the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In them, he covered different periods in his life.
He died of a heart attack on Christmas Eve, 1980.
Helike or , is a moon of Jupiter.
Turbulence or turbulent flow is violent, unsteady, chaotic movement of fluids like air and water.
It is contrasted with laminar flow.
Most motion of fluids in real life (outside laboratories) is turbulent.
Praxidike or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
Praxidike belongs to the Ananke group, believed to be the remnants of a break-up of a captured asteroid.
With an estimated diameter of 7 km, Praxidike is the second biggest member of the group after Ananke itself (assumed albedo of 0.04)
The Great Dark Spot (also known as GDS-89) is a dark spot on Neptune similar in appearance to Jupiter's Great Red Spot.
It was discovered in 1989 by NASA's Voyager 2 probe.
Although it appears similar to Jupiter's spot, which is an anticyclonic storm (this is like a hurricane), it is believed that the Great Dark Spot is an atmospheric hole similar to the hole in Earth's ozone layer.
However, the insides of Great Dark Spots are mostly cloud-free, and unlike Jupiter's spot, which has lasted for hundreds of years, their lifetimes appear to be much shorter, forming and disappearing once every few years or so.
Based on pictures taken by Voyager and since then with the Hubble Space Telescope, Neptune appears to spend a little bit more than half its time with a Great Dark Spot.
The dark, elliptically-shaped spot (with initial dimensions of 13,000 × 6,600 km, or 8,100 × 4,100 mi) was about the same size as Earth, and was similar looking to Jupiter's Great Red Spot.
Around the Great Dark Spot, winds were measured blowing up to 2,400 kilometers (1,500 miles) an hour, the fastest in the Solar System.
The Great Dark Spot is thought to be a hole in the methane cloud deck of Neptune.
The spot was seen at different times with different sizes and shapes.
The Great Dark Spot generated large white clouds at or just below the tropopause layer similar to high-altitude cirrus clouds found on Earth.
Unlike the clouds on Earth, however, which are made of mostly crystals of ice, Neptune's clouds are made up of crystals of frozen methane.
And while Neptune's clouds usually form and then disappear within a period of a few hours, the clouds in the Great Dark Spot were still present after 36 hours, or two rotations of the planet.
Neptune's dark spots are thought to happen in the troposphere at lower heights (or altitudes) than the brighter upper cloud deck features.
As they are stable features that can last for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures.
When pictures were going to be taken of the Great Dark Spot again in November 1994 by the Hubble Space Telescope, it had gone away completely, leaving astronomers to believe that it had either been covered up or that it had just disappeared.
The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer able to be seen as a dark feature.
Dark spots may disappear when they move too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown way.
However, a new spot that looked very much like the old spot appeared in Neptune's northern hemisphere.
This new spot, called the Northern Great Dark Spot (NGDS), has remained able to be seen for several years.
http://www.solarviews.com/eng/neptune.htm
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/neptune/atmosphere/N_clouds_GDS.html
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960508.html
http://intranet.dalton.org/departments/science/Astro/planets/Neptune/the%20dark%20spot.htm
http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/neptune_006.htm
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000hst..prop.5096S
The term supersonic is used to describe a speed that is over the speed of sound (Mach 1).
At a normal temperature like 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21.1 °C), the speed needed for something to be traveling at a faster than sound speed is about 344 m/s, 1,129 ft/s, 770 mph or 1,238 km/h. Speeds faster than 5 times the speed of sound are sometimes called hypersonic.
Speeds where only some parts of the air around an object (like the propeller) reach supersonic speeds are called transonic (normally somewhere between Mach 0.8 and Mach 1.2).
Whips have operated supersonically for many centuries.
Artillery became supersonic in the 19th century.
It can be very hard to reach supersonic speeds, because drag increases a lot near these speeds.
This slows a plane, and for years made control difficult.
These problems were called the "sound barrier".
Jet engines and other developments solved the problems in the middle 20th century.
The Small Dark Spot, sometimes also called Dark Spot 2 or The Wizard's Eye, was a southern cyclonic storm on the planet Neptune.
It was the second strongest storm on the planet in 1989, when Voyager 2 flew by the planet.
When first discovered, it was  a dark cyclonic storm.
As Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core of cloud activity developed.
It disappeared in 1994.
Aitne or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
William Lassell (June 18, 1799 – October 5, 1880) was a British astronomer, born in Bolton, Lancashire, England.
He died in Maidenhead in 1880.
He is well known as discoverer of Triton, the largest moon of Neptune, and for his improvements to the reflecting telescope.
Lassell, William
1880 deaths
The Roche limit (), sometimes referred to as the Roche radius, is the distance within which a celestial body, held together only by its own gravity, will disintegrate due to a second celestial body's tidal forces exceeding the first body's gravitational self-attraction.
Inside the Roche limit, orbiting material will tend to disperse and form planetary rings, while outside the limit, material will tend to coalesce.
The term is named after Édouard Roche, the French astronomer who first calculated this theoretical limit in 1848.
Édouard Roche: La figure d'une masse fluide soumise à l'attraction d'un point éloigné, Acad.
des sciences de Montpellier, Vol.
1 (1847–50) p. 243
Detailed derivation of formulae for calculating the Roche limit
Discussion of the Roche Limit
A synchronous orbit is an orbit in which an orbiting body (usually a satellite) has a period equal to the average rotational period of the body being orbited (usually a planet).
Or in smaller words, the orbit above and the spinning planet below, go around once in the same amount of time.
It orbits in the same direction of rotation as that body.
So if you were on the orbiting body, you would always see the same side of the body being orbited.
Or if you were on the body being orbited, the orbiting body would stay in the same part of the sky.
Geostationary orbit is the most common kind.
François Jean Dominique Arago (Catalan: Francesc Joan Dominic Aragó; February 26, 1786 – October 2, 1853) was a French mathematician, physicist, astronomer and politician.
is an unnamed non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard and David C. Jewitt and was announced on March 4, 2003  As of 2006, it is Jupiter's farthest known moon.
is about two kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 29,540,000 km in 980 days, at an inclination of 154° to the ecliptic (152° to Jupiter's equator) and with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2255.
Santiago Rodríguez is a province of the Dominican Republic.
It is in the northwestern part of the country.
Its capital city is San Ignacio de Sabaneta.
Santiago Rodríguez was an officer of the Dominican army when the Dominican-Haitian War.
He is one of the founder of the city of Sabaneta.
He was an important military leader during the initial stages of the Restoration War (1863-1865).
The town of San Ignacio de Sabaneta was founded in 1844 and it was made a municipality of the Santiago province in 1854 and then of the Monte Cristi Province province in 1879.
In 1948, it became a province.
Monción was a municipality of Montecristi since 1907.
In 1996, Villa Los Almácigos became a municipality.
Santiago Rodríguez is in the region known as Línea Noroeste ("Northwestern Line").
The province has the Monte Cristi and Valverde provinces to the north, the Santiago province to the east, the San Juan and Elías Piña provinces to the south and the Dajabón province to the west.
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Santiago Rodríguez province, and 27,559 () living in towns and cities.
Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 30th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
The Santiago province has a total area of .
It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 22nd (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The altitude of the provincial capital, San Ignacio de Sabaneta, is  above sea level.
1948 establishments in North America
is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,974,000 km in 758.341 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (167° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.307.
Magnolia is a genus of 210 species.
The Angiosperm taxonomical names Magnoliophyta (division) and Magnoliopsida (class) come from this genus.
Charles Plumier gave a flowering tree from the island of Martinique the genus name Magnolia, after French botanist Pier Magnol.
is a moon of Jupiter.
is about 2 km in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,571,000 km in 739.294 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3003.
The MiG-19 Farmer was a Soviet fighter aircraft made by Mikoyan.
It first flew in 1953 and was introduced in 1955.
It was meant to replace the older MiG-17 Fresco.
During the Vietnam War, it was used a little by the North Vietnamese but not as much as the MiG-17 or MiG 21 Fishbed.
It had 3 30mm cannon, and could carry 4 bombsor rockets.
It weighed 11,397 pounds (5,170 kilograms) empty and could weigh up to 19,621 pounds (8,900 kilograms) at the heaviest.
It was powered by 2 Tumansky RD-9 jet engines, each had 7,165 pounds (3250 kilograms) of thrust with afterburner.
It was 12 feet (3.6576 meters) high, had a wingspan of 29.5 feet (9 meters), and was 42 feet 11 in (13.1 meters) long.
It could go 903 miles per hour (1,450 kilometers per hour), and was the first supersonic Soviet fighter.
Nicolas Camille Flammarion (February 26, 1842 – June 3, 1925) was a French astronomer and writer.
He was usually credited as Camille Flammarion.
Herse is a moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman, et al.
in 2003  and called  until 2009.
Johann Gottfried Galle (9 June 1812 in Radis, Saxony-Anhalt–10 July 1910 in Potsdam, Brandenburg) was a German astronomer at the Berlin Observatory who, with the help of student Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, was the first person to view the planet Neptune, and know what he was looking at.
He used the calculations of Urbain Le Verrier to know where to look.
The Voyager program is a space exploration program of the United States' NASA agency.
It consists of a pair of unmanned scientific probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.
They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable planetary alignment of the late 1970s.
Although they were officially used to study just Jupiter and Saturn, the two probes were able to continue their mission into the outer solar system.
They have since continued out and exited the solar system.
These probes were built at JPL and were funded by NASA.
Both missions have gathered large amounts of data about the gas giants of the solar system, of which little was known before.
In addition, the spacecraft paths have been used to place limits on the existence of Planet X, a planet believed by some people to be farther from the Sun than Pluto.
In 2013, NASA announced that Voyager 1 had  left the solar system (Heliosphere) on 25 August 2012.
It is the first man-made object to enter interstellar space.
Both of them are now in travelling in the interstellar space.
NASA Voyager website - Main source of information.
Space Exploration - Robotic Missions
NASA Facts - Voyager Mission to the Outer Planets (PDF format)
Voyager 1 and 2 atlas of six Saturnian satellites (PDF format) 1984
Their name comes from the Trojan asteroids which have the same orbital period as a planet.
As of March 2007, there are six known Neptune Trojans.
They lie in the elongated, curved region around the L4 Lagrangian point 60° ahead of Neptune.
The six Neptune Trojans are , 385571 Otrera, , 385695 Clete,  and .
The discovery of  in a high inclination (>25°) orbit is significant because it suggests a ‘thick’ cloud of Trojans.
It is believed that large (radius ≈ 100 km) Neptune Trojans could greatly outnumber the Jupiter Trojans.
The New Horizons spacecraft passed through the L5 Neptune region in 2014.
It was preparing to observe Pluto and did not observe any asteroids there.
Trojan asteroids
Edward Guinan  is currently a professor in Villanova University's Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics.
He and two colleagues discovered  Neptune's ring system.
An occultation is an event that occurs when one object is hidden by another object that passes between it and the observer.
A planet, for example, can pass in front of a star.
Some occultations are eclipses.
The word is often used in astronomy.
It can also be used in a non-astronomical sense to describe when an object in the foreground occults (covers up) objects in the background.
The flattening, ellipticity, or oblateness of an oblate spheroid is the "squashing" of the spheroid's pole, down towards its equator.
Adaptive optics is a technology to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of rapidly changing optical distortion (or deformation).
It is commonly used on astronomical telescopes to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion, or astronomical seeing.
Adaptive optical works by measuring the distortion and rapidly compensating for it either using deformable mirrors or material with variable refractive properties.
While the technique was theoretically understood for some time, it was only advances in computer technology during the 1990s that finally made the technique practical.
Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which works on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry itself.
The simplest form of adaptive optics is tip-tilt correction, which corresponds to correction of the tilts of the wavefront in two dimensions (equal to correction of the position offsets for the image).
This is performed using a rapidly moving tip-tilt mirror which makes small rotations around two of its axes.
A significant fraction of the aberration introduced by the atmosphere can be removed in this way.
Tip-tilt mirrors are widely used in night time and solar telescopes, to correct the aberration introduced by Earth's atmosphere on the light path and improve image quality over what would be possible according to the atmospheric seeing.
Description of Active & Adaptive Optics E.S.O.
Adaptive Optics Tutorial at CTIO  A. Tokovinin
Research groups and companies with interests in Adaptive Optics
NSF Center for Adaptive Optics at UC Santa Cruz
Center for Astronomical Adaptive Optics at The University of Arizona
Using Adaptive Optics to image photoreceptors
Gemini's Laser Vision Reveals Striking New Details in Orion Nebula
Adaptive optics pinpoints on black holes
Uranus in 2004  (with and without AO)
sv:Teleskop#Adaptiv optik
Optical depth is a measure of transparency.
It is defined as the fraction of radiation (or light) that is scattered or absorbed on a path.
One way of visualizing optical depth is to think of a fog.
The fog between a person and an object that is immediately in front of them has an optical depth of zero.
As the object moves away, the optical depth increases until it reaches a large value and the object is no longer visible.
optical depth equations
Opacity or opaque means something that is difficult to see through or perceive.
Opacity (optics), the degree to which light is blocked.
Opaque context, a linguistic context in which it is not possible to substitute co-referential terms while guaranteeing the preservation of truth values.
Opaque data, in computer programming, data that can only be manipulated through an external interface.
Opaque is a famous restaurant that serves customers in complete darkness.
Xena: Warrior Princess is an Emmy Award-winning American cult television series.
It was first shown from September 15, 1995 until June 18, 2001.
The series was created in 1995  by writer-producers Robert Tapert under his production tag, Pacific Renaissance Pictures LTD.
Later, there were co-executive producers.
They were Sam Raimi and R. J. Stewart.
The series is a spin-off from the TV series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys where Xena (Lucy Lawless) is a minor character.
The series tells the story of Xena's quest to seek  for her past sins as a ruthless warlord.
She uses her fighting skills to help people.
Gabrielle (Renee O'Connor) becomes Xena's greatest friend, her initial naïveté helps to balance Xena and helps her in seeing and fighting for the "greater good".
The series usually had between four and four million viewers on original airings.
The series has positive reviews from many reviewers.
It was ranked #10 on the list of TV Guides Top 25 Cult TV Shows of All Time.
It was nominated for Emmy awards.
Xenas success has led to hundreds of tie-in products, including comics, and video games.
The series has received attention in fandom (Uberfic), and has influenced the direction of other television series.
The cult of the series (Fandom) remains active on the internet today.
The series is a spin-off of Hercules: The Legendary Journeys.
In fact, the saga began with three appearances Xena's special character in episodes of Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, entitled The Warrior Princess, The Gauntlet and Unchained Heart.
In the first episode, Xena is a killer, but in the third, she joins Hercules to defeat Darphus, who had taken her army.
Aware that the character of Xena had been very successful among the public, producers of Hercules: The Legendary Journeys decided to make a series exclusively for it.
In Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Xena was played by New Zealand actress Lucy Lawless.
The first actress considered to play the part was British actress Vanessa Angel, while actress Sunny Doench was thought to play the role of Gabrielle.
However, neither could travel to New Zealand, the country where the series was shot entirely on location.
Finally, Lucy Lawless was cast as Xena and Gabrielle was played by the American actress Renee O'Connor.
The American actor and writer Bruce Campbell played Autolycus, King of the alleged thieves, and appeared in eight episodes.
After Lawless and O'Connor, Ted Raimi is the actor who plays Joxer, which has more appearances in the series: a total of 42.
We continue to Kevin Tod Smith with 31 appearances, Hudson Leick and Karl Urban with 12 and Alexandra Tydings with 11.
In the last episode, the eastern star Michelle Ang playing Akemi.
Theme music
The theme music, composed by Joseph LoDuca, who also co-wrote the lyrics for the songs in "The Bitter Suite", was developed from the traditional Bulgarian folk song "Kaval Sviri", and was sung by Le Mystere des Voix Bulgares.
In the Hercules: The Legendary Journeys episode, "Unchained Heart", in which Xena is introduced, the original "Kaval Sviri" is the music used to announce Xena racing into battle.
The opening of Xena had two models during the series, the first was used during the first five seasons, and the second model was used only in the last season.
The opening is composed of scenes from the series itself, there is background music to "Opening Sequence", combined with the voice of an announcer speaking a text that remained immutable.
Setting and storylines
Studios and filming locations
Xena Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys were filmed in New Zealand.
Of course some places are confidential, but many scenes were recorded in places as spectacular in Waitakere Ranges Regional Park, part of the Auckland Regional parks often credited at the end of the episodes.
Most leases are on the west coast, and is approximately 30–40 miles from the centre of Auckland.
Xena: Warrior Princess is considered a simple television series of adventures whose key ingredients are the two protagonists in the series and their psychological development, attractive exterior in New Zealand and music composed by Joseph Loduca.
Although the characters and stories in the series predate Christ, themes, emotions and relationships in the series are well connected with the world today.
In addition, the series makes a particular interpretation of the ancient world.
For example, represents the goddess of love and beauty, Aphrodite, as a girl silly and pampered.
One of the criticisms that more has been done to the series is the inverosimilitud the scenes of combat, as they give the characters impossible cartwheels, walk the walls and even move objects with the mind.
Such scenes are inspired by action movies of Hong Kong.
The series was also criticized for very often consciously mixing times, facts and historical characters.
Thus, it is possible to see both the Greek gods as characters in biblical, Roman, Scandinavian and Eastern Arabs as well as facts so distant in time as the confrontation between David and Goliath, the birth of Jesus, or the battle of Maraton.
Finally, another widespread weakness in the series are multiple inconsistencies in their arguments.
The first season of the series was addressed without many pretensions, as the producers did not want to gamble much.
During this season abounded plots based on Greek myths and a focus on defining the personality of the two protagonists.
In the second season were improved special effects, consolidation of the relationship between Xena and Gabrielle and increased the strength of the stories.
As a negative note of the third season, preference was given to the functionality of certain episodes at the expense of stories and the essence of the characters.
However, in the fourth season, the level of the series returned to the first two years in terms of quality.
In this season there could be seen a transformation in the structure of the stories and treatment of the characters.
It accentuated the spiritual dimension of the series and the Greek myths lost relevance in the hatch.
The fifth season was a downturn in the quality of the series.
This was contributed to by the pregnancy of main actress, Lucy Lawless, forcing producers to introduce a precipitous turn argumentative.
The fifth season also means the start of the references to Christianity in the series.
Finally, in the sixth season, the level of the series again back: improved special effects and stories, which were accompanied by excellent music by Joseph LoDuca.
Inspirations and Bases
Xena: Warrior Princess was influenced by many factors, as cultures and eras, one of the most widespread were the sources of action movies from Hong Kong, the jumps, breathing fire and the sounds of weapons in the battles were some of the things that mirrored movies.
The scene of the lynching of Xena in The Gauntlet is almost identical to the movie The Bride With White Hair.
The fight on the stairs with Callisto on Callisto and the fight against Draco in head of villagers also has its roots in the genre, and the sequence The Debt, which was almost completely influenced in the genus.
Plot Summary
The show is a historical fantasy set in ancient Greece, although with a flexible time setting, and also features heavy Oriental, Egyptian and Medieval elements in various episodes.
The series details the adventures of former Hercules villain Xena (Lucy Lawless), a reformed warlord on a quest to redeem her past sins.
Xena is accompanied on her travels by Gabrielle (Renee O'Connor) a young woman who becomes her best friend and, eventually, most trusted ally.
The show freely borrows names and themes from various mythologies around the world, primarily the Greek, anachronistically adapting them to suit the demands of the storyline.
Historical figures and events from a number of different historical eras and myths make numerous appearances, and the main characters are often credited with resolving important historical situations.
These include an encounter with Homer, before he was famous, in which Gabrielle encourages his storytelling aspirations; the fall of Troy; and the capture of Caesar by pirates, with Xena cast as the pirate leader.
This quirky mix of timelines and the amalgamation of historical and mythological elements fueled the rise of the show to cult status during the 1990s and early 2000s.
It was one of the first shows to tap into its internet following, allowing for fans from all over the world to discuss and suggest things related to the show.
The fandom continues to this day.
The show is a mixture of styles, ranging from high melodrama in one episode to slapstick comedy in another, from whimsical to all-out action and adventure in another.
Although it is ostensibly set in ancient times, the themes of the show are essentially modern: taking responsibility for past misdeeds, the value of human life, personal liberty and sacrifice, and friendship.
The flexible fantasy framework of the show accommodates a considerable range of styles, including an original musical episode, The Bitter Suite.
Although the show often addresses ethical dilemmas such as the morality of pacifism, the storylines rarely seek to provide unequivocal solutions.
Xena, played by Lucy Lawless
Gabrielle, played by Renee O'Connor
Alti, outcast evil Amazon shamaness, villain, killed several times by Xena, played by Claire Stansfield
Amarice, young Amazon wanna-be, killed in battle with cannibals, played by Jennifer Sky
Aphrodite, the goddess of love, played by Alexandra Tydings
Ares, the god of war, villain became good, played by Kevin Smith
Athena, the goddess of wisdom, villain, stabbed in stomach by Xena, played by Paris Jefferson
Autolycus, the self-styled king of thieves, played by Bruce Campbell
Borias, Xena's ex-lover and the father of Xena's son, Solan, killed in Battle of Corinth, played by Marton Csokas
Brutus, right-hand man of Caesar, villain, stabbed by Gabrielle in battle, played by Grant Triplow and later by David Franklin
Caesar, Roman leader, love/hate interest for Xena, villain, killed by Roman revolutioneers, played by Karl Urban
Callisto, Xena's greatest nemesis, villain became good afterdeath, stabbed in heart by Xena and returned as an angel, played by Hudson Leick
Cupid, Aphrodite's son, played by Karl Urban
Cyrene, Xena's mother, Burnt in the stake from the villagers, played by Darien Takle
Diana one of the various Xena look-alikes played by Lucy Lawless
Discord, goddess of discord, villain, decapitated by Xena, played by Meighan Desmond
Eli, healer, teacher and prophet of a new religion- he is later to be revealed playing the role Jesus in the series, stabbed by Ares, played by Tim Omundson
Ephiny, queen regent of the Amazons, stabbed by Brutus in battle, played by Danielle Cormack
Eve, Xena's pacifist daughter, villain became good, played by Adrienne Wilkinson, also called Livia from her dark warrior days.
Hades, the god of the underworld, villain, set on fire and burnt to death by Xena, played by Erik Thomson (seasons 1-4);  Stephen Lovatt (season 5)
Hercules, the demigod credited with turning Xena from evil to good, played by Kevin Sorbo.
Hope, the demonic daughter of Gabrielle, villain, stabbed by her son the Destroyer, played by Amy Morrison as a girl and by Renée O'Connor as a young woman
Iolaus, Hercules' best friend, played by Michael Hurst.
Joxer, the warrior wanna-be, clown-like friend of Xena and Gabrielle, stabbed by Eve, played by Ted Raimi, the producer's brother
Lao Ma, Xena's mentor, executed by her son Ming-Tien, played by Jacqueline Kim
Meg, a tramp, one of the various Xena look-alikes, played by Lucy Lawless
Pompey, the rival of Caesar to Roman Empire throne, villain, decapitated by Xena, played by Jeremy Callaghan
Poseidon, god of the sea, villain, evaporated by a fireball deflected by Xena, voiced by Rick Jacobson (appearances 1-2) and Carl Seibert (appearance 3)
Salmoneus, the ultimate merchant man with a lax conscience but good heart, played by Robert Trebor
Virgil, poet-warrior, adopted son of Joxer and Meg, played by William Gregory Lee
There have been numerous Xena spin-offs into various media including movies, books, comics and video games.
In August 1997 Hercules and Xena: The Battle For Mount Olympus a DTV animated movie was released, featuring the voices of a number of actors from both Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and Xena: Warrior Princess.
The movie plot involves Hercules' mother being kidnapped by Zeus and the release of the Titans.
Xena and Gabrielle have supporting roles in the movie, and at one point Xena even bursts into song.
Since the end of the series rumors have circulated that a feature-length movie was in the works.
In 2003 Screenwriter Katherine Fugate was approached for the project, and was quoted saying that she expects the start of production to be three to five years away, which suggests a release sometime between 2006 and 2009.
Actress Lucy Lawless has been quoted in several interviews as saying she would be interested in participating in a Xena movie as well.
Books have been released as tie-ins, including Xena Warrior Princess: Complete Illustrated Companion.
There have also been a number of novelizations by authors like Martin H. Greenberg.
A book was also released in 1998, XENA: All I Need to Know I Learned From the Warrior Princess, allegedly written by Gabrielle, Bard of Poteidaia, and was "translated" by Josepha Sherman.
It contains Gabrielle's viewpoint on many of the adventures she and Xena embarked on, and also includes eight pages of black-and-white photographs from the show.
The book is basically Gabrielle talking about her view of the world on many different subjects.
For example, in one of the chapters, "Anything can be a weapon- Anything!",
she instructs the reader on fighting without traditional weapons, such as a sword or a staff, and in another, "Nobody likes a winer", she laments on the perils of alcohol.
It also launched The Official Guide to the Xenaverse, by Robert Weisbrot, with photographs in color and black and white, a complete and detailed episode guide to the first two seasons, a look behind the scenes, the intriguing story of the origin of Xena: Warrior Princess, biographies of cast and crew and trivias about the show.
There is also the fictional books, how The Empty Throne, The Huntress and The Sphinx, The Thief Of Hermes,  and Prophecy of Darkness.
A recent academic monograph on the series is Wim Tigges' Her Courage Will Change the World": An Appraisal of Xena: Warrior Princess, which was self-published through lulu.com.
There have been a number of comic adaptations.
The earliest ones were released by Dark Horse Comics and written by Ian Edginton and John Wagner.
More recently the license has moved to Dynamite Entertainment.
Electronic Arts published Xena: Warror Princess for the PSone in 1999.
Played from a third-person perspective, the game play involves slashing, jumping, and kicking through a variety of primitive 3D environments.
Xena can also find and use power-ups and her trademark chakram.
Once thrown, the chakram becomes a first-person weapon to guide toward enemies.
Saffire published Xena: Warrior Princess: The Talisman of Fate for the Nintendo 64 console in 1999.
Xena: Warror Princess for the Game Boy Color was developed and released by Titus Software in 2000.
Xena: Warrior Princess: Death In Chains, a multi-path video game for the PC adapted from and expanding upon the television episode of the same name, although none of the original actors provide their voices.
Xena: Warrior Princess: Girls Just Wanna Have Fun, another multi-path video game for the PC, again adapted from and expanding upon the television episode of the same name, again without the original voice actors.
Xena: Warror Princess for the PS2 only released in Europe in 2007.
Series Information
DVDs releases
Anchor Bay Entertainment has released all 6 Seasons as well as the 10th Anniversary Collection of Xena: Warrior Princess on DVD in Region 1 for the first time.
The series has also been released on DVD in Region 2 & Region 4.
Only Region 1 DVDs contain special features, Regions 2/3/4 do not have any bonus material on them.
The Region 2 releases of Season 1 contain the episodes out of order, creating a number of continuity problems when watching them in the order in which they are presented.
The order on these DVDs is episode 1, then episodes 10 through 19, then episode 2, then episodes 21 through 24, and finally episodes 3 through 9.
There are also several small changes, such as headbutts and claps over the ears.
Xena: Warrior Princess has been referred to as a pop cultural phenomenon and feminist icon.
Atara Stein, "XENA: WARRIOR PRINCESS, THE LESBIAN GAZE, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A FEMINIST HEROINE " (1998).
The television series, which employed pop culture references as a frequent humorous device, has itself become a frequent pop culture reference in video games, comics and television shows, and has been frequently parodied and spoofed.
Xena: Warrior Princess has been credited by many, including Buffy the Vampire Slayer creator Joss Whedon, with blazing the trail for a new generation of female action heroes such as Buffy, Max of Dark Angel, Sydney Bristow of Alias, and the Bride in Quentin Tarantino's Kill Bill.
Xena and Gabrielle's relationship has been cited as one of the reasons why the series has been so popular, coupled with the denials of her character's lesbianism from Lawless while the series was running.
U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice has been nicknamed "Warrior Princess" by her staff.
Fandom and fan movies
The popularity of Xena: Warrior Princess has led to websites, online discussion forums, works of Xena fan fiction and several unofficial fan-made productions.
U.S. Ratings
In 2005, the team that discovered the dwarf planet  nicknamed it "Xena" in honor of the TV character.
On October 1, 2005, the team announced that  had a moon, which they had nicknamed "Gabrielle".
The objects were officially named Eris and Dysnomia by the International Astronomical Union on September 13, 2006.
Although the official names have legitimate roots in Greek mythology, Dysnomia is also Greek for "lawlessness", perpetuating the link with Lucy Lawless.
Influence on the lesbian community
Xena has enjoyed a particular cult status in the lesbian community.
Some of the lesbian fan base sees Xena and Gabrielle as a couple and has embraced them as role models and lesbian icons.
A group called The Marching Xenas has participated in many gay and lesbian pride parades.
A subject of much interest and debate among viewers is the question of whether Xena and Gabrielle are lovers.
The issue is left deliberately ambiguous by the show's writers.
Jokes, innuendo, and other subtle evidence of a romantic relationship between Xena and Gabrielle is referred to as "lesbian subtext" or simply "subtext" by fans.
The issue of the true nature of the Xena/Gabrielle relationship caused intense debates in the fandom, which turned especially impassioned due to spillover from real-life debates about same-sex sexuality and gay rights.
Some fans felt that the sexual nature of Xena and Gabrielle's relationship was cemented by an interview given by Lucy Lawless to Lesbian News magazine in 2003.
Lawless stated that after the series finale, where Gabrielle revives Xena with a mouth-to-mouth water transfer filmed to look like a full kiss, she had come to believe that Xena and Gabrielle's relationship was "definitely gay... there was always a 'well, she might be or she might not be' but when there was that drip of water passing between their lips in the very final scene, that cemented it for me.
Now it wasn't just that Xena was bisexual and kinda liked her gal pal and they kind of fooled around sometimes, it was 'Nope, they're married, man'."
However, in the interviews and commentaries on the DVD sets released in 2003-2005, the actors, writers and producers continued to stress the ambiguity of the relationship, and Ares was also considered at least as a potential love interest for Xena.
The Xena fandom also popularized the term Altfic (from "alternative fiction") to refer to same-sex romantic fan fiction.
Many fans felt the term slash fiction carried the connotation of being about male/male couples only and was not a good description for romantic fan fiction about Xena and Gabrielle.
Costume donation
In 2006, Lucy Lawless donated her personal Xena costume to the Museum of American History.
In an interview the same year with Smithsonian magazine, she was asked the question "Was the Warrior Princess outfit comfortable?"
and she responded:
Uberfic Uberfic''' is a kind of alternative universe fan fiction in which characters or events are portrayed somewhat closely to original canon but usually in a different time period, many times featuring the ancestors, descendants or reincarnations of canon characters.
The term originated in Xena: Warrior Princess'' fandom.
This sort of story was used by the series itself, beginning with the second-season episode "The Xena Scrolls".
List of Xena: Warrior Princess episodes at Internet Movie Database.
Xena: Warrior Princess at TV.Com .
Screencaps of Xena: Warrior Princess at Mikes-Images .
2001 American television series endings
English free settlers were people that chose to go to New Holland (now Australia).
They were not forced to go there, as the convicts were.
The English free settlers went to Australia between the late 18th century and the early 19th century.
When the English free settlers got to Australia, they landed in the southern part of the continent.
That was the only colony created by the free settlers.
The English free settlers went to Australia to be free.
They wanted to make money as well.
They also wanted to explore Australian families who wanted a better life with their children.
Some people called the English Free settlers "pilgrims".
In the early years of the colony, very few settlers came to Australia.
Free settlers had to fund their own transport and were usually quite wealthy.
The few who made the journey to Australia did so mostly to make their fortune.
They were often given large land grants and convicts to work for them.
18th century in Australia
19th century in Australia
The units of poetic meter, like rhyme, vary from language to language and between poetic traditions.
They can involve arrangements of syllables into repeated patterns called feet within a line.
English meter is founded on the patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables.
In Latin and Greek verse, on the other hand, while the metrical units are similar, not syllable stresses but syllable lengths are the component parts of meter.
In poetry a verse is technically a single line in a poem.
A poem is a "metrical composition".
However, in common use, a verse is a group of lines in a poem which make up a paragraph.
It consists of several lines, either in print for reading, or in a song.
In the poems and theatre of Ancient Greece these units were called strophes.
Line, a type of geometric figure that is made up of an endless number of points.
a length of rope, cable or chain when put to use (such as a clothesline, anchor line)
a line or queue of people waiting in a queue area
a line of text in writing
Lines (punishment), punishment by forced writing of text
relationships in genetics and genealogy, such as Lineage (evolution) and kinship and descent
lines of cocaine
Lines (video game)
A one-, two- or three-line whip, a notice issued by a Chief Whip in the UK parliament
Dick Lines (born 1938), former Canadian baseball player
Richard D. Lines, American amateur astronomer
Line (electrical engineering), a circuit or loop
a power line for electric power transmission
Line (video), a measure of video display resolution or image resolution
line, former name of the unit of magnetic flux, the Maxwell (unit)
Line (length), an obsolete unit of length equal to one-twelfth or one-tenth of an inch
a railway line
Shipping line, a company engaged in sea transport
A bus line, see List of bus operating companies
Line function, a business activity
Product lining, in marketing
Line (formation), a standard tactical formation of forces
Line infantry, a line formation of infantrymen who were part of the "Line Regiments"
Line of battle, in naval warfare, a line of warships, hence "ship of the line"
The point spread in spread betting
in cricket, the direction of a delivery, see line and length
Offensive line or defensive line in American football
Line (racing), in auto racing, a path taken through a corner
Line (play), a long-running play written by Israel Horovitz
Lines (Emily Brontë poem), written in December 1837
"Lines", abbreviation for "Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour.
July 13, 1798," a poem by William Wordsworth
Marine Corps LINE combat system, a martial arts system
LINEs, a type of retrotransposon in the human genome
Division of Lyne, Australian electorial district
Lyne (surname)
Lyne, Denmark (town)
Liner (disambiguation)
is about 1 kilometre in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,858,000 km in 752.839 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.276.
It is defined by the following equation (with q standing for dynamic pressure or "velocity pressure"):
= dynamic pressure in pascals
= fluid density in kg/m3 (such as the density of air)
= fluid velocity in m/s
Physical meaning
Dynamic pressure is closely related to the kinetic energy of a fluid particle, since both quantities are proportional to the particle's mass (through the density, in the case of dynamic pressure) and square of the velocity.
Dynamic pressure is in fact one of the terms of Bernoulli's equation, which is essentially an equation of energy conservation for a fluid in motion.
Definition of dynamic pressure on Eric Weisstein's World of Science
Lichtenberg was a borough in Berlin.
Since the boundary changes of 2001, it has been a district of the new borough of Lichtenberg-Hohenschönhausen.
Aaron Burr, Jr. (February 6, 1751, – September 14, 1836) was an American politician, Revolutionary War hero and the third vice president of the United States (1801 – 1805).
He was born in Newark, province of New Jersey.
Burr conspired to form a new country in Mexico.
He wanted to be present if and when Spain and Mexico went to war.
Some people, including President Thomas Jefferson, who had picked a different vice president for his second term, saw Burr's actions as treason.
However, in 1807 Burr was found innocent of the charges.
He was often thought of by his enemies as unreliable.
Burr died in 1836.
She was arrested on May 26, 2007, and had to spend three years in jail in Sydney, Australia.
When she was arrested, people suspected she was trying to hire a hitman to kill two men who were about to testify against her boyfriend Steven Spaliviero in court.
In Sydney Lindström met Steven Spaliviero and they soon started a relationship living in an apartment in Darling Harbour.
Lindström later told the court that she soon realised that he was both a rich businessman and a drug dealer.
In early 2007, investigators started to look into Spaliviero's business and soon found two witnesses who said they had information about the man's drug dealing business.
At that time Spaliviero was already on bail from Melbourne in relation to another drug case.
Spaliviero was arrested, refused bail and sent to Metropolitan Remand and Reception Centre ("MRRC") in Silverwater, New South Wales.
Murder plot
In MRRC Spaliviero allegedly met another inmate who offered him to get witnesses in Spaliviero's case killed.
In relation to this Spaliviero phoned Lindström from MRRC telling her to meet a "solicitor" and give him money.
Lindström started acting upon instructions from Spaliviero.
When Lindström finally met who she thought was a hitman, but who in reality was an undercover policeman, she was arrested.
The policeman on the case stated that Lindström wanted to have two men in the "cemetery" (i.e. dead).
The price was agreed as AUD 100,000 for each contract.
Upon her arrest on May 26 Lindström was remanded in custody.
Later an application for bail was made where Steven Spaliviero's mother, Dolores Spaliviero, offered to put up AUD 2,000,000 surety to get Lindström out from custody.
In addition, Lindström's friend and employer, Justin Hemmes promising that if Lindström was set free on bail, he would let her continue her work at the Hemmesphere nightclub until trial.
The application for bail was denied due to flight risk and Lindström was remanded in custody.
On September 18, having had a deal made with the prosecutors, Lindström pled guilty to the charges.
On December 21, she pled guilty again in another court in Sydney.
Lindström appeared in a bullet-proof vest at her court hearings because of the alleged death threats against her life.
Lindström was initially sentenced to four years in jail being eligible for early parole on May 25 2009.
Even though Lindström was given a hefty discount from her sentence because she had agreed to testify against Steven Spaliviero and two other men, the Crown appealed against the sentence as "manifestly inadequate".
The criminal court of appeals heard the appeal on July 4 2008.
On August 11 2008 Lindström started testifying against Spaliviero in his court case, among others reading a love letter to the court which she had written to him in February 2007 some months before her own arrest.
Despite Lindström's extensive testimonies Spaliviero and two other defendants were found not guilty for the murder plot.
Lindström was released on parole from Long Bay jail in New South Wales on 25 May 2010 and deported the next day from Australia.
Since her release from prison, Lindström has returned to her native home Sweden and is understood to have had ongoing threats against her life.
According to the Australian media, on 15 August 2010, Charlotte Lindström agreed to return to Australia to testify in the trial of her former boyfriend's associate.
Due to an unspecified severe illness, she has not been allowed to travel to Australia.
The upcoming trial has been postponed.
On 6 September 2011, Channel 9 in Australia aired a documentary concentrating on Charlotte Lindström's murder plot.
According to an article in the Sydney Morning Herald Charlotte Lindström "no longer has feelings for" Steven Spaliviero.
Bilten was a municipality in the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2011 the municipalities of Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen, Oberurnen and Obstalden joined together to become the new municipality of Glarus Nord.
Official website of Bilten
Braunwald is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
Official website of Braunwald
Website of the touristic region of Elm
Official website of Engi
The History of the Citizen Families of Engi (GL) and their Development
Official website of the municipality Glarus
Website of Filzbach
Glarus lies on the Linth River at the foot of the Glärnisch foothills.
It became the capital of the Linth valley in 1419.
In the 1700s and 1800s, the valley began to be industrialized.
Municipalities of Glarus
Haslen is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
On July 1, 2006, Haslen merged with the municipalities of Leuggelbach and Nidfurn.
On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Haslen, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Switzerland, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd.
Linthal is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Linthal, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Luchsingen, Matt, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the municipality of Glarus Süd.
Official website of Linthal
Airolo is also a small ski-resort with 30 kilometres of ski slopes.
Alto Malcantone is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
It was formed on 13 March 2005 from the earlier municipalities of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio.
Official website of Alto Malcantone
2005 establishments in Switzerland