the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Christians became part of harems as slaves in the Balkans and Asia Minor when the Turks invaded.
Muslim qadis owned Christian slave girls.
Greek girls who were pretty were forced into prostitution after being enslaved to Turks who too al their earnings in the 14th century according to Ibn Battuta.
1360s deaths
Moroccan people
The Kyshtym disaster was a radiation contamination disaster on 29 September 1957, in Mayak, a nuclear plant in Russia (then a part of the Soviet Union).
It measured as a Level 6 disaster on the International Nuclear Event Scale (the Chernobyl disaster and the Fukushima disaster are the only accidents listed as more serious than this one).
Mayak is the name for a number of nuclear facilities, which are about  from Ekaterinburg, in Russia.
The facilities were also known as Chelyabinsk-65, or Chelyabinsk-40.
Mayak was built between 1945 and 1948.
It was the first plant that could produce nuclear material in the Soviet Union.
At times, up to 25.000 people worked at Mayak.
They produced the plutonium fuel that was used for the first Soviet atomic bomb, amongst other things.
Between 1948 and 1987, a total of ten nuclear reactors were built.
Until 1991, all but two were closed.
The two remaining produce radioactive isotopes for health care and for research purposes.
During different accidents, a large amount of radioactivity was released into the environment.
The biggest of these accidents happened in 1957, and is known as Kyshtym Disaster today.
It happened in a plant near Kishtim (Кыштым).
There were many accidents in this secret plant.
The most serious of them happened on September 29, 1957.
The cooling system of the plant failed to work.
A (non-nuclear) explosion occurred.
This explosion had the force of between 75 and 100 tons of TNT.
It threw the lid of the container, which weighted 160 tons, into the air.
The accident released about 20 MegaPCi (about 740 Petabecquerel) of radioactivity.
At least 200 people died from radiation sickness.
About 10,000 people were evacuated from their homes.
More than 470,000 people were affected by the radiation, without knowing it.
During the next ten to eleven hours, the radioactive cloud moved towards the northeast, reaching between 300 and 350 kilometers from the accident.
The fallout of the cloud resulted in a long-term contamination of an area of more than 800 square kilometers, mostly with caesium-137 and strontium-90.
Today, the area is known as the East-Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT).
The existence of Mayak was a secret.
Only very few people knew it was there.
For this reason, the people living in the areas affected by the accident were not told about the accident.
On 6 October, a week after the accident, the authorities started to evacuate about 10,000 people, but they did not tell about the reason for the evacuation.
People grew hysterical with fear because unknown 'mysterious' diseases were breaking out.
Victims were seen with skin 'sloughing off' their faces, hands and other exposed parts of their bodies."
It was Zhores Medvedev who revealed the nature and extent of the disaster to the world.
Rumours of a nuclear mishap somewhere near Chelyabinsk had long been circulating in the West.
That there had been a serious nuclear accident west of the Urals was eventually inferred from research on the effects of radioactivity on plants, animals, and ecosystems, published by Professor Leo Tumerman, former head of the Biophysics Laboratory at the Institute of Molecular Biology in Moscow, and associates.
According to Gyorgy, who invoked the Freedom of Information Act to gain access to the relevant Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) files, the CIA knew of the 1957 Mayak accident all along.
They kept it secret to prevent adverse consequences for the fledgling American nuclear industry.
Only in 1990 did the Soviet government declassify documents pertaining to the disaster.
According to different sources, the amount of radioactivity produced by this disaster is between twice and six times that of Chernobyl disaster of 1986.
Because the leakage was more limited, this is classified as a Level 6 (of 7) disaster on the International Nuclear Event Scale.
Chernobyl is rated at Level 7.
In 2003, Russian authorities closed down the Mayak plant.
Lake Karachay, which is close to the plant is seen as one of the most contaminated spots on the planet.
In the past 45 years, about 500,000 people in the region have been irradiated in one or more of the incidents.
Some  of them were exposed to more than 20 times the radiation suffered by the Chernobyl disaster effects victims.
Techa.
The Radioactive River (in Russian Wikipedia)
A report on the 1957 accident and on endemic radioactive pollution at Mayak.
Material prepared for the Nuclear Threat Initiative by the Monterey Institute's Center for Nonproliferation Studies.
Chelyabinsk-65 / Ozersk Combine 817 / Production Association Mayak.
From GlobalSecurity.org.
On Ozersk and Mayak, from the Ural Press.
Eyewitness accounts of unsafe working conditions at Mayak.
Campaign to clean up Mayak.
From Greenpeace web site.
More from Greenpeace
Article from the Russian press
URAL CHERNOBIL: TRAGEDY of TATARS
The book F.Bajramova "The nuclear archipelago or atomic genocide against Tatars" (1st chapter)
Oldboy is a 2003 movie by Park chan-wook.
This movie is based on the 1997 Japanese comic book.
It is a mystery action movie about the contest of Oh Dae-su who was confined in private jail for 15 years (even he does not know why he was caged) and Lee woo-jin who confined Oh because of revenge.
This movie deals especially and in detail with human hatred and revenge, and uses nice visual techniques to deal with sensational material.
The movie was nominated for many international movie festivals.
It won 31 awards including Best Director at the Cannes Film Festival in 2004.
Korean-language movies
Cheese on toast is a type of food sometimes called grilled cheese.
It is often eaten as a light snack.
It is popular because it is easy to make quickly, and uses few ingredients.
It is made by grilling cheese on toast.
Cheese on toast is often made with cheddar cheese.
Other items (such as grilled tomatoes and butter) may be added to the dish.
Cheese dishes
Deoksugung, also known as Gyeongun-gung, Deoksugung Palace, or Deoksu Palace, (Deoksugung ; 덕수궁, 德壽宮), is one of the five grand palaces of the Korean Joseon Dynasty.
When the Japanese invaded Joseon in 1592, King Seonjo escaped from Hanyang (present-day Seoul) and fled to Uiju.
When the war finished, he returned to Seoul.
But there was no place for him to stay, because all of the palaces (such as Gyeongbok Palace, Changdeok Palace, Changgyeong Palace) had burned down during the war.
Infinite Challenge is a famous Korean TV show.
Its Korean name is Muhan Dojeon.
It started in 2005 as Mu(mo)han Dojeon and titled Muhan Dojeon in 2006.
There are seven people on the show now; Yoo Jae-suk, the MC, Park Myeong-su always seated second, Jeong Jun-ha whose nickname is 'eating god' because he eats a lot and fast, Roh Hong-cheol who can speak quickly and has swindler character, Jeong Hyeong-don who is called "MiJon gae-oh" that means remarkable in everywhere, HaHa who is called "little baby", Jun Jin was a member for about 2 years and went military service.
Instead of him, Gil who is singer of South Korea's Hip-hop group Leessang appears in this show.
This show is the first real variety show in Korea.
The seven members of the team try new challenges for each episode.
For example, they held an end of year concert to raise money for unfortunate neighbors, made a drama, met and played games with world famous stars like Thierry Henry and Paris Hilton.
These were all produced by Kim Tae-ho, the producer of Infinite Challenge.
He wants to keep the program new and exciting so he has recently tried to add a new member of the team.
Bean Pole International is the name of a South Korean clothes brand.
It was started by Cheil-Mogic, one of the Samsung Company group, in 1989.
The brand name "Bean Pole" signifies happiness and hope, by symbolizing a man riding a bicycle in the novel Daddy Long-Legs.
The picture of a man riding a bicycle is the logo of Bean Pole.
In addition, it also signifies the tradition of the Boston Ivy League universities.
In the 21st century Bean Pole became a nationally famous brand in South Korea.
It has six sub-brands including Bean Pole, Bean Pole Ladies, and Bean Pole Golf.
They have become an international company selling clothes to China, the United States and Europe.
They hired Gwyneth Paltrow and Daniel Henny to appear in advertising to promote the brand name.
Nakseongdae is a park located in Gwanak, Seoul.
It is the birthplace of the famous Goryeo-Era general, Gang Gam-chan (강감찬, 姜邯贊 ; 948-1031).
Legend says that when Gang Gam-chan was born, a star fell from Heaven.
Because of this, his birthplace was named "Site of the Falling Star" (Nakseongdae).
The people of the Goryeo Kingdom (918-1392) built a three-story pagoda at the house of Gang Gam-chan's birth to praise him for his great deeds.
He is famous for defeating 400,000 invading Khitan soldiers.
Damaged parts of this pagoda were rebuilt by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 1964, and the pagoda was named Seoul Tangible Cultural Property No.
4 in 1972.
Two years later, a shrine was built for Gang Gam-chan.
The pagoda, which was originally located at 218 Bongcheon-dong, was moved to be with the shrine.
Nakseongdae Station
Nakseongdae Park
Hwaseong Fortress () is the wall that surrounds the centre of Suwon.
Suwon is the capital city of Gyeonggi-do, a province in South Korea.
The fortress was built by Jeongjo, the 22nd king of the Joseon Dynasty.
Jeongjo wanted to show loyalty to his family.
He wanted to protect his father's burial place.
He wanted to strengthen his power and protect the southern area of Suwon.
He also wanted to reduce conflict between different political parties.
Construction started near Mount Paldalsan in January 1794.
Construction was finished in September 1796.
Chae Jae-gong supervised the building process.
Chae Jae-gong was a former minister in the government and the magistrate of Yeongjungchubu County.
Engineers made new tools to help build the fortress.
The Geojunggi was one of these new tools.
It is a traditional Korean crane.
They also made potter's wheels were created.
They were used to move and put together large stones for the wall.
After the original fortress was finished in 1801, a construction archive called the Hwaseong Seongyeokuigwe was published.
This archive recorded what the fortress was like when it was first built.
This helped construction workers know how to rebuild the fortress after it was damaged, so it would look like the original wall.
The fortress was partly damaged twice.
First, it was damaged when Japan controlled Korea in the early 20th century.
The fortress was also damaged during the Korean War.
Today, most of its original features have been restored.
The fortress is on both flat and hilly lands.
This is uncommon in neighbouring China and Japan.
Yi Sang-jae (, 26 October 1850 – 29 March 1927; also written as Lee Sang-jae) was a religious leader and independence fighter at the end of the Korean Empire.
He was born in Jongji-ri, Hansan-myeon, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do.
His real name is Gey-ho.
He was the president of the Independence Association and published the first Korean private newspaper, Independence Newspaper.
When Korea was a colony of Japan, he was active in the movement to establish the Korean Private University.
Also, he was the first president of Singanhoe, one of the biggest independence groups in Korea.
Yi Sang-jae on Open Library
Profile on the Encyclopaedia of Korean Culture
YB, formed in 1994, is a Korean rock band.
They have made seven studio albums, three live albums, digital single albums, and DVDs.
They sold more than 2 million albums and held more than one hundred live concerts in a year.
Dee (Yoon Do-Hyun), singer
Taehee (Park Tae-hee), bass
Jin (Kim Jin-won), drums
Baby J (Heo Jun), guitar.
At the 2002 World Cup, YB played songs such as ‘Oh, Pil Seung Korea (Oh, Victory to Korea)’ to millions of fans.
South Korea's entry into the semi finals meant that YB's music was heard all over Korea.
They won the best music award from Korea’s three main broadcast stations KBS, MBC and SBS.
They were given the first WPMA (World Peace Music Award) in 2003 for helping with human rights issues in Korea.
European tour
YB went on tour in Europe in 2005, the first Korean rock music group to do so.
They have released a single in the UK.
Brown Eyed Soul is a Korean musical singing group.
The 4 men in the band are Naul, Jung-Yeop, Sung-Hun, & Young-Jun. Their genre is soul pop and R&B. Brown Eyed Soul made their debut in 2003 with their 1st album Soul Free.
Their 2nd album, The Wind, The Sea, The Rain was released in 2007.
They took four years to release their 2nd album.
Although 4 years was a long time, they still had many fans.
Their 2nd album sold about 100,000 copies.
It helped them win the R&B award at the 5th Korean Music awards in 2008.
Brown Eyed Soul have not appeared on television which is very unusual in Korea where most groups appear regularly.
Brown Eyed Soul`s popularity is not their looks or their dancing, but their music.
Soul Free, 2003.
The Wind, The Sea, The Rain,  2007.
Brown Eyed Soul Christmas Concert Live 2007, 2008.
BROWNEYED SOUL, 2010.
Tteokguk is a traditional food of Korea.
It is eaten on January 1 to celebrate Seollal, the Korean New Year.
Tteokguk is a soup made from tteok ( a sweet Korean rice cake), sliced cooked eggs, ground meat, mandu, leek, and onion.
Migi's Kitchen with a recipe for tteokguk
Nail art is a creative activity that draws pictures or designs fingernails.
It a type of art.
These days fingernails and toenails are seen by some as important points of beauty.
Also, it is a type of fashion activity, related to manicuring.
There are commercial shops ('nail bars') where nails are worked on to make them attractive.
The main product is acrylic nails with ready-made designs which can be stuck on top of natural nails.
Nail polish
Nail polish, or nail varnish, is a lacquer applied to human fingernails or toenails to decorate and/or protect the nail.
Today’s nail polishes are usually nitrocellulose in a solvent such as butyl acetate or ethyl acetate.
They may be clear or coloured with pigments.
The coating  has a plasticizers (e.g. camphor).
This links polymer chains, spacing them to make the film flexible after drying.
That way it resists cracking or flaking caused by the natural movement of the nail.<ref name=Toedt>Toedt M. 2005.
Chemical composition of everyday products.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, p34.</ref>
Nail polish was used in the ancient world.
In China it started off being made from a combination of beeswax, egg whites, gelatin, vegetable dyes, and gum arabic and rose petals.
The Chinese would dip their hands in this mixture until their finger nails turned red or pink.
In Ancient Egypt henna was used.
The henna stained their fingernails orange, which turned dark red or brown after the stain matured.
In 1300 BC, the colour of the nail polish reflected social rank.
The colours gold and silver were favoured; later, black and red were the favoured colours.
Red is the colour Cleopatra wore.
By the turn of the 9th century, nails were tinted with scented red oils, and polished or buffed with a chamois cloth, rather than simply polished.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, people pursued a polished rather than painted look by massaging tinted powders and creams into their nails, then buffing them shiny.
After the creation of automobile paint, Cutex produced the first modern nail polish in 1917.
Synthetic nail polish was introduced in the 1920s in Paris.
Artificial nails
The artificial nails are not a replacement, but an extension for natural nails.
There are two main approaches to creating artificial nails–tips and forms.
Tips are made of lightweight plastic plates that are nail-shaped.
They are glued on the end of the natural nail and liquid acrylic is then applied over the entire nail.
Forms are fitted over the nail.
Then an artificial nail is molded out of acrylic.
Then the form is removed and the new nail shaped and buffed to a shine.
Acrylics
This is a mixture of a powder and a liquid.
The mixture starts to harden in 30–40 seconds after application and gets to its final hardness in fifteen minutes.
Powder and liquid acrylics can be removed by using a variety of solvents (usually acetone is used).
Usually it takes 15 to 20 minutes to remove the nail.
UV topcoat
Another material, commonly called "UV Top Coat" (in correct terms a polymer resin), hardens under ultraviolet light.
These can show a wider range of properties (flexibility, strength, etc.)
but may be more expensive.
They cannot be removed by organic solvents, but only by filing (or left to grow out with the natural nail).
Another popular alternative to acrylic or gel preparations are fiberglass or silk wraps.
They are done by cutting pieces of actual fiberglass or silk fabric to fit on the surface of the nail or tip  and then it is sealed down with a resin or glue.
These are an alternative for those who are allergic to chemicals used in the acrylic or gel process.
Other materials can be used, as well as combinations of them.
There are also temporary, cheaper flexible tips that can be quickly glued at home without help from a professional.
Acrylic nail powders are available in a variety of colours and can use "special effects" such as contours, sparkles and the very popular French manicure'' (pink and white appearance).
Guitar players
Guitar players, if they don't use their fingertips, use their nails, or a 'pick' (piece of metal) to play.
If they use their nails, the nails must be in perfect condition, and kept to the same length all the time.
Alternatively, he/she may use acrylic stick-ons.
Every guitarist has their own way.
Nail art history
Colorful history of nail polish
Easy Nail Art Designs
Gyeongju (경주) is a coastal city in the southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang province in South Korea.
It is the second largest city in the province.
It is  large, with 269,343 people living in the city, according to the 2008 census.
From southeast, Gyeongju is  away from Seoul, and from the east,  away from the provincial capital, Daegu.
Cheongdo and Yeongcheon are on the west side of the city.
Ulsan is to the south side, and Pohang is to the north.
On the east there is the coast of the Sea of Japan (East Sea).
Many low mountains are around the city.
They are part of the Taebaek range.
Gyeongju was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Silla (57 BC – 935 AD).
Silla ruled most of the Korean Peninsula between the 7th and 9th centuries, and many archaeological sites from that time are still in the city.
This is why Gyeongju is often called "the museum without walls".
For example, Gyeongju Historic Areas and Yangdong Folk Village were made World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.
The many important historical sites have helped Gyeongju become one of the most popular places in Korea for tourists.
In 1995, the city of Gyeongju and Gyeongju County were put together.
There are 53 other small and medium-sized cities with about 300,000 or less people in South Korea.
Today, Gyeongju is not only influenced by its history–it is influenced by the economic, demographic and social changes in South Korean culture.
Its economy is mostly based on tourism.
Manufacturing has also developed because Gyeogju is near large industrial cities such as Ulsan and Pohang.
It is also connected to railways and highways that are often used by tourists.
Breen, Michael (1999) The Koreans: who they are, what they want, where their future lies Macmillan,
Cherry, Judith (2001), Korean multinationals in Europe, Routledge Advances in Korean Studies, Routledge,
Korea's place in the sun: A modern history.
New York: Norton.
Kang, Bong W. (2002).
A study of success and failure in the water management of the Buk Chun in Kyongju, Korea.
Paper delivered at the Eighteenth Congress of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage.
(Electronic Version).
Kang, Jae-eun; Lee,  Suzanne. (
2006) The land of scholars: two thousand years of Korean Confucianism Homa & Sekey Books,
Kim, Chang-hyun (August, 2008), The Position and the Administration System of Donggyeong in Koryeo Dynasty, (in Korean) Dongguk University, Silla Culture, issue 32, pp.
1–43
Kim, Chong-un; Fulton, Bruce, (1998) A ready-made life: early masters of modern Korean fiction, University of Hawaii Press, pp.
107–120,
Kim, Deok-muk, (2003) 전국의 기도터와 굿당 (Jeon-gukui gidoteo wa gutdang.
Tr. "
Sites of Buddhist prayer and shamanic practice nationwide"), (in Korean), 한국민속기록보존소
Kim, Won-yong. (
Kyŏngju:  The homeland of Korean culture.
Korea Journal 22(9), pp.
25–32.
Kookmin University, Department of Korean History (2004) "경주문화권 (Gyeongju Munhwagwon.
The Gyeongju cultural area)", Seoul:역사공간
Korean Overseas Information Service, (2003), Handbook of Korea (11th ed.),
Seoul, Hollym,
Lee, Ki-baek; Tr.
by E.W. Wagner & E.J. Schulz, (1984), A new history of Korea (rev.
ed.),
Seoul, Ilchogak,
Nilsen, Robert, South Korea, Moon Handbooks,
Oppenheim, Robert. (
2008) Kyǒngju things: assembling place, University of Michigan Press,
Ring, Trudy; Robert M. Salkin, Paul E Schellinger, Sharon La Boda (1996) International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania Taylor & Francis,
Robinson, Martin; Ray Bartlett, Rob Whyte (2007), Korea Lonely Planet, pp.
197–209,
Rutt, Richard; Hoare, James. (
1999) Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary, Durham East-Asia series.
Sundaram, Jomo Kwame. (
2003) Manufacturing competitiveness in Asia: how internationally competitive national firms and industries developed in East Asia, Routledge,
Tamásy, Christine; Taylor, Mike. (
2008) Globalising Worlds and New Economic Configurations, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.,
Yi, Sŭng-hwan; Song, Jaeyoon (translation) (2005) A topography of Confucian discourse: politico-philosophical reflections on Confucian discourse since modernity, Homa & Sekey Books,
Yu, Hong-jun; (translation) Mueller, Charles M., (1999) Smiles of the baby Buddha: appreciating the cultural heritage of Kyǒngju, Changbi (창비),
Gyeongju City Government website
Gyeongju City Council website
Gyeongju City-Transportation System website
Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul.
It comprises numerous affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean chaebol (business conglomerate).
Samsung is a large worldwide company based in Seoul.
Samsung means "three stars" in Korean.
Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in 1938 as a trading company.
Over the next three decades, the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities and retail.
Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mid-1970s; these areas would drive its subsequent growth.
Following Lee's death in 1987, Samsung was separated into four business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group and Hansol Group.
Since 1990, Samsung has increasingly globalised its activities and electronics; in particular, its mobile phones and semiconductors have become its most important source of income.
Notable Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics (the world's 2nd largest information technology company measured by 2015 revenues, and 5th in market value), Samsung Heavy Industries (the world's 2nd largest shipbuilder measured by 2010 revenues), and Samsung Engineering and Samsung C&T (respectively the world's 13th and 36th largest construction companies).
Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance (the world's 14th largest life insurance company), Samsung Everland (operator of Everland Resort, the oldest theme park in South Korea) and Cheil Worldwide (the world's 15th largest advertising agency measured by 2012 revenues).
Samsung has a powerful influence on South Korea's economic development, politics, media and culture and has been a major driving force behind the "Miracle on the Han River".
Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Korea's total exports.
Samsung's revenue was equal to 17% of South Korea's $1,082 billion GDP.
Samsung has many different businesses.
It makes mobile phones, cameras and other electronics. '
Samsung Electronics' who sell Samsung Galaxy products.
Samsung is the best known South Korean brand in the world.
According to Samsung's founder, the meaning of the Korean hanja word Samsung () is "tri-star" or "two stars".
The word "two" represents something "big, numerous and powerful".
History of logos (gallery)
Ko Young-min (born February 8, 1984 in Seoul, South Korea) is a professional baseball player of the South Korean baseball club Doosan Bears.
He graduated from Seung-Nam High School.
His height is 182.0 cm.
and his weight is 76.0 kg.
His position is second baseman.
He is a member of the national team.
He has fast legs and a great catching ability.
His nickname is Koget.
He is a second fielder.
Koget is a compound word made up of his family name and an animation gadget.
His experiences as a member of the national team are in the Beijing Olympic Games and the second WBC.
He won the golden glove prize in  2007.
He also won the Korea professional baseball at second baseman prize.
He got the best point prize in  2007 for the Samsung PAVV professional baseball team.
Career stats
Insa-dong (인사동, 仁寺洞) is a neighborhood (also called a dong) of Jongro District, Seoul, South Korea.
The main street is Insadong-gil, which is connected to many alleys that lead deeper into the district.
Insa-dong is a popular tourist spot in Seoul.
It is mainly one long street, and is known for its many art galleries, restaurants, and shops that sell traditional Korean items and art.
There is also plenty of street food and sometimes there are public performances of dancing or a traditional display of criminals.
Winding side streets are home to a variety of traditional restaurants.
Subdivisions of South Korea
The $Mexican Peso (sign: $; code: MXN) is the currency, or money, of .
The symbol used for the peso is "$", which is the same as for the US dollars it got its symbol from the Spanish-Mexican currency.
It is one of the most traded currencies in the world.
The current ISO 4217 code for the peso is MXN; before its value was changed in 1993, the code MXP was used.
The peso is made up of 100 centavos, represented by "¢".
The name comes from the Spanish words pesos oro (gold weights) or pesos plata (silver weights).
The meaning of peso in English is weight.
The olive ridley sea turtle, (Lepidochelys olivacea), also called the Pacific ridley, is one of the smallest species of sea turtle.
It is named for the olive-green color of its heart-shaped shell.
It is one of seven marine turtle species living today.
System requirements refer to a checklist of minimum necessary items for a computer to have.
These items would be requirements in order for an operating system to work, such as Windows XP.
If the system did not have these things, the computer or operating system might crash or cause problems.
If it exceeds minimum expectations, you could check the recommended system requirements, and see if it also meets those.
If it does not, it is not bad.
But if it does meet the recommended requirements, that is very good to know.
George Timothy Clooney (born May 6, 1961) is an American actor, filmmaker and humanitarian.
He is the son of Nick and nephew of singer Rosemary.
After leaving college, He starred in the series ER and several other series.
He later starred in movies, including Ocean's Eleven, Syriana, Batman and Robin, Good Night, and Good Luck and Up in the Air.
He is a political advocate for human rights issues, include Save Darfur.
Many of his movies contain references to current politics.
Writers from Kentucky
The Canon EOS (Electro-Optical System) is an autofocus 35 mm film and digital SLR camera system that was introduced in 1987 with the Canon EOS 650 and is still in production as Canon's current dSLR system.
The acronym EOS was chosen for Eos in Greek mythology, and is often pronounced as a word (i.e., EE-oss), although some spell out the letters, reading it as an initialism.
Both pronunciations are acceptable as there is no official pronunciation.
It competes primarily with the Nikon F series and its successors, as well as autofocus SLR systems from Olympus Corporation, Pentax, Sony/Minolta, and Panasonic/Leica.
In most countries, EOS cameras have the largest market share of SLR cameras.
Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer.
She was a founder of the House of Chanel.
She was the only fashion designer to be named on TIME Magazine's 100 most influential people of the 20th century.
She broke free of conventions and became a role model for some.
Her behaviour during the German occupation of France in World War II led to criticism.
Chanel was born in 1883 in Saumur, France.
In her youth, she was a seamstress and a nightclub singer.
Her stage name was Coco, so she used that name publicly.
In 1910, she opened a hat shop.
In 1919, she opened a house of fashion in Paris, and introduced her perfume, Chanel No.
5, in 1921.
She retired in 1939, but returned to fashion with great success in 1954.<ref>Jean Druesedow.
The World Book Encyclopeida.
Volume 3.</ref>
She is famous for the little black dress, Chanel No.
5, the most famous women's perfume in the world, and the knee-long skirt and box jacket suit worn with pearl necklace.
First shops
In 1913, Chanel opened her first shop in Deauville, France.
Society women liked her simple wardrobe.
In 1915, she opened a second shop in Biarritz.
Chanel became one of the first women fashion designers to create simple and practical clothes for the sporty women of the era.
She took the color black, which was not used in fashion at the time and showed "chic" it could be by wearing it.
The material jersey was usually used to make men's underwear, but Chanel started to work with it to make women's fashion.
Short hair, tans, and casual styles were the new trends.
She banned corsets and other uncomfortable garments.
Chanel was the mistress of several rich men.
During her relationship with the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia in 1920, she added a Russian touch to her dresses by embroidering Russian patterns on them.
Chanel was with Hugh Grosvenor, from 1924 to 1931.
During this time, she discovered the English tweed sweater, English men's suits, and English coats.
She added these to her collections.
War-time
Chanel lived at the Hotel Ritz in Paris for over thirty years.
During World War II, the Nazis occupied Paris, and her shops were closed.
She had an affair with a Nazi officer, and was accused of being a collaborator.
She moved to Switzerland, and gave up fashion.
After a 15-year gap, Chanel returned to fashion in 1954.
She was shocked to see the new fashion trends, especially those by Christian Dior.
She understood better than anyone the requirements and needs of an active woman’s lifestyle.
Her 'comeback' collection was in 1954.
Her life was depicted in the Broadway musical Coco in 1969.
Movies based on her life include: Chanel Solitaire (1981), Coco Chanel (2008), Coco before Coco (2009), and Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (2009).
Chanel also liked drinking cocoa during interviews.
She always said she felt better after a few sips.
Chanel died in 1971.
She is still influencing women’s lifestyles and clothing.
The House of Chanel remains in business.
It is a member of the Chambre syndicale de la haute couture'', the top fashion clique in Paris.
The House of Chanel produces modern versions of her best ideas.
Itaewon is a neighborhood in Yongsan-gu, Seoul.
It is an international neighborhood.
Travellers and expatriate residents come here for  shopping, restaurants, and nightlife.
About 22,000 people live there, but between 4000-5000 reportedly visit the commercial district daily.
Many US military personnel from the nearby Yongsan Garrison come here.
Itaewon has restaurants serving food from many parts of the world, including India, Thailand, and Mexico.
Those foods are not common in Korea.
Jean Marie Gustave Le Clézio (born April 13, 1940 in Nice) is a French novelist.
He won a Nobel Prize in Literature.
People from Nice
Sejong the Great (May 6, 1397 – May 18 1450) was the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty.
He is one of only two Korean kings called "great" (the other is Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo).
He picked out young scholars and tried to fix the prejudice of classes by helping intelligent but low-class prodigies.
In 1442, he had Jang Young-Sil, a scientist in Joseon, invent the 'Chuk-Oo-Gi (測雨器)'.
This was a kind of tool to help measure the rain and how much it fell.
Also, he expanded the territory of Joseon.
One of the best works and the biggest reason why Sejong was called great was because he created the Hoon min jung um (訓民正音).
It is called in modern days as 'Han-gul (한글)'.
Because of the creation of  the Hoon min jung um, Joseon (now Korea) now got its own alphabet, and many people, most of whom have never learned how to read Hanja (Chinese characters used for Korean) could learn how to read and write much more easily than before.
Sejong was the third son of King Taejong.
When he was twelve, he became grand prince and married Shim On of Cheongsong.
When he was young, he was very good at studying.
His father liked him more than his other brothers.
His older brothers, Yangnyeong and Hyoryeong, thought they were not fit to be king and that it was their duty to make Sejong the king, even though he was younger than them.
So they acted rudely and badly in front of the court and were soon .
Yangnyeong became a traveler who wandered in the mountains, and Hyoryeong became a Buddhist monk.
This later became a heartfelt and traditional legend in South Korea.
HunminjungEum
Cheukuki
1397 births
1450 deaths
Kings of Joseon
is a traditional form of Japanese classical drama which started about 400 years ago.
It is known for its very stylized acting and the elaborate makeup worn by the actors.
The word kabuki means "singing and dancing", and also means "to act strange and different, to be outside what is normal."
The style of kabuki is not meant to look like real life.
People from around the world are now interested in Kabuki.
It was recognized by UNESCO in 2006 as an important part of Japan's cultural history.
1603-1629
Kabuki theater started during the Edo period (1603—1868).
Kabuki was started by a woman, Izumo no Okuni, who performed in the dry river bed in Kyoto in 1603.
It was very popular, especially because many of the stories and dance moves were about sex.
Many of the women performers were probably prostitutes, and it was thought that kabuki disturbed discipline.
This caused women to be banned from performing in Kabuki plays in 1629.
Beautiful young men replaced women to play female roles, but in 1652 they were banned for the same reason.
Kabuki was allowed to continue with adult men playing all the roles, and this style is the one that has became famous.
1673-1841
It developed into what we now know as kabuki during the Genroku period (1688—1704).
During this period, the key aspects were formed, such as conventional character tropes.
Kabuki and bunraku began to complement each other.
The popular playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon produced several influential works during this time.
His most significant work is The Love Suicides at Sonezaki.
It was written for bunraku.
The development of mie pose was also developed during Genroku period.
After the Genroku era, Kabuki became popular in Japanese cities, growing rapidly as proper theater with great authors and actors.
Bunraku also influenced the stories, directions, content and style.
Ballet and theater music, such as Nagauta, Tokiwadubushi and Kiyomotobushi were also influences on the development of kabuki.
1842-1868
In the 1840s, repeated drought led to a series of fires.
It affected kabuki theaters  made of wood.
When the area of Nakamura-za was destroyed in 1841, the shōgun refused to allow the theatre to be rebuilt.
After the restoration of the Emperor in 1888, kabuki was influenced by foreign culture, stimulated by the rise of new drama.
Post-war to modern day kabuki
In the Shōwa period, from 1926 to 1989, performances began in other countries.
The Empire Theater in Japan was reconstructed, and renamed the National Theater.
In 1954, the East Side Theater was constructed, and kabuki was shown from it on TV.
In 1965, Kabuki was seen as an important cultural heritage.
After World War II, the Japanese came to see that Kabuki as an important part of their culture.
Many actors became famous people in Japan.
Woman kabuki actors are rare though there was onnakabuki.
The onnakabuki is woman’s kabuki.
Now the men play both male and female roles.
There are famous kabuki actors in Japan such as Danjuro Ichikawa, Ebizo Ichikawa and Koshiro Matsumoto.
Danjuro Ichikawa is an especially famous kabuki actor.
He started aragoto at the age only of 14.
The aragoto is a kabuki genre dealing with a brave warrior, a fierce god, or a demon.
He also wrote kabuki plays under the name of Hyogo Mimasuya.
The name of a kabuki actor usually is passed on from one generation to the next.
Therefore the name of an actor is passes to the next generation.
Kabuki actors do not perform only kabuki but also act in TV drama and movies.
Koshiro Matsumoto often appears on TV.
Theater design
Kabuki theaters are very unique.
In the Genroku era, kabuki was influenced by nou or kyougen which were the theater styles made before kabuki.
In this period there was no roof for audiences, so that if it rained, actors could not perform.
In the Edo period, all seats were covered with a roof.
Mawari-butai, a revolving stage, began in the Kyōhō era (1716–1735).
Scenes are built on the revolving stage and when a new scene is needed they simply rotate the stage; it makes progress of plays move quickly and easily.
Foreign theaters have copied this kabuki invention.
Other unique system is hanamichi or "flower path".
This is a walkway which crosses the auditorium at the same height as the stage.
Actors can use this walkway to enter or leave the stage.
During a play it can become many kinds of places.
For example, it can be a river, a road, a corridor and so on.
The most famous theatre in Japan is the Kabuki-za.
It was built in Tokyo in 1889.
It was built as western-style theater.
The interior decorations were Japanese style but the outside was brick walls and it was a three-storied theater at first.
The interior decorations and outside changed many time.
Kabuki theaters have long histories and these were so unique.
Kabuki plays can be put into three main groups Jidaimono, Sewamono and Shosagoto.
The Jidaimono are plays which show the world of samurais or court nobles before the Edo period.
The government banned performances that showed the history of the Edo period.
Sewamono are plays about the lives of the town people in the Edo period.
Shosagoto are plays that feature dance.
Gidayu kyogen or Maruhonmono are kabuki plays that were first written as puppet plays.
They were turned into kabuki plays when they became famous.
Shin kabuki are plays which were written by writers who did not normally write kabuki plays.
Kabuki makeup helps audiences understand each character's role.
It is special and emphasizes beauty of form.
If an actor plays the role of a daughter or a man in love, he must apply makeup.
First, he rubs grease, which is made of canola oil and perfume, into his face.
Second, he paints out eyebrow with grease.
Third, he rubs face powder on chest, neck, long hair and spreads powder with sponge.
Next, he rubs face powder on face with sponge.
Also, he puts rouge on nose, eyes cheek and the outer corner of the eye.
He paints his eyebrow from red to black and he rubs lip with red lip stick and traces the outline clearly.
If the actor is playing a brave man, called Aragoto, he paints on rouge with red and black lines, Kumadori, to show brave feelings.
Kumadori is a type of kabuki's make up.
It was started in 1673 by Danjyurou Ichikawa.
It shows the character's role, for  example, Sujiguma is one of the kamadori showing a super hero.
Commonly used kabuki words
Modern Japanese has many words that came from kabuki words.
For example, there are three famous words; the first is an ohako.
Ohako means skillful things.
Japanese often say the ohako is own good tune with karaoke.
The ohako is derived from a word from Danjuro Ichikawa.
He kept the kabuki plays of his good kabuki in a box.
The ohako originated in there.
The second is a nimaime.
The nimaime means a good-looking man.
The nimaime was written secondarily from the right in the signboard of the kabuki.
Therefore it came to be said so.
The third is a sanmaime.
The sanmaime means a comedian.
The origin of this word is the same as nimaime, sanmaime was written third from the right in the signboard of the kabuki.
In the 21st century, kabuki actors often perform for people who are not from Japan.
The group Heisei Nakamuraza, directed by Nakamura Kanzaburou, have become famous for their performances in foreign  countries.
They were the first traditional kabuki group to  perform in New York City in 2004, with actor Nakamura Kankuro V. They used a tent as a playhouse near the opera house.
The audience sat on tatami (Japanese mats).
They performed "The Summer Festival: A Mirror of Osaka" with Japanese actors.
In July 2008, Heisei Nakamuraza again performed in New York and they played in English.
In Australia, the Za Kabuki group at the Australian National University began performing kabuki drama each year in 1976.
This is the longest regular kabuki performance outside of Japan.
Short video of a kabuki performance
Invitation to Kabuki
Independent administrative agency Japan Art Council.
Retrieved on 7 July 2009.
Fukube, Satio, Hirosue, Mamoru and Tomita, Tetsunosuke. (
Kyougenziten.
Heibonsya, Japan.
BIGLOBE encyclopedia.
NEC BIGLOBE.
Retrieved on 26 June 2009.
SmaSTATION-5.
TV-Asahi.
Retrieved on 4th June 2009.
Theater Guide Online.
Theater Guide.
Retrieved on 9th July 2009.
Heibonsya, Japan. (
Kabuki no Ohanashi (Hibino, Saito).
Retrieved on 20 May 2009.
Karl Böhm (born Graz, 28 August 1894; died Salzburg, 14 August 1981) was an Austrian conductor.
He was one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, especially famous for his conducting of the music of Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss.
Böhm was born in Graz, Austria.
He wanted to be a musician, but his father said that he should study law first, because musicians did not make much money, and if he was not successful as a musician he could then always have a job in law.
So he studied law at the university of Graz, and got a doctorate on this subject.
He also studied music privately in Graz, and then in Vienna with Eusebius Mandyczewski and Guido Adler.
Although he learned to play the piano and to compose, he just wanted to be a conductor.
He started his career by helping singers at the Graz Opera to learn their roles.
Böhm became very interested in the operas of Wagner and Mozart and learned a lot from great conductors like Carl Muck and Bruno Walter who invited him to the Bavarian State Opera in 1921.
In 1927 he became Generalmusikdirektor (music director) at Darmstadt.
He often conducted modern operas, including Berg’s Wozzeck.
In 1931 he moved to Hamburg.
In 1933 he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic, both in opera and concert performances.
He became conductor at the opera house in Dresden when Fritz Busch lost that job because he said he did not like the Nazis.
Böhm worked there for nine years.
He became a great friend of the composer Richard Strauss and conducted the first performances of two of his operas there: Die schweigsame Frau and Daphne.
In 1943 got the very important job of conductor at the Vienna State Opera eventually becoming music director.
He also conducted the German seasons at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires from 1950 to 1953.
In his later years Böhm spent his time as guest conductor.
He was invited to conduct many of the leading world orchestras.
He often performed at Salzburg, Bayreuth, Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, Milan, Paris and New York.
In 1957, he made his first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, conducting Don Giovanni.
He was very popular there and conducted many operas, especially those by Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss.
Late in life, he was a regular guest conductor with the London Symphony Orchestra.
He was given the title of LSO President for the rest of his life.
During his last years his sight was not very good.
He died in Salzburg in 1981.
His son was actor Karl Boehm.
Böhm was praised for his clear, energetic conducting.
He did not have exaggerated mannerisms but got his orchestras to play with a warm, romantic sound which was never sentimental.
Besides his favourite Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss he conducted many works by Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Bruckner, Brahms and Berg.
He was given many honours, including first Austrian Generalmusikdirektor.
On his 80th birthday a big party was held, at which Herbert von Karajan gave him a clock.
The Gewandhaus is a world famous concert hall in Leipzig, Germany.
Today's building is the third hall to have this name.
It is the home of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra.
The name "Gewandhaus" means a building where cloth is traded.
Originally merchants used to sell their cloth there.
The first Gewandhaus was built in 1781 by the architect Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe.
The second opened in 1884, and was destroyed in the fire-bombings of World War II between 1943 and 1944.
The third Gewandhaus, which stands now, was opened on 8 October 1981.
It is known for its fine acoustics.
The rebab is a musical instrument from the Middle East.
It is a very old instrument, and is probably the origin of the medieval rebec.
It is a string instrument and is played by bowing or plucking the strings.
It has a body made out of a solid piece of wood, with straight sides and a round back.
The belly of the rebab is made of skin.
The pegs used to tune the strings are like those on a violin, and are pushed into holes on the side of the peg box.
The peg box is made from a separate piece of wood.
The sackbut is a brass musical instrument from the Renaissance.
By the 1750s, it was developing into the modern trombone.
It has narrower tubing, does not have a water key, a slide lock or a tuning slide that are found on trombones.
It is played by buzzing the lips into a mouthpiece.
The length of the instrument could be changed by the use of a sliding tube which meant it could play a full chromatic range of notes.
The earliest instruments come from the 1500's.
The sackbut was popular because it could be played loudly or softly, and it could also be played in tune.
They were made in a range of sizes, a descant (rarely used), alto, tenor and bass.
They were often played to accompany a church choir.
The Boeing 727 is a jet airliner.
It can carry 149 to 189 passengers.
It can fly for .
The Boeing 727 was made to fly short distances.
It can also take off from short runways at smaller airports.
It has three Pratt & Whitney JT8D engines.
One engine is at the back, and the other two are on the sides of the plane.
The 727 is the only plane made by Boeing which has three engines.
The Boeing 727 was made after the Boeing 707.
The 727 and the 707 have some similar features.
The 727-100 first flew in February 1963.
The first airline to use it was Eastern Air Lines.
The 727-200, a longer version of the 727, first flew in July 1967.
It was first used by Northeast Airlines in December 1967.
The 727 was made during the 1970s.
The last 727 was made in 1984.
In July 2011, 23 727-100s and 227 727-200s were being used by airlines.
The 727 is a very noisy aircraft, so some 727s have been given hush kits to make them quieter.
The Boeing 727 was made to fly from small cities which had airports with shorter runways.
It also carried fewer passengers.
United Airlines wanted a plane with four engines so that it could fly to airports which were at high altitude.
An example of an airport like this is Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado.
American Airlines wanted a plane with two engines.
Eastern Airways wanted a plane with three engines so that it could fly to the Caribbean.
The airlines decided to ask for a trijet, which is a plane with three engines.
In 1959, Lord Douglas said that Boeing and de Havilland Aircraft Company should work together to make trijets.
Boeing made the 727 and de Havilland made the D.H.121 Trident.
The two planes were quite similar, but the 727 was a bit bigger.