the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
A special part of the caracal body are its long black ears - the word "caracal" come from the Turkish word karakulak ("black ear").
Their ears are controlled by 20 different muscles, to help them find the animals they hunt.
Caracals live in Africa and Western Asia.
Their habitat is dry steppes (areas without trees, covered with grass or shrubs) and semi-deserts, but also can live in places similar to woodlands, savannas, and scrub forests.
They live alone or with a mate in a territory.
A caracal may live without drinking for a long time - they get the water from the body of the animals they eat.
It hunts at night (but in winter they also hunt in the daytime) for rodents, birds, and hares.
It is not usual, but sometimes they hunt small antelopes or young ostriches.
They prefer to eat only the external meat of the mammals they hunt, and do not eat the internal organs, and they also do not like eating fur.
But they eat the feathers of small birds and rotten meat.
They can hunt birds very well; a caracal is able to snatch a bird in flight, sometimes more than one at a time.
Caracals can jump and climb every well, which enables them to catch hyraxes better than any other carnivore.
Caracals and humans
Because they can learn tricks and get accustomed to live with humans, caracals are sometimes kept as pets (especially in the United States and some European countries).
Farmers in Africa do not like them, because sometimes they enter in farms and eat chickens and other animals.
So they make their dog chase the caracal.
It is not easy to see caracals in nature because they hide very well.
Drivers in countries where caracals live, for example, Kenya and Botswana, see many animals next to roads, but it is very rare a sighting of a caracal.
Kinds of caracals
There are many species of caracals.
See them and where they live:
Caracal caracal caracal, East, Central and South Africa
Caracal caracal algira, North Africa
Caracal caracal damarensis, Namibia
Caracal caracal limpopoensis, Botswana
Caracal caracal lucani, Gabon
Caracal caracal michaelis, Turkmenistan (endangered)
Caracal caracal nubicus, Ethiopia, Sudan
Caracal caracal poecilictis, West Africa
Caracal caracal schmitzi, West Asia, Iran, Arabia, Pakistan and India
True eels are teleost fish.
They have long and narrow bodies like snakes.
Adult eels can be as short as 10 cm  or as long as 3 m. It depends on their species.
The large eels can weigh up to 65 kg.
Eels have fewer fins than other fish.
They do not have all the belly and chest fins.
The back and anal fins are long and usually connected to the tail fin.
The fins do not have spines.
The shoulder bones are separate from the skull.
The scales have smooth edges or are absent.
Eels hatch from eggs.
Baby (larval) eels are flat and transparent (clear).
They are called leptocephalus (Greek for "thin head").
A young eel is called an elver.
For a long time people did not know where eels came from, because baby eels look very different from adults.
They thought the babies were a different species.
Most eels prefer to live in the shallowest parts of the ocean.
They live at the bottom of the ocean, sometimes in holes.
Eels in the Anguillidae family come to fresh water to live there.
Eels in the Nemichthyidae family swim about 500 m below the ocean surface.
Eels in the Synaphobranchidae family live as deep as 4000 m below the surface.
Hand netting (catching with nets) is the only legal way of catching eels in England.
It has been done for thousands of years on the River Parrett and River Severn.
Most eels are predators.
They hunt their prey.
This order has 4 suborders (smaller groups) called Anguilloidei, Nemichthyoidei, Congroidei, and Synaphobranchoidei.
The suborders are separated into 19 families.
The families are divided into 110 genera.
The genera are then divided into species.
Freshwater eels (unagi) and marine eels (Conger eel, anago) are used in Japanese food.
Eels are used in Cantonese (Hong Kong) food and Shanghai food.
Some people eat the European eel and other eels that live in lakes all around the world.
A traditional London food is "jellied eels."
The Spanish meal, angulas, consists of deep-fried elvers.
Suborders and families
Suborder Protanguilloidei
Family Protanguillidae
Suborder Synaphobranchoidei
Family Synaphobranchidae (cutthroat eels) [incl.
Dysommidae, Nettodaridae, and Simenchelyidae]
Suborder Muraenoidei
Family Heterenchelyidae (mud eels)
Family Myrocongridae (thin eels)
Family Muraenidae (moray eels)
Suborder Chlopsoidei
Family Chlopsidae (false morays)
Suborder Congroidei
Family Congridae (congers) [incl.
Macrocephenchelyidae; Colocongridae]
Family Derichthyidae (longneck eels) [incl.
Nessorhamphidae]
Family Muraenesocidae (pike congers)
Family Nettastomatidae (duckbill eels)
Family Ophichthidae (snake eels)
Suborder Moringuoidei
Family Moringuidae (spaghetti eels)
Suborder Saccopharyngoidei
Family Eurypharyngidae (pelican eels, umbrellamouth gulpers)
Family Saccopharyngidae
Family Monognathidae (onejaw gulpers)
Family Cyematidae (bobtail snipe eels)
Suborder Anguilloidei
Family Anguillidae (freshwater eels)
Family Nemichthyidae (snipe eels)
Family Serrivomeridae (sawtooth eels)
Phylogeny based on Johnson et al.
An Easter egg is an egg, eaten and used for decoration during the Easter holidays.
The egg was a symbol of the earth to celebrate spring.
The oldest tradition is to use painted chicken eggs, but today chocolate eggs wrapped in coloured foil, hand-carved wooden eggs, or plastic eggs filled with confectionery such as chocolate is used.
It was used by early Christians as a sign of the resurrection (rising from the dead) of Jesus.
The use of painted and decorated Easter eggs was first recorded in the 13th century.
The church did not let people eat eggs during Holy Week, but chickens still laid eggs during that week.
Because there was nothing else to do with the eggs, they were used for Easter decoration.
In modern times, chocolate eggs with a colorful wrapping are given to children to be eaten.
In the United Kingdom, children receive on average 8.8 chocolate Easter eggs every year.
It is unclear where this tradition comes from.
Most likely, it comes from a pagan fertility ritual during spring.
Sometimes on Easter, children go on egg hunts to look for Easter eggs.
They can look for them indoors or outdoors.
Although there have been claims that Easter eggs came from the pagan symbols, there is no solid evidence for this.
At the Passover, a hard-boiled egg dipped in salt water is a symbol of both new life and the Passover sacrifice offered at the Temple in Jerusalem.
In Christian times, the egg was a symbol of new life just as a chick might hatch from the egg.
The Easter egg tradition may have celebrated the end of the privations of Lent.
In the Medieval Europe, people were not allowed to eat eggs on fast days.
It was traditional to use up all of the eggs that they had before Lent began, and this also made the tradition of Pancake Day.
Eggs were viewed as symbols of new life and fertility through the ages.
It is believed that for this reason many ancient cultures, including the Ancient Egyptians, Persians, and Romans, used eggs during their spring festivals.
In Eastern Christianity, both meat and dairy are still not allowed to be eaten during the fast, and eggs are seen as "dairy" too.
It was during Easter that everybody was trying to get rid of the eggs before the fast.
Eggs were given as gifts for children and servants, and used for decoration.
And this is probably the reason why eggs came to be associated with Easter.
Easter traditions
Lemurs are primates and prosimians (not monkeys).
The word "lemur" comes from the Latin word lemures, which means "ghosts".
Lemur are divided into eight families, with 15 genera and about 100 living species.
However, lemur  classification is controversial: it depends on which species concept is used.
Lemur is also a genus in one of the families.
Lemurs are native only to the island of Madagascar.
From there a few species got to smaller islands nearby, for example the Comoros.
Madagascar, like Africa and India, was part of the ancient southern continent of Gondwana.
Lemurs weigh from 30g to the 10kg.
Larger species have all become extinct since human groups moved to Madagascar.
Usually, the smaller lemurs are active at night (nocturnal), and the larger ones were active during the day (diurnal).
Ring-tailed lemur, the most studied, are white and black with a ring tail The larger species are about 1.5 meters tall and weigh about 2 to 3.5 kilograms.
They move quietly, usually at night, sometimes letting out eerie wailing cries, which some people think is the reason why they got their names.
Feeding habits and life
Lemurs mostly eat fruit, leaves, and other plant parts.
They live in family groups of 5 to 42 members which is called a troop.
Females are dominant and remain in the same troop for life.
Males move between troops.
The female's gestation period lasts four to five months, and they usually have one or two babies.
Lemur mothers nurse their babies until they are about four months old.
Then they begin to feed the babies solid food such as fruit.
Lemurs spend most of their time in the trees.
Some are great leapers, flinging themselves from tree to tree.
Lemurs communicate with a variety of hoots.
They will also send messages with scents (smells).
When a male lemur wants to scare another male away, he first rubs its tail on the smelly glands under its arms and then waves the tail in the other male's face.
These are called "stink fights".
Lemurs of the East Coast of Madagascar
New lemurs found in Madagascar
Great leaping lemurs
Good Friday is a  religious holiday usually observed by Christians.
It is also called Holy Friday, Black Friday, or Great Friday.
It is observed to remember the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, his death, and his rising from the dead.
The holiday is often at the same time as the Jewish holiday of Passover.
Biblical account
According to the Gospels, Jesus was arrested in the Garden of Gethsemane by the Temple Guards.
This was done through the help of his disciple Judas Iscariot.
Judas received money (30 pieces of silver) () for betraying Jesus.
He had told the guards that whomever he kisses was the one they were to arrest.
Jesus was brought to the house of Annas.
Annas was the father-in-law of the high priest at that time, Caiaphas.
There he was questioned.
However, it was with little result.
Tied up, he was sent to Caiaphas the high priest, where the Sanhedrin had come together ().
Lots of people came and said conflicting things about Jesus to make him look bad.
As he heard these, Jesus said nothing.
At last, the high priest tells Jesus, "I adjure you, by the Living God, to tell us, are you the Anointed One, the Son of God?"
Jesus said yes: "You have said it, and in time you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of the Almighty, coming on the clouds of Heaven."
The high priest ripped his clothes, crying out that Jesus had blasphemed God.
The trial ended with a sentence of death ().
While they were questioning Jesus, Peter was waiting in the courtyard.
He also said that he did not know Jesus three times to people standing by.
According to the Bible, Jesus already knew that Peter would say this.
In the morning, the people brought Jesus to the Roman governor Pontius Pilate.
They said he was troubling the nation.
They also said he tried to stop people from paying taxes to Caesar, and wanted to make himself a king ().
Pilate questioned Jesus.
He told the people that Jesus had nothing to be sentenced for.
When he learned that Jesus was from Galilee, Pilate said that Jesus should be judged by the ruler of Galilee, King Herod.
At that time, Herod was in Jerusalem for the Passover Feast.
Herod questioned Jesus, but Jesus did not answer.
Herod sent Jesus back to Pilate.
Pilate told the people that neither he nor Herod have found Jesus guilty.
Pilate wished to have Jesus whipped, then let him go ().
It was a custom during the feast of Passover for the Romans to let one prisoner go free as requested by the Jews.
Pilate asked the crowd whom they would like to go free.
The crowd asked for Barabbas, another prisoner.
He had gone to prison for murdering people.
Pilate asked what they would have him do with Jesus.
At this, and they demanded, "Crucify him!" ().
Pilate's wife warned Pilate to "have nothing to do with this righteous man" ().
She had had a dream about him earlier that day.
Pilate had Jesus whipped, then tried to let him go.
The chief priests demanded that Jesus be sentenced to death "because he claimed to be God's son."
This filled Pilate with fear.
He brought Jesus back inside the palace and demanded to know from where he came ().
Coming before the crowd one last time, Pilate declared Jesus innocent.
He washed his own hands in water to show he has no part in this.
However, Pilate handed Jesus over to be crucified so that the crowd would not get angry () and that he could keep his job.
Jesus carried his cross a place of the Skull, or "Golgotha" in Hebrew.
In Latin it is called "Calvary".
There he was crucified with two criminals ().
Jesus is hung on the cross for six hours in extreme pain.
During his last 3 hours on the cross there is darkness over the whole land (; ; ).
At last, Jesus cried, "It is finished".
He then "gave up his spirit".
There is an earthquake.
Tombs break open, and the curtain in the Temple is torn from top to bottom.
The centurion on guard at the crucifixion declares, "Truly this was God's Son!" ()
Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the Sanhedrin and secret follower of Jesus, who had not said yes to his death, went to Pilate.
He asked for the body of Jesus ().
Another secret follower of Jesus and member of the Sanhedrin named Nicodemus brought a mix of spices and helped wrap the body of Christ ().
Pilate asked the centurion to make sure that Jesus is dead ().
A soldier pierced the side of Jesus, causing blood and water to flow out ().
At this, the centurion told Pilate that Jesus was dead ().
Joseph of Arimathea took the body of Jesus, wrapped it in a clean linen shroud, and placed it in his own new tomb that had been carved in the rock ().
The tomb was in a garden.
Nicodemus () also came bringing 75 pounds of myrrh and aloes, and placed them in the linen with the body of Jesus, according to Jewish burial customs ().
They rolled a large rock over the entrance of the tomb ().
Then they went back home and rested, because at sunset began Shabbat ().
According to the Bible, on the third day, Sunday, which is now known as Easter Sunday (or Pascha), Jesus rose from the dead.
Special prayer services are usually held on this day with readings from the Gospel accounts of the events leading up to the crucifixion.
Major Christian churches say that Christ's crucifixion as a voluntary act, which he did for everyone who believed in him, and also one by which, together with resurrection on the third day, death itself was crushed.
The Eastern Orthodox commemoration of the holiday
Episcopal Good Friday Service
Good Friday hymns at St-Takla.org
The Archaea (or Archea) are a group of single-celled organisms.
The name comes from Greek αρχαία, "old ones".
They are a major division of living organisms.
Archaea are tiny, simple organisms.
They were originally discovered in extreme environments (extremophiles), but are now thought to be common to more average conditions.
Many can survive at very high (over 80 °C) or very low temperatures, or highly salty, acidic or alkaline water.
Some have been found in geysers, black smokers, oil wells, and hot vents in the deep ocean.
Recent research has found ammonia-eating archaea in soil and seawater.
In the past they had been classed with bacteria as prokaryotes (or Kingdom Monera) and named archaebacteria, but this is a mistake.
The Archaea have an independent evolutionary history and show many differences in their biochemistry from other forms of life.
They are now classified as a separate domain in the three-domain system.
In this system, the three distinct branches of evolutionary descent are the Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota.
Comparison to other domains
The following table compares some major characteristics of the three domains, to illustrate their similarities and differences.
Many of these characteristics are also discussed below.
No archaean species can do photosynthesis.
Archaea only reproduce asexually.
Archaea show high levels of horizontal gene transfer between lineages.
Unlike bacteria, no archaea produce spores.
Archaea are common in the ocean, and especially in the plankton.
They make up to 20% of all microbial cells in the ocean.p475
Carl Woese discovered the Archaea in 1978.
Barry E.R. & Bell S.D. 2006.
DNA replication in the Archaea.
Microbiology and molecular biology reviews (MMBR) 70, 876-887.
Kelman L.M. & Kelman Z. 2003.
Archaea: An archetype for replication initiation studies?
Molecular microbiology'', 48''', 605-615.
Archaea -Citizendium
Archaeans
Jared Mason Diamond (born September 10, 1937) is an American author and biologist.
His book Guns, Germs, and Steel won a Pulitzer Prize in 1997.
Diamond was born in Boston, Massachusetts.
His father was a doctor and his mother was a teacher.
He received his college degree from Harvard University in 1958, and then he received a doctorate degree from the University of Cambridge in 1961.
In 1966, he became a teacher at UCLA, a university in Los Angeles, California.
He has also traveled to some islands called New Guinea, which are far away from the United States, in the South Pacific Ocean.
Diamond is famous for knowing a lot about the birds that lived on that island, and he has traveled there many times.
Diamond writes about science in ways that people can understand, and he has written many articles for magazines like Discover in the United States.
He also writes books.
One of his first books was called The Third Chimpanzee, which talked about the way that people evolved from monkeys, and how many things are the same between humans and monkeys.
His most famous book is Guns, Germs, and Steel.
In his book, Diamond explained why he thought that different parts of the Earth had people on them at different times, and why some people in some parts of the world had more science or farming than people in other parts of the world.
The book went over thousands of years of human history.
In 2004, he wrote another book, called, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.
In this book, Diamond wrote about why he thought that some groups of people from many hundreds of years ago were able to have their groups get very big and strong, while other groups fell apart.
His book talked about what people today can maybe learn from the studying the problems from history.
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (2005), .
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (1997), .
Why is Sex Fun?
The Evolution of Human Sexuality (1997), .
The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal (1992), .
The Birds of Northern Melanesia: Speciation, Ecology, & Biogeography (with Ernst Mayr, 2001), .
Avifauna of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea, Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No.
12, Cambridge, Mass., pp.
438 (1972).
Diamond is married to a woman named Marie.
Her grandfather was an important man in the country of Poland.
She also had an uncle named Raphael Kalinowski, who became a saint.
Diamond and his wife Marie have two sons, named Josh and Max.
They both go to university.
Josh goes to Duke University, and Max goes to Northwestern University.
Diamond's page at the UCLA website
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
The  (IPA: ; Filipino for Church of Christ), or INC,  is a church which was made in the Philippines by Felix Manalo and not god in 1914.
The INC says it was made by Jesus Christ but it is Felix Manalo who really created INC.
The church does not believe in the religious teachings of the Trinity, including the teaching that Jesus is God.
Felix Manalo joined many religious organizations including anti christ organization as a young adult.
He said that God gave him a mission to teach the gospel and to bring back the first church made by Jesus, which didn't really happen.
The INC began with a handful of followers on July 27, 1914 in Punta, Santa Ana, Manila, with Manalo as highest minister.
It has now spread to many different countries.
Iglesia ni cristo is just a family business including the Philippine Arena.
If this is not a business then let random good guy from INC to be the leader of the INC.
Beliefs and teachings
God is the one who made the Heavens and the Earth, and he is the only god.
There is no Holy Trinity; God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit are not one.
The Holy Spirit is the power of God given to Jesus to teach and for us to help us with our problems.
Manalo was God's last messenger.
God chose INC members to serve him just as he did the early church and Israel in the past.
INC is the same church as the Christian church in the first century.
INC is God's true church, and the only way to be saved.
INC believes in baptism by dipping the whole body under water.
Members must follow the Administration and the Administration must follow the words of Christ.
Members should live a life of good.
Members must not eat food made with blood or marry a non-member.
It is everyone's job to worship God by going to worship services two times a week.
Members should treat each other like brother and sister.
The church should act as one; this includes voting.
The dead will come back to life and either be blessed or punished.
Jesus will come again very soon because the signs that He is coming back (such as World War 1 and World War 2, and widespread news of poverty, famine, earthquake and other disasters) have happened.
A holy city is being made by Jesus for INC members and all other chosen people in the past to live in when he comes back.
In some countries, a municipal court is a court with limited jurisdiction, both in people and laws.
Most commonly, municipal courts only deal with the laws and citizens of one city or town.
But in some places they make decisions for an entire county, and may be involved with early hearings of cases that will be tried in a higher court.
Some things that often involve municipal courts are traffic tickets, leash laws, and building code violations and death.
Municipal courts in Mississippi are "Judge Alone" courts.
This means that judges alone hear the presented cases and offenders(and alleged offenders)have no right to jury trials.
In felony cases in Mississippi, the Municipal court holds a preliminary hearing and then sends the case to the grand jury of the state.
The Municipal court is not a court of record and its cases are summarized by docket.
There are no municipal court facilities in the state.
All courthouses are done at the county level.
For example, if a speeding ticket violation occurred, it automatically goes to the county seat in which the violation occurs whether it is in a municipality or unincorporated.
In the case of some elongated counties like Chatham County, there is an alternate courtroom in Siler City as well as Pittsboro, the county seat.
In other cases where there are multiple large population centers like in Guilford County, court cases are handled in Greensboro and High Point.
Although a federal issue, traffic violations occurring in military bases are not subject to civilian courts.
Courts (law)
Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was one of the most well-known anarchists from late 19th century to early 20th century.
She was an anarcho-communist who was an early supporter of atheism, gay rights and feminism.
Goldman was born in modern-day Lithuania (at the time it was part of the Russian Empire).
She moved to Rochester, New York with her sister when she was 17.
At first she worked in a textile factory and married her co-worker Jacob Kersner.
Their relationship began to blossom after Kersner found out about her prostitution business.
Their marriage was short and Goldman moved to New York City and became a member of the anarchist community.
She became good friends with Alexander Berkman (another anarchist) and helped him plan the attempted-assassination of Henry Clay Frick, a rich man who treated his workers badly.
Berkman was unsuccessful and spent fourteen years in prison, but Goldman was not punished.
Goldman did face many legal troubles though.
In 1893 she was convicted of starting a riot and spent a year in prison.
She was arrested in 1901 for allegedly conspiring in the assassination of President McKinley, but was never found guilty.
In 1916 she spent time in prison for giving out information on birth control (which was a crime at the time).
In 1917 she was arrested and spent two years in prison for not supporting World War I.
In 1919, Goldman and Berkman were deported (sent back) to Russia because the American government thought they were too dangerous.
The Russian Revolution had just happened and Goldman was hopeful that Russia might end up being a good place.
She ended up deciding that the revolution in Russia was not as good as she thought and that the Bolsheviks tricked many of the people in Russia.
She thought the Bolsheviks were too controlling and were too powerful.
She also did not like that the Soviet Union put lots of anarchists in jail for not agreeing with them.
She and Berkman left after two years and Goldman lived in many places in Europe, including England and France.
In 1936 she moved to Spain to help the anarchists fight the fascists during the Spanish Civil War.
She died in Toronto of a stroke.
She is buried near Chicago.
American anarchists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Canada
Lithuanian Jews
People from Kaunas
Computer engineering is the practice of making computers and their parts.
Computer engineers are always trying to make new parts smaller and better.
They can also work on software, especially software for embedded systems (specialized electronics like cell-phones and satellite receivers, not a general-purpose computer).
Computers are electrical machines that run programs.
So Computer engineering has parts of both electrical engineering and computer science/software engineering.
In Computer engineering classes, students learn about the hardware and software of computers.
This starts with learning how transistors and computer chips are made and how they work (which uses quantum mechanics).
Then the student learns how the chips talk to each other and how to make a complete printed circuit board (PCB).
This is the electrical part.
They also learn how to program the ROM or Flash memory so the computer can do something useful.
Because Computer engineering is closely related to electrical engineering and computer science, the fields are found in the same department at many universities.
Students also need to learn fundamental science subjects and mathematics, such as calculus and differential equations.
Computer engineering is difficult to learn, but computer engineers are needed.
Software engineering companies, telecommunications firms, designers of digital hardware, and many other companies hire computer engineering majors upon graduation and pay them well.
The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 – 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalist.
During this time, fascist General Francisco Franco and his troops wanted to take control of Spanish Republic.
Many different groups worked together to help the democratic Spanish Republic stop Franco, including Basques, Catalonians and other groups.
The governments of Nazi Germany, Kingdom of Italy and Second Portuguese Republic provided troops and supplies for Franco.
While the Soviet Union, Mexico and French Third Republic sold the Republican weapons.
The group known as the International Brigades was formed to fight Franco, many antifa partisans internationally volunteered to fight against Franco, including people from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy.
The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered.
Franco became dictator of Spain until he died in 1975.
Half-a-million people died in the war, and many atrocities were committed by both sides.
The most famous atrocity was the bombing of Guernica.
On April 26, 1937, the city was bombed by Legion Condor.
It was the first time that an air bombing caused so many civilian casualties.
The bombing was reported all over the world in newspapers and made people aware of the German involvement.
Ireland and the Spanish Civil War
European Civil War
Spain in World War II
Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Bombs (Song by The Clash)
SS Cantabria
1930s in Europe
20th century in Spain
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (rus: Фёдор Иванович Тютчев, fyô'dər ēvä'nəvĭch tyū'chĭf) (December 5 1803 – July 27, 1873) was one of the most significant Russian poets.
Almost 20 years of his life he spent in Munich and Turin.
Tyutchev was a good friend of Heinrich Heine, knew Schelling as well.
Tyutchev didn’t want people to know him as a poet.
He didn’t take any part in a literary life.
He has around 400 of his poems.
Russian people quote them very often.
His early poems are made in Russian poetic tradition of the XVIII century.
In the 1830s we can find an influence of European (especially German) romanticism on Tyutchev’s lyrics.
He writes philosophic poems about the universe, nature and human being.
In 1840s Tyutchev wrote several articles about relations between Russia and Occidental civilization.
In 1850s Tyutchev created several heartfelt poems, in which we can see love as a tragedy.
These poems are combined into one cycle, named “Denisievsky”. “
Denisievsky” means dedicated to a mistress of Tyutchev – Elena Alexandrovna Denisieva.
In 1860s–1870s Tyutchev wrote mainly political poems.
The most famous Tyutchev's poem is “Silentium!”.
This is a hard appeal to be silent.
Because a man never can understand another person.
A line “A word once uttered is untrue” is one of the most popular aphorisms of Tyutchev.
As well as “We can’t understand Russia by the reason” and “We are not know, what will be the respond for our word”.
Tyutcheviana (in russian)
Translations of some poems into different languages
1803 births
Russian poets
Erythropoietin, or Erythropoetin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidneys.
Epoetin is a synthetic version.
Erythropoietin acts on the bone marrow so that it makes more red blood cells.
It is used to treat some kinds of anemia.
Anemia can happen in kidney failure, or from chemotherapy to treat cancer.
The man-made hormone is made with cell cultures.
The hormone can be used for blood doping in endurance sports although this is illegal in all athletic competitions.
Anarcho-punk is a subculture that combines punk music and anarchist politics.
Some important anarcho-punk bands include Crass, Conflict, Chumbawamba, and Subhumans.
Common ideas that many anarcho-punks support are anti-war, animal rights, feminism, environmentalism, equality, anti-capitalism and other common anarchist causes.
For the computer term, see Computer hardware.
Household hardware describes various things used mostly at home.
Those things can be equipment such as fasteners, keys, door knobs, locks, hinges, latches, handles, wire, chains, tools, screws  and machine parts, especially when they are made of metal.
The Breton language
The Breton people, a Celtic ethnic group native to the region of Brittany
pl:Rasy z serii gier The Elder Scrolls#Breton
Slavs live in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, Central Asia and North Asia.
Present-day Slavic peoples are classified into West Slavs (mainly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavs (mainly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and South Slavs (mainly Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins).
Austrians, Hungarians, Romanians (although 1/3 of Romanian population is made of Slavic population, mainly , Serbians and Bulgarians) , Estonians, Lithuanians and Latvians (and these 3 countries have sizable Russian and Poles population, so much so that they make a majority ethnic groups in those countries) live near the Slavic nations but are not Slavs themselves.
There are more Slavs than any other ethnic group in Europe.
Russians make up the most Slavs, followed by Poles and Ukrainians.
There are many small historic Slavic nations like Lusatia (and Lusatian Serbs, typically referred to as Sorbs, who still live in eastern Germany), Rusyn, Kashubia and others.
Russia is now the most powerful and populated Slavic country, but in the 10th century Serbs and Czechs were powerful, in 13th and 14th century Serbs were powerful, and in the 16th century Poland was the strongest nation in the area.
The Slavic languages are closely related.
The largest similarities can be found within the same group (for example, Polish and Slovak, both West Slavic languages), but similarities exist even between Slavic languages from other different subgroups (such as Bulgarian and Russian).
However, the greastest similarities are between Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian, which are South Slavic languages.
They are considered separate by the Bosnian and Croatian governments (the separation is of political nature), but linguistically they are one language- Serbo-Croatian (since Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are more similar than those variants of English, German, Dutch, or Hindi–Urdu, and mutual intelligibility between their speakers "exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German or Spanish).
Maharbal was Hannibal's cavalry-leader during the Second Punic War.
Many times he was important in Carthage's successes over Rome.
In his Italian campaign, Hannibal always was able to have more cavalry than Rome, and so relied on them and Maharbal to give himself a big advantage.
Maharbal is most famous for what he said to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae.
According to Livy, a Roman historian, the conversation went like this after Maharbal said he wanted to go with the army to Rome immediately:
"I commend your zeal", Hannibal said to Maharbal; "but I need time to weigh the plan that you propose." "
Assuredly", Maharbal replied, "no one man has been blessed with all God's gifts.
You know, Hannibal, how to gain a victory; you do not know how to use it."
-Livy, The History of Rome 22.51
In Simple English:
"I like your enthusiasm", Hannibal said to Maharbal; "but I need time to think about what you want to do."
Maharbal said back, "It is true that no one is perfect.
You know how to win, Hannibal; you do not know what to do after."
European people
Hannibal (Hǎnnibal Barca, 247 BC – ?
183/2/1 BC), was a Carthaginian statesman and general.
He was the greatest enemy of the Roman Republic.
Hannibal is most famous for what he did in the Second Punic War.
He marched an army from Iberia over the Pyrenees mountains and the Alps mountains into northern Italy and defeated the Romans in a series of battles.
At the Battle of Cannae, he defeated the largest army Rome had ever put together.
The Roman army at Cannae is reckoned at 16 legions and a total of 86,000 men.
Over 80% of this army was killed or captured, including many of its commanders.
Hannibal kept an army in Italy for many years.
Eventually, a Roman invasion of North Africa made him return to Carthage.
He lost, and the Romans made him leave Carthage.
He lived at the Seleucid court, and convinced its Emperor to fight Rome.
When he lost a naval battle, Hannibal fled to the Bithynian court.
When the Romans told him to give up, he killed himself.
Hannibal is listed as one of the greatest military commanders in history.
Military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge once called Hannibal the "father of strategy" because even his greatest enemy, Rome, copied his military ideas.
Hannibal's father, Hamilcar, was the commander of the Carthaginian forces at the end of the First Punic War.
After Carthage lost the war, Hamilcar crossed to Hispania to conquer the tribes of what is now Spain.
At the time of this invasion, Carthage was in a poor condition.
Its navy could not carry its army to Iberia (Hispania).
Hamilcar had to march towards the Pillars of Hercules and go across the Strait of Gibraltar.
According to a story in Livy, Hamilcar made Hannibal promise that he would never be a friend of Rome.
Hannibal told his father:
I swear so soon as age will permit... I will use fire and steel to arrest the destiny of Rome.
In return, Hamilcar agreed to take Hannibal with him to Hispania.
Hamilcar spent two years finishing the conquest of Iberia south of the river Ebro.
He died in 229/228 in battle, most likely drowning in the Jucar River.
His son-in-law Hasdrubal took command, but was assassinated in 221 BC.
With Hasdrubal's death, Hannibal became the leader of the army.
Rome feared the growing strength of Hannibal.
They made an alliance with the city of Saguntum and claimed to be protecting the city.
Saguntum was south of the river Ebro.
Hannibal attacked the city because of this.
It was captured after eight months.
With this attack of a Roman ally, Rome wanted justice from Carthage.
Instead, the Carthaginian government saw nothing wrong with Hannibal's actions.
The war Hannibal wanted was declared at the end of the year.
Overland journey to Italy
Hannibal's army was made up of as many as 75,000 foot soldiers and 9,000 horsemen.
Hannibal left "New Carthage" in late spring of 218 BC.
He fought his way north to the Pyrenees.
He defeated the tribes through clever mountain tactics and stubborn fighting.
After marching 290 miles through Hispania and reaching the Ebro river, Hannibal chose the most trustworthy and loyal parts of his army of Libyan and Iberian mercenaries to keep going with him.
He left 11,000 troops to keep watch over the newly conquered region.
At the Pyrenees, he let go of another 11,000 Iberian troops.
Hannibal entered Gaul with 50,000 foot soldiers and 9,000 horsemen.
Hannibal needed to cross the Pyrenees, the Alps, and many important rivers in the region.
starting in the spring of 218 BC, he fought his way to the Pyrenees.
He made peace deals with the Gaulic tribal leaders and reached the Rhône River.
Arriving at the Rhône in September, Hannibal's army numbered 38,000 infantry, 8,000 horsemen, and thirty-seven war elephants.
Hannibal got away from a Roman force sent to fight him in Gaul.
He then went up the valley of one of the streams of the Rhône River.
By Autumn, he reached the foot of the Alps.
His journey over the mountains is one of the most famous achievements of any military force.
After this journey, Hannibal came down from the foothills into northern Italy, to the surprise of the Romans.
He had arrived with only half the forces he had started with and only a few elephants.
Hannibal had lost as many as 20,000 men crossing over the mountains.
Battle of Trebbia
Publius Cornelius Scipio commanded the Roman force sent to stop Hannibal.
He did not expect Hannibal to cross the Alps.
He expected to fight Hannibal in Spain.
With a small army still in Gaul, Scipio tried to stop Hannibal.
He moved his army to Italy by sea in time to meet Hannibal.
Hannibal made the area behind him safer by defeating the tribe of the Taurini (modern Turin).
The opposing forces fought at Carthage.
Here, Hannibal forced the Romans to get out of the plain of Lombardy.
This victory did much to weaken Roman control over the Gauls.
The Gauls decided to join the Carthaginians.
Soon all of northern Italy was unofficially allied.
Gallic and Ligurian troops soon raised his army back to 40,000 men.
Hannibal’s army was ready to invade Italy.
Scipio retreated across the River Trebia.
He camped at the town of Placentia and waited for more troops.
The Senate had ordered Sempronius Longus to bring his army from Sicily to meet Scipio and face Hannibal.
Hannibal was in position to head him off.
Sempronius avoided Hannibal and joined Scipio near the Trebbia River near Placentia.
At Trebia, Hannibal defeated the Roman infantry by a surprise attack from an ambush on the flank.
Battle of Lake Trasimene
Arriving in Etruria in the spring of 217 BC, Hannibal decided to lure the main Roman army led by Flaminius into battle.
Hannibal found Flaminius camped at Arretium.
He marched around his opponent’s left side and cut Flaminius off from Rome.
Hannibal made Flaminius chase him.
On the shore of Lake Trasimenus, Hannibal destroyed Flaminius's army in the waters or on the nearby slopes.
He killed Flaminius as well.
He had got rid of the only force that could stop him from getting to Rome.
He realized that without siege engines he could not hope to take the capital, so he decided to continue into central and southern Italy.
He hoped this show of strength would create a revolt against the Roman government.
After Lake Trasimene, Hannibal said, “I have not come to fight Italians, but on behalf of the Italians against Rome.”
Fabius
Rome was put into an immense state of panic.
They appointed a dictator named Quintus Fabius Maximus.
He was an intelligent and careful general.
Fabius adopted the "Fabian strategy".
He refused open battle with his enemy, and put several Roman armies near Hannibal to limit his movement.
Fabius sent out small forces against Hannibal’s foraging parties.
Residents of small northern villages were told to post lookouts.
They could gather their livestock and possessions and go to fortified towns.
This would wear down the invaders’ endurance.
Hannibal decided to march through Samnium to Campania.
He hoped that the destruction would draw Fabius into battle but Fabius refused to be drawn into battle.
His troops became irritated by his “cowardly spirit”.
His  policies were not liked.
Romans were used to facing their enemies in the field and the people wanted to see a quick end to the war.
The rest of Autumn continued with frequent skirmishes.
After six months, Fabius was removed from his position in accordance with the Roman law.
In the Spring of 216 BC Hannibal captured the large supply depot at Cannae in the Apulian plain, effectively placing himself between the Romans and their source of supply.
The Roman Senate resumed their Consular elections in 216.
They chose Caius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus as Consuls.
The Romans raised largest army to this point in their history to defeat Hannibal.
It's estimated that the total strength of the army was around 80,000 men.
The Roman army marched southward to Apulia.
After a two days’ march, they found Hannibal at the Audifus River.
Consul Varro was a reckless man full of pride and was determined to defeat Hannibal.
Varro's arrogance got the better of him and allowed Hannibal to drew him into a trap.
With brilliant tactics, Hannibal surrounded and destroyed most of this force.
It is estimated that 50,000-70,000 Romans were killed or captured at Cannae.
Among the dead were eighty senators.
The Roman Senate was no more than 300 men – this was 25%–30% of the governing body.
The Battle of Cannae one of the worst defeats in the history of Ancient Rome.
It is also one of the bloodiest battles in all of human history in terms of the number of lives lost in a single day.
After Cannae, the Romans refused to fight Hannibal in battles.
They tried instead to defeat him by wearing him down.
They relied on their advantages of supply and manpower.
Because of this victory most of southern Italy joined Hannibal's cause.
During that same year, the Greek cities in Sicily revolted against Roman control.
The Macedonian king, Philip V supported Hannibal.
This started the First Macedonian War against Rome.
Hannibal made his new base in Capua, the second largest city of Italy.
Without the resources from his allies or reinforcements from Carthage, Hannibal could not do much more and began losing ground.
He continued defeating the Romans whenever he could bring them into battle but was never able to score another decisive victory.
End of War in Italy
In 212 BC conspirators in Tarentum let Hannibal into the city.
They then blew the alarm with some Roman trumpets.
This let Hannibal's troops pick off the Romans as they stumbled into the streets.
Hannibal told the Tarentines to mark every house where Tarentines lived so they wouldn't be looted.
Even with the looting the citadel held out.
This stopped Hannibal from using the harbor and Rome was slowly gaining ground over Hannibal.
In the same year, he lost Campania.
In 211 BC the city of Capua fell.
In summer of that year, the Romans destroyed the Carthaginian army in Sicily.
Meanwhile, Hannibal had defeated Fulvius at Herdonea in Apulia, but lost Tarentum.
With the loss of Tarentum in 209 BC and the Romans capturing of Samnium and Lucania, his hold on south Italy was almost lost.
In 207 BC he retired into Bruttium.
These events marked the end to Hannibal's success in Italy.
In 203 BC, Hannibal was recalled to Carthage to lead the defence of his homeland against a Roman invasion.
End of Second Punic War (203–201 BC)
Both Scipio and Hannibal met on the field of Zama.
Hannibal had about 50,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry.
Scipio had 34,000 infantry and 8,700 cavalry.
For years, Hannibal had won victories with his experienced army.
He now faced the best of the Roman army, while he led a makeshift army.
They did not do well against the Romans.
Hannibal was defeated.
20,000 men of Hannibal’s army were killed at Zama.
The same number of men were taken as prisoners.
The Romans lost as few as 500 dead and 4,000 wounded.
With their best general defeated, the Carthaginians accepted defeat and surrendered to Rome.
Exile and death (195–183 BC)
Seven years after the victory of Zama, the Romans demanded Hannibal's surrender.
Hannibal went into voluntary exile.
He journeyed to Tyre, the mother-city of Carthage, and then to Ephesus and Syria.
In 190 BC he was placed in command of a Phoenician fleet but was defeated in a battle off the Eurymedon River.
Hannibal went to Crete, but he soon returned to the Asia Minor.
At Libyssa on the eastern shore of the Sea of Marmora, he was going to be turned over to the Romans.
Rather than letting himself be taken, he drank poison.
The precise year of his death is not certain.
It is believed to be 183 BC.
He died in the same year as Scipio Africanus.
Hannibal in movies and television
Hannibal Barca and the Punic Wars
Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius (c.200-after 118 BC): The Character of Hannibal
"Rome and Carthage: Classic Battle Joined" Article by Greg Yocherer from Military History Magazine
Cannae  A treatise by General Fieldmarshal Count Alfred von Schlieffen
Veganism is a philosophy that says people should not use animals.
There are vegans who choose not to eat animals, and vegans who choose not to use them in any other way either.
Vegans do not eat or drink food that comes from animals, including meat, eggs and dairy products (like milk, cheese, and yogurt).
A vegan diet is sometimes called a strict vegetarian diet.
Some vegans also do not eat honey.
Many vegans try not to use any other animal products, such as leather, wool, feathers, bone, pearl or shoes.
They also try not to buy or use products that have been tested on animals.
They may support animal welfare and animal rights, and may campaign for these causes.
Dorothy Morgan and Donald Watson invented the word "vegan" in 1944 when they formed the Vegan Society in the United Kingdom.
Some people become vegan because they disagree with the treatment of animals in the modern animal farm industry.
Other reasons to become vegan are for health, religious reasons, to protect the environment, or because of world hunger.
Animals eat a lot and take up a lot of resources.
By not producing meat, milk, or eggs, a lot of food, land (as of 2006, 30% of the earth's land mass is used raising animals for food) and water can be saved.
For example, it takes about 16 pounds of grain to make 1 pound of grain-fed meat, so eating plants directly takes fewer resources.
There is also the issue of antibiotic use in the industry.
Animals are given antibiotics so often that the risk of bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics is very possible in the near future.
Some vegans only eat foods that have not been cooked.
Their diet is called raw veganism.
Another more restrictive type of veganism is fruitarianism.
Fruitarians only eat foods that can be harvested without harming or killing a plant.
Vitamin B12 concerns
Vegans must make sure their diet includes enough  vitamin B12, because it does not occur reliably in plant foods.
Vitamin B12 deficiency can have serious bad effects on the person's health.
These might include anaemia and neurodegenerative diseases.
California-based dietitian nutritionist Ashley Lytwyn said “Nutrients like B12 can be tough to get with a vegan diet, and the iron in vegetables isn’t as bioavailable as iron in animal proteins.” “