the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
WWE is currently one of the leaders in pay-per-view content for cable and satellite television.
Pay-per-views account for approximately 25% of WWE revenues.
There are fourteen live shows for North America, four for United Kingdom, four for Australia and two for Japan.
The pay-per-view events WWE hold currently are:
Elimanation Chamber
Extreme Rules
The Bash
T.L.C Tables, Ladders and Chairs
WWE Video Library
WWE.com - Television programming
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan is a 2006 British-American mockumentary (comedy movie) by English comedian Sacha Baron Cohen.
The main character, Borat, is a rude, stupid reporter who interviews famous people and ordinary people.
The movie was very popular, but also seen as wrong and offensive by some people.
This is because it was seen as anti-semitic (against Jews) and racist (against black people).
Sacha Baron Cohen says this is wrong and he is Jewish himself.
The plot of the movie is about Borat and his friend going to America from Kazakhstan to make a movie about America.
Borat looks very stupid and ignorant in America.
Borat falls in love with Pamela Anderson after seeing her on television in his hotel.
He decides to go to see her while making the movie.
He meets many people along the way, interviewing them.
2006 comedy movies
Mockumentaries
Movies set in Atlanta, Georgia
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
For the television series, see Hannah Montana
Miley Ray Stewart, or Hannah Montana is a fictional character played by Miley Cyrus on the Disney Channel television show Hannah Montana.
She is the main character in the series.
Hannah Montana is about Miley Stewart, a teenage school girl who, at night, lives as a pop star, Hannah Montana.
Miley Stewart is an ordinary teenager who has two lives, one as a school girl, the other as a pop star, Hannah Montana.
She is from Tennessee, but now lives in California with her father Robby Ray, and brother Jackson.
Robby was a singer like Miley, and now lives two lives as her father, and manager and producer.
Miley's mother died when she was young.
> Roxy is Hannah Montana's bodyguard who protects the family, whether they want her to or not.
When Miley arrives at Seaview Middle School, she meets her best friends, Lilly Truscott and Oliver Oken.
Lilly finds out that Miley is Hannah Montana in the first episode, when she breaks into Hannah's dressing room.
In the second episode, Oliver's crush on Hannah Montana is shown, and because of this, Miley tells him her secret.
In the second season, she begins to go to her brother's high school with Lilly and Oliver.
Because of her two lives, Miley often has problems (such as sleeping in late on a school day after a concert).
Miley's enemies are Amber Addison (Shanica Knowles) and Ashley Dewitt (Anna Maria Perez de Tagle), who are constantly mean to her and her friends, but are huge fans of Hannah Montana.
Later, she gets used to her school, and meets a famous actor, Jake Ryan.
She has an on and off relationship with him.
Miley is famous for saying some phrases, such as "Ya think?!"
whenever someone says the obvious, and "Sweet niblets!",
when worried and scared.
If someone says something crazy, Miley or Hannah will say something like "'Washed up ballplayer say what?'"
as in Bye Bye Ball.
Miley also has a stuffed bear named Beary who has been seen in many episodes.
She has had Beary since she was three (as revealed in Me and Rico down by the schoolyard.
Beary was destroyed in the episode "Bye Bye Ball", when Jackson was trying to kill a wasp, but Jackson was later able to fix him.
People who know Hannah's secret
It has been shown that Miley's friends and most members of the Stewart family know that Miley is Hannah Montana.
Below is the list of people mentioned in the series that know Miley's secret.
Robby Stewart (Billy Ray Cyrus), father
Susan Stewart (Brooke Shields), deceased mother
Jackson Stewart (Jason Earles), brother
Lilly Truscott (Emily Osment), best friend
Oliver Oken (Mitchel Musso), best friend
Roxy (Frances Callier), bodyguard
Jake Ryan (Cody Linley), boyfriend/close friend
Uncle Earl (David Koechner), frequently mentioned uncle
Luann Stewart (Miley Cyrus), twin mean cousin
Aunt Dolly (Dolly Parton), Godmother.
Mammaw Ruthie (Vicki Lawrence), grandmother
Bobby Ray Stewart (Billy Ray Cyrus), uncle
Fermaine (Matt Winston), Hannah's costume designer
Heather Truscott (Heather Locklear), Lilly's Mom
Jesse (Miley's boyfriend in season 4)
Siena (Jackson's girlfriend)
President Obama (Appeared in season four no showing his face)
Vita (Hannah's personal assistant)
Fictional characters introduced in the 2000s
Nazareth () (  or ;    or ) is the capital city of the north district of Israel.
Most of the people in this city are Arabs (who are either Muslim or Christian).
There are also some Jewish people.
The city is very old and is also famous for being the city where it is believed Jesus grew up in the care of Mary and Joseph.
Scanlation (sometimes scanslation) is a word for manga comics which have been scanned and translated by fans from the language they were in before (usually Japanese or Korean) to a different language, usually English, French or Spanish.
KolibriOS is a free and open source operating system written all in assembly.
This makes it very fast and small.
KolibriOS can fit on a floppy disk and run on a Pentium (and possibly on late 486) with 8 MB of RAM.
Obergösgen is a municipality in the Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Oekingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Oensingen is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Olten is a city in the district  Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Orenthal James "O. J." Simpson (born July 9, 1947), also known by his nickname, The Juice, is a retired American football player and movie actor.
He originally attained stardom as a running back at the collegiate and professional levels, and was the first NFL player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season.
He later worked as an actor, spokesman, and broadcaster.
O. J. Simpson is famous for being accused of murdering his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman in 1994.
Murder of Nicole Simpson and Ronald Goldman
O. J. Simpson was put on trial for the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman in 1994.
The court case took many months, and the newspapers and television news followed it closely.
The criminal court in Los Angeles, California found that Simpson was not guilty of those murders in 1995.
However, Goldman's family sued Simpson for wrongful death in civil court.
In 1997, the civil court said Simpson was liable for their wrongful deaths, but to date he has paid little of the $33.5 million he was ordered to pay.
In late 2006, Simpson wrote a book titled If I Did It.
The book is a first-person fictional story of the murder of Brown and Goldman if Simpson had done it.
It was withdrawn by the publisher just before its release.
The book was later released by the Goldman family and the title of the book was expanded to If I Did It: Confessions of the Killer ().
As of March 2016, interest has grown in his murder case after a former police officer came forward with a knife that may have been used as the murder weapon.
In September 2007, Simpson faced more lawsuits, as he was arrested and subsequently charged with numerous felonies, including but not limited to robbery, burglary, assault, first-degree kidnapping with use of a deadly weapon (which carries a possible life sentence), coercion with use of a deadly weapon, conspiracy to commit robbery, conspiracy to commit kidnapping, and conspiracy to commit a crime.
Simpson was convicted on all counts.
He was imprisoned at the Lovelock Correctional Center in Lovelock, Nevada.
Parole and release
On July 20, 2017, Simpson was granted parole.
He was released from prison on October 1, 2017.
Simpson played T.D. Parker in the TV series 1st & Ten: The Championship from 1986 to 1991.
In 1995 he won the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor.
Buffalo Bills players
People acquitted of murder
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Heisman Trophy winners
Guthrie was born Woodrow Wilson Guthrie in Okemah, Oklahoma.
He was named after President Woodrow Wilson.
Guthrie wrote over a thousand songs during his career.
His more famous songs include "This Land Is Your Land", "Mail Myself To You", "This Train", "Bound For Glory", and "Hobo's Lullaby".
One of his most famous albums was titled Dust Bowl Ballads.
He sang about the Great Depression, and the problems faced by farmers at the time of the Dust Bowl, when erosion and drought ruined millions of acres of farmland.
Guthrie recorded a series of songs for the United States government, about sexually transmitted diseases, that served as warnings to the public.
Much of the time he appeared opposed to governments as he saw them, and also politics.
Guthrie identified strongly with the Industrial Workers of the World, called the "Wobblies", and also the Communist Party, but he never joined either one.
His songs, and his interpretations of older songs, spoke to people of many different beliefs.
Many of his songs used old tunes, that he gave new words.
The composer names of most folk songs are lost to history, or their songs have been adapted so many times that they completely change form.
Even though Guthrie and his songs were well-known, they came to be accepted as genuine folk songs.
They appeared in songbooks, and were performed and recorded by many different artists, and also sung by amateurs and families at home.
Guthrie worked with or influenced many later musicians.
Illness from Huntington's disease
Guthrie's career was cut short by the illness Huntington's disease.
By the late 1940s, Guthrie's health was getting poor, and his behavior was getting very erratic.
He had gotten various diagnoses (including alcoholism and schizophrenia), but in 1952, it was determined that he was dying from Huntington's disease, He inherited it from his mother.
Worrying that he was a danger to their children, his wife, Marjorie, said he needed to go back to California without her.
They finally divorced.
Over a long period of time, the illness left him in a wheelchair, then finally unable to get out of bed, or even hold a guitar.
He spent many years in a hospital, visited by his family and friends.
Folk musician Pete Seeger was a regular visitor.
One day, the young Bob Dylan came to visit Guthrie.
He had hitchhiked from Minnesota to New York, to meet Guthrie.
He played Guthrie "A Song to Woody", which he had written as a tribute.
Guthrie liked Dylan, and invited him back.
Dylan stayed with the Guthrie family, and became friends with thirteen-year-old Arlo Guthrie, who also became a musician.
Guthrie died in 1967, from the effects of Huntington's disease in New York City, aged 55.
There have been many tributes made to Guthrie and his music through the years.
Actor David Carradine played him in the movie Bound for Glory.
Guthrie's songs are still sung today, and are a symbol of American life.
The Woody Guthrie Center
The Woody Guthrie Foundation and Archives
Woody Guthrie and the Archive of American Folk Song: Correspondence, 1940–1950, Library of Congress, American Folklife Center. "
American Memory" presentation of archival correspondence written by Woody Guthrie to the staff of the Archive of American Folk Song.
Retrieved 14 June 2015
Songfacts interview with Anna Canoni (Guthrie's granddaughter)
Woody Guthrie at Find a Grave
Voices of Oklahoma interview with Mary Jo Guthrie.
First person interview conducted on May 9, 2013 with Mary Jo Guthrie talking about her brother Woody Guthrie.
Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.
Deaths from neurodegenerative disease
Seer Sharqi Bhattian is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Seer Sharqi Bhattian is named after the two main towns "Seer Sharqi" and "Bhattian", Seer Sharqi means eastern Seer, this is because there are two towns called Seer near to each other.
The other Seer is known as Seer Gharbi (meaning western Seer)
District Government of Abbottabad
The Union Council Bagnotar is in central part of Abbottabad District in south-east of Abbottabad city - capital city of the district.
Bagnotar is next to following union councils, to the north by Sarbhana, to the east and to the south by Namli Maira, and to the west by Bagh.
Village Council Bagnotar
Village Council Bandi Maira
Village Council Chahan
District Council Member: Sardar Saeed Anwar.
Tehsil Council Member: Sardar Shuja Ahmed.
Schools in Bagnotar
Government Boys Higher Secondary School Bagnotar
Government Girls High School Bagnotar
Government Primary School Bagnotar
Government Primary School Khurri Banda Bagnotar
Government Primary School Gulaga Bagnotar
Government Primary School Seri, Bagnotar
Government Primary School Gaiya Bagnotar
Government Primary School Riyan Tareeda
Government Primary School Chahan, Bandi Maira
The vegetation in Bagnotar is naturally grown.
Both coniferous and deciduous species are present on a large area of the whole union council.
The notable species are Pinus wallichiana, Pinus roxburghii, Cedrus deodara, Taxus baccata, Diospyrus lotus, Salix tetrasperma, Quercus dilatata, Morus elba, Aesculus indica.
Clinton is a village in Oneida County, New York, United States.
There were 1,952 people living in Clinton as of the 2000 census.
It was named after George Clinton, the first governor of New York.
Important people that lived in Clinton
Richard Nelson Bach Jr., captain and leading scorer of the EHL's Clinton Comets 1956 EHL hockey championship.
Two time MVP and three time scoring champion.
Voted into Hall of Fame on first vote in 1961.
Clara Barton, founder of American Red Cross
Grover Cleveland, lived in Clinton for a short time as a child
Harriet McDoul Daniels
Samuel Kirkland, a missionary among the Oneida, obtained a charter for Hamilton College in 1812.
Mary Lyon
Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters, Danish-born astronomer; working at Litchfield Observatory, Hamilton College, he discovered 48 asteroids.
Elihu Root, born in Clinton and attended Hamilton College.
Leland Stanford, student in Clinton.
The village has an area of 0.6 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.
The village is east of the Oriskany Creek.
Village of Clinton.
Villages in New York
The following is a list of  82  counties in the U.S. state of Mississippi:
Charleston is a city in Berkeley and Charleston counties in the U.S. state of South Carolina.
It is the biggest city and is the county seat of Charleston County.
As of 2010, the urban population is about 548,404.
Surrounding cities and towns
Town of Awendaw
City of Folly Beach
City of Hanahan
City of Isle of Palms
Town of James Island
Town of Mount Pleasant
City of North Charleston
Town of St. George
Town of Rockville
Town of Meggett
Town of Sullivan's Island
Town of Summerville
City of Goose Creek
Town of Moncks Corner
Town of Hollywood
Town of Jamestown
Town of Ridgeville
Town of McClellanville
Town of St. Stephen
Town of Bonneau
Other unincorporated areas
Johns Island
Wadmalaw Island
Morris Island
St. Stephen
Dewee's Island
Yonges Island
Neighborhoods in the City
Peninsula / Downtown neighborhoods & districts
Ansonborough
Cannonborough
Eastside
Elliotborough
Four Mile-Hibernian
Radcliffeborough
Rosemont
Silver Hill-Magnolia
West Ashley neighborhoods
Air Harbor
Albemarle Point
Ashley Hall Manor
Ashley Hall Plantation
Ashleyville
Byrnes Downs
Capri Isle
Castlewood Townhouses
Drayton on the Ashley
Harrison Acres
Heathwood
Hickory Farms
Hunt Club
Indigo Point
Lenevar
MacLaura Hall
Oak Forest
Maryville
Moreland
Northbridge Terrace
Orange Grove Estates
Orange Grove Shores
Parkshore
Ponderosa
Providence Commons
Schieveling Plantation
Stono Park
Sylvan Shores
Wappoo Heights
Wespanee Plantation
James Island neighborhoods
Bayview Farms
Charleston Country Club
Harbor Point
Harbor Woods
Lawton Bluff
Parrot Creek
Riverland Terrace
Stiles Point Plantation
Terrabrook
White House Plantation
Secessionville
Sol Legare
Woodward Pointe
Johns Island neighborhoods
Gift Plantation
Grimball Gates
Headquarters Island
Headquarters Plantation
The Gardens at Whitney Lake
Twelve Oaks at Fenwick Hall Plantation
The Villages in St. Johns Woods
The Cottages at Johns Island
Winnsboro Lakes
Cainhoy Peninsula / Daniel Island neighborhoods
Barfield Park
Beresford Creek Landing
Beresford Hall
Center Park
Cochran Park
Codner's Ferry Park
Downtown Daniel Island
Etiwan Park
Pierce Park
River Reach Pointe
Smythe Park
Hangu, Romania, a village in Neamţ county, Romania
Hangu (Pakistan), town in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Hangu District (Pakistan), district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Miranzai Valley, also Hangu, in Pakistan
Hangu Pass, pass in China
Hangu District, Tianjin, district in Tianjin, China
Hangu Korean writing system
Karak (Pakistan) is a city in Pakistan.
Karak District is in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Karak (mascot), a mascot in form of Red-tailed Black Cockatoo at the 18th Commonwealth Games at Melbourne in 2006.
Karak Expressway, a highway in Malaysia.
Karak, Pahang, a town in Malaysia.
Taunton is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts,  United States.
It is the  seat of Bristol County and the hub of the Greater Taunton Area.
As of the 2000 census, Taunton had 55,976 people living in it.
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has an area of 48.0 square miles.
Taunton, Somerset, United Kingdom
Angra do Heroismo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
City of Taunton's Home Page
Taunton Area Chamber of Commerce's Official Home Page
Gerhard Ertl (born 10 October 1936) is a German physicist in the Department of Physical Chemistry of the Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG .
He was born on 10 October 1936 in Stuttgart, Germany.
Professor Ertl won the Nobel prize for Chemistry in 2007.
The Nobel academy said Ertl provided a detailed description of how chemical reactions take place on surfaces.
His findings applied in both academic studies and industrial development, the academy said. “
Surface chemistry can even explain the destruction of the ozone layer, as vital steps in the reaction actually take place on the surfaces of small crystals of ice in the stratosphere,” the award citation reads.
Ertl and his wife Barbara have two children and several grandchildren.
His hobbies include playing the piano and also playing with his cats.
Professor Ertl studied physics at the Technical University of Stuttgart from 1955 to 1957.
He studied at the University of Paris from 1957 to 1958 and then at Ludwig Maximillians University in Munich from 1958 to 1959.
He returned to the Technical University of Stuttgart where he got a diplom of physics in 1961.
Then he studied at the Technical University of Munich and got a PhD in 1965.
After getting his PhD, he stayed in Munich as an assistant and a lecturer between 1965 and 1968.
Then, he moved to the Technical University of Hannover where he worked as Professor and Director from 1968 to 1973.
In 1973, Professor Ertl returned to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich to work as a professor at the Institute of Physical Chemistry.
He worked there until 1986 and during this time was a regular visitor to the California Institute of Technology, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the University of California, in Berkeley where he worked as a visiting professor.
In 1986, he became professor at the Free University of Berlin and the Technical University of Berlin.
He was director at the Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG from 1986 and was also a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin from 1996.
Professor Ertl retired in 2004.
Professor Ertl studied the molecules of ammonia, iron, carbon monoxide and palladium to help make modern catalytic converters.
He studied platinum to learn about its atoms.
Professor Ertl helped to develop new ways of using microscopes.
One was called low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) used at the beginning of his career and later he worked on ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and scanning tunneling microscope (STM).
8 The Wolf Foundation Prize in Chemistry.
Wolf Foundation. (
10-10-2007)
Associated Press. (
10-10-2007) Nobel for ozone layer scientist .
CNN. (
Profile: Nobel prize the perfect birthday present for Ertl .
Deutsche Presse-Agentur. (
The Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1998
Publications by Gerhard Ertl
Francesco Hayez (February 10, 1791, Venice – December 21, 1882, Milan) was the main artist of Romanticism in mid-19th-century in Milan.
Petro Rosso Imprisoned by the Scaligeri (c. 1820)
A series on the Sicilian Vespers (1821-1846)
Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem (c. 1867)
Portrait of Marin Faliero (1867)
Vase of flowers on the window of a harem (c. 1881)
The Kiss (1859) - Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan
Historical Romanticism in Italian Painting - Francesco Hayez The Risorgimento in Italian Art
John William Waterhouse (6 April 1849 – 10 February 1917) was an English painter in the Pre-Raphaelite style.
He worked after the breakup of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and so was called "the modern Pre-Raphaelite".
He was also influenced by his contemporaries, the Impressionists.
His artworks were known for their depictions of women from both ancient Greek mythology and Arthurian legend.
Born in Italy to English parents who were both painters, he later moved to London, where he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Art.
He soon began exhibiting at their annual summer exhibitions, focusing on the creation of large canvas works depicting scenes from the daily life and mythology of ancient Greece.
Later on in his career he came to embrace the Pre-Raphaelite style of painting despite the fact that it had gone out of fashion in the British art scene several decades before.
In the 1988 movie Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Toontown is a cartoonish city near Los Angeles.
The Semantic Web is a project of the W3C that uses metadata, to write specific details related to a subject, to let computers better process the information on the internet.
This plan, for saving additional semantic details, would make computers able to do more of the work involved in finding, sharing and combining information on the internet.
The Semantic Web is an idea of the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners Lee.
He has wanted to make the web more intuitive about how to meet a user's needs.
The semantics of information and services is defined in Web Ontology Language (OWL) and RDF Schemas.
These are used to give a formal description of concepts, terms, and relationships within a given area of knowledge.
The World Wide Web is based on HTML documents.
The semantic web involves using Resource description Framework (RDF) that has data that computers use.
The layout used in HTML will be stored separately such as in a CSS file.
RDF and OWL can either supplement or replace the content of web documents (XHTML).
In this way, a machine can use the knowledge itself.
By using the information in ways similar to human reasoning, it can create more meaningful results.
Langlade County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.
There were 20,740 people living in Langlade County as of the year 2000.
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of 888 square miles.
Neighboring counties
Oneida County - northwest
Forest County - northeast
Oconto County - east
Menominee County - southeast
Shawano County - south
Marathon County - southwest
Lincoln County - west
Antigo (town)
Elcho
Langlade
Peck
Upham
Vilas
Notes on Langlade County history
Adams County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.
There were 18,643 people living in Adams County as of the year 2000.
Its county seat is Friendship.
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of 689 square miles.
Other counties
Wood County – northwest
Portage County – northeast
Waushara County – east
Marquette County – east
Columbia County – southeast
Sauk County – southwest
Juneau County – west
Cities, villages and towns
Wisconsin Dells (partial)
Unincorporated places
Arkdale
Adams County official website
Adams County Chamber of Commerce
1853 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Wisconsin
Ligaria cuneifolia van Tigh, (syn.
Psittacanthus cuneifolius (Ruiz et Pav.)
Blume) is a shrubby, glabrous plant.
It's fruit a globular berry.
It is commonly known as “liga” (Argentina) or “quintral de espino” (Chile).
Baldini A, L Pancel.2002.
Agentes de daño en el bosque nativo   Editorial Universitaria Santiago de Chile
Fernández T B et al.
2000  Mistletoe from Argentine.
61–74 in  Büssing A. (ed.)
Mistletoe: The Genus Viscum.
CRC Press
Domingezia  (PDF)
HSQLDB, previously Hypersonic SQL
Hypersonic effect, psychological effect
Hypersonic (laptop), brand
In aerodynamics, hypersonic speeds are speeds that are highly supersonic.
The word hypersonic came from a word used in the 1970s,  Mach 5, or 5 times the speed of sound.
Everything about the plane changes greatly when the airplane that is flying at those speeds reaches supersonic speeds.
Characteristics of Hypersonic Flow
Though the definition for hypersonic speeds is not very clear and is a subject of debate among scientists, they have come up with a possible definition.
A hypersonic flow may be characterized by certain things that can no longer be discounted in analysis.
Some of these things include:
Thin Shock Layer
As the plane goes faster and mach numbers increase, the density behind the shock also goes up.
This happens in concert with a decrease in volume behind the shock wave because of the conservation of mass theory.
Because of this, the shock layer (the volume between the body and the shock wave) is thin at high mach numbers.
Entropy Layer
As a plane goes faster and mach numbers go up, the entropy change across the shock also goes up.
This results in a strong entropy gradient and highly vortical flow that mixes with the boundary layer.
Viscous Interaction
Some of the big kinetic energy found with flow at large mach numbers becomes internal energy in the fluid because of viscosity.
The increase in internal energy makes the temperature go up.
Because the pressure gradient normal to the flow within a boundary layer is zero, the increase of temperature through the boundary layer causes the density to fall.
This causes the boundary layer over the body of the airplane to grow.
This, in turn, causes the temperature to go up.
Note:May not be simple
NASA's Guide to Hypersonics
Great Langton is a small village in the English county of North Yorkshire.
It is 1.2 square miles in area and 116 people live there.
Leonid Hurwicz (August 21, 1917 – June 24, 2008) was an American economist and mathematician.
He won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics.
Hurwicz invented the economic sciences of incentive compatibility and mechanism design.
International economy and trade is studied using the ideas Professor Hurwicz had.
Hurwicz worked as Regents Professor of Economics (head teacher of economics) at the University of Minnesota.
Professor Hurwicz believed that game theory is very important.
Hurwicz shared the 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson for their work on ways mechanism design.
Professor Hurwicz was born in Moscow, Russia to a Jewish family a few months before the October Revolution.
His family is Polish and had lived in Congress Kingdom (the part of Poland then in the Russian Empire) but they moved to Russia to escape World War I. Soon after Professor Hurwicz was born, the family returned to Warsaw, in Poland.
Hurwicz and his family were treated very badly by the Bolsheviks and Nazis because they were Jewish.
He became a refugee again when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939.
His parents and brother ran away to Russia where they were arrested by the Soviets and sent to labor camps.
Hurwicz was forced to move to Switzerland, then to Portugal and finally in 1940 he moved to the United States.
His family joined him there after some time.
Hurwicz hired Evelyn Jensen to help him teach during the 1940s.
She grew up on a Wisconsin farm and was studying economics at the University of Chicago.
Leonid and Evelyn got married in 1944 and later, lived on the Mississippi River parkway in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
They have four children called Sarah, Michael, Ruth and Maxim.
He has interests in linguistics, archaeology, biochemistry and music.
He has researched for meteorology and is a member of the National Science Foundation department for trying to control the weather.
When Eugene McCarthy ran for president of the United States (1968), Hurwicz was a Minnesota delegate to the Democratic Party Convention and a member of the Democratic Party Platform Committee.
Education and early work
Professor Hurwiczs father wanted him to study law and he did.
In 1938 Hurwicz got a degree from Warsaw University.
He enjoyed studying in economics class and went to the London School of Economics with Nicholas Kaldor and Friedrich Hayek.
In 1939 he moved to Geneva where he studied at the Graduate Institute of International Studies and studied Ludwig von Mises teaching.
After moving to the United States he studied more economics at Harvard University and the University of Chicago.
Professor Hurwicz does not have a degree in economics but he won the Nobel prize for economics in 2007.
He said, "Whatever economics I learned, I learned by listening and learning."
In 1941 Hurwicz was helping Paul Samuelson to teach at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and helping Oskar Lange to teach at the University of Chicago.
At Illinois Institute of Technology during the war, Hurwicz taught electronics to the U.S. Army Signal Corps.
Then from 1942 to 1944, at the University of Chicago, he was a member of the faculty of the Institute of Meteorology and taught statistics in the Department of Economics.
His advisors in 1942 were Jacob Marschak and Tjalling Koopmans of the University of Chicago, who now work for the Cowles Foundation at Yale University.
Teaching and studies
Hurwicz received a Guggenheim Fellowship for 1945–1946.
In 1946 he became a professor of economics at Iowa State College.
From January 1942 until June 1946, he was a researcher for the Cowles Commission.
He worked full-time for the Cowles Commission until October 1950 until January 1951, he was a visiting professor, teaching at classes that were taught before by Professor Koopman in the Department of Economics, and he was a very important professor there.
He was also a research professor of economics and statistics at the University of Illinois, a consultant to the RAND Corporation for the University of Chicago and a consultant to the U.S. government.
Hurwicz continued to be a consultant to the Cowles Commission until about 1961.
Hurwicz was given a job by Walter Heller at the University of Minnesota in 1951, where he became a professor of economics and mathematics in the School of Business Administration.
Most of his work for the rest of his life was in Minnesota, but he studied and was a teacher elsewhere in the United States and Asia.
In 1955 and again in 1958 Hurwicz was a visiting professor, and a fellow on the second visit, at Stanford University and there in 1959 he published "Optimality and Informational Efficiency in Resource Allocation Processes" on making rules for buyers and sellers and governments share wealth.
He taught at Bangalore University in 1965 and, during the 1980s, at Tokyo University, People's University (now Renmin University of China) and the University of Indonesia.
In the United States he was a visiting professor at Harvard in 1969, at the University of California, Berkeley in 1976, at Northwestern University twice in 1988 and 1989, at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1998, the California Institute of Technology in 1999 and the University of Michigan in 2002.
He was a visiting Distinguished Professor at the University of Illinois in 2001.
In the University of Minnesota in 1961, Hurwicz became chairman of the Statistics Department, Regents Professor of Economics in 1969, and Curtis L. Carlson Regents Professor of Economics in 1989.
He taught subjects ranging from theory to welfare economics, public economics, rules for large companies and mathematical economics.
Although he retired from full-time teaching in 1988, Hurwicz taught graduate school as Professor Emeritus in the autumn of 2006.
In 2007 his ongoing research was described by the University of Minnesota as "comparison and analysis of systems and techniques of economic organization, welfare economics, game-theoretic implementation of social choice goals, and modeling economic institutions."
Professor Hurwiczs published works in these fields date back to 1944.
Professor Hurwicz is known internationally for his good work researching economic theory, specially with rules for big businesses and governments using mathematical economics.
In the 1950s, he worked with Kenneth Arrow on non-linear programming.
Kenneth Arrow became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Economics prize in 1972.
Hurwicz helped Daniel McFadden, who won a Nobel prize in 2000.
Hurwiczs work was important to help show how large economic systems should be studied.
Some of these systems are capitalism and socialism.
Professor Hurwiczs ideas of how to share wealth are also very important.
The theory of incentive compatibility that Hurwicz developed changed the way many economists think about sharing in the future, explaining why centrally planned economies may fail and how rewards for certain people make a difference when making decisions.
Hurwicz is part of teams who edit several journals.
He co-edited and contributed to two collections for Cambridge University Press: Studies in Resource Allocation Processes (1978, with Kenneth Arrow) and Social Goals and Social Organization (1987, with David Schmeidler and Hugo Sonnenschein).
His recent journals include "Economic Theory" (2003, with Thomas Marschak), "Review of Economic Design" (2001, with Stanley Reiter) and "Advances in Mathematical Economics" (2003, with Marcel K. Richter).
Hurwicz has taught works by Fisher-Schultz (1963), Richard T. Ely (1972), David Kinley (1989) and Colin Clark (1997).
Memberships and honorary degrees
Hurwicz was voted to be a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1947 and in 1969 was the Econometric Societys president.
Hurwicz was made part of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1965.
In 1974 he was made a part of the National Academy of Sciences and in 1977 was made a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association.
Hurwicz was given a National Medal of Science in 1990 by President of the United States George H. W. Bush, for studying Behaviorial and Social Science, given to him for his new work on the theories of how to share wealth in modern decentralization.
He served on the United Nations Economic Commission in 1948 and the United States National Research Council in 1954.
In 1964 he was a member of the National Science Foundation Commission on Weather Modification.
He is a member of the American Academy of Independent Scholars (1979) and a Distinguished Scholar of the California Institute of Technology (1984).
Hurwicz has received six honorary doctorates (PhD), from Northwestern University (1980), the University of Chicago (1993), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (1989), Keio University (1993), Warsaw School of Economics (1994) and Universität Bielefeld (2004).
He is an honorary visiting professor of the Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Economics (1984).
Using Hurwiczs name
Some important things have been given Professor Hurwicz's name such as the Hurwicz criterion, an idea that Professor Hurwicz had in 1950, and is thought of as very important for economics.
The Hurwicz Criterion is also called "under uncertainty".
Hurwicz had the idea of putting Abraham Walds work together with work done by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1812.
The Hurwicz Criterion tells people to think very carefully of what is good and what is bad before making decisions.
Different types of the Hurwicz Criterion have been thought of.
Leonard Jimmie Savage made some changes to the first Hurwiczs criterion in 1954.
The four peoples work – Laplace, Wald, Hurwicz and Savage – that the Hurwicz Criterion has been based on was studied, corrected and used for over fifty years by many different people including John Milnor, G. L. S. Shackle, Daniel Ellsberg, R. Duncan Luce and Howard Raiffa, but some people say the work was started by Jacob Bernoulli.
The Leonid Hurwicz Distinguished Lecture is given to the Minnesota Economic Association.
John Ledyard (2007), Robert Lucas, Roger Myerson, Edward C. Prescott, James Quirk, Nancy Stokey and Neil Wallace are some of the people who have given the lecture since it was thought to be important in 1992.
Nobel Economics Prize
In October 2007, Hurwicz shared The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel with Eric Maskin of the Institute for Advanced Study and Roger Myerson of the University of Chicago "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory."
During a telephone interview, a member of the Nobel Foundation told Hurwicz and his wife that Hurwicz is the oldest person ever to win the Nobel Prize.
Hurwicz said, "I hope that others who deserve it also got it."
When he was asked what the most important part of mechanism design is, he said welfare economics.
The three Nobel prize winners used game theory work by mathematician John Forbes Nash, to discover the best way to reach a good outcome, without forgetting individual people.
Mechanism design has been used as a guide for talks and taxation, voting and elections, to design auctions such as those for communications bandwidth, elections and labor talks and for pricing business stocks.
Professor Hurwicz was not able to attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm because of his age, Hurwicz received the prize in Minneapolis.
Accompanied by Evelyn, his wife for sixty years, and his family, he was the most important guest at a meeting in the University of Minnesota with the university president Robert Bruininks.
After watching the Nobel Prize awards ceremony on television, Jonas Hafstrom, the Swedish ambassador to the United States, awarded the Economics Prize to Professor Hurwicz.
Important work by Professor Hurwicz
Hurwicz, Leonid (1995). "
What is the Coase Theorem?,"
Japan and the World Economy, 7(1), pp.
_ (1973).
The design of mechanisms for resource allocation, Amer.
Rev., 63, p p. 1– 30.
_ (1969). "
On the Concept and Possibility of Informational Decentralization," American Economic Review, 59(2), p. 513– 524.
_ (1945). "
The Theory of Economic Behavior" American Economic Review, 35(5), p p. 909– 925.
Exposition on game theory classic.
People from Moscow
Scientists from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Educators from Minneapolis, Minnesota
A virtual private network, or VPN is a set of technologies which are used to link computers to create a private network.
Another network is used to carry the data, which is encrypted.
The carrier network will see the packets of data which it routes.
To the users of the VPN, it will look like the computers were directly connected to each other.
Confidentiality: The carrier network will route the data, but it will be unable to decrypt it.
Sender authentication: People need to authenticate themselves, to be able to use the network.
Message integrity: Messages transported across the network cannot be changed easily while they are in transport.
When a message was changed, it is possible to detect this.
In a business context, VPNs are often used to connect different office locations, or to allow people working from outside the company network to access its resources.
People can use their computer to connect to their work network and see work websites that cannot be seen on the normal internet.
Similarly, the encryption process allows VPNs to offer anonymity by hiding the user and making it very hard for anyone to track them.
As a result, VPNs help make one's online activities on the web anonymous and undecipherable.
VPNs are often used to access websites that are blocked in some countries, like China.
Many people also use a VPN to protect their internet activity while using public WiFi.
VPNs can also be used to connect corporate offices to the larger branch offices, also known as site-to-site VPN.
This is because direct network connections are impractical between offices that are physically distant.
Remote workers connecting to a company network (telecommuting)
Connecting multiple company offices together over the Internet (site-to-site VPN)
Connecting to one's own home network from a remote location
Bypassing censorship or firewalls
Downloading files or browsing the Web anonymously
Securing communications on public WiFi
How to choose VPN?
Dial-up internet access, usually just called Dial-up, is a slow way of connecting to the Internet by using a telephone line.
A modem is connected between a computer and a telephone line and then the modem is instructed to dial the phone number of an Internet service provider (ISP) to connect to the Internet.
The ISP must be a dial-up service provider with several dial-up modems waiting to accept dial-up calls.
This kind of internet is slower than DSL.
In most parts of the world, dial-up service was the most common way of connecting to the internet in the late 20th century.
Since the middle of the 2000s it has become uncommon, being largely replaced by DSL and cable modem where those are not too expensive.
For the electronic toll collection system see I-Pass.
iPass Inc is an American multinational company headquartered in Redwood Shores, California.
iPass provides Internet access on wireless-enabled devices.
iPass was first incorporated in California in July 1996 and later reincorporated in Delaware in June 2000.
The company’s stock was added to the NASDAQ on July 24, 2003.
iPass was founded in January 1996 by Chris Moore.
Moore was replaced by Michael H. Mansouri, who took the position of Chairman, President and CEO in 1999, serving until 2001.Kenneth Denman succeeded Mansouri as President and CEO in 2001, later assuming the position of Chairman in 2003.
In 2004, iPass launched a policy orchestration initiative to integrate patch management, assessment and remediation of remote and mobile computers into its connectivity platform.
In pursuing this initiative, iPass acquired two companies in 2004: Safe3w, which developed patented dynamic device “fingerprinting” technology, and Mobile Automation, which specialized in mobile device management.
Two years later, iPass acquired GoRemote Internet Communications, a former rival in the corporate remote access market.
In the midst of these acquisitions, iPass recorded year-end revenue growth, despite declining revenues from the company’s traditional dial-up business.
In fact, total revenues grew to $192 million by the end of 2007.
In 2008, the company appointed Evan Kaplan as CEO and President to replace Denman.
During Kaplan's tenure, iPass began to build a service delivery platform for its new enterprise mobility services.
By January 2010, the company delivered the first version of its cloud-based platform, iPass Open Mobile.
2015 ushered in a change in iPass’ executive team, beginning with the appointment of Gary Griffiths to the position of CEO and President.
Griffiths and his newly appointed Chief Commercial Officer, Patricia Hume, pursued a new growth strategy for mobility services, launching iPass Unlimited, a per-user, per-month, fixed fee subscription for unlimited Wi-Fi usage.
iPass also prioritized strategic partner procurement in 2015, which resulted in the expansion of its network of global hotspots from 18 million to 50 million.
The company also undertook enhancements to its products and applications.
In November 2015, iPass announced proprietary technology, iPass SmartConnect.
Products and services
iPass is a cloud-based service manager that connects users and devices to the company’s global Wi-Fi footprint.
In its most simple form, it is an application, downloaded by service users to laptops, tablets, or smartphones, to identify and connect to iPass hotspots.
It is compatible with Automatic Credential Assignment.
Derived from the company’s connectivity intellectual property, the app is powered by iPass SmartConnect, iPass’ Wi-Fi service platform, which identifies and rates access points based on factors such as signal strength, speed, bandwidth availability, and connection success rate.
iPass SmartConnect also incorporates Last Mile VPN security, profile settings, Wi-Fi connectivity, and network curation to expand the network of available hotspots.
Technology infrastructure
The company has a global authentication fabric of integrated servers and software, interconnected with over 160 distinct global Wi-Fi networks.
This infrastructure gives the company’s aggregated hotspots the look and feel of iPass hotspots.
With the addition of iPass SmartConnect, the architecture now opens avenues for improving connection success, real-time monitoring of network outages, and least-cost network routing .
Wi-Fi network
iPass has a Wi-Fi network footprint and supply chain that consists of approximately 50 million hotspots in over 100 countries, including major airports, convention centers, planes, trains, train stations, hotels, restaurants, retail, and small business locations.[22] This network footprint includes millions of community and free hotspots.
iPass official website
Shai Hulud is a hardcore punk band with progressive metal influences formed in Pompano Beach, Florida in 1995.
Matt Ian Mazzali - vocals (2007-present)
Matt Fox - guitar (1995-present)
Matthew Fletcher - bass (1998-present)
Andrew Gormley - drums (1999-2000, 2007-present)
Chad Kishick - guitar - (2008-present)
Damien Moyal - vocals (1995)
Chad Gilbert - vocals (1996-1998)
Geert Van Der Velde - vocals (1999-2004)
Eric Dellon - vocals (2005-2006)
Oliver Chapoy - guitar (1996-1998)
Matt Canning - guitar (2003-2004)
Ryan Burns - guitar (2005-2006)
Dave Silber - bass (1995-1999)
Jared Allen - bass (2000-2002)
Jason Lederman - drums (1995)
Steve Kleisath - drums (1996-1998)
Spikey Goldbach - drums (1999)
Chris Cardinal - drums (2000-2001)
Tony Tintari - drums (2002-2004)
Brian Go - drums (2005-2006)
Greg Thomas - guitar (2007-2008)
1997: A Profound Hatred of Man
1997: Hearts Once Nourished with Hope and Compassion
1998: The Fall of Every Man
1999: A Whole New Level of Sickness
2000: Crush 'Em All Vol.
2003: That Within Blood Ill-Tempered
2005: A Comprehensive Retrospective: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Release Bad and Useless Recordings
2008: Misanthropy Pure''
progressive metal bands
Lloyds TSB is one of world's largest banks.
It is based on Gresham Street in the city of London and has business all over the world including the US, Europe, Middle East, Asia and Latin America.
Lloyds TSB web site
1765 establishments
Banks of England
Gresham Street is a street in the City of London, it is named after Thomas Gresham and runs from St. Martin's Le Grand near St Paul's Cathedral in the west, past Guildhall, to Lothbury in the east.
Sir Thomas Gresham (c. 1519 – 21 November 1579) was an English merchant who worked for King Edward VI of England and for Edward's half-sister Queen Elizabeth I of England.
He was born in London in an old Norfolk family, he was the son of Sir Richard Gresham and had one brother and two sisters.
Gresham's law was named after him in 1858.
1579 deaths
Renaissance artists: Italian
Mannerism (Late Renaissance)
Renaissance artists: Northern Europe and Spain
Early Renaissance
Diana Davies (editor), Harrap's Encyclopedia of Art and Artists, (1990),
Lists of artists
The Rose Bowl Game is an American college football bowl game at the Rose Bowl (stadium) in Pasadena, California.
It is known as the "granddaddy of them all" because it has been played every year since 1916.
It is almost always played on January 1 after Pasadena's Rose Parade.
For many years, the two teams who played were the winner of the Pac-10 (a football conference of colleges on the West Coast) and the winner of the Big 10 (a football conference of collleges in the Midwest).
In 1998, the game became part of the Bowl Championship Series.
USC has won the game 24 times.
* denotes BCS National Championship Game
** Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 1942 game was moved to Duke University's Wallace Wade Stadium in Durham, North Carolina, as officials were wary of allowing such a large crowd to congregate anywhere on the West Coast due to World War II security concerns.