the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The load of an electronic circuit may be as simple as a few resistors, capacitors, and a lamp, all connected together to create the flash in a camera.
Or an electronic circuit can be complicated, connecting thousands of resistors, capacitors, and transistors.
It may be an integrated circuit such as the microprocessor in a computer.
Resistors and other circuit elements can be connected in series or in parallel.
Resistance in series circuits is the sum of the resistance.
Circuit and wiring diagram
A circuit or wiring diagram is a visual display of an electrical circuit.
Electrical and electronic circuits can be complicated.
Making a drawing of the connections to all the component parts in the circuit's load makes it easier to understand how circuit components are connected.
Drawings for electronic circuits are called "circuit diagrams".
Drawings for electrical circuits are called "wiring diagrams".
Like other diagrams, these diagrams are usually drawn by draftsmen, and then printed.
Diagrams may also be created digitally using specialised software.
A schematic is a diagram of an electrical circuit.
Schematics are graphical representations of the essential connections in a circuit, but they are not lifelike depictions of a circuit.
Schematics use symbols to represent components in the circuit.
Conventions are used in a schematic to represent the way electricity flows.
The common convention we use is from the positive to the negative terminal.
The realistic way electricity flows is from the negative to the positive terminal.
Circuit diagrams use special symbols.
The symbols on the drawings show how components like resistors, capacitors, insulators, motors, outlet boxes, lights, switches, and other electrical and electronic components are connected together.
The diagrams are a big help when workers try to find out why a circuit does not work correctly.
Circuit breakers
The current flowing in an electrical or electronic circuit can suddenly increase when a component part fails.
This can cause serious damage to other components in the circuit, or create a fire hazard.
To protect against this, a fuse or a device called a "circuit breaker" can be wired into a circuit.
The circuit breaker will open, or "break", the circuit when the current in that circuit becomes too high, or the fuse will "blow".
This gives protection.
Ground-fault-interrupt (G.F.I.) devices
The standard return for electrical and electronic circuits is the earth ground.
When an electrical or electronic device fails, it may open the return circuit to the earth ground.
The user of the device could become a part of the device's electrical circuit by providing a return path for the electrons through the user's body instead of the circuit's earth ground.
When our body becomes part of an electrical circuit, the user can be seriously shocked, or even killed by electrocution.
To prevent the danger of electrical shock and the possibility of electrocution, ground fault interrupts devices detect open circuits to earth ground in attached electrical or electronic devices.
When an open circuit to earth ground is detected, the G.F.I. device immediately opens the voltage source to the device.
G.F.I. devices are similar to circuit breakers but are designed to protect humans rather than circuit components.
Short circuits
Short circuits are circuits that get back to the power source unused or with the same power as put out.
Using these usually blow a fuse but sometimes they don't.
Doing this with a battery can cause electrical fires.
Circuit components and their uses - Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, Diode ,Transistor.
A quiz is a type of game in which players (as individuals or in teams) try to answer questions correctly.
Quizzes are also  used in education and similar fields to improve the growth of someone's  knowledge, abilities, and/or skills.
Quizzes are usually scored in points.
Many quizzes are designed for people to determine the winner of a group of participants - usually the participant with the highest score.
John Hancock  (January 12, 1737 – October 8, 1793) was an early American patriot, a leader in the American Revolutionary War, and an American statesman.
He was the first man to sign America's Declaration of Independence.
In modern America, "John Hancock" is a synonym for signature.
Hancock's ancestors arrived in the English colonies in 1652.
In 1737, Hancock was born in Braintree (now Quincy, Massachusetts).
When John Hancock Jr. his father died, he was adopted by his uncle, a merchant in Boston, Massachusetts.
At his uncle's death in 1754, Hancock inherited the business.
He became a leading merchant in Boston and one of the richest in the colonies.
In 1768, British officials seized his ship, the Liberty.
It carried a shipment of wine.
The officials said he was smuggling.
Boston patriots rioted and he was acquitted.
This incident was one of the events that led to the American Revolutionary War.
Hancock had several important jobs in Colonial America and the early United States of America.
He was president of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1774 and 1775.
He used his money to support American independence.
The British thought him a very dangerous man.
Hancock was president of the Continental Congress in 1774 and 1775.
He wanted to lead the Continental Army.
George Washington got the job instead.
With 5,000 troops, he tried to free Rhode Island from the British.
Hancock led the convention that adopted the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780.
He was first Governor of the state Massachusetts.
He served nine terms.
Hancock suffered from gout in his later life.
He died in 1793.
Hancock, John
Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli or Ulricus Zuinglius (January 1, 1484 – October 11, 1531) was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, and founder of the Swiss Reformed churches.
Separately from Martin Luther, Zwingli arrived with similar final beliefs.
He did this by studying the Bible from the point of view of a humanist scholar.
Zwingli's father was named Ulrich Zwingli also and his mother was named Margaret Meili.
Zwingli had 2 sisters and 7 brothers.
Zwingli's Reformation was supported by the judge and people of Zürich.
It led to major changes in the lives of the people and state matters in Zürich.
1484 births
1531 deaths
20th-century classical music is classical music written during the last century.
During earlier periods of music history composers from different countries wrote in styles which were often quite similar.
For example, composers in the Classical music period (about 1740-1820) had fairly similar ideas about what forms to use (e.g. sonata form), what instruments should be used in orchestras or how to write good tunes.
Classical music from the 20th century is extremely varied.
There are lots of different “schools” (meaning: ways of thinking) as lots of composers had their own ideas about how to compose in ways that were different from what had been done before.
A lot of these genres (types of music) had names ending in “ism”: there was serialism, Expressionism, Neoclassicism, Impressionism as well as jazz, world music (music from non-European cultures) and folksong and, later on electronic music and then Minimalism and even post-modernism.
The names of periods in history were usually given to them many years afterwards.
For example, the term Middle Ages was not used until long after the Middle Ages had finished.
It is difficult to know what to call the period we live in now.
In music people often talk about “Modern Music” meaning any music written after 1900.
We also talk about “Contemporary Music” meaning more or less the same thing (“contemporary” means “things that are happening in our time”, i.e. “living composers”).
Now that the 21st century has started some musicians are starting to talk about “20th century music” (1900-2000) and a period called “Contemporary Music” (1975-today).
Reaction to Romanticism
Many European composers at the beginning of the 20th century felt that the system of tonality (music in major and minor keys) had been used for so long that it was time to do create a new approach and try something different.
Arnold Schoenberg and Igor Stravinsky were two of the most important composers at that time, and they had very different ideas about how to compose music.
Schoenberg's music became very atonal (not in any key).
Eventually he developed what he called twelve tone music.
This was atonal music which was organized by putting the notes of a musical idea in a particular order which could be changed in many ways during the piece.
This way of organizing music is called “serialism” (a “series” is a “row of things”).
Many composers were influenced by Schoenberg, especially Alban Berg and Anton von Webern.
Stravinsky came from Russia.
He was inspired by Russian culture.
He wrote some music for a ballet called Rite of Spring.
This music was very new.
It had very irregular rhythms which the dancers found very difficult to dance to at first.
It also used polytonality (being in more than one key at once).
Later on Stravinsky was inspired by music from the 18th century.
He used it, but made changes to it, adding dissonant notes and strange chords.
This is called neoclassicism (“neo” means “new”).
Stravinsky's music seemed to many people to be the opposite of serialism, but in his last years Stravinsky started to use serialism as well.
In France a movement called Impressionism was popular with painters.
Composers were very interested in these paintings.
Claude Debussy wrote music which is often called “Impressionistic”.
The ideas of clear tonality (being clear about which key the music is in) are often deliberately blurred.
He uses interesting chords just for the sound that they make.
He used the whole tone scale and pentatonic scale and was inspired by Javanese music.
Maurice Ravel’s music is sometimes similar, although he developed his own style.
Later French composers include Olivier Messiaen who used a system of new scales which he called Modes of limited transposition.
He was also interested in music from around the world, and he also used bird song in his music.
Late Romanticism
While all this was happening there were some composers who continued to write in a style which was basically Romantic.
Edward Elgar ‘s music is often described as “Edwardian” (from the period of King Edward VII).
Other British composers of the time were also inspired by English folkmusic, i.e. Ralph Vaughan Williams, George Butterworth, Roger Quilter and Gerald Finzi.
Frederick Delius wrote Romantic music which was also quite Impressionistic.
The Russian Sergei Rachmaninoff and the German Richard Strauss continued to write in a Romantic style until their deaths in the 1940s.
The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius and the Dane Carl Nielsen wrote great symphonies which were still in a tonal style, and in Italy Puccini was writing operas in a Romantic style, often called “verismo” (“like real life”).
Symphonic tradition
In Russia, which became the Soviet Union after the 1917 Revolution, composers were not allowed to be experimental.
It was difficult for them because they had to please the politicians who told them that their music should reflect “Socialist realism” (meaning the workers’ struggle against capitalism).
The great tradition of writing symphonies continued with Sergei Prokofiev (who spent some time in exile) and Shostakovich (who remained in the Soviet Union).
The Hungarian composer Béla Bartók developed a modern style influenced by folk music from his country and other East European countries.
His music is often quite neoclassical, for example the famous Concerto for Orchestra.
Avant garde experiments
In the mid-20th century a group of composers known as the “Darmstadt School” (because they often met in Darmstadt) continued to write music which was based on serialism.
This included Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen.
Many of them, including both Boulez and Stockhausen, also experimented with electronic music.
The term Avant Garde is often used to describe their music.
It means that it expands the limits, or pushes ahead into new ground (literally the “front guard”, a military analogy).
Other American composers were experimental, e.g. Charles Ives and John Cage who is famous for using a “prepared piano” (a piano which makes strange sounds because strange objects are put inside it).
Jazz influence
In America jazz was a big influence on classical composers.
George Gershwin’s music is halfway between jazz and classical.
Aaron Copland and Leonard Bernstein used jazz elements in their music.
In Europe many composer used ideas from jazz, e.g. Maurice Ravel and Kurt Weill.
Around the 1960s some composers thought that a lot of music was getting too complicated.
Music of the avant garde school such as Edgard Varèse, Elliott Carter, Milton Babbitt was becoming too difficult for people to understand.
People found it too mathematical and intellectual.
They wanted music with feeling and emotion.
A group of composers developed a style called Minimalism which uses music based around a simple idea which repeats itself again and again but gradually changes.
Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Terry Riley, John Cage and to some extent John Adams all used minimalist techniques.
It was a reaction against music that had become too complicated.
Other paths based on tradition
While all these different schools of thought were coming and going there were still some composers who managed to keep to a more traditional path and find new ways to use tonality in their music.
The greatest figure in British music was Benjamin Britten who was an eclectic composer (i.e. he took ideas from many different people).
Two other great composers were Michael Tippett and William Walton, who each developed their own style.
In America there were composers such as Samuel Barber, Roy Harris and Alan Hovhaness.
In Germany Paul Hindemith was one of the most important composers.
Like Kurt Weill, he often wrote music which had a political purpose, but Weill's music is more jazz-inspired.
Some contemporary composers (alive today) write music which is deeply religious.
These include John Tavener and Arvo Pärt.
John Rutter and Bob Chilcott, who write music for choirs which sounds fresh and attractive to new audiences.
Other composers have found various ways of creating their own style, e.g. the Scottish composers James MacMillan and Judith Weir and the Master of the Queen's Music: Sir Peter Maxwell Davies.
In Russia Sofia Gubaidulina and Galina Ustvolskaya are important voices in the search for new music.
Cuxhaven is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany.
About 55,000 people live there.
It is on the shore of the North Sea at the mouth of the Elbe River.
Cuxhaven is the capital of the Cuxhaven district.
It is a popular vacation spot on the North Sea.
Haifa Wehbe (, born March 10, 1972) is a female Lebanese singer, actress, model, and jewelry designer who is known in the Arab world.
Wehbe was born in a rural town in South Lebanon and currently lives in Beirut.
She started her music career with her debut album Huwa az-Zaman (, It is Time).
Before she became a singer, she was a model.
She won title "Miss South Lebanon" when she was sixteen.
In 1995, she was the runner-up for Miss Lebanon before the public found out she had a daughter named Zeinab.
Her second 2005 album was Baddi 'Ayš (, I Want to Live).
Her second songs was "Ana Haifa" (I am Haifa).
Official Facebook page
Movie actors
In music, the dynamics in the  piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases.
In written music the dynamics are shown by letters which stand for Italian words for the dynamic levels.
They are listed in the table below.
Notice that “piano”, as a dynamic level, is pronounced the Italian way (“pi-AH-no”).
Use more than two ps or fs to show that the music is very, very quiet, or very, very loud.
Tchaikovsky sometimes used five ps or fs, though only up to three are normally found in sheet music.
Dynamic levels are not something that can be measured exactly.
Exactly how loud mp should be depends on several things: what is happening in the music, the instrument, the size of the room in which the music is being played etc.
The important thing is that dynamic levels should be correct in relation to one another.
Some composers are very precise about writing the dynamics they want.
Others leave a lot to the performer to decide.
Historically, composers several centuries ago, such as Bach, only wrote occasional dynamic marks.
Even Mozart only wrote a few, mostly p and f. By the 19th century composers were writing dynamics in much more detail in their music.
Sometimes accents are shown by marks similar to dynamic marks.
Sforzando means a strong, sudden accent and is abbreviated as sf, sfz or fz.
The notation sfzp (or sfp) means a sforzando followed immediately by piano
The terms crescendo, and diminuendo (or sometimes decrescendo), mean a gradual getting louder or quieter.
They can also be shown by signs known as "hairpins".
A hairpin opening out is a crescendo, one which closes is a diminuendo.
For a quick change in dynamics, molto cresc.
and molto dim.
are often used (molto means a lot).
For slow changes poco a poco cresc.
and poco a poco dim.
are used (poco a poco means little by little, i.e. very gradually.)
Francesco Botticini (real name Francesco di Giovanni, 1446 – 16 January 1498) was an Italian painter.
He lived in the early part of the Renaissance period.
He was born in Florence about 1446 and is best known for his painting called "Assumption of the Virgin".
He died in 1497 or 1498.
After he had been an assistant to the painter Neri di Bicci he started his own workshop.
The shop was famous for its decorative works, a few of which can be seen in the cloistered church of Empoli.
Botticini was influenced by Filippino Lippi and Botticelli who were two very famous Florentine painters.
1446 births
1498 deaths
Grana Padano is a type of hard cheese.
It is similar to parmesan cheese.
The name comes from the noun grana (‘grain’), which refers to the distinctively grainy texture of the cheese, and the adjective Padano, which refers to the river Po.
Grana Padano was created by the Cistercian monks of Chiaravalle.
They used ripened cheese as a way of preserving extra milk.
By the year 1477, it was regarded as one of the most famous cheeses of Italy.
Today, this product is made in the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy and Veneto, and in the province of Trento.
Like Parmigiano Reggiano, Grana Padano is a semi-fat hard cheese which is cooked and ripened slowly (for up to 18 months).
It is produced by curdling the milk of grass-fed cows.
The cows are milked twice a day, the milk is left to stand, and then partially creamed.
It is produced all year round and the quality can vary seasonally as well as by year.
A wheel of Grana Padano is cylindrical, with slightly convex or almost straight sides and flat faces.
The rind, which is thin, is white or straw yellow.
Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Grana Padano
Zeppa, Giuseppe GRANA PADANO a cheese from Piedmont
Disciplinare di produzione
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was a trade agreement between Mexico, the United States, and Canada.
The agreement was signed by U.S. President George H.W. Bush, Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and Mexican President Carlos Salinas on December 17, 1992 in San Antonio, Texas, and took effect on January 1, 1994.
It removed taxes on products traded between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
It also protects copyrights, patents, and trademarks between those three countries.
It was updated with the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, which helped set more environment regulations and helped reduce pollution.
It was also updated with the North American Agreement for Labor Cooperation, which helped people fight for better work conditions.
Since it took away taxes between products traded between the US, Canada, and Mexico.
Mexico has been buying more products from the US.
It saved U.S. companies on the cost of selling products to Mexico, and it saved Mexican companies on the cost of buying things from U.S. companies.
A benefit of the bill is that labels on products exchanged between the three countries come in French, English, and Spanish.
That way, Mexicans and Americans who speak Spanish can read the Spanish label, Americans and Canadians can read the English label, and Canadians who speak French can read the French label.
NAFTA also encourages more immigration from Mexico to the US.
Since small businesses can no longer be protected by tariffs, many small business owners in Mexico cannot compete with the prices of subsidized products from the US and therefore many of them have gone under, or they lost more money than they could make.
As a result, many Mexicans have gone to the US looking for work.
The human rights organization EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de la Liberación Nacional), a revolutionary Mexican grass roots movement, is a strong opponent of NAFTA and points out how its provisions only make the economic situation worse for the poorest in Mexico and better for multi-national corporations.
Job losses
With the increased ease by which Mexico can import food products from the United States, the role of Mexican farmers is overwhelmed by the output of American farming.
This is a notable con of NAFTA.
According to Thomas Net Industry Market Trends, over 1 million Mexican farmers have lost their jobs as a result of the agreement.
The American economy lost about 683,000 jobs thanks to NAFTA -- more than 60% of which were in the manufacturing sector.
Almost 35,000 Ohioans found themselves unemployed, or without jobs, thanks to a free trade agreement that’s been a disaster for our nation’s industrial base.
- Sharrod Brown
It was possible that NAFTA would encourage Mexican citizens to stay in their country since their manufacturing work could still reach the American market easily.
But since the creation of NAFTA, illegal immigration between Mexico and the United States has only gotten worse.
Over the 10-year period between 1990 and 2000, the number of illegal immigrants per year doubled, or increased two times, despite the creation of NAFTA in 1994, according to Thomas Net Industry Market Trends.
NAFTA not being more effective in preventing the immigration crisis is a disadvantage to the agreement.
1994 in the United States
1994 in Canada
1990s in Mexico
1990s treaties
Economy of North America
Economy of Mexico
1994 works
Language revival is people trying to make a language spoken often again when it is not spoken or is spoken very little.
Language death happens when a language is not used by the people who used to speak it.
Language revival tries to save a language that is dead or endangered.
Hebrew was once a language that was not spoken, but it has been revived, and people now speak and use it again.
Many people are now trying to revive their languages.
The revival of languages is good, beautiful, and useful.
The youngest of six children, he was born and raised in Englewood, New Jersey.
His father, Salvatore Travolta (November 1912 – May 1995), was a semi-professional American football player of Italian descent.
His mother, Helen Cecilia (née Burke, January 1912 – December 1978), was an Irish-American actress and singer.
He was raised Roman Catholic, but changed to Scientology in 1975.
Travolta was engaged with Diana Hyland who died of breast cancer in 1977, they met while filming The Boy in the Plastic Bubble.
He married actress Kelly Preston in 1991.
The couple had a son, Jett (1992–2009).
Their daughter, Ella Bleu, was born in 2000.
On May 18, 2010, Travolta and Preston said she was pregnant with the couple's third child.
Later they said it would be a boy.
Their son, Benjamin, was born on November 23, 2010 in Florida.
He starred in the movies Grease with Olivia Newton-John, Pulp Fiction with Samuel L. Jackson and Hairspray.
People from Englewood, New Jersey
Something related to the country Ukraine
Something related to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which existed from 1922 to 1991
Ukrainians, the people of Ukraine
Objectivity in science means that scientific ideas and measurements are tested.
That means they are independent from the individual scientist (the subject) who proposes them.
In other words, if scientist A claims something, scientist B must be able to check whether A is right.
The evidence can (in principle) be shown to anyone who doubts it.
The "in principle" bit is because some science needs complex machinery, and if you don't understand the machinery, you won't understand the results.
But elementary science can often be shown in a classroom, or on television.
Some science does need a proper scientific education.
To some extent the general public has to trust a qualified scientist to present the idea in some suitable form.
That means on television or on the web, or perhaps in published articles or books.
Most awards of the Nobel Prize in science are followed by presentations on various web channels.
It is generally agreed that, at least in some subjects, modern science needs a person to have some education before they can understand it.
Specialist communicators often do this on television or the web.
150 years ago, people read science directly from books written by scientists like Faraday and Darwin.
Now most people get their science from people who act as communicators of science.
Objectivity in measurement
To avoid the variety in subjective (ambiguous) interpretation of quantifying terms such as "green", "hot", "large", "considerable", and "negligible", scientists try hard, where possible, to eliminate human senses by use of standardized measuring tools (meter stick, stopwatch, thermometer, etc.)
and mechanical/electronic measuring instruments (spectrometer, voltmeter, timer, oscilloscope, gravimeter, etc.)
for performing the actual measuring process, eliminating much of the perceptive variability of individual observers.
The results of measurements are expressed on a numerical scale of standard units - so that everybody else understands them the same way.
Where data must need be used, the ideal is to use "hard", "objective" criteria for assigning the classifications (see definition), such that different classifiers would get the same results.
Dawkins, Richard 2003.
A Devil’s Chaplain: selected essays.
Kuhn, Thomas 1962.
University of Chicago Press, 3rd ed.
Porter, Theodore M. 1995.
Trust in Numbers: the pursuit of objectivity in science and public life.
Restivo, Sal 1994.
Science, Society, and Values: toward a sociology of objectivity.
Lehigh University Press.
Sokal, Alan & Bricmont, Jean 1997.
Intellectual Impostures: postmodern philosophers’ abuse of science.
Profile Books 2003.
Roundhay Garden Scene is a short movie made on October 14, 1888 in the garden of Oakwood Grange, Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.
It was made by a French man named Louis Le Prince.
It was silent.
The movie had Adolphe Le Prince, Sarah Whitley, Joseph Whitley, and Harriet Hartley walking in the garden of Oakwood Grange.
It is believed to be the oldest surviving movie by many people.
It is 1.66 seconds long.
The digitalized version lasts 2.11 seconds.
Louis Le Prince Centre for Cinema, Photography, and Television
YouTube video of Roundhay Garden Scene
Silent movies
Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians.
It is about cold-blooded animals like salamanders, frogs, toads, snakes, lizards, turtles, tuataras and crocodilians.
"Herp" is a vernacular term for reptiles and amphibians.
It is derived from the old term "herpetile".
Linnaeus  grouped reptiles and amphibians together in the same class, and that is where the term comes from.
The term has persisted, particularly in the names of herpetology, the scientific study of reptiles and amphibians, and herpetoculture, the captive care and breeding of reptiles and amphibians.
There are over 6700 species of amphibians and over 9000 species of reptiles.
Batrachology
Batrachology is the study of amphibians.
Batrachology can also mean that a person enjoys amphibians and are among their favorite pets.
Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character and a recurring antagonist of the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise.
He appeared in the first five movies of the series.
At first he was the main antagonist as an undead pirate in The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003).
The character dies at the end of the movie, however, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of Dead Man's Chest.
He later became an antihero in supporting roles as a Pirate Lord in At World's End (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in On Stranger Tides (2011), and finally as the rich pirate in Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017).
He is seen as the evil version of Captain Jack Sparrow.
Pirates of the Caribbean characters
Alpha Kappa Alpha is the first sorority founded by African-American women.
The sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University.
The sorority has more than 300,000 women in over one thousand chapters.
They are in the United States, the Caribbean, Germany, Korea and Japan.
1908 establishments
Objectivity in historiography
New Objectivity, German art movement
Fraud (or defrauding or scamming) is a crime in which someone tricks somebody else to get unfair or unlawful gain.
Frauds are almost always about money, either directly or indirectly.
A fraudster or a fraud is the person who commits the fraud.
Fraudulence is the adjective, as in He tried to pass a fraudulent cheque.
To defraud someone is to commit a fraud against them.
Fraudsters may find people to defraud by phone calls, emails, or websites.
Fraud often starts by saying there is a free or low price item.
The fraudster then asks for personal information, such as a home address and bank account numbers.
Instead of giving an item, the fraudster takes their money.
Fraudsters often target senior citizens.
Fraud is a criminal wrong: a fraudster may be prosecuted and imprisoned.
It is also a civil wrong: a fraud victim may sue the fraudster to get compensation.
All societies have laws against fraud, but the details differ in each jurisdiction.
In England an Act of Parliament defines three kinds of fraud.
fraud by false representation,
fraud by failing to disclose information, and
fraud by abuse of position.
Internet fraud, online fraud
Pumps need some kind of power, often kinetic energy, to make them work.
Sometimes the power comes from a person.
Sometimes the power comes from a motor.
Types of pumps
There are many different kinds of pumps.
Some types of pumps are:
Pumps history - 2000 BC to Now
The Greek letter alpha
Alpha, a letter in the Greek alphabet.
α may be used as the symbol for:
Angle of attack in aerodynamics
Common-base current gain of a transistor in electronics
Fine-structure constant, a fundamental physical constant
Alpha particle, form of particle radiation
H-alpha, or H-α, an emission line created by hydrogen atoms
The alpha carbon in organic chemistry
In Bayer designation, the typically brightest star in a constellation
The significance level in statistical hypothesis testing
Alpha channel, describing transparency and opacity in computer graphics
The alpha coefficient in evaluating financial returns
Place names
Alpha, Michigan
Alpha, Minnesota
Alpha, New Jersey
Alpha, Queensland
Media, literature and fiction
Alpha (band), a British electronic music group
Alpha Magazine, Australian men's sport magazine
Alpha (search engine), a search engine by Yahoo!
Alpha TV, a Greek terrestrial channel
Alpha the Ultimate Mutant, a character featured in Marvel Comics
The Bayer designation of the brightest star in a constellation, for example
Alpha Centauri, the brightest star system in the southern constellation of Centaurus
Alpha (biology), "alpha male" and "alpha female", the highest ranking individuals in a community of social animals
Alpha (investment), a measurement of risk-adjusted performance
Alpha waves, recorded by electroencephalography
Cronbach's alpha, a statistical measure of reliability
ALPHA, the Antihydrogen Laser PHysics Apparatus, an experiment at CERN.
Alpha (machine learning), the degree to which a learning agent takes into account new information
ALPHA refers to the set of ASCII characters A-Z and a-z, as defined in RFC 4234
The ALPHA programming language
Alpha, a development stage of software release
DEC Alpha, a microprocessor/central processing unit (CPU)
AlphaServer - DEC now HP machine successor to the VAX
AlphaStation - DEC now HP workstation successor to the VAX
Latin alpha, an open back unrounded vowel
Space Station Alpha, the original name and unofficial call sign for the International Space Station
The first letter in the NATO phonetic alphabet
Alpha (radio navigation), a Russian radio navigation system similar to the former Omega Navigation System
Alpha 2000, a light aircraft built in New Zealand
Alpha Group, a dedicated counter-terrorism unit that belonged to OSNAZ
Alpha class submarine, a Russian fast attack nuclear submarine
Sony α or Sony Alpha, a digital SLR series by Sony
Minolta α or Minolta Alpha, the Japanese name for a series of SLR cameras known as Maxxum or Dynax elsewhere, and predecessor to Sony's brand of the same name
Alpha Industries, clothing company
He was 41 when he was shot in the head in the men's room in his University, Divine School where he was teaching on May 21 1991.
At times he preached against communism and its system of brainwashing youth.
It is alleged that he was killed on the orders of outgoing Romanian Communist Party leaders.
Biography - The life and death of Romanian mystic, The Forces of Darkness- professor Ioan Culianu
Culianu's works
Romanian writers
Romanian historians
Romanian philosophers
In popular music marketing, a single is a record release with only one or two songs.
The first song (usually the one given the most promotion, and heard more often in the media) is called an A-side, while any other song on the single is called a B-side.
The pairing of recordings on a single comes from the days of  and vinyl records, when discs had two playable sides.
Modern compact disc singles may contain more than one version of either the A- or B-side, or sometimes an additional recording by the same performer.
B-sides may be selections from an album, or songs not otherwise issued for sale.
Many times the chance to get a new song issued as an A-side creates competition between members of bands, or teams of songwriters.
John Lennon and Paul McCartney of the Beatles tried to write better songs than each other, to get more A-sides than the other.
George Harrison, also a Beatle, rarely had his songs chosen for singles, but had a hit with "Something" for the band.
In the days of vinyl singles,  for both A- and B-sides were paid equally.
Many listeners never played B-sides more than once, and radio focused on A-sides.
Many people who made recordings knew this, and used it to earn extra money from sales, or to promote other music they made.
Phil Spector sometimes used short  by his studio band as B-sides to singles he produced.
Michael Nesmith of the Monkees wanted his songs to appear on Monkees singles.
He would settle for B-sides, if he could not get an A-side.
Don Kirshner, who oversaw the band's early music, wanted the B-sides to come from other songwriters who worked for him.
Nesmith and Kirshner disagreed, and it caused tension for the Monkees and their company.
Vinyl (or gramophone record)
Captain America is a fictional superhero from the Marvel Comics.
He made his first appearance in the comic book Captain America Comics #1 in 1941.
He wears a suit that has a white star on his chest with 2 stripes (still white) on each side next to the star.
He also has an indestructible shield with a bullseye and a star on the front of it.
He is also known as his alter ego Steve Rogers.
Captain America had a sidekick (friend), Bucky who later became the Winter Soldier, is a very good fighter, both hand-to-hand and using his guns to take care of his enemies easily.
Captain America has an nemesis called Red Skull.
He later joins a team called the Avengers to help protect the world.
Power and abilities
Film and TV
He first appeared in the serial (film) Captain America, which was from 1940.
He appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, played by Chris Evans.
He was in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Captain America: Civil War (2016), as well as Marvel's The Avengers (2012), and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019).
In 1966, Joe Simon (one of the people who helped make Captain America) sued Marvel, saying that he was the one who should be able to use the character, not them.
It was agreed that Captain America was made under the publisher's rules, and belonged to them.
This meant that Marvel won.
Objectivity is a significant principle of journalistic professionalism.
It involves presenting information that can be relied upon.
Objectivity may have several meanings in the eye of the public. "
Fairness" involves making sure that multiple sides of an issue are presented. "
Disinterestedness" means that the presenters are neutral in a story in which the people involved try to influence them. "
Factuality" bases story content on facts that can be checked by an independent agent. "
Nonpartisanship" means not taking sides, especially on political matters.
Depending on the topic of a story, any or all of these factors may be relevant in the journalist's remaining objective.
In many countries, "advocacy journalism," which supports a particular position, is considered as a legitimate sort of professional journalism.
These stories may be either news or analysis.
They may or may not be objective.
Few journalists would make a claim to total neutrality or impartiality.
However, most try to keep distance from their own personal biases in their news work.
In Discovering the News (1978), sociologist Michael Schudson argues that "the belief in objectivity is a faith in 'facts,' a distrust in 'values,' and a commitment to their segregation."
In the United States, an objective story is typically considered to be one that steers a middle path between two poles of political rhetoric.
Journalism without any bias, as if one just came to Earth from another planet and had no opinions about our behavior or ways is rarely practiced, although some argue it would lead to radical changes in reporting. (
See, for example, Noam Chomsky, The Journalist from Mars.)
Objectivity (philosophy) for a general discussion of objectivity
Herman, Edward and Noam Chomsky.
Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media.
New York: Pantheon.
Mindich, David T. Z.  1998.
Just the Facts: How “Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism.
New York: New York University Press.
Schudson, Michael.
Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers.
"The Sociology of News Production."
In Social Meaning of News: A Text-Reader.
Dan Berkowitz, ed.
7-22.
Thousand Oaks: Sage.
The Genesis Nomad is a portable video game console released by the Sega Corporation.
It has a colour screen and can play most games designed for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis.
It cannot be used with the Sega CD and Sega 32X unless special modifications are made.
But such special modifications may not be safe.
The Erlasee Solar Park  is in one of the sunniest regions of Germany.
On the former wine-producing Erlasee estate near Arnstein in Bavaria, in southern Germany, SOLON has constructed what is currently the largest tracking photovoltaic solar power station in the world with an output of 12 MW.
Just under 1,500 "SOLON-Movers" modules convert sunlight into environmentally friendly power, generating as much as the average consumption of the nearby town of Arnstein.
SunPower Celebrates the Dedication of SOLON's Gut Erlasee Solar Park
Khula is the right of a woman to ask her husband for a divorce and to offer him a compensation in case he does so.
Following the Sharia the husband has no right to ask for a compensation of a higher value than that what he gave his wife when they married.
After divorce the former husband is responsible for education, food and residence of children.
The children live with the mother for 7 years.
After 7 years children have the right to live with father or mother, as they decide.
Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian: اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی Akbar Hāshemī Rafanjānī), Hashemi Bahramani (هاشمی بهرمانی) (August 25, 1934 – January 8, 2017) was an influential Iranian politician.
He has been the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran from 1989 until his death in 2017.
Forbes magazine listed Rafsanjani in their list of richest people in the world and has written that as the real power behind the Iranian government, he "has more or less run the Islamic Republic for the past 24 years."
His wealth has earned him the infamous nickname of Akbar Shah in Iran.
He served as President of Iran from 1989 to 1997, losing on the second ballot to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the 2005 election on his attempt for a third term in office.
After this, he has tried to use his position in the Expediency Council to denounce President Ahmadinejad's administration.
He said he would do some  privatizations and change foreign policy.
However, President Ahmadinejad has noted Rafsanjani's failure to make a difference between  privatization and self takeover of government-owned companies.
Ahmadinejad has also commmented on  the foreign policies of Rafsanjani's administration which lead to sanctions against Iran in 1995 and 1996.
Currently, one of his sons has been accused of receiving a bribe.
Analysts expect that his son will not be put on trial, however.
Profile: Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani at BBC News
Profile:  Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani  at www.aljazeera.com
Rafsanjani and Al-Qaradhawi on Muslim Unity - Part 1
Rafsanjani and Al-Qaradhawi on Muslim Unity - Part 2
Speakers of the Islamic Consultative Assembly
Presidents of Iran
Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is an American boxer.
He held both the world heavyweight championship and the world cruiserweight championship.
He also won a bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
Holyfield was born in Atmore, Alabama.
He became a professional boxer in 1984 and won the cruiserweight championship from Dwight Muhammad Qawi in 1986.
He moved to the heavyweight division in 1988 and won the world championship from James "Buster" Douglas in 1990.
He defended the title three times, including fights against former champions Larry Holmes and George Foreman.
He lost the title to Riddick Bowe in 1992 but won it back the next year.
In 1994 he lost to Michael Moorer and briefly retired.
He soon fought again, however, and surprised many by knocking out Mike Tyson in 1996.
He had a draw against Lennox Lewis in 1998 and then lost a rematch to him in 1999.
In 2005, Holyfield  was a contestant on season 1 of Dancing with the Stars.
He was a housemate in the January 2014 series of Celebrity Big Brother (UK).
Dancing with the Stars participants
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Porthmadog Football Club is a football team, playing in the League of Wales.
Sharia, Sharia law or Islamic law is a set of religious principles which form part of the Islamic culture.
The Arabic word sharīʿah () refers to the revealed law of God and originally meant "way" or "path".
Classical sharia deals with many aspects of public and private life, including religious rituals, family life, business, crimes, and warfare.
In former times, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists, who based their legal opinions on Qur'an, Hadith and centuries of debate, interpretation and precedent.
Some parts of sharia can be described as "law" in the usual sense of that word, while other parts are better understood as rules for living life in accordance with God's will.
Modern countries in the Muslim world all have their own laws.
In most of them only a small part of the legal system is based on classical sharia.
Muslims disagree on how sharia should be applied in the modern world.
Some classic sharia practices include serious violations of human rights, gender equality and freedom of speech.
The situation of women 'captured in wars' is a critical issue in terms of human rights.
According to traditional interpretations of the Qur'an, these women are regarded as war lootings.
Whether these women are married or not, is not taken into account, and like other enslaved women, right-holders (warriors or buyers of them) can make sexual practices over their bodies without their consent.(Al-Mu’minun;5-6)(see:War crimes, Apostasy in Islam)
Meaning and origins of the word
People of different religions who speak Arabic use the word sharīʿah to describe a religious tradition that comes from teachings of prophets.
Christians and Jews in the Middle East have used it to describe their own religion.
For many Muslims the word "sharia" means simply "justice".
They will say that any law agrees with sharia as long as it helps to build a more fair and prosperous society.
Most Muslims think that sharia should be interpreted by experts in Islamic law.
In Arabic, the word sharīʿah refers to God's revelation, which does not change.
In contrast, the rules of behavior created by scholars as they try to understand God's revelation are called fiqh.
These rules can change and Islamic scholars have often disagreed about them.
Scholars disagree about the origins of the word "sharia".
Some say that "sharia" comes from the old Arabic word meaning "pathway to be followed".
This would make it similar to halakha (the way to go), the Hebrew word for Jewish law.
Other scholars think that the word "sharia" originally meant "path to the water hole".
They say that knowing the way to a water hole could save a man's life in the dry deserts where many Arabs lived in ancient times, and that is why this word came to refer to God's guidance to man.
Islamic scholars who lived during the first centuries of Islam developed different methods for interpreting sharia.
Most of them came to agree that sharia rules should be derived from the following main sources:
The Qur'an, which Muslims believe was revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibril).
The actions and words of Muhammad, which are called the sunnah and were preserved in collections called hadith
Consensus, when legal experts all agree on a point of law
qiyās or legal reasoning by analogy
The process of deriving sharia rules from the Qur'an and hadith is called ijtihad.
Sharia rules classify actions into one of the following categories:
Fard (action that one must perform)
Mustahabb (recommended action)
Mubah (action that is allowed)
Makruh (action that is despised)
Haram (forbidden action)
These acts have "material or moral" provisions in the understanding of Sharia.
The abandonment of the actions "that are considered fard, wajib and sunnah", and doing the forbidden ones "that are considered makruh and haram" are penalized. (
hadd or tazir punishments).
E.g; Beating, imprisoning and killing those who insist on not praying can be considered in this context.
Sharia in Islam is viewed as the revealed law of God, which cannot be altered.
On the other hand, its interpretation, called fiqh, is the work of legal scholars, who have frequently differed in their legal opinions.
Some parts of sharia are similar to what people in the West call "law", while other parts are better understood as rules for living life in accordance with God's will.
Branches of sharia
The divisions of sharia are called "branches" (furu) in Arabic.
The main branches are ibadat (rituals or acts of worship) and mu'amalat (human interactions or social relations).
These branches are divided into many smaller branches, some of which are listed bellow:
The acts of worship, or al-ibadat, called the 5 pillars of Islam: affirmation of faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage
Human interaction, or al-mu'amalat, which includes:
Financial transactions
Laws of inheritance
Marriage, divorce, and child custody
Foods and drinks (including ritual slaughtering and hunting)
Penal punishments
Warfare and peace
Judicial matters (including witnesses and forms of evidence)
Acts of worship
Affirmation (Shahadah): There is no God except Allah and Muhammad is his messenger.
Prayer (Salah): five times a day
Fasting (Sawm during Ramadan)
Charity (Zakat)
Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)
Sadaqah (charity) before Eid ul-Fitr prayer.
The Prayer and the Sermon on Eid day.
Takbirs (glorifying God) after every prayer in the days of Tashriq (see footnote for def.)
Sacrifice of unflawed, four-legged grazing animal of appropriate age after the prayer of Eid ul-Adha in the days of Tashriq.
The animal must not be wasted; its meat must be consumed.
Dietary laws
Pork, blood, and scavenged meat are not allowed.