the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
A "threshold exceeded" value is intended to indicate that there is a relatively high probability that the drive will not be able to honour its specification in the future – that is, the drive is "about to fail".
The predicted failure may be catastrophic or may be something as subtle as the inability to write to certain sectors, or perhaps slower performance than the manufacturer's declared minimum.
The SMART status does not necessarily indicate the drive's past or present reliability.
If a drive has already failed catastrophically, the SMART status may be inaccessible.
Alternatively, if a drive has experienced problems in the past, but the sensors no longer detect such problems, the SMART status may, depending on the manufacturer's programming, suggest that the drive is now sound.
The inability to read some sectors is not always an indication that a drive is about to fail.
One way that unreadable sectors may be created, even when the drive is functioning within specification, is through a sudden power failure while the drive is writing.
In order to prevent this problem, modern hard drives will always finish writing at least the current sector immediately after the power fails (typically using rotational energy from the disk).
Also, even if the physical disk is damaged at one location, such that a certain sector is unreadable, the disk may be able to use spare space to replace the bad area, so that the sector can be overwritten.
More detail on the health of the drive may be obtained by examining the SMART Attributes.
SMART Attributes were included in some drafts of the ATA standard, but were removed before the standard became final.
The meaning and interpretation of the attributes varies between manufacturers, and are sometimes considered a trade secret for one manufacturer or another.
Attributes are further discussed below.
Drives with SMART may optionally support a number of 'logs'.
The error log records information about the most recent errors that the drive has reported back to the host computer.
Examining this log may help one to determine whether computer problems are disk-related or caused by something else.
A drive supporting SMART may optionally support a number of self-test or maintenance routines, and the results of the tests are kept in the self-test log.
The self-test routines may be used to detect any unreadable sectors on the disk, so that they may be restored from back-up sources (for example, from other disks in a RAID).
This helps to reduce the risk of incurring permanent loss of data.
Standards and implementation
Many motherboards will display a warning message when a disk drive is approaching failure.
Although an industry standard among most major hard drive manufacturers, there are some remaining issues and much proprietary "secret knowledge" held by individual manufacturers as to their specific approach.
From a legal perspective, the term "S.M.A.R.T." refers only to a signalling method between internal disk drive electromechanical sensors and the host computer.
Hence, a drive may be claimed by its manufacturers to include S.M.A.R.T. support even if it does not include, say, a temperature sensor, which the customer might reasonably expect to be present.
Moreover, in the most extreme case, a disk manufacturer could, in theory, produce a drive which includes a sensor for just one physical attribute, and then legally advertise the product as "S.M.A.R.T. compatible".
Depending on the type of interface being used, some S.M.A.R.T.-enabled motherboards and related software may not communicate with certain S.M.A.R.T.-capable drives.
For example, few external drives connected via USB and Firewire correctly send S.M.A.R.T. data over those interfaces.
With so many ways to connect a hard drive (SCSI, Fibre Channel, ATA, SATA, SAS, SSA, and so on), it is difficult to predict whether S.M.A.R.T. reports will function correctly in a given system.
Even on hard drives and interfaces that support it, S.M.A.R.T. information may not be reported correctly to the computer's operating system.
Some disk controllers can duplicate all write operations on a secondary "back-up" drive in real time.
This feature is known as "RAID mirroring".
However, many programs which are designed to analyze changes in drive behaviour and relay S.M.A.R.T. alerts to the operator do not function properly when a computer system is configured for RAID support.
Generally this is because, under normal RAID operational conditions, the computer is not permitted by the RAID subsystem to 'see' (or directly access) individual physical drives, but may access only logical volumes instead.
On the Windows platform, many programs designed to monitor and report S.M.A.R.T. information will function only under an administrator account.
At present, S.M.A.R.T. is implemented individually by manufacturers, and while some aspects are standardized for compatibility, others are not.
ATA S.M.A.R.T. Attributes
Each drive manufacturer defines a set of attributes, and sets threshold values beyond which attributes should not pass under normal operation.
Each attribute has a raw value'', whose meaning is entirely up to the drive manufacturer (but often corresponds to counts or a physical unit, such degrees Celsius or seconds), and a normalized value, which ranges from 1 to 253 (with 1 representing the worst case and 253 representing the best).
Depending on the manufacturer, a value of 100 or 200 will often be chosen as the "normal" value.
Manufacturers that have supported at least one S.M.A.R.T. attribute in various products include:  Samsung, Seagate, IBM (Hitachi), Fujitsu, Maxtor, Toshiba, Western Digital and ExcelStor Technology.
Threshold Exceeds Condition
Threshold Exceeds Condition (TEC) is a supposed date when a critical drive statistic attribute will reach its threshold value.
When Drive Health software reports a "Nearest T.E.C.", it should be regarded as a "Failure date".
Prognosis of this date is based on the factor "Speed of attribute change"; how many points each month the value is decreasing/increasing.
This factor is calculated automatically at any change of S.M.A.R.T. attributes for each attribute individually.
Note that TEC dates are not guarantees; hard drives can and will either last much longer or fail much sooner than the date given by a TEC.
Out SMART Your Hard Drive
How S.M.A.R.T. is your hard drive?
A graphical user interface exists, called GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall
"Good Morning" is a single on Kanye West's 3rd studio album Graduation.
The song was released in late August 2007 on iTunes. "
Good Morning" is the 1st track on the album.
It has samples of "Someone Saved My Life Tonight" as sung by Elton John.
Additional vocals were provided by Connie Mitchell, Tony "Penafire" Williams, and Jay-Z.
Loupfougères is a commune of 368 people (1999).
Louverné is a commune of 3,538 people (1999).
Louvigné is a commune of 774 people (2007).
Madré is a commune of 356 people (1999).
Maisoncelles-du-Maine is a commune of 400 people (1999).
Marcillé-la-Ville is a commune of 740 people (1999).
Marigné-Peuton is a commune of 487 people (1999).
Martigné-sur-Mayenne is a commune of 1,309 people (1999).
Mée is a commune of 171 people (1999).
Ménil is a commune of 785 people (1999).
Méral is a commune of 913 people (1999).
Meslay-du-Maine is a commune of 2,616 people (1999).
Mézangers is a commune of 700 people (3 March 2005).
Montaudin is a commune of 914 people (1999).
Montenay is a commune of 1,399 people (1999).
The name of the place occurred as Montaniaco in the ninth century,  and as Monteneio en 1225.
It probably comes from the Latin Montanus.
The area was probably settled in Neolithic times (5000-3000 BC).
There is a dolmen and a groove nearby.
The groove is called St. Guillaume's stone, and is located about 3km from the village.
Montflours is a commune of 204 people (1999).
Montigné-le-Brillant is a commune of 1,234 people (2007).
Montjean is a commune of 797 people (1999).
Montourtier is a former commune of 326 people (2009).
On 1 January 2019, the commune was unified with Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré, Deux-Évailles and Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons, and the new municipality took the name of Montsûrs.
Montreuil-Poulay is a commune of 414 people (1999).
Montsûrs is a commune of 2,020 people (1999).
On 1 January 2017, it was merged with Saint-Céneré and formed the short-lived commune Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré.
Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré was merged with Deux-Évailles, Montourtier and Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons on 1 January 2019, and the new commune took the name of Montsûrs.
Moulay is a commune of 907 people (1999).
Néau was the French name of Eupen
Neau is a commune of 712 people (1999).
Neuilly-le-Vendin is a commune of 426 people (1999).
Niafles is a commune of 287 people (1999).
Nuillé-sur-Vicoin is a commune of 1,184 people (2007).
Oisseau is a commune of 1,101 people (1999).
Olivet is a commune of 381 people (1999).
Origné is a commune of 278 people (1999).
La Pallu is a commune of 160 people (1999).
It is found in the region Pays de la Loire of the Mayenne department, in the northwest of France.
Predicive failure analysis is a technology developed by IBM to monitor the likelihood of a hard disk failure.
Today, it is part of S.M.A.R.T.
Parallel ATA is a way to connect storage devices, such as Hard disks, solid-state drives, and CD-ROM drives inside personal computers.
The standard is maintained by X3/INCITS committee T13.
It used to be called Advanced Technology Attachment with Packet Interface (ATA/ATAPI).
ATA/ATAPI is the result of a long history of development.
It is an evolution of the AT Attachment Interface, which was itself evolved in several stages from Western Digital's original Integrated Drive Electronics interface.
As a result, many near-synonyms for ATA/ATAPI and its previous incarnations exist, including abbreviations such as IDE which are still in common informal use.
With the market introduction of Serial ATA in 2003, the original ATA was retroactively renamed Parallel ATA (PATA).
Parallel ATA standards allow cable lengths up to only 18 inches (46 centimeters).
Because of this length limit the technology normally appears as an internal computer storage interface.
Older computers based on Parallel ATA are still widely-used in embedded and industrial applications.
T13.org
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is a technology  designed to move data to and from computer storage devices such as hard drives and tape drives.
It is a point-to-point serial protocol that replaces the parallel SCSI.
SCSI  first appeared in the mid 1980s in corporate data centers.
SAS  uses the standard SCSI command set.
At present it is slightly slower than the final parallel SCSI implementation, but in 2009 it will double its present speed to 6 Gbit/s. This will permit much higher speed data transfers.
The protocol is "downwards"-compatible with second generation SATA drives.
These drives may be connected to SAS backplanes (controllers), but SAS drives can not be connected to SATA backplanes.
SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) vs parallel SCSI
The SAS bus is point-to-point while the SCSI bus is multidrop.
Each SAS device is connected by a dedicated link to the initiator,  unless an expander is used.
If one initiator is connected to one target,  there is no opportunity for contention;  with parallel SCSI,  even this situation could cause contention.
SAS has no termination issues and does not require terminator packs like parallel SCSI.
SAS eliminates clock skew.
SAS supports up to 16,384 devices through the use of expanders while Parallel SCSI is limited to 8, 16, or 32 devices (including the SCSI controller) on a single channel.
SAS supports a higher transfer speed (1.5 OR 3.0 Gbit/s) than most parallel SCSI standards.
The speed is realized on each initiator-target connection, hence higher throughput whereas in parallel SCSI the speed is shared across the entire multidrop bus.
SAS controllers are required by the standard to support SATA devices.
Both SAS and parallel SCSI use the SCSI command-set.
SAS vs SATA
SATA devices are uniquely identified by their port number connected to the Host bus adapter while SAS devices are uniquely identified by their World Wide Name (WWN).
Most SAS drives provide Tagged Command Queuing, while most newer SATA drives provide Native Command Queuing, each of which has its pros and cons.
SATA follows the ATA command set and thus only supports hard drives and CD/DVD drives.
In theory, SAS also supports numerous other devices including scanners and printers.
However, this advantage could also be moot, as most such devices have also found alternative paths via such buses as USB, IEEE 1394 (FireWire), and Ethernet.
SAS hardware allows multipath I/O to devices while SATA (prior to SATA II) does not.
Per specification, SATA II makes use of port multipliers to achieve port expansion.
Some port multiplier manufacturers have implemented multipath I/O leveraging port multiplier hardware.
SATA is marketed as a general-purpose successor to Parallel ATA and is now common in the consumer market, while the more expensive SAS is marketed for critical server applications.
SAS error recovery and reporting utilize SCSI commands which have more functionality than the ATA SMART commands used by SATA drives.
SAS uses higher signaling voltages (800-1600 mV TX, 275-1600 mV RX) than SATA (400-600 mV TX, 325-600 mV RX).
When SAS is mixed with SATA, the SAS drives run at SATA-voltages.
One reason for this higher voltage is so SAS may be used in server backplanes.
Because of its higher signaling voltages, SAS can use cables up to 8 m (25 ft) long, SATA is limited to 1 m (3 ft).
The SAS connector is much smaller than traditional parallel SCSI connectors allowing for the small  drives.
SAS supports point data transfer speeds up to 3 Gbit/s, but is expected to reach 12 Gbit/s by the year 2012.
T10 committee
SCSI Trade Association
All the Greatest Hits is an album from the band McFly.
They released it on November 5, 2007 and it features all of McFly's UK singles.
The album also includes 3 new songs: "The Heart Never Lies", "The Way You Make Me Feel" and "Don't Wake Me Up".
Five Colours In Her Hair
All About You/You've Got A Friend
The Heart Never Lies (radio edit)
Please, Please
Room On The 3rd Floor
I'll Be OK
Baby's Coming Back
All the Greatest Hits - Deluxe Fan Edition
I Wanna Hold You
The Ballad Of Paul K
Sorry's Not Good Enough
Five Colours In Her Hair (US Version)
Memory Lane (Live at the Manchester Arena 2006)
Greatest hits albums
"The Judas Kiss" is the fourth single off the album by rock band Metallica off their ninth studio album Death Magnetic.
Metallica's Discography of Death Magnetic
"Cyanide" (2008)
"The Day That Never Comes" (2008)
"My Apocalypse" (2008)
"The Unforgiven III" (2008)
"That Was Just Your Life" (2008)
Death Magnetic is the ninth studio album by heavy metal band Metallica.
The album was released September 12, 2008 with the hits The Day That Never Comes, Cyanide, My Apocalypse, The Unforgiven III, and The Judas Kiss.
That Was Just Your Life
Broken, Beat & Scarred
The Day That Never Comes
The Unforgiven III
Suicide & Redemption
2009 Grammy nominations
Death Magnetic was nominated for four Grammy awards.
Rick Rubin won "Producer of the Year, Non-Classical" for his work on Death Magnetic, as well as other albums this past year.
Best Metal Performance ("My Apocalypse")
Best Rock Instrumental Performance ("Suicide & Redemption")
Non-singles
Tagged Command Queueing (TCQ) is a technology that allows to send multiple read and write requests to a hard drive simultaneously.
ATA TCQ is not identical in function to the more efficient Native Command Queuing (NCQ) used by SATA drives.
SCSI TCQ does not suffer from the same limitations as ATA TCQ.
Before TCQ, an operating system was only able to send one request at a time.
In order to boost performance, it had to decide the order of the requests based on its own, possibly incorrect, idea of what the hard drive was doing.
With TCQ, the drive can make its own decisions about how to order the requests (and in turn relieve the operating system from having to do so).
The result is that TCQ can improve the overall performance of a hard drive if it is implemented correctly.
For efficiency the sectors should be serviced in order of proximity to the current head position, rather than in the order received.
The queue is constantly receiving new requests and fulfilling and removing existing requests, and re-ordering the queue according to the current pending read/write requests and the changing position of the head.
The exact reordering algorithm may depend upon the controller and the drive itself, but the host computer simply makes requests as needed, leaving the controller to handle the details.
If the buttons for floors 5, 2, and 4 are pressed in that order with the elevator starting on floor 1, an old elevator would go to the floors in the order requested.
A modern elevator processes the requests to stop at floors in the logical order 2, 4, and 5, without unnecessary travel.
Non-queueing disk drives service the requests in the order received, like an old elevator; queueing drives service requests in the most efficient order.
This may improve performance slightly in a system used by a single user, but really comes into its own in a system with many users, making requests all over the disk surface.
Native Command Queuing (NCQ) is a technology designed to increase performance of SATA hard disks on computers.
It can do this under certain situations by allowing the individual hard disk to internally optimize the order in which it executes the read and write requests it received.
This can reduce the amount of unnecessary drive head movement and resulting in better performance (and slightly decreased wear of the drive) for workloads where multiple read/write requests are outstanding at the same time.
This situation most often occurs in server-type applications.
However, the current (as of 2004) technology actually slows down HD access in certain applications, like games and sequential reads and writes, because of the added latency induced by NCQ logic.
Native Command Queuing was preceded by Parallel ATA's version of Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ).
ATA's attempt at integrating TCQ was constrained by the requirement that ATA host bus adapters use ISA bus device protocols to interact with the operating system.
The resulting high CPU overhead and negligible performance gain contributed to a lack of market acceptance for TCQ.
NCQ differs from PATA TCQ in that the command re-ordering is performed by the drive rather than the operating system, and each command is equal in importance.
This is preferable since the drive has the most knowledge of its performance characteristics, and is able to take rotational position into account.
NCQ and PATA TCQ have a maximum queue length of 32 in-flight commands (31 in practice), while SCSI TCQ has a maximum queue length of 264 in-flight commands.
For NCQ to be enabled, it must be supported and enabled in the SATA host bus adapter and in the hard drive itself.
The appropriate device driver must be loaded into the operating system to enable NCQ on the host bus adapter.
Many newer chipsets support the Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), which should allow a generic driver supplied by the operating system to control them and enable NCQ.
In fact, newer mainstream Linux kernels support AHCI natively.
Unfortunately, Windows XP requires the installation of a vendor-specific driver even if AHCI is present on the host bus adapter.
Windows Vista corrects this situation by including a generic AHCI driver.
Tom's Hardware Analysis of Hype vs. Reality
Serial Storage Architecture is a technology used to attach hard disks to Servers.
It was developed by IBM in the 1990s.
IBM produced a number of drives with this standard, but today, it has been largely replaced by the Fibre Channel architecture.
Fibre Channel, or FC is an architecture (and a set of protocols to attach disk drives to computers, like in a Storage Area Network.
Networks today are done with 4 GBit/s and 8 GBit/s over fiberglass cables.
This is enough to support data transfer rates of up to 800 MBit/s. Fibrechannel permits connecting the same disk subsystem to several computers.
It typically uses the SCSI command set.
Basically, there are two topologies (ways to do this):
Arbitrated Loop: All the devices are connected in a logical bus topology (shown on the right in the picture above).
The devices can be connected in a ring much like Token Ring.
This avoids using the Fibre Channel Switches, which are very expensive.
Fabric All devices are connected to Fibre Channel Switches.
This is similar to Ethernet.
It is more expensive though, because Switches that support Fibre Channel are very expensive.
Parigné-sur-Braye is a commune of 624 people (1999).
Parné-sur-Roc is a commune of 1,157 people (2007).
Le Pas is a commune of 515 people (1999).
La Pellerine is a commune of 291 people (1999).
Peuton is a commune of 211 people (1999).
Placé is a commune of 326 people (1999).
Pommerieux is a commune of 589 people (1999).
Pontmain is a commune of 893 people (1999).
Port-Brillet is a commune of 1,814 people (1999).
Préaux is a commune of 156 people (1999).
Pré-en-Pail is a former commune of 2 128 people (2004).
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Pré-en-Pail-Saint-Samson.
Quelaines-Saint-Gault is a commune of 1,739 people (1999).
Ravigny is a commune of 198 people (1999).
Renazé is a commune of 2,791 people (1999).
Rennes-en-Grenouilles is a commune of 105 people (1999).
Le Ribay is a commune of 473 people (2005).
La Roë is a commune of 241 people (1999).
La Rouaudière is a commune.
333 people lived there in 1999.
Ruillé-Froid-Fonds is a commune of 496 people (2005).
Ruillé-le-Gravelais is a former commune of 619 people (1999).
It is in the Pays de la Loire region  in the Mayenne department in northwest France.
Sacé is a commune of 320 people (1999).
Saint-Aignan-de-Couptrain is a commune of 360 people as of 1999.
Saint-Aignan-sur-Roë is a commune of 926 people (1999).
Saint-Aubin-du-Désert is a commune of 236 people (number of people measured in 1999).
Saint-Aubin-Fosse-Louvain is a commune of 252 people (1999).
Saint-Baudelle is a commune of 1,005 people (1999).
Saint-Berthevin is a commune of 6,909 people (2007).
Saint-Berthevin-la-Tannière is a commune of 384 people (1999).
Saint-Brice is a commune in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.
Saint-Calais-du-Désert is a commune of 318 people (1999).
Saint-Céneré is a former commune of 459 people (1999).
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré.
On 1 January 2019, the commune was unified with Deux-Évailles, Montourtier and Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons, and the new municipality took the name of Montsûrs.
Saint-Charles-la-Forêt is a commune of 190 people (1999).
It is in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.
Saint-Christophe-du-Luat is a former commune of 553 people (1999).
Saint-Cyr-en-Pail is a commune of 441 people (1999).
Saint-Cyr-le-Gravelais is a commune of 474 people (1999).
Saint-Denis-d'Anjou is a commune of 1,337 people (1999).
Saint-Denis-de-Gastines is a commune of 1,683 people (1999).
Saint-Denis-du-Maine is a commune of 307 people (1999).
Sainte-Gemmes-le-Robert is a commune of 930 people (2004).
Saint-Ellier-du-Maine is a commune of 465 people (1999).
Sainte-Marie-du-Bois is a commune.
210 people lived there in 1999.
Saint-Erblon is a commune of 166 people (1999).
Sainte-Suzanne is a former commune of 1,020 people (1999).
Saint-Fort is a former commune of 1,571 people (1999).
Saint-Fraimbault-de-Prières is a commune of 904 people (1999).
Saint-Georges-Buttavent is a commune of 1,391 people (1999).
Saint-Georges-le-Fléchard is a commune of 288 people (2005).
Saint-Georges-sur-Erve is a commune in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in  northwest France.
Saint-Germain-d'Anxure is a commune of 274 people (1999).
Saint-Germain-de-Coulamer is a commune of 393 people (1999).
Saint-Germain-le-Fouilloux is a commune of 670 people (1999).
Saint-Germain-le-Guillaume is a commune of 410 people (2007).
Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine is a commune of 664 people (1999).
Saint-Jean-sur-Erve is a former commune of 489 people (2007).
Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne is a commune of 1,196 people (1999).
Saint-Julien-du-Terroux is a commune of 232 people (1999).
Saint-Laurent-des-Mortiers is a former commune of 188 people (1999).
Saint-Léger is a commune of 231 people (2004).
Saint-Loup-du-Dorat is a commune of 335 people (2004).
Saint-Loup-du-Gast is a commune of 305 people (1999).
Saint-Mars-du-Désert is a commune of 169 people (1999).
Saint-Mars-sur-Colmont is a commune of 435 people (1999).
Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie is a commune of 623 people (1999).
Saint-Martin-de-Connée is a former commune of 420 people (1999).
On 1 January 2021, it was merged into the new commune of Vimartin-sur-Orthe.
Saint-Martin-du-Limet is a commune of 493 people (1999).
Saint-Michel-de-Feins is a former commune of 136 people (1999).
Saint-Michel-de-la-Roë is a commune of 210 people (1999).
Saint-Ouën-des-Toits is a commune of 1,435 people (1999).
Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons is a former commune of 174 people (1999).
On 1 January 2019, the commune was unified with Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré, Deux-Évailles and Montourtier, and the new municipality took the name of Montsûrs.
Saint-Pierre-des-Landes is a commune of 946 people (1999).
Saint-Pierre-des-Nids is a commune of 1,712 people (1999).
It is to be found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Pierre-la-Cour is a commune of 1,838 people (2007).
Saint-Pierre-sur-Erve is a commune of 138 people (2005).
Saint-Pierre-sur-Orthe is a former commune of 531 people (1999).
Saint-Poix is a commune of 393 people (2007).
Saint-Quentin-les-Anges is a commune of 376 people (1999).
Saint-Samson is a former commune of 334 people (1999).
Saint-Saturnin-du-Limet is a commune of 546 people (1999).
Saint-Sulpice is a former commune of 188 people (1999).
Saint-Thomas-de-Courceriers is a commune of 246 people (1999).
Saulges is a commune of 328 people (2005).
In Saulges, there is also a prehistoric canyon which is 1.8 million years old and 20 different prehistoric caves.
La Selle-Craonnaise is a commune of 882 people (1999).
Senonnes is a commune of 325 people (1999).
Simplé is a commune of 256 people (1999).
Soucé is a commune of 180 people (1999).
Soulgé-sur-Ouette is a commune of 1,073 people (2007).
Thorigné-en-Charnie is a commune of 162 people (2004).
Thubœuf is a commune of 231 people (1999).
Torcé-Viviers-en-Charnie is a commune of 737 people (1999).
Trans is a commune of 238 people (1999).
Vaiges is a commune of 1,151 people (2005).
Vautorte is a commune of 573 people (1999).
Vieuvy is a commune of 115 people (1999).
Villaines-la-Juhel is a commune of 3,179 people (1999).
Villepail is a commune.
Villiers-Charlemagne is a commune of 959 people (2004).
Vimarcé is a former commune of 236 people (1999).
Voutré is a commune of 821 people (1999).
Walter William Walsh (April 30, 1897 to January 15, 1966) was a Major League Baseball player.
Walsh only played two games, never getting an at-bat for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1920.
He was used as a pinch runner in the two games he played.
Walsh was born in Newark, New Jersey and died in Avon-by-the-Sea, New Jersey
Middle Franconia (, ; Main-Franconian: Middlfrangng) is a government region in the Free State of Bavaria.
The seat of government is Ansbach.
In the area of this region are the cities Nuremberg, Fürth, Erlangen.
This shows the cities and districts (Landkreis) of Middle Franconia.
The Orne (61) is a department in France.
It is in the Normandy region.
Its prefecture is Alençon and its sub-prefectures are Argentan and Mortagne-au-Perche.
The department's name comes from the river Orne which flows through it.
Pommeau
Poiré
Cidre
(A château is a castle in French)
Château of Sassy
Château médiéval de Domfront
Château of Couterne
Château of La Ferté-Fresnel at La Ferté-Frênel
Château of Carrouges
Departments in Normandy
He was best known for his time that he spent with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where he won the Intercontinental Championship, the United States Championship and the World Tag Team Championship and WWE Tag Team Championship with his brother Primo.
Colon was released by the WWE on 21 May 2010.
Since then, he is wrestling on the independent circuit.
Puerto Rican professional wrestlers
The NBA All-Star Game is an NBA game in which the best players in the Eastern Conference play with the best players in the Western Conference.
The first game started on March 2, 1951 at the Boston Garden.
The game is played differently than a normal basketball game, but stick to normal NBA rules.
1951 establishments in North America
The National Hockey League All-Star Game is an exhibition ice hockey game that traditionally marks the midway point of the National Hockey League's regular season.
Gordie Howe, 23 times.
Ray Bourque, 19 times.
Wayne Gretzky, 17 times.
Frank Mahovlich, 15 times.
Paul Coffey, 15 times.
Mark Messier, 15 times.
Glenn Hall, 13 times.
Joe Sakic, 12 times. (
elected to the team 13 times, was injured in 1997)
Terry Sawchuk, 11 times.
Patrick Roy, 11 times.
Mario Lemieux, 10 times.
Steve Yzerman, 10 times.
Teemu Selanne, 10 times.
Nicklas Lidstrom, 10 times.
Martin Brodeur, 9 times. (
elected to the team 10 times, had a family obligation in 2008)
Mats Sundin, 9 times.
Ice hockey competitions
A Biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible.
They vary in size from tiny scrolls containing individual verses of the Jewish scriptures to huge polyglot codices containing both the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and the New Testament, as well as other works.
Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh) manuscripts
The Aleppo Codex (c. 920 AD) and Leningrad Codex (c. 1008 AD) were the oldest Hebrew language manuscripts of the Tanakh.
The 1947 find at Qumran of the Dead Sea scrolls pushed the manuscript history of the Tanakh back a millennium from the two earliest complete codices.
Before this discovery, the earliest extant manuscripts of the Old Testament were in Greek in manuscripts such as Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus.
Out of the roughly 800 manuscripts found at Qumran, 220 are from the Tanakh.
Every book of the Tanakh is represented except for the Book of Esther; however, most are fragmentary.
Notably, there are two scrolls of the Book of Isaiah, one complete (1QIsa), and one around 75% complete (1QIsb).
These manuscripts generally date between 150 BC to 70 AD.
New Testament manuscripts
Parts of the New Testament have been preserved in more manuscripts than any other ancient work.
There are over 5,800 complete or fragmented Greek manuscripts, 10,000 Latin manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages, such as Syriac, Slavic, Gothic, Ethiopic, Coptic and Armenian.
The dates of these manuscripts range from about 125 AD (the Ryland manuscript, P52; containing fragments of the oldest copy of John) to the introduction of printing in Germany in the 15th century.
Most of these manuscripts date after the 10th century.
Although there are more manuscripts that preserve the New Testament than there are for any other ancient writing, the text preserved in these later, numerous manuscripts may not be the same as the text as it existed in antiquity.
"It is true, of course, that the New Testament is abundantly attested in the manuscripts produced through the ages, but most of these manuscripts are many centuries removed from the originals, and none of them perfectly accurate.
They all contain mistakes - altogether many thousands of mistakes.
It is not an easy task to reconstruct the original words of the New Testament....".
"In evaluating the significance of these statistics...one should consider, by way of contrast, the number of manuscripts which preserve the text of the ancient classics.
Homer's Iliad...is preserved by 457 papyri, 2 uncial manuscripts, and 188 minuscule manuscripts.
Among the tragedians the witnesses to Euripides are the most abundant; his extant works are preserved in 54 papyri and 276 parchment manuscripts, almost all of the later dating from the Byzantine period...the time between the composition of the books of the New Testament and the earliest extant copies is relatively brief.
Instead of the lapse of a millennium or more, as is the case of not a few classical authors, several papyrus manuscripts of portions of the New Testament are extant which were copies within a century or so after the composition of the original documents".
Carm
Biblical manuscripts
The districts of England are a level of subdivisions of England used for the purposes of local government.
The first local government districts were created in 1894 by the Local Government Act 1894 which created urban districts and rural districts as sub-divisions of counties (which had been created in 1889).
Another reform in 1899 created 28 metropolitan boroughs as sub-divisions of the County of London.
1890s establishments in England
A jug band is a band that has a jug player and a variety of home-made instruments.
These home-made instruments could be ordinary objects adapted to or created to make sound, like the washtub bass, washboard, spoons, stovepipe, and comb and tissue paper (kazoo).
The Memphis Jug Band was a famous band from the 1920s to the 1950s.
Steven John "Steve" Carell (born August 16, 1962) is an American actor, comedian, producer, writer and director.
His father is of Italian and German descent, and his mother was of Polish ancestry.
Carell is best known for his comedic work as Michael Scott in The Office and The Daily Show.
He played Andy Stitzer in The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Gru in Despicable Me and Despicable Me 2 and John Eleuthère du Pont in Foxcatcher.
He has appeared on Saturday Night Live.
He starred as Donald Rumsfeld in the 2018 comedy Vice.
In 2020, he starred as General Mark R. Naird in the Netflix sitcom Space Force.
Comedians from Massachusetts
Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak  also spelled Quṭb ud-Dīn Aibak or Qutub ud-Din Aybak, (1150–1210), was the founder of the Mamluk Dynasty in Delhi and the first sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.
He was born at Turk in the Aybak tribe and was the sultan for only four years, 1206-1210.
Qutb-ud-din Aibak was born to a Turkish family in Central Asia.
He was sold as a slave in his childhood.
But this went well because he was brought up by the chief Qazi of Nishapur, a town in northeastern Iran.
He was treated like one of the sons of this Qazi and was given a good education, including training in archery and horsemanship.
However when the master died, his jealous sons sold Qutb-ud-din Aibak to a slave master.
Advancement and military conquests
Qutb-ud-din Aibak was finally purchased by the ruler of Ghor in central Afghanistan, Sultan Muhammad Ghori.
Qutb-ud-din Aibak gradually rose to the rank of a Commander and became a trusted slave of Sultan Ghori.
The conquests of northern India were executed mainly by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, which helped Ghori to consolidate his position there.
Gradually, as Sultan Ghori concentrated on Central Asia after 1192, he was given the independent charge of the conquests in India.
In India, Qutb-ud-din Aibak is infamous for massive destruction and plunder of several Hindu temples, whose wealth he looted away.
His lieutenant, Bhakthiar Khilji, following in his master's footsteps ravaged the famous university of Nalanda, killing all the monks and scholars there, as well as burning the huge library down.
It is said that the fires raged for 3 months, such was the voluminous material being burnt.
Muhammad Ghori established himself as strong ruler with his empire extending over Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India.
Qutb-ud-din Aibak crowned himself the Sultan of Delhi in 1206, when Muhammad Ghori was killed on the battlefield.
After his death, when Aibak came to the throne, he ruled over those places where he was appointed as the local receiver-general of Sultan Ghori.
Despite the rebellions by nobles like Taj-ud-din Ildiz and Nasir-ud-din Qubachah, he strengthened the administrative system, which had been established by ghori
Though Qutb-ud-din Aibak started the construction of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque  which was among the earliest Muslim monuments in Delhi, he could not complete them.
These architectures were later completed by his successor Shamsuddin iltumishs.
He started building the "Adhai Din Ka Jhopra" (meaning "Shed of 2 and half days"), a mosque in the Ajmer city of Rajasthan, India.
It was commissioned by Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak, on orders of Muhammad Ghori, in 1192 CE.
It was completed in 1199 CE, and further beautified by Iltutmish of Delhi in 1213 CE.
Death and succession
He was buried in Lahore near the Anarkali Bazaar.
He was succeeded by Shamsuddin Iltutmish, another slave who rose to the level of a Sultan, thus extending the Slave/Mamluk Dynasty.
He wasn't interested in expanding his territory instead wanted to settle problems in his present empire.
Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori () (1149 – March 15, 1206) was sultan of the Ghurid Empire.
He ruled from 1173 to 1202 along with his brother Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad.
He also ruled from 1202 to 1206.
He was known as Muhammad of Ghor.
His birth name was Shihab ad-Din.
Mu'izz ad-Din was one of greatest ruler of the Ghurid dynasty.
He is also known as founder of Muslim rule in Indian subcontinent.
He ruled over a large part of subcontinent, which is now part of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran, north India, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.
In 1173 Mu'izz ad-Din took the city of Ghazni from Mahmud of Ghazni which he did to avenge the death of his ancestor Muhammad ibn Suri.
He used this city as a base for expansion into northern India.
In the meantime, he helped his brother Ghiyath to win over Khwarazmian Empire for the lordship of Khorasan in Western Asia.
In 1175, Mu'izz captured Multan from the Hamid Ludi dynasty, which were Muslim Pashtun, and also took Uch in 1175.
He also occupied the Ghaznavid principality of Lahore in 1186, which was the last place of safety of his Persianised enemies.
After the death of Ghiyath in 1202, he became the successor of the Ghurid Empire and ruled until his assassination in 1206.
After struggle among the remaining Ghuri leaders, Khwarizmi took over the Ghurid Sultanate in about 1215.
Though the Ghurid's empire was short, and after them Timurids took over the Ghurid empire.
Mu'izz's laid the foundations of Muslim rule in India.
Qutbu l-Din Aibak, a former slave (Mamluk) of Mu'izz, was the first Sultan of Delhi.
Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad was born in 1149 in the Ghor region, which is now Afghanistan.
His father, Baha al-Din Sam I, was the local ruler of the Ghor region at that time.
Mu'izz also had an elder brother named Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad.
During their early life, Mu'izz and Ghiyath were imprisoned by their uncle Ala al-Din Husayn, but were later released by their uncle's son Sayf al-Din Muhammad.
When Sayf died in 1163, the Ghurid nobles supported Ghiyath as their leader, and helped him to took over the throne.
Ghiyath shortly gave Mu'izz control over Istiyan and Kajuran.
However, the throne was challenged by many Ghurid chiefs during which Mu'izz helped his brother Ghiyath in defeating and killing a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas.
1206 deaths
1149 births
Comedians from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Wilson was born in Dallas, to photographer Laura (Cunningham) Wilson and Robert Andrew Wilson.
He has an older brother, Andrew, and a younger brother, Luke.
Both brothers are also involved in movie making.
Wilson went to the University of Texas at Austin.
He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English.
The Sheryl Crow album C'mon C'mon has the song "Safe and Sound".
The liner notes say it is about Wilson and Crow's relationship.
On August 26, 2007, Wilson was taken to St. John's Health Center.
It was reported as a suicide attempt.
He was later moved to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
His lawyer later said that Wilson had depression.
A few days later, Wilson withdrew from starring in Tropic Thunder.
He dated Kate Hudson in 2006.
The pair broke up.
It was widely reported that he tried to commit suicide in 2007 after the relationship with Hudson ended.
In 2008, it was reported the pair were to marry.
However the two would again break up and make up a number of times over 2008 and 2009.
On January 10, 2011, Wilson's representative said that Wilson and his girlfriend, Jade Duell, were expecting a baby.
Just four days later, on January 14, it was Duell gave birth in Hawaii to a baby boy, Robert Ford Wilson.
Wilson is a fan of several Dallas-area professional sports teams.
He has been spotted at Dallas Cowboys, Dallas Mavericks and Texas Rangers games.
He is also a supporter of the English football team Chelsea F.C..
Wilson's bumped nose is because he broke it twice.
Once was during a high school fight, and once playing football with friends.
Luke Cunningham Wilson (born September 21, 1971) is an American movie actor.
Rogen was born in Vancouver, British Columbia.
His parents are Sandy Belogus and Mark Rogen.
Rainn Dietrich Wilson (born January 20, 1966) is an Emmy-nominated and Screen Actors Guild Award-winning American actor.
He is known for his roles as the egomaniacal Dwight Schrute on the American television sitcom The Office.
The Office is an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning American television sitcom airing on National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and developed by Greg Daniels.
It is an American adaptation of the BBC series with the same name.
It is set in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
Michael Scott is played by Steve Carell
Dwight Schrute is played by Rainn Wilson
Andy Bernard is played by Ed Helms
Pam Halpert is played by Jenna Fischer
Jim Halpert is played by John Krasinski
Stanley Hudson is played by Leslie David Baker
Phyllis Lapin-Vance is played by Phyllis Smith
Angela Martin is played by Angela Kinsey
Kevin Malone is played by Brian Baumgartner
Oscar Martinez is played by Oscar Nunez
Erin Hannon is played by Ellie Kemper
Ryan Howard is played by B. J. Novak
Meredith Palmer is played by Kate Flannery
Creed Bratton is played by Creed Bratton
Toby Flenderson is played by Paul Lieberstein
Kelly Kapoor is played by Mindy Kaling
Darryl Philbin is played by Craig Robinson
Nellie Bertram is played by Catherine Tate
Karen Filippelli is played by Rashida Jones
Holly Flax is played by Amy Ryan
Robert California is played by James Spader
Jo Bennett is played by Kathy Bates
Gabe Lewis is played by Zach Woods
Hank the security guard is played by Hugh Dane
Jan Levinson is played by Melora Hardin
David Wallace is played by Andy Buckley
Pennsylvania in fiction
Kevin George Knipfing (born April 26, 1965), known professionally as Kevin James, is an American comedian and Emmy Award-nominated actor.
He is known for his portrayal of lead character Doug Heffernan on the television sitcom The King Of Queens, and Eric Lamonsoff in Grown Ups and Grown Ups 2.
Mark Richard Hamill (born September 25, 1951) is an American actor and writer.
He is known for his portrayal of Luke Skywalker in the original Star Wars trilogy (1977–1983), the Star Wars sequel trilogy (2015–2019), and for voicing The Joker in almost all animated Batman television series or animated movies.
Hamill has gained a reputation as a voice actor.
He first did voice acting work in the early 1970s voicing the character Corey Anders on the Saturday morning cartoon Jeannie by Hanna-Barbera Productions.
He later played Sean in the Ralph Bakshi film Wizards, which was released just three months before Star Wars in 1977.
In addition Hamill has also provided the voice for Fire Lord Ozai in Avatar: The Last Airbender, and Chanukah Zombie on Futurama.
He also provided the voice of Chucky in the 2019 reboot of the franchise.
Hamill is the co-writer of The Black Pearl, a comic book miniseries published by Dark Horse Comics.
He wrote an introduction to the Trade Paperback Batman: Riddler Two-Face which reprints various stories involving The Riddler and Two-Face to tie in with Batman Forever.
He has also written several stories for Simpsons Comics, including "Catastrophe in Substitute Springfields!",
which parodies DC's Crisis on Infinite Earths and also references several other classic comics.
Hamill directed and starred in the 2004 direct-to-DVD Comic Book: The Movie.
A comic book fan who attended science fiction and comic conventions before he became famous, Hamill stated that his character was based on an exaggerated version of himself.
He and his crew shot most of the mockumentary film during the 2002 San Diego Comic-Con, and enlisted Stan Lee, Kevin Smith, Bruce Campbell and Hugh Hefner in small roles.
The movie won an award for Best Live-Action DVD Premiere Movie at the 2005 DVD Exclusive Awards.
Hamill married dentist Marilou York in a private civil ceremony on December 17, 1978.
They have three children together: Nathan (born September 25, 1979), Griffin (born March 4, 1983), and Chelsea Elizabeth (born July 27, 1988) On January 11, 1977, Hamill was in a car accident in which he fractured his nose and left cheekbone, requiring seven hours of surgery.
According to Hamill in a recorded interview, he was driving his BMW on a freeway and became distracted, and seeing that he was missing his offramp, tried to negotiate four lanes of traffic (some real scars from the crash made an appearance in The Empire Strikes Back).
Mark Hamill at the Internet Movie Database
Francis Michael "Whitey" Wistert (born February 20, 1912 in Chicago,  Illinois, died April 23, 1985 in Painesville, Ohio) was an American football and baseball player.
He played college football for the University of Michigan Wolverines.
He was added into the College Football Hall of Fame after he was elected to it in 1967.
He and his two brothers are three of the seven players who have had their uniform numbers retired by Michigan Wolverines football.
While at college, Wistert helped Michigan win the Big Ten Conference football championship in 1931, 1932, and 1933.
He was also Big Ten Most Valuable Player in college baseball.
He later played for the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball.
College athletics
Wistert graduated from Chicago's Schurz High School in 1929.
He attended the University of Michigan where he was an athlete in both football and baseball in 1931, 1932, and 1933.
The Wistert brothers of Michigan
Wistert played for the Michigan Wolverines before his two brothers, Al Wistert and Alvin Wistert, did.
All three Wistert brothers wore the number 11 for the Wolverines football team, and all three were members of the College Football All-America team, which is the best players through all of the United States.
When interviewed by the Detroit News in 2004, brother Alvin Wistert said, "And if I'm not mistaken I think this is unprecedented in the  of college football: that three brothers all would go to the same school, all played football.
All played tackle, all wore the same number 11, all made All-American.
Two of us played on four national championship teams.
They all made it into the College Football Hall of Fame."
The Wistert brothers grew up on the northwest side of Chicago and were the sons of a Lithuanian family.
Their father was a Spanish-American War veteran, who later died while working for the Chicago Police Department.
Brother Alvin Wistert said that their father, "was born Casmir Vistertus and he Anglicized it when he came to America to Wistert."
The story of the Wistert brothers at Michigan began when Whitey's Carl Schurz High School school-mate John Kowalik was invited to visit the University of Michigan.
At the time, Whitey Wistert "was working in a factory building Majestic radios."
Kowalik took Whitey with him on his visit Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Alvin Wistert later said, "that's how it started: the Wisterts of Michigan."
As a football player, Wistert played for National Championship teams that never lost a game in 1932 and 1933  and was a chosen All-American in 1933.
The 1934 University of Michigan yearbook, the Michiganensian, had this to say by Grantland Rice: "Wistert was unanimously selected as the best tackle in the Middle-West this year.
He was an important part of Michigan's defensive line play.
He was a very good tackler and it was nearly impossible to fool him on trick plays.
He was keen, quick, and accurate in finding out how a play would happen."
Wistert and Chuck Bernard were the leaders of the 1933 offensive line when the team went 7-0-1 with a tie to the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers.
One of Wistert's teammates on the 1932 and 1933 Michigan football teams was Gerald Ford who later became the U.S. President.