the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Women with PKU who are pregnant or trying to get pregnant have to be especially careful to follow this diet.
If they do not follow the diet, their babies could be born with severe birth defects and mental retardation.
Babies born to women with PKU who have followed the PKU diet throughout their pregnancy are usually healthy and do not necessarily but may develop PKU.
Whether or not they have PKU themselves depends on the mother and father's genes.
In fact there are people who are Carriers  (Dormant Genes) that can be passed on until they resurface in the future generations.
These are so far undetectable, However, since PKU is genetically recessive it takes PKU genes from both parents to cause PKU.
PKU kids usually have light hair and eyes due to the effect of phenylalanine in the production of melanin.
They also tend to have very fair skin which can cause them to burn easily.
Solar protection is a must for those who wish to work, play, or engage in activities outdoors.
Most people with PKU can live as long and healthy as anyone else if the low-phenylalanine diet is started when they are babies and continued for the rest of their lives.
The symptoms will usually disappear after the diet is started.
A group home is a private house that serves as a home for people who are not in the same family but have a common characteristic.
In the United States, this would mean a home for people who need social assistance or who are not able to live alone or without proper care for safety reasons.
Before the 1970s, these people lived in psychiatric hospitals, homes for the poor and orphanages.
People who live in a group home may be recovering drug addicts, developmentally disabled, abused or neglected youths, and/or young people with a criminal record.
A group home is different from a halfway house because it is not restricted to recovering addicts or convicted criminals, and also because the people who live there usually have to help maintain the household by doing chores or helping to manage a budget.
In most countries, people can still vote and attend university while in a group home.
There are typically from 3 to 16 residents, as well as a resident manager or service staff.
Residents may have their own room or share rooms, and share facilities such as laundry, bathroom, kitchen and common living areas.
The opening of group homes is occasionally fought against by neighbours who fear that it will lead to a rise in crime and/or a drop in property values.
Anfield is a football stadium in Liverpool, England.
The Football team Liverpool FC plays there.
The stadium has just seen an expansion of the Main Stand increasing the capacity to 54,167.
Anfield is famous for the sign that is in the players' tunnel, which reads: "This is Anfield".
One of their most famous rivals are Manchester United as well as  Everton FC.
Liverpool v Everton is known as the Merseyside Derby.
Anfield used to be owned by Everton F.C and Everton created Liverpool to use the stadium.
They have won  6 European cups.
Blood pressure is a measurement used in medicine.
In the body, the arteries carry blood away from the heart.
As blood travels through the arteries, it presses against the walls of the arteries.
Blood pressure measures how hard the blood is pushing against the walls of the arteries.
Usually, "blood pressure" measures the pressure in larger arteries delivering blood to body parts other than the lungs, like the brachial artery in the arm.
Blood pressure is usually measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
There are two numbers in a blood pressure.
The first is the systolic pressure.
It measures how hard the blood pushes against the walls of the arteries when the heart is in systole (beating and pushing out blood).
This is when the pressure against the walls of the arteries is highest.
The second number is the diastolic blood pressure.
It measures how hard the blood pushes against the walls of the arteries when the heart is in diastole (resting between beats and not pushing out any blood).
For example, in the picture on this page, the pressure on the walls of the arteries is 122 mmHg when the heart is beating, and 65 mmHg when the heart is resting.
This blood pressure would be written as "122/65" and read as "122 over 65."
Mean arterial pressure is a person's average blood pressure.
Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
Normal Blood Pressure
For healthy adult humans, the systolic blood pressure should be below 120, and the diastolic blood pressure should be below 80.
However, blood pressure can be very different for each person.
Blood pressure also changes naturally during the day (in a circadian rhythm).
It gets lower during sleep and gets higher when a person gets up.
It is lower when a person is resting and higher during activity.
Many other things - like stress, disease, drugs, and what a person eats - can change blood pressure.
Even the stress of having blood pressure taken can make it higher.
This is called "white coat hypertension."
Blood Pressure Problems
High blood pressure
Main article: Hypertension
High blood pressure is called hypertension.
A person has hypertension if their blood pressure is high and stays high over time.
Hypertension is very common.
About one in every three adults in the United States has high blood pressure.
Hypertension is sometimes called "the silent killer" because it often causes no symptoms, so many people have high blood pressure without realizing that anything is wrong.
However, hypertension can hurt the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other parts of the body.
It can cause serious health problems like heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure.
Main article: Hypotension
Low blood pressure is called hypotension.
If the blood pressure is too low, the heart, brain, and other parts of the body do not get enough blood and oxygen.
Low blood pressure can cause problems like dizziness and fainting.
If a person's blood pressure is low enough, they can have seizures, lose consciousness, and even die.
Crawford is a town in Texas, in the United States.
It is former President George W. Bush's hometown.
George W. Bush and the First Lady Laura Bush own a 1600-acre ranch in Crawford.
They bought the ranch in 1999.
The first family's presence in Crawford, Texas, has helped the small town's economy to grow.
The once nearly deserted streets are now busy with tourists.
Towns in Texas
The Royal Navy is the navy of the United Kingdom.
It is the oldest part of the British fighting forces.
Because it is the oldest, it is called the "Senior Service".
From the 18th century until World War II, it was the largest and strongest navy in the world.
The Royal Navy was very important in making Britain the superpower of that time.
The Naval Service is made up of the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, Royal Fleet Auxiliary, Fleet Air Arm and reserve forces.
The Naval Service had 57,000 personnel (people) as of November 2011 including part-time reserve sailors, airmen and marines.
The Royal Navy is one of the largest navies in the world in terms of gross tonnage (weight and size of all their ships).
The Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary have 98 ships including aircraft carriers, submarines, minesweepers and patrol vessels as well as the ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.
All ships in the Royal Navy are called "Her Majesty's ships" (Or HMS for short), because by constitution the Queen owns them and has command over them.
Ships in the Royal Fleet Auxiliary are called "Royal Fleet Auxiliaries" (Or RFA for short) and are also technically owned by the Queen.
In times of a male monarch the "Her" is replaced with "His".
The strength of the fleets of the united Kingdom of England was an important element in the kingdom's power in the 10th century.
At one point Aethelred II had an especially large fleet built by a national levy of one ship for every 310 hides of land, but it is uncertain whether this was a standard or exceptional model for raising fleets.
During the period of Danish rule in the 11th century a standing fleet was maintained by taxation, and this continued for a time under the restored Anglo-Saxon regime of Edward the Confessor, who frequently commanded fleets in person.
1500–1707
A permanent Royal Navy, with its own staff, dockyards and a group of purpose-built warships, was created in the 16th century in the reign of Henry VIII.221-37 Under Elizabeth I, England was at war with Spain.
Privately-owned ships combined with the Royal Navy raided Spanish commerce and colonies.238-53, 281-6, 292-6 In 1588, Philip II of Spain sent the Spanish Armada against England to stop English support for the Dutch rebels, to stop English pirate activity, and to depose Elizabeth.
The Spaniards sailed from Lisbon, planning to escort an invasion force from the Spanish Netherlands.
The plan failed due to poor planning, English tactics, blocking action by the Dutch, and bad weather.253-71
In law, the head of the Royal Navy is the monarch or her consort, holding the ceremonial title of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom.
The Lord High Admiral was Elizabeth II from 1964 to 2011.
Her husband Prince Phillip was in the Royal Navy during World War II.
He was Lord High Admiral from 2011 to 2021.
The professional head of the naval service is the First Sea Lord.
He is a member of the Defence Council and the Admiralty Board.
The Navy Board is below Admiralty Board and is responsible for running the Navy.
Their offices are in the Ministry of Defence, London.
Full command of the Royal Navy is the job of Commander-in-Chief Fleet (CINCFLEET).
The purpose of CINCFLEET is to provide ships, submarines and commando forces for military and diplomatic jobs as needed by the Government.
CINCFLEET command headquarters are in Portsmouth; operational headquarters are at Northwood, Middlesex.
This is the Permanent Joint Headquarters and a NATO Regional Command.
Current Role
During the Cold War, the Royal Navy mainly focused on hunting for Soviet submarines.
These submarines were most active in the North Atlantic Ocean, the ocean near Britain.
With the fall of the Soviet Union, the Royal Navy focuses of deep sea exploration.
Maintenance of the UK Nuclear deterrent through a policy of constant at-sea submarines with nuclear weapons.
Delivery of the UK Commando force
Supplying of assets to the Joint Harrier Force and the Joint Helicopter Command
Patrol areas the UK is responsible for:
Atlantic Patrol Task (North)
Atlantic Patrol Task (South)
Persian Gulf patrols
Removal of mines
Sea Exploration, weather research and other science projects
Protection of UK and EU fishing
HMNB Portsmouth
HMNB Devonport, Plymouth
HMNB Clyde, Faslane
Rosyth Dockyard (Main maintenance facility)
Marchwood Military Port, Southampton (Royal Fleet Auxiliary Base)
As of 1st November 2011, the Royal Navy numbered 36,640 personnel and 2,300 Royal Naval Reserve (Volunteer Reserve).
Both of these figures include the Royal Marines and Royal Marines Reserve.
In addition there were 19,600 Regular Reserves.
Women have been in the Royal Navy since 1917.
From 1939 to 1993 they were part of the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS) and were called "Wrens".
Since 1993 they have been a part of the regular Navy.
The Royal Navy is an equal rights employer, with women having the same opportunities as their male counterparts.
In 2012 for the first time a female officer, Commander Sarah West commanded a major warship, HMS Portland.
This is not a complete list of all Royal Navy vessels.
It is a simplified version of only the major units for simplicity.
Invincible Class Aircraft Carrier
HMS Illustrious (R06) is the navy’s last aircraft carrier.
It was once part of a set of three, HMS Invincible has been scrapped and HMS Ark Royal was decommissioned (Taken out of service).
Previously she operated the Harrier Jump-Jet fighter however they were decommissioned in 2011.
She now only operates helicopters and serves as a helicopter carrier.
Her nickname is “Lusty”.
Recently, there has been HMS Queen Elizabeth 2 which is now considered to be the largest aircraft carrier of her kind.
October 21st was actually named HMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Day by the Americans.
Ocean Class Helicopter Carrier
HMS Ocean (L12) is the navy’s biggest ship and main helicopter carrier.
She played a big role in the Invasion of Iraq in 2003 and was the British flagship during the Libyan Civil War, during 2012 she will be deployed at the London 2012 Olympics.
Over Christmas 2011 her crew became famous for making a music video of “All I want for Christmas is you”.
This was filmed when they were at war in Libya.
Her nickname is “The Mighty-O”.
Albion Class Landing Platform Dock
HMS Albion (L14) is the rotating flagship of the Royal Navy with HMS Bulwark.
She is named Albion after the ancient name of Britain.
She is presently in extended readiness and can be recalled to the main fleet when needed.
HMS Bulwark (L15) is the rotating flagship of the Royal Navy with HMS Albion.
She has been on major deployments to Lebanon and led a training mission to Asia.
She is presently the Fleet Flagship of the Royal Navy and is on call to respond as needed.
Type 45 Destroyer
HMS Daring (D32) is one of a new group of Destroyers.
She is designed for anti-air warfare.
She can also conduct patrol missions and carry a boarding party from the Royal Marines.
She and her sisters will be the main warships for the next decade at least.
The other Type 45 Destroyers are HMS Dauntless and HMS Diamond.
Three others are under construction.
Type 23 Frigate
HMS Sutherland (F81) is one of the Duke class Frigates.
She is designed for anti-submarine warfare.
She can also conduct a variety of other missions.
She is the first ship to have this name in over 200 years.
She was deployed to Libya during 2011 to support operations there.
The Duke class Frigates are the main combatant of the Royal Navy.
The other Type 23 Frigates are HMS Argyll, HMS Lancaster, HMS Iron Duke, HMS Monmouth, HMS Montrose, HMS Westminster, HMS Northumberland, HMS Richmond, HMS Somerset, HMS Kent, HMS Portland and HMS St Albans.
Three others used to serve in the Royal Navy but were sold to Chile.
Protector Class Ice-Patrol Vessel
HMS Protector (A173) is one of two Icebreaking patrol vessels in the Royal Navy.
She has been loaned for three years whilst HMS Endurance is fixed.
She primarily patrols the British Antarctic Territory but also serves in the nearby Falklands and South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands.
Vanguard Class Submarine
HMS Vanguard (S28) is one of four nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN).
She can fire the Trident II nuclear missile around the globe.
At any time at least one boat is at sea with nuclear weapons to defend Britain.
Their operations are highly secretive.
They are based at HMNB Clyde in Scotland.
The other Vanguard class submarines are HMS Vigilant, HMS Vengeance and HMS Victorious.
Astute Class Submarine
HMS Astute (S119) is the first of a new type of fleet submarine (SSN).
Her type is nuclear powered.
They can fire the Tomahawk missile at ground targets and torpedoes at surface ships.
She is one of the most capable submarines in the world.
Six other Astute class vessels are under construction.
16th-century establishments in England
The Mafia is a crime group working in many parts of the world that was created in Italy more than 200 years ago.
The mafia makes money from crime.
They make billions of dollars a year from such crimes as making and selling illegal drugs, money laundering, from stealing, gambling and prostitution.
The first written use of the word mafia has it being said on a list of rebels against the catholic church.
It meant "boldness, ambition, pride", and since none of these were considered appropriate for a woman it is the name of a witch.
Many people also believe that Arabic affected the word 'mafia' during the period of Arab control of Sicily, after the fall of the Roman Empire in 846 AD. '
Mahias' is an Arab word meaning 'bold man', and this is believed to be incorporated into the modern term mafia, which also suggests the bold and argumentative nature of its constituents.
A boss in the Sicilian mafia had a list of ten rules.
These rules have been called the mafia's Ten Commandments.
No one can present himself directly to another of our friends.
There must be a third person to do it.
Never look at the wives of friends.
Never be seen with cops.
Don't go to pubs and clubs.
Always being ready for Cosa Nostra is a duty - even if your wife's about to give birth.
Superiors must absolutely be respected.
Wives must be treated with respect.
When asked for any information, the answer must be the truth.
Money cannot be taken if it belongs to others or other mafia gangs
People who can't be part of mafia: anyone who has close family  in the police, anyone with a two-timing relative in the family, anyone who behaves badly and doesn't hold to moral values.
Different groups
The Mafia in Italy
The mafia in Italy have been around for hundreds of years.
They work in the areas of Calabria, Sicily, Naples and Apulia which are all areas in the South of Italy.
Sicily - The mafia in Italy was started in the island of Sicily.
The mafia is still around here and they make a great deal of money.
Selling drugs is frowned upon within the Mafia or La Cosa Nostra as being convicted of the intent to sell is a high prison sentence which will increase the risk of a member of the Mafia/Cosa Nostra to turn a 'rat.'
Calabria - The Calabrian mafia (really called the  'Ndrangheta ) are another mafia group in Italy.
They also make profit from illegal drugs, and are now the richest Italian mafia group.
Naples - The mafia in Naples is called the Camorra.
They are not as well known than the mafia in Sicily and Calabria, but have killed more people, as rival Camorra groups often fight each other.
Apulia - The mafia in Apulia is called the Sacra Corona Unita (meaning the "United Sacred Crown").
This group is not as old as the other Italian mafia groups.
Little is known about this group but it is believed that they make money from prostitution.
Veneto - The mafia in Veneto was called Mala del Brenta (meaning "Brenta's bad thing").
The Italian Mafia in America
The Italian-American mafia began at the time when many Italians moved to the United States in the 1800s.
The first Italian mafia was in New Orleans in Louisiana but soon they were in many cities across the country.
The Italian mafia in the United States is actually called La Cosa Nostra which in Italian language means "This thing of ours" or "Our thing".
The American mafia is divided into different groups or "families".
Many large cities have only one Italian-American mafia family, but some larger cities like New York City have more.
New York City has five Italian mafia families.
They are called:
The Bonanno  crime family
The Colombo crime family
The Gambino crime family
The Genovese crime family
The Lucchese crime family
Many other American cities have Italian mafia families.
These include Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Los Angeles
Mafia groups in other countries
There are many other groups like the Italian mafia all over the world.
The Yakuza - The Yakuza is the name given to the crime group in Japan.
They make money from prostitution and drugs.
Currently The Yakusa is not as big as a threat as it once was (1980)
The Triads - The Triads is a name given to all the crime groups in China.
Because there are so many of these crime groups in China we give them one name, the "Triads".
The Triads are not just from China but many countries in South East Asia.
Another name for these groups is "Tongs".
Latin American Drug Cartels - In Latin America the largest crime groups are called drug cartels.
They compete for control of the drug trade which makes them huge amounts of money.
The drugs produced in South America are marijuana, cocaine and heroin.
The main drug cartels are in Mexico, part of North America, and Colombia in the north of South America; this is where most of the drugs are produced and then smuggled north into the United States.
There are others as well, like the mafia groups in Russia that make money from drugs and weapons.
All these groups operate in the United States, Canada, Australia, England and other Western countries and cause many problems in those countries and the countries they are from.
Just like in a company, where people have a boss and workers, the Italian-American mafia, or La Cosa Nostra (LCN), has a hierarchy.
Everyone has a job to do.
Some people are bosses and some are workers.
However you can always work your way up the ladder of power, and respect.
Below is the hierarchy of an American mafia family.
The Boss of the family.
He controls everything that goes on in the mafia family.
Every worker and lower ranking boss (see below; Caporegimes) works for him.
It is the boss who decides if someone should be killed or if someone should be initiated (see below; Becoming a member).
The boss gets money from all of his workers and therefore is usually the richest person in the family.
The Underboss.
The underboss is the person who actually runs the family.
He is boss over all the other members except the actual boss.
He will often become the boss of the family if something happens to the boss.
The boss will choose who his underboss is.
A family will usually have only one underboss.
The Consigliere.
Consigliere is an Italian term meaning someone who gives advice.
The consigliere in a mafia family is the "right hand man" to the boss.
It is his job to help the boss make important decisions.
The consigliere is as important as the underboss but is not the boss of anyone in the family.
A family will usually have only one consigliere.
Acts as a middle man in personal vendettas.
His role is to make impartial decisions for the family's benefit.
Caporegimes.
The next position of the family is caporegime (or captain), often shortened to "capo".
Families will have differing numbers of capos.
A caporegime is in charge of a group of workers (see below; Soldiers).
The underboss of the family is in charge of the capos.
The job of the caporegime is to collect money from the workers to give to the boss, underboss and consigliere as well as keeping money for himself.
A family can have anywhere from 2 to 20 capos.
The workers of a family are called "soldiers" or in Italian "soldati".
Their job is to earn money to give to their captain (caporegime).
They will do any job asked of them by their captain or the boss or underboss.
A family can have anywhere from 10 to 1000 soldiers.
Each family will have a number of associates.
These are people that work with them or for them but are not official members. (
see below; Becoming a member)
History of the Mafia in New York
The mafia in New York began when thousands of Italians moved there in the late 1800s and early 1900s to find a better life.
At this time many Irish and Germans also moved to the US for the same reasons.
Many of these people set up businesses or worked for businesses that were already there.
Most earned very little money and some, who were tired of being poor, decided to earn money from crime, which was easier than earning money by working.
There were many Irish and Italian criminal groups in the city who would steal, extort and murder for money.
These groups were known all-together as "the Black Hand" but they did not actually work as one group called "the Black Hand"; there were many groups and they each worked on their own and the term "Black Hand" actually was the name of what these gangs did (extortion), not their names.
Prohibition, unification and the Castellammarese War
In 1920 alcohol (or liquor) was made illegal in the US and the gangs had a new way to make money.
They brought in illegal liquor from Canada and sold it in clubs.
They bribed police into letting them sell liquor (which is also illegal) and made millions of dollars from this because they were the only ones who had liquor and so could sell it at extremely high prices.
Around this time the gangs in New York became one large gang (the Mafia) as leaders of the gangs realized that more money could be made if all the gangs worked together.
A man named Giuseppe Masseria and a man named Salvatore Maranzano both wanted to become the boss of the newly made New York mafia.
Fighting, known as the "Castellammarese War", broke out between the two men and many of their soldiers were killed.
Giuseppe Masseria's underboss was a man named Lucky Luciano who also wanted to control the New York mafia.
He met with Masseria's enemy Salvatore Maranzano and plotted to kill Masseria, his own boss.
Masseria was shot to death in a restaurant in New York by Maranzano's soldiers; one of them was Vito Genovese -  a man who would later become boss - this was also the end of the "Castellammarese War".
With the death of Masseria, Maranzano appointed himself the boss of the New York Mafia, in Italian language called the "Capo di tutti Capi" meaning "Boss of all Bosses".
He called a meeting with the other "mafiosi" (plural: Italian language for Mafia members) from all over the US and made the rules that are still used today.
Maranzano united the Italian gangs of New York into one gang, known as the Mafia or La Cosa Nostra.
He then divided the gang into 5 families and appointed bosses of each family: "Lucky" Luciano, Joseph Bonanno, Joseph Profaci, Vincent Mangano and Thomas Gagliano - himself as the boss of these bosses.
He made it so that no members could kill without reason or talk to anyone outside of the mafia about the mafia.
The bosses of the five families, particularly Luciano, began to grow tired of Maranzano's arrogance and the way he ran the mafia.
Maranzano realized this and planned to have Luciano and his "consigliere" and "underboss", Vito Genovese and Frank Costello, as well as others, killed.
Maranzano did not act quickly enough and was killed by men dressed as police officers, on the orders of Luciano and his friend, a Jewish gangster from Florida named Meyer Lansky.
Luciano then became the head of the New York mafia, but not in the way Maranzano was; he helped the five families run their business but he did not control them or call himself the "boss of bosses".
The five families were kept.
The Profaci family (named after the first boss Joseph Profaci) went on to become named the Colombo crime family after a later boss, Joseph Colombo.
The Mangano family (named after the first boss Vincent Mangano) went on to become named the Gambino crime family after a later boss, Carlo Gambino.
The Gagliano family (named after the first boss Thomas Gagliano) went on to become named the Lucchese crime family after a later boss, Gaetano Lucchese.
Frank Costello became the boss of Luciano's old family which later went on to become named the Genovese crime family after Vito Genovese became the boss and tried to kill Frank Costello.
The Bonanno family (named after the first boss Joseph Bonanno) kept its name as Joseph Bonanno was the boss for a very long time.
The Five Families over the years
Joseph Bonanno (was boss from 1931-1965)
Gaspare DiGregorio (was boss from 1965-1968)
Paul Sciacca (was boss from 1968-1970)
Natale Evola (was boss from 1970-1973)
Phillip Rastelli (was boss from 1973-1975)
Carmine Galante (was boss from 1975-1979)
Phillip Rastelli (was boss once again from 1979-1991)
Joseph Massino (was boss from 1991-2005)
(Note: In more recent years Vincent Basciano, Salvatore Montagna, Anthony Graziano, Anthony Rabito, Michael Mancuso, Anthony Urso and Alphonse Bonanno have run the family - though not necessarily as bosses.)
Joseph Profaci (was boss from 1928-1962)
Joseph Magliocco (was boss from 1962-1963)
Joseph Colombo (was boss from 1964-1971)
Joseph Yacovelli (was boss in 1971)
Vincent Aloi (was boss from 1971-1973)
Carmine Persico (was boss during 1973)
Vincent Mangano (was boss from 1931-1951)
Albert Anastasia (was boss from 1951-1957)
Carlo Gambino (was boss from 1957-1976)
Paul Castellano (was boss from 1976-1985)
John Gotti (was boss from 1986-1992)
John Gotti, Jr. (was boss from 1992-1996)
Nicholas Corozzo (was boss from 1996-1997)
John Gotti, Jr. (was boss from 1997-1999)
Peter Gotti (was boss from 1999-2003)
Salvatore "Lucky" Luciano (was boss from 1931-1946)
Frank Costello (was boss from 1946-1957)
Vito Genovese (was boss from 1957-1969)
Thomas Eboli (was boss from 1969-1972)
Frank Tieri (was boss from 1972-1981)
Anthony Salerno (was boss from 1981-1987)
Vincent Gigante (was boss from 1981-2005)
Gaetano Gagliano (was boss from 1931-1953)
Gaetano Lucchese (was boss from 1953-1967)
Carmine Tramunti (was boss from 1967-1973)
Anthony Corallo (was boss from 1973-1986)
Anthony Luongo (during 1986)
Vittorio Amuso (from 1987 on)
(Note: During the 1990s the leaders of the Lucchese crime family were Vittorio Amuso, Anthony Casso, Alphonse D'Arco, Salvatore Avellino, Anthony Baratta, Domenico Cutaia, Frank Lasterino and Joseph Defede - though not necessarily as bosses.
More recently the leaders of the family have been Louis Diadone, Aniello Migliore, Nick Beale and Leo Madden - Leo and Nick were bosses.)
(Note: These dates may not be correct)
The Mafia in movies
Many movies have been made about the mafia, particularly the American Mafia.
Here are some of the most popular movies about American gangsters.
Little Caesar (1931) directed by Mervyn LeRoy, starring Edward G. Robinson and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.
The Public Enemy (1931) directed by William A. Wellman, starring James Cagney
Scarface (1932) directed by Howard Hawks and Richard Rosson, starring Paul Muni, George Raft and Boris Karloff
Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) directed by Michael Curtiz, starring James Cagney, Pat O'Brien and Humphrey Bogart
The Roaring Twenties (1939) directed by Raoul Walsh, starring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart
White Heat (1949) directed by Raoul Walsh, starring James Cagney and Edmund O'Brien
The Enforcer (1951) directed by Bretaigne Windust, starring Humphrey Bogart
The Godfather (1972) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Robert Duvall and John Cazale
Mean Streets (1973) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel and David Proval
The Godfather Part II (1974) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, John Cazale and Lee Strassberg
Scarface (1983) directed by Brian De Palma, starring Al Pacino, Steven Bauer and Robert Loggia
Once Upon a Time in America (1984) directed by Sergio Leone, starring Robert De Niro, James Woods, Burt Young and Joe Pesci
The Godfather Part III (1990) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Al Pacino, Andy Garcia and Joe Montegna
Goodfellas (1990) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Ray Liotta, Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci
Reservoir Dogs (1992) directed by Quentin Tarantino, starring Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Michael Madsen, Chris Penn, Steve Buscemi and Lawrence Tierney
Léon: The Professional (1994) directed by Luc Besson, starring Gary Oldman and Jean Reno
Pulp Fiction (1994) directed by Quentin Tarantino, starring John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, Harvey Keitel and Tim Roth
Casino (1995) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci
Analyze This (1999), a Mafia comedy directed by Harold Ramis, starring Robert De Niro and Billy Crystal
Analyze That (2002), sequel to Analyze This, also directed by Ramis and starring De Niro and Crystal in the same roles
Gangs of New York (2002) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Day-Lewis
The Departed (2006) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, Mark Wahlberg, Martin Sheen and Alec Baldwin
Metalocalypse is an animated comedy television series directed by Jon Schnepp.
It is a part of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim.
It is about a heavy metal group called Dethklok, who are the most famous and richest band in the world.
The band is a very dangerous force to the people who like it and to world governments.
Even though their fans often die or are hurt in the series, they still remain very popular.
There is also a secret group of people who work for the U.S. Government who secretly spy on the band and plan to kill them.
People in Dethklok
Nathan Explosion: The group's singer and leader, he is based on Glenn Danzig from The Misfits and Cannibal Corpse's George Fisher.
He has long black hair, and is very large.
Skwisgaar Skwigelf: Lead guitarist, who is from Sweden.
He has long blonde hair, has blue eyes, and is skinny.
Toki Wartooth: Plays rhythm guitar and is from Norway.
He is very gullible and childlike.
He has long brown hair and a "fu manchu" moustache.
William Murderface: The bass guitar player, who is slightly overweight, very angry, and likes gross things including a new found love of "free-balling".
He is partly based on Geezer Butler from Black Sabbath.
He has triangular brown hair, and a mustache.
Pickles-plays the drums, used to be leader of a band called "Snakes n' Barrels", a parody of Guns N' Roses.
He is originally from Wisconsin.
He has red cornrows.
CD & DVD Release
Cartoon Network released a DVD of the first season of Metalocalypse and an album of Dethklok's songs in the summer of 2007.
The album has songs that are played during the series.
2006 television series debuts
St. Lucia Day is a holiday that is held on December 13 in several countries in Europe.
Those countries include Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland.
The holiday is in honor of Saint Lucy.
On this day, young girls (mostly the oldest daughter of the house) dress like Saint Lucia in a white robe and a crown of candles.
There are parades, pageants, and the girl playing Lucia serves cakes.
They also sing special songs.
Here is one of the songs:
The Lucia celebrations also include ginger snaps and sweet, saffron-flavored buns (lussekatter) shaped like curled-up cats and with raisin eyes.
People eat them with glögg or coffee.
Pride means having a feeling of being good and worthy.
The adjective is proud.
The word pride can be used in a good sense as well as in a bad sense.
In a good sense it means having a feeling of self-respect.
People can be satisfied with their achievements.
They can be proud of something good that they have done.
They might be proud of their son or daughter or husband or wife or anyone else who is close to them and who has done something good.
People can be proud of their country (patriotism).
The opposite would be to be ashamed of someone or something.
In a bad sense, pride can mean that someone has an exaggerated sense of feeling good.
Someone who is described as proud may be arrogant.
The word is used in this sense in the saying: “Pride comes before a fall” or “Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall.”
Prov.16:18 (meaning that someone is so overconfident that he or she might soon have a disaster).
Reflectional Symmetry is a property of certain geometrical objects that appears the same when mirrored or reflected along an axis.
This axis has to cross the shape through the middle of that object dividing into equal halves.
The precise notions of symmetry have various measures and operational definitions.
For example, symmetry may be observed
with respect to the passage of time;
as a spatial relationship;
through transformations such as rotation;
through other kinds of transformations;
as an aspect of scientific models, language, music and even knowledge itself.
Asymmetry is the absence of symmetry.
It is best defined like that because symmetry is relatively rare, and all other objects are asymmetric.
Mount Ruapehu is an active volcano on North Island, New Zealand.
It is located in Taupo, New Zealand.
It last erupted in September 2007.
In 1948, an airplane crashed into the volcano.
All the people in the airplane died.
Volcanoes of Oceania
Mountains of New Zealand
Klang (also known as Kelang) is the royal capital of Selangor, Malaysia.
A popular harbour called Port Klang is located there.
It is one of the busiest ports in the world.
1867 - 1874 Klang War
1880 - 1889 Klang became the capital of Selangor.
1945 - Klang Town Authority formed.
1954 - Klang Town Council formed (27.5 km²)
1971 - Klang District Council formed, including areas surrounding Kapar and Meru towns.
1974 - 1977 - Capital of Selangor when Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory and before Shah Alam was made the capital of Selangor.
1977 - Klang Municipal Council formed (60.9 km²)
In Klang, it rains all year round.
The monthly rainfall is slightly higher here in April and November.
It might be because of the monsoon season.
The average temperature in Klang is around 25°C to 36°C (77°F to 96.8°F).
There is no distinct seasonal difference in temperature in the town.
Klang is hot and humid throughout the year.
There are two districts in Klang, Klang North and Klang South.
Both are divided by a river called the Klang River.
Famous Local Food
Klang is famous for its Bak Kut Teh, a herbal soup which contains pork.
Klang is also famous for its Rojak Klang.
Another popular delicacy here is the "Cendol Klang".
The stall was opened in 1972.
Klang Municipal Council website
ODP's Klang category
Klang travel guide at Wikivoyage
Klang Community eSpace Forum
Port Klang Free Trade Zone
Klang North Port
Cities in Malaysia
The Moscow Metro is a metro system which reaches nearly every part of the city of Moscow in Russia.
It is one of the most heavily used metro systems in the world.
It is also famous for its stations, which are heavily decorated with paintings.
In total the metro is 314 kilometres long and has 214 stations (including 1 temporarily closed).
During the day about 7.2 million passengers use the metro.
As in many subway systems every line has its own colour, name and number.
In total there are 14 lines.
The metro runs from 5:30 AM to 1:00 AM.
In peak hours trains run every 90 seconds, in the rest of the day every 3–4 minutes and in the evening every 6–10 minutes.
The metro does not publish a timetable, because the trains run at short intervals.
Part of Filevskaya line (4) has a timetable because there are two lines there - new line to Mezhdunarodnaya and old line to Fili.
The first stations were opened 1935, May 15th.
There were routes from Sokolniki to Park kultury and to Smolenskaya.
First the Moscow metro had name after Lazar Kaganovich who was the had of Moscow Committee of All-Union communist party.
In 1957 he was exiled from the party, and the Moscow metro became be named after V. I. Lenin.
During the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union some stations were used as shelters against bombs.
The Moscow Metro has 16 lines, consisting of 14 normal lines and one light line and one U-railway.
Here is a short overview of the lines:
The moscow metro uses magnetic cards for tickets with a certain number of rides: 1,2,5,10,20 and 60.
These tickets were first sold in 1993 as a test.
All other tickets are Transport Cards (Smartcards).
There are two kinds of smartcards, 'unlimited' and 'social'.
Both kinds of cards can be used for 30, 90 or 1 year.
Social cards are free for senior citizens and reduced for students.
The metro has a gauge of 1520 mm, like most Russian railways.
It gets the electricity from a third rail.
The metro is run on a voltage of 825V AC.
The average distance between stations is 1800 m. The shortest is 300m between the stations Alexandrovskiy Sad and Arbatskaya.
The longest distance between stations is 6627 m between Krylatskoe and Strogino.
The long distance helps trains travelling faster and more efficient.
Most platforms are at least 155 m long.
They can take trains which have 8 cars.
The only exceptions are some stations on Filyovskaya Line which can only take 6-car trains.
These stations are:
Delovoy centr
Studentcheskaya
Fili
Bagrationovskaya
Filyovskiy Park and Pionerskaya
Line 12 is different from all other lines.
Its platforms are much shorter than the normal platforms.
They are only 96 m longs.
It has newer trains than the other line.
The metro has 214 stations.
71 of them are deep under the ground, 87 are just under the ground.
There are also 10 stations above the ground and 3 on bridges.
On trains to the city there is a male announcer, on trains from the city there is a female announcer. (
The boss calls you to work, the wife calls you home).
One of the stations - Vorobievy Gory is situated at the bridge and has a great view at the Moscow river.
Also this station is the longest at Moscow.
Metro 2
Although this has not been officially said, many independent studies say that there is a second, deeper metro system designed for emergency evacuation of important city personnel in case of attack.
It is believed that it consists of a single track and connects the Kremlin, chief HQ (Genshtab), Lubyanka (FSB Headquarters) and the Ministry of Defence, as well as numerous other secret installations.
There are also entrances to the system from several civilian buildings such as the Russian State Library, Moscow State University (MSU) and at least two stations of the regular metro.[citation needed] It is speculated that these would allow for the evacuation of a small number of randomly chosen civilians, in addition to most of the elite military personnel.
The only known junction between the secret system and normal Metro is behind the station Sportivnaya of the Sokolnicheskaya Line.
Latest numbers from official site .
Expansion plans
Spartak
Troparyovo
Kotelniki
Metro.ru  — Information, history, maps, art
Jessica Simpson (born July 10, 1980) is an American singer and actress.
She is known for her reality television show, Nick and Jessica: Newlyweds.
In the late 2000s, she was married to Nick Lachey.
In 2008, she filed for divorce and she married Eric Johnson.
She is the daughter of Tina and Joe Simpson and older sister of singer and actress Ashlee Simpson.
She has starred in the movies The Dukes of Hazzard (2005) and Employee of the Month (2006)
Jessica Simpson was born in Abilene, Texas.
She is the daughter of Tina Ann and Joseph Truett.
She has a sister whose name is Ashlee Simpson who is also a singer.
At first, Simpson sang at a local church.
At age twelve, she auditioned for The Mickey Mouse Club, but was not selected.
Simpson began dating NFL tight end Eric Johnson in 2010.
The couple has 2 children together—daughter Maxwell Drew Johnson (born May 1, 2012) and son Ace Simpson Johnson (born February 22, 2013).
Sweet Kisses - November 9, 1999
Irresistible - May 29, 2001
This Is the Remix - July 2, 2002
In This Skin - August 19, 2003
Rejoyce: The Christmas Album - November 23, 2004
A Public Affair - August 29, 2006
Do You Know - 2008
Happy Christmas - 2010
Jessica Simpson—official website
People from Abilene, Texas
Monty Python and the Holy Grail is the second movie made by Monty Python.
It was made in 1974 and was very successful.
It is still very popular.
It was also made into a musical called Spamalot.
This is a comedy about King Arthur's search for the Holy Grail.
He gathers a group of knights around him.
They do not ride horses - instead, they clap coconut halves together, to make the sound of a horse galloping.
They search for the grail, but keep on getting distracted by peasants (poor farmers) who want to talk about politics, or French knights insulting them.
1974 comedy movies
Arthurian movies
Fantasy comedy movies
The Japanese yen or en is the currency used in Japan.
It is usually written with the romanised symbol ¥, but in Japanese it is written with the kanji 円.
The coins are very light and range from ¥1 up to ¥500.
The highest paper note value is ¥10000.
The Japanese currency is the third most traded currency in the world.
West Forsyth High School is a high school in North Carolina.
It has 1611 students.
It is the third largest school in Forsyth County and the 53rd largest school in North Carolina.
Its principal is Kurt Telford.
It is under the Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools' district.
Buildings and structures in North Carolina
In logic and mathematics, if and only if (sometimes abbreviated as iff) is a logical operator denoting a logical biconditional (often symbolized by  or).
It is often used to conjoin two statements which are logically equivalent.
In general, given two statement A and B, the statement "A if and only if B" is true precisely when both A and B are true or both A and B are false.
In which case, A can be thought of as the logical substitute of B (and vice versa).
An "if and only if" statement is also called a necessary and sufficient condition.
"Madison will eat the fruit if and only if it is an apple" is equivalent to saying that "Madison will eat the fruit if the fruit is an apple, and will eat no other fruit".
This makes it clear that Madison will eat all and only those fruits that are apples.
She will not leave any apple uneaten, and she will not eat any other type of fruit.
That a given fruit is an apple is both a necessary and a sufficient condition for Madison to eat the fruit.
Appletalk is a suite of protocols for computer networking.
It allowed Apple Macintosh computers to connect one another.
It also allowed a computer to use a printer connected to the network.
Apple has switched from Appletalk to TCP/IP.
Miramax Films is an American motion picture distribution and production company.
It was headquartered in New York, New York before being bought out by The Walt Disney Company.
It was created by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York in 1979.
The name comes from combining the first names of their parents Max and Miriam.
The company was created to distribute independent films which the major movie studio did not think were worth distributing.
The company's first success came when the Weinsteins teamed up with British producer Martin Lewis.
They got the US rights to two concert movies of benefit shows for human rights organization Amnesty International.
The Weinsteins worked with Lewis to combine the two movies into one movie.
The movie The Secret Policeman's Other Ball was a successful release for Miramax in the summer of 1982.
Among the company's most well known movies as distributors were The Crying Game, sex, lies, and videotape, Tie Me Up!
and Scandal.
The company also made movies such as Pulp Fiction and Shakespeare In Love
Miramax also produced many movies which made a lot of money.
The company became one of the leaders of the independent film revolution of the 1990s.
It produced or distributed seven movies that made more than $100 million at the box office.
Its most successful movie, Chicago, earned more than $300 million.
In 1993, The Walt Disney Company bought Miramax for $80 million.
Harvey and Bob Weinstein ran Miramax until they left the company on September 30, 2005.
The Weinstein brothers ran Miramax separately of other Disney companies.
However, Disney had the final say on what Miramax could release.
In 2011, Disney sold the Miramax library of movies to Filmyard Holdings for $663 million.
After the sale, Miramax signed home video distribution deals with Lionsgate, Echo Bridge and .StudioCanal.
In 2016, Miramax was sold to beIN Media Group.
In 2019, beIN sold 49 percent of Miramax to Paramount Pictures, which will distribute all of Miramax's movies.
The Secret Policeman's Other Ball (1982)
Playing for Keeps (1986) (produced by Miramax but distributed by Universal Pictures)
Yellow Pages (1988)
Mr. and Mrs. Bridge (1990)
The Lemon Sisters (1990)
A Rage in Harlem (1991)
Madonna: Truth or Dare (1991)
Bob Roberts (1992, with Paramount Pictures)
Into the West (1992)
Love Crimes (1992)
Sarafina (1992)
Reservoir Dogs (1992) (distributor)
Just Another Girl on the I.R.T. (1993)
The Night We Never Met (1993)
Tom and Jerry: The Movie (1993) (distributor)
Bullets Over Broadway (1994)
Clerks (1994)
Country Life (1994)
Exotica (1994)
Fresh (1994)
Loaded (1994)
Mother's Boys (1994)
The Crow (1994)
Prêt-à-Porter (1994)
A Month by the Lake (1995)
A Personal Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies (1995)
Blue in the Face (1995)
Cry, The Beloved Country (1995)
Four Rooms (1995)
Fresa y Chocolate (1995)
Georgia (1995)
Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers (1995)
Lie Down with Dogs (1995)
Mighty Aphrodite (1995)
Muriel's Wedding (1995)
Priest (1995)
The Crossing Guard (1995)
The Crude Oasis (1995)
The Glass Shield (1995)
The Road Killers (1995)
Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead (1995)
Two Bits (1995)
Zire Darakhatan Zeyton (1995)
Basquiat (1996)
Brassed Off (1996)
Captives (1996)
Citizen Ruth (1996)
Cosi (1996)
Emma (1996)
Trainspotting (1996)
Flirting with Disaster (1996)
From Dusk Till Dawn (1996)
Hellraiser: Bloodline (1996)
Jane Eyre (1996)
Of Love and Shadows (1996)
The Crow: City of Angels (1996)
The English Patient (1996)
The Journey of August King (1996)
The Pallbearer (1996)
Unhook the Stars (1996)
Albino Alligator (1997)
Cop Land (1997)
Good Will Hunting (1997)
Mimic (1997)
The Substance of Fire (1997)
The Wings of the Dove (1997)
Welcome to Sarajevo (1997)
54 (1998)