the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It is hard to stop it with radiation treatments or chemotherapy.
Renal replacement
If a person's kidneys do not work properly, they are very sick.
If they have severe kidney failure, they cannot live unless they have a replacement for their kidneys.
Dialysis is when doctors use a machine and medicines to do the work of the kidneys.
There are two kinds of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
Peritoneal dialysis is when doctors put a plastic tube into the person's abdomen.
Every day the person fills the abdomen with fluid.
The extra salts, waste, and water that the body does not need goes into the fluid.
Then the fluid comes out and takes the wastes with it.
This does part of the job that kidneys do.
Hemodialysis is when doctors take blood from a person, clean the blood with a special kind of filter, called a haemodialyser, and put it back in the person.
When the blood is cleaned; water, salts and wastes are taken out of it.
This must be done 2–4 times every week (usually 3 times.)
It takes 2–4 hours to do this each time.
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are not perfect.
They do some of the work of the kidney, but it is not as good as a real kidney.
So people who need dialysis are not as healthy.
They must take medicines.
For example, in kidney failure, the kidneys do not make any erythropoetin.
Doctors have to give people erythropoetin so they make enough red blood cells.
A better way to do the kidneys' work is to give the person another kidney.
This is called a kidney transplant.
Kidney transplants are the most common type of organ transplant.
It is the most common because we have two kidneys, but only need one kidney to live.
People who are alive can donate a kidney to another person.
Even transplanted kidneys are not the same as kidneys people were born with.
A person who gets a renal transplant must take strong medicines to stop their body from attacking the new kidney.
Sometimes, after years, the transplanted kidney stops working.
But sometimes a patient can get a new transplanted kidney after the first one stops working.
It was widely believed in Europe that the conscience was actually located in the kidneys.
This idea was taken from the Hebrew Bible.
In modern times, medical scientists have shown kidneys do not have this kind of psychological role.
Anatomy of the urinary system
A prefix is a part of a word or a word, within a word.
It is put at the start of another word to make a different meaning.
It can also mean a number that is put in at the start to show which number something is in a group.
It is a type of affix.
Often people want to use a prefix to mean not.
There are many prefixes that mean not.
Unnatural means not natural.
Apolitical means not political.
Nonviolent means not violent.
Indirect means not direct
We also learnt the prefixes anti which means against and auto is used to mean self or own
bicentennial (and other number related prefixes: mono, ter/tri, tetra, quadro, penta, hepta, octo, nano etc.)
encompass
polytechnical
Hepato- is a prefix that means liver.
So hepatocellular means 'about liver cells'.
Hydro- is a prefix that means water.
So Hydroelectric dams are dams that make electricity from the flow of water.
Pre- or Ante- are prefixes that mean before.
Prenatal diagnostics is the diagnostics done before the birth of a baby.
Post- is a prefix that means after.
Post-traumatic experience would be an experience that was made after trauma.
Sometimes people make up words by adding a prefix.
These words are not in a dictionary.
But if people use these words enough, sometimes they go into dictionaries.
For example, we can make the word unsimple, which splits up into not simple.
This is not a word in a dictionary.
Compare to suffix.
Suffixes are letters put at the end of a word to change its meaning.
UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ().
It is an agency of the United Nations (UN).
UNESCO says its purpose, as defined just after the end of World War II, is "to build the defenses of peace in the minds of men and women".
It does this by helping nations work together, through education for all, science, and culture.
This is supposed to help other nations follow the rule of law and human rights.
It also helps promote some freedoms in the UN Charter.
UNESCO tries to achieve what it wants to do through six programs: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, communication and information.
Some projects sponsored by UNESCO are literacy, technical, and teacher-training programmes.
UNESCO also decides what will become World Heritage Sites.
A World Heritage Site is an important, special, interesting or beautiful place.
If a place is a World Heritage Site, the place can not be destroyed, as it can give useful information for the future.
The Uluru, for example, gives a lot of information on the culture of Aborigines.
UNESCO is also a member of the United Nations Development Group.
and works for Millennium Development Goals.
Official site of UNESCO on which you can find extra information
Cultural organizations
Scientific organizations
Educational organizations
They are seen as universal, which means they are meant for everyone, no matter what their race, religion, ethnicity, nationality, age, sex, political beliefs (or any other kind of beliefs), intelligence, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity are.
The idea of human rights originated from ideas found in religion and philosophy in Western Europe.
The modern Western idea of human rights started in the European Enlightenment.
In the 16th century, some people started suggesting that everyone had the religious and political right to choose their religion and their leaders.
This sort of thinking was important in the English Civil War.
After the war, the philosopher John Locke argued that people should have a certain set of human rights.
These ideas were also important in the American revolution and the French revolution in the 18th century.
In the 19th century, John Stuart Mill was an important philosopher who also thought about human rights.
He said that people should be able to control their own bodies and minds.
He talked about three special ideas:
freedom of speech
freedom of assembly
freedom to seek happiness, while not hurting others.
Hegel was a philosopher who wrote about the idea of free will.
He believed that in order to have freedom, a person should be able to:
own property
make contracts with other people
make moral promises to people
live with anyone
get protection from laws
have a voice in government
Because people believe that human rights are important, countries make laws to protect them.
These laws say that governments cannot take away people's basic rights.
They make sure people who take away other people's rights are punished.
However, many countries in the world do not protect the human rights of their people.
Some major political groups and countries have made statements that promote human rights.
Many governments and international groups punish human rights violators by refusing to trade with them, or even helping groups that want to overthrow their governments.
Some of the important places that human rights laws are written is in constitutions.
The United States Constitution and Constitution of France are two of the oldest set of laws based on human rights.
In 1948 the United Nations made the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
This is a widely respected document that lists what the United Nations believes are human rights.
It is not a law, but two important agreements have been written based on its ideas:
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
These are United Nations human rights Covenants: agreements between people or countries.
The countries who sign these two covenants agree to follow them.
In addition to those Declaration and Covenants, there are many treaties and documents made by United Nations and other international organizations.
Those treaties and documents are called "International human rights law".
List of human rights
Not everyone agrees on what the basic human rights are.
It is clear that few countries permit all these rights.
Also, there are countries in which the rights are not illegal, but nothing is done to promote them.
Here is a list of some of the most recognized rights:
Right to live
To be a citizen of a country
To own property
Safety from violence (physical, mental and sexual)
To seek asylum if a country treats you badly
Fair trial, and to be considered innocent until proven guilty
General life freedoms
The right to get an education
Health care (medical care)
To believe and practice the religion a person wants
Rights related to sexuality and procreation
Right to marriage and family
Equality of both males and females; women's rights
Not be forced into marriage
The right to express orientation
Political freedoms
The right to express yourself: free speech
To vote
To peacefully protest (speak against) a government or group
To petition
Human rights abuses are when a person is hurt in a way that violates (goes against) his/her human rights.
Human rights abuses are also often called human rights violations.
Examples of human rights abuses or violations are:
Arresting someone because they said the government is doing bad things
Not letting people practice their religion
Not letting a member of a country vote.
Many people, groups, and countries think protecting human rights is very important.
But not everyone in the world believes in human rights.
If people who do not believe in human rights have political power they can hurt many people.
Even if these people have no political power, they can be violent to other people.
There are many people who work to protect everyone's human rights; some of these are government groups, and some are not with any government.
They are sometimes called human rights organizations.
Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are examples of human rights organizations.
In the UK, every Act of Parliament must comply with the European Convention on Human Rights.
Nonetheless, a person can challenge an Act if it violates the Convention.
However, the Government are not bound to change the law due to incompatibility, and they have the power to pass a law that contravenes with the Human Rights, if they wish.
Human Rights Foundation
Doctors Without Borders (Medecins Sans Frontieres)
Hiwaar For Human Rights Organisation
The nationality of a person is that person's legal relationship with a state, for example a Swedish person's legal relationship with the kingdom of Sweden.
Nationality is not identical to citizenship but in the majority of states most of the population are both citizens and nationals.
Dual nationality means that the person has a legal relationship with two different states at the same time, for example with the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.
The rights and duties of individual people and the states they belong to vary from country to country.
"Nationality" can take on different meanings depending on the country, language and culture in question.
For example, someone of Italian descent may be called "Italian" even if the individual, a member of the Italian diaspora, has no right to an Italian passport and citizenship.
In past centuries, the usual meaning of "nationality" was not political, but rather meant membership in an ethnic group.
In modern cases such as in airports, when officials ask your "nationality," they are asking to see the passport you use for travel to foreign countries.
Race has many meanings in English.
To go very fast – he raced to the store
A competition between people  - the race for the US presidency
Racing, a competition about speed – the Tour de France is an important bicycle race
Race (biology), a group smaller than a species.
Members of different races can have sex and make babies, but they are separate (usually because they live in different places) - a large race of birds lives on this island
Race (sociology),  of the human species based on  physical characteristics that are passed on to succeeding generations.
Race (anthropology) groups humans are often divided into based on physical traits often common among shared ancestry.
The human race means all people - the human race is destroying the environment
Medical ethics is the set of ethical rules that doctors follow.
These ideas tell doctors how they should treat patients.
The earliest set of ethical ideas in medicine was the Hippocratic oath. (
An oath is a special promise.)
It was supposed to be written by Hippocrates but probably was not written by him.
Beneficences - a doctor must do things that are good for the patient (the doctor is giving medical care to.)
Non-maleficence – a doctor must not try to hurt his patients.
Autonomy - the patient can say he does not want to be treated
Justice – talks about what is fair in giving people medicines and care.
It talks about who gets what treatments.
Dignity - the patient (and the doctor) have the right to dignity (respect for someone as a person)
Truthfulness (being honest) – the doctor must tell the patient the truth
Medical ethics questions
If there is not enough of a medicine to treat every person who has a disease who should get the medicine?
If a baby has a disease that will kill him very soon, what should a doctor do if the baby's mother says she does not want the baby to be helped?
A patient has an injury that cannot be helped and that will kill them in a few minutes.
The patient asks a doctor “am I going to die?”
What should the doctor say?
If a man has stage four cancer but only wants hollistic medicine, should you treat him with chemotherapy anyway?
Sperm are the male reproductive cells.
Most animals and plants use sperm to reproduce.
They have different ways of making and releasing the sperm.
In all cases the sperm meets with the egg of the female and grow into a new organism.
The name sperm is taken from the Greek word sperma meaning seed.
An animal sperm cell is capable of movement, as it has to get to the uterus to meet with the ovum.
Animal sperm cells (including humans) have small 'head' and a long tail called a flagellum.
The flagellum acts like a motor to propel the sperm cell through the female reproductive system.
Human sperm is made in the testicles of a man.
Human sperm contains 23 chromosomes.
A human needs 46 chromosomes, so a sperm cell is called a haploid as it only has half.
The other half is contained within the ovum or egg of a female.
During sex, semen is shot out of the man's penis during ejaculation.
Semen carries the sperm into the woman's vagina and down to the ovum in the uterus.
During ejaculation millions of sperm cells are released, but only one hundred or so reach the egg.
The egg can merge with one sperm cell that reaches it.
Because it now has 46 chromosomes, it is called a diploid, like ordinary cells of the body.
This diploid is called a zygote, and it can grow into a fetus and eventually a baby.
In plants
Some plants such as ferns and mosses have sperm that move.
Flowering plant sperm cells cannot move by themselves.
The flowering plant sperm cells are contained within pollen grains.
Thus, they rely on transportation to take their sperm cells to other plants.
For example, a bee lands on a plant to collect the nectar.
Some pollen will get stuck to the bee.
The bee moves on to another plant and the pollen falls onto that plant.
The sperm is moved down a pollen tube until it reaches the ovule at the bottom of the flower.
Semen () is the fluid that comes out from the end of a man's penis when he has an orgasm (the height of sexual excitement) and ejaculates.
It is usually a white or yellowish, sticky substance made up of sperm (male cells for sexual reproduction) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma that has water and different chemicals in it.
Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 millilitres (up to one teaspoonful) of semen.
Many cultures around the world once thought or still think that semen has special or even magical qualities.
Showing semen in forms of popular culture such as art and movies has for a long time been taboo, that is, not generally accepted by society.
However, since the late 20th century, artists and moviemakers have done so more often.
The English word semen comes from the Latin word sēmen, which means "seed".
In fact, seed was an old-fashioned name for semen.
The Latin word sēmen itself came from another Latin word, serěre, which means "to plant (a plant into the ground) or to sow (seeds in the earth)".
It was once thought that semen was like a seed that grew into a baby after being "planted" inside a woman's body.
Another name for semen is ejaculate.
Some slang words for semen are cream, cum, jism, jizz, jazz load, spooge, spunk, nut, or wad.
The way it looks and its nature
Semen is the fluid that comes out from the end of a man's penis when he has an orgasm (the height of sexual excitement) and ejaculates.
It is usually white, but may also be slightly grey or yellow.
If there is blood in the semen, it can look pink or reddish.
This is a condition called hematospermia, and may be because of some blockage, inflammation, infection or injury to some part of the male sex organs, such as the urethra, epididymis, prostate or testicles.
A doctor should be seen if the pink or reddish colour does not go away after a few days.
Men ejaculate different amounts of semen.
More semen usually comes out if a man has not ejaculated for many days, or if he has been stimulated (made sexually excited) for a long time.
Older men make less semen.
If a man ejaculates an unusually small amount of semen, this is a medical condition called hypospermia.
After a man has ejaculated, semen first becomes slightly thick and sticky, and may feel a bit like jelly and clump together in globs.
Scientists think that semen does this so that if the man has had sex with a woman and has ejaculated inside her vagina, the semen stays in her vagina for longer and does not leak out.
Between five and 40 minutes after this, semen becomes more liquid and watery.
This probably allows the sperm in the semen to move through the vagina and into the woman's uterus and Fallopian tubes to try and fertilize an ovum (egg cell).
If semen is ejaculated outside the body, after becoming watery it eventually dries up.
What it is made up of
Semen is made up of sperm (male cells for sexual reproduction) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma.
Sperm, also called spermatozoa, are made by a man's testicles and mature (grow up) in the epididymis.
The fluids in seminal plasma come from different glands in the man's body: the seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands (also called the Cowper's glands). (
Glands are special organs in the body that make chemicals.)
The table below shows the substances that make up semen and the glands that produce them:
Seminal plasma protects and provides food for sperm as they travel inside a woman's body.
The inside of a woman's vagina does not suit sperm cells as it is acidic.
To protect the sperm from the acid, seminal plasma is alkaline.
A woman's immune system also tries to kill organisms (living things) that are not part of her body.
Seminal plasma has chemicals called prostaglandins in it to stop the woman's body from killing the sperm.
Semen quality
Semen quality refers to how well the sperm in a man's semen can fertilize a woman's ova.
The better a man's semen quality is, the better chances he has to make a woman pregnant.
A 1992 World Health Organization book said that an ejaculation of normal human semen has:
a volume of 2 millilitres or more;
a pH of 7.2 to 8.0, which means that it is alkaline;
40 million or more sperm (20 million sperm in each millilitre of semen);
50% or more of the sperm alive; and
50% or more of the sperm able to move, or 25% or more of the sperm able to move forwards quickly within 60 minutes from the time of ejaculation.
The number of sperm in an ejaculation of semen depends on many things.
There may be more sperm if:
the man is younger,
his body produces more of the hormone testosterone, which makes a person look and feel like a man,
his testicles are not too warm,
he produces more semen,
he has not ejaculated for some time, and
he has been stimulated for a longer time before ejaculation.
If there are an unusually low number of sperm in an ejaculation, this is called oligospermia.
If there are no sperm at all, this is called azoospermia.
A man with oligospermia or azoospermia is usually infertile, and cannot or finds it very hard to make a woman pregnant by having sex with her.
If the semen does not have infections, it is okay to swallow semen.
A woman cannot get pregnant from swallowing semen in her mouth.
It is okay if a man swallows his own semen.
Two doctors say it is good if a woman swallows semen often.
They say women get breast cancer less if they swallow semen.
The doctors don't know why.
Other doctors must do more tests.
Studies seem to say that semen is an anti-depressant.
This means that it causes women not to feel depressed or sad.
The studies found that when men had sex with women without using condoms, and the men's semen was taken into the women's vaginas, the women had better moods and felt happier.
Scientists do not yet know if the same thing happens when semen is swallowed after oral sex, but some of them think it may.
Passing on disease
If a man has a sexually transmitted infection or STI (an infection that is passed from one person to another by sex), the germs that cause the disease can appear in his semen.
If the person that the man has sex with touches the semen, he or she can become infected by the germs and pick up the disease.
HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, herpes and syphillis are examples of STIs.
One of the ways for a man to lower the chance of passing on an STI to his sexual partner is to wear a condom on his penis when having sex.
Getting semen in the mouth can be bad if the penis or semen has infections.
If semen gets in the eye, the eye will hurt.
Wash the eye with warm water.
Wash the eye for a few minutes.
Some doctors say to get tested for infections.
Making the immune system weaker
Some scientists think that parts of semen, such as sperm and seminal plasma, can make another person's immune system weaker.
Experiments show that when substances in a man's semen enter another person's body, that person's body makes antibodies.
Antibodies are large Y-shaped proteins used by the body's immune system to stop foreign objects from harming the body.
However, the antibodies made in response to substances in semen attack one of the body's own cells, called T lymphocytes.
This weakens the body's immune system.
In a very small number of cases, people have experienced allergic reactions when they touched semen.
This is called human seminal plasma hypersensitivity.
The symptoms (signs of the medical problem) can either be near the part of the body which touched the semen, or all over the body.
They may include itching of the vagina, redness, swelling or blisters within 30 minutes of contact.
They may also include itching and hives (large, red, itchy patches) all over the body, and even difficulty breathing.
The best way to test for human seminal plasma hypersensitivity is for a man to use a condom when having sex.
When a condom is used, after ejaculation the man's semen stays inside the condom and does not touch the body of the person he is having sex with.
If the man's sexual partner usually has allergic symptoms to semen but does not have any when a condom is used, this may show that his partner's body is extra-sensitive to semen.
A person can often get over a mild semen allergy by coming into contact with semen often.
If the allergic reaction is very bad, the person should see a doctor, especially if she is a woman trying to get pregnant.
In such cases, it may be necessary for the woman to have a baby through artificial insemination.
This is a medical way of fertilizing a woman's ova using a man's sperm without the man and the woman having sexual intercourse.
Some examples are set out below:
In Ancient Greece, the philosopher Aristotle thought that if men started to take part in sexual activity when they were too young, this would cause their bodies to stop growing normally.
This was because food that would otherwise make the body grow would instead be used to make semen.
However, this would not happen if the body was already fully grown.
Ancient Rome.
The orchid is a type of plant with flowers.
Some orchids have underground tubers, which are swollen roots used by plants for storing food.
The word orchid comes from the Greek word όρχις (orchis) meaning "testicle".
Ancient Romans thought that the tubers of the orchid looked like testicles, and believed the plant grew from the semen of satyrs that had fallen on the ground.
A satyr was thought to be a creature with the upper body of a man and the lower body of a goat, and goat's horns on its head.
Satyrs were said to love drinking wine and having sex.
In Ancient China, it was believed that the precious stone jade was the dried semen of a dragon that lived in the sky.
Today, in traditional Chinese medicine and in qìgōng (Chinese exercises that work with qì or "energy" in the body), it is believed that a man's body contains sexual energy called jīng (written 精 in the Chinese language), and that he should try to make more of it and save it.
It is said that jīng moves into a man's sex organs when he is sexually excited, and when he ejaculates semen the energy leaves his body, which is not good for him.
In the traditions of Bali in Indonesia, when a man ejaculates semen into a woman's body, he is considered to be repaying his mother's kindness in giving him breast milk when he was a baby.
Near Middle East.
In Biblical times, the early Jews believed that when a man ejaculated semen this made him ritually unclean until evening.
Any object that semen touched also became unclean, and if the man had sex with a woman she became unclean until evening.
People who practise certain types of Judaism still have this belief today.
Among the Etoro people of Papua New Guinea it is believed that to become sexually mature men, young boys must perform oral sex on older men and swallow their semen.
Displaying semen in forms of popular culture such as art and movies has for a long time been taboo, that is, not generally accepted by society.
However, since the late 20th century artists and moviemakers have done so more often.
The American photographer Andres Serrano sometimes takes photographs of body fluids and displays them as artworks.
One example is Blood and Semen II (1990), which is a picture of blood and semen mixed together.
Some people are shocked by such pictures and think it is wrong of him to make them, while others think that as an artist he is free to create such works.
Another of Serrano's pictures, Blood and Semen III, was featured on the cover of the 1996 music album Load by the American heavy metal band Metallica.
Apart from pornographic movies showing people having sex, semen is usually not shown in movies as many people think that doing so is obscene (not decent).
However, some movies that have shown semen are the American comedy movies There's Something about Mary (1998), American Pie (1999), Scary Movie (2000) and Scary Movie 2 (2001).
In the Spanish movie Y tu mamá también (And Your Mother Too, 2001), there is a scene where two high-school boys who are friends lie on diving boards over a swimming pool and masturbate (make themselves sexually excited).
Semen is later shown floating on the water.
Such movies are usually not thought to be suitable for children to watch.
Bilbao is a city in the Basque Country, in the North of Spain.
There are 350,000 people living in Bilbao.
In Bilbao is the Nervión river, which ends in the Bay of Biscay.
Bilbao has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
Bilbao was an industrial city, but today it is a tourist city.
There are many things to see in Bilbao:
Guggenheim Museum (Modern Art)
Bellas Artes Museum (Fine Art)
University of Deusto
Metro Bilbao (Bilbao's Underground)
Bilbao's Town Hall
Arriaga Theatre
Casco Viejo (Old City)
St. Jacob's Cathedral
Virgin Begoña's Basilic
Gran Vía (Great Avenue)
Plaza del Sagrado Corazón (Christ's Holy Heart Square)
San Mamés stadium
Bilbao's official website
Bilbao's Chamber of Commerce official tourism website
Scholars on Bilbao: This website encompasses academic works that analyse the urban regeneration of the city of Bilbao (e.g. strategic plans, infrastructures, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and dilemmas, cultural tourism, gentrification, uneven development, creative industries, artists ... etc).
In the United States, a middle school is a school between elementary school (grades 1-5, 1-7, 1-6, 1-4 or 1-8) and high school (grades 9-12 or 10-12).
Depending on location, middle school contains grades 5-8, 6-8, 7-8, or 7-9.
Middle school is also sometimes called an intermediate school, junior high school or just junior high.
The school day is often very different in elementary, middle, and high schools.
Unlike elementary schools, where students often stay with one or two teachers for most of the school day, middle school is usually the first time in which students change teachers after each class of usually about one hour.
Students often study 6 subjects.
They will be taught by a different teacher for each subject.
The change from a one teacher-all subjects way of teaching helps create more independence for the pupil.
They no longer have the guidance of just one main teacher.
Also, students will often have more of a choice in what classes they take.
This is mainly in dealing with subjects which are taken in addition to the basic subjects such as mathematics, English, history and general science.
In general, middle school acts as a transition between the elementary school structure where most people are all treated the same and the high school structure were most people are treated as individuals.
However, some critics see middle schools as having gone "soft," overemphasizing self-esteem building at the expense of academic rigor.
Historically, local public control (and private alternatives) have allowed for some variation in the organization of schools.
Elementary school includes kindergarten through to sixth grade, or kindergarten through to fifth grade, i.e., up to age 12, but some elementary schools have four or eight grades, i.e., up to ages 10 or 14 (also known as the intermediate grades).
Basic subjects are taught and pupils often remain in one or two classrooms throughout the school day, except for physical education, library, music, art, and computer classes.
In 2001, there were about 3.6 million children in each grade in the United States. "
Middle schools" and "junior high schools" are schools that span grades 5 or 6 to 8 and 7 to 8, respectively, but junior high schools spanning grades 7 to 9 are also common.
The range defined by either is often based on demographic factors, such as an increase or decrease in the relative numbers of younger or older students, with the aim of maintaining stable school populations.
At this time, pupils are given more independence, moving to different classrooms for different subjects, which includes math, social studies, science, and language arts.
Also, pupils are able to choose some of their class subjects (electives).
Usually, starting in ninth or tenth grade, grades become part of a pupil's official transcript.
In the U.S., children within this grade-range are sometimes referred to as "junior highers".
The “junior high school” concept was introduced in 1909, in Columbus, Ohio.
Junior high schools were created for "bridging the gap between the elementary and the high school", an emphasis credited to Charles W. Eliot.
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, most American elementary schools had grades 1 through 8, and this organization still exists, where some concepts of middle school organization have been adapted to the intermediate grades.
As time passed, the junior high school concept increased quickly as new school districts proliferated, or systems modernized buildings and curricula.
This expansion continued through the 1960s.
Jon Wiles, author of Developing Successful K–8 Schools: A Principal's Guide, said that "[a] major problem" for the original model was "the inclusion of the ninth grade", because of the lack of instructional flexibility, due to the requirement of having to earn high school credits in the ninth grade and that "the fully adolescent ninth grader in junior high school did not seem to belong with the students experiencing the onset of puberty".
The new "middle school" model began to appear in the mid-1960s.
Wiles said, "At first, it was difficult to determine the difference between a junior high school and a middle school, but as the middle school became established, the differences became more pronounced".
de:Bildungssystem in den Vereinigten Staaten#Junior High School und Middle School
nl:Onderwijs in de Verenigde Staten#Middelbaar onderwijs
Below is a list of animated movies from Walt Disney Pictures/The Walt Disney Company.
For a list of live-action movies from the company, see List of Disney movies.
The following is a list of movies which are said to be the Walt Disney Feature Animation (WDFA) canon.
They are also known as the Walt Disney Animated Classics.
The canon includes animated movies that were or are being produced entirely by WDFA.
Movies which are not part of the canon are movies which include both animation and live-action, spin-offs from Disney television programs, the direct-to-video movies produced by the DisneyToons studio in Australia (some of which received theatrical releases), or the Pixar movies (which Disney "presents" but does not produce).
WDFA once announced that Home on the Range (released April 2, 2004) would be its final traditionally animated movie.
They also said that from Chicken Little (released November 4, 2005) onwards, all future WDFA movies will be computer animated.
However, this changed in July 2006 when a new traditionally animated movie, The Princess and the Frog, was revealed to be in development.
Films distributed by Miramax
Live-action/animation hybrid
Not produced, but released by Disney under its label.
Walt Disney Animation Studios History
This is a list of movies produced by Disney and its current label, Walt Disney Pictures.
In December 14th 2017 - The Walt Disney Company acquired 21st Century Fox for $52.4 billion.
All films listed are theatrical releases and/or US films unless specified.
Films labeled with a ‡ symbol signify a direct-to-video release or streaming release exclusively through Disney+; a † symbol signifies a premium video on demand release through Disney+; a § symbol signifies a simultaneous release to theatres and on premium video on demand; a * symbol signifies a non-US film.
Movies not on this list
Movies not produced by Walt Disney Pictures are not on this list, even if they distributed it.
This list also does not include movies labeled, produced or distributed by other Disney imprints or subsidiaries, and does not include any direct-to-video releases or theatrical re-releases.
Disney films; Disney, Pixar, Touchstone Pictures, Miramax Films, Hollywood Pictures, Marvel Comics, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios, 20th Century Animation, Searchlight Pictures, Blue Sky Studios
TV - premiered as TV program; re-edited for theatrical release
Undated films
Complete Canon of Disney Animated Films
Disney Movie Database (Unofficial)
The Ku Klux Klan is an American Christian hate group.
It was started in Pulaski, Tennessee on March 3, 1865 and quickly spread among white people in the southern United States.
Most of its hate has been towards African Americans, but it has also attacked Catholics, Jews and immigrants.
Known as the KKK for short, it has sought to keep "white power", often through very violent acts, including killing people.
The first Ku Klux Klan broke up and does not exist anymore.
However, other groups with the same name and the same ideas have been created.
The group was started after the American Civil War.
It began as a social club for former Confederate soldiers, who during the war fought to defend slavery.
The Klan quickly became a terrorist organization.
It was one of several resistance movements against the Reconstruction of the United States.
When the KKK started, the ex-Confederacy states were occupied by soldiers from the north.
Klan members feared white people in the South could lose their supremacy over black people.
The Klan acted against black voters to intimidate them.
At times, Republicans were also targets of attacks by the Klan,
The methods of acting against people were often the same: the Klan members tried to frighten the people that the Klan wanted to go out of town.
The KKK tried to scare people by burning crosses or by threatening them.
If people did not react, the Klan would kill them.
The growing violence which was promoted by the KKK led to many lynchings (execution without a fair trial and killing them, often by hanging).
The KKK was "prohibited" (made against the law) in 1871.
After 1871, many KKK members were imprisoned (put in Prison).
However, the Klan had achieved many of its original goals.
For example, the occupation troops were moved out of the Southern states, to the West.
The KKK affected many African Americans throughout the last century.
The establishment of Jim Crow laws restored white supremacy in the South and the "first era" KKK disbanded.
The second Ku Klux Klan
In 1915, William J. Simmons, an Atlanta businessman, started the Ku Klux Klan for a second time.
A movie called The Birth of a Nation had just been released.
It showed African-American men (played by white actors in blackface) as stupid and sexually aggressive towards white women.
It also showed the Ku Klux Klan as a heroic force.
The movie proved to be an excellent recruitment tool for the KKK.
Most of the rituals and traditions of the "old" Ku Klux Klan were kept.
Any white Protestant man could join the KKK.
The KKK still attacked African Americans, but they also attacked Jews and Catholics this time.
In 1920, the Klan began attracting recruits from all over the nation.
They promised better law enforcement, better government, better schools and to restore traditional family values.
The KKK strongly argued for "white supremacy". "
White supremacy" is the belief that white people are superior to other racial groups.
In 86 years, the KKK killed an estimated 3,446 black people.
Most often these were hangings and were not legal executions because there were no trials.
Many people now call these acts a form of terrorism because the KKK used fear to control African Americans and take away their political rights.
After reaching its height of political influence, the second Klan began to decline.
There was a number of scandals, a great deal of internal feuding and people getting tired of their violent image.
In the 1920s they had reached a peak of about 5 million members.
By the 1930s they were down to about 30,000.
They survived another 14 years before disbanding in 1944.
This was after they had been prosecuted for failure to pay federal income taxes.
The third Ku Klux Klan
In 1954, the United States Supreme Court (the highest court in the US) made an important decision.
The case was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.
The court ruled (decided) that it was unconstitutional to have different schools for black and white children.
When this ruling passed, many independent Ku Klux Klan groups attacked African Americans.
In the summer of 1964, Edgar Killen killed three African Americans who participated in the civil rights movement.
Killen was a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
There was an early trial in 1967, but in this trial there was an all-white jury.
It resulted in a hung jury so Killen was set free.
In 1988 a movie called Mississippi Burning was made which talked about the events of this case.
In 2005 there was another trial.
Killen (at the time 80 years old) was sentenced to prison for 60 years.
He died in January 11, 2018 in prison in Parchman, Mississippi at age 92.
1865 establishments in the United States
1860s in the United States
20th century in the United States
21st century in the United States
Crime in the United States
Organizations based in the United States
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (full name George Brown, et al.
v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas) was a Landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States.
In 1950 in Topeka, Kansas, a black third-grade girl named Linda Brown had to run more than a mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her segregated school for black children.
However, there was an elementary school for white children less than seven blocks away.
At that time, many schools in the United States were segregated.
Black children and white children were not allowed to go to the same schools.
Her father, Oliver Brown, tried to get Linda into the white school, but the principal of the school refused.
Twelve more black parents joined Oliver Brown in trying to get their children into the white elementary school.
The two schools were supposed to be "separate but equal."
However, they were not.
In 1951, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) helped the parents file a class action lawsuit.
There were five lawsuits in Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, and the District of Columbia about having black students going to legally segregated schools.
In 1896, the Supreme Court had ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregation was legal, as long as separate places for blacks and whites were "separate but equal."
The NAACP's lawyers argued that the white and black schools in Topeka were not "separate but equal."
Kenneth Clark is a psychologist that gave young African-American children black and white dolls to see how they felt about segregation and integration.
The children liked the white dolls.
After the doll test, Clark also gave the black children drawings of a kid and asked them to color it like themselves.
Some of the children colored themselves with a white or yellow crayon, which was also used in the case.
The case eventually went all the way to the Supreme Court.
After years of work, in 1954, Thurgood Marshall and a team of other NAACP lawyers won the case.
It was named "Brown" because she was alphabetically the first name on the list of plaintiffs.
After the lawsuit many of the plaintiffs lost their jobs and respect in society.
The ruling
The Supreme Court has nine justices.
The vote on Brown v. Board of Education was unanimous, meaning that all nine justices voted the same way.
One of the judges, Robert Jackson, had recently had a heart attack and was not supposed to come back to court until the next month.
However, he came to the court when the judges read their decision, possibly to show that every one of the judges agreed.
The ruling in the case was written by Earl Warren, who was Chief Justice.
He said “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."
This decision made the racial segregation of schools against the law in every US state.
Some states did not obey this court decision at first.
The supreme Court ruled the schools had up to 5 years to desegregate.
It was not until the early 1970s that all United States public schools were integrated (the opposite of segregated).
Integrating America's schools required many state and Supreme Court decisions to force schools to integrate.
The Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision from FindLaw
United States National Park Service Historic Site: Monroe Elementary School, one of the segregated elementary schools in Topeka
Ten Things You Should Know About Brown v. Board of Education
1954 in the United States
American civil rights
United States law
United States Supreme Court cases
1950s in law
A well is a hole that is dug into the Earth to get a fluid.
Most wells are to get water.
There are also oil well s and gas wells.
A qanat is an ancient complex water well system used in the Middle East.
Wells can be as simple as a hole that a bucket on a rope can be lowered into, or very complex with pipes and high-powered pumps to get the water out.
Most cities that are not close to fresh water lakes or rivers get their water from wells.
It is important to be careful what rubbish is put into the ground near a well.
If something toxic is put in the ground, it could go in the groundwater and the well and make people sick.
Water is a problem for many African countries.
Many charities are helping to build wells in local villages need not go far to get water.
Aquifers
Honey is a food made by honeybees from nectar.
They put the honey into a honeycomb, which for them is a storage unit.
Honey is sweet and can be used instead of sugar.
It is a supersaturated liquid.
As the temperature drops, glucose comes out of solution.
Then it is a semi-solid rather than a liquid.
Honey is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus, and is often linked with pleasant and comfortable things. "
Land of Milk and honey".
The name honey is derived from the Old English "hunig.
Much like wine, there are several kinds of honey with different tastes, colors and textures.
Some common types are got from bees who use the clover flower's pollen.
It is thick and has a medium color.
It tends to form crystals or grains more quickly when exposed to air.
Acacia flowers make another common variety.
Honey from bees using flowers from oleanders, rhododendrons, some laurels, and azaleas may cause honey intoxication.
Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, sweating, nausea, and vomiting.
Expert beekeepers solve this problem by moving their hives to areas where the right flowers are available.
Bees like to get their nectar locally, and do not go more than two miles from the hive.
Honey tastes quite different according to which flowers the bees used.
Key things are its smell, taste and how clear it is; also no bad qualities.
Source of flower
Polyfloral
Polyfloral honey, also called wildflower honey, is gotten from the nectar of many types of flowers.
The taste may be different from year to year, and the smell and the taste can be more or less powerful, depending on which flowers are blooming.
Monofloral
Monofloral honey is made mainly from the nectar of one type of flower.
To make monofloral honey, beekeepers keep beehives in place where the bees have access, as far as possible, to only one type of flower.
However, a small amount of any monofloral honey will be from other flower types.
Classification by packaging and processing
Crystallized honey: Crystallized honey is when some of the glucose content has immediately crystallized from the mixture as the monohydrate.
It is also called "granulated honey" or "candied honey".
Honey that has crystallized can become liquid by warming.
Worldwide production
In 2017, the world produced 1.9million tonnes of honey.
China produced 29% of the world total.
Other major producers were Turkey, Iran, United States, and Ukraine.
sweetness, the taste of sugar
Sweets: British English for the confectionery which Americans call candy.
Sweet (band), a British band
A cracker is a thin and crispy piece of baked bread.
Crackers can be eaten by themselves, but they can also be eaten with things on them called toppings.
Common toppings include cheese, peanut butter, and sliced meats.
Crackers are most often eaten as a snack, or crumbled into soup.
It was 1792 when Theodore Pearson of Newburyport, Massachusetts, made a cracker-like bread that was made from only water and flour which he called "Pearson's Pilot Bread."
This was the first cracker bakery in the United States, and made crackers for more than a century.
Surgery is an operation that involves cutting, taking out, changing or fixing parts of the human body.
Doctors who do surgeries are called surgeons.
Many surgeons are experts in certain areas; for example, a surgeon that operates on bones is called an orthopaedic surgeon.
Surgery (operations) can be very simple, like taking a tooth out.
Surgery can also be very complicated, like repairing a damaged heart.
Operating rooms have to be very clean places.
The doctors and nurses go to great lengths to keep the room clean where the surgery is done.
Regular cleaning of the room and its tools keeps everything clean and germ-free.
Everyone in the operating room must wear special clothes, hats, shoes, gowns, gloves and masks that are clean and germ free.
The only people allowed there are the doctors and nurses as well as the patient.
When people have operations they are normally put to sleep with general anaesthesia.
When the patients are asleep, they cannot feel anything.