the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
She liked to use dance rhythms.
She was the only member of Les Six to earn diplomas from the Paris Conservatory.
She loved children and animals and wrote many works about them.
She also wrote operas, concertos, and many works for the piano.
After 1920
It was really only in 1920 that all six composers were together.
They had all been inspired by Jean Cocteau and Eric Satie.
By 1921 Louis Durey had already left the group.
Les Six continued to be associated with the style of French music from around the 1920s.
They still remained friends, and used to visit a bar known as "La Gaya" which became Le Boeuf sur le Toit (The Ox on the Roof): the title of Milhaud's ballet.
The group published an album of piano pieces together called "Album des Six".
Five of the members worked together on the music for Cocteau's work Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel
Georges Auric (born Lodève, France, 15 February 1899; died Paris 23 July 1983) was a French composer.
He was one of the six composers who became known as Les Six.
Auric was a child prodigy.
He composed a lot of music from the age of 10, but most of these early works he destroyed later.
He grew up in Montpellier.
In 1913, his parents moved to Paris so that he could study at the Paris Conservatoire.
He studied with the composer Vincent D'Indy at the Schola Cantorum.
By the time he had joined Les Six he had already become a composer with a strong, personal style of writing.
His music is often energetic and aggressive.
Auric wrote ballet music for Diaghilev.
When Jean Cocteau started making motion pictures at the beginning of the 1930s Auric began writing film music.
He wrote soundtracks for a number of French and British films, and then for Hollywood movies, too.
The Song from Moulin Rouge made it to the hit parade.
In 1962, he gave up writing for moving pictures when he became director of the Opéra National de Paris and then chairman of SACEM, the French Performing Rights Society.
Auric continued to write classical chamber music, especially for wind instruments, for the rest of his life.
The Left (), sometimes called the Left Party (), is a political party in Germany.
It is a democratic socialist political party in Germany.
It is considered to be left-wing populist by some researchers.
The party is the direct descendant of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED).
It was formed on 16 June 2007, when The Left Party.
PDS joined with WASG to form a unified party.
The Left is a founding member of the Party of the European Left.
It is also the largest party in the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) group in the European Parliament.
According to official party figures, the Left Party had 60,350 registered members as of December 2020.
It is the fifth-largest party in Germany.
The party participates in governments in many states including Brandenburg, Thuringia, and Berlin.
The Left parliamentarian Bodo Ramelow is the Minister-President of Thuringia.
While the PDS was considered by German authorities as extremist, the WASG was not considered extremist.
The party is the most left-wing party of the six represented parties in the Bundestag.
It has been called far-left by some news outlets.
The German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Verfassungschutz) states that the party is not regarded as extremely left or a threat to democracy.
However, it does monitor some of its internal factions, such as Socialist Left.
Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice / WASG
Official Website of Die Linke
The European Left site
2007 establishments in Germany
Louis Durey (born Paris, 27 May 1888; died Saint-Tropez, France, 3 July 1979) was a French composer.
He was the oldest, but probably the least well-known of the six composers who are called Les Six.
Louis Durey was the son of a businessman.
He had no idea that he wanted to be a composer until he heard the opera Pélléas et Mélisande by Claude Debussy.
He was then already 19 years old.
He taught himself how to compose.
Durey became a member of the group called Les Six in 1920.
However, he did not take part in the music they wrote together in 1921 called Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel.
This made Jean Cocteau very annoyed.
Durey became interested in left-wing politics and later joined the Communist Party.
During the years of the Nazi occupation of World War II, he worked with the French Resistance and wrote anti-Fascist songs.
After the war he had strong Communist ideas.
This made it difficult for him to be successful in the world of music.
He wrote a lot of music during his life, but there were many years when he wrote nothing.
He composed songs, chamber music and choral works.
Arthur Honegger (10 March 1892 - 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer, who was born in Le Havre, France and lived a large part of his life in Paris.
He was a member of the group of composers called Les Six.
His most popular piece of music is an orchestral work called Pacific 231, which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive.
His full name was Oscar-Arthur Honegger, but his first name was never used.
He studied harmony and violin in Paris until his parents moved to Zürich, Switzerland, when he studied at the Conservatory there.
He then went back to Paris to study with Charles-Marie Widor and Vincent d'Indy.
He wrote a ballet Le dit des jeux du monde in 1918.
In 1926 he married Andrée Vaurabourg, a pianist and fellow student at the Paris Conservatoire.
They often went on tour together, and his wife played the piano parts to his compositions.
The couple had one daughter, Pascale, born in 1932.
Honegger also had a son, Jean-Claude (1926-2003) whose mother was the singer Claire Croiza.
In the early 1920s Honegger became famous with the "dramatic psalm" "Le Roi David" ("King David"), which is still often sung by choirs.
He wrote a lot of music between the wars, including the oratorio Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher, one of his best works.
It tells the story of Joan of Arc.
During World War II Honegger could not leave Paris.
He joined the French Resistance.
He continued to write very serious music, including four symphonies (numbers 2-5) and some religious music.
Honegger loved trains.
As a student he had spent some time travelling to Paris twice a week by train from Le Havre.
His popular orchestral work Pacific 231 describes a train on the Canadian Pacific Railway.
It was an early piece, written in 1923.
In 1947 Honegger suffered a severe heart attack, and after that he composed little.
A second heart attack caused his death eight years later in Paris.
Honegger's music is different to that of the other members of Les Six, partly because Honegger liked the Romantic music of Wagner, Strauss and Reger.
His music is tonal but with numerous strong dissonances.
His musical style was also influenced by the music of Bach.
People from Le Havre
Darius Milhaud (pronounced "DAR-yus MEE-oh") (born Marseille, 4 September 1892; died Geneva 22 June 1974) was a French composer.
He was a member of the group called Les Six.
He is one of the most important French composers of the 20th century.
He wrote more than 400 compositions.
His music is often influenced by jazz and polytonality (music in more than one key at once).
Milhaud's family were Jewish.
He grew up in Aix-en-Provence.
His father was an almond dealer.
When he was very small he often listened to the songs that were being sung by the women who were sorting out the nuts.
They were folksongs from the Provence.
When he was a young man he liked to go for walks in the Provence country.
This was an important part of his life.
Milhaud's parents liked music.
His father was a pianist and often played at local music gatherings.
His mother had a nice contralto voice.
When he was seven he learned to play the violin.
He loved the music of Claude Debussy, whom he met once.
Milhaud studied in Paris at the Paris Conservatory where he met Arthur Honegger and Germaine Tailleferre who were also to become members of Les Six.
He studied composition under Charles-Marie Widor and harmony and counterpoint with André Gédalge.
He also studied privately with Vincent d'Indy.
In Paris he was able to listen to music by a lot of great composers.
He was terribly sad when a close friend was killed in World War I. He decided to go to Brazil.
He worked there for nearly two years, deciphering codes.
He liked the sounds of the jungle.
These sounds were to have an impact on his music.
The other great influence was jazz, which he heard in 1922 in New York.
Milhaud returned to France and worked very hard.
He often travelled.
In 1940 he had to emigrate to the United States because the Nazis were arresting Jewish musicians.
In America he gave lectures.
His health became poor.
He had rheumatoid arthritis for nearly all his adult life, and by 1948 he was in a wheelchair.
He still continued to travel, and to teach, for as long as possible.
Probably his most famous student was Dave Brubeck.
In 1925 Milhaud married his cousin, an actress called Madeleine Milhaud.
She often performed speaking parts in her husband's musical works.
In his final years, she devoted herself to looking after him.
She died in Paris on 17 January 2008 at the age of 105.
Milhaud's most popular works include Le Boeuf sur le Toit (ballet), La création du monde (a ballet for small orchestra with solo saxophone, influenced by jazz), Scaramouche (for Saxophone and Orchestra, also for two pianos), and Saudades do Brazil (dance suite).
His autobiography is called Notes Sans Musique (Notes Without Music), later rewritten as Ma Vie Heureuse (My Happy Life).
Groves Dictionary online
The Saône is a river in eastern France.
It is a right tributary of the Rhône river.
It starts in the Vosges department amd joins the Rhône in the city of Lyon.
The Saône river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Couzon-au-Mont-d'Or in the Metropolitan Lyon.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Couzon-au-Mont-d'Or (13 years)
The Saône river starts  in the commune of Vioménil in the Vosges department, at an altitude of about .
The river flows in general to the south-southwest.
The Saône river flows through the 3 regions and 6 departments.
Grand Est region
Vosges department: Darney, Monthureux-sur-Saône, Châtillon-sur-Saône.
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region
Haute-Saône: Jonvelle, Corre, Jussey, Port-sur-Saône, Scey-sur-Saône, Gray;
Côte-d'Or: Auxonne, Saint-Jean-de-Losne, Seurre;
Saône-et-Loire: Verdun-sur-le-Doubs, Chalon-sur-Saône, Tournus, Mâcon, Crêches-sur-Saône.
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
Ain: Thoissey, Jassans-Riottier, Trévoux;
Rhône: Belleville-sur-Saône, Villefranche-sur-Saône, Anse;
Metropolitan Lyon: Neuville-sur-Saône, Fontaines-sur-Saône, Caluire-et-Cuire, Lyon, La Mulatière.
Main tributaries
The main tributaries, over 40 km long,  of the Saône river are:
Côney - 55.2 km
Lanterne - 64.3 km
Durgeon - 42.4 km
Ognon - 213.6 km
Doubs - 452.8 km
Seille - 100 km
Reyssouze - 75.1 km
Veyle - 66.8 km
Chalaronne - 52.3 km
Amance - 46.3 km
Salon - 71.6 km
Vingeanne - 93.3 km
Tille - 82.7 km
Ouche - 95.4 km
Dheune - 66.7
Grosne - 95.6 km
Azergues - 61.9 km
Hereford (pronounced  or )  (pronounced  "Henforth") is a city and civil parish in the West Midlands of England, close to the border with Wales and on the River Wye.
It is the county town of Herefordshire.
The name Hereford comes from the Anglo Saxon here, meaning an army and ford which is a place where soldiers could cross.
In 1997, Hereford Council lost its status as a city council, and had to appoint Charter Trustees.
Its ancient city traditions are recognised and carried on by the parish council, which is led by the City Mayor.
The finger (also called "the bird", or most commonly "the middle finger") is a common insulting hand signal in some countries.
If you put your middle finger up, you are saying something like "fuck you" or "fuck off".
However, it may also be used humorously, for example between people who are close friends.
Context is everything in these non-verbal gestures.
The gesture dates back to ancient Greece and it was also used in ancient Rome.
Historically, it represented the phallus.
Ariel is a moon of Uranus found on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell.
It was found at the same time as Umbriel.
The moon is named after the leading sylph in Alexander Pope's poem Rape of the Lock.
It is also the name of the spirit who serves Prospero in Shakespeare's The Tempest.
is a city and municipality in the county of Sør-Trøndelag, Norway.
With 198,219 inhabitants (as of October 2019), Trondheim is Norway's third largest municipality, as well as the centre of the fourth largest urban area, with a population of about 186,364.
As of 2019, the Trondheim Region, a statistical metropolitan area, has a population of 279,234.
The city of Trondheim was founded in 997.
It was frequently used as the seat of the king, and was capital of Norway until 1217.
In the Middle Ages, Trondheim was the site of several battles, including the battle between King Sverre and Erling Skakke, in 1179.
The city has experienced several major fires - the most devastating in 1651 and 1681.
The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of the buildings in Trondheim, and the 1681 fire led to a total reconstruction of the city.
The city of Trondheim became a municipality January 1, 1838.
The rural municipalities of Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda and Tiller were joined into Trondheim on January 1, 1964.
Municipality website (Norwegian only)
Trondheim.no, Trondheim's official website in Norwegian and English
AFC Ajax, a football club from Amsterdam
Ajax the Great, a hero from the Trojan war
Ajax the Lesser, another hero in the Trojan war
Ajax (programming), a technique used in web application development
Ajax, Ontario, a town in the Canadian province of Ontario
The Trondheim Region is a statistical metropolitan area in the counties of Sør-Trøndelag (population: 223,363) and Nord-Trøndelag (23,388) in Norway.
It is centered around the city of Trondheim.
1/ km²2/ Population per km², population data from ssb ;3/ Orkdal has been added to region due to new road completed
Electric potential is electric potential energy (EPE) per unit of charge.
(The unit of energy is the joule and the unit of charge is the coulomb.)
Electric potential tells what the electric potential energy of a charged object will be for every coulomb of charge it has, or how many joules of energy there will be per coulomb.
The unit for electric potential, joule per coulomb, it is named the volt in memory of Alessandro Volta.
A good analogy is water in a mill pond.
In a pond, water has gravitational potential energy because of how high it is above sea level.
When the water goes over a fall, it loses energy.
There might be a pond in the hills with 100 liters of water and 1000 joules of energy in the pond, and so there are 10 joules of energy per liter.
Another pond might have 100 liters of water but yet only 500 joules of energy because the pond is in a lower valley.
This pond has 5 joules per liter.
Similarly, we could have 100 coulombs of charge with 1000 joules of electric potential energy stored somewhere, maybe in an electric circuit.
The electric potential would be 10 joules of energy per coulomb.
In another place, maybe another place in the same electric circuit, there might be an electric potential of 5 joules per coulomb.
Just like a mass falls from a place where it has a higher potential energy, an airplane or someplace in the universe, to where it has a lower potential energy, the ground or a different place in the universe, so do charges.
Charges will always go to where they have lower electric potential  or potential.
This going is also called "falling".
A group of charges or a charged object will fall from where there is an electric potential of 10 joules per coulomb to where there is an electric potential of 5 joules per coulomb, or from a place with an electric potential of 10 volts to one with an electric potential of 5 volts.
If there are 20 coulombs of charge on an object, it will fall from having an electric potential energy (EPE) of 200 joules (20 c x (10 j/c) = 200 joules) at the place with an electric potential of 10 volts to an electric potential energy of 100 joules (20 c x (5 j/c) = 100 joules) at the place with an electric potential of 5 volts.
While this concept is also valid for gravity, it is not used.
It is almost always more useful to think of and use the total gravitational potential energy, GPE, of an object and not use the GPE per kilogram.
In electricity, it is very often more useful to use electric potential, the EPE per charge, instead of using the total electric potential energy.
Electric potential is not the same as electric potential energy.
It is electric potential energy per unit charge.
Electric potential is not the same as electric potential difference.
Electric potential difference is also called voltage (see the voltage page).
Both electric potential and voltage are things we measure, and the volt is the unit of measure for both.
Yes, a little confusing, but that is the way it is.
When voltage is used in a formula, the symbol for voltage is a lowercase v. ( e.g. voltage = current x resistance or v = ir) This distinguishes the difference between volts (V) and voltage (v) when there is only a single letter symbol to go by.
Electrical engineers use the symbol 'e' for voltage (e.g. e=ir) to distinguish the difference more clearly.
de:Elektrostatik#Potential und Spannung
Christine Teipel (1621 – 4 May 1630) was a 9 year old child who was executed as a witch.
This execution happened in Schmallenberg-Oberkirchen in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
She was questioned on March 7, 1630.
She told about 15 other people who had taken part in a Witches' Sabbath, at night.
There were 8 men, 6 women, and a little girl.
During that year, there were 7 processes, from April to June of that year.
During these processes, 58 people were sentenced to burn at the stake for witchcraft.
22 people of these were men, 2 were children.
Parts of what she had said during the trial
Pact with the devil
"bekend guetlich, daß Johan Bell...vor etzlicher zeit, weiß nit, wieviel jar, in Stephans backhaus sie die zauberei gelert, ...(Sie) Hette auch austrucklich dem teuffel zugesagt, waruf der teuffel in eins wackern jungen gestalt, ...zu ir kommen, ... zu ir gesagt, ob sie im auch stehen [zu ihm stehen] wolte.
Sie im druff geandwortet: ja, wen er ir etzwas guts tun wölte, wilches er ir auch zu tun versprochen."
"confesses, that Johan Bell (...) had taught her to do magic, some time ago; she does not know how long ago.
This happened in Stephan's bakery.
She had also committed to serving the devil.
The devil had then appeared in the form of a vigorous young boy.
The boy had asked her if she wanted to commit herself to him; she had agreed, under the condition that he should do something good for her, which he had promised (...)
Attending a Sabbat
"Sein boel (Teufelsbuhle) hett mit ir gedanzt... Der tanz hette woll zwei stunde geweret"
"Her mate (sex partner) had danced with her... The dance had lasted about two hours"
Sex with the devil
"bekend, daß der bol (Teufelsbuhle) ein ding furm leib gehabt, damit ihr in ir schamb etc.,
hab kein freud dabei gehabt, were gewesen, als wens holz gewest; und so oft sie zum tanz gezogen, hette er erst zu ihr kommen und boliret [= Geschlechtsverkehr haben], und wen sie´s nit leiden wolten, hette er ir zu schlagen gedrauwet" [= gedroht].
"confesses, that the mate (sex partner) had had a thing before him, to put into her (etc), that she did not enjoy it at all, it was like this thing were wood; And whenever she wanted to dance, he had first come, and had had sex; and when she did not want to, he had threatened to beat her (..)"
(All of them are in German)
Alfred Bruns, Die Oberkirchener Hexenprotokolle, in: Schieferbergbau-Heimatmuseum Schmallenberg- Holthausen: Hexen- Gerichtsbarkeit im kurkölnischen Sauerland, Dokumentation zur Ausstellung vom 21.7.- 4.8.1984, „Christinichen Teipeln aus Oberkirchen“, S. 26 ff
Tobias A. Kemper: "...der allnoch anwachsenden bluenden jugend zum abscheulichen exempel...".
Kinderhexenprozesse in Oberkirchen (Duchy of Westphalia).
In: SüdWestfalen Archiv Jg.4/2004.
S.115-136.
1621 births
People from North Rhine-Westphalia
AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.
It is a technique used to make webpages faster to use.
If they are programmed with AJAX, they seem to react faster.
They only send small bits of information to the web server.
That way the whole web page does not need to reload, only small parts of it.
There is a clear separation between what the page shows (the content), how it looks (the style), and what it does (the function).
Programmers that change what the page does do not need to concern themselves with how the page looks.
Pages done with Ajax only load small bits from the server.
Most of the time, they execute code on the client.
This makes the program load first so it can respond faster.
Ajax can be used to read XML or JSON among other file formats.
There are also some problems with Ajax.
These are among other things:
Some people have JavaScript disabled.
Because it does not reload the full page, it breaks the history function of the Web browser.
The Back button does not work any more.
If the network is slow (there is a high latency), this becomes more obvious when the whole page needs to be reloaded.
Users might not expect these delays.
Some web browsers do not support Ajax well, if at all.
Bradford is a major city in West Yorkshire, England.
The city has a population of about 500,000 people.
Bradford grew due to its excellence in the textile trades of nineteenth century England.
Bradford is home to Bradford City Football Club who became the first English football club to win the current FA Cup trophy in 1911.
Bradford is near to Leeds.
The two cities share the Leeds Bradford International Airport.
1847 establishments in Europe
Lithuanian litas (Lithuanian: Litas) was the national currency of the Republic of Lithuania.
Litas became a currency of Lithuania in 1922, then again in 1993.
In present days, there are 8 coins (1, 2, 5, 10, 50 cents and 1, 2 and 5 LTL) and 6 banknotes (10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 LTL) in use.
It stopped being in use in 2015.
ISO 4217 Code: LTL
Inflation: 3.6 % (2006 estimate)
Subunit: 1/100 (1 cent (centas))
Symbol: Lt
Central bank: Bank of Lithuania
Litas
Maria Holl (* 1549 in Altenstadt near Geislingen an der Steige, in Germany; † 1634) was an inn-keeper in Nördlingen.
She was accused of witchcraft, but she did not confess to a crime, despite the torture.
After this, she was released, and cleared of the accusations.
Because she was very successful running the tavern, she was accused of witchcraft.
In total, she was tortured 56 times.
At all times she only confessed to God.
No matter what was done to her, she could not be made to say to have a pact with the devil.
Many citizens of Nördlingen were in favor of her.
She was cleared of the accusations on October 11, 1594.
She was among the last people to be tried for Witchcraft, in Nördlingen.
1549 births
The duduk is one of the oldest double reed instruments in the world which dates back over 3,000 years.
Many different duduks can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus.
The roots of Armenian duduk music go back to the times of the Armenian king Tigran the Great (95-55 BC).
The instrument is seen in many Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Ages.
Jivan Gasparyan, "Eshkhemed"
Jivan Gasparyan & Nune Yesayan "Dle Yaman"
Jivan Gasparyan "Tribute"
Jivan Gasparyan "Horovel"
Jivan Gasparyan "Hin U Nor Husher"
Vatche Hovsepyan "Duduk"
Duduk.com
Duduk.co.uk
Droopy Dog is a cartoon character created by Tex Avery for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1943.
It first appeared on a cartoon named Dumb Hounded (1943).
Iraqi Kurdistan is in the north of Iraq.
The area is to the west of Iranian Kurdistan.
To Iraqi Kurdistan's west is Syrian Kurdistan, and to the north is Turkish Kurdistan.
Biohazzard Records is a German based Independent record label.
It was founded by music journalist Sascha Bahn and Alexander C.H. Lorenz (publisher of "MUMM" compilation).
He has more as 20 years experience in management of bands.
The label is distributed through "Alive!",
edel.net (Digital Distribution) and DanseMacabre (Das Ich).
They focus at Gothic, Gothic Metal and some kinds of Electro.
2000:  Sinnflut - Vergessene Melodien
2001:  Sinnflut - Wortlosigkeit
2003:  Silence - The p/o/u/r letters
2003:  Sinnflut - Gefüge (Part I & II)
2004:  Sinnflut - Im Anblick meines Augenblicks
2006:  Eisenfunk - Funkferngesteuert
2006:  Sanity Obscure - Resurrection
2007:  Silence - the badtime stories e.p.
2007:  Eisenfunk - Eisenfunk
2007:  adoptedCHILD - geliebt-getötet
Eisenfunk
PISCIDE
adoptedCHILD
Sinnflut
Die Braut
Concrete/Rage
Agapèsis
Scarelett
S.C. Inc
Biohazzard Records@myspace
Independent record labels
Arbil (also written Erbil or Irbil) is the capital of Kurdistan Region.
In Kurdish, the city is called Hewlêr.
1,190,251 people live there, mostly Kurds.
The city is 80 kilometers (50 miles) east of Mosul.
The Ruhr Area () is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Many of the cities in the Ruhrgebiet used to have a lot of heavy industry.
The Ruhr Area is bordered by the rivers Ruhr River to the south, Rhine River to the west, and Lippe to the north.
Southwest it borders the Bergisches Land.
Bishop, Patrick.
Bomber Boys Fighting Back 1940–1945
French Directorate for Economic Affairs, Memorandum on the separation of the German industrial regions, 8 September 1945.
Gareau, Frederick H.  "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany", Western Political Quarterly, Vol.
2 (Jun., 1961), pp.
517–53 in JSTOR
Yoder, Amos. "
The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem", Review of Politics, Vol.
3 (Jul., 1955), pp.
345–358 in JSTOR
Kift, Roy, The Complete Ruhrgebiet: The English language guide (2018)  () Klartext Verlag, Essen
Berndt, Christian.
Corporate Germany Between Globalization and Regional Place Dependence: Business Restructuring in the Ruhr Area (2001)
Crew, David.
Town in the Ruhr: A Social History of Bochum, 1860–1914 (1979) ()
Fischer, Conan.
The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924 (2003)
Gillingham, John.
"Ruhr Coal Miners and Hitler's War", Journal of Social History Vol.
4 (Summer, 1982), pp.
637–653 in JSTOR
Chauncy D. Harris, "The Ruhr Coal-mining District", Geographical Review, 36 (1946), 194–221.
Industry and Politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr Coal, Hitler, and Europe (1985) ()
Pounds, Norman J. G. The Ruhr: A Study in Historical and Economic Geography (1952) online
Pierenkemper, Toni. "
Entrepreneurs in Heavy Industry: Upper Silesia and the Westphalian Ruhr Region, 1852 to 1913", Business History Review Vol.
1 (Spring, 1979), pp.
65–78 in JSTOR
Royal Jae Schmidt.
Versailles and the Ruhr: Seedbed of World War II (1968)
Spencer, Elaine Glovka. "
Employer Response to Unionism: Ruhr Coal Industrialists before 1914" Journal of Modern History Vol.
3 (Sep., 1976), pp.
397–412 in JSTOR
Spencer, Elaine Glovka.
Management and Labor in Imperial Germany: Ruhr Industrialists as Employers, 1896–1914.
Rutgers University Press. (
1984) online
Todd, Edmund N. "Industry, State, and Electrical Technology in the Ruhr Circa 1900", Osiris 2nd Series, Vol.
5, (1989), pp.
242–259 in JSTOR
Capital of Culture 2010 Official Site
ruhr.2010 Capital of Culture Blog
Ruhrgebietsbilder: Photos about the Ruhr
The Iraqi dinar is the currency of Iraq.
One dinar equals 1000 fils (فلس).
Massoud Barzani (born 16 August 1946) was the first president of Iraqi Kurdistan.
He became president on 14 June 2005.
Masoud Barzani succeeded his father, the Kurdish nationalist leader Mustafa Barzani, as the leader of KDP in 1979.
Working closely with his brother Idris Barzani until Idris's death, Barzani and various other Kurdish groups fought the forces of the Iraqi government in Baghdad during the Iran–Iraq War.
For much of this time, the Kurdish leadership was exiled to Iran.
Iraqi politicians
Nechervan Idris Barzani (Kurdish:نێچیرڤان بارزانی, Nêçîrvan Îdrîs Barzanî) (born 21 September 1966) has been the Prime Minister of Iraqi Kurdistan since March 2006.
A credit card is a card which allows people to buy items without cash.
Each card has a unique number.
Using this number, plus other details on the card (such as the validity date, or a code), the client can buy goods or services.
The issuer of the card, then transfers the money to the seller.
The person using the card gets a credit.
The  customer has a certain amount of time to pay the credit card bill.
If the bill is left unpaid for some time, the customer will have to pay interest for the amount that is left unpaid.
Payment using a credit card is one of the most common methods of electronic payment.
Credit cards are usually small plastic cards with a unique number attached to an account.
Most are magnetic stripe cards and many have an EMV chip for use by card readers.
The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) was a conflict that became greatly worse by Lebanon's changing demographics.
There was conflict between Sunnis and Shias, between Christians and Muslims, and the involvement of Syria, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
After a short break in the fighting in 1976 due to Arab League mediation and Syrian intervention, civil strife continued, with fighting primarily focused in south Lebanon, occupied first by the PLO, then occupied by Israel.
On May 17, 1983, a US-backed agreement was reached for making peace between Lebanon and Israel.
The agreement failed when Syria refused to withdraw its forces.
1990s in Asia
Wars involving Lebanon
20th century in Lebanon
Mosul ( , , ) is a city in the north of Iraq.
Under the Ottoman Empire it was the capital of northern Iraq.
More than a million people lived there when Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant conquered it in 2014.
In 2017 the Iraqi Army with help from Kurdish Peshmerga troops and other militias took the city back.
Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
Published in the 21st century
ninava-explorer
Iraq Image – Mosul Satellite Observation
Detailed map of Mosul by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, from lib.utexas.edu
Mayonnaise (also known as Mayo) is a thick sauce.
It is an emulsion of vegetable oil and egg yolk, with either lemon juice or vinegar.
It is often used as a condiment for food such as salads, sandwiches and french fries.
Francis Poulenc (7 January 1899 in Paris – 30 January 1963 in Paris) was a French composer.
He was one of the group of six composers who became known as Les Six.
He composed music in many different forms: song, chamber music, oratorio, opera, ballet music and orchestral music.
His music is easy to enjoy at first hearing: it is much simpler than the music of many other composers who were writing modern music at the time.
At first the music critics did not think he was a serious composer, but later people realized the importance of his music.
He is the greatest writer of French song (mélodie) since Fauré.
Poulenc came from a rich family.
His father had a large pharmaceutical business.
His mother, an amateur pianist, taught him to play the piano.
The Catholic faith was important to him, as well as the artistic life.
These two influences shaped his personality.
The music critic Claude Rostand said that Poulenc was  "half monk and half naughty boy".
Poulenc wanted to study music at the Paris Conservatoire after his school years, but the death of both his parents changed his plans.
He had lessons from Ricardo Viñes who was a great teacher for him and helped him develop as a person.
Poulenc wrote his first compositions for his teacher.
He met many famous people including the composers Satie, Auric and Falla and writers such as Apollinaire.
He started to get his works performed, and Stravinsky helped him to get them published in London.
He continued to compose while he was doing his military service, and became a member of Les Six.
These six composers did not all compose in the same way, but they were good friends.
Poulenc felt that he needed more lessons and he studied with Charles Koechlin.
He was asked by Diaghilev to write ballet music for Les Biches.
He composed his Concerto for Two Pianos and the Organ Concerto.
He was very upset by the death of Raymonde Linossier who was the only woman he ever wanted to marry.
Poulenc was becoming aware that he was gay.
He had a lot of emotional problems with big changes of mood.
His friendship with the singer Pierre Barnac was a great help to him professionally.
Barnac was a baritone.
Poulenc composed about 90 songs for him.
They gave many concerts together.
Poulenc spent some periods of his life composing and other periods performing.
He made a series of broadcasts on French radio.
He composed a great deal of music during the 1950s.
He died suddenly of a heart attack in 1963.
Poulenc was an excellent pianist and he wrote a lot of music for the piano, especially during the 1930s.
He liked to create blurred effects by using the sustaining pedal a lot.
Some of his best piano writing is in the accompaniment to his songs.
Poulenc’s early chamber music often uses jazz ideas.
He wrote several sonatas for various instruments.
He liked writing for wind instruments.
His Piano Sextet is for piano and five wind instruments.
He wrote several works for orchestra as well as music for the stage and choral music.
His Gloria is often performed by choirs.
Children like his Story of Babar the Elephant.
It is for a storyteller and piano.
Jean Françaix made an arrangement for an orchestra.
Germaine Tailleferre (born Saint Maur Des Fossés, France, 19 April 1892; died Paris, 7 November 1983) was a French composer.
She was one of the members of the famous group Les Six.
She was called Marcelle Taillefesse when she was born.
When she was grown up she changed her last name to "Tailleferre" just to annoy her father because he had refused to let her study music.
She studied piano with her mother at home, composing short works of her own and then began studying at the Paris Conservatoire.
There she met Louis Durey, Francis Poulenc, Darius Milhaud, Georges Auric and Arthur Honegger.
She won several prizes at the Conservatoire.
She often met with her friends who became known as Les Six.
In 1923 Tailleferre began to spend a great deal of time with Maurice Ravel at his home in Monfort-L'Amaury.
Ravel encouraged her to enter the Prix de Rome Competition.
In 1925, she married Ralph Barton, an American caricaturist, and moved to Manhattan, New York.
She stayed in the United States until 1927 when she and her husband returned to France.
In the 1930s she composed the Concerto for Two Pianos, Choeurs, Saxophones and Orchestra, the Violin Concerto, the Operas "Zoulaïna" and "Le Marin de Bolivar", and her masterwork, "La Cantate de Narcisse", which she wrote with Paul Valéry.
Her work in film music included "Le Petit Chose".
After the war, in 1946, she returned to her home in France where she composed a lot more music, much of which was not published until after her death.
She was accompanist at a children's music and movement class.
She wrote shorter pieces towards the end of her life because her arthritis made writing difficult.
Suite Burlesque for piano duet (1981) in Youtube
A clade (Greek = branch) is a group of organisms with a common ancestor and all its descendants (and nothing else).
Such a clade is monophyletic.
The term 'clade' was coined by English biologist Julian Huxley.
Birds, dinosaurs, crocodiles, and all other descendants (living or extinct) of their most recent common ancestor form a clade.
In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single branch on the tree of life, a monophyletic group.
Biological classification needs such a natural group of organisms to be put together and given a taxonomic name.
This brings classification in line with phylogeny (how living things evolved).
In cladistics, clades are the only acceptable units.
Some versions of cladistics have been the subject of controversy.p226
History of cladistics
The term clade was introduced in 1958 by Julian Huxley, cladistic by Cain and Harrison in 1960, and cladist (for an adherent of Hennig's school) by Mayr in 1965.
Hennig referred to his own approach as phylogenetic systematics.
From the time of his original formulation until the end of the 1980s cladistics remained a minority approach to classification.
In the 1990s it rapidly became the dominant method of classification in evolutionary biology.
Computers made it possible to process large quantities of data about organisms and their characteristics (traits).
At about the same time the development of effective sequence analysis techniques made it possible to apply cladistic methods of analysis to biochemical and molecular features of organisms as well as to anatomical ones.
For some decades in the mid to late twentieth century, a commonly used methodology was numerical taxonomy.p221 This made no attempt to resolve phylogeny, only similarities.
The weakness of this approach was that it left out the connection between classification and evolution.
Phylogenetic nomenclature
Phylogenetic nomenclature is a way of giving names to the groups (clades) that have been decided on by cladistic methods.
It differs in many ways from Linnaean nomenclature.
Critics of phylogenetic nomenclature include Ashlock, Mayr, and Williams.
Monophyly and paraphyly
Monophyly is defined differently in evolutionary biology and cladistics.
In evolutionary biology, the term monophyletic refers to a group of organisms descended from its most recent common ancestor.
A monophyletic group may include all or only a part of the descendants of the common ancestor.
The ancestor may be a taxon of various ranks.
In cladistics, a group that includes only some of the descendants of the ancestral species is not monophyletic but paraphyletic.
The objective of cladistics is to block out monophyletic clades.
Therefore, the elements of a paraphyletic group must be rearranged so that they do form one or several clades.
Degree of similarity is not a criterion in grouping organisms into clades.
A distinction
Cladograms show who's related to what, and evolutionary trees show which evolved from whom.
Kevin Ferguson also known as Kimbo Slice (February 8, 1974 – June 6, 2016) was a Bahamian-born American mixed martial arts fighter.
He began fighting in a series of web videos.
He fights in backyards, airplane hangars, and nuclear power plants.
He was trained by Bas Rutten.
He was born in Nassau, Bahamas.
Slice had six children.
He used to work as a bodyguard.
Bahamian people
Pangaea was the global supercontinent which formed in the Palaeozoic era.
The process started about 450 million years ago (mya) and was complete by 210 mya.
Pangaea was the latest of a series of global supercontinents.
They formed at various times since plate tectonics began on Earth.
Generally Pangaea and Gondwana are considered as parts of the same supercontinent Gondwana-Pangaea.
The collisions between continental plates formed the greatest mountain ranges in the history of the Phanerozoic eon.
The mountain building included the Caledonian orogeny, the Alleghenian orogeny and the Variscan orogeny.
The low mountains of Scotland, Scandinavia and eastern North America are the ground-down remains of these vast events.
Break-up
There were three major phases in the break-up of Pangaea.
The first signs of rifting came in the Triassic before Pangaea was completely formed.
Pangaea broke up about 180/200 million years ago, in the early middle Jurassic.
It broke into supercontinents Laurasia and Gondwana before each of these broke into the current continents.
One rift resulted in a new ocean, the North Atlantic Ocean.
The third major and final phase of the break-up of Pangaea occurred in the early Cenozoic (Paleocene to Oligocene).
Laurasia split when North America (also called Laurentia) broke free from Eurasia, opening the Norwegian Sea about 60–55 Ma.
The Atlantic and Indian Oceans continued to expand, closing the Tethys Ocean.
Matte P. 2001.
The Variscan collage and orogeny (480-290 mya) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: a review.
Terra Nova 13, 122-128.
Stampfli G.M; Raumer J.F. von & Borel G.D. 2002.
Paleozoic evolution of pre-Variscan terranes: from Gondwana to the Variscan collision.
Geological Society of America Special Paper 364, pp.
263–280.
Torsvik T.H. et al 1996.
Continental break-up and collision in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic - a tale of Baltica and Laurentia.
Earth-Science Reviews 40, pp.
229–258.
Ziegler P.A. 1990.
Geological atlas of western and central Europe.
2nd ed, Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V.
Fatah is a Palestinian nationalist political party.
Fatah is an acronym for Harakat At-Tahriri Al-Filistiniya.
That means Palestinian National Liberation Movement in English.
It was created by Yasser Arafat in the late 1950s.
In 1968 Fatah joined the Palestinian Liberation Organization, and in 1969 it got a leadership role.
When it was founded, it did not accept the existence of Israel, but now the group officially does.
The political part of the party is not considered a terrorist group by any country, but its military part, the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades is considered a terrorist group.
Fatah says that the Brigades are not a part of the party but Israel says that Fatah supports the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades.
Fatah and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
Leaders of the brigades, and other members have said they are a military group that is a part of Fatah.
On their website, and on posters they post the Fatah Emblem.
Leaders of Fatah have said they did not create the brigades, or make them the military of Fatah.
Since 2002 leaders in Fatah have tried to get the brigades to stop attacking Israeli citizens.
Balkh () is a city in Balkh Province of Afghanistan.
It was a big city hundreds of years ago, but it was ruined by Mongols.
It was not ruined forever, though.
In 1850 it was captured by Dost Mohammad Khan.
Cities in Afghanistan
The HR produces the regional television service HR Fernsehen  (which used to be called HR Fernsehen ) and six regional radio channels.
Official website in German
As Sulaymaniyah (, ) is a province in the east of Iraq.
The capital is Sulaymaniyah.
Almost 1,800,000 people live there.
Arbil (,  Hewlêr; also written Erbil or Irbil) is a province in the north of Iraq.
1,425,000 people live in the province.
Dahuk (also Dohuk or Duhok, , , Duhok, Assyrian: ܢܘܗܕܪܐ, Nohadra) is a province in north of Iraq.
The capital is also called Dahuk.
510,000 people live in the province.
Al Anbar (;  or Anbar) is a Western Region of Iraq.
The largest province in Iraq by area, it shares borders with Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.
Al Anbar is overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim Arab.
Its capital is Ar Ramadi.
The name of the province is from the Arabic , ’Anbār, and means "granaries," as this region was the primary entrepot on the western borders of Lakhmid Kingdom.
The famous Sunni theologian Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man, who developed Hanafi, one of the Sunni Madh'habs (schools of thought) is associated with this region.
Geography of Al Anbar
Weapons in Al Anbar
Iraq War events in Al Anbar
The city of Fallujah is also in Anbar.
The Iraqi resistance were widely considered to be stronger in this province than in any other in Iraq, and hostility toward Against American forces.
In late 2004 to 2007, a series of operations by US forces, was not successful in driving resistance from Anbar.
Additionally, in early 2006, several clans—some including resistance groups raids against Americans forces in the area, the increase of sectarian violence in baghdad(that pushed many of the Sunni Dulaimi clans back into alliances with militants) and the continued resistance control of several cities in Anbar showed that fighting in the region was far from over.
Reports in March 2006 suggested that the Anbar capital Ramadi had largely fallen under resistance control along with most of the region, as a result the US sent an additional 3,500 Marines to re-establish control of the region.
The Iraq war website icasualties has reported that 1,842 Iraqi soldier and 2220 US Soldier and 7542 Mercenary were killed in action in Anbar province between the start of 2004 and the end of February 2006.
Many of these died in and around Fallujah and Ramadi.
and religious traditions.
Allegedly, former President Saddam Hussein was constantly
wary of the volatile nature of the area.
All the inhabitants of the province are Sunni Muslims from the Dulaim tribe.
In 2015 ISIL conquered Ramadi and other places in Anbar.
In late 2016 the government of Iraq recovered most of those places.
Cities and The Population
According to the election for the council governorate on January 30, 2005, The largely Sunni province is one of the most violent Against the occupation in Iraq and turnout was very low.
Of the total population of some 2 million only 3775 voted.
The most important cities
Ramadi (445 thousand) —capital of Anbar
Fallujah (425 thousand)
Hit (150 thousand)
Al-Qaim (105 thousand)
Haditha (100 thousand)
Abu Ghraib (1.5 million)
Anah
Rawah (25 thousand)
Kabisa
Anbar
Al Baghdadi
Al-Nukhaib
Akashat
Tarbil
Husaibah Al Sharqiah
Amiriyah Fallujah (40 thousand)
Saqulauiah
Jabhah
Al Sharqiah
Al Waleed
Al Saqrh
Al Mamorha
Al Enaimih
Al Rummaneh
Al Karblah
Baroana (20 thousand)
Al Khaldiya
Al Habanyah
Al Karmah
Al Quqa'
Al Haqlaniyah
Al Rahaliyah
Ar Rutba
US Army Captain Travis Patriquin presentation, "How to win in Al-Anbar"
(Captain Patriquin USA, and Major Rachel McLung USMC were both Killed by an IED, while escorting press in Anbar (one of whom was Oliver North)
Babil () is a province in Iraq.
2,000,000 people live in the province.
The capital is Al Hillah  a Shia
Coruscant is a fictional planet in the Star Wars movies.
It has been the capital of the Galaxy for many years, and during that time, the planet has become one big city.
It's most notable appearance was in the prequel trilogy.
sv:Lista över platser i Star Wars#Coruscant
Digital Video Broadcasting (often shortened to DVB) is a series of standards for sending digital content, like Television using digital technology.
Compression of the data stream allows carrying several video channels in one analog television channel.
DVB-S, DVB-S2: Use Satellites to broadcast
DVB-C: Use a coaxial cable
DVB-T, DVB-T2: Use a terrestrial signal, relayed thorough various stations
Baghdad () is a province in Iraq.
The capital is also called Baghdad.
The province is the smallest province in Iraq.
Linguine are a form of Italian pasta.
Sometimes they are also called Linguini (this is an English-language form, and is not Italian).
The name means "little tongues" in Italian - the word being derived from Latin lingua "tongue" with the suffix -ine which indicates that an item is smaller or lesser.
Linguine alle vongole (with clams) is a popular use of this sort of pasta.
Basra or Al Basrah () is a province in the southeast of Iraq.
The capital is also called Basra.
2,565,893 people live in the province.
Most eggs that are eaten by humans, including bird eggs and turtle eggs, have a protective, oval eggshell, the albumen (egg white), the vitellus (egg yolk), and various thin membranes, that are layers like skin.
Every part of the egg is edible, although the eggshell is usually thrown away.
Eggs are a good source of protein, choline, and fat-soluble vitamins.
Egg as a food ingredient
Birds' eggs are a common food source.
The most commonly used bird eggs are those from the chicken, the duck, and the goose.
Smaller eggs such as quail eggs are sometimes used as a gourmet ingredient, as are the largest bird eggs, from ostriches.
Most of the chicken eggs sold for human consumption are unfertilized.
The hens are kept without any roosters.
Fertile eggs can be bought and eaten as well.
There is no difference in the food value of fertilised and unfertilised eggs.
Fertile eggs for eating do not have a baby bird inside.
This is because eggs have to be kept cool before they are sold, and the cold stops the young inside from starting to grow.
Chicken eggs are widely used in many types of cooking.
Recipes that use eggs include sweet and savoury dishes.
Eggs can be used and cooked in many different ways.
They can be hard-boiled, soft-boiled, scrambled, fried, combined with flour in cakes or eaten raw.
Roasted eggs are used at the Jewish holiday of Passover.
Pickled eggs are hard-boiled and then put in vinegar.
They are often sold in UK fish and chip shops.
Eating raw eggs is not recommended for some people.
This is because the egg may be contaminated with bacteria (like salmonella) that could cause illness.
This could be serious for the elderly, the infirm, or pregnant women.