the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Latin Grammy Awards was created because its organizers thought that the many musical styles of Latin music was too big to fit on the Grammy Awards.
The Latin Grammy Awards focuses on music that comes from Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and the United States.
One major difference between the Grammy Awards and the Latin Grammy Awards is that a recording that does not have to be released in the United States.
To be considered for a Latin Grammy nomination, the song or album must be sung in Spanish or Portuguese.
Tian'anmen Square (Tian'anmen Guangchang) is a large plaza near the center of Beijing, China.
It is named after the Tian'anmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace) which sits to its north, separating it from the Forbidden City (Zijincheng).
Outside of China, the square is well known for the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989.
The square is 880 meters south to north and 500 meters east to west, a total area of 440,000 square meters.
It is the largest open-urban square in the world.
Tiananmen Square protest
Buildings and structures in Beijing
Hot sauce, chili sauce, or pepper sauce are all spicy condiments made from chili peppers.
The University of Prishtina is the name of two public universities in Kosovo, sharing the same history up to a point of separation, which took place in 1999.
The university was founded in the city of Prishtina in 1970 and segregated as a result of ethnic-based polarisation.
The two separate institutions are using the same name, in Prishtina (Priština) and Mitrovica.
Faculties of the University of Prishtina
Faculty of Economy
Faculty of Sports science
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Faculty of Mechanical engineering
Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy (in Mitrovica)
Faculty of Computer and Electrical engineering
Faculty of Natural sciences and Mathematics
Faculty of Teacher Training (in Prishtina,Gjilan,Gjakova,Prizren)
Faculty of Applied science ( in Peja,Ferizaji,Mitrovica)
Official website  of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia
Official site of the Ministry of Education of the Government of the Republic of Kosovo.
Official site of the University of Pristina in Prishtina
Official website of the University of Priština in North Kosovska Mitrovica
Mitrovica can also refer to Sremska Mitrovica a city in the north of Serbia
Kosovska Mitrovica is a town in North Kosovo, Serbia.
Over 71,601 people live in Kosovska Mitrovica,  mostly in the south.
The town used to be called Titova Mitrovica.
Originally it  was named after Saint  Dimitrije.
Municipality of Mitrovica  The official website of Municipality of South Mitrovica
University of Pristina website
Jazz & Blues Festival North City
Settlements in Serbia
Towns in Europe
A figure is a shape, drawing or representation.
A figure in writing is any text, table or graphic separate from the main text.
A figure is a synonym for a number.
Significant figures in a decimal number.
A person's figure.
Figure of speech, also called a rhetorical figure.
Figure skating.
Figure in wood.
Miniature representation of something.
Musical figure, distinguished from musical motif.
Noise figure.
Shaping a mirror on a reflective telescope.
Figure competition is a form of physique competition for women, related to bodybuilding.
(See also: Women in bodybuilding)
This article is about the structural behavior.
For other meanings see Bending (disambiguation).
A structural element subjected to bending is known as a beam.
Stiffness is its ability to resist bending.
Shear strength
Mechanical Strain
Bending - the behavior of a structural element subjected to a lateral load
Bending (metalworking) - a sheet metalworking process used in manufacture
Elemental Bending - the mental manipulation of the four classical elements - Water, Earth, Fire, Air as seen in Avatar: The Last Airbender
The flection of a tone, frequently utilized in blues and jazz music.
A famous example is Gershwin's clarinet intro in Rhapsody in blue.
See glissando
The word means twisted.
In biology, usually refers to the spiral shape of Gastropod body and shells, seen easily in the garden snail.
In mathematics, the term torsion has several meanings, mostly unrelated to each other.
Torsion of curves
Torsion of connection
Torsion tensor
Torsion (abstract algebra)
Torsion (modules)
Torsion (topology)
In medicine torsion can refer to
Testicular torsion
Torsion coefficient
Torsion pendulum
Torsion spring or -bar
In solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object that is result of an applied torque.
In circular sections, the resultant shearing stress is perpendicular to the radius.
T is the applied torque, r is the distance from the center of rotation, and J is the polar moment of inertia.
θ is the angle of twist in radians.
T is the torque (N·m or ft·lbf).
L is the length of the object the torque is being applied to or over.
G is the shear modulus or more commonly the modulus of rigidity and is usually given in gigapascals (GPa) or ft·lbf.
J is the polar moment of inertia, for a round shaft or concentric tube only.
For other shapes J must be determined by other means.
For solid shafts the membrane analogy is useful, and for thin walled tubes of arbitrary shape the shear flow approximation is fairly good, if the section is not re-entrant.
For thick walled tubes of arbitrary shape there is no simple solution, FEA may be the best method.
Axle, a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear
An architectural column's long cylindrical section
the height of a boot
Elevator shaft
Shaft (1971 movie) or the 1971 novel on which it was based
Shaft (album), the soundtrack for the movie of the same name, recorded by Isaac Hayes
Shaft (2000 movie)
Shaft (television)
John Shaft, the title character of the above movies.
Shaft (comics), a Marvel Comics ninja character
Shaft (band), a dance music act who scored a 1999 hit with a cover/remix of (Mucho Mambo) Sway
Shafting, illicit travelling through shafts
Shaft mining
Pitch (vertical space), a significant underground vertical space in caving terminology
Driveshaft, a mechanical device for transferring power from the engine or motor to the point where useful work is applied
The part of a golf club between its head and its grip
a weapon in the Quake video game series
Drive Shaft, the fictional rock band led by Charlie Pace in the TV series Lost
Ventilation shaft
Part of a loom
Shaft (Castlevania), the dark priest from the Castlevania videogame series
Shaft (company), a Japanese animation company
Shaft (club), a Blues and Jazz Club in Istanbul, Turkey.
Note: Different disciplines use the term moment of inertia to refer to different moments.
In physics, moment of inertia is strictly the second moment of mass with respect to distance from an axis, which characterizes an object's angular acceleration due to an applied torque.
In engineering (especially mechanical and civil), moment of inertia commonly refers to the second moment of the area.
When reading polar moment of inertia take care to verify that it is referring to "polar second moment of area" and not moment of inertia.
Polar second moment of area will have units of length to the fourth power (e.g.  or ), while moment of inertia is mass times length squared (e.g.  or ).
The polar second moment of area (also referred to as "polar moment of inertia") is a measure of an object's ability to resist torsion as a function of its shape.
It is one aspect of the second moment of area linked through the perpendicular axis theorem where the planar second moment of area uses a beam's cross-sectional shape to describe its resistance to deformation (bending) when subjected to a force applied in a plane parallel to its neutral axis, the polar second moment of area uses a beam's cross-sectional shape to describe its resistance to deformation (torsion) when a moment (torque) is applied in a plane perpendicular to the beam's neutral axis.
While the planar second moment of area is most often denoted by the letter, , the polar second moment of area is most often denoted by either, , or the letter, , in engineering textbooks.
The calculated values for the polar second moment of area are most often used describe a solid or hollow cylindrical shaft's resistance to torsion, as in a vehicle's axle or drive shaft.
When applied to non-cylindrical beams or shafts, the calculations for the polar second moment of area becomes erroneous due to warping of the shaft/beam.
In these instances, a torsional constant should be used, where a correctional constant is added to the value's calculation.
The polar second moment of area carries the units of length to the fourth power (); meters to the fourth power () in the metric unit system, and inches to the fourth power () in the imperial unit system.
The mathematical formula for direct calculation is given as a multiple integral over a shape's area, , at a distance  from an arbitrary axis .
In the most simple form, the polar second moment of area is a summation of the two planar second moments of area,  and .
Using the Pythagorean theorem, the distance from axis , , can be broken into its  and  components, and the change in area, , broken into its  and  components,  and .
In essence, as the magnitude of the polar second moment of area increases (i.e. large object cross-sectional shape), more torque will be required to cause a torsional deflection of the object.
However, it must be noted that this does not have any bearing on the torsional rigidity provided to an object by its constituent materials; the polar second moment of area is simply rigidity provided to an object by its shape alone.
Torsional rigidity provided by material characteristics is known as the shear modulus, .
Linking these two components of rigidity, one can calculate the angle of twist of a beam, , using:
Where  is the applied moment (torque) and  is the length of the beam.
As shown, higher torques and beam lengths lead to higher angular deflections, where higher values for the polar second moment of area, , and material shear modulus, , reduces the potential for angular deflections.
List of second moments of area for standard shapes
Torsion of Shafts - engineeringtoolbox.com
Elastic Properties and Young Modulus for some Materials - engineeringtoolbox.com
Material Properties Database - matweb.com
Human bodies are usually buried in a cemetery.
It is common practice in many places to put bodies into a coffin and place the coffin into the grave.
The grave is then usually marked with a headstone so that people know who has died and can visit them.
In the past, often during times of war, many bodies have been placed into the same grave without coffins.
This is called a mass burial or a mass grave.
The Gila monster () is a venomous desert lizard.
The Gila monster’s name comes from the Gila River in Arizona, USA.
The Gila monster is heavy and slow for a lizard.
It can grow up to 2 feet(60 cm) long.
Its skin looks like beads and is black, pink, orange, and yellow.
It looks a lot like the Mexican beaded lizard, which is its closest relative.
The Gila monster can bite quickly and hold on tightly, but it does not kill humans.
It usually eats small rodents, young birds and eggs.
The lizard chews its prey, injecting its venom (poison) into the animal through teeth in its lower jaw.
The Gila monster can also store food in its tail.
In 2005 a medicine to treat diabetes was made from the Gila monster’s saliva.
Some people who take it call it "lizard spit" as a joke.
Elizabeth Ann Smart (born November 3, 1987) is an American woman who was kidnapped when she was 14 from her home in Salt Lake City, Utah on June 5, 2002.
She was found alive on March 12, 2003 about 20 miles from her home.
She was found with two homeless adults, Brian David Michell and Wanda Barzee.
Barzee was Mitchell's legal wife.
Police believe that Elizabeth was taken to be Mitchell's second wife.
Smart has put the kidnapping behind her.
She is now studying harp at Brigham Young University.
She would like to play harp in an orchestra or teach the harp to others.
She has appeared on television in support of laws that would give child sex offenders a harsher punishment.
She has said very little publicly about her kidnapping.
She has also made it clear that she does not want to publicly comment very much about her ordeal.
Kidnapped American people
People from Salt Lake City, Utah
Bury is between Rochdale and Salford; the town is a dormitory town in a northern suburb of Manchester.
It is just west of the M66 motorway, and is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury.
It has a population of 60,718.
Salma Hayek Jiménez (born September 2, 1966) is an Academy Award-nominated Mexican actress, Emmy-winning director, movie producer and television producer.
She is the most successful Latin-American actress in Hollywood since Carmen Miranda.
Hayek has appeared in more than thirty movies and worked as an actress outside of Hollywood in Mexico and Spain.
Salma Hayek was born in Coatzacoalcos, Mexico.
Her father, Sami Hayek is Libanese and was a politician.
Her mother, Diana  Jiménez is a Mexican and was an opera singer.
Salma left the town with 12 years and went to a catholic boarding school in Louisiana.
She had a bad manners and had to leave the school.
She moved to her aunt in Texas and stayed until she was 17 years old.
After the graduation, she went back to her hometown and studied international relations and drama in Mexico City.
Hayek longed to be an actress and ended the study.
She had her first appearance in the Mexican telenovela Teresa.
There, she played a main role.
Using this role, she was known in Mexico.
Later, she left the Show.
In 1991, she went to Los Angeles and started a career there, but she had little knowledge of English.
There, she did drama and elocution lessons.
In January 1993, she got a supporting role in Mi Vida Loca.
In 1995, she played in Desperado with Antonio Banderas.
She got an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for her role in Frida as best actress in 2003.
On 9 March 2007, she confirmed her engagement with the French businessman François-Henri Pinault and her pregnancy.
In September 2007, she got a daughter, Valentina Paloma Pinault on the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California.
In July 2008, they separated.
They reconciled and married in February 2009.
They married for the second time in April 2009.
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican movie directors
Mexican movie producers
Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of niacin (vitamin B3).
Niacin is found in most foods.
A person can die from pellagra if it is not treated.
The main results of pellagra can be remembered as "the four D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.
Some symptoms of pellagra according to a few sources are abdominal cramping,depression,diarrhea,headache,loss of appetite,mucus membrane inflammation,dilated cardiomyopathy.
It is also caused due to cellular deficiency of niacin, chronic alcoholism or gastro-intestinal malabsorption.
It can be prevented by adequate intake of niacin or foods rich in vitamin B3 and dietary advice to vulnerable groups.
Dermatitis means "inflammation of the skin."
It looks like a red rash in most cases.
It most often refers to eczema.
Culver was born in Washington, D.C..  His father, John Culver, was a United States Senator.
Before entering politics, Culver was a teacher.
In 1998, Culver won election to be the Iowa Secretary of State.
He was reelected in 2002.
After Governor Tom Vilsack said he would not run for Governor in 2006, Culver became a Democratic candidate for Governor.
In November of 2006, he defeated his Republican opponent, Jim Nussle, and in January he became Governor of Iowa.
He lost to Terry Branstad in the 2010 election.
Office of the Governor website
A duel is a fight between two people who have similar deadly weapons and have agreed to a set of rules before the fight takes place.
The fight is usually about a matter of honor.
The goal of a duel is not usually to kill the opponent but to restore the honor of the man who declared the duel.
Duels are not official laws, they are carried out by individuals.
Duels were practiced from the 15th to 20th century in Western societies.
For example, in 1804 in the United States the politicians Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton had a duel.
Since the American Civil War, all U.S. states have criminalized dueling, with punishments for dueling ranging from not being allowed to run for public office to the death penalty.
Dueling was outlawed because groups against dueling formed and were successful.
The person who felt offended or dishonored had to "challenge" his opponent to a duel.
This was usually done by throwing his glove down in front of the opponent or by hitting him in the face with a glove.
Each person had to then find a person to be his "second".
The job of the seconds was to choose a place to duel and to decide whether or not the weapons were equal.
The person who declared the duel got to choose when the duel would be finished.
Common endings to duels were:
until one person was injured, even if the injury was minor
until one person could no longer fight because he was too hurt
until one person was killed or injured so badly that he would soon die
duels with pistols could be ended after the first shot, even if no one was hit.
Most pistol duels did not go longer than 3 shots
Scholarly Studies: US and Canada
Clayton Cramer.
Joanne B. Freeman.
Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (2002)
James Kelly.
That Damn'd Thing Called Honour: Duelling in Ireland 1570-1860" (1995)
Kevin McAleer.
Dueling: The Cult of Honor in Fin-de-Siècle Germany (1994)
Cecilia Morgan. "'
In Search of the Phantom Misnamed Honour': Duelling in Upper Canada."
Canadian Historical Review1995 76(4): 529-562.
Dick Steward, Duels and the Roots of Violence in Missouri (2000),
Jack K. Williams.
Dueling in the Old South: Vignettes of Social History (1980) (1999)
Bertram Wyatt-Brown.
Honor and Violence in the Old South (1986)
Bertram Wyatt-Brown  Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (1982)
Popular works
The Code of Honor; or, Rules for the Government of Principals and Seconds in Duelling (1838)
Robert Baldick.
The Duel: A History (1965, 1996)
Thomas Gamble.
Savannah Duels & Duellists (1923)
Harnett C. Kane.
Gentlemen, Swords and Pistols (1951)
Paul Kirchner.
Dueling With the Sword and Pistol: 400 Years of One-on-One Combat (2004)
William Oliver Stevens.
Pistols at Ten Paces: The Story of the Code of Honor in America (1940)
Ben Truman.
The Field of Honor (1884); reissued as Duelling in America (1993)
The dishonor of dueling.
Allen, Douglas, W., and Reed, Clyde, G., 2006, "The Duel of Honor: Screening for Unobservable Social Capital," American Law and Economics Review'': 1-35.
The Castle is a 1997 Australian movie which was popular in Australia.
Some people outside Australia did not understand some of the humour.
The Castle starred Michael Caton and Anne Tenney and was filmed in Melbourne, Australia.
The Castle was made in 11 days for about AUD$750,000.
Some people have said that The Castle is a very simple movie because it was filmed cheaply and quickly.
However, fans of the movie generally appreciate it because it is a good movie that was made on a low budget.
The story is about the Kerrigan family, who have been living in their home—their "castle"—for years.
Their house is next to the local airport.
The airport wants the Kerrigans to move so that they can build a new building on the Kerrigans' land.
Darryl Kerrigan is the father.
He does not want to leave his house, so he fights the airport in court.
At first he loses in court because his lawyer is not very good.
Then he meets a very good lawyer (a Queen's Counsel).
The Queen's Counsel argues very well and the Kerrigans can keep their house.
The Castle is funny to Australians because the movie is about ordinary people.
They are not rich or stylish, but they are good people.
Australians like the idea of "the little Aussie battler", someone who is hard-working even when life is tough.
The movie title is named for the English saying, which is said many time during the movie, "A man's home is his castle."
The movie also talks about the land rights movement of the Australian Aborigines.
Darryl Kerrigan compares his problem to the Aboriginals problems about land.
The movie talks about  famous Australian Constitutional Law Cases, like Mabo and the Tasmanian Dams Case.
Michael Caton as Darryl Kerrigan
Anne Tenney as Sal Kerrigan
Stephen Curry as Dale Kerrigan
Anthony Simcoe as Steve Kerrigan
Sophie Lee as Tracey Kerrigan
Wayne Hope as Wayne Kerrigan
Tiriel Mora as Dennis Denuto
Eric Bana as Con Petropoulous
Charles 'Bud' Tingwell as Lawrence Hammill
John Flaus as Sgt.
It is common in Australia to humorously quote lines from "The Castle".
Some of the most popular of these are:
What do you call this? (
in reference to obvious items)
Tell 'em they're dreaming!
It's not a house, it's a home.
Dale dug a hole.
That is going straight to the Pool Room.
How's the serenity?
So much serenity!
It's what you do with it.
It's the vibe.
Australian Constitutional Law
1997 comedy movies
Australian comedy movies
documenta is one of the most important exhibitions of modern art in the world.
Since 1955, it takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany.
More than 1.2 million people visited the last one, documenta 14, which was held in 2017.
The next one, documenta 15, will be from June 18 to September 25, 2022.
Alfredo James "Al"  Pacino (born April 25, 1940) is an American actor.
He has won an Academy Award for Best Actor an Emmy Award, and two Tony Awards.
He is known for movie roles in Scarface and The Godfather.
Pacino is the co-president, along with Ellen Burstyn and Harvey Keitel, of the Actors Studio.
Pacino has three children.
The eldest, Julie Marie (born 1989), is his daughter with acting coach Jan Tarrant.
He also has twins, son Anton James and daughter Olivia Rose (born 2001), with actress Beverly D'Angelo.
They had a relationship from 1996 to 2003.
Pacino had a relationship with Diane Keaton, his co-star in the Godfather Trilogy.
Other women he has had relationships with include Tuesday Weld, Marthe Keller, Kathleen Quinlan and Lyndall Hobbs.
Pacino has never married.
Pacino has been nominated and has won many awards during his acting career.
These include eight Oscar nominations (winning one), 15 Golden Globe nominations (winning four), five BAFTA nominations (winning two), two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on television, and two Tony Awards for his work on the stage.
In 2007, the American Film Institute awarded Pacino with a lifetime achievement award.
In 2003 British television viewers voted Pacino as the greatest movie star of all time in a poll for Channel 4.
The Balfour Declaration of 1917 was a policy by the government of the United Kingdom to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The declaration also said that Britain supported plans for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
The issuance of the Declaration had many long lasting consequences, and was a key moment in the lead-up to the Arab–Israeli conflict, often referred to as the world's "most intractable conflict".
20th century in Israel
1917 in the United Kingdom
Jewish history
Mandatory Palestine
November 1917 events
In geometry, the radius of a circle or sphere, written as , is the shortest connection between the center and the boundary.
It is either the distance from the center to the perimeter (in the case of a circle), or the distance from the center to the surface (in the case of a sphere).
It is half of the diameter.
That is, when r is the radius and d is the diameter:
r = d ÷ 2
d = 2 x r = r + r
The relationship between the radius  and the circumference  of a circle is
The area  of a circle of radius
Definition and properties of the radius of a circle with interactive applet
Morality  is the concept of doing the right thing.
Morals are basic guidelines for living.
Many people have written about ways of choosing what the right thing is.
Some believe that there is an objective (true even if you do not agree with it) morality, often thinking it was set by God or another similar being; others think that morality is subjective (that what is good or bad is a community choice).
People can learn morals from religion, parents, friends, school, books, or from ethical traditions.
People that teach or follow morals are called moralists.
It can also be a lesson that someone learns in a book or story.
It is usually one line at the end of the story ("The moral of this story is.....").
Fables are stories with a moral.
The opposite of "moral" is "immoral", meaning the wrong thing to do. "
Amoral" means something that is not related to morality, or has no morally good or bad aspect to it.
It is the same as "morally neutral".
Morality means that you can tell between a right and a wrong thing.
Saliva is the watery substance made in the mouths of humans and many animals.
Saliva begins digesting food in the mouth, and moistens food to make swallowing easier.
Saliva consists of 99.5% water.
The mouth is obviously the point of entry to the whole alimentary canal.
It follows from this that saliva must both help digestion, and protect against infections.
The digestion part is by three enzymes, one each for carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
The digestion started here carries on in the stomach.
There are some other 'minor' enzymes as well, and we do not know the full story about them yet.
Also there is a pain-killing opiorphin, and a wrap-around haptocorrin which keeps vitamin B12 safe from stomach acids.
Finally, there are a set of anti-bacterial proteins which make life difficult for any bacteria which get in with the food.
Villarosa is a town in the province of Enna, in the region of Sicily in southern Italy.
Morlanwelz, Belgium (2002)
Le Quesnoy, France (11/08/2006)
Villarosani.it - The Community of Villarosa citizens
Settlements in Sicily
Maria Sharapova (born 19 April 1987) is a retired Russian tennis player.
She was born in Nyagan, Western Siberia, RSFSR.
Her parents had moved from Belarus to protect themselves from the Chernobyl nuclear accident.
The Sharapov1 family moved again in 1989, when Maria became interested in tennis, when watching her father play, and played tennis with a second-hand racquet.
She would practice tennis by hitting the tennis ball against the wall every day, and her dad soon noticed that she was very good at the sport.
Maria's tennis coaches told the Sharapovs that they should move to Moscow, Russia, to get better training.
The Sharapova moved again, from Moscow, to follow Maria's coach, Martina Navratilova's advice, to move to the United States.
There was a problem, though.
Sharapova's mother, Yelena, could not get a visa to go to the United States.
Meanwhile, Maria and her father tried to get Maria to go to a famous sports school, and they also had to learn English.
Maria had already learned a lesson in her life  that tennis excellence would only come at a price.
“I used to be so lonely,” Maria Sharapova recalls. “
I missed my mother terribly.
My father was working as mush as he could to keep my tennis-training going.
So, he couldn't see me either “Because I was so young, I used to go to bed at 8 p.m. The other tennis pupils would come in 11 p.m. and wake me up and order me to tidy up the room and clean it.
“Instead of letting that depress me, I became more quietly determined and mentally tough.
I learnt how to take care of myself.
I never thought of quitting because I knew what I wanted.
When you come from nothing and you have nothing, then it makes you very hungry and determine.... I would have put up with much more humiliation and insults that to steadfastly purse my dream."
That toughness runs through Maria even today.
She began to win tournaments and many people started to notice her.
Her games improved, and Maria gained more fans.
She has won 35 singles titles in her career, including five Grand Slam championships: Wimbledon in 2004, the US Open in 2006, the Australian Open in 2008 and the French Open in 2012 and 2014.
She won an Olympic silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
She is the world number 3 women's tennis player as of September 2015.
In 2005, she was ranked world number 1 for the first time, and in 2012 for the last time.
In March 2016, Sharapova revealed she had failed a drug test at the 2016 Australian Open, admitting to testing positive for meldonium, a substance banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) at the start of 2016.
On June 8, 2016, she was suspended from playing tennis for two years by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).
1In Russia, female surnames are changed so that their gender can be identified, so Sharapov becomes Sharapova.
Doping cases in sport
Russian female tennis players
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Russian models
The true bugs are an order of insects.
Biologists call true bugs the Hemiptera.
There are around 80,000 species of true bugs.
The word bug by itself can have other meanings.
There are many different kinds of true bugs, some of which are aphids, cicadas, planthoppers, shield bugs, and others.
All of these are true bugs.
Their size is from 1 mm to over 10 cm.
All true bugs have similar mouthparts, which they use to suck up plant sap.
Features of true bugs
Bugs have piercing, sucking mouthparts: this defines the Hemiptera.
They pierce plants with their long, tube-like mouth, called a proboscis or a beak.
They cannot chew.
The true bug pumps saliva through this mouth, to partly digest their food.
It then sucks up the food, which is usually plant sap.
The name "Hemiptera" is from the Greek: it means hemi (half) and pteron (wing).
Most true bugs have half of their front wings hardened and have the other half soft.
These wings are called hemelytra (singular hemelytron), because they halfway look like the hard wings (elytra) of beetles.
The hind wings are totally soft and are shorter than the front wings.
The antennae of bugs usually have five segments.
The tarsi (foot parts) of their legs have three or fewer segments.
True bug, a group of insects
Bug, a slang word for a pathogen that makes organisms ill
Bug, a slang word for an insect, such as an ant or a beetle
Software bug, a problem with the code in a computer program
Bug, a device for telephone tapping
Bug, a nickname for a Volkswagen Beetle because of its shape
Western Bug and Southern Bug, two rivers in Poland and Ukraine
Something that irritates somebody, such as "My loud neighbour really bugs me!"
Dayton is a large city in the American state of Ohio.
It is where Orville and Wilbur Wright grew up.
The Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, also near Dayton, gets part of its name from the Wright brothers.
The National Museum of the United States Air Force is inside the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.
Dayton has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification).
Native Esperanto speakers are people who learned Esperanto as one of their first languages.
Esperanto is not spoken in any countries as an official language, so they must become bilingual, trilingual, or multilingual.
Native Esperanto speakers can use this language completely and more fluently than non-native Esperanto speakers.
There are not very many native Esperanto speakers.
It is thought that no more than one or two thousand people speak Esperanto as their first language.
A soldering iron is a device used to attach pieces of metal together with solder, which is called soldering.
Soldering irons are used mainly for attaching electronic components onto a circuit board with tin, but can also be used for other tasks such as fixing jewelry.
There are several different kinds of soldering irons, such as ones that are hotter than others, and ones that use electricity or natural gas.
A soldering iron stand can be used to hold the iron.
That is a flat metal stand with a coil that holds the iron.
Hungarian Vizsla is a dog breed.
Vizslas are known for being affectionate and not aggressive.
They originated in Hungary and are an excellent hunting dogs.
The breed was developed from dogs used by Hungarian tribes.
Vizslas were owned by sporting nobility of Hungary who use to hunt with them.
They were used to hunt deer, wild boar and wolf.
The breed  almost disappeared during the First World War and Second.
Dogs were smuggled out of Hungary during the Second World War.
These dogs were used later to breed in other countries.
Appearance and personality
Hungarian Vizsla's have a dark gold coat.
Some dogs may also have small white marks on their feet and/or chest.
They are active, enthusiastic, friendly.
Vizslas need human company to stay happy.
Exercise needs
Daily exercise and mental tasks are necessary.
Outside they are very active.
Indoors, Vizslas can be quite inactive.
The dogs prefer to rest beside their owners.
Some are quite demanding of attention.
If Vizslas do not receive enough  exercise, they will become bored.
If bored, they may choose to do to amuse themselves with digging or chewing on things.
Drawing is a manufacturing process for producing a wire, bar or tube by pulling on a material until it increases in length.
This is typically accompanied by a thinning out of the material, usually through a reduction in the girth.
This technique has long been used to produce flexible metal wire by drawing the material through a series of holes of decreasing size.
More recently drawing has been used with molten glass to produce high quality optical fibers.
Manufacturing is producing goods out of raw materials.
It is a branch of industry.
It includes making very big, complicated things that take a lot of steps to finish.
Often machines are involved in manufacturing.
In the past products were made by handicraft workers using tools and manual labor.
In modern times, most manufacturing jobs got replaced by automated manufacturing machines, which made the products much faster and in turn - cheaper than humans could.
How Everyday Things Are Made
Engineers Edge
Manufacturers Alliance
Logistics Quarterly
National Association of Manufacturers
Finished goods are goods that have completed required manufacturing process and are ready to be fitted/mixed/processed with final product.
The final product itself could also be called finished goods.
Something bought as a "raw material" is used to manufacture a product.
A thing that is not completed during the manufacturing process is called "work in process".
When the manufacturing of the thing is completed but it is not yet sold or distributed to the end-user, it is called a "finished good".
"Finished good" is a relative term.
Finished goods of a supplier can be the raw material of the buyer.
For example, a paper mill sells paper to a book publisher who uses it as raw material.
A good in economics is any object or product (factors of production) that is useful.
A commodity is one kind of good.
A good that cannot be used by consumers directly, such as an office building or  capital equipment, can be called a good because it can be useful if it is sold.
A 'good' in economic usage does not necessarily mean that the object is good in a moral sense.
If an object or service is sold for a positive price, then it is a good since the purchaser considers the utility of the object or service more valuable than the money.
Some things are useful but not scarce such as air and are referred to as free goods and common goods.
In macroeconomics and accounting, a good is contrasted with a service.
A good here is defined as a physical product that one can deliver to a buyer.
The service is not an object, but an action that benefits someone.
A more general term that preserves the distinction between goods and services is 'commodities'.
In microeconomics 'good' is often used in this more inclusive sense of a commodity.
Business Dictionary
Ruslana Stepanivna Lyzhychko (May 24, 1973) is a popular Ukrainian pop singer, composer, producer, conductor and dancer.
She was born in the city of Lviv in Ukraine.
She won the Eurovision Song Contest in Istanbul in 2004.
She is also a former Member of Parliament serving as deputy in the Ukrainian parliament (Verkhovna Rada) for the Our Ukraine Party.
In 2014, Ruslana became a leader in the Maidan movement for human rights and democratic reform in Ukraine.
During the demonstrations, Ruslana stayed on the streets.
At night she slept in a cold tent.
Every night she sang the Ukrainian national anthem for the protestors.
When the government police came, she stayed on the stage.
She told the protesters to stay calm.
She told the police to respect human rights.
Ruslana was also in the 2004 Orange Revolution.
She was UNICEF National Ambassador in Ukraine in 2005.
In 2008 she spoke for green energy.
Myt Vesny - Dzvinkiy viter (Moments of Spring - Sonorous wind) (1998)
Ostanne Risdvo x-90 (Last Christmas of the 90ies) (1999)
Najkrashche (The Best) (2001)
Dobriy vechir, tobi... (Good evening to you...) (2002)
Dyki Tantsi (Wild Dances) (2003)
Dyki Tantsi (Eurobonus) (2004)
Wild Dances (2004)
Wild Dances (New Year Edition) (2005)
Club'in (2006)
Dance with the Wolves (2004)
The Same Star (2005)
Dyka Energyia (Wild Energy) (2006)
Official website of Ruslana
Official Fan Club of Ruslana
RuslanaTV
RuslanaTube on YouTube
2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Ukrainian singers
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
The word mustard is used to refer to several species of plants.
These plants belong to the genera Brassica or Sinapis.
They have tiny seeds.
These seeds can be used as a condiment.
When they are first ground, and then mixed with water, vinegar and other ingredients, a condiment called mustard can be made.
The seeds can also be pressed, to give a kind of oil called mustard oil.
Some kinds of mustard plants have edible leaves.
These leaves are known as mustard greens.
Mild white mustard (Sinapis hirta) grows wild in North Africa, the Middle East and Mediterranean Europe and has spread farther by long cultivation; brown or Indian mustard (B. juncea), originally from the foothills of the Himalaya, is grown commercially in the UK, Canada and the US; black mustard (B. nigra) in Argentina, Chile, the US and some European countries.
In addition to the mustards, the genus Brassica also includes cabbages, cauliflower, rapeseed and turnips.
There has been recent research into varieties of mustards that have a high oil content for use in the production of biodiesel, a renewable liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel.
The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide.
Mustard gas or sulfur mustard is a chemical compound which has been used as a chemical weapon.
It was used in World War I by the German Army against British and Canadian soldiers near Ypres, Belgium, in 1917.
Later it was also used against the French Second Army.
Most sulfur mustards are squishy liquids with no color and no smell when they are at room temperature.
When used in warfare, they have a color yellowish to brown.
Some of them smell like culinary mustard (the type used for food), horseradish or garlic.
They got their name from the smell, but are completely unrelated to culinary mustard.
Sulfur mustard (in its form mustard gas) was synthesized by Frederick Guthrie in 1860.
It may have been discovered as early as the 1820s, by M.Depretz.
Its use during warfare was prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925.
This protocol outlawed the use of poison gas (which was widely used in the First World War).
An additional agreement, the Chemical Weapons Convention, was ratified in 1993.
It also outlaws the production and stockpiling of such agents.
Despite these prohibitions it has been used in several wars.
Sulfur mustard is the organic compound with formula (ClCH2CH2)2S.
It is a viscous liquid at normal temperatures.
The pure compound has a melting point of 14 °C (57 °F) and decomposes before boiling at 218 °C (424 °F).
Amelia Mary Earhart (born July 24, 1897 – disappeared July 2, 1937, declared dead January 5, 1939) was an American aviator, one of the first women to fly a plane long distances.
She was the first woman to fly a plane by herself across the Atlantic Ocean.
She broke many records and showed how air travel had moved forward.
She also wrote books, most of them were about her flights.
Earhart vanished over the South Pacific Ocean in July 2, 1937 while trying to fly around the world.
She was declared dead on July 3, 1937.
Many theories stand in place about Amelia's end.
Some believe she was a spy for the U.S government and was captured by the Japanese on Gardner Island, others say she faked her death.
The most plausible though is many researchers believe, which is that the Electra ran out of fuel and that Earhart and Noonan ditched at sea.
The "crash and sink" theory is often the most widely accepted explanation of Earhart’s and Noonan’s fate.
However, there is a range of documented, archaeological, and anecdotal evidence supporting the hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan found Gardner Island, uninhabited at the time, landed the Electra on a flat reef near the wreck of a freighter, and sent sporadic radio messages from there.
It has been surmised that Earhart and Noonan might have survived on Nikumaroro for several weeks before succumbing.
Official Amelia Earhart Website
Amelia Earhart at Find a Grave
Missing American people
A situation comedy, usually called a sitcom, is a type of comedy program.
Sitcoms were first on radio, before television was invented, but are now on television and are a large part of the programs shown.
Sitcoms usually have the same characters in the same places (for example; a home, a workplace, a bar, a city or town) on every episode.
Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra   (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer, musician, actor and filmmaker.
His singing career was 60 years long, and more than 250 million records of his have been sold worldwide.
Extremely regarded as one of the best and most admired popular singers in history of America standards.
He is also well known by the nickname "Old Blue Eyes".
The New York Times said he was "the first modern pop superstar".
At first, he was mostly known as a crooner, a singer of love songs.
By the 1950s and 1960s, he was singing swing and jazz songs as well.
Sinatra was also part of the Rat Pack, a group of entertainers (musicians and actors), in the 1950s and 1960s.
The name was informal, and the group was not an official organization of any sort, but a group of friends.
Members of the Rat Pack included Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop, as well as (more loosely) Humphrey Bogart, Judy Garland, Lauren Bacall, Sid Luft, and Shirley MacLaine.
Sinatra was also an actor.
He was in movies such as The Manchurian Candidate, From Here to Eternity, and The Man With The Golden Arm.
He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here To Eternity.
Sinatra was married 4 times.
He was married to Nancy Barbato from 1939 to 1951, to Ava Gardner from 1951 to 1957, to Mia Farrow from 1966 to 1968, and to Barbara Marx from 1976 until his death on May 14, 1998.
Sinatra died on May 14, 1998 at 10:50 pm  at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, after suffering a heart attack.
His wife Barbara was at his side.
The words "The best is yet to come" are written on his gravestone.
• Gildo De Stefano, The Voice - Vita e italianità di Frank Sinatra, Coniglio Press, Roma 2011
Album "Songs for Young Lovers" at YouTube
Hear Frank Sinatra on the Pop Chronicles
Harry Lillis "Bing" Crosby Jr. (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American singer and actor.
His singing career was around fifty years long and more than 1 billion records of his have been sold worldwide.
Crosby is known for creating the style of music that Perry Como, Frank Sinatra,  Dean Martin , Elvis Presley,  John Lennon  would later copy.
Crosby said that he was inspired by Al Jolson.
He sang "White Christmas" and it became "the best-selling record of all time."
Irving Berlin wrote this song.
In 1962, Crosby became the first person ever to receive the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
Crosby won the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his role in Going My Way.
Crosby was a Roman Catholic.
He died of a heart attack in Madrid, Spain.
Actors from Washington
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Madrid
Singers from Washington
Felt is a type of cloth or textile.
It is a complex network of threads or yarns.
They are pressed together usually when wet.
This is matting wool fibers, with water and soap.
It may also be made by poking the fibers with barbed needles.
Felt can be made by hand, or by machine.
People have been making felt longer than any other kind of fabric.
Felt can be of any color, and made into any shape or size.
Felt is used to make many things like clothing, hats, and rugs.
Nomadic people in many countries live in tents made of felt.
Felt is used for many different things.
Today  people use felt for hat-making, insulating (making warm), sound-proofing, and cushioning.
Felt versus fabric
Felt only needs a carding comb.
Because of this, felt was often used by nomadic people.
Martin was born in Steubenville, Ohio.
His mother was Italian American; his father was Italian.
Martin's career as a singer really began when he met comedian Jerry Lewis at a club and they decided to team up as a comedy-music pair.
They became successful at clubs.
They then acted in the movie My Friend Irma, which made them famous.
They had a popular radio show.
They made more movies.
Martin became a huge success on his own when he sang "That's Amore".
His partnership with Lewis ended on July 26, 1956.
Their last movie, Hollywood or Bust, was released that December in the United States.
Martin was part of the Rat Pack, a group of entertainers (musicians and actors), in the 1950s and 1960s.
Their unofficial "leader" was Frank Sinatra. (
Sinatra personally called the group "The Summit".)
They made movies and performed live shows together, many in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Martin later had his own television show.
He made recordings for Reprise Records, a record label started by Frank Sinatra.
At the height of the rock and roll era, Martin still had hit records.
His "Everybody Loves Somebody Sometime" even knocked The Beatles off the top of the Billboard sales charts.
Martin made movies on his own, which were mostly comedies.
Four of them starred him as "Matt Helm", a spy like James Bond.
Martin also appeared in dramatic movies, like Rio Bravo and Airport.
When he sang onstage or on television, he always had a cocktail glass with him.
Most people thought he was drinking whiskey as he performed.
However, he actually drank apple juice the whole time.
Offstage, Martin enjoyed Jack Daniels whiskey, and red wine.
His television show was cancelled in 1975, but he continued on television with The Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts, a series of specials that mocked celebrity testimonial dinners.
Other comedians and actors would appear, and instead of praising the guest of honor, would make fun of them.
None of the mocking was serious, though, and everyone usually had fun at the roasts.
The specials ran until 1984.
Martin was more or less retired in the early 1990s.
He did record a new collection of his best songs, which were sold through television commercials.
In early 1987, his son Dean Paul ("Dino") Martin was in the United States Air Force, and his airplane crashed during a mission.
His body was later recovered.
Losing Dean Paul broke Martin's spirit.
He never seemed happy after that.
Martin joined Sinatra and other Rat Packers for a reunion tour, but he quit after just a few shows.
Sinatra was very angry.
The two did not speak for years.
They later made their peace, after members of the Rat Pack began to die off.
Martin lived in retirement.
He watched movies at home, and went to dinner at a nearby restaurant.
During the 1990s, Martin developed emphysema from years of cigarette smoking.
He also had trouble with his liver.
His health became bad.
He began to think about death.
He and his wife Jeanne were divorced years earlier, but had remained close.
She encouraged him not to worry about dying, and to think about his parents, and their son Dean Paul, waiting for him.
Martin died in Beverly Hills, California over the Christmas holidays in 1995, watching television in bed.
As a tribute, the lights on the Las Vegas Strip were dimmed for one minute, in his memory.
His epitaph was the title of his best-remembered song: "EVERYBODY LOVES SOMEBODY SOMETIME".
Comedians from Ohio
Stage names
People from Steubenville, Ohio
Racial segregation means separating people because of their races.