the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Steven Soderbergh made another film of the book in 2002.
Lem, Stanislaw
A hostage is a person who is held captive against his or her will.
Hostages are often taken (held captive) to force someone else to do something for their captors (the people who took them hostage).
Hostages are taken for many different reasons.
Kidnapping is the act of taking a hostage and asking for a sum of money, called ransom.
If the ransom is paid, the hostage is freed.
If the ransom is not paid, the hostage is killed.
During some crimes, for example when robbing a bank, hostages may be taken to stop the police from attacking.
The hostages are commonly used to help the thief escape by either stopping the police from shooting them or by freeing a hostage if the police will do something, for example, getting the robbers a car or a helicopter.
Hostages may be taken for political reasons.
This is mostly done as a form of terrorism.
It is often done to get prisoners freed or get attention for a group or issue.
Intel Corporation (Integrated Electronics Corporation) is a microprocessor company that was set up in the 1960s.
Different types of processors made by Intel are used in many computers.
Their most famous older products are the i386, i486, and Pentium models.
Intel makes many different products, with their first dedicated consumer GPU scheduled to be released in late 2021.
The first Pentium chips were released on March 22, 1993.
The 4-bit processors
Intel 4040
The 8-bit processors
Intel 8085
The 16-bit processors
The 16-bit processors: the 80386 range
From 1993 to today
Official homepage of Intel
American technology companies
1968 establishments in the United States
The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is the first video game console made by Nintendo in Japan, Europe, the United States.
It came out in 1985 in the United States and was very popular.
The controller for the e joysticks that older consoles had.
It had a D-pad button, that could go up, down, left, or right.
It also had A, B, Select, and Start buttons.
The NES could use up to two controllers for multiplayer games.
There were also other types of controllers that could be used with the NES.
Some famous games for the NES are Super Mario Bros., The Legend of Zelda, Metroid, Mega Man, Castlevania, Donkey Kong, and Final Fantasy.
There have been many sequels made to these games and they are still enjoyed today.
Nintendo discontinued (stopped making and selling) the NES in 1995.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) in the NES is called MOS 6502 and is an 8-bit CPU.
The chip that contains the CPU also contains other electronics that generate sound for games and help with some other things.
There are two different versions of the chip called 2A03 and 2A07 that are used in different regions of the world (2A03 works with NTSC TVs, 2A07 with PAL TVs).
It was made by a company called Ricoh.
The NES uses a chip called the PPU (Picture Processing Unit) to draw graphics on the TV.
It has two different versions called 2C02 (for NTSC TVs) and 2C07 (for PAL TVs).
It was also made by Ricoh.
System of a Down is an American metal band.
They started in 1995 in Los Angeles, California with four members of Armenian descent, Serj Tankian (lead singer, born August 21, 1967), Daron Malakian (lead guitar, singer, born July 18, 1975), Shavo Odadjian (bass, background singer, born April 22, 1974) and drummer Andy Khachaturian (but was replaced with John Dolmayan).
The band has five albums:
System of a Down (1998)
Toxicity (2001)
Steal This Album! (
Mezmerize (2005)
Hypnotize (2005).
The band became successful with popular songs like "Sugar", "Spiders", "Chop Suey!", "
Toxicity", "Aerials", "B.Y.O.B.", "Question!", "
Hypnotize", and "Lonely Day".
After the release of MEZMERIZE/Hypnotize, System of a Down went on a break, but they say they have not broken up.
Often described as very angry, Khachaturian was unhappy about his place as drummer, and wanted to lead the band.
He left the band and the drummer from the band, "Friik", John Dolmayan, joined the band.
In 1995, they made their first demo tape, and had the songs: "Suite-Pee", "Sugar", "Dam", and "P.L.U.C.K.(Politically Lying Unholy Cowardly Killers)".
In 1996, another demo tape was released with the songs: Soil, and two songs that were not on the first album, "Honey" and "Temper".
They made another demo tape, and this was the one that got them put on the record label.
The producer, Rick Rubin, had tried to sign up the band several times before they agreed.
In 1997, SOAD teamed up with Rubin and produced their first studio album.
In 1998, System of a Down was released.
This album was not as popular as the next album, but it made people aware of who and what System of a Down stood for.
Their next album, Toxicity, made in 2001, had their first UK top 20 single "Chop Suey".
This album explores a more melodic side of metal music.
It is also political; for example the opening track: "Prison Song" which has Serj speaking the lines.
Double album
In May 2005, the band released part one of a double album, Mezmerize.
It was more melodic than before, and included "B.Y.O.B" (Bring Your Own Bombs), and "Lost in Hollywood" - a song based on Daron's childhood about growing up in Hollywood, which he did not think was very glamorous.
Months later, the second part of the double album, Hypnotize, was released.
This was the same sort of style because they were recorded at the same time.
In 2006, the band decided that they were going to have a break for a little while.
They said they were going to come back together in a few years.
After 10 years together, they each wanted to do different things for a while.
There were rumors of them returning in 2011.
In July 2010, Dolmayan said in an interview that the band would probably tour in 2011.
Current lineup
Serj Tankian – vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar (1994–2006, 2010–present)
Daron Malakian – lead guitar, vocals (1994–2006, 2010–present)
Shavo Odadjian – bass, backing vocals (1994–2006, 2010–present)
John Dolmayan – drums, percussion (1997–2006, 2010–present)
Andy Khachaturian – drums (1994–1997)
System of a Down (June 30, 1998)
Toxicity (September 4, 2001)
Mezmerize (May 17, 2005)
Hypnotize (November 22, 2005)
The Belarusian language (, biełaruskaja mova) is an Eastern Slavic language and an Indo-European language.
It is spoken in Belarus and eastern Poland (in the area of Białystok).
It is also spoken by Belarusians who live in other countries of Europe, Australia, and North America.
Kevin Norwood Bacon (born July 8, 1958 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American movie actor who has starred in Stir of Echoes, Wild Things, JFK, Footloose and Apollo 13, among others.
He has been married to actress Kyra Sedgwick since September 4, 1988.
They have two children, Travis and Sosie Ruth.
Bacon is known for the Bacon Number.
Bacon's official website
Kyra Sedgwick (born August 19, 1965) is an American actress.
She was born in New York City, New York to a father of English descent and a Jewish mother.
She is the great-granddaughter of Endicott Peabody, the founder of Groton School.
She is married to actor Kevin Bacon.
She produced and starred in The Closer.
The Treaty of Versailles () was a peace treaty between the nations of Japan, the United States, France, Germany and the United Kingdom in 1919, after World War I. Germany, Austria and Hungary did not participate in writing the treaty.
Germany had the choice of signing it or facing its occupation by Allied troops.
Germany had to reduce its armed forces from 6 million to 100,000 men and to get rid of its submarines and military aircraft and most of its artillery.
It was allowed to keep only navy battleships.
Germany also had to give back the French territories that it had occupied.
It also had to give up large territories to Poland and other neighbours and all of its colonies.
It also had to pay huge reparations for the damage that had been done to Allied countries, especially France, during the war by German troops.
The sum would be very large but was not yet fixed.
Many gold marks had to be paid only as the first part of the German debt.
The treaty set up the League of Nations, which was intended to make decisions and to keep the peace after the treaty had been signed.
The League solved some international disputes without war but could not stop World War II.
The treaty can be seen as a one-sided peace, which was dictated to Germany.
The British economist John Maynard Keynes thought that it was a great mistake to force such harsh measures on the German people, but his advice was ignored.
Adolf Hitler became the German chancellor and got rid of the treaty.
His actions would eventually lead to World War II.
Germany had to give back Alsace-Lorraine.
France was still embarrassed that Germany had been taken during the Franco-Prussian War.
The French also made Germany take its troops out of the Rhineland, the long stretch of land on Germany's border with France with the Rhine River, which was important since Germany had many factories and businesses there.
If German troops returned the Rhineland, the treaty allowed the French were to invade Germany.
Germany also had to give parts to Poland, a country made out of Russian and Austrian parts and the Polish and Lithuanian people who lived in them.
Poland had been a big kingdom a few hundred years earlier, but Austria, Prussia and Russia, during the Partitions of Poland, taken parts of the kingdom and ended its existence.
Belgium was allowed to have Moresnet and Eupen and Malmedy.
That is the main reason that Belgium has a German-speaking community.
The treaty also split up many large empires on the losing side.
US President Woodrow Wilson thought that was a very good idea because many people in Europe wanted to be free from the big empires.
but that also created problems such as having many little countries next to a much bigger Germany.
In the separate Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye the same year, Austria-Hungary was split into many countries.
One was Austria, which was meant to be the homeland of the Austrians, who spoke German and had ruled Austria-Hungary.
Its capital was Vienna.
One of the problems of the Treaty of Versailles was that most Austrians like Adolf Hitler thought that Austria should become part of Germany.
That later led to the German invasion of Austria.
Hungary was also created.
Like Poland, it was a country that had been strong centuries earlier.
Another new country, Czechoslovakia, was created to be the homeland of the Czechs and Slovaks.
The Czech part had been called Bohemia and Moravia before the war.
Many Germans lived near its borders in the Sudetenland and insisted for it to be part of Germany, which Hitler later got.
Bosnia, Slovenia, Croatia (parts of Austria-Hungary), northern Macedonia (part of Bulgaria), Serbia, and Montenegro were made into one country, called Yugoslavia, meaning "Southern Slavic".
The new country was made to be a Southern Slavic homeland but had many religious, linguistic and national differences.
New countries by the Baltic Sea (Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania) were also created in other treaties after World War I. The Russian Revolution had started during the war, and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was killed and a communist state formed.
A civil war raged in Russia between the anticommunist Whites and the communist Reds.
Russia had lost control of its western territory (Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Poland).
Later, during World War II, the Soviet Union took over Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and half of Poland.
Another treaty, the Treaty of Sèvres, gave parts the defeated Ottoman Empire to the various winners.
However, the Greek and Turkish Armies soon started another war.
Long-term problems
The German Empire became the Weimar Republic.
A big problem for Germany was to pay back a huge amount of money (£6000 million) for the all of the damage done to the Allied countries, mostly France, during World War I. That made Germany one of the poorest countries in Europe for almost 20 years and caused political fighting in Germany.
Two important parties, the Communist Party, which wanted a communist revolution like in Russia, and the Nazis, who thought that Germany should become the most powerful country in Europe, fought for many years.
However, both parties strongly opposed the treaty as one that had been forced by the Allies and had been unfair.
After all, Germans had to live in new countries even if they wanted to be part of Germany, but new countries were set up under the excuse of respecting the will the local populations.
The treaty was, for that reason and many others, hated in Germany.
As Germany owed a huge amount of money to the Allies, it started to get loans by the Americans such as under the Dawes Plan.
During the Great Depression in 1932, the United States wanted all its money back.
Germany refused to pay and printed more and more money to pay its debts.
That led to hyperinflation and the Reichsmark was worthless.
Some Germans even wanted to fight another war to get rid of it.
Also, the League of Nations, which had been created by the treaty, usually had too little power to stop wars from happening.
Japan took Manchuria, but the League did not stop that from happening.
Italy invaded Ethiopia, the Ethiopian emperor begged the League to help him, but it did not do much.
Germany, Japan and Italy left the League, became the Axis powers, invaded many peaceful countries, and caused World War II.
The United States and for some time the Soviet Union did not even join the League even though US President Woodrow Wilson had pushed for his idea to go into the treaty.
The League was never taken seriously although it had been created partly to check that the treaty was being followed.
Langley, Andrew, "Living through World War II'', Chicago, IL: Heinemann Library, 2012.
Treaty of Versailles Citizendium
1919 in Europe
1919 in France
Versailles, Treaty of
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (French Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon) is a French overseas collectivity.
It is made up of several small islands.
They are close to Newfoundland on the eastern coast of Canada.
It is the only remaining bit of the former French colonial empire territory of New France.
Historically L'Île-aux-Marins was a separate commune.
Then in 1945 it was added into the commune of Saint-Pierre.
Official tourism website for St Pierre and Miquelon
Le Phare: Association of Tourism Professionals
The prime factors of fifty are 2 and 5. (
2 * 5 * 5 = 50) The factors of 50 are 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50.
5*10=50.
50 is the smallest number that can be written as the sum of two squares in two distinct ways: 50=12+72=52+52.
Also, 50 is one-half of 100 or half of a century (a century is 100 years).
Rzeszów (, ) is city in the south-east part of Poland in Subcarpathian Voivodeship with a population of 170,722 (2008).
The city is located on the river Wislok.
January 14 – Hampton Court conference with James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of Puritans
September 20 – Capture of Ostend by Spanish forces under Ambrosio Spinola after a three-year siege.
October 9 – Supernova 1604 is observed.
As of this writing, this was the last supernova to be observed in the Milky Way.
November 1 – At Whitehall Palace in London, the William Shakespeare tragedy Othello is presented for the first time.
The Sikh Holy Scripture Guru Granth Sahib is compiled and edited by Guru Arjan .
Luis Váez de Torres is the first European to sail through the Torres Strait.
France begins settling Acadia, first successful French North American colony
France begins settling French Guiana.
England concludes the Treaty of London with Spain, ending its involvement in the Eighty Years' War.
Peter Blundell founds Blundell's School in Tiverton, England.
Za Dengel deposed as Emperor of Ethiopia by Za Sellase, who restores his cousin Yaqob.
The first known English Dictionary to be organized by alphabetical ordering was published.
Houston is the largest city in the state of Texas.
It is the fourth-largest city in the United States.
As of 2019, it had a population of over 2 million people.
Sylvester Turner became the mayor of Houston in 2015 is.
Houston is named for Sam Houston, who fought for Texas freedom in 1836.
It is well known for the Johnson Space Center of NASA.
Houston has many sports teams, including the Astros, Texans, Rockets, and Houston Dynamo.
The Astros play baseball, the Rockets play basketball, the Texans play American Football, and the Houston Dynamo play soccer.
Houston has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).
1830s establishments in the Republic of Texas
Robert Warelwast becomes Bishop of Exeter.
March 13 – Cardinal Gregory is elected anti-pope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
August 9 – Deadly earthquake in Aleppo, Syria killing about 230,000 people.
August 22 – Battle of the Standard between David I of Scotland and the English.
The Scots were defeated.
Bavaria was taken away from the Welfen Duke Henry the Proud and given to the Austrian Margrave Leopold IV.
End of the reign of Emperor Sutoku, emperor of Japan
Emperor Konoe becomes Emperor of Japan
1143: Celestine II is elected pope.
1144: Pope Celestine II is succeeded by Pope Lucius II
1146: Saint Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the Second Crusade at Vezelay, Burgundy
1145–1147: Second Crusade.
Crusaders capture Lisbon from Muslims
Polynesians are native people from islands in Polynesia, including Hawaii, Tahiti, Samoa, and Maoris in New Zealand.
Colonialism occurs when a country or a nation takes control of other lands, regions, or territories outside of its borders (boundaries of the country) by turning those other lands, regions, or territories into a colony.
Usually, it is a more powerful, richer country that takes control of a smaller, less powerful region or territory.
Sometimes the words "colonialism" and "imperialism" are used to mean the same thing.
Colonialism is one of the main results of imperialism.
Some countries use colonialism to get more land for their people to live in.
They helped settlers move to the new area.
The local people living in the land or territories were usually moved away by using force and violence from armies.
To protect these settlers from the local residents who were pushed aside, colonial nations often set up a military fort or colonial police system.
Other countries use colonialism so that they can get workers from the poorer country to work in factories or farms (either in the richer country, or in the poorer country).
In the past, powerful countries that were colonizing poorer countries or regions often forced the people from the poorer countries to work as slaves.
The Phoenicians started many trade colonies around the Mediterranean.
Carthage was the largest and most famous colony, and also made other colonies including Cartagena in Spain.
Later, the Ancient Greeks expanded their territories with colonies.
Ancient Greece was many city-states.
Each city was independent with a government in place.
Those cities also fought wars against each other and traded goods.
To get more influence, or to secure a trade route, the city would send settlers to a new place.
These people would then make a new city called a colony.
Sometimes a new city had to pay some form of taxes to the mother city in exchange for protection, for example.
The colonies, however, ruled themselves.
The mother city did not send them a governor.
Syracuse is the most famous of these Greek colonies.
If the Greek settlers found a local tribe living in the new territory, they would fight to force them to leave.
The local tribe was usually made into slaves.
The new colony would exploit the land it found, by growing crops or by raising cattle.
Ancient Rome invented the word "colonia" from the word "colonus" meaning "farmer". "
Colonia" at that time meant a new town to which some Romans moved, including farmers.
Many of the settlers were veterans.
In later centuries the word "colony" less often meant settlers, and more often meant rule by foreigners.
Types of colonialism
There are several different types of colonialism.
Some countries that expanded their territory made settler colonies.
Some countries that started out as settler colonies include the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the states of Latin America.
In all of these countries, people from European countries moved to the best parts of the new place, and forced the indigenous peoples (such as Indians, Maori, etc.)
to move.
When the local people or tribes had to move, it caused a lot of problems.
Many of these indigenous peoples were also enslaved, killed through genocide or died in pandemics because they had no immunity against infectious diseases brought by the settlers.
With the plantation colony, the powerful, rich country use the poorer country's land to grow crops.
Typically, slaves work on the farms.
Examples of plantation colonies include Barbados, Saint-Domingue and Jamaica.
In some regions which were colonized, the settlers married the local people and had children with them.
An example is Mexico, where a new people called the mestizos came from the marriages of the settlers and the local tribes.
In other regions which were colonized, the settlers and the local people lived in separate areas, without living together or marrying.
An example of this situation is French Algeria (when France colonized the African country of Algeria) or Southern Rhodesia.
Another type of colonialism is when a powerful country sets up (establishes) dependencies.
With a dependency, the colonizing country does not send over thousands of settlers to the new territory.
Instead, the colonizing country sets up administrators (a governing organization) that controls the existing local (native) populations or tribes.
Examples include the British Raj, (geraldine) in which the British government controlled India; the Dutch East Indies, in which the Netherlands controlled parts of the East Indies; and the Japanese colonial empire, in which Japan controlled Asian territories.
Another type of colony is the trading post colony.
Rich and powerful countries set up trading post colonies so that there would be a territory where trading, selling, and business could be conducted.
The rich and powerful countries usually set up military forts or police forces to enforce the rules and laws of the colonizing country.
Examples of trading colonies include Macau, Malacca, Deshima and Singapore.
Massive colonization took place in Ancient India too.
But the history of colonization is attributed to Greece only.
In Ancient India Colonization began not with political conquest but with cultural conquest.
Hinduism, and after centuries Buddhism became the main source of colonization.
It was a colonization that began with cultural expansion leading to economic colonization.
Indians were in the role of masters for a few centuries and in the role of slaves for centuries.
Liberal opposition to colonialism, imperialism and empire (pdf)  - by professor Daniel Klein
Colonialism -Citizendium
was an American animated television show on the Nickelodeon network.
It was about a boy with a football-shaped head named Arnold, his "gang" of friends, and their lives in the fictional city of Hillwood.
Each episode of Hey Arnold!
ran for about 15 minutes each.
In 2002, Nickelodeon made a movie from it.
Arnold's best friends in his gang are Gerald, Sid, Stinky, Eugene, Rhonda, Phoebe, Lila, and Curly (who was voiced by Haley Joel Osment).
Adult Arnold was voiced by Christopher Walberg.
2004 television series endings
Diego Armando Maradona (30 October 1960 – 25 November 2020) was an Argentine professional footballer and manager.
He was nicknamed El Diez, Pelusa, El Diego and El Pibe de Oro (The Golden Boy).
He is widely regarded as one of the best footballers ever because of his skill moves and ability to score goals, so this is why many people compare him to Brazilian legend Pelé.
They were both winners of the FIFA Player of the 20th century award.
Maradona made 91 appearances and scored 34 goals with Argentina.
He played at four world cups.
His greatest and most important achievement was winning the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico.
Club Career
Maradona made his professional debut with Argentina on 20 October 1976 wearing the number 16 shirt, a week before his 16th birthday.
He scored his first goal in November 1976 two weeks after turning 16.
In 1981, he transferred to Boca Juniors, and won the league title with them that same year.
His performances at the 1982 FIFA World Cup attracted the interest of FC Barcelona, and they signed him shortly after the tournament.
In the 1984 Copa Del Rey final against Athletic Bilbao, Maradona was involved in a fight with several other Bilbao players.
During the game, Bilbao player Andoni Goikoetxea made a rough tackle on Maradona, and Bilbao fans insulted Maradona and his family.
This made him very angry.
Barca lost 1-0, and when he was insulted by Miguel Sola at the end of the match, Maradona lost control and became furious.
He headbutted Sola, kneed Bilbao's goalie in the head, elbowed another one in the face, and kicked and punched other players as well.
This ended up being his last game with the Catalan club.
Maradona signed for Napoli in the summer of 1984 for around €8 million.
At his presentation, he was greeted by 75,000 fans at the Stadio San Paolo in Naples.
He led the club to its first Serie A title in 1987.
That same year, he won the Coppa Italia.
For the 1987-88 season, Maradona was top scorer of the league, with 15 goals.
Napoli also finished second in the league to A.C. Milan.
In the 1989 UEFA Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart, Maradona played an important role in Napoli's victory.
He scored and assisted Careca's goal in the 2-1 victory during the first leg.
In the second leg, he assisted Ciro Ferrara's goal in a 3-3 draw (5-4 on aggregate).
The following year, Napoli won the Supercoppa Italiana with a 5-1 demolishing of Juventus.
In March 1991, Maradona failed a drug test for cocaine.
He was given a 15-month ban and a fine, so he missed the rest of the 1990-91 season and the entire 1991-92 season.
After being allowed to return to football in June 1992, he didn't want to return to Napoli, and he asked for a transfer.
He eventually signed for Spanish club Sevilla.
He stayed there for one year.
He moved back to the Argentine League with Newell's Old Boys in 1993, and stayed there for one season.
Maradona ended his career by making a return to Boca Juniors in 1995.
He stayed there for two years until retiring on 25 October 1997.
He played his last match against Boca's rival River Plate, and Boca won 2-1.
International Career
Maradona played his first match for the Argentina national team on 27 February 1977 against Hungary, as a 16 year old.
Maradona is most famously known for his performance against England in the 1986 World Cup quarter final, where he scored two legendary goals.
The first one was controversially scored with his hand.
It started with a poor clearance from an English defender that sent the ball into the penalty box.
As goalkeeper Peter Shilton came off his line to challenge the ball, Maradona jumped and punched it in past Shilton, while also adding a movement as if he hit the ball with his head that fooled the referees.
He later called it the "Hand of God", and said that he used his hand because he knew he was not going to reach the ball.
The second one was voted the best goal scored in World Cup history in 2002 and many people call it the "Goal of the Century", where he received the ball behind the half-field line and dribbled five England players before juking out goalkeeper Shilton and passing the ball with his left foot into the open net from 6 yards out.
The match ended 2-1 in favor of Argentina.
Argentina won the World Cup after defeating West Germany in the final, and Maradona was named as the tournament's best player.
The British named him "athlete of the decade."
Maradona was addicted to cocaine from the mid-1980s until 2004.
During his time at Napoli, he failed a drug test in 1991 and had his conversations wiretapped by police.
He was also accused of working with the Italian mafia.
In 2000 he suffered a heart attack caused by cocaine overdose.
In 2004, he was placed in intensive care with high blood pressure, respiratory failure, and a lung infection.
After Maradona retired, he suffered from obesity.
At one point, he weighed 280 lbs (130 kg).
In March 2005, Maradona had a Gastric bypass surgery in Cartagena, Colombia and was placed on a liquid diet for three months to try to reduce his obesity.
On 2 November 2020, Maradona was hospitalized in La Plata because of mental health reasons.
A day later, he had emergency brain surgery to treat a subdural hematoma.
He was released on 12 November after successful surgery.
|1977||3||0
|1978||1||0
|1979||8||3
|1980||10||7
|1981||2||1
|1982||10||2
|1985||10||6
|1986||10||7
|1987||6||4
|1989||7||0
|1990||10||1
Total||91||34
1982 FIFA World Cup players
1986 FIFA World Cup players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
Argentine footballers
Argentine football managers
People from Buenos Aires Province
Don José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (; born 4 August 1960 in Valladolid) is a Spanish politician.
He was elected for two terms as Prime Minister of Spain.
This was in the  2004 and 2008 general elections.
On 2 April 2011 he said he would not stand for re-election.
His party is the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).
He left the office on 21 December 2011.
He was succeeded by Mariano Rajoy.
He left the PSOE's Secretary General chair on 4th February 2012 to Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba.
On 9th February he entered the Spanish Council of State.
He studied Law at the University of León, graduating in 1982.
Rodríguez Zapatero met Sonsoles Espinosa in León in 1981.
They married on 27 January 1990 and have two daughters named Laura (born 1993) and Alba (born 1995).
Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero biography on Infoplease
People from Valladolid
Prime Ministers of Spain
Socialist politicians
Spanish socialists
The Electric guitar is a type of musical instrument.
It was made in 1931 by George Beauchamp.
It is a string instrument usually played with a pick and sometimes with the fingers.
It uses things called "electric pickups" which are wire-wound magnets that change the vibration of the strings into electric current.
This electric current is then sent to an amplifier (amp for short) that changes it to sound.
This electric current can also be changed to produce effects.
The main parts of an electric guitar are the neck, the pickups, the tuners, the bridge, the input, the body, the frets, the pick guard, the volume knobs and the tone knobs.
There may also be other parts that can change other sounds.
A normal electric guitar has one neck with 6 strings on it, although there are 12 string guitars and guitars with more than one neck.
Guitars are made and sold in many parts of the world by many companies.
They can be hand made or factory made.
Some companies that make electric guitars are Fender, Gibson, and Ibanez.
Introduction to playing
The strings of a guitar are normally tuned to the keys E, B, G, D, A, E (starting from the highest sounding string).
Electric guitars normally have 21, 22 or 24 frets.
Going up the fret board towards the body (from the head), the notes on the E strings are E, F, F#, G, G#, A, A#, B, C, C#, D, D# and back to E on the 12th fret.
Each fret closer to the body raises the pitch by a semitone.
It is normal for the fingers to hurt from fretting when starting out.
The skin on the fingers will quickly become accustomed to this, depending on the amount of practice.
Reading guitar tablature
Many guitarists today share their music through a system called tablature (commonly known as 'tab').
Tablature is a way of reading notes for a guitar.
It is much simpler than musical notes, but most tabs do not support rhythm.
Many tabs can be found online or in books and magazines.
high E ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
G ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
low  E ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Each line represents a string.
Tab is always read as if the player were holding the guitar on their lap, strings facing up.
Each number then represents what fret the finger is placed on.
The above diagram would be to play an open E chord, picking each string individually, and then strumming the chord.
If the notes are stacked directly above each other, it means to strum the chord.
Some guitar music is written in both musical note format and tablature.
The musical notes are written out, with the corresponding tablature under each line of notes.
Louise Brooks (Cherryvale, Kansas, 14 November 1906 – Rochester, New York, 8 August 1985) was an American dancer and actress.
She became a leading film star, and a style icon famous for her beauty and her bobbed hair style.
Brooks' signature film role was as Lulu in G.W. Pabst's Pandora's Box (Die Büchse der Pandora) in 1929.
Brooks' portrayal was of a young woman whose raw sexuality and uninhibited nature brings ruin to herself and those who love her.
It made the actress a star.
The Street of Forgotten Men (1925)
The American Venus (1926)
A Social Celebrity (1926)
It's the Old Army Game (1926)
The Show Off (1926)
Love 'Em and Leave 'Em (1926)
Just Another Blonde (1926)
Evening Clothes (1927)
Rolled Stockings (1927)
Now We're in the Air (1927)
The City Gone Wild (1927)
A Girl in Every Port (1928)
Beggars of Life (1928)
The Canary Murder Case (1929)
Pandora's Box (1929)
Diary of a Lost Girl (1929)
Prix de Beaute (1930)
Windy Riley Goes Hollywood (1931) (short subject)
It Pays to Advertise (1931)
God's Gift to Women (1931)
Empty Saddles (1936)
King of Gamblers (1937) (scenes deleted)
Overland Stage Raiders (1938)
Film Firsts: Louise Brooks (1960) (television)
Lulu in Berlin (1984) (documentary)
Louise Brooks: Looking for Lulu (1998) (documentary)
Mysteries and Scandals: Louise Brooks (1999) (television)
Louise Brooks, Fundamentals of Good Ballroom Dancing, United States: self-published, 1940
Pandora's Box (Lulu), United States: Simon & Schuster, 1971
Rolland Jaccard (editor), Louise Brooks: Portrait d'une Anti-Star, France: Editions Phebus, 1977
Louise Brooks, Lulu in Hollywood, United States: Knopf, 1982
Vincenzo Mollica, Louise Brooks: Una Fiaba Nocturne, Italy: Editori del Grifo, 1984
Homenagem a Louise Brooks, Portugal: Cinemateca Portuguesa, 1986
Rolland Jaccard (editor), Louise Brooks: Portrait of an Anti-Star, United States: New York Zoetrope, 1986
Barry Paris, Louise Brooks, United States: Knopf, 1989
Omaggio a Louise Brooks e Maya Deren, Italy: Cineteca D. W. Griffith, 1996
Louise Brooks: L'europeenne, France: Transeuropa, 1999
Louise Brooks, Lulu in Hollywood: Expanded Edition, United States: University of Minnesota Press, 2000
Peter Cowie, Louise Brooks: Lulu Forever, United States: Rizzoli, 2006
There is no Garbo!
There is no Dietrich!
There is only Louise Brooks! –
Henri Langlois,  1955.
I have a gift for enraging people, but if I ever bore you it will be with a knife. –
Louise Brooks, from her autobiography, 'Lulu in Hollywood'.
Louise Brooks Society
Louise Brooks, silent star
All Movie Guide
Louise Brooks Studies
American silent movie actors
Bangor is the 3rd-largest city in Maine.
In 2000, the city had 31,473 people.
Portland, Maine, USA
Portland, Missouri, USA
Isle of Portland, UK
Portland limestone, a limestone rock in western Europe
Benjamin Peter James Bradshaw (born 30 August 1960) is an English politician and the Member of Parliament for the Exeter constituency in the United Kingdom.
He was elected in the 1997 general election.
He was a Minister of State in the Department of Health, a Minister for the South West and Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport.
He holds no posts in the current shadow government.
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Eschelbronn is a village with 2597 people living there.
It is in the Rhein-Neckar area of Baden-Württemberg, Germany and close to Sinsheim.
It was already mentioned in the years 788/789 in a document of the monastery of Lorsch.
Afterwards there was no documentation until the end of the 13th century when it became part of the restrict of Speyer.
The first mayor was Heinrich von Eschelbrunnen in the year 1261.
In 1267 a castle made of wood was built and later rebuilt into a water-castle of stone in 1375.
In 1526 the village became Protestant.
In 1803 Eschelbronn became part of Baden.
From 1807 on the village was administered by Waibstadt and 1803 by Sinsheim until the 31st of December 1972.
Today it belongs to the Rhein-Neckar area.
In former times most of the people were farmers, however later in the 18th century the production of textiles became more and more important.
Since the end of the 19th century Eschelbronn is well known for its furniture production.
Museum of Furniture Production
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry.
It was founded by George I, on 18 May 1725.
The name comes from an old ceremony, first mentioned in 1128.
In the ceremony, men participated in a vigil of fasting, prayer, and taking a bath.
They did this on the day before they were made a knight.
The ceremony was abolished in 1815.
Knight or Dame Grand Cross (GCB)
Knight or Dame Commander (KCB or DCB)
Companion (CB)
Originally founded as a military order of chivalry, the star (or pip) is worn as army officers' rank insignia.
The insignia is that of the Order of the Bath.
Members of the order now belong to either the Civil or the Military Division.
The Order's motto is Tria juncta in uno (Latin for "Three joined in one").
This is a reference to either the union of England, Scotland and Ireland, or to the Holy Trinity.
A symbol of the Order that is seen over and over has three crowns in it.
Another motto, Ich dien (German for "I serve") is used occasionally, but only by members of the Order who serve in the military.
The Order is the fourth oldest of the British Orders of Chivalry, after The Most Noble Order of the Garter, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick.
The last of those Orders–which relates to Ireland, no longer a part of the United Kingdom–still exists, but is no longer active; no appointments have been made to it since 1934.
The Kurds () are an ethnic group from Western Asia.
They speak Kurdish and the Kurdish homeland is Kurdistan, a region in the Middle East.
Kurdish is an Indo-European language, being part of the Iranian language family.
The Kurds are an Iranic Indo-European people, like the peoples of western and north-western Iran.
Kurds are one of the largest and most important ethnic groups in the Middle East.
There are between about 35 million and about 40 million Kurds.
Most of the Kurdish population lives in Kurdistan.
Kurdistan is the area where Kurds live.
Today, it is a border country with lands in the east and southeast of Turkey, in the north-west of Iran, in the north of Iraq, and in the north-east of Syria. (
Lands in Armenia and Azerbaijan also have small Kurdish populations.)
After most of these borders came into existence after World War I, many Kurds went out of Kurdistan.
They migrated to the large cities in the Middle East and to Western Europe.
Since the Middle Ages, there have also been Kurdish communities in Cairo, Beirut, Damascus, and Aleppo.
Since the Early Modern Period, there have also been Kurdish communities in Khorasan (north-eastern Iran and Afghanistan).
Many Kurds speak the Kurdish language.
The two largest Kurdish dialects are Kurmanji Kurdish and Sorani Kurdish.
The Kurds of Turkish Kurdistan and of Syrian Kurdistan speak Kurmanji.
About half of Kurds in Iranian Kurdistan and Iraqi Kurdistan speak Kurmanji, but other Kurds there speak Sorani.
Some other Kurds in Iranian Kurdistan speak the Gorani Kurdish dialect, and others in Turkish Kurdistan speak Zazaki Kurdish.
Until the 20th century, most Kurds were nomadic people.
The Kurds' economy had a close connection with pastoralism and animal husbandry.
In the 21st century, nomadism is not common among Kurds.
Most Kurds now live in cities.
In the economy of the 21st century, farming is the most important work in Kurdistan.
Industrialization means that fewer Kurds work as farmers, and this has caused urbanization of the Kurdish population.
In the past, Kurds were part of the Silk Road economic system.
Trade routes form connections between different countries through Kurdistan.
The Kurds share their lands with other ethnic groups.
Some of the Kurds' neighbours are Turks, Arabs, Persians, Jews, Armenians, and Assyrians.
In the past, some Arabic and Turkic people became Kurds by cultural assimilation.
In the nationalist period, the governments of the states that control Kurdistan tried to assimilate the Kurds into Turkish, Iranian, and Arabic culture.
These states (Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria) also moved Turks, Persians, and Arabs into Kurdistan.
The governments of these states have used genocide, ethnocide, linguicide, and ethnic cleansing against Kurds.
The Soviet Union also forced Kurds from the Caucasus to migrate to Central Asia.
When the Soviet Union ended, the First Nagorno-Karabakh War between Armenia and Azerbaijan affected most of the Kurds in the Caucasus.
Most Kurds are Muslims.
Most are part of Sunni Islam.
Most Kurds are part of the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence, but some Kurds are part of the Hanafi school.
Sufism is also common among Kurds.
There are also Kurds who are part of Shia Islam and Kurds who are part of Alevism.
There are also Kurdish Jews and Yazidis.
The name of the Kurds is very old.
The first proof of the name is from writing in Middle Persian (Pahlavi), the language of the Sasanian Empire.
The name became most common after the Muslim conquests during the 7th century CE.
In the Islamic world of the early Middle Ages, the word had a loose meaning.
The meaning was variable, and people gave many tribes and nomadic peoples the word Kurd.
Peoples living in the mountains between Anatolia and the Iranian plateau often had the name "Kurd".
In the Persian language and the Arabic language, writers during the 10th century gave the name to different ethnic groups.
Some scholars make an argument that the meaning of the name was not an ethnonym at that time, because many different groups of nomads and pastoralists had the name "Kurds" during the Middle Ages.
However, other scholars make the argument that the name was not the name of lifestyle or economic system (like nomadism or pastoralism) but the name of a population.
This population shared a common character in linguistics, shared an area to live in, and shared a mythology.
Whether the people and groups who had the name "Kurds" thought that they were a common community before the 12th century is unknown.
The history of the Kurds starts with the late Sasanian Empire and the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia.
Arab armies first fought against the Kurds in the late 630s.
At that time, the Arabs overcame the tribes of Kurds in the mountains near Mosul.
Arab armies took control of Mesopotamia in 637.
Kurdish tribes helped the Sasanian armies fight against the Arabs in 639 and 644, but the Arabs had more success.
Utba bin Farqad led the Arab armies that took control of the Shahrizor (a plain now in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan) and the lands around Hulwan (a town now in Kermanshah Province, Iranian Kurdistan).
Then the Kurds came under the control of the Rashidun Caliphate and converted to Islam.
The Arab Muslim armies came to Kurdistan after they took control of Ctesiphon (the capital of the Sasanian Empire) in 636.
This was in the time of Umar, the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
The Muslim armies attacked and overcame the cities Masibezan (near Ilam) and Hulwan (now Sarpol-e Zahab).
When the armies of the Sasanian Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate met at Nahavand, they fought the Battle of Nahavand.
In the battle, the Rashidun Caliphate's army overcame the army of the Sasanian Empire.
The Arab armies also took control of Mosul, Shahrizor, and Urmia by force.
Some places surrendered, like Mandali.
Most Kurds converted to Islam between the 7th and 9th centuries CE.
The exact process of their religious conversion is unknown, but Kurds probably wanted to free themselves from the jizya, a tax on people who were not Muslims.
Most became part of Sunni Islam, and most were Shafi'ites.
The Kurds fought against the government at some times, but fought with the government's army at other times.
Kurdish tribes made rebellions against the Rashidun Caliphate in 645 and in 659.
In 666 there were two rebellions (in Ahvaz and in Fars).
During the Umayyad Caliphate, Kurds made rebellions in 685, 702, and 708.
Kurdish tribes fought for Marwan II (who controlled the Umayyad Caliphate) against the rebellion in 746.
When the Kurds became Muslims, they became part of the community of the Islamic world.
Kurds were then able to became a part of the political and military power of the region.
When the some of largest towns in the area became part of the Rashidun Caliphate (Mosul, Erbil, Shahrizor, Seymere, Borujerd, Hamadan, Dinavar, Nahavand, Siravand, and Karaj of Abu Dulaf), they became important places of education and religion during early Islam.
During the Abbasid Caliphate, there were many rebellions by Kurds.
During rebellions in 840, 846, and 866, Kurds took control of Mosul.
Some Kurds were part of the Zanj Rebellion (869–883) and some were part of Ya'qub ibn al-Layth as-Saffar's rebellion.
The Abbasid Caliphate became weak in the 9th century, and Kurdish lords were sometimes able to take control of government in the mountains.
There were a number of Kurdish dynasties that controlled a number of emirates in the Kurdish region.
The Shaddadids controlled lands in Armenia and Azerbaijan from 951 to 1174.
The Rawwidids controlled lands in Azerbaijan between 955 and 1071.
The Hasanwayhids controlled parts of western Iran between 959 and 1095.
The Marwanids controlled the lands around Diyarbakır (a city now in Turkish Kurdistan) and Lake Van between 990 and 1096.
In the 11th century, the Seljuk dynasty and the Zengid dynasty fought wars with the Kurdish emirates.
The Seljuk dynasty took control of Iran, Iraq, and Anatolia.
The Zengid dynasty controlled the lands around Mosul for the Seljuks.
The success of their armies ended the independence of the Kurds' emirates.
When the Seljuks took control of Dvin (now in Armenia) from the Shaddadid dynasty, Shadhi ibn Marwan and his two sons Najm ad-Din Ayyub and Asad ad-Din Shirkuh worked for the Shaddadids.
They went away from the city and came to Iraq.
Najm ad-Din Ayyub and Asad ad-Din Shirkuh became important soldiers in the armies of Nur ad-Din Zengi, who controlled Syria and Mosul.
Najm ad-Din Ayyub became governor of Baalbek and Damascus.
Asad ad-Din Shirkuh became governor of Homs.
In 1163, Shirkuh led an invasion of the Fatimid Caliphate, which controlled Egypt.
After this first attack, Shirkuh's Zengid army went out of Egypt in 1164, but they attacked again in 1167.
This invasion had success, but after two years Shirkuh died.
The son of Najm ad-Din Ayyub then took control of his uncle Shirkuh's army in Egypt.
This son was Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ("Saladin").
Working for Nur ad-Din Zengi, Saladin then used the Zengid army for the destruction of the Fatimid Caliphate.
Doing this, Saladin ended the control of Shia Islam in Egypt and took control of Egypt himself when Nur ad-Din died in 1174.
Saladin's Ayyubid dynasty controlled many lands.
Libya, the Hejaz, Yemen, Sudan, Egypt, and Syria were all under Saladin's control.
Saladin also took control of many castles, and he took control of Jerusalem after the Battle of Hattin in 1187. (
Jerusalem had been part of the Roman Catholic Kingdom of Jerusalem from the time of the First Crusade.
Saladin took back Jerusalem for the Muslims.)
The Ayyubid dynasty ended in 1250, when the Mamluks took control of Egypt and the Mongols attacked the Ayyubids in Syria.
With the end of the Ayyubids' government in Egypt and Syria, Kurdish power there ended. (
Some of the Ayyubid dynasty continued to control Hasankeyf into the 16th century.)
Kurds continued to live in many lands that the Ayyubids had controlled.
From this time, many Kurds lived in the Kurdish quarter of Damascus. (