the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Burmese King Bayinnong moved his troops to attack Ayutthaya, and he conquered it.
So, he asked for King Naresuan as his adopted child while Naresuan was 9 years old.
When Naresuan was 16, King Mahathammaracha wanted Naresuan to come back to be a viceroy of Phitsanulok and gave Princess Suphan Kanla Ya instead as the captive from Phitsanulok.
Major events in the life of King Naresuan
B.E. 2117 He fought at Viengjan, and he has a smallpox.
So he came back to Phitsanulok.
B.E. 2127-2130  Burman sent armies to attack Thai but Burman lost.
B.E. 2148  He died at Tung Keaw, Hang luang when he was 50 years old.
1555 births
The insurgency in Southern Thailand is a violent rebellion that is taking place in three southern provinces of Thailand.
There are Naratiwat Pattani, and Yala.
Most of the people that live in these provinces are not related to Thai people.
They are Muslim Malays.
The rebellion started in the 19th century, when the British and the King of Siam agreed on the border between Siam and Malaya.
The British took Kedah and Kelantan, and Pattani became part of Siam.
The sultan of Pattani was removed and his kingdom was split into three provinces.
Ever since then, the Malay people of this region have wanted to get their independence back, or to join Malaysia as a state.
The unrest in the southern provinces is one of the biggest problems in Thailand.
There is an armed struggle against the government.
There are many severe attacks on civilians too, mostly considered terrorism.
Since it has happened, some Thai families had to move out from the site because the problems changed their lives.
They were also scared of what would happen with them.
20th century in Thailand
Insurgencies
20th-century conflicts
A triode (“valve” in British) is a type of empty tube with wires in it (vacuum tube).
It is not a vacuum tube diode, which has only two wires (electrodes), but has a third electrode, called the grid between the 2 wires (cathode (electric thrower) and anode (electric eater)).
How the word is created
When the cathode becomes hot, it gives out electricity particles (electrons).
These electrons are then taken by the anode.
This makes an electric movement (current), which is controlled by the grid.
The grid “checks” how many electrons can pass through, and “eats” the extra ones.
The grid lets the triode to be used as an electric amount changer (amplifier).
Lee De Forest and Robert von Lieben created the triode in 1908 from his original Audion diode of 1906.
The triode is used as an amplifier (electric amount changer).
The name triode was created because people needed to know which kind of vacuum tube it is, rather than a diode, tetrode, or pentode.
People wanted to talk to people far away.
They used triodes to talk, by triode radio receivers (wave takers) and triode radio transmitters (wave throwers ).
At first they only sent Morse code but better triodes later allowed talking by radio.
This made the first way of talking far away, creating the beginning of radio broadcasting (sending radio waves to many people) around 1920.
This made far away telephones better.
Then people at the “Bell Telephone” group made even better telephones that can catch waves that traveled about 800 miles.
When they put the first long triode wave throwers in the (Atlantic) ocean (transcontinental telephone line) people were very happy 3 years after on January 25, 1915.
Today triodes are used in wave throwing and hot making.
Triodes are also starting to be used in good electric audio machines and music machines.
They are also used in glow makers (vacuum florescent displays, (VFDs), and there are different types of glow makers, but all use triodes.
What it can be used for
Radios and telephones are also wave takers, so it is used in them.
But it is too big, so from 1960 to 1969, the transistor has mostly replaced it.
It is an ancestor of the transistor.
It is still used in vacuum tube amplifiers.
"Introduction to Thermionic Valves"
de:Elektronenröhre#Triode
it:Valvola termoionica#Triodo
sv:Elektronrör#Trioden
Thailand has had 26 prime ministers since it changed from a monarchy to a democratic regime.
Praya Manopakorn Nititada
Praya Manopakorn Nititada (15 July 1884 - 1 October 1948) was the first prime minister of Thailand.
He served 3 terms as Prime Minister, from 28 June 1932 until 20 June 1933.
Nititada was called called "Korn Hutasing".
He was born in Pranakornsriayuttaya Province.
His parents were Mr Huad and Mrs Kaew Hutasing.
He married Lady Manopakorn Nititada.(Nit Samsan) Praya Manopakorn Nititada began to study at Wat Ratchaburana.
After that,  he studied at Suankuhlab college, Assamchan college and a law school.
He got a scholarship to study in London.
Praya Pahonponpayuhasana
Colonel Praya Pahonponpayuhasana (22 March 1887 - 14 February, 1947)  was the second prime minister of Thailand.
He served for 5 terms from 21 June 1933 until 11 September 1938.
Pahonponpayuhasana was called "Poj Pahonyotin".
He was born in Pranakornsriayuttaya province.
His parents were Mr Tin and Lady Jab Pahonyotin.
He married Lady Boonhlong.
Colonel Praya Pahonponpayuhasana began to study at Wat Jakawatratchawat and after that got into military academy to study as a soldier.
He always got very good grades so the government sent him to study in Germany for 3 years and Denmark for a year.
Plaek Pibunsongkhram
Field Marshal Plaek Pibunsongkhram (14 July, 1897 - 11 June 1964) was the third prime minister of Thailand.
He served two times.
The first time he served two terms from 16 December 1938 to 1 August 1944.
His second time in office lasted for 5 terms, from 8 April 1948 until 26 February 1957.
Plaek Piboonsongkram was called Plaek Kheettasangka.
He was born in Nontaburi province.
His parents were Mr Kheet and Mrs Sam-ang Kheettasangka.
He married Lady La-Aead Pankrawee.
Plaek Piboonsongkram  began to study at Kalahom U-thit school.
After that he studied at a military academy.
After finishing school, he served in the army in Phitsanulok province.
He taught Thai people to love Thailand and supported Thai education.
He organized universities such as Mahidol University and Kasetsart University.
Pibun finally left politics and he moved to Japan.
He died from heart attack in Zakamiono, Tokyo.
Khuang Aphaiwong
Khuang Aphaiwongse (17 May 1902 - 15 March 1968) was the fourth prime minister of Thailand.
He served from 1 August 1944 until 31 August 1945, from 21 January 1946 until 18 March 1946, from 10 November 1947 until 6 February 1948 and from 21 February 1948 until 8 April 1948.
Kuang Apaiwong was born in Pratabong, Cambodia.
His parents were Mr Chum and Lady Rod Apaiwong.
He married Lady Lakha Apaiwong.
Kuang Apaiwong began to study with his uncle at Apaipittayakan School.
He later studied at Teapsirin School and Assamchan college.
Then he went to study engineering in France.
Tawee Boonyakat
Tawee Boonyaket  (10 November 1904 - 3 November 1972) was the fifth prime minister of Thailand from  31 August 1945 - 17 September 1945 Tawee Boonyaket was born in Pranakornsriayuttaya province.
His parents were Praya Ronnachaichanyut (Tanom) and Lady Ronnachaichanyut (Tabtim).
He married Lady Aumpasri Boonyakat.
Mr Tawee Boonyakat began to study at Benjamarachoothit school in Chantaburi province.
After that he went to study in Bangkok at Suankuhlab college and Ratchawittayalai school.
He went to study agriculture in France at Kings College.
Mom Rajawong Seni Pramoj
Mom Rajawong Seni Pramoj (26 May 1941 - 28 July 1997) was the sixth prime minister of Thailand, 17 September 1945 - 15 October 1945.
He was born in Nakhonsawan province.
His parents were His Royal Highness Prince Kamrob and Mom Dang.
He married Lady Ausana Pramoch.
Mom Rajawong Sani Pramoch studied at Rachinee school, Assamchan college, Teapsirin school and Suankuhlab college.
He got an honours degree in law from Oxford University.
Pridi Banomyong (11 May 1900 - 2 May 1983) was the seventh prime minister of Thailand.
He served two terms from 24 March 1947 until 21 August 1947.
His parents were Mr Saeng and Mrs ookchan Panomyong.
He married Lady Poolsuk Panomyong.
Pridi Panomyong studied at Ruak school, Benjamaboophit school and Suangkuhlab collage.
After that he studied law in London.
Rear Admiral Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Rear Admiral Thawan Thamrongnawasawat (21 November 1901 - 3 December 1988) was the eighth prime minister of Thailand.
He served two terms from 23 August 1946 - 30 May 1947 until 8 November 1947.
Tawan Tamrongnawasawat was born Tawan Tareesawat at Huaroo sub-district in Pranakornsriayuttaya province.
His parents were Mr Au and Mrs Ngern Tareesawat.
He began to study at Mattayom Wat Teapsirin.
After that he studied to become a junior officer in the navy and studied about the law.
Pote Sarasin
Pote Sarasin (25 March 1905 - 28 September 2000) was the nighth prime minister of Thailand, 21 September 1957 - 26 December 1957.
He was born in Bangkok.
His parents were Praya Sarasinsawamipak and Lady Sun Sarasin.
He married Lady Siri Sarasin.
Sarasin studied in the United States and studied law in Thailand.
Thanom Kittikachon
Field Marshal Tanom Kittikachon (11 August 11th 1911 - ) was the tenth prime minister of Thailand.
He served 3 terms, from 1 January 1958 - 20 October 1958, from 9 December 1963 until 17 November 1971 and from 18 November 1972 until 14 October 1973.
Tanom Kittikajon was born  in Tak province.
His parents were Khun Sophitbannarak (Apan) and Mrs Linji Kittikajon.
He married Lady Jongkon Kittikajon.
He began to study in primary at Prachaban Chokpoo, Tak and after that he studied at a junior officer's school that was later called Prajunlajomkao school.
On 14 October 1973, about 500,000 college students protested against Kittikajon's government.
They said his government was a dictatorship.
Thai people wanted to change the constitution.
A parade started at Thammasat University, police fought with college students.
About 77 people died and  around 857 were hurt.
The situation calmed down on October 15th 1973.
14 October of every year is Democracy Day.
Sarit Tanarat
Field Marshal Sarit Tanarat (16 June 1908 - 8 December 1963) was the eleventh prime minister of Thailand, 9 February 1959 - 8 December 1963.
He was born  in Pranakornsriayuttaya province.
His parent were Major Hluangruangdatanan (Tongdee) and Mrs Chanthp Tanarat.
He married with Lady Nuanchan Tanarat.
He began to study in primary in Mookdahan province, after that he got into study at Mahanparam school in Bangkok and then he went to study in a school of soldier.
Tanarat started to give more power to the provinces.
He also passed laws against the use of marijuana and the growing of opium poppies.
He had also planned to developed the economy of the country.
Sanya Dhammasakti
Sanya Dhammasakti (15 April 1907 - 6 January 2002) was the twelfth prime minister of Thailand.
He served two terms from 14 October 1973 until 14 February 1975.
Sanya was born at Bangkokyai, Tonburi.
His parents were councillor Praya Tammasatvejwisatpak and Lady Chuen Tammasak.
He married Lady Panga Tammasak.
He began to study at Assamchanbangrak school, Bangkok.
After that he got into study in a school of law.
He got a scholarship from the Rapee Foundation to went to study law in London.
Sanya's government was a stable government.
After leaving office he was appointed to be a Privy Councillor on 5 December 1975.
He was also a chairman of Bhudtasatsaniksampanlok or the World of Buddhism in 1984.
Mom Rajawong Kukrit Pramoj
Mom Rajawong Kukrit Pramoj (20 April 1911 - 9 October 1995) was the thirteenth prime minister of Thailand, 14 March 1975 - 12 January 1976.
He  was born on  at Aumpher Inburi, Singburi province.
His parents were His Royal Highness Prince Kamrob and Mom Dang (Boonnak).
He got this name from Her Majesty Queen Patcharintra.
He married Mom Rajawong Pakpink Pramoch.
He played the prime minister in the 1963 movie The Ugly American.
He began to study at Wattana Wittayalai school, Suankuhlab collage in Bangkok and after that he went to study at Trent college and studied about philosophy of political economy at The Queen's College.
He build a public utility that was important to people.
After leaving office.
Tanin Kraiwichian
Tanin Kaiwichian (5 April 1927 - ) was the fourteenth prime minister of Thailand, 8 October 1976 - 20 October 1977.
he was born in Bangkok.
His parents were Mr Hae and Mrs Pa-aob Kaiwichian.
He married Lady Karen Kaiwichian (Anderson).
He began to study in high school at Suankuhlab collage and after that he went to study law at Tammasat University and then he went to study in London.
General Kiangsak Chamanan (17 December 1917 - 23 December 2003) was fifteenth prime minister of Thailand.
He served twice, from 11 November 1977 until 21 December 1978 and from 12 May 1979 until 3 March 1980.
His parents were Mr Jam and Mrs Jua Chamanan.
He married Lady Wirat Chamanan.
His old name was "Somchit" and after that changed to Kiangsak to followed Field Marshal Peak Piboonsongkram's law that the man had to have a name that showed hardenness.
He began to study in Primary at Samudsakorn Wittayalai school in Samudsakorn province, Patomkongka school in Bangkok.
After that he got into study in a military academy.
He built the Sukhothaitammatirat University, Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy, and The Petroleum Agency of Thailand.
He was also a very good chef.
His most famous recipe is Chicken Curry in brandy.
Prem Tinnasulanon
General Prem Tinnasoolanon (26 August 1920 - 26 May 2019) was sixteenth prime minister of Thailand.
He served three times, from 3 March 1980 until 19 March 1983 , from 30 April 1983 until 1 May 1986 and from 5 August 1986 until 29 April 1988.
He was born at Tambom Booyang Aumpher Muang, Songkla province.
His parents were councillor Hluang Winijtantakam and Lady Aod Tinnasoolanon.
He began to study in primary at Booyang school and after that he went to study in a junior high school at Wachirawut school in Songkla province.
He went to high school in Bangkok at Suankuhlab collage, and a school of cavalryman in the United States.
During his term as prime minister, he strengthened Thailand's neutrality, promoted employment, and dealt with the problems of bad economy.
After leaving office, King Bhumipol appointed him to be a Privy Councillor.
Chatchai Chunhawan
General Chatchay Choonhavan (5 April 1920 - 6 May 1998) was the seventeenth prime minister of Thailand.
He served 2 terms from  4 August 1988 until 23 February 1992.
He was born "Chatchay Somboon" at Tambon Plabplachai Aumpher Sampantawong, Pranakornsriayuttaya province.
His parents were Field Marshal Pin Chunhawan and Lady Wiboonlak Chunhawan.
He began to study at Benjamarachoothit school, Teapsirin school, a military academy and he went to study in a higher education at a school of cavalryman in Kentucky (US).
He improved relations with Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Vietnam and Malaysia, especially about trade.
He also built many bridges
Mr.Anan Panyarachun
Suvarnabhumi Airport (; IATA: BKK, ICAO: VTBS), also unofficially known as Bangkok Airport, is the main international airport of Bangkok, Thailand.
It is located in Bangchoung, Rachatawa, Noungprue and Bangphli district Samutprakarn province.
The area of the airport is about .
It is six times bigger than Don Mueang International Airport, the other international airport serving Greater Bangkok.
The Thai government gave a budget of about 150,000 million baht (US$4.9 billion or 3.7 billion euro) to build this international airport.
This included investment of Government service and State Enterprises of 137,000 million baht ($4.46 billion), and private company about 13,000 million baht ($423 million).
The airport could support the passengers more than 45 million people.
It was designed by Helmut Jahn.
International airlines
International airlines included of 102 airways and 142 cities.
El Al Israel Airlines
IndiGo
Jetstar Pacific
Myanmar Airways International
Qantas Airways
Qeshm Airlines
Tigerair
Turkish Airline
T'way Airlines
U Airlines
UTair Aviation
Domestic airlines
Asia Atlantic Airlines (hub)
Bangkok Airways (hub)
Business Air
Jetstar Asia (hub)
Orient Thai Airlines (hub)
Thai Airways (hub)
Thai Smile (hub)
Buildings and structures in Thailand
Sanam Luang is a big field in front of Wat Phra Kaew and the Grand Palace in Bangkok, Thailand.
Sanam Luang has another name, Tung Pra Me'ru (meaning cremation field).
It was used for cremation of the King and his royal relatives.
In 1855, King Rama IV changed the field's name to Sanam luang, announcing that the old name was thought unlucky.
King Rama I used Sanam Luang to officiate ceremonies.
Then in King Rama V's era, Sanam Luang was extended and the buildings around it were destroyed.
The people used Sanam Luang to perform ceremonies instead of growing rice.
At present, the Thai people still use Sanam Luang to officiate royal ceremonies for the King, princes and princesses.
Sanam Luang is an important national site.
Baltistan (), also known as بلتیول (Baltiyul) in the Balti language, is a region in northern Pakistan.
It borders Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China.
It lies in the Karakoram mountains just to the south of K2, the world's second highest mountain.
It is an extremely mountainous region, with an average altitude of over 3,350 m (11,000 ft).
It is inhabited principally by Balti Shi'a Muslims of Tibetan descent who converted from Tibetan Buddhism before the 16th century.
Baltistan was an independent state but was occupied by the Raja (King) of Kashmir in the nineteenth century.
In 1947 when India and Pakistan gained independence, it was still part of Kashmir.
Now the region is divided between Pakistan and India.
The elections on 12 November 2009 brought about a major change and upheaval in the Baltistan region, which had been once an area ruled by a feudal Raja and then an area under Pakistani military control.
It is believed that democracy in the region will also help to bring about more economic development and public empowerment.
The Changing Northern Areas
Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
Tourism Northeran Areas
Pakistan's Northern Areas
Balti (بلتی) is a language spoken in Baltistan, in the Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan and neighbouring parts of the disputed territory of Indian-administered Kashmir.
Before 1948 Baltistan  was part of Ladakh province.
The language is a sub-dialect of Ladakhi and an archaic dialect of the Tibetan language, but many of the consonants that are silent in most modern Tibetan dialects are pronounced in Balti.
All people of different races, living in Baltistan are called Balti.
Greeks used the word Byaltae instead of Bal-ti, which in Tibetan means water gorge.
The historian Ptolemy who was also a general in the army of Alexander the Great had named the region (Byaltae) in his book.
Baltistan is the Persian translation of Baltiyul, “The Homeland of Balti”.
The people belonging to Balti nationality are settled on both banks of the river Indus from Kargil (in the east) to Haramosh (in the west) and from Karakoram range (in the north) to Deosai plains (in the south).
In this nationality the majority comes from Tibetan origin.
However people migrated to this area in different periods of ancient times, on account of different reasons and after merging in the prevailing Tibetan society, gave birth to a new civilisation.
All these multi-racial groups speak Balti language, which is a branch of the ancient Tibetan language.
However, in some rural areas, the Sheen people still speak Shina language.
The Balti are a very forbearing, cheerful,brave and hospitable people.
But during the Rmakpon reign (from 12th century to 1840 A.D.) they invaded Ladakh and Tibet many times.
There are several Balti communities in Pakistan's urban areas farther south, that is in Lahore, Islamabad, in Karachi and other places.
But they are living as non Pakistani in Pakistan because Gilgit Baltistan is considered as disputed region.
The Balti language has kept many honorific words like all the Tibetan dialects and many other languages.
Below are a few examples:
Everson, Michael.
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2985: Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS.
Hussainabadi, Mohamad Yusuf.
Balti Zaban.
Read, A.F.C. Balti grammar.
London:The Royal Asiatic society, 1934.
Koshur: The Balti Language
Tibetan script makes a comeback in Pakistan
Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS
Tibetan Extensions 2 : Balti
The title has a long history in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, as it is found in the Rigveda.
It can also be used as a name for non-royal Indians.
In Pakistan, Raja is still used by many Muslim Rajput clans as  titles.
Raja is also used as a name by Hindus and Sikhs.
Rajas in the Malay world
The ruler of the state of Perlis, Malaysia is titled the Raja of Perlis.
Most of the other state rulers are titled Sultans.
But the Raja has equal status with the other rulers and is one of the electors who designate one of their number as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong every five years.
Indian Princely States, the most comprehensive, specialised site on (princely) (e)states in British India
RoyalArk (more elaborate, on a smaller number of dynasties)- here India
WorldStatesmen- Indian princely states, here K-Z
A Raja is a type of monarch.
This is sometimes spelled "Rajah".
Rajan, the Sanskrit for "king, ruler"
Raja Yoga, one of the four major Yogic paths of Hinduism
Raja (genus), a genus of rays
Raja Casablanca, a Moroccan sports club
Raja (actor), an Indian movie actor who works in Tollywood
Raja (1975 movie), a Bollywood movie with Rishi Kapoor
Raja (1995 movie), a Bollywood movie starring Sanjay Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit
Raja (2003 movie), a French/Moroccan movie directed by Jacques Doillon
Raja (Phantasy Star IV), a fictional character in the video game Phantasy Star IV
Raja (album), an album by Finnish thrash metal band Stam1na
M. Raja, Indian director
Raja Bell, Basketball player
Rajah, an other spelling of Raja, meaning an Indian monarch
Rajah (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Universe
Rajah (dog), famed New Zealand German Shepherd police dog
Indranee Rajah, a Deputy Speaker of Singapore's Parliament
Rajah Humabon, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century
Rajah Lakandula, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century
Rajah Muthiah Chettiar, Tamil banker, educationist, philanthropist, and politician
Rajah Sulayman, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century
Ayer Rajah, an area in the Queenstown Planning Area in the southwest part of Singapore
Rajah Buayan, a municipality in the Philippines
Rajah Buayan, Maguindanao, a municipality in the Philippines
Ayer Rajah Expressway, a Singapore expressway
Culex rajah, a type of mosquito
Nepenthes rajah, a carnivorous pitcher plant species native to Malaysia
Rajah Broadcasting Network, a Philippine media network
Rajah Motors, former automobile manufacturer in India
Rajah Scops Owl, a type of owl
Rajah Solaiman Movement, a terrorist organization
Rajah Spiny Rat, a species of rodent
The Rajah, a 1919 movie starring Harold Lloyd
HMS Rajah (D10), an escort aircraft carrier
Toxorhynchites rajah, a type of mosquito
PUSHIM is a Japanese reggae singer.
Her real name is Paku Pushin.
She was born in Osaka on November 16, 1975, and started to sing in 1995.
She released her first single in 1999.
She has strong and deep voice.
Her younger sister, YOUNGSHIM, is also a reggae singer.
She began performing in the Kansai reggae scene in 1995.
In 1998, she did back-up vocals for the Refugee Camp's "It's Too Late", a Carroll King cover.
After signing with Sony Music Japan, she recorded and released her first single called "Brand New Day" on June 19, 1999.
It receive a lot of critical acclaim.
In September of 1999, she released a second single called "Strong Woman".
It was also a success and she sold many copies.
The following spring, her debut album "Say Greetings" was released.
Her latest album is "Sing A Song... Lighter!".
It was released in 2006, with Luciano appearing on one track.
OTher websites
PUSHIM's official homepage
Sony Music Online Japan PUSHIM's page on her label's website
A headset is a headphone with a microphone.
People can listen to sound with headphone and can record sound with a microphone.
A headset is easy to use because it can be used without hands, just like a telephone.
A person only needs to put the headset on his/her head and then can talk with a mic.
Many people use headsets at the computer so they can converse and type easily.
Headsets normally have only one speaker like a telephone, but also can be made with speakers for both ears.
New type of Headset
Nowadays there are wire headset and wireless headset, which means there's no wire between the computer and the headset.
It works by radio waves.
A wireless headset can be put in a pocket or a bag easily due to its small size.
This can be used for soundproofing.
The inventor of the headset is Nathaniel Baldwin, but his version could not be sold to people.
The second headset is the US Army's headset for airplane pilots in World War I.
How headsets work?
Headset is made up of two parts.
They are input part and output part.
From input part, headset receive sound signal.
And from output part, headset receive sound signal and generate sound.
Endoscopy means to look inside.
This often means looking inside the body for medical reasons with an endoscope.
An endoscope is a medical instrument that is made to see parts inside a patient's body.
This has the advantage that observations and certain operations can be done without opening up the body.
Whatever precautions are taken, an open body part is always at risk of infection.
The endoscope has a long tube to enter the patient's body and a tiny camera or lens attached to the front of this tube.
It is usually inserted into patient's nose, mouth, or anus, so surgeons can see what is going on.
If necessary, various actions can be taken.
a rigid or flexible tube.
a light, which is usually outside the body and delivered by an optical fibre system.
a lens system which takes the image from the objective lens to the viewer.
This can be done by a relay lens system in the case of rigid endoscopes or a bundle of fiberoptics in the case of a fibrescope.
an eyepiece.
Modern instruments may be videoscopes, with no eyepiece.
In these a camera transmits image to a screen.
This has the advantage that the image can be seen by all in the operating theatre.
an additional channel to carry medical instruments or manipulators.
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract):
esophagus, stomach and duodenum
small intestine
Bile duct
The respiratory tract
The nose
The lower respiratory tract (bronchoscopy)
The urinary tract
The female reproductive system
The cervix
The uterus
The Fallopian tubes
Normally closed body cavities (through a small incision):
The abdominal or pelvic cavity
The interior of a joint
Organs of the chest
During pregnancy
The amnion
The foetus
Panendoscopy (or triple endoscopy)
Combines larynx, esophagogus, and bronchoscopy
Non-medical uses for endoscopy
The planning and architectural community have found the endoscope useful for pre-visualization of scale models of proposed buildings and cities
Internal inspection of complex technical systems
Endoscopes are also a tool helpful in the examination of improvised explosive devices by bomb disposal personnel.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses endoscopes for conducting surveillance in tight spaces.
Medical tests
A supercomputer is a computer with great speed and memory.
This kind of computer can do jobs faster than any other computer of its generation.
They are usually thousands of times faster than ordinary personal computers made at that time.
Supercomputers can do arithmetic jobs very fast, so they are used for weather forecasting, code-breaking, genetic analysis and other jobs that need many calculations.
When new computers of all classes become more powerful, new ordinary computers are made with powers that only supercomputers had in the past, while new supercomputers continue to outclass them.
Supercomputer types include: shared memory, distributed memory and array.
Supercomputers with shared memory are developed by using a parallel computing and pipelining concept.
Supercomputers with distributed memory consist of many (about 100~10000) nodes.
CRAY series of CRAYRESERCH and VP 2400/40, NEC의 SX-3 of HUCIS are shared memory types.
nCube 3, iPSC/860, AP 1000, NCR 3700, Paragon XP/S, CM-5 are distributed memory types.
An array type computer named ILIAC started working in 1972.
Later, the CF-11, CM-2, and the Mas Par MP-2 (which is also an array type) were developed.
Supercomputers that use a physically separated memory as one shared memory include the T3D, KSR1, and Tera Computer.
Supercomputing centers, organizations
DEISA Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications, a facility integrating eleven European supercomputing centers.
NAREGI  Japanese NAtional REsearch Grid Initiative involving several supercomputer centers
TeraGrid , a national facility integrating nine US supercomputing centers
BSC Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Spanish national supercomputing facility and R&D center
CESCA  Supercomputing Centre of Catalonia - Centre de Supercomputacio de Catalunya
CESGA Galicia Supercomputing Center - Centro de Supercomputación de Galicia
CeSViMa Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid
CINECA CINECA Interuniversity Consortium, Italy
CINES Centre Informatique National de l'Enseignement Superieur, France
CSAR UK national supercomputer service operated by Manchester Computing
EPCC Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre.
Based in the University of Edinburgh.
GSIC Global Scientific Information and Computing Center at the Tokyo Institute of Technology
HECToR UK national supercomputer service provided by a consortium of EPCC, Cray and Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG)
HPCx  UK national supercomputer service operated by EPCC and Daresbury Lab
Minnesota Supercomputer Institute (Formerly Minnesota Supercomputer Center) operated by University of Minnesota
NASA Advanced Supercomputing facility
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)
Ohio Supercomputer Center (OSC)
Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center operated by University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University.
San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC)
SARA  (Stichting Academisch Rekencentrum Amsterdam), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
System X  at Virginia Tech
Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC)
DCSC Danish Centre for Scientific Computing.
Based at the University of Copenhagen.
PSNC (Poznan Supercomputing and Networking Center), Poznan, Poland
NSC National Supercomputer Centre in Sweden at Linköping University, Sweden
Specific machines, general-purpose
Linux NetworX press release: Linux NetworX to build "largest" Linux supercomputer
ASCI White press release
MCR @ LLNL Linux NetworX Supermicro based Supercomputer "3rd largest supercomputer in 2004"
Article about Japanese "Earth Simulator" computer
"Earth Simulator" website (in English)
NEC high-performance computing information
Superconducting Supercomputer
Blue Waters Petascale Computing System
Specific machines, special-purpose
Papers on the GRAPE special-purpose computer
More special-purpose supercomputer information
Information about the APEmille special-purpose computer
Information about the apeNEXT special-purpose computer
Information about the QCDOC project, machines
A hydrogen car is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its fuel for motive power.
A Hydrogen car does not have to be a car, it can be any transportation vehicle that uses hydrogen in a similar way, like an aircraft.
Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen is the simplest and the most abundant element in the universe.
Even though it's simple and there's so much of it, hydrogen does not occur naturally as a gas on the earth: it's always combined with other things.
Hydrogen is high in energy, yet an engine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost no pollution.
Advantages of hydrogen energy
Hydrogen comes from water by splitting it into oxygen and hydrogen, so supplies are almost limitless.
As hydrogen is a diatomic molecule, the product of combustion is only water.
Therefore, it does not produce the harmful gasses that gasoline and diesel cars produce, such as carbon dioxide.
Hydrogen itself is not poisonous.
Therefore, in case of outflow, hydrogen is safer than any other gas.
Disadvantages of hydrogen energy
It's hard to store the large amount that is required to fuel a car
Hydrogen is often taken from unrenewable resources, like fossil fuels.
Fuel cells
In principle, fuel cells are electrochemical devices like batteries that convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly and very efficiently into electricity (DC) and heat, thus doing away with combustion.
Unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down or require recharging.
It will produce energy in the form of electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied.
A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte.
Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity, water and heat.
Layers of materials with distinct electrochemical properties are sandwiched together to form a single galvanic cell.
At the heart lies a membrane that can only be crossed by charged molecules.
Gas-permeable electrodes coated with a catalyst adhere to this membrane, adding a layer on either side.
The electrodes are in turn connected to a device that can utilize electricity.
Hydrogen gas flows into channels on one face of the cell and migrates through that electrode, while the same occurs with oxygen gas along the opposite electrode.
Spurred by a catalyst, favorable chemistry causes the hydrogen to oxidize into hydrogen protons and give up its electrons to the neighboring electrode, which thereby becomes the anode.
This buildup of negative charge then follows the path of least resistance via the external circuit to the other electrode.
It is this flow of electrons through a circuit that creates electricity.
Problem to solve for the practical use of hydrogen car
Most important problem involved in the practical use of hydrogen car is hydrogen storage materials.
If it uses a fuel cell that generates electricity through reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, it does not matter.
However, if method is that hydrogen is sprayed to internal-combustion engine, it does matter.
Now hydrogen storage tank with highest possibility is method using metal hydride.
Metal hydride is that reversible reaction between metal and hydrogen make new form of compound.
Now Hydrogen storing technology using Hydrogen storage compound metal comes to practical use step in the side of technical, however, hydrogen storing capacity per weight is no match for demand of user, so this technology is not widely used yet.
Therefore, that problem should be solved.
The word 'SDTV' is generally used at the digital television broadcasting system that has a similar or litle bit higher state of resolution to the 'analog television system'.
Digital broadcasting system uses digital signals when they receive sound and movie.
It is compared to analog TV that uses analog signals.
According to an NTSC standard, SDTV broadcasts in three ways.
First, at ratio of length and width 16:9 and resolution 720x480.
The screen's frame can be 24, 30, 60 per second.
These are similar level with DVD.
SDTV has a similar state of resolution compared to analog TV.
But SDTV is more vivid than
analog TV because it has less noise.
And it has better sound.
The point that SDTV uses a digital broadcasting system makes SDTV have many accompaning functions.
For example, multitasking, electronic program guide, and so on.
This functions are
impossible at analog TV.
Compared to HDTV, it has lower resolution.
But in fact, HDTV programs are not spread widely yet, and the cheaper price of SDTV makes consumers to use SDTV.
Generally, there are three types of TV.
They are analog TV, SDTV and HDTV.Price : AnalogTV < SDTV < HDTVQuality : AnalogTV ≒ SDTV < HDTVAnalogTV only can be compatible with analog signals, but both SDTV and HDTV can be compatible with not only analog but also digital signals.
Digital definition resolution
A thermocouple, TC for short, is a device that converts heat directly into electricity.
A thermocouple can also work in reverse - using an electric current to transform into heat as well as cold.
How do thermocouples work?
Imagine that two wires made of different types of metal are connected at one end.
If the junction of the two wires is heated, electricity will flow through the wire.
Electrons, when heated, will begin to cross the junction on their own.
Because of the different properties of the different metals, the electrons will lose potential energy and gain kinetic energy, just like a ball rolling over a hill to a lower area.
Although the voltage created by a thermocouple is very small (in the millivolt range), many thermocouples can be hooked together to make a larger voltage.
This is called a thermopile.
Thermocouples can also generate heat from electricity, and even cold from electricity, acting as a refrigerator.
If two different wires are connected at both ends, and some voltage source makes current flow through the loop, one junction will get hot and the other junction will become cold.
The electrons at the hot junction are gaining kinetic energy as they cross the junction.
This is why they make the metal hot.
The electrons at the cold junction are losing kinetic energy as they cross the junction.
This is why they make the junction cold.
It is difficult to measure the precise voltage that a thermocouple is producing when heat is applied to its junction.
This is because any voltmeter wires that are connected to the thermocouple will probably be made of a different material than the wires of a thermocouple.
This means that the connection between the voltmeter and the thermocouple is itself another thermocouple.
Engineers designing microchips face the problem that virtually every electrical connection on a microchip is a thermocouple whether they want it to be or not.
Use of thermocouple
Gas heaters with pilot flames are one of the most famous examples for the use of thermocouples.
Thermocouples are stacked to make a thermopile, which can generate enough voltage from the heat of the pilot flame to keep the gas valve open which in turn supplies the gas for the pilot flame.
If the gas runs out, the flame extinguishes and the voltage across the thermopile decreases, which causes the electric gas valve to close.
Many space probes get their electric power from a thermocouple in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator.
Thermocouples are also used in other ways.
For instance, they monitor temperatures in air conditioning and refrigerators, and of CPUs in computers, which could be destroyed by overheating.
Some kinds of thermocouple
There are hundreds of thermocouples, but only eight of them are standardized internationally.
Type E (chromel–constantan), type J (iron–constantan), type N (nicrosil–nisil), type T (copper–constantan) and type K (chromel–alumel) are base metals.
Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum–rhodium.
Control engineering is the engineering field that focuses on mathematical modeling of dynamical systems, and uses control theory to create controllers that cause the systems to behave in some desired manner.
Modern control engineering is closely related to electrical, electronic, and computer engineering.
As engineering continues to develop, control engineering is often wanted.
In most cases, control engineers make use of feedback when designing control systems.
For example, in an automobile with sail control, the machine's speed is continuously checked and fed back to the system, which then adjusts the motor's spin power on the fly.
Recently, control systems are also used in nanotechnology.
In chemical engineering, control engineering is known as process control.
Many advancements in science, finance, and even human action, can be attributed to control engineering.
Many control systems rely on feedback.
However, there are also control systems that work without feedback.
Such a system is known as an open-loop control.
An open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback controller, relies only on the model and the input signal fed to the system.
An example of open-loop control can be found in washing machines, which work by running pre-programmed cycles but, most importantly, do not rely on any measurements of the speed of the barrel or water volume to adjust the machine on the fly.
DKNY (Donna Karan New York) is the label of fashion designer Donna Karan.
Lanett is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States.
At the 2000 census the population was 7,897.
Lanett is located in eastern Alabama, on the Chattahoochee River, northeast of Montgomery.
One of the major industries is cotton milling.
The city's name is derived from Lanier and Bennett, founders of the West Point Pepperell Co.
LaFayette is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States.
It is 47 miles (76 km) northwest of Columbus, Georgia.
It is the county seat of Chambers County.
In 1900, 1,629 people lived here, and in 1910, 1,632 people lived here.
As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 3,234.
Within the city limits are two high schools (Lafayette High School and the Chambers County Career Technical School), one middle school (JP Powell Middle School), and one elementary school (Eastside Elementary School).
James Thomas "Cotton Tom" Heflin, member of the United States House of Representatives and original sponsor of Mothers Day legislation
Johnson J. Hooper, author and humorist
Joe Louis, Heavyweight boxing champion
Hoyt L. Sherman, art professor and principle mentor to pop artist Roy Lichtenstein
Leeds is a city in Jefferson, St. Clair, and Shelby Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama.
As of the 2000 census, 10,455 people lived there.
Famous natives
Charles Barkley, Basketball Hall of Famer
Charles Wade Barkley (born February 20, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player.
Nicknamed "Sir Charles" for his aggressive and outspoken behavior, and "The Round Mound of Rebound" for his unusual build and talent as a player, Barkley established himself as one of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) most dominating power forwards.
For a power forward, Barkley had an extremely versatile offensive game.
He was not considered a great player at the defensive end.
He is referred to as Chuck Barkley by many of his friends.
Barkley had many nicknames over the course of his college and pro career, making him one of the basketball players, and persons, with the most nicknames.
Some of the other nicknames include "The Chuckster" and "The Chuck Wagon".
Barkley is regarded as one of the best rebounders in the history of the game.
Many people view him as the greatest player who did not win an NBA championship during his career, although others argue for players such as Karl Malone, John Stockton and Patrick Ewing.
Often considered the best power forward in the league (NBA), people did not agree with his totalitarian views.
He is an analyst on the television show Inside the NBA.
The program features host Ernie Johnson with analysts Kenny Smith and Shaquille O'Neal.
Charles Barkley: NBA.com Profile
Charles Barkley: NBA.com historical playerfile
Charles Barkley: NBA.com Historical Biography
Charles Barkley: Hall of Fame Profile
William Calvin Oates (either November 30 or December 1, 1833 – September 9, 1910) was a Confederate colonel during the American Civil War.
He became a brigadier general in 1898, and also fought in the Spanish–American War.
William C. Oates was born in Pike County, Alabama.
He studied law and passed the bar examination, opening a practice in Abbeville.
Oates died in Montgomery, Alabama, and was buried there in Oakwood Cemetery.
William C. Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy,  The Neale Publishing Company, 1905.
Glenn W. LaFantasie, Gettysburg Requiem: The Life of William C. Oates, Oxford University Press, 2005.
Lawyers from Alabama
United States representatives from Alabama
Walter Junior Jones (born January 19, 1974) is an American football offensive tackle for the Seattle Seahawks team in the National Football League.
He was selected by the Seattle Seahawks with the sixth overall pick in the first round of the 1997 NFL Draft, a pick obtained from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a trade.
Jones left Florida State University prior to his senior season after being selected to the second team College Football All-America Team.
On April 29, 2010, He announced on his Twitter account that he was retiring.
Walter Jones on Twitter
Seattle Seahawks players
George Thomas Anderson (February 3, 1824 – April 4, 1901) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
Nicknamed "Tige," Anderson was noted as one of Robert E. Lee's hardest-fighting subordinates.
He was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg.
After the war he worked as a policeman and a tax collector.
He is buried in the Edgemont Cemetery, Anniston, Alabama.
William Clark Falkner (July 6, 1825 or 1826 – November 6, 1889) was a soldier, lawyer, politician, businessman, and author in northern Mississippi.
He is most notable for the influence he had on the work of his great-grandson, author William Faulkner.
Although born in Knox County, Tennessee, Falkner lived with his family in Missouri and Pontotoc, Mississippi before settling at the age of 17 in Ripley, Tippah County, Mississippi.
He served in the Mexican-American War and, when the American Civil War broke out, he raised a company of men and was made colonel in the Second Mississippi Infantry of the Confederate Army.
Biography at Mississippi Writers Project, source of most of this article
Information from University of Michigan
Businesspeople from Tennessee
Businesspeople from Mississippi
People from Pontotoc, Mississippi
Islamic terrorism is a kind of terrorism.
The terrorists claim their religion, Islam, or how they interpret it is their motivation.
Some Islamic scholars say that it is wrong to kill innocent people.
Some Islamic terrorist groups are Al-Qaeda, Boko Haram, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
However, there are hundreds of such groups and many more terrorist attacks attributed to them.
However, it is stated in the Qur'an that "You must not go too far; Allah loves not those who do.
""You must resist them until the persecution is done away, and prayers are only to Allah; if they cease fighting, you must not invade anyone but the unrighteous."
An electric vehicle is a vehicle that uses electricity to move.
Its wheels are driven by electric motors.
Electric vehicles were one of the first kinds that did not use horse or human power.
Electric trains and cars were built in the 1830's, and in the early 1900's there were more electric cars than gasoline-powered cars.
But cars powered by gasoline or diesel fuel become the most common kind of car for most of the last 100 years.
Electric vehicles have long been used in some special cases, such as forklifts used inside a building, golf carts, trolley bus or certain vehicles used around airplanes at an airport.
Early in the 21st century people are using more electric and hybrid vehicles again as a way to reduce pollution and use less gasoline.
It is unclear who the first inventor was, but Ányos Jedlik of Hungary built a small model of a working electric car in 1828.
In the 1830's Robert Anderson of Scotland, Professor Stratingh of Holland and Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from Vermont all built electric vehicles.
Davenport is said to be the inventor of the DC electric motor.
In 1865, Gaston Plante of France made a better battery.
In 1886, the inventor Frank Sprague of Connecticut made important changes to the electric motor.
Great Britain and France were early leaders in making better electric cars.
Interest in the electric car in the United States grew after 1891 when A. L. Ryker built a three-wheeled electric car, and William Morrison built a six-passenger wagon.
The years 1899 and 1900 were the best years for electric cars in America, as they outsold all other types of cars (steam, gasoline and diesel).
One example was the 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago, which had a range of 18 miles, a top speed of 14 mph and cost $2,000. (
At that time, there were few good roads between towns, so most driving was for short distances).
Electric cars could go as far as steam-powered cars and did not take 30 to 40 minutes to get started.
Gasoline engines were smelly and noisy.