the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Concepts and notations from discrete mathematics are useful in studying and describing objects and problems in branches of computer science, such as computer algorithms, programming languages, cryptography, automated theorem proving, and software development.
In turn, computer implementations are significant in applying ideas from discrete mathematics to real-world problems, such as in operations research.
Norman L. Biggs, Discrete Mathematics 2nd ed.
Oxford University Press. ,
and companion web site including questions together with solutions.
Ronald Graham, Donald E. Knuth, Oren Patashnik, Concrete Mathematics
Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming .
Kenneth H. Rosen, Handbook of Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics CRC Press.
Richard Johnsonbaugh, Discrete Mathematics 6th ed.
Macmillan. ,
and companion web site.
John Dwyer & Suzy Jagger, Discrete Mathematics for Business & Computing, 1st ed.
Kenneth H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications 6th ed.
McGraw Hill. ,
Ralph P. Grimaldi, Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics: An Applied Introduction 5th ed.
Susanna S. Epp, Discrete Mathematics with Applications Brooks Cole.
Jiří Matoušek & Jaroslav Nešetřil, Invitation to Discrete Mathematics, OUP, .
Mathematics Archives, Discrete Mathematics links to syllabi, tutorials, programs, etc.
Andrew Simpson, Discrete Mathematics by Example McGraw Hill.
Kenneth A. Ross &  Charles R. B. Wright, Discrete Mathematics.
Louise Ellery (b. 1977) is an athlete from Australia who has a disability.
She competes in a wheelchair.
She competes in the shot put.
At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, she won a gold medal in F32–34/52/53 Shot put.
She went to the 2004 Summer Paralympics and the 2008 Summer Paralympics.
She did not win a medal.
She is getting ready for the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
Adrian Lowe is an Australian athlete with a disability.
He competes in a wheelchair.
At the 1988 Summer Paralympics, He won two gold medals in the Men's 4 × 100 m Relay A2A4-7 and the Men's 4 × 400 m Relay A2A4-7 races, and three silver medals in the Men's 100 m A4A9, Men's 200 m A4A9, and the Men's 400 m A4A9 races.
Australian Paralympic silver medalists
Australian Paralympic gold medalists
was the 57th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
His reign started in 876 and ended in 884.
Yōzei was the oldest son of Emperor Seiwa.
His mother was the Fujiwara no Takakiko.
She was the sister of Fujiwara no Mototsune.
Events of Yōzei's life
869 (Jōgan 10): Prince Sadaakira was born.
869 (Jōgan 11): Sadaakira is named Crown Prince and Seiwa's heir apparent.
18 December 876 : In the 18th year of Emperor Seiwa's reign, he abdicated.
Prince Sadaakira received the succession (senso).
877 (Gangyō 1): The beginning of a new nengō was proclaimed the beginning of Yōzei's reign.
20 January 877 (Gangyō 1, 3rd day of the 1st month): Yōzei was formally established as emperor (sokui).
883 (Gangyō 7): Yōzei showed signs of mental illness and violent incidents which could not be ignored.
For example, he killed people randomly in the court.
4 March 884 (Gangyō 8, 4th day of the 2nd month): Fujiwara no Mototsune removed Yōzei from the palace; and Yōzei was deposed as emperor.
Yōzei was succeeded by his father's uncle, who became known as Emperor Koko.
During the reign of Kōkō's son, Emperor Uda, the former emperor became dangerous again.
889 (Kanpyō 1, 10th month):  Former- Emperor Yōzei again began killing people randomly.
Sometimes he disappeared into the mountains where he chased wild boars and Sika Deer,
The actual site of Yōzei's grave is known.
The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Yōzei's mausoleum.
It is formally named Kaguragaoka no Higashi no misasagi.
Eras of Yōzei's reign
Jōgan    (859–877)
Gangyō  (877–885)
One of these clans, the Minamoto clan (源氏) are also known as Genji, and of these, the Yōzei Genji (陽成源氏) are descended from the 57th emperor Yōzei.
Emperor Go-Yōzei
869 births
949 deaths
Rene Ahrens is an Australian athlete and wheelchair basketball player with a disability.
He won two  bronze medals: one at the 1980 Arnhem Games in the Men's Discus 5 and the other at the 1988 Summer Paralympics in the Men's Discus 6.
He also played wheelchair basketball for Australia at the 1980 games.
Australian Paralympic bronze medalists
Wheelchair basketball players
Kieran Ault-Connell (born 30 July 1981) is an Australian athlete with cerebral palsy.
He was born in Melbourne.
At the 2000 Summer Paralympics, he won two gold medals in the men's  relay T38 and men's  relay T38 races.
At the 2004 Summer Paralympics, he won a silver medal in the Men's Javelin F37 event.
Royal Rumble (2012) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event that took place on January 29, 2012 at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis, Missouri.
It was the 25th yearly Royal Rumble event.
As is the case every year since the event's beginning, the event's main event was the 30-man over-the-top-rope battle royal, also known as the Royal Rumble match.
The match will start with two wrestlers and a new one will be added every 90 seconds.
To eliminate an opposing wrestler you must throw him over the top rope and have both his two feet hit the floor, this will continue til there is only one man left, who is named the winner.
The winner will receive either a WWE Championship match or a World Heavyweight Championship match at WrestleMania XXVIII.
Official Royal Rumble website
2012 in the United States
Angie Ballard is an athlete with a disability from Australia.
Ballard was born on 6 June 1982.
in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.
She has two cats, Monkee and Jaguar, and a dog named Angel.
Ballard started racing in 1994.
In August 1998, Ballard raced at the International Paralympic Committee World Championships in Birmingham, England, where she was won a gold medal in the women's 4 × 100 m and 4 × 400 m relay race.
She raced at the  2000 Summer Paralympics but she did not win a medal.
She competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics competing in the T54 200m, T53 400m and T53 800m. She did not win any medals in those races.
She won a bronze in the T53 100m race.
She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics and did not win a medal in the T53 100m, 200m, 400m and 800m race.
She won a medal silver medal in the T53/54 4 × 100 m relay race.
Angie Ballard: Australian Paralympic Committee
People from Canberra
Paul M W Benz, OAM (born 9 January 1986) is an athlete with a disability from Australia.
He won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in the Men's 4 × 100 m T35-38 race.
Robert Biancucci is an Australian athlete with a disability.
At the 1988 Summer Paralympics, he won a  gold medal in the Men's 800 m C8 race, a silver medal in the Men's 400 m C8 race, and a bronze medal in the Men's 200 m C8 race.
He competed but did not win any medals at the 1992 Summer Paralympics.
Fabian Blattman (born 28 December 1958) is a disabled athlete from Australia.
At the 1988 Summer Paralympics, he came fifth in the first heat of the Men's 200 m 1A - race.
He won a silver medal in the 4×100 m race and a bronze medal in the 4×400 m race at the 1992 Summer Paralympics.
At the 1996 Summer Paralympics, he won a gold medal in the 1500 m race and a silver medal in the 800 m race.
At the 2000 Summer Paralympics, he won a gold medal in the men's 400 m T51 race, a silver medal in the men's 1500 m T51 race, and a bronze medal in the men's 800 m T51 race.
Joanne Meryl Bradshaw, OAM (born 8 November 1961) is a disabled athlete from Australia.
She was born in the Victorian town of Yallourn.
At the 1998 IPC Athletics World Championships in Birmingham, she won a silver medal in the women's discus and a bronze medal in the women's javelin.
She won a gold medal at the 2000 Sydney Games in the women's shot put F37 and set a new Paralympic Games record.
She competed but did not win any medals at the 2004 Athens Games.
Damien Burroughs (born 28 October 1978) is an Australian disabled athlete.
He was born in West Union, Ohio, in the United States.
He won a gold medal at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in the Men's Discus F36.
He competed but did not win any medals at both the 2000 and 2004 Summer Paralympics.
Aaron Chatman (born 11 May 1987) is an athlete from Australia.
He is disabled.
He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China and won a silver medal in the men's High jump—F44/46  and a bronze medal in the men's 4 x 100 metre relay—T42-46 race.
Irina Dvoskina was his coach.
Darren Collins is a disabled athlete from Australia.
He won a two bronze medals at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in the Men's 200 m B1 race and the Men's 400 m B1 race.
St. Joseph is a city in northwest Missouri.
It is next to the Kansas state line north of Kansas City.
It is where the famous outlaw Jesse James lived and where the Pony Express Started.
There is much entertainment to be seen there.
And many historical sites and things.
There are many shops and restaurants with delicious food.
St. Joseph is well known because of the pony express.
It is one of the biggest cities in Missouri (the eighth biggest) and was established in 1843.
Richard Colman OAM  (born 28 November 1984)  is a disabled athlete from Australia.
He raced in the 2004 Summer Paralympics and he won a gold medal in the men's 800 metres—T53 race, and a silver medal in the men's 4 x 100 metre relay—T53-54 race.
He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics and he won a silver medal in the men's 200 metres—T53 race, and a bronze medal in the men's 400 metres—T53 race.
The 2004 Summer Paralympics were in Athens, Greece.
They were the twelfth Paralympics.
It is thought that around 4,000 athletes took part in these games.
Athletes with learning difficulties were not allowed to take part in these games because it was difficult to test and find out what the disabilities were.
A block (known as UIB when referenced to being blocked from editing Wikipedia) is action taken to stop certain people having access to information.
If a website activates a block based on the internet protocol address (IP address) of a user, that block can effect other users that share the address.
Some blocked users try to get around the block by making a different account or using a proxy server.
FC Liefering is a football club from Liefering, a quarter of the Austrian city Salzburg.
The club is playing in the Admiral Zweite Liga, the second level of Austrian football.
The former Red Bull Juniors are now playing together with USK Anif in the Regionalliga West, the highest amateur class in Austria.
The licence of USK Anif was transferred to Liefering.
In their first year Liefering played in the Regionalliga West and won the league.
Their first year in the 2nd league was also successful, they finished 3rd.
Since the promotion to 2nd league they finished almost each season in the upper half of the table.
as Red Bull Juniors
The second teams of teams of the Bundesliga were relegated
as FC Liefering
René Aufhauser Headcoach
Patrick Mölzl Assistant coach
Tobias Kern Assistant coach
Heinz Arzberger Goalkeeper coach
Former coaches
Stefan Lainer
Hannes Wolf
Alexander Schmidt
Romano Schmid
Diadie Samassékou
Amadou Haidara
Dayot Upamecano
Mahamadou Dembele
Carlos Miguel Coronel
Patson Daka
Enock Mwepu
Duje Caleta-Car
Masaya Okugawa
Gideon Mensah
Mergim Berisha
Karim Adeyemi
Hee-chan Hwang
Dominik Szoboszlai
Benjamin Sesko
1x Champion Regionalliga West: 2012
3x Runner-up 2nd League: 2015, 2017, 2021
Profile  on RedBulls.com
A political platform is what a political party promises to do.
A physical platform is a surface, like a board (wood), that is able to hold things.
Platform game, a type of video game where characters jump between platforms
Ocala is a city in Marion County, Florida.
In 2010, the number of people recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 56,315.
It is the county seat of Marion County, and the principal city of the Ocala, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, which in the 2010 census had a population of 331,298.
Ocala is found near the old site of Ocale or Ocali, a major Timucua village and chiefdom during the 16th century.
The city of Ocala today borrowed the name from the village.
The name is believed to mean "Big Hammock" in the Timucua language.
Hernando de Soto passed through Ocale during his famous journey through what is today the southeastern United States in 1539.
Ocale is not mentioned in any later accounts; it seems to have been abandoned in the wake of de Soto's attack.
In 1827 the U.S. army outpost of Fort King was built near the current site of Ocala as a buffer between Seminoles and white settlers.
The fort saw service during the Second Seminole War and was later used as the first courthouse for Marion County in 1844.
Fort King was the beginning of the current city of Ocala, which was established in 1846.
Greater Ocala is known as the "Kingdom of the Sun".
Rail service reached Ocala in June 1881, encouraging economic development.
Two years later, much of the Ocala downtown area was destroyed by a fire on Thanksgiving Day, 1883.
Buildings were rebuilt with brick, granite and steel rather than lumber.
By 1888, Ocala was known state-wide as "The Brick City".
In December 1890, the Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, an early version of the Populist Party held its national meeting in Ocala.
At the meeting, the Alliance adopted a platform that would become known as the "Ocala Demands".
This platform included removal of national banks, low interest government loans, free and limitless coinage of silver, reclamation of excess railroad lands taken by the government, a graduated income tax, and direct election of United States senators.
Most of the "Ocala Demands" were to become part of the Populist Party platform.
In the twentieth century, Ocala increased in fame as a center for tourism in Florida.
Important attractions included the Silver Springs Nature Theme Park, Wild Waters water park, and the now-defunct Western-themed Six Gun Territory, all in nearby Silver Springs, Florida. (
See Six Gun Territory Gallery.)
Silver Springs is a  nature theme park that surrounds the headwaters of the Silver River, the largest artesian spring formation in the world.
The first thoroughbred horse farm in Florida was created by Carl G. Rose in 1943.
Earlier, in 1916, Rose had come to Florida from Indiana to oversee the first asphalt road ever constructed in the state.
When he ran into problems with the asphalt, he tried to work with one of Florida's abundant resources: limestone.
He also realized that the limestone would be a good source of nutrition for raising strong horses, so he took a gamble in 1943 and bought acreage along State Highway 200 at $10 per acre, which became Rosemere Farm.
The next year one of his horses, Gornil, won at Miami's Tropical Park, making him the first Florida-raised thoroughbred to win a Florida race.
Close on Rose's heels, the entrepreneur Bonnie Heath soon set up his own thoroughbred horse farm and produced the state's first Kentucky Derby winner.
Both of these men have major highways named after them in Ocala.
Bonnie Heath Farm is now owned and operated by his son Bonnie Heath, III, and his wife Kim.
Rosemere Farm was sold long ago, and Ocala's Paddock Mall and Central Florida College were built on the site.
In 1956, the Ocala area Thoroughbred market received a raise when Needles became the first Florida-bred to win the Kentucky Derby.
In 1978, Marion County-bred and -raised Affirmed won the Triple Crown.
Today, Marion County is one of the major thoroughbred centers of the world, with over 1,200 horse farms in total and about 900 thoroughbred farms totaling some .
Ocala is well known as the horse capital of the world, one of only five cities (four in the USA and one in France) allowed under Chamber of Commerce guidelines to use this title based on yearly money produced by the horse industry.
There are some 44,000 jobs created by the breeding, training and related support brought about by the horse industry that generates over $2.2 billion in yearly money.
Ocala and "Postime Farms" also support one of the biggest horse shows in the country.
H.I.T.S or "Horses in the Sun" is a Dressage/Jumper event lasting about two months and brings with it some 6 to 7 million dollars to the local Marion county economy each year.
There are over 100 different breeds aside from thoroughbreds including the Tennessee Walker, Paso Fino, Morgans, SaddleBreds, Drafts, and the American Quarter Horse.
Other horse events in the area include cowboy mounted shooting by the Florida Outlaws, as well as endurance rides, barrel races, "extreme" cowboy events, jumper shows, trick shows, parades, draft pulls, and more.
Ocala began undergoing rapid growth in the 1970s with the development of the Interstate 75 and the founding of Disney World, located some  southeast.
In the last decades of the twentieth century, the greater Ocala area experienced one of the highest growth rates in the country for a city its size.
The population of Marion County in 2000 was over 250,000, up from under 100,000 in 1975.
Much of the county's growth is attributable to the area's growing popularity as a retirement destination, primarily in two areas southwest and south of the city: the SR 200 corridor and The Villages, respectively.
Many historic homes are preserved in Ocala's large housing Historic District, established in 1984.
A focus of this district is East Fort King Street, featuring many excellent examples of Victorian architecture.
Ocala structures on the National Register of Historic Places include the Coca Cola Building, the E. C. Smith House, East Hall, the Marion Hotel, Mount Zion A.M.E. Church, the Ritz Historic Inn, and Union Train Station.
Ocala is governed by a five member board of councilors and a mayor, all of which are chosen without caring about their party.
Its charter was written in the council-manager form, leaving the mayor with few powers other than refusing legislation passed by the council and tending to some duties involving the police department.
The city manager handles most leadership and money issues.
Although a small majority of the city's voters are Democrats, Ocala's politics match those of the rest of Marion County in that all of its elected legislators - with one exception - are registered Republicans.
In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain carried both the city and the county, the second one by a landslide, even though they lost Florida as a whole to Barack Obama by a narrow margin.
The surrounding farms are famous for their thoroughbred horses, in terrain similar to Kentucky bluegrass.
Ocala is also known for nearby Silver Springs, Florida, site of one of the largest artesian spring formations in the world and Silver Springs Nature Theme Park, one of the earliest tourist attractions in Florida.
The  long Ocklawaha River flows north from Central Florida until it joins the St. Johns River near Palatka, Florida.
Marion County is also home to the Ocala National Forest which was established in 1908 and is now the second largest national forest in the state.
The Florida Trail, also known as the Florida National Scenic Trail, cuts through Ocala National Forest.
Ocala has two main seasons:  the dry season (October–May) and the wet season (June–September).
During the dry season, there is almost endless sunshine with very little rain.
In January, the morning low temperatures are often in the 30s and 40s, but the cloudless sunny weather typically warms the dry air up to near 70 by the afternoon.
During the wet season, afternoon thunderstorms are a daily thing.
These storms are often severe (unofficially, Ocala is known to have more cloud-to-ground lightning per square mile than any other city in the world).
The typical morning low temperatures during the wet season are in the 70's and typical daytime high temperatures are in the 90s.
Due to the city being relatively far away from the moderating influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, Ocala's summertime temperatures are often the highest in the state while winter temperatures are often the lowest compared to other cities on the peninsula.
Also, Ocala's distance from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico means the city has more days of sunshine than Florida's coastal cities.
This is, in part, why the Ocala/Marion County area is called "the kingdom of the sun."
The last snowfall of any significance fell on December 24, 1989, when the city was struck by an ice and snow storm.
However, the morning of January 9, 2010, there was a dusting of snow on the ground in city center.
A plume of record cold air mixed with moisture caused wintry precipitation to erupt across northern and central Florida.
As of the census of 2010, there were 56,315 people, 23,103 households, and 13,456 families residing in the city.
There were 26,764 housing units, of which 23,103 were occupied (86.3%).
The racial makeup of the city was 70.7% White, 20.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.6% Asian, 2.9% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races.
Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.7% of the population.
The median income for a household in the city was $30,888, and the median income for a family was $38,190.
Males had a median income of $29,739 versus $24,367 for females.
The per capita income for the city was $18,021.
About 13.2% of families and 18.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.6% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.
Ocala is home to the College of Central Florida.
It also has one of 21 campuses of Rasmussen College, an Higher Learning Commission regionally accredited post secondary institution.
Ocala, Florida was home Belleview Bulldogs in the FCSL before it folded in 2008.
It is also home to one of the largest youth football leagues in the state in the MCYFL.
Ocala is hosting the regional events for the Junior League in the Little League World Series in August 2010.
All America City
Newbridge, County Kildare in Ireland (2008)
Pisa and San Rossore in Italy  (2004)
Several major highways pass through Ocala, including Interstate 75, U.S. Highway 27, U.S. Route 301, and U.S. Highway 441.
Ocala was on the western leg of the historic Dixie Highway.
Interstate 75 runs north and south across the western edge of the city, with interchanges at Florida SR 200(Exit 350), SR 40 (Exit 352), and US 27(Exit 354).
U.S. Route 27 runs north and south throughout Ocala.
It is multiplexed with US 301 and 441 until it reaches Florida SR 492(Northwest 10th Street), then makes a sharp turn onto NW 10th Street then curves northwest through Williston, Perry, Tallahassee, and beyond.
U.S. Route 301 is the main local north and south road through Ocala.
It is multiplexed with US 27 until it reaches Northwest 10th Street, and with US 441 throughout the city.
U.S. Route 441 is the main local north and south road through Ocala.
It is multiplexed with US 27 until it reaches Northwest 10th Street, and with US 301 throughout the city.
State Road 492 runs east and west through the northern part of the city from the northern terminus of the US 27 multiplex with US 301-441 to close to the Silver Springs City Line.
State Road 40 runs east and west through Ocala.
It spans from Rainbow Lake Estates through Ocala National Forest to Ormond Beach in Volusia County, although a bi-county extension exists, spanning from Yankeetown in Levy County to Dunnellon, south of the western terminus of SR 40.
State Road 464 runs east and west from FL 200 through the southeastern part of the city.
Beyond the city limits, it continues southeast towards Florida State Road 35, and continues as a Marion County Road.
State Road 200 runs northeast and southwest from Hernando in Citrus County through US 27-301-441 where it becomes a "hidden state road" along US 301 until it reaches Callahan, and is multiplexed with SR A1A into Fernandina Beach.
Other transportation
Ocala International Airport provides general aviation services to the community.
Ocala Suntran provides bus service throughout select parts of the city.
One of the major hubs for Suntran is the former Ocala Union Station, which served Amtrak trains until November 2004.
Ocala is the home for the Ocala Symphony Orchestra.
The Ocala Symphony Orchestra, Inc., a non-profit organization, began in 1975, when a group of musicians and citizens set out to create a symphonic orchestra for the area.
In the fall of 1976 a four-concert subscription season was initiated - a format that continues to this day.
The Ocala Symphony Orchestra was later incorporated in the State of Florida and recognized by the IRS as a 501c3 non-profit corporation.
Also, the Ocala Civic Theatre is located in Ocala, and it presents professional-quality, live productions at an affordable price.
Ocala Civic Theatre produces more than twelve fully staged productions each season, in addition to hosting touring companies.
The Theatre offers a year-round education program that reaches over 1000 students each year.
Both skills classes and performance classes are offered to students ages 4–18.
This volunteer-based organization is one of the largest community theaters in the state and serves more than 50,000 Marion, Citrus and Lake County residents each season.
City of Ocala, Florida
Historic Ocala Preservation Society
Marion County Library System
Ocala Banner, the East Florida Banner, and the Southern Sun, historical newspapers serving Ocala, Florida, full text and images openly online in the Florida Digital Newspaper Library
Star-Banner, daily newspaper for Ocala
Ocala/Marion Chamber of Commerce
Islets are small islands.
Examples are Ortac in the English Channel and the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea.
The Grand Ole Opry is a country music organization.
It performs a concert every week and gives awards.
The legendary Loretta lynn has been performing there for over 50 years.
Also the famous Carrie Underwood has been playing there since 2006 and still plays there today.
The type of music that they play is country music
Russia has been at the modern Olympic Games many times.
They have been called different nations.
As the Russian Empire, they were first at the 1900 Games.
They returned again in 1908 and 1912.
After the Russian revolution in 1917, and the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922, they were not at the Olympics again until the 1952 Summer Olympics.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia competed as part of the Unified Team in 1992.
They returned once again as Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics.
The Soviet Union hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.
Russia will host the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
Since 2012, Russian athletes have won a total of 404 medals (399 since 1994) at the Summer Olympic Games.
They have another 91 at the Winter Olympic Games.
Over the most recent ten Games (since 1994), Russia's 495 total medals, including 170 gold medals, are second only to the United States (with 631 and 237, respectively).
*Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil.
1: partially banned due to the state-sponsored doping program.
2: banned due to the state-sponsored doping program.
Flag Bearers
1994 Winter Olympics - Sergey Chepikov
1996 Summer Olympics - Alexander Karelin
1998 Winter Olympics - Alexey Prokurorov
2000 Summer Olympics - Andrey Lavrov
2002 Winter Olympics - Alexey Prokurorov
2004 Summer Olympics - Alexander Popov
2006 Winter Olympics - Dmitry Dorofeev
2008 Summer Olympics - Andrei Kirilenko
2010 Winter Olympics - Aleksey Morozov
2012 Summer Olympics - Maria Sharapova
Russian Federation profile at London2012.com
Neil Francis Lennon (born 25 June 1971) is a football manager and former player from Northern Ireland.
He is the manager and former captain of Celtic.
During his playing career he represented English clubs Manchester City, Crewe Alexandra and Leicester City before moving to Scottish club Celtic where he made over 200 appearances as a midfielder.
Before retiring as a player, he returned to England to represent Nottingham Forest and Wycombe Wanderers.
The Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California is a synchrotron light source.
It was built from 1987 to 1993.
210 scientists and staff currently work there.
The ALS is a national user facility.
The ALS makes intense light for scientific and technological research.
It is one of the world's brightest sources of ultraviolet and soft x-ray beams.
Each year over 2000 researchers go to the ALS from universities, industries, and government laboratories around the world.
ALS is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences.
The ALS has over forty beamlines.
They do a wide range of science at the same time as each other.
Any qualified scientist can ask to use the ALS beamlines.
Proposals are reviewed by others.
The proposals which most people agree on are allowed to use the ALS.
The ALS does not charge money to use if the user's research is made public.
Physicists in Berkeley California began working on accelerating subatomic particles in the 1920s.
In 1929,  Ernest O. Lawrence built the first cyclotron to accelerate subatomic particles.
During World War II, a laboratory there was a part of the Manhattan Project.
They were given money from the military.
In 1942, Lawrence hired  Arthur Brown, Jr. (designer of the Coit Tower in San Francisco) to design a new round building to hold Lawrence's new 4.67 m (184 in) cyclotron.
That building, with expansions, is the one which the ALS is in today.
The laboratory was a part of the United States Atomic Energy Commission until 1977 when it was moved to the U.S. Department of Energy.
Physicists kept on improving particle accelerators by increasing their energy.
The designers wanted higher energy to study smaller building blocks of matter.
From the start, physicists realized that as charged particles spun around, they gave off electromagnetic radiation.
In the early 1950s, other scientists started to use this radiation for experiments unrelated to the "atom smashing" collisions that were the primary goal of the machines.
Particle accelerators shifted from cyclotrons to synchrotrons where the particles traveled in a circle rather than in a spiral path.
Construction costs increased as synchrotrons got bigger to the point that many nations joined to build just one very big synchrotron in Europe (CERN) to conduct atom smashing experiments.
Other synchrotron labs, such as the Lawrence Berkeley Lab did not have enough energy to discover new particles.
So, they switched to using their machines as a source of electromagnetic radiation.
Instead of tuning the machine to make particles travel faster, they learned how to wiggle the particle beam to give off particular frequencies of light.
In the 1980s and 1990s, scientists wanted to redesign synchrotrons to generate brighter light (more intense electromagnetic radiation) than ever before.
These designs were called "third generation synchrotrons."
The ALS was the first third generation synchrontron put into operation.
When the Advanced Light Source was first proposed in the early 1980s by former Lawrence Berkeley Lab director David Shirley, skeptics dubbed it "Shirley's Temple" and doubted the use of a synchrotron tuned to make soft x-rays and ultraviolet light.
According to former ALS director Daniel Chemla, "The scientific case for a third-generation soft x-ray facility such as the ALS had always been fundamentally sound.
However, getting the larger scientific community to believe it was an uphill battle"
The ALS website
Becoming an ALS User
ALS beamlines
The ALS Users' Executive Committee
The American Institute of Physics History Center website on Ernest Lawrence
installation, a synchrotron storage ring.
It consists of a periodic structure of dipole magnets.
A static magnetic field is alternating along the length of the undulator with a wavelength .
Electrons traversing the periodic magnet structure are forced to undergo oscillations.
So the electrons give off energy as electronmagnetic radiation.
The radiation produced in an undulator is very intense and concentrated in narrow energy bands in the spectrum.
The light beam is also collimated on the orbit plane of the electrons.
where e is the particle charge, B is the magnetic field, ,  is the electron rest
mass and c is the speed of light, characterizes the nature of the electron motion.
the oscillation amplitude of the motion is small and the radiation displays interference patterns which lead to narrow energy bands.
If  the oscillation amplitude is bigger and the radiation contributions from each field period sum up independently, leading to a broad energy spectrum.
When K is much bigger than 1,  the device is no longer called an undulator; it is called a wiggler.
Physicist think about undulators both using classical physics and relativity.
This means that though the precision calculation is tedious the undulator can be seen as a black box.
An electron enters this box and an electromagnetic pulse exits through a small exit slit.
The slit should be small enough so that only the main cone passes, so that  the side lobes may be ignored.
Undulators can provide hundreds of time more magnetic flux than a simple bending magnet and as such are in high demand at synchrotron radiation facilities.
For an undulator that repeat N times (N periods), the brightness can be up to  more than a bending magnet.
The intensity is enhanced up to a factor of N at harmonic wavelengths due to the constructive interference of the fields emitted during the N radiation periods.
The usual pulse is a sine wave with some envelope.
The second factor of N comes from the reduction of the emission angle associated with these harmonics, which is reduced in proportion to 1/N.  When the electrons come with half the period, they interfere destructively.
So, the undulator stays dark.
The same is true if the electrons come as a bead chain.
Because the bunch of electron spreads out the more times that they travel around the synchrotron, physicists want to design new machines that throw out the electron bunches before they have a chance to spread out.
This change will produced more useful synchrotron radiation.
The polarization of the emitted radiation can be controlled by using permanent magnets to induce different periodic electron trajectories through the undulator.
If the oscillation trajectory is helical, the radiation will be circularly polarized, with the handedness determined by the helix.
If  the electrons follow the Poisson distribution, a partial interference leads to a linear increase in intensity.
Physicists measure an undulator's effectiveness in terms of  spectral radiance.
The first undulator was built by Hans Motz and his coworkers at Stanford in 1953.
One of their undulators produced the first ever coherent  infrared radiation.
Their total frequency range was from visible light down to millimeter waves.
The Russian physicist V.L. Ginzburg showed that undulators could be made in principle in a 1947 paper.
D. T. Attwood's page at Berkeley: Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation .
His lecture and viewgraphs are available online.
fr:Synchrotron#Éléments d'insertion
"Storytime" is a song by Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish.
The song was written by keyboardist Tuomas Holopainen, who also created the band.
It became the lead single from the band's seventh studio album Imaginaerum (2011). "
Storytime" features vocals by the vocalist of Nightwish, Anette Olzon.
The single was released on November 9, 2011 from Nuclear Blast with mostly positive reviews from music journalist.
The song is about human expressions through folklore tales such as Peter Pan and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
It also talks about Gaia, a mythical Greek Earth goddess, in the song.
A music video was released to promote "Storytime" in November 2011, it features the entire band playing their instruments in a "fantasy" world.
After the single's release on radios, it peaked at number-one on the Finnish Singles Chart and peaked within the top 5 in Spain, Hungary, and the United Kingdom.
Imaginaerum is the seventh album by the Finnish symphonic metal group Nightwish.
It is their second album with Swedish vocalist Anette Olzon.
A movie of the same name was released in 2012.
The movie has songs from the album in it.
The album was No.1 in Finland.
Anette Olzon – vocals
Tuomas Holopainen – keyboards, piano
Emppu Vuorinen – guitars
Marco Hietala – bass, vocals (on track 1, 3–6, 9-12)
Jukka Nevalainen – drums, percussion
Troy Donockley – uilleann pipes (on track 5 and 13), tin whistle (on track 1, 8 and 10), vocals (on track 10 and 12)
Dermot Crehan – hardanger fiddle
Dirk Campbell – sorna
Guy Barker – solo trumpet
Paul Clarvis and Stephen Henderson – ethnic percussion
Pekka Kuusisto – violin
Kai Hahto – percussion
Anette Ingegerd Olsson (born 21 June 1971) better known as Anette Olzon (married name Blyckert) is a Swedish singer.
She is the current lead singer of the Finnish symphonic metal group Nightwish.
She used to be the lead singer of Aylson Avenue.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Romania was RUM.
It is now ROU.
A team from Romania was first at the Olympic Games in 1900.
They had only one participant.
The National Olympic Committee for Romania is the Romanian Olympic and Sports Committee.
It was formed and recognized in 1914.
The nation first sent a team to the Games in 1924.
They have been to each of the Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then except for two times.
Notably, Romania was the lone Eastern Bloc nation to participate at the 1984 Summer Olympics, which the other nations boycotted.
That was also Romania's most successful Olympic Games: they won 20 gold medals and 53 medals total.
Romania profile at London2012.com
Sport in Romania
Serbia was first at the Olympic Games in 1912.
After 96 years, Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
From 1920 to the 1992 Winter Olympics Serbian athletes were part of the Yugoslavian team.
At the 1992 Summer Olympics they took part as Independent Olympic Participants.
This was because the United Nations was threatening to punish Serbia.
Because of this, no Serbians were at the 1994 Winter Olympics.
The threats stopped in 1995.
From the 1996 Summer Olympics to the 2006 Winter Olympics they were part of the Serbia and Montenegro team.
Serbia profile at London2012.com
Sport in Serbia
Slovakia was first at the Olympic Games in 1994.
Before Czechoslovakia broke up in 1993, Slovak athletes competed for Czechoslovakia at the Olympics.
Slovak athletes have won twenty medals altogether at the Summer Olympic Games.
These were mostly for canoeing.
The nation has also won four medals at the Winter Olympic Games.
Slovak Olympic Committee
Slovakia profile at London2012.com
Slovenia was first an independent nation at the Olympic Games in 1992.
Prior to the breakup of Yugoslavia, Slovenian athletes were part of Yugoslavia at the Olympics.
The National Olympic Committee for Slovenia was formed in 1991 and recognized in 1993.
Slovenian athletes have won a total of fifteen medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another seven at the Winter Olympic Games.
Slovenia profile at London2012.com
Sport in Slovenia
Sweden was first at the Olympic Games at the inaugural 1896 Games.
They have been in every Games since then with one exception for the 1904 Summer Olympics.
Sweden has earned medals at all Olympic games except for two, the 1896 Games and the 1904 Games.
Sweden hosted the Games on one occasion, the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.
The equestrian events of the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne were held in Stockholm, due to quarantine reasons.
The International Olympic Committee had Swedish officer and sports instructor Viktor Balck as one of its original members.
The Swedish Olympic Committee was formed and recognized in 1913.
Sweden's Olympic Games bids
Swedish Summer Olympic Games bids
Swedish Winter Olympic Games bids
2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018 Winter Games bids were declared non-finished applications by the Swedish Olympic Committee, due lack of political support from the Swedish government.
The reason has been that the bidding is financially insecure for the Swedish society as a nation.
2018 Winter Olympic Games bids were promised support by the former government, but when the new government was elected, the bid was withdrawn.
Östersund and Åre were the only applicant cities.
*Total medal counts include six medals – three gold, two silver, and one bronze – awarded in the 1908 and 1920 figure skating events.
Sweden profile at London2012.com
Sport in Sweden
Scarlet fever is an infectious disease that is caused by bacteria.
It is caused by exotoxin released by Streptococcus pyogenes.
It was once a major cause of death.
It is now treated with antibiotics.
The term scarlatina can be used to mean scarlet fever.
Scarlatina is a lesser form of scarlet fever.
At the early times, this disease could not be cured and this was a common reason for death in that time which applies to many famous people of the world.
RTI Colombia (Radio Televisión Interamericana - in Spanish; Inter-American Radio and Television) is a Colombian television production company.
Many of its series are co-produced with Telemundo, their strategic partner from the United States whose owner is NBC.
Irish House of Lords was the upper chamber of the Irish Parliament from its creation in the thirteenth century to its abolition in 1800-1801.
It was made up of the barons and clergy of the island.
After the reformation the clergy in the Lords came from the Church of Ireland.
Henry Grattan (3 July 1746 – 6 June 1820) was an Irish politician.
He was a member of the Irish House of Commons.
He wanted changes such as Catholic Emancipation and more self government for the kingdom.
He did not believe that Ireland and Great Britain should become a single country.
He was one of the people who were most important in creating the constitution of 1782.
This gave Ireland self-government.
He was also important in ending  Poynings law of 1494 and the Declaratory Act of 1720.
Turkey sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time in 1908.
It has sent athletes to of the Summer Olympic Games since then.
Turkey has been a part of most Winter Olympic Games since their first in 1936.
Turkish athletes have won a total of 82 medals.
They have won 37 golds, 23 silvers and 22 bronzes.
Turkey won the most medals in wrestling.
The National Olympic Committee for Turkey was created in 1908.
It was accepted by the IOC in 1911.
Istanbul wants to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Turkey profile at London2012.com
Sport in Turkey
Ukraine sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 1994.
It  has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.
Before 1994, Ukrainian athletes were a part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988.
After the Soviet Union ended, Ukraine was part of the Unified Team in 1992.
Ukraine has won a total of 116 medals at the Summer Games and five at the Winter Games.
Gymnastics has been the nation's best sport.
The National Olympic Committee of Ukraine was created in 1990.
| width="40%" align="left" valign="top" |
1994 Winter Olympics - Viktor Petrenko
1996 Summer Olympics - Serhiy Bubka
1998 Winter Olympics - Andriy Deryzemlya
2000 Summer Olympics - Yevhen Braslavets
2002 Winter Olympics - Olena Petrova
2004 Summer Olympics - Denys Silantiev
2006 Winter Olympics - Natalia Yakushenko
2008 Summer Olympics - Yana Klochkova
2010 Winter Olympics - Liliya Ludan
2012 Summer Olympics - Roman Hontyuk
Ukraine profile at London2012.com
The former state union of Serbia and Montenegro sent athletes to the Olympic Games seven times between 1992 and 2006.
After that,  Montenegro and Serbia became separate countries.
Yugoslavia had sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games from 1920–1988.
They sent athletes to all but two Winter Olympic Games between 1924–1988.
Because of the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992, their part in the Olympics changed.
Croatia and Slovenia sent their own athletes to the 1992 Winter Olympics.
The team from Yugoslavia was made up of athletes from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia.
This was the last Games for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was created in April 1992.
It included the Republic of Montenegro and the Republic of Serbia.
In May of 1992, the United Nations Security Council said that all nations should not let the FR of Yugoslavia take part in any international sports.
The International Olympic Committee said that athletes from Serbia and Montenegro (and also Macedonia) could still take part in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
The athletes had to be Independent Olympic Participants (IOP), wear plan white clothing and use the Olympic Anthem and Olympic flag during the events.
They could not be a part of the opening and closing ceremonies of the games.
A team of 52 athletes took part in events.
They won three medals in shooting.
The athletes could only take part in the game as individuals.
No teams were allowed.
This meant that the men's water polo team, the women's basketball team, and the men's and women's handball teams could not compete.
No athletes were allowed to take part in any way in the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer.
The country was allowed to send athletes to the next Olympiad.
At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the team of 68 athletes took part in 13 sports and won four medals.
In Sydney for the 2000 Summer Olympics, the Yugoslavia team had 111 athletes in 14 sports and won three medals.
In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.
The nation was named Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) for the first time at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
The team of 87 athletes competed in 14 sports and won two silver medals.
In 2006, the state union ended.
Each nation became independent.
The NOC for Serbia and Montenegro became the Olympic Committee of Serbia in June 2006.
The Montenegrin Olympic Committee was accepted by the IOC in July 2007.
Montenegro profile at London2012.com
he:יוגוסלביה במשחקים האולימפיים#סרביה ומונטנגרו: 2004
Magnetic flux is what generates the field around a magnetic material.
It consists of photons, however, unlike the light we receive from the Sun, it is at a much lower frequency. (
1) This is why magnetic field lines are not visible to the naked eye.
It is the alignment of electrons in the atomic shells of Ferromagnets and, separately, the “spinning” electrons in Electromagnets, that provides a material with it’s Magnetism. (
The number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface (such as a loop of wire).
The magnetic flux through a closed surface (such as a ball) is always zero.
Magnetic flux is sometimes used by electrical engineers designing systems with electromagnets or designing dynamos.
Physicists designing particle accelerators also calculate magnetic flux.
James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces are two complementary aspects of electromagnetism.
Maxwell's equations describe the behavior of both the electric and magnetic fields, as well as their interactions with matter.
Gauss's law gives the relation between the electric flux flowing out a closed surface and the electric charge enclosed in the surface.
Magnetic circuit is a method using an analogy with electric circuits to calculate the flux of complex systems of magnetic components.
Magnetic mono pole is a hypothetical particle that may be loosely described as "a magnet with only one pole".
Magnetic flux quantum is the quantum of magnetic flux passing through a superconductor.
Carl Friedrich Gauss developed a collaboration with  Wilhelm Weber which led to new knowledge in the field of magnetism.
1 - https://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/ScIT/InformationStorage/faraday/magnetism_a.html
2 -https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=414
Vicci, , Magnetic-flux conduits
Magnetic Flux through a Loop of Wire by Ernest Lee, Wolfram Demonstrations Project by Wolfram Research.
Conversion Magnetic flux Φ in nWb per meter track width to flux level in dB - Tape Operating Levels and Tape Alignment Levels
, also known as Emperor Tenchi, was the 38th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
His reign started in 661 and ended in 671.
Before he became the monarch, his personal name (imina) was  .
Events of Tenji's life
661: In the third year of Empress Saimei's reign, she died.
Her son received the succession (senso), but he governed as Crown Prince for the next six years.
He did not formally accept the monarch's role and duties and powers.
668: Emperor Tenji became the monarch (sokui).