the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It is expensive and care should be taken to ensure that the benefits from increased crop yields are not exceeded by the installation and operating costs of the irrigation scheme.
Irrigation causes a subsequent rise in water-tables.
If saline water is below, it may rise to the surface.
Sometimes salinity becomes high enough to kill the plants.
Irrigation water itself can carry salt and sometimes other toxic materials that hurt the plants.
To prevent this, irrigation projects must also assure good drainage.
The Glastonbury Festival is a very big music festival.
It is held at Worthy Farm near Glastonbury, Somerset, England, most years, during the last weekend in June.
About 100,000 people come to the festival every time.
The festival is hosted and organized by local farmer Michael Eavis.
It is a widely known festival with many big and popular bands playing there every year.
In Glastonbury 2009, there was a great deal of controversy when Jay-Z was asked to headline the festival.
The most infamous response to this was when Noel Gallagher from Oasis said that Glastonbury should only be for rock musicians.
Music festivals in England
Detroit is the largest city in the state of Michigan in the United States.
In 1950, Detroit was the fifth largest city in the United States, with 1.8 million people.
It was the 10th largest city in the United States at the time of the 2000 census.
As of 2004, it fell to 11th biggest as people have moved away, and San Jose, California, which is growing, moved to 10th.
The Population of Detroit was 700,000 in the 2010s decade.
Nearly six million people live in Detroit and the surrounding counties that encompass Metro Detroit.
The city borders Windsor, Ontario in Canada.
The international border between Detroit and Windsor is one of the most crossed in the world.
The person who started the city was Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac.
He was from France.
Detroit was made a city in 1701.
From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan.
The state governor declared a financial emergency in March 2013, appointing an emergency manager.
On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history.
Detroit is a city where many automobiles are made and this is why it is sometimes called the "Motor City", or "Motown".
Many people call it the car capital of the world.
General Motors, Ford and Chrysler have their offices and many of their plants in and around Detroit.
Detroit is home to one of the largest black communities in the United States, with over 91% being African-American.
Violent crime rate is also one of the highest in the USA.
Detroit also has a large Arab population.
Many Arabs live in metro Detroit.
The Arab-American community in Detroit began with a small group of Syrian and Lebanese merchants who immigrated to Detroit in the late 1800s.
Mexicans have recently replaced the shrinking population.
Detroit has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification).
1700s establishments in North America
1701 establishments
18th-century establishments in New France
War communism is the name for the economic policies that introduced to Russia in 1918 by Vladimir Lenin, leader of Russia from 1917-24.
The policy was ended in 1921 because it was not successful.
Instead, he introduced the New Economic Policy in 1921.
War Communism was introduced for many reasons.
However, the most important ones were:
to feed and supply the hungry Red Army of Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War
to move towards complete communism
It was bad for the Russian economy because the government took away extra grain produced by the peasants.
This was known as grain requisitioning.
Peasants were not allowed to sell their extra food, so they stopped producing more than they needed to eat.
This created a Russian famine with millions of people foodless and starving.
1918 establishments in the Soviet Union
1921 disestablishments
New Economic Policy (NEP) was an economic policy introduced by Lenin after the failed methods of War communism.
These New Economic Policies were to revive the Russian economy.
The new policy was a combination of private enterprise and state socialism.
This is because the people did not believe in War communism.
The New Economic Policies meant that Russia returned to a partly capitalist society.
This sorted out the problems of mass starvation and Famine which War communism had caused.
Lenin did not want Russia to stay in this way, he only introduced them to be supported again by the Russian people, and to revive the economy.
In 1928 Joseph Stalin abolished the NEP.
History of the Soviet Union
1921 establishments
1920s establishments in the Soviet Union
Foreign aid is when one country helps another country.
The country may give money or things; it may also send people.
This is especially needed when a disaster happens in a poor country.
Sometimes this help comes from a country's government and sometimes the ordinary people give money.
Some foreign aid helps by giving food and clean water to people who need them.
Most of the time it is a charity which donates to the poor countries.
Some aid is for Economic development.
The poor countries are called LEDC's (Less Economically Developed Countries).
The richer countries are called MEDC's (More Economically Developed Countries).
Hydroelectricity''' is electricity made by generators that are turned by the movement of water.
It is usually made with dams that partly block a river to make a reservoir of water.
Water is released, and the pressure of the dam[potential  energy stored in the dam] forces the water down pipes that lead to a turbine.
This causes the turbine to turn, which turns a generator which makes  electricity.
This renewable energy method makes about one sixth of the world's electricity.
It produces less pollution than the fires of steam engines do.
Some places such as Norway and Quebec get most of their electricity this way.
Because all methods have advantages and disadvantages, most countries have several ways to generate electricity.
For example, hydroelectric methods have certain advantages, and atomic energy has quite different advantages.
For most countries today, hydroelectric energy is the preferred, or one of the preferred methods.
Advantages of hydroelectricity
The way the electricity is produced does not harm the environment as much as fossil fuels like oil or coal do.
Hydroelectricity is very powerful and safe, and produces no waste.
An important advantage of hydroelectric dams is their ability to be used as a peaking power plant.
When the electricity demand declines, the dam simply stores more water.
Water that has been stored in a reservoir can be released (let go) when needed, so the energy can be made quickly.
Some hydroelectricity generators use pumped storage to store excess energy (often during the night), by using the electricity to pump water up into a basin.
Electricity can be generated when demand increases.
This flexibility also makes hydroelectricity a good match for less controllable intermittent energy sources.
When the wind is not blowing or the sun is not shining, hydroelectricity can be created.
Another advantage is that hydroelectricity cannot run out as long as there is a good water supply.
Once the dam is built, the electricity costs very little, no waste or pollution is produced, and electricity can be generated whenever it is needed.
A few hydro turbines do not have a dam but instead use the current of the "run of the river".
They produce less electricity and cannot store energy for later use.
Disadvantages of hydroelectricity
The building of large dams to hold water can damage the environment.
In 1983, the Australian government stopped the Tasmanian state government from building a dam on the Gordon River in Tasmania after a huge public protest.
The dam would have flooded the Franklin River.
The Three Gorges Dam in China is the world's largest hydroelectricity project, and the world's largest power plant of any kind.
The dam has flooded a huge area, meaning that 1.2 million people had to be moved.
Scientists are concerned about many problems with the dam, such as pollution, silt, and the danger of the dam wall breaking.
The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on hydroelectricity
Mallaig is a small town in Scotland.
It is also a port.
Ferries link Mallaig, which is on the mainland, to some islands.
About 797 lived there in 2001.
Towns in Scotland
Cramlington is about five miles from the coast.
The nearest beach is at Blyth, which is to the east.
The county town of Morpeth is rather nearby.
Cramlington is rather new, with lots of parks.
The bicycle track system means cyclists can travel around the entire town without having to travel on the roads.
The underpasses under the major roads mean children can walk around safe from traffic.
It was thought the Vikings were the first to settle in Cramlington.
Until relatively recently it was made up of a few small mining villages, but was chosen to be a new town and since the 1960s, builders have enlarged the town to become the town of 40,000 it is today.
Facilites
A large indoor shopping mall, Manor Walks, serves as the main shopping centre, next to the old village centre.
There is a large leisure centre, Concordia, next to the shopping centre which has an indoor pool, climbing wall and well-equipped gym.
Cramlington Community High School is the only secondary school in the town, which passed the recent OFSTED inspection with 'outstanding' grades.
The school system is about to be replaced with the two tier system, in which the high school will cater for 11-18 year olds.
Towns in Northumberland
Belfast (Irish: Béal Feirste) is the capital of Northern Ireland.
It is the second largest city in Ireland, after Dublin.
About 270,000 people live in the city.
It became capital of Northern Ireland when Northern Ireland was created in 1921.
A lot of famous ships were built by the Belfast shipyard Harland and Wolff.
In 1911 they built the RMS Titanic.
Capital cities in Europe
Dungeness is a place on the coast in Kent, England.
There are two power stations there called Dungeness Nuclear Power Station.
There are also two lighthouses.
A power station (or power plant) is a place where electricity is produced.
Most do this by  a big spinning electrical generator.
In big powers stations the spinning is usually driven by a steam turbine.
The steam may come from:
Burning fossil fuels
Nuclear power, using radioactive sources
Using the earth's heat, called geothermal energy
Using the sun's heat
Some do not use steam engines to spin the generator.
Rather they use:
Hydropower, which uses the power of moving water to drive turbines
Using the wind to drive wind turbines
Internal combustion engine power
A few power stations use the sun's rays to generate solar power without motion.
There are many power stations around the world, because many things need electricity to work.
Renewable energy resources
Renewable heat energy
Solar thermal power
Renewable flow energy
Hydro-electric power
Non-renewable energy resources
Solid-state electricity sources
These sources have no moving parts.
They are more expensive than generators, and are used where other questions are more important.
The mind is a general term for the way a person thinks, reasons, perceives, wills, has ideas, and feels.
For science, what others call the mind is entirely caused by workings of the brain.
The philosopher Gilbert Ryle called mind the "Ghost in the Machine".
He said the idea that it was separate from the brain was the mistaken "Official Doctrine".
However, some think that mind is separate from the body and is called a soul (see dualism).
Many people argue about what makes up the mind.
Some say that only reason and memory are part of the mind, because they are conscious.
In this view the emotions like love, hate, fear and joy are different from the mind.
Some people with this view say the emotions are part of the heart.
Others argue that our rational and emotional states cannot be separated and should all be part of what we call the mind.
People often use mind  to mean the same as thought: the way we talk to ourselves "inside our heads".
This is where the sayings "make up our minds," "change our minds" and "of two minds" come from.
One of the important things of the mind in this sense is that it is private.
No one else can "know our mind."
History of the word
The original meaning of the Old English gemynd was memory.
This explains the sayings call to mind, come to mind, keep in mind, to have mind of, and so on.
Old English had other words to express what we call "mind" today, such as hyge, meaning "mind, spirit".
Studying the mind
Aspects of the mind
Thought is when we absorb what happens around us so that we can deal with it effectively according to our plans and desires.
Thinking is using information, like forming concepts, problem solving, reasoning and making choices.
Imagination is the ability to invent worlds inside the mind, complete or not.
The mind makes these by drawing on experience in the shared world.
Just like the body, a mind can be healthy.
The measure of this is called mental health.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there is not one way to measure mental health in all people, because there are many things in our environment that might make what is mentally healthy different from one person to another.
In general, most experts agree that "mental health" and "mental illness" are not opposites.
In other words, not having a mental illness does not mean you are in good mental health.
One way to study mental health is by looking at how well a person lives.
Signs of mental health include: feeling capable and happy, being able to handle normal levels of stress, making and keeping friends, leading an independent life, and being able to  recover from difficult situations.
Philosophy of mind is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind and how it is linked to the body.
The main problem is how the mind is related to the body, but there are also questions about the nature of the mind that do not talk about its relation to the physical body.
Dualism and monism are the two main ways people try to solve the mind-body problem.
Dualism is when people believe that the mind and body are in some way separate from each other.
It can be traced back to Plato, Aristotle, and the Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy, but it was most precisely formulated by René Descartes in the 17th century.
Monism is the belief that mind and body are not physiologically and ontologically distinct kinds of entities.
This view was first seen in Western philosophy by  Parmenides in the 5th century BC and was later held by the 17th-century rationalist Baruch Spinoza.
According to Spinoza, mind and body are two parts of a larger being.
Idealists think that the mind is all that exists and that the outside world is actually made up by the mind.
Physicalists think that everything can be expressed by what is physical.
Neutral monists believe that everything can be either mental or physical depending how you see it.
For example, a red spot on a wall is physical, because it is an actual thing depending on the physical wall, but it is mental because our brain responds to the colour.
The most common monisms in the 20th and 21st centuries have all been different kinds of physicalism, including  behaviorism.
Psychology is the study of the way we think, feel and act.
It involves the scientific study of processes such as perception, cognition, feelings, personality, as well as things around us that might affect the way we think.
From this study, psychologists try to form rules for why we act the way we do.
Psychology also includes using this knowledge to help solve problems of everyday life and treat mental health problems.
Social psychology and group behaviour
Social psychology is the study of how we think, feel and act in groups of other people.
Most people who study social psychology are either psychologists or sociologists.
Mind's eye
Reality means anything that exists.
An event that has actually happened, or a thing which really exists is said to have "reality."
Something close to reality is realistic.
Reality is the state of things as they are, rather than as they may appear or might be imagined.
In a wider definition, reality includes everything that is and has been, whether or not we can see it and understand it.
An even wider definition includes everything that has existed, exists, or will exist.
All the same, what is abstract plays a role in everyday life and in academic research.
For instance, causality, virtue, life and justice are abstract concepts.
They are difficult to define, but they are not pure delusions.
Viewpoints on reality
Philosophy looks at the nature of reality itself, and the relationship between the mind (as well as language and culture) and reality.
Science: the view that the world described by science is the real world.
The scientists' view of reality depends on evidence, tests and experiments, worked out by specialists.
In the end, what ends up in textbooks is what an "invisible college" of scientists has agreed on.
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English author.
She is best known for writing the novel Frankenstein.
She was in her teens when she wrote the book.
She later edited the poems of her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Mary Shelley was born on 30 August 1797 in London.
She was the second daughter in her family.
Her parents were Mary Wollstonecraft, a feminist, and William Godwin, a philosopher.
Her mother died during the birth of Shelly.
Her father got married again ery quickly.
Mary got a great education, something most girls did not have at the time.
After her mother's death, Shelleylived with her older half-sister Fanny Imlay and their father.
Fanny Imlay was Wollstonecraft's daughter from an affair she had with a soldier.
Shelley's father married Mary Jane Clairmont in 1801.
Clairmont already had two children and later had a son with Shelley's father.
During that time, Shelleys's stepmother thought Shelley did not need be educated.
Shelley did not give up because of that.
She used her father's library and was often found reading by her mother's grave.
Shelley's father often had visitors like Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth.
She used those times to learn from them.
During May of 1816, Mary and her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley traveled to Lake Geneva.
They spent the summer near the famous poet Lord Byron.
In terms of English literature, it was a great summer.
Percy began work on "Hymn To Intellectual Beauty" and "Mont Blanc".
Mary was inspired to write her classic work.
One evening, the group of young writers decided to have a contest telling horror stories.
Another guest, Dr. Oliver Polidori, came up with The Vampyre.
This later had a strong influence on Bram Stoker's Dracula.
Other guests told scary stories, but Mary could not think of one.
But that night, she dreamt of the story she had wanted to tell.
She wrote it down, and in time, her story would be published as Frankenstein.
It became more successful than any of the other writings produced that summer.
The year she published "The Modern Prometheus", known as Frankenstein was 1818.
Mary was only 20 years-old.
It is sometimes called the world's first science fiction novel.
The ideas for both "Frankenstein" and Polidori's "The Vampyre" were from the famous poet, Lord Byron.
The books "Frankenstein" and "The Vampyre" were both published on the same year.
Once Mary Shelley published Frankenstein, her life became more interesting
Mary had many different sources for her work; one was the Promethean myth from Ovid.
The influence of John Milton's Paradise Lost (the book the 'monster' finds in the cabin) is also seen in the novel.
Also, both Shehad s had read William Beckford's Vathek.
Marriage and Family Life
In Mary Shelley's life, her romances led her father to disown her.
When she was sixteen, Shelley met Percy Bysshe Shelley, who was 22 at the time.
They both fell in love and ran away in 1814.
By the time they returned to England, Mary was pregnant and her father wanted nothing to do with her.
Returning to England in September of 1816, Mary and Shelley stunned their two families.
First, in November, Mary's older half-sister, Fanny Imlay, left the Godwin home and took her own life at a distant inn.
Only weeks later, Shelley's first wife drowned herself in London's Hyde Park.
She did not welcome Shelley's invitation to join Mary and himself in their new household.
Shortly after Harriet's death, Shelley and Mary married, now with Godwin's blessing.
Their attempts to gain custody of Shelley's two children by Harriet failed.
Even though this happened, their writing careers enjoyed more success.
In the spring of 1817, Mary finished Frankenstein.
Mary had two sons and a daughter.
The daughter died in infancy and the elder son when he was two.
Mary and Percy were both vegetarians, and strong advocates for animal rights.
One can see references to vegetarianism in her writing.
For example, in her novel Frankenstein, the 'monster' was a vegetarian.
After Percy's death in 1822, she returned to England to finished Shelley's writings.
Also educating their only surviving child.
End Of Life
Mary Shelley died of brain cancer on February 1, 1851 in London.
Her body got buried at St. Peter's Churchyard in Bournemouth, in the English county of Dorset
In Popular Culture
Four films have shown Mary Shelley, and the basic idea of the Frankenstein story in 1816: Gothic directed by Ken Russell (1986), Haunted Summer directed by Ivan Passer (1988), Remando al Viento (English title: Rowing with the Wind) directed by Gonzalo Suárez (1988) and Mary Shelley directed by Haifaa al-Mansour (2017)
Mary Shelley chronology and bibliography – part of Romantic Circles
Mary Shelley -Citizendium
1797 births
1851 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
The sum of two numbers is what we get when we add the two numbers together.
This operation is called summation.
There are a number of ways of writing sums, with the most common being:
Addition ()
Summation ()
Computerization:
Sum = 0
For I = M to N
Sum = Sum + X(I)
Next I (in Visual BASIC)
Sigma notation
Sigma notation is a mathematical notation to write long sums in a short way.
Sigma notation uses the Greek letter Sigma (), and takes upper and lower bounds which tell us where the sum begins and where it ends.
The lower bound usually has a variable (called the index, often denoted by ,  or ) along with a value, such as "".
This tells us that the summation begins at 2, and goes up by 1 until it reaches the number on the top.
Sums are used to represent series and sequences.
The geometric series of a repeating decimal can be represented in summation.
Nicholas J. Higham, "The accuracy of floating point summation", SIAM J. Scientific Computing 14 (4), 783–799 (1993).
Sigma Notation  on PlanetMath
Derivation of Polynomials to Express the Sum of Natural Numbers with Exponents
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African politician and activist.
On April 27, 1994, he was made the first President of South Africa elected in a fully represented democratic election.
He was also the first black President of his country, South Africa.
His government focused on throwing out the legacy of apartheid by ending racism, poverty, inequality, and on improving racial understanding in South Africa.
Politically a believer in socialism, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997 and adopted new Constitution of South African in 1996 that prohibits all discrimination, based on language, religion, handicap and sexual orientation, not only on racism.
Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999.
Mandela received more than 250 honors, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Soviet Order of Lenin.
He is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father").
Mandela was described as a hero, and his actions gave thousands of people hope.
Mandela was sick  for several years during his retirement.
He was hospitalized in late summer of 2013 from a continuous lung infection.
Mandela died on 5 December 2013 in Houghton Estate, Johannesburg from a respiratory tract infection.
He was 95 years old.
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in Mvezo, Umtata (now Mthatha), Transkei, South Africa.
He had thirteen siblings by the same father, and two mothers.
His parents were Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa and Nosekeni Nonqaphi .
His given name was Rolihlahla, a Xhosa name meaning pulling the branch of a tree or informally, troublemaker.
He was a member of the Thembu royal family.
On his first day of school, he was given the name Nelson by his teacher Miss Mdingane.
Giving children in Africa English names was a custom among Africans during that period.
Mandela's father died when he was twelve.
Mandela then lived with the local regent who sent him to school.
He was the first member of his family to go to a school.
He was expelled from Fort Hare University in 1941, because he led a group of students on political strike.
After he was expelled, Nelson found a job as a night watchman.
Anti-apartheid activity
In 1944, Mandela helped start the African National Congress Youth League.
He was soon a high-ranked leader of the group.
He wanted to free South Africa without violence, but the government started killing and hurting protesters.
He then started Umkhonto we Sizwe with Walter Sisulu and other people in the African National Congress that he admired, such as Mahatma Gandhi.
A trial was later held and became known as the Rivonia Trial.
Mandela was on trial because of his involvement in sabotage and violence in 1962.
He was sentenced to life in prison, and was sent to Robben Island, but was transferred to Victor Verster Prison in 1988.
In 1990, he was let out of Victor Verster Prison after 26.5 years.
He left prison after de Klerk removed a ban on the African National Congress.
He ordered Mandela's release.
He then received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, with former State President of South Africa, Frederik Willem de Klerk.
Mandela won the general election in April 1994.
His inauguration was in Pretoria on 10 May 1994.
Many people around the world saw his inauguration on television.
The event had 4000 guests, including world leaders from different backgrounds.
Mandela was the first South African President elected in a completely democratic election.
As South Africa's first black President, Mandela became head of the Government of National Unity which was under controlled by the African National Congress (or ANC).
The ANC had no knowledge in politics, but had representatives from the National Party and Inkatha.
In keeping with earlier promises, de Klerk became first Deputy President, while Thabo Mbeki was chosen second.
Although Mbeki had not been his first choice for President, Mandela soon trusted Mbeki throughout his presidency.
This allowed Mbeki to organize policy details.
Mandela moved into the presidential office at Tuynhuys in Cape Town.
He would settle into the nearby Westbrooke Manor.
Westbrooke was renamed Genadendal.
Preserving his Houghton home, he also had a house built in his home village of Qunu.
He visited Qunu regularly, walking around the area, meeting with local people who lived there, and judging tribal problems.
He faced many illness at age 76.
Although having energy, he felt left out and lonely.
He often entertained celebrities, such as Michael Jackson, Whoopi Goldberg, and the Spice Girls.
He became friends with a number of rich business people, like Harry Oppenheimer and British monarch Elizabeth II on her March 1995 state visit to South Africa.
This resulted in strong judgment from ANC anti-capitalists.
Despite his surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating a third of his $552,000 wealth to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he had founded in 1995.
In that same year, Mandela published his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom.
Although in favor of freedom of the press, Mandela was important of much of the country's media because it was owned and run by many middle-class whites.
Mandela became known for his use of Batik shirts, known as Madiba shirts, even on normal events.
Mandela had never planned on serving a second term in office.
Mandela gave his farewell speech on 29 March 1999, after which he retired.
Mandela's term ended on 14 June 1999.
Thabo Mbeki succeeded Mandela as President of South Africa.
He won the Nobel Peace Prize for his leadership for his anti-apartheid activism in 1993.
After receiving the prize he said:
<blockquote>"We stand here today as nothing more than a representative of the millions of our people who dared to rise up against a social operation whose very essence is war, violence, racism, oppression, repression and the impoverishment of an entire people.
"</p>
</blockquote>
Mandela was married three times and has six children.
He had seventeen grandchildren, and a growing number of great-grandchildren.
Though physically non-emotional with his children, he could be stern and demanding.
Mandela married Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944.
Mandela remained married to Evelyn until they divorced in 1957.
Evelyn died in 2004.
He then married Winnie Madikizela in 1958.
The couple filed for separation in 1992.
They divorced in 1996.
Mandela married again  to Graça Machel, on his 80th birthday in 1998.
She was the widow of Samora Machel.
Machel was the former Mozambican president and ANC ally who was killed in an air crash 12 years earlier.
Though publicly criticizing him on several events, Mandela liked United States President Bill Clinton.
Mandela personally supported him during his impeachment trial in 1998.
Public retirement
In June 2004, Mandela announced that he was retiring from public life.
Mandela said "Don't call me, I will call you".
Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the Nelson Mandela Foundation denied invitations for him to appear at public events and most interview requests.
On 27 March 2013, Mandela was hospitalized in Pretoria from a lung infection.
It was reported on 28 March that he was responding well to treatment.
Mandela was again hospitalized on 7 June from another lung infection, On 23 June, his condition was announced to be critical.
On 26 June, it was announced that Mandela was put on life-support.
On 4 July, Mandela's family announced that Mandela was under life-support and he was in a permanent persistent vegetative state.
The next day, the South African government denied the fact that Mandela was in a vegetative state.
Mandela was discharged from the hospital on 1 September 2013.
2013 death rumor
Many South Africans thought that Mandela died overnight on 26 June after he was removed from his life support.
The South African government said that Mandela is still alive despite the rumor that he died.
It was later reported that the rumor was just a death hoax.
CNN also reported that Mandela died, but later fixed the report soon afterwards.
Photos were taken with Mandela and First Lady Michelle Obama as proof that Mandela was still alive.
Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at his home at Houghton Estate, Johannesburg from complications of a respiratory tract infection, aged 95.
He was surrounded by his family when he died.
His death was announced by President Jacob Zuma.
On 6 December, Zuma announced a national mourning for ten days.
An event for an official memorial service was held at the FNB Stadium in Johannesburg on Tuesday 10 December.
He declared Sunday 8 December a national day of prayer: "We call upon all our people to gather in halls, churches, mosques, temples, synagogues and in their homes to pray and hold prayer services and meditation reflecting on the life of Madiba and his contribution to our country and the world."
Mandela's body lay in state from 11 to 13 December at the Union Buildings in Pretoria.
A state funeral was held on Sunday 15 December in Qunu.
David Cameron, Barack Obama, Raul Castro, Bill Gates, and Oprah Winfrey were there.
On 28 June Mandela's family were arguing about where to bury Mandela.
On 29 June the South African  government announced that a memorial service for Mandela will be held 10 to 14 days after his death at Soccer City.
On 1 July it was announced that if Mandela were to die he might become the first non-British person to be honored at Westminster Abbey.
Queen Elizabeth II honored Mandela with a thanksgiving service at Westminster Abbey in early 2014.
This made Mandela the first non-British person to be honored at Westminster Abbey.
Mandela was buried in the village of Qunu in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.
Qunu is where he grew up.
In 1990, Mandela received the Bharat Ratna Award in India.
In 1992 received Pakistan's Nishan-e-Pakistan.
In 1992, he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by Turkey.
He refused the award, because of human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time.
He later accepted the award in 1999.
In 1993, Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk for their work during the civil rights revolution in South Africa.
In 1993, Mandela received the key of the city of Chicago, Illinois from Mayor Richard M. Daley.
In 2007, Mandela was honored with a statue in Westminster Abbey, London, England.
In 2009, the United Nations made 18 July Mandela Day.
In 2012, the Praia International Airport in Cape Verde was renamed as the Nelson Mandela International Airport.
In 2013, a statue of Mandela was unveiled in the South African embassy outside of Washington, D.C..
The city of Johannesburg awarded him Freedom of the City.
Sandton Square in Johannesburg was renamed Nelson Mandela Square in March 2004.
The Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium was named in his honor.
The Nelson Mandela Bridge, in Johannesburg was also named in his honor.
Mandela was awarded the US Presidential Medal of Freedom by then-President of the United States George W. Bush.
Mandela was awarded the Order of Canada.
Mandela was the first living person made an honorary Canadian citizen.
Mandela was the last recipient of the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union.
Mandela first recipient of the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights
Mandela was honored with the Order of the Aztec Eagle by the Mexican government.
A park in Leicester, England was named Nelson Mandela Park was named after Mandela.
Elizabeth II awarded him the Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St John.
Mandela was also awarded the Order of Merit by Elizabeth II.
Mandela has been portrayed in movies and television.
In the 1997 movie, Mandela and de Klerk, Sidney Poitier plays Mandela.
Dennis Haysbert plays Mandela in Goodbye Bafana (2007).
In the 2009 BBC television movie, Mrs Mandela, Nelson Mandela is played by David Harewood.
In 2009, Morgan Freeman plays Mandela in Invictus (2009).
Terrence Howard also plays Mandela in the 2011 movie Winnie Mandela.
Mandela appeared as himself in the 1992 American movie Malcolm X. In Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom he was played by Idris Elba.
By the time of his death, Mandela had come to be widely considered "the father of the nation" within South Africa.
He is also seen as "the national liberator, the savior, its Washington and Lincoln rolled into one".
Throughout his life, Mandela had also faced criticism.
Margaret Thatcher attracted international attention for describing the ANC as "a typical terrorist organization" in 1987.
She later made favors to release Mandela from prison.
Mandela has also been criticized for his friendship with political leaders such as Fidel Castro, Muammar Gaddafi, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Suharto.
CBC Digital Archives – Nelson Mandela: Prisoner, president, peacemaker
Nelson Mandela Day – official site
2013 deaths
People associated with Apartheid
Autobiographers
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
Disease-related deaths in South Africa
Knights of the Order of St John
Presidents of South Africa
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African political writers
The Lost World: Jurassic Park (known also as The Lost World) is an American movie directed by Steven Spielberg.
It is the sequel to the movie Jurassic Park.
The Lost World is the second in a series of three movies.
It was followed by Jurassic Park III and Jurassic World.
It is based on a book by Michael Crichton, and sticks generally to the plot of the book.
The movie was quite successful but not as much as the first.
1990s adventure movies
1997 science fiction movies
Movies directed by Steven Spielberg
Mario Party 6 is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube.
It is the sixth game in the Mario Party series.
It was released in Japan on November 18, 2004, in North America on December 6, 2004, and in Europe on March 18, 2005.
It is the first Mario Party game to use the Nintendo GameCube's microphone add-on.
Mario Party 6 plays the same as previous games in the Mario Party series.
Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars.
Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through 10.
After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played.
The player that wins the mini-game wins coins.
The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game.
In multiplayer, the sun will rise and fall every three turns.
Changes that happen include spaces moving, new characters appearing, and changes to mini-games.
Six boards are in the game.
The last one has to be unlocked.
Players can play as 11 characters.
One of them, Toadette, makes her first playable appearance in a Mario Party game in this game.
Video games developed in Japan
Nintendo games by franchise
Party video games
Don Quixote is a novel by Miguel de Cervantes.
The book was published in two parts (1605 and 1615).
It was first written in Spanish.
Soon afterwards it was translated to English by Thomas Shelton.
It is considered by many scholars to be the first modern novel.
The main character, Don Quixote, is a paragon of chivalry, but in a deeply flawed and impractical way.
Don Quixote is so influential as a character that the word "quixotic" is used to describe his type of behavior.
The story is about Alonso Quixano, a rich middle-aged man.
Quixano, having read many tales about chivalry and knights, goes crazy and believes that he is a knight named Don Quixote.
He rides around the country with his squire, Sancho, having adventures.
He believes his adventures are real, but everyone else laughs at him.
One of the most famous stories in the book is Don Quixote's fight with windmills.
He sees some windmills and thinks they are giants.
When he rides to fight with them, he is knocked off his horse.
Sancho tells him they are only windmills, but Don Quixote does not believe him.
He is sure a magician changed windmills into the giants to hurt him.
At the end of the book, Alonso Quixano returns home, hurt badly.
He becomes sane again, then dies.
17th-century books
Spanish-language literature
For living creatures, a swim or swimming is a way of moving in water.
Swimming is an activity that can be both useful and recreational.
Its primary uses are bathing, cooling, fishing, recreation, exercise, and sport.
Human swimming
Swimming has been known amongst humans since prehistoric times; the earliest record of swimming dates back to Stone Age, from around 7,000 years ago.
Competitive swimming started in Europe around 1800 and was part of the first modern 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, though not in a form comparable to the contemporary events.
It was not until 1908 that regulations were implemented by the International Swimming Federation to produce competitive swimming.
Archimedes of Syracuse () was a Greek scientist.
He was an inventor, an astronomer, and a mathematician.
He was born in the town of Syracuse in Sicily.
His father was Phidias, an astronomer, and he may have been in the family of a king of Syracuse.
Syracuse was a rich Greek city, on the seashore in Sicily.
When Archimedes was about ten years old, he left Syracuse to study in Alexandria, Egypt.
He was in the school of Euclid, a famous mathematician.
Not much is known about the personal life of Archimedes, for example, whether he was married or if he had children.
When the Romans invaded Syracuse, they captured Archimedes so they could learn all of the things he knew.
About two years after he was drawing a mathematical diagram in the sand and enraged a soldier by refusing to go to meet the Roman general until he had finished working on the problem.
The Roman killed him.
His last words are supposed to have been "Do not disturb my circles!"
On the Sphere and Cylinder is a work that was published by Archimedes in two volumes in about 225 BC.
On the sphere, he showed that the surface area is four times the area of its great circle.
In modern terms, this means that the surface area is equal to:
The volume of the contained ball is two-thirds the volume of a "circumscribed" cylinder.
meaning that the volume is
Archimedes the scientist
Archimedes is also well known for being the first person to understand statics, which is a part of applied mathematics.
It has to do with loads that do not move, for example in buildings or bridges.
He also understood and wrote about what happens when things float in liquids, which is called buoyancy.
Archimedes' principle: the weight of water displaced by an object equals the amount of buoyancy it gets.
It has practical uses.
It can be used to measure the density of an object, and hence whether or not it is made of gold.
The story of the golden crown does not appear in the surviving works of Archimedes.
Archimedes may have got a solution known in hydrostatics as Archimedes' principle, which he describes in his treatise On Floating Bodies.
This principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
Using this principle, it would have been possible to compare the density of the golden crown to that of solid gold by balancing the crown on a scale with a gold reference sample, then immersing the apparatus in water.
The difference in density between the two samples would cause the scale to tip accordingly.
Galileo considered it "probable that this method is the same that Archimedes followed, since, besides being very accurate, it is based on demonstrations found by Archimedes himself".
Archimedes, the inventor and engineer
Archimedes is also famous as an inventor because he made new tools and machines.
For example, he made a machine to lift water that could be used by farmers to bring water to their crops.
This is called Archimedes' screw.
Archimedes probably also invented a machine to measure distance, an odometer.
A cart was built with wheels that turned four hundred times in one mile.
A pin on the wheel would hit a 400-tooth gear, so it turned once for every mile.
This gear would then make a small stone fall into a cup.
At the end of a journey one could count the number of stones in the cup to find the distance.
Archimedes also made a system which one person could pull a large ship with just one rope.
This was called the compound pulley.
This is an important machine which is even today helps people in everyday life, although the versions we now use are much more complicated.
They still work by the same principle, through.
Archimedes at war
Archimedes also invented or made many machines used in war, for example he made better catapults.
This was during the Punic Wars, which were between Rome in what is now Italy and the city of Carthage in what is now North Africa.
For many years he helped stop the Roman army from attacking Syracuse, his city.
One war machine was called the "claw of Archimedes", or the "iron hand".
It was used to defend the city from attacks by ships.
Ancient writers said that it was a kind of crane with a hook that lifted ships out of the water and caused their destruction.
Another story about Archimedes is that he burned Roman ships from far away using many mirrors and the light from the sun.
This is perhaps possible, but it is perhaps more likely that this was done with flaming missiles from a catapult.
Tributes to Archimedes
A large hole or crater on the moon is named after Archimedes.
Some mountains on the moon are called the Montes Archimedes.
280s BC births
210s BC deaths
Radio is a way to send electromagnetic signals over a long distance, to deliver information from one place to another.
A machine that sends radio signals is called a transmitter, while a machine that "picks up" the signals is called a receiver or antenna.
A machine that does both jobs is a "transceiver".
When radio signals are sent out to many receivers at the same time, it is called a broadcast.
Television also uses radio signals to send pictures and sound.
Airplanes and other things may be used under radio control.
Radio signals can be used to lock and unlock the doors in a car from a distance.
History of radio
Many people worked to make radio possible.
After James Clerk Maxwell predicted them, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in Germany first showed that radio waves exist.
Guglielmo Marconi in Italy made radio into a practical tool of telegraphy, used mainly by ships at sea.
He is sometimes said to have invented radio.
Later inventors learned to transmit voices, which led to broadcasting of news, music and entertainment.
Uses of radio
Now an important use is to broadcast music, news and entertainers including "talk radio".
Radio shows were used before there were TV programs.
In the 1930s the US President started sending a message about the country every week to the American people.
Companies that make and send radio programming are called radio stations.
These are sometimes run by governments, and sometimes by private companies, who make money by sending advertisements.
Other radio stations are supported by local communities.
These are called community radio stations.
In the early days manufacturing companies would pay to broadcast complete stories on the radio.
These were often plays or dramas.
Because companies who made soap often paid for them, these were called "soap operas".
Radio waves are still used to send messages between people.
Talking to someone with a radio is different than "talk radio".
Citizens band radio and amateur radio use specific radios to talk back and forth.
Policemen, firemen and other people who help in emergency use a radio emergency communication system to communicate (talk to each other).
It is like a mobile phone, (which also uses radio signals) but the distance they reach is shorter and both people must use the same kind of radio.
The word "radio" is sometimes used to mean only voiceband broadcasting.
Most voiceband broadcasting uses lower frequency and longer wavelength than most television broadcasting.
Microwaves have even higher frequency; shorter wavelength.
They also are used to transmit television and radio programs, and for other purposes.
Communications satellites relay microwaves around the world.
A radio receiver does not need to be directly in view of the transmitter to receive programme signals.
Low frequency radio waves can bend around hills by diffraction, although repeater stations are often used to improve the quality of the signals.
Shortwave radio frequencies are also reflected from an electrically charged layer of the upper atmosphere, called the Ionosphere.
The waves can bounce between the ionosphere and the earth to reach receivers that are not in the line of sight because of the curvature of the Earth's surface.
They can reach very far, sometimes around the world.
Radio telescopes receive radio waves from the sky to study astronomical objects.
Satellite navigation uses radio to determine location, and radar uses it to find and track things.
Vandalism is a crime that is done by destroying or damaging the property of someone else.
This can include graffiti and website damage.
A person that does this is called a vandal.
The name comes from the Vandals, a tribe that attacked and damaged the city of Rome in 455 CE.
Many websites, such as wikis (like Wikipedia), forums, and blogs, can be changed by anyone.
Because of this, they can be "vandalized" by adding comments or replacing everything on the page with spam, nonsense or other silly content.
It is a kind of trolling, and these websites have special users, called administrators, whose job is to remove the vandalism and to block users who do not stop vandalizing.
Property crimes
Monopoly is a board game played by two to eight players.
In the game, players move around the spaces of the board, buying and selling land and buildings to try to become the richest player.
Many books give advice on how to win the game.