops.
Eastern and Oriental Orthodox also recognise the Bishop of Rome as the successor to Saint Peter and the Ecumenical Patriarch sends a delegation each year to Rome to participate in the celebration of his feast.
In the Ravenna document of 13 October 2007 representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church agreed that "Rome, as the Church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St. Ignatius of Antioch (To the Romans, Prologue), occupied the first place in the taxis (order), and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the protos (first) among the patriarchs.
They disagree, however, on the interpretation of historical evidence from this era regarding the rights of the bishop of Rome as protos, a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium."
Christian tradition says Saint Peter was the first leader of an early apostolic community for at least 34 years.
At that time the word Pope or "Papa" was not used to name the leader of the Roman Catholic Church.
At that time there was only one Christian Church.
Later, the Roman Catholic Church would say that Peter was their first Pope.
Twelve apostles
Online articles about Saint Peter in Simple English
The Sistine Chapel is a large chapel in the Vatican Palace, the place in Italy where the Pope lives.
The Chapel was built between 1473 and 1481 by Giovanni dei Dolci for Pope Sixtus IV.
The Sistine Chapel is the Pope's own chapel.
It is used for important Masses and ceremonies.
When a pope dies, the College of Cardinals meet in the Sistine Chapel to elect a new pope.
Architecture and paintings
The Sistine Chapel is a brick building shaped like a rectangle.
The outside is plain, with no decoration and no big door.
It has a walk-way near the top, for soldiers.
The inside of the chapel is richly decorated.
The floor is of coloured marble.
The lower parts of the walls are painted to look like gold and silver cloth.
The middle part of the walls has 12 large paintings called frescoes, done by famous artists in 1481.
The artists' names were Domenico Ghirlandaio, Sandro Botticelli, Perugino, Cosimo Rosselli, Pinturicchio, Benedetto Ghirlandaio, Luca Signorelli and Bartolomeo della Gatta.
The frescoes show stories from the Bible.
On the north side, the stories are about the life of Moses.
On the south side, they are about the life of Jesus.
In 1505 Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to paint the ceiling.
Michelangelo was a famous sculptor.
He did not want to be a painter.
Three years later, he agreed to paint the ceiling.
He worked from 1508 to 1511, standing on a high platform with his arms stretched above his head.
(Although some people think that he lay down to paint, this is not true.)
Because he painted onto wet plaster, the smell and the heat was terrible.
He wrote a poem about how sick he was.
Along the center of the ceiling are painted nine pictures that tell stories from the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament of the Bible.
The stories start with three pictures of God making light, making the Earth, the Sun and the Moon, and making the Sea and Sky.
The next three pictures tell the story of the first man and woman, Adam and Eve.
In the first scene, God has just made Adam.
He reaches out his hand and touches his finger to give him Life.
In the third picture there are two scenes.
Adam and Eve are tricked by the Devil to eat fruit from the tree that they have been told not to touch.
In the other scene, an angel chases them out of God's Garden of Eden.
This story tells how sin came into the world.
The last three pictures are about Noah's Ark. They tell about a sad and sinful world.
Because of human sin and unkindness, God sends a flood.
Only Noah and his family escape in the large boat that they build.
When the flood has ended, they make an altar and kill a sheep as a sacrifice to God.
But then Noah grows grape vines, makes wine and gets drunk.
One of his sons sees Noah lying naked and laughs at his father.
Noah is ashamed and curses his son.
These stories show how people keep acting the wrong way, even when they get a second chance.
All around the wall, Michelangelo painted twelve big figures of wise men and women.
These were the prophets and sibyls who told people that God would send Jesus Christ to save them from sin.
Also painted on the ceiling are 20 beautiful young men called the ignudi.
No-one knows what they are for sure, but perhaps they are angels.
When the ceiling was finally uncovered, everyone was amazed.
Giorgio Vasari, who wrote Michelangelo's life story, says that hundreds of people came every day to stare and stare.
Michelangelo was happy to get back to his sculpture.
But in 1537 Pope Paul III ordered him to paint another large fresco.
This time it was on the wall above the altar.
It was finished in 1541.
Michelangelo painted The Last Judgement which shows Jesus judging the people of the Earth and sending some to Hell while others are welcomed into Heaven by Saints.
He painted most of the figures naked.
This made some of the priests in the church very angry.
They paid another artist to paint clothes onto the Blessed Virgin Mary and many of the other figures.
Gabriel Bartz and Eberhard Konig, Michelangelo, Konemann,
Massimo Giacometti, editor, The Sistine Chapel, Harmony Books,
Churches in Italy
Roman Catholic churches
Alessandro Farnese was born in an ancient Roman family.
His grandfather was commander-in-chief of the papal troops under Pope Eugenius IV.
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul III
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Farnese
1468 births
1549 deaths
Paul 3
Pope Sixtus IV (; 21 July 1414 - 12 August 1484), originally Francesco della Rovere, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 213th Pope from 1471 until his death in 1484.
Della Rovere was born in Celle Ligure, a town near Savona in Liguria.
His family was important.
As a young man, he joined the Franciscan Order.
He rose in the order to head of the Franciscans in Liguria.
He was elected pope on August 9, 1471.
He took the name Sixtus because the first day of the conclave which elected him pope was the Feast Day of St. Sixtus.
Papal actions
1474 – Christian I of Denmark was received in Rome.
1479 – University of Copenhagen established
1482 – St Bonaventura was canonized.
List of popes from the della Rovere family
Catholic Hierarchy, Sixtus IV
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal della Rovere
1414 births
1484 deaths
House of della Rovere
Pope Julius II (; December 5, 1443 - February 21, 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 217th Pope  from 1503 until his death in 1513.
He was known as "the Warrior Pope."
In 1471, Sixtus made Rovere a cardinal.
Rovere was elected pope in 1503; and he chose to be called Julius II.
Shaw, Christine. (
Julius II: the Warrior Pope.
Oxford: Blackwell. ;
OCLC 417355755
Catholic Hierarchy, Julius II
1443 births
1513 deaths
Donato Bramante (c. 1444 - April 11, 1514) was an architect who introduced the High Renaissance style to architecture.
1440s births
Alexandre Dumas (born 24 July, 1802 at Villers-Cotterêts, died 5 December 1870 at Dieppe) was a French writer of Haitian descent.
He is famous for writing The Three Musketeers (1844), Queen Margot, The Count of Monte Cristo (1844-1845) and about the Man with the iron mask.
Dumas was the son of a general, who fought in the French Revolution.
His father died and his mother raised him.
They didn't have much money when he was growing up.
Dumas was also a gourmand (lover of food), and wrote Le Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine, an encyclopædia of food and cooking with 1152 pages.
He finished it weeks before his death.
It is not thought very reliable, because it relies on Dumas' opinions rather than fact.
Dumas was a member of the Club des Hashischins, or Hashish Club.
This group of French writers experimented with hashish to get ideas.
Alexandre Dumas, fils, son of this writer
Futher reading
The Beastie Boys were an American rap group.
According to an interview with Charlie Rose, the word "Beastie" is the backronym of Boys Entering Anarchic States Towards Internal Excellence.
They formed in 1981 as a punk rock band.
Their most famous albums are probably Licensed To Ill (1986) and Paul's Boutique (1989).
Licensed To Ill is their first album, and it is an album that is given credit for starting the type of music "rap rock", which is rapping done over rock guitar or beats.
Paul's Boutique is an album famous for its use of samples, or snippets of music, and the fact that the samples were put together in creative, interesting ways.
Adam Yauch (1964-2012) was one of the founding members of the band until his death on May 4, 2012 after a near 3-year battle with cancer of the parotid salivary gland.
Former original guitarist, John Berry (1963-2016), died on May 19, 2016 from dementia at 52.
Michael Diamond (a.k.a Mike D) - Voice
Adam Horovitz (a.k.a Adrock) - Voice
Michael Schwartz (a.k.a.
Mix Master Mike) - DJ
1982 - Pollywog Stew (EP)
1983 - Cooky Puss (EP)
1984 - Rock Hard (EP)
1986 - Licensed to Ill
1989 - Paul's Boutique
1992 - Check your Head
1994 - Some Old Bullshit
1994 - Ill Communication
1995 - Root Down (EP)
1995 - Aglio e Olio (EP)
1996 - The In Sound from Way Out! (
Instrumental)
1998 - Hello Nasty
1999 - The Sounds of Science
2003 - In A World Gone Mad (EP)
2004 - To the 5 Boroughs
2005 - Solid Gold Hits (CD + DVD)
2007 - The Mix Up (Instrumental)
2011 - Hot Sauce Committee, Pt.
Mic To Mic
1981 establishments in New York (state)
2012 disestablishments in the United States
American rap music groups
Hip hop bands
Public Enemy is an American rap group.
They are also known as PE.
They formed in 1982, and are still together today.
They became famous for their politically charged, militant messages in their songs.
They are also famous for using lots of jazz and funk samples in their songs, doneto create a loud, noisy sound and back their angry, powerful rapping.
Group members include Chuck D. and Flavor Flav, as well as Terminator X and Professor Griff, who left the group in 1990, but rejoined in the late 1990s.
Not to be confused with the king of Scotland Macbeth of Scotland
Macbeth is a play by William Shakespeare.
Shakespeare wrote three types of plays: histories, comedies and tragedies.
Macbeth is his shortest tragedy.
Shakespeare wrote it between 1603 and 1607, during the reign of King James I of England.
In the play, the characters of Macbeth, Macduff, and Duncan are roughly based on records of real people.
Shakespeare read these records in Holinshed's Chronicles, a history book from 1587.
However, the things that happen in the play are very different from what happened in real life.
Duncan – King of Scotland
Malcolm – Duncan's eldest son
Donalbain – Duncan's youngest son
Macbeth – A general in the army of King Duncan, Thane of Glamis, then Thane of Cawdor and later King of Scotland
Lady Macbeth – Macbeth's wife, later Queen of Scotland
Banquo – Macbeth's friend and fellow general in Duncan's army
Fleance – Banquo's son
Macduff – Thane of Fife
Lady Macduff – Macduff's wife
Macduff's son
Ross, Lennox, Angus, Menteith, Caithness – Thanes
Seyward – General of the English forces
Young Seyward – Seyward's son
Seyton – Macbeth's servant
Three Murderers
Porter – in charge of the gate at Macbeth's castle
English Doctor
Scottish Doctor – Lady Macbeth's doctor
Gentlewoman – Lady Macbeth's servant
The first characters we see in the play are the three Witches.
They talk to each other in a mysterious way, and agree to meet with Macbeth on the heath.
This scene includes the famous line "fair is foul, and foul is fair", a subject which becomes a main part of the play.
In Act 1 Scene 2, there is a war going on.
King Duncan is at a camp, listening to reports from the battlefield.
An injured officer (some scripts say a captain, others a sergeant) is brought in.
He saved Malcolm's life.
The officer tells Duncan about the battle.
He says that it was going badly, until Macbeth fought his way to the rebel leader Macdonald and disembowelled him.
But as soon as that happened, the Norwegians, led by their king Sweno, also attacked.
They were joined by a traitor, the Thane of Cawdor.
Macbeth and Banquo fought bravely until they were defeated.
Duncan is pleased by the news.
He orders that the Thane of Cawdor be executed and his title given to Macbeth.
In I.iii, the Witches appear again.
They talk about using their powers on humans, and it becomes clear that they have a lot of power, but they cannot kill people.
Macbeth and Banquo are returning from the battlefield to Forres, and meet the witches.
Banquo is amazed by the way the witches look, because they look like women but they have beards.
Macbeth is not afraid and asks them what they are.
They do not answer him, but greet him as the Thane of Glamis, the Thane of Cawdor and the future King.
Macbeth is surprised, because he knows that he is not the Thane of Cawdor, and does not think he will ever become the King.
Banquo asks the witches what his future will be like.
They answer in riddles, saying that he will be "lesser than Macbeth, and greater", "not so happy, yet much happier", and that he will be the father to a line of kings.
Then the witches disappear.
Ross and Angus come to find Macbeth, and tell him that the King has given him the title of Thane of Cawdor.
Macbeth is surprised and happy, but he starts thinking of ways to become king.
This frightens him, because he thinks that the only way he can become king is to murder Duncan.
In I.iv, Macbeth and Banquo return to Forres and Duncan thanks them for their courage and hard work.
He also says that his son Malcolm will be his heir.
Macbeth realizes that he will have to get past both Duncan and Malcolm to become king.
Duncan says he is going to Macbeth's castle for the night.
In I.v, Lady Macbeth is reading a letter from Macbeth that tells her about the witches and their prophecy.
She is very excited, and starts planning to murder Duncan.
A messenger tells her that Duncan will be staying at their castle that night.
She calls on evil spirits to make her strong and evil so that she can murder Duncan.
Macbeth comes in and she tells him of her plans.
I.vi shows Duncan, Banquo, Donalbain, Malcolm, Macduff and some of the thanes entering Macbeth's castle.
Duncan and Banquo agree that the castle is sweet and pleasant.
Lady Macbeth enters and greets them.
I.vii is the last scene in Act I. Macbeth is talking to himself about why it is wrong to kill the king.
He knows that it is a bad thing to do, especially because he is the host and Duncan trusts him.
Lady Macbeth enters and scolds him for being a coward and says that he is not brave enough to be a man.
She works out how they are going to kill Duncan, and convinces Macbeth to do it.
Act II starts with Banquo and his son Fleance walking in a courtyard in Macbeth's castle.
They meet Macbeth, who lies to Banquo and says that he has not thought about the witches' prophecy.
When they leave, Macbeth sees a hallucination of a knife.
He knows it is not real, but before his sight it changes and becomes covered in blood.
He leaves to kill Duncan.
Lady Macbeth enters in scene ii.
She has already made Duncan's guards drunk.
Macbeth comes in with his hands covered in blood, carrying the knifes of the guards.
He is very troubled.
Lady Macbeth comforts him and tells him to wash his hands and cover the guards with blood, so it looks like they did it.
But Macbeth is afraid, so Lady Macbeth does it instead.
In II.iii, the porter is very drunk.
He pretends to be the porter of the gate of hell, and takes a long time to open the gate for Macduff and Lennox.
Macbeth greets them.
Macduff says that he is there to wake the king, and Macbeth leads him to the king's room.
Macduff is shocked to see the king murdered on his bed.
He runs out shouting and wakes everybody up.
Macbeth pretends he did not know about the murder, as everyone comes to see what is happening.
He admits that he killed the guards, and says that he did it because he was so angry that they killed Duncan.
Lady Macbeth faints and they rush to help her.
Malcolm and Donalbain think that somebody is lying.
They know it is not safe for them to stay in Scotland, so they run away.
Malcolm goes to England, and Donalbain to Ireland.
Scene iv is a talk between Ross and an old man.
They talk about how strange the night was.
Nature seems to have turned into a mess now that Duncan is dead.
Macduff comes in and says that Macbeth is going to become king.
He does not trust Macbeth, and is not going to the coronation.
Banquo is alone on stage at the start of Act III.
He realizes that Macbeth has become everything the witches said he would become.
He thinks that Macbeth did wrong to get the crown, but he does not want to say anything.
He hopes that his son will also be king, as the witches said.
Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and the lords enter.
Macbeth asks Banquo if he is going riding that afternoon, and if Fleance is going with him.
Banquo says yes to both.
Two men come to see Macbeth, and he goes to meet them.
He is angry that he has risked everything to become king, but that Banquo's sons will be kings after him.
The men are actually murderers.
Macbeth talks to Lady Macbeth in scene ii.
He says that he has nightmares and cannot sleep.
He is jealous of Duncan, because he is dead and does not need to worry anymore.
Macbeth also says that he is worried about Banquo being alive, but he does not tell his wife about the murderers.
In III, the two murderers meet another one, also sent by Macbeth.
They kill Banquo, but Fleance escapes.
In Scene iv Macbeth has a banquet with the nobles.
The murderers come in and inform him of Banquo's death and Fleance's escape.
He returns to the table where the nobles are eating, and looks for a seat.
Even though there is one empty, he cannot see it.
He has a vision of the murdered Banquo sitting in his seat, and becomes hysterical talking to the vision.
Lady Macbeth explains it to the nobles as an illness, and asks them to leave as Macbeth becomes more and more upset.
Many editors say that scene v of Act III, along with a song in IV.i, is not written by Shakespeare.
This is because the writing is different to the way Shakespeare usually writes.
It has a witch called Hecate in it, who is not previously mentioned in the play.
She seems to be in charge of the other witches and is scolding them for dealing with Macbeth without informing her.
In the final scene, Lennox is talking to another lord.
They find out that Macduff has gone to England to convince Malcolm to return and claim his throne, and to ask for the help of King Edward of England.
Scene (i) starts with the witches, who are standing in a circle around their cauldron, throwing things in, like the tongue of a dog.
Then suddenly Macbeth arrives and asks them to tell him some more prophecies.
As the first prophecy they tell him to be careful of Macduff, Thane of Fife.
As the second prophecy they say he can't be killed by anyone who was born of a woman and as the third prophecy the witches say if Birnam Wood stays at its current position Macbeth is okay but if the wood moves he will have problems.
Macbeth is happy because he thinks that all of these things are impossible.
He wants to know a fourth thing but suddenly the witches dance crazily and then run away.
Next Lennox enters and tells Macbeth that Macduff has fled to England.
Macbeth orders Macduff's castle to be seized.
In scene iii Macduff finds out what Macbeth did to his family.
He is very sad and angry, so he decides to go back to Scotland with Malcolm and they plan to kill Macbeth.
Scene i takes place in Macbeth’s castle.
A doctor and a servant are talking about Lady Macbeth.
They’re talking about Lady Macbeth’s sickness.
She is sleepwalking and while she sleepwalks she says that she regrets having told her husband to kill Duncan and Banquo.
In scene ii Lennox and other Scottish thanes think that Macbeth is crazy and that he is killing too many people.
Together they go to Malcolm and king Edward of England and tell them that they want to fight against Macbeth with the English army.
Scene iii takes place in Macbeth’s castle.
He is told that Malcolm and Macduff are coming with the English army and want to kill him.
The doctor tells him that his wife is ill.
She has become crazy and is sleepwalking.
In scene iv Malcolm, Macduff and the English army hide in Birnam Wood.
They don’t want to be seen, so they cut off some branches and cover themselves with them.
In scene V, the doctor comes to Macbeth and tells him that his wife is dead.
Macbeth is depressed, and then he has a monologue about how meaningless life is.
After that, a servant says that Birnam Wood is moving, but Macbeth doesn't believe him, so the servant shows him.
In scene VII, Macbeth and an English Lord fight, and Macbeth says he cannot be killed by anyone born of a woman.
Macbeth then kills him.
Meanwhile, Macduff is looking for Macbeth.
Scene VIII shows the fight between Macduff and Macbeth, who says again that he cannot be killed by anyone born of a woman.
Macduff replies that he was cut out of his mother‘s stomach (c-section).
He then kills Macbeth.
In the last scene Malcolm is declared king.
Many actors think it is bad luck to say the word "Macbeth", and will not say the play's name.
Instead, they call it "The Scottish Play".
One theory about where this superstition came from is that the play deals with witchcraft.
Scotland in fiction
The play contains a lot of wordplay and many characters are based off real kings and noblemen from around those years.
This makes the play harder to understand for modern audiences, which is why it is less famous than most of Shakespeare's plays.
However, it has been performed more often since the 20th century.
Ferdinand, the King of Navarre, and three of his men meet together and talk about their intellectual plans.
Their plans then go wrong when the Princess of France and three of her ladies arrive.
The men find that they are in love with the ladies and cannot hide it.
The exact original title is unknown.
In early written versions of the script, it varied as to how many apostrophes were used in the title.
In the first quarto, it is called Loues labors lost, as a "u" was often used for a "v" sound back then.
The title is now most often given as Love's Labour's Lost.
Titus Andronicus (c. 1589–1592) is the first tragedy play by William Shakespeare.
Most of its theme, structure and language comes from The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd.
It is believed to be Shakespeare's first play, and also the most bloodiest and less respected of his works.
The Comedy of Errors (c. 1589–94) is one of the first plays by William Shakespeare.
Shakespeare's sources were Menaechmi by Plautus and Amphitruo by Plautus.
The Pietà is a statue by Michelangelo.
It is now in the first temple on the right of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City.
Raffaello Sanzio, usually known as Raphael (April 6, 1483 - April 6, 1520) was a Renaissance painter and architect.
With Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, he is one of the three greatest painters of the High Renaissance.
Raphael was born in Urbino, in the region of Umbria, Italy.
He was the son of Giovanni Santi (d. 1494), who was also a painter, and Magia di Battista Ciarla (d. 1491).
Giovanni Santi was Raphael's first teacher, but he died when Raphael was only eleven.
While about 15, Raphael became an apprentice at the workshop of the painter Pietro Perugino, called by that name because he was the most famous painter in the town of Perugia.
Perugino was famous, not only in Umbria, but also in Rome and in Florence, the home of Leonardo and Michelangelo.
He had been one of the artists given the important job of painting the Pope's large chapel in the Vatican, the Sistine Chapel.
Perugino was known to have expert ways of painting (technique), and was good at getting paintings finished on time which made him popular with his patrons.
He painted some portraits of people alive in his day, but most of his pictures are of religious figures of the past.
Some of his paintings are small pictures of the Madonna and Child that could be used in a family chapel for private worship.
Because he was famous, Perugino also got lots of work from wealthy patrons and from churches, so he painted many very large pieces to go above the altars in churches.
To do this, he needed the help of his apprentices.
Raphael was able to learn a great deal from Perugino - drawing, the anatomy of the human figure, paint chemistry, and the technique of putting the paint onto the picture in smooth layers.
The figures in Perugino's paintings often have very sweet gentle faces.
Many of Raphael's paintings are also sweet and gentle.
Some painters, such as Leonardo, were quick to change their style and make their paintings show their own touch.
But Raphael continued to paint in the style that Perugino taught him.
He added new ideas that he learned by looking at the work of other artists.
Unlike Leonardo and Michelangelo, Raphael did not give the world anything new in the Art of Painting.
He is famous simply because he was so expert at what he did, and because people loved his paintings so much.
The painting that is thought to be his earliest known work is a small picture called The Vision of a Knight.
In this painting a knight lies asleep.
In his dream there are two beautiful women.
One woman, dressed in soft flowing clothes, offers him flowers.
The other woman, dressed in dark clothing, offers the knight a sword and a book.
The path behind the pretty woman runs beside a river.
The other path leads up a steep mountain.
Raphael was thinking about choices.
Should the knight take the easy road, or should he try to change things?
Other early pictures by Raphael are Three Graces, and Saint Michael.
Raphael's first major work was The Marriage of the Virgin which was painted in 1504.
It was influenced by Perugino's painting for the Sistine Chapel of Jesus giving the Keys to Saint Peter.
It is now in the Brera Gallery in Milan, Italy.
In about 1504 Raphael went with another painter, Pinturicchio, to Florence, Italy.
Florence was famous for its artworks, its artist's workshops, its new Renaissance buildings and its huge cathedral.
Raphael wanted to see the work of Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and other important painters and sculptors.
The Madonnas
Florence had a very strong tradition of making images of the Madonna and Child because the city was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
On almost every street corner there was a painting or a brightly-coloured statue of the Madonna and Child.
While he was in Florence, Raphael painted many of his famous Madonna paintings.
The most famous of these paintings are:
The Madonna of the Goldfinch (c. 1505), which is now in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy.
the Madonna del Prato (c. 1505), which is in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, in Vienna, Austria.
the Esterházy Madonna (c. 1505 – 07), which is in Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, Hungary.
La Belle Jardinière (The Madonna of the Beautiful Garden) (c. 1507), which is in the Louvre Museum, in Paris, France.
In 1508 Raphael was called to Rome by Pope Julius II.
He became so popular whilst he was in Rome that he was known as the "Prince of Painters".
He spent the last 12 years of his life in Rome and created many of his most famous paintings.
While he was in Rome he was commissioned (given a job), to paint a fresco of the Prophet Isaiah in the Church of Sant'Agostino.
While he was working on the painting, he went to visit his friend, the architect, Donato Bramante.
Bramante was at the Vatican while Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Of course Raphael wanted to see what the famous master was doing.
While Michelangelo was away, Bramante took Raphael into the Chapel.
When Raphael saw the way that Michelangelo had painted the prophets, he was so excited that he went back to Sant'Agostino's Church, scraped his painting off the wall and started all over again.
It is easy to see that Raphael's painting is in the style of Michelangelo.
Raphael was not ashamed of this.
He did it to give honour to the great master.
The Stanze
Among Raphael's most famous paintings are the frescos that are painted on the walls of Julius II's own rooms in the Vatican Palace, known as the Stanze.
The paintings in the Stanza della Segnatura and the Stanza d'Eliodoro were created by Raphael himself, whilst the Stanza dell'Incendio was designed by Raphael and painted by his assistants.
One of the frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura is of the greatest importance.
This painting is called The School of Athens.
It shows a group of learned people from Ancient Greece, philosophers, poets, dramatists, mathematicians and others.
They are listening to the central figure, who is the philosopher, Plato.
The painting is meant to show that at that time, the early 1500s, there was a new birth of ideas and learning among the people of Rome that was equal to the learning of Ancient Athens.
To make this message clear, Raphael used the faces of the people that he knew.
Michelangelo, with his broken nose, is sitting with his chin on his hand.
The tall figure of Plato with long hair and flowing beard is a portrait of Leonardo da Vinci.
One of the excellent things about this painting is the way that Raphael has painted the building in which the figures are standing.
The architecture looks as if it is opening up from the real room.
In the 1500s, painters were often asked to design architecture.
Raphael's first work as an architect was the funeral chapel in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo.
Pope Leo X also chose Raphael to help design Saint Peter's Basilica alongside Donato Bramante.
After Bramante died, Raphael took over the designing of the basilica and changed its groundplan from a Greek Cross to a Latin Cross.
Michelangelo went back to Bramante's plan but made it simpler.
Then another architect, Maderna, made the building longer, as Raphael had planned.
The Transfiguration
Raphael's last work of art was a painting of the Transfiguration.
This was an altarpiece, but Raphael died before he could complete it.
It was instead finished by Giulio Romano, who was one of Raphael's assistants.
Raphael died on his 37th birthday.
He was buried in the Pantheon in Rome.
His funeral was at the Vatican.
His Transfiguration altarpiece was put at the head of Raphael's funeral carriage.
1529 deaths
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a group of people from different countries acting together, but not connected with the government of any country.
Usually non-governmental organizations are non-profit - that is, they are trying to do something other than make money for the people who run them.
They include organisations such as 'Oxfam' and 'World Vision'.
Non-governmental organization (NGO) is a term that has become widely accepted as referring to a legally constituted, non-governmental organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or representation of any government.
In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status and excludes government representatives from membership in the organization.
Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according David Rieff, writing in The New Republic, "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter."
Unlike the term intergovernmental organization, "non-governmental organization" is a term in general use but is not a legal definition.
In many jurisdictions these types of organization are defined as "civil society organizations" or referred to by other names.
Top 5 NGOs In India
Child Rights and You (CRY).
Help Age India. …
K. C. Mahindra Education Trust (Nanhi Kali) …
LEPRA India.
Pratham Education Foundation
Purpose Of NGO
NGO’s work for uplifting the poor and backward sections of the community.
Moreover, the main function which is performed by NGOs is to bridge the gap of inequalities and unfair treatments.
Transparency International
Wikipedia () is a free online encyclopedia website in 320 languages of the world.
People can freely use it, share it, and change it, without having to pay.
It is also one of the biggest wiki organizations.
People can choose to donate to the Wikimedia Foundation to fund Wikipedia and its sister projects.
It is an open content website.
This means anyone can copy it, and make changes to it if they follow the rules for copying or editing.
Wikipedia's name is a portmanteau of two words, wiki and encyclopedia.
Wikipedia was started on January 10, 2001, by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger as part of an earlier online encyclopedia named Nupedia.
On January 15, 2001, Wikipedia became a separate website of its own.
It is a wiki that uses the software MediaWiki (like all other Wikimedia Foundation projects).
Anyone who wishes to can change the pages on Wikipedia, or even make new ones.
Wikipedia has a standard page layout for all pages in the encyclopedia.
As of September 2011, Wikipedia had about 18 million pages in about 300 languages and more than 3.50 billion words across all Wikipedias.