the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Until the 1960s, Baltimore's Jewish community was based in the Park Heights neighborhood.
Since then, there has been "white flight" and the neighborhood today is almost all black.
Northern Parkway is a dividing line in the district.
North of the parkway, the neighborhoods are mostly white.
Some of these are Mount Washington and Cheswolde.
South of the parkway, the neighborhoods are mostly black.
The borders of the district are made up by the county line on the north and west, Gwynns Falls Parkway on the south and Pimlico Road on the east.
The Western district is the home of Coppin State University, Mondawmin Mall, and Edmondson Village.
These are important to the culture, economy and history of the city's African American community.
This district used to be the home to many middle and upper class African Americans, but they have moved away since.
Today, more than 45% of people living in some neighborhoods have income levels below the poverty line.
Some of the crime from this district was used in the TV show The Wire.
The district is west of downtown.
Its borders are Gwynns Falls Parkway, Fremont Avenue, and Baltimore Street.
The Southwestern district is a mix of industrial parks and residential areas.
St. Agnes Hospital is in this district.
It has Baltimore County to the west, Baltimore Street to the north, and the downtown area to the east.
Neighboring communities
The City of Baltimore is next to several communities.
All of these are unincorporated census-designated places.
Baltimore Highlands
Catonsville
Glen Burnie
LansdowneLochearn
Overlea
Parkville
Towson
Baltimore is sometimes called the "city of neighborhoods."
This name comes from the fact that it has 72 official historic districts (areas).
People of one ethnic group mainly live in each one of these areas.
Some of the most important today are downtown.
These are the Inner Harbor, Fells Point, and Little Italy.
The Inner Harbor has lots of hotels, shops, and museums.
Many tourists visit the Inner Harbor.
Fells Point used to be a place where sailors went for entertainment.
Today it has been rebuilt and cleaned up.
This is the neighborhood in the movie Sleepless in Seattle.
Little Italy is where the Italian-American people live and work.
Nancy Pelosi grew up in this neighborhood.
She used to be Speaker of the House in Congress.
Another important neighborhood is Mount Vernon.
This neighborhood is the center of culture and art in Baltimore.
There are many important monuments and museums there.
One important monument is the Washington Monument.
This monument was built in the 1800s in a plaza.
It is older than the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C..
Every year there is an art festival called Artscape.
The festival is in the Bolton Hill neighborhood.
This is very close to the Maryland Institute College of Art.
Artscape is called the "largest free arts festival in America."
Another art festival that happens in Baltmore is the Maryland Film Festival.
It happens every year in May.
At the Film Festival, movies are shown at the Charles Theatre. (
The Charles Theatre is an old cinema.)
One of Baltimore's nicknames is "Charm City."
Some advertisers wanted to make the city's reputation better.
They started using the name in 1975.
People in Baltimore speak English.
They have a very unique accent and way of speaking (dialect).
For example, they pronounce "Baltimore" as "Balamer" or "Balmer."
The Baltimore dialect is sometimes called "Baltimorese."
It is a kind of Mid-Atlantic English.
People from Baltimore will often call each other "Hon."
There are movies that parody (make fun of) the way people from Baltimore talk.
A lot of these movies are made by John Waters.
He is a movie maker from Baltimore.
Most of Waters's movies were made in Baltimore.
Pink Flamingos and Hairspray are some of these movies.
Waters also wrote the musical version of Hairspray.
Many very famous and important people were born or raised in Baltimore.
Spiro Agnew (1918-1996), the 39th Vice President of the United States
Tori Amos (1963-, grew up in Baltimore), a singer, songwriter, and pianist
Carmelo Anthony (1985-, grew up in Baltimore), a professional basketball player for the New York Knicks
John Astin (1930-), actor who played Gomez Addams on The Addams Family television series
Eubie Blake (1883-1983), pianist and composer of ragtime and jazz
Cab Calloway (1907–1994), jazz singer and bandleader, raised in Baltimore
Samuel Chase (1741–1811), a signer of the Declaration of Independence and US Supreme Court judge
Tom Clancy (1947-2013), author of The Hunt for Red October
Kevin Clash (1960-), puppeteer best known for Elmo on Sesame Street
Frederick Douglass (1818–1895), abolitionist, public figure, orator (speaker), editor and author
Kevin Durant (1988-), NBA basketball player for Oklahoma City Thunder
Philip Glass (1937-), minimalist composer
Dashiell Hammett (1894–1961), detective, writer of Maltese Falcon, born in Maryland and worked as a detective in Baltimore
David Hasselhoff (1952-), actor
Billie Holiday (1915–1959), jazz singer
Stacy Keibler (1979-), actress, former professional wrestler
Thurgood Marshall (1908–1993), first African American US Supreme Court Justice
Jim McKay (1921–2008), television sports journalist
Ogden Nash (1902–1971), poet
Edward Norton, (1969-), actor in Fight Club, The Italian Job, and The Incredible Hulk
Nancy Pelosi (1940-), U.S. Representative from California & former Speaker of the House of the US House of Representatives
Michael Phelps (1985-), Olympic swimmer, multiple world-record holder, winner of more gold medals (18) and total medals (22) than any other Olympian
Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), poet, short story writer, editor and critic
Parker Posey (1968-), actress, known for Dazed and Confused, Waiting for Guffman, Scream 3, and Best in Show
John Rawls (1921–2002), political philosopher
Cal Ripken, Jr. (1960-), former shortstop and third baseman for the Baltimore Orioles, member of the Baseball Hall of Fame
Axl Rotten (1971-), professional wrestler
Babe Ruth (George Herman Ruth) (1895–1948), professional baseball player for the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees and Boston Braves, member of the Baseball Hall of Fame
Pat Sajak (1946-), host of 'Wheel of Fortune'
Dwight Schultz (1947-), actor on The A-Team (H.M. Murdock) and Star Trek: The Next Generation (Lt.
Reginald Barclay)
Upton Sinclair (1878-1968), author The Jungle and winner of the Pulitzer Prize
John Waters (1946-), filmmaker
George Whipple (1878–1976), winner of the 1934 Nobel Prize in Medicine
Montel Williams (1956-), television talk-show host
Frank Zappa (1940–1993), singer, guitarist, composer and satirist
Baltimore used to be mostly industrial.
There was a lot of steel processing, shipping, car manufacturing, and transportation.
Deindustrialization happened, and Baltimore lost a lot of jobs that paid a lot of money and did not need a lot of training or skill.
Today, most of the jobs in Baltimore are service economy jobs.
These jobs do not pay very much.
90% of jobs are service jobs today.
In July 2012, the unemployment rate was 11%.
Also in 2012, the steel mill (factory) at Sparrow's Point closed.
This will mean more people will lose their jobs.
25% of people who live in Baltimore, and 37% of all children living in Baltimore, live in poverty.
Johns Hopkins Hospital is in Baltimore.
Some big companies from Baltimore are Under Armour, Cordish Company, and Royal Farms.
There is a big sugar refinery in Baltimore.
It is owned by American Sugar Refining.
There are eight Interstate Highways in Baltimore.
I-70
I-83 (the Jones Falls Expressway)
I-95 (the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway)
I-395
I-695 (the Baltimore Beltway)
I-795 (the Northwest Expressway)
I-895 (the Harbor Tunnel Thruway)
I-97
Some of these highways do not connect to each other.
I-70 stops at a parking lot just inside of the city.
This is because of "freeway revolts" that happened in Baltimore.
The interstate highways were supposed to go through downtown Baltimore, but the people in the city did not want this to happen.
Barbara Mikulski, now a United States Senator, started the "freeway revolts" to keep the highways from being built in downtown.
Today there are some highways numbered U.S. highways and state routes that run through downtown.
These are US 1, US 40 National Road, and the Baltimore-Washington Parkway.
There are also some tunnels underneath the Baltimore harbor.
I-95 runs through the Fort McHenry Tunnel.
I-895 runs through the Harbor Tunnel.
Baltimore has a beltway.
A beltway is a highway that circles around a city.
The Baltimore Beltway is I-695.
It crosses over the Chesapeake Bay on the Francis Scott Key Bridge.
This bridge is just south of the Inner Harbor.
Baltimore is an important train stop.
Amtrak trains in the Northeast Corridor stop in Baltimore.
Penn Station is one of the busiest train stations in the country.
In 2008 it was the 8th busiest train station in the United States.
That year, more than 1 million people took a train to or from Penn Station.
Another important train station is at Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport.
Many Amtrak trains stop at the BWI Rail Station.
The Amtrak trains that stop in Baltimore are: Acela Express, Palmetto, Carolinian, Silver Star, Silver Meteor, Vermonter, Crescent, and Northeast Regional.
The MARC commuter rail service also has trains that stop in Baltimore.
The MARC trains run from Camden Station and Penn Station in Baltimore to Union Station in Washington, D.C..
Baltimore has many colleges and universities.
These are both public (run by the government) and private.
The Johns Hopkins University (JHU)
Loyola University Maryland (LUM)
Notre Dame of Maryland University (NDM)
Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University
Sojourner-Douglass College
Coppin State University (CSU)
Morgan State University (MSU)
University of Baltimore (UB)
University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB, formerly UMAB)
Primary and secondary schools
Baltimore City Public School System runs Baltimore's public schools.
Some of these schools are well known.
Carver Vocational-Technical High School was the first vocational high school for African-Americans in Maryland.
Lake Clifton Eastern High School is the biggest school campus in Baltimore City.
Frederick Douglass High School is the second-oldest African-American high school in the United States.
Baltimore City College is the third oldest public high school in the country.
Western High School is the oldest public all-girls school in the nation.
Baltimore City College and Baltimore Polytechnic Institute are football rivals.
This is the second-oldest high school football rivalry in the country.
Baltimore's main newspaper is The Baltimore Sun.
In 1986, the newspaper was sold to the Times Mirror Company.
This company was bought by the Tribune Company in 2000.
Today, The Sun is still a Tribune newspaper.
Baltimore had two newspapers until 1986. (
It was very common for US cities to have two newspapers.)
The other main newspaper was the Baltimore News-American.
The News-American went out of business in 1986.
The Baltimore Examiner was started in 2006 to compete with The Sun.
It was owned and run by a company that also published newspapers like The San Francisco Examiner and The Washington Examiner.
The Examiner was a free newspaper that was paid for by advertising. (
The Sun is not free.)
The Examiner was not able to make money, and it stopped being published on February 15, 2009.
According to Nielsen Market Research, Baltimore had the 26th-largest television market in 2008-2009.
It was the 27th-largest market for 2009-2010.
Arbitron listed Baltimore as the 22nd-largest radio market in Fall 2010.
Baltimore has a long baseball history.
The first team to play for Baltimore were the 19th century Baltimore Orioles (1882-1899).
This was one of the most successful early baseball teams.
The team had many hall of famers play for them.
The great Babe Ruth was born in Baltimore in 1895.
He played for the minor league Baltimore Orioles team.
This team existed from 1903 to 1914 and from 1916 to 1953.
Today, Baltimore's Major League Baseball team is the Baltimore Orioles.
They play in the American League.
The Orioles came to Baltimore in 1954.
Before that, the team had been in St. Louis, Missouri, where they were called the St. Louis Browns.
The Orioles went to the World Series in 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1979 and 1983.
They won the World Series three times: in 1966, 1960, and 1983.
In 1995, Cal Ripken, Jr. broke the record for the most games played in a row.
The old record was set by Lou Gehrig, and was 2,130 games.
Ripken was added to the Baseball Hall of Fame.
He was also named "Sportsman of the Year" by Sports Illustrated magazine.
There are six Orioles players and two managers in the hall of fame.
Baltimore's first football team were the Baltimore Colts.
The team came to Baltimore in 1953.
Before then, they had played in Dallas, Texas as the Dallas Texans.
The Colts played for Baltimore until 1984.
In 1984, the team moved to Indianapolis and took the name.
Today the team still plays as the Indianapolis Colts.
In 1996, the Cleveland Browns came to Baltimore.
They were renamed the Baltimore Ravens.
The Ravens won a Super Bowl championship in 2000 and again in 2012.
They also won three American Football Conference (AFC) North division championships in 2003, 2006, and 2011.
In addition, the played in three AFC Championship Games in 2000, 2009, and 2011.
Other teams and events
Baltimore has an indoor soccer team, the Baltimore Blast.
They play for the Major Indoor Soccer League at the 1st Mariner Arena.
The team joined the League in 2001.
The Blast have won 5 league championships: 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2008.
The Baltimore Blues are a semi-professional rugby league football club.
They will compete in the USA Rugby League in 2012.
Other professional or semi-professional Baltimore teams include Crystal Palace Baltimore, an outdoor soccer franchise of
USL Second Division.
The Charm City Roller Girls are a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association since 2005.
The Preakness Stakes are held every May at the Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore.
The Preakness is the "second jewel" in the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.
Car races are held on the streets of downtown every year in September.
The Baltimore Grand Prix runs through the Inner Harbor.
It started in 2011.
The American Le Mans Series, IndyCar Series, Indy Lights, and other races are a part of it.
Baltimore is very politically liberal.
The mayor of Baltimore is a Democrat.
84.7% of the voters in 2016 voted for the Democrat Hillary Clinton, and 87.2% of the voters in 2012 voted for the Democrat Barack Obama.
The last time a Republican running for president won more votes than the Democratic candidate in Baltimore was 1956.
Even in 1984, when Ronald Reagan won 49 states in his reelction campaign, only 28.2% of the voters in Baltimore voted for him.
Baltimore has eleven sister cities.
These were picked by Sister Cities International.
Alexandria, Egypt (1995)
Ashkelon, Israel (2005)
Bremerhaven, Germany (2007)
Gbarnga, Liberia (1973)
Genoa, Italy (1985)
Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (1978)
Luxor, Egypt (1982)
Odessa, Ukraine (1974)
Piraeus, Greece (1982)
Rotterdam, Netherlands (1985)
Xiamen, Fujian, China (1985)
1720s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1729 establishments
18th-century establishments in Maryland
Chantilly is a community in Fairfax County, Virginia.
The Battle of Chantilly was fought here during the American Civil War.
Notable local organizations
Ellanor C. Lawrence Park – Along Route 28 between Chantilly and Centreville, the park houses athletic fields—including soccer, baseball, and softball fields, trails, and fitness stations.
Coyote sightings have been reported within the park.
Flat Lick Stream Valley Park
The Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center annex of the National Air and Space Museum
The headquarters of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO).
It designs, builds, and operates the spy satellites of the United States government, and provides satellite intelligence to several government agencies, particularly signals intelligence (SIGINT) to the NSA, imagery intelligence (IMINT) to the NGA, and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) to the DIA.
The Westfields Marriott in Chantilly hosted the annual Bilderberg summit in 2002; 2008, 2012, and 2017, There were protests.
Cities in Virginia
Corpus Christi, Texas is a city in the United States.
It is near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and is one of the fastest growing cities in America.
Its economy is based around petroleum refining and tourism.
The city was founded in 1839 as Kinney's Ranch and has been known as Corpus Christi since 1847.
1839 establishments in the Republic of Texas
County seats in Texas
Having a disease, illness, or disorder
Sick comedy, an expression used to attack the social criticism of the new late 1950s comedians
Sick (magazine), a humour magazine
Sick (Sow album), an album by Sow
Sick (Massacra album), an album by Massacra
"Sick" (Young Ones episode), the 11th episode of the British comedy The Young Ones
"Sick, Sick, Sick", a song by Queens of the Stone Age
SICK: The Life & Death of Bob Flanagan, Supermasochist, a 1997 documentary about Bob Flanagan
Sick AG, a German sensor technology corporation which built the laser range-finders used on the robot Stanley
Gary Sick, a writer
Sic, a Latin word used in writing
Sicko, a 2007 documentary film by Michael Moore
Sickness (disambiguation)
The Panama Canal is a waterway (a canal) in the country of Panama in Central America, that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
Because of the way Panama twists, the entrance to the Pacific Ocean is farther east than the entrance to the Atlantic Ocean.
This is the opposite of what one would expect.
The Panama Canal is 77 km (48 miles) long and cuts across the Isthmus of Panama.
At each end it uses three pairs of locks for lifting and lowering ships on different water levels.
This saves ships 15,000 km (10,000 miles) compared to going around South America.
The old locks are 110 ft (33.53 m) wide by 1,050 ft (320 m) long and 41.2 feet (12.6 m) deep, with a usable length of 1,000 ft (305 m).
The biggest ships that can go through the Panama Canal are called Panamax.
New locks opened in 2016 to allow ships more than twice as big, called New Panamax.
They are 55 m (180 ft) wide by 427 m (1,400 ft) long, and 18.3 m (60.0 ft) deep.
New channels connect to the new locks.
Ferdinand de Lesseps tried building a Panama Canal in 1880, but could not finish it.
The project was started again in 1904 by the United States, under the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, who spent ten years and 375 million dollars building it.
The Panama Canal was finally finished in 1914, at the cost of approximately 25,000 lives.
Most deaths were from disease, and before United States construction of the canal began.
The US government owned and operated the canal until 1999 when the Panamanian government started controlling it.
Live webcam images of the Panama Canal
Panama Canal – Britannica
Buildings and structures in North America
1914 establishments in North America
1914 establishments in the United States
Suriname, or Surinam, Dutch Guiana, Dutch Guyana or Sranang is a country in South America.
The official name of the country is Republiek Suriname (this is Dutch and translates to Republic of Suriname).
It used to be known as Nederlands Guyana, Netherlands Guiana or Dutch Guiana.
It is between Guyana and French Guiana.
Paramaribo is the capital city, in which resides almost half of the country's population.
About half a million people live in the country.
Suriname became independent from the Netherlands in 1975.
Before that, it was a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The industry of the country is centered on the mining and processing of bauxite.
This makes up 15 percent of the Gross Domestic Product and more than 70% of the exports.
Other exports are sugar, oil and gold.
About 25% of the working people are employed in agriculture.
The main trade partners are the Netherlands, the United States and countries in the Caribbean.
Dutch, French, Spanish and English explorers discovered the area in the early 16th century.
A century later, sugar plantation colonies were established by the Dutch and English along the many rivers in the fertile Guyana plains.
After the second Anglo-Dutch War England traded any claims to the territory for New Amsterdam which became New York.
List of Surinamese people
Aarre Merikanto (29 June 1893 — 28 September 1958) was a Finnish composer.
His parents were Liisa Häyrynen and composer Oskar Merikanto.
Merikanto was born in 1893.
He studied music in Helsinki (1911), Leipzig (1912-1914) and Moscow (1916-1917).
He tried composing an opera for the first time when he was 18 years old.
The result was Helena, which was completed in early 1912.
The opera had one act and its libretto was written by Jalmari Finne.
In the 1920s Merikanto created his own modernist style.
Merikanto was a professor of composition in the Sibelius Academy, Helsinki from 1951 to his death.
Merikanto died of lung cancer in Helsinki in 1958.
Aarre Merikanto – information from the Finnish Music Information Centre
1958 deaths
Finnish composers
March 3 – The Treaty of San Stefano ends the Russo-Turkish War.
June 12 – July 12 – Congress of Berlin meets to talk about the independence of the Balkans following the Russo-Turkish War.
Ipswich Town F.C. founded
Everton F.C. founded
Manchester United F.C. founded
February 7 – Pope Pius IX (b. 1792)
January 7 – Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal.
March 21 – Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
April — Pope Urban VIII (d. 1644)
December 31 – Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese daimyo (b. 1493)
A tribe is a group of people who live and work together in a shared geographical area.
A tribe has a common culture, dialect and religion.
They also have a strong sense of unity.
The tribe is usually headed by a chief.
A tribal society is a group of tribes organized around kinships.
Tribes represent a part in social evolution between bands and nations.
A tribe can be a collection of families or of families and individual people living together.
A tribe usually divides up the jobs that need to be done among themselves.
Most tribes have special customs or traditions.
Humans lived in tribes before they started living in cities and nations.
There are still tribal groups all over the world.
Their numbers are getting smaller and smaller.
Many live as hunter-gatherers.
Forsyth County, Georgia and Barbour County, Alabama becomes counties.
A cholera epidemic affects New York City and other major American cities.
The University of Durham, England is founded (created).
January 13 - Horatio Alger, Jr. American boys' writer, in Chelsea, Massachusetts
January 27 – Lewis Carroll, English children's writer, in Daresbury, Cheshire
November 29 – Louisa May Alcott American girls' writer, in Germantown, Pennsylvania
Satan (meaning "the enemy" or "the trouble-maker" in Hebrew), sometimes called the Devil, is a figure found in the writings of the Abrahamic religions.
Muslims, Christians and Jews believe that he tempts people to do bad things.
His role is to question and tempt people's faith.
Christians also say that he was once an angel named Lucifer.
Some Muslims on the other hand believe, he was once an angel called Azazel.
In Satanism, Satan is thought to be just a metaphor for what humans want.
In Theistic Satanism, Satan is considered to be a good force.
The Book of Enoch,  is not part of the Bible, but seems to have been popular among many early Christians and Jews during the life-time of Jesus.
The fallen angels according to this book did not try to become equal to God, but wanted to live among humans.
They revealed the secrets of heaven, which leads people to war and sin.
Satan, however, is not one of the fallen angels in this Book, but punishes the fallen angels (and wicked humans) for their sins.
This might be the reason why many Christians think that Satan will also punish the sinners in hell, even if this book is not part of the Bible.
Not in the Quran either, but known in Muslim legends, Satan is said to have been sent by God (Allah) to punish the djinns.
In the Bible, which consists of both Hebrew scriptures from Judaism (Old Testament) and the New Testament about Jesus and his followers, Satan is often mentioned.
In the Old Testament, there is the Book of Job, in which Satan makes a bet with God, whether he can make Job turn against God or not.
In the New Testament, he is the main opponent of Jesus.
According to Christianity, Satan tried to become God himself, and was banished from heaven for his attempt.
This derives from parts of the Bible, in which a star is said to try to make himself equal to God.
This star is called Lucifer and interpreted as Satan.
In the Hebrew Bible (also called the Old Testament in Christianity), Satan is responsible for several acts opposed to God's way; these are some examples:
Thought to be the one who talked Adam and Eve into eating the forbidden fruit (though his name is not used)
God let Satan make Job suffer
Caused King David to go against God's wishes and count the people of Israel
Accused God's servant Joshua, the high priest
In the New Testament:
Jesus was led into the desert by the Holy Spirit to fast, and to be tested by the devil.
Satan tempted Jesus three times.
Jesus stood against him by using the Scriptures.
Revelation tells of a final battle between God and Satan, with God winning over the powers of evil
Many people believe that Satan was first an angel called Lucifer that left Heaven and took many other angels with him.
He did this because he thought he was as powerful as God.
In the Quran
In Islam, a shayṭān is any sort of evil creature.
The person, Christians call Satan, is named Iblis.
The Qu'ran describes Satan as arrogant.
The story about him begins in surah Baqarah.
It states that Satan views himself as a greater entity than God's other creations because he was created from fire.
After this, the Qu'ran states:
(Allah) said: "What prevented thee from prostrating when I commanded thee?"
He said: "I am better than he: Thou didst create me from fire, and him from clay.
In the Bahá'í Faith
In the Bahá'í Faith, Satan is not regarded as an independent evil power as he is in some faiths and religions, but rather signifies the lower nature of humans.
`Abdu'l-Bahá explains: "This lower nature in man is symbolized as Satan — the evil ego within us, not an evil personality outside."
All other evil spirits described in various faith traditions—such as fallen angels, demons, and jinns—are also metaphors for the base character traits a human being may acquire and manifest when he turns away from God.
Actions, that are described as "satanic" in some Bahá'í writings, denote humans deeds caused by selfish desires.
Hiking is a general word for traveling on foot in wilderness or countryside.
Day hikers return before nightfall.
Other hikers may go out for many days.
Sometimes large groups hike together.
Hiking is a kind of physical activity as well as a leisure activity (a way of spending free time).
Hikers (the people who do hiking) enjoy fresh air and the beauty of nature, and learn about the place.
Many hikers enjoy challenging their physical and mental strength.
Hiking with friends gives them the chance to become stronger.
Planning starts with a hiker deciding what he wants from the hike.
A traveler should examine the information on landscape, climate, weather, plants, animals, type of ground, and so on.
Based on that information, a hiker decides what equipment (tools) he needs.
Writing everything on paper is strongly suggested to not forget anything.
A hiker should choose the itinerary (the way of the hike).
Equipping means getting specialized clothing and equipment.
Overnight hiking requires carrying more supplies, usually in a backpack, though many use a backpack even for a day hike.
Suggestions for equipment can be found in any hiking book.
A hiker is suggested to learn more than one source and work.
Equipping sometimes needs getting skills in using the apparatus.
Basic skills–different ways of orientation (the ability to find the way, for example)–must be developed before hiking.
Hiking can quickly become a fight for life.
Hikers can get lost or suffer from injury, sickness, bad weather, or other dangers.
For this reason everything in hiking is very important.
Nobody should hike alone, no matter what the situation, without a great deal of experience to develop his hiking abilities.
Every hiker should keep in mind that theory is important, but it can hardly replace firsthand experience.
To be safe a traveler should have enough experience.
A hiker had better start by taking short hikes with more experienced hikers.
Getting lost can have bad results including sickness and death.
A hiker is strongly suggested to check from time to time (at least every hour) whether he is going the right way.
Portable GPS receivers can help, as long as the batteries are good.
Accurate, complete maps and a compass can help, if the user understands them.
On no account should he go on traveling if he has lost his way.
The first thing a hiker should do is find the direction in which he was going before getting lost.
Using the compass and the map, he should choose a reference point nearby (railway, road, river, etc.).
Hiking and Backpacking Tips
Hiking Gaiters Tips
Hiking Tips for Beginners
Saint Petersburg () is a Russian city in northwestern Russia, near the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea.
Over five million people live in St. Petersburg as of 2015, and it is the second biggest city in Russia.
It is a major port, connecting with the world's shipping paths through the Neva River and the Baltic.
Saint Petersburg was started by the Russian Tsar, Peter I as the capital of the Russian Empire in 1703, to take the place of the earlier capital, Moscow.
It was the capital of Russia until 1918.
Peter the Great established Saint Petersburg as a warm-weather port in order to show Russian dominance in the Baltic and to increase trading opportunities.
Peter sought to modernize Russia, therefore he tried to make Saint Petersburg as different as possible from the former capital, Moscow, by modernizing the city.
Saint Petersburg has changed its name many times.
During World War I, when Russia and Germany were fighting each other, Russians thought the name Sankt Peterburg sounded too German, so Tsar Nicholas II, on August 31 (August 18, Old Style), 1914 decided that the city was renamed Petrograd.
In 1918 during the Russian revolution, the Soviet capital was moved to Moscow, still the capital of Russia now.
On January 26, 1924, five days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad in his honor.
During World War II, the city was surrounded by the German army and under siege for twenty-nine months until January 1944.
Leningrad again took its old name of St. Petersburg on September 6, 1991, when Russia stopped being communist.
In every-day Russian, the city is often called just "Piter".
The Oblast (administrative province) where the city is the capital is still called "Leningrad Oblast".
Saint Petersburg was a beautiful city planned by Peter I. There are many man-made rivers (or canals) in the city, so the city is sometimes called the Venice of the North.
There are also beautiful buildings built by Russian emperors in other places of the city.
Some of these buildings are the Hermitage Museum and the Winter Palace.
Saint Petersburg is located in Northwestern Federal district of Russia.
The area of the city  is 605.8 km².
Saint Petersburg has an area called Leningrad oblast.
The city has also many islands such as Vasilyevsky Island,  Kotlin Island, Kamerny Island, Aptekarsky Island etc.
The climate is a humid continental.
World Heritage Sites in Russia
Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is a fruit.
It has an oval shape.
It is green on the inside with small black seeds that can be eaten.
The kiwi has thin, fuzzy brown skin that is edible, but is usually removed.
It natively grows in South China.
The fruit was named in 1959 after the kiwi, a bird and the symbol of New Zealand.
Before that, its English name was Chinese gooseberry.
The kiwifruit is healthy and contains many vitamins and minerals.
Kiwis are rich in vitamin C, vitamin K, potassium, and fiber.
Kiwis have more vitamin C than an equivalent amount of orange.
There are different types of kiwifruit.
The main types are Hayward (the most common green kiwifruit), chico, Saanichton 12, and golden kiwifruit.
Golden kiwifruit are sweeter than normal green kiwifruit.
Golden kiwifruit was invented by grafting and cross-pollinating different types of kiwifruit.
The aardvark (Orycteropus afer) is a mammal from Africa; its name means "earth pig" in the language Afrikaans.
It is the only living member in its order, though some fossil genera have been found
Order Tubulidentata
Family Orycteropodidae
Genus Orycteropus
Species Orycteropus afer
The Aardvark looks a bit like the South American anteaters but they are not related.
It is in a proposed clade Afroinsectiphilia, with the golden moles and tenrecs.
Another proposal is to out it in the Pseudungulata, with the elephants and Sirenia.
There is no consensus at present.
Adult aardvarks weighs about 60 kilograms (130 pounds) and a little more than one meter (45 inches) long.
It is the largest member of the proposed clade Afroinsectiphilia.
The aardvark is pale yellowish-gray in color and often stained reddish-brown by soil.
The aardvark's fur is thin.
Its hair is short on its head and tail.
But, its legs tend to have longer hair.
Distribution and Habitat
Aardvarks are found in sub-Saharan Africa.
They are found in every country in sub-Saharan Africa except Namibia, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Madagascar.
It lives in many habitats like savannas, grasslands, woodlands and bushland.
They have been seen as high as 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) in Ethiopia.
Aardvarks eat mostly ants and termites.
They have a long sticky tongue which makes it easy to pick up many ants at once.
The only fruit that aardvarks eat is the aardvark cucumber.
They avoid eating the African driver ant and red ants.
Aardvarks are nocturnal, which means they are awake at night and asleep during the day.
The aardvark is a good swimmer.
It can dig a tunnel that is one yard in about five minutes.
Aardvarks live for up to 23 years in captivity.
It has many predators such as lions, leopards, cheetahs, African wild dogs, hyenas, and pythons.
Some humans also hunt aardvarks for meat.
Aardvarks can dig fast or run in a zigzag to confuse predators.
If all else fails they will attack with their claws.
Aardvarks only come together to breed.
The gestation period is seven months.
They give birth to one cub, which is what a baby aardvark is called.
The cub weighs around 1.7–1.9 kilograms (3.7–4.2 lb).
It is born during May–July.
After 5–6 weeks, hair starts growing on its body.
After two weeks, it is able to leave the burrow to follow its mother.
After 9 weeks, it is able to eat termites.
It is weaned between three months and 16 weeks.
At six months, it is able to dig its own burrows, but it will often stay with the mother until the next mating season.
It reaches sexual maturity when it is two years old.
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 - January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States.
He served only one term, from 1877 to 1881.
Hayes was a Republican.
He was elected governor of Ohio three times before becoming president.
Hayes barely won the election of 1876, only defeating Democratic opponent Samuel Tilden after a Congressional committee gave Hayes some disputed electoral votes.
Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio.
He went to Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, and then went to Harvard Law School.
After graduating from law school, he became a lawyer.
In 1849, he joined the Republican Party, which was new then, because he was against slavery.
In 1852, he married Lucy Webb, a woman who was also against slavery.
In the 1860s, he served in the American Civil War on the Union side, and became a major general.
After the war ended, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a part of the Republican Party.
In 1867, he became the governor of Ohio.
The election of 1876
Ulysses S. Grant had been president since 1869, and was not going to run for president a third time in 1876.
Grant was a member of the Republican Party, and while he was president, became known for allowing corruption to go on around him.
The Republican Party did not want people to think that everybody in the party was corrupt, so they decided to make Hayes their candidate.
They thought he was a good candidate because he had made many changes in Ohio while he was governor there that people thought were good, and because he was thought to have been a hero in the Civil War.
Hayes ran against Samuel Tilden, whom the Democratic Party nominated.
The election was close, and many people who did not think that Hayes fairly won the election called him "His Fraudulency".
Tilden actually got more votes than Hayes, but Hayes got 185 votes in the Electoral College, while Tilden got 184, so Hayes won the election.
Post-Presidency
While he was president, Hayes ended the Reconstruction period that followed the American Civil War.
Rutherford B. Hayes ordered military forces that had been in the Southern states to leave.
He also sent federal troops to end a railroad strike.
Hayes refused to seek a second term as president.
After being president, Hayes retired to Fremont, Ohio where he would die of a heart attack on January 17, 1893.
Meanwhile, He spent time talking about his beliefs that all children should have the chance to go to school, that people who had been in the military should get their fair payments for their service, and that people in prisons should be treated better.
Hayes' White House biography
Governors of Ohio
An eyebrow is the stripe of hair about 2 cm over the eye.
Eyebrows protect the eyes, if water runs over the face or if there is too much sunlight.
The eyebrow's ability to move is also important in facial expression.
A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky as seen from the North or South Pole.
The day of the solstice is either the "longest day of the year" or the "shortest day of the year" for any place on Earth, because the length of time between sunrise and sunset on that day is the yearly maximum or minimum for that place.
The name is derived from the Latin words sol (“sun”) and sistere (“to stand still”).
During the solstice, the Sun stands still; that is, the seasonal movement of the Sun's path comes to a stop before reversing direction.
The “Northern Solstice” occurs in June, when the sun is at its highest point seen from the North Pole.
The “Southern Solstice” occurs in December, when the sun is at its highest point seen from the South Pole.
The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons.
In some cultures they mark either the beginning or the middle of summer and winter.
June solstice
The June Solstice happens when the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun.
At the North Pole, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and then begins moving lower.
At the moment of the June solstice, the Sun is directly overhead some point on the Tropic of Cancer; this is the furthest north that the subsolar point ever reaches.
In the Northern Hemisphere the June solstice is called the Summer Solstice (and marks the longest day of the year), while in the Southern Hemisphere it is called the Winter Solstice (and marks the shortest day of the year).
The June Solstice is usually on June 21.
December solstice
The December Solstice happens when the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun.
At the South Pole, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and then begins moving lower.
At the moment of the December solstice, the Sun is directly overhead some point on the Tropic of Capricorn; this is the furthest south that the subsolar point ever reaches.
In the Southern Hemisphere the December solstice is called the Summer Solstice (and marks the longest day of the year), while in the Northern Hemisphere it is called the Winter Solstice (and marks the shortest day of the year).
The December Solstice is usually on December 21.
While the exact causes were long unknown, the effect (of days getting shorter or longer) was recognised in many ancient cultures.
Many of the pre-Christian cultures, like the druidic, the Germanic and the Norse faith therefore celebrated these events as holidays.
When the importance of the old faiths vanished, the Christian religion took over some of the festivities, which were then carried out in the honour of a new (Christian) occasion.
For instance, the date of Christmas in the Catholic and Protestant faith is just 3 days away from the December Solstice.
Astronomical phenomena
Secular humanists believe that each human being is worth something and has dignity.
They think that people are happiest when they give something to society.
They also believe that human beings can solve problems without help from god(s).
Secular humanists are not religious.
Usually they are atheists.
de:Humanismus#Säkularer Humanismus
Quebec City (Ville de Québec in French) is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec.
It is the second largest city in Quebec, behind Montreal.
It is known for its winter fair, beautiful churches, and an old hotel called Château Frontenac.
It is next to the Saint Lawrence River.
There are almost 700,000 people in the whole area.
The city was created in 1608 at a First Nations (native) Canadian place called Stadacona.
People came from France to live there.
The English captured the city in 1759 during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.
The walls made to keep the city safe are still there.
The walls that surrounded Old Quebec are the only remaining fortified city walls that still exist in the Americas north of Mexico.
They were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985.
Quebec City has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).
Most people in Quebec City speak French.
Many also speak English as a second language.
World Heritage Sites in Canada
Vancouver Island is an island that is part of the province of British Columbia in Canada.
It is  big and is in the south-western part of the province.
The first people to live on the island, before Europeans came, were the Nuu-chah-nulth, Salish, and Kwakiutl.
As of 2009, over 700,000 people live here.
There are no bridges or tunnels between Vancouver Island and the mainland.
There are ferries that carry people and cars to and from the island.
One route crosses the Strait of Georgia to the Tsawwassen peninsula, from which there are roads that go to Vancouver and other cities in Canada as part of the Trans-Canada Highway.
Another ferry route crosses the Strait of Juan de Fuca and reaches Anacortes in the U.S. state of Washington, from which roads go to Seattle and other cities along the West Coast.
There are many cities and towns on Vancouver Island.
The biggest of these is Victoria, the capital of British Columbia, where the Legislative Assembly and the University of Victoria are found.
Comox
Crofton
Chemainus
Uclulet
Coombs
Islands of Canada
Geography of British Columbia
First Nations () are the people of native tribes who lived in the land now governed by Canada before Europeans came there.
Many say it because these nations were here long before Canada, and to make it clearer that the First Nations have many cultures, and that some of the cultures are very different from others.
Some consider it a respect to those who first cultivated certain patches of land.
The aboriginal people from Canada's Arctic are thought of as a different group of people, called the Inuit.
Other words that have been used for First Nations people, tribes, and cultures have been "indigenous", "aboriginal", "Indian", "Native Indian", "Amerind," or "native."
Now many people say "Indian" only about people to India.
New Brunswick (postal abbreviation NB) is a province in the eastern part of Canada.
The capital city of New Brunswick is Fredericton.
Other large cities are Saint John and Moncton.
More than 750,000 people live in New Brunswick.
The province is bordered by Quebec in the west, Nova Scotia in the east and the American state of Maine in the south.
There is a link to Prince Edward Island also.
The English and French languages are both spoken in New Brunswick, and it is the only province in Canada where both languages are official.
This is because about 33% of the people living in New Brunswick speak French.
Some industries including forestry, mining, and farming are important to the province,  and especially fishing since it is near the Atlantic Ocean.
Official site of the Government of New Brunswick
Official site of Tourism New Brunswick
New Brunswick at the Department of Canadian Heritage
Maritime Tourism
Symbols of New Brunswick
New Brunswick Museum
New Brunswick Lighthouses
Historical and Genealogical Resources of New Brunswick historical census, birth, marriage and death records, immigration, settlement, biography, cemeteries, burial records, land records, First Nations and more
From Louis to Lord: New Brunswick Elections, 1960–2003
AC/DC is a hard rock band from Australia.
They formed in Sydney, Australia in November 1973.
AC/DC has sold an estimated 200 million albums worldwide, including 68 million in the United States of America.
The two primary founders of the band, Malcolm Young and Angus Young, developed the idea for the band's name after their sister Margaret saw the initials "AC/DC" written on a sewing machine. "
AC/DC" is an abbreviation for "alternating current/direct current," which refer to the two different types of  charges used in electricity.
The band chose the name because of their energetic “electrical” style of playing rock and roll.
Even though AC/DC considers their music style simply as "rock and roll", AC/DC are often considered pioneers of heavy metal.
Brian Johnson - vocals
Stevie Young - El Drogidicto
Angus Young - guitar (1973—)
Cliff Williams - bass (1977—)
Phil Rudd - drums and percussion (1975–1983 and 1994—)
Bon Scott - vocals (1974–1980)
Dave Evans - vocals (1973–1974)
Colin Burgess - drums and percussion (1973–1974)
Rob Bailey II - bass (1973–1974)
Noel Taylor - drums and percussion (1974)
Larry van Kriedt - Bass, saxophone (1973–1975)
Peter Clack - drums and percussion (1974–1975)
Mark Evans II - bass (1974–1975)
Simon Wright - drums and percussion (1984–1989)
Chris Slade - drums and percussion (1989–1990†)
High Voltage (Australia only) (1975)
T.N.T. (Australia only) (1975)
High Voltage (1976)
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (1976) (released in the United States in 1981)
Let There Be Rock (1977)
Powerage (1978)
If You Want Blood You've Got It (Live Album) (1978)
Highway to Hell (1979)
Back in Black (1980)
For Those About to Rock We Salute You (1981)
Flick of the Switch (1983)
'74 Jailbreak (1984) (Five tracks from the Australian releases of High Voltage and one track from Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap)
Fly on the Wall (1985)
Who Made Who (1986) (soundtrack to the Stephen King movie Maximum Overdrive)
Blow Up Your Video (1988)
The Razor's Edge (1990)
Live (1992) (released as both a double and a single album)
Live: Collector's Edition (1992)
Ballbreaker (1995)
Bonfire (1997) (boxed set tribute to Bon Scott)
Stiff Upper Lip (2000)
Black Ice (2008)
Backtracks (2009) (boxed set)
Iron Man 2 (2010) (soundtrack to the movie Iron Man 2)
Rock or Bust (2014)
Power Up (2020)
Family Jewels (2005)
Live At Donington (1991)
Plug Me In (2007)
No Bull (1996)
Stiff Upper Lip Live (2001)
Live at River Plate (2011)
(IT) AC/DC , Enciclopedia del rock
1973 establishments in Australia
Australian hard rock bands
Australian heavy metal bands
The double bass is a big stringed instrument.
It is also called contrabass and upright bass.
It is used in orchestras, jazz bands, rockabilly bands, bluegrass music, and some country music bands.
It plays low-pitched musical notes in musical ensembles and bands.
In jazz bands, these low-pitched musical notes are called the "bass line."
The double bass looks like smaller instruments like the violin, viola, and cello.
How it is made
The double bass is usually made from wood.
Double basses have a hollow wooden body which helps to amplify the sounds of the instrument .
A wooden neck is attached to the body, and a flat wooded fingerboard is glued onto the neck.
It usually has four metal strings which are strung with tension on the neck.
It has a peg at the bottom to stand it.