the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
While some of the battles the U.S. fought in were air and naval battles with Japan, the U.S. mainly fought in Europe and Africa.
The U.S. opened up several fronts, including in North Africa and Italy.
The U.S. also bombed Germany from airplanes, blowing up German cities and factories.
On June 6, 1944 (D-Day), American and British forces invaded Normandy.
A year later, the Allies had freed France and taken Berlin.
In 1945, Roosevelt died, and Harry Truman became president.
The U.S. decided to drop two atomic bombs on Japan.
Japan gave up soon afterwards, and the war ended.
The war meant different things for women and minorities.
During the war, many women worked in weapons factories.
They were symbolized by a character called "Rosie the Riveter".
Many African-Americans served in the army, but often in segregated units with white officers.
Japanese-Americans on the West Coast were forced to live in internment camps, though a few also served in the Army.
Postwar era (1945–1991)
After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States were the two most powerful countries left in the world.
The Cold War was a period of tension between the two countries over ways of life.
The two countries tried to get other countries on their side.
The Soviet Union tried to get countries to become Communist and the United States tried to stop them from being Communist.
American and Soviet soldiers never fought in battles, but they fought indirectly in the Korean War (1950s) and the Vietnam War (1950s–1970s).
The Korean War lasted only a few years, but led to American soldiers being in Korea since then.
The Vietnam War lasted much longer.
It started with a few American troops in Vietnam, but by the 1960s thousands of Americans were being sent to Vietnam.
Both wars were between a Northern Communist government helped by the Soviet Union and Communist China and a Southern government helped by the U.S. The Korean War resulted in a split Korea, but the Vietnam War resulted in a Communist Vietnam after the United States left due to American people wanting to end the war.
Over a quarter million Americans died or were wounded in Vietnam, which was very much a military failure.
The U.S. and Soviet Union argued about where they could place nuclear weapons.
One of these arguments was the Cuban Missile Crisis.
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. and Soviet Union came very close to attacking each other with nuclear weapons.
During the Cold War, the United States had a "Red Scare" where the government tried to find people it thought were Communist.
The House of Representatives had a group called the House Un-American Activities Committee to deal with this, and Joseph McCarthy led hearings in the Senate.
The Red Scare led to people losing their jobs, going to jail, and even being executed.
Many actors and authors were put on blacklists, which meant they could not get jobs in movies or get credit for their writings.
The Cold War began with an arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union to see who could have more and better weapons.
This started after the Soviets were the second country to develop an atomic bomb.
In the United States, this started something called the "Military Industrial Complex", which meant business and government working together to spend a lot of money on large-scale weapons projects.
Business and government helped each other to get more money and more power.
Part of the Complex was something called the Marshall Plan, which rebuilt Europe while making them buy American goods.
The Complex allowed for a growing middle class, but also kept the Cold War going.
Besides the arms race, another part of the Cold War was the "Space Race".
This started when the Soviets launched a satellite into space called Sputnik in 1957.
Americans became worried that the United States was falling behind the Soviet Union, and made their schools focus more on mathematics and science.
Within a few years, both the United States and the Soviet Union had sent satellites, animals and people into orbit.
In 1969 the Apollo 11 mission put Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon.
United States foreign policy changed in the 1970s when the United States left Vietnam and Richard Nixon left office due to a political scandal called Watergate.
In the 1970s and 1980s, the United States had a policy of "detente" with the Soviet Union.
This meant that the two countries signed treaties to stop use of weapons.
Under Nixon and Reagan, the United States sent troops and money to many Latin American governments to stop them from being Communist.
This led to violence in Latin America.
Around this time, the economy suffered because the United States was not making as many things as it used to, and because some countries in the Middle East were not giving the U.S. as much oil as it wanted (this was called an "oil embargo").
The Middle East became very important in American foreign policy after several Americans were kidnapped in Iran in 1979.
In the 1980s, people in the U.S. government sold weapons to people in Iran and gave the money to "contra" soldiers in Nicaragua.
This was called the "Iran-Contra affair".
In the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. normalized relations with China.
The Cold War came to an end as Communist governments in the Soviet Union and other countries fell apart.
Domestic and social issues
The United States once again had prosperity.
Millions of white people moved out of the cities and into suburbs, and into Southern and Western states known as the "Sunbelt".
They bought new cars and television sets.
The birth rate in the 1940s and 1950s rose, in what was called the "Baby Boom" The "Space Age" inspired "Googie" style art and architecture.
Many more people became part of the middle class, but there were still many people who were poor.
Poverty was most common among African-Americans.
Most lived in poor neighborhoods in Northern cities, or in the South where they faced racism and "Jim Crow" segregation.
These conditions led to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s, led by Martin Luther King Jr. and others.
In 1954, the Supreme Court found school segregation illegal in Brown v. Board of Education, though it would be several years before school segregation was ended.
In 1955, King led a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama.
In the late 1950s and 1960s, King got help from Presidents John F. Kennedy, who was shot, and Lyndon B. Johnson.
In 1963, he led a march on Washington calling for civil rights.
Soon after, Congress passed laws that made most segregation illegal.
Johnson also passed a program called the Great Society that helped poor people and minorities.
Gays and lesbians, who had often been persecuted, also started to ask for rights, beginning with the Stonewall riots in 1969.
Chicanos, Native Americans, old people, consumers, and people with disabilities also fought for rights, as did women.
Though women had had jobs during World War II, most of them went back to the home after the war.
Women did not like that they often held jobs that paid less than men or that fewer opportunities were open to them.
People like Betty Freidan and Gloria Steinem founded groups such as the National Organization for Women to try and solve these problems.
NOW and other groups wanted an Equal Rights Amendment that would guarantee them equality in all areas.
In the 1970s and 1980s, many more jobs and opportunities were opened to women.
There were some women like Phyllis Schlafly who opposed Freidan and Steinem and were known as "anti-feminists".
It was partly because of the anti-feminists that the Equal Rights Amendment was defeated, but also because women had already gained equality in many areas and they did not want to be drafted into the army.
In the 1960s, the counterculture was created.
Some of the followers of the counterculture were called hippies.
They had long hair, and lived communally, smoking marijuana and practicing free love.
The counterculture, along with college students, were the groups most against the Vietnam War.
They also were the groups that listened to new music known as rock and roll.
In 1973, the Supreme Court issued a decision called Roe v. Wade, which made many abortions legal.
The many changes led to a reaction by Jerry Falwell and other conservatives who called themselves the "Religious Right" and the "Moral Majority".
Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980.
He defeated incumbent Jimmy Carter by winning 44 out of the 50 American states.
During the Reagan Era, the country was facing through inflation, a bad economy, and the American foreign policy were not as good.
When Ronald Reagan became president, he signed the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 which lowered taxes for corporations, supposedly so they could reinvest the surplus profits back into business.
During Reagan's presidency, he expanded the American military creating more jobs, but also raising the deficit due to overspending.
During his first term, the economy went from a 4.5% to 7.2%.
In 1984, Reagan won in a major landslide by winning 49 out of the 50 American states.
During his second term, Reagan focused on ending the Cold War.
He held many meetings between Margaret Thatcher, Pope John Paul II, and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
They first met at the Geneva Summit in 1985.
Later they both discovered their passion of ending the war.
Reagan met four times with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who ascended to power in 1985, and their summit conferences led to the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.
Post-Cold War and beyond (1991–present)
Post-Cold War era
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Republican President Ronald Reagan brought the Cold War to an end.
This was due to the Russian leader Mikhail Gorbachev starting a policy called perestroika, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the Soviet Union breaking into different countries.
Around this time, the United States cut down on its production of cheap goods, and had many people working in service jobs.
Part of these service jobs were in computers and the internet, which came into wide use in the 1990s.
By this time, the United States had a very large trade deficit, meaning it received more goods from other countries, such as China, than it sent to other countries.
The Middle East became the main focus of U.S. foreign policy.
In 1991, the United States fought a war with Iraq called the First Gulf War or Operation Desert Storm.
This was to stop Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein from occupying Kuwait, a small oil-producing country.
In 1992, Bill Clinton became President.
Under Clinton, the United States sent soldiers into Bosnia as part of a United Nations mission.
The United States also agreed to a trade pact called the North American Free Trade Agreement (and repealed Glass–Steagall Legislation).
Clinton was impeached for lying in court about his relationship with Monica Lewinsky, but the Senate voted against removing him as President.
Bush presidency
In 2000, George W. Bush was elected President.
Terrorists attacked the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.
Thousands of people died.
Soon after the attacks, the U.S. and NATO went to Afghanistan to find Osama bin Laden and others who they believed planned the September 11 attacks.
In 2003, the United States invaded Iraq.
The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have lasted many years.
By 2011, most American soldiers had left Iraq, and combat there was over.
In 2005, the southern United States was hit by Hurricane Katrina.
Much of the city of New Orleans was destroyed.
In 2006, the Democrats won back Congress because Americans did not like the way Bush dealt with War in Iraq or Katrina.
Obama presidency
Barack Obama was elected President in 2008.
The United States entered the worst recession since the Great Depression shortly after.
Barak Obama was the first African-American President of the United States.
During his first years in office, Obama and Congress passed reforms on health care and banking, skyrocketing the cost of health insurance.
They also passed a large stimulus bill to try to help the economy during the recession, but it only ultimately extended it's duration.
During the recession, the government used large amounts of money to keep the banking and auto industries from falling apart.
There was also a large oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.
In 2010, Congress passed the Patient Protecton and Affordable Care Act, a sweeping overhaul of the health care system.
Dubbed "Obamacare", it was faced with fierce criticism from conservative media, as it exponentially increased the cost of health care.
A "Tea Party movement" started during Obama's presidency.
This group opposes Obama's health care plan and other policies they see as "big government."
Due to the recession, the Tea Party and a dislike of what Obama did, Republicans won a large number of House and Senate seats in the 2010 election.
In 2011, Tea Party members of Congress almost shut down the government and sent the U.S. into default (not being able to pay people the government owes money).
A few months later, many young people protested against organized and concentrated wealth during the Occupy movement.
In 2012, Obama was reelected to a second term.
Following reelection, Obama faced major obstruction from Congressional Republicans.
This polarization in the political atmosphere and the media, lead to events such as the 2013 Federal Government Shutdown and the stalling of Obama's Supreme Court pick, Judge Merrick Garland to replace Justice Antonio Scalia.
In 2014, Republicans took control of both houses of Congress, further adding to the gridlock.
In foreign policy, President Obama helped crafted the Paris Climate Agreement, a major global commitment to fighting "climate change".
He also forged the Iran Nuclear Agreement, which was widely seen as an enormous failure.
He also opened relations with Cuba for the first time in fifty years.
The United States presidential election, 2016 attracted much attention.
Main popular candidates of the election were Republicans Donald Trump and Senator Ted Cruz and Democrats Hillary Clinton and Senator Bernie Sanders.
Trump and Clinton won their respective primaries.
On November 9, 2016, Trump defeated Clinton.
Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017.
Afterwards, there were many protests against Trump across the country.
On January 27, President Trump signed an executive order that stopped refugees from entering the country for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns about terrorism.
The next day, thousands of protesters gathered at airports and other locations throughout the United States to protest the signing of the order and detainment of the foreign nationals.
On October 31, 2019, the House voted 232–196 to created procedures for public hearings.
The house voted to impeach Trump on December 18, 2019, making him the third president in American history to be impeached.
No conclusive evidence of any criminal wrongdoing has ever been found or produced concerning President Trump.
During most of 2020, the United States was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic that has impacted the world.
The country became the highest infected and the most people dead from the infection, although there is much criticism concerning how the data was gathered.
The Trump administration received negative responses for their handling of the virus, despite the very successful Operation "warp speed" that produces the first vaccine to fight the virus.
Some people refuse to wear surgical masks to help stop the transmission of the virus.
In some states, governors locked-down their states in an attempt to stop the spreading of the virus.
Starting in May 2020, racial tensions in the country began to intensify through the police murder of George Floyd causing massive protests and rioting across the country.
The Black Lives Matter movement began in grow popularity through mixed reception.
On November 7, 2020 former Vice President Joe Biden defeated President Trump in the country's highest voter turnout presidential election.
Biden became the oldest person elected to the office and the first to be from the state of Delaware.
Biden's running mate, U.S. Senator Kamala Harris was the first woman, African-American and Asian-American to be elected Vice President or any high-ranking elected office in the country.
On January 6, 2021 while members of the United States Congress met to certify Biden's electoral victory, alleged supporters of President Trump stormed into the United States Capitol attempting to overthrow the results of the 2020 election.
This led to the United States House of Representatives to impeach Trump for a second time, making him the only U.S. President to be impeached twice.
A changing country
The United States faces many political issues.
One of these is what kind of government the United States should become.
Liberals want a large government, while the Tea Party and other groups want a smaller government.
One of these debates is over health care.
Health care costs have risen.
Conservatives and liberals also disagree on social issues such as abortion and gay marriage.
Many more people have come to accept gays and gay marriage as an acceptable part of American society.
There are also many trends and developments that the U.S. must deal with.
One of these is immigration.
Many people are coming to the U.S. from Latin America and Asia, especially Mexico.
This is called the "browning of America".
Baby Boomer Americans are getting older and a larger fraction of the people are retired.
Other issues facing the United States are a growing concern about the environment.
This has led to the creation of many "green jobs," or jobs that create clean or renewable energy, often overlooking the negative effects that can occur from these initiatives, such as droughts caused by mining lithium for electric car batteries.
Selected readings
Book-length histories of the United States
General sites
U. S. National Archives
Specialized topics
In mathematics, the exponential function is a function that grows quicker and quicker.
More precisely, it is the function , where e is Euler's constant, an irrational number that is approximately 2.71828.
Because exponential functions use exponentiation, they follow the same exponent rules.
This follows the rule that .
This means that the slope of the exponential function is the exponential function itself, and as a result has a slope of 1 at .
These properties are the reason it is an important function in mathematics.
The general exponential function, where the base is not necessarily , is among the most useful of mathematical functions.
It is used to represent exponential growth, which has uses in virtually all scientific disciplines and is also prominent in finance.
Another application of the exponential function is exponential decay, which occurs in radioactive decay and the absorption of light.
One example of an exponential function in real life would be interest in a bank.
If a person deposits £100 into an account which gets 3% interest a month, then the balance each month (assuming the money is untouched) would be as follows:
Two mathematical examples of exponential functions (with base a) are shown below.
Relation to the mathematical constant e
Even though the base () can be any number bigger than zero, for example, 10 or 1/2, often it is a special number called e. The number e cannot be written exactly, but it is almost equal to 2.71828.
The number e is important to every exponential function.
For example, a bank pays interest of 0.01 percent every day.
One person takes his interest money and puts it in a box.
After 10,000 days (about 30 years), he has 2 times as much money as he started with.
Another person takes his interest money and puts it back into the bank.
Because the bank now pays him interest on his interest, the amount of money is an exponential function.
In fact, after 10,000 days, he does not have 2 times as much money as he started with, but he has 2.718145 times as much money as he started with.
This number is very close to the number e. If the bank pays interest more often, so the amount paid each time is less, then the number will be closer to the number e.
A person can also look at the picture to see why the number e is important for exponential functions.
The picture has three different curves.
The curve with the black points is an exponential function with a base slightly smaller than e. The curve with the short black lines is an exponential function with a base slightly bigger than e. The blue curve is an exponential function with a base exactly equal to e. The red line is a tangent to the blue curve.
It touches the blue curve at one point without crossing it.
A person can see that the red curve crosses the x-axis, the line that goes from left to right at -1.
This is true only for the blue curve.
This is the reason that the exponential function with the base e is special.
A computer file is a means to store information that belongs together.
Computer files can be opened (read and written) by computer programs.
Usually they are stored on some kind of file system.
Audio files (e.g. for songs, voice recordings)
Video files (e.g. for movies)
Images (pictures)
Other binary data
Data type, constraint placed upon the interpretation of data in a type system
Recording format, a format for encoding data for storage on a storage medium
File format, a format for encoding data for storage in a computer file
Content format, a format for converting data to information
Audio format, a format for processing audio data
Video format, a format for processing video data
A file is a tool used to shape materials, by wearing away some of it.
Today, files are usually made of a steel bar that has a rough surface.
By rubbing the surface against a material, some of the material is scraped away.
There are also nail files used to shape a person's fingernails.
Files can also make a surface smooth so that there are no gaps, which is useful when two surfaces need to be attached to each other.
A file is "blunt" if it is the same size on both ends, and "tapered" if one end is smaller than the other.
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. is an English football club.
They are based in Sheffield, South Yorkshire.
They play their home matches at a stadium called Hillsborough Stadium.
They originally played at a stadium called Olive Grove Stadium and were called The Wednesday.
Fans of Sheffield Wednesday are referred to as Owls.
The team's symbol is an owl.
1867-1929 The Wednesday C.C./F.C.
1929-present Sheffield Wednesday F.C.
Sheffield Wednesday website
1867 establishments in England
De Wallen ("thin walls") are the biggest and most famous red-light district in Amsterdam.
It is in the very old (14th century) part of the city around the Oude Kerk and Oudezijds Achterburgwal/Vorburgwal.
In December 2007, the mayor of Amsterdam and his government decided to buy many of brothelhouses within De Wallen.
By doing this, the area used for prostitution and coffee shops gets smaller and smaller.
Wolverhampton Wanderers are an English association football club.
They are based in Wolverhampton, West Midlands.
The club started in 1877 and play their home games at a stadium called Molineux Stadium.
They have never won the FA Cup.
In 2009 they won the Football League Championship.
This meant they were promoted into the Premier League for the following season.
Also promoted were runners-up Birmingham City F.C., and Burnley F.C. from the play-offs.
1877-?
St. Luke's F.C.
-present Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.
A.F.C. Bournemouth are an English football club.
They are based in Bournemouth and play their home games at a stadium called the Vitality Stadium.
They started in 1899 and have had Harry Redknapp as a manager and his son Jamie Redknapp as a player.
In the 2020–2021 season, Bournemouth are playing in The English Football League Championship.
1899–1923 Boscombe F.C.
1923–1971 Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic F.C.
1971–present A.F.C. Bournemouth
Official A.F.C. Bournemouth website
1899 establishments in England
Jamie Redknapp (born 25 June 1973) is an English footballer.
He was born in Barton on Sea, Hampshire.
He played for Liverpool F.C., Tottenham Hotspur F.C., A.F.C. Bournemouth and Southampton F.C..  His father, Harry Redknapp, is the manager of Portsmouth F.C.
Sportspeople from Hampshire
Bradford City A.F.C. is an English football club.
They are based in Bradford, West Yorkshire.
They began in 1903 and play their home games in a stadium called Valley Parade.
1903 establishments in the United Kingdom
Arenal Volcano National Park is a national park in the northwest region of Costa Rica.
It is between the mountain pass of the Tilarán Mountain Range and the Plains of San Carlos.
A part of the park belongs to San Ramón.
Arenal Volcano
The main characteristic of this national park is the Arenal Volcano.
It is an almost perfect cone with a height of 1633 m. The volcano has regular eruptions which create one of the most extraordinary natural landscapes of Costa Rica.
The park many different types of plants and animals.
Some of the more interesting plants are Guayabo mountain, Ceiba, Cirri, Laurel, Higuerones, Pilon, Guarumo, Balsa, different species of palms, heliconias, orchids, ferns and bromeliads including Pitcaimia Funkiae.
The main species of animals are sloths, birds like lapas, parrots and quetzals, snakes like lora snake, velvet snake and the boa constrictor, 35 species of fish and 135 species of reptiles including turtles.
There are also tapirs, deers, jaguars, sahínos, pizotes, Congo monkeys, and cappuccino monkeys.
Most of the animals that live in the park are birds.
This makes the park a very good place for bird watchers.
This national park has a great tourist attraction because of the beautiful scenery and  forests.
It is also a very good place for extreme sports practice like canopy which hundreds of peoples both foreigners and locals like a lot.
Many people like to watch the view created by the volcano when it is making small eruptions at night.
National parks in Costa Rica
"Faded" is a 2006 song by Kate DeAraugo, the winner of Australian Idol in 2005.
Emergency is a 2005 song by Paramore.
It came off the album All We Know Is Falling.
Roger David Kornberg (born ) is an American biochemist and Nobel prize winner.
Kornberg got the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 for studying eukaryote transcription (the copying of information from DNA to RNA).
Kornberg is a professor of Structural Biology at Stanford University School of Medicine.
His father, Arthur Kornberg, was also a professor at Stanford University, and got the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959.
Kornberg was born in St. Louis, Missouri to a Jewish family.
He was the first of three children born to Arthur Kornberg and his wife, Sylvy.
The parents worked together as biochemists.
Roger Kornberg earned his bachelors degree from Harvard University in 1967 and his PhD from Stanford University in 1972.
He then became a Fellow at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the University of Cambridge, England.
Important studies
All heredity is controlled by genes.
For the cells to make use of the information in the genes, a copy of part of the gene must be made.
The copying is called transcription.
Transcription makes an RNA copy of part of the DNA.
The RNA is moved out of the cell nucleus, to ribosomes, where it does its work.
This is called messenger RNA and it gives the amino acid sequence for protein production.
This second process is called translation.
It works in all eukaryotes, including all plants and animals.
Kornberg worked with Aaron Klug and Francis Crick at the MRC in the 1970s.
He discovered the nucleosome, a very important protein structure in chromosomes.
Nucleosomes form the basic repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin.
This packs the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus and allows it to be controlled.
Kornberg made the discovery that signals to the RNA are made by a complex of proteins that they called mediator.
The Nobel Prize committee said, "the great complexity of eukaryotic organisms is enabled by the fine interplay between tissue-specific substances, enhancers in the DNA and mediator.
The discovery of mediator is therefore a true milestone in the understanding of the transcription process".
After long effort, Kornberg was able to use X-ray crystallography to take 3D pictures of RNA molecules, lipids and proteins.
With these studies, Kornberg has created a picture of how DNA works.
The Nobel Prize committee said, "the truly revolutionary aspect of the picture Kornberg has created is that it captures the process of transcription in full flow.
What we see is an RNA-strand being constructed, and hence the exact positions of the DNA, polymerase and RNA during this process".
In 1959, Roger Kornberg's father, Arthur Kornberg, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for studies of how genetic information moves from one DNA molecule to another.
This is called DNA replication.
Arthur Kornberg found the first enzyme that could make DNA.
This was the first known enzyme to take its instructions from a DNA copy.
Roger Kornberg's younger brother, Thomas Bill Kornberg, discovered DNA polymerases II and III in 1970 and is now a geneticist at the University of California, San Francisco.
All three Kornbergs have worked to understand how genetic information is used in cells.
Arthur and Roger Kornberg are the sixth father and son to win Nobel Prizes.
1997: Harvey Prize from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
2002: ASBMB-Merck Award
2002: Pasarow Award in Cancer Research
2002: Le Grand Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer
2005: General Motors Cancer Research Foundation’s Alfred P. Sloan Jr. Prize
2006: Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2006: Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University
Roger Kornberg Laboratory
List of Kornberg's publications
The Nobel Foundation home page
Press release from The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
A brief biography of his life
Further biographical details
BBC News report of his Nobel Prize win
The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
Scientists from St. Louis, Missouri
Stanford University faculty
Educators from St. Louis, Missouri
All We Know Is Falling is the first album of the band Paramore.
It was recorded in just three weeks.
In April 2006, the CD was released in the UK.
In 2005, a Japanese version was released, with the bonus track "O, Star".
"All We Know" - 3:13
"Pressure" - 3:05
"Emergency" - 4:00
"Brighter" - 3:43
"Here We Go Again" - 3:46
"Never Let This Go" - 3:40
"Whoa" - 3:21
"Conspiracy" - 3:42
"Franklin" - 3:18
"My Heart" - 3:59
"Oh, Star" - 3:50
"Here We Go Again" (Acoustic)
"Hallelujah" (Acoustic)
Paramore released three videos from this album.
The first was for the single "All We Know", followed by "Pressure", and "Emergency".
Hayley Williams – vocals
Josh Farro – lead guitar, backing vocals
Zac Farro – drums, percussion
Jeremy Davis – bass
Jason Bynum – Rhythm guitar (He left the band in 2005)
Taylor York – Rhythm guitar
All We Know Is Falling at MusicBrainz
A businessperson (also businessman or businesswoman) is someone who works at a job that focuses on making money.
Very broadly it can mean anyone who works in industry or commerce.
More narrowly, it is someone who works in the management (at high level, when the term is used even more narrowly) of a company.
Sometimes the word means an entrepreneur or a merchant.
Many businessmen wear standard business clothes: a suit with collar, shirt, and necktie.
However, this depends on the company, the local culture, and the country.
In more informal places, neckties need not be worn.
Businesswomen clothes have gone through many changes.
Dresses and suits are common today.
Divisions of the town
Blumenthal (48 inhabitants)
Budberg (596 inhabitants)
Büderich (3107 inhabitants)
Hilbeck (1339 inhabitants)
Holtum (1049 inhabitants)
Mawicke (521 inhabitants)
Niederbergstraße (210 inhabitants)
Oberbergstraße (363 inhabitants)
Sönnern (870 inhabitants)
Westönnen (2665 inhabitants)
Werl (22151 inhabitants)
In geometry, a tangent is a straight line that touches a curve at one point.
At the place where they touch, the line and the curve both have the same slope (they are both "going in the same direction").
For this reason, a tangent line is a good approximation of the curve near that point.
The curve and the tangent line are almost exactly the same near the intersection point.
Tangent lines are useful in calculus because they can magnify the slope of a curve at a single point.
The slope of some curve at the point P is often called the instantaneous rate of change of the curve at P. The instantaneous rate of change at a specific point on the curve can be found by evaluating the derivative function for the curve at that point.
Scientists have different theories as to the origins of the early human population of the continent.
The indigenous peoples of North America themselves have many creation stories, that tell that native Americans have been present on the land since its creation.
Pre-Columbian Era
Before contact with Europeans the natives of North America were divided into many different communities, from small bands of a few families to large empires.
They lived in several culture areas, which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones of North America and give a good indication of the main occupation of the people who lived there (e.g. the Bison hunters of the Great Plains, or the farmers of Mesoamerica).
Native groups can also be classified by their language family.
It is important to note that peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture, nor were they always allies.
During the thousands of years of native inhabitation on the continent, cultures changed and shifted.
Archaeologists often name different cultural groups they discover after the site where they are first found.
One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico.
A more recent example is the group of related cultures called the Mound builders (e.g. the Fort Walton Culture), found in the Mississippi river valley.
They flourished from 3000 BC to the 1500s AD.
The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world, such as tomatoes and squash.
Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world's major staples, maize (corn).
As a result of the development of agriculture in the south, important cultural development was possible there.
For example, the Maya civilization developed a writing system, built huge pyramids, had a complex calendar, and developed the concept of zero 500 years before anyone in the Old World.
The Mayan culture was still present when the Spanish arrived in Central America, but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire farther north.
Upon the arrival of the Europeans in the "New World", native peoples found their culture changed drastically.
As such, their affiliation with political and cultural groups changed as well, several linguistic groups went extinct, and others changed quite quickly.
The name and cultures that Europeans recorded for the natives were not necessarily the same as the ones they had used a few generations before, or the ones in use today.
Arrival of Europeans
There was limited contact between North American peoples and the outside world before 1492.
Several theoretical contacts have been proposed, but the earliest physical evidence comes to us from the Norse or Vikings.
Norse captain Leif Erikson is believed to have reached the Island of Newfoundland circa 1000 AD.
They named their new discovery Vinland.
The only Norse site yet discovered in North America is at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland and Labrador.
The Norse colonies were later abandoned.
The Viking voyages did not become common knowledge in the Old World, and Europeans remained ignorant of the existence of the Americas, until 1492.
As part of a general age of discovery Italian sailor Christopher Columbus proposed a voyage west from Europe to find a shorter route to Asia.
He eventually received the backing of Isabella I and Ferdinand II, Queen and King of newly united Spain.
In 1492 Columbus reached land in the Bahamas.
Almost 500 years after the Norse, John Cabot explored the east coast of what would become Canada in 1497.
Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the East Coast of America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524.
Jacques Cartier made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and penetrated the St. Lawrence River.
Successful colonization
Initially, European activity consisted mostly of trade and exploration.
Eventually Europeans began to establish settlements.
The three principal colonial powers were Spain, England, and France, although eventually even small powers like the Netherlands and Sweden received minor holdings on the continent.
Settlement by the Spanish started the European colonization of the Americas, involving genocide of the native Indians.
They gained control of most of the largest islands in the Caribbean and conquered the Aztecs, gaining control of present-day Mexico and Central America.
This was the beginning of the Spanish Empire in the New World.
The first successful Spanish settlement in continental North America was Veracruz in 1519, followed by many other settlements in colonial New Spain and Spanish Florida.
The first successful English settlements were at Jamestown (1607) (along with its satellite, Bermuda in 1609) and Plymouth (1620), in what are today Virginia and Massachusetts respectively.
The first French settlements were Port Royal (1604) and Quebec City (1608) in what is now Nova Scotia and Quebec.
Colonial Era
By 1663 the French crown had taken over control of New France from the fur-trading companies, and the English  charter colonies gave way to more metropolitan control.
This ushered in a new era of more formalized colonialism in North America.
Rivalry between the European powers created a series of wars on the North American landmass that would have great impact on the development of the colonies.
Territory often changed hands multiple times.
Peace was not achieved until French forces in North America were vanquished at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec City, and France ceded most of her claims outside of the Caribbean.
Age of Revolutions
The coming of the American Revolution had a great impact across the continent.
Most importantly it directly led to the creation of the United States of America.
However, the associated American Revolutionary War was an important war that touched all corners of the region.
The flight of the United Empire Loyalists led to the creation of English Canada as a separate community.
Meanwhile, Spain's hold on Mexico was weakening.
Independence was declared in 1810 by Miguel Hidalgo, starting the Mexican War of Independence.
In 1813, José María Morelos and the Congress of Anáhuac signed the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America, the first legal document where the separation of the New Spain with respect to Spain is proclaimed.
Spain finally recognized Mexico's independence in 1821.
Expansion era
From the time of independence of the United States, that country expanded rapidly to the west, acquiring the massive Louisiana territory in 1803.
An attempt at northern expansion was blocked by Britain during the War of 1812.
At the same time, British settlement in Canada increased.
US expansion was complicated by the division between "free" and "slave" states, which led to the Missouri Compromise 1820.
Likewise, Canada faced a division between French and English communities that led to the outbreak of civil strife in 1837.
Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives, as well as the rebellion of the English-speaking region of Tejas, which declared itself the Republic of Texas 1836.
In 1845 Texas joined the United States, which would later lead to the Mexican–American War.
As a result of conflict with Mexico, the United States made further territorial gains in California and the Southwest.
World Wars era
As part of the British Empire, Canada immediately was at war in 1914.
Canadian troops bore the brunt of several major battles during the early stages of the war including the use of poison gas attacks at Ypres.
Newfoundland troops suffered a devastating loss on July 1, 1916, the First day on the Somme.
Losses became grave, and the government eventually brought in conscription, despite the fact this was against the wishes of the majority of French Canadians.
In the ensuing Conscription Crisis of 1917, riots broke out on the streets of Montreal.
The United States stayed apart from the conflict until 1917, joining the Entente powers.
The United States was then able to play a crucial role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that shaped interwar Europe.
The 1920s brought an age of great prosperity in the United States, and to a lesser degree Canada.
But the Wall Street Crash of 1929 combined with drought ushered in a period of economic hardship in the United States and Canada.
Two Mexican tankers, transporting oil to the United States, were attacked and sunk by the Germans in the Gulf of Mexico waters, in 1942.
The incident happened in spite of Mexico's neutrality at that time.
This led Mexico to declare war to the Axis nations and entered the conflict.
The devastation of Europe in the war led North American countries to more important roles in world affairs.
The United States especially emerged as a "superpower".
The early Cold War era saw the United States as the most powerful nation in a Western coalition of which Mexico and Canada were also a part.
At home, the United States witnessed convulsive change especially in the area of race relations.
In Canada this was mirrored by the Quiet Revolution and the emergence of Quebec nationalism.
Mexico experienced an era of huge economic growth after World War II, a heavy industrialization process and a growth of its middle class, a period known in Mexican history as the "El Milagro Mexicano" (Mexican miracle).
Bennett, Norma V. (1997), Pioneer Legacy,
Kane, Katie Nits Make Lice: Drogheda, Sand Creek, and the Poetics of Colonial Extermination Cultural Critique, No.
42 (Spring, 1999), pp.
81–103 doi:10.2307/1354592
Churchill, Ward A Little Matter of Genocide 1997 City Lights Books
Brentford F.C. is an English football club.
They are based in Brentford in London and they play their home games at a stadium called Griffin Park.
Brentford were formed in 1889 and have the nickname "The Bees".
Harry Redknapp (born 2 March 1947) is an English association football manager.
He was born in Poplar, London.
he used to play football, mainly for West Ham.
He managed A.F.C. Bournemouth, West Ham, Portsmouth, Southampton, Portsmouth again, Tottenham, Queen's Park Rangers and Birmingham.
Redknapp is related to two Premier League stars.
He is the father of Jamie Redknapp who played under him at Bournemouth and Southampton.
He is also the uncle by marriage of Frank Lampard who played under him at West Ham United.
Postdoctoral fellow
Planetary Defence Force in the Warhammer 40,000 universe
Panama Defense Forces
P.D.F. (upper case) is an abbreviation of "Permanent Defence Forces" - the standing branches of the Irish Defence Forces
People's Defence Force - the army of Grenada before the US led invasion in 1983.
Atomic pair distribution function (Physics)
Parkinson's Disease Foundation (http://www.pdf.org) (Medicine)
Parton Distribution Functions (Physics)
Planar deformation features (Geology)
Polypeptide Deformylase (Chemistry)
Powder Diffraction File (Physics)
pdf and p.d.f. (
lower case) can refer to "probability density function" (Mathematics, statistics and probability)
PDF and P.D.F. (upper case) can refer to "probability distribution function" (Mathematics, statistics and probability)
In software
Package Definition File (Microsoft Systems Management Server)
Printer Description File, in earlier editions of Quark Xpress page layout software.
Additional uses
KPDF-CA, a television station in Phoenix, Arizona
PDF417, a 2D barcode - PDF means Portable Data File
PDF Solutions, a listed company headquartered in San Jose, California
Peace Development Fund, a non-profit public foundation based in Amherst, Massachusetts
Peak draw force in a Compound bow in Archery
Playa del Fuego, a Delaware art festival inspired by the annual Nevada Burning Man festival
An abbreviation of Pretty Damned Funny
A cough, also known as tussis, is an action the body takes to get rid of anything that irritates the lungs or throat.
To do this, muscles in the thoracic cavity contract to make air leave the lungs with a lot of force.
Coughs often happen quickly and more than once, and are usually accompanied by a unique sound, also called a cough.
Coughs are more likely to happen when a person is sick, because infections often irritate breathing passages.
Another cause of coughs is a person breathing air that is not clean, like air with dust or smoke.
Creation myth, or origin belief, stories of how the world or a culture began
Creation (theology), the belief that one or more deities brought the universe into being; also a name for everything that was created
Creatio ex nihilo (English: Creation from nothing), the belief that a deity created the universe from nothing at all, rather than some pre-existing matter or energy
Creation according to Genesis, the creation account in the book of Genesis for Judaism and Christianity
Creationism, a belief, not just in God creating the universe, but also in certain events afterward, including the creation of animals and mankind
Creation science
Matter creation, the appearance of elementary particles, in physical processes such as pair production; the process opposite of annihilation
Creation operator, an operator that increases the number of particles in a given state by one;  an abstract representation of matter creation
Invention, the act of creating a new process or device
The Creation of Adam, a fresco from circa 1511 on the Sistine Chapel ceiling painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti
The Creation (Haydn), a 1798 oratorio by Joseph Haydn
Creation (1931 movie), an unfinished movie by RKO studios that featured stop-motion animation
The Creation (band), a British band known for their one hit "Painter Man" in 1967
Creation a 1981 novel by Gore Vidal
Creation Records, a record label created in 1983 by Alan McGee, also known for their spin-off Rev-ola Records
Creation (band), a teen musical group, first album 2005
Creation (album), a 2005 album from Leslie Satcher
Creation magazine, a magazine promoting creation science published by Creation Ministries International–Australia (formerly Answers in Genesis–Australia)
Creation Books, a British publishing company
Creation Entertainment, an American company that runs numerous science fiction and fantasy conventions
The Creation: An Appeal To Save Life on Earth, a 2006 book in advocacy of conservation, by biologist Edward O. Wilson
A creation myth or creation story explains how the universe started, how the earth came to be, and why there are humans.
Creation myths are usually part of religions and mythologies.
Very often, creation myths say that humans were made by a god, spirit or other supreme being.
In the beginning, there was just water.
All the animals lived above it and the sky was overcrowded.
They were all curious about what was beneath the water and one day Dayuni'si, the water beetle, volunteered to explore it.
He explored the surface but could not find any solid ground.
He explored below the surface to the bottom and all he found was mud which he brought back to the surface.
After collecting the mud, it began to grow in size and spread outwards until it became the Earth as we know it.
Kiowa Apache
In the beginning nothing existed, darkness was all around.
Suddenly from the darkness came a thin disc, one side yellow and the other side white, appearing suspended in midair.
Within the disc sat a small bearded man, Creator, the One Who Lives Above.
When he looked into the endless darkness, light appeared above.
He looked down and it became a sea of light.
To the east, he created yellow streaks of dawn.
To the west, tints of many colors appeared everywhere.
There were also clouds of different colors.
He also created three other gods: a little girl, a sun god and a small boy.
Then he created celestial phenomena, the winds, the tarantula, and the earth from the sweat of the four gods mixed together in the Creator's palms, from a small round, brown ball, not much larger than a bean.
The world was expanded to its current size by the gods kicking the small brown ball.
Creator told Wind to go inside the ball and to blow it up.