the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Spacey appeared in court on January 7, 2019.
Interstate 84 (2000)
The Sasquatch Gang (2006)
The Good Student (2006)
Mini's First Time (2006)
Bernard & Doris (2006)
Columbus Day (2008)
Hackers Wanted (2009)
Fanboys (2009)
Captain Phillips (2013)
"Mind Games" — Come Together: A Night for John Lennon's Words and Music — October 2, 2001 – Radio City Music Hall
Interview with Kevin Spacey from April 2007
Kevin Spacey interview in the UK Independent on Sunday
In 2014 Fondation Emergence changed the day's name from "international day against homophobia" to "international day against homohobia and transphobia" in order to include trans realities to its mission.
As well in 2015 the day's name to "international day against homophobia, transphobia and biphobia" in order to include bisexual realities to the mission.
The redwoods are a subfamily of conifers, the Sequoioideae.
They are in the Cypress family Cupressaceae.
It is most common in the coastal forests of Northern California and is possibly the largest tree in the world.
There are three living genera in the subfamily.
There were once more species of redwood trees, but most have become extinct.
These trees are pyrophytes: they have adapted to survive forest fires.
Because fire is common in the regions where they grow, redwood trees have developed thick, fire-resistant bark.
Their cones open only after a fire.
Because fire control is better these days, the trees are endangered because they do not reproduce so well.
Redwood trees can grow to be very large.
The largest species, Sequoiadendron giganteum, can reach up to 94.8 m tall and 17 m across.
The tallest tree in the world is claimed to be a Sequoia sempervirens named Hyperion.
The largest tree in the world by volume is claimed to be a Sequoiadendron giganteum named the General Sherman Tree, after William Tecumseh Sherman.
The native habitat of Sequoiadendron giganteum trees is only on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada range of California.
The native habitat of Sequoia sempervirens trees is only in the Northern California coastal forests ecoregion, on the Northern California coast and several miles into Oregon.
Metasequoia glyptostroboides trees are so rare they were thought to be extinct, until rediscovered by a Chinese forester in 1943.
They were found on mountainous slopes in remote parts of the Hubei region of China.
King Creole is an American movie directed by Michael Curtiz, released by Paramount Pictures on July 2, 1958.
The movie stars Elvis Presley, Carolyn Jones, and Walter Matthau.
It is Presley's fourth movie (the third and last filmed in black & white).
It was based on the 1952 novel by Harold Robbins, A Stone for Danny Fisher.
Presley plays a teenager named Danny Fisher, who is forced to drop out of school to help support his father (Dean Jagger).
Always in trouble, Danny is saved from a jail term by New Orleans saloon-keeper Charlie Le Grand (Paul Stewart), who gives the boy a job as a singer.
Soon a local gang boss, Maxie Fields (Walter Matthau), a shadowy figure from Danny's criminal past, puts pressure on the boy, insisting that Danny sing at his saloon.
To tempt Danny, Maxie relies upon the seductive charms of his girlfriend Ronnie (Carolyn Jones), while Danny's true love Nellie (Dolores Hart) suffers on the sidelines.
Elvis Presley: Danny Fisher
Carolyn Jones: Ronnie
Walter Matthau: Maxie Fields
Dolores Hart: Nellie
Dean Jagger: Mr. Fisher
Liliane Montevecchi: Forty Nina
Vic Morrow: Shark
Paul Stewart: Charlie LeGrand
Jan Shepard: Mimi Fisher
Brian G. Hutton:  Sal
Hal Wallis purchased the rights to A Stone For Danny Fisher so he could make a non-musical movie starring either James Dean or Ben Gazzara.
After Dean died in 1955, the project did not continue.
In January 1957, following the success of an Off-Broadway stage version of the story, Presley's name was suggested as a possible replacement.
The character of Fisher was changed from a boxer to a singer and the story was moved from New York to New Orleans.
Michael Curtiz, a noted director during the golden era of the Hollywood studio system was hired for the project.
His famous movies included The Adventures of Robin Hood in 1938, Yankee Doodle Dandy in 1942, and in the same year, Casablanca,
After seeing an early copy of the movie Presley thanked Curtiz for giving him the chance to show people he could be an actor.
King Creole was said to have been Presley's favorite role of his entire career.
He had high hopes of returning from the Army to pick up from where he had left off.
However, despite success of the movie, he never got the chance to be taken as seriously as an actor again, with the exception of the westerns Charro!
and Flaming Star.
This was partly due to the success of later movies such as Blue Hawaii, G.I. Blues, and Viva Las Vegas.
These were all quick to make, low cost box-office hits.
They had enough songs to sell soundtrack albums and entertain the thousands of Presley fans who were more eager to see him sing than act.
King Creole was the last movie Presley made during the 1950s and is often said to be his best role.
Filming took place between January 20 and March 12 1958.
Twelve days after the finishing King Creole, Presley joined the U.S. Army.
Jorgenson, Ernst (1998).
Elvis Presley: A Life In Music - The Complete Recording Sessions.
Review  by Cheryl Northcott at Apollo Movie Guide .
Review of the movie collection "Lights!
Collection (King Creole, Blue Hawaii, G.I. Blues, Fun in Acapulco, Roustabout, Girls!
Girls!,
Paradise, Hawaiian Style, Easy Come, Easy Go) by Paul Mavis at DVD Talk, August 6, 2007.
1958 drama movies
"Rolling in the Deep" is a song by English singer-songwriter Adele.
It is from her second studio album, 21.
The song was written by Adele and Paul Epworth.
Adele has described it as a "dark blues-y gospel disco tune".
It was released as the lead single on 29 November 2010 in the Netherlands. "
Rolling in the Deep'" became Adele's first number-one hit single in the United States and Canada.
It was also her first top-five hit in several countries.
Critics have given positive reviews for the song.
It reached number one in Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.
It also reached top ten in Austria, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, and Norway.
The song debuted at number two in the United Kingdom.
There, it became Adele's third top-ten single.
"Rolling in the Deep" became Adele's second single to chart in the United States.
After that, it became her first single to go to top of a Billboard chart.
This was when it reached number one on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart in May 2011.
It also became her first number one hit in the country when the song reached #1 in the Billboard Hot 100 in May 2011.
As of May 2011, "Rolling in the Deep" had sold over 2 million digital copies in the US.
The song is her best-selling single in the country.
It has sold more copies than her previous best-selling single "Chasing Pavements".
The song has "martial arts", "pounding piano keys" (played by Neil Crowley) and "chanting backing singers".
Critics have said Adele's vocals are like Wanda Jackson's "dirty-blues growl."
AOL Radio Blog's Nadine Cheung says the song is "sung from the perspective of a scorned lover, who is finally able to see the light, but despite regretful sentiments, reconciliation is not an option here."
The song was praised by critics for Adele's powerful voice, the lyrics and the song's instrumentation.
The Sun called the song an "epic, foot-stomper of a pop anthem."
They said it had a thumping piano.
According to The Sun, Adele's vocals seemed to be that of a veteran who has been singing for 20 years .
Bill Lamb from About.com gave it 5 stars out of 5.
He praised her voice and the emotion with which she sang the song.
He said the song could "raise chills up the spine."
He added that after hearing the song, people would want to hear the full album.
Jason Lipshutz from Billboard praised the chorus of the song and its instrumentation.
Lipshutz praised Adele's vocal performance.
He said Adele was confident about her vocal ability.
Lipshutz praised the way Adele started the chorus of the song.
Rolling Stones Barry Walters gave "Rolling in the Deep" a positive review.
He said Adele's voice was "powerful but not particularly pop" in the song.
He said that the song started with "a stroked acoustic guitar."
But he described its end as "stomping" and one that has hand-clapping.
He said this showed that the English liked to modify Black American roots music.
"Rolling in the Deep" – 3:48
"Rolling in the Deep (Jamie xx Shuffle)" – 4:17
"Rolling in the Deep (Acapella)" – 3:56
"If It Hadn't Been for Love" (Michael Henderson, Christopher Stapleton)
Credits are taken from 21 liner notes.
Backing vocals, Lead vocals - Adele
Songwriting – Adele, Paul Epworth
Production, bass, acoustic guitar, electric guitar and backing vocals – Paul Epworth
Mixing – Tom Elmhirst
Mixing assistant – Dan Parry
Recording – Mark Rankin
Piano – Neil Cowley
Drums – Leo Taylor
Mastering – Tom Coyne
Adele songs
An artesian aquifer is an underground layer which holds groundwater under pressure.
This causes the water level in the well to rise to a point where the pressure is equal to the weight of water putting it under pressure.
This type of well is called an artesian well.
Water may even reach the ground surface if the natural pressure is high enough, in which case the well is called a flowing artesian well.
An aquifer is a geologic layer which can hold water such as sand and gravel, limestone, or sandstone, through which water flows and is stored.
An artesian aquifer is trapped between rocks or clay which causes the pressure.
Water returns to the aquifers when the water table at its recharge zone is at a higher elevation than the head of the well.
Fossil water aquifers can also be artesian if they are under sufficient pressure from the surrounding rocks.
Artesian wells were named after the old province of Artois in France.
Many artesian wells were drilled there by Carthusian monks from 1126.
There are artesian aquifers in many countries including Australia, the USA, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Fiji and Canada.
The Great Artesian Basin is the largest and deepest artesian basin in the world, occupying 23% of the Australian continent.
The 2010 Pakistan floods began on 26 July 2010 and continued into the following month.
They resulted from heavy monsoon rains in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan regions of Pakistan and affected the Indus River basin.
Approximately one-fifth of Pakistan's total land area was underwater, approximately .
According to government data, the floods directly affected about 20 million people, mostly by destruction of property, livelihood and infrastructure, with a death toll of 1,7811 in 2010
2010 floods
Brandon David Reed (born March 22, 1987 in Dubuque, Iowa) is an American football wide receiver who currently plays for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL).
Reed was drafted out of the University of Utah by the Baltimore Ravens with the 156th pick in the fifth round of the 2010 NFL Draft.
David Reed at nfl.com
Trevor W. Pryce (born August 3, 1975 in Brooklyn, New York) is a retired American football defensive end that played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL).
Pryce was drafted out of Clemson University by the Denver Broncos with the 28th pick in the first round of the 1997 NFL Draft.
He also played in the NFL with the Denver Broncos who he won Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII with.
He also played for the Baltimore Ravens from 2006 to 2010 and the New York Jets in 2010.
After the 2010 AFC Championship Game, he announced that he was retiring from professional football.
Trevor Pryce at nfl.com
Benjamin Richard Grubbs (born March 10, 1984 in Eclectic, Alabama) is an American football offensive guard who currently plays for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL).
Grubbs was drafted out of Auburn University by the Baltimore Ravens with the 29th pick in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft.
Ben Grubbs at nfl.com
London Central is a major bus company in London.
It was made in 1988 and became part of Go-Ahead London in 2008.
London General is a bus company operating services in Greater London.
It is a part of the Go-Ahead Group and operates buses under for Transport for London.
The company was named in honour of the London General Omnibus Company, the principal operator of buses in London between 1855 and 1933.
Docklands Buses is a bus company operating in East London.
It is part of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services for Transport for London.
Blue Triangle is a bus company operating services in East London.
It is a part of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services for  Transport for London.
USC Landhaus is an Austrian women soccer club from Vienna.
USC Landhaus is one of the oldest and most successful women clubs in Austrias football history.
USC Landhaus was founded in 1968 by Gerhard Traxler.
The same year the team became a section of Union Landhaus.
1972 the first championship was organized by the Vienna Football Association and Landhaus played there.
2015 they started a cooperation with FK Austria Wien.
From 2021 on the club plays under the Name of Austria Wien in the Frauenbundesliga.
The 3rd team played in the Wiener Frauenliga and was promoted to the Second league as Union Landhaus.
Very important for the club are the young players.
The club has a second squad in the second division of women football in Austria.
There young players can practise their skills.
2010 the club has also 3 teams for U11, U13 and U15 which plays in regional tournaments
Gerd Gonda Headcoach
Markus Vinkovits Assistant coach
Michael Straka   Goalkeeper coach
12x Championship winner: 1974, 1976, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1988, 1989, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001
11x Cup winner: 1973, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002
1x Supercup: 2002
2001/02 Group stage
Club's website
Landhaus Wien
Wulguru is a small town about 11 km east of Townsville, Queensland.
The word Wulguru comes from the Indigenous Australian tribe, Wulgurukaba, who lived in the area that is now Wulguru.
During WW2 the Royal Australian Air Force built No.
3 Fighter Sector RAAF close to the Flinders Highway.
This base comprised of the main rectangular bunker which was built into the hill.
This building still remains today.
The base had 62 buildings on the site with its own barracks, powerhouse, kitchen, showers and toilet blocks.
The Jamot Qomi movememt was founded by Mir Gul Hassan Manjhoo Let to provide a political platform for the Jamot people of Balochistan in 1996 in Dera Murad Jamali.
The party was created on the basis of the political philosophy of Mir Abdul Malik Shaheed and Mir Murtaza Abro Shaheed (the pioneers of the anti-feudal movement in Kachhi Balochistan)
Struggle for the Jamot people in Balochistan
struggle against the Feudalism or the feudalism system based in Pakistan.
the party believes the Islamic system of social justice should be implemented in country.
Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party (JKPP) is a political party in Azad Kashmir in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
The main center of politics of JKPP is Azad Kashmir (including Gilgit Baltistan).
Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party was formed on 19 July 1990, after observing the changes in political situation of Azad Kashmir, by politicians of same school of thought, under the supervision of the founder of Azad Kashmir, Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan.
The purpose of JKPP's formation was to provide a platform to the people, through which they can struggle for the Independence and betterment of the society.
The First Convention of Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party was held in Islamabad on 9 December, 1992.
Keeping the Democratic principles in mind, The Central Council of 200 members elected the first President of the party.
Since then, the party officially started its working.
Alexander "Killer" Kaleta (November 29, 1919 – July 9, 1987) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger.
He played 7 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers organizations.
Kaleta is known for creating the hat trick tradition in hockey when he went into a Toronto shop to buy a hat but when he found one he liked he could not afford it.
The shop owner made a deal with Kaleta and said that if he scored 3 goals in the next game he played he would just give him the hat free of charge.
Kaleta not only scored three goals but four against the Toronto Maple Leafs.
The Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir is the Indian-administered Kashmir unit of the Islamist group, the Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan.
Its organisation is distinct and separate from the Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, the Indian branch of the Jamaat to claim the organisation's stance that Jammu and Kashmir is not a part of the Republic of India.
A vibrational motion for a molecule is when the bonds between atoms within a molecule move.
Think of the atoms as round balls that are attached by a spring that can stretch back and forth.
An example of this motion is "stretching", the simplest example of a vibration for a molecule and occurs between just two atoms.
Some examples of molecules that are like this include hydrogen H2, nitrogen N2 and oxygen O2
Types of vibrations
If the molecule has more than two atoms, then things get more complicated.
Suppose just one more atom is added so now there are three atoms like in water H2O where the two hydrogen atoms are both attached to the central oxygen atom.
Remember with hydrogen there was one kind of stretching, but in water there are two kinds of stretching and four other kinds of vibration called bending vibrations as shown below.
The atoms in a CH2 group or molecules like water can vibrate in six different ways: symmetric and antisymmetric stretching, scissoring, rocking, wagging and twisting:
wagging: If a person holds up their hand in front of them and puts there two fingers in a "V" sign and bend there wrist toward and away from them.
Here the tips of the fingers are the attached atoms and the wrist is the central atom.
Molecules with more than three atoms
Molecules with more than three atoms are even more complicated and have even more vibrations which are sometimes called "vibrational modes".
Each new vibrational mode is basically a different combination of the six shown above.
The more atoms in the molecule the more ways they can be combined.
For most molecules with N atoms the number of possible vibrations for that molecule is 3N - 6 while linear molecules, or molecules with there atoms in a straight line, have 3N-5 vibrational modes.
Relation of Energy and Vibration
Using Newtonian mechanics the vibrations of a molecule can be calculated by treating the bonds like springs.
This is useful because like a spring, a bond requires energy to stretch it out and it also takes energy to squeeze it together.
The energy needed to stretch or squeeze the bond is dependent on the stiffness of the bond, which is represented by the spring constant k, and the reduced mass, or "center of mass" of the two atoms attached to either end denoted by μ.
The formula used to relate the energy needed to cause a vibration in the bond is:
h: is planck's constant
ν: is frequency and represents the rate at which the bond is squished together and pulled apart again.
The larger ν the faster this rate becomes.
μ: The reduce mass is the two masses of the atoms multiplied together and divided by their addition:
Using quantum mechanics, the formula that describes the spring is exactly the same as the Newtonian mechanics version except only certain energies or energy levels are allowed.
Think of the energy levels as steps on a ladder where a person can only go up or down one rung at a time.
Just as that person can't stand on the space between rungs so the bond can not have an energy between energy levels.
This new formula becomes:
where n is a quantum number or "energy level" that can take values of 0, 1, 2 ...
Applications of vibrational motions
When light of a certain frequency hits a molecule that has a vibration whose motion corresponds to the same frequency then the light gets absorbed into the molecule and the energy from the light causes the bonds to move in that specific vibrational motion.
By checking for light that gets absorbed, scientists can tell if a certain kind of molecular bond is there and match it against a list of molecules that have that bond.
However, some molecules like helium and argon have only one atom and don't have any bonds.
This means that they won't absorb any light in the same way a molecule with more than one atom can.
The specific fields of chemistry that use molecular vibrations in their studies include infrared spectroscopy (IR) and Raman spectroscopy (Raman) with IR being more widely used and having three subfields of its own.
These subfields are known as Near IR, Mid IR and Far IR spectroscopy.
The following is a general list of these fields and real world applications
Near IR: quantitative determination of species such as proteins, fats, low low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons and water.
Further use is obtained in the agricultural products, food, petroleum and chemical industries
The Four Asian Tigers or Asian Dragons are the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan.
These regions were the first newly industrialized countries.
They are known because they had very high growth rates (they became rich very fast) and fast industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s.
Four economies are currently well rich economies (developed countries).
All the Asian Tigers tried to export (sell) products to rich industrialized nations.
They grew rich very quickly (they had double-digit economic growth) for decades.
Each nation was not a democracy, and people were not very free in the early years.
All of these countries later became freer, and people now think Taiwan and Korea are liberal democracies.
Things you can read
Ezra F. Vogel, The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).
BBC report on the Asian Tigers in the aftermath of the 1997 Financial Crisis (includes map of the Asian Tigers)
ASEAN tigers
The Elephant at the Gate in China Economic Review
{| class="infobox" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 35em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%; clear: right"
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
|BRICS Federative Republic of Brazil
President (head of state and government): Jair Bolsonaro
President (head of state): Vladimir Putin
Prime Minister (head of government): Dmitry Medvedev
President (head of state): Ram Nath Kovind
Prime Minister (head of government): Narendra Modi
President (head of state): Xi Jinping
Premier (head of government): Li Keqiang
President (head of state): Cyril Ramaphosa
|}BRICS is used to talk about the countries of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
Many economists think that all these countries are at a similar stage of economic development.
When people write about these countries, they usually write "BRICS" or the "BRICS''' countries".
The acronym was invented by Jim O'Neill, an economist who worked for Goldman Sachs.
In 2001, he wrote an article that he called "Building Better Global Economic BRICs".
Mexico and South Korea were the only other countries with economies that are like the BRICs.
But O'Neill did not include these countries because they were considered already more developed, as they were already members of the OECD.
Current leaders
Elder, Miriam, and Leahy, Joe, et al.,
Who's who: Bric leaders take their place at the top table, Financial Times, London, September 25, 2008
O'Neill, Jim, BRICs could point the way out of the Economic Mire, Financial Times, London, September 23, 2008, p. 28.
Economy of Africa
Economy of Asia
Economy of South America
The Shih Tzu is a breed of dog weighing  with long silky hair.
The breed originated in China and is among the earliest breeds.
Shih Tzu were officially recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1969
The Shih Tzu has a short muzzle and big, brown dark eyes.
They have a silky, very long double coat.
Some other Shih Tzu have shorter, more curly hair. ([
Wikipedia Shih Tzus] Their fur comes in many colors.
These dogs are tiny, but they have a big personality.
They are known for being affectionate, playful, and happy.
They want to be your best friend.
This tiny pup loves attention and is a perfect companion dog.
If you are feeling sad, or need a hug, the Shih Tzu will always fluff you down with puppy hugs and kisses. [
akc.org Shih Tzu] This dog requires a lot of attention, due to their connections to royalty.
Coat Colors and Quality
The Shih Tzu is a good quality dog because of the shiny, welll groomed, silky coat and the Chinese valued Shih Tzu the most. [
Wikipedia Shih Tzus] The coat colors come in light brown, black, white, black and white, black and gold, white and gold, dark brown, gold, red and black, and brown and white.
The Shih Tzu gets their name from the Chinese word for “little lion.”
They are to be respected. [
History of Shih Tzu - Shih Tzu club]
Back then, only royalty could be seen with a Shih Tzu.
The Shih Tzu was related to the Chinese Pug, who was respected.
A powerful woman from the palace in China adored dogs, and she was interested in them.
She had the staff breed some palace dogs and she watched every time. [
www.theshihtzuclub.co.uk] This is why the Shih Tzu became known as the royal dogs.
Shih Tzus are usually healthy and live from 10 to 16 years, [www.akc.org] but they have a few problems Shih Tzus usually have.
Eye problems, Brachycephalic Syndrome (A pathological condition which leads to severe respiratory distress), dental problems, ar
Forest Heath
St Edmundsbury
Office for National Statistics : Geographical Area Listings
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an international organization (group of countries) who do not want to be officially aligned with or against any major power bloc (group of countries).
In 2019, the movement had 120 members and 27 observers.
The group was started in Belgrade in 1961.
It was created by Yugoslavia's President, Josip Broz Tito, India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, Egypt's second President, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah, and Indonesia's first President, Sukarno.
All five leaders believed that developing countries should not help either the Western or Eastern blocs in the Cold War.
They also believed that developing countries should not be capitalist or communist, but should try to find a different way to help their people.
The Havana Declaration of 1979 said that the purpose of the organization is to help countries keep their "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics."
This means that they wanted to govern their countries without the main capitalist powers nor the major socialist states telling them how.
Between summits, the Non-Aligned Movement is run by the secretary-general elected at last summit meeting.
As a considerable part of the movement's work is undertaken at the United Nations in New York, the chair country's ambassador to the UN is expected to devote time and effort to matters concerning the Non-Aligned Movement.
The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups.
(1961–1990)
(1961–2004)
(1961–1992)
(1970–1990)
(1973–2004)
(1973–1991)
Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation
Commonwealth Secretariat
Hostosian National Independence Movement
Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front
World Peace Council
Members have, at various times, included: Yugoslavia, Argentina, SWAPO, Cyprus, Poland, and Malta.
Brazil has never been a formal member of the movement, but shares many of the aims of Non-Aligned Movement and frequently sends observers to the Non-Aligned Movement's summits.
While many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the super powers, the movement still maintained surprising amounts of cohesion throughout the Cold War.
Additionally, some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g., India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq).
The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979.
While the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.
Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thwart the Cold War, it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended.
After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.
At the Summit of the Movement in Jakarta, Indonesia (September 1, 1992 – September 6, 1992) Yugoslavia was suspended or expelled from the Movement.
The successor states of the SFR Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though some have observer status.
In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union.
Belarus remains the sole member of the Movement in Europe.
Turkmenistan, Belarus and Dominican Republic are the most recent entrants.
The application of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998.
Serbia has been suspended since 1992 due to the Serbian Government's involvement in the Bosnian War (officially as the Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia at the time).
The Non-Aligned movement was never established as a formal organization, but became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961.
The term "non-alignment" itself was coined by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru during his speech in 1954 in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations, which were first put forth by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai.
Called Panchsheel (five restraints), these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement.
The five principles were:
Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
Mutual non-aggression
Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
Equality and mutual benefit
Peaceful co-existence
A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement.
The attending nations declared their desire not to become involved in the Cold War and adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Nehru's five principles.
Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.
The term non aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.
At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts.
The founding fathers of the Non-aligned movement were:  Sukarno of Indonesia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, and Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.
Their actions were known as 'The Initiative of Five'.
Organizational structure and membership
The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure.
Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on  Methodology The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is the "the highest decision making authority".
The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit.
Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations.
The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles":
Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
Recognition of the movements for national independence.
Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations, large and small.
Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country.
Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.
Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation.
Respect for justice and international obligations.
Policies and ideology
Secretaries General of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto, an authoritarian anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist.
Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its commitment to world peace and security.
At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as "history's biggest peace movement".
NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961.
The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament.
The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved.
Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations and both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet successes that the NAM has had in multilateral agreements tends to be ignored by the larger, western and developed nation dominated UN.
African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine and success of multilateral cooperation in these areas has been a stamp of moderate success.
The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid regimes and support of liberation movements in various locations including Zimbabwe and South Africa.
The support of these sorts of movements stems from a belief that every state has the right to base policies and practices with national interests in mind and not as a result of relations to a particular power bloc.
The Non-Aligned Movement has become a voice of support for issues facing developing nations and is still contains ideals that are legitimate within this context.
Role after the Cold War
Since the end of the Cold War and the formal end of colonialism, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system.
A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues.
The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations.
In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states, but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation.
While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions.
The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world’s poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world, and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against.
It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs, and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalisation and the implications of neo-liberal policies.
The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security.
Current activities and positions
Criticism of US policy
In recent years the US has become a target of the organisation.
The US invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced as human rights violations and attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations.
The movement’s leaders have also criticised the American control over the United Nations and other international structures.
Self-determination of Puerto Rico
Since 1961, the group have supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations.
A resolution on the matter will be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement.
Self-determination of Western Sahara
Since 1973, the group have supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations.
The Non-Aligned Movement reaffirmed in its last meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parts, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.
The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state.
Issues such as globalisation, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionalities, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.
Reforms of the UN
The Non-Aligned Movement has been quite outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, mostly in how the organisation has been utilised by powerful states in ways that violate the movement’s principles.
It has made a number of recommendations that would strengthen the representation and power of ‘non-aligned’ states.
The proposed reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making.
The UN Security Council is the element considered the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.
South-south cooperation
Lately the Non-Aligned Movement has collaborated with other organisations of the developing world, primarily the Group of 77, forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and document representing the shared interests of both groups.
This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout.
Cultural diversity and human rights
The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation.
In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region.
Working groups, task forces, committees
High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations
Working Group on Human Rights
Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations
Working Group on Disarmament
Committee on Palestine
Task Force on Somalia
Non-Aligned Security Caucus
Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation
Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM)
The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Alligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Alligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years:
Belgrade, September 1–6, 1961
Cairo, October 5–10, 1964
Lusaka, September 8–10, 1970
Algiers, September 5–9, 1973
Colombo, August 16–19, 1976
Havana, September 3–9, 1979
New Delhi (originally planned for Baghdad), March 7–12, 1983
Harare, September 1–6, 1986
Belgrade, September 4–7, 1989
Jakarta, September 1–6, 1992
Cartagena de Indias, October 18–20, 1995
Durban, September 2–3, 1998
Kuala Lumpur, February 20–25, 2003
Havana, September 15–16, 2006
Sharm El Sheikh, July 11–16, 2009
Isfahan, August 26–31, 2012
Porlamar, September 13–18, 2016
Baku, October 25–26, 2019
A ministerial meeting takes place in between the conferences of Heads of State and Government in a country which is not the chair of the movement.
The 2011 meeting is on Bali, Indonesia in May 2011.
Official Site: 15th Summit  — Fifteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit, (Sharm el Sheikh July 11–16, 2009)
Official Site: 14th Summit  — Fourteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit, (Havana, September 11–16, 2006)
Non-Aligned Movement  — Resource site
International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies — International Organization for Non-Aligned Movement
The Cold War International History Project's Document Collection on the NAM
Economic development it is the growth of standard of living of nations from a poor economy  to a high-income economy.<ref,~Bornwell N Makowa, "Economic development," [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossar ~makowa's Glossary of International Economics ] online (click to E).</ref> When the local quality of life is improved, there is more economic  development.
When social scientists study economic development, they look at a lot of things.
They want to know about the way  economic development is discussed by historians.
They also want to know how development is happening today.
They may  want to know why people invest more money in some places than in others.
They also want to know why people are better at making things to sell in some countries rather than others.
Measuring Economic Development
Same map for people with color blindness.
One way to measure economic development is human development.
Human development is very important, and includes the health of the people and their education.
This usually goes together with economic growth.
As people in a country become healthier and get better education, they also usually get richer, because healthy, educated workers are more productive (better at making things), and richer workers can afford health and education.
Economists also look at the rate of growth'', which is how fast a country gets richer.
NICs are countries who still are not developed countries but are doing better than other developing countries.
NICs have fast growing economies, and export a lot.
In NICs many things in the country change quickly as people from the country move to the cities to take jobs in factories.
Increased social freedoms and civil rights.
Strong political leaders.
A switch from agricultural to industrial economies, especially in the manufacturing sector.
An increasingly open-market economy, allowing free trade with other nations in the world.
Large national corporations operating in several continents.
A lot of investment from foreign countries.
Political leadership in the part of the word they are in.
Fewer poor people
NICs often receive support from international organizations such as the WTO and other internationl support bodies.
However, as environmental, labor and social standards tend to be significantly weaker in NICs, many fair trade supporters have advocated standards for importing their products and criticized the outsourcing of jobs to NICs.
Flying Geese Paradigm
G8+5
G20 industrial nations
USV Neulengbach is a football club from Neulengbach, Lower Austria.
The men's team playes in Lower Austrian's 2.
The women's team was founded in 1996 and plays in the ÖFB-Frauenliga, the top level of Austrian women's football.
The history goes back to 1992.
In this year women formed a team in Altlengbach and after the first matches they wanted to play on.
They had sucess but after problems with officials of SV Altlengbach the team went to SV Neulengbach.
1996 the women's section of SV Neulengbach was founded.
In the 1996/97 season they took over the place of SV Altlengbach in the 2nd League East where they became champion and were promoted to the Frauenliga.
In their first year they reached the 5th place, the next season they were runners-up.
The following years they became the dominant club in the Bundesliga.
They won 12 titels in the league and 10 times the Cup.
This dominant role ended in 2015.
In the sucessful years the team was formed almost totally of players of the Austrian women's football national team.
But the most known playyer came from Brazil.
Rosana  played for Neulengbach from 2005 till 2008.
She had won the Silver medal with Brazil in 2004 Olympic games in Athens.
Another famous player is Nina Burger who played 109 matches for the national team of Austria.
Maria Gstöttner Headcoach
Katja Gürtler Assistant coach
Isabella Dujmenovic Assistant coach
Wolfgang Tissauer Goalkeeper coach
12 × Austrian Champion: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
10 × Austrian Cup: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
2 × Supercupsieger: 2003, 2004
c2c is a British train operating company that is part of the National Express Group.
It provides passenger rail services on the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway line from Fenchurch Street railway station in the City of London to the northern Thames Gateway area of southern Essex including Grays and Southend-on-Sea.
This route was called the Thameside franchise, and was renamed the Essex Thameside franchise in 2009.
The main route from Fenchurch Street to Shoeburyness via Basildon is 39.5 mph and the fastest timetabled journey time from Fenchurch Street to Shoeburyness is 58 mph giving an average speed of 40.7 mph, although the route can be done in 47 mph, giving an average speed of 50 mph.
The line currently has a maximum speed limit of , although the Class 357 Electrostar electric multiple unit trains which run on it are capable of a maximum speed of .
Before July 2002, it traded under the name LTS Rail.
The current director is Julian Drury.
4 tph to Shoeburyness going past Basildon
of which 2 trains do not stop at Limehouse, West Horndon and Pitsea 2 trains stop at all stations
2tph to Grays via Rainham
2tph to Southend Central via Ockendon
Unofficial c2c user site
Google Maps showing stations, route and alternative diversion to Liverpool Street & Stratford
Hatton Cross station is a underground station on the Piccadilly Line on the London Underground system.
It is next to Hounslow West and Heathrow T4 & 123.
Neymar da Silva Santos Junior, known as Neymar or Neymar Jr. (born 5 February 1992) is a professional Brazilian footballer that can play as a left or right Winger or as a Striker.
He plays for Paris Saint-Germain and the Brazil national team.
He is the most expensive footballer of all time with a transfer fee of 222 million euros from FC Barcelona to PSG in August 2017.
He has been compared to former Barcelona teammate Lionel Messi and also to Cristiano Ronaldo and Pelé, because of his dribbling skills, free-kicks, and goal scoring abilities.
However, he has been criticized for diving.